{"id": "PMID:122225", "title": "[The diagnostic value of bloodless methods and follow-up in young asymptomatic subjects with positive exercise test (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty asymptomatic subjects, aged 22 to 40, with normal resting ECG and \"ischemic\" ST depressions during exercise were followed for 44 +/- 18 months. Coronary events occurred only in two cases. Unexpectedly in 12 subjects the response to maximal exercise became normal. In 25 subjects forced hyperventilation, exercise test after nitroglycerin (TNG), and after propranolol (P) were performed. Hyperventilation determined abnormalities of ventricular recovery in all cases. TNG did not improve the response to exercise, as it does in coronary patients, and even significantly decreased the \"ischemic threshold\"; after P the exercise test became normal in 20 subjects, while in 5 the electrocardiographic ST depressions were markedly reduced. The responses to pharmacological tests after the follow-up period were similar to the first observation. In 8 subjects, in which exercise ST depressions were particularly impressive, Tallium 201 myocardial scanning at rest and during exercise was performed. Myocardial perfusion imaging did not reveal any defect, thus confirming the non-ischemic nature of the ECG abnormalities. Our results confirm the low predictive accuracy (4%) of a positive stress test in a young asymptomatic population and suggest that, among non-invasive methods, exercise response after TNG is usefull in recognizing the \"false positive\" tests.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of bloodless methods and follow-up in young asymptomatic subjects with positive exercise test (author's transl)]. Fifty asymptomatic subjects, aged 22 to 40, with normal resting ECG and \"ischemic\" ST depressions during exercise were followed for 44 +/- 18 months. Coronary events occurred only in two cases. Unexpectedly in 12 subjects the response to maximal exercise became normal. In 25 subjects forced hyperventilation, exercise test after nitroglycerin (TNG), and after propranolol (P) were performed. Hyperventilation determined abnormalities of ventricular recovery in all cases. TNG did not improve the response to exercise, as it does in coronary patients, and even significantly decreased the \"ischemic threshold\"; after P the exercise test became normal in 20 subjects, while in 5 the electrocardiographic ST depressions were markedly reduced. The responses to pharmacological tests after the follow-up period were similar to the first observation. In 8 subjects, in which exercise ST depressions were particularly impressive, Tallium 201 myocardial scanning at rest and during exercise was performed. Myocardial perfusion imaging did not reveal any defect, thus confirming the non-ischemic nature of the ECG abnormalities. Our results confirm the low predictive accuracy (4%) of a positive stress test in a young asymptomatic population and suggest that, among non-invasive methods, exercise response after TNG is usefull in recognizing the \"false positive\" tests."}
{"id": "PMID:122226", "title": "Autonomic neurons affected by lipid storage in the spinal cord in Fabry's disease: distribution of autonomic neurons in the sacral cord.", "content": "In five patients with Fabry's disease, the distribution of neurons in the spinal cord affected by lipid storage was investigated. Neurons ballooned by lipid storage were located mainly in the thoracolumbar and mid-sacral regions. In the former, they were located exclusively in the intermediolateral nucleus from the first thoracic (or eighth cervical) through the first or second lumbar segments. In the mid-sacral region they were located not only in the intermediolateral nucleus but also in the intermedioventral (Onuf's) nucleus and in the intermediate region of the ventral horn. The affected neurons in the sacral cord are also assumed to be autonomic neurons judging from the selective involvement of known autonomic neurons in the thoracolumbar segments. Based on the distribution of these neurons, it is concluded that autonomic neurons in the human sacral cord from a cell column which differs topographically from that in the thoracolumbar segments. The cell column begins rostrally at the ventral margin of the ventral horn in the second sacral segment as Onuf's nucleus and extends caudally in a dorsolateral direction along the intermediate region to the intermediolateral nucleus in the fourth sacral segment, which forms the caudal part of the cell column.", "contents": "Autonomic neurons affected by lipid storage in the spinal cord in Fabry's disease: distribution of autonomic neurons in the sacral cord. In five patients with Fabry's disease, the distribution of neurons in the spinal cord affected by lipid storage was investigated. Neurons ballooned by lipid storage were located mainly in the thoracolumbar and mid-sacral regions. In the former, they were located exclusively in the intermediolateral nucleus from the first thoracic (or eighth cervical) through the first or second lumbar segments. In the mid-sacral region they were located not only in the intermediolateral nucleus but also in the intermedioventral (Onuf's) nucleus and in the intermediate region of the ventral horn. The affected neurons in the sacral cord are also assumed to be autonomic neurons judging from the selective involvement of known autonomic neurons in the thoracolumbar segments. Based on the distribution of these neurons, it is concluded that autonomic neurons in the human sacral cord from a cell column which differs topographically from that in the thoracolumbar segments. The cell column begins rostrally at the ventral margin of the ventral horn in the second sacral segment as Onuf's nucleus and extends caudally in a dorsolateral direction along the intermediate region to the intermediolateral nucleus in the fourth sacral segment, which forms the caudal part of the cell column."}
{"id": "PMID:122227", "title": "Role of the kidney and lung in the handling of prostaglandin E in hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "The polyuria and hyposthenuria noted particularly following blood transfusion after prolonged periods of hypotension (dog, monkey) seem best explained by a prostaglandin-antidiuretic hormone (PG-ADH) antagonism, operating primarily in the renal medulla. The kidney releases greatly enhanced amounts of PGE at this time, which probably act primarily in the renal medulla, then secondarily influence the systemic (arterial) levels by passing in greater amounts through the lungs. The lungs normally metabolize the major portion of PGs delivered to them. Our data suggest impairment of the lung's \"up-take-metabolizing\" mechanism, but also could be interpreted as involving enhanced release of PGE from the lung, so net pulmonary extraction, (V--A)/V, shifts from positive to zero or even negative values in the hypotensive shock phase. This ratio tends to improve after transfusion, but systemic PGE levels remain elevated. It is speculated that in hemorrhagic shock enhanced concentration of PGE and other vasodilator PGs, produced in increased amounts by the kidney (and possibly other organs and tissues), appear in greater amounts in the systemic plasma because of the lung's altered function. These exert a decompensatory action on the peripheral vasculature.", "contents": "Role of the kidney and lung in the handling of prostaglandin E in hemorrhagic shock. The polyuria and hyposthenuria noted particularly following blood transfusion after prolonged periods of hypotension (dog, monkey) seem best explained by a prostaglandin-antidiuretic hormone (PG-ADH) antagonism, operating primarily in the renal medulla. The kidney releases greatly enhanced amounts of PGE at this time, which probably act primarily in the renal medulla, then secondarily influence the systemic (arterial) levels by passing in greater amounts through the lungs. The lungs normally metabolize the major portion of PGs delivered to them. Our data suggest impairment of the lung's \"up-take-metabolizing\" mechanism, but also could be interpreted as involving enhanced release of PGE from the lung, so net pulmonary extraction, (V--A)/V, shifts from positive to zero or even negative values in the hypotensive shock phase. This ratio tends to improve after transfusion, but systemic PGE levels remain elevated. It is speculated that in hemorrhagic shock enhanced concentration of PGE and other vasodilator PGs, produced in increased amounts by the kidney (and possibly other organs and tissues), appear in greater amounts in the systemic plasma because of the lung's altered function. These exert a decompensatory action on the peripheral vasculature."}
{"id": "PMID:122228", "title": "Automatable radiometric detection of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in selective media.", "content": "The formulation of media for selective, automatable, radiometric detection of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro is described. Palmitic-1 acid labeled with carbon-14 and formic-14C acid were compared as substrate sources of [14C]O2 in media deficient in carbohydrate and containing appropriate antimicrobial agents that are not active against tubercle bacilli. A preliminary clinical laboratory study of a medium containing 4 microCi palmitic-1-14C acid per ml showed that this method might provide the basis for practical laboratory use.", "contents": "Automatable radiometric detection of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in selective media. The formulation of media for selective, automatable, radiometric detection of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro is described. Palmitic-1 acid labeled with carbon-14 and formic-14C acid were compared as substrate sources of [14C]O2 in media deficient in carbohydrate and containing appropriate antimicrobial agents that are not active against tubercle bacilli. A preliminary clinical laboratory study of a medium containing 4 microCi palmitic-1-14C acid per ml showed that this method might provide the basis for practical laboratory use."}
{"id": "PMID:122229", "title": "[Semi-automatic determination of blood lactate during hypoglycemic treatment with biguanides].", "content": "Blood lactate levels were determined by Lactate Analyzer 640 Kontron in 67 adult insulin-independent diabetics during hypoglycemic treatment with usual therapeutical doses of phenformin. In 5 cases were found lactate values above 2 mmol/l and, in consideration of accompanying conditions prone to lactic acidosis, the drug was discontinued. However, the mean value of blood lactate in diabetics treated with phenformin was not significantly different from that found in a group of insulin-treated diabetics. The semiautomatic determination of blood lactate is proposed as a rapid screening of possible candidates for lactic acidosis during biguanide treatment.", "contents": "[Semi-automatic determination of blood lactate during hypoglycemic treatment with biguanides]. Blood lactate levels were determined by Lactate Analyzer 640 Kontron in 67 adult insulin-independent diabetics during hypoglycemic treatment with usual therapeutical doses of phenformin. In 5 cases were found lactate values above 2 mmol/l and, in consideration of accompanying conditions prone to lactic acidosis, the drug was discontinued. However, the mean value of blood lactate in diabetics treated with phenformin was not significantly different from that found in a group of insulin-treated diabetics. The semiautomatic determination of blood lactate is proposed as a rapid screening of possible candidates for lactic acidosis during biguanide treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:122230", "title": "[Blood lactate semiautomatic estimation during acidotic diabetic coma (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood lactate levels were determined by Lactate Analyzer 640 Kontron during the course of 7 cases of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar diabetic coma, with severe acidosis and more or less marked ketosis. In 5 cases lactate values were found in normal range; slight increases around 2 mmol/l were rapidly corrected following standard coma treatment. One of these cases presented with extreme acidosis and relatively mild hyperglycemia, with differential problems in regard to lactic acidosis. In 2 cases, the former with alcoholic cirrhosis, the latter with myocardial infarction, blood lactate was markedly increased; in the second case, full clinical recovery was accompanied by normalization of lactate levels. A previous biguanide treatment could be ruled out as a cause of lactic acidosis. Thus the association of lactic acidosis and diabetic ketoacidosis seems to be unusual in the absence of concurrent serious conditions. The semiautomatic determination of blood lactate, because of its remarkable prognostic importance, should be included among the routine procedures for the emergency treatment of diabetic coma.", "contents": "[Blood lactate semiautomatic estimation during acidotic diabetic coma (author's transl)]. Blood lactate levels were determined by Lactate Analyzer 640 Kontron during the course of 7 cases of hyperglycemic hyperosmolar diabetic coma, with severe acidosis and more or less marked ketosis. In 5 cases lactate values were found in normal range; slight increases around 2 mmol/l were rapidly corrected following standard coma treatment. One of these cases presented with extreme acidosis and relatively mild hyperglycemia, with differential problems in regard to lactic acidosis. In 2 cases, the former with alcoholic cirrhosis, the latter with myocardial infarction, blood lactate was markedly increased; in the second case, full clinical recovery was accompanied by normalization of lactate levels. A previous biguanide treatment could be ruled out as a cause of lactic acidosis. Thus the association of lactic acidosis and diabetic ketoacidosis seems to be unusual in the absence of concurrent serious conditions. The semiautomatic determination of blood lactate, because of its remarkable prognostic importance, should be included among the routine procedures for the emergency treatment of diabetic coma."}
{"id": "PMID:122236", "title": "Determination of total CO2 in plasma by automated flow-injection analysis.", "content": "We describe a procedure for measuring total CO2 in plasma, based on the principles of the flow-injection analysis technique, which makes use of unsegmented fast-flowing reagent streams, as developed by R\u016fzi\u0109ka and co-workers. The further methodological design resembles the silicone-rubber membrane technique of Kenny and Cheng. CO2 in the sample is released by reaction with H2SO4. Appropriate amounts of CO2 permeate through the membrane that separates the acid reagent streams and a buffered cresol-red indicator system. The experimental set-up and functioning of this system are described.", "contents": "Determination of total CO2 in plasma by automated flow-injection analysis. We describe a procedure for measuring total CO2 in plasma, based on the principles of the flow-injection analysis technique, which makes use of unsegmented fast-flowing reagent streams, as developed by R\u016fzi\u0109ka and co-workers. The further methodological design resembles the silicone-rubber membrane technique of Kenny and Cheng. CO2 in the sample is released by reaction with H2SO4. Appropriate amounts of CO2 permeate through the membrane that separates the acid reagent streams and a buffered cresol-red indicator system. The experimental set-up and functioning of this system are described."}
{"id": "PMID:122251", "title": "[Personal experience in monitoring examination of intracranial pressure].", "content": "In our Department of Neurosurgery, during the last two years, we have measured the intracranial pressure (IPC) with an extradural transducer, in cases of head trauma, subarachnoid haemorrhages, pseudotumor cerebri, dilated ventricles and microcephalies. We remark the importance of the continuous measuring of the ICP and its value in relation with the use of hyperosmolar solutions in the diagnosis, treatment and outcome of this patients.", "contents": "[Personal experience in monitoring examination of intracranial pressure]. In our Department of Neurosurgery, during the last two years, we have measured the intracranial pressure (IPC) with an extradural transducer, in cases of head trauma, subarachnoid haemorrhages, pseudotumor cerebri, dilated ventricles and microcephalies. We remark the importance of the continuous measuring of the ICP and its value in relation with the use of hyperosmolar solutions in the diagnosis, treatment and outcome of this patients."}
{"id": "PMID:122254", "title": "Calculation of the concentrations of free cations and cation-ligand complexes in solutions containing multiple divalent cations and ligands.", "content": "The method described permits the computation of the concentrations of free ions and ion-ligand complexes in a solution containing arbitrary numbers of divalent cations and ligands. It is required that the pH be known, along with appropriate sets of ligand-hydrogen and ligand-divalent cation concentration binding constants. It is assumed that these sets of constants are chosen to be consistent with the ionic strength of the complete solution which contains the divalent cations and ligands. The technique is an iterative one which provides upper and lower bounds for the values of the unknowns. The method does not require initial guesses at the values of the unknowns, and it gives correct answers even when the concentrations involved are many orders of magnitude apart. The present formulation of the problem is restricted to the case where only one cation can bind to a given ligand at any one time. The method is applicable to large molecules with multiple \"sub-ligands\" provided these sub-ligands are independent in their function as ion-binding sites. These sub-ligands need not all have the same properties. It is also shown that a simple modification of the method permits the determination of the subset of total ion concentrations that are required in order to produce a specified subset of free ion concentrations. The modifications required to include monovalent cation binding are presented in outline form.", "contents": "Calculation of the concentrations of free cations and cation-ligand complexes in solutions containing multiple divalent cations and ligands. The method described permits the computation of the concentrations of free ions and ion-ligand complexes in a solution containing arbitrary numbers of divalent cations and ligands. It is required that the pH be known, along with appropriate sets of ligand-hydrogen and ligand-divalent cation concentration binding constants. It is assumed that these sets of constants are chosen to be consistent with the ionic strength of the complete solution which contains the divalent cations and ligands. The technique is an iterative one which provides upper and lower bounds for the values of the unknowns. The method does not require initial guesses at the values of the unknowns, and it gives correct answers even when the concentrations involved are many orders of magnitude apart. The present formulation of the problem is restricted to the case where only one cation can bind to a given ligand at any one time. The method is applicable to large molecules with multiple \"sub-ligands\" provided these sub-ligands are independent in their function as ion-binding sites. These sub-ligands need not all have the same properties. It is also shown that a simple modification of the method permits the determination of the subset of total ion concentrations that are required in order to produce a specified subset of free ion concentrations. The modifications required to include monovalent cation binding are presented in outline form."}
{"id": "PMID:122255", "title": "Transepithelial current-voltage relationships of toad urinary bladder and colon. Estimates of ENaA and shunt resistance.", "content": "Studies were done to investigate the transepithelial current-voltage (IT-VT) relationships of urinary bladder and colon of the toad Bufo marinus. Like several other Na transporting epithelia, the IT-VT plots characteristically showed a break at voltage E1, averaging near 124 mV for urinary bladder and 110 mV for colon. With bladders treated with antidiuretic hormone, estimates of ENa and shunt resistance, Rs, were obtained according to a method outlined by Yonath and Civan, 1971 (J Membr. Biol. 5:336-385). Our results not only confirmed their observations, but were consistent with the notion that the values of E1 (IT-VT plots) were the same as those of ENa. In addition, the values of Rs were found to be the same as those estimated from the quotient E1/I1 obtained from the voltage and current coordinates at the break of the IT-VT plot of bladders studied in both stretched and unstretched states. Amiloride at concentrations up to 10(-5) M caused a small decrease of both E1 and  E1/I1 of urinary bladder. Similarly, amiloride caused small but significant changes of ENa and RNa of the colon. For both epithelia, the values of E1 and E1/I1 of the IT-VT plots were the same as those of ENa and Rs estimated by an independent method. In general, these findings are similar to those of several other epithelia where the ENa and Rs can be estimated directly from their IT-VT relationships.", "contents": "Transepithelial current-voltage relationships of toad urinary bladder and colon. Estimates of ENaA and shunt resistance. Studies were done to investigate the transepithelial current-voltage (IT-VT) relationships of urinary bladder and colon of the toad Bufo marinus. Like several other Na transporting epithelia, the IT-VT plots characteristically showed a break at voltage E1, averaging near 124 mV for urinary bladder and 110 mV for colon. With bladders treated with antidiuretic hormone, estimates of ENa and shunt resistance, Rs, were obtained according to a method outlined by Yonath and Civan, 1971 (J Membr. Biol. 5:336-385). Our results not only confirmed their observations, but were consistent with the notion that the values of E1 (IT-VT plots) were the same as those of ENa. In addition, the values of Rs were found to be the same as those estimated from the quotient E1/I1 obtained from the voltage and current coordinates at the break of the IT-VT plot of bladders studied in both stretched and unstretched states. Amiloride at concentrations up to 10(-5) M caused a small decrease of both E1 and  E1/I1 of urinary bladder. Similarly, amiloride caused small but significant changes of ENa and RNa of the colon. For both epithelia, the values of E1 and E1/I1 of the IT-VT plots were the same as those of ENa and Rs estimated by an independent method. In general, these findings are similar to those of several other epithelia where the ENa and Rs can be estimated directly from their IT-VT relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:122264", "title": "Chromophore equilibria in bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "An investigation of the dark equilibria between different chromophores of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and studies of the kinetics of their interconversion and photochemical activity have led to the following conclusions. (a) A component of the 605-nm chromophore of BR decays in the millisecond range and is likely to be identical to the intermediate O of the photochemical cycle of BR and is assumed to be formed from the purple complex (PC) by the binding of one proton to BR. (b) An acidic form the PC, PCaL-, arises from the 605-nm chromophore by selective binding of anions L- (F- greater than Cl- greater than Br- greater than I- greater than Cl04-) to BR. (c) The isomeric equilibrium between 13-cis and all-trans retinal is approximately 0.15/0.85 in PCaCl-, 0.3/0.7 in the 605-nm chromophore as compared to 0.5/0.5 in the PC. (d) The 500-nm chromophore is formed from the PC by release of nearly one proton from BR. (e) The pH range in which the PC exists is reduced in a high-temperature structure of the purple membrane as compared to its low temperature structure. A model for the chromophore structure is proposed as a hypothesis, which allows a comprehensive interpretation of the results. In this model the absorption spectrum of the retinylidene lysine Schiff base is modulated by its protonation state and the interaction with an anionic group.", "contents": "Chromophore equilibria in bacteriorhodopsin. An investigation of the dark equilibria between different chromophores of bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and studies of the kinetics of their interconversion and photochemical activity have led to the following conclusions. (a) A component of the 605-nm chromophore of BR decays in the millisecond range and is likely to be identical to the intermediate O of the photochemical cycle of BR and is assumed to be formed from the purple complex (PC) by the binding of one proton to BR. (b) An acidic form the PC, PCaL-, arises from the 605-nm chromophore by selective binding of anions L- (F- greater than Cl- greater than Br- greater than I- greater than Cl04-) to BR. (c) The isomeric equilibrium between 13-cis and all-trans retinal is approximately 0.15/0.85 in PCaCl-, 0.3/0.7 in the 605-nm chromophore as compared to 0.5/0.5 in the PC. (d) The 500-nm chromophore is formed from the PC by release of nearly one proton from BR. (e) The pH range in which the PC exists is reduced in a high-temperature structure of the purple membrane as compared to its low temperature structure. A model for the chromophore structure is proposed as a hypothesis, which allows a comprehensive interpretation of the results. In this model the absorption spectrum of the retinylidene lysine Schiff base is modulated by its protonation state and the interaction with an anionic group."}
{"id": "PMID:122265", "title": "X-ray diffraction study of the kinetics of myelin lattice swelling. Effect of divalent cations.", "content": "The time-course of myelin lattice swelling and its reversal in dissected peripheral nerves was determined by small-angle x-ray diffraction using a position-sensitive proportional detector. The process of swelling can take place either in several hours or in less than 1 h depending on pretreatment of the nerves. The reversal of swelling was always completed within 1 h. The rapid structural transitions involved the disordering of membrane pairs as indicated by the transient appearance of a continuous intensity distribution similar to the membrane pair transform for myelin. The slow transitions involved the gradual replacement of the discrete reflections from the native structure by the reflections from the swollen lattice. Myelin membrane arrays reformed in normal Ringer's solution were much more stable to subsequent swelling than arrays reformed in Ca+2 and Mg+2-free Ringer's. These results suggest that these ions participate in stabilizing the interactions between the external surfaces of adjacent membrane pairs.", "contents": "X-ray diffraction study of the kinetics of myelin lattice swelling. Effect of divalent cations. The time-course of myelin lattice swelling and its reversal in dissected peripheral nerves was determined by small-angle x-ray diffraction using a position-sensitive proportional detector. The process of swelling can take place either in several hours or in less than 1 h depending on pretreatment of the nerves. The reversal of swelling was always completed within 1 h. The rapid structural transitions involved the disordering of membrane pairs as indicated by the transient appearance of a continuous intensity distribution similar to the membrane pair transform for myelin. The slow transitions involved the gradual replacement of the discrete reflections from the native structure by the reflections from the swollen lattice. Myelin membrane arrays reformed in normal Ringer's solution were much more stable to subsequent swelling than arrays reformed in Ca+2 and Mg+2-free Ringer's. These results suggest that these ions participate in stabilizing the interactions between the external surfaces of adjacent membrane pairs."}
{"id": "PMID:122266", "title": "Nitroglycerin in acute myocardial infarction. X. Effect of small and large doses of nitroglycerin on sigma ST segment deviation -- experimental and clinical results.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of the dose of nitroglycerin (NTG) on myocardial ischemic injury. In 20 closed chest dogs the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was occluded by inflating a balloon in its lumen. Compared with the untreated control group the sigma ST elevation was significantly lower when NTG was applied at a rate of 0.02 mg/min, but significantly higher when NTG was administered at a rate of 0.10 mg/min. In 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction NTG was infused at a rate of 3 mg in the first hour (0.05 mg/min) and 6 mg in the second hour (0.1 mg/min). Sigma ST elevation and sigma ST depression decreased during the lower infusion rate (p less than 0.001). When the rate of NTG infusion was raised to 6 mg/hr, the improvement in ST segment deviation was partially reversed. This effect, particularly evident in patients not in heart failure, was associated with a significant rise in heart rate (p less than 0.05) and a fall in diastolic arterial pressure (p less than 0.025). Patients with left ventricular failure were less sensitive to higher doses of NTG than those without failure. Thus, the effect of NTG on myocardial ischemic injury depends on the NTG dose and on the functional state of the injured left ventricle.", "contents": "Nitroglycerin in acute myocardial infarction. X. Effect of small and large doses of nitroglycerin on sigma ST segment deviation -- experimental and clinical results. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of the dose of nitroglycerin (NTG) on myocardial ischemic injury. In 20 closed chest dogs the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery was occluded by inflating a balloon in its lumen. Compared with the untreated control group the sigma ST elevation was significantly lower when NTG was applied at a rate of 0.02 mg/min, but significantly higher when NTG was administered at a rate of 0.10 mg/min. In 12 patients with acute myocardial infarction NTG was infused at a rate of 3 mg in the first hour (0.05 mg/min) and 6 mg in the second hour (0.1 mg/min). Sigma ST elevation and sigma ST depression decreased during the lower infusion rate (p less than 0.001). When the rate of NTG infusion was raised to 6 mg/hr, the improvement in ST segment deviation was partially reversed. This effect, particularly evident in patients not in heart failure, was associated with a significant rise in heart rate (p less than 0.05) and a fall in diastolic arterial pressure (p less than 0.025). Patients with left ventricular failure were less sensitive to higher doses of NTG than those without failure. Thus, the effect of NTG on myocardial ischemic injury depends on the NTG dose and on the functional state of the injured left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:122267", "title": "Skin nodules in East Coast fever.", "content": "A skin eruption developed in five calves with advanced experimental East Coast fever (ECF) (Theileria parva infection). In three cases the eruption was due to intradermal nodules containing numerous theilerial schizonts, in one animal the nodules contained abscesses filled with Demodex mites, and in the fifth calf both types of nodules were present. No nodules were seen in 15 other experimental cases of ECF, which generally died or were killed in an earlier stage of the disease. It is postulated that demodicosis may become apparent in healthy carriers of the mite in the course of ECF, because of immuno-depression caused by the latter disease.", "contents": "Skin nodules in East Coast fever. A skin eruption developed in five calves with advanced experimental East Coast fever (ECF) (Theileria parva infection). In three cases the eruption was due to intradermal nodules containing numerous theilerial schizonts, in one animal the nodules contained abscesses filled with Demodex mites, and in the fifth calf both types of nodules were present. No nodules were seen in 15 other experimental cases of ECF, which generally died or were killed in an earlier stage of the disease. It is postulated that demodicosis may become apparent in healthy carriers of the mite in the course of ECF, because of immuno-depression caused by the latter disease."}
{"id": "PMID:122268", "title": "A simple technique to differentiate between animals infected with Yersinia enterocolitica IX and those infected with Brucella abortus.", "content": "While both Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica IX have O antigens in common, they differ significantly with respect to motility. Thus Br abortus is always non-motile while Y enterocolitica is motile when grown at room temperature. The presence of yersinia H agglutinins in serum can be shown to be evidence of previous exposure to Y enterocolitica. These agglutinins are not generated by brucella infection. A rapid H agglutination test will serve to provide this differentiation without interference from cross-reacting O antigens.", "contents": "A simple technique to differentiate between animals infected with Yersinia enterocolitica IX and those infected with Brucella abortus. While both Brucella abortus and Yersinia enterocolitica IX have O antigens in common, they differ significantly with respect to motility. Thus Br abortus is always non-motile while Y enterocolitica is motile when grown at room temperature. The presence of yersinia H agglutinins in serum can be shown to be evidence of previous exposure to Y enterocolitica. These agglutinins are not generated by brucella infection. A rapid H agglutination test will serve to provide this differentiation without interference from cross-reacting O antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:122269", "title": "Artificial infection of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus with Theileria parva.", "content": "Methods for infecting Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks with Theileria parva by injection and by artificial feeding were confirmed and compared. The injection method proved simpler and at best as effective and suggested improvements are described.", "contents": "Artificial infection of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus with Theileria parva. Methods for infecting Rhipicephalus appendiculatus ticks with Theileria parva by injection and by artificial feeding were confirmed and compared. The injection method proved simpler and at best as effective and suggested improvements are described."}
{"id": "PMID:122270", "title": "Divergent selection on locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Selection response.", "content": "Selection for high and low locomotor activity has been applied in two base populations of Drosophila melanogaster of distinct geographical origin. From each base population a high and a low line were selected, in which anesthesia was performed with ether. In addition, from one of the base populations a high line and a low line were selected under CO2 narcosis. Locomotor activity was measured in an apparatus consisting of rows of 20 tubes in a line. Heritabilities in the base populations determined in progeny tests were approximately 10%. Divergent directional selection was successful with realized heritabilities of similar value.", "contents": "Divergent selection on locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Selection response. Selection for high and low locomotor activity has been applied in two base populations of Drosophila melanogaster of distinct geographical origin. From each base population a high and a low line were selected, in which anesthesia was performed with ether. In addition, from one of the base populations a high line and a low line were selected under CO2 narcosis. Locomotor activity was measured in an apparatus consisting of rows of 20 tubes in a line. Heritabilities in the base populations determined in progeny tests were approximately 10%. Divergent directional selection was successful with realized heritabilities of similar value."}
{"id": "PMID:122271", "title": "Divergent selection on locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Test for reproductive isolation between selected lines.", "content": "Tests for reproductive isolation between lines selected for locomotor activity were performed. Three sets of selection lines were used, each consisting of lines selected for low and high locomotor activity from the same base population. Females preferred high-activity males in almost every case. However, in one of the sets temporary sexual isolation was found between flies of the high and low lines. This was accompanied in the low-activity females with a higher fertility when they were mated with their own males. After further selection the partial isolation disappeared.", "contents": "Divergent selection on locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Test for reproductive isolation between selected lines. Tests for reproductive isolation between lines selected for locomotor activity were performed. Three sets of selection lines were used, each consisting of lines selected for low and high locomotor activity from the same base population. Females preferred high-activity males in almost every case. However, in one of the sets temporary sexual isolation was found between flies of the high and low lines. This was accompanied in the low-activity females with a higher fertility when they were mated with their own males. After further selection the partial isolation disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:122272", "title": "Divergent selection on locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster. III. Genetic analysis.", "content": "Divergent directional selection produced three pairs of lines each consisting of a line with high and a line with low locomotor activity. Reciprocal crosses between the high and low lines of one of these pairs showed that a considerable part of the activity differences was contributed by differences between the X chromosomes. This was confirmed by a substitution of the three large chromosomes, between the low and the high lines. The two large autosomal chromosomes had only minor effects. Interactions between chromosomes were sometimes significant. Low-activity alleles tended to be dominant over alleles for high activity.", "contents": "Divergent selection on locomotor activity in Drosophila melanogaster. III. Genetic analysis. Divergent directional selection produced three pairs of lines each consisting of a line with high and a line with low locomotor activity. Reciprocal crosses between the high and low lines of one of these pairs showed that a considerable part of the activity differences was contributed by differences between the X chromosomes. This was confirmed by a substitution of the three large chromosomes, between the low and the high lines. The two large autosomal chromosomes had only minor effects. Interactions between chromosomes were sometimes significant. Low-activity alleles tended to be dominant over alleles for high activity."}
{"id": "PMID:122287", "title": "Acute effects of alcohol on anterior pituitary secretion of the tropic hormones.", "content": "The plasma or serum concentrations of GH, TSH, LH, PRL, testosterone, cortisol, T4, and T3, and the values of the T3 uptake test were monitored in 12 healthy male volunteers for a period of 20 h after administration of one large dose of ethanol (1.5 g/kg BW). The effects of TRH and LRH on the secretion of TSH, PRL, and LH were studied in these subjects once during the period of acute alcohol intoxication (4 h after the start of drinking) and once during the hangover period (14 h after the start of drinking). Each subject served as his own control by drinking water only during another experimental session. Alcohol had no significant effect on basal concentrations of GH, TSH, LH, T4, T3, or testosterone. The concentration of cortisol in plasma was elevated during the whole 20-h period after ingestion of alcohol, as compared with the control values. Alcohol also did not significantly alter the effects of TRH and LRH on plasma TSH and LH levels at 4 and 14 h. During the hangover period, the PRL response to TRH was totally blocked, but during alcohol intoxication, there was a slight increase in the PRL response to TRH. The lack of response of PRL to TRH during the hangover suggests that withdrawal symptoms are associated with increased dopaminergic activity in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Acute effects of alcohol on anterior pituitary secretion of the tropic hormones. The plasma or serum concentrations of GH, TSH, LH, PRL, testosterone, cortisol, T4, and T3, and the values of the T3 uptake test were monitored in 12 healthy male volunteers for a period of 20 h after administration of one large dose of ethanol (1.5 g/kg BW). The effects of TRH and LRH on the secretion of TSH, PRL, and LH were studied in these subjects once during the period of acute alcohol intoxication (4 h after the start of drinking) and once during the hangover period (14 h after the start of drinking). Each subject served as his own control by drinking water only during another experimental session. Alcohol had no significant effect on basal concentrations of GH, TSH, LH, T4, T3, or testosterone. The concentration of cortisol in plasma was elevated during the whole 20-h period after ingestion of alcohol, as compared with the control values. Alcohol also did not significantly alter the effects of TRH and LRH on plasma TSH and LH levels at 4 and 14 h. During the hangover period, the PRL response to TRH was totally blocked, but during alcohol intoxication, there was a slight increase in the PRL response to TRH. The lack of response of PRL to TRH during the hangover suggests that withdrawal symptoms are associated with increased dopaminergic activity in the hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:122289", "title": "Cephalothoracic lipodystrophy with hypocomplementemic renal disease: discordance in identical twin sisters.", "content": "This report describes the occurrence of cephalothoracic lipodystrophy in one of 7-yr-old identical twin sisters. The affected twin had classical loss of sc fat from her face, upper arms, and trunk as well as associated hypocomplementemia, microscopic hematuria, and a borderline oral glucose tolerance test without hyperinsulinism. The unaffected twin had a normal urinalysis, serum complement, and oral glucose tolerance. Both twins, when challenged iv with LRH or TRH, showed appropriate FSH and LH or TSH and PRL responses, respectively. This report, in conjunction with another similar twin pair recently described in the German literature, makes a simple, single gene genetic etiology untenable and supports the view that cephalothoracic lipodystrophy in an acquired disease.", "contents": "Cephalothoracic lipodystrophy with hypocomplementemic renal disease: discordance in identical twin sisters. This report describes the occurrence of cephalothoracic lipodystrophy in one of 7-yr-old identical twin sisters. The affected twin had classical loss of sc fat from her face, upper arms, and trunk as well as associated hypocomplementemia, microscopic hematuria, and a borderline oral glucose tolerance test without hyperinsulinism. The unaffected twin had a normal urinalysis, serum complement, and oral glucose tolerance. Both twins, when challenged iv with LRH or TRH, showed appropriate FSH and LH or TSH and PRL responses, respectively. This report, in conjunction with another similar twin pair recently described in the German literature, makes a simple, single gene genetic etiology untenable and supports the view that cephalothoracic lipodystrophy in an acquired disease."}
{"id": "PMID:122291", "title": "Impaired estrogen-induced luteinizing hormone release in young women with anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding.", "content": "Spontaneous ovarian activity, as reflected by the urinary excretion of total estrogen and pregnanediol measured serially (thrice weekly) over a period of 3-4 months, was studied in nine young women (15-27 yr old) with a history of dysfunctional uterine bleeding of at least 2-yr duration. Results were compared to those obtained in sex regularly menstruating women, aged 23-45 yr. All control women had ovulatory cycles, but seven of the nine patients with DUB failed to ovulate during at least three consecutive cycles. The profiles of urinary total estrogen excretion in these seven subjects were consistent with regular follicular development, but the follicular phase was prolonged and the amount of estrogen excretion increased, as compared to controls. In four of these seven patients, the endometrium had previously shown cystic glandular hyperplasia. Although the release of LH and FSH after injection of 50 micrograms synthetic LRH was normal, the surge of LH induced in response to exogenous estrogen (200 micrograms ethinylestradiol/day for 3 days) was significantly (P less than 0.005) lower in the patients (16.2 +/- 3.7 mU/ml) than that of control women )35.0 +/- 5.5 mU/ml). It is concluded that the failure to ovulate in young women with anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding is due to inadequate release of LH in response to estrogen. The results support the hypothesis that the basic defect in these women may be a decrease of hypothalamic sensitivity to positive feedback.", "contents": "Impaired estrogen-induced luteinizing hormone release in young women with anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Spontaneous ovarian activity, as reflected by the urinary excretion of total estrogen and pregnanediol measured serially (thrice weekly) over a period of 3-4 months, was studied in nine young women (15-27 yr old) with a history of dysfunctional uterine bleeding of at least 2-yr duration. Results were compared to those obtained in sex regularly menstruating women, aged 23-45 yr. All control women had ovulatory cycles, but seven of the nine patients with DUB failed to ovulate during at least three consecutive cycles. The profiles of urinary total estrogen excretion in these seven subjects were consistent with regular follicular development, but the follicular phase was prolonged and the amount of estrogen excretion increased, as compared to controls. In four of these seven patients, the endometrium had previously shown cystic glandular hyperplasia. Although the release of LH and FSH after injection of 50 micrograms synthetic LRH was normal, the surge of LH induced in response to exogenous estrogen (200 micrograms ethinylestradiol/day for 3 days) was significantly (P less than 0.005) lower in the patients (16.2 +/- 3.7 mU/ml) than that of control women )35.0 +/- 5.5 mU/ml). It is concluded that the failure to ovulate in young women with anovulatory dysfunctional uterine bleeding is due to inadequate release of LH in response to estrogen. The results support the hypothesis that the basic defect in these women may be a decrease of hypothalamic sensitivity to positive feedback."}
{"id": "PMID:122292", "title": "Influence of methyl-TRH-induced prolactin increase on serum testosterone levels in normal adult men.", "content": "Our previous studies suggest that increased serum PRL, secondary to haloperidol-induced dopamine blockade, augments serum testosterone (T) levels in normal men. To rule out a direct effect of haloperidol on the testis, serum samples from a methyl-TRH study in normal men, in whom serum PRL levels were increased by a stimulus other than dopamine blockade, were analyzed for T. Fourteen subjects received both a low dose (6.25-12.5 micrograms) and a high dose (100-500 micrograms) of methyl-TRH on separate days; blood sampling was done for 15 min before and for 4 h after drug infusion. Compared to a saline control group of 14 normal men, who showed a diurnal decline of serum T levels, the methyl-TRH treated subjects had statistically significant increases in serum T after both low and high doses. These data provide further support for the concept that PRL is a pituitary hormone capable of augmenting serum T levels in normal adult men.", "contents": "Influence of methyl-TRH-induced prolactin increase on serum testosterone levels in normal adult men. Our previous studies suggest that increased serum PRL, secondary to haloperidol-induced dopamine blockade, augments serum testosterone (T) levels in normal men. To rule out a direct effect of haloperidol on the testis, serum samples from a methyl-TRH study in normal men, in whom serum PRL levels were increased by a stimulus other than dopamine blockade, were analyzed for T. Fourteen subjects received both a low dose (6.25-12.5 micrograms) and a high dose (100-500 micrograms) of methyl-TRH on separate days; blood sampling was done for 15 min before and for 4 h after drug infusion. Compared to a saline control group of 14 normal men, who showed a diurnal decline of serum T levels, the methyl-TRH treated subjects had statistically significant increases in serum T after both low and high doses. These data provide further support for the concept that PRL is a pituitary hormone capable of augmenting serum T levels in normal adult men."}
{"id": "PMID:122293", "title": "Platelet adhesion and aggregation in diabetes mellitus.", "content": "Platelets from diabetic patients show both increased platelet adhesiveness and sensitivity to aggregating agents. Plasma levels of the platelet-active von Willebrand Factor and the closely related factor-VIII antigen are significantly elevated, while factor VIII procoagulant activity is not. This may reflect either intravascular coagulation or disproportionate production or degradation. Plasma factors that enhance ADP-induced platelet aggregation are found in 50% of unselected male diabetics. Activity is clearly demonstrated only when plasma is added immediately prior to adding subthreshold doses of ADP to platelet-rich plasma obtained from control subjects. Systematic investigations of the molecular nature of such factors and their interactions with platelets are in progress. In platelets obtained from diabetic subjects, we have previously found increased sensitivity to the aggregating effects of arachidonic acid, and increased synthesis of immunoreactive prostaglandin E-like material. More recent studies have shown that platelets obtained from diabetic subjects are less sensitive to the antiaggregatory effects of imidazole, a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor. These observations suggest that increased synthesis of the labile aggregating substance thromboxane A2 also occurs in platelets obtained from diabetics. Collectively, these platelet and plasma abnormalities may contribute to accelerated vascular disease of diabetes. Prospective studies using antiplatelet agents are presently underway or in the planning stages in diabetics to explore their potential beneficial effects.", "contents": "Platelet adhesion and aggregation in diabetes mellitus. Platelets from diabetic patients show both increased platelet adhesiveness and sensitivity to aggregating agents. Plasma levels of the platelet-active von Willebrand Factor and the closely related factor-VIII antigen are significantly elevated, while factor VIII procoagulant activity is not. This may reflect either intravascular coagulation or disproportionate production or degradation. Plasma factors that enhance ADP-induced platelet aggregation are found in 50% of unselected male diabetics. Activity is clearly demonstrated only when plasma is added immediately prior to adding subthreshold doses of ADP to platelet-rich plasma obtained from control subjects. Systematic investigations of the molecular nature of such factors and their interactions with platelets are in progress. In platelets obtained from diabetic subjects, we have previously found increased sensitivity to the aggregating effects of arachidonic acid, and increased synthesis of immunoreactive prostaglandin E-like material. More recent studies have shown that platelets obtained from diabetic subjects are less sensitive to the antiaggregatory effects of imidazole, a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor. These observations suggest that increased synthesis of the labile aggregating substance thromboxane A2 also occurs in platelets obtained from diabetics. Collectively, these platelet and plasma abnormalities may contribute to accelerated vascular disease of diabetes. Prospective studies using antiplatelet agents are presently underway or in the planning stages in diabetics to explore their potential beneficial effects."}
{"id": "PMID:122294", "title": "Platelets: cell proliferation and atherosclerosis.", "content": "Intimal smooth muscle proliferation is the hallmark of the lesions of atherosclerosis. Endothelial injury is postulated to precede this intimal smooth muscle proliferative response, which is mediated by a potent mitogenic factor derived from adherence, aggregation, and release by platelets at sites of endothelial injury. Smooth muscle proliferation is accompanied by varying amounts of connective tissue formation and intracellular and extracellular lipid deposition, dependent upon the risk factors encountered in each patient. The platelet-derived mitogen (PF) is a stable, cationic, relatively low molecular weight (10,000-30,000) protein that has been partially purified by ion exchange chromotography and gel filtration. Less than 100 ng of PF/ml culture medium can stimulate sparse 3T3 cells or smooth muscle cells, but not endothelial cells, to undergo multiple cell divisions in the presence of 5% cell-free, plasma-derived serum. The latter contains no mitogenic activity. The interaction of the platelet mitogen and plasma-derived components, including lipoproteins, plays a critical role in smooth muscle proliferation in vitro and in vivo in the induction of the lesions of atherosclerosis.", "contents": "Platelets: cell proliferation and atherosclerosis. Intimal smooth muscle proliferation is the hallmark of the lesions of atherosclerosis. Endothelial injury is postulated to precede this intimal smooth muscle proliferative response, which is mediated by a potent mitogenic factor derived from adherence, aggregation, and release by platelets at sites of endothelial injury. Smooth muscle proliferation is accompanied by varying amounts of connective tissue formation and intracellular and extracellular lipid deposition, dependent upon the risk factors encountered in each patient. The platelet-derived mitogen (PF) is a stable, cationic, relatively low molecular weight (10,000-30,000) protein that has been partially purified by ion exchange chromotography and gel filtration. Less than 100 ng of PF/ml culture medium can stimulate sparse 3T3 cells or smooth muscle cells, but not endothelial cells, to undergo multiple cell divisions in the presence of 5% cell-free, plasma-derived serum. The latter contains no mitogenic activity. The interaction of the platelet mitogen and plasma-derived components, including lipoproteins, plays a critical role in smooth muscle proliferation in vitro and in vivo in the induction of the lesions of atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:122295", "title": "Nonenzymatic glycosylation of human hemoglobin at multiple sites.", "content": "The most abundant minor hemoglobin component of human hemolysate is Hb A1c, which has glucose bound to the N-terminus of the beta chain by a ketoamine linkage. Hb A1c is formed slowly and continuously throughout the 120 day lifespan of the red cell. It can be synthesized in vitro by incubating purified hemoglobin with 14C-glucose. Other minor components, Hb A1a1 and Hb A1a2 are adducts of sugar phosphates at the N-terminus of the beta chain. Hb A1b contains an unidentified nonphosphorylated sugar at the beta N-terminus. In addition, a significant portion of the major hemoglobin component (Hb Ao) is also glycosylated by a glucose ketoamine linkage at other sites on the molecule, including the N-terminus of the alpha chain and the epsilon-amino group of several lysine residues on both the alpha and the beta chains. The results indicate that the interaction of glucose and hemoglobin is rather nonspecific and suggests that other proteins are modified in a similar fashion.", "contents": "Nonenzymatic glycosylation of human hemoglobin at multiple sites. The most abundant minor hemoglobin component of human hemolysate is Hb A1c, which has glucose bound to the N-terminus of the beta chain by a ketoamine linkage. Hb A1c is formed slowly and continuously throughout the 120 day lifespan of the red cell. It can be synthesized in vitro by incubating purified hemoglobin with 14C-glucose. Other minor components, Hb A1a1 and Hb A1a2 are adducts of sugar phosphates at the N-terminus of the beta chain. Hb A1b contains an unidentified nonphosphorylated sugar at the beta N-terminus. In addition, a significant portion of the major hemoglobin component (Hb Ao) is also glycosylated by a glucose ketoamine linkage at other sites on the molecule, including the N-terminus of the alpha chain and the epsilon-amino group of several lysine residues on both the alpha and the beta chains. The results indicate that the interaction of glucose and hemoglobin is rather nonspecific and suggests that other proteins are modified in a similar fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:122296", "title": "Role of nonenzymatic glycosylation in the development of the sequelae of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The increased level of the glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c) in the diabetic patient has proved to be an interesting clue to understanding the biochemical basis of the sequelae of diabetes. This minor hemoglobin, which arises as nonenzymatic postsynthetic addition of glucose to hemoglobin A, acts as an indicator molecule for the glucose environment over a 3-5-wk period prior to measurement. Reasoning that a similar glycosylation reaction could be occurring with other body proteins, we have studied the ocular lens. The lens, like the erythrocyte, is not dependent on insulin for glucose concentration in the extracellular milieu that would be elevated in the diabetic state. These studies have revealed that a high glucose in vivo or an increased glucose or glucose-6-phosphate concentration in vitro leads to the glycosylation of epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues in bovine and rat lens crystallins. This glycosylation imparts an increased susceptibility of the crystallins to sulfhydryl oxidation. Disulfide crosslinks result in the formation of high molecular weight aggregates and an opalescence of the crystallin solutions.", "contents": "Role of nonenzymatic glycosylation in the development of the sequelae of diabetes mellitus. The increased level of the glycosylated hemoglobin (hemoglobin A1c) in the diabetic patient has proved to be an interesting clue to understanding the biochemical basis of the sequelae of diabetes. This minor hemoglobin, which arises as nonenzymatic postsynthetic addition of glucose to hemoglobin A, acts as an indicator molecule for the glucose environment over a 3-5-wk period prior to measurement. Reasoning that a similar glycosylation reaction could be occurring with other body proteins, we have studied the ocular lens. The lens, like the erythrocyte, is not dependent on insulin for glucose concentration in the extracellular milieu that would be elevated in the diabetic state. These studies have revealed that a high glucose in vivo or an increased glucose or glucose-6-phosphate concentration in vitro leads to the glycosylation of epsilon-amino groups of lysine residues in bovine and rat lens crystallins. This glycosylation imparts an increased susceptibility of the crystallins to sulfhydryl oxidation. Disulfide crosslinks result in the formation of high molecular weight aggregates and an opalescence of the crystallin solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:122297", "title": "CP-45,634: a novel aldose reductase inhibitor that inhibits polyol pathway activity in diabetic and galactosemic rats.", "content": "In some tissues containing aldose reductase, increased flux through the polyol pathway has been implicated as being causative in diabetic complications (e.g., cataracts, peripheral neuropathy). We have found CP-45,634 (d-6-fluoro-spiro[chroman-4,4'-imidazolidine]-2',5'-dione) to be a highly potent, structurally novel, uncompetitive inhibitor of calf lens aldose reductase (IC50 approximately 5 X 10(-7)M). In a system in which sorbitol accumulation in isolated rat sciatic nerves was monitored in the presence of high (50 mM) glucose concentrations, CP-45,634 produced inhibition of polyol accumulation at levels as low as 1 X 10(-6)M. To determine if in vitro activity would translate to in vivo models, sorbitol accumulation in rat sciatic nerves was measured 27 hr after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. Orally administered CP-45,634 was effective at dose levels as low as 0.25 mg/kg, t.i.d., and at 0.75 mg/kg produced an 85% inhibition of sorbitol accumulation. Two weeks after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin, sorbitol levels in rat lens and the sciatic nerve rose to 21,203 nmole/gm and 1,161 nmole/gm, respectively. Subsequent oral administration of CP-45,634 (2.5 mg/kg, b.i.d.) for 1 wk reduced these levels by 92% in nerves and 90% in lenses. In galactosemic rats, CP-45,634 inhibited the rise in lens galactitol and effectively delayed cataract formation at oral doses as low as 5 mg/kg/day. These high levels of in vivo activity suggest that CP-45,634 has potential for assessing the role of the polyol pathway in diabetic complications.", "contents": "CP-45,634: a novel aldose reductase inhibitor that inhibits polyol pathway activity in diabetic and galactosemic rats. In some tissues containing aldose reductase, increased flux through the polyol pathway has been implicated as being causative in diabetic complications (e.g., cataracts, peripheral neuropathy). We have found CP-45,634 (d-6-fluoro-spiro[chroman-4,4'-imidazolidine]-2',5'-dione) to be a highly potent, structurally novel, uncompetitive inhibitor of calf lens aldose reductase (IC50 approximately 5 X 10(-7)M). In a system in which sorbitol accumulation in isolated rat sciatic nerves was monitored in the presence of high (50 mM) glucose concentrations, CP-45,634 produced inhibition of polyol accumulation at levels as low as 1 X 10(-6)M. To determine if in vitro activity would translate to in vivo models, sorbitol accumulation in rat sciatic nerves was measured 27 hr after induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. Orally administered CP-45,634 was effective at dose levels as low as 0.25 mg/kg, t.i.d., and at 0.75 mg/kg produced an 85% inhibition of sorbitol accumulation. Two weeks after induction of diabetes by streptozotocin, sorbitol levels in rat lens and the sciatic nerve rose to 21,203 nmole/gm and 1,161 nmole/gm, respectively. Subsequent oral administration of CP-45,634 (2.5 mg/kg, b.i.d.) for 1 wk reduced these levels by 92% in nerves and 90% in lenses. In galactosemic rats, CP-45,634 inhibited the rise in lens galactitol and effectively delayed cataract formation at oral doses as low as 5 mg/kg/day. These high levels of in vivo activity suggest that CP-45,634 has potential for assessing the role of the polyol pathway in diabetic complications."}
{"id": "PMID:122298", "title": "Aldose reductase inhibition: studies with alrestatin.", "content": "Studies with the aldose reductase inhibitor alrestatin in animal models have suggested that the sorbitol pathway may be of etiologic significance in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy in diabetes. In normal subjects and in highly selected diabetic patients with severe peripheral neuropathy, alrestatin given either intravenously (50 mg/kg body weight) or orally (1 gm q.i.d.) produced no acute toxicity. The serum half-life of alrestatin was approximately 1 hr, and 99% was recovered in the urine within 24 hr. Two diabetic patients receiving alrestatin intravenously reported subjective improvements in clinical symptoms 2 days following the start of infusions. These improvements lasted approximately 3 wk after infusions were discontinued. However, there were no significant objective changes in peripheral nerve condition velocities, or on neurologic examination. In a 30-day oral trial with alrestatin in 4 diabetics, there were no subjective improvements in clinical symptoms nor were there objective improvements on neurologic examination or in peripheral nerve conduction velocities. In this study, peak serum levels of alrestatin were approximately 3 times lower than those obtained on intravenous administration, and it is possible that a high peak serum level is critical to the attainment of adequate tissue drug concentrations. Furthermore, the patients were suffering from severe clinical peripheral neuropathy, which could represent a stage of permanent irreversible nerve damage. Studies with alrestatin in newly diagnosed diabetics with peripheral nerve conduction velocity deficits but without clinical neuropathy might provide a better test of the sorbitol pathway hypothesis.", "contents": "Aldose reductase inhibition: studies with alrestatin. Studies with the aldose reductase inhibitor alrestatin in animal models have suggested that the sorbitol pathway may be of etiologic significance in the pathogenesis of peripheral neuropathy in diabetes. In normal subjects and in highly selected diabetic patients with severe peripheral neuropathy, alrestatin given either intravenously (50 mg/kg body weight) or orally (1 gm q.i.d.) produced no acute toxicity. The serum half-life of alrestatin was approximately 1 hr, and 99% was recovered in the urine within 24 hr. Two diabetic patients receiving alrestatin intravenously reported subjective improvements in clinical symptoms 2 days following the start of infusions. These improvements lasted approximately 3 wk after infusions were discontinued. However, there were no significant objective changes in peripheral nerve condition velocities, or on neurologic examination. In a 30-day oral trial with alrestatin in 4 diabetics, there were no subjective improvements in clinical symptoms nor were there objective improvements on neurologic examination or in peripheral nerve conduction velocities. In this study, peak serum levels of alrestatin were approximately 3 times lower than those obtained on intravenous administration, and it is possible that a high peak serum level is critical to the attainment of adequate tissue drug concentrations. Furthermore, the patients were suffering from severe clinical peripheral neuropathy, which could represent a stage of permanent irreversible nerve damage. Studies with alrestatin in newly diagnosed diabetics with peripheral nerve conduction velocity deficits but without clinical neuropathy might provide a better test of the sorbitol pathway hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:122306", "title": "[Immune response to tetanus toxoid in mice receiving protein deficient diet immediately after weaning].", "content": "The humoral immune response to tetanus toxoid is evaluated by passive haemagglutination test in mice receiving low diet immediately after weaning during 15 and 30 days. The results show that the more deficient mice give the best antitoxin titers but after the challenge the antibody immune response become proportional to the protein restriction. In other respects and antitoxin titers are higher in 30 days restricted mice than in 15 days deficient ones. The effect of Bordetella pertussis adjuvant on the immune response of protein deficient mice seems nul. These results are discussed.", "contents": "[Immune response to tetanus toxoid in mice receiving protein deficient diet immediately after weaning]. The humoral immune response to tetanus toxoid is evaluated by passive haemagglutination test in mice receiving low diet immediately after weaning during 15 and 30 days. The results show that the more deficient mice give the best antitoxin titers but after the challenge the antibody immune response become proportional to the protein restriction. In other respects and antitoxin titers are higher in 30 days restricted mice than in 15 days deficient ones. The effect of Bordetella pertussis adjuvant on the immune response of protein deficient mice seems nul. These results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122307", "title": "[Role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in bovine tuberculosis].", "content": "The authors report the results of a survey on the possible role of human Mycobacterium in the ganglio-pulmonary tuberculosis of bovines. 232 bovines seized in the abattoirs of Algiers over a period of 8 months were concerned by this work. The results obtained showed that microscopic examination was negative in 50% of cases. This result was expected as ganglionary lesions are paucibacillary. Cultures were also negative in 50% of cases, 25% of them were contaminated. 50% rate of positive cultures was obtained when Loewenstein-Jensen medium with 1% pyruvate was used. Morphological and biochemical identification showed that out of 113 strains, 7 were Mycobacterium tuberculosis (6.2%). In seems therefore that Mycobacterium tuberculosis, human pathogen, is also pathogenic for bovines. Its frequent occurrence could be explained by the high prevalence of human tuberculosis in Algeria.", "contents": "[Role of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in bovine tuberculosis]. The authors report the results of a survey on the possible role of human Mycobacterium in the ganglio-pulmonary tuberculosis of bovines. 232 bovines seized in the abattoirs of Algiers over a period of 8 months were concerned by this work. The results obtained showed that microscopic examination was negative in 50% of cases. This result was expected as ganglionary lesions are paucibacillary. Cultures were also negative in 50% of cases, 25% of them were contaminated. 50% rate of positive cultures was obtained when Loewenstein-Jensen medium with 1% pyruvate was used. Morphological and biochemical identification showed that out of 113 strains, 7 were Mycobacterium tuberculosis (6.2%). In seems therefore that Mycobacterium tuberculosis, human pathogen, is also pathogenic for bovines. Its frequent occurrence could be explained by the high prevalence of human tuberculosis in Algeria."}
{"id": "PMID:122308", "title": "[Critical analysis of practical sensitivity tests in the evaluation of the primary resistance rate of tuberculosis bacilli to antibiotics].", "content": "Tuberculosis bacilli strains isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were tested to antituberculosis drugs in our laboratory since 1967 with the same method and by the same staff. However, there was a great fluctuation in the primary resistance rates calculated from one year to another and from one area to another. The analysis of strain sample showed that the main reasons were : the unprecision of patients questionnary, the preselection of strains sent to the laboratory and the unrespect of sanitary sectorisation.", "contents": "[Critical analysis of practical sensitivity tests in the evaluation of the primary resistance rate of tuberculosis bacilli to antibiotics]. Tuberculosis bacilli strains isolated from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were tested to antituberculosis drugs in our laboratory since 1967 with the same method and by the same staff. However, there was a great fluctuation in the primary resistance rates calculated from one year to another and from one area to another. The analysis of strain sample showed that the main reasons were : the unprecision of patients questionnary, the preselection of strains sent to the laboratory and the unrespect of sanitary sectorisation."}
{"id": "PMID:122309", "title": "[Comparison of reversed phase passive hemagglutination test and the electro-immunodiffusion technic for the detection of HBs antigen].", "content": "In this study, were compared two methods used in case-finding of the australian antigen (Ag. HBs) : the electro-immunodiffusion technique (E.I.D.) and the passive reverse hemagglutination tests. All the tests were carried out on couple of sera obtained from mothers and her newborns, giving on the whole 717 sera. The results we obtained led us to maintain the E.I.D. for the biological diagnosis of B virus hepatitis. The passive reverse hemagglutination test has been kept back for the titration of the Ag. HBs in the sera found positive by E.I.D. With regard to the vertical transmission (mother-newborn) of Ag. HBs, we could not draw any good conclusion.", "contents": "[Comparison of reversed phase passive hemagglutination test and the electro-immunodiffusion technic for the detection of HBs antigen]. In this study, were compared two methods used in case-finding of the australian antigen (Ag. HBs) : the electro-immunodiffusion technique (E.I.D.) and the passive reverse hemagglutination tests. All the tests were carried out on couple of sera obtained from mothers and her newborns, giving on the whole 717 sera. The results we obtained led us to maintain the E.I.D. for the biological diagnosis of B virus hepatitis. The passive reverse hemagglutination test has been kept back for the titration of the Ag. HBs in the sera found positive by E.I.D. With regard to the vertical transmission (mother-newborn) of Ag. HBs, we could not draw any good conclusion."}
{"id": "PMID:122310", "title": "[Model experimental study of protein-calorie malnutrition in mice].", "content": "With a view to form an experimental model of protein-malnutrition, mice are fed with two different commercial diets, the \"nutrixan\" and the \"provende\" which are included in different concentrations to a rice starch. Only the \"provende\" gives an workable model with three different growths which differ from the normal by a decrease which is proportional to the protein-deficiency. The incidence of the age and weight of the animals and the period of life of the beginning of the malnutrition are studied.", "contents": "[Model experimental study of protein-calorie malnutrition in mice]. With a view to form an experimental model of protein-malnutrition, mice are fed with two different commercial diets, the \"nutrixan\" and the \"provende\" which are included in different concentrations to a rice starch. Only the \"provende\" gives an workable model with three different growths which differ from the normal by a decrease which is proportional to the protein-deficiency. The incidence of the age and weight of the animals and the period of life of the beginning of the malnutrition are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:122312", "title": "Experience with PGF2 alpha in mid-trimester pregnancy termination in Ibadan.", "content": "Twenty-five cases of mid-trimester pregnancy termination using intra-amniotic PGF2 alpha are described. The dose of PGF2 alpha used ranged between 40 and 80 mgs. Eighty-eight percent of all patients received 66mg or less of PGF2 alpha. Complete abortion without surgical intervention occurred in 13 (52%) of the women. The mean instillation abortion interval was 22 h. Surgical intervention was required in twelve patients. Side effects, mainly gastrointestinal symptoms, occurred in 72% of our patients. No epileptic seizure or cervical laceration was reported. It is suggested that the use of prostaglandin for pregnancy termination should be restricted to large medical centres with adequate facilities for coping with complications. Introduction of mid-trimester abortion with prostaglandin offers a back up method for failed contraception and obviates the need for surgical dilation of the cervix with its attendant risks.", "contents": "Experience with PGF2 alpha in mid-trimester pregnancy termination in Ibadan. Twenty-five cases of mid-trimester pregnancy termination using intra-amniotic PGF2 alpha are described. The dose of PGF2 alpha used ranged between 40 and 80 mgs. Eighty-eight percent of all patients received 66mg or less of PGF2 alpha. Complete abortion without surgical intervention occurred in 13 (52%) of the women. The mean instillation abortion interval was 22 h. Surgical intervention was required in twelve patients. Side effects, mainly gastrointestinal symptoms, occurred in 72% of our patients. No epileptic seizure or cervical laceration was reported. It is suggested that the use of prostaglandin for pregnancy termination should be restricted to large medical centres with adequate facilities for coping with complications. Introduction of mid-trimester abortion with prostaglandin offers a back up method for failed contraception and obviates the need for surgical dilation of the cervix with its attendant risks."}
{"id": "PMID:122314", "title": "The risks of umbilical vessel catheterization in a neonatal intensive care unit.", "content": "Five hundred and fourteen high-risk neonates who had indwelling umbilical catheters at the neonatal intensive care unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital were studied. of these 514 neonates, 122 (23.8%) had their catheters in-situ for longer than 24 h. Of the 122, fifty-four (44%) had positive bacterial cultures from their catheter tips. Seven (5.7%) and four (3.2%) of the 122 neonates studied developed septicaemia and necrotizing enterocolitis respectively. Catheterization for periods in excess of 48 h significantly increased the risk of bacterial colonization. Malposition of umbilical catheter tips include: insertion into the right portal vein (thirty-six cases); superior mesenteric vein (three cases) and the left atrium (four cases). The complications related specifically to the malposition were: air collection in the hepatic venous system (two cases); cardiac arrest (one case); necrotising enterocolitis (one case) and a case of blanching of the abdominal wall. Because of these complications, the indications for catheterization should be restricted to carefully selected patients and strict aseptic technique be adhered to during the procedure.", "contents": "The risks of umbilical vessel catheterization in a neonatal intensive care unit. Five hundred and fourteen high-risk neonates who had indwelling umbilical catheters at the neonatal intensive care unit of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital were studied. of these 514 neonates, 122 (23.8%) had their catheters in-situ for longer than 24 h. Of the 122, fifty-four (44%) had positive bacterial cultures from their catheter tips. Seven (5.7%) and four (3.2%) of the 122 neonates studied developed septicaemia and necrotizing enterocolitis respectively. Catheterization for periods in excess of 48 h significantly increased the risk of bacterial colonization. Malposition of umbilical catheter tips include: insertion into the right portal vein (thirty-six cases); superior mesenteric vein (three cases) and the left atrium (four cases). The complications related specifically to the malposition were: air collection in the hepatic venous system (two cases); cardiac arrest (one case); necrotising enterocolitis (one case) and a case of blanching of the abdominal wall. Because of these complications, the indications for catheterization should be restricted to carefully selected patients and strict aseptic technique be adhered to during the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:122315", "title": "Depression in Africans revisited: a critical review of the literature.", "content": "The much-discussed problem of diagnosing depression in Africans is re-examined in this article. First, the incidence of depression as reported by various authors is discussed. Then, the universal difficulty associated with diagnosis of depression is considered. Factors related to diagnosis of depression in Africans are reviewed next. Finally, suggestions are offered as to how diagnosis of depression in Africans can be facilitated.", "contents": "Depression in Africans revisited: a critical review of the literature. The much-discussed problem of diagnosing depression in Africans is re-examined in this article. First, the incidence of depression as reported by various authors is discussed. Then, the universal difficulty associated with diagnosis of depression is considered. Factors related to diagnosis of depression in Africans are reviewed next. Finally, suggestions are offered as to how diagnosis of depression in Africans can be facilitated."}
{"id": "PMID:122317", "title": "Chemotaxis by lipids isolated from Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Living, heat or formalin killed Bacteroides fragilis and a crude preparation of their cell walls were examined by the Boyden technique for chemotactic activity upon guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells. Their relative chemotactic activity ranged from 3.0 to 5.2 compared to an average value of 6.4 for the positive control, an endotoxic culture filtrate of Escherichia coli. A culture filtrate of B. fragilis and an index of 3.7. Miocrogram quantities of cytoplasmic preparations obtained by ammonium sulphate precipitation had chemotactic indices ranging from 2.8 to 6.4, the highest value being displayed by the precipitate formed between 50 and 75% saturation with ammonium sulphate. This fraction retained leucotactic activity after exposure to strong acid and heat. The leucotactic potency of these fractions did not correlate directly with their protein content. Further precipitation of the most active fraction with 80% ethanol revealed that there was little chemotactic activity attributable to polysaccharides. Gas liquid chromatography of a chloroform-methanol extract of the cells which had a chemotactic index of 6.1 revealed the presence of more than thirty fatty acids ranging in carbon length from C8 to C25. These results suggest a role of lipids as initiators of the leucotactic response associated with infections caused by B. fragilis.", "contents": "Chemotaxis by lipids isolated from Bacteroides fragilis. Living, heat or formalin killed Bacteroides fragilis and a crude preparation of their cell walls were examined by the Boyden technique for chemotactic activity upon guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells. Their relative chemotactic activity ranged from 3.0 to 5.2 compared to an average value of 6.4 for the positive control, an endotoxic culture filtrate of Escherichia coli. A culture filtrate of B. fragilis and an index of 3.7. Miocrogram quantities of cytoplasmic preparations obtained by ammonium sulphate precipitation had chemotactic indices ranging from 2.8 to 6.4, the highest value being displayed by the precipitate formed between 50 and 75% saturation with ammonium sulphate. This fraction retained leucotactic activity after exposure to strong acid and heat. The leucotactic potency of these fractions did not correlate directly with their protein content. Further precipitation of the most active fraction with 80% ethanol revealed that there was little chemotactic activity attributable to polysaccharides. Gas liquid chromatography of a chloroform-methanol extract of the cells which had a chemotactic index of 6.1 revealed the presence of more than thirty fatty acids ranging in carbon length from C8 to C25. These results suggest a role of lipids as initiators of the leucotactic response associated with infections caused by B. fragilis."}
{"id": "PMID:122318", "title": "Serum immunoconglutinin levels in healthy subjects, malaria nephrosis and other conditions.", "content": "Serum immunoconglutinin (I-K) levels were estimated and compared in 189 normal school children, ninety blood donors, eight-seven nephrotic children, twenty-eight nephrotic adults, twenty-five falciparum malaria children and 126 miscellaneous patients. Low levels (1/32 or less) were recorded in 75.1% of normal school children and 68.9% of blood donors. Similarly 95.4% of nephrotic children and 71.4% of nephrotic adults had low titres. The trend was the same in other disease groups in which 88.0% of falciparum malaria children and 65.1% miscellaneous patients had low titres. The relevance of the I-K levels obtained in the study groups is discussed.", "contents": "Serum immunoconglutinin levels in healthy subjects, malaria nephrosis and other conditions. Serum immunoconglutinin (I-K) levels were estimated and compared in 189 normal school children, ninety blood donors, eight-seven nephrotic children, twenty-eight nephrotic adults, twenty-five falciparum malaria children and 126 miscellaneous patients. Low levels (1/32 or less) were recorded in 75.1% of normal school children and 68.9% of blood donors. Similarly 95.4% of nephrotic children and 71.4% of nephrotic adults had low titres. The trend was the same in other disease groups in which 88.0% of falciparum malaria children and 65.1% miscellaneous patients had low titres. The relevance of the I-K levels obtained in the study groups is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122321", "title": "Roentgenological measurement of skull size in Nigerian children.", "content": "The maximal internal length L, height H, and width W, were measured on normal A.P. and lateral skull radiographs on 352 Nigerian children whose age range was from birth to 12 years. The distance between the necks of the mandibles M, was also measured. Based on the above measurements the Cronqvist cranial indices (Formula: see text) and a simple summation index, L + W + H were determined. Normal mean values and standard deviation for Nigerian children were then calculated. The mean Cronqvist index (Formula: see text) was found to be 57.3, at birth, 53.3 at 5 years and 50.3 at 10 years. The simple summation index was 340 mm at birth and 495 mm at 10 years. There is a striking similarity in head size and growth pattern to those of North American children. There was little to choose between the various indices in the first year of life. The simple summation index seemed most sensitive after 2 years.", "contents": "Roentgenological measurement of skull size in Nigerian children. The maximal internal length L, height H, and width W, were measured on normal A.P. and lateral skull radiographs on 352 Nigerian children whose age range was from birth to 12 years. The distance between the necks of the mandibles M, was also measured. Based on the above measurements the Cronqvist cranial indices (Formula: see text) and a simple summation index, L + W + H were determined. Normal mean values and standard deviation for Nigerian children were then calculated. The mean Cronqvist index (Formula: see text) was found to be 57.3, at birth, 53.3 at 5 years and 50.3 at 10 years. The simple summation index was 340 mm at birth and 495 mm at 10 years. There is a striking similarity in head size and growth pattern to those of North American children. There was little to choose between the various indices in the first year of life. The simple summation index seemed most sensitive after 2 years."}
{"id": "PMID:122322", "title": "Haemoglobin DIbadan in a haemoglobin S endemic population.", "content": "Haemoglobin DIbadan (beta 87 threonine leads to lysine) was originally found in Ibadan, an area with a high incidence of sickle cell haemoglobin (HbS). Since haemoglobin D and S are indistinguishable by most common conventional methods, the geographical coincidence of the two haemoglobin poses a serious screening problem which was investigated in the propositus who is heterozygous for S and D, his wife who is heterozygous for A and S, and their six children. The combined techniques of haemoglobin solubility, sickling rate, shaking test and routine electrophoresis have yielded an unequivocal diagnosis of the haemoglobin types of the family both for identification and quantitative estimation of the percentage of haemoglobins in the heterozygotes. HbD was found to be slightly less soluble than HbA but otherwise normal blood from S+D individuals was found to contain 57-60% HbD suggesting an increased systhesis of HbD relative to S, whereas A+D heterozygote has 41% HbD suggesting a diminished synthesis of HbD relative to HbA. The physicochemical characteristic of HbD and the haematological data in simple heterozygotes are normal.", "contents": "Haemoglobin DIbadan in a haemoglobin S endemic population. Haemoglobin DIbadan (beta 87 threonine leads to lysine) was originally found in Ibadan, an area with a high incidence of sickle cell haemoglobin (HbS). Since haemoglobin D and S are indistinguishable by most common conventional methods, the geographical coincidence of the two haemoglobin poses a serious screening problem which was investigated in the propositus who is heterozygous for S and D, his wife who is heterozygous for A and S, and their six children. The combined techniques of haemoglobin solubility, sickling rate, shaking test and routine electrophoresis have yielded an unequivocal diagnosis of the haemoglobin types of the family both for identification and quantitative estimation of the percentage of haemoglobins in the heterozygotes. HbD was found to be slightly less soluble than HbA but otherwise normal blood from S+D individuals was found to contain 57-60% HbD suggesting an increased systhesis of HbD relative to S, whereas A+D heterozygote has 41% HbD suggesting a diminished synthesis of HbD relative to HbA. The physicochemical characteristic of HbD and the haematological data in simple heterozygotes are normal."}
{"id": "PMID:122325", "title": "Biochemically unmonitored treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis for the first eight hours using the low dose intra-muscular insulin regimen: preliminary report.", "content": "The clinical efficacy of frequent low dose intra-muscular insulin in treating diabetic ketoacidosis was tested in eight patients who presented over a period of nine months. Blood sugar, urea and electrolytes were estimated only at presentation and eight hours after commencing insulin therapy instead of the initial one to two hourly estimations usually advocated. All the patients responded satisfactorily by eight hours despite the infrequent monitoring of blood sugars, urea and electrolytes. No hypoglycaemic episodes or clinical evidence of hypokalaemia were encountered. It is suggested that where facilities and staffing are inadequate, as in some developing countries, the first eight hours of treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis can be safely carried out using the frequent intramuscular low dose insulin regimen without much emphasis laid on monitoring the blood sugar, urea and electrolytes, provided there are no contraindicating cardio-pulmonary or renal diseases.", "contents": "Biochemically unmonitored treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis for the first eight hours using the low dose intra-muscular insulin regimen: preliminary report. The clinical efficacy of frequent low dose intra-muscular insulin in treating diabetic ketoacidosis was tested in eight patients who presented over a period of nine months. Blood sugar, urea and electrolytes were estimated only at presentation and eight hours after commencing insulin therapy instead of the initial one to two hourly estimations usually advocated. All the patients responded satisfactorily by eight hours despite the infrequent monitoring of blood sugars, urea and electrolytes. No hypoglycaemic episodes or clinical evidence of hypokalaemia were encountered. It is suggested that where facilities and staffing are inadequate, as in some developing countries, the first eight hours of treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis can be safely carried out using the frequent intramuscular low dose insulin regimen without much emphasis laid on monitoring the blood sugar, urea and electrolytes, provided there are no contraindicating cardio-pulmonary or renal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:122326", "title": "Pyocine typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria.", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, were pyocine typed using the indicator strains and the standardized method of Gillies & Govan. Out of 302 clinical isolates 9.6% were untypable and 3.6% were unclassifiable. Among typable isolates fourteen pyocine types were identified, types 1, 3, 11, 5, and 10 being the commonest. Among ninety-six environmental isolates types 1, 3 and 10 were most common, 18.7% were untypable and 3.1% were unclassifiable. Sink traps were environmental sites most frequently contaminated with Ps. aeruginosa. Out of ten pyocine types identified in environmental strains, eight were the same as those isolated from patients. Seven subtypes were found among the most commonly encountered pyocine type 1 isolates. The procedure is a simple and reliable method to study the epidemiology of infections due to Ps. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Pyocine typing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria, were pyocine typed using the indicator strains and the standardized method of Gillies & Govan. Out of 302 clinical isolates 9.6% were untypable and 3.6% were unclassifiable. Among typable isolates fourteen pyocine types were identified, types 1, 3, 11, 5, and 10 being the commonest. Among ninety-six environmental isolates types 1, 3 and 10 were most common, 18.7% were untypable and 3.1% were unclassifiable. Sink traps were environmental sites most frequently contaminated with Ps. aeruginosa. Out of ten pyocine types identified in environmental strains, eight were the same as those isolated from patients. Seven subtypes were found among the most commonly encountered pyocine type 1 isolates. The procedure is a simple and reliable method to study the epidemiology of infections due to Ps. aeruginosa."}
{"id": "PMID:122327", "title": "Ventilatory function in normal Nigerian school children.", "content": "Lung function studies were performed on 522 school children in Ibadan to determine normal values among Nigerian School children. From four schools 257 boys and 265 girls aged 7 - 18 with different socio-economic background were selected. The forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) wee estimated using the wedge bellows vitalograph. It was observed from the results that the mean FVC and FEV1, values were lower than the predicted mean values matched for age, sex, height and weight. It was further observed that the values obtained were lower than those of the caucasian children. However, it was observed that the FVC values correlate significantly with age, weight and height (P less than 0.01).", "contents": "Ventilatory function in normal Nigerian school children. Lung function studies were performed on 522 school children in Ibadan to determine normal values among Nigerian School children. From four schools 257 boys and 265 girls aged 7 - 18 with different socio-economic background were selected. The forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) wee estimated using the wedge bellows vitalograph. It was observed from the results that the mean FVC and FEV1, values were lower than the predicted mean values matched for age, sex, height and weight. It was further observed that the values obtained were lower than those of the caucasian children. However, it was observed that the FVC values correlate significantly with age, weight and height (P less than 0.01)."}
{"id": "PMID:122328", "title": "Studies on transmission of Tataguine virus by Culex (pipens) fatigans mosquitoes.", "content": "Culex (pipens) fatigans mosquitoes were infected with Tataguine virus by pledget method. Virus was recovered from 40% of mosquitoes that fed on the infective blood meal after 21 days of incubation. Low titres of infective virus were found in the mosquitoes. Tataguine virus was not successfully transmitted to suckling hamsters exposed to the bites of infected mosquitoes.", "contents": "Studies on transmission of Tataguine virus by Culex (pipens) fatigans mosquitoes. Culex (pipens) fatigans mosquitoes were infected with Tataguine virus by pledget method. Virus was recovered from 40% of mosquitoes that fed on the infective blood meal after 21 days of incubation. Low titres of infective virus were found in the mosquitoes. Tataguine virus was not successfully transmitted to suckling hamsters exposed to the bites of infected mosquitoes."}
{"id": "PMID:122329", "title": "Interaction of the aflatoxins with classical antibiotics which inhibit Bacillus brevis (2611).", "content": "Synergism, antagonism and addictive action are three modes of interaction among antibiotics and non-antibiotic compounds. The present paper reports the type of interaction between each of the four main members of the aflatoxin family (BB, G and G) and each of five commonly used classical antibiotics. The test aflatoxins were freshly prepared and confirmed crystalline pure by the use of ultraviolet (u.v.), infrared (i.r.) and nuclear magnetic resonane (n.m.r.) spectroscopy. Interaction between penicillin and aflatoxin B (AFB) gave an antagonistic profile. The interaction of AFB with tetracycline was synergistic. Novobiocin interaction with aflatoxin G also reflected synergism. All other characteristics of interaction between antibiotics and the aflatoxins showed additive profiles.", "contents": "Interaction of the aflatoxins with classical antibiotics which inhibit Bacillus brevis (2611). Synergism, antagonism and addictive action are three modes of interaction among antibiotics and non-antibiotic compounds. The present paper reports the type of interaction between each of the four main members of the aflatoxin family (BB, G and G) and each of five commonly used classical antibiotics. The test aflatoxins were freshly prepared and confirmed crystalline pure by the use of ultraviolet (u.v.), infrared (i.r.) and nuclear magnetic resonane (n.m.r.) spectroscopy. Interaction between penicillin and aflatoxin B (AFB) gave an antagonistic profile. The interaction of AFB with tetracycline was synergistic. Novobiocin interaction with aflatoxin G also reflected synergism. All other characteristics of interaction between antibiotics and the aflatoxins showed additive profiles."}
{"id": "PMID:122330", "title": "Criminal justice and psychiatry: a study of the pattern of criminality in Ibadan division.", "content": "Two thousand, one hundred and fifty-eight offenders committed for trial at the Ibadan Magistrate courts between 1974 and 1975 were reviewed. A preponderance of males (95.9%) and young adults (81% less than 40 years) was found in the population of the offenders. A decline in criminal offences was found with increase in age. Stealing was found to be the commonest crime and it was about half (49%) of the total offences. There were significant increases in fraud and assault between 1974 and 1975. Within the 2 years, only cases of homicide (twenty-three out of seventy-one cases) were referred for psychiatric assessment. Attempted suicide and drug abuse were not referred. It was concluded that psychiatric cases can commit any form of crime and that where the sanity of a criminal, whatever the type, is doubted, he should be referred for psychiatric evaluation.", "contents": "Criminal justice and psychiatry: a study of the pattern of criminality in Ibadan division. Two thousand, one hundred and fifty-eight offenders committed for trial at the Ibadan Magistrate courts between 1974 and 1975 were reviewed. A preponderance of males (95.9%) and young adults (81% less than 40 years) was found in the population of the offenders. A decline in criminal offences was found with increase in age. Stealing was found to be the commonest crime and it was about half (49%) of the total offences. There were significant increases in fraud and assault between 1974 and 1975. Within the 2 years, only cases of homicide (twenty-three out of seventy-one cases) were referred for psychiatric assessment. Attempted suicide and drug abuse were not referred. It was concluded that psychiatric cases can commit any form of crime and that where the sanity of a criminal, whatever the type, is doubted, he should be referred for psychiatric evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:122331", "title": "Plasma and erythrocyte cations and permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to cations in essential hypertension.", "content": "Untreated African patients with essential hypertension were found to have high plasma sodium and low plasma potassium. The red cel contents of these cations determined from the same sample of blood were found to be high for sodium and normal for potassium. The passive permeability of the erythrocytes for potassium was lower in hypertensives than in controls. The ouabain-sensitive active sodium efflux was lower in hypertensives than in controls. The relationships between the erythrocyte cation content and the total body content of the cations, and between the membrane function in red cells and other cells of the body are discussed.", "contents": "Plasma and erythrocyte cations and permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to cations in essential hypertension. Untreated African patients with essential hypertension were found to have high plasma sodium and low plasma potassium. The red cel contents of these cations determined from the same sample of blood were found to be high for sodium and normal for potassium. The passive permeability of the erythrocytes for potassium was lower in hypertensives than in controls. The ouabain-sensitive active sodium efflux was lower in hypertensives than in controls. The relationships between the erythrocyte cation content and the total body content of the cations, and between the membrane function in red cells and other cells of the body are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122332", "title": "Personality characteristics and mental health of university students.", "content": "The selective review of the enormous literature on student personality development and mental health shows that three sets of variables have been found to influence the personality of the university student. These variables include pre-university factors, contemporary experience in the university and the status of the student as an adolescent or young adult. As very little information is presently available on the psychology of the African university student, there is urgent need for systematic research in this area.", "contents": "Personality characteristics and mental health of university students. The selective review of the enormous literature on student personality development and mental health shows that three sets of variables have been found to influence the personality of the university student. These variables include pre-university factors, contemporary experience in the university and the status of the student as an adolescent or young adult. As very little information is presently available on the psychology of the African university student, there is urgent need for systematic research in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:122333", "title": "A double-blind comparative study of cimetidine and placebo in adult Nigerian duodenal ulcer patients with special reference to gastroduodenal mucosal morphology and intestinal bacterial activity.", "content": "Twenty-seven adult Nigerian patients with endoscopically proven active duodenal ulcers have received in a double-blind trial either the histamine H2 - receptor antagonist cimetidine 1g daily or placebo tablets of identical appearance for 4 weeks. Fifty-six per cent of the cimetidine patients and 18% of those receiving placebo had endoscopically completely healed ulcers and total pain relief at the completion of trial. This response amounted to clinical cure. An additional 19% of patients in the cimetidine group experienced clinical improvement either in endoscopic or symptomatic reassessment but not in both, thus leading to a disparity between clinical cure rate (56%), healing rate (69%), and pain relief (64%). Though therefore significantly better than placebo, this less favourable response to cimetidine in this study may be due to the short trial period, the disparity between healing and pain relief rates or to co-existing and persistent antroduodenitis in ulcer patients as shown on gastroduodenal mucosal biopsies taken at the time of the clinical investigation. There were no untoward clinical laboratory side effects with the exception of the one cimetidine patient who experienced diarrhoea and a small number who showed slight, asymptomatic rise in plasma creatinine level. Of particular interest to the reported occurrence of diarrhoea with cimetidine therapy is the finding in the bacteriological studies of intestinal aspirates and biochemistry estimations for indicanuria in the consenting patients which showed that orally administered cimetidine 1g daily for 4 weeks neither produced demonstratable alterations in the bacterial content of the small bowel not pathological indicanuria, thereby excluding bacterial overgrowth syndrome as a therapeutic hazard in the clinical application of cimetidine.", "contents": "A double-blind comparative study of cimetidine and placebo in adult Nigerian duodenal ulcer patients with special reference to gastroduodenal mucosal morphology and intestinal bacterial activity. Twenty-seven adult Nigerian patients with endoscopically proven active duodenal ulcers have received in a double-blind trial either the histamine H2 - receptor antagonist cimetidine 1g daily or placebo tablets of identical appearance for 4 weeks. Fifty-six per cent of the cimetidine patients and 18% of those receiving placebo had endoscopically completely healed ulcers and total pain relief at the completion of trial. This response amounted to clinical cure. An additional 19% of patients in the cimetidine group experienced clinical improvement either in endoscopic or symptomatic reassessment but not in both, thus leading to a disparity between clinical cure rate (56%), healing rate (69%), and pain relief (64%). Though therefore significantly better than placebo, this less favourable response to cimetidine in this study may be due to the short trial period, the disparity between healing and pain relief rates or to co-existing and persistent antroduodenitis in ulcer patients as shown on gastroduodenal mucosal biopsies taken at the time of the clinical investigation. There were no untoward clinical laboratory side effects with the exception of the one cimetidine patient who experienced diarrhoea and a small number who showed slight, asymptomatic rise in plasma creatinine level. Of particular interest to the reported occurrence of diarrhoea with cimetidine therapy is the finding in the bacteriological studies of intestinal aspirates and biochemistry estimations for indicanuria in the consenting patients which showed that orally administered cimetidine 1g daily for 4 weeks neither produced demonstratable alterations in the bacterial content of the small bowel not pathological indicanuria, thereby excluding bacterial overgrowth syndrome as a therapeutic hazard in the clinical application of cimetidine."}
{"id": "PMID:122334", "title": "Neurological diseases in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.", "content": "The pattern of neurological disease seen in Ethiopian patients hospitalized in general medical wards in two hospitals in Addis Ababa is analyzed and discussed. Cerebrovascular disease, most commonly cerebral thrombosis, accounted for 45% of the neurological diseases seen. The second commonest disorder was bacterial meningitis (12%). Hepatic encephalopathy and intracranial haemorrhage, the latter commonly due to hypertension, were found to be the commonest causes of admission in coma.", "contents": "Neurological diseases in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The pattern of neurological disease seen in Ethiopian patients hospitalized in general medical wards in two hospitals in Addis Ababa is analyzed and discussed. Cerebrovascular disease, most commonly cerebral thrombosis, accounted for 45% of the neurological diseases seen. The second commonest disorder was bacterial meningitis (12%). Hepatic encephalopathy and intracranial haemorrhage, the latter commonly due to hypertension, were found to be the commonest causes of admission in coma."}
{"id": "PMID:122335", "title": "Case report: a fatal case of amniotic fluid embolism.", "content": "A primigravida was induced for PET, the liquor was meconium stained; she was put on oxytocin in-fussion and developed hypertonic uterine action. She then had an amniotic fluid embolism which presented clinically as profound shock, dyspnoea, tachycardia, cyanosis, hypotension and pyrexia. The patient was delivered by vacuum extraction. The picture was further complicated by pulmonary oedema intravascular microcoagulation and anuria. She deteriorated rapidly and died despite treatment with double strength plasma (in the absence of fibrinogen), massive hydrocortiosone therapy, blood transfusion amd sub-total hysterectomy. Post mortem findings in the lungs confirmed amniotic fluid embolism.", "contents": "Case report: a fatal case of amniotic fluid embolism. A primigravida was induced for PET, the liquor was meconium stained; she was put on oxytocin in-fussion and developed hypertonic uterine action. She then had an amniotic fluid embolism which presented clinically as profound shock, dyspnoea, tachycardia, cyanosis, hypotension and pyrexia. The patient was delivered by vacuum extraction. The picture was further complicated by pulmonary oedema intravascular microcoagulation and anuria. She deteriorated rapidly and died despite treatment with double strength plasma (in the absence of fibrinogen), massive hydrocortiosone therapy, blood transfusion amd sub-total hysterectomy. Post mortem findings in the lungs confirmed amniotic fluid embolism."}
{"id": "PMID:122351", "title": "[Posttraumatic and postoperative catabolism: protein metabolism].", "content": "Patients with catabolism during the postoperative phase, after trauma or in a toxifectious state present with serious disorders of their protein metabolism. These alterations are caused mostly by endocrine factors and are characterized by destruction of proteins, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis and increased renal nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen losses are most important in patients with multiple trauma, in sepsis and in burned patients. In view of the intricate etiology, the treatment of these disorders is difficult.", "contents": "[Posttraumatic and postoperative catabolism: protein metabolism]. Patients with catabolism during the postoperative phase, after trauma or in a toxifectious state present with serious disorders of their protein metabolism. These alterations are caused mostly by endocrine factors and are characterized by destruction of proteins, gluconeogenesis, ketogenesis and increased renal nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen losses are most important in patients with multiple trauma, in sepsis and in burned patients. In view of the intricate etiology, the treatment of these disorders is difficult."}
{"id": "PMID:122353", "title": "[The importance of amino acids].", "content": "Complete AS mixtures which permit prolonged parenteral feeding are known. It is possible to achieve normal growth even in nursing infants with such solutions (reference should be made to the contributions of Professor Riccour and Professor Sch\u00e4rli). On the other hand the composition of an AS solution of maximum biological value, e.g. for the growing body, is not yet known. Improvements in this respect can be envisaged although they are relevant only to certain patients. Changes in the method administration of AS may affect the biological value. Continuous administration throughout the 24 hours by-passing the portal vein, as is usual today, must considerably impair the capacity of the liver to regulate the pattern of plasma amino acids. Possibly, an approximation to physiological proportions is possible and useful through intermittent administration. Further progress in this aspect of parenteral feeding can undoubtedly be expected.", "contents": "[The importance of amino acids]. Complete AS mixtures which permit prolonged parenteral feeding are known. It is possible to achieve normal growth even in nursing infants with such solutions (reference should be made to the contributions of Professor Riccour and Professor Sch\u00e4rli). On the other hand the composition of an AS solution of maximum biological value, e.g. for the growing body, is not yet known. Improvements in this respect can be envisaged although they are relevant only to certain patients. Changes in the method administration of AS may affect the biological value. Continuous administration throughout the 24 hours by-passing the portal vein, as is usual today, must considerably impair the capacity of the liver to regulate the pattern of plasma amino acids. Possibly, an approximation to physiological proportions is possible and useful through intermittent administration. Further progress in this aspect of parenteral feeding can undoubtedly be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:122354", "title": "Principles of intravenous nutrition.", "content": "In my view intravenous feeding represents a substantial advance in the management of critically ill patients. It is no longer tenable that patients should die as a result of complications of malnutrition simply because they cannot or are unable to take adequate oral nutrition. Intravenous feeding is a challenge both in concept and application. With it, however, the outcome for many patients, who formerly would have died, has considerably improved.", "contents": "Principles of intravenous nutrition. In my view intravenous feeding represents a substantial advance in the management of critically ill patients. It is no longer tenable that patients should die as a result of complications of malnutrition simply because they cannot or are unable to take adequate oral nutrition. Intravenous feeding is a challenge both in concept and application. With it, however, the outcome for many patients, who formerly would have died, has considerably improved."}
{"id": "PMID:122355", "title": "[Metabolic problems and indications for exclusive and prolonged parenteral feeding in children].", "content": "In the light of 350 cases of E.P.N., prevention of complications rests upon: 1. supply of hydroelectrolytics and proteinoenergetics at reduced dosage, initially, and then adapted to the anabolic stimulation, taking into consideration the correlations which exist between calories, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, zinc and vitamins, particularly those of the B-complex; 2. the necessity to achieve a progressive withdrawal through the supply of enteral elementary substances which will permit a modulated new induction of the digestive enzymatic secretory activities. The indications for such a highly technical program may emanate in the course of serious malabsorption with severe denutrition within the framework of inflammatory and vascular enteropathies and in the presence of certain metabolic disturbances, either congenital or acquired.", "contents": "[Metabolic problems and indications for exclusive and prolonged parenteral feeding in children]. In the light of 350 cases of E.P.N., prevention of complications rests upon: 1. supply of hydroelectrolytics and proteinoenergetics at reduced dosage, initially, and then adapted to the anabolic stimulation, taking into consideration the correlations which exist between calories, nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, zinc and vitamins, particularly those of the B-complex; 2. the necessity to achieve a progressive withdrawal through the supply of enteral elementary substances which will permit a modulated new induction of the digestive enzymatic secretory activities. The indications for such a highly technical program may emanate in the course of serious malabsorption with severe denutrition within the framework of inflammatory and vascular enteropathies and in the presence of certain metabolic disturbances, either congenital or acquired."}
{"id": "PMID:122356", "title": "[Parenteral feeding in pediatric surgery].", "content": "Complete, parenteral feeding by continuous drip infusion into large veins over long periods has a solid, therapeutic place in children's surgery. It embraces complete filling of the need for water, salts, glucose, amino acids, triglycerides, essential fatty acids, vitamins and trace elements. Bearing in mind certain basic principles, it can achieve a positive nitrogen balance and so anabolism even in the newborn and nursing infant, in spite of the high demand for calories and nitrogen.", "contents": "[Parenteral feeding in pediatric surgery]. Complete, parenteral feeding by continuous drip infusion into large veins over long periods has a solid, therapeutic place in children's surgery. It embraces complete filling of the need for water, salts, glucose, amino acids, triglycerides, essential fatty acids, vitamins and trace elements. Bearing in mind certain basic principles, it can achieve a positive nitrogen balance and so anabolism even in the newborn and nursing infant, in spite of the high demand for calories and nitrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:122357", "title": "[Nutritional requirements and parenteral feeding].", "content": "1. The nutritional needs of man are governed by the law of the minimum (structural and protective substances) and the isodynamic rule (exchangeability of various energy carriers) There is a tendency to abandon the traditional concept of requirement as an absolute value (g or mg/day) and replace it by 3 graded parameters (minimal - lowest acceptable - desirable supply). Today nutrient density is of utmost importance in the planning and evaluation of food formulas, i.e. the content per 1000 kcal or per MJ = mega-Joule. 2. The metabolism of nutrients proceeds (simplified) in 3 phases: a) digestion (comminution); b) coordination and conversion in intermediary metabolism; c) direct use in synthetic or oxidation processes. This creates problems of balance, of co-ordination and regulation. In the phases b and c the same conformities apply for oral and parenteral feeding. 3. Particular features of parenteral feeding: Exclusion of intestinal flora, limited capacity of uptake by the circulation and, especially, the lowered capacity of biochemical regulatory mechanisms (homeostasis) in patients requiring parenteral feeding necessitate optimal coordination of supply and effective needs. Attempts to comply are made by continuous infusions, diversification of the substrate supply and optimisation of the different components. In principle, priority is given to those nutritional factors which promote anabolism (tissue formation) and counteract catabolism (tissue breakdown). 4. Example: protein needs. --Recapitulation of quantitative and qualitative requirements regarding protein and amino acid supply. --Discussion of the different recommendations and guidelines. --Discussion of the criteria for evaluation and the composition of an optimal amino acid mixture (nitrogen balance and growth as criteria). 5. Conclusions for parenteral feeding. The supply of amino acids should be on the generous side because there is an increased requirement in the \"acute phase\" and in convalescence. The amino acid composition should correspond to the pattern of a high quality food protein. The E/T ratio (essential AS versus total AS supply) is an indicator. The value proposed as a guideline is E/T approximately 3. However, an exaggerated amino acid cosmetic is not recommended. 6. Diagnostic problems. In the interest of optimal results of treatment, foremost attention should be given to the detection of latent deficiency states and the improvement of nutrition at large. The list of indicators given in the figures should be consulted whenever there is evidence of undersupply. The so-called \"hospital malnutrition\", as described in recent studies, should obviously not occur.", "contents": "[Nutritional requirements and parenteral feeding]. 1. The nutritional needs of man are governed by the law of the minimum (structural and protective substances) and the isodynamic rule (exchangeability of various energy carriers) There is a tendency to abandon the traditional concept of requirement as an absolute value (g or mg/day) and replace it by 3 graded parameters (minimal - lowest acceptable - desirable supply). Today nutrient density is of utmost importance in the planning and evaluation of food formulas, i.e. the content per 1000 kcal or per MJ = mega-Joule. 2. The metabolism of nutrients proceeds (simplified) in 3 phases: a) digestion (comminution); b) coordination and conversion in intermediary metabolism; c) direct use in synthetic or oxidation processes. This creates problems of balance, of co-ordination and regulation. In the phases b and c the same conformities apply for oral and parenteral feeding. 3. Particular features of parenteral feeding: Exclusion of intestinal flora, limited capacity of uptake by the circulation and, especially, the lowered capacity of biochemical regulatory mechanisms (homeostasis) in patients requiring parenteral feeding necessitate optimal coordination of supply and effective needs. Attempts to comply are made by continuous infusions, diversification of the substrate supply and optimisation of the different components. In principle, priority is given to those nutritional factors which promote anabolism (tissue formation) and counteract catabolism (tissue breakdown). 4. Example: protein needs. --Recapitulation of quantitative and qualitative requirements regarding protein and amino acid supply. --Discussion of the different recommendations and guidelines. --Discussion of the criteria for evaluation and the composition of an optimal amino acid mixture (nitrogen balance and growth as criteria). 5. Conclusions for parenteral feeding. The supply of amino acids should be on the generous side because there is an increased requirement in the \"acute phase\" and in convalescence. The amino acid composition should correspond to the pattern of a high quality food protein. The E/T ratio (essential AS versus total AS supply) is an indicator. The value proposed as a guideline is E/T approximately 3. However, an exaggerated amino acid cosmetic is not recommended. 6. Diagnostic problems. In the interest of optimal results of treatment, foremost attention should be given to the detection of latent deficiency states and the improvement of nutrition at large. The list of indicators given in the figures should be consulted whenever there is evidence of undersupply. The so-called \"hospital malnutrition\", as described in recent studies, should obviously not occur."}
{"id": "PMID:122358", "title": "[Technical aspects of parenteral feeding].", "content": "The following approaches to the caval vein are applicable: Vena saphena, respectively femoralis, vena basilica, subclavia respectively anonyma and vena jugularis. Based on collective studies from literature and own experience the puncture of the internal jugular vein is recommended. The approach via the veins of lower extremities is to be used no more on adults. Numerous complications, however, are independent of the approach. They may be caused by the catheter model applied or by poor application technique. A model of our own was developed presenting siliconized polyethylene and a removable needle as main features. The material of the catheter proved to be neutral towards tissue experimentally and clinically. As compared to PVC the rate of inflammation and thrombosis was significantly decreased. Finally the removable split needle prevents catheter embolization with its grave consequence.", "contents": "[Technical aspects of parenteral feeding]. The following approaches to the caval vein are applicable: Vena saphena, respectively femoralis, vena basilica, subclavia respectively anonyma and vena jugularis. Based on collective studies from literature and own experience the puncture of the internal jugular vein is recommended. The approach via the veins of lower extremities is to be used no more on adults. Numerous complications, however, are independent of the approach. They may be caused by the catheter model applied or by poor application technique. A model of our own was developed presenting siliconized polyethylene and a removable needle as main features. The material of the catheter proved to be neutral towards tissue experimentally and clinically. As compared to PVC the rate of inflammation and thrombosis was significantly decreased. Finally the removable split needle prevents catheter embolization with its grave consequence."}
{"id": "PMID:122360", "title": "Testicular lipids and serum FSH of mice in experimental Schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "Morphological and histopathological changes in the testis have been reported to result from bilharzial infestation. There should be certain changes in the biochemical composition of the cells which might lead to these changes in the structure. This study was undertaken to compare the lipid composition of the testis and the serum level of FSH of normal and infected white Swiss albino mice at 8, 10 and 12 weeks after infection. The results indicate that infection produced a marked and persistent decrease in serum FSH indicating hypofunction of the anterior pituitary gland. There was also marked alterations in the lipid composition of the testis. These include an elevation in the levels of triglycerides. NEFA, cholesterol and cholesterol esters and a lowering in the level of phospholipids. The changes observed could be due to various forms of endocrine disturbances associated with schistosomiasis.", "contents": "Testicular lipids and serum FSH of mice in experimental Schistosomiasis mansoni. Morphological and histopathological changes in the testis have been reported to result from bilharzial infestation. There should be certain changes in the biochemical composition of the cells which might lead to these changes in the structure. This study was undertaken to compare the lipid composition of the testis and the serum level of FSH of normal and infected white Swiss albino mice at 8, 10 and 12 weeks after infection. The results indicate that infection produced a marked and persistent decrease in serum FSH indicating hypofunction of the anterior pituitary gland. There was also marked alterations in the lipid composition of the testis. These include an elevation in the levels of triglycerides. NEFA, cholesterol and cholesterol esters and a lowering in the level of phospholipids. The changes observed could be due to various forms of endocrine disturbances associated with schistosomiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:122361", "title": "The influence of temperature, darkness, and starvation on growth and survival of Helisoma duryi, Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus.", "content": "The influence of 10 degrees, 18 degrees, 26 degrees, 28 degrees and 33 degrees C, different periods of complete darkness and starvation on growth and survival of H. duryi, B. alexandrina and B. truncatus were studied. The optimum temperature for the growth and survival was about 26 degrees C. Survivorship and growth rates decreased proportionately according to starvation period. However, darkness had no significant effect on the growth of B. truncatus and H. duryi. Under the chosen experimental conditions H. duryi revealed higher tolerance limits and survival rates than B. alexandrina and B. truncatus. The potential of H. duryi as biological control agent of Schistosome vector snails is discussed.", "contents": "The influence of temperature, darkness, and starvation on growth and survival of Helisoma duryi, Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus. The influence of 10 degrees, 18 degrees, 26 degrees, 28 degrees and 33 degrees C, different periods of complete darkness and starvation on growth and survival of H. duryi, B. alexandrina and B. truncatus were studied. The optimum temperature for the growth and survival was about 26 degrees C. Survivorship and growth rates decreased proportionately according to starvation period. However, darkness had no significant effect on the growth of B. truncatus and H. duryi. Under the chosen experimental conditions H. duryi revealed higher tolerance limits and survival rates than B. alexandrina and B. truncatus. The potential of H. duryi as biological control agent of Schistosome vector snails is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122367", "title": "Micropreparation techniques in quantitative histochemistry - density gradient centrifugation, manual microdissection and laser microbeam preparation of tissue.", "content": "Each quantitative histochemical problem needs its specific method for tissue preparation. In this connection two of the most important preparation methods, density gradient centrifugation and microdissection of freeze-dried tissue slices, are described. Density gradient centrifugation is a very effective procedure for preparative separation of cell particles such as cell nuclei. The details of the preparation of glial and neuronal cell nuclei are described. The in vitro phosphorylation of histone in the chromatin in relation to age is given as a practical example of the quantitative histochemical application to a preparation of cell nuclei. Other techniques of tissue preparation are the manual tissue microdissection according to Lowry and the Laser microbeam preparation. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are compared. It is shown, that the introduction of Laser microbeam dissection technique, as alternative to manual microdissection, add new dimensions to Lowry's ultramicrochemical methods. One has greater freedom in the choice of the sample size and the number of samples dissected from the same slice. Furthermore, the need for a well-trained person for the preparation is eliminated. The preparation is also considerably less time consuming and easier to perform than the manual free hand preparation. Two quantitative histochemical methods used for the investigation of microdissected tissue samples are described: the gas-chromatography-massfragmentography (GC/MS)-method for determination of transmitters and its metabolites as well as the enzymatic cycling technique of Lowry. The GC/MS-method is explained with an example of noradrenaline and dopamine determination. The enzymatic cycling technique is demonstrated in combination with the Oil-Well-Technique for determination of the NADP-cycle.", "contents": "Micropreparation techniques in quantitative histochemistry - density gradient centrifugation, manual microdissection and laser microbeam preparation of tissue. Each quantitative histochemical problem needs its specific method for tissue preparation. In this connection two of the most important preparation methods, density gradient centrifugation and microdissection of freeze-dried tissue slices, are described. Density gradient centrifugation is a very effective procedure for preparative separation of cell particles such as cell nuclei. The details of the preparation of glial and neuronal cell nuclei are described. The in vitro phosphorylation of histone in the chromatin in relation to age is given as a practical example of the quantitative histochemical application to a preparation of cell nuclei. Other techniques of tissue preparation are the manual tissue microdissection according to Lowry and the Laser microbeam preparation. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are compared. It is shown, that the introduction of Laser microbeam dissection technique, as alternative to manual microdissection, add new dimensions to Lowry's ultramicrochemical methods. One has greater freedom in the choice of the sample size and the number of samples dissected from the same slice. Furthermore, the need for a well-trained person for the preparation is eliminated. The preparation is also considerably less time consuming and easier to perform than the manual free hand preparation. Two quantitative histochemical methods used for the investigation of microdissected tissue samples are described: the gas-chromatography-massfragmentography (GC/MS)-method for determination of transmitters and its metabolites as well as the enzymatic cycling technique of Lowry. The GC/MS-method is explained with an example of noradrenaline and dopamine determination. The enzymatic cycling technique is demonstrated in combination with the Oil-Well-Technique for determination of the NADP-cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:122380", "title": "Life-threatening enterocolitis after gold salt therapy.", "content": "Two patients developed life-threatening enterocolitis after receiving gold salt therapy. This disorder is attended by a mortality rate of 50% but the intestinal lesion appears to be reversible. The mechanism of the drug toxicity is not known. The course may be fulminant and recovery may occur only after many weeks. Total bowel rest, nasogastric suction, total parenteral nutrition with supplemental colloid and careful monitoring of fluid and electrolyte balance may improve survival.", "contents": "Life-threatening enterocolitis after gold salt therapy. Two patients developed life-threatening enterocolitis after receiving gold salt therapy. This disorder is attended by a mortality rate of 50% but the intestinal lesion appears to be reversible. The mechanism of the drug toxicity is not known. The course may be fulminant and recovery may occur only after many weeks. Total bowel rest, nasogastric suction, total parenteral nutrition with supplemental colloid and careful monitoring of fluid and electrolyte balance may improve survival."}
{"id": "PMID:122381", "title": "[Effect of mannitol on oxygen consumption of the renal cortex of rats].", "content": "We have determined the oxygen consumption (QO2) in renal cortical tissue from controls and from rats which received in vivo and infusion of mannitol (600 mM) in order to study the metabolic changes which occurred in the tissue. QO2 was significantly higher (+20%, p less than 0.01) in slices from animals which received the infusion than in those from non-infused animals, when incubated in mannitol containing solutions; these slices had tubules with their lumens open. When the slices were incubated in solutions without mannitol or obtained from animals not infused with mannitol, the QO2 was lower and the tubules appeared histologically with the lumen closed. A short (2 min) exposure to 2 mM ethacrinic acid inhibited QO2 only in slices from mannitol infused animals incubated in mannitol containing solutions. Similar exposures to 1 mM ouabain inhibited QO2 both in slices from infused and from non-infused animals and independently of the composition of the incubation media. We suggest that the higher QO2 found in those slices which had their tubular lumens open, as well as the specific inhibitory effect of ethacrinic acid on the excess QO2 of such slices, might relate to transport processes, linked to tissue metabolism, and only present in tubules which have their lumens open. Such active transport process may correspond, for example, to the coupled transcellular Na+ and Cl- transport. The effects of mannitol on the tissue water content is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of mannitol on oxygen consumption of the renal cortex of rats]. We have determined the oxygen consumption (QO2) in renal cortical tissue from controls and from rats which received in vivo and infusion of mannitol (600 mM) in order to study the metabolic changes which occurred in the tissue. QO2 was significantly higher (+20%, p less than 0.01) in slices from animals which received the infusion than in those from non-infused animals, when incubated in mannitol containing solutions; these slices had tubules with their lumens open. When the slices were incubated in solutions without mannitol or obtained from animals not infused with mannitol, the QO2 was lower and the tubules appeared histologically with the lumen closed. A short (2 min) exposure to 2 mM ethacrinic acid inhibited QO2 only in slices from mannitol infused animals incubated in mannitol containing solutions. Similar exposures to 1 mM ouabain inhibited QO2 both in slices from infused and from non-infused animals and independently of the composition of the incubation media. We suggest that the higher QO2 found in those slices which had their tubular lumens open, as well as the specific inhibitory effect of ethacrinic acid on the excess QO2 of such slices, might relate to transport processes, linked to tissue metabolism, and only present in tubules which have their lumens open. Such active transport process may correspond, for example, to the coupled transcellular Na+ and Cl- transport. The effects of mannitol on the tissue water content is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122382", "title": "Relationship between changes in lactase activity and monosaccharide uptake in the small intestine of the rat during development.", "content": "The relationship between changes in intestinal lactase activity and monosaccharide uptake was studied in rats of different ages using the technique of intestinal everted sacs. In the postweaning period there is a sharp decrease in the rate of glucose and galactose uptake by the small intestinal mucosa. This change occurs simultaneously with a decrease in lactase activity in the tissue. The kinetic analysis showed a lower Vmax for monosaccharide uptake in the 50-days-old rats as compared with the fifteen-days-old animals, with no change in the apparent Kt. The addition of Tris+ (40 mM) to the incubation media was found to produce a decrease in Vmax for monosaccharide uptake only in the suckling rats but not in the 50-days-old animals; the K1 remained unchanged. Tris+, at the concentration used had previously been shown to completely inhibit lactase activity in homogenates of small intestinal mucosa. These observations lead us to postulate the lactase in the suckling rat might possess a translocating role for sugar, in addition to its hydrolytic function. The decrease in sugar uptake after weaning could be explained by the disappearance of this role.", "contents": "Relationship between changes in lactase activity and monosaccharide uptake in the small intestine of the rat during development. The relationship between changes in intestinal lactase activity and monosaccharide uptake was studied in rats of different ages using the technique of intestinal everted sacs. In the postweaning period there is a sharp decrease in the rate of glucose and galactose uptake by the small intestinal mucosa. This change occurs simultaneously with a decrease in lactase activity in the tissue. The kinetic analysis showed a lower Vmax for monosaccharide uptake in the 50-days-old rats as compared with the fifteen-days-old animals, with no change in the apparent Kt. The addition of Tris+ (40 mM) to the incubation media was found to produce a decrease in Vmax for monosaccharide uptake only in the suckling rats but not in the 50-days-old animals; the K1 remained unchanged. Tris+, at the concentration used had previously been shown to completely inhibit lactase activity in homogenates of small intestinal mucosa. These observations lead us to postulate the lactase in the suckling rat might possess a translocating role for sugar, in addition to its hydrolytic function. The decrease in sugar uptake after weaning could be explained by the disappearance of this role."}
{"id": "PMID:122379", "title": "Carcinoma in a Zenker's diverticulum.", "content": "Zenker's diverticulum is a common developmental anomaly seen usually in the elderly. Carcinoma in this pharyngoesophageal outpouching has been reported in only 23 instances. A 55-year-old woman is presented whose only symptoms were dysphagia and periodic regurgitation of bloodstained material. Barium swallow and esophagoscopy confirmed the presence of a neoplasm, and biopsy revealed an epidermoid carcinoma. Wide field resection was followed by a full course of irradiation and secondary pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. The patient was free of disease at three-year follow-up.", "contents": "Carcinoma in a Zenker's diverticulum. Zenker's diverticulum is a common developmental anomaly seen usually in the elderly. Carcinoma in this pharyngoesophageal outpouching has been reported in only 23 instances. A 55-year-old woman is presented whose only symptoms were dysphagia and periodic regurgitation of bloodstained material. Barium swallow and esophagoscopy confirmed the presence of a neoplasm, and biopsy revealed an epidermoid carcinoma. Wide field resection was followed by a full course of irradiation and secondary pharyngoesophageal reconstruction. The patient was free of disease at three-year follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:122383", "title": "Learned and emotional behavior in chronically malnourished rats.", "content": "Weanling male and female Wistar rats, whose mothers received low protein diet (6.8%) during pregnancy and lactation, were fed on the same diet of their mothers and trained in an active avoidance situation at the ages of 60, 90 or 120 days. Control animals fed on a 20% protein diet of the same age groups were submitted to similar training. The consolidation and performance of the conditioned avoidance response and other behavioral reactions were studied. The malnourished animals showed delay of consolidation and lower frequency of conditioned avoidance responses, escape responses and holdings as well as higher frequency of anticipatory reactions, vocalization, riddance attempts and touching of surroundings. The results show that chronic malnutrition impairs the active avoidance response. They also show that chronic malnutrition affects the emotional behavior more markedly than early malnutrition. Chronic malnutrition also enhances the exploratory activity, in contrast to early malnutrition, and this is attributed to an alimentary drive-dependent mechanism.", "contents": "Learned and emotional behavior in chronically malnourished rats. Weanling male and female Wistar rats, whose mothers received low protein diet (6.8%) during pregnancy and lactation, were fed on the same diet of their mothers and trained in an active avoidance situation at the ages of 60, 90 or 120 days. Control animals fed on a 20% protein diet of the same age groups were submitted to similar training. The consolidation and performance of the conditioned avoidance response and other behavioral reactions were studied. The malnourished animals showed delay of consolidation and lower frequency of conditioned avoidance responses, escape responses and holdings as well as higher frequency of anticipatory reactions, vocalization, riddance attempts and touching of surroundings. The results show that chronic malnutrition impairs the active avoidance response. They also show that chronic malnutrition affects the emotional behavior more markedly than early malnutrition. Chronic malnutrition also enhances the exploratory activity, in contrast to early malnutrition, and this is attributed to an alimentary drive-dependent mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:122384", "title": "[Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the study of the humoral response to Trypanosoma cruzi].", "content": "A solid-phase micro-radioimmunoassay (RIE-S) test was adapted fore the study of the humoral immune response induced by Trypanosoma cruzi infection. The solid phase, consisting of disposable polypropylene tubes, was sensitized by absorption of T. cruzi antigen. The procedure was performed by sequential adding to the solid-phase, the human serum under study and 131I anti-human immunoglobulin. Then, the specific label binding was estimated. Several factors which influence the test were studied. The RIE-S results correlated well with those obtained by complement-fixation, passive hemagglutination and immunofluorescence tests. Since it is a relatively simple and sensitive procedure, it seems available for screening studies, Besides, it also allows to know the class and molecular specificity of the antibody detected.", "contents": "[Solid-phase radioimmunoassay for the study of the humoral response to Trypanosoma cruzi]. A solid-phase micro-radioimmunoassay (RIE-S) test was adapted fore the study of the humoral immune response induced by Trypanosoma cruzi infection. The solid phase, consisting of disposable polypropylene tubes, was sensitized by absorption of T. cruzi antigen. The procedure was performed by sequential adding to the solid-phase, the human serum under study and 131I anti-human immunoglobulin. Then, the specific label binding was estimated. Several factors which influence the test were studied. The RIE-S results correlated well with those obtained by complement-fixation, passive hemagglutination and immunofluorescence tests. Since it is a relatively simple and sensitive procedure, it seems available for screening studies, Besides, it also allows to know the class and molecular specificity of the antibody detected."}
{"id": "PMID:122386", "title": "[Microbial etiology of subclinical bovine mastitis in the Santa Fe dairy basin].", "content": "A study of 320 samples of mammary quarters from cows in 40 dairy farms around Santa Fe city during 1977-1978 was made. The samples were selected based on clinical examination and California Mastitis Test (GMT). High percentage of subclinical mastitis was found. The etiological agents most frequently isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (54,1%), Streptococcus agalactiae (23.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13,2%). A winter increment of S. aureus (48,1%) and P. aeruginosa (3,7% and 22,5%) was observed. But S. agalactiae did not experiment considerable variation (26,8% and 20% throughout the year. The sensitivity to antibiotics of some strains decreased in winter specially in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (61,5% and 38,9%), and some biochemical properties related with their virulence increased. Penicillin in milk was not detected, but the levels of contamination by non specific inhibitory substances were very high (40%). Besides it was found a great contamination with aerobic sporeforming bacteria in these samples, being Bacillus coagulans (59,1%), B. polymyxa (26,1%) and B. sphaericus (9,5%) the most frequent.", "contents": "[Microbial etiology of subclinical bovine mastitis in the Santa Fe dairy basin]. A study of 320 samples of mammary quarters from cows in 40 dairy farms around Santa Fe city during 1977-1978 was made. The samples were selected based on clinical examination and California Mastitis Test (GMT). High percentage of subclinical mastitis was found. The etiological agents most frequently isolated were Staphylococcus aureus (54,1%), Streptococcus agalactiae (23.4%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13,2%). A winter increment of S. aureus (48,1%) and P. aeruginosa (3,7% and 22,5%) was observed. But S. agalactiae did not experiment considerable variation (26,8% and 20% throughout the year. The sensitivity to antibiotics of some strains decreased in winter specially in S. aureus and P. aeruginosa (61,5% and 38,9%), and some biochemical properties related with their virulence increased. Penicillin in milk was not detected, but the levels of contamination by non specific inhibitory substances were very high (40%). Besides it was found a great contamination with aerobic sporeforming bacteria in these samples, being Bacillus coagulans (59,1%), B. polymyxa (26,1%) and B. sphaericus (9,5%) the most frequent."}
{"id": "PMID:122387", "title": "[Comparative study of microbial methods for the detection of genetic toxicity].", "content": "It is important to have a rapid and accurate method to detect the toxic action of drugs and chemical compounds used by man. A comparative study with two microbial systems was carried out: one using Salmonella typhimurium and the other using Bacillus subtilis. The 1-8-dihydroxyantraquinone was the tested drug and the N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and the 2-aminofluorene were used as control substances. These compounds were used as such or after previous transformation by a microsomal system. The results obtained showed that both systems: the S. typhimurium and the B. subtilis work in a similar way, but the latter allows a more direct action of drug on the genetic material. The effect of the solvents: ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide was analysed, because they affected the transformation and reversion processes that were carried out.", "contents": "[Comparative study of microbial methods for the detection of genetic toxicity]. It is important to have a rapid and accurate method to detect the toxic action of drugs and chemical compounds used by man. A comparative study with two microbial systems was carried out: one using Salmonella typhimurium and the other using Bacillus subtilis. The 1-8-dihydroxyantraquinone was the tested drug and the N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and the 2-aminofluorene were used as control substances. These compounds were used as such or after previous transformation by a microsomal system. The results obtained showed that both systems: the S. typhimurium and the B. subtilis work in a similar way, but the latter allows a more direct action of drug on the genetic material. The effect of the solvents: ethanol and dimethylsulfoxide was analysed, because they affected the transformation and reversion processes that were carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:122389", "title": "[Determination of aflatoxins and toxicogenic fungi in mixed feed for poultry].", "content": "The presence of aflatoxins was determined in 155 samples of chicken feeds, as well as their fungal contamination. Aflatoxins were detected in 3 of the analized samples; one of them contained 1620 micrograms/kg, a highly dangerous amount for chickens. The amount found in the remaining 2 samples was 30 micrograms/kg. A study of toxigenic fungus showed a prevalence of 69.3% of Aspergillus flovus: 72.4% of this percentage corresponded to aflatoxins producing strains. The prevalence of Aspergillus ocraceus was 18.6%; ten per cent of it corresponded to ochratoxin A producing strains. Chicken feeds are an adequate substratum for the formation of aflatoxins; this was demonstrated by raising the humidity contents of initially negative samples, which contained toxigenic Aspergillus flavus spores. The danger of storing chicken feeds under certain humidity and temperature conditions was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Determination of aflatoxins and toxicogenic fungi in mixed feed for poultry]. The presence of aflatoxins was determined in 155 samples of chicken feeds, as well as their fungal contamination. Aflatoxins were detected in 3 of the analized samples; one of them contained 1620 micrograms/kg, a highly dangerous amount for chickens. The amount found in the remaining 2 samples was 30 micrograms/kg. A study of toxigenic fungus showed a prevalence of 69.3% of Aspergillus flovus: 72.4% of this percentage corresponded to aflatoxins producing strains. The prevalence of Aspergillus ocraceus was 18.6%; ten per cent of it corresponded to ochratoxin A producing strains. Chicken feeds are an adequate substratum for the formation of aflatoxins; this was demonstrated by raising the humidity contents of initially negative samples, which contained toxigenic Aspergillus flavus spores. The danger of storing chicken feeds under certain humidity and temperature conditions was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:122390", "title": "[Evaluation of the myeloculture by puncture of the ilium crest for isolation of Brucella from patients with brucellosis].", "content": "Hemocultures and myelocultures of samples obtained from the ilium crest were made simultaneously of 61 patients with serologic diagnosis of brucellosis. Five strains were isolated by both methods and 18, by myeloculture only. All samples from which Brucella were isolated by hemoculture were also positive by myeloculture. The advantages of making myelocultures of patients previously treated with antibiotics are emphasized.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the myeloculture by puncture of the ilium crest for isolation of Brucella from patients with brucellosis]. Hemocultures and myelocultures of samples obtained from the ilium crest were made simultaneously of 61 patients with serologic diagnosis of brucellosis. Five strains were isolated by both methods and 18, by myeloculture only. All samples from which Brucella were isolated by hemoculture were also positive by myeloculture. The advantages of making myelocultures of patients previously treated with antibiotics are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:122394", "title": "Development of anti-hLH antibodies after therapy with posterior pituitary extract.", "content": "This report describes the appearance of high affinity antibodies to human LH in a girl who had been treated for diabetes insipidus with injections of pitressin tannate, plus occasional nasal insufflations of posterior pituitary powder. Immunological studies indicated that the antibody was a 7S IgG directed against the beta subunit of LH, which is not species-specific. The demonstration of immunoassayable LH in a commercially available pitressin preparation strongly suggests that this patient was immunized by bovine or porcine LH. Although studies of her urinary LH excretion and serum LH (by an interstitial cell bioassay system) suggest that at least some of her endogenous LH is not bound by the antibody, the possibility remains that this type of immunization may have important implications for the development and maintenance of normal adult pituitary-ovarian relationships.", "contents": "Development of anti-hLH antibodies after therapy with posterior pituitary extract. This report describes the appearance of high affinity antibodies to human LH in a girl who had been treated for diabetes insipidus with injections of pitressin tannate, plus occasional nasal insufflations of posterior pituitary powder. Immunological studies indicated that the antibody was a 7S IgG directed against the beta subunit of LH, which is not species-specific. The demonstration of immunoassayable LH in a commercially available pitressin preparation strongly suggests that this patient was immunized by bovine or porcine LH. Although studies of her urinary LH excretion and serum LH (by an interstitial cell bioassay system) suggest that at least some of her endogenous LH is not bound by the antibody, the possibility remains that this type of immunization may have important implications for the development and maintenance of normal adult pituitary-ovarian relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:122395", "title": "Progesterone effects on gonadotropin release in women pretreated with estradiol.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate whether the amounts of progesterone (P) normally present at midcycle, when administered to normal women pretreated with estradiol benzoate (E2B), alter the release of LH and FSH. Twelve subjects (four groups of three) were studied during two menstrual cycles. On day 1 of both the initial (E2 control) and a subsequent (study) cycle, each subject received E2B im (2.5 micrograms/kg/12 h) for a total of seven injections. Twelve hours after the final injection, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was given. In the study cycle, P in oil was added to each of the last three injections of E2B in doses of 1.25 (group I), 2.5 (group II), or 5.0 (group III) mg/12 h, and in one group (IV) in graded doses of 1.25 2.5, and 5.0 mg/12 h. Estradiol levels were similar in both cycles, with a mean (+/- SE) of 271 +/- 3 pg/ml. During the interval of P administration, mean P levels rose gradually from 0.3 +/- 0.02 to 1.3 +/-0.12 ng/ml (mean +/- SE of all groups). In the study cycle, an FSH rise occurred in 8 of 12 subjects, while an LH surge greater than that in the E2 control cycle occurred in all but one subject. Peak levels of these surges usually occurred within 24 h of the initial P injection, which is similar to the relationship between the initial rise of P and the occurrence of peak gonadotropin levels at midcycle in normal women. The mean delta max of FSH and LH in subjects exhibiting gonadotropin rises approximated the magnitude of the gonadotropin increases observed normally at midcycle. In response to GnRH during the study cycle, the magnitude of the FSH rise was augmented in 6 of 12 subjects and of LH in 9 of 12, when compared to the E2 control cycles. These data suggest that P, in the presence of late follicular phase levels of E2, 1) augments the release of LH, 2) may induce the release of FSH, and 3) further modulates pituitary responsiveness to GnRH. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the rising concentrations of E2 to which the hypothalamic-pituitary system is exposed for an appropriate duration serve to initiate the surge of LH at midcycle. This increased LH in turn, stimulates the production of P, which not only further augments the LH surge but, when coupled with E2, also can effect the midcycle FSH surge.", "contents": "Progesterone effects on gonadotropin release in women pretreated with estradiol. This study was designed to investigate whether the amounts of progesterone (P) normally present at midcycle, when administered to normal women pretreated with estradiol benzoate (E2B), alter the release of LH and FSH. Twelve subjects (four groups of three) were studied during two menstrual cycles. On day 1 of both the initial (E2 control) and a subsequent (study) cycle, each subject received E2B im (2.5 micrograms/kg/12 h) for a total of seven injections. Twelve hours after the final injection, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) was given. In the study cycle, P in oil was added to each of the last three injections of E2B in doses of 1.25 (group I), 2.5 (group II), or 5.0 (group III) mg/12 h, and in one group (IV) in graded doses of 1.25 2.5, and 5.0 mg/12 h. Estradiol levels were similar in both cycles, with a mean (+/- SE) of 271 +/- 3 pg/ml. During the interval of P administration, mean P levels rose gradually from 0.3 +/- 0.02 to 1.3 +/-0.12 ng/ml (mean +/- SE of all groups). In the study cycle, an FSH rise occurred in 8 of 12 subjects, while an LH surge greater than that in the E2 control cycle occurred in all but one subject. Peak levels of these surges usually occurred within 24 h of the initial P injection, which is similar to the relationship between the initial rise of P and the occurrence of peak gonadotropin levels at midcycle in normal women. The mean delta max of FSH and LH in subjects exhibiting gonadotropin rises approximated the magnitude of the gonadotropin increases observed normally at midcycle. In response to GnRH during the study cycle, the magnitude of the FSH rise was augmented in 6 of 12 subjects and of LH in 9 of 12, when compared to the E2 control cycles. These data suggest that P, in the presence of late follicular phase levels of E2, 1) augments the release of LH, 2) may induce the release of FSH, and 3) further modulates pituitary responsiveness to GnRH. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the rising concentrations of E2 to which the hypothalamic-pituitary system is exposed for an appropriate duration serve to initiate the surge of LH at midcycle. This increased LH in turn, stimulates the production of P, which not only further augments the LH surge but, when coupled with E2, also can effect the midcycle FSH surge."}
{"id": "PMID:122396", "title": "Abnormal gonadotropin secretory responses to LRH in transsexual women after diethylstilbestrol priming.", "content": "To determine whether female transsexuals have abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary feedback control, pituitary LH and FSH secretory responses to synthetic LRH (100 micrograms iv) were measured in nine female transsexuals with normal menstrual cycles before and after a 7-day course of treatment with diethylstilbestrol (DES; 2 mg/day). Control groups included five heterosexual women and seven heterosexual men. Pituitary responses to LHR in heterosexual women studied in the early follicular phase increased markedly after DES administration and were clearly different from responses in men, which were all inhibited by DES. Responses to LRH in nine transsexual women studied in the early follicular phase differed strikingly from normal women in that gonadotropin responses were not enhanced by DES. The finding that the responses of female transsexuals to DES and LRH were intermediate between the female and the male patterns suggests that a biological abnormality accompanies the psychological abnormality in such patients.", "contents": "Abnormal gonadotropin secretory responses to LRH in transsexual women after diethylstilbestrol priming. To determine whether female transsexuals have abnormal hypothalamic-pituitary feedback control, pituitary LH and FSH secretory responses to synthetic LRH (100 micrograms iv) were measured in nine female transsexuals with normal menstrual cycles before and after a 7-day course of treatment with diethylstilbestrol (DES; 2 mg/day). Control groups included five heterosexual women and seven heterosexual men. Pituitary responses to LHR in heterosexual women studied in the early follicular phase increased markedly after DES administration and were clearly different from responses in men, which were all inhibited by DES. Responses to LRH in nine transsexual women studied in the early follicular phase differed strikingly from normal women in that gonadotropin responses were not enhanced by DES. The finding that the responses of female transsexuals to DES and LRH were intermediate between the female and the male patterns suggests that a biological abnormality accompanies the psychological abnormality in such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:122397", "title": "Progestin binding in testes from three siblings with the syndrome of male pseudohermaphroditism with testicular feminization.", "content": "We have found a specific binding protein for synthetic progestins 6,7-[3H]methyltrienolone (R1881) and 17,21-dimethyl-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione (R5020) and in the testis cytosol from three \"sisters\" with the complete form of the testicular feminization syndrome. The binding component sediments in the 8S region of sucrose gradients. It is saturable. The apparent affinity constant (Ka) for R5020 was determined in two cases and found to be 1.8 and 0.6 X 10(8) M-1. The number of binding sites calculated from Scatchard plots is relatively high: 572 and 826 fmol/mg protein. Competition studies indicate that this putative receptor is specific for natural and synthetic progestins but not for 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and cortisol. Similar progestin binding could not be found in normal human and rat testes.", "contents": "Progestin binding in testes from three siblings with the syndrome of male pseudohermaphroditism with testicular feminization. We have found a specific binding protein for synthetic progestins 6,7-[3H]methyltrienolone (R1881) and 17,21-dimethyl-19-norpregna-4,9-diene-3,20-dione (R5020) and in the testis cytosol from three \"sisters\" with the complete form of the testicular feminization syndrome. The binding component sediments in the 8S region of sucrose gradients. It is saturable. The apparent affinity constant (Ka) for R5020 was determined in two cases and found to be 1.8 and 0.6 X 10(8) M-1. The number of binding sites calculated from Scatchard plots is relatively high: 572 and 826 fmol/mg protein. Competition studies indicate that this putative receptor is specific for natural and synthetic progestins but not for 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and cortisol. Similar progestin binding could not be found in normal human and rat testes."}
{"id": "PMID:122398", "title": "TRH test as an index of suppression compared with the thyroid radioiodine uptake in euthyroid goitrous patients treated with thyroxine.", "content": "To determine an index of adequate suppression of pituitary TSH secretion in euthyroid goitrous patients treated with sodium levothyroxine (T4), TSH responses to 500 micrograms TRH given iv were compared with thyroid 24-h radioiodine uptakes during therapy with T4 in 12 euthyroid goitrous patients. The patients received sequentially 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 micrograms T4 with the doses increased at 4-6 week intervals. The mean dose of T4 that reduced the peak TSH response to TSH to the lower limit of normal (TSH = 5 microU/ml) was 130 micrograms; the mean T4 dose that suppressed the TSH response to one-half the lower limit of normal (TSH = 2.5 microU/ml) was 165 micrograms. The mean T4 dose that nearly obliterated the TSH response was 200 micrograms; this degree of suppression occurred with doses of 100-300 micrograms T4 in individual patients. Suppression of thyroid uptake correlated closely with suppression of the TSH response to TRH. The goiter diminished in size significantly in 6 of the 12 patients during the 6 months of observation adn did not enlarge in any patient. The data indicate that suppression of the TSH response to TRH is a convenient technique to assess the adequacy of suppressive therapy of goiter.", "contents": "TRH test as an index of suppression compared with the thyroid radioiodine uptake in euthyroid goitrous patients treated with thyroxine. To determine an index of adequate suppression of pituitary TSH secretion in euthyroid goitrous patients treated with sodium levothyroxine (T4), TSH responses to 500 micrograms TRH given iv were compared with thyroid 24-h radioiodine uptakes during therapy with T4 in 12 euthyroid goitrous patients. The patients received sequentially 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 micrograms T4 with the doses increased at 4-6 week intervals. The mean dose of T4 that reduced the peak TSH response to TSH to the lower limit of normal (TSH = 5 microU/ml) was 130 micrograms; the mean T4 dose that suppressed the TSH response to one-half the lower limit of normal (TSH = 2.5 microU/ml) was 165 micrograms. The mean T4 dose that nearly obliterated the TSH response was 200 micrograms; this degree of suppression occurred with doses of 100-300 micrograms T4 in individual patients. Suppression of thyroid uptake correlated closely with suppression of the TSH response to TRH. The goiter diminished in size significantly in 6 of the 12 patients during the 6 months of observation adn did not enlarge in any patient. The data indicate that suppression of the TSH response to TRH is a convenient technique to assess the adequacy of suppressive therapy of goiter."}
{"id": "PMID:122400", "title": "17 beta-Estradiol biosynthesis in cultured granulosa and thecal cells of human ovarian follicles: stimulation by follicle-stimulating hormone.", "content": "Cellular sites and gonadotropic control of human follicular estrogen secretion have been assessed by culturing the theca and granulosa components separately under different hormonal conditions. Granulosa cells from human follicles were grown in chemically defined media containing gonadotropins and/or testosterone (T) for 24 h. The production of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) by cells cultivated in T-free media with or without FSH was very low during the culture period. There was a highly significant increase (P less than 0.001) in E2 production when T alone was added and a more marked increase was consistently noted in the presence of FSH and T. In all cases, hCG failed to exert any significant effect on E2 production by granulosa cells in the presence or absence of T. No treatments examined altered the E2 production of thecal cells during a 24-h culture period and the amounts of E2 released into media were negligible when compared with levels produced by granulosa cells from the same follicles. It is concluded that granulosa cells but not thecal cells are the prime site of follicular estrogen production and that FSH regulates estrogen secretion by nonluteinized granulosa cells of the human follicle.", "contents": "17 beta-Estradiol biosynthesis in cultured granulosa and thecal cells of human ovarian follicles: stimulation by follicle-stimulating hormone. Cellular sites and gonadotropic control of human follicular estrogen secretion have been assessed by culturing the theca and granulosa components separately under different hormonal conditions. Granulosa cells from human follicles were grown in chemically defined media containing gonadotropins and/or testosterone (T) for 24 h. The production of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) by cells cultivated in T-free media with or without FSH was very low during the culture period. There was a highly significant increase (P less than 0.001) in E2 production when T alone was added and a more marked increase was consistently noted in the presence of FSH and T. In all cases, hCG failed to exert any significant effect on E2 production by granulosa cells in the presence or absence of T. No treatments examined altered the E2 production of thecal cells during a 24-h culture period and the amounts of E2 released into media were negligible when compared with levels produced by granulosa cells from the same follicles. It is concluded that granulosa cells but not thecal cells are the prime site of follicular estrogen production and that FSH regulates estrogen secretion by nonluteinized granulosa cells of the human follicle."}
{"id": "PMID:122401", "title": "Depressed plasma testosterone and fractional binding of testosterone in obese males.", "content": "Plasma testosterone (T), fractional binding of T to T-binding globulin (TeBG), LH, and FSH were evaluated in 22 obese men. Only 1 of 12 men weighing from 176-200% of ideal body weight (group I) had a low T concentration, while 9 of 10 men greater than 200% of ideal weight (group II) had plasma T concentrations 2 SD below the normal mean. The fractional binding of T to TeBG was equally and significantly decreased in both groups. As a result, the mean and individually calculated free T concentrations (free T index) were normal in group I. In contrast, the mean free T index in group II was significantly less than normal males and group I. Individually, 1 of 7 group II men had a free T index 2 SD below the normal mean. LH and FSH were normal in both groups. These studies indicate that in most obese males a low or low normal T is offset by decreased binding to TeBG, resulting in a normal free T index. However, some morbidly obese males are unable to alter their hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis to maintain a normal free T index.", "contents": "Depressed plasma testosterone and fractional binding of testosterone in obese males. Plasma testosterone (T), fractional binding of T to T-binding globulin (TeBG), LH, and FSH were evaluated in 22 obese men. Only 1 of 12 men weighing from 176-200% of ideal body weight (group I) had a low T concentration, while 9 of 10 men greater than 200% of ideal weight (group II) had plasma T concentrations 2 SD below the normal mean. The fractional binding of T to TeBG was equally and significantly decreased in both groups. As a result, the mean and individually calculated free T concentrations (free T index) were normal in group I. In contrast, the mean free T index in group II was significantly less than normal males and group I. Individually, 1 of 7 group II men had a free T index 2 SD below the normal mean. LH and FSH were normal in both groups. These studies indicate that in most obese males a low or low normal T is offset by decreased binding to TeBG, resulting in a normal free T index. However, some morbidly obese males are unable to alter their hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal axis to maintain a normal free T index."}
{"id": "PMID:122402", "title": "Effect of thyroid hormones on the prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal persons and euthyroid goitrous patients.", "content": "In nine euthyroid goitrous patients, increasing doses of T4 caused a significant decrease in the PRL response to TRH; the PRL response fell significantly at a dose of T4 of 100 micrograms/day for 1 month (P less than 0.02) and fell further with increasing doses so that at 300 micrograms T4/day, the PRL response was 40% of that in the untreated state. T4 treatment also blunted the PRL response to chlorpromazine (P less than 0.05) in a separate group of euthyroid goitrous patients. In contrast, there was only a small drop of the PRL response to TRH in normal subjects treated with T4 (n = 9) and none at all with T3 (n = 7). These data, together with previously published reports, suggest that thyroid hormone may affect PRL secretion in the presence of thyroid disease (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or euthyroid goiter), but that physiological amounts of thyroid hormone have little or no modulating effect on PRL secretion in normal persons.", "contents": "Effect of thyroid hormones on the prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone in normal persons and euthyroid goitrous patients. In nine euthyroid goitrous patients, increasing doses of T4 caused a significant decrease in the PRL response to TRH; the PRL response fell significantly at a dose of T4 of 100 micrograms/day for 1 month (P less than 0.02) and fell further with increasing doses so that at 300 micrograms T4/day, the PRL response was 40% of that in the untreated state. T4 treatment also blunted the PRL response to chlorpromazine (P less than 0.05) in a separate group of euthyroid goitrous patients. In contrast, there was only a small drop of the PRL response to TRH in normal subjects treated with T4 (n = 9) and none at all with T3 (n = 7). These data, together with previously published reports, suggest that thyroid hormone may affect PRL secretion in the presence of thyroid disease (hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, or euthyroid goiter), but that physiological amounts of thyroid hormone have little or no modulating effect on PRL secretion in normal persons."}
{"id": "PMID:122403", "title": "Primary amenorrhea in a black female with duplication and inversion of the secondary constriction regions of chromosome 9.", "content": "A 36-yr-old black female presented with primary amenorrhea. The chromosomal constitution based on QFQ (Q bands by fluorescence using quinacrine) RFA (R bands by fluorescence using acridine orange), GTG (G band by Giemsa using trypsin), and CBG (C band by Giemsa using barium hydroxide) techniques was 46, XX, duplicated (9; q12), inverted (9; p12q12.1) in lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts. Both sex chromosomes were normal. Buccal smear revealed 22% Barr bodies. Duplication and inversion of secondary constriction regions of chromosome 9 may possibly be associated with abnormal clinical features.", "contents": "Primary amenorrhea in a black female with duplication and inversion of the secondary constriction regions of chromosome 9. A 36-yr-old black female presented with primary amenorrhea. The chromosomal constitution based on QFQ (Q bands by fluorescence using quinacrine) RFA (R bands by fluorescence using acridine orange), GTG (G band by Giemsa using trypsin), and CBG (C band by Giemsa using barium hydroxide) techniques was 46, XX, duplicated (9; q12), inverted (9; p12q12.1) in lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts. Both sex chromosomes were normal. Buccal smear revealed 22% Barr bodies. Duplication and inversion of secondary constriction regions of chromosome 9 may possibly be associated with abnormal clinical features."}
{"id": "PMID:122404", "title": "Pituitary function after removal of pituitary microadenomas in Cushing's disease.", "content": "Pituitary function has been studied sequentially after transsphenoidal removal of pituitary microadenomas in two men with Cushing's disease. Patient 1 gradually regained normal glucocorticoid levels with normal diurnal variation, metyrapone responsiveness, and low dose dexamethasone suppressibility (17-hydroxycorticosteroid, 6.5-0.9 mg/24 h). GH levels rose from 1 to 35 ng/ml during insulin hypoglycemia and from 2.3 to 27 ng/ml during arginine infusion. PRL secretion rose normally in response to thorazine, and gonadotropin and TSH levels remained normal. Patient 2 regained significant metyrapone responsiveness by 9 months postoperatively (11-deoxycortisol rose to 11.7 micrograms/dl), had a normal spontaneous nocturnal rise in PRL secretion, and normal levels of testosterone and thyroid hormones. The return to normal of cortisol-ACTH dynamics and GH responsiveness in Patient 1 and the normal nocturnal surge in PRL secretion in Patient 2 imply that in these patients the etiology of Cushing's disease was not related to hypothalamic dysfunction.", "contents": "Pituitary function after removal of pituitary microadenomas in Cushing's disease. Pituitary function has been studied sequentially after transsphenoidal removal of pituitary microadenomas in two men with Cushing's disease. Patient 1 gradually regained normal glucocorticoid levels with normal diurnal variation, metyrapone responsiveness, and low dose dexamethasone suppressibility (17-hydroxycorticosteroid, 6.5-0.9 mg/24 h). GH levels rose from 1 to 35 ng/ml during insulin hypoglycemia and from 2.3 to 27 ng/ml during arginine infusion. PRL secretion rose normally in response to thorazine, and gonadotropin and TSH levels remained normal. Patient 2 regained significant metyrapone responsiveness by 9 months postoperatively (11-deoxycortisol rose to 11.7 micrograms/dl), had a normal spontaneous nocturnal rise in PRL secretion, and normal levels of testosterone and thyroid hormones. The return to normal of cortisol-ACTH dynamics and GH responsiveness in Patient 1 and the normal nocturnal surge in PRL secretion in Patient 2 imply that in these patients the etiology of Cushing's disease was not related to hypothalamic dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:122406", "title": "Effects of prolactin and prolactin plus luteinizing hormone on plasma testosterone levels in normal adult men.", "content": "In an earlier study, normal adult men were shown to have increased plasma testosterone (T) levels over a several-hour period after haloperidol-induced increases in plasma PRL levels. The present study was designed both to replicate our first study and to examine the potential synergism of PRL and LH in influencing T levels on a short term basis in normal men. Eight volunteers received on 4 separate days an in injection of saline or 0.5 mg haloperidol at 1000 h and an iv injection of saline or 88 IU human LH (hLH) at 1100 h in a double blind randomized block design arranged to augment plasma levels of PRL, LH, and PRL and LH together on the different test days as well as to afford a saline control day. Only five of the eight subjects had prompt PRL responses to haloperidol equivalent to those of our earlier study. As the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of increased PRL on plasma T levels, these five subjects were used for the determination of changes in plasma T. After haloperidol administration, their PRL levels rose an average of 19 ng/ml, to the high-normal range, and after the hLH infusions, their LH levels rose an average of 71 ng/ml. On the saline control day, mean T levels showed the normal diurnal decline. After 0.5 mg haloperidol, T levels were maintained for several hours, and after 88 IU hLH, T levels were increased for several hours. Increased PRL levels concomitant with hLH administration did not produce a T response greater than that caused by hLH alone. The results of this study replicate the effect of drug-induced PRL augmentation on plasma T levels found in our earlier study, but they fail to demonstrate a synergistic effect of acutely increased PRL on LH-stimulated T secretion. PRL thus seems to be another pituitary hormone capable of increasing plasma T in adult men, but it clearly is a weaker stimulus than LH.", "contents": "Effects of prolactin and prolactin plus luteinizing hormone on plasma testosterone levels in normal adult men. In an earlier study, normal adult men were shown to have increased plasma testosterone (T) levels over a several-hour period after haloperidol-induced increases in plasma PRL levels. The present study was designed both to replicate our first study and to examine the potential synergism of PRL and LH in influencing T levels on a short term basis in normal men. Eight volunteers received on 4 separate days an in injection of saline or 0.5 mg haloperidol at 1000 h and an iv injection of saline or 88 IU human LH (hLH) at 1100 h in a double blind randomized block design arranged to augment plasma levels of PRL, LH, and PRL and LH together on the different test days as well as to afford a saline control day. Only five of the eight subjects had prompt PRL responses to haloperidol equivalent to those of our earlier study. As the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of increased PRL on plasma T levels, these five subjects were used for the determination of changes in plasma T. After haloperidol administration, their PRL levels rose an average of 19 ng/ml, to the high-normal range, and after the hLH infusions, their LH levels rose an average of 71 ng/ml. On the saline control day, mean T levels showed the normal diurnal decline. After 0.5 mg haloperidol, T levels were maintained for several hours, and after 88 IU hLH, T levels were increased for several hours. Increased PRL levels concomitant with hLH administration did not produce a T response greater than that caused by hLH alone. The results of this study replicate the effect of drug-induced PRL augmentation on plasma T levels found in our earlier study, but they fail to demonstrate a synergistic effect of acutely increased PRL on LH-stimulated T secretion. PRL thus seems to be another pituitary hormone capable of increasing plasma T in adult men, but it clearly is a weaker stimulus than LH."}
{"id": "PMID:122407", "title": "Responses to TRH and T3 suppression tests in euthyroid subjects with a family history of Graves' disease.", "content": "The relationship of Graves' disease and heredity was studied in 97 clinically and biochemically euthyroid relatives (resin T3 uptake and serum T3, T4, and TSH within normal ranges) who had more than two thyrotoxic relatives within the second degree relationship. TRH tests were preformed in all 97 cases. In 56 of the 97, T3 suppression tests were performed shortly after the TRH test. Results revealed that 29 of the 97 (29.9%) showed an abnormal response to TRH. fourteen of these (14.4%) revealed no response or a hyporesponse, and 15 (15.5%) revealed a hyperresponse to TRH. Four of 56 (7.1%) were T3 nonsuppressible. Seven individuals who showed no response or a hyporesponse to TRH consisted of 2 nonsuppressible and 5 suppressible subjects. In 14 non- or hyporesponsive cases, serum T3 (1.51 +/- 0.05 ng/ml; mean +/- SE) and T4 (9.91 +/- 0.31 micrograms/dl) were significantly higher compared with those of normal responders (1.30 +/- 0.04 ng/ml, 8.57 +/- 0.21 micrograms/dl; P less than 0.001) or hyperresponders (1.16 +/- 0.06 ng/ml, 7.77 +/- 0.63 micrograms/dl; P less than 0.01). There was no correlation between TRH responsiveness and T3 suppressibility. A relatively high occurrence of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies was observed, further suggesting a hereditary predisposition. The findings indicate that even in euthyroid relatives with a family history of Graves' disease who have no clinical or biochemical abnormalities of thyroid dysfunction, many have abnormalities in TRH responsiveness, T3 suppressibility, and thyroidal antibodies.", "contents": "Responses to TRH and T3 suppression tests in euthyroid subjects with a family history of Graves' disease. The relationship of Graves' disease and heredity was studied in 97 clinically and biochemically euthyroid relatives (resin T3 uptake and serum T3, T4, and TSH within normal ranges) who had more than two thyrotoxic relatives within the second degree relationship. TRH tests were preformed in all 97 cases. In 56 of the 97, T3 suppression tests were performed shortly after the TRH test. Results revealed that 29 of the 97 (29.9%) showed an abnormal response to TRH. fourteen of these (14.4%) revealed no response or a hyporesponse, and 15 (15.5%) revealed a hyperresponse to TRH. Four of 56 (7.1%) were T3 nonsuppressible. Seven individuals who showed no response or a hyporesponse to TRH consisted of 2 nonsuppressible and 5 suppressible subjects. In 14 non- or hyporesponsive cases, serum T3 (1.51 +/- 0.05 ng/ml; mean +/- SE) and T4 (9.91 +/- 0.31 micrograms/dl) were significantly higher compared with those of normal responders (1.30 +/- 0.04 ng/ml, 8.57 +/- 0.21 micrograms/dl; P less than 0.001) or hyperresponders (1.16 +/- 0.06 ng/ml, 7.77 +/- 0.63 micrograms/dl; P less than 0.01). There was no correlation between TRH responsiveness and T3 suppressibility. A relatively high occurrence of thyroglobulin and microsomal antibodies was observed, further suggesting a hereditary predisposition. The findings indicate that even in euthyroid relatives with a family history of Graves' disease who have no clinical or biochemical abnormalities of thyroid dysfunction, many have abnormalities in TRH responsiveness, T3 suppressibility, and thyroidal antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:122408", "title": "Dopamine affects basal and augmented pituitary hormone secretion.", "content": "Although the role of the neurotransmitter, dopamine (DA), in the regulation of PRL has been well documented, controversy exists regarding its participation in the regulation of the other pituitary hormones. Consequently, we infused DA into six healthy male subjects (ages 19-32) and studied its effects on both basal pituitary hormone levels and augmented hormonal release induced by insulin hypoglycemia (ITT), TRH, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). DA alone produced a modest though significant increase in GH concentration from 2.2 +/- 0.5 to 11.9 +/- 3.7 ng/ml (P less than 0.05) by 60 min, but the peak incremental GH response to ITT was significantly inhibited by DA (43.5 +/- 5.0 vs. 16.3 +/- 3.3 ng/ml; P less than 0.01). PRL concentrations fell during the DA infusion (20.4 +/- 3.0 to 10.6 +/- 1.5 ng/ml; P less than 0.02) at 235 min, and the PRL responses to both ITT and TRH were completely abolished. Although the basal LH and FSH concentrations were unaffected by DA, the incremental LH response to GnRH was inhibited (45.5 +/- 10.6 to 24.4 +/- 5.4 mIU/ml; P less than 0.05), while the FSH response was unchanged. DA significantly reduced the basal TSH concentration from 3.9 +/- 0.2 to 2.5 +/- 0.2 micro U/ml (P less than 0.01) at 230 min and blunted the peak incremental TSH response to TRH (6.0 +/- 1.5 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.9 microU/ml; P less than 0.01). DA had no effect on basal cortisol levels, the cortisol response to ITT, basal plasma glucose, or the degree of hypoglycemia after ITT. Our data provide new evidence that DA has an inhibitory as well as a stimulatory role in the regulation of GH secretion in normal humans. It inhibits centrally as well as peripherally mediated PRL secretion and blunts the LH response to GnRH. In addition, DA lowers both basal and TRH-mediated TSH release, confirming the reports of other investigators.", "contents": "Dopamine affects basal and augmented pituitary hormone secretion. Although the role of the neurotransmitter, dopamine (DA), in the regulation of PRL has been well documented, controversy exists regarding its participation in the regulation of the other pituitary hormones. Consequently, we infused DA into six healthy male subjects (ages 19-32) and studied its effects on both basal pituitary hormone levels and augmented hormonal release induced by insulin hypoglycemia (ITT), TRH, and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). DA alone produced a modest though significant increase in GH concentration from 2.2 +/- 0.5 to 11.9 +/- 3.7 ng/ml (P less than 0.05) by 60 min, but the peak incremental GH response to ITT was significantly inhibited by DA (43.5 +/- 5.0 vs. 16.3 +/- 3.3 ng/ml; P less than 0.01). PRL concentrations fell during the DA infusion (20.4 +/- 3.0 to 10.6 +/- 1.5 ng/ml; P less than 0.02) at 235 min, and the PRL responses to both ITT and TRH were completely abolished. Although the basal LH and FSH concentrations were unaffected by DA, the incremental LH response to GnRH was inhibited (45.5 +/- 10.6 to 24.4 +/- 5.4 mIU/ml; P less than 0.05), while the FSH response was unchanged. DA significantly reduced the basal TSH concentration from 3.9 +/- 0.2 to 2.5 +/- 0.2 micro U/ml (P less than 0.01) at 230 min and blunted the peak incremental TSH response to TRH (6.0 +/- 1.5 vs. 2.9 +/- 0.9 microU/ml; P less than 0.01). DA had no effect on basal cortisol levels, the cortisol response to ITT, basal plasma glucose, or the degree of hypoglycemia after ITT. Our data provide new evidence that DA has an inhibitory as well as a stimulatory role in the regulation of GH secretion in normal humans. It inhibits centrally as well as peripherally mediated PRL secretion and blunts the LH response to GnRH. In addition, DA lowers both basal and TRH-mediated TSH release, confirming the reports of other investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:122409", "title": "Inhibition of gonadotropin and prolactin release by dopamine: effect of endogenous estradiol levels.", "content": "The influence of endogenous estradiol (E2) levels on gonadotropin and PRL sensitivity to dopamine (DA) infusion (4 micrograms/kg/min) was assessed at different stages of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Basal LH and FSH levels were comparable in day 2 and day 12 subjects, and despite a 4-fold increase in E2 concentration, the inhibition of LH by DA was small and quantitatively similar and there was no discernible effect on FSH in either group. In marked contrast, day 14 subjects with an elevated basal LH level exhibited a dramatic increase in the sensitivity of LH and FSH to DA inhibition. Further, a remarkable rebound release for LH but not FSH occurred on the termination of DA infusion. There was a significant correlation between basal LH and response to DA (r = 0.979). This unique increase in response to DA at a time when hypothalamic LRF secretion is assumed to be elevated suggests that DA may exert its effect by inhibiting LRF release. The inhibition of PRL release by DA is correlated with endogenous E2 levels (r equal 0.685) as well as basal PRL levels (r = 0.878). Rebound release of PRL occurs in all three groups of women on termination of the DA infusion, but the magnitude was greatest in Day 14 subjects with the highest endogenous E2 levels. These data suggest that while E2 seems to augment the sensitivity of PRL inhibition by DA, its does not seem to directly influence gonadotropin sensitivity to DA inhibition. The selective hypersensitivity of both LH and FSH to DA observed on the day before midcycle LH peak is consistent with a reduction in LRF neuronal inhibition by tuberoinfundibular DA neurons at this time.", "contents": "Inhibition of gonadotropin and prolactin release by dopamine: effect of endogenous estradiol levels. The influence of endogenous estradiol (E2) levels on gonadotropin and PRL sensitivity to dopamine (DA) infusion (4 micrograms/kg/min) was assessed at different stages of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle. Basal LH and FSH levels were comparable in day 2 and day 12 subjects, and despite a 4-fold increase in E2 concentration, the inhibition of LH by DA was small and quantitatively similar and there was no discernible effect on FSH in either group. In marked contrast, day 14 subjects with an elevated basal LH level exhibited a dramatic increase in the sensitivity of LH and FSH to DA inhibition. Further, a remarkable rebound release for LH but not FSH occurred on the termination of DA infusion. There was a significant correlation between basal LH and response to DA (r = 0.979). This unique increase in response to DA at a time when hypothalamic LRF secretion is assumed to be elevated suggests that DA may exert its effect by inhibiting LRF release. The inhibition of PRL release by DA is correlated with endogenous E2 levels (r equal 0.685) as well as basal PRL levels (r = 0.878). Rebound release of PRL occurs in all three groups of women on termination of the DA infusion, but the magnitude was greatest in Day 14 subjects with the highest endogenous E2 levels. These data suggest that while E2 seems to augment the sensitivity of PRL inhibition by DA, its does not seem to directly influence gonadotropin sensitivity to DA inhibition. The selective hypersensitivity of both LH and FSH to DA observed on the day before midcycle LH peak is consistent with a reduction in LRF neuronal inhibition by tuberoinfundibular DA neurons at this time."}
{"id": "PMID:122410", "title": "Transient TRH deficiency after prolonged thyroid hormone therapy.", "content": "A patient who had been treated with large doses of thyroid hormone for several years developed features of secondary hypothyroidism after thyroid hormone withdrawal. These findings were low serum T4 (3.8 micrograms/dl), T3 (23 ng/dl), and a failure of serum TSH to rise after TRH injection. Serum PRL values rose normally after TRH administration, and evaluation of other pituitary hormones was normal. When retested 3 months later, at which time the serum T4 was 5.5 micrograms/dl, the patient was somewhat less hypothyroid and there was an exaggerated TSH response to exogenous TRH, indicating recovery of pituitary TSH reserve. Indirect assessment of endogenous TRH reserve capacity was consistent with impairment of endogenous TRH activity. Repeat studies performed 7 months later indicated some improvements in this indirect assessment of endogenous TRH reserve capacity but a continued exaggerated TSH response to exogenous TRH administration. Further testing at 28 months revealed a serum T4 value of 7.8 micrograms/dl and a serum T3 value of 141 ng/dl. At this time, the TSH response to TRH was normal and the patient was considered fully recovered. A causal relationship between high doses of thyroid hormone and the presumptive impairment of endogenous TRH reserve is suggested.", "contents": "Transient TRH deficiency after prolonged thyroid hormone therapy. A patient who had been treated with large doses of thyroid hormone for several years developed features of secondary hypothyroidism after thyroid hormone withdrawal. These findings were low serum T4 (3.8 micrograms/dl), T3 (23 ng/dl), and a failure of serum TSH to rise after TRH injection. Serum PRL values rose normally after TRH administration, and evaluation of other pituitary hormones was normal. When retested 3 months later, at which time the serum T4 was 5.5 micrograms/dl, the patient was somewhat less hypothyroid and there was an exaggerated TSH response to exogenous TRH, indicating recovery of pituitary TSH reserve. Indirect assessment of endogenous TRH reserve capacity was consistent with impairment of endogenous TRH activity. Repeat studies performed 7 months later indicated some improvements in this indirect assessment of endogenous TRH reserve capacity but a continued exaggerated TSH response to exogenous TRH administration. Further testing at 28 months revealed a serum T4 value of 7.8 micrograms/dl and a serum T3 value of 141 ng/dl. At this time, the TSH response to TRH was normal and the patient was considered fully recovered. A causal relationship between high doses of thyroid hormone and the presumptive impairment of endogenous TRH reserve is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:122411", "title": "Clinical and endocrinological analyses of patients with galactorrhea and menstrual disorders due to sulpiride or metoclopramide.", "content": "The clinical courses of galactorrhea and menstrual disorders were studied in 18 women with galactorrhea induced by sulpiride (SLP) or metoclopramide (MCP) given for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The response of PRL and TSH to 500 micrograms iv TRH and the response of LH and FSH to 100  micrograms LRH were assessed by retrospective analysis during treatment in nine patients (six, SLP; three, MCP) and shortly after the end of treatment in nine patients (seven, SLP; two, MCP). The average time from the initiation of treatment to the onset of galactorrhea was 27.2 +/- 4.7 (mean +/- SE) days in the 13 SLP-treated patients and 23.2 +/- 5.8 days in the 5 MCP-treated patients. Five of the SLP-treated patients experienced amenorrhea, four had oligomenorrhea, and one had dysfunctional bleeding. In the MCP-treated patients, oligomenorrhea and dysfunctional bleeding occurred in one each. The average length of time from the end of treatment to disappearance of galactorrhea was 50.0 +/- 7.3 days in the SLP-treated patients and 56.6 +/- 12.1 days in the MCP-treated patients. Cyclic uterine bleeding returned within 2 months after treatment was stopped. Elevated PRL levels with good response to TRH were observed in four of six patients during SLP treatment, and in two of three patients during MCP treatment. Basal PRL levels and response to TRH were normal in almost all patients after the drugs were withdrawn. Normal HL and FSH levels with exaggerated responses of LH to LRH were observed in most patients during treatment, whereas the response of LH to LRH was normal in about half of the patients after treatment. Our findings suggest that hyperprolactinemia in patients treated with SLP or MCP may be in part the cause of both galactorrhea and menstrual abnormalities, and that these symptoms can be reversed by stopping treatment, provided the patients have not taken the drugs for longer than a year.", "contents": "Clinical and endocrinological analyses of patients with galactorrhea and menstrual disorders due to sulpiride or metoclopramide. The clinical courses of galactorrhea and menstrual disorders were studied in 18 women with galactorrhea induced by sulpiride (SLP) or metoclopramide (MCP) given for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. The response of PRL and TSH to 500 micrograms iv TRH and the response of LH and FSH to 100  micrograms LRH were assessed by retrospective analysis during treatment in nine patients (six, SLP; three, MCP) and shortly after the end of treatment in nine patients (seven, SLP; two, MCP). The average time from the initiation of treatment to the onset of galactorrhea was 27.2 +/- 4.7 (mean +/- SE) days in the 13 SLP-treated patients and 23.2 +/- 5.8 days in the 5 MCP-treated patients. Five of the SLP-treated patients experienced amenorrhea, four had oligomenorrhea, and one had dysfunctional bleeding. In the MCP-treated patients, oligomenorrhea and dysfunctional bleeding occurred in one each. The average length of time from the end of treatment to disappearance of galactorrhea was 50.0 +/- 7.3 days in the SLP-treated patients and 56.6 +/- 12.1 days in the MCP-treated patients. Cyclic uterine bleeding returned within 2 months after treatment was stopped. Elevated PRL levels with good response to TRH were observed in four of six patients during SLP treatment, and in two of three patients during MCP treatment. Basal PRL levels and response to TRH were normal in almost all patients after the drugs were withdrawn. Normal HL and FSH levels with exaggerated responses of LH to LRH were observed in most patients during treatment, whereas the response of LH to LRH was normal in about half of the patients after treatment. Our findings suggest that hyperprolactinemia in patients treated with SLP or MCP may be in part the cause of both galactorrhea and menstrual abnormalities, and that these symptoms can be reversed by stopping treatment, provided the patients have not taken the drugs for longer than a year."}
{"id": "PMID:122412", "title": "Reduced thyroid function after thyrotropin stimulation.", "content": "The course of serum T4 and T3 return to baseline after TSH stimulation was studied in two groups at six normal subjects over 28 days after im bovine TSH (b TSH; 0.15 U/kg). In the first group of six subjects, serum bTSH rose from undetectable levels to a mean peak of 5.6 +/- 0.5 ng/ml (mean +/- SE) at 2 h, and fell below detectable levels by 24 h with a t1/2 of 7 +/- 1 h. T4 rose to a peak 59 +/- 10% above basal levels within 24 h, returned to basal levels on day 7, then dropped below basal levels on days 9-24, with a nadir of -16 +/- 4% on day 14. Free T4 paralleled T4 levels. T3 rose to a peak 104 +/- 28% above basal at 24 h, then fell faster than T4, reaching basal levels by day 4. During the period of low T4, T3 was at or below basal levels. Human TSH (h TSH) concentration dropped when T4 and T3 rose, but did not rise above basal levels when T4 and T3 fell below basal levels. Neither a T3 elevation nor an increased percentage of free T4 was present during the time of reduced T4 levels. The same pattern of thyroidal response was seen in the second group of six subjects. In this second group, hTSH response to repeated TRH challenge was studied. During the period of reduced T4 and T3, hTSH response to TRH was diminished. On day 28, T4, T3, hTSH, and hTSH response to TRH returned to basal levels. We conclude that the brief elevation of T4 and T3 after bTSH stimulation exerts a suppressive effect on the pituitary which extends beyond the period of elevated thyroid hormone levels, and that delay in pituitary recovery is the mechanism of the decreased thyroid function after acute bTSH stimulation.", "contents": "Reduced thyroid function after thyrotropin stimulation. The course of serum T4 and T3 return to baseline after TSH stimulation was studied in two groups at six normal subjects over 28 days after im bovine TSH (b TSH; 0.15 U/kg). In the first group of six subjects, serum bTSH rose from undetectable levels to a mean peak of 5.6 +/- 0.5 ng/ml (mean +/- SE) at 2 h, and fell below detectable levels by 24 h with a t1/2 of 7 +/- 1 h. T4 rose to a peak 59 +/- 10% above basal levels within 24 h, returned to basal levels on day 7, then dropped below basal levels on days 9-24, with a nadir of -16 +/- 4% on day 14. Free T4 paralleled T4 levels. T3 rose to a peak 104 +/- 28% above basal at 24 h, then fell faster than T4, reaching basal levels by day 4. During the period of low T4, T3 was at or below basal levels. Human TSH (h TSH) concentration dropped when T4 and T3 rose, but did not rise above basal levels when T4 and T3 fell below basal levels. Neither a T3 elevation nor an increased percentage of free T4 was present during the time of reduced T4 levels. The same pattern of thyroidal response was seen in the second group of six subjects. In this second group, hTSH response to repeated TRH challenge was studied. During the period of reduced T4 and T3, hTSH response to TRH was diminished. On day 28, T4, T3, hTSH, and hTSH response to TRH returned to basal levels. We conclude that the brief elevation of T4 and T3 after bTSH stimulation exerts a suppressive effect on the pituitary which extends beyond the period of elevated thyroid hormone levels, and that delay in pituitary recovery is the mechanism of the decreased thyroid function after acute bTSH stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:122413", "title": "Anorchia and persistent M\u00fcllerian duct: a variant of the embryonic testicular regression syndrome.", "content": "A 20-yr-old phenotypical male with a 46, XY chromosome complement, a hernia uteri inguinale, and bilateral anorchia was studied. Eunochoidal body proportions, infantile type of male external genitalia with empty scrotum, underdeveloped sexual characteristics, and delayed bone age suggested the existence of inadequate testicular function. Extremely low levels of circulating testosterone and a lack of response to hCG stimulation was found. Persistently elevated blood levels of LH and FSH with an adequate pituitary response to an iv bolus of synthetic LRH was demonstrated, thus indicating inadequate endocrine gonadal function as well as functional integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary unit. At the time of an inguinal hernioplasty, a small but well developed uterus was removed. No gonads were found within the true pelvis, inguinal canals, or along the anatomical pathways of testicular descent. A cord-like structure found in the left inguinal canal contained only fibrous tissue without gonadal elements. It is proposed that the occurrence of two altered events during embryogenesis, failure of M\u00fcllerian duct regression and late testicular regression, may explain the underlying defect in this unusual abnormality of sexual differentiation.", "contents": "Anorchia and persistent M\u00fcllerian duct: a variant of the embryonic testicular regression syndrome. A 20-yr-old phenotypical male with a 46, XY chromosome complement, a hernia uteri inguinale, and bilateral anorchia was studied. Eunochoidal body proportions, infantile type of male external genitalia with empty scrotum, underdeveloped sexual characteristics, and delayed bone age suggested the existence of inadequate testicular function. Extremely low levels of circulating testosterone and a lack of response to hCG stimulation was found. Persistently elevated blood levels of LH and FSH with an adequate pituitary response to an iv bolus of synthetic LRH was demonstrated, thus indicating inadequate endocrine gonadal function as well as functional integrity of the hypothalamic-pituitary unit. At the time of an inguinal hernioplasty, a small but well developed uterus was removed. No gonads were found within the true pelvis, inguinal canals, or along the anatomical pathways of testicular descent. A cord-like structure found in the left inguinal canal contained only fibrous tissue without gonadal elements. It is proposed that the occurrence of two altered events during embryogenesis, failure of M\u00fcllerian duct regression and late testicular regression, may explain the underlying defect in this unusual abnormality of sexual differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:122414", "title": "Variations in the structure of thyroglobulins from normal and goitrous human thyroids.", "content": "Thyroglobulin samples were prepared individually be gel chromatography from the thyroids of five persons without thyroid disease and four with goiters. Gel electrophoresis at different pHs and gel concentrations showed a single major band corresponding to 19S thyroglobulin in rabbits, with occasional faint bands corresponding to 12S and 27S species. The thyroglobulins of the normals differed from each other in electrophoretic pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-urea gels and in composition of iodine, monosaccharides, and amino acids. Nine amino acids showed significant variation among the five thyroglobulins at the P less than 0.01 level, and only two (lysine and alanine) did  not vary. The content of both sialic acid and fucose varied widely, but their sum was similar among the five samples. Thyroglobulin samples from the goiters differed from the normals and from each other in composition and in pattern on SDS-urea gels. The variability itself was more impressive than were differences in any particular component. Relative to the normals, these thyroglobulins showed increases in content of sialic acid (P less than 0.01) and lysine (P less than 0.10), and increases in the faster bands on gel electrophoresis in SDS-urea. Two goiters were from patients with the multiple hamartoma syndrome, and the only metabolic abnormality found was a low content of iodothyronine in thyroglobulin. The other two goiters also showed inadequate coupling of iodotyrosyls. In addition, one contained a soluble iodoprotein of very high molecular weight, which was immunologically identical to 19S thyroglobulin but differed in chemical composition. We conclude from the compositional data that there is not a single structure for \"normal\" thyroglobulin, but that multiple molecular configurations occur naturally and are compatible with adequate hormone synthesis. Extensive variations in thyroglobulin structure are frequently found with goiter, and we suggest that these may be involved in its pathogenesis.", "contents": "Variations in the structure of thyroglobulins from normal and goitrous human thyroids. Thyroglobulin samples were prepared individually be gel chromatography from the thyroids of five persons without thyroid disease and four with goiters. Gel electrophoresis at different pHs and gel concentrations showed a single major band corresponding to 19S thyroglobulin in rabbits, with occasional faint bands corresponding to 12S and 27S species. The thyroglobulins of the normals differed from each other in electrophoretic pattern on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-urea gels and in composition of iodine, monosaccharides, and amino acids. Nine amino acids showed significant variation among the five thyroglobulins at the P less than 0.01 level, and only two (lysine and alanine) did  not vary. The content of both sialic acid and fucose varied widely, but their sum was similar among the five samples. Thyroglobulin samples from the goiters differed from the normals and from each other in composition and in pattern on SDS-urea gels. The variability itself was more impressive than were differences in any particular component. Relative to the normals, these thyroglobulins showed increases in content of sialic acid (P less than 0.01) and lysine (P less than 0.10), and increases in the faster bands on gel electrophoresis in SDS-urea. Two goiters were from patients with the multiple hamartoma syndrome, and the only metabolic abnormality found was a low content of iodothyronine in thyroglobulin. The other two goiters also showed inadequate coupling of iodotyrosyls. In addition, one contained a soluble iodoprotein of very high molecular weight, which was immunologically identical to 19S thyroglobulin but differed in chemical composition. We conclude from the compositional data that there is not a single structure for \"normal\" thyroglobulin, but that multiple molecular configurations occur naturally and are compatible with adequate hormone synthesis. Extensive variations in thyroglobulin structure are frequently found with goiter, and we suggest that these may be involved in its pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:122415", "title": "Plasma prolactin-releasing factor-like activity in the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome.", "content": "An in vitro bioassay for plasma PRL-releasing factor-like activity has been developed. The method is a three-phase methanol extraction of plasma with extracts of 1.0 ml plasma adjusted to a final volume of 50 microliter. Single 50-microliter aliquots of extract were incubated in 1.0 ml Krebs-Ringer phosphate (KRP) buffer with one rat hemipituitary after a 1-h preincubation. Samples were obtained basally and 30 min after addition of the extract. During each set of incubations, a parallel series of hemipituitaries was incubated in KRP alone. The total nanograms of rat PRL released per mg pituitary tissue during the initial 30 min after preincubation was calculated for all studies. The mean quantity released in KRP alone was considered basal and was subtracted from values obtained during incubation with plasma extracts. The quantity remaining was considered PRL-releasing activity (PRA) of plasma, expressed as nanograms of rat PRL released per mg pituitary. The PRA in plasma from 13 patients with the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome was 132 +/- 17 ng/mg pituitary (X +/- SE), which was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than the PRA in plasma from eight matched controls [31 +/- 10 ng/mg pituitary (X +/- SE)]. The patients' individual PRL levels were elevated (range, 48-248 ng/ml), and when compared to the PRA in the samples, a highly significant (P less than 0.001) positive correlation evolved. These results indicate that a circulating PRL-releasing factor-like material present in normal plasma is higher in plasma from hyperprolactinemic patients in direct relationship to the PRL concentration. It is possible that this material is related to the pathogenesis of PRL-secreting pituitary disorders.", "contents": "Plasma prolactin-releasing factor-like activity in the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. An in vitro bioassay for plasma PRL-releasing factor-like activity has been developed. The method is a three-phase methanol extraction of plasma with extracts of 1.0 ml plasma adjusted to a final volume of 50 microliter. Single 50-microliter aliquots of extract were incubated in 1.0 ml Krebs-Ringer phosphate (KRP) buffer with one rat hemipituitary after a 1-h preincubation. Samples were obtained basally and 30 min after addition of the extract. During each set of incubations, a parallel series of hemipituitaries was incubated in KRP alone. The total nanograms of rat PRL released per mg pituitary tissue during the initial 30 min after preincubation was calculated for all studies. The mean quantity released in KRP alone was considered basal and was subtracted from values obtained during incubation with plasma extracts. The quantity remaining was considered PRL-releasing activity (PRA) of plasma, expressed as nanograms of rat PRL released per mg pituitary. The PRA in plasma from 13 patients with the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome was 132 +/- 17 ng/mg pituitary (X +/- SE), which was significantly greater (P less than 0.001) than the PRA in plasma from eight matched controls [31 +/- 10 ng/mg pituitary (X +/- SE)]. The patients' individual PRL levels were elevated (range, 48-248 ng/ml), and when compared to the PRA in the samples, a highly significant (P less than 0.001) positive correlation evolved. These results indicate that a circulating PRL-releasing factor-like material present in normal plasma is higher in plasma from hyperprolactinemic patients in direct relationship to the PRL concentration. It is possible that this material is related to the pathogenesis of PRL-secreting pituitary disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:122416", "title": "Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on thyroid function in euthyroid men.", "content": "The effect of large doses of commercial hCG on thyroid function was studied in eight men who received 100,000 or 150,000 IU hCG iv. These large doses of hCG produced definite thyroidal iodine release (TIR) responses in all eight men. The TIR after hCG administration was more delayed and of lesser magnitude than the TIR responses to TSH and TRH. There were no significant changes in serum T4, T3, or TSH for 48 h after hCG administration. No clinical side effects were noted in the subjects after iv administration of these large doses of hCG. The results of this study indicate that hCG is a weak thyroid stimulator in man.", "contents": "Effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on thyroid function in euthyroid men. The effect of large doses of commercial hCG on thyroid function was studied in eight men who received 100,000 or 150,000 IU hCG iv. These large doses of hCG produced definite thyroidal iodine release (TIR) responses in all eight men. The TIR after hCG administration was more delayed and of lesser magnitude than the TIR responses to TSH and TRH. There were no significant changes in serum T4, T3, or TSH for 48 h after hCG administration. No clinical side effects were noted in the subjects after iv administration of these large doses of hCG. The results of this study indicate that hCG is a weak thyroid stimulator in man."}
{"id": "PMID:122417", "title": "Progesterone induced acute release of prolactin in estrogen primed ovariectomized women.", "content": "Progesterone (10 mg) administered intramuscularly induces a concurrent release of prolactin as well as gonadotropin in estrogen-primed women. The time course of pituitary release of all three of these hormones appears to include a latent phase of 4 hrs and is maintained for at least 5 hrs. It is considered that this effect of progesterone may be mediated through a reduction of hypothalamic dopamine.", "contents": "Progesterone induced acute release of prolactin in estrogen primed ovariectomized women. Progesterone (10 mg) administered intramuscularly induces a concurrent release of prolactin as well as gonadotropin in estrogen-primed women. The time course of pituitary release of all three of these hormones appears to include a latent phase of 4 hrs and is maintained for at least 5 hrs. It is considered that this effect of progesterone may be mediated through a reduction of hypothalamic dopamine."}
{"id": "PMID:122419", "title": "Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretory dynamics in Turner's syndrome.", "content": "In eight teenage patients with Turner's syndrome, LH and FSH were measured at 20-min intervals for 24 h. The 24-h mean LH and FSH levels ranged from 20.2-70.5 mIU/ml and 60.4-229 mIU/ml, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the individual LH and FSH levels in the eight patients; the common correlation coefficient was 0.449 (P less than 0.001). The 24-h mean estradiol level was measurable in only two of the patients and the 24-h mean testosterone level for the eight patients was 0.10 ng/ml. The mean LH concentration during sleep was significantly higher (P less than .01) than during waking. The mean FSH concentration during sleep was also significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than during waking. The LH and FSH peak levels after LRH were significantly correlated with the 24-h mean LH (r = 0.918; P less than 0.01) and FSH concentrations (r = 0.754; P less than 0.05), respectively.", "contents": "Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone secretory dynamics in Turner's syndrome. In eight teenage patients with Turner's syndrome, LH and FSH were measured at 20-min intervals for 24 h. The 24-h mean LH and FSH levels ranged from 20.2-70.5 mIU/ml and 60.4-229 mIU/ml, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between the individual LH and FSH levels in the eight patients; the common correlation coefficient was 0.449 (P less than 0.001). The 24-h mean estradiol level was measurable in only two of the patients and the 24-h mean testosterone level for the eight patients was 0.10 ng/ml. The mean LH concentration during sleep was significantly higher (P less than .01) than during waking. The mean FSH concentration during sleep was also significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than during waking. The LH and FSH peak levels after LRH were significantly correlated with the 24-h mean LH (r = 0.918; P less than 0.01) and FSH concentrations (r = 0.754; P less than 0.05), respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:122420", "title": "Studies of gonadotropin-gonadal dynamics in patients with androgen insensitivity.", "content": "Four patients with androgen insensitivity had plasma LH and FSH measured at 20-min intervals for 24 h and at 15- to 30-min intervals for 3 h after the injection of LRH. Twenty-four-hour mean testosterone (T), estradiol, and androstenedione (delta 4) levels were also measured. Patients with androgen insensitivity had significantly elevated LH levels (P less than 0.05) and an increase in the number of LH secretory episodes (P less than 0.001) compared to normal subjects. The amplitude of the LH secretory episodes, expressed as the absolute increment, was significantly higher than normal controls (P less than 0.005). The LH response to LRH (absolute increment) was twice that of normal, but was not significantly different from normal subjects. The 24-h mean FSH levels were normal in three of the patients and elevated in one. This patient had the mildest degree of androgen insensitivity on clinical exam and the greatest degree of testicular atrophy. The 24-h mean T, estradiol, and delta 4 levels were higher than normal, but only the delta 4 was significantly increased (P less than 0.05). To determine if the elevated LH levels were in response to a decrease in the free T level, we measured T-binding capacity (TBG), TBG was higher than normal controls but was not significantly different, suggesting that elevated LH levels were probably in response to a decrease in T action at the hypothalamic-pituitary level. This was further supported by the inability of prolonged dihydrotestosterone administration to affect LH secretion in one of the patients with the Reifenstein syndrome.", "contents": "Studies of gonadotropin-gonadal dynamics in patients with androgen insensitivity. Four patients with androgen insensitivity had plasma LH and FSH measured at 20-min intervals for 24 h and at 15- to 30-min intervals for 3 h after the injection of LRH. Twenty-four-hour mean testosterone (T), estradiol, and androstenedione (delta 4) levels were also measured. Patients with androgen insensitivity had significantly elevated LH levels (P less than 0.05) and an increase in the number of LH secretory episodes (P less than 0.001) compared to normal subjects. The amplitude of the LH secretory episodes, expressed as the absolute increment, was significantly higher than normal controls (P less than 0.005). The LH response to LRH (absolute increment) was twice that of normal, but was not significantly different from normal subjects. The 24-h mean FSH levels were normal in three of the patients and elevated in one. This patient had the mildest degree of androgen insensitivity on clinical exam and the greatest degree of testicular atrophy. The 24-h mean T, estradiol, and delta 4 levels were higher than normal, but only the delta 4 was significantly increased (P less than 0.05). To determine if the elevated LH levels were in response to a decrease in the free T level, we measured T-binding capacity (TBG), TBG was higher than normal controls but was not significantly different, suggesting that elevated LH levels were probably in response to a decrease in T action at the hypothalamic-pituitary level. This was further supported by the inability of prolonged dihydrotestosterone administration to affect LH secretion in one of the patients with the Reifenstein syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:122421", "title": "Serum prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and metoclopramide in patients with prolactin-secreting tumors before and after transsphenoidal surgery.", "content": "Seven female patients with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia were examined before and after selective transsphenoidal removal of a PRL-secreting microadenoma. Before adenomectomy, metoclopramide (MCP; 10 mg orally) and TRH (200 micrograms iv) did not increase PRL blood levels in any of the seven patients. On the contrary, after oral administration of 10 mg MCP, a positive response was noted in a group of eight lactating women 3 days postpartum. After surgery, serum PRL level returned to normal in all patients. A positive PRL response to MCP and TRH was found in six of the seven patients 1 month after surgery. One patient, who had the lowest PRL level, failed to show a PRL increase after both stimuli. These findings indicate that hypothalamic pituitary function can be restored to normal after transsphenoidal removal of PRL-secreting pituitary tumors.", "contents": "Serum prolactin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone and metoclopramide in patients with prolactin-secreting tumors before and after transsphenoidal surgery. Seven female patients with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and hyperprolactinemia were examined before and after selective transsphenoidal removal of a PRL-secreting microadenoma. Before adenomectomy, metoclopramide (MCP; 10 mg orally) and TRH (200 micrograms iv) did not increase PRL blood levels in any of the seven patients. On the contrary, after oral administration of 10 mg MCP, a positive response was noted in a group of eight lactating women 3 days postpartum. After surgery, serum PRL level returned to normal in all patients. A positive PRL response to MCP and TRH was found in six of the seven patients 1 month after surgery. One patient, who had the lowest PRL level, failed to show a PRL increase after both stimuli. These findings indicate that hypothalamic pituitary function can be restored to normal after transsphenoidal removal of PRL-secreting pituitary tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:122422", "title": "Hormonal pattern of adolescent menstrual cycles.", "content": "Serum FSH, LH, PRL, estradiol, pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and androsterone were measured radioimmunologically in 20 normal girls aged 13-17 yr. Samples were taken every day or every second day during one menstrual cycle. The cycles recorded could be divided into three groups. The first and oldest group consisted of 10 girls with a mean gynecological age (years since menarche) of 2.9 yr. The luteal phase was at least 11 days and the progesterone concentration was at least 5 ng/ml. The testosterone rise (mean, 55%) on the day of LH surge correlated well with the simultaneous progesterone rise (mean, 270%) and the following luteal progesterone secretion. A negative correlation was seen between the FSH concentration on days 3-4 of the cycle and the length of the follicular phase. The second group consisted of 4 girls who had a mean gynecological age of 1.5 yr. The luteal phase was of 4- to 8-day duration and the progesterone secretion was lower than in group I. The follicular phase testosterone concentration was lower in group II as compared to group I. No \"periovulatory\" testosterone increases were seen, although every cycle displayed an LH and FSH peak. The third group consisted of 6 girls with a mean gynecological age of 1.1 yr. These cycles were anovulatory, as the serum progesterone concentration never exceeded 1.0 ng/ml. In two cycles, signs of follicular maturation were seen. In the four others, the androgen levels tended to be elevated. In two cases, the testosterone and androstenedione concentrations were 2-4 times elevated from the beginning of these two cycles. Thus, the hormonal pattern of adolescent menstrual cycles is far from uniform. It is very likely that in addition to gonadotropins, estradiol and progesterone, androgens may also have a role in the development and maintenance of normal menstrual function in the female.", "contents": "Hormonal pattern of adolescent menstrual cycles. Serum FSH, LH, PRL, estradiol, pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone, and androsterone were measured radioimmunologically in 20 normal girls aged 13-17 yr. Samples were taken every day or every second day during one menstrual cycle. The cycles recorded could be divided into three groups. The first and oldest group consisted of 10 girls with a mean gynecological age (years since menarche) of 2.9 yr. The luteal phase was at least 11 days and the progesterone concentration was at least 5 ng/ml. The testosterone rise (mean, 55%) on the day of LH surge correlated well with the simultaneous progesterone rise (mean, 270%) and the following luteal progesterone secretion. A negative correlation was seen between the FSH concentration on days 3-4 of the cycle and the length of the follicular phase. The second group consisted of 4 girls who had a mean gynecological age of 1.5 yr. The luteal phase was of 4- to 8-day duration and the progesterone secretion was lower than in group I. The follicular phase testosterone concentration was lower in group II as compared to group I. No \"periovulatory\" testosterone increases were seen, although every cycle displayed an LH and FSH peak. The third group consisted of 6 girls with a mean gynecological age of 1.1 yr. These cycles were anovulatory, as the serum progesterone concentration never exceeded 1.0 ng/ml. In two cycles, signs of follicular maturation were seen. In the four others, the androgen levels tended to be elevated. In two cases, the testosterone and androstenedione concentrations were 2-4 times elevated from the beginning of these two cycles. Thus, the hormonal pattern of adolescent menstrual cycles is far from uniform. It is very likely that in addition to gonadotropins, estradiol and progesterone, androgens may also have a role in the development and maintenance of normal menstrual function in the female."}
{"id": "PMID:122423", "title": "Functional and structural relationships in steroidogenesis in vitro by human ovarian follicles during maturation and ovulation.", "content": "To investigate steroidogenic function of human follicles in the light of their structures, eight antral follicles of different sizes were mechanically isolated from ovaries of patients laparotomized in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle with or without pretreatment with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG). A portion of each follicle was taken for histology and slices of each follicle were incubated with [1-14C]-acetate. Incorporation into progestins, androgens, and estrogens was assessed by the reverse dilution technique with recrystallization to constant specific activity. A predominant incorporation into 17 beta-estradiol was observed in two maturing follicles, whereas a marked increase in incorporation into 17 beta-estradiol with a concomitant decrease in incorporation into androstenedione was verified in two other mature follicles. Remarkable enhancement in relative incorporation into C21 steroids was commonly noted in four preovulatory follicles. However, with the progress of preovulatory stages toward ovulation, as judged from structural changes of the follicles, actual incorporation into C19 and C18 steroids showed a moderate increase, followed by a drastic decrease around the time of ovulation. hMG injection induced similar relationships between the steroidogenic pattern and the follicle structure of different stages, although overall incorporation was considerably increased. We conclude that marked qualitative and quantitative changes in the steroidogenic function and accompanying corresponding changes in structure occurred over the period of follicular maturation and ovulation.", "contents": "Functional and structural relationships in steroidogenesis in vitro by human ovarian follicles during maturation and ovulation. To investigate steroidogenic function of human follicles in the light of their structures, eight antral follicles of different sizes were mechanically isolated from ovaries of patients laparotomized in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle with or without pretreatment with human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG). A portion of each follicle was taken for histology and slices of each follicle were incubated with [1-14C]-acetate. Incorporation into progestins, androgens, and estrogens was assessed by the reverse dilution technique with recrystallization to constant specific activity. A predominant incorporation into 17 beta-estradiol was observed in two maturing follicles, whereas a marked increase in incorporation into 17 beta-estradiol with a concomitant decrease in incorporation into androstenedione was verified in two other mature follicles. Remarkable enhancement in relative incorporation into C21 steroids was commonly noted in four preovulatory follicles. However, with the progress of preovulatory stages toward ovulation, as judged from structural changes of the follicles, actual incorporation into C19 and C18 steroids showed a moderate increase, followed by a drastic decrease around the time of ovulation. hMG injection induced similar relationships between the steroidogenic pattern and the follicle structure of different stages, although overall incorporation was considerably increased. We conclude that marked qualitative and quantitative changes in the steroidogenic function and accompanying corresponding changes in structure occurred over the period of follicular maturation and ovulation."}
{"id": "PMID:122424", "title": "Enzyme immunoassay of human chorionic gonadotropin employing beta-galactosidase as label.", "content": "An enzyme-linked immunoassay was applied to the determination of hCG, a glycoprotein hormone usually assayed by RIA. For this purpose, an enzyme hormone conjugate was prepared by reacting hCG with beta-D-galactosidase (beta-Gal.) of E. coli in the presence of N-(m-maleimidobenzoyloxy) succinimide (MBS) as coupling reagent. The conjugate, after purification by affinity and gel chromatographies, was shown to exhibit sufficient enzyme activity and immunoactivity. The immunoassay of hCG was performed by the double antibody method and, using this assay, 0.4-250 mIU/ml hCG were detectable. This was about 10 times as sensitive as the RIA. Difficulty was experienced when this method was utilized for the determination of hCG in plasma samples from patients. Since the presence of the plasma may have affected this assay method, the following improvements were made: 1) the same volume of hormone-free plasma was added to the standard solutions of hCG, and 2) the volume of plasma sample was 10 microliter. The performance and validity of this assay were comparable to the RIA using [125I]hCG as tracer. The dose-response curves of both assay have the same slope and there was no significant difference between the values (correlation coefficient, Y = 0.96X + 1.53).", "contents": "Enzyme immunoassay of human chorionic gonadotropin employing beta-galactosidase as label. An enzyme-linked immunoassay was applied to the determination of hCG, a glycoprotein hormone usually assayed by RIA. For this purpose, an enzyme hormone conjugate was prepared by reacting hCG with beta-D-galactosidase (beta-Gal.) of E. coli in the presence of N-(m-maleimidobenzoyloxy) succinimide (MBS) as coupling reagent. The conjugate, after purification by affinity and gel chromatographies, was shown to exhibit sufficient enzyme activity and immunoactivity. The immunoassay of hCG was performed by the double antibody method and, using this assay, 0.4-250 mIU/ml hCG were detectable. This was about 10 times as sensitive as the RIA. Difficulty was experienced when this method was utilized for the determination of hCG in plasma samples from patients. Since the presence of the plasma may have affected this assay method, the following improvements were made: 1) the same volume of hormone-free plasma was added to the standard solutions of hCG, and 2) the volume of plasma sample was 10 microliter. The performance and validity of this assay were comparable to the RIA using [125I]hCG as tracer. The dose-response curves of both assay have the same slope and there was no significant difference between the values (correlation coefficient, Y = 0.96X + 1.53)."}
{"id": "PMID:122425", "title": "Prolonged negative feedback suppression after estradiol administration: proposed mechanism of eugonadal secondary amenorrhea.", "content": "The finding of normal gonadotropin and estradiol levels in eugonadal women with secondary amenorrhea suggests a disordered feedback relationship of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. To identify possible defects in negative and positive feedback, we compared the effects of five daily injections of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) in 13 normal women and 11 eugonadal patients with absent cyclic menses. The suppression phase of negative feedback was normal, as LH and FSH were similarly lowered in both groups on day 3. Continued LH (P less than 0.01) and FSH (P less than 0.02) inhibition on day 10 of the protocol, 5 days after the last E2 injection, indicated a defect in the recovery phase of negative feedback in the 11 amenorrheic women. In the 4 patients studied gonadotropin suppression persisted for 3 weeks, E2 did not blunt pituitary responsiveness to GnRH in the amenorrheic women, suggesting a central nervous system site for prolonged gonadotropin inhibition. Nine normal but only 2 amenorrheic women X2 = 4.15; P less than 0.05) exhibited a positive feedback increase in LH on days 4-6. We propose that a defect in the recovery phase of negative feedback to E2 rather than absent positive feedback may be the dominant physiological abnormality which causes secondary amenorrhea by preventing early follicular phase gonadotropin increments and follicular maturation.", "contents": "Prolonged negative feedback suppression after estradiol administration: proposed mechanism of eugonadal secondary amenorrhea. The finding of normal gonadotropin and estradiol levels in eugonadal women with secondary amenorrhea suggests a disordered feedback relationship of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. To identify possible defects in negative and positive feedback, we compared the effects of five daily injections of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) in 13 normal women and 11 eugonadal patients with absent cyclic menses. The suppression phase of negative feedback was normal, as LH and FSH were similarly lowered in both groups on day 3. Continued LH (P less than 0.01) and FSH (P less than 0.02) inhibition on day 10 of the protocol, 5 days after the last E2 injection, indicated a defect in the recovery phase of negative feedback in the 11 amenorrheic women. In the 4 patients studied gonadotropin suppression persisted for 3 weeks, E2 did not blunt pituitary responsiveness to GnRH in the amenorrheic women, suggesting a central nervous system site for prolonged gonadotropin inhibition. Nine normal but only 2 amenorrheic women X2 = 4.15; P less than 0.05) exhibited a positive feedback increase in LH on days 4-6. We propose that a defect in the recovery phase of negative feedback to E2 rather than absent positive feedback may be the dominant physiological abnormality which causes secondary amenorrhea by preventing early follicular phase gonadotropin increments and follicular maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:122426", "title": "Effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and bromoergocriptine on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in perfused pituitary adenoma tissues of acromegaly.", "content": "To determine the site of action of TRH and 2-brom-alpha-ergocriptine (CB154) on pituitary hormone release in acromegalic patients, the effect of these substances on GH and PRL secretion was examined in perfused pituitary adenoma tissues obtained at surgery from subjects with acromegaly. Relatively stable baseline secretion levels of GH and PRL were followed by an abrupt and marked discharge of the hormones after TRH infusion in all of the experiments. The pattern of GH response was essentially the same as that of PRL. Moreover, a dose-response relationship was obtained between the TRH concentrations infused and the magnitude of GH and PRL responses. The infusion of CB154, on the other hand, inhibited both GH and PRL secretion in three experiments performed on different adenoma tissues. This effect of CB154 was prompt and lasted for a long period even after the infusion was discontinued. When TRH was perfused concomitantly with CB154, the stimulatory effect of TRH on GH release was maintained, while TRH-induced PRL secretion was completely blocked. The results suggest that both TRH and CB154 possess a direct action on pituitary adenoma cells of acromegaly and that aberrant GH responses to TRH and dopaminergic agonists in acromegalic patients may be explained by the altered cellular membrane receptors of the adenoma of these subjects.", "contents": "Effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone and bromoergocriptine on growth hormone and prolactin secretion in perfused pituitary adenoma tissues of acromegaly. To determine the site of action of TRH and 2-brom-alpha-ergocriptine (CB154) on pituitary hormone release in acromegalic patients, the effect of these substances on GH and PRL secretion was examined in perfused pituitary adenoma tissues obtained at surgery from subjects with acromegaly. Relatively stable baseline secretion levels of GH and PRL were followed by an abrupt and marked discharge of the hormones after TRH infusion in all of the experiments. The pattern of GH response was essentially the same as that of PRL. Moreover, a dose-response relationship was obtained between the TRH concentrations infused and the magnitude of GH and PRL responses. The infusion of CB154, on the other hand, inhibited both GH and PRL secretion in three experiments performed on different adenoma tissues. This effect of CB154 was prompt and lasted for a long period even after the infusion was discontinued. When TRH was perfused concomitantly with CB154, the stimulatory effect of TRH on GH release was maintained, while TRH-induced PRL secretion was completely blocked. The results suggest that both TRH and CB154 possess a direct action on pituitary adenoma cells of acromegaly and that aberrant GH responses to TRH and dopaminergic agonists in acromegalic patients may be explained by the altered cellular membrane receptors of the adenoma of these subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:122427", "title": "The relationship of changes in serum estradiol and progesterone during the menstrual cycle to the thyrotropin and prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone.", "content": "The responses of serum TSH and PRL to TRH (500 microgram) were studied in normal young women in the early follicular, periovulatory, and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle in order to examine the relationship of these responses to the levels of estradiol relationship of these responses to the levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone. Each woman was studied twice in each phase in order to assess intraindividual variability. There was no significant difference in either the TSH or PRL responses among the phases of the menstrual cycle nor was either response affected by the periovulatory rise in E2 or by the luteal rise in both E2 and progesterone. Thus, the interpretation of the TSH and PRL responses to TRH in normal women is not affected by the menstrual cycle although both responses are greater in women that in men. Both the peak TSH and peak PRL after TRH were highly correlated with the basal levels of TSH (r = 0.85; P less than 0.01) and PRL (r = 0.67; P less than 0.01), respectively, indicating that the TSH and PRL responses to TRH in women are directly proportionate to the basal levels of the respective hormones, as previously shown for the TSH response in men. The mean intraindividual variability (coefficient of variation) of the TSH response to TRH was 18%, but ranged as high as 56%, while that of the PRL response was 16% and ranged up to 31%; variability was not affected by the phase of the menstrual cycle. The normal range of the peak TSH after TRH in women is 7-33 microU/ml (mean +/- 2 SD); however, because of the variability, a normal woman may sometimes have a peak TSH after TRH as low as 4 microU/ml. Repeating the test will result in a normal value if the woman is truly normal. Similarly, the normal peak PRL after TRH in women is 22-111 ng/ml (mean +/- 2 SD); usually, however, the lower limit is 30 ng/ml with lower values due to intraindividual variation. The data suggest that the higher average level of E2 in women compared to women, but that the cyclic changes in serum E2 or progesterone in women have little or no additional effect.", "contents": "The relationship of changes in serum estradiol and progesterone during the menstrual cycle to the thyrotropin and prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. The responses of serum TSH and PRL to TRH (500 microgram) were studied in normal young women in the early follicular, periovulatory, and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle in order to examine the relationship of these responses to the levels of estradiol relationship of these responses to the levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone. Each woman was studied twice in each phase in order to assess intraindividual variability. There was no significant difference in either the TSH or PRL responses among the phases of the menstrual cycle nor was either response affected by the periovulatory rise in E2 or by the luteal rise in both E2 and progesterone. Thus, the interpretation of the TSH and PRL responses to TRH in normal women is not affected by the menstrual cycle although both responses are greater in women that in men. Both the peak TSH and peak PRL after TRH were highly correlated with the basal levels of TSH (r = 0.85; P less than 0.01) and PRL (r = 0.67; P less than 0.01), respectively, indicating that the TSH and PRL responses to TRH in women are directly proportionate to the basal levels of the respective hormones, as previously shown for the TSH response in men. The mean intraindividual variability (coefficient of variation) of the TSH response to TRH was 18%, but ranged as high as 56%, while that of the PRL response was 16% and ranged up to 31%; variability was not affected by the phase of the menstrual cycle. The normal range of the peak TSH after TRH in women is 7-33 microU/ml (mean +/- 2 SD); however, because of the variability, a normal woman may sometimes have a peak TSH after TRH as low as 4 microU/ml. Repeating the test will result in a normal value if the woman is truly normal. Similarly, the normal peak PRL after TRH in women is 22-111 ng/ml (mean +/- 2 SD); usually, however, the lower limit is 30 ng/ml with lower values due to intraindividual variation. The data suggest that the higher average level of E2 in women compared to women, but that the cyclic changes in serum E2 or progesterone in women have little or no additional effect."}
{"id": "PMID:122429", "title": "Direct inhibition of Leydig cell function by estradiol.", "content": "Suppression of plasma testosterone levels from a mean of 760 ng/dl to a mean of 295 ng/dl could be induced in normal young adult men 24 h after a single injection of 2 mg aqueous 17 beta-estradiol. Maximum suppression to 123 ng/dl was noted 36 h after estradiol administration. Neither LH nor FSH levels were similarly affected. After administration of 5000 IU hCG to a similar group of subjects, daily blood samples were obtained for testosterone and estrogen. Maximum testosterone levels of 2060 ng/dl (basal, 784 ng/dl) were seen 96 h after hCG administration. Maximum estrogen levels of 13 pg/ml (basal 73 pg/ml) were seen 36 h after hCG administration. The testosterone response to hCG could be attenuated by preceding hCG administration with an injection of 17 beta-estradiol. These results can be explained by the concept of enzyme inhibition; estrogen acts directly on the Leydig cell to effect changes in the activities of certain enzymes important for testosterone synthesis. Whether endogenous estrogen production by the Leydig cell may be important in this postulated short loop feedback is as yet unclear.", "contents": "Direct inhibition of Leydig cell function by estradiol. Suppression of plasma testosterone levels from a mean of 760 ng/dl to a mean of 295 ng/dl could be induced in normal young adult men 24 h after a single injection of 2 mg aqueous 17 beta-estradiol. Maximum suppression to 123 ng/dl was noted 36 h after estradiol administration. Neither LH nor FSH levels were similarly affected. After administration of 5000 IU hCG to a similar group of subjects, daily blood samples were obtained for testosterone and estrogen. Maximum testosterone levels of 2060 ng/dl (basal, 784 ng/dl) were seen 96 h after hCG administration. Maximum estrogen levels of 13 pg/ml (basal 73 pg/ml) were seen 36 h after hCG administration. The testosterone response to hCG could be attenuated by preceding hCG administration with an injection of 17 beta-estradiol. These results can be explained by the concept of enzyme inhibition; estrogen acts directly on the Leydig cell to effect changes in the activities of certain enzymes important for testosterone synthesis. Whether endogenous estrogen production by the Leydig cell may be important in this postulated short loop feedback is as yet unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:122430", "title": "Influence of collimator design on the shape of isodose curves in high energy electron beams.", "content": "Families of isodose curves for electron beams of 20 and 34 MeV were obtained for two different kinds of collimator designs. The lucite localizer of the original collimator of the betatron was replaced by a modified metal device. Electron isodose distributions were obtained for circular, and rectangular field sizes employing film dosimetry. The results show that an improvement was achieved in the symmetry of the beam and in the reduction of the penumbral region when the original lucite localizers were replaced by brass defining plates at the patient's skin. The new proposed electron-localizers are described in this study and their influence on depth dose distributions is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of collimator design on the shape of isodose curves in high energy electron beams. Families of isodose curves for electron beams of 20 and 34 MeV were obtained for two different kinds of collimator designs. The lucite localizer of the original collimator of the betatron was replaced by a modified metal device. Electron isodose distributions were obtained for circular, and rectangular field sizes employing film dosimetry. The results show that an improvement was achieved in the symmetry of the beam and in the reduction of the penumbral region when the original lucite localizers were replaced by brass defining plates at the patient's skin. The new proposed electron-localizers are described in this study and their influence on depth dose distributions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122431", "title": "Blood glucose profiles in insulin-dependent Zambian diabetics.", "content": "Six male stable insulin dependent diabetics were admitted to the University Teaching Hospital (U.T.H.) to define the insulin regiment that best controls their fasting and 2 hr postprandial blood glucose. Lente and Soluble insulin regiments were evaluated. For this study, blood glucose was estimated in six control subjects and in the six diabetic patients before breakfast lunch and supper and two hours after each of these meals. Each diabetic was allowed three days to stabilise on his usual insulin regimen and for the next three days blood glucose was estimated at the times indicated. Then for the next three days the patient was given the other insulin regimen and then for the last three days and while still on this second regimen blood glucose was estimated at the time indicated. Lente insulin was given as a twice daily dose before breakfast and supper while soluble insulin was administered either as a twice daily dose before breakfast and supper or as a thrice daily dose before breakfast, lunch and supper. The overall control of blood glucose before and two hrs meals was better with soluble insulin regiment than with the Lente insulin regimen.", "contents": "Blood glucose profiles in insulin-dependent Zambian diabetics. Six male stable insulin dependent diabetics were admitted to the University Teaching Hospital (U.T.H.) to define the insulin regiment that best controls their fasting and 2 hr postprandial blood glucose. Lente and Soluble insulin regiments were evaluated. For this study, blood glucose was estimated in six control subjects and in the six diabetic patients before breakfast lunch and supper and two hours after each of these meals. Each diabetic was allowed three days to stabilise on his usual insulin regimen and for the next three days blood glucose was estimated at the times indicated. Then for the next three days the patient was given the other insulin regimen and then for the last three days and while still on this second regimen blood glucose was estimated at the time indicated. Lente insulin was given as a twice daily dose before breakfast and supper while soluble insulin was administered either as a twice daily dose before breakfast and supper or as a thrice daily dose before breakfast, lunch and supper. The overall control of blood glucose before and two hrs meals was better with soluble insulin regiment than with the Lente insulin regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:122434", "title": "Recessively inherited, late onset spondylar dysplasia and peripheral corneal opacity with anomalies in urinary mucopolysaccharides: a possible error of chondroitin-6-sulfate synthesis.", "content": "Two male and two female sibs with an unusual form of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia were reported. The main clinical features were low stature, moderate shortness of trunk and neck, abnormal span: height ratio, low-normal UBS: LBS ratio, and peripheral corneal punctate opacities only seen by the slitlamp. Normal mental status was present. Typical metachromatic granules were not seen either in bone-marrow cells or in peripheral blood cells. The X-ray picture showed spondylar and pelvic dysplasia. Qualitative rather than quantitative anomalies were shown in the urinary mucopolysaccharides, mostly involving chondroitin-6-sulfate. The genetic data are consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance.", "contents": "Recessively inherited, late onset spondylar dysplasia and peripheral corneal opacity with anomalies in urinary mucopolysaccharides: a possible error of chondroitin-6-sulfate synthesis. Two male and two female sibs with an unusual form of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia were reported. The main clinical features were low stature, moderate shortness of trunk and neck, abnormal span: height ratio, low-normal UBS: LBS ratio, and peripheral corneal punctate opacities only seen by the slitlamp. Normal mental status was present. Typical metachromatic granules were not seen either in bone-marrow cells or in peripheral blood cells. The X-ray picture showed spondylar and pelvic dysplasia. Qualitative rather than quantitative anomalies were shown in the urinary mucopolysaccharides, mostly involving chondroitin-6-sulfate. The genetic data are consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance."}
{"id": "PMID:122435", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of Wolman disease.", "content": "Two pregnancies at risk for Wolman disease were monitored by assay and electrophoresis of acid lipase in cultured amniotic-fluid cells. Cells from patient 1 had 5% of control levels of acid lipase, using 14C-triolein as substrate; however, when artificial substrates (esters of 4-methylumbelliferone and p-nitrophenol) were used to measure acid lipase, these cells had 30% of control levels. Electrophoresis of cell extracts revealed the absence of the A form of acid lipase, consistent with the diagnosis of Wolman disease. Analysis of fetal tissues following prostaglandin termination of this pregnancy confirmed the diagnosis. Assay of fetal-skin fibroblasts with 14C-triolein, as well as with artificial substrates, showed marked deficiency of acid lipase activity. Electrophoresis of fetal-tissue extracts also demonstrated the absence of the A form of acid lipase. Amniotic-fluid cells from patient 2 showed normal levels of acid lipase with all substrates tested; the electrophoretic pattern of acid lipase was normal. The results suggest that the prenatal diagnosis of Wolman disease be made using the radioassay of acid lipase and/or electrophoresis.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of Wolman disease. Two pregnancies at risk for Wolman disease were monitored by assay and electrophoresis of acid lipase in cultured amniotic-fluid cells. Cells from patient 1 had 5% of control levels of acid lipase, using 14C-triolein as substrate; however, when artificial substrates (esters of 4-methylumbelliferone and p-nitrophenol) were used to measure acid lipase, these cells had 30% of control levels. Electrophoresis of cell extracts revealed the absence of the A form of acid lipase, consistent with the diagnosis of Wolman disease. Analysis of fetal tissues following prostaglandin termination of this pregnancy confirmed the diagnosis. Assay of fetal-skin fibroblasts with 14C-triolein, as well as with artificial substrates, showed marked deficiency of acid lipase activity. Electrophoresis of fetal-tissue extracts also demonstrated the absence of the A form of acid lipase. Amniotic-fluid cells from patient 2 showed normal levels of acid lipase with all substrates tested; the electrophoretic pattern of acid lipase was normal. The results suggest that the prenatal diagnosis of Wolman disease be made using the radioassay of acid lipase and/or electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:122438", "title": "Effect of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on pressor response to angiotensin II in human pregnancy.", "content": "Pregnant women destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) lose refractoriness to the pressor effects of infused angiotensin II (A-II) several weeks before the onset of hypertension. This loss of refractoriness to A-II is unrelated to plasma renin activity or circulating levels of A-II. In animal studies it has been shown that the prostaglandins are important mediators of vascular reactivity. Specifically, the uterine blood flow appears to vary directly with prostaglandin E concentrations in uterine venous effluent. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on the pressor effects of A-II in human pregnancy. The \"effective A-II pressor dose\" (nanograms of A-II X kg-1 X min-1 necessary to cause a 20 mm Hg rise in diastolic pressure) was determined in 14 pregnant women before and after treatment with either 25 mg indomethacin or 600 mg aspirin given twice, 6 h apart. The effective pressor dose required before treatment [22.7 +/- 3.4 ng X kg-1 X min-1 (mean +/- SE)] was significantly greater than that after treatment [8.7 +/- 1.2 ng X kg-1 X min-1 (P less than 0.001)]. The refractoriness to A-II observed in normal human pregnancy may be mediated in part by the action of prostaglandins or related substances produced in the arteriole.", "contents": "Effect of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on pressor response to angiotensin II in human pregnancy. Pregnant women destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) lose refractoriness to the pressor effects of infused angiotensin II (A-II) several weeks before the onset of hypertension. This loss of refractoriness to A-II is unrelated to plasma renin activity or circulating levels of A-II. In animal studies it has been shown that the prostaglandins are important mediators of vascular reactivity. Specifically, the uterine blood flow appears to vary directly with prostaglandin E concentrations in uterine venous effluent. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors on the pressor effects of A-II in human pregnancy. The \"effective A-II pressor dose\" (nanograms of A-II X kg-1 X min-1 necessary to cause a 20 mm Hg rise in diastolic pressure) was determined in 14 pregnant women before and after treatment with either 25 mg indomethacin or 600 mg aspirin given twice, 6 h apart. The effective pressor dose required before treatment [22.7 +/- 3.4 ng X kg-1 X min-1 (mean +/- SE)] was significantly greater than that after treatment [8.7 +/- 1.2 ng X kg-1 X min-1 (P less than 0.001)]. The refractoriness to A-II observed in normal human pregnancy may be mediated in part by the action of prostaglandins or related substances produced in the arteriole."}
{"id": "PMID:122439", "title": "Dynamic evaluation of prolactin secretion during the early hours of life in human newborns.", "content": "PRL secretion was evaluated in 30 human newborns during the early hours of life. Both levodopa and pyridoxine administration failed to suppress PRL release in all subjects. Synthetic TRH elicited a constant, prompt increase in PRL levels. No significant changes were observed after somatostatin injections. These results demonstrate normal pituitary PRL reserve in newborns. The failure to respond to levodopa and pyridoxine administration might reflect partial immaturity of the pituitary dopaminergic receptors.", "contents": "Dynamic evaluation of prolactin secretion during the early hours of life in human newborns. PRL secretion was evaluated in 30 human newborns during the early hours of life. Both levodopa and pyridoxine administration failed to suppress PRL release in all subjects. Synthetic TRH elicited a constant, prompt increase in PRL levels. No significant changes were observed after somatostatin injections. These results demonstrate normal pituitary PRL reserve in newborns. The failure to respond to levodopa and pyridoxine administration might reflect partial immaturity of the pituitary dopaminergic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:122440", "title": "Detection of ovulation by a radioreceptor assay for human luteinizing hormone.", "content": "A specific, sensitive, and rapid radioreceptor assay (RRA), employing membranes from bovine testes as receptor and [125I]hLH as radioligand, has been developed for measurement of human LH in serum. This RRA was used to determine the time of ovulation in seven women. For comparison, four hourly values around midcycle were measured by RIA. The sensitivity of the RRA was 0.78 ng/ml serum and could be increased by prolonged incubation. The coefficient of within and between assay variation at the 50% inhibition level was 7% and 13%, respectively. The mean index of discrimination (RRA/RIA) was 1.02, expressed by the slope of the regression curve. The coefficient of correlation was 0.97. In all women, the LH surge was detected by RRA, and the subsequent ovulation was verified within 30 h by endoscopic examination of the ovaries, as well as serum progesterone concentrations of more than 5 ng/ml on the fifth day after ovulation. As shown, prospective ovulation timing can be done by this simple and accurate method. The RRA can be useful in infertility therapy such as artificial insemination.", "contents": "Detection of ovulation by a radioreceptor assay for human luteinizing hormone. A specific, sensitive, and rapid radioreceptor assay (RRA), employing membranes from bovine testes as receptor and [125I]hLH as radioligand, has been developed for measurement of human LH in serum. This RRA was used to determine the time of ovulation in seven women. For comparison, four hourly values around midcycle were measured by RIA. The sensitivity of the RRA was 0.78 ng/ml serum and could be increased by prolonged incubation. The coefficient of within and between assay variation at the 50% inhibition level was 7% and 13%, respectively. The mean index of discrimination (RRA/RIA) was 1.02, expressed by the slope of the regression curve. The coefficient of correlation was 0.97. In all women, the LH surge was detected by RRA, and the subsequent ovulation was verified within 30 h by endoscopic examination of the ovaries, as well as serum progesterone concentrations of more than 5 ng/ml on the fifth day after ovulation. As shown, prospective ovulation timing can be done by this simple and accurate method. The RRA can be useful in infertility therapy such as artificial insemination."}
{"id": "PMID:122441", "title": "Effect of chronic administration of estrogen, androgen, or both on serum levels of gonadotropins in adult men.", "content": "Ethinyl estradiol (50 micrograms/day) or fluoxymesterone (10 or 20 mg/day), chosen because each is orally active and because fluoxymesterone is probably not converted to an estrogen, were given alone and in combination to adult men over several weeks. Measurements were made of serum FSH, LH, testosterone, and estradiol. The estrogen given alone suppressed serum FSH while the androgen given alone did not; however, the androgen may have enhanced the suppressive effect of the estrogen on the serum FSH. Neither steroid alone changed the serum LH but both together suppressed it. The estrogen alone decreased the serum testosterone, an effect probably mediated by the concomitant fall in serum FSH and a resulting decrease in sensitivity to the constant level of LH; a direct effect of estrogen on the testis seems less likely. The doses of estrogen and androgen used probably had a biologic effect equal to or somewhat above that of endogenously produced estrogen and androgen and thus reflected the maximum physiological effects of the endogenous steroids. Thus, in the chronic physiological control of FSH and LH in adult men, these data indicate that (1) testosterone alone, as an androgen, has little effect on FSH or LH, (2) estradiol (or total estrogen) has a greater suppressive effect on FSH than on LH and by its effect on FSH may indirectly regulate the secretion of testosterone, and (3) testosterone and estradiol together may be involved in the regulation of both FSH and LH.", "contents": "Effect of chronic administration of estrogen, androgen, or both on serum levels of gonadotropins in adult men. Ethinyl estradiol (50 micrograms/day) or fluoxymesterone (10 or 20 mg/day), chosen because each is orally active and because fluoxymesterone is probably not converted to an estrogen, were given alone and in combination to adult men over several weeks. Measurements were made of serum FSH, LH, testosterone, and estradiol. The estrogen given alone suppressed serum FSH while the androgen given alone did not; however, the androgen may have enhanced the suppressive effect of the estrogen on the serum FSH. Neither steroid alone changed the serum LH but both together suppressed it. The estrogen alone decreased the serum testosterone, an effect probably mediated by the concomitant fall in serum FSH and a resulting decrease in sensitivity to the constant level of LH; a direct effect of estrogen on the testis seems less likely. The doses of estrogen and androgen used probably had a biologic effect equal to or somewhat above that of endogenously produced estrogen and androgen and thus reflected the maximum physiological effects of the endogenous steroids. Thus, in the chronic physiological control of FSH and LH in adult men, these data indicate that (1) testosterone alone, as an androgen, has little effect on FSH or LH, (2) estradiol (or total estrogen) has a greater suppressive effect on FSH than on LH and by its effect on FSH may indirectly regulate the secretion of testosterone, and (3) testosterone and estradiol together may be involved in the regulation of both FSH and LH."}
{"id": "PMID:122442", "title": "Gynecomastia as a familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism type 1: a limited androgen resistance syndrome.", "content": "Four postpubertal 46 XY male patients with an inherited form of bilateral gynecomastia were studied to delineate the nature of the disease. Normal serum FSH and moderately elevated serum LH with concomitantly increased circulating levels of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) were found persistently in all cases in blood samples drawn at frequent intervals. LRH pituitary stimulation resulted in an exaggerated LH response and a normal FSH response. Chronic administration of T-cyclopentylate failed to decrease serum LH levels. The peripheral conversion rate of androstenedione to estrone was within normal limits. All patients had low ejaculate volumes with relatively normal spermatozoa counts. Testicular biopsies revealed normal Leydig cells and complete spermatogenesis. Urological examination disclosed that the prostate gland was extremely small. The breast tissue demonstrated the presence of tubular structures as well as the specific binding of [3H]T and [3H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which was inhibited by nonlabeled T, DHT, E2, and progesterone, but not by cortisol. The pedigree suggested a recessive X-linked inherited trait. A patient with a nonfamilial form of gynecomastia served as a control in all studies. These data were interpreted as demonstrating that this inherited type of gynecomastia represents the mildest expression of the androgen resistance syndromes and, therefore, belongs to the type 1 form of familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism.", "contents": "Gynecomastia as a familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism type 1: a limited androgen resistance syndrome. Four postpubertal 46 XY male patients with an inherited form of bilateral gynecomastia were studied to delineate the nature of the disease. Normal serum FSH and moderately elevated serum LH with concomitantly increased circulating levels of testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) were found persistently in all cases in blood samples drawn at frequent intervals. LRH pituitary stimulation resulted in an exaggerated LH response and a normal FSH response. Chronic administration of T-cyclopentylate failed to decrease serum LH levels. The peripheral conversion rate of androstenedione to estrone was within normal limits. All patients had low ejaculate volumes with relatively normal spermatozoa counts. Testicular biopsies revealed normal Leydig cells and complete spermatogenesis. Urological examination disclosed that the prostate gland was extremely small. The breast tissue demonstrated the presence of tubular structures as well as the specific binding of [3H]T and [3H]dihydrotestosterone (DHT), which was inhibited by nonlabeled T, DHT, E2, and progesterone, but not by cortisol. The pedigree suggested a recessive X-linked inherited trait. A patient with a nonfamilial form of gynecomastia served as a control in all studies. These data were interpreted as demonstrating that this inherited type of gynecomastia represents the mildest expression of the androgen resistance syndromes and, therefore, belongs to the type 1 form of familial incomplete male pseudohermaphroditism."}
{"id": "PMID:122443", "title": "Radiographic features of fucosidosis.", "content": "Fucosidosis is an uncommonly recognized lysosomal storage disease which presents with psychomotor deterioration and progressing in some cases to death. The roentgenographic findings in five boys from three families are described. Skeletal abnormalities of a dysostosis multiplex nature are present and though not diagnostic should direct the clinician to perform appropriate biochemical and tissue assay studies to establish the diagnosis.", "contents": "Radiographic features of fucosidosis. Fucosidosis is an uncommonly recognized lysosomal storage disease which presents with psychomotor deterioration and progressing in some cases to death. The roentgenographic findings in five boys from three families are described. Skeletal abnormalities of a dysostosis multiplex nature are present and though not diagnostic should direct the clinician to perform appropriate biochemical and tissue assay studies to establish the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:122444", "title": "[Comparison of the transplacental effect of luminal and epileptic seizures in pregnant rabbits on the development of the fetal nervous system].", "content": "The aim of the study was to compare the effect of phenobarbital given to pregnant rabbits and of epileptic seizures on the course of pregnancy, the physical state, and central nervous system development of newborns. Phenobarbital was given orally during whole pregnancy or for the last ten days in amounts 18,5 mg/kg/body weight = 0,1 DL 50. Seizures of \"grand mal\" type were evoked with electrostimulator every day since the tenth day of pregnancy. Phenobarbital penetrates via placenta, reaches the organs of all fetuses, and seizures provoke hypoxaemia of fetuses. Phenobarbital administered during whole pregnancy exerts an teratogenous effect. Both injurious factors applied after teratogenous period cause a retardation of general development of fetuses. After phenobarbital administration slight brain lesions are visible in the light, electron microscopical and histochemical examination. More evident was the retardation of the development of the central nervous system after both of the examined injurious factors. In the brain stem and in the cortex the neurons are less mature and the synaptic junctions in the cortex are less numerous. In our experimental models phenobarbital seems to evoke more noxious effect than seizures in mothers.", "contents": "[Comparison of the transplacental effect of luminal and epileptic seizures in pregnant rabbits on the development of the fetal nervous system]. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of phenobarbital given to pregnant rabbits and of epileptic seizures on the course of pregnancy, the physical state, and central nervous system development of newborns. Phenobarbital was given orally during whole pregnancy or for the last ten days in amounts 18,5 mg/kg/body weight = 0,1 DL 50. Seizures of \"grand mal\" type were evoked with electrostimulator every day since the tenth day of pregnancy. Phenobarbital penetrates via placenta, reaches the organs of all fetuses, and seizures provoke hypoxaemia of fetuses. Phenobarbital administered during whole pregnancy exerts an teratogenous effect. Both injurious factors applied after teratogenous period cause a retardation of general development of fetuses. After phenobarbital administration slight brain lesions are visible in the light, electron microscopical and histochemical examination. More evident was the retardation of the development of the central nervous system after both of the examined injurious factors. In the brain stem and in the cortex the neurons are less mature and the synaptic junctions in the cortex are less numerous. In our experimental models phenobarbital seems to evoke more noxious effect than seizures in mothers."}
{"id": "PMID:122445", "title": "On the role of ascending catecholaminergic systems in intravenous self-administration of cocaine.", "content": "The role of ascending noradrenergic (NA) and dopaminergic (DA) systems in intravenous self-administration of cocaine in rats was investigated by examining the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of these systems on responding for the drug on a FR-1 schedule of reinforcement. Lesions of the dorsal and ventral NA bundles that reduced hippocampal-cortical NA by 96% and hypothalamic NA by 72% failed to have any effects on responding for cocaine. Lesions of the nucleus accumbens that reduced the DA content of this nucleus by 90% resulted in a significant and long-lasting (15 days) reduction in self-administration of cocaine. Apomorphine self-administration was not affected in the same animals. Identical lesions of the n accumbens had only transient (2-3 days) effects on food-reinforced operant responding, suggesting that the prolonged disruption of cocaine self-administration was not the result of motor deficits. The results are discussed with reference to the possibility that DA terminals in the n accumbens may mediate some of the positive reinforcing properties of cocaine.", "contents": "On the role of ascending catecholaminergic systems in intravenous self-administration of cocaine. The role of ascending noradrenergic (NA) and dopaminergic (DA) systems in intravenous self-administration of cocaine in rats was investigated by examining the effects of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of these systems on responding for the drug on a FR-1 schedule of reinforcement. Lesions of the dorsal and ventral NA bundles that reduced hippocampal-cortical NA by 96% and hypothalamic NA by 72% failed to have any effects on responding for cocaine. Lesions of the nucleus accumbens that reduced the DA content of this nucleus by 90% resulted in a significant and long-lasting (15 days) reduction in self-administration of cocaine. Apomorphine self-administration was not affected in the same animals. Identical lesions of the n accumbens had only transient (2-3 days) effects on food-reinforced operant responding, suggesting that the prolonged disruption of cocaine self-administration was not the result of motor deficits. The results are discussed with reference to the possibility that DA terminals in the n accumbens may mediate some of the positive reinforcing properties of cocaine."}
{"id": "PMID:122446", "title": "Alpha-L-fucosidase in cultured bone marrow fibroblasts from fucosidosis patients.", "content": "Bone marrow fibroblasts were cultured from two patients with fucosidosis type 2, six control subjects, and three patients with other lysosomal disorders. Optimal conditions for measuring alpha-L-fucosidase activity in lysates of these cells with the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-L-fucoside were established. The pH profile of normal bone marrow fibroblasts showed three peaks and a shoulder of enzymatic activity, with maximum activity at pH 4.75. In cells derived from fucosidosis patients two peaks of apparent alpha-L-fucosidase activity were obtained; the pH optimum was 4.5. alpha-L-Fucosidase activity (mean +/- SD) in the fucosidosis and control bone marrow fibroblasts was 2.5 and 312.4 +/- 10.9 nmoles 4-methylumbelliferone per milligram protein per hour, respectively. A reduction in the apparent specific enzymatic activity in the fucosidosis cells was observed by using increasing concentrations of cellular protein in the assay system. Mixing experiments between normal and fucosidosis cells gave the expected activities. These findings indicate that cultured bone marrow fibroblasts can be used for the diagnosis and study of fucosidosis.", "contents": "Alpha-L-fucosidase in cultured bone marrow fibroblasts from fucosidosis patients. Bone marrow fibroblasts were cultured from two patients with fucosidosis type 2, six control subjects, and three patients with other lysosomal disorders. Optimal conditions for measuring alpha-L-fucosidase activity in lysates of these cells with the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-alpha-L-fucoside were established. The pH profile of normal bone marrow fibroblasts showed three peaks and a shoulder of enzymatic activity, with maximum activity at pH 4.75. In cells derived from fucosidosis patients two peaks of apparent alpha-L-fucosidase activity were obtained; the pH optimum was 4.5. alpha-L-Fucosidase activity (mean +/- SD) in the fucosidosis and control bone marrow fibroblasts was 2.5 and 312.4 +/- 10.9 nmoles 4-methylumbelliferone per milligram protein per hour, respectively. A reduction in the apparent specific enzymatic activity in the fucosidosis cells was observed by using increasing concentrations of cellular protein in the assay system. Mixing experiments between normal and fucosidosis cells gave the expected activities. These findings indicate that cultured bone marrow fibroblasts can be used for the diagnosis and study of fucosidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:122447", "title": "Analysis of the gross anatomical variations found in four cases of trisomy 13.", "content": "The variations and defects observed during detailed gross anatomical dissections of four cases of trisomy 13 are described. Emphasis is on the muscular system where previously undocumented variations, absences, and supernumerary elements were observed. A muscle phenotype which includes absence of palmaris longus, palmaris brevis, plantaris, and peroneus tertius, the presence of pectorodorsalis muscles and muscles from the central tendon of the diaphragm to the pericardium near the pulmonary veins, and variations in the extensor indicis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, biceps, and suprahyoid muscles is discussed. The brain defects which include absent olfactory bulbs and tracts and hypoplastic commissures are compared to those defects seen in cases of alobar holoprosencephaly wherein severe defects of the ethmoid bone are concomitants. Previously well-documented defects of the viscera are included.", "contents": "Analysis of the gross anatomical variations found in four cases of trisomy 13. The variations and defects observed during detailed gross anatomical dissections of four cases of trisomy 13 are described. Emphasis is on the muscular system where previously undocumented variations, absences, and supernumerary elements were observed. A muscle phenotype which includes absence of palmaris longus, palmaris brevis, plantaris, and peroneus tertius, the presence of pectorodorsalis muscles and muscles from the central tendon of the diaphragm to the pericardium near the pulmonary veins, and variations in the extensor indicis, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, biceps, and suprahyoid muscles is discussed. The brain defects which include absent olfactory bulbs and tracts and hypoplastic commissures are compared to those defects seen in cases of alobar holoprosencephaly wherein severe defects of the ethmoid bone are concomitants. Previously well-documented defects of the viscera are included."}
{"id": "PMID:122449", "title": "Endocrine regulation of reproductive development and function in the male.", "content": "Sexual development is an ordered process that begins at the moment of fertilization and terminates with the production and transfer of viable gametes. The formation of the male gonad depends upon genes located on both sex chromosomes and autosomes. Differentiation and growth of the male reproductive system is directed by the fetal testis through the production of a putative peptide which causes the regression of the Mullerian ducts and the secretion of testosterone which virilizes the Wolffian duct and thereby directs the differentiation of the internal accessory structures of reproduction. A third hormone, dihydrotestosterone, is synthesized intracellularly from testosterone within the urogenital sinus and tubercle. The action of this hormone controls the formation of the prostate and the external genitalia characteristic of the male phenotype. The postnatal growth of the testis and accessory sex tissues follows a characteristic curvilinear pattern with the most prominent increments coincident with the onset in testosterone production. Spermatogonial differentiation may proceed in the absence of hypophyseal or gonadal hormones but the respective maturation divisions of primary and secondary spermatocytes and the completion of spermiogenesis are clearly dependent upon testicular steroids produced under the influence of LH. Germ cells differentiate in a unique environment created, in part, by the blood testis barrier which arises as a result of tight-junctional complexes formed between adjacent Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells actively secrete fluids and export an androgen binding protein under the influence of androgens and FSH. Maintenance of spermatogenesis depends on high intratubular concentrations of testosterone, provided in part by the steroidogenic actions of LH on the Leydig cell and, in part, by the production of androgen binding protein by the Sertoli cell. Thus, both gonadotropins act in concert to maintain germ cell production. Selective removal of either LH or FSH curtails sperm production but testosterone supplementation, in adequate amounts, allows spermatogenesis to proceed in the absence of the pituitary gland.", "contents": "Endocrine regulation of reproductive development and function in the male. Sexual development is an ordered process that begins at the moment of fertilization and terminates with the production and transfer of viable gametes. The formation of the male gonad depends upon genes located on both sex chromosomes and autosomes. Differentiation and growth of the male reproductive system is directed by the fetal testis through the production of a putative peptide which causes the regression of the Mullerian ducts and the secretion of testosterone which virilizes the Wolffian duct and thereby directs the differentiation of the internal accessory structures of reproduction. A third hormone, dihydrotestosterone, is synthesized intracellularly from testosterone within the urogenital sinus and tubercle. The action of this hormone controls the formation of the prostate and the external genitalia characteristic of the male phenotype. The postnatal growth of the testis and accessory sex tissues follows a characteristic curvilinear pattern with the most prominent increments coincident with the onset in testosterone production. Spermatogonial differentiation may proceed in the absence of hypophyseal or gonadal hormones but the respective maturation divisions of primary and secondary spermatocytes and the completion of spermiogenesis are clearly dependent upon testicular steroids produced under the influence of LH. Germ cells differentiate in a unique environment created, in part, by the blood testis barrier which arises as a result of tight-junctional complexes formed between adjacent Sertoli cells. Sertoli cells actively secrete fluids and export an androgen binding protein under the influence of androgens and FSH. Maintenance of spermatogenesis depends on high intratubular concentrations of testosterone, provided in part by the steroidogenic actions of LH on the Leydig cell and, in part, by the production of androgen binding protein by the Sertoli cell. Thus, both gonadotropins act in concert to maintain germ cell production. Selective removal of either LH or FSH curtails sperm production but testosterone supplementation, in adequate amounts, allows spermatogenesis to proceed in the absence of the pituitary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:122450", "title": "Controlled evaluation of a hospital-originated community transitional system.", "content": "The effect of a treatment program (E) providing inpatient care, a day hospital, community housing, and sheltered work are compared with a program (C) emphasizing rapid discharge. A group of 94 male general psychiatric patients were randomized to the two units. Outcome data collected at 18 months from admission revealed small but significant differences between the total samples in employment, maintenance of treatment contact, use of medication, and social adjustment. More C than E patients were in the hospital after the 14th month. Program effects varied considerably with patient type. Patients with less social disability had somewhat better employment outcomes with the E program, but no differences in use of services. Patients with a better prognosis by measure of psychopathology (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory cluster and diagnosis of schizophrenia) spent less inpatient time in the E program, but were not helped to better employment outcomes. Patients with greater social handicap were not differentially affected. More E patients than C with a poorer prognosis stayed in outpatient treatment and used antipsychotic medications. Patients in the E group with better previous employment and more social isolation used the E day hospital and community housing more heavily than other E subgroups.", "contents": "Controlled evaluation of a hospital-originated community transitional system. The effect of a treatment program (E) providing inpatient care, a day hospital, community housing, and sheltered work are compared with a program (C) emphasizing rapid discharge. A group of 94 male general psychiatric patients were randomized to the two units. Outcome data collected at 18 months from admission revealed small but significant differences between the total samples in employment, maintenance of treatment contact, use of medication, and social adjustment. More C than E patients were in the hospital after the 14th month. Program effects varied considerably with patient type. Patients with less social disability had somewhat better employment outcomes with the E program, but no differences in use of services. Patients with a better prognosis by measure of psychopathology (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory cluster and diagnosis of schizophrenia) spent less inpatient time in the E program, but were not helped to better employment outcomes. Patients with greater social handicap were not differentially affected. More E patients than C with a poorer prognosis stayed in outpatient treatment and used antipsychotic medications. Patients in the E group with better previous employment and more social isolation used the E day hospital and community housing more heavily than other E subgroups."}
{"id": "PMID:122452", "title": "[The meningoencephalitis syndrome in brain tumor].", "content": "In an evaluation of the medical records of 765 patients with brain tumours treated since 1951 in our clinic we selected those cases where there was a pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid of more than 15/3 cells. We were interested to know whether a connection which would help diagnosis could be made between the occurrence and the degree of pleocytosis, the biological valence and the localisation of the tumour. In 181 cases (24%) there were more than 15/3 cells. Therefore, no conclusions about biological valence and tumour localisation could be drawn from the aspect of the cell picture which we observed and from the degree of pleocytosis. Basically, the occurrence of pleocytoses was more frequent in the case of malignant tumours and those tumours associated with the fluid canal system (plexus papillomata, ependymomata, craniopharyngeomata). Problems of unspecific meningeal irritative syndromes are being discussed in connection with brain tumours. These are being clarified on the basis of selected cases.", "contents": "[The meningoencephalitis syndrome in brain tumor]. In an evaluation of the medical records of 765 patients with brain tumours treated since 1951 in our clinic we selected those cases where there was a pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid of more than 15/3 cells. We were interested to know whether a connection which would help diagnosis could be made between the occurrence and the degree of pleocytosis, the biological valence and the localisation of the tumour. In 181 cases (24%) there were more than 15/3 cells. Therefore, no conclusions about biological valence and tumour localisation could be drawn from the aspect of the cell picture which we observed and from the degree of pleocytosis. Basically, the occurrence of pleocytoses was more frequent in the case of malignant tumours and those tumours associated with the fluid canal system (plexus papillomata, ependymomata, craniopharyngeomata). Problems of unspecific meningeal irritative syndromes are being discussed in connection with brain tumours. These are being clarified on the basis of selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:122453", "title": "[Acute psychoses of advanced age].", "content": "The group of acute psychoses in later life comprises: 1. acute psychotic pictures at the commencement or during the course of organic breakdown; 2. strictly speaking exogenous (symptomatic) psychoses 3. acute psychotic conditions during the processes in particular of endogenous psychoses; and 4. psychoreactive and situationally conditioned psychoses. In all these nosologically heterogeneous forms certain characteristics regarding their appearance and course can be perceived which are related to age a rudimentary type of syndromic pictures, their particular \"senile\" colouration, a preponderance of short and recurrent psychotic periods, a not infrequent change to dementia, and the occurrence of illnesses typical of old people (amnestic states of disorientation, complete optical illusions, etc.). The outlook for acute psychoses in later life is gloomy (almost 50% fatality); the recognition of basic illnesses causes particular difficulties. Some special clinical forms are being more intensively analysed.", "contents": "[Acute psychoses of advanced age]. The group of acute psychoses in later life comprises: 1. acute psychotic pictures at the commencement or during the course of organic breakdown; 2. strictly speaking exogenous (symptomatic) psychoses 3. acute psychotic conditions during the processes in particular of endogenous psychoses; and 4. psychoreactive and situationally conditioned psychoses. In all these nosologically heterogeneous forms certain characteristics regarding their appearance and course can be perceived which are related to age a rudimentary type of syndromic pictures, their particular \"senile\" colouration, a preponderance of short and recurrent psychotic periods, a not infrequent change to dementia, and the occurrence of illnesses typical of old people (amnestic states of disorientation, complete optical illusions, etc.). The outlook for acute psychoses in later life is gloomy (almost 50% fatality); the recognition of basic illnesses causes particular difficulties. Some special clinical forms are being more intensively analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:122454", "title": "[Catamnestic studies of 107 patients receiving inpatient treatment 1966-1969 because of attempted suicide].", "content": "An act of suicide is understood as a sort of decompensation inside a schizophrenia, a cyclic psychosis as described by Leonhard, or a reactive depression, but is in particular the expression of a depressive reaction and the end result of a depressive neurotic development. 107 patients (55 men and 52 women) were under constant treatment because of suicide attempts: 37 cases of depressive neurosis, 23 cases of depressive reaction, 7 cases of reactive depression, 10 cases of hysterical reaction, 8 alcoholics, and 22 endogenous psychotics. In 1974 there were still 50 patients under examination. 22 patients were no longer alive, 15 of which had committed suicide. Check-ups showed that the depressive neurotics and reactive depressives had an emotive personality stress, whilst the cases of depressive reaction appeared mostly beyond help.", "contents": "[Catamnestic studies of 107 patients receiving inpatient treatment 1966-1969 because of attempted suicide]. An act of suicide is understood as a sort of decompensation inside a schizophrenia, a cyclic psychosis as described by Leonhard, or a reactive depression, but is in particular the expression of a depressive reaction and the end result of a depressive neurotic development. 107 patients (55 men and 52 women) were under constant treatment because of suicide attempts: 37 cases of depressive neurosis, 23 cases of depressive reaction, 7 cases of reactive depression, 10 cases of hysterical reaction, 8 alcoholics, and 22 endogenous psychotics. In 1974 there were still 50 patients under examination. 22 patients were no longer alive, 15 of which had committed suicide. Check-ups showed that the depressive neurotics and reactive depressives had an emotive personality stress, whilst the cases of depressive reaction appeared mostly beyond help."}
{"id": "PMID:122455", "title": "[Psychiatric first aid by telephone--\"the telephone of trust\"].", "content": "From the experiences of the telephone system for psychiatric advice \"Telephone of Trust\" installed in CSSR in 1964, and a closer observation of the telephone point which has been operating in Brno since 1965 (with over 48 calls to its name already) recommendations are being made regarding the eventual installation and operation of these telephone points, the usefulness of which, in the sense of advice in cases of \"problems in life\", has already been demonstrated, for primary and secondary prevention of psychic disorders, crisis intervention and psycho-hygiene.", "contents": "[Psychiatric first aid by telephone--\"the telephone of trust\"]. From the experiences of the telephone system for psychiatric advice \"Telephone of Trust\" installed in CSSR in 1964, and a closer observation of the telephone point which has been operating in Brno since 1965 (with over 48 calls to its name already) recommendations are being made regarding the eventual installation and operation of these telephone points, the usefulness of which, in the sense of advice in cases of \"problems in life\", has already been demonstrated, for primary and secondary prevention of psychic disorders, crisis intervention and psycho-hygiene."}
{"id": "PMID:122456", "title": "[Motiveless extreme psychosocial forensic actions].", "content": "Theory, diagnosis and terminology of traditional psychology apply to the subject which had previously been dealt with exclusively, most of all to psychoses in which the habitual and constitutional aspects have always been in the foreground. For questions on acute psychiatry, here set down in the form of examples, the paper deals with the experience of these restrictions, the structural motivation of the process and the interpersonal situation. This is equally valid for healthy people, neurotics and psychotics.", "contents": "[Motiveless extreme psychosocial forensic actions]. Theory, diagnosis and terminology of traditional psychology apply to the subject which had previously been dealt with exclusively, most of all to psychoses in which the habitual and constitutional aspects have always been in the foreground. For questions on acute psychiatry, here set down in the form of examples, the paper deals with the experience of these restrictions, the structural motivation of the process and the interpersonal situation. This is equally valid for healthy people, neurotics and psychotics."}
{"id": "PMID:122457", "title": "[Acute disease conditions and emergency situations in psychiatry].", "content": "Beyond a fundamental observation of the characteristics of acute illnesses and emergencies in psychiatry (symptomatology, progression and personality as a pathogenic factor), pathogenic conditions (somatic causes, personality, environment) are described together with typical syndromes and therapeutic principles.", "contents": "[Acute disease conditions and emergency situations in psychiatry]. Beyond a fundamental observation of the characteristics of acute illnesses and emergencies in psychiatry (symptomatology, progression and personality as a pathogenic factor), pathogenic conditions (somatic causes, personality, environment) are described together with typical syndromes and therapeutic principles."}
{"id": "PMID:122458", "title": "[Intensive neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenias].", "content": "A report is made on the first results of the treatment with Droperidol of subacute illnesses of the schizophrenic type. Droperidol is a quick-working, very potent neuroleptic which leads to rapid comfort in cases of psychomotor conditions of agitation. The idea is discussed that Droperidol tends to accumulate and, beyond mere sedation, produces an excessive anti-psychotic effect which provides a favourable medium for the further introduction of other neuroleptics.", "contents": "[Intensive neuroleptic treatment in schizophrenias]. A report is made on the first results of the treatment with Droperidol of subacute illnesses of the schizophrenic type. Droperidol is a quick-working, very potent neuroleptic which leads to rapid comfort in cases of psychomotor conditions of agitation. The idea is discussed that Droperidol tends to accumulate and, beyond mere sedation, produces an excessive anti-psychotic effect which provides a favourable medium for the further introduction of other neuroleptics."}
{"id": "PMID:122459", "title": "[Pathophysiology of delirium].", "content": "Based on a series of known facts on clinical findings and changes in the metabolism of chronic alcoholics and delirious people the possible pathomechanism of cerebral imbalances is presented according to a synopsis. The clinical symptomatology, in particular vegetative symptoms and the coordination of reflexes - to which more attention should be paid than has been up to now - make delirium appear a diencephalic illness, the sympathicotonic and ergotropic development of which together with a preponderance of noradrenergic-adrenergic mechanisms, remains unexplained to this day.", "contents": "[Pathophysiology of delirium]. Based on a series of known facts on clinical findings and changes in the metabolism of chronic alcoholics and delirious people the possible pathomechanism of cerebral imbalances is presented according to a synopsis. The clinical symptomatology, in particular vegetative symptoms and the coordination of reflexes - to which more attention should be paid than has been up to now - make delirium appear a diencephalic illness, the sympathicotonic and ergotropic development of which together with a preponderance of noradrenergic-adrenergic mechanisms, remains unexplained to this day."}
{"id": "PMID:122460", "title": "[The danger of developing drug dependence in adolescents].", "content": "The authors, by reference to a number of patients taking higher-than-prescribed doses of tranquilizers, sedatives, and hypnotics, thus becoming addicted to using them as drugs, describe some of the motivations of juveniles to take drugs. Problems associated with habituation to the use of drugs are discussed from sociological, medical, and psychological points of view. Also, attention is drawn to the fact that disturbed secondary structures in both family and personal life as well as certain primary premorbid psychopathological structures may, in principle, lead to drug addiction. The need for early recognition and prophylaxis is pointed out.", "contents": "[The danger of developing drug dependence in adolescents]. The authors, by reference to a number of patients taking higher-than-prescribed doses of tranquilizers, sedatives, and hypnotics, thus becoming addicted to using them as drugs, describe some of the motivations of juveniles to take drugs. Problems associated with habituation to the use of drugs are discussed from sociological, medical, and psychological points of view. Also, attention is drawn to the fact that disturbed secondary structures in both family and personal life as well as certain primary premorbid psychopathological structures may, in principle, lead to drug addiction. The need for early recognition and prophylaxis is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:122462", "title": "[Complications and emergency conditions in acute inflammatory brain and spinal cord diseases].", "content": "A therapy comprising large doses of combined antibiotics and sulphonamides is the best way to prevent complications. Allowances are made for side-effects. OTC or similar widespectrum antibiotics, if there are no penicillin G or new better agents available, are to be used in conjunction with hydantoins because of the increase in excitability and the convulsivant effect, and cerebral decompensation as a result of the edematous effect should be prevented through early osmoregulation. In emergencies concerning central respiratory and circulatory disorders the best choice is artificial respiration with infusion therapy and osmoregulation. Success is gained by the use of discernment, both great and small amounts of effort, but most of all by the exercise of patience.", "contents": "[Complications and emergency conditions in acute inflammatory brain and spinal cord diseases]. A therapy comprising large doses of combined antibiotics and sulphonamides is the best way to prevent complications. Allowances are made for side-effects. OTC or similar widespectrum antibiotics, if there are no penicillin G or new better agents available, are to be used in conjunction with hydantoins because of the increase in excitability and the convulsivant effect, and cerebral decompensation as a result of the edematous effect should be prevented through early osmoregulation. In emergencies concerning central respiratory and circulatory disorders the best choice is artificial respiration with infusion therapy and osmoregulation. Success is gained by the use of discernment, both great and small amounts of effort, but most of all by the exercise of patience."}
{"id": "PMID:122463", "title": "[Acute disease pictures of cerebrovascular origin in childhood].", "content": "To summarize it can be said that an analysis of 1080 cerebral angiographies of children and juveniles up to 16 years of age and an examination of clinical results obtained for a stock of unsifted pediatric and neurosurgical patients allowed as many as 145 cases of vascular processes to be detected in children and juveniles. This number appears to be relatively large even if we consider that we are concerned here with a selected patient stock of a supraregional specialized clinic. If we also consider that the number of angiographies presently performed in cases of vascular disease processes is still comparatively small and that patients have to wait indiscussibly long times before being finally angiographed, then it is obvious that many a vascular disease process still goes undetected or is either misinterpreted or made clear at too late a time. It is here that much remains to be done in order to provide the necessary material basis, for what we still lack is the necessary number of costly diagnostic facilities with highly qualified diagnosticians as well as the necessary follow-up facilities such as, for example, neurosurgical, vasculosurgical, and intensive care units. We therefore welcome recent improvements in this direction, especially since the realization of a large-scale project would make possible an optimum diagnosis and treatment of vascular disease processes in both children and juveniles.", "contents": "[Acute disease pictures of cerebrovascular origin in childhood]. To summarize it can be said that an analysis of 1080 cerebral angiographies of children and juveniles up to 16 years of age and an examination of clinical results obtained for a stock of unsifted pediatric and neurosurgical patients allowed as many as 145 cases of vascular processes to be detected in children and juveniles. This number appears to be relatively large even if we consider that we are concerned here with a selected patient stock of a supraregional specialized clinic. If we also consider that the number of angiographies presently performed in cases of vascular disease processes is still comparatively small and that patients have to wait indiscussibly long times before being finally angiographed, then it is obvious that many a vascular disease process still goes undetected or is either misinterpreted or made clear at too late a time. It is here that much remains to be done in order to provide the necessary material basis, for what we still lack is the necessary number of costly diagnostic facilities with highly qualified diagnosticians as well as the necessary follow-up facilities such as, for example, neurosurgical, vasculosurgical, and intensive care units. We therefore welcome recent improvements in this direction, especially since the realization of a large-scale project would make possible an optimum diagnosis and treatment of vascular disease processes in both children and juveniles."}
{"id": "PMID:122464", "title": "[Diagnosis of increases in acute intracranial pressure in infancy and early childhood].", "content": "The results reported in this paper were obtained from 276 cases (babies and infants) with increases in intracranial pressure. In 88 cases the cause of disease was not clear, while 35 patients showed symptoms of an acute increase in intracranial pressure so that diagnosis was an urgent necessity. With subdural hygromata, clinical results obtained for acute rises of pressure usually differ greatly from those obtained for chronic increases of pressure. The diaphany of skull is usually negative. Fundal hemorrhages were observed in acute cases only. Critical cerebral pressures were most frequently observed in the case of tumors. The diagnosis is rather difficult. In the case of functional immaturity of the brain localized neurological symptoms are not usually observed. The cerebral pressure is generally counterbalanced for a long time so that an acute cerebral symptomatology is not produced until tumoral complications, shifts in cerebrospinal fluid passages, intracranial mass shifts, or tumoral hemorrhages occur. Unlike all other groups of diseases, symptoms of rises of intracranial pressure were very marked. Malformations of the posterior cranical fossa included acute occlusions in the case of Dandy-Walker syndromes and arachnoidal cysts. In the case of severe cerebral malformations, acute increases in intracranial pressure are sometimes erroneously concluded from an abnormal increase of the size of head accompanied by a complete lack of reactions on the part of children affected with them. Children with hydrocephalus caused by a disturbance of the circulation of liquor are now treated with pressure-controlled liquor drainage systems. Critical cerebral pressures may occur if the drainage system suddenly fails to operate properly.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of increases in acute intracranial pressure in infancy and early childhood]. The results reported in this paper were obtained from 276 cases (babies and infants) with increases in intracranial pressure. In 88 cases the cause of disease was not clear, while 35 patients showed symptoms of an acute increase in intracranial pressure so that diagnosis was an urgent necessity. With subdural hygromata, clinical results obtained for acute rises of pressure usually differ greatly from those obtained for chronic increases of pressure. The diaphany of skull is usually negative. Fundal hemorrhages were observed in acute cases only. Critical cerebral pressures were most frequently observed in the case of tumors. The diagnosis is rather difficult. In the case of functional immaturity of the brain localized neurological symptoms are not usually observed. The cerebral pressure is generally counterbalanced for a long time so that an acute cerebral symptomatology is not produced until tumoral complications, shifts in cerebrospinal fluid passages, intracranial mass shifts, or tumoral hemorrhages occur. Unlike all other groups of diseases, symptoms of rises of intracranial pressure were very marked. Malformations of the posterior cranical fossa included acute occlusions in the case of Dandy-Walker syndromes and arachnoidal cysts. In the case of severe cerebral malformations, acute increases in intracranial pressure are sometimes erroneously concluded from an abnormal increase of the size of head accompanied by a complete lack of reactions on the part of children affected with them. Children with hydrocephalus caused by a disturbance of the circulation of liquor are now treated with pressure-controlled liquor drainage systems. Critical cerebral pressures may occur if the drainage system suddenly fails to operate properly."}
{"id": "PMID:122465", "title": "[Post-traumatic intracranial pressure crisis in childhood].", "content": "The author in his present paper discusses traumatic cerebral pressure crises with particular reference to the aggregate of symptoms involved, the therapy to be employed, and the results of treatment obtained. So far as measurements of the pressure of liquor are concerned, single measurements were found to yield reliable values in rare cases only. On the other hand, the value of the pressure of liquor, when used in combination with the arterial systemic pressure, permits to roughly determine the cerebral perfusion pressure and build a suitable therapy thereon. Hyperventilation therapy, the use of which is strongly recommended here, has proved a very important addition to cerebral pressure treatment.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic intracranial pressure crisis in childhood]. The author in his present paper discusses traumatic cerebral pressure crises with particular reference to the aggregate of symptoms involved, the therapy to be employed, and the results of treatment obtained. So far as measurements of the pressure of liquor are concerned, single measurements were found to yield reliable values in rare cases only. On the other hand, the value of the pressure of liquor, when used in combination with the arterial systemic pressure, permits to roughly determine the cerebral perfusion pressure and build a suitable therapy thereon. Hyperventilation therapy, the use of which is strongly recommended here, has proved a very important addition to cerebral pressure treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:122466", "title": "[Prognosis of childhood brain injuries in relation to acute post-traumatic syndrome].", "content": "Long-time follow-up examinations of 196 children, who had been suffering from severe and moderately severe cerebral traumata, gave abundant proof of the view that neurological disorders occurring at the age of childhood are characterized by a positive development of the disease, a view that is held by all authors. Cerebral ailments characterized by attacks usually manifest themselves within one year after the accident. The younger the children at the time of accident, the higher the number of posttraumatic diseases characterized by attacks. Children with convulsive phenomena in the acute posttraumatic phase usually show a greater tendency toward later diseases characterized by attacks. Every fourth child with initial convulsions and every seventh child without such an early symptomatology suffered from attacks in the further course of disease. Four out of 32 children were, in spite of careful treatment, not free from attacks after 10 years from the accident. The younger a child is at the time of accident the more unfavorable is the prognosis as regards personality development, intelligence, and scholastic records. Also, there is a clear dependence upon the severity of the cerebral trauma. Most pronounced permanent handicaps were observed in young children with severe cerebral traumata. A posttraumatic ailment characterized by attacks tends to worsen any prognosis.", "contents": "[Prognosis of childhood brain injuries in relation to acute post-traumatic syndrome]. Long-time follow-up examinations of 196 children, who had been suffering from severe and moderately severe cerebral traumata, gave abundant proof of the view that neurological disorders occurring at the age of childhood are characterized by a positive development of the disease, a view that is held by all authors. Cerebral ailments characterized by attacks usually manifest themselves within one year after the accident. The younger the children at the time of accident, the higher the number of posttraumatic diseases characterized by attacks. Children with convulsive phenomena in the acute posttraumatic phase usually show a greater tendency toward later diseases characterized by attacks. Every fourth child with initial convulsions and every seventh child without such an early symptomatology suffered from attacks in the further course of disease. Four out of 32 children were, in spite of careful treatment, not free from attacks after 10 years from the accident. The younger a child is at the time of accident the more unfavorable is the prognosis as regards personality development, intelligence, and scholastic records. Also, there is a clear dependence upon the severity of the cerebral trauma. Most pronounced permanent handicaps were observed in young children with severe cerebral traumata. A posttraumatic ailment characterized by attacks tends to worsen any prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:122467", "title": "[Early therapy of an apallic syndrome in childhood].", "content": "The various phenomenal forms of apallic syndromes are described from an etiological point of view, and it is shown that remission may be expected only in cases of apallic syndromes occurring as a result of acute traumatic, inflammatory, and metabolic and toxic processes. It is only in such cases that the use of all available means of reanimation treatment is fully justifiable. The most important aspects of maintaining vital functions especially in the initial stage as well as in the transitional phase of the apallic syndrome are described by the authors who also emphasize the necessity for continuous integrative cooperation between anesthetists and specialists in pediatric neuropsychiatry.", "contents": "[Early therapy of an apallic syndrome in childhood]. The various phenomenal forms of apallic syndromes are described from an etiological point of view, and it is shown that remission may be expected only in cases of apallic syndromes occurring as a result of acute traumatic, inflammatory, and metabolic and toxic processes. It is only in such cases that the use of all available means of reanimation treatment is fully justifiable. The most important aspects of maintaining vital functions especially in the initial stage as well as in the transitional phase of the apallic syndrome are described by the authors who also emphasize the necessity for continuous integrative cooperation between anesthetists and specialists in pediatric neuropsychiatry."}
{"id": "PMID:122468", "title": "[Encephalic syndrome following trauma of the cervical vertebrae in childhood].", "content": "The author, by explaining and taking the \"encephalic syndrome\", which was first described in 1949 by B\u00e4rtschi and Rochaix, as a base, gives a detailed description of a corresponding syndrome for the age of childhood. After discussing the clinical symptomatology, course of disease, etiology, and pathogenesis, he describes the method of differential diagnosis that allows a clear distinction to be made between the encephalic syndrome and commotio cerebri and commotio spinalis. From a stock of 50 patients with vertebragenic headache it was possible to isolate 5 cases with encephalic syndromes due to cervical vertebral column traumata. The actual number of such cases would doubtless be much higher if it would be possible for pediatric neurologists to examine all cases of craniocerebral traumata in children. The clinical characteristic - according to anamnestic, actual clinical, and catamnestic findings - was a chronical and progressive symptomatology of headache after the disappearance of symptoms of commotion with resistance to therapy with conservative agents since this is a vertebragenic type of headache (\"cervical migraine\") caused by either a blockade of the upper cephalic joints or insufficiency of ligaments. The necessity of establishing a specific diagnosis arises from the fact that this allows the ailment to be treated by methods of manual and physical therapy, relieving both mother and child from the diagnosis of damage to the brain, which is highly disadvantageous to them from a social prognosis point of view.", "contents": "[Encephalic syndrome following trauma of the cervical vertebrae in childhood]. The author, by explaining and taking the \"encephalic syndrome\", which was first described in 1949 by B\u00e4rtschi and Rochaix, as a base, gives a detailed description of a corresponding syndrome for the age of childhood. After discussing the clinical symptomatology, course of disease, etiology, and pathogenesis, he describes the method of differential diagnosis that allows a clear distinction to be made between the encephalic syndrome and commotio cerebri and commotio spinalis. From a stock of 50 patients with vertebragenic headache it was possible to isolate 5 cases with encephalic syndromes due to cervical vertebral column traumata. The actual number of such cases would doubtless be much higher if it would be possible for pediatric neurologists to examine all cases of craniocerebral traumata in children. The clinical characteristic - according to anamnestic, actual clinical, and catamnestic findings - was a chronical and progressive symptomatology of headache after the disappearance of symptoms of commotion with resistance to therapy with conservative agents since this is a vertebragenic type of headache (\"cervical migraine\") caused by either a blockade of the upper cephalic joints or insufficiency of ligaments. The necessity of establishing a specific diagnosis arises from the fact that this allows the ailment to be treated by methods of manual and physical therapy, relieving both mother and child from the diagnosis of damage to the brain, which is highly disadvantageous to them from a social prognosis point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:122469", "title": "[Problematic psychological status of epileptic children].", "content": "Among 1000 patients receiving medical treatment at the Budapest Center of Medical Care for Epileptic Children it was possible to repeatedly observe seizure-independent psychic conditions of a critical character. Those conditions which were most frequently observed were classified into six groups, namely Restlessness or pseudodementia caused by frequent seizures. Excessive doses or intolerance of drugs. Exaggerated alarm on the part of the parents. Neglect on the part of the parents. Reactive conditions in those cases where an unsuitable occupation was chosen. In the majority of cases, failures due to the contradiction between the subject's intellectual abilities and the expectations of the persons around him. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of well-timed prophylactic and therapeutic measures.", "contents": "[Problematic psychological status of epileptic children]. Among 1000 patients receiving medical treatment at the Budapest Center of Medical Care for Epileptic Children it was possible to repeatedly observe seizure-independent psychic conditions of a critical character. Those conditions which were most frequently observed were classified into six groups, namely Restlessness or pseudodementia caused by frequent seizures. Excessive doses or intolerance of drugs. Exaggerated alarm on the part of the parents. Neglect on the part of the parents. Reactive conditions in those cases where an unsuitable occupation was chosen. In the majority of cases, failures due to the contradiction between the subject's intellectual abilities and the expectations of the persons around him. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of well-timed prophylactic and therapeutic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:122470", "title": "[Convulsion in the child as emergency condition in a university polyclinic].", "content": "A total of 38 children suffering from convulsions were referred to our specialty clinic within a period of six months. However, what was necessary in this connection was that the attack of spasm should not have occurred more than 12 hours before admission to our clinic. The case histories are reported. Our diagnostic and therapeutic concepts are described.", "contents": "[Convulsion in the child as emergency condition in a university polyclinic]. A total of 38 children suffering from convulsions were referred to our specialty clinic within a period of six months. However, what was necessary in this connection was that the attack of spasm should not have occurred more than 12 hours before admission to our clinic. The case histories are reported. Our diagnostic and therapeutic concepts are described."}
{"id": "PMID:122471", "title": "[Acute myopathic syndrome].", "content": "Acute myopathic syndromes are very rarely encountered in the static neurological list of illnesses. Most of them have to do with crises, functional myopathia, for example myasthenia, paroxysmal paralyses, etc. The possibilities of therapy are outlined. A certain centralization of myological diagnoses, therapy and rehabilitation seems appropriate.", "contents": "[Acute myopathic syndrome]. Acute myopathic syndromes are very rarely encountered in the static neurological list of illnesses. Most of them have to do with crises, functional myopathia, for example myasthenia, paroxysmal paralyses, etc. The possibilities of therapy are outlined. A certain centralization of myological diagnoses, therapy and rehabilitation seems appropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:122472", "title": "[Extreme psychogenic shock states in childhood].", "content": "An attempt is made in this paper to describe a syndrome consequent upon extreme psychogenic shock situations, which has been observed in a number of children. This syndrome is characterized by panic, flight, and anxiety during the actual event, which are followed by a relatively prolonged period of exclusion from consciousness of painful memories. Besides, there may be observed neurotic symptoms manifesting themselves in a decrease in proficiency level, refusal to establish contacts with other people, and mental digestion of the events. Assimilation of the events by intensive psychotherapy seems to be possible within about six months. Also discussed in this paper is the problem of actual neurosis and the origin of preconscious repression.", "contents": "[Extreme psychogenic shock states in childhood]. An attempt is made in this paper to describe a syndrome consequent upon extreme psychogenic shock situations, which has been observed in a number of children. This syndrome is characterized by panic, flight, and anxiety during the actual event, which are followed by a relatively prolonged period of exclusion from consciousness of painful memories. Besides, there may be observed neurotic symptoms manifesting themselves in a decrease in proficiency level, refusal to establish contacts with other people, and mental digestion of the events. Assimilation of the events by intensive psychotherapy seems to be possible within about six months. Also discussed in this paper is the problem of actual neurosis and the origin of preconscious repression."}
{"id": "PMID:122473", "title": "[Suicide attempts in children. Follow-up in picture figures].", "content": "This is a report on 15 children who, after having committed acts of taking their own lives voluntarily and intentionally, were admitted, between 1971 and 1974, to the Pediatric Clinic of Neuropsychiatry, Brandenburg District Mental Hospital. The number of boys (10) was greater than the number of girls (5). Fourteen children were at the age of puberty (i.e., between 12 and 15), while only one child was under 10. A brief description is given of the various causes of suicidal acts committed by children. The children's personalities are also described. All of the patients, right from the start of impatient treatment, were included in a program of drawing and painting in addition to the medical and psychotherapeutic treatment given to them. For this creative activity, a studio was made available where the children, in the presence of the therapeutist, could make drawings or pictures with paints. The explanations given by the patients of their respective drawings or pictures were carefully recorded by the therapeutist. The pictures made by two patients, who had made several attempts upon their own lives, are presented along with the explanations given by them. One of the boys is a child who had been in an educational establishment for many years, while the other boy came from an orderly family. Regarding the therapeutical drawing and painting program it can be said that this nonverbal form of expression results in the children becoming physically and psychically relaxed, making them willing to freely explain the contents of their drawings and pictures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "[Suicide attempts in children. Follow-up in picture figures]. This is a report on 15 children who, after having committed acts of taking their own lives voluntarily and intentionally, were admitted, between 1971 and 1974, to the Pediatric Clinic of Neuropsychiatry, Brandenburg District Mental Hospital. The number of boys (10) was greater than the number of girls (5). Fourteen children were at the age of puberty (i.e., between 12 and 15), while only one child was under 10. A brief description is given of the various causes of suicidal acts committed by children. The children's personalities are also described. All of the patients, right from the start of impatient treatment, were included in a program of drawing and painting in addition to the medical and psychotherapeutic treatment given to them. For this creative activity, a studio was made available where the children, in the presence of the therapeutist, could make drawings or pictures with paints. The explanations given by the patients of their respective drawings or pictures were carefully recorded by the therapeutist. The pictures made by two patients, who had made several attempts upon their own lives, are presented along with the explanations given by them. One of the boys is a child who had been in an educational establishment for many years, while the other boy came from an orderly family. Regarding the therapeutical drawing and painting program it can be said that this nonverbal form of expression results in the children becoming physically and psychically relaxed, making them willing to freely explain the contents of their drawings and pictures.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:122474", "title": "[Acute and chronic respiratory insufficiency in diseases of the nervous system].", "content": "From the practical experience gained in a neurological intensive-care ward criteria and parameters which require specific consideration in long-term artificial respiration are reported. These empiric data were gathered in the reanimation of 490 patients suffering from different illnesses of the nervous system. Treatment was most efficient in the cases of acute poliomyelitis, polyradiculoneuritis, botulism and myasthenia gravis. A detailed account is given of the metabolic changes observed in the application of artificial respiration. The facts reported indicate that during long-term artificial respiration the blood gas metabolism changes and the vital regulatory centres adapt to the condition.", "contents": "[Acute and chronic respiratory insufficiency in diseases of the nervous system]. From the practical experience gained in a neurological intensive-care ward criteria and parameters which require specific consideration in long-term artificial respiration are reported. These empiric data were gathered in the reanimation of 490 patients suffering from different illnesses of the nervous system. Treatment was most efficient in the cases of acute poliomyelitis, polyradiculoneuritis, botulism and myasthenia gravis. A detailed account is given of the metabolic changes observed in the application of artificial respiration. The facts reported indicate that during long-term artificial respiration the blood gas metabolism changes and the vital regulatory centres adapt to the condition."}
{"id": "PMID:122475", "title": "[Prognostic significance of myoclonias in aerospace altitude studies and others with acute hypoxia-accompanied status].", "content": "Motor phenomena - mostly in the form of myoclonus in the widest sense - are not rare in aeromedical studies conducted at flight altitudes and involving severe and acute hypoxia. At the same time medium to severe general changes can be observed in the EEG. When oxygen is supplied the motor phenomena stop after a few seconds, and the EEG results become normal again. These reversible changes are contrasted with clinical findings after anoxic coma conditions and hypoxic accidents which occurred during flights and where the myoclonus survives the coma, which is an extremely grave prognostic indication.", "contents": "[Prognostic significance of myoclonias in aerospace altitude studies and others with acute hypoxia-accompanied status]. Motor phenomena - mostly in the form of myoclonus in the widest sense - are not rare in aeromedical studies conducted at flight altitudes and involving severe and acute hypoxia. At the same time medium to severe general changes can be observed in the EEG. When oxygen is supplied the motor phenomena stop after a few seconds, and the EEG results become normal again. These reversible changes are contrasted with clinical findings after anoxic coma conditions and hypoxic accidents which occurred during flights and where the myoclonus survives the coma, which is an extremely grave prognostic indication."}
{"id": "PMID:122476", "title": "[Clinical and electroencephalographic follow-up of consciousness disorders].", "content": "A report is given of the experience gained in close-meshed neurological and electroencephalographic observations of unconscious patients suffering from acute and severe brain damage of different aetiology. Only in some cases can the neurological findings be assigned to the midbrain or bulbar brain syndromes - in our material this is possible only after skull-brain traumas and subarachnoid haemorrhage but least of all after hypoxic accidents and brain operations. The vegetative functions often show inconsistency and do not always correspond with the rest of the neurological findings. Selected examples are used to make an assessment of electroencephalography in the interpretation of severe and acute brain damage.", "contents": "[Clinical and electroencephalographic follow-up of consciousness disorders]. A report is given of the experience gained in close-meshed neurological and electroencephalographic observations of unconscious patients suffering from acute and severe brain damage of different aetiology. Only in some cases can the neurological findings be assigned to the midbrain or bulbar brain syndromes - in our material this is possible only after skull-brain traumas and subarachnoid haemorrhage but least of all after hypoxic accidents and brain operations. The vegetative functions often show inconsistency and do not always correspond with the rest of the neurological findings. Selected examples are used to make an assessment of electroencephalography in the interpretation of severe and acute brain damage."}
{"id": "PMID:122477", "title": "[Frequency of different prodromal signs in cerebrovascular insult].", "content": "137 courses of illness were studied to determine, for different age groups, the incidence of early symptoms such as headache, dizziness, sleep disturbances, asynchronism, photism and singing and other sounds in the ear. The significance of prodromic signs, including uncharacteristic ones, in the overall diagnostic interpretation of cerebro-vascular insultus is indicated.", "contents": "[Frequency of different prodromal signs in cerebrovascular insult]. 137 courses of illness were studied to determine, for different age groups, the incidence of early symptoms such as headache, dizziness, sleep disturbances, asynchronism, photism and singing and other sounds in the ear. The significance of prodromic signs, including uncharacteristic ones, in the overall diagnostic interpretation of cerebro-vascular insultus is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:122478", "title": "[Value of ophthalmodynamography and ophthalmodynamometry in acute cerebrovascular processes].", "content": "Methods of examination are briefly described and findings are then reported for cerebral vascular processes. The results have been assessed in comparison with the angiographic picture. The authors conclude that both ophthalmodynamography and ophthalmodynamometry can be used to record haemodynamic changes resulting from stenosing vascular processes in the extra-cranial cerebral vascular area. The two methods are non-operative and involve little stress on the patient during examination so that they may be used for preliminary diagnostic purposes.", "contents": "[Value of ophthalmodynamography and ophthalmodynamometry in acute cerebrovascular processes]. Methods of examination are briefly described and findings are then reported for cerebral vascular processes. The results have been assessed in comparison with the angiographic picture. The authors conclude that both ophthalmodynamography and ophthalmodynamometry can be used to record haemodynamic changes resulting from stenosing vascular processes in the extra-cranial cerebral vascular area. The two methods are non-operative and involve little stress on the patient during examination so that they may be used for preliminary diagnostic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:122479", "title": "[Lipids in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in acute cerebrovascular disorders].", "content": "The cholesterol and lipoid phosphorus levels in the serum and liquor' cerebrospinalis were studied in 40 patients suffering from ischaemic cerebral lesions. A chromatographic determination was also performed for eight sub-fractions of polar and neutral fats (lysolecithin, sphingomyelin, lecithin, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, non-esterified fatty acids, cholesterol, triglyceride and cholesterol ester). Furthermore, five sub-fractions of cholesterol esters were prepared according to the degree of unsaturation in the individual fatty acids. The results were compared with a group of 25 control persons. No significant changes in the lipide sub-fractions were found in the serum. Total cholesterol was lower for cerebral haemorrhages, lipoid phosphorus was higher. In the liquor, no increase was found in total lipides but only a shift in some lipide fractions, the most pronounced being a lowering in triglyceride and an increase in free cholesterol and sphingomyelin. It would seem that a determination of lipides in the serum and liquor is not decisive for the diagnosis of acute vascular cerebral haemorrhages. These questions require thorough research and experimentation.", "contents": "[Lipids in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in acute cerebrovascular disorders]. The cholesterol and lipoid phosphorus levels in the serum and liquor' cerebrospinalis were studied in 40 patients suffering from ischaemic cerebral lesions. A chromatographic determination was also performed for eight sub-fractions of polar and neutral fats (lysolecithin, sphingomyelin, lecithin, phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, non-esterified fatty acids, cholesterol, triglyceride and cholesterol ester). Furthermore, five sub-fractions of cholesterol esters were prepared according to the degree of unsaturation in the individual fatty acids. The results were compared with a group of 25 control persons. No significant changes in the lipide sub-fractions were found in the serum. Total cholesterol was lower for cerebral haemorrhages, lipoid phosphorus was higher. In the liquor, no increase was found in total lipides but only a shift in some lipide fractions, the most pronounced being a lowering in triglyceride and an increase in free cholesterol and sphingomyelin. It would seem that a determination of lipides in the serum and liquor is not decisive for the diagnosis of acute vascular cerebral haemorrhages. These questions require thorough research and experimentation."}
{"id": "PMID:122480", "title": "[Acute cerebrovascular disorders caused by ovulation inhibitors].", "content": "Cerebral circulatory disturbances occurred in 42 women between the ages of 17 and 52 who were taking oral contraceptives. The disturbances were primarily in the form of cerebral haemorrhages. The symptoms ranged from ephemeral neurological deficiencies to massive hemi-syndromes. Complete remission occurred in 16 patients, partial remission in 24 patients, two patients died. The patients were subdivided into two age groups, one comprising 31 persons between 17 and 39, and the other 11 persons between 41 and 52 years of age. The aim was to ascertain facts which were related to the possibility of haemorrhage in women taking ovulation inhibitors. The first finding, statistically significant, was that the possibility of a cerebro-vascular disturbance increases with the period during which the pill is taken and that this possibility is especially great in the presence of migraine which may also be existent in the family, and in the case of hypertension. The second finding, not significant however, was that the risk was higher in the presence of several factors in one person. These factors include familial factors with a predisposition to migraine and thrombosis, past illnesses of the peripheral vascular system, a predisposition to allergic reactions, obesity and kidney damage. Should one of these situations or both prevail, the patient will be advised to stop taking the pill, and the contraceptive will be discontinued if certain prodromes are observed in a general form, or if focal symptoms occur.", "contents": "[Acute cerebrovascular disorders caused by ovulation inhibitors]. Cerebral circulatory disturbances occurred in 42 women between the ages of 17 and 52 who were taking oral contraceptives. The disturbances were primarily in the form of cerebral haemorrhages. The symptoms ranged from ephemeral neurological deficiencies to massive hemi-syndromes. Complete remission occurred in 16 patients, partial remission in 24 patients, two patients died. The patients were subdivided into two age groups, one comprising 31 persons between 17 and 39, and the other 11 persons between 41 and 52 years of age. The aim was to ascertain facts which were related to the possibility of haemorrhage in women taking ovulation inhibitors. The first finding, statistically significant, was that the possibility of a cerebro-vascular disturbance increases with the period during which the pill is taken and that this possibility is especially great in the presence of migraine which may also be existent in the family, and in the case of hypertension. The second finding, not significant however, was that the risk was higher in the presence of several factors in one person. These factors include familial factors with a predisposition to migraine and thrombosis, past illnesses of the peripheral vascular system, a predisposition to allergic reactions, obesity and kidney damage. Should one of these situations or both prevail, the patient will be advised to stop taking the pill, and the contraceptive will be discontinued if certain prodromes are observed in a general form, or if focal symptoms occur."}
{"id": "PMID:122481", "title": "[Experiences in intensive therapy of apoplectiform pictures of cerebrovascular insufficiency].", "content": "Our observations indicate that attention should be paid primarily to the following, in the sequence given, when applying intensive therapy to patients suffering from apoplectiform phenomena of cerebro-vascular insufficiency: keep the respiratory passages open, prevent inflammatory processes, especially bronchopneumonia, give an optimum supply of calories, water and electrolyte to patients in the comatose state, compensate for disturbances in the central regulation of respiration and circulation, combat disturbances of the acid-base balance and prevent cerebral oedema and hyperthermia from central causes. The report was to emphasize the gasometric results of our studies which indicated that 65 per cent of the patients in this group suffer from significant hypoxia and that respiratory alkalosis occurred in 34 per cent. The cause seems to be a disturbance in the respiratory passages which leads to hyperventilation and to subsequent respiratory alkalosis.", "contents": "[Experiences in intensive therapy of apoplectiform pictures of cerebrovascular insufficiency]. Our observations indicate that attention should be paid primarily to the following, in the sequence given, when applying intensive therapy to patients suffering from apoplectiform phenomena of cerebro-vascular insufficiency: keep the respiratory passages open, prevent inflammatory processes, especially bronchopneumonia, give an optimum supply of calories, water and electrolyte to patients in the comatose state, compensate for disturbances in the central regulation of respiration and circulation, combat disturbances of the acid-base balance and prevent cerebral oedema and hyperthermia from central causes. The report was to emphasize the gasometric results of our studies which indicated that 65 per cent of the patients in this group suffer from significant hypoxia and that respiratory alkalosis occurred in 34 per cent. The cause seems to be a disturbance in the respiratory passages which leads to hyperventilation and to subsequent respiratory alkalosis."}
{"id": "PMID:122484", "title": "[Detection and monitoring of high-risk children].", "content": "The authors first describe problems related to the lowering of infant mortality and deal with the terms \"high-risk factor\" and \"high-risk baby\". As a result of the dangers presented by prenatal and perinatal noxae the need arises for low-risk births and optimal care of new-born babies. The public health system must be suitably organized so that babies with case history details can be supervised and others with cerebral motor disturbances without pathological data can be registered in the case history. In the registration of the latter group child-welfare centers have an important role to play. The way in which consulting hours for high-risk children are organized is described. Between 1973 and 1977 regular examinations were made of 1.500 high-risk babies, in three groups (150 premature infants without any additional load factors, 118 premature infants showing dyspnea syndrome, 80 new-born babies with prenatal dystrophy). Of these, the 118 premature infants with dyspnea syndromes had the highest overall percentage of border-line and clearly pathological findings in all examinations. Reference is made to symptoms which point to disturbed development, and to the importance of early diagnosis and therapy in the case of cerebral motor disturbances.", "contents": "[Detection and monitoring of high-risk children]. The authors first describe problems related to the lowering of infant mortality and deal with the terms \"high-risk factor\" and \"high-risk baby\". As a result of the dangers presented by prenatal and perinatal noxae the need arises for low-risk births and optimal care of new-born babies. The public health system must be suitably organized so that babies with case history details can be supervised and others with cerebral motor disturbances without pathological data can be registered in the case history. In the registration of the latter group child-welfare centers have an important role to play. The way in which consulting hours for high-risk children are organized is described. Between 1973 and 1977 regular examinations were made of 1.500 high-risk babies, in three groups (150 premature infants without any additional load factors, 118 premature infants showing dyspnea syndrome, 80 new-born babies with prenatal dystrophy). Of these, the 118 premature infants with dyspnea syndromes had the highest overall percentage of border-line and clearly pathological findings in all examinations. Reference is made to symptoms which point to disturbed development, and to the importance of early diagnosis and therapy in the case of cerebral motor disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:122485", "title": "[Neurologic, electro- and echoencephalography studies of former high-risk children and control children].", "content": "First results of neurological, electro-encephalographic and echo-encephalographic examinations obtained from three different groups consisting of former high-risk babies (about two thirds) and control children (about one third) are presented. As was to be expected, the control group showed remarkably fewer findings which differed from the physiological variation width. The comparatively high proportion of individual results without pathological findings obtained from high-risk children indicates that reliable diagnostic conclusions can be drawn only if the results of various examination techniques are summarized. The analysis of a neurological longitudinal study of former high-risk infants reveals a trend toward recession of the neurological peculiarities over the observation period which lasted until the sixth year of age. This particularly applies to light phenomena of a neurological character which do not have syndrome character and are pathologically irrelevant. As a result of different interpretations of what \"high risks\" are, considerable problems can arise when the results of examinations performed on groups of high-risk children by various workers are to be compared.", "contents": "[Neurologic, electro- and echoencephalography studies of former high-risk children and control children]. First results of neurological, electro-encephalographic and echo-encephalographic examinations obtained from three different groups consisting of former high-risk babies (about two thirds) and control children (about one third) are presented. As was to be expected, the control group showed remarkably fewer findings which differed from the physiological variation width. The comparatively high proportion of individual results without pathological findings obtained from high-risk children indicates that reliable diagnostic conclusions can be drawn only if the results of various examination techniques are summarized. The analysis of a neurological longitudinal study of former high-risk infants reveals a trend toward recession of the neurological peculiarities over the observation period which lasted until the sixth year of age. This particularly applies to light phenomena of a neurological character which do not have syndrome character and are pathologically irrelevant. As a result of different interpretations of what \"high risks\" are, considerable problems can arise when the results of examinations performed on groups of high-risk children by various workers are to be compared."}
{"id": "PMID:122486", "title": "[Follow-up studies of high-risk children at the time of entering school in comparison with a normal group].", "content": "Somatic, neurological and psychological follow-up examinations performed on 54 high-risk children for school enrollment gave no significant differences in comparison with a randomized equal number of normal control children, with regard to physical development and maturation as indicated by carporadiograms. So far as neurological development was concerned, there was a slightly more frequent occurrence of minimal defects and, anamnestically, a marked retardation in the mastering of static functions (running) and speech development in the high-risk group. The results were in correlation with the psychological test findings. Here, too, a more frequent occurrence of impaired intellectual functions was found, which led to a greater number of deferments, conditional enrollments and transfers to special schools. Prospective examinations afford better opportunities of etiologically classifying and registering defects, including light forms. In this connection problems of screening are also discussed.", "contents": "[Follow-up studies of high-risk children at the time of entering school in comparison with a normal group]. Somatic, neurological and psychological follow-up examinations performed on 54 high-risk children for school enrollment gave no significant differences in comparison with a randomized equal number of normal control children, with regard to physical development and maturation as indicated by carporadiograms. So far as neurological development was concerned, there was a slightly more frequent occurrence of minimal defects and, anamnestically, a marked retardation in the mastering of static functions (running) and speech development in the high-risk group. The results were in correlation with the psychological test findings. Here, too, a more frequent occurrence of impaired intellectual functions was found, which led to a greater number of deferments, conditional enrollments and transfers to special schools. Prospective examinations afford better opportunities of etiologically classifying and registering defects, including light forms. In this connection problems of screening are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122487", "title": "[Catamnestic findings in breech-presentation births].", "content": "Connections exist between the delivery technique for breech presentation cases and the intellectual development of infants. Extracted infants show lower development quotients (EQ) than others delivered with a modified Bracht. Diagnostic symptoms of early brain damage are found in either group. No symptom combination appears to have a significant effect on the EQ level. A prospective delivery technique should be selected in the case of breech presentation on the basis of specific criteria.", "contents": "[Catamnestic findings in breech-presentation births]. Connections exist between the delivery technique for breech presentation cases and the intellectual development of infants. Extracted infants show lower development quotients (EQ) than others delivered with a modified Bracht. Diagnostic symptoms of early brain damage are found in either group. No symptom combination appears to have a significant effect on the EQ level. A prospective delivery technique should be selected in the case of breech presentation on the basis of specific criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:122488", "title": "[Value of the orthopedic examination of newborn infants with regard to the diagnosis of hip dislocation].", "content": "Out of a total of 10,617 new-born babies examined, 11.1 percent required supervision as a result of clinical signs pointing to a congenital dislocated hip joint, and 6 percent as a result of anamnestic indications. X-ray follow-up examinations after four months showed pathological hip joint findings in 27.7 percent of the patients under supervision. Out of a total of 1,587 new-born babies without pathological findings (both clinical and anamnestic), 1.2 percent showed pathological hip findings in an X-ray examination performed at the age of four months. The overall incidence of congenital dislocated hip joints was found to be 5.8 percent. The results point to the importance of regular and thorough hip examinations in child-welfare centers even after earlier checks on new-born babies which revealed no pathological findings.", "contents": "[Value of the orthopedic examination of newborn infants with regard to the diagnosis of hip dislocation]. Out of a total of 10,617 new-born babies examined, 11.1 percent required supervision as a result of clinical signs pointing to a congenital dislocated hip joint, and 6 percent as a result of anamnestic indications. X-ray follow-up examinations after four months showed pathological hip joint findings in 27.7 percent of the patients under supervision. Out of a total of 1,587 new-born babies without pathological findings (both clinical and anamnestic), 1.2 percent showed pathological hip findings in an X-ray examination performed at the age of four months. The overall incidence of congenital dislocated hip joints was found to be 5.8 percent. The results point to the importance of regular and thorough hip examinations in child-welfare centers even after earlier checks on new-born babies which revealed no pathological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:122489", "title": "[Development of dentition 4 to 6 years of age].", "content": "A longitudinal study has been made of the incidence of caries and malocclusion in 361 high-risk children and 180 control children aged between 4 and 6 years. A comparison of the findings obtained from the two groups showed no remarkable differences in the two areas of examination.", "contents": "[Development of dentition 4 to 6 years of age]. A longitudinal study has been made of the incidence of caries and malocclusion in 361 high-risk children and 180 control children aged between 4 and 6 years. A comparison of the findings obtained from the two groups showed no remarkable differences in the two areas of examination."}
{"id": "PMID:122490", "title": "[Significance of early detection and early treatment of the development of children with phenylketonuria].", "content": "The amino acid l-phenylalanine (PA) accounts for 3-6 percent of all food proteins. Its breakdown is mainly through change into tyrosine. This irreversible metabolic step which makes PA an essential amino acid occurs in the liver and is catalyzed by PA-hydroxylase. In the autosome-recessive phenylketonuria syndrome (PKU, medium incidence rate 1:10,000) there is no PA-hydroxylase activity in the hepatic tissue. Infants suffering from PKU are born without any visible damage, but the untreated disease leads to irreversible brain injury. In the GDR legislation for early screening has been in force since 1971, so that the disease is recognized in all new-born babies. Brain damage can be prevented by dietetic treatment which starts during the first month but not later than the second month of life. The results of examinations performed on 107 infants suffering from PKU, with different onsets of dietetic treatment, underline the fundamental importance of early recognition and treatment for optimal development.", "contents": "[Significance of early detection and early treatment of the development of children with phenylketonuria]. The amino acid l-phenylalanine (PA) accounts for 3-6 percent of all food proteins. Its breakdown is mainly through change into tyrosine. This irreversible metabolic step which makes PA an essential amino acid occurs in the liver and is catalyzed by PA-hydroxylase. In the autosome-recessive phenylketonuria syndrome (PKU, medium incidence rate 1:10,000) there is no PA-hydroxylase activity in the hepatic tissue. Infants suffering from PKU are born without any visible damage, but the untreated disease leads to irreversible brain injury. In the GDR legislation for early screening has been in force since 1971, so that the disease is recognized in all new-born babies. Brain damage can be prevented by dietetic treatment which starts during the first month but not later than the second month of life. The results of examinations performed on 107 infants suffering from PKU, with different onsets of dietetic treatment, underline the fundamental importance of early recognition and treatment for optimal development."}
{"id": "PMID:122491", "title": "[Concentration of amino acids in synaptosomes of the rat brain in the preconvulsive phase of experimentally-induced seizures].", "content": "In the synaptic vesicae of rat brains the free amino acids were determined for control animals and experimental animals during the preconvulsive phase of induced cerebral spasms. Especially high concentrations were established for taurine, glutamic acid, asparaginic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid and valine. Prior to a cerebral spasm the glutamic acid concentration is lowered in the synaptosomes.", "contents": "[Concentration of amino acids in synaptosomes of the rat brain in the preconvulsive phase of experimentally-induced seizures]. In the synaptic vesicae of rat brains the free amino acids were determined for control animals and experimental animals during the preconvulsive phase of induced cerebral spasms. Especially high concentrations were established for taurine, glutamic acid, asparaginic acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid and valine. Prior to a cerebral spasm the glutamic acid concentration is lowered in the synaptosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:122492", "title": "[Social development of epileptic children and adolescents].", "content": "A report is given on 162 cases (90 men, 72 women) ranging in age from 22-27 years, where the course of the disease, school performance, integration into professional life and social achievement has been followed over periods between 10 and 20 years. Of these patients 60 percent are free from attacks, and half of them have been for more than 10 years. Among those still suffering from attacks the great majority have psychomotor and combined fits. One quarter of the patients experienced a change in the type of attack in the course of the disease. The school performance and professional achievement of the patients are viewed in relation to the type of attack, duration of the disease and the period of freedom from attacks, and discussed. About 75 percent of the group had had satisfactory achievements at school and experienced smooth integration into working life, but only half of this percentage were still working in the occupation for which they were trained at the time of a follow-up examination. About 10 percent had to take up some other employment on account of the disease, whereas the rest gave various reasons. Social development was favorable for the majority of the patients. More than half of the women and one third of the men have married in the meantime. The crime rate was 3 percent.", "contents": "[Social development of epileptic children and adolescents]. A report is given on 162 cases (90 men, 72 women) ranging in age from 22-27 years, where the course of the disease, school performance, integration into professional life and social achievement has been followed over periods between 10 and 20 years. Of these patients 60 percent are free from attacks, and half of them have been for more than 10 years. Among those still suffering from attacks the great majority have psychomotor and combined fits. One quarter of the patients experienced a change in the type of attack in the course of the disease. The school performance and professional achievement of the patients are viewed in relation to the type of attack, duration of the disease and the period of freedom from attacks, and discussed. About 75 percent of the group had had satisfactory achievements at school and experienced smooth integration into working life, but only half of this percentage were still working in the occupation for which they were trained at the time of a follow-up examination. About 10 percent had to take up some other employment on account of the disease, whereas the rest gave various reasons. Social development was favorable for the majority of the patients. More than half of the women and one third of the men have married in the meantime. The crime rate was 3 percent."}
{"id": "PMID:122493", "title": "[Effect of post-traumatic epilepsy on the development of the child's personality].", "content": "A comparison is made between the intellectual development and school performance of children suffering from posttraumatic attacks and children who suffered brain traumas of comparable severity but no attacks afterwards. Retarded intellectual development is comparatively frequent in children suffering severe and medium brain traumas, but clearly more frequent in children showing posttraumatic attacks as opposed to those not experiencing these late complications.", "contents": "[Effect of post-traumatic epilepsy on the development of the child's personality]. A comparison is made between the intellectual development and school performance of children suffering from posttraumatic attacks and children who suffered brain traumas of comparable severity but no attacks afterwards. Retarded intellectual development is comparatively frequent in children suffering severe and medium brain traumas, but clearly more frequent in children showing posttraumatic attacks as opposed to those not experiencing these late complications."}
{"id": "PMID:122494", "title": "[Etiology and rehabilitation of lip, jaw, palate and velum clefts].", "content": "The heredity rate among the patients treated by the authors (527 cases) was 14.4 percent. Most of the schistases were caused by exogenic noxae. Of 271 children affected, 83.1 percent entered school at the normal age and 14.7 percent later, whereas 2.2 percent were found not educable. A total of 88.5 percent went to ordinary schools and 9.2 percent to special schools. At the elementary stage 10 children (6.1 percent) had to repeat a year once. The most important task in rehabilitation is the full social integration of patients, and special attention must be devoted to the early recognition of developmental disturbances and their treatment through specific advancement measures.", "contents": "[Etiology and rehabilitation of lip, jaw, palate and velum clefts]. The heredity rate among the patients treated by the authors (527 cases) was 14.4 percent. Most of the schistases were caused by exogenic noxae. Of 271 children affected, 83.1 percent entered school at the normal age and 14.7 percent later, whereas 2.2 percent were found not educable. A total of 88.5 percent went to ordinary schools and 9.2 percent to special schools. At the elementary stage 10 children (6.1 percent) had to repeat a year once. The most important task in rehabilitation is the full social integration of patients, and special attention must be devoted to the early recognition of developmental disturbances and their treatment through specific advancement measures."}
{"id": "PMID:122495", "title": "[Catamnestic studies of normally intelligent encephalopathy patients among children and adults].", "content": "Our studies show that the special features in the psychic development of encephalopaths showing normal intelligence consist in delayed motor, intellectual and educational progress. While motor retardation is reduced with age, as a result of such factors as rhythmical and psychomotor musico-therapy, individual intelligence test results drop more frequently at school age. The drop is less marked in students attending special classes, although they go back to their original schools after grade 4. The trend toward deterioration in intellectual development is reduced with age, i.e. when educational progress as encouraged by society, slows down. Despite their normal performance with regard to intelligence these students markedly lag behind their healthy contemporaries as far as performance at school is concerned.", "contents": "[Catamnestic studies of normally intelligent encephalopathy patients among children and adults]. Our studies show that the special features in the psychic development of encephalopaths showing normal intelligence consist in delayed motor, intellectual and educational progress. While motor retardation is reduced with age, as a result of such factors as rhythmical and psychomotor musico-therapy, individual intelligence test results drop more frequently at school age. The drop is less marked in students attending special classes, although they go back to their original schools after grade 4. The trend toward deterioration in intellectual development is reduced with age, i.e. when educational progress as encouraged by society, slows down. Despite their normal performance with regard to intelligence these students markedly lag behind their healthy contemporaries as far as performance at school is concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:122496", "title": "[Neurogenic disorders of bladder emptying in children].", "content": "Disturbed micturition of the neurogenic type is found in children suffering from spinal tumors and anomalies of the vertebral column. The most frequent cause is the so-called myelomeningocele. Myelodysplasia can occur in 1-2 out of every 1,000 new-born babies. Operative treatment is available today (closing the celes immediately after birth and drainage of the associated hydrocephalus) so that these children survive and their fate essentially depends on the early diagnosis and therapy of the neurogenic micturition disturbance. Urodynamic examinations and the determination of the urethra pressure profile are vital for diagnosis. Using the results four different groups can be established each requiring a specific therapy. Individual therapies must also be selected for each individual case. Apart from operative treatment, drugs and electrostimulation can be used on a large scale. The authors present their own experience and results with regard to diagnosis and therapy.", "contents": "[Neurogenic disorders of bladder emptying in children]. Disturbed micturition of the neurogenic type is found in children suffering from spinal tumors and anomalies of the vertebral column. The most frequent cause is the so-called myelomeningocele. Myelodysplasia can occur in 1-2 out of every 1,000 new-born babies. Operative treatment is available today (closing the celes immediately after birth and drainage of the associated hydrocephalus) so that these children survive and their fate essentially depends on the early diagnosis and therapy of the neurogenic micturition disturbance. Urodynamic examinations and the determination of the urethra pressure profile are vital for diagnosis. Using the results four different groups can be established each requiring a specific therapy. Individual therapies must also be selected for each individual case. Apart from operative treatment, drugs and electrostimulation can be used on a large scale. The authors present their own experience and results with regard to diagnosis and therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:122497", "title": "[Psychologic development of children with surgically treated myelodysplasias, craniostenoses and hydrocephalus].", "content": "The authors present the results of psychosomatic follow-up examinations performed on 40 children after myelodysplasia, hydrocephalus and craniostenosis operations. A total of 60 percent showed average intelligence (suitable for ordinary schools) despite considerable motor disturbances, and 27.5 percent could attend special schools. Psychic and somatic development was further differentiated using such criteria as concentration, vocabulary, running, incontinence and social conditions.", "contents": "[Psychologic development of children with surgically treated myelodysplasias, craniostenoses and hydrocephalus]. The authors present the results of psychosomatic follow-up examinations performed on 40 children after myelodysplasia, hydrocephalus and craniostenosis operations. A total of 60 percent showed average intelligence (suitable for ordinary schools) despite considerable motor disturbances, and 27.5 percent could attend special schools. Psychic and somatic development was further differentiated using such criteria as concentration, vocabulary, running, incontinence and social conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:122498", "title": "[Objective evaluation of the cerebral organic-psychiatric axis syndrome--experiences with the encephalopathy questionnaire].", "content": "This supplements the publication on \"A standardized questionnaire for behavior typical of encephalopathy\" (Meyer-Probst, 1978) which dealth with content validation and provisional calibration. The paper is concerned with external validation and, under such headings as \"Axis syndrome and milieu factors\", \"Axis syndrome and school performance\" and \"Axis syndrome and age\", presents the results from questionnaires of an extreme group comparison to illustrate the clinical and diagnostic value of the axis syndrome concept acc. to G\u00f6llnitz. Relations of dependence and the usefulness of assessment procedures are discussed, as well as the concept of the axis syndrome in connection with newer trends in specialized psychopathology research.", "contents": "[Objective evaluation of the cerebral organic-psychiatric axis syndrome--experiences with the encephalopathy questionnaire]. This supplements the publication on \"A standardized questionnaire for behavior typical of encephalopathy\" (Meyer-Probst, 1978) which dealth with content validation and provisional calibration. The paper is concerned with external validation and, under such headings as \"Axis syndrome and milieu factors\", \"Axis syndrome and school performance\" and \"Axis syndrome and age\", presents the results from questionnaires of an extreme group comparison to illustrate the clinical and diagnostic value of the axis syndrome concept acc. to G\u00f6llnitz. Relations of dependence and the usefulness of assessment procedures are discussed, as well as the concept of the axis syndrome in connection with newer trends in specialized psychopathology research."}
{"id": "PMID:122499", "title": "[Behavior of the Berger effect in boys brain-damaged in early childhood and in brain-healthy boys in a conditioning trial].", "content": "Berger effect behavior was tested in a group of 15 boys with early brain damage and a control group of 15 boys without an anamnesis of brain damage, with a view to development, conditioning ability and habituation. In the group of brain-damaged test persons the proportion of BE-positive subjects was markedly less in all trials. Habituation occurred earlier and in a larger percentage. The conditioning capacity was worse in each series. The phenomena observed suggest that subjects with early brain damage suffer from a disturbance in the general reticular action system.", "contents": "[Behavior of the Berger effect in boys brain-damaged in early childhood and in brain-healthy boys in a conditioning trial]. Berger effect behavior was tested in a group of 15 boys with early brain damage and a control group of 15 boys without an anamnesis of brain damage, with a view to development, conditioning ability and habituation. In the group of brain-damaged test persons the proportion of BE-positive subjects was markedly less in all trials. Habituation occurred earlier and in a larger percentage. The conditioning capacity was worse in each series. The phenomena observed suggest that subjects with early brain damage suffer from a disturbance in the general reticular action system."}
{"id": "PMID:122500", "title": "[Disorders of psychological performance in mentally normal school children].", "content": "The authors deal with such psychic factors as weaknesses in concentration, reading and spelling which are to a major degree responsible for failure at school. These factors often occur in combination and may indicate early brain damage, in complex interaction with milieu conditions. Ample evidence of this is given in a literature survey. Principles of concentration training and a diagnostic verification procedure are then outlined, which have been derived from an analysis of attention requirements made at school. A therapy for reading and spelling weaknesses is dealt with, followed by a presentation of the results of training and catamneses. Using the method of Kossow mistakes were reduced by 78 percent and spelling marks improved considerably, after the children had returned to their original schools. In conclusion information is given on future projects for better assistance and prevention in the case of reading and spelling weaknesses at the elementary stage.", "contents": "[Disorders of psychological performance in mentally normal school children]. The authors deal with such psychic factors as weaknesses in concentration, reading and spelling which are to a major degree responsible for failure at school. These factors often occur in combination and may indicate early brain damage, in complex interaction with milieu conditions. Ample evidence of this is given in a literature survey. Principles of concentration training and a diagnostic verification procedure are then outlined, which have been derived from an analysis of attention requirements made at school. A therapy for reading and spelling weaknesses is dealt with, followed by a presentation of the results of training and catamneses. Using the method of Kossow mistakes were reduced by 78 percent and spelling marks improved considerably, after the children had returned to their original schools. In conclusion information is given on future projects for better assistance and prevention in the case of reading and spelling weaknesses at the elementary stage."}
{"id": "PMID:122501", "title": "[Personality structure and child-rearing behavior of parents of children with psychologically defective development].", "content": "The personality structure and educational methods of parents exert considerable influence on the emergence of psychic defects in children. Tests have been conducted with a group where cerebro-organic damage but no psychic defects occurred, another group of children showing psychic defects and previous cerebro-organic injury, and a third group with psychic defects. In the last two groups there was a marked recurrence of traits from the personality structure of the parents, and a larger number of misguided attitudes and educational activities occurred.", "contents": "[Personality structure and child-rearing behavior of parents of children with psychologically defective development]. The personality structure and educational methods of parents exert considerable influence on the emergence of psychic defects in children. Tests have been conducted with a group where cerebro-organic damage but no psychic defects occurred, another group of children showing psychic defects and previous cerebro-organic injury, and a third group with psychic defects. In the last two groups there was a marked recurrence of traits from the personality structure of the parents, and a larger number of misguided attitudes and educational activities occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:122502", "title": "[Methodology of parent group therapy (experiences with a social training program for parents of children and adolescents requiring psychotherapy)].", "content": "An analysis is made of the socio-psychological status of parents and their problems with regard to intrafamiliar social behavior, and then the aims of parent groups are defined. This is followed by a critical assessment of such methods as information groups, conventional training groups and dynamic group psychotherapy, all of which are unsuitable for this population. Then follows a discussion of the experience gained and results achieved, with a social training program for parents of children needing psychotherapy, where the disturbance in the child is an expression of family-neurotic disturbances. The accent is on the formation of motivations, sensitization to emotional signals, self-experience, feedback exercises and the mastering of partner-oriented conflict management behavior. The aim is to resolve neurotic family arrangements, so that the child is no more needed as a carrier of symptoms. The new attitudes and conflict management behavior should also be available in genuine educational situations. During the third phase of the program of exercises which consists of three parts, concrete problem situations are dealt within psychodramatic manner. As a conclusion special requirements for leading such groups are discussed with a view to therapists treating parents and children at the same time.", "contents": "[Methodology of parent group therapy (experiences with a social training program for parents of children and adolescents requiring psychotherapy)]. An analysis is made of the socio-psychological status of parents and their problems with regard to intrafamiliar social behavior, and then the aims of parent groups are defined. This is followed by a critical assessment of such methods as information groups, conventional training groups and dynamic group psychotherapy, all of which are unsuitable for this population. Then follows a discussion of the experience gained and results achieved, with a social training program for parents of children needing psychotherapy, where the disturbance in the child is an expression of family-neurotic disturbances. The accent is on the formation of motivations, sensitization to emotional signals, self-experience, feedback exercises and the mastering of partner-oriented conflict management behavior. The aim is to resolve neurotic family arrangements, so that the child is no more needed as a carrier of symptoms. The new attitudes and conflict management behavior should also be available in genuine educational situations. During the third phase of the program of exercises which consists of three parts, concrete problem situations are dealt within psychodramatic manner. As a conclusion special requirements for leading such groups are discussed with a view to therapists treating parents and children at the same time."}
{"id": "PMID:122503", "title": "[Comments on a concept of clinical child psychology].", "content": "Arguments in favor of establishing clinical child psychology as an independent subject are first discussed, and then the discipline itself is defined as a comparatively autonomous domain of psychology. Using three examples (research on reading and spelling weaknesses, the development of the memory and social interaction in ecological fields) it is shown that clinical child psychology can and must develop also through the utilization of fundamental research. The examples are closely related to aspects of the \"Defective child\" research project.", "contents": "[Comments on a concept of clinical child psychology]. Arguments in favor of establishing clinical child psychology as an independent subject are first discussed, and then the discipline itself is defined as a comparatively autonomous domain of psychology. Using three examples (research on reading and spelling weaknesses, the development of the memory and social interaction in ecological fields) it is shown that clinical child psychology can and must develop also through the utilization of fundamental research. The examples are closely related to aspects of the \"Defective child\" research project."}
{"id": "PMID:122504", "title": "[Intelligence findings in children and adolescents with congenital cataract].", "content": "In children and young people with congenital cataracts the verbal intelligence quotient gives higher values than the perceptive-practical IQ. Longitudinal studies show the IQv reduced, but not the IQH. Connections exist between visual acuity and the IQ value, and the causes can be assumed to be disturbances of verbal information processing.", "contents": "[Intelligence findings in children and adolescents with congenital cataract]. In children and young people with congenital cataracts the verbal intelligence quotient gives higher values than the perceptive-practical IQ. Longitudinal studies show the IQv reduced, but not the IQH. Connections exist between visual acuity and the IQ value, and the causes can be assumed to be disturbances of verbal information processing."}
{"id": "PMID:122505", "title": "[Factor structure of psychopathologic symptoms in the pre-school age].", "content": "The authors present a factor analysis of 49 psychic and physical peculiarities found in 294 children in creches, most of them high-risk children; these were perinatologically classified at the time of birth, and an examination was performed by neuropsychiatrists and a follow-up clinical and psychological examination made, at the age of 2.0-2.3 years. The following two problems were of interest: 1. Can psychosyndromes be detected in creche children and, if so; 2. Does the psychosyndrome obtained through factor analysis contain vegetative symptoms? Results - The peculiarities can be grouped as follows: (table; see text) This is the first time that the existence of a pre-school chronic psychosyndrome has been detected using a multivariate method. Its basic structure is as described by G\u00f6llnitz. A discussion follows of its position within the symptom variability in damaged and disturbed children, and of rough brain localization analogies.", "contents": "[Factor structure of psychopathologic symptoms in the pre-school age]. The authors present a factor analysis of 49 psychic and physical peculiarities found in 294 children in creches, most of them high-risk children; these were perinatologically classified at the time of birth, and an examination was performed by neuropsychiatrists and a follow-up clinical and psychological examination made, at the age of 2.0-2.3 years. The following two problems were of interest: 1. Can psychosyndromes be detected in creche children and, if so; 2. Does the psychosyndrome obtained through factor analysis contain vegetative symptoms? Results - The peculiarities can be grouped as follows: (table; see text) This is the first time that the existence of a pre-school chronic psychosyndrome has been detected using a multivariate method. Its basic structure is as described by G\u00f6llnitz. A discussion follows of its position within the symptom variability in damaged and disturbed children, and of rough brain localization analogies."}
{"id": "PMID:122506", "title": "[Initial reports on experiences in working with special groups in child day care centers].", "content": "A decisive condition for advancement at an early stage is the detection of physical damage. In this connection the GDR Ministry of Public Health has published guidelines for the establishment of special groups for infants suffering from physical damage, at ordinary creches (Verf\u00fcgungen und Mitteilungen 15/1976). In 1976/77 a total of eight special groups with 64 children were set up at creches in the city of Erfurt. The criteria for assigning children to such groups were age and the type/degree of damage, with the aim of having homogeneous group structures. Advancement was through an all-day teaching process, in which parents were involved by giving them guidance, inviting them for discussion evenings and calling on their homes. A description is given of the approach to teaching and methods and planning (written timetables for specific months, weeks and days), all of which are essential in creating adequate educational conditions taking into account individual differences in the level of performance and the prevailing primary damage (e.g. disablement, impaired hearing, marked milieu damage).", "contents": "[Initial reports on experiences in working with special groups in child day care centers]. A decisive condition for advancement at an early stage is the detection of physical damage. In this connection the GDR Ministry of Public Health has published guidelines for the establishment of special groups for infants suffering from physical damage, at ordinary creches (Verf\u00fcgungen und Mitteilungen 15/1976). In 1976/77 a total of eight special groups with 64 children were set up at creches in the city of Erfurt. The criteria for assigning children to such groups were age and the type/degree of damage, with the aim of having homogeneous group structures. Advancement was through an all-day teaching process, in which parents were involved by giving them guidance, inviting them for discussion evenings and calling on their homes. A description is given of the approach to teaching and methods and planning (written timetables for specific months, weeks and days), all of which are essential in creating adequate educational conditions taking into account individual differences in the level of performance and the prevailing primary damage (e.g. disablement, impaired hearing, marked milieu damage)."}
{"id": "PMID:122507", "title": "[Effect of the hypotrophy factor on the prognosis of the development of premature and newborn infants from the neurologic and psychologic viewpoint].", "content": "Neurological and psychological examinations have been conducted of prematurely born babies in good bodily condition and hypotrophic new-born infants (including control groups) as part of a not yet concluded longitudinal study. The hypoplastic premature infants showed a comparatively high proportion of statomotor retardation and neurological disturbances, which were also found in premature infants in good bodily condition with a pregnancy duration of 26-30 weeks. Cerebral motor disturbances were found primarily in hypoplastic new-born babies and especially in premature infants. The EQ (development quotient) for the premature infants in good bodily condition with a pregnancy duration between 26 and 30 weeks, and for the hypoplastic premature infants was lower than for other high-risk groups. These two groups were also responsible for the larger proportion of children showing light and medium psychic retardation. Behavioral peculiarities were, however, distributed also over other high-risk groups, and some were even more frequent there. It was also found that speech development was delayed. The study shows the necessity of following the development of high-risk babies and using individual therapies.", "contents": "[Effect of the hypotrophy factor on the prognosis of the development of premature and newborn infants from the neurologic and psychologic viewpoint]. Neurological and psychological examinations have been conducted of prematurely born babies in good bodily condition and hypotrophic new-born infants (including control groups) as part of a not yet concluded longitudinal study. The hypoplastic premature infants showed a comparatively high proportion of statomotor retardation and neurological disturbances, which were also found in premature infants in good bodily condition with a pregnancy duration of 26-30 weeks. Cerebral motor disturbances were found primarily in hypoplastic new-born babies and especially in premature infants. The EQ (development quotient) for the premature infants in good bodily condition with a pregnancy duration between 26 and 30 weeks, and for the hypoplastic premature infants was lower than for other high-risk groups. These two groups were also responsible for the larger proportion of children showing light and medium psychic retardation. Behavioral peculiarities were, however, distributed also over other high-risk groups, and some were even more frequent there. It was also found that speech development was delayed. The study shows the necessity of following the development of high-risk babies and using individual therapies."}
{"id": "PMID:122509", "title": "Phosphoenolpyruvate and 2-phosphoglycerate: endogenous energy source(s) for sugar accumulation by starved cells of Streptococcus lactis.", "content": "In the absence of an exogenous energy source, galactose-grown cells of Streptococcus lactis ML3 rapidly accumulated thiomethyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (TMG) and 2-deoxyglucose to intracellular concentrations of 40 to 50 mM. Starved cells maintained the capacity for TMG uptake for many hours, and accumulation of the beta-galactoside was insensitive to proton-conducting ionophores (tetrachlorosalicylanilide and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone) and sulfydryl group reagents including iodoacetate and N-ethylmaleimide. Fluorimetric analysis of glycolytic intermediates in extracts prepared from starved cells revealed (a) high intracellular levels of phosphoenolpyruvate (13 mM; PEP) and 2-phosphoglycerate (approximately 39 mM; 2-PG), but an absence of other metabolites including glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and triosephosphates. The following criteria showed PEP (and 2-PG) to be the endogenous energy source for TMG accumulation by the phosphotransferase system: the intracellular concentrations of PEP and 2-PG decreased with concomitant uptake of TMG, and a close correlation was observed between maximum accumulation of the beta-galactoside and the total available concentration of the two intermediates; TMG accumulated as an anionic derivative, which after extraction and incubation with alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) formed the original analogue; fluoride inhibition of 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase (EC 4.2.1.11) prevented the conversion of 2-PG to PEP, and uptake of TMG by the starved cells was reduced by 80%; and the stoichiometric ratio [TMG] accumulated/[PEP] consumed was almost unity (0.93). In cells metabolizing glucose, all intermediates listed in (a) and (b) were found. Upon exhaustion of glucose from the medium, the metabolites in (b) were not longer detectable, while the intracellular concentrations of PEP and 2-PG increased to the levels previously observed in starved cells. The glycolytic intermediates in (b) are all in vitro heterotropic effectors of pyruvate kinase (adenosine 5'-triphosphate:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) from S. lactis ML3. It is suggested that the capacity of starved cells to maintain high intracellular concentrations of PEP and 2-PG is a consequence of decreased in vivo activity of this key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis.", "contents": "Phosphoenolpyruvate and 2-phosphoglycerate: endogenous energy source(s) for sugar accumulation by starved cells of Streptococcus lactis. In the absence of an exogenous energy source, galactose-grown cells of Streptococcus lactis ML3 rapidly accumulated thiomethyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (TMG) and 2-deoxyglucose to intracellular concentrations of 40 to 50 mM. Starved cells maintained the capacity for TMG uptake for many hours, and accumulation of the beta-galactoside was insensitive to proton-conducting ionophores (tetrachlorosalicylanilide and carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenyl hydrazone) and sulfydryl group reagents including iodoacetate and N-ethylmaleimide. Fluorimetric analysis of glycolytic intermediates in extracts prepared from starved cells revealed (a) high intracellular levels of phosphoenolpyruvate (13 mM; PEP) and 2-phosphoglycerate (approximately 39 mM; 2-PG), but an absence of other metabolites including glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and triosephosphates. The following criteria showed PEP (and 2-PG) to be the endogenous energy source for TMG accumulation by the phosphotransferase system: the intracellular concentrations of PEP and 2-PG decreased with concomitant uptake of TMG, and a close correlation was observed between maximum accumulation of the beta-galactoside and the total available concentration of the two intermediates; TMG accumulated as an anionic derivative, which after extraction and incubation with alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1) formed the original analogue; fluoride inhibition of 2-phospho-D-glycerate hydrolyase (EC 4.2.1.11) prevented the conversion of 2-PG to PEP, and uptake of TMG by the starved cells was reduced by 80%; and the stoichiometric ratio [TMG] accumulated/[PEP] consumed was almost unity (0.93). In cells metabolizing glucose, all intermediates listed in (a) and (b) were found. Upon exhaustion of glucose from the medium, the metabolites in (b) were not longer detectable, while the intracellular concentrations of PEP and 2-PG increased to the levels previously observed in starved cells. The glycolytic intermediates in (b) are all in vitro heterotropic effectors of pyruvate kinase (adenosine 5'-triphosphate:pyruvate 2-O-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.40) from S. lactis ML3. It is suggested that the capacity of starved cells to maintain high intracellular concentrations of PEP and 2-PG is a consequence of decreased in vivo activity of this key regulatory enzyme of glycolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:122510", "title": "Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa derepressed R-plasmids.", "content": "A genetic study of conjugal transmissibility of two R-plasmids was undertaken in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conjugally derepressed mutants of the R-plasmids were isolated, and examination of 11 independent mutants revealed that 10 were recessive to the wild-type transfer repressor, whereas 1 mutant was cis dominant. Cross-repression was observed between the two R-plasmids, suggesting that they have functionally equivalent systems for regulating the expression of tra loci. The derepressed R-plasmid mutants exhibited several characteristics, in addition to derepressed transfer, that were not expressed by the parental plasmids. These included sensitivity to certain donor-specific phages, inhibition of multiplication of a transducing phage, and, in the one case examined, a high degree of entry exclusion. The coexpression of these different functions suggests that their respective genetic loci are controlled by the same regulatory system as that of tra, or else that they are part of the tra complex.", "contents": "Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa derepressed R-plasmids. A genetic study of conjugal transmissibility of two R-plasmids was undertaken in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conjugally derepressed mutants of the R-plasmids were isolated, and examination of 11 independent mutants revealed that 10 were recessive to the wild-type transfer repressor, whereas 1 mutant was cis dominant. Cross-repression was observed between the two R-plasmids, suggesting that they have functionally equivalent systems for regulating the expression of tra loci. The derepressed R-plasmid mutants exhibited several characteristics, in addition to derepressed transfer, that were not expressed by the parental plasmids. These included sensitivity to certain donor-specific phages, inhibition of multiplication of a transducing phage, and, in the one case examined, a high degree of entry exclusion. The coexpression of these different functions suggests that their respective genetic loci are controlled by the same regulatory system as that of tra, or else that they are part of the tra complex."}
{"id": "PMID:122511", "title": "Functional capacities and the adenylate energy charge in Escherichia coli under conditions of nutritional stress.", "content": "Functional capacities in Escherichia coli cells starved for glucose were examined by comparing protein synthesis, utilization of new substrates, and maintenance of viability with the adenylate energy charge of the culture. When growth ceased because of glucose exhaustion in an E. coli culture, the energy charge dropped from 0.90 to about 0.80. During this time, the viable-cell count and the capacity for protein synthesis and for induction of new enzymes were maintained only if other substrates were available in the medium. The culture could be maintained for many hours without growth or death if glucose was added slowly; the energy charge in this case stabilized at about 0.80. A consistent transient decrease in the energy charge to around 0.80, accompanied by a decrease in protein synthesis, was also observed during the adaptation from glucose to other substrates during diauxic growth on glucose and glycerol or lactose.", "contents": "Functional capacities and the adenylate energy charge in Escherichia coli under conditions of nutritional stress. Functional capacities in Escherichia coli cells starved for glucose were examined by comparing protein synthesis, utilization of new substrates, and maintenance of viability with the adenylate energy charge of the culture. When growth ceased because of glucose exhaustion in an E. coli culture, the energy charge dropped from 0.90 to about 0.80. During this time, the viable-cell count and the capacity for protein synthesis and for induction of new enzymes were maintained only if other substrates were available in the medium. The culture could be maintained for many hours without growth or death if glucose was added slowly; the energy charge in this case stabilized at about 0.80. A consistent transient decrease in the energy charge to around 0.80, accompanied by a decrease in protein synthesis, was also observed during the adaptation from glucose to other substrates during diauxic growth on glucose and glycerol or lactose."}
{"id": "PMID:122512", "title": "Analysis of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid in a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus faecalis: an approach to identifying genetic determinants on cryptic plasmids.", "content": "Streptococcus faecalis strains ND539 and OG1 have been previously shown to be cariogenic in gnotobiotic animals. Deoxyribonucleic acid analyses have revealed the presence of a single 26-megadalton plasmid designated pAM539 in the former strain, whereas the latter strain was found to be plasmid-free. By gene transfer experiments, it was possible to construct isogenic pairs of strains that differed only with regard to the presence or absence of pAM539. Comparative studies of isogenic pairs showed that the presence of pAM539 conferred bacterial sensitivity to a bacteriocin produced by S. faecalis strain 5952.", "contents": "Analysis of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid in a cariogenic strain of Streptococcus faecalis: an approach to identifying genetic determinants on cryptic plasmids. Streptococcus faecalis strains ND539 and OG1 have been previously shown to be cariogenic in gnotobiotic animals. Deoxyribonucleic acid analyses have revealed the presence of a single 26-megadalton plasmid designated pAM539 in the former strain, whereas the latter strain was found to be plasmid-free. By gene transfer experiments, it was possible to construct isogenic pairs of strains that differed only with regard to the presence or absence of pAM539. Comparative studies of isogenic pairs showed that the presence of pAM539 conferred bacterial sensitivity to a bacteriocin produced by S. faecalis strain 5952."}
{"id": "PMID:122513", "title": "Bacterial mutation affecting plasmid maintenance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "A bacterial mutation, risA, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused growth inhibition at 43 degrees C of risA strains containing P2 plasmids. Incubation at 43 degrees C resulted in selection for clones that had lost P2 plasmids.", "contents": "Bacterial mutation affecting plasmid maintenance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A bacterial mutation, risA, in Pseudomonas aeruginosa caused growth inhibition at 43 degrees C of risA strains containing P2 plasmids. Incubation at 43 degrees C resulted in selection for clones that had lost P2 plasmids."}
{"id": "PMID:122514", "title": "Characterization of plasmids determining hemolysin and bacteriocin production in Streptococcus faecalis 5952.", "content": "Two plasmids designated pOB1 and pOB2 were isolated from Streptococcus faecalis strain 5952 and found to have molecular weights of approximately 46 X 10(6) and 28 X 10(6), respectively. pOB1 was found to determine hemolytic activity and was transmissible, whereas pOB2 appeared to determine a bacteriocin that is specifically inhibitory to S. faecalis strains harboring the 26-megadalton plasmid pAM539.", "contents": "Characterization of plasmids determining hemolysin and bacteriocin production in Streptococcus faecalis 5952. Two plasmids designated pOB1 and pOB2 were isolated from Streptococcus faecalis strain 5952 and found to have molecular weights of approximately 46 X 10(6) and 28 X 10(6), respectively. pOB1 was found to determine hemolytic activity and was transmissible, whereas pOB2 appeared to determine a bacteriocin that is specifically inhibitory to S. faecalis strains harboring the 26-megadalton plasmid pAM539."}
{"id": "PMID:122517", "title": "Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus due to demethylchlortetracycline hydrochloride in a child.", "content": "Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurred in a 7-year-old child who had received a high dose of demethylchlortetracycline hydrochloride (DMC). The patient had a relatively elevated urinary sodium concentration in addition to isosthenuria. The nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was completely reversible within one month after cessation of DMC administration.", "contents": "Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus due to demethylchlortetracycline hydrochloride in a child. Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus occurred in a 7-year-old child who had received a high dose of demethylchlortetracycline hydrochloride (DMC). The patient had a relatively elevated urinary sodium concentration in addition to isosthenuria. The nephrogenic diabetes insipidus was completely reversible within one month after cessation of DMC administration."}
{"id": "PMID:122518", "title": "In vitro activity of piperacillin, a new semisynthetic penicillin with an unusually broad spectrum of activity.", "content": "The in vitro activity of piperacillin (T-1220), a new semisynthetic derivative of aminobenzylpenicillin, was investigated. The majority of streptococci and pneumococci were inhibited by 0.12 micrograms/ml; the staphylococci and enterococci were inhibited by 2 micrograms/ml. Piperacillin was slightly more active against Neisseria and Haemophilus influenzae than was ampicillin. Piperacillin was active against all members of the Enterobacteriaceae including the Klebsiella, 58% of which were inhibited by 8 micrograms/ml. The activity of piperacillin was at least equivalent, but generally superior, to that of ampicillin or carbenicillin on species susceptible to these drugs. Most striking was its activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 50% were inhibited by 2 micrograms/ml, and 83% were inhibited by 4 micrograms/ml. The minimum bactericidal concentrations were very close to the minimum inhibitory concentrations, and in most species only a slight inoculum effect was observed on the minimum bacterial values except for certain P. aeruginosa strains. A complete parallel resistance exists between piperacillin and ampicillin or carbenicillin. However, the clinical importance of this is largely mitigated by the intrinsically higher activity of piperacillin.", "contents": "In vitro activity of piperacillin, a new semisynthetic penicillin with an unusually broad spectrum of activity. The in vitro activity of piperacillin (T-1220), a new semisynthetic derivative of aminobenzylpenicillin, was investigated. The majority of streptococci and pneumococci were inhibited by 0.12 micrograms/ml; the staphylococci and enterococci were inhibited by 2 micrograms/ml. Piperacillin was slightly more active against Neisseria and Haemophilus influenzae than was ampicillin. Piperacillin was active against all members of the Enterobacteriaceae including the Klebsiella, 58% of which were inhibited by 8 micrograms/ml. The activity of piperacillin was at least equivalent, but generally superior, to that of ampicillin or carbenicillin on species susceptible to these drugs. Most striking was its activity on Pseudomonas aeruginosa: 50% were inhibited by 2 micrograms/ml, and 83% were inhibited by 4 micrograms/ml. The minimum bactericidal concentrations were very close to the minimum inhibitory concentrations, and in most species only a slight inoculum effect was observed on the minimum bacterial values except for certain P. aeruginosa strains. A complete parallel resistance exists between piperacillin and ampicillin or carbenicillin. However, the clinical importance of this is largely mitigated by the intrinsically higher activity of piperacillin."}
{"id": "PMID:122519", "title": "Piperacillin, a new penicillin active against many bacteria resistant to other penicillins.", "content": "The in vitro activity of piperacillin, a new semisynthetic piperazine penicillin derivative, was evaluated against 626 clinical isolates and compared with the activity of other beta-lactam antibiotics. At a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml, piperacillin inhibited all streptococci except enterococci. Non-beta-lactamase-producing staphylococci were inhibited by 1.6 microgram or less per ml. Both beta-lactamase- and non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus were inhibited by 0.1 microgram/ml. Piperacillin inhibited non-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella at a concentration of 6.3 micrograms/ml, but 20% of strains of these species containing type III beta-lactamase were not inhibited by 100 micrograms/ml. Piperacillin at 25 micrograms/ml, inhibited 83% of Citrobacter, 58% of Klebsiella, 88% of Enterobacter, and 50% of indole-positive Proteus, Acinetobacter, and Providencia. At 25 micrograms/ml, piperacillin inhibited 95% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 78% of Bacteroides fragilis. The minimal inhibitory concentration of piperacillin against Pseudomonas was affected by increasing the inoculum size and by pH. Minimum bactericidal concentrations against Pseudomonas and Serratia often were eightfold greater than the minimum inhibitory concentrations. Piperacillin was equal in activity to ampicillin against enterococci. It was more active than carbenicillin against E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Bacteroides. It was the most active penicillin against Pseudomonas and inhibited many strains of Pseudomonas for which the MICs of carbenicillin were above 200 micrograms/ml. Piperacillin was hydrolyzed by many different beta-lactamases. Synergistic activity of piperacillin was demonstrated when it was combined with amikacin, gentamicin, and cefazolin against P. aeruginosa and members of the Enterobacteriaceae. No antagonism was observed when piperacillin was combined with aminoglycosides; however, antagonism was observed rarely against E. coli when piperacillin was combined with cefazolin.", "contents": "Piperacillin, a new penicillin active against many bacteria resistant to other penicillins. The in vitro activity of piperacillin, a new semisynthetic piperazine penicillin derivative, was evaluated against 626 clinical isolates and compared with the activity of other beta-lactam antibiotics. At a concentration of 0.1 microgram/ml, piperacillin inhibited all streptococci except enterococci. Non-beta-lactamase-producing staphylococci were inhibited by 1.6 microgram or less per ml. Both beta-lactamase- and non-beta-lactamase-producing Haemophilus were inhibited by 0.1 microgram/ml. Piperacillin inhibited non-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Shigella at a concentration of 6.3 micrograms/ml, but 20% of strains of these species containing type III beta-lactamase were not inhibited by 100 micrograms/ml. Piperacillin at 25 micrograms/ml, inhibited 83% of Citrobacter, 58% of Klebsiella, 88% of Enterobacter, and 50% of indole-positive Proteus, Acinetobacter, and Providencia. At 25 micrograms/ml, piperacillin inhibited 95% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and 78% of Bacteroides fragilis. The minimal inhibitory concentration of piperacillin against Pseudomonas was affected by increasing the inoculum size and by pH. Minimum bactericidal concentrations against Pseudomonas and Serratia often were eightfold greater than the minimum inhibitory concentrations. Piperacillin was equal in activity to ampicillin against enterococci. It was more active than carbenicillin against E. coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, and Bacteroides. It was the most active penicillin against Pseudomonas and inhibited many strains of Pseudomonas for which the MICs of carbenicillin were above 200 micrograms/ml. Piperacillin was hydrolyzed by many different beta-lactamases. Synergistic activity of piperacillin was demonstrated when it was combined with amikacin, gentamicin, and cefazolin against P. aeruginosa and members of the Enterobacteriaceae. No antagonism was observed when piperacillin was combined with aminoglycosides; however, antagonism was observed rarely against E. coli when piperacillin was combined with cefazolin."}
{"id": "PMID:122520", "title": "In vitro study of clavulanic acid in combination with penicillin, amoxycillin, and carbenicillin.", "content": "The activity of clavulanic acid alone and in combination with penicillin, amoxycillin, and carbenicillin was studied. Marked reductions in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for a wide spectrum of beta-lactamase-producing clinical isolates were found. Of particular interest were the decreased MICs of penicillin for Bacteroides fragilis and beta-lactamase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoea in the presence of the clavulanic acid. Beta-lactamase-producing strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and indole-negative Proteus also showed considerably increased susceptibility to amoxycillin in combination with clavulanic acid. Two beta-lactamase-producing strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa remained resistant to carbenicillin in the presence of clavulanic acid.", "contents": "In vitro study of clavulanic acid in combination with penicillin, amoxycillin, and carbenicillin. The activity of clavulanic acid alone and in combination with penicillin, amoxycillin, and carbenicillin was studied. Marked reductions in the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for a wide spectrum of beta-lactamase-producing clinical isolates were found. Of particular interest were the decreased MICs of penicillin for Bacteroides fragilis and beta-lactamase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoea in the presence of the clavulanic acid. Beta-lactamase-producing strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and indole-negative Proteus also showed considerably increased susceptibility to amoxycillin in combination with clavulanic acid. Two beta-lactamase-producing strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa remained resistant to carbenicillin in the presence of clavulanic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:122521", "title": "Totally synthetic medium for susceptibility testing.", "content": "The results of disk diffusion and plate dilution susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis on media gelled with agar-agar or with a synthetic hydrogel were compared. Synthetic hydrogel can be combined with a totally defined synthetic amino acid medium to yield a reproducible, totally defined, synthetic solid medium without the antagonistic or booster effects of some components of agar. Such a medium could be used as a reference medium for susceptibility testing.", "contents": "Totally synthetic medium for susceptibility testing. The results of disk diffusion and plate dilution susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Proteus mirabilis on media gelled with agar-agar or with a synthetic hydrogel were compared. Synthetic hydrogel can be combined with a totally defined synthetic amino acid medium to yield a reproducible, totally defined, synthetic solid medium without the antagonistic or booster effects of some components of agar. Such a medium could be used as a reference medium for susceptibility testing."}
{"id": "PMID:122522", "title": "Penicillin-netilmicin synergism against Streptococcus faecalis.", "content": "The combination of penicillin plus netilmicin was synergistic in vitro against 28 strains of Streptococcus faecalis and compared favorably with penicillin in combination with gentamicin. Similarly, penicillin plus netilmicin was as effective as penicillin plus gentamicin in the therapy of 67 rabbits with enterococcal endocarditis produced with a streptomycin-susceptible (S) or a streptomycin-resistant (R) strain of S. faecalis. After 5 days of infection, control rabbits had bacterial titers of 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU)/g of vegetation. Those treated with penicillin plus netilmicin had mean titers of 10(5.2) and 10(5.1) CFU/g for S and R strains, respectively, and those treated with penicillin plus gentamicin had mean valve titers of 10(5.8) CFU/g for both strains. After 10 days of therapy, mean valve titers with penicillin plus netilmicin were 10(3.8) and 10(4.7) CFU/g, and with penicillin plus gentamicin they were 10(4.5) and 10(5.4) CFU/g for S and R strains, respectively. Thus, if netilmicin proves to be less toxic than other aminoglycoside antibiotics, it may have potential usefulness in the therapy of enterococcal endocarditis.", "contents": "Penicillin-netilmicin synergism against Streptococcus faecalis. The combination of penicillin plus netilmicin was synergistic in vitro against 28 strains of Streptococcus faecalis and compared favorably with penicillin in combination with gentamicin. Similarly, penicillin plus netilmicin was as effective as penicillin plus gentamicin in the therapy of 67 rabbits with enterococcal endocarditis produced with a streptomycin-susceptible (S) or a streptomycin-resistant (R) strain of S. faecalis. After 5 days of infection, control rabbits had bacterial titers of 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU)/g of vegetation. Those treated with penicillin plus netilmicin had mean titers of 10(5.2) and 10(5.1) CFU/g for S and R strains, respectively, and those treated with penicillin plus gentamicin had mean valve titers of 10(5.8) CFU/g for both strains. After 10 days of therapy, mean valve titers with penicillin plus netilmicin were 10(3.8) and 10(4.7) CFU/g, and with penicillin plus gentamicin they were 10(4.5) and 10(5.4) CFU/g for S and R strains, respectively. Thus, if netilmicin proves to be less toxic than other aminoglycoside antibiotics, it may have potential usefulness in the therapy of enterococcal endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:122523", "title": "Influence of R-plasmid RP1 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on cell wall composition, drug resistance, and sensitivity to cold shock.", "content": "R-plasmid RP1 was transferred to Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells, as indicated by their resistance to carbenicillin, ampicillin, cephaloridine, kanamycin, and tetracycline, and by the presence of a periplasmic beta-lactamase. The wild-type cells (RP1-) were lysed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid but not by ethylene-glycol-bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid, whereas cells carrying the plasmid (RP1+) were resistant to both these chelating agents. RP1+ and RP1- strains were both sensitive to the lytic action of polymyxin B and the lethal action of cold shock, but the effect was less marked in the RP1+ cultures. A proportion of the RP1+ cells surviving cold shock lost resistance to carbenicillin, tetracycline, and kanamycin. The chemical composition of whole cells and cell walls of RP1+ differed from that RP1- in the content of cation, phospholipid, and markers for lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Differences in cell wall composition, response to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and polymyxin B, and the effects of cold shock are all compatible with the hypothesis that RP1 confers changes in the cell envelope, probably in the outer membrane, of P. aeruginosa.", "contents": "Influence of R-plasmid RP1 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa on cell wall composition, drug resistance, and sensitivity to cold shock. R-plasmid RP1 was transferred to Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells, as indicated by their resistance to carbenicillin, ampicillin, cephaloridine, kanamycin, and tetracycline, and by the presence of a periplasmic beta-lactamase. The wild-type cells (RP1-) were lysed by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid but not by ethylene-glycol-bis(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid, whereas cells carrying the plasmid (RP1+) were resistant to both these chelating agents. RP1+ and RP1- strains were both sensitive to the lytic action of polymyxin B and the lethal action of cold shock, but the effect was less marked in the RP1+ cultures. A proportion of the RP1+ cells surviving cold shock lost resistance to carbenicillin, tetracycline, and kanamycin. The chemical composition of whole cells and cell walls of RP1+ differed from that RP1- in the content of cation, phospholipid, and markers for lipopolysaccharide and peptidoglycan. Differences in cell wall composition, response to ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and polymyxin B, and the effects of cold shock are all compatible with the hypothesis that RP1 confers changes in the cell envelope, probably in the outer membrane, of P. aeruginosa."}
{"id": "PMID:122524", "title": "Susceptibility of cephalothin-resistant gram-negative bacilli to piperacillin, cefuroxime, and other selected antibiotics.", "content": "The in vitro antibacterial activity of piperacillin and cefuroxime against 180 isolates of cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and of piperacillin against 46 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined. Amikacin, gentamicin, carbenicillin, cefoxitin, and cefamandole were included for comparison. The activities of piperacillin and carbenicillin against Enterobacteriaceae were comparable. Piperacillin was appreciably more active against Pseudomonas than carbenicillin and was equivalent in activity to amikacin on a weight basis. The following beta-lactam agents were the most active against the indicated organisms (in parentheses): cefoxitin (indole-positive Proteus spp.), cefuroxime and cefoxitin, (Klebsiella spp.), piperacillin (Enterobacter spp.), cefuroxime and cefoxitin (E. coli), piperacillin and cefoxitin (Serratia spp.), and cefoxitin (Providencia spp.). Amikacin inhibited 98% of Enterobacteriaceae at clinically achievable serum levels.", "contents": "Susceptibility of cephalothin-resistant gram-negative bacilli to piperacillin, cefuroxime, and other selected antibiotics. The in vitro antibacterial activity of piperacillin and cefuroxime against 180 isolates of cephalothin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and of piperacillin against 46 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was determined. Amikacin, gentamicin, carbenicillin, cefoxitin, and cefamandole were included for comparison. The activities of piperacillin and carbenicillin against Enterobacteriaceae were comparable. Piperacillin was appreciably more active against Pseudomonas than carbenicillin and was equivalent in activity to amikacin on a weight basis. The following beta-lactam agents were the most active against the indicated organisms (in parentheses): cefoxitin (indole-positive Proteus spp.), cefuroxime and cefoxitin, (Klebsiella spp.), piperacillin (Enterobacter spp.), cefuroxime and cefoxitin (E. coli), piperacillin and cefoxitin (Serratia spp.), and cefoxitin (Providencia spp.). Amikacin inhibited 98% of Enterobacteriaceae at clinically achievable serum levels."}
{"id": "PMID:122525", "title": "Susceptibility of lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO to dyes, detergents, and antibiotics.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO have been isolated on the basis of their resistance to lipopolysaccharide-specific bacteriophages. These mutants have been differentiated by their agglutination in NaCl and acriflavine, phage sensitivity, and chemical analysis of the lipopolysaccharides. The susceptibility of the wild-type strain and four mutants to a series of twenty-six agents, including dyes, detergents, antibiotics, and lysozyme, was examined. The roughest mutant (AK-43) exhibited increased susceptibility to sodium deoxycholate, hexadecylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, ampicillin, penicillin G, erythromycin, colymycin, and polymyxin B. The role of cell envelope fractions in antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa is discussed.", "contents": "Susceptibility of lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO to dyes, detergents, and antibiotics. Lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO have been isolated on the basis of their resistance to lipopolysaccharide-specific bacteriophages. These mutants have been differentiated by their agglutination in NaCl and acriflavine, phage sensitivity, and chemical analysis of the lipopolysaccharides. The susceptibility of the wild-type strain and four mutants to a series of twenty-six agents, including dyes, detergents, antibiotics, and lysozyme, was examined. The roughest mutant (AK-43) exhibited increased susceptibility to sodium deoxycholate, hexadecylpyridinium chloride, benzalkonium chloride, ampicillin, penicillin G, erythromycin, colymycin, and polymyxin B. The role of cell envelope fractions in antibiotic resistance in P. aeruginosa is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122526", "title": "Penicillin and netilmicin in treatment of experimental enterococcal endocarditis.", "content": "Successful therapy of enterococcal endocarditis requires the use of a combination of penicillin plus an aminoglycoside. The effectiveness of penicillin (Pen), streptomycin (Str), and netilmicin (Net), a new aminoglycoside, alone and in combination, were studied in vitro and in the treatment of left-sided enterococcal endocarditis in rabbits. In vitro Pen+Str or Net resulted in a more rapid and more complete bactericidal effect than Pen, Str, or Net alone against a Str-susceptible strain of enterococcus (strain 1). Against a highly Str-resistant strain (strain 2), Pen+Net showed an advantage over Pen, Str, or Net alone, or Pen+Str. Endocarditis was produced in rabbits with strain 1 or 2, and treatment was initiated 24 h later. Rabbits were treated for 48 h or 5 days with procaine Pen, Pen+Str, or Pen+Net. With strain 1, numbers of enterococci in the vegetations decreased more rapidly with Pen+Str or Pen+Net treatment than with Pen, Str, or Net alone. With strain 2, Pen+Net showed a clear advantage over Pen, Str, Net, or Pen+Str. Net in combination with Pen showed synergistic in vitro activity and was more effective than Pen alone in the treatment of enterococcal endocarditis in rabbits caused by both Str-susceptible and Str-resistant strains.", "contents": "Penicillin and netilmicin in treatment of experimental enterococcal endocarditis. Successful therapy of enterococcal endocarditis requires the use of a combination of penicillin plus an aminoglycoside. The effectiveness of penicillin (Pen), streptomycin (Str), and netilmicin (Net), a new aminoglycoside, alone and in combination, were studied in vitro and in the treatment of left-sided enterococcal endocarditis in rabbits. In vitro Pen+Str or Net resulted in a more rapid and more complete bactericidal effect than Pen, Str, or Net alone against a Str-susceptible strain of enterococcus (strain 1). Against a highly Str-resistant strain (strain 2), Pen+Net showed an advantage over Pen, Str, or Net alone, or Pen+Str. Endocarditis was produced in rabbits with strain 1 or 2, and treatment was initiated 24 h later. Rabbits were treated for 48 h or 5 days with procaine Pen, Pen+Str, or Pen+Net. With strain 1, numbers of enterococci in the vegetations decreased more rapidly with Pen+Str or Pen+Net treatment than with Pen, Str, or Net alone. With strain 2, Pen+Net showed a clear advantage over Pen, Str, Net, or Pen+Str. Net in combination with Pen showed synergistic in vitro activity and was more effective than Pen alone in the treatment of enterococcal endocarditis in rabbits caused by both Str-susceptible and Str-resistant strains."}
{"id": "PMID:122527", "title": "Effect of benzylpenicillin on the synthesis and structure of the cell envelope of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The effect of benzylpenicillin on the synthesis and morphology of the cell envelope of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was examined. Penicillin immediately stopped murein synthesis; it also enhanced the rate of turnover of glucosamine, but not diaminopimelic acid, in the murein. In addition, penicillin greatly increased the shedding of lipid and lipopolysaccharide into the medium. In the electron microscope, protrusions of the cell membrane were evident, as well as apparent holes in the murein cell wall. All of these changes occurred while active synthesis was taking place, before the lysis of the cells. Lysis could be prevented by growing the cells at low pH and high concentrations of Mg2+; however, the effects of penicillin on murein synthesis and turnover and on the release of lipid were not affected.", "contents": "Effect of benzylpenicillin on the synthesis and structure of the cell envelope of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The effect of benzylpenicillin on the synthesis and morphology of the cell envelope of Neisseria gonorrhoeae was examined. Penicillin immediately stopped murein synthesis; it also enhanced the rate of turnover of glucosamine, but not diaminopimelic acid, in the murein. In addition, penicillin greatly increased the shedding of lipid and lipopolysaccharide into the medium. In the electron microscope, protrusions of the cell membrane were evident, as well as apparent holes in the murein cell wall. All of these changes occurred while active synthesis was taking place, before the lysis of the cells. Lysis could be prevented by growing the cells at low pH and high concentrations of Mg2+; however, the effects of penicillin on murein synthesis and turnover and on the release of lipid were not affected."}
{"id": "PMID:122528", "title": "Comparative in vitro activities of SCE-129, sulbenicillin, gentamicin, and dibekacin against Pseudomonas.", "content": "Against sulbenicillin- and gentamicin-susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SCE-129 was about 10 times more active than sulbenicillin and had a similar activity to gentamicin and dibekacin. Sulbenicillin-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa were moderately resistant to SCE-129, whether these strains were gentamicin-resistant or not. Gentamicin-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa were resistant to dibekacin but not to SCE-129. Against P. maltophilia, the minimum inhibitory concentration of SCE-129 resembled those of sulbenicillin, gentamicin, and dibekacin. Most strains of P. cepacia were moderately resistant to SCE-129 and sulbenicillin and highly resistant to gentamicin and dibekacin.", "contents": "Comparative in vitro activities of SCE-129, sulbenicillin, gentamicin, and dibekacin against Pseudomonas. Against sulbenicillin- and gentamicin-susceptible strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, SCE-129 was about 10 times more active than sulbenicillin and had a similar activity to gentamicin and dibekacin. Sulbenicillin-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa were moderately resistant to SCE-129, whether these strains were gentamicin-resistant or not. Gentamicin-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa were resistant to dibekacin but not to SCE-129. Against P. maltophilia, the minimum inhibitory concentration of SCE-129 resembled those of sulbenicillin, gentamicin, and dibekacin. Most strains of P. cepacia were moderately resistant to SCE-129 and sulbenicillin and highly resistant to gentamicin and dibekacin."}
{"id": "PMID:122534", "title": "Ultrastructural morphometric investigations on human platelets after long-term ingestion of oral contraceptives.", "content": "Platelets from healthy females, who were taking oral contraceptives over a long period of time, were investigated by ultrastructural morphometry. The size, shape, relative volumes, numerical and surface densities of the platelets and their organelles were measured. In 'long-term pill users' the platelets showed a significant increase in the area of section profile. Further changes as, for example, increased volume of platelet granules, reduced number of mitochondria, decreased volume and surface of the open canalicular system, and increased surface of the dense tubular system are to be noted.", "contents": "Ultrastructural morphometric investigations on human platelets after long-term ingestion of oral contraceptives. Platelets from healthy females, who were taking oral contraceptives over a long period of time, were investigated by ultrastructural morphometry. The size, shape, relative volumes, numerical and surface densities of the platelets and their organelles were measured. In 'long-term pill users' the platelets showed a significant increase in the area of section profile. Further changes as, for example, increased volume of platelet granules, reduced number of mitochondria, decreased volume and surface of the open canalicular system, and increased surface of the dense tubular system are to be noted."}
{"id": "PMID:122535", "title": "The gonadotropin-resistant ovary syndrome in association with secondary amenorrhea.", "content": "A young patient with secondary amenorrhea and primary infertility is described. After a gynecological-endocrinological exploration including laparoscopy, the diagnosis indicates secondary hypergonadotropic, hypo-estrogenic normo-androgenic amenorrhea. The anatomopathological examination of an ovarian biopsy revealed an intact follicular apparatus, thus disproving the suspected diagnosis of climacterium praecox. Since very high gonadotropin doses could not induce an ovulation, it was concluded that the rare combination of secondary amenorrhea and the gonadotropin-resistant ovary syndrome must be present. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "The gonadotropin-resistant ovary syndrome in association with secondary amenorrhea. A young patient with secondary amenorrhea and primary infertility is described. After a gynecological-endocrinological exploration including laparoscopy, the diagnosis indicates secondary hypergonadotropic, hypo-estrogenic normo-androgenic amenorrhea. The anatomopathological examination of an ovarian biopsy revealed an intact follicular apparatus, thus disproving the suspected diagnosis of climacterium praecox. Since very high gonadotropin doses could not induce an ovulation, it was concluded that the rare combination of secondary amenorrhea and the gonadotropin-resistant ovary syndrome must be present. The pathogenesis of this syndrome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122532", "title": "Electromyographic assessment of central motor disorders.", "content": "Experimental procedures are described that were designed to assess central motor disorders quantitatively. Initially delineated is a study of triggered ballistic movement performed in a reaction-time situation. The reciprocal triphasic EMG pattern recorded in an antagonistic muscle pair was clearly abnormal in Parkinsonian patients; increased duration, diminished synchronization of motor units, and a tendency for coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscles and for action tremor were observed. Transport time of elbow movement was prolonged, particularly in a choice reaction-time situation. Rapid, passive displacements of the forearm combined with excitability measurements of hindlimb motoneurons in monkeys revealed the existence of a transcortical loop that may contribute to increased muscle tone in Parkinsonian patients.", "contents": "Electromyographic assessment of central motor disorders. Experimental procedures are described that were designed to assess central motor disorders quantitatively. Initially delineated is a study of triggered ballistic movement performed in a reaction-time situation. The reciprocal triphasic EMG pattern recorded in an antagonistic muscle pair was clearly abnormal in Parkinsonian patients; increased duration, diminished synchronization of motor units, and a tendency for coactivation of agonist and antagonist muscles and for action tremor were observed. Transport time of elbow movement was prolonged, particularly in a choice reaction-time situation. Rapid, passive displacements of the forearm combined with excitability measurements of hindlimb motoneurons in monkeys revealed the existence of a transcortical loop that may contribute to increased muscle tone in Parkinsonian patients."}
{"id": "PMID:122536", "title": "Correlation between movement of concanavalin A membrane receptors and cytolysis. A scanning electron microscopy study.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to test whether cytolysis induced by Concanavalin A (Con A) requires lateral mobility of membranal lectin receptor sites into caps. Treatment of interphase murine mastocytoma cells with 10(-4) M colchicine promoted cap formation by Con A in about 30% of the cells, followed by cytolysis. Pretreatment of the cells with NaN3, low temperature, or glutaraldehyde decreased the degree of capping and, to the same extent, the degree of cytolysis. The addition of antibodies to cells bound with Con A increased the appearance of capping and cytolysis. A linear relationship with a high correlation coefficient exists between the degree of capping and cytolysis, suggesting that lateral mobility of membrane Con A receptors is required for cytolysis by the lectin. The process of cap formation by Con A up to the stage of cytolysis was followed by scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Correlation between movement of concanavalin A membrane receptors and cytolysis. A scanning electron microscopy study. The present study was undertaken to test whether cytolysis induced by Concanavalin A (Con A) requires lateral mobility of membranal lectin receptor sites into caps. Treatment of interphase murine mastocytoma cells with 10(-4) M colchicine promoted cap formation by Con A in about 30% of the cells, followed by cytolysis. Pretreatment of the cells with NaN3, low temperature, or glutaraldehyde decreased the degree of capping and, to the same extent, the degree of cytolysis. The addition of antibodies to cells bound with Con A increased the appearance of capping and cytolysis. A linear relationship with a high correlation coefficient exists between the degree of capping and cytolysis, suggesting that lateral mobility of membrane Con A receptors is required for cytolysis by the lectin. The process of cap formation by Con A up to the stage of cytolysis was followed by scanning electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:122537", "title": "Differentiation of food vacuolar membranes during endocytosis in Tetrahymena.", "content": "The origin and differentiation of Tetrahymena pyriformis food vacuolar membranes has been studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. By measuring the temperature needed to induce the onset of lipid phase separation (as inferred by the appearance of particle-free regions in replicas) and calculating the changes in average intramembrane particle distribution, a distinct modification of the vacuolar membrane could be observed from the time of its formation from disk-shaped vesicles to its maturation before egestion of its indigestible contents. Whereas the nascent vacuolar membrane first showed signs of phase separation at 9 degrees C, this temperature rose to 14 degrees C in the completed vacuole and then, after lysosomal fusion, eventually declined to 12 degrees C. The average membrane particle density on the PF face increased from 761 +/- 219 to 1,625 +/- 350 per micron 2 during membrane differentiation. Like other membranes of the cell, the vacuolar membrane underwent adaptive changes in its physical properties in cells maintained for several hours at low temperature. This exposure to low temperature caused an equal effect in vacuoles formed before, during, or after the temperature shift-down. Normal changes in the properties of the vacuolar membrane may have some bearing on its programmed sequence of fusion reactions.", "contents": "Differentiation of food vacuolar membranes during endocytosis in Tetrahymena. The origin and differentiation of Tetrahymena pyriformis food vacuolar membranes has been studied by freeze-fracture electron microscopy. By measuring the temperature needed to induce the onset of lipid phase separation (as inferred by the appearance of particle-free regions in replicas) and calculating the changes in average intramembrane particle distribution, a distinct modification of the vacuolar membrane could be observed from the time of its formation from disk-shaped vesicles to its maturation before egestion of its indigestible contents. Whereas the nascent vacuolar membrane first showed signs of phase separation at 9 degrees C, this temperature rose to 14 degrees C in the completed vacuole and then, after lysosomal fusion, eventually declined to 12 degrees C. The average membrane particle density on the PF face increased from 761 +/- 219 to 1,625 +/- 350 per micron 2 during membrane differentiation. Like other membranes of the cell, the vacuolar membrane underwent adaptive changes in its physical properties in cells maintained for several hours at low temperature. This exposure to low temperature caused an equal effect in vacuoles formed before, during, or after the temperature shift-down. Normal changes in the properties of the vacuolar membrane may have some bearing on its programmed sequence of fusion reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:122533", "title": "Instrumental cardiovascular conditioning: a review.", "content": "This paper reviews experiments, hypotheses, and current controversies about instrumental cardiovascular conditioning. Demonstrations of such conditioning in curarized animals challenged a differentiation between instrumental and classical learning on the basis of their respective effector systems but did not prove direct operant learning by the autonomic nervous system. In humans, ethical prohibition of curarization and lack of adequate controls for respiration and muscle tension have resulted in incomplete understanding of the roles of voluntary, somatic mediators. Despite a variety of potential clinical applications of biofeedback, the available literature lacks studies of its efficacy compared to more standard modes of therapy. The physiological mechanisms and central neural pathways involved in instrumental cardiovascular conditioning remain almost totally unknown.", "contents": "Instrumental cardiovascular conditioning: a review. This paper reviews experiments, hypotheses, and current controversies about instrumental cardiovascular conditioning. Demonstrations of such conditioning in curarized animals challenged a differentiation between instrumental and classical learning on the basis of their respective effector systems but did not prove direct operant learning by the autonomic nervous system. In humans, ethical prohibition of curarization and lack of adequate controls for respiration and muscle tension have resulted in incomplete understanding of the roles of voluntary, somatic mediators. Despite a variety of potential clinical applications of biofeedback, the available literature lacks studies of its efficacy compared to more standard modes of therapy. The physiological mechanisms and central neural pathways involved in instrumental cardiovascular conditioning remain almost totally unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:122539", "title": "Treatment of postanoxic intention myoclonus with valproic acid.", "content": "Valproic acid in therapeutic doses was used in the treatment of postanoxic intention myoclonus. Disappearance of the myoclonus occurred with marked improvement in the electroencephalogram. No significant side effects were noted. Hepatic function tests were monitored. Determination of valproic acid plasma levels was used to guide therapy. Levels above 55 micrograms were generally required. The patient remains free of myoclonus after four and one half months.", "contents": "Treatment of postanoxic intention myoclonus with valproic acid. Valproic acid in therapeutic doses was used in the treatment of postanoxic intention myoclonus. Disappearance of the myoclonus occurred with marked improvement in the electroencephalogram. No significant side effects were noted. Hepatic function tests were monitored. Determination of valproic acid plasma levels was used to guide therapy. Levels above 55 micrograms were generally required. The patient remains free of myoclonus after four and one half months."}
{"id": "PMID:122540", "title": "Vitamin E deficiency and seizures in animals and man.", "content": "Study of 100 children with grand mal convulsive disorders and 100 medically healthy children of matching age showed significantly lower plasma levels of vitamin E in the former (means 632.2 +/- 17.3 and 822.5 +/- 21.8 micrograms/dl respectively; p less than 0.001). This finding accords with the ability to prevent seizures in rodents by giving alpha-tocopherol before exposing them to a convulsion-inducing environment.", "contents": "Vitamin E deficiency and seizures in animals and man. Study of 100 children with grand mal convulsive disorders and 100 medically healthy children of matching age showed significantly lower plasma levels of vitamin E in the former (means 632.2 +/- 17.3 and 822.5 +/- 21.8 micrograms/dl respectively; p less than 0.001). This finding accords with the ability to prevent seizures in rodents by giving alpha-tocopherol before exposing them to a convulsion-inducing environment."}
{"id": "PMID:122541", "title": "Degenerative progressive myoclonic epilepsy electrokymographic observations.", "content": "Clinical and pathological findings in two cases of degenerative progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME) are described. The clinically difficult task of differentiating a \"cerebellar\" tremor from an action myoclonus is emphasized. Simultaneous electroencephalography and electrokymography was done, using capacity to ground transients for recording hand movements. This method was found useful in corroborating the cerebellar nature of the remaining disorder, after successful treatment of the myoclonic element with anticonvulsants.", "contents": "Degenerative progressive myoclonic epilepsy electrokymographic observations. Clinical and pathological findings in two cases of degenerative progressive myoclonic epilepsy (PME) are described. The clinically difficult task of differentiating a \"cerebellar\" tremor from an action myoclonus is emphasized. Simultaneous electroencephalography and electrokymography was done, using capacity to ground transients for recording hand movements. This method was found useful in corroborating the cerebellar nature of the remaining disorder, after successful treatment of the myoclonic element with anticonvulsants."}
{"id": "PMID:122545", "title": "Modification of erythrocyte physicochemical properties by millimolar concentrations of glutaraldehyde.", "content": "The effects of low levels of glutaraldehyde uptake (less than 120 mumol/10(10) cells) on the physicochemical properties of human red blood cells (RBC) were investigated. Salient effects include: by different measures of cell deformability, the extent of glutaraldehyde uptake required to decrease cellular deformability was shown to range from approximately 8 to 30 mumol/10(10) cells; osmotically stressed red cells exhibit complete hemolysis when the level of glutaraldehyde uptake is less than 28 mumol/10(10) cells and no hemolysis when uptake is less than 70 mumol/10(10) cells with the extent of hemolysis decreasing in an approximately linear manner with glutaraldehyde uptake between these limits; glutaraldehyde uptake of up to 58 mumol/10(10) cells does not change the cells' density, mean cell volume or ability to retain potassium.", "contents": "Modification of erythrocyte physicochemical properties by millimolar concentrations of glutaraldehyde. The effects of low levels of glutaraldehyde uptake (less than 120 mumol/10(10) cells) on the physicochemical properties of human red blood cells (RBC) were investigated. Salient effects include: by different measures of cell deformability, the extent of glutaraldehyde uptake required to decrease cellular deformability was shown to range from approximately 8 to 30 mumol/10(10) cells; osmotically stressed red cells exhibit complete hemolysis when the level of glutaraldehyde uptake is less than 28 mumol/10(10) cells and no hemolysis when uptake is less than 70 mumol/10(10) cells with the extent of hemolysis decreasing in an approximately linear manner with glutaraldehyde uptake between these limits; glutaraldehyde uptake of up to 58 mumol/10(10) cells does not change the cells' density, mean cell volume or ability to retain potassium."}
{"id": "PMID:122546", "title": "Kinetics of glutaraldehyde fixation of erythrocytes: size, deformability, form, osmotic and hemolytic properties.", "content": "Red blood cells interact with glutaraldehyde (GA) in a complex kinetic pattern of events. At a given GA concentration in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), the sequence of cell 'volume' response, as measured by resistive pulse spectroscopy (RPS), includes: an immediate response to the overall solution osmolality; a constant volume, latent phase; a rapid swelling phase; an intermediate constant volume phase; and a shrinkage phase to a final steady state volume. The final volume depends on fixative solution osmolality; for GA concentrations between 0.05% and 0.25% w/v, fixative osmolalities of less than 355 mosM, including 'isotonic', or greater than 355 mosM, lead to final cell volumes greater or less than native, respectively. Cell-membrane deformability decreases continuously and monotonically with time, as assessed by RPS. The rate of fixation is a direct function of GA concentration, in accordance with a derived empirical expression. The measured kinetic responses are related to considerations of cell size, deformability, and form, and to mechanisms involved in abrupt osmotic hemolysis.", "contents": "Kinetics of glutaraldehyde fixation of erythrocytes: size, deformability, form, osmotic and hemolytic properties. Red blood cells interact with glutaraldehyde (GA) in a complex kinetic pattern of events. At a given GA concentration in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), the sequence of cell 'volume' response, as measured by resistive pulse spectroscopy (RPS), includes: an immediate response to the overall solution osmolality; a constant volume, latent phase; a rapid swelling phase; an intermediate constant volume phase; and a shrinkage phase to a final steady state volume. The final volume depends on fixative solution osmolality; for GA concentrations between 0.05% and 0.25% w/v, fixative osmolalities of less than 355 mosM, including 'isotonic', or greater than 355 mosM, lead to final cell volumes greater or less than native, respectively. Cell-membrane deformability decreases continuously and monotonically with time, as assessed by RPS. The rate of fixation is a direct function of GA concentration, in accordance with a derived empirical expression. The measured kinetic responses are related to considerations of cell size, deformability, and form, and to mechanisms involved in abrupt osmotic hemolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:122547", "title": "Effects of toxicants on the somatosensory system.", "content": "A computerized system for an objective and accurate study of vibration sensitivity has been designed. Sensitivity can be assessed in human as well as nonhuman primates. Its usefulness in the study of peripheral nerve disorders induced by chemical exposure is emphasized.", "contents": "Effects of toxicants on the somatosensory system. A computerized system for an objective and accurate study of vibration sensitivity has been designed. Sensitivity can be assessed in human as well as nonhuman primates. Its usefulness in the study of peripheral nerve disorders induced by chemical exposure is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:122554", "title": "Effects of hyaluronidase, trypsin, and EDTA on surface composition and topography during detachment of cells in culture.", "content": "Cultured human embryo fibroblasts (HLM18) were labeled with [3H]glucosamine and Na35SO4, and then treated with testicular hyaluronidase, trypsin, or EDTA. Macromolecular material from the surface of these cells was characterized by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation while the associated morphology of cell detachment was studied by phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy. Release of surface glycosaminoglycans by testicular hyaluronidase did not cause cell rounding or detachment. EDTA did not release cell-surface components, but caused cell contraction and detachment morphologically similar to that caused by trypsin. Large amounts of cell-surface glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans were released by trypsin. From these observations it is concluded that hyaluronic acid is not a principal adhesive agent in the attachment of cells to a substrate. It is suggested that both EDTA and trypsin may have their primary effect upon the cytoskeleton.", "contents": "Effects of hyaluronidase, trypsin, and EDTA on surface composition and topography during detachment of cells in culture. Cultured human embryo fibroblasts (HLM18) were labeled with [3H]glucosamine and Na35SO4, and then treated with testicular hyaluronidase, trypsin, or EDTA. Macromolecular material from the surface of these cells was characterized by DEAE-cellulose chromatography and cetylpyridinium chloride precipitation while the associated morphology of cell detachment was studied by phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy. Release of surface glycosaminoglycans by testicular hyaluronidase did not cause cell rounding or detachment. EDTA did not release cell-surface components, but caused cell contraction and detachment morphologically similar to that caused by trypsin. Large amounts of cell-surface glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans were released by trypsin. From these observations it is concluded that hyaluronic acid is not a principal adhesive agent in the attachment of cells to a substrate. It is suggested that both EDTA and trypsin may have their primary effect upon the cytoskeleton."}
{"id": "PMID:122555", "title": "Effect of puromycin on synthesis, processing, and nucleocytoplasmic translocation of rRNA in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "1. Treatment of Tetrahymena pyriformis with various concentrations of puromycin results in a more pronounced inhibition of [3H]uridine accumulation in stable RNA than of protein synthesis. 2. At a concentration of 500 micrograms/ml, which is almost completely inhibitory to [3H]uridine incorporation in vivo, puromycin has no influence on the incorporation of [3H]UTP into RNA in isolated macronuclei. Pretreatment of the cells with the antibiotic, however, reduces the activity of RNA polymerases in isolated nuclei to less than 30%. 3. In puromycin-treated cells a small amount of pre-rRNA is synthesized but not processed into cytoplasmic rRNAs. 4. Puromycin reduces the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of pre-existing RNA to about 25% of the control rate within 5 min, resulting in an accumulation of relatively stable rRNA precursor molecules in the macronucleus.", "contents": "Effect of puromycin on synthesis, processing, and nucleocytoplasmic translocation of rRNA in Tetrahymena pyriformis. 1. Treatment of Tetrahymena pyriformis with various concentrations of puromycin results in a more pronounced inhibition of [3H]uridine accumulation in stable RNA than of protein synthesis. 2. At a concentration of 500 micrograms/ml, which is almost completely inhibitory to [3H]uridine incorporation in vivo, puromycin has no influence on the incorporation of [3H]UTP into RNA in isolated macronuclei. Pretreatment of the cells with the antibiotic, however, reduces the activity of RNA polymerases in isolated nuclei to less than 30%. 3. In puromycin-treated cells a small amount of pre-rRNA is synthesized but not processed into cytoplasmic rRNAs. 4. Puromycin reduces the nucleocytoplasmic translocation of pre-existing RNA to about 25% of the control rate within 5 min, resulting in an accumulation of relatively stable rRNA precursor molecules in the macronucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:122556", "title": "Evolution of lipoproteins deduced from protein sequence data.", "content": "1. Human serum apolipoprotein A-I contains a prominent 11-residue sequence periodicity. 2. Similar 11-residue segments occur in the other sequenced human apolipoproteins, C-I, C-III, and A-II. 3. Computer analyses of the sequences support the hypothesis that they evolved from a common ancestor. 4. An evolutionary history of these proteins is proposed. 5. The estimated rate of change of these proteins indicates that all four types will be found throughout the vertebrates and that related proteins will also be found in invertebrates.", "contents": "Evolution of lipoproteins deduced from protein sequence data. 1. Human serum apolipoprotein A-I contains a prominent 11-residue sequence periodicity. 2. Similar 11-residue segments occur in the other sequenced human apolipoproteins, C-I, C-III, and A-II. 3. Computer analyses of the sequences support the hypothesis that they evolved from a common ancestor. 4. An evolutionary history of these proteins is proposed. 5. The estimated rate of change of these proteins indicates that all four types will be found throughout the vertebrates and that related proteins will also be found in invertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:122557", "title": "The temperature dependence of State IV respiration, the calcium uptake system, and the activity of the calcium ionophore A23187 in mitochondria from endo- and ectothermic animals.", "content": "1. Arrhenius plots of State IV respiratory activity of liver mitochondria from both rainbow trout and rat were linear over the temperature range 5-35 degrees C. 2. Calcium uptake was monitored by stimulation of oxygen consumption and by calcium electrode recording, with quite comparable results. Rainbow trout gave the usual linear Arrhenius plot but this plot for rat mitochondria exhibited two well-defined inflections or discontinuities. 3. The temperature dependence of the activity of the ionophore A23187 was investigated by measuring the increase in oxygen uptake following a sub-maximal dose of this drug. Again a linear relation was found for rainbow trout, but in this case the rat curves showed only a single inflection point. 4. These results are discussed in relation to other work on the effects of lipid phase transitions on mitochondrial membrane-associated systems.", "contents": "The temperature dependence of State IV respiration, the calcium uptake system, and the activity of the calcium ionophore A23187 in mitochondria from endo- and ectothermic animals. 1. Arrhenius plots of State IV respiratory activity of liver mitochondria from both rainbow trout and rat were linear over the temperature range 5-35 degrees C. 2. Calcium uptake was monitored by stimulation of oxygen consumption and by calcium electrode recording, with quite comparable results. Rainbow trout gave the usual linear Arrhenius plot but this plot for rat mitochondria exhibited two well-defined inflections or discontinuities. 3. The temperature dependence of the activity of the ionophore A23187 was investigated by measuring the increase in oxygen uptake following a sub-maximal dose of this drug. Again a linear relation was found for rainbow trout, but in this case the rat curves showed only a single inflection point. 4. These results are discussed in relation to other work on the effects of lipid phase transitions on mitochondrial membrane-associated systems."}
{"id": "PMID:122558", "title": "A progress report on the status of a new disease of American cats: cytauxzoonosis.", "content": "A protozoon disease of domestic cats in the U.S.A. which resembled diseases of African ungulates caused by blood parasites of the family Theileridae and the genus Cytauxzoon was first described by scientists of the University of Missouri in 1976. The Plum Island Animal Disease Center of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) became involved in an effort to discover the relationship of the parasite to those of African species and to ascertain if the disease posed a threat to American livestock. More than 500 cats were infected and the disease studied experimentally by scientists of both institutions. Passage of the parasite was accomplished by parenteral administration of fresh or deep frozen blood or tissues from infected cats. With the exception of a single cat, immunized at PIADC, the experimental disease has terminated fatally about 20 days following exposure. Most cats died within 9-15 days after infection. Diagnosis of the disease is accomplished by study of blood smears, stained with Giemsa and by examination of sections from major visceral organs. Piroplasms are not always found in blood smears, but large masses of schizonts are always found in at least one of the following organs: lungs, spleen, liver or lymph nodes. Since the disease almost invariably has a fatal termination in cats, it is believed that the reservoir is in another species of animal. The new disease has now been reported from Missouri, Arkansas, Texas and Georgia, with new isolations of the parasite having been made in recent months.", "contents": "A progress report on the status of a new disease of American cats: cytauxzoonosis. A protozoon disease of domestic cats in the U.S.A. which resembled diseases of African ungulates caused by blood parasites of the family Theileridae and the genus Cytauxzoon was first described by scientists of the University of Missouri in 1976. The Plum Island Animal Disease Center of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) became involved in an effort to discover the relationship of the parasite to those of African species and to ascertain if the disease posed a threat to American livestock. More than 500 cats were infected and the disease studied experimentally by scientists of both institutions. Passage of the parasite was accomplished by parenteral administration of fresh or deep frozen blood or tissues from infected cats. With the exception of a single cat, immunized at PIADC, the experimental disease has terminated fatally about 20 days following exposure. Most cats died within 9-15 days after infection. Diagnosis of the disease is accomplished by study of blood smears, stained with Giemsa and by examination of sections from major visceral organs. Piroplasms are not always found in blood smears, but large masses of schizonts are always found in at least one of the following organs: lungs, spleen, liver or lymph nodes. Since the disease almost invariably has a fatal termination in cats, it is believed that the reservoir is in another species of animal. The new disease has now been reported from Missouri, Arkansas, Texas and Georgia, with new isolations of the parasite having been made in recent months."}
{"id": "PMID:122559", "title": "Glycogen metabolism in the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata.", "content": "1. The distribution of glycogen in different tissues of the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata was determined; the cephalopedal region contained 15-17 mg, the mantle region 23-29 mg, the hepatopancreas 31-45 mg, and the ovotestis 50 mg of glycogen/g wet wt. 2. There was a significant decrease in the glycogen content in the cephalopedal region after incubating the snails with 5-hydroxytryptamine (4 x 10(-5) M) in vivo. 3. Enzymatic degradation of glycogen from different tissues revealed that the degree of branching was 9% of the total glucosyl residues, and the length of outer branches was about 40% of the total glucosyl residues. 4. There was an active form of glycogen phosphorylase in the cephalopedal region and the mantle region. Phosphorylase in the hepatopancreas was generally inactive, but could be activated by an endogenous phosphorylase kinase. 5. Glycogen synthetase of the snail tissues required glucose-6-phosphate to be active.", "contents": "Glycogen metabolism in the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata. 1. The distribution of glycogen in different tissues of the snail, Biomphalaria glabrata was determined; the cephalopedal region contained 15-17 mg, the mantle region 23-29 mg, the hepatopancreas 31-45 mg, and the ovotestis 50 mg of glycogen/g wet wt. 2. There was a significant decrease in the glycogen content in the cephalopedal region after incubating the snails with 5-hydroxytryptamine (4 x 10(-5) M) in vivo. 3. Enzymatic degradation of glycogen from different tissues revealed that the degree of branching was 9% of the total glucosyl residues, and the length of outer branches was about 40% of the total glucosyl residues. 4. There was an active form of glycogen phosphorylase in the cephalopedal region and the mantle region. Phosphorylase in the hepatopancreas was generally inactive, but could be activated by an endogenous phosphorylase kinase. 5. Glycogen synthetase of the snail tissues required glucose-6-phosphate to be active."}
{"id": "PMID:122560", "title": "Glycogen synthase in the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta--I. Enzyme activity during development and with crowding.", "content": "1. Activity of glycogen synthase (E.C. 2.4.1.11) in Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) was investigated as a function of development and with crowding. 2. Synthase activity was low in the anterior and posterior ends of the worms and highest in the pregravid proglottids in the mid-portion of the strobila. 3. The enzyme activity increased during development of the cestode at least up to 15 days postinfection, but the increase in activity apparently was not due to conversion of the inactive to the active form. 4. Mature oncospheres also contained glycogen synthase, but the activity was lower than in strobilar tissues. 5. Synthase I activities and the proportion of total activity in the I form were generally higher in worms from high density (100 worm) infections than in those from low density (10 worm) infections.", "contents": "Glycogen synthase in the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta--I. Enzyme activity during development and with crowding. 1. Activity of glycogen synthase (E.C. 2.4.1.11) in Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) was investigated as a function of development and with crowding. 2. Synthase activity was low in the anterior and posterior ends of the worms and highest in the pregravid proglottids in the mid-portion of the strobila. 3. The enzyme activity increased during development of the cestode at least up to 15 days postinfection, but the increase in activity apparently was not due to conversion of the inactive to the active form. 4. Mature oncospheres also contained glycogen synthase, but the activity was lower than in strobilar tissues. 5. Synthase I activities and the proportion of total activity in the I form were generally higher in worms from high density (100 worm) infections than in those from low density (10 worm) infections."}
{"id": "PMID:122561", "title": "Glycogen synthase in the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta--II. Control of enzyme activity by glucose and glycogen.", "content": "1. The proportion of activity in the physiologically active I form of glycogen synthase in Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) decreased in the worm when the rat host was fasted and was greatly increased in the cestode 1 hr after a 24 hr fasted rat was refed. 2. The increase in glycogen synthase I activity was due to glucose present in the host gut after feeding, not to other physiological changes in the rat intestine due to meal consumption. 3. Incubation of intact H. diminuta in vitro with glucose also resulted in the conversion of glycogen synthase D to I. 4. Glucose does not appear to affect the glycogen synthase complex directly, because neither the total synthase converted to I nor the rate of conversion was affected by glucose in a partially purified homogenate. 5. High concentrations of glycogen inhibited the synthase D to I conversion and high mol. wt glycogen was a more effective inhibitor than low mol. wt glycogen.", "contents": "Glycogen synthase in the rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta--II. Control of enzyme activity by glucose and glycogen. 1. The proportion of activity in the physiologically active I form of glycogen synthase in Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda) decreased in the worm when the rat host was fasted and was greatly increased in the cestode 1 hr after a 24 hr fasted rat was refed. 2. The increase in glycogen synthase I activity was due to glucose present in the host gut after feeding, not to other physiological changes in the rat intestine due to meal consumption. 3. Incubation of intact H. diminuta in vitro with glucose also resulted in the conversion of glycogen synthase D to I. 4. Glucose does not appear to affect the glycogen synthase complex directly, because neither the total synthase converted to I nor the rate of conversion was affected by glucose in a partially purified homogenate. 5. High concentrations of glycogen inhibited the synthase D to I conversion and high mol. wt glycogen was a more effective inhibitor than low mol. wt glycogen."}
{"id": "PMID:122562", "title": "Hormonal regulation of trehalose metabolism in the blowfly Phormia Regina Meig.: effects of cardiacectomy and allatectomy at the subcellular level.", "content": "1. Kinetic properties of adult Phormia fat body glycogen synthetase were studied and compared to other animals. The KM for UDPG is 2.82 mM, decreasing to 0.58 mM in the presence of G-6-P. 2. The specific activity of fat body glycogen synthetase shows a reduction of 30% within 2 days after allatectomy. 3. Fat body T-6-P synthetase activity decreases to 70% of the control value after cardiacectomy. 4. Corpus cardiacum homogenate fails to induce higher T-6-P synthetase activity in cell-free preparations from cardiacectomized flies. 5. Interactions between corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum in regulating carbohydrate metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "Hormonal regulation of trehalose metabolism in the blowfly Phormia Regina Meig.: effects of cardiacectomy and allatectomy at the subcellular level. 1. Kinetic properties of adult Phormia fat body glycogen synthetase were studied and compared to other animals. The KM for UDPG is 2.82 mM, decreasing to 0.58 mM in the presence of G-6-P. 2. The specific activity of fat body glycogen synthetase shows a reduction of 30% within 2 days after allatectomy. 3. Fat body T-6-P synthetase activity decreases to 70% of the control value after cardiacectomy. 4. Corpus cardiacum homogenate fails to induce higher T-6-P synthetase activity in cell-free preparations from cardiacectomized flies. 5. Interactions between corpus cardiacum and corpus allatum in regulating carbohydrate metabolism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122563", "title": "Apolipoproteins and lipoprotein families in chicken embryos and egg yolk.", "content": "1. Turkey anti-LP-A and anti-LP-B cross react strongly with whole adult chicken serum. 2. Similar reactions occur with whole chicken embryo sera (10-21 days of incubation) and egg yolk fluid. 3. Ultracentrifugation of sera from 14-day old chicken embryos, after reaction with anti-LP-B, reveal complete precipitation of the VLDL and LDL of embryo serum (indicating that adult-type LP-B is the major apolipoprotein of these density classes). 4. All of the chicken embryo adult-type apo-LP-A is in the HDL fraction. 5. However, egg yolk and hen serum VLDL contain apo-LP-A as well as apo-LP-B.", "contents": "Apolipoproteins and lipoprotein families in chicken embryos and egg yolk. 1. Turkey anti-LP-A and anti-LP-B cross react strongly with whole adult chicken serum. 2. Similar reactions occur with whole chicken embryo sera (10-21 days of incubation) and egg yolk fluid. 3. Ultracentrifugation of sera from 14-day old chicken embryos, after reaction with anti-LP-B, reveal complete precipitation of the VLDL and LDL of embryo serum (indicating that adult-type LP-B is the major apolipoprotein of these density classes). 4. All of the chicken embryo adult-type apo-LP-A is in the HDL fraction. 5. However, egg yolk and hen serum VLDL contain apo-LP-A as well as apo-LP-B."}
{"id": "PMID:122564", "title": "Immunochemical identity of the high and low molecular weight forms of Galapagos marine iguana hemoglobin.", "content": "1. Two forms of Galapagos marine iguana methemoglobin, with molecular weights of 140,000 and 70,000 daltons, were identified in iguana RBC lysates by Sephadex G-200 molecular sieve fractionation. 2. The 140,000 dalton ferric hemoglobin was isolated by DEAE-Sephadex A-50 ion-exchange chromatography and found to be pure by electrophoretic and immunological criteria. 3. Immunochemical analyses revealed the high and low molecular weight hemoglobins to be antigenically identical.", "contents": "Immunochemical identity of the high and low molecular weight forms of Galapagos marine iguana hemoglobin. 1. Two forms of Galapagos marine iguana methemoglobin, with molecular weights of 140,000 and 70,000 daltons, were identified in iguana RBC lysates by Sephadex G-200 molecular sieve fractionation. 2. The 140,000 dalton ferric hemoglobin was isolated by DEAE-Sephadex A-50 ion-exchange chromatography and found to be pure by electrophoretic and immunological criteria. 3. Immunochemical analyses revealed the high and low molecular weight hemoglobins to be antigenically identical."}
{"id": "PMID:122565", "title": "Frog liver glycogen synthase. In vitro and in vivo interconversions between I and D forms.", "content": "1. Frog liver has enzymatic systems able to interconvert glycogen synthase. 2. D to I conversion is achieved in vitro by incubation at 30 degrees C. ATP, ADP, inorganic phosphate and glycogen are inhibitors of this conversion, whereas glucose-6-P and Mg2+ stimulate it. 3. I to D conversion in vitro depends on ATP-Mg2+. Cyclic-AMP activates this conversion, while glucose-6-P inhibits it. 4. Injection of glucose, ribose, mannose, fructose, galactose, and cortisone into frogs increase liver percentage of I activity. 5. Glucagon and adrenaline decrease percentage of I activity.", "contents": "Frog liver glycogen synthase. In vitro and in vivo interconversions between I and D forms. 1. Frog liver has enzymatic systems able to interconvert glycogen synthase. 2. D to I conversion is achieved in vitro by incubation at 30 degrees C. ATP, ADP, inorganic phosphate and glycogen are inhibitors of this conversion, whereas glucose-6-P and Mg2+ stimulate it. 3. I to D conversion in vitro depends on ATP-Mg2+. Cyclic-AMP activates this conversion, while glucose-6-P inhibits it. 4. Injection of glucose, ribose, mannose, fructose, galactose, and cortisone into frogs increase liver percentage of I activity. 5. Glucagon and adrenaline decrease percentage of I activity."}
{"id": "PMID:122566", "title": "The effects of concanavalin A, cerulenin, hydroxyurea and tunicamycin on the incorporation of amino acids and glucosamine in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "1. Pulse labelling of conjugating Tetrahymena pyriformis with glycine and glucosamine gave results consistent with a requirement for de novo synthesis of a lipid-like component which is involved in the addition of sugar to cell glycoprotein. 2. Conjugation of complementary strains of Tetrahymena can be inhibited without gross morphologic and metabolic changes in the cells. The observed inhibition of conjugation is reversible. 3. Concanavalin A stopped conjugation and stimulated both glycine and glucosamine incorporation. 4. Tunicamycin inhibited conjugation but had little influence on total glucosamine incorporation. Amino acid incorporation was slightly enhanced. 5. Hydroxyurea blocked conjugation, inhibited the incorporation of glucosamine and seemed to induce a transient increase in glycine incorporation. 6. Cerulenin inhibited conjugation but had little effect on the incorporation of glycine and glucosamine into the cell.", "contents": "The effects of concanavalin A, cerulenin, hydroxyurea and tunicamycin on the incorporation of amino acids and glucosamine in Tetrahymena pyriformis. 1. Pulse labelling of conjugating Tetrahymena pyriformis with glycine and glucosamine gave results consistent with a requirement for de novo synthesis of a lipid-like component which is involved in the addition of sugar to cell glycoprotein. 2. Conjugation of complementary strains of Tetrahymena can be inhibited without gross morphologic and metabolic changes in the cells. The observed inhibition of conjugation is reversible. 3. Concanavalin A stopped conjugation and stimulated both glycine and glucosamine incorporation. 4. Tunicamycin inhibited conjugation but had little influence on total glucosamine incorporation. Amino acid incorporation was slightly enhanced. 5. Hydroxyurea blocked conjugation, inhibited the incorporation of glucosamine and seemed to induce a transient increase in glycine incorporation. 6. Cerulenin inhibited conjugation but had little effect on the incorporation of glycine and glucosamine into the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:122567", "title": "Synchronizing temperatures and rRNA metabolism in Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "1. In Tetrahymena pyriformis pre-rRNA is synthesized and efficiently processed and translocated into the cytoplasm at both a supraoptimal (34 degrees C) and a suboptimal (8 degrees C) synchronizing temperature. 2. At the heat shock temperature (34 degrees C) no substantial differences in the kinetics of the main intracellular events of rRNA-metabolism compared to the optimal growth temperature (28 degrees C) were found. 3. The high temperature, however, induces a strong retardation of uptake of [3H]adenosine into the cells and a reduction of the cellular ATP pool size. 4. At the cold shock temperature (8 degrees C) the rates of transcription and nucleocytoplasmic transport of rRNA as well as of nucleotide pool equilibration are reduced to a similar extent (25-30% of the optimal rates at 28 degrees C). 5. The results are discussed and compared with the effects of sub- and supraoptimal temperatures on rRNA synthesis and processing in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Synchronizing temperatures and rRNA metabolism in Tetrahymena pyriformis. 1. In Tetrahymena pyriformis pre-rRNA is synthesized and efficiently processed and translocated into the cytoplasm at both a supraoptimal (34 degrees C) and a suboptimal (8 degrees C) synchronizing temperature. 2. At the heat shock temperature (34 degrees C) no substantial differences in the kinetics of the main intracellular events of rRNA-metabolism compared to the optimal growth temperature (28 degrees C) were found. 3. The high temperature, however, induces a strong retardation of uptake of [3H]adenosine into the cells and a reduction of the cellular ATP pool size. 4. At the cold shock temperature (8 degrees C) the rates of transcription and nucleocytoplasmic transport of rRNA as well as of nucleotide pool equilibration are reduced to a similar extent (25-30% of the optimal rates at 28 degrees C). 5. The results are discussed and compared with the effects of sub- and supraoptimal temperatures on rRNA synthesis and processing in mammalian cells."}
{"id": "PMID:122568", "title": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase from bovine liver.", "content": "1. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (purine nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, E.C. 2.4.2.1) from liver of cattle, Bos taurus, was purified to homogeneity. Some properties of the enzymes from three different bovine tissues were compared and discussed. 2. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 83,000, a sedimentation coefficient of 5.3 S, a Stokes' radius of 3.71 nm, a frictional ratio of 1.30 and a subunit molecular weight of 30,000. 3. Optimal pH for xanthosine degradation is around 5.5, whereas a broad pH activity profile for inosine degradation was observed between 5.0 and 7.5. Lineweaver-Burk plots curved downward at high concentrations of substrates, inosine, phosphate and arsenate.", "contents": "Purine nucleoside phosphorylase from bovine liver. 1. Purine nucleoside phosphorylase (purine nucleoside:orthophosphate ribosyltransferase, E.C. 2.4.2.1) from liver of cattle, Bos taurus, was purified to homogeneity. Some properties of the enzymes from three different bovine tissues were compared and discussed. 2. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 83,000, a sedimentation coefficient of 5.3 S, a Stokes' radius of 3.71 nm, a frictional ratio of 1.30 and a subunit molecular weight of 30,000. 3. Optimal pH for xanthosine degradation is around 5.5, whereas a broad pH activity profile for inosine degradation was observed between 5.0 and 7.5. Lineweaver-Burk plots curved downward at high concentrations of substrates, inosine, phosphate and arsenate."}
{"id": "PMID:122569", "title": "Comparative specificities of trehalases from various species.", "content": "1. Using derivatives or non-symmetrical analogs of alpha,alpha-trehalose, we studied the catalytic specificities of trehalases from various species: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Melolontha vulgaris, porcine and human kidneys. 2. alpha,Beta-trehalose, beta,beta-trehalose, 6,6'dideoxy alpha,alpha-trehalose, alpha-D-xylopyranosyl alpha-D-xylopyranoside were shown to be neither substrates nor inhibitors. 3. 6'deoxy alpha,alpha-trehalose, alpha-D-glucopyranosyl alpha-D-xylopyranoside, alpha-D-allopyranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside and alpha-D-galactosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, which all possess an intact alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residue, were split by all these trehalases. 4. alpha-D-glucopyranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, alpha,alpha-trehalosamine are competitive inhibitors. 5. These results show the importance of the primary alcohol group at C-6, of the equatorial configuration of the OH groups at C-2, C-3 and C-4 and of the modification of the structure at C-2 of the substrate for the catalytic activity.", "contents": "Comparative specificities of trehalases from various species. 1. Using derivatives or non-symmetrical analogs of alpha,alpha-trehalose, we studied the catalytic specificities of trehalases from various species: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Melolontha vulgaris, porcine and human kidneys. 2. alpha,Beta-trehalose, beta,beta-trehalose, 6,6'dideoxy alpha,alpha-trehalose, alpha-D-xylopyranosyl alpha-D-xylopyranoside were shown to be neither substrates nor inhibitors. 3. 6'deoxy alpha,alpha-trehalose, alpha-D-glucopyranosyl alpha-D-xylopyranoside, alpha-D-allopyranosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside and alpha-D-galactosyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside, which all possess an intact alpha-D-glucopyranosyl residue, were split by all these trehalases. 4. alpha-D-glucopyranosyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, alpha,alpha-trehalosamine are competitive inhibitors. 5. These results show the importance of the primary alcohol group at C-6, of the equatorial configuration of the OH groups at C-2, C-3 and C-4 and of the modification of the structure at C-2 of the substrate for the catalytic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:122570", "title": "Activity of adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase in erythrocytes and lymphocytes of man, horse and cattle.", "content": "1. Activities of ADA and PNP were measured in erythrocytes and lymphocytes of man, horse and cattle. 2. In bovine hemolysates both enzyme activities are low when compared with activities in human hemolysates. In horse hemolysates both enzyme activities are virtually absent. 3. Enzyme activities are consistently lower (about 50%) in intact lymphocytes than in sonicated lymphocytes. This finding suggests that the uptake of nucleosides is rate-limiting for both enzymes in intact lymphocytes. 4. The activity of ADA in horse lymphocytes is comparable to that in lymphocytes of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency associated with ADA deficiency.", "contents": "Activity of adenosine deaminase and purine nucleoside phosphorylase in erythrocytes and lymphocytes of man, horse and cattle. 1. Activities of ADA and PNP were measured in erythrocytes and lymphocytes of man, horse and cattle. 2. In bovine hemolysates both enzyme activities are low when compared with activities in human hemolysates. In horse hemolysates both enzyme activities are virtually absent. 3. Enzyme activities are consistently lower (about 50%) in intact lymphocytes than in sonicated lymphocytes. This finding suggests that the uptake of nucleosides is rate-limiting for both enzymes in intact lymphocytes. 4. The activity of ADA in horse lymphocytes is comparable to that in lymphocytes of patients with severe combined immunodeficiency associated with ADA deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:122571", "title": "Partial characterization of pepsins and gastricsins and their zymogens from human and toad gastric mucosae.", "content": "1. Three zymogens have been isolated from human gastric mucosae and two from the stomachs of the toad Caudiverbera caudiverbera. 2. Human zymogens I and III were immunologically related and cross-reacted with antisera prepared against porcine pepsinogen. The third, (II), showed no cross-reactivity. 3. Human zymogens I and III and toad zymogen ZII gave rise to two human pepsins and to a pepsin-like enzyme, respectively. 4. Human zymogen II (gastricsinogen) and toad zymogen ZI gave rise to human gastricsin and to a gastricsin-like enzyme respectively. 5. The toad enzymes showed much greater stability at neutral and alkaline pH values than the human enzymes.", "contents": "Partial characterization of pepsins and gastricsins and their zymogens from human and toad gastric mucosae. 1. Three zymogens have been isolated from human gastric mucosae and two from the stomachs of the toad Caudiverbera caudiverbera. 2. Human zymogens I and III were immunologically related and cross-reacted with antisera prepared against porcine pepsinogen. The third, (II), showed no cross-reactivity. 3. Human zymogens I and III and toad zymogen ZII gave rise to two human pepsins and to a pepsin-like enzyme, respectively. 4. Human zymogen II (gastricsinogen) and toad zymogen ZI gave rise to human gastricsin and to a gastricsin-like enzyme respectively. 5. The toad enzymes showed much greater stability at neutral and alkaline pH values than the human enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:122572", "title": "Plasma carnitine and cholesterol levels in monkeys and pigeons: species/breed differences and the influence of gender and diet.", "content": "1. Total plasma carnitine and cholesterol were studied in two breeds of pigeon and four species of sub-human primates. 2. The levels of plasma carnitine and cholesterol differed within species and between species and were influenced by diet and gender. 3. In the animals studied, pigeons had the highest levels of plasma carnitine (greater than 120 nM/ml) and Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) had the lowest levels (ca. 10 nM/ml). 4. Linear regression analysis of plasma carnitine and cholesterol in the monkeys and pigeons indicated no strong correlation between these parameters.", "contents": "Plasma carnitine and cholesterol levels in monkeys and pigeons: species/breed differences and the influence of gender and diet. 1. Total plasma carnitine and cholesterol were studied in two breeds of pigeon and four species of sub-human primates. 2. The levels of plasma carnitine and cholesterol differed within species and between species and were influenced by diet and gender. 3. In the animals studied, pigeons had the highest levels of plasma carnitine (greater than 120 nM/ml) and Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) had the lowest levels (ca. 10 nM/ml). 4. Linear regression analysis of plasma carnitine and cholesterol in the monkeys and pigeons indicated no strong correlation between these parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:122573", "title": "Toad carbonic anhydrase: purification of the enzyme from erythrocytes of Bufo marinus and comparison with the enzyme activity in the urinary bladder.", "content": "1. Two forms of carbonic anhydrase, having isoelectric points of 6.1 and 5.8, were purified from erythrocytes of the toad, Bufo marinus, and the presence of a third form, pI = 5.4, was demonstrated. 2. Each of the two purified isozymes catalyzed the hydration of CO2 and the hydrolysis of nitrophenyl acetate esters at rates characteristic of Type C (or high-activity) forms of carbonic anhydrase. 3. Both forms of the erythrocyte enzyme have similar molecular weights (approx 29,000), amino acid composition, sensitivity to acetazolamide, and kinetic properties. 4. The epithelium of the toad's urinary bladder also was found to contain significant amounts of carbonic anhydrase, which appears by isoelectric focusing to be indistinguishable from the enzyme isolated from the erythrocyte.", "contents": "Toad carbonic anhydrase: purification of the enzyme from erythrocytes of Bufo marinus and comparison with the enzyme activity in the urinary bladder. 1. Two forms of carbonic anhydrase, having isoelectric points of 6.1 and 5.8, were purified from erythrocytes of the toad, Bufo marinus, and the presence of a third form, pI = 5.4, was demonstrated. 2. Each of the two purified isozymes catalyzed the hydration of CO2 and the hydrolysis of nitrophenyl acetate esters at rates characteristic of Type C (or high-activity) forms of carbonic anhydrase. 3. Both forms of the erythrocyte enzyme have similar molecular weights (approx 29,000), amino acid composition, sensitivity to acetazolamide, and kinetic properties. 4. The epithelium of the toad's urinary bladder also was found to contain significant amounts of carbonic anhydrase, which appears by isoelectric focusing to be indistinguishable from the enzyme isolated from the erythrocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:122574", "title": "Precipitation of animal plasma proteins by puff-adder venom.", "content": "1. Plasma and serum samples obtained from various animals never previously exposed to snakes or snake venom were diffused against different concentrations of puff-adder, Bitis arietans, venom using the double immunodiffusion technique. 2. Depending upon venom concentration, two precipitin arcs could be produced in the case of all plasma samples used. No serum samples showed any arcs except pigeon serum, where one precipitin line was observed. 3. By altering the concentration of snake venom between 1% and 10% when immunodiffusing against plasma a change in position of the precipitin lines was observed and also the disappearance of one or both of the two bands at higher concentrations. This indicates that the arcs observed are in all probability due to precipitation of plasma protein fractions. 4. Previous results indicated that one of the two bands observed when diffusing venom against plasma was due to the precipitation of fibrinogen. By diffusing snake venom against heparin we have now shown that the second band involves this molecule and is not due to another coagulation factor as was suggested previously.", "contents": "Precipitation of animal plasma proteins by puff-adder venom. 1. Plasma and serum samples obtained from various animals never previously exposed to snakes or snake venom were diffused against different concentrations of puff-adder, Bitis arietans, venom using the double immunodiffusion technique. 2. Depending upon venom concentration, two precipitin arcs could be produced in the case of all plasma samples used. No serum samples showed any arcs except pigeon serum, where one precipitin line was observed. 3. By altering the concentration of snake venom between 1% and 10% when immunodiffusing against plasma a change in position of the precipitin lines was observed and also the disappearance of one or both of the two bands at higher concentrations. This indicates that the arcs observed are in all probability due to precipitation of plasma protein fractions. 4. Previous results indicated that one of the two bands observed when diffusing venom against plasma was due to the precipitation of fibrinogen. By diffusing snake venom against heparin we have now shown that the second band involves this molecule and is not due to another coagulation factor as was suggested previously."}
{"id": "PMID:122575", "title": "Purification and partial characterization of high and low activity carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes from Malaclemys terrapin centrata.", "content": "1. High activity (CA C) and low activity (CA B) carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes have been purified from turtle erythrocytes. 2. The two isoenzymes differed in CO2 hydration specific activity by 36-fold. 3. The low activity isoenzyme contained one half-cystine residue, whereas the high activity isoenzyme contained four half-cystines and required a reducing environment to maintain activity. Both isoenzymes contained zinc. 4. Molecular weights of 28,500 and 30,400 daltons were established for the low and high activity isoenzymes respectively. 5. Both isoenzymes were inhibited by acetazolamide, but only the high activity isoenzyme was inhibited by parachloromercuribenzoate. 6. The low activity isoenzyme was present in the erythrocytes at about 8-10 times the concentration of the high activity isoenzyme. 7. The high activity isoenzyme cross-reacted with antibodies prepared against pure chicken carbonic anhydrase C.", "contents": "Purification and partial characterization of high and low activity carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes from Malaclemys terrapin centrata. 1. High activity (CA C) and low activity (CA B) carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes have been purified from turtle erythrocytes. 2. The two isoenzymes differed in CO2 hydration specific activity by 36-fold. 3. The low activity isoenzyme contained one half-cystine residue, whereas the high activity isoenzyme contained four half-cystines and required a reducing environment to maintain activity. Both isoenzymes contained zinc. 4. Molecular weights of 28,500 and 30,400 daltons were established for the low and high activity isoenzymes respectively. 5. Both isoenzymes were inhibited by acetazolamide, but only the high activity isoenzyme was inhibited by parachloromercuribenzoate. 6. The low activity isoenzyme was present in the erythrocytes at about 8-10 times the concentration of the high activity isoenzyme. 7. The high activity isoenzyme cross-reacted with antibodies prepared against pure chicken carbonic anhydrase C."}
{"id": "PMID:122576", "title": "Alaskan malamute chondrodysplasia--VIII. Incorporation of [14C]glucosamine and [3H]serine in hepatic metal-binding proteins of Canis familaris.", "content": "1. Hepatic proteins isolated from control kennel dogs bound small quantities of zinc and iron and the peptide fraction contained neither metal. 2. Zince loading of kennel dogs stimulated an hepatic uptake of five times more zinc and three times more iron than an equivalent copper load. The increase in metal concentration was noted in the 10,000 dalton protein. 3. Both the 12,000 and 10,000 dalton proteins isolated from kennel dogs contained more binding sites specific for zinc than for either copper or iron. All three proteins isolated from Alaskan Malamutes showed a smaller affinity for zinc than copper or iron. 4. Both copper and zinc loading stimulated an uptake of [14C]glucosamine and [3H]serine from the peptide fraction of control kennel dogs into the 10,000 dalton protein.", "contents": "Alaskan malamute chondrodysplasia--VIII. Incorporation of [14C]glucosamine and [3H]serine in hepatic metal-binding proteins of Canis familaris. 1. Hepatic proteins isolated from control kennel dogs bound small quantities of zinc and iron and the peptide fraction contained neither metal. 2. Zince loading of kennel dogs stimulated an hepatic uptake of five times more zinc and three times more iron than an equivalent copper load. The increase in metal concentration was noted in the 10,000 dalton protein. 3. Both the 12,000 and 10,000 dalton proteins isolated from kennel dogs contained more binding sites specific for zinc than for either copper or iron. All three proteins isolated from Alaskan Malamutes showed a smaller affinity for zinc than copper or iron. 4. Both copper and zinc loading stimulated an uptake of [14C]glucosamine and [3H]serine from the peptide fraction of control kennel dogs into the 10,000 dalton protein."}
{"id": "PMID:122577", "title": "A comparative electrophoretic analysis of mammalian carbonic anhydrase isozymes: evidence for a third isozyme in red skeletal muscles.", "content": "1. Starch gel electrophoretic patterns of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes were examined from tissue extracts of cats, sheep, rabbits and mice. 2. In addition to the widely distributed and extensively studied B and C isozymes, an additional isozyme (called CA-A) was observed. 3. Tissue distribution studies showed the A isozyme to be predominantly localized in red skeletal muscles, although this activity was also observed in white and \"mixed\" skeletal muscles of the cat, sheep and rabbit, as well as sheep lung and rabbit liver. 4. A, B and C isozymes of carbonic anhydrase from cat, sheep and mice exhibited independent variations in nett surface charge. In terms of decreasing anodal migration, the following results are reported: cat A greater than C greater than B; sheep C greater than B greater than A; and mouse B greater than C greater than A. 5. These results are consistent with the existence of 3 genetic loci encoding carbonic anhydrase in mammalian tissues.", "contents": "A comparative electrophoretic analysis of mammalian carbonic anhydrase isozymes: evidence for a third isozyme in red skeletal muscles. 1. Starch gel electrophoretic patterns of carbonic anhydrase (CA) isozymes were examined from tissue extracts of cats, sheep, rabbits and mice. 2. In addition to the widely distributed and extensively studied B and C isozymes, an additional isozyme (called CA-A) was observed. 3. Tissue distribution studies showed the A isozyme to be predominantly localized in red skeletal muscles, although this activity was also observed in white and \"mixed\" skeletal muscles of the cat, sheep and rabbit, as well as sheep lung and rabbit liver. 4. A, B and C isozymes of carbonic anhydrase from cat, sheep and mice exhibited independent variations in nett surface charge. In terms of decreasing anodal migration, the following results are reported: cat A greater than C greater than B; sheep C greater than B greater than A; and mouse B greater than C greater than A. 5. These results are consistent with the existence of 3 genetic loci encoding carbonic anhydrase in mammalian tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:122578", "title": "Histones from gonads of the star-fish Asterias rubens.", "content": "1. Histones were isolated from gonads of the star-fish Asterias rubens and characterized by their amino acid composition and their electrophoretic migration. 2. Comparative studies with calf thymus homologous histones show the highly conservative structure of the histones H3 and H4, and the variability of the other histones namely H1 and H2B.", "contents": "Histones from gonads of the star-fish Asterias rubens. 1. Histones were isolated from gonads of the star-fish Asterias rubens and characterized by their amino acid composition and their electrophoretic migration. 2. Comparative studies with calf thymus homologous histones show the highly conservative structure of the histones H3 and H4, and the variability of the other histones namely H1 and H2B."}
{"id": "PMID:122579", "title": "Gluconeogenesis in vertebrate livers.", "content": "1. The hypothesis is advanced that it would be logical for a tissue (liver) to evolve as a gluconeogenic organ in order to recover the lactate produced as a result of rapid and sustained contraction of skeletal muscle. 2. Lactate was present in skeletal muscle of all animals examined and increased following electrical stimulation. It was also present in the blood. 3. Gluconeogenesis from lactate occurred in liver slices of all animals excepting amphibia. However, livers of these animals also contained much glycogen and are probably gluconeogenic. 4. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was present in all animals investigated; pyruvate carboxylase was present in all animals excepting the toad.", "contents": "Gluconeogenesis in vertebrate livers. 1. The hypothesis is advanced that it would be logical for a tissue (liver) to evolve as a gluconeogenic organ in order to recover the lactate produced as a result of rapid and sustained contraction of skeletal muscle. 2. Lactate was present in skeletal muscle of all animals examined and increased following electrical stimulation. It was also present in the blood. 3. Gluconeogenesis from lactate occurred in liver slices of all animals excepting amphibia. However, livers of these animals also contained much glycogen and are probably gluconeogenic. 4. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was present in all animals investigated; pyruvate carboxylase was present in all animals excepting the toad."}
{"id": "PMID:122580", "title": "Chondroitin sulfates of the epiphysial cartilages of different mammals.", "content": "1. The distribution chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates in the epiphysial cartilages of several mammals are reported. 2. Chondroitin 6-sulfate is present in higher relative proportion in articular surfaces of young and adult epiphysial cartilages in most of the mammals studied. 3. Exception to this was found in some species of the order Rodentia in which chondroitin 4-sulfate was almost the only chondroitin present in young and adult cartilages. 4. These and other results suggest that chondroitin 4-sulfate may be an important component for the calcification process, whereas chondroitin 6-sulfate seems to be related to the integrity of the articular surfaces.", "contents": "Chondroitin sulfates of the epiphysial cartilages of different mammals. 1. The distribution chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates in the epiphysial cartilages of several mammals are reported. 2. Chondroitin 6-sulfate is present in higher relative proportion in articular surfaces of young and adult epiphysial cartilages in most of the mammals studied. 3. Exception to this was found in some species of the order Rodentia in which chondroitin 4-sulfate was almost the only chondroitin present in young and adult cartilages. 4. These and other results suggest that chondroitin 4-sulfate may be an important component for the calcification process, whereas chondroitin 6-sulfate seems to be related to the integrity of the articular surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:122581", "title": "Glycolytic end products of the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis.", "content": "1. Adult dog heartworms remained alive and motile for 24 hr without oxygen present and with only glucose available as a substrate. 2. Lactate accounted for 55% of the carbon from the 1-14C-glucose utilized in 1 hr and 14CO2 for 1.9%. 3. Only traces of 14C were found in glycogen and no net accumulation of acetate was demonstrated. 4. Dirofilaria immitis resembles Litomosoides carinii in the percent of utilized glucose appearing as lactate but is more akin to Brugia pahangi and Dipetalonema viteae in survival under anaerobic conditions and in negligible acetate production.", "contents": "Glycolytic end products of the adult dog heartworm, Dirofilaria immitis. 1. Adult dog heartworms remained alive and motile for 24 hr without oxygen present and with only glucose available as a substrate. 2. Lactate accounted for 55% of the carbon from the 1-14C-glucose utilized in 1 hr and 14CO2 for 1.9%. 3. Only traces of 14C were found in glycogen and no net accumulation of acetate was demonstrated. 4. Dirofilaria immitis resembles Litomosoides carinii in the percent of utilized glucose appearing as lactate but is more akin to Brugia pahangi and Dipetalonema viteae in survival under anaerobic conditions and in negligible acetate production."}
{"id": "PMID:122582", "title": "Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of the crystalline lens of a poikilotherm; the toad Bufo marinus.", "content": "1. The O2 consumption and lactic acid production of the lens of the toad Bufo marinus was measured under various conditions. The energy consumption was very low compared to other amphibian tissues and about 20% of that previously described in the rat lens. About 80% was derived from oxidative metabolism, which is the converse of that seen in mammals. 2. Cyanide abolished O2 consumption and increased lactate production 20-30 times (\"Pasteur effect\"). 3. Under aerobic conditions about 40% of the energy requirements of the lens are related to the presence of Na in the bathing-media but this was not seen in the presence of CN. 4. Oxidative metabolism was predominant in the outer cortical regions of the lens while glycolysis persisted even in the central nucleus. The energetic requirements of this region were, however, only about 10% of those in the intact lens. 5. Lactate readily leaves the lens and passes into its bathing fluids, and at high rates of glycolysis this occurs more readily across the posterior surface. 6. The results are discussed in relation to the unique physiological needs, structure and situation of the lens.", "contents": "Aerobic and anaerobic metabolism of the crystalline lens of a poikilotherm; the toad Bufo marinus. 1. The O2 consumption and lactic acid production of the lens of the toad Bufo marinus was measured under various conditions. The energy consumption was very low compared to other amphibian tissues and about 20% of that previously described in the rat lens. About 80% was derived from oxidative metabolism, which is the converse of that seen in mammals. 2. Cyanide abolished O2 consumption and increased lactate production 20-30 times (\"Pasteur effect\"). 3. Under aerobic conditions about 40% of the energy requirements of the lens are related to the presence of Na in the bathing-media but this was not seen in the presence of CN. 4. Oxidative metabolism was predominant in the outer cortical regions of the lens while glycolysis persisted even in the central nucleus. The energetic requirements of this region were, however, only about 10% of those in the intact lens. 5. Lactate readily leaves the lens and passes into its bathing fluids, and at high rates of glycolysis this occurs more readily across the posterior surface. 6. The results are discussed in relation to the unique physiological needs, structure and situation of the lens."}
{"id": "PMID:122583", "title": "Esterase-7, a common constituent of numerous mouse tissues.", "content": "1. Electrophoretic and staining techniques for the relatively specific demonstration of esterase-7 in mouse tissues are described. Esterase-7 was found to be a common constituent of most mouse tissues. 2. The electrophoretic polymorphisms determined by three alleles a, b and c were studied in nine mouse strains. 3. The banding pattern of esterase-7 is being described and the isoelectric points of the allelic bands are being estimated. 4. Recombination studies on a further 129 animals confirmed that the Es-7 locus is tightly linked to Es-2 and Es-11. 5. Esterase-7 precipitates with antiesterase-2 from the rabbit. 6. It differs from esterase-2 by its individual substrate preference and by its susceptibility to inhibition by acylating agents.", "contents": "Esterase-7, a common constituent of numerous mouse tissues. 1. Electrophoretic and staining techniques for the relatively specific demonstration of esterase-7 in mouse tissues are described. Esterase-7 was found to be a common constituent of most mouse tissues. 2. The electrophoretic polymorphisms determined by three alleles a, b and c were studied in nine mouse strains. 3. The banding pattern of esterase-7 is being described and the isoelectric points of the allelic bands are being estimated. 4. Recombination studies on a further 129 animals confirmed that the Es-7 locus is tightly linked to Es-2 and Es-11. 5. Esterase-7 precipitates with antiesterase-2 from the rabbit. 6. It differs from esterase-2 by its individual substrate preference and by its susceptibility to inhibition by acylating agents."}
{"id": "PMID:122584", "title": "Comparative activities of glycogen phosphorylase and gamma-amylase in livers of carp (Cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (Carassius auratus).", "content": "1. The activity of glycogen phosphorylase in goldfish liver is fivefold greater than that in carp liver, suggesting that the enzyme may not be as important in regulating glycogenolysis in the latter species. 2. The activity of gamma-amylase is comparable in carp and goldfish liver. 3. The activity of hepatic gamma-amylase is approximately one-half that of glycogen phosphorylase in carp whereas in goldfish, the activity of gamma-amylase is less than one-sixth that of phosphorylase. Hepatic gamma-amylase may be an important glycogenolytic enzyme in carp but makes an insignificant contribution to glycogenolysis in goldfish.", "contents": "Comparative activities of glycogen phosphorylase and gamma-amylase in livers of carp (Cyprinus carpio) and goldfish (Carassius auratus). 1. The activity of glycogen phosphorylase in goldfish liver is fivefold greater than that in carp liver, suggesting that the enzyme may not be as important in regulating glycogenolysis in the latter species. 2. The activity of gamma-amylase is comparable in carp and goldfish liver. 3. The activity of hepatic gamma-amylase is approximately one-half that of glycogen phosphorylase in carp whereas in goldfish, the activity of gamma-amylase is less than one-sixth that of phosphorylase. Hepatic gamma-amylase may be an important glycogenolytic enzyme in carp but makes an insignificant contribution to glycogenolysis in goldfish."}
{"id": "PMID:122585", "title": "Comparative properties of mammalian and insect carbonic anhydrases: effects of potassium and chloride on the rate of carbon dioxide hydration.", "content": "1. Carbonic anhydrase (E.C.4.2.1.1) catalysed CO2 hydration was studied with enzymes from mammalian and insect sources at CO2 concentrations of 7.6-30.8 mM. 2. At 0.01-0.15 M, potassium chloride (KCl) or choline chloride (ChCl) markedly inhibited all 8 mammalian enzymes studied. 3. Inhibition by KCl is always greater than that associated with ChCl. 4. KCl non-competitively inhibits and choline chloride competitively inhibits bovine carbonic anhydrase. 5. Carbonic anhydrase obtained from fat body, integumentary epithelium and midgut tissues of larval tobacco hornworms, Manduca sexta, is greatly stimulated by KCl and slightly inhibited by ChCl. 6. We propose that the effect of K+ on mammalian and insect carbonic anhydrases if fundamentally different.", "contents": "Comparative properties of mammalian and insect carbonic anhydrases: effects of potassium and chloride on the rate of carbon dioxide hydration. 1. Carbonic anhydrase (E.C.4.2.1.1) catalysed CO2 hydration was studied with enzymes from mammalian and insect sources at CO2 concentrations of 7.6-30.8 mM. 2. At 0.01-0.15 M, potassium chloride (KCl) or choline chloride (ChCl) markedly inhibited all 8 mammalian enzymes studied. 3. Inhibition by KCl is always greater than that associated with ChCl. 4. KCl non-competitively inhibits and choline chloride competitively inhibits bovine carbonic anhydrase. 5. Carbonic anhydrase obtained from fat body, integumentary epithelium and midgut tissues of larval tobacco hornworms, Manduca sexta, is greatly stimulated by KCl and slightly inhibited by ChCl. 6. We propose that the effect of K+ on mammalian and insect carbonic anhydrases if fundamentally different."}
{"id": "PMID:122586", "title": "Growth of school children with polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning or yusho.", "content": "In 1968, a mass poisoning due to polychlorinated biphenyls or yusho occurred in Japan. It was reported that poor growth in school children with yusho was observed 1 year after the poisoning. This study was intended to ascertain whether or not the unfavorable effect of the polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning on growth among the school children with yusho is still appreciable. Data from the physical examinations made in 1970 and 1971 were collected and analyzed. The result obtained was that growth in yusho cases was suppressed temporarily and thereafter increments tended to be close to the average value in the control group.", "contents": "Growth of school children with polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning or yusho. In 1968, a mass poisoning due to polychlorinated biphenyls or yusho occurred in Japan. It was reported that poor growth in school children with yusho was observed 1 year after the poisoning. This study was intended to ascertain whether or not the unfavorable effect of the polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning on growth among the school children with yusho is still appreciable. Data from the physical examinations made in 1970 and 1971 were collected and analyzed. The result obtained was that growth in yusho cases was suppressed temporarily and thereafter increments tended to be close to the average value in the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:122589", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and amphetamine: a comparison of pharmacological profiles in animals.", "content": "1. The pharmacological effects of TRH are compared to those produced by d-amphetamine in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the activity of this endogenous peptide. 2. Although numerous amphetamine-like actions have been attributed to TRH, several differences have been noted between these compounds and are discussed. 3. At present, it is impossible to propose a single mechanism of action to explain the behavioral effects of TRH.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and amphetamine: a comparison of pharmacological profiles in animals. 1. The pharmacological effects of TRH are compared to those produced by d-amphetamine in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the activity of this endogenous peptide. 2. Although numerous amphetamine-like actions have been attributed to TRH, several differences have been noted between these compounds and are discussed. 3. At present, it is impossible to propose a single mechanism of action to explain the behavioral effects of TRH."}
{"id": "PMID:122590", "title": "Effects of apomorphine and sodium Di-n-propylacetate on the aggressive behaviour of three strains of mice.", "content": "1. The effects of apomorphine and sodium Di-n-propylacetate (DPA, sodium valproate) on pain-induced aggressive behavior were investigated in three inbred strains of mice: BALB/c, C57B1/6 and DBA/2, which exhibited spontaneously low levels of aggression. 2. Apomorphine elicited aggressive behavior in the three strains, the range of effective doses being different for each strain of mice. 3. Di-n-propylacetate was effective in inhibiting apomorphine elicited aggression but the three strains exhibited a different sensitivity to this drug. 4. The effects of Di-n-propylacetate were not related to pain sensitivity, posture and locomotion. Only C57 strain exhibited a slight postural and locomotor impairment when injected with a higher dose of Di-n-propylacetate. 5. The results are discussed in terms of a genetic inference and of biological differences existing between these three strains.", "contents": "Effects of apomorphine and sodium Di-n-propylacetate on the aggressive behaviour of three strains of mice. 1. The effects of apomorphine and sodium Di-n-propylacetate (DPA, sodium valproate) on pain-induced aggressive behavior were investigated in three inbred strains of mice: BALB/c, C57B1/6 and DBA/2, which exhibited spontaneously low levels of aggression. 2. Apomorphine elicited aggressive behavior in the three strains, the range of effective doses being different for each strain of mice. 3. Di-n-propylacetate was effective in inhibiting apomorphine elicited aggression but the three strains exhibited a different sensitivity to this drug. 4. The effects of Di-n-propylacetate were not related to pain sensitivity, posture and locomotion. Only C57 strain exhibited a slight postural and locomotor impairment when injected with a higher dose of Di-n-propylacetate. 5. The results are discussed in terms of a genetic inference and of biological differences existing between these three strains."}
{"id": "PMID:122588", "title": "Transplantation of pancreatic islet tissue and the control of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The major advances achieved in recent years in pancreatic islet cell transplantation in animals and man are presented and reviewed. In animals, the biochemical and structural changes present in experimentally induced diabetes mellitus can be reversed in part or whole following transplantation. Fetal or neonatal pancreatic islet cell preparations are probably the most appropriate tissue types to employ in the human situation. The optimal conditions for their maintenance to allow such an approach to the therapy of diabetes are under active investigation.", "contents": "Transplantation of pancreatic islet tissue and the control of diabetes mellitus. The major advances achieved in recent years in pancreatic islet cell transplantation in animals and man are presented and reviewed. In animals, the biochemical and structural changes present in experimentally induced diabetes mellitus can be reversed in part or whole following transplantation. Fetal or neonatal pancreatic islet cell preparations are probably the most appropriate tissue types to employ in the human situation. The optimal conditions for their maintenance to allow such an approach to the therapy of diabetes are under active investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:122596", "title": "The effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) antiserum administration on gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Single iv injections of a rabbit antiserum to synthetic LHRH promptly suppressed serum LH and FSH concentrations in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys. Gonadotropin levels remained depressed for 10-21 days, the approximate duration of enhanced LHRH binding activity in the circulation. Doses of LHRH antiserum sufficient to reduce tonic gonadotropin secretion did not modify the time course or magnitude of estrogen-induced gonadotropin surges. These negative findings, however, cannot be interpreted to signify that such surges are not caused by a release of LHRH.", "contents": "The effect of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) antiserum administration on gonadotropin secretion in the rhesus monkey. Single iv injections of a rabbit antiserum to synthetic LHRH promptly suppressed serum LH and FSH concentrations in ovariectomized rhesus monkeys. Gonadotropin levels remained depressed for 10-21 days, the approximate duration of enhanced LHRH binding activity in the circulation. Doses of LHRH antiserum sufficient to reduce tonic gonadotropin secretion did not modify the time course or magnitude of estrogen-induced gonadotropin surges. These negative findings, however, cannot be interpreted to signify that such surges are not caused by a release of LHRH."}
{"id": "PMID:122597", "title": "Perfusion of rat testes and accessory sex organs: a new method.", "content": "Rat testes and accessory sex organs were perfused in situ by recirculating an artificial medium through the hemicorpus preparation previously developed for studies of skeletal muscle. The advantages and limitations of this system for studying the male productive tract were examined. The electrolyte and gas composition of the perfusate remained constant and glucose levels did not fall below normal during 3 h of perfusion. Testicular water content, temperature, and ATP and GTP levels were normal at 90 min. The mean arterial pressure was 40 mm Hg and the flow rates, measured with microspheres, were normal to high to the caput epididymides, ventral prostate and seminal vesicles and approximately half normal to the testes in preparations from 90 day old rats perfused at 35 ml/min. Administration of vasodilators indicated the absence of significant vasoconstriction in the hemicorpus. There was appreciable testosterone metabolism by the preparation and in addition, there was absorption of testosterone by the plastic tubing of the perfusion apparatus. Testosterone levels in the perfusate rose for 90 min in response to hCG. There was a dose-response relationship between hCG (20-1000 mIU/ml of medium) and testosterone levels at 90 min. FSH, prolactin, insulin and vitamins had no significant effect on hCG-stimulated testosterone levels. This perfusion system should prove useful for studies of hormone action.", "contents": "Perfusion of rat testes and accessory sex organs: a new method. Rat testes and accessory sex organs were perfused in situ by recirculating an artificial medium through the hemicorpus preparation previously developed for studies of skeletal muscle. The advantages and limitations of this system for studying the male productive tract were examined. The electrolyte and gas composition of the perfusate remained constant and glucose levels did not fall below normal during 3 h of perfusion. Testicular water content, temperature, and ATP and GTP levels were normal at 90 min. The mean arterial pressure was 40 mm Hg and the flow rates, measured with microspheres, were normal to high to the caput epididymides, ventral prostate and seminal vesicles and approximately half normal to the testes in preparations from 90 day old rats perfused at 35 ml/min. Administration of vasodilators indicated the absence of significant vasoconstriction in the hemicorpus. There was appreciable testosterone metabolism by the preparation and in addition, there was absorption of testosterone by the plastic tubing of the perfusion apparatus. Testosterone levels in the perfusate rose for 90 min in response to hCG. There was a dose-response relationship between hCG (20-1000 mIU/ml of medium) and testosterone levels at 90 min. FSH, prolactin, insulin and vitamins had no significant effect on hCG-stimulated testosterone levels. This perfusion system should prove useful for studies of hormone action."}
{"id": "PMID:122598", "title": "Effect of progesterone and its 5 alpha-reduced metabolites on gonadotropin levels in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats.", "content": "In an effort to determine whether the metabolic conversion of progestrone may be important in the feedback effects of this steroid, serum LH and FSH levels were measured after administration of progesterone, 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone or 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one to estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. A single injection of 2 or 4 mg progesterone, 4 mg 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone, or 4 mg 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one 72 h (Day 3) after estrogen pretreatment induced a highly significant increase in serum LH and FSH 6 h later (1800 h). Although serum gonadotropin levels had begun to decrease 12 h after administration of the progestins, they were still significantly higher than control values and did not return to baseline levels until noon on Day 4. When either progesterone or 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one was administered at noon on Days 3 and 4, there was a significant reduction in LH levels 6 h after the second injection. In contrast, serum LH levels were slightly elevated 3 to 6 h (1500 to 1800 h) after the second injection of 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and did not decrease until 2100 h. There was no effect on FSH concentrations after a second injection of any of the progestins. Loss of uterine luminal fluid was observed within 24 h after a single injection of progesterone. Neither of the 5 alpha-reduced metabolites had an effect on uterine ballooning until after the second injection, and, even then, nonfluid-filled uteri were observed in only 20 to 30% of the animals. The results suggest that the conversion of progesterone to 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one by neuroendocrine tissues may be necessary for the positive and negative feedback effects of progesterone on gonadotropin secretion. Thus, the diverse effects of progesterone may be due to progesterone per se (e.g., in the uterus) and/or its metabolites (e.g., in the hypothalamus and pituitary).", "contents": "Effect of progesterone and its 5 alpha-reduced metabolites on gonadotropin levels in estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. In an effort to determine whether the metabolic conversion of progestrone may be important in the feedback effects of this steroid, serum LH and FSH levels were measured after administration of progesterone, 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone or 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one to estrogen-primed ovariectomized rats. A single injection of 2 or 4 mg progesterone, 4 mg 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone, or 4 mg 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one 72 h (Day 3) after estrogen pretreatment induced a highly significant increase in serum LH and FSH 6 h later (1800 h). Although serum gonadotropin levels had begun to decrease 12 h after administration of the progestins, they were still significantly higher than control values and did not return to baseline levels until noon on Day 4. When either progesterone or 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one was administered at noon on Days 3 and 4, there was a significant reduction in LH levels 6 h after the second injection. In contrast, serum LH levels were slightly elevated 3 to 6 h (1500 to 1800 h) after the second injection of 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and did not decrease until 2100 h. There was no effect on FSH concentrations after a second injection of any of the progestins. Loss of uterine luminal fluid was observed within 24 h after a single injection of progesterone. Neither of the 5 alpha-reduced metabolites had an effect on uterine ballooning until after the second injection, and, even then, nonfluid-filled uteri were observed in only 20 to 30% of the animals. The results suggest that the conversion of progesterone to 5 alpha-dihydroprogesterone and 3 alpha-hydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one by neuroendocrine tissues may be necessary for the positive and negative feedback effects of progesterone on gonadotropin secretion. Thus, the diverse effects of progesterone may be due to progesterone per se (e.g., in the uterus) and/or its metabolites (e.g., in the hypothalamus and pituitary)."}
{"id": "PMID:122599", "title": "Stimulation of thyroxine-binding globulin synthesis by isolated rhesus monkey hepatocytes after in vivo beta-estradiol administration.", "content": "The rate of in vitro production of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) was studied in hepatocytes isolated from 6 control rhesus monkeys (serum TBG: 19.6 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml; mean +/- SE) and 6 monkeys treated for 4-5 weeks with beta-estradiol (E2) (serum TBG: 45.1 +/- 1.8 micrograms/ml). Incorporation of [3H]leucine into intracellular soluble and particle-bound TBG, and into secreted TBG was determined for incubation periods up to 9 h. TBG was purified by affinity chromatography and measured by specific immunoprecipitation. The absolute amount of [3H]TBG and the ratio of [3H]TBG to total labeled protein in the same fraction were 3-fold higher in the particulate fraction and in the incubation medium of hepatocytes isolated from E2-treated monkeys. In separate experiments, TBG accumulation in the medium was measured for periods up to 19 h by radioimmunoassay. A 2.4-fold increase was observed with hepatocytes from E2-treated monkeys (3.48 ng TBG/h/10(7) cells, compared to 1.46 in controls). Correction of the production rates for the number of cells surviving during the incubation, and assuming 10.2 x 10(9) cells per liver, gave TBG production rates of 250 micrograms/liver/day in hepatocytes from E2-treated monkeys and 104 micrograms/day in hepatocytes from control monkeys. These experiments demonstrate that estrogen increases in vitro synthesis and secretion of TBG by isolated hepatocytes. The observed 2.4 to 3-fold increase was similar to the 2.9-fold increase in TBG production measured in vivo by kinetic analysis of TBG metabolism.", "contents": "Stimulation of thyroxine-binding globulin synthesis by isolated rhesus monkey hepatocytes after in vivo beta-estradiol administration. The rate of in vitro production of thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) was studied in hepatocytes isolated from 6 control rhesus monkeys (serum TBG: 19.6 +/- 0.5 micrograms/ml; mean +/- SE) and 6 monkeys treated for 4-5 weeks with beta-estradiol (E2) (serum TBG: 45.1 +/- 1.8 micrograms/ml). Incorporation of [3H]leucine into intracellular soluble and particle-bound TBG, and into secreted TBG was determined for incubation periods up to 9 h. TBG was purified by affinity chromatography and measured by specific immunoprecipitation. The absolute amount of [3H]TBG and the ratio of [3H]TBG to total labeled protein in the same fraction were 3-fold higher in the particulate fraction and in the incubation medium of hepatocytes isolated from E2-treated monkeys. In separate experiments, TBG accumulation in the medium was measured for periods up to 19 h by radioimmunoassay. A 2.4-fold increase was observed with hepatocytes from E2-treated monkeys (3.48 ng TBG/h/10(7) cells, compared to 1.46 in controls). Correction of the production rates for the number of cells surviving during the incubation, and assuming 10.2 x 10(9) cells per liver, gave TBG production rates of 250 micrograms/liver/day in hepatocytes from E2-treated monkeys and 104 micrograms/day in hepatocytes from control monkeys. These experiments demonstrate that estrogen increases in vitro synthesis and secretion of TBG by isolated hepatocytes. The observed 2.4 to 3-fold increase was similar to the 2.9-fold increase in TBG production measured in vivo by kinetic analysis of TBG metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:122600", "title": "Release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and thyrotropin releasing hormone from a synaptosome-enriched fraction of hypothalamic homogenates.", "content": "A mitochondrial fraction prepared from homogenates of rat hypothalamic tissue was found by means of electron microscopy to be enriched with synaptosomes. The release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from this preparation was investigated. After incubation, the synaptosomes were re-isolated by ultrafiltration; and the concentration of LHRH and TRH in the ultrafiltrate was determined by radioimmunoassay. When the synaptosome-enriched preparation was incubated in 0.32M sucrose at 1 or 30 C, less than 10% of the total LHRH and TRH was recovered in the ultrafiltrate. The two hormones were released by depolarizing concentrations (60 mM) of K+ in a Ca++-dependent manner, and the stimulatory effect of K+ was essentially complete within 2 min. In the presence of 2 mM Ca++, the release of LHRH and TRH increased with increasing K+ concentrations in the range 30-120 mM. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGF2 alpha, and PGF2 beta had little if any effect on LHRH or TRH release. When the synaptosome-enriched fraction was incubated in Hanks' balanced salt solution, the release of LHRH and TRH was about 10 times greater than that seen in 0.32M sucrose. It is concluded that a synaptosome-enriched fraction from the hypothalamus contains readily releasable pools of LHRH and TRH which are mobilized rapidly by depolarizing concentrations of K+ in a Ca++-dependent manner.", "contents": "Release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone and thyrotropin releasing hormone from a synaptosome-enriched fraction of hypothalamic homogenates. A mitochondrial fraction prepared from homogenates of rat hypothalamic tissue was found by means of electron microscopy to be enriched with synaptosomes. The release of luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from this preparation was investigated. After incubation, the synaptosomes were re-isolated by ultrafiltration; and the concentration of LHRH and TRH in the ultrafiltrate was determined by radioimmunoassay. When the synaptosome-enriched preparation was incubated in 0.32M sucrose at 1 or 30 C, less than 10% of the total LHRH and TRH was recovered in the ultrafiltrate. The two hormones were released by depolarizing concentrations (60 mM) of K+ in a Ca++-dependent manner, and the stimulatory effect of K+ was essentially complete within 2 min. In the presence of 2 mM Ca++, the release of LHRH and TRH increased with increasing K+ concentrations in the range 30-120 mM. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), PGF2 alpha, and PGF2 beta had little if any effect on LHRH or TRH release. When the synaptosome-enriched fraction was incubated in Hanks' balanced salt solution, the release of LHRH and TRH was about 10 times greater than that seen in 0.32M sucrose. It is concluded that a synaptosome-enriched fraction from the hypothalamus contains readily releasable pools of LHRH and TRH which are mobilized rapidly by depolarizing concentrations of K+ in a Ca++-dependent manner."}
{"id": "PMID:122601", "title": "Computed tomography of the spinal canal and cord.", "content": "Selective cases have been presented to demonstrate the usefulness of computed tomography in disorders of the spine and spinal cord. The osseous structures are more readily demonstrated than the soft tissues. The cord is difficult and inconsistently identified. However, cystic lesions (syringomyelia) may, at times, be demonstrated. The transverse projection of the CT scan is an added benefit in demonstrating bony spinal lesions. The use of metrizamide with faster scanners should improve the usefulness of this technique in evaluating intraspinal lesions.", "contents": "Computed tomography of the spinal canal and cord. Selective cases have been presented to demonstrate the usefulness of computed tomography in disorders of the spine and spinal cord. The osseous structures are more readily demonstrated than the soft tissues. The cord is difficult and inconsistently identified. However, cystic lesions (syringomyelia) may, at times, be demonstrated. The transverse projection of the CT scan is an added benefit in demonstrating bony spinal lesions. The use of metrizamide with faster scanners should improve the usefulness of this technique in evaluating intraspinal lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:122602", "title": "Cholecystokinin and secretin prevent the intestinal mucosal hypoplasia of total parenteral nutrition in the dog.", "content": "Because the pancreas undergoes involutional changes during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and because pancreatico-biliary secretions are trophic to the intestine, we studied jejunal and ileal structure and function and exocrine pancreatic function before and after 6 weeks of TPN in two groups of beagle dogs, one of which had TPN alone, the other having TPN plus daily stimulation of pancreatico-biliary secretions with intravenous infusions of cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin. The injections of 1 U each per kg of body weight per day of CCK and secretin completely prevented the proximal and distal small bowel mucosal hypoplasia which developed in the TPN alone group. They also resulted in significant increases in in vivo galactose absorption (64 mM) per unit length of jejunum and ileum. However, there was no significant change in mucosal alpha-glucosidase and catalase activity or in in vitro mucosal uptake of 1 mM [14C]leucine when expressed per unit weight of intestinal mucosa. The capacity of the pancreas to respond to CCK and secretin was unaffected by excluding food from the intestine with 6 weeks of TPN in terms of pH, volume, and peak secretion rates of bicarbonate and protein, but maximum amylase output (units per 15 min per kg of body weight) fell significantly (P less than 0.05) from a mean of 1022 +/- 155 to 874 +/- 426 in TPN alone group and to 472 +/- 79 in the TPN dogs given CCK and secretin. These results show that daily CCK and secretin is trophic to the intestine of dogs nourished by TPN but do not indicate whether this trophic effect is attributable to CCK alone, secretin alone, the combination of the two hormones, or to the resultant stimulation of pancreatico-biliary secretions.", "contents": "Cholecystokinin and secretin prevent the intestinal mucosal hypoplasia of total parenteral nutrition in the dog. Because the pancreas undergoes involutional changes during total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and because pancreatico-biliary secretions are trophic to the intestine, we studied jejunal and ileal structure and function and exocrine pancreatic function before and after 6 weeks of TPN in two groups of beagle dogs, one of which had TPN alone, the other having TPN plus daily stimulation of pancreatico-biliary secretions with intravenous infusions of cholecystokinin (CCK) and secretin. The injections of 1 U each per kg of body weight per day of CCK and secretin completely prevented the proximal and distal small bowel mucosal hypoplasia which developed in the TPN alone group. They also resulted in significant increases in in vivo galactose absorption (64 mM) per unit length of jejunum and ileum. However, there was no significant change in mucosal alpha-glucosidase and catalase activity or in in vitro mucosal uptake of 1 mM [14C]leucine when expressed per unit weight of intestinal mucosa. The capacity of the pancreas to respond to CCK and secretin was unaffected by excluding food from the intestine with 6 weeks of TPN in terms of pH, volume, and peak secretion rates of bicarbonate and protein, but maximum amylase output (units per 15 min per kg of body weight) fell significantly (P less than 0.05) from a mean of 1022 +/- 155 to 874 +/- 426 in TPN alone group and to 472 +/- 79 in the TPN dogs given CCK and secretin. These results show that daily CCK and secretin is trophic to the intestine of dogs nourished by TPN but do not indicate whether this trophic effect is attributable to CCK alone, secretin alone, the combination of the two hormones, or to the resultant stimulation of pancreatico-biliary secretions."}
{"id": "PMID:122603", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced growth hormone (hGH) responses in cirrhotic men.", "content": "The plasma growth hormone (hGH) responses to an intravenous challenge of 400 micrograms of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were evaluated in 14 normal controls and in 29 chronic alcoholic men. The normal controls had either a minimal or no hGH response to TRH, having basal hGH levels of 0.9 +/- 0.2 ng per ml and peak hGH levels of 2.0 +/- 0.5 ng per ml. In contrast, the chronic alcoholic men had a basal hGH level of 2.8 +/- 0.4 ng per ml, 3 times the basal level of the normal controls (P less than 0.01). The peak hGH response of the alcoholic men was 7.4 +/- 1.5 ng per ml (P less than 0.01). The 29 alcoholic men could be divided into two groups based upon the presence or absence of cirrhosis as determined by liver biopsy. The 16 alcoholic men with cirrhosis had greater basal hGH levels (3.5 +/- 0.6 ng per ml) and peak hGH levels (9.5 +/- 2.3 ng per ml) than did the 13 alcoholic men without cirrhosis (basal hGH 2.1 +/- 0.6 ng per ml, peak hGH 4.9 +/- 1.5 ng/ml). Plasma estradiol levels were similar in the normal controls and in the alcoholic men. In contrast, plasma estrone was greater in the alcoholic men (32.2 +/- 3.5 pg per ml) than in the normal controls (18.9 +/- 1.8 pg per ml) (P less than 0.05). However, when the plasma estrone levels of alcoholic men with cirrhosis were compared to those of the alcoholic men without cirrhosis no difference existed. Thus it is difficult to ascribe the increased hGH responses of the cirrhotic alcoholic men when compared to those of the noncirrhotic alcoholic men as being a result of increased basal estrogen levels.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced growth hormone (hGH) responses in cirrhotic men. The plasma growth hormone (hGH) responses to an intravenous challenge of 400 micrograms of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) were evaluated in 14 normal controls and in 29 chronic alcoholic men. The normal controls had either a minimal or no hGH response to TRH, having basal hGH levels of 0.9 +/- 0.2 ng per ml and peak hGH levels of 2.0 +/- 0.5 ng per ml. In contrast, the chronic alcoholic men had a basal hGH level of 2.8 +/- 0.4 ng per ml, 3 times the basal level of the normal controls (P less than 0.01). The peak hGH response of the alcoholic men was 7.4 +/- 1.5 ng per ml (P less than 0.01). The 29 alcoholic men could be divided into two groups based upon the presence or absence of cirrhosis as determined by liver biopsy. The 16 alcoholic men with cirrhosis had greater basal hGH levels (3.5 +/- 0.6 ng per ml) and peak hGH levels (9.5 +/- 2.3 ng per ml) than did the 13 alcoholic men without cirrhosis (basal hGH 2.1 +/- 0.6 ng per ml, peak hGH 4.9 +/- 1.5 ng/ml). Plasma estradiol levels were similar in the normal controls and in the alcoholic men. In contrast, plasma estrone was greater in the alcoholic men (32.2 +/- 3.5 pg per ml) than in the normal controls (18.9 +/- 1.8 pg per ml) (P less than 0.05). However, when the plasma estrone levels of alcoholic men with cirrhosis were compared to those of the alcoholic men without cirrhosis no difference existed. Thus it is difficult to ascribe the increased hGH responses of the cirrhotic alcoholic men when compared to those of the noncirrhotic alcoholic men as being a result of increased basal estrogen levels."}
{"id": "PMID:122625", "title": "Neonatally thymectomized Lewis rats infected with Mycobacterium leprae. 2. Histopathologic and electron microscopic observations.", "content": "We report the histologic and electron microscopic findings following intravenous inoculation of M. leprae into neonatally thymectomized Lewis rats, which were killed one to two years later. All organs appeared normal grossly. Histologic changes were confined to the footpads, snout, ears, tail, and testes, all of which were involved in every rat. The tissues were edematous and infiltrated by varying numbers of foamy macrophages. In the footpads muscle fibers were vacuolated, and small nerves showed degenerative changes. Large numbers of M. leprae were present in macrophages and striated muscle cells and smaller numbers in perineural cells and pericytes, as well as lying free in the tissues. Occasional intracellular bacilli were found throughout the reticuloendothelial system. Electron microscopy confirmed that the majority of organisms were within activated macrophages. Both intact and fragmented bacilli were contained within double-membrane bound vacuoles. Numerous M. leprae were lying free within the sarcoplasm of striated muscle cells. Virtually all of the extracellular organisms were degenerating.", "contents": "Neonatally thymectomized Lewis rats infected with Mycobacterium leprae. 2. Histopathologic and electron microscopic observations. We report the histologic and electron microscopic findings following intravenous inoculation of M. leprae into neonatally thymectomized Lewis rats, which were killed one to two years later. All organs appeared normal grossly. Histologic changes were confined to the footpads, snout, ears, tail, and testes, all of which were involved in every rat. The tissues were edematous and infiltrated by varying numbers of foamy macrophages. In the footpads muscle fibers were vacuolated, and small nerves showed degenerative changes. Large numbers of M. leprae were present in macrophages and striated muscle cells and smaller numbers in perineural cells and pericytes, as well as lying free in the tissues. Occasional intracellular bacilli were found throughout the reticuloendothelial system. Electron microscopy confirmed that the majority of organisms were within activated macrophages. Both intact and fragmented bacilli were contained within double-membrane bound vacuoles. Numerous M. leprae were lying free within the sarcoplasm of striated muscle cells. Virtually all of the extracellular organisms were degenerating."}
{"id": "PMID:122626", "title": "In vitro activation of neutrophils by suspensions of Mycobacterium leprae.", "content": "Activation, defined as an increase in the proportion of cells that reduce nitroblue-tetrazolium in vitro, is present in neutrophils from patients with reactional lepromatous leprosy but not in neutrophils from patients with non-reactional lepromatous leprosy. Neutrophils from patients with all forms of leprosy are equally well activated by endotoxin in vitro. We have now shown that in vitro activation induced by Mycobacterium leprae suspensions is of comparable magnitude in neutrophils from patients with all forms of leprosy (including lepromatous and reactional lepromatous leprosy). There is no intrinsic neutrophil anergy in patients with lepromatous leprosy vis-\u00e0-vis M. leprae as pertains to activation. Spontaneous activation in reactional lepromatous leprosy is likely due to an indirect mechanism, probably of immunologic nature, and not simply to the presence of circulating Mycobacterium leprae in the blood.", "contents": "In vitro activation of neutrophils by suspensions of Mycobacterium leprae. Activation, defined as an increase in the proportion of cells that reduce nitroblue-tetrazolium in vitro, is present in neutrophils from patients with reactional lepromatous leprosy but not in neutrophils from patients with non-reactional lepromatous leprosy. Neutrophils from patients with all forms of leprosy are equally well activated by endotoxin in vitro. We have now shown that in vitro activation induced by Mycobacterium leprae suspensions is of comparable magnitude in neutrophils from patients with all forms of leprosy (including lepromatous and reactional lepromatous leprosy). There is no intrinsic neutrophil anergy in patients with lepromatous leprosy vis-\u00e0-vis M. leprae as pertains to activation. Spontaneous activation in reactional lepromatous leprosy is likely due to an indirect mechanism, probably of immunologic nature, and not simply to the presence of circulating Mycobacterium leprae in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:122627", "title": "Defective blood mononuclear phagocyte function in patients with leprosy.", "content": "Patients with lepromatous leprosy possess a defective lymphocyte function in vivo and in vitro that is less evident in the tuberculoid form. Data concerning their macrophage ability to digest Mycobacterium leprae are controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine whether monocytes from patients with either tuberculoid or lepromatous leprosy were altered in their enzyme systems, that is myeloperoxidase-dependent and myeloperoxidase-independent systems. The ability of adherent blood monocytes to ingest and kill Candida pseudotropicalis after 30 and 60 min of incubation with yeast cells was tested. Mononuclear phagocytic cells from patients with either principal form of leprosy functioned similarly to normal monocytes in phagocytosis while their fungicidal activity for C. pseudotropicalis was statistically significantly altered and was more evident in the lepromatous than in the tuberculoid type. The results indicate that peripheral blood monocytes from patients with leprosy possess an impaired enzymatic candidacidal activity.", "contents": "Defective blood mononuclear phagocyte function in patients with leprosy. Patients with lepromatous leprosy possess a defective lymphocyte function in vivo and in vitro that is less evident in the tuberculoid form. Data concerning their macrophage ability to digest Mycobacterium leprae are controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine whether monocytes from patients with either tuberculoid or lepromatous leprosy were altered in their enzyme systems, that is myeloperoxidase-dependent and myeloperoxidase-independent systems. The ability of adherent blood monocytes to ingest and kill Candida pseudotropicalis after 30 and 60 min of incubation with yeast cells was tested. Mononuclear phagocytic cells from patients with either principal form of leprosy functioned similarly to normal monocytes in phagocytosis while their fungicidal activity for C. pseudotropicalis was statistically significantly altered and was more evident in the lepromatous than in the tuberculoid type. The results indicate that peripheral blood monocytes from patients with leprosy possess an impaired enzymatic candidacidal activity."}
{"id": "PMID:122628", "title": "Leprosy and hepatitis B virus markers: incidence of HBsAg and HBeAg in Somalian patients.", "content": "Serum samples from 222 Somalian patients, 135 with the lepromatous form of leprosy and 87 with the tuberculoid form of the disease, were examined for the presence of the surface antigen (HBsAg), the \"e\" antigen (HBeAg), and their corresponding antibodies (anti-HBs and anti-e). HBsAg was present in 24.4% of the LL cases and in 11.5% of the TT patients while anti-HBs was found respectively in 46.6% and 58.6%. The e-antigen was not found in any case of leprosy; anti-e was detected in 8.1% of the LL patients and in 3.5% of the TT cases. The rate of HBV seropositivity (HBsAg plus anti-HBs) was the same in the LL patients (71.1%) and in the TT patients (70.1%) and that could reflect the conditions of life in their closed community. The analysis of results obtained in Somalia has shown the presence of a difference in the distribution of HBsAg among leprosy patients, with an increased antigenemia in the lepromatous form which was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). No differences, however, were found between the leprosy patients and healthy controls. These observations seem to indicate that patients with lepromatous leprosy do not have an increased susceptibility to infection by hepatitis B virus.", "contents": "Leprosy and hepatitis B virus markers: incidence of HBsAg and HBeAg in Somalian patients. Serum samples from 222 Somalian patients, 135 with the lepromatous form of leprosy and 87 with the tuberculoid form of the disease, were examined for the presence of the surface antigen (HBsAg), the \"e\" antigen (HBeAg), and their corresponding antibodies (anti-HBs and anti-e). HBsAg was present in 24.4% of the LL cases and in 11.5% of the TT patients while anti-HBs was found respectively in 46.6% and 58.6%. The e-antigen was not found in any case of leprosy; anti-e was detected in 8.1% of the LL patients and in 3.5% of the TT cases. The rate of HBV seropositivity (HBsAg plus anti-HBs) was the same in the LL patients (71.1%) and in the TT patients (70.1%) and that could reflect the conditions of life in their closed community. The analysis of results obtained in Somalia has shown the presence of a difference in the distribution of HBsAg among leprosy patients, with an increased antigenemia in the lepromatous form which was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). No differences, however, were found between the leprosy patients and healthy controls. These observations seem to indicate that patients with lepromatous leprosy do not have an increased susceptibility to infection by hepatitis B virus."}
{"id": "PMID:122629", "title": "Electron microscopic observations of intracytoplasmic membrane systems and cell division in Mycobacterium lepraemurium.", "content": "The fine structures and the interconnections between the intracytoplasmic membrane systems and cell division of murine leprosy bacilli in liver tissue from mice infected intraperitoneally with Mycobacterium lepraemurium, Hawaiian strain, were studied in ultrathin serial sections at the electron microscopic level. Intracellular membranous organelles (mesosomes) were seen as vesicular, tubular and/or lamellar structures. The formation of mesosomes appeared to be initiated by invagination and/or folding of the cytoplasmic membrane. A few dividing bacilli were observed. The lateral extension and the centripetal growth of the septal wall seemed to result from the original development of cytoplasmic membrane occurring at or near the leading edge of the nascent septum. After the septum formation was completely accomplished, the separation of two new daughter cells is assumed to occur. The mesosome was associated with the newly formed cytoplasmic membrane (septal wall). It was shown that both the cytoplasmic membrane and the mesosome played an important part in septum formation.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations of intracytoplasmic membrane systems and cell division in Mycobacterium lepraemurium. The fine structures and the interconnections between the intracytoplasmic membrane systems and cell division of murine leprosy bacilli in liver tissue from mice infected intraperitoneally with Mycobacterium lepraemurium, Hawaiian strain, were studied in ultrathin serial sections at the electron microscopic level. Intracellular membranous organelles (mesosomes) were seen as vesicular, tubular and/or lamellar structures. The formation of mesosomes appeared to be initiated by invagination and/or folding of the cytoplasmic membrane. A few dividing bacilli were observed. The lateral extension and the centripetal growth of the septal wall seemed to result from the original development of cytoplasmic membrane occurring at or near the leading edge of the nascent septum. After the septum formation was completely accomplished, the separation of two new daughter cells is assumed to occur. The mesosome was associated with the newly formed cytoplasmic membrane (septal wall). It was shown that both the cytoplasmic membrane and the mesosome played an important part in septum formation."}
{"id": "PMID:122630", "title": "Histocompatibility antigens in patients with leprosy from Azarbaijan, Iran.", "content": "The distribution of 24 histocompatibility antigens in 88 Azerbaijani patients with leprosy was determined and compared with those of 125 normal, ethnically matched individuals. HLA-BW35 was increased in frequency among the Kurdish patients as compared to the controls; HLA-A1, however, displayed decreased frequency in patients with the lepromatous form of the disease. Among the Turks, diminished frequency of HLA-BW15 was noted in the total patient population. None of these comparisons, however, reached statistical significance when corrected for the number of antigens tested. Across the two ethnic groups, differences in the frequencies of HLA antigens between the patients and the controls were only marginal.", "contents": "Histocompatibility antigens in patients with leprosy from Azarbaijan, Iran. The distribution of 24 histocompatibility antigens in 88 Azerbaijani patients with leprosy was determined and compared with those of 125 normal, ethnically matched individuals. HLA-BW35 was increased in frequency among the Kurdish patients as compared to the controls; HLA-A1, however, displayed decreased frequency in patients with the lepromatous form of the disease. Among the Turks, diminished frequency of HLA-BW15 was noted in the total patient population. None of these comparisons, however, reached statistical significance when corrected for the number of antigens tested. Across the two ethnic groups, differences in the frequencies of HLA antigens between the patients and the controls were only marginal."}
{"id": "PMID:122631", "title": "The potential uses of the medication monitor in the treatment of leprosy.", "content": "A medication monitor has been developed that utilizes radioactive material and photographic film to record the intervals at which patients take medication. In the author's opinion, this equipment represents the most efficient means that has so far become available for determining how regularly outpatients take medication. A monitor for the tuberculosis regimen of isoniazid and thiacetazone has been made at a sufficiently low cost that it is practical to use it in routine treatment programs. An inexpensive system for immediate development of the film that can be used in the most remote locations is also available. Undoubtedly, with appropriate engineering work, a monitor for leprosy regimens could be made. The device has been used with tuberculosis patients and revealed that many patients were grossly irregular in taking their medication. It has been used to oversee medication use by tuberculosis patients and to select those who require either extra attention to improve medication ingestion or completely supervised, directly administered programs. In the treatment of leprosy, it could be used to study new drug regimens, the causes of noncompliance, and for the routine supervision of patients.", "contents": "The potential uses of the medication monitor in the treatment of leprosy. A medication monitor has been developed that utilizes radioactive material and photographic film to record the intervals at which patients take medication. In the author's opinion, this equipment represents the most efficient means that has so far become available for determining how regularly outpatients take medication. A monitor for the tuberculosis regimen of isoniazid and thiacetazone has been made at a sufficiently low cost that it is practical to use it in routine treatment programs. An inexpensive system for immediate development of the film that can be used in the most remote locations is also available. Undoubtedly, with appropriate engineering work, a monitor for leprosy regimens could be made. The device has been used with tuberculosis patients and revealed that many patients were grossly irregular in taking their medication. It has been used to oversee medication use by tuberculosis patients and to select those who require either extra attention to improve medication ingestion or completely supervised, directly administered programs. In the treatment of leprosy, it could be used to study new drug regimens, the causes of noncompliance, and for the routine supervision of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:122639", "title": "Miconazole in coccidioidomycosis.", "content": "The epidemiology of Coccidioides immitis is described with respect to annual infection rates and differing ethnic susceptibilities to the infection. A trial of miconazole in infected mice produced 100% survival in conditions which normally kill 100% of animals, probably by drastically reducing the rate of fungal multiplication in the lung. The fungal endospore, the form of the dimorphic fungus found predominantly in host tissue is more sensitive to miconazole than is the mycelial form. Data are presented from 14 human patients, some moribund and comatose, all of whom had failed to respond to existing therapy. There was objective evidence of improvement in eight, and a subjective impression of improvement in the majority. One patient failed to respond and three have equivocal results.", "contents": "Miconazole in coccidioidomycosis. The epidemiology of Coccidioides immitis is described with respect to annual infection rates and differing ethnic susceptibilities to the infection. A trial of miconazole in infected mice produced 100% survival in conditions which normally kill 100% of animals, probably by drastically reducing the rate of fungal multiplication in the lung. The fungal endospore, the form of the dimorphic fungus found predominantly in host tissue is more sensitive to miconazole than is the mycelial form. Data are presented from 14 human patients, some moribund and comatose, all of whom had failed to respond to existing therapy. There was objective evidence of improvement in eight, and a subjective impression of improvement in the majority. One patient failed to respond and three have equivocal results."}
{"id": "PMID:122640", "title": "Miconazole in systemic candidiasis.", "content": "Based on our experience with our first patients, miconazole is now the drug of choice in cases of systemic and pulmonary candidal infection. Initially we prefer the parenteral route of administration which is continued for only one or two weeks after a negative finding in culture. The dosage is 1.2 g per day for a 70 kg patient. Thereafter the treatment is continued orally for another four weeks. Miconazole is well documented as a drug without serious side-effects, but the incidence of candidal infections in about 1% of our surgical patients does not justify its prophylactic administration. Like antibiotics, miconazole is given only when there is a clinical manifestation and a positive finding in culture.", "contents": "Miconazole in systemic candidiasis. Based on our experience with our first patients, miconazole is now the drug of choice in cases of systemic and pulmonary candidal infection. Initially we prefer the parenteral route of administration which is continued for only one or two weeks after a negative finding in culture. The dosage is 1.2 g per day for a 70 kg patient. Thereafter the treatment is continued orally for another four weeks. Miconazole is well documented as a drug without serious side-effects, but the incidence of candidal infections in about 1% of our surgical patients does not justify its prophylactic administration. Like antibiotics, miconazole is given only when there is a clinical manifestation and a positive finding in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:122641", "title": "Therapy for deep mycoses: an introduction.", "content": "A classification of mycoses, depending upon the depth of penetration of the organism is discussed, as is the need to distinguish the true from the 'pseudo' mycoses. The development of antifungal agents is described from the first antibiotics to amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. Attention is particularly focussed on the question of safety and effectiveness. Finally, it is stressed that successful antifungal treatment must depend upon determination of the exact pathological status of the patient and examples are given which relate to such clinical assessments.", "contents": "Therapy for deep mycoses: an introduction. A classification of mycoses, depending upon the depth of penetration of the organism is discussed, as is the need to distinguish the true from the 'pseudo' mycoses. The development of antifungal agents is described from the first antibiotics to amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine. Attention is particularly focussed on the question of safety and effectiveness. Finally, it is stressed that successful antifungal treatment must depend upon determination of the exact pathological status of the patient and examples are given which relate to such clinical assessments."}
{"id": "PMID:122642", "title": "Miconazole in systemic candidosis.", "content": "Results are reported on the effect of miconazole together with concurrent medication in the treatment of 7 patients with systemic candidiasis. Two patients were discharged from hospital in good condition. In two others, the clinical status normalized. One patient's status improved but he was subsequently readmitted. Two patients died. The excellent tolerance of miconazole by all patients was a particular feature of this trial.", "contents": "Miconazole in systemic candidosis. Results are reported on the effect of miconazole together with concurrent medication in the treatment of 7 patients with systemic candidiasis. Two patients were discharged from hospital in good condition. In two others, the clinical status normalized. One patient's status improved but he was subsequently readmitted. Two patients died. The excellent tolerance of miconazole by all patients was a particular feature of this trial."}
{"id": "PMID:122643", "title": "Results of miconazole therapy in twenty-eight patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis).", "content": "Results are presented of treatment with miconazole, orally and intravenously, in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. Twenty-eight male patients aged from 34 to 66 years and exhibiting various clinical forms of the disease were studied. Twenty-five came from endemic areas in north east Argentina (Chaco, Formosa, Misiones, Corrientes and northern Santa Fe) and the remaining three from Paraguay. Twenty patients were engaged in agricultural work or at woodmills. single or multiple lesions were observed in 24 cases. Thirteen were suffering from infection of the larynx and in two of them a tracheotomy was necessary. Twenty-three showed pulmonary lesions on X-rays. Twelve had ganglionic lesions, eight had cutaneous lesions and one patient had osteoarthritis of the knee. One patient had hepatomegaly which was unrelated to chronic alcoholism. Fourteen patients had received previous treatments such as sulphonamides and amphotericin B (7 cases); sulphonamides (3), sulphonamides and the combination sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (3), and one patient had received all three medications. All patients had relapsed before starting miconazole therapy. Diagnosis was established by the presence of P. brasiliensis in all cases, recovered either from cutaneous or mucosal biopsy samples or from the sputum. Complement fixation tests were positive in all patients at the onset of the treatment and the immunodiffusion reactions showed precipitation bands in 27/28 patients. Skin tests with P. brasiliensis antigens proved to be positive in 18 cases and negative in 10. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was markedly accelerated in 22 patients (greater than 20 mm in the first hour).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "Results of miconazole therapy in twenty-eight patients with paracoccidioidomycosis (South American blastomycosis). Results are presented of treatment with miconazole, orally and intravenously, in patients with paracoccidioidomycosis. Twenty-eight male patients aged from 34 to 66 years and exhibiting various clinical forms of the disease were studied. Twenty-five came from endemic areas in north east Argentina (Chaco, Formosa, Misiones, Corrientes and northern Santa Fe) and the remaining three from Paraguay. Twenty patients were engaged in agricultural work or at woodmills. single or multiple lesions were observed in 24 cases. Thirteen were suffering from infection of the larynx and in two of them a tracheotomy was necessary. Twenty-three showed pulmonary lesions on X-rays. Twelve had ganglionic lesions, eight had cutaneous lesions and one patient had osteoarthritis of the knee. One patient had hepatomegaly which was unrelated to chronic alcoholism. Fourteen patients had received previous treatments such as sulphonamides and amphotericin B (7 cases); sulphonamides (3), sulphonamides and the combination sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim (3), and one patient had received all three medications. All patients had relapsed before starting miconazole therapy. Diagnosis was established by the presence of P. brasiliensis in all cases, recovered either from cutaneous or mucosal biopsy samples or from the sputum. Complement fixation tests were positive in all patients at the onset of the treatment and the immunodiffusion reactions showed precipitation bands in 27/28 patients. Skin tests with P. brasiliensis antigens proved to be positive in 18 cases and negative in 10. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate was markedly accelerated in 22 patients (greater than 20 mm in the first hour).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:122644", "title": "Miconazole in oral candidiasis.", "content": "Twenty-four patients were treated with oral miconazole (250 mg) for a total of 35 episodes of oral candidiasis. Sixteen had various forms of leukaemia and all were massively predisposed to fungal infection because of granulocytopenia and treatment with prednisolone and antibiotics. Clinical cure was observed in all 35 of the treated episodes, with a mean treatment time of five days, cure being observed in two to three days. When patients violating the protocol were excluded, the mycological cure rate was 97%. In 21 episodes there was a recurrence less than one month after miconazole treatment, probably because of reinfection. No side-effects ascribable to miconazole were observed, even in the severely debilitated patients, and the orally administered drug appeared to be superior to other commercially available antimycotic preparations.", "contents": "Miconazole in oral candidiasis. Twenty-four patients were treated with oral miconazole (250 mg) for a total of 35 episodes of oral candidiasis. Sixteen had various forms of leukaemia and all were massively predisposed to fungal infection because of granulocytopenia and treatment with prednisolone and antibiotics. Clinical cure was observed in all 35 of the treated episodes, with a mean treatment time of five days, cure being observed in two to three days. When patients violating the protocol were excluded, the mycological cure rate was 97%. In 21 episodes there was a recurrence less than one month after miconazole treatment, probably because of reinfection. No side-effects ascribable to miconazole were observed, even in the severely debilitated patients, and the orally administered drug appeared to be superior to other commercially available antimycotic preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:122645", "title": "Use of miconazole for prevention of opportunistic fungal infection during treatment of haematological malignancies.", "content": "It appears that miconazole is highly effective in reducing the incidence of systemic mycosis in patients suffering from malignant haemopathy and bone marrow failure. Three clinical infections (one stomatitis and two septicaemias due to candida) were easily cured. Autopsy findings never disclosed mycosis as the cause of death. The drug was completely atoxic and seems to offer major help in the treatment of malignant blood disease.", "contents": "Use of miconazole for prevention of opportunistic fungal infection during treatment of haematological malignancies. It appears that miconazole is highly effective in reducing the incidence of systemic mycosis in patients suffering from malignant haemopathy and bone marrow failure. Three clinical infections (one stomatitis and two septicaemias due to candida) were easily cured. Autopsy findings never disclosed mycosis as the cause of death. The drug was completely atoxic and seems to offer major help in the treatment of malignant blood disease."}
{"id": "PMID:122646", "title": "Treatment of South American blastomycosis (paracoccidioidomycosis) with miconazole by the oral route: an on-going study.", "content": "Results are presented from 12 patients of both sexes, whose ages range from 34 to 65 years, observed over a period of 16 months and receiving miconazole treatment for South-American blastomycosis. Ten of them were being treated for the first time and the remaining 2 presented relapses after treatment with other chemotherapeutic agents. The blastomycotic lesions were localized in skin, mucosa, lung and lymphatics. The drug was administered orally, at a dosage of 1 g three times daily. One relapsing patient had his first daily oral dose replaced by an intravenous dose of 200 mg of miconazole diluted in 250 ml of glucose solution during the initial four weeks. The criterion for diagnosis was finding of the fungus in sputum and/or in the material collected through scrapings or biopsy of the lesions. All patients were treated in hospital until the cure was apparent, clinical examinations being conducted weekly and bi-weekly. Bi-weekly laboratory examinations were performed to evaluate the patient's tolerance to the drug. All treated patients presented complete healing of cutaneomucous lesions (mean time: 4 weeks) and involution of lymphatic and pulmonary features (mean time: 4 months). Two of them still presented palpable lymphatics after 5 months of treatment, in spite of the cure of mucosal and pulmonary lesions. Monitoring the progress of the cured patients was and is being carried out quarterly. Currently, this observation period ranges from three to 15 months. Nine patients are still returning and none have shown the reappearance of mycotic lesions. Diarrhoea was the only side-effect observed after a period of therapy, but it was easily controlled by specific medication (kaolin, pectin, &c.). In a single case the treatment was interrupted because of this symptom.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "Treatment of South American blastomycosis (paracoccidioidomycosis) with miconazole by the oral route: an on-going study. Results are presented from 12 patients of both sexes, whose ages range from 34 to 65 years, observed over a period of 16 months and receiving miconazole treatment for South-American blastomycosis. Ten of them were being treated for the first time and the remaining 2 presented relapses after treatment with other chemotherapeutic agents. The blastomycotic lesions were localized in skin, mucosa, lung and lymphatics. The drug was administered orally, at a dosage of 1 g three times daily. One relapsing patient had his first daily oral dose replaced by an intravenous dose of 200 mg of miconazole diluted in 250 ml of glucose solution during the initial four weeks. The criterion for diagnosis was finding of the fungus in sputum and/or in the material collected through scrapings or biopsy of the lesions. All patients were treated in hospital until the cure was apparent, clinical examinations being conducted weekly and bi-weekly. Bi-weekly laboratory examinations were performed to evaluate the patient's tolerance to the drug. All treated patients presented complete healing of cutaneomucous lesions (mean time: 4 weeks) and involution of lymphatic and pulmonary features (mean time: 4 months). Two of them still presented palpable lymphatics after 5 months of treatment, in spite of the cure of mucosal and pulmonary lesions. Monitoring the progress of the cured patients was and is being carried out quarterly. Currently, this observation period ranges from three to 15 months. Nine patients are still returning and none have shown the reappearance of mycotic lesions. Diarrhoea was the only side-effect observed after a period of therapy, but it was easily controlled by specific medication (kaolin, pectin, &c.). In a single case the treatment was interrupted because of this symptom.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:122647", "title": "Clinical and experimental evidence on miconazole for the treatment of systemic mycoses: a review.", "content": "Intravenous treatment with miconazole brought about the recovery of 90% of patients with gastrointestinal or systemic candidosis. Miconazole given by the same route has also been found effective in the treatment of cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis. Cryptococcal and coccidioidal meningitis have been cured by combined intravenous and intrathecal instillation, although treatment of aspergillosis has presented difficulty. Oral treatment was effective in curing dermatophyte skin infections and systemic mycoses caused by sensitive organisms such as paracoccidioides, blastomyces and histoplasma. The question of blood levels following oral and intravenous administration is discussed. Side effects of the drug were few, and included chills, dizziness, skin rash, itching and diarrhoea. Thus miconazole can safely be given to seriously ill patients. Its behaviour in the body is not influenced by renal insufficiency and no drug induced resistance has been reported.", "contents": "Clinical and experimental evidence on miconazole for the treatment of systemic mycoses: a review. Intravenous treatment with miconazole brought about the recovery of 90% of patients with gastrointestinal or systemic candidosis. Miconazole given by the same route has also been found effective in the treatment of cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis. Cryptococcal and coccidioidal meningitis have been cured by combined intravenous and intrathecal instillation, although treatment of aspergillosis has presented difficulty. Oral treatment was effective in curing dermatophyte skin infections and systemic mycoses caused by sensitive organisms such as paracoccidioides, blastomyces and histoplasma. The question of blood levels following oral and intravenous administration is discussed. Side effects of the drug were few, and included chills, dizziness, skin rash, itching and diarrhoea. Thus miconazole can safely be given to seriously ill patients. Its behaviour in the body is not influenced by renal insufficiency and no drug induced resistance has been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:122648", "title": "Treatment of fungal infections with miconazole.", "content": "The present study reports on 15 patients with confirmed or suspected secondary fungal infection, who were treated with intravenous miconazole and a daily dose of 0.4 to 28 g (mean 9.8 g). The mycological findings confirmed infection with Aspergillus fumigatus in 6 patients and severe infection with Candida albicans in 4. Clinically mycological cures were achieved in 4 patients and some improvement was found in 3 others. The excellent patient tolerance of the drug makes it seem a likely treatment not only for patients with mycologically confirmed infection but also for those whose condition exposes them to a high risk of fungal infection.", "contents": "Treatment of fungal infections with miconazole. The present study reports on 15 patients with confirmed or suspected secondary fungal infection, who were treated with intravenous miconazole and a daily dose of 0.4 to 28 g (mean 9.8 g). The mycological findings confirmed infection with Aspergillus fumigatus in 6 patients and severe infection with Candida albicans in 4. Clinically mycological cures were achieved in 4 patients and some improvement was found in 3 others. The excellent patient tolerance of the drug makes it seem a likely treatment not only for patients with mycologically confirmed infection but also for those whose condition exposes them to a high risk of fungal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:122650", "title": "Miconazole treatment in candidal oesophagitis.", "content": "Seven patients with candidal oesophagitis were treated for up to 8 weeks with an intravenous infusion of miconazole, usually 600 mg given over a period of 30-60 minutes with a frequency depending upon the individual patient. As well as oesophagoscopy, biopsy and culture to establish the clinical course of the disease, a series of immunological investigations were performed, to assess the involvement of the patients' immune mechanisms, together with a whole battery of laboratory investigations to assess their response to the drug. A subjective improvement was observed in all patients after periods varying from 3 to 10 days and objective improvements were observed by oesophagoscopy by 5 of the patients in periods of one to four weeks. The same procedure showed 3 patients to have become completely normal after periods of one to three months. Apart from one instance of nausea, no other side-effects and no abnormal laboratory results were seen. It is suggested that the results of treatment depend on the clinical status of the patient, the associated pathology and the underlying immunological disturbance.", "contents": "Miconazole treatment in candidal oesophagitis. Seven patients with candidal oesophagitis were treated for up to 8 weeks with an intravenous infusion of miconazole, usually 600 mg given over a period of 30-60 minutes with a frequency depending upon the individual patient. As well as oesophagoscopy, biopsy and culture to establish the clinical course of the disease, a series of immunological investigations were performed, to assess the involvement of the patients' immune mechanisms, together with a whole battery of laboratory investigations to assess their response to the drug. A subjective improvement was observed in all patients after periods varying from 3 to 10 days and objective improvements were observed by oesophagoscopy by 5 of the patients in periods of one to four weeks. The same procedure showed 3 patients to have become completely normal after periods of one to three months. Apart from one instance of nausea, no other side-effects and no abnormal laboratory results were seen. It is suggested that the results of treatment depend on the clinical status of the patient, the associated pathology and the underlying immunological disturbance."}
{"id": "PMID:122655", "title": "Effect of penicillamine on the kidney.", "content": "Twenty patients with rheumatoid arthritis developing proteinuria when being treated with penicillamine have been studied. In 5 the proteinuria was mild and resolved rapidly. Eleven of the remaining patients have undergone renal biopsy. One was found to have amyloidosis, and in the other 10 there was evidence of an immune complex type of injury, manifested by a granular immunoglobulin deposition within glomerular capillary walls associated with subepithelial deposits, found on electron microscopy. The proteinuria associated with this was mild (mean 2.6 g per 24 h) and occurred on average some eight months after commencing therapy (range 6 weeks to 60 months).", "contents": "Effect of penicillamine on the kidney. Twenty patients with rheumatoid arthritis developing proteinuria when being treated with penicillamine have been studied. In 5 the proteinuria was mild and resolved rapidly. Eleven of the remaining patients have undergone renal biopsy. One was found to have amyloidosis, and in the other 10 there was evidence of an immune complex type of injury, manifested by a granular immunoglobulin deposition within glomerular capillary walls associated with subepithelial deposits, found on electron microscopy. The proteinuria associated with this was mild (mean 2.6 g per 24 h) and occurred on average some eight months after commencing therapy (range 6 weeks to 60 months)."}
{"id": "PMID:122657", "title": "Penicillamine treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: relationship of proteinuria and autoantibodies to immune status.", "content": "Thirty-seven patients were studied before and during treatment with respect to immune status, clinical response and development of adverse effects and autoantibodies. The baseline immune status was not predictive in terms of the above features, apart from the fact that the group of 7 patients developing proteinuria had a tendency to low or subnormal IgG levels. The most marked clinical improvement was recorded in the group who had augmented skin test responses sometime during the treatment period. These patients also had the largest falls in the IgG, IgA and rheumatoid factor. Antinuclear antibody persisted or increased in titre in 38% of patients, but was not associated with poor prognosis or liability to side-effects. Autoantibodies to striational or smooth muscle occurred in 20% of patients, and there was a much higher incidence of proteinuria in this group. We have previously suggested that penicillamine may act by depressing humoral function, leading to augmentation of cell-mediated immunity. Although the present findings suggest that penicillamine does cause humoral depression in some cases, it is not clear how the drug induces the side-effects described.", "contents": "Penicillamine treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: relationship of proteinuria and autoantibodies to immune status. Thirty-seven patients were studied before and during treatment with respect to immune status, clinical response and development of adverse effects and autoantibodies. The baseline immune status was not predictive in terms of the above features, apart from the fact that the group of 7 patients developing proteinuria had a tendency to low or subnormal IgG levels. The most marked clinical improvement was recorded in the group who had augmented skin test responses sometime during the treatment period. These patients also had the largest falls in the IgG, IgA and rheumatoid factor. Antinuclear antibody persisted or increased in titre in 38% of patients, but was not associated with poor prognosis or liability to side-effects. Autoantibodies to striational or smooth muscle occurred in 20% of patients, and there was a much higher incidence of proteinuria in this group. We have previously suggested that penicillamine may act by depressing humoral function, leading to augmentation of cell-mediated immunity. Although the present findings suggest that penicillamine does cause humoral depression in some cases, it is not clear how the drug induces the side-effects described."}
{"id": "PMID:122658", "title": "The effect of penicillamine on growth as height in juvenile chronic polyarthritis.", "content": "When the disease state improves during penicillamine therapy, resumption of growth occurs; if activity persists despite therapy, the expected fall-off in growth due to active Still's disease continues. Penicillamine does not interfere with the growth spurt after withdrawal of corticosteroid therapy or with the maintained slow growth during alternate-day steroid therapy.", "contents": "The effect of penicillamine on growth as height in juvenile chronic polyarthritis. When the disease state improves during penicillamine therapy, resumption of growth occurs; if activity persists despite therapy, the expected fall-off in growth due to active Still's disease continues. Penicillamine does not interfere with the growth spurt after withdrawal of corticosteroid therapy or with the maintained slow growth during alternate-day steroid therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:122666", "title": "Low Dose D-penicillamine in cystinuria.", "content": "(1) A single dose of D-penicillamine (not more than 750 mg) taken at 2200 h, together with a prescribed fluid intake of two to three litres during the waking hours, without extra drinks at night, is sufficient to keep the concentration of the urinary cystine below the saturating concentration of urine throughout the 24 h period. (2) This regime does not materially reduce the total 24 h excretion of cystine. (3) The effect of D-penicillamine is mainly seen in the urine excreted between 0200 and 0800 h. (4) This regime is provisionally recommended for the prevention of cystine stone recurrence but not for stone dissolution. Larger total amounts of D-penicillamine given in divided doses are still recommended for the latter purpose.", "contents": "Low Dose D-penicillamine in cystinuria. (1) A single dose of D-penicillamine (not more than 750 mg) taken at 2200 h, together with a prescribed fluid intake of two to three litres during the waking hours, without extra drinks at night, is sufficient to keep the concentration of the urinary cystine below the saturating concentration of urine throughout the 24 h period. (2) This regime does not materially reduce the total 24 h excretion of cystine. (3) The effect of D-penicillamine is mainly seen in the urine excreted between 0200 and 0800 h. (4) This regime is provisionally recommended for the prevention of cystine stone recurrence but not for stone dissolution. Larger total amounts of D-penicillamine given in divided doses are still recommended for the latter purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:122676", "title": "An outline of D-penicillamine metabolism.", "content": "In a study using 14C-D-penicillamine in a normal subject only 50% of the D-penicillamine was absorbed from the gut. The major urinary metabolites are cysteine-penicillamine and penicillamine disulphide. S-methyl-D-penicillamine is the only biochemically transformed metabolite so far identified.", "contents": "An outline of D-penicillamine metabolism. In a study using 14C-D-penicillamine in a normal subject only 50% of the D-penicillamine was absorbed from the gut. The major urinary metabolites are cysteine-penicillamine and penicillamine disulphide. S-methyl-D-penicillamine is the only biochemically transformed metabolite so far identified."}
{"id": "PMID:122683", "title": "Penicillamine therapy in systemic sclerosis.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were treated with D-penicillamine in doses ranging up to 1250 mg/day for periods varying between a few months and four years. Side-effects occurred in 7 patients, necessitating drug withdrawal in 2. Cutaneous benefit occurred in 15 patients, but owing to side-effects from the drug, relapses, and development, persistence or advancement of visceral complications, an overall good result only occurred in 5. Seven patients showed improvements in joint function, but only 3 were regarded as having an overall good result. Peripheral vascular disease and visceral involvement seemed not to be influenced by D-penicillamine and sometimes appeared or advanced during treatment. Six patients died from visceral manifestations of systemic sclerosis and one from another cause. D-penicillamine is of limited value for the cutaneous features of progressive systemic sclerosis, but probably of no value for the vascular and visceral manifestations of the disease.", "contents": "Penicillamine therapy in systemic sclerosis. Twenty-two patients with progressive systemic sclerosis were treated with D-penicillamine in doses ranging up to 1250 mg/day for periods varying between a few months and four years. Side-effects occurred in 7 patients, necessitating drug withdrawal in 2. Cutaneous benefit occurred in 15 patients, but owing to side-effects from the drug, relapses, and development, persistence or advancement of visceral complications, an overall good result only occurred in 5. Seven patients showed improvements in joint function, but only 3 were regarded as having an overall good result. Peripheral vascular disease and visceral involvement seemed not to be influenced by D-penicillamine and sometimes appeared or advanced during treatment. Six patients died from visceral manifestations of systemic sclerosis and one from another cause. D-penicillamine is of limited value for the cutaneous features of progressive systemic sclerosis, but probably of no value for the vascular and visceral manifestations of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:122693", "title": "Ultrastructural study of apatite crystal dissolution in human dentine and bone.", "content": "The width and thickness of normal apatite monocrystals were determined in human dentine and alveolar bone on non-decalcified thin sections made perpendicular to the c axis. A mean width (L) of 364.50 A +/- 14.50 A and 562.10 A +/- 19 A was respectively found for dentine and bone monocrystals, whereas their mean thickness (E) was respectively 103.30 A +/- 2.70 A and 79.10 A +/- 3.10 A. The study of the ratio L.E.-1 for dentine and bone monocrystals showed a plate-like configuration which was more accentuated in bone crystals. Apatite crystal dissolution was studied during the carious process in dentine and bone resorption during advanced periodontal lesions. It could be shown that, in both conditions, one or several central core lesions developed along the c axis of the crystals. These central core lesions, extending laterally along (100) planes, progressively fused together, leading to the splitting up of the monocrystals into two thin plates by a complete destruction of the central part of the monocrystal.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of apatite crystal dissolution in human dentine and bone. The width and thickness of normal apatite monocrystals were determined in human dentine and alveolar bone on non-decalcified thin sections made perpendicular to the c axis. A mean width (L) of 364.50 A +/- 14.50 A and 562.10 A +/- 19 A was respectively found for dentine and bone monocrystals, whereas their mean thickness (E) was respectively 103.30 A +/- 2.70 A and 79.10 A +/- 3.10 A. The study of the ratio L.E.-1 for dentine and bone monocrystals showed a plate-like configuration which was more accentuated in bone crystals. Apatite crystal dissolution was studied during the carious process in dentine and bone resorption during advanced periodontal lesions. It could be shown that, in both conditions, one or several central core lesions developed along the c axis of the crystals. These central core lesions, extending laterally along (100) planes, progressively fused together, leading to the splitting up of the monocrystals into two thin plates by a complete destruction of the central part of the monocrystal."}
{"id": "PMID:122694", "title": "Minor elements in bone mineral and their effects on its solubility.", "content": "Mineral substance deposited in bone tissue when either strontium or fluoride are present, is both qualitatively and quantitatively different from that deposited in their absence. The presence of these ions causes not only hetero\u00edonic substitutions in the crystalline lattice of the apatite phase, but also important modifications of the percentage of crystalline mineral, of crystal size and perfection, and of quantity of mineral per unit volume. These modifications affect the in vitro and in vivo demineralization of bone tissue.", "contents": "Minor elements in bone mineral and their effects on its solubility. Mineral substance deposited in bone tissue when either strontium or fluoride are present, is both qualitatively and quantitatively different from that deposited in their absence. The presence of these ions causes not only hetero\u00edonic substitutions in the crystalline lattice of the apatite phase, but also important modifications of the percentage of crystalline mineral, of crystal size and perfection, and of quantity of mineral per unit volume. These modifications affect the in vitro and in vivo demineralization of bone tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:122695", "title": "Some ultrastructural aspects of biological apatite dissolution and possible role of dislocations.", "content": "High resolution electron microscope techniques now make it possible to study the mineralization of calcified tissues at the crystal structure level. Dislocations play an important part in the course of crystal maturation and modifications. At least two origins of dislocations are known. The first is due to phenomena related to the incorporation of fluoride ions into the lattice. The second is due to mechanical stresses occurring between crystals during their maturation. Dislocations are the starting-points of acid dissolution which proceeds along dislocation-lines, sometimes inducing a splitting of the crystals. In the present study, dislocations have been visualized, either isolated in the crystal core and perhaps the two-dimensional surface representation of a screw-shaped dislocation, or forming nets of dislocations producing a spiral staircase on the sides faces of the crystals. There is evidence of a maturation cycle of the crystals, which may grow, split, coalesce or dissolve; liberated elements and small crystal fragments may allow development of near-by crystals. This remodelling explains the existence of a standard size as well as the perfect fitting of the crystals. These morphological data involve physico-chemical properties of biological apatites.", "contents": "Some ultrastructural aspects of biological apatite dissolution and possible role of dislocations. High resolution electron microscope techniques now make it possible to study the mineralization of calcified tissues at the crystal structure level. Dislocations play an important part in the course of crystal maturation and modifications. At least two origins of dislocations are known. The first is due to phenomena related to the incorporation of fluoride ions into the lattice. The second is due to mechanical stresses occurring between crystals during their maturation. Dislocations are the starting-points of acid dissolution which proceeds along dislocation-lines, sometimes inducing a splitting of the crystals. In the present study, dislocations have been visualized, either isolated in the crystal core and perhaps the two-dimensional surface representation of a screw-shaped dislocation, or forming nets of dislocations producing a spiral staircase on the sides faces of the crystals. There is evidence of a maturation cycle of the crystals, which may grow, split, coalesce or dissolve; liberated elements and small crystal fragments may allow development of near-by crystals. This remodelling explains the existence of a standard size as well as the perfect fitting of the crystals. These morphological data involve physico-chemical properties of biological apatites."}
{"id": "PMID:122696", "title": "Prevention of denture plaque formation by an enzyme denture cleanser.", "content": "It was the purpose of the study to test the efficacy of dissolvent tablets containing mutanase and protease in preventing formation of plaque on the fitting surface of complete dentures. The study group consisted of 60 denture wearers with denture stomatitis who were assigned randomly into an enzyme group, a placebo group, or a Steradent group. After denture treatment was completed the patients were instructed to immerse the new dentures for 15 min once daily for one month in the denture cleanser. The amount of denture plaque, the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa, and the concentration of yeasts in mucosal and denture smears were recorded while the patients used their original dentures and after the experimental period. The study was designed and carried out as a double-blind study. New denture plaque had formed in all patients; however in the enzyme group significantly reduced plaque scores were recorded as compared with the plaque scores recorded on the original dentures. The Steradent tablets or the placebo tablets had no apparent effect.", "contents": "Prevention of denture plaque formation by an enzyme denture cleanser. It was the purpose of the study to test the efficacy of dissolvent tablets containing mutanase and protease in preventing formation of plaque on the fitting surface of complete dentures. The study group consisted of 60 denture wearers with denture stomatitis who were assigned randomly into an enzyme group, a placebo group, or a Steradent group. After denture treatment was completed the patients were instructed to immerse the new dentures for 15 min once daily for one month in the denture cleanser. The amount of denture plaque, the clinical condition of the palatal mucosa, and the concentration of yeasts in mucosal and denture smears were recorded while the patients used their original dentures and after the experimental period. The study was designed and carried out as a double-blind study. New denture plaque had formed in all patients; however in the enzyme group significantly reduced plaque scores were recorded as compared with the plaque scores recorded on the original dentures. The Steradent tablets or the placebo tablets had no apparent effect."}
{"id": "PMID:122697", "title": "[The role of hypocalcemia on cell renewal and migration in the oral epithelium of the rat].", "content": "Calcium plays an important role in phenomena relating to permeability and regulation of the extracellular compartments. The diffusion anomalies of sulphur previously observed in the oral epithelium of the hypocalcemic rat could possibly be attributed to a reduction in diffusion of sulphur related to disturbances in cellular renewal. The injection of H3 thymidine was used to compare in parathyroidectomized and control rats the resultant differences in DNA synthesis and the migration of labelled cells. The labelling indices showed the absence of any relation between DNA synthesis and a calcium deficiency, whereas, on the contrary, hypocalcemia should produce modifications of the labelled cell distribution in the control and experimental rats. This difference indicates a reduction in cellular migration in case of hypocalcemia.", "contents": "[The role of hypocalcemia on cell renewal and migration in the oral epithelium of the rat]. Calcium plays an important role in phenomena relating to permeability and regulation of the extracellular compartments. The diffusion anomalies of sulphur previously observed in the oral epithelium of the hypocalcemic rat could possibly be attributed to a reduction in diffusion of sulphur related to disturbances in cellular renewal. The injection of H3 thymidine was used to compare in parathyroidectomized and control rats the resultant differences in DNA synthesis and the migration of labelled cells. The labelling indices showed the absence of any relation between DNA synthesis and a calcium deficiency, whereas, on the contrary, hypocalcemia should produce modifications of the labelled cell distribution in the control and experimental rats. This difference indicates a reduction in cellular migration in case of hypocalcemia."}
{"id": "PMID:122698", "title": "[A technic to prepare fixed ground sections for a quantitative microradiography study of the dentin].", "content": "The preparation of ground sections for the quantitative microradiographic study of dentine was carried out either by hand or by machine using a new technique of fixing the sections to the holder by a soluble adhesive. After setting up a method of control for the plano-parallelism of the sections, the times of preparation and the quality of the sections obtained with both methods were compared: engine grinding gave the best results in terms of both quantity and quality.", "contents": "[A technic to prepare fixed ground sections for a quantitative microradiography study of the dentin]. The preparation of ground sections for the quantitative microradiographic study of dentine was carried out either by hand or by machine using a new technique of fixing the sections to the holder by a soluble adhesive. After setting up a method of control for the plano-parallelism of the sections, the times of preparation and the quality of the sections obtained with both methods were compared: engine grinding gave the best results in terms of both quantity and quality."}
{"id": "PMID:122699", "title": "[The morphologic relation between the temporomandibular joint and other components of the masticatory apparatus in catarrhine simians and humans].", "content": "The articular temporo-mandibular structures and their osseous and dental environment were studied in some catarhinians Simians (Cynomorphs and Anthropomorphs) and some representatives of the human lineage. The study of measurable and descriptive characters showed a relative stability of the temporo-mandibular joint compared to the dynamism of the other components of the masticatory system. The functional specificity of the actual human temporo-mandibular joint seemed to be tightly associated to the main processes leading toward human evolution (facial regression, increase of the cranial capacity). On the other hand, this study casts some doubts regarding the utilization of Primates for experiments in this field.", "contents": "[The morphologic relation between the temporomandibular joint and other components of the masticatory apparatus in catarrhine simians and humans]. The articular temporo-mandibular structures and their osseous and dental environment were studied in some catarhinians Simians (Cynomorphs and Anthropomorphs) and some representatives of the human lineage. The study of measurable and descriptive characters showed a relative stability of the temporo-mandibular joint compared to the dynamism of the other components of the masticatory system. The functional specificity of the actual human temporo-mandibular joint seemed to be tightly associated to the main processes leading toward human evolution (facial regression, increase of the cranial capacity). On the other hand, this study casts some doubts regarding the utilization of Primates for experiments in this field."}
{"id": "PMID:122700", "title": "Degenerative changes in the histology of the human submandibular salivary gland occurring with age.", "content": "A histological investigation was made of 96 human submandibular salivary glands, obtained at necropsy and evenly representative of sex and adult age to 95 years. Age-dependent atrophy was observed in both acinar and ductal epithelia. With increasing age structural changes were also found in fibrous and elastic tissues as well as in the walls of arteries and veins. Ischaemia due to partial occlusion of arteries may be one reason for the age-dependent atrophy of parenchyma. The deteriorative changes developing with age in arterial walls and in acinar and ductal epithelia probably both contribute to the reduced functional efficiency of salivary glands which is known to occur in senescence.", "contents": "Degenerative changes in the histology of the human submandibular salivary gland occurring with age. A histological investigation was made of 96 human submandibular salivary glands, obtained at necropsy and evenly representative of sex and adult age to 95 years. Age-dependent atrophy was observed in both acinar and ductal epithelia. With increasing age structural changes were also found in fibrous and elastic tissues as well as in the walls of arteries and veins. Ischaemia due to partial occlusion of arteries may be one reason for the age-dependent atrophy of parenchyma. The deteriorative changes developing with age in arterial walls and in acinar and ductal epithelia probably both contribute to the reduced functional efficiency of salivary glands which is known to occur in senescence."}
{"id": "PMID:122701", "title": "Combined micromanipulation, culture and immunofluorescent techniques for isolation of the coccal organisms comprising the \"corn cob\" configuration of human dental plaque.", "content": "The present study describes methods to 1) selectively isolate Corn Cob Configurations (CCC) from dental plaque by micromanipulation; 2) obtain pure cultures of the coccal constituent; 3) determine by immunofluorescent procedure which organisms originated from the CCC. Using a de Fonbrune micromanipulator, CCC specimens were isolated from supragingival plaque samples. The viability of one specimen thus obtained was established by observing growth on a slide culture. One set of CCC specimens was transferred to broth and incubated aerobically immediately upon collection. Another set was transferred to prereduced transport medium and later plated on blood agar for aerobic and anaerobic culturing. A total of 10 coccal strains were thus isolated. Antisera produced in rabbits against the 10 strains were used to localize these coccal organisms on plaque smears by using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Of the 10 antisera tested, 2 produced against streptococcal strains consistently gave a positive immunofluorescent reaction with the coccal component of CCC in the plaque smears; the corresponding streptococci were therefore considered to be CCC forming strains in vivo.", "contents": "Combined micromanipulation, culture and immunofluorescent techniques for isolation of the coccal organisms comprising the \"corn cob\" configuration of human dental plaque. The present study describes methods to 1) selectively isolate Corn Cob Configurations (CCC) from dental plaque by micromanipulation; 2) obtain pure cultures of the coccal constituent; 3) determine by immunofluorescent procedure which organisms originated from the CCC. Using a de Fonbrune micromanipulator, CCC specimens were isolated from supragingival plaque samples. The viability of one specimen thus obtained was established by observing growth on a slide culture. One set of CCC specimens was transferred to broth and incubated aerobically immediately upon collection. Another set was transferred to prereduced transport medium and later plated on blood agar for aerobic and anaerobic culturing. A total of 10 coccal strains were thus isolated. Antisera produced in rabbits against the 10 strains were used to localize these coccal organisms on plaque smears by using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique. Of the 10 antisera tested, 2 produced against streptococcal strains consistently gave a positive immunofluorescent reaction with the coccal component of CCC in the plaque smears; the corresponding streptococci were therefore considered to be CCC forming strains in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:122702", "title": "[Cathepsin D in the connective tissue and epithelium of inflammed human gingiva].", "content": "The activity of cathepsin D has been determined, as a function of gingival inflammation, in biopsies of human gingivae from 10 patients. The determinations have been performed both in the connective tissue and epithelium after their mechanical separation in cryostat sections. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between the cathepsin D specific activity (as a function of either dry weight or DNA) and the degree of gingiva inflammation. These results support the hypothesis of a possible participation of lysosomal enzymes in the destruction of periodontal tissues during gingivitis and periodontitis.", "contents": "[Cathepsin D in the connective tissue and epithelium of inflammed human gingiva]. The activity of cathepsin D has been determined, as a function of gingival inflammation, in biopsies of human gingivae from 10 patients. The determinations have been performed both in the connective tissue and epithelium after their mechanical separation in cryostat sections. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between the cathepsin D specific activity (as a function of either dry weight or DNA) and the degree of gingiva inflammation. These results support the hypothesis of a possible participation of lysosomal enzymes in the destruction of periodontal tissues during gingivitis and periodontitis."}
{"id": "PMID:122703", "title": "Collagen resorption by fibroblasts in human gingiva.", "content": "In the course of the extensive tissue remodeling occurring after flap surgery and during the subsequent gingival reattachment in man, numerous intracellular vacuoles were observed in fibroblasts of the lamina propria. These vacuoles contained one or several typical collagen fibrils and had either an electron-lucent matrix or contained an electron-dense material obscuring the fibrillar outlines and cross-striations.", "contents": "Collagen resorption by fibroblasts in human gingiva. In the course of the extensive tissue remodeling occurring after flap surgery and during the subsequent gingival reattachment in man, numerous intracellular vacuoles were observed in fibroblasts of the lamina propria. These vacuoles contained one or several typical collagen fibrils and had either an electron-lucent matrix or contained an electron-dense material obscuring the fibrillar outlines and cross-striations."}
{"id": "PMID:122704", "title": "[Ultrastructural demonstration of the phagocytic activity of periodontal ligament fibroblasts in the rat using enzymatic tracers].", "content": "The ultrastructural study of non-decalcified periodontal ligament of rats, labeled with horseradish peroxidase used as an enzymatic tracer for the mechanism of endocytosis, shows that there exists in the fibroblast, on the one hand, an endogeneous peroxidase revealed by the preparation and characteristic of certain cellular organelles: mitochondria, free ribosomes, ribosomes of the granular endoplasmic reticulum; and on the other hand an exogeneous peroxidase which demonstrates the ability of fibroblasts to phagocytose. This exogeneous peroxidase initially marks the collagen fibrils located in the extracellular medium, then at a later time he cytoplasmic membrane during its invagination, and finally the membrane of phagosomes. The intracellular collagen situated at the interior of phagosomes is also marked by the peroxidase and demonstrates the passage of the collagen from the extracellular medium to the intracellular medium.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural demonstration of the phagocytic activity of periodontal ligament fibroblasts in the rat using enzymatic tracers]. The ultrastructural study of non-decalcified periodontal ligament of rats, labeled with horseradish peroxidase used as an enzymatic tracer for the mechanism of endocytosis, shows that there exists in the fibroblast, on the one hand, an endogeneous peroxidase revealed by the preparation and characteristic of certain cellular organelles: mitochondria, free ribosomes, ribosomes of the granular endoplasmic reticulum; and on the other hand an exogeneous peroxidase which demonstrates the ability of fibroblasts to phagocytose. This exogeneous peroxidase initially marks the collagen fibrils located in the extracellular medium, then at a later time he cytoplasmic membrane during its invagination, and finally the membrane of phagosomes. The intracellular collagen situated at the interior of phagosomes is also marked by the peroxidase and demonstrates the passage of the collagen from the extracellular medium to the intracellular medium."}
{"id": "PMID:122705", "title": "Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe.", "content": "The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation.", "contents": "Effects of prevention of afferentation of the development of the chick optic lobe. The effects of unilateral extirpation of the right optic cup of the three-day incubated chick embryo upon the rate of synthesis and the stability of DNA in the non-innervated optic lobe, have been studied. This surgical procedure prevents innervation of the optic lobe contralateral to the removed eye, while the other optic lobe is normally innervated by retinal ganglion cells of the remaining eye. At the 20th day of incubation, the DNA content of the non-innervated lobe was below that of the paired lobe receiving normal innervation. This deficiency of cell number was caused by two events; death of an excess number of neurons formed early in embryogenesis and a reduced rate of glial proliferation in the later stages of incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:122706", "title": "Lithium metabolism and intracellular electrolytes.", "content": "Lithium chloride was administered orally to swine and two different types of sheep, HK and LK. There was a pre-lithium 16-fold variation in intracellular sodium (LK greater than HK greater than swine) and a 6.5-fold variation in the intracellular potassium (swine greater than HK greater than LK). Collected plasma and erythrocytes were analyzed for lithium, sodium and potassium. The ratio of erythrocyte lithium/plasma lithium was directly related to the pre-lithium erythrocyte sodium concentration and inversely related to the pre-lithium erythrocyte potassium concentration.", "contents": "Lithium metabolism and intracellular electrolytes. Lithium chloride was administered orally to swine and two different types of sheep, HK and LK. There was a pre-lithium 16-fold variation in intracellular sodium (LK greater than HK greater than swine) and a 6.5-fold variation in the intracellular potassium (swine greater than HK greater than LK). Collected plasma and erythrocytes were analyzed for lithium, sodium and potassium. The ratio of erythrocyte lithium/plasma lithium was directly related to the pre-lithium erythrocyte sodium concentration and inversely related to the pre-lithium erythrocyte potassium concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:122707", "title": "Development of potentiation in the dentate gyrus of rat: physiology and anatomy.", "content": "The physiological development of potentiating processes in the rat dentate gyrus were compared to morphological development. Rapid Golgi techniques were coupled with in vitro studies of dentate granule cell frequency potentiation, post-tetanic potentiation and long-term potentiation. Frequency potentiation and long-term potentiation exhibited a developmental progression between 7 and 210 days postnatal. Posttetanic potentiation remained constant across this period. The relation of these findings to synaptogenesis and dendritic spine formation are discussed.", "contents": "Development of potentiation in the dentate gyrus of rat: physiology and anatomy. The physiological development of potentiating processes in the rat dentate gyrus were compared to morphological development. Rapid Golgi techniques were coupled with in vitro studies of dentate granule cell frequency potentiation, post-tetanic potentiation and long-term potentiation. Frequency potentiation and long-term potentiation exhibited a developmental progression between 7 and 210 days postnatal. Posttetanic potentiation remained constant across this period. The relation of these findings to synaptogenesis and dendritic spine formation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122708", "title": "Effect of total amygdalectomy upon regulation of salt intake in rats.", "content": "Sodium appetite was studied in rats with lesions destroying the entire amygdaloid nuclear complex. The rats were totally aphagic and adipsic for several days following lesioning but regained nearly normal levels of food and water intake about 2 to 3 weeks postoperatively. Intake of 3% saline was observed after induction of sodium appetite by treatment with a mineralocorticoid and a natriuretic agent. Rats with amygdaloid lesions generally manifested severe but not total loss of sodium appetite. Regulation of water intake was also moderately to severely impaired. Suggestive evidence was obtained that recovery of sodium appetite in amygdalectomized rats can be enhanced by postoperative experience with sodium appetite and saline reinforcement.", "contents": "Effect of total amygdalectomy upon regulation of salt intake in rats. Sodium appetite was studied in rats with lesions destroying the entire amygdaloid nuclear complex. The rats were totally aphagic and adipsic for several days following lesioning but regained nearly normal levels of food and water intake about 2 to 3 weeks postoperatively. Intake of 3% saline was observed after induction of sodium appetite by treatment with a mineralocorticoid and a natriuretic agent. Rats with amygdaloid lesions generally manifested severe but not total loss of sodium appetite. Regulation of water intake was also moderately to severely impaired. Suggestive evidence was obtained that recovery of sodium appetite in amygdalectomized rats can be enhanced by postoperative experience with sodium appetite and saline reinforcement."}
{"id": "PMID:122709", "title": "Some physiologic characteristics of the electrodermal reflex in the cat.", "content": "The amplitudes of electrodermal reflexes evoked in intact cats were compared under a variety of anesthetic conditions. Electrodermal reflexes were elicited in both decerebrate and spinal preparations with and without anesthesia. Reflex amplitude was significantly depressed in the anesthetized preparation after decerebration or spinal transection. In contrast, spinal transection performed after decerebration in unanesthetized preparations significantly increased the amplitude of the reflex. The evidence presented in this study supports the concept of a primarily inhibitory lower brainstem system with regard to this reflex. The relative stability of the reflex amplitude in the anesthetized cat suggests that this reflex system could be useful in the analysis of the effects of drugs acting on the central nervous system.", "contents": "Some physiologic characteristics of the electrodermal reflex in the cat. The amplitudes of electrodermal reflexes evoked in intact cats were compared under a variety of anesthetic conditions. Electrodermal reflexes were elicited in both decerebrate and spinal preparations with and without anesthesia. Reflex amplitude was significantly depressed in the anesthetized preparation after decerebration or spinal transection. In contrast, spinal transection performed after decerebration in unanesthetized preparations significantly increased the amplitude of the reflex. The evidence presented in this study supports the concept of a primarily inhibitory lower brainstem system with regard to this reflex. The relative stability of the reflex amplitude in the anesthetized cat suggests that this reflex system could be useful in the analysis of the effects of drugs acting on the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:122710", "title": "Effect of a low protein diet on the anatomical development of subcortical formations.", "content": "The effects of a low protein diet during gestation, lactation, and after weaning on the anatomical development of a subcortical nucleate formation, the neostriatum, and a reticulate formation, the diagonal band of Broca, were studied. At 10, 30, and 90 days the volume of the neostriatum was decreased in the experimental rats. However, the percent of the brain volume that was neostriatum was unaffected at each of these ages. In a rapid Golgi study of individual neurons at 90 days of age there was no significant effect of the low protein diet on the dendritic length of three different types of neurons within the neostriatum. However, its heavily spined dominant neuron showed a significant decrease in synaptic spine density. In the reticular formation, there was also no significant effect on dendritic length. A minute, apparently axonless cell corresponding to the neurogliaform cell of Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, showed a decrease in extent of its cell processes only in the neostriatum. When compared to cortical formations, these phylogenetically more conservative neuronal substrates appear to be more resistant to the effects of undernutrition.", "contents": "Effect of a low protein diet on the anatomical development of subcortical formations. The effects of a low protein diet during gestation, lactation, and after weaning on the anatomical development of a subcortical nucleate formation, the neostriatum, and a reticulate formation, the diagonal band of Broca, were studied. At 10, 30, and 90 days the volume of the neostriatum was decreased in the experimental rats. However, the percent of the brain volume that was neostriatum was unaffected at each of these ages. In a rapid Golgi study of individual neurons at 90 days of age there was no significant effect of the low protein diet on the dendritic length of three different types of neurons within the neostriatum. However, its heavily spined dominant neuron showed a significant decrease in synaptic spine density. In the reticular formation, there was also no significant effect on dendritic length. A minute, apparently axonless cell corresponding to the neurogliaform cell of Ram\u00f3n y Cajal, showed a decrease in extent of its cell processes only in the neostriatum. When compared to cortical formations, these phylogenetically more conservative neuronal substrates appear to be more resistant to the effects of undernutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:122711", "title": "Effects of septal damage and ovariectomy on feeding, drinking and body weight.", "content": "Septal destruction and ovariectomy each influenced food intake and body weight differentially. Animals sustaining septal damage ingested significantly more food than the other groups, and septal hyperphagia persisted for as long as 109 days. Ovarian hyperphagia did not occur under conditions of constant illumination. Septal destruction exerted essentially no effect on body weight, while ovariectomy substantially increased body weight. Sequential surgical manipulations provided further evidence that the ovaries and the septum influence food intake and body weight via independent mechanisms. Results indicated that the septal and ovarian effects on water intake are not mediated via independent mechanisms. Septal and ovarian hyperdipsia were found to be very robust effects occurring regardless of the lighting regimen. It was further demonstrated that ovarian hyperdipsia is not secondary to food intake but rather is primary hyperdipsia.", "contents": "Effects of septal damage and ovariectomy on feeding, drinking and body weight. Septal destruction and ovariectomy each influenced food intake and body weight differentially. Animals sustaining septal damage ingested significantly more food than the other groups, and septal hyperphagia persisted for as long as 109 days. Ovarian hyperphagia did not occur under conditions of constant illumination. Septal destruction exerted essentially no effect on body weight, while ovariectomy substantially increased body weight. Sequential surgical manipulations provided further evidence that the ovaries and the septum influence food intake and body weight via independent mechanisms. Results indicated that the septal and ovarian effects on water intake are not mediated via independent mechanisms. Septal and ovarian hyperdipsia were found to be very robust effects occurring regardless of the lighting regimen. It was further demonstrated that ovarian hyperdipsia is not secondary to food intake but rather is primary hyperdipsia."}
{"id": "PMID:122712", "title": "Olfactory pathway evoked potentials in response to hypothalamic stimulation.", "content": "Ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation of lateral, ventromedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei produced evoked responses in the olfactory bulb and in the prepyriform cortex. No differences in the latencies were found by stimulation of each nucleus in the homo and contralateral olfactory structures. The high amplitude of the fast component (N1) was obtained with stimuli applied to the ventral zones and the slow components (N2, N3) were obtained with more dorsal stimulation. An ipsilateral pathway is indicated at the supramammillary and posterior commissure level, since severing these structures abolishes the evoked responses. A bilateral projection is proposed for the olfactory bulb.", "contents": "Olfactory pathway evoked potentials in response to hypothalamic stimulation. Ipsilateral and contralateral stimulation of lateral, ventromedial and posterior hypothalamic nuclei produced evoked responses in the olfactory bulb and in the prepyriform cortex. No differences in the latencies were found by stimulation of each nucleus in the homo and contralateral olfactory structures. The high amplitude of the fast component (N1) was obtained with stimuli applied to the ventral zones and the slow components (N2, N3) were obtained with more dorsal stimulation. An ipsilateral pathway is indicated at the supramammillary and posterior commissure level, since severing these structures abolishes the evoked responses. A bilateral projection is proposed for the olfactory bulb."}
{"id": "PMID:122713", "title": "An atlas of the deep cerebellar nuclei and subtentorial brainstem of the cat with compensation for skull-size.", "content": "The bony tentorium in the cat precludes a stereotaxic approach, in the coronal plane, to widespread areas of the cerebellum and underlying brainstem. To facilitate the application of the stereotaxic method in these areas, an atlas of the subtentorial brainstem was prepared, with plates (30 degrees from the vertical) based on an angle of entry which avoids the tentorium. In addition, a placement error regression function, based on a measure of skull size, was derived to provide atlas coordinate corrections for different brain sizes. The application of this regression function, together with the present atlas plates, can greatly increase placement accuracy.", "contents": "An atlas of the deep cerebellar nuclei and subtentorial brainstem of the cat with compensation for skull-size. The bony tentorium in the cat precludes a stereotaxic approach, in the coronal plane, to widespread areas of the cerebellum and underlying brainstem. To facilitate the application of the stereotaxic method in these areas, an atlas of the subtentorial brainstem was prepared, with plates (30 degrees from the vertical) based on an angle of entry which avoids the tentorium. In addition, a placement error regression function, based on a measure of skull size, was derived to provide atlas coordinate corrections for different brain sizes. The application of this regression function, together with the present atlas plates, can greatly increase placement accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:122714", "title": "Effects of pyrithiamin and oxythiamin on acetylcholine levels and utilization in rat brain.", "content": "Regional cerebral acetylcholine (ACh) levels and utilization rate were assessed in vivo in rats rendered thiamin deficient using the thiamin antagonists pyrithiamin or oxythiamin. ACh levels were significantly reduced in all brain regions of pyrithiamin treated rats and in the medulla-pons and striatum of oxythiamin treated rats compared to controls. ACh utilization was significantly reduced in the midbrain, striatum and hippocampus of pyrithiamin treated rats, but was reduced only in the striatum of oxythiamin treated rats compared to controls. Thus, there are some reductions in ACh levels and utilization that are unique to pyrithiamin induced deficiency and as such are distinct from oxythiamin/undernutrition related reductions. Since only pyrithiamin produces neurological symptoms, its unique ACh effects may be related to these symptoms.", "contents": "Effects of pyrithiamin and oxythiamin on acetylcholine levels and utilization in rat brain. Regional cerebral acetylcholine (ACh) levels and utilization rate were assessed in vivo in rats rendered thiamin deficient using the thiamin antagonists pyrithiamin or oxythiamin. ACh levels were significantly reduced in all brain regions of pyrithiamin treated rats and in the medulla-pons and striatum of oxythiamin treated rats compared to controls. ACh utilization was significantly reduced in the midbrain, striatum and hippocampus of pyrithiamin treated rats, but was reduced only in the striatum of oxythiamin treated rats compared to controls. Thus, there are some reductions in ACh levels and utilization that are unique to pyrithiamin induced deficiency and as such are distinct from oxythiamin/undernutrition related reductions. Since only pyrithiamin produces neurological symptoms, its unique ACh effects may be related to these symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:122715", "title": "Spontaneous and osmotically-stimulated activity in slices of rat hypothalamus.", "content": "Single unit activity was recorded from 400-500 mu m thick slices of rat hypothalamus, using either NaCl- or horseradish peroxidase-filled glass micropipettes. Spontaneous activity was present in the following hypothalamic loci: anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area, nucleus circularis, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, paraventricular accessory nucleus, paraventricular nucleus (all portions), periventricular regions of the anterior hypothalamus, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The supraoptic nucleus was the only major cell group studied to exhibit no spontaneous activity. Cells of the paraventricular and circularis nuclei were spontaneously active, displayed firing rates and patterns of activity similar to those recorded in vivo for magnocellular elements of the hypothalamus, and in some cases responded to increases in the osmolality of the bathing medium with altered firing rates and/or patterns of activity. Many cells in these preparations were characterized by phasic, bursting patterns of activity. Slow, irregular and regular, continuous activity was also frequently observed, as is typical in vivo. Median firing rates were in the range of 4-6 spikes/sec, somewhat faster than the rates usually reported for anesthetized in vivo preparations. These rates are more similar to those observed in unanesthetized monkeys or rats with diencephalic islands. Extracellular HRP marking provided a high degree of localization for many of the recorded cells. These results indicate that the hypothalamic slice preparation is useful for studies in which it is desirable to eliminate extrahypothalamic connections and in which it is necessary to exercise a fine degree of control over the extracellular environment of the cells.", "contents": "Spontaneous and osmotically-stimulated activity in slices of rat hypothalamus. Single unit activity was recorded from 400-500 mu m thick slices of rat hypothalamus, using either NaCl- or horseradish peroxidase-filled glass micropipettes. Spontaneous activity was present in the following hypothalamic loci: anterior hypothalamic-preoptic area, nucleus circularis, nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, paraventricular accessory nucleus, paraventricular nucleus (all portions), periventricular regions of the anterior hypothalamus, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The supraoptic nucleus was the only major cell group studied to exhibit no spontaneous activity. Cells of the paraventricular and circularis nuclei were spontaneously active, displayed firing rates and patterns of activity similar to those recorded in vivo for magnocellular elements of the hypothalamus, and in some cases responded to increases in the osmolality of the bathing medium with altered firing rates and/or patterns of activity. Many cells in these preparations were characterized by phasic, bursting patterns of activity. Slow, irregular and regular, continuous activity was also frequently observed, as is typical in vivo. Median firing rates were in the range of 4-6 spikes/sec, somewhat faster than the rates usually reported for anesthetized in vivo preparations. These rates are more similar to those observed in unanesthetized monkeys or rats with diencephalic islands. Extracellular HRP marking provided a high degree of localization for many of the recorded cells. These results indicate that the hypothalamic slice preparation is useful for studies in which it is desirable to eliminate extrahypothalamic connections and in which it is necessary to exercise a fine degree of control over the extracellular environment of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:122716", "title": "Analysis of temporal relations among units and slow waves in rabbit hippocampus.", "content": "Arrays of triple microelectrodes were stereotaxically lowered into CA1, CA3 and dentate areas of the dorsal hippocampal formation in anesthetized rabbits. Recordings of action potentials and waves were analyzed on a PDP-11 computer using auto-, cross-, and multiple-correlation programs to determine temporal relations during 90 sec samples of spontaneous activity. It was found that temporal periods of neuronal firing and inhibition were strongly related to the pattern of waves. During periods of high amplitude synchronous waves (theta), the correlation between the activities of different groups of neurons was directly related to the periodicity of the wave. During instances of lower amplitude, desynchronous wave activity, the correlations between spikes recorded from those same cells were less periodic, varying according to the amount of wave synchrony. Variations in wave synchrony due to anatomical location, eserine effects, or spontaneous fluctuations under anesthesia produced corresponding variations in the relations between the activities of different groups of neurons. It is suggested that these relations between neuronal activity and gross waves may be implicated in processes which are at the basis of learning and memory.", "contents": "Analysis of temporal relations among units and slow waves in rabbit hippocampus. Arrays of triple microelectrodes were stereotaxically lowered into CA1, CA3 and dentate areas of the dorsal hippocampal formation in anesthetized rabbits. Recordings of action potentials and waves were analyzed on a PDP-11 computer using auto-, cross-, and multiple-correlation programs to determine temporal relations during 90 sec samples of spontaneous activity. It was found that temporal periods of neuronal firing and inhibition were strongly related to the pattern of waves. During periods of high amplitude synchronous waves (theta), the correlation between the activities of different groups of neurons was directly related to the periodicity of the wave. During instances of lower amplitude, desynchronous wave activity, the correlations between spikes recorded from those same cells were less periodic, varying according to the amount of wave synchrony. Variations in wave synchrony due to anatomical location, eserine effects, or spontaneous fluctuations under anesthesia produced corresponding variations in the relations between the activities of different groups of neurons. It is suggested that these relations between neuronal activity and gross waves may be implicated in processes which are at the basis of learning and memory."}
{"id": "PMID:122717", "title": "Effects of post-trial reinforcing vs. subreinforcing stimulation of the substantia nigra on passive avoidance learning.", "content": "Experiments were designed to investigate the role of post-trial reinforcing and subreinforcing stimulation of the substantia nigra on memory processing. Thirty sec post-trial reinforcing stimulation (0.2 sec on/1.8 sec off) impaired learning of response suppression in a step-down task compared to control animals as well as to animals stimulated at subthreshold current level (i.e., at 25% of the current level shown to maintain optimal self-stimulation in previously performed self-stimulation sessions). In a second small-box passive avoidance experiment, i.e., the alcove-avoidance task, opposite results were attained: Subreinforcing stimulation attenuated learning whereas neither suprathreshold stimulated animals nor control animals showed impairment of learning. The conclusions drawn from these results are as follows: Post-trial stimulation of the substantia nigra interferes with memory processing. This attenuation of learning is obviously task-dependent and can additionally be influenced by the quality of the stimulation, i.e., whether it is reinforcing or not. Possible explanations to account for these task-dependent and quality of stimulation-dependent effects of post-trial substantia nigra stimulation are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of post-trial reinforcing vs. subreinforcing stimulation of the substantia nigra on passive avoidance learning. Experiments were designed to investigate the role of post-trial reinforcing and subreinforcing stimulation of the substantia nigra on memory processing. Thirty sec post-trial reinforcing stimulation (0.2 sec on/1.8 sec off) impaired learning of response suppression in a step-down task compared to control animals as well as to animals stimulated at subthreshold current level (i.e., at 25% of the current level shown to maintain optimal self-stimulation in previously performed self-stimulation sessions). In a second small-box passive avoidance experiment, i.e., the alcove-avoidance task, opposite results were attained: Subreinforcing stimulation attenuated learning whereas neither suprathreshold stimulated animals nor control animals showed impairment of learning. The conclusions drawn from these results are as follows: Post-trial stimulation of the substantia nigra interferes with memory processing. This attenuation of learning is obviously task-dependent and can additionally be influenced by the quality of the stimulation, i.e., whether it is reinforcing or not. Possible explanations to account for these task-dependent and quality of stimulation-dependent effects of post-trial substantia nigra stimulation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122718", "title": "Neuronal activity in the midbrain reticular formation related to behavioral habituation and sensitization.", "content": "Single units of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) were recorded in the active rat (N = 10) during the presentation of repetitive trains of clicks or flashes. The movement and orienting behavior elicited by the stimuli, measured by direct observation and in terms of electrical disturbances in the recording cable, showed habituation in 14 cases, sensitization in six cases, and no decrement in nine cases. Of the 18 MRF units recorded during at least one of these behavioral conditions, seven were classed as congruent, i.e., they showed activity that paralleled the behavioral response. The majority of MRF units were behaviorally incongruent; in the most frequently observed case, their activity failed to change reliably when behavior habituated. Although the activity of congruent units generally showed moderate correlations with behavior that followed stimulation, disassociations between the two responses were commonly found. While the data are consistent with a role for the MRF in behavioral habituation and sensitization, they provide little evidence that the region is closely linked to the systems in direct control of behavior.", "contents": "Neuronal activity in the midbrain reticular formation related to behavioral habituation and sensitization. Single units of the midbrain reticular formation (MRF) were recorded in the active rat (N = 10) during the presentation of repetitive trains of clicks or flashes. The movement and orienting behavior elicited by the stimuli, measured by direct observation and in terms of electrical disturbances in the recording cable, showed habituation in 14 cases, sensitization in six cases, and no decrement in nine cases. Of the 18 MRF units recorded during at least one of these behavioral conditions, seven were classed as congruent, i.e., they showed activity that paralleled the behavioral response. The majority of MRF units were behaviorally incongruent; in the most frequently observed case, their activity failed to change reliably when behavior habituated. Although the activity of congruent units generally showed moderate correlations with behavior that followed stimulation, disassociations between the two responses were commonly found. While the data are consistent with a role for the MRF in behavioral habituation and sensitization, they provide little evidence that the region is closely linked to the systems in direct control of behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:122719", "title": "Disulfiram alters dopamine metabolism at sites in rat's forebrain as detected by push-pull perfusions.", "content": "The effect of tetraethylthiuramdisulfide (disulfiram) on the catabolism of dopamine within discrete regions of the brain was investigated in the unrestrained rat. After a guide cannula had been implanted stereotaxically, a given subcortical site was radiolabeled with 14C-dopamine (DA) by microinjecting 2.0 mu Ci in 2.0 microliters. Successive push-pull perfusates collected from each tissue were assayed by paper electrophoresis for the separation of DA metabolites. When disulfiram, a potent aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitor, was given intragastrically in a clinically efficacious dose of 200 mg, the formation of the acids DOPAC and HVA was inhibited within perfusates of the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens. However, following disulfiram treatment, the proportion of alcohol metabolites did not differ from the control level in the untreated rat. The level of ALDH decreased by approximately 50% in these subcortical nuclei following the inhibition of the enzyme by disulfiram. Conversely, in samples of perfusate obtained from 14C-labeled sites within inferofrontal cortex, periform cortex, diagonal band of Broca, lateral-posterior caudate nucleus, tuberculum olfactorium, lateral olfactory tract or the olfactory nuclear complex, the proportion of DA metabolites remained stable. Generally, a low rate of deamination of the exogenously injected DA occurred within perfusion sites in the ventrobasal forebrain, whereas an intermediate rate of deamination was noted in samples collected at more dorsal loci. Thus, clearcut regional differences in DA catabolism occur in the brain of the living animal, which may depend upon the characteristics of the dopaminergic-rich area of the rat's brain.", "contents": "Disulfiram alters dopamine metabolism at sites in rat's forebrain as detected by push-pull perfusions. The effect of tetraethylthiuramdisulfide (disulfiram) on the catabolism of dopamine within discrete regions of the brain was investigated in the unrestrained rat. After a guide cannula had been implanted stereotaxically, a given subcortical site was radiolabeled with 14C-dopamine (DA) by microinjecting 2.0 mu Ci in 2.0 microliters. Successive push-pull perfusates collected from each tissue were assayed by paper electrophoresis for the separation of DA metabolites. When disulfiram, a potent aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) inhibitor, was given intragastrically in a clinically efficacious dose of 200 mg, the formation of the acids DOPAC and HVA was inhibited within perfusates of the caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens. However, following disulfiram treatment, the proportion of alcohol metabolites did not differ from the control level in the untreated rat. The level of ALDH decreased by approximately 50% in these subcortical nuclei following the inhibition of the enzyme by disulfiram. Conversely, in samples of perfusate obtained from 14C-labeled sites within inferofrontal cortex, periform cortex, diagonal band of Broca, lateral-posterior caudate nucleus, tuberculum olfactorium, lateral olfactory tract or the olfactory nuclear complex, the proportion of DA metabolites remained stable. Generally, a low rate of deamination of the exogenously injected DA occurred within perfusion sites in the ventrobasal forebrain, whereas an intermediate rate of deamination was noted in samples collected at more dorsal loci. Thus, clearcut regional differences in DA catabolism occur in the brain of the living animal, which may depend upon the characteristics of the dopaminergic-rich area of the rat's brain."}
{"id": "PMID:122721", "title": "Biological activity of neurotensin and its C-terminal partial sequences.", "content": "A hypothalamic tridecapeptide, neurotensin, and its C-terminal partial sequences down to the dipeptide were synthesized. These peptides were assayed for smooth muscle contracting and blood pressure lowering properties using preparations of isolated stomach fundus, uterus and duodenum of the rat, isolated guinea pig ileum and rabbit carotid artery. Sequences of 6 or more terminal amino acids produced a strong stomach fundus contracting effect, the potencies of the fragments being approximately equivalent to or slightly more than that of the parent tridecapeptide. These fragments also elicited the ileum contracting activity, but the potencies were only one fifth to one tenth that of neurotensin. The tetra- or dipeptide hardly stimulated either the fundus or the ileum. The stimulating effect on the uterus or relaxing effect on the duodenum of neurotensin was not consistent. Rabbit blood pressure was lowered markedly by neurotensin and weakly by its dodecapeptide. From these results, the arginine or arginine-arginine residue down to the C-terminal leucine appears to be essential for the smooth muscle contracting activity of neurotensin. The full length sequence may be needed for the hypotensive effect.", "contents": "Biological activity of neurotensin and its C-terminal partial sequences. A hypothalamic tridecapeptide, neurotensin, and its C-terminal partial sequences down to the dipeptide were synthesized. These peptides were assayed for smooth muscle contracting and blood pressure lowering properties using preparations of isolated stomach fundus, uterus and duodenum of the rat, isolated guinea pig ileum and rabbit carotid artery. Sequences of 6 or more terminal amino acids produced a strong stomach fundus contracting effect, the potencies of the fragments being approximately equivalent to or slightly more than that of the parent tridecapeptide. These fragments also elicited the ileum contracting activity, but the potencies were only one fifth to one tenth that of neurotensin. The tetra- or dipeptide hardly stimulated either the fundus or the ileum. The stimulating effect on the uterus or relaxing effect on the duodenum of neurotensin was not consistent. Rabbit blood pressure was lowered markedly by neurotensin and weakly by its dodecapeptide. From these results, the arginine or arginine-arginine residue down to the C-terminal leucine appears to be essential for the smooth muscle contracting activity of neurotensin. The full length sequence may be needed for the hypotensive effect."}
{"id": "PMID:122722", "title": "Movement-dependent and movement-independent changes in hippocampal RSA in cats.", "content": "EEG was recorded from the dorsal hippocampus of cats during walking in situations intended to elicit a minimum of orienting or attentional behavior. The situations included walking in an alley for food after prolonged overtraining, and ad lib walking in an observation chamber after 24 hours habituation. In virtually all (82-100%) cases of sustained walking RSA was present in the dorsal hippocampus; however, the amplitude of the RSA during walking was quite variable and in many cases quite small. The results suggest that in the cat motoric factors may influence the occurrence of RSA and non-motoric factors may influence the amplitude of RSA.", "contents": "Movement-dependent and movement-independent changes in hippocampal RSA in cats. EEG was recorded from the dorsal hippocampus of cats during walking in situations intended to elicit a minimum of orienting or attentional behavior. The situations included walking in an alley for food after prolonged overtraining, and ad lib walking in an observation chamber after 24 hours habituation. In virtually all (82-100%) cases of sustained walking RSA was present in the dorsal hippocampus; however, the amplitude of the RSA during walking was quite variable and in many cases quite small. The results suggest that in the cat motoric factors may influence the occurrence of RSA and non-motoric factors may influence the amplitude of RSA."}
{"id": "PMID:122723", "title": "Effects of urethane on hippocampal unit activity in the rat.", "content": "The effect of urethane on hippocampal single unit activity in rats paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide was examined to determine possible influences of urethane as an anesthetic for electrophysiological recordings. With intravenous injections of urethane (1.0 g/kg body weight), hippocampal units responded initially with a substantial decrease in spontaneous firing rate. Activity in some cells recovered partially after a period of approximately 45 min. The activity of the remainder of cells recorded remained depressed for periods of time up to 1.5 hr. Longer periods of depression were observed in some cells. The difference in susceptibility to urethane in the population of hippocampal cells may offer a selective alteration in patterns of spontaneous activity in the hippocampus and systems efferent to the hippocampus. A knowledge of such alterations may prove important in interpreting the results of electrophysiological recording in preparations under urethane anesthesia.", "contents": "Effects of urethane on hippocampal unit activity in the rat. The effect of urethane on hippocampal single unit activity in rats paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide was examined to determine possible influences of urethane as an anesthetic for electrophysiological recordings. With intravenous injections of urethane (1.0 g/kg body weight), hippocampal units responded initially with a substantial decrease in spontaneous firing rate. Activity in some cells recovered partially after a period of approximately 45 min. The activity of the remainder of cells recorded remained depressed for periods of time up to 1.5 hr. Longer periods of depression were observed in some cells. The difference in susceptibility to urethane in the population of hippocampal cells may offer a selective alteration in patterns of spontaneous activity in the hippocampus and systems efferent to the hippocampus. A knowledge of such alterations may prove important in interpreting the results of electrophysiological recording in preparations under urethane anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:122724", "title": "Stereotaxic implant microinjection and temperature recording system for rabbits.", "content": "Modification of standard rabbit stereotaxic apparatus to allow adjustment of the tooth bar in the vertical plane may be accomplished by simple machining of a standard laboratory clamp and aluminum rod. The modification greatly increases speed of head positioning for implant surgery. Machining the chrome and brass luer hub of standard stainless steel hypodermic needles to the described configurations produces improved guide tubes for brain temperature recording and cannulae for brain microinjections. Data from hypothalamic injection of prostaglandin E1 and records of resulting changes in brain temperature support the effectiveness of the methods described.", "contents": "Stereotaxic implant microinjection and temperature recording system for rabbits. Modification of standard rabbit stereotaxic apparatus to allow adjustment of the tooth bar in the vertical plane may be accomplished by simple machining of a standard laboratory clamp and aluminum rod. The modification greatly increases speed of head positioning for implant surgery. Machining the chrome and brass luer hub of standard stainless steel hypodermic needles to the described configurations produces improved guide tubes for brain temperature recording and cannulae for brain microinjections. Data from hypothalamic injection of prostaglandin E1 and records of resulting changes in brain temperature support the effectiveness of the methods described."}
{"id": "PMID:122720", "title": "Similar effects of estrogen and lateral hypothalamic lesions on feeding behavior of female rats.", "content": "Many similarities exist between the inhibitory influence of estrogen on food intake (FI) and body weight (BWt) in female rats and the effect of lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions on energy balance. Thus, a possible interaction of small electrolytic LH lesions (0.8 mA/10 sec) with hormone-dependent changes in FI, BWt and feeding patterns of female rats was examined. Relative to sham operated controls, rats with LH lesions showed a transitory period of anorexia and initial loss of BWt. Subsequently, FI and BWt gains of lesioned rats returned to control levels although a small chronic reduction in mean BWt was observed relative to sham animals. Daily changes in FI and BWt during 4-day estrous cycles as well as post-ovariectomy increases in FI and BWt were comparable for lesion and sham animals. Also, both groups showed a similar decrease in FI and BWt following a SC injection of estradiol benzoate (EB). Possible effects of LH lesions were further examined by analyzing feeding patterns. Feeding behavior was continuously monitored with photodetectors and recorded on an Esterline Angus event marker before and after a single SC injection of 6 micrograms of EB. Relative to shams, LH animals showed an exaggerated diurnal distribution of meals, ate smaller meals of shorter duration and had larger intervals between meals during the light period. EB was found to shift the feeding patterns of sham animals towards the meal patterns shown by the lesioned rats (exaggerated diurnal distribution of meals, etc.). However, the lesioned rats also showed a normal change in feeding patterns following EB, albeit these changes occurred from a markedly different baseline level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)", "contents": "Similar effects of estrogen and lateral hypothalamic lesions on feeding behavior of female rats. Many similarities exist between the inhibitory influence of estrogen on food intake (FI) and body weight (BWt) in female rats and the effect of lateral hypothalamic (LH) lesions on energy balance. Thus, a possible interaction of small electrolytic LH lesions (0.8 mA/10 sec) with hormone-dependent changes in FI, BWt and feeding patterns of female rats was examined. Relative to sham operated controls, rats with LH lesions showed a transitory period of anorexia and initial loss of BWt. Subsequently, FI and BWt gains of lesioned rats returned to control levels although a small chronic reduction in mean BWt was observed relative to sham animals. Daily changes in FI and BWt during 4-day estrous cycles as well as post-ovariectomy increases in FI and BWt were comparable for lesion and sham animals. Also, both groups showed a similar decrease in FI and BWt following a SC injection of estradiol benzoate (EB). Possible effects of LH lesions were further examined by analyzing feeding patterns. Feeding behavior was continuously monitored with photodetectors and recorded on an Esterline Angus event marker before and after a single SC injection of 6 micrograms of EB. Relative to shams, LH animals showed an exaggerated diurnal distribution of meals, ate smaller meals of shorter duration and had larger intervals between meals during the light period. EB was found to shift the feeding patterns of sham animals towards the meal patterns shown by the lesioned rats (exaggerated diurnal distribution of meals, etc.). However, the lesioned rats also showed a normal change in feeding patterns following EB, albeit these changes occurred from a markedly different baseline level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)"}
{"id": "PMID:122737", "title": "[Consequences of a high-placed jugular bulb for the inferior ventilation pathway of the middle ear].", "content": "The evaluation and the correlation between the healthy and inflamed system of the mucosal folds of the middle ear demonstrate that there is a second \"bottle neck\" of the aeration pathways (the first being the Eustachian tube) in the region of the tympanic diaphragm with the tympanic isthmi - anterior and posterior -, the latter is more important for the ventilation of the epitympanum and antrum. Anatomical variations in this lower air-pathway as a high placed jugular bulb into the middle ear cavity endanger of course the undisturbed ventilation of the epitympanum and antrum in case of the infected and swollen mucosa and its folds.", "contents": "[Consequences of a high-placed jugular bulb for the inferior ventilation pathway of the middle ear]. The evaluation and the correlation between the healthy and inflamed system of the mucosal folds of the middle ear demonstrate that there is a second \"bottle neck\" of the aeration pathways (the first being the Eustachian tube) in the region of the tympanic diaphragm with the tympanic isthmi - anterior and posterior -, the latter is more important for the ventilation of the epitympanum and antrum. Anatomical variations in this lower air-pathway as a high placed jugular bulb into the middle ear cavity endanger of course the undisturbed ventilation of the epitympanum and antrum in case of the infected and swollen mucosa and its folds."}
{"id": "PMID:122738", "title": "[Behavior of the middle ear mucosa in cholesteatoma and following tympanoplasty. An experimental histological study in rabbits].", "content": "After operation three consecutive phases can be observed: 1. thickening of epithelial cell layer with development of edema in the submucosa, 2. metaplasia of epithelium with formation of ciliated and goblet cells, concomitantly round cells are found in the submucous tissue, 3. regression of inflammation and epithelial metaplasia. After 6 months goblet and ciliated cells disappear and eventually a slightly irregular monolayer epithelium is seen. If cholesteatoma is present the second phase persists. Remarkably epithelial and subepithelial changes are not concentrated in the vicinity of cholesteatoma but are seen in the whole middle ear. By autoradiography it was demonstrated, that the subepithelial tissue of cholesteatoma has a normal metabolic rate. It can be concluded that high metabolic activity postulated by other authors cannot be responsible for inflammation.", "contents": "[Behavior of the middle ear mucosa in cholesteatoma and following tympanoplasty. An experimental histological study in rabbits]. After operation three consecutive phases can be observed: 1. thickening of epithelial cell layer with development of edema in the submucosa, 2. metaplasia of epithelium with formation of ciliated and goblet cells, concomitantly round cells are found in the submucous tissue, 3. regression of inflammation and epithelial metaplasia. After 6 months goblet and ciliated cells disappear and eventually a slightly irregular monolayer epithelium is seen. If cholesteatoma is present the second phase persists. Remarkably epithelial and subepithelial changes are not concentrated in the vicinity of cholesteatoma but are seen in the whole middle ear. By autoradiography it was demonstrated, that the subepithelial tissue of cholesteatoma has a normal metabolic rate. It can be concluded that high metabolic activity postulated by other authors cannot be responsible for inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:122740", "title": "A rapid method for blood alcohol determination by headspace analysis using an electrochemical detector.", "content": "A method for the determination of blood alcohol concentration by headspace analysis using an electrochemical detector is described. A determination can be made within 2 min, and only 0.1 ml of blood is required for each analysis. The detector response was linearly related to ethanol concentrations up to 3.0 mg/ml. The standard deviation of a single determination was +/- 0.014 mg/ml. The accuracy of the method based on comparison with an enzymatic (alcohol dehydrogenase) technique was high, the mean recovery being 102.2% of the attributed concentration. The ease of the operation and fast analysis time make the method ideal for serial determinations, for example during mass screening of biological samples for ethyl alcohol in forensic and toxicology laboratories.", "contents": "A rapid method for blood alcohol determination by headspace analysis using an electrochemical detector. A method for the determination of blood alcohol concentration by headspace analysis using an electrochemical detector is described. A determination can be made within 2 min, and only 0.1 ml of blood is required for each analysis. The detector response was linearly related to ethanol concentrations up to 3.0 mg/ml. The standard deviation of a single determination was +/- 0.014 mg/ml. The accuracy of the method based on comparison with an enzymatic (alcohol dehydrogenase) technique was high, the mean recovery being 102.2% of the attributed concentration. The ease of the operation and fast analysis time make the method ideal for serial determinations, for example during mass screening of biological samples for ethyl alcohol in forensic and toxicology laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:122742", "title": "Heroin abuse and a gas chromatographic method for determining illicit heroin samples in Singapore.", "content": "The abuse of heroin (diacetylmorphine) in Singapore escalated sharply in 1975 and 1976, as indicated by the 35-fold increase in the number of heroin seizures and the 20-fold increase in the urine samples containing morphine since 1974. A rapid and simple GC method has been described to estimate diacetylmorphine (and caffeine). Monoacetylmorphine and acetylcodeine may be ascertained by an additional step involving acetylation. All gas chromatograms of a large number of samples analyzed consistently had the same pattern, indicating that they possibly had a common origin. This GC \"fingerprint,\" together with the quantitative data, appears to be characteristic of the illicit Asian or Chinese type of heroin found in Singapore. The proportions of the four major ingredients in some twelve typical samples have been tabulated. Statistical data confirming the accuracy and reproducibility of the analytical method have also been presented.", "contents": "Heroin abuse and a gas chromatographic method for determining illicit heroin samples in Singapore. The abuse of heroin (diacetylmorphine) in Singapore escalated sharply in 1975 and 1976, as indicated by the 35-fold increase in the number of heroin seizures and the 20-fold increase in the urine samples containing morphine since 1974. A rapid and simple GC method has been described to estimate diacetylmorphine (and caffeine). Monoacetylmorphine and acetylcodeine may be ascertained by an additional step involving acetylation. All gas chromatograms of a large number of samples analyzed consistently had the same pattern, indicating that they possibly had a common origin. This GC \"fingerprint,\" together with the quantitative data, appears to be characteristic of the illicit Asian or Chinese type of heroin found in Singapore. The proportions of the four major ingredients in some twelve typical samples have been tabulated. Statistical data confirming the accuracy and reproducibility of the analytical method have also been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:122743", "title": "Correlation of antemortem and postmortem digoxin levels.", "content": "Postmortem serum digoxin levels from any source routinely exceed antemortem values. Variation resulting from site of sampling gave a mean postmortem to antemortem ratio of 1.96 for heart, 1.63 for subclavian vein, and 1.42 for femoral vein samples. No correlation could be made between the postmortem interval and the increase in post-mortem serum values, irrespective of the site of sampling. A combination of femoral venous serum and vitreous humor values gave the best information for determining possible antemortem digoxin toxicity.", "contents": "Correlation of antemortem and postmortem digoxin levels. Postmortem serum digoxin levels from any source routinely exceed antemortem values. Variation resulting from site of sampling gave a mean postmortem to antemortem ratio of 1.96 for heart, 1.63 for subclavian vein, and 1.42 for femoral vein samples. No correlation could be made between the postmortem interval and the increase in post-mortem serum values, irrespective of the site of sampling. A combination of femoral venous serum and vitreous humor values gave the best information for determining possible antemortem digoxin toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:122744", "title": "The postmortem diagnosis of magnesium deficiency: studies in an animal model for the human infant.", "content": "Weanling rats were studied as a model for the human infant to determine the optimal tissue in which to assess the status of magnesium after death. Control rats were fed laboratory chow or purified diets that provided a surfeit of magnesium and accommodated a normal rate of growth. Other rats were fed diets that resulted in two degrees of magnesium deficiency: one that might result in spontaneous death within one week, and the other, within two weeks. These times may correlate with six months and one year in the human infant, the period during which the sudden infant death syndrome usually occurs. There was no consistent difference between the magnesium concentration found in the vitreous humor, liver, heart, or skeletal muscle of magnesium-deficient and control rats. However, bone accurately reflected the level of dietary magnesium. There was a significant difference between the magnesium concentration of the anterior and posterior halves of the ribs, indicating irregular distribution of magnesium within the bone. Significant differences were found in the magnesium concentrations of different bones from the same animals. Therefore one entire bone, such as the sternum or the rib, should be studied. The need to match control and study subjects for age was apparent.", "contents": "The postmortem diagnosis of magnesium deficiency: studies in an animal model for the human infant. Weanling rats were studied as a model for the human infant to determine the optimal tissue in which to assess the status of magnesium after death. Control rats were fed laboratory chow or purified diets that provided a surfeit of magnesium and accommodated a normal rate of growth. Other rats were fed diets that resulted in two degrees of magnesium deficiency: one that might result in spontaneous death within one week, and the other, within two weeks. These times may correlate with six months and one year in the human infant, the period during which the sudden infant death syndrome usually occurs. There was no consistent difference between the magnesium concentration found in the vitreous humor, liver, heart, or skeletal muscle of magnesium-deficient and control rats. However, bone accurately reflected the level of dietary magnesium. There was a significant difference between the magnesium concentration of the anterior and posterior halves of the ribs, indicating irregular distribution of magnesium within the bone. Significant differences were found in the magnesium concentrations of different bones from the same animals. Therefore one entire bone, such as the sternum or the rib, should be studied. The need to match control and study subjects for age was apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:122746", "title": "Determination of group specific component phenotypes in dried bloodstains by immunofixation on cellulose acetate.", "content": "Group specific phenotypes in dried bloodstains can be rapidly and reliably determined by immunofixation on cellulose acetate membranes. Up to 16 samples, can be analyzed simultaneously in less than 60 min, and the cellulose acetate electrophoretogram is retained as a permanent record.", "contents": "Determination of group specific component phenotypes in dried bloodstains by immunofixation on cellulose acetate. Group specific phenotypes in dried bloodstains can be rapidly and reliably determined by immunofixation on cellulose acetate membranes. Up to 16 samples, can be analyzed simultaneously in less than 60 min, and the cellulose acetate electrophoretogram is retained as a permanent record."}
{"id": "PMID:122747", "title": "Gunshot wounds: visual and analytical procedures.", "content": "Visual examination of clothing and tissue from gunshot wounds provides information pertaining to the range of discharge of a firearm. Identification of powder grains or soot is evidence of close range discharge by a handgun. Analyses of tissue by EDX and FAAS technics are shown to supply corroborating data to visual examination in estimation of range. These methods are of particular value in differentiating contact and distant wounds when decomposed bodies are examined and when multiple layers of clothing are present.", "contents": "Gunshot wounds: visual and analytical procedures. Visual examination of clothing and tissue from gunshot wounds provides information pertaining to the range of discharge of a firearm. Identification of powder grains or soot is evidence of close range discharge by a handgun. Analyses of tissue by EDX and FAAS technics are shown to supply corroborating data to visual examination in estimation of range. These methods are of particular value in differentiating contact and distant wounds when decomposed bodies are examined and when multiple layers of clothing are present."}
{"id": "PMID:122750", "title": "Sleeping arrangements of sudden infant death syndrome victims in the District of Columbia--a preliminary report.", "content": "The recent decline in the incidence of the SIDS in the District of Columbia has permitted identification of what appears to be two separate groups of cases within the generic SIDS population. While deaths of bed-sharing victims remained relatively constant throughout the study period, a greater than fourfold decrease was seen in non-bed-sharing SIDS fatalities. The implications and preliminary nature of these findings are discussed in an attempt to stimulate further inquiry into the possible safety hazard of the practice of bed-sharing in the SIDS age group and its potential influence on the incidence of the SIDS.", "contents": "Sleeping arrangements of sudden infant death syndrome victims in the District of Columbia--a preliminary report. The recent decline in the incidence of the SIDS in the District of Columbia has permitted identification of what appears to be two separate groups of cases within the generic SIDS population. While deaths of bed-sharing victims remained relatively constant throughout the study period, a greater than fourfold decrease was seen in non-bed-sharing SIDS fatalities. The implications and preliminary nature of these findings are discussed in an attempt to stimulate further inquiry into the possible safety hazard of the practice of bed-sharing in the SIDS age group and its potential influence on the incidence of the SIDS."}
{"id": "PMID:122753", "title": "The postpericardiotomy syndrome then and now.", "content": "The postpericardiotomy syndrome is a febrile illness with pericardial and pleural reaction that either persists or appears beyond the 1st postoperative week. We believe that it begins in the 1st week after intrapericardial cardiac surgery, and that clinical signs of illness correlate with appearance of AHA and with significant rise in titer to AVA. Our present working hypothesis is that myocardial damage with bleeding into the pericardial sac at the time of surgery combines with concurrently acquired or reactivated viral illness to set the stage for the syndrome. The immune response is triggered by viral invasion of traumatized myocardium and an immune response is mounted, not against autologous myocardium per se but against the neo-antigen, the virus-infected myocardium. The illness is self-limited. It sometimes recurs but it seems to leave no sequelae other than the bad memory of a painful postoperative complication that prolonged hospitalization and delayed the realization of the full benefits of that heart operation.", "contents": "The postpericardiotomy syndrome then and now. The postpericardiotomy syndrome is a febrile illness with pericardial and pleural reaction that either persists or appears beyond the 1st postoperative week. We believe that it begins in the 1st week after intrapericardial cardiac surgery, and that clinical signs of illness correlate with appearance of AHA and with significant rise in titer to AVA. Our present working hypothesis is that myocardial damage with bleeding into the pericardial sac at the time of surgery combines with concurrently acquired or reactivated viral illness to set the stage for the syndrome. The immune response is triggered by viral invasion of traumatized myocardium and an immune response is mounted, not against autologous myocardium per se but against the neo-antigen, the virus-infected myocardium. The illness is self-limited. It sometimes recurs but it seems to leave no sequelae other than the bad memory of a painful postoperative complication that prolonged hospitalization and delayed the realization of the full benefits of that heart operation."}
{"id": "PMID:122766", "title": "The correction of hypospadias.", "content": "Hypospadias can be divided into Type I deformities, in which only construction of the distal urethra is necessary, and Type II deformities, where the penis must first be straightened. In 200 consecutive repairs of Type II hypospadias there were no fistulae.", "contents": "The correction of hypospadias. Hypospadias can be divided into Type I deformities, in which only construction of the distal urethra is necessary, and Type II deformities, where the penis must first be straightened. In 200 consecutive repairs of Type II hypospadias there were no fistulae."}
{"id": "PMID:122763", "title": "Behavioral role of the mammillary efferent system.", "content": "The present study examined the effects of lesions of the mammillary system on spatial memory and arousal. Destruction of the medial mammillary nucleus or the mammillotegmental tract produces impairments on a delayed alternation task and greatly increases activity in the open-field. Lesions of the mammillothalamic tract produce a differential effect in that the spatial alternation deficit is accompanied by a general lethargy and unresponsiveness. It is suggested that the mammillary system plays a crucial role in the short-term storage of proprioceptive information necessary for the successive execution of maze choices. It also appears to play a role in the arousal state of the animal.", "contents": "Behavioral role of the mammillary efferent system. The present study examined the effects of lesions of the mammillary system on spatial memory and arousal. Destruction of the medial mammillary nucleus or the mammillotegmental tract produces impairments on a delayed alternation task and greatly increases activity in the open-field. Lesions of the mammillothalamic tract produce a differential effect in that the spatial alternation deficit is accompanied by a general lethargy and unresponsiveness. It is suggested that the mammillary system plays a crucial role in the short-term storage of proprioceptive information necessary for the successive execution of maze choices. It also appears to play a role in the arousal state of the animal."}
{"id": "PMID:122764", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of sprouting of noradrenergic terminals in rat and mouse cerebellum after neonatal 6-hydroxydopa.", "content": "The effect of various pharmacologic agents on the noradrenergic innervation of rat cerebellum was observed. It was found that the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA), when given to rats at birth, caused a 46% reduction at 5 weeks of age in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the locus coeruleus, the nucleus of origin for noradrenergic fibers innervating the cerebellum. At the same time, however, both tyrosine hydroxylase activity and NE content were elevated by 50% in the cerebellum. By treating gravid mice with the 6-OHDOPA, which crosses the placental barrier to affect the brains of developing pups, a dissociation has been shown between the elevated cerebellar NE levels and reduced telencephalic NE content. None of the other assorted pharmacological agents--namely amphetamine, metaraminol, apomorphine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and tyramine--when given at birth, caused a permanent elevation in cerebellar NE content. This series of studies suggests that a reduced number of noradrenergic perikarya are providing a greater innervation of the cerebellum than in control rats. Also, alteration of the telencephalic noradrenergic fibers, which are also derived from the locus coeruleus, does not appear to be a necessary event for the initiation of sprouting of noradrenergic fibers in the cerebellum. Because none of the acute-acting pharmacological agents caused a permanent elevation of NE in the cerebellum, it appears that damage, and not mere stimulation or blockade, is a necessary event for initiation of sprouting.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of sprouting of noradrenergic terminals in rat and mouse cerebellum after neonatal 6-hydroxydopa. The effect of various pharmacologic agents on the noradrenergic innervation of rat cerebellum was observed. It was found that the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopa (6-OHDOPA), when given to rats at birth, caused a 46% reduction at 5 weeks of age in tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the locus coeruleus, the nucleus of origin for noradrenergic fibers innervating the cerebellum. At the same time, however, both tyrosine hydroxylase activity and NE content were elevated by 50% in the cerebellum. By treating gravid mice with the 6-OHDOPA, which crosses the placental barrier to affect the brains of developing pups, a dissociation has been shown between the elevated cerebellar NE levels and reduced telencephalic NE content. None of the other assorted pharmacological agents--namely amphetamine, metaraminol, apomorphine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. L-dihydroxyphenylalanine and tyramine--when given at birth, caused a permanent elevation in cerebellar NE content. This series of studies suggests that a reduced number of noradrenergic perikarya are providing a greater innervation of the cerebellum than in control rats. Also, alteration of the telencephalic noradrenergic fibers, which are also derived from the locus coeruleus, does not appear to be a necessary event for the initiation of sprouting of noradrenergic fibers in the cerebellum. Because none of the acute-acting pharmacological agents caused a permanent elevation of NE in the cerebellum, it appears that damage, and not mere stimulation or blockade, is a necessary event for initiation of sprouting."}
{"id": "PMID:122780", "title": "A meshed aluminum foil wound dressing system.", "content": "A minimally adherent dressing of meshed aluminum foil has been designed and tested. The theoretical and practical advantages of this dressing are described.", "contents": "A meshed aluminum foil wound dressing system. A minimally adherent dressing of meshed aluminum foil has been designed and tested. The theoretical and practical advantages of this dressing are described."}
{"id": "PMID:122781", "title": "[Hemodynamic effects of various doses of a new inotropic: amrinoma].", "content": "The hemodinamic effects of Amrinone, bipiridine derivate with positive inotropic effects in animals, were studied on eight patients under right and left heart catheterization. The cardiac index, stroke volume, dP/dt and stroke work index were increased; the pulmonary pressure and the left ventricle end diastolic pressure were decreased all with statistical significant values. There were no changes in mean aortic pressure. These effects are mainly due to an increase in contractility and, partially, to vasodilation and tachycardia. The intrinsic mechanism of action of this compound is not known. Its place in cardiac therapy must be established with additional clinical investigations.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic effects of various doses of a new inotropic: amrinoma]. The hemodinamic effects of Amrinone, bipiridine derivate with positive inotropic effects in animals, were studied on eight patients under right and left heart catheterization. The cardiac index, stroke volume, dP/dt and stroke work index were increased; the pulmonary pressure and the left ventricle end diastolic pressure were decreased all with statistical significant values. There were no changes in mean aortic pressure. These effects are mainly due to an increase in contractility and, partially, to vasodilation and tachycardia. The intrinsic mechanism of action of this compound is not known. Its place in cardiac therapy must be established with additional clinical investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:122784", "title": "H-V interval in patients with bifascicular block (right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock). Clinical, electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic correlations.", "content": "Electrophysiologic studies were performed in 119 adults with chronic bifascicular block manifested by right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock. The H-V interval was normal in 86 patients and prolonged in 33. The following clinical variables were more frequent (P less than 0.05) in patients with a prolonged H-V interval: cardiac third sound, mitral systolic murmur, cardiomegaly on chest roentgenogram, congestive heart failure and cardiac functional class III or IV (New York Heart Association criteria). The following differences in the electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic findings were found: Patients with a prolonged H-V interaval had a longer mean P-R interval, QRS duration and A-H interval (P less 0.02). All patients were followed up prospectively in a cardiac conduction disease clinic after initial evaluation. The mean follow-up periods were (mean plus or minus standard error of the mean) 514 plus or minus 49 and 563 plus or minus 34 days for the patients with a prolonged and normal H-V interval, respectively. Progression of conduction disease occurred in three patients (4 percent) with a normal H-V interval and in four (12 percent) with a prolonged interval. The cumulative 3 year mortality rate for the entire group was 25 percent. The patients with a prolonged H-V interval had a higher cumulative 2 year mortality rate than those with a normal H-V interval but the difference was not statistically significant. In summary, a prolonged H-V interval was often associated with  serious myocardial dysfunction and a high mortality rate. The risk of progression of conduction disease was slight with either a prolonged or a normal H-V interval during this relatively short follow-up period.", "contents": "H-V interval in patients with bifascicular block (right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock). Clinical, electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic correlations. Electrophysiologic studies were performed in 119 adults with chronic bifascicular block manifested by right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock. The H-V interval was normal in 86 patients and prolonged in 33. The following clinical variables were more frequent (P less than 0.05) in patients with a prolonged H-V interval: cardiac third sound, mitral systolic murmur, cardiomegaly on chest roentgenogram, congestive heart failure and cardiac functional class III or IV (New York Heart Association criteria). The following differences in the electrocardiographic and electrophysiologic findings were found: Patients with a prolonged H-V interaval had a longer mean P-R interval, QRS duration and A-H interval (P less 0.02). All patients were followed up prospectively in a cardiac conduction disease clinic after initial evaluation. The mean follow-up periods were (mean plus or minus standard error of the mean) 514 plus or minus 49 and 563 plus or minus 34 days for the patients with a prolonged and normal H-V interval, respectively. Progression of conduction disease occurred in three patients (4 percent) with a normal H-V interval and in four (12 percent) with a prolonged interval. The cumulative 3 year mortality rate for the entire group was 25 percent. The patients with a prolonged H-V interval had a higher cumulative 2 year mortality rate than those with a normal H-V interval but the difference was not statistically significant. In summary, a prolonged H-V interval was often associated with  serious myocardial dysfunction and a high mortality rate. The risk of progression of conduction disease was slight with either a prolonged or a normal H-V interval during this relatively short follow-up period."}
{"id": "PMID:122785", "title": "Cor triatriatum: study of 20 cases.", "content": "Twenty cases of cor triatriatum are reported. The diagnosis was confirmed by necropsy in 16 cases and at the time of operation in 4. The lesion occurred as an isolated anomaly in 7 cases; in 13, other associated cardiac anomalies were present. Three anatomic types of cor triatriatum were identified in the cases studied at necropsy: diaphragmatic (10 cases), hourglass (3) and tubular (3). The diaphragmatic type was also present in all four cases in which the diagnosis was confirmed at operation. Associated anomalies were found in five cases of the diaphragmatic type and in each case of the hourglass of tubular types. In isolated cor triatriatum the clinical findings were characteristic of pulmonary venous and arterial hypertension. In two cases, one with a communication between the right atrium and the accessory left atrial chamber and one with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection associated with cor triatriatum, the clinical findings suggested a large left to right shunt with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The clinical findings varied in the cases with associated anomalies, and it was difficult to determine the cause of disturbance of the circulation.", "contents": "Cor triatriatum: study of 20 cases. Twenty cases of cor triatriatum are reported. The diagnosis was confirmed by necropsy in 16 cases and at the time of operation in 4. The lesion occurred as an isolated anomaly in 7 cases; in 13, other associated cardiac anomalies were present. Three anatomic types of cor triatriatum were identified in the cases studied at necropsy: diaphragmatic (10 cases), hourglass (3) and tubular (3). The diaphragmatic type was also present in all four cases in which the diagnosis was confirmed at operation. Associated anomalies were found in five cases of the diaphragmatic type and in each case of the hourglass of tubular types. In isolated cor triatriatum the clinical findings were characteristic of pulmonary venous and arterial hypertension. In two cases, one with a communication between the right atrium and the accessory left atrial chamber and one with partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection associated with cor triatriatum, the clinical findings suggested a large left to right shunt with pulmonary arterial hypertension. The clinical findings varied in the cases with associated anomalies, and it was difficult to determine the cause of disturbance of the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:122786", "title": "Nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mimicking mitral stenosis. Documentation by echocardiography, phonocardiography and intracardiac pressure and sound recordings.", "content": "The physical findings in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction are well described. In the absence of outflow tract obstruction the findings are less distinctive. There have been several reported cases in which the cardiac findings have suggested the diagnosis of mitral stenosis, In this report we describe a patient whose auscultatory and roentgenographic findings more closely mimicked mitral stenosis. The patient had a loud first heart sound, mitral opening snap and an apical presystolic murmur; left atrial enlargement was present. Noninvasive studies, including phonocardiography, echocardiography and apex cardiography, strongly suggested the correct diagnosis of nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The diagnosis and unusual auscultatory findings were confirmed by results of cardiac catheterization and intracardiac phonocardiography. The importance of recognizing this syndrome and the use of noninvasive methods to establish the diagnosis are stressed.", "contents": "Nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mimicking mitral stenosis. Documentation by echocardiography, phonocardiography and intracardiac pressure and sound recordings. The physical findings in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction are well described. In the absence of outflow tract obstruction the findings are less distinctive. There have been several reported cases in which the cardiac findings have suggested the diagnosis of mitral stenosis, In this report we describe a patient whose auscultatory and roentgenographic findings more closely mimicked mitral stenosis. The patient had a loud first heart sound, mitral opening snap and an apical presystolic murmur; left atrial enlargement was present. Noninvasive studies, including phonocardiography, echocardiography and apex cardiography, strongly suggested the correct diagnosis of nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The diagnosis and unusual auscultatory findings were confirmed by results of cardiac catheterization and intracardiac phonocardiography. The importance of recognizing this syndrome and the use of noninvasive methods to establish the diagnosis are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:122788", "title": "Anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries (S, D, L).", "content": "Two autopsy-proved cases are presented of a rare form of congenital heart disease, anatomically corrected malposition (S, D, L). Anatomically corrected malposition means that despite the abnormal relationship between the great arteries, the aorta arises nonetheless above the anatomically left ventricle and the pulmonary artery originates above the anatomically right ventricle. (S, D. L) briefly indicates the segmental set or combination: situs solitus of viscera and atria (S), ventricular D-loop (D), AND L-MALPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES (L). These are the first cases of anatomically corrected malposition (ACM) in whom the presence of a subaortic muscular conus only has been documented pathologically. This established that ACM can occur with a subaortic conus, as well as with a bilateral conus. From the diagnostic standpoint, the distributions or epicardial courses of the coronary arteries are recommended as a helpful approach to ventricular identification. This diagnostic method has widespread angiocardiographic and surgical applications. Symbolic terminology, exemplified by anatomically corrected malposition (S, D. L) is brief and accurate. This approach may conveniently be applied to many other forms of comples congenital heart disease, and it considerably facilitates computer data processing.", "contents": "Anatomically corrected malposition of the great arteries (S, D, L). Two autopsy-proved cases are presented of a rare form of congenital heart disease, anatomically corrected malposition (S, D, L). Anatomically corrected malposition means that despite the abnormal relationship between the great arteries, the aorta arises nonetheless above the anatomically left ventricle and the pulmonary artery originates above the anatomically right ventricle. (S, D. L) briefly indicates the segmental set or combination: situs solitus of viscera and atria (S), ventricular D-loop (D), AND L-MALPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES (L). These are the first cases of anatomically corrected malposition (ACM) in whom the presence of a subaortic muscular conus only has been documented pathologically. This established that ACM can occur with a subaortic conus, as well as with a bilateral conus. From the diagnostic standpoint, the distributions or epicardial courses of the coronary arteries are recommended as a helpful approach to ventricular identification. This diagnostic method has widespread angiocardiographic and surgical applications. Symbolic terminology, exemplified by anatomically corrected malposition (S, D. L) is brief and accurate. This approach may conveniently be applied to many other forms of comples congenital heart disease, and it considerably facilitates computer data processing."}
{"id": "PMID:122789", "title": "Ultrastructure of crista supraventricularis muscle in patients with congenital heart diseases associated with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies were made of operatively resected crista supraventricularis muscle in 59 patients with congenital heart diseases, or whom 54 had obstruction to right ventricular outflow. Relationships of anatomic diagnosis, age, peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (PAO2), peak right ventricular systolic pressure gradient and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP) to hypertrophic changes, abnormalities of cellular and myofibrillar orientation, and degenerative alterations were determined. Changes directly related to hypertrophy were: cell diameters greater than 20 mu, irregular cell shape, lobulated nuclei, multiple intercalated discs, dilated T tubules, abnormal Z bands, and increased numbers of ribosomes. Abnormalities of cellular or myofibrillar orientation were focal in distribution and occurred in 12 patients, most of whom had elevated RVEDP, decreased PAO2, markedly enlarged cells, and interstitial fibrosis. Interstitial fibrosis was prominent in 19 patients and was associated with cellular hypertrophy, elevation of RVEDP, and increased age of the patients. Degenerative changes (myofibrillar lysis, abnormally small mitochondria, myelin figure formation, and proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle cells ocurred in six patients and correlated with increased age, decreased PAO2, and elevated RVEDP. Mitochondria containing glycogen deposits were present in 17 patients, most of whom had decreased PAO2. The variability of morphologic manifestations of chronic cardiac hypertrophy and the relationships of hypertrophic changes to orientation abnormalities and degenerative alterations are discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of crista supraventricularis muscle in patients with congenital heart diseases associated with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Ultrastructural studies were made of operatively resected crista supraventricularis muscle in 59 patients with congenital heart diseases, or whom 54 had obstruction to right ventricular outflow. Relationships of anatomic diagnosis, age, peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (PAO2), peak right ventricular systolic pressure gradient and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure (RVEDP) to hypertrophic changes, abnormalities of cellular and myofibrillar orientation, and degenerative alterations were determined. Changes directly related to hypertrophy were: cell diameters greater than 20 mu, irregular cell shape, lobulated nuclei, multiple intercalated discs, dilated T tubules, abnormal Z bands, and increased numbers of ribosomes. Abnormalities of cellular or myofibrillar orientation were focal in distribution and occurred in 12 patients, most of whom had elevated RVEDP, decreased PAO2, markedly enlarged cells, and interstitial fibrosis. Interstitial fibrosis was prominent in 19 patients and was associated with cellular hypertrophy, elevation of RVEDP, and increased age of the patients. Degenerative changes (myofibrillar lysis, abnormally small mitochondria, myelin figure formation, and proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac muscle cells ocurred in six patients and correlated with increased age, decreased PAO2, and elevated RVEDP. Mitochondria containing glycogen deposits were present in 17 patients, most of whom had decreased PAO2. The variability of morphologic manifestations of chronic cardiac hypertrophy and the relationships of hypertrophic changes to orientation abnormalities and degenerative alterations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122793", "title": "Agranulocytosis caused by Chinese herbal medicines. Dangers of medications containing aminopyrine and phenylbutazone.", "content": "Four non-Chinese patients, middle-aged or older, developed agranuloctyosis while taking Chinese herbal medicines for relief of arthritis and back pain. All four developed life-threatening infections with bacterial sepsis; one died. The herbal medicines were shown to contain substantial amounts of undeclared aminopyrine and phenylbutazone, drugs that are well-known causes of agranulocytosis. These Chinese herbal medicines are widely available over the counter throughout the United States.", "contents": "Agranulocytosis caused by Chinese herbal medicines. Dangers of medications containing aminopyrine and phenylbutazone. Four non-Chinese patients, middle-aged or older, developed agranuloctyosis while taking Chinese herbal medicines for relief of arthritis and back pain. All four developed life-threatening infections with bacterial sepsis; one died. The herbal medicines were shown to contain substantial amounts of undeclared aminopyrine and phenylbutazone, drugs that are well-known causes of agranulocytosis. These Chinese herbal medicines are widely available over the counter throughout the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:122795", "title": "Hypoplastic enamel, onycholysis, and hypohidrosis inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. A review of ectodermal dysplasia syndromes.", "content": "A syndrome consisting of a hypocalcified-hypoplastic enamel, onycholysis with subungual hyperkeratosis, seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp, and hypofunction of the sweat glands with rough dry skin is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in a kindred of Caucasian ancestry.", "contents": "Hypoplastic enamel, onycholysis, and hypohidrosis inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. A review of ectodermal dysplasia syndromes. A syndrome consisting of a hypocalcified-hypoplastic enamel, onycholysis with subungual hyperkeratosis, seborrheic dermatitis of the scalp, and hypofunction of the sweat glands with rough dry skin is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in a kindred of Caucasian ancestry."}
{"id": "PMID:122796", "title": "Recent developments in gastrointestinal endoscopy.", "content": "Endoscopic findings can be extremely valuable in directing or altering specific treatment. Endoscopy also has therapeutic applications, such as removal of polyps (gastric or colonic), coagulation of bleeding sites in cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and the removal of foreign objects from the gastrointestinal tract. Laparoscopy is an easily performed procedure with minimal risk. On of its greatest values is in investigating diseases of the liver. Coloscopy has many uses, including evaluation of equivocal x-ray findings and histologic confirmation of cancer. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a new, highly sophisticated procedure that offers a major advantage in investigating pancreatic disease and evaluating jaundice.", "contents": "Recent developments in gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopic findings can be extremely valuable in directing or altering specific treatment. Endoscopy also has therapeutic applications, such as removal of polyps (gastric or colonic), coagulation of bleeding sites in cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding, and the removal of foreign objects from the gastrointestinal tract. Laparoscopy is an easily performed procedure with minimal risk. On of its greatest values is in investigating diseases of the liver. Coloscopy has many uses, including evaluation of equivocal x-ray findings and histologic confirmation of cancer. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a new, highly sophisticated procedure that offers a major advantage in investigating pancreatic disease and evaluating jaundice."}
{"id": "PMID:122797", "title": "Transplantation of islets of Langerhans in diabetic rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Islets of Langerhans from unrelated donor rhesus monkeys were transplanted into the portal vein of five rhesus monkeys which had been made diabetic by partial pancreatectomy and Streptozotocin. There was definite improvement of the diabetic state with an increase in the mean KT1/2 from 0.71 to 1.52 percent per minute. The islets were isolated by a more efficient digestion-filtration process than previously had been described. This process has allowed, for the first time, successful isolation of large masses of islets permitting islet transplants in subhuman primates.", "contents": "Transplantation of islets of Langerhans in diabetic rhesus monkeys. Islets of Langerhans from unrelated donor rhesus monkeys were transplanted into the portal vein of five rhesus monkeys which had been made diabetic by partial pancreatectomy and Streptozotocin. There was definite improvement of the diabetic state with an increase in the mean KT1/2 from 0.71 to 1.52 percent per minute. The islets were isolated by a more efficient digestion-filtration process than previously had been described. This process has allowed, for the first time, successful isolation of large masses of islets permitting islet transplants in subhuman primates."}
{"id": "PMID:122798", "title": "Survival for 18 days with a Jarvik-type artificial heart.", "content": "This is a report of an experiment wherein a calf had its natural heart replaced with an artificial heart and survived for 18 days and 20 hours. All measured physiologic parameters remained normal until the fourteenth day. Thereafter a gradual persistent rise in venous pressure and signs of a decreased cardiac output occurred. However, the animal outwardly appeared normal until the eighteenth day. During the nineteenth day it became comatose and was killed. At autopsy large thrombi were found in both atria, impairing ventricular filling, resulting in venous congestion and diminished cardiac output. This extended survival time and our ability to understand and eliminate the problems associated with artificial heart implantation give support to our hope that artificial hearts for man will be possible in the not too distant future.", "contents": "Survival for 18 days with a Jarvik-type artificial heart. This is a report of an experiment wherein a calf had its natural heart replaced with an artificial heart and survived for 18 days and 20 hours. All measured physiologic parameters remained normal until the fourteenth day. Thereafter a gradual persistent rise in venous pressure and signs of a decreased cardiac output occurred. However, the animal outwardly appeared normal until the eighteenth day. During the nineteenth day it became comatose and was killed. At autopsy large thrombi were found in both atria, impairing ventricular filling, resulting in venous congestion and diminished cardiac output. This extended survival time and our ability to understand and eliminate the problems associated with artificial heart implantation give support to our hope that artificial hearts for man will be possible in the not too distant future."}
{"id": "PMID:122799", "title": "Femorofemoral grafts for unilateral occlusion of aortic bifurcation grafts.", "content": "Femorofemoral bypass grafts were performed in 10 patients who developed thrombosis of one of the limbs of previously placed aortoiliac or aortofemoral bifurcation grafts. There were no operative deaths or significant postoperative morbidity, and no amputations had to be performed following the bypass. Nine of the 10 patients have patent grafts from 5 to 70 months (average 33 months) following operation. Of these nine, eight are asymptomatic and one has mild claudication on the side of the unoccluded limb. Because of its simplicity, low operative risk, and encouraging late success rate, we feel that femorofemoral bypass grafting for late unilateral occlusion of a prosthetic bifurcation graft is the procedure of choice.", "contents": "Femorofemoral grafts for unilateral occlusion of aortic bifurcation grafts. Femorofemoral bypass grafts were performed in 10 patients who developed thrombosis of one of the limbs of previously placed aortoiliac or aortofemoral bifurcation grafts. There were no operative deaths or significant postoperative morbidity, and no amputations had to be performed following the bypass. Nine of the 10 patients have patent grafts from 5 to 70 months (average 33 months) following operation. Of these nine, eight are asymptomatic and one has mild claudication on the side of the unoccluded limb. Because of its simplicity, low operative risk, and encouraging late success rate, we feel that femorofemoral bypass grafting for late unilateral occlusion of a prosthetic bifurcation graft is the procedure of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:122800", "title": "The effect of shock on the inflammatory response. A reevaluation of the role of platelets in the active arthus reaction.", "content": "The active Arthus reaction can be inhibited by hypovolemic shock or the infusion of catecholamines. A reevalution of previous work with platelet antiserum indicates that shock rather than thrombocytopenia was responsible for preventing the active Arthus reaction. Immunofluorescent studies of the inhibited Arthus sites reveal that immune precipitates are not present in the extravascular tissues. Since leukocyte aggregates can be seen within venules at the inhibited sites, and they phagocytize BSA-anti-BSA complexes, their failure to migrate out of the vessels is due to the absence of complexes in the extravascular spaces. (Am J Pathol 78:159-170, 1975)", "contents": "The effect of shock on the inflammatory response. A reevaluation of the role of platelets in the active arthus reaction. The active Arthus reaction can be inhibited by hypovolemic shock or the infusion of catecholamines. A reevalution of previous work with platelet antiserum indicates that shock rather than thrombocytopenia was responsible for preventing the active Arthus reaction. Immunofluorescent studies of the inhibited Arthus sites reveal that immune precipitates are not present in the extravascular tissues. Since leukocyte aggregates can be seen within venules at the inhibited sites, and they phagocytize BSA-anti-BSA complexes, their failure to migrate out of the vessels is due to the absence of complexes in the extravascular spaces. (Am J Pathol 78:159-170, 1975)"}
{"id": "PMID:122801", "title": "Ultrastructural and histochemical study of the adrenal medulla in normal and cold-stressed Syrian hamsters.", "content": "The effect of 24 and 48 hours' cold stress on the hamsters' adrenomedullary follicles and on the medullary ATPase activity was studied by light and electron microscopy. Only norepinephrine cells were depleted after this stress, and exocytosis seemed to be the mechanism involved in the release of catecholamine. Follicles containing these cells expanded and their lumina became narrow. A few other cellular and follicular changes also occurred and are described. ATPase activity was apparent in control organs along the endothelial linings, in neural elements and macrophages, and in approximately 40% of the linings of follicular lumina. Cold stress did not alter this pattern. These results have been compared with previous findings and the possible functions of the follicular lumina are discussed. It is concluded that they are unlikely sites for catecholamine storage or release.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and histochemical study of the adrenal medulla in normal and cold-stressed Syrian hamsters. The effect of 24 and 48 hours' cold stress on the hamsters' adrenomedullary follicles and on the medullary ATPase activity was studied by light and electron microscopy. Only norepinephrine cells were depleted after this stress, and exocytosis seemed to be the mechanism involved in the release of catecholamine. Follicles containing these cells expanded and their lumina became narrow. A few other cellular and follicular changes also occurred and are described. ATPase activity was apparent in control organs along the endothelial linings, in neural elements and macrophages, and in approximately 40% of the linings of follicular lumina. Cold stress did not alter this pattern. These results have been compared with previous findings and the possible functions of the follicular lumina are discussed. It is concluded that they are unlikely sites for catecholamine storage or release."}
{"id": "PMID:122810", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans of brain during development.", "content": "The concentration of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate was measured in rat brain at 2-day intervals from birth to 1 month of age, and in 40-day-old and adult animals. The levels of all three glycosaminoglycans increased after birth to reach a peak at 7 days after which they declined steadily, attaining by 30 days concentrations within 10% of those present in adult brain. The greatest change was seen in hyaluronic acid, which decreased by 50% in 3 days, and declined to adult levels (28% of the peak concentration) by 18 days of age. Only heparan sulfate showed a significant change in metabolic activity during development (a fourfold increase in the relative specific activity of glucosamine), most of which occurred after 1 week of age. In 7-day-old rats almost 90% of the hyaluronic acid in brain is extractable by water alone, as compared to only 15% in adult animals, and this large amount of soluble hyaluronic acid in young rat brain is relatively inactive metabolically. On the basis of our data we propose that the higher amounts of hyaluronic acid found in very young brain may be responsible for the higher water content of brain at these ages, and that the hydrated hyaluronic acid serves as a matrix through which neuronal migration and differentiation may take place during early brain development.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans of brain during development. The concentration of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparan sulfate was measured in rat brain at 2-day intervals from birth to 1 month of age, and in 40-day-old and adult animals. The levels of all three glycosaminoglycans increased after birth to reach a peak at 7 days after which they declined steadily, attaining by 30 days concentrations within 10% of those present in adult brain. The greatest change was seen in hyaluronic acid, which decreased by 50% in 3 days, and declined to adult levels (28% of the peak concentration) by 18 days of age. Only heparan sulfate showed a significant change in metabolic activity during development (a fourfold increase in the relative specific activity of glucosamine), most of which occurred after 1 week of age. In 7-day-old rats almost 90% of the hyaluronic acid in brain is extractable by water alone, as compared to only 15% in adult animals, and this large amount of soluble hyaluronic acid in young rat brain is relatively inactive metabolically. On the basis of our data we propose that the higher amounts of hyaluronic acid found in very young brain may be responsible for the higher water content of brain at these ages, and that the hydrated hyaluronic acid serves as a matrix through which neuronal migration and differentiation may take place during early brain development."}
{"id": "PMID:122813", "title": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and its subtypes in an institution for the mentally retarded.", "content": "The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in 155 patients with Down's syndrome (DS) and 209 with other types of mental retardation (OMR) at Huronia Regional Centre, Orillia, Ontario was 34.8 and 5.3%, respectively. There was no significant difference in prevalence between males and females in either group of patients. In 75 matched pairs (DS-OMR) the HBsAg prevalence was 45% in DS and 8.3% in OMR males; in females 40% of those with DS were HBsAg-positive, whereas all the OMR residents were negative. The prevalence of HBsAg in both DS and OMR  groups was higher in those admitted in early childhood and in those who had resided in the institution for more than 10 years. In all 54 HBsAg-positive DS patients the antigen subtype was ad. Among the 11 HBsAg-positive OMR patients the subtype was ad in 10 cases and ay in 1.", "contents": "Hepatitis B surface antigen and its subtypes in an institution for the mentally retarded. The prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in 155 patients with Down's syndrome (DS) and 209 with other types of mental retardation (OMR) at Huronia Regional Centre, Orillia, Ontario was 34.8 and 5.3%, respectively. There was no significant difference in prevalence between males and females in either group of patients. In 75 matched pairs (DS-OMR) the HBsAg prevalence was 45% in DS and 8.3% in OMR males; in females 40% of those with DS were HBsAg-positive, whereas all the OMR residents were negative. The prevalence of HBsAg in both DS and OMR  groups was higher in those admitted in early childhood and in those who had resided in the institution for more than 10 years. In all 54 HBsAg-positive DS patients the antigen subtype was ad. Among the 11 HBsAg-positive OMR patients the subtype was ad in 10 cases and ay in 1."}
{"id": "PMID:122814", "title": "Genetic characterization of adenine-3 mutants induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Specific locus mutations induced by the chemical carcinogens, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4HAQO), have been characterized to obtain a presumptive identification of the genetic alterations at the molecular level. One hundred eighty-four 4NQO-induced and 219 4HAQO-induced ad-3 mutants of Neurospora crassa obtained in previous studies were studied with a series of genetic tests that permits determination of their genotype and the frequencies of point mutations and multilocus deletions. These tests have shown that the spectrum of ad-3 mutations among 4NQO-induced mutants is similar to that of 4HAQO-induced mutants. None of the 4NQO- or 4HAQO-induced mutants is a multilocus deletion mutant. The ratio of ad-3A to ad-3B mutants is the same in the two samples, as well as the frequencies of complementing ad-3B mutants. These data suggest, then, that the mechanism of mutation induction by 4NQO in N. crassa is identical to that of 4HAQO. It is not clear, however, whether 4NQO is mutagenic per se or reduction of 4NQO to 4HAQO is the first step involved in the mutagenesis of this compound in Neurospora. The heterotaryon tests have shown that the relatively high frequencies of 4NQO- or 4HAQO-induced ad-3B mutants show allelic complementation and that most of the complementing ad-3B mutants (74% of 4NQO induced and 71% of 4HAQO induced) have nonpolarized complementation patterns. From this we conclude that both agents induce predominantly base-pair substitution mutations in N. crassa. The results are in agreement with our other studies which show that potent chemical carcinogens induce predominantly base-pair substitution mutations in N. crassa.", "contents": "Genetic characterization of adenine-3 mutants induced by 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide in Neurospora crassa. Specific locus mutations induced by the chemical carcinogens, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4NQO) and 4-hydroxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4HAQO), have been characterized to obtain a presumptive identification of the genetic alterations at the molecular level. One hundred eighty-four 4NQO-induced and 219 4HAQO-induced ad-3 mutants of Neurospora crassa obtained in previous studies were studied with a series of genetic tests that permits determination of their genotype and the frequencies of point mutations and multilocus deletions. These tests have shown that the spectrum of ad-3 mutations among 4NQO-induced mutants is similar to that of 4HAQO-induced mutants. None of the 4NQO- or 4HAQO-induced mutants is a multilocus deletion mutant. The ratio of ad-3A to ad-3B mutants is the same in the two samples, as well as the frequencies of complementing ad-3B mutants. These data suggest, then, that the mechanism of mutation induction by 4NQO in N. crassa is identical to that of 4HAQO. It is not clear, however, whether 4NQO is mutagenic per se or reduction of 4NQO to 4HAQO is the first step involved in the mutagenesis of this compound in Neurospora. The heterotaryon tests have shown that the relatively high frequencies of 4NQO- or 4HAQO-induced ad-3B mutants show allelic complementation and that most of the complementing ad-3B mutants (74% of 4NQO induced and 71% of 4HAQO induced) have nonpolarized complementation patterns. From this we conclude that both agents induce predominantly base-pair substitution mutations in N. crassa. The results are in agreement with our other studies which show that potent chemical carcinogens induce predominantly base-pair substitution mutations in N. crassa."}
{"id": "PMID:122815", "title": "Different mechanisms in testosterone action on glycogen metabolism in rat perineal and skeletal muscles.", "content": "Testosterone affects glycogen levels in perineal and skeletal muscles by two distinct mechanisms. Both of them show similar sensitivity to androgens (0.1 mg/rat/day of testosterone being effective) and to antiandrogen administration. However, they differ because of the pattern of glycogen increase (early after the androgen injection in the perineal muscles; slowly and with a linear function of time in the skeletal muscles), and because of the different sensitivities to adrenolectomy, diabetes and hypophysectomy. Also, the biochemical changes induced by testosterone in muscles differ. The rate of sugar uptake and phosphorylation is increased in the perineal muscle only; the rate of glucose incorporation into glycogen is increased in the perineal but depressed in the skeletal muscles. Therefore, in the former case glycogen accumulation depends mainly on increased synthesis; in the latter, it is probably the result of a glycogen sparing effect.", "contents": "Different mechanisms in testosterone action on glycogen metabolism in rat perineal and skeletal muscles. Testosterone affects glycogen levels in perineal and skeletal muscles by two distinct mechanisms. Both of them show similar sensitivity to androgens (0.1 mg/rat/day of testosterone being effective) and to antiandrogen administration. However, they differ because of the pattern of glycogen increase (early after the androgen injection in the perineal muscles; slowly and with a linear function of time in the skeletal muscles), and because of the different sensitivities to adrenolectomy, diabetes and hypophysectomy. Also, the biochemical changes induced by testosterone in muscles differ. The rate of sugar uptake and phosphorylation is increased in the perineal muscle only; the rate of glucose incorporation into glycogen is increased in the perineal but depressed in the skeletal muscles. Therefore, in the former case glycogen accumulation depends mainly on increased synthesis; in the latter, it is probably the result of a glycogen sparing effect."}
{"id": "PMID:122822", "title": "Effects of increased ambient pressure and nitrogen on man's monosynaptic reflexes.", "content": "Neurological signs during dives may result from altered excitability of central neurons. The present study assesses the effect of an increase in pressure from 1 to 3 ATA on the excitability of muscle spindles and alpha motoneurons by comparing the EMG amplitudes of the mechanically and electrically elicited monosynaptic reflexes of the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle in 10 normal adults breathing a normoxic oxygen-nitrogen gas mixture. At the surface the amplitude of the electrically elicited H response was matched to that of the mechanically elicited Achilles tendon reflex (ATR), but at depth these amplitudes became significantly different. In every subject the amplitude of the ATR, which depends upon the excitability of both muscle spindles and the alpha motoneurons, was reduced on an average of 38% (with a range of 12-75%). The H response bypasses the muscle spindles and hence, depends primarily upon alpha motoneuron excitability. Its amplitude was unaltered in four, reduced in three, and increased in three subjects. Since the ATR was always depressed despite the direction of change in the H response, we have concluded that an increase in ambient pressure (i.e., pressure per se, or nitrogen, or both) must have decreased the responsiveness of muscle spindles to the tendon tap via a reduction in fusimotor activity.", "contents": "Effects of increased ambient pressure and nitrogen on man's monosynaptic reflexes. Neurological signs during dives may result from altered excitability of central neurons. The present study assesses the effect of an increase in pressure from 1 to 3 ATA on the excitability of muscle spindles and alpha motoneurons by comparing the EMG amplitudes of the mechanically and electrically elicited monosynaptic reflexes of the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle in 10 normal adults breathing a normoxic oxygen-nitrogen gas mixture. At the surface the amplitude of the electrically elicited H response was matched to that of the mechanically elicited Achilles tendon reflex (ATR), but at depth these amplitudes became significantly different. In every subject the amplitude of the ATR, which depends upon the excitability of both muscle spindles and the alpha motoneurons, was reduced on an average of 38% (with a range of 12-75%). The H response bypasses the muscle spindles and hence, depends primarily upon alpha motoneuron excitability. Its amplitude was unaltered in four, reduced in three, and increased in three subjects. Since the ATR was always depressed despite the direction of change in the H response, we have concluded that an increase in ambient pressure (i.e., pressure per se, or nitrogen, or both) must have decreased the responsiveness of muscle spindles to the tendon tap via a reduction in fusimotor activity."}
{"id": "PMID:122832", "title": "Influences of clinical factors on marginal adaptation and residual mercury content of amalgam.", "content": "Clinical factors affecting residual mercury and marginal adaptations of amalgam restorations in a private practice environment were investigated. Findings, converted to ridit values, indicated that influencing factors are the training level of the dental assistants, type of amalgamator, accuracy of the timing device, and method of condensation.", "contents": "Influences of clinical factors on marginal adaptation and residual mercury content of amalgam. Clinical factors affecting residual mercury and marginal adaptations of amalgam restorations in a private practice environment were investigated. Findings, converted to ridit values, indicated that influencing factors are the training level of the dental assistants, type of amalgamator, accuracy of the timing device, and method of condensation."}
{"id": "PMID:122833", "title": "Parotid saliva enzymes in Down's syndrome.", "content": "The parotid saliva in persons with Down's syndrome was analyzed for three enzymes: acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase, and amylase. The results have shown a statistically significant elevation of esterase activity in persons with Down's syndrome whereas no statistical differences were observed with the other enzymes. The current investigation has provided further insight into salivary gland metabolism and may have yielded some information pertaining to the genetic control of the processes regulating the electrolyte concentration of human saliva.", "contents": "Parotid saliva enzymes in Down's syndrome. The parotid saliva in persons with Down's syndrome was analyzed for three enzymes: acid phosphatase, nonspecific esterase, and amylase. The results have shown a statistically significant elevation of esterase activity in persons with Down's syndrome whereas no statistical differences were observed with the other enzymes. The current investigation has provided further insight into salivary gland metabolism and may have yielded some information pertaining to the genetic control of the processes regulating the electrolyte concentration of human saliva."}
{"id": "PMID:122840", "title": "Patent ductus arteriosus complicating the respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants.", "content": "In 46 preterm infants with RDS the patency of the ductus arteriosus was established by single film aortography or by clinical diagnosis and confirmation at surgery. The estimated left-to-right shunt through the PDA by aortogram correlated well with the heart size and the clinical diagnosis of heart failure. In 14 infants massive cardiomegaly and heart failure with a PDA occurred before the appearance of a heart murmur. Twelve infants had severe RDS and 34 had mild or moderate RDS. Massive cardiomegaly occurred significantly earlier in infants with severe RDS. It is suggested that ductal ligation is indicated when an infant with massive cardiomegaly requires IPPV and whose aortagram shows that all of the contrast material is in the pulmonary arteries and none in the aortic arch. A heart murmur may or may not be present.", "contents": "Patent ductus arteriosus complicating the respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants. In 46 preterm infants with RDS the patency of the ductus arteriosus was established by single film aortography or by clinical diagnosis and confirmation at surgery. The estimated left-to-right shunt through the PDA by aortogram correlated well with the heart size and the clinical diagnosis of heart failure. In 14 infants massive cardiomegaly and heart failure with a PDA occurred before the appearance of a heart murmur. Twelve infants had severe RDS and 34 had mild or moderate RDS. Massive cardiomegaly occurred significantly earlier in infants with severe RDS. It is suggested that ductal ligation is indicated when an infant with massive cardiomegaly requires IPPV and whose aortagram shows that all of the contrast material is in the pulmonary arteries and none in the aortic arch. A heart murmur may or may not be present."}
{"id": "PMID:122841", "title": "Incidental ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "Three cases of incidental ectopic pregnancy are described in which the patients were found to have unsuspected ectopic pregnancy when operated for an elective gynecologic procedure.", "contents": "Incidental ectopic pregnancy. Three cases of incidental ectopic pregnancy are described in which the patients were found to have unsuspected ectopic pregnancy when operated for an elective gynecologic procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:122846", "title": "Epidemiology of burns. The burn-prone patient.", "content": "Predisposition to burning was identified by history, by conversation with the family, or by physical examination. Factors that decreased the patient's ability to respond appropriately were considered as predisposing. A consecutive series of 155 hospitalized, burned, adult patients was reviewed. Approximately 50 per cent of the entire series showed predisposition to burning; among the more severe burns, this fraction was 57 percent. Among women, predisposition was more prominent in all categories than among men. Among women, those predisposed to burning had larger burns and a greater likelihood of dying. Alcoholism led the list of predisposing factors, with senility, psychiatric disorders, and neurological disease following in order. The patient's own home was usually the site of the burn in those predisposed, with the initial ignition being in the patient's hair or clothing, the mattress, bedclothes, or an overstuffed chair. All of the burns occurring in hospital or mental institution patients were among those predisposed to burning.", "contents": "Epidemiology of burns. The burn-prone patient. Predisposition to burning was identified by history, by conversation with the family, or by physical examination. Factors that decreased the patient's ability to respond appropriately were considered as predisposing. A consecutive series of 155 hospitalized, burned, adult patients was reviewed. Approximately 50 per cent of the entire series showed predisposition to burning; among the more severe burns, this fraction was 57 percent. Among women, predisposition was more prominent in all categories than among men. Among women, those predisposed to burning had larger burns and a greater likelihood of dying. Alcoholism led the list of predisposing factors, with senility, psychiatric disorders, and neurological disease following in order. The patient's own home was usually the site of the burn in those predisposed, with the initial ignition being in the patient's hair or clothing, the mattress, bedclothes, or an overstuffed chair. All of the burns occurring in hospital or mental institution patients were among those predisposed to burning."}
{"id": "PMID:122850", "title": "Surgical aspects of regional myocardial blood flow and myocardial pressure.", "content": "The surgical technique of cardiopulmonary bypass with either an empty beating or an empty fibrillating ventricle produces marked changes in the regional blood flow and oxygen demand of the left ventricle. This paper describes the changes which occurred in the regional perfusion of both the normal and the hypertrophied left ventricle during these conditions and relates them to the known changes in oxygen demand. It also correlates the changes in flow with the measurable changes in myocardial tissue pressure-systolic when the heart is beating and continuous when fibrillating. The various types of filbrillation had identical effects on both regional tissue pressure and regional flow. The subendocardial blood supply was adequate or more than adequate under each of these conditions so long as the coronary perfusion pressure was maintained at an adequate level. A low perfusion pressure during ventricular fibrillation of any type led to a marked reduction in flow to the subendocardial portion of the left ventricle: The presence of ventricular hypertrophy accentuated this danger.", "contents": "Surgical aspects of regional myocardial blood flow and myocardial pressure. The surgical technique of cardiopulmonary bypass with either an empty beating or an empty fibrillating ventricle produces marked changes in the regional blood flow and oxygen demand of the left ventricle. This paper describes the changes which occurred in the regional perfusion of both the normal and the hypertrophied left ventricle during these conditions and relates them to the known changes in oxygen demand. It also correlates the changes in flow with the measurable changes in myocardial tissue pressure-systolic when the heart is beating and continuous when fibrillating. The various types of filbrillation had identical effects on both regional tissue pressure and regional flow. The subendocardial blood supply was adequate or more than adequate under each of these conditions so long as the coronary perfusion pressure was maintained at an adequate level. A low perfusion pressure during ventricular fibrillation of any type led to a marked reduction in flow to the subendocardial portion of the left ventricle: The presence of ventricular hypertrophy accentuated this danger."}
{"id": "PMID:122851", "title": "Hypoventilation secondary to chronic upper airway obstruction in childhood.", "content": "A 6-year-old child manifested symptoms and signs of alveolar hypoventilation and signs of cor pulmonale caused by obstruction of the upper airway. These symptoms and signs disappeared after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. The relationship of upper airway obstruction to hypoventilation and cor pulmonale is discussed in the hope of renewing interest in this problem and alerting physicians to think of this possiblity early in the evaluation of such patients.", "contents": "Hypoventilation secondary to chronic upper airway obstruction in childhood. A 6-year-old child manifested symptoms and signs of alveolar hypoventilation and signs of cor pulmonale caused by obstruction of the upper airway. These symptoms and signs disappeared after tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy. The relationship of upper airway obstruction to hypoventilation and cor pulmonale is discussed in the hope of renewing interest in this problem and alerting physicians to think of this possiblity early in the evaluation of such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:122852", "title": "Effects of streptozotocin on glucose metabolism, insulin response, and adiposity in ob/ob mice.", "content": "To determine whether hyperglycemia in the obese hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mouse is related to enhanced activity of the pancreatic beta cell, streptozotocin (175 mg/kg) was injected into lean and ob/ob mice at 8 wk of age. The influence of this injection upon glucose metabolism, adipose cellularity, pancreatic morphology and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) release from isolated pancreatic islets was measured. The plasma glucose levels before and after an oral glucose load were elevated in lean and decreased in ob/ob mice 2 wk after treatment with streptozotocin. By 5 wk after this treatment, a reduced pancreatic islet size, beta cell number and a decreased pancreatic islet IRI release were present in both lean and ob/ob mice. At this time, plasma glucose was still elevated in lean, but depressed in ob/ob mice and the insulin responsiveness in muscle and adipocytes was unchanged. Hyperglycemia abates in the ob/ob mouse as hypersecretion of insulin is diminished, but these observations may not be directly related, since streptozotocin affects key metabolic activities of the livers as well as the pancreatic beta cell. The progression of obesity and status of adipose cellularity are not directly related to hyper-insulinemia, since they are not altered following streptozotocin treatment.", "contents": "Effects of streptozotocin on glucose metabolism, insulin response, and adiposity in ob/ob mice. To determine whether hyperglycemia in the obese hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mouse is related to enhanced activity of the pancreatic beta cell, streptozotocin (175 mg/kg) was injected into lean and ob/ob mice at 8 wk of age. The influence of this injection upon glucose metabolism, adipose cellularity, pancreatic morphology and immunoreactive insulin (IRI) release from isolated pancreatic islets was measured. The plasma glucose levels before and after an oral glucose load were elevated in lean and decreased in ob/ob mice 2 wk after treatment with streptozotocin. By 5 wk after this treatment, a reduced pancreatic islet size, beta cell number and a decreased pancreatic islet IRI release were present in both lean and ob/ob mice. At this time, plasma glucose was still elevated in lean, but depressed in ob/ob mice and the insulin responsiveness in muscle and adipocytes was unchanged. Hyperglycemia abates in the ob/ob mouse as hypersecretion of insulin is diminished, but these observations may not be directly related, since streptozotocin affects key metabolic activities of the livers as well as the pancreatic beta cell. The progression of obesity and status of adipose cellularity are not directly related to hyper-insulinemia, since they are not altered following streptozotocin treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:122856", "title": "The chemical composition of idiopathic nonarteriosclerotic cerebral calcifications.", "content": "Calculi from a case of cerebral idiopathic nonarteriosclerotic calcification (Fahr's disease) were examined. The stone consists of hydroxyapatite and possesses a typical structure: the calcification process seems to be initiated by the formation of small round bodies that are cemented to each other to form the final stone. Calcified vessels are also present, but seem to be a secondary effect. From a comparison with other calcifications, it is concluded that no pathologic significance should be attached to the relatively high levels of trace metals such as zinc, iron, copper, magnesium, lead, and others, with the possible exception of manganese. The organic matrix of the stone contains large quantities of protein. On hydrolysis of this fraction, an important unidentified ninhydrin-positive peak was found. No mucopolysaccharides were found.", "contents": "The chemical composition of idiopathic nonarteriosclerotic cerebral calcifications. Calculi from a case of cerebral idiopathic nonarteriosclerotic calcification (Fahr's disease) were examined. The stone consists of hydroxyapatite and possesses a typical structure: the calcification process seems to be initiated by the formation of small round bodies that are cemented to each other to form the final stone. Calcified vessels are also present, but seem to be a secondary effect. From a comparison with other calcifications, it is concluded that no pathologic significance should be attached to the relatively high levels of trace metals such as zinc, iron, copper, magnesium, lead, and others, with the possible exception of manganese. The organic matrix of the stone contains large quantities of protein. On hydrolysis of this fraction, an important unidentified ninhydrin-positive peak was found. No mucopolysaccharides were found."}
{"id": "PMID:122861", "title": "Fetal monitoring: is it worth it?", "content": "The current trend to fewer births per family, a lower birth rate, and a national commitment to reduce mental retardation calls for evaluation of methods which will optimize perinatal outcome individually and in a collective sense. Based on the assumption that continuous fetal heart rate monitoring during labor can reduce perinatal mortality and morbidity by 50%, a cost analysis is constructed. The cost for total monitoring of 3000 deliveries per year is compared with the potential savings due to prevention of one-half of the mental retardation that would develop from the same group were they not monitored.", "contents": "Fetal monitoring: is it worth it? The current trend to fewer births per family, a lower birth rate, and a national commitment to reduce mental retardation calls for evaluation of methods which will optimize perinatal outcome individually and in a collective sense. Based on the assumption that continuous fetal heart rate monitoring during labor can reduce perinatal mortality and morbidity by 50%, a cost analysis is constructed. The cost for total monitoring of 3000 deliveries per year is compared with the potential savings due to prevention of one-half of the mental retardation that would develop from the same group were they not monitored."}
{"id": "PMID:122863", "title": "T-cell reconstitution by thymus transplantation and transfer factor in severe combined immunodeficiency.", "content": "Reconstitution of cell-mediated immunity was achieved in a 5-month old female infant with severe combined immunodeficiency by fetal thymus transplant given simultaneously with two units of transfer factor. Thymus was obtained from a 15-week gestational age male fetus, and the two units of transfer factor from the lymphocytes of 500 ml of peripheral blood. Three weeks after transplantation, two nel HL-A antigens were detected on the infant's lymphocytes, one of which was present in the mother of the thymus donor; at the same time, some of the infant's own HL-A antigens disappeared. Thereafter, the percent of rosette-forming cells (T-cells) increased and the in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin and allogeneic lymphocytes became normal, and delayed skin tests became positive. Karyotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes posttransplantation reveals an XY (male) pattern. These results suggest lymphocyte re-population as a result of the thymus-transfer factor therapy. Five months after transplantation, the patient has normal cellular immunity but persistent hypogammaglobulinemia. She is free of infection and growing normally on gammaglobulin injections.", "contents": "T-cell reconstitution by thymus transplantation and transfer factor in severe combined immunodeficiency. Reconstitution of cell-mediated immunity was achieved in a 5-month old female infant with severe combined immunodeficiency by fetal thymus transplant given simultaneously with two units of transfer factor. Thymus was obtained from a 15-week gestational age male fetus, and the two units of transfer factor from the lymphocytes of 500 ml of peripheral blood. Three weeks after transplantation, two nel HL-A antigens were detected on the infant's lymphocytes, one of which was present in the mother of the thymus donor; at the same time, some of the infant's own HL-A antigens disappeared. Thereafter, the percent of rosette-forming cells (T-cells) increased and the in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin and allogeneic lymphocytes became normal, and delayed skin tests became positive. Karyotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes posttransplantation reveals an XY (male) pattern. These results suggest lymphocyte re-population as a result of the thymus-transfer factor therapy. Five months after transplantation, the patient has normal cellular immunity but persistent hypogammaglobulinemia. She is free of infection and growing normally on gammaglobulin injections."}
{"id": "PMID:122869", "title": "The incidence and properties of beta axons to muscle spindles in the cat hind limb.", "content": "The distribution of beta axons to muscle spindles in the tenuissimus and abductor digiti quinti medius (A.D.Q.M.) muscles of the hind limb of the cat was determined by testing the action of single motor axons, capable of producing extrafusal contraction, isolated in the ventral spinal roots on the discharges of individual muscle spindle primary sensory endings recorded in the dorsal spinal roots. The proportion of spindles with beta innervation was 41% in A.D.Q.M. and 30% in tenuissimus. The proportion of fast motor axons that were beta axons was 28% in the A.D.Q.M. and 11% in tenuissimus; usually each beta axon innervated a single spindle while no spindle received more than two beta axons. The beta axons were dynamic in nature and those to any one muscle tended to have slightly lower conduction velocities than the alpha axons though some overlap did occur. The extent to which beta axons can account for the fact that in isolated spindles axons selective to either nuclear bag or nuclear chain fibres are found in about equal proportions whereas a ratio of three static to one dynamic gamma axons is found electrophysiologically is discussed. An explanation for the low incidence of beta innervation previously found electrophysiologically and the considerably higher incidence found histologically is given.", "contents": "The incidence and properties of beta axons to muscle spindles in the cat hind limb. The distribution of beta axons to muscle spindles in the tenuissimus and abductor digiti quinti medius (A.D.Q.M.) muscles of the hind limb of the cat was determined by testing the action of single motor axons, capable of producing extrafusal contraction, isolated in the ventral spinal roots on the discharges of individual muscle spindle primary sensory endings recorded in the dorsal spinal roots. The proportion of spindles with beta innervation was 41% in A.D.Q.M. and 30% in tenuissimus. The proportion of fast motor axons that were beta axons was 28% in the A.D.Q.M. and 11% in tenuissimus; usually each beta axon innervated a single spindle while no spindle received more than two beta axons. The beta axons were dynamic in nature and those to any one muscle tended to have slightly lower conduction velocities than the alpha axons though some overlap did occur. The extent to which beta axons can account for the fact that in isolated spindles axons selective to either nuclear bag or nuclear chain fibres are found in about equal proportions whereas a ratio of three static to one dynamic gamma axons is found electrophysiologically is discussed. An explanation for the low incidence of beta innervation previously found electrophysiologically and the considerably higher incidence found histologically is given."}
{"id": "PMID:122881", "title": "Factors contributing to the development of low back pain in industrial workers.", "content": "A survey to elicit information on factors related to the causes of low back pain in industrial workers was made. Questionnaires were sent to 1000 workers in various industrial occupations including hospital workers, and 509 responses were received. In this population, back injuries were more frequent among women, as were absences for other illness.  Most employees sustaining back injury subsequently returned to their original job. This survey serves as a pilot study indicating areas from which objective results may be obtained and directions of improvement in future questionnaires.", "contents": "Factors contributing to the development of low back pain in industrial workers. A survey to elicit information on factors related to the causes of low back pain in industrial workers was made. Questionnaires were sent to 1000 workers in various industrial occupations including hospital workers, and 509 responses were received. In this population, back injuries were more frequent among women, as were absences for other illness.  Most employees sustaining back injury subsequently returned to their original job. This survey serves as a pilot study indicating areas from which objective results may be obtained and directions of improvement in future questionnaires."}
{"id": "PMID:122882", "title": "Preparation of mixtures of humidified air with CO, SO2, NO2, NH3, NH2CH3, Cl2, and HCl to measure respirator cartridge and canister service life.", "content": "Four systems have been fabricated to measure the effective service life of respirator cartridges and canisters. The four systems employ carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide/nitrogen dioxide, ammonia/methylamine, and chlorine/hydrogen chloride as contaminants. Each system produces test concentrations in the low percentage range (typically 0.05 to 3.0%) at flow rates of 32 and 64 liters/min and at relative humidities between 20 and 95%. Suitable anlyzers have been provided to measure the downstream concentration from 1 to 500 ppm as a function of time. Holders have been designed to accommodate the wide size variation of commercially available cartridges and canisters.", "contents": "Preparation of mixtures of humidified air with CO, SO2, NO2, NH3, NH2CH3, Cl2, and HCl to measure respirator cartridge and canister service life. Four systems have been fabricated to measure the effective service life of respirator cartridges and canisters. The four systems employ carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide/nitrogen dioxide, ammonia/methylamine, and chlorine/hydrogen chloride as contaminants. Each system produces test concentrations in the low percentage range (typically 0.05 to 3.0%) at flow rates of 32 and 64 liters/min and at relative humidities between 20 and 95%. Suitable anlyzers have been provided to measure the downstream concentration from 1 to 500 ppm as a function of time. Holders have been designed to accommodate the wide size variation of commercially available cartridges and canisters."}
{"id": "PMID:122883", "title": "Train-of-four nerve stimulation in the management of prolonged neuromuscular blockade following succinylcholine.", "content": "Four patients, all possessing an atypical form of plasma cholinesterase, developed prolonged paralysis following succinylcholine administration. The clinical management of all four cases was facilitated by monitoring the train-of-four stimulus. All patients showed marked \"fade\" of the train-of-four ratio, the initial ratios of the fourth to the first twitches being 50 per cent or less, indicating variable degrees of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade. Reversal of paralysis with anticholinesterase agents was completely successful in three cases, but only partially effective in the fourth because of the probable presence of a mixture of both depolarizing block and nondepolarizing block. In such a situation, caution in the interpretation of the train-of-four ratio is necessary, since this test measures only the nondepolarizing component of the block. Whether or not reversal with anticholinesterase drugs is attempted, clinical estimates of neuromuscular function, such as head lift, vital capacity, and inspiratory force, must be carefully correlated with train-of-four values. If reversal is attempted, the brief action of edrophonium provides a useful clinical trial.", "contents": "Train-of-four nerve stimulation in the management of prolonged neuromuscular blockade following succinylcholine. Four patients, all possessing an atypical form of plasma cholinesterase, developed prolonged paralysis following succinylcholine administration. The clinical management of all four cases was facilitated by monitoring the train-of-four stimulus. All patients showed marked \"fade\" of the train-of-four ratio, the initial ratios of the fourth to the first twitches being 50 per cent or less, indicating variable degrees of nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade. Reversal of paralysis with anticholinesterase agents was completely successful in three cases, but only partially effective in the fourth because of the probable presence of a mixture of both depolarizing block and nondepolarizing block. In such a situation, caution in the interpretation of the train-of-four ratio is necessary, since this test measures only the nondepolarizing component of the block. Whether or not reversal with anticholinesterase drugs is attempted, clinical estimates of neuromuscular function, such as head lift, vital capacity, and inspiratory force, must be carefully correlated with train-of-four values. If reversal is attempted, the brief action of edrophonium provides a useful clinical trial."}
{"id": "PMID:122885", "title": "On acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) in pleural effusion.", "content": "The concentration of acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) in pleural fluid was found to be in the range of 4.0 to 60.3 mug per ml. By chromatographic analysis and by electrophoresis of the eluates, in combination with enzymatic digestion, it was found that pleural fluid contained protein-free hyaluronic acid, protein-bound hyaluronic acid, undersulfated chondroitin sulfate A(C), chondroitin sulfate A(C), protein-bound chondroitin sulfate A(C), and dermatan sulfate. The composition of acid glycosaminoglycans in pleural fluid seems to reflect the metabolism of the pleural cavity.", "contents": "On acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) in pleural effusion. The concentration of acid glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides) in pleural fluid was found to be in the range of 4.0 to 60.3 mug per ml. By chromatographic analysis and by electrophoresis of the eluates, in combination with enzymatic digestion, it was found that pleural fluid contained protein-free hyaluronic acid, protein-bound hyaluronic acid, undersulfated chondroitin sulfate A(C), chondroitin sulfate A(C), protein-bound chondroitin sulfate A(C), and dermatan sulfate. The composition of acid glycosaminoglycans in pleural fluid seems to reflect the metabolism of the pleural cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:122888", "title": "Isolation, subunit structure, and proteolytic modification of bovine factor VIII.", "content": "A new method has been described for the isolation of factor VIII. The method results in a high yield of factor VIII that is homogeneous by several different criteria. The purified protein is very stable and is not dissociated in the presence of 1 M NaCl or 0.25 M CaCl2. The highly purified protein is readily activated and inactivated by various proteolytic enzymes, such as thrombin, plasmin, and trypsin. The molecular events that lead to the activation reaction, however, have not been established.", "contents": "Isolation, subunit structure, and proteolytic modification of bovine factor VIII. A new method has been described for the isolation of factor VIII. The method results in a high yield of factor VIII that is homogeneous by several different criteria. The purified protein is very stable and is not dissociated in the presence of 1 M NaCl or 0.25 M CaCl2. The highly purified protein is readily activated and inactivated by various proteolytic enzymes, such as thrombin, plasmin, and trypsin. The molecular events that lead to the activation reaction, however, have not been established."}
{"id": "PMID:122889", "title": "Molecular structural studies of human factor VIII.", "content": "Neither normal nor hemophilic factor VIII protein enters a 5% sosium dodecyl sulfate gel; on reduction, however, a single 195 000-molecular-weight peptide is observed. Hemophilic and normal factor VIII contain carbohydrate and appear identical in subunit molecular weight, electrical charge, and major antigenic determinants. Thrombin activation and inactivation of factor VIII does not detectably change the subunit molecular weight. Trypsin causes similar activity changes and obviously cleaves the factor VIII subunit. Human plasmin destroys factor VIII procoagulant activity and degrades the factor VIII subunit to 103 000-, 88 000-, and 17 000-molecular-weight peptides. Both normal and hemophilic factor VIII as well as thrombin-inactivated factor VIII support ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. Purified factor VIII chromatographed on 4% agarose in 1.0 M sodium chloride shows no dissociation of the procoagulant activity from the void volume protein. Gel chromatography on 4% agarose in 0.25 M calcium chloride results in a procoagulant activity peak removed from the void volume protein; both peaks contain protein which does not enter a 5% SDS gel, but on reduction a 195 000-molecular-weight subunit band is observed for each. Both the void volume protein peak and the procoagulant activity peak from the 0.25 M calcium chloride-agarose gel column support ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. After removal of calcium, a small amount of procoagulant activity is present only in the void volume peak. These data suggest that both the procoagulant and von Willebrand activities are on the same molecule. Thus our previous conclusion remains the same: human factor VIII is a large glycoprotein composed of identical 195 000-molecular-weight subunits jointed by disulfide bonds and is responsible for both antihemophilic and von Willebrand activities in human plasma.", "contents": "Molecular structural studies of human factor VIII. Neither normal nor hemophilic factor VIII protein enters a 5% sosium dodecyl sulfate gel; on reduction, however, a single 195 000-molecular-weight peptide is observed. Hemophilic and normal factor VIII contain carbohydrate and appear identical in subunit molecular weight, electrical charge, and major antigenic determinants. Thrombin activation and inactivation of factor VIII does not detectably change the subunit molecular weight. Trypsin causes similar activity changes and obviously cleaves the factor VIII subunit. Human plasmin destroys factor VIII procoagulant activity and degrades the factor VIII subunit to 103 000-, 88 000-, and 17 000-molecular-weight peptides. Both normal and hemophilic factor VIII as well as thrombin-inactivated factor VIII support ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. Purified factor VIII chromatographed on 4% agarose in 1.0 M sodium chloride shows no dissociation of the procoagulant activity from the void volume protein. Gel chromatography on 4% agarose in 0.25 M calcium chloride results in a procoagulant activity peak removed from the void volume protein; both peaks contain protein which does not enter a 5% SDS gel, but on reduction a 195 000-molecular-weight subunit band is observed for each. Both the void volume protein peak and the procoagulant activity peak from the 0.25 M calcium chloride-agarose gel column support ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation. After removal of calcium, a small amount of procoagulant activity is present only in the void volume peak. These data suggest that both the procoagulant and von Willebrand activities are on the same molecule. Thus our previous conclusion remains the same: human factor VIII is a large glycoprotein composed of identical 195 000-molecular-weight subunits jointed by disulfide bonds and is responsible for both antihemophilic and von Willebrand activities in human plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:122890", "title": "Human tissue reaction to sutures.", "content": "Tissue reaction to sutures was studied in 666 specimens obtained from patients from one day to 23 years after operation. Reaction to catgut depends on the stage of absorption and is mainly histocytic in type. Nonabsorbable sutures are encapsulated by a rim of connective tissue, while near the suture histocytes, giant cells and lymphocytes are found. This is most marked with silk and cotton, less so with Dacron, and least with nylon and wire. Tissue infiltration into the suture interstics is variable. The reactions resemble the findings in experimental animals.", "contents": "Human tissue reaction to sutures. Tissue reaction to sutures was studied in 666 specimens obtained from patients from one day to 23 years after operation. Reaction to catgut depends on the stage of absorption and is mainly histocytic in type. Nonabsorbable sutures are encapsulated by a rim of connective tissue, while near the suture histocytes, giant cells and lymphocytes are found. This is most marked with silk and cotton, less so with Dacron, and least with nylon and wire. Tissue infiltration into the suture interstics is variable. The reactions resemble the findings in experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:122891", "title": "Managing the complications of plasma cell myeloma.", "content": "Management of some diverse complications of plasma cell myeloma is reviewed with respect to prevention when possible and prompt treatment when necessary. A series of 102 patients from the Duke University Medical Center was surveyed to ascertain the approximate frequency with which renal failure, hypercalcemia, infection, hyperviscosity syndrome, and neurologic disorders occur. Selected patient studies and additional data from the literature emphasize aspects of these complications amenable to therapy aside from that directed at plasma cell growth.", "contents": "Managing the complications of plasma cell myeloma. Management of some diverse complications of plasma cell myeloma is reviewed with respect to prevention when possible and prompt treatment when necessary. A series of 102 patients from the Duke University Medical Center was surveyed to ascertain the approximate frequency with which renal failure, hypercalcemia, infection, hyperviscosity syndrome, and neurologic disorders occur. Selected patient studies and additional data from the literature emphasize aspects of these complications amenable to therapy aside from that directed at plasma cell growth."}
{"id": "PMID:122892", "title": "Idiopathic (asymptomatic) monoclonal gammopathies.", "content": "Asymptomatic forms of monoclonal gammopathies (MG) are recognized with increasing frequency; their recognition and differentiation from the symptomatic forms of MG appear imperative, since the therapeutic approaches are different. Available clinical and laboratory indexes lack specificity required for useful and practical discrimination; presently, we must still rely on the timecourse monitoring of such laboratory values as hemoglobin levels, M-protein concentrations, and presence of Bence Jones proteins. Elucidation of histocompatibility A and W antigenic profiles, as well as the functions and kinetics of B-lymphocytes from such patients, appear most promising. Evidence of the causative role of extrinsic and intrinsic antigenic stimulation in MG production is increasing; segregation into two distinct concentration ranges of M-proteins in the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups suggests two control levels of the expression of immune response (Ir) genes, due to partial or complete derepression of the latent Ir gene function, reflecting \"partial\" (asymptomatic, benign MG) and \"complete\" (symptomatic, malignant MG) monoclonal immune responders.", "contents": "Idiopathic (asymptomatic) monoclonal gammopathies. Asymptomatic forms of monoclonal gammopathies (MG) are recognized with increasing frequency; their recognition and differentiation from the symptomatic forms of MG appear imperative, since the therapeutic approaches are different. Available clinical and laboratory indexes lack specificity required for useful and practical discrimination; presently, we must still rely on the timecourse monitoring of such laboratory values as hemoglobin levels, M-protein concentrations, and presence of Bence Jones proteins. Elucidation of histocompatibility A and W antigenic profiles, as well as the functions and kinetics of B-lymphocytes from such patients, appear most promising. Evidence of the causative role of extrinsic and intrinsic antigenic stimulation in MG production is increasing; segregation into two distinct concentration ranges of M-proteins in the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups suggests two control levels of the expression of immune response (Ir) genes, due to partial or complete derepression of the latent Ir gene function, reflecting \"partial\" (asymptomatic, benign MG) and \"complete\" (symptomatic, malignant MG) monoclonal immune responders."}
{"id": "PMID:122893", "title": "Reticulum cell sarcoma of the heart.", "content": "The association of a primary cardiac lymphoma in a 53-year-old man with a previously documented myocardial infraction was found. The patient was initially thought to have a recurrent myocardial infraction, but failed to respond to aggressive treatment. The enigma of the clinical course was solved at autopsy by the identification of a primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the heart.", "contents": "Reticulum cell sarcoma of the heart. The association of a primary cardiac lymphoma in a 53-year-old man with a previously documented myocardial infraction was found. The patient was initially thought to have a recurrent myocardial infraction, but failed to respond to aggressive treatment. The enigma of the clinical course was solved at autopsy by the identification of a primary reticulum cell sarcoma of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:122897", "title": "Actin-activated ATPase from human erythrocytes.", "content": "A fibrillar protein complex, possessing ouabain-insensitive Ca2+-ATPase activity was isolated from human erythrocyte membranes by using a low ionic strength extraction procedure. Mg2+-ATPase activity was revealed upon addition of rabbit skeletal muscle actin, thus demonstrating the presence of a myosin-like protein in the crude extract of the erythrocyte membrane. Upon sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, the extract showed mainly the doublet of subunit molecular weight bands of 230 000 and 210 000, and more than 10 faster moving bands. Gel filtration of the erythrocyte membrane extract on Sepharose 4B furnished 4 fractions. Fraction I, containing the doublet and 80 000, 60 000 and 46 000 subunit molecular weight bands was 5-fold purified with respect to Ca2+-ATPase activity, but was devoid of actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase activity. Fraction II, containing only the doublet, was devoid of Ca2+ and actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase activity. The 210 000 subunit molecular weight protein could be phosphorylated in the presence of Mg2+ in the crude extract and Fraction I but not in Fraction II.", "contents": "Actin-activated ATPase from human erythrocytes. A fibrillar protein complex, possessing ouabain-insensitive Ca2+-ATPase activity was isolated from human erythrocyte membranes by using a low ionic strength extraction procedure. Mg2+-ATPase activity was revealed upon addition of rabbit skeletal muscle actin, thus demonstrating the presence of a myosin-like protein in the crude extract of the erythrocyte membrane. Upon sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis, the extract showed mainly the doublet of subunit molecular weight bands of 230 000 and 210 000, and more than 10 faster moving bands. Gel filtration of the erythrocyte membrane extract on Sepharose 4B furnished 4 fractions. Fraction I, containing the doublet and 80 000, 60 000 and 46 000 subunit molecular weight bands was 5-fold purified with respect to Ca2+-ATPase activity, but was devoid of actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase activity. Fraction II, containing only the doublet, was devoid of Ca2+ and actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase activity. The 210 000 subunit molecular weight protein could be phosphorylated in the presence of Mg2+ in the crude extract and Fraction I but not in Fraction II."}
{"id": "PMID:122898", "title": "Activation of rabbit brain microsomal (Na+ plus K+)-dependent ATPase by a leukocytic product.", "content": "The properties of a (Na+ plus K+)-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activator contained in leukocytic extracts was investigated. Intact polymorphonuclear leukocytes release the activator in a time- and temperature-dependent process. It is non-dialyzable through cellophane; inactivated by protease, trypsin, or phenol; contains essential sulfhydryl groups; and is heat and acid labile. Treatment of ATPase with the activator and subsequent removable of the activator from mixtures did not reverse the ATPase activation.", "contents": "Activation of rabbit brain microsomal (Na+ plus K+)-dependent ATPase by a leukocytic product. The properties of a (Na+ plus K+)-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activator contained in leukocytic extracts was investigated. Intact polymorphonuclear leukocytes release the activator in a time- and temperature-dependent process. It is non-dialyzable through cellophane; inactivated by protease, trypsin, or phenol; contains essential sulfhydryl groups; and is heat and acid labile. Treatment of ATPase with the activator and subsequent removable of the activator from mixtures did not reverse the ATPase activation."}
{"id": "PMID:122899", "title": "The hydration of proteoglycans of bovine cornea.", "content": "The water sorptive and retentive capacities of three corneal proteoglycans with different keratan sulfate/chondroitin-4-sulfate compositions were investigated. The calcium salt of a predominantly keratan sulfate containing proteoglycan had hydration properties similar to that of calcium keratan sulfate. The proteoglycan containing predominantly calcium chondroitin-4-sulfate side chains sorbed water to a greater extent than pure calcium chondroitin-4-sulfate but its retentive power was somewhat less. The proteoglycan containing about twice as much keratan sulfate as chondroitin-4-sulfate, on a dissaccharidic molar basis and had hydration properties which were closer to the behavior of chondroitin-4-sulfate than keratan sulfate. The results are discussed in terms of structure and polymer interaction in the proteoglycan matrices.", "contents": "The hydration of proteoglycans of bovine cornea. The water sorptive and retentive capacities of three corneal proteoglycans with different keratan sulfate/chondroitin-4-sulfate compositions were investigated. The calcium salt of a predominantly keratan sulfate containing proteoglycan had hydration properties similar to that of calcium keratan sulfate. The proteoglycan containing predominantly calcium chondroitin-4-sulfate side chains sorbed water to a greater extent than pure calcium chondroitin-4-sulfate but its retentive power was somewhat less. The proteoglycan containing about twice as much keratan sulfate as chondroitin-4-sulfate, on a dissaccharidic molar basis and had hydration properties which were closer to the behavior of chondroitin-4-sulfate than keratan sulfate. The results are discussed in terms of structure and polymer interaction in the proteoglycan matrices."}
{"id": "PMID:122900", "title": "Effects of physical training on several glycolytic enzymes in rat heart.", "content": "In response to a program of daily swimming for 16 weeks, the activities of pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase increased significantly in the hearts of young male rats. The isozyme composition  in M of cardial lactate dehydrogenase increased from 28.5 to 32.7% in the trained animals. Phosphofructokinase activity and glycogen content were unchanged. The hearts of the exercising animals were 28% heavier than those of sedentary paired weight controls.", "contents": "Effects of physical training on several glycolytic enzymes in rat heart. In response to a program of daily swimming for 16 weeks, the activities of pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase increased significantly in the hearts of young male rats. The isozyme composition  in M of cardial lactate dehydrogenase increased from 28.5 to 32.7% in the trained animals. Phosphofructokinase activity and glycogen content were unchanged. The hearts of the exercising animals were 28% heavier than those of sedentary paired weight controls."}
{"id": "PMID:122901", "title": "Changes in enzyme pattern of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells following serial cultivation in media with increased (hypertonic) NaCl content.", "content": "Adaptation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells to serial cultivation in media with progressively elevated (hypertonic) NaCl content (\"high NaCl\"-tolerant cells) has resulted in progressive increases of the cellular activities of NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), glutamate--oxalacetate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1), NAD (P)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3), NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42). The activities of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.2.) and of glycolytic enzymes as phospho-fructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) were only slightly and not in progressive manner (in response to the progressive increase of the environmental NaCl concentration) affected. These changes are discussed with respect to a metabolic pattern of these \"high NaCl\"-tolerant cells which is compatible with increased energy requirements, especially for active cation transport. It is suggested that these increased cellular enzyme activities reflect an increased transfer of reducing equivalents across mitochondrial membranes (via the \"glycerophosphate cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle\") and possibly a stimulated lipid metabolism. These alterations in the level of enzyme activities must be regarded asan adaptive cellular response to the \"high NaCl\" environment, since readaptation to growth in regular isotonic media resulted in a reversion to the enzyme pattern characteristic of the parent cells.", "contents": "Changes in enzyme pattern of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells following serial cultivation in media with increased (hypertonic) NaCl content. Adaptation of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells to serial cultivation in media with progressively elevated (hypertonic) NaCl content (\"high NaCl\"-tolerant cells) has resulted in progressive increases of the cellular activities of NAD-dependent glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8), NAD-dependent malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), glutamate--oxalacetate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.1), NAD (P)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3), NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42). The activities of glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (EC 2.6.1.2.) and of glycolytic enzymes as phospho-fructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.12) and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27) were only slightly and not in progressive manner (in response to the progressive increase of the environmental NaCl concentration) affected. These changes are discussed with respect to a metabolic pattern of these \"high NaCl\"-tolerant cells which is compatible with increased energy requirements, especially for active cation transport. It is suggested that these increased cellular enzyme activities reflect an increased transfer of reducing equivalents across mitochondrial membranes (via the \"glycerophosphate cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle\") and possibly a stimulated lipid metabolism. These alterations in the level of enzyme activities must be regarded asan adaptive cellular response to the \"high NaCl\" environment, since readaptation to growth in regular isotonic media resulted in a reversion to the enzyme pattern characteristic of the parent cells."}
{"id": "PMID:122902", "title": "Regulation of the amount and of the activity of phosphofructokinases and pyruvate kinases in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Two isozymes of fructose-6-phosphate kinase and two isozymes of pyruvate kinase have been detected in Escherichia coli under a wide variety of growth conditions. Their kinetic behavior has been characteriized with respect to different effectors and substrates. The conclusions reached on one hand by Malcovati and Kornberg (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1969) 178, 420-423), on the other hand by Fraenkel, Kotlarz and Buc (J. Biol. Chem. (1973) 248, 4865-4866) have been found to be true in aerobiosis as well as in anaerobiosis. The biosynthesis of the four proteins is sensitive to the nature of the carbon sources as well as to the shift from aerobic to anaerobic conditions. Kinetics of depression after a shift to anaerobiosis have been followed and found to be of the order of the doubling time.", "contents": "Regulation of the amount and of the activity of phosphofructokinases and pyruvate kinases in Escherichia coli. Two isozymes of fructose-6-phosphate kinase and two isozymes of pyruvate kinase have been detected in Escherichia coli under a wide variety of growth conditions. Their kinetic behavior has been characteriized with respect to different effectors and substrates. The conclusions reached on one hand by Malcovati and Kornberg (Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1969) 178, 420-423), on the other hand by Fraenkel, Kotlarz and Buc (J. Biol. Chem. (1973) 248, 4865-4866) have been found to be true in aerobiosis as well as in anaerobiosis. The biosynthesis of the four proteins is sensitive to the nature of the carbon sources as well as to the shift from aerobic to anaerobic conditions. Kinetics of depression after a shift to anaerobiosis have been followed and found to be of the order of the doubling time."}
{"id": "PMID:122904", "title": "[The mechanism of blood cell sedimentation. XVIII. Sedimentation effect of fibrinogen plasminolysis products].", "content": "Various high molecular weight plasmin degradation products of fibrinogen were isolated by chromatographic procedures and investigated to what extent they influence the sedimentation rate of erythrocytes in heparinized serum. Among the early plasminolysis products Fragment X accelerated the sedimentation rate considerably although it was less effective than fibrinogen. Fragment Y showed a weaker but clearly demonstrable agglomerine activity. The late plasminolysis products D and E were ineffective, if applied alone and in concentrations equivalent to the fibrinogen content of plasma. However, they promoted the sedimentation effect of fibrinogen. If present in considerably higher concentrations are Fragments D and E, in absence of fibrinogen, also accelerated the sedimentation rate of erythrocytes significantly. A mixture of D and E was not more effective than the single compounds.", "contents": "[The mechanism of blood cell sedimentation. XVIII. Sedimentation effect of fibrinogen plasminolysis products]. Various high molecular weight plasmin degradation products of fibrinogen were isolated by chromatographic procedures and investigated to what extent they influence the sedimentation rate of erythrocytes in heparinized serum. Among the early plasminolysis products Fragment X accelerated the sedimentation rate considerably although it was less effective than fibrinogen. Fragment Y showed a weaker but clearly demonstrable agglomerine activity. The late plasminolysis products D and E were ineffective, if applied alone and in concentrations equivalent to the fibrinogen content of plasma. However, they promoted the sedimentation effect of fibrinogen. If present in considerably higher concentrations are Fragments D and E, in absence of fibrinogen, also accelerated the sedimentation rate of erythrocytes significantly. A mixture of D and E was not more effective than the single compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:122905", "title": "Defective antibody response to bacteriophage phichi 174 in Down syndrome.", "content": "Antibody responses to bacteriophage phichi 174 were studied in 17 institutionalized patients with trisomy 21 and in six mentally retarded control patients with normal karyotype. Primary antibody response was significantly impaired in 11 of the 17 patients. Secondary immune response was normal in one, moderately impaired in seven, and very low in nine patients. Tertiary immunization further differentiated the two groups: those with moderately impaired secondary immune responses developed normal serum titers of predominantly IgG antibody; patients with low secondary immune responses had extemely impaired tertiary immune responses consisting mainly of serum IgM antibody.", "contents": "Defective antibody response to bacteriophage phichi 174 in Down syndrome. Antibody responses to bacteriophage phichi 174 were studied in 17 institutionalized patients with trisomy 21 and in six mentally retarded control patients with normal karyotype. Primary antibody response was significantly impaired in 11 of the 17 patients. Secondary immune response was normal in one, moderately impaired in seven, and very low in nine patients. Tertiary immunization further differentiated the two groups: those with moderately impaired secondary immune responses developed normal serum titers of predominantly IgG antibody; patients with low secondary immune responses had extemely impaired tertiary immune responses consisting mainly of serum IgM antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:122906", "title": "Alopecia areata, autoimmunity, and Down's syndrome.", "content": "Alopecia areata occurs more often in Down's syndrome than would be expected by chance, sixty cases being found among 1000 patients with this syndrome compared with one case among 1000 subnormal controls.  Because  alopecia areata is associated with some organ-specific autoimmune disease and thyroid antibodies are often found in Down's syndrome sera from affected patients were examined for the presence of fluorescent autoantibodies.  Antibodies against thyroid components tended to be present in female mongols with alopecia areata in comparison with females in a normal population but not in male mongols.  Futhermore, eight out of 23 female mongols (35%) with alopecia areata had antibodies against thyroid components compared with two out of 23 female mongols (9%) without alopecia areata.", "contents": "Alopecia areata, autoimmunity, and Down's syndrome. Alopecia areata occurs more often in Down's syndrome than would be expected by chance, sixty cases being found among 1000 patients with this syndrome compared with one case among 1000 subnormal controls.  Because  alopecia areata is associated with some organ-specific autoimmune disease and thyroid antibodies are often found in Down's syndrome sera from affected patients were examined for the presence of fluorescent autoantibodies.  Antibodies against thyroid components tended to be present in female mongols with alopecia areata in comparison with females in a normal population but not in male mongols.  Futhermore, eight out of 23 female mongols (35%) with alopecia areata had antibodies against thyroid components compared with two out of 23 female mongols (9%) without alopecia areata."}
{"id": "PMID:122911", "title": "Determination of sensitivity of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae to tylosin and selected antibacterial drugs by a microtiter technique.", "content": "A microtiter technique was used for determination of the sensitivity of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae to antibiotics and other drugs. Use of a biphasic agar-broth medium in microtiter plates allowed direct visualization of growth. Results were more reproducible with this system than when broth alone was used and evaluation based on color change was required. Attempts to adapt the test for use with Mycoplasma hyorhinis were not successful. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 12 drugs and drug combinations for 12 strains of M. hyosynoviae are presented. Drugs with the lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations were tylosin (0.37 mcg/ml)and lincomycin (0.88 mcg/ml), both of which have been used for treatment and control of M. hyosynoviae arthritis. Comparison of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of tylosin for 43 isolates of M. hyosynoviae obtained in 1959 and 1960 and from 1966 through 1971 indicated the possibilty of decreasing sensitivity to the drug although differences between recent isolates and earlier ones were not statistically significant.", "contents": "Determination of sensitivity of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae to tylosin and selected antibacterial drugs by a microtiter technique. A microtiter technique was used for determination of the sensitivity of Mycoplasma hyosynoviae to antibiotics and other drugs. Use of a biphasic agar-broth medium in microtiter plates allowed direct visualization of growth. Results were more reproducible with this system than when broth alone was used and evaluation based on color change was required. Attempts to adapt the test for use with Mycoplasma hyorhinis were not successful. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 12 drugs and drug combinations for 12 strains of M. hyosynoviae are presented. Drugs with the lowest minimal inhibitory concentrations were tylosin (0.37 mcg/ml)and lincomycin (0.88 mcg/ml), both of which have been used for treatment and control of M. hyosynoviae arthritis. Comparison of the minimal inhibitory concentrations of tylosin for 43 isolates of M. hyosynoviae obtained in 1959 and 1960 and from 1966 through 1971 indicated the possibilty of decreasing sensitivity to the drug although differences between recent isolates and earlier ones were not statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:122912", "title": "Streptozotocin therapy in 22 cancer patients.", "content": "Twenty-two cancer patients were treated with streptozotocin (SZN) in six weekly intravenous doses of 1.0-1.5 g/m2. The results of the initial courses of therapy include 3 complete and 2 partial responses, 11 patients with no change, 4 with progression, and 2 deaths due to tumor progression. Three additional deaths also due to tumor progression occurred in previously responding patients. All responses were in patients with pancreatic tumor. Toxicity consisted of transient proteinuria in 11/15 patients, transient azotemia in 11/18 patients, marked reduction of creatinine clearance in 1 patient, burning pain at site of injection, nausea, and vomiting in 20/22 patients, change of FBS from pretherapy to post-therapy of at least 10 mg/100 ml in 11/17 patients, significantly decreased platelet count in 1/22 patients, decreased Hgb in 2/22 patients, and duodenal ulcer in 2/22 patients. A reduced dosage schedule and combination with other drugs known to be effective in pancreatic tumors deserves further investigations.", "contents": "Streptozotocin therapy in 22 cancer patients. Twenty-two cancer patients were treated with streptozotocin (SZN) in six weekly intravenous doses of 1.0-1.5 g/m2. The results of the initial courses of therapy include 3 complete and 2 partial responses, 11 patients with no change, 4 with progression, and 2 deaths due to tumor progression. Three additional deaths also due to tumor progression occurred in previously responding patients. All responses were in patients with pancreatic tumor. Toxicity consisted of transient proteinuria in 11/15 patients, transient azotemia in 11/18 patients, marked reduction of creatinine clearance in 1 patient, burning pain at site of injection, nausea, and vomiting in 20/22 patients, change of FBS from pretherapy to post-therapy of at least 10 mg/100 ml in 11/17 patients, significantly decreased platelet count in 1/22 patients, decreased Hgb in 2/22 patients, and duodenal ulcer in 2/22 patients. A reduced dosage schedule and combination with other drugs known to be effective in pancreatic tumors deserves further investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:122913", "title": "Metastatic atypical fibroxanthoma of skin.", "content": "A case is presented of postirradiation atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin, metastatic to cervical lymph node, in a young female. Although such skin tumors characteristically have a malignant microscopic appearance, and although they occasionally recur following surgical excision, they have previously been noted for their consistently benign clinical behavior. This is thought to be the second recorded instance of metastasis from an atypical fibroxanthoma of skin.", "contents": "Metastatic atypical fibroxanthoma of skin. A case is presented of postirradiation atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin, metastatic to cervical lymph node, in a young female. Although such skin tumors characteristically have a malignant microscopic appearance, and although they occasionally recur following surgical excision, they have previously been noted for their consistently benign clinical behavior. This is thought to be the second recorded instance of metastasis from an atypical fibroxanthoma of skin."}
{"id": "PMID:122919", "title": "Familial atrioventricular heart block; an autosomal dominant trait.", "content": "A family of 28 individuals spanning four generations was investigated because of a finding of complete heart block in five members and the existence of a low degree of atrioventricular (A-V) heart block in a sixth member. The disorder was characterized by 1) adult onset in all, 2) complete A-V heart block in five and first degree A-V heart block in one, 3) sinus bradycardia in three, 4) atrial fibrillation in five, 5) abnormal QRS complex in five, 6) ventricular tachycardia in three, 7) left ventricular enlargement in all, and 8) mitral insufficiency in five. Proximal location of the A-V heart block was suggested by the fact that atropine caused acceleration of the ventricular rate and by the presence of a His bundle potential preceding the QRS complexes. Involvement of the distal conducting system was indicated by the widened QRS complex and a prolonged H-V interval. Pathologic examination in one case showed extensive sinus node fibrosis and interruption of the A-V node-His bundle connection. This disorder is probably due to an autosomal dominant trait.", "contents": "Familial atrioventricular heart block; an autosomal dominant trait. A family of 28 individuals spanning four generations was investigated because of a finding of complete heart block in five members and the existence of a low degree of atrioventricular (A-V) heart block in a sixth member. The disorder was characterized by 1) adult onset in all, 2) complete A-V heart block in five and first degree A-V heart block in one, 3) sinus bradycardia in three, 4) atrial fibrillation in five, 5) abnormal QRS complex in five, 6) ventricular tachycardia in three, 7) left ventricular enlargement in all, and 8) mitral insufficiency in five. Proximal location of the A-V heart block was suggested by the fact that atropine caused acceleration of the ventricular rate and by the presence of a His bundle potential preceding the QRS complexes. Involvement of the distal conducting system was indicated by the widened QRS complex and a prolonged H-V interval. Pathologic examination in one case showed extensive sinus node fibrosis and interruption of the A-V node-His bundle connection. This disorder is probably due to an autosomal dominant trait."}
{"id": "PMID:122920", "title": "Genesis of high frequency notching of QRS complexes in an in vivo cardiac model.", "content": "High frequency notching of the QRS complex is associated with transmural infarction, cardiomyopathies, and ventricular hypertrophy from any cause. The mechanism producing notching is unknown; but the presence of a discrete anatomic lesion is not an essential feature. The hypothesis that notching was produced by activation across, rather than along, myocardial fibers was investigated by stimulation at 12 points around a clock electrode attached to the epicardium while mapping isoschronous lines in the area activated. All fibers at the subendocardial layer beneath the clock electrode were ligated by a pursestring suture. Propagation direction, as measured by isoschronous maps, produced more notched QRS compleses when the path was across, rather than paralled with, the myocardial fibers. Using grouped data and a 5 times 6 table, notches versus the angle formed between fiber direction and orientation of the direction of travel were shown to be related (P less than 0.001). The hypothesis that cross-fiber activation enhances notching was confirmed. retrograde activation did not increase notching nor did ligation of subendocardial fibers.", "contents": "Genesis of high frequency notching of QRS complexes in an in vivo cardiac model. High frequency notching of the QRS complex is associated with transmural infarction, cardiomyopathies, and ventricular hypertrophy from any cause. The mechanism producing notching is unknown; but the presence of a discrete anatomic lesion is not an essential feature. The hypothesis that notching was produced by activation across, rather than along, myocardial fibers was investigated by stimulation at 12 points around a clock electrode attached to the epicardium while mapping isoschronous lines in the area activated. All fibers at the subendocardial layer beneath the clock electrode were ligated by a pursestring suture. Propagation direction, as measured by isoschronous maps, produced more notched QRS compleses when the path was across, rather than paralled with, the myocardial fibers. Using grouped data and a 5 times 6 table, notches versus the angle formed between fiber direction and orientation of the direction of travel were shown to be related (P less than 0.001). The hypothesis that cross-fiber activation enhances notching was confirmed. retrograde activation did not increase notching nor did ligation of subendocardial fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:122921", "title": "Dynamic determinants of letf ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations in man.", "content": "Left ventricular (LV) diastolic pressure (P), volume (V), and rate of change of volume (dV/dt) were determined at 16.7 msec intervals in 17 patients (simultaneous micromanometer and single plane volume angiography). Four patients had mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation and 13 patients (three normal, two congestive cardiomyophathy, three LV hypertrophy, and five coronary artery disease) were in normal sinus rhythm. Maximum early diastolic filling rates (max dV/dt) in the normal and cardiomyopathy patients were similar and ranged from 269 to 370 cc/m-2/sec; in coronary artery disease and LV hypertrophy, max dV/dt ranged from 197 to 290 cc/m-2/sec and 213 to 255 cc/m-2/sec respectively; in mitral stenosis, max dV/dt ranged from 215 to 270 cc/m-2 sec. The peak filling rate during atrial systole ranged form 60 to 240 cc/m-2/sec in the 13 patients with sinus rhythm. The instantaneous diastolic P-V data were fit by an exponential equation (P = be-kV) and the P-V relation throughout diastole was represented by the best fit line. The rate constant (k) in the equation was highest in the patient with IHSS and lowest in those with large dilated hearts. In mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation the fit of the equation to the P-V data appeared better than in the patients with normal sinus rhythm. Peak ventricular filling rate during atrial systole varied directly with LV volume distensibility at the onset of atrial systole (r = 0.64). Data suggest that dynamic mechanical properties of the LV influence the diastolic P-V relations and that pressure \"deviations\" (deltaP) from the best fit line during atrial systole may be related to viscous drag. In a given ventricle the velocity dependence of deltaP appears to be modified by the volume distensibility of the ventricle. Variable rates of filling may preclude the assumption of an exponential relation between P and V throughout diastole and therefore may limit estimates of diastolic distensibility or compliance which rely on such an assumption.", "contents": "Dynamic determinants of letf ventricular diastolic pressure-volume relations in man. Left ventricular (LV) diastolic pressure (P), volume (V), and rate of change of volume (dV/dt) were determined at 16.7 msec intervals in 17 patients (simultaneous micromanometer and single plane volume angiography). Four patients had mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation and 13 patients (three normal, two congestive cardiomyophathy, three LV hypertrophy, and five coronary artery disease) were in normal sinus rhythm. Maximum early diastolic filling rates (max dV/dt) in the normal and cardiomyopathy patients were similar and ranged from 269 to 370 cc/m-2/sec; in coronary artery disease and LV hypertrophy, max dV/dt ranged from 197 to 290 cc/m-2/sec and 213 to 255 cc/m-2/sec respectively; in mitral stenosis, max dV/dt ranged from 215 to 270 cc/m-2 sec. The peak filling rate during atrial systole ranged form 60 to 240 cc/m-2/sec in the 13 patients with sinus rhythm. The instantaneous diastolic P-V data were fit by an exponential equation (P = be-kV) and the P-V relation throughout diastole was represented by the best fit line. The rate constant (k) in the equation was highest in the patient with IHSS and lowest in those with large dilated hearts. In mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation the fit of the equation to the P-V data appeared better than in the patients with normal sinus rhythm. Peak ventricular filling rate during atrial systole varied directly with LV volume distensibility at the onset of atrial systole (r = 0.64). Data suggest that dynamic mechanical properties of the LV influence the diastolic P-V relations and that pressure \"deviations\" (deltaP) from the best fit line during atrial systole may be related to viscous drag. In a given ventricle the velocity dependence of deltaP appears to be modified by the volume distensibility of the ventricle. Variable rates of filling may preclude the assumption of an exponential relation between P and V throughout diastole and therefore may limit estimates of diastolic distensibility or compliance which rely on such an assumption."}
{"id": "PMID:122924", "title": "Heart norepinephrine levels after exercise training in the rat.", "content": "Rats exercise trained by swimming one hour daily five days per week for three months developed cardiac hypertrophy. The NE concentration (0.469 mug/g) and total NE content (0.741/mug) of the hypertrophied hearts were not significantly different from levels in hearts of unexercised control rats.", "contents": "Heart norepinephrine levels after exercise training in the rat. Rats exercise trained by swimming one hour daily five days per week for three months developed cardiac hypertrophy. The NE concentration (0.469 mug/g) and total NE content (0.741/mug) of the hypertrophied hearts were not significantly different from levels in hearts of unexercised control rats."}
{"id": "PMID:122926", "title": "Trifluoroperazine for the symptomatic treatment of chorea.", "content": "Ten consecutive patients with chorea of different etiologies were treated with trifluoroperazine, 7 were adults and 3 children; all the patients received symptomatic benefit from the medication, the effective dose ranged from 4 to 16 milligrams. The medication was well tolerated and proved to be effective a long period of time. Biochemical and pathophysiological aspects of chorea and its relations to the medication are discussed.", "contents": "Trifluoroperazine for the symptomatic treatment of chorea. Ten consecutive patients with chorea of different etiologies were treated with trifluoroperazine, 7 were adults and 3 children; all the patients received symptomatic benefit from the medication, the effective dose ranged from 4 to 16 milligrams. The medication was well tolerated and proved to be effective a long period of time. Biochemical and pathophysiological aspects of chorea and its relations to the medication are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:122931", "title": "[Comparison of laparoscopic and scintigraphic findings in chronic hep-titis, liver cirrhosis and liver tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Results of laparoscopy and scintigraphy were compared and contrasted with ultimate clinical diagnosis in 94 patients with chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis and 38 with liver tumours. The findings agreed in 77 cases of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis and 33 of liver tumour. In the remainder either laparoscopy or scintigraphy gave the wrong results. In one case each of cirrhosis and liver metluded that (1) laparoscopy and scintigraphy are methods complementing but not replacing other clinical tests; (2) if diffuse liver disease is suspected clinically the diagnosis can essentially be done only by laparoscopy and selective biopsy or blind liver biopsy but not scintigraphy; (o) if a circumscribed condition is suspected, scintigraphy is among the most important screening tests, but cannot replace laparoscopy, biopsy or angiography for confirming the diagnosis; (4) liver scan is an important method, of little stress to the patient, in following the progress of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, additional to clinical examination, enzyme tests, laparoscopy and histology.", "contents": "[Comparison of laparoscopic and scintigraphic findings in chronic hep-titis, liver cirrhosis and liver tumours (author's transl)]. Results of laparoscopy and scintigraphy were compared and contrasted with ultimate clinical diagnosis in 94 patients with chronic hepatitis or liver cirrhosis and 38 with liver tumours. The findings agreed in 77 cases of chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis and 33 of liver tumour. In the remainder either laparoscopy or scintigraphy gave the wrong results. In one case each of cirrhosis and liver metluded that (1) laparoscopy and scintigraphy are methods complementing but not replacing other clinical tests; (2) if diffuse liver disease is suspected clinically the diagnosis can essentially be done only by laparoscopy and selective biopsy or blind liver biopsy but not scintigraphy; (o) if a circumscribed condition is suspected, scintigraphy is among the most important screening tests, but cannot replace laparoscopy, biopsy or angiography for confirming the diagnosis; (4) liver scan is an important method, of little stress to the patient, in following the progress of chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis, additional to clinical examination, enzyme tests, laparoscopy and histology."}
{"id": "PMID:122932", "title": "Structural relationship between \"glutamic acid\" and \"lysine\" forms of human plasminogen and their interaction with the NH2-terminal activation peptide as studied by affinity chromatography.", "content": "Urokinase digestion of maleinated plasminogen results in cleavage of the single peptide bond Arg-68-Met-69, which is one of the bonds normally cleaved during the first step of the activation procedure. The inactive intermediate compound formed in this way was subjected to NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, which clearly demonstrates the structural relationship between the forms of plasminogen with different NH2-terminal amino acids. It is thus shown that lysine-78 and valine-79 in the \"glutamic acid\" plasminogen actually are the NH2-terminal amino acids in \"lysine\" and \"valine\" plasminogen respectively. The forms with glutamic acid in NH2-terminal position are called plasminogen A, while all other forms lacking the NH2-terminal part of the molecule and which can be activated in a single step are called plasminogen B. By affinity chromatographic studies of the NH2-terminal activation peptide on insolubilized plasminogen B, it was demonstrated that this peptide has specific affinity for plasminogen B. It was also shown that this noncovalent interaction is broken by 6-aminohexanoic acid in two concentration. The tryptic heptapeptide (Ala-Phe-Gln-Tyr-His-Ser-Lys) which occupies the positions number 45 to 51 in the NH2-terminal activation peptide (as well as in the intact plasminogen molecule) is importance for the conformational state of the plasminogen molecule.", "contents": "Structural relationship between \"glutamic acid\" and \"lysine\" forms of human plasminogen and their interaction with the NH2-terminal activation peptide as studied by affinity chromatography. Urokinase digestion of maleinated plasminogen results in cleavage of the single peptide bond Arg-68-Met-69, which is one of the bonds normally cleaved during the first step of the activation procedure. The inactive intermediate compound formed in this way was subjected to NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis, which clearly demonstrates the structural relationship between the forms of plasminogen with different NH2-terminal amino acids. It is thus shown that lysine-78 and valine-79 in the \"glutamic acid\" plasminogen actually are the NH2-terminal amino acids in \"lysine\" and \"valine\" plasminogen respectively. The forms with glutamic acid in NH2-terminal position are called plasminogen A, while all other forms lacking the NH2-terminal part of the molecule and which can be activated in a single step are called plasminogen B. By affinity chromatographic studies of the NH2-terminal activation peptide on insolubilized plasminogen B, it was demonstrated that this peptide has specific affinity for plasminogen B. It was also shown that this noncovalent interaction is broken by 6-aminohexanoic acid in two concentration. The tryptic heptapeptide (Ala-Phe-Gln-Tyr-His-Ser-Lys) which occupies the positions number 45 to 51 in the NH2-terminal activation peptide (as well as in the intact plasminogen molecule) is importance for the conformational state of the plasminogen molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:122950", "title": "[The variations in postion and form of the thoracic part of the thoracic duct. Its skeletal relations].", "content": "The postion of the thoracic duct and its relationship to the spine was examined during the course of 100 autopsies on subjects aged 48 to 95 years. Four variants in its position and two variants in shape were found, with a percentage incidence of left-sided 36%, mid-line 20%, oblique 17%, rightsided 6%, bowed 14%, angulated 7M. The midline, oblique and right-sided positions are variants related to age or consitution, left-sided postion is regarded as related to age. The variations in shape are regarded as pathological changes due to displacement of the aorta.", "contents": "[The variations in postion and form of the thoracic part of the thoracic duct. Its skeletal relations]. The postion of the thoracic duct and its relationship to the spine was examined during the course of 100 autopsies on subjects aged 48 to 95 years. Four variants in its position and two variants in shape were found, with a percentage incidence of left-sided 36%, mid-line 20%, oblique 17%, rightsided 6%, bowed 14%, angulated 7M. The midline, oblique and right-sided positions are variants related to age or consitution, left-sided postion is regarded as related to age. The variations in shape are regarded as pathological changes due to displacement of the aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:122951", "title": "[Contrast retention in retroperitoneal lymph nodes after lymphography; the effect of lymph node abnormalities, radiotherapy and contrast quantity].", "content": "The rate of contrast loss from retroperitoneal lymph nodes after lymphography was studied radiologically over a prolonged period in 302 patients. It varied remarkably, even in normal persons who were not receiving any treatment. Lymph nodes empty more quickly if only a small quantity of contrast has been used. Irradiation accelerates contrast transport, not only in the irradiated, but also in the neighbouring, group of nodes. This effect is dose dependent. There is evidence that pathological lymph nodes empty more quickly than normal ones.", "contents": "[Contrast retention in retroperitoneal lymph nodes after lymphography; the effect of lymph node abnormalities, radiotherapy and contrast quantity]. The rate of contrast loss from retroperitoneal lymph nodes after lymphography was studied radiologically over a prolonged period in 302 patients. It varied remarkably, even in normal persons who were not receiving any treatment. Lymph nodes empty more quickly if only a small quantity of contrast has been used. Irradiation accelerates contrast transport, not only in the irradiated, but also in the neighbouring, group of nodes. This effect is dose dependent. There is evidence that pathological lymph nodes empty more quickly than normal ones."}
{"id": "PMID:122952", "title": "[Chylous reflux and chylous ascites in lymphatic dysplasia, with the lymphographic demonstration of mediastinal and retroperitoneal lymphatic cysts].", "content": "Two patients with congenital dysplasia of the lymphatic system and with chylous ascites are described. In one 24-year old woman with this rare condition, it was possible to demonstrate for the first time numerous mediastinal lymphatic cysts during lymphangiography. Both patients showed an abnormality of the retroperitoneal lymphatics, consisting of lymphatic dilatation and cysts. In the investigation of chylous ascites, direct lymphangiography must be regarded as a valuable and necessary investigation.", "contents": "[Chylous reflux and chylous ascites in lymphatic dysplasia, with the lymphographic demonstration of mediastinal and retroperitoneal lymphatic cysts]. Two patients with congenital dysplasia of the lymphatic system and with chylous ascites are described. In one 24-year old woman with this rare condition, it was possible to demonstrate for the first time numerous mediastinal lymphatic cysts during lymphangiography. Both patients showed an abnormality of the retroperitoneal lymphatics, consisting of lymphatic dilatation and cysts. In the investigation of chylous ascites, direct lymphangiography must be regarded as a valuable and necessary investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:122953", "title": "[Atelectatic pseudo-tumours of the lung (round atelectases)].", "content": "Following the publication of the paper by Hanke, a round atelectasis was diagnosed on six occasions in five of our patients (two radiologically and pathologically, four radiologically only). On the basis of this material, the radiological features of round atelectases are discussed. Hanke's findings are critically reviewed and a comparison with our material shows a number of differences. The term \"atelectatic pseudotumour of the lung\" is suggested.", "contents": "[Atelectatic pseudo-tumours of the lung (round atelectases)]. Following the publication of the paper by Hanke, a round atelectasis was diagnosed on six occasions in five of our patients (two radiologically and pathologically, four radiologically only). On the basis of this material, the radiological features of round atelectases are discussed. Hanke's findings are critically reviewed and a comparison with our material shows a number of differences. The term \"atelectatic pseudotumour of the lung\" is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:122954", "title": "[Radiographs of the thorax in acute myocardial infarction].", "content": "Radiographs of the thorax were evaluated in 240 patients during the acute phase following a myocardial infarct. Following the acute infarct, 53% of the patients showed some cardiac enlargement, in a quarter this was marked. Congestive lung changes were found in 53% of patient following the infarct, interstitial pulmonary oedema in 22% and intra alveolar oedema in 9%. Patients with marked cardiac enlargement and those with congestive lung changes showed a bad prognosis, particularly if the congestion did not regress rapidly. Even advanced pulmonary congestion and interstitial oedema may be missed by clinical examination. Radiography of the thorax following acute myocardial infarction is of value in treatment and prognosis.", "contents": "[Radiographs of the thorax in acute myocardial infarction]. Radiographs of the thorax were evaluated in 240 patients during the acute phase following a myocardial infarct. Following the acute infarct, 53% of the patients showed some cardiac enlargement, in a quarter this was marked. Congestive lung changes were found in 53% of patient following the infarct, interstitial pulmonary oedema in 22% and intra alveolar oedema in 9%. Patients with marked cardiac enlargement and those with congestive lung changes showed a bad prognosis, particularly if the congestion did not regress rapidly. Even advanced pulmonary congestion and interstitial oedema may be missed by clinical examination. Radiography of the thorax following acute myocardial infarction is of value in treatment and prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:122955", "title": "[Calcification of the left atrium in mitral disease].", "content": "Calcification in the wall of the left atrium is a certain sign of rheumatic heart disease; in nearly all cases it is associated with combined mitral valve disease and auricular fibrillation. The cause of the calcification is probably repeated attacks of endocarditis. Similar to the cases described in the literature, four out of five our own patients were in the end-stages of chronic rheumatic heart disease. In four patients there was clinical evidence of mitral valve disease, whereas in the fifth patient, the clinical findings suggested a ventricular septal defect. Calcification in the dilated left atrium indicated the presence of an additional mitral valve abnormality. The typical appearances of atrial calcification are illustrated. The importance of its pre-operative demonstration is discussed on the basis of the relevant literature.", "contents": "[Calcification of the left atrium in mitral disease]. Calcification in the wall of the left atrium is a certain sign of rheumatic heart disease; in nearly all cases it is associated with combined mitral valve disease and auricular fibrillation. The cause of the calcification is probably repeated attacks of endocarditis. Similar to the cases described in the literature, four out of five our own patients were in the end-stages of chronic rheumatic heart disease. In four patients there was clinical evidence of mitral valve disease, whereas in the fifth patient, the clinical findings suggested a ventricular septal defect. Calcification in the dilated left atrium indicated the presence of an additional mitral valve abnormality. The typical appearances of atrial calcification are illustrated. The importance of its pre-operative demonstration is discussed on the basis of the relevant literature."}
{"id": "PMID:122956", "title": "[Laevo-cardiography for the functional evaluation of the ventricle. I. The normal left ventricle].", "content": "The possibility of evaluating left ventricular function from lateral laevo-cardiogram has been investigated. A planimetric comparison of the end-diastolic and end-systolic areas of a normal left ventricle shows a 50 to 60% reduction of the systolic area, compared with the diastolic value. Assuming concentric contraction of the left ventricle, the systolic/diastolic reduction in area is proportional to the ejection fraction. This provides a measure for the quantitative evaluation of myocardial function.", "contents": "[Laevo-cardiography for the functional evaluation of the ventricle. I. The normal left ventricle]. The possibility of evaluating left ventricular function from lateral laevo-cardiogram has been investigated. A planimetric comparison of the end-diastolic and end-systolic areas of a normal left ventricle shows a 50 to 60% reduction of the systolic area, compared with the diastolic value. Assuming concentric contraction of the left ventricle, the systolic/diastolic reduction in area is proportional to the ejection fraction. This provides a measure for the quantitative evaluation of myocardial function."}
{"id": "PMID:122957", "title": "[The angiographic demonstration of a primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery].", "content": "Following the findings of a primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery and its angiographic demonstration, a search was made of the literature for this rare condition. Angiography is usually performed because a pulmonary embolism is suspected. It is best to inject contrast medium into the right atrium or ventricle. If an unusually large defect is demonstrated in the pulmonary artery, a primary malignant neoplasm should be considered in the differential diagnosis, particularly if the mass projects into the outflow tract of the right ventricle.", "contents": "[The angiographic demonstration of a primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery]. Following the findings of a primary sarcoma of the pulmonary artery and its angiographic demonstration, a search was made of the literature for this rare condition. Angiography is usually performed because a pulmonary embolism is suspected. It is best to inject contrast medium into the right atrium or ventricle. If an unusually large defect is demonstrated in the pulmonary artery, a primary malignant neoplasm should be considered in the differential diagnosis, particularly if the mass projects into the outflow tract of the right ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:122958", "title": "[Scintigraphic radio-spirometry. Methods and indications].", "content": "Scintigraphic radio-spirometry combines conventional spirometry with the advantages of a functional isotope technique, thereby providing a clinically useful method for the study of pulmonary function. The advantage of the method consist principally in the ability to estimate physiological values separately for the two lungs, and also for selective portions of each lung. The apparatus, method and quantitative evaluation of the results are discussed in detail and the method is critically evaluated. Indications for radiospirometry are given.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic radio-spirometry. Methods and indications]. Scintigraphic radio-spirometry combines conventional spirometry with the advantages of a functional isotope technique, thereby providing a clinically useful method for the study of pulmonary function. The advantage of the method consist principally in the ability to estimate physiological values separately for the two lungs, and also for selective portions of each lung. The apparatus, method and quantitative evaluation of the results are discussed in detail and the method is critically evaluated. Indications for radiospirometry are given."}
{"id": "PMID:122959", "title": "[67Ga scanning in sarcoidosis].", "content": "The value of 67Ga scans in selected cases of sarcoidosis was studied at various stages in order to assess its value as a supplement to clinical, radiological and perfusion studies. During stages I and II, radioactive gallium is taken up by the granulomatous nodes in the hilum and mediastinum and in the interstitial focal pulmonary infiltrates. After complete regression of the hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy or of the pulmonary infiltrates, radio-active uptake can no longer be demonstrated. Gallium scans are valuable in showing whether there is active granulomatous infiltration into the lungs when there is known scarring resulting in abnormal perfusion conditions. The gallium scan may indicate that further treatment is desirable. A comparison of serial radiographs and the 67Ga scan provides an indication of the activity of the granulomatous disease; a comparison of the radiological findings and of perfusion scans shows the severity of perfusion abnormalities caused by fibrosis. The investigation has shown that the granulomatous lesions persit even though radiological, clinical and functional investigations have indicated the presence of fibrotic scarring. Radiography, perfusion and gallium scans provide an understanding of the dynamics of this disease.", "contents": "[67Ga scanning in sarcoidosis]. The value of 67Ga scans in selected cases of sarcoidosis was studied at various stages in order to assess its value as a supplement to clinical, radiological and perfusion studies. During stages I and II, radioactive gallium is taken up by the granulomatous nodes in the hilum and mediastinum and in the interstitial focal pulmonary infiltrates. After complete regression of the hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy or of the pulmonary infiltrates, radio-active uptake can no longer be demonstrated. Gallium scans are valuable in showing whether there is active granulomatous infiltration into the lungs when there is known scarring resulting in abnormal perfusion conditions. The gallium scan may indicate that further treatment is desirable. A comparison of serial radiographs and the 67Ga scan provides an indication of the activity of the granulomatous disease; a comparison of the radiological findings and of perfusion scans shows the severity of perfusion abnormalities caused by fibrosis. The investigation has shown that the granulomatous lesions persit even though radiological, clinical and functional investigations have indicated the presence of fibrotic scarring. Radiography, perfusion and gallium scans provide an understanding of the dynamics of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:122960", "title": "[Roentgenographic demonstration of the retrosternal lymph vessels. Animal experiments].", "content": "Roentgenographic demonstration of intraperitoneal organs and the retrosternal lymphatic system was obtained by insufflation of tantalum dust (particel size 1-5 mu) into the peritoneal cavity of 21 rats. No inflammatory reactions could be demonstrated. This contrastmedium remained over a considerably period of time in the peritoneal cavity and lymphnodes. This indicates the slow elimination of this metall.", "contents": "[Roentgenographic demonstration of the retrosternal lymph vessels. Animal experiments]. Roentgenographic demonstration of intraperitoneal organs and the retrosternal lymphatic system was obtained by insufflation of tantalum dust (particel size 1-5 mu) into the peritoneal cavity of 21 rats. No inflammatory reactions could be demonstrated. This contrastmedium remained over a considerably period of time in the peritoneal cavity and lymphnodes. This indicates the slow elimination of this metall."}
{"id": "PMID:122961", "title": "[Measurement of renal blood flow with the Anger scintillation camera after selective intra-arterial injections of 133xenon and 99mtechnetium].", "content": "A \"region of interest\" technique for measuring renal blood flow is described, using as Anger camera and selective intra-arterial injection of 133Xe and 99mTc. The sequence of measurements has the advantage of providing information on regional blood flow. The values for RBF and RBFD obtained with 133Xe agree with those in the literature. Selective determination of the RCBF with the \"region of interest\" technique using 133Xe was not possible. Mean transit time for 99mTc was calculated after correction of the 99mTc indicator dilution curve with respect to recirculation and background activity. All typer of pathological changes in the kidney showed a statistically significant increase in mean transit time when compared with a control group. In patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension, the mean transit time was signigicantly reduced. A comparison of the mean transit time of 99mTc with the haemodynamic parameters derived from the 133Xe studies, and experiments with pharmocologically induced vasoconstriction indicates that the mean transit time represents a measure of the RCBF.", "contents": "[Measurement of renal blood flow with the Anger scintillation camera after selective intra-arterial injections of 133xenon and 99mtechnetium]. A \"region of interest\" technique for measuring renal blood flow is described, using as Anger camera and selective intra-arterial injection of 133Xe and 99mTc. The sequence of measurements has the advantage of providing information on regional blood flow. The values for RBF and RBFD obtained with 133Xe agree with those in the literature. Selective determination of the RCBF with the \"region of interest\" technique using 133Xe was not possible. Mean transit time for 99mTc was calculated after correction of the 99mTc indicator dilution curve with respect to recirculation and background activity. All typer of pathological changes in the kidney showed a statistically significant increase in mean transit time when compared with a control group. In patients with uncomplicated essential hypertension, the mean transit time was signigicantly reduced. A comparison of the mean transit time of 99mTc with the haemodynamic parameters derived from the 133Xe studies, and experiments with pharmocologically induced vasoconstriction indicates that the mean transit time represents a measure of the RCBF."}
{"id": "PMID:122962", "title": "[Angiographic technique in assessment of renal mass lesions].", "content": "The advantages of pharmacoangiography and of selective renal venography as supplementory procedures to ordinary renal arteriography in the assessment of renal mass lesions are stressed. A new technique combining these procedures is introduced, and three examples are given.", "contents": "[Angiographic technique in assessment of renal mass lesions]. The advantages of pharmacoangiography and of selective renal venography as supplementory procedures to ordinary renal arteriography in the assessment of renal mass lesions are stressed. A new technique combining these procedures is introduced, and three examples are given."}
{"id": "PMID:122963", "title": "[A new cannula for the introduction of catheters or other cannulas into the vascular system].", "content": "A new cannula is described consisting of a 25 cm. tube without a syringe attachment. It can be used for the introduction of other annuals (Hettler method) or for guide wires (Seldinger technique). The use of this cannula instead of the usual means of introducing catheters makes it possible to learn the technique quickly and to achieve correct placing of the cannula in the vascular lumen. The radiologist, using this method, achieves a safe and routine method very quickly. In this way angiographic examinations are made simpler they can be performed more quickly and the number of complications is reduced.", "contents": "[A new cannula for the introduction of catheters or other cannulas into the vascular system]. A new cannula is described consisting of a 25 cm. tube without a syringe attachment. It can be used for the introduction of other annuals (Hettler method) or for guide wires (Seldinger technique). The use of this cannula instead of the usual means of introducing catheters makes it possible to learn the technique quickly and to achieve correct placing of the cannula in the vascular lumen. The radiologist, using this method, achieves a safe and routine method very quickly. In this way angiographic examinations are made simpler they can be performed more quickly and the number of complications is reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:122970", "title": "Drug eruption in a dog.", "content": "Scaly, slightly erythematous dermatitis developed in a young adult Vizsla dog after parenteral administration of acepromazine. The dog recovered after treatment with water baths, but the dermatitis recurred 4 months later, again after parenteral administration of the tranquilizer.", "contents": "Drug eruption in a dog. Scaly, slightly erythematous dermatitis developed in a young adult Vizsla dog after parenteral administration of acepromazine. The dog recovered after treatment with water baths, but the dermatitis recurred 4 months later, again after parenteral administration of the tranquilizer."}
{"id": "PMID:122971", "title": "Metabolism of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The experiments in this report involve the following series of reactions which were previously demonstrated with purified enzyme preparations from Neurospora crassa: thymidine a yields thymine ribonucleoside b yields thymine c yields 5-hydroxymethyluracil d yields 5-formyluracil e yields uracil-5-carboxylic acid f yields uracil. The evidence for some of the reactions occurring in vivo has been incomplete and for others totally lacking. In this paper intact cells of Neurospora are shown to be capable of converting the substrates of each of the reactions to the corresponding products. Studies are described which were carried out in vivo and in vitro with the pyrimidineless strains pyr-4,uc-1,uc-2 and pyr-4,uc-1,uc-3, developed by Williams and Mitchell. The results reported in the present paper indicate that (reaction a) and the uc-3 mutation affects thymine 7-hydroxylase (reactions c,d, and e). Evidence is presented for the 2'-hydroxylase reaction being the major, if not only, way by which Neurospora can initiate the conversion of thymidine to the pyrimidines of nucleic acids and for the 2'-hydroxylation of thymidine and deoxyuridine being catalyzed by the same enzyme. Deoxycytidine was shown not to be hydroxylated in intact cells but instead deaminated to deoxyuridine, which in turn was converted to uridine. Further studies with the uc-3-carrying strain showed that an enzyme other than thymine 7-hydroxylase can also convert 5-formyluracil to uracil-5-carboxylic acid.", "contents": "Metabolism of pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides in Neurospora crassa. The experiments in this report involve the following series of reactions which were previously demonstrated with purified enzyme preparations from Neurospora crassa: thymidine a yields thymine ribonucleoside b yields thymine c yields 5-hydroxymethyluracil d yields 5-formyluracil e yields uracil-5-carboxylic acid f yields uracil. The evidence for some of the reactions occurring in vivo has been incomplete and for others totally lacking. In this paper intact cells of Neurospora are shown to be capable of converting the substrates of each of the reactions to the corresponding products. Studies are described which were carried out in vivo and in vitro with the pyrimidineless strains pyr-4,uc-1,uc-2 and pyr-4,uc-1,uc-3, developed by Williams and Mitchell. The results reported in the present paper indicate that (reaction a) and the uc-3 mutation affects thymine 7-hydroxylase (reactions c,d, and e). Evidence is presented for the 2'-hydroxylase reaction being the major, if not only, way by which Neurospora can initiate the conversion of thymidine to the pyrimidines of nucleic acids and for the 2'-hydroxylation of thymidine and deoxyuridine being catalyzed by the same enzyme. Deoxycytidine was shown not to be hydroxylated in intact cells but instead deaminated to deoxyuridine, which in turn was converted to uridine. Further studies with the uc-3-carrying strain showed that an enzyme other than thymine 7-hydroxylase can also convert 5-formyluracil to uracil-5-carboxylic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:122972", "title": "Generation of adenosine triphosphate in cytochrome-deficient mutants of Neurospora.", "content": "The fungus Neurospora crassa is known to possess a branched respiratory system consisting of the standard cytochrome chain and a cyanide-insensitive alternate oxidase. In the present experiments, the physiological function of the alternate oxidase has been analyzed by taking advantage of a number of cytochrome-deficient mutants, particularly poky f. Respiration, cellular ATP levels, and growth have been examined under the influence of three classes of inhibitors: inhibitors of the cytochrome chain (antimycin, cyanide), an inhibitor of the laternate oxidase (salicyl hydroxamic acid), and an uncoupling agent (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone). The results indicate that the over-all efficiency of the alternate oxidase in producing ATP and supporting growth is much less than that of the cytochrome chain. Depending upon the amount of oxidative phosphorylation at Sites II and III in the cytochrome chain, which varies from strain to strain, the efficiency of the alternate oxidase relative to that of the cytochrome chain ranges from 13% in wild type Neurospora to 18 to 21% in poky f, 35% in mi-3, and 57% in cyt-2. A comparison of the short term effects of cyanide and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone on cellular ATP in poky f suggests that, during respiration through the alternate oxidase, ATP can be produced both by substrate-level phosphorylation (accompanying glycolysis and the oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate) and by oxidative phosphorylation at Site I. When cells are grown on sucrose, as much as 22% of ATP synthesis in the presence of cyanide occurs at Site I. When cells are grown on acetate to diminish the rate of glycolysis, the contribution of Site I becomes proportionately larger. Both the growth experiments and the short term inhibitor experiments reveal that ATP levels in Neurospora are kept  high be a feedback process which depresses ATP breakdown (and growth) very quckly after ATP synthesis is inhibited. Thus, poky f grows more slowly that wild type Neurospora and is inhibited still further when either the cytochrome chain or the alternate oxidase is blocked. Under all of these conditions, however, cellular ATP in poky f is maintained at a high level (about 3 mmol per kg of cell water, slightly above the values measured in the wild type strain). Continue.", "contents": "Generation of adenosine triphosphate in cytochrome-deficient mutants of Neurospora. The fungus Neurospora crassa is known to possess a branched respiratory system consisting of the standard cytochrome chain and a cyanide-insensitive alternate oxidase. In the present experiments, the physiological function of the alternate oxidase has been analyzed by taking advantage of a number of cytochrome-deficient mutants, particularly poky f. Respiration, cellular ATP levels, and growth have been examined under the influence of three classes of inhibitors: inhibitors of the cytochrome chain (antimycin, cyanide), an inhibitor of the laternate oxidase (salicyl hydroxamic acid), and an uncoupling agent (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone). The results indicate that the over-all efficiency of the alternate oxidase in producing ATP and supporting growth is much less than that of the cytochrome chain. Depending upon the amount of oxidative phosphorylation at Sites II and III in the cytochrome chain, which varies from strain to strain, the efficiency of the alternate oxidase relative to that of the cytochrome chain ranges from 13% in wild type Neurospora to 18 to 21% in poky f, 35% in mi-3, and 57% in cyt-2. A comparison of the short term effects of cyanide and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone on cellular ATP in poky f suggests that, during respiration through the alternate oxidase, ATP can be produced both by substrate-level phosphorylation (accompanying glycolysis and the oxidation of alpha-ketoglutarate) and by oxidative phosphorylation at Site I. When cells are grown on sucrose, as much as 22% of ATP synthesis in the presence of cyanide occurs at Site I. When cells are grown on acetate to diminish the rate of glycolysis, the contribution of Site I becomes proportionately larger. Both the growth experiments and the short term inhibitor experiments reveal that ATP levels in Neurospora are kept  high be a feedback process which depresses ATP breakdown (and growth) very quckly after ATP synthesis is inhibited. Thus, poky f grows more slowly that wild type Neurospora and is inhibited still further when either the cytochrome chain or the alternate oxidase is blocked. Under all of these conditions, however, cellular ATP in poky f is maintained at a high level (about 3 mmol per kg of cell water, slightly above the values measured in the wild type strain). Continue."}
{"id": "PMID:122973", "title": "Phosphorylation by inorganic phosphate of sodium plus potassium ion transport adenosine triphosphatase. Four reactive states.", "content": "Native solium and potassium adenosine triphosphatase from guinea pig kidney accepted a phosphate group from radioactive inorganic phosphate to form an acyl phosphate bond at the active site in the presence or absence of sodium ion. Magnesium ion was always required. In the presence of sodium ion and absence of adenosine triphosphate, there was no phosphorylation by inorganic phosphate. Addition of unlabeled adenosine triphosphate produced a potassium-sensitive phosphoenzyme which exchanged its phosphate-group with radioactive inorganic phosphate. The dephosphoenzyme was an intermediate in this exchange. The rate constant for dephosphorylation was about 0.05 per second. Addition of rubidium ion, a congener of potassium ion, to the potassium-sensitive phosphoenzyme produced a phosphoenzyme labeled from inorganic phosphate with a corresponding rate constant of 0.26 per s. This was a rubidium-complexed phosphoenzyme. Addition of magnesium ion to potassium-sensitive phosphoenzyme converted it into insensitive phosphoenzyme, the splitting of which was not accelerated by potassium ion or by adenosine diphosphate. Its rate constant was 0.07 per s. In the absence of sodium ion and adenosine triphosphate, inorganic phosphate was incorporated directly into a similar insensitive phosphoenzyme. In the presence of potassium ion or rubidium ion, inorganic phosphate was incorporated into a potassium-complexed or rubidium-complexed phosphoenzyme which exchanged 32-P with inorganic phosphate completely in less than 3 s. Incorporation of inorganic phosphate into a complex of the enzyme with the inhibitor, ouabain, is already described in the literature. Its rate constant was about 0.02 per s. Thus there appear to be at least four reactive states of the phosphoenzyme which equilibrate measurably with inorganic phosphate, namely, potassium-sensitive phosphoenzyme, potassium-complexed phosphoenzyme, insensitive phosphoenzyme, and ouabain phosphoenzyme. Two of these reactive states are functional intermediates in native sodium and potassium ion transport adenosine triphosphatase. The results are compatible with control of the reactivity of the active site by conformational changes in the surrounding active center and with regulation of the energy level of the phosphate group according to the kind of monovalent cation bound to the enzyme.", "contents": "Phosphorylation by inorganic phosphate of sodium plus potassium ion transport adenosine triphosphatase. Four reactive states. Native solium and potassium adenosine triphosphatase from guinea pig kidney accepted a phosphate group from radioactive inorganic phosphate to form an acyl phosphate bond at the active site in the presence or absence of sodium ion. Magnesium ion was always required. In the presence of sodium ion and absence of adenosine triphosphate, there was no phosphorylation by inorganic phosphate. Addition of unlabeled adenosine triphosphate produced a potassium-sensitive phosphoenzyme which exchanged its phosphate-group with radioactive inorganic phosphate. The dephosphoenzyme was an intermediate in this exchange. The rate constant for dephosphorylation was about 0.05 per second. Addition of rubidium ion, a congener of potassium ion, to the potassium-sensitive phosphoenzyme produced a phosphoenzyme labeled from inorganic phosphate with a corresponding rate constant of 0.26 per s. This was a rubidium-complexed phosphoenzyme. Addition of magnesium ion to potassium-sensitive phosphoenzyme converted it into insensitive phosphoenzyme, the splitting of which was not accelerated by potassium ion or by adenosine diphosphate. Its rate constant was 0.07 per s. In the absence of sodium ion and adenosine triphosphate, inorganic phosphate was incorporated directly into a similar insensitive phosphoenzyme. In the presence of potassium ion or rubidium ion, inorganic phosphate was incorporated into a potassium-complexed or rubidium-complexed phosphoenzyme which exchanged 32-P with inorganic phosphate completely in less than 3 s. Incorporation of inorganic phosphate into a complex of the enzyme with the inhibitor, ouabain, is already described in the literature. Its rate constant was about 0.02 per s. Thus there appear to be at least four reactive states of the phosphoenzyme which equilibrate measurably with inorganic phosphate, namely, potassium-sensitive phosphoenzyme, potassium-complexed phosphoenzyme, insensitive phosphoenzyme, and ouabain phosphoenzyme. Two of these reactive states are functional intermediates in native sodium and potassium ion transport adenosine triphosphatase. The results are compatible with control of the reactivity of the active site by conformational changes in the surrounding active center and with regulation of the energy level of the phosphate group according to the kind of monovalent cation bound to the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:122974", "title": "Sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase of electrophorus electric organ. X. Immunochemical properties of the Lubrol-solubilized enzume and its constituent polypeptides.", "content": "Detergent (Lubrol WX)-solubilized sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase ((Na+ + K+)-ATPase) of electrophorus electric organ contains two major constituent polypeptides with molecular weights of 96,000 and 58,000 which can be readily demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These two polypeptides can be clearly separated and can be obtained in milligram quantities by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The separated polypeptides, after removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and Lubrol-solubilized (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity to some degree. Moreover, the degree of inhibition is directly proportional to the increasing amounts of antisera. The inhibition is maximal 4 weeks after the first injection. Immunodiffusion in 1% agar gel indicated that only Lubrol-solubilized enzyme antiserum, but not 58,000-dalton or 96,00-dalton polypeptide antiserum, gives one major precipitin band. However, specific complex formation between each polypeptide antiserum and Lubrol-solubilized enzyme occurs. This was demonstrated indirectly. After incubating Lubrol-solubilized enzyme with increasing amounts of polypeptide antisera at 37 degrees for 15 min, they were placed in the side wells of an immunodiffusion plate with antiserum against Lubrol-solubilized enzyme in the central well. The intensity of the precipitin band decreased with increasing amounts of polypeptide antisera. Thus, the results indicate that both 96,000-dalton and 58,000-dalton polypeptides are integral subunits of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.", "contents": "Sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase of electrophorus electric organ. X. Immunochemical properties of the Lubrol-solubilized enzume and its constituent polypeptides. Detergent (Lubrol WX)-solubilized sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase ((Na+ + K+)-ATPase) of electrophorus electric organ contains two major constituent polypeptides with molecular weights of 96,000 and 58,000 which can be readily demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These two polypeptides can be clearly separated and can be obtained in milligram quantities by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The separated polypeptides, after removal of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and Lubrol-solubilized (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity to some degree. Moreover, the degree of inhibition is directly proportional to the increasing amounts of antisera. The inhibition is maximal 4 weeks after the first injection. Immunodiffusion in 1% agar gel indicated that only Lubrol-solubilized enzyme antiserum, but not 58,000-dalton or 96,00-dalton polypeptide antiserum, gives one major precipitin band. However, specific complex formation between each polypeptide antiserum and Lubrol-solubilized enzyme occurs. This was demonstrated indirectly. After incubating Lubrol-solubilized enzyme with increasing amounts of polypeptide antisera at 37 degrees for 15 min, they were placed in the side wells of an immunodiffusion plate with antiserum against Lubrol-solubilized enzyme in the central well. The intensity of the precipitin band decreased with increasing amounts of polypeptide antisera. Thus, the results indicate that both 96,000-dalton and 58,000-dalton polypeptides are integral subunits of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:122975", "title": "Partial resolution of the enzymes catalyzing photophosphorylation. XV. Approaches to the active site of coupling factor I.", "content": "1. Prolonged treatment of coupling factor I (CF1) from spinach chloroplasts with trypsin free of chymotrypsin yielded an active ATPase. The isolated preparation showed only two polypeptide chains (mol wt 55,000 to 60,000) on acrylamide gels run in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The three smaller subunits of CF1 were not detectable. The preparation no longer served as a coupling factor for photophosphorylation in either EDTA- or silicotungstate-treated chloroplasts. 2. An antiserum prepared against coupling factor I from chloroplasts inhibited the ATPase activity of the trypsin-treated CF1. In contrast, antisera prepared against the two individual (denatured) subunits did not inhibit the ATPase activity when tested either alone or together, although each interacted with the trypsin-treated protein, forming precipitin lines in Ouchterlony plates. 3. The trypsin-treated enzyme was still cold-labile, showing that the three smaller subunits are not required for this property. However, the enzyme was no longer sensitive to the natural inhibitor protein which is one of its subunits (subunit epislon), but was still sensitive to inhibition by the flavonoid quercetin. 4. Two equivalents of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole were sufficient to inhibit about 80% of the ATPase activity of the coupling factor, irrespective of whether it contained two of five subunits. The inhibition was completely reversed by dithiothreitol. 5. Triated 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole was prepared. Treatment of the coupling factor with this tritium-labeled inhibitor followed by electrophoresis on acrylamide gels revealed that most of the radioactivity was incorporated into the beta subunit of the enzyme (molecular weight 56,000).", "contents": "Partial resolution of the enzymes catalyzing photophosphorylation. XV. Approaches to the active site of coupling factor I. 1. Prolonged treatment of coupling factor I (CF1) from spinach chloroplasts with trypsin free of chymotrypsin yielded an active ATPase. The isolated preparation showed only two polypeptide chains (mol wt 55,000 to 60,000) on acrylamide gels run in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The three smaller subunits of CF1 were not detectable. The preparation no longer served as a coupling factor for photophosphorylation in either EDTA- or silicotungstate-treated chloroplasts. 2. An antiserum prepared against coupling factor I from chloroplasts inhibited the ATPase activity of the trypsin-treated CF1. In contrast, antisera prepared against the two individual (denatured) subunits did not inhibit the ATPase activity when tested either alone or together, although each interacted with the trypsin-treated protein, forming precipitin lines in Ouchterlony plates. 3. The trypsin-treated enzyme was still cold-labile, showing that the three smaller subunits are not required for this property. However, the enzyme was no longer sensitive to the natural inhibitor protein which is one of its subunits (subunit epislon), but was still sensitive to inhibition by the flavonoid quercetin. 4. Two equivalents of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole were sufficient to inhibit about 80% of the ATPase activity of the coupling factor, irrespective of whether it contained two of five subunits. The inhibition was completely reversed by dithiothreitol. 5. Triated 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole was prepared. Treatment of the coupling factor with this tritium-labeled inhibitor followed by electrophoresis on acrylamide gels revealed that most of the radioactivity was incorporated into the beta subunit of the enzyme (molecular weight 56,000)."}
{"id": "PMID:122976", "title": "Isolation and characterization of Neurospora crassa plasma membranes.", "content": "The isolation and characterization of plasma membranes from a cell wall-less mutant of Neurospora crassa are described. The plasma membranes are stabilized against fragmentation and vesiculation by treatment of intact cells with concanavalin A just prior to lysis. After lysis, the concanavalin A-stabilized plasma membrane ghosts are isolated by low speed centrifugation techniques and the purified ghosts subsequently converted to vesicles by removal of the bulk of the concanavalin A. The yield of ghosts is about 50% whereas the yield of vesicles is about 20%. The isolated plasma membrane vesicles have a characteristically high sterol to phospholipid ratio, Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity and (Na+ plus K+)-stimulated Mg2+ATPase activity. Only traces of succinate dehydrogenase and 5'-nucleotidase are present in the plasma membrane preparations.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of Neurospora crassa plasma membranes. The isolation and characterization of plasma membranes from a cell wall-less mutant of Neurospora crassa are described. The plasma membranes are stabilized against fragmentation and vesiculation by treatment of intact cells with concanavalin A just prior to lysis. After lysis, the concanavalin A-stabilized plasma membrane ghosts are isolated by low speed centrifugation techniques and the purified ghosts subsequently converted to vesicles by removal of the bulk of the concanavalin A. The yield of ghosts is about 50% whereas the yield of vesicles is about 20%. The isolated plasma membrane vesicles have a characteristically high sterol to phospholipid ratio, Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity and (Na+ plus K+)-stimulated Mg2+ATPase activity. Only traces of succinate dehydrogenase and 5'-nucleotidase are present in the plasma membrane preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:122977", "title": "Comparative analyses of the kinetics and subunits of myosins from canine skeletal muscle and cardiac tissue.", "content": "Two types of canine cardiac myosins, myosin from the free wall of the right ventricle and the free wall of the left ventricle, were compared with canine skeletal muscle myosin from the gastrocnemius. The Vmax values for the ATPase reaction catalyzed by myosin were significantly different among the three types of tissues. For K+-activated myosin the Vmax values in micromoles of Pi per mg per min were: right ventricle, 0.57; left ventricle, 0.72; and gastrocnemius, 0.95. For Ca-2+ -activated myosin the Vmax values were: right ventricle, 0.32; left ventricle, 0.42; gastrocnemius, 0.50. All differences were significant (p smaller than 0.001). For all three types of tissues the Vmax values for NH4+ -activated myosin were the same (2.30). Light chains among all three types of tissues were immunologically identical, whereas the heavy chains of the two cardiac ventricles were immunologically identical with each other; however both were immunologically nonidentical with those of the gastrocnemius. The proportion of myosin light chains to heavy chains was different in the three types of tissue. Of the total protein present in each of the myosins, there was 18% in the light chains of right ventricle myosin, 10% in the light chains of left ventricle myosin, and 13% in the light chains of gastrocnemius. Both left ventricle myosin and myosin from gastrocnemius had significantly less C1d light chain, as compared to myosin from the right ventricle.", "contents": "Comparative analyses of the kinetics and subunits of myosins from canine skeletal muscle and cardiac tissue. Two types of canine cardiac myosins, myosin from the free wall of the right ventricle and the free wall of the left ventricle, were compared with canine skeletal muscle myosin from the gastrocnemius. The Vmax values for the ATPase reaction catalyzed by myosin were significantly different among the three types of tissues. For K+-activated myosin the Vmax values in micromoles of Pi per mg per min were: right ventricle, 0.57; left ventricle, 0.72; and gastrocnemius, 0.95. For Ca-2+ -activated myosin the Vmax values were: right ventricle, 0.32; left ventricle, 0.42; gastrocnemius, 0.50. All differences were significant (p smaller than 0.001). For all three types of tissues the Vmax values for NH4+ -activated myosin were the same (2.30). Light chains among all three types of tissues were immunologically identical, whereas the heavy chains of the two cardiac ventricles were immunologically identical with each other; however both were immunologically nonidentical with those of the gastrocnemius. The proportion of myosin light chains to heavy chains was different in the three types of tissue. Of the total protein present in each of the myosins, there was 18% in the light chains of right ventricle myosin, 10% in the light chains of left ventricle myosin, and 13% in the light chains of gastrocnemius. Both left ventricle myosin and myosin from gastrocnemius had significantly less C1d light chain, as compared to myosin from the right ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:122978", "title": "Acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine in the reconstitution of ion pumps.", "content": "Acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine was compared with phosphatidylethanolamine in the reconstitution of several biological membrane activities with the following results. 1. The proton pump reconstituted with the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium and acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine was quite active. However, some differences in the kinetic properties, particularly in the decay rate, were noted between vesicles reconsituted with phosphatidylethanolamine and acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine. 2. Acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine could not replace phosphatidylethanolamine in the reconstitution of a Ca-2 plus pump with ATPase isolated from sacoplasmic reticulum. However, inclusion of suitable amounts of stearylamine or oleylamine during reconstitution yielded acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine vesicles with Ca-2 plus translocation activity comparable to that of phosphatidylethanolamine vesicles. 3. A mixture of acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine and stearylamine or oleylamine substituted for phosphatidylethanolamine in the reconstitution of mitochondrial hydrophobic proteins to form vesicles that catalyze 32-Pi-ATP exchange. Since phosphatidylcholine is also required in this system, these findings point to two functions of phosphatidylethanolamine, one related to the specific properties of its amino group, the other to a structural role of its small polar head group. A hydrophobic alkylamine can fullfill the first function, acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine the second. 4. The importance of the charge was also observed in experiments with the reconstituted rutamycin-sensitive ATPase of mitochondria. After depletion of phospholipids from the hydrophobic proteins, ATPase activity and rutamycin sensitivity were restored only if a phospholipid as well as the appropriate charge were present.", "contents": "Acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine in the reconstitution of ion pumps. Acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine was compared with phosphatidylethanolamine in the reconstitution of several biological membrane activities with the following results. 1. The proton pump reconstituted with the purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium and acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine was quite active. However, some differences in the kinetic properties, particularly in the decay rate, were noted between vesicles reconsituted with phosphatidylethanolamine and acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine. 2. Acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine could not replace phosphatidylethanolamine in the reconstitution of a Ca-2 plus pump with ATPase isolated from sacoplasmic reticulum. However, inclusion of suitable amounts of stearylamine or oleylamine during reconstitution yielded acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine vesicles with Ca-2 plus translocation activity comparable to that of phosphatidylethanolamine vesicles. 3. A mixture of acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine and stearylamine or oleylamine substituted for phosphatidylethanolamine in the reconstitution of mitochondrial hydrophobic proteins to form vesicles that catalyze 32-Pi-ATP exchange. Since phosphatidylcholine is also required in this system, these findings point to two functions of phosphatidylethanolamine, one related to the specific properties of its amino group, the other to a structural role of its small polar head group. A hydrophobic alkylamine can fullfill the first function, acetyl phosphatidylethanolamine the second. 4. The importance of the charge was also observed in experiments with the reconstituted rutamycin-sensitive ATPase of mitochondria. After depletion of phospholipids from the hydrophobic proteins, ATPase activity and rutamycin sensitivity were restored only if a phospholipid as well as the appropriate charge were present."}
{"id": "PMID:122979", "title": "The red cell membrane contains three different adenosine triphophatases.", "content": "Phosphorylated intermediates in the hydrolysis of ATP by human red cell membrane adenosine triphosphatases have been detected using [gamma-32-P]ATP. Intermediates formed in the presence of Mg2+ alone (MG-2+-ATPase), Mg-2+ and Na+ ((Na+,K+)-ATPase), and Mg-2+ and Ca-2+ (Ca-2+-ATPase) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate at pH 2.4, indicating that these three ATPases are different molecular species. There are roughly 100, 150, and 400 copies per cell, respectively, of the three ATPases.", "contents": "The red cell membrane contains three different adenosine triphophatases. Phosphorylated intermediates in the hydrolysis of ATP by human red cell membrane adenosine triphosphatases have been detected using [gamma-32-P]ATP. Intermediates formed in the presence of Mg2+ alone (MG-2+-ATPase), Mg-2+ and Na+ ((Na+,K+)-ATPase), and Mg-2+ and Ca-2+ (Ca-2+-ATPase) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate at pH 2.4, indicating that these three ATPases are different molecular species. There are roughly 100, 150, and 400 copies per cell, respectively, of the three ATPases."}
{"id": "PMID:122982", "title": "Amyloid in the aged heart: frequency and clinical significance.", "content": "Cardiac amyloid accumulation is a common autopsy finding in elderly persons, the frequency increasing with each advancing age decade. In most cases the deposits are microscopic, confined to the atrial subendocardium, and of dubious significance. In a few cases, however, there is much more extensive cardiac involvement, with infiltration of the ventricular musculature and intracardiac conduction system. In the authors' recent autopsy study of 100 patients over 60 years of age, 10 had diffuse cardiac amyloidosis with biventricular involvement. Microscopically, the amyloid deposits often resembled foci of interstitial fibrosis. Significant cardiac enlargement (weight greater than 380 gm) was present in only 2 of these patients, and in only one of them were the clinical signs and symptoms clearly attributable attributable to the amyloid infiltration. It was difficult to assess the possible contribution of ventricular amyloid to congestive failure since most of the patients also had coronary arteriosclerosis. In the aged, clinically significant cardiac amyloidosis associated with cardiac enlargement appears to be part of a disease spectrum more commonly characterized by focal, clinically insignificant cardiac amyloid deposits. Yet several features suggest that senile cardiac amyloidosis may differ from the clinically significant cardiac amyloidosis occassionally seen in younger patients.", "contents": "Amyloid in the aged heart: frequency and clinical significance. Cardiac amyloid accumulation is a common autopsy finding in elderly persons, the frequency increasing with each advancing age decade. In most cases the deposits are microscopic, confined to the atrial subendocardium, and of dubious significance. In a few cases, however, there is much more extensive cardiac involvement, with infiltration of the ventricular musculature and intracardiac conduction system. In the authors' recent autopsy study of 100 patients over 60 years of age, 10 had diffuse cardiac amyloidosis with biventricular involvement. Microscopically, the amyloid deposits often resembled foci of interstitial fibrosis. Significant cardiac enlargement (weight greater than 380 gm) was present in only 2 of these patients, and in only one of them were the clinical signs and symptoms clearly attributable attributable to the amyloid infiltration. It was difficult to assess the possible contribution of ventricular amyloid to congestive failure since most of the patients also had coronary arteriosclerosis. In the aged, clinically significant cardiac amyloidosis associated with cardiac enlargement appears to be part of a disease spectrum more commonly characterized by focal, clinically insignificant cardiac amyloid deposits. Yet several features suggest that senile cardiac amyloidosis may differ from the clinically significant cardiac amyloidosis occassionally seen in younger patients."}
{"id": "PMID:122984", "title": "Ir-associated murine alloantigens: demonstration of multiple Ia specificities in H-2 alloantisera after selective absorptions.", "content": "Quantitative absorptions of anti-H-2 alloantisera with increasing concentrations of T cell-derived tumor cells of donor H-2 type has been found to remove antibodies to H-2K region antigens selectivelymsimilar results were obtained after absorptions with thymocytes of the donor strainl In each case residual antibodies reacting with Ir-associated B cell alloantigens (Ia antigens) were unmasked by this procedure. Antisera which initially contained comparable titers of Ia and H-2 activity were depleted of H-2 activity at absorbing cell concentrations which did not appreciably alter the Ia reactivities, indicating that Ia antigens, if expressed on these T cell populations, must have been present at very low concentrations relative to H-2D and H-2K region antigens. Further absorptions with spleen cells from cross-reactive strains demonstrated a multiplicity of shared and unique Ia specificites in these sera. The multiple Ia antigens detected appeared all to be codominantly expressed on the same subpopulation of lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Ir-associated murine alloantigens: demonstration of multiple Ia specificities in H-2 alloantisera after selective absorptions. Quantitative absorptions of anti-H-2 alloantisera with increasing concentrations of T cell-derived tumor cells of donor H-2 type has been found to remove antibodies to H-2K region antigens selectivelymsimilar results were obtained after absorptions with thymocytes of the donor strainl In each case residual antibodies reacting with Ir-associated B cell alloantigens (Ia antigens) were unmasked by this procedure. Antisera which initially contained comparable titers of Ia and H-2 activity were depleted of H-2 activity at absorbing cell concentrations which did not appreciably alter the Ia reactivities, indicating that Ia antigens, if expressed on these T cell populations, must have been present at very low concentrations relative to H-2D and H-2K region antigens. Further absorptions with spleen cells from cross-reactive strains demonstrated a multiplicity of shared and unique Ia specificites in these sera. The multiple Ia antigens detected appeared all to be codominantly expressed on the same subpopulation of lymphoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:122985", "title": "Macrophage cytotoxicity in the mouse immune response against a skin allograft.", "content": "Macrophage-rich peritoneal cell populations from C57BL/6 mice grafted with DBA/2 skin were found to be cytotoxic against 51Cr-labeled target cells from the donor strain. Normal peritoneal macrophages were also rendered cytotoxic by incubation with acellular supernatants of mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) between an allograft recipient and a donor mouse. Supernatants alone were not cytotoxic. The macrophage arming factor(s) was found in supernatants when the MLC was performed after more than 6 to 9 days following grafting. In order to produce MAF, sensitized lymphocytes must usually be stimulated in a specific way by donor type cells. The armed macrophage cytotoxicity was, however, not found to be specific in these experiments.", "contents": "Macrophage cytotoxicity in the mouse immune response against a skin allograft. Macrophage-rich peritoneal cell populations from C57BL/6 mice grafted with DBA/2 skin were found to be cytotoxic against 51Cr-labeled target cells from the donor strain. Normal peritoneal macrophages were also rendered cytotoxic by incubation with acellular supernatants of mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) between an allograft recipient and a donor mouse. Supernatants alone were not cytotoxic. The macrophage arming factor(s) was found in supernatants when the MLC was performed after more than 6 to 9 days following grafting. In order to produce MAF, sensitized lymphocytes must usually be stimulated in a specific way by donor type cells. The armed macrophage cytotoxicity was, however, not found to be specific in these experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:122986", "title": "Inhibition of proliferation of lymphoma cells and T lymphocytes by suppressor cells from spleens of tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "We have recently demonstrated suppressor cells in spleens of mice bearing tumors induced by Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) which were non-T cells and inhibited phytohemagglutinin Molney (PHA)-induced DNA synthesis of syngeneic normal spleen cells. From the present study, the suppressor cells appeared to be macrophages since they were radioresistant, inactivated by carrageenan, and removed by adherence columns and an iron/magnet technique. We have also found that suppressor cells were still fully active when added 16 hr after the mitogen, thus indicating that early mitogen-induced changes were not the target of suppressive action. It appeared that suppressor cells inhibited metabolic events related to the initiation of DNA synthesis and that they had a selective effect on proliferation-dependent lymphocyte effector functions. PHA-induced cytotoxic reactivity which in our system is largely independent of DNA synthesis was not depressed but actually enhanced in MSV spleens. Cytotoxicity of MSV spleen cells against syngeneic lymphoma cells was unaffected by suppressor cells whereas lymphocytes stimulation by mitomycin C-treated syngeneic lymphoma cellls was inhibited. MSV spleen cells also inhibited DNA synthesis of cultured murine lymphoma cells. This function was only slightly diminished after treatment with anti-omicron serum plus guinea pig complement. Furthermore, spleen cells from MSV tumor-bearing nude mice were as effective as spleen cells from their heterozygous littermates, thus suggesting that T lymphocytes are not the main effector cells of inhibition of lymphoma cell DNA synthesis. The inhibitor cells were radioresistnant, inactivated by carrageenan, and removed by adherence columns and the iron/magnet technique. These data strongly suggest that the inihibitor cells of lymphoma cell DNA synthesis are macrophages and that they belong to the same group of cells as the suppressor cells of PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation.", "contents": "Inhibition of proliferation of lymphoma cells and T lymphocytes by suppressor cells from spleens of tumor-bearing mice. We have recently demonstrated suppressor cells in spleens of mice bearing tumors induced by Moloney murine sarcoma virus (MSV) which were non-T cells and inhibited phytohemagglutinin Molney (PHA)-induced DNA synthesis of syngeneic normal spleen cells. From the present study, the suppressor cells appeared to be macrophages since they were radioresistant, inactivated by carrageenan, and removed by adherence columns and an iron/magnet technique. We have also found that suppressor cells were still fully active when added 16 hr after the mitogen, thus indicating that early mitogen-induced changes were not the target of suppressive action. It appeared that suppressor cells inhibited metabolic events related to the initiation of DNA synthesis and that they had a selective effect on proliferation-dependent lymphocyte effector functions. PHA-induced cytotoxic reactivity which in our system is largely independent of DNA synthesis was not depressed but actually enhanced in MSV spleens. Cytotoxicity of MSV spleen cells against syngeneic lymphoma cells was unaffected by suppressor cells whereas lymphocytes stimulation by mitomycin C-treated syngeneic lymphoma cellls was inhibited. MSV spleen cells also inhibited DNA synthesis of cultured murine lymphoma cells. This function was only slightly diminished after treatment with anti-omicron serum plus guinea pig complement. Furthermore, spleen cells from MSV tumor-bearing nude mice were as effective as spleen cells from their heterozygous littermates, thus suggesting that T lymphocytes are not the main effector cells of inhibition of lymphoma cell DNA synthesis. The inhibitor cells were radioresistnant, inactivated by carrageenan, and removed by adherence columns and the iron/magnet technique. These data strongly suggest that the inihibitor cells of lymphoma cell DNA synthesis are macrophages and that they belong to the same group of cells as the suppressor cells of PHA-induced lymphocyte proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:122987", "title": "The suppressive effect of immunization on the proliferative responses of rat T cells in vitro.", "content": "DNA synthesis (3H-thymidine incorporation) of DA rat spleen and lymph node cells cultured with PHA or (DA x Lewis)F1 lymph node cells was profoundly inhibited by pretreatment with large i.v. doses of antigen (greater than 100 mg OA or greater than 10(10) SRBC) 24 hr before culture. This effect, seen as early as 3 to 6 hr after antigen administration, had disappeared within 7 days. Similar depressed spleen cell responses were seen 9 days after footpad injection of 200 mug OA in complete adjuvant. Lymph node responses showed a similar inhibition only in the presence of specific antigen in culture. In all experiments in which antigen administration resulted in decreased responses, removal of glass wool adherent cells restored responsiveness to normal. The failure of purified macrophages to reestablish inhibition favored the interpretation that an adherent suppressor cell distinct from the macrophage is activated by antigen in vivo to regulate T cell responses in vitro.", "contents": "The suppressive effect of immunization on the proliferative responses of rat T cells in vitro. DNA synthesis (3H-thymidine incorporation) of DA rat spleen and lymph node cells cultured with PHA or (DA x Lewis)F1 lymph node cells was profoundly inhibited by pretreatment with large i.v. doses of antigen (greater than 100 mg OA or greater than 10(10) SRBC) 24 hr before culture. This effect, seen as early as 3 to 6 hr after antigen administration, had disappeared within 7 days. Similar depressed spleen cell responses were seen 9 days after footpad injection of 200 mug OA in complete adjuvant. Lymph node responses showed a similar inhibition only in the presence of specific antigen in culture. In all experiments in which antigen administration resulted in decreased responses, removal of glass wool adherent cells restored responsiveness to normal. The failure of purified macrophages to reestablish inhibition favored the interpretation that an adherent suppressor cell distinct from the macrophage is activated by antigen in vivo to regulate T cell responses in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:122988", "title": "T mitogens trigger LPS responsiveness in mouse thymus cells.", "content": "Mouse thymus cells are essentially unresponsive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. However, when cultured with minimally mitogenic levels of concanavalin A or submitogenic ratios of mitomycin-treated allogeneic spleen cells, in combination with LPS, they demonstrate levels of DNA synthesis de novo or greater than those induced by the T cell mitogen alone. Dose-response kinetics were characteristic of LPS. The subpopulation containing the LPS responsive cells was of low net buoyant density. Neither phytohemagglutinin nor pokeweed mitogen acted synergistically with LPS in this model to trigger thymus cells. The data suggest that LPS triggering may involve interaction with a T cell subpopulation.", "contents": "T mitogens trigger LPS responsiveness in mouse thymus cells. Mouse thymus cells are essentially unresponsive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. However, when cultured with minimally mitogenic levels of concanavalin A or submitogenic ratios of mitomycin-treated allogeneic spleen cells, in combination with LPS, they demonstrate levels of DNA synthesis de novo or greater than those induced by the T cell mitogen alone. Dose-response kinetics were characteristic of LPS. The subpopulation containing the LPS responsive cells was of low net buoyant density. Neither phytohemagglutinin nor pokeweed mitogen acted synergistically with LPS in this model to trigger thymus cells. The data suggest that LPS triggering may involve interaction with a T cell subpopulation."}
{"id": "PMID:122989", "title": "Biological expressions of lymphocyte activation. IV. Concanavalin A-activated suppressor cells in mouse mixed lymphocyte reactions.", "content": "Thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) from mouse spleen, activated in vitro or in vivo with concanavalin A (Con A), suppress proliferative responses of syngenic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). Replication in vitro was not required for expression of suppressor activity by Con A-activated cells and was blocked in MLR by treating suppressor cells with mitomycin C or irradiation. Kinetics of MLR responses and viability of cultures were not altered by addition of activated suppressor cells. The data are consistent with a direct inhibitory effect of suppressor T cells on antigen-induced DNA replication. These observations extend a model previously described for regulation of antibody synthesis by Con A-activated T cells to control of cell-mediated immune responses. This model should be particularly useful in further definition of regulatory T cell subpopulations, and in investigation of interactions and relationships between such populations.", "contents": "Biological expressions of lymphocyte activation. IV. Concanavalin A-activated suppressor cells in mouse mixed lymphocyte reactions. Thymus-derived lymphocytes (T cells) from mouse spleen, activated in vitro or in vivo with concanavalin A (Con A), suppress proliferative responses of syngenic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). Replication in vitro was not required for expression of suppressor activity by Con A-activated cells and was blocked in MLR by treating suppressor cells with mitomycin C or irradiation. Kinetics of MLR responses and viability of cultures were not altered by addition of activated suppressor cells. The data are consistent with a direct inhibitory effect of suppressor T cells on antigen-induced DNA replication. These observations extend a model previously described for regulation of antibody synthesis by Con A-activated T cells to control of cell-mediated immune responses. This model should be particularly useful in further definition of regulatory T cell subpopulations, and in investigation of interactions and relationships between such populations."}
{"id": "PMID:122990", "title": "Studies on the synthetic capacity and antigenic expression of glutaraldehyde-fixed target cells.", "content": "Mastocytoma cells (P815 of the DBA/2 strain) treated with increasing concentrations of glutaraldehyde were concurrently evaluated for their ability to incorporate exogeneous uridine, thymidine, and amino acids. The antigenic expression and membrane integrity of these treated cells were assayed by measuring their susceptibility to lysis by antibody and complement and by T-effector cells. The concentrations of glutarladehyde required to effect target cell antigen display were greater than those required to inhibit totally the cell's protein and nucleic acid synthetic processes. Thus, P815 cells treated with 0.15% glutaraldehyde for 10 sec were unable to incorporate either amino acids or nucleotides into macromolecules, but were readily lysed by effector T cell populations, and by alloantibody in the presence of complement. Target cells treated with glutaraldehyde concentrations in excess of 0.25% for 10 sec were resistant to both forms of immune lysis. In keeping with these observations, monolayers of P815 cells treated for 10 sec with 0.15% glutaraldehyde, were capable of specifically depleting T-effector cells from a cytolytically-active spleen cell population. After treatment with higher concentrations of glutaraldehyde (0.3%), however, the monolayers lost their capacity to adsorb effector cells. Although P815 cells treated with glutaraldehyde continued to exhibit H-2d alloantigen, neither these cells nor glutaraldehyde-treated DBA/2 spleen cells induced significant blastogenesis or stimulated the production of cytolytically active effector cells in mixed leukocyte cultures.", "contents": "Studies on the synthetic capacity and antigenic expression of glutaraldehyde-fixed target cells. Mastocytoma cells (P815 of the DBA/2 strain) treated with increasing concentrations of glutaraldehyde were concurrently evaluated for their ability to incorporate exogeneous uridine, thymidine, and amino acids. The antigenic expression and membrane integrity of these treated cells were assayed by measuring their susceptibility to lysis by antibody and complement and by T-effector cells. The concentrations of glutarladehyde required to effect target cell antigen display were greater than those required to inhibit totally the cell's protein and nucleic acid synthetic processes. Thus, P815 cells treated with 0.15% glutaraldehyde for 10 sec were unable to incorporate either amino acids or nucleotides into macromolecules, but were readily lysed by effector T cell populations, and by alloantibody in the presence of complement. Target cells treated with glutaraldehyde concentrations in excess of 0.25% for 10 sec were resistant to both forms of immune lysis. In keeping with these observations, monolayers of P815 cells treated for 10 sec with 0.15% glutaraldehyde, were capable of specifically depleting T-effector cells from a cytolytically-active spleen cell population. After treatment with higher concentrations of glutaraldehyde (0.3%), however, the monolayers lost their capacity to adsorb effector cells. Although P815 cells treated with glutaraldehyde continued to exhibit H-2d alloantigen, neither these cells nor glutaraldehyde-treated DBA/2 spleen cells induced significant blastogenesis or stimulated the production of cytolytically active effector cells in mixed leukocyte cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:122991", "title": "Migration inhibitory activity in serum and cell supernatants in patients with Sezary syndrome.", "content": "The abnormal lymphocytes from patients with the Sezary syndrome produce macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIF) both in vitro and in vivo. Five of six individuals studied had significant serum MIF activity and one had borderline activity. In contrast, in this study 47 normal individuals and 9 of 10 patients with extensive skin disease other than that of the Sezary syndrome had no such activity. Since the neoplastic T cells in patients with the Sezary syndrome localize in the skin, their production of chemical mediators in that site may be responsible for the generalized exfoliative erythroderma seen in that disease.", "contents": "Migration inhibitory activity in serum and cell supernatants in patients with Sezary syndrome. The abnormal lymphocytes from patients with the Sezary syndrome produce macrophage migration inhibitory factors (MIF) both in vitro and in vivo. Five of six individuals studied had significant serum MIF activity and one had borderline activity. In contrast, in this study 47 normal individuals and 9 of 10 patients with extensive skin disease other than that of the Sezary syndrome had no such activity. Since the neoplastic T cells in patients with the Sezary syndrome localize in the skin, their production of chemical mediators in that site may be responsible for the generalized exfoliative erythroderma seen in that disease."}
{"id": "PMID:122992", "title": "Adult murine lymph node cells respond blastogenically to a new differentiation antigen on isologous and autologous B lymphocytes.", "content": "Cells derived from lymph nodes (LN) of adult CBA mice respond blastogenically to mitomycin-treated autologous, as well as isologous spleen cells. This isogeneic LN-to-spleen (mixed lymphocyte culture) is best obtained when both responder and stimulator cells are derived from donors greater than 10 weeks of age. Responsive cells appear restricted to LN since they could not be detected in adult spleen, marrow, or thymus. LN cells do not require the presence of spleen in order to differentiate into responder cells since those derived from neonatally splenectomized mice are fully active. Stimulator cells appear in the spleen, bear Ig on their surfaces, and can be detected in spleens of irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice. Experiments comparing the responsiveness of adult LN cells and that of neonatal T cells toward mitomycin C-treated lymphoid cells from a variety of sources suggest the presence of two iso-antigens on B lymphocytes. Since both antigens apparently are absent on precursor bone marrow cells and develop with time, they have been classified as murine differentiation antigens 1 and 2 (MDA-1, MDA-2). Whereas both appear in the spleen, only one, MDA-1, is also detectable by this methodology in LN. Both MDA-1 and MDA-2 activate neonatal T cells, but MDA-2 triggers only adult LN. Whereas MDA-2 developed in an x-irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted spleen, MDA-1 did not over a 9-week interval.", "contents": "Adult murine lymph node cells respond blastogenically to a new differentiation antigen on isologous and autologous B lymphocytes. Cells derived from lymph nodes (LN) of adult CBA mice respond blastogenically to mitomycin-treated autologous, as well as isologous spleen cells. This isogeneic LN-to-spleen (mixed lymphocyte culture) is best obtained when both responder and stimulator cells are derived from donors greater than 10 weeks of age. Responsive cells appear restricted to LN since they could not be detected in adult spleen, marrow, or thymus. LN cells do not require the presence of spleen in order to differentiate into responder cells since those derived from neonatally splenectomized mice are fully active. Stimulator cells appear in the spleen, bear Ig on their surfaces, and can be detected in spleens of irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted mice. Experiments comparing the responsiveness of adult LN cells and that of neonatal T cells toward mitomycin C-treated lymphoid cells from a variety of sources suggest the presence of two iso-antigens on B lymphocytes. Since both antigens apparently are absent on precursor bone marrow cells and develop with time, they have been classified as murine differentiation antigens 1 and 2 (MDA-1, MDA-2). Whereas both appear in the spleen, only one, MDA-1, is also detectable by this methodology in LN. Both MDA-1 and MDA-2 activate neonatal T cells, but MDA-2 triggers only adult LN. Whereas MDA-2 developed in an x-irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted spleen, MDA-1 did not over a 9-week interval."}
{"id": "PMID:122993", "title": "Immunologic functions of isolated human lymphocyte subpopulations. III. Specific allogeneic lympholysis mediated by human T cells alone.", "content": "The studies presented herein have evaluated both the specificity and cellular basis of cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) in man. An efficient and quantitative 51Cr release assay was utilized to study the role of highly purified human T and B cells in CML. After in vitro sensitization human T cells develop the capacity to kill specifically allogeneic cells to which they were sensitized. In contrast, B cells were neither triggered to proliferate nor activated to kill allogeneic targets. B cells were not activated to kill even when sensitized in the presence of potentially \"helper\" T cells, nor did they block T cells from killing during the effector phase. Cell-free supernatants taken from active in vitro sensitization cultures were not lympholytic and did not modulate T cell killing. Hence, these studies show that both the afferent and efferent phases of human CML are T cell functions.", "contents": "Immunologic functions of isolated human lymphocyte subpopulations. III. Specific allogeneic lympholysis mediated by human T cells alone. The studies presented herein have evaluated both the specificity and cellular basis of cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) in man. An efficient and quantitative 51Cr release assay was utilized to study the role of highly purified human T and B cells in CML. After in vitro sensitization human T cells develop the capacity to kill specifically allogeneic cells to which they were sensitized. In contrast, B cells were neither triggered to proliferate nor activated to kill allogeneic targets. B cells were not activated to kill even when sensitized in the presence of potentially \"helper\" T cells, nor did they block T cells from killing during the effector phase. Cell-free supernatants taken from active in vitro sensitization cultures were not lympholytic and did not modulate T cell killing. Hence, these studies show that both the afferent and efferent phases of human CML are T cell functions."}
{"id": "PMID:122994", "title": "A scanning and transmission electron microscope study of the luminal coating on Dacron prostheses in the canine thoracic aorta.", "content": "The sequence of events occurring in a woven Dacron bypass in the canine thoracic aorta was followed from the first exposure to flowing blood for a period of 27 months. After 10 and 40 minutes exposure to flowing blood the surface was covered with masses of leukocytes, platelets, red cells, and some fibrin. By 24 and 48 hours most of the leukocytes had disappeared leaving the two end areas of the bypass covered with a thick film composed of red cells entrapped in a fibrin net. In the central portion of the bypass the Dacron fibers were covered by a rough film of particulate material and widely spaced clumps of platelets and occasional leukocytes connected by a few fibrin strands. AT 6 AND 7 DAYS THE SURFACE COVERING CONSISTED PRIMARILY OF RED CELLS AND FIBRIN. Between 2 and 8 weeks this was replaced by a matrix that was composed mostly of cells resembling fibroblasts or transition forms between these and smooth muscle cells. Some typical smooth muscle cells were observed in grafts 4 months or older. A sheet of flat cells had grown a few millimeters below the anastomoses at 7, 12, and 14 months. By 27 months the entire length of the graft had a patchy covering of endothelium. Only occasional isolated platelets were stuck to the exposed collagen. Thickening of the intraprosthetic lining was associated with infiltration of the cell-fiber matrix by masses of red cells. Thus it appears that under proper conditions of flow, thrombogenic surfaces such as Dacron and collagen are \"conditioned\" to become nonthrombogenic by the limited deposition of blood elements.", "contents": "A scanning and transmission electron microscope study of the luminal coating on Dacron prostheses in the canine thoracic aorta. The sequence of events occurring in a woven Dacron bypass in the canine thoracic aorta was followed from the first exposure to flowing blood for a period of 27 months. After 10 and 40 minutes exposure to flowing blood the surface was covered with masses of leukocytes, platelets, red cells, and some fibrin. By 24 and 48 hours most of the leukocytes had disappeared leaving the two end areas of the bypass covered with a thick film composed of red cells entrapped in a fibrin net. In the central portion of the bypass the Dacron fibers were covered by a rough film of particulate material and widely spaced clumps of platelets and occasional leukocytes connected by a few fibrin strands. AT 6 AND 7 DAYS THE SURFACE COVERING CONSISTED PRIMARILY OF RED CELLS AND FIBRIN. Between 2 and 8 weeks this was replaced by a matrix that was composed mostly of cells resembling fibroblasts or transition forms between these and smooth muscle cells. Some typical smooth muscle cells were observed in grafts 4 months or older. A sheet of flat cells had grown a few millimeters below the anastomoses at 7, 12, and 14 months. By 27 months the entire length of the graft had a patchy covering of endothelium. Only occasional isolated platelets were stuck to the exposed collagen. Thickening of the intraprosthetic lining was associated with infiltration of the cell-fiber matrix by masses of red cells. Thus it appears that under proper conditions of flow, thrombogenic surfaces such as Dacron and collagen are \"conditioned\" to become nonthrombogenic by the limited deposition of blood elements."}
{"id": "PMID:122995", "title": "Potency of fragmented IgG: two studies of postexposure prophylaxis in type A hepatitis.", "content": "To determine the effect of fragmentation on potency of immune globulin preparations, two comparisons were carried out. In one study, the immune globulin was derived from American plasma; in the other, the source was Israeli plasma. In each of the two studies, three materials were given to household contacts of icteric hepatitis: (1) human albumin as a placebo; (2) immune globulin with the IgG intact; and (3) immune globulin of the same lot with the IgG deliberately fragmented by added fibrinolysin. Comparable reductions in secondary attack rates were achieved with fragmented and unfragmented materials from both lots. Fragmentation, therefore, had no deleterious effect. In addition, it was found that American globulin is comparable to Israeli globulin for protection against strains of Type A hepatitis prevalent in Israel. Administration in the second half (last 15 days) of the incubation period did not reduce the frequency of icteric disease.", "contents": "Potency of fragmented IgG: two studies of postexposure prophylaxis in type A hepatitis. To determine the effect of fragmentation on potency of immune globulin preparations, two comparisons were carried out. In one study, the immune globulin was derived from American plasma; in the other, the source was Israeli plasma. In each of the two studies, three materials were given to household contacts of icteric hepatitis: (1) human albumin as a placebo; (2) immune globulin with the IgG intact; and (3) immune globulin of the same lot with the IgG deliberately fragmented by added fibrinolysin. Comparable reductions in secondary attack rates were achieved with fragmented and unfragmented materials from both lots. Fragmentation, therefore, had no deleterious effect. In addition, it was found that American globulin is comparable to Israeli globulin for protection against strains of Type A hepatitis prevalent in Israel. Administration in the second half (last 15 days) of the incubation period did not reduce the frequency of icteric disease."}
{"id": "PMID:123000", "title": "Evidence for a B-cell -like helper function in mixed lymphocyte culture between immunocompetent thymus cells.", "content": "The immunocompetent subpopulation by mouse thymus cell (TH-2) was isolated by buoyant density centrifugation and by hydrocortisone pretreatment. TH-2 cells undergo a proliferative one-way or two-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response only when cultured with allogeneic or congenic peripheral lymphoid cells. However, mixtures of allogeneic TH-2 cells alone do not proliferate in either one-way or two-way MLC reactions. Such MLC mixtures are proliferative only if mitomycin-blocked peripheral lymphoid cells are also present in the mixture. The peripheral helper cell has been found to be of low net density, non-adherent, insensitive to anti-thy-1 serum cytotoxicity, but sensitive to the cytotoxic effets of anti-immunoglobulin serume plus complement. The helper effect does not depend on proliferation nor does it appear to involve demonstrable soluble mediators. The nature of failure of MLC between TH-2 subpopulations appears to be dependent on the exppression of some product of the K, I regions of the H-2 locus. Possible mechanisms by which a B-cell-like helper cell triggers TH-2 proliferation are discussed terms of the present knowledge of specific alloantigen receptor on T and B cells, and the immunoglobulin Fc region receptors on T cells.", "contents": "Evidence for a B-cell -like helper function in mixed lymphocyte culture between immunocompetent thymus cells. The immunocompetent subpopulation by mouse thymus cell (TH-2) was isolated by buoyant density centrifugation and by hydrocortisone pretreatment. TH-2 cells undergo a proliferative one-way or two-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response only when cultured with allogeneic or congenic peripheral lymphoid cells. However, mixtures of allogeneic TH-2 cells alone do not proliferate in either one-way or two-way MLC reactions. Such MLC mixtures are proliferative only if mitomycin-blocked peripheral lymphoid cells are also present in the mixture. The peripheral helper cell has been found to be of low net density, non-adherent, insensitive to anti-thy-1 serum cytotoxicity, but sensitive to the cytotoxic effets of anti-immunoglobulin serume plus complement. The helper effect does not depend on proliferation nor does it appear to involve demonstrable soluble mediators. The nature of failure of MLC between TH-2 subpopulations appears to be dependent on the exppression of some product of the K, I regions of the H-2 locus. Possible mechanisms by which a B-cell-like helper cell triggers TH-2 proliferation are discussed terms of the present knowledge of specific alloantigen receptor on T and B cells, and the immunoglobulin Fc region receptors on T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:123002", "title": "H-2 compatibility is required for T-cell-mediated lysis of target cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "Maximal cell-mediated lysis of targets infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus occurs only within a H-2 compatible system. Syngeneic immune spleen cells are at least 100 times as effective as are allogeneic lymphocytes. Reciprocal restriction of cytotoxic T-cell activity has been shown to operative between H-2k, H-2d, and H-2b. Experiments with cogenic mice have localized the effect to the H-2 gene complex. Furthermore, the observation that lymphocytes from H-2a mice cause high specific 51Cr release from either H-2d virus-infected cells, indicates that identity at either the K or the D end of the H-2 gene complex is sufficient for this lytic interaction.", "contents": "H-2 compatibility is required for T-cell-mediated lysis of target cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Maximal cell-mediated lysis of targets infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus occurs only within a H-2 compatible system. Syngeneic immune spleen cells are at least 100 times as effective as are allogeneic lymphocytes. Reciprocal restriction of cytotoxic T-cell activity has been shown to operative between H-2k, H-2d, and H-2b. Experiments with cogenic mice have localized the effect to the H-2 gene complex. Furthermore, the observation that lymphocytes from H-2a mice cause high specific 51Cr release from either H-2d virus-infected cells, indicates that identity at either the K or the D end of the H-2 gene complex is sufficient for this lytic interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:123001", "title": "The surface morphology of human B lymphocytes as revealed by immunoelectron microscopy.", "content": "Surface immunoglobulins (sIg) were detected on human lymphocytes by immunoelectron microscopy with peroxidase-conjugated antibodies. Blood, marrow, and thymus cells from normal individuals and patients with lymphoproliferative disorders were examined. Samples were fixed before exposure to specific reagents. Normal lymphocyts with detectable sIg, i.e. B lymphocytes, were characterized by a villous surface; nonlabeled blood lymphocytes and thymocytes were smooth cells. Intermediate cells were also found which in sections appeared moderately villous and labeled, thus identified as B lymphocytes. Further evidence for a relationship between villous surface and sIg was given by the finding of a few lymphocytes with polar concentration of labeled microvilli. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, most cells exhibited a villous surface with parallel variations of the number of microvilli and of anti-immunoglobulin-binding capacity. However, some labeled smooth blastic cells were also observed. On the other hand, abnormal lymphocytes from S\u00e9zary's syndrome which could exhibit segments of villous membrane had no detectable sIg. This study confirms that in most cases human B lymphocytes have a characteristic surface appearance and that the detection of sIg in normal lymphocytes correlates with the presence of microvilli.", "contents": "The surface morphology of human B lymphocytes as revealed by immunoelectron microscopy. Surface immunoglobulins (sIg) were detected on human lymphocytes by immunoelectron microscopy with peroxidase-conjugated antibodies. Blood, marrow, and thymus cells from normal individuals and patients with lymphoproliferative disorders were examined. Samples were fixed before exposure to specific reagents. Normal lymphocyts with detectable sIg, i.e. B lymphocytes, were characterized by a villous surface; nonlabeled blood lymphocytes and thymocytes were smooth cells. Intermediate cells were also found which in sections appeared moderately villous and labeled, thus identified as B lymphocytes. Further evidence for a relationship between villous surface and sIg was given by the finding of a few lymphocytes with polar concentration of labeled microvilli. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients, most cells exhibited a villous surface with parallel variations of the number of microvilli and of anti-immunoglobulin-binding capacity. However, some labeled smooth blastic cells were also observed. On the other hand, abnormal lymphocytes from S\u00e9zary's syndrome which could exhibit segments of villous membrane had no detectable sIg. This study confirms that in most cases human B lymphocytes have a characteristic surface appearance and that the detection of sIg in normal lymphocytes correlates with the presence of microvilli."}
{"id": "PMID:123003", "title": "Sequential responses of mouse spleen T cells in mixed lymphocyte culture-induced cytolysis.", "content": "T cells triggered to blast transformation and proliferation by histoincompatible cells have the capacity of reverting \"back\" to lymphocytes. These \"secondary\" lymphocytes and their progeny cells are able to respond repeatedly to the same allogeneic stimulus in vitro.", "contents": "Sequential responses of mouse spleen T cells in mixed lymphocyte culture-induced cytolysis. T cells triggered to blast transformation and proliferation by histoincompatible cells have the capacity of reverting \"back\" to lymphocytes. These \"secondary\" lymphocytes and their progeny cells are able to respond repeatedly to the same allogeneic stimulus in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:123006", "title": "Measurement of intracardiac pressure through a valve-tipped catheter. Technical note.", "content": "Intracardiac pressure recording is a simple and effective way of obtaining optimal placement of the cardiac catheter during shunting procedures. We have also found this method applicable when using a catheter with a slit in its tip. Pressure waves can be accurately recorded by means of a constant rate liquid flow through the catheter.", "contents": "Measurement of intracardiac pressure through a valve-tipped catheter. Technical note. Intracardiac pressure recording is a simple and effective way of obtaining optimal placement of the cardiac catheter during shunting procedures. We have also found this method applicable when using a catheter with a slit in its tip. Pressure waves can be accurately recorded by means of a constant rate liquid flow through the catheter."}
{"id": "PMID:123007", "title": "The critically ill premature infant with patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary disease-an echocardiographic assessment.", "content": "The effect of left-right shunting upon left ventricular and atrial dimensions was assessed by means of 129 serial echocardiographic studies in 37 premature infants with patent ductus arterisus. The cardiac dimensions of asymptomatic premature infants and those with pulmonary disease were similar and served as control subjects. Left cardiac dimensions were enlarged in infants with significant PDA. Dimensions were greatest in surgically treated infants (post-operatively they returned rapidly to normal) in contrast with the persistent enlargement observed in some medically treated infants. Serial echocardiography was a valuable adjunct to clinical assessment of the course of PDA in premature infants with pulmonary disease.", "contents": "The critically ill premature infant with patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary disease-an echocardiographic assessment. The effect of left-right shunting upon left ventricular and atrial dimensions was assessed by means of 129 serial echocardiographic studies in 37 premature infants with patent ductus arterisus. The cardiac dimensions of asymptomatic premature infants and those with pulmonary disease were similar and served as control subjects. Left cardiac dimensions were enlarged in infants with significant PDA. Dimensions were greatest in surgically treated infants (post-operatively they returned rapidly to normal) in contrast with the persistent enlargement observed in some medically treated infants. Serial echocardiography was a valuable adjunct to clinical assessment of the course of PDA in premature infants with pulmonary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:123008", "title": "Relationship between fibrinolysis of cultured cells and malignancy.", "content": "Cells cultured from various human and nonhuman malignant and normal tissues as well as mammalian cells transformed in vitro were examined for their ability to induce fibrinolysis. Generally, except for normal cells derived from lung or kidney, malignant cells had a greater ability to induce fibrinolysis than did their normal counterparts. A correlation existed between the abilities of the cells to induce fibrinolysis, grow in soft agar, and form tumors in immunosuppressed hosts.", "contents": "Relationship between fibrinolysis of cultured cells and malignancy. Cells cultured from various human and nonhuman malignant and normal tissues as well as mammalian cells transformed in vitro were examined for their ability to induce fibrinolysis. Generally, except for normal cells derived from lung or kidney, malignant cells had a greater ability to induce fibrinolysis than did their normal counterparts. A correlation existed between the abilities of the cells to induce fibrinolysis, grow in soft agar, and form tumors in immunosuppressed hosts."}
{"id": "PMID:123009", "title": "Characterization of a bacteriophage T4 mutant lacking DNA-dependent ATPase.", "content": "A DNA-dependent ATPase has previously been purified from bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli. A mutant phage strain lacking this enzyme has been isolated and characterized. Although the mutant strain produced no detectable DNA-dependent ATPase, growth properties were not affected. Burst sizes were similar for the mutant phage and T4D in polA1, recB, recC, uvrA, uvrB, uvrC, and various DNA-negative E. coli. UV sensitivity and genetic recombination were normal in a variety of E. coli hosts. Mapping data indicate that the genetic locus controlling the mutant occurs near gene 56. The nonessential nature of this gene is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of a bacteriophage T4 mutant lacking DNA-dependent ATPase. A DNA-dependent ATPase has previously been purified from bacteriophage T4-infected Escherichia coli. A mutant phage strain lacking this enzyme has been isolated and characterized. Although the mutant strain produced no detectable DNA-dependent ATPase, growth properties were not affected. Burst sizes were similar for the mutant phage and T4D in polA1, recB, recC, uvrA, uvrB, uvrC, and various DNA-negative E. coli. UV sensitivity and genetic recombination were normal in a variety of E. coli hosts. Mapping data indicate that the genetic locus controlling the mutant occurs near gene 56. The nonessential nature of this gene is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123010", "title": "Vaccinia virus infection of HeLa cells. I. Synthesis of vaccinia DNA in host cell nuclei.", "content": "The replication of vaccinia virus is thought to take place exclusively in the cytoplasm of host cells. However, using DNA-DNA hybridization techniques, it can be shown that a significant fraction of the synthesis of vaccinia DNA takes place in the nucleus as well as the cytoplasm. The (3H) thymiding pulse-labeled vaccinia DNA synthesized in the nucleus reaches a maximum at about 3 h after infection, corresponding to the time of maximal DNA synthesis in infected cells. At this time host DNA synthesis drops to about 25% of the rate of the uninfected cells. Even with short labeling times (2 min) the nucleus is found to contain 60% of the incorporated (3H)thymidine, much of which is in vaccinia DNA. Prior inhibition of host nuclear DNA synthesis with mitomycin C, followed by removal of the antibiotic causes a subsequent inhibition of vaccinia DNA synthesis and complete suppression of mature virus. Purified nuclei, isolated from vaccinia-infected cells, also synthesize vaccinia DNA in vitro. Over 90% of the DNA synthesized in vitro by isolated nuclei contain vaccinia-specific sequences.", "contents": "Vaccinia virus infection of HeLa cells. I. Synthesis of vaccinia DNA in host cell nuclei. The replication of vaccinia virus is thought to take place exclusively in the cytoplasm of host cells. However, using DNA-DNA hybridization techniques, it can be shown that a significant fraction of the synthesis of vaccinia DNA takes place in the nucleus as well as the cytoplasm. The (3H) thymiding pulse-labeled vaccinia DNA synthesized in the nucleus reaches a maximum at about 3 h after infection, corresponding to the time of maximal DNA synthesis in infected cells. At this time host DNA synthesis drops to about 25% of the rate of the uninfected cells. Even with short labeling times (2 min) the nucleus is found to contain 60% of the incorporated (3H)thymidine, much of which is in vaccinia DNA. Prior inhibition of host nuclear DNA synthesis with mitomycin C, followed by removal of the antibiotic causes a subsequent inhibition of vaccinia DNA synthesis and complete suppression of mature virus. Purified nuclei, isolated from vaccinia-infected cells, also synthesize vaccinia DNA in vitro. Over 90% of the DNA synthesized in vitro by isolated nuclei contain vaccinia-specific sequences."}
{"id": "PMID:123011", "title": "Elution and uncoating of Coxsackievirus B3 by isolated HeLa cell plasma membranes.", "content": "Plasma membranes isolated from HeLa cells on discontinuous sucrose gradients were assayed for their capacity to elute and uncoat coxsackievirus B3 at 37 C. Because the viral receptors are limited to the surface of HeLa cells, the addition of radioactively labeled virus to the cells prior to cell homogenization provided a useful marker for locating the plasma membranes during the fractionation procedure. Four bands were formed on the discontinuous sucrose gradients with approximately 70% or more of the membrane-associated viral label being recovered in the most dense bands, designated as bands 3 and 4. Bands 3 and 4 also possessed the plasma membrane marker enzymes, Na+, K+ adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase and revealed typical structures characteristic of plasma membranes as revealed by electron microscopy. Pelleted and washed membranes from band 3 both eluted and uncoated B3 32P-labeled virus, whereas membranes from band 4 eluted virus but failed to uncoat it. The membranes from band 4 were shown to inhibit the viral uncoating activity when mixed with membranes of band 3. Characteristically, unfractionated homogenates of cell membranes eluted but did not uncoat virus. The finding of a naturally occurring inhibitor of virus uncoating provides for the first time a way to distinguish between the membrane activities of virus elution and virus uncoating. The inhibitor remains to be characterized.", "contents": "Elution and uncoating of Coxsackievirus B3 by isolated HeLa cell plasma membranes. Plasma membranes isolated from HeLa cells on discontinuous sucrose gradients were assayed for their capacity to elute and uncoat coxsackievirus B3 at 37 C. Because the viral receptors are limited to the surface of HeLa cells, the addition of radioactively labeled virus to the cells prior to cell homogenization provided a useful marker for locating the plasma membranes during the fractionation procedure. Four bands were formed on the discontinuous sucrose gradients with approximately 70% or more of the membrane-associated viral label being recovered in the most dense bands, designated as bands 3 and 4. Bands 3 and 4 also possessed the plasma membrane marker enzymes, Na+, K+ adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase and revealed typical structures characteristic of plasma membranes as revealed by electron microscopy. Pelleted and washed membranes from band 3 both eluted and uncoated B3 32P-labeled virus, whereas membranes from band 4 eluted virus but failed to uncoat it. The membranes from band 4 were shown to inhibit the viral uncoating activity when mixed with membranes of band 3. Characteristically, unfractionated homogenates of cell membranes eluted but did not uncoat virus. The finding of a naturally occurring inhibitor of virus uncoating provides for the first time a way to distinguish between the membrane activities of virus elution and virus uncoating. The inhibitor remains to be characterized."}
{"id": "PMID:123012", "title": "Prevalence of Dictyocaulus viviparus infection in Rocky Mountain elk in Teton County, Wyoming.", "content": "Dictyocaulus viviparus infections in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis of Teton Countywere surveyed by fecal analyses during spring, summer and winter  and by fecal analyses and necropsies during fall hunting seasons, 1968-1973. Prevalance of the lungworms was relatively high: 32-70% during the spring; slightly lower, 30-47%, during the summer; 21-39% in the fall; and declined to the annual low of 8-19% during the winter. Conversely, elk summering on Big Game Ridge showed an increase in prevalance of D. viviparus from 1969 to 1973. Decreases in prevalance of lungworms were noted on the National Elk Refuge at Jackson after management changes were effected in 1971.", "contents": "Prevalence of Dictyocaulus viviparus infection in Rocky Mountain elk in Teton County, Wyoming. Dictyocaulus viviparus infections in Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus canadensis of Teton Countywere surveyed by fecal analyses during spring, summer and winter  and by fecal analyses and necropsies during fall hunting seasons, 1968-1973. Prevalance of the lungworms was relatively high: 32-70% during the spring; slightly lower, 30-47%, during the summer; 21-39% in the fall; and declined to the annual low of 8-19% during the winter. Conversely, elk summering on Big Game Ridge showed an increase in prevalance of D. viviparus from 1969 to 1973. Decreases in prevalance of lungworms were noted on the National Elk Refuge at Jackson after management changes were effected in 1971."}
{"id": "PMID:123015", "title": "Chymopapain chemonucleolysis in lumbar disk disease.", "content": "Experience with chymopapain chemonucleolysis in 1,200 cases of lumbar disk disease indicates that it is an effective method of relieving pain resulting from an abnormal intervertebral disk. Complications were few; anaphylaxis occurring immediately after injection was by far the most serious. With the use of a corticosteroid and an antihistamine in preoperative preparation, the incidence of anaphylaxis had dropped, although it still occurs. On long-term follow-up, chemonucleolysis appears to be as good as laminectomy in properly selected cases.", "contents": "Chymopapain chemonucleolysis in lumbar disk disease. Experience with chymopapain chemonucleolysis in 1,200 cases of lumbar disk disease indicates that it is an effective method of relieving pain resulting from an abnormal intervertebral disk. Complications were few; anaphylaxis occurring immediately after injection was by far the most serious. With the use of a corticosteroid and an antihistamine in preoperative preparation, the incidence of anaphylaxis had dropped, although it still occurs. On long-term follow-up, chemonucleolysis appears to be as good as laminectomy in properly selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:123016", "title": "Blood flow velocity in the carotid artery as a measure of myocardial contractility.", "content": "An attempt was made to derive a useful noninvasive index to evalute a change in myocardial contractile state using transcutaneous Doppler flow-velocity curve from the carotid artery. In 5 mongrel dogs and in 43 patients with various heart disease, Doppler flow velocity curves were obtained from the ascending aorta intravascularly using a Doppler catheter and/or from carotid artery transcutaneously using a Doppler probe. The first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dp/dt) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded simultaneously. The following 3 indices were measured from the Doppler flow-velocity curves: (1) macimum acceleration of blood flow (dv/dt), (2) time from onset of ejection to peak flow (time-to-peak), (3) time interval between the beginning of Q wave of ECG to the peak of Doppler flow velocity curve (ECG Q-Doppler peak). Among these 3 indices, only ECG Q-Doppler peak demonstrated a significant correlation between the values measured intravascularly and transcutaneously. Also, only ECG Q-Doppler peak showed significant correlation with maximum of dp/dt (max dp/dt). Since ECG Q-Doppler peak showed correlation with heart rate, the difference between observed and predicted ECG Q-Doppler peak (delta ECG Q-Doppler peak) was calculated to exclude the effect of heart rate. Predicted value of ECG Q-Doppler peak was calculated from the regression equation between heart rate and ECG Q-Doppler peak in the separate experiments. There was significant correlation between delta ECG Q-Doppler peak and max dp/dt. In 15 patients with coronary artery disease and in 16 healthy subjects, delta ECG Q-Doppler peak and the other noninvasive method (systolic time intervals) were measured. Delta ECG Q-Doppler peak showed better result in the separation of 2 groups than by systolic timeintervals. It was concluded that delta ECG Q-Doppler peak is a useful index to evaluate the myocardial contractile state since this index is readily obtained noninvasively.", "contents": "Blood flow velocity in the carotid artery as a measure of myocardial contractility. An attempt was made to derive a useful noninvasive index to evalute a change in myocardial contractile state using transcutaneous Doppler flow-velocity curve from the carotid artery. In 5 mongrel dogs and in 43 patients with various heart disease, Doppler flow velocity curves were obtained from the ascending aorta intravascularly using a Doppler catheter and/or from carotid artery transcutaneously using a Doppler probe. The first derivative of left ventricular pressure (dp/dt) and electrocardiogram (ECG) were recorded simultaneously. The following 3 indices were measured from the Doppler flow-velocity curves: (1) macimum acceleration of blood flow (dv/dt), (2) time from onset of ejection to peak flow (time-to-peak), (3) time interval between the beginning of Q wave of ECG to the peak of Doppler flow velocity curve (ECG Q-Doppler peak). Among these 3 indices, only ECG Q-Doppler peak demonstrated a significant correlation between the values measured intravascularly and transcutaneously. Also, only ECG Q-Doppler peak showed significant correlation with maximum of dp/dt (max dp/dt). Since ECG Q-Doppler peak showed correlation with heart rate, the difference between observed and predicted ECG Q-Doppler peak (delta ECG Q-Doppler peak) was calculated to exclude the effect of heart rate. Predicted value of ECG Q-Doppler peak was calculated from the regression equation between heart rate and ECG Q-Doppler peak in the separate experiments. There was significant correlation between delta ECG Q-Doppler peak and max dp/dt. In 15 patients with coronary artery disease and in 16 healthy subjects, delta ECG Q-Doppler peak and the other noninvasive method (systolic time intervals) were measured. Delta ECG Q-Doppler peak showed better result in the separation of 2 groups than by systolic timeintervals. It was concluded that delta ECG Q-Doppler peak is a useful index to evaluate the myocardial contractile state since this index is readily obtained noninvasively."}
{"id": "PMID:123018", "title": "Relief of congenital obstruction to left ventricular outflow with a ventricular-arotic prosthesis.", "content": "Hypoplasia of the aortic valve annulus and ascending aorta is a rare form of congenital aortic stenosis, with a poor prognosis. Replacement of the aortic valve and ascending aorta with a suitable prosthesis is feasible, but the hypoplastic valve annulus must also be enlarged if an adult-sized aortic valve is to be placed in the subcornary position. In an effort to develop a new method of surgical treatment for this congenital abnormality, we fabricated a prosthesis which can be interposed between the left ventricular apex and descending thoracic aorta. This prosthesis is coupled to a 25 mm. Dacron graft and xenograft valve and is lined with flocked Dacron fibrils to encourage formation of a stable biologic lining and prevent thrombus buildup. The prosthesis was implanted in a 22 year old male patient of the Children's Hospital Medical Center without difficulty. Postoperative cardiac catheterization idicated that all of the contrast material was ejected from the left ventricle through the prosthesis. The patient was discharged from the hospital taking sodium warfarin and remains entirely asymptomatic.", "contents": "Relief of congenital obstruction to left ventricular outflow with a ventricular-arotic prosthesis. Hypoplasia of the aortic valve annulus and ascending aorta is a rare form of congenital aortic stenosis, with a poor prognosis. Replacement of the aortic valve and ascending aorta with a suitable prosthesis is feasible, but the hypoplastic valve annulus must also be enlarged if an adult-sized aortic valve is to be placed in the subcornary position. In an effort to develop a new method of surgical treatment for this congenital abnormality, we fabricated a prosthesis which can be interposed between the left ventricular apex and descending thoracic aorta. This prosthesis is coupled to a 25 mm. Dacron graft and xenograft valve and is lined with flocked Dacron fibrils to encourage formation of a stable biologic lining and prevent thrombus buildup. The prosthesis was implanted in a 22 year old male patient of the Children's Hospital Medical Center without difficulty. Postoperative cardiac catheterization idicated that all of the contrast material was ejected from the left ventricle through the prosthesis. The patient was discharged from the hospital taking sodium warfarin and remains entirely asymptomatic."}
{"id": "PMID:123037", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation test in fixed drug eruption.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with fixed drug eruption were studied with the lymphocyte transformation test. In no patient was there blast transformation when the responsible drug (1:10,000 dilution) was added to the lymphocyte culture. The addition to the lymphocyte culture of 0.4 ml of autologous serum, taken at the acme of the clinical reaction, produced blast transformation of the lymphocytes, and when the responsible drug (1:10,000 dilution) was added to this system, blast transformation increased by several times. The addition of the responsible drug to autologous serum obtained during clinical remission produced a minimal or negative response. These findings suggest that during fixed drug eruptions a blast transforming factor appears temporarily in the serum and increases its activity in the presence of the responsible drug. This factor spontaneously diminishes or disappears a few days after clinical exacerbation.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation test in fixed drug eruption. Twenty-one patients with fixed drug eruption were studied with the lymphocyte transformation test. In no patient was there blast transformation when the responsible drug (1:10,000 dilution) was added to the lymphocyte culture. The addition to the lymphocyte culture of 0.4 ml of autologous serum, taken at the acme of the clinical reaction, produced blast transformation of the lymphocytes, and when the responsible drug (1:10,000 dilution) was added to this system, blast transformation increased by several times. The addition of the responsible drug to autologous serum obtained during clinical remission produced a minimal or negative response. These findings suggest that during fixed drug eruptions a blast transforming factor appears temporarily in the serum and increases its activity in the presence of the responsible drug. This factor spontaneously diminishes or disappears a few days after clinical exacerbation."}
{"id": "PMID:123038", "title": "A disorder of muscle lipid metabolism and myoglobinuria. Absence of carnitine palmityl transferase.", "content": "Two brothers, 29 and 33 years of age, had recurrent myoglobinuria, renal failure and azotemia, but were otherwise normal, without apparent muscle weakness or exercise intolerance. Ischemic exercise resulted in normal lactate production. Muscle glycogen content and activities of phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase were normal. Plasma triglycerides were elevated (500 mg per deciliter) on a regular diet and rose during fasting. During a 72-hour fast, serum creatine phosphokinase rose more than 10 times, and myoglobin was detected in urine. Plasma ketone production was minimal during fasting, but prompt ketonemia ( a normal response) occurred after ingestion of medium-chain triglycerides. Carnitine palmityl transferase activity was virtually absent in crude muscle extracts and mitochondrial fractions. Lack of this enzyme impairs long-chain fatty acid utilization, reflected in increased content of plasma free fatty acids and plasma triglycerides. Depletion of ATP because of this metabolic block in muscle may account for the attacks of myoglobinuria.", "contents": "A disorder of muscle lipid metabolism and myoglobinuria. Absence of carnitine palmityl transferase. Two brothers, 29 and 33 years of age, had recurrent myoglobinuria, renal failure and azotemia, but were otherwise normal, without apparent muscle weakness or exercise intolerance. Ischemic exercise resulted in normal lactate production. Muscle glycogen content and activities of phosphorylase and phosphofructokinase were normal. Plasma triglycerides were elevated (500 mg per deciliter) on a regular diet and rose during fasting. During a 72-hour fast, serum creatine phosphokinase rose more than 10 times, and myoglobin was detected in urine. Plasma ketone production was minimal during fasting, but prompt ketonemia ( a normal response) occurred after ingestion of medium-chain triglycerides. Carnitine palmityl transferase activity was virtually absent in crude muscle extracts and mitochondrial fractions. Lack of this enzyme impairs long-chain fatty acid utilization, reflected in increased content of plasma free fatty acids and plasma triglycerides. Depletion of ATP because of this metabolic block in muscle may account for the attacks of myoglobinuria."}
{"id": "PMID:123043", "title": "Hereditary carnitine deficiency of muscle.", "content": "An eight-year-old boy with slowly progressive muscle weakness was found to have Oil red O positive vacuoles in predominanty type i muscle fibers. Subsequent studies demonstrated markedly reduced skeletal muscle carnitine (0.24 mumoles per gram; normal 1.64 to 3.34). Serum carnitine was normal. Although both parents were clinically normal, muscle carnitine levels were low in both (mother 0.60; father 0.90 mumoles). There was no clinical evidence of cardiac disease but the patient had ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiography, vectorcardiography, and echocardiography. Treatment with prednisone resulted in clinical improvement but no change in muscle histology. Our studies suggest that the carnitine deficiency of muscle in this case may be due to impaired carnitine entry into muscle and that this form of disease can be inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder.", "contents": "Hereditary carnitine deficiency of muscle. An eight-year-old boy with slowly progressive muscle weakness was found to have Oil red O positive vacuoles in predominanty type i muscle fibers. Subsequent studies demonstrated markedly reduced skeletal muscle carnitine (0.24 mumoles per gram; normal 1.64 to 3.34). Serum carnitine was normal. Although both parents were clinically normal, muscle carnitine levels were low in both (mother 0.60; father 0.90 mumoles). There was no clinical evidence of cardiac disease but the patient had ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiography, vectorcardiography, and echocardiography. Treatment with prednisone resulted in clinical improvement but no change in muscle histology. Our studies suggest that the carnitine deficiency of muscle in this case may be due to impaired carnitine entry into muscle and that this form of disease can be inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:123044", "title": "[The phenomenon of water entrapment in the formation and course of edema. A physiopathological mechanism useful for therapeutic purposes].", "content": "Results with a diffusor enzyme (thiomucasi) in the medical management of oedema in 29 subjects are presented. This substance was used on the assumption that interstitial mucopolysaccharides trap water by means of a polymerisation-depolymerisation process, so that its release necessitates rupture of chemicophysical bonds. The results point to the effectiveness of the drug and the soundness of this interpretation.", "contents": "[The phenomenon of water entrapment in the formation and course of edema. A physiopathological mechanism useful for therapeutic purposes]. Results with a diffusor enzyme (thiomucasi) in the medical management of oedema in 29 subjects are presented. This substance was used on the assumption that interstitial mucopolysaccharides trap water by means of a polymerisation-depolymerisation process, so that its release necessitates rupture of chemicophysical bonds. The results point to the effectiveness of the drug and the soundness of this interpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:123045", "title": "[The value of laparoscopy in the study of portal hypertension].", "content": "Up to now, laparoscopy has always been considered as only marginally importan in the study of portal hypertension whereas in fact it should become one of the fundamental examinations in this field. The technique not only contributes, by direct liver exploration, to a more precise judgment regarding the underlying disease, with the possibility of earlier recognition of pre-hepatic, intra-hepatic and post-hepatic forms of portal hypertension, but also makes it possible to detect the earliest signs of hypertension. Further, and most important, laparoscopy extends investigation of the collateral circulation to the sector of the small peritoneal vessels which are inaccessible with other techniques, demonstrating alterations are of decisive importance in the economy of the collateral circulation. On the basis of these new elements, together of course with radiological and fibro-endoscopic data, it is possible to divide cases of portal hypertension into three groups depending on the type of collateral circulation operative on each occasion. These types present differing anatomcfunctional features and clinical physiognomy, a factor of great practical importance especially for the purpose of establishing indications for the portacaval anastomosis of choice, and possibly prophylactic intervention.", "contents": "[The value of laparoscopy in the study of portal hypertension]. Up to now, laparoscopy has always been considered as only marginally importan in the study of portal hypertension whereas in fact it should become one of the fundamental examinations in this field. The technique not only contributes, by direct liver exploration, to a more precise judgment regarding the underlying disease, with the possibility of earlier recognition of pre-hepatic, intra-hepatic and post-hepatic forms of portal hypertension, but also makes it possible to detect the earliest signs of hypertension. Further, and most important, laparoscopy extends investigation of the collateral circulation to the sector of the small peritoneal vessels which are inaccessible with other techniques, demonstrating alterations are of decisive importance in the economy of the collateral circulation. On the basis of these new elements, together of course with radiological and fibro-endoscopic data, it is possible to divide cases of portal hypertension into three groups depending on the type of collateral circulation operative on each occasion. These types present differing anatomcfunctional features and clinical physiognomy, a factor of great practical importance especially for the purpose of establishing indications for the portacaval anastomosis of choice, and possibly prophylactic intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:123058", "title": "Acute changes of the Na-K-ATPase-activity in plasmamembranes of the isolated, cell-free perfused rat kidney.", "content": "The Na-K-ATPase-activity of the isolated, cell-free perfused rat kidney was investigated. Na-load and perfusion rate could be varied independently. The ATPase-assay was carried out on plasmamembranes (700-1200 g fraction) isolated and purified after 60 min perfusion. Both the specific Na-K-ATPase-activity and the fractional Na-reabsorption showed an indirect correlation with the Na-load as well as with the perfusion rate. The Na-K-ATPase-activity of plasmamembranes obtained from the isolated kidney at physiological Na-load fits well to control values prepared from unperfused control kidneys. The present data are in accord with the results of earlier micropuncture experiments, where acute saline loading diminished the rate of Na-absorption.", "contents": "Acute changes of the Na-K-ATPase-activity in plasmamembranes of the isolated, cell-free perfused rat kidney. The Na-K-ATPase-activity of the isolated, cell-free perfused rat kidney was investigated. Na-load and perfusion rate could be varied independently. The ATPase-assay was carried out on plasmamembranes (700-1200 g fraction) isolated and purified after 60 min perfusion. Both the specific Na-K-ATPase-activity and the fractional Na-reabsorption showed an indirect correlation with the Na-load as well as with the perfusion rate. The Na-K-ATPase-activity of plasmamembranes obtained from the isolated kidney at physiological Na-load fits well to control values prepared from unperfused control kidneys. The present data are in accord with the results of earlier micropuncture experiments, where acute saline loading diminished the rate of Na-absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:123059", "title": "Persisting changes in sensory and motor activity of a muscle following its reflex activation.", "content": "A study was made to see if contractions induced by reflex action were followed by an elevation in muscle afferent activity comparable to the post-contraction sensory discharge (PCSD) that occurs after stimulation of the ventral roots. In lightly anesthetized cats, extension reflexes of the triceps surae muscle in the otherwise denervated leg were induced by contralateral stimulation of the popliteal nerve or footpad. The reflex response was followed by an elevated afferent discharge, which disappeared after a brief stretch, as is characteristic also of the PCSD. Crossed-extension responses in fusimotor activity unaccompanied by contraction of the gross muscle were also succeeded by an elevation in sensory discharge and an increased sensitivity to a vibratory stimulus applied to the tendon. Pinna reflexes had a similar effect. In the presence of the elevated discharge, alpha-motoneurons demonstrated increased sensitivity to vibration stimuli. It is suggested that the increase in spindle sensitivity may help stabilize the muscle against minor pertubations in length, at least when background fusimotor activity is relatively quiet.", "contents": "Persisting changes in sensory and motor activity of a muscle following its reflex activation. A study was made to see if contractions induced by reflex action were followed by an elevation in muscle afferent activity comparable to the post-contraction sensory discharge (PCSD) that occurs after stimulation of the ventral roots. In lightly anesthetized cats, extension reflexes of the triceps surae muscle in the otherwise denervated leg were induced by contralateral stimulation of the popliteal nerve or footpad. The reflex response was followed by an elevated afferent discharge, which disappeared after a brief stretch, as is characteristic also of the PCSD. Crossed-extension responses in fusimotor activity unaccompanied by contraction of the gross muscle were also succeeded by an elevation in sensory discharge and an increased sensitivity to a vibratory stimulus applied to the tendon. Pinna reflexes had a similar effect. In the presence of the elevated discharge, alpha-motoneurons demonstrated increased sensitivity to vibration stimuli. It is suggested that the increase in spindle sensitivity may help stabilize the muscle against minor pertubations in length, at least when background fusimotor activity is relatively quiet."}
{"id": "PMID:123057", "title": "[The development of the larvae of the sheep nasopharyngeal botfly, oestrus ovis l. (diptera, oestridae)].", "content": "In order to find out factors affecting the presence of two generations of O. ovis in the southern parts of its distribution area there were conducted regular measurements of the body length of the Ist instar (3718 specimens) and weight of the IInd and IIId instar larvae (1460 specimens). These observations were carried out in two herds of sheep in low-lying and foothill zones of Aserbaijan. Statistical analysis has shown the following: a) the growth inhibition, which is especially distinct in autumn-spring generation, takes place in the Ist instar larvae 1.76-2.20 mm long inhabiting the walls of the nasal cavity and concha (their average body length at hatching is 1.08 plus or minus 0.004 mm); the inhibition is associated with interpopulation relations and apparently does not depend on the date of its beginning and can last from 6 to 7 months; c) after the growth resumption the development continues uninterruptedly up to the moulting; the inhibition is also possible at the beginning of the 2nd instar and then the development proceeds without any intervals up to the complete maturation of larvae. The total number of the Ist instar larvae in the bot fly populations is two times higher than that of the IInd and III-instars. This points to a high mortality of larvae during the Ist instar developmental period.", "contents": "[The development of the larvae of the sheep nasopharyngeal botfly, oestrus ovis l. (diptera, oestridae)]. In order to find out factors affecting the presence of two generations of O. ovis in the southern parts of its distribution area there were conducted regular measurements of the body length of the Ist instar (3718 specimens) and weight of the IInd and IIId instar larvae (1460 specimens). These observations were carried out in two herds of sheep in low-lying and foothill zones of Aserbaijan. Statistical analysis has shown the following: a) the growth inhibition, which is especially distinct in autumn-spring generation, takes place in the Ist instar larvae 1.76-2.20 mm long inhabiting the walls of the nasal cavity and concha (their average body length at hatching is 1.08 plus or minus 0.004 mm); the inhibition is associated with interpopulation relations and apparently does not depend on the date of its beginning and can last from 6 to 7 months; c) after the growth resumption the development continues uninterruptedly up to the moulting; the inhibition is also possible at the beginning of the 2nd instar and then the development proceeds without any intervals up to the complete maturation of larvae. The total number of the Ist instar larvae in the bot fly populations is two times higher than that of the IInd and III-instars. This points to a high mortality of larvae during the Ist instar developmental period."}
{"id": "PMID:123074", "title": "The electrocardiogram in acute pulmonary embolism.", "content": "Electrocardiograms of 90 patients with arteriographically documented acute submassive or massive pulmonary embolism and no associated cardiac or pulmonary disease were studied. Patients were derived from the Urokinase-Pulmonary Embolism Trial National Cooperative Study. In massive embolism, the electrocardiogram was normal in 6 per cent (3 of 50) of patients. With submassive embolism, 23 per cent of patients (9 of 40) had a normal electrocardiogram. Since one or more of the traditional manifestations of acute cor pulmonale (S1Q3T3, right bundle branch block, P pulmonale, or right axis deviation) occurred in only 26 per cent of patients, one could not rely exclusively upon these electrocardiographic abnormalities for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. The most common electrocardiographic abnormalities were nonspecific T wave changes which occurred in 42 per cent of patients and nonspecific abnormalities (elevation or depression) of the RST segment which occurred in 41 per cent of patients. Left axis deviation occurring in 7 per cent of the patients was as frequent as right axis deviation. Low voltage QRS complexes, previously undescribed in pulmonary embolism, occurred in 6 per cent of patients. None of the patients had atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation, which appears to occur more typically in patients with pulmonary embolism who have preexistent cardiac disease. All of the varieties of electrocardiographic abnormalities disappeared in some of the patients by 2 wk. Inversion of the T wave was the most persistent abnormality. Larger defects on the lung scan or pulmonary arteriogram occurred in patients with various abnormalities on the electrocardiogram than in patients with normal electrocardiograms. The pulmonary arterial mean pressure and/or right ventricular end-diastolic pressure was significantly higher in patients with several varieties of abnormal electrocardiograms, although the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, in general, did not differ from that in patients with normal electrocardiograms. These hemodynamic correlations, made for the first time in patients, suggest that acute ventricular dilatation, possibly in combination with hypoxemia, is a causative factor of the electrocardiographic changes in acute massive or submassive pulmonary embolism.", "contents": "The electrocardiogram in acute pulmonary embolism. Electrocardiograms of 90 patients with arteriographically documented acute submassive or massive pulmonary embolism and no associated cardiac or pulmonary disease were studied. Patients were derived from the Urokinase-Pulmonary Embolism Trial National Cooperative Study. In massive embolism, the electrocardiogram was normal in 6 per cent (3 of 50) of patients. With submassive embolism, 23 per cent of patients (9 of 40) had a normal electrocardiogram. Since one or more of the traditional manifestations of acute cor pulmonale (S1Q3T3, right bundle branch block, P pulmonale, or right axis deviation) occurred in only 26 per cent of patients, one could not rely exclusively upon these electrocardiographic abnormalities for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism. The most common electrocardiographic abnormalities were nonspecific T wave changes which occurred in 42 per cent of patients and nonspecific abnormalities (elevation or depression) of the RST segment which occurred in 41 per cent of patients. Left axis deviation occurring in 7 per cent of the patients was as frequent as right axis deviation. Low voltage QRS complexes, previously undescribed in pulmonary embolism, occurred in 6 per cent of patients. None of the patients had atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation, which appears to occur more typically in patients with pulmonary embolism who have preexistent cardiac disease. All of the varieties of electrocardiographic abnormalities disappeared in some of the patients by 2 wk. Inversion of the T wave was the most persistent abnormality. Larger defects on the lung scan or pulmonary arteriogram occurred in patients with various abnormalities on the electrocardiogram than in patients with normal electrocardiograms. The pulmonary arterial mean pressure and/or right ventricular end-diastolic pressure was significantly higher in patients with several varieties of abnormal electrocardiograms, although the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood, in general, did not differ from that in patients with normal electrocardiograms. These hemodynamic correlations, made for the first time in patients, suggest that acute ventricular dilatation, possibly in combination with hypoxemia, is a causative factor of the electrocardiographic changes in acute massive or submassive pulmonary embolism."}
{"id": "PMID:123083", "title": "Typhoid cardiac involvement.", "content": "Three cases of typhoid cardiac complications are reported. Salmonella typhi was the aetiological agent in all three; The discovery of 3 patients over a period of 18 months merits special interest, especially since typhoid fever is endemic in the area concerned. The significance of the complication reported here is further enhanced by absence of similar specific cases in the English literature dealing with cardiac salmonellosis. One of the cases described in this article, the only fatality of the series, developed a rhythm disturbance identical with that of a patient whose myocardial abscess was due to Salmonella typhimurium. The rarity of typhoid cardiac complications may be deceptive; The septicaemic disturbance may mask it and one must note that cardiac salmonellosis is reported from developed countries, where typhoid fever is a rarity.", "contents": "Typhoid cardiac involvement. Three cases of typhoid cardiac complications are reported. Salmonella typhi was the aetiological agent in all three; The discovery of 3 patients over a period of 18 months merits special interest, especially since typhoid fever is endemic in the area concerned. The significance of the complication reported here is further enhanced by absence of similar specific cases in the English literature dealing with cardiac salmonellosis. One of the cases described in this article, the only fatality of the series, developed a rhythm disturbance identical with that of a patient whose myocardial abscess was due to Salmonella typhimurium. The rarity of typhoid cardiac complications may be deceptive; The septicaemic disturbance may mask it and one must note that cardiac salmonellosis is reported from developed countries, where typhoid fever is a rarity."}
{"id": "PMID:123085", "title": "Pulmonary stenosis and impaired myocardial function.", "content": "Two young Black female patients with pulmonary valve stenosis and intact ventricular septa are presented in protracted congestive cardiac failure with severe tricuspid insufficiency and, in one, atrial fibrillation. Right ventricular systolic dysfunction was manifested by peak systolic pressures below systemic level, raised end-diastolic pressures and low cardiac output, but without right-to-left shunt. These findings are in strong contrast to those found in most patients with pulmonary stenosis of long standing, where persistent impairment of right ventricular function is diastolic with a high end-diastolic pressure and reversal of an interatrial shunt which result from poor right ventricular compliance. Evidence of left ventricular dysfunction was also present in both cases. Protracted heart failure in these patients is believed to have been the result of coincidental cardiomyopathy in a racial group highly predisposed to this disorder. A diagnostic appreciation of this phenomenon is important in the evaluation of heart disease in the Black, since cardiomyopathy may modify or even mask the features of the underlying disorder.", "contents": "Pulmonary stenosis and impaired myocardial function. Two young Black female patients with pulmonary valve stenosis and intact ventricular septa are presented in protracted congestive cardiac failure with severe tricuspid insufficiency and, in one, atrial fibrillation. Right ventricular systolic dysfunction was manifested by peak systolic pressures below systemic level, raised end-diastolic pressures and low cardiac output, but without right-to-left shunt. These findings are in strong contrast to those found in most patients with pulmonary stenosis of long standing, where persistent impairment of right ventricular function is diastolic with a high end-diastolic pressure and reversal of an interatrial shunt which result from poor right ventricular compliance. Evidence of left ventricular dysfunction was also present in both cases. Protracted heart failure in these patients is believed to have been the result of coincidental cardiomyopathy in a racial group highly predisposed to this disorder. A diagnostic appreciation of this phenomenon is important in the evaluation of heart disease in the Black, since cardiomyopathy may modify or even mask the features of the underlying disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:123086", "title": "Clinical and roentgenographic evaluation of endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck for urinary incontinence.", "content": "Forty-four consecutive patients, without residual urine or infecttion, were operated upon for urinary stress incontinence by endoscopie suspension of the vesical neck. All patients had preoperative and post-operative lateral view cystograms which showed after operation substantial upward and forward elevation of the urethrovesical junction as measured by the posterior urethrovesical angle, the angle of urethral inclination, and elevation of the base of bladder. Despite a significant history of an urgency component to their incontinence in many patients, as well as 44 previous operations in 22 of the patients, a carefully performed cystometrogram and cholinergic sensitivity test were not helpful in detecting abnormalities of the detrusor muscle. Fourty-one patients were cured, and in three others, the condition was not cured, the failure group. The lateral view cystogram was the most diagnostic test in that two in the failure group did not show preoperatively the roentgenographic hallmark of stress  urinary incontinence.", "contents": "Clinical and roentgenographic evaluation of endoscopic suspension of the vesical neck for urinary incontinence. Forty-four consecutive patients, without residual urine or infecttion, were operated upon for urinary stress incontinence by endoscopie suspension of the vesical neck. All patients had preoperative and post-operative lateral view cystograms which showed after operation substantial upward and forward elevation of the urethrovesical junction as measured by the posterior urethrovesical angle, the angle of urethral inclination, and elevation of the base of bladder. Despite a significant history of an urgency component to their incontinence in many patients, as well as 44 previous operations in 22 of the patients, a carefully performed cystometrogram and cholinergic sensitivity test were not helpful in detecting abnormalities of the detrusor muscle. Fourty-one patients were cured, and in three others, the condition was not cured, the failure group. The lateral view cystogram was the most diagnostic test in that two in the failure group did not show preoperatively the roentgenographic hallmark of stress  urinary incontinence."}
{"id": "PMID:123087", "title": "A new synthetic absorbable suture.", "content": "The experimental synthetic absorbable suture XLG is a co-polymer derived from lactic and glycolic acid through lactide and glycolide intermediates. Determinations of the rate of loss of strength in various sites in experiments on dogs show that XLG loses strength slightly more rapidly than does chromic catgut. An exception is sutures suspended in the stomach, where catgut quickly loses strength, whereas XLG maintained strength similar to that at other implantation sites.", "contents": "A new synthetic absorbable suture. The experimental synthetic absorbable suture XLG is a co-polymer derived from lactic and glycolic acid through lactide and glycolide intermediates. Determinations of the rate of loss of strength in various sites in experiments on dogs show that XLG loses strength slightly more rapidly than does chromic catgut. An exception is sutures suspended in the stomach, where catgut quickly loses strength, whereas XLG maintained strength similar to that at other implantation sites."}
{"id": "PMID:123105", "title": "A preliminary report on the use of a chronic peritoneal fistula for endoscopic examination of ovine ovarian activity.", "content": "A description is given of a technique devised to allow repeated endoscopic observations to be made of ovarian changes occurring during an oestrus cycle in the ewe.  The use of a chronic peritoneal fistula is illustrated and the methods used to maintain its patency discussed.  The technique was carried out in a small number of ewes and the ovarian changes occurring in an ovary of one of these ewes, over a 22 day period, are shown in photographic and diagrammatic form.", "contents": "A preliminary report on the use of a chronic peritoneal fistula for endoscopic examination of ovine ovarian activity. A description is given of a technique devised to allow repeated endoscopic observations to be made of ovarian changes occurring during an oestrus cycle in the ewe.  The use of a chronic peritoneal fistula is illustrated and the methods used to maintain its patency discussed.  The technique was carried out in a small number of ewes and the ovarian changes occurring in an ovary of one of these ewes, over a 22 day period, are shown in photographic and diagrammatic form."}
{"id": "PMID:123110", "title": "Urinary gonadotrophins in the Sertoli-Cell-only syndrome.", "content": "In order to study the hypophyseal-testicular axis in males with complete absence of germinal epithelium, the urinary total hypophyseal gonadotrophins (HG), urinary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by specific bioassays in 12 males with classical Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and compared with HG, FSH, and LH in normal and castrated men. HG and FSH were significantly higher than HG and FSH in normal men (P smaller than 0.0025, P smaller than 0.0005, respectively), but significantly lower than in castrated men (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.01, respectively). LH was not different from LH of normal men, but significantly lower than in castrated men (P less than 0.0005). All patients had normal excretion of androgen metabolites (androsterone plus aetiocholanolone) but a dexamethasone suppression test, performed in 8 subjects, revealed that in 2 cases of testicular origin, the values were below the normal range. The excretion of oestrogens was within the normal range. The presented data support the concept that the germinal epithelium produces a substance capable of inhibiting FSH secretion from the hypophyses, the Sertoli cell itself, however, having a basal production of this inhibitor. The finding of low excretion of testicular androgen metabolites in some of the patients and normal urinary LH, indicates that disturbances in the LH-testosterone feedback mechanism in such patients may occur and that the previous concept of isolated defects of spermatogenesis in all such patients was erroneous.", "contents": "Urinary gonadotrophins in the Sertoli-Cell-only syndrome. In order to study the hypophyseal-testicular axis in males with complete absence of germinal epithelium, the urinary total hypophyseal gonadotrophins (HG), urinary follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and urinary luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured by specific bioassays in 12 males with classical Sertoli-cell-only syndrome and compared with HG, FSH, and LH in normal and castrated men. HG and FSH were significantly higher than HG and FSH in normal men (P smaller than 0.0025, P smaller than 0.0005, respectively), but significantly lower than in castrated men (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.01, respectively). LH was not different from LH of normal men, but significantly lower than in castrated men (P less than 0.0005). All patients had normal excretion of androgen metabolites (androsterone plus aetiocholanolone) but a dexamethasone suppression test, performed in 8 subjects, revealed that in 2 cases of testicular origin, the values were below the normal range. The excretion of oestrogens was within the normal range. The presented data support the concept that the germinal epithelium produces a substance capable of inhibiting FSH secretion from the hypophyses, the Sertoli cell itself, however, having a basal production of this inhibitor. The finding of low excretion of testicular androgen metabolites in some of the patients and normal urinary LH, indicates that disturbances in the LH-testosterone feedback mechanism in such patients may occur and that the previous concept of isolated defects of spermatogenesis in all such patients was erroneous."}
{"id": "PMID:123111", "title": "Laparoscopy in endocrine and genetic disorders of the gonads.", "content": "The guideline of this work is to examine the diagnostic value of laparoscopy in some endocrine and genetic syndromes connected with gonadal pathology or abnormal sexual development in relation to the various hormonal and cytogenetic techniques usually utilized by the endocrinologist. After a brief introduction, Chapter 1 stresses our purpose to examine the advantages and limits of laparoscopy by investigating the most significant cases that came to our observation. Attention is drawn in Chapter 2 to the application of laparoscopy in a particular form of amenorrhea (uterus absence), admittedly of great endocrinologic interest. In particular, the results obtained by the application of this technique are reported in cases of uterus agenesis and the testicular feminization syndrome. The clinical, cytogenetic and hormonologic study of one case of uterus agenesis is reported together with that of four cases of the testicular feminization syndrome with the view to discussing the differential diagnosis between these two syndromes and the particular diagnostic problems connected with the latter. Our conclusion is that laparoscopy, although usually having only a confirmatory value in these syndromes, may assume in certain cases major diagnostic importance (the post-puberal testicular feminization syndrome without palpable gonads, the pre-puberal testicular feminization syndrome, rare cases of the testicular feminization syndrome associated with chromosome aberrations). Chapter 3 discusses the application of laparoscopy in female gonadal dysgenesis on the basis of three cases of Turner's syndrome with different diagnostic problems and one of pure gonadal dysgenesis. It is stressed that, although in the majority of cases of Turner's syndrome the laparoscopic findings are quite characteristic (streak gonads), in some cases the gonads may also present the aspect of hypoplastic ovaries. This finding is observed in two cases of Turner's syndrome with XO/XX mosaicism, of which one case with spontaneous menarche. The diagnostic value of laparoscopy is discussed in the cases of pure gonadal dysgenesis and in variants of Turner's syndrome chromatin-positive with X chromosome partial monosomy and chromatin-negative with a Y chromosome. Our conclusion is that laparoscopy assumes particular diagnostic value in cases of pure gonadal dysgenesis without chromosome aberrations, because chromosome aberrations may be absent in this syndrome, as well as in chromatin-negative variants with a Y chromosome because the gonads and gonaducts differentiation may be variable.", "contents": "Laparoscopy in endocrine and genetic disorders of the gonads. The guideline of this work is to examine the diagnostic value of laparoscopy in some endocrine and genetic syndromes connected with gonadal pathology or abnormal sexual development in relation to the various hormonal and cytogenetic techniques usually utilized by the endocrinologist. After a brief introduction, Chapter 1 stresses our purpose to examine the advantages and limits of laparoscopy by investigating the most significant cases that came to our observation. Attention is drawn in Chapter 2 to the application of laparoscopy in a particular form of amenorrhea (uterus absence), admittedly of great endocrinologic interest. In particular, the results obtained by the application of this technique are reported in cases of uterus agenesis and the testicular feminization syndrome. The clinical, cytogenetic and hormonologic study of one case of uterus agenesis is reported together with that of four cases of the testicular feminization syndrome with the view to discussing the differential diagnosis between these two syndromes and the particular diagnostic problems connected with the latter. Our conclusion is that laparoscopy, although usually having only a confirmatory value in these syndromes, may assume in certain cases major diagnostic importance (the post-puberal testicular feminization syndrome without palpable gonads, the pre-puberal testicular feminization syndrome, rare cases of the testicular feminization syndrome associated with chromosome aberrations). Chapter 3 discusses the application of laparoscopy in female gonadal dysgenesis on the basis of three cases of Turner's syndrome with different diagnostic problems and one of pure gonadal dysgenesis. It is stressed that, although in the majority of cases of Turner's syndrome the laparoscopic findings are quite characteristic (streak gonads), in some cases the gonads may also present the aspect of hypoplastic ovaries. This finding is observed in two cases of Turner's syndrome with XO/XX mosaicism, of which one case with spontaneous menarche. The diagnostic value of laparoscopy is discussed in the cases of pure gonadal dysgenesis and in variants of Turner's syndrome chromatin-positive with X chromosome partial monosomy and chromatin-negative with a Y chromosome. Our conclusion is that laparoscopy assumes particular diagnostic value in cases of pure gonadal dysgenesis without chromosome aberrations, because chromosome aberrations may be absent in this syndrome, as well as in chromatin-negative variants with a Y chromosome because the gonads and gonaducts differentiation may be variable."}
{"id": "PMID:123112", "title": "High voltage QRS complexes in children with innocent, \"vibratory\" heart murmur.", "content": "The electrocardiographic findings in 86 four-year-old children with innocent murmur of the so-called vibratory type are described. The electrical axis, the Q, R and S waves in the right and left precordial leads were compared with figures from the literature and with a control group of 4-year-old children without signs of somatic disease. The most significant findings were higher amplitudes of Q and R waves over the left precordium in children with vibratory murmur. Many children in this group had amplitudes of these waves exceeding accepted normal limits. There were no findings compatible with organic heart disease and the difference as compared to normal values and controls is probably a matter of variations in the position of the heart.", "contents": "High voltage QRS complexes in children with innocent, \"vibratory\" heart murmur. The electrocardiographic findings in 86 four-year-old children with innocent murmur of the so-called vibratory type are described. The electrical axis, the Q, R and S waves in the right and left precordial leads were compared with figures from the literature and with a control group of 4-year-old children without signs of somatic disease. The most significant findings were higher amplitudes of Q and R waves over the left precordium in children with vibratory murmur. Many children in this group had amplitudes of these waves exceeding accepted normal limits. There were no findings compatible with organic heart disease and the difference as compared to normal values and controls is probably a matter of variations in the position of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:123116", "title": "Bacterial endocarditis in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Bacterial endocarditis complicating idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) is uncommon but endocarditis may be the first clinical manifestation of IHSS. In this report of such a case, the aortic and the mitral valves were the sites of the bacterial infection. Many chordae tendineae to the mitral valve were ruptured from the extension of the infectious process. The endothelial lesions, which served as the seat for the bacterial infection on the anterior mitral leaflet, likely resulted from its abutting action against the septal prominence. Damage to the aortic valve leaflet may have resulted from abnormal valve motion caused by IHSS and created an environment conducive to endocarditis. This patient developed aortic insufficiency during the course of bacterial endocarditis, suggesting that the occasional association of aortic insufficiency in patients with IHSS may be secondary to healed endocarditis of the aortic valve.", "contents": "Bacterial endocarditis in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Bacterial endocarditis complicating idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) is uncommon but endocarditis may be the first clinical manifestation of IHSS. In this report of such a case, the aortic and the mitral valves were the sites of the bacterial infection. Many chordae tendineae to the mitral valve were ruptured from the extension of the infectious process. The endothelial lesions, which served as the seat for the bacterial infection on the anterior mitral leaflet, likely resulted from its abutting action against the septal prominence. Damage to the aortic valve leaflet may have resulted from abnormal valve motion caused by IHSS and created an environment conducive to endocarditis. This patient developed aortic insufficiency during the course of bacterial endocarditis, suggesting that the occasional association of aortic insufficiency in patients with IHSS may be secondary to healed endocarditis of the aortic valve."}
{"id": "PMID:123117", "title": "Cardiac pathology after aortic valve replacement using Hufnagel trileaflet prostheses: a study of 20 necropsy patients.", "content": "Necropsy observations are described in 20 patients dying between October 1967 and March 1973 after replacement of the aortic valve with a Hufnagel trileaflet prosthesis. Seven patients died within two months of operation and 13, between 2.1 and 58 months (average 22). Four of seven patients dying early had extensive prosthetic thrombus causing obstruction of one coronary arterial ostium in each. Of the 12 patients surviving six months or longer after valve replacement, death in eight resulted from degeneration (tearing) of the prosthetic cusps causing severe aortic regurgitation in each, and from thrombosis of the prostheses in three, probably causing prosthetic stenosis and defintely causing narrowing of at least one coronary ostium. Thus, prosthetic degeneration or thrombosis caused death in 11 of the 12 patients surviving six months or longer. In conclusion, this trileaflet aortic prosthesis, although similar in design to the normal aortic valve, is composed of materials not durable enough to withstand the stresses created by blood flow in this position.", "contents": "Cardiac pathology after aortic valve replacement using Hufnagel trileaflet prostheses: a study of 20 necropsy patients. Necropsy observations are described in 20 patients dying between October 1967 and March 1973 after replacement of the aortic valve with a Hufnagel trileaflet prosthesis. Seven patients died within two months of operation and 13, between 2.1 and 58 months (average 22). Four of seven patients dying early had extensive prosthetic thrombus causing obstruction of one coronary arterial ostium in each. Of the 12 patients surviving six months or longer after valve replacement, death in eight resulted from degeneration (tearing) of the prosthetic cusps causing severe aortic regurgitation in each, and from thrombosis of the prostheses in three, probably causing prosthetic stenosis and defintely causing narrowing of at least one coronary ostium. Thus, prosthetic degeneration or thrombosis caused death in 11 of the 12 patients surviving six months or longer. In conclusion, this trileaflet aortic prosthesis, although similar in design to the normal aortic valve, is composed of materials not durable enough to withstand the stresses created by blood flow in this position."}
{"id": "PMID:123119", "title": "Uchida tubal sterilization.", "content": "The methods which seek to close the tubes by tissue necrosis may be responsible for subsequent pathologic disorders. These sequelae often explain postoperative repeat uterine pregnancy, ectopic gestation, and other serious complications. In addition to Uchida sterilization, the Uchida fimbriectomy is recommended for use in the immediate postpartum period and at cesarean section because of its many advantages.", "contents": "Uchida tubal sterilization. The methods which seek to close the tubes by tissue necrosis may be responsible for subsequent pathologic disorders. These sequelae often explain postoperative repeat uterine pregnancy, ectopic gestation, and other serious complications. In addition to Uchida sterilization, the Uchida fimbriectomy is recommended for use in the immediate postpartum period and at cesarean section because of its many advantages."}
{"id": "PMID:123120", "title": "The acute effect of hysterectomy on ovarian function.", "content": "The acute effect of abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy on the ovarian production of estradiol-17-beta (E2) and progesterone (P) was studied in a group of patients undergoing hysterectomy for various gynecologic indications. Plasma levels of steroids as well as gonadotropins (FSH and LH) were measured by RIA. There was a significant but transient drop of plasma E2 during the follicular phase and of plasma E2 and P during the luteal phase, following hysterectomy. No significant variations in the steroid plasma levels were found in a control group of patients undergoing laparoscopy for diagnostic purposes. No changes were noted in either group in the plasma levels of gonadotropins. The changes seen appear to be related to the surgical manipulation in the ovarian region rather than to the type of hysterectomy performed or the stress of surgery.", "contents": "The acute effect of hysterectomy on ovarian function. The acute effect of abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy on the ovarian production of estradiol-17-beta (E2) and progesterone (P) was studied in a group of patients undergoing hysterectomy for various gynecologic indications. Plasma levels of steroids as well as gonadotropins (FSH and LH) were measured by RIA. There was a significant but transient drop of plasma E2 during the follicular phase and of plasma E2 and P during the luteal phase, following hysterectomy. No significant variations in the steroid plasma levels were found in a control group of patients undergoing laparoscopy for diagnostic purposes. No changes were noted in either group in the plasma levels of gonadotropins. The changes seen appear to be related to the surgical manipulation in the ovarian region rather than to the type of hysterectomy performed or the stress of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:123121", "title": "Effect of exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone upon the fetoplacental biosynthesis of estrogens and its effect upon uterine blood flow in the term pregnant ewe.", "content": "The fetoplacental unit of the ewe is capable of increasing the biosynthesis of estrogens following the exogenous administration of DHEA to the fetus. The maximum concentrations of estrogens appeared approximately 30 minutes after the administration of DHEA. Uterine blood flow in the pregnant ewe increased approximately 90 minutes after the maximum concentrations of estrogens were noted. The administration of DHEA to the nonpregnant, ovariectomized ewe did not elicit estrogen biosynthesis or changes in uterine blood flow. Isotope experiments in the pregnant ewe demonstrated the incorporation of DHEA into urinary estradiol.", "contents": "Effect of exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone upon the fetoplacental biosynthesis of estrogens and its effect upon uterine blood flow in the term pregnant ewe. The fetoplacental unit of the ewe is capable of increasing the biosynthesis of estrogens following the exogenous administration of DHEA to the fetus. The maximum concentrations of estrogens appeared approximately 30 minutes after the administration of DHEA. Uterine blood flow in the pregnant ewe increased approximately 90 minutes after the maximum concentrations of estrogens were noted. The administration of DHEA to the nonpregnant, ovariectomized ewe did not elicit estrogen biosynthesis or changes in uterine blood flow. Isotope experiments in the pregnant ewe demonstrated the incorporation of DHEA into urinary estradiol."}
{"id": "PMID:123122", "title": "Electromicrosurgery and salpingostomy: long-term results.", "content": "It seems that a technique which is as atraumatic and as bloodless as possible gives good results. This \"atraumatic and bloodless\" surgery is possible by means of electrosurgery, refined to a form of microsurgery. The author presents his long-term results (observations over 8 years). Pregnancies: 63 per cent; resulting in 24 per cent ectopic pregnancies and 36 per cent live births; 3 per cent pregnant pregnant at present.", "contents": "Electromicrosurgery and salpingostomy: long-term results. It seems that a technique which is as atraumatic and as bloodless as possible gives good results. This \"atraumatic and bloodless\" surgery is possible by means of electrosurgery, refined to a form of microsurgery. The author presents his long-term results (observations over 8 years). Pregnancies: 63 per cent; resulting in 24 per cent ectopic pregnancies and 36 per cent live births; 3 per cent pregnant pregnant at present."}
{"id": "PMID:123123", "title": "Effect of acute pelvic inflammatory disease on fertility.", "content": "A total of 415 women treated for laparoscopically verified pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were reviewed after 9.5 years. Of these, 88 (21.2 per cent) were involuntarily childless after one or more infection; in 72 cases (17.3 per cent) this was due to tubal obstruction; 263 (63.4 per cent) women became pregnant; 64 (15.4 per cent) were voluntarily childless. Tubal occlusion was diagnosed after one infection in 12.8 per cent, after two infections in 35.5 per cent, and after three or more infections in 75 per cent of the women. Tubal occlusion was more common after nongonorrheal than after gonorrheal salpingitis. Infertility varied with the inflammatory changes seen at laparoscopy. The ratio between ectopic and intrauterine pregnancies after the infections was 1/24. Chronic abdominal pain was reported by 18.1 per cent of the women. Corresponding findings in 100 healthy control subjects were: involuntary childlessness in three despite normal Fallopian tubes, one ectopic in 147 intrauterine pregnancies, and chronic abdominal pain in five cases.", "contents": "Effect of acute pelvic inflammatory disease on fertility. A total of 415 women treated for laparoscopically verified pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were reviewed after 9.5 years. Of these, 88 (21.2 per cent) were involuntarily childless after one or more infection; in 72 cases (17.3 per cent) this was due to tubal obstruction; 263 (63.4 per cent) women became pregnant; 64 (15.4 per cent) were voluntarily childless. Tubal occlusion was diagnosed after one infection in 12.8 per cent, after two infections in 35.5 per cent, and after three or more infections in 75 per cent of the women. Tubal occlusion was more common after nongonorrheal than after gonorrheal salpingitis. Infertility varied with the inflammatory changes seen at laparoscopy. The ratio between ectopic and intrauterine pregnancies after the infections was 1/24. Chronic abdominal pain was reported by 18.1 per cent of the women. Corresponding findings in 100 healthy control subjects were: involuntary childlessness in three despite normal Fallopian tubes, one ectopic in 147 intrauterine pregnancies, and chronic abdominal pain in five cases."}
{"id": "PMID:123124", "title": "Rural health and the role of occupational therapy.", "content": "Through the use of activities which are common to the rural culture, the occupational therapist may make a contribution in rural health services. Although the rural resident suffers psychiatric and physical disorders similar to his urban neighbor, the availability and accessibility of medical services are more limited. The isolation of rural life which makes it unattractive to health and other professionals also accentuates the problems of the rural patient. The rural health clinic has been one solution to the lack of medical services. It is proposed that the occupational therapist select farm activities which are common to the patient, and adapt and direct those activities so that the patient can again function in his rural environment.", "contents": "Rural health and the role of occupational therapy. Through the use of activities which are common to the rural culture, the occupational therapist may make a contribution in rural health services. Although the rural resident suffers psychiatric and physical disorders similar to his urban neighbor, the availability and accessibility of medical services are more limited. The isolation of rural life which makes it unattractive to health and other professionals also accentuates the problems of the rural patient. The rural health clinic has been one solution to the lack of medical services. It is proposed that the occupational therapist select farm activities which are common to the patient, and adapt and direct those activities so that the patient can again function in his rural environment."}
{"id": "PMID:123125", "title": "Effects of ouabain and amiloride on Na pathways in turtle bladders.", "content": "In a Na-rich bathing system, addition of amiloride to the mucosal fluid of turtle bladders produces decreased in the transepithelial potential difference (PD), short-circuiting current (I-sc), and conductance. Removal of amiloride results in complete reversal of these changes; and this reversibility is incomplete in amiloride-blocked bladders exposed to ouabain. In a Na-free bathing system, step increased in mucosal [Na] evoke rapid initial spikes in PD, Isc, and conductance, the magnitudes of which are independent of prior ouabain treatment. After these spikes, PD and Isc in the ouabain-treated bladder rapidly decay, while conductance remains unchanged and high. This unchanging conductance, plus the fact that ouabain inhibits half the microsomal (Na plus K). ATPase of this tissue within 1 min, suggests that ouabain inhibits Na pumping without changing tissue conductance. The delayed decrease in conductance (beginning 30 min after ouabain addition), a nonspecific and secondary effect of ouabain, is due to a concomitant collapse of the intercellular channels.", "contents": "Effects of ouabain and amiloride on Na pathways in turtle bladders. In a Na-rich bathing system, addition of amiloride to the mucosal fluid of turtle bladders produces decreased in the transepithelial potential difference (PD), short-circuiting current (I-sc), and conductance. Removal of amiloride results in complete reversal of these changes; and this reversibility is incomplete in amiloride-blocked bladders exposed to ouabain. In a Na-free bathing system, step increased in mucosal [Na] evoke rapid initial spikes in PD, Isc, and conductance, the magnitudes of which are independent of prior ouabain treatment. After these spikes, PD and Isc in the ouabain-treated bladder rapidly decay, while conductance remains unchanged and high. This unchanging conductance, plus the fact that ouabain inhibits half the microsomal (Na plus K). ATPase of this tissue within 1 min, suggests that ouabain inhibits Na pumping without changing tissue conductance. The delayed decrease in conductance (beginning 30 min after ouabain addition), a nonspecific and secondary effect of ouabain, is due to a concomitant collapse of the intercellular channels."}
{"id": "PMID:123128", "title": "Continuous positive airway pressure breathing (CPAP).  Apparatus for use in neonates or adults.", "content": "CPAP is a technique of respiratory care which was originally described in the management of the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn and later in the post operative management of the cardiac infant following surgery. It has potential value in the respiratory management of older children and adults. Apparatus is described suitable for the application of continuous airway pressure during spontaneous ventilation via endotracheal tube in either neonates or adults. The inspired oxygen content is adjustable and the fresh gas warmed and humidified. High and low pressure alarms are not considered necessary. A head-harness is described for the application of CPAP in neonates via twin nasal or nasopharyngeal tubes. This equipment may be obtained from Messrs. Lusterlite Products Limited, 56 Devon Road, Leeds 2.", "contents": "Continuous positive airway pressure breathing (CPAP).  Apparatus for use in neonates or adults. CPAP is a technique of respiratory care which was originally described in the management of the respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn and later in the post operative management of the cardiac infant following surgery. It has potential value in the respiratory management of older children and adults. Apparatus is described suitable for the application of continuous airway pressure during spontaneous ventilation via endotracheal tube in either neonates or adults. The inspired oxygen content is adjustable and the fresh gas warmed and humidified. High and low pressure alarms are not considered necessary. A head-harness is described for the application of CPAP in neonates via twin nasal or nasopharyngeal tubes. This equipment may be obtained from Messrs. Lusterlite Products Limited, 56 Devon Road, Leeds 2."}
{"id": "PMID:123130", "title": "Lipid droplet accumulation in cardiac muscle cells of the bat: potential auto-toxicity of the cardiac sympathetic innervation.", "content": "The previously described ability of reserpine and parachlorophenylalanine to induce the accumulation of lipid droplets in ventricular cardiac muscle cells of the bat was investigated. Lipid droplet accumulation was assessed qualitatively by light microscopy and quantitatively by morphometric analysis of electron micrographs. An hypothesis that the action of the drugs was an indirect one, mediated by the cardiac adrenergic innervation, was framed and tested. Lipid droplet accumulation occurred during a time of intense sympathetic activity, that of arousal from hibernation. The ability of the two drugs to produce the effect was antagonized by prior sympathetectomy with 6-hydroxy-dopamine. The effect was mimicked by administration of exogenous norepinephrine together with inhibitors of its catabolic enzymes, monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyl transferase. These observations are all consistent with the initial hypothesis and raise the possibility that endogenous norepinephrine in the cardiac sympathetic innervation might be, at least potentially, auto-toxic.", "contents": "Lipid droplet accumulation in cardiac muscle cells of the bat: potential auto-toxicity of the cardiac sympathetic innervation. The previously described ability of reserpine and parachlorophenylalanine to induce the accumulation of lipid droplets in ventricular cardiac muscle cells of the bat was investigated. Lipid droplet accumulation was assessed qualitatively by light microscopy and quantitatively by morphometric analysis of electron micrographs. An hypothesis that the action of the drugs was an indirect one, mediated by the cardiac adrenergic innervation, was framed and tested. Lipid droplet accumulation occurred during a time of intense sympathetic activity, that of arousal from hibernation. The ability of the two drugs to produce the effect was antagonized by prior sympathetectomy with 6-hydroxy-dopamine. The effect was mimicked by administration of exogenous norepinephrine together with inhibitors of its catabolic enzymes, monoamine oxidase and catechol-o-methyl transferase. These observations are all consistent with the initial hypothesis and raise the possibility that endogenous norepinephrine in the cardiac sympathetic innervation might be, at least potentially, auto-toxic."}
{"id": "PMID:123133", "title": "In-vitro investigation of a new neuromuscular relaxant, AH8165.", "content": "AH8165 was compared with other neuromuscular relaxants in an in-vitro rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation. Concentrations of 6-10 mug/ml AH8165 produced progressive decreases in strength of concentration. AH8165 was 0.1 times as potent as d-tubocurarine, and its effects were more rapidly reversed by washing. The times to recovery from 90 per cent blockade were the same for succinylcholine and AH8165, but the time to recovery from 50 per cent blockade was shorter for succinylcholine than for AH8165. Neostigmine reversed blockade induced by d-tubocurarine to 80 per cent of control, while it reversed comparable blockade induced by AH8165 to only 40 per cent of control. Doses of 0.5 to 2 mug AH8165 produced contracture and increased the force of contraction of the superfused chick biventer cervicis muscle preparation. Doses of 8 to 32 mug produced decreased contracture followed by diminution of the strength of contraction. The authors conclude that AH8165 in low concentrations has a depolarizing action, which is obscured by nondepolarizing effects in higher concentrations. (Key words: Neuromuscular relaxants: AH8165.)", "contents": "In-vitro investigation of a new neuromuscular relaxant, AH8165. AH8165 was compared with other neuromuscular relaxants in an in-vitro rat phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation. Concentrations of 6-10 mug/ml AH8165 produced progressive decreases in strength of concentration. AH8165 was 0.1 times as potent as d-tubocurarine, and its effects were more rapidly reversed by washing. The times to recovery from 90 per cent blockade were the same for succinylcholine and AH8165, but the time to recovery from 50 per cent blockade was shorter for succinylcholine than for AH8165. Neostigmine reversed blockade induced by d-tubocurarine to 80 per cent of control, while it reversed comparable blockade induced by AH8165 to only 40 per cent of control. Doses of 0.5 to 2 mug AH8165 produced contracture and increased the force of contraction of the superfused chick biventer cervicis muscle preparation. Doses of 8 to 32 mug produced decreased contracture followed by diminution of the strength of contraction. The authors conclude that AH8165 in low concentrations has a depolarizing action, which is obscured by nondepolarizing effects in higher concentrations. (Key words: Neuromuscular relaxants: AH8165.)"}
{"id": "PMID:123134", "title": "Cardiovascular effects of intraperitoneal insufflation with carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in the dog.", "content": "Cardiovascular changes caused by intraperitoneal insufflation with CO2 or N2O were measured in 15 mongrel dogs. Moderate progressive increases in intra-abdominal pressure (to 40 mm Hg) with either gas produced increases in mean arterial, right atrial, pleural, and femoral-vein pressures. Cardiac output and inferior vena caval flow were momentarily increased following the commencement of insufflation. However, both flows decreased precipitously as insufflation pressure was increased. At an intra-abdominal pressure of 40 mm Hg cardiac output and inferior vena caval flow were reduced more than 60 per cent in most cases. Peripheral resistance increased by approximately 200 per cent. Upon sudden release of abdominal pressure cardiac output and inferior vana caval flow increased but then returned to pre-insufflation values within seconds. Directly measured right atrial pressure increased with increasing insufflation pressure, but calculated transmural right atrial pressure decreased with the increase in intra-abdominal pressure. Insufflation with CO2 produced significant increases in PaCO2. However, cardiostimulatory effects due to elevated blood CO2 levels were not seen. The data from this study indicate that intraperitoneal insufflation produces serious hemodynamic alterations which are manifested by low cardiac output and elevated total peripheral resistance. In addition, directly measured right atrial pressure cannot be used clinically as an indicator of venous return to the heart since it reflects a composite of pleural and intra-abdominal insufflation pressure. (Key words: Anesthetics, gases, nitrous oxide; Carbon dioxide, intraperitoneal; Surgery, intraperitoneal insufflation; Heart, function, intraperitoneal insufflation.).", "contents": "Cardiovascular effects of intraperitoneal insufflation with carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide in the dog. Cardiovascular changes caused by intraperitoneal insufflation with CO2 or N2O were measured in 15 mongrel dogs. Moderate progressive increases in intra-abdominal pressure (to 40 mm Hg) with either gas produced increases in mean arterial, right atrial, pleural, and femoral-vein pressures. Cardiac output and inferior vena caval flow were momentarily increased following the commencement of insufflation. However, both flows decreased precipitously as insufflation pressure was increased. At an intra-abdominal pressure of 40 mm Hg cardiac output and inferior vena caval flow were reduced more than 60 per cent in most cases. Peripheral resistance increased by approximately 200 per cent. Upon sudden release of abdominal pressure cardiac output and inferior vana caval flow increased but then returned to pre-insufflation values within seconds. Directly measured right atrial pressure increased with increasing insufflation pressure, but calculated transmural right atrial pressure decreased with the increase in intra-abdominal pressure. Insufflation with CO2 produced significant increases in PaCO2. However, cardiostimulatory effects due to elevated blood CO2 levels were not seen. The data from this study indicate that intraperitoneal insufflation produces serious hemodynamic alterations which are manifested by low cardiac output and elevated total peripheral resistance. In addition, directly measured right atrial pressure cannot be used clinically as an indicator of venous return to the heart since it reflects a composite of pleural and intra-abdominal insufflation pressure. (Key words: Anesthetics, gases, nitrous oxide; Carbon dioxide, intraperitoneal; Surgery, intraperitoneal insufflation; Heart, function, intraperitoneal insufflation.)."}
{"id": "PMID:123131", "title": "Acute hypotension during laparoscopy: a case report.", "content": "A 27-year-old, generally healthy, woman became acutely hypotensive during a diagnostic laparoscopy. Her blood pressure returned to preoperative levels and remained stable after decrease in intra-abdominal pressure. The author suggests five possible causes of hypotension during laparoscopy.", "contents": "Acute hypotension during laparoscopy: a case report. A 27-year-old, generally healthy, woman became acutely hypotensive during a diagnostic laparoscopy. Her blood pressure returned to preoperative levels and remained stable after decrease in intra-abdominal pressure. The author suggests five possible causes of hypotension during laparoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:123140", "title": "Influence of antibody-mediated immune suppression on clinical, viral, and immune responses to swine influenza infection.", "content": "Antibody-mediated immune suppression occurred when newborn pigs with naturally acquired passive antibody were exposed to seine influenza virus. Frequency and relative ease of recovery of virus from nasal secretions were inversely related to the concentration of specific passive antibody existing at time of exposure. Severe overt respiratory signs during the acute stages of the disease were observed only in pigs with low passive antibody concentrations. The concentration of passive antibody at the time of exposure determined the immune status of the pig during the convalescent stage of disease. Infection could occur in the presence of high passive antibody concentrations, but the pig was not immunologically stimulated. Reexposure after the decay of passive antibody produced primary immune respone, severe clinical reinfection, and recovery of virus from nasal secretions for a period of time similar to that seen in pigs having their first exposure. Infection of newborn pigs with low passive antibody concentrations led to immunologic priming. A second exposure to virus produced a secondary immune response, mild clinical disease, and shortened time during which virus was recovered from nasal secretions. The relevance of these studies for the practice of vaccination or infections of the dam before parturition so that the neonate will have specific passive immunity is discussed.", "contents": "Influence of antibody-mediated immune suppression on clinical, viral, and immune responses to swine influenza infection. Antibody-mediated immune suppression occurred when newborn pigs with naturally acquired passive antibody were exposed to seine influenza virus. Frequency and relative ease of recovery of virus from nasal secretions were inversely related to the concentration of specific passive antibody existing at time of exposure. Severe overt respiratory signs during the acute stages of the disease were observed only in pigs with low passive antibody concentrations. The concentration of passive antibody at the time of exposure determined the immune status of the pig during the convalescent stage of disease. Infection could occur in the presence of high passive antibody concentrations, but the pig was not immunologically stimulated. Reexposure after the decay of passive antibody produced primary immune respone, severe clinical reinfection, and recovery of virus from nasal secretions for a period of time similar to that seen in pigs having their first exposure. Infection of newborn pigs with low passive antibody concentrations led to immunologic priming. A second exposure to virus produced a secondary immune response, mild clinical disease, and shortened time during which virus was recovered from nasal secretions. The relevance of these studies for the practice of vaccination or infections of the dam before parturition so that the neonate will have specific passive immunity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123141", "title": "Distribution and seasonal prevalence of bovine lungworms in selected areas in western Montana.", "content": "In a survey (Oct, 1967, through Aug, 1969) of the distribution and seasonal prevalence of bovine lungworms in beef herds in 3 western Montana counties (Park, Gallatin, and Ravalli), infected cattle were detected in 27 of 35 herds. Results of 2,125 fecal examinations indicated that 7.8% of all cattle were infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus. Lungworms were found in 6.6% of 1,038 calves (less than 12 months old), 11.5% of 755 yearlings (1 to 2 years old), and 3.3% of 332 cows (more than 2 years old). A distinct seasonal pattern existed in calf infections, with initial passage of larvae beginning in late July or August and persisting until November or December. Exposure of calves in 1 portion of the study area apparently was delayed until November, with patent infections continuing through March. Spontaneous loss of infections normally occurred after 3 to 4 months of patency. The mean rate of larval excretion in the feces of all infected cattle was 0.37 larvae per gram of feces (l/g). Larval output was relatively uniform within each geographic area regardless of host age, but varied considerably from one portion of the study area to another. The potential role of wild ruminants (deer, elk, and moose) in the epizootiology of D viviparus is discussed with respect to western range utilization practices.", "contents": "Distribution and seasonal prevalence of bovine lungworms in selected areas in western Montana. In a survey (Oct, 1967, through Aug, 1969) of the distribution and seasonal prevalence of bovine lungworms in beef herds in 3 western Montana counties (Park, Gallatin, and Ravalli), infected cattle were detected in 27 of 35 herds. Results of 2,125 fecal examinations indicated that 7.8% of all cattle were infected with Dictyocaulus viviparus. Lungworms were found in 6.6% of 1,038 calves (less than 12 months old), 11.5% of 755 yearlings (1 to 2 years old), and 3.3% of 332 cows (more than 2 years old). A distinct seasonal pattern existed in calf infections, with initial passage of larvae beginning in late July or August and persisting until November or December. Exposure of calves in 1 portion of the study area apparently was delayed until November, with patent infections continuing through March. Spontaneous loss of infections normally occurred after 3 to 4 months of patency. The mean rate of larval excretion in the feces of all infected cattle was 0.37 larvae per gram of feces (l/g). Larval output was relatively uniform within each geographic area regardless of host age, but varied considerably from one portion of the study area to another. The potential role of wild ruminants (deer, elk, and moose) in the epizootiology of D viviparus is discussed with respect to western range utilization practices."}
{"id": "PMID:123142", "title": "Gonorrhea: recommended treatment schedules.", "content": "Appropriate drugs and their proper use are described for the care of adult and pediatric patients with uncomplicated and complicated gonococcal infections in men and women. Special diagnostic considerations in some cases are indicated. These recommendations were established by the Venereal Disease Control Advisory Committee after deliberation with therapy consultants.", "contents": "Gonorrhea: recommended treatment schedules. Appropriate drugs and their proper use are described for the care of adult and pediatric patients with uncomplicated and complicated gonococcal infections in men and women. Special diagnostic considerations in some cases are indicated. These recommendations were established by the Venereal Disease Control Advisory Committee after deliberation with therapy consultants."}
{"id": "PMID:123143", "title": "A hypothesis to account for the Mary Walker phenomenon.", "content": "Certain myasthenic patients show that their skeletal muscles produce a substance during ischemic exercise which, when released into the circulation, increases muscle weakness. This phenomenon has been named after Mary Walker, the physician who popularized its demonstration. It is suggested that ischemic exercise produces lactic acid that binds calcium, reducing ionized and total serum calcium. The decreased calcium has an adverse effect on skeletal muscle function especially in patients with myasthenia gravis, where neuromuscular function is often so precarious it may be interrupted by weak inhibitors.", "contents": "A hypothesis to account for the Mary Walker phenomenon. Certain myasthenic patients show that their skeletal muscles produce a substance during ischemic exercise which, when released into the circulation, increases muscle weakness. This phenomenon has been named after Mary Walker, the physician who popularized its demonstration. It is suggested that ischemic exercise produces lactic acid that binds calcium, reducing ionized and total serum calcium. The decreased calcium has an adverse effect on skeletal muscle function especially in patients with myasthenia gravis, where neuromuscular function is often so precarious it may be interrupted by weak inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:123154", "title": "Primary abdominal wall abscess diagnosed by ultrasound.", "content": "Ultrasound was used to diagnose and demonstrate an anterior abdominal wall abscess of unknown cause in a diabetic woman. This condition may mimic major abdominal disorders and, in our patient, appeared as acute cholecystitis. The use of ultrasound is simple, quick, painless, and without known adverse side effects. The diagnosis may be more easily and accurately established than by routine roentgenography.", "contents": "Primary abdominal wall abscess diagnosed by ultrasound. Ultrasound was used to diagnose and demonstrate an anterior abdominal wall abscess of unknown cause in a diabetic woman. This condition may mimic major abdominal disorders and, in our patient, appeared as acute cholecystitis. The use of ultrasound is simple, quick, painless, and without known adverse side effects. The diagnosis may be more easily and accurately established than by routine roentgenography."}
{"id": "PMID:123156", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin. Blocking of levodopa effects.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) diminished the therapeutic effects of levodopa both in patients with parkinsonism and in patients with chronic manganese poisoning, as well as the levodopa-dependent dyskinesia for which the former were selected. In patients with Huntington chorea, it enhanced chorea and mental agitation and, thus, failed to conform with the postulated pharmacological reciprocity between Parkinson disease and Huntington chorea. These findings are in agreement with experiments done in animals in which DPH blocked a neuronal response to dopamine.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin. Blocking of levodopa effects. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) diminished the therapeutic effects of levodopa both in patients with parkinsonism and in patients with chronic manganese poisoning, as well as the levodopa-dependent dyskinesia for which the former were selected. In patients with Huntington chorea, it enhanced chorea and mental agitation and, thus, failed to conform with the postulated pharmacological reciprocity between Parkinson disease and Huntington chorea. These findings are in agreement with experiments done in animals in which DPH blocked a neuronal response to dopamine."}
{"id": "PMID:123157", "title": "Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase. Location of sulfhydryl groups and disulfide bonds in soluble enzyme from beef heart.", "content": "The soluble beef heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) contains eight sulfhydryl groups and two disulfide bonds. N-Ethylmaleimide has been used to radioactively label the sulfhydryl groups before and after cleavage of the disulfide bonds by dithiothreitol. After subjecting the labeled protein to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and measuring radioactivity in each of the separated subunits the location of all the sulfhydryl groups and the disulfide bonds may be specified. The conclusions are supported by direct examination of depolymerized, unreduced, enzyme by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results also indicate that current ideas regarding the overall subunit structure of this enzyme may be incorrect, and this is discussed in light of new data presented here.", "contents": "Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase. Location of sulfhydryl groups and disulfide bonds in soluble enzyme from beef heart. The soluble beef heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) contains eight sulfhydryl groups and two disulfide bonds. N-Ethylmaleimide has been used to radioactively label the sulfhydryl groups before and after cleavage of the disulfide bonds by dithiothreitol. After subjecting the labeled protein to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and measuring radioactivity in each of the separated subunits the location of all the sulfhydryl groups and the disulfide bonds may be specified. The conclusions are supported by direct examination of depolymerized, unreduced, enzyme by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results also indicate that current ideas regarding the overall subunit structure of this enzyme may be incorrect, and this is discussed in light of new data presented here."}
{"id": "PMID:123158", "title": "Structural proteins of dogfish skeletal muscle.", "content": "As part of a study on the evolutionary aspects of control mechanisms, a number of structural muscle components from the Pacific dogfish (Squalus acanthias) are described. These include troponin, tropomyosin, actin, and myosin. Troponin (mol wt 108.000) was resolved into its constitutive subunits, repeated by a 20,500 mol wt fragment which binds 2 mol of Ca2+/mol with a KDiss of 0.91 mum, and an inhibitory component of 30,000 and a 58,000 component which are necessary for the calcium sensitivity of actomyosin ATPase. Tropomyosin and actin share many properties with their counterparts from higher vertebrates. Proteins similar to parvalbumins, i.e., the low molecular weight calcium-binding proteins widely distributed in fish, amphibians, and mammalian muscle, could be generated from troponin and its calcium-binding subunit by limited proteolysis. The appearance of immunological cross-reactivity and other similar features suggested some identity, but differences in the amino acid analysis exclude the possiblity that parvalbumins occur as breakdown products of troponin. The close relationship between parvalbumins and the calcium-binding subunit brings additional evidence that these proteins have arisen through divergent evolution.", "contents": "Structural proteins of dogfish skeletal muscle. As part of a study on the evolutionary aspects of control mechanisms, a number of structural muscle components from the Pacific dogfish (Squalus acanthias) are described. These include troponin, tropomyosin, actin, and myosin. Troponin (mol wt 108.000) was resolved into its constitutive subunits, repeated by a 20,500 mol wt fragment which binds 2 mol of Ca2+/mol with a KDiss of 0.91 mum, and an inhibitory component of 30,000 and a 58,000 component which are necessary for the calcium sensitivity of actomyosin ATPase. Tropomyosin and actin share many properties with their counterparts from higher vertebrates. Proteins similar to parvalbumins, i.e., the low molecular weight calcium-binding proteins widely distributed in fish, amphibians, and mammalian muscle, could be generated from troponin and its calcium-binding subunit by limited proteolysis. The appearance of immunological cross-reactivity and other similar features suggested some identity, but differences in the amino acid analysis exclude the possiblity that parvalbumins occur as breakdown products of troponin. The close relationship between parvalbumins and the calcium-binding subunit brings additional evidence that these proteins have arisen through divergent evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:123159", "title": "Neural regulation of mammalian fast and slow muscle myosins: an electrophoretic analysis.", "content": "Mammalian nerves to fast and slow muscles have the remarkable property of changing the speed of contraction of muscles following cross-reinnervation. The biochemical basis of speed transformation is the change in myosin in ATPase activity. This paper provides electrophoretic evidence for structural changes in myosin from cross-reinnervated muscles. A method is described for the separation of intact fast and slow muscle myosins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This method utilizes the fact that ATP and its analogs prevent the formation of myosin polymers in low ionic strength buffers. In this system, normal fast muscle myosin has a higher electrophoretic mobility than slow muscle myosin. Normal rat soleus myosin has a major slow and a minor fast component due to two populations of muscle fibers. The same muscle cross-reinnervated by a fast muscle nerve shows only the fast component, The normal, homogeneous fast extensor digitorum longus muscle has only the electrophoretically fast myosin, but following cross-reinnervation it shows both fast and slow components. These results suggest that mammalian motor nerves can induce or suppress the expression of genes that code for fast and slow skeletal muscle myosins.", "contents": "Neural regulation of mammalian fast and slow muscle myosins: an electrophoretic analysis. Mammalian nerves to fast and slow muscles have the remarkable property of changing the speed of contraction of muscles following cross-reinnervation. The biochemical basis of speed transformation is the change in myosin in ATPase activity. This paper provides electrophoretic evidence for structural changes in myosin from cross-reinnervated muscles. A method is described for the separation of intact fast and slow muscle myosins by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This method utilizes the fact that ATP and its analogs prevent the formation of myosin polymers in low ionic strength buffers. In this system, normal fast muscle myosin has a higher electrophoretic mobility than slow muscle myosin. Normal rat soleus myosin has a major slow and a minor fast component due to two populations of muscle fibers. The same muscle cross-reinnervated by a fast muscle nerve shows only the fast component, The normal, homogeneous fast extensor digitorum longus muscle has only the electrophoretically fast myosin, but following cross-reinnervation it shows both fast and slow components. These results suggest that mammalian motor nerves can induce or suppress the expression of genes that code for fast and slow skeletal muscle myosins."}
{"id": "PMID:123160", "title": "Functional relationship between the ADP/ATP-carrier and the F1-ATPase in mitochondria.", "content": "1. The distribution of labeled and unlabeled adenine-nucleotides inside and outside mitochondria was followed after addition of [14C]ADP to rat liver mitochondria. Two types of mitochondria were used: 1, respiring mitochondria which were carrying out oxidative phosphorylation and which had been replenished in ATP by incubation in a medium supplemented with succinate and phosphate; 2, non-respiring mitochondria which had been partially depleted of ATP by incubation in a medium supplemented with rotenone and phosphate. During the first minute following addition of [14C]ADP to the respiring mitochondria, the pre-existing intramitochondrial (internal) [12C]ATP was released into the medium and replaced by newly synthesized [14C]ATP. No [14C]ADP accumulated in the mitochondria. It is suggested that extramitochondrial (external) ADP entering respiring mitochondria in exchange for internal ATP is phosphorylated to ATP before its complete release in the matrix space. In non-respiring mitochondria, the entry of [14C]ADP into the mitochondria was accompanied by the appearance in the external space of [12C]ADP and [12C]ATP, with a marked predominance of [12C]ADP. Thus in non-respiring mitochondria, the residual internal ATP is dephosphorylated to ADP in the inner membrane before being released outside the mitochondria. 2. When mitochondria were incubated with glutamate, ADP and [32P]phosphate, the [32P]ATP which accumulated in the matrix space became rapidly labeled in both the P gamma and P beta groups of the ATP, due to the presence of a transphosphorylation system in the mitochondrial matrix. The [32P]ATP which accumulated outside the mitochondria was also labeled in the P beta group, although less rapidly than the internal ATP. Our data show that a large fraction (75-80%) of the ATP produced by phosphorylation of added ADP within the inner mitochondrial membrane is released into the matrix space before being transported out from the mitochondria; only a small part (20-25%) is released directly outside the mitochondria without penetrating the matrix space. 3. In respiring and phosphorylating mitochondria, the value of the Km of the ADP-carrier for external ADP was 2-4 times lower than its value in non-respiring and non-phosphorylating mitochondria. 4. The above experimental data are discussed with reference to the topological and functional relationships between the ADP-carrier and the oxidative phosphorylation complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane. They strongly suggest that the ADP-carrier comes to the close neighbourhood of the ATP synthetase on the matrix side of the inner membrane.", "contents": "Functional relationship between the ADP/ATP-carrier and the F1-ATPase in mitochondria. 1. The distribution of labeled and unlabeled adenine-nucleotides inside and outside mitochondria was followed after addition of [14C]ADP to rat liver mitochondria. Two types of mitochondria were used: 1, respiring mitochondria which were carrying out oxidative phosphorylation and which had been replenished in ATP by incubation in a medium supplemented with succinate and phosphate; 2, non-respiring mitochondria which had been partially depleted of ATP by incubation in a medium supplemented with rotenone and phosphate. During the first minute following addition of [14C]ADP to the respiring mitochondria, the pre-existing intramitochondrial (internal) [12C]ATP was released into the medium and replaced by newly synthesized [14C]ATP. No [14C]ADP accumulated in the mitochondria. It is suggested that extramitochondrial (external) ADP entering respiring mitochondria in exchange for internal ATP is phosphorylated to ATP before its complete release in the matrix space. In non-respiring mitochondria, the entry of [14C]ADP into the mitochondria was accompanied by the appearance in the external space of [12C]ADP and [12C]ATP, with a marked predominance of [12C]ADP. Thus in non-respiring mitochondria, the residual internal ATP is dephosphorylated to ADP in the inner membrane before being released outside the mitochondria. 2. When mitochondria were incubated with glutamate, ADP and [32P]phosphate, the [32P]ATP which accumulated in the matrix space became rapidly labeled in both the P gamma and P beta groups of the ATP, due to the presence of a transphosphorylation system in the mitochondrial matrix. The [32P]ATP which accumulated outside the mitochondria was also labeled in the P beta group, although less rapidly than the internal ATP. Our data show that a large fraction (75-80%) of the ATP produced by phosphorylation of added ADP within the inner mitochondrial membrane is released into the matrix space before being transported out from the mitochondria; only a small part (20-25%) is released directly outside the mitochondria without penetrating the matrix space. 3. In respiring and phosphorylating mitochondria, the value of the Km of the ADP-carrier for external ADP was 2-4 times lower than its value in non-respiring and non-phosphorylating mitochondria. 4. The above experimental data are discussed with reference to the topological and functional relationships between the ADP-carrier and the oxidative phosphorylation complex in the inner mitochondrial membrane. They strongly suggest that the ADP-carrier comes to the close neighbourhood of the ATP synthetase on the matrix side of the inner membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:123161", "title": "Comparison of proteoglycans from bovine articular cartilage.", "content": "Four bovine articular cartilages have been compared with regard to the chemical composition of the whole cartilages, the amount of proteoglycan selectively extracted with 3 M MGCl2 or with 3 M guanidine-HCl, and the compositions and physical properties of the isolated proteoglycans. The whole cartilages differ but slightly in composition. Occipital condylar cartilage, a thin cartilage from the smallest joint, contains 4% more collagen and proportionately less proteoglycan than proximal humeral, the thickest cartilage from the largest joint. Each cartilage contains a pool of proteoglycan that resists extraction with 3 M MgCl2 but is extracted with 3 M guanidine-HCl. The proteoglycan extracted from each cartilage with 3 M guanidine-HCl contains a high molecular weight proteoglycan-collagen complex demonstrated by analytical ultracentrifugation and by the turbidity of its visible and ultra-violet spectra. The four cartilages appear to differ most remarkably in the fraction of total proteoglycan extracted from each as proteoglycan-collagen complex.", "contents": "Comparison of proteoglycans from bovine articular cartilage. Four bovine articular cartilages have been compared with regard to the chemical composition of the whole cartilages, the amount of proteoglycan selectively extracted with 3 M MGCl2 or with 3 M guanidine-HCl, and the compositions and physical properties of the isolated proteoglycans. The whole cartilages differ but slightly in composition. Occipital condylar cartilage, a thin cartilage from the smallest joint, contains 4% more collagen and proportionately less proteoglycan than proximal humeral, the thickest cartilage from the largest joint. Each cartilage contains a pool of proteoglycan that resists extraction with 3 M MgCl2 but is extracted with 3 M guanidine-HCl. The proteoglycan extracted from each cartilage with 3 M guanidine-HCl contains a high molecular weight proteoglycan-collagen complex demonstrated by analytical ultracentrifugation and by the turbidity of its visible and ultra-violet spectra. The four cartilages appear to differ most remarkably in the fraction of total proteoglycan extracted from each as proteoglycan-collagen complex."}
{"id": "PMID:123162", "title": "A new foam for support of the physically handicapped.", "content": "This article is intended to inform professionals in the fields of rehabilitation medicine and biomedical engineering of some of the more significant properities of Temper Foam, a new foam for support of the physically handicapped. The unique properties of this foam are explained in terms of its microstructure, illustrated by scanning electron micrographs and by mechanical tests using an Instron Materials Testing machine. Fourteen non-ambulatory patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy are using this foam in custom-fitted contoured support systems. Normally, these children show increasing signs of discomfort and skin breakdown due to their inability to alternate areas of weight bearing and high local pressure such as the ischial tuberosities. In our support systems lined with Temper Foam these problems have completely dissappeared. We find that Temper Foam types T-36, T-38 and -41 are ideally suited for patients weighing up to 35 kg. T-41 may be used for patients weighing up to 70 kg.", "contents": "A new foam for support of the physically handicapped. This article is intended to inform professionals in the fields of rehabilitation medicine and biomedical engineering of some of the more significant properities of Temper Foam, a new foam for support of the physically handicapped. The unique properties of this foam are explained in terms of its microstructure, illustrated by scanning electron micrographs and by mechanical tests using an Instron Materials Testing machine. Fourteen non-ambulatory patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy are using this foam in custom-fitted contoured support systems. Normally, these children show increasing signs of discomfort and skin breakdown due to their inability to alternate areas of weight bearing and high local pressure such as the ischial tuberosities. In our support systems lined with Temper Foam these problems have completely dissappeared. We find that Temper Foam types T-36, T-38 and -41 are ideally suited for patients weighing up to 35 kg. T-41 may be used for patients weighing up to 70 kg."}
{"id": "PMID:123164", "title": "Glomerulonephritis associated with Coxiella burnetii endocarditis.", "content": "A patient with endocarditis associated with chronic Coxiella burnetii infection is described in whom glomerulonephritis developed with granular deposits containing immunoglobulins and complement in the glomeruli. The serum was notable for the variety of circulating antibodies detected, which included antibodies directed against native DNA.", "contents": "Glomerulonephritis associated with Coxiella burnetii endocarditis. A patient with endocarditis associated with chronic Coxiella burnetii infection is described in whom glomerulonephritis developed with granular deposits containing immunoglobulins and complement in the glomeruli. The serum was notable for the variety of circulating antibodies detected, which included antibodies directed against native DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:123165", "title": "Circulating soluble antigens and antibody in schistosomiasis.", "content": "Some patients with Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections were shown to have soluble schistosomal antigen in their plasma. Antibody to this antigen and to other antigens of adult worms were also present. These findings may be relevant to schistosomal-related immune-complex disease, especially the nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "Circulating soluble antigens and antibody in schistosomiasis. Some patients with Schistosoma mansoni and S. haematobium infections were shown to have soluble schistosomal antigen in their plasma. Antibody to this antigen and to other antigens of adult worms were also present. These findings may be relevant to schistosomal-related immune-complex disease, especially the nephrotic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:123166", "title": "Effect of pinealectomy, gonadectomy, pCPA and pineal extracts on the rat parvocellular neurosecretory hypothalamic system; a fluorescence histochemical investigation.", "content": "Using the fluorescence histochemical technique, yellow autofluorescent granules were observed in neurones of the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei of the rat (type I cells). In the same nuclei, neurones could be demonstrated showing a formaldehyde-induced yellow fluorescence (type II cells). Microelectrophoresis and special staining methods applied to the pineal gland revealed the autofluorescent compound to be a protein containing a relatively high content of tryptophan. It is probable that the formaldehyde-induced yellow fluorescence is due to the presence of serotonin. In view of investigating a possible functional relationship between the pineal gland and the parvocellular hypothalamic nuclei mentioned, hypothalamic type I and type II cells, as well as autofluorescent and serotonin-containing pinealocytes, if present, were quantified under the following experimental conditions: (1) p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) administration, (2) castration, (3) pinealectomy, and (4) pinealectomy followed by substitution using rat and sheep pineal extract. Administration of pCPA caused a decrease in the number of type II and an increase in the number of type I cells, both in the pineal gland and the hypothalamic nuclei. Castration, in contrast, was followed by an increase in the number of autofluorescent pinealocytes, but a decrease of autofluorescent neurones in the hypothalamic nuclei (type I cells) while the number of serotonin-containing pinealocytes increased; decreasing in both hypothalamic nuclei. After pinealectomy the hypothalamic nuclei showed an increase of type I neurones, but a decrease of type II nerve cells. Pinealectomy followed by substitution using pineal extracts restored the number of type I and type II neurones to that normally found in the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei of control animals. The present investigation brings histological evidence of an influence exerted by the rat pineal gland on nuclei forming part of the hypothalamic hypophyseotropic area. The data obtained and some of the literature strongly suggest that the type II neurones, which probably contain serotonin, inhibit, in the same hypothalamic nuclei, the production of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LH-RF). As yet, the function of the autofluorescent compound present in the type I neurones is not known.", "contents": "Effect of pinealectomy, gonadectomy, pCPA and pineal extracts on the rat parvocellular neurosecretory hypothalamic system; a fluorescence histochemical investigation. Using the fluorescence histochemical technique, yellow autofluorescent granules were observed in neurones of the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei of the rat (type I cells). In the same nuclei, neurones could be demonstrated showing a formaldehyde-induced yellow fluorescence (type II cells). Microelectrophoresis and special staining methods applied to the pineal gland revealed the autofluorescent compound to be a protein containing a relatively high content of tryptophan. It is probable that the formaldehyde-induced yellow fluorescence is due to the presence of serotonin. In view of investigating a possible functional relationship between the pineal gland and the parvocellular hypothalamic nuclei mentioned, hypothalamic type I and type II cells, as well as autofluorescent and serotonin-containing pinealocytes, if present, were quantified under the following experimental conditions: (1) p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) administration, (2) castration, (3) pinealectomy, and (4) pinealectomy followed by substitution using rat and sheep pineal extract. Administration of pCPA caused a decrease in the number of type II and an increase in the number of type I cells, both in the pineal gland and the hypothalamic nuclei. Castration, in contrast, was followed by an increase in the number of autofluorescent pinealocytes, but a decrease of autofluorescent neurones in the hypothalamic nuclei (type I cells) while the number of serotonin-containing pinealocytes increased; decreasing in both hypothalamic nuclei. After pinealectomy the hypothalamic nuclei showed an increase of type I neurones, but a decrease of type II nerve cells. Pinealectomy followed by substitution using pineal extracts restored the number of type I and type II neurones to that normally found in the arcuate and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei of control animals. The present investigation brings histological evidence of an influence exerted by the rat pineal gland on nuclei forming part of the hypothalamic hypophyseotropic area. The data obtained and some of the literature strongly suggest that the type II neurones, which probably contain serotonin, inhibit, in the same hypothalamic nuclei, the production of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LH-RF). As yet, the function of the autofluorescent compound present in the type I neurones is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:123167", "title": "Glycolytic enzymes in resting spores and vegetative mycelia of Entomophthora pyriformis.", "content": "Specific activities of 14 enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas and pentose phosphate pathways were determined in extracts of resting spores and vegetative mycelia of Entomophthora pyriformis. All these enzymes were detected in mycelial extracts, whereas only nine were detectable in resting spore extracts. Activities of detectable spore enzymes were much lower than those of the corresponding mycelial enzymes with the exception of triosephosphate dehydrogenase, which had higher activity in spore extracts. The enzyme deficiencies noted point to the inability of either pathway to function in dormant spores.", "contents": "Glycolytic enzymes in resting spores and vegetative mycelia of Entomophthora pyriformis. Specific activities of 14 enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas and pentose phosphate pathways were determined in extracts of resting spores and vegetative mycelia of Entomophthora pyriformis. All these enzymes were detected in mycelial extracts, whereas only nine were detectable in resting spore extracts. Activities of detectable spore enzymes were much lower than those of the corresponding mycelial enzymes with the exception of triosephosphate dehydrogenase, which had higher activity in spore extracts. The enzyme deficiencies noted point to the inability of either pathway to function in dormant spores."}
{"id": "PMID:123168", "title": "Influence of insulin on estrogen-induced responses in the r3230ac mammary carcinoma.", "content": "The R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma was not dependent on insulin; tumor growth was equal to or greater in diabetic rats than in intact animals. However, tumor growth was reduced when daily doses of insulin were administered. Treatment with estrogen inhibited growth of the R3230AC carcinoma, either in diabetic rats or in intact animals simultaneously treated with insulin. The effects of insulin plus estrogen treatment appeared to be additive in causing inhibition of tumor growth. Tumors from diabetic rats showed few metabolic alterations as reflected by little or no changes in the activities of selected glycolytic enzymes, pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, and hexokinase, nor any striking changes in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, representing the pentose phosphate pathway. A modest reduction in the ratio of utilization of (1-14C)glucose: (6-14C)glucose was seen in vitro by tumors from diabetic rats. It was concluded that insulin, along with estrogen and prolactin, should be considered as a hormonal factor that influences growth of this automonous, hormone-responsive adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Influence of insulin on estrogen-induced responses in the r3230ac mammary carcinoma. The R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma was not dependent on insulin; tumor growth was equal to or greater in diabetic rats than in intact animals. However, tumor growth was reduced when daily doses of insulin were administered. Treatment with estrogen inhibited growth of the R3230AC carcinoma, either in diabetic rats or in intact animals simultaneously treated with insulin. The effects of insulin plus estrogen treatment appeared to be additive in causing inhibition of tumor growth. Tumors from diabetic rats showed few metabolic alterations as reflected by little or no changes in the activities of selected glycolytic enzymes, pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, and hexokinase, nor any striking changes in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, representing the pentose phosphate pathway. A modest reduction in the ratio of utilization of (1-14C)glucose: (6-14C)glucose was seen in vitro by tumors from diabetic rats. It was concluded that insulin, along with estrogen and prolactin, should be considered as a hormonal factor that influences growth of this automonous, hormone-responsive adenocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:123169", "title": "Effect of water-soluble adjuvants on in vitro lymphocyte immunization.", "content": "Water-soluble adjuvants prepared from Mycobacteriim smegmatis and human mixed mycobacteria strains C, DT, and PN were found to increase lymphocyte response in one-way mixed-lymphocyte culture and in vitro immunization to cultured human tumor cells. Phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, however, was depressed by water-soluable adjuvants.", "contents": "Effect of water-soluble adjuvants on in vitro lymphocyte immunization. Water-soluble adjuvants prepared from Mycobacteriim smegmatis and human mixed mycobacteria strains C, DT, and PN were found to increase lymphocyte response in one-way mixed-lymphocyte culture and in vitro immunization to cultured human tumor cells. Phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis, however, was depressed by water-soluable adjuvants."}
{"id": "PMID:123170", "title": "Chlorozotocin, 2-(3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-D-glucopyranose, an antitumor agent with modified bone marrow toxicity.", "content": "Chlorozotocin, 2-(3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-D-glucopyranose, is a newly synthesized, water-soluble nitrosourea antitumor agent that is active against L1210 leukemia in mice. A 701% and a 401% increase in life-span were attained with a dose that was lethal to 10% of the animals (15 to 20 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice treated on Day 2 or Day 6 of L1210 tumor growth, respectivley. Sixity % of Day 2-treated mice and 30% of Day 6-treated mice survived for 90 days. At the maximally effective dose against L1210, chlorozotocin produced no significant depression in normal bone marrow DNA synthesis nor in peripheral neutrophil count, in contrast to a sustained greater than 90% inhibition in L1210 ascites cell DNA synthesis. If the antitumor activity and reduced bone marrow toxicity of chlorozotocin are confirmed in man the use of this compound would facilitate treatment of patients with neoplastic disease who have preexisting abnormal bone marrow function or would allow for the more effective use of a nitrosourea agent in combination with anticancer agents possessing more potent myelosuppressive properties.", "contents": "Chlorozotocin, 2-(3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-D-glucopyranose, an antitumor agent with modified bone marrow toxicity. Chlorozotocin, 2-(3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)-D-glucopyranose, is a newly synthesized, water-soluble nitrosourea antitumor agent that is active against L1210 leukemia in mice. A 701% and a 401% increase in life-span were attained with a dose that was lethal to 10% of the animals (15 to 20 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice treated on Day 2 or Day 6 of L1210 tumor growth, respectivley. Sixity % of Day 2-treated mice and 30% of Day 6-treated mice survived for 90 days. At the maximally effective dose against L1210, chlorozotocin produced no significant depression in normal bone marrow DNA synthesis nor in peripheral neutrophil count, in contrast to a sustained greater than 90% inhibition in L1210 ascites cell DNA synthesis. If the antitumor activity and reduced bone marrow toxicity of chlorozotocin are confirmed in man the use of this compound would facilitate treatment of patients with neoplastic disease who have preexisting abnormal bone marrow function or would allow for the more effective use of a nitrosourea agent in combination with anticancer agents possessing more potent myelosuppressive properties."}
{"id": "PMID:123179", "title": "Effect of the thyroid state on the enzymatic characteristics of cardiac myosin. A difference in behavior of rat and rabbit cardiac myosin.", "content": "The effect of thyroid state on the activity of myosin adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) was examined in the rat and the rabbit. Cardiac myosin from thyroxine-treated rabbits showed enzymatic properties characterized by high Ca2plus-activated ATPase activity, low activation energy, lower rate of inactivation at alkaline pH, and no activation by N-ethylmaleimide compared with the same properties in the normal rabbit; thyroidectomy did not affect the enzymatic properties of rabbit cardiac myosin. These findings suggest a difference in the myosin molecule at or near the active site, involving some sulfhydryl groups, between hyperthyroid and euthyroid rabbits. However, rat cardiac myosin showed a pattern of activity in the euthyroid state similar to that of the hyperthyroid rabbit and changed to the euthyroid type after thyroidectomy. These changes were specific for cardiac myosin, since no change was observed in skeletal myosin. It is unlikely that there are major differences in the myosin molecule associated with the two types of activity, since similar proportion and amino acid composition of the subunits of cardiac myosin were observed in the different thyroid states. Thus, we concluded that the administration of thyroxine to the rabbit stimulates the synthesis of new cardiac myosin with altered enzymatic properties and that synthesis of this type of cardiac myosin is maintained by the normal level of thyroid hormone in the rat.", "contents": "Effect of the thyroid state on the enzymatic characteristics of cardiac myosin. A difference in behavior of rat and rabbit cardiac myosin. The effect of thyroid state on the activity of myosin adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) was examined in the rat and the rabbit. Cardiac myosin from thyroxine-treated rabbits showed enzymatic properties characterized by high Ca2plus-activated ATPase activity, low activation energy, lower rate of inactivation at alkaline pH, and no activation by N-ethylmaleimide compared with the same properties in the normal rabbit; thyroidectomy did not affect the enzymatic properties of rabbit cardiac myosin. These findings suggest a difference in the myosin molecule at or near the active site, involving some sulfhydryl groups, between hyperthyroid and euthyroid rabbits. However, rat cardiac myosin showed a pattern of activity in the euthyroid state similar to that of the hyperthyroid rabbit and changed to the euthyroid type after thyroidectomy. These changes were specific for cardiac myosin, since no change was observed in skeletal myosin. It is unlikely that there are major differences in the myosin molecule associated with the two types of activity, since similar proportion and amino acid composition of the subunits of cardiac myosin were observed in the different thyroid states. Thus, we concluded that the administration of thyroxine to the rabbit stimulates the synthesis of new cardiac myosin with altered enzymatic properties and that synthesis of this type of cardiac myosin is maintained by the normal level of thyroid hormone in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:123180", "title": "Control of cardiac sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase and sodium, potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase activities.", "content": "A plasma membrane preparation purified from guinea pig ventricles without the use of high concentrations of detergents or structure-disrupting salts was used to compare the mechanisms of controlling sodium, potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase (Na, K-ATPase) and adenylate cyclase activities. The basal ATPase activity of 4-6 mu moles P1/hour mg-1 protein, measured in 120 mM NaC1 or KC1, was approximately doubled in 100 mM NaC1 plus 20 mM KC1. This increment, the Na, K-ATPase, was abolished by 10-5M ouabain, the K1 for ouabain being approximately 3 X 10-7M. 1-Epinephrine had no effect on Na, K-ATPase, but NaF was inhibitory. Adenylate cyclase, which had a basal activity of approximately 50% by NaC1 or KC1 alone at concentrations up to 0.2M. There was no additional stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity when na+ K+ included together. Both 1-epinephrine and NaF cause significant stimulation of adenylate cyclase, but neither basal nor activated cyclic AMP PRODUCTION WAS INFLUENCED BY OUABAIN. Half-maximal stimulation was seen at approximately 5 X 10-6M 1-epinephrine. Both the catecholamine and NaF increased the V-max ofcardiac plasma membrane adenylate cyclase without significantly influencing Km. Increasing Ca2+ in the range between 10-7 and 10-3M inhibited basal, 1-epinephrine-stimulated, and NaF-stimulated activities. Basal rates of cyclic AMP production were more sensitive to Ca2+ than was 1-epinephrine stimulation was increased from approximately 60% in 0.5 mM EGTA to approximately 150% in 10-7M Ca2+ and 400% in 10-5M Ca2+. The inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on adenylate cyclase activity may represent a negative feed back mechanism by which elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration lowers cellular levels of cyclic AMP and thus reduces Ca2+ influx into the myocardium.", "contents": "Control of cardiac sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase and sodium, potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase activities. A plasma membrane preparation purified from guinea pig ventricles without the use of high concentrations of detergents or structure-disrupting salts was used to compare the mechanisms of controlling sodium, potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase (Na, K-ATPase) and adenylate cyclase activities. The basal ATPase activity of 4-6 mu moles P1/hour mg-1 protein, measured in 120 mM NaC1 or KC1, was approximately doubled in 100 mM NaC1 plus 20 mM KC1. This increment, the Na, K-ATPase, was abolished by 10-5M ouabain, the K1 for ouabain being approximately 3 X 10-7M. 1-Epinephrine had no effect on Na, K-ATPase, but NaF was inhibitory. Adenylate cyclase, which had a basal activity of approximately 50% by NaC1 or KC1 alone at concentrations up to 0.2M. There was no additional stimulation of adenylate cyclase activity when na+ K+ included together. Both 1-epinephrine and NaF cause significant stimulation of adenylate cyclase, but neither basal nor activated cyclic AMP PRODUCTION WAS INFLUENCED BY OUABAIN. Half-maximal stimulation was seen at approximately 5 X 10-6M 1-epinephrine. Both the catecholamine and NaF increased the V-max ofcardiac plasma membrane adenylate cyclase without significantly influencing Km. Increasing Ca2+ in the range between 10-7 and 10-3M inhibited basal, 1-epinephrine-stimulated, and NaF-stimulated activities. Basal rates of cyclic AMP production were more sensitive to Ca2+ than was 1-epinephrine stimulation was increased from approximately 60% in 0.5 mM EGTA to approximately 150% in 10-7M Ca2+ and 400% in 10-5M Ca2+. The inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on adenylate cyclase activity may represent a negative feed back mechanism by which elevation of intracellular Ca2+ concentration lowers cellular levels of cyclic AMP and thus reduces Ca2+ influx into the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:123181", "title": "Echocardiographic recognition of the mitral valve-posterior aortic wall relationship.", "content": "Aortic-mitral valve discontinuity has previously been described in double outlet right ventricle, endocardial cushion defect, single ventricle, tetralogy of Fallot, and prolapse of the mitral valve.  We are reporting two additional examples of aortic-mitral valve discontinuity including 15 cases of gross left ventricular dilation and a case of acute pneumococcal bacterial endocarditis with a large subannular erosion.  While nonspecific, aortic-mitral valve discontinuity is a clinically important sign that should be sought with slow-M-mode scanning and strip chart recording.", "contents": "Echocardiographic recognition of the mitral valve-posterior aortic wall relationship. Aortic-mitral valve discontinuity has previously been described in double outlet right ventricle, endocardial cushion defect, single ventricle, tetralogy of Fallot, and prolapse of the mitral valve.  We are reporting two additional examples of aortic-mitral valve discontinuity including 15 cases of gross left ventricular dilation and a case of acute pneumococcal bacterial endocarditis with a large subannular erosion.  While nonspecific, aortic-mitral valve discontinuity is a clinically important sign that should be sought with slow-M-mode scanning and strip chart recording."}
{"id": "PMID:123182", "title": "Precursors of sudden coronary death.  Factors related to the incidence of sudden death.", "content": "Precursors of sudden death were sought in men--1838 civil servants in Albany, New York, and 2282 residents of Framingham, Massachusetts--under continuous surveillance for 16 years. In men 45-74 years old there were 234 deaths attributed to coronary heart disease (CHD) of which 109 occurred within one hour of onset of symptoms. More than half of all deaths due to CHD occurred outside the hospital and about 80 per cent of these were sudden. Most were unheralded by prior symptoms of CHD. Persons at high risk of death from CHD, including sudden death, can be identified long before the terminal unexpected catastrophe. The same precursive stigmata exist in persons subject ot coronary attacks whether or not immediately fatal. The risk of sudden death in these two populations was positively correlated with high blood pressure, the electrocardiographic pattern of left ventricular enlargement, obesity, and heavy cigarette usage. Sudden death is a common and possibly incidental expression of lethal coronary heart disease. The potential candidate for sudden death cannot be confidently distinguished from the individual who succumbs more slowly of myocardial infarction. The inescapable conclusion is that the prevention of sudden death requires the prevention of coronary attacks.", "contents": "Precursors of sudden coronary death.  Factors related to the incidence of sudden death. Precursors of sudden death were sought in men--1838 civil servants in Albany, New York, and 2282 residents of Framingham, Massachusetts--under continuous surveillance for 16 years. In men 45-74 years old there were 234 deaths attributed to coronary heart disease (CHD) of which 109 occurred within one hour of onset of symptoms. More than half of all deaths due to CHD occurred outside the hospital and about 80 per cent of these were sudden. Most were unheralded by prior symptoms of CHD. Persons at high risk of death from CHD, including sudden death, can be identified long before the terminal unexpected catastrophe. The same precursive stigmata exist in persons subject ot coronary attacks whether or not immediately fatal. The risk of sudden death in these two populations was positively correlated with high blood pressure, the electrocardiographic pattern of left ventricular enlargement, obesity, and heavy cigarette usage. Sudden death is a common and possibly incidental expression of lethal coronary heart disease. The potential candidate for sudden death cannot be confidently distinguished from the individual who succumbs more slowly of myocardial infarction. The inescapable conclusion is that the prevention of sudden death requires the prevention of coronary attacks."}
{"id": "PMID:123183", "title": "Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular stress-velocity relations.", "content": "The time course of left ventricular (LV) circumferential stress and fiber shortening velocity (Vcf) were determined at 20 msec intervals in 30 patients from simultaneous recordings of LV pressure (micromanometer) and LV dimensions (echography). In 12 patients with normal LV function, endocardial and midwall maximal (max) Vcf, Vcf at peak stress, and endocardial mean Vcf were significantly greater than in eight patients with myocardial disease. Peak stress was less in the normal subjects (mean equal 241 gl/cm2, range 180 to 310 g/cm2) than in those with myocardial diseases (mean equals 371 g/cm2, range 280 to 513 g/cm2). Vcf was reduced in five out of seven patients with chronic LV volume overload, while peak stress ranged from normal in three to increased in four. Max Vcf, mean Vcf, and peak stress were normal in three patients with chronic LV pressure overload; Vcf at peak stress was normal in two. Good correlation was observed between angiographic determinations of mean Vcf and endocardial max Vcf, Vcf at peak stress and mean Vcf. Induced changes in preload in five patients (dextran infusion at constant heart rate) produced a 12.2 per cent increase in peak stress (P small than 0.05), and insignificant changes in max Vcf (3.7 per cent increase, P = NS), in Vcf at peak stress (5 per cent decrease, P smaller than 0.05), in mean Vcf (0.7 per cent increase, P = NS). Increasing afterload with angiotensin in seven patients (peak stress increased by 45 per cent, P smaller than 0.01) reduced max Vcf, Vcf at peak stress and mean Vcf by 33 per cent, 39 per cent respectively. Lowering afterload in one patient (amyl nitrite) produced an increase in Vcf. Improvement in Vcf was observed in all instances during positive inotropic stimulation (isoproterenol in three normals, digoxin in four with myocardial disease). Thre response of endocardial and midwall Vcf to loading and contractility were similar. In man Vcf is an index of myocardial contractility which is affected minimally by changes in preload but responds inversely to changes in afterload. Its sensitivity to acute afterload changes may, at times, limit its clinical applicability.", "contents": "Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular stress-velocity relations. The time course of left ventricular (LV) circumferential stress and fiber shortening velocity (Vcf) were determined at 20 msec intervals in 30 patients from simultaneous recordings of LV pressure (micromanometer) and LV dimensions (echography). In 12 patients with normal LV function, endocardial and midwall maximal (max) Vcf, Vcf at peak stress, and endocardial mean Vcf were significantly greater than in eight patients with myocardial disease. Peak stress was less in the normal subjects (mean equal 241 gl/cm2, range 180 to 310 g/cm2) than in those with myocardial diseases (mean equals 371 g/cm2, range 280 to 513 g/cm2). Vcf was reduced in five out of seven patients with chronic LV volume overload, while peak stress ranged from normal in three to increased in four. Max Vcf, mean Vcf, and peak stress were normal in three patients with chronic LV pressure overload; Vcf at peak stress was normal in two. Good correlation was observed between angiographic determinations of mean Vcf and endocardial max Vcf, Vcf at peak stress and mean Vcf. Induced changes in preload in five patients (dextran infusion at constant heart rate) produced a 12.2 per cent increase in peak stress (P small than 0.05), and insignificant changes in max Vcf (3.7 per cent increase, P = NS), in Vcf at peak stress (5 per cent decrease, P smaller than 0.05), in mean Vcf (0.7 per cent increase, P = NS). Increasing afterload with angiotensin in seven patients (peak stress increased by 45 per cent, P smaller than 0.01) reduced max Vcf, Vcf at peak stress and mean Vcf by 33 per cent, 39 per cent respectively. Lowering afterload in one patient (amyl nitrite) produced an increase in Vcf. Improvement in Vcf was observed in all instances during positive inotropic stimulation (isoproterenol in three normals, digoxin in four with myocardial disease). Thre response of endocardial and midwall Vcf to loading and contractility were similar. In man Vcf is an index of myocardial contractility which is affected minimally by changes in preload but responds inversely to changes in afterload. Its sensitivity to acute afterload changes may, at times, limit its clinical applicability."}
{"id": "PMID:123185", "title": "Changes in erythrocyte membrane ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase after renal transplantation.", "content": "1. Intracellular electrolytes, and erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, was studied in twenty patients after renal transplantation. 2. The mean ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity in the erythrocyte membranes of the transplant patients was 122 nmol of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) h-1 mg of tissue-1 (SEM 14), compared with 62 nmol of Pi h-1 mg of tissue-1 (SEM 8) in a group of paired, healthy controls. 3. The increase in ouabain-sensitive ATPase was most marked in the 4 months after transplantation. However, a significant increase in ouabain-sensitive ATPase persisted for more than 8 months after transplantation. 4. This increase in ouabain-sensitive ATPase was associated with a decrease in intracellular sodium in the erythrocytes of the transplant patients.", "contents": "Changes in erythrocyte membrane ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase after renal transplantation. 1. Intracellular electrolytes, and erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, was studied in twenty patients after renal transplantation. 2. The mean ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity in the erythrocyte membranes of the transplant patients was 122 nmol of inorganic phosphorus (Pi) h-1 mg of tissue-1 (SEM 14), compared with 62 nmol of Pi h-1 mg of tissue-1 (SEM 8) in a group of paired, healthy controls. 3. The increase in ouabain-sensitive ATPase was most marked in the 4 months after transplantation. However, a significant increase in ouabain-sensitive ATPase persisted for more than 8 months after transplantation. 4. This increase in ouabain-sensitive ATPase was associated with a decrease in intracellular sodium in the erythrocytes of the transplant patients."}
{"id": "PMID:123190", "title": "Ostium primum defect in the adult: postoperative follow-up studies.", "content": "Twelve adult patients with ostium primum atrial septal defects (incomplete endocardial cushion defect) who underwent surgical repair of their lesions were evaluated in the late postoperative period. All had closure of the low-lying atrial septal defect, with suturing of the mitral valve cleft in 11 patients. Although the patients benefited symptomatically from the surgery, all had residual cardiac murmurs. Postoperative cardiac catheterization and left ventriculography in eight revealed successful closure of the atrial septla defect, but three demonstrated residual mitral insufficiency. In spite of the successful surgical repair in these patients, bacterial indocarditis prophylaxis should be continued in view of the residual murmurs and valvular abnormalities.", "contents": "Ostium primum defect in the adult: postoperative follow-up studies. Twelve adult patients with ostium primum atrial septal defects (incomplete endocardial cushion defect) who underwent surgical repair of their lesions were evaluated in the late postoperative period. All had closure of the low-lying atrial septal defect, with suturing of the mitral valve cleft in 11 patients. Although the patients benefited symptomatically from the surgery, all had residual cardiac murmurs. Postoperative cardiac catheterization and left ventriculography in eight revealed successful closure of the atrial septla defect, but three demonstrated residual mitral insufficiency. In spite of the successful surgical repair in these patients, bacterial indocarditis prophylaxis should be continued in view of the residual murmurs and valvular abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:123191", "title": "Evidence of subclinical heart muscle dysfunction in acromegaly.", "content": "A group of ten acromegalic patients, who had no history of heart failure, was studied to determine whether subtle carciac impairment may also be common. None had clinical evidence of coronary artery disease or severe hypertension. Systolic time intervals were recorded in each patient and compared with normal values predicted for sex and heart rate by our own controls and published data. The results indicate that measurable abnormalities in left ventricular performance are common in this sampling. Known duration and activity of disease (growth hormone levels at time of study) did not correlate with the time intervals. The results are consistent with cardiomyopathic effect of excessive growth hormone.", "contents": "Evidence of subclinical heart muscle dysfunction in acromegaly. A group of ten acromegalic patients, who had no history of heart failure, was studied to determine whether subtle carciac impairment may also be common. None had clinical evidence of coronary artery disease or severe hypertension. Systolic time intervals were recorded in each patient and compared with normal values predicted for sex and heart rate by our own controls and published data. The results indicate that measurable abnormalities in left ventricular performance are common in this sampling. Known duration and activity of disease (growth hormone levels at time of study) did not correlate with the time intervals. The results are consistent with cardiomyopathic effect of excessive growth hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:123195", "title": "Isolation and biological characterization of fragments of human growth hormone produced by digestion with plasmin.", "content": "The biologically active component of plasmin digested human growth hormone consisted of residues 1-134 attached to residues 141-191 by the disulfide bond between residues 53 and 165. This large fragment of the hormone retained the in vivo capacity to stimulate weight gain and cartilage metabolism in hypophysectomized rats and exhibited the diabetogenic property of the native hormone in partially pancreatectomized, dexamethasone-treated rats. This fragment also retained the in vitro ability to stimulate protein synthesis and amino acid and sugar transport into isolated diaphragm muscle of hypophysectomized rats, Furthermore, a smaller peptide (residues 1-134) derived from the large fragment by reduction and carbamidomethylation of the disulfide bond retained high activity in in vitro systems and the in vivo capacity to stimulate cartilage metabolism provided the peptide was injected intravenously. Thus the present studies demonstrate that many of the in vivo and in vitro metabolic effects of human growth hormone on tissues of hypophysectomized rats can be elicited with a peptide comprising the aminoterminal 134 amino acid residues of native human growth hormone.", "contents": "Isolation and biological characterization of fragments of human growth hormone produced by digestion with plasmin. The biologically active component of plasmin digested human growth hormone consisted of residues 1-134 attached to residues 141-191 by the disulfide bond between residues 53 and 165. This large fragment of the hormone retained the in vivo capacity to stimulate weight gain and cartilage metabolism in hypophysectomized rats and exhibited the diabetogenic property of the native hormone in partially pancreatectomized, dexamethasone-treated rats. This fragment also retained the in vitro ability to stimulate protein synthesis and amino acid and sugar transport into isolated diaphragm muscle of hypophysectomized rats, Furthermore, a smaller peptide (residues 1-134) derived from the large fragment by reduction and carbamidomethylation of the disulfide bond retained high activity in in vitro systems and the in vivo capacity to stimulate cartilage metabolism provided the peptide was injected intravenously. Thus the present studies demonstrate that many of the in vivo and in vitro metabolic effects of human growth hormone on tissues of hypophysectomized rats can be elicited with a peptide comprising the aminoterminal 134 amino acid residues of native human growth hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:123196", "title": "Age-dependent changes in the sensitivity of the rat to a diabetogenic agent (streptozotocin).", "content": "Changes of plasma glucose levels have been investigated in rats of 50, 70, 90, 110 and 150 g BW after the intravenous injection of 0, 40, 60, 80 or 100 mg/kg BW of streptozotocin. The effect of streptozotocin was dependent on the dose used and on the size of the animals. With all animal sizes studied, a transient acute hyperglycemic response to streptozotocin was observed at doses lower than those required to produce persistent hyperglycemia. Smaller animals required higher doses of streptozotocin in order to produce changes comparable to those observed in larger animals.", "contents": "Age-dependent changes in the sensitivity of the rat to a diabetogenic agent (streptozotocin). Changes of plasma glucose levels have been investigated in rats of 50, 70, 90, 110 and 150 g BW after the intravenous injection of 0, 40, 60, 80 or 100 mg/kg BW of streptozotocin. The effect of streptozotocin was dependent on the dose used and on the size of the animals. With all animal sizes studied, a transient acute hyperglycemic response to streptozotocin was observed at doses lower than those required to produce persistent hyperglycemia. Smaller animals required higher doses of streptozotocin in order to produce changes comparable to those observed in larger animals."}
{"id": "PMID:123197", "title": "Enzymatic oxidation and reduction of C19-delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroids by hepatic microsomes. IV. Induction of DHA hydroxylases and aminopyrine N-demethylase in immature male rats by androgens.", "content": "The capacities of various C19 steroids for prematurely inducing the normal metabolic patterns of rat liver in adulthood (70 days old) have been studied with hepatic microsomes of 42-day-old males castrated on day 24, 30, 32, or 34 of life. Dehydroepiandrosterone 16alpha-hydroxylase activity was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) by castration during this 10-day interval but the 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxylases, the N-demethylation of aminopyrine, and cytochrome P-450 concentration were unaffected. Daily administration of testosterone stimulated the DHA 16-alpha- and 17beta-hydroxylases, aminopyrine N-demethylation, and increased the P-450 content, but suppressed the 7alpha-hydroxylase. These effects only appeared with more than 1 week of the continuous treatment. Testosterone was the most active of the androgens studied; dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased the DHA 16alpha-hydroxylase to a lesser extent, but this steroid and etiocholanolone stimulated DHA 7alpha-hydroxylation; androsterone was totally ineffective. These data suggest that testosterone rather than DHT from pubertal testes plays a significant role in control of hepatic oxidative enzyme activities during puberty.", "contents": "Enzymatic oxidation and reduction of C19-delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroids by hepatic microsomes. IV. Induction of DHA hydroxylases and aminopyrine N-demethylase in immature male rats by androgens. The capacities of various C19 steroids for prematurely inducing the normal metabolic patterns of rat liver in adulthood (70 days old) have been studied with hepatic microsomes of 42-day-old males castrated on day 24, 30, 32, or 34 of life. Dehydroepiandrosterone 16alpha-hydroxylase activity was significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) by castration during this 10-day interval but the 7alpha- and 7beta-hydroxylases, the N-demethylation of aminopyrine, and cytochrome P-450 concentration were unaffected. Daily administration of testosterone stimulated the DHA 16-alpha- and 17beta-hydroxylases, aminopyrine N-demethylation, and increased the P-450 content, but suppressed the 7alpha-hydroxylase. These effects only appeared with more than 1 week of the continuous treatment. Testosterone was the most active of the androgens studied; dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased the DHA 16alpha-hydroxylase to a lesser extent, but this steroid and etiocholanolone stimulated DHA 7alpha-hydroxylation; androsterone was totally ineffective. These data suggest that testosterone rather than DHT from pubertal testes plays a significant role in control of hepatic oxidative enzyme activities during puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:123198", "title": "Effect of trimethylcolchicinic acid on the synthesis and excretion of proteoglycans in tissue culture.", "content": "The action of trimethylcolchicinic acid on the synthesis and excretion of proteoglycans has been studied on the L cell strain. The incorporation of precursors has been measured, and proteoglycans produced in the culture medium have been extracted and their concentration determined. The mucopolysaccharide components have been studied by electrophoresis. Control cultures produce hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate and very low concentrations of chondroitin 4-sulphate or 6-sulphate. Cultures treated with trimethycolchicinic acid (4 mu g/ml) produce hyaluronic acid, very high concentrations of chondroitin 4-sulphate or 6-sulphate and only traces of dermatan sulphate. So, trimethylcolchicinic acid does not modify the synthesis of hyaluronic acid: it considerably increases the production of chondroitin 4-sulphate or 6-sulphate and inhibits the production of dermatan sulphate. Protein fraction of the proteoglycans is proportionally increased in treated cultures, but there is no marked difference between amino acid concentrations of proteoglycans extracted from control and treated cultures. A slight fall in the cystine concentrations was the only change in the amino acid content of proteoglycans extracted from treated cultures. A hypothesis to explain these results is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of trimethylcolchicinic acid on the synthesis and excretion of proteoglycans in tissue culture. The action of trimethylcolchicinic acid on the synthesis and excretion of proteoglycans has been studied on the L cell strain. The incorporation of precursors has been measured, and proteoglycans produced in the culture medium have been extracted and their concentration determined. The mucopolysaccharide components have been studied by electrophoresis. Control cultures produce hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate and very low concentrations of chondroitin 4-sulphate or 6-sulphate. Cultures treated with trimethycolchicinic acid (4 mu g/ml) produce hyaluronic acid, very high concentrations of chondroitin 4-sulphate or 6-sulphate and only traces of dermatan sulphate. So, trimethylcolchicinic acid does not modify the synthesis of hyaluronic acid: it considerably increases the production of chondroitin 4-sulphate or 6-sulphate and inhibits the production of dermatan sulphate. Protein fraction of the proteoglycans is proportionally increased in treated cultures, but there is no marked difference between amino acid concentrations of proteoglycans extracted from control and treated cultures. A slight fall in the cystine concentrations was the only change in the amino acid content of proteoglycans extracted from treated cultures. A hypothesis to explain these results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123206", "title": "Age-related changes, including synergy and suppression, in the mixed lymphocyte reaction in long-lived mice.", "content": "The mixed lymphocyte culture reaction represents the in vitro counterpart of the recognition phase of the graft-versus-host reaction, and of allograft rejection. The mixed lymphocyte culture reactivities of lymph node and spleen cells from all strains show a striking decline with advanced age. Furthermore, studies of \"synergy\" between subpopulations of T cells in the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction suggest that the cells of the recirculating lymphoid pool (T2 cells) in particular display a functional decline. Finally, spleen cells from old mice of appropriate strains inhibit or suppress the mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity of lymph node or spleen cells from young mice.", "contents": "Age-related changes, including synergy and suppression, in the mixed lymphocyte reaction in long-lived mice. The mixed lymphocyte culture reaction represents the in vitro counterpart of the recognition phase of the graft-versus-host reaction, and of allograft rejection. The mixed lymphocyte culture reactivities of lymph node and spleen cells from all strains show a striking decline with advanced age. Furthermore, studies of \"synergy\" between subpopulations of T cells in the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction suggest that the cells of the recirculating lymphoid pool (T2 cells) in particular display a functional decline. Finally, spleen cells from old mice of appropriate strains inhibit or suppress the mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity of lymph node or spleen cells from young mice."}
{"id": "PMID:123207", "title": "Enzymatic studies on the skeletal myosin A and actomyosin of aging rats.", "content": "Myosin A and actomyosin were isolated from the skeletal muscle of old and young rats. The velocity of the Ca2+ activated myosin A ATPase was increased in the case of the older animals. On the other hand the velocity of the Mg-2plus activated actomyosin ATPase was decreased in the skeletal muscle of the aging rats. At 5 X 10-5M EGTA concentration the inhibition of the Mg-2plus activated myosin B ATPase of the 1-month-old rats was two- to threefold smaller than that of the older animals. It was shown that the myosin A component of the actomyosin was responsible for the decreased troponin inhibition in the case of the 1-month-old rats. Between the ages of 1 month and 29 months the number of free myosin A SH groups decreases by 50%. The lipid peroxidation in the muscle of the 1-month-old animals.", "contents": "Enzymatic studies on the skeletal myosin A and actomyosin of aging rats. Myosin A and actomyosin were isolated from the skeletal muscle of old and young rats. The velocity of the Ca2+ activated myosin A ATPase was increased in the case of the older animals. On the other hand the velocity of the Mg-2plus activated actomyosin ATPase was decreased in the skeletal muscle of the aging rats. At 5 X 10-5M EGTA concentration the inhibition of the Mg-2plus activated myosin B ATPase of the 1-month-old rats was two- to threefold smaller than that of the older animals. It was shown that the myosin A component of the actomyosin was responsible for the decreased troponin inhibition in the case of the 1-month-old rats. Between the ages of 1 month and 29 months the number of free myosin A SH groups decreases by 50%. The lipid peroxidation in the muscle of the 1-month-old animals."}
{"id": "PMID:123209", "title": "Studies of the rate of regression of the glomerular lesions in diabetic rats treated with pancreatic islet transplantation.", "content": "Diabetes was induced in Lewis rats with streptozotocin. Six to eight months later glomeruli showed mesangial thickening: IgG, IgM and C3 were seen in large quantities in the mesangium by immunofluorescent microscopy. Ten animals then had successful pancreatic transplantation resulting in normal glucose and insulin levels within one to three weeks. Biopsies obtained within the first two weeks following transplantation demonstrated a significant reduction in mesangial thickening and in mesangial staining for IgG, IgM and C3. Three to four weeks after transplantation C3 staining was no longer detected. A gradual reduction in mesangial IgG and IgM localization continued so that by nine weeks following islet transplantation only minimal staining for immunoglobulins was present. Although mesangial thickening was reduced, this abnormality could still be detected in most animals six to nine weeks after transplantation. Three rats showed improvement in glomerular morphology within two weeks despite persistent hyperglycemia. These rats had normal insulin levels at this time. Islet transplantation in inbred diabetic rats effectively returns glucose and insulin levels to normal and results in rapid regression of the light microscopic and immunopathologic glomerular lesions. These studies support the concept of reversible mesangial dysfunction in diabetic rats.", "contents": "Studies of the rate of regression of the glomerular lesions in diabetic rats treated with pancreatic islet transplantation. Diabetes was induced in Lewis rats with streptozotocin. Six to eight months later glomeruli showed mesangial thickening: IgG, IgM and C3 were seen in large quantities in the mesangium by immunofluorescent microscopy. Ten animals then had successful pancreatic transplantation resulting in normal glucose and insulin levels within one to three weeks. Biopsies obtained within the first two weeks following transplantation demonstrated a significant reduction in mesangial thickening and in mesangial staining for IgG, IgM and C3. Three to four weeks after transplantation C3 staining was no longer detected. A gradual reduction in mesangial IgG and IgM localization continued so that by nine weeks following islet transplantation only minimal staining for immunoglobulins was present. Although mesangial thickening was reduced, this abnormality could still be detected in most animals six to nine weeks after transplantation. Three rats showed improvement in glomerular morphology within two weeks despite persistent hyperglycemia. These rats had normal insulin levels at this time. Islet transplantation in inbred diabetic rats effectively returns glucose and insulin levels to normal and results in rapid regression of the light microscopic and immunopathologic glomerular lesions. These studies support the concept of reversible mesangial dysfunction in diabetic rats."}
{"id": "PMID:123210", "title": "Experimental hyperosmolar diabetic syndrome. Ketogenic response to medium-chain triglycerides.", "content": "The clinical features of the experimental hyperosmolar diabetic (EHD) rat model resemble those seen in the human syndrome--extreme hyperglycemia without ketoacidosis is common to both. The absence of ketoacidosis in the syndrome has been ascribed to both substrate (free fatty acid) deficiency and to interference with hepatic ketone body synthesis. The potential for hepatic ketone body synthesis in the experimental model has been directly assessed by challenging the EHD animals with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) administered intragastrically. This neutral lipid, largely consisting of C8 and C10 fatty acids, leads to a dose- and thime-related increase in the plasma concentration of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. The EHD rats respond to MCT with an increase in plasma ketone bodies that rises to levels that are twice as high as those observed in normal rats receiving MCT and are equivalent to the levels seen in untreated ketoacidotic animals. These data indicate that hepatic medium-chain fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis are unimparied in the EHD animal. An analysis of the factors responsible for the greater ketogenic response in the EHD rat reveals that moderate diabetes and dehydration enhance MCT-induced ketone body accumulation, while cortisol is without effect. The plasma free fatty acid concentration in EHD animals does not differ from normal rats, but is significantly lower than that seen in diabetic ketoacidosis. These data support the concept that a principal reason for the absence of ketoacidosis in the EHD syndrome is the limitation in availiability of substrate, free fatty acids, for ketone body synthesis.", "contents": "Experimental hyperosmolar diabetic syndrome. Ketogenic response to medium-chain triglycerides. The clinical features of the experimental hyperosmolar diabetic (EHD) rat model resemble those seen in the human syndrome--extreme hyperglycemia without ketoacidosis is common to both. The absence of ketoacidosis in the syndrome has been ascribed to both substrate (free fatty acid) deficiency and to interference with hepatic ketone body synthesis. The potential for hepatic ketone body synthesis in the experimental model has been directly assessed by challenging the EHD animals with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) administered intragastrically. This neutral lipid, largely consisting of C8 and C10 fatty acids, leads to a dose- and thime-related increase in the plasma concentration of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. The EHD rats respond to MCT with an increase in plasma ketone bodies that rises to levels that are twice as high as those observed in normal rats receiving MCT and are equivalent to the levels seen in untreated ketoacidotic animals. These data indicate that hepatic medium-chain fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis are unimparied in the EHD animal. An analysis of the factors responsible for the greater ketogenic response in the EHD rat reveals that moderate diabetes and dehydration enhance MCT-induced ketone body accumulation, while cortisol is without effect. The plasma free fatty acid concentration in EHD animals does not differ from normal rats, but is significantly lower than that seen in diabetic ketoacidosis. These data support the concept that a principal reason for the absence of ketoacidosis in the EHD syndrome is the limitation in availiability of substrate, free fatty acids, for ketone body synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:123216", "title": "A potent antimitogenic factor from group A streptococci.", "content": "A cytoplasmic component from group A streptococci produced complete suppression of human lymphocyte transformation induced by phytohaemagglutinin or the mixed lymphocyte reaction in vitro. It also suppressed antibody-forming cells in mice against sheep erythrocytes. The active substance was eluted as second and third fractions form Sephadex G-200 chromatography of the 100,000 g supernatant of sonically ruptured group A streptococci. The antimitogenic activity was not susceptible to trypsin, pronase, RNase or DNase digestion, but the activity was completely lost when it was sequentially digested, first with RNase and DNase and then with pronase. The active substance was not antigenic nor heat-labile at 56 degrees. It may be a protein component of a nucleoprotein.", "contents": "A potent antimitogenic factor from group A streptococci. A cytoplasmic component from group A streptococci produced complete suppression of human lymphocyte transformation induced by phytohaemagglutinin or the mixed lymphocyte reaction in vitro. It also suppressed antibody-forming cells in mice against sheep erythrocytes. The active substance was eluted as second and third fractions form Sephadex G-200 chromatography of the 100,000 g supernatant of sonically ruptured group A streptococci. The antimitogenic activity was not susceptible to trypsin, pronase, RNase or DNase digestion, but the activity was completely lost when it was sequentially digested, first with RNase and DNase and then with pronase. The active substance was not antigenic nor heat-labile at 56 degrees. It may be a protein component of a nucleoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:123227", "title": "Increased adenosine triphosphatase activity in platelets of asthmatic children.", "content": "Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities were compared in platelets of asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. Significantly elevated Mg2+- and Ca2+-dependent ATPase activities were found in particulate and soluble fractions of platelets from nonsteroid-treated asthmatic children compared to steroid-treated asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. The most pronounced increase (greater than twofold) occurred in the Ca2+-ATPase of the soluble fraction which contains platelet contractile protein. Intact cell surface of ecto ATPase activity was not significantly increased in platelets of asthmatic children. The findings are consistent with adrenergic imbalance in asthma involving depressed adenylate cyclase activity (beta-adrenergic) and increased ATPase activity (alpha-adrenergic) and may relate to abnormal platelet aggregation patterns.", "contents": "Increased adenosine triphosphatase activity in platelets of asthmatic children. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities were compared in platelets of asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. Significantly elevated Mg2+- and Ca2+-dependent ATPase activities were found in particulate and soluble fractions of platelets from nonsteroid-treated asthmatic children compared to steroid-treated asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. The most pronounced increase (greater than twofold) occurred in the Ca2+-ATPase of the soluble fraction which contains platelet contractile protein. Intact cell surface of ecto ATPase activity was not significantly increased in platelets of asthmatic children. The findings are consistent with adrenergic imbalance in asthma involving depressed adenylate cyclase activity (beta-adrenergic) and increased ATPase activity (alpha-adrenergic) and may relate to abnormal platelet aggregation patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:123232", "title": "Effect of vibration on sulfomucopolysaccharide metabolism in the eye.", "content": "The metabolism of 35S sodium sulfate was studied in the eyes of guinea pigs and rabbits subjected to vibration. The investigations included determination of radioactivity of whole eyeballs of guinea pigs and in single eyeball tunics of rabbits, i.e., retina-choroid-sclera investigated jointly as a tissue complex, and cornea and lens studied separately, besides that, autoradiographic investigations were performed. The animals were subjected to a vertical, sinusoidal vibration of 42 Hz. frequency and 1 mm. amplitude. The duration of one exposure was three hours and they were repeated daily for three to six days. Incorporation of the isotope into the eyeballs of animals subjected to vibration was decreased and this decrease was related to the length of exposure suggesting that vibration changes the metabolism of sulfomucopolysaccharides in the eye.", "contents": "Effect of vibration on sulfomucopolysaccharide metabolism in the eye. The metabolism of 35S sodium sulfate was studied in the eyes of guinea pigs and rabbits subjected to vibration. The investigations included determination of radioactivity of whole eyeballs of guinea pigs and in single eyeball tunics of rabbits, i.e., retina-choroid-sclera investigated jointly as a tissue complex, and cornea and lens studied separately, besides that, autoradiographic investigations were performed. The animals were subjected to a vertical, sinusoidal vibration of 42 Hz. frequency and 1 mm. amplitude. The duration of one exposure was three hours and they were repeated daily for three to six days. Incorporation of the isotope into the eyeballs of animals subjected to vibration was decreased and this decrease was related to the length of exposure suggesting that vibration changes the metabolism of sulfomucopolysaccharides in the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:123237", "title": "Reduction products of spectinomycin.", "content": "The two epimers of dihydrospectinomycin have been separated and identified structurally. Four tetrahydrospectinomycins have also been prepared.", "contents": "Reduction products of spectinomycin. The two epimers of dihydrospectinomycin have been separated and identified structurally. Four tetrahydrospectinomycins have also been prepared."}
{"id": "PMID:123243", "title": "Changes in the glutathione thiol-disulfide status of Neurospora crassa conidia during germination and aging.", "content": "Improved methods were developed for the determination of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and protein-glutathione disulfide (PSSG) and applied to determine the glutathione status at various stages of the asexual life cycle for the band strain of Neurospora crassa. The GSH-GSSG ratio in freshly harvested dry conidia was found to be about 150 but decreased to around 6 when dryconidia were aged (stored) for 10 days after harvest. When conidia were germinated, this ratio increased to about 300 during the first 10 min of the 6-h germination process. In mycelia, during log-phase growth, the ratio was about 10-3. Changes in the ratio occurred primarily through changes in the GSSG content, which ranges from about 0.023 (mycelia) to 2(10-day aged conidia) mumol per g (dry weight) of residue, whereas GSH levels varied by a factor of about two. The PSSG content varied from 0.02 (mycelia) to 0.6 (10-day aged conidia) mumol per g (dry weight) of residue and generally paralleled the GSSG content. The results demonstrate the potential importance of thiol-disulfide reactions as a mechanism for the control of physiological properties associated with dormancy, and the observed changes in GSSG level are found to be compatible with the view that GSSG plays a role in the regulation of protein synthesis through control of polysome formation.", "contents": "Changes in the glutathione thiol-disulfide status of Neurospora crassa conidia during germination and aging. Improved methods were developed for the determination of reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and protein-glutathione disulfide (PSSG) and applied to determine the glutathione status at various stages of the asexual life cycle for the band strain of Neurospora crassa. The GSH-GSSG ratio in freshly harvested dry conidia was found to be about 150 but decreased to around 6 when dryconidia were aged (stored) for 10 days after harvest. When conidia were germinated, this ratio increased to about 300 during the first 10 min of the 6-h germination process. In mycelia, during log-phase growth, the ratio was about 10-3. Changes in the ratio occurred primarily through changes in the GSSG content, which ranges from about 0.023 (mycelia) to 2(10-day aged conidia) mumol per g (dry weight) of residue, whereas GSH levels varied by a factor of about two. The PSSG content varied from 0.02 (mycelia) to 0.6 (10-day aged conidia) mumol per g (dry weight) of residue and generally paralleled the GSSG content. The results demonstrate the potential importance of thiol-disulfide reactions as a mechanism for the control of physiological properties associated with dormancy, and the observed changes in GSSG level are found to be compatible with the view that GSSG plays a role in the regulation of protein synthesis through control of polysome formation."}
{"id": "PMID:123244", "title": "Neurospora crassa temperature-sensitive mutant apparently defective in protein synthesis.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant of Neurospora was isolated which appeared to be defective in the initiation of protein synthesis. The defect in mutant 34Cts was apparently due to a single gene mutation, and was recessive in heterokaryons. Conidial germination was normal and hyphal growth was nearly so in the mutant at 20 C, but both were greatly inhibited at 35 C. After 15 min at 35 C there was a reduced rate of protein synthesis, followed by decreases in ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. The percentage of ribosomes in polysomes declined at 35 C and the average size of polysomes decreased. Because the decrease in protein synthesis, it was believed that some part of the translational system may be affected by the mutation. Mutant 34Cts was given the designation psi-1.", "contents": "Neurospora crassa temperature-sensitive mutant apparently defective in protein synthesis. A temperature-sensitive mutant of Neurospora was isolated which appeared to be defective in the initiation of protein synthesis. The defect in mutant 34Cts was apparently due to a single gene mutation, and was recessive in heterokaryons. Conidial germination was normal and hyphal growth was nearly so in the mutant at 20 C, but both were greatly inhibited at 35 C. After 15 min at 35 C there was a reduced rate of protein synthesis, followed by decreases in ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis. The percentage of ribosomes in polysomes declined at 35 C and the average size of polysomes decreased. Because the decrease in protein synthesis, it was believed that some part of the translational system may be affected by the mutation. Mutant 34Cts was given the designation psi-1."}
{"id": "PMID:123245", "title": "Glucose transport-deficient mutant of Neurospora crassa with an unusual rhythmic growth pattern.", "content": "A new mutant of Neurospora crassa has been isolated from the patch strain. The phenotype of the new mutant includes the periodic production of sparse and dense aerial hyphae and the inability to utilize carbohydrates. The biochemical lesion was identified as a deficiency in the low-affinity glucose transport system. The high-affinity transport system appeared normal. External conditions such as medium composition, temperature change, and light-dark cycles affected the rhythm of hyphal production to a different extent in the mutant from that in the parental strain. The lesion in the mutant was mapped on the far left arm of linkage group IV.", "contents": "Glucose transport-deficient mutant of Neurospora crassa with an unusual rhythmic growth pattern. A new mutant of Neurospora crassa has been isolated from the patch strain. The phenotype of the new mutant includes the periodic production of sparse and dense aerial hyphae and the inability to utilize carbohydrates. The biochemical lesion was identified as a deficiency in the low-affinity glucose transport system. The high-affinity transport system appeared normal. External conditions such as medium composition, temperature change, and light-dark cycles affected the rhythm of hyphal production to a different extent in the mutant from that in the parental strain. The lesion in the mutant was mapped on the far left arm of linkage group IV."}
{"id": "PMID:123247", "title": "The relationship between the bovine heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase, lipophilic compounds, and oligomycin.", "content": "The lipid-free particulate preparations of the mitochondrial ATPase require phospholipid for activity and can be inhibited by oligomycin, as has been demonstrated previously. In this communication a steady state analysis of the activation of a particulate preparation of the ATPase by phospholipids and its subsequent inhibition by oligomycin has been carried out. The relative affinity of the ATPase for purified phospholipids has been determined by measuring the Km for activation (Ka) for several phospholipids. The Ka values varied from 30 to 100 mum. The Vmax in the presence of phosphatides varies from 0.29 to 1.11 mumol ATP hydrolyzed/min/mg of protein; no correlation is noted between the relative affinity of the enzyme for a phospholipid and the V max value. Higher V max values are noted with the more acidic phospholipids, however. Sodium dodecyl sulfate and monoolein also activate with Ka values of 25 and 800 mum, respectively. Diglycerides, however, do not activate. With all lipids the ATPase activity stimulated is oligomycin-sensitive. The Ki values for oligomycin range from 0.1 to 0.6 mum. Oligomycin is a competitive inhibitor with respect to all the phospholipids tested except phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyglycerol. It is also competitive with respect to sodium dodecyl sulfate (k-i equals 0.94 mum). In reciprocal plots of activity versus ATP concentration, with and without oligomycin, an intercept consistent with either mixed or partial noncompetitive inhibition kinetics is noted. Comparable K-i values for oligomycin are obtained when calculated assuming either mixed or partial noncompetitive inhibition. The Km for ATP is the same in the unactivated and the lipid activated particulate ATPase; the value obtained is slightly lower than the Km for ATP in the solubilized, purified ATPase. Using a spectrophotometric assay the time required for activation with phospholipid and inhibition with oligomycin has also been determined. This investigation suggests the possibility that activation of the ATPase is due  a position to interact with the water-soluble substrate. Consistent with the above suggestion is the supposition that the lipids do not necessarily confer inhibitor sensitivity to the ATPase, but rather allow an oligomycin-sensitive activity to be expressed.", "contents": "The relationship between the bovine heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase, lipophilic compounds, and oligomycin. The lipid-free particulate preparations of the mitochondrial ATPase require phospholipid for activity and can be inhibited by oligomycin, as has been demonstrated previously. In this communication a steady state analysis of the activation of a particulate preparation of the ATPase by phospholipids and its subsequent inhibition by oligomycin has been carried out. The relative affinity of the ATPase for purified phospholipids has been determined by measuring the Km for activation (Ka) for several phospholipids. The Ka values varied from 30 to 100 mum. The Vmax in the presence of phosphatides varies from 0.29 to 1.11 mumol ATP hydrolyzed/min/mg of protein; no correlation is noted between the relative affinity of the enzyme for a phospholipid and the V max value. Higher V max values are noted with the more acidic phospholipids, however. Sodium dodecyl sulfate and monoolein also activate with Ka values of 25 and 800 mum, respectively. Diglycerides, however, do not activate. With all lipids the ATPase activity stimulated is oligomycin-sensitive. The Ki values for oligomycin range from 0.1 to 0.6 mum. Oligomycin is a competitive inhibitor with respect to all the phospholipids tested except phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyglycerol. It is also competitive with respect to sodium dodecyl sulfate (k-i equals 0.94 mum). In reciprocal plots of activity versus ATP concentration, with and without oligomycin, an intercept consistent with either mixed or partial noncompetitive inhibition kinetics is noted. Comparable K-i values for oligomycin are obtained when calculated assuming either mixed or partial noncompetitive inhibition. The Km for ATP is the same in the unactivated and the lipid activated particulate ATPase; the value obtained is slightly lower than the Km for ATP in the solubilized, purified ATPase. Using a spectrophotometric assay the time required for activation with phospholipid and inhibition with oligomycin has also been determined. This investigation suggests the possibility that activation of the ATPase is due  a position to interact with the water-soluble substrate. Consistent with the above suggestion is the supposition that the lipids do not necessarily confer inhibitor sensitivity to the ATPase, but rather allow an oligomycin-sensitive activity to be expressed."}
{"id": "PMID:123248", "title": "A solid-liquid biphasic model for characterization of properties of muscle and platelet contractile proteins.", "content": "Actomyosin, myosin, and actin from different sources are adsorbed, apparently as a monolayer, by polystyrene particles teins for 1 mg of Lytron were about 10-7 liters mol-1, while heterogeneity indices (alpha) varied from 0.70 to 1.0 presumably as a function of spontaneous aggregation in the liquid phase. Adsorption was irreversible. Orientation of absorbed molecules permitted association of bound muscle actin with platelet or muscle myosin. The association constant of the former reaction was 2.78 times 10-6 liters mol-1. Enzymatic properties of adsorbed actomyosin, Mg2+ATPase activity was abolished, but association of myosin with bound actin, or association of actin with bound myosin was accompanied by restoration of Mg2+ATPase activity. Every subunit of F-actin strands, unless F-actin had been fully depolymerized to G-actin, could bind myosin and activate Mg2+ATPase activity. Immunogenic characteristics of muscle myosin were enhanced by Lytron adsorption. Elicited antibodies showed selective specificity for an antigenic determinant located near or at the actin combining site of muscle myosin. Antibodies did not react with actomyosin. Antibodies prevented association of actin with muscle myosin because they inhibited both superprecipitation and development of Mg2+ATPase activity.", "contents": "A solid-liquid biphasic model for characterization of properties of muscle and platelet contractile proteins. Actomyosin, myosin, and actin from different sources are adsorbed, apparently as a monolayer, by polystyrene particles teins for 1 mg of Lytron were about 10-7 liters mol-1, while heterogeneity indices (alpha) varied from 0.70 to 1.0 presumably as a function of spontaneous aggregation in the liquid phase. Adsorption was irreversible. Orientation of absorbed molecules permitted association of bound muscle actin with platelet or muscle myosin. The association constant of the former reaction was 2.78 times 10-6 liters mol-1. Enzymatic properties of adsorbed actomyosin, Mg2+ATPase activity was abolished, but association of myosin with bound actin, or association of actin with bound myosin was accompanied by restoration of Mg2+ATPase activity. Every subunit of F-actin strands, unless F-actin had been fully depolymerized to G-actin, could bind myosin and activate Mg2+ATPase activity. Immunogenic characteristics of muscle myosin were enhanced by Lytron adsorption. Elicited antibodies showed selective specificity for an antigenic determinant located near or at the actin combining site of muscle myosin. Antibodies did not react with actomyosin. Antibodies prevented association of actin with muscle myosin because they inhibited both superprecipitation and development of Mg2+ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:123249", "title": "The transarticular graft for infantile pseudarthrosis of the tibia. A new technique.", "content": "Fourteen cases of pseudarthrosis of the tibia in childhood presented at a hospital in Burma over a period of eight years. The ages of the patients ranged from one month to seventeen years. Nine were treated by a pointed graft driven into the medullary cavity of the distal tibia, and usually across the ankle joint into the body of the talus, before fixation to the proximal tibia. In six of the nine union was secured, but one case required a second grafting. Transarticular segments of graft showed a marked tendency to undergo absorption. No significant deformity was observed to follow central penetration of the growth plate and epiphysis of the lower tibia.", "contents": "The transarticular graft for infantile pseudarthrosis of the tibia. A new technique. Fourteen cases of pseudarthrosis of the tibia in childhood presented at a hospital in Burma over a period of eight years. The ages of the patients ranged from one month to seventeen years. Nine were treated by a pointed graft driven into the medullary cavity of the distal tibia, and usually across the ankle joint into the body of the talus, before fixation to the proximal tibia. In six of the nine union was secured, but one case required a second grafting. Transarticular segments of graft showed a marked tendency to undergo absorption. No significant deformity was observed to follow central penetration of the growth plate and epiphysis of the lower tibia."}
{"id": "PMID:123250", "title": "Circulating concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate during puberty.", "content": "In order to quantitate the chronological change in circulating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) levels during the period of sexual maturation, serum DHEA and DS concentration (3-5 PM) in 76 boys and 65 girls (ages 8 to 15) as well as in adult male and female subjects were measured by a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay technique. Our data show a progressive and parallel increase in serum DHEA and DS concentrations in boys, and adult male levels were reached earlier for DHEA (age 13) than for DS (age 14). From age 8 to adult male, there was a 2.6-fold increase in DHEA (1.52 plus or minus 0.16 ng/ml to 3.91 lus or minus 0.34 ng/ml) and a 7.7-fold increase in DS (0.40 plus or minus 0.08 mug/ml to 3.09 plus or minus 0.36 mug/ml). The rise of DHEA and DS was not in a parallel fashion in girls; while DS rose progressively, DHEA showed an abrupt increase between 11 and 12 yr of age. Adult female range was reached by age 12 for DHEA and by age 15 for DS. From age 8 to adultfemale there was a 2.3-fold increase in DHEA (1.93 plus or minus 0.19 ng/ml to 4.49 plus or minus 0.76 ng/ml) and a 7.5-fold increase in DS (0.29 PLUS OR MINUS 0.05 MUg/ml to 2.17 plus or minus 0.34 mug/ml). The role of increased adrenal androgens inthe sexual development during early stages of puberty is discussed.", "contents": "Circulating concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate during puberty. In order to quantitate the chronological change in circulating dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) levels during the period of sexual maturation, serum DHEA and DS concentration (3-5 PM) in 76 boys and 65 girls (ages 8 to 15) as well as in adult male and female subjects were measured by a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay technique. Our data show a progressive and parallel increase in serum DHEA and DS concentrations in boys, and adult male levels were reached earlier for DHEA (age 13) than for DS (age 14). From age 8 to adult male, there was a 2.6-fold increase in DHEA (1.52 plus or minus 0.16 ng/ml to 3.91 lus or minus 0.34 ng/ml) and a 7.7-fold increase in DS (0.40 plus or minus 0.08 mug/ml to 3.09 plus or minus 0.36 mug/ml). The rise of DHEA and DS was not in a parallel fashion in girls; while DS rose progressively, DHEA showed an abrupt increase between 11 and 12 yr of age. Adult female range was reached by age 12 for DHEA and by age 15 for DS. From age 8 to adultfemale there was a 2.3-fold increase in DHEA (1.93 plus or minus 0.19 ng/ml to 4.49 plus or minus 0.76 ng/ml) and a 7.5-fold increase in DS (0.29 PLUS OR MINUS 0.05 MUg/ml to 2.17 plus or minus 0.34 mug/ml). The role of increased adrenal androgens inthe sexual development during early stages of puberty is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123251", "title": "Studies on human plasma C1 inactivator-enzyme interactions. I. Mechanisms of interaction with C1s, plasmin, and trypsin.", "content": "This study has explored the nature of the molecular events which occur when C1 inactivator, a human plasma inhibitor of the complement, kinin-forming, coagulation, and fibrinolytic enzyme systems, interacts with C1s, plasmin, and trypsin. Purified inhibitor preparations demonstrated two bands, when examined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The molecular weights of the major and minor bands were 105,000 and 96,000 daltons, respectively. The minor component appeared to be immunologically and functionally identical to the main C1 inactivator component. Loss of C1s and plasmin functional activity was associated with the formation of a 1:1 molar complex between the inhibitor and each enzyme. These complexes were stable in the presence of SDS and urea. The light chain of both these enzymes provided the binding site for C1 inactivator. Complex formation and enzyme inhibition occurred only with native and not with an inhibitor preparation denatured by acid treatment, thereby demonstrating the importance of conformational factors in the enzyme-inhibitor reaction. Although peptide bond cleavage of the C1 inactivator molecule by C1s was not documented, plasmin was found to degrade the inhibitor with the production of several characteristic derivatives. At least one of these products retained the ability to complex with C1s and plasmin. Trypsin, which failed to form a complex with C1 inactivator, degraded the inhibitor in a limited and sequential manner with the production of nonfunctional derivatives one of which appeared structurally similar to a plasmin-induced product. These studies therefore, provide new information concerning the molecular interactions between C1 inactivator and several of the proteases which it inhibits.", "contents": "Studies on human plasma C1 inactivator-enzyme interactions. I. Mechanisms of interaction with C1s, plasmin, and trypsin. This study has explored the nature of the molecular events which occur when C1 inactivator, a human plasma inhibitor of the complement, kinin-forming, coagulation, and fibrinolytic enzyme systems, interacts with C1s, plasmin, and trypsin. Purified inhibitor preparations demonstrated two bands, when examined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The molecular weights of the major and minor bands were 105,000 and 96,000 daltons, respectively. The minor component appeared to be immunologically and functionally identical to the main C1 inactivator component. Loss of C1s and plasmin functional activity was associated with the formation of a 1:1 molar complex between the inhibitor and each enzyme. These complexes were stable in the presence of SDS and urea. The light chain of both these enzymes provided the binding site for C1 inactivator. Complex formation and enzyme inhibition occurred only with native and not with an inhibitor preparation denatured by acid treatment, thereby demonstrating the importance of conformational factors in the enzyme-inhibitor reaction. Although peptide bond cleavage of the C1 inactivator molecule by C1s was not documented, plasmin was found to degrade the inhibitor with the production of several characteristic derivatives. At least one of these products retained the ability to complex with C1s and plasmin. Trypsin, which failed to form a complex with C1 inactivator, degraded the inhibitor in a limited and sequential manner with the production of nonfunctional derivatives one of which appeared structurally similar to a plasmin-induced product. These studies therefore, provide new information concerning the molecular interactions between C1 inactivator and several of the proteases which it inhibits."}
{"id": "PMID:123252", "title": "Studies on human plasma C1 inactivator-enzyme interactions. II. Structural features of an abnormal C1 inactivator from a kindred with hereditary angioneurotic edema.", "content": "The function and several of the structural features of the C1 inactivator protein isolated from the plasma of a mother and daughter with the variant form of hereditary angioneurotic edema have been examined. These abnormal inhibitors shared immunologic identity with the normal C1 inactivator protein; however, they were inactive in inhibiting the functional activity of C1s. Analysis of the abnormal inhibitors by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that each consisted of a single polypeptide chain, the mobility of which was slower than that of the normal C1 inactivator. The apparent molecular weight of the patients' inhibitors was 109,000 daltons as contrasted to 105,000 daltons, that of the normal C1 inactivator. The abnormal inhibitors failed to form a complex with C1s or plasmin as analyzed by SDS-acrylamide gels. The large proteolytic derivatives resulting from the plasmin- and trypsin-induced degradation of the abnormal inhibitors were approximately 3,000 daltons heavier than the corresponding products derived from normal C1 inactivator. Thus, the structural abnormality identified appeared to be a property of the core molecule. Treatment of the inhibitors with neuraminidase failed to demonstrate a difference between the normal and patient-derived C1 inactivator molecule. Neither were major differences found between the amino acid composition of the defective and normal inhibitors; however, the acidic amino acids tended to be higher in the patients' inhibitors, and the phenylalanine content lower. Thus, these studies have identified both structural and functional abnormalities in the C1 inactivator protein isolated from two related patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema. Examination of the interaction between endopeptidases and the inhibitors has further delineated the abnormal structural features.", "contents": "Studies on human plasma C1 inactivator-enzyme interactions. II. Structural features of an abnormal C1 inactivator from a kindred with hereditary angioneurotic edema. The function and several of the structural features of the C1 inactivator protein isolated from the plasma of a mother and daughter with the variant form of hereditary angioneurotic edema have been examined. These abnormal inhibitors shared immunologic identity with the normal C1 inactivator protein; however, they were inactive in inhibiting the functional activity of C1s. Analysis of the abnormal inhibitors by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) acrylamide gel electrophoresis suggested that each consisted of a single polypeptide chain, the mobility of which was slower than that of the normal C1 inactivator. The apparent molecular weight of the patients' inhibitors was 109,000 daltons as contrasted to 105,000 daltons, that of the normal C1 inactivator. The abnormal inhibitors failed to form a complex with C1s or plasmin as analyzed by SDS-acrylamide gels. The large proteolytic derivatives resulting from the plasmin- and trypsin-induced degradation of the abnormal inhibitors were approximately 3,000 daltons heavier than the corresponding products derived from normal C1 inactivator. Thus, the structural abnormality identified appeared to be a property of the core molecule. Treatment of the inhibitors with neuraminidase failed to demonstrate a difference between the normal and patient-derived C1 inactivator molecule. Neither were major differences found between the amino acid composition of the defective and normal inhibitors; however, the acidic amino acids tended to be higher in the patients' inhibitors, and the phenylalanine content lower. Thus, these studies have identified both structural and functional abnormalities in the C1 inactivator protein isolated from two related patients with hereditary angioneurotic edema. Examination of the interaction between endopeptidases and the inhibitors has further delineated the abnormal structural features."}
{"id": "PMID:123253", "title": "Sodium- and potassium-activated ATPase. A possible target of aldosterone.", "content": "Na-K-ATPase activity was measured with an ultramicromethod in single portions of the proximal and distal convolution and of the thick ascending limb of Henle from adrenalectomized rats and after treatment with 5 mug aldosterone per 100 g body wt. The activity in all tubular structures returned to normal within 1 h after injection. This rapid activation of Na-K-ATPase induced by hormone was completely prevented by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. It appears that this aldosterone effect on Na-K-ATPase requires an intact protein synthetic process.", "contents": "Sodium- and potassium-activated ATPase. A possible target of aldosterone. Na-K-ATPase activity was measured with an ultramicromethod in single portions of the proximal and distal convolution and of the thick ascending limb of Henle from adrenalectomized rats and after treatment with 5 mug aldosterone per 100 g body wt. The activity in all tubular structures returned to normal within 1 h after injection. This rapid activation of Na-K-ATPase induced by hormone was completely prevented by actinomycin D and cycloheximide. It appears that this aldosterone effect on Na-K-ATPase requires an intact protein synthetic process."}
{"id": "PMID:123255", "title": "Werner's syndrome: autopsy report of one case, with a review of pathologic findings reported in the literature.", "content": "The autopsy findings in a 29-year-old male with Werner's syndrome are presented, with a review of similar data on 17 autopsy cases reported in the literature. The pathologic findings in this new case were scleroderma-like skin atrophy, arteriosclerosis, and atrophy of the endocrine glands (including the genital organs). In the reported cases of Werner's syndrome, as in the present example, the authors were unable to identify any responsible organ or system. However, they suggest that connective tissue, widely distributed throughout the entire body, may play an important role. The possible abnormal metabolism of connective tissue in Werner's syndrome deserves further study.", "contents": "Werner's syndrome: autopsy report of one case, with a review of pathologic findings reported in the literature. The autopsy findings in a 29-year-old male with Werner's syndrome are presented, with a review of similar data on 17 autopsy cases reported in the literature. The pathologic findings in this new case were scleroderma-like skin atrophy, arteriosclerosis, and atrophy of the endocrine glands (including the genital organs). In the reported cases of Werner's syndrome, as in the present example, the authors were unable to identify any responsible organ or system. However, they suggest that connective tissue, widely distributed throughout the entire body, may play an important role. The possible abnormal metabolism of connective tissue in Werner's syndrome deserves further study."}
{"id": "PMID:123256", "title": "Alloimmune cytotoxic T cells: Evidence that they recognize serologically defined antigens and bear clonally restricted receptors.", "content": "Murine  T cells immunized with allogeneic cells exert a cytotoxic effect on appropriate target cells, as measured by 51-Cr release. Lysis of the 51-Cr-labeled target can be inhibited by addition to the assay of unlabeled cells which bear target antigens. With variants of lymphoid tumors which express different amounts of serologically defined H-2 antigens as competitors in the assay, a positive correlation is shown to exist between the amount of serologically defined antigen and the degree of inhibition of T cell-mediated lysis. The immunized small lymphocytes are shown to be very poor inhibitors of 51-Cr release from target cells which are more susceptible to T cell-mediated lysis. This is interpreted as showing that small lymphocytes are bound very poorly by cytotoxic T cells. With H-2 cross-over strains which carry only the H-2K or H-2D antigens which a cytotoxic population is directed against, it is shown that, 1) approximately equal amounts of cytotoxicity are directed against the K and D antigens, and 2) separate cytotoxic T cells recognize the K and D antigens. Thus, by this criterion, cytotoxic T cells are monospecific and therefore do not acquire their antigen-specific receptors cytophilically.", "contents": "Alloimmune cytotoxic T cells: Evidence that they recognize serologically defined antigens and bear clonally restricted receptors. Murine  T cells immunized with allogeneic cells exert a cytotoxic effect on appropriate target cells, as measured by 51-Cr release. Lysis of the 51-Cr-labeled target can be inhibited by addition to the assay of unlabeled cells which bear target antigens. With variants of lymphoid tumors which express different amounts of serologically defined H-2 antigens as competitors in the assay, a positive correlation is shown to exist between the amount of serologically defined antigen and the degree of inhibition of T cell-mediated lysis. The immunized small lymphocytes are shown to be very poor inhibitors of 51-Cr release from target cells which are more susceptible to T cell-mediated lysis. This is interpreted as showing that small lymphocytes are bound very poorly by cytotoxic T cells. With H-2 cross-over strains which carry only the H-2K or H-2D antigens which a cytotoxic population is directed against, it is shown that, 1) approximately equal amounts of cytotoxicity are directed against the K and D antigens, and 2) separate cytotoxic T cells recognize the K and D antigens. Thus, by this criterion, cytotoxic T cells are monospecific and therefore do not acquire their antigen-specific receptors cytophilically."}
{"id": "PMID:123257", "title": "Mixed leukocyte culture reactivity in operationally tolerant rats: Relationship of lymphocyte-mediated reactivity and serum-blocking activity.", "content": "Tolerance to Brown Norway (BN) allografts was induced in Wistar Furth rats by neonatal inoculation of BN bone marrow cells or mixtures of (W/Fu x BN)F-1 hybrid spleen and bone marrow cells. Lymphoid cells from rats in which operational tolerance had been induced (maintenance of BN skin graft for more than 100 days) were studied for mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) reactivity. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 10 of 25 W/Fu rats operationally tolerant to BN skin grafts showed MLC reactivity when exposed to BN antigens in vitro, implying that some degree of MLC reactivity is compatible with prolonged skin graft survival. These same rats also showed cytotoxic activity to BN fibroblasts in vitro regardless of their MLC status. MLC is quantitatively decreased and possibly qualitatively altered as compared to that of control W/Fu lymphocytes. The decrease was specific for the tolerated antigens. Serum from the tolerant rats inhibited cytotoxic but not normal MLC reactivity of W/Fu cells against BN antigens.", "contents": "Mixed leukocyte culture reactivity in operationally tolerant rats: Relationship of lymphocyte-mediated reactivity and serum-blocking activity. Tolerance to Brown Norway (BN) allografts was induced in Wistar Furth rats by neonatal inoculation of BN bone marrow cells or mixtures of (W/Fu x BN)F-1 hybrid spleen and bone marrow cells. Lymphoid cells from rats in which operational tolerance had been induced (maintenance of BN skin graft for more than 100 days) were studied for mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) reactivity. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 10 of 25 W/Fu rats operationally tolerant to BN skin grafts showed MLC reactivity when exposed to BN antigens in vitro, implying that some degree of MLC reactivity is compatible with prolonged skin graft survival. These same rats also showed cytotoxic activity to BN fibroblasts in vitro regardless of their MLC status. MLC is quantitatively decreased and possibly qualitatively altered as compared to that of control W/Fu lymphocytes. The decrease was specific for the tolerated antigens. Serum from the tolerant rats inhibited cytotoxic but not normal MLC reactivity of W/Fu cells against BN antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:123258", "title": "Inhibition of mitogen stimulation of human peripheral blood leukocytes by Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin.", "content": "It has been found that the enterotoxin (choleragen) of Vibrio cholerae, strain 569B, can interfere with Phytohemagglutinin-P, pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A stimulation of human peripheral blood leukocytes. The viability of cultured cells was not affected by the toxin. The toxin does not interfere with stimulation by direct competition for mitogen receptor sites. The ability of choleragen to inhibit stimulation by mitogens declines with time after initiation of stimulation. The biologically inactive, spontaneously formed, derivative of choleragen, choleragemoid, did not inhibit mitogen stimulation. However, choleragenoid did block the inhibition of stimulation caused by choleragen. Choleragenoid did not block inhibition of mitogen stimulation by a lymphocyte chalone preparation indicating that a different mechanism may be involved with the chalone. Since the diverse biological effects of choleragen are all believed to result from its interaction with cell membrane receptors followed by activation of adenyl cyclase, the results add to evidence which suggests that increases in the intracellular concentrations of 3',5'-adenosine cyclic monophosphate diminishes the mitotic activity of cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of mitogen stimulation of human peripheral blood leukocytes by Vibrio cholerae enterotoxin. It has been found that the enterotoxin (choleragen) of Vibrio cholerae, strain 569B, can interfere with Phytohemagglutinin-P, pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A stimulation of human peripheral blood leukocytes. The viability of cultured cells was not affected by the toxin. The toxin does not interfere with stimulation by direct competition for mitogen receptor sites. The ability of choleragen to inhibit stimulation by mitogens declines with time after initiation of stimulation. The biologically inactive, spontaneously formed, derivative of choleragen, choleragemoid, did not inhibit mitogen stimulation. However, choleragenoid did block the inhibition of stimulation caused by choleragen. Choleragenoid did not block inhibition of mitogen stimulation by a lymphocyte chalone preparation indicating that a different mechanism may be involved with the chalone. Since the diverse biological effects of choleragen are all believed to result from its interaction with cell membrane receptors followed by activation of adenyl cyclase, the results add to evidence which suggests that increases in the intracellular concentrations of 3',5'-adenosine cyclic monophosphate diminishes the mitotic activity of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:123259", "title": "Suppression of maternal responsiveness to paternal antigen by maternal plasma.", "content": "The effect of plasma from multigravida women on the expression of cellular hypersensitivity to paternal antigens was investigated. It was found that autologous, but not homologous, maternal plasma specifically blocked MIF production by maternal lymphocytes using their husbands' cells as an antigenic stimulus. The blocking activity could be absorbed out by repeated incubation with paternal cells. Sephadex G-200 fractionation of maternal plasma showed the blocking activity to be in the IgG fraction. The presence of specific blocking factor(s) in maternal plasma which prevent reactivity to paternal antigens may explain in part the success of the fetus as an allograft.", "contents": "Suppression of maternal responsiveness to paternal antigen by maternal plasma. The effect of plasma from multigravida women on the expression of cellular hypersensitivity to paternal antigens was investigated. It was found that autologous, but not homologous, maternal plasma specifically blocked MIF production by maternal lymphocytes using their husbands' cells as an antigenic stimulus. The blocking activity could be absorbed out by repeated incubation with paternal cells. Sephadex G-200 fractionation of maternal plasma showed the blocking activity to be in the IgG fraction. The presence of specific blocking factor(s) in maternal plasma which prevent reactivity to paternal antigens may explain in part the success of the fetus as an allograft."}
{"id": "PMID:123260", "title": "The allogeneic effect: M-locus differences substitute for differences in the H-2 major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "The primary immune response against sheep red blood cells in T cell-deficient spleen cell cultures from nude mice was tested in the absence and presence of allogeneic spleen cells. The allogeneic spleen cells differed either in regard to the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) or only with respect to the M-locus. Surprisingly the M-locus different spleen cells were almost as efficient in enhancing the anti-sheep red blood cell response in nude cultures as were the cells differing on the complete H-2 complex. Evidence is presented that AKR anti-theta serum sensitive T cells are responsible for the M-locus-dependent effect edscribed. This effect is shown to be mediated by a factor released from actived T cells stimulated in M-locus different mixed lymphocyte cultures. Since almost identical parameters have been observed in both the M-locus-dependent situation as in the \"classical\" allogeneic situation we concluded that an allogeneic effect can be induced by T cells responding to a complete set of the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) as well as to lymphocyte-activating determinants (M-locus) alone.", "contents": "The allogeneic effect: M-locus differences substitute for differences in the H-2 major histocompatibility complex. The primary immune response against sheep red blood cells in T cell-deficient spleen cell cultures from nude mice was tested in the absence and presence of allogeneic spleen cells. The allogeneic spleen cells differed either in regard to the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) or only with respect to the M-locus. Surprisingly the M-locus different spleen cells were almost as efficient in enhancing the anti-sheep red blood cell response in nude cultures as were the cells differing on the complete H-2 complex. Evidence is presented that AKR anti-theta serum sensitive T cells are responsible for the M-locus-dependent effect edscribed. This effect is shown to be mediated by a factor released from actived T cells stimulated in M-locus different mixed lymphocyte cultures. Since almost identical parameters have been observed in both the M-locus-dependent situation as in the \"classical\" allogeneic situation we concluded that an allogeneic effect can be induced by T cells responding to a complete set of the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) as well as to lymphocyte-activating determinants (M-locus) alone."}
{"id": "PMID:123261", "title": "Functional heterogeneity among the T-derived lymphocytes of the mouse. IV. Nature of spontaneously induced suppressor cells.", "content": "When spleen cells are cultured for 4 days in the presence of fetal bovine serum, T-cells are generated which nonspecifically suppress the humoral responses of non-precultured cells to a variety of antigens. These T cells can be generated from both short-lived, sessile T1 cells and long-lived, recirculating T2 cells, and thus appear similar to suppressor T cells activated by concanavalin A.", "contents": "Functional heterogeneity among the T-derived lymphocytes of the mouse. IV. Nature of spontaneously induced suppressor cells. When spleen cells are cultured for 4 days in the presence of fetal bovine serum, T-cells are generated which nonspecifically suppress the humoral responses of non-precultured cells to a variety of antigens. These T cells can be generated from both short-lived, sessile T1 cells and long-lived, recirculating T2 cells, and thus appear similar to suppressor T cells activated by concanavalin A."}
{"id": "PMID:123262", "title": "Changes in the immunochemical properties of highly purified properdin in human serum.", "content": "The fate of highly purified properdin (P) upon introduction into normal human serum or properdin-depleted serum (RP) was investigated. It was observed that, concomitant with the activation of the alternate pathway components, properdin underwent immunochemical alterations characterized by a shift in mobility from gamma2 to beta2 position and by an increase in the sedimentation rate from 5.1S to between 6.8 and 9.3S. The immunoelectrophoretic behavior of C3 was also altered with the appearance of a beta2 arc in addition to the beta1C arc. The immunochemical properties of altered P resemble those of \"native\" properdin in fresh serum. The principle in serum (designated factor F) mediating these changes is a euglobulin with an approximate sedimentation rate and molecular weight of 9.0S and 250,000 daltons, respectively. The alteration in the immunochemical properties of P may be due to aggregation of P molecules or a complex formation between P and a serum euglobulin (probably C3) mediated by factor F and it is associated with loss of ability of P in initiate the alternate pathway of complement activation upon interaction with serum.", "contents": "Changes in the immunochemical properties of highly purified properdin in human serum. The fate of highly purified properdin (P) upon introduction into normal human serum or properdin-depleted serum (RP) was investigated. It was observed that, concomitant with the activation of the alternate pathway components, properdin underwent immunochemical alterations characterized by a shift in mobility from gamma2 to beta2 position and by an increase in the sedimentation rate from 5.1S to between 6.8 and 9.3S. The immunoelectrophoretic behavior of C3 was also altered with the appearance of a beta2 arc in addition to the beta1C arc. The immunochemical properties of altered P resemble those of \"native\" properdin in fresh serum. The principle in serum (designated factor F) mediating these changes is a euglobulin with an approximate sedimentation rate and molecular weight of 9.0S and 250,000 daltons, respectively. The alteration in the immunochemical properties of P may be due to aggregation of P molecules or a complex formation between P and a serum euglobulin (probably C3) mediated by factor F and it is associated with loss of ability of P in initiate the alternate pathway of complement activation upon interaction with serum."}
{"id": "PMID:123263", "title": "Percutaneous absorption on the relevance of in vitro data.", "content": "The use of in vitro preparations of human skin to study percutaneous absorption is widespread.  Yet, up to the present time, little has been done to systematically validate this model and demonstrate the extent to which it mimicks in vivo absorption.  In this study, the permeability of 12 organic compounds has been evaluated in excised skin and the results compared to those obtained previously by others in living man.  With special emphasis being given here to duplicating in vivo conditions, it was possible to demonstrate an excellent qualitative agreement between the two methods.  In all cases, the absorption pattern determined in vitro rather precisely paralleled the pattern which was obtained in vivo.  Quantitative agreement between the two sets of data was less than perfect, although the in vitro method adequately distinguished compounds of low permeability from those of high permeability and ranked then in approximately the same order found in vivo.  This systematic comparison of in vitro with in vivo data was clearly shown how accurately in vitro absorption studies can reflect the living state.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption on the relevance of in vitro data. The use of in vitro preparations of human skin to study percutaneous absorption is widespread.  Yet, up to the present time, little has been done to systematically validate this model and demonstrate the extent to which it mimicks in vivo absorption.  In this study, the permeability of 12 organic compounds has been evaluated in excised skin and the results compared to those obtained previously by others in living man.  With special emphasis being given here to duplicating in vivo conditions, it was possible to demonstrate an excellent qualitative agreement between the two methods.  In all cases, the absorption pattern determined in vitro rather precisely paralleled the pattern which was obtained in vivo.  Quantitative agreement between the two sets of data was less than perfect, although the in vitro method adequately distinguished compounds of low permeability from those of high permeability and ranked then in approximately the same order found in vivo.  This systematic comparison of in vitro with in vivo data was clearly shown how accurately in vitro absorption studies can reflect the living state."}
{"id": "PMID:123264", "title": "Distribution of serotypes of hepatitis B surface antigen in an institution for the mentally retarded.", "content": "The serotypes of hepatitis B surface antigen present in patients at the Lynchburg Training School and Hospital were determined by counterelectrophoresis. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected by counterelectrophoresis in 72 of 82 samples that were positive by complement fixation or passive hemagglutination techniques. Of the isolates that were serotyped, 51 (71 percent) were ad, and 21 (29 percent) were ay; thus the ad:ay ratio was about 2.4:1. The incidence of the ay serotype was significantly higher in females and in patients with Down's syndrome. The ay serotype was not randomly distributed in the institution but was clustered in two of seven female wards and four of 11 male wards, all of which contained younger patients who had been institutionalized at an early age.", "contents": "Distribution of serotypes of hepatitis B surface antigen in an institution for the mentally retarded. The serotypes of hepatitis B surface antigen present in patients at the Lynchburg Training School and Hospital were determined by counterelectrophoresis. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected by counterelectrophoresis in 72 of 82 samples that were positive by complement fixation or passive hemagglutination techniques. Of the isolates that were serotyped, 51 (71 percent) were ad, and 21 (29 percent) were ay; thus the ad:ay ratio was about 2.4:1. The incidence of the ay serotype was significantly higher in females and in patients with Down's syndrome. The ay serotype was not randomly distributed in the institution but was clustered in two of seven female wards and four of 11 male wards, all of which contained younger patients who had been institutionalized at an early age."}
{"id": "PMID:123269", "title": "Hormone and hormonal agents in the treatment of aggression.", "content": "Evidence for the role of androgens in the male aggressive and sexual behavior is reviewed. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; Provera, Upjohn) has a marked antiandrogen property; it is effective in lowering the testosterone level and controlling certain otherwise intractable sex deviations. The finding in 6 patients treated for sex deviation are summarized. The effects of MPA in the treatment of 11 temporal lobe epileptics and 5 other patients with severe angry-aggressive behavior disorder are reported. Most temporal lobe epileptics responded well to MPA. Weight gain and earlier sleep were consistent side effects. The values of plasma testosterone, serum luteinizing hormone, and urinary 17-ketosteroids were decreased by the treatment. Four patients were XYY individuals with lack of control over their sexual-aggressive or angry-aggressive impulses.", "contents": "Hormone and hormonal agents in the treatment of aggression. Evidence for the role of androgens in the male aggressive and sexual behavior is reviewed. Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; Provera, Upjohn) has a marked antiandrogen property; it is effective in lowering the testosterone level and controlling certain otherwise intractable sex deviations. The finding in 6 patients treated for sex deviation are summarized. The effects of MPA in the treatment of 11 temporal lobe epileptics and 5 other patients with severe angry-aggressive behavior disorder are reported. Most temporal lobe epileptics responded well to MPA. Weight gain and earlier sleep were consistent side effects. The values of plasma testosterone, serum luteinizing hormone, and urinary 17-ketosteroids were decreased by the treatment. Four patients were XYY individuals with lack of control over their sexual-aggressive or angry-aggressive impulses."}
{"id": "PMID:123270", "title": "Peripheral nerve regeneration in experimental diabetes.", "content": "Observations have been made on the regeneration of myelinated fibres in the sural nerve of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and age-matched non-diabetic control animals at 3, 6 and 18 weeks after a localized crush lesion. Morphometric studies on the regenerated fibres revealed no differences in the total fibre count, size-frequency distribution or average diameter at 18 weeks after injury. The degree of myelination was assessed by relating the number of myelin lamellae to axon circumference. The relationship was found to be approximately linear. There was a possible slight lag in myelination at 3 weeks after injury in the diabetic animal, but no difference was detectable at 6 and 18 weeks after injury.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve regeneration in experimental diabetes. Observations have been made on the regeneration of myelinated fibres in the sural nerve of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and age-matched non-diabetic control animals at 3, 6 and 18 weeks after a localized crush lesion. Morphometric studies on the regenerated fibres revealed no differences in the total fibre count, size-frequency distribution or average diameter at 18 weeks after injury. The degree of myelination was assessed by relating the number of myelin lamellae to axon circumference. The relationship was found to be approximately linear. There was a possible slight lag in myelination at 3 weeks after injury in the diabetic animal, but no difference was detectable at 6 and 18 weeks after injury."}
{"id": "PMID:123271", "title": "Silastic abdominal patch for temporary hepatomegaly in Stage IV-S neuroblastoma.", "content": "Of our 174 neuroblastoma patients, 11 were classified as Stage IV-S. The primary tumor is usually small and there is widespread disease in the liver, skin, bone marrow, or any combination of these. The prognosis is favorable and radiation and chemotherapy should be avoided if possible. In some of these children the rapidly enlarging liver may cause respiratory distress and vena caval compression. The creation of a ventral hernia by means of a Silastic patch is a useful, temporary procedure during the life-threatening period of rapid growth and increased intra-abdominal pressure. Closure is simple once the liver has returned to normal.", "contents": "Silastic abdominal patch for temporary hepatomegaly in Stage IV-S neuroblastoma. Of our 174 neuroblastoma patients, 11 were classified as Stage IV-S. The primary tumor is usually small and there is widespread disease in the liver, skin, bone marrow, or any combination of these. The prognosis is favorable and radiation and chemotherapy should be avoided if possible. In some of these children the rapidly enlarging liver may cause respiratory distress and vena caval compression. The creation of a ventral hernia by means of a Silastic patch is a useful, temporary procedure during the life-threatening period of rapid growth and increased intra-abdominal pressure. Closure is simple once the liver has returned to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:123272", "title": "Treatment of gastroschisis and omphalocele with biological dressings.", "content": "Porcine skin grafts and human amniotic membranes have been used as biological dressings for the treatment of gastroschisis or omphalocele in 16 newborn infants. Eleven infants with gastroschisis were managed initially by the Silastic pouch technique but delayed healing resulted in separation of the Silastic sheeting from the wound margins and required use of biologic dressings to achieve complete closure. Biological dressings were used in five patients with intact omphaloceles for all or part of their course. Average time to achieve complete closure was 55 days. Three patients died of associated anomalies. One patient developed an enteric fistula. Biologic dressings appear to be useful adjuncts in the management of some patients with gastroschisis or omphalocele.", "contents": "Treatment of gastroschisis and omphalocele with biological dressings. Porcine skin grafts and human amniotic membranes have been used as biological dressings for the treatment of gastroschisis or omphalocele in 16 newborn infants. Eleven infants with gastroschisis were managed initially by the Silastic pouch technique but delayed healing resulted in separation of the Silastic sheeting from the wound margins and required use of biologic dressings to achieve complete closure. Biological dressings were used in five patients with intact omphaloceles for all or part of their course. Average time to achieve complete closure was 55 days. Three patients died of associated anomalies. One patient developed an enteric fistula. Biologic dressings appear to be useful adjuncts in the management of some patients with gastroschisis or omphalocele."}
{"id": "PMID:123273", "title": "Ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase from human kidneys.", "content": "Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) was studied in tissue homogenates and subcellular fractions derived from human cadaver kidneys maintained in an organ preservation unit for transplantation.  The activity of ouabain-sensitive ATPase was highest in the medulla, intermediate in the cortex and lowest in the papilla,  The cortical enzyme activity diminished with time during maintenance perfusion of the kidneys.  Similar concentrations of K+, Na+, Mg++, ATP and MgATP were required for half-maximal rates of ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity from the cortex or the medulla.  The sensitivity of the enzyme to ouabain from both parts of the kidney was similar.  K+ antagonized inhibition of the enzyme by ouabain.  Chlormerodrin, mersalyl, mercaptomerin and ethacrynic acid were inhibitors of the enzyme.", "contents": "Ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase from human kidneys. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) was studied in tissue homogenates and subcellular fractions derived from human cadaver kidneys maintained in an organ preservation unit for transplantation.  The activity of ouabain-sensitive ATPase was highest in the medulla, intermediate in the cortex and lowest in the papilla,  The cortical enzyme activity diminished with time during maintenance perfusion of the kidneys.  Similar concentrations of K+, Na+, Mg++, ATP and MgATP were required for half-maximal rates of ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity from the cortex or the medulla.  The sensitivity of the enzyme to ouabain from both parts of the kidney was similar.  K+ antagonized inhibition of the enzyme by ouabain.  Chlormerodrin, mersalyl, mercaptomerin and ethacrynic acid were inhibitors of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:123274", "title": "Oubain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase from human kidneys.", "content": "Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) was studied in tissue homogenates and subcellular fractions derived from human cadaver kidneys maintained in an organ preservation unit for transplantation. The activity of ouabain-sensitive ATPase was highest in the medulla, intermediate in the cortex and lowest in the papilla. The cortical enzyme activity diminished with time during maintenance perfusion of the kidneys. Similar concentrations of K+, Na+, Mg++, ATP and MgATP were required for half-maximal rates of ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity from the cortex or the medulla. The sensitivity of the enzyme to ouabain from both parts of the kidney was similar. K+ antagonized inhibition of the enzyme by ouabain. Chlormerodrin, mersalyl, mercaptomerin and ethacrynic acid were inhibitors of the enzyme.", "contents": "Oubain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase from human kidneys. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) was studied in tissue homogenates and subcellular fractions derived from human cadaver kidneys maintained in an organ preservation unit for transplantation. The activity of ouabain-sensitive ATPase was highest in the medulla, intermediate in the cortex and lowest in the papilla. The cortical enzyme activity diminished with time during maintenance perfusion of the kidneys. Similar concentrations of K+, Na+, Mg++, ATP and MgATP were required for half-maximal rates of ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity from the cortex or the medulla. The sensitivity of the enzyme to ouabain from both parts of the kidney was similar. K+ antagonized inhibition of the enzyme by ouabain. Chlormerodrin, mersalyl, mercaptomerin and ethacrynic acid were inhibitors of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:123275", "title": "The function of the disc of the temporomandibular joint.", "content": "A study of the structure of the discs of the temporomandibular joints of three mammals showed marked differences among them. Since the animals selected had different basic patterns of mastication, it may be that each disc has become modified to different functions in different mammals.", "contents": "The function of the disc of the temporomandibular joint. A study of the structure of the discs of the temporomandibular joints of three mammals showed marked differences among them. Since the animals selected had different basic patterns of mastication, it may be that each disc has become modified to different functions in different mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:123276", "title": "Uterine blood flow in the pregnant rabbit.", "content": "Two methods are described for the measurement of uterine blood flow in the pregnant rabbit. The first involves the use of a Parks ultrasonic Doppler probe placed over the exposed uterine artery. The second method uses a drop counter system connected between the uterine and jugular veins. The Doppler flowmeter was used to measure uterine arterial blood flow in twenty rabbits on Day 28 or 29 of pregnancy. No significant difference was observed between blood flow on these 2 days and the absolute blood flow to one horn (plus or minus S. E.) was found to be 16.8 plus or minus 1.4 ml/min, equivalent to 27.1 plus or minus 1.8 ml/100 g tissue/min. Using the drop recorder technique, the flow to one uterine horn in eleven rabbits on Day 27 or 28 of pregnancy was 12.5 plus or minus 1.9 ml/min, equivalent to 23.6 plus or minus 3.2 ml/100 g tissue/min. The pressure-flow relationship in the uterine vascular bed was studied using the Doppler flowmeter and graded mechanical occlusion of the arterial supply. Within the range of pressures studied, the flow was found to be linearly related to the arterio-venous pressure difference. This suggests that the uterine vascular bed was fully dilated under the conditions of study.", "contents": "Uterine blood flow in the pregnant rabbit. Two methods are described for the measurement of uterine blood flow in the pregnant rabbit. The first involves the use of a Parks ultrasonic Doppler probe placed over the exposed uterine artery. The second method uses a drop counter system connected between the uterine and jugular veins. The Doppler flowmeter was used to measure uterine arterial blood flow in twenty rabbits on Day 28 or 29 of pregnancy. No significant difference was observed between blood flow on these 2 days and the absolute blood flow to one horn (plus or minus S. E.) was found to be 16.8 plus or minus 1.4 ml/min, equivalent to 27.1 plus or minus 1.8 ml/100 g tissue/min. Using the drop recorder technique, the flow to one uterine horn in eleven rabbits on Day 27 or 28 of pregnancy was 12.5 plus or minus 1.9 ml/min, equivalent to 23.6 plus or minus 3.2 ml/100 g tissue/min. The pressure-flow relationship in the uterine vascular bed was studied using the Doppler flowmeter and graded mechanical occlusion of the arterial supply. Within the range of pressures studied, the flow was found to be linearly related to the arterio-venous pressure difference. This suggests that the uterine vascular bed was fully dilated under the conditions of study."}
{"id": "PMID:123277", "title": "Transfection of Escherichia coli spheroplasts. V. Activity of recBC nuclease in rec+ and rec minus spheroplasts measured with different forms of bacteriophage DNA.", "content": "The in vivo activity of the recBC nuclease was assayed by transfection of isogenic rec+ and rec minus spheroplasts with bacteriophage DNA of various origin and structure. The results indicate that the recBC nuclease can limit transfection at several stages during the production of an infective center; such limitations depend primarily on whether the DNA is in, or assumes, a nuclease-sensitive structure. The first stage of limitation can occur when a nuclease-sensitive transfecting molecule enters the spheroplast. Other potential limitation points occur during replication and maturation of the bacteriophage DNA. The initial stage can be bypassed by using recBC nuclease-resistant molecules such as circular forms. Through analysis of results with other DNA structures, we found that in vivo the effects of the double-strand exonucleolytic activity of the recBC nuclease predominated. The effects of the single-strand nuclease activities seem to be modified from those observed for the purified enzyme in vitro (Karu et al., 1974). Inside the cell, the single-strand exonuclease activity is very weak and the single-strand endonuclease activity is abolished almost completely.", "contents": "Transfection of Escherichia coli spheroplasts. V. Activity of recBC nuclease in rec+ and rec minus spheroplasts measured with different forms of bacteriophage DNA. The in vivo activity of the recBC nuclease was assayed by transfection of isogenic rec+ and rec minus spheroplasts with bacteriophage DNA of various origin and structure. The results indicate that the recBC nuclease can limit transfection at several stages during the production of an infective center; such limitations depend primarily on whether the DNA is in, or assumes, a nuclease-sensitive structure. The first stage of limitation can occur when a nuclease-sensitive transfecting molecule enters the spheroplast. Other potential limitation points occur during replication and maturation of the bacteriophage DNA. The initial stage can be bypassed by using recBC nuclease-resistant molecules such as circular forms. Through analysis of results with other DNA structures, we found that in vivo the effects of the double-strand exonucleolytic activity of the recBC nuclease predominated. The effects of the single-strand nuclease activities seem to be modified from those observed for the purified enzyme in vitro (Karu et al., 1974). Inside the cell, the single-strand exonuclease activity is very weak and the single-strand endonuclease activity is abolished almost completely."}
{"id": "PMID:123278", "title": "Anterior transposition of urethra.", "content": "The case reports of 3 patients who underwent anterior transposition of the urethra are presented. Our modification is believed to shorten the operative procedure and to be equally satisfactory compared to the results presented by previous urologic surgeons. We join those who recommend this operation in the thin female patient who has a neurogenic bladder with constant leakage around the indwelling urethral catheter despite use of larger size tubes.", "contents": "Anterior transposition of urethra. The case reports of 3 patients who underwent anterior transposition of the urethra are presented. Our modification is believed to shorten the operative procedure and to be equally satisfactory compared to the results presented by previous urologic surgeons. We join those who recommend this operation in the thin female patient who has a neurogenic bladder with constant leakage around the indwelling urethral catheter despite use of larger size tubes."}
{"id": "PMID:123279", "title": "Retroperitoneal germ cell tumors with no apparent testicular involvement.", "content": "Five men with retroperitoneal germ cell tumors and no apparent testicular involvement are described. Each case has a different feature lending support to one of the various theories concerning the origin of these tumors. Patients with such a tumor are best managed without removal or biopsy of either testis. Careful, periodic re-examination of both testes is suggested. Only if a testis subsequently becomes abnormal is its removal indicated.", "contents": "Retroperitoneal germ cell tumors with no apparent testicular involvement. Five men with retroperitoneal germ cell tumors and no apparent testicular involvement are described. Each case has a different feature lending support to one of the various theories concerning the origin of these tumors. Patients with such a tumor are best managed without removal or biopsy of either testis. Careful, periodic re-examination of both testes is suggested. Only if a testis subsequently becomes abnormal is its removal indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:123281", "title": "Vectorcardiographic findings in concentric and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy as determined by angiocardiograms. 1. Preliminary report.", "content": "In forty-one patients with various heart diseases including 29 with LVH, the vectorcardiograms of Frank system and angiocardiographic findings correlated minutely. Based on the left ventricular wall thickness in end-diastole, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and the length of the long axis of the left ventricle obtained in angiocardiograms, typical left ventricular hypertrophy was classified into types 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b anatomically. The vectorcardiograms in these 4 types represented different patterns with regard to the QRS and T loops respectively. The QRS voltage in the left ventricular hypertrophy closely correlated to the left ventricular wall thickness in end-diastole, the left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and the left ventricular mass. Marked ST and T changes in the left ventricular concentric hypertrophy characterized by increase in wall thickness without definite chamber enlargement may be closely related to the abnormal muscle state with the increased left ventricular wall thickness, the probably due to relative hypoxia in origin. The Q loop of patients with severe left ventricular concentric hypertrophy was definitely differentiated from that of most patients with the pure left ventricular eccentric hypertrophy which was characterized by chamber enlargement with usually slight thickening of the wall. A possible mechanism regarding inconspicuous or prominent Q loops in both concentric and eccentric LVH was presented. An important factor of the delay of the time of occurrence of the spatial R vector in the left ventricular eccentric hypertrophy is the greater distance of the intraventricular conducting pathways caused by the left ventricular dilatation. By means of assessing the vectorcardiogram of the left ventricular hypertrophy, relatively exact anatomy of the left ventricular hypertrophy can be determined.", "contents": "Vectorcardiographic findings in concentric and eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy as determined by angiocardiograms. 1. Preliminary report. In forty-one patients with various heart diseases including 29 with LVH, the vectorcardiograms of Frank system and angiocardiographic findings correlated minutely. Based on the left ventricular wall thickness in end-diastole, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and the length of the long axis of the left ventricle obtained in angiocardiograms, typical left ventricular hypertrophy was classified into types 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b anatomically. The vectorcardiograms in these 4 types represented different patterns with regard to the QRS and T loops respectively. The QRS voltage in the left ventricular hypertrophy closely correlated to the left ventricular wall thickness in end-diastole, the left ventricular end-diastolic volume, and the left ventricular mass. Marked ST and T changes in the left ventricular concentric hypertrophy characterized by increase in wall thickness without definite chamber enlargement may be closely related to the abnormal muscle state with the increased left ventricular wall thickness, the probably due to relative hypoxia in origin. The Q loop of patients with severe left ventricular concentric hypertrophy was definitely differentiated from that of most patients with the pure left ventricular eccentric hypertrophy which was characterized by chamber enlargement with usually slight thickening of the wall. A possible mechanism regarding inconspicuous or prominent Q loops in both concentric and eccentric LVH was presented. An important factor of the delay of the time of occurrence of the spatial R vector in the left ventricular eccentric hypertrophy is the greater distance of the intraventricular conducting pathways caused by the left ventricular dilatation. By means of assessing the vectorcardiogram of the left ventricular hypertrophy, relatively exact anatomy of the left ventricular hypertrophy can be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:123282", "title": "[Catecholamine in the myocardium; a fluorescence histochemical study].", "content": "There has been many studies on myocardial catecholamine (CA) in congestive heart failure and ishemias heart disease. However, it has been mainly studied pharmacologically and biochemically and has not been elucidated completely the local change of CA of the myocardium. CA in sympathetic nerves was first stained fluorescence histochemically by Falck-Hillarp in 1962, and many observations were made on its distribution and morphologically concentration of CA in tissue was also observed. Furthermore, the fluorescence histochemical simplified method (cryostat method) by Laties and Jacobowitz was published in 1967. This cryostat method produced the same good preparation instead of the freezed dried method of Falck-Hillarp and could be used semi-quantitatively for the determination of CA concentration in tissue. The author examined fluorescent-histochemically the distribution of CA in sympathetic nerve endings of the myocardium of animals (mouses, rabbits and dogs). After the administration of several agents and in some pathologic conditions, those were in the hypertrophied heart and impending heart failure, in myocardial infarction and A-V block. Furthermore, the change of CA in the myocardium was examined biochemically by von Euler method and its results were compared with the results of fluorescence-histo chemical method.", "contents": "[Catecholamine in the myocardium; a fluorescence histochemical study]. There has been many studies on myocardial catecholamine (CA) in congestive heart failure and ishemias heart disease. However, it has been mainly studied pharmacologically and biochemically and has not been elucidated completely the local change of CA of the myocardium. CA in sympathetic nerves was first stained fluorescence histochemically by Falck-Hillarp in 1962, and many observations were made on its distribution and morphologically concentration of CA in tissue was also observed. Furthermore, the fluorescence histochemical simplified method (cryostat method) by Laties and Jacobowitz was published in 1967. This cryostat method produced the same good preparation instead of the freezed dried method of Falck-Hillarp and could be used semi-quantitatively for the determination of CA concentration in tissue. The author examined fluorescent-histochemically the distribution of CA in sympathetic nerve endings of the myocardium of animals (mouses, rabbits and dogs). After the administration of several agents and in some pathologic conditions, those were in the hypertrophied heart and impending heart failure, in myocardial infarction and A-V block. Furthermore, the change of CA in the myocardium was examined biochemically by von Euler method and its results were compared with the results of fluorescence-histo chemical method."}
{"id": "PMID:123283", "title": "Effect of serotonin depletion on the central regulation of the carotid sinus reflex in rats.", "content": "Effect of serotonin depletion in the rat brain on the sympathetic pressor response to occlusion of the common carotid arteries was examined along with the sequential transection of the brain stem. In rats with the brain serotonin depleted below 10% of control by p-chlorophenylalanine, the reflex pressor response significantly decreased, but the reflex sensitivity was unchanged in any transection regimen, suggesting the decrease originated in the associated hypertension; The infracollicular transection augmented the reflex reaction and sensitivity in both groups, and the medullospinal separation abolished the reflex; It is concluded that the brain serotonin would not be significantly involved in the central regulation of the sympathetic component of the carotid sinus reflex, and that the structure rostral to the midbrain could play an inhibitory role in the integrative regulation.", "contents": "Effect of serotonin depletion on the central regulation of the carotid sinus reflex in rats. Effect of serotonin depletion in the rat brain on the sympathetic pressor response to occlusion of the common carotid arteries was examined along with the sequential transection of the brain stem. In rats with the brain serotonin depleted below 10% of control by p-chlorophenylalanine, the reflex pressor response significantly decreased, but the reflex sensitivity was unchanged in any transection regimen, suggesting the decrease originated in the associated hypertension; The infracollicular transection augmented the reflex reaction and sensitivity in both groups, and the medullospinal separation abolished the reflex; It is concluded that the brain serotonin would not be significantly involved in the central regulation of the sympathetic component of the carotid sinus reflex, and that the structure rostral to the midbrain could play an inhibitory role in the integrative regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:123284", "title": "Rb86 uptake of various organs of the spontaneously hypertensive rats: (a preliminary note).", "content": "Twenty spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and 20 control rats were used for measurements of Rb86 uptake of various organs. Hemodynamic measurements and the heart weight to body weight ratio showed a significant and sustained hypertension and increased heart rate in SHR; Ratio of Rb86 uptake in the kidney, brain, liver, adrenal gland, pancreas, and spleen to that in RV was smaller in SHR than that in the control rats. The ratio of Rb86 uptake of inner layer to outer layer of LV, which represents distribution of blood flow to the endocardial layer and epicardial layer, was not different between SHR and the control rats. The fraction of regional flow in the outer and inner cortex, juxtamedulla, and medulla of the kidney was not different between SHR and the control. The present preliminary study may suggest that myocardial blood flow in SHR is greater than that in the control rats. The relationship between cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial flow was discussed.", "contents": "Rb86 uptake of various organs of the spontaneously hypertensive rats: (a preliminary note). Twenty spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and 20 control rats were used for measurements of Rb86 uptake of various organs. Hemodynamic measurements and the heart weight to body weight ratio showed a significant and sustained hypertension and increased heart rate in SHR; Ratio of Rb86 uptake in the kidney, brain, liver, adrenal gland, pancreas, and spleen to that in RV was smaller in SHR than that in the control rats. The ratio of Rb86 uptake of inner layer to outer layer of LV, which represents distribution of blood flow to the endocardial layer and epicardial layer, was not different between SHR and the control rats. The fraction of regional flow in the outer and inner cortex, juxtamedulla, and medulla of the kidney was not different between SHR and the control. The present preliminary study may suggest that myocardial blood flow in SHR is greater than that in the control rats. The relationship between cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial flow was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123285", "title": "Non-uniform myocardial blood flow caused by stellate ganglion stimulation.", "content": "The blood flow through the anterior wall of the left ventricle has been studied during electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion of anesthetized dogs. The flow was continuously monitored by heated cross-thermocuple. Ganglion stimulation caused a significant increase in the flow through the outer half while producing relative ischemia of the inner half of the wall. Pretreatment with propranolol reduced regional difference of flow changes. Significantly augmented non-uniform flow changes, however, were produced by ganglion stimulation during hypertension caused by aortic constriction or by methoxamine. The results indicate non-uniform blood flow distribution which can be produced by sympathetic nerve excitation.", "contents": "Non-uniform myocardial blood flow caused by stellate ganglion stimulation. The blood flow through the anterior wall of the left ventricle has been studied during electrical stimulation of the left stellate ganglion of anesthetized dogs. The flow was continuously monitored by heated cross-thermocuple. Ganglion stimulation caused a significant increase in the flow through the outer half while producing relative ischemia of the inner half of the wall. Pretreatment with propranolol reduced regional difference of flow changes. Significantly augmented non-uniform flow changes, however, were produced by ganglion stimulation during hypertension caused by aortic constriction or by methoxamine. The results indicate non-uniform blood flow distribution which can be produced by sympathetic nerve excitation."}
{"id": "PMID:123286", "title": "Cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The energy metabolism of cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was studied chronologically by histochemical and in part chemical methods. The activities of various enzymes, such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutylate dehydrogenase (beta-HBDH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the cardiac muscle were determined histochemically. beta-HBDH activity was greatly increased in the stage of developing hypertension in SHR. LDH activity increased simultaneously with the rise of beta-HBDH activity. Moreover, MAO activity increased markedly in later stages when the blood pressure was already elevated in SHR. To confirm the histochemical findings of beta-HBDH activity, the mitochondrial fraction of cardiac muscle was subjected to chemical assay. The chemical findings of myocardial beta-HBDH in SHR corresponded well with the histochemical findings. The myocardial beta-HBDH activity in SHR increased markedly at the age of 5 to 9 weeks, while no or minimal activity was found in controls of the same age. No significant difference of beta-HBDH activity was observed between SHR and controls in the mitochondrial fraction from the diaphragm and liver. The increase of beta-HBDH activity in the cardiac muscle of SHR prior to the development of cardiac hypertrophy suggests that the metabolism of ketone bodies may play an important role in providing the energy necessary for the development of cardiac hypertrophy in SHR.", "contents": "Cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The energy metabolism of cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) was studied chronologically by histochemical and in part chemical methods. The activities of various enzymes, such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutylate dehydrogenase (beta-HBDH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in the cardiac muscle were determined histochemically. beta-HBDH activity was greatly increased in the stage of developing hypertension in SHR. LDH activity increased simultaneously with the rise of beta-HBDH activity. Moreover, MAO activity increased markedly in later stages when the blood pressure was already elevated in SHR. To confirm the histochemical findings of beta-HBDH activity, the mitochondrial fraction of cardiac muscle was subjected to chemical assay. The chemical findings of myocardial beta-HBDH in SHR corresponded well with the histochemical findings. The myocardial beta-HBDH activity in SHR increased markedly at the age of 5 to 9 weeks, while no or minimal activity was found in controls of the same age. No significant difference of beta-HBDH activity was observed between SHR and controls in the mitochondrial fraction from the diaphragm and liver. The increase of beta-HBDH activity in the cardiac muscle of SHR prior to the development of cardiac hypertrophy suggests that the metabolism of ketone bodies may play an important role in providing the energy necessary for the development of cardiac hypertrophy in SHR."}
{"id": "PMID:123291", "title": "Coronary artery anomalies in patients with tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "A left anterior descending coronary artery arising from the right coronary artery can be easily injured during performance of a right ventriculotomy for correction of tetralogy of Fallot. This occurred in 2 of the 23 patients in this series, and both patients died from myocardial failure in the early period after operation. Of 19 patients who presented a combination of tetralogy of Fallot and unusual coronary artery distribution, injury to the abnormal coronary artery was avoided by a transverse right ventriculotomy either alone or combined with an upper vertical incision in 17 patients. In 2 patients a Dacron tube graft was inserted between the right ventricular outflow tract and the pulmonary artery. In 2 patients a right ventriculotomy was avoided by closing the ventricular septal defect through a transaortic approach. All 21 patients survived. Before a vertical or longitudinal incision in the right ventricular outflow tract is performed, the coronary artery distribution should always be checked and confirmation made of the normal origin of the left anterior descending branch from the left coronary artery to the left of the pulmonary artery.", "contents": "Coronary artery anomalies in patients with tetralogy of Fallot. A left anterior descending coronary artery arising from the right coronary artery can be easily injured during performance of a right ventriculotomy for correction of tetralogy of Fallot. This occurred in 2 of the 23 patients in this series, and both patients died from myocardial failure in the early period after operation. Of 19 patients who presented a combination of tetralogy of Fallot and unusual coronary artery distribution, injury to the abnormal coronary artery was avoided by a transverse right ventriculotomy either alone or combined with an upper vertical incision in 17 patients. In 2 patients a Dacron tube graft was inserted between the right ventricular outflow tract and the pulmonary artery. In 2 patients a right ventriculotomy was avoided by closing the ventricular septal defect through a transaortic approach. All 21 patients survived. Before a vertical or longitudinal incision in the right ventricular outflow tract is performed, the coronary artery distribution should always be checked and confirmation made of the normal origin of the left anterior descending branch from the left coronary artery to the left of the pulmonary artery."}
{"id": "PMID:123292", "title": "Tetralogy of Fallot with atresia of the left pulmonary artery: surgical repair using a homograft aortic valve.", "content": "Two cases of tetralogy of Fallot with unilateral absence of the left pulmonary artery are presented. Both patients required a valve-retaining homograft because of severe pulmonary valve incompetence following previous surgical correction. This uncommon anatomic variant presents special surgical problems, as pointed out in a review of the literature.", "contents": "Tetralogy of Fallot with atresia of the left pulmonary artery: surgical repair using a homograft aortic valve. Two cases of tetralogy of Fallot with unilateral absence of the left pulmonary artery are presented. Both patients required a valve-retaining homograft because of severe pulmonary valve incompetence following previous surgical correction. This uncommon anatomic variant presents special surgical problems, as pointed out in a review of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:123293", "title": "Congenital and acquired abnormalities observed in live-born and stillborn neonates.", "content": "This report records the congenital and acquired abnormalities observed during the first 4 days of life in 21,142 live-born infants. Gross abnormalities observed in 300 stillborns also are recorded. The abnormalities are those thought to be of clinical or possibly clinical significance. Also included are other conditions ordinarily not considered to be a congenital abnormality, such as convulsions. Definitions are given when indicated. The incidence rates per 1,000 births for specific malformation noted in the first 4 days of life are provided for all births, for live births, for live births under 2,500 g, and for stillbirths. The need for accurate studies of specific forms of congenital malformations is reiterated. The rate for all malformations combined is not given since it is difficult to interpret or use for comparisons because of variations in the definition of malformation and in completeness of ascertainment in different studies.", "contents": "Congenital and acquired abnormalities observed in live-born and stillborn neonates. This report records the congenital and acquired abnormalities observed during the first 4 days of life in 21,142 live-born infants. Gross abnormalities observed in 300 stillborns also are recorded. The abnormalities are those thought to be of clinical or possibly clinical significance. Also included are other conditions ordinarily not considered to be a congenital abnormality, such as convulsions. Definitions are given when indicated. The incidence rates per 1,000 births for specific malformation noted in the first 4 days of life are provided for all births, for live births, for live births under 2,500 g, and for stillbirths. The need for accurate studies of specific forms of congenital malformations is reiterated. The rate for all malformations combined is not given since it is difficult to interpret or use for comparisons because of variations in the definition of malformation and in completeness of ascertainment in different studies."}
{"id": "PMID:123294", "title": "Renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "The natural history, presenting signs and symptoms, and radiologic evaluation of patients with hypernephroma are reviewed. Radical nephrectomy is the treatment of choice in patients free of metastatic disease. Patients who have evidence of metastatic disease should not be subjected to nephrectomy unless hemorrhage, pain, or some other severe local problem warrants it. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be useful as adjunctive therapy in a patient with metastatic disease.", "contents": "Renal cell carcinoma. The natural history, presenting signs and symptoms, and radiologic evaluation of patients with hypernephroma are reviewed. Radical nephrectomy is the treatment of choice in patients free of metastatic disease. Patients who have evidence of metastatic disease should not be subjected to nephrectomy unless hemorrhage, pain, or some other severe local problem warrants it. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be useful as adjunctive therapy in a patient with metastatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:123295", "title": "[The inhibition of various bacterial proteinases with natural proteinase inhibitiors(author's transl)].", "content": "Proteus mirabilis, citrobacter intermedius, staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus and staphylococcus albus produce extracellualr proteinases with maximum activity at pH 7.8. These proteinases are inhibited practically completely by human and animal blood serum. This inhibitory activity of human serum is caused by alpha2-macroglobulin. Ovomucoid showed nearly the same inhibitory activity as alpha2-macroglobulin.", "contents": "[The inhibition of various bacterial proteinases with natural proteinase inhibitiors(author's transl)]. Proteus mirabilis, citrobacter intermedius, staphylococcus aureus haemolyticus and staphylococcus albus produce extracellualr proteinases with maximum activity at pH 7.8. These proteinases are inhibited practically completely by human and animal blood serum. This inhibitory activity of human serum is caused by alpha2-macroglobulin. Ovomucoid showed nearly the same inhibitory activity as alpha2-macroglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:123296", "title": "[Simultaneous estimation of flow rates, electrolyte and proteinconcentration and discelectrophoretic separation of fractionated human parotid saliva(author's transl)].", "content": "Fractionated human parotid saliva from normal persons was separated by column-acryamid-gel discelectrophoresis. Flow rates, electrolyte-concentrations and total protein content of the stimulated and unstimulated parotid-secretion were determined simultaneously. Significant patterns of proteincomposition were found for stimulated and unstimulated parotid saliva. Most typical changes of protein bands were found in the anodal near gel region, within a group of four bands, called by us f, g, h and i. In the cathodal near gel region as well significant changes in the bands a, b, c and d were found; by glycoprotein staining these bands showed good staining.", "contents": "[Simultaneous estimation of flow rates, electrolyte and proteinconcentration and discelectrophoretic separation of fractionated human parotid saliva(author's transl)]. Fractionated human parotid saliva from normal persons was separated by column-acryamid-gel discelectrophoresis. Flow rates, electrolyte-concentrations and total protein content of the stimulated and unstimulated parotid-secretion were determined simultaneously. Significant patterns of proteincomposition were found for stimulated and unstimulated parotid saliva. Most typical changes of protein bands were found in the anodal near gel region, within a group of four bands, called by us f, g, h and i. In the cathodal near gel region as well significant changes in the bands a, b, c and d were found; by glycoprotein staining these bands showed good staining."}
{"id": "PMID:123297", "title": "[Electron microscopic screening of plastics and rubbers used for implantation(author's transl)].", "content": "Results are reported of electron microscopic screening tests investigating the biostability of plastics and rubbers used as implantation material. The layers which generally appear on the surface of the inlay are described and their significance in the demarcation of the organism against the foreign body is discussed.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic screening of plastics and rubbers used for implantation(author's transl)]. Results are reported of electron microscopic screening tests investigating the biostability of plastics and rubbers used as implantation material. The layers which generally appear on the surface of the inlay are described and their significance in the demarcation of the organism against the foreign body is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123298", "title": "[100 Years of laryngectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the first laryngectomy was performed in 1873 by Billroth in Vienna, this method has been continually further improved. A horizontal laryngectomy with preservation of the air passages was performed in 1957 by Majer and Rieder and named cricohyoidopexy. Cricohyoidopexy consists basically of the removal of the thyroid cartilage and the soft laryngeal tissues prior to pulling the preserved cricoid cartilage upwards and fixing it to the epiglottis and the hyoid bone. This operation ensures that the air passages, the voice, and deglutition are preserved. Serafini and Arsian have extended this technique to a tracheohyoidopexy, which has been successfully performed in many cases. Certain aspects posing problems and creating difficulties during these operative procedures, such as respiration, deglutition and the voice are discussed. These methods of functional laryngectomy, however, have only a limited indication.", "contents": "[100 Years of laryngectomy (author's transl)]. Since the first laryngectomy was performed in 1873 by Billroth in Vienna, this method has been continually further improved. A horizontal laryngectomy with preservation of the air passages was performed in 1957 by Majer and Rieder and named cricohyoidopexy. Cricohyoidopexy consists basically of the removal of the thyroid cartilage and the soft laryngeal tissues prior to pulling the preserved cricoid cartilage upwards and fixing it to the epiglottis and the hyoid bone. This operation ensures that the air passages, the voice, and deglutition are preserved. Serafini and Arsian have extended this technique to a tracheohyoidopexy, which has been successfully performed in many cases. Certain aspects posing problems and creating difficulties during these operative procedures, such as respiration, deglutition and the voice are discussed. These methods of functional laryngectomy, however, have only a limited indication."}
{"id": "PMID:123299", "title": "[Osteoplastic epitympanotomy and the pathology of the middle ear. Part 2: The microstructures of the epitympanum and their significance concerning the pathology of the retrotympanal spaces (author's transl)].", "content": "The two goals of osteoplastic trepanation of the middle ear spaces are first a direct inspection of the main areas of pathologies within the epitympanum and secondly a better understanding of the infected middle ear diseases through careful preparation and exposure of the pathologic processes. A new way of approval could be found by taking into account the anatomical and topographical realities and the possible deviations form normal cases. This opens a better understanding of all those variations. Without touching the microstructures of the tympanum their inspection and preparations are hereby made possible macro- and microscopically. This leads to the conclusion that the tympanic structures are involved in the formation and progression of infected middle ear diseases. The correlation of the \"aeration pathways\" and the \"drainage outlets\" of the middle ear as an interdepending functional unit can be seen by this new intrasurgical inspection-based on light- and electronic microscopic research of various authors-as well as through the fact that middle ear mucous membrane is a truly respiratory membrane with no difference to other aeration pathways as found in the nose. A of a summation of mucous membranes in the area of the diaphragma is that minor catarrhal inflammations will block this aeration pathway of the middle ear. At the same time an open tuba auditiva can be found in acute, subacute and chronic middle ear diseases. Our findings that the ventilation of the ear is in most cases blocked at the diaphragma and not at the tube leads to questions on the one hand regarding the function of diaphragma and to the opinion on the other that the ventilation system of the middle ear is divided in two sections by the diaphragma: An anterior section including tuba and hypomesotympanon and a posterior including epitympanon, aditus, antrum and the pneumatic cells of mastoid and pyramid. The anterior section still is ventilated through the tuba when blocked at the diaphragma, in the posterior one ventilation and drainage are blocked even by mildly infected processes. Longer lasting infections have severe consequences for these spaces and the tympanic membrane.", "contents": "[Osteoplastic epitympanotomy and the pathology of the middle ear. Part 2: The microstructures of the epitympanum and their significance concerning the pathology of the retrotympanal spaces (author's transl)]. The two goals of osteoplastic trepanation of the middle ear spaces are first a direct inspection of the main areas of pathologies within the epitympanum and secondly a better understanding of the infected middle ear diseases through careful preparation and exposure of the pathologic processes. A new way of approval could be found by taking into account the anatomical and topographical realities and the possible deviations form normal cases. This opens a better understanding of all those variations. Without touching the microstructures of the tympanum their inspection and preparations are hereby made possible macro- and microscopically. This leads to the conclusion that the tympanic structures are involved in the formation and progression of infected middle ear diseases. The correlation of the \"aeration pathways\" and the \"drainage outlets\" of the middle ear as an interdepending functional unit can be seen by this new intrasurgical inspection-based on light- and electronic microscopic research of various authors-as well as through the fact that middle ear mucous membrane is a truly respiratory membrane with no difference to other aeration pathways as found in the nose. A of a summation of mucous membranes in the area of the diaphragma is that minor catarrhal inflammations will block this aeration pathway of the middle ear. At the same time an open tuba auditiva can be found in acute, subacute and chronic middle ear diseases. Our findings that the ventilation of the ear is in most cases blocked at the diaphragma and not at the tube leads to questions on the one hand regarding the function of diaphragma and to the opinion on the other that the ventilation system of the middle ear is divided in two sections by the diaphragma: An anterior section including tuba and hypomesotympanon and a posterior including epitympanon, aditus, antrum and the pneumatic cells of mastoid and pyramid. The anterior section still is ventilated through the tuba when blocked at the diaphragma, in the posterior one ventilation and drainage are blocked even by mildly infected processes. Longer lasting infections have severe consequences for these spaces and the tympanic membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:123300", "title": "[The clinical application of neuronography in facial palsy(author's transl)].", "content": "Neuronography is the method chosen for early diagnosis in facial palsy, since it best suits the facts of pathophysiology. After presentation of the stages of nerval damage in facial palsy and its corresponding results of neuronography the paper deals with the prognostic conclusions.", "contents": "[The clinical application of neuronography in facial palsy(author's transl)]. Neuronography is the method chosen for early diagnosis in facial palsy, since it best suits the facts of pathophysiology. After presentation of the stages of nerval damage in facial palsy and its corresponding results of neuronography the paper deals with the prognostic conclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:123301", "title": "[Current remarks for use of the TNM classification on head and neck (author's transl)].", "content": "The revised rules of classifications of UICC (1973) for the field trail 1974-1977 will be published (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypoparynx; larynx; oral cavity); own recommendations for the organs inner nose and sinuses, salivary glands and skin (head and neck) are added. In the enlarged TMN-key identification number, date of diagnosis, number of localisation, symbol c (certainty) and number of histology are mainly taken into consideration; stage and staging remain secondary. Checklists and proformas prepared for use in a computer simplify the documentation.", "contents": "[Current remarks for use of the TNM classification on head and neck (author's transl)]. The revised rules of classifications of UICC (1973) for the field trail 1974-1977 will be published (nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypoparynx; larynx; oral cavity); own recommendations for the organs inner nose and sinuses, salivary glands and skin (head and neck) are added. In the enlarged TMN-key identification number, date of diagnosis, number of localisation, symbol c (certainty) and number of histology are mainly taken into consideration; stage and staging remain secondary. Checklists and proformas prepared for use in a computer simplify the documentation."}
{"id": "PMID:123302", "title": "[Assessment of hearing losses using diagrammatic curves (author's transl)].", "content": "Diagrams are given to facilitate the assessment of hearing losses and make it more flexible. These indicate the degree of deafness derived from the results of various test procedures and the MdE of the degree of deafness of both ears. It is suggested that \"degree of deafness\" be used instead of the \"percentage hearing loss\".", "contents": "[Assessment of hearing losses using diagrammatic curves (author's transl)]. Diagrams are given to facilitate the assessment of hearing losses and make it more flexible. These indicate the degree of deafness derived from the results of various test procedures and the MdE of the degree of deafness of both ears. It is suggested that \"degree of deafness\" be used instead of the \"percentage hearing loss\"."}
{"id": "PMID:123303", "title": "[The effect of various antibiotics on the mixed flora of the maxillary sinus in sinusitis(author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of four frequently used antibiotics on the germs of the sinus maxillaris was studied. For this purpose germs of the sinus max. rinsing fluid, got from 127 patients, were cultured under nearly the same physical and chemical conditions which can be expected in the sinus itself. Each antibiotic substance was studied with three different comcentrations in the culture medium. By extrapolation of the linear regression between some characteristical parameters of the culture absorbancy development and the concentration, the inhibitory concentration can be estimated. The efficacy decreases in the following order: Doxycyclin greater than Gentamycin greater than Ampicillin greater than Lincomycin. An inhibitory concentration results, if the antibiotics are instilled in the sinus itself. The general side effects can be neglected but not at all the local ones. Investigations in this direction are still going on. As a preliminary report, 700 instillations of Lincomycin turned out with no incident.", "contents": "[The effect of various antibiotics on the mixed flora of the maxillary sinus in sinusitis(author's transl)]. The effect of four frequently used antibiotics on the germs of the sinus maxillaris was studied. For this purpose germs of the sinus max. rinsing fluid, got from 127 patients, were cultured under nearly the same physical and chemical conditions which can be expected in the sinus itself. Each antibiotic substance was studied with three different comcentrations in the culture medium. By extrapolation of the linear regression between some characteristical parameters of the culture absorbancy development and the concentration, the inhibitory concentration can be estimated. The efficacy decreases in the following order: Doxycyclin greater than Gentamycin greater than Ampicillin greater than Lincomycin. An inhibitory concentration results, if the antibiotics are instilled in the sinus itself. The general side effects can be neglected but not at all the local ones. Investigations in this direction are still going on. As a preliminary report, 700 instillations of Lincomycin turned out with no incident."}
{"id": "PMID:123316", "title": "[Hepatic scintigraphy and laparoscopy in the diagnosis of the metastatic liver neoplasms. Comparative studies in 112 cases].", "content": "Personal experience of hepatic scintigraphy and laparoscopy in the diagnosis of secondary tumors of the liver is reported. The usefulness of both the techniques, associated, is proved by the small number of cases (2,98%) where metastases remained undiagnosed before surgery. Considering only the results of scanning, a larger number of \"false positive\" is noted, while those of laparoscopy are more often \"false negative\".", "contents": "[Hepatic scintigraphy and laparoscopy in the diagnosis of the metastatic liver neoplasms. Comparative studies in 112 cases]. Personal experience of hepatic scintigraphy and laparoscopy in the diagnosis of secondary tumors of the liver is reported. The usefulness of both the techniques, associated, is proved by the small number of cases (2,98%) where metastases remained undiagnosed before surgery. Considering only the results of scanning, a larger number of \"false positive\" is noted, while those of laparoscopy are more often \"false negative\"."}
{"id": "PMID:123335", "title": "Paired moving charges in mitochondrial energy coupling. II. Universality of the principles for energy coupling in biological systems.", "content": "The thesis is developed that an acceptable model of biological energy coupling must have universal application. The paired moving charge model of mitochondrial energy coupling is examined from the standpoint of this thesis. Fundamental to this model is the notion that energy coupling involves interaction between paired uncompensated charged species in two vectorially aligned and spatially separated reaction centers. The two charge-separating devices are assumed to be the electron transfer chain (in chloroplast and mitochondria) and intrinsic ionophores (in all transducing organelles and kinases). The universality of the ionophore principle becomes then the crucial test of the validity of the paired moving charge model. The multiple facets of ionophore-mediated couples processes are explored, e.g., coupled hydrolysis of ATP, hormonal control of ion movements, and active transport.", "contents": "Paired moving charges in mitochondrial energy coupling. II. Universality of the principles for energy coupling in biological systems. The thesis is developed that an acceptable model of biological energy coupling must have universal application. The paired moving charge model of mitochondrial energy coupling is examined from the standpoint of this thesis. Fundamental to this model is the notion that energy coupling involves interaction between paired uncompensated charged species in two vectorially aligned and spatially separated reaction centers. The two charge-separating devices are assumed to be the electron transfer chain (in chloroplast and mitochondria) and intrinsic ionophores (in all transducing organelles and kinases). The universality of the ionophore principle becomes then the crucial test of the validity of the paired moving charge model. The multiple facets of ionophore-mediated couples processes are explored, e.g., coupled hydrolysis of ATP, hormonal control of ion movements, and active transport."}
{"id": "PMID:123336", "title": "Correlated suppression by 5-bromodeoxyuridine of tumorigenicity and plasminogen activator in mouse melanoma cells.", "content": "The decrease of tumorigenicity by mouse melanoma clone B559 after growth in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) has been correlated with a decrease in detectable cellular plasminogen activator. Reduction of both activities occurs after one to two cell divisions in the presence of this thymidine analog and is virtually complete within three to four cell cycles. These changes are fully reversible; four to five cell divisions in the absence of BrdU are sufficient to allow both tumorigenicity and plasminogen activator levels to return to normal. These results support the hypotheses that (a) the expression of a cellular plasminogen activator is closely associated with the transformation of normal to malignant cells and that (b) the suppression of tumorigenicity by BrdU reflects the capacity of this base analog to inhibit the expression of specialized functions which accompany the malignant state.", "contents": "Correlated suppression by 5-bromodeoxyuridine of tumorigenicity and plasminogen activator in mouse melanoma cells. The decrease of tumorigenicity by mouse melanoma clone B559 after growth in the presence of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) has been correlated with a decrease in detectable cellular plasminogen activator. Reduction of both activities occurs after one to two cell divisions in the presence of this thymidine analog and is virtually complete within three to four cell cycles. These changes are fully reversible; four to five cell divisions in the absence of BrdU are sufficient to allow both tumorigenicity and plasminogen activator levels to return to normal. These results support the hypotheses that (a) the expression of a cellular plasminogen activator is closely associated with the transformation of normal to malignant cells and that (b) the suppression of tumorigenicity by BrdU reflects the capacity of this base analog to inhibit the expression of specialized functions which accompany the malignant state."}
{"id": "PMID:123338", "title": "The problem of sampling homologous groups of nephrons during development of the chick mesonephros.", "content": "With the aim of defining homologous groups of nephrons in the chick mesonephros at different stages of development, we opened the abdominal wall of 295 White Leghorn embryos at stage HH 26 and marked off 6 segments of equal length at different levels of the organ by Seichert's plastic linear marking method (Seichert 1965), using marks previously introduced into the vertebral column at the same levels as a guide. The embryos were removed after 2-6 days, weighed and classified according to weight. The primordia of the marked vertebrae were identified. The length of the artificially defined segments or their relationships to both poles of the mesonephros were evaluated in projections. The portion of the mesonephros above Th 3 level shorten during the period of observation, while the more caudal segments grow in a craniocaudal gradient. Homologous groups of nephrons can be identified only by the marking technique, except for those at Th 7 level, whose distance from the caudal pole does not alter up to the 11th embryonic day.", "contents": "The problem of sampling homologous groups of nephrons during development of the chick mesonephros. With the aim of defining homologous groups of nephrons in the chick mesonephros at different stages of development, we opened the abdominal wall of 295 White Leghorn embryos at stage HH 26 and marked off 6 segments of equal length at different levels of the organ by Seichert's plastic linear marking method (Seichert 1965), using marks previously introduced into the vertebral column at the same levels as a guide. The embryos were removed after 2-6 days, weighed and classified according to weight. The primordia of the marked vertebrae were identified. The length of the artificially defined segments or their relationships to both poles of the mesonephros were evaluated in projections. The portion of the mesonephros above Th 3 level shorten during the period of observation, while the more caudal segments grow in a craniocaudal gradient. Homologous groups of nephrons can be identified only by the marking technique, except for those at Th 7 level, whose distance from the caudal pole does not alter up to the 11th embryonic day."}
{"id": "PMID:123339", "title": "Inflation reflex in the rat.", "content": "The Breuer-Hering inflation reflex [BHIR] was elicited in conscious and anaesthetized rats by inflating the lungs with constant pressures of 5--20 cm H2O. The reflex was elicited well in conscious animals, but even with the maximum stimulus [inflation of 20 cm H2O, corresponding to about 4.5-fold the tidal volume] the duration of apnoea did not exceed 4 control respiration cycles. In anaesthetized animals, the same stimulus let to apnoea lasting 180--400 control respiration cycles on the average, according to the type and depth of general anaesthesia. The duration of apnoea in occlusion of the air passages in the expiratory position increased with the depth of anaesthesia, while in occlusion of the air passages at the peak of inspiration it was shortened. Stimulation of chemoreceptors [inhalation of a mixture 4% CO2 in O2 or of 8% O2 in N2] did not influence the elicitability or duration of the BHIR, nor did cooling the rats to 28 degrees C or heating them to 38 degrees C. The mean respiration frequency was 98 c/min in unanaesthetized rats, 96 c/min in urethane anaesthesis and 79--48 c/min in halothane anaesthesia, according to the depth of anaesthesia. Bilateral cervical vagotomy reduced mean respiration frequency to 35.6 c/min in conscious rats and to 31 c/min in urethane-anaesthetized animals. The results indicate the existence of species-related differences between basic regulatory mechanisms in the rat and certain other mammals.", "contents": "Inflation reflex in the rat. The Breuer-Hering inflation reflex [BHIR] was elicited in conscious and anaesthetized rats by inflating the lungs with constant pressures of 5--20 cm H2O. The reflex was elicited well in conscious animals, but even with the maximum stimulus [inflation of 20 cm H2O, corresponding to about 4.5-fold the tidal volume] the duration of apnoea did not exceed 4 control respiration cycles. In anaesthetized animals, the same stimulus let to apnoea lasting 180--400 control respiration cycles on the average, according to the type and depth of general anaesthesia. The duration of apnoea in occlusion of the air passages in the expiratory position increased with the depth of anaesthesia, while in occlusion of the air passages at the peak of inspiration it was shortened. Stimulation of chemoreceptors [inhalation of a mixture 4% CO2 in O2 or of 8% O2 in N2] did not influence the elicitability or duration of the BHIR, nor did cooling the rats to 28 degrees C or heating them to 38 degrees C. The mean respiration frequency was 98 c/min in unanaesthetized rats, 96 c/min in urethane anaesthesis and 79--48 c/min in halothane anaesthesia, according to the depth of anaesthesia. Bilateral cervical vagotomy reduced mean respiration frequency to 35.6 c/min in conscious rats and to 31 c/min in urethane-anaesthetized animals. The results indicate the existence of species-related differences between basic regulatory mechanisms in the rat and certain other mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:123340", "title": "Participation of the Breuer-Hering inflation reflex in regulation of respiration frequency in anaesthetized rats.", "content": "The respiration frequency and Breuer-Hering inflation reflex (BHIR) values were compared in anaesthetized rats after unilateral vagotomy. Nos significant differences were found in the decrease in respiration frequency after transection of the right of left vagus and there were no differences in BHIR values in correlation to conduction by the right or left vagus. With unilateral vagotomy and an inflation pressure of 20 cm  H20 the BHIR values fell to about one fourth of the control values. Progressive cooling of the contralateral vagus led at 8-10 degrees C to a non-significant decrease in respiration frequency to 87% of the initial value; in this state the BHIR could not be elicited. Further cooling of the vagus to 0 degrees C reduced respiration frequency to the same values as in bilateral vagotomy. The discrepancy between the mild decrease in respiration frequency and simultaneous disappearance of the BHIR shows that changes in respiration frequency in anaesthetized rats are not directly correlated to the presence of the BHIR.", "contents": "Participation of the Breuer-Hering inflation reflex in regulation of respiration frequency in anaesthetized rats. The respiration frequency and Breuer-Hering inflation reflex (BHIR) values were compared in anaesthetized rats after unilateral vagotomy. Nos significant differences were found in the decrease in respiration frequency after transection of the right of left vagus and there were no differences in BHIR values in correlation to conduction by the right or left vagus. With unilateral vagotomy and an inflation pressure of 20 cm  H20 the BHIR values fell to about one fourth of the control values. Progressive cooling of the contralateral vagus led at 8-10 degrees C to a non-significant decrease in respiration frequency to 87% of the initial value; in this state the BHIR could not be elicited. Further cooling of the vagus to 0 degrees C reduced respiration frequency to the same values as in bilateral vagotomy. The discrepancy between the mild decrease in respiration frequency and simultaneous disappearance of the BHIR shows that changes in respiration frequency in anaesthetized rats are not directly correlated to the presence of the BHIR."}
{"id": "PMID:123341", "title": "The inhibitory action of the light meromyosin component on the myofibrillar and actomyosin atp-ase.", "content": "The protein component of light meromyosin [LMM-1] was shown earlier to relax glycerinated muscle fibres and actomyosin. Presently its influence on ATP-ase activity of myofibrils, actomyosin, myosin and heavy meromyosin has been studied. LMM-1 decreases Mg-ATP-ase activity of myofibrils and of reconstructed actomyosin by 25-- 30% and does not change [or slightly increases] Ca-ATP-ase activity of this protein and of myosin; besides LMM-1 is able to increase Mg-ATP-ase of HMM substantially. LMM-1 markedly inhibits [preliminary data] the activation of ATP-ase activity of HMM by actin. It is suggested that LMM-1 protein interacts with myosin and decreases the actin-myosin affinity, displacing actin out of the complex. It reacts only with one of the heads of myosin. Probably this suggestion can account for a relatively slight inhibition of ATP-ase activity of complex by LMM-1. LMM-1 represents a natural and specific inhibitor of Mg-AM-ATP-ase activity, included in the structure of myosin protofibrils and interacting with the myosin active site region.", "contents": "The inhibitory action of the light meromyosin component on the myofibrillar and actomyosin atp-ase. The protein component of light meromyosin [LMM-1] was shown earlier to relax glycerinated muscle fibres and actomyosin. Presently its influence on ATP-ase activity of myofibrils, actomyosin, myosin and heavy meromyosin has been studied. LMM-1 decreases Mg-ATP-ase activity of myofibrils and of reconstructed actomyosin by 25-- 30% and does not change [or slightly increases] Ca-ATP-ase activity of this protein and of myosin; besides LMM-1 is able to increase Mg-ATP-ase of HMM substantially. LMM-1 markedly inhibits [preliminary data] the activation of ATP-ase activity of HMM by actin. It is suggested that LMM-1 protein interacts with myosin and decreases the actin-myosin affinity, displacing actin out of the complex. It reacts only with one of the heads of myosin. Probably this suggestion can account for a relatively slight inhibition of ATP-ase activity of complex by LMM-1. LMM-1 represents a natural and specific inhibitor of Mg-AM-ATP-ase activity, included in the structure of myosin protofibrils and interacting with the myosin active site region."}
{"id": "PMID:123343", "title": "Macromolecular turnover in mice (C57BL times C3H) liver, thymus and kidney after partial hepatectomy.", "content": "Studies have been presented concerning the definition of bioassay systems, in terms of macromolecular kinetics as it pertains in advance to ENU carciogenic sensitivity. Male mice (C57BL female times C3H male) 6 weeks of age were partially hepatectomized and labelled with thymidine 3-H, uridine 3-H and leucine 3-H as precursors for DNA, RNA and protein synthesis respectively. Specific activity of all these three parameters of liver, thymus and kidney were followed for 5 days at regular intervals, and for 6 weeks at randomly chosen intervals. The goal of this study which we obtained, is a three-phased curve in liver for each macromolecule studied; RNA synthesis reached its first peak 18 hours, protein synthesis 24 hours, and DNA synthesis 30 hours after partial hepatectomy. Synthetic macromolecular turnover in other organs (thymus, lung, kidney, brain) were not affected in a similar way, inspite expecting some factors of a humoral nature. An accurate knowledge of the timing in macromolecular synthesis after partial hepatectomy in mice is an essential preliminary study for the development and definition of a model protocol for ENU--single dose having approximately 10-15 minutes half-life carcinogenic response.", "contents": "Macromolecular turnover in mice (C57BL times C3H) liver, thymus and kidney after partial hepatectomy. Studies have been presented concerning the definition of bioassay systems, in terms of macromolecular kinetics as it pertains in advance to ENU carciogenic sensitivity. Male mice (C57BL female times C3H male) 6 weeks of age were partially hepatectomized and labelled with thymidine 3-H, uridine 3-H and leucine 3-H as precursors for DNA, RNA and protein synthesis respectively. Specific activity of all these three parameters of liver, thymus and kidney were followed for 5 days at regular intervals, and for 6 weeks at randomly chosen intervals. The goal of this study which we obtained, is a three-phased curve in liver for each macromolecule studied; RNA synthesis reached its first peak 18 hours, protein synthesis 24 hours, and DNA synthesis 30 hours after partial hepatectomy. Synthetic macromolecular turnover in other organs (thymus, lung, kidney, brain) were not affected in a similar way, inspite expecting some factors of a humoral nature. An accurate knowledge of the timing in macromolecular synthesis after partial hepatectomy in mice is an essential preliminary study for the development and definition of a model protocol for ENU--single dose having approximately 10-15 minutes half-life carcinogenic response."}
{"id": "PMID:123345", "title": "Detection of small vessels for microsurgery by a Doppler flowmeter.", "content": "The Doppler flowmeter saved time and helped us to quickly find the exact position of the donor and the recipient vessels in the microvascular transfer of a free deltopectoral flap to the face.", "contents": "Detection of small vessels for microsurgery by a Doppler flowmeter. The Doppler flowmeter saved time and helped us to quickly find the exact position of the donor and the recipient vessels in the microvascular transfer of a free deltopectoral flap to the face."}
{"id": "PMID:123346", "title": "Transverse abdominal flaps and the deep epigastric arcade.", "content": "Further experience with the transverse abdominal flap, based on the deep epigastric arcade, is described. This flap is a logical extension of the concept of the deltopectoral flap (based on the internal mammary). The transverse abdominal flap derives its blood supply from the perforating branches of the deep epigastric arcade, and it can be used  without a delay procedure when so constructed.", "contents": "Transverse abdominal flaps and the deep epigastric arcade. Further experience with the transverse abdominal flap, based on the deep epigastric arcade, is described. This flap is a logical extension of the concept of the deltopectoral flap (based on the internal mammary). The transverse abdominal flap derives its blood supply from the perforating branches of the deep epigastric arcade, and it can be used  without a delay procedure when so constructed."}
{"id": "PMID:123349", "title": "The effects of diagnostic X-ray exposure on the human fetus: an examination of the evidence.", "content": "Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an increased incidence of morbidity and mortality among children exposed prenatally or preconceptually to diagnostic x-rays, as compared to nonirradiated controls. In those studies radiation exposure occurred on a selective basis, as the examination was always medically indicated. Comparisons of those studies and comparable ones in which radiation exposure occurred on a nonselective basis (from routine pelvimetry examinations or atomic bomb radiation) indicate that the latter studies do not confirm the former and a significant discrepancy is present in each instance. Thus, some doubt is cast on the validity of the former studies.", "contents": "The effects of diagnostic X-ray exposure on the human fetus: an examination of the evidence. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated an increased incidence of morbidity and mortality among children exposed prenatally or preconceptually to diagnostic x-rays, as compared to nonirradiated controls. In those studies radiation exposure occurred on a selective basis, as the examination was always medically indicated. Comparisons of those studies and comparable ones in which radiation exposure occurred on a nonselective basis (from routine pelvimetry examinations or atomic bomb radiation) indicate that the latter studies do not confirm the former and a significant discrepancy is present in each instance. Thus, some doubt is cast on the validity of the former studies."}
{"id": "PMID:123355", "title": "Immunoglobulin-positive cells: their appearance in the mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "content": "In mixed lymphocyte cultures prepared with thoracic duct lymphocytes from allogeneic rats, approximately 20 percent of all blast cells that appeared at the end of 72 hours of incubation had surface receptors for rabbit antibody to rat immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin-positive cells: their appearance in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. In mixed lymphocyte cultures prepared with thoracic duct lymphocytes from allogeneic rats, approximately 20 percent of all blast cells that appeared at the end of 72 hours of incubation had surface receptors for rabbit antibody to rat immunoglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:123358", "title": "Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosing left atrial enlargement.", "content": "Electrocardiographic criteria for left atrial enlargement (LAE) were evaluated in a group of 100 patients with a wide spectrum of cardiovascular diseases and compared with the echocardiographic measurement of left atrial dimension (LAD). Data analysis showed a high degree of correlation between the echocardiographic measurement of LAD and the EKG criteria for LAE. The magnitude of the P terminal force in lead V1 was the most specific of the EKG criteria evaluated, while the P/P-R segment ratio was least specific. Concordance between the two methods of measuring left atrial size increased when multiple positive EKG criteria were present.", "contents": "Echocardiographic and electrocardiographic criteria for diagnosing left atrial enlargement. Electrocardiographic criteria for left atrial enlargement (LAE) were evaluated in a group of 100 patients with a wide spectrum of cardiovascular diseases and compared with the echocardiographic measurement of left atrial dimension (LAD). Data analysis showed a high degree of correlation between the echocardiographic measurement of LAD and the EKG criteria for LAE. The magnitude of the P terminal force in lead V1 was the most specific of the EKG criteria evaluated, while the P/P-R segment ratio was least specific. Concordance between the two methods of measuring left atrial size increased when multiple positive EKG criteria were present."}
{"id": "PMID:123359", "title": "Lumbar fusion using facet inlay grafts.", "content": "A long-term analysis of 106 patients who had lumbar fusions between 1959 and 1969 is reported. The method used in this series was an inlay bone graft pointed at each end and beveled at its cephalic portion to permit easier insertion. The sacroiliac ligaments are not disturbed while obtaining the bone graft and no sacroiliac complications have occurred. The necessity for determining whether any psychophysiologic symptoms exist before a spinal fusion is emphasized. This study found the inlay facet technic of spinal fusion to be a worthwhile procedure in properly selected cases of low back and leg pain.", "contents": "Lumbar fusion using facet inlay grafts. A long-term analysis of 106 patients who had lumbar fusions between 1959 and 1969 is reported. The method used in this series was an inlay bone graft pointed at each end and beveled at its cephalic portion to permit easier insertion. The sacroiliac ligaments are not disturbed while obtaining the bone graft and no sacroiliac complications have occurred. The necessity for determining whether any psychophysiologic symptoms exist before a spinal fusion is emphasized. This study found the inlay facet technic of spinal fusion to be a worthwhile procedure in properly selected cases of low back and leg pain."}
{"id": "PMID:123360", "title": "Problems with an electromagnetic blood flowmeter.", "content": "Recurrent unexplained interference and day-to-day variation were encountered during preliminary studies with a sine-wave electromagnetic flowmeter. Using in vitro techniques, contributory causes were found to be defective leads to the flowmeter cuffs, inadequate contact between cuff and vessel, and failure to use an earth lead. When these faults were corrected, a study was made of the effects of haematocrit, temperature and the comparison of blood vessel or dialysis tubing in vitro. Final in vivo confirmation of the validity of the cuff was obtained by comparison with a cannula probe.", "contents": "Problems with an electromagnetic blood flowmeter. Recurrent unexplained interference and day-to-day variation were encountered during preliminary studies with a sine-wave electromagnetic flowmeter. Using in vitro techniques, contributory causes were found to be defective leads to the flowmeter cuffs, inadequate contact between cuff and vessel, and failure to use an earth lead. When these faults were corrected, a study was made of the effects of haematocrit, temperature and the comparison of blood vessel or dialysis tubing in vitro. Final in vivo confirmation of the validity of the cuff was obtained by comparison with a cannula probe."}
{"id": "PMID:123361", "title": "Technical improvements in the management of omphalocele and gastroschisis.", "content": "1. Omphalocele and gastroschisis carried a poor prognosis (50 per cent survival) until the last half decade. 2. The use of a temporary prosthetic covering  for the exposed viscera has strikingly altered the outlook in these conditions. 3. Ventilatory assistance, when required, and the ability to monitor blood gases have contributed also to the improved survival rates. 4. In gastroschisis the capability of giving total intravenous nutrition has allowed survival through the long period of bowel dysfunction common in the postoperative period.", "contents": "Technical improvements in the management of omphalocele and gastroschisis. 1. Omphalocele and gastroschisis carried a poor prognosis (50 per cent survival) until the last half decade. 2. The use of a temporary prosthetic covering  for the exposed viscera has strikingly altered the outlook in these conditions. 3. Ventilatory assistance, when required, and the ability to monitor blood gases have contributed also to the improved survival rates. 4. In gastroschisis the capability of giving total intravenous nutrition has allowed survival through the long period of bowel dysfunction common in the postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:123362", "title": "Body sculpturing.", "content": "Significant improvements in body contour can be accomplished by surgical procedures having reliable, predictable results. Similar to the modern sculptor of inanimate art forms, plastic surgeons have utilized new materials and devised new techniques to achieve aesthetic improvement of the face, trunk, and extremities. The goals of the surgical sculptor are perhaps more challenging than those of the pure artistic sculptor, not only because they must result in improved appearance but also because the surgeon is limited at all times by considerations of regional anatomy, the availability of viable tissue materials, and the safety of his patient.", "contents": "Body sculpturing. Significant improvements in body contour can be accomplished by surgical procedures having reliable, predictable results. Similar to the modern sculptor of inanimate art forms, plastic surgeons have utilized new materials and devised new techniques to achieve aesthetic improvement of the face, trunk, and extremities. The goals of the surgical sculptor are perhaps more challenging than those of the pure artistic sculptor, not only because they must result in improved appearance but also because the surgeon is limited at all times by considerations of regional anatomy, the availability of viable tissue materials, and the safety of his patient."}
{"id": "PMID:123366", "title": "Septate junctions in the calcareous sponge Sycon ciliatum.", "content": "Most cell junctions of Sycon are of the simple kind in which the plasma membranes are separated by an intercellular space of about 15 mmu. True septate junctions are found between sclerocytes. They are similar to those of coelenterates and echinoderms, with a parallel arrangement of septa as seen in tangential sections. The functional implications of the restriction of this type of junction to the sclerocytes are discussed.", "contents": "Septate junctions in the calcareous sponge Sycon ciliatum. Most cell junctions of Sycon are of the simple kind in which the plasma membranes are separated by an intercellular space of about 15 mmu. True septate junctions are found between sclerocytes. They are similar to those of coelenterates and echinoderms, with a parallel arrangement of septa as seen in tangential sections. The functional implications of the restriction of this type of junction to the sclerocytes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123367", "title": "The aglomerular nephron of antarctic teleosts: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "Complete serial sections demonstrated that ten species of Antarctic teleost fishes representing two families had aglomerular kidneys. The aglomerular nephron of such kidneys consists of two distinct regions: (1) a highly contorted principal segment and (2) a system of collecting tubules and ducts. Throughout the principal segment the cells are characterized by densely packed microbilli and a single cilium projecting into the lumen. Within the cytoplasm, lysosomes are rarely encountered, as would be expected if there is little or no reabsorption of protein from the urine. At the base of these cells, the plasma membrane is prominently infolded in close association with abundant mitochondria. The overall fine structure of the principal segment cells is consistent with their probable function in the secretion of ions into the formative urine. Between the principal segment and the collecting tubule is a very short transitional zone characterized by transitional mucus cells and multiciliated cells. The collecting tubule and duct system is lined entirely by mucus cells. In comparison with principal segment cells, the mucus cells have a well-developed Golgi complex and abundant secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm; these granules presumably contain the non-sulfated acid mucopolysaccharide demonstrable by light microscopic histochemistry.", "contents": "The aglomerular nephron of antarctic teleosts: a light and electron microscopic study. Complete serial sections demonstrated that ten species of Antarctic teleost fishes representing two families had aglomerular kidneys. The aglomerular nephron of such kidneys consists of two distinct regions: (1) a highly contorted principal segment and (2) a system of collecting tubules and ducts. Throughout the principal segment the cells are characterized by densely packed microbilli and a single cilium projecting into the lumen. Within the cytoplasm, lysosomes are rarely encountered, as would be expected if there is little or no reabsorption of protein from the urine. At the base of these cells, the plasma membrane is prominently infolded in close association with abundant mitochondria. The overall fine structure of the principal segment cells is consistent with their probable function in the secretion of ions into the formative urine. Between the principal segment and the collecting tubule is a very short transitional zone characterized by transitional mucus cells and multiciliated cells. The collecting tubule and duct system is lined entirely by mucus cells. In comparison with principal segment cells, the mucus cells have a well-developed Golgi complex and abundant secretory granules in the apical cytoplasm; these granules presumably contain the non-sulfated acid mucopolysaccharide demonstrable by light microscopic histochemistry."}
{"id": "PMID:123368", "title": "Preparation and antigenic properties of androsterone-7-BSA conjugate.", "content": "The 7-carboxymethoximino derivative of androsterone (1) has been prepared from dehydroisoandrosterone-17-ethyleneketal by a sequence involving inversion at C-3, introduction of a carbonyl at C-7, and reduction of the double bond at C-5. The substance was condensed with BSA by the carbodiimide procedure to afford a conjugate which produced anti-androsterone antiserum in innoculated rabbits. The antiserum is sufficiently active to be useful in radioimmunoassay procedures.", "contents": "Preparation and antigenic properties of androsterone-7-BSA conjugate. The 7-carboxymethoximino derivative of androsterone (1) has been prepared from dehydroisoandrosterone-17-ethyleneketal by a sequence involving inversion at C-3, introduction of a carbonyl at C-7, and reduction of the double bond at C-5. The substance was condensed with BSA by the carbodiimide procedure to afford a conjugate which produced anti-androsterone antiserum in innoculated rabbits. The antiserum is sufficiently active to be useful in radioimmunoassay procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:123369", "title": "One-way nonstimulation of mixed leukocyte culture in dog families.", "content": "Fifteen dog families were studied in mixed leukocyte culture.  In eight families of seven different breeds, one-way nonstimulation in mixed leukocyte culture was observed.  This could be explained by lymphocyte-defined (LD) homozygosity in most instances.  In one family, an inclusion phenomenon was postulated, and in another, a deletion.  LD homozygotes can serve as reference for LD typing and can also help elucidate the relative role of the LD locus for transplantation of organs.", "contents": "One-way nonstimulation of mixed leukocyte culture in dog families. Fifteen dog families were studied in mixed leukocyte culture.  In eight families of seven different breeds, one-way nonstimulation in mixed leukocyte culture was observed.  This could be explained by lymphocyte-defined (LD) homozygosity in most instances.  In one family, an inclusion phenomenon was postulated, and in another, a deletion.  LD homozygotes can serve as reference for LD typing and can also help elucidate the relative role of the LD locus for transplantation of organs."}
{"id": "PMID:123370", "title": "Atypical mixed lymphocyte culture.  Identity between mother and child in leukemia and aplastic anemia.", "content": "The mixed lymphocyte culture tests between one patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia and her mother and between another patient with aplastic anemia and his mother were found nonreactive, despite a one-haplotype difference for HL-A.  Two crossovers in each family at the MLC locus or a specific defect in lymphocyte responsiveness could be possibly explantations.  The mother of each patient could be considered a potential donor for bone marrow transplantation.", "contents": "Atypical mixed lymphocyte culture.  Identity between mother and child in leukemia and aplastic anemia. The mixed lymphocyte culture tests between one patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia and her mother and between another patient with aplastic anemia and his mother were found nonreactive, despite a one-haplotype difference for HL-A.  Two crossovers in each family at the MLC locus or a specific defect in lymphocyte responsiveness could be possibly explantations.  The mother of each patient could be considered a potential donor for bone marrow transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:123374", "title": "Effects of intravenous methylprednisolone on mixed lymphocyte cultures in normal humans.", "content": "Mixed-lymphocyte-culture response and peripheral lymphocyte counts were determined after 100 mg and 1,000 mg of methylprednisolone were administered intravenously to healthy volunteers; The MLC response was significantly suppressed in both groups for at least 12 hr. The degree of suppression of the MLC response did not differ between the two groups. Lymphocytopenia persisted for at least 24 hr. The MLC response, however, returned to its full capacity within 24 hr. In the low-dose group this response showed a marked rebound phenomenon at 24 hr. These findings indicate that methylprednisolone has a profound inhibitory effect on lymphoid cells' response to allogenic stumli in the MLC system.", "contents": "Effects of intravenous methylprednisolone on mixed lymphocyte cultures in normal humans. Mixed-lymphocyte-culture response and peripheral lymphocyte counts were determined after 100 mg and 1,000 mg of methylprednisolone were administered intravenously to healthy volunteers; The MLC response was significantly suppressed in both groups for at least 12 hr. The degree of suppression of the MLC response did not differ between the two groups. Lymphocytopenia persisted for at least 24 hr. The MLC response, however, returned to its full capacity within 24 hr. In the low-dose group this response showed a marked rebound phenomenon at 24 hr. These findings indicate that methylprednisolone has a profound inhibitory effect on lymphoid cells' response to allogenic stumli in the MLC system."}
{"id": "PMID:123375", "title": "[Comparative karyological study of lizards of family Agamidae. II. Karyotypes of 5 species of the genus Agama].", "content": "Chromosome complements of the following species were described: Agama sanguinolenta Pallas, 1813; A. caucasica Eichwald, 1813; A. erythrogastra Nikolsky, 1896; A. lehmanni Nikolsky, 1896; and A. hymalayana Steindachner, 1867. Agama sanguinolenta has 46 chromosomes, all of them being telocentric. The remaining 4 species show 2-n equal to 36:6 pairs of meta- or submetacentric macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes. Sex chromosomes have not been found. Possilbe evolutionary interpretation of a profound karyologic divergence in the genus Agama and karyotypic relationships of Agamidae with Iguanidae of the New World, are discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative karyological study of lizards of family Agamidae. II. Karyotypes of 5 species of the genus Agama]. Chromosome complements of the following species were described: Agama sanguinolenta Pallas, 1813; A. caucasica Eichwald, 1813; A. erythrogastra Nikolsky, 1896; A. lehmanni Nikolsky, 1896; and A. hymalayana Steindachner, 1867. Agama sanguinolenta has 46 chromosomes, all of them being telocentric. The remaining 4 species show 2-n equal to 36:6 pairs of meta- or submetacentric macrochromosomes and 24 microchromosomes. Sex chromosomes have not been found. Possilbe evolutionary interpretation of a profound karyologic divergence in the genus Agama and karyotypic relationships of Agamidae with Iguanidae of the New World, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123376", "title": "Classification of incontinence.", "content": "A clinical definition of incontinence and a clinical classification of its various forms is offered for consideration. The classification is part of a wider classification of handicaps being prepared to supplement existing classifications of diseases and disorders classified according to aetiology, systems, and anatomy. Nine handicaps (locomotor, visceral, visual, communication, intellectual, emotional, invisible, and \"other\") are distinguished. Incontinence is classified as a \"disorder of excretion, which is itself one of four divisions of visceral handicap'.", "contents": "Classification of incontinence. A clinical definition of incontinence and a clinical classification of its various forms is offered for consideration. The classification is part of a wider classification of handicaps being prepared to supplement existing classifications of diseases and disorders classified according to aetiology, systems, and anatomy. Nine handicaps (locomotor, visceral, visual, communication, intellectual, emotional, invisible, and \"other\") are distinguished. Incontinence is classified as a \"disorder of excretion, which is itself one of four divisions of visceral handicap'."}
{"id": "PMID:123380", "title": "[Errors in the diagnosis of ruptures of the straight muscle of the abdomen].", "content": "Based on study of the clinical picture of ruptures of straight abdominal muslces in 9 patients, it is considered that this pathology is considered to occur in males as frequently as in females, a spontaneous rupture being observed more frequently in females over 40 years of age, who had multiple deliveries previously and show arterial hypertension. The man signs of spontaneous or traumatic rupture of straight muscles are as follows: a sudden onset of pains conditioned by hematoma, pressure on the parietal peritoneum, in palpation a detection of tumor in the tumor in the region of m. rectus abdomins that would not disappear in abdominal tension; and also intensification of pains in the hematoma region in elevating the head in a supine position. As a rule, the body temperature is normal, but the leucocyte count may be somewhat increased. Usually, such patients are treated conservatively. Surgical intervention seems to be indicated only in organization of hematoma or its suppuration.", "contents": "[Errors in the diagnosis of ruptures of the straight muscle of the abdomen]. Based on study of the clinical picture of ruptures of straight abdominal muslces in 9 patients, it is considered that this pathology is considered to occur in males as frequently as in females, a spontaneous rupture being observed more frequently in females over 40 years of age, who had multiple deliveries previously and show arterial hypertension. The man signs of spontaneous or traumatic rupture of straight muscles are as follows: a sudden onset of pains conditioned by hematoma, pressure on the parietal peritoneum, in palpation a detection of tumor in the tumor in the region of m. rectus abdomins that would not disappear in abdominal tension; and also intensification of pains in the hematoma region in elevating the head in a supine position. As a rule, the body temperature is normal, but the leucocyte count may be somewhat increased. Usually, such patients are treated conservatively. Surgical intervention seems to be indicated only in organization of hematoma or its suppuration."}
{"id": "PMID:123381", "title": "Penetration of an ascitic reticulum cell sarcoma of the golden hampster into the body wall and through the diaphragm.  A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study.", "content": "SEM studies on infiltration of the ascitic form of the hamster reticulum cell sarcoma HaTu 25 into the ventral body wall and through the diaphragm were performed during 6 consecutive days after intraperitoneal transplantation.  The findings allow an interpretation of the course of events based on 3 main stages: 1) Contraction of mesothelial cells with partial exposure of the submesothelial stratum.  2) Preferential attachment of tumor cells to these denuded areas.  3) Advance of tumor cells within defects gradually extening from the submesothelial stratum of the musculature.  These stages were more pronounced and took a more rapid course at the peritoneal side of the diaphragm than at the body wall.  At the pleural side of the diaphragm the appearance of single tumor cells within widened intercellular spaces of the mesothelium was recorded prior to the onset of penetration at the peritoneal surface.  The rapid migration of tumor cells through the diaphragm as well as the particularly intensive tumor infiltration into this organ is thought to be connected with the mechanism of intravasation of tumor cells into the lymphatic plexus of the diaphragm.  During the whole sequence of events, HaTu 25 cells were found to have maintained their spherical configuration and characteristic surface architecture.  Apparently, growth pressure is of minor or no importance in this spacial mode of tumor penetration, rather the action of proteolytic enzymes elaborated by the tumor cells has to be taken into consideration.", "contents": "Penetration of an ascitic reticulum cell sarcoma of the golden hampster into the body wall and through the diaphragm.  A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study. SEM studies on infiltration of the ascitic form of the hamster reticulum cell sarcoma HaTu 25 into the ventral body wall and through the diaphragm were performed during 6 consecutive days after intraperitoneal transplantation.  The findings allow an interpretation of the course of events based on 3 main stages: 1) Contraction of mesothelial cells with partial exposure of the submesothelial stratum.  2) Preferential attachment of tumor cells to these denuded areas.  3) Advance of tumor cells within defects gradually extening from the submesothelial stratum of the musculature.  These stages were more pronounced and took a more rapid course at the peritoneal side of the diaphragm than at the body wall.  At the pleural side of the diaphragm the appearance of single tumor cells within widened intercellular spaces of the mesothelium was recorded prior to the onset of penetration at the peritoneal surface.  The rapid migration of tumor cells through the diaphragm as well as the particularly intensive tumor infiltration into this organ is thought to be connected with the mechanism of intravasation of tumor cells into the lymphatic plexus of the diaphragm.  During the whole sequence of events, HaTu 25 cells were found to have maintained their spherical configuration and characteristic surface architecture.  Apparently, growth pressure is of minor or no importance in this spacial mode of tumor penetration, rather the action of proteolytic enzymes elaborated by the tumor cells has to be taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:123385", "title": "[Hormonal therapy of acne vulgaris. Review and results of treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "Hormones play a major role in the development of acne vulgaris of pubertal onset. In addition to a seborrhoeic diathesis, an imbalance of oestrogens and androgens, as well as altered enzyme metabolism in the sebaceous glands are factors frequently implicated in the aetiology of this condition. There are many reports on hormonal treatment in the literature; the therapeutic regimes and results achieved varied greatly. The present report is concerned with a discussion of the results obtained in 50 patients with acne vulgaris treated with a drug containing oestriol.", "contents": "[Hormonal therapy of acne vulgaris. Review and results of treatment (author's transl)]. Hormones play a major role in the development of acne vulgaris of pubertal onset. In addition to a seborrhoeic diathesis, an imbalance of oestrogens and androgens, as well as altered enzyme metabolism in the sebaceous glands are factors frequently implicated in the aetiology of this condition. There are many reports on hormonal treatment in the literature; the therapeutic regimes and results achieved varied greatly. The present report is concerned with a discussion of the results obtained in 50 patients with acne vulgaris treated with a drug containing oestriol."}
{"id": "PMID:123382", "title": "[Changes in the ATPase activity of the brain and erythrocytes in hypoxia].", "content": "An effect of hypoxic hypoxia on the total, Mg2+-dependent and Na-K-dependent ATPase activities was studied in rat brain and erythrocytes. In brain tissue under effect of 15 min hypoxia a distinct decrease in all the ATPase activities was observed; the activity of Na-K-dependent ATPase decreased especially distinctly (by 32% of the initial level). Within 90 min of hypoxia the enzymatic activity was partially restored but did not reach the initial level. In erythrocytes 15 min hypoxia was also accompanied by a significant decrease in Na-K-dependent ATPase activity (30.5% of the initial level). But within 90 min the enzymatic activity was distinctly increased (up to 196.4%). Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase was more resistant to oxygen deficiency, Variations in the enzymatic activity were less distinct, although they showed the same pattern as those of the Na-K-dependent ATPase.", "contents": "[Changes in the ATPase activity of the brain and erythrocytes in hypoxia]. An effect of hypoxic hypoxia on the total, Mg2+-dependent and Na-K-dependent ATPase activities was studied in rat brain and erythrocytes. In brain tissue under effect of 15 min hypoxia a distinct decrease in all the ATPase activities was observed; the activity of Na-K-dependent ATPase decreased especially distinctly (by 32% of the initial level). Within 90 min of hypoxia the enzymatic activity was partially restored but did not reach the initial level. In erythrocytes 15 min hypoxia was also accompanied by a significant decrease in Na-K-dependent ATPase activity (30.5% of the initial level). But within 90 min the enzymatic activity was distinctly increased (up to 196.4%). Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase was more resistant to oxygen deficiency, Variations in the enzymatic activity were less distinct, although they showed the same pattern as those of the Na-K-dependent ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:123387", "title": "[Effect of cytoplasmic and serum factors on the uptake of (3H) thymidine-triphosphate (TTP) by isolated nuclei of liver cells].", "content": "The actions of cytoplasm (ultracentrifuged supernatant 105 000 times g) and of serum on the DNA synthesis (uptake of (3H) TTP) by isolated nuclei of liver cells were studied. Cytoplasm from liver cells obtained at various intervals after partial hepatectomy revealed a variable effect only with isolated nuclei of liver cells from partially hepatectomized rats. Cytoplasm obtained from liver cells eight hours after partial hepatectomy failed to show the usual inhibitory effect. Presumably the inhibitory substances normally present in cytoplasm are inactivated within a certain time after partial hepatectomy. Serum of partially hepatectomized animals enhanced the uptake of (3H) TTP by nuclei of normal liver cells and those from partially hepatectomized animals. The stimulating effect was present only in the serum obtained between four and twelve hours after partial hepatectomy. It remains unclear whether the effects described are growth factors specific for the liver.", "contents": "[Effect of cytoplasmic and serum factors on the uptake of (3H) thymidine-triphosphate (TTP) by isolated nuclei of liver cells]. The actions of cytoplasm (ultracentrifuged supernatant 105 000 times g) and of serum on the DNA synthesis (uptake of (3H) TTP) by isolated nuclei of liver cells were studied. Cytoplasm from liver cells obtained at various intervals after partial hepatectomy revealed a variable effect only with isolated nuclei of liver cells from partially hepatectomized rats. Cytoplasm obtained from liver cells eight hours after partial hepatectomy failed to show the usual inhibitory effect. Presumably the inhibitory substances normally present in cytoplasm are inactivated within a certain time after partial hepatectomy. Serum of partially hepatectomized animals enhanced the uptake of (3H) TTP by nuclei of normal liver cells and those from partially hepatectomized animals. The stimulating effect was present only in the serum obtained between four and twelve hours after partial hepatectomy. It remains unclear whether the effects described are growth factors specific for the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:123388", "title": "The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine on glycolysis in the mouse brain.", "content": "Following the intraventricular injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine into the lateral ventricles of conscious mice, the concentration of brain lactate rose immediately but then decreased significantly compared with the saline injected controls. The concentration of brain glucose increased 20 min after the injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine. These effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on lactate and glucose were qualitatively similar to those found following the administration of methysergide. After the parenteral administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan, the lactate levels showed a bephasic change but brain glucose was significantly decreased for up to 90 min following the injection. p-Chlorophenylalanine potentiated the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine by further increasing glucose and decreasing lactate levels. After histamine had been injected into the ventricles, the concentrations of bound glycogen and lactate were decreased whereas free glycogen and glucose were raised. It is suggested that 5-hydroxytryptamine, and possibly histamine, are involved with control of glycolysis in the mouse brain.", "contents": "The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine on glycolysis in the mouse brain. Following the intraventricular injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine into the lateral ventricles of conscious mice, the concentration of brain lactate rose immediately but then decreased significantly compared with the saline injected controls. The concentration of brain glucose increased 20 min after the injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine. These effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on lactate and glucose were qualitatively similar to those found following the administration of methysergide. After the parenteral administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan, the lactate levels showed a bephasic change but brain glucose was significantly decreased for up to 90 min following the injection. p-Chlorophenylalanine potentiated the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine by further increasing glucose and decreasing lactate levels. After histamine had been injected into the ventricles, the concentrations of bound glycogen and lactate were decreased whereas free glycogen and glucose were raised. It is suggested that 5-hydroxytryptamine, and possibly histamine, are involved with control of glycolysis in the mouse brain."}
{"id": "PMID:123389", "title": "Influence of spermine on some membrane-disturbing actions.", "content": "The influence of spermine on the potassium loss from yeast cells as a consequence of membrane-disturbing actions was investigated. Spermine interfered strongly in the action membrane-active bactericides on yeast cells; this interference resembles the action of certain metal ions. Spermine provides a protection against the positively charged parasosaniline and accomplishes a strong potentiation of the action of the negatively charged sodium dodecyl sulphate.", "contents": "Influence of spermine on some membrane-disturbing actions. The influence of spermine on the potassium loss from yeast cells as a consequence of membrane-disturbing actions was investigated. Spermine interfered strongly in the action membrane-active bactericides on yeast cells; this interference resembles the action of certain metal ions. Spermine provides a protection against the positively charged parasosaniline and accomplishes a strong potentiation of the action of the negatively charged sodium dodecyl sulphate."}
{"id": "PMID:123390", "title": "Determination of exotoxin in Bacillus thuringiensis cells.", "content": "The presence of exotoxin in Bacillus thuringiensis was demonstrated and its quantity in the cells determined. The concentration of exotoxin in the producing microorganism is approximately half the concentration of ATP. Exotoxin is produced at such a rate that the cell excretes 1/5 to 1/4 of its exotoxin content into the medium per minute.", "contents": "Determination of exotoxin in Bacillus thuringiensis cells. The presence of exotoxin in Bacillus thuringiensis was demonstrated and its quantity in the cells determined. The concentration of exotoxin in the producing microorganism is approximately half the concentration of ATP. Exotoxin is produced at such a rate that the cell excretes 1/5 to 1/4 of its exotoxin content into the medium per minute."}
{"id": "PMID:123391", "title": "Interactions between black lipid membranes and the loosely bound proteins from erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The loosely bound proteins from human erythrocyte membranes induce an up to more than 103-fold increase in the electrical conductivity of black lipid membranes made from oxidized cholesterol. The conductivity increase continues until the membrane breaks. Its magnitude insreases with increasing protein concentration and salt concentration. The results are compared with earlier results obtained with the strongly bound proteins from erythrocyte membranes.", "contents": "Interactions between black lipid membranes and the loosely bound proteins from erythrocyte membranes. The loosely bound proteins from human erythrocyte membranes induce an up to more than 103-fold increase in the electrical conductivity of black lipid membranes made from oxidized cholesterol. The conductivity increase continues until the membrane breaks. Its magnitude insreases with increasing protein concentration and salt concentration. The results are compared with earlier results obtained with the strongly bound proteins from erythrocyte membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:123392", "title": "[Microsome-associated 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of human placenta, i solubilization, enrichment and separation of two 17 beta-hsd-activities after phospholipase-Treatment].", "content": "Treatment of human placenta microsomes with phospholipase A or D inhibits the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) activity, parallel with the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids. The 17beta-HSD activity of phospholipase treated microsomes is reactivated by synthetic phospholipids. The distribution of 17beta-HSD activity in subfractions of original microsomes and of phospholipase treated microsomes obtained by zonal centrifugation was studied. Solubilization of the microsomal 17beta-HSD was achieved by phospholipase A treatment. Two 17beta-HSD were solubilized from human placenta microsomes by phospholipase A treatment and were further purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration on BioGel A-0.5 m, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and by isoelectric focusing. The enzymes were purified 25.8 and 17.4 times. The isoelectric points and molecular weights of the two 17beta-HSD were determined. Both enzymes are of a 17beta-HSD type. One of the 17beta-HSD, however, was sensitive to estradiol-17beta, the other to testosterone. The question of whether the two enzymes constitute a monomer and a dimer of the same 17beta-HSD or are completely different enzymes, is discussed.", "contents": "[Microsome-associated 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of human placenta, i solubilization, enrichment and separation of two 17 beta-hsd-activities after phospholipase-Treatment]. Treatment of human placenta microsomes with phospholipase A or D inhibits the 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17beta-HSD) activity, parallel with the hydrolysis of membrane phospholipids. The 17beta-HSD activity of phospholipase treated microsomes is reactivated by synthetic phospholipids. The distribution of 17beta-HSD activity in subfractions of original microsomes and of phospholipase treated microsomes obtained by zonal centrifugation was studied. Solubilization of the microsomal 17beta-HSD was achieved by phospholipase A treatment. Two 17beta-HSD were solubilized from human placenta microsomes by phospholipase A treatment and were further purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation, gel filtration on BioGel A-0.5 m, DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and by isoelectric focusing. The enzymes were purified 25.8 and 17.4 times. The isoelectric points and molecular weights of the two 17beta-HSD were determined. Both enzymes are of a 17beta-HSD type. One of the 17beta-HSD, however, was sensitive to estradiol-17beta, the other to testosterone. The question of whether the two enzymes constitute a monomer and a dimer of the same 17beta-HSD or are completely different enzymes, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123393", "title": "[Phytochrome system and synthesis of lipoquinones in the plastids of etiolated hordeum seedlings].", "content": "Short pulses of red light induce in etiolated barley seedlings an enhanced synthesis of plastidic benzoquinones and vitamin K1, which can be reverted by subsequent irradiation with short pulses of far-red. As compared to the dark there is more formation of plastoquinone-9 than alpha-tocopherol. The enhanced formation of vitamin K1 is coupled with a concomitant decrease in the level of the second naphthoquinone vitamin \"K\". The data show that active phytochrome Pfr, also in its ground state, induces the light triggered lipoquinone synthesis which is connected to thylakoid formation. The red light induction of enhanced plastoquinone-9 synthesis cannot be fully reverted by subsequent far-red and seems to be a very fast phytochrome response.", "contents": "[Phytochrome system and synthesis of lipoquinones in the plastids of etiolated hordeum seedlings]. Short pulses of red light induce in etiolated barley seedlings an enhanced synthesis of plastidic benzoquinones and vitamin K1, which can be reverted by subsequent irradiation with short pulses of far-red. As compared to the dark there is more formation of plastoquinone-9 than alpha-tocopherol. The enhanced formation of vitamin K1 is coupled with a concomitant decrease in the level of the second naphthoquinone vitamin \"K\". The data show that active phytochrome Pfr, also in its ground state, induces the light triggered lipoquinone synthesis which is connected to thylakoid formation. The red light induction of enhanced plastoquinone-9 synthesis cannot be fully reverted by subsequent far-red and seems to be a very fast phytochrome response."}
{"id": "PMID:123394", "title": "[The influence of phytochrome on the formation of individual carotenoids in etiolated hordeum seedlings].", "content": "Short time red pulses, given 6 times for 5 min within 36 h, induce in etiolated barley seedlings an enhanced synthesis of the main chloroplast carotenoids beta-carotene, violaxanthine, lutein and neoxanthine. The level of antheraxanthine and zeaxanthine decreases by red light treatment. These red light effects are reverted by subsequent short time far-red pulses. The results show that the white light induced change in the accumulation rate of individual carotenoids is initiated and regulated by active phytochrome Pfr. In the case of neoxanthin and zeaxanthin the red light effects cannot be fully reverted by far-red; this points to a very fast phytochrome reaction.", "contents": "[The influence of phytochrome on the formation of individual carotenoids in etiolated hordeum seedlings]. Short time red pulses, given 6 times for 5 min within 36 h, induce in etiolated barley seedlings an enhanced synthesis of the main chloroplast carotenoids beta-carotene, violaxanthine, lutein and neoxanthine. The level of antheraxanthine and zeaxanthine decreases by red light treatment. These red light effects are reverted by subsequent short time far-red pulses. The results show that the white light induced change in the accumulation rate of individual carotenoids is initiated and regulated by active phytochrome Pfr. In the case of neoxanthin and zeaxanthin the red light effects cannot be fully reverted by far-red; this points to a very fast phytochrome reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:123395", "title": "[The influence of protoplast media on the tumor induction on kalanchoe leaves].", "content": "Experiments concerning tumor transformation of plant cells or protoplasts need complete knowledge of the effects of media components. Here inhibiting effects of cellulase Onozuka, glucose, sucrose and mannitol (up to 0.3M), of tissue culture media, and of the antibiotic aureomycin on the tumor initiation process in Kalanchoe leaves are reported. Also the influence of these substances on the growth of the tumor inducing Agrobacterium tumefaciens is studied. The results lead to the design of conditions which should be favourable to in vitro transformation.", "contents": "[The influence of protoplast media on the tumor induction on kalanchoe leaves]. Experiments concerning tumor transformation of plant cells or protoplasts need complete knowledge of the effects of media components. Here inhibiting effects of cellulase Onozuka, glucose, sucrose and mannitol (up to 0.3M), of tissue culture media, and of the antibiotic aureomycin on the tumor initiation process in Kalanchoe leaves are reported. Also the influence of these substances on the growth of the tumor inducing Agrobacterium tumefaciens is studied. The results lead to the design of conditions which should be favourable to in vitro transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:123396", "title": "[Laws of substrate supply, of cell kinetics and of therapy mechanisms in the intercapillary region of cancer tissue].", "content": "Up to now, the microtopography of glucose and O2 concentration in the intercapillary region of tumour tissue has been determined under the simplifying assumption that substrate consumption is constant up to the periphery of the envisaged cylindrical space around a capillary. The general diffusion field equation presented in this paper takes into account that substrate consumption is constant up to the periphery of the envisaged cylindrical space around a capillary. The general diffusion field equation presented in this paper takes into account that substrate consumption decreases in the unsaturated region of cancer cell glycolysis and respiration so that - compared to former computations - the critical supply radii needed for maintained proliferation increase by a factor of almost 1.8. With the aid of its general solution and the discussed parameters, the laws governing substrate supply, cell kinetics and therapy mechanisms in the intercapillary region of intact and treated tumour tissue are presented and discussed. The essential results there are as follows: - Even in case of hyperglycemia it is glucose supply (and not the O2 supply) which determines proliferation and proliferation rate. - Under the conditions of longtime-hyperglycemia (400 mg%), the tumour volume being accessible to the attack of cancerostatica or radiation, is almost three times as high as under standard conditions. - For glucose (and cancerostatica) the time constant for interactions between circulation and tumour tissue near the necrotic region is equal to or greater than 400 min. This is why stimulation of cancer cell glycolysis in the most therapy-resistant cancer cell portions (i. e., increased proliferation rate and tumour hyperacidification) can only be achieved if hyperglycemia is maintained for 24 hours or more. - Therapeutically treated cancer tissue is characterized by the discussed changes in the diffusion field of glucose and O2 as well as a drop in the interaction time constant for glucose.", "contents": "[Laws of substrate supply, of cell kinetics and of therapy mechanisms in the intercapillary region of cancer tissue]. Up to now, the microtopography of glucose and O2 concentration in the intercapillary region of tumour tissue has been determined under the simplifying assumption that substrate consumption is constant up to the periphery of the envisaged cylindrical space around a capillary. The general diffusion field equation presented in this paper takes into account that substrate consumption is constant up to the periphery of the envisaged cylindrical space around a capillary. The general diffusion field equation presented in this paper takes into account that substrate consumption decreases in the unsaturated region of cancer cell glycolysis and respiration so that - compared to former computations - the critical supply radii needed for maintained proliferation increase by a factor of almost 1.8. With the aid of its general solution and the discussed parameters, the laws governing substrate supply, cell kinetics and therapy mechanisms in the intercapillary region of intact and treated tumour tissue are presented and discussed. The essential results there are as follows: - Even in case of hyperglycemia it is glucose supply (and not the O2 supply) which determines proliferation and proliferation rate. - Under the conditions of longtime-hyperglycemia (400 mg%), the tumour volume being accessible to the attack of cancerostatica or radiation, is almost three times as high as under standard conditions. - For glucose (and cancerostatica) the time constant for interactions between circulation and tumour tissue near the necrotic region is equal to or greater than 400 min. This is why stimulation of cancer cell glycolysis in the most therapy-resistant cancer cell portions (i. e., increased proliferation rate and tumour hyperacidification) can only be achieved if hyperglycemia is maintained for 24 hours or more. - Therapeutically treated cancer tissue is characterized by the discussed changes in the diffusion field of glucose and O2 as well as a drop in the interaction time constant for glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:123403", "title": "Non-Gaussian behavior of the EEG in Down's syndrome suggests decreased neuronal connections.", "content": "Computer analyses of the electroencephalograms of normal children, and children with Down's syndrome who were mentally retarded, revealed differences in the distribution of amplitude between the two groups. Normal children, in the early postnatal period, generate EEG's which have a non-Gaussian distribution of amplitude that becomes increasingly Gaussian before one year of age and remains so throughout subsequent development. Conversely, the EEG's of children with Down's syndrome exhibit highly non-Gaussian properties at all ages studied. The EEG's of two mentally retarded autistic children did not show this property, so it is not merely a concomitant of mental retardation. The first-order Gaussian distribution may reflect the degree of inteneuronal coupling; since an increased number of connections on any neuron implies decreased functional dependence of that neuron on any other particular single neuron, the present evidence, which indicates stronger interneuronal coupling in mongoloids, suggests that Down's syndrome may be associated with incomplete postnatal development of interconnections between cortical neurons.", "contents": "Non-Gaussian behavior of the EEG in Down's syndrome suggests decreased neuronal connections. Computer analyses of the electroencephalograms of normal children, and children with Down's syndrome who were mentally retarded, revealed differences in the distribution of amplitude between the two groups. Normal children, in the early postnatal period, generate EEG's which have a non-Gaussian distribution of amplitude that becomes increasingly Gaussian before one year of age and remains so throughout subsequent development. Conversely, the EEG's of children with Down's syndrome exhibit highly non-Gaussian properties at all ages studied. The EEG's of two mentally retarded autistic children did not show this property, so it is not merely a concomitant of mental retardation. The first-order Gaussian distribution may reflect the degree of inteneuronal coupling; since an increased number of connections on any neuron implies decreased functional dependence of that neuron on any other particular single neuron, the present evidence, which indicates stronger interneuronal coupling in mongoloids, suggests that Down's syndrome may be associated with incomplete postnatal development of interconnections between cortical neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:123407", "title": "Trancutaneous determination of aortic blood-flow velocities in man.", "content": "A transcutaneous ultrasonic Doppler technique for measurement of aortic blood-flow velocities has been developed and compared to more established techniques in order to evaluate its potential usefulness.  It is possible by this method to quantitate blood velocity in both the ascending aorta and the aortic arch with ease and reliability.  Ultrasonic access to the aorta from the suprasternal notch proved adequate in more than 90 per cent of the normal subjects examined.  If further clinical trials prove as encouraging, this technique may be of significant value for patient monitoring and cardiac diagnosis.", "contents": "Trancutaneous determination of aortic blood-flow velocities in man. A transcutaneous ultrasonic Doppler technique for measurement of aortic blood-flow velocities has been developed and compared to more established techniques in order to evaluate its potential usefulness.  It is possible by this method to quantitate blood velocity in both the ascending aorta and the aortic arch with ease and reliability.  Ultrasonic access to the aorta from the suprasternal notch proved adequate in more than 90 per cent of the normal subjects examined.  If further clinical trials prove as encouraging, this technique may be of significant value for patient monitoring and cardiac diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:123408", "title": "Cor pulmonale (pulmonary heart disease): present-day status.", "content": "In reviewing the present-day status of cor pulmonale, it is clear that considerable progress has been made in almost all instances of the disease.  It is clearly a preventable form of heart disease in most cases and it is treatable and curable in its most common form, i. e., in COPD.  One must agree with Petty, that today we have effective means of caring for the majority of respiratory cripples.  Therapy for lung disease now appears even to have reduced the expected rate of pulmonary function deterioration in some patients.  Surely with improved gas exchange and early detection of respiratory insufficiency the outlook for patients with respiratory diseases leading to cor pulmonale is better today than it was 30 years ago.", "contents": "Cor pulmonale (pulmonary heart disease): present-day status. In reviewing the present-day status of cor pulmonale, it is clear that considerable progress has been made in almost all instances of the disease.  It is clearly a preventable form of heart disease in most cases and it is treatable and curable in its most common form, i. e., in COPD.  One must agree with Petty, that today we have effective means of caring for the majority of respiratory cripples.  Therapy for lung disease now appears even to have reduced the expected rate of pulmonary function deterioration in some patients.  Surely with improved gas exchange and early detection of respiratory insufficiency the outlook for patients with respiratory diseases leading to cor pulmonale is better today than it was 30 years ago."}
{"id": "PMID:123409", "title": "Electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy in otherwise normal children. Clarification by echocardiography.", "content": "Eleven apparently normal children whose electrocardiograms demonstrated greatly increased precordial QRS voltages suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy were studied by echocardiography to determine whether this finding represented an early manifestation of cardiac disease. Echocardiographic measurements of the thickness of the ventricular septum and of the left ventricular posterobasal wall were normal in all 11 subjects when compared with normal values for age. Also within normal limits were left ventricular, left atrial and aortic root internal diameters, left ventricular mass and the motion and structure of the anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets. We conclude: (1) These children probably have normal hearts; (2) increased precordial QRS voltage in children and adolescents, in the absence of other abnormalities, is an unreliable indicator of left ventricular hypertrophy; and (3) echocardiography is a powerful diagnostic test in determining the significance of abnormal electrocardiograms suggestive of left venticular hypertrophy.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy in otherwise normal children. Clarification by echocardiography. Eleven apparently normal children whose electrocardiograms demonstrated greatly increased precordial QRS voltages suggestive of left ventricular hypertrophy were studied by echocardiography to determine whether this finding represented an early manifestation of cardiac disease. Echocardiographic measurements of the thickness of the ventricular septum and of the left ventricular posterobasal wall were normal in all 11 subjects when compared with normal values for age. Also within normal limits were left ventricular, left atrial and aortic root internal diameters, left ventricular mass and the motion and structure of the anterior and posterior mitral valve leaflets. We conclude: (1) These children probably have normal hearts; (2) increased precordial QRS voltage in children and adolescents, in the absence of other abnormalities, is an unreliable indicator of left ventricular hypertrophy; and (3) echocardiography is a powerful diagnostic test in determining the significance of abnormal electrocardiograms suggestive of left venticular hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:123413", "title": "Adenine arabinoside in idoxuridine unresponsive and intolerant herpetic keratitis.", "content": "Twenty-two patients with active herpes simplex dendritic keratitis, in whom topical idoxuridine was unsuccessful in controlling their disease, were treated with topical adenine arabinoside (ara-A), a purine analogue effective against many DNA viruses. This drug was an effective antiviral agent in these patients. No signs of ocular or adnexal toxicity were noted.", "contents": "Adenine arabinoside in idoxuridine unresponsive and intolerant herpetic keratitis. Twenty-two patients with active herpes simplex dendritic keratitis, in whom topical idoxuridine was unsuccessful in controlling their disease, were treated with topical adenine arabinoside (ara-A), a purine analogue effective against many DNA viruses. This drug was an effective antiviral agent in these patients. No signs of ocular or adnexal toxicity were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:123415", "title": "Harold Cummins--and the birth, growth and development of dermatoglyphics.", "content": "The work of Harold Cummins in dermatoglyphics is reviewed, in the areas of populational variability, twin studies, dermatoglyphics of non-human primates, and dermatoglyphic methodology.", "contents": "Harold Cummins--and the birth, growth and development of dermatoglyphics. The work of Harold Cummins in dermatoglyphics is reviewed, in the areas of populational variability, twin studies, dermatoglyphics of non-human primates, and dermatoglyphic methodology."}
{"id": "PMID:123416", "title": "Dermatoglyphics of schizophrenics, patients with Down's syndrome and mentally retarded males as compared with Australian Europeans using multivariate statistics.", "content": "Dermatoglyphics of schizophrenics, patients with Down's syndrome and mentally retarded males were compared with those of normal Australian Europeans.  A computer programme of multivariate analysis of fifteen dermatoglyphic features was utilized.  This analysis produces two significant variates of each of the populations plotted in two-dimensional space.  The distance, measured in arbitrary units, between any two populations was studied for its significance.  It was noticed that the patients with Down's syndrome separated significantly from the rest of the groups.  The importance of multivariate analysis in the study of dermatoglyphics in comparing two or more populations is discussed.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphics of schizophrenics, patients with Down's syndrome and mentally retarded males as compared with Australian Europeans using multivariate statistics. Dermatoglyphics of schizophrenics, patients with Down's syndrome and mentally retarded males were compared with those of normal Australian Europeans.  A computer programme of multivariate analysis of fifteen dermatoglyphic features was utilized.  This analysis produces two significant variates of each of the populations plotted in two-dimensional space.  The distance, measured in arbitrary units, between any two populations was studied for its significance.  It was noticed that the patients with Down's syndrome separated significantly from the rest of the groups.  The importance of multivariate analysis in the study of dermatoglyphics in comparing two or more populations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123417", "title": "Changes of sodium transport in erythrocytes of the maturing rabbit.", "content": "The red blood cells of New Zealand white rabbits have a low sodium and high potassium content. As the animals mature, the sodium concentration rises and the potassium content falls; studies of red cells from a group of five young and five mature animals revealed a highly significant increase of cell sodium with age that was associated with a significant fall in the rate of ouabain-inhibited active sodium efflux. This difference was still seen when the sodium concentration within the cells from old and young animals was equalized and elevated to saturating levels for active pump efflux. Total sodium efflux, however, increased significantly with age as did total sodium influx so that a steady state was reached. Ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity fell significantly in the cell membranes from older animals and ouabain-insensitive ATPase increased with age. The survival time of 51Cr-labeled red cells was significantly longer in old than in young animals and it is concluded that as the rabbit matures its red cells survive for a longer period and this is associated with the changes of sodium transport and ATPase activity that have been documented.", "contents": "Changes of sodium transport in erythrocytes of the maturing rabbit. The red blood cells of New Zealand white rabbits have a low sodium and high potassium content. As the animals mature, the sodium concentration rises and the potassium content falls; studies of red cells from a group of five young and five mature animals revealed a highly significant increase of cell sodium with age that was associated with a significant fall in the rate of ouabain-inhibited active sodium efflux. This difference was still seen when the sodium concentration within the cells from old and young animals was equalized and elevated to saturating levels for active pump efflux. Total sodium efflux, however, increased significantly with age as did total sodium influx so that a steady state was reached. Ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity fell significantly in the cell membranes from older animals and ouabain-insensitive ATPase increased with age. The survival time of 51Cr-labeled red cells was significantly longer in old than in young animals and it is concluded that as the rabbit matures its red cells survive for a longer period and this is associated with the changes of sodium transport and ATPase activity that have been documented."}
{"id": "PMID:123418", "title": "Action of peptide-B from bovine fibrinogen on ATPase activity and superprecipitation of myosin B.", "content": "Bovine peptide-B from fibrinogen was capable of accelerating the structural and enzymatic effects associated with superprecipitation of myosin B. The rate of superprecipitation coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP are increased during the structural transformation. In the concentration range from 10-8 to 10-4 M peptide-B, the rate of superprecipitation is increased 12-fold while the hydrolysis of ATP doubles and the time to reach the final extent of superprecipitation is decreased 68%. Under these same conditions, the hydrolysis of ATP by myosin A was unaffected. The concentrations of magnesium and calcium were between 10 and 20 muM, and no additional divalent metal ions were added to the system. Superprecipitation was treated as a model for muscle contraction to explain the in vivo studies of bovine peptide-B in which the peptide behaves as a vasopressor substance producing vascular vasoconstriction. A possible mechanism for the participation of bovine peptide-B in the model for muscle contraction, based on the polarizing interaction of the highly charged density of negativity of the peptide with the actomyosin complex, is presented. Furthermore, bovine peptide-B is speculated as participating in vasoconstriction via attachment to some smooth muscle receptor.", "contents": "Action of peptide-B from bovine fibrinogen on ATPase activity and superprecipitation of myosin B. Bovine peptide-B from fibrinogen was capable of accelerating the structural and enzymatic effects associated with superprecipitation of myosin B. The rate of superprecipitation coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP are increased during the structural transformation. In the concentration range from 10-8 to 10-4 M peptide-B, the rate of superprecipitation is increased 12-fold while the hydrolysis of ATP doubles and the time to reach the final extent of superprecipitation is decreased 68%. Under these same conditions, the hydrolysis of ATP by myosin A was unaffected. The concentrations of magnesium and calcium were between 10 and 20 muM, and no additional divalent metal ions were added to the system. Superprecipitation was treated as a model for muscle contraction to explain the in vivo studies of bovine peptide-B in which the peptide behaves as a vasopressor substance producing vascular vasoconstriction. A possible mechanism for the participation of bovine peptide-B in the model for muscle contraction, based on the polarizing interaction of the highly charged density of negativity of the peptide with the actomyosin complex, is presented. Furthermore, bovine peptide-B is speculated as participating in vasoconstriction via attachment to some smooth muscle receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:123419", "title": "Dimensional analysis of the left ventricle: effects of acute aortic regurgitation.", "content": "The effects of acute severe aortic regurgitation on the left ventricle were investigated in conscious, chronically instrumented dogs. Left ventricular dimensions and volumes were measured from biplane cineradiographs of beads positioned near the endocardium. Data were collected before and after the production of aortic regurgitation by a catheter technique. The aortic regurgitation resulted in increases in mean aortic pulse pressure from 44 to 73 mmHg (P smaller than 0.001), heart rate from 87 to 122 beats/min (P smaller than 0.02), and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure from 11 to 25 mmHg (P smaller than 0.05). Mean end-diastolic volume rose from 61 to 69 cc (P smaller than 0.001), while end-systolic volume remained unchanged at 37 cc. The end-diastolic dilatation following regurgitation was asymmetrical in that the increase in size was due principally to an increase in the septal-lateral axis. The acute volume load of aortic regurgitation was accomplished by an increase in end-diastolic volume, i.e., the Frank-Starling mechanism. The tachycardia probably reflects augmented cardiac sympathetic activity, but the constant end-systolic volume at a similar mean systolic pressure suggests that the net contractile state was unchanged.", "contents": "Dimensional analysis of the left ventricle: effects of acute aortic regurgitation. The effects of acute severe aortic regurgitation on the left ventricle were investigated in conscious, chronically instrumented dogs. Left ventricular dimensions and volumes were measured from biplane cineradiographs of beads positioned near the endocardium. Data were collected before and after the production of aortic regurgitation by a catheter technique. The aortic regurgitation resulted in increases in mean aortic pulse pressure from 44 to 73 mmHg (P smaller than 0.001), heart rate from 87 to 122 beats/min (P smaller than 0.02), and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure from 11 to 25 mmHg (P smaller than 0.05). Mean end-diastolic volume rose from 61 to 69 cc (P smaller than 0.001), while end-systolic volume remained unchanged at 37 cc. The end-diastolic dilatation following regurgitation was asymmetrical in that the increase in size was due principally to an increase in the septal-lateral axis. The acute volume load of aortic regurgitation was accomplished by an increase in end-diastolic volume, i.e., the Frank-Starling mechanism. The tachycardia probably reflects augmented cardiac sympathetic activity, but the constant end-systolic volume at a similar mean systolic pressure suggests that the net contractile state was unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:123420", "title": "Hypothalamic heating and cooling in monoamine-depleted rabbits.", "content": "The role of monoamines in the thermoregulatory responses induced by hypothalamic heating and cooling was investigated in conscious rabbits. Depletion of hypothalamic catecholamines by pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) greatly attenuated the rectal temperature and vasomotor responses to hypothalamic heating and cooling. Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) depleted the animals of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The results obtained are consistent with 5-HT having an inhibitory role in the rabbit's vasomotor response to heat stress and activating heat conservation during cold stress. Reserpinized rabbit were depleted of both norepinephrine (NE) and 5-HT and were found to be unresponsive to hypothalamic temperature changes. We conclude that the integrity of the monoaminergic system is viral for the correct functioning of the hypothalamus in maintaining a constant body temperature.", "contents": "Hypothalamic heating and cooling in monoamine-depleted rabbits. The role of monoamines in the thermoregulatory responses induced by hypothalamic heating and cooling was investigated in conscious rabbits. Depletion of hypothalamic catecholamines by pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) greatly attenuated the rectal temperature and vasomotor responses to hypothalamic heating and cooling. Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) depleted the animals of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). The results obtained are consistent with 5-HT having an inhibitory role in the rabbit's vasomotor response to heat stress and activating heat conservation during cold stress. Reserpinized rabbit were depleted of both norepinephrine (NE) and 5-HT and were found to be unresponsive to hypothalamic temperature changes. We conclude that the integrity of the monoaminergic system is viral for the correct functioning of the hypothalamus in maintaining a constant body temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:123421", "title": "Guinea worm in southern Ghana: its epidemiology and impact on agricultural productivity.", "content": "In southern Ghana guinea worm disease was found to occur almost exclusively in villages dependent upon pond water during the dry season. The recent occurrence of guinea worm for the first time in many villages in the survey area suggests that the disease is spreading. The risk of increasing disease in the Accra plains is serious, because almost half of the 159 villages surveyed use pond water, and residents frequently travel to endemic areas. In this study adult male farmers were at greatest risk of becoming infected. The average work loss in untreated adults was more than 5 weeks. Because guinea worm disease is seasonal, conciding with peak agricultural activities, and few alternative labor sources are available for the incapacitated farmer, a marked reduction in agricultural output occurs. Additional research is needed to guide health education programs, to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical control of cyclops in ponds, and to develop low-cost improved rural water supplies.", "contents": "Guinea worm in southern Ghana: its epidemiology and impact on agricultural productivity. In southern Ghana guinea worm disease was found to occur almost exclusively in villages dependent upon pond water during the dry season. The recent occurrence of guinea worm for the first time in many villages in the survey area suggests that the disease is spreading. The risk of increasing disease in the Accra plains is serious, because almost half of the 159 villages surveyed use pond water, and residents frequently travel to endemic areas. In this study adult male farmers were at greatest risk of becoming infected. The average work loss in untreated adults was more than 5 weeks. Because guinea worm disease is seasonal, conciding with peak agricultural activities, and few alternative labor sources are available for the incapacitated farmer, a marked reduction in agricultural output occurs. Additional research is needed to guide health education programs, to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical control of cyclops in ponds, and to develop low-cost improved rural water supplies."}
{"id": "PMID:123422", "title": "Incipient atrophy of cornea. Experimental study.", "content": "The essence of the process in which the corneal tissue disappears in atrophy of the eye has not yet been studied. The authors of this investigation studied the changes in cornea as they developed after a gross perforating injury to the eye in rabbit. They found that the diameter of the cornea had grown smaller by 2 mm and its radius by 0.5 mm. The tensile strength of the cornea had decreased and hydration increased. Histologically there were but little changes and histochemically a decreased amount of acid mucopolysaccharides was ascertained in the corneal stroma. Incorporation of radioactive sulphate (Na2-35SO4) in vivo disclosed decreased biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans. Clinically, even though the eye ball atrophied, complete atrophy with flattening and complete diminution, as in the human eye, never developed. The question arises whether the six-months period was sufficient for rabbit cornea to develop clinically similar atrophy as in human cornea or whether the clinical features are principally different in the two species. Foci of ossification, as found in atrophic eye balls, which are known to develop after a long time, would be evidence of the second alternative.", "contents": "Incipient atrophy of cornea. Experimental study. The essence of the process in which the corneal tissue disappears in atrophy of the eye has not yet been studied. The authors of this investigation studied the changes in cornea as they developed after a gross perforating injury to the eye in rabbit. They found that the diameter of the cornea had grown smaller by 2 mm and its radius by 0.5 mm. The tensile strength of the cornea had decreased and hydration increased. Histologically there were but little changes and histochemically a decreased amount of acid mucopolysaccharides was ascertained in the corneal stroma. Incorporation of radioactive sulphate (Na2-35SO4) in vivo disclosed decreased biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans. Clinically, even though the eye ball atrophied, complete atrophy with flattening and complete diminution, as in the human eye, never developed. The question arises whether the six-months period was sufficient for rabbit cornea to develop clinically similar atrophy as in human cornea or whether the clinical features are principally different in the two species. Foci of ossification, as found in atrophic eye balls, which are known to develop after a long time, would be evidence of the second alternative."}
{"id": "PMID:123423", "title": "Corneal superficial unwettable defect. I. Clinical and histopathological study.", "content": "In 11 patients, the clinical, histological and histochemical picture of an unusual corneal affection termed \"corneal superficial unwettable defect\", is reported. It develops during the healing of various corneal lesions. Clinically, it is described as a defect of the epithelium with a denuded and changed Bowman's membrane, the surface of which repells tears and cannot be stained with fluorescein. In the histological picture, the changed Bowman's membrane has fibrillar or foamy appearence. It stains strongly with colloidal iron and alcian blue, but PAS and toluidine blue reactions are weak. Histochemical reactions for neutral fats are strongly positive, but those for phospholipids are negative. The results of extractions speak for the presence of some lipid component, which is neither neutral fat nor phospholipid. Hence it is supposed that there may be some waxes-ointment bases, reacting with the pathologically changed Bowman's membrane. The possible mechanisms injuring or influencing the Bowman's membrane are also discussed.", "contents": "Corneal superficial unwettable defect. I. Clinical and histopathological study. In 11 patients, the clinical, histological and histochemical picture of an unusual corneal affection termed \"corneal superficial unwettable defect\", is reported. It develops during the healing of various corneal lesions. Clinically, it is described as a defect of the epithelium with a denuded and changed Bowman's membrane, the surface of which repells tears and cannot be stained with fluorescein. In the histological picture, the changed Bowman's membrane has fibrillar or foamy appearence. It stains strongly with colloidal iron and alcian blue, but PAS and toluidine blue reactions are weak. Histochemical reactions for neutral fats are strongly positive, but those for phospholipids are negative. The results of extractions speak for the presence of some lipid component, which is neither neutral fat nor phospholipid. Hence it is supposed that there may be some waxes-ointment bases, reacting with the pathologically changed Bowman's membrane. The possible mechanisms injuring or influencing the Bowman's membrane are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123426", "title": "[Experience with using leukocytic interferon with methacil in influenza in children].", "content": "For prophylaxis influenza in the infection foci under stationary conditions 213 children were treated with leucocytic interferon with metacyl and 192 children were observed as the control group. The drug was administered intranasally in a dose of 0.25 ml once a day. The observations showed that among the children treated prophylactically with interferon and metacyl the number of influenza cases decreased 2.17 times a compared to the control group. In contact children who were taken ill with influenza the severety of the infection and the number of complications decreased. Under the stationary conditions in the children treated with interferon and metacyl the numbers of the wave-like infection and complications decreased 2.5 and 2.9 times respectively as compared to the children not treated with the drugs. Addition of metacyl to leucocytal interferon provided its administration once a day instead of 3-4 times a day.", "contents": "[Experience with using leukocytic interferon with methacil in influenza in children]. For prophylaxis influenza in the infection foci under stationary conditions 213 children were treated with leucocytic interferon with metacyl and 192 children were observed as the control group. The drug was administered intranasally in a dose of 0.25 ml once a day. The observations showed that among the children treated prophylactically with interferon and metacyl the number of influenza cases decreased 2.17 times a compared to the control group. In contact children who were taken ill with influenza the severety of the infection and the number of complications decreased. Under the stationary conditions in the children treated with interferon and metacyl the numbers of the wave-like infection and complications decreased 2.5 and 2.9 times respectively as compared to the children not treated with the drugs. Addition of metacyl to leucocytal interferon provided its administration once a day instead of 3-4 times a day."}
{"id": "PMID:123432", "title": "Production of S\u00e9zary-like cells from normal human lymphocytes.", "content": "The present study was designed to determine if lymphocytes from healthy humans could be stimulated to assume the morphologic appearance of S\u00e9zary-like cells. Lymphocyte-rich populations of cells were incubated for 72 hours with pokeweed mitogen and phytohemagglutinin, both potent cellular mitogens. With light microscopy, differential cell counts performed on 0.5mu epoxy resin-embedded sections showed that 5% to 11% of the lymphocytes had cerebriform nuclei, and were designated as S\u00e9zary-like cells. The morphological results were confirmed by electron microscopy. Production of S\u00e9zary-like cells from stimulated, normal, human lymphocytes suggests that cells with cerebriform nuclei may represent reactive lymphocytes, and may explain their presence in benign inflammatory dermatoses.", "contents": "Production of S\u00e9zary-like cells from normal human lymphocytes. The present study was designed to determine if lymphocytes from healthy humans could be stimulated to assume the morphologic appearance of S\u00e9zary-like cells. Lymphocyte-rich populations of cells were incubated for 72 hours with pokeweed mitogen and phytohemagglutinin, both potent cellular mitogens. With light microscopy, differential cell counts performed on 0.5mu epoxy resin-embedded sections showed that 5% to 11% of the lymphocytes had cerebriform nuclei, and were designated as S\u00e9zary-like cells. The morphological results were confirmed by electron microscopy. Production of S\u00e9zary-like cells from stimulated, normal, human lymphocytes suggests that cells with cerebriform nuclei may represent reactive lymphocytes, and may explain their presence in benign inflammatory dermatoses."}
{"id": "PMID:123433", "title": "Acne detergicans.", "content": "Popular brands of soaps and shampoos were assayed for comedogenicity in the rabbit ear. Only a small number produced hyperkeratosis when applied at a 25% concentration. Bacteriostatic substances, especially hexachlorophene, were mildly comedogenic. Conventional soaps include salts of fatty acids; the latter are known comedogens. The obsessive use of soaps by patients with acne vulgaris may aggravate the disease and result in its extension to unusual locations.", "contents": "Acne detergicans. Popular brands of soaps and shampoos were assayed for comedogenicity in the rabbit ear. Only a small number produced hyperkeratosis when applied at a 25% concentration. Bacteriostatic substances, especially hexachlorophene, were mildly comedogenic. Conventional soaps include salts of fatty acids; the latter are known comedogens. The obsessive use of soaps by patients with acne vulgaris may aggravate the disease and result in its extension to unusual locations."}
{"id": "PMID:123434", "title": "Nevoid follicular epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.", "content": "Comedo-like follicular papules of hair-follicles, confined to the left side of the upper part of the body, were found in a 22-year-old woman. Histological features were of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis with involvement of the follicular epithelium and the sebaceous duct with compact hyperkeratosis, but almost no interfollicular epidermal alterations were found. Because of the nevoid distribution, the prominent follicular plugging, and epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, we describe this condition as nevoid follicular epidermolytic hyperkeratosis.", "contents": "Nevoid follicular epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. Comedo-like follicular papules of hair-follicles, confined to the left side of the upper part of the body, were found in a 22-year-old woman. Histological features were of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis with involvement of the follicular epithelium and the sebaceous duct with compact hyperkeratosis, but almost no interfollicular epidermal alterations were found. Because of the nevoid distribution, the prominent follicular plugging, and epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, we describe this condition as nevoid follicular epidermolytic hyperkeratosis."}
{"id": "PMID:123437", "title": "Cutaneous hydroxystereoid dehydrogenases and rat-hair cycle.", "content": "The histochemical activity pattern of a number of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases was studied during a provoked hair cycle in the rat skin. The intensity of reaction was high with dehydroepiandrosterone, estradiol, androsterone and pregnenolone, and none with 11-beta-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Reactivity also varied with the hair cycle. The reactive sit-s were the acini of sebaceous glands and the hair sheaths.", "contents": "Cutaneous hydroxystereoid dehydrogenases and rat-hair cycle. The histochemical activity pattern of a number of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases was studied during a provoked hair cycle in the rat skin. The intensity of reaction was high with dehydroepiandrosterone, estradiol, androsterone and pregnenolone, and none with 11-beta-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, 17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone. Reactivity also varied with the hair cycle. The reactive sit-s were the acini of sebaceous glands and the hair sheaths."}
{"id": "PMID:123438", "title": "Repeated topical applications of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Effects on rabbit ears.", "content": "In a study to evaluate its acnegenic potential, increasing concentrations of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were applied topically to the ventral surface of the rabbit ear three times weekly for 13 weeks. Additional groups of rabbits received similar treatment with petroleum ether (solvent controls), received no treatment (negative controls), and received four once-weekly treatments with hexachlorodiphenyloxide, a known chloracnegenic agent (positive controls). Skin response to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene was characterized grossly by dermal irritation directly related to the concentration of test material; there were the associated histologic changes of acanthosis and hyperkeratosis; there was no primary follicular involvement characteristic of acneform dermatitis. Dermal responses to hexachlorodiphenyloxide consisted of gross follicular enlargement, with waxy excretion on pressure, and severe scaling. The affected ear appeared thickened up to three times normal size and histologic sections showed primary follicular involvement characterized by marked thickening of the sheath and marked distention of the follicles with keratin, with resultant comedone formation, typical of chloracne.", "contents": "Repeated topical applications of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. Effects on rabbit ears. In a study to evaluate its acnegenic potential, increasing concentrations of 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene were applied topically to the ventral surface of the rabbit ear three times weekly for 13 weeks. Additional groups of rabbits received similar treatment with petroleum ether (solvent controls), received no treatment (negative controls), and received four once-weekly treatments with hexachlorodiphenyloxide, a known chloracnegenic agent (positive controls). Skin response to 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene was characterized grossly by dermal irritation directly related to the concentration of test material; there were the associated histologic changes of acanthosis and hyperkeratosis; there was no primary follicular involvement characteristic of acneform dermatitis. Dermal responses to hexachlorodiphenyloxide consisted of gross follicular enlargement, with waxy excretion on pressure, and severe scaling. The affected ear appeared thickened up to three times normal size and histologic sections showed primary follicular involvement characterized by marked thickening of the sheath and marked distention of the follicles with keratin, with resultant comedone formation, typical of chloracne."}
{"id": "PMID:123440", "title": "Pulmonary microembolism associated with massive transfusion: I. Physiologic effects and comparison in vivo of standard and dacron wool (swank) blood transfusion filters in its prevention.", "content": "Pulmonary microembolism of microaggregates associated with massive blood transfusion may be a cause of post-traumatic pulmonary embolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate in the dog the influence on certain physiologic parameters of transfusion of blood containing platelet: white blood cell: fibrin (PWF) aggregates and to evaluate the effects of using blood transfusion filters of varying pore sizes during such transfusions. Exchange transfusions of approximately twice blood volume were performed in three groups of animals. Screen filtration pressure measurements verified the presence of large numbers of PWF aggregates in the transfusions. When no transfusion filters or standard commercially available blood transfusion filters of pore size 170 mu were used, experimental animals developed pulmonary hypertension, a decrease in total body 92 consumption, and metabolic acidosis. Interposition of Dacron wool (Swank) blood transfusion filters prevented these changes.", "contents": "Pulmonary microembolism associated with massive transfusion: I. Physiologic effects and comparison in vivo of standard and dacron wool (swank) blood transfusion filters in its prevention. Pulmonary microembolism of microaggregates associated with massive blood transfusion may be a cause of post-traumatic pulmonary embolism. The purpose of this study was to investigate in the dog the influence on certain physiologic parameters of transfusion of blood containing platelet: white blood cell: fibrin (PWF) aggregates and to evaluate the effects of using blood transfusion filters of varying pore sizes during such transfusions. Exchange transfusions of approximately twice blood volume were performed in three groups of animals. Screen filtration pressure measurements verified the presence of large numbers of PWF aggregates in the transfusions. When no transfusion filters or standard commercially available blood transfusion filters of pore size 170 mu were used, experimental animals developed pulmonary hypertension, a decrease in total body 92 consumption, and metabolic acidosis. Interposition of Dacron wool (Swank) blood transfusion filters prevented these changes."}
{"id": "PMID:123441", "title": "Conduit reconstruction of right ventricular outflow tract. Experience with 17 patients.", "content": "Evaluation was made of 17 patients who underwent conduit reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (for anomalies other than truncus arteriosus) at the Texas Heart Institute between December, 1965, and June, 1974. Fifteen patients survived the operation and have shown substantial clinical improvement. Several different conduits were used, principally an allograft aorta with the aortic valve and mitral leaflet attached, a woven Dacron prosthesis containing a xenograft (porcine) valve, and a valveless Dacron tube graft. Allograft conduits are sometimes difficult to procure and keep and tend to calcify with passage of time. Woven Dacron prostheses are favored because they are readily available in a wide range of sizes. We believe it is not necessary for the conduit to contain a valve unless the patient has pulmonary hypertension, in which case we use a xenograft (porcine) valve because this valve does not require the long-term use of anticoagulants, a difficult regimen to manage in children. The largest possible prosthesis must be used; otherwise right ventricular hypertension will persist. Indications for conduit reconstruction include anomalous coronary arteries crossing the right ventricular outflow tract, discontinuity of the pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary atresia with a ventricular septal defect. Our current method of managing pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (pseudotruncus arteriosus) includes palliative shunting to relieve hypoxemia during infancy and to permit full development of the pulmonary arteries for eventual total correction at a more optimal age when a larger conduit may be used.", "contents": "Conduit reconstruction of right ventricular outflow tract. Experience with 17 patients. Evaluation was made of 17 patients who underwent conduit reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract (for anomalies other than truncus arteriosus) at the Texas Heart Institute between December, 1965, and June, 1974. Fifteen patients survived the operation and have shown substantial clinical improvement. Several different conduits were used, principally an allograft aorta with the aortic valve and mitral leaflet attached, a woven Dacron prosthesis containing a xenograft (porcine) valve, and a valveless Dacron tube graft. Allograft conduits are sometimes difficult to procure and keep and tend to calcify with passage of time. Woven Dacron prostheses are favored because they are readily available in a wide range of sizes. We believe it is not necessary for the conduit to contain a valve unless the patient has pulmonary hypertension, in which case we use a xenograft (porcine) valve because this valve does not require the long-term use of anticoagulants, a difficult regimen to manage in children. The largest possible prosthesis must be used; otherwise right ventricular hypertension will persist. Indications for conduit reconstruction include anomalous coronary arteries crossing the right ventricular outflow tract, discontinuity of the pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary atresia with a ventricular septal defect. Our current method of managing pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect (pseudotruncus arteriosus) includes palliative shunting to relieve hypoxemia during infancy and to permit full development of the pulmonary arteries for eventual total correction at a more optimal age when a larger conduit may be used."}
{"id": "PMID:123442", "title": "Investigation of the nature of Australia antigen. I: The absence of biological activity of Australia antigen in human blood leukocyte culture.", "content": "Purified and concentrated preparations of Australia antigen had no stimulating effect on leukocytes of human subjects under study when tested either on DNA-polymerase activity, 3H-thymidine uptake or chromosomal alterations. Moreover, in patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver no correlation between antigenemia and chromosome aberrations in blood leukocyte cultures could be detected. On the other hand, a serum obtained from a virus hepatitis patient with Australia antigen in the blood was found to stimulate leukocyte cultures from one patient with Down's syndrome and antigenemia, one mentally retarded patient and three normal donors. This stimulating agent is obviously not associated with Australia antigen.", "contents": "Investigation of the nature of Australia antigen. I: The absence of biological activity of Australia antigen in human blood leukocyte culture. Purified and concentrated preparations of Australia antigen had no stimulating effect on leukocytes of human subjects under study when tested either on DNA-polymerase activity, 3H-thymidine uptake or chromosomal alterations. Moreover, in patients with chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis of the liver no correlation between antigenemia and chromosome aberrations in blood leukocyte cultures could be detected. On the other hand, a serum obtained from a virus hepatitis patient with Australia antigen in the blood was found to stimulate leukocyte cultures from one patient with Down's syndrome and antigenemia, one mentally retarded patient and three normal donors. This stimulating agent is obviously not associated with Australia antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:123443", "title": "Lipid disturbances associated with spiral muscular atrophy. Clinical, electromyographic, histochemical, and lipid studies.", "content": "Twelve patients with juvenile- and adult-onset spinal muscular atrophy have been studied. Eleven of the twelve patients had either type II, type IV, or borderline abnormal phenotypes, suggesting a possible relationship between serum lipid abnormalities and neuronal degeneration in the spinal muscular atrophies. Muscle enzyme histochemical studies provided valuable diagnostic information. Extensor toe signs and talipes cavus were common clinical observations.", "contents": "Lipid disturbances associated with spiral muscular atrophy. Clinical, electromyographic, histochemical, and lipid studies. Twelve patients with juvenile- and adult-onset spinal muscular atrophy have been studied. Eleven of the twelve patients had either type II, type IV, or borderline abnormal phenotypes, suggesting a possible relationship between serum lipid abnormalities and neuronal degeneration in the spinal muscular atrophies. Muscle enzyme histochemical studies provided valuable diagnostic information. Extensor toe signs and talipes cavus were common clinical observations."}
{"id": "PMID:123444", "title": "Clindamycin. A Trojan horse?", "content": "Clindamycin is a widely used antibiotic with a spectrum that includes Gram-positive bacteria, with the exception of enterococci, and Gram-negative anaerobes. Toxicities include clindamycin colitis, a pseudomembranous colitis that can be fatal. The colitis usually is related to dosage and duration of therapy, but can occur after ingestion of only several capsules. Once diarrhea develops in a patient taking clindamycin, the drug should be stopped and diagnostic measures to define colitis initiated. If colitis is present, it should be managed aggressively, probably with corticosteroids and with intensive supportive measures.", "contents": "Clindamycin. A Trojan horse? Clindamycin is a widely used antibiotic with a spectrum that includes Gram-positive bacteria, with the exception of enterococci, and Gram-negative anaerobes. Toxicities include clindamycin colitis, a pseudomembranous colitis that can be fatal. The colitis usually is related to dosage and duration of therapy, but can occur after ingestion of only several capsules. Once diarrhea develops in a patient taking clindamycin, the drug should be stopped and diagnostic measures to define colitis initiated. If colitis is present, it should be managed aggressively, probably with corticosteroids and with intensive supportive measures."}
{"id": "PMID:123463", "title": "Delay and block of cardiac impulse caused by enhanced phase-4 depolarization in the His-Purkinje system.", "content": "The underlying mechanism of bradycardia-dependent bundle-branch and paroxysmal atrioventricular block appears to be enhancement of phase-4 depolarization in a branch or in a natural or acquired monofascicular pathway. Clinical records of these forms of impaired conduction occurring in the bundle-branches, with either longer or shorter cardiac cycle lengths, are presented and analysed. These also include the combination of Mobitz typw I atrioventricular block with variable degrees of bundle-branch block, as a representative example of narrow ventricular escape beats firing in the zone where prominent diastolic depolarization is present.", "contents": "Delay and block of cardiac impulse caused by enhanced phase-4 depolarization in the His-Purkinje system. The underlying mechanism of bradycardia-dependent bundle-branch and paroxysmal atrioventricular block appears to be enhancement of phase-4 depolarization in a branch or in a natural or acquired monofascicular pathway. Clinical records of these forms of impaired conduction occurring in the bundle-branches, with either longer or shorter cardiac cycle lengths, are presented and analysed. These also include the combination of Mobitz typw I atrioventricular block with variable degrees of bundle-branch block, as a representative example of narrow ventricular escape beats firing in the zone where prominent diastolic depolarization is present."}
{"id": "PMID:123464", "title": "Occurrence of coronary ostial stenosis in a necropsy series of myocardial infarction, sudden death, and violent death.", "content": "A postmortem coronary angiography technique employing aortic injection of contrast medium and double contrast visualization of the aortic bulb and large epicardial coronary trunks was applied to the study of coronary ostia in a series of 124 deaths from acute myocardial infarction and a series of 89 sudden deaths without recent infarction and 42 violent deaths. A stenosis of 50 per cent or more of the lumen was found in the right ostium in 45 per cent and in the left ostium in 8 per cent of infarct cases. The corresponding figures in sudden deaths were 37 per cent on the right and 4.5 per cent on the left side, and in violent deaths 7 per cent in the right ostium and none in the left. Most ostial stenoses were caused by coronary atherosclerosis. In 9 patients, two with a recent infarct and 7 sudden deaths, an ostial stenosis was the only stenosed site in the coronary arterial tree. Of theses 9 patients, 7 were known to have suffered from symptomatic heart disease during life, chest pain on effort and arrhythmias being the most common complaint.", "contents": "Occurrence of coronary ostial stenosis in a necropsy series of myocardial infarction, sudden death, and violent death. A postmortem coronary angiography technique employing aortic injection of contrast medium and double contrast visualization of the aortic bulb and large epicardial coronary trunks was applied to the study of coronary ostia in a series of 124 deaths from acute myocardial infarction and a series of 89 sudden deaths without recent infarction and 42 violent deaths. A stenosis of 50 per cent or more of the lumen was found in the right ostium in 45 per cent and in the left ostium in 8 per cent of infarct cases. The corresponding figures in sudden deaths were 37 per cent on the right and 4.5 per cent on the left side, and in violent deaths 7 per cent in the right ostium and none in the left. Most ostial stenoses were caused by coronary atherosclerosis. In 9 patients, two with a recent infarct and 7 sudden deaths, an ostial stenosis was the only stenosed site in the coronary arterial tree. Of theses 9 patients, 7 were known to have suffered from symptomatic heart disease during life, chest pain on effort and arrhythmias being the most common complaint."}
{"id": "PMID:123465", "title": "Electrocardiogram of secumdum type atrial septal defect simulating endocardial cushion defect.", "content": "Three groups of patients are identified in the series of secumdum atrial septal defect with left axis deviation in an analysis of 910 patients of secundum atrial septal defect with or without other accompanying anomalies: 1) 12 patients with isolated ostium secumdum defect; 2) 5 patients with associated prolapse of posterior leaflet of the mitral valve; 3) 4 patients with associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and/or single (left) coronary artery. The findings of these 21 patients with proved secumdum atrial septal defect are analysed. The combination of such anomalies should be considered in the differential diagnosis of primum endocardial cushion defect from the electrocardiographic viewpoints.", "contents": "Electrocardiogram of secumdum type atrial septal defect simulating endocardial cushion defect. Three groups of patients are identified in the series of secumdum atrial septal defect with left axis deviation in an analysis of 910 patients of secundum atrial septal defect with or without other accompanying anomalies: 1) 12 patients with isolated ostium secumdum defect; 2) 5 patients with associated prolapse of posterior leaflet of the mitral valve; 3) 4 patients with associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and/or single (left) coronary artery. The findings of these 21 patients with proved secumdum atrial septal defect are analysed. The combination of such anomalies should be considered in the differential diagnosis of primum endocardial cushion defect from the electrocardiographic viewpoints."}
{"id": "PMID:123466", "title": "Effect of intermittent left anterior hemiblock on left ventricular function.", "content": "Studies of left ventricular function were performed during intermittent left anterior hemiblock, Max dP/dt and Vmax fell during left anterior hemiblock, with a rise in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure compared with a normally conducted beat.", "contents": "Effect of intermittent left anterior hemiblock on left ventricular function. Studies of left ventricular function were performed during intermittent left anterior hemiblock, Max dP/dt and Vmax fell during left anterior hemiblock, with a rise in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure compared with a normally conducted beat."}
{"id": "PMID:123467", "title": "An equilibrium binding study of the interaction of fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate with rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase.", "content": "Equilibrium binding studies of the interaction of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase with fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate have been carried out at 5 degrees in the presence of 1-10 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.0 and 8.0), 5 mM citrate (pH 7.0), or 0.22 mm adenylyl imidodiphosphate (pH 7.0 and 8.0). The binding isotherms for both fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate exhibit negative cooperativity at pH 7.0 and 8.0 in the presence of 1-10 mM potassium phosphate at protein concentrations where the enzyme exists as a mixture of dimers and tetramers (pH 7.0) or as tetramers (pH 8.0) and at pH 7.0 in the presence of 5 mM citrate where the enzyme exists primarily as dimers. The enzyme binds 1 mol of either fructose phosphate/mol of enzyme monomer (molecular weight 80,000). When enzyme aggregation states smaller than the tetramer are present, the saturation of the enzyme with either ligand is paralleled by polymerization of the enzyme to tetramer, by an increase in enzymatic activity and by a quenching of the protein fluorescence. At protein concentrations where aggregates higher than the tetramer predominate, the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate binding isotherms are hyperbolic. These results can be quantitatively analyzed in terms of a model in which the dimer is associated with extreme negative cooperativity in binding the ligands, the tetramer is associated with less negative cooperativity, and aggregates larger than the tetramer are associated with little or no cooperativity in the binding process. Phosphate is a competitive inhibitor of the fructose phosphate sites at both pH 7.0 and 8.0, while citrate inhibits binding in a complex, noncompetitive manner. In the presence of the ATP analog adenylyl imidodiphosphate, the enzyme-fructose 6-phosphate binding isotherm is sigmoidal at pH 7.0, but hyperbolic at pH 8.0. The characteristic sigmoidal initial velocity-fructose 6-phosphate isotherms for phosphofructokinase at pH 7.0, therefore, are due to an heterotropic interaction between ATP and fructose 6-phosphate binding sites which alters the homotropic interactions between fructose 6-phosphate binding sites. Thus the homotropic interactions between fructose 6-phosphate binding sites can give rise to positive, negative, or no cooperativity depending upon the pH, the aggregation state of the protein, and the metabolic effectors present. The available data suggest the regulation of phosphofructokinase involves a complex interplay between protein polymerization and homotropic and heterotropic interactions between ligand binding sites.", "contents": "An equilibrium binding study of the interaction of fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate with rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase. Equilibrium binding studies of the interaction of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase with fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate have been carried out at 5 degrees in the presence of 1-10 mM potassium phosphate (pH 7.0 and 8.0), 5 mM citrate (pH 7.0), or 0.22 mm adenylyl imidodiphosphate (pH 7.0 and 8.0). The binding isotherms for both fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate exhibit negative cooperativity at pH 7.0 and 8.0 in the presence of 1-10 mM potassium phosphate at protein concentrations where the enzyme exists as a mixture of dimers and tetramers (pH 7.0) or as tetramers (pH 8.0) and at pH 7.0 in the presence of 5 mM citrate where the enzyme exists primarily as dimers. The enzyme binds 1 mol of either fructose phosphate/mol of enzyme monomer (molecular weight 80,000). When enzyme aggregation states smaller than the tetramer are present, the saturation of the enzyme with either ligand is paralleled by polymerization of the enzyme to tetramer, by an increase in enzymatic activity and by a quenching of the protein fluorescence. At protein concentrations where aggregates higher than the tetramer predominate, the fructose 1,6-bisphosphate binding isotherms are hyperbolic. These results can be quantitatively analyzed in terms of a model in which the dimer is associated with extreme negative cooperativity in binding the ligands, the tetramer is associated with less negative cooperativity, and aggregates larger than the tetramer are associated with little or no cooperativity in the binding process. Phosphate is a competitive inhibitor of the fructose phosphate sites at both pH 7.0 and 8.0, while citrate inhibits binding in a complex, noncompetitive manner. In the presence of the ATP analog adenylyl imidodiphosphate, the enzyme-fructose 6-phosphate binding isotherm is sigmoidal at pH 7.0, but hyperbolic at pH 8.0. The characteristic sigmoidal initial velocity-fructose 6-phosphate isotherms for phosphofructokinase at pH 7.0, therefore, are due to an heterotropic interaction between ATP and fructose 6-phosphate binding sites which alters the homotropic interactions between fructose 6-phosphate binding sites. Thus the homotropic interactions between fructose 6-phosphate binding sites can give rise to positive, negative, or no cooperativity depending upon the pH, the aggregation state of the protein, and the metabolic effectors present. The available data suggest the regulation of phosphofructokinase involves a complex interplay between protein polymerization and homotropic and heterotropic interactions between ligand binding sites."}
{"id": "PMID:123468", "title": "Rat testis mitochondrial adenylate cyclase. Partial purification and characterization.", "content": "1. Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) from rat testis mitochondria has been solubilized by treatment with the non-ionic detergent Lubrol PX. The soluble enzyme was further purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. 2. The specific activity of the adenylate cyclase eluted from the DEAE-cellulose column was found to be four times higher than that of an intact mitochondrial preparation. At this step the enzyme shows a sedimentation coefficient of 4.2 S and a diffusion coefficient (D) of 3.12 - 10- minus 7 cm-2/sec. 3. Solubilization of the adenylate cyclase resulted in loss of responsiveness to gonadotrophic hormones. Addition of phosphatidylserine to the soluble preparation partially restored the activation of adenylate cyclase by human chorionic gonadotrophin. 4. The results of this study suggest that the activity of the adenylate cyclase may be dependent on the membrane-bound phospholipids and that the enzyme attached to the mitochondrial membranes has some properties which are similar to the adenylate cyclase found to be associated with other membrane systems of the cell.?", "contents": "Rat testis mitochondrial adenylate cyclase. Partial purification and characterization. 1. Adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) from rat testis mitochondria has been solubilized by treatment with the non-ionic detergent Lubrol PX. The soluble enzyme was further purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. 2. The specific activity of the adenylate cyclase eluted from the DEAE-cellulose column was found to be four times higher than that of an intact mitochondrial preparation. At this step the enzyme shows a sedimentation coefficient of 4.2 S and a diffusion coefficient (D) of 3.12 - 10- minus 7 cm-2/sec. 3. Solubilization of the adenylate cyclase resulted in loss of responsiveness to gonadotrophic hormones. Addition of phosphatidylserine to the soluble preparation partially restored the activation of adenylate cyclase by human chorionic gonadotrophin. 4. The results of this study suggest that the activity of the adenylate cyclase may be dependent on the membrane-bound phospholipids and that the enzyme attached to the mitochondrial membranes has some properties which are similar to the adenylate cyclase found to be associated with other membrane systems of the cell.?"}
{"id": "PMID:123469", "title": "Effects of N-acetylimidazole on human erythrocyte ATPase activity. Evidence for a tyrosyl residue at the ATP binding site of the (Na+ plus K+)-dependent ATPase.", "content": "1. Acetylation of human erythrocytes by N-acetylimidazole alters the structure of stroma prepared from these cells and the degree of alteration appears to be dependent upon the level of the initial treatment. These changes do not occur when stroma are acetylated. 2. Deacetylation by hydroxylamine or mild alkaline treatment causes a complete recovery of the (Na+ plus K+)-dependent and the Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase activities and indicates that the inhibition is due to the acetylation of a tyrosyl residue. There is only partial recovery of the Mg2+ -dependent ATPase after deacetylation. 3. ATP or Mg-ATP completely protect the (Na+ plus K+)-dependent ATPase, but not the Ca2+ -stimulated system. 4. The results indicate that the (Na+ plus K+)-dependent and the Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase activities have separate substrate binding sites and most likely are separate enzyme systems. 5. Acetylation of human erythrocytes has no effect on D-glucose transport.", "contents": "Effects of N-acetylimidazole on human erythrocyte ATPase activity. Evidence for a tyrosyl residue at the ATP binding site of the (Na+ plus K+)-dependent ATPase. 1. Acetylation of human erythrocytes by N-acetylimidazole alters the structure of stroma prepared from these cells and the degree of alteration appears to be dependent upon the level of the initial treatment. These changes do not occur when stroma are acetylated. 2. Deacetylation by hydroxylamine or mild alkaline treatment causes a complete recovery of the (Na+ plus K+)-dependent and the Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase activities and indicates that the inhibition is due to the acetylation of a tyrosyl residue. There is only partial recovery of the Mg2+ -dependent ATPase after deacetylation. 3. ATP or Mg-ATP completely protect the (Na+ plus K+)-dependent ATPase, but not the Ca2+ -stimulated system. 4. The results indicate that the (Na+ plus K+)-dependent and the Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase activities have separate substrate binding sites and most likely are separate enzyme systems. 5. Acetylation of human erythrocytes has no effect on D-glucose transport."}
{"id": "PMID:123470", "title": "Energy-dependent endocytosis in erythrocyte ghosts. IV. Effects of Ca2+, Na+ +K+, and 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate.", "content": "The requirement of actual splitting of ATP for endocytosis in erythrocyte ghosts has been confirmed by use of the ATP analog, 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate, (AMP-P(NH)P). This compound, in which the oxygen connecting the beta and gamma phosphorus atoms was replaced by an NH group, did not cause endocytosis nor was it a substrate for ATPase activity. AMP-P(NH)P was a competitive inhibitor both for the endocytosis and the Mg2+-ATPase activities. The K1 of AMP-P(NH)P for Mg2+ ATPase activity was 2.0 - 10-4 M and, while the Km of ATP for this activity was also 2.0 - 10-4 M indicating nearly identical affinities of ATP and AMP-P(NH)P for the active site. ADP, or ADP plus orthophosphate, did not cause endocytosis, showing that endocytosis was not due to binding of the products of ATP hydrolysis. Sodium or potassium ion or ouabain had no effect on endocytosis, which eliminated the possibility of involvement of the Na+, K+ ATPase in the endocytosis process. Calcium could not be substituted for magnesium; rather it inhibited endocytosis at the concentration of 1 - 10-3 M. EGTA relieved the inhibitory effect of Ca, which indicated that the binding of calcium to the membrane was reversible. These experimental results reaffirm the conclusion that ATP must be split to engender endocytosis under these conditions. Some characteristic parameters of the hemoglobin-free porcine erythrocyte ghosts were studied in order to characterize the system more adequately.", "contents": "Energy-dependent endocytosis in erythrocyte ghosts. IV. Effects of Ca2+, Na+ +K+, and 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate. The requirement of actual splitting of ATP for endocytosis in erythrocyte ghosts has been confirmed by use of the ATP analog, 5'-adenylylimidodiphosphate, (AMP-P(NH)P). This compound, in which the oxygen connecting the beta and gamma phosphorus atoms was replaced by an NH group, did not cause endocytosis nor was it a substrate for ATPase activity. AMP-P(NH)P was a competitive inhibitor both for the endocytosis and the Mg2+-ATPase activities. The K1 of AMP-P(NH)P for Mg2+ ATPase activity was 2.0 - 10-4 M and, while the Km of ATP for this activity was also 2.0 - 10-4 M indicating nearly identical affinities of ATP and AMP-P(NH)P for the active site. ADP, or ADP plus orthophosphate, did not cause endocytosis, showing that endocytosis was not due to binding of the products of ATP hydrolysis. Sodium or potassium ion or ouabain had no effect on endocytosis, which eliminated the possibility of involvement of the Na+, K+ ATPase in the endocytosis process. Calcium could not be substituted for magnesium; rather it inhibited endocytosis at the concentration of 1 - 10-3 M. EGTA relieved the inhibitory effect of Ca, which indicated that the binding of calcium to the membrane was reversible. These experimental results reaffirm the conclusion that ATP must be split to engender endocytosis under these conditions. Some characteristic parameters of the hemoglobin-free porcine erythrocyte ghosts were studied in order to characterize the system more adequately."}
{"id": "PMID:123472", "title": "Surgical management and problems of heart pacing.", "content": "Experience with 40 patients and 150 pacemakersss is reviewed. In 13 patients the initial pacing was by epicardial electrodes and in 27 by transvenous catheter electrodes. When epicardial systems were used, two electrodes were always fixed to the heart, the additional electrode being provided for temporary pacing and as a spare in case of future need. The battery unit was usually buried behind the rectus abdominis muscle. Vacuum drainage of the pacemaker pocket was used and was considered helpful in avoiding some complications. The right cephalic vein was preferred for transvenous pacing but existing venous abnormalities sometimes required use of the external jugular vein. Five patients had epicardial systems changed to transvenous ones, and in 5 the reverse procedure was needed. Pacemaker battery problems included inadequate soft tissue protection for the unit, epoxy resion fracture, titanium case leak and problems relating to design change and the special needs for overseas travel. While the danger from diathermy and radiofrequency is now recognized, similar dangers exist for those paced by 'demand' units in large electromagnetic fields.", "contents": "Surgical management and problems of heart pacing. Experience with 40 patients and 150 pacemakersss is reviewed. In 13 patients the initial pacing was by epicardial electrodes and in 27 by transvenous catheter electrodes. When epicardial systems were used, two electrodes were always fixed to the heart, the additional electrode being provided for temporary pacing and as a spare in case of future need. The battery unit was usually buried behind the rectus abdominis muscle. Vacuum drainage of the pacemaker pocket was used and was considered helpful in avoiding some complications. The right cephalic vein was preferred for transvenous pacing but existing venous abnormalities sometimes required use of the external jugular vein. Five patients had epicardial systems changed to transvenous ones, and in 5 the reverse procedure was needed. Pacemaker battery problems included inadequate soft tissue protection for the unit, epoxy resion fracture, titanium case leak and problems relating to design change and the special needs for overseas travel. While the danger from diathermy and radiofrequency is now recognized, similar dangers exist for those paced by 'demand' units in large electromagnetic fields."}
{"id": "PMID:123473", "title": "An abnormality in sebaceous function in phenylketonuria.", "content": "The sebum excretion rate has been found to be increased in female patients with phenylketonuria. This may be related to a depletion of midbrain dopamine and release of the sebotrophic hormone.", "contents": "An abnormality in sebaceous function in phenylketonuria. The sebum excretion rate has been found to be increased in female patients with phenylketonuria. This may be related to a depletion of midbrain dopamine and release of the sebotrophic hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:123474", "title": "The density of synapses and neurons in normal, mentally defective ageing human brains.", "content": "The densities of synapses and neurons were measured in 7 neurosurgical specimens of cerebral cortex, regarded as normal controls. The average result was 6 times 10-11 synapses/cm3, 15-6 times 10-6 neurons/cm3, and 38,000 synapses per neuron. Specimens of frontal and temporal cortex from 7 ageing brains (68 to 89 years) gave closely similar counts of neurons and synapses. Seven specimens from 3 severely retarded brains gave similar counts of neurons and slightly higher counts of synapses. A deficit of synaptic development is thus not a necessarre discussed.", "contents": "The density of synapses and neurons in normal, mentally defective ageing human brains. The densities of synapses and neurons were measured in 7 neurosurgical specimens of cerebral cortex, regarded as normal controls. The average result was 6 times 10-11 synapses/cm3, 15-6 times 10-6 neurons/cm3, and 38,000 synapses per neuron. Specimens of frontal and temporal cortex from 7 ageing brains (68 to 89 years) gave closely similar counts of neurons and synapses. Seven specimens from 3 severely retarded brains gave similar counts of neurons and slightly higher counts of synapses. A deficit of synaptic development is thus not a necessarre discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123476", "title": "Molecular and biological studies on cardiac muscle calcium-binding protein (TN-C).", "content": "TN-C was purified from bovine cardiac muscle. In the absence of Ca-2+, cardiac TN-C has an intrinsic sedimentation coefficient of 1.93 S and a molecular weight of 18 000 daltons. Cardiac TN-C reverses the inhibitory effect of skeletal TN-I on the Mg-2+-activated ATPase of a skeletal synthetic actomyosin preparation in the presence of skeletal tropomyoson. Circular dichroism (CD) studies indicate that cardiac TN-C undergoes a major conformational change upon binding Ca-2+. A similar response is elicited by Sr-2+, whereas Mg-2+ has a much less pronounced effect. The presence of Mg-2+ does not alter the net effects of either Ca-2+ or Sr-2+. Cardiac TN-C is rich in acidic amino acid residues. UV absorption, near UV CD, and fluorimetric studies show that the protein lacks tryptophan and has a relatively high phenylalanine to tyrosine ratio. The results of this study invite direct comparisons with results reported for the skeletal muscle analogue of cardiac TN-C.", "contents": "Molecular and biological studies on cardiac muscle calcium-binding protein (TN-C). TN-C was purified from bovine cardiac muscle. In the absence of Ca-2+, cardiac TN-C has an intrinsic sedimentation coefficient of 1.93 S and a molecular weight of 18 000 daltons. Cardiac TN-C reverses the inhibitory effect of skeletal TN-I on the Mg-2+-activated ATPase of a skeletal synthetic actomyosin preparation in the presence of skeletal tropomyoson. Circular dichroism (CD) studies indicate that cardiac TN-C undergoes a major conformational change upon binding Ca-2+. A similar response is elicited by Sr-2+, whereas Mg-2+ has a much less pronounced effect. The presence of Mg-2+ does not alter the net effects of either Ca-2+ or Sr-2+. Cardiac TN-C is rich in acidic amino acid residues. UV absorption, near UV CD, and fluorimetric studies show that the protein lacks tryptophan and has a relatively high phenylalanine to tyrosine ratio. The results of this study invite direct comparisons with results reported for the skeletal muscle analogue of cardiac TN-C."}
{"id": "PMID:123477", "title": "Participation of exogenous thymine and thymidine in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in Lactobacillus acidophilus.", "content": "The degree of participation (DP) of exogenous thymidine and thymine in overall DNA synthesis was studied in Lactobacillus acidophilus R-26. The DP of thymidine remains constant under a variety of conditions (except at low thymidine concentrations, when the DP is influenced by deoxyribonucleosides and folic acid). A 5-bromodeoxyuridine-resistant mutant was isolated, which displayed cross-resistance to 5-bromouracil and a significantly lower DP of thymidine than the parental strain. Thymine was poorly incorporated in the parental strain even in the presence of deoxyribosides. The results of this investigation would be compatible with the possibility of an alternative pathway for thymidylate synthesis other than the known thymidylate synthase pathway.", "contents": "Participation of exogenous thymine and thymidine in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in Lactobacillus acidophilus. The degree of participation (DP) of exogenous thymidine and thymine in overall DNA synthesis was studied in Lactobacillus acidophilus R-26. The DP of thymidine remains constant under a variety of conditions (except at low thymidine concentrations, when the DP is influenced by deoxyribonucleosides and folic acid). A 5-bromodeoxyuridine-resistant mutant was isolated, which displayed cross-resistance to 5-bromouracil and a significantly lower DP of thymidine than the parental strain. Thymine was poorly incorporated in the parental strain even in the presence of deoxyribosides. The results of this investigation would be compatible with the possibility of an alternative pathway for thymidylate synthesis other than the known thymidylate synthase pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:123478", "title": "Thymic origin of abnormal lymphoid cells in S\u00e9zary syndrome.", "content": "A patient with a 5-year history of pruritus and progressive and generalized erythroderma was found to have abnormal lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and mononuclear dermal infiltrate, all of which are features consistent with those described in S\u00e9zary syndrome. Systemic chemotherapy produced an almost complete resolution of skin lesions and pruritus. Serial studies on the abnormal cells included responses to phytohemagglutinin, cytogenetics, and immunofluorescence tests for identification of B or T lymphocytes. The abnormal cells demonstrated hyperdiploidy; the ratio of B to T cells fell whenever abnormal lymphocytes appeared in the peripheral blood, and returned to normal when abnormal cells disappeared from circulation. Lymphocytes separated from a skin nodule labeled as T cells. We conclude that the abnormal lymphocytes in this patient are of thymic origin.", "contents": "Thymic origin of abnormal lymphoid cells in S\u00e9zary syndrome. A patient with a 5-year history of pruritus and progressive and generalized erythroderma was found to have abnormal lymphocytes in the peripheral blood and mononuclear dermal infiltrate, all of which are features consistent with those described in S\u00e9zary syndrome. Systemic chemotherapy produced an almost complete resolution of skin lesions and pruritus. Serial studies on the abnormal cells included responses to phytohemagglutinin, cytogenetics, and immunofluorescence tests for identification of B or T lymphocytes. The abnormal cells demonstrated hyperdiploidy; the ratio of B to T cells fell whenever abnormal lymphocytes appeared in the peripheral blood, and returned to normal when abnormal cells disappeared from circulation. Lymphocytes separated from a skin nodule labeled as T cells. We conclude that the abnormal lymphocytes in this patient are of thymic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:123479", "title": "Membrane glycoprotein differences between normal lactating mammary tissue and the R3230 AC mammary tumor.", "content": "Membrane glycoproteins have been studied in the normal lactating mammary gland and R3230 AC mammary tumor of the rat. Plasma membrane-enriched fractions were obtained from these tissues by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation of a microsomal preparation from the tissue homogenates. The lightest membrane fractions (F-1 and F-2) have the greatest enrichment of plasma membrane markers, with a 14- to 20-fold purification of 5'-nucleotidase and Na+-K+ -adenosine triphosphatase over the homogenate values in both tumor and normal tissues for F-1. Electron microscopy shows smooth membrane vesicles for these fractions. Polypeptide analysis by acrylamide gel electrophoresis shows essentially the same patterns for F-1 and F-2 and only relatively minor differences between membrane components of tumor and normal tissues. Glycoprotein analysis of the polyacrylamide gels by periodate-Schiff staining indicates more dramatic differences. Membrane Fraction F-1 from normal tissue contains two major glycoproteins, GP-II and GP-III, while Fractions F-2 and F-3 contain an additional glycoprotein, GP-I, with a higher apparent molecular weight. In the tumor, the component corresponding to GP-III is decreased or absent and a new component GP-IV is seen at a lower apparent molecular weight.", "contents": "Membrane glycoprotein differences between normal lactating mammary tissue and the R3230 AC mammary tumor. Membrane glycoproteins have been studied in the normal lactating mammary gland and R3230 AC mammary tumor of the rat. Plasma membrane-enriched fractions were obtained from these tissues by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation of a microsomal preparation from the tissue homogenates. The lightest membrane fractions (F-1 and F-2) have the greatest enrichment of plasma membrane markers, with a 14- to 20-fold purification of 5'-nucleotidase and Na+-K+ -adenosine triphosphatase over the homogenate values in both tumor and normal tissues for F-1. Electron microscopy shows smooth membrane vesicles for these fractions. Polypeptide analysis by acrylamide gel electrophoresis shows essentially the same patterns for F-1 and F-2 and only relatively minor differences between membrane components of tumor and normal tissues. Glycoprotein analysis of the polyacrylamide gels by periodate-Schiff staining indicates more dramatic differences. Membrane Fraction F-1 from normal tissue contains two major glycoproteins, GP-II and GP-III, while Fractions F-2 and F-3 contain an additional glycoprotein, GP-I, with a higher apparent molecular weight. In the tumor, the component corresponding to GP-III is decreased or absent and a new component GP-IV is seen at a lower apparent molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:123480", "title": "Estriol prevention of mammary carcinoma induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene and procarbazine.", "content": "The concentration of estrogenic, androgenic, progestational, and adrenocortical steroid hormones in body fluids of mature intact Sprague-Dawley female rats was increased by s.c. implantation of 5 to 7 mg NaCl pellets containing 1 to 20% steroid 48 hr before administration p.o. of either 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene or procarbazine. The incidence of rats developing one or more mammary carcinomas in each treated group was compared to that ovserved in simultaneously treated groups receiving only the carcinogen, steroid, or no treatment whatsoever, with weekly observation of all rats until palpably growing tumors were biopsied and proven carcinomatous or until death occurred from other causes determined by autopsy. A total of 105 untreated or steroid-implanted rats followed to death (234 to 256 days median observation) developed no breast carcinomas. Rats fed either of the carcinogens developed initial evidence of breast carcinoma, after 136 to 156 days median observation, in 51 to 57% of 318 total treated rats. Nonbreast carcinomas and sarcomas developed in 5 to 10% of the carcinogen-treated rats.", "contents": "Estriol prevention of mammary carcinoma induced by 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene and procarbazine. The concentration of estrogenic, androgenic, progestational, and adrenocortical steroid hormones in body fluids of mature intact Sprague-Dawley female rats was increased by s.c. implantation of 5 to 7 mg NaCl pellets containing 1 to 20% steroid 48 hr before administration p.o. of either 7,12-dimethylbenz(a) anthracene or procarbazine. The incidence of rats developing one or more mammary carcinomas in each treated group was compared to that ovserved in simultaneously treated groups receiving only the carcinogen, steroid, or no treatment whatsoever, with weekly observation of all rats until palpably growing tumors were biopsied and proven carcinomatous or until death occurred from other causes determined by autopsy. A total of 105 untreated or steroid-implanted rats followed to death (234 to 256 days median observation) developed no breast carcinomas. Rats fed either of the carcinogens developed initial evidence of breast carcinoma, after 136 to 156 days median observation, in 51 to 57% of 318 total treated rats. Nonbreast carcinomas and sarcomas developed in 5 to 10% of the carcinogen-treated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:123481", "title": "Variable effects of heart rate on phasic and regional left ventricular muscle blood flow in anaesthetized dogs.", "content": "Tachycardia to 240 beats/min in anaesthetized dogs increases coronary blood flow while flow in the left ventricular wall remains homogeneous. An arteriovenous fistula causes subendocardial ischaemia at 120 beats/min but pacing to 180 to 210 beats/min increases subendocardial blood flow by increasing diastolic coronary driving pressure per minute.", "contents": "Variable effects of heart rate on phasic and regional left ventricular muscle blood flow in anaesthetized dogs. Tachycardia to 240 beats/min in anaesthetized dogs increases coronary blood flow while flow in the left ventricular wall remains homogeneous. An arteriovenous fistula causes subendocardial ischaemia at 120 beats/min but pacing to 180 to 210 beats/min increases subendocardial blood flow by increasing diastolic coronary driving pressure per minute."}
{"id": "PMID:123482", "title": "Haemodynamic changes in adrenaline-induced acute massive lung oedema.", "content": "During the production of adrenaline-induced acute massive lung oedema in the dog, plumonary arterial, pulmonary venous, systemic arterial, and bronchial arterial blood pressures all increase markedly. Pulmonary arterial and venous blood flows fall steeply after initial transient rises. Systemic arterial blood flow also declines, with or without an initial transient increase. The bronchial arterial blood flow shows an initial fall followed by a rise of late onset. The main determinant for the pathogenesis of adrenaline-induced lung oedema is apparently the enormously increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary vascular bed.", "contents": "Haemodynamic changes in adrenaline-induced acute massive lung oedema. During the production of adrenaline-induced acute massive lung oedema in the dog, plumonary arterial, pulmonary venous, systemic arterial, and bronchial arterial blood pressures all increase markedly. Pulmonary arterial and venous blood flows fall steeply after initial transient rises. Systemic arterial blood flow also declines, with or without an initial transient increase. The bronchial arterial blood flow shows an initial fall followed by a rise of late onset. The main determinant for the pathogenesis of adrenaline-induced lung oedema is apparently the enormously increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary vascular bed."}
{"id": "PMID:123483", "title": "The effect of cardiac tamponade on coronary haemodynamics in the awake dog.", "content": "Phasic left circumflex coronary artery and aortic blood flow were monitored in six awake dogs during a control period and at several degrees of cardiac tamponade. A mean pericardial pressure of 24 plus or minus 3 mm Hg (mean plus or minus SEM) was attained at the maximum tamponade level. Total left circumflex coronary blood flow decreased 51% while the systolic portion of this flow became negative or retrograde. Following acute relief of the tamponade, a coronary hyperaemic response was noted. It it suggested that myocardial ischaemia may be partially responsible for the depressed cardiac function seen in this condition and that extravascular compression of the epicardial vessels may limit the coronary blood flow during systole.", "contents": "The effect of cardiac tamponade on coronary haemodynamics in the awake dog. Phasic left circumflex coronary artery and aortic blood flow were monitored in six awake dogs during a control period and at several degrees of cardiac tamponade. A mean pericardial pressure of 24 plus or minus 3 mm Hg (mean plus or minus SEM) was attained at the maximum tamponade level. Total left circumflex coronary blood flow decreased 51% while the systolic portion of this flow became negative or retrograde. Following acute relief of the tamponade, a coronary hyperaemic response was noted. It it suggested that myocardial ischaemia may be partially responsible for the depressed cardiac function seen in this condition and that extravascular compression of the epicardial vessels may limit the coronary blood flow during systole."}
{"id": "PMID:123484", "title": "Structure and innervation of the pineal gland of the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.). III. An electron microscopic investigation of the innervation.", "content": "In the rabbit pineal gland two types of postganglionic nerve endings were found which are characterized by the presence of small dense-core vesicles or small clear vesicles. Pharmacological and cytochemical experiments showed then to be noradrenergic and cholinergic, respectively. Both types were often present in the same nerve bundle, occasionally in close opposition. Intrapineal neurons were only rarely observed. They showed cholinergic synapses on their perikaryon and dendrites as well as noradrenergic axo-dendritic close contacts. Bilateral extirpation of the superior cervical ganglia revealed the postganglionic sympathetic origin of the pineal noradrenergic nerve fibres. Moreover, it appeared that these ganglia are hardly, if at all, involved in the pathway of pineal cholinergic innervation. The results obtained from lesions of both facial nerves, taken together with the results reported in the literature, led to the conclusion that the postganglionic cholinergic nerve fibers in the pineal are of parasympathetic origin. A model for the sympathetic and parasympathetic pineal innervation is proposed.", "contents": "Structure and innervation of the pineal gland of the rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.). III. An electron microscopic investigation of the innervation. In the rabbit pineal gland two types of postganglionic nerve endings were found which are characterized by the presence of small dense-core vesicles or small clear vesicles. Pharmacological and cytochemical experiments showed then to be noradrenergic and cholinergic, respectively. Both types were often present in the same nerve bundle, occasionally in close opposition. Intrapineal neurons were only rarely observed. They showed cholinergic synapses on their perikaryon and dendrites as well as noradrenergic axo-dendritic close contacts. Bilateral extirpation of the superior cervical ganglia revealed the postganglionic sympathetic origin of the pineal noradrenergic nerve fibres. Moreover, it appeared that these ganglia are hardly, if at all, involved in the pathway of pineal cholinergic innervation. The results obtained from lesions of both facial nerves, taken together with the results reported in the literature, led to the conclusion that the postganglionic cholinergic nerve fibers in the pineal are of parasympathetic origin. A model for the sympathetic and parasympathetic pineal innervation is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:123485", "title": "The location of proteins labeled by the 125I-lactoperoxidase system in the NIL 8 hamster fibroblast.", "content": "NIL 8 hamster fibroblast cells were labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. Their membranes were fractionated by sedimentation-rate and isopycnic zonal centrifugation. All the iodinated proteins except the very prominently labeled high molecular weight protein (greater than 200,000 daltons) were located in a fraction identified enzymically and compositionally as plasma membrane. The high molecular weight protein that was previously shown to be sensitive to virus transformation (Hynes, 1973) is concentrated in a very high density particle (rho equals 1.253-1.259) which contains mainly carbohydrate and protein and very low levels of lipid. 5'-nucleotidase was the only enzyme reproducibly demonstrated in this fraction, and electron micrographs revealed a predominantly amorphous morphology together with a few membraneous structures. The iodine label in this fraction was very sensitive to trypsinization prior to homogenization. All the available evidence indicates that this fraction is derived from the surface coat. Mitochondria, nuclei, and soluble protein were labeled to an insignificant extent. The presence of the iodinated surface proteins associated with the endoplasmic reticulum fraction is discussed in the light of these results.", "contents": "The location of proteins labeled by the 125I-lactoperoxidase system in the NIL 8 hamster fibroblast. NIL 8 hamster fibroblast cells were labeled by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination. Their membranes were fractionated by sedimentation-rate and isopycnic zonal centrifugation. All the iodinated proteins except the very prominently labeled high molecular weight protein (greater than 200,000 daltons) were located in a fraction identified enzymically and compositionally as plasma membrane. The high molecular weight protein that was previously shown to be sensitive to virus transformation (Hynes, 1973) is concentrated in a very high density particle (rho equals 1.253-1.259) which contains mainly carbohydrate and protein and very low levels of lipid. 5'-nucleotidase was the only enzyme reproducibly demonstrated in this fraction, and electron micrographs revealed a predominantly amorphous morphology together with a few membraneous structures. The iodine label in this fraction was very sensitive to trypsinization prior to homogenization. All the available evidence indicates that this fraction is derived from the surface coat. Mitochondria, nuclei, and soluble protein were labeled to an insignificant extent. The presence of the iodinated surface proteins associated with the endoplasmic reticulum fraction is discussed in the light of these results."}
{"id": "PMID:123486", "title": "Effects of 5,5'-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "5,5'-Diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH) administered in vitro, inhibited state 3 oxidation, stimulated state 4 oxidation and decreased ADP:O ratio when 3-hydroxybutyrate and succinate were used as substrates. Considerably lower DPTH concentrations were required for the inhibition of 3-hydroxybutyrate oxidation (50% inhibition occurred at approximately 0.17 mumoles DPTH/mg protein) than were needed for inhibition of succinate oxidation (50% inhibition occurred at about 0.62 mumoles DPTH/mg protein). DPTH showed no inhibitory effects when ascorbate plus tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD) served as the substrate. The inhibition of state 3 respiration was not reversed by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), although there was a slight increase in the DNP rate:state 3 rate suggesting the presence of a weak DPTH inhibotory site located within the Site I energy transport chain. Uncoupling, in the presence of DPTH, was observed with all substrates. In experiments utilizing sonicated mitochondria, DPTH inhibited NADH-linked oxidation, but did not inhibit succinate or ascorbate plus TMPD oxidation. The effects of DPTH were reversed by dilution and by addition of albumin. DPTH concentrations which produced inhibition of state 3 respiration in vitro were reached, in vivo, in the livers of rats receiving a single oral dose of 40 mg/kg of DPTH.", "contents": "Effects of 5,5'-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin on respiration and oxidative phosphorylation of rat liver mitochondria. 5,5'-Diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH) administered in vitro, inhibited state 3 oxidation, stimulated state 4 oxidation and decreased ADP:O ratio when 3-hydroxybutyrate and succinate were used as substrates. Considerably lower DPTH concentrations were required for the inhibition of 3-hydroxybutyrate oxidation (50% inhibition occurred at approximately 0.17 mumoles DPTH/mg protein) than were needed for inhibition of succinate oxidation (50% inhibition occurred at about 0.62 mumoles DPTH/mg protein). DPTH showed no inhibitory effects when ascorbate plus tetramethylphenylenediamine (TMPD) served as the substrate. The inhibition of state 3 respiration was not reversed by 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), although there was a slight increase in the DNP rate:state 3 rate suggesting the presence of a weak DPTH inhibotory site located within the Site I energy transport chain. Uncoupling, in the presence of DPTH, was observed with all substrates. In experiments utilizing sonicated mitochondria, DPTH inhibited NADH-linked oxidation, but did not inhibit succinate or ascorbate plus TMPD oxidation. The effects of DPTH were reversed by dilution and by addition of albumin. DPTH concentrations which produced inhibition of state 3 respiration in vitro were reached, in vivo, in the livers of rats receiving a single oral dose of 40 mg/kg of DPTH."}
{"id": "PMID:123487", "title": "Seven-year follow-up of cardiovascular study and maximal exercise of Chinese men.", "content": "A seven-year follow-up in 1973 of a prospective cardiovascular study of 1820 initially, healthy, middle-aged Chinese men of 40-59 years of age identified 1745 (95.9%) known survivors, 49 (2.7%) interim deaths, and 26 (1.4) who could not be traced. Of the survivors, 1462 (83.8%) were re-examined, 292 (16.7%) had another treadmill test of maximal exercise, and 283 (16.2%) failed to return for re-examination. On the basis of interim surveillance of hospital admissions, questionnaires and re-examination, a greater incidence of noncardiovascular events (338 or 18.6%) than evidence of cardiovascular disease (220 or 12.1%) was found while the majority (1021 or 56.1%) remained healthy. Total mortality was 0.29 for men under 50 and 0.76 per 100 person-years for men of 50 or more years of age. Only nine, or 18.4% of the deaths were due to cardiovascular causes, and unexpectedly for this population sample, only three were attributed to stroke. When cardiovascular morbidity was related to presence of ST depression after maximal exercise, to hypertension at rest by WHO criteria, to both findings, or to absence of either on initial intake examination, incidence increased from 2.3% for NEITHER group, to 5.7% for ST group, to 11.9% for HT group, and to 25.0% for BOTH groups. Re-examination revealed more evidence of cardiovascular disease than did surveillance of hospital admissions. Additional to effects of aging and mild adiposity, longitudinal changes in blood pressure and ST depression, increasing in the NEITHER group, but less frequent in the other groups, showed some evidence of regression toward the mean, as well as emerging disease and the confounding effects of uncontrolled treatment of hypertension in many. The potential for prediction of subsequent cardiovascular morbidity or mortality appeared stronger for hypertension than for postexertional ST depression, although the two were additive in this population, which is more prone to hypertension and stroke but now is developing clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease more frequently.", "contents": "Seven-year follow-up of cardiovascular study and maximal exercise of Chinese men. A seven-year follow-up in 1973 of a prospective cardiovascular study of 1820 initially, healthy, middle-aged Chinese men of 40-59 years of age identified 1745 (95.9%) known survivors, 49 (2.7%) interim deaths, and 26 (1.4) who could not be traced. Of the survivors, 1462 (83.8%) were re-examined, 292 (16.7%) had another treadmill test of maximal exercise, and 283 (16.2%) failed to return for re-examination. On the basis of interim surveillance of hospital admissions, questionnaires and re-examination, a greater incidence of noncardiovascular events (338 or 18.6%) than evidence of cardiovascular disease (220 or 12.1%) was found while the majority (1021 or 56.1%) remained healthy. Total mortality was 0.29 for men under 50 and 0.76 per 100 person-years for men of 50 or more years of age. Only nine, or 18.4% of the deaths were due to cardiovascular causes, and unexpectedly for this population sample, only three were attributed to stroke. When cardiovascular morbidity was related to presence of ST depression after maximal exercise, to hypertension at rest by WHO criteria, to both findings, or to absence of either on initial intake examination, incidence increased from 2.3% for NEITHER group, to 5.7% for ST group, to 11.9% for HT group, and to 25.0% for BOTH groups. Re-examination revealed more evidence of cardiovascular disease than did surveillance of hospital admissions. Additional to effects of aging and mild adiposity, longitudinal changes in blood pressure and ST depression, increasing in the NEITHER group, but less frequent in the other groups, showed some evidence of regression toward the mean, as well as emerging disease and the confounding effects of uncontrolled treatment of hypertension in many. The potential for prediction of subsequent cardiovascular morbidity or mortality appeared stronger for hypertension than for postexertional ST depression, although the two were additive in this population, which is more prone to hypertension and stroke but now is developing clinical manifestations of coronary heart disease more frequently."}
{"id": "PMID:123488", "title": "The spectrum of urinary basement membrane antigen excretion in normal and pathological rabbit urine.", "content": "The work presented here concerns the excretion of basement membrane-like fragments into the urine of rabbits. The spectrum of urinary antigen excretion in normal rabbits as well as those with Masugi nephritis and acute serum sickness was investigated. It was found that the urinary antigen content of rabbits with Masugi nephritis was markedly different to that of normal urine whereas urine from rabbits with acute serum sickness was similar. This difference between the two groups was presumably due to the more extensive renal lesions seen in Masugi nephritis compared to the mainly glomerular lesions of acute serum sickness. It was concluded that studies on urinary basement membrane antigens can provide information on the severity and extent of renal lesions.", "contents": "The spectrum of urinary basement membrane antigen excretion in normal and pathological rabbit urine. The work presented here concerns the excretion of basement membrane-like fragments into the urine of rabbits. The spectrum of urinary antigen excretion in normal rabbits as well as those with Masugi nephritis and acute serum sickness was investigated. It was found that the urinary antigen content of rabbits with Masugi nephritis was markedly different to that of normal urine whereas urine from rabbits with acute serum sickness was similar. This difference between the two groups was presumably due to the more extensive renal lesions seen in Masugi nephritis compared to the mainly glomerular lesions of acute serum sickness. It was concluded that studies on urinary basement membrane antigens can provide information on the severity and extent of renal lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:123490", "title": "1.3 Bis-(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and streptozotocin chemotherapy.", "content": "Streptozotocin (STZ) was combined with 1,3 bis-(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and with BCNU and 5-fluorouracil (FU) in a 2- and 3-drug clinical chemotherapeutic trail. The premise that STZ and BCNU are qualitatively different with regard to marrow suppression was the primary rationale of the study. The 2- and 3-drug regimes were associated with a higher incidence of severe leukopenia and thrombopenia (47% and 100%, respectively) and a lower mean nadir for each (1,700/mm3 and 15,000/mm3) than the reported experience with single drug BCNU therapy. However, this synergism did not apply to therapeutic effects. The reasons for potentiation of marrow toxicity may be related to specific aspects of direct drug interaction as well as alterations in pharmacologic reactions.", "contents": "1.3 Bis-(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea and streptozotocin chemotherapy. Streptozotocin (STZ) was combined with 1,3 bis-(2 chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) and with BCNU and 5-fluorouracil (FU) in a 2- and 3-drug clinical chemotherapeutic trail. The premise that STZ and BCNU are qualitatively different with regard to marrow suppression was the primary rationale of the study. The 2- and 3-drug regimes were associated with a higher incidence of severe leukopenia and thrombopenia (47% and 100%, respectively) and a lower mean nadir for each (1,700/mm3 and 15,000/mm3) than the reported experience with single drug BCNU therapy. However, this synergism did not apply to therapeutic effects. The reasons for potentiation of marrow toxicity may be related to specific aspects of direct drug interaction as well as alterations in pharmacologic reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:123500", "title": "[Prognosis of cirrhosis of the liver (15-year follow-up from time of first manifestation (author's transl)].", "content": "114 patients with cryptogenic or \"hepatitic\" cirrhosis of the liver (toxic or biliary causes excluded) were followed for a period of 15 years. The time of first manifestation of the disease was known because all patients had been in hospital or under serial outpatient observation, with clinical and biopsy studies every six months for chronic hepatitis. In addition, diagnosis of the liver cirrhosis was confirmed by laparoscopy and histomorphology, which further confirmed the exact timing of first manifestation. In 37 patients (32.5%) the disease healed out completely by way of reactionless fibrosis after, in some of them, a long period of observation, while in 47 (41.2%) the active disease continued, and 30 (26.3%) died in liver coma or bleeding from varices or surgical shunt procedures or from carcinoma of the liver. Prognosis of cirrhosis of the liver is thus much better than previously thought.", "contents": "[Prognosis of cirrhosis of the liver (15-year follow-up from time of first manifestation (author's transl)]. 114 patients with cryptogenic or \"hepatitic\" cirrhosis of the liver (toxic or biliary causes excluded) were followed for a period of 15 years. The time of first manifestation of the disease was known because all patients had been in hospital or under serial outpatient observation, with clinical and biopsy studies every six months for chronic hepatitis. In addition, diagnosis of the liver cirrhosis was confirmed by laparoscopy and histomorphology, which further confirmed the exact timing of first manifestation. In 37 patients (32.5%) the disease healed out completely by way of reactionless fibrosis after, in some of them, a long period of observation, while in 47 (41.2%) the active disease continued, and 30 (26.3%) died in liver coma or bleeding from varices or surgical shunt procedures or from carcinoma of the liver. Prognosis of cirrhosis of the liver is thus much better than previously thought."}
{"id": "PMID:123501", "title": "Effects of somatostatin and hypothalamic ventromedial lesions on GH release induced by morphine.", "content": "Morphine in intravenous doses ranging from 10 mug/kg to 8 mg/kg was shown to be effective in stimulating GH release in the unanesthetized rat. The response to the log of the dose was linear over a range of 10 to 1000 mug/kg. Somatostatin (GH-release inhibiting factor) administered SC in a dose of 200 mug/kg 5 min before morphine prevented the GH rise. Neither inhibitors of catecholamine or serotonin synthesis nor blockage of alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors had any effect on the response. The response was partially blocked in animals with large hypothalamic ventromedial (VMN) lesions. Such lesions completely abolished the GH response to pentobarbital. These results indicate that morphine is a remarkably potent agent for stimulation of GH release but the precise mechanism and site of action of the drug remain to be determined.", "contents": "Effects of somatostatin and hypothalamic ventromedial lesions on GH release induced by morphine. Morphine in intravenous doses ranging from 10 mug/kg to 8 mg/kg was shown to be effective in stimulating GH release in the unanesthetized rat. The response to the log of the dose was linear over a range of 10 to 1000 mug/kg. Somatostatin (GH-release inhibiting factor) administered SC in a dose of 200 mug/kg 5 min before morphine prevented the GH rise. Neither inhibitors of catecholamine or serotonin synthesis nor blockage of alpha and beta-adrenergic receptors had any effect on the response. The response was partially blocked in animals with large hypothalamic ventromedial (VMN) lesions. Such lesions completely abolished the GH response to pentobarbital. These results indicate that morphine is a remarkably potent agent for stimulation of GH release but the precise mechanism and site of action of the drug remain to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:123502", "title": "The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial complex in organ culture: morphologic and biochemical characteristics.", "content": "Organ cultures of the guinea pig hypothalamo-neurohypophysial complex could be maintained for periods as long as 3 weeks. Morphological studies using conventional light microscopy as well as electron microscopy indicate that neurosecretory cells remain viable during this time. Biochemical studies show that the capability of the cultures to synthesize a normal spectrum of cellular RNA species is impaired during the initial day in culture, but that this capability is restored after 4-5 days. Similarly, protein synthesis proceeds at low levels during initial days of culture, but increases after 5 days. These phenomena appear to be independent of changes in the specific radioactivity of precursor pools and were also observed when outgrowth of non-neuronal cells is inhibited with fluorodeoxyuridine. The content of vasopressin, a product of a specific class of neurosecretory neurons, was found to decrease in the posterior pituitary during 7 - 10 days in culture by 50-70 percent; the levels then plateaued and were maintained for up to 3 weeks. The hypothalamic content of the hormone was relatively constant throughout the culture period. Of most importance was the demonstration that the organ cultures were capable of vasopressin biosynthesis. This capability paralleled the biosynthetic activity of RNA and gross protein metabolism in that there was an initial refractory period of several days duration.", "contents": "The hypothalamo-neurohypophysial complex in organ culture: morphologic and biochemical characteristics. Organ cultures of the guinea pig hypothalamo-neurohypophysial complex could be maintained for periods as long as 3 weeks. Morphological studies using conventional light microscopy as well as electron microscopy indicate that neurosecretory cells remain viable during this time. Biochemical studies show that the capability of the cultures to synthesize a normal spectrum of cellular RNA species is impaired during the initial day in culture, but that this capability is restored after 4-5 days. Similarly, protein synthesis proceeds at low levels during initial days of culture, but increases after 5 days. These phenomena appear to be independent of changes in the specific radioactivity of precursor pools and were also observed when outgrowth of non-neuronal cells is inhibited with fluorodeoxyuridine. The content of vasopressin, a product of a specific class of neurosecretory neurons, was found to decrease in the posterior pituitary during 7 - 10 days in culture by 50-70 percent; the levels then plateaued and were maintained for up to 3 weeks. The hypothalamic content of the hormone was relatively constant throughout the culture period. Of most importance was the demonstration that the organ cultures were capable of vasopressin biosynthesis. This capability paralleled the biosynthetic activity of RNA and gross protein metabolism in that there was an initial refractory period of several days duration."}
{"id": "PMID:123503", "title": "Effects of aminergic drugs and glutamic acid on audiogenic seizures induced by early exposure to ethanol.", "content": "Adult C57BL/10Bg mice, normally resistant to audiogenic seizures, became susceptible when the mothers drank 10 per cent ethanol in water during pregnancy and for 14 days postpartem. Reserpine enhanced the incidence of seizures, and the effect was reversed by 5-hydroxytryptophan but not by dihydroxyphenylalanine. p-Chlorophenylalanine also enhanced the incidence of seizures, whereas alpha-methyl equals p equals tyrosine did not effect. Monsodium glutamate almost completely prevented seizures. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the serotonergic systems may be among those involved in the seizure mechanism induced by fetal and early exposure to ethanol.", "contents": "Effects of aminergic drugs and glutamic acid on audiogenic seizures induced by early exposure to ethanol. Adult C57BL/10Bg mice, normally resistant to audiogenic seizures, became susceptible when the mothers drank 10 per cent ethanol in water during pregnancy and for 14 days postpartem. Reserpine enhanced the incidence of seizures, and the effect was reversed by 5-hydroxytryptophan but not by dihydroxyphenylalanine. p-Chlorophenylalanine also enhanced the incidence of seizures, whereas alpha-methyl equals p equals tyrosine did not effect. Monsodium glutamate almost completely prevented seizures. These results are consistent with the interpretation that the serotonergic systems may be among those involved in the seizure mechanism induced by fetal and early exposure to ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:123514", "title": "Influence of non-H-2 genotype on the response to H-2-linked mixed lymphocyte reaction stimulating (MLR-S) genes.", "content": "The intensity of the mixed lymphocyte reaction to H-2-linked mixed lymphocyte reaction stimulating genes is influenced by non-H-2 genotype. The same H-2 incompatibility results in a stronger mixed lymphocyte reaction when both partners have the C57BL/10ScSnPh genetic background than when they have the genetic background of the A/Ph strain. It is suggested that, as in man, the intensity of the mixed lymphocyte reaction to incompatibility at the MLR-S genes linked to the major histocompatibility complex is controlled by MLR-response genes not linked to MHS.", "contents": "Influence of non-H-2 genotype on the response to H-2-linked mixed lymphocyte reaction stimulating (MLR-S) genes. The intensity of the mixed lymphocyte reaction to H-2-linked mixed lymphocyte reaction stimulating genes is influenced by non-H-2 genotype. The same H-2 incompatibility results in a stronger mixed lymphocyte reaction when both partners have the C57BL/10ScSnPh genetic background than when they have the genetic background of the A/Ph strain. It is suggested that, as in man, the intensity of the mixed lymphocyte reaction to incompatibility at the MLR-S genes linked to the major histocompatibility complex is controlled by MLR-response genes not linked to MHS."}
{"id": "PMID:123515", "title": "Immunoperoxidase demonstration of human serum globulin binding to islet tissue.", "content": "Sera from juvenile diabetic and nondiabetic controls were tested, using the immunoperoxidase method, for the presence of islet-binding immunoglobulins. All diabetic sera tested contained an islet-binding protein and on the average the sera were more positive than age-matched controls. Normal adult sera are undifferentiated from juvenile diabetic sera. Most sera from children less than two years of age did not bind to islet tissue and sera from cystic fibrosis patients had a markedly diminished ability to bind to islet tissue. The binding protein appears to be an immunoglobulin which selectively reacts with elements of the islet beta cell.", "contents": "Immunoperoxidase demonstration of human serum globulin binding to islet tissue. Sera from juvenile diabetic and nondiabetic controls were tested, using the immunoperoxidase method, for the presence of islet-binding immunoglobulins. All diabetic sera tested contained an islet-binding protein and on the average the sera were more positive than age-matched controls. Normal adult sera are undifferentiated from juvenile diabetic sera. Most sera from children less than two years of age did not bind to islet tissue and sera from cystic fibrosis patients had a markedly diminished ability to bind to islet tissue. The binding protein appears to be an immunoglobulin which selectively reacts with elements of the islet beta cell."}
{"id": "PMID:123516", "title": "The effect of dextran infusions on glycosaminoglycan excretion in the Sanfilippo syndrome.", "content": "Infusion of a dextran solution of equivalent osmolality to plasma into a patient with the Sanfilippo syndrome caused an increased excretion of uronic acid. This increase was less than that obtained previously, when an equal amount of plasma was infused into the same patient. Moreover, there were no significant changes in the ratio of larger to smaller glycosaminoglycan fragments or in the sulphate/uronic acid ratios, in contrast to the changes noted subsequent to plasma infusion. It is concluded, therefore, that in this case infusion of dextran was not as effective as plasma in inducing a temporary increased mobilisation of pathological glycosaminoglycans.", "contents": "The effect of dextran infusions on glycosaminoglycan excretion in the Sanfilippo syndrome. Infusion of a dextran solution of equivalent osmolality to plasma into a patient with the Sanfilippo syndrome caused an increased excretion of uronic acid. This increase was less than that obtained previously, when an equal amount of plasma was infused into the same patient. Moreover, there were no significant changes in the ratio of larger to smaller glycosaminoglycan fragments or in the sulphate/uronic acid ratios, in contrast to the changes noted subsequent to plasma infusion. It is concluded, therefore, that in this case infusion of dextran was not as effective as plasma in inducing a temporary increased mobilisation of pathological glycosaminoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:123517", "title": "The significance of motor handicap in the prognosis of childhood epilepsy.", "content": "A total of 244 epileptic children were collected in an epidemiological and prognostic investigation on epilepsy. The children were divided into four groups according to their motor performance. There were 150 children with no motor handicap, 32 with clumsiness, 51 with cerebral palsy and 11 with severe muscular hypotonia associated with grave mental handicap. A study was made of age at onset of epilepsy, intelligence level, maximum frequency of seizures, grand mal status, results of medical treatment, and the time elapsed since the last seizure. A significant correlation was found between severity of motor handicap and poor prognosis of epilepsy.", "contents": "The significance of motor handicap in the prognosis of childhood epilepsy. A total of 244 epileptic children were collected in an epidemiological and prognostic investigation on epilepsy. The children were divided into four groups according to their motor performance. There were 150 children with no motor handicap, 32 with clumsiness, 51 with cerebral palsy and 11 with severe muscular hypotonia associated with grave mental handicap. A study was made of age at onset of epilepsy, intelligence level, maximum frequency of seizures, grand mal status, results of medical treatment, and the time elapsed since the last seizure. A significant correlation was found between severity of motor handicap and poor prognosis of epilepsy."}
{"id": "PMID:123519", "title": "Immunogenicity of an aerogenic BCG vaccine in T-cell-depleted and normal mice.", "content": "Aerogenic infection of adult thymectomized, lethally irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted (THXB) C57B1 times C3H F1 hybrid mice with 1 to 3,000 viable BCG Montreal was followed by an extended period of logarithmic growth to a maximum population of 5 times 10-6 bacilli by day 35. The infection spread to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow with extensive multiplication in all test organs before the growth curves abruptly entered a stationary phase. Up to 30% of the THXB mice eventually died as a result of the ongoing BCG infection. There was no sign of an antimicrobial immune response in the THXB mice analogous to that seen in the control animals beginning about day 30. The THXB mice developed considerable immediate but no delayed hypersensitivity to PPD. Intravenous challenge of the BCG-vaccinated THXB mice with 105 virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Erdman indicated that they were as susceptible to the tuberculous challenge as a group of unvaccinated controls. Visible surface lesions developed on the lung 90 days postinfection in the T-cell-depleted host with a sharp rise in counts to 175 per lobe on day 120 followed by a plateau for the remainder of the study. Control mice developed visible lesions about  day 50, with 225 lesions per lobe by day 70 and a sharp decline to undetectable levels by day 90. The histopathology of these changes was examined carefully, together with the rate of cellular proliferation (tritiated thymidine uptake) by lung and spleen cells as the BCG infection progressed in the THXB mice. Peak uptake by both organs was depressed during the early stages of the BCG infection in the T-cell-depleted mice, but later the incorporation rates were significantly elevated above control values as the infection progressed.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of an aerogenic BCG vaccine in T-cell-depleted and normal mice. Aerogenic infection of adult thymectomized, lethally irradiated, bone marrow-reconstituted (THXB) C57B1 times C3H F1 hybrid mice with 1 to 3,000 viable BCG Montreal was followed by an extended period of logarithmic growth to a maximum population of 5 times 10-6 bacilli by day 35. The infection spread to the liver, spleen, and bone marrow with extensive multiplication in all test organs before the growth curves abruptly entered a stationary phase. Up to 30% of the THXB mice eventually died as a result of the ongoing BCG infection. There was no sign of an antimicrobial immune response in the THXB mice analogous to that seen in the control animals beginning about day 30. The THXB mice developed considerable immediate but no delayed hypersensitivity to PPD. Intravenous challenge of the BCG-vaccinated THXB mice with 105 virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Erdman indicated that they were as susceptible to the tuberculous challenge as a group of unvaccinated controls. Visible surface lesions developed on the lung 90 days postinfection in the T-cell-depleted host with a sharp rise in counts to 175 per lobe on day 120 followed by a plateau for the remainder of the study. Control mice developed visible lesions about  day 50, with 225 lesions per lobe by day 70 and a sharp decline to undetectable levels by day 90. The histopathology of these changes was examined carefully, together with the rate of cellular proliferation (tritiated thymidine uptake) by lung and spleen cells as the BCG infection progressed in the THXB mice. Peak uptake by both organs was depressed during the early stages of the BCG infection in the T-cell-depleted mice, but later the incorporation rates were significantly elevated above control values as the infection progressed."}
{"id": "PMID:123523", "title": "Helminth parasitisms among intermingling insular populations of white-tailed deer, feral cattle, and feral swine.", "content": "Helminth infections among free-ranging, intermingling populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), cattle (Bos taurus), and swine (Sus scrofa) on an island off the Georgia coast were studied. Of 39 species of helminths collected, 19 were found in deer, 17 in cattle, and 13 in swine. Of 28 species of helminths recovered from ruminants, 8, viz, Capillaria bovis, Cooperia punctata, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Gongylonema pulchrum, G verrucosum, Haemonchus contortus, Moniezia benedeni, and Trichostrongylus axei, occurred in both deer and cattle. Common liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica) infected cattle and swine but not deer. Only 1 helminth, G pulchrum, infected deer, cattle, and swine. The findings suggested that helminths harbored by the host species are distinct, with little exchange occurring.", "contents": "Helminth parasitisms among intermingling insular populations of white-tailed deer, feral cattle, and feral swine. Helminth infections among free-ranging, intermingling populations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), cattle (Bos taurus), and swine (Sus scrofa) on an island off the Georgia coast were studied. Of 39 species of helminths collected, 19 were found in deer, 17 in cattle, and 13 in swine. Of 28 species of helminths recovered from ruminants, 8, viz, Capillaria bovis, Cooperia punctata, Dictyocaulus viviparus, Gongylonema pulchrum, G verrucosum, Haemonchus contortus, Moniezia benedeni, and Trichostrongylus axei, occurred in both deer and cattle. Common liver flukes (Fasciola hepatica) infected cattle and swine but not deer. Only 1 helminth, G pulchrum, infected deer, cattle, and swine. The findings suggested that helminths harbored by the host species are distinct, with little exchange occurring."}
{"id": "PMID:123524", "title": "Effects of ribonuclease A on amino acid transport in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Incubation of Neurospora crassa conidia with ribonuclease (RNase) A reduces transport of L-phenylalanine by those cells. Under similar conditions, oxidized RNase A, RNase T1, and RNase T2 do not have this effect. Incubation of conidia with active RNase covalently attached to polyacrylamide beads reduces L-phenylalanine transport. This indicates that the site of enzymatic action is at the cell surface. At the lower concentration of enzyme used in this study, incubation with RNase A reduces transport of L-phenylalanine by the general (G) amino acid permease. Increasing the enzyme concentration results in reduction of transport by the neutral aromatic (N)-specific permease. The increased transport activity that accompanies onset of conidial germination is also sensitive to incubation with RNase A. Application of the enzyme to actively transporting cells does not release amino acid transported prior to enzyme addition. Cells cultured on media supplemented with [2-14C] uridine release isotopic activity after RNase A incubation. Analogous treatments with Pronase, RNase T1, RNase T2, or deoxyribonuclease I do not release isotope activity. Pronase treatment does reduce L-phenylalanine transport. Incubation of conidia with RNase A also inhibits germination of those conidia.", "contents": "Effects of ribonuclease A on amino acid transport in Neurospora crassa. Incubation of Neurospora crassa conidia with ribonuclease (RNase) A reduces transport of L-phenylalanine by those cells. Under similar conditions, oxidized RNase A, RNase T1, and RNase T2 do not have this effect. Incubation of conidia with active RNase covalently attached to polyacrylamide beads reduces L-phenylalanine transport. This indicates that the site of enzymatic action is at the cell surface. At the lower concentration of enzyme used in this study, incubation with RNase A reduces transport of L-phenylalanine by the general (G) amino acid permease. Increasing the enzyme concentration results in reduction of transport by the neutral aromatic (N)-specific permease. The increased transport activity that accompanies onset of conidial germination is also sensitive to incubation with RNase A. Application of the enzyme to actively transporting cells does not release amino acid transported prior to enzyme addition. Cells cultured on media supplemented with [2-14C] uridine release isotopic activity after RNase A incubation. Analogous treatments with Pronase, RNase T1, RNase T2, or deoxyribonuclease I do not release isotope activity. Pronase treatment does reduce L-phenylalanine transport. Incubation of conidia with RNase A also inhibits germination of those conidia."}
{"id": "PMID:123525", "title": "Characterization of Neurospora crassa mutants deficient in glucosephosphate isomerase.", "content": "Two independent mutants of Neurospora crassa lacking glucosphosphate isomerase activity (gpi) were isolated. These mutants were obtained as double mutants containing the pp or T9 mutation in addition to the gpi mutation located on linkage group IV; the pp mutation caused the inability to form protoperithecium and the loss of ascospore germination, and the T9 mutation caused the alteration in glucoamylase and several growth characteristics. The gpi mutants did not grow on fructose but grew on glucose or sucrose. Growth of these mutants on glucose was stimulated by addition of fructose. The gpi mutants showed restricted colonial growth on agar media containing glucose in contrast to the normal filamentous growth of the wild-type stain.", "contents": "Characterization of Neurospora crassa mutants deficient in glucosephosphate isomerase. Two independent mutants of Neurospora crassa lacking glucosphosphate isomerase activity (gpi) were isolated. These mutants were obtained as double mutants containing the pp or T9 mutation in addition to the gpi mutation located on linkage group IV; the pp mutation caused the inability to form protoperithecium and the loss of ascospore germination, and the T9 mutation caused the alteration in glucoamylase and several growth characteristics. The gpi mutants did not grow on fructose but grew on glucose or sucrose. Growth of these mutants on glucose was stimulated by addition of fructose. The gpi mutants showed restricted colonial growth on agar media containing glucose in contrast to the normal filamentous growth of the wild-type stain."}
{"id": "PMID:123526", "title": "Isolation of extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid for exfoliative toxin production from phage group II Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The ability of phage group II staphylococcal strain UT 0101 to produce exfoliative toxin and bacteriocin could be eliminated at a high frequency after growth at high temperatures or in the presence of ethidium bromide or sodium dodecyl sulfate. Extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid, associated with the genes for exfoliative toxin and bacteriocin production, was isolated from strain UT 0101 but was absent from an ethidium bromide-cured substrain. The molecular weight of the exfoliative toxin plasmid, determined by co-sedimentation with the penicillinase plasmid, PI258, was 3.3 times 10-7. The 56S covalently closed circular form of the exfoliative toxin plasmid converted to a 38S open circular form after storage or exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate. Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid associated with penicillin resistance could not be identified in the penicillin-resistance Tox+ strains, UT 0007 and UT 0001.", "contents": "Isolation of extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid for exfoliative toxin production from phage group II Staphylococcus aureus. The ability of phage group II staphylococcal strain UT 0101 to produce exfoliative toxin and bacteriocin could be eliminated at a high frequency after growth at high temperatures or in the presence of ethidium bromide or sodium dodecyl sulfate. Extrachromosomal deoxyribonucleic acid, associated with the genes for exfoliative toxin and bacteriocin production, was isolated from strain UT 0101 but was absent from an ethidium bromide-cured substrain. The molecular weight of the exfoliative toxin plasmid, determined by co-sedimentation with the penicillinase plasmid, PI258, was 3.3 times 10-7. The 56S covalently closed circular form of the exfoliative toxin plasmid converted to a 38S open circular form after storage or exposure to sodium dodecyl sulfate. Plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid associated with penicillin resistance could not be identified in the penicillin-resistance Tox+ strains, UT 0007 and UT 0001."}
{"id": "PMID:123527", "title": "The subunit structure of tryptophan synthase from Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Tryptophan synthase of Neurospora crassa was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the wild type strain 74A which had been derepressed by the presence of 0.5 mM indoleacrylic acid in the growth medium. The isolated material migrated as a single symmetrical peak in the ultracentrifuge with a sedimentation constant of 6.0 S. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 AND CONVENTIONAL SEDIMENTATION EQUILIBIRIUM YIELDED MOLECULAR WEIGHT ESTIMATES OF 151,000 PLUS AND MINUS 10,000 AND 149,000 PLUS AND MINUS 10,000, RESPECTIVELY. Treatment of the enzyme with sodium dodecyl sulfate followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave a single band with a relative mobility suggesting a molecular weight of 76,000 plus and minus 2000. Aspartic acid was the only detectable NH2-terminal amino acid and experiments with carboxypeptides A and B revealed that the three amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine, were released rapidly and in the order mentioned. These results are interpreted as indicating that the Neurospora enzyme is a homodimer.", "contents": "The subunit structure of tryptophan synthase from Neurospora crassa. Tryptophan synthase of Neurospora crassa was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity from the wild type strain 74A which had been derepressed by the presence of 0.5 mM indoleacrylic acid in the growth medium. The isolated material migrated as a single symmetrical peak in the ultracentrifuge with a sedimentation constant of 6.0 S. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 AND CONVENTIONAL SEDIMENTATION EQUILIBIRIUM YIELDED MOLECULAR WEIGHT ESTIMATES OF 151,000 PLUS AND MINUS 10,000 AND 149,000 PLUS AND MINUS 10,000, RESPECTIVELY. Treatment of the enzyme with sodium dodecyl sulfate followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gave a single band with a relative mobility suggesting a molecular weight of 76,000 plus and minus 2000. Aspartic acid was the only detectable NH2-terminal amino acid and experiments with carboxypeptides A and B revealed that the three amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, and phenylalanine, were released rapidly and in the order mentioned. These results are interpreted as indicating that the Neurospora enzyme is a homodimer."}
{"id": "PMID:123528", "title": "Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate and exchange between inorganic phosphate and adenosine triphosphate in sodium and potassium ion transport adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Radioactive adenosine triphosphate was synthesized transiently from adenosine diphosphate and radioactive inorganic phosphate by sodium and potassium adenosine triphosphatase from guinea pig kidney. In a first step, K+-sensitive phosphoenzyme was formed from radioactive inorganic phosphate in the presence of magnesium ion and 16 mM sodium ion. In a second step the addition to the phosphoenzyme of adenosine diphosphate with a higher concentration of sodium ion produced adenosine triphosphate. Recovery of adenosine triphosphate from the phosphoenzyme was 10 to 100% in the presence of 96 to 1200 mM sodium ion, respectively. Potassium ion (16mM) inhibited synthesis if added before or simultaneously with the high concentration of sodium ion but had no effect afterward. The half-maximal concentration for adenosine diphosphate was about 12 muM. Ouabain inhibited synthesis. The ionophore gramicidin had no significant effect on the level of phosphoenzyme nor on the rate nor on the extent of synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. The detergent Lubrol WX reduced the rate of phosphoenzyme break-down and the rate of synthesis but did not affect the final recovery. Phospholipase A treatment inhibited synthesis. In a steady state, the enzyme catalzyed a slow ouabain-sensitive incorporation or inorganic phosphate into adenosine triphosphate. These results and other suggest that binding of sodium ion to a low affinity site on phosphoenzyme formed from inorganic phosphate is sufficient to induce a conformational change in the active center which permits transfer of the phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate.", "contents": "Synthesis of adenosine triphosphate and exchange between inorganic phosphate and adenosine triphosphate in sodium and potassium ion transport adenosine triphosphatase. Radioactive adenosine triphosphate was synthesized transiently from adenosine diphosphate and radioactive inorganic phosphate by sodium and potassium adenosine triphosphatase from guinea pig kidney. In a first step, K+-sensitive phosphoenzyme was formed from radioactive inorganic phosphate in the presence of magnesium ion and 16 mM sodium ion. In a second step the addition to the phosphoenzyme of adenosine diphosphate with a higher concentration of sodium ion produced adenosine triphosphate. Recovery of adenosine triphosphate from the phosphoenzyme was 10 to 100% in the presence of 96 to 1200 mM sodium ion, respectively. Potassium ion (16mM) inhibited synthesis if added before or simultaneously with the high concentration of sodium ion but had no effect afterward. The half-maximal concentration for adenosine diphosphate was about 12 muM. Ouabain inhibited synthesis. The ionophore gramicidin had no significant effect on the level of phosphoenzyme nor on the rate nor on the extent of synthesis of adenosine triphosphate. The detergent Lubrol WX reduced the rate of phosphoenzyme break-down and the rate of synthesis but did not affect the final recovery. Phospholipase A treatment inhibited synthesis. In a steady state, the enzyme catalzyed a slow ouabain-sensitive incorporation or inorganic phosphate into adenosine triphosphate. These results and other suggest that binding of sodium ion to a low affinity site on phosphoenzyme formed from inorganic phosphate is sufficient to induce a conformational change in the active center which permits transfer of the phosphate group to adenosine diphosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:123529", "title": "The mechanism of activation of rabbit plasminogen by urokinase.", "content": "The data presented in this paper show that when rabbit plasminogen is activated to plasmin by urokinase at least two peptide bonds are cleaved in the process. Urokinase first cleaves an internal peptide bond in plasminogen, leading to two-chain disulfide-linked plasmin molecule. The plasmin heavy chain of molecular weight 66,000 to 69,000 possesses an NH2-terminal amino acid sequence identical with the original plasminogen (molecular weight 88,000 to 92,000). The plasmin light chain of molecular weight 24,000 to 26,000 is known to be derived from the COOH-terminal portion of plasminogen. The plasmin generated during the activation of plasminogen is capable, by a feedback process, of cleaving a peptide of molecular weight 6,000 to 8,000 from the NH2 terminus of the heavy chain, producing a proteolytically modified heavy chain of molecular weight 58,000 to 62,000. Plasmin also can cleave this same peptide from the original plasminogen, yielding an altered plasminogen of molecular weight 82,000 to 86,000. This plasmin-altered plasminogen and the plasmin heavy chain derived from it by urokinase activation process NH2-terminal amino acid sequences which are identical with each other and with the plasminolytic product of the original plasmin heavy chain. These studies support a mechanism of activation of plasminogen by urokinase which involves loss of a peptide located on the NH2 terminus of plasminogen. However, these same results show that this NH2-terminal peptide need not be released from rabbit plasminogen prior to the cleavage of the internal peptide bond which leads to the two-chain plasmin molecule. Furthermore, these studies show that urokinase cannot remove this peptide from either the original rabbit plasminogen molecule or from the heavy chain of the initial plasmin formed.", "contents": "The mechanism of activation of rabbit plasminogen by urokinase. The data presented in this paper show that when rabbit plasminogen is activated to plasmin by urokinase at least two peptide bonds are cleaved in the process. Urokinase first cleaves an internal peptide bond in plasminogen, leading to two-chain disulfide-linked plasmin molecule. The plasmin heavy chain of molecular weight 66,000 to 69,000 possesses an NH2-terminal amino acid sequence identical with the original plasminogen (molecular weight 88,000 to 92,000). The plasmin light chain of molecular weight 24,000 to 26,000 is known to be derived from the COOH-terminal portion of plasminogen. The plasmin generated during the activation of plasminogen is capable, by a feedback process, of cleaving a peptide of molecular weight 6,000 to 8,000 from the NH2 terminus of the heavy chain, producing a proteolytically modified heavy chain of molecular weight 58,000 to 62,000. Plasmin also can cleave this same peptide from the original plasminogen, yielding an altered plasminogen of molecular weight 82,000 to 86,000. This plasmin-altered plasminogen and the plasmin heavy chain derived from it by urokinase activation process NH2-terminal amino acid sequences which are identical with each other and with the plasminolytic product of the original plasmin heavy chain. These studies support a mechanism of activation of plasminogen by urokinase which involves loss of a peptide located on the NH2 terminus of plasminogen. However, these same results show that this NH2-terminal peptide need not be released from rabbit plasminogen prior to the cleavage of the internal peptide bond which leads to the two-chain plasmin molecule. Furthermore, these studies show that urokinase cannot remove this peptide from either the original rabbit plasminogen molecule or from the heavy chain of the initial plasmin formed."}
{"id": "PMID:123530", "title": "Control of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in intact cardiac mitochondria. Regulation of the inactivation and activation of the dehydrogenase.", "content": "The control of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity by inactivation and activation was studied in intact mitochondria isolated from rabbit heart. Pyruvate dehydrogenase could be completely inactivated by incubating mitochondria with ATP, oligomycin, and NaF. This loss in dehydrogenase activity was correlated with the incorporation of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP into mitochondrial protein(s) and with a decrease in the mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate. ATP may be supplied exogenously, generated from endogenous ADP during oxidative phosphorylation, or formed from exogenous ADP in carbonyl cyanid p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone-uncoupled mitochondria. With coupled mitochondria the concentration of added ATP required to half-inactivate the dehydrogenase was 0.24 mM. With uncoupled mitochondria the apparent Km was decreased to 60 muM ATP. Inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by exogenous ATP was sensitive to atractyloside, suggesting that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase acts internally to the atractyloside-sensitive barrier. The divalent cation ionophore, A23187, enhanced the loss of dehydrogenase activity. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is regulated additionally by pyruvate, inorganic phosphate, and ADP. Pyruvate, in the presence of rotenone, strongly inhibited inactivation. This suggests that pyruvate facilitates its own oxidation and that increases in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity by substrate may provide a modulating influence on the utilization of pyruvate via the tricarboxylate cycle. Inorganic phosphate protected the dehydrogenase from inactivation by ATP. ADP added to the incubation mixture together with ATP inhibited the inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. This protection may result from a direct action on pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, as ADP competes with ATP, and an indirect action, in that ADP competes with ATP for the translocase. It is suggested that the intramitochondrial [ATP]:[ADP] ratio effects the kinase activity directly, whereas the cytosolic [ATP]:[ADP] ratio acts indirectly. Mg2+ enhances the rate of reactivation of the inactivated pyruvate dehydrogenase presumably by accelerating the rate of dephosphorylation of the enzyme. Maximal activation is obtained with the addition of 0.5 mM Mg2+..", "contents": "Control of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in intact cardiac mitochondria. Regulation of the inactivation and activation of the dehydrogenase. The control of pyruvate dehydrogenase activity by inactivation and activation was studied in intact mitochondria isolated from rabbit heart. Pyruvate dehydrogenase could be completely inactivated by incubating mitochondria with ATP, oligomycin, and NaF. This loss in dehydrogenase activity was correlated with the incorporation of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP into mitochondrial protein(s) and with a decrease in the mitochondrial oxidation of pyruvate. ATP may be supplied exogenously, generated from endogenous ADP during oxidative phosphorylation, or formed from exogenous ADP in carbonyl cyanid p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone-uncoupled mitochondria. With coupled mitochondria the concentration of added ATP required to half-inactivate the dehydrogenase was 0.24 mM. With uncoupled mitochondria the apparent Km was decreased to 60 muM ATP. Inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase by exogenous ATP was sensitive to atractyloside, suggesting that pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase acts internally to the atractyloside-sensitive barrier. The divalent cation ionophore, A23187, enhanced the loss of dehydrogenase activity. Pyruvate dehydrogenase activity is regulated additionally by pyruvate, inorganic phosphate, and ADP. Pyruvate, in the presence of rotenone, strongly inhibited inactivation. This suggests that pyruvate facilitates its own oxidation and that increases in pyruvate dehydrogenase activity by substrate may provide a modulating influence on the utilization of pyruvate via the tricarboxylate cycle. Inorganic phosphate protected the dehydrogenase from inactivation by ATP. ADP added to the incubation mixture together with ATP inhibited the inactivation of pyruvate dehydrogenase. This protection may result from a direct action on pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, as ADP competes with ATP, and an indirect action, in that ADP competes with ATP for the translocase. It is suggested that the intramitochondrial [ATP]:[ADP] ratio effects the kinase activity directly, whereas the cytosolic [ATP]:[ADP] ratio acts indirectly. Mg2+ enhances the rate of reactivation of the inactivated pyruvate dehydrogenase presumably by accelerating the rate of dephosphorylation of the enzyme. Maximal activation is obtained with the addition of 0.5 mM Mg2+.."}
{"id": "PMID:123531", "title": "Purification and characterization of myosin from the clonal rat glial cell strain C-6.", "content": "A myosin was isolated from the clonal rat glial cell strain C-6 and compared with rat skeletal muscle myosin. After cell extracts were subjected to gel filtration chromatography in the presence of KI and magnesium pyrophosphate the C-6 myosin was rapidly purified by a procedure similar to that used for skeletal muscle myosin. The C-6 myosin resembles muscle myosin both physically and enzymatically. It contains heavy chains of 200,000 daltons and two classes of light chains of 17,000 and 19,000 daltons in approximately equal molar ratios. This myosin forms bipolar thick filaments in 0.1 M KCl and binds reversibly to skeletal muscle F-actin, the binding being inhibited by MgATP. Skeletal muscle F-actin stimulates the C-6 myosin adenosine triphosphatase 2- to 3-fold in the presence of KCl and Mg2+. The action activation of muscle myosin ATPase at low ionic strength is 10-fold greater than that of C-6 myosin. Ca2+ and EDTA stimulated the ATPase activities of both enzymes. When assayed in the presence of 0.6 M KCl and 1 mM EDTA the skeletal muscle myocin ATPase demonstrates substrate saturation while the C-6 myosin enzyme activity is stimulated by ATP concentrations above 2.5 mM.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of myosin from the clonal rat glial cell strain C-6. A myosin was isolated from the clonal rat glial cell strain C-6 and compared with rat skeletal muscle myosin. After cell extracts were subjected to gel filtration chromatography in the presence of KI and magnesium pyrophosphate the C-6 myosin was rapidly purified by a procedure similar to that used for skeletal muscle myosin. The C-6 myosin resembles muscle myosin both physically and enzymatically. It contains heavy chains of 200,000 daltons and two classes of light chains of 17,000 and 19,000 daltons in approximately equal molar ratios. This myosin forms bipolar thick filaments in 0.1 M KCl and binds reversibly to skeletal muscle F-actin, the binding being inhibited by MgATP. Skeletal muscle F-actin stimulates the C-6 myosin adenosine triphosphatase 2- to 3-fold in the presence of KCl and Mg2+. The action activation of muscle myosin ATPase at low ionic strength is 10-fold greater than that of C-6 myosin. Ca2+ and EDTA stimulated the ATPase activities of both enzymes. When assayed in the presence of 0.6 M KCl and 1 mM EDTA the skeletal muscle myocin ATPase demonstrates substrate saturation while the C-6 myosin enzyme activity is stimulated by ATP concentrations above 2.5 mM."}
{"id": "PMID:123532", "title": "Conversion of the arthrodesed hip to a total hip arthroplasty.", "content": "Total hip arthroplasty was done in thirty-three patients who had had previous surgical attempts at arthrodesis of the hip. The arthrodesis had failed in nineteen patients, and the other fourteen patients had fused hips with symptoms in the knee and lower back. Thirty-one of the patients had satisfactory functional ability after total hip arthroplasty after one to three and one-half years' follow-up. The two patients in whom the procedure failed had complicating infections.", "contents": "Conversion of the arthrodesed hip to a total hip arthroplasty. Total hip arthroplasty was done in thirty-three patients who had had previous surgical attempts at arthrodesis of the hip. The arthrodesis had failed in nineteen patients, and the other fourteen patients had fused hips with symptoms in the knee and lower back. Thirty-one of the patients had satisfactory functional ability after total hip arthroplasty after one to three and one-half years' follow-up. The two patients in whom the procedure failed had complicating infections."}
{"id": "PMID:123535", "title": "Metabolism of peripheral nerve myelin in experimental diabetes.", "content": "Previous in vitro studies of the metabolism of the peripheral nerve have been based on incorporation of radioactive precursor into components isolated from whole nerve. In this study we have determined incorporation secifically into myelin components of peripheral nerve by isolating myelin after incubating whole nerves with lipid or protein precursors and by determining the specific activity of the components of that membrane. The effect of diabetes on such incorporation was also studied. In the rat, in vitro incorporation of DL-[1-14C]leucine into protein components of myelin was decreased by 30-88% in diabetic animals as compared to controls. The major polypeptide constituent of rat sciatic nerve myelin (mol st 28,000; 58.5% of total mass of proteins) was not labeled in either the diabetic or the control group. In diabetes incorporation rate into a polypeptide of mol wt 23,000, which constitutes 21% of total mass, was approximately one half that of controls. In polypeptides of mol wt 38,000-49,000, which are heavily labeled in normal animals, but constitute only about 5% of total mass of proteins, depression of incorporation was e-en more marked in the diabetics. While these marked differences in incorporation between diabetic and control animals were observed, the amount of protein and its distribution among the constituent polypeptides was the same in both groups. In young rats made diabetic with streptozotocin and young rabbits made diabetic with alloxan, there was a lower rate of incorporation of the lipid precursors, [1-14C]sodium acetate or [3H]water, into myelin components. In older animals of both species incorporation in the controls was considerably lower than in the yount animals, and the effect of diabetes was no longer apparent. In nondiabetic animals, the in vitro addition of insulin (10-7 M) stimulated incorporation of DL-[1-14C]leucine into myelin proteins 1.6-3.1 times that of controls. This stimulation by insulin in vitro was not seen in diabetic animals. In animals in which diabetes had spontaneously recovered, however, incorporation rate in the in vitro experiments approached that of controls and were significantly above that in animals whose diabetes persisted. Since myelin is the palsma membrane of the Schwann cell, these studies provide evidence that the Schwann cell is affected by insulin and that some aspects of the metabolism of myelin are altered in insulin-deficient states.", "contents": "Metabolism of peripheral nerve myelin in experimental diabetes. Previous in vitro studies of the metabolism of the peripheral nerve have been based on incorporation of radioactive precursor into components isolated from whole nerve. In this study we have determined incorporation secifically into myelin components of peripheral nerve by isolating myelin after incubating whole nerves with lipid or protein precursors and by determining the specific activity of the components of that membrane. The effect of diabetes on such incorporation was also studied. In the rat, in vitro incorporation of DL-[1-14C]leucine into protein components of myelin was decreased by 30-88% in diabetic animals as compared to controls. The major polypeptide constituent of rat sciatic nerve myelin (mol st 28,000; 58.5% of total mass of proteins) was not labeled in either the diabetic or the control group. In diabetes incorporation rate into a polypeptide of mol wt 23,000, which constitutes 21% of total mass, was approximately one half that of controls. In polypeptides of mol wt 38,000-49,000, which are heavily labeled in normal animals, but constitute only about 5% of total mass of proteins, depression of incorporation was e-en more marked in the diabetics. While these marked differences in incorporation between diabetic and control animals were observed, the amount of protein and its distribution among the constituent polypeptides was the same in both groups. In young rats made diabetic with streptozotocin and young rabbits made diabetic with alloxan, there was a lower rate of incorporation of the lipid precursors, [1-14C]sodium acetate or [3H]water, into myelin components. In older animals of both species incorporation in the controls was considerably lower than in the yount animals, and the effect of diabetes was no longer apparent. In nondiabetic animals, the in vitro addition of insulin (10-7 M) stimulated incorporation of DL-[1-14C]leucine into myelin proteins 1.6-3.1 times that of controls. This stimulation by insulin in vitro was not seen in diabetic animals. In animals in which diabetes had spontaneously recovered, however, incorporation rate in the in vitro experiments approached that of controls and were significantly above that in animals whose diabetes persisted. Since myelin is the palsma membrane of the Schwann cell, these studies provide evidence that the Schwann cell is affected by insulin and that some aspects of the metabolism of myelin are altered in insulin-deficient states."}
{"id": "PMID:123540", "title": "Visual hallucinations and delirium during treatment with amantadine (Symmetrel).", "content": "In 13 elderly patients, 12 of whom had Parkinson's disease, visual hallucinations and delirium developed as a side effect of amantadine hydrochloride (Symmetrel) therapy. The symptoms promptly disappearred when amantadine was discontinued. Thereafter, each parkinsonian patient was treated satisfactorily with levo-dopa. Treatment with a combination of amantadine and an anticholinergic agent increases the likelihood of delirium because of the hazard of retention of urine. Although amantadine is effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in the elderly, the incidence of delirium as a complication seems higher in this age group.", "contents": "Visual hallucinations and delirium during treatment with amantadine (Symmetrel). In 13 elderly patients, 12 of whom had Parkinson's disease, visual hallucinations and delirium developed as a side effect of amantadine hydrochloride (Symmetrel) therapy. The symptoms promptly disappearred when amantadine was discontinued. Thereafter, each parkinsonian patient was treated satisfactorily with levo-dopa. Treatment with a combination of amantadine and an anticholinergic agent increases the likelihood of delirium because of the hazard of retention of urine. Although amantadine is effective in the treatment of Parkinson's disease in the elderly, the incidence of delirium as a complication seems higher in this age group."}
{"id": "PMID:123541", "title": "Cytotoxic effects of antigen- and mitogen-induced T cells on various targets.", "content": "Mitogen-induced cytotoxicity was studied by culturing mouse spleen cells with an optimum mitogenic dose of concanavalin A (Con A) for 2 days and, after washing, assessing their ability to lyse tumor targets. We show that rapid lysis occurs only when the correct concentration of an agglutinating mitogen (phytohemagglutinin P (PHA) or Con A) is present in the assay. PHA is more efficient than Con A in revealing the cytotoxic effect. The Con A-induced effector cytotoxic cell is shown to be sensitive to anti-theta serum and complement. Cytotoxic T cells were also induced by H-2 different allo-immunization. These effector cells specifically lyse targets which bear the immunizing H-2 antigens in the absence of PHA. When PHA is present in the assay, they will also lyse syngeneic tumor targets nonspecifically. Since not all dividing T cells (e.g., T lymphomas, and T blasts induced by M locus different, H-2 similar mixed lymphocyte culture) lyse PHA-P815, we propose that this assay measures only a subset of effector T cells, namely, cytotoxic T cells, regardless of their antigen specificity. The tumor cells, P815 and EL4, are sensitive both to antigen-specific T cell-mediated lysis in the absence of PHA and to nonspecific, PHA-revealed lysis. Small lymphocytes, T cell blasts, and B cell blasts are sensitive to lysis by T cells which are directed against H-2 antigens on their surface, but are not very susceptible to nonspecific T cell lysis in the presence of PHA. The reason for this difference in susceptibility of tumor and normal cells to PHA-revealed nonspecific T cell lysis is not known but may have some relevance to in vivo tumor rejection.", "contents": "Cytotoxic effects of antigen- and mitogen-induced T cells on various targets. Mitogen-induced cytotoxicity was studied by culturing mouse spleen cells with an optimum mitogenic dose of concanavalin A (Con A) for 2 days and, after washing, assessing their ability to lyse tumor targets. We show that rapid lysis occurs only when the correct concentration of an agglutinating mitogen (phytohemagglutinin P (PHA) or Con A) is present in the assay. PHA is more efficient than Con A in revealing the cytotoxic effect. The Con A-induced effector cytotoxic cell is shown to be sensitive to anti-theta serum and complement. Cytotoxic T cells were also induced by H-2 different allo-immunization. These effector cells specifically lyse targets which bear the immunizing H-2 antigens in the absence of PHA. When PHA is present in the assay, they will also lyse syngeneic tumor targets nonspecifically. Since not all dividing T cells (e.g., T lymphomas, and T blasts induced by M locus different, H-2 similar mixed lymphocyte culture) lyse PHA-P815, we propose that this assay measures only a subset of effector T cells, namely, cytotoxic T cells, regardless of their antigen specificity. The tumor cells, P815 and EL4, are sensitive both to antigen-specific T cell-mediated lysis in the absence of PHA and to nonspecific, PHA-revealed lysis. Small lymphocytes, T cell blasts, and B cell blasts are sensitive to lysis by T cells which are directed against H-2 antigens on their surface, but are not very susceptible to nonspecific T cell lysis in the presence of PHA. The reason for this difference in susceptibility of tumor and normal cells to PHA-revealed nonspecific T cell lysis is not known but may have some relevance to in vivo tumor rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:123542", "title": "Characterization of immune response and mixed lymphocyte reactions in selected intra-H-2 recombinant strains.", "content": "The genes controlling the immune response to the random linear terpolymers GAT and GLpro have been mapped in the Ir-1A or Ir-1B subregions with five lines of H-2-s/H-2-a recombinant mice. The I region also contains a third subregion, I-C, which codes for a lymphocyte-activating determinant, Lad2, controlling mixed lymphocyte reactivity. The mixed lymphocyte responses associated with I-C region disparity are compared with the stimulation noted with other H-2 region differences. Unidirectional lymphocyte activitation was associated with the Lad2 determinants in selected combinations.", "contents": "Characterization of immune response and mixed lymphocyte reactions in selected intra-H-2 recombinant strains. The genes controlling the immune response to the random linear terpolymers GAT and GLpro have been mapped in the Ir-1A or Ir-1B subregions with five lines of H-2-s/H-2-a recombinant mice. The I region also contains a third subregion, I-C, which codes for a lymphocyte-activating determinant, Lad2, controlling mixed lymphocyte reactivity. The mixed lymphocyte responses associated with I-C region disparity are compared with the stimulation noted with other H-2 region differences. Unidirectional lymphocyte activitation was associated with the Lad2 determinants in selected combinations."}
{"id": "PMID:123543", "title": "Genetic control of responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharides in mice. II. A gene that influences a membrane component involved in the activation of bone marrow-derived lymphocytes by lipipolysaccharides.", "content": "C3H/HeJ mice contain a defect in a single autosomal locus which is not linked to the H-2 histocompatibility or the heavy chain allotype loci that restrict immune, mitogenic, and polyclonal responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Adult thymectomized C3H/HeJ mice that have been irradiated and reconstituted with C3HeB/FeJ bone marrow cells respond well to LPS. Cell-mixing experiments using C3H/HEJ-C3HeB/FeJ spleen cultures show that the failure of C3H/HeJ spleen cells to support responses to LPS is not due to nonspecific or LPS-induced suppressive events, or the lack of accessory cell types. C3H/HeJ and C3HeB/FeJ spleen cells bind LPS and respond to other B cell mitogens equally well. We suggest that the B lymphocytes of C3H/HeJ mice have a defect in a membrane component that is activated via interaction with LPS, and initiates the intracellular events that lead to cell proliferation.", "contents": "Genetic control of responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharides in mice. II. A gene that influences a membrane component involved in the activation of bone marrow-derived lymphocytes by lipipolysaccharides. C3H/HeJ mice contain a defect in a single autosomal locus which is not linked to the H-2 histocompatibility or the heavy chain allotype loci that restrict immune, mitogenic, and polyclonal responses to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Adult thymectomized C3H/HeJ mice that have been irradiated and reconstituted with C3HeB/FeJ bone marrow cells respond well to LPS. Cell-mixing experiments using C3H/HEJ-C3HeB/FeJ spleen cultures show that the failure of C3H/HeJ spleen cells to support responses to LPS is not due to nonspecific or LPS-induced suppressive events, or the lack of accessory cell types. C3H/HeJ and C3HeB/FeJ spleen cells bind LPS and respond to other B cell mitogens equally well. We suggest that the B lymphocytes of C3H/HeJ mice have a defect in a membrane component that is activated via interaction with LPS, and initiates the intracellular events that lead to cell proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:123544", "title": "Macrophage activation of allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation in the guinea pig mixed leukocyte culture.", "content": "The role of the macrophage in the guinea pig mixed leukocyte culture was investigated. Macrophages obtained from oil-induced peritoneal exudates, peritoneal wash-out cells, spleen, and alveolar washings were found to be effective stimulators of allogeneic lymph node and splenic lymphocyte DNA synthesis. The stimulatory properties of macrophages proved radioresistant but viability dependent. Unfractionated lymph node cells or adherence column purified lymph node lymphocytes and thymocytes were only minimally active as stimulators, even in the presence of macrophages syngeneic to the responder lymphocytes. Allogeneic fibroblasts, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, L2C leukemia cells, and xenogeneic (murine) macrophages failed to simulate. These data provide evidence that the macrophage is the predominant stimulator of the mixed leukocyte culture in the guinea pig.", "contents": "Macrophage activation of allogeneic lymphocyte proliferation in the guinea pig mixed leukocyte culture. The role of the macrophage in the guinea pig mixed leukocyte culture was investigated. Macrophages obtained from oil-induced peritoneal exudates, peritoneal wash-out cells, spleen, and alveolar washings were found to be effective stimulators of allogeneic lymph node and splenic lymphocyte DNA synthesis. The stimulatory properties of macrophages proved radioresistant but viability dependent. Unfractionated lymph node cells or adherence column purified lymph node lymphocytes and thymocytes were only minimally active as stimulators, even in the presence of macrophages syngeneic to the responder lymphocytes. Allogeneic fibroblasts, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, L2C leukemia cells, and xenogeneic (murine) macrophages failed to simulate. These data provide evidence that the macrophage is the predominant stimulator of the mixed leukocyte culture in the guinea pig."}
{"id": "PMID:123545", "title": "Suppressor cells in tumor-bearing mice capable of nonspecific blocking of in vitro immunization against transplant antigens.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice with progressively-growing methyl-cholanthrene-induced tumors, when immunized in vitro against transplant alloantigens, developed less cytotoxic activity against these antigens as measured by a short-term chromium-release assay than did spleen cells from normal mice. The hyporesponsiveness of spleen cells from the tumor-bearing mice seemed to be due to the presence of suppressor cells which could be removed by nylon-column passage but not by anti-theta treatment and which, in mixture experiments, could inhibit the response of normal spleen cells. The suppression appeared to occur at the sensitization stage and not at the effector stage of the in vitro tests. No evidence was found for mediation of the suppression by soluble factors. These observations emphasize the growing importance of suppressive mechanisms in tumor immune systems.", "contents": "Suppressor cells in tumor-bearing mice capable of nonspecific blocking of in vitro immunization against transplant antigens. Spleen cells from mice with progressively-growing methyl-cholanthrene-induced tumors, when immunized in vitro against transplant alloantigens, developed less cytotoxic activity against these antigens as measured by a short-term chromium-release assay than did spleen cells from normal mice. The hyporesponsiveness of spleen cells from the tumor-bearing mice seemed to be due to the presence of suppressor cells which could be removed by nylon-column passage but not by anti-theta treatment and which, in mixture experiments, could inhibit the response of normal spleen cells. The suppression appeared to occur at the sensitization stage and not at the effector stage of the in vitro tests. No evidence was found for mediation of the suppression by soluble factors. These observations emphasize the growing importance of suppressive mechanisms in tumor immune systems."}
{"id": "PMID:123546", "title": "Demonstration of immune complexes in spontaneous and histamine-induced lesions and in normal skin of patients with leukocytoclastic angitis.", "content": "Clinical and laboratory observations have strongly suggested that leukocytoclastic angitis is an immune complex disease. Since immune complexes can be visualized as electron-dense deposits by electron microscopy (EM), this method was used in conjunction with direct immunofluorescence (IF) to determine whether complexes could be demonstrated in spontaneous lesions, and in uninvolved skin in which the vessels were made permeable by the local injection of histamine. Histamine-induced wheals were produced in the uninvolved skin of patients with active angitis. In the resulting wheal, EM studies revealed electron-dense deposits characteristic of immune complexes in postcapillary venules and direct IF studies demonstrated complement and immunoglobulins in the vessel walls. Neutrophils in varying stages of disintegration were present thereby reproducing the histopathologic changes of spontaneous lesions. EM and IF studies of nonmanipulated uninvolved skin also revealed electron-dense deposits and immune reactants in the vessel walls. Neutrophils were not present, however. This observation indicates that immune complexes are deposited in vessels before tissue damage ensues. Study of spontaneous lesions older than 24 hr revealed only fibrin by EM and no immune reactants by direct IF. In spontaneous lesions less than 24 hr old, electron-dense deposits and fibrin were seen by EM, and complement and immunoglobulins by IF. Histamine-induced wheals should be a useful device to investigate patients with disorders that have an immune complex pathogenesis.", "contents": "Demonstration of immune complexes in spontaneous and histamine-induced lesions and in normal skin of patients with leukocytoclastic angitis. Clinical and laboratory observations have strongly suggested that leukocytoclastic angitis is an immune complex disease. Since immune complexes can be visualized as electron-dense deposits by electron microscopy (EM), this method was used in conjunction with direct immunofluorescence (IF) to determine whether complexes could be demonstrated in spontaneous lesions, and in uninvolved skin in which the vessels were made permeable by the local injection of histamine. Histamine-induced wheals were produced in the uninvolved skin of patients with active angitis. In the resulting wheal, EM studies revealed electron-dense deposits characteristic of immune complexes in postcapillary venules and direct IF studies demonstrated complement and immunoglobulins in the vessel walls. Neutrophils in varying stages of disintegration were present thereby reproducing the histopathologic changes of spontaneous lesions. EM and IF studies of nonmanipulated uninvolved skin also revealed electron-dense deposits and immune reactants in the vessel walls. Neutrophils were not present, however. This observation indicates that immune complexes are deposited in vessels before tissue damage ensues. Study of spontaneous lesions older than 24 hr revealed only fibrin by EM and no immune reactants by direct IF. In spontaneous lesions less than 24 hr old, electron-dense deposits and fibrin were seen by EM, and complement and immunoglobulins by IF. Histamine-induced wheals should be a useful device to investigate patients with disorders that have an immune complex pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:123547", "title": "The reactivity of derivatives of digoxin and digitoxin as measured by the Na-K-atpase displacement assay and by radioimmunoassay.", "content": "Derivatives of digoxin and digitoxin were measured by the Na-K-ATPase displacement assay and by radioimmunoassay and the data compared with biological potency of these compounds. There was a slightly higher affinity of digoxigenin-bis-digitoxoside as compared with digoxin using digoxin-specific antiserum and considerably less affinity of digoxigenin and dihydrodigoxin than the parent compound in the same system. A similar trend was observed for the derivatives of digitoxin using digoxin-specific antiserum. The recovery on extraction of some of the derivatives of digoxin and digitoxin differed from that of the parent compounds in the ATPase assay. The potency of the derivatives of these drugs in displacing 3H ouabain also differed from the parent compoundmboth the recovery on extraction and the potency for displacing ouabain must be considered in the estimation of the contribution of the derivatives of digoxin or digitoxin to the result of Na-K-ATPase assay. Quantitative information of the metabolites of digoxin and digitoxin in normal and pathological conditions is needed to properly interpret assay data obtained either by radioimmunoassay or by ATPase assay.", "contents": "The reactivity of derivatives of digoxin and digitoxin as measured by the Na-K-atpase displacement assay and by radioimmunoassay. Derivatives of digoxin and digitoxin were measured by the Na-K-ATPase displacement assay and by radioimmunoassay and the data compared with biological potency of these compounds. There was a slightly higher affinity of digoxigenin-bis-digitoxoside as compared with digoxin using digoxin-specific antiserum and considerably less affinity of digoxigenin and dihydrodigoxin than the parent compound in the same system. A similar trend was observed for the derivatives of digitoxin using digoxin-specific antiserum. The recovery on extraction of some of the derivatives of digoxin and digitoxin differed from that of the parent compounds in the ATPase assay. The potency of the derivatives of these drugs in displacing 3H ouabain also differed from the parent compoundmboth the recovery on extraction and the potency for displacing ouabain must be considered in the estimation of the contribution of the derivatives of digoxin or digitoxin to the result of Na-K-ATPase assay. Quantitative information of the metabolites of digoxin and digitoxin in normal and pathological conditions is needed to properly interpret assay data obtained either by radioimmunoassay or by ATPase assay."}
{"id": "PMID:123548", "title": "Effect of ethanol ingestion on duodenal calcium transport.", "content": "Effects of chronic ethanol ingestion on duodenal calcium transport were investigated in rats ingesting 20 per cent ethanol. Calcium transport was inhibited by ethanol ingestion and the defect could not be reversed by vitamin D or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol administrationmethanol ingestion by vitamin D-deficient rats did not further suppress transport activity nor interfere with an increase in transport induced by vitamim D. Levels of intestinal calcium-binding activity were not suppressed. Brush-border alkaline phosphatase activity was suppressed by chronic ethanol ingestion as compared to ad libitum-fed control animals and administration of vitamin D to animals ingesting ethanol restored alkaline phosphatase activitymthe results suggest that ethanol interferes with calcium transport by a mechanism at least in part independent of the vitamin D pathway and that changes in alkaline phosphatase and calcium transport, although both affected by vitamin D, may represent independent metabolic consequences.", "contents": "Effect of ethanol ingestion on duodenal calcium transport. Effects of chronic ethanol ingestion on duodenal calcium transport were investigated in rats ingesting 20 per cent ethanol. Calcium transport was inhibited by ethanol ingestion and the defect could not be reversed by vitamin D or 25-hydroxycholecalciferol administrationmethanol ingestion by vitamin D-deficient rats did not further suppress transport activity nor interfere with an increase in transport induced by vitamim D. Levels of intestinal calcium-binding activity were not suppressed. Brush-border alkaline phosphatase activity was suppressed by chronic ethanol ingestion as compared to ad libitum-fed control animals and administration of vitamin D to animals ingesting ethanol restored alkaline phosphatase activitymthe results suggest that ethanol interferes with calcium transport by a mechanism at least in part independent of the vitamin D pathway and that changes in alkaline phosphatase and calcium transport, although both affected by vitamin D, may represent independent metabolic consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:123549", "title": "Enhancement of intestinal sucrase activity in experimental diabetes: the role of intraluminal factors.", "content": "Experimental diabetes alters intestinal mucosal function in a variety of ways including the enhancement of both active transport processes and the activity of brush-border hydrolases. These effects could result from changes in either intraluminal factors (food, bile, pancreatic enzymes) or extraluminal factors (blood flow, hormones, nervous impulses). To determine the role of intraluminal factors we studied the effect of diabetes on segments of jejunum completely excluded from luminal continuity, but with intact blood and nerve supply. Three weeks after construction of Thiry-Vella fistulas in rats, diabetes was induced with streptozotocin. Five days later sucrase activity was measured in both the excluded segment and in the proximal jejunum. Exclusion alone resulted in a 77 per cent decrease in mucosal protein content with no change in sucrase specific activity suggesting simply a diminished number of mucosal cells. Diabetes increased the specific activity of sucrase from 0.0643 mumoles per minute per milligram of protein plus or minus 0.0077 (SEM) to 0.1074 plus or minus 0.0182 (P smaller than 0.05) in the proximal jejunum and from 0.0467 plus or minus 0.0047 to 0.1040 plus or minus 0.0191 (P smaller than 0.02) in the excluded segment. These results provide conclusive evidence that the diabetic enhancement of sucrase activity is independent of intraluminal factors and must be the consequence of extraluminal changes.", "contents": "Enhancement of intestinal sucrase activity in experimental diabetes: the role of intraluminal factors. Experimental diabetes alters intestinal mucosal function in a variety of ways including the enhancement of both active transport processes and the activity of brush-border hydrolases. These effects could result from changes in either intraluminal factors (food, bile, pancreatic enzymes) or extraluminal factors (blood flow, hormones, nervous impulses). To determine the role of intraluminal factors we studied the effect of diabetes on segments of jejunum completely excluded from luminal continuity, but with intact blood and nerve supply. Three weeks after construction of Thiry-Vella fistulas in rats, diabetes was induced with streptozotocin. Five days later sucrase activity was measured in both the excluded segment and in the proximal jejunum. Exclusion alone resulted in a 77 per cent decrease in mucosal protein content with no change in sucrase specific activity suggesting simply a diminished number of mucosal cells. Diabetes increased the specific activity of sucrase from 0.0643 mumoles per minute per milligram of protein plus or minus 0.0077 (SEM) to 0.1074 plus or minus 0.0182 (P smaller than 0.05) in the proximal jejunum and from 0.0467 plus or minus 0.0047 to 0.1040 plus or minus 0.0191 (P smaller than 0.02) in the excluded segment. These results provide conclusive evidence that the diabetic enhancement of sucrase activity is independent of intraluminal factors and must be the consequence of extraluminal changes."}
{"id": "PMID:123574", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in rat optic nerve associated with hyperphenylalaninemia induced by para-chlorophenylalanine and phenylalanine.", "content": "The morphologic effects of hyperphenylalaninemia induced by treatment with para-chlorophenylalanine (PCP) plus phenylalanine on optic nerve were studied in developing F344 rats. PCP and phenylalanine were infected daily between days 5 and 20 days of life. At 20 days optic nerve of treated animals, as compared with saline-injected controls, showed enhanced neuroglial activity with broad astrocytic septae and debris-laden oligodendrocytes. In specimens obtained long after treatment with PCP and phenylalanine, continuing gliosis with evidence of focally abnormal myelination and axonal degeneration were observed. The results are consistent with a metabolic insult sustained in early development by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and are considered in relation to other work in experimental hyperphenylalaninemia and to human phenylketonuria.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in rat optic nerve associated with hyperphenylalaninemia induced by para-chlorophenylalanine and phenylalanine. The morphologic effects of hyperphenylalaninemia induced by treatment with para-chlorophenylalanine (PCP) plus phenylalanine on optic nerve were studied in developing F344 rats. PCP and phenylalanine were infected daily between days 5 and 20 days of life. At 20 days optic nerve of treated animals, as compared with saline-injected controls, showed enhanced neuroglial activity with broad astrocytic septae and debris-laden oligodendrocytes. In specimens obtained long after treatment with PCP and phenylalanine, continuing gliosis with evidence of focally abnormal myelination and axonal degeneration were observed. The results are consistent with a metabolic insult sustained in early development by astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and are considered in relation to other work in experimental hyperphenylalaninemia and to human phenylketonuria."}
{"id": "PMID:123575", "title": "Chymopapain treatment of intervertebral disc disease.", "content": "In the first of a two-part study, the authors review the known biochemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and experimental data concerning chymopapain and the intervertebral disc. They describe the action of this proteolytic enzyme, which apparently disrupts the protein mucopolysaccharide component of disc material, most marked in the nucleus pulposus. A rapid conversion to collagen causes a loss of disc space height; toxicity appears to result from alteration of bonding between capillary endothelial cells that in turn produces hemorrhage. Part 2 reviews significant reported results and complications of clinical chemonucleolysis.", "contents": "Chymopapain treatment of intervertebral disc disease. In the first of a two-part study, the authors review the known biochemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and experimental data concerning chymopapain and the intervertebral disc. They describe the action of this proteolytic enzyme, which apparently disrupts the protein mucopolysaccharide component of disc material, most marked in the nucleus pulposus. A rapid conversion to collagen causes a loss of disc space height; toxicity appears to result from alteration of bonding between capillary endothelial cells that in turn produces hemorrhage. Part 2 reviews significant reported results and complications of clinical chemonucleolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:123576", "title": "Inadequacies and hazards of chymopapain injections as treatment for intervertebral disc disease.", "content": "Chymopapain chemonucleolysis was performed on 100 patients with primary lumbar intervertebral disc disease. The results were compared with those of 174 patients who underwent laminotomy, foraminotomy, and discectomy. Primary lumbar intervertebral disc disease was arbitrarily divided into degenerative, complex, previous surgical, and simple disc syndromes. No difference was seen between chemonucleolysis and surgery in the first three divisions; between 55 percent and 60 per cent of patients responded successfully to treatment. In the simple disc division 89 per cent of the surgical and 60 per cent of the chemonucleolysis patients had successful results.", "contents": "Inadequacies and hazards of chymopapain injections as treatment for intervertebral disc disease. Chymopapain chemonucleolysis was performed on 100 patients with primary lumbar intervertebral disc disease. The results were compared with those of 174 patients who underwent laminotomy, foraminotomy, and discectomy. Primary lumbar intervertebral disc disease was arbitrarily divided into degenerative, complex, previous surgical, and simple disc syndromes. No difference was seen between chemonucleolysis and surgery in the first three divisions; between 55 percent and 60 per cent of patients responded successfully to treatment. In the simple disc division 89 per cent of the surgical and 60 per cent of the chemonucleolysis patients had successful results."}
{"id": "PMID:123577", "title": "Intervertebral bone implants following excision of protruded lumbar discs.", "content": "The authors describe a technique whereby a portion of the lamina removed during exposure of an intervertebral lumbar disc protrusion is implanted in the intervertebral disc space following disc excision. An analysis of 456 consecutive cases operated on by this technique and followed from 1 to 10 years is presented. Of the 418 patients followed, 92 per cent indicated they were able to return to their normal activities and were satisfied with the result. Thirty percent of the patients indicated they had required some conservative treatment for recurrent episodes of back or leg pain. Ten patients had subsequent back surgery; only one implant has dislocated.", "contents": "Intervertebral bone implants following excision of protruded lumbar discs. The authors describe a technique whereby a portion of the lamina removed during exposure of an intervertebral lumbar disc protrusion is implanted in the intervertebral disc space following disc excision. An analysis of 456 consecutive cases operated on by this technique and followed from 1 to 10 years is presented. Of the 418 patients followed, 92 per cent indicated they were able to return to their normal activities and were satisfied with the result. Thirty percent of the patients indicated they had required some conservative treatment for recurrent episodes of back or leg pain. Ten patients had subsequent back surgery; only one implant has dislocated."}
{"id": "PMID:123578", "title": "The compensation experience of patients with chronic beryllium disease.", "content": "The experience of patients with chronic beryllium disease seeking workmen's compensation indicates that the system does not meet its intentions of providing for relief of workers for job-related illness. In the instance of beryllium disease there is undue delay in adjudication of the compensation. This delay has its origin in part from litigation over the diagnosis and disability on the part of private insurers and in part on failure of the IAB to press for findings. Moreover, the process of litigation and delay may produce significant psychological distress. For others the compensation for a chronic disability is inadequate. Whether compensation acts as a system of relief depends on whether the patient has a working husband or wife. Among the women here with beryllium disease, the system worked only to the extent that they could rely on their husbands. Compensation benefits should be provided in accord with rises in the cost of living index. Compensation boards should press for prompt settlement of claims.", "contents": "The compensation experience of patients with chronic beryllium disease. The experience of patients with chronic beryllium disease seeking workmen's compensation indicates that the system does not meet its intentions of providing for relief of workers for job-related illness. In the instance of beryllium disease there is undue delay in adjudication of the compensation. This delay has its origin in part from litigation over the diagnosis and disability on the part of private insurers and in part on failure of the IAB to press for findings. Moreover, the process of litigation and delay may produce significant psychological distress. For others the compensation for a chronic disability is inadequate. Whether compensation acts as a system of relief depends on whether the patient has a working husband or wife. Among the women here with beryllium disease, the system worked only to the extent that they could rely on their husbands. Compensation benefits should be provided in accord with rises in the cost of living index. Compensation boards should press for prompt settlement of claims."}
{"id": "PMID:123583", "title": "Successful separation of Xiphopagus-conjoined twins.", "content": "The successful separation of xiphopagus-conjoined twins is described. Such an experience is of course a very gratifying and exciting surgical adventure.", "contents": "Successful separation of Xiphopagus-conjoined twins. The successful separation of xiphopagus-conjoined twins is described. Such an experience is of course a very gratifying and exciting surgical adventure."}
{"id": "PMID:123584", "title": "The nature of the transport adenosine triphosphatase-digitalis complex. VIII. The relationship between in vivo-formed (3-H-ouabain-Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase) complex and ouabain-induced positive inotropism.", "content": "Ouabain interaction with a possible pharmacologic receptor, Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+-ATPase), has been assessed by continual perfusion of canine hearts with various concentrations of both unlabeled and 3-H-ouabain. A positive dose-related correlation between enzyme inhibition, increased contractile force and drug binding to the enzyme has been established. The complex formed between 3-H-oubain and Na+, K+-ATPase in vivo appears to have the same characteristics as that formed in vitro, suggesting that the nature of both complexes is the same. These data are consistent with the concept that Na+, K+-ATPase may be an important pharmacologic receptor for cardiac glycosides.", "contents": "The nature of the transport adenosine triphosphatase-digitalis complex. VIII. The relationship between in vivo-formed (3-H-ouabain-Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase) complex and ouabain-induced positive inotropism. Ouabain interaction with a possible pharmacologic receptor, Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+-ATPase), has been assessed by continual perfusion of canine hearts with various concentrations of both unlabeled and 3-H-ouabain. A positive dose-related correlation between enzyme inhibition, increased contractile force and drug binding to the enzyme has been established. The complex formed between 3-H-oubain and Na+, K+-ATPase in vivo appears to have the same characteristics as that formed in vitro, suggesting that the nature of both complexes is the same. These data are consistent with the concept that Na+, K+-ATPase may be an important pharmacologic receptor for cardiac glycosides."}
{"id": "PMID:123585", "title": "Ethanol metabolism and liver oxidative capacity in cold acclimation.", "content": "Exposure of rats to an ambient temperature of 5 degrees C for 4 to 6 weeks led to a 30 to 80 percent increase in the rate of oxygen consumption and a 50 percent increase in the rate of ethanol oxidation by liver slices, a 50 percent increase in mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase activity of liver, and a 100 percent increase in Na++K+-activated adenosine-triphosphatase, activity. Ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na++K+-activated adenosine-triphosphatase, completely blocked the extra respiration and ethanol oxidation. Dinitrophenol, which increases oxygen consumption and ethanol oxidation by liver slices from normal rats, was ineffective with slices from cold-exposed animals. Ethanol disappearance rate in vivo was also increased by cold acclimation, even though liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity was reduced. It is suggested that increased hydrolysis of ATP by the sodium pump system is responsible for the increased oxygen consumption and ethanol metabolism in the livers of cold-acclimated animals.", "contents": "Ethanol metabolism and liver oxidative capacity in cold acclimation. Exposure of rats to an ambient temperature of 5 degrees C for 4 to 6 weeks led to a 30 to 80 percent increase in the rate of oxygen consumption and a 50 percent increase in the rate of ethanol oxidation by liver slices, a 50 percent increase in mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase activity of liver, and a 100 percent increase in Na++K+-activated adenosine-triphosphatase, activity. Ouabain, an inhibitor of the Na++K+-activated adenosine-triphosphatase, completely blocked the extra respiration and ethanol oxidation. Dinitrophenol, which increases oxygen consumption and ethanol oxidation by liver slices from normal rats, was ineffective with slices from cold-exposed animals. Ethanol disappearance rate in vivo was also increased by cold acclimation, even though liver alcohol dehydrogenase activity was reduced. It is suggested that increased hydrolysis of ATP by the sodium pump system is responsible for the increased oxygen consumption and ethanol metabolism in the livers of cold-acclimated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:123587", "title": "Motor control of nuclear bag and nuclear chain intrafusal fibres in isolated living muscle spindles from the cat.", "content": "1. The behaviour of nuclear bag and nuclear chain intrafusal fibres in isolated cat muscle spindles was studied by direct observation during repetitive stimulation of the muscle nerve at different stimulus strengths. Contraction of intrafusal fibres and stretch of sensory endings was recorded on film. 2. Tenuissimus spindles are usually operated by a total of four or five fusimotor axons, and the individual action of all of them was studied in many cases. 3. The great majority of fusimotor axons produce activity at one spindle pole only. 4. In about 60% of spindles nuclear bag and nuclear chain intrafusal fibres are selectively controlled by different fusimotor axons, while in one third of these spindles the individual nuclear bag fibres are themselves controlled independently. The remaining 40% of spindles, in addition to some selective innervation, receive one non-selective axon which operates both nuclear chain and nuclear bag fibres though usually only one of the nuclear bag fibres is involved. Selective control is demonstrated in photographs. 5. The thresholds of fusimotor axons selectively innervating nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibres, and of non-selective fusimotor axons are not significantly different. 6. It is suggested that in spindles in which the nuclear bag fibres are controlled by the same axon, it is a 'dynamic' gamma, or occasionally beta, axon. Where one nuclear bag fibre is operated along with the nuclear chain fibres it is controlled by 'static' gamma axon(s), and the other nuclear bag fibre is selectively controlled by 'dynamic' gamma, and perhaps beta, axon(s). Where two nuclear bag fibres are separately operated one may be controlled by 'dynamic' axon(s) and the other by 'static' gamma axon(s). Nuclear chain fibres are always controlled by 'static' gamma axons.", "contents": "Motor control of nuclear bag and nuclear chain intrafusal fibres in isolated living muscle spindles from the cat. 1. The behaviour of nuclear bag and nuclear chain intrafusal fibres in isolated cat muscle spindles was studied by direct observation during repetitive stimulation of the muscle nerve at different stimulus strengths. Contraction of intrafusal fibres and stretch of sensory endings was recorded on film. 2. Tenuissimus spindles are usually operated by a total of four or five fusimotor axons, and the individual action of all of them was studied in many cases. 3. The great majority of fusimotor axons produce activity at one spindle pole only. 4. In about 60% of spindles nuclear bag and nuclear chain intrafusal fibres are selectively controlled by different fusimotor axons, while in one third of these spindles the individual nuclear bag fibres are themselves controlled independently. The remaining 40% of spindles, in addition to some selective innervation, receive one non-selective axon which operates both nuclear chain and nuclear bag fibres though usually only one of the nuclear bag fibres is involved. Selective control is demonstrated in photographs. 5. The thresholds of fusimotor axons selectively innervating nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibres, and of non-selective fusimotor axons are not significantly different. 6. It is suggested that in spindles in which the nuclear bag fibres are controlled by the same axon, it is a 'dynamic' gamma, or occasionally beta, axon. Where one nuclear bag fibre is operated along with the nuclear chain fibres it is controlled by 'static' gamma axon(s), and the other nuclear bag fibre is selectively controlled by 'dynamic' gamma, and perhaps beta, axon(s). Where two nuclear bag fibres are separately operated one may be controlled by 'dynamic' axon(s) and the other by 'static' gamma axon(s). Nuclear chain fibres are always controlled by 'static' gamma axons."}
{"id": "PMID:123588", "title": "Changes with age in the occurrence of C19 steroids in the testis and submaxillary gland of the boar.", "content": "After extraction from the testes of boars of different ages, C19 steroids including 16-androstenes were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Similarly, 16-androstenes were determined in the submaxillary glands of these boars. A high concentration of testosterone was found in the testes of 84-day-old fetuses, and this might be significant in the differentiation of male behaviour. The amount of testosterone exceeded that of androstenedione during postnatal development, and dehydroepiandrosterone and 5-androstenediol as free and sulphates were found in high concentrations particularly in postpubertal boars, suggesting that the 5-ene pathway for the synthesis of testosterone might be important. There was a change in the predominance of individual 16-androstenes in the testis during development, which closely paralleled the sequence for the biosynthesis of these compounds proposed from previous studies in vitro. Whereas the amount of 5alpha-androst-16-en-3beta-ol exceeded that of 5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-ol in post-pubertal testes, 5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-ol was predominant in the submaxillary glands at all ages. The high concentration of 16-androstenes found in the mature boar, are discussed in relation to their release as pheromones and as factors responsible for taint in boar meat.", "contents": "Changes with age in the occurrence of C19 steroids in the testis and submaxillary gland of the boar. After extraction from the testes of boars of different ages, C19 steroids including 16-androstenes were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Similarly, 16-androstenes were determined in the submaxillary glands of these boars. A high concentration of testosterone was found in the testes of 84-day-old fetuses, and this might be significant in the differentiation of male behaviour. The amount of testosterone exceeded that of androstenedione during postnatal development, and dehydroepiandrosterone and 5-androstenediol as free and sulphates were found in high concentrations particularly in postpubertal boars, suggesting that the 5-ene pathway for the synthesis of testosterone might be important. There was a change in the predominance of individual 16-androstenes in the testis during development, which closely paralleled the sequence for the biosynthesis of these compounds proposed from previous studies in vitro. Whereas the amount of 5alpha-androst-16-en-3beta-ol exceeded that of 5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-ol in post-pubertal testes, 5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-ol was predominant in the submaxillary glands at all ages. The high concentration of 16-androstenes found in the mature boar, are discussed in relation to their release as pheromones and as factors responsible for taint in boar meat."}
{"id": "PMID:123589", "title": "Reciprocal translocations in man. 3:1 Meiotic disjunction resulting in 47- or 45-chromosome offspring.", "content": "Five cases of chromosome imbalance resulting from 3:1 disjunction of reciprocal translocations are described. A review of the literature suggests this phenomenon is more common than has previously been recognized.", "contents": "Reciprocal translocations in man. 3:1 Meiotic disjunction resulting in 47- or 45-chromosome offspring. Five cases of chromosome imbalance resulting from 3:1 disjunction of reciprocal translocations are described. A review of the literature suggests this phenomenon is more common than has previously been recognized."}
{"id": "PMID:123590", "title": "Estimation of the age at onset of Huntington's disease from factors associated with the affected parent.", "content": "In an attempt to relate the age at onset of Huntington's disease to parental factors, the effects of parental onset-age (Po) and the age of the transmitting parent at the birth of a subsequently affected child (Pc) have been examined in a sample of cases ascertained from Victorian kindreds. There was a significant positive linear regression of onset-age on the variable Po-Pc; the result was independent of the sex of affected parent or child. It is suggested that the pathogenetic process is activated in individuals at a fixed time before their genetically determined onset-ages and need not commence at birth. Somatic gene mutations accumulating with age may interact with modifiers activated at initiation of pathogenesis and favour the transmission of genes determining early onset. An important conclusion for genetic counselling is the desirability of parents at risk who intend to have children to plan their families early in life so that the illness will tend to appear in late adulthood in their affected children. The regression equation may also be applied to estimate the risk of inheritance of the disorder and, by taking interfamilial variation into account, appears to have an advantage over the esisting method based on the distribution of onsettages.", "contents": "Estimation of the age at onset of Huntington's disease from factors associated with the affected parent. In an attempt to relate the age at onset of Huntington's disease to parental factors, the effects of parental onset-age (Po) and the age of the transmitting parent at the birth of a subsequently affected child (Pc) have been examined in a sample of cases ascertained from Victorian kindreds. There was a significant positive linear regression of onset-age on the variable Po-Pc; the result was independent of the sex of affected parent or child. It is suggested that the pathogenetic process is activated in individuals at a fixed time before their genetically determined onset-ages and need not commence at birth. Somatic gene mutations accumulating with age may interact with modifiers activated at initiation of pathogenesis and favour the transmission of genes determining early onset. An important conclusion for genetic counselling is the desirability of parents at risk who intend to have children to plan their families early in life so that the illness will tend to appear in late adulthood in their affected children. The regression equation may also be applied to estimate the risk of inheritance of the disorder and, by taking interfamilial variation into account, appears to have an advantage over the esisting method based on the distribution of onsettages."}
{"id": "PMID:123591", "title": "A family with apparently sex-linked optic atrophy.", "content": "A family is described in which a probable new form of sex-linked optic atrophy was found in eight individuals. Some additional neurological abnormalities were noted. Results of studies of the Xg blood group excluded close linkage between the optic atrophy and Xg genes. As a probable coincidence, Huntington's chorea was found in a side branch of the family.", "contents": "A family with apparently sex-linked optic atrophy. A family is described in which a probable new form of sex-linked optic atrophy was found in eight individuals. Some additional neurological abnormalities were noted. Results of studies of the Xg blood group excluded close linkage between the optic atrophy and Xg genes. As a probable coincidence, Huntington's chorea was found in a side branch of the family."}
{"id": "PMID:123592", "title": "Phosphorylation of component a of the human erythrocyte membrane in myotonic muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Endogenous membrane protein kinase activity in fresh erythrocyte ghosts is altered in myotonic muscular dystrophy. Phosphorylation of erythrocyte Component a, which migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 90,000 to 100,000, is significantly reduced compared to age- and sex-matched controls. The difference in endogenous membrane protein kinase activity in fresh RBC membranes lends confirmation to the suggestion that myotonic dystrophy is a disease of widespread membrane alterations.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of component a of the human erythrocyte membrane in myotonic muscular dystrophy. Endogenous membrane protein kinase activity in fresh erythrocyte ghosts is altered in myotonic muscular dystrophy. Phosphorylation of erythrocyte Component a, which migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 90,000 to 100,000, is significantly reduced compared to age- and sex-matched controls. The difference in endogenous membrane protein kinase activity in fresh RBC membranes lends confirmation to the suggestion that myotonic dystrophy is a disease of widespread membrane alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:123598", "title": "Disparity of mixed lymphocyte reactivity to cultured cells of human T and B lymphoid lines.", "content": "Repeated attempts with difference assays and experimental conditions failed to detect significant peripheral blood lymphocyte reactivity in one-way mixed lymphocyte reactions to irradiated or mitomycin C-treated cells of the \"leukemic\" T lymphoid line RPMI 8402. In contrast, consistently high levels of peripheral blood lymphocyte reactivity were obtained with cells of six B lymphoid lines established from the same blood sample used to initiate this T lymphoid line. Although attempts to define the reason why these cultured T cells did not initiate a mixed lymphocyte reaction were not successful, evidence indicates that this inability may be an intrinsic characteristic common to three other T lymphoid lines (MOLT-4, CCRF-CEM, and CCRF-HSB-2), also established from patients with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia.", "contents": "Disparity of mixed lymphocyte reactivity to cultured cells of human T and B lymphoid lines. Repeated attempts with difference assays and experimental conditions failed to detect significant peripheral blood lymphocyte reactivity in one-way mixed lymphocyte reactions to irradiated or mitomycin C-treated cells of the \"leukemic\" T lymphoid line RPMI 8402. In contrast, consistently high levels of peripheral blood lymphocyte reactivity were obtained with cells of six B lymphoid lines established from the same blood sample used to initiate this T lymphoid line. Although attempts to define the reason why these cultured T cells did not initiate a mixed lymphocyte reaction were not successful, evidence indicates that this inability may be an intrinsic characteristic common to three other T lymphoid lines (MOLT-4, CCRF-CEM, and CCRF-HSB-2), also established from patients with relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:123599", "title": "Effects of sera from tumor-bearing mice on mitogen and allogeneic cell stimulation of normal lymphoid cells.", "content": "The mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated normal spleen cells of DBA/2J, CBA/J, and BALB/c mice about equally in the presence of either isologous or homologous serum. This system revealed that sera from mice with five different methylcholanthrene-induced rhabdomyosarcomas inhibited mitogen stimulation of normal spleen cells. Sera from mice with a mammaryadenocarcinoma and spontaneous rhabdomyosarcoma were similarly suppressive. In contrast, sera from mice with melanoma were not inhibitory and often enhanced stimulation. Sera from tumor-bearing animals had the same effects both qualitatively and quantitatively on cells from the strain carrying the tumor and on cells from the other two strains. The mixed lymphocyte response of CBA/J times BALB/c spleen cells was affected exactly as were the responses to mitogen by the various sera. Stimulation by mitogen of mouse lymph-node cells and spleen cells with macrophages removed, as well as that of guinea pig spleen cells, was also inhibited by sera from mice with rhabdomyosarcoma and mammary adenocarcinoma.", "contents": "Effects of sera from tumor-bearing mice on mitogen and allogeneic cell stimulation of normal lymphoid cells. The mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated normal spleen cells of DBA/2J, CBA/J, and BALB/c mice about equally in the presence of either isologous or homologous serum. This system revealed that sera from mice with five different methylcholanthrene-induced rhabdomyosarcomas inhibited mitogen stimulation of normal spleen cells. Sera from mice with a mammaryadenocarcinoma and spontaneous rhabdomyosarcoma were similarly suppressive. In contrast, sera from mice with melanoma were not inhibitory and often enhanced stimulation. Sera from tumor-bearing animals had the same effects both qualitatively and quantitatively on cells from the strain carrying the tumor and on cells from the other two strains. The mixed lymphocyte response of CBA/J times BALB/c spleen cells was affected exactly as were the responses to mitogen by the various sera. Stimulation by mitogen of mouse lymph-node cells and spleen cells with macrophages removed, as well as that of guinea pig spleen cells, was also inhibited by sera from mice with rhabdomyosarcoma and mammary adenocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:123603", "title": "Comparison of the cardiac output measurements with electromagnetic flowmeter and dye-dilution technique in dogs, with a note on the comparison between radiocardiography and ear-dye method in man.", "content": "There are relatively few studies and opinions are still divided as to the agreement between the electromagnetic flowmeter and dye-dilution technique in measurements of cardiac output in animals. Of 22 pairs of cardiac output measurements performed with an electromagnetic flow probe applied to the root of aorta in open-chest, anesthetized dogs and with peripheral venous injection of indocyanine green dye and an arterial cuvette, the measured points fell within the range of plus or minus 20% on both sides of the line of identity in 19 instances. Studied on 8 human subjects with radiocardiography and ear-dye method performed simultaneously with peripheral venous injection of a mixture of R131ISA and indocyanine green, cardiac output given by ear-dye method was higher than that given by radiocardiography by an average of 9 plus or minus 11 (SD)%. Agreement and disagreement in cardiac output measurements given by electromagnetic flow probe, dye-dilution method with arterial cuvette, dye-dilution method with ear-piece densitometer and radiocardiography were discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of the cardiac output measurements with electromagnetic flowmeter and dye-dilution technique in dogs, with a note on the comparison between radiocardiography and ear-dye method in man. There are relatively few studies and opinions are still divided as to the agreement between the electromagnetic flowmeter and dye-dilution technique in measurements of cardiac output in animals. Of 22 pairs of cardiac output measurements performed with an electromagnetic flow probe applied to the root of aorta in open-chest, anesthetized dogs and with peripheral venous injection of indocyanine green dye and an arterial cuvette, the measured points fell within the range of plus or minus 20% on both sides of the line of identity in 19 instances. Studied on 8 human subjects with radiocardiography and ear-dye method performed simultaneously with peripheral venous injection of a mixture of R131ISA and indocyanine green, cardiac output given by ear-dye method was higher than that given by radiocardiography by an average of 9 plus or minus 11 (SD)%. Agreement and disagreement in cardiac output measurements given by electromagnetic flow probe, dye-dilution method with arterial cuvette, dye-dilution method with ear-piece densitometer and radiocardiography were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123604", "title": "Congenital left atrial enlargement. A case report with special reference to myocardial fine structure.", "content": "A case of intrapericardial congenital left atrial enlargement was reported. The patient is an asymptomatic 3 year-old girl with abnormal cardiac silhouette seen on a chest roentgenogram. Angiography showed marked left atrial enlargement, and the diagnosis of intrapericardial congenital left atrial enlargement was confirmed on operation. Specimens of the atria were electron microscopically examined. Myocardiocytes of the left atrium showed marked increase of the mitochondria and decrease of myofibrils. Abnormal Z bands and disarrangement of myofibrils were often observed. Atrial specific granules in the left atrium were increased in size and number. The right atrium also showed same changes. The pathogenesis of this condition was discussed.", "contents": "Congenital left atrial enlargement. A case report with special reference to myocardial fine structure. A case of intrapericardial congenital left atrial enlargement was reported. The patient is an asymptomatic 3 year-old girl with abnormal cardiac silhouette seen on a chest roentgenogram. Angiography showed marked left atrial enlargement, and the diagnosis of intrapericardial congenital left atrial enlargement was confirmed on operation. Specimens of the atria were electron microscopically examined. Myocardiocytes of the left atrium showed marked increase of the mitochondria and decrease of myofibrils. Abnormal Z bands and disarrangement of myofibrils were often observed. Atrial specific granules in the left atrium were increased in size and number. The right atrium also showed same changes. The pathogenesis of this condition was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123605", "title": "Postmyocardial infarction syndrome.", "content": "PMIS can be regarded as a diagnostic entity, although it requires further investigation to reach the conclusion that its nature is immunological.", "contents": "Postmyocardial infarction syndrome. PMIS can be regarded as a diagnostic entity, although it requires further investigation to reach the conclusion that its nature is immunological."}
{"id": "PMID:123607", "title": "[Delayed diagnosis of congenital membranous stenosis of the duodenum (author's transl)].", "content": "A 12 year old boy with Down's syndrome is described who had a congenital membranous duodenal stenosis. Although the boy had been vomiting from birth and normal feeding was impossible, the diagnosis was made only at the age of 6 years when radiographs were taken because he had swallowed foreign bodies. The malformation was not suspected and no treatment undertaken. Because vomiting increased he was admitted at the age of 12 years to a department for surgical pediatrics. At operation stenosis of the duodenum was confirmed, some coins were removed which had settled proximal to it, the membrane was excised and the duodenum, plit longitudinally, sutured transversely. The postoperative course was smooth and now the boy is very fit.", "contents": "[Delayed diagnosis of congenital membranous stenosis of the duodenum (author's transl)]. A 12 year old boy with Down's syndrome is described who had a congenital membranous duodenal stenosis. Although the boy had been vomiting from birth and normal feeding was impossible, the diagnosis was made only at the age of 6 years when radiographs were taken because he had swallowed foreign bodies. The malformation was not suspected and no treatment undertaken. Because vomiting increased he was admitted at the age of 12 years to a department for surgical pediatrics. At operation stenosis of the duodenum was confirmed, some coins were removed which had settled proximal to it, the membrane was excised and the duodenum, plit longitudinally, sutured transversely. The postoperative course was smooth and now the boy is very fit."}
{"id": "PMID:123608", "title": "[Hemodynamic compensatory mechanisms of impaired left ventricular contraction in coronary artery disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of chronic coronary insufficiency on the hemodynamics, the geometry and muscle mass of the left ventricle were studied in 30 patients and compared to 13 controls. In these patients the cardiac output was normal in spite of impaired contractility and left ventricular wall movement. The impaired cardiac performance was compensated by 1. hypertrophy and 2. dialatation of the left ventricle. In one-vessel disease of the the coronary arteries left ventricular muscle mass was modestly, but not significant increased. Hypertrophy decreased from +20% in one vessel disease to +10% in three vessel disease. In contrast, left ventricular dilatation increased from +23% in one vessel disease to 43% in two vessel disease and to 70% in patients with sclerotic lesions in three vessels. Left ventricular dilatation seems to be the main hemodynamic compensatory mechnism resulting in a relative increase of the pump function of the heart compared to non dilated hearts. However, dilatation leads in the end-phase to left ventricular failure. By increased wall tension in the presence of impaired coronary blood flow dilatation bears the risk of deterioration of left ventricular function.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic compensatory mechanisms of impaired left ventricular contraction in coronary artery disease (author's transl)]. The effect of chronic coronary insufficiency on the hemodynamics, the geometry and muscle mass of the left ventricle were studied in 30 patients and compared to 13 controls. In these patients the cardiac output was normal in spite of impaired contractility and left ventricular wall movement. The impaired cardiac performance was compensated by 1. hypertrophy and 2. dialatation of the left ventricle. In one-vessel disease of the the coronary arteries left ventricular muscle mass was modestly, but not significant increased. Hypertrophy decreased from +20% in one vessel disease to +10% in three vessel disease. In contrast, left ventricular dilatation increased from +23% in one vessel disease to 43% in two vessel disease and to 70% in patients with sclerotic lesions in three vessels. Left ventricular dilatation seems to be the main hemodynamic compensatory mechnism resulting in a relative increase of the pump function of the heart compared to non dilated hearts. However, dilatation leads in the end-phase to left ventricular failure. By increased wall tension in the presence of impaired coronary blood flow dilatation bears the risk of deterioration of left ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:123609", "title": "Mycoplasmosis in specific-pathogen-free and conventional guinea pigs.", "content": "Normal female guinea pigs were examined for organisms of the order Mycoplasmatales. Thirty-nine isolations were made from nose or vagina of 108 guinea pigs. Seven isolates were identified as Mycoplasma caviae, 9 were unidentifiable mycoplasmas, and 23 were identified as nonsterol-requiring acholeplasmas.", "contents": "Mycoplasmosis in specific-pathogen-free and conventional guinea pigs. Normal female guinea pigs were examined for organisms of the order Mycoplasmatales. Thirty-nine isolations were made from nose or vagina of 108 guinea pigs. Seven isolates were identified as Mycoplasma caviae, 9 were unidentifiable mycoplasmas, and 23 were identified as nonsterol-requiring acholeplasmas."}
{"id": "PMID:123610", "title": "Multiple vascular and gastric cannulation of swine for studies of gastrointestinal, liver, and peripheral tissue metabolism.", "content": "The implantation of multiple chronic indwelling vascular cannulas and of a gastric cannula into swine was described. Technics for housing, care, and handling of the animals pre- and post-surgically were established to reduce the incidence of infection and to allow collection of urine and feces in metabolic studies. This regimen has been used in 20 gilts to study absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients. On the average, the cannulas remained patent for 4 wk.", "contents": "Multiple vascular and gastric cannulation of swine for studies of gastrointestinal, liver, and peripheral tissue metabolism. The implantation of multiple chronic indwelling vascular cannulas and of a gastric cannula into swine was described. Technics for housing, care, and handling of the animals pre- and post-surgically were established to reduce the incidence of infection and to allow collection of urine and feces in metabolic studies. This regimen has been used in 20 gilts to study absorption, tissue distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients. On the average, the cannulas remained patent for 4 wk."}
{"id": "PMID:123611", "title": "Fibrous long spacing type collagen fibrils in the glomeruli of experimental amyloidosis in rabbit.", "content": "Fibrous long spacing type collagen fibrils were observed in the glomeruli of experimental amyloidosis induced by either injections of casein or prolonged sensitization of Arthus type tissue antigens in the rabbit. These fibrous long spacing type fibrils were admixed with amyloid fibrils which accumulated both in nodular and diffuse deposition, but they were observed also in irregularly thickened capillary basement membranes and mesangial areas, where amyloid did not deposit. The periodicity of these fibrous long spacing fibrils was approximately 1200 , and nine symmetrical intraperiodic bands were obviously discerned within each period.", "contents": "Fibrous long spacing type collagen fibrils in the glomeruli of experimental amyloidosis in rabbit. Fibrous long spacing type collagen fibrils were observed in the glomeruli of experimental amyloidosis induced by either injections of casein or prolonged sensitization of Arthus type tissue antigens in the rabbit. These fibrous long spacing type fibrils were admixed with amyloid fibrils which accumulated both in nodular and diffuse deposition, but they were observed also in irregularly thickened capillary basement membranes and mesangial areas, where amyloid did not deposit. The periodicity of these fibrous long spacing fibrils was approximately 1200 , and nine symmetrical intraperiodic bands were obviously discerned within each period."}
{"id": "PMID:123612", "title": "Repeated pulmonary thromboembolism in rabbits.", "content": "Ten rabbits received 24 to 76 intravenous injections of finely divided thrombi prepared by a modification of Chandler's apparatus. Eight rabbits were killed soon after the last injection (group A) and two rabbits were allowed to survive for 4 months after the last introduction of thrombi (group B). Ten rabbits received repeated saline injections only, and six animals underwent no manipulation whatever. Six test rabbits and six control rabbits underwent catheterization of the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary arteries of each lung received injections of radiopaque material and were x-rayed; multiple blocks were selected from each lobe of each lung, cut, and stained with Weigert's elastic Van Gieson's stain, which permitted measurement of arterial medial thickness. Sections were also stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Martius scarlet blue. The results of catheterization showed that only mild pulmonary hypertension had been induced. Histologically, thromboemboli had become incorporated into the wall of the arteries. Concentric intimal thickening included an \"onionskin\" arrangement and was more prevalent than eccentric configuration. Medial hypertrophy of almost all vessels was found. The onionskin arrangement in an occasional precapillary vessel was also encountered. More severe histologic grades of pulmonary hypertension were not seen. The two group B animals showed recent thrombi, which suggested that once intimal thickening had occurred the process of fresh thrombotic superimposition continues, resulting in progression of the lesions. The experimental findings were compared with 13 patients (thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (eight) and primary pulmonary hypertension (five)) and with 181 patients reported in the literature. Features such as the onionskin type of intimal thickening in muscular arteries and precapillary vessels have been suggested as points of distinction between these two conditions. These features have been reproduced in these experiments. Despite the fact that more severe histologic grades of pulmonary hypertension were not produced, it is suggested that these experiments lend support to the concept that primary pulmonary hypertension may have a thromboembolic etiology in at least some patients.", "contents": "Repeated pulmonary thromboembolism in rabbits. Ten rabbits received 24 to 76 intravenous injections of finely divided thrombi prepared by a modification of Chandler's apparatus. Eight rabbits were killed soon after the last injection (group A) and two rabbits were allowed to survive for 4 months after the last introduction of thrombi (group B). Ten rabbits received repeated saline injections only, and six animals underwent no manipulation whatever. Six test rabbits and six control rabbits underwent catheterization of the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary arteries of each lung received injections of radiopaque material and were x-rayed; multiple blocks were selected from each lobe of each lung, cut, and stained with Weigert's elastic Van Gieson's stain, which permitted measurement of arterial medial thickness. Sections were also stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Martius scarlet blue. The results of catheterization showed that only mild pulmonary hypertension had been induced. Histologically, thromboemboli had become incorporated into the wall of the arteries. Concentric intimal thickening included an \"onionskin\" arrangement and was more prevalent than eccentric configuration. Medial hypertrophy of almost all vessels was found. The onionskin arrangement in an occasional precapillary vessel was also encountered. More severe histologic grades of pulmonary hypertension were not seen. The two group B animals showed recent thrombi, which suggested that once intimal thickening had occurred the process of fresh thrombotic superimposition continues, resulting in progression of the lesions. The experimental findings were compared with 13 patients (thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (eight) and primary pulmonary hypertension (five)) and with 181 patients reported in the literature. Features such as the onionskin type of intimal thickening in muscular arteries and precapillary vessels have been suggested as points of distinction between these two conditions. These features have been reproduced in these experiments. Despite the fact that more severe histologic grades of pulmonary hypertension were not produced, it is suggested that these experiments lend support to the concept that primary pulmonary hypertension may have a thromboembolic etiology in at least some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:123615", "title": "[Exploration of parotid saliva proteins by means of one-and-two-dimensional immunelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion and discelectrophoresis (author's transl)].", "content": "The protein composition of human parotid saliva was explored by means of one- and two-dimensional immunelectrophoresis as well as by a modified Ouchterolony-technique and discelectrophoresis, where usually at least 14 components of parotid-saliva-proteins can be differentiated. According to the results of immunelectrophoresis and discelectrophoresis, the kind and number of protein components are interindividually constant, yet, there are great interindividual differences concerning the concentration of the single components.", "contents": "[Exploration of parotid saliva proteins by means of one-and-two-dimensional immunelectrophoresis, immunodiffusion and discelectrophoresis (author's transl)]. The protein composition of human parotid saliva was explored by means of one- and two-dimensional immunelectrophoresis as well as by a modified Ouchterolony-technique and discelectrophoresis, where usually at least 14 components of parotid-saliva-proteins can be differentiated. According to the results of immunelectrophoresis and discelectrophoresis, the kind and number of protein components are interindividually constant, yet, there are great interindividual differences concerning the concentration of the single components."}
{"id": "PMID:123616", "title": "[Toluidine blue staining in laryngeal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the results of 83 consecutive in vivo stainings with toluidine blue in various laryngeal diseases. Thirty one (86%) of the 36 malignant tumors showed positive staining. (95% confidence limits: 70-95.) It is concluded that malignant tumors will nearly always fix the dye, and that a negative staining test seems to be evidence against cancer. (Predictive value of negative test: 0.89, 95% confidence limits: 76-96.", "contents": "[Toluidine blue staining in laryngeal diseases (author's transl)]. The authors present the results of 83 consecutive in vivo stainings with toluidine blue in various laryngeal diseases. Thirty one (86%) of the 36 malignant tumors showed positive staining. (95% confidence limits: 70-95.) It is concluded that malignant tumors will nearly always fix the dye, and that a negative staining test seems to be evidence against cancer. (Predictive value of negative test: 0.89, 95% confidence limits: 76-96."}
{"id": "PMID:123617", "title": "[Cyano-acrylate glue in tracheal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate-glues are a valuable addition to the usual suture materials. Uner strict observance of the instructions (Contzen 1968) and application of small amounts which must not enter the wound, these glues can be successfully used in combination with suture material for the adaptation of flaps, the closure of stitch canals or for securing of suture lines. The successful use in surgery of the lung and trachea confirms our results (v. Windheim 1968, 1969, H\u00e4ring 1968, Heiss 1968).", "contents": "[Cyano-acrylate glue in tracheal surgery (author's transl)]. Butyl-2-Cyanoacrylate-glues are a valuable addition to the usual suture materials. Uner strict observance of the instructions (Contzen 1968) and application of small amounts which must not enter the wound, these glues can be successfully used in combination with suture material for the adaptation of flaps, the closure of stitch canals or for securing of suture lines. The successful use in surgery of the lung and trachea confirms our results (v. Windheim 1968, 1969, H\u00e4ring 1968, Heiss 1968)."}
{"id": "PMID:123618", "title": "[Leeches in the respiratory system (author's transl)].", "content": "The leech as a foreign body and parasite in the human respiratory tract occurs principally in the Mediterranean countries, in Africa and Asia. It reaches the respiratory tract when water is drunk directly from rivers, lakes, etc. Ignorance of this fact may cause diagnostic difficulties leading to errors in treatment. Anaemia and respiratory obstruction due to leeches cause danger to health and life, especially in children. Fatalities have been known. Treatment consists of endoscopic removal of the parasite, which may be technically difficult, especially when the leech is in the region of the larynx and thus presents dramatic conditions for the procedure. A series of 120 cases treated in Algeria between 1962 and 1971 is presented.", "contents": "[Leeches in the respiratory system (author's transl)]. The leech as a foreign body and parasite in the human respiratory tract occurs principally in the Mediterranean countries, in Africa and Asia. It reaches the respiratory tract when water is drunk directly from rivers, lakes, etc. Ignorance of this fact may cause diagnostic difficulties leading to errors in treatment. Anaemia and respiratory obstruction due to leeches cause danger to health and life, especially in children. Fatalities have been known. Treatment consists of endoscopic removal of the parasite, which may be technically difficult, especially when the leech is in the region of the larynx and thus presents dramatic conditions for the procedure. A series of 120 cases treated in Algeria between 1962 and 1971 is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:123620", "title": "[Tympanoplasty after previous mastoidectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Suppuration in ears suffering from a central perforation of the ear drum can frequently be stopped by mastoidectomy. This previous operation prepares ears for later tympanoplasty. 64 ears (55 patients) were treated by this way. Suppuration ceased in 47 ears. Spontaneous closure of the perforation could be seen in 7 cases. 23 ears underwent tympanoplastic procedures, always during a second intervention, 17 patients did not want further operations after the suppuration of their ears had stopped. Another 17 ears continued to reveal suppurative secretion in spite of mastoidectomy, mostly because of severe infection (resistant bacteria) or of insufficient mastoidectomy.", "contents": "[Tympanoplasty after previous mastoidectomy (author's transl)]. Suppuration in ears suffering from a central perforation of the ear drum can frequently be stopped by mastoidectomy. This previous operation prepares ears for later tympanoplasty. 64 ears (55 patients) were treated by this way. Suppuration ceased in 47 ears. Spontaneous closure of the perforation could be seen in 7 cases. 23 ears underwent tympanoplastic procedures, always during a second intervention, 17 patients did not want further operations after the suppuration of their ears had stopped. Another 17 ears continued to reveal suppurative secretion in spite of mastoidectomy, mostly because of severe infection (resistant bacteria) or of insufficient mastoidectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:123621", "title": "[The concept of endaural tympanoplasty for severe congenital atresia auris (author's transl)].", "content": "The recommendation of a strictly endaural approach to the tympanic cavity in congenital atresia is based on a series of 26 cases of severe malformations (grade II and III). Two bony ridges at the lower edge of the atresial plate and the deep auricular artery served as landmarks. A bony posterior canal wall was always conserved or reconstructed. There was no collision with the facial nerve. The reobliteration of the new external auditory canal was avoided by four means: sufficient resection of both overlying soft tissue and the parotid gland, insertion of auto- or homologous cartilage into the anterior canal wall, Z-plasty of the buccal skin, and delayed implantation of split skin. The average gain of air conduction was 19 dB IN 14 controlled ears.", "contents": "[The concept of endaural tympanoplasty for severe congenital atresia auris (author's transl)]. The recommendation of a strictly endaural approach to the tympanic cavity in congenital atresia is based on a series of 26 cases of severe malformations (grade II and III). Two bony ridges at the lower edge of the atresial plate and the deep auricular artery served as landmarks. A bony posterior canal wall was always conserved or reconstructed. There was no collision with the facial nerve. The reobliteration of the new external auditory canal was avoided by four means: sufficient resection of both overlying soft tissue and the parotid gland, insertion of auto- or homologous cartilage into the anterior canal wall, Z-plasty of the buccal skin, and delayed implantation of split skin. The average gain of air conduction was 19 dB IN 14 controlled ears."}
{"id": "PMID:123622", "title": "[The operative cavity in the treatment of congenital atresia (author's transl)].", "content": "In the treatment of the various malformations of the external and middle ear (atresia of the bony canal, malformed ossicles, reduced volume of the middle ear in varying degrees, atypical course of the facial nerve), the indirect approach to the middle ear via the antrum appears to be the safest operative procedure for a tympanoplasty in cases of congenital atresia. A wide open external canal is required for a permanently successful hearing result. A special double plasty using skin and periosteum for the anterior canal wall has proved to be the method of choice.", "contents": "[The operative cavity in the treatment of congenital atresia (author's transl)]. In the treatment of the various malformations of the external and middle ear (atresia of the bony canal, malformed ossicles, reduced volume of the middle ear in varying degrees, atypical course of the facial nerve), the indirect approach to the middle ear via the antrum appears to be the safest operative procedure for a tympanoplasty in cases of congenital atresia. A wide open external canal is required for a permanently successful hearing result. A special double plasty using skin and periosteum for the anterior canal wall has proved to be the method of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:123623", "title": "[Evidence of viral aetiology in exudative otitis media in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Many clinical observations point to a primary viral cause in exudative otitis media. This seromucinous inflammation may then develop into a purulent inflammatory phase as a result of subsequent bacterial infection. The aetiology of otitis media may thus be viral, viral bacterial or bacterial. Viruses and bacteria multiply in a different manner within the organism. They also give rise to different defence reactions and physical signs of their different pathogenic effects. Viral otitis is characterised by proliferative tissue changes, such as telangiectatic granulations, adhesions, cholesteatomas and limitation of pneumatisation of the mastoids. Destructive tissue damage is predominant in bacterial infections, e.g., tympanic perforations and bone destruction. 100 children were examined virologically during acute exudative otitis media and in the presence of a cholesteatoma. Viral aetiology was proved in many cases and viral antigens were demonstrated in the cholesteatomatous material.", "contents": "[Evidence of viral aetiology in exudative otitis media in childhood (author's transl)]. Many clinical observations point to a primary viral cause in exudative otitis media. This seromucinous inflammation may then develop into a purulent inflammatory phase as a result of subsequent bacterial infection. The aetiology of otitis media may thus be viral, viral bacterial or bacterial. Viruses and bacteria multiply in a different manner within the organism. They also give rise to different defence reactions and physical signs of their different pathogenic effects. Viral otitis is characterised by proliferative tissue changes, such as telangiectatic granulations, adhesions, cholesteatomas and limitation of pneumatisation of the mastoids. Destructive tissue damage is predominant in bacterial infections, e.g., tympanic perforations and bone destruction. 100 children were examined virologically during acute exudative otitis media and in the presence of a cholesteatoma. Viral aetiology was proved in many cases and viral antigens were demonstrated in the cholesteatomatous material."}
{"id": "PMID:123624", "title": "[Spontaneous bilateral carotid-cavernous-fistula (author's transl)].", "content": "There is reported about the rare case of a spontaneous bilateral carotid-cavernous-fistula. We have to deal with a 61-aged woman with insignificant troubles taking a good-natured course. The bilateral carotid-cavernous-fistula-cases stated in the literature has got assembled, where it is remarkable that 60% of these cases occured spontaneously. In the contrary the spontaneous unilateral carotid-cavernous-fistulae are present in 16-23% of cases.", "contents": "[Spontaneous bilateral carotid-cavernous-fistula (author's transl)]. There is reported about the rare case of a spontaneous bilateral carotid-cavernous-fistula. We have to deal with a 61-aged woman with insignificant troubles taking a good-natured course. The bilateral carotid-cavernous-fistula-cases stated in the literature has got assembled, where it is remarkable that 60% of these cases occured spontaneously. In the contrary the spontaneous unilateral carotid-cavernous-fistulae are present in 16-23% of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:123626", "title": "[Light and electron microscopy of human vocal muscle in recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis (author's transl)].", "content": "In longstanding recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis with parmedian fixation of the vocal cord the fine structure of the vocal muscle is surprisingly well preserved. Though there are in part bundles of atrophic muscle fibers and increased connective tissue, the normal ultrastructure of the remaining muscle and of the myelinated nerves remains always intact. It is assumed that the vocal cord is prevented from regaining its motility both by the increased connective tissue which misdirects the nerve fibers and by irreverisble changes of the cricoarytaenoid joint. The results are discussed in relation to attempts of reconstructive surgery of the recurrent laryngeal nerve as well as various problems in the neurophysiology of the laryngeal muscles.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopy of human vocal muscle in recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis (author's transl)]. In longstanding recurrent laryngeal nerve paresis with parmedian fixation of the vocal cord the fine structure of the vocal muscle is surprisingly well preserved. Though there are in part bundles of atrophic muscle fibers and increased connective tissue, the normal ultrastructure of the remaining muscle and of the myelinated nerves remains always intact. It is assumed that the vocal cord is prevented from regaining its motility both by the increased connective tissue which misdirects the nerve fibers and by irreverisble changes of the cricoarytaenoid joint. The results are discussed in relation to attempts of reconstructive surgery of the recurrent laryngeal nerve as well as various problems in the neurophysiology of the laryngeal muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:123627", "title": "[Quantitative distribution of the protein fractions in human parotid saliva before and after gustatory stimulation in disc electropherograms of various polyacrylamid gel systems (author's transl)].", "content": "Discelectrophoresis was carried out with unstimulated and stimulated human parotid saliva from 11 healthy persons at the age between 27 and 61 years. Electrophoresis was made in alkaline and in acidic gel systems. Twenty-two protein peaks were found in the electrophoretic patterns. The quantitative evaluation of Disc Electropherograms was effected by means of microdensitometric analysis with integration. No significance of electrophoretic patterns between unstimulated and stimulated human parotid saliva was observed.", "contents": "[Quantitative distribution of the protein fractions in human parotid saliva before and after gustatory stimulation in disc electropherograms of various polyacrylamid gel systems (author's transl)]. Discelectrophoresis was carried out with unstimulated and stimulated human parotid saliva from 11 healthy persons at the age between 27 and 61 years. Electrophoresis was made in alkaline and in acidic gel systems. Twenty-two protein peaks were found in the electrophoretic patterns. The quantitative evaluation of Disc Electropherograms was effected by means of microdensitometric analysis with integration. No significance of electrophoretic patterns between unstimulated and stimulated human parotid saliva was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:123634", "title": "Ultraviolet-inactivation of conidia from heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa containing uv-sensitive mutations.", "content": "The effect of three UV-sensitive mutations of Neurospora crassa, upr-I, uvs-4 and uvs-6, on the ultraviolet-inactivation of conidia from two-component heterokaryons was investigated. In two-component heterokaryons with wild-type sensitivity to radiation inactivation, all three conidial fractions exhibited similar ultraviolet-inactivation curves. Each UV-sensitive mutation studied uniquely modified the ultraviolet-inactivation curves of conidia from two-component heterokaryons. In heterokaryons heterokaryotic for upr-I, the upr-I mutation was recessive and the repair function determined by the wild type allele was functional to some degree in homokaryotic upr-I conidia. All three conidial fractions of heterokaryons containing upr-I in both components showed increased sensitivity to ultraviolet light. The uvs-4 mutation was recessive and resulted in conidia with increased UV-sensitivity only when included in both components of a heterokaryon. Homokaryotic uvs-4 conidia, which arose from heterokaryons containing both uvs-4 and wild-type components, exhibited wild-type survival. Therefore, as with upr-I, there was a carryover the repair capability to conidia which were genetically UV-sensitive. The uvs-6 mutation, when included in one component of a two-component heterokaryon, resulted in increased UV-sensitivity of both heterokaryotic and homokaryotic uvs-6 conidia. When both components contained uvs-6, the UV-sensitivity of all three conidial fractions was increased and all showed similar inactivation curves. Thus, as with upr-I and uvs-4, there was a carryover of the wild-type repair capability to genetically uvs-6 conidia. Heterokaryon tests for complementation between two non-allelic UV-sensitive mutations showed that in heterokaryotic conidia, complete complementation occurred between upr-I and uvs-4.", "contents": "Ultraviolet-inactivation of conidia from heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa containing uv-sensitive mutations. The effect of three UV-sensitive mutations of Neurospora crassa, upr-I, uvs-4 and uvs-6, on the ultraviolet-inactivation of conidia from two-component heterokaryons was investigated. In two-component heterokaryons with wild-type sensitivity to radiation inactivation, all three conidial fractions exhibited similar ultraviolet-inactivation curves. Each UV-sensitive mutation studied uniquely modified the ultraviolet-inactivation curves of conidia from two-component heterokaryons. In heterokaryons heterokaryotic for upr-I, the upr-I mutation was recessive and the repair function determined by the wild type allele was functional to some degree in homokaryotic upr-I conidia. All three conidial fractions of heterokaryons containing upr-I in both components showed increased sensitivity to ultraviolet light. The uvs-4 mutation was recessive and resulted in conidia with increased UV-sensitivity only when included in both components of a heterokaryon. Homokaryotic uvs-4 conidia, which arose from heterokaryons containing both uvs-4 and wild-type components, exhibited wild-type survival. Therefore, as with upr-I, there was a carryover the repair capability to conidia which were genetically UV-sensitive. The uvs-6 mutation, when included in one component of a two-component heterokaryon, resulted in increased UV-sensitivity of both heterokaryotic and homokaryotic uvs-6 conidia. When both components contained uvs-6, the UV-sensitivity of all three conidial fractions was increased and all showed similar inactivation curves. Thus, as with upr-I and uvs-4, there was a carryover of the wild-type repair capability to genetically uvs-6 conidia. Heterokaryon tests for complementation between two non-allelic UV-sensitive mutations showed that in heterokaryotic conidia, complete complementation occurred between upr-I and uvs-4."}
{"id": "PMID:123637", "title": "Evolutionary implications of different types of microbial enzymology for L-tyrosine biosynthesis.", "content": "Several patterns of enzymology for L-tyrosine biosynthesis exist in modern microorganisms, each differing in the apparent degree of regulatory efficiency. The extent of pathway evolution in a particular organism may reflect the relative selective pressure for regulation encountered in different ecological niches.", "contents": "Evolutionary implications of different types of microbial enzymology for L-tyrosine biosynthesis. Several patterns of enzymology for L-tyrosine biosynthesis exist in modern microorganisms, each differing in the apparent degree of regulatory efficiency. The extent of pathway evolution in a particular organism may reflect the relative selective pressure for regulation encountered in different ecological niches."}
{"id": "PMID:123638", "title": "Laparoscopy: routine pneumoperitoneum via the posterior fornix.", "content": "To induce pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic examination, a transvaginal route and a modified Verres needle were used in an effort to reduce the failure rate of the subumbilical route and to avoid some of its dangers. The technic not only reduces the rate of complications, but its precision and simplicity make it easier to learn and execute.", "contents": "Laparoscopy: routine pneumoperitoneum via the posterior fornix. To induce pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopic examination, a transvaginal route and a modified Verres needle were used in an effort to reduce the failure rate of the subumbilical route and to avoid some of its dangers. The technic not only reduces the rate of complications, but its precision and simplicity make it easier to learn and execute."}
{"id": "PMID:123640", "title": "Development of Na+-K+-ATPase in neonatal rat brain synaptosomes after perinatal protein malnutrition.", "content": "Four protein dietary groups of rats were used in this study, namely: 27% casein diet fed throughout gestation and lactation (group C-C); 27% gestation, 10% lactation (group C-D); 10% gestation, 27% lactation (group D-C); 10% throughout gestation and lactation (group D-D). Mean body weight of group D-D at warning was 19 g compared with 59 g for group C-C. The specific activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in isolated synaptosomes from cerebral and cerebellar tissues increases throughout the lactation period. At 1 and 7 days of age no differences in Na+-K+-ATPase activity are noted in the brain regions of Groups C-C and D-D. At 14 and 21 days, however, the specific Na+-K+-ATPase activity was significantly reduced in isolated synaptosomes from both brain regions of the protein-deprived group. ATPase activity in cerebellar synaptosomes from dietary exchange groups (C-D and D-C) developed to the same extent as that of the control group (C-C) after 21 days of lactation. ATPase activity in the cerebral synaptosomes of the dietary exchange group (C-D) did not develop to the same extent as that in the control group (C-C) and the other dietary exchange group (D-C).", "contents": "Development of Na+-K+-ATPase in neonatal rat brain synaptosomes after perinatal protein malnutrition. Four protein dietary groups of rats were used in this study, namely: 27% casein diet fed throughout gestation and lactation (group C-C); 27% gestation, 10% lactation (group C-D); 10% gestation, 27% lactation (group D-C); 10% throughout gestation and lactation (group D-D). Mean body weight of group D-D at warning was 19 g compared with 59 g for group C-C. The specific activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in isolated synaptosomes from cerebral and cerebellar tissues increases throughout the lactation period. At 1 and 7 days of age no differences in Na+-K+-ATPase activity are noted in the brain regions of Groups C-C and D-D. At 14 and 21 days, however, the specific Na+-K+-ATPase activity was significantly reduced in isolated synaptosomes from both brain regions of the protein-deprived group. ATPase activity in cerebellar synaptosomes from dietary exchange groups (C-D and D-C) developed to the same extent as that of the control group (C-C) after 21 days of lactation. ATPase activity in the cerebral synaptosomes of the dietary exchange group (C-D) did not develop to the same extent as that in the control group (C-C) and the other dietary exchange group (D-C)."}
{"id": "PMID:123641", "title": "Contractile and histochemical properties of regenerating cross-transplanted fast and slow muscles in the rat.", "content": "The soleus (SOL) or extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of month-old rats were denervated for 14 days and then cross-transplanted so that the fast muscle was placed into the bed of the slow muscle and vice versa. At 17, 30, 60, and 90 days the transplants were tested for certain contractile and histochemical properties. By 90 days the cross-transplanted SOL showed complete conversion of the full contraction time and nearly complete conversion of the half relaxation time to those of the normal EDL. In contrast, the contraction and relaxation times of the cross-transplanted EDL became considerably slowed, but did not attain the values of the normal SOL. Histochemical staining for ATPase and SDH activity demonstrated similar transformations of fiber types. The degree of transformation of twitch and histochemical characteristics in cross-transplanted muscles was greater than the values reported after cross-innervation of the same muscles. The cross-transplantation model has certain advantages over nerve cross-union experiments because the cross-transplanted muscle is placed in the normal functional environment of the other muscle.", "contents": "Contractile and histochemical properties of regenerating cross-transplanted fast and slow muscles in the rat. The soleus (SOL) or extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of month-old rats were denervated for 14 days and then cross-transplanted so that the fast muscle was placed into the bed of the slow muscle and vice versa. At 17, 30, 60, and 90 days the transplants were tested for certain contractile and histochemical properties. By 90 days the cross-transplanted SOL showed complete conversion of the full contraction time and nearly complete conversion of the half relaxation time to those of the normal EDL. In contrast, the contraction and relaxation times of the cross-transplanted EDL became considerably slowed, but did not attain the values of the normal SOL. Histochemical staining for ATPase and SDH activity demonstrated similar transformations of fiber types. The degree of transformation of twitch and histochemical characteristics in cross-transplanted muscles was greater than the values reported after cross-innervation of the same muscles. The cross-transplantation model has certain advantages over nerve cross-union experiments because the cross-transplanted muscle is placed in the normal functional environment of the other muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:123642", "title": "Genetic evidence on the organization and action of the qa-1 gene product: a protein regulating the induction of three enzymes in quinate catabolism in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The first three reactions in the catabolism of qainic acid in Neurospora crassa are under the genetic control of the qa gene cluster. This cluster consists of three structural genes encoding three inducible enzymes plus a regulatory gene (qa-1+) whose diffusible product apparently acts in a positive fashion to initiate coordinate synthesis of the three enzymes when an appropriate inducer is present. Genetic and biochemical evidence for both complementing and temperature-sensitive qa-1 alleles indicates that the product of the qa-1+ gene is an oligomeric (multimeric) protein. On the basis of cis-trans tests of appropriate double mutants (plus genetic mapping data for temperature-sensitive mutants), at least certain constitutive mutants (which produce all three qa enzymes in the absence of an inducer) are mutants in the regulatory gene and not in controlling elements such as initiators. The detection of stable (non-revertible) qa-1 intralocus deletion (multisite)mutants provides additional evidence for positive regulation in the qa system. Extensive genetic recombination data provide evidence that the two types of qa-1 mutants--slow-complementing (qa-1-s) and fast-complementing (qa-1-f)--map in discrete, non-overlapping segments of the qa-1 locus. These two distinct types of mutants are hypothesized to produce altered regulatory protein molecules that fail to interact either with a DNA initiator site (qa-1-s types) or with an inducer (qa-1-f types). The striking similarities between the qa system in this lower eukaryote and certain prokaryote operon systems are discussed.", "contents": "Genetic evidence on the organization and action of the qa-1 gene product: a protein regulating the induction of three enzymes in quinate catabolism in Neurospora crassa. The first three reactions in the catabolism of qainic acid in Neurospora crassa are under the genetic control of the qa gene cluster. This cluster consists of three structural genes encoding three inducible enzymes plus a regulatory gene (qa-1+) whose diffusible product apparently acts in a positive fashion to initiate coordinate synthesis of the three enzymes when an appropriate inducer is present. Genetic and biochemical evidence for both complementing and temperature-sensitive qa-1 alleles indicates that the product of the qa-1+ gene is an oligomeric (multimeric) protein. On the basis of cis-trans tests of appropriate double mutants (plus genetic mapping data for temperature-sensitive mutants), at least certain constitutive mutants (which produce all three qa enzymes in the absence of an inducer) are mutants in the regulatory gene and not in controlling elements such as initiators. The detection of stable (non-revertible) qa-1 intralocus deletion (multisite)mutants provides additional evidence for positive regulation in the qa system. Extensive genetic recombination data provide evidence that the two types of qa-1 mutants--slow-complementing (qa-1-s) and fast-complementing (qa-1-f)--map in discrete, non-overlapping segments of the qa-1 locus. These two distinct types of mutants are hypothesized to produce altered regulatory protein molecules that fail to interact either with a DNA initiator site (qa-1-s types) or with an inducer (qa-1-f types). The striking similarities between the qa system in this lower eukaryote and certain prokaryote operon systems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123643", "title": "Enhancement of somatomedin titers of normal and hypopituitary sera by addition of L-triiodothyronone in vitro at physiological concentrations.", "content": "Somatomedin potencies of sera were assayed by following sulfation of mucopolysaccharides in chick embryo sterna in vitro. Apparent potencies of sera from hypophysectomized rats, maintained on a low-iodine diet, were restored to levels above normal by addition to the incubation medium of L-triiodothyronine at 10-7 mol/liter of serum. The potencies of normal rat, human, and fetal calf sera were raised 1.3- to 3-fold by addition of triiodothyronine at 10-9-10-7 mol/liter of serum. L-Thyroxine was about 10 times less effective than triiodothyronine. Triiodothyronine alone did not stimulate sulfation to nearly the same extent as triiodothyronine plus serum, even at higher concentrations. Serum could not be substituted in this system by any of six purified hormones, nor by trace metals or amino acids not included in the incubation mixture. It is concluded that triiodothyronine, in combination with a factor in serum, causes a rapid stimulation of sulfation in chick embryo cartilage, and that thyroid hormones may be involved in the action of normal serum on this tissue.", "contents": "Enhancement of somatomedin titers of normal and hypopituitary sera by addition of L-triiodothyronone in vitro at physiological concentrations. Somatomedin potencies of sera were assayed by following sulfation of mucopolysaccharides in chick embryo sterna in vitro. Apparent potencies of sera from hypophysectomized rats, maintained on a low-iodine diet, were restored to levels above normal by addition to the incubation medium of L-triiodothyronine at 10-7 mol/liter of serum. The potencies of normal rat, human, and fetal calf sera were raised 1.3- to 3-fold by addition of triiodothyronine at 10-9-10-7 mol/liter of serum. L-Thyroxine was about 10 times less effective than triiodothyronine. Triiodothyronine alone did not stimulate sulfation to nearly the same extent as triiodothyronine plus serum, even at higher concentrations. Serum could not be substituted in this system by any of six purified hormones, nor by trace metals or amino acids not included in the incubation mixture. It is concluded that triiodothyronine, in combination with a factor in serum, causes a rapid stimulation of sulfation in chick embryo cartilage, and that thyroid hormones may be involved in the action of normal serum on this tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:123644", "title": "Induction by RNA of inositol independence in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The effect of purified wild-type RNA (allo-RNA) on genetic reversion of inositol-requiring mutant 89601 of Neurospora crassa is described. The mutant (inos minus) strain, on treatment with the wild-type RNA preparation, was found to revert to wild type (inos+) in significant numbers. RNA from the mutant (iso-RNA) and allo-RNA digested by RNase were ineffective in causing genetic reversion at the inositol locus. The allo-RNA-induced revertants were stable and showed a Mendelian transmission of the inos+ character.", "contents": "Induction by RNA of inositol independence in Neurospora crassa. The effect of purified wild-type RNA (allo-RNA) on genetic reversion of inositol-requiring mutant 89601 of Neurospora crassa is described. The mutant (inos minus) strain, on treatment with the wild-type RNA preparation, was found to revert to wild type (inos+) in significant numbers. RNA from the mutant (iso-RNA) and allo-RNA digested by RNase were ineffective in causing genetic reversion at the inositol locus. The allo-RNA-induced revertants were stable and showed a Mendelian transmission of the inos+ character."}
{"id": "PMID:123645", "title": "Effect of estrogen treatment on DMBA-induced mammary tumor growth and biochemistry in intact and diabetic rats (38535).", "content": "Sixty percent of DMBA-induced mammary tumors in Sprage-Dawley rats regress after the animals were made diabetic by treatment with streptozotocin. Administration of estradiol valerate, 1 mg/wk/animal, caused regression of 75% of tumors in intact rats but regression of all tumors in diabetic rats. Estrogen treatment appeared to enhance the effects of diabetes, which by itself resulted in decreased activities of glycolytic enzymes. A role of insulin in growth of DMBA-induced mammary tumors may be warranted.", "contents": "Effect of estrogen treatment on DMBA-induced mammary tumor growth and biochemistry in intact and diabetic rats (38535). Sixty percent of DMBA-induced mammary tumors in Sprage-Dawley rats regress after the animals were made diabetic by treatment with streptozotocin. Administration of estradiol valerate, 1 mg/wk/animal, caused regression of 75% of tumors in intact rats but regression of all tumors in diabetic rats. Estrogen treatment appeared to enhance the effects of diabetes, which by itself resulted in decreased activities of glycolytic enzymes. A role of insulin in growth of DMBA-induced mammary tumors may be warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:123655", "title": "Capillary resistance and back pain.", "content": "A rapid clinical and epidemiological method of grading Capillary Resistance (CR) based on the appearance of petechiae following negative pressure on the skin of the forearm is described, and the results of testing 469 postmen aged 22 to 63 years are given. CR is shown to be increased in men who have had back pain within 24 hours of testing and no difference was found between men who had had back pain in the past and those who denied ever having had back pain. A separate series of 35 post-laminectomy patients examined at least 10 months after operation and who were shown to have disc disease at operation and/or on myelogram were found to have low CR. This work suggests that the changes involved in disc disease are not limited solely to the discs, but may involve collagen/elastic tissue or ground substance elsewhere as for example in this case when detectable in a test on the forearm. Secondly, it is suggested that CR grading could be a helpful discriminating test for 'disc disease' among those presenting with back pain of undetermined diagnosis.", "contents": "Capillary resistance and back pain. A rapid clinical and epidemiological method of grading Capillary Resistance (CR) based on the appearance of petechiae following negative pressure on the skin of the forearm is described, and the results of testing 469 postmen aged 22 to 63 years are given. CR is shown to be increased in men who have had back pain within 24 hours of testing and no difference was found between men who had had back pain in the past and those who denied ever having had back pain. A separate series of 35 post-laminectomy patients examined at least 10 months after operation and who were shown to have disc disease at operation and/or on myelogram were found to have low CR. This work suggests that the changes involved in disc disease are not limited solely to the discs, but may involve collagen/elastic tissue or ground substance elsewhere as for example in this case when detectable in a test on the forearm. Secondly, it is suggested that CR grading could be a helpful discriminating test for 'disc disease' among those presenting with back pain of undetermined diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:123656", "title": "[Side effects of antibiotics].", "content": "The clinically severe and newer forms of antibiotic side effects are reviewed. The study covers the following antibiotics: penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and polymyxins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol, macrolides and lincomycin, rifamycins and sulfonamides. Special reference is made to (1) hematologic side effects, and (2) general evaluation of drug reactions. The relationship between reaction time and clinical symptoms is of particular practical significance.", "contents": "[Side effects of antibiotics]. The clinically severe and newer forms of antibiotic side effects are reviewed. The study covers the following antibiotics: penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and polymyxins, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol, macrolides and lincomycin, rifamycins and sulfonamides. Special reference is made to (1) hematologic side effects, and (2) general evaluation of drug reactions. The relationship between reaction time and clinical symptoms is of particular practical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:123658", "title": "Scalded skin syndrome: Diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of 42 children.", "content": "The bacteriologic, epidemiologic, clinical, and diagnostic findings and management of the scalded skin syndrome (SSS) in 42 children are reported SSS may present in one of three ways: (1) Ritter's disease in infants, characterized by an acute, generalized bullous dermatitis simulating the appearance of scalded skin, followed by exfoliation; (2) Lyell's disease, or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), in children or adults, with scalded skin and bullae followed by extensive exfoliation; or (3) a nonstreptococcal scarlatiniform eruption, or staphylococcal scarlet fever, manifested by a generalized scarlatiniform erythema ans subsequent minimal to moderate fine desquamation. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and implicated as the causative agent in 32 of the 42 children; nine of the other ten children had received a drug or vaccine preceding their rash. SSS in children has increased in frequency recently, is usually due to S aureus infection with potential epidemic aspects, can be recognized easily by its unusual clinical features, and has an excellent prognosis with appropriate management.", "contents": "Scalded skin syndrome: Diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and management of 42 children. The bacteriologic, epidemiologic, clinical, and diagnostic findings and management of the scalded skin syndrome (SSS) in 42 children are reported SSS may present in one of three ways: (1) Ritter's disease in infants, characterized by an acute, generalized bullous dermatitis simulating the appearance of scalded skin, followed by exfoliation; (2) Lyell's disease, or toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), in children or adults, with scalded skin and bullae followed by extensive exfoliation; or (3) a nonstreptococcal scarlatiniform eruption, or staphylococcal scarlet fever, manifested by a generalized scarlatiniform erythema ans subsequent minimal to moderate fine desquamation. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated and implicated as the causative agent in 32 of the 42 children; nine of the other ten children had received a drug or vaccine preceding their rash. SSS in children has increased in frequency recently, is usually due to S aureus infection with potential epidemic aspects, can be recognized easily by its unusual clinical features, and has an excellent prognosis with appropriate management."}
{"id": "PMID:123659", "title": "Tinea capitis in Pondicherry (South India).", "content": "Amongst 125 cases of tinea capitis, representing 12-5% of dermatomycosis, about 9% showed kerion-like lesions and 13% had tinea corporis and/or tinea unguium. Eighty four percent cases were mycologically positive, yielding Trichophyton violaceum (84%) or T. tonsurans (16%).", "contents": "Tinea capitis in Pondicherry (South India). Amongst 125 cases of tinea capitis, representing 12-5% of dermatomycosis, about 9% showed kerion-like lesions and 13% had tinea corporis and/or tinea unguium. Eighty four percent cases were mycologically positive, yielding Trichophyton violaceum (84%) or T. tonsurans (16%)."}
{"id": "PMID:123664", "title": "Late complications of surgery for coarctation of the aorta.", "content": "The problem of the patient who has had one operation for coarctation of the aorta and who then requires another because of a late complication at or near the coarctation site is a demanding one. The safety of aortic cross-clamping at the second operation depends on the adequacy or otherwise of the collateral circulation, and this in turn depends on the presence or absence of residual or recurrent aortic obstruction. Three illustrative cases are described in which there was complete, incomplete, and no aortic obstruction respectively at the time of reoperation, two of the cases presenting the additional complication of local aneurysm formation. The various aspects of management of such individuals are discussed, and the relevant literature has been reviewed in an attempt to provide a systematic approach to these difficult patients. The methods for assessing collateral circulation are both clinical and radiological with trial clamping of the aorta and pressure measurement as the most reliable ultimate test. A pressure of 50 mmHg in the distal aorta is accepted as indicating an adequate peripheral circulation, but it is recommended that the trial clamping should always include both the left subclavian artery and any particularly large local collaterals. The use of a perfusion technique to sustain the distal tissues is also recommended, although local bypass shunts have a place when their use is dictated in the interests of safety for the patient.", "contents": "Late complications of surgery for coarctation of the aorta. The problem of the patient who has had one operation for coarctation of the aorta and who then requires another because of a late complication at or near the coarctation site is a demanding one. The safety of aortic cross-clamping at the second operation depends on the adequacy or otherwise of the collateral circulation, and this in turn depends on the presence or absence of residual or recurrent aortic obstruction. Three illustrative cases are described in which there was complete, incomplete, and no aortic obstruction respectively at the time of reoperation, two of the cases presenting the additional complication of local aneurysm formation. The various aspects of management of such individuals are discussed, and the relevant literature has been reviewed in an attempt to provide a systematic approach to these difficult patients. The methods for assessing collateral circulation are both clinical and radiological with trial clamping of the aorta and pressure measurement as the most reliable ultimate test. A pressure of 50 mmHg in the distal aorta is accepted as indicating an adequate peripheral circulation, but it is recommended that the trial clamping should always include both the left subclavian artery and any particularly large local collaterals. The use of a perfusion technique to sustain the distal tissues is also recommended, although local bypass shunts have a place when their use is dictated in the interests of safety for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:123665", "title": "[Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (author's transl)].", "content": "Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (chlorodioxins) appear most frequently by heating of chlorophenols in alkaline solution specially when producing organic derivatives. Consequently chlorodioxins may contaminate several industrial chemical products largely used, for instance, as pesticides. Occasionally, chlorodioxins are also synthesized from chlorophenols or their derivatives in situ during industrial processes. Chlorodioxins are the cause of chloracne and chick edema which killed thousands of broiler chickens in the U.S.A. Furthermore chlorodioxins seem to be foetotoxic possible even for man. The present paper is the first part of our work. It is a review of the chemical and toxicological properties of chlorodioxins. We hope to publish later a review of analytical methods and the results of our analyses.", "contents": "[Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (author's transl)]. Polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (chlorodioxins) appear most frequently by heating of chlorophenols in alkaline solution specially when producing organic derivatives. Consequently chlorodioxins may contaminate several industrial chemical products largely used, for instance, as pesticides. Occasionally, chlorodioxins are also synthesized from chlorophenols or their derivatives in situ during industrial processes. Chlorodioxins are the cause of chloracne and chick edema which killed thousands of broiler chickens in the U.S.A. Furthermore chlorodioxins seem to be foetotoxic possible even for man. The present paper is the first part of our work. It is a review of the chemical and toxicological properties of chlorodioxins. We hope to publish later a review of analytical methods and the results of our analyses."}
{"id": "PMID:123666", "title": "Short-term oral and dermal toxicity of MCPA and MCPP.", "content": "The herbicieds 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (MCPA) and 2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid (MCPP or mecoprop) were tested for 90 days in rats. The compounds were added to the diet at levels of 0, 50, 400, and 3200 ppm. Growth, food intake, mortality, haematology, blood and liver chemistry, organ weights and histopathology were used as criteria. The main effects of both compounds were growth retardation and elevated  relative kidney weights at levels of 400 ppm and more. The 50 ppm dose level can be considered as a no-toxic-effect level in the 90-day study. In subacute dermal studies in rabbits during 3 weeks the dosages were 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2 g MCPA or MCPP per kg body weight. Therafter followed a recovery period of 2 weeks. Growth, mortality, skin reaction, haematology, organ weights (MCPP) and histopathology were recorded and determined. Both compounds caused slight to moderate erythema at all dose levels, whereas elasticity of the skin was decreased. In both experiments the skin returned to normal during the recovery period. Weight loss was observed at all dose levels. In the MCPA experiment high mortality and histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, spleen and thymus were recorded at the two highest dose levels. The cause of this could have been either the treatment with MCPA or a dysbacteria infection which developed during the experiment. Oral and intraperitoneal acute toxicity of MCPP for the rat were found to be 1210 and 402 mg/kg, respectively. After a single oral or dermal application of MCPA to the rabbit, the compound was excreted unchanged in the urine.", "contents": "Short-term oral and dermal toxicity of MCPA and MCPP. The herbicieds 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy acetic acid (MCPA) and 2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid (MCPP or mecoprop) were tested for 90 days in rats. The compounds were added to the diet at levels of 0, 50, 400, and 3200 ppm. Growth, food intake, mortality, haematology, blood and liver chemistry, organ weights and histopathology were used as criteria. The main effects of both compounds were growth retardation and elevated  relative kidney weights at levels of 400 ppm and more. The 50 ppm dose level can be considered as a no-toxic-effect level in the 90-day study. In subacute dermal studies in rabbits during 3 weeks the dosages were 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2 g MCPA or MCPP per kg body weight. Therafter followed a recovery period of 2 weeks. Growth, mortality, skin reaction, haematology, organ weights (MCPP) and histopathology were recorded and determined. Both compounds caused slight to moderate erythema at all dose levels, whereas elasticity of the skin was decreased. In both experiments the skin returned to normal during the recovery period. Weight loss was observed at all dose levels. In the MCPA experiment high mortality and histopathological changes in the liver, kidneys, spleen and thymus were recorded at the two highest dose levels. The cause of this could have been either the treatment with MCPA or a dysbacteria infection which developed during the experiment. Oral and intraperitoneal acute toxicity of MCPP for the rat were found to be 1210 and 402 mg/kg, respectively. After a single oral or dermal application of MCPA to the rabbit, the compound was excreted unchanged in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:123669", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the myocardial capillaries of the experimentally lathyritic rat, protective effect of certain flavonoids.", "content": "The ultrastructure of rat myocardial capillaries was studied in the course of experimental lathyrism. Endothelial cells were hypertrophic, with a sinuous profile of the plasma membrane facing the lumen and with a consistent increase of pinocytotic vesicles; the nuclei were irregular in shape; ATPase activity was no more demonstrable. Therefore, various and well distinct structural endothelial mechanisms seem to be primarily involved, causing an alteration of the dynamics of transcellular exchanges and of the permeability of the vascular wall. Simultaneous treatment with certain flavonoids, (O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides and Na(+)-epicatechin-2-sulfonate), resulted in a less pronounced alteration and a more rapid recovery. The possibility of the existence of a common site of action of lathyrogens and flavonoids is raised in the discussion.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the myocardial capillaries of the experimentally lathyritic rat, protective effect of certain flavonoids. The ultrastructure of rat myocardial capillaries was studied in the course of experimental lathyrism. Endothelial cells were hypertrophic, with a sinuous profile of the plasma membrane facing the lumen and with a consistent increase of pinocytotic vesicles; the nuclei were irregular in shape; ATPase activity was no more demonstrable. Therefore, various and well distinct structural endothelial mechanisms seem to be primarily involved, causing an alteration of the dynamics of transcellular exchanges and of the permeability of the vascular wall. Simultaneous treatment with certain flavonoids, (O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides and Na(+)-epicatechin-2-sulfonate), resulted in a less pronounced alteration and a more rapid recovery. The possibility of the existence of a common site of action of lathyrogens and flavonoids is raised in the discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:123670", "title": "[Finding of ganglion cells in the mucosa of the colon, sigmoid flexure, and rectum (author's transl)].", "content": "The ectopic position of the ganglion cells of Meissner's plexus in the basal and central portions of the mucosa in the colon descendens and sigmoid flexure, as they were found by St\u00f6hr in humans, by Ohkubo in monkeys, and by Meier-Ruge in neuronal colon dysplasia, can be considered a relatively frequent finding. The present authors also observed the cells in human biopsy material. The same position in the rectal mucosa, frequently seen in Morbus Down, seems to be a rare occurrence. The clinical relevance of an ectopic position of ganglion cells is not yet known.", "contents": "[Finding of ganglion cells in the mucosa of the colon, sigmoid flexure, and rectum (author's transl)]. The ectopic position of the ganglion cells of Meissner's plexus in the basal and central portions of the mucosa in the colon descendens and sigmoid flexure, as they were found by St\u00f6hr in humans, by Ohkubo in monkeys, and by Meier-Ruge in neuronal colon dysplasia, can be considered a relatively frequent finding. The present authors also observed the cells in human biopsy material. The same position in the rectal mucosa, frequently seen in Morbus Down, seems to be a rare occurrence. The clinical relevance of an ectopic position of ganglion cells is not yet known."}
{"id": "PMID:123675", "title": "[Insulitis and peracute diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "We report on the case of a 10-month-old infant with Down's syndrome and acute insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, who died of hyperosmolar diabetic coma 4 days after admission to the hospital in spite of intensive therapy. Characterizing this disease, a lymphocytic infiltration of the islets of Langerhanns with destruction of the islets was found. The specific localization of the inflammatory infiltrates as well as the histological findings correspond with experimental immune-insulitis in aminals, suggesting that immunological mechanisms play an essential pathogenic role. Virus etiology, diagnostic procedures, and therapeutic approaches are discussed.", "contents": "[Insulitis and peracute diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. We report on the case of a 10-month-old infant with Down's syndrome and acute insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, who died of hyperosmolar diabetic coma 4 days after admission to the hospital in spite of intensive therapy. Characterizing this disease, a lymphocytic infiltration of the islets of Langerhanns with destruction of the islets was found. The specific localization of the inflammatory infiltrates as well as the histological findings correspond with experimental immune-insulitis in aminals, suggesting that immunological mechanisms play an essential pathogenic role. Virus etiology, diagnostic procedures, and therapeutic approaches are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123676", "title": "[Studies on tryptophan metabolism in untreated phenylketonuric patients].", "content": "The products of the oxidative degradation of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway were quantitatively determined in the urine of ten untreated patients with phenylketonuria, aged 4--35 years. All the patients were sevrely mentally retarded. The results of the analysis suggest a division of the patients into two groups, A and B. The patients of group A showed a basal urinary excretion of kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid which lies in the lower part of the normal range. The increase in excretion of tryptophan metabolites under tryptophan loading was, however, significantly less than in controls. On the average, only 0.63 % of the load was excreted in the form of these assayed metabolites; in contrast, the control value is 1,13 %. In group B, the rate of excretion was higher than normal under basal and loading conditions. The post-tryptophan excretion was four times greater than that of controls (4.64 %). 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid could only be detected in group B after loading. The metabolite 8-hydroxyquinaldic acid, which is supposed to be an abnormal metabolic product of tryptophan, was excreted in milligram amounts. The analysis of the metabolites of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid showed that the excretion of N1-methylnicotinamide and N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide was within the normal range. The excretion of nicotinic acid and its amide was sporadic in both the patients and controls. Other theoretically possible metabolites in the pathway could not be found. A number of unidentified metabolites could be detected by thin-layer chromatography in the basal state. The excretion of these metabolites was greatly augmented after tryptophan loading. Other substances which were not detectable in the basal state became evident on loading. A number of these metabolites are characteristic either of group A or B. The structural identification of one of the new products has been hindered by its instability. A stable cleavage product was identified as omicron-aminoacetophenon by mass-spectroscopy. This metabolite its typical for group B. The possible influence of the blood phenylalanine on the metabolism of tryptophan in phenylketonuria is discussed.", "contents": "[Studies on tryptophan metabolism in untreated phenylketonuric patients]. The products of the oxidative degradation of tryptophan via the kynurenine pathway were quantitatively determined in the urine of ten untreated patients with phenylketonuria, aged 4--35 years. All the patients were sevrely mentally retarded. The results of the analysis suggest a division of the patients into two groups, A and B. The patients of group A showed a basal urinary excretion of kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid which lies in the lower part of the normal range. The increase in excretion of tryptophan metabolites under tryptophan loading was, however, significantly less than in controls. On the average, only 0.63 % of the load was excreted in the form of these assayed metabolites; in contrast, the control value is 1,13 %. In group B, the rate of excretion was higher than normal under basal and loading conditions. The post-tryptophan excretion was four times greater than that of controls (4.64 %). 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid could only be detected in group B after loading. The metabolite 8-hydroxyquinaldic acid, which is supposed to be an abnormal metabolic product of tryptophan, was excreted in milligram amounts. The analysis of the metabolites of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid showed that the excretion of N1-methylnicotinamide and N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide was within the normal range. The excretion of nicotinic acid and its amide was sporadic in both the patients and controls. Other theoretically possible metabolites in the pathway could not be found. A number of unidentified metabolites could be detected by thin-layer chromatography in the basal state. The excretion of these metabolites was greatly augmented after tryptophan loading. Other substances which were not detectable in the basal state became evident on loading. A number of these metabolites are characteristic either of group A or B. The structural identification of one of the new products has been hindered by its instability. A stable cleavage product was identified as omicron-aminoacetophenon by mass-spectroscopy. This metabolite its typical for group B. The possible influence of the blood phenylalanine on the metabolism of tryptophan in phenylketonuria is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123673", "title": "[Study of 2 strains of viruses isolated from black-tailed gulls in the Primorsk region in autumn 1972].", "content": "Two virus strains identified as paramyxoviruses have been first isolated in the Premorskiy region from Larus crassirostris feeding on food wastes from a fur farm.", "contents": "[Study of 2 strains of viruses isolated from black-tailed gulls in the Primorsk region in autumn 1972]. Two virus strains identified as paramyxoviruses have been first isolated in the Premorskiy region from Larus crassirostris feeding on food wastes from a fur farm."}
{"id": "PMID:123674", "title": "[Status of herd immunity to poliomyelitis in children in the Moscow region].", "content": "The paper presents the results of 3-year observations of the status of herd immunity to poliomyelitis in 7 towns of the Moscow region. In individual years antibody for poliomyelitis virus of 3 types was found in 63-74% of the examined children and from 2.7 to 7.5% of children were triple-negative. Insufficient levels of herd immunity to poliovirus types I and III were found. Some factors are analysed which could have some influence on the decline of herd immunity.", "contents": "[Status of herd immunity to poliomyelitis in children in the Moscow region]. The paper presents the results of 3-year observations of the status of herd immunity to poliomyelitis in 7 towns of the Moscow region. In individual years antibody for poliomyelitis virus of 3 types was found in 63-74% of the examined children and from 2.7 to 7.5% of children were triple-negative. Insufficient levels of herd immunity to poliovirus types I and III were found. Some factors are analysed which could have some influence on the decline of herd immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:123679", "title": "[Serological study of nontriturated fleas following preliminary cultivation of the plague microbe].", "content": "Under experimental conditions there was shown a possibility of serological study of nontriturated fleas for the presence of Past. pestis. Hottinger's broth with gentian-violet ((0.0003%) sodium sulfite (0.03%) and a surfactant--O (see article)-7 (3%) served as the growing medium. After the nontriturated fleas were grown for 48 hours at 37 degrees C the capsular antigen was detected with the aid of the passive hemagglutination and antibody neutralization tests. Detection of the capsular antigen in the growing medium pointed to the presence of Past. pestis in the fleas. To test the serological method of study the nontriturated fleas, the insects were collected in the colonies of Rhombomys opimus Licht. at the epizootic territory. The collected fleas were divided into portions (each portion contained not more than 20 fleas). Half of the portions of each collection was studied after trituration by the usual bacteriological method, and another--by serological method without trituration of the insects. In examining the parallel portions (a total of 2400 portions, about 32 000) it appeared that positive results were obtained by both methods with about the same frequency.", "contents": "[Serological study of nontriturated fleas following preliminary cultivation of the plague microbe]. Under experimental conditions there was shown a possibility of serological study of nontriturated fleas for the presence of Past. pestis. Hottinger's broth with gentian-violet ((0.0003%) sodium sulfite (0.03%) and a surfactant--O (see article)-7 (3%) served as the growing medium. After the nontriturated fleas were grown for 48 hours at 37 degrees C the capsular antigen was detected with the aid of the passive hemagglutination and antibody neutralization tests. Detection of the capsular antigen in the growing medium pointed to the presence of Past. pestis in the fleas. To test the serological method of study the nontriturated fleas, the insects were collected in the colonies of Rhombomys opimus Licht. at the epizootic territory. The collected fleas were divided into portions (each portion contained not more than 20 fleas). Half of the portions of each collection was studied after trituration by the usual bacteriological method, and another--by serological method without trituration of the insects. In examining the parallel portions (a total of 2400 portions, about 32 000) it appeared that positive results were obtained by both methods with about the same frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:123680", "title": "[Clinical study of the efficacy of staphylococcal anatoxin in relation to the phage group to which the staphylococcal strains--the causative agents of infection--belong].", "content": "In comparing the bacteriophage group reference of the strains of pathogenic staphylococci isolated in case of postoperative complications from children given staphylococcus toxoid for prophylactic purpose and from control group it was found that prophylactic vaccinations of staphylococcus toxoid created the most intense immunity against staphylococci of the I bacteriophage group. There was found no significant association between the efficacy of the therapy and bacteriophage reference of staphylococci--the causative agents of the infection.", "contents": "[Clinical study of the efficacy of staphylococcal anatoxin in relation to the phage group to which the staphylococcal strains--the causative agents of infection--belong]. In comparing the bacteriophage group reference of the strains of pathogenic staphylococci isolated in case of postoperative complications from children given staphylococcus toxoid for prophylactic purpose and from control group it was found that prophylactic vaccinations of staphylococcus toxoid created the most intense immunity against staphylococci of the I bacteriophage group. There was found no significant association between the efficacy of the therapy and bacteriophage reference of staphylococci--the causative agents of the infection."}
{"id": "PMID:123681", "title": "[Epidemiology, terminology and statistical classification of intestinal infections].", "content": "On the basis of critical survey of literature data and analysis of morbidity of intestinal infections in 5 towns of Donbass for 20 years and also of studying 5148 case histories an attempt is made of rational explantation of the causes of growth during the last years of the incidence of Sonne dysentery salmonelloses, escherichioses and other diseases caused by conditionally-pathogenic microorganisms. The importance of improvement of nomenclature and of statistical classification of intestinal infections was demonstrated.", "contents": "[Epidemiology, terminology and statistical classification of intestinal infections]. On the basis of critical survey of literature data and analysis of morbidity of intestinal infections in 5 towns of Donbass for 20 years and also of studying 5148 case histories an attempt is made of rational explantation of the causes of growth during the last years of the incidence of Sonne dysentery salmonelloses, escherichioses and other diseases caused by conditionally-pathogenic microorganisms. The importance of improvement of nomenclature and of statistical classification of intestinal infections was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:123682", "title": "[Results of typing staphylococci isolated from cows and their milk products using the basic set of phages and local phages].", "content": "The basic set of phages recommended for typing staphylococci from cattle and also of local phages were approbated. Staphylococci cultures (950 in all) isolated in various regions of the Soviet Union from milk, milk produce and from cows suffering from mastitis were studied. Percentage of cultures typed by the phages of the basic set proved to be 78.3. Thirty different phage patterns were revealed among staphylococcal cultures lysed by phages. Lytic activity was the greatest in phages of group IV of the basic set. It is suggested that local phage 34k can be used as an additional phage permitting to subdivide the prevailing phage types within group IV into a number of new ones.", "contents": "[Results of typing staphylococci isolated from cows and their milk products using the basic set of phages and local phages]. The basic set of phages recommended for typing staphylococci from cattle and also of local phages were approbated. Staphylococci cultures (950 in all) isolated in various regions of the Soviet Union from milk, milk produce and from cows suffering from mastitis were studied. Percentage of cultures typed by the phages of the basic set proved to be 78.3. Thirty different phage patterns were revealed among staphylococcal cultures lysed by phages. Lytic activity was the greatest in phages of group IV of the basic set. It is suggested that local phage 34k can be used as an additional phage permitting to subdivide the prevailing phage types within group IV into a number of new ones."}
{"id": "PMID:123684", "title": "[Serologic studies in viral hepatitis].", "content": "Comparative studies of sera from 710 patients with viral hepatitis and contacts were made during the 1958-1973 period for hepatitis antigens (Au antigen and the Botevgrad antigen). The percentage of virus hepatitis in patients positive for the Au and the Botevgrad antigens varied in different years. The percentage of those positive for the Au antigen ranged from 50 in 1958 to 8.8 in 1970-1971, while for the Botevgrad antigen--it ranged from 32.6 in 1962-1963 to 6.1 in 1966. In case of contacts, mostly in the 7-14 age group the sera positive for the Au antigen were found in a low percentage (2.09 percent) of cases; as to the Botevgrad antigen, 20 persons were found positive during various epidemics (55 percent). Simultaneous presence of both antigens was found in 4 of the 710 patients with virus hepatitis (0.56 percent), and in 2 of 431 contacts (0.46 percent).", "contents": "[Serologic studies in viral hepatitis]. Comparative studies of sera from 710 patients with viral hepatitis and contacts were made during the 1958-1973 period for hepatitis antigens (Au antigen and the Botevgrad antigen). The percentage of virus hepatitis in patients positive for the Au and the Botevgrad antigens varied in different years. The percentage of those positive for the Au antigen ranged from 50 in 1958 to 8.8 in 1970-1971, while for the Botevgrad antigen--it ranged from 32.6 in 1962-1963 to 6.1 in 1966. In case of contacts, mostly in the 7-14 age group the sera positive for the Au antigen were found in a low percentage (2.09 percent) of cases; as to the Botevgrad antigen, 20 persons were found positive during various epidemics (55 percent). Simultaneous presence of both antigens was found in 4 of the 710 patients with virus hepatitis (0.56 percent), and in 2 of 431 contacts (0.46 percent)."}
{"id": "PMID:123685", "title": "[Isolation of A. boydii from the soil of the Tadzhik SSR].", "content": "The authors present a detailed description of a pathogenic strain of Allescheria boydii Shear, isolated from a soil sample obtained from the karst cave in the vicinity of the Iskan derkerev lake, the Tajik SSR (the morphology of the conidial and ascosporic stages of the fungus, its physiological and biochemical activity and experimental pathogenicity). Data on the existence of this causative agent as a saprophyte in the soil of various continents are also given. A conclusion was drawn that A. boydii was an unpretencious geophilic fungus readily adaptible to the environmental conditions, much more widespread in nature than believed formerly.", "contents": "[Isolation of A. boydii from the soil of the Tadzhik SSR]. The authors present a detailed description of a pathogenic strain of Allescheria boydii Shear, isolated from a soil sample obtained from the karst cave in the vicinity of the Iskan derkerev lake, the Tajik SSR (the morphology of the conidial and ascosporic stages of the fungus, its physiological and biochemical activity and experimental pathogenicity). Data on the existence of this causative agent as a saprophyte in the soil of various continents are also given. A conclusion was drawn that A. boydii was an unpretencious geophilic fungus readily adaptible to the environmental conditions, much more widespread in nature than believed formerly."}
{"id": "PMID:123686", "title": "[The epidemiologic significance of tuberculosis mycobacteria of the avian type].", "content": "Reaction to intradermal injection of tuberculin from Mycobacteria tuberculosis of the avian type proved to be negative in all the 505 students examined who never came in contact with fowl farms. Of 738 local residents it was found to be positive in 23.8% and of 320 workers of fowl farms--in 54.5% of cases. In response to the injection of Koch tuberculin and PPD-L the number of positive reactions in all the mentioned groups constituted 69-80%. A conclusion was drawn on the epidemiological danger of Mycobacteria of the avian type for the workers of fowl farms and, to a certain degree, for the surrounding population.", "contents": "[The epidemiologic significance of tuberculosis mycobacteria of the avian type]. Reaction to intradermal injection of tuberculin from Mycobacteria tuberculosis of the avian type proved to be negative in all the 505 students examined who never came in contact with fowl farms. Of 738 local residents it was found to be positive in 23.8% and of 320 workers of fowl farms--in 54.5% of cases. In response to the injection of Koch tuberculin and PPD-L the number of positive reactions in all the mentioned groups constituted 69-80%. A conclusion was drawn on the epidemiological danger of Mycobacteria of the avian type for the workers of fowl farms and, to a certain degree, for the surrounding population."}
{"id": "PMID:123687", "title": "[Factors influencing transduction of genetic determinants of penicillinase activity and pathogenicity in staphylococcus aureua. II. Antiphage activity of acridine derivatives].", "content": "Acridine dyes examined earlier (acrichine, acridine orange, proflavine and rivanol) and newly-synthesized preparations (acridines No. No. 37--40) were studied in the capacity of nonspecific agents influencing the lytic cycle in development of staphylococcus phages. Acrichine and acridine No. 37 failed to prevent lysis of the indicator staphylococcus cultures (strains 16/160 and 8325) by bacteriophages; proflavine, rivanol, acridines No. No. 39--40 produced a marked inhibitory effect; acridine orange and acridine No. 38 inhibited the staphylococcus lysis completely. Some preparations could be used to investigate the transduction phenomenon.", "contents": "[Factors influencing transduction of genetic determinants of penicillinase activity and pathogenicity in staphylococcus aureua. II. Antiphage activity of acridine derivatives]. Acridine dyes examined earlier (acrichine, acridine orange, proflavine and rivanol) and newly-synthesized preparations (acridines No. No. 37--40) were studied in the capacity of nonspecific agents influencing the lytic cycle in development of staphylococcus phages. Acrichine and acridine No. 37 failed to prevent lysis of the indicator staphylococcus cultures (strains 16/160 and 8325) by bacteriophages; proflavine, rivanol, acridines No. No. 39--40 produced a marked inhibitory effect; acridine orange and acridine No. 38 inhibited the staphylococcus lysis completely. Some preparations could be used to investigate the transduction phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:123688", "title": "Ontogeny of immunity in man.", "content": "We have reviewed selected aspects of recent findings in the ontogeny of immunity in man. For obvious reasons, constraints placed on experimental work with human subjects, albeit deceased foetuses, limit the work to in vitro studies. Nevertheless, a number of novel and important concepts have emerged. First, as in lower animals, lymphoid development of the foetal thymus in general precedes the development of immunocompetence in peripheral lymphoid tissues. A striking exception to this rule is the finding of cells in early foetal liver which respond to allogeneic cells in the mixed lymphocyte culture some weeks before lymphoid organization of the thymus. In addition, the response of foetal cells to allogeneic cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) precedes the response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), a stimulant with relative T cell specificity. The use of markers for T cells to map the emergence of this class of lymphocytes correlates well with various functional attributes of T cells in in vitro culture systems. B cells emerge first in foetal liver at about 9 weeks' gestation, but formation of immunoglobulin by the foetus occurs at very low levels until after birth. There is a suggestion that progression from IgM to IgA synthesis occurs during human foetal lymphoid development. Taken as a whole, these data suggest a rather remarkable and perhaps unexpected degree of cellular and potential humoral immunocompetence at early stages of feotal development in man.", "contents": "Ontogeny of immunity in man. We have reviewed selected aspects of recent findings in the ontogeny of immunity in man. For obvious reasons, constraints placed on experimental work with human subjects, albeit deceased foetuses, limit the work to in vitro studies. Nevertheless, a number of novel and important concepts have emerged. First, as in lower animals, lymphoid development of the foetal thymus in general precedes the development of immunocompetence in peripheral lymphoid tissues. A striking exception to this rule is the finding of cells in early foetal liver which respond to allogeneic cells in the mixed lymphocyte culture some weeks before lymphoid organization of the thymus. In addition, the response of foetal cells to allogeneic cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) precedes the response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), a stimulant with relative T cell specificity. The use of markers for T cells to map the emergence of this class of lymphocytes correlates well with various functional attributes of T cells in in vitro culture systems. B cells emerge first in foetal liver at about 9 weeks' gestation, but formation of immunoglobulin by the foetus occurs at very low levels until after birth. There is a suggestion that progression from IgM to IgA synthesis occurs during human foetal lymphoid development. Taken as a whole, these data suggest a rather remarkable and perhaps unexpected degree of cellular and potential humoral immunocompetence at early stages of feotal development in man."}
{"id": "PMID:123689", "title": "Myocardial biopsy in a case of cardiomyopathy and partial alpha-a antitrypsin deficiency with liver engagement.", "content": "A case of partial alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency with liver engagement and a biopsy-verified congestive cardiomyopathy is reported. The possibility of a connection between these two diseases is discussed in view of recent literature.", "contents": "Myocardial biopsy in a case of cardiomyopathy and partial alpha-a antitrypsin deficiency with liver engagement. A case of partial alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency with liver engagement and a biopsy-verified congestive cardiomyopathy is reported. The possibility of a connection between these two diseases is discussed in view of recent literature."}
{"id": "PMID:123690", "title": "Erythrodermia s\u00e9zary with immunological deficiency and antibodies against human albumin.", "content": "A case of erythrodermia S\u00e9zary, in which lymphocyte stimulation tests and quantitation of T and B lymphocytes were performed, is reported. The patient developed during 10 years of evolution an immunological deficiency with low IgA, IgG and IgM values. Passive hemagglutination techniques showed an antibody titer of 1:8000 against human serum albumin.", "contents": "Erythrodermia s\u00e9zary with immunological deficiency and antibodies against human albumin. A case of erythrodermia S\u00e9zary, in which lymphocyte stimulation tests and quantitation of T and B lymphocytes were performed, is reported. The patient developed during 10 years of evolution an immunological deficiency with low IgA, IgG and IgM values. Passive hemagglutination techniques showed an antibody titer of 1:8000 against human serum albumin."}
{"id": "PMID:123691", "title": "Isolated valvular aortic stenosis. Clinico-pathological findings in an autopsy material of elderly patients.", "content": "In a review of 2557 autopsy reports from a general hospital 20 patients, aged 65 or above, have been found to have severe isolated valvular aortic stenosis. The diagnosis was made or suggested clinically in only 5 cases. The clinical findings were often atypical, e.g. the BP amplitude was above 50 mmHg in 9 patients and 4 had a systolic BP of 180 mmHg or more. Left ventricular hypertrophy as evaluated by ECG was, however, present in all examined cases but one. The main cause of death was cardiac in 17 cases, of whom 2 died suddenly and 4 following non-cardiac surgery. At autopsy significant coronary arteriosclerosis was found in all but 2 patients. In 9 patients acute myocardial infarction was demonstrated--in 2 cases only through a macroscopic enzyme test (Nitro-BT method).", "contents": "Isolated valvular aortic stenosis. Clinico-pathological findings in an autopsy material of elderly patients. In a review of 2557 autopsy reports from a general hospital 20 patients, aged 65 or above, have been found to have severe isolated valvular aortic stenosis. The diagnosis was made or suggested clinically in only 5 cases. The clinical findings were often atypical, e.g. the BP amplitude was above 50 mmHg in 9 patients and 4 had a systolic BP of 180 mmHg or more. Left ventricular hypertrophy as evaluated by ECG was, however, present in all examined cases but one. The main cause of death was cardiac in 17 cases, of whom 2 died suddenly and 4 following non-cardiac surgery. At autopsy significant coronary arteriosclerosis was found in all but 2 patients. In 9 patients acute myocardial infarction was demonstrated--in 2 cases only through a macroscopic enzyme test (Nitro-BT method)."}
{"id": "PMID:123698", "title": "Identifiying inherited disease through the family history.", "content": "The family pedigree record must be carefully recorded and reviewed on an annual basis. Review allows a continuting opportunity to identify new genetic risk factors. Physicians should be familiar with the pedigree patterns of autosomal dominant inheritance, sex-linked dominant inheritance, autosomal recessive inheritance, sex-linked recessive inheritance and polygenic inheritance. This understanding provides the basis for genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis and improved therapy.", "contents": "Identifiying inherited disease through the family history. The family pedigree record must be carefully recorded and reviewed on an annual basis. Review allows a continuting opportunity to identify new genetic risk factors. Physicians should be familiar with the pedigree patterns of autosomal dominant inheritance, sex-linked dominant inheritance, autosomal recessive inheritance, sex-linked recessive inheritance and polygenic inheritance. This understanding provides the basis for genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis and improved therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:123699", "title": "Gonorrhea--recommended treatment schecules, 1974.", "content": "Gonorrhea, the nation's second most frequently reported communicable disease, will affect more than a million persons this year. The following is the latest treatment schedule issued by the USPHS Center for Disease Control, Atlanta.", "contents": "Gonorrhea--recommended treatment schecules, 1974. Gonorrhea, the nation's second most frequently reported communicable disease, will affect more than a million persons this year. The following is the latest treatment schedule issued by the USPHS Center for Disease Control, Atlanta."}
{"id": "PMID:123700", "title": "The allergic child.", "content": "Allergies may cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting and pain, dermatologic manifestations, asthma and rhinitis. The most common offender among the foodstuffs is milk. Elimination diets are designed not only to remove the offending food but to identify it and to prevent new sensitizations. Canker sores, foul breath and even enuresis may occasionally be related to allergies.", "contents": "The allergic child. Allergies may cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting and pain, dermatologic manifestations, asthma and rhinitis. The most common offender among the foodstuffs is milk. Elimination diets are designed not only to remove the offending food but to identify it and to prevent new sensitizations. Canker sores, foul breath and even enuresis may occasionally be related to allergies."}
{"id": "PMID:123701", "title": "Postoperative hemodynamic and electrophysiologic evaluation of the interatrial baffle procedure.", "content": "Hemodynamic and electrophysiologic studies were performed in 11 children with dextrotransposition of the great arteries an average of 26 months after the interatrial baffle procedure and, in 2 patients, additional closure of a ventricular septal defect. All children are clinically well. Right to left shunts ranging from 28 to 63 percent of systemic blood flow were found at the superior vena caval-baffle junction in four children. The superior vena caval-baffle gradient averaged 7 mm Hg (range 0 to 22). Right ventricular stroke work index averaged 39 g-m/beat per m2 and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure 9 mm Hg. These values were not significantly different from the values for the systemic left ventricle in a comparable group of normal children (average left ventricular stroke work index 45 g-m/beat per m2 and average left ventricular end-diastolic pressure 8 mm Hg). Cardiac index, heart rate and arteriovenous oxygen difference were also normal. No child has complete heart block. His bundle recording demonstrated normal H-V intervals (range 27 to 40 msec); 4 of the 11 had a prolonged A-H interval. Left ventricular systolic pressure was less than 40 mm Hg in all but two children who had significant subpulmonary stenosis. Pulmonary vascular resistance averaged 1.9 units and was decreased in all children. We conclude that up to 37 months postoperatively, despite some residual abnormalities, the clinical and hemodynamic condition of these children is excellent.", "contents": "Postoperative hemodynamic and electrophysiologic evaluation of the interatrial baffle procedure. Hemodynamic and electrophysiologic studies were performed in 11 children with dextrotransposition of the great arteries an average of 26 months after the interatrial baffle procedure and, in 2 patients, additional closure of a ventricular septal defect. All children are clinically well. Right to left shunts ranging from 28 to 63 percent of systemic blood flow were found at the superior vena caval-baffle junction in four children. The superior vena caval-baffle gradient averaged 7 mm Hg (range 0 to 22). Right ventricular stroke work index averaged 39 g-m/beat per m2 and right ventricular end-diastolic pressure 9 mm Hg. These values were not significantly different from the values for the systemic left ventricle in a comparable group of normal children (average left ventricular stroke work index 45 g-m/beat per m2 and average left ventricular end-diastolic pressure 8 mm Hg). Cardiac index, heart rate and arteriovenous oxygen difference were also normal. No child has complete heart block. His bundle recording demonstrated normal H-V intervals (range 27 to 40 msec); 4 of the 11 had a prolonged A-H interval. Left ventricular systolic pressure was less than 40 mm Hg in all but two children who had significant subpulmonary stenosis. Pulmonary vascular resistance averaged 1.9 units and was decreased in all children. We conclude that up to 37 months postoperatively, despite some residual abnormalities, the clinical and hemodynamic condition of these children is excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:123702", "title": "Combined hyertrophic subaortic stenosis and calcific aortic valvular stenosis.", "content": "A well documented case of combined hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and calcific aortic stenosis is reported. Detection of multilevel involvement in cases of left ventricular outflow obstruction requires a high index of suspicion and precise hemodynamic and angiographic documentation. Careful analysis of the total data base is necessary for proper management of the patient. The pathogenesis of this combined lesion is unclear: Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy may occur as a consequence of the valvular stenosis, or it may be that abnormal leaflet motion in patients with hypertrophic obstruction produces leaflet thickening, calcification, deformity and stenosis.", "contents": "Combined hyertrophic subaortic stenosis and calcific aortic valvular stenosis. A well documented case of combined hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and calcific aortic stenosis is reported. Detection of multilevel involvement in cases of left ventricular outflow obstruction requires a high index of suspicion and precise hemodynamic and angiographic documentation. Careful analysis of the total data base is necessary for proper management of the patient. The pathogenesis of this combined lesion is unclear: Asymmetrical septal hypertrophy may occur as a consequence of the valvular stenosis, or it may be that abnormal leaflet motion in patients with hypertrophic obstruction produces leaflet thickening, calcification, deformity and stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:123703", "title": "The clinical response of 328 private patients to acupuncture therapy.", "content": "It is the attempt of this study to determine the efficacy of response to acupuncture at 24 hours, one week, and three week intervals at the end of a series of treatments in 328 patients. Treated for a variety of disorders, approximately 60% had satisfactory responses of up to 3 weeks duration. The 328 patients were classified into 13 categories of problem disorders: headaches, cervical pain, lumbar pain without radiation, lumbar pain with radiation, isolated sciatica, parathoracic pain, knee pain, elbow pain, shoulder pain, gereralized musculoskeletal pains (rheumatism), neurological disorders, and a general miscellaneous category. The problem disorders were then arranged into etiological categories. In general for each problem disorder, except for neurological, the average response ranged in the 60-65% range at the third week interval.", "contents": "The clinical response of 328 private patients to acupuncture therapy. It is the attempt of this study to determine the efficacy of response to acupuncture at 24 hours, one week, and three week intervals at the end of a series of treatments in 328 patients. Treated for a variety of disorders, approximately 60% had satisfactory responses of up to 3 weeks duration. The 328 patients were classified into 13 categories of problem disorders: headaches, cervical pain, lumbar pain without radiation, lumbar pain with radiation, isolated sciatica, parathoracic pain, knee pain, elbow pain, shoulder pain, gereralized musculoskeletal pains (rheumatism), neurological disorders, and a general miscellaneous category. The problem disorders were then arranged into etiological categories. In general for each problem disorder, except for neurological, the average response ranged in the 60-65% range at the third week interval."}
{"id": "PMID:123704", "title": "Clinical and microbiologic surveillance of neonatal staphylococcal disease. Relationship to hexachlorophene whole-body bathing.", "content": "Neonatal staphylococcal disease occurred in the nurseries of a university hospital three weeks after discontinuation of routine, daily, whole-body bathing of newborns with hexachlorophene. Of 16 infants who had clinical manifestations within a two-week period, 11 cases were confirmed bacteriologically. Shortly after onset of the outbreak, daily clinical and microbiologic surveillance and control measures on all infants and personnel were inaugurated. Clinical surveillance after the outbreak did not yield any new case. Average incidence of cultures positive for coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was highest (13% per week) during the first three weeks of microbiologic surveillance (when hexachlorophene was not used). This is lower than that reported in most previous studies. These findings indicate the importance of scrupulous hand washing before and after handling each infant and of enforcement of other basic nursery techniques.", "contents": "Clinical and microbiologic surveillance of neonatal staphylococcal disease. Relationship to hexachlorophene whole-body bathing. Neonatal staphylococcal disease occurred in the nurseries of a university hospital three weeks after discontinuation of routine, daily, whole-body bathing of newborns with hexachlorophene. Of 16 infants who had clinical manifestations within a two-week period, 11 cases were confirmed bacteriologically. Shortly after onset of the outbreak, daily clinical and microbiologic surveillance and control measures on all infants and personnel were inaugurated. Clinical surveillance after the outbreak did not yield any new case. Average incidence of cultures positive for coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was highest (13% per week) during the first three weeks of microbiologic surveillance (when hexachlorophene was not used). This is lower than that reported in most previous studies. These findings indicate the importance of scrupulous hand washing before and after handling each infant and of enforcement of other basic nursery techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:123705", "title": "Measles mortality. Analysis of the primary cause of death.", "content": "Four hundred fifty-four death certificates showing measles as the cause of death were analyzed. These represented 35.4% of the recorded deaths due to measles from 1964 through 1971. Respiratory or neurologic complications of measles or both were noted as the primary cause of death on nearly 90% of the certificates reviewed. In younger children, death was most frequently attributed to respiratory problems, while encephalitis and other neurologic sequelae of measles accounted for a larger percentage of deaths in the 10- to 14-year-olds. Nearly 17% of the persons who died had some underlying disease at the time of death, the percentage increasing with age. The majority of this group were physically or mentally retarded, or both.", "contents": "Measles mortality. Analysis of the primary cause of death. Four hundred fifty-four death certificates showing measles as the cause of death were analyzed. These represented 35.4% of the recorded deaths due to measles from 1964 through 1971. Respiratory or neurologic complications of measles or both were noted as the primary cause of death on nearly 90% of the certificates reviewed. In younger children, death was most frequently attributed to respiratory problems, while encephalitis and other neurologic sequelae of measles accounted for a larger percentage of deaths in the 10- to 14-year-olds. Nearly 17% of the persons who died had some underlying disease at the time of death, the percentage increasing with age. The majority of this group were physically or mentally retarded, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:123707", "title": "Longitudinal development of object permanence in mentally retarded children: an exploratory study.", "content": "Monthly testing on a series of Piaget object tasks was carried out on 1- to 6-year-old profoundly, severly, and moderately retarded children. Forty nine subjects were followed for 1 to 1.5 years or to criterion; 18 subjects were followed for shorter periods. Three general patterns occurred among the noncriterion subjects with approximately equeal frequency: (a) little or no change, (b) marked variability, and (c) relatively steady upward change from month to month. Criterion and upward subjects skipped certain substages about one-half of the time. Degree of retardation, CA, and diagnostic concomitants of these observations were discussed.", "contents": "Longitudinal development of object permanence in mentally retarded children: an exploratory study. Monthly testing on a series of Piaget object tasks was carried out on 1- to 6-year-old profoundly, severly, and moderately retarded children. Forty nine subjects were followed for 1 to 1.5 years or to criterion; 18 subjects were followed for shorter periods. Three general patterns occurred among the noncriterion subjects with approximately equeal frequency: (a) little or no change, (b) marked variability, and (c) relatively steady upward change from month to month. Criterion and upward subjects skipped certain substages about one-half of the time. Degree of retardation, CA, and diagnostic concomitants of these observations were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123708", "title": "A quantitative study of the face in Down's syndrome.", "content": "The large number of persons with Down's syndrome among the group of physically and mentally retarded demands that continuing study be directed toward its causes and effects. Much conflicting data are reported in the literature concerning the facial and cranial effects of this syndrome. The cephalic proportions, in profile, of a group of male Caucasian trisomic Mongoloids were compared with the proportions of a control group of male Caucasians of similar age range. Using the areas of the midface, mandible, and endocranium obtained from cephlograms of the two groups, the following ratios were studied: (1) midfacial area/endocranial area (2) mandibular area/endocranial area, and (3) midfacial area/mandibular area. A significant degree of deficiency in midfacial area, mandibular area, and endocranial area was found in the Mongoloid group. In studying the facial proportions, we found that the Down's syndrome group's ratios were significantly smaller in all three areas. The magnitude of the deficiency in the Mongoloid midface, both in gross area and in relation to endocranial area, remained nearly constant with age. The ratio of midfacial area to mandibular area in Mongoloids was much more comparable to that of the normal group than the other two ratios studied. In both groups the ratio of the midfacial area to the mandibular area became smaller with age. The decrease was more rapid in the Down's syndrome group. The findings of this study imply that all areas of the face and skull are deficient in persons with Down's syndrome. The data point to the possibility that the characteristics of this syndrome and the deficiencies described are polygenic in origin. Also, contrary to the majority of reports in the literature, the mandible and the midface grow in approximately the same proportion in both study and control groups", "contents": "A quantitative study of the face in Down's syndrome. The large number of persons with Down's syndrome among the group of physically and mentally retarded demands that continuing study be directed toward its causes and effects. Much conflicting data are reported in the literature concerning the facial and cranial effects of this syndrome. The cephalic proportions, in profile, of a group of male Caucasian trisomic Mongoloids were compared with the proportions of a control group of male Caucasians of similar age range. Using the areas of the midface, mandible, and endocranium obtained from cephlograms of the two groups, the following ratios were studied: (1) midfacial area/endocranial area (2) mandibular area/endocranial area, and (3) midfacial area/mandibular area. A significant degree of deficiency in midfacial area, mandibular area, and endocranial area was found in the Mongoloid group. In studying the facial proportions, we found that the Down's syndrome group's ratios were significantly smaller in all three areas. The magnitude of the deficiency in the Mongoloid midface, both in gross area and in relation to endocranial area, remained nearly constant with age. The ratio of midfacial area to mandibular area in Mongoloids was much more comparable to that of the normal group than the other two ratios studied. In both groups the ratio of the midfacial area to the mandibular area became smaller with age. The decrease was more rapid in the Down's syndrome group. The findings of this study imply that all areas of the face and skull are deficient in persons with Down's syndrome. The data point to the possibility that the characteristics of this syndrome and the deficiencies described are polygenic in origin. Also, contrary to the majority of reports in the literature, the mandible and the midface grow in approximately the same proportion in both study and control groups"}
{"id": "PMID:123710", "title": "Critical tests of suspension, paste, and pellet formulations of cambendazole in the horse.", "content": "Three formulations of cambendazole were evaluated for anthelmintic activity by critical testing method in 21 horses. Cambendazole suspension was administered via stomach tube at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg to 3 horses and at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg to 3 horses. Cambendazole paste was given intraorally to 8 horses, and the pellet formulation was fed to 7 horses at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg. Anthelmintic activity of cambendazole was similar for all dose rates and formulations. Gasterophilus intestinalis, Gasterophilus nasalis, Draschia megastoma, Anoplocephala perfoliata, and Anoplocephala magna appeared to be refractory. The 3 formulations removed (1) 100% of Parascaris equorum and mature Oxyuris equi, (2) 82 to 100% of Strongylus vulgaris, (3) 80 to 100% of Strongylus edentatus, (4) 85 to 99% of small strongyles, and (5) 79 to 100% of immature Oxyuris equi. Probstmayria vivipara was present in only 1 horse and removal was 99%. There was some evidence of activity on Habronema muscae. Toxicosis was not observed.", "contents": "Critical tests of suspension, paste, and pellet formulations of cambendazole in the horse. Three formulations of cambendazole were evaluated for anthelmintic activity by critical testing method in 21 horses. Cambendazole suspension was administered via stomach tube at the dose rate of 10 mg/kg to 3 horses and at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg to 3 horses. Cambendazole paste was given intraorally to 8 horses, and the pellet formulation was fed to 7 horses at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg. Anthelmintic activity of cambendazole was similar for all dose rates and formulations. Gasterophilus intestinalis, Gasterophilus nasalis, Draschia megastoma, Anoplocephala perfoliata, and Anoplocephala magna appeared to be refractory. The 3 formulations removed (1) 100% of Parascaris equorum and mature Oxyuris equi, (2) 82 to 100% of Strongylus vulgaris, (3) 80 to 100% of Strongylus edentatus, (4) 85 to 99% of small strongyles, and (5) 79 to 100% of immature Oxyuris equi. Probstmayria vivipara was present in only 1 horse and removal was 99%. There was some evidence of activity on Habronema muscae. Toxicosis was not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:123711", "title": "Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in Georgia cattle.", "content": "A survey of gastrointestinal nematodes in Georgia cattle was conducted from 1968 through 1973 from actual worm counts from viscera of 145 slaughtered beef cattle or from egg counts made from fecal samples from 3,273 beef and 100 dairy cattle. Beef cattle were grouped as calves, yearlings, and cows. Dairy cattle were grouped as calves, replacement heifers, and cows. Results of fecal examinations positive; 99.5, 99.3, 99.6, and 41.2% of the calves, yearlings, drylot calves, and cows, respectively, were infected with nematodes. Seventy-four percent of the eggs counted were of the Cooperia-Ostertagia - Trichostrongylus complex (C-O-T) and 21% were of the Haemonchus-Oesophagostomum complex (H-O). Sixty-nine percent of the infective larvae recovered from coprocultures made from composite samples were of Ostertagia ostertagi. Moniezia (tapeworm) eggs were seen in 16% of all the samples, more predominantly in the calves (24%) and less in the cows (smaller than 1%). Oocysts of Eimeria spp were detected in 61% of the cattle, more predominantly in younger cattle. All cattle necropsied were infected with O ostertagi. Other nematodes present, in order of decreasing frequency, were Trichostrongylus axei (97%), Haemonchus placei (66%), Cooperia punctata (63%), Cooperia oncophora (61%), Oesophagostomum radiatum (61%), Bunostomum phlebotomum (55%), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (36%), Cooperia pectinata (28%), Trichuris spp (17%), Nematodirus spathiger (9%), and Capillaria bovis (4%). Tapeworms were also recovered from 19% of the cattle at necropsy. Seventy-eight percent of the dairy cattle were positive; 98% of the calves, 80% of the heifers, and 58% of the cows. Cooperia-Ostertagia-Trichostrongylus eggs were detected in 78% and H-O eggs in 38% of the cattle. Eimeria oocysts were detected in 71% of all the dairy cattle, and Moniezia eggs were in 10% of the calves and 7% of the heifers.", "contents": "Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in Georgia cattle. A survey of gastrointestinal nematodes in Georgia cattle was conducted from 1968 through 1973 from actual worm counts from viscera of 145 slaughtered beef cattle or from egg counts made from fecal samples from 3,273 beef and 100 dairy cattle. Beef cattle were grouped as calves, yearlings, and cows. Dairy cattle were grouped as calves, replacement heifers, and cows. Results of fecal examinations positive; 99.5, 99.3, 99.6, and 41.2% of the calves, yearlings, drylot calves, and cows, respectively, were infected with nematodes. Seventy-four percent of the eggs counted were of the Cooperia-Ostertagia - Trichostrongylus complex (C-O-T) and 21% were of the Haemonchus-Oesophagostomum complex (H-O). Sixty-nine percent of the infective larvae recovered from coprocultures made from composite samples were of Ostertagia ostertagi. Moniezia (tapeworm) eggs were seen in 16% of all the samples, more predominantly in the calves (24%) and less in the cows (smaller than 1%). Oocysts of Eimeria spp were detected in 61% of the cattle, more predominantly in younger cattle. All cattle necropsied were infected with O ostertagi. Other nematodes present, in order of decreasing frequency, were Trichostrongylus axei (97%), Haemonchus placei (66%), Cooperia punctata (63%), Cooperia oncophora (61%), Oesophagostomum radiatum (61%), Bunostomum phlebotomum (55%), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (36%), Cooperia pectinata (28%), Trichuris spp (17%), Nematodirus spathiger (9%), and Capillaria bovis (4%). Tapeworms were also recovered from 19% of the cattle at necropsy. Seventy-eight percent of the dairy cattle were positive; 98% of the calves, 80% of the heifers, and 58% of the cows. Cooperia-Ostertagia-Trichostrongylus eggs were detected in 78% and H-O eggs in 38% of the cattle. Eimeria oocysts were detected in 71% of all the dairy cattle, and Moniezia eggs were in 10% of the calves and 7% of the heifers."}
{"id": "PMID:123712", "title": "Aerosol Sch 1000. An anticholinergic bronchodilator.", "content": "Atropine is known to be an effective bonrchodilator. We studied the effectiveness of aerosol Sch 1000, a derivative of atropine, in relieving bronchoconstriction in asthma. A single dose of drug was effective within 5 min, and the effect had a duration of 4 hours. No side effects were noted. The major effect of the drug appeared to be in large airways.", "contents": "Aerosol Sch 1000. An anticholinergic bronchodilator. Atropine is known to be an effective bonrchodilator. We studied the effectiveness of aerosol Sch 1000, a derivative of atropine, in relieving bronchoconstriction in asthma. A single dose of drug was effective within 5 min, and the effect had a duration of 4 hours. No side effects were noted. The major effect of the drug appeared to be in large airways."}
{"id": "PMID:123713", "title": "Bronchoconstrictor effects of a deep inspiration in patients with asthma.", "content": "A deep inspiration from functional residual capacity to total lung capacity, performed at a low flow rate by a group of 40 unselected adult patients with asthma, yielded an immediate and transient increase (71 per cent, P smaller than 0.001) in specific airway resistance. In 2 of the 40, deep inspiration provoked an attack of asthma. The effect of deep inspiration can be attributed to a vagal bronchoconstrictor reflex, because it was prevented or decreased in most of the cases by inhalation of an anticholinergic drug. Beta-adrenergic blockade by propranolol potentiated in a minority of subjects the bronchoconstrictor response to deep inspiration. Deep expiration also induced a bronchoconstrictor effect, which was weaker than that of deep inspiration. It follows that functional studies of asthmatics may be biased if the technique requires maximal respiratory maneuvers.", "contents": "Bronchoconstrictor effects of a deep inspiration in patients with asthma. A deep inspiration from functional residual capacity to total lung capacity, performed at a low flow rate by a group of 40 unselected adult patients with asthma, yielded an immediate and transient increase (71 per cent, P smaller than 0.001) in specific airway resistance. In 2 of the 40, deep inspiration provoked an attack of asthma. The effect of deep inspiration can be attributed to a vagal bronchoconstrictor reflex, because it was prevented or decreased in most of the cases by inhalation of an anticholinergic drug. Beta-adrenergic blockade by propranolol potentiated in a minority of subjects the bronchoconstrictor response to deep inspiration. Deep expiration also induced a bronchoconstrictor effect, which was weaker than that of deep inspiration. It follows that functional studies of asthmatics may be biased if the technique requires maximal respiratory maneuvers."}
{"id": "PMID:123714", "title": "Femorofemoral bypass graft: choice or compromise?", "content": "Thirty-one femorofemoral crossover graft procedures were performed in 27 patients who had unilateral limb ischemia either due to unilateral aortoiliac occlusive disease of due to thrombosis of one of the limbs of a previously placed aortic bifurcation graft. There was no operative mortality, and only two patients required late amputation. There have been two late deaths. Thrombosis of the femorofemoral graft occurred in five patients. Four patients had a second femorofemoral graft, three of whom have long-term patency. Grafts are patent in 23 of 25 surviving patients. The femorofemoral graft procedure is relatively simple and is associated with a low operative mortality and morbidity. Its late patency rates are comparable with those following conventional aortic bifurcation graft procedures. Therefore, we believe the indications for femorofemoral graft should be broadened to include all patients with unilateral aortoiliac occlusive disease where anatomic conditions are favorable and there is unilateral occlusion of an aortic bifurcation graft.", "contents": "Femorofemoral bypass graft: choice or compromise? Thirty-one femorofemoral crossover graft procedures were performed in 27 patients who had unilateral limb ischemia either due to unilateral aortoiliac occlusive disease of due to thrombosis of one of the limbs of a previously placed aortic bifurcation graft. There was no operative mortality, and only two patients required late amputation. There have been two late deaths. Thrombosis of the femorofemoral graft occurred in five patients. Four patients had a second femorofemoral graft, three of whom have long-term patency. Grafts are patent in 23 of 25 surviving patients. The femorofemoral graft procedure is relatively simple and is associated with a low operative mortality and morbidity. Its late patency rates are comparable with those following conventional aortic bifurcation graft procedures. Therefore, we believe the indications for femorofemoral graft should be broadened to include all patients with unilateral aortoiliac occlusive disease where anatomic conditions are favorable and there is unilateral occlusion of an aortic bifurcation graft."}
{"id": "PMID:123715", "title": "Management of massive abdominal wall defects.", "content": "Patients with acute losses of large portions of the anterior abdominal wall are discussed. Management is divided into the acute or immediate phase in which initial wound control is paramount, and then a subacute period in which coverage with skin is accomplished. Many weeks later during the chronic phase, reconstructive procedures are done if needed. Methods of handling these defects are presented.", "contents": "Management of massive abdominal wall defects. Patients with acute losses of large portions of the anterior abdominal wall are discussed. Management is divided into the acute or immediate phase in which initial wound control is paramount, and then a subacute period in which coverage with skin is accomplished. Many weeks later during the chronic phase, reconstructive procedures are done if needed. Methods of handling these defects are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:123716", "title": "Amebic pericardial effusion: a rare complication of amebic liver abscess.", "content": "Two rare cases of amebic pericardial effusion as a complication of amoebic liver abscess in the left lobe are described. The pericardial amebiasis should be suspected in a patient presenting with signs and symptoms of pericardial effusion with an evidence of hepatic abscess (in the left lobe) or in a patient with pericardial effusion of uncertain etiology. Aspiration of \"anchovy sauce\" pus from both the pericardial cavity and the liver should be regarded as confirming the diagnosis of amebic pericarditis secondary to amebic liver abcess because demonstration of Entamoeba hystolytica is seldom possible. Removal of pericardial pus and metronidazole intake were markedly effective in treating our patients.", "contents": "Amebic pericardial effusion: a rare complication of amebic liver abscess. Two rare cases of amebic pericardial effusion as a complication of amoebic liver abscess in the left lobe are described. The pericardial amebiasis should be suspected in a patient presenting with signs and symptoms of pericardial effusion with an evidence of hepatic abscess (in the left lobe) or in a patient with pericardial effusion of uncertain etiology. Aspiration of \"anchovy sauce\" pus from both the pericardial cavity and the liver should be regarded as confirming the diagnosis of amebic pericarditis secondary to amebic liver abcess because demonstration of Entamoeba hystolytica is seldom possible. Removal of pericardial pus and metronidazole intake were markedly effective in treating our patients."}
{"id": "PMID:123718", "title": "[Mycosis fungoides].", "content": "The classical characteristics of Myocsis Fungoides are discussed. 1) The clinical characteristics of the three forms: tumour from the start, erythrodermic and polymorphic forms of Alibert-Buzin. 2) Histological characteristics : dense dermal infiltrates or epidermotropic infiltration, or around a more or less malignant histiocytic reaction, there develops a host reaction, resembling a granuloma. During the course of the disease, one may observe lymphocyte depletion, whilst delayed hypersensitivity tests become negative. The various types of lymphadenopathy are analysed, the possibility of visceral lesions confirmed. However, knowledge of Sezary's syndrome makes his concept of the disease doubtful. A pathological picture similar to Mycosis Fungoides may be observed during Sezary's syndrome, with circulating giant cells. The presence of small Sezary cells, Lutzner-Flandrin variety, is common in the dermal infiltrate, and even more common in the lymph node visceral infiltrates of Mycosis Fungoides. Thus, one is led to the concept according to which the primary phenomenon is probably pathological proliferation of abnormal T lymphocytes (large and small Sezary cells), the histiocytic proliferation would then simply be a secondary reaction. This theory is then discussed.", "contents": "[Mycosis fungoides]. The classical characteristics of Myocsis Fungoides are discussed. 1) The clinical characteristics of the three forms: tumour from the start, erythrodermic and polymorphic forms of Alibert-Buzin. 2) Histological characteristics : dense dermal infiltrates or epidermotropic infiltration, or around a more or less malignant histiocytic reaction, there develops a host reaction, resembling a granuloma. During the course of the disease, one may observe lymphocyte depletion, whilst delayed hypersensitivity tests become negative. The various types of lymphadenopathy are analysed, the possibility of visceral lesions confirmed. However, knowledge of Sezary's syndrome makes his concept of the disease doubtful. A pathological picture similar to Mycosis Fungoides may be observed during Sezary's syndrome, with circulating giant cells. The presence of small Sezary cells, Lutzner-Flandrin variety, is common in the dermal infiltrate, and even more common in the lymph node visceral infiltrates of Mycosis Fungoides. Thus, one is led to the concept according to which the primary phenomenon is probably pathological proliferation of abnormal T lymphocytes (large and small Sezary cells), the histiocytic proliferation would then simply be a secondary reaction. This theory is then discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123717", "title": "[Familial pericentric inversion of y chromosome and Down's syndrome].", "content": "A boy with Down's syndrome is presented. Karyotipe showed a 47,XY,+21,inv Y(p+q--) constitution. The father had the same Y anomaly. A review of pericentric inversions of Y chromosome and its possible relation with Down's syndrome is made.", "contents": "[Familial pericentric inversion of y chromosome and Down's syndrome]. A boy with Down's syndrome is presented. Karyotipe showed a 47,XY,+21,inv Y(p+q--) constitution. The father had the same Y anomaly. A review of pericentric inversions of Y chromosome and its possible relation with Down's syndrome is made."}
{"id": "PMID:123725", "title": "Temperature regulation.", "content": "The general way of looking at short-term temperature regulation has not fundamentaly changed since 1968. Some points nevertheless have been developed and deserve special attention: 1. The influence of water on the skin surface inhibits sweat secretion (55, 106). This fact may be the explanation of sweating fatigue and of discordant conclusions regarding the functioning of the regulator, particularly during exercise in man. 2. Since a large number of studies have shown that appropriate behaviors occur in response to all the stimuli that activate autonomic responses, behavior itself should be considered as an integral part of the thermoregulatory system (1, 2, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 31, 32, 34-36, 48, 88, 89, 98, 99, 122, 126, 127, 137). 3. The description of the peripheral input for the control of sweating with regard to mean skin temperature (104) and time dependence (159) has been improved. Among internal temperature sensors those of the spinal cord have been extensively studies (25, 27, 32, 36, 42, 59-63, 71-75, 82, 83, 86, 113-115, 121, 150, 158) and demonstrated to have a sensitivity equal to that of the hypothalamic sensors (73, 75). 4. New hypotheses have been proposed describing the overall mechanism responsible for a constant temperature in the core (58, 96, 97, 135). These stimulating theories have been discussed briefly herein. Mechanisms for the defense against heat and against cold can be dissociated completely from one another. In the same way the control of autonomic responses can be dissociated from the control of behavioral responses. This suggests that temperature regulation is brought about by multiple independent feedback loops. The overall system is well described, in the author's opinion, by the theory of the adjustable set point with proportional control (47).", "contents": "Temperature regulation. The general way of looking at short-term temperature regulation has not fundamentaly changed since 1968. Some points nevertheless have been developed and deserve special attention: 1. The influence of water on the skin surface inhibits sweat secretion (55, 106). This fact may be the explanation of sweating fatigue and of discordant conclusions regarding the functioning of the regulator, particularly during exercise in man. 2. Since a large number of studies have shown that appropriate behaviors occur in response to all the stimuli that activate autonomic responses, behavior itself should be considered as an integral part of the thermoregulatory system (1, 2, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23, 25, 31, 32, 34-36, 48, 88, 89, 98, 99, 122, 126, 127, 137). 3. The description of the peripheral input for the control of sweating with regard to mean skin temperature (104) and time dependence (159) has been improved. Among internal temperature sensors those of the spinal cord have been extensively studies (25, 27, 32, 36, 42, 59-63, 71-75, 82, 83, 86, 113-115, 121, 150, 158) and demonstrated to have a sensitivity equal to that of the hypothalamic sensors (73, 75). 4. New hypotheses have been proposed describing the overall mechanism responsible for a constant temperature in the core (58, 96, 97, 135). These stimulating theories have been discussed briefly herein. Mechanisms for the defense against heat and against cold can be dissociated completely from one another. In the same way the control of autonomic responses can be dissociated from the control of behavioral responses. This suggests that temperature regulation is brought about by multiple independent feedback loops. The overall system is well described, in the author's opinion, by the theory of the adjustable set point with proportional control (47)."}
{"id": "PMID:123723", "title": "Use of the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter for pedicle flaps.", "content": "Summary--The Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter is presented as a method to help in flap outlining, transfer and return. When a directional flowmeter is added, this machine is extremely valuable for returning a flap at the earliest possible time. The Doppler is a safe, inexpensive, atraumatic, reliable instrument that can be learned in a very short time. We have found the Doppler to be very helpful in head and neck flaps.", "contents": "Use of the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter for pedicle flaps. Summary--The Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter is presented as a method to help in flap outlining, transfer and return. When a directional flowmeter is added, this machine is extremely valuable for returning a flap at the earliest possible time. The Doppler is a safe, inexpensive, atraumatic, reliable instrument that can be learned in a very short time. We have found the Doppler to be very helpful in head and neck flaps."}
{"id": "PMID:123726", "title": "[Study of the antibiotic sensitivity of the Shigellae, pathogenic Escherichia, Proteus and Staphylococcus isolated from young children in Tbilisi with acute intestinal diseases].", "content": "Sensitivity of Shigella, pathogenic Escherichia, Proteus and Staphylococcus isolated from children with acute intestinal diseases was studied with respect to antibiotics widely used in medical practice: streptomycin, levomycetin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and neomycin. The antibiotic sensitivity was determined with the method of indicator discs. It was found that sensitivity of shigella was: 44 percent to streptomycin, 69.5 per cent to levomycetin, 18.5 per cent to tetracycline, 18.5 per cent to chlortetracycline, 23 per cent to oxytetracycline and 94 per cent to neomycin. Sensitivity of pathogenic Eschericia was 28, 33, 14, 14, 25 and 74 per cent, sensitivity of staphylococci was 46, 56.5, 21, 21, 31.5 and 89.5 per cent, sensitivity of Proteus was 15, 31.5, 3.5, 3.5, 7.5 and 52.5 per cent respectively. Cross resistance with respect to tetracyclines was found in all the microbes studie. Intragenera differences in the antibiotic sensitivity were observed among Shigella and pathogenic Escherichia.", "contents": "[Study of the antibiotic sensitivity of the Shigellae, pathogenic Escherichia, Proteus and Staphylococcus isolated from young children in Tbilisi with acute intestinal diseases]. Sensitivity of Shigella, pathogenic Escherichia, Proteus and Staphylococcus isolated from children with acute intestinal diseases was studied with respect to antibiotics widely used in medical practice: streptomycin, levomycetin, tetracycline, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline and neomycin. The antibiotic sensitivity was determined with the method of indicator discs. It was found that sensitivity of shigella was: 44 percent to streptomycin, 69.5 per cent to levomycetin, 18.5 per cent to tetracycline, 18.5 per cent to chlortetracycline, 23 per cent to oxytetracycline and 94 per cent to neomycin. Sensitivity of pathogenic Eschericia was 28, 33, 14, 14, 25 and 74 per cent, sensitivity of staphylococci was 46, 56.5, 21, 21, 31.5 and 89.5 per cent, sensitivity of Proteus was 15, 31.5, 3.5, 3.5, 7.5 and 52.5 per cent respectively. Cross resistance with respect to tetracyclines was found in all the microbes studie. Intragenera differences in the antibiotic sensitivity were observed among Shigella and pathogenic Escherichia."}
{"id": "PMID:123732", "title": "Acne mechanica.", "content": "The term acne mechanica designates local exacerbations due to pressure, friction, rubbing, squeezing, or stretching. Examples are given of various physical traumata that provoke lesions in acne patients. The precipitating causes of stress are diverse, they include articles of clothing (tight straps and belts), recreational accouterments (football shoulder pads), or occupational pressure (rubbing of back in truck drivers). Sealing acne-bearing skin under adhesive for two weeks regularly induced new inflammatory lesions, which derived from the rupture of microcomedones that are not visible to the naked eye.", "contents": "Acne mechanica. The term acne mechanica designates local exacerbations due to pressure, friction, rubbing, squeezing, or stretching. Examples are given of various physical traumata that provoke lesions in acne patients. The precipitating causes of stress are diverse, they include articles of clothing (tight straps and belts), recreational accouterments (football shoulder pads), or occupational pressure (rubbing of back in truck drivers). Sealing acne-bearing skin under adhesive for two weeks regularly induced new inflammatory lesions, which derived from the rupture of microcomedones that are not visible to the naked eye."}
{"id": "PMID:123733", "title": "The community paediatrician in an integrated child health service.", "content": "A concept of Community Paediatrics has been described comprising clinical care to individual children including identification, diagnosis, and care of the handicapped child, expertise in preventive paediatric techniques, and the provision of investigation and advice in connexion with social and educational proboems. Its relationship to Community Medicine, General Practice, and Consulting Paediatrics has been discussed and a long-term training scheme is outlined. In the immediate future the deployment is envisaged of senior clinical Medical Officers now employed by Local Authorities.", "contents": "The community paediatrician in an integrated child health service. A concept of Community Paediatrics has been described comprising clinical care to individual children including identification, diagnosis, and care of the handicapped child, expertise in preventive paediatric techniques, and the provision of investigation and advice in connexion with social and educational proboems. Its relationship to Community Medicine, General Practice, and Consulting Paediatrics has been discussed and a long-term training scheme is outlined. In the immediate future the deployment is envisaged of senior clinical Medical Officers now employed by Local Authorities."}
{"id": "PMID:123734", "title": "Noncoronary collateral myocardial blood flow.", "content": "This study shows that noncoronary collateral flow occurs in normal hearts after chronic coronary occlusion and with left ventricular hypertrophy in variable amounts (0.2 to 16 ml/100 gm/min). Luminal--left ventricular flow is greatest when the heart is arrested by aortic cross-clamping, falls significantly when perfusion pressure is lowered to 50 mm Hg, and increases slightly when blood viscosity is reduced (hemodilution). Our findings indicate that the heart which is arrested by aortic cross-clamping may not be anoxic.", "contents": "Noncoronary collateral myocardial blood flow. This study shows that noncoronary collateral flow occurs in normal hearts after chronic coronary occlusion and with left ventricular hypertrophy in variable amounts (0.2 to 16 ml/100 gm/min). Luminal--left ventricular flow is greatest when the heart is arrested by aortic cross-clamping, falls significantly when perfusion pressure is lowered to 50 mm Hg, and increases slightly when blood viscosity is reduced (hemodilution). Our findings indicate that the heart which is arrested by aortic cross-clamping may not be anoxic."}
{"id": "PMID:123735", "title": "Surgical treatment for anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery.", "content": "Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery carries a poor prognosis; most patients die early in life from myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. During a 12-year period at the Texas Heart Institute, 13 patients with this congenital malformation ranging in age from 1 to 24 years underwent operation. The anomalous coronary artery was sutured or ligated, or both, close to the pulmonary artery in 3 patients, 2 before 1965. Aortocoronary bypass was performed in the remaining 10 patients, using an autogenous saphenous vein graft in 9 and a Dacron tube in 1. More recently a distal end-to-side anastomosis has been employed and is not the preferred method. If necessary, a pump oxygenator may be used to complete the procedure. The only death was that of the first patient in the series who underwent ligation of the left coronary artery and mitral annuloplasty for severe mitral insufficiency; Of the 12 patients available for long-term follow-up study, all but 1 were asymptomatic. Follow-up angiographic studies showed the graft to be patent in 7 patients; the longest period of graft patency was 8 years. Definitive operative therapy is preferable to simple ligation because it eliminates the left-to-right shunt from the right coronary artery to the pulmonary artery and establishes a double coronary artery system.", "contents": "Surgical treatment for anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery. Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery carries a poor prognosis; most patients die early in life from myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure. During a 12-year period at the Texas Heart Institute, 13 patients with this congenital malformation ranging in age from 1 to 24 years underwent operation. The anomalous coronary artery was sutured or ligated, or both, close to the pulmonary artery in 3 patients, 2 before 1965. Aortocoronary bypass was performed in the remaining 10 patients, using an autogenous saphenous vein graft in 9 and a Dacron tube in 1. More recently a distal end-to-side anastomosis has been employed and is not the preferred method. If necessary, a pump oxygenator may be used to complete the procedure. The only death was that of the first patient in the series who underwent ligation of the left coronary artery and mitral annuloplasty for severe mitral insufficiency; Of the 12 patients available for long-term follow-up study, all but 1 were asymptomatic. Follow-up angiographic studies showed the graft to be patent in 7 patients; the longest period of graft patency was 8 years. Definitive operative therapy is preferable to simple ligation because it eliminates the left-to-right shunt from the right coronary artery to the pulmonary artery and establishes a double coronary artery system."}
{"id": "PMID:123736", "title": "Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Definitive surgical treatment by saphenous vein interposition in a 17-month-old child.", "content": "A 17-month-old child underwent successful operative correction of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery by saphenous vein interposition. The clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic features of the anomaly are presented. Three months after the operation, cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed a patent graft with good antegrade flow and improvement in left ventricular function.", "contents": "Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery. Definitive surgical treatment by saphenous vein interposition in a 17-month-old child. A 17-month-old child underwent successful operative correction of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery by saphenous vein interposition. The clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic features of the anomaly are presented. Three months after the operation, cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed a patent graft with good antegrade flow and improvement in left ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:123737", "title": "Successful treatment of transection of aortic arch and innominate artery.", "content": "A patient was seen with a widened mediastinum following rapid deceleration injury. A retograde angiogram showed rupture of the transverse aortic arch and occlusion of the origin of the innominate artery. At operation cardiopulmonary bypass with systemic, cerebral, and myocardial preservation were used to provide a safe approach for inserting a graft to successfully restore normal circulation.", "contents": "Successful treatment of transection of aortic arch and innominate artery. A patient was seen with a widened mediastinum following rapid deceleration injury. A retograde angiogram showed rupture of the transverse aortic arch and occlusion of the origin of the innominate artery. At operation cardiopulmonary bypass with systemic, cerebral, and myocardial preservation were used to provide a safe approach for inserting a graft to successfully restore normal circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:123738", "title": "[Left ventricular function of the coronary patient: relation between ventricular kinetic disorders and alterations of myocardial contractility].", "content": "The left ventricular kinaetics of 29 coronary patients (pure angina and with sequela of myocardial infarction) was studies by biplane angiocardiography. Their contractility was assessed by measurement of the Vmax and VECmax indices derived from the relationship between contractile elements shortening speed-overall wall tension, in isovolumetric phase. An excellent relationship links the hypokinaetic area with decrease of the ejection fraction (SV/LSV): when the hypokinaetic area exceeded 20% of the overall endocardial surface, the ejection fraction deveased below 0.40, and signs of cardiac failure were manifest. Pure anginal patients at rest kept normal kinaetics, late diastolic volume, ejection fraction and myocardial mass. A myocardial hypertrophy develops in the areas adjacent to the fibrous scar. In some cases (group I) it compensates for the ventricular dysfunction; in other cases, it is not sufficient to compensate for the ejection fraction reduction. One must then admit the presence of diminished contractility in the areas adjacent to the fibrous scar, as is suggested by the increase of the late diastolic pressure, the decrease of the externel work of the left ventricle and of the contractility indices. Analysis of both the natural and post-operative courses in these patients shows that Vmax the ejection fraction and the hypokinaetic areas afford excellent criteria for prognosis and operability.", "contents": "[Left ventricular function of the coronary patient: relation between ventricular kinetic disorders and alterations of myocardial contractility]. The left ventricular kinaetics of 29 coronary patients (pure angina and with sequela of myocardial infarction) was studies by biplane angiocardiography. Their contractility was assessed by measurement of the Vmax and VECmax indices derived from the relationship between contractile elements shortening speed-overall wall tension, in isovolumetric phase. An excellent relationship links the hypokinaetic area with decrease of the ejection fraction (SV/LSV): when the hypokinaetic area exceeded 20% of the overall endocardial surface, the ejection fraction deveased below 0.40, and signs of cardiac failure were manifest. Pure anginal patients at rest kept normal kinaetics, late diastolic volume, ejection fraction and myocardial mass. A myocardial hypertrophy develops in the areas adjacent to the fibrous scar. In some cases (group I) it compensates for the ventricular dysfunction; in other cases, it is not sufficient to compensate for the ejection fraction reduction. One must then admit the presence of diminished contractility in the areas adjacent to the fibrous scar, as is suggested by the increase of the late diastolic pressure, the decrease of the externel work of the left ventricle and of the contractility indices. Analysis of both the natural and post-operative courses in these patients shows that Vmax the ejection fraction and the hypokinaetic areas afford excellent criteria for prognosis and operability."}
{"id": "PMID:123739", "title": "The decompensated back.", "content": "There is no single circumstance or combination of circumstances which precipitate all clinical instances of back discomfort. This simple statement should be so obvious that one must question the finality and accuracy of the diagnostic effort in those reports which relate to large series of patients treated by one method. There is no thought of impugning the basic honesty of the reporting physician in this statement, but rather of raising the fair question of whether the \"slipped disc\" (or whatever the etiological diagnosis) is all that happened to produce the symptoms, and whether its removal (or whatever) is all that occurred in accomplishing clinical cure improvement. If there is doubt that the answer to both questions is in the affirmative, then serious consideration must be given to those other factors, if the medical profession is ever to be a science instead of a trade. The back structures are different from comparable structures elsewhere in the body, principally in their neurological organization and controlmthere is the specific, discrete, segmental arrangement of both sensory and motor functions of muscular and nonmuscular structures via the posterior primary rami of the spinal nerves. Coupled with this is a different mechanism of segmental innervation of the vascular and nonmuscular structures which line the vertebral canal, via the sinu-vertebral nerves. Both are modulated by higher level influences. The sinu-vertebral nerves, through the sympathetic chain, may provide an additional avenue of response which may avoid or alter the influence of higher levels. The Melzack-Wall hypothesis would seem to provide an acceptable explanation for the need to modulate nociceptive afferent stimuli before they evoke pain perception and response. Since this modulation mechanism decompensates under numerous conditions, pain perception and responses do occur. Among those responses are the alterations in normal function of the low back structures, perhaps the disastrously effective one of which is decompensation of the muscular strength necessary to accomplish the demands of daily use. This problem is not so simply solved by a handout sheet of exercises. The primary consideration is to modify or relieve pain by a careful evaluation of its source and the employment in combination of those therapeutic efforts which a logical treatment plan indicates.  If these be accomplished, the final and most important consideration, then, is the improvement of neuromuscular function to the level compatible with normal activities by a carefully guided activity program. There is no method for instant reversal of the status of the decompensated heart--nor the decompensated back.", "contents": "The decompensated back. There is no single circumstance or combination of circumstances which precipitate all clinical instances of back discomfort. This simple statement should be so obvious that one must question the finality and accuracy of the diagnostic effort in those reports which relate to large series of patients treated by one method. There is no thought of impugning the basic honesty of the reporting physician in this statement, but rather of raising the fair question of whether the \"slipped disc\" (or whatever the etiological diagnosis) is all that happened to produce the symptoms, and whether its removal (or whatever) is all that occurred in accomplishing clinical cure improvement. If there is doubt that the answer to both questions is in the affirmative, then serious consideration must be given to those other factors, if the medical profession is ever to be a science instead of a trade. The back structures are different from comparable structures elsewhere in the body, principally in their neurological organization and controlmthere is the specific, discrete, segmental arrangement of both sensory and motor functions of muscular and nonmuscular structures via the posterior primary rami of the spinal nerves. Coupled with this is a different mechanism of segmental innervation of the vascular and nonmuscular structures which line the vertebral canal, via the sinu-vertebral nerves. Both are modulated by higher level influences. The sinu-vertebral nerves, through the sympathetic chain, may provide an additional avenue of response which may avoid or alter the influence of higher levels. The Melzack-Wall hypothesis would seem to provide an acceptable explanation for the need to modulate nociceptive afferent stimuli before they evoke pain perception and response. Since this modulation mechanism decompensates under numerous conditions, pain perception and responses do occur. Among those responses are the alterations in normal function of the low back structures, perhaps the disastrously effective one of which is decompensation of the muscular strength necessary to accomplish the demands of daily use. This problem is not so simply solved by a handout sheet of exercises. The primary consideration is to modify or relieve pain by a careful evaluation of its source and the employment in combination of those therapeutic efforts which a logical treatment plan indicates.  If these be accomplished, the final and most important consideration, then, is the improvement of neuromuscular function to the level compatible with normal activities by a carefully guided activity program. There is no method for instant reversal of the status of the decompensated heart--nor the decompensated back."}
{"id": "PMID:123740", "title": "[Ultrasound as a diagnostic aid in psoas abscesses (author's transl)].", "content": "In 2 cases of psoas abscesses ultrasonic tomograms have been made in addition to the routine examinations. The experiences of these results show that the implication of this method seems to be of great help for a more exact preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "[Ultrasound as a diagnostic aid in psoas abscesses (author's transl)]. In 2 cases of psoas abscesses ultrasonic tomograms have been made in addition to the routine examinations. The experiences of these results show that the implication of this method seems to be of great help for a more exact preoperative diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:123753", "title": "Aortic regurgitation from infective endocarditis in Fallot's tetralogy and pulmonary atresia.", "content": "Three cases of aortic regurgitation acquired as the result of bacterial endocarditis complicating Fallot's tetralogy and pulmonary atresia have been described. One also had mitral regurgitation from a 'jet lesion' of the anterior cusp of the mitral valve. Surgical treatment of all abnormalities with aortic valve repair or replacement was undertaken in each patient and was successful in two. Difficulties in diagnosis and surgical treatment are discussed.", "contents": "Aortic regurgitation from infective endocarditis in Fallot's tetralogy and pulmonary atresia. Three cases of aortic regurgitation acquired as the result of bacterial endocarditis complicating Fallot's tetralogy and pulmonary atresia have been described. One also had mitral regurgitation from a 'jet lesion' of the anterior cusp of the mitral valve. Surgical treatment of all abnormalities with aortic valve repair or replacement was undertaken in each patient and was successful in two. Difficulties in diagnosis and surgical treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123754", "title": "Toxic effects of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo 1,4 dioxin in laboratory workers.", "content": "The toxic effects on three young scientists who had transient minimal exposure to 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo 1,4 dioxin (dioxin) are described. Two of them suffered from typical chloracne. Delayed symptoms about two years after initial exposure occurred in two of the scientists. These symptoms included personality changes, other neurological disturbances, and hirsutism. All three scientists were found to have raised serum cholesterol but no other biochemical disturbances, and no porphyrinuria nor liver damage was demonstrated. The question whether the unusually delayed physiological effects were in fact due to the initial dioxin exposure is discussed. Although conclusive evidence is lacking, it seems likely that these delayed effects were in fact due to dioxin intoxication.", "contents": "Toxic effects of 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo 1,4 dioxin in laboratory workers. The toxic effects on three young scientists who had transient minimal exposure to 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo 1,4 dioxin (dioxin) are described. Two of them suffered from typical chloracne. Delayed symptoms about two years after initial exposure occurred in two of the scientists. These symptoms included personality changes, other neurological disturbances, and hirsutism. All three scientists were found to have raised serum cholesterol but no other biochemical disturbances, and no porphyrinuria nor liver damage was demonstrated. The question whether the unusually delayed physiological effects were in fact due to the initial dioxin exposure is discussed. Although conclusive evidence is lacking, it seems likely that these delayed effects were in fact due to dioxin intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:123755", "title": "Occupational absorption of tellurium: a report of two cases.", "content": "Industrial uses of tellurium are limited, and reported cases of tellurium absorption of occupational origin are rare. Two such cases are reported here. Both showed typical signs and symptoms of intoxication; in particular, the stench of sour garlic was noted on breath and from excreta. An unusual feature was the bluish-black discoloration of the webs of the fingers and streaks on the face and neck. Full hospital investigation was negative. No permanent damage resulted and each patient made a spontaneous recovery without treatment.", "contents": "Occupational absorption of tellurium: a report of two cases. Industrial uses of tellurium are limited, and reported cases of tellurium absorption of occupational origin are rare. Two such cases are reported here. Both showed typical signs and symptoms of intoxication; in particular, the stench of sour garlic was noted on breath and from excreta. An unusual feature was the bluish-black discoloration of the webs of the fingers and streaks on the face and neck. Full hospital investigation was negative. No permanent damage resulted and each patient made a spontaneous recovery without treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:123756", "title": "Studies on coagulation and fibrinolysis in blood from puerperal women with and without oestrogen treatment.", "content": "Coagulation and fibrinolytic studies were made on 25 women who had a normal puerperium and breast fed their babies and on 32 otherwise healthy women who had lactation suppressed by diethylstilboestrol. In the untreated patients the fibrinogen, Factors VIII and IX, platelet count, and antifibrinolytic activity increased, and the levels of Factors  II, VII, and X and of plasminogen and plasminogen proactivator decreased. The incidence of cold activation of Factor VII decreased slowly from the 5th postpartum day onwards. The concentration of antithrombin III which was depressed in pregnancy, increased in the puerperium and was the only observed change that counteracted an increased coagulation potential. Oestrogen treatment produced further increases of Factors II, VII, and X, platelet count, and the cold activation of Factor VII while it decreased the concentration of antithrombin III. These changes favoured coagulation but were possibly to some degree counterbalanced by an increased concentration of plasminogen and decreased antifibrinolytic activity.", "contents": "Studies on coagulation and fibrinolysis in blood from puerperal women with and without oestrogen treatment. Coagulation and fibrinolytic studies were made on 25 women who had a normal puerperium and breast fed their babies and on 32 otherwise healthy women who had lactation suppressed by diethylstilboestrol. In the untreated patients the fibrinogen, Factors VIII and IX, platelet count, and antifibrinolytic activity increased, and the levels of Factors  II, VII, and X and of plasminogen and plasminogen proactivator decreased. The incidence of cold activation of Factor VII decreased slowly from the 5th postpartum day onwards. The concentration of antithrombin III which was depressed in pregnancy, increased in the puerperium and was the only observed change that counteracted an increased coagulation potential. Oestrogen treatment produced further increases of Factors II, VII, and X, platelet count, and the cold activation of Factor VII while it decreased the concentration of antithrombin III. These changes favoured coagulation but were possibly to some degree counterbalanced by an increased concentration of plasminogen and decreased antifibrinolytic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:123757", "title": "Regulatory proteins of lobster striated muscle.", "content": "The regulatory proteins of lobster muscles consist of tropomyosin and of troponin. Troponin contains a 17,000 chain weight component, two closely related components of about 30,000 and a 52,000 chain weight component. In addition to troponin, tropomyosin is required for the inhibition of the magnesium activated actomyosin ATPase activity in the absence of calcium and for the reversal of this inhibition by calcium. Lobster tropomyosin interacts with rabbit actin and lobster troponin interacts with rabbit tropomyosin. The 30,000 doublet component corresponds to the troponin-I of rabbit and inhibits the ATPase activity of actomyosin both in the presence and in the absence of calcium. The 17,000 component corresponds to the troponin-C of rabbit; it binds calcium and reverses the inhibition of the ATPase activity by troponin-I in the presence of calcium. No more than 1 mol of calcium is bound by a mole of troponin-C or by troponin. The 52,000 component interacts with tropomyosin and has been tentatively identified as troponin-T; however, it has not been demonstrated as yet that this component had a role in the regulation of lobster actomyosin.", "contents": "Regulatory proteins of lobster striated muscle. The regulatory proteins of lobster muscles consist of tropomyosin and of troponin. Troponin contains a 17,000 chain weight component, two closely related components of about 30,000 and a 52,000 chain weight component. In addition to troponin, tropomyosin is required for the inhibition of the magnesium activated actomyosin ATPase activity in the absence of calcium and for the reversal of this inhibition by calcium. Lobster tropomyosin interacts with rabbit actin and lobster troponin interacts with rabbit tropomyosin. The 30,000 doublet component corresponds to the troponin-I of rabbit and inhibits the ATPase activity of actomyosin both in the presence and in the absence of calcium. The 17,000 component corresponds to the troponin-C of rabbit; it binds calcium and reverses the inhibition of the ATPase activity by troponin-I in the presence of calcium. No more than 1 mol of calcium is bound by a mole of troponin-C or by troponin. The 52,000 component interacts with tropomyosin and has been tentatively identified as troponin-T; however, it has not been demonstrated as yet that this component had a role in the regulation of lobster actomyosin."}
{"id": "PMID:123758", "title": "Amino acid sequence studies on plasmin-derived fragments of human fibrinogen: amino-terminal sequences of intermediate and terminal fragments.", "content": "The progressive changes in amino-terminal sequence brought about by the digestion of human fibrinogen by plasmin have been studied. In addition, the limit products (fragments D and E) have been isolated and characterized in the same way. These studies have confirmed the generally accepted scheme of fibrinogen being changed into a large molecular weight fragment X, which in turn is converted into an intermediate fragment Y and a limit fragment D, followed by the breakdown of fragment Y into an additional fragment D and another core fragment E. Our data allow the precise identification of several of the junctions being attacked, including one in a region of the gamma-chain whose sequence has not previously been reported. The cleavages are not singular in any case, however, and, as suggested by others, intermediate species exist which correspond to \"early D,\" \"late D,\" etc. In addition to localizing the exact bonds split by plasmin, we have been able to sequentially position the core fragments relative to each other, since the gamma-chain amino terminus of fragment D has been found to be contiguous to the known carboxy-terminal sequence of fragment E.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence studies on plasmin-derived fragments of human fibrinogen: amino-terminal sequences of intermediate and terminal fragments. The progressive changes in amino-terminal sequence brought about by the digestion of human fibrinogen by plasmin have been studied. In addition, the limit products (fragments D and E) have been isolated and characterized in the same way. These studies have confirmed the generally accepted scheme of fibrinogen being changed into a large molecular weight fragment X, which in turn is converted into an intermediate fragment Y and a limit fragment D, followed by the breakdown of fragment Y into an additional fragment D and another core fragment E. Our data allow the precise identification of several of the junctions being attacked, including one in a region of the gamma-chain whose sequence has not previously been reported. The cleavages are not singular in any case, however, and, as suggested by others, intermediate species exist which correspond to \"early D,\" \"late D,\" etc. In addition to localizing the exact bonds split by plasmin, we have been able to sequentially position the core fragments relative to each other, since the gamma-chain amino terminus of fragment D has been found to be contiguous to the known carboxy-terminal sequence of fragment E."}
{"id": "PMID:123759", "title": "Subunit dissociation and unfolding of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase by guanidine by hydrochloride.", "content": "The denaturation of rabbit skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase by guanidine hydrochloride has been studied using fluorescence, light scattering, and enzyme activity measurements. The transition from fully active tetramer (0.1 M potassium phosphate (pH 8.0) at 10 and 23 degrees) to unfolded polypeptide chains occurs in two phases as measured by changes in the fluorescence spectrum and light scattering of the protein: dissociation to monomers at low guanidine hydrochloride concentrations (similar to 0.8 M) followed by an unfolding of the polypeptide chains, which presumably results in a random coil state, at high concentrations of denaturant (greater than 3.5 M). The initial transition can be further divided into two distinct stages. The native enzyme is rapidly dissociated to inactive monomers which then undergo a much slower conformational change that alters the fluorescence spectrum of the protein. The dissociation is complete within 2 min and is reversible, but the conformational change requires about 2 hr for completion and is not reversible under a variety of conditions, including the presence of substrates and allosteric effectors. The conformationally altered protomer reaggregates to form a precipitate at 23 degrees, but is stable below 10 degrees. The second major phase of the denaturation is fully reversible. A simple mechanism is proposed to account for the results, and its implications for the corresponding renaturation process are discussed.", "contents": "Subunit dissociation and unfolding of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase by guanidine by hydrochloride. The denaturation of rabbit skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase by guanidine hydrochloride has been studied using fluorescence, light scattering, and enzyme activity measurements. The transition from fully active tetramer (0.1 M potassium phosphate (pH 8.0) at 10 and 23 degrees) to unfolded polypeptide chains occurs in two phases as measured by changes in the fluorescence spectrum and light scattering of the protein: dissociation to monomers at low guanidine hydrochloride concentrations (similar to 0.8 M) followed by an unfolding of the polypeptide chains, which presumably results in a random coil state, at high concentrations of denaturant (greater than 3.5 M). The initial transition can be further divided into two distinct stages. The native enzyme is rapidly dissociated to inactive monomers which then undergo a much slower conformational change that alters the fluorescence spectrum of the protein. The dissociation is complete within 2 min and is reversible, but the conformational change requires about 2 hr for completion and is not reversible under a variety of conditions, including the presence of substrates and allosteric effectors. The conformationally altered protomer reaggregates to form a precipitate at 23 degrees, but is stable below 10 degrees. The second major phase of the denaturation is fully reversible. A simple mechanism is proposed to account for the results, and its implications for the corresponding renaturation process are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123760", "title": "Stoichiometry of labeling of myosin's proteolytic fragments by a purine disulfide analog of adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "A site-specific analog of ATP, 6,6'-dithiobis (inosinyl imidodiphosphate (S2P-PNP), inactivates the ATPase activities of myosin's proteolytic fragments, heavy meromyosin (HMM) and subfragment one (SF1), by formation of mixed disulfides between the 6 position of the purine ring and certain key cysteines. The stoichiometry of the reaction was determined by quantitatively displacing the thiopurine nucleotides from the labeled enzymes with sodium[14-C]cyanide. The thiocyanatoenzyme formed regained 25 percent of the original activity showing that the cysteines modified were not essential for catalysis. The rate of uptake of label paralleled the rate of inactivation. HMM was completely inactivated when 4 mol of thiopurine nucleotide was bound. SF1 made by a papain digestion of myosin incorporarted 2 mol of thiopurine nucleotide when completely inactivated. Having adenylyl imidodiphosphate, areversible competitive inhibitor of myosin's ATPase, present during the inactivation of HMM by S2P-PNP demonstrated that only one cysteine per head needed to be blocked to inactivate the enzyme. Moreover, SF1 made by a trypsin digest of HMM was completely inactivated when only 1.1 mol of the thiopurine nucleotide bound again indicating that blocking only a single cysteine per head was sufficient to cause inactivation. This sulfhydryl is thought to be at an ATP binding site distinct from the ATPase site. The properties of this second ATP binding site are consistent with it being an ATP regulatory site.", "contents": "Stoichiometry of labeling of myosin's proteolytic fragments by a purine disulfide analog of adenosine triphosphate. A site-specific analog of ATP, 6,6'-dithiobis (inosinyl imidodiphosphate (S2P-PNP), inactivates the ATPase activities of myosin's proteolytic fragments, heavy meromyosin (HMM) and subfragment one (SF1), by formation of mixed disulfides between the 6 position of the purine ring and certain key cysteines. The stoichiometry of the reaction was determined by quantitatively displacing the thiopurine nucleotides from the labeled enzymes with sodium[14-C]cyanide. The thiocyanatoenzyme formed regained 25 percent of the original activity showing that the cysteines modified were not essential for catalysis. The rate of uptake of label paralleled the rate of inactivation. HMM was completely inactivated when 4 mol of thiopurine nucleotide was bound. SF1 made by a papain digestion of myosin incorporarted 2 mol of thiopurine nucleotide when completely inactivated. Having adenylyl imidodiphosphate, areversible competitive inhibitor of myosin's ATPase, present during the inactivation of HMM by S2P-PNP demonstrated that only one cysteine per head needed to be blocked to inactivate the enzyme. Moreover, SF1 made by a trypsin digest of HMM was completely inactivated when only 1.1 mol of the thiopurine nucleotide bound again indicating that blocking only a single cysteine per head was sufficient to cause inactivation. This sulfhydryl is thought to be at an ATP binding site distinct from the ATPase site. The properties of this second ATP binding site are consistent with it being an ATP regulatory site."}
{"id": "PMID:123761", "title": "Subunit location of sulfhydryl groups of myosin labeled with a purine disulfide analog of adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "A purine disulfide analog of ATP, 6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl imidodiphosphate), forms mixed disulfides with cysteine residues at what are believed to be ATP regulatory sites of myosin. Blocking these sites causes inactivation of the ATPase activity at the active sites. Two cysteine residues per head are specifically modifed by this disulfide analog. The thiopurine nucleotides can be stoichiometrically displaced from myosin by [14-C]cyanide to give a more stable thiocyanato derivative of the enzyme. [14-C]Thiocyanatomyosin (3.7 14-CN/myosin) was dissociated in 4 M urea and the individual subunits were isolated. The heavy chains each had 0.78 14-CN bound per 200,000 molecular weight unit. The light chain with molecular weight of 20,700 had 1.00 14-CN bound and the 16,500 molecular weight light chain had 0.65 14-CN bound. The two 19,000 molecular weight light chains were not labeled. The two labeled light chains have only a single cysteine which is stoichiometrically modified. These two light chains show a high degree of homology and presumably perform identical functions in myosin. Their specific modification by the purine disulfide analog and their other known properties suggest that they contribute directly to the ATP regulatory sites and may, in fact, function as regulatory subunits.", "contents": "Subunit location of sulfhydryl groups of myosin labeled with a purine disulfide analog of adenosine triphosphate. A purine disulfide analog of ATP, 6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl imidodiphosphate), forms mixed disulfides with cysteine residues at what are believed to be ATP regulatory sites of myosin. Blocking these sites causes inactivation of the ATPase activity at the active sites. Two cysteine residues per head are specifically modifed by this disulfide analog. The thiopurine nucleotides can be stoichiometrically displaced from myosin by [14-C]cyanide to give a more stable thiocyanato derivative of the enzyme. [14-C]Thiocyanatomyosin (3.7 14-CN/myosin) was dissociated in 4 M urea and the individual subunits were isolated. The heavy chains each had 0.78 14-CN bound per 200,000 molecular weight unit. The light chain with molecular weight of 20,700 had 1.00 14-CN bound and the 16,500 molecular weight light chain had 0.65 14-CN bound. The two 19,000 molecular weight light chains were not labeled. The two labeled light chains have only a single cysteine which is stoichiometrically modified. These two light chains show a high degree of homology and presumably perform identical functions in myosin. Their specific modification by the purine disulfide analog and their other known properties suggest that they contribute directly to the ATP regulatory sites and may, in fact, function as regulatory subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:123762", "title": "Localization of sodium pump sites in frog urinary bladder.", "content": "[3H]Ouabain binding in frog and toad urinary bladder was investigated by short-circuit current (SCC), scintillation counting and autoradiographic techniques. SCC data and analysis of tissue digests following serosal exposure to ouabain showed that ouabain binding and inhibition of Na+ transport was completely reversible in toad bladder whereas, in frog bladder, [3H]ouabain was tightly bound and Na+ transport remained suppressed even after a 60-min washout. Mucosal exposure of frog bladder to [3H]ouabain or serosal exposure after preincubation with unlabeled ouabain led to a marked reduction in binding. Specificity of binding was assessed further  by adjusting the concentration of certain (Na+ -K+)-ATPase ligands(K+, ATP) to levels known to reduce ouabain binding. High K+ concentrations and depletion of endogenous ATP by incubation under anoxic conditions resulted in a significant drop in [3H]ouabain binding. Autoradiographic analysis showed that grains are localized primarily to the basolateral plasma membranes of the granular cells, providing direct morphological evidence for the location of Na+ pumps at these sites. Although autoradiographs did not provide sufficient resolution to rule out unequivocally ouabain binding to the mitochondria-rich cell, morphological evidence suggests that grain densities are significantly higher between adjacent granular cells than between granular cell-mitochondria-rich cell interfaces.", "contents": "Localization of sodium pump sites in frog urinary bladder. [3H]Ouabain binding in frog and toad urinary bladder was investigated by short-circuit current (SCC), scintillation counting and autoradiographic techniques. SCC data and analysis of tissue digests following serosal exposure to ouabain showed that ouabain binding and inhibition of Na+ transport was completely reversible in toad bladder whereas, in frog bladder, [3H]ouabain was tightly bound and Na+ transport remained suppressed even after a 60-min washout. Mucosal exposure of frog bladder to [3H]ouabain or serosal exposure after preincubation with unlabeled ouabain led to a marked reduction in binding. Specificity of binding was assessed further  by adjusting the concentration of certain (Na+ -K+)-ATPase ligands(K+, ATP) to levels known to reduce ouabain binding. High K+ concentrations and depletion of endogenous ATP by incubation under anoxic conditions resulted in a significant drop in [3H]ouabain binding. Autoradiographic analysis showed that grains are localized primarily to the basolateral plasma membranes of the granular cells, providing direct morphological evidence for the location of Na+ pumps at these sites. Although autoradiographs did not provide sufficient resolution to rule out unequivocally ouabain binding to the mitochondria-rich cell, morphological evidence suggests that grain densities are significantly higher between adjacent granular cells than between granular cell-mitochondria-rich cell interfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:123763", "title": "Temperature-dependent transitions of the myosin-product intermediate at 10 degrees C in the Mn(II)-ATP hydrolysis.", "content": "1. While below 10 degrees C, the initial burst of Pi liberation in the hydrolysis of Mn(II)-ATP by heavy meromyosin or myosin subfragment 1 was inhibited by the pre-addition of ADP without any change in the steady-state activity, it was not inhibited above 10 degrees C. The burst size was about one mole per two moles of myosin active sites. 2. Above 10 degrees C, the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of heavy meromyosin induced by ATP in MnCl2 was similar to that induced in MgCl2 and the spectral decay to the ADP-induced level occurred only after all the ATP in the solution was depleted. In contrast, below 10 degrees C the spectrum induced by ATP in MnCl2 decayed to the ADP-induced level within a few seconds after the addition of ATP, although ATP was present in the solution. 3. These two results indicate that in Mn-ATP above 10 degrees C at the burst site there is a myosin*-ADP-Pi complex generated by ATP hydrolysis while below 10 degrees C there is a myosin-product complex identical with the one generated by adding ADP (and Pi) to myosin. 4. At tempertures both above and below 10 degrees C, the Mn-ATP hydrolysis of heavy meromyosin was activated by actin  and superprecipitation of actomyosin occurred. Characteristics of these phenomena showed a transition at around 10 degrees C.", "contents": "Temperature-dependent transitions of the myosin-product intermediate at 10 degrees C in the Mn(II)-ATP hydrolysis. 1. While below 10 degrees C, the initial burst of Pi liberation in the hydrolysis of Mn(II)-ATP by heavy meromyosin or myosin subfragment 1 was inhibited by the pre-addition of ADP without any change in the steady-state activity, it was not inhibited above 10 degrees C. The burst size was about one mole per two moles of myosin active sites. 2. Above 10 degrees C, the ultraviolet absorption spectrum of heavy meromyosin induced by ATP in MnCl2 was similar to that induced in MgCl2 and the spectral decay to the ADP-induced level occurred only after all the ATP in the solution was depleted. In contrast, below 10 degrees C the spectrum induced by ATP in MnCl2 decayed to the ADP-induced level within a few seconds after the addition of ATP, although ATP was present in the solution. 3. These two results indicate that in Mn-ATP above 10 degrees C at the burst site there is a myosin*-ADP-Pi complex generated by ATP hydrolysis while below 10 degrees C there is a myosin-product complex identical with the one generated by adding ADP (and Pi) to myosin. 4. At tempertures both above and below 10 degrees C, the Mn-ATP hydrolysis of heavy meromyosin was activated by actin  and superprecipitation of actomyosin occurred. Characteristics of these phenomena showed a transition at around 10 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:123764", "title": "Nucleotide-binding properties of native and cold-treated mitochondrial ATPase.", "content": "1. The bound nucleotides of the beef-heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) are lost during cold inactivation followed by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation. The release of tightly bound ATP parallels the loss of ATPase activity during this process. 2. During cold inactivation, the sedimentation coefficient (s20, w) of the ATPase first declines from 12.1 S to 9 S, then to 3.5 S. (NH4)2SO4 precipitation of the 9-S component also leads to dissociation into subunits with s20, w of 3.5 S. 3. The 9-S component still contains the bound nucleotides, which are removed when it dissociated into smaller subunits. 4. Reactivation of cold-inactivated ATPase by incubation at 30 degrees C is increased by the presence of 25% glycerol. ATP, however, does not have any clearcut effect on the degree of reactivation in the presence of glycerol. 5. ADP is an inhibitor of the reactivation, probably because it exchanges during reactivation for bound ATP giving rise to an inactive 12-S component. 6. The exchange of tightly bound nucleotides with added adenine nucleotides is more extensive and faster with cold-inactivated ATPase than with the native enzyme. During reactivation up to 1.6 moles of ATP and 1.0 mole ADP can exchange per mole enzyme. 7. Incubation with GTP, CTP or inorganic pyrophosphate induces an increased activity of the ATPase, which, however, soon declines in the presence of ATP. It also disappears on precipitation of GTP-treated enzyme with (NH4)2SO4.", "contents": "Nucleotide-binding properties of native and cold-treated mitochondrial ATPase. 1. The bound nucleotides of the beef-heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) are lost during cold inactivation followed by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation. The release of tightly bound ATP parallels the loss of ATPase activity during this process. 2. During cold inactivation, the sedimentation coefficient (s20, w) of the ATPase first declines from 12.1 S to 9 S, then to 3.5 S. (NH4)2SO4 precipitation of the 9-S component also leads to dissociation into subunits with s20, w of 3.5 S. 3. The 9-S component still contains the bound nucleotides, which are removed when it dissociated into smaller subunits. 4. Reactivation of cold-inactivated ATPase by incubation at 30 degrees C is increased by the presence of 25% glycerol. ATP, however, does not have any clearcut effect on the degree of reactivation in the presence of glycerol. 5. ADP is an inhibitor of the reactivation, probably because it exchanges during reactivation for bound ATP giving rise to an inactive 12-S component. 6. The exchange of tightly bound nucleotides with added adenine nucleotides is more extensive and faster with cold-inactivated ATPase than with the native enzyme. During reactivation up to 1.6 moles of ATP and 1.0 mole ADP can exchange per mole enzyme. 7. Incubation with GTP, CTP or inorganic pyrophosphate induces an increased activity of the ATPase, which, however, soon declines in the presence of ATP. It also disappears on precipitation of GTP-treated enzyme with (NH4)2SO4."}
{"id": "PMID:123765", "title": "Energy transduction in photosynthetic bacteria. VII. Inhibition of the coupling ATPase by N-ethylmaleimide related to the energized state of the membrane.", "content": "N-Ethylmaleimide, at millimolar concentrations, irreversibily inhibits photophosphorylation and ATPase activity of photosynthetic membranes from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. The inhibitory effect of N-ethylmaleimide is evident only the membranes are preincubated with the inhibitor in the light and in the absence of phosphorylation substrates. ADP and orthophosphate (or arsenate) exert a protective effect against the inhibition if they are present during the preillumination stage. The energization of the membrane by ATP hydrolysis, measured as ATP-induced quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence, also is inhibited irreversibly by N-ethylmaleimide. Uncouplers protect the ATPase from inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide at concentrations at which they inhibit photophosphorylation. The ATPase, as measured either in the dark or in the light, is also inhibited by carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxypenylhydrazone in parallel with photophosphorylation. These results are interpreted as evidence that the high-energy state of the membrane induces a conformational change of the ATPase, making it sensitive to attack by N-ethylmaleimide; this conformational change might be related to the active state of the ATPase.", "contents": "Energy transduction in photosynthetic bacteria. VII. Inhibition of the coupling ATPase by N-ethylmaleimide related to the energized state of the membrane. N-Ethylmaleimide, at millimolar concentrations, irreversibily inhibits photophosphorylation and ATPase activity of photosynthetic membranes from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. The inhibitory effect of N-ethylmaleimide is evident only the membranes are preincubated with the inhibitor in the light and in the absence of phosphorylation substrates. ADP and orthophosphate (or arsenate) exert a protective effect against the inhibition if they are present during the preillumination stage. The energization of the membrane by ATP hydrolysis, measured as ATP-induced quenching of 9-aminoacridine fluorescence, also is inhibited irreversibly by N-ethylmaleimide. Uncouplers protect the ATPase from inhibition by N-ethylmaleimide at concentrations at which they inhibit photophosphorylation. The ATPase, as measured either in the dark or in the light, is also inhibited by carbonylcyanide p-trifluoromethoxypenylhydrazone in parallel with photophosphorylation. These results are interpreted as evidence that the high-energy state of the membrane induces a conformational change of the ATPase, making it sensitive to attack by N-ethylmaleimide; this conformational change might be related to the active state of the ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:123766", "title": "Energy transduction in photosynthetic bacteria. VIII. Activation of the energy-transducing ATPase by inorganic phosphate.", "content": "ATPase activity and ATP-induced energization of photosynthetic membranes from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata are stimulated by phosphate; the maximum stimulatory effect occurs at a concentration between 1 and 2 mM. The sensitivity of the ATPase to oligomycin increases in the presence of phosphate since all the Pi-stimulated activity is inhibited by this antibiotic. Aurovertin, which has no effect on ATPase in the absence of phosphate, inhibits completely the activity elicited by this anion. The addition of Pi induces a substantial increase in the V of ATPase activity without changing the affinity of the enzyme for ATP or ADP. Arsenate, at the same concentrations, produces effects very similar to those of phosphate. The stimulation by arsenate of the transfer of energy from ATP to the membrane suggests a non-hydrolytic role of this anion as a modifier of the ATPase activity.", "contents": "Energy transduction in photosynthetic bacteria. VIII. Activation of the energy-transducing ATPase by inorganic phosphate. ATPase activity and ATP-induced energization of photosynthetic membranes from Rhodopseudomonas capsulata are stimulated by phosphate; the maximum stimulatory effect occurs at a concentration between 1 and 2 mM. The sensitivity of the ATPase to oligomycin increases in the presence of phosphate since all the Pi-stimulated activity is inhibited by this antibiotic. Aurovertin, which has no effect on ATPase in the absence of phosphate, inhibits completely the activity elicited by this anion. The addition of Pi induces a substantial increase in the V of ATPase activity without changing the affinity of the enzyme for ATP or ADP. Arsenate, at the same concentrations, produces effects very similar to those of phosphate. The stimulation by arsenate of the transfer of energy from ATP to the membrane suggests a non-hydrolytic role of this anion as a modifier of the ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:123767", "title": "Further characterization of gradient-fractionated submitochondrial membrane fragments from beef heart mitochondria.", "content": "We have recently reported that with a linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation two distinct types of membrane fragments, designated as X- and Y-fragments are obtained (Huang, C. H., Keyhani, E. and Lee, C. P. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 305, 455-473). Further characterization of these two membranes fragments is reported. (1) Potassium chloride at the concentration of 0.15 m extracts 7% and 30% of cytochrome c from the X- and Y-fragments, respectively. (2) When cytochrome c was added to the mitochondrial suspension prior to sonication, the cytochrome c content was increased by 6-8-fold in both X- and Y-fragments. Subsequently KC1 extraction resulted in loss of cytochrome c by 1/4 in the X- and by 2/3 in the Y-fragments. (3) With partially inhibitory concentrations of KCN, cytochrome c in either the X- or the KC1 extracted X-fragments showed uncoupler-sensitive, biphasic reduction kinetics upon the addition of NADH to the oligomycin-supplemented system. Under identical conditions rapid first order reduction kinetics were seen for cytochrome c in Y-fragments supplemented with either oligomycin or oligomycin + carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP). (4) When cytochrome c was added to the mitochondrial suspension after sonication, a significant amount of cytochrome c was bound to both X- and Y-fragments, but was readily removed with a high ionic strength medium. (5) Lubrol had little effect on the ATPase activity of the X- and the Y-fragments, suggesting a lack of membrane-buried ATPase. (6) Partial depletion of ATPase in X-fragments did not induce an increase in reactivity towards externally added cytochrome c. (7) Both the X- and the Y-fragments showed an energy-linked fluorescence enhancement of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate and an energy-linked fluorescence decrease of quinacrine. (8) In the presence of K-+ nigericin alone or in combination with valinomycin exhibited a stimulating effect on the rate of NADH oxidase of the oligomycinsupplemented X- and Y-fragments.", "contents": "Further characterization of gradient-fractionated submitochondrial membrane fragments from beef heart mitochondria. We have recently reported that with a linear sucrose density gradient centrifugation two distinct types of membrane fragments, designated as X- and Y-fragments are obtained (Huang, C. H., Keyhani, E. and Lee, C. P. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 305, 455-473). Further characterization of these two membranes fragments is reported. (1) Potassium chloride at the concentration of 0.15 m extracts 7% and 30% of cytochrome c from the X- and Y-fragments, respectively. (2) When cytochrome c was added to the mitochondrial suspension prior to sonication, the cytochrome c content was increased by 6-8-fold in both X- and Y-fragments. Subsequently KC1 extraction resulted in loss of cytochrome c by 1/4 in the X- and by 2/3 in the Y-fragments. (3) With partially inhibitory concentrations of KCN, cytochrome c in either the X- or the KC1 extracted X-fragments showed uncoupler-sensitive, biphasic reduction kinetics upon the addition of NADH to the oligomycin-supplemented system. Under identical conditions rapid first order reduction kinetics were seen for cytochrome c in Y-fragments supplemented with either oligomycin or oligomycin + carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone (FCCP). (4) When cytochrome c was added to the mitochondrial suspension after sonication, a significant amount of cytochrome c was bound to both X- and Y-fragments, but was readily removed with a high ionic strength medium. (5) Lubrol had little effect on the ATPase activity of the X- and the Y-fragments, suggesting a lack of membrane-buried ATPase. (6) Partial depletion of ATPase in X-fragments did not induce an increase in reactivity towards externally added cytochrome c. (7) Both the X- and the Y-fragments showed an energy-linked fluorescence enhancement of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate and an energy-linked fluorescence decrease of quinacrine. (8) In the presence of K-+ nigericin alone or in combination with valinomycin exhibited a stimulating effect on the rate of NADH oxidase of the oligomycinsupplemented X- and Y-fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:123768", "title": "Physiological and genetic modifications of the expression of the yeast mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor.", "content": "1. The oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity of submitochondrial particles of the glycerol-grown \"petite-negative\" yeast: Schizosaccharomyces pombe is markedly stimulated by incubation at 40 degrees C and by trypsin activations are treatment. Both increased in Triton-X 100 extracts of the submitochondrial particles. 2. A trypsin-sensitive inhibitory factor of mitochondrial ATPase with properties similar to that of beef heart has been extracted and purified from glycerol-grown and glucose-grown S. pombe wild type, from the nuclear pleiotropic respiratory-deficient mutant S. pombe M126 and from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3. ATPase activation by heat is more pronounced in submitochondrial particles isolated from glycerol-grown than from glucose-grown S. pombe. An activation of lower extent is observed in rat liver mitochondrial particles but is barely detectable in the \"petite-positive\" yeast: S. cerevisiae. No activation but inhibition by heat is observed in the pleitotropic respiratory-deficient nuclear mutant S. pombe M126. 4. The inhibition of S. pombe ATPase activity by low concentrations of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide dissapears at inhibitor concentrations above 25 muM. In Triton-extract of submitochondrial particles net stimulation of ATPase activity is observed at 100 muM dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The pattern of stimulation of ATPase activity by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in different genetic and physiological conditions parallels that produced by heat and trypsin. A similar mode of action is therefore proposed for the three agents: dissociation or inactivation of an ATPase inhibitory factor. 5. We conclude that \"petite-positive\" and \"petite-negative\" yeasts contain an ATPase inhibitor factor with properties similar to those of the bovine mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor. The expression of the ATPase inhibitor, measured by ATPase activation by heat, trypsin or high concentrations of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, is sensitive to alterations of the hydrophobic membrane environment and dependent on both physiological state and genetic conditions of the yeast cells.", "contents": "Physiological and genetic modifications of the expression of the yeast mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor. 1. The oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity of submitochondrial particles of the glycerol-grown \"petite-negative\" yeast: Schizosaccharomyces pombe is markedly stimulated by incubation at 40 degrees C and by trypsin activations are treatment. Both increased in Triton-X 100 extracts of the submitochondrial particles. 2. A trypsin-sensitive inhibitory factor of mitochondrial ATPase with properties similar to that of beef heart has been extracted and purified from glycerol-grown and glucose-grown S. pombe wild type, from the nuclear pleiotropic respiratory-deficient mutant S. pombe M126 and from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3. ATPase activation by heat is more pronounced in submitochondrial particles isolated from glycerol-grown than from glucose-grown S. pombe. An activation of lower extent is observed in rat liver mitochondrial particles but is barely detectable in the \"petite-positive\" yeast: S. cerevisiae. No activation but inhibition by heat is observed in the pleitotropic respiratory-deficient nuclear mutant S. pombe M126. 4. The inhibition of S. pombe ATPase activity by low concentrations of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide dissapears at inhibitor concentrations above 25 muM. In Triton-extract of submitochondrial particles net stimulation of ATPase activity is observed at 100 muM dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The pattern of stimulation of ATPase activity by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in different genetic and physiological conditions parallels that produced by heat and trypsin. A similar mode of action is therefore proposed for the three agents: dissociation or inactivation of an ATPase inhibitory factor. 5. We conclude that \"petite-positive\" and \"petite-negative\" yeasts contain an ATPase inhibitor factor with properties similar to those of the bovine mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor. The expression of the ATPase inhibitor, measured by ATPase activation by heat, trypsin or high concentrations of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, is sensitive to alterations of the hydrophobic membrane environment and dependent on both physiological state and genetic conditions of the yeast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:123769", "title": "Energy requirements for biosynthesis of DNA in Escherichia coli. Role of membrane-bound energy-transducing ATPase (coupling factor).", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli missing energy-transducing ATPase and known to be defective in a variety of membrane functions from earlier studies (Yamamoto, T. H., M\u00e9vel-Ninio, M. and Valentine, R. C. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 314, 267-275; Thipayathasana, P. and Valentine, R. C. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 347, 464-468; M\u00e9vel-Ninio, M. and Yamamoto, T. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 357, 63-66) has been found to be blocked for anaerobic DNA synthesis. The rate of anaerobic DNA synthesis in the mutant, measured as radioactive adenine incorporation into the alkali-resistant fraction of whole cells, is about 1/6 the rate of DNA synthesis in the wild type culture under similar conditions. Addition of NO-3- or O-2 restores DNA biosynthesis in the mutant. The entry of radioactive adenine is not appreciably affected in the mutant by anaerobiosis. It is concluded that coupling factor plays a role in some step(s) of DNA biosynthesis.", "contents": "Energy requirements for biosynthesis of DNA in Escherichia coli. Role of membrane-bound energy-transducing ATPase (coupling factor). A mutant of Escherichia coli missing energy-transducing ATPase and known to be defective in a variety of membrane functions from earlier studies (Yamamoto, T. H., M\u00e9vel-Ninio, M. and Valentine, R. C. (1973) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 314, 267-275; Thipayathasana, P. and Valentine, R. C. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 347, 464-468; M\u00e9vel-Ninio, M. and Yamamoto, T. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 357, 63-66) has been found to be blocked for anaerobic DNA synthesis. The rate of anaerobic DNA synthesis in the mutant, measured as radioactive adenine incorporation into the alkali-resistant fraction of whole cells, is about 1/6 the rate of DNA synthesis in the wild type culture under similar conditions. Addition of NO-3- or O-2 restores DNA biosynthesis in the mutant. The entry of radioactive adenine is not appreciably affected in the mutant by anaerobiosis. It is concluded that coupling factor plays a role in some step(s) of DNA biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:123770", "title": "The effects of phosphate and electron transport on the carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone-induced ATPase of rat-liver mitochondria.", "content": "1. The effects of phosphate and electron transport on the ATPase induced in rat-liver mitochondria by the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone have been measured at different uncoupler concentrations and compared with those of ATP, oligomycin and aurovertin. 2. The inhibitory action of respiratory-chain inhibitors on the ATPase activity, which is independent of the actual inhibitor used, is greatly delayed or prevented by the presence of uncoupler, and, in the case of rotenone, can be reversed completely by the subsequent addition of succinate (in the absence of uncoupler). These results can be explained on the basis of the proposal previously made by others that coupled electron transfer causes a structural change in the ATPase complex that results in a decreased affinity of the ATPase inhibitor for the mitochondrial ATPase. 3. Inorganic phosphate specifically stimulates the ATPase activity at high uncoupler concentrations (greater than 0.2 muM), but has no effect at low concentrations. The stimulation is prevented or abolished by sufficiently high concentrations of aurovertin. 4. Aurovertin prevents the inhibition of the uncoupler-induced ATPase by high uncoupler concentrations. 5. It is proposed that the steady-state concentration of endogenous P-i may be an important regulator of the turnover of the ATPase in intact mitochondria and that the inhibition of ATPase activity by high concentrations of uncoupler is at least partially mediated via changes in the concentration of endogenous P-i.", "contents": "The effects of phosphate and electron transport on the carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone-induced ATPase of rat-liver mitochondria. 1. The effects of phosphate and electron transport on the ATPase induced in rat-liver mitochondria by the uncoupler carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone have been measured at different uncoupler concentrations and compared with those of ATP, oligomycin and aurovertin. 2. The inhibitory action of respiratory-chain inhibitors on the ATPase activity, which is independent of the actual inhibitor used, is greatly delayed or prevented by the presence of uncoupler, and, in the case of rotenone, can be reversed completely by the subsequent addition of succinate (in the absence of uncoupler). These results can be explained on the basis of the proposal previously made by others that coupled electron transfer causes a structural change in the ATPase complex that results in a decreased affinity of the ATPase inhibitor for the mitochondrial ATPase. 3. Inorganic phosphate specifically stimulates the ATPase activity at high uncoupler concentrations (greater than 0.2 muM), but has no effect at low concentrations. The stimulation is prevented or abolished by sufficiently high concentrations of aurovertin. 4. Aurovertin prevents the inhibition of the uncoupler-induced ATPase by high uncoupler concentrations. 5. It is proposed that the steady-state concentration of endogenous P-i may be an important regulator of the turnover of the ATPase in intact mitochondria and that the inhibition of ATPase activity by high concentrations of uncoupler is at least partially mediated via changes in the concentration of endogenous P-i."}
{"id": "PMID:123771", "title": "Solubilization of bacterial membrane proteins using alkyl glucosides and dioctanoyl phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "The non-ionic detergent octyl glucoside solubilizes a substantial amount of Streptococcus faecalis membrane protein without loss of the monitored enzyme activities. A secondary detergent, dioctanoyl phophatidycholine, appears to increase the yield of solubilized material. In addition, the effect of ionic strength indicates that it may be possible to selectively extract groups of membrane proteins by their characteristic solubility at different ionic strengths. The solubilized membrane-associated enzymes, ATPase and NADH dehydrogenase, enter polyacrylamide gels as distict species. Electrophoretic studies suggest that there are two membrane-associated ATPase in the Streptococcus faecalis, one which dissociates from the membrane in the absence of Mg-2+ ions and the other which remains particulate until solubilized by detergents. Octyl glucoside can be easily removed from a solution containing solubilized proteins and lipid by dialysis.", "contents": "Solubilization of bacterial membrane proteins using alkyl glucosides and dioctanoyl phosphatidylcholine. The non-ionic detergent octyl glucoside solubilizes a substantial amount of Streptococcus faecalis membrane protein without loss of the monitored enzyme activities. A secondary detergent, dioctanoyl phophatidycholine, appears to increase the yield of solubilized material. In addition, the effect of ionic strength indicates that it may be possible to selectively extract groups of membrane proteins by their characteristic solubility at different ionic strengths. The solubilized membrane-associated enzymes, ATPase and NADH dehydrogenase, enter polyacrylamide gels as distict species. Electrophoretic studies suggest that there are two membrane-associated ATPase in the Streptococcus faecalis, one which dissociates from the membrane in the absence of Mg-2+ ions and the other which remains particulate until solubilized by detergents. Octyl glucoside can be easily removed from a solution containing solubilized proteins and lipid by dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:123772", "title": "Membrane ATPase of Proteus L-forms. Solubilization and molecular properties.", "content": "The Mg2+ -dependent ATPase (EC 3.6.I.3) of Proteus L-form membrane has been solubilized according to various procedures (Tris - HCL shock-wash with or without MG2+, EDTA, Triton X-100). The best results were obtained by the same 33mM Tris-HCL (pH 7.5) shock-wash without MG2+ used for ATPase of protoplasts from Streptococcus faecalis. The solubilized enzyme after 105 000 times g centrifugation was purified on acrylamide/agarose. The molecular weight was established to be 360 000 by gel filtration and by sedimentation coefficient (12.5 S). Polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate revealed two classes or subunit of mol. wt. 64 000 (alpha) and 58 000 (beta), associated in ratio 1:1. We propose a formula alpha-3beta-3 for the native ATPase of Proteus L-forms. Structural similarities to ATPase of various origins are discussed.", "contents": "Membrane ATPase of Proteus L-forms. Solubilization and molecular properties. The Mg2+ -dependent ATPase (EC 3.6.I.3) of Proteus L-form membrane has been solubilized according to various procedures (Tris - HCL shock-wash with or without MG2+, EDTA, Triton X-100). The best results were obtained by the same 33mM Tris-HCL (pH 7.5) shock-wash without MG2+ used for ATPase of protoplasts from Streptococcus faecalis. The solubilized enzyme after 105 000 times g centrifugation was purified on acrylamide/agarose. The molecular weight was established to be 360 000 by gel filtration and by sedimentation coefficient (12.5 S). Polyacrylamide disc-gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate revealed two classes or subunit of mol. wt. 64 000 (alpha) and 58 000 (beta), associated in ratio 1:1. We propose a formula alpha-3beta-3 for the native ATPase of Proteus L-forms. Structural similarities to ATPase of various origins are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123773", "title": "Hydrolysis of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids by a preparation of phospholipase C from Clostridium Welchii. Deactivation of (Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase and its reactivation by added lipids.", "content": "1. Haemoglobin-free erythrocyte ghosts were prepared in 40 imosM bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 1 mM EDTA (40 imosM/l mM EDTA). The ghost preparation was highly permeable on preparation but partially resealed on incubation in media containing Ca-2+. 2. A partially purified preparation of phospholipase C from Clostridum welchii caused an increase in observed Mg-2+-ATPase activity, reflecting a change in the permeability of the ghost to substrate. The phospholipase did not decrease Mg-2+-ATPase even at the highest levels tested. Mg-2+-ATPase activity could therefore be used as a permeability indicatior in these experiments. 3. Both (Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase activities of the ghosts were progressively lost as a result of the phospholipid hydrolysis induced by phospholipase C. 4. When a haemolysin in the commercial preparation was destroyed by heat-treatment, deactivation of the (Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase and (Na+, K+, Mg-2+)-ATPases were still observed but permeability changes were greatly reduced. 5. The products of phospholipase action were not inhibitory to the Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase. 6. Lysolecithin brought about a reactivation of the (Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase which was superimposed upon permeability changes in the preparation. 7. Reactivation of the (Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase was brought about by a nonlytic, mixed lipid preparation without significant effect upon permeability. 8. Human erythrocyte (Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase therefore appears to be an enzyme which responds to perturbation of the lipid environment in the membrane and is a \"lipid-dependant\" enzyme.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of erythrocyte membrane phospholipids by a preparation of phospholipase C from Clostridium Welchii. Deactivation of (Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase and its reactivation by added lipids. 1. Haemoglobin-free erythrocyte ghosts were prepared in 40 imosM bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 1 mM EDTA (40 imosM/l mM EDTA). The ghost preparation was highly permeable on preparation but partially resealed on incubation in media containing Ca-2+. 2. A partially purified preparation of phospholipase C from Clostridum welchii caused an increase in observed Mg-2+-ATPase activity, reflecting a change in the permeability of the ghost to substrate. The phospholipase did not decrease Mg-2+-ATPase even at the highest levels tested. Mg-2+-ATPase activity could therefore be used as a permeability indicatior in these experiments. 3. Both (Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase activities of the ghosts were progressively lost as a result of the phospholipid hydrolysis induced by phospholipase C. 4. When a haemolysin in the commercial preparation was destroyed by heat-treatment, deactivation of the (Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase and (Na+, K+, Mg-2+)-ATPases were still observed but permeability changes were greatly reduced. 5. The products of phospholipase action were not inhibitory to the Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase. 6. Lysolecithin brought about a reactivation of the (Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase which was superimposed upon permeability changes in the preparation. 7. Reactivation of the (Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase was brought about by a nonlytic, mixed lipid preparation without significant effect upon permeability. 8. Human erythrocyte (Ca-2+, Mg-2+)-ATPase therefore appears to be an enzyme which responds to perturbation of the lipid environment in the membrane and is a \"lipid-dependant\" enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:123774", "title": "Enzymic synthesis of steroid sulphates.  XI. Study of the oestrogen binding site of oestrogen sulphotransferase by affinity labelling with 4-mercuri-17beta-oestradiol.", "content": "Oistrogen sulphotransferase (3\"-phosphoadenylylsulphate: oestrone sulphotransferase, EC 2.8.2.4) contains asingle sulphydryl group thought to be at, or near, the oestrogen-binding site. 4-mercuri-17beta-oestradiol, the activity of the enzyme decreased with increasing concentration of the oestrogen derivative. However, some 40% of the activity remained when all the sulphydryl had reacted to form mercaptide. Formation of mercaptide was only marginally decreased in the presence of the substrate 17beta-oestradiol. Other steroids, such as 11-deoxycorticosterone and testosterone, which are non-substrates for the enzyme, were more effective than 17beta-oestradiol in inhibiting mercaptide formation. Bovine serum albumin also reacted with 4-mercure-17beta-oestradiol and the effects of various steroids on mercaptide formation by the affinity label closely paralleled those found for the enzyme. 2t is concluded that the single sulphydryl group in the enzyme is not directly involved in the binding of oestrogen at the active site but is perhaps in closer proximity to a second site capable of binding certain non-substrate steroids.", "contents": "Enzymic synthesis of steroid sulphates.  XI. Study of the oestrogen binding site of oestrogen sulphotransferase by affinity labelling with 4-mercuri-17beta-oestradiol. Oistrogen sulphotransferase (3\"-phosphoadenylylsulphate: oestrone sulphotransferase, EC 2.8.2.4) contains asingle sulphydryl group thought to be at, or near, the oestrogen-binding site. 4-mercuri-17beta-oestradiol, the activity of the enzyme decreased with increasing concentration of the oestrogen derivative. However, some 40% of the activity remained when all the sulphydryl had reacted to form mercaptide. Formation of mercaptide was only marginally decreased in the presence of the substrate 17beta-oestradiol. Other steroids, such as 11-deoxycorticosterone and testosterone, which are non-substrates for the enzyme, were more effective than 17beta-oestradiol in inhibiting mercaptide formation. Bovine serum albumin also reacted with 4-mercure-17beta-oestradiol and the effects of various steroids on mercaptide formation by the affinity label closely paralleled those found for the enzyme. 2t is concluded that the single sulphydryl group in the enzyme is not directly involved in the binding of oestrogen at the active site but is perhaps in closer proximity to a second site capable of binding certain non-substrate steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:123775", "title": "Enzymatic degradation of heparin-related mucopolysaccharides from the surface of endothelial cell cultures.", "content": "When cultures of endothelial cells prelabeled with H2 -35-SO4 are exposed to a purified preparation from induced Flavobacterium heparinum containing heparinase and heparitinase activities, radioactivity accumulates in the supernatant medium.  After further treatment in vitro with crude enzyme this material migrates, in part, as glucosamine (N,O-disulfated glucosamine), a break-down product characteristic of heparin and heparin-related mucopolysaccharides.  After exposure of the cultures to the purified enzyme, the amount of acid-insoluble -3 5-S radioactivity that can be removed with EDTA is decreased compared to that that can be removed from control cultures.  Since the amount of radioactivity that is released as break-down products is much higher than the amount of radioactivity that is secreted into the supernatant medium as intact (non-dialysable) mucopolysaccharide chains in control plates, the action of the enzyme appears to be on the cell itself.  The data presented support previous studies suggesting that chains of heparitin sulfate that are accessible to the action of the enzyme are present at the surface of endothelial cells.", "contents": "Enzymatic degradation of heparin-related mucopolysaccharides from the surface of endothelial cell cultures. When cultures of endothelial cells prelabeled with H2 -35-SO4 are exposed to a purified preparation from induced Flavobacterium heparinum containing heparinase and heparitinase activities, radioactivity accumulates in the supernatant medium.  After further treatment in vitro with crude enzyme this material migrates, in part, as glucosamine (N,O-disulfated glucosamine), a break-down product characteristic of heparin and heparin-related mucopolysaccharides.  After exposure of the cultures to the purified enzyme, the amount of acid-insoluble -3 5-S radioactivity that can be removed with EDTA is decreased compared to that that can be removed from control cultures.  Since the amount of radioactivity that is released as break-down products is much higher than the amount of radioactivity that is secreted into the supernatant medium as intact (non-dialysable) mucopolysaccharide chains in control plates, the action of the enzyme appears to be on the cell itself.  The data presented support previous studies suggesting that chains of heparitin sulfate that are accessible to the action of the enzyme are present at the surface of endothelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:123776", "title": "Dynamic affinity chromatography of heavy meromyosin subfragment-1.", "content": "Heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 and its trinitrophenylated derivative have been chromatographed on immobilized ATP, ADP and adenosine 5'-(geta, gamma-imino) triphosphate affinity chromatography columns, in the presence and in the absence of Ng-2+ or Ca-2+.ma-32-P] ATP columns.  While the divalent cations had little effect on the chromatographic pattern in the case of the non-hydrolyzable ADP and adenosine 5' (beta, gamma-imino) triphosphate, they catalyzed splitting in the case of ATP and at the same time strongly increased the affinity of adsorption of the proteins.  The protein-elution and the Pi-release patterns were different for the native and the modified proteins.  These results have been interpreted in terms of protein binding to the various intermediates of the ATP hydrolysis reaction.", "contents": "Dynamic affinity chromatography of heavy meromyosin subfragment-1. Heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 and its trinitrophenylated derivative have been chromatographed on immobilized ATP, ADP and adenosine 5'-(geta, gamma-imino) triphosphate affinity chromatography columns, in the presence and in the absence of Ng-2+ or Ca-2+.ma-32-P] ATP columns.  While the divalent cations had little effect on the chromatographic pattern in the case of the non-hydrolyzable ADP and adenosine 5' (beta, gamma-imino) triphosphate, they catalyzed splitting in the case of ATP and at the same time strongly increased the affinity of adsorption of the proteins.  The protein-elution and the Pi-release patterns were different for the native and the modified proteins.  These results have been interpreted in terms of protein binding to the various intermediates of the ATP hydrolysis reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:123777", "title": "Apparent sulfation of glycosaminoglycans by ascorbic acid 2-[3 5-S] sulfate: an explanation.", "content": "The sulfation of glycosaminoglycans by ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate was studied in costal cartilage and chondrocytes in vitro. Negligable (if any) sulfation of glycosaminoglycans was detected with immediately isolated ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate. However, formation of [35S]glycosaminoglycans was readily detected with ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate which had been stored at minus 20 degrees C for several days. The [35S]glycosaminoglycans did not result from the direct transfer of 35S from ascorbic acid 2-sulfate but rather from a decomposition product of ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate. Evidence is presented to show that the sulfation pathway with the decomposition product involves exchange with inorganic sulfate, and strongly suggests that sulfation proceeds via 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate. The decomposition product appears similar to inorganic sulfate in several test systems. In view of these observations, it is suggested that previous conclusions implicating as acid 2-sulfate as a biological sulfate donor, based on the use of ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate be re-evaluated.", "contents": "Apparent sulfation of glycosaminoglycans by ascorbic acid 2-[3 5-S] sulfate: an explanation. The sulfation of glycosaminoglycans by ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate was studied in costal cartilage and chondrocytes in vitro. Negligable (if any) sulfation of glycosaminoglycans was detected with immediately isolated ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate. However, formation of [35S]glycosaminoglycans was readily detected with ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate which had been stored at minus 20 degrees C for several days. The [35S]glycosaminoglycans did not result from the direct transfer of 35S from ascorbic acid 2-sulfate but rather from a decomposition product of ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate. Evidence is presented to show that the sulfation pathway with the decomposition product involves exchange with inorganic sulfate, and strongly suggests that sulfation proceeds via 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate. The decomposition product appears similar to inorganic sulfate in several test systems. In view of these observations, it is suggested that previous conclusions implicating as acid 2-sulfate as a biological sulfate donor, based on the use of ascorbic acid 2-[35S]sulfate be re-evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:123778", "title": "Structural studies of heparitin sulfates.", "content": "Heparitin sulfate fractions with a large range in sulfate content were subjected to degradation by Flavobacterium heparinase and by nitrous acid. The products obtained were fractionated by chromatography, characterized, and used to arrive at tentative structures for these complex polysaccharides. The heparitin sulfate chains examined appear to be composed of: 1. uninterrupted blocks of N-acetylglucosamine containing disaccharides; 2. larger blocks with a molecular weight range of 5000 to 6000 which include the N-acetyl block but do not contain heparinase sensitive linkages; 3. segments containing mainly areas where N-acetyl, N-sulfate and some disulfated units alternate in the chain. The size and arrangement of these polymer segments seem to vary with the sulfate content of a particular heparitin sulfate. For instance, the polysaccharides with the highest degree of sulfation do not appear to contain N-acetyl blocks of significant size.", "contents": "Structural studies of heparitin sulfates. Heparitin sulfate fractions with a large range in sulfate content were subjected to degradation by Flavobacterium heparinase and by nitrous acid. The products obtained were fractionated by chromatography, characterized, and used to arrive at tentative structures for these complex polysaccharides. The heparitin sulfate chains examined appear to be composed of: 1. uninterrupted blocks of N-acetylglucosamine containing disaccharides; 2. larger blocks with a molecular weight range of 5000 to 6000 which include the N-acetyl block but do not contain heparinase sensitive linkages; 3. segments containing mainly areas where N-acetyl, N-sulfate and some disulfated units alternate in the chain. The size and arrangement of these polymer segments seem to vary with the sulfate content of a particular heparitin sulfate. For instance, the polysaccharides with the highest degree of sulfation do not appear to contain N-acetyl blocks of significant size."}
{"id": "PMID:123779", "title": "In vitro restoration of nitrate reductase: investigation of Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa nitrate reductase mutants.", "content": "Extracts of Aspergillus nidulans wild type (bi-1) and the nitrate reductase mutant niaD-17 were active in the in vitro restoration of NADPH-dependent nitrate reductase when mixed with extracts of Neurospora crassa, nit-1. Among the A. nidulans cnx nitrate reductase mutants tested, only the molybdenum repair mutant, cnxE-14 grown in the presence of 10-minus 3 M Na2 MoO4 was active in the restoration assay. Aspergillus extracts contained an inhibitor(s) which was measured by the decrease in NADPH-dependent nitrate reductase formed when extracts of Rhodospirillum rubrum and N. crassa, nit-1 were incubated at room temperature. The inhibition by extracts of A. nidulans, bi-1, cnxE-14, cnxG-4 and cnxH-3 was a linear function of time and a logarithmic function of the protein concentration in the extract. The molybdenum content of N. crassa wild type and nit-1 mycelia were found to be similar, containing approx. 10 mu g molybdenum/mg dry mycelium. The NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase associated with nitrate reductase was purified from both strains. The NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase associated with nitrate reductase was purified from both strains. The enzyme purified from wild-type N. crassa contained more than 1 mol of molybdenum per mol of enzyme, whereas the enzyme purified from nit-1 contained negligible amounts of molybdenum.", "contents": "In vitro restoration of nitrate reductase: investigation of Aspergillus nidulans and Neurospora crassa nitrate reductase mutants. Extracts of Aspergillus nidulans wild type (bi-1) and the nitrate reductase mutant niaD-17 were active in the in vitro restoration of NADPH-dependent nitrate reductase when mixed with extracts of Neurospora crassa, nit-1. Among the A. nidulans cnx nitrate reductase mutants tested, only the molybdenum repair mutant, cnxE-14 grown in the presence of 10-minus 3 M Na2 MoO4 was active in the restoration assay. Aspergillus extracts contained an inhibitor(s) which was measured by the decrease in NADPH-dependent nitrate reductase formed when extracts of Rhodospirillum rubrum and N. crassa, nit-1 were incubated at room temperature. The inhibition by extracts of A. nidulans, bi-1, cnxE-14, cnxG-4 and cnxH-3 was a linear function of time and a logarithmic function of the protein concentration in the extract. The molybdenum content of N. crassa wild type and nit-1 mycelia were found to be similar, containing approx. 10 mu g molybdenum/mg dry mycelium. The NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase associated with nitrate reductase was purified from both strains. The NADPH-dependent cytochrome c reductase associated with nitrate reductase was purified from both strains. The enzyme purified from wild-type N. crassa contained more than 1 mol of molybdenum per mol of enzyme, whereas the enzyme purified from nit-1 contained negligible amounts of molybdenum."}
{"id": "PMID:123780", "title": "Glomerular protocollagen lysyl-hydroxylase activity in streptozotocin diabetes.", "content": "Using [14-C]lysine protocollagen substrate prepared from chick embryo tibiae, lysyl hydroxylase activity was found in the 17 000 times g supernatant and particulate fractions obtained from homogenates of isolated rat renal glomeruli. Specific activities using the latter as an enzyme source were about 20-30% that of the supernatant. [14-C]Hydroxylysine formation was proportional to substrate and enzyme concentration, and to time for up to 120 min of incubation. Omission of alpha-ketoglutarate and ascorbate in the incubational assay markedly depressed activity. Hydroxylation of substrate by supernatant enzyme from streptozotocin diabetic rats was significantly increased over that of normal. In contrast, the activity of supernatant fractions from glomeruli of pancreatectomized, normoglycemic animals did not differ from that of non-operated controls. It is concluded that elevated glomerular lysine hydroxylase activity accompanies the increased glomerular collagen synthesis found in streptozotocin diabetes, and that chronic hyperglycemia may be implicated in these changes.", "contents": "Glomerular protocollagen lysyl-hydroxylase activity in streptozotocin diabetes. Using [14-C]lysine protocollagen substrate prepared from chick embryo tibiae, lysyl hydroxylase activity was found in the 17 000 times g supernatant and particulate fractions obtained from homogenates of isolated rat renal glomeruli. Specific activities using the latter as an enzyme source were about 20-30% that of the supernatant. [14-C]Hydroxylysine formation was proportional to substrate and enzyme concentration, and to time for up to 120 min of incubation. Omission of alpha-ketoglutarate and ascorbate in the incubational assay markedly depressed activity. Hydroxylation of substrate by supernatant enzyme from streptozotocin diabetic rats was significantly increased over that of normal. In contrast, the activity of supernatant fractions from glomeruli of pancreatectomized, normoglycemic animals did not differ from that of non-operated controls. It is concluded that elevated glomerular lysine hydroxylase activity accompanies the increased glomerular collagen synthesis found in streptozotocin diabetes, and that chronic hyperglycemia may be implicated in these changes."}
{"id": "PMID:123781", "title": "Characterization of the terminal degradation products of canine fibrinogen by plasmin.", "content": "Fibrinogen, isolated from canine plasma by the successive procedures of (1) freezing and thawing, (2) fractional precipitation with 25% saturated (HN4)2SO4 and (3) Sepharose 6B gel-filtration, had a molecular weight of 282 000 by the rapid sedimentation equilibrium method. However, a molecular weight for canine fibrinogen of 332 000, which is closer to that reported for human and bovine fibrinogens (340 000 plus or minus 20 000), was obtained from the sum of the molecular weights of the Aalpha, Bbeta and gamma chains, determined from dodecylsulfate gel electrophoretic patterns of reduced fibrinogen. Canine fibrinogen, subjected to proteolysis by urokinase-activated plasminogen for 24 h, contained degradation fragments D and E which were isolated by starch block electrophoresis and Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration. The purified D and E fragments with sedimentation coefficients of 5.0 S and 2.5 S had weight average molecular weights of 89 000 and 42 000, respectively by the rapid sedimentation equilibrium method. The ratio of D to E was 2:1 per parent fibrinogen molecule. Antigenic analysis according to anti-fibrinogen antiserum showed that both D and E fragments were antigenically deficient to native fibrinogen and revealed a reaction of non-identity with each other. Upon immunoelectrophoresis at pH 8.2, D and E had different electrophoretic mobilities. Preliminary studies indicate that based on thrombin time alone, D has anticoagulant activity while E appears to be a coagulation potentiator. Canine fibrinogen apparently consist of two core fragments with dissimilar chemical characteristics in common with the fundamental structures of human and bovine fibrinogens.", "contents": "Characterization of the terminal degradation products of canine fibrinogen by plasmin. Fibrinogen, isolated from canine plasma by the successive procedures of (1) freezing and thawing, (2) fractional precipitation with 25% saturated (HN4)2SO4 and (3) Sepharose 6B gel-filtration, had a molecular weight of 282 000 by the rapid sedimentation equilibrium method. However, a molecular weight for canine fibrinogen of 332 000, which is closer to that reported for human and bovine fibrinogens (340 000 plus or minus 20 000), was obtained from the sum of the molecular weights of the Aalpha, Bbeta and gamma chains, determined from dodecylsulfate gel electrophoretic patterns of reduced fibrinogen. Canine fibrinogen, subjected to proteolysis by urokinase-activated plasminogen for 24 h, contained degradation fragments D and E which were isolated by starch block electrophoresis and Sephadex G-200 gel-filtration. The purified D and E fragments with sedimentation coefficients of 5.0 S and 2.5 S had weight average molecular weights of 89 000 and 42 000, respectively by the rapid sedimentation equilibrium method. The ratio of D to E was 2:1 per parent fibrinogen molecule. Antigenic analysis according to anti-fibrinogen antiserum showed that both D and E fragments were antigenically deficient to native fibrinogen and revealed a reaction of non-identity with each other. Upon immunoelectrophoresis at pH 8.2, D and E had different electrophoretic mobilities. Preliminary studies indicate that based on thrombin time alone, D has anticoagulant activity while E appears to be a coagulation potentiator. Canine fibrinogen apparently consist of two core fragments with dissimilar chemical characteristics in common with the fundamental structures of human and bovine fibrinogens."}
{"id": "PMID:123782", "title": "The maintenance of the energized membrane state and its relation to active transport in Escherichia coli.", "content": "1. An ATPase mutant of Escherichia coli and two partial revertants of that mutant were examined for the ability to generate a high energy membrane state with D-lactate or ATP, as measured by the quenching of the fluorescent dye quinacrine. 2. All three strains showed reductions in the aerobically-driven quenching of fluorescence compared to the wild type, but the reduction could be reversed by the addition of eitherN,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or the crude soluble ATPase of the wild type. 3. The mutant exhibited a decreased ability to accumulate sugars and amino acids and showed an increased permeability to protons. 4. One partial revertant showed a slight increase in active transport and a slight decrease in proton permeability. 5. The other partial revertant showed a large increase in transport ability and a large decrease in proton permeability. 6. A model is proposed in which the conformation of the Mg-2+-ATPase is important in the utilization of energy derived from the electron transport chain and this function is independent of the catalytic activity of the Mg-2+-ATPase.", "contents": "The maintenance of the energized membrane state and its relation to active transport in Escherichia coli. 1. An ATPase mutant of Escherichia coli and two partial revertants of that mutant were examined for the ability to generate a high energy membrane state with D-lactate or ATP, as measured by the quenching of the fluorescent dye quinacrine. 2. All three strains showed reductions in the aerobically-driven quenching of fluorescence compared to the wild type, but the reduction could be reversed by the addition of eitherN,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or the crude soluble ATPase of the wild type. 3. The mutant exhibited a decreased ability to accumulate sugars and amino acids and showed an increased permeability to protons. 4. One partial revertant showed a slight increase in active transport and a slight decrease in proton permeability. 5. The other partial revertant showed a large increase in transport ability and a large decrease in proton permeability. 6. A model is proposed in which the conformation of the Mg-2+-ATPase is important in the utilization of energy derived from the electron transport chain and this function is independent of the catalytic activity of the Mg-2+-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:123783", "title": "Micrococcus lysodeikticus ATPase.  Purification by preparative gel electrophoresis and subunit structure studied by urea and sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Micrococcus lysodeikticus ATPase was purified by preparative gel electrophoresis after its \"shodk wash\" release from the membrane.  The method afforded the highest yield of pure protein in the minimum time as compared with former purification procedures.  The pure protein had a specific activity of 7 mumol Pi-min- minus 1-mg- minus 1 with incubation times not longer than 3 min, 345 000 mol. wt and was not stimulated by trypsin.  By gel electrophoresis at alkaline pH (8.5) in 8 M urea or in sokium dodecylsulfate, the ATPase revealed a complex pattern with two major subunits (alpha and beta) and two minor ones (gamma and delta).  The non-identity between the major subunits was demonstrated.", "contents": "Micrococcus lysodeikticus ATPase.  Purification by preparative gel electrophoresis and subunit structure studied by urea and sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. Micrococcus lysodeikticus ATPase was purified by preparative gel electrophoresis after its \"shodk wash\" release from the membrane.  The method afforded the highest yield of pure protein in the minimum time as compared with former purification procedures.  The pure protein had a specific activity of 7 mumol Pi-min- minus 1-mg- minus 1 with incubation times not longer than 3 min, 345 000 mol. wt and was not stimulated by trypsin.  By gel electrophoresis at alkaline pH (8.5) in 8 M urea or in sokium dodecylsulfate, the ATPase revealed a complex pattern with two major subunits (alpha and beta) and two minor ones (gamma and delta).  The non-identity between the major subunits was demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:123784", "title": "ATPase inhibitor from yeast mitochondria.  Purification and properties.", "content": "1. Mitochondria from Candida utilis CBS 1516 and Sacchromyces cerevisiae JB 65 possess an ATPase-inhibitor activity.  The inhibitor activity depends on the growth conditions of the yeast cells.  It is markedly decreased when the cells are grown in the presence of a high concentration of glucose, which suggests that glucose represses the synthesis of the ATPase inhibitor or of a protein required for the insertion of the inhibitor into the inner mitochondrial membrane.  2. The ATPase inhibitor has been isolated from D. utilis mitochondria and purified to homogeneity.  The minimal molecular weight calculated from amino acid composition is close to 7500.  Dtermination of the molecular weight by sokium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gives a value close to 6000.  3. The ATPas inhibitor of C. utilis mitochondria differs from the beef heart ATPase inhibitor by a number of properties.  It has a lower molecular weight (6000-7500 vs 10500), a different amino acid composition, and a more acidic isoelectric point 5, 6 vs 7, 6).  In spite of these differences, the C. utilis inhibitor cross-reacts with the ATPase of beef heart submitochondrial inhibitor-depleted particles.  4. The interaction of the C. utilis inhibitor with the ATPase of inhibitor-depleted particles requires the addition of Mg-2+-ATP or ATP in the incubation medium.  5. 14-C labelling of the C.utilis inhibitor has been achieved by growing C. utilis in a medium supplemented with [14-C]leucine.  It has been found by titration experiments that the C. utilis 14-C-labelled inhibitor binds to the homologous submitochondrial inhibitor-depleted particles with a KD of about 10- minus 7 M.  The number of binding sites is of the order of 0.1 nmol/mg protein.", "contents": "ATPase inhibitor from yeast mitochondria.  Purification and properties. 1. Mitochondria from Candida utilis CBS 1516 and Sacchromyces cerevisiae JB 65 possess an ATPase-inhibitor activity.  The inhibitor activity depends on the growth conditions of the yeast cells.  It is markedly decreased when the cells are grown in the presence of a high concentration of glucose, which suggests that glucose represses the synthesis of the ATPase inhibitor or of a protein required for the insertion of the inhibitor into the inner mitochondrial membrane.  2. The ATPase inhibitor has been isolated from D. utilis mitochondria and purified to homogeneity.  The minimal molecular weight calculated from amino acid composition is close to 7500.  Dtermination of the molecular weight by sokium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gives a value close to 6000.  3. The ATPas inhibitor of C. utilis mitochondria differs from the beef heart ATPase inhibitor by a number of properties.  It has a lower molecular weight (6000-7500 vs 10500), a different amino acid composition, and a more acidic isoelectric point 5, 6 vs 7, 6).  In spite of these differences, the C. utilis inhibitor cross-reacts with the ATPase of beef heart submitochondrial inhibitor-depleted particles.  4. The interaction of the C. utilis inhibitor with the ATPase of inhibitor-depleted particles requires the addition of Mg-2+-ATP or ATP in the incubation medium.  5. 14-C labelling of the C.utilis inhibitor has been achieved by growing C. utilis in a medium supplemented with [14-C]leucine.  It has been found by titration experiments that the C. utilis 14-C-labelled inhibitor binds to the homologous submitochondrial inhibitor-depleted particles with a KD of about 10- minus 7 M.  The number of binding sites is of the order of 0.1 nmol/mg protein."}
{"id": "PMID:123785", "title": "Tightly bound nucleotides of the energy-transducing ATPase of chloroplasts and their role in photophosphorylation.", "content": "1. Like other energy-transducing membranes, chloroplast membranes bear a coupling ATPase with especially tight binding sites for adenine nucleotides.  Membranes washed several times still contain 2.5 nmol ATP and 1.3 nmol ADP bound per mg chlorophyll, which is equivalent to 1.9 ATP and 1.0 ADP per coupling ATPase.  2. In de-energized membranes, these nucleotides exchange to only a limited extent with added nucleotides.  In membranes illuminated in the presence of pyocyanine, however, complete exchange of the bound nucleotides occurs rapidly, irrespective of whether ATP or ADP is present in the medium.  3. Pi can exchange into these nucleotided at both the beta and gamma positions when the membranes are energized in the presence of Mg-2+.  Equilibrium with the beta and gamma groups of th ebound nucleotides is, however, not complete.  4. The inhibitors and uncouplers Dio-9, S13 and EDTA have different effects on the exchange of nucleotides, the exchange of inorganic phosphate and photophosphorylation.  5. The bound ATP level on the membrane is stable to a wide variety of conditions.  The ADP level, however, drops to near zero under conditions of maximal activation of the emmbrane ATPase.", "contents": "Tightly bound nucleotides of the energy-transducing ATPase of chloroplasts and their role in photophosphorylation. 1. Like other energy-transducing membranes, chloroplast membranes bear a coupling ATPase with especially tight binding sites for adenine nucleotides.  Membranes washed several times still contain 2.5 nmol ATP and 1.3 nmol ADP bound per mg chlorophyll, which is equivalent to 1.9 ATP and 1.0 ADP per coupling ATPase.  2. In de-energized membranes, these nucleotides exchange to only a limited extent with added nucleotides.  In membranes illuminated in the presence of pyocyanine, however, complete exchange of the bound nucleotides occurs rapidly, irrespective of whether ATP or ADP is present in the medium.  3. Pi can exchange into these nucleotided at both the beta and gamma positions when the membranes are energized in the presence of Mg-2+.  Equilibrium with the beta and gamma groups of th ebound nucleotides is, however, not complete.  4. The inhibitors and uncouplers Dio-9, S13 and EDTA have different effects on the exchange of nucleotides, the exchange of inorganic phosphate and photophosphorylation.  5. The bound ATP level on the membrane is stable to a wide variety of conditions.  The ADP level, however, drops to near zero under conditions of maximal activation of the emmbrane ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:123786", "title": "Effect of concanavalin A on membrane-bound enzymes from mouse lymphocytes.", "content": "The ionic influence and ouabain sensitivity of lymphocyte mg-2+-atpase and Mg-2+-(Na+ +K+)-activated ATPase were studied in intact cells, microsomal fraction and isolated plasma membranes. The active site of 5'-nucleotidase and Mg2+-ATPase seemed to be localized on the external side of the plasma membrane whereas the ATP binding site of (Na+ +K+)-ATPase was located inside the membrane. Concanavalin A induced an early stimulation of Mg2+-APTase and (Na+ +K+)-ATPase both on intact cells and purified plasma membranes. In contrast, 5'-nucleotidase activity was not affected by the mitogen. Although the thymocyte Mg2+-ATPase activity was 3-5 times lower than in spleen lymphocytes, it was much more stimulated in the former cells (about 40 versus 20%). (Na+ +K+)-ATPase activity was undectectable in thymocytes. However, in spleen lymphocytes (Na+ +K+)-ATPase activity can be detected and was 30% increased by concanavalin A. Several aspects of this enzymic stimulation had also characteristic features of blast transformation induced by concanavalin A, suggesting a possible role of these enzymes, especially Mg2+-ATPase, in lymphocyte stimulation.", "contents": "Effect of concanavalin A on membrane-bound enzymes from mouse lymphocytes. The ionic influence and ouabain sensitivity of lymphocyte mg-2+-atpase and Mg-2+-(Na+ +K+)-activated ATPase were studied in intact cells, microsomal fraction and isolated plasma membranes. The active site of 5'-nucleotidase and Mg2+-ATPase seemed to be localized on the external side of the plasma membrane whereas the ATP binding site of (Na+ +K+)-ATPase was located inside the membrane. Concanavalin A induced an early stimulation of Mg2+-APTase and (Na+ +K+)-ATPase both on intact cells and purified plasma membranes. In contrast, 5'-nucleotidase activity was not affected by the mitogen. Although the thymocyte Mg2+-ATPase activity was 3-5 times lower than in spleen lymphocytes, it was much more stimulated in the former cells (about 40 versus 20%). (Na+ +K+)-ATPase activity was undectectable in thymocytes. However, in spleen lymphocytes (Na+ +K+)-ATPase activity can be detected and was 30% increased by concanavalin A. Several aspects of this enzymic stimulation had also characteristic features of blast transformation induced by concanavalin A, suggesting a possible role of these enzymes, especially Mg2+-ATPase, in lymphocyte stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:123787", "title": "A comparative study on the effects of different bile salts on mucosal ATPase and transport in the rat jejunum in vivo.", "content": "The effects of deoxycholate, taurocholate and cholate on transport and mucosal ATPase activity have been investigated in the rat jejunum in vivo using closed-loop and perfusion techniques. In the closed-loops, 5 mM deoxycholate selectively inactivated (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, and net secretion of Na+ induced by 2.5 mM deoxycholate was due to reduced lumen to plasma flux of the ion; deoxycholate (2.5 mM) produced marked inhibition of 3-0-methylglucose transport. Luminal disappearance rates of deoxycholate (60.5 plus or minus 2.9% per g wet st of gut) greatly exceeded those of taurocholate (4.3 plus or minus 1.0). In the perfusion studies 1 mM deoxycholate induced net secretion of water, Na+ and C1-, and inhibited active glucose transport; concomitantly \"total\" ATPase, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, and Mg-2+-ATPase were inhibited. At higher concentrations (5 mM) deoxycholate stimulated Mg-2+-ATPase activity. Taurocholate and cholate at 1mM had no effect on transport of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Mucosal lactase, sucrase and maltase activities were not affected by 1 mM deoxycholate, taurocholate or cholate. These results suggest that deoxycholate inhibits sodium-coupled glucose transport by inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase at the lateral and basal membranes of the epithelial cell, rather than from an effect at the brush-border membrane level.", "contents": "A comparative study on the effects of different bile salts on mucosal ATPase and transport in the rat jejunum in vivo. The effects of deoxycholate, taurocholate and cholate on transport and mucosal ATPase activity have been investigated in the rat jejunum in vivo using closed-loop and perfusion techniques. In the closed-loops, 5 mM deoxycholate selectively inactivated (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, and net secretion of Na+ induced by 2.5 mM deoxycholate was due to reduced lumen to plasma flux of the ion; deoxycholate (2.5 mM) produced marked inhibition of 3-0-methylglucose transport. Luminal disappearance rates of deoxycholate (60.5 plus or minus 2.9% per g wet st of gut) greatly exceeded those of taurocholate (4.3 plus or minus 1.0). In the perfusion studies 1 mM deoxycholate induced net secretion of water, Na+ and C1-, and inhibited active glucose transport; concomitantly \"total\" ATPase, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, and Mg-2+-ATPase were inhibited. At higher concentrations (5 mM) deoxycholate stimulated Mg-2+-ATPase activity. Taurocholate and cholate at 1mM had no effect on transport of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Mucosal lactase, sucrase and maltase activities were not affected by 1 mM deoxycholate, taurocholate or cholate. These results suggest that deoxycholate inhibits sodium-coupled glucose transport by inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase at the lateral and basal membranes of the epithelial cell, rather than from an effect at the brush-border membrane level."}
{"id": "PMID:123788", "title": "Absence of (Na+,K+)-ATPase involvement in lactose production by lactating guinea pig mammary gland.", "content": "The role of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase system in lactose production by the lactating guinea pig mammary gland has been studied in vitro with slices of the gland. In this system there is an initial fast lactose release, mainly representing secretion of preformed lactose, followed by a continuous slow lactose release, representing mainly lactose synthesis. The latter process occurs at a rate of 1.6 to 2.4 g lactose/kg wet wr/h, which value is about half of the lactose production in vivo (3.9 g/kg set wt/h). Incubation of slices in the presence of 10-4 M ouabain does not influence the rate of overall lactose production. When determined separately, it does not change either the rate of secretion or that of synthesis. This pleads against a role of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase system in lactose secretion or synthesis, in particular it seems to rule out control of the rates of these processes by the intracellular potassium concentration. An explanation for the generally observed correlation between the lactose and potassium concentrations in milk, may be that both the maintenance of the intracellular potassium concentration and the lactose synthesis rate require the presence of ATP.", "contents": "Absence of (Na+,K+)-ATPase involvement in lactose production by lactating guinea pig mammary gland. The role of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase system in lactose production by the lactating guinea pig mammary gland has been studied in vitro with slices of the gland. In this system there is an initial fast lactose release, mainly representing secretion of preformed lactose, followed by a continuous slow lactose release, representing mainly lactose synthesis. The latter process occurs at a rate of 1.6 to 2.4 g lactose/kg wet wr/h, which value is about half of the lactose production in vivo (3.9 g/kg set wt/h). Incubation of slices in the presence of 10-4 M ouabain does not influence the rate of overall lactose production. When determined separately, it does not change either the rate of secretion or that of synthesis. This pleads against a role of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase system in lactose secretion or synthesis, in particular it seems to rule out control of the rates of these processes by the intracellular potassium concentration. An explanation for the generally observed correlation between the lactose and potassium concentrations in milk, may be that both the maintenance of the intracellular potassium concentration and the lactose synthesis rate require the presence of ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:123789", "title": "Clinical applications and theoretical analysis of NMR blood flowmeter.", "content": "Nuclear magnetic resonance principles have been applied to measure biological blood flow. The method is non-intrusive and can be used to measure peripheral blood flow or blood flow from various organs. The mechanisms of NMR are described and studies of blood flow in limbs and the head are discussed.", "contents": "Clinical applications and theoretical analysis of NMR blood flowmeter. Nuclear magnetic resonance principles have been applied to measure biological blood flow. The method is non-intrusive and can be used to measure peripheral blood flow or blood flow from various organs. The mechanisms of NMR are described and studies of blood flow in limbs and the head are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123790", "title": "The Departments of Medical Eelectronics, St. Bartholomew's Hospital--the first ten years.", "content": "The organisation of an electronics department required to support the work of a large teaching hospital is described. The research and development programme involves the interaction of graduates from many disciplines since problems can emerge from any of the specialities, for example general surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, clinical neurophysiology. Examples from the research and development programme of the department are described in order to illustrate the range of medical electronic techniques needed to provide adequate support for the clinical research programmes which have received support from the Joint Research Board of the Hospital and Medical College.", "contents": "The Departments of Medical Eelectronics, St. Bartholomew's Hospital--the first ten years. The organisation of an electronics department required to support the work of a large teaching hospital is described. The research and development programme involves the interaction of graduates from many disciplines since problems can emerge from any of the specialities, for example general surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, clinical neurophysiology. Examples from the research and development programme of the department are described in order to illustrate the range of medical electronic techniques needed to provide adequate support for the clinical research programmes which have received support from the Joint Research Board of the Hospital and Medical College."}
{"id": "PMID:123791", "title": "Measurement of venous blood flow and pressure using thermoelectric and pressure transducers.", "content": "In order to simplify procedures for testing the circulatory function of a patient, changes in the venous blood flow as well as venous pressure following exercise were continuously observed using the thermoelectric flowmeter. The level of zero flow necessary for evaluation of the velocity of flow was successfully indicated without occlusion of blood vessels by means of a form of compensation for thermal diffusion devised by the authors.", "contents": "Measurement of venous blood flow and pressure using thermoelectric and pressure transducers. In order to simplify procedures for testing the circulatory function of a patient, changes in the venous blood flow as well as venous pressure following exercise were continuously observed using the thermoelectric flowmeter. The level of zero flow necessary for evaluation of the velocity of flow was successfully indicated without occlusion of blood vessels by means of a form of compensation for thermal diffusion devised by the authors."}
{"id": "PMID:123800", "title": "[The influence of rheologic properties of the blood on adaptive processes in the myocardium].", "content": "Changes in rheological properties of the blood were produced by intravenous injection of a high-molecular weight dextran and lysin-vasopressin. The animals were decapitated in one hour. Oxygen absorption by mitochondria of the heart in oxidation of 2.5-10 mM of the succinate increased by 90-120%, as compared to control. Stimulation of respiration by ADP was decreased 1.5-2 times. Simultaneous administration of the succinate and glutamic acid normalized the respiration and phosphorylation. A possibility of inhibition of succinic-dehydrogenase by the oxalo-acetic acid was suggested. Switching of respiration to succinic acid and limiting of the SDG activity can be considered as adaptive factors under conditions of changes in rheological properties of the blood, and are directed to the maintenance of cardiac activity, this being evidenced by the absence of changes in the ATP-asic activity and in the myosin content of the heart.", "contents": "[The influence of rheologic properties of the blood on adaptive processes in the myocardium]. Changes in rheological properties of the blood were produced by intravenous injection of a high-molecular weight dextran and lysin-vasopressin. The animals were decapitated in one hour. Oxygen absorption by mitochondria of the heart in oxidation of 2.5-10 mM of the succinate increased by 90-120%, as compared to control. Stimulation of respiration by ADP was decreased 1.5-2 times. Simultaneous administration of the succinate and glutamic acid normalized the respiration and phosphorylation. A possibility of inhibition of succinic-dehydrogenase by the oxalo-acetic acid was suggested. Switching of respiration to succinic acid and limiting of the SDG activity can be considered as adaptive factors under conditions of changes in rheological properties of the blood, and are directed to the maintenance of cardiac activity, this being evidenced by the absence of changes in the ATP-asic activity and in the myosin content of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:123801", "title": "MLC stimulatory capacity and production of blastogenic factor in patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The aim of the present study is to evaluate the stimulatory capacity of chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) and Hodgkin's disease (HD) lymphocytes in the one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and to investigate whether, in patients with these diseases, a correlation exists between the degree of stimulatory capacity and production of a blastogenic factor. These studies might help to resolve the controversy about the nature of the stimulating cells and to offer some insight into the mechanism of the stimulation in the MLR. The significant observations from this study are summarized as follows: (1) Stimulatory capacity of CLL lymphocytes was intact or increased, while their responding capacity was markedly depressed. (2) In our group of patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease, both stimulating and responding capacities were imparied. (3) In these patients a correlation existed between the degree of stimulatory capacity and production of a blastogenic factor. This observation would raise the possibility that the production of a blostogenic factor may in some way be involved in the stimulation of responding lymphocytes in mixed cultures. Our results, which show a dichotomy between MLC stimulatory and responding capacities of CLL lymphocyte, may suggest that different factors are involved in stimulation and response.", "contents": "MLC stimulatory capacity and production of blastogenic factor in patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the stimulatory capacity of chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) and Hodgkin's disease (HD) lymphocytes in the one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and to investigate whether, in patients with these diseases, a correlation exists between the degree of stimulatory capacity and production of a blastogenic factor. These studies might help to resolve the controversy about the nature of the stimulating cells and to offer some insight into the mechanism of the stimulation in the MLR. The significant observations from this study are summarized as follows: (1) Stimulatory capacity of CLL lymphocytes was intact or increased, while their responding capacity was markedly depressed. (2) In our group of patients with advanced Hodgkin's disease, both stimulating and responding capacities were imparied. (3) In these patients a correlation existed between the degree of stimulatory capacity and production of a blastogenic factor. This observation would raise the possibility that the production of a blostogenic factor may in some way be involved in the stimulation of responding lymphocytes in mixed cultures. Our results, which show a dichotomy between MLC stimulatory and responding capacities of CLL lymphocyte, may suggest that different factors are involved in stimulation and response."}
{"id": "PMID:123804", "title": "The effect of various amine-depleting drugs on the fever response exhibited by rabbits to bacterial or leucocyte pyrogen.", "content": "1 The concentration of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the rabbit brainstem was measured during fevers produced by either an injection of bacterial pyrogen (BP) or continuous infusion of leucocyte pyrogen (LP). 2 Both procedures had little effect on the concentration of noradrenaline in the preoptic/hypothalamic area but significantly (P smaller than 0.001) lowered the concentration of noradrenaline in the midbrain and pons/medulla. 3 BP significantly (P smaller than 0.01) lowered the concentration of 5-HT in the preoptic/hypothalamic area but had no effect in the midbrain or pons/medulla, whereas LP significantly (P smaller than 0.01) lowered the concentration of 5-HT in the midbrain and pons/medulla but had little effect in the hypothalamus. 4 The concentration of dopamine throughout the brainstem was little affected by either BP or LP fevers. However the concentration in the midbrain was significantly reduced by LP (P smaller than 0.001). 5 Alpha-Methyltyrosine (200 mg/kg) pretreatment diminished the pyrogenic response to both BP and LP whilst p-chlorophenylalanine (300 mg/kg) slightly enhanced the response to both forms of challenge. 6 Reserpine (1 mg/kg) diminished both types of fever whilst a combination of alpha-methyltyrosine and p-chlorophenylalanine slightly enhanced the fevers produced by either BP or LP. 7 The results obtained are discussed in relation to the mechanisms involved in the production of fever and to the possible function of noradrenaline and 5-HT as thermoregulatory transmitters.", "contents": "The effect of various amine-depleting drugs on the fever response exhibited by rabbits to bacterial or leucocyte pyrogen. 1 The concentration of noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the rabbit brainstem was measured during fevers produced by either an injection of bacterial pyrogen (BP) or continuous infusion of leucocyte pyrogen (LP). 2 Both procedures had little effect on the concentration of noradrenaline in the preoptic/hypothalamic area but significantly (P smaller than 0.001) lowered the concentration of noradrenaline in the midbrain and pons/medulla. 3 BP significantly (P smaller than 0.01) lowered the concentration of 5-HT in the preoptic/hypothalamic area but had no effect in the midbrain or pons/medulla, whereas LP significantly (P smaller than 0.01) lowered the concentration of 5-HT in the midbrain and pons/medulla but had little effect in the hypothalamus. 4 The concentration of dopamine throughout the brainstem was little affected by either BP or LP fevers. However the concentration in the midbrain was significantly reduced by LP (P smaller than 0.001). 5 Alpha-Methyltyrosine (200 mg/kg) pretreatment diminished the pyrogenic response to both BP and LP whilst p-chlorophenylalanine (300 mg/kg) slightly enhanced the response to both forms of challenge. 6 Reserpine (1 mg/kg) diminished both types of fever whilst a combination of alpha-methyltyrosine and p-chlorophenylalanine slightly enhanced the fevers produced by either BP or LP. 7 The results obtained are discussed in relation to the mechanisms involved in the production of fever and to the possible function of noradrenaline and 5-HT as thermoregulatory transmitters."}
{"id": "PMID:123806", "title": "Treatment of deep vein thrombosis with streptokinase.", "content": "From September 1962 to May 1972 145 patients with acute or subacute deep vein thrombosis confirmed by phlebography were treated with streptokinase. During the same period 42 patients considered unfit for thrombolytic therapy were treated with herapin and oral anticoagulants. The results, assessed by repeat phlebography, in 93 of the patients treated with streptokinase were compared with those in 42 patients treated with heparin. The age, sex, and severity of occlusion were roughly similar in both groups. Streptokinase treatment was successful in 42 per cent, partially successful in 25 per cent, and unsuccessful in 32 per cent of the 93 patients compared with none, 10 per cent, and 88 percent respectively in the 42 patients treated with heparin. Streptokinase was more effective when the thrombus was in proximal rather than calf veins. Thrombi of more than six days old were readily lysed. Plasma fibrinogen levels were below 0-8 g/1 (80 mg/100 ml) in nearly all patients successfully treated. The incidence of pulmonary embolism was no greater with streptokinase than with heparin treatment. Only prolonged follow-up would show whether thrombolytic treatment would be effective in preventing late complications of deep vein thrombosis such as chronic venous insufficiency.", "contents": "Treatment of deep vein thrombosis with streptokinase. From September 1962 to May 1972 145 patients with acute or subacute deep vein thrombosis confirmed by phlebography were treated with streptokinase. During the same period 42 patients considered unfit for thrombolytic therapy were treated with herapin and oral anticoagulants. The results, assessed by repeat phlebography, in 93 of the patients treated with streptokinase were compared with those in 42 patients treated with heparin. The age, sex, and severity of occlusion were roughly similar in both groups. Streptokinase treatment was successful in 42 per cent, partially successful in 25 per cent, and unsuccessful in 32 per cent of the 93 patients compared with none, 10 per cent, and 88 percent respectively in the 42 patients treated with heparin. Streptokinase was more effective when the thrombus was in proximal rather than calf veins. Thrombi of more than six days old were readily lysed. Plasma fibrinogen levels were below 0-8 g/1 (80 mg/100 ml) in nearly all patients successfully treated. The incidence of pulmonary embolism was no greater with streptokinase than with heparin treatment. Only prolonged follow-up would show whether thrombolytic treatment would be effective in preventing late complications of deep vein thrombosis such as chronic venous insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:123807", "title": "Radiofibrinogen catabolism in nephritis.", "content": "A radiofibrinogen catabolism study performed on 40 patients with glomerulonephritis has shown increased fibrinogen catabolism in active immune-complex disorders.", "contents": "Radiofibrinogen catabolism in nephritis. A radiofibrinogen catabolism study performed on 40 patients with glomerulonephritis has shown increased fibrinogen catabolism in active immune-complex disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:123811", "title": "Complications of laparoscopy.", "content": "Five years' experience with the laparoscope raises doubts about its continued use for sterilization. As a diagnostic tool, however, it serves a useful function.", "contents": "Complications of laparoscopy. Five years' experience with the laparoscope raises doubts about its continued use for sterilization. As a diagnostic tool, however, it serves a useful function."}
{"id": "PMID:123815", "title": "Manipulation in treatment of low back pain: a multicentre study.", "content": "In a multicentre trial 456 selected patients with low back pain were randomly allocated to one of four treatments-manipulation, definitive physiotherapy, corset, or analgesic tablets. Patients were reassessed clinically after three weeks' treatment and again after a further three weeks. Questionnaires were used to find out the patients' condition three months and one year after admission to the trial. There were never any important differences among the four groups of patients. A few patients responded well and quickly to manipulation, but there was no way of identifying such patients in advance. The response to a corset was slow, but the long-tern effects were at least as good as those of the other treatments. Patients treated only with analgesics fared marginally worse than those on the other three treatments. There is no strong reason, however, for recommending manipulation over physiotherapy or corset.", "contents": "Manipulation in treatment of low back pain: a multicentre study. In a multicentre trial 456 selected patients with low back pain were randomly allocated to one of four treatments-manipulation, definitive physiotherapy, corset, or analgesic tablets. Patients were reassessed clinically after three weeks' treatment and again after a further three weeks. Questionnaires were used to find out the patients' condition three months and one year after admission to the trial. There were never any important differences among the four groups of patients. A few patients responded well and quickly to manipulation, but there was no way of identifying such patients in advance. The response to a corset was slow, but the long-tern effects were at least as good as those of the other treatments. Patients treated only with analgesics fared marginally worse than those on the other three treatments. There is no strong reason, however, for recommending manipulation over physiotherapy or corset."}
{"id": "PMID:123817", "title": "Antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in the Western Pacific in 1971.", "content": "Isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from 256 patients contracting acute gonococcal urethritis, primarily in the Republic of the Phillipine Islands, in 1971, were tested for the minimum inhibitory concentrations of five antibodies. The median is advocated as a measurement for comparison of ranges of MIC values; the median MIC of penicillin for 258 isolates was 0-23 mug/ml. A positive correlation coefficient was observed for the susceptibility of isolates to penicillin, spectinomycin, cephaloridine, and tetracycline.", "contents": "Antibiotic susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in the Western Pacific in 1971. Isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae from 256 patients contracting acute gonococcal urethritis, primarily in the Republic of the Phillipine Islands, in 1971, were tested for the minimum inhibitory concentrations of five antibodies. The median is advocated as a measurement for comparison of ranges of MIC values; the median MIC of penicillin for 258 isolates was 0-23 mug/ml. A positive correlation coefficient was observed for the susceptibility of isolates to penicillin, spectinomycin, cephaloridine, and tetracycline."}
{"id": "PMID:123818", "title": "Sectinomycin in the treatment of gonorrhoea in females and males.", "content": "126 female patients with proven gonococcal infection were treated with 4 g. spectinomycin bihydrochloride given intramuscularly in a single does. In 120 cases followed up there were four possible treatment failures, giving a cure rate of 97-6 per cent. 99 male patients with acute gonococcal urethritis were treated with a single dose of 2, g. sectinomycin bihydrochloride. Of 88 cases followed up, there were three possible treatment failures, giving a cure rate of 96-6 per cent. Spectinomycin is an important addition to gonorrhoea therapy but should be reserved for penicillin sensitive patients and penicillin insensitive infections.", "contents": "Sectinomycin in the treatment of gonorrhoea in females and males. 126 female patients with proven gonococcal infection were treated with 4 g. spectinomycin bihydrochloride given intramuscularly in a single does. In 120 cases followed up there were four possible treatment failures, giving a cure rate of 97-6 per cent. 99 male patients with acute gonococcal urethritis were treated with a single dose of 2, g. sectinomycin bihydrochloride. Of 88 cases followed up, there were three possible treatment failures, giving a cure rate of 96-6 per cent. Spectinomycin is an important addition to gonorrhoea therapy but should be reserved for penicillin sensitive patients and penicillin insensitive infections."}
{"id": "PMID:123821", "title": "Subunit structure and some properties of pyruvate kinase of Neurospora.", "content": "Pyruvate kinase isolated from Neurospora and purified to homogeneity has been shown to be a tetramer of molecular weight around 242 000 by gel filtration studies and 239 000 daltons by sedimentation equilibrium measurements. The monomer produced by treatment with guanidine hydrochloride is found to be 51 000-52 000 daltons by sedimentation equilibrium studies; a molecular weight of 62 000 was determined for the monomer generated by SDS treatment by electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The enzyme has an isoelectric point of 6.35-6.41; Substrate saturation kinetics of PEP show a variable extent of cooperativity depending upon the buffer ions employed in the assay. ADP is the most effective phosphoryl group acceptor, GDP and IDP being poor substitutes. A divalent cation, Mg-2+, is required for activity. At low concentrations, Ca-2+ acts as an activator of pyruvate kinase but it is inhibitory  at high concentrations. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate is the most potent allosteric activator, fructose 6-phosphate being next in order of effectiveness. Valine is a powerful inhibitor. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are without any effect individually, but their simultaneous presence results in a considerable activation. Alanine does not affect this enzyme appreciably.", "contents": "Subunit structure and some properties of pyruvate kinase of Neurospora. Pyruvate kinase isolated from Neurospora and purified to homogeneity has been shown to be a tetramer of molecular weight around 242 000 by gel filtration studies and 239 000 daltons by sedimentation equilibrium measurements. The monomer produced by treatment with guanidine hydrochloride is found to be 51 000-52 000 daltons by sedimentation equilibrium studies; a molecular weight of 62 000 was determined for the monomer generated by SDS treatment by electrophoresis in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. The enzyme has an isoelectric point of 6.35-6.41; Substrate saturation kinetics of PEP show a variable extent of cooperativity depending upon the buffer ions employed in the assay. ADP is the most effective phosphoryl group acceptor, GDP and IDP being poor substitutes. A divalent cation, Mg-2+, is required for activity. At low concentrations, Ca-2+ acts as an activator of pyruvate kinase but it is inhibitory  at high concentrations. Fructose 1,6-diphosphate is the most potent allosteric activator, fructose 6-phosphate being next in order of effectiveness. Valine is a powerful inhibitor. Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan are without any effect individually, but their simultaneous presence results in a considerable activation. Alanine does not affect this enzyme appreciably."}
{"id": "PMID:123822", "title": "Rabbit cardiac myosin. I. Physical and chemical characterization of the native molecule.", "content": "Rabbit cardiac myosin, isolated from frozen tissue, was effectively purified by batchwise treatment with DEAE-cellulose in addition to suing cilution-precipitation techniques. An extensive experimental program was subsequently carried out with respect to the enzymic amino acid, optical and physicochemical properties of native cardiac myosin. This program has included the following: examination of the effects of pH and varying concentrations of ATP, CaCl2, MgCl2, and PCMB on its ATPase activity; measurement of its circular dichroic spectrum in solvent buffers, at different pH or containing ATP in the absence or presence of Ca-2+ or Mg-2+ ions; study of the concentration dependence of its viscosity and sedimentation velocity at low temperatures; and investigation of its molecular weight by the Archibald method and low- and high-speed sedimentation equilibrium. The results of these studies were consistent with the interpretation that cardiac myosin is comprised of highly asymmetric, semi-rigid molecules with a molecular weight in the order of 4.7 times 10-5, which display non-ideality even in solvent buffers of high ionic strength at neurtal pH. In addition, computer analysis of the high-speed sedimentation equilibrium data has provided evidence for the presence of a self-association reaction at low protein concentration. Even though the specif ATPase activity of cardiac myosin was found to be approximately one-third that reported for skeletal myosin in all cases, it was concluded, on the the basis of the essentially analogous physical and chemical properties of rabbit cardiac and skeletal myosin, that the two proteins are very similar in terms of molecular size, shape, and secondary structure.", "contents": "Rabbit cardiac myosin. I. Physical and chemical characterization of the native molecule. Rabbit cardiac myosin, isolated from frozen tissue, was effectively purified by batchwise treatment with DEAE-cellulose in addition to suing cilution-precipitation techniques. An extensive experimental program was subsequently carried out with respect to the enzymic amino acid, optical and physicochemical properties of native cardiac myosin. This program has included the following: examination of the effects of pH and varying concentrations of ATP, CaCl2, MgCl2, and PCMB on its ATPase activity; measurement of its circular dichroic spectrum in solvent buffers, at different pH or containing ATP in the absence or presence of Ca-2+ or Mg-2+ ions; study of the concentration dependence of its viscosity and sedimentation velocity at low temperatures; and investigation of its molecular weight by the Archibald method and low- and high-speed sedimentation equilibrium. The results of these studies were consistent with the interpretation that cardiac myosin is comprised of highly asymmetric, semi-rigid molecules with a molecular weight in the order of 4.7 times 10-5, which display non-ideality even in solvent buffers of high ionic strength at neurtal pH. In addition, computer analysis of the high-speed sedimentation equilibrium data has provided evidence for the presence of a self-association reaction at low protein concentration. Even though the specif ATPase activity of cardiac myosin was found to be approximately one-third that reported for skeletal myosin in all cases, it was concluded, on the the basis of the essentially analogous physical and chemical properties of rabbit cardiac and skeletal myosin, that the two proteins are very similar in terms of molecular size, shape, and secondary structure."}
{"id": "PMID:123823", "title": "Dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate dynamics in obesity.", "content": "Dehydroepiandrosterone (D) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) dynamics were studied in three obese female subjects following a single injection of [4-14-CA1D and [7 alpha-3-H]-DS tracers. Dynamic parameters were calculated simultaneously by both the urinary and blood method of compartmentalization; Estimates for the urinary secretion and production rates of D were found to be high, and those of DS varied within normal range. Calculation of the conversion factors, rho DDS and rho DSD, by the urinary method revealed a noraml extraglandular DS yields D conversion, while that for D yields DS appeared deficient in obese female subjects. Estimates of inner and outer pool distribution volumes were extremely increased for free D; in contrast to this, moderately increased inner and decreased outer pool volumes of DS were observed. The metabolic clearance rates of D were normal or decreased and those for DS were greater than normal. The blood production rates of both B and DS were higher in obese female subjects than those estimated for normal women in our previous study; These observations suggest a considerable uptake of unconjugated D by adipose tissue, an overall poor D yields DS conversion and an accelerated DS metabolism in obese female subjects.", "contents": "Dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate dynamics in obesity. Dehydroepiandrosterone (D) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) dynamics were studied in three obese female subjects following a single injection of [4-14-CA1D and [7 alpha-3-H]-DS tracers. Dynamic parameters were calculated simultaneously by both the urinary and blood method of compartmentalization; Estimates for the urinary secretion and production rates of D were found to be high, and those of DS varied within normal range. Calculation of the conversion factors, rho DDS and rho DSD, by the urinary method revealed a noraml extraglandular DS yields D conversion, while that for D yields DS appeared deficient in obese female subjects. Estimates of inner and outer pool distribution volumes were extremely increased for free D; in contrast to this, moderately increased inner and decreased outer pool volumes of DS were observed. The metabolic clearance rates of D were normal or decreased and those for DS were greater than normal. The blood production rates of both B and DS were higher in obese female subjects than those estimated for normal women in our previous study; These observations suggest a considerable uptake of unconjugated D by adipose tissue, an overall poor D yields DS conversion and an accelerated DS metabolism in obese female subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:123825", "title": "Existence of two chalone-like substances in intestinal extract from the adult newt, inhibiting embryonic intestinal cell proliferation.", "content": "The inhibiting effect of tissue extract from fully differentiated intestinal mucosa of adult animals on proliferation kinetics of exponentially growing embryonic epithelial gut cell populations was studied in the newt Pleurodeles waltlii. Crude extract was fractionated by G-200 Sephadex chromatography and the effect of fractions on cell proliferation was studied using both mitotic index and 3-H-thymidine incorporation methods. The inhibitions we obtained were then displayed by means of cytophotometric study of age distribution of intestinal gut cells around the cell cycle, measuring the Feulgen-DNA content. The results revealed the presence of two chalone-like substances in the intestine of adults. One (factor 1) is characterized by a molecular weight of between 120,000 and 150,000 and inhibits the cell cycle at the end of the G1 phase, the other (factor 2) is characterized by a molecular weight lower than 2000 and inhibits the cell cycle in the course of the G2 phase. The cells delayed in the G2 phase escape from inhibition but the cells delayed in the G1 phase do not, although availability time of both factor 1 and factor 2 is about 12 hr. It is thus thought that cells prevented from dividing in G1 phase are indefinitely delayed in this phase and possibly differentiate.", "contents": "Existence of two chalone-like substances in intestinal extract from the adult newt, inhibiting embryonic intestinal cell proliferation. The inhibiting effect of tissue extract from fully differentiated intestinal mucosa of adult animals on proliferation kinetics of exponentially growing embryonic epithelial gut cell populations was studied in the newt Pleurodeles waltlii. Crude extract was fractionated by G-200 Sephadex chromatography and the effect of fractions on cell proliferation was studied using both mitotic index and 3-H-thymidine incorporation methods. The inhibitions we obtained were then displayed by means of cytophotometric study of age distribution of intestinal gut cells around the cell cycle, measuring the Feulgen-DNA content. The results revealed the presence of two chalone-like substances in the intestine of adults. One (factor 1) is characterized by a molecular weight of between 120,000 and 150,000 and inhibits the cell cycle at the end of the G1 phase, the other (factor 2) is characterized by a molecular weight lower than 2000 and inhibits the cell cycle in the course of the G2 phase. The cells delayed in the G2 phase escape from inhibition but the cells delayed in the G1 phase do not, although availability time of both factor 1 and factor 2 is about 12 hr. It is thus thought that cells prevented from dividing in G1 phase are indefinitely delayed in this phase and possibly differentiate."}
{"id": "PMID:123832", "title": "Chemical definition of the mucopolysaccharidoses.", "content": "Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the urines of 46 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis; 11 with Type I (Hurler), 8 with Type II (Hunter), 16 with Type III (Sanfilippo A and B), 9 with Type V (Scheie), one with Type VI (Marateaux-Lamy), and one unclassified. All 46 patients excreted in their urine excessive amounts of dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate or both. In addition, patients of certain types excreted excessive amounts of chondroitin sulfates A and/or C. There is a trend in each type of the disease towards the same carbazole/orcinol ratio, glucosamine/galactosamine ratio and glycosaminoglycan composition. Molecular weight distribution of the urinary glycosaminoglycans by gel filtration from Sephadex G-200 is characteristic for each different type of mucopolysaccharidosis and is distinguished from normal controls and patients without mucopolysaccharidosis. Preparation of elution diagrams from Sephadex G-200 allows an estimation of the composition of the glycosamino-glycans. Practically all heparan sulfate and a sizable part of dermatan sulfate from the urinary glycosaminoglycans of all these patients have been highly degraded. In all the patients in which the specific enzyme defect was demonstrated, the assignment of the type of mucopolysaccharidosis, on the basis of the elution diagrams, was correct. Patients with mucopolysaccharidosis Type V displayed two conspicuously different types of elution patterns, suggesting heterogeneity. Indeed, only a portion of these patients showed alpha-L- iduronidase deficiency. Carriers had normal urinary glycosaminoglycan output and composition and exhibited normal elution diagrams.", "contents": "Chemical definition of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Glycosaminoglycans were isolated from the urines of 46 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis; 11 with Type I (Hurler), 8 with Type II (Hunter), 16 with Type III (Sanfilippo A and B), 9 with Type V (Scheie), one with Type VI (Marateaux-Lamy), and one unclassified. All 46 patients excreted in their urine excessive amounts of dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate or both. In addition, patients of certain types excreted excessive amounts of chondroitin sulfates A and/or C. There is a trend in each type of the disease towards the same carbazole/orcinol ratio, glucosamine/galactosamine ratio and glycosaminoglycan composition. Molecular weight distribution of the urinary glycosaminoglycans by gel filtration from Sephadex G-200 is characteristic for each different type of mucopolysaccharidosis and is distinguished from normal controls and patients without mucopolysaccharidosis. Preparation of elution diagrams from Sephadex G-200 allows an estimation of the composition of the glycosamino-glycans. Practically all heparan sulfate and a sizable part of dermatan sulfate from the urinary glycosaminoglycans of all these patients have been highly degraded. In all the patients in which the specific enzyme defect was demonstrated, the assignment of the type of mucopolysaccharidosis, on the basis of the elution diagrams, was correct. Patients with mucopolysaccharidosis Type V displayed two conspicuously different types of elution patterns, suggesting heterogeneity. Indeed, only a portion of these patients showed alpha-L- iduronidase deficiency. Carriers had normal urinary glycosaminoglycan output and composition and exhibited normal elution diagrams."}
{"id": "PMID:123833", "title": "[Study of soluble proteins from human amniotic fluid by fraction chromatography (author's transl].", "content": "The nature and origin of soluble proteins from human amniotic fluid have been investigated by gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose 6B and ion-exchange chromatography on Ecteola-cellulose. Each fraction has been studied by immunoelectrophoresis. Specific antisera against serum proteins, amniotic fluid proteins, fetal proteins and salivary proteins have been used. These various antisera showed that the amniotic fluid contains maternal proteins, but also more specific proteins from fetal origin such as beta2-microglobulin, urinary mucopolysaccharides, salivary proteins and carcinoembryonic antigen. These results not only confirm that amniotic proteins are essentially from maternal origin, but prove the important fetal contribution and emphasize the importance of the fetoplacental unit in the monitoring of high risk pregnancies.", "contents": "[Study of soluble proteins from human amniotic fluid by fraction chromatography (author's transl]. The nature and origin of soluble proteins from human amniotic fluid have been investigated by gel filtration chromatography on Sepharose 6B and ion-exchange chromatography on Ecteola-cellulose. Each fraction has been studied by immunoelectrophoresis. Specific antisera against serum proteins, amniotic fluid proteins, fetal proteins and salivary proteins have been used. These various antisera showed that the amniotic fluid contains maternal proteins, but also more specific proteins from fetal origin such as beta2-microglobulin, urinary mucopolysaccharides, salivary proteins and carcinoembryonic antigen. These results not only confirm that amniotic proteins are essentially from maternal origin, but prove the important fetal contribution and emphasize the importance of the fetoplacental unit in the monitoring of high risk pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:123836", "title": "Familial balanced (7;11;21) translocation and Down's syndrome in two siblings.", "content": "Cytogenetic studies of a family with two children with Down's syndrome have revealed a balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosomes No. 7, 11 and 21 in the mother. One of three daughters has inherited this translocation. two mongoloid daughters have a supernumerary chromosome No. 21 in addition to the translocation.", "contents": "Familial balanced (7;11;21) translocation and Down's syndrome in two siblings. Cytogenetic studies of a family with two children with Down's syndrome have revealed a balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosomes No. 7, 11 and 21 in the mother. One of three daughters has inherited this translocation. two mongoloid daughters have a supernumerary chromosome No. 21 in addition to the translocation."}
{"id": "PMID:123837", "title": "Investigations on Huntington's disease in the Canadian Prairies. I. Prevalence.", "content": "One hundred and sixty-two confirmed cases of Huntington's disease have been ascertained in the provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba in the Canadian Prairies. They were encountered in 97 sibships which were derived from 58 kindreds. The prevalence of the disorder was estimated to be 8.4 per 100,000 individuals. Taking into account the mean age of onset of the disorder, 23.3 per 100,000 individuals are expected to be heterozygous for the Huntington's disease allele, the frequency of which is thus computed to be 0.0001168.", "contents": "Investigations on Huntington's disease in the Canadian Prairies. I. Prevalence. One hundred and sixty-two confirmed cases of Huntington's disease have been ascertained in the provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba in the Canadian Prairies. They were encountered in 97 sibships which were derived from 58 kindreds. The prevalence of the disorder was estimated to be 8.4 per 100,000 individuals. Taking into account the mean age of onset of the disorder, 23.3 per 100,000 individuals are expected to be heterozygous for the Huntington's disease allele, the frequency of which is thus computed to be 0.0001168."}
{"id": "PMID:123838", "title": "Investigation on Huntington's disease in the Canadian Prairies. II. Fecundity and fitness.", "content": "The reproductive performance of 157 patients with Huntington's disease, their 170 normal siblings and 150 matched unrelated controls is presented. Comparison with the general Canadian Prairie population in the appropriate age group is undertaken. Patients with Huntington's disease are not only more fecund than their unaffected sibs but also out-reproduce unrelated normal controls and members of the general population of corresponding age. Their fitness is thus estimated to be 1.14. Should the present reproductive pattern continue, the allele for Huntington's disease will double its frequency with consequent doubling of the prevalence of the disorder in six generations or approximately 150 years' time.", "contents": "Investigation on Huntington's disease in the Canadian Prairies. II. Fecundity and fitness. The reproductive performance of 157 patients with Huntington's disease, their 170 normal siblings and 150 matched unrelated controls is presented. Comparison with the general Canadian Prairie population in the appropriate age group is undertaken. Patients with Huntington's disease are not only more fecund than their unaffected sibs but also out-reproduce unrelated normal controls and members of the general population of corresponding age. Their fitness is thus estimated to be 1.14. Should the present reproductive pattern continue, the allele for Huntington's disease will double its frequency with consequent doubling of the prevalence of the disorder in six generations or approximately 150 years' time."}
{"id": "PMID:123839", "title": "Investigation on Huntington's disease. III. Biochemical observations, a possibly predictive test?", "content": "The possible biochemical basis underlying the aetiology and pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (H.D.) is discussed. The development of a predictive test for presymptomatic detection of the disorder, based on measurement of serum caeruloplasmin and serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is also described. Possible means of appraising the proposed test are suggested.", "contents": "Investigation on Huntington's disease. III. Biochemical observations, a possibly predictive test? The possible biochemical basis underlying the aetiology and pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (H.D.) is discussed. The development of a predictive test for presymptomatic detection of the disorder, based on measurement of serum caeruloplasmin and serum dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) is also described. Possible means of appraising the proposed test are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:123841", "title": "Cellular control of calcium movements in bone. Interrelationships of the bone membrane, parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Bone ECF is separated from the general ECF by a functional membrane which has been shown to limit the mineralization of embryonic tibiae and to selectively pump Ca out of the bone ECF. Energy to run this pump may be derived from ATP hydrolyzed by Ca-2+-stimulated ATPase, an enzyme activity which bone alkaline phosphatase may possess. The data suggest that PTH rapidly and selectively increases Ca pumping possibly by increasing ATPase activity in the bone cell cytosol through increased Ca influx and by increasing the intracellular ATPase level through inhibited secretion or excretion of the enzyme.", "contents": "Cellular control of calcium movements in bone. Interrelationships of the bone membrane, parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphatase. Bone ECF is separated from the general ECF by a functional membrane which has been shown to limit the mineralization of embryonic tibiae and to selectively pump Ca out of the bone ECF. Energy to run this pump may be derived from ATP hydrolyzed by Ca-2+-stimulated ATPase, an enzyme activity which bone alkaline phosphatase may possess. The data suggest that PTH rapidly and selectively increases Ca pumping possibly by increasing ATPase activity in the bone cell cytosol through increased Ca influx and by increasing the intracellular ATPase level through inhibited secretion or excretion of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:123845", "title": "Sutureless epicardial pacemaker lead: a satisfactory preliminary experience.", "content": "The first pacemaker systems used the epicardial electrode. The transvenous endocardial electrode rapidly supplanted the epicardial electrode since it could be positioned with less morbidity and mortality and was associated with a lower incidence of wire breakage. The long term complication rate of the transvenous electrode had not been inconsequential. The sutureless epicardial electrode combines the greater reliability of the epicardial lead system with the ease of insertion and low morbidity of the endocardial lead system. We have used this electrode in 33 patients. The electrode was positioned using the subxiphoid approach and local anesthesia in most patients. There have been few complications and none that resulted in long term morbidity. There have been no deaths related either to the operative approach or to the pacing system. There has been no instance of lead failure during the follow-up period.", "contents": "Sutureless epicardial pacemaker lead: a satisfactory preliminary experience. The first pacemaker systems used the epicardial electrode. The transvenous endocardial electrode rapidly supplanted the epicardial electrode since it could be positioned with less morbidity and mortality and was associated with a lower incidence of wire breakage. The long term complication rate of the transvenous electrode had not been inconsequential. The sutureless epicardial electrode combines the greater reliability of the epicardial lead system with the ease of insertion and low morbidity of the endocardial lead system. We have used this electrode in 33 patients. The electrode was positioned using the subxiphoid approach and local anesthesia in most patients. There have been few complications and none that resulted in long term morbidity. There have been no deaths related either to the operative approach or to the pacing system. There has been no instance of lead failure during the follow-up period."}
{"id": "PMID:123846", "title": "Vectorcardiograms in severe aortic insufficiency. Clockwise rotation of QRS loop in the horizontal plane.", "content": "In La Paz Hospital, Madrid, recently, vectorcardiograms (VCGs) were performed on 74 patients with aortic insufficiency. These cases presenting electrocardiographic and radiologic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy, were divided into three groups. In 25 patients (Group 1) the QRS loop in the horizontal plane (HP) showed counterclockwise rotation; 43 patients (Group 2) showed clockwise rotation; and 6 patients (Group 3) showed a pattern of left bundle branch block (LBBB). In Group 2, 31 of the 43 patients (group 2-A) had a Qloop of normal orientation and generally increased voltage, and in the remaining 12 patients (group 2-B) the Q loop was absent. All of the patients in Group 2 had severe aortic insufficiency. Thus, that group's valuation of the left ventricular hypertrophy using maximum QRS vector voltage in the HP, was higher than in Group 1 mean 3.75mV in Group 2 versus mean 2.71mV in Group 1 (p less than 0.01). Postoperative VCGs were performed in 12 patients of group 2-A, showing in all of them a clockwise to counterclockwise rotation change of the QRS loop in the HP. On the other hand, this fact was observed in only two of the eight patients in group 2-B. The clockwise rotation of the QRS loop in the HP is an important datum in our report, particularly in the diagnosis of severe aortic insufficiency. Conversely, a clockwise to counterclockwise rotation change would be a positive sign of good post operative evolution. Finally, two reasons are given to explain this anomalous rotation in the horizontal plane: dilatation and fibrosis.", "contents": "Vectorcardiograms in severe aortic insufficiency. Clockwise rotation of QRS loop in the horizontal plane. In La Paz Hospital, Madrid, recently, vectorcardiograms (VCGs) were performed on 74 patients with aortic insufficiency. These cases presenting electrocardiographic and radiologic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy, were divided into three groups. In 25 patients (Group 1) the QRS loop in the horizontal plane (HP) showed counterclockwise rotation; 43 patients (Group 2) showed clockwise rotation; and 6 patients (Group 3) showed a pattern of left bundle branch block (LBBB). In Group 2, 31 of the 43 patients (group 2-A) had a Qloop of normal orientation and generally increased voltage, and in the remaining 12 patients (group 2-B) the Q loop was absent. All of the patients in Group 2 had severe aortic insufficiency. Thus, that group's valuation of the left ventricular hypertrophy using maximum QRS vector voltage in the HP, was higher than in Group 1 mean 3.75mV in Group 2 versus mean 2.71mV in Group 1 (p less than 0.01). Postoperative VCGs were performed in 12 patients of group 2-A, showing in all of them a clockwise to counterclockwise rotation change of the QRS loop in the HP. On the other hand, this fact was observed in only two of the eight patients in group 2-B. The clockwise rotation of the QRS loop in the HP is an important datum in our report, particularly in the diagnosis of severe aortic insufficiency. Conversely, a clockwise to counterclockwise rotation change would be a positive sign of good post operative evolution. Finally, two reasons are given to explain this anomalous rotation in the horizontal plane: dilatation and fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:123847", "title": "Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: report of the oldest known surviving case.", "content": "The case of a 54-year-old housewife, oldest published survivor with pulmonary atresia and a ventricular septal defect (pseudotruncus arteriosus), is reported. Her remarkably favorable course is likely related to the absence of progressive hemodynamic changes, with moderate pulmonary flow adequate for nearly normal arterial oxygenation yet without increasing pulmonary vascular resistance. This case reemphasizes the relationship of longevity to pulmonary blood flow volume with this defect.", "contents": "Pulmonary atresia with ventricular septal defect: report of the oldest known surviving case. The case of a 54-year-old housewife, oldest published survivor with pulmonary atresia and a ventricular septal defect (pseudotruncus arteriosus), is reported. Her remarkably favorable course is likely related to the absence of progressive hemodynamic changes, with moderate pulmonary flow adequate for nearly normal arterial oxygenation yet without increasing pulmonary vascular resistance. This case reemphasizes the relationship of longevity to pulmonary blood flow volume with this defect."}
{"id": "PMID:123848", "title": "Results of replacement of cardiac valves by homologous dura mater valves.", "content": "Homologous dura mater valve was employed in a series of 533 patients in the period between January 1971 and May 1974. The dura mater was sterilized and preserved in 98 percent glycerol solution at room temperature. Important data were the following (1) no significant pressure gradient through the vale at rest; (2) no bacterial endocarditis; (3) two cases of fungal endocarditis; (4) no degeneration or retraction of the leaflets; (5) no thrombus formation in the valve; and (6) no anticoagulants were used in this series.", "contents": "Results of replacement of cardiac valves by homologous dura mater valves. Homologous dura mater valve was employed in a series of 533 patients in the period between January 1971 and May 1974. The dura mater was sterilized and preserved in 98 percent glycerol solution at room temperature. Important data were the following (1) no significant pressure gradient through the vale at rest; (2) no bacterial endocarditis; (3) two cases of fungal endocarditis; (4) no degeneration or retraction of the leaflets; (5) no thrombus formation in the valve; and (6) no anticoagulants were used in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:123849", "title": "[Androgens in the plasma of women with hirsutism (author's transl)].", "content": "109 women with hirsutism were investigated (102 with idiopathic hirsutism, four with Stein-Leventhal syndrome, one each with adrenal adenoma, adrenal carcinoma and hilus-cell tumour). Levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenediol and dehydroepiandrosterone were measured, usually in the course of a combined adrenal-ovarian stimulation-suppression test. Measuring several plasma androgens made it possible to distinguish idiopathic hirsutism from other endocrine diseases with hirsutism. Mean plasma testosterone level in idiopathic hirsutism was not significantly different from that in healthy women. Elevated testosterone and(or) dihydrotestosterone levels were found in only 22 of 102 women. There was a marked increase in plasma testosterone after HCG injection in the patient with Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Androstenediol and dehydroepiandrosterone were both important in the diagnosis of autonomous adrenal steroid secretion.", "contents": "[Androgens in the plasma of women with hirsutism (author's transl)]. 109 women with hirsutism were investigated (102 with idiopathic hirsutism, four with Stein-Leventhal syndrome, one each with adrenal adenoma, adrenal carcinoma and hilus-cell tumour). Levels of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenediol and dehydroepiandrosterone were measured, usually in the course of a combined adrenal-ovarian stimulation-suppression test. Measuring several plasma androgens made it possible to distinguish idiopathic hirsutism from other endocrine diseases with hirsutism. Mean plasma testosterone level in idiopathic hirsutism was not significantly different from that in healthy women. Elevated testosterone and(or) dihydrotestosterone levels were found in only 22 of 102 women. There was a marked increase in plasma testosterone after HCG injection in the patient with Stein-Leventhal syndrome. Androstenediol and dehydroepiandrosterone were both important in the diagnosis of autonomous adrenal steroid secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:123850", "title": "Developmental study of androgen responsiveness in the submandibular gland of the mouse.", "content": "The development of androgen responsiveness in the submandibular gland of normal and androgen-resistant (Tfm) mice of different ages was studied after varying hormonal treatments. Total esteroproteolytic (tamase) activity of submandibular gland homogenates was used as a marker for androgen action. Newborn mice of all four genotypes (normal male, normal female, carrier Tfm females, and Tfm males) were resistant to androgen. However, at 3 weeks of age the capacity to develop a tamase response appears in normal and carrier Tfm animals given androgen and rapidly rise to maximal levels. The level in the normal animal is regulated thereafter primarly by the level of circulating androgen. In contrast, the tamase response in the Tfm male of all ages and under all androgen regimens was minimal.", "contents": "Developmental study of androgen responsiveness in the submandibular gland of the mouse. The development of androgen responsiveness in the submandibular gland of normal and androgen-resistant (Tfm) mice of different ages was studied after varying hormonal treatments. Total esteroproteolytic (tamase) activity of submandibular gland homogenates was used as a marker for androgen action. Newborn mice of all four genotypes (normal male, normal female, carrier Tfm females, and Tfm males) were resistant to androgen. However, at 3 weeks of age the capacity to develop a tamase response appears in normal and carrier Tfm animals given androgen and rapidly rise to maximal levels. The level in the normal animal is regulated thereafter primarly by the level of circulating androgen. In contrast, the tamase response in the Tfm male of all ages and under all androgen regimens was minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:123851", "title": "Adaptation of red cell enzymes and intermediates in metabolic disorders.", "content": "The metabolic activity of the red cell glycolytic pathway hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) with dependent glutathione system was studied in patients with hyperthyroidism (n = 10), hyperlipoproteinemia (n = 16), hypoglycemia (n = 25) and hyperglycemia (n = 23). In uncontrolled diabetics and patients with hyperthyroidism the mean value of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), glutathione reductase (GR) was increased, whereas these enzyme activities were reduced in patients with hypoglycemia. Apart from a few values of hexokinase (HK) which were lower than normal the results in hyperlipoproteinemia patients remained essentially unchanged, including the intermediates such as 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced glutathione (GSH). While increased rates of 2,3-DPG and ATP in hypoglycemia patients were obtained, these substrates were markedly reduced in diabetics.", "contents": "Adaptation of red cell enzymes and intermediates in metabolic disorders. The metabolic activity of the red cell glycolytic pathway hexose monophosphate shunt (HMP) with dependent glutathione system was studied in patients with hyperthyroidism (n = 10), hyperlipoproteinemia (n = 16), hypoglycemia (n = 25) and hyperglycemia (n = 23). In uncontrolled diabetics and patients with hyperthyroidism the mean value of glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PD), glutathione reductase (GR) was increased, whereas these enzyme activities were reduced in patients with hypoglycemia. Apart from a few values of hexokinase (HK) which were lower than normal the results in hyperlipoproteinemia patients remained essentially unchanged, including the intermediates such as 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reduced glutathione (GSH). While increased rates of 2,3-DPG and ATP in hypoglycemia patients were obtained, these substrates were markedly reduced in diabetics."}
{"id": "PMID:123852", "title": "ATP-sensitive and ATP-insensitive phosphofructokinase in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "The purification and kinetic characteristics of two phosphofructokinases are described. Aerobic cultures of Escherichia coli exhibit two types of phosphofructokinase. Both types are dimers of mol. wt 150,000 (subunit mol. wt 73,000), whereas the anaerobic culture of E. coli revealed only one type, which is a tetramer of mol. wt 350,000 (subunit mol. wt 90,000). Type 1 of the aerobic enzyme, representing approximately 70% of the total enzyme activity, is ATP-insensitive, whereas type II and the anaerobic enzyme are ATP-sensitive. The addition of AMP stimulates the tetramer, relieving ATP inhibition, and also the type II dimer, which is, however, inhibited at concentrations higher than 0.5 mM AMP. No effect was observed on the type I dimer of the aerobic preparation. ADP stimulates the tetramer and inhibits type I more strongly than type II of the aerobic dimer. The kinetic characteristics together with the effect of metabolites on these phosphofructokinase types are described and discussed in the light of their importance for the regulatory mechanism of the Pasteur effect.", "contents": "ATP-sensitive and ATP-insensitive phosphofructokinase in Escherichia coli K-12. The purification and kinetic characteristics of two phosphofructokinases are described. Aerobic cultures of Escherichia coli exhibit two types of phosphofructokinase. Both types are dimers of mol. wt 150,000 (subunit mol. wt 73,000), whereas the anaerobic culture of E. coli revealed only one type, which is a tetramer of mol. wt 350,000 (subunit mol. wt 90,000). Type 1 of the aerobic enzyme, representing approximately 70% of the total enzyme activity, is ATP-insensitive, whereas type II and the anaerobic enzyme are ATP-sensitive. The addition of AMP stimulates the tetramer, relieving ATP inhibition, and also the type II dimer, which is, however, inhibited at concentrations higher than 0.5 mM AMP. No effect was observed on the type I dimer of the aerobic preparation. ADP stimulates the tetramer and inhibits type I more strongly than type II of the aerobic dimer. The kinetic characteristics together with the effect of metabolites on these phosphofructokinase types are described and discussed in the light of their importance for the regulatory mechanism of the Pasteur effect."}
{"id": "PMID:123856", "title": "Precocity of pulmonary vascular obstruction of Down's syndrome.", "content": "Studying the pulmonary vascular resistance in children with ventricular septal and endocardial cushion defects, the authors found a statistically significant earlier and more severe reaction in children with Down's syndrome as compared to normals. Cardiac investigations with regard to surgical intervention should be made early in life, if the parents wish their child with Down's syndrome to undergo surgery.", "contents": "Precocity of pulmonary vascular obstruction of Down's syndrome. Studying the pulmonary vascular resistance in children with ventricular septal and endocardial cushion defects, the authors found a statistically significant earlier and more severe reaction in children with Down's syndrome as compared to normals. Cardiac investigations with regard to surgical intervention should be made early in life, if the parents wish their child with Down's syndrome to undergo surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:123857", "title": "Snapshot diagnosis: syndromes, facies and heart disease.", "content": "In some syndromes the facial appearance of the patients is so typical that a correct diagnosis can be made '\u00e0 vue'. The five cases presented here are examples of this statement and the additional clinical data make it possible to decide on the syndromes and the complicating cardiac anomalies.", "contents": "Snapshot diagnosis: syndromes, facies and heart disease. In some syndromes the facial appearance of the patients is so typical that a correct diagnosis can be made '\u00e0 vue'. The five cases presented here are examples of this statement and the additional clinical data make it possible to decide on the syndromes and the complicating cardiac anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:123858", "title": "Amantadin e tremor, a 5-hydroxytryptamine-mediated response?", "content": "Amantadine-induced tremor has been investigated using mice. Experiments with, mebanazine, reserpine, diethyldithiocarbamate, and p-chlorophenylalanine suggest that the tremorgenic action of amantadine is influenced by a balance between three putative central nervous system (CNS) transmitters: noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Drugs which reduce the concentration of the catecholamines in brain increase amantadine induced tremor. p-Chlorophenylalanine, which specifically depletes brain 5-HT, antagonises amantadine-induced tremor. An ED50 (tremor) dose of amantadine decreases the concentration of 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in rat brain, particularly when this elevated due to pretreatment with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Neither inhibition of monoamine oxidase nor reduction of 5-HT-reuptake appear to be responsible for this decrease. Experiments on rat fundus suggest that amantadine increased the sensitivity of receptors to 5-HT. A similar mechanism of action in the CNS could explain both the tremor and the decrease in brain 5-HIAA. The possible relevance of these findings is discussed with respect to the known anti-Parkinson action of amantadine.", "contents": "Amantadin e tremor, a 5-hydroxytryptamine-mediated response? Amantadine-induced tremor has been investigated using mice. Experiments with, mebanazine, reserpine, diethyldithiocarbamate, and p-chlorophenylalanine suggest that the tremorgenic action of amantadine is influenced by a balance between three putative central nervous system (CNS) transmitters: noradrenaline, dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). Drugs which reduce the concentration of the catecholamines in brain increase amantadine induced tremor. p-Chlorophenylalanine, which specifically depletes brain 5-HT, antagonises amantadine-induced tremor. An ED50 (tremor) dose of amantadine decreases the concentration of 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in rat brain, particularly when this elevated due to pretreatment with 5-hydroxytryptophan. Neither inhibition of monoamine oxidase nor reduction of 5-HT-reuptake appear to be responsible for this decrease. Experiments on rat fundus suggest that amantadine increased the sensitivity of receptors to 5-HT. A similar mechanism of action in the CNS could explain both the tremor and the decrease in brain 5-HIAA. The possible relevance of these findings is discussed with respect to the known anti-Parkinson action of amantadine."}
{"id": "PMID:123859", "title": "Are muscarinic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system different?", "content": "The concentration-dependent binding of atropine-3 H to membrane fractions from bovine tracheal muscle, parotid gland and caudate nucleus, measured by equilibrium dialysis, revealed the presence of virtually identical high affinity binding sites in all three tissues. Sch 1000 and Sch 1178 geometrical isomers of N-isopropylatropine bromide with a large potency ratio as antimuscarinics, inhibited atropine binding identically in all three tissues. Differences in properties of muscarinic receptors in these tissues are either non-existent or too small to be detected by the applied techniques.", "contents": "Are muscarinic receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system different? The concentration-dependent binding of atropine-3 H to membrane fractions from bovine tracheal muscle, parotid gland and caudate nucleus, measured by equilibrium dialysis, revealed the presence of virtually identical high affinity binding sites in all three tissues. Sch 1000 and Sch 1178 geometrical isomers of N-isopropylatropine bromide with a large potency ratio as antimuscarinics, inhibited atropine binding identically in all three tissues. Differences in properties of muscarinic receptors in these tissues are either non-existent or too small to be detected by the applied techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:123860", "title": "[Effects of caudate nucleus stimulations on the primary and secondary endings activity of soleus muscle spindle].", "content": "Effects of repetitive stimulation of the contralateral caudate nucleus on the static discharge and dynamic sensitivity of soleus muscle spindle primary and secondary endings were studied in cats anaesthetized with Halothane (Fluothane). By progressive increasing the depth of anaesthesia two different fusimotor effects could be observed. 1. A static facilitatory effect; under light anaesthesia the static discharge of primary and secondary endings were strongly increased. The response of the primary endings to phasic stretch of the muscle was generaly decreased. 2. A depressant effect; under deep anaesthesia the static discharge of primary and secondary endings were decreased. The dynamic sensitivity of the primary endings was lightly increased or remained unaltered. The ventro-lateral part of the caudate nucleus is mainly responsible for these effects; Caudate nucleus fusimotor effects were compared with those induced by gamma dynamic and gamma static fibers stimulations.", "contents": "[Effects of caudate nucleus stimulations on the primary and secondary endings activity of soleus muscle spindle]. Effects of repetitive stimulation of the contralateral caudate nucleus on the static discharge and dynamic sensitivity of soleus muscle spindle primary and secondary endings were studied in cats anaesthetized with Halothane (Fluothane). By progressive increasing the depth of anaesthesia two different fusimotor effects could be observed. 1. A static facilitatory effect; under light anaesthesia the static discharge of primary and secondary endings were strongly increased. The response of the primary endings to phasic stretch of the muscle was generaly decreased. 2. A depressant effect; under deep anaesthesia the static discharge of primary and secondary endings were decreased. The dynamic sensitivity of the primary endings was lightly increased or remained unaltered. The ventro-lateral part of the caudate nucleus is mainly responsible for these effects; Caudate nucleus fusimotor effects were compared with those induced by gamma dynamic and gamma static fibers stimulations."}
{"id": "PMID:123861", "title": "[Modulation of primary and secondary endings activity of tibialis anterior muscle spindles during contraction induced by caudate nucleus stimulations].", "content": "1. Effects of repetitive stimulations of caudate nucleus were studied on static and dynamic sensitivities of contralateral flexor (tibialis anterior) muscle spindle primary and secondary endings in cats anaesthetized with Halothane (Fluothane). Fusimotor effects are interpreted in term of gamma dynamic and gamma static activation. 2. Threshold stimulation induce a gamma dynamic effect on the primary endings sensitivity. Secondary endings activity and muscle tension remainded unaltered. 3. A slight increase of the stimulus strength elicit a gamma dynamic-gamma static effect on the primary endings sensitivity. Simultaneously secondary endings activity was increased and muscle contractions induced. 4. Using graded voltage stimulation permit to increase primary and secondary endings activity without muscle contraction. 5. Two stimulations applied at sufficiently short time interval produce different fusimotor effects. The first stimulation induce the general motor effect previously obtained: gamma dynamic-gamma static modulation of primary endings sensitivity, increase of secondary endings activity, muscular contraction. The second stimulation elicit a gamma dynamic effect on primary endings sensitivity and a depressant effect on secondary endings activity during muscular contractions. 6. Tendon organs discharge during caudate nucleus stimulation was studied comparatively with the primary and secondary endings activity.", "contents": "[Modulation of primary and secondary endings activity of tibialis anterior muscle spindles during contraction induced by caudate nucleus stimulations]. 1. Effects of repetitive stimulations of caudate nucleus were studied on static and dynamic sensitivities of contralateral flexor (tibialis anterior) muscle spindle primary and secondary endings in cats anaesthetized with Halothane (Fluothane). Fusimotor effects are interpreted in term of gamma dynamic and gamma static activation. 2. Threshold stimulation induce a gamma dynamic effect on the primary endings sensitivity. Secondary endings activity and muscle tension remainded unaltered. 3. A slight increase of the stimulus strength elicit a gamma dynamic-gamma static effect on the primary endings sensitivity. Simultaneously secondary endings activity was increased and muscle contractions induced. 4. Using graded voltage stimulation permit to increase primary and secondary endings activity without muscle contraction. 5. Two stimulations applied at sufficiently short time interval produce different fusimotor effects. The first stimulation induce the general motor effect previously obtained: gamma dynamic-gamma static modulation of primary endings sensitivity, increase of secondary endings activity, muscular contraction. The second stimulation elicit a gamma dynamic effect on primary endings sensitivity and a depressant effect on secondary endings activity during muscular contractions. 6. Tendon organs discharge during caudate nucleus stimulation was studied comparatively with the primary and secondary endings activity."}
{"id": "PMID:123863", "title": "Perfluoro compounds as artificial erythrocytes.", "content": "Some liquid perfluoro compounds dissolve relatively large amounts of oxygen and can be used in dispersed form as substitutes for erythrocytes. The commonly used perfluoro compounds contain about the same amount of oxygen as do equal volumes of erythrocytes when equilibrated with 100% oxygen. However, when equilibrated with alveolar air, the perfluoro compounds contain much less oxygen than erythrocytes. The dispersed fluorochemicals are adequate substitutes for perfusion of isolated preparations of mammalian brain, heart kidney, lung and liver. However, when put into the circulation of the intact animal, the dispersed fluorochemicals tends to produce lesions of the lungs, dilation of the right heart, and ultimately fatal hypoxia. It is suggested that the course of events following intravenous injection of dispersed fluorochemical is initiated by an interaction of the perfluoro particles with blood platelets or blood clotting factors. The ensuing intravascular clotting could then cause the changes in the lungs which lead to a marked increase in pulmonary artery pressure and dilation of the right heart. These events would terminate in fatal hypoxia due to pulmonary pathology and heart failure.", "contents": "Perfluoro compounds as artificial erythrocytes. Some liquid perfluoro compounds dissolve relatively large amounts of oxygen and can be used in dispersed form as substitutes for erythrocytes. The commonly used perfluoro compounds contain about the same amount of oxygen as do equal volumes of erythrocytes when equilibrated with 100% oxygen. However, when equilibrated with alveolar air, the perfluoro compounds contain much less oxygen than erythrocytes. The dispersed fluorochemicals are adequate substitutes for perfusion of isolated preparations of mammalian brain, heart kidney, lung and liver. However, when put into the circulation of the intact animal, the dispersed fluorochemicals tends to produce lesions of the lungs, dilation of the right heart, and ultimately fatal hypoxia. It is suggested that the course of events following intravenous injection of dispersed fluorochemical is initiated by an interaction of the perfluoro particles with blood platelets or blood clotting factors. The ensuing intravascular clotting could then cause the changes in the lungs which lead to a marked increase in pulmonary artery pressure and dilation of the right heart. These events would terminate in fatal hypoxia due to pulmonary pathology and heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:123864", "title": "Case report: mechanical failure of a spinal transabdominal teflon stent in tuboplasty.", "content": "Intraperitoneal breakage of a transabdominal tuboplastic prosthesis was reported. Incomplete small bowel obstruction may be predisposed by the open loop formed by transperitoneal placement. Avoidance of re-exploration, an intent of the technique, is obviated by stent breakage.", "contents": "Case report: mechanical failure of a spinal transabdominal teflon stent in tuboplasty. Intraperitoneal breakage of a transabdominal tuboplastic prosthesis was reported. Incomplete small bowel obstruction may be predisposed by the open loop formed by transperitoneal placement. Avoidance of re-exploration, an intent of the technique, is obviated by stent breakage."}
{"id": "PMID:123865", "title": "Reconstruction of fallopian tubes in previously sterilized patients.", "content": "Restoration of tubal patency after surgical sterilization in which the luminal continutiy is interrupted requires either uterine implantation of the patent distal segment or resection and end-to-end anastomosis of patent adjacent segments. Although it is logical to assume that after most tubal ligations the intramural segment remains normal and end-to-end anastomosis is possible, both segments should be evaluated and tested prior to the plastic reconstruction. The results of 178 operations collected from the literature and the author's 23 attempts at surgical reversal of previous tubal operations for surgical sterilization were described. The over-all pregnancy rate after resection and end-to-end anastomosis was 39.0%; after uterotubal implantation, it was 19.4%. The latter procedure was performed in 60% of the patients. The small series of reports makes it difficult to evaluate conception rates or to judge the merits of specific reconstructive operative techniques.", "contents": "Reconstruction of fallopian tubes in previously sterilized patients. Restoration of tubal patency after surgical sterilization in which the luminal continutiy is interrupted requires either uterine implantation of the patent distal segment or resection and end-to-end anastomosis of patent adjacent segments. Although it is logical to assume that after most tubal ligations the intramural segment remains normal and end-to-end anastomosis is possible, both segments should be evaluated and tested prior to the plastic reconstruction. The results of 178 operations collected from the literature and the author's 23 attempts at surgical reversal of previous tubal operations for surgical sterilization were described. The over-all pregnancy rate after resection and end-to-end anastomosis was 39.0%; after uterotubal implantation, it was 19.4%. The latter procedure was performed in 60% of the patients. The small series of reports makes it difficult to evaluate conception rates or to judge the merits of specific reconstructive operative techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:123873", "title": "Genetic control of phosphate-metabolizing enzymes in Neurospora crassa: relationships among regulatory mutations.", "content": "In Neurospora crassa, the phosphate-metabolizing enzymes are made during phosphate starvation, but not under phosphate sufficiency. The synthesis of these enzymes is controlled by three regulatory genes: pcon-nuc-2, preg and nuc-1, pcon-nuc-2 and preg are closely linked. A model of the hierarchical relationships among these regulatory genes is presented. Studies of double mutants and revertants confirm several predictions of the model. It has been found that nuc-2 (null) and pcon-c (constitutive) mutations reside in the same cistron. preg-c (constitutive) mutations are epistatic to nuc-2 mutations. nuc-1 (null) mutations are epistatic to all others.", "contents": "Genetic control of phosphate-metabolizing enzymes in Neurospora crassa: relationships among regulatory mutations. In Neurospora crassa, the phosphate-metabolizing enzymes are made during phosphate starvation, but not under phosphate sufficiency. The synthesis of these enzymes is controlled by three regulatory genes: pcon-nuc-2, preg and nuc-1, pcon-nuc-2 and preg are closely linked. A model of the hierarchical relationships among these regulatory genes is presented. Studies of double mutants and revertants confirm several predictions of the model. It has been found that nuc-2 (null) and pcon-c (constitutive) mutations reside in the same cistron. preg-c (constitutive) mutations are epistatic to nuc-2 mutations. nuc-1 (null) mutations are epistatic to all others."}
{"id": "PMID:123874", "title": "The value of echocardiography in older patients.", "content": "Many of the diseases for which echocardiography has proved to be of value are not common in geriatric patients. In addition, adequate echocardiographic examination is technically difficult in this group of patients. However, despite these facts, echocardiography is most helpful in several specific situations in older patients. These patients often are brittle, have multiple problems, and obviously should not be subjected to an extensive or a hazardous examination. In this regard, echocardiography is ideal, as it causes no discomfort or hazard to the patient. As the indications for this technique increase, it may be used more extensively as a diagnostic tool in elderly patients.", "contents": "The value of echocardiography in older patients. Many of the diseases for which echocardiography has proved to be of value are not common in geriatric patients. In addition, adequate echocardiographic examination is technically difficult in this group of patients. However, despite these facts, echocardiography is most helpful in several specific situations in older patients. These patients often are brittle, have multiple problems, and obviously should not be subjected to an extensive or a hazardous examination. In this regard, echocardiography is ideal, as it causes no discomfort or hazard to the patient. As the indications for this technique increase, it may be used more extensively as a diagnostic tool in elderly patients."}
{"id": "PMID:123880", "title": "[Comparative studies on the drug therapy of gonarthroses].", "content": "The clinical effectiveness of an anti-arthrotic drug was investigated in a comparative trial. 106 patients suffering from moderate arthrosis of the knee were placed into two groups in accordance with a random table and treated by intramuscular injection of Arteparon forte or an analogous control product. The criteria of assessment were pain on movement, pain at rest, limitation of active and of passive movement. The number of patients who at the end of treatment and at the time of follow up, three months later, had no or insignificant residual symptoms and signs, were greater in the Arteparon forte group than in the control group. This difference was statistically significant two months after the beginning of treatment for the criterion pain at rest, and five months after beginning of treatment for all criteria. A global assessment of the results was carried out according to the number of pronouncedly improved criteria in the individual patients. According to this assessment, the results of treatment at the termination of treatment amounted to 73.6% in the Arteparon forte group and 56.6% in the control group. At the time of follow up the corresponding value of the Arteparon forte group was 68.4%, thus significantly greater than that of the control group (29.4%).", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the drug therapy of gonarthroses]. The clinical effectiveness of an anti-arthrotic drug was investigated in a comparative trial. 106 patients suffering from moderate arthrosis of the knee were placed into two groups in accordance with a random table and treated by intramuscular injection of Arteparon forte or an analogous control product. The criteria of assessment were pain on movement, pain at rest, limitation of active and of passive movement. The number of patients who at the end of treatment and at the time of follow up, three months later, had no or insignificant residual symptoms and signs, were greater in the Arteparon forte group than in the control group. This difference was statistically significant two months after the beginning of treatment for the criterion pain at rest, and five months after beginning of treatment for all criteria. A global assessment of the results was carried out according to the number of pronouncedly improved criteria in the individual patients. According to this assessment, the results of treatment at the termination of treatment amounted to 73.6% in the Arteparon forte group and 56.6% in the control group. At the time of follow up the corresponding value of the Arteparon forte group was 68.4%, thus significantly greater than that of the control group (29.4%)."}
{"id": "PMID:123881", "title": "Patient rehabilitation through hospital work under Fair Labor Standards.", "content": "Payment of patients for hospital work assignments has become a matter of great concern for mental health institutions since the 1973 federal court ruling requiring the Department of Labor to enforce the 1966 amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act. A work program in compliance with Fair Labor Standards has been operating at Binghamton (N.Y.) Psychiatric Center since 1971. Certificates from the labor department permit the hospital to pay less than the minimum wage for patients in occupational training or in sheltered employment in a regular job. The authors believe that work therapy has important clinical and rehabilitative functions, and that patients should not be denied the opportunity for such work because of the court ruling.", "contents": "Patient rehabilitation through hospital work under Fair Labor Standards. Payment of patients for hospital work assignments has become a matter of great concern for mental health institutions since the 1973 federal court ruling requiring the Department of Labor to enforce the 1966 amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act. A work program in compliance with Fair Labor Standards has been operating at Binghamton (N.Y.) Psychiatric Center since 1971. Certificates from the labor department permit the hospital to pay less than the minimum wage for patients in occupational training or in sheltered employment in a regular job. The authors believe that work therapy has important clinical and rehabilitative functions, and that patients should not be denied the opportunity for such work because of the court ruling."}
{"id": "PMID:123893", "title": "Histochemical profiles of rat soleus intrafusal fibres after chronic exercise.", "content": "Intrafusal fibres from the rat soleus were investigated for representative histochemical profiles in sedentary animals and animals chronically exercised for 17 weeks on a treadmill. The pattern of myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in the polar region revealed three intrafusal fibre types: (1) myosin ATPase-dark (MD) fibres, alkali- and acid-stabile; (2) myosin ATPase-light (ML) fibres, alkali- and acid-labile; and (3) myosin ATPase-reversible (MR) fibres, alkali-stabile and acid-labile. The three fibre types were correlated with the level of reduced NADH diaphorase activity, with MR, ML and MD fibres staining dark, moderate and light, respectively. In the equatorial region the morphological features of representative ML and MD fibres revealed that they were nuclear bag fibres, while representative MR fibres were identified as nuclear chain fibres. The MR fibres in the exercised animals had higher levels of myosin ATPase alkaline stability and acid lability than MR fibres in the sedentary animals, suggesting the MR fibre profiles are selectively influenced by chronic exercise. The mean cross-sectional area of MR fibres from the exercised animals was significantly less than the MR fibres from the sedentary animals. In contrast to the effect of endurance training on NADH diaphorase activity in extrafusal muscle fibres, there was evidence of less activity in the MD fibres of the exercised animals.", "contents": "Histochemical profiles of rat soleus intrafusal fibres after chronic exercise. Intrafusal fibres from the rat soleus were investigated for representative histochemical profiles in sedentary animals and animals chronically exercised for 17 weeks on a treadmill. The pattern of myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in the polar region revealed three intrafusal fibre types: (1) myosin ATPase-dark (MD) fibres, alkali- and acid-stabile; (2) myosin ATPase-light (ML) fibres, alkali- and acid-labile; and (3) myosin ATPase-reversible (MR) fibres, alkali-stabile and acid-labile. The three fibre types were correlated with the level of reduced NADH diaphorase activity, with MR, ML and MD fibres staining dark, moderate and light, respectively. In the equatorial region the morphological features of representative ML and MD fibres revealed that they were nuclear bag fibres, while representative MR fibres were identified as nuclear chain fibres. The MR fibres in the exercised animals had higher levels of myosin ATPase alkaline stability and acid lability than MR fibres in the sedentary animals, suggesting the MR fibre profiles are selectively influenced by chronic exercise. The mean cross-sectional area of MR fibres from the exercised animals was significantly less than the MR fibres from the sedentary animals. In contrast to the effect of endurance training on NADH diaphorase activity in extrafusal muscle fibres, there was evidence of less activity in the MD fibres of the exercised animals."}
{"id": "PMID:123894", "title": "Electron microscopic visualization of proteoglycans with Alcian Blue.", "content": "The intercellular matrices of bovine nasal cartilage, chick embryo perichordal cartilage, and chick embryo mesenchymal cells cultured in vitro have been examined by electron microscopy after staining them with Alcian Blue in salt solutions according to Scott & Dorling (1965). Matrix granules, which are typical components of cartilage at the ultrastructural level, are not visible after Alcian Blue staining and are replaced by alcianophilic rod-like particles, varying in length and width. With tissue cultures, Alcian Blue stains 40-120 A thick filaments which display an orthogonal and longitudinal relationship to collagen fibrils. We assume that cartilage matrix granules represent linear proteoglycans that are coiled as a consequence of the usual glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation. It is thought that Alcian Blue, on the other hand, contributes to the stabilization of the proteoglycans in their original structural arrangement. This stabilizing property presumably also results in the sharp visualization of fine filaments in the tissue culture matrix.", "contents": "Electron microscopic visualization of proteoglycans with Alcian Blue. The intercellular matrices of bovine nasal cartilage, chick embryo perichordal cartilage, and chick embryo mesenchymal cells cultured in vitro have been examined by electron microscopy after staining them with Alcian Blue in salt solutions according to Scott & Dorling (1965). Matrix granules, which are typical components of cartilage at the ultrastructural level, are not visible after Alcian Blue staining and are replaced by alcianophilic rod-like particles, varying in length and width. With tissue cultures, Alcian Blue stains 40-120 A thick filaments which display an orthogonal and longitudinal relationship to collagen fibrils. We assume that cartilage matrix granules represent linear proteoglycans that are coiled as a consequence of the usual glutaraldehyde-osmium fixation. It is thought that Alcian Blue, on the other hand, contributes to the stabilization of the proteoglycans in their original structural arrangement. This stabilizing property presumably also results in the sharp visualization of fine filaments in the tissue culture matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:123895", "title": "Muscle fibre type populations of human leg muscles.", "content": "Four selected leg muscles (gastrocnemius, soleus, vastus lateralis and intermedius) from thirty-two humans were autopsied within 25 hr of death and examined histochemically. The results of histochemical myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity demonstrated that the soleus and vastus intermedius muscles have a higher proportion of slow twitch fibres (70%, 47%) than their synergists, gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis, respectively. The gastrocnemius contains about 50% slow twitch fibres and the vastus lateralis about 32%. Similar proportions of slow and fast twitch fibres have been reported for these hindlimb muscles in other mammals. Human muscles, however, differ from other mammalian muscles in that the proportion of slow and fast twitch fibres were similar in the superficial and deep regions of the muscles examined. Fast twitch oxidative glycolytic fibres in sedentary humans were observed less frequently, and they are less prominent in terms ofoxidative enzymatic activity when compared to similar fibres of several laboratory mammals studied previously.", "contents": "Muscle fibre type populations of human leg muscles. Four selected leg muscles (gastrocnemius, soleus, vastus lateralis and intermedius) from thirty-two humans were autopsied within 25 hr of death and examined histochemically. The results of histochemical myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity demonstrated that the soleus and vastus intermedius muscles have a higher proportion of slow twitch fibres (70%, 47%) than their synergists, gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis, respectively. The gastrocnemius contains about 50% slow twitch fibres and the vastus lateralis about 32%. Similar proportions of slow and fast twitch fibres have been reported for these hindlimb muscles in other mammals. Human muscles, however, differ from other mammalian muscles in that the proportion of slow and fast twitch fibres were similar in the superficial and deep regions of the muscles examined. Fast twitch oxidative glycolytic fibres in sedentary humans were observed less frequently, and they are less prominent in terms ofoxidative enzymatic activity when compared to similar fibres of several laboratory mammals studied previously."}
{"id": "PMID:123896", "title": "Absorption, distribution and excretion of neocarzinostatin (NCS) in mice after oral administration.", "content": "Distribution, excretion and toxicity of an antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin (NCS) were examined in mice after oral administration. The oral LD50 1 g/kg after intravenous injection. After oral administration of 200 mg/kg of NCS, the tissue level was low but detectable in lung, skin and pancreas in addition to the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. The NCS level in lung and skin remained constant through 6 hours. In gastrointestinal tissues after oral administration the level was higher in the stomach than the large intestine or small intestine. The total recovery of orally administered NCS in feces of mice was 26.5% of the given dose during the first 12 hours. Inactivation of NCS by homogenates of small and large intestines (about 50%) was found in in vitro experiments.", "contents": "Absorption, distribution and excretion of neocarzinostatin (NCS) in mice after oral administration. Distribution, excretion and toxicity of an antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin (NCS) were examined in mice after oral administration. The oral LD50 1 g/kg after intravenous injection. After oral administration of 200 mg/kg of NCS, the tissue level was low but detectable in lung, skin and pancreas in addition to the tissues of the gastrointestinal tract. The NCS level in lung and skin remained constant through 6 hours. In gastrointestinal tissues after oral administration the level was higher in the stomach than the large intestine or small intestine. The total recovery of orally administered NCS in feces of mice was 26.5% of the given dose during the first 12 hours. Inactivation of NCS by homogenates of small and large intestines (about 50%) was found in in vitro experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:123897", "title": "Mechanism of DNA degradation induced by neocarzinostatin in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "When logarithmically growing Bacillus subtilis cells were exposed to the antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin (NCS), at a concentration of 50 mug/ml, cellular DNA was gradually degraded into an acid-soluble form (up to 60 percent of total DNA). The degradation appeared to initiate at the growing regions of DNA and to proceed sequentially from the nascent regions to preexistent DNA. Concomitantly with, or perhaps as a consequence of, the degradation of growing regions, DNA detached from the cell membrane and started to show single-strand nicks within 30 minutes after exposure of the cells to NCS, whereas double strand scission in the DNA became detectable in about 90 minutes. Such endonucleolytic breaks in DNA eventually gave rise to the formation of double-stranded DNA fragments of a single-size class (30-S) as determined by sedimentation in either neutral or alkaline sucrose gradients. In contrast to previous results with Sarcina lutea, the NCS-induced DNA degradation was stimulated by chloramphenicol in B. subtilis and the DNA fragment were not the final breakdown products, but were further degraded into acid-soluble materials.", "contents": "Mechanism of DNA degradation induced by neocarzinostatin in Bacillus subtilis. When logarithmically growing Bacillus subtilis cells were exposed to the antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin (NCS), at a concentration of 50 mug/ml, cellular DNA was gradually degraded into an acid-soluble form (up to 60 percent of total DNA). The degradation appeared to initiate at the growing regions of DNA and to proceed sequentially from the nascent regions to preexistent DNA. Concomitantly with, or perhaps as a consequence of, the degradation of growing regions, DNA detached from the cell membrane and started to show single-strand nicks within 30 minutes after exposure of the cells to NCS, whereas double strand scission in the DNA became detectable in about 90 minutes. Such endonucleolytic breaks in DNA eventually gave rise to the formation of double-stranded DNA fragments of a single-size class (30-S) as determined by sedimentation in either neutral or alkaline sucrose gradients. In contrast to previous results with Sarcina lutea, the NCS-induced DNA degradation was stimulated by chloramphenicol in B. subtilis and the DNA fragment were not the final breakdown products, but were further degraded into acid-soluble materials."}
{"id": "PMID:123917", "title": "Methyltrophic enzyme distribution in Methylosinus trichosporium.", "content": "Key enzymes involved in the oxidation and fixation of methane by Methylosinus trichosporium were examined for localization within the bacterial cells. A differential centrifugation scheme following cell disruption was used to provide membrane and soluble fractions for the enzyme assays. All the methylotrophic enzymes examined were found to be soluble with this fractionation scheme. Electron transport involving a cytochrome c2 with absorption peaks at 416, 522, and 550 nm and oxidative phosphorylation were found in the membrane fractions. Mixed soluble and membrane fractions coupled the oxidation of emthanol and formate with cytochrome reduction.", "contents": "Methyltrophic enzyme distribution in Methylosinus trichosporium. Key enzymes involved in the oxidation and fixation of methane by Methylosinus trichosporium were examined for localization within the bacterial cells. A differential centrifugation scheme following cell disruption was used to provide membrane and soluble fractions for the enzyme assays. All the methylotrophic enzymes examined were found to be soluble with this fractionation scheme. Electron transport involving a cytochrome c2 with absorption peaks at 416, 522, and 550 nm and oxidative phosphorylation were found in the membrane fractions. Mixed soluble and membrane fractions coupled the oxidation of emthanol and formate with cytochrome reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:123918", "title": "Biphasic ATP splitting of myosin at low temperature.", "content": "Studies were carried out to elucidate the nature of biphasic ATP hydrolysis by myosin at low temperature.  1. The rate of ATP splitting decreased sharply at 3--5 min after initiation of the reaction below a critical temperature (25 degrees and 30 degrees in the presence of Ca-2+ and EDTA, respectively).  On the other hand, Mg-2+-ATPase [ED 3.6.1.3] did not exhibit such biphasic kinetics.  2. The Arrhenius plot of the second phase of the reaction after the rate transition gave a straight line whether the temperature of assay was above or below the critical one, giving 5.7 kcal/mole as the activation energy of Da-2+-ATPase showed features similar to those of Ca-2+-ATPase.  3. Michaelis constants for the two phases at 8 degrees were also different.  In addition, the first phase of EDTA-ATPase was shown to have two different constants, depending on ATP concentration.  4. The profiles of the dependence of ATPase activity on KCl concentration were essentially the same for both phases, while bending of the time curve was scarecly observed obove pH 8 for Ca-2+-ATPase or at pH 6 for EDTA-ATPase.  5. 2, 4-Dinitrophenol abolished the phase transition for Ca-2+-ATPase and EDTA-ATPase, and heat treatment also minimized the transition for the former.", "contents": "Biphasic ATP splitting of myosin at low temperature. Studies were carried out to elucidate the nature of biphasic ATP hydrolysis by myosin at low temperature.  1. The rate of ATP splitting decreased sharply at 3--5 min after initiation of the reaction below a critical temperature (25 degrees and 30 degrees in the presence of Ca-2+ and EDTA, respectively).  On the other hand, Mg-2+-ATPase [ED 3.6.1.3] did not exhibit such biphasic kinetics.  2. The Arrhenius plot of the second phase of the reaction after the rate transition gave a straight line whether the temperature of assay was above or below the critical one, giving 5.7 kcal/mole as the activation energy of Da-2+-ATPase showed features similar to those of Ca-2+-ATPase.  3. Michaelis constants for the two phases at 8 degrees were also different.  In addition, the first phase of EDTA-ATPase was shown to have two different constants, depending on ATP concentration.  4. The profiles of the dependence of ATPase activity on KCl concentration were essentially the same for both phases, while bending of the time curve was scarecly observed obove pH 8 for Ca-2+-ATPase or at pH 6 for EDTA-ATPase.  5. 2, 4-Dinitrophenol abolished the phase transition for Ca-2+-ATPase and EDTA-ATPase, and heat treatment also minimized the transition for the former."}
{"id": "PMID:123919", "title": "Effect of phospholipase A on active transport of amino acids with membrane vesicles of Mycobacterium phlei.", "content": "Active transport of proline remained unaffected in phospholipase A-treated electron transport particles from Mycobacterium phlei. However, the steady state level of proline was reduced 50 to 60% in phospholipase A-treated depleted electron transport particles that were devoid of membrane-bound coupling factor-latent ATPase activity. The decrease in the uptake of proline in the phospholipase A-treated depleted electron transport particles was not due to a change in the apparent K-m for proline, but it was related to the amount of phospholipid cleaved from the membranes. Restoration in the level of proline transport in phospholipase A-treated depleted electron transport particles was achieved by reconstituting these vesicles with diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes. Diphosphatidylglycerol was found to be most effective in the restoration of proline uptake. In contrast to the effect of phospholipase A treatment on proline transport, similar treatement of the electron transport particles or depleted electron transport particles failed to inhibit the active transport of either glutamine or glutamic acid. Studies with phospholipase A-treated membrane vesicles confirmed earlier findings that a proton gradient is not required for active transport of amino acids.", "contents": "Effect of phospholipase A on active transport of amino acids with membrane vesicles of Mycobacterium phlei. Active transport of proline remained unaffected in phospholipase A-treated electron transport particles from Mycobacterium phlei. However, the steady state level of proline was reduced 50 to 60% in phospholipase A-treated depleted electron transport particles that were devoid of membrane-bound coupling factor-latent ATPase activity. The decrease in the uptake of proline in the phospholipase A-treated depleted electron transport particles was not due to a change in the apparent K-m for proline, but it was related to the amount of phospholipid cleaved from the membranes. Restoration in the level of proline transport in phospholipase A-treated depleted electron transport particles was achieved by reconstituting these vesicles with diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine liposomes. Diphosphatidylglycerol was found to be most effective in the restoration of proline uptake. In contrast to the effect of phospholipase A treatment on proline transport, similar treatement of the electron transport particles or depleted electron transport particles failed to inhibit the active transport of either glutamine or glutamic acid. Studies with phospholipase A-treated membrane vesicles confirmed earlier findings that a proton gradient is not required for active transport of amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:123920", "title": "Reconstitution of active ion transport by the sodium and potassium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase from canine brain.", "content": "Sodium and potassium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase ((Na+ + K+)-ATPase) was partially purified from canine brain gray matter and reconstituted into vesicles of phosphatidylcholine. A proportion of the enzyme molecules was reconstituted into sealed vesicles with the ATP-hydrolyzing site facing the outside of the vesicles. ATP was added to the outside of the vesicles after they had equilibrated with radioactive tracer, and the resulting active transport of Na+ and K+ was followed. Unlike the purified kidney renal medulla enzyme used in an earlier study, the brain enzyme transports both Na+ and K+(Rb+). Vesicles were made in solutions with different proportions of NaCl and KCl, and over the range studied, an average of 1.8 Rb+ ions were transported for every 3 Na+ ions. When ATP is depleted, the transported ions diffuse back to their equilibrium level in the vesicles.", "contents": "Reconstitution of active ion transport by the sodium and potassium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase from canine brain. Sodium and potassium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase ((Na+ + K+)-ATPase) was partially purified from canine brain gray matter and reconstituted into vesicles of phosphatidylcholine. A proportion of the enzyme molecules was reconstituted into sealed vesicles with the ATP-hydrolyzing site facing the outside of the vesicles. ATP was added to the outside of the vesicles after they had equilibrated with radioactive tracer, and the resulting active transport of Na+ and K+ was followed. Unlike the purified kidney renal medulla enzyme used in an earlier study, the brain enzyme transports both Na+ and K+(Rb+). Vesicles were made in solutions with different proportions of NaCl and KCl, and over the range studied, an average of 1.8 Rb+ ions were transported for every 3 Na+ ions. When ATP is depleted, the transported ions diffuse back to their equilibrium level in the vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:123921", "title": "Physical and chemical properties of the NH2-terminal glutamic acid and lysine forms of human plasminogen and their derived plasmins with an NH2-terminal lysine heavy (A) chain.", "content": "Comparative physical and chemical data are described for the human NH2-terminal Glu-plasminogen and Lys-plasminogen forms in order to determine the exact relationship between these two types of the zymogen. The molecular weights of Glu-plasminogen and Lys-plasminogen were similar and were determined to be 83, 800 plus or minus 4, 500 and 82, 400 plus or minus 3, 300, respectively, by sedimentation equilibrium methods. The molecular weights were identical in dodecyl sulfate solutions, approximately 83, 000, by sedimentation equilibrium methods. The sedimentation coefficients, s-020, w of Glu-plasminogen and Lys-plasminogen were determined to be 5.0 S, and 4.4 S, respectively. These two plasminogen forms had different partial specific volumes, and calculations of the frictional coefficients from sedimentation coefficients and molecular weights indicated conformation differences. Glu-plasminogen appeared to be larger in size than Lys-plasminogen in acrylamide gel-dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. The amino acid compositions of Glu-plasminogen and Lys-plasminogen, and their major isolated isoelectric forms, were found to be similar, but several amino acid residues (glutamic acid, alanine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and lysine) were found to be significantly higher in the Glu-plasminogen forms. The derived plasmins from both the Glu- and Lys-plasminogens with an nh2-terminal Lys- heavy (A) chain were found to have identical molecular weights of 76, 500 plus or minus 2, 500, and sedimentation coefficients, s-020, w of 4.3 S.", "contents": "Physical and chemical properties of the NH2-terminal glutamic acid and lysine forms of human plasminogen and their derived plasmins with an NH2-terminal lysine heavy (A) chain. Comparative physical and chemical data are described for the human NH2-terminal Glu-plasminogen and Lys-plasminogen forms in order to determine the exact relationship between these two types of the zymogen. The molecular weights of Glu-plasminogen and Lys-plasminogen were similar and were determined to be 83, 800 plus or minus 4, 500 and 82, 400 plus or minus 3, 300, respectively, by sedimentation equilibrium methods. The molecular weights were identical in dodecyl sulfate solutions, approximately 83, 000, by sedimentation equilibrium methods. The sedimentation coefficients, s-020, w of Glu-plasminogen and Lys-plasminogen were determined to be 5.0 S, and 4.4 S, respectively. These two plasminogen forms had different partial specific volumes, and calculations of the frictional coefficients from sedimentation coefficients and molecular weights indicated conformation differences. Glu-plasminogen appeared to be larger in size than Lys-plasminogen in acrylamide gel-dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis. The amino acid compositions of Glu-plasminogen and Lys-plasminogen, and their major isolated isoelectric forms, were found to be similar, but several amino acid residues (glutamic acid, alanine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and lysine) were found to be significantly higher in the Glu-plasminogen forms. The derived plasmins from both the Glu- and Lys-plasminogens with an nh2-terminal Lys- heavy (A) chain were found to have identical molecular weights of 76, 500 plus or minus 2, 500, and sedimentation coefficients, s-020, w of 4.3 S."}
{"id": "PMID:123922", "title": "Molecular properties of purified (sodium + potassium)-activated adenosine triphosphatases and their subunits from the rectal gland of Squalus acanthias and the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus.", "content": "The chemical properties of two highly purified preparations of (sodium + potassium)-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK ATPase) and their subunits have been compared. One preparation is derived from the rectal gland of the spiny dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias and the other preparation is derived from the electric organ of the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus. Ouabain binding and phosphorylation from [gamma-32-P]ATP for both enzymes ranged from 4000 to 4300 pmol per mg of protein. This gives a stoichiometry for ouabain binding and phosphorylation of 1:1 for both enzymes. The molar ratios of catalytic subunit to glycoprotein was 2:1 for both enzymes, suggesting a minimum molecular weight of 250, 000, which agrees with the molecular weight obtained by radiation inactivation. Assuming that only one of the two catalytic subunits is phosphorylated and binds ouabain per (sodium + potassium)-activated adenosine triphosphatase molecule the data on phosphorylation and ouabain binding also give a molecular weight of 250, 000. The data on phosphorylatiion, ouabain binding, subunit composition, and molecular weight based on radiaion inactivation are thus all internally consistent. A technique has been developed for isolation of pure catalytic subunit and glycoprotein in good yields by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A variety of chemical studies have been carried out with the purified subunits. The amino acid composition of the catalytic subunit was different from that of the glycoprotein, but the amino acid composition of each of the two subunits was essentially the same for both species. However, the NH2-terminal amino acid for the catalytic subunit was alanine for the rectal gland enzyme and serine for the electric organ enzyme, suggesting some differencesin amino acid sequences for the two species. The NH2-terminal amino acid for the glycoprotein was alanine for the two species. The glycoproteins from both species contained the same carbohydrates but in quite differing amounts. The carbohydrates were glucosamine, sialic acid, fucose, galactose, mannose, and glucose. The release of all the sialic acid from the electric organ enzyme and the release of 40% of the sialic acid from the rectal gland enzyme did not affect (sodium + potassium)-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity. Both enzymes contained the following phospholipids, which accounted for 98 to 100% of the total phospholipid phosphorus: sphingomyelin, lecithin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. With the exception of phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. With the exception of phosphatidylserine, the amount of any phospholipid per mg of enzyme as well as the total phospholipid content were quite different for the two enzymes.", "contents": "Molecular properties of purified (sodium + potassium)-activated adenosine triphosphatases and their subunits from the rectal gland of Squalus acanthias and the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus. The chemical properties of two highly purified preparations of (sodium + potassium)-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK ATPase) and their subunits have been compared. One preparation is derived from the rectal gland of the spiny dogfish shark, Squalus acanthias and the other preparation is derived from the electric organ of the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus. Ouabain binding and phosphorylation from [gamma-32-P]ATP for both enzymes ranged from 4000 to 4300 pmol per mg of protein. This gives a stoichiometry for ouabain binding and phosphorylation of 1:1 for both enzymes. The molar ratios of catalytic subunit to glycoprotein was 2:1 for both enzymes, suggesting a minimum molecular weight of 250, 000, which agrees with the molecular weight obtained by radiation inactivation. Assuming that only one of the two catalytic subunits is phosphorylated and binds ouabain per (sodium + potassium)-activated adenosine triphosphatase molecule the data on phosphorylation and ouabain binding also give a molecular weight of 250, 000. The data on phosphorylatiion, ouabain binding, subunit composition, and molecular weight based on radiaion inactivation are thus all internally consistent. A technique has been developed for isolation of pure catalytic subunit and glycoprotein in good yields by preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A variety of chemical studies have been carried out with the purified subunits. The amino acid composition of the catalytic subunit was different from that of the glycoprotein, but the amino acid composition of each of the two subunits was essentially the same for both species. However, the NH2-terminal amino acid for the catalytic subunit was alanine for the rectal gland enzyme and serine for the electric organ enzyme, suggesting some differencesin amino acid sequences for the two species. The NH2-terminal amino acid for the glycoprotein was alanine for the two species. The glycoproteins from both species contained the same carbohydrates but in quite differing amounts. The carbohydrates were glucosamine, sialic acid, fucose, galactose, mannose, and glucose. The release of all the sialic acid from the electric organ enzyme and the release of 40% of the sialic acid from the rectal gland enzyme did not affect (sodium + potassium)-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity. Both enzymes contained the following phospholipids, which accounted for 98 to 100% of the total phospholipid phosphorus: sphingomyelin, lecithin, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. With the exception of phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylinositol. With the exception of phosphatidylserine, the amount of any phospholipid per mg of enzyme as well as the total phospholipid content were quite different for the two enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:123923", "title": "Anomalous muscle bundle of the right ventricle. A report of seven cases.", "content": "It was within the last decade that right ventricular outflow obstruction due to anomalous muscle bundle was clearly described as a separate cardiac malformation seven cases of anomalous muscle bundle of the right ventricle were presented, and the diagnosis and surgical indications of this anomaly were discussed. The clinical differentiation of these patients from those with isolated VSD, pulmonic stenosis, and tetralogy of Fallot was not easy. Right ventriculograms that demonstrated the anomalous muscle bundle as a wedge-shaped filling defect are most useful for differentiation. All patients' anomalies were corrected with intracardiac surgery. The postoperative course was very satisfactory and all patients showed complete relief of the obstruction.", "contents": "Anomalous muscle bundle of the right ventricle. A report of seven cases. It was within the last decade that right ventricular outflow obstruction due to anomalous muscle bundle was clearly described as a separate cardiac malformation seven cases of anomalous muscle bundle of the right ventricle were presented, and the diagnosis and surgical indications of this anomaly were discussed. The clinical differentiation of these patients from those with isolated VSD, pulmonic stenosis, and tetralogy of Fallot was not easy. Right ventriculograms that demonstrated the anomalous muscle bundle as a wedge-shaped filling defect are most useful for differentiation. All patients' anomalies were corrected with intracardiac surgery. The postoperative course was very satisfactory and all patients showed complete relief of the obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:123925", "title": "The role of extracellular materials in cell movement. I. Inhibition of mucopolysaccharide synthesis does not stop ruffling membrane activity or cell movement.", "content": "The involvement of mucopolysaccharide synthesis in cell locomotion was investigated by determining the effects of inhibition of synthesis on ruffling membrane activity and cell movement by embryonic heart fibroblasts. Mucopolysaccharide synthesis was inhibited directly by treatment with a glutamine analog, 6-diazo-5-OXO-L-norleucine (DON), and indirectly with cycloheximide. DON treatment reduced synthesis to 20% of control values, and cycloheximide reduced synthesis to less than 10% of control values, as measured by incorporation of [35S]sulfate into mucopolysaccharides. Nevertheless, ruffling membrane activity and cell locomotion continued under both conditions. Cytochalasin B did not inhibit mucopolysaccharide synthesis, although it did stop ruffling and locomotion. These results suggest that if mucopolysaccharides are required for cell movement, they must have long half-lives or represent only a minute fraction of the normal synthetic load.", "contents": "The role of extracellular materials in cell movement. I. Inhibition of mucopolysaccharide synthesis does not stop ruffling membrane activity or cell movement. The involvement of mucopolysaccharide synthesis in cell locomotion was investigated by determining the effects of inhibition of synthesis on ruffling membrane activity and cell movement by embryonic heart fibroblasts. Mucopolysaccharide synthesis was inhibited directly by treatment with a glutamine analog, 6-diazo-5-OXO-L-norleucine (DON), and indirectly with cycloheximide. DON treatment reduced synthesis to 20% of control values, and cycloheximide reduced synthesis to less than 10% of control values, as measured by incorporation of [35S]sulfate into mucopolysaccharides. Nevertheless, ruffling membrane activity and cell locomotion continued under both conditions. Cytochalasin B did not inhibit mucopolysaccharide synthesis, although it did stop ruffling and locomotion. These results suggest that if mucopolysaccharides are required for cell movement, they must have long half-lives or represent only a minute fraction of the normal synthetic load."}
{"id": "PMID:123924", "title": "Aortic dissection immediately following division of a patient ductus arteriosus.", "content": "A case of aortic dissection following division of a patent ductus arteriosus in a 20-years-old female is presented. The possibility of an idiopathic dilatation of the aorta or of preexisting medial abnormalities as predisposing factors besides the cross clamping of the aorta or of the ductus is outlined. The dissection was successfully treated transecting the abdominal aorta, contrary to the classical thoracic approach, and repairing the dissection of the distal end of the abdominal aorta interposing a graft between the divided ends.", "contents": "Aortic dissection immediately following division of a patient ductus arteriosus. A case of aortic dissection following division of a patent ductus arteriosus in a 20-years-old female is presented. The possibility of an idiopathic dilatation of the aorta or of preexisting medial abnormalities as predisposing factors besides the cross clamping of the aorta or of the ductus is outlined. The dissection was successfully treated transecting the abdominal aorta, contrary to the classical thoracic approach, and repairing the dissection of the distal end of the abdominal aorta interposing a graft between the divided ends."}
{"id": "PMID:123927", "title": "24-Hour secretory pattern of dehydroisoandrosterone and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate.", "content": "Dehydroisoandrosterone (DHA) and cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay and protein binding techniques respectively in plasma from blood taken at 20-min intervals over 24-h periods in 3 normal men, 2 women with Stein-Leventhal syndrome and a man with a benign adrenocortical adenoma. In all subjects but the latter, DHA and cortisol were episodic and synchronous throughout the entire day; in this patient, continuous secretion of cortisol by the tumor apparently abolished stimulation of the contralateral adrenal, and DHA production was negligible. Dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate analysis in plasma displayed a pattern which, probably because of its origin both by secretion and sulfation and its long half-life showed less synchronicity with DHA and cortisol and less fluctuation than did the free hormones.", "contents": "24-Hour secretory pattern of dehydroisoandrosterone and dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. Dehydroisoandrosterone (DHA) and cortisol were measured by radioimmunoassay and protein binding techniques respectively in plasma from blood taken at 20-min intervals over 24-h periods in 3 normal men, 2 women with Stein-Leventhal syndrome and a man with a benign adrenocortical adenoma. In all subjects but the latter, DHA and cortisol were episodic and synchronous throughout the entire day; in this patient, continuous secretion of cortisol by the tumor apparently abolished stimulation of the contralateral adrenal, and DHA production was negligible. Dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate analysis in plasma displayed a pattern which, probably because of its origin both by secretion and sulfation and its long half-life showed less synchronicity with DHA and cortisol and less fluctuation than did the free hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:123928", "title": "Insulin and glucose as modulators of the amino acid-induced glucagon release in the isolated pancreas of alloxan and streptozotocin diabetic rats.", "content": "The hyperglucagonemia that occurs in vivo in animals made diabetic with alloxan or streptozotocin is not suppressed by high glucose but is suppressed by exogenous insulin. These observations together with other studies suggested that insulin-dependent glucose transport and metabolism by the alpha-cells serves as the primary mechanism controlling glucagon secretion. This hypothesis was tested in the present investigation. The possible interactions between glucose, insulin, and a mixture of 20 amino acids at physiological proportions were examined in the isolated-perfusin diabetic rats. Release of insulin and glucagon were used as indicators of theta-cell and alpha-cell function. According to rigid criteria the diabetic animals entering the study were severely diabetic. It was found that in vitro: (a) basal glucagon release (measured in the absence of an alpha-cell stimulus or inhibitor) was extremely low, even lower (i.e. 10%) than the basal rates seen in controls; (b) the alpha-cells of alloxanized- and streptozotocin-treated rats responded with a biphasic glucagon release to stimulation by an amino acid mixture; (c) this alpha-cell response was reduced after both streptozotocin and alloxan; (d) glucose at 5 mM was a potent inhibitor of amino acid-induced glucagon secretion in both types of experimental diabetes; (e) in alloxan diabetes alpha-cell stimulation by amino acids can be curbed by exogenous insulin, whereas glucagon secretion by the perfused pancreas of streptoxotocin diabetic rats appeared to be resistant to insulin action. The data indicate that the modulation of glucagon secretion by glucose in vitro is indipendent of insulin and that other unknown factors extrinsic to the pancreatic islets are responsible for the hyperglucagonemia observed in vivo.", "contents": "Insulin and glucose as modulators of the amino acid-induced glucagon release in the isolated pancreas of alloxan and streptozotocin diabetic rats. The hyperglucagonemia that occurs in vivo in animals made diabetic with alloxan or streptozotocin is not suppressed by high glucose but is suppressed by exogenous insulin. These observations together with other studies suggested that insulin-dependent glucose transport and metabolism by the alpha-cells serves as the primary mechanism controlling glucagon secretion. This hypothesis was tested in the present investigation. The possible interactions between glucose, insulin, and a mixture of 20 amino acids at physiological proportions were examined in the isolated-perfusin diabetic rats. Release of insulin and glucagon were used as indicators of theta-cell and alpha-cell function. According to rigid criteria the diabetic animals entering the study were severely diabetic. It was found that in vitro: (a) basal glucagon release (measured in the absence of an alpha-cell stimulus or inhibitor) was extremely low, even lower (i.e. 10%) than the basal rates seen in controls; (b) the alpha-cells of alloxanized- and streptozotocin-treated rats responded with a biphasic glucagon release to stimulation by an amino acid mixture; (c) this alpha-cell response was reduced after both streptozotocin and alloxan; (d) glucose at 5 mM was a potent inhibitor of amino acid-induced glucagon secretion in both types of experimental diabetes; (e) in alloxan diabetes alpha-cell stimulation by amino acids can be curbed by exogenous insulin, whereas glucagon secretion by the perfused pancreas of streptoxotocin diabetic rats appeared to be resistant to insulin action. The data indicate that the modulation of glucagon secretion by glucose in vitro is indipendent of insulin and that other unknown factors extrinsic to the pancreatic islets are responsible for the hyperglucagonemia observed in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:123929", "title": "The fungicidal mechanisms of human monocytes. I. Evidence for myeloperoxidase-linked and myeloperoxidase-independent candidacidal mechanisms.", "content": "We tested the ability of human peripheral blood monocytes to kill Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. Evidence that multiple fungicidal mechanisms operate in normla monocytes was found. Normal monocytes ingested and killed viable C. albicans, and could iodinate heat-killed C. albicans. Both functions were defective in monocytes from subjects with myeloperoxidase deficiency or chronic granulomatous disease. Methimazole, isoniazid, and aminotriazole inhibited iodination by normal monocytes without impairing their ability to kill C. albicans, indicating that iodination was not essential to the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-mediated fungicidal system of the monocyte. C. parapsilosis, an organism killed with supranormal efficacy by monocytes from a patient with hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiency, was selected to examine the myeloperoxidase-independent fungicidal mechanisms of monocytes. Monocytes were obtained from the blood of normal or leukemic subjects and homogenized in 0.34 M sucrose to yield fractions rich in cytoplasmic granules. These fractions were extracted with 0.01 M citric acid and the soluble components were separated by micropreparative polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Monocytes were found to contain cationic proteins, other than myeloperoxidase, that kill C. parapsilosis in vitro.", "contents": "The fungicidal mechanisms of human monocytes. I. Evidence for myeloperoxidase-linked and myeloperoxidase-independent candidacidal mechanisms. We tested the ability of human peripheral blood monocytes to kill Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. Evidence that multiple fungicidal mechanisms operate in normla monocytes was found. Normal monocytes ingested and killed viable C. albicans, and could iodinate heat-killed C. albicans. Both functions were defective in monocytes from subjects with myeloperoxidase deficiency or chronic granulomatous disease. Methimazole, isoniazid, and aminotriazole inhibited iodination by normal monocytes without impairing their ability to kill C. albicans, indicating that iodination was not essential to the myeloperoxidase-hydrogen peroxide-mediated fungicidal system of the monocyte. C. parapsilosis, an organism killed with supranormal efficacy by monocytes from a patient with hereditary myeloperoxidase deficiency, was selected to examine the myeloperoxidase-independent fungicidal mechanisms of monocytes. Monocytes were obtained from the blood of normal or leukemic subjects and homogenized in 0.34 M sucrose to yield fractions rich in cytoplasmic granules. These fractions were extracted with 0.01 M citric acid and the soluble components were separated by micropreparative polyacrylamide electrophoresis. Monocytes were found to contain cationic proteins, other than myeloperoxidase, that kill C. parapsilosis in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:123931", "title": "Space maintenance in a child dental care program.", "content": "Five types of space maintainers were placed in 196 children participating in an extensive dental care program during a four-year study. Children with space maintainers were examined at six-month intervals. During the study, some sort of difficulty was encountered with 43% of the appliances inserted. The most common problem encountered was lost or missing appliances. Sixteen appliances had broken arch wires or loop wires; only ten broken bands were noted. Anther problem was distortion of arch wires. Suggestions are made for possible modifications in the space maintainers to reduce the incidence of problems.", "contents": "Space maintenance in a child dental care program. Five types of space maintainers were placed in 196 children participating in an extensive dental care program during a four-year study. Children with space maintainers were examined at six-month intervals. During the study, some sort of difficulty was encountered with 43% of the appliances inserted. The most common problem encountered was lost or missing appliances. Sixteen appliances had broken arch wires or loop wires; only ten broken bands were noted. Anther problem was distortion of arch wires. Suggestions are made for possible modifications in the space maintainers to reduce the incidence of problems."}
{"id": "PMID:123932", "title": "Reduction of fear-related dental management problems with use of filmed modeling.", "content": "In this study of the modification of anxiety-related disruptive behavior in dental treatment, matched groups of inner-city children attending a pedodontic clinic were shown a videotaped demonstration of a 4-year-old black child undergoing a dental restorative procedure or were given an unrelated drawing task before dental treatment. Children who viewed the videotape demonstration of a peer model coping with dental procedures showed significantly fewer fear-related disruptive behaviors during restoration of lesions. Observations of children's anxiety levels made by dentists and independent observers validated the effectiveness of viewing the videotaped demonstration. No significant correlation was found between the children's reports of their anxiety and their behavior during dental treatment.", "contents": "Reduction of fear-related dental management problems with use of filmed modeling. In this study of the modification of anxiety-related disruptive behavior in dental treatment, matched groups of inner-city children attending a pedodontic clinic were shown a videotaped demonstration of a 4-year-old black child undergoing a dental restorative procedure or were given an unrelated drawing task before dental treatment. Children who viewed the videotape demonstration of a peer model coping with dental procedures showed significantly fewer fear-related disruptive behaviors during restoration of lesions. Observations of children's anxiety levels made by dentists and independent observers validated the effectiveness of viewing the videotaped demonstration. No significant correlation was found between the children's reports of their anxiety and their behavior during dental treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:123933", "title": "Viral hepatitis as an occupational hazard of dentists.", "content": "To estimate the risk of viral hepatitis for practicing dentists, a questionnaire survey was conducted in the greater Los Angeles area among the part-time faculty of the University of Southern California School of Dentistry. An icteric episode diagnosed as hepatitis had been experienced by 11, representing 3.9% of the 285 dentists to whom questionnaires were mailed or 4.5% of the 242 respondents. All illnesses occurred after graduation from dental school, and five were after 1967. For general dentists, the minimal frequency was 2.7 (5 of 187 in the sample). Specialists with emphasis in surgical forms of dentistry had hepatitis with a significantly higher frequency: 3 of 19 oral surgeons; 1 of 13 periodontists; and 1 of 9 endodontists. The risk did not vary in this sample with the proportion of young adult patients (15 to 29 years of age) in the practice or recognizable illicit self-injection among patients. Auxiliary dental personnel seem to have a lower risk than dentists themselves. Measures to reduce the hazard are indicated, but at present these are confined to greater care in avoiding percutaneous introduction.", "contents": "Viral hepatitis as an occupational hazard of dentists. To estimate the risk of viral hepatitis for practicing dentists, a questionnaire survey was conducted in the greater Los Angeles area among the part-time faculty of the University of Southern California School of Dentistry. An icteric episode diagnosed as hepatitis had been experienced by 11, representing 3.9% of the 285 dentists to whom questionnaires were mailed or 4.5% of the 242 respondents. All illnesses occurred after graduation from dental school, and five were after 1967. For general dentists, the minimal frequency was 2.7 (5 of 187 in the sample). Specialists with emphasis in surgical forms of dentistry had hepatitis with a significantly higher frequency: 3 of 19 oral surgeons; 1 of 13 periodontists; and 1 of 9 endodontists. The risk did not vary in this sample with the proportion of young adult patients (15 to 29 years of age) in the practice or recognizable illicit self-injection among patients. Auxiliary dental personnel seem to have a lower risk than dentists themselves. Measures to reduce the hazard are indicated, but at present these are confined to greater care in avoiding percutaneous introduction."}
{"id": "PMID:123934", "title": "The surgical treatment of acne conglobata of the face.", "content": "Successful treatment of Acne conglobata is only possible by surgical excision. Two procedures are most favoured. Gross excision and fine trimming by dermabrasion with subsequent secondary reepithelization gives excellent results without scars: If a radical excision is preferred or if cartilage is exposed, a full thickness skin graft has to be applied. The results are good although slight difference in colour between facial skin and skin graft must be noted. For each of these two procedures a case is presented and treatment and results are discussed.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of acne conglobata of the face. Successful treatment of Acne conglobata is only possible by surgical excision. Two procedures are most favoured. Gross excision and fine trimming by dermabrasion with subsequent secondary reepithelization gives excellent results without scars: If a radical excision is preferred or if cartilage is exposed, a full thickness skin graft has to be applied. The results are good although slight difference in colour between facial skin and skin graft must be noted. For each of these two procedures a case is presented and treatment and results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123935", "title": "Mixed lymphocyte reactivity and cell-mediated lympholysis to trinitrophenyl-modified autologous lymphocytes in C57BL/10 congenic and B10-A recombinant mouse strains.", "content": "Cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified autologous splenic lymphocytes has been recently reported in the mouse (1). Both the sensitization and effector phases of this phenomenon were shown to be T-cell mediated. Effector cell specificity studies indicated that modification of the target cells is a necessary but insufficient requirement for cytolysis, and suggested that altered cell surface components controlled by genes mapping in the mouse major histocompatibility H-2 complex (MHC) are important in the specificity of the cytotoxic reaction (1). In allogeneic models the generation of cytotoxic effector cells has been shown to be preceded or accompanied by immunogen- induced proliferation of responding lymphocytes, i.e. a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) (2-5), although the generation of effectors may not necessarily always be the consequence of extensive cell proliferation (5). If the induction of cytotoxic effector lymphocytes by modified syngeneic spleen cells is characteristic of sensitization with cellular alloantigens, one would expect to find that sensitization with TNP-modified autologous cells would also induce thymidine incorporation by the responding cells in the culture. The present report demonstrates that both stimulation of thymidine incorporation and generation of cytotoxic effector cells are part of the in vitro response to TNP-modified autologous lymphocytes. However, the MLR to TNP- modified autologous cells consistently appeared to be less pronounced when compared with an allogeneic MLR, whereas the cytotoxic activity of the effector cells generated by sensitization against TNP-modified autologous cells was frequently as high as that detected against H-2 alloantigens. These two components of reactivity to \"modified self\" are verified in several C57BL/10 congenic and B10.A recombinant mouse strains.", "contents": "Mixed lymphocyte reactivity and cell-mediated lympholysis to trinitrophenyl-modified autologous lymphocytes in C57BL/10 congenic and B10-A recombinant mouse strains. Cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) to trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified autologous splenic lymphocytes has been recently reported in the mouse (1). Both the sensitization and effector phases of this phenomenon were shown to be T-cell mediated. Effector cell specificity studies indicated that modification of the target cells is a necessary but insufficient requirement for cytolysis, and suggested that altered cell surface components controlled by genes mapping in the mouse major histocompatibility H-2 complex (MHC) are important in the specificity of the cytotoxic reaction (1). In allogeneic models the generation of cytotoxic effector cells has been shown to be preceded or accompanied by immunogen- induced proliferation of responding lymphocytes, i.e. a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) (2-5), although the generation of effectors may not necessarily always be the consequence of extensive cell proliferation (5). If the induction of cytotoxic effector lymphocytes by modified syngeneic spleen cells is characteristic of sensitization with cellular alloantigens, one would expect to find that sensitization with TNP-modified autologous cells would also induce thymidine incorporation by the responding cells in the culture. The present report demonstrates that both stimulation of thymidine incorporation and generation of cytotoxic effector cells are part of the in vitro response to TNP-modified autologous lymphocytes. However, the MLR to TNP- modified autologous cells consistently appeared to be less pronounced when compared with an allogeneic MLR, whereas the cytotoxic activity of the effector cells generated by sensitization against TNP-modified autologous cells was frequently as high as that detected against H-2 alloantigens. These two components of reactivity to \"modified self\" are verified in several C57BL/10 congenic and B10.A recombinant mouse strains."}
{"id": "PMID:123950", "title": "Discharge of spindle afferents from jaw-closing muscles during chewing in alert monkeys.", "content": "The discharge of muscle spindle afferents from monkey spindle afferents from monkey jaw-closing muscles was studied during mastication of natural foods by extracellular recording from the fibers or cell bodies of the tract and mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve. In all, 39 muscle afferents were studied. The spindle associated with 18 of the afferents was positively identified by the afferent's response to gentle, localized palpation of either the temporalis or masseter muscle. Discharge patterns were observed during mastication, and in the majority of cases the qualitative passive response characteristics of the spindle afferent were determined. During steady chewing spindle afferent discharge typically paused briefly during the initial rapid upward part of the chewing cycle. Firing generally began as the jaw slowed its upward movement, and firing rates during the slow grinding portion of the upward movement were within the range of 50-80 spikes/s. All spindles exhibited a brisk discharge during the opening movement, typically within the range of 100-150 spikes/s. One-third of the spindle afferents exhibited a brief, high-frequency burst of firing at the very beginning of the opening movement, presumably as a result of stretch applied to a spindle just previously subjects to fusimotor excitation. Although the results of the study make it clear that spindles in jaw-closing muscles are coactived along with the extrafusal muscle fibers, the fusimotor bias does not seem capable of sustaining discharge in the face of rapid shortening of the muscle. Furthermore, the fact that discharge rate during opening, when the jaw-closing motoneurons are quiescent, is much higher than at any part of the closing cycle, when the motoneurons are active, suggests that the muscle spindles cannot provide the primary excitatory drive to the motoneurons.", "contents": "Discharge of spindle afferents from jaw-closing muscles during chewing in alert monkeys. The discharge of muscle spindle afferents from monkey spindle afferents from monkey jaw-closing muscles was studied during mastication of natural foods by extracellular recording from the fibers or cell bodies of the tract and mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve. In all, 39 muscle afferents were studied. The spindle associated with 18 of the afferents was positively identified by the afferent's response to gentle, localized palpation of either the temporalis or masseter muscle. Discharge patterns were observed during mastication, and in the majority of cases the qualitative passive response characteristics of the spindle afferent were determined. During steady chewing spindle afferent discharge typically paused briefly during the initial rapid upward part of the chewing cycle. Firing generally began as the jaw slowed its upward movement, and firing rates during the slow grinding portion of the upward movement were within the range of 50-80 spikes/s. All spindles exhibited a brisk discharge during the opening movement, typically within the range of 100-150 spikes/s. One-third of the spindle afferents exhibited a brief, high-frequency burst of firing at the very beginning of the opening movement, presumably as a result of stretch applied to a spindle just previously subjects to fusimotor excitation. Although the results of the study make it clear that spindles in jaw-closing muscles are coactived along with the extrafusal muscle fibers, the fusimotor bias does not seem capable of sustaining discharge in the face of rapid shortening of the muscle. Furthermore, the fact that discharge rate during opening, when the jaw-closing motoneurons are quiescent, is much higher than at any part of the closing cycle, when the motoneurons are active, suggests that the muscle spindles cannot provide the primary excitatory drive to the motoneurons."}
{"id": "PMID:123951", "title": "Analysis of response properties of deefferented mammalian spindle receptors based on frequency response.", "content": "Sinusoidal responses of primary and secondary endings in deefferented spindles of anesthetized cats were studied over the low-frequency range 0.001-0.1 Hz. Stretch amplitudes were chosen conservatively small (25-100 mum peak-to-peak) so as to lie within the linear region. 1. At 0.1 Hz average sensitivity was 350 pps/mm for primary endings and 80 pps/mm for secondary endings. Sensitivity fell to lower values at lower frequencies, but even at 0.001 Hz, corresponding to 17 min/cycle, sensitivity remained elevated above static values determined with large stretches. Phase lead varied from 5 to 50 degrees and, in the case of primary endings, tended to be greater at lower frequencies. 2. Except for the different scaling factors, the only apparent difference between the frequency responses of primary and secondary endings was a tendency for primary endings to show a greater phase lead over the range 0.001-0.01 Hz. 3. Dynamic responsiveness was assessed theoretically from frequency-response data by calculating responses to ramps at various velocities. Over most of the velocity range dynamic responses were not proportional to velocity. The greater dynamic responsiveness of primary endings during large (6 mm) ramp stretches might be related to frequency response below 0.01 Hz. 4. Certain aspects of dynamic responsiveness to large ramps (6 mm) were accounted for by assuming all phases of responses were attenuated by 25 dB in the case of primary endings and 20 dB in the case of secondary endings. The nonlinearity responsible for attenuation appears to occur at an early stage in the sensory process. 5. Comparison of individual responses to slow ramps with predictions based on linear theory indicated the presence of abrupt departures from linearity for both primary and secondary endings.", "contents": "Analysis of response properties of deefferented mammalian spindle receptors based on frequency response. Sinusoidal responses of primary and secondary endings in deefferented spindles of anesthetized cats were studied over the low-frequency range 0.001-0.1 Hz. Stretch amplitudes were chosen conservatively small (25-100 mum peak-to-peak) so as to lie within the linear region. 1. At 0.1 Hz average sensitivity was 350 pps/mm for primary endings and 80 pps/mm for secondary endings. Sensitivity fell to lower values at lower frequencies, but even at 0.001 Hz, corresponding to 17 min/cycle, sensitivity remained elevated above static values determined with large stretches. Phase lead varied from 5 to 50 degrees and, in the case of primary endings, tended to be greater at lower frequencies. 2. Except for the different scaling factors, the only apparent difference between the frequency responses of primary and secondary endings was a tendency for primary endings to show a greater phase lead over the range 0.001-0.01 Hz. 3. Dynamic responsiveness was assessed theoretically from frequency-response data by calculating responses to ramps at various velocities. Over most of the velocity range dynamic responses were not proportional to velocity. The greater dynamic responsiveness of primary endings during large (6 mm) ramp stretches might be related to frequency response below 0.01 Hz. 4. Certain aspects of dynamic responsiveness to large ramps (6 mm) were accounted for by assuming all phases of responses were attenuated by 25 dB in the case of primary endings and 20 dB in the case of secondary endings. The nonlinearity responsible for attenuation appears to occur at an early stage in the sensory process. 5. Comparison of individual responses to slow ramps with predictions based on linear theory indicated the presence of abrupt departures from linearity for both primary and secondary endings."}
{"id": "PMID:123952", "title": "Transition in sensitivity of spindle receptors that occurs when muscle is stretched more than a fraction of a millimeter.", "content": "We studied the responses of 34 deefferented spindle receptors to slowly applied ramp stretches (0.01-1 mm/s) of small (0.02-0.2 mm) and intermediate (0.2-1 mm) amplitudes. The afferent discharge from primary and secondary endings was recorded from filaments of dorsal root in anesthetized cats. 1. Responses of most endings to ramps of intermediate amplitude showed abrupt changes in slope (discontinuities) which were highly repeatable. Discontinuities occurred more nearly at constant stretch (in the range 50-400 mum for different receptors) than at constant discharge rate. They were less pronounced in the case of secondary endings. 2. Changes in sensitivity occurred when the degree of stretch exceeded a transitional amplitude which ranged from 50 to 200 mum. These changes were studied by constructing plots based on a family of responses to a family of ramps which were scaled versions of each other. The plots indicated that reductions in sensitivity occurred both during stretch and during adaptation; the reductions were more marked for primary than for secondary endings. 3. Responses were modified considerably by preceding changes in muscle length. When the last change was an increase of a few millimeters, discontinuities became more pronounced and other changes in the appearance of the dynamic response occurred, particularly in the case of primary endings. These changes could last for several minutes, but were abolished by a single test stretch of intermediate amplitude. 4. The resetting of high sensitivity that occurs when muscle length is changed, the discontinuities, the transitions in sensitivity, nonlinear adaptation, and the effects of previous length change appeared to be related phenomena. They can all be accounted for by the hypothesis that polar zones of intrafusal muscle fibers possess a frictionlike property, one analogous to that which has been described for whole muscle. A simple nonlinear model which shows these features is presented. 5. The adequate stimulus for a change in primary ending discharge is a small change in muscle length, relatively independently of its velocity. The dynamic response arises mainly from a changing sensitivity to length itself, which is a nonlinear property.", "contents": "Transition in sensitivity of spindle receptors that occurs when muscle is stretched more than a fraction of a millimeter. We studied the responses of 34 deefferented spindle receptors to slowly applied ramp stretches (0.01-1 mm/s) of small (0.02-0.2 mm) and intermediate (0.2-1 mm) amplitudes. The afferent discharge from primary and secondary endings was recorded from filaments of dorsal root in anesthetized cats. 1. Responses of most endings to ramps of intermediate amplitude showed abrupt changes in slope (discontinuities) which were highly repeatable. Discontinuities occurred more nearly at constant stretch (in the range 50-400 mum for different receptors) than at constant discharge rate. They were less pronounced in the case of secondary endings. 2. Changes in sensitivity occurred when the degree of stretch exceeded a transitional amplitude which ranged from 50 to 200 mum. These changes were studied by constructing plots based on a family of responses to a family of ramps which were scaled versions of each other. The plots indicated that reductions in sensitivity occurred both during stretch and during adaptation; the reductions were more marked for primary than for secondary endings. 3. Responses were modified considerably by preceding changes in muscle length. When the last change was an increase of a few millimeters, discontinuities became more pronounced and other changes in the appearance of the dynamic response occurred, particularly in the case of primary endings. These changes could last for several minutes, but were abolished by a single test stretch of intermediate amplitude. 4. The resetting of high sensitivity that occurs when muscle length is changed, the discontinuities, the transitions in sensitivity, nonlinear adaptation, and the effects of previous length change appeared to be related phenomena. They can all be accounted for by the hypothesis that polar zones of intrafusal muscle fibers possess a frictionlike property, one analogous to that which has been described for whole muscle. A simple nonlinear model which shows these features is presented. 5. The adequate stimulus for a change in primary ending discharge is a small change in muscle length, relatively independently of its velocity. The dynamic response arises mainly from a changing sensitivity to length itself, which is a nonlinear property."}
{"id": "PMID:123955", "title": "The pulmonary vascular bed in children with Down syndrome.", "content": "Sixty-nine children with Down syndrome (mongolism, trisomy 21), with atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, or endocardial cushion defects, and 315 children with similar cardiac anomalies without this syndrome underwent cardiac catheterization during an 8-year period from 1964 to 1973. Only patients under 17 years of age were included in the study. Nine tenths of the children with Down syndrome but only one fourth of the control group had abnormally high pulmonary arterial pressures. For example, 9 of 11 children with defects of the atrial septum and Down syndrome had pulmonary hypertension; in contrast, only 5 of 55 control subjects with similar defects had pulmonary hypertension. The data suggest that children with congenital heart disease and Down syndrome have an unusually high pulmonary vascular resistance and a propensity for early development of severe damage to the pulmonary vascular bed.", "contents": "The pulmonary vascular bed in children with Down syndrome. Sixty-nine children with Down syndrome (mongolism, trisomy 21), with atrial septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, or endocardial cushion defects, and 315 children with similar cardiac anomalies without this syndrome underwent cardiac catheterization during an 8-year period from 1964 to 1973. Only patients under 17 years of age were included in the study. Nine tenths of the children with Down syndrome but only one fourth of the control group had abnormally high pulmonary arterial pressures. For example, 9 of 11 children with defects of the atrial septum and Down syndrome had pulmonary hypertension; in contrast, only 5 of 55 control subjects with similar defects had pulmonary hypertension. The data suggest that children with congenital heart disease and Down syndrome have an unusually high pulmonary vascular resistance and a propensity for early development of severe damage to the pulmonary vascular bed."}
{"id": "PMID:123958", "title": "GLC determination of nicotinamide in multivitamin formulations after conversion to nicotinonitrile.", "content": "A method was developed for the quantitative GLC determination of nicotinamide. It is based on the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinonitrile. This dehydration reaction is mediated with trifluoroacetic anhydride and catalyzed by base. The GLC properties of this nitrile are excellent. The reaction conditions, extraction, and stability properties of the derivative as well as the choice of internal standard are discussed.", "contents": "GLC determination of nicotinamide in multivitamin formulations after conversion to nicotinonitrile. A method was developed for the quantitative GLC determination of nicotinamide. It is based on the conversion of nicotinamide to nicotinonitrile. This dehydration reaction is mediated with trifluoroacetic anhydride and catalyzed by base. The GLC properties of this nitrile are excellent. The reaction conditions, extraction, and stability properties of the derivative as well as the choice of internal standard are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:123961", "title": "Evidence that the deferential vein acts as a local transport system for androgen in the rat and the dog.", "content": "Ligation of the deferential vein of the rat has been shown to bring about a reduction in the androgen-dependent activity of the prostatic RNA polymerase enzyme. In the dog, the content of androgens in this vein is of the order of that found in the testicular vein and many times higher than that of peripheral plasma. It seems that the cauda epididymidis alone is sufficient to maintain the ipsilateral lobes of the prostate and seminal vesicles providing an intact ductus deferens and contralateral testis are retained. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the deferential vein of the dog and rat may serve as a direct transporting system for androgens from the epididymis to the prostatic complex.", "contents": "Evidence that the deferential vein acts as a local transport system for androgen in the rat and the dog. Ligation of the deferential vein of the rat has been shown to bring about a reduction in the androgen-dependent activity of the prostatic RNA polymerase enzyme. In the dog, the content of androgens in this vein is of the order of that found in the testicular vein and many times higher than that of peripheral plasma. It seems that the cauda epididymidis alone is sufficient to maintain the ipsilateral lobes of the prostate and seminal vesicles providing an intact ductus deferens and contralateral testis are retained. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that the deferential vein of the dog and rat may serve as a direct transporting system for androgens from the epididymis to the prostatic complex."}
{"id": "PMID:123965", "title": "Kinetics of cell proliferation in benigh and premalignant tumors of the human epidermis.", "content": "A double labeling method with two levels of tritiated thymidine was used to study 6 patients  with seborrheic keratosis, 1 with a fibroepithelial tumor of Pinkus, and 1 with basal cell nevus syndrome manifesting three pits on the palm of the hand. The two latter types of lesions, known to be able to evolve into basal cell carcinoma, had an increased S-phase duration (18 hr for the germ cells of the palmar pits) as compared with normal epidermis (10 hr). This situation was similar to that observed in basal cell carcinoma, However, the S phase was not lengthened in seborrheic keratosis (9.2 plus or minus 1.6), a benign tumor in which malignant transformation is extremely rare. S phase was also of normal duration in the benign eosinophilic septa of the tumor of Pinkus.", "contents": "Kinetics of cell proliferation in benigh and premalignant tumors of the human epidermis. A double labeling method with two levels of tritiated thymidine was used to study 6 patients  with seborrheic keratosis, 1 with a fibroepithelial tumor of Pinkus, and 1 with basal cell nevus syndrome manifesting three pits on the palm of the hand. The two latter types of lesions, known to be able to evolve into basal cell carcinoma, had an increased S-phase duration (18 hr for the germ cells of the palmar pits) as compared with normal epidermis (10 hr). This situation was similar to that observed in basal cell carcinoma, However, the S phase was not lengthened in seborrheic keratosis (9.2 plus or minus 1.6), a benign tumor in which malignant transformation is extremely rare. S phase was also of normal duration in the benign eosinophilic septa of the tumor of Pinkus."}
{"id": "PMID:123966", "title": "Proteases during the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor. I. The fibrinolysin system.", "content": "Component levels of the fibrinolysin system in the plasma and ascitic fluid of Swiss mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were determined during a 15-day tumor growth time phase. During tumor growth, the concentration of plasminogen in the ascitic fluid decreased inversely to the total packed cell volume. Free plasmin was not present in the ascitic fluid nor was there any measurable plasminogen activator activity. Both antiplasmin activity and fibrinogen levels present in the fluid decreased during tumor growth. The nuclear and mitochondrial-microsomal subcellular fractions of the tumor cell exhibited plasminogen activator activity. No significant changes in the above parameters occurred in the plasma during the tumor growth period we studied.", "contents": "Proteases during the growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor. I. The fibrinolysin system. Component levels of the fibrinolysin system in the plasma and ascitic fluid of Swiss mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were determined during a 15-day tumor growth time phase. During tumor growth, the concentration of plasminogen in the ascitic fluid decreased inversely to the total packed cell volume. Free plasmin was not present in the ascitic fluid nor was there any measurable plasminogen activator activity. Both antiplasmin activity and fibrinogen levels present in the fluid decreased during tumor growth. The nuclear and mitochondrial-microsomal subcellular fractions of the tumor cell exhibited plasminogen activator activity. No significant changes in the above parameters occurred in the plasma during the tumor growth period we studied."}
{"id": "PMID:123968", "title": "[Studies on the spatial velocity electrocardiogram in left ventricular overloadings].", "content": "Conventional ECG, Frank system VCG and the spatial velocity ECG were recorded in 42 cases of healthy adult men, 76 cases of hypertension and 26 cases of aortic insufficiency, and were studied qualitatively as well as quantitatively in order to clarify the characteristic changes in the spatial velocity ECG in the systolic and the diastolic overloadings of the left ventricle. Spatial velocity ECG were recorded by means of the spatial velocity electrocardiograph, leading three scalar ECG of Frank system (X, Y, and Z leads) into the differentiating, the squaring, the adding and the square root circuits in orders. Computations were performed automatically according to the following formula: see journal for formula. Spatial velocity ECG and three scalar ECG of Frank system were simultaneously recorded by the four channel heatwriting oscillograph with paper speed of 100 mm per second. The forty Hz and 4 Hz of the sinusoidal waves were introduced into the circuits for the calibrations of QRS and P and T waves respectively. P waves of the spatial velocity ECG in normal subjects showed 2-peaked (5%), 3-peaked (6%), and 4-peaked (26%) patterns exhibiting 3-peaked P waves as the basic pattern in normal. The three peaked and 4-peaked patterns were observed in 33% and 67% in hypertension, and in 35% and 65% in aortic insufficiency respectively. Two-peaked P wave was not observed and the incidence of the 4-peaked P waves of the spatial velocity ECG increased in the left ventricular overloadings..", "contents": "[Studies on the spatial velocity electrocardiogram in left ventricular overloadings]. Conventional ECG, Frank system VCG and the spatial velocity ECG were recorded in 42 cases of healthy adult men, 76 cases of hypertension and 26 cases of aortic insufficiency, and were studied qualitatively as well as quantitatively in order to clarify the characteristic changes in the spatial velocity ECG in the systolic and the diastolic overloadings of the left ventricle. Spatial velocity ECG were recorded by means of the spatial velocity electrocardiograph, leading three scalar ECG of Frank system (X, Y, and Z leads) into the differentiating, the squaring, the adding and the square root circuits in orders. Computations were performed automatically according to the following formula: see journal for formula. Spatial velocity ECG and three scalar ECG of Frank system were simultaneously recorded by the four channel heatwriting oscillograph with paper speed of 100 mm per second. The forty Hz and 4 Hz of the sinusoidal waves were introduced into the circuits for the calibrations of QRS and P and T waves respectively. P waves of the spatial velocity ECG in normal subjects showed 2-peaked (5%), 3-peaked (6%), and 4-peaked (26%) patterns exhibiting 3-peaked P waves as the basic pattern in normal. The three peaked and 4-peaked patterns were observed in 33% and 67% in hypertension, and in 35% and 65% in aortic insufficiency respectively. Two-peaked P wave was not observed and the incidence of the 4-peaked P waves of the spatial velocity ECG increased in the left ventricular overloadings.."}
{"id": "PMID:123971", "title": "Fatal immune complex glomerulonephritis without deposits.", "content": "Repeated intravenous injections of egg albumin in rabbits produced small antigen-excess complexes and severe glomerulonephritis. Immunoglobulins and complement in the glomeruli were not clearly demonstrated by immunofluorescence; deposits were found to be sparse by electron microscopy. This study demonstrates that soluble immune complexes are responsible for the glomerular reaction. The apparent absence of deposits is thus not sufficient to exclude an immune complex pathogenesis.", "contents": "Fatal immune complex glomerulonephritis without deposits. Repeated intravenous injections of egg albumin in rabbits produced small antigen-excess complexes and severe glomerulonephritis. Immunoglobulins and complement in the glomeruli were not clearly demonstrated by immunofluorescence; deposits were found to be sparse by electron microscopy. This study demonstrates that soluble immune complexes are responsible for the glomerular reaction. The apparent absence of deposits is thus not sufficient to exclude an immune complex pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:123972", "title": "Cardiomegaly in chronic anemia in ratsman experimental study including ultrastructural, histometric, and stereologic observations.", "content": "Postweanling rats maintained on a milk-sugar diet develop a sideropenic anemia, the hemoglobin values falling to less than 30 per cent within 8 to 10 weeks. In that period the heart weight increases by more than 3 times, both ventricles enlarging proportionately. As in other forms of cardiac hypertrophy, a progressive increase in the numbers of connective tissue cells occurs. Ultrastructural and stereologic studies show an appreciable proliferation of the mitochondrial mass in myocardial cells, the mitochondrial fractional volume increasing from a normal of 0.38 to 0.48 per unit cell volume. This quantitative increase is accompanied by a progressive deterioration of the internal cristal structure and the appearance of abnormal, degenerating, and necrotic forms of mitochondria as congestive cardiac failure develops. Myofibrils remain normal. The heart of an anemic rat subjected to an additional workload produced by subdiaphragmatic aortic constriction shows an earlier deterioration of the mitochondrial ultrastructure and stereologic profiles. However, it does not become as large as the heart of the purely anemic animal. In anemic animals with an increased workload, the myofibrillar fractional volume increases from a normal of 0.52 to 0.57 per unit cell volume initially. The active sarcomerogenesis is achieved by Z-band proliferation, which was not observed in the heart of the purely anemic animal. These findings provide a structural basis for the functional and biochemical cardiac deterioration observed in the cardiomegaly induced by chronic anemia.", "contents": "Cardiomegaly in chronic anemia in ratsman experimental study including ultrastructural, histometric, and stereologic observations. Postweanling rats maintained on a milk-sugar diet develop a sideropenic anemia, the hemoglobin values falling to less than 30 per cent within 8 to 10 weeks. In that period the heart weight increases by more than 3 times, both ventricles enlarging proportionately. As in other forms of cardiac hypertrophy, a progressive increase in the numbers of connective tissue cells occurs. Ultrastructural and stereologic studies show an appreciable proliferation of the mitochondrial mass in myocardial cells, the mitochondrial fractional volume increasing from a normal of 0.38 to 0.48 per unit cell volume. This quantitative increase is accompanied by a progressive deterioration of the internal cristal structure and the appearance of abnormal, degenerating, and necrotic forms of mitochondria as congestive cardiac failure develops. Myofibrils remain normal. The heart of an anemic rat subjected to an additional workload produced by subdiaphragmatic aortic constriction shows an earlier deterioration of the mitochondrial ultrastructure and stereologic profiles. However, it does not become as large as the heart of the purely anemic animal. In anemic animals with an increased workload, the myofibrillar fractional volume increases from a normal of 0.52 to 0.57 per unit cell volume initially. The active sarcomerogenesis is achieved by Z-band proliferation, which was not observed in the heart of the purely anemic animal. These findings provide a structural basis for the functional and biochemical cardiac deterioration observed in the cardiomegaly induced by chronic anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:123973", "title": "Glomerular fibrinolytic activity after thrombin perfusion in the rat.", "content": "The effects of thrombin perfusion on glomerular fibrinolytic activity (GFA) have been assessed quantitatively in isolated rat glomeruli. Gfa was augmented by increasing total thrombin perfused to a maximal dose of 120 units per 100 gm. Fifty per cent maximal GFA occurred at a dose of 38 to 42 units of thrombin per 100 gm. independent of duration or rate of perfusion. After termination of infusion, GFA diminished and thrombi were no longer observed. Simultaneous administration of thrombin and epsilon-aminocaproic acid was associated with sustained high GFA and persistence of thrombi, presumably due to inhibition of the action of plasmin on fibrin, but it had no effect on tissue activators of plasminogen.", "contents": "Glomerular fibrinolytic activity after thrombin perfusion in the rat. The effects of thrombin perfusion on glomerular fibrinolytic activity (GFA) have been assessed quantitatively in isolated rat glomeruli. Gfa was augmented by increasing total thrombin perfused to a maximal dose of 120 units per 100 gm. Fifty per cent maximal GFA occurred at a dose of 38 to 42 units of thrombin per 100 gm. independent of duration or rate of perfusion. After termination of infusion, GFA diminished and thrombi were no longer observed. Simultaneous administration of thrombin and epsilon-aminocaproic acid was associated with sustained high GFA and persistence of thrombi, presumably due to inhibition of the action of plasmin on fibrin, but it had no effect on tissue activators of plasminogen."}
{"id": "PMID:123977", "title": "Homologous dura mater cardiac valves. Study of 533 surgical cases.", "content": "A group of 533 patients had cardiac valves replaced with homologous dura mater valves. The dura mater was preserved in a solution of 98 per cent glycerol and antibiotics for a period of 12 days before used. The leaflets were mounted in a stainless steel ring covered by Dacron velour. Two hundred forty-five patients had mitral valve replacement; 205 patients, aortic valve replacement; 17 patients, tricuspid valve replacement; and 2 patients, pulmonary valve replacement. Sixty-four patients were subjected to multivalvular replacements. The patients were followed for a period of 1 to 40 months after surgery with satisfactory clinical and hemodynamic results. Because 2 patients developed endocarditis produced by fungii, fungicidal drugs were added to the preservative solution. No bacterial endocarditis has been observed. No pressure gradient through the valve has been noted at rest. Anticoagulant drugs have not been used in the postoperative period.", "contents": "Homologous dura mater cardiac valves. Study of 533 surgical cases. A group of 533 patients had cardiac valves replaced with homologous dura mater valves. The dura mater was preserved in a solution of 98 per cent glycerol and antibiotics for a period of 12 days before used. The leaflets were mounted in a stainless steel ring covered by Dacron velour. Two hundred forty-five patients had mitral valve replacement; 205 patients, aortic valve replacement; 17 patients, tricuspid valve replacement; and 2 patients, pulmonary valve replacement. Sixty-four patients were subjected to multivalvular replacements. The patients were followed for a period of 1 to 40 months after surgery with satisfactory clinical and hemodynamic results. Because 2 patients developed endocarditis produced by fungii, fungicidal drugs were added to the preservative solution. No bacterial endocarditis has been observed. No pressure gradient through the valve has been noted at rest. Anticoagulant drugs have not been used in the postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:123980", "title": "Metabolic adjustments of the kidney involved in the adaptation to potassium loading.", "content": "Potassium adaptation involves the development of the ability of the kidneys to secrete large amounts of potassium into the urine. This is accompanied by an adaptive increase in the specific activity of sodium-potassium-ATPase in the kidney, predominantly in the medulla and the papilla, but also involving the cortex. It is likely that these changes are localized to the distal tubule and are especially marked in the collecting ducts although there is no direct evidence bearing on this. Net secretion of potassium in isolated kidneys taken from chronically potassium loaded animals is completely eliminated when ouabain, a specific inhibitor of sodium-potassium-ATPase, is added to the perfusion medium. The secretion of potassium appears also to depend critically on the availability of glucose as substrate.", "contents": "Metabolic adjustments of the kidney involved in the adaptation to potassium loading. Potassium adaptation involves the development of the ability of the kidneys to secrete large amounts of potassium into the urine. This is accompanied by an adaptive increase in the specific activity of sodium-potassium-ATPase in the kidney, predominantly in the medulla and the papilla, but also involving the cortex. It is likely that these changes are localized to the distal tubule and are especially marked in the collecting ducts although there is no direct evidence bearing on this. Net secretion of potassium in isolated kidneys taken from chronically potassium loaded animals is completely eliminated when ouabain, a specific inhibitor of sodium-potassium-ATPase, is added to the perfusion medium. The secretion of potassium appears also to depend critically on the availability of glucose as substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:123982", "title": "[10 years of tympanoplasty in the hands of an ear, nose and throat surgeon. An analysis of successes and failures (author's transl)].", "content": "The successful performance of a tympanoplasty by an otologist working for the health service is guaranteed when the operative results are systematically checked and critically evaluated against clinical-scientific advances. Certain criteria are discussed, based on an experience of 827 tympanoplastics, such as preoperative treatment, assessment of the pathological-anatomical conditions, restoration of sound conduction, tubal function, the problem of the drum transplant, reconstruction of the meatal wall and especially attocotomy which proved very satisfactory in 72 cases.", "contents": "[10 years of tympanoplasty in the hands of an ear, nose and throat surgeon. An analysis of successes and failures (author's transl)]. The successful performance of a tympanoplasty by an otologist working for the health service is guaranteed when the operative results are systematically checked and critically evaluated against clinical-scientific advances. Certain criteria are discussed, based on an experience of 827 tympanoplastics, such as preoperative treatment, assessment of the pathological-anatomical conditions, restoration of sound conduction, tubal function, the problem of the drum transplant, reconstruction of the meatal wall and especially attocotomy which proved very satisfactory in 72 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:123983", "title": "[Enzymatic and immunological inflammatory reactions in the middle ear (author's transl)].", "content": "During chronic otitis media intact immunoglobulins are split by extracellular bacterial proteinases into fragments of different molecular weight, The most malignant extracellular proteinases with the greatest proteolytic activity against intact immunoglobulins are the bacterial proteinases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These proteinases cannot be inhibited by the other serum proteinase-inhibitor except for Alpha-2-Macroglobulin of the human blood serum. This inhibitor has a very high molecular weight, so that we cannot find it in a higher concentration in the middle-ear-secretory. We can liberate this inhibitor by injuring the blood vessels during a tympanoplasty. In this way we get an inhibitory effect against these proteinases and combined with an appropriate antibiotic therapy we can cure a chronic otitis MEDIA. In order to demonstrate that there are immunological reactions in the middle ear against homografted ossicles, various transplantation with homologous ossicles have been performed between two inbreeding rat strains. After sensitisation of the host animals against antigens of the donor animals with skin grafts a reliable histologic infiltration with plasma cells and lymphocytes and the rejection of the graft could be insured. After a simple homologous transplantation without sensitisation, these rejection reactions occurr only rarely and in a diminished form. Cialit storage of middle ear ossicles decreases the solubility of the contained proteins and this in turn diminishes the antigenicity, the amount the antigens, or it retards their liberation. It is for these reasons that Cialit-stored ossicles are more slowly transformed, and there are less inflammatory reactions and adhesions than with untreated ones. The osteogenetic capability of the ossicles is not affected by the Cialit storage.", "contents": "[Enzymatic and immunological inflammatory reactions in the middle ear (author's transl)]. During chronic otitis media intact immunoglobulins are split by extracellular bacterial proteinases into fragments of different molecular weight, The most malignant extracellular proteinases with the greatest proteolytic activity against intact immunoglobulins are the bacterial proteinases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These proteinases cannot be inhibited by the other serum proteinase-inhibitor except for Alpha-2-Macroglobulin of the human blood serum. This inhibitor has a very high molecular weight, so that we cannot find it in a higher concentration in the middle-ear-secretory. We can liberate this inhibitor by injuring the blood vessels during a tympanoplasty. In this way we get an inhibitory effect against these proteinases and combined with an appropriate antibiotic therapy we can cure a chronic otitis MEDIA. In order to demonstrate that there are immunological reactions in the middle ear against homografted ossicles, various transplantation with homologous ossicles have been performed between two inbreeding rat strains. After sensitisation of the host animals against antigens of the donor animals with skin grafts a reliable histologic infiltration with plasma cells and lymphocytes and the rejection of the graft could be insured. After a simple homologous transplantation without sensitisation, these rejection reactions occurr only rarely and in a diminished form. Cialit storage of middle ear ossicles decreases the solubility of the contained proteins and this in turn diminishes the antigenicity, the amount the antigens, or it retards their liberation. It is for these reasons that Cialit-stored ossicles are more slowly transformed, and there are less inflammatory reactions and adhesions than with untreated ones. The osteogenetic capability of the ossicles is not affected by the Cialit storage."}
{"id": "PMID:123984", "title": "[Medial or lateral placement of the graft in myringoplasty comparative studies of both operation techniques using electronic data processing (author's transl)].", "content": "After medial placement of the graft in myringoplasty the remaining air-bone gap within the speech range is on an average approximately 10,- dB. This remaining air-bone gap is, according to secured statistics, on an average approximately 10 dB lower than in a lateral placement of the graft. The bone conduction does usually not change in either operation method. The additional support of meatal skin graft on the underlayed fascia does not have any influence on the audiologic finding. The percentage of the reperforations is in type I with a rate of 18% rather high; both operation methods do not significantly differ.", "contents": "[Medial or lateral placement of the graft in myringoplasty comparative studies of both operation techniques using electronic data processing (author's transl)]. After medial placement of the graft in myringoplasty the remaining air-bone gap within the speech range is on an average approximately 10,- dB. This remaining air-bone gap is, according to secured statistics, on an average approximately 10 dB lower than in a lateral placement of the graft. The bone conduction does usually not change in either operation method. The additional support of meatal skin graft on the underlayed fascia does not have any influence on the audiologic finding. The percentage of the reperforations is in type I with a rate of 18% rather high; both operation methods do not significantly differ."}
{"id": "PMID:123985", "title": "[Homologous transplants in the middle ear (author's transl)].", "content": "The original concept of tympanoplasty included besides the closure of the middle ear, the removal of pathological middle ear components leaving intact the functional and healthy components. The special conditions that prevail in the middle ear (aeration, absence of intrinsic trauma) allow the reconstruction of the middle ear mechanics to a great extent. Animal experiments and clinical experience reveal good transplantation properties of denatured and preserved ear ossicles. They are partly replaced by the body's own true tissue, and preserve the original form over a period of years. Denatured dear drums with malleus, incus, and parts of the stapes give astounding acoustic results. The posterior bony canal wall in old radical cavities can be replaced by the posterior wall of the human temporal bone which has been preserved in Cialit.", "contents": "[Homologous transplants in the middle ear (author's transl)]. The original concept of tympanoplasty included besides the closure of the middle ear, the removal of pathological middle ear components leaving intact the functional and healthy components. The special conditions that prevail in the middle ear (aeration, absence of intrinsic trauma) allow the reconstruction of the middle ear mechanics to a great extent. Animal experiments and clinical experience reveal good transplantation properties of denatured and preserved ear ossicles. They are partly replaced by the body's own true tissue, and preserve the original form over a period of years. Denatured dear drums with malleus, incus, and parts of the stapes give astounding acoustic results. The posterior bony canal wall in old radical cavities can be replaced by the posterior wall of the human temporal bone which has been preserved in Cialit."}
{"id": "PMID:123986", "title": "[Experience with the quilt-plasty in tympanoplastic operations (author's transl)].", "content": "I presume the technique of quilt-plasty is already well known, Experience has shown that preserving the anterior tympanomeatal angle with the quilt-plasty leads to a better fixation and thus a better vascular supply. The success rate could be improved spontaneously both anatomically and audiologically. We use this method especially for subtotal and total defects in spite of the risk of a secondary perforation developing during the healing process. These tend to be much smaller than the primary perforations and may be dealt with in outpatients by a revision operation. 2195 ear operations were performed in three years, 1204 were tympanoplasties. 18 secondary perforations were seen with the quilt-plasties. They either healed spontaneously or were finally closed with a small operative revision in ambulant patients, The quilt-plasty is thus our method of choice.", "contents": "[Experience with the quilt-plasty in tympanoplastic operations (author's transl)]. I presume the technique of quilt-plasty is already well known, Experience has shown that preserving the anterior tympanomeatal angle with the quilt-plasty leads to a better fixation and thus a better vascular supply. The success rate could be improved spontaneously both anatomically and audiologically. We use this method especially for subtotal and total defects in spite of the risk of a secondary perforation developing during the healing process. These tend to be much smaller than the primary perforations and may be dealt with in outpatients by a revision operation. 2195 ear operations were performed in three years, 1204 were tympanoplasties. 18 secondary perforations were seen with the quilt-plasties. They either healed spontaneously or were finally closed with a small operative revision in ambulant patients, The quilt-plasty is thus our method of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:123987", "title": "[Tuberculosis of the middle ear and tympanoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture of tuberculous otitis media is described. Nowadays the desease usually appears as a infection of the mucous membrane. The problems concerning the diagnosis of this specific infection by histological or bacteriological methods are discussed. Special questions about the performance of a tympanoplasty in a tuberculous otitis media are considered.", "contents": "[Tuberculosis of the middle ear and tympanoplasty (author's transl)]. The clinical picture of tuberculous otitis media is described. Nowadays the desease usually appears as a infection of the mucous membrane. The problems concerning the diagnosis of this specific infection by histological or bacteriological methods are discussed. Special questions about the performance of a tympanoplasty in a tuberculous otitis media are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:123988", "title": "[Tympanoplasty of today (author's transl)].", "content": "The author explains why he developed the access to the meso-hypotympanum via the angle between the facial nerve and the chorda tympani in 1953 which he then demonstrated at many occasions. The value of this access--later used by other ear surgeons and named mastoidectomy with intact canal wall technique or posterior tympanotomy--for chronic otitis media was always denied by the author. These methods do not give sufficient way to the main focus of pathology in the epitympanum mainly to the pretympanic recess in front of the head of the malleus; The danger of deep penetrating cholesteatoma in the petrous bone is too great. Only complete opening combined with complete reconstruction serves really eradicating the pathology completely as well as full reconstruction of the middle ear and the external canal; this means osteoplastic epitympanotomy. With the help of this operation it is possible to continue in the same stage with complete mastoidectomy and complete sinus operation.", "contents": "[Tympanoplasty of today (author's transl)]. The author explains why he developed the access to the meso-hypotympanum via the angle between the facial nerve and the chorda tympani in 1953 which he then demonstrated at many occasions. The value of this access--later used by other ear surgeons and named mastoidectomy with intact canal wall technique or posterior tympanotomy--for chronic otitis media was always denied by the author. These methods do not give sufficient way to the main focus of pathology in the epitympanum mainly to the pretympanic recess in front of the head of the malleus; The danger of deep penetrating cholesteatoma in the petrous bone is too great. Only complete opening combined with complete reconstruction serves really eradicating the pathology completely as well as full reconstruction of the middle ear and the external canal; this means osteoplastic epitympanotomy. With the help of this operation it is possible to continue in the same stage with complete mastoidectomy and complete sinus operation."}
{"id": "PMID:123989", "title": "[The endoscopy of paranasal sinuses. Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with further experiences in endoscopy of the maxillary sinus and in possibilities of endoscopy of frontal and sphenoidal sinuses. Some coloured photographs taken during endoscopy are shown. As the result of 301 sinuscopies of maxillary sinus performed, it could be shown that in 36% of the cases x-ray findings didn't exactly correspond with the endoscopy findings. In further 22% there was no correlation at all between the x-rays and findings at operation. This shows the great importance of sinuscopy and reveals its diagnostic values. The author used the endoscopy of the maxillary sinus not only for diagnostic purposes but for the treatment of chronic purulent sinusitis as well as complete removal of the socalled solitary cysts of the mucous membrane. A therapeutic gap between the two extreme (conservative treatment on one side and radical surgery Caldwell-Luc on the other side) ist bridged using this method. Finally the indications for endoscopy of maxillary and frontal sinuses are shown clearly in a table.", "contents": "[The endoscopy of paranasal sinuses. Diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities (author's transl)]. This paper deals with further experiences in endoscopy of the maxillary sinus and in possibilities of endoscopy of frontal and sphenoidal sinuses. Some coloured photographs taken during endoscopy are shown. As the result of 301 sinuscopies of maxillary sinus performed, it could be shown that in 36% of the cases x-ray findings didn't exactly correspond with the endoscopy findings. In further 22% there was no correlation at all between the x-rays and findings at operation. This shows the great importance of sinuscopy and reveals its diagnostic values. The author used the endoscopy of the maxillary sinus not only for diagnostic purposes but for the treatment of chronic purulent sinusitis as well as complete removal of the socalled solitary cysts of the mucous membrane. A therapeutic gap between the two extreme (conservative treatment on one side and radical surgery Caldwell-Luc on the other side) ist bridged using this method. Finally the indications for endoscopy of maxillary and frontal sinuses are shown clearly in a table."}
{"id": "PMID:123990", "title": "[Complications in the paranasal sinuses due to surgery via the ethmoidal labyrinth (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of 174 relevant cases of operations via ethmoidal labyrinth shows that there are no more frequent complications of the paranasal sinuses postoperatively. We found only 5 immediate and 4 indirect postoperative complications; the aims of operation were the orbit and the sella turcica.", "contents": "[Complications in the paranasal sinuses due to surgery via the ethmoidal labyrinth (author's transl)]. An analysis of 174 relevant cases of operations via ethmoidal labyrinth shows that there are no more frequent complications of the paranasal sinuses postoperatively. We found only 5 immediate and 4 indirect postoperative complications; the aims of operation were the orbit and the sella turcica."}
{"id": "PMID:123991", "title": "[Air pressure and flow in the nose6 represented in a double-logarithmic system (author's transl)].", "content": "The x-y-recording system is developed from rhinorheomanometry in written polygraph tracings sharing a common time base. Furthermore, using tracing in a double-logarithmic diagram, the pressure-versus-flow diagram can easily be expressed with a straight line. Using fractional numbers as exponents, a precision is achieved that has previously not been posisible. The pressure-versus-flow diagram of the whole nose can easily be described, by calculation and by tracing, as the diagram of the right and left nasal cavities. The physiological-medical use of the system is shown. In order for the system to be routinely employed, a direct writing apparatus would be necessary.", "contents": "[Air pressure and flow in the nose6 represented in a double-logarithmic system (author's transl)]. The x-y-recording system is developed from rhinorheomanometry in written polygraph tracings sharing a common time base. Furthermore, using tracing in a double-logarithmic diagram, the pressure-versus-flow diagram can easily be expressed with a straight line. Using fractional numbers as exponents, a precision is achieved that has previously not been posisible. The pressure-versus-flow diagram of the whole nose can easily be described, by calculation and by tracing, as the diagram of the right and left nasal cavities. The physiological-medical use of the system is shown. In order for the system to be routinely employed, a direct writing apparatus would be necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:123992", "title": "[Nasal patency in the population of tropical coasts (author's transl)].", "content": "264 normal subjects living in tropical coastal climate (Cuba) were studied by means of contralateral rhinomanometry. The decreased nasal patency in white subjects when compared with European criteria is apparently caused by vasodilation due to the climate. There was a statistically significant difference in nasal patency between the white and the black race. Mulattos show intermediate characteristics both from the anatomical and functional point of view.", "contents": "[Nasal patency in the population of tropical coasts (author's transl)]. 264 normal subjects living in tropical coastal climate (Cuba) were studied by means of contralateral rhinomanometry. The decreased nasal patency in white subjects when compared with European criteria is apparently caused by vasodilation due to the climate. There was a statistically significant difference in nasal patency between the white and the black race. Mulattos show intermediate characteristics both from the anatomical and functional point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:123993", "title": "[Hyposmia in bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The hypothesis that denervation of the motor nerves of the larynx regularly results in hyposmia, has been examined by measuring the olfactory acuity in patients with bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Hyposmia occurred in 28% of the patients who were decannulated following successful endolaryngeal artytenoidectomy (Thornell procedure).", "contents": "[Hyposmia in bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis (author's transl)]. The hypothesis that denervation of the motor nerves of the larynx regularly results in hyposmia, has been examined by measuring the olfactory acuity in patients with bilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Hyposmia occurred in 28% of the patients who were decannulated following successful endolaryngeal artytenoidectomy (Thornell procedure)."}
{"id": "PMID:123994", "title": "[Vestibular adaptation-, habituation- and fatigue-test (author's transl)].", "content": "Basing on personal experiences as well as clinical manifestations the three phenomenon of habituation, adaptation and fatigue, have been analyzed. The vestibular tests have proved to be more physiological than the audiological ones. Diagnostic vestibular tests are therefore more informative.", "contents": "[Vestibular adaptation-, habituation- and fatigue-test (author's transl)]. Basing on personal experiences as well as clinical manifestations the three phenomenon of habituation, adaptation and fatigue, have been analyzed. The vestibular tests have proved to be more physiological than the audiological ones. Diagnostic vestibular tests are therefore more informative."}
{"id": "PMID:123995", "title": "[Investigations on the vestibular recruitment (author's transl)].", "content": "Searching for some kind of vestibular recruitment that might be similar to the audiological recruitment as defined by Fowler, a caloric test was done at 44 degrees, 33 degrees, 30 degrees, 26 degrees, 17 degrees. The parameter of vestibular response was the maximum slow component speed, In total 36 Meni\u00e8re-patients were electronystagmographically examined. Out of the 36 only 16 were analyzed further for the question of vestibular recruitmen, who showed strictly unilateral lesions, who were attack-free since some months and who showed clear audiological recruitment at four different recruitment tests. The following results were obtained: 1. The values obtained for the sound side of Meni\u00e8re-patients correspond to values described as normal in literature. 2. The affected side showed less reaction at all temperatures, in no case there was a tendency to recruitment. 3. With considerable loss of excitability, a \"flat curve\" was resulting, indicating decruitment.", "contents": "[Investigations on the vestibular recruitment (author's transl)]. Searching for some kind of vestibular recruitment that might be similar to the audiological recruitment as defined by Fowler, a caloric test was done at 44 degrees, 33 degrees, 30 degrees, 26 degrees, 17 degrees. The parameter of vestibular response was the maximum slow component speed, In total 36 Meni\u00e8re-patients were electronystagmographically examined. Out of the 36 only 16 were analyzed further for the question of vestibular recruitmen, who showed strictly unilateral lesions, who were attack-free since some months and who showed clear audiological recruitment at four different recruitment tests. The following results were obtained: 1. The values obtained for the sound side of Meni\u00e8re-patients correspond to values described as normal in literature. 2. The affected side showed less reaction at all temperatures, in no case there was a tendency to recruitment. 3. With considerable loss of excitability, a \"flat curve\" was resulting, indicating decruitment."}
{"id": "PMID:123996", "title": "[Is there a correlation between vestibular and cochlear hypofunction in Meni\u00e8re's disease? (author's transl)].", "content": "The vestibular findings in Meniere's disease show large variations. In the attack-free interval, with strict unilateral disease, very often there seems to be a vestibular hypoexcitability. This canal paresis is mostly manifesting itself by a reduction of the velocity of the slow phase, and not so much by the shortening of the duration of a calorically induced nystagmus. With vestibular end-organ-diseases the relative hypoexcitability is most pronounced with strong cold stimuli. The correlation between hearing loss and vestibular function loss of 16 Meniere patients was examined at different caloric stimuli from 44 degrees to 17 degrees C. The generally accepted mode for determining vestibular hypoexcitability (mean value of the 44 degrees and 30 degrees -stimulus) only showed a very slight correlation to hearing loss. The determination of vestibular hypofunction at different caloric stimuli--or, at least, the additional application of a strong cold stimulus--seems to give new and valuable vestibular diagnostic possibilities.", "contents": "[Is there a correlation between vestibular and cochlear hypofunction in Meni\u00e8re's disease? (author's transl)]. The vestibular findings in Meniere's disease show large variations. In the attack-free interval, with strict unilateral disease, very often there seems to be a vestibular hypoexcitability. This canal paresis is mostly manifesting itself by a reduction of the velocity of the slow phase, and not so much by the shortening of the duration of a calorically induced nystagmus. With vestibular end-organ-diseases the relative hypoexcitability is most pronounced with strong cold stimuli. The correlation between hearing loss and vestibular function loss of 16 Meniere patients was examined at different caloric stimuli from 44 degrees to 17 degrees C. The generally accepted mode for determining vestibular hypoexcitability (mean value of the 44 degrees and 30 degrees -stimulus) only showed a very slight correlation to hearing loss. The determination of vestibular hypofunction at different caloric stimuli--or, at least, the additional application of a strong cold stimulus--seems to give new and valuable vestibular diagnostic possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:123997", "title": "[The acute cervical vertigo under otologic and osteopathic view (author's transl)].", "content": "The acute cervical vertigo with the single symptome of rotary vertigo is most probably caused by a functional disturbance in the upper third of the cervical spine. Distinct patho-anatomical changes could not be observed. The findings on the cervical spine are based on an osteopathic examination. The therapy of choice is a manipulation. Three cases are reported.", "contents": "[The acute cervical vertigo under otologic and osteopathic view (author's transl)]. The acute cervical vertigo with the single symptome of rotary vertigo is most probably caused by a functional disturbance in the upper third of the cervical spine. Distinct patho-anatomical changes could not be observed. The findings on the cervical spine are based on an osteopathic examination. The therapy of choice is a manipulation. Three cases are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:123998", "title": "[Comparison of two different recording sites in electrocochleography: promontory and external mastoid position (author's transl)].", "content": "One possible evaluation of the functional unit: hair-cell/afferent neurit is the recording of an action-potential (AP) from the acoustic nerve. The authors report their experience in recording the AP from an external position on the mastoid planum and from a transtympanic position on the promontory. The promontory site is prefered because of the higher electrical response amplitude and because of its relatively reduced sensitivity against myogenic potentials. Characteristic findings in normal ears and in some pathological conditions are to be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Comparison of two different recording sites in electrocochleography: promontory and external mastoid position (author's transl)]. One possible evaluation of the functional unit: hair-cell/afferent neurit is the recording of an action-potential (AP) from the acoustic nerve. The authors report their experience in recording the AP from an external position on the mastoid planum and from a transtympanic position on the promontory. The promontory site is prefered because of the higher electrical response amplitude and because of its relatively reduced sensitivity against myogenic potentials. Characteristic findings in normal ears and in some pathological conditions are to be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:124007", "title": "Human carotid artery diameter and flow by a noninvasive technique.", "content": "This paper presents a technique tested in vitro and in dogs and used in humans to measure carotid artery blood flow continuously by placing a transducer on the skin over the artery. The tranducer consists of a pulse echo crystal used to locate the carotid artery and measure its diameter and wall velocity. It also has a pair of Doppler shift crystals used to measure the velocity of the artery wall and blood flow in the vessel. It was found that the pulsatile artery wall distension was between 8 and 13 percent of the diastolic diameter. The peak blood flow varied inversely with pulse rate. Occlusion of one carotid resulted in an increase in diastolic but not systolic flow in the other.", "contents": "Human carotid artery diameter and flow by a noninvasive technique. This paper presents a technique tested in vitro and in dogs and used in humans to measure carotid artery blood flow continuously by placing a transducer on the skin over the artery. The tranducer consists of a pulse echo crystal used to locate the carotid artery and measure its diameter and wall velocity. It also has a pair of Doppler shift crystals used to measure the velocity of the artery wall and blood flow in the vessel. It was found that the pulsatile artery wall distension was between 8 and 13 percent of the diastolic diameter. The peak blood flow varied inversely with pulse rate. Occlusion of one carotid resulted in an increase in diastolic but not systolic flow in the other."}
{"id": "PMID:124013", "title": "Kinetic behavior of associating enzyme systems ofthe type M in equilibrium M2 in equilibrium M3 in equilibrium ... and of the type 2M in equilibrium D in equilibrium D2 in equilibrium D3 in equilibrium ...", "content": "A theoretical analysis has been made of dependencies of specific enzymatic activity (a) on the concentration of the enzyme for associating enzyme systems, in which the association of protein molecules leads to the formation of linear associates of an unlimited length (M in equilibrium M2 in equilibrium M3 in equilibrium ...) and is accompanied by steric shielding of active centers, and also for systems of the type 2 M in equilibrium D in equilibrium D2 in equilibrium D3 in equilibrium ... (M is an inactive monomer and D is an active dimer), in which the specific enzymatic activity of the dimer does not depend on the degree of association. For both models an analysis has been made of the S-shape of the curves of the dependence of a on the concentration of the substrate. Experimental data for glutamate dehydrogenase from ox liver and phosphofructokinase from rabbit skeletal muscles have been used as illustrations.", "contents": "Kinetic behavior of associating enzyme systems ofthe type M in equilibrium M2 in equilibrium M3 in equilibrium ... and of the type 2M in equilibrium D in equilibrium D2 in equilibrium D3 in equilibrium ... A theoretical analysis has been made of dependencies of specific enzymatic activity (a) on the concentration of the enzyme for associating enzyme systems, in which the association of protein molecules leads to the formation of linear associates of an unlimited length (M in equilibrium M2 in equilibrium M3 in equilibrium ...) and is accompanied by steric shielding of active centers, and also for systems of the type 2 M in equilibrium D in equilibrium D2 in equilibrium D3 in equilibrium ... (M is an inactive monomer and D is an active dimer), in which the specific enzymatic activity of the dimer does not depend on the degree of association. For both models an analysis has been made of the S-shape of the curves of the dependence of a on the concentration of the substrate. Experimental data for glutamate dehydrogenase from ox liver and phosphofructokinase from rabbit skeletal muscles have been used as illustrations."}
{"id": "PMID:124020", "title": "Effects of renal nerves on renal hemodynamics. I. Direct stimulation and carotid occlusion.", "content": "Renal nerves were stimulated either directly (loop electrodes) or indirectly (bilateral carotid occlusion with maintenance of control blood pressure) in anesthetized dogs to determine the effects on renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), sodium excretion (UNaV), and intrarenal distribution of blood flow (microsphere method). Direct nerve stimulation decreased RBF 20% in 9 of 10 dogs; but GFR, UNaV, and intrarenal distribution of blood flow did not change significantly. Carotid occlusion decreased RBF in 9 of 10 dogs. There was a 22% fall in RBF for the whole group, GFR decreased 33%, and UNaV decreased from 0.39 to 0.17 muEq/min/g (p smaller than 0.05). A small (8%) decrease in midcortical fractional flow (p smaller than 0.05 after carotid occlusion was the only distributional flow change observed. The results disclosed no relationship between changes in sodium excretion and changes in total RBF, GFR, or intrarenal distribution of blood flow following nerve stimulation. These studies also indicate that the renal effects of carotid occlusion are probably not mediated by renal nerve stimulation alone.", "contents": "Effects of renal nerves on renal hemodynamics. I. Direct stimulation and carotid occlusion. Renal nerves were stimulated either directly (loop electrodes) or indirectly (bilateral carotid occlusion with maintenance of control blood pressure) in anesthetized dogs to determine the effects on renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), sodium excretion (UNaV), and intrarenal distribution of blood flow (microsphere method). Direct nerve stimulation decreased RBF 20% in 9 of 10 dogs; but GFR, UNaV, and intrarenal distribution of blood flow did not change significantly. Carotid occlusion decreased RBF in 9 of 10 dogs. There was a 22% fall in RBF for the whole group, GFR decreased 33%, and UNaV decreased from 0.39 to 0.17 muEq/min/g (p smaller than 0.05). A small (8%) decrease in midcortical fractional flow (p smaller than 0.05 after carotid occlusion was the only distributional flow change observed. The results disclosed no relationship between changes in sodium excretion and changes in total RBF, GFR, or intrarenal distribution of blood flow following nerve stimulation. These studies also indicate that the renal effects of carotid occlusion are probably not mediated by renal nerve stimulation alone."}
{"id": "PMID:124021", "title": "A possible case of beriberi heart failure in a chronic hemodialyzed patient.", "content": "A case of beriberi heart failure in a chronic hemodialyzed patient is described. The etiology and the diagnostical criteria are discussed. The possibility of this complication in chronic hemodialyzed patients is considered.", "contents": "A possible case of beriberi heart failure in a chronic hemodialyzed patient. A case of beriberi heart failure in a chronic hemodialyzed patient is described. The etiology and the diagnostical criteria are discussed. The possibility of this complication in chronic hemodialyzed patients is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:124022", "title": "Glomerular ultrastructural abnormalities in a patient with mixed IgG-IgM essential cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Distinct glomerular ultrastructural lesions in the form of nodular subepithelial and intramembranous, as well as discrete and band-like subendothelial deposits are described in a patient suffering from mixed IgG-IgM essential cyoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis. It is suggested that the deposits may represent immune complexes which are belived to play a central role in the pathogenesis of the glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Glomerular ultrastructural abnormalities in a patient with mixed IgG-IgM essential cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis. Distinct glomerular ultrastructural lesions in the form of nodular subepithelial and intramembranous, as well as discrete and band-like subendothelial deposits are described in a patient suffering from mixed IgG-IgM essential cyoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis. It is suggested that the deposits may represent immune complexes which are belived to play a central role in the pathogenesis of the glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:124024", "title": "[Frequent dermatologic diseases in the newborn and children].", "content": "Sebaceous gland activity in the newborn and children is extensive at first in the epidermis, and later decreases owing to defective operation of the sweat glands, circulation changes, growth of the hair, and a predisposition to infection, for which significant treatment is required. In addition to the genetic \"typus neurodermiticus\", pharmaceutical, alimentary and respiratory allergens and psychological factors may play a part in the appearance of atopical dermatitis. Onset is usually in the 2nd to 6th month and the side of the face and the scalp are affected. The clinical picture varies considerably with age and includes sanious foci covered with scabs on the head and eczema flexurarum. Differences in family history, age and the location of sites will distinguish this form from seborrhoeic dermatitis. Gluteal dermitis is secondary to congestion caused by dampness, rugging and soaking, and the action of stools and urine (bacterial amniogenesis). The main complications of neonatal and infantile impetigo are: glomerulonephritis, exfoliative dermatitis, pulmonary abscess, pulmonitis and osteomyelitis; phlyctenular, serpiginous impetigo with large and small bullae is particularly important. Treatment of neonatal and infantile dermatosis must take account of the fact that increased reabsorption and congestion are contraindications for the local application of corticoids and preparations containing salicylic and boric acid.", "contents": "[Frequent dermatologic diseases in the newborn and children]. Sebaceous gland activity in the newborn and children is extensive at first in the epidermis, and later decreases owing to defective operation of the sweat glands, circulation changes, growth of the hair, and a predisposition to infection, for which significant treatment is required. In addition to the genetic \"typus neurodermiticus\", pharmaceutical, alimentary and respiratory allergens and psychological factors may play a part in the appearance of atopical dermatitis. Onset is usually in the 2nd to 6th month and the side of the face and the scalp are affected. The clinical picture varies considerably with age and includes sanious foci covered with scabs on the head and eczema flexurarum. Differences in family history, age and the location of sites will distinguish this form from seborrhoeic dermatitis. Gluteal dermitis is secondary to congestion caused by dampness, rugging and soaking, and the action of stools and urine (bacterial amniogenesis). The main complications of neonatal and infantile impetigo are: glomerulonephritis, exfoliative dermatitis, pulmonary abscess, pulmonitis and osteomyelitis; phlyctenular, serpiginous impetigo with large and small bullae is particularly important. Treatment of neonatal and infantile dermatosis must take account of the fact that increased reabsorption and congestion are contraindications for the local application of corticoids and preparations containing salicylic and boric acid."}
{"id": "PMID:124043", "title": "[Mitochondrial abnormalities and ocular myopathies with downward-spreading evolution. Apropos of 2 new cases].", "content": "Two cases, one being probably familial, of ocular myopathy are reported. In both the onset was in childhood by ptosis of the eyelids and the course lasted more than 20 years. The patients (32 and 49 years) presented involvement of the ocular muscles as well as of the facial, pharyngolaryngeal, neck and limb muscles. There was, in both cases, marked body weight loss which could not be explained by the muscular atrophy alone, and a thyroid nodule which was not accompanied by evident change in thyroid function. Muscle biopsy studies were carried out : electron microscopy showed in both cases aggregates of mitochondria exhibiting various changes ; in one case histochemistry demonstrated that these changes were confined to type 1 muscle fibres. These cases of descending ocular myopathy can be included therefore in the group of the smaller than myopathies with abnormal mitochondria greater than.", "contents": "[Mitochondrial abnormalities and ocular myopathies with downward-spreading evolution. Apropos of 2 new cases]. Two cases, one being probably familial, of ocular myopathy are reported. In both the onset was in childhood by ptosis of the eyelids and the course lasted more than 20 years. The patients (32 and 49 years) presented involvement of the ocular muscles as well as of the facial, pharyngolaryngeal, neck and limb muscles. There was, in both cases, marked body weight loss which could not be explained by the muscular atrophy alone, and a thyroid nodule which was not accompanied by evident change in thyroid function. Muscle biopsy studies were carried out : electron microscopy showed in both cases aggregates of mitochondria exhibiting various changes ; in one case histochemistry demonstrated that these changes were confined to type 1 muscle fibres. These cases of descending ocular myopathy can be included therefore in the group of the smaller than myopathies with abnormal mitochondria greater than."}
{"id": "PMID:124046", "title": "Extracardiac abnormalities in infants with congenital heart disease.", "content": "Extracardiac anomalies (ECA) occur in 25% of infants seen during the first year of life for significant cardiac disease. Often the ECA are multiple and one third of the affected infants have some established syndrome. In infants with endocardial cushion defect, patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, malpositions, tetralogy of Fallot, and complex coarctation ECA occur in 25% or more of the cases. The most frequent ECA are in the musculoskeletal system or associated with a specific syndrome. The presence of an ECA significantly increases the mortality in infants with CHD.", "contents": "Extracardiac abnormalities in infants with congenital heart disease. Extracardiac anomalies (ECA) occur in 25% of infants seen during the first year of life for significant cardiac disease. Often the ECA are multiple and one third of the affected infants have some established syndrome. In infants with endocardial cushion defect, patent ductus arteriosus, atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, malpositions, tetralogy of Fallot, and complex coarctation ECA occur in 25% or more of the cases. The most frequent ECA are in the musculoskeletal system or associated with a specific syndrome. The presence of an ECA significantly increases the mortality in infants with CHD."}
{"id": "PMID:124055", "title": "[Enzyme activity of yeasts as an indicator of their physiological state].", "content": "During yeast cultivation the activity of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, the triggering enzymes of glycolysis, was measured and the total amount of nucleic acids was determined.  The impoverished medium--postdistillation molasses residue--was used for yeast generation in the studies.  A decline in the enzyme activity was observed, wheras the total amount of nucleic acids remained unaltered.  The activity of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase increased significantly when the yeast cultivated on the molasses residue were stimulated by an addition of a small amount of molasses upon low aeration.  The measurement of the activity of the above enzymes is a sensitive test and can be recommended for studying the technology of alcohol fermentation.", "contents": "[Enzyme activity of yeasts as an indicator of their physiological state]. During yeast cultivation the activity of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, the triggering enzymes of glycolysis, was measured and the total amount of nucleic acids was determined.  The impoverished medium--postdistillation molasses residue--was used for yeast generation in the studies.  A decline in the enzyme activity was observed, wheras the total amount of nucleic acids remained unaltered.  The activity of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase increased significantly when the yeast cultivated on the molasses residue were stimulated by an addition of a small amount of molasses upon low aeration.  The measurement of the activity of the above enzymes is a sensitive test and can be recommended for studying the technology of alcohol fermentation."}
{"id": "PMID:124058", "title": "Control of the synthesis of a single enzyme by multiple regulatory circuits in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Neurospora crassa synthesizes and secretes an extracellular protease into its growth medium when an exogenous protein serves as its principal source of sulfur, nitrogen, or carbon. The enzymes produced under these three growth conditions have been compared by a number of criteria. The results indicate that the same extracellular protease with a molecular weight of 31,000 is synthesized during the three different metabolic conditions. A regulatory mutant, which lacks a positive signal required for the synthesis of a family of related enzymes for sulfur metabolism, cannot synthesize the protease in response to a limitation for sulfur; yet, this same mutant is capable of producing the enzyme when it is limited for either nitrogen or carbon. A second regulatory mutant, defective in the control of nitrogen metabolism, fails to synthesize the protease only when it is limited for nitrogen. The evidence suggests that a single structural gene for this extracellular protease exists and that it is regulated in a complex fashion such that control signals arising from any one of the three distinct regulatory circuits can activate it for expression. A model is proposed for complex regulation of the synthesis of this enzyme.", "contents": "Control of the synthesis of a single enzyme by multiple regulatory circuits in Neurospora crassa. Neurospora crassa synthesizes and secretes an extracellular protease into its growth medium when an exogenous protein serves as its principal source of sulfur, nitrogen, or carbon. The enzymes produced under these three growth conditions have been compared by a number of criteria. The results indicate that the same extracellular protease with a molecular weight of 31,000 is synthesized during the three different metabolic conditions. A regulatory mutant, which lacks a positive signal required for the synthesis of a family of related enzymes for sulfur metabolism, cannot synthesize the protease in response to a limitation for sulfur; yet, this same mutant is capable of producing the enzyme when it is limited for either nitrogen or carbon. A second regulatory mutant, defective in the control of nitrogen metabolism, fails to synthesize the protease only when it is limited for nitrogen. The evidence suggests that a single structural gene for this extracellular protease exists and that it is regulated in a complex fashion such that control signals arising from any one of the three distinct regulatory circuits can activate it for expression. A model is proposed for complex regulation of the synthesis of this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:124059", "title": "Does phospholipase C stimulate thymide kinase activity of rat liver extracts prepared after partial hepatectomy.", "content": "Our purpose was to determine whether phospholipase C stimulated thymidine kinase activity of regenerating rat liver. We determined effects of phospholipase C upon TMP formation by rat liver extracts prepared at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr following partial hepatectomy. Data were obtained which supported these conclusions: (a) Commercial preparations of phospholipase C contained nucleoside phosphotransferase activity; (b) phospholipase C exerted no appreciable stimulatory influence upon thymidine kinase activity of regenerating rat liver; and (c), apparent stimulation of thymidine kinase was associated with linked activities of two enzymes, viz., liver extract-ATPase activity and nucleoside phosphotransferase activity.", "contents": "Does phospholipase C stimulate thymide kinase activity of rat liver extracts prepared after partial hepatectomy. Our purpose was to determine whether phospholipase C stimulated thymidine kinase activity of regenerating rat liver. We determined effects of phospholipase C upon TMP formation by rat liver extracts prepared at 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 hr following partial hepatectomy. Data were obtained which supported these conclusions: (a) Commercial preparations of phospholipase C contained nucleoside phosphotransferase activity; (b) phospholipase C exerted no appreciable stimulatory influence upon thymidine kinase activity of regenerating rat liver; and (c), apparent stimulation of thymidine kinase was associated with linked activities of two enzymes, viz., liver extract-ATPase activity and nucleoside phosphotransferase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:124056", "title": "[The effect of antidiuretic hormone and catecholamines on transepithelial sodium transport].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on the isolated frog skin; it was shown that the activating action of pituitrin on the transepithelial transport of sodium decreased, and that of adrenaline increased with reduction of the concentration of this ion in the incubation medium.  Strophanthine K, an inhibitor of (Na-+--K-+) -activated ATP-ase, prevented the activating effect of adrenaline on sodium transport, and in the medium with a low concentration of this ion--it only partially inhibited its actibating effect.  A conclusion was drawn that the mechanisms of ADH and catecholamine activation of sodium transport by frog skin were not identical, although they had some common links.  It is supposed that (Na-+--K-+)-activated ATP-ase was directly involved in the action mechanism of catecholamines on the system of active sodium transport in frog skin.", "contents": "[The effect of antidiuretic hormone and catecholamines on transepithelial sodium transport]. Experiments were conducted on the isolated frog skin; it was shown that the activating action of pituitrin on the transepithelial transport of sodium decreased, and that of adrenaline increased with reduction of the concentration of this ion in the incubation medium.  Strophanthine K, an inhibitor of (Na-+--K-+) -activated ATP-ase, prevented the activating effect of adrenaline on sodium transport, and in the medium with a low concentration of this ion--it only partially inhibited its actibating effect.  A conclusion was drawn that the mechanisms of ADH and catecholamine activation of sodium transport by frog skin were not identical, although they had some common links.  It is supposed that (Na-+--K-+)-activated ATP-ase was directly involved in the action mechanism of catecholamines on the system of active sodium transport in frog skin."}
{"id": "PMID:124060", "title": "The effects of 3-methylindole on hemolysis, transport of Na+, and ATPase activities of bovine erythrocytes.", "content": "Biochemical effects of 3MI on cellular membranes were investigated. This study was conducted to examine the effects of 3MI on the hemolysis of erythrocytes, the transport of 22Na+ in resealed erythrocyte ghosts, and on the ATPase activities of erythrocyte membranes. The percent of hemolysis as a function of 3MI incubation time was sigmoidal. Seventy-five percent of the hemoglobin was released with the second 2 hr of incubation during which the concentration of 3MI in the cells reached a plateau of 2500 mug/ml of packed RBC. The effect of 3MI at a subhemolytic concentration on passive and active 22Na+ transport were not significant. The total and Mg2+-dependent ATPase activities in the membranes were significantly increased after 1 hr of incubation with 3MI at concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mug/ml (P less than or equal to 0/ml (P smaller than or equal to 0.02).", "contents": "The effects of 3-methylindole on hemolysis, transport of Na+, and ATPase activities of bovine erythrocytes. Biochemical effects of 3MI on cellular membranes were investigated. This study was conducted to examine the effects of 3MI on the hemolysis of erythrocytes, the transport of 22Na+ in resealed erythrocyte ghosts, and on the ATPase activities of erythrocyte membranes. The percent of hemolysis as a function of 3MI incubation time was sigmoidal. Seventy-five percent of the hemoglobin was released with the second 2 hr of incubation during which the concentration of 3MI in the cells reached a plateau of 2500 mug/ml of packed RBC. The effect of 3MI at a subhemolytic concentration on passive and active 22Na+ transport were not significant. The total and Mg2+-dependent ATPase activities in the membranes were significantly increased after 1 hr of incubation with 3MI at concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mug/ml (P less than or equal to 0/ml (P smaller than or equal to 0.02)."}
{"id": "PMID:124061", "title": "A study of connective tissue macromolecules in skin of mice with goldthioglucose-induced obesity.", "content": "The effect of obesity on the connective tissue composition of skin was investigated in mice with goldthioglucose (GTG)-induced obesity.  Four months after GTG treatment, the obese animals were sacrificed.  Acid mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, collagen, and elastin were analyzed in the skin and compared to the controls.  Total MPS in the skin from obese animals decreased, reflected mostly in hyaluronic acid.  Chondroitin showed an increase over controls.  The content of soluble glycoproteins varied; total carbohydrate and sialic acid of the glycoprotein tended to increase with obesity.  Collagen and elastin both tended to decrease with obesity.", "contents": "A study of connective tissue macromolecules in skin of mice with goldthioglucose-induced obesity. The effect of obesity on the connective tissue composition of skin was investigated in mice with goldthioglucose (GTG)-induced obesity.  Four months after GTG treatment, the obese animals were sacrificed.  Acid mucopolysaccharides, glycoproteins, collagen, and elastin were analyzed in the skin and compared to the controls.  Total MPS in the skin from obese animals decreased, reflected mostly in hyaluronic acid.  Chondroitin showed an increase over controls.  The content of soluble glycoproteins varied; total carbohydrate and sialic acid of the glycoprotein tended to increase with obesity.  Collagen and elastin both tended to decrease with obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:124057", "title": "[The influence of different sugar reducing preparations on several pathogenetic components of diabetic angiopathy].", "content": "On the basis of clinico-laboratory examination of 500 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus a comparison was made of the influence of treatment with insulin and sulfanilamides on disturbed metabolic processes promoting development of vascular affections.  There were found no differences in the action of insulin and oral agents on the indices of lipid, protein and mucopolysaccharide metabolism and on activity of the enzymes of the pentose-phosphate cycle.  Corticosteroid excretion normalized with the compensation of diabetes, irrespective of the type of the sugar-reducing preparations.  A more pronounced increase in catecholamine excretion was seen in insulin therapy apparently in connection with greater variations in glycemia level.  A conclusion was drawn on analogous effect of insulin and sulphanilamides on the metabolic changes under study in diabetes.  In difference from the action of insulin, a marked allergization of the of the organism accompanying the action of sulphanilamides, and their normalizing effect on the vascular permeability should be referred to the positive aspects of sulphanilamide action.", "contents": "[The influence of different sugar reducing preparations on several pathogenetic components of diabetic angiopathy]. On the basis of clinico-laboratory examination of 500 patients suffering from diabetes mellitus a comparison was made of the influence of treatment with insulin and sulfanilamides on disturbed metabolic processes promoting development of vascular affections.  There were found no differences in the action of insulin and oral agents on the indices of lipid, protein and mucopolysaccharide metabolism and on activity of the enzymes of the pentose-phosphate cycle.  Corticosteroid excretion normalized with the compensation of diabetes, irrespective of the type of the sugar-reducing preparations.  A more pronounced increase in catecholamine excretion was seen in insulin therapy apparently in connection with greater variations in glycemia level.  A conclusion was drawn on analogous effect of insulin and sulphanilamides on the metabolic changes under study in diabetes.  In difference from the action of insulin, a marked allergization of the of the organism accompanying the action of sulphanilamides, and their normalizing effect on the vascular permeability should be referred to the positive aspects of sulphanilamide action."}
{"id": "PMID:124062", "title": "Neuraminidase treated homologous IgG and immune deposit rental disease in inbred rats.", "content": "Immune deposit renal disease followed intravenous or intraperitoneal injections of neuraminidase treated homologous IgG or neuraminidase alone. No alterations were associated with several groups of controls. This preliminary study suggests that one mechanism by which microogranisms may be involved in the development of immune renal disease is by chemical alteration of immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Neuraminidase treated homologous IgG and immune deposit rental disease in inbred rats. Immune deposit renal disease followed intravenous or intraperitoneal injections of neuraminidase treated homologous IgG or neuraminidase alone. No alterations were associated with several groups of controls. This preliminary study suggests that one mechanism by which microogranisms may be involved in the development of immune renal disease is by chemical alteration of immunoglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:124064", "title": "Abnormalities in grooming behavior and tryptophan hydroxylase activity in the superior colliculi in cats with pontile and frontal neocortical lesions.", "content": "Cats with pontile or frontal neocortical lesions display a dissociation of the appetitive and consummatory components of grooming behavior when their body surface is tactually stimulated, an abnormal behavior that waxes and wanes with the seasons of the year. Tryptophan hydroxylase activity is significantly decreased in the superior colliculi of cats with pontile lesions and of cats with frontal neocortical lesions. The results suggest that the change in tryptophan hydroxylase activity is mediated neuronally and is a transneuronal effect on the serotonergic input to the superior colliculi. Pharmacological manipulations of the serotonergic system in normal cats failed to induce the abnormal behavior, indicating that other factors are involved in the genesis of the abnormal behavior.", "contents": "Abnormalities in grooming behavior and tryptophan hydroxylase activity in the superior colliculi in cats with pontile and frontal neocortical lesions. Cats with pontile or frontal neocortical lesions display a dissociation of the appetitive and consummatory components of grooming behavior when their body surface is tactually stimulated, an abnormal behavior that waxes and wanes with the seasons of the year. Tryptophan hydroxylase activity is significantly decreased in the superior colliculi of cats with pontile lesions and of cats with frontal neocortical lesions. The results suggest that the change in tryptophan hydroxylase activity is mediated neuronally and is a transneuronal effect on the serotonergic input to the superior colliculi. Pharmacological manipulations of the serotonergic system in normal cats failed to induce the abnormal behavior, indicating that other factors are involved in the genesis of the abnormal behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:124065", "title": "Response to electric shock in rats: effects of selective midbrain raphe lesions.", "content": "The forebrain serotonin (5-HT) concentrations of rats with lesions in the median (M; n equal to 5), dorsal (D; n equal to 5), and both (DM; n equal to 6) midbrain raphe nuclei were, respectively, 22, 48, and 70% lower than in control animals (n equal to 10). The lesion and control groups, however, did not evidence differences in pain sensitivity as measured by the flinch-jump technique. On the other hand, of the animals tested, those with M (n equal to 3) and DM (n equal to 4) lesions required more trials than controls (n equal to 6) to acquire a one-way avoidance response. D lesion rats (n equal to 2) did not differ from controls in one-way avoidance learning, except in terms of prolonged escape latencies during the first three trials. The previously reported increased sensitivity to painful stimuli subsequent to medial forebrain bundle lesions or para-chlorophenylalanine administration, therefore, does not appear to be due exclusively to disruption of ascending 5-HT fibers originating in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. The effects of midbrain raphe lesions of avoidance learning, furthermore, depend on lesion locus, and are not due to either hypo- or hyperalgesia.", "contents": "Response to electric shock in rats: effects of selective midbrain raphe lesions. The forebrain serotonin (5-HT) concentrations of rats with lesions in the median (M; n equal to 5), dorsal (D; n equal to 5), and both (DM; n equal to 6) midbrain raphe nuclei were, respectively, 22, 48, and 70% lower than in control animals (n equal to 10). The lesion and control groups, however, did not evidence differences in pain sensitivity as measured by the flinch-jump technique. On the other hand, of the animals tested, those with M (n equal to 3) and DM (n equal to 4) lesions required more trials than controls (n equal to 6) to acquire a one-way avoidance response. D lesion rats (n equal to 2) did not differ from controls in one-way avoidance learning, except in terms of prolonged escape latencies during the first three trials. The previously reported increased sensitivity to painful stimuli subsequent to medial forebrain bundle lesions or para-chlorophenylalanine administration, therefore, does not appear to be due exclusively to disruption of ascending 5-HT fibers originating in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. The effects of midbrain raphe lesions of avoidance learning, furthermore, depend on lesion locus, and are not due to either hypo- or hyperalgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:124068", "title": "[Critical evaluation of the surgical treatment of vertebral lesions due to neurofibromatosis.  31 cases (1954-1973)].", "content": "Scoliosis is a complication of spinal lesions in neurofibromatosis, and leads frequently to major deformities with dislocations.  The authors conducted a critical study of 31 cases surgically treated during the 1954-73 period of time.  The techniques of spine straightening and of arthrodesis were recalled.  The authors conclude that in case of moderate deformity (less than 100 degrees) Harrington's operation was satisfactory enough when correctly conducted.  In case of severe dislocation and kyphosis, straightening was obtained after long lasting casts and halo tractions.  Then posterior fusion using Harrington's rods had usually to be completed by anterior, transthoracic fusion for better solidity.", "contents": "[Critical evaluation of the surgical treatment of vertebral lesions due to neurofibromatosis.  31 cases (1954-1973)]. Scoliosis is a complication of spinal lesions in neurofibromatosis, and leads frequently to major deformities with dislocations.  The authors conducted a critical study of 31 cases surgically treated during the 1954-73 period of time.  The techniques of spine straightening and of arthrodesis were recalled.  The authors conclude that in case of moderate deformity (less than 100 degrees) Harrington's operation was satisfactory enough when correctly conducted.  In case of severe dislocation and kyphosis, straightening was obtained after long lasting casts and halo tractions.  Then posterior fusion using Harrington's rods had usually to be completed by anterior, transthoracic fusion for better solidity."}
{"id": "PMID:124069", "title": "[External hypertension syndrome of the patella.  Its significance in the recognition of arthrosis].", "content": "Some chondromalacia are caused by an hyperpressure on the lateral articular facet of the patella.  The authors describe the clinical signs and the radiological findings in this condition.  It is due to a retraction of the lateral patellar ligament.  They have operated on 133 cases and reviewed 115 knees.  After a simple section of the lateral patellar ligament, results were satisfactory in 80 percent of the cases.  Biopsies of the malacic cartilage were performed and pathological changes were described.", "contents": "[External hypertension syndrome of the patella.  Its significance in the recognition of arthrosis]. Some chondromalacia are caused by an hyperpressure on the lateral articular facet of the patella.  The authors describe the clinical signs and the radiological findings in this condition.  It is due to a retraction of the lateral patellar ligament.  They have operated on 133 cases and reviewed 115 knees.  After a simple section of the lateral patellar ligament, results were satisfactory in 80 percent of the cases.  Biopsies of the malacic cartilage were performed and pathological changes were described."}
{"id": "PMID:124070", "title": "[Partial traumatic epiphysiodesis of the lower end of the tibia in children.  Treatment with disepiphysiodesis].", "content": "The author has treated 20 cases of secondary varus deformity of the tibia after ankle traumas in children.  These deformities were related to a partial premature epiphyseal closure, the plate being mashed at the time of the trauma.  These cases were usually treated by corrective osteotomy.  In two cases an attempt was made at resecting the bone briding the plate and filling the defect by methyl-metacrylate.  The results appeared to be encouraging.", "contents": "[Partial traumatic epiphysiodesis of the lower end of the tibia in children.  Treatment with disepiphysiodesis]. The author has treated 20 cases of secondary varus deformity of the tibia after ankle traumas in children.  These deformities were related to a partial premature epiphyseal closure, the plate being mashed at the time of the trauma.  These cases were usually treated by corrective osteotomy.  In two cases an attempt was made at resecting the bone briding the plate and filling the defect by methyl-metacrylate.  The results appeared to be encouraging."}
{"id": "PMID:124071", "title": "[The stage of articular destruction in the rheumatoid hand].", "content": "Function incapacitation of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis was studied on 33 patients (54 hands).  35 were operated on.  All cases had reached the stage of articular destructions.  The authors emphasize the importance of preserved proximal inter-phalangeal joint for digito-palmar pinch.  Thumb unstability was not severely disabling as long as the other digits were normal.  However, when it was associated with hyperextension deformities of the other fingers, the hand became useless.  Surgical indications in rheumatoid hand were detailed.  The importance of restoring thumb function was pointed out.", "contents": "[The stage of articular destruction in the rheumatoid hand]. Function incapacitation of the hand in rheumatoid arthritis was studied on 33 patients (54 hands).  35 were operated on.  All cases had reached the stage of articular destructions.  The authors emphasize the importance of preserved proximal inter-phalangeal joint for digito-palmar pinch.  Thumb unstability was not severely disabling as long as the other digits were normal.  However, when it was associated with hyperextension deformities of the other fingers, the hand became useless.  Surgical indications in rheumatoid hand were detailed.  The importance of restoring thumb function was pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:124072", "title": "[Juxtacortical osteogenic sarcoma localized in the hand.  Presentation of 2 cases].", "content": "Until the present time, only four cases of parosteal osteogenic sarcoma arising from the bones of the hand have been reported in the literature.  The purpose of this paper is to document two new cases of parosteal osteogenic sarcoma of the hand.  These tumours were localized in the proximal phalanx of the ring finger in one case and in the third metacarpal bone, in the other case.  Both patients were treated by amputation of the involved metacarpo-digital ray and radiation therapy.  They were free of the disease six years and eighteen months, respectively, after treatment.", "contents": "[Juxtacortical osteogenic sarcoma localized in the hand.  Presentation of 2 cases]. Until the present time, only four cases of parosteal osteogenic sarcoma arising from the bones of the hand have been reported in the literature.  The purpose of this paper is to document two new cases of parosteal osteogenic sarcoma of the hand.  These tumours were localized in the proximal phalanx of the ring finger in one case and in the third metacarpal bone, in the other case.  Both patients were treated by amputation of the involved metacarpo-digital ray and radiation therapy.  They were free of the disease six years and eighteen months, respectively, after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:124091", "title": "[Treatment of hypercalcemia with mithramycin].", "content": "The authors treated 17 patients with hypercalcaemia (which in 16 cases resulted from a malignant disease) by means of 1 to 3 daily perfusions of 25 g of mithramycin per kg body weight. In all patients the treatment resulted in reduction in the level of calcaemia. In 12 patients the level of calcaemia was reduced to less than 105 mg/litre; in 16 patients to less than 110 mg/litre. In no patient was the calcaemia reduced to less than 70 mg/litre. The only notable inconvenience of the treatment was vomiting during the perfusion. Mithramycin seems to be the treatment of choice for hypercalcaemia of cancerous origin.", "contents": "[Treatment of hypercalcemia with mithramycin]. The authors treated 17 patients with hypercalcaemia (which in 16 cases resulted from a malignant disease) by means of 1 to 3 daily perfusions of 25 g of mithramycin per kg body weight. In all patients the treatment resulted in reduction in the level of calcaemia. In 12 patients the level of calcaemia was reduced to less than 105 mg/litre; in 16 patients to less than 110 mg/litre. In no patient was the calcaemia reduced to less than 70 mg/litre. The only notable inconvenience of the treatment was vomiting during the perfusion. Mithramycin seems to be the treatment of choice for hypercalcaemia of cancerous origin."}
{"id": "PMID:124092", "title": "Cellular potassium transport and ATPase activity in Bartter's syndrome.", "content": "The cellular membrane function expressed as ATPase activity and active cellular K+ changes during in vitro incubation has been studied in two siblings with Bartter's syndrome. The K+ content of skeletal muscle was 20% lower than for controls, and the active potassium transport ability of single skeletal muscle cells was also lower than that of controls. The total ATPase activity of red cell membranes was higher, but the ratio of Na+-K+-activated to Mg2+-activated ATPases was lower than for control patients. The results favour the hypothesis that a primary defect causing the Bartter's syndrome could be an inherited generalized membrane dysfunction in the handling of cations.", "contents": "Cellular potassium transport and ATPase activity in Bartter's syndrome. The cellular membrane function expressed as ATPase activity and active cellular K+ changes during in vitro incubation has been studied in two siblings with Bartter's syndrome. The K+ content of skeletal muscle was 20% lower than for controls, and the active potassium transport ability of single skeletal muscle cells was also lower than that of controls. The total ATPase activity of red cell membranes was higher, but the ratio of Na+-K+-activated to Mg2+-activated ATPases was lower than for control patients. The results favour the hypothesis that a primary defect causing the Bartter's syndrome could be an inherited generalized membrane dysfunction in the handling of cations."}
{"id": "PMID:124093", "title": "Heterotopic bone formation in abdominal scars.", "content": "Twelve patients with heterotopic ossification in abdominal scars have been studied. Two patients were elderly females. Operative excision was required in seven: two for local symptoms, two for suspected local malignant recurrences and three for further intra-abdominal procedures. The other five instances were diagnosed roentgenologically. The mechanisms of formation of such lesions are not clear, but both the implantation and metaplasia theories may be correct.", "contents": "Heterotopic bone formation in abdominal scars. Twelve patients with heterotopic ossification in abdominal scars have been studied. Two patients were elderly females. Operative excision was required in seven: two for local symptoms, two for suspected local malignant recurrences and three for further intra-abdominal procedures. The other five instances were diagnosed roentgenologically. The mechanisms of formation of such lesions are not clear, but both the implantation and metaplasia theories may be correct."}
{"id": "PMID:124094", "title": "The filtration limitations of ultrapore filters.", "content": "The filtration effectiveness of four commercially available microaggregate filters was determined using 14-day-old stored human blood in a constant infusion system. All filters significantly reduced the volumes of microaggregates contained in 500 ml. of blood. Three of the filters tested either occluded or failed to effectively remove microdebris from larger volumes of blood. These filters should be employed only for single blood transfusions. A fourth filter--of grid design--was effective in removing microdebris from 2,000 ml. of blood, the limits of the study. When employing microaggregate filters in massive transfusion situations for the prevention of pulmonary dysfunction, filtration characteristics and efficiencies of the filters employed must be known so that inadvertent administration of microdebris to the patient might be prevented.", "contents": "The filtration limitations of ultrapore filters. The filtration effectiveness of four commercially available microaggregate filters was determined using 14-day-old stored human blood in a constant infusion system. All filters significantly reduced the volumes of microaggregates contained in 500 ml. of blood. Three of the filters tested either occluded or failed to effectively remove microdebris from larger volumes of blood. These filters should be employed only for single blood transfusions. A fourth filter--of grid design--was effective in removing microdebris from 2,000 ml. of blood, the limits of the study. When employing microaggregate filters in massive transfusion situations for the prevention of pulmonary dysfunction, filtration characteristics and efficiencies of the filters employed must be known so that inadvertent administration of microdebris to the patient might be prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:124095", "title": "Echinococcal cyst beyond the pulmonary sieve.", "content": "This is a presentation of 10 unusual cases of hydatid cyst beyond the pulmonary sieve. One of these cases has not been described previously. Some comments and a discussion are included.", "contents": "Echinococcal cyst beyond the pulmonary sieve. This is a presentation of 10 unusual cases of hydatid cyst beyond the pulmonary sieve. One of these cases has not been described previously. Some comments and a discussion are included."}
{"id": "PMID:124096", "title": "Evaluation of blood filters: dynamics of platelets and platelet aggregates.", "content": "Microaggregates of platelets have been found in stored blood and in extracorporeal circulation systems and the potential microembolism of these particles intensely studied. Four currently available filters were studied for their filtration effectiveness of induced platelet microaggregates and for the removal of normal platelets from blood collected in acid citrate dextrose or heparin. Dacron wool filtration significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced aggregates in 13 to 80 mu sizes to a level similar to that in normal blood. In general, as filtration effectiveness increased so did the elimination of normal platelets.", "contents": "Evaluation of blood filters: dynamics of platelets and platelet aggregates. Microaggregates of platelets have been found in stored blood and in extracorporeal circulation systems and the potential microembolism of these particles intensely studied. Four currently available filters were studied for their filtration effectiveness of induced platelet microaggregates and for the removal of normal platelets from blood collected in acid citrate dextrose or heparin. Dacron wool filtration significantly (P less than 0.001) reduced aggregates in 13 to 80 mu sizes to a level similar to that in normal blood. In general, as filtration effectiveness increased so did the elimination of normal platelets."}
{"id": "PMID:124097", "title": "Single donor, HL-A matched platelet transfusions for thrombocytopenic patients undergoing surgery.", "content": "Thrombocytopenic patients, who displayed hemostatic disorders and had been previously sensitized by repeated blood transfusions and/or pregnancies, were supported for surgical procedures by platelet transfusions obtained from a single ABO and HL-A matched donor by the use of continuous collection centrifugation. Because of the low incidence of HL-A identical donors, compatibility was assessed by known serological cross-reactivity of the HL-A determinants. In three cases repeated platelet transfusions had excellent in vivo survival, and sensitization could not be detected by a battery of immunological assays. In one case there was immune sensitization and refractoriness to repeated platelet transfusion, as documented by accelerated in vivo destruction of donor and third-party platelets bearing the disparate factor HL-A8. Although serologic tests for lymphocytotoxic and leukoagglutinating antibodies were negative, the patient displayed cellular immunity in leukocyte aggregation and cell-mediated plateletolysis tests. The single donor, continuous collection technique appears to have the technical advantage of rapid, efficient collection and the immunological benefit of a restricted spectrum of allosensitization.", "contents": "Single donor, HL-A matched platelet transfusions for thrombocytopenic patients undergoing surgery. Thrombocytopenic patients, who displayed hemostatic disorders and had been previously sensitized by repeated blood transfusions and/or pregnancies, were supported for surgical procedures by platelet transfusions obtained from a single ABO and HL-A matched donor by the use of continuous collection centrifugation. Because of the low incidence of HL-A identical donors, compatibility was assessed by known serological cross-reactivity of the HL-A determinants. In three cases repeated platelet transfusions had excellent in vivo survival, and sensitization could not be detected by a battery of immunological assays. In one case there was immune sensitization and refractoriness to repeated platelet transfusion, as documented by accelerated in vivo destruction of donor and third-party platelets bearing the disparate factor HL-A8. Although serologic tests for lymphocytotoxic and leukoagglutinating antibodies were negative, the patient displayed cellular immunity in leukocyte aggregation and cell-mediated plateletolysis tests. The single donor, continuous collection technique appears to have the technical advantage of rapid, efficient collection and the immunological benefit of a restricted spectrum of allosensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:124100", "title": "Histometrical estimation of scar tissue in hypertrophied human heart muscle.", "content": "Histometrical estimation of scar tissue was made on 28 hypertrophied human hearts obtained at autopsy in order to know the significance of scar tissue in the process of cardiac hypertrophy and in the development of cardiac failure. Estimation was made on histological specimens of the anterior wall of the left ventricle and the posteromedial papillary muscle, according to Chalkley's point counting method, and the amount of scar tissue was expressed by percentages. The mean percentages were 4.6, 8.5 and 18.3 in the epicardial, endocardial part of the left ventricle, and the papillary muscle. There were very significant differences between these 3 mean percentages. There was a very significant correlation between the percentages of scar tissue in the endocardial part of the left ventricle and heart weight. There were no definite correlations between the percentages of scar tissue in the epicardial part or in the papillary muscle and heart weight. From these results, possible causes of scar formation and significance of scar tissue to the development of cardiac failure were discussed.", "contents": "Histometrical estimation of scar tissue in hypertrophied human heart muscle. Histometrical estimation of scar tissue was made on 28 hypertrophied human hearts obtained at autopsy in order to know the significance of scar tissue in the process of cardiac hypertrophy and in the development of cardiac failure. Estimation was made on histological specimens of the anterior wall of the left ventricle and the posteromedial papillary muscle, according to Chalkley's point counting method, and the amount of scar tissue was expressed by percentages. The mean percentages were 4.6, 8.5 and 18.3 in the epicardial, endocardial part of the left ventricle, and the papillary muscle. There were very significant differences between these 3 mean percentages. There was a very significant correlation between the percentages of scar tissue in the endocardial part of the left ventricle and heart weight. There were no definite correlations between the percentages of scar tissue in the epicardial part or in the papillary muscle and heart weight. From these results, possible causes of scar formation and significance of scar tissue to the development of cardiac failure were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:124101", "title": "[On glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharide) in a case of pulmonary fibrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Glycosaminoglycans from a case of pulmonary fibrosis (desquamative interstitial pneumonia of usual type) was analyzed by means of proteolytic digestion, solvent fractionation, column chromatography on anion exchanger, electrophoresis and enzymatic digestion. The result suggested an increase in dermatan sulfate and possibly of heparan sulfate in the fibrotic lung as compared with the normal. It is preferable to take the samples for analysis from a freshly excised specimen of the lung, because there was a sign of degradation of glycosaminoglycan due to storage of the specimen in a solution of formalin.", "contents": "[On glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharide) in a case of pulmonary fibrosis (author's transl)]. Glycosaminoglycans from a case of pulmonary fibrosis (desquamative interstitial pneumonia of usual type) was analyzed by means of proteolytic digestion, solvent fractionation, column chromatography on anion exchanger, electrophoresis and enzymatic digestion. The result suggested an increase in dermatan sulfate and possibly of heparan sulfate in the fibrotic lung as compared with the normal. It is preferable to take the samples for analysis from a freshly excised specimen of the lung, because there was a sign of degradation of glycosaminoglycan due to storage of the specimen in a solution of formalin."}
{"id": "PMID:124104", "title": "External velour dacron grafts in renal artery reconstruction.", "content": "Aortorenal interposition grafts were performed in dogs using a new external velour knitted Dacron graft. Encapsulation and endothelialization of these grafts occurs as early as two weeks postoperatively. Complete healing is seen by six weeks, and the cellular lining of these grafts appears to be continuous with, and histologically similar to, the endothelium of contiguous arteries. The healed nonthrombogenic characteristics of this graft material represents a considerable improvement over graft materials of conventional design.", "contents": "External velour dacron grafts in renal artery reconstruction. Aortorenal interposition grafts were performed in dogs using a new external velour knitted Dacron graft. Encapsulation and endothelialization of these grafts occurs as early as two weeks postoperatively. Complete healing is seen by six weeks, and the cellular lining of these grafts appears to be continuous with, and histologically similar to, the endothelium of contiguous arteries. The healed nonthrombogenic characteristics of this graft material represents a considerable improvement over graft materials of conventional design."}
{"id": "PMID:124105", "title": "Morphological studies in tissues surrounding alloarthroplastic joints.", "content": "Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies were done on soft tissue surrounding alloarthroplastic joints. In 38 cases a prosthesis of the hip joint and in 2 cases of the knee had to be exchanged and replaced. In most of the cases the reoperation became necessary because the anchoring of the prosthetic parts in the bone loosened. Up to 18 months after the first operation infection was responsible for the malfunctioning in some cases. Other complications were luxation and material faults. The morphological changes are determined by the tissue reaction to the different alloplastic materials used and by the time interval they remained in the organism. The large polymerized acrylic cement particles are phagozytosed by multinucleated foreign body giant cells. About 12 months following the implantation of the artificial joints small double refractile particles appear and evoke characteristic morphological changes. The particles are abraded by the continuous friction of the moving alloplastic or metallic surfaces of the prostheses. Usually they are phagozytosed by histiocytes, which form large granulomas and undergo degenerative changes as is indicated by the ultrastructural and histochemical findings. These alterations are more pronounced and occur sooner in prosthesis with parts (rotation ball or cup.) fabricated by polyester than in those made by polyethylene. The abraded particles not only are transported to the inguinal lymphnodes, but also to the tissue between prostheses and bone, where they induce the same morphological changes as in the capsule. Hence the fibrous membrane separating bone and prostheses increases in width, and the spongy bone is partially destroyed by the proliferating histiocytes. It is assumed that by impairing the anchoring this foreign body reaction to the abraded alloplastic particles is the leading cause of the loosening of this kind of artificial joints.", "contents": "Morphological studies in tissues surrounding alloarthroplastic joints. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies were done on soft tissue surrounding alloarthroplastic joints. In 38 cases a prosthesis of the hip joint and in 2 cases of the knee had to be exchanged and replaced. In most of the cases the reoperation became necessary because the anchoring of the prosthetic parts in the bone loosened. Up to 18 months after the first operation infection was responsible for the malfunctioning in some cases. Other complications were luxation and material faults. The morphological changes are determined by the tissue reaction to the different alloplastic materials used and by the time interval they remained in the organism. The large polymerized acrylic cement particles are phagozytosed by multinucleated foreign body giant cells. About 12 months following the implantation of the artificial joints small double refractile particles appear and evoke characteristic morphological changes. The particles are abraded by the continuous friction of the moving alloplastic or metallic surfaces of the prostheses. Usually they are phagozytosed by histiocytes, which form large granulomas and undergo degenerative changes as is indicated by the ultrastructural and histochemical findings. These alterations are more pronounced and occur sooner in prosthesis with parts (rotation ball or cup.) fabricated by polyester than in those made by polyethylene. The abraded particles not only are transported to the inguinal lymphnodes, but also to the tissue between prostheses and bone, where they induce the same morphological changes as in the capsule. Hence the fibrous membrane separating bone and prostheses increases in width, and the spongy bone is partially destroyed by the proliferating histiocytes. It is assumed that by impairing the anchoring this foreign body reaction to the abraded alloplastic particles is the leading cause of the loosening of this kind of artificial joints."}
{"id": "PMID:124106", "title": "[The left ventricle in chronic cor plumonale (author's transl)].", "content": "The volume of both ventricles was estimated in 25 hearts with chronic cor pulmonale. Also, the weight of the left ventricle, including the whole septum and the free part of the right ventricle, was determined to be 100 g. Distinct hypertrophy of the right ventricular part of the septum could be demonstrated in all cases. A weight increase of the left ventricle, including the whole septum, is frequently caused by the hypertrophic ventricular part of the septum. Th relative weight of the right ventricular portion )calculated according to Muller's method) was subtracted from the weight of the left ventricle plus the whole septum. After this weight correction, a hypertropyh of the left ventricle could only be demonstrated in cases with hypertension or renal arterio= and arteriolosclerosis. In one case of left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertension could not be ruled out. In most of the cases a distinct dilation of the left ventricle could be found. The highest degrees of dilation were found in patients with brohchiectases of the lungs. Our results indicate that the structural dialation of the left ventricle may be due to an increased shunt-volume by bronchopulmonary anastomoses.", "contents": "[The left ventricle in chronic cor plumonale (author's transl)]. The volume of both ventricles was estimated in 25 hearts with chronic cor pulmonale. Also, the weight of the left ventricle, including the whole septum and the free part of the right ventricle, was determined to be 100 g. Distinct hypertrophy of the right ventricular part of the septum could be demonstrated in all cases. A weight increase of the left ventricle, including the whole septum, is frequently caused by the hypertrophic ventricular part of the septum. Th relative weight of the right ventricular portion )calculated according to Muller's method) was subtracted from the weight of the left ventricle plus the whole septum. After this weight correction, a hypertropyh of the left ventricle could only be demonstrated in cases with hypertension or renal arterio= and arteriolosclerosis. In one case of left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertension could not be ruled out. In most of the cases a distinct dilation of the left ventricle could be found. The highest degrees of dilation were found in patients with brohchiectases of the lungs. Our results indicate that the structural dialation of the left ventricle may be due to an increased shunt-volume by bronchopulmonary anastomoses."}
{"id": "PMID:124109", "title": "[Combined chemotherapy in generalized lymphogranulomatosis].", "content": "The author presents an analysis of the results of the combination chemotherapy with natulan, vincristin, novembichine and prednisolone in 43 patients showing generalized lymphogranulomatosis, mainly with recurrences following radiation and chemotherapy with different antitumor substances. The results of the combination chemotherapy were compared with the data obtained in management of 94 patients having lymphogranulomatosis, stage III-IV, with natulan solely. It is shown that the combination therapy is effective, in principle, and provides an opportunity to gain objective remission in 65% of cases. A therapeutic effect of polychemotherapy depends on the administered total doses of the substances. A regimen consisting of no less than 5-6 cycles seems to be an optimum one, since it yields the greatest incidence and duration of remissions. As compared with the results of polychemotherapy in the fiven contigency of patients, natulan, used as a single tool of the specific therapy, shows a somewhat better effect.", "contents": "[Combined chemotherapy in generalized lymphogranulomatosis]. The author presents an analysis of the results of the combination chemotherapy with natulan, vincristin, novembichine and prednisolone in 43 patients showing generalized lymphogranulomatosis, mainly with recurrences following radiation and chemotherapy with different antitumor substances. The results of the combination chemotherapy were compared with the data obtained in management of 94 patients having lymphogranulomatosis, stage III-IV, with natulan solely. It is shown that the combination therapy is effective, in principle, and provides an opportunity to gain objective remission in 65% of cases. A therapeutic effect of polychemotherapy depends on the administered total doses of the substances. A regimen consisting of no less than 5-6 cycles seems to be an optimum one, since it yields the greatest incidence and duration of remissions. As compared with the results of polychemotherapy in the fiven contigency of patients, natulan, used as a single tool of the specific therapy, shows a somewhat better effect."}
{"id": "PMID:124110", "title": "[Dyanamics of ovarian tumor incidence].", "content": "The materials pertaining the morbidity in 1659 primary registered patients with malignant ovarian tumors in Kazakhstan during the period since 1967 to 1971 have been analyzed. It has been found that in the Republic, as a whole, an average number of over 330 patients with malignancies of different age, nationality and sites of residence are recorded annually. There was noted a quantitative difference in the morbidity among felamles of various national groups and between separate regions of the Republic, as well as in Alma-Ata City (19.6 per 100.000 females in 1970).", "contents": "[Dyanamics of ovarian tumor incidence]. The materials pertaining the morbidity in 1659 primary registered patients with malignant ovarian tumors in Kazakhstan during the period since 1967 to 1971 have been analyzed. It has been found that in the Republic, as a whole, an average number of over 330 patients with malignancies of different age, nationality and sites of residence are recorded annually. There was noted a quantitative difference in the morbidity among felamles of various national groups and between separate regions of the Republic, as well as in Alma-Ata City (19.6 per 100.000 females in 1970)."}
{"id": "PMID:124111", "title": "[Comparative study of the female genital cancer morbidity in the Georgian SSR, Latvian SSR and Kazakh SSR].", "content": "Within a period of 1966-1970 in the three republics according to standardized indices for 100.000 females cancer of the female genitalia was found in 42.32 (in Georgia--29.1; in Kazakhstan--43.02; in Latvia--54.85). Dynamically, there was noted a stabilization of indices on cervial cancer and growth in ovarian and, especially, endometrial cancer incidence. In dynamics there is an \"ageing\" of cancer of the female gentalia.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the female genital cancer morbidity in the Georgian SSR, Latvian SSR and Kazakh SSR]. Within a period of 1966-1970 in the three republics according to standardized indices for 100.000 females cancer of the female genitalia was found in 42.32 (in Georgia--29.1; in Kazakhstan--43.02; in Latvia--54.85). Dynamically, there was noted a stabilization of indices on cervial cancer and growth in ovarian and, especially, endometrial cancer incidence. In dynamics there is an \"ageing\" of cancer of the female gentalia."}
{"id": "PMID:124112", "title": "[Experience with prophylactic examinations of rural women for the detection of malignant neoplasms (based on data from the northern group of districts of the Udmurt ASSR)].", "content": "Difficulties in the organization of adequate prophylactic examinations have necessitated an application of the expedition method of examining the population by a team of specialists. This method has been used in North Regions of Udmurt ASSR, and since 1962 a total of 13425 females were examined, who shoed pathological changes in the genitalia in 41.3 of cases, cervical precancerous conditions--in 115.4, cervical cancer--in 0.71 and other affections--in 223.2 per 1000 females under investigation.", "contents": "[Experience with prophylactic examinations of rural women for the detection of malignant neoplasms (based on data from the northern group of districts of the Udmurt ASSR)]. Difficulties in the organization of adequate prophylactic examinations have necessitated an application of the expedition method of examining the population by a team of specialists. This method has been used in North Regions of Udmurt ASSR, and since 1962 a total of 13425 females were examined, who shoed pathological changes in the genitalia in 41.3 of cases, cervical precancerous conditions--in 115.4, cervical cancer--in 0.71 and other affections--in 223.2 per 1000 females under investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:124114", "title": "Studies on human adipose cells in culture: relation of cell size and multiplication to donor age.", "content": "In an effort to test the adipose hyperplasia theory of obesity in humans, adipose cells, derived from anterior abdominal walls of human infants and children, were grown in synthetic medium (McCoy's 5A Medium) supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum. Adipose cells which became delipidinized in culture were found to be capable of division and the rate and number of cell divisions was age dependent. Cells of infants under 1 yr of age and cells derived from early adolescent children divided to varying degrees in culture. Adipose cells from children aged 1-10 yr showed no cell division. Cell division was never observed in a lipid-laden adipocyte. Measurements of cell diameter showed that after the first year of life, cell size increased progressively with age. During the first year adipose cell size appeared to reflect the rapid hyperplasia of the first 3 mo, reaching smallest size at 3-12 mo but increasing thereafter.", "contents": "Studies on human adipose cells in culture: relation of cell size and multiplication to donor age. In an effort to test the adipose hyperplasia theory of obesity in humans, adipose cells, derived from anterior abdominal walls of human infants and children, were grown in synthetic medium (McCoy's 5A Medium) supplemented with 20% fetal calf serum. Adipose cells which became delipidinized in culture were found to be capable of division and the rate and number of cell divisions was age dependent. Cells of infants under 1 yr of age and cells derived from early adolescent children divided to varying degrees in culture. Adipose cells from children aged 1-10 yr showed no cell division. Cell division was never observed in a lipid-laden adipocyte. Measurements of cell diameter showed that after the first year of life, cell size increased progressively with age. During the first year adipose cell size appeared to reflect the rapid hyperplasia of the first 3 mo, reaching smallest size at 3-12 mo but increasing thereafter."}
{"id": "PMID:124115", "title": "[Observations on the Prune-Belly syndrome].", "content": "5 Male children exhibiting the typical features of the Prune-Belly syndrome (malformations of the urogenital tract, aplasia of abdominal muscles) are described. Two of these are deaf. This syndrome has also been observed in a few females. Final interpretation of the cause and pathogenesis cannot yet be given. In two siblings with defects of the abdominal muscles an contractures of the joints, but without renal anomalies, a new and hitherto undescribed hereditary syndrome seems to be present.", "contents": "[Observations on the Prune-Belly syndrome]. 5 Male children exhibiting the typical features of the Prune-Belly syndrome (malformations of the urogenital tract, aplasia of abdominal muscles) are described. Two of these are deaf. This syndrome has also been observed in a few females. Final interpretation of the cause and pathogenesis cannot yet be given. In two siblings with defects of the abdominal muscles an contractures of the joints, but without renal anomalies, a new and hitherto undescribed hereditary syndrome seems to be present."}
{"id": "PMID:124119", "title": "[Dental findings in children with hearing disorders].", "content": "Tooth findings are reported of 972 children aged between 3 to 18 years who suffer from impaired hearing. Logopedic pupils had significantly more tooth anomalies than those with impaired and normal hearing. The deaf pupils had significantly less dysgnathias than others with impaired hearing. As compared to those with normal hearing there was no significant difference.", "contents": "[Dental findings in children with hearing disorders]. Tooth findings are reported of 972 children aged between 3 to 18 years who suffer from impaired hearing. Logopedic pupils had significantly more tooth anomalies than those with impaired and normal hearing. The deaf pupils had significantly less dysgnathias than others with impaired hearing. As compared to those with normal hearing there was no significant difference."}
{"id": "PMID:124122", "title": "Mortality and life-table in Down's syndrome.", "content": "The causes of death in 130 patients with Down's Syndrome and mortality rates from a material of 524 patients were tabulated; a life-table for the ages over 5 years was constructed. An overall death rate of 5-7 times the general population rate was found. No sex difference was observed. The excess mortality was expecially high for heart disease and respiratory disease. Also infectious diseases, others than pneumonia and tuberculosis, showed high mortality rates.", "contents": "Mortality and life-table in Down's syndrome. The causes of death in 130 patients with Down's Syndrome and mortality rates from a material of 524 patients were tabulated; a life-table for the ages over 5 years was constructed. An overall death rate of 5-7 times the general population rate was found. No sex difference was observed. The excess mortality was expecially high for heart disease and respiratory disease. Also infectious diseases, others than pneumonia and tuberculosis, showed high mortality rates."}
{"id": "PMID:124126", "title": "Ball valve prostheses: current appraisal of late results.", "content": "Advanced actuarial techniques are used to analyze late results in 912 patients who had isolated mitral or aortic valve replacement with ball valve prostheses from 1965 to 1974. Experience with noncloth-covered and cloth-covered valves is compared in terms of late survival, rate of thromboembolic complications and reoperation and the influence of anticoagulation. The cloth-covered prostheses have substantially reduced the incidence of emboli after mitral valve replacement (1.9 vs. 6 emboli per 100 patient years) and have thus far eliminated emboli after aortic valve replacement in patients receiving warfarin. Patients with a cloth-covered aortic valve who did not receive warfarin had nine emboli per 100 patient years. The safety of cloth-covered valves is clearly enhanced by warfarin therapy; the efficacy of anti-platelet drugs is still uncertain. Strut cloth wear was found at reoperation in 10 patients. This should be prevented in the new model 2400 composite strut (\"track\") valve by a narrow metal track on the inner surface of each strut. The substantial recent reductions in operative mortality and in prosthesis-related complications pose important questions regarding timing of operations and selection of prostheses. These decisions must be individualized for each patient on the basis of a thorough analysis of late results using modern statistical methods.", "contents": "Ball valve prostheses: current appraisal of late results. Advanced actuarial techniques are used to analyze late results in 912 patients who had isolated mitral or aortic valve replacement with ball valve prostheses from 1965 to 1974. Experience with noncloth-covered and cloth-covered valves is compared in terms of late survival, rate of thromboembolic complications and reoperation and the influence of anticoagulation. The cloth-covered prostheses have substantially reduced the incidence of emboli after mitral valve replacement (1.9 vs. 6 emboli per 100 patient years) and have thus far eliminated emboli after aortic valve replacement in patients receiving warfarin. Patients with a cloth-covered aortic valve who did not receive warfarin had nine emboli per 100 patient years. The safety of cloth-covered valves is clearly enhanced by warfarin therapy; the efficacy of anti-platelet drugs is still uncertain. Strut cloth wear was found at reoperation in 10 patients. This should be prevented in the new model 2400 composite strut (\"track\") valve by a narrow metal track on the inner surface of each strut. The substantial recent reductions in operative mortality and in prosthesis-related complications pose important questions regarding timing of operations and selection of prostheses. These decisions must be individualized for each patient on the basis of a thorough analysis of late results using modern statistical methods."}
{"id": "PMID:124127", "title": "Current status of the Beall, Bjork-Shiley, Braunwald-Cutter, Lillehei-Kaster and Smeloff-Cutter cardiac valve prostheses.", "content": "The Starr-Edwards ball valve prosthesis is generally the standard by which other cardiac valve substitutes are compared. This report reviews information pertaining to several prostheses--the Beall mitral valve and the Bjork-Shiley, Braunwald-Cutter, Lillehei-Kaster and Smeloff-Cutter aortic and mitral valves--considered by some to have specific advantages over the Starr-Edwards valves. Hospital and late mortality rates after valve replacement are comparable for the four aortic valve prostheses reviewed and depend more on patient selection than on the specific prosthesis utilized. Extensive clinical experience with the Bjork-Shiley aortic valve indicates that this prosthesis offers hemodynamic advantages over ball valve prostheses, especially in patients with a small aortic root. Clinical experience with the Lillehei-Kaster pivoting disc prosthesis has been less extensive, but this model provides theoretical hemodynamic advantages similar to those of the Bjork-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. Problems associated with cloth wear and the unexpectedly slow rate, in man, of tissue ingrowth into the fabric of the Braunwald-Cutter aortic valve prosthesis have been discouraging, although this prosthesis has been associated with a very low thromboembolic rate in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy. The Smeloff-Cutter aortic prosthesis is hemodynamically similar to the Starr-Edwards prosthesis and has been proved to be a reliable and durable aortic valve substitute over the past several years. Mortality after mitral valve replacement is also largely influenced by factors other than prosthetic valve design. On the basis of postoperative data, the five mitral valve prostheses reviewed do not appear to have substantial hemodynamic differences. For patients with a small left ventricular cavity the low profile prostheses, such as the Beall, Bjork-Shiley and Lillehei-Kaster, may be advantageous. Most available evidence indicates that patients receiving aortic or mitral valve prostheses should be given anticoagulant therapy postoperatively.", "contents": "Current status of the Beall, Bjork-Shiley, Braunwald-Cutter, Lillehei-Kaster and Smeloff-Cutter cardiac valve prostheses. The Starr-Edwards ball valve prosthesis is generally the standard by which other cardiac valve substitutes are compared. This report reviews information pertaining to several prostheses--the Beall mitral valve and the Bjork-Shiley, Braunwald-Cutter, Lillehei-Kaster and Smeloff-Cutter aortic and mitral valves--considered by some to have specific advantages over the Starr-Edwards valves. Hospital and late mortality rates after valve replacement are comparable for the four aortic valve prostheses reviewed and depend more on patient selection than on the specific prosthesis utilized. Extensive clinical experience with the Bjork-Shiley aortic valve indicates that this prosthesis offers hemodynamic advantages over ball valve prostheses, especially in patients with a small aortic root. Clinical experience with the Lillehei-Kaster pivoting disc prosthesis has been less extensive, but this model provides theoretical hemodynamic advantages similar to those of the Bjork-Shiley aortic valve prosthesis. Problems associated with cloth wear and the unexpectedly slow rate, in man, of tissue ingrowth into the fabric of the Braunwald-Cutter aortic valve prosthesis have been discouraging, although this prosthesis has been associated with a very low thromboembolic rate in patients receiving anticoagulant therapy. The Smeloff-Cutter aortic prosthesis is hemodynamically similar to the Starr-Edwards prosthesis and has been proved to be a reliable and durable aortic valve substitute over the past several years. Mortality after mitral valve replacement is also largely influenced by factors other than prosthetic valve design. On the basis of postoperative data, the five mitral valve prostheses reviewed do not appear to have substantial hemodynamic differences. For patients with a small left ventricular cavity the low profile prostheses, such as the Beall, Bjork-Shiley and Lillehei-Kaster, may be advantageous. Most available evidence indicates that patients receiving aortic or mitral valve prostheses should be given anticoagulant therapy postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:124124", "title": "The effect of adrenaline on acetylcholine synthesis, choline acetylase and cholinesterase activity.", "content": "The effect of adrenaline on acetylcholine synthesis, choline acetylase and cholinesterase activity. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1): 45-54. The purpose of the study was to assess the participation of adrenaline in the processes of acetylcholine synthesis and breakdown in white rats. After intraperitoneal administration of adrenaline the content of acetylcholine in the tissues (brain, stomach, sciatic nerve, lumbar spinal cord) initially, slightly decreased, increased in the 30th, 60th, and 120th min, and then fell again below the initial value after 240 min. The rise in acetylcholine tissue content after administration of adrenaline seems to be due to its increased synthesis. This was also confirmed by in vitro investigations. The fall in the tissue acetylcholine content was associated with reduced synthesis of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. The increase in acetylcholine synthesis in the brain tissue after adrenaline given in vitro and in vivo does not seem to be caused by activation of choline acetylase. The activity of cholinesterase in the brain was not changed after adrenaline administered in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "The effect of adrenaline on acetylcholine synthesis, choline acetylase and cholinesterase activity. The effect of adrenaline on acetylcholine synthesis, choline acetylase and cholinesterase activity. Acta Physiol. Pol. 1975, 26 (1): 45-54. The purpose of the study was to assess the participation of adrenaline in the processes of acetylcholine synthesis and breakdown in white rats. After intraperitoneal administration of adrenaline the content of acetylcholine in the tissues (brain, stomach, sciatic nerve, lumbar spinal cord) initially, slightly decreased, increased in the 30th, 60th, and 120th min, and then fell again below the initial value after 240 min. The rise in acetylcholine tissue content after administration of adrenaline seems to be due to its increased synthesis. This was also confirmed by in vitro investigations. The fall in the tissue acetylcholine content was associated with reduced synthesis of acetylcholine in the cerebral cortex. The increase in acetylcholine synthesis in the brain tissue after adrenaline given in vitro and in vivo does not seem to be caused by activation of choline acetylase. The activity of cholinesterase in the brain was not changed after adrenaline administered in vivo and in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:124128", "title": "Intramyocardial pressure: effect of preload on transmural distribution of systolic coronary blood flow.", "content": "Impairment of systolic coronary blood flow (CBF) may be mediated by intramyocardial pressure (PIM). However, the effect of systole on the magnitude and transmural distribution of coronary blood flow has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to measure this effect, and, indirectly, intramyocardial pressure. It is assumed that intramyocardial pressure acts on the coronary vessels as a Starling resistor, such that local coronary blood flow is determined by the equation: Coronary perfusion pressure minus intramyocardial pressure equals resistance times coronary blood flow. This equation was integrated with respect to time and solved simultaneously for intramyocardial pressure and resistance by measuring regional coronary blood flow (radioactive microsphere technique) during maximal coronary vasodilatation in two states: beating and hypocalcemic diastolic arrest. Measurements were made in 7 to 16 concentric layers of the left ventricle of 16 dogs. Intramyocardial pressure ranged from near zero to twice peak left ventricular pressure. The transmural distribution of intramyocardial pressure and systolic coronary blood flow depended on preload. The transmural distribution of the ratio of intramyocardial pressure to coronary perfusion pressure was not significantly different from unity across the left ventricular wall at low levels of preload (0 to 4 mm Hg). At moderate to high levels of preload (7 to 35 mm Hg) this ratio was not different from unity (mean 1.03 and 0.96) in the two inner fifths of the left ventricular wall, but was significantly lower (mean 0.79, 0.64 and 0.41, respectively) in the middle and two outer fifths. These data show that intramyocardial pressure shuts off systolic coronary blood flow across the entire left ventricular wall at low levels of preload, and at high levels of preload determines a gradient of decreasing systolic coronary blood flow from the subepicardium to zero in the subendocardial layers. This finding suggests that a dilated or failing left ventricle receives systolic flow to the outer myocardial layers, whereas at low preload levels myocardial perfusion occurs entirely during diastole.", "contents": "Intramyocardial pressure: effect of preload on transmural distribution of systolic coronary blood flow. Impairment of systolic coronary blood flow (CBF) may be mediated by intramyocardial pressure (PIM). However, the effect of systole on the magnitude and transmural distribution of coronary blood flow has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to measure this effect, and, indirectly, intramyocardial pressure. It is assumed that intramyocardial pressure acts on the coronary vessels as a Starling resistor, such that local coronary blood flow is determined by the equation: Coronary perfusion pressure minus intramyocardial pressure equals resistance times coronary blood flow. This equation was integrated with respect to time and solved simultaneously for intramyocardial pressure and resistance by measuring regional coronary blood flow (radioactive microsphere technique) during maximal coronary vasodilatation in two states: beating and hypocalcemic diastolic arrest. Measurements were made in 7 to 16 concentric layers of the left ventricle of 16 dogs. Intramyocardial pressure ranged from near zero to twice peak left ventricular pressure. The transmural distribution of intramyocardial pressure and systolic coronary blood flow depended on preload. The transmural distribution of the ratio of intramyocardial pressure to coronary perfusion pressure was not significantly different from unity across the left ventricular wall at low levels of preload (0 to 4 mm Hg). At moderate to high levels of preload (7 to 35 mm Hg) this ratio was not different from unity (mean 1.03 and 0.96) in the two inner fifths of the left ventricular wall, but was significantly lower (mean 0.79, 0.64 and 0.41, respectively) in the middle and two outer fifths. These data show that intramyocardial pressure shuts off systolic coronary blood flow across the entire left ventricular wall at low levels of preload, and at high levels of preload determines a gradient of decreasing systolic coronary blood flow from the subepicardium to zero in the subendocardial layers. This finding suggests that a dilated or failing left ventricle receives systolic flow to the outer myocardial layers, whereas at low preload levels myocardial perfusion occurs entirely during diastole."}
{"id": "PMID:124131", "title": "Follow-up studies of World War II and Korean war prisoners. II. Morbidity, disability, and maladjustments.", "content": "US Army veterans taken prisoner (POW's) in World War II and in the Korean War are compared with controls as to hospital admissions from 1946 to 1965 (1954-1965 for Korean War POW's), and as to symptoms, disability, and maladjustments in 1966-1967. Sequelae of the POW experience are both somatic and psychiatric, and are of greatest extent and severity among Pacific World War II POW's. Among European World War II POW's only psychiatric sequelae are apparent. Somatic sequelae were most prevalent in the early years after liberation, but for Pacific World War II POW's they persist in the form of higher hospital admission rates for many specific causes in the most recent period. Nevertheless, persistent psychiatric sequelae (especially psychoneurosis but also schizophrenia) are the more notable and pervasive for both Pacific World War II POW's and Korean War POW's as seen not only in elevated hospital admission rates but also in VA disability awards and in symptoms reported on the cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaire. The excess morbidity appears to correlate well with retrospective accounts of weight-loss and nutritional deficiency diseases and symptoms during the POW period.", "contents": "Follow-up studies of World War II and Korean war prisoners. II. Morbidity, disability, and maladjustments. US Army veterans taken prisoner (POW's) in World War II and in the Korean War are compared with controls as to hospital admissions from 1946 to 1965 (1954-1965 for Korean War POW's), and as to symptoms, disability, and maladjustments in 1966-1967. Sequelae of the POW experience are both somatic and psychiatric, and are of greatest extent and severity among Pacific World War II POW's. Among European World War II POW's only psychiatric sequelae are apparent. Somatic sequelae were most prevalent in the early years after liberation, but for Pacific World War II POW's they persist in the form of higher hospital admission rates for many specific causes in the most recent period. Nevertheless, persistent psychiatric sequelae (especially psychoneurosis but also schizophrenia) are the more notable and pervasive for both Pacific World War II POW's and Korean War POW's as seen not only in elevated hospital admission rates but also in VA disability awards and in symptoms reported on the cornell Medical Index Health Questionnaire. The excess morbidity appears to correlate well with retrospective accounts of weight-loss and nutritional deficiency diseases and symptoms during the POW period."}
{"id": "PMID:124134", "title": "Sudies in simpler tubocclusion methods.", "content": "This report reviews animal and human studies undertaken to develop simpler, safer, and more acceptable methods of female sterilization. Animal studies revealed inadequate prevention of pregnancy by tubocclusive methods from within the uterus, and the laparoscopic route was chosen. A series of clips were evaluated, and a clip was designed which would have a spring load, be wide enough to cause true tissue necrosis, have a firm grip on the tube to prevent dislodgement, and have a smooth external surface. Extensive human trials of the clip and applicator have resulted in over 1,000 patients with clips applied by 27 physicians in 10 centers throughout the world. Six pregnancies appear to have been due so far to application onto structures other than the isthmic portion of the tube. Complications due to the clip itself appear to be minimal, and the feasibility of performing this operation under local anesthesia in a hospital facility other than the operating room is currently under evaluation.", "contents": "Sudies in simpler tubocclusion methods. This report reviews animal and human studies undertaken to develop simpler, safer, and more acceptable methods of female sterilization. Animal studies revealed inadequate prevention of pregnancy by tubocclusive methods from within the uterus, and the laparoscopic route was chosen. A series of clips were evaluated, and a clip was designed which would have a spring load, be wide enough to cause true tissue necrosis, have a firm grip on the tube to prevent dislodgement, and have a smooth external surface. Extensive human trials of the clip and applicator have resulted in over 1,000 patients with clips applied by 27 physicians in 10 centers throughout the world. Six pregnancies appear to have been due so far to application onto structures other than the isthmic portion of the tube. Complications due to the clip itself appear to be minimal, and the feasibility of performing this operation under local anesthesia in a hospital facility other than the operating room is currently under evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:124135", "title": "Play as occupation: implications for the handicapped.", "content": "That play is a need-fulfilling and appropriate occupation in the life of every person, and particularly in the life of the handicapped, is the basic assumption of this paper. Play is defined, characterized, and discussed in relationship to its role in the treatment process. Various classical and modern theories of play are presented, with the optimum arousal theory of play presented as most significant in the rehabilitation process of the handicapped individual. The approach to this assumption is basically theoretical, and concludes with pragmatic suggestions for optimizing the meaningful involvement of patients in play.", "contents": "Play as occupation: implications for the handicapped. That play is a need-fulfilling and appropriate occupation in the life of every person, and particularly in the life of the handicapped, is the basic assumption of this paper. Play is defined, characterized, and discussed in relationship to its role in the treatment process. Various classical and modern theories of play are presented, with the optimum arousal theory of play presented as most significant in the rehabilitation process of the handicapped individual. The approach to this assumption is basically theoretical, and concludes with pragmatic suggestions for optimizing the meaningful involvement of patients in play."}
{"id": "PMID:124132", "title": "Cardiac tamponade in myxedema.", "content": "Pericardial effusions are frequently found in myxedema and , when present, are asymptomatic and usually of no hemodynamic consequence. We report a patient with ascites and pericardial effusion due to myxedema who developed cardiac tamponade following abdominal paracentesis. This case emphasizes that treatment of patients with myxedematous chronic pericardial effusions should include avoidance of those measurements which may reduce venous filling pressure or effective cardiac output regardless of the thyroid status.", "contents": "Cardiac tamponade in myxedema. Pericardial effusions are frequently found in myxedema and , when present, are asymptomatic and usually of no hemodynamic consequence. We report a patient with ascites and pericardial effusion due to myxedema who developed cardiac tamponade following abdominal paracentesis. This case emphasizes that treatment of patients with myxedematous chronic pericardial effusions should include avoidance of those measurements which may reduce venous filling pressure or effective cardiac output regardless of the thyroid status."}
{"id": "PMID:124133", "title": "Mithramycin effects on calcium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone in osseous Paget's disease.", "content": "Six patients with symptomatic osseous Paget's disease were treated with a four-day course of mithramycin (25 mug/kg/day). The effects of treatment on the plasma calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and the urinary fractional clearance of calcium and phosphorus were studied. Mithramycin produced significant hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia, and also significantly and simultaneously increased the plasma parathyroid hormone concentration. Despite the increase in parathyroid hormone, the hypocalemia persisted because of the probable blocking effect which mithramycin exerted on the osteoclasts. The physiological response of the kidney to the elevated plasma parathyroid hormone appeared to be well preserved, as evidenced by the decreased fractional excretion of calcium and the increased fractional excretion of phosphorus in the urine; however, the fall in the clearance of calcium could be the result of the decreased filtered load.", "contents": "Mithramycin effects on calcium, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone in osseous Paget's disease. Six patients with symptomatic osseous Paget's disease were treated with a four-day course of mithramycin (25 mug/kg/day). The effects of treatment on the plasma calcium, phosphorus, parathyroid hormone, and the urinary fractional clearance of calcium and phosphorus were studied. Mithramycin produced significant hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia, and also significantly and simultaneously increased the plasma parathyroid hormone concentration. Despite the increase in parathyroid hormone, the hypocalemia persisted because of the probable blocking effect which mithramycin exerted on the osteoclasts. The physiological response of the kidney to the elevated plasma parathyroid hormone appeared to be well preserved, as evidenced by the decreased fractional excretion of calcium and the increased fractional excretion of phosphorus in the urine; however, the fall in the clearance of calcium could be the result of the decreased filtered load."}
{"id": "PMID:124136", "title": "Melanotropic activity in extrahypophyseal regions of rodent brain: effect of age, hormones, and drugs.", "content": "Two or more melanotropic peptides are present in extrahypophyseal regions of mammalian brain. Previous studies showed that extrahypophyseal melanotropic activity is not influenced by hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy, or exogenous glucocorticoid. The present study investigated the possible influence of the following factors on the level of melanotropic activity in whole brain, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, midbrain, and brainstem of mouse and rat: age, sex, starvation; and of the following hormones or drugs administered by the intraperitoneal or intracerebral route: norepinephrine, dihydroxyphenylalanine, pargyline, 6-hydroxy-dopamine, alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester, reserpine, acetylcholine, pilocarpine, atropine, serotonin, p-chlorophenylalanine, pentobarbital, pentylenetetrazol, insulin, melatonin, and cycloheximide. Only age influenced extrahypophyseal melanotropic activity. The activity per unit of tissue wet weight or of tissue protein increased in all regions progressively from birth to 1 yr of age. Extrahypophyseal melanotropic activities perunit wet weight of tissue at 50 wk averaged 4.3 times those at birth. When brain of adult rodents was fractionated by differential centrifugation, the major proportion of melanotropic activity was recovered in myelin (27-35 percent), nerve endings (20-22 percent), and mitochondria (25-30 percent). The lower activity in newborn brain resulted not onlyfrom absence of a myelin fraction, but also from lower activity at birth in nerve endings and mitochondria.", "contents": "Melanotropic activity in extrahypophyseal regions of rodent brain: effect of age, hormones, and drugs. Two or more melanotropic peptides are present in extrahypophyseal regions of mammalian brain. Previous studies showed that extrahypophyseal melanotropic activity is not influenced by hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy, or exogenous glucocorticoid. The present study investigated the possible influence of the following factors on the level of melanotropic activity in whole brain, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, midbrain, and brainstem of mouse and rat: age, sex, starvation; and of the following hormones or drugs administered by the intraperitoneal or intracerebral route: norepinephrine, dihydroxyphenylalanine, pargyline, 6-hydroxy-dopamine, alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester, reserpine, acetylcholine, pilocarpine, atropine, serotonin, p-chlorophenylalanine, pentobarbital, pentylenetetrazol, insulin, melatonin, and cycloheximide. Only age influenced extrahypophyseal melanotropic activity. The activity per unit of tissue wet weight or of tissue protein increased in all regions progressively from birth to 1 yr of age. Extrahypophyseal melanotropic activities perunit wet weight of tissue at 50 wk averaged 4.3 times those at birth. When brain of adult rodents was fractionated by differential centrifugation, the major proportion of melanotropic activity was recovered in myelin (27-35 percent), nerve endings (20-22 percent), and mitochondria (25-30 percent). The lower activity in newborn brain resulted not onlyfrom absence of a myelin fraction, but also from lower activity at birth in nerve endings and mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:124138", "title": "Proteolytic enzymes as adjuncts to antimicrobial prophylaxis of contaminated wounds.", "content": "When a tissue is injured, its vessels exhibit a marked increase in vascular permeability. Blood proteins, including fibrinogen, traverse the vessel walls and lead to the development of a surface coagulum. This inflammatory response continues until primary closure of the wound edges is accomplished. The thickness of the surface coagulum is roughly proportional to the time interval between wounding and closure. This coagulum encompasses the surface contaminants, preventing contact with either topical or systemic antibiotics. The presence of this surface coagulum limits the time in which antibiotic prophylaxis is effective. At three hours after injury, antimicrobial prophylaxis of contaminated wounds has no therapeutic value. Hydrolysis of the protein coagulum by proteolytic enzymes enhances the activity of the antibiotic in experimental wounds. The success of proteolytic enzymes as adjuncts to delayed antibiotic treatment can be correlated with the clot lysis activity of the enzymes in vitro. Travase, the most potent fibrinolytic enzyme, is the most effective adjunct to delayed antibiotic therapy of contaminated wounds. In contrast, the active enzymes found in Elase, which exhibit no significant clot lysis activity in vitro, do not potentiate the activity of antibiotics in wounds subjected to a delay in treatment. Travase prolongs the period of effective topical antibiotic action for at least eight hours in experimental contaminated wounds. The therapeutic merit of Travase is also apparent when the antibiotic is administered systemically. Travase shows promise as an adjunct to a variety of antibiotics that are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The results of these experimental studies support our belief that clinical studies support our belief that clinical studies should now be initiated to test the therapeutic value of Travase as an adjunct to antibiotics in heavily contaminated wounds subjected to an unavoidable delay in treatment.", "contents": "Proteolytic enzymes as adjuncts to antimicrobial prophylaxis of contaminated wounds. When a tissue is injured, its vessels exhibit a marked increase in vascular permeability. Blood proteins, including fibrinogen, traverse the vessel walls and lead to the development of a surface coagulum. This inflammatory response continues until primary closure of the wound edges is accomplished. The thickness of the surface coagulum is roughly proportional to the time interval between wounding and closure. This coagulum encompasses the surface contaminants, preventing contact with either topical or systemic antibiotics. The presence of this surface coagulum limits the time in which antibiotic prophylaxis is effective. At three hours after injury, antimicrobial prophylaxis of contaminated wounds has no therapeutic value. Hydrolysis of the protein coagulum by proteolytic enzymes enhances the activity of the antibiotic in experimental wounds. The success of proteolytic enzymes as adjuncts to delayed antibiotic treatment can be correlated with the clot lysis activity of the enzymes in vitro. Travase, the most potent fibrinolytic enzyme, is the most effective adjunct to delayed antibiotic therapy of contaminated wounds. In contrast, the active enzymes found in Elase, which exhibit no significant clot lysis activity in vitro, do not potentiate the activity of antibiotics in wounds subjected to a delay in treatment. Travase prolongs the period of effective topical antibiotic action for at least eight hours in experimental contaminated wounds. The therapeutic merit of Travase is also apparent when the antibiotic is administered systemically. Travase shows promise as an adjunct to a variety of antibiotics that are effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. The results of these experimental studies support our belief that clinical studies support our belief that clinical studies should now be initiated to test the therapeutic value of Travase as an adjunct to antibiotics in heavily contaminated wounds subjected to an unavoidable delay in treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:124139", "title": "Evaluation of prosthetic grafts of different porosity for arterial reconstruction.", "content": "Autogenous jugular veins and Dacron grafts of different porosities were implanted as short bypass grafts around ligated femoral arteries in the dog. Patency rates for periods up to eight months were: vein, 79 per cent; DeBakey Dacron (lowest porosity), 39 per cent; Wesolowski Weavenit (imtermediate porosity), 56 per cent; high porosity Dacron, 8 per cent. The failure of sixteen of the twenty-four high porosity grafts was related to perigraft hematomas that occurred two to seven days after operation and later thrombosis. The higher the porosity of the graft, the better the healing pattern as evidenced by fibrous bonding of the inner and outer linings of the grafts through the interstices. In the spectrum of grafts with increasing porosity there is apparently an optimal porosity beyond which late bleeding counterbalances the better healing properties of the higher porosity graft.", "contents": "Evaluation of prosthetic grafts of different porosity for arterial reconstruction. Autogenous jugular veins and Dacron grafts of different porosities were implanted as short bypass grafts around ligated femoral arteries in the dog. Patency rates for periods up to eight months were: vein, 79 per cent; DeBakey Dacron (lowest porosity), 39 per cent; Wesolowski Weavenit (imtermediate porosity), 56 per cent; high porosity Dacron, 8 per cent. The failure of sixteen of the twenty-four high porosity grafts was related to perigraft hematomas that occurred two to seven days after operation and later thrombosis. The higher the porosity of the graft, the better the healing pattern as evidenced by fibrous bonding of the inner and outer linings of the grafts through the interstices. In the spectrum of grafts with increasing porosity there is apparently an optimal porosity beyond which late bleeding counterbalances the better healing properties of the higher porosity graft."}
{"id": "PMID:124140", "title": "Hemangioma of the liver. Diagnosis with combined use of laparoscopy and hepatic arteriography.", "content": "A case of hepatic hemangioma is reported in which preoperative diagnosis, with the combined aid of serial selective hepatic arteriography and laparoscopy, was necessary. The patient underwent right hepatic lobectomy after extensive extrahepatic individual ligations with no severe postoperative complications. The combined use of selective hepatic arteriography and laparoscopy is emphasized as essential for the correct diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma.", "contents": "Hemangioma of the liver. Diagnosis with combined use of laparoscopy and hepatic arteriography. A case of hepatic hemangioma is reported in which preoperative diagnosis, with the combined aid of serial selective hepatic arteriography and laparoscopy, was necessary. The patient underwent right hepatic lobectomy after extensive extrahepatic individual ligations with no severe postoperative complications. The combined use of selective hepatic arteriography and laparoscopy is emphasized as essential for the correct diagnosis of hepatic hemangioma."}
{"id": "PMID:124141", "title": "[Clinical, electron-microscopic, and histochemical investigations of conjunctivitis lignosa (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is briefly described in which a typical conjunctivitis lignosa appeared after the eye had suffered lime burns. In order to help clarify the morphological connection between mucopolysaccharide production and fiber development in the tumor tissue which occurred after the burn, samples were examined histologically, histochemically and with the use of the electron microscope. The tumor had a cartilage like consistency. Its structure could be devided into three regions. Region A is the pseudo-membrane. It has root like extensions which anchor it to the underlying tissue, and which morphologically appear partially homogeneous and partially fibrous. Blood cells and cell remnants are included in the tissue of the pseudomembrane. The histochemical examination of the pseudomembrane did not present a uniform picture. Along with small amounts of dermatan-sulfate and chondroitin-sulfate B the membrane probably contained a rather large amount of hyaluronic acid. The pseudomembrane borders on a granular tissue (Region B) which is distinguished by the wide metachromatic sheathes of the blood vessels found in it and the particularly large number of active fibroblasts along its edges. The silver impregnation method and the electron-microscopic examination showed that the vascular sheathes consist of bundles of reticular fibers which constitute a three-dimensional network. A similar sort of sheath was observed around the fibroblasts. Chondroitin-sulfate makes up the largest fraction of the mucopoly-saccharides near the fibers and appears particularly concentrated at the intersections of the fibers, although it is also diffusely distributed as well. Dermatan-sulfate (or heparan-sulfate) is found only in the mucopolysaccharide sheath of the fibers themselves. The deep region of the tumor (Region C) consists almost exclusively of blood vessels, their sprouts and the fibroblasts which, with their wide fibrous sheathes, almost fill the spaces between the blood vessels. The reticular fibers and their mucopolysaccharide sheathes have the same structure as that observed in Region B, The fact that the mucopolysaccharides did not appear in plaques but rather as bound primarily to the fibers is grounds for suggesting that a fiber development disorder, probably stemming from the pericytes and fibroblasts rich in ergastoplasm and fibrilles, could play the principle role in conjunctivitis lignosa. The cartilagen like consistency of the tumor could be a result of the arrangement of the fibers and their mucopolysaccharide sheathes. Brief remarks are included concerning the therapeutic consequences of the study.", "contents": "[Clinical, electron-microscopic, and histochemical investigations of conjunctivitis lignosa (author's transl)]. A case is briefly described in which a typical conjunctivitis lignosa appeared after the eye had suffered lime burns. In order to help clarify the morphological connection between mucopolysaccharide production and fiber development in the tumor tissue which occurred after the burn, samples were examined histologically, histochemically and with the use of the electron microscope. The tumor had a cartilage like consistency. Its structure could be devided into three regions. Region A is the pseudo-membrane. It has root like extensions which anchor it to the underlying tissue, and which morphologically appear partially homogeneous and partially fibrous. Blood cells and cell remnants are included in the tissue of the pseudomembrane. The histochemical examination of the pseudomembrane did not present a uniform picture. Along with small amounts of dermatan-sulfate and chondroitin-sulfate B the membrane probably contained a rather large amount of hyaluronic acid. The pseudomembrane borders on a granular tissue (Region B) which is distinguished by the wide metachromatic sheathes of the blood vessels found in it and the particularly large number of active fibroblasts along its edges. The silver impregnation method and the electron-microscopic examination showed that the vascular sheathes consist of bundles of reticular fibers which constitute a three-dimensional network. A similar sort of sheath was observed around the fibroblasts. Chondroitin-sulfate makes up the largest fraction of the mucopoly-saccharides near the fibers and appears particularly concentrated at the intersections of the fibers, although it is also diffusely distributed as well. Dermatan-sulfate (or heparan-sulfate) is found only in the mucopolysaccharide sheath of the fibers themselves. The deep region of the tumor (Region C) consists almost exclusively of blood vessels, their sprouts and the fibroblasts which, with their wide fibrous sheathes, almost fill the spaces between the blood vessels. The reticular fibers and their mucopolysaccharide sheathes have the same structure as that observed in Region B, The fact that the mucopolysaccharides did not appear in plaques but rather as bound primarily to the fibers is grounds for suggesting that a fiber development disorder, probably stemming from the pericytes and fibroblasts rich in ergastoplasm and fibrilles, could play the principle role in conjunctivitis lignosa. The cartilagen like consistency of the tumor could be a result of the arrangement of the fibers and their mucopolysaccharide sheathes. Brief remarks are included concerning the therapeutic consequences of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:124142", "title": "Elective postoperative I.P.P.V. for extensive head and neck skin grafting.", "content": "Patients with extensive skin-grafting of the head and neck are managed for the first 24-48 hours postoperatively in the Intensive Care Unit with muscle paralysis, controlled ventilation, timed parenteral analgesia and sedation. The aims are to provide full immobilization of the graft and to allow pressure dressings without embarrassment to the airway. The regime is suggested as an added indication for intensive care therapy.", "contents": "Elective postoperative I.P.P.V. for extensive head and neck skin grafting. Patients with extensive skin-grafting of the head and neck are managed for the first 24-48 hours postoperatively in the Intensive Care Unit with muscle paralysis, controlled ventilation, timed parenteral analgesia and sedation. The aims are to provide full immobilization of the graft and to allow pressure dressings without embarrassment to the airway. The regime is suggested as an added indication for intensive care therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:124148", "title": "The effects of diethyl ether, enflurane, and isoflurane at the neuromuscular junction.", "content": "The actions of diethyl ether, enflurane, and isoflurane at the neuromuscular junction were examined in isolated guinea pig lumbrical muscles. These anesthetics depressed the ability of carbachol to depolarize the endplate region; this depression of depolarization did not show competitive kinetics. None of the anesthetics altered the affinity of the acetylcholine receptor for d-tubocurarine, i.e., the dissociation constant of d-tubocurarine was unchanged. Since diethyl ether, enflurane, and isoflurane produced no observable alteration of the receptor, the antagonism of the drug-induced depolarization of the neuromuscular junction appears to be exerted at a stage subsequent to reaction with the receptor. (Key words: Anesthetics, volatile, diethyl ethers; Anesthetics, volatile, euflurane; Anesthetics, volatile, isoflurane; Neuromuscular relaxants, d-tubocurarine; Neuromuscular junction.).", "contents": "The effects of diethyl ether, enflurane, and isoflurane at the neuromuscular junction. The actions of diethyl ether, enflurane, and isoflurane at the neuromuscular junction were examined in isolated guinea pig lumbrical muscles. These anesthetics depressed the ability of carbachol to depolarize the endplate region; this depression of depolarization did not show competitive kinetics. None of the anesthetics altered the affinity of the acetylcholine receptor for d-tubocurarine, i.e., the dissociation constant of d-tubocurarine was unchanged. Since diethyl ether, enflurane, and isoflurane produced no observable alteration of the receptor, the antagonism of the drug-induced depolarization of the neuromuscular junction appears to be exerted at a stage subsequent to reaction with the receptor. (Key words: Anesthetics, volatile, diethyl ethers; Anesthetics, volatile, euflurane; Anesthetics, volatile, isoflurane; Neuromuscular relaxants, d-tubocurarine; Neuromuscular junction.)."}
{"id": "PMID:124149", "title": "Surgical management of high aortoillac occlusion.", "content": "Seventeen patients with high aortoiliac occlusion, 15 chronic and two acute, were evaluated at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center during the period 1964-1973. Fifteen patients with chronic occlusion and one patient with an acute occlusion were operated upon without an operative death. The operative technique outlined emphasizes temporay interruption of renal blood flow during the initial aortic thromboendarterctomy phase of the procedure. In those patients in whom renal artery control was secured, no instance of postoperative renal insufficiency was noted. Symptomatic improvement occurred in all patients. Ultimate follow-up results will be dependent on the amount of associated vascular disease.", "contents": "Surgical management of high aortoillac occlusion. Seventeen patients with high aortoiliac occlusion, 15 chronic and two acute, were evaluated at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center during the period 1964-1973. Fifteen patients with chronic occlusion and one patient with an acute occlusion were operated upon without an operative death. The operative technique outlined emphasizes temporay interruption of renal blood flow during the initial aortic thromboendarterctomy phase of the procedure. In those patients in whom renal artery control was secured, no instance of postoperative renal insufficiency was noted. Symptomatic improvement occurred in all patients. Ultimate follow-up results will be dependent on the amount of associated vascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:124150", "title": "Anastomotic aneurysms.", "content": "This report is concerned with an analysis of 16 anastomotic aneurysms which developed in 12 patients after arterial surgery in which dacron sutures were used for all graft anastomoses. Knitted dacron grafts had been used in all but two of the original surgical procedures; a woven dacron graft had been used in one procedure and a saphenous vein graft in the other. The majority of anastomotic aneurysms occurred in the femoral triangle at the site of an end-to-side anastomosis. Five anastomotic aneurysms were caused by infection, and a variety of etiologic factors were responsible for the 11 non-infected aneurysms. Fourteen anastomotic aneurysms in 10 patients were treated surgically. A good result had been obtained in six patients; one patient required amputation of an extremity and three patients died postoperatively as a result of cardiac disease or pulmonary embolization. This report also contains a discussion of the factors affecting the occurrence of anastomotic aneurysms and a description of specific operative measures designed to decrease the incidence of these aneurysms.", "contents": "Anastomotic aneurysms. This report is concerned with an analysis of 16 anastomotic aneurysms which developed in 12 patients after arterial surgery in which dacron sutures were used for all graft anastomoses. Knitted dacron grafts had been used in all but two of the original surgical procedures; a woven dacron graft had been used in one procedure and a saphenous vein graft in the other. The majority of anastomotic aneurysms occurred in the femoral triangle at the site of an end-to-side anastomosis. Five anastomotic aneurysms were caused by infection, and a variety of etiologic factors were responsible for the 11 non-infected aneurysms. Fourteen anastomotic aneurysms in 10 patients were treated surgically. A good result had been obtained in six patients; one patient required amputation of an extremity and three patients died postoperatively as a result of cardiac disease or pulmonary embolization. This report also contains a discussion of the factors affecting the occurrence of anastomotic aneurysms and a description of specific operative measures designed to decrease the incidence of these aneurysms."}
{"id": "PMID:124156", "title": "Filtration characteristics of three new in-line blood transfusion filters.", "content": "Three types of microemboli filters were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The single layer 40 mu pore filter traps aggregates in the pores. The aggregates are extruded and pass on with the blood and can be demonstrated in a Dacron wool filter downstream. The polyurethane foam filter is an in depth multiple pore filter of variable pore size. This filter allows many aggregates to escape through the pores in the beginning of a transfusion and these aggregates were seen in a Dacron wool filter downstream. As aggregates become trapped, the pore sizes decrease, filtration improves, and flow through the filter becomes reduced. The Dacron wool filter absorbs the particulate material to the fibers of wool. This filter has a large capacity and was not observed to leak aggregates even when subjected to high filtration pressures.", "contents": "Filtration characteristics of three new in-line blood transfusion filters. Three types of microemboli filters were examined with the scanning electron microscope. The single layer 40 mu pore filter traps aggregates in the pores. The aggregates are extruded and pass on with the blood and can be demonstrated in a Dacron wool filter downstream. The polyurethane foam filter is an in depth multiple pore filter of variable pore size. This filter allows many aggregates to escape through the pores in the beginning of a transfusion and these aggregates were seen in a Dacron wool filter downstream. As aggregates become trapped, the pore sizes decrease, filtration improves, and flow through the filter becomes reduced. The Dacron wool filter absorbs the particulate material to the fibers of wool. This filter has a large capacity and was not observed to leak aggregates even when subjected to high filtration pressures."}
{"id": "PMID:124157", "title": "Development and treatment of post-traumatic pulmonary platelet trapping.", "content": "In anesthetized dogs soft tissue trauma resulting in hypovolemia was associated with pulmonary trapping of 51Cr tagged platelets. The efficacy of various forms of therapy aimed at preventing pulmonary trapping of platelets following trauma was evaluated. Lung biopsies were assayed before trauma and at hourly intervals for accumulation of autologous 51Cr tagged platelets reinfused 24 hours prior to the experiment. The study showed that pulmonary platelet trapping secondary to soft tissue trauma could be prevented by treatment with Dextran 40, Dextran 70 and methyl-prednisolone administered one hour after trauma and by pretreatment with aspirin.", "contents": "Development and treatment of post-traumatic pulmonary platelet trapping. In anesthetized dogs soft tissue trauma resulting in hypovolemia was associated with pulmonary trapping of 51Cr tagged platelets. The efficacy of various forms of therapy aimed at preventing pulmonary trapping of platelets following trauma was evaluated. Lung biopsies were assayed before trauma and at hourly intervals for accumulation of autologous 51Cr tagged platelets reinfused 24 hours prior to the experiment. The study showed that pulmonary platelet trapping secondary to soft tissue trauma could be prevented by treatment with Dextran 40, Dextran 70 and methyl-prednisolone administered one hour after trauma and by pretreatment with aspirin."}
{"id": "PMID:124158", "title": "The value of laparoscopy in acute pelvic pain.", "content": "Laparoscopy was performed in 223 patients with acute pelvic pain but without a definite diagnosis. The clinically suspected diagnosis was confirmed by laparoscopy in only 57 patients (25%). Laparotomy was thus avoided in 145 patients (65%). The endoscopic findings in the three clinical entities included here are presented: tubal pregnancy, acute appendicitis or torsion of adnexal mass. This study emphasizes the poor correlation between the clinical diagnosis based on history, pelvic examination and physical signs, and the final laparoscopic findings. The value of laparoscopy in evaluation of acute pelvic disease is stressed.", "contents": "The value of laparoscopy in acute pelvic pain. Laparoscopy was performed in 223 patients with acute pelvic pain but without a definite diagnosis. The clinically suspected diagnosis was confirmed by laparoscopy in only 57 patients (25%). Laparotomy was thus avoided in 145 patients (65%). The endoscopic findings in the three clinical entities included here are presented: tubal pregnancy, acute appendicitis or torsion of adnexal mass. This study emphasizes the poor correlation between the clinical diagnosis based on history, pelvic examination and physical signs, and the final laparoscopic findings. The value of laparoscopy in evaluation of acute pelvic disease is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:124159", "title": "Hemodynamics of the interposition mesocaval shunt.", "content": "Eighty interposition mesocaval shunts, using a knitted Dacron large diameter prosthesis, have been performed during the past five and one-half years. Patients were evaluated from the standpoint of protection from recurrent esophageal hemorrhage, shunt patency, encephalopathy and cumulative survival analysis. In a selected group of patients, hemodynamic measurements were also obtained in the pre, intra, and postoperative periods. These included measurements of wedged hepatic vein pressure, superior mesentric venous blood flow, and residual superior mesenteric, hepatic sinusoidal and inferior vena cava pressures following the shunt procedure. Additionally, direct shunt flow measurements utilizing a square wave of electromagnetic flowmeter were also performed. Results indicate that the shunt patency is 95%; adequate decompression of the portal system was accomplished; recurrent variceal hemorrhage did not occur if the shunt remained patent; the incidence of encephalopathy was low (11%); and the operative mortality for the entire series was 9%. Continued perfusion of the liver was documented in 44% of patients and appears to be a function of the residual total portal resistance largely controlled by inferior vena caval pressure at the level of graft replacement. Life survivhat the interposition mesocaval shunt appears to be an effective technique for the control of variceal hemorrhage, has important hemodynamic advantages and can be applied to most patients for the control of variceal hemorrhage due to portal hypertension.", "contents": "Hemodynamics of the interposition mesocaval shunt. Eighty interposition mesocaval shunts, using a knitted Dacron large diameter prosthesis, have been performed during the past five and one-half years. Patients were evaluated from the standpoint of protection from recurrent esophageal hemorrhage, shunt patency, encephalopathy and cumulative survival analysis. In a selected group of patients, hemodynamic measurements were also obtained in the pre, intra, and postoperative periods. These included measurements of wedged hepatic vein pressure, superior mesentric venous blood flow, and residual superior mesenteric, hepatic sinusoidal and inferior vena cava pressures following the shunt procedure. Additionally, direct shunt flow measurements utilizing a square wave of electromagnetic flowmeter were also performed. Results indicate that the shunt patency is 95%; adequate decompression of the portal system was accomplished; recurrent variceal hemorrhage did not occur if the shunt remained patent; the incidence of encephalopathy was low (11%); and the operative mortality for the entire series was 9%. Continued perfusion of the liver was documented in 44% of patients and appears to be a function of the residual total portal resistance largely controlled by inferior vena caval pressure at the level of graft replacement. Life survivhat the interposition mesocaval shunt appears to be an effective technique for the control of variceal hemorrhage, has important hemodynamic advantages and can be applied to most patients for the control of variceal hemorrhage due to portal hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:124160", "title": "Surgical management of abdominal aortic aneurysms: factors influencing mortality and morbidity--a 20-year experience.", "content": "Abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy is being performed with progressively lower operative mortality and morbidity. Three hundred thirty seven patients have had elective aneurysm repair since 1954. Factors affecting mortality and morbidity in the last 108 cases are analyzed. Seventy-four per cent of patients had pre-existing disease, either cardiac, pulmonary, renal, cerebrovascular, diabetes mellitus, or hypertension. Six patients died following operation, a mortality rate of 5.5%. One died of pulmonary and 5 of cardiac causes. No patient died of renal failure or required dialysis. A signficant feature of management is the regimen of fluid therapy using dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution during and after operation to minimize  hypotensive and renal complications. No patient developed a wound infection, graft infection, wound dehiscence, stroke, or intestinal ischemia. Serious postoperative complications were largely cardiac or pulmonary. Despite recent liberalization of indications for operation, comparative figures show continued reduction in operative mortality from 17% during 1954-1961, or 7.4% during 1962-1967, to 5.5% in the 1968-1974 era. This declining mortality is related to earlier diagnosis using non-invasive methods (sonogram), simplified operative techniques, improvement in fluid management, innovations in cardiopulmonary therapy, and recognition and proper handling of unusual manifestations of aortic aneurysms.", "contents": "Surgical management of abdominal aortic aneurysms: factors influencing mortality and morbidity--a 20-year experience. Abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy is being performed with progressively lower operative mortality and morbidity. Three hundred thirty seven patients have had elective aneurysm repair since 1954. Factors affecting mortality and morbidity in the last 108 cases are analyzed. Seventy-four per cent of patients had pre-existing disease, either cardiac, pulmonary, renal, cerebrovascular, diabetes mellitus, or hypertension. Six patients died following operation, a mortality rate of 5.5%. One died of pulmonary and 5 of cardiac causes. No patient died of renal failure or required dialysis. A signficant feature of management is the regimen of fluid therapy using dextrose in lactated Ringer's solution during and after operation to minimize  hypotensive and renal complications. No patient developed a wound infection, graft infection, wound dehiscence, stroke, or intestinal ischemia. Serious postoperative complications were largely cardiac or pulmonary. Despite recent liberalization of indications for operation, comparative figures show continued reduction in operative mortality from 17% during 1954-1961, or 7.4% during 1962-1967, to 5.5% in the 1968-1974 era. This declining mortality is related to earlier diagnosis using non-invasive methods (sonogram), simplified operative techniques, improvement in fluid management, innovations in cardiopulmonary therapy, and recognition and proper handling of unusual manifestations of aortic aneurysms."}
{"id": "PMID:124161", "title": "New technique for construction of coposite Dacron vein grafts for femoro-distal popliteal bypass in the severely ischemic leg.", "content": "Vascular surgeons are in agreement that autogenous saphenous veins are best suited for bypasses from the common femoral artery to the distal popliteal artery in the management of femoropopliteal occlusive disease associated with the severely ischemic foot. Such a graft should be of adequate size (more than 3 mm in diameter) throughout its length for a successful outcome. In some patients the vein is of good size for 15 or 20 cm then branches into several small veins. Reports by most surgeons are unfavorable concerning the use of prostheses and bovine heterografts for anastomosis to the distal popliteal artery or to one of its branches. Our experience with composite dacron vein graft bypasses employing a fluted end-to-end anastomosis had been unfavorable and was similar to the  experience of Dale (1962). In July 1973 we were forced to improvise the technique of end-to-side anastomosis joining the end of a dacron prosthesis to the side of the vein graft for a femorodistal popliteal bypass. During the ensuing 15 months we have carried out this composite graft only when the greater saphenous vein was not of adequate size throughout. In 17 limbs the composite graft was placed between the common femoral artery and the distal popliteal artery and on 6 occasions to the posterior tibial and peroneal arteries. Nineteen limbs exhibited either gangrene, impending gangrene, ischemic ulceration or severe rest pain. In four extremities intermittent claudication of a progressive and disabling degree was the indication for operation. Eleven of the 22 patients were diabetic. Run-off beyond the popliteal artery was poor in 16 of the 23 limbs and inflow was subnormal in three patients. During the followup period, 10 grafts have occluded, one day to 6 1/2 months postoperatively, two due to inflow deficiency, 5 due to poor outflow, one to an error in technique, and two occluded without known cause. Two patients came to major amputation following closure of their grafts, 3 and 7 months postoperatively. Results with the composite graft are compared with the bovine heterograft and the homologous vein graft.", "contents": "New technique for construction of coposite Dacron vein grafts for femoro-distal popliteal bypass in the severely ischemic leg. Vascular surgeons are in agreement that autogenous saphenous veins are best suited for bypasses from the common femoral artery to the distal popliteal artery in the management of femoropopliteal occlusive disease associated with the severely ischemic foot. Such a graft should be of adequate size (more than 3 mm in diameter) throughout its length for a successful outcome. In some patients the vein is of good size for 15 or 20 cm then branches into several small veins. Reports by most surgeons are unfavorable concerning the use of prostheses and bovine heterografts for anastomosis to the distal popliteal artery or to one of its branches. Our experience with composite dacron vein graft bypasses employing a fluted end-to-end anastomosis had been unfavorable and was similar to the  experience of Dale (1962). In July 1973 we were forced to improvise the technique of end-to-side anastomosis joining the end of a dacron prosthesis to the side of the vein graft for a femorodistal popliteal bypass. During the ensuing 15 months we have carried out this composite graft only when the greater saphenous vein was not of adequate size throughout. In 17 limbs the composite graft was placed between the common femoral artery and the distal popliteal artery and on 6 occasions to the posterior tibial and peroneal arteries. Nineteen limbs exhibited either gangrene, impending gangrene, ischemic ulceration or severe rest pain. In four extremities intermittent claudication of a progressive and disabling degree was the indication for operation. Eleven of the 22 patients were diabetic. Run-off beyond the popliteal artery was poor in 16 of the 23 limbs and inflow was subnormal in three patients. During the followup period, 10 grafts have occluded, one day to 6 1/2 months postoperatively, two due to inflow deficiency, 5 due to poor outflow, one to an error in technique, and two occluded without known cause. Two patients came to major amputation following closure of their grafts, 3 and 7 months postoperatively. Results with the composite graft are compared with the bovine heterograft and the homologous vein graft."}
{"id": "PMID:124162", "title": "The use of Mersilene mesh in repair of abdominal wall hernias: a clinical and experimental study.", "content": "Use of synthetic materials in herniplasty has been a controversial issue. In order to determine the influence of Mersilene mesh on the strength of healing abdominal wounds and its effectiveness in repair of hernia, experimental and clinical studies were undertaken. Experimental study included 175 male rats divided into three groups subjected to either: 1) an incision made only through the skin and closed with 3-0 silk sutures; 2) a 2.5 cm midline incision through the musculature and peritoneum closed with 2-0 Mersilene suture; or 3) the same procedure as group 2 with the addition of a Mersilene mesh onlay graft. Bursting strength of abdominal wounds as determined in all groups at intervals. Wounds of the group treated with the mesh exhibited significantly greater (P less than 0.01) bursting strength. Clinical trial consisted of 100 consecutive adult patients in which an onlay graft of Mersilene mesh was used in the hernioplasty. Mesh was used as an adjunct in patients with: 1) large ventral hernias; 2) direct hernias resulting from severely attenuated transversialis fascia; 3) indirect hernias associated with a large internal ring and a weak posterior inguinal wall; or 4) combined direct and indirect hernias. All were followed for a minimum of one year to determine the incidence of complication and rate of recurrence. This study suggests that: 1) Mersilene mesh increases the strength of healing abdominal wounds in rats; and 2) repair of large hernias with Mersilene mesh results in an acceptable morbidity and a lowered rate of recurrence.", "contents": "The use of Mersilene mesh in repair of abdominal wall hernias: a clinical and experimental study. Use of synthetic materials in herniplasty has been a controversial issue. In order to determine the influence of Mersilene mesh on the strength of healing abdominal wounds and its effectiveness in repair of hernia, experimental and clinical studies were undertaken. Experimental study included 175 male rats divided into three groups subjected to either: 1) an incision made only through the skin and closed with 3-0 silk sutures; 2) a 2.5 cm midline incision through the musculature and peritoneum closed with 2-0 Mersilene suture; or 3) the same procedure as group 2 with the addition of a Mersilene mesh onlay graft. Bursting strength of abdominal wounds as determined in all groups at intervals. Wounds of the group treated with the mesh exhibited significantly greater (P less than 0.01) bursting strength. Clinical trial consisted of 100 consecutive adult patients in which an onlay graft of Mersilene mesh was used in the hernioplasty. Mesh was used as an adjunct in patients with: 1) large ventral hernias; 2) direct hernias resulting from severely attenuated transversialis fascia; 3) indirect hernias associated with a large internal ring and a weak posterior inguinal wall; or 4) combined direct and indirect hernias. All were followed for a minimum of one year to determine the incidence of complication and rate of recurrence. This study suggests that: 1) Mersilene mesh increases the strength of healing abdominal wounds in rats; and 2) repair of large hernias with Mersilene mesh results in an acceptable morbidity and a lowered rate of recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:124163", "title": "Recurrence after preperitoneal herniorrhaphy in the adult.", "content": "The recurrence rate was determined for 1,186 men aged 18 to 96 years (average, 56 years) operated on for inguinal herniation between Jan 1, 1968 and June 30, 1974. (Mean follow-up was three years five months). Fourteen hundred twenty defects were repaired through a modified preperitoneal approach. Eight patients (0.6%), average age 76 years, dide postoperatively. One hundred seven patients (9.0%), average age 65 years, have died since. Seventeen percent had bilateral herniation repaired simultaneously. Ninety-four (6.6%) have had recurrence. Indirect inguinal decects predominated (58%), a recurrence rate of 3.7%. Five hundred twenty-three primary direct defects were repaired; 8.2% recurred. There were 237 repairs for recurrence in 216 patients (average age, 59 years), a recurrence rate of 9.7%.", "contents": "Recurrence after preperitoneal herniorrhaphy in the adult. The recurrence rate was determined for 1,186 men aged 18 to 96 years (average, 56 years) operated on for inguinal herniation between Jan 1, 1968 and June 30, 1974. (Mean follow-up was three years five months). Fourteen hundred twenty defects were repaired through a modified preperitoneal approach. Eight patients (0.6%), average age 76 years, dide postoperatively. One hundred seven patients (9.0%), average age 65 years, have died since. Seventeen percent had bilateral herniation repaired simultaneously. Ninety-four (6.6%) have had recurrence. Indirect inguinal decects predominated (58%), a recurrence rate of 3.7%. Five hundred twenty-three primary direct defects were repaired; 8.2% recurred. There were 237 repairs for recurrence in 216 patients (average age, 59 years), a recurrence rate of 9.7%."}
{"id": "PMID:124165", "title": "[Stroma formation in epithelial malignant tumors].", "content": "The mechanism of stroma-formation and rearrangement of the stroma was studied on 221 cases of cancer of the lung, stomach and mammary gland using histological, histochemical and electron-microscopy methods of investigation.  It was established that multiplying epithelial elements of teh tumour induced proliferation of histiogenic and vascular fibroblasts, activating them.  Active fibroblasts play a double role: they either produce fibres and interstitial matter of the tumorous stroma, or participate in desintegration of preceding and newly formed collagenous structures.  The processes of stroma-formation comply with the conventional schemes of normal fibrillogenesis and rearrangement of the interstitial tissue.  It was shown that fibroblasts of the tumour stroma was capable of phagocytosis of a mature collagen.  It is supposed that in the course of the tumorous growth correlation between the parenchyma and stroma is maintained, the leading role being played by the epithelium.", "contents": "[Stroma formation in epithelial malignant tumors]. The mechanism of stroma-formation and rearrangement of the stroma was studied on 221 cases of cancer of the lung, stomach and mammary gland using histological, histochemical and electron-microscopy methods of investigation.  It was established that multiplying epithelial elements of teh tumour induced proliferation of histiogenic and vascular fibroblasts, activating them.  Active fibroblasts play a double role: they either produce fibres and interstitial matter of the tumorous stroma, or participate in desintegration of preceding and newly formed collagenous structures.  The processes of stroma-formation comply with the conventional schemes of normal fibrillogenesis and rearrangement of the interstitial tissue.  It was shown that fibroblasts of the tumour stroma was capable of phagocytosis of a mature collagen.  It is supposed that in the course of the tumorous growth correlation between the parenchyma and stroma is maintained, the leading role being played by the epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:124166", "title": "[The objectives and prospects of quantitative histocytochemistry].", "content": "The article is of a surveying character and is dedicated to objectives of quantititative histo mammary gland).  Problems connected with standardization of preparation of the material and carrying out of histochemical reactions, a complex of histochemical criteria and principles of their selection, are considered.  A variant of mathematical treatment of material by a computer, including analysis of distribution and correlation characteristic, is suggested.  The complex functional-morphological method (marker) suggested, with its quantitative assessment, is, in the opinion of the author, a qualitatively new basis for mathematical descriptions of organs and systems and their modelling and opens up new perspectives both in physiology and pathology.", "contents": "[The objectives and prospects of quantitative histocytochemistry]. The article is of a surveying character and is dedicated to objectives of quantititative histo mammary gland).  Problems connected with standardization of preparation of the material and carrying out of histochemical reactions, a complex of histochemical criteria and principles of their selection, are considered.  A variant of mathematical treatment of material by a computer, including analysis of distribution and correlation characteristic, is suggested.  The complex functional-morphological method (marker) suggested, with its quantitative assessment, is, in the opinion of the author, a qualitatively new basis for mathematical descriptions of organs and systems and their modelling and opens up new perspectives both in physiology and pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:124168", "title": "Polypoid change of the glomerular basement membrane.", "content": "A peculiar and previously undescribed alteration in the glomerular basement membrane, which we designate as polypoid change, was found in a 4-year-old child with mongolism (trisomy 21). Light and electron microscopical studies were performed. Although the pathogenesis and significance of this lesion remain uncertain, we have compared the lesion with known processes that affect the glomerular basement membrane.", "contents": "Polypoid change of the glomerular basement membrane. A peculiar and previously undescribed alteration in the glomerular basement membrane, which we designate as polypoid change, was found in a 4-year-old child with mongolism (trisomy 21). Light and electron microscopical studies were performed. Although the pathogenesis and significance of this lesion remain uncertain, we have compared the lesion with known processes that affect the glomerular basement membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:124169", "title": "Changes in the electrocardiogram, vectorcardiogram and ballistocardiogram after hemodialysis in chronic uremia.", "content": "In 12 cases with uremia, the electrical activity and form and amplitude of Bcg (displacement) were investigated before and after hemodialysis. The uremia was secondary to chronic glomerulonephritis (9 cases), familial nephritis (1 case), polycystic kidney disease (1 case) and chronic pyelonephritis (1 case). During the study digitalis was not given to the patients. The ECG and Bcg abnormalities were irreversible in most cases. In 9 cases the VCG showed hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Considering these facts it is assumed that myocardial hypertrophy might play an important part in the development of irreversible pathological repolarization and hemodynamic troubles in chronic uremia.", "contents": "Changes in the electrocardiogram, vectorcardiogram and ballistocardiogram after hemodialysis in chronic uremia. In 12 cases with uremia, the electrical activity and form and amplitude of Bcg (displacement) were investigated before and after hemodialysis. The uremia was secondary to chronic glomerulonephritis (9 cases), familial nephritis (1 case), polycystic kidney disease (1 case) and chronic pyelonephritis (1 case). During the study digitalis was not given to the patients. The ECG and Bcg abnormalities were irreversible in most cases. In 9 cases the VCG showed hypertrophy of the left ventricle. Considering these facts it is assumed that myocardial hypertrophy might play an important part in the development of irreversible pathological repolarization and hemodynamic troubles in chronic uremia."}
{"id": "PMID:124174", "title": "Changes in aortic glycosaminoglycans and lipoprotein lipase activity in rats with age and atheroma.", "content": "The changes in the individual glycosaminoglycans of the aorta and in lipoprotein lipase activity of the aorta, liver and heart have been studied at various stages in the development of mild atheroma in the rat. Three responses were seen: (a) Hyaluronic acid initially decreased, then increased; (b) Heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphates A and C initially increased, then decreased. (c) Chondroitin sulphate-B and heparin increased with progressing lipid infiltration and decreased markedly only in the later stages. Ageing changes were also investigated in the rat aorta: total cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides increased progressively from weaning to 9 months of age. Hyaluronic acid decreased after weaning, reached a minimum at 6 months and then increased thereafter. Heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate-C reached a maximum at 6 months and then decreased thereafter. Chondroitin sulphates A and B showed a similar but less marked pattern of change with age. Heparin progressively increased with age. Aortic lipoprotein lipase activity increased in the early stages of atheroma and then decreased as the lipid infiltration became more severe. The ageing study showed that enzyme activity was quite high at weaning. decreased considerably at 3 months, but thereafter fell only slightly.", "contents": "Changes in aortic glycosaminoglycans and lipoprotein lipase activity in rats with age and atheroma. The changes in the individual glycosaminoglycans of the aorta and in lipoprotein lipase activity of the aorta, liver and heart have been studied at various stages in the development of mild atheroma in the rat. Three responses were seen: (a) Hyaluronic acid initially decreased, then increased; (b) Heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphates A and C initially increased, then decreased. (c) Chondroitin sulphate-B and heparin increased with progressing lipid infiltration and decreased markedly only in the later stages. Ageing changes were also investigated in the rat aorta: total cholesterol, phospholipids and triglycerides increased progressively from weaning to 9 months of age. Hyaluronic acid decreased after weaning, reached a minimum at 6 months and then increased thereafter. Heparan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate-C reached a maximum at 6 months and then decreased thereafter. Chondroitin sulphates A and B showed a similar but less marked pattern of change with age. Heparin progressively increased with age. Aortic lipoprotein lipase activity increased in the early stages of atheroma and then decreased as the lipid infiltration became more severe. The ageing study showed that enzyme activity was quite high at weaning. decreased considerably at 3 months, but thereafter fell only slightly."}
{"id": "PMID:124175", "title": "Distribution of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the intima, media and adventitia of bovine aorta and their anticoagulant properties.", "content": "1. The constituents of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the tunica intima, media and adventitia were studied by means of an enzymatic assay with chondroitinases and by electrophoretic characterization. 2. The content of the acidic glycosaminoglycans was higher in the intima than in the adventitia based on defatted dry tissue weight. The gel filtration pattern showed that, with chondroitinase-AC, the proportion of the intact glycosaminoglycans is greater in the adventitia than in the intima. 3. Electrophoresis before and after digestion with chondroitinases indicated that the three layers contain chondroitin-4- and -6-sulfates, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfates and hyaluronic acid. In the case of the adventitia, bands migrating like the heparin standard were also detected. 4. Paper chromatographic separation of the unsaturated disaccharides after digestion with chondroitinases revealed that the proportion of chondroitin-6-sulfate is predominant in the intima, whereas the proportion of heparan sulfates, hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate is one and one-half-2 times higher in the adventitia than in the intima. 5. Anticoagulant activity, measured by thrombelastography, of the acidic glycosaminoglycans in the three layers clearly indicated that the glycosaminoglycans in the adventitia possess the highest potency among the three layers. It was considered that the higher activity of the glycosaminoglycans in the adventitia is due to the relatively greater proportion of heparan sulfates and dermatan sulfate.", "contents": "Distribution of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the intima, media and adventitia of bovine aorta and their anticoagulant properties. 1. The constituents of acidic glycosaminoglycans in the tunica intima, media and adventitia were studied by means of an enzymatic assay with chondroitinases and by electrophoretic characterization. 2. The content of the acidic glycosaminoglycans was higher in the intima than in the adventitia based on defatted dry tissue weight. The gel filtration pattern showed that, with chondroitinase-AC, the proportion of the intact glycosaminoglycans is greater in the adventitia than in the intima. 3. Electrophoresis before and after digestion with chondroitinases indicated that the three layers contain chondroitin-4- and -6-sulfates, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfates and hyaluronic acid. In the case of the adventitia, bands migrating like the heparin standard were also detected. 4. Paper chromatographic separation of the unsaturated disaccharides after digestion with chondroitinases revealed that the proportion of chondroitin-6-sulfate is predominant in the intima, whereas the proportion of heparan sulfates, hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate is one and one-half-2 times higher in the adventitia than in the intima. 5. Anticoagulant activity, measured by thrombelastography, of the acidic glycosaminoglycans in the three layers clearly indicated that the glycosaminoglycans in the adventitia possess the highest potency among the three layers. It was considered that the higher activity of the glycosaminoglycans in the adventitia is due to the relatively greater proportion of heparan sulfates and dermatan sulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:124176", "title": "Metabolism of glycosaminoglycans in atheromatous rats. Enzymes concerned with synthesis, degradation and sulphation of glycosaminoglycans.", "content": "Some important enzymes concerned with the biosynthesis of the precursors of glycosaminoglycans (gg), degradation of gg and biological sulphation have been studied in rats fed an atherogenic diet. L-Glutamine-D-fructose-6-phosphate amino-transferase and glucosamine-6-phosphate-N-acetylase--2 enzymes concerned with the biosynthesis of hexosamine precursors  of gg--decreased in the liver in rats fed the atherogenic diet. UDPG pyrophosphorylase, UDPG dehydrogenase and UDPG glucuronic acid-5'-epimerase, which are concerned with the biosynthesis of the uronic precursors of gg, also decreased in the liver in the diet-fed rats. The activities of some of the enzymes concerned with degradation of gg-hyaluronidase, beta-glucuronidase beta-hexosaminidase, cathepsin and aryl sulphatase--increased both in the liver and aorta. The hepatic concentration of PAPS significantly decreased in the diet-fed rats. The sulphate-activating system, which includes ATP sulphurylase, APS kinase and sulphotransferase, also decreased. Thus the overall picture is one of decreased synthesis of gg and their increased degradation in the atheromatous rats.", "contents": "Metabolism of glycosaminoglycans in atheromatous rats. Enzymes concerned with synthesis, degradation and sulphation of glycosaminoglycans. Some important enzymes concerned with the biosynthesis of the precursors of glycosaminoglycans (gg), degradation of gg and biological sulphation have been studied in rats fed an atherogenic diet. L-Glutamine-D-fructose-6-phosphate amino-transferase and glucosamine-6-phosphate-N-acetylase--2 enzymes concerned with the biosynthesis of hexosamine precursors  of gg--decreased in the liver in rats fed the atherogenic diet. UDPG pyrophosphorylase, UDPG dehydrogenase and UDPG glucuronic acid-5'-epimerase, which are concerned with the biosynthesis of the uronic precursors of gg, also decreased in the liver in the diet-fed rats. The activities of some of the enzymes concerned with degradation of gg-hyaluronidase, beta-glucuronidase beta-hexosaminidase, cathepsin and aryl sulphatase--increased both in the liver and aorta. The hepatic concentration of PAPS significantly decreased in the diet-fed rats. The sulphate-activating system, which includes ATP sulphurylase, APS kinase and sulphotransferase, also decreased. Thus the overall picture is one of decreased synthesis of gg and their increased degradation in the atheromatous rats."}
{"id": "PMID:124186", "title": "Previous reproductive history in mothers presenting with spontaneous abortions.", "content": "Information on the previous reproductive history of 3467 mothers presenting with a spontaneous abortion is compared with that of a control series presenting with a livebirth. In 1384 abortions the chromosome constitution of the fetal products was determined. The mothers who had delivered a chromosomally normal abortion more often had a history of previous repeated abortions, while those of chromosomally abnormal abortions tended to have fewer repeated abortions but an excess of previous viable children with Down's syndrome. Data are also presented on 23 mothers with two spontaneous abortions of known karyotype; these, together with similar data obtained elsewhere, made it possible to estimate an overall rate of recurrence of chromosome defects in conceptions of the same parents, and the probability that affected fetuses will survive to a viable stage in pregnancy. The clinical and genetic implications of the findings are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Previous reproductive history in mothers presenting with spontaneous abortions. Information on the previous reproductive history of 3467 mothers presenting with a spontaneous abortion is compared with that of a control series presenting with a livebirth. In 1384 abortions the chromosome constitution of the fetal products was determined. The mothers who had delivered a chromosomally normal abortion more often had a history of previous repeated abortions, while those of chromosomally abnormal abortions tended to have fewer repeated abortions but an excess of previous viable children with Down's syndrome. Data are also presented on 23 mothers with two spontaneous abortions of known karyotype; these, together with similar data obtained elsewhere, made it possible to estimate an overall rate of recurrence of chromosome defects in conceptions of the same parents, and the probability that affected fetuses will survive to a viable stage in pregnancy. The clinical and genetic implications of the findings are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:124188", "title": "Some sources of stress found in mothers of spina bifida children.", "content": "The scores on a malaise inventory for 51 mothers of spina bifida children born between 1956 and 1962 in South Wales revealed significantly higher scores when the child was incontinent, had a severe locomotor disability, had an IQ less than 80, and was attending a special school rather than a normal school. No difference in scores was found between the sexes or for size of family, and only a slight difference occurred between the malaise scores of mothers of mildly and moderately handicapped children.", "contents": "Some sources of stress found in mothers of spina bifida children. The scores on a malaise inventory for 51 mothers of spina bifida children born between 1956 and 1962 in South Wales revealed significantly higher scores when the child was incontinent, had a severe locomotor disability, had an IQ less than 80, and was attending a special school rather than a normal school. No difference in scores was found between the sexes or for size of family, and only a slight difference occurred between the malaise scores of mothers of mildly and moderately handicapped children."}
{"id": "PMID:124190", "title": "The Fowler-Weir approach to appendicectomy.", "content": "The medical approach of Fowler-Weir enables rapid opening of the abdominal cavity and provides good access to the appendix. Although there is less muscle trauma the wound seems as painful postoperatively as with the classic muscle-splitting approach. However, morbidity is less as shown by a decrease in the wound and deep infection rate compared with that after appendicectomy by the McBurney approach.", "contents": "The Fowler-Weir approach to appendicectomy. The medical approach of Fowler-Weir enables rapid opening of the abdominal cavity and provides good access to the appendix. Although there is less muscle trauma the wound seems as painful postoperatively as with the classic muscle-splitting approach. However, morbidity is less as shown by a decrease in the wound and deep infection rate compared with that after appendicectomy by the McBurney approach."}
{"id": "PMID:124195", "title": "Atropine, sodium cromoglycate, and thymoxamine in PGF2 alpha-induced bronchoconstriction in extrinsic asthma.", "content": "In six patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma the inhalation of prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha in a small dosage produced significant bronchoconstriction, whereas PGE2 produced bronchodilatation. In these patients cholinergic blockade with atropine partially inhibited the PGF2 alpha-induced bronchoconstriction, but the alpha-receptor-blocking drug thymoxamine and sodium cromoglycate did not. These results suggest that the effect of PGF2 alpha is mediated through cholinergic receptors in the airways, and this effect is grossly exaggerated in asthma. The failure to inhibit PGF2 alpha-induced bronchoconstriction with sodium cromoglycate and the observation of an inhibitory effect of sodium cromoglycate in both allergic and exercise asthma suggest that locally formed PGF2 alpha may not be the main factor in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma.", "contents": "Atropine, sodium cromoglycate, and thymoxamine in PGF2 alpha-induced bronchoconstriction in extrinsic asthma. In six patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma the inhalation of prostaglandin (PG) F2 alpha in a small dosage produced significant bronchoconstriction, whereas PGE2 produced bronchodilatation. In these patients cholinergic blockade with atropine partially inhibited the PGF2 alpha-induced bronchoconstriction, but the alpha-receptor-blocking drug thymoxamine and sodium cromoglycate did not. These results suggest that the effect of PGF2 alpha is mediated through cholinergic receptors in the airways, and this effect is grossly exaggerated in asthma. The failure to inhibit PGF2 alpha-induced bronchoconstriction with sodium cromoglycate and the observation of an inhibitory effect of sodium cromoglycate in both allergic and exercise asthma suggest that locally formed PGF2 alpha may not be the main factor in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:124199", "title": "Progress in understanding Huntington's chorea.", "content": "The present paper analyses the new data accumulated since 1972 concerning the etiology and pathogenesis of Huntington's chorea. Particular attention is paid to the respective roles of the dopaminergic and GABA-ergic systems.", "contents": "Progress in understanding Huntington's chorea. The present paper analyses the new data accumulated since 1972 concerning the etiology and pathogenesis of Huntington's chorea. Particular attention is paid to the respective roles of the dopaminergic and GABA-ergic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:124200", "title": "Adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, with particular reference to long-term therapy.", "content": "Since trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) was first marked occasional reviews have surveyed the pattern of adverse reactions. Skin rashes characteristic of sulfonamide sensitivity have predominated, with relatively few of a serious exfoliative nature. Hematologic adverse reactions recorded follow the pattern known to occur with sulfonamides, with a few cases related to the action of trimethoprim on human folate metabolism. Such an effect is more likely to occur when the patient's folate status is already jeopardized; it is rare in relation to the widespread use of the drug combination. Long-term administration does not per se seem to represent an additional hazard provided the dose is the correct one and the hematologic monitoring of the patient is performed regularly. The suggestion that TMP-SMX has a toxic effect on the kidney has not been substantiated. An estimated 250 million \"standard treatment courses\" have been given in the first 6 years of marketing and, overall, the picture of adverse reactions corresponds with that expected from a sulfonamide of relatively low toxicity.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, with particular reference to long-term therapy. Since trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) was first marked occasional reviews have surveyed the pattern of adverse reactions. Skin rashes characteristic of sulfonamide sensitivity have predominated, with relatively few of a serious exfoliative nature. Hematologic adverse reactions recorded follow the pattern known to occur with sulfonamides, with a few cases related to the action of trimethoprim on human folate metabolism. Such an effect is more likely to occur when the patient's folate status is already jeopardized; it is rare in relation to the widespread use of the drug combination. Long-term administration does not per se seem to represent an additional hazard provided the dose is the correct one and the hematologic monitoring of the patient is performed regularly. The suggestion that TMP-SMX has a toxic effect on the kidney has not been substantiated. An estimated 250 million \"standard treatment courses\" have been given in the first 6 years of marketing and, overall, the picture of adverse reactions corresponds with that expected from a sulfonamide of relatively low toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:124205", "title": "A Mg2+- and Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase at the outer surface of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "A Mg2+- and Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) at the outer surface of intact Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is described. A surface-bound adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-splitting activity at a lower rate was also demonstrated in the absence of Ca2+ but with Mg2+, Na+, and K+ present in the isotonic medium. Hence, when part of the Mg2+ was exchanged for Ca2+, a marked increase of the ATP-splitting activity was observed. The stimulatory effect of Ca2+ was seen only if both Na+ and K+ were present in the isotonic incubation medium. Thus, the enzyme activity was Mg2+- and Ca2+-dependent. Ca2+, together with the monovalent cations was inhibitory compared with Mg2+ under similar conditions. The apparent Km for ATP for the Mg2+-stimulated ATPase is 0.05 mM, while that of the Mg2+- and Ca2+-stimulated enzyme is 0.10 mM. The Vmax of the former is 0.8 mu-mole per 100 mg Schneider protein per 30 sec compared with 1.92 mu-moles per 100 mg Schneider protein per 30 sec for the latter. The calculated Km for the Mg2+- and Ca2+-stimulated ATPase after subtraction of the Mg2+-stimulated part is 0.22 mM. Ethacrynic acid and N-ethylmaleimide both inhibited the Mg2+- and Ca2+-stimulated ATPase by about 10 percent, while the ouabain inhibition was 15 percent. Cytochalasin B did not influence the enzyme activity, whereas La3+ had a slight stimulatory effect.", "contents": "A Mg2+- and Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase at the outer surface of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. A Mg2+- and Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) at the outer surface of intact Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is described. A surface-bound adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-splitting activity at a lower rate was also demonstrated in the absence of Ca2+ but with Mg2+, Na+, and K+ present in the isotonic medium. Hence, when part of the Mg2+ was exchanged for Ca2+, a marked increase of the ATP-splitting activity was observed. The stimulatory effect of Ca2+ was seen only if both Na+ and K+ were present in the isotonic incubation medium. Thus, the enzyme activity was Mg2+- and Ca2+-dependent. Ca2+, together with the monovalent cations was inhibitory compared with Mg2+ under similar conditions. The apparent Km for ATP for the Mg2+-stimulated ATPase is 0.05 mM, while that of the Mg2+- and Ca2+-stimulated enzyme is 0.10 mM. The Vmax of the former is 0.8 mu-mole per 100 mg Schneider protein per 30 sec compared with 1.92 mu-moles per 100 mg Schneider protein per 30 sec for the latter. The calculated Km for the Mg2+- and Ca2+-stimulated ATPase after subtraction of the Mg2+-stimulated part is 0.22 mM. Ethacrynic acid and N-ethylmaleimide both inhibited the Mg2+- and Ca2+-stimulated ATPase by about 10 percent, while the ouabain inhibition was 15 percent. Cytochalasin B did not influence the enzyme activity, whereas La3+ had a slight stimulatory effect."}
{"id": "PMID:124206", "title": "Bioassay of alkyl halides and nucleotide base analogs by pulmonary tumor response in strain A mice.", "content": "The production of lung adenomas in strain A mice following multiple injections of 17 alkyl halides and of 3 base analogs was investigated. A slight but significant increase in the average number of lung tumors per mouse was noted following the administration of methyl iodide, n- and i-propyl iodide, sec- and tert-butyl chloride, i-, sec-, and tert-butyl bromide, and n- and sec-butyl iodide. The administration of comparable doses of ethyl bromide, ethyl iodide, n-butyl chloride, benzyl chloride, and 1-chloromethylnaphthalene to mice resulted in no significant increase in the frequency of lung tumors over that seen in vehicle-treated control mice. n-Butyl bromide and tert-butyl iodide similarly appeared to have no significant effect on the lung tumor frequency, but these compounds were too toxic to be tested at the high dosages used with the other alkyl halides. 5-Iodo-, 5-bromo-, and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine also appeared to have no significant effect on the lung tumor frequency. These results indicate that a high proportion of low-molecular-weight alkyl halides may be weakly carcinogenic and provide evidence supporting an electrophilic hypothesis of carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Bioassay of alkyl halides and nucleotide base analogs by pulmonary tumor response in strain A mice. The production of lung adenomas in strain A mice following multiple injections of 17 alkyl halides and of 3 base analogs was investigated. A slight but significant increase in the average number of lung tumors per mouse was noted following the administration of methyl iodide, n- and i-propyl iodide, sec- and tert-butyl chloride, i-, sec-, and tert-butyl bromide, and n- and sec-butyl iodide. The administration of comparable doses of ethyl bromide, ethyl iodide, n-butyl chloride, benzyl chloride, and 1-chloromethylnaphthalene to mice resulted in no significant increase in the frequency of lung tumors over that seen in vehicle-treated control mice. n-Butyl bromide and tert-butyl iodide similarly appeared to have no significant effect on the lung tumor frequency, but these compounds were too toxic to be tested at the high dosages used with the other alkyl halides. 5-Iodo-, 5-bromo-, and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine also appeared to have no significant effect on the lung tumor frequency. These results indicate that a high proportion of low-molecular-weight alkyl halides may be weakly carcinogenic and provide evidence supporting an electrophilic hypothesis of carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:124207", "title": "The effect of flavonoids on aerobic glycolysis and growth of tumor cells.", "content": "Certain bioflavonoids inhibit the glycolysis of variety of tumor cells by interfering with the generation of adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate which are required for glycolysis. Tetra- and pentahydroxy flavones with hydroxyl groups as 3, 3', 4', 5, and 7 (e.g., quercetin) are the most active. They inhibit the activity of isolated Na+-K+-adenosinetriphosphatase of the plasma membrane and of mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase, but under appropriate conditions do not interfere with the ion transport increase the the translocation efficiency of the ion pump. It was shown that in several tumor cells loosely coupled ion pumps are responsible for the high rate of aerobic glycolysis, the effect of quercetin on the growth of several cell lines was examined. Since bicarbonate and serum albumin were found to counteract the effect of quercetin, the cells were grown in tissue cultures at low concentrations of these compounds. Pronounced inhibition of growth was observed at 5 to 20 mug of quercetin per ml of growth medium.", "contents": "The effect of flavonoids on aerobic glycolysis and growth of tumor cells. Certain bioflavonoids inhibit the glycolysis of variety of tumor cells by interfering with the generation of adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate which are required for glycolysis. Tetra- and pentahydroxy flavones with hydroxyl groups as 3, 3', 4', 5, and 7 (e.g., quercetin) are the most active. They inhibit the activity of isolated Na+-K+-adenosinetriphosphatase of the plasma membrane and of mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase, but under appropriate conditions do not interfere with the ion transport increase the the translocation efficiency of the ion pump. It was shown that in several tumor cells loosely coupled ion pumps are responsible for the high rate of aerobic glycolysis, the effect of quercetin on the growth of several cell lines was examined. Since bicarbonate and serum albumin were found to counteract the effect of quercetin, the cells were grown in tissue cultures at low concentrations of these compounds. Pronounced inhibition of growth was observed at 5 to 20 mug of quercetin per ml of growth medium."}
{"id": "PMID:124211", "title": "A model of cell cycle control: effects of thymidine on synchronous cell cultures.", "content": "Further evidence is presented in support of a model for growth control in which commitment for cell division is determined by an event in the preceding cell cycle. A study was made of conditions affecting synchronous growth following treatment of murine mastocytoma cells with excess thymidine at different phases of the cell cycle. Cells were synchronized by a physical procedure involving velocity sedimentation in a zonal rotor. Pulse treatment of such cultures with thymidine at times corresponding to the S, G2, and M periods had no effect on further growth. However, addition at G1, although having no immediate effect, arrested cell growth in the next cell cycle. This temporal effect may account for the decay of synchrony observed during double thymidine blockade or thymidine-FUdR blockade. When the time interval between two such blocks was 7 hr or less, P815Y cells were arrested after one synchronous division. At this critical time a majority of cells were at, or near, G1. It is suggested that thymidine exerts a hitherto unrecognized effect at the G1 interval.", "contents": "A model of cell cycle control: effects of thymidine on synchronous cell cultures. Further evidence is presented in support of a model for growth control in which commitment for cell division is determined by an event in the preceding cell cycle. A study was made of conditions affecting synchronous growth following treatment of murine mastocytoma cells with excess thymidine at different phases of the cell cycle. Cells were synchronized by a physical procedure involving velocity sedimentation in a zonal rotor. Pulse treatment of such cultures with thymidine at times corresponding to the S, G2, and M periods had no effect on further growth. However, addition at G1, although having no immediate effect, arrested cell growth in the next cell cycle. This temporal effect may account for the decay of synchrony observed during double thymidine blockade or thymidine-FUdR blockade. When the time interval between two such blocks was 7 hr or less, P815Y cells were arrested after one synchronous division. At this critical time a majority of cells were at, or near, G1. It is suggested that thymidine exerts a hitherto unrecognized effect at the G1 interval."}
{"id": "PMID:124232", "title": "Evidence for a new mineralocorticoid in patients with low-renin essential hypertension.", "content": "Patients with low-renin essential hypertension have certain features consistent with excessive mineralocorticoid activity. Because known mineralocorticoids are normal in the majority of low-renin essential hypertension patients, an unknown mineralocorticoid was sought in the urine of such patients. Urine extracts from patients with low-renin essential hypertension were assayed for mineralocorticoid activity in adrenalectomized rats and found to contain more such activity than could be accounted for by the known mineralocorticoids in the extracts. The factor responsible for the unexplained mineralocorticoid activity was purfied and then identified by mass spectral analysis as 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (16beta-OH-DHEA). Synthetic 16beta-OH-DHEA was found to have a mineralocorticoid potency one-fortieth that of aldosterone in the rat bioassay. The mineralocorticoid effects of both the urine extracts and the synthetic steroid were blocked in the rat by spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid antagonist. A specific assay for 16beta-OH-DHEA was developed, and its level in the urine was found to be elevated in patients with low-renin essential hypertension.", "contents": "Evidence for a new mineralocorticoid in patients with low-renin essential hypertension. Patients with low-renin essential hypertension have certain features consistent with excessive mineralocorticoid activity. Because known mineralocorticoids are normal in the majority of low-renin essential hypertension patients, an unknown mineralocorticoid was sought in the urine of such patients. Urine extracts from patients with low-renin essential hypertension were assayed for mineralocorticoid activity in adrenalectomized rats and found to contain more such activity than could be accounted for by the known mineralocorticoids in the extracts. The factor responsible for the unexplained mineralocorticoid activity was purfied and then identified by mass spectral analysis as 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (16beta-OH-DHEA). Synthetic 16beta-OH-DHEA was found to have a mineralocorticoid potency one-fortieth that of aldosterone in the rat bioassay. The mineralocorticoid effects of both the urine extracts and the synthetic steroid were blocked in the rat by spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid antagonist. A specific assay for 16beta-OH-DHEA was developed, and its level in the urine was found to be elevated in patients with low-renin essential hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:124233", "title": "Splanchnic blood flow in essential hypertension and in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis.", "content": "Splanchnic blood flow (SBF) was measured simultaneously with cardiac output (dye dilution) and intrarterial blood pressure by constant infusion of indocyanine green in 11 control subjects, 13 patients with essential hypertension (EH) and seven hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis (RAS). The cardiac index (CI) was lower (P less than 0.05) in patients with EH (3.17 plus or minus 0.07 L/min/m-2) (mean plus or minus SEM) than in control subjects (3.43 plus or minus 0.09). Associated with the lower CI was a significantly (P less than 0.01) lower SBF (0.797 plus or minus 0.02 L/min/m-2 vs 0.889 plus or minus 0.04). Patients with RAS presented with higher (P less than 0.01 vs EH, nonsignificant vs control subjects) cardiac index (3.66 plus or minus 0.17) and even lower SBF (0.749 PLUS OR MINUS 0.02). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation (r = - 0.652) between the mean arterial pressure and the SBF when results for all patients were considered. The correlation remained (r = - 0.568) in the EH group and the slope of regression line was not different from that for all subjects. The CI and SBF were weakly correlated (r = 0.423) in control subjects and patients with EH, whereas in patients with RAS, a negative correlation was found (r = - 0.778). This study indicates that the SBF, although significantly decreased in patients with EH, remains proportional to the CI in control subjects and in essential hypertensive patients. No redistribution of CI in regard to the splanchnic circulation occurs in EH. In contrast, in patients with RAS a dissociation of CI and SBF occurs and the fraction of the CI which passes through the splanchnic vascular bed is markedly reduced. The close correlation between mean arterial pressure and SBF suggests that both parameters are influenced by a common pathophysiological factor.", "contents": "Splanchnic blood flow in essential hypertension and in hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis. Splanchnic blood flow (SBF) was measured simultaneously with cardiac output (dye dilution) and intrarterial blood pressure by constant infusion of indocyanine green in 11 control subjects, 13 patients with essential hypertension (EH) and seven hypertensive patients with renal artery stenosis (RAS). The cardiac index (CI) was lower (P less than 0.05) in patients with EH (3.17 plus or minus 0.07 L/min/m-2) (mean plus or minus SEM) than in control subjects (3.43 plus or minus 0.09). Associated with the lower CI was a significantly (P less than 0.01) lower SBF (0.797 plus or minus 0.02 L/min/m-2 vs 0.889 plus or minus 0.04). Patients with RAS presented with higher (P less than 0.01 vs EH, nonsignificant vs control subjects) cardiac index (3.66 plus or minus 0.17) and even lower SBF (0.749 PLUS OR MINUS 0.02). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation (r = - 0.652) between the mean arterial pressure and the SBF when results for all patients were considered. The correlation remained (r = - 0.568) in the EH group and the slope of regression line was not different from that for all subjects. The CI and SBF were weakly correlated (r = 0.423) in control subjects and patients with EH, whereas in patients with RAS, a negative correlation was found (r = - 0.778). This study indicates that the SBF, although significantly decreased in patients with EH, remains proportional to the CI in control subjects and in essential hypertensive patients. No redistribution of CI in regard to the splanchnic circulation occurs in EH. In contrast, in patients with RAS a dissociation of CI and SBF occurs and the fraction of the CI which passes through the splanchnic vascular bed is markedly reduced. The close correlation between mean arterial pressure and SBF suggests that both parameters are influenced by a common pathophysiological factor."}
{"id": "PMID:124234", "title": "De subitaneis mortibus. XII. Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart.", "content": "Subjects with asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart are prone to sudden death. Neither the pathogenesis of the eccentric hypertrophy nor the mechanism of sudden death is fully understood. In this report we describe certain postmortem findings in the hearts of 22 subjects who died suddenly, silently and unexpectedly, and in whom the only significant abnormality at autopsy was asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart. Deep clefts were present in the septum in seven hearts, the small coronary arteries were abnormally narrowed in ten, the sinus node was sclerosed by fibrosis in 12, there was variable narrowing of the atrioventricular (A-V) node artery in many and the His bundle was too thin in three. There were multiple cysts or channels in the central fibrous body and of the adjacent A-V node and His bundle in four hearts. Most of the hearts displayed a fetal dispersion of the A-V node and His bundle throughout the central fibrous body, but this was particularly conspicuous in 13 hearts. These abnormalities in all parts of the conduction system suggest a variety of possible mechanisms by which the heart could become electrically unstable but do not indicate that one single mechanism is at fault in all. They offer some explanation for the reported high incidence of atrial fibrillation in such patients, and why they fare so badly with this arrhythmia. While the pathogenesis of asymmetrical hypertrophy may in some part be attributable to narrowed small coronary arteries or to an abnormal sequence or speed of septal and ventricular activation or to mechanical deficiency caused by deep septal clefts, none of these features was universally present in our series. Both asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart and the sudden death which so frequently accompanies it probably develop by a variety of pathogenetic mechanisms.", "contents": "De subitaneis mortibus. XII. Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart. Subjects with asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart are prone to sudden death. Neither the pathogenesis of the eccentric hypertrophy nor the mechanism of sudden death is fully understood. In this report we describe certain postmortem findings in the hearts of 22 subjects who died suddenly, silently and unexpectedly, and in whom the only significant abnormality at autopsy was asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart. Deep clefts were present in the septum in seven hearts, the small coronary arteries were abnormally narrowed in ten, the sinus node was sclerosed by fibrosis in 12, there was variable narrowing of the atrioventricular (A-V) node artery in many and the His bundle was too thin in three. There were multiple cysts or channels in the central fibrous body and of the adjacent A-V node and His bundle in four hearts. Most of the hearts displayed a fetal dispersion of the A-V node and His bundle throughout the central fibrous body, but this was particularly conspicuous in 13 hearts. These abnormalities in all parts of the conduction system suggest a variety of possible mechanisms by which the heart could become electrically unstable but do not indicate that one single mechanism is at fault in all. They offer some explanation for the reported high incidence of atrial fibrillation in such patients, and why they fare so badly with this arrhythmia. While the pathogenesis of asymmetrical hypertrophy may in some part be attributable to narrowed small coronary arteries or to an abnormal sequence or speed of septal and ventricular activation or to mechanical deficiency caused by deep septal clefts, none of these features was universally present in our series. Both asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart and the sudden death which so frequently accompanies it probably develop by a variety of pathogenetic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:124235", "title": "Hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease associated with patent ductus arteriosus. Primary or secondary?", "content": "In an infant with patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension, elevated pulmonary vascular resistance persisted following ligation of the ductus. Histologic examination of a pulmonary biopsy at two years of age and tissue obtained at autopsy at three years of age showed obstructive pulmonary vascular disease. The question as to whether the organic vascular lesions are secondary to the effects of the patent ductus or part of pulmonary hypertension cannot be resolved. The age of the patient favors a primary etiology.", "contents": "Hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease associated with patent ductus arteriosus. Primary or secondary? In an infant with patent ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension, elevated pulmonary vascular resistance persisted following ligation of the ductus. Histologic examination of a pulmonary biopsy at two years of age and tissue obtained at autopsy at three years of age showed obstructive pulmonary vascular disease. The question as to whether the organic vascular lesions are secondary to the effects of the patent ductus or part of pulmonary hypertension cannot be resolved. The age of the patient favors a primary etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:124236", "title": "Comparison of five radioimmunoassays and enzyme bioassay for measurement of digoxin in blood.", "content": "Digoxin-containing sera from 86 patients were analyzed for this drug by bioassay and radioimmunoassay. Each serum was analyzed in duplicate by six procedures: inhibition of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase and five \"kit\" radioimmunoassays from four different commercial sources. Mean values for two of the radioimmunoassays differed significantly from those for the bioassay. One radioimmunoassay mean value was significantly different from the other five mean values. We conclude that normal values for digoxin radioimmunoassay should be determined for each kit, and should not be adopted from published data.", "contents": "Comparison of five radioimmunoassays and enzyme bioassay for measurement of digoxin in blood. Digoxin-containing sera from 86 patients were analyzed for this drug by bioassay and radioimmunoassay. Each serum was analyzed in duplicate by six procedures: inhibition of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase and five \"kit\" radioimmunoassays from four different commercial sources. Mean values for two of the radioimmunoassays differed significantly from those for the bioassay. One radioimmunoassay mean value was significantly different from the other five mean values. We conclude that normal values for digoxin radioimmunoassay should be determined for each kit, and should not be adopted from published data."}
{"id": "PMID:124237", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for isoniazid.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay is described, for measuring isoniazid in therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations. This radioimmunoassay was used in an exploratory clinical study to measure, as a function of time, the concentration of this drug in plasma of patients receiving isoniazid therapy.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for isoniazid. A sensitive radioimmunoassay is described, for measuring isoniazid in therapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations. This radioimmunoassay was used in an exploratory clinical study to measure, as a function of time, the concentration of this drug in plasma of patients receiving isoniazid therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:124238", "title": "Genetic aspects of orthopedic conditions.", "content": "Genetic conditions seen by orthopedists may be divided into Mendelian disorders, chromosome abnormalities and multifactorial conditions. Mendelian disorders involve the abnormality of a single gene and obey the rules of Mendelian inheritance. Chromosome abnormalities are caused by the absence or duplication of a sufficient number of genes to allow this abnormality to be detected by chromosome studies. Chromosome studies are used to confirm the diagnosis of well described syndromes of deletion or trisomy. These studies are also necessary to determine whether mongolism has been caused by non-disjunction or translocation, so that proper genetic counseling can be carried out in these conditions. Multifactorial conditions are determined by several genes or more commonly, by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These conditions recur in families in a greater incidence than one would expect in the general population but do not obey the rules of Mendelian inheritance. Genetic counseling cannot be performed without an absolute diagnosis, an absolute knowledge of the patterns of inheritance and a well documented family pedigree. The basic principles of genetics covered in this article should allow the orthopedist to understand when genetic counseling is indicated for his patients.", "contents": "Genetic aspects of orthopedic conditions. Genetic conditions seen by orthopedists may be divided into Mendelian disorders, chromosome abnormalities and multifactorial conditions. Mendelian disorders involve the abnormality of a single gene and obey the rules of Mendelian inheritance. Chromosome abnormalities are caused by the absence or duplication of a sufficient number of genes to allow this abnormality to be detected by chromosome studies. Chromosome studies are used to confirm the diagnosis of well described syndromes of deletion or trisomy. These studies are also necessary to determine whether mongolism has been caused by non-disjunction or translocation, so that proper genetic counseling can be carried out in these conditions. Multifactorial conditions are determined by several genes or more commonly, by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. These conditions recur in families in a greater incidence than one would expect in the general population but do not obey the rules of Mendelian inheritance. Genetic counseling cannot be performed without an absolute diagnosis, an absolute knowledge of the patterns of inheritance and a well documented family pedigree. The basic principles of genetics covered in this article should allow the orthopedist to understand when genetic counseling is indicated for his patients."}
{"id": "PMID:124243", "title": "Developmental programming for retinotectal patterns.", "content": "Programming events at stages 28-31 in Xenopus specify the cellular positional information that individual retinal ganglion cells will use to derive theri appropriate locus specificity for assembly of the retinotectal map.  The 'programme' that emerges in the stage 31 retina affects the entire ganglion cell population (99 percent of which is generated later) and refers positional information to intraretinal axes (AP and DV) and zero-points.  Its expression in intact retinae was not modified by repeated reintroduction into pre-stage 28 orbits, prolonged eye culture in vitro, or severe disruption of the timing and sequence of ganglion cell births or of optic fibre arrivals in the tectum.  In contrase, intraretinal reorganizations did not produce major modifications (e.g. after transection, partial ablation, fragment fusion etc.) in the set of locus specificities arising in various retinal regions and, in some instances, in the reference axes themselves.  The modified programmes were characteristic of the components undergoing reorganization, but were convergent (many sets of reorganizing components gave a few final patterns); they appeared to involve a stable and rapid reprogramming of certain components by others, in a hierarchical fashion.  The remaining experiments focus on the problem of localizing the 'trigger' for the transition from the unspecified to the specified state in the retina at stages 28-31.  Specification can occur in vitro, based on reversible AP and DV orientational markers which are present in the pre-stage 28 eye primordium; in heterochromically grafted eyes, specification was neither precipitated nor delayed by altering the stage of the host.  Finally, chemical dissection of the differentiating eye primordium confirmed the inference (from Jacobson's [3-H] thymidine labelling kinetics) that a specific gangliogenic precursor cell type exists in the stage 28 retinal neuroepithelium, and suggested that differentiative events in these cells trigger the specification process.", "contents": "Developmental programming for retinotectal patterns. Programming events at stages 28-31 in Xenopus specify the cellular positional information that individual retinal ganglion cells will use to derive theri appropriate locus specificity for assembly of the retinotectal map.  The 'programme' that emerges in the stage 31 retina affects the entire ganglion cell population (99 percent of which is generated later) and refers positional information to intraretinal axes (AP and DV) and zero-points.  Its expression in intact retinae was not modified by repeated reintroduction into pre-stage 28 orbits, prolonged eye culture in vitro, or severe disruption of the timing and sequence of ganglion cell births or of optic fibre arrivals in the tectum.  In contrase, intraretinal reorganizations did not produce major modifications (e.g. after transection, partial ablation, fragment fusion etc.) in the set of locus specificities arising in various retinal regions and, in some instances, in the reference axes themselves.  The modified programmes were characteristic of the components undergoing reorganization, but were convergent (many sets of reorganizing components gave a few final patterns); they appeared to involve a stable and rapid reprogramming of certain components by others, in a hierarchical fashion.  The remaining experiments focus on the problem of localizing the 'trigger' for the transition from the unspecified to the specified state in the retina at stages 28-31.  Specification can occur in vitro, based on reversible AP and DV orientational markers which are present in the pre-stage 28 eye primordium; in heterochromically grafted eyes, specification was neither precipitated nor delayed by altering the stage of the host.  Finally, chemical dissection of the differentiating eye primordium confirmed the inference (from Jacobson's [3-H] thymidine labelling kinetics) that a specific gangliogenic precursor cell type exists in the stage 28 retinal neuroepithelium, and suggested that differentiative events in these cells trigger the specification process."}
{"id": "PMID:124245", "title": "[Fatty-acid pattern of human fat and liver tissues in alcoholics and non-alcoholics: fatty-acid pattern as a measure of alcoholism (author's transl)].", "content": "Samples from the right lobe of the liver and from fat tissue of the abdominal wall were removed shortly after death from 116 persons. Fatty-acid pattern of both tissues (lauric, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic acids) was measured and compared with the degree of fatty infiltration of the liver. The data were also correlated with chronic excess alcohol consumption in the pre-terminal phase. It was found that with increasing fatty inflitration there was a rise in the relative proportion of palmitoleic acid in liver and subcutaneous fat tissues, with a fall in the relative proportion of stearic acid in the latter. Comparison of results in alcoholics (19 subjects) and non-alcoholics (91) showed the expected higher fatty infiltration of the liver in the former (x equal 13.4% and 5.6%, respectively). Both in liver and subcutaneous fat tissues the relative proportion of palmitoleic acid was significantly higher in alcoholics. But while in these the proportion of palmitoleic acid in the liver was higher than in subcutaneous tissue, the relationship was the converse among the non-alcoholics.", "contents": "[Fatty-acid pattern of human fat and liver tissues in alcoholics and non-alcoholics: fatty-acid pattern as a measure of alcoholism (author's transl)]. Samples from the right lobe of the liver and from fat tissue of the abdominal wall were removed shortly after death from 116 persons. Fatty-acid pattern of both tissues (lauric, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic acids) was measured and compared with the degree of fatty infiltration of the liver. The data were also correlated with chronic excess alcohol consumption in the pre-terminal phase. It was found that with increasing fatty inflitration there was a rise in the relative proportion of palmitoleic acid in liver and subcutaneous fat tissues, with a fall in the relative proportion of stearic acid in the latter. Comparison of results in alcoholics (19 subjects) and non-alcoholics (91) showed the expected higher fatty infiltration of the liver in the former (x equal 13.4% and 5.6%, respectively). Both in liver and subcutaneous fat tissues the relative proportion of palmitoleic acid was significantly higher in alcoholics. But while in these the proportion of palmitoleic acid in the liver was higher than in subcutaneous tissue, the relationship was the converse among the non-alcoholics."}
{"id": "PMID:124246", "title": "[Myotonic dystrophy (urological features and histochemical findings in muscle) (author's transl)].", "content": "Dilatation of the renal pelvis, ureters and bladder appeared in two brothers with myotonic dystrophy (aged 26 and 29 years), probably as a result of involvement of the smooth muscles of these organs. Histochemical differentiation of skeletal muscle fibres (main fibre types I and II, after Engel) indicated a predominant size reduction in type I fibres on demonstrating myofibrillary ATPase. In addition, demonstration of this enzyme also revealed a marked shift of the fibre type proportions in favour of type I. Isolated reduction in gammaG-globulins was also demonstrated. A defect of cellular and humoral response was excluded.", "contents": "[Myotonic dystrophy (urological features and histochemical findings in muscle) (author's transl)]. Dilatation of the renal pelvis, ureters and bladder appeared in two brothers with myotonic dystrophy (aged 26 and 29 years), probably as a result of involvement of the smooth muscles of these organs. Histochemical differentiation of skeletal muscle fibres (main fibre types I and II, after Engel) indicated a predominant size reduction in type I fibres on demonstrating myofibrillary ATPase. In addition, demonstration of this enzyme also revealed a marked shift of the fibre type proportions in favour of type I. Isolated reduction in gammaG-globulins was also demonstrated. A defect of cellular and humoral response was excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:124247", "title": "[Evaluation of econazol in 594 cases of skin mycosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 594 patients were treated with the new antimycotic agent econazol (Pevaryl). The diagnosis was proven microscopically and on culture except in cases of pityriasis versicolor where it was proven microscopically only. Econazol was given to 130 patients as a 1% solution, to 128 patients as a 1% milk, and to 336 patients as a 1% spray solution. In 333 cases of foot mycosis or eczema marginatum econazol spray powder was given in addition. As measured by the cure rate the spray solution (92%) was not significantly more effective than the milk (89%) or the simple solution (87%). Criteria for cure included negative microscopy and fungal cultures a week after treatment had ceased as well as clinical cure. A total of 90% of all cases (n = 536) could be considered as cured microscopically and on culture after an average of 3.6 weeks (pityriasis versicolor) and 4.8 weeks (tinea pedis, manus, inguinocruralis). In a further 4.4% (n = 26) the fungus could be demonstrated microscopically despite a clinical cure and in 7 of these cases culture was also positive. The cure rate was independent of the responsible pathogen. The preparations were tolerated extremely well. In 7 cases, however, transient dermatitic irritations were seen in the inguinocrural region, mainly caused by the simple solution.", "contents": "[Evaluation of econazol in 594 cases of skin mycosis (author's transl)]. A total of 594 patients were treated with the new antimycotic agent econazol (Pevaryl). The diagnosis was proven microscopically and on culture except in cases of pityriasis versicolor where it was proven microscopically only. Econazol was given to 130 patients as a 1% solution, to 128 patients as a 1% milk, and to 336 patients as a 1% spray solution. In 333 cases of foot mycosis or eczema marginatum econazol spray powder was given in addition. As measured by the cure rate the spray solution (92%) was not significantly more effective than the milk (89%) or the simple solution (87%). Criteria for cure included negative microscopy and fungal cultures a week after treatment had ceased as well as clinical cure. A total of 90% of all cases (n = 536) could be considered as cured microscopically and on culture after an average of 3.6 weeks (pityriasis versicolor) and 4.8 weeks (tinea pedis, manus, inguinocruralis). In a further 4.4% (n = 26) the fungus could be demonstrated microscopically despite a clinical cure and in 7 of these cases culture was also positive. The cure rate was independent of the responsible pathogen. The preparations were tolerated extremely well. In 7 cases, however, transient dermatitic irritations were seen in the inguinocrural region, mainly caused by the simple solution."}
{"id": "PMID:124249", "title": "Macrophage metabolism during phagocytosis and digestion of normal and IgG antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes.", "content": "The respiration rate, aerobic glycolysis and glycolytic enzyme activities of purified mouse peritoneal macrophages increase during phagocytosis of either free or antibody-coated SRBC. These changes, however, seem to be roughly parallel to the amount of phagocytized antigen. In the digestive phase, Ag-Ab complexes induce more marked changes in macrophage metabolism than a comparable amount of free antigen. Lactate production, activity of several glycolytic enzymes and alanine-aminotransferase as well as glycogen content are greatly affected. Since in cell transfer experiments macrophage-associated SRBC can prime normal recipients for antibody response, whereas cell-associated SRBC-antibody complexes cannot, it is concluded that the changed macrophage metabolism drives antibody-coated antigen into metabolic channels allowing its rapid and total degradation.", "contents": "Macrophage metabolism during phagocytosis and digestion of normal and IgG antibody-coated sheep erythrocytes. The respiration rate, aerobic glycolysis and glycolytic enzyme activities of purified mouse peritoneal macrophages increase during phagocytosis of either free or antibody-coated SRBC. These changes, however, seem to be roughly parallel to the amount of phagocytized antigen. In the digestive phase, Ag-Ab complexes induce more marked changes in macrophage metabolism than a comparable amount of free antigen. Lactate production, activity of several glycolytic enzymes and alanine-aminotransferase as well as glycogen content are greatly affected. Since in cell transfer experiments macrophage-associated SRBC can prime normal recipients for antibody response, whereas cell-associated SRBC-antibody complexes cannot, it is concluded that the changed macrophage metabolism drives antibody-coated antigen into metabolic channels allowing its rapid and total degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:124250", "title": "Studies on intestinal adenosine triphosphatases. I. Application of a semiautomated method to the rat intestinal brush borders.", "content": "Elaboration of a semiautomated kinetic test on LKB 8600 apparatus for ATPase is described, using the PK-LDH system. As optimal ionic conditions 3 mmol-1 - minus 1 potassium chloride and 100 mmol-1 - minus 1 sodium chloride are proposed for measurement of (Na+-K+)-ATPase activities of rat intestinal brush borders. NH+4 can substitute for K+. The coefficients of variation of the method are 2.4% for Mg2+-ATPase and 4.9% for (Na+-K+)-ATPase determinations.", "contents": "Studies on intestinal adenosine triphosphatases. I. Application of a semiautomated method to the rat intestinal brush borders. Elaboration of a semiautomated kinetic test on LKB 8600 apparatus for ATPase is described, using the PK-LDH system. As optimal ionic conditions 3 mmol-1 - minus 1 potassium chloride and 100 mmol-1 - minus 1 sodium chloride are proposed for measurement of (Na+-K+)-ATPase activities of rat intestinal brush borders. NH+4 can substitute for K+. The coefficients of variation of the method are 2.4% for Mg2+-ATPase and 4.9% for (Na+-K+)-ATPase determinations."}
{"id": "PMID:124254", "title": "Congenital aneurysm of the left atrium. Case report and analysis of the literature.", "content": "A congenital aneurysm of the left atrium is an unusual disease, which can be confused with other diseases of the heart and of the mediastinum. It is a frequent cause of complications, like dysrhythmias and embolism. A surgically treated case is reported.", "contents": "Congenital aneurysm of the left atrium. Case report and analysis of the literature. A congenital aneurysm of the left atrium is an unusual disease, which can be confused with other diseases of the heart and of the mediastinum. It is a frequent cause of complications, like dysrhythmias and embolism. A surgically treated case is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:124260", "title": "[Isolation of a new keto-acid, produced from epsilon-N-trimethyllysine by Neurospora crassa].", "content": "A new epsilon-N-trimethyllysine metabolite has been isolated from the mycelium of Neurospora crassa. The labelled compound produced from incubations in vivo and in vitro from epsilon-N-trimethyl ([14-C]H3)L-lysine has been identified as 2-keto-epsilon-N-trimethyl-hexanoic acid by reducing its 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazone back to epsilon-N-trimethyllysine by hydrogenolysis in a Parr bomb. Analyses on TLC and in four different ion exchange chromatographic systems show the appearance of a ninhydrin positive product having the same Rf and the same retention time as epsilon-N-trimethyllysine; it contains more than 85% of the radioactivity of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of the keto acid.", "contents": "[Isolation of a new keto-acid, produced from epsilon-N-trimethyllysine by Neurospora crassa]. A new epsilon-N-trimethyllysine metabolite has been isolated from the mycelium of Neurospora crassa. The labelled compound produced from incubations in vivo and in vitro from epsilon-N-trimethyl ([14-C]H3)L-lysine has been identified as 2-keto-epsilon-N-trimethyl-hexanoic acid by reducing its 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazone back to epsilon-N-trimethyllysine by hydrogenolysis in a Parr bomb. Analyses on TLC and in four different ion exchange chromatographic systems show the appearance of a ninhydrin positive product having the same Rf and the same retention time as epsilon-N-trimethyllysine; it contains more than 85% of the radioactivity of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazone of the keto acid."}
{"id": "PMID:124269", "title": "Antibiotic inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthesis.", "content": "Fourteen antibiotics have been found to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation and uncoupler-stimulated adenosinetriphosphatase in mitochondria. Four different types of binding sites for these inhibitors have been found. The first (1) binds aurovertin to purified MF1 ATPase in the stoichiometric ratio of two aurovertin molecules per molecule of ATPase. Site II is the locus for efrapeptin (A23871) and may be a catalytic site on purified ATPase. The remaining two sites have been demonstrated only in mitochondria or submitochondrial particles when the APTase is bound to other membrane components. Oligomycin, venturiciden, venturicidin X and ossamycin probably all bind at site III. Leucinostatin (A20668) binds at site IV. At low concentrations, this antibiotic acts like oligomycin; at higher concentrations it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. Venturicidin appears to prevent leucinostation from binding at site IV for it allows uncoupling to occur at very low concentrations of the latter antibiotic. Venturicidin aglycone, which is a more effective inhibitor than its parent compound, does not exert this effect. It is concluded that sites III and IV are in juxtaposition and that when venturicidin binds at site III its sugar moiety projects into the area of site IV to prevent leucinostation from binding at its inhibitory site.", "contents": "Antibiotic inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Fourteen antibiotics have been found to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation and uncoupler-stimulated adenosinetriphosphatase in mitochondria. Four different types of binding sites for these inhibitors have been found. The first (1) binds aurovertin to purified MF1 ATPase in the stoichiometric ratio of two aurovertin molecules per molecule of ATPase. Site II is the locus for efrapeptin (A23871) and may be a catalytic site on purified ATPase. The remaining two sites have been demonstrated only in mitochondria or submitochondrial particles when the APTase is bound to other membrane components. Oligomycin, venturiciden, venturicidin X and ossamycin probably all bind at site III. Leucinostatin (A20668) binds at site IV. At low concentrations, this antibiotic acts like oligomycin; at higher concentrations it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. Venturicidin appears to prevent leucinostation from binding at site IV for it allows uncoupling to occur at very low concentrations of the latter antibiotic. Venturicidin aglycone, which is a more effective inhibitor than its parent compound, does not exert this effect. It is concluded that sites III and IV are in juxtaposition and that when venturicidin binds at site III its sugar moiety projects into the area of site IV to prevent leucinostation from binding at its inhibitory site."}
{"id": "PMID:124270", "title": "Coupling of \"high-energy\" phosphate bonds to energy transductions.", "content": "Recent results suggest consideration of a new concept for oxidative phosphorylation in which a prime function of energy is to bring about release of ATP formed at the catalytic site by reversal of hydrolysis. Data with submitochondrial particles include properties of an uncoupler insensitive Pi=HOH exchange, a rapid reversible formation of bound ATP in presence of uncouplers, and predictable patterns of 32-Pi incorporation into ATP in rapid mixing experiments. ADP is confirmed as the primary Pi acceptor in mitochondrial ATP synthesis, but with chloroplasts ADP is also rapidly labeled. Other findings with pyrophosphatase and  with transport ATPase harmonize with the new concept. Measurements of the reversal of ATP cleavage and binding by myosin suggest that oxygen exchanges result from reversible cleavage of ATP to ADP and Pi at the catalytic site and that the principal free energy change in ATP cleavage occurs in ATP binding. Reversal of conformational changes accompanying ATP binding and cleavage is proposed to drive the actin filament in contraction. Thus energy transductions linked to ATP in both mitochondria and muscle may occur primarily through protein conformational change.", "contents": "Coupling of \"high-energy\" phosphate bonds to energy transductions. Recent results suggest consideration of a new concept for oxidative phosphorylation in which a prime function of energy is to bring about release of ATP formed at the catalytic site by reversal of hydrolysis. Data with submitochondrial particles include properties of an uncoupler insensitive Pi=HOH exchange, a rapid reversible formation of bound ATP in presence of uncouplers, and predictable patterns of 32-Pi incorporation into ATP in rapid mixing experiments. ADP is confirmed as the primary Pi acceptor in mitochondrial ATP synthesis, but with chloroplasts ADP is also rapidly labeled. Other findings with pyrophosphatase and  with transport ATPase harmonize with the new concept. Measurements of the reversal of ATP cleavage and binding by myosin suggest that oxygen exchanges result from reversible cleavage of ATP to ADP and Pi at the catalytic site and that the principal free energy change in ATP cleavage occurs in ATP binding. Reversal of conformational changes accompanying ATP binding and cleavage is proposed to drive the actin filament in contraction. Thus energy transductions linked to ATP in both mitochondria and muscle may occur primarily through protein conformational change."}
{"id": "PMID:124271", "title": "Chloroplast membranes and coupling factor conformations.", "content": "The demonstrated role of proton translocation and resulting electrochemical activity gradients (protonmotive force) in ATP synthesis by chloroplasts is noted. Evidence for the participation of conformational changes in the terminal ATPase (coupling factor, or CF1) is reviewed. Hydrogen exchange into ordinarily cyptic groups of the molecule occurs only when the subtending membranes are put under the stress of a protonmotive force. Since up to 100 hydrogen atoms per mole are involved in the energy-dependent exchange the conformational change permitting tham access to the medium must be a major one. Chemical reagents are beginning to be used to attack groups on CF1 that are exposed only when the membranes are energized. N-ethylmaleimide binds covalently, sulfate causes as yet unspecified damage, and permanganate leads to oxidative damage to CF1 under energized conditions. The last two reagents are analogues of phosphate, and ADP must be added for them to inhibit. On the basis of this and other differences between the conditions needed for inhibition by permanganate or sulfate, and that by N-ethylmaleimide or the hydrogen exchange, a somewhat complex scheme involving several successive or alternative conformations of CF1 can be postulated. Questions are raised as to the way in which a conformational change in a bound protein could be caused by a proton activity gradient across its supporting membrane, and as to whether the altered conformations might constitute a part of the energy transformations leading to ATP synthesis.", "contents": "Chloroplast membranes and coupling factor conformations. The demonstrated role of proton translocation and resulting electrochemical activity gradients (protonmotive force) in ATP synthesis by chloroplasts is noted. Evidence for the participation of conformational changes in the terminal ATPase (coupling factor, or CF1) is reviewed. Hydrogen exchange into ordinarily cyptic groups of the molecule occurs only when the subtending membranes are put under the stress of a protonmotive force. Since up to 100 hydrogen atoms per mole are involved in the energy-dependent exchange the conformational change permitting tham access to the medium must be a major one. Chemical reagents are beginning to be used to attack groups on CF1 that are exposed only when the membranes are energized. N-ethylmaleimide binds covalently, sulfate causes as yet unspecified damage, and permanganate leads to oxidative damage to CF1 under energized conditions. The last two reagents are analogues of phosphate, and ADP must be added for them to inhibit. On the basis of this and other differences between the conditions needed for inhibition by permanganate or sulfate, and that by N-ethylmaleimide or the hydrogen exchange, a somewhat complex scheme involving several successive or alternative conformations of CF1 can be postulated. Questions are raised as to the way in which a conformational change in a bound protein could be caused by a proton activity gradient across its supporting membrane, and as to whether the altered conformations might constitute a part of the energy transformations leading to ATP synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:124272", "title": "Laparoscopic recovery of mature human oocytes.", "content": "This report provides a detailed description of a method by which mature or maturing human oocytes can safely be recovered by follicular aspiration during laparoscopy. By combining gonadotropin administration with laparoscopic recovery, oocytes which have resumed or completed meiotic division can be obtained for study without subjecting the patient to more hazardous surgical procedures. Fifteen oocytes were obtained from sixteen patients. On electron microscopic examination, four were found to have extruded polar bodies and were therefore classified as mature. Daily rather than intermittent administration of HMG, larger HMG dose, longer HCG aspiration intervals, and controlled aspiration pressures appeared to be the factors which produced the best yield of mature oocytes.", "contents": "Laparoscopic recovery of mature human oocytes. This report provides a detailed description of a method by which mature or maturing human oocytes can safely be recovered by follicular aspiration during laparoscopy. By combining gonadotropin administration with laparoscopic recovery, oocytes which have resumed or completed meiotic division can be obtained for study without subjecting the patient to more hazardous surgical procedures. Fifteen oocytes were obtained from sixteen patients. On electron microscopic examination, four were found to have extruded polar bodies and were therefore classified as mature. Daily rather than intermittent administration of HMG, larger HMG dose, longer HCG aspiration intervals, and controlled aspiration pressures appeared to be the factors which produced the best yield of mature oocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:124285", "title": "[Comparison of temperature measurements during laparoscopic sterilization and the histologic findings of the cauterized segments of the fallopian tube (author's transl)].", "content": "During laparotomies the temperature generated by tubal sterilization with the laparoscopic equipment was measured continually in 32 fallopian tubes. The thermal damage to the fallopian tube caused by different energies and coagulation durations was examined microscopically. During the coagulation of the fallopian tube, with an energy of 20-30 watt temperatures of around 100 degrees C are produced at the point of coagulation. The effective coagulation time is dependant upon the energy created and the duration of the coagulation. The best histologic results were obtained with a duration of the coagulation of 60 seconds at an energy of 30 watts. This corresponds to an effective coagulation time of 50 seconds. The temperature of the coagulation instrument becomes normal within 1 to 2 minutes after the coagulation. If the electric energy is increased to 50 or 100 watt, sparking is observed almost consistently. With these energies, temperatures up to 600 degrees C are observed. The temperature of the metal parts of the coagulation forceps then become normal after 3-4 minutes. In order to avoid burns during laparoscopic tubal sterilizations and in order to obtain a good histologic result the procedure should be done with an electrical energy of 30 watt and a duration of the coagulation of 60 seconds.", "contents": "[Comparison of temperature measurements during laparoscopic sterilization and the histologic findings of the cauterized segments of the fallopian tube (author's transl)]. During laparotomies the temperature generated by tubal sterilization with the laparoscopic equipment was measured continually in 32 fallopian tubes. The thermal damage to the fallopian tube caused by different energies and coagulation durations was examined microscopically. During the coagulation of the fallopian tube, with an energy of 20-30 watt temperatures of around 100 degrees C are produced at the point of coagulation. The effective coagulation time is dependant upon the energy created and the duration of the coagulation. The best histologic results were obtained with a duration of the coagulation of 60 seconds at an energy of 30 watts. This corresponds to an effective coagulation time of 50 seconds. The temperature of the coagulation instrument becomes normal within 1 to 2 minutes after the coagulation. If the electric energy is increased to 50 or 100 watt, sparking is observed almost consistently. With these energies, temperatures up to 600 degrees C are observed. The temperature of the metal parts of the coagulation forceps then become normal after 3-4 minutes. In order to avoid burns during laparoscopic tubal sterilizations and in order to obtain a good histologic result the procedure should be done with an electrical energy of 30 watt and a duration of the coagulation of 60 seconds."}
{"id": "PMID:124287", "title": "Heterokaryon incompatibility genes in Neurospora crassa detected using duplication-producing chromosome rearrangements.", "content": "Evidence is presented for five or six previously undetected heterokaryon incompatibility (het) loci, bringing to about ten the number of such genes known in Neurospora crassa. The genes were detected using chromosome duplications (partial diploids), on the basis of properties previously known for het genes in duplications. Duplications homozygous for het genes are usually normal in growth and morphology, whereas those heterozygous are strikingly different. The heterozygotes are inhibited in their initial growth, produce brown pigment on appropriate medium, and later \"escape\" from their inhibition, as a result of somatic events, to produce wild-type growth. - Five normal-sequence strains were crossed to 14 duplication-producing chromosome rearrangements, and the duplication progeny were examined for properties characteristic of duplications heterozygous for known het genes. Each cross produced duplications for a specific region of the genome, depending on the rearrangement. Normal-sequence strains were wild types from nature, chosen from diverse geographic locations to serve as sources of genetic variation. - The duplication method was very effective. Most of the longer duplications uncovered het genes. The genes are: het-5 (on linkage group IR, in the region covered by duplications produced using rearrangement T (IR LEADS TO VIR)NM103), het-6 (on IIL, covered by T(IIL LEADS TO VI)P2869 and T(IIL LEADS TO IIIR)AR18 duplications), het-7 (tentatively assigned to IIIR, T(IIIR LEADS TO VIL)D305), het-8 (VIL, T(VIL LEADS TO IR)T39M777), het-9 (VIR LEADS TO IVR)AR209), and het-10 (VIIR, T(VIIR LEADS TO IL)5936.", "contents": "Heterokaryon incompatibility genes in Neurospora crassa detected using duplication-producing chromosome rearrangements. Evidence is presented for five or six previously undetected heterokaryon incompatibility (het) loci, bringing to about ten the number of such genes known in Neurospora crassa. The genes were detected using chromosome duplications (partial diploids), on the basis of properties previously known for het genes in duplications. Duplications homozygous for het genes are usually normal in growth and morphology, whereas those heterozygous are strikingly different. The heterozygotes are inhibited in their initial growth, produce brown pigment on appropriate medium, and later \"escape\" from their inhibition, as a result of somatic events, to produce wild-type growth. - Five normal-sequence strains were crossed to 14 duplication-producing chromosome rearrangements, and the duplication progeny were examined for properties characteristic of duplications heterozygous for known het genes. Each cross produced duplications for a specific region of the genome, depending on the rearrangement. Normal-sequence strains were wild types from nature, chosen from diverse geographic locations to serve as sources of genetic variation. - The duplication method was very effective. Most of the longer duplications uncovered het genes. The genes are: het-5 (on linkage group IR, in the region covered by duplications produced using rearrangement T (IR LEADS TO VIR)NM103), het-6 (on IIL, covered by T(IIL LEADS TO VI)P2869 and T(IIL LEADS TO IIIR)AR18 duplications), het-7 (tentatively assigned to IIIR, T(IIIR LEADS TO VIL)D305), het-8 (VIL, T(VIL LEADS TO IR)T39M777), het-9 (VIR LEADS TO IVR)AR209), and het-10 (VIIR, T(VIIR LEADS TO IL)5936."}
{"id": "PMID:124288", "title": "The use of duplication-generating rearrangements for studying heterokaryon incompatibility genes in Neurospora.", "content": "Heterokaryon (vegetative) incompatibility, governing the fusion of somatic hyphal filaments to form stable heterokaryons, is of interest because of its widespread occurrence in fungi and its bearing on cellular recognition. Conventional investigations of the genetic basis of heterokaryon incompatibility in N. crassa are difficult because in commonly used stocks differences are present at several het loci, all with similar incompatibility phenotypes. This difficulty is overcome by using duplications (partial diploids) that are unlikely to contain more than one het locus. A phenotypically expressed incompatibility reaction occurs when unlike het alleles are present within the same somatic nucleus, and this parallels the heterokaryon incompatibility reaction that occurs when unlike alleles in different haploid nuclei are introduced into the same somatic hypha by mycelial fusion. - Nontandem duplications were used to confirm that the incompatibility reactions in heterokaryons and in duplications are alternate expressions of the same genes. This was demonstrated for three loci which had previously been established by conventional heterokaryon test-het-e, het-c and mt. These were each obtained in duplications as recombinant chromosome rearrangements. The particular method of producing the duplications is irrelevant so long as the incompatibility alleles are heterozygous. - The duplication technique has made it possible to determine easily the het-e and het-c genotypes of numerous laboratory and wild strains of unknown constitution. In laboratory strains both loci are represented simply by two alleles. Analysis of het-c is more complicated in some wide strains, where differences have been demonstrated at one or more additional het loci within the duplication used and multiple allelism is also possible. - The results how that the duplication method can be used to identify and map additional vegetative incompatibility loci, without the necessity of heterokaryon tests.", "contents": "The use of duplication-generating rearrangements for studying heterokaryon incompatibility genes in Neurospora. Heterokaryon (vegetative) incompatibility, governing the fusion of somatic hyphal filaments to form stable heterokaryons, is of interest because of its widespread occurrence in fungi and its bearing on cellular recognition. Conventional investigations of the genetic basis of heterokaryon incompatibility in N. crassa are difficult because in commonly used stocks differences are present at several het loci, all with similar incompatibility phenotypes. This difficulty is overcome by using duplications (partial diploids) that are unlikely to contain more than one het locus. A phenotypically expressed incompatibility reaction occurs when unlike het alleles are present within the same somatic nucleus, and this parallels the heterokaryon incompatibility reaction that occurs when unlike alleles in different haploid nuclei are introduced into the same somatic hypha by mycelial fusion. - Nontandem duplications were used to confirm that the incompatibility reactions in heterokaryons and in duplications are alternate expressions of the same genes. This was demonstrated for three loci which had previously been established by conventional heterokaryon test-het-e, het-c and mt. These were each obtained in duplications as recombinant chromosome rearrangements. The particular method of producing the duplications is irrelevant so long as the incompatibility alleles are heterozygous. - The duplication technique has made it possible to determine easily the het-e and het-c genotypes of numerous laboratory and wild strains of unknown constitution. In laboratory strains both loci are represented simply by two alleles. Analysis of het-c is more complicated in some wide strains, where differences have been demonstrated at one or more additional het loci within the duplication used and multiple allelism is also possible. - The results how that the duplication method can be used to identify and map additional vegetative incompatibility loci, without the necessity of heterokaryon tests."}
{"id": "PMID:124293", "title": "The response of the right ventricle to experimentally induced pulmonary artery obstruction.", "content": "Banding of the main pulmonary artery was undertaken in 11 litter-mate puppies and 8 young adult beagle dogs to study the response of the right ventricle to pressure loading. Five puppies and 3 young adult dogs acted as controls, undergoing sham surgical procedures without pulmonary artery banding. In one banded puppy and one banded young adult dog, adequate banding was not achieved and each was subsequently considered with its respective control group. A trans-band gradient of 15 mm Hg or greater was deemed a successful banding procedure. Banded puppies showed an increase in the trans-band pressure gradient in the year following surgery whereas young adult dogs showed a fall in the gradient, despite satisfactory banding as shown by cardiac catheterization 14 days after surgery. Cardiac muscle analyses indicated that the right ventricle of puppies responded to pulmonary banding by an increase in total organ weight, total tissue protein, DNA and RNA without altering the protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratios. By contrast, young adult dogs showed only slight and insignificant increases in the protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratios. Thus the response of the right ventricle to pulmonary artery banding in puppies is hyperplastic in nature, while in young adult animals the response to a similar stress load is with mild muscular hypertrophy and dilatation. This differential cellular response to the same stimulus based on the age of the organism is another demonstration of the principle that growth responses in the young involve cellular proliferation while those in the adult consist primarily of cell enlargement. It is, therefore, perhaps erroneous to refer  to cardiac enlargement in newborns and infants as cardiac hypertrophy.", "contents": "The response of the right ventricle to experimentally induced pulmonary artery obstruction. Banding of the main pulmonary artery was undertaken in 11 litter-mate puppies and 8 young adult beagle dogs to study the response of the right ventricle to pressure loading. Five puppies and 3 young adult dogs acted as controls, undergoing sham surgical procedures without pulmonary artery banding. In one banded puppy and one banded young adult dog, adequate banding was not achieved and each was subsequently considered with its respective control group. A trans-band gradient of 15 mm Hg or greater was deemed a successful banding procedure. Banded puppies showed an increase in the trans-band pressure gradient in the year following surgery whereas young adult dogs showed a fall in the gradient, despite satisfactory banding as shown by cardiac catheterization 14 days after surgery. Cardiac muscle analyses indicated that the right ventricle of puppies responded to pulmonary banding by an increase in total organ weight, total tissue protein, DNA and RNA without altering the protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratios. By contrast, young adult dogs showed only slight and insignificant increases in the protein/DNA and RNA/DNA ratios. Thus the response of the right ventricle to pulmonary artery banding in puppies is hyperplastic in nature, while in young adult animals the response to a similar stress load is with mild muscular hypertrophy and dilatation. This differential cellular response to the same stimulus based on the age of the organism is another demonstration of the principle that growth responses in the young involve cellular proliferation while those in the adult consist primarily of cell enlargement. It is, therefore, perhaps erroneous to refer  to cardiac enlargement in newborns and infants as cardiac hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:124299", "title": "[Hepatic allopurinol oxidizing enzyme in mice].", "content": "The relationship between allopurinol oxidizing enzyme and aldehyde oxidase was investaged in mice. The oxidation of both N-methylnicotinamide and allopurinol appears to be catalized by a single enzyme, aldehyde oxidase (aldehyde-oxygen oxidoreductase EC, 1.2.3.1.). This conclusion is based on the following evidence; The postnatal changes of allopurinol and N-methylnicotinamide oxidizing activities were similar during growth and the levels of both activities increased in a parallel fashion upon the attainment of sexual maturity. The rates of loss of the activities of both enzymes by heat denaturation as well as dexamethasone administration were similar. The inhibitors of allopurinol oxidizing enzyme also suppressed N-methylnicotinamide oxidation. Competition of N-methylnicotineamide and allopurinol for oxidation was demonstrated. The rate of increase of the activities in both enzymes was almost parallel during each step of the purification from mouse liver supernatant. It was ascertained that xanthine oxidase in the enzyme preparation does not influence allopurinol oxidation.", "contents": "[Hepatic allopurinol oxidizing enzyme in mice]. The relationship between allopurinol oxidizing enzyme and aldehyde oxidase was investaged in mice. The oxidation of both N-methylnicotinamide and allopurinol appears to be catalized by a single enzyme, aldehyde oxidase (aldehyde-oxygen oxidoreductase EC, 1.2.3.1.). This conclusion is based on the following evidence; The postnatal changes of allopurinol and N-methylnicotinamide oxidizing activities were similar during growth and the levels of both activities increased in a parallel fashion upon the attainment of sexual maturity. The rates of loss of the activities of both enzymes by heat denaturation as well as dexamethasone administration were similar. The inhibitors of allopurinol oxidizing enzyme also suppressed N-methylnicotinamide oxidation. Competition of N-methylnicotineamide and allopurinol for oxidation was demonstrated. The rate of increase of the activities in both enzymes was almost parallel during each step of the purification from mouse liver supernatant. It was ascertained that xanthine oxidase in the enzyme preparation does not influence allopurinol oxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:124302", "title": "Pathologic anatomy of the cardiomyopathies. Idiopathic dilated and hypertrophic types, infiltrative types, and endomyocardial disease with and without eosinophilia.", "content": "This presentation summarizes necropsy observations in patients with three types of cardiomyopathy: idiopathic, infiltrative, and endomyocardial disease. The idiopathic variety is subdivided into two types depending on the size of the ventricular cavity. In the dilated ventricular type the left ventricular wall is frequently less than 1.5 cm. thick, intracardiac thrombi are common, the atrioventricular valve rings usually are mildly dilated, and focal myocardial and endocardial scars are common. In the nondilated type (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), the ventricular septum is usually thicker than the left ventricular free wall, which also is thick (greater than 1.5 cm.). When the septum is similar in thickness to the left ventricular free wall (symmetric), left ventricular outflow obstruction does not occur. When the septum is thicker than the left ventricular free wall (asymmetric), left or right ventricular outflow obstruction may or may not be present. The orientation of myocardial fibers one to another in the ventricular septum in the nondilated (hypertrophic) type is abnormal, whereas it is normal in the dilated ventricular type. Intracardiac thrombi are rare and atrioventricular valve rings are never dilated in the nondilated type of idiopathic cardiomegaly. The infiltrative types of cardiomyopathies include iron, calcium, lipids, mucopolysaccharides, granulomas, amyloid, and neoplasms. The first four usually are located within myocardial cells and the latter three, between myocardial cells. It is probable that all these myocardial infiltrates are capable of producing cardiac dysfunction, primarily on a restrictive basis. Endomyocardial disease may or may not be associated with eosinophilia. When the latter occurs, the eosinophils are structurally normal. Death is related to congestive cardiac failure. This category is actuality also in idiopathic.", "contents": "Pathologic anatomy of the cardiomyopathies. Idiopathic dilated and hypertrophic types, infiltrative types, and endomyocardial disease with and without eosinophilia. This presentation summarizes necropsy observations in patients with three types of cardiomyopathy: idiopathic, infiltrative, and endomyocardial disease. The idiopathic variety is subdivided into two types depending on the size of the ventricular cavity. In the dilated ventricular type the left ventricular wall is frequently less than 1.5 cm. thick, intracardiac thrombi are common, the atrioventricular valve rings usually are mildly dilated, and focal myocardial and endocardial scars are common. In the nondilated type (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), the ventricular septum is usually thicker than the left ventricular free wall, which also is thick (greater than 1.5 cm.). When the septum is similar in thickness to the left ventricular free wall (symmetric), left ventricular outflow obstruction does not occur. When the septum is thicker than the left ventricular free wall (asymmetric), left or right ventricular outflow obstruction may or may not be present. The orientation of myocardial fibers one to another in the ventricular septum in the nondilated (hypertrophic) type is abnormal, whereas it is normal in the dilated ventricular type. Intracardiac thrombi are rare and atrioventricular valve rings are never dilated in the nondilated type of idiopathic cardiomegaly. The infiltrative types of cardiomyopathies include iron, calcium, lipids, mucopolysaccharides, granulomas, amyloid, and neoplasms. The first four usually are located within myocardial cells and the latter three, between myocardial cells. It is probable that all these myocardial infiltrates are capable of producing cardiac dysfunction, primarily on a restrictive basis. Endomyocardial disease may or may not be associated with eosinophilia. When the latter occurs, the eosinophils are structurally normal. Death is related to congestive cardiac failure. This category is actuality also in idiopathic."}
{"id": "PMID:124303", "title": "Immunohistochemical findings in the renal vascular lesions of progressive systemic sclerosis.", "content": "Four selected patients with progressive systemic sclerosis showed deposition of immunoglobulins and complement in diseased renal arteries and arterioles. Although three patients had hypertension, in two of these malignant, the third patient did not have hypertension over a four year period. These findings suggest that immune complexes may be involved in the pathogenesis of some cases of progressive systemic sclerosis, the primary target being the vascular system.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical findings in the renal vascular lesions of progressive systemic sclerosis. Four selected patients with progressive systemic sclerosis showed deposition of immunoglobulins and complement in diseased renal arteries and arterioles. Although three patients had hypertension, in two of these malignant, the third patient did not have hypertension over a four year period. These findings suggest that immune complexes may be involved in the pathogenesis of some cases of progressive systemic sclerosis, the primary target being the vascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:124304", "title": "Reproduction in a female patient with Down's syndrome. Case report of a 46, XY child showing slight phenotypical anomalies, born to a 47, XX, + 21 mother.", "content": "A non-mongoloid boy born to a mongoloid mother is described. He showed aplasia of the left 5th finger and some clinical and dermatoglyphic features frequently found in Down's syndrome. Chromosome analysis revealed few hyperdiploid but no G-trisomic cells. An undetected G-trisomy mosaic, or a mechanism of extrachromosomal inheritance, and an embryonic development in a pathological milieu are discussed.", "contents": "Reproduction in a female patient with Down's syndrome. Case report of a 46, XY child showing slight phenotypical anomalies, born to a 47, XX, + 21 mother. A non-mongoloid boy born to a mongoloid mother is described. He showed aplasia of the left 5th finger and some clinical and dermatoglyphic features frequently found in Down's syndrome. Chromosome analysis revealed few hyperdiploid but no G-trisomic cells. An undetected G-trisomy mosaic, or a mechanism of extrachromosomal inheritance, and an embryonic development in a pathological milieu are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:124305", "title": "Antigenicity of trophoblast and possible antigen-masking effects during pregnancy.", "content": "The interaction between cultured human trophoblast cells and materanl lymphocytes was used as an in vitro model to investigate trophoblast antigenicity. Cytotoxic effects in the trophoblast monolayer were apparent after 72 hr incubation and depended on the presence of non-lymphoid cell types in addition to lymphocytes. Lysis of trophoblast was preceded by blast cell formation and apparently involved close contact between the maternal cells and the trophoblast cells. The nature of the cytotoxic reaction suggested the presence of histocompatibility factors on trypsinized trophoblast cells. This manifestation could be due to removal of fibrinoid or enhancing antibody from the cultured cells. The ability of trypsinized trophoblast cells to synthesize mucoprotein was investigated by the Hale colloidal iron test and found to be unimpaired. The effect of maternal serum on the recognition of human trophoblast antigens by maternal lymphocytes was used as an in vitro model to investigate the occurrence of enhancing antibody in maternal serum. The cytotoxic effects of maternal lymphocytes on trophoblast were completely prevented by the presence of maternal serum, this protective effect being reduced significantly by removal of IgG from the maternal serum. A slight protective effect of allogeneic pregnancy serum was also observed. It is suggested that these findings support a role for immunological enhancement in maintaining the foetal allograft.", "contents": "Antigenicity of trophoblast and possible antigen-masking effects during pregnancy. The interaction between cultured human trophoblast cells and materanl lymphocytes was used as an in vitro model to investigate trophoblast antigenicity. Cytotoxic effects in the trophoblast monolayer were apparent after 72 hr incubation and depended on the presence of non-lymphoid cell types in addition to lymphocytes. Lysis of trophoblast was preceded by blast cell formation and apparently involved close contact between the maternal cells and the trophoblast cells. The nature of the cytotoxic reaction suggested the presence of histocompatibility factors on trypsinized trophoblast cells. This manifestation could be due to removal of fibrinoid or enhancing antibody from the cultured cells. The ability of trypsinized trophoblast cells to synthesize mucoprotein was investigated by the Hale colloidal iron test and found to be unimpaired. The effect of maternal serum on the recognition of human trophoblast antigens by maternal lymphocytes was used as an in vitro model to investigate the occurrence of enhancing antibody in maternal serum. The cytotoxic effects of maternal lymphocytes on trophoblast were completely prevented by the presence of maternal serum, this protective effect being reduced significantly by removal of IgG from the maternal serum. A slight protective effect of allogeneic pregnancy serum was also observed. It is suggested that these findings support a role for immunological enhancement in maintaining the foetal allograft."}
{"id": "PMID:124306", "title": "Subpopulations of mouse spleen lymphocytes. III. Cellular interactions in the response to concanavalin A.", "content": "The profile of response to concanavalin A (con A) of purified mouse T cells was found to differ appreciably from that of non-fractionated spleen cells, in agreement with results previously published by other investigators. Experiments designed to elucidate the reasons underlying these differences have revealed that the response of the spleen cells to con A is determined by a complex interplay between several cell types. (a) B cells contribute to the overall incorporation of thymidine in the presence of con A-stimulated T cells. However, the B cells participate in the response only if the T cells are dividing. (b) A population of 'adherent cells' is present in the spleen, which enhances the stimulation of the spleen cells by low doses of con A but suppresses the response to high doses of mitogen. These adherent cells include most likely the conventional macrophages, but probably also a population of 'suppressor T cells'. (c) Such 'suppressor T' cells can be readily detected among the peritoneal exudate cells. Addition of the exudate cells to cultures of purified T cells enhances the response to low doses of con A. This effect can be further increased by treating the peritoneal cells with a cell T-specific antiserum and complement, i.e. by eliminating the T cells.", "contents": "Subpopulations of mouse spleen lymphocytes. III. Cellular interactions in the response to concanavalin A. The profile of response to concanavalin A (con A) of purified mouse T cells was found to differ appreciably from that of non-fractionated spleen cells, in agreement with results previously published by other investigators. Experiments designed to elucidate the reasons underlying these differences have revealed that the response of the spleen cells to con A is determined by a complex interplay between several cell types. (a) B cells contribute to the overall incorporation of thymidine in the presence of con A-stimulated T cells. However, the B cells participate in the response only if the T cells are dividing. (b) A population of 'adherent cells' is present in the spleen, which enhances the stimulation of the spleen cells by low doses of con A but suppresses the response to high doses of mitogen. These adherent cells include most likely the conventional macrophages, but probably also a population of 'suppressor T cells'. (c) Such 'suppressor T' cells can be readily detected among the peritoneal exudate cells. Addition of the exudate cells to cultures of purified T cells enhances the response to low doses of con A. This effect can be further increased by treating the peritoneal cells with a cell T-specific antiserum and complement, i.e. by eliminating the T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:124316", "title": "Dynamic viscoelastic study of the effect of beta-actinin on the interaction between F-actin and heavy meromyosin.", "content": "Beta-Actinin, a regulatory protein of muscle, greatly decreased the dynamic rigidity modulus of an acto-heavy meromyosin solution. However, it was found that the mechanical mixing procedure used resulted in fragmentation of the decorated F-actin particles and beta-actinin inhibited the reassociation of the fragmented particles. This was the reason for the decrease of the dynamic rigidity modulus of the acto-heavy meromyosin complex caused by beta-actinin. When beta-actinin was added to the acto-heavy meromyosin solution in the presence of ATP, it did not affect the visco-elasticity. F-actin particles dissociated by ATP were not fragmented by the mixing procedure, which was responsible for the apparent inactivation of beta-actinin in the presence of ATP.", "contents": "Dynamic viscoelastic study of the effect of beta-actinin on the interaction between F-actin and heavy meromyosin. Beta-Actinin, a regulatory protein of muscle, greatly decreased the dynamic rigidity modulus of an acto-heavy meromyosin solution. However, it was found that the mechanical mixing procedure used resulted in fragmentation of the decorated F-actin particles and beta-actinin inhibited the reassociation of the fragmented particles. This was the reason for the decrease of the dynamic rigidity modulus of the acto-heavy meromyosin complex caused by beta-actinin. When beta-actinin was added to the acto-heavy meromyosin solution in the presence of ATP, it did not affect the visco-elasticity. F-actin particles dissociated by ATP were not fragmented by the mixing procedure, which was responsible for the apparent inactivation of beta-actinin in the presence of ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:124318", "title": "[Preparative electrophoresis of peptidic glycosaminoglycans. Application to the fractionation of peptidic glycosaminoglycans of arterial wall (author's transl)].", "content": "A new procedure for the fractionation of glycosaminoglycans by electrophoresis on Pevikon has been described. Mixtures of glycosaminoglycans were fractionated by preparative electrophoresis on Pevikon in pyridine formate or glycine-HCl buffers. By this procedure, 200 mg of a mixture of hyaluronic acid, heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate isolated from arterial wall could be successfully separated without loss of material. The purified fractions were analysed by enzymatic and chemical procedures. The molar ratios of uronic acid to hexosamine and of sulphate to hexosamine and the amino acid content of each glycosaminoglycan have been determined. The peptidic content (less than 1%) is represented by five amino acids, viz. serine, glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid.", "contents": "[Preparative electrophoresis of peptidic glycosaminoglycans. Application to the fractionation of peptidic glycosaminoglycans of arterial wall (author's transl)]. A new procedure for the fractionation of glycosaminoglycans by electrophoresis on Pevikon has been described. Mixtures of glycosaminoglycans were fractionated by preparative electrophoresis on Pevikon in pyridine formate or glycine-HCl buffers. By this procedure, 200 mg of a mixture of hyaluronic acid, heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate isolated from arterial wall could be successfully separated without loss of material. The purified fractions were analysed by enzymatic and chemical procedures. The molar ratios of uronic acid to hexosamine and of sulphate to hexosamine and the amino acid content of each glycosaminoglycan have been determined. The peptidic content (less than 1%) is represented by five amino acids, viz. serine, glycine, alanine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:124319", "title": "Hepatic mitochondrial function in ketogenic states. Diabetes, starvation, and after growth hormone administration.", "content": "The study was designed to evaluate hepatic mitochondrial function during ketotic states. The ketogenic models studied were streptozotocin-induced diabetic ketoacidosis, 48 h of starvation, and after growth hormone administration. In the last-mentioned model we observed increased free fatty acids but not ketonemia. Oxidative phosphorylation was measured using the citric acid cycle substrates pyruvate and succinate, the amino acid glutamate, a ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate, and a long-chain fatty acid palmitoyl-l-carnitine. State 3 (ADP stimulated) and state 4 (ADP limited) respiration, respiratory control ratio (state 3/state 4), and the ADP/O ratios were normal in the controls and the experimental groups. Uncoupled respiration produced by dinitrophenol with a variety of substrates was unchanged in the experimental groups compared to the controls. Fatty acid oxidation was studied in detail. The rate of utilization of palmitoyl-l-carnitine by controls or experimental groups did not depend on the product formed (citrate, acetoacetate). No significant changes were observed in the oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA (+ carnitine) or with an intermediate-chain fatty acid hexanoate. The specific activity of hepatic mitochondria carnitine palmitoyltransferase did not change in any of the three experimental groups. It is concluded that during diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation, and growth hormone administration, there is (a) no alteration in hepatic mitochondrial function; (b) no change in the intrinsic capacity of hepatic mitochondria to oxidize fatty acids; and (c) no change in the specific activity of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase. The mechanism by which the body restrains flux through the mitochondrial oxidative machinery remains to be fully determined.", "contents": "Hepatic mitochondrial function in ketogenic states. Diabetes, starvation, and after growth hormone administration. The study was designed to evaluate hepatic mitochondrial function during ketotic states. The ketogenic models studied were streptozotocin-induced diabetic ketoacidosis, 48 h of starvation, and after growth hormone administration. In the last-mentioned model we observed increased free fatty acids but not ketonemia. Oxidative phosphorylation was measured using the citric acid cycle substrates pyruvate and succinate, the amino acid glutamate, a ketone body beta-hydroxybutyrate, and a long-chain fatty acid palmitoyl-l-carnitine. State 3 (ADP stimulated) and state 4 (ADP limited) respiration, respiratory control ratio (state 3/state 4), and the ADP/O ratios were normal in the controls and the experimental groups. Uncoupled respiration produced by dinitrophenol with a variety of substrates was unchanged in the experimental groups compared to the controls. Fatty acid oxidation was studied in detail. The rate of utilization of palmitoyl-l-carnitine by controls or experimental groups did not depend on the product formed (citrate, acetoacetate). No significant changes were observed in the oxidation of palmitoyl-CoA (+ carnitine) or with an intermediate-chain fatty acid hexanoate. The specific activity of hepatic mitochondria carnitine palmitoyltransferase did not change in any of the three experimental groups. It is concluded that during diabetic ketoacidosis, starvation, and growth hormone administration, there is (a) no alteration in hepatic mitochondrial function; (b) no change in the intrinsic capacity of hepatic mitochondria to oxidize fatty acids; and (c) no change in the specific activity of mitochondrial carnitine palmitoyltransferase. The mechanism by which the body restrains flux through the mitochondrial oxidative machinery remains to be fully determined."}
{"id": "PMID:124320", "title": "Effects of insulin and dietary myoinositol on impaired peripheral motor nerve conduction velocity in acute streptozotocin diabetes.", "content": "The factors influencing the development of impaired sciatic motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in acute experimental diabetes were examined. Decreased MNCV developed by the 14th day after streptozotocin administration but only in rats which became hyperglycemic. Insulin treatment, begun on day 3, failed to prevent imparied MNCV in diabetic rats in which improved or normal weight gain and a decreased degree of hyperglycemia was induced. However, insulin treatment prevented the development of impaired MNCV in a group of diabetic rats in which the tail vein plasma glucose concentration was never found to exceed 160 mg/dl during days 6 through 14, andin which the mean plus or minus SEM of the average plasma glucose concentration for each animal during the same period was 75 plus or minus 18 mg/dl. In normal rats fed diets containing 0.011% or 0.069% free myoinositol (a presumably normal range), sciatic nerve free myoinositol concentrations were 90- and 60-fold higher than those in plasma. On these diets the development of impaired MNCV in the diabetics was associated with a decrease in nerve free myoinositol as compared with nerves from normals fed the same diet, despite similar plasma levels in the normals and diabetics. Plasma and nerve free myoinositol increased with increasing dietary myoinositol content in both normals and diabetics, and nerve myoinositol content could be acutely increased by an i.p. myoinositol load. By supplementing the diets with 1.0% myoinositol, the difference in nerve myoinositol in normal and diabetic rats on day 14 was abolished; on this diet the development of impaired MNCV in the diabetics was moderated or totally prevented, despite persistent hyperglycemia and elevated nerve sorbitol and fructose concentrations. Insulin treatment that prevented impaired MNCV prevented a decrease in nerve myoinositol in diabetics. These studies suggest that insulin deficiency, and possibly hyperglycemia, are primary factors in the development of imparied MNCV in acute experimental diabetes. However, the development of impaired MNCV appears to be related in some manner to a derangement in the regulation of nerve free myoinositol content, which appears to be subject to modification by increases in plasma myoinositol concentration over a critical range.", "contents": "Effects of insulin and dietary myoinositol on impaired peripheral motor nerve conduction velocity in acute streptozotocin diabetes. The factors influencing the development of impaired sciatic motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in acute experimental diabetes were examined. Decreased MNCV developed by the 14th day after streptozotocin administration but only in rats which became hyperglycemic. Insulin treatment, begun on day 3, failed to prevent imparied MNCV in diabetic rats in which improved or normal weight gain and a decreased degree of hyperglycemia was induced. However, insulin treatment prevented the development of impaired MNCV in a group of diabetic rats in which the tail vein plasma glucose concentration was never found to exceed 160 mg/dl during days 6 through 14, andin which the mean plus or minus SEM of the average plasma glucose concentration for each animal during the same period was 75 plus or minus 18 mg/dl. In normal rats fed diets containing 0.011% or 0.069% free myoinositol (a presumably normal range), sciatic nerve free myoinositol concentrations were 90- and 60-fold higher than those in plasma. On these diets the development of impaired MNCV in the diabetics was associated with a decrease in nerve free myoinositol as compared with nerves from normals fed the same diet, despite similar plasma levels in the normals and diabetics. Plasma and nerve free myoinositol increased with increasing dietary myoinositol content in both normals and diabetics, and nerve myoinositol content could be acutely increased by an i.p. myoinositol load. By supplementing the diets with 1.0% myoinositol, the difference in nerve myoinositol in normal and diabetic rats on day 14 was abolished; on this diet the development of impaired MNCV in the diabetics was moderated or totally prevented, despite persistent hyperglycemia and elevated nerve sorbitol and fructose concentrations. Insulin treatment that prevented impaired MNCV prevented a decrease in nerve myoinositol in diabetics. These studies suggest that insulin deficiency, and possibly hyperglycemia, are primary factors in the development of imparied MNCV in acute experimental diabetes. However, the development of impaired MNCV appears to be related in some manner to a derangement in the regulation of nerve free myoinositol content, which appears to be subject to modification by increases in plasma myoinositol concentration over a critical range."}
{"id": "PMID:124322", "title": "Is the macrophage the stimulating cell?", "content": "Using CAF1 spleen cells to stimulate parental strain BALB/c spleen cells in a mixed lymphocyte culture, column separation of responding cells increased their response whereas the same treatment of stimulating cells reduced their activity approximately 95 per cent. Peritoneal macrophages from CAF1 mice were found to stimulate BALB/c spleen cells poorly if present in comparable numbers or if they were cultured for 24 hours before adding responding cells. However, if the F1 macrophages were in contact with the BALB/c cells for only 4 hours, their stimulating effect was increased strikingly. Under these conditions BALB/c macrophages had no effect. It is concluded that the macrophage is probably the most effective stimulating cell and may be the only cell with this capability.", "contents": "Is the macrophage the stimulating cell? Using CAF1 spleen cells to stimulate parental strain BALB/c spleen cells in a mixed lymphocyte culture, column separation of responding cells increased their response whereas the same treatment of stimulating cells reduced their activity approximately 95 per cent. Peritoneal macrophages from CAF1 mice were found to stimulate BALB/c spleen cells poorly if present in comparable numbers or if they were cultured for 24 hours before adding responding cells. However, if the F1 macrophages were in contact with the BALB/c cells for only 4 hours, their stimulating effect was increased strikingly. Under these conditions BALB/c macrophages had no effect. It is concluded that the macrophage is probably the most effective stimulating cell and may be the only cell with this capability."}
{"id": "PMID:124323", "title": "Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and the host-parasite relation in murine schistosomiasis mansoni.", "content": "The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus on both the host and the parasite was studied in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Neither the drug nor the marked rise in concentration of blood glucose had any effect on penetration of the skin by the cercariae, their subsequent maturation into adult worms, or their output of eggs. During the acute stages of the infection (at eight weeks), the diabetic animals showed marked suppression of the host granulomatous reaction to schistosome eggs trapped in the liver, accompanied by an alleviation of hepatosplenic disease. During the chronic stages of infection (at 16 weeks), there was a pronounced megalocytosis of the hepatocytes only in the infected animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes; these animals also had an exacerbation of hepatosplenic disease.", "contents": "Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus and the host-parasite relation in murine schistosomiasis mansoni. The effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus on both the host and the parasite was studied in mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Neither the drug nor the marked rise in concentration of blood glucose had any effect on penetration of the skin by the cercariae, their subsequent maturation into adult worms, or their output of eggs. During the acute stages of the infection (at eight weeks), the diabetic animals showed marked suppression of the host granulomatous reaction to schistosome eggs trapped in the liver, accompanied by an alleviation of hepatosplenic disease. During the chronic stages of infection (at 16 weeks), there was a pronounced megalocytosis of the hepatocytes only in the infected animals with streptozotocin-induced diabetes; these animals also had an exacerbation of hepatosplenic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:124324", "title": "Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with macrophage dysfunction, a plasma inhibitor, and co-existent aplastic anemia.", "content": "A 56-year-old man developed chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (MCC) and pernicious anemia. Nine years later he developed aplastic anemia which ultimately was fatal. A small thymoma was found at autopsy. He was anergic and his mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) failed to undergo a proliferative response in culture to soluble antigens. His monocytes did not mediate a proliferative response by lymphocytes from sensitized control donors when stimulated with Monilia albicans antigen but did mediate a mixed leukocyte reaction normally. His plasma contained a poten inhibitor of -3H-thymidine incorporation by sensitized control MNL when stimulated with soluble antigens but was not inhibitory of the mixed leukocyte reaction, lymphoproliferative responses to plant mitogens, and was not shown either in vivo or in vitro to depress hematopoiesis. Patient lymphocytes were responsive to plant mitogens, Monilia antigen, in the mixed leukocyte reaction, and produced macrophage migration inhibitory factor in response to Monilia antigen. After plasmapheresis, delayed hypersensitivity and lymphoproliferative responses to soluble antigens were temporarily restored. This case implicates the macrophage in the pathogenesis of MCC and demonstrates some consequences of chronic monocyte dysfunction. The inhibitor of some expressions of cell-mediated immunity was removed by plasmapheresis.", "contents": "Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with macrophage dysfunction, a plasma inhibitor, and co-existent aplastic anemia. A 56-year-old man developed chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (MCC) and pernicious anemia. Nine years later he developed aplastic anemia which ultimately was fatal. A small thymoma was found at autopsy. He was anergic and his mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) failed to undergo a proliferative response in culture to soluble antigens. His monocytes did not mediate a proliferative response by lymphocytes from sensitized control donors when stimulated with Monilia albicans antigen but did mediate a mixed leukocyte reaction normally. His plasma contained a poten inhibitor of -3H-thymidine incorporation by sensitized control MNL when stimulated with soluble antigens but was not inhibitory of the mixed leukocyte reaction, lymphoproliferative responses to plant mitogens, and was not shown either in vivo or in vitro to depress hematopoiesis. Patient lymphocytes were responsive to plant mitogens, Monilia antigen, in the mixed leukocyte reaction, and produced macrophage migration inhibitory factor in response to Monilia antigen. After plasmapheresis, delayed hypersensitivity and lymphoproliferative responses to soluble antigens were temporarily restored. This case implicates the macrophage in the pathogenesis of MCC and demonstrates some consequences of chronic monocyte dysfunction. The inhibitor of some expressions of cell-mediated immunity was removed by plasmapheresis."}
{"id": "PMID:124325", "title": "Metabolic clearance rate, production rate and mammary uptake of progesterone in the goat.", "content": "The dynamics of progesterone uptake and metabolism in the mammary gland of the goat have been measured and related to the metabolic clearance rate and production rate of the hormone determined by tracer kinetic techniques. The metabolic clearance rate of progesterone from blood was 3-13 plus or minus 0-35 (S.E.M.) 1/min in ten experiments on six goats; values tended to be slightly higher in pregnant than in non-pregnant goats. The production rate of progesterone at oestrus, and at day 3 of the normal cycle, was less than 0-01 mug/min. During the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle the production rate was 8-5 and 14-6 mug/min in 2 animals, and in the second half of pregnancy, 15-3 plus or minus 0-6 mug/min (5 animals). Progesterone was extracted from the circulation by the mammary gland of conscious goats with an efficiency of 49-4 plus or minus 11-3% in non-pregnant, and 51-7 plus or minus 11-5% in pregnant aniamals. The mean clearance rate of progesterone by the udder was 0-279 1/min, 8-8% of the metabolic clearance rate. Mammary uptake of progesterone in goats with an actively secreting corpus luteum was 0-64 plus or minus 0-29 mug/min, which gave an estimated value of 0-11-1-88 ng/min/g mammary gland. The mammary extraction of progesterone was investigated in a goat 3 days after oestrus when any high affinity receptor sites would presumably be unoccupied. During the infusion of progesterone into a mammary artery, tissue sample were taken from various organs, including the mammary gland, and the concentration of labelled compounds at steady state was determined. A high mammary extraction of progesterone was found to be determined. A high mammary extraction of progesterone was found to be attributable principally to progesterone metabolism. The metabolites of progesterone were removed from the gland in venous blood and were not stored to any appreciable extent in mammary tissue. Experiments in vitro confirmed the findings in vivo that mammary tissue metabolized labelled progesterone and also pregnenolone and androstenedione; metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone, oestradiol-17 beta, oestrone and cortisol was relatively small. Confirmation of our previous finding that the mammary gland of the goat can synthesize progesterone from labelled pregnenolone infused into the gland in vivo, further implicated this organ as an active site of metabolism of certain steroids. The physiological role of steroid metabolism in the mammary gland is discussed.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance rate, production rate and mammary uptake of progesterone in the goat. The dynamics of progesterone uptake and metabolism in the mammary gland of the goat have been measured and related to the metabolic clearance rate and production rate of the hormone determined by tracer kinetic techniques. The metabolic clearance rate of progesterone from blood was 3-13 plus or minus 0-35 (S.E.M.) 1/min in ten experiments on six goats; values tended to be slightly higher in pregnant than in non-pregnant goats. The production rate of progesterone at oestrus, and at day 3 of the normal cycle, was less than 0-01 mug/min. During the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle the production rate was 8-5 and 14-6 mug/min in 2 animals, and in the second half of pregnancy, 15-3 plus or minus 0-6 mug/min (5 animals). Progesterone was extracted from the circulation by the mammary gland of conscious goats with an efficiency of 49-4 plus or minus 11-3% in non-pregnant, and 51-7 plus or minus 11-5% in pregnant aniamals. The mean clearance rate of progesterone by the udder was 0-279 1/min, 8-8% of the metabolic clearance rate. Mammary uptake of progesterone in goats with an actively secreting corpus luteum was 0-64 plus or minus 0-29 mug/min, which gave an estimated value of 0-11-1-88 ng/min/g mammary gland. The mammary extraction of progesterone was investigated in a goat 3 days after oestrus when any high affinity receptor sites would presumably be unoccupied. During the infusion of progesterone into a mammary artery, tissue sample were taken from various organs, including the mammary gland, and the concentration of labelled compounds at steady state was determined. A high mammary extraction of progesterone was found to be determined. A high mammary extraction of progesterone was found to be attributable principally to progesterone metabolism. The metabolites of progesterone were removed from the gland in venous blood and were not stored to any appreciable extent in mammary tissue. Experiments in vitro confirmed the findings in vivo that mammary tissue metabolized labelled progesterone and also pregnenolone and androstenedione; metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone, oestradiol-17 beta, oestrone and cortisol was relatively small. Confirmation of our previous finding that the mammary gland of the goat can synthesize progesterone from labelled pregnenolone infused into the gland in vivo, further implicated this organ as an active site of metabolism of certain steroids. The physiological role of steroid metabolism in the mammary gland is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:124321", "title": "Baseline (spontaneous) symptoms in healthy persons--a prospective study.", "content": "Many healthy people have unexplainable complaints. Healthy subjects who had not suffered from any disease in the previous two months and who were not taking any drugs during the previous two weeks were interrogated daily for seven days to determine whether they experienced any abnormal feeling (baseline or spontaneous symptoms). Of 398 subjects interrogated, 49 (12.5 per cent) gave a history of having suffered from one or more symptoms. Incidence of baseline symptoms was higher in the medical group compared with the nonmedical group and in females compared with males. In the study of adverse drug reaction, controls for spontaneous symptoms in the population under surveillance are essential.", "contents": "Baseline (spontaneous) symptoms in healthy persons--a prospective study. Many healthy people have unexplainable complaints. Healthy subjects who had not suffered from any disease in the previous two months and who were not taking any drugs during the previous two weeks were interrogated daily for seven days to determine whether they experienced any abnormal feeling (baseline or spontaneous symptoms). Of 398 subjects interrogated, 49 (12.5 per cent) gave a history of having suffered from one or more symptoms. Incidence of baseline symptoms was higher in the medical group compared with the nonmedical group and in females compared with males. In the study of adverse drug reaction, controls for spontaneous symptoms in the population under surveillance are essential."}
{"id": "PMID:124327", "title": "Inhibitory effects of bilirubin on cellular immune responses in man.", "content": "A significant depression in cell-mediated immunity as measured by lymphoproliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin and responsiveness to mixed lymphocyte culture was observed when adult lymphocytes or cord blood lymphocytes were incubated with increasing concentrations of bilirubin. The inhibitory effect of bilirubin could only be demonstrated with suboptimal concentrations of PHA (0.01  and 0.005%) and was more marked in premature infants than in term neonates or adults. This effect was partially reversible after short preincubation with bilirubin, but was more protracted with preincubations of 24 hours or more. Inhibition of MLC responsiveness of 80.1 plus or minus 5.1% was also demonstrated at a bilirubin concentration of 20 mg/dl. Specific cytotoxicity to rubella virus-infected cells, measured by a 51Cr-release microassay, was not found to be depressed. Bilirubin thus appears to have an inhibitory effect on immune responsiveness which is greater on the afferent limb than on the effrent limb of immunity.", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of bilirubin on cellular immune responses in man. A significant depression in cell-mediated immunity as measured by lymphoproliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin and responsiveness to mixed lymphocyte culture was observed when adult lymphocytes or cord blood lymphocytes were incubated with increasing concentrations of bilirubin. The inhibitory effect of bilirubin could only be demonstrated with suboptimal concentrations of PHA (0.01  and 0.005%) and was more marked in premature infants than in term neonates or adults. This effect was partially reversible after short preincubation with bilirubin, but was more protracted with preincubations of 24 hours or more. Inhibition of MLC responsiveness of 80.1 plus or minus 5.1% was also demonstrated at a bilirubin concentration of 20 mg/dl. Specific cytotoxicity to rubella virus-infected cells, measured by a 51Cr-release microassay, was not found to be depressed. Bilirubin thus appears to have an inhibitory effect on immune responsiveness which is greater on the afferent limb than on the effrent limb of immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:124329", "title": "The role of gingival connective tissue in determining epithelial differentiation.", "content": "Free grafts of connective tissue, without epithelium, were transplanted from  either the keratinized gingiva or the non-keratinized alveolar mucosa (controls) into areas of the alveolar mucosa in seven monkeys. The grafts were placed in pouches created in the connective tissue as close as possible to the overlying epithelium. After 3-4 weeks, the transplants were exposed by removal of the overlying tissue in order to allow epithelialization from the surrounding non-keratinized alveolar mucosa. The transplants were examined clinically and histologically at time peiods between 1 and 12 months. The gingival connective tissue grafts became covered with keratinized epithelium displaying the same characteristics as those of normal gingival epithelium. The alveolar mucosa transplants were covered with non-keratinized epithelium. This indicated that gingival connective tissue is capable of inducing the formation of a keratinized gingival epithelium.", "contents": "The role of gingival connective tissue in determining epithelial differentiation. Free grafts of connective tissue, without epithelium, were transplanted from  either the keratinized gingiva or the non-keratinized alveolar mucosa (controls) into areas of the alveolar mucosa in seven monkeys. The grafts were placed in pouches created in the connective tissue as close as possible to the overlying epithelium. After 3-4 weeks, the transplants were exposed by removal of the overlying tissue in order to allow epithelialization from the surrounding non-keratinized alveolar mucosa. The transplants were examined clinically and histologically at time peiods between 1 and 12 months. The gingival connective tissue grafts became covered with keratinized epithelium displaying the same characteristics as those of normal gingival epithelium. The alveolar mucosa transplants were covered with non-keratinized epithelium. This indicated that gingival connective tissue is capable of inducing the formation of a keratinized gingival epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:124330", "title": "Nuclear size and cytochemical changes during autolysis in free gingival autograft epithelium.", "content": "Karyometric and cytophotometric measurements of DNA and RNA have been evaluated in gingival graft epithelium. The study was conducted during the first 20 hours from the time of grafting when the graft epithelium undergoes a process of autolysis. Both basal cell and prickle cell layers were used. The results showed an increase in optical density for Feulgen-DNA according to the time of grafting. At the same time pentose nucleic acid (RNA) and nuclear size showed decreasing values. It was concluded that pycnosis was the usual course of nuclear autolysis in graft epithelium. In addition gingival graft epithelium was found to be an useful model for the study of cell autolysis in vivo.", "contents": "Nuclear size and cytochemical changes during autolysis in free gingival autograft epithelium. Karyometric and cytophotometric measurements of DNA and RNA have been evaluated in gingival graft epithelium. The study was conducted during the first 20 hours from the time of grafting when the graft epithelium undergoes a process of autolysis. Both basal cell and prickle cell layers were used. The results showed an increase in optical density for Feulgen-DNA according to the time of grafting. At the same time pentose nucleic acid (RNA) and nuclear size showed decreasing values. It was concluded that pycnosis was the usual course of nuclear autolysis in graft epithelium. In addition gingival graft epithelium was found to be an useful model for the study of cell autolysis in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:124331", "title": "Complement factors in gingival crevice material from healthy and inflamed gingiva in humans.", "content": "The presence and levels of complement factors C3, C4, C5, and C3 proactivator, were determined by electroimmuno assay in gingival cervice material from five individuals with healthy gingiva and from six patients with chronically inflamed gingiva. Higher concentrations of C3 and C4 were found in samples from chronically inflamed gingiva when compared to those healthy gingiva. The amount of C3 in material from healthy as well as from inflamed gingiva was related to that in plasma, when the albumin in plasma and gingival crevice material was used as a reference. The same was found for C4 in samples from healthy gingiva but in those from inflamed gingiva, the values were significantly lower when related to plasma levels. C5 could not be found in material from healthy gingiva but was present in material from inflamed gingiva. C3 proactivator was present in material from inflamed gingiva in the converted form. No C3 proactivator was found in material from healthy gingiva with the methods used. Analysis of C3 in samples from inflamed gingiva, using crossed immunoelectrophoresis, showed that C3 was converted in these samples. The results indicate that the complement system may be activated in gingival crevice material from inflamed gingiva.", "contents": "Complement factors in gingival crevice material from healthy and inflamed gingiva in humans. The presence and levels of complement factors C3, C4, C5, and C3 proactivator, were determined by electroimmuno assay in gingival cervice material from five individuals with healthy gingiva and from six patients with chronically inflamed gingiva. Higher concentrations of C3 and C4 were found in samples from chronically inflamed gingiva when compared to those healthy gingiva. The amount of C3 in material from healthy as well as from inflamed gingiva was related to that in plasma, when the albumin in plasma and gingival crevice material was used as a reference. The same was found for C4 in samples from healthy gingiva but in those from inflamed gingiva, the values were significantly lower when related to plasma levels. C5 could not be found in material from healthy gingiva but was present in material from inflamed gingiva. C3 proactivator was present in material from inflamed gingiva in the converted form. No C3 proactivator was found in material from healthy gingiva with the methods used. Analysis of C3 in samples from inflamed gingiva, using crossed immunoelectrophoresis, showed that C3 was converted in these samples. The results indicate that the complement system may be activated in gingival crevice material from inflamed gingiva."}
{"id": "PMID:124332", "title": "Early formation of dental plaque on platic films. 1. Light microscopic observations.", "content": "In human subjects with healthy gingiva thin transparent plastic films were applied to the buccal surfaces of premolars in the upper and lower jaws. The films were left in place for peiods of 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes. The presence of coccoid bacteria, leukocytes and epithelial cells was investigated in an area adjacent to the gingival margin. The results showed that by 15 minutes coccoid bacteria had become attached to the artificial tooth surface. The number of microorganisms gradually increased during the time of the study. Large numbers of cocci and the formation of micro-colonies were observed after 120 and 240 minutes. Increasing numbers of leukocytes and epithelial cells were also found during the period of observation.", "contents": "Early formation of dental plaque on platic films. 1. Light microscopic observations. In human subjects with healthy gingiva thin transparent plastic films were applied to the buccal surfaces of premolars in the upper and lower jaws. The films were left in place for peiods of 15, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes. The presence of coccoid bacteria, leukocytes and epithelial cells was investigated in an area adjacent to the gingival margin. The results showed that by 15 minutes coccoid bacteria had become attached to the artificial tooth surface. The number of microorganisms gradually increased during the time of the study. Large numbers of cocci and the formation of micro-colonies were observed after 120 and 240 minutes. Increasing numbers of leukocytes and epithelial cells were also found during the period of observation."}
{"id": "PMID:124333", "title": "Partial-mount recording of plaque and periodontal pockets.", "content": "Plaque ananand pocket depths were recorded in milimetres from the tissue margin, coronally or apically, respectively. Plaque and pocket depths were recorded by examining only a segment of the dentition using eight different combination of teeth. These results  d the results obtained from full-mouth examinations in the same individuals were compared. All eight methods of partial-mouth recording gave results that were good in terms of both relative and absolute value when compared to the total-mouth index. The results were valid irrespective of the method chosen. The anterior tooth index was preferred because this segment of the dentition was the easiest to examine. It eliminated the difficulty of making the decision of which teen to substitute when any of the other teeth were missing and produced results for plaque scores and pocket scores that were very good estimates of the total-mouth index.", "contents": "Partial-mount recording of plaque and periodontal pockets. Plaque ananand pocket depths were recorded in milimetres from the tissue margin, coronally or apically, respectively. Plaque and pocket depths were recorded by examining only a segment of the dentition using eight different combination of teeth. These results  d the results obtained from full-mouth examinations in the same individuals were compared. All eight methods of partial-mouth recording gave results that were good in terms of both relative and absolute value when compared to the total-mouth index. The results were valid irrespective of the method chosen. The anterior tooth index was preferred because this segment of the dentition was the easiest to examine. It eliminated the difficulty of making the decision of which teen to substitute when any of the other teeth were missing and produced results for plaque scores and pocket scores that were very good estimates of the total-mouth index."}
{"id": "PMID:124334", "title": "Periodontal changes in distant teeth due to trauma from occlusion.", "content": "The present investigation studies the changes that occur in periodontal supporting tissues of lower canine and premolar of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), due to experimental modification of occlusal relationships in the region of the molar. For our purposes an extracoronal arch wire of 0.7 mm diameter was fixed into occlusal perforations of the upper third premolar and first molar, on both sides. Eight male marmosets weighing from 250 to 350 grams were used. After each experimental time interval of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days two animals were sacrificed. The results clearly showed areas of tension with stretch periodontal fibers in the distal region of the canine and areas of pressue with osseous and redicular resorption in the mesial region of the first premolar. The tissue changes may be considered to result from transmission of abnormal forces through the proximal contacts of teeth associated with displacements and minor modifications in their occlusal relationships. Similar changes may occur in a tooth distant from the teeth exposed to primary excessive occlusal forces.", "contents": "Periodontal changes in distant teeth due to trauma from occlusion. The present investigation studies the changes that occur in periodontal supporting tissues of lower canine and premolar of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), due to experimental modification of occlusal relationships in the region of the molar. For our purposes an extracoronal arch wire of 0.7 mm diameter was fixed into occlusal perforations of the upper third premolar and first molar, on both sides. Eight male marmosets weighing from 250 to 350 grams were used. After each experimental time interval of 7, 14, 21 and 28 days two animals were sacrificed. The results clearly showed areas of tension with stretch periodontal fibers in the distal region of the canine and areas of pressue with osseous and redicular resorption in the mesial region of the first premolar. The tissue changes may be considered to result from transmission of abnormal forces through the proximal contacts of teeth associated with displacements and minor modifications in their occlusal relationships. Similar changes may occur in a tooth distant from the teeth exposed to primary excessive occlusal forces."}
{"id": "PMID:124336", "title": "The collagen content of skin and gingival tissues in ascorbic acid-deficient monkeys.", "content": "Five green monkeys were used in this study.  Three animals were fed a scorbutigenic diet and the remaining two served as controls.  Biopsies were dissected from the vestivular gingiva and dorsal skin and polyvinyl sponges were implanted subcutaneously during 4 week periods throughout the experimental period.  The animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks and the periodontal ligament was removed.  Collagen extracts were prepared from the gingival and granulation tissues and treated with bacterial collagenase.  Following acid hydrolysis the total amount of proline and hydroxyproline was determined in various tissue preparations.  In the tissues examined, the content of hydroxyproline decreased in the scorbutic animals throughout the experimental period.  The decrease in the hydroxyproline content of the gingiva started within the first 4 weeks and was faster than that of the skin, indicating that the extent of decrease is dependent of the turnover rate of the collagen in the tissues.  The synthesis of hydroxyproline was almost totally impaired in the granulation tissue formed in the sponges implanted after the 8th week of experimentation.  Collagenase treatment of collagen extracts resulted in a release of proline and hydroxyproline in a higher ratio in extracts from the experimental animals than in extracts from the controls.  It is concluded that ascorbic acid is a prerequisite for the maintenance of the collagen pool in the tissues and that lack of this vitamin results in the formation of a collagenase degradable protein fraction with a low hydroxyproline content.", "contents": "The collagen content of skin and gingival tissues in ascorbic acid-deficient monkeys. Five green monkeys were used in this study.  Three animals were fed a scorbutigenic diet and the remaining two served as controls.  Biopsies were dissected from the vestivular gingiva and dorsal skin and polyvinyl sponges were implanted subcutaneously during 4 week periods throughout the experimental period.  The animals were sacrificed after 12 weeks and the periodontal ligament was removed.  Collagen extracts were prepared from the gingival and granulation tissues and treated with bacterial collagenase.  Following acid hydrolysis the total amount of proline and hydroxyproline was determined in various tissue preparations.  In the tissues examined, the content of hydroxyproline decreased in the scorbutic animals throughout the experimental period.  The decrease in the hydroxyproline content of the gingiva started within the first 4 weeks and was faster than that of the skin, indicating that the extent of decrease is dependent of the turnover rate of the collagen in the tissues.  The synthesis of hydroxyproline was almost totally impaired in the granulation tissue formed in the sponges implanted after the 8th week of experimentation.  Collagenase treatment of collagen extracts resulted in a release of proline and hydroxyproline in a higher ratio in extracts from the experimental animals than in extracts from the controls.  It is concluded that ascorbic acid is a prerequisite for the maintenance of the collagen pool in the tissues and that lack of this vitamin results in the formation of a collagenase degradable protein fraction with a low hydroxyproline content."}
{"id": "PMID:124337", "title": "Histopathologic features of the initial and early stages of experimental gingivitis in man.", "content": "The pathologic alterations occurring in the gingival tissues of humans immediately following the beginning of plaque accumulation have not heen elucidated previously.  Seven males, 22--31 years of age, free of clinical manifestations of dental and periodontal disease, and exhibiting a Plaque Index score of zero for the previous 28 days served as subjects.  Plaque control measures were discontinued for 8 days and biopsies were taken from the buccal marginal gingiva of the first premolars on days 0, 2, 4, and 8.  Paraffin- and Epon-embedded section, treated with a variety of histochemical stains were analyzed microscopically and cell counts were done on 1-micron Epon section.  At 2 and 4 days following the beginning of plaque accumulation, the vessels subjacent to the juctional epithelium exhibited vasculitis and alterations in the perivascular collagen.  There was a statistically significant increase in the number of neutrophils residing in the junctional epithelium.  By the end of the 8-day period, the number of small mononuclear cells, mostly lymphocytes, in the connective tissues had increased by 3-fold and the area of collagen fiber alteration by 4-fold.  In addition, the number of fibroblasts per unit area of connective tissue decreased significantly.  Thus, within the period of 8 days following the beginning of plaque accumulation, an early lesion exhibiting many features characteristic of delayed hypersensitivity develops.", "contents": "Histopathologic features of the initial and early stages of experimental gingivitis in man. The pathologic alterations occurring in the gingival tissues of humans immediately following the beginning of plaque accumulation have not heen elucidated previously.  Seven males, 22--31 years of age, free of clinical manifestations of dental and periodontal disease, and exhibiting a Plaque Index score of zero for the previous 28 days served as subjects.  Plaque control measures were discontinued for 8 days and biopsies were taken from the buccal marginal gingiva of the first premolars on days 0, 2, 4, and 8.  Paraffin- and Epon-embedded section, treated with a variety of histochemical stains were analyzed microscopically and cell counts were done on 1-micron Epon section.  At 2 and 4 days following the beginning of plaque accumulation, the vessels subjacent to the juctional epithelium exhibited vasculitis and alterations in the perivascular collagen.  There was a statistically significant increase in the number of neutrophils residing in the junctional epithelium.  By the end of the 8-day period, the number of small mononuclear cells, mostly lymphocytes, in the connective tissues had increased by 3-fold and the area of collagen fiber alteration by 4-fold.  In addition, the number of fibroblasts per unit area of connective tissue decreased significantly.  Thus, within the period of 8 days following the beginning of plaque accumulation, an early lesion exhibiting many features characteristic of delayed hypersensitivity develops."}
{"id": "PMID:124338", "title": "Elevation of a serum component in periodontal disease capable of modulating chemotactic infiltration.", "content": "Serum from dental patients was examined for its capacity to affect migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes toward a complement-independent chemotactic factor, bacterial filtrate of Escherichia coli, (BF).  Seven subjects with advanced periodontitis, documented with clinical measurements of pocket depth, loss of attachment, indices for gingival inflammation and oral hygiene, were paired with normal subjects of similar age and sex.  This study shows that patients whose only apparent clinical symptom was severe periodontal inflammation harbor a heat-stable, serum component which neutralizes factors chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes.  A role for this component in modulation of inflammatory infiltration is discussed.", "contents": "Elevation of a serum component in periodontal disease capable of modulating chemotactic infiltration. Serum from dental patients was examined for its capacity to affect migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes toward a complement-independent chemotactic factor, bacterial filtrate of Escherichia coli, (BF).  Seven subjects with advanced periodontitis, documented with clinical measurements of pocket depth, loss of attachment, indices for gingival inflammation and oral hygiene, were paired with normal subjects of similar age and sex.  This study shows that patients whose only apparent clinical symptom was severe periodontal inflammation harbor a heat-stable, serum component which neutralizes factors chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes.  A role for this component in modulation of inflammatory infiltration is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:124339", "title": "In vitro cultivation of adult human gingiva I. primary epithelial outgrowth from gingival explants.", "content": "The in vitro behavior of human gingiva was studied using a simple tissue culture technique.  Gingival explants from adult patients undergoing periodontal surgery were cultivated in three different media for periods up to three weeks.  It was demonstrated that primary epithelial cell cultures can be obtained under simple and predictable conditions.  The migrating cells were compact and uniform in shape and resembled the spinous cell layer of a squamous stratified epithelium.  Mitotic activity was regularly observed all over the outgrowth, which continued to grow throughout the entire experimental period.", "contents": "In vitro cultivation of adult human gingiva I. primary epithelial outgrowth from gingival explants. The in vitro behavior of human gingiva was studied using a simple tissue culture technique.  Gingival explants from adult patients undergoing periodontal surgery were cultivated in three different media for periods up to three weeks.  It was demonstrated that primary epithelial cell cultures can be obtained under simple and predictable conditions.  The migrating cells were compact and uniform in shape and resembled the spinous cell layer of a squamous stratified epithelium.  Mitotic activity was regularly observed all over the outgrowth, which continued to grow throughout the entire experimental period."}
{"id": "PMID:124340", "title": "Surface characteristics of cells from different layers of keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelia.", "content": "Portions of clinically healthy non-keratinized and keratinized oral epithelia were removed from adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).  The epithelium was separated from the underlying lamina propria by trypsin digestion, following which the epithelial cells were separated from the various epithelial layers.  These were examined with the light and scanning electron microscope.  Cells from non-keratinized epithelia have surface microplications while those from keratinized epithelia show microvilli and pits.  Two distinct types of cell are therefore present.  It is suggested that the different surface appearances are related to different types of mechanical adhesion between the cells.", "contents": "Surface characteristics of cells from different layers of keratinized and non-keratinized oral epithelia. Portions of clinically healthy non-keratinized and keratinized oral epithelia were removed from adult vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops).  The epithelium was separated from the underlying lamina propria by trypsin digestion, following which the epithelial cells were separated from the various epithelial layers.  These were examined with the light and scanning electron microscope.  Cells from non-keratinized epithelia have surface microplications while those from keratinized epithelia show microvilli and pits.  Two distinct types of cell are therefore present.  It is suggested that the different surface appearances are related to different types of mechanical adhesion between the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:124341", "title": "The fate of vital and devitalized bone grafts in the healing of interradicular lesions.", "content": "The fate of vital and devitalized grafts of mature concellous bone from the jaws were studied in interradicular lesions in monkeys.  98 bifurcation defects were produced in premolars and molars and maintained by periodontal dressing inserted for four weeks.  Ten to 15 weeks later fresh cancellous bone was transplanted into 32 defects.  Other cancellous bone grafts were divitalized by boiling and transplanted into 34 bifurcations.  The remaining 32 defects received no grafts.  The animals were sacrificed to yield observation periods from 0 to 90 days.  After decalcification of the specimens and embedding in paraffin, serial sections were cut at 8 microns and stained.  The fate of viable and dead transplants were similar during the healing of the interradicular lesions.  Except for a few osteocytes which seemed to survive transplantation in the fresh cancellous bone, the osteocyte lacunae were devoid of cells in both types of transplants after 1 week.  The deepest located bone grafts became incorporated in new bone developed from the interradicular septum.  The more superficially located grafts were rejected or were surrounded by a cementum-like substans.  The influence of the grafts on bone regeneration was small and based solely on their osteoconductive effect.", "contents": "The fate of vital and devitalized bone grafts in the healing of interradicular lesions. The fate of vital and devitalized grafts of mature concellous bone from the jaws were studied in interradicular lesions in monkeys.  98 bifurcation defects were produced in premolars and molars and maintained by periodontal dressing inserted for four weeks.  Ten to 15 weeks later fresh cancellous bone was transplanted into 32 defects.  Other cancellous bone grafts were divitalized by boiling and transplanted into 34 bifurcations.  The remaining 32 defects received no grafts.  The animals were sacrificed to yield observation periods from 0 to 90 days.  After decalcification of the specimens and embedding in paraffin, serial sections were cut at 8 microns and stained.  The fate of viable and dead transplants were similar during the healing of the interradicular lesions.  Except for a few osteocytes which seemed to survive transplantation in the fresh cancellous bone, the osteocyte lacunae were devoid of cells in both types of transplants after 1 week.  The deepest located bone grafts became incorporated in new bone developed from the interradicular septum.  The more superficially located grafts were rejected or were surrounded by a cementum-like substans.  The influence of the grafts on bone regeneration was small and based solely on their osteoconductive effect."}
{"id": "PMID:124342", "title": "Autoradiographic study of 3-h-proline incorporation by rat periodontal ligament, gingival connective tissue and dental pulp.", "content": "The rates of 3-H-proline incorporation by the rat periodontal ligament, the gingival connective tissue and the dental pulp were studied by autoradiography.  The rate of 3-H-proline incorporation by the periodontal ligament was 2.8 times higher than by the gingival connective tissue and 5 times higher than by the dental pulp.  These differences were significant (p smaller than 0.01).  The pattern of 3-H-proline  incorporation by the periodontal ligament was significantly different (p smaller than 0.01) from that by the gingival connective tissue and the dental pulp.  The latter two tissues exhibited a similar pattern of 3-H-proline incorporation.  The ratio of the rates of 3-H-proline incorporation by the three tissues did not correlate with the ratio of the cellular densities in the same three tissues.", "contents": "Autoradiographic study of 3-h-proline incorporation by rat periodontal ligament, gingival connective tissue and dental pulp. The rates of 3-H-proline incorporation by the rat periodontal ligament, the gingival connective tissue and the dental pulp were studied by autoradiography.  The rate of 3-H-proline incorporation by the periodontal ligament was 2.8 times higher than by the gingival connective tissue and 5 times higher than by the dental pulp.  These differences were significant (p smaller than 0.01).  The pattern of 3-H-proline  incorporation by the periodontal ligament was significantly different (p smaller than 0.01) from that by the gingival connective tissue and the dental pulp.  The latter two tissues exhibited a similar pattern of 3-H-proline incorporation.  The ratio of the rates of 3-H-proline incorporation by the three tissues did not correlate with the ratio of the cellular densities in the same three tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:124343", "title": "Stereochemical preferences for curarimimetic neuromuscular junction blockade I: enantiomeric monoquaternary amines as probes.", "content": "Seven pairs of monoquaternary enantiomeric neuromuscular junction blocking agents were prepared in which the carbon asymmetry is adjacent to the quaternized nitrogen moiety. The tertiary amines from which the blocking species were obtained are carnegine, laudanosine, N-methylpavine, corydine, isocorydine, glaucine, and boldine. Curarimimetic potencies, obtained with an in vivo cat tongue-hypoglossal nerve preparation, were obtained for the enantiomeric methiodides of each of these amines. Possible contributions to activity be preferential binding to blood components or by selective inhibition of acetylcholinesterase also were studied. The combined studies indicate that there is a modest preference by the neuromuscular junction of the cat for monoquaternary blockers with the (s)-confirguation.", "contents": "Stereochemical preferences for curarimimetic neuromuscular junction blockade I: enantiomeric monoquaternary amines as probes. Seven pairs of monoquaternary enantiomeric neuromuscular junction blocking agents were prepared in which the carbon asymmetry is adjacent to the quaternized nitrogen moiety. The tertiary amines from which the blocking species were obtained are carnegine, laudanosine, N-methylpavine, corydine, isocorydine, glaucine, and boldine. Curarimimetic potencies, obtained with an in vivo cat tongue-hypoglossal nerve preparation, were obtained for the enantiomeric methiodides of each of these amines. Possible contributions to activity be preferential binding to blood components or by selective inhibition of acetylcholinesterase also were studied. The combined studies indicate that there is a modest preference by the neuromuscular junction of the cat for monoquaternary blockers with the (s)-confirguation."}
{"id": "PMID:124344", "title": "Stereochemical preferences for curarimimetic neuromuscular junction blockade II. enantiomeric bisquaternary amines as probes.", "content": "Two pairs of bisquaternary enantiomeric neuromuscular junction blocking agents as well as their diasteriomeric mesoforms were prepared in which the carbon asymmetry is adjacent to the quaternary center. The tertiary amines from which the blocking species were obtained by methyl iodide treatment were N-methylpavine and 1,1'-dodecamethylenebis(6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline). Blocking potencies were determined by the mouse inclined screen assay and by the cat tongue-hypoglossal nerve technique. The mouse assay showed no statistical difference between the enantiomeric probes derived from N-methylpavine and only a modest superiority of the (R-R) isomer over the (S-S) isomer in the case of the tetrahydroisoquinoline compounds. The cat assay showed a modest statistically significant (R-R) greater than (S-S) difference in potencies in both kinds of probes. The diastereomeric meso-compounds were less active than the enantiomers in mice but were of intermediate activity in the cat determination. Acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting activity was determined for each probe to discount potency differences from this source, and no significant differences in blocking potency attributable to preferential enzyme inhibition by the probes were noted.", "contents": "Stereochemical preferences for curarimimetic neuromuscular junction blockade II. enantiomeric bisquaternary amines as probes. Two pairs of bisquaternary enantiomeric neuromuscular junction blocking agents as well as their diasteriomeric mesoforms were prepared in which the carbon asymmetry is adjacent to the quaternary center. The tertiary amines from which the blocking species were obtained by methyl iodide treatment were N-methylpavine and 1,1'-dodecamethylenebis(6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline). Blocking potencies were determined by the mouse inclined screen assay and by the cat tongue-hypoglossal nerve technique. The mouse assay showed no statistical difference between the enantiomeric probes derived from N-methylpavine and only a modest superiority of the (R-R) isomer over the (S-S) isomer in the case of the tetrahydroisoquinoline compounds. The cat assay showed a modest statistically significant (R-R) greater than (S-S) difference in potencies in both kinds of probes. The diastereomeric meso-compounds were less active than the enantiomers in mice but were of intermediate activity in the cat determination. Acetylcholinesterase-inhibiting activity was determined for each probe to discount potency differences from this source, and no significant differences in blocking potency attributable to preferential enzyme inhibition by the probes were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:124345", "title": "Sterochemical preferences for curarimimetic neuromuscular junction blockade III: enantiomeric bisquaternary amines related to benzoquinonium as probes.", "content": "Enantiomeric neuromuscular junction blocking agents, which are of the benzoquinonium type but which have a methyl group introduced adjacent to the quaternary moieties to provide an asymmetric center were synthesized and tested to determine whether the neuromuscular junction exhibits the relatively modest (R) greater than (S) superiority shown toward previously tested bisquaternaries. Testing included a mouse inclined screen assay and an in vivo cat hypoglossal nerve-tongue preparation, as well as standard estimations of anticholinesterase activity since the candidate compounds are known to have such a component in their activity spectrum. The observed 2:1 difference in blocking activity favoring the compound with an (R)-configuration is the same as that for previously tested bisquaternaries, both in direction and magnitude. Furthermore, it cannot be accounted for by preferential inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by the (S)-enantiomer. Absolute configurations of the enantiomers were assigned on the basis of comparison with compounds of known configuration.", "contents": "Sterochemical preferences for curarimimetic neuromuscular junction blockade III: enantiomeric bisquaternary amines related to benzoquinonium as probes. Enantiomeric neuromuscular junction blocking agents, which are of the benzoquinonium type but which have a methyl group introduced adjacent to the quaternary moieties to provide an asymmetric center were synthesized and tested to determine whether the neuromuscular junction exhibits the relatively modest (R) greater than (S) superiority shown toward previously tested bisquaternaries. Testing included a mouse inclined screen assay and an in vivo cat hypoglossal nerve-tongue preparation, as well as standard estimations of anticholinesterase activity since the candidate compounds are known to have such a component in their activity spectrum. The observed 2:1 difference in blocking activity favoring the compound with an (R)-configuration is the same as that for previously tested bisquaternaries, both in direction and magnitude. Furthermore, it cannot be accounted for by preferential inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by the (S)-enantiomer. Absolute configurations of the enantiomers were assigned on the basis of comparison with compounds of known configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:124346", "title": "Determination of iodochlorhydroxyquin and corticosteroids in pharmaceutical formulations.", "content": "Iodochlorhydroxyquin was separated from various corticosteroids using an acetonitrile-diatomaceous earth column. Iodochlorhydroxyquin was eluted with cyclohexane, and the corticosteroid was eluted with chloroform. Iodochlorhydroxyquin was determined by both a UV absorbance method and a new compleximetric method using the nickel chelate of iodochlorhydroxyquin. The corticosteroid was determined by the blue tetrazolium and isoniazid procedures. The average percent recovery for these four methods was 100.8, 99.4,100.7, and 99.9, respectively, for 10 known mixtures. The standard deviation for the absorbance for 10 determinations of the nickel complex was 0.002 absorbance unit (0.31%). Various characteristics of the nickel and other complexes were evaluated, including the sensitivity, solubility, and wavelength of maximum absorbance in 14 different solvents. The analyses of 23 typical products are reported, for which the standard deviation, expressed as a percentage of the amount declared, was 1.31% for the UV, 1.34% for the compleximetric, 1.49% for the blue tetrazolium, and 1.22% for the isoniazid procedures. Methods of determination in the presence of interferences are discussed.", "contents": "Determination of iodochlorhydroxyquin and corticosteroids in pharmaceutical formulations. Iodochlorhydroxyquin was separated from various corticosteroids using an acetonitrile-diatomaceous earth column. Iodochlorhydroxyquin was eluted with cyclohexane, and the corticosteroid was eluted with chloroform. Iodochlorhydroxyquin was determined by both a UV absorbance method and a new compleximetric method using the nickel chelate of iodochlorhydroxyquin. The corticosteroid was determined by the blue tetrazolium and isoniazid procedures. The average percent recovery for these four methods was 100.8, 99.4,100.7, and 99.9, respectively, for 10 known mixtures. The standard deviation for the absorbance for 10 determinations of the nickel complex was 0.002 absorbance unit (0.31%). Various characteristics of the nickel and other complexes were evaluated, including the sensitivity, solubility, and wavelength of maximum absorbance in 14 different solvents. The analyses of 23 typical products are reported, for which the standard deviation, expressed as a percentage of the amount declared, was 1.31% for the UV, 1.34% for the compleximetric, 1.49% for the blue tetrazolium, and 1.22% for the isoniazid procedures. Methods of determination in the presence of interferences are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:124347", "title": "Effect of deoxyuridine coadministration on toxicity and antitumor activity of fluorouracil and floxuridine.", "content": "The addition of deoxyuridine (UDR) to fluorouracil (FU) or floxuridine (5-fluoro-2' deoxyuridine) (FUDR) produced a substantial increase in their toxicity in BDF1 mice. Antitumor assays using sarcoma 180 tumor-bearing mice showed a concomitant increase in tumor growth inhibition for the nucleoside-drug combination over identical doses of the single drug. However, no significant increase in antitumor activity with the combination treatment was demonstrated when equitoxic doses were given. Additional support for the therapeutic equality of the single and combination drug regimens was the similarity of the therapeutic indexes for each treatment regimen involving either fluorouracil or floxuridine. The results suggested that any therapeutic benefit achieved with the combination therapy could be duplicated with either fluorouracil or floxuridine at a higher dose.", "contents": "Effect of deoxyuridine coadministration on toxicity and antitumor activity of fluorouracil and floxuridine. The addition of deoxyuridine (UDR) to fluorouracil (FU) or floxuridine (5-fluoro-2' deoxyuridine) (FUDR) produced a substantial increase in their toxicity in BDF1 mice. Antitumor assays using sarcoma 180 tumor-bearing mice showed a concomitant increase in tumor growth inhibition for the nucleoside-drug combination over identical doses of the single drug. However, no significant increase in antitumor activity with the combination treatment was demonstrated when equitoxic doses were given. Additional support for the therapeutic equality of the single and combination drug regimens was the similarity of the therapeutic indexes for each treatment regimen involving either fluorouracil or floxuridine. The results suggested that any therapeutic benefit achieved with the combination therapy could be duplicated with either fluorouracil or floxuridine at a higher dose."}
{"id": "PMID:124348", "title": "Effect of gentamicin on renal function in the rat.", "content": "The functional correlates of gentamicin nephrotoxicity were studied in rats injected with gentamicin, 100 mg/kg b.wt. per day, for 1 to 6 days. After 4 days of injections, a significant decrease in urine osmolality was detected in association with a rise in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. These changes became more pronounced after 5 days of injections. Injecting gentamicin for 3 to 5 days had no discernible effect on the capacity of the distal nephron to reabsorb solute free water during a saline load compared to the control group. Tubular secretion of para-aminohippurate (PAH) was significantly greater in rats injected with gentamicin for 4 to 5 days than in the control group. Increased uptake of PAH by renal cortical slices was detected after 1 day of gentamicin treatment and reached a peak effect after 5 days of injections. Probenecid completely inhibited the augmented PAH uptake. No stimulation of the organic base transport system was observed. Three days of gentamicin treatment did not alter intracellular water or electrolyte content of kidney cortical slices. The data suggest that gentamicin specifically stimulates the organic acid transport system and that this effect may represent an early functional correlate of gentamicin nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Effect of gentamicin on renal function in the rat. The functional correlates of gentamicin nephrotoxicity were studied in rats injected with gentamicin, 100 mg/kg b.wt. per day, for 1 to 6 days. After 4 days of injections, a significant decrease in urine osmolality was detected in association with a rise in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine. These changes became more pronounced after 5 days of injections. Injecting gentamicin for 3 to 5 days had no discernible effect on the capacity of the distal nephron to reabsorb solute free water during a saline load compared to the control group. Tubular secretion of para-aminohippurate (PAH) was significantly greater in rats injected with gentamicin for 4 to 5 days than in the control group. Increased uptake of PAH by renal cortical slices was detected after 1 day of gentamicin treatment and reached a peak effect after 5 days of injections. Probenecid completely inhibited the augmented PAH uptake. No stimulation of the organic base transport system was observed. Three days of gentamicin treatment did not alter intracellular water or electrolyte content of kidney cortical slices. The data suggest that gentamicin specifically stimulates the organic acid transport system and that this effect may represent an early functional correlate of gentamicin nephrotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:124349", "title": "Influence of L-tryptophan on morphine analgesia, tolerance and physical dependence.", "content": "Four hours after the acute administration of L-tryptophan (75 mg/kg) to either, nontolerant or morphine-tolerant mice, the antinociceptive effect of morphine was partially and significantly antagonized. Daily tryptophan administration to rats and mice during a 3-day morphine pellet implantation period increased the rates of both morphine tolerance development and development of physical dependence. The accelerating effect of tryptophan on tolerance and dependence development in mice was antagonized by pretreatment with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine. Acute tryptophan administration (75 mg/kg) significantly increased mouse brain 5-hydroxytryptamine levels for at least 4 hours. Although chronic tryptophan treatment increased 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover in morphine-treated mice, no effect of chronic morphine or tryptophan treatment on the particulate tryptophan  hydroxylase activity of whole mouse brain was observed. Slight increases in tryptophan hydroxylase activity were observed in the caudate-putamen and septal areas of rat brain 3 and 6 days, respectively, after s.c. morphine pellet implantation. These and previous studies from our laboratory indicate that the development of morphine tolerance and dependence can be modified by agents affecting serotonergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Influence of L-tryptophan on morphine analgesia, tolerance and physical dependence. Four hours after the acute administration of L-tryptophan (75 mg/kg) to either, nontolerant or morphine-tolerant mice, the antinociceptive effect of morphine was partially and significantly antagonized. Daily tryptophan administration to rats and mice during a 3-day morphine pellet implantation period increased the rates of both morphine tolerance development and development of physical dependence. The accelerating effect of tryptophan on tolerance and dependence development in mice was antagonized by pretreatment with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine. Acute tryptophan administration (75 mg/kg) significantly increased mouse brain 5-hydroxytryptamine levels for at least 4 hours. Although chronic tryptophan treatment increased 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover in morphine-treated mice, no effect of chronic morphine or tryptophan treatment on the particulate tryptophan  hydroxylase activity of whole mouse brain was observed. Slight increases in tryptophan hydroxylase activity were observed in the caudate-putamen and septal areas of rat brain 3 and 6 days, respectively, after s.c. morphine pellet implantation. These and previous studies from our laboratory indicate that the development of morphine tolerance and dependence can be modified by agents affecting serotonergic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:124350", "title": "Effect of growth in lithium on ouabain binding, Na-K-ATPase and Na and K transport in hela cells.", "content": "1. HeLa cells were grown for 24 hr in growth medium in which part of the Na was replaced with Li. Ion contents, cell volumes and numbers, Na-K-ATPase and specific ouabain binding were measured. In some experiments the Na efflux and net Na transport was also measured. 2. Growth in Li caused a rise in the specific ouabain binding and membrane Na-K-ATPase of these cells. The Li concentrations in the cells necessary to produce this effect ranged up to 50 mM. 3. It is suggested that Li, like Na, acts on the genetic material of the cells to cause the production of more Na pumps within the membrane.", "contents": "Effect of growth in lithium on ouabain binding, Na-K-ATPase and Na and K transport in hela cells. 1. HeLa cells were grown for 24 hr in growth medium in which part of the Na was replaced with Li. Ion contents, cell volumes and numbers, Na-K-ATPase and specific ouabain binding were measured. In some experiments the Na efflux and net Na transport was also measured. 2. Growth in Li caused a rise in the specific ouabain binding and membrane Na-K-ATPase of these cells. The Li concentrations in the cells necessary to produce this effect ranged up to 50 mM. 3. It is suggested that Li, like Na, acts on the genetic material of the cells to cause the production of more Na pumps within the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:124351", "title": "The interaction of ATP-analogues possessing a blocked gamma-phosphate group with the sodium pump in human red cells.", "content": "1. The (Na++K+)-ATPase of red cell membranes is unable to hydrolyse ATP-analogues in which the oxygen atom linking the beta- and gamma-phosphate groups is replaced by a minusCH2minus or minusNH-bridge. 2. In resealed ghosts both these ATP-analogues support K:K exchange but not Na:K exchange. ATP supports both modes of operation of the sodium pump, whereas neither occurs without any nucleotide. 3. These results support the hypothesis that ATP is needed as a cofactor for K:K exchange to occur, and make it extremely unlikely that phosphorylation from ATP is involved.", "contents": "The interaction of ATP-analogues possessing a blocked gamma-phosphate group with the sodium pump in human red cells. 1. The (Na++K+)-ATPase of red cell membranes is unable to hydrolyse ATP-analogues in which the oxygen atom linking the beta- and gamma-phosphate groups is replaced by a minusCH2minus or minusNH-bridge. 2. In resealed ghosts both these ATP-analogues support K:K exchange but not Na:K exchange. ATP supports both modes of operation of the sodium pump, whereas neither occurs without any nucleotide. 3. These results support the hypothesis that ATP is needed as a cofactor for K:K exchange to occur, and make it extremely unlikely that phosphorylation from ATP is involved."}
{"id": "PMID:124352", "title": "An investigation into the site of termination of static gamma fibres within muscle spindles of the cat peroneus longus muscle.", "content": "1. The distribution of static fusimotor fibres to intrafusal muscle fibres of cat peroneus longus muscle spindles was investigated using the glycogen-depletion technique of Edstr\u00f6m & Kugelberg (1968). Single static gamma fibres were stimulation intermittently at high rates for 3 hr with the blood supply occluded for some of this time. Subsequently the portion of muscle containing the activated spindles was fixed, sectioned and stained for glycogen with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) method. 2. Ten static axons caused depletion in eleven spindles. In five of these the only glycogen-depleted fibres were nuclear chain fibres. In the other six spindles one nuclear bag fibre was depleted in addition to chain fibres and this was always the larger of the two within the spindle. 3. These results on a medium-sized hind limb muscle are compared with findings concerning the distribution of static gamma fibre axons previously investigated only in very small muscles. The results agree in showing that nearly all static gamma fibres innervate nuclear chain fibres but that in 50-75% of the times in which static gamma fibres innervate spindles the distribution is to bag fibres as well as to chain fibres. The interpretation to be put upon this is uncertain. One possibility with which the results from peroneus longus are consistent is that the bag fibres which are usually innervated by static axons are the 'intermediate' bag fibres whose ultrastructure has recently been shown to resemble that of chain fibres.", "contents": "An investigation into the site of termination of static gamma fibres within muscle spindles of the cat peroneus longus muscle. 1. The distribution of static fusimotor fibres to intrafusal muscle fibres of cat peroneus longus muscle spindles was investigated using the glycogen-depletion technique of Edstr\u00f6m & Kugelberg (1968). Single static gamma fibres were stimulation intermittently at high rates for 3 hr with the blood supply occluded for some of this time. Subsequently the portion of muscle containing the activated spindles was fixed, sectioned and stained for glycogen with the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) method. 2. Ten static axons caused depletion in eleven spindles. In five of these the only glycogen-depleted fibres were nuclear chain fibres. In the other six spindles one nuclear bag fibre was depleted in addition to chain fibres and this was always the larger of the two within the spindle. 3. These results on a medium-sized hind limb muscle are compared with findings concerning the distribution of static gamma fibre axons previously investigated only in very small muscles. The results agree in showing that nearly all static gamma fibres innervate nuclear chain fibres but that in 50-75% of the times in which static gamma fibres innervate spindles the distribution is to bag fibres as well as to chain fibres. The interpretation to be put upon this is uncertain. One possibility with which the results from peroneus longus are consistent is that the bag fibres which are usually innervated by static axons are the 'intermediate' bag fibres whose ultrastructure has recently been shown to resemble that of chain fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:124355", "title": "Control of thymidine kinase synthesis in IHD vaccinia virus-infected thymidine kinase-deficient LM cells.", "content": "The synthesis of vaccinia virus-induced thymidine kinase is normally arrested several hours after infection. In thymidine kinase-deficient LM cells infected with IHD strain of vaccinia virus, arrest occurs whether or not viral DNA synthesis is inhibited. With virus inactivated by UV irradiation, enzyme synthesis takes place, but arrest is abolished. It is suggested that an early viral genetic function is responsible for the cessation of thymidine kinase synthesis.", "contents": "Control of thymidine kinase synthesis in IHD vaccinia virus-infected thymidine kinase-deficient LM cells. The synthesis of vaccinia virus-induced thymidine kinase is normally arrested several hours after infection. In thymidine kinase-deficient LM cells infected with IHD strain of vaccinia virus, arrest occurs whether or not viral DNA synthesis is inhibited. With virus inactivated by UV irradiation, enzyme synthesis takes place, but arrest is abolished. It is suggested that an early viral genetic function is responsible for the cessation of thymidine kinase synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:124372", "title": "Coexistent ipsilateral subclavian steal and thoracic outlet compression syndromes.", "content": "In this report we shall describe a 34-year old woman who presented with signs and symptoms of ipsilateral subclavian steal and thoracic outlet compression syndromes. The diagnosis was confirmed by arteriography and measurement of nerve conduction velocities. Via a single approach, the first rib was resected, the left subclavian artery was ligated at its takeoff, and flow was re-established with a woven Dacron graft. Two years postoperatively, the woman has equal and full pulses and blood pressure bilaterally, good strength, and no evidence of muscle atrophy.", "contents": "Coexistent ipsilateral subclavian steal and thoracic outlet compression syndromes. In this report we shall describe a 34-year old woman who presented with signs and symptoms of ipsilateral subclavian steal and thoracic outlet compression syndromes. The diagnosis was confirmed by arteriography and measurement of nerve conduction velocities. Via a single approach, the first rib was resected, the left subclavian artery was ligated at its takeoff, and flow was re-established with a woven Dacron graft. Two years postoperatively, the woman has equal and full pulses and blood pressure bilaterally, good strength, and no evidence of muscle atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:124373", "title": "Common atrium associated with anomalous high insertion of the inferior vena cava.", "content": "The case is reported of a 38-year-old housewife with a common atrium associated with anomalous high insertion of the inferior vena cava, absence of the coronary sinus, and drainage of a left hepatic vein into the left side of common atrium. Surgical repair was performed successfully. The procedure was closure of a nearly total atrial septal defect with a Dacron patch. Embroyologically, the development failure of the sinu-atrial fold appears to be the basic causal factor.", "contents": "Common atrium associated with anomalous high insertion of the inferior vena cava. The case is reported of a 38-year-old housewife with a common atrium associated with anomalous high insertion of the inferior vena cava, absence of the coronary sinus, and drainage of a left hepatic vein into the left side of common atrium. Surgical repair was performed successfully. The procedure was closure of a nearly total atrial septal defect with a Dacron patch. Embroyologically, the development failure of the sinu-atrial fold appears to be the basic causal factor."}
{"id": "PMID:124394", "title": "[Healing of the donor area after transplantation of splitted grafts].", "content": "The healing of wounds in the donor area of splitted grafts was observed. The transplants served to graft an already existing wound which had not healed spontaneously. 120 wounds sustained by 95 patients were examined either histologically or by Rebuck's method of skin fenestration. 30 wounds were dressed with ointment and tulle, in 55 cases the wound was covered with perforated cellophane and an Allen-Koch compression bandage. These patients also received 1500 mg Complain in 500 ml physiological saline solution daily, by continuous drip infusion, for three days postoperatively. In 35 patients the wounds were only covered with perforated cellophane, but without additional medication. The application of Complamin shortened the healing process to seven to ten days in contrast to the control group where the wounds took 15 to 17 days to heal.", "contents": "[Healing of the donor area after transplantation of splitted grafts]. The healing of wounds in the donor area of splitted grafts was observed. The transplants served to graft an already existing wound which had not healed spontaneously. 120 wounds sustained by 95 patients were examined either histologically or by Rebuck's method of skin fenestration. 30 wounds were dressed with ointment and tulle, in 55 cases the wound was covered with perforated cellophane and an Allen-Koch compression bandage. These patients also received 1500 mg Complain in 500 ml physiological saline solution daily, by continuous drip infusion, for three days postoperatively. In 35 patients the wounds were only covered with perforated cellophane, but without additional medication. The application of Complamin shortened the healing process to seven to ten days in contrast to the control group where the wounds took 15 to 17 days to heal."}
{"id": "PMID:124398", "title": "[Plastic surgery in the treatment of obesity (author's transl)].", "content": "The treatment of obesity must be primarily conservative. In suitable cases, a surgical operation may logically supplement it. Indications for operation: Localised accumulation of fat, generalised adiposity resistant to therapy, overstretched, flabby areas of skin and soft parts after radical conservative weight reduction or pregnancy, and esthetic considerations. The plastic surgical possibilities of \"dermolipectomy\" are pointed out, with typical examples.", "contents": "[Plastic surgery in the treatment of obesity (author's transl)]. The treatment of obesity must be primarily conservative. In suitable cases, a surgical operation may logically supplement it. Indications for operation: Localised accumulation of fat, generalised adiposity resistant to therapy, overstretched, flabby areas of skin and soft parts after radical conservative weight reduction or pregnancy, and esthetic considerations. The plastic surgical possibilities of \"dermolipectomy\" are pointed out, with typical examples."}
{"id": "PMID:124399", "title": "[Gastro-intestinal endoscopy - today and tomorrow (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of their optical and mechanical properties, glass fibers have fulfilled the requirements for a panendoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract. The upper digestive tract (as far as the lower knee of the duodenum) and the large intestine, including the terminal ileum can be examined routinely nowadays with minimal risk. Surgical diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy open up new possibilities, i. e. polypectomy, endoscopic biopsy, extraction of foreign bodies, papillotomy etc. The development of gastrointestinal endoscopy demands reorientation in training and teaching, in practice and in hospital.", "contents": "[Gastro-intestinal endoscopy - today and tomorrow (author's transl)]. Because of their optical and mechanical properties, glass fibers have fulfilled the requirements for a panendoscopy of the gastrointestinal tract. The upper digestive tract (as far as the lower knee of the duodenum) and the large intestine, including the terminal ileum can be examined routinely nowadays with minimal risk. Surgical diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopy open up new possibilities, i. e. polypectomy, endoscopic biopsy, extraction of foreign bodies, papillotomy etc. The development of gastrointestinal endoscopy demands reorientation in training and teaching, in practice and in hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:124400", "title": "[Thrombolytic treatment with urokinase (author's transl)].", "content": "Compared with streptokinase, thrombolytic treatment with urokinase has the advantages of being better tolerated and of practically unlimited applicability. Its disadvantage is the high cost. A good lytic action can be obtained with a dosage of 150,000 Ploug Units/12 hours for a duration of lysis of 8-14 days combined with heparin, the therapy being monitored by determination of the products of fibrinolysis. This dosage is not possible if the time factor plays a decisive role in the success of the treatment, e.g. in myocardial infarction. Urokinase is indicated when streptokinase cannot be used, or if continuation of the streptokinase therapy is necessary because of extensive thromboses.", "contents": "[Thrombolytic treatment with urokinase (author's transl)]. Compared with streptokinase, thrombolytic treatment with urokinase has the advantages of being better tolerated and of practically unlimited applicability. Its disadvantage is the high cost. A good lytic action can be obtained with a dosage of 150,000 Ploug Units/12 hours for a duration of lysis of 8-14 days combined with heparin, the therapy being monitored by determination of the products of fibrinolysis. This dosage is not possible if the time factor plays a decisive role in the success of the treatment, e.g. in myocardial infarction. Urokinase is indicated when streptokinase cannot be used, or if continuation of the streptokinase therapy is necessary because of extensive thromboses."}
{"id": "PMID:124401", "title": "Gamma-ray inactivation of conidia from heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa containing UV-sensitive mutations.", "content": "Two-component heterokaryons were formed with the fungus Neurospora crassa. The UV-sensitive mutations upr-I, uvs-4, and uvs-6 were utilized. Conidia produced by these heterokaryons were exposed to gamma-rays and survival curves were established for the three conidial fractions produced by each heterokaryon. Results showed that upr-I, when included in only one nuclear component, did not affect the sensitivity of any conidial fraction; however, when included in both components, all three conidial fractions exhibited two- to four-fold decreases in survival at the 30 krad exposure. The uvs-4 mutation, when included in one or both components, did not increase the sensitivity of any conidial fraction and appeared, in contrast, to impart a small increase in resistance to inactivation by gamma-rays. When included in only one component, uvs-6 increased the sensitivity of homokaryotic uvs-6 conidia but had no affect on the other two conidial fractions. When included in both components, uvs-6 resulted in exponential inactivation curves and at the 30 krad exposure, 100-fold decreases in survival for all three conidial fractions.", "contents": "Gamma-ray inactivation of conidia from heterokaryons of Neurospora crassa containing UV-sensitive mutations. Two-component heterokaryons were formed with the fungus Neurospora crassa. The UV-sensitive mutations upr-I, uvs-4, and uvs-6 were utilized. Conidia produced by these heterokaryons were exposed to gamma-rays and survival curves were established for the three conidial fractions produced by each heterokaryon. Results showed that upr-I, when included in only one nuclear component, did not affect the sensitivity of any conidial fraction; however, when included in both components, all three conidial fractions exhibited two- to four-fold decreases in survival at the 30 krad exposure. The uvs-4 mutation, when included in one or both components, did not increase the sensitivity of any conidial fraction and appeared, in contrast, to impart a small increase in resistance to inactivation by gamma-rays. When included in only one component, uvs-6 increased the sensitivity of homokaryotic uvs-6 conidia but had no affect on the other two conidial fractions. When included in both components, uvs-6 resulted in exponential inactivation curves and at the 30 krad exposure, 100-fold decreases in survival for all three conidial fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:124409", "title": "Indications, contraindications and complications of laparoscopy.", "content": "The primary use of laparoscopy is as a surgical tool, with sterilizations being the overwhelming indication. The laparoscope is used less frequently as a non-surgical tool, with the major indication being for diagnosing infertility and/or amenorrhea, and for evaluation of obscure pelvic pain. There would seem to be several indications for laparoscopy that have been neglected, these being in confirming the diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease; in the evaluation of malignancies and abdominal-pelvic trauma; and the surgical treatment of pelvic pain. Lapar-The majority of these contraindications are relative, and depend soley on the laparoscopist's ability and his clinical judgment. The problems of hernias seem to have been over-emphasized. The laparoscopist should be aware of potential problems with umbilical hernia, and he probably can ignore hiatal hernias except when they are large and quite symptomatic. However, generalized abdominal peritonitis, significant hemoperitoneum with intestinal obstruction are felt by most authors to be absolute contraindications. The most frequent complications of laparoscopy involve the physoperitoneum. Except for cardiac arrest the most serious complications involve electrical burns to small bowel.", "contents": "Indications, contraindications and complications of laparoscopy. The primary use of laparoscopy is as a surgical tool, with sterilizations being the overwhelming indication. The laparoscope is used less frequently as a non-surgical tool, with the major indication being for diagnosing infertility and/or amenorrhea, and for evaluation of obscure pelvic pain. There would seem to be several indications for laparoscopy that have been neglected, these being in confirming the diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease; in the evaluation of malignancies and abdominal-pelvic trauma; and the surgical treatment of pelvic pain. Lapar-The majority of these contraindications are relative, and depend soley on the laparoscopist's ability and his clinical judgment. The problems of hernias seem to have been over-emphasized. The laparoscopist should be aware of potential problems with umbilical hernia, and he probably can ignore hiatal hernias except when they are large and quite symptomatic. However, generalized abdominal peritonitis, significant hemoperitoneum with intestinal obstruction are felt by most authors to be absolute contraindications. The most frequent complications of laparoscopy involve the physoperitoneum. Except for cardiac arrest the most serious complications involve electrical burns to small bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:124429", "title": "[Postmortem fibrinolysis and its biological characteristics].", "content": "Fibrinolysic cadaveric blood studied after a rapid death (strangulation asphyxia, traumatic and sudden death) contained no plasmin--an enzyme of fibrin destruction, and no plasminogen--its inactive precursor. In the absence of plasmin and plasminogen of interest is a high content of plasminogen activator. An increase in the content of the activator in the fibrinolysic blood exists along with a marked proactivator level. A relationshp between the concentration of the activator and the proactivator in this blood indirectly pointed to the intravascular (from the pre-existing blood proactivator of the living), and not the tissue origin of the activator. Activation of plasma proactivator is caused by the entrance of tissue lysokinases into the circulation.", "contents": "[Postmortem fibrinolysis and its biological characteristics]. Fibrinolysic cadaveric blood studied after a rapid death (strangulation asphyxia, traumatic and sudden death) contained no plasmin--an enzyme of fibrin destruction, and no plasminogen--its inactive precursor. In the absence of plasmin and plasminogen of interest is a high content of plasminogen activator. An increase in the content of the activator in the fibrinolysic blood exists along with a marked proactivator level. A relationshp between the concentration of the activator and the proactivator in this blood indirectly pointed to the intravascular (from the pre-existing blood proactivator of the living), and not the tissue origin of the activator. Activation of plasma proactivator is caused by the entrance of tissue lysokinases into the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:124440", "title": "Mucopolysaccharides associated with nuclei of cultured mammalian cells.", "content": "Mucopolysaccharides have been isolated, fractionated, and characterized from the nuclei of cultured B16 mouse melanoma cells grown in the presence of (3-H)-glucosamine and (35-S)sulfate. Digestion of the nuclei with DNase followed by Pronase gave a mixture of complex carbohydrates from which the mucopolysaccharides were isolated by precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride. After fractionation by differential salt extraction and chromatography on controlled pore glass bead columns, the components were identified by chemical and enzymatic methods. The major polysaccharide components were a family of high-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfates with different degrees of sulfation; a minor component has been characterized as heparan sulfate.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharides associated with nuclei of cultured mammalian cells. Mucopolysaccharides have been isolated, fractionated, and characterized from the nuclei of cultured B16 mouse melanoma cells grown in the presence of (3-H)-glucosamine and (35-S)sulfate. Digestion of the nuclei with DNase followed by Pronase gave a mixture of complex carbohydrates from which the mucopolysaccharides were isolated by precipitation with cetylpyridinium chloride. After fractionation by differential salt extraction and chromatography on controlled pore glass bead columns, the components were identified by chemical and enzymatic methods. The major polysaccharide components were a family of high-molecular-weight chondroitin sulfates with different degrees of sulfation; a minor component has been characterized as heparan sulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:124447", "title": "The prone chest film.", "content": "Frontal chest radiographs in the prone position enhanced visualization of the posterior lung base in the presence of pleural effusions. Though the lateral decubitus view often displaced fluid adequately, in several cases only the prone film revealed basilar lung pathology; this was due to gravitational shift of the fluid away from this region as well as improved aeration of the lower lobe in the prone position, as shown by horizontal-beam  lateral views. The prone chest film is recommended for evaluation of the lung base when obscured by fluid.", "contents": "The prone chest film. Frontal chest radiographs in the prone position enhanced visualization of the posterior lung base in the presence of pleural effusions. Though the lateral decubitus view often displaced fluid adequately, in several cases only the prone film revealed basilar lung pathology; this was due to gravitational shift of the fluid away from this region as well as improved aeration of the lower lobe in the prone position, as shown by horizontal-beam  lateral views. The prone chest film is recommended for evaluation of the lung base when obscured by fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:124457", "title": "[Streptozotocin diabetes in a miniature pig (author's transl)].", "content": "The intravenous application of 60 mg streptozotocin/kg body weight to a Hanford miniature pig 8 days after a first dose of 30 mg/kg led to a diabetes with loss of insulin response to glucose, hyperglycaemia, glucosuria and a considerable increase of triglycerides and cholesterol. The application of 40 mg streptozotocin/kg to a second pig had no effect.", "contents": "[Streptozotocin diabetes in a miniature pig (author's transl)]. The intravenous application of 60 mg streptozotocin/kg body weight to a Hanford miniature pig 8 days after a first dose of 30 mg/kg led to a diabetes with loss of insulin response to glucose, hyperglycaemia, glucosuria and a considerable increase of triglycerides and cholesterol. The application of 40 mg streptozotocin/kg to a second pig had no effect."}
{"id": "PMID:124463", "title": "Filtration characteristics of dacron wool (Swank) blood transfusion filters.", "content": "Stored human blood of varying age was passed through standard commercial blood transfusion filters (pore size, 170 mu) and Swank Dacron wool blood transfusion filters (pore size, 20mu). Passage through the Dacron filter resulted in a marked decrease in SFP and an increase in filter weight indicating removal of microaggregates which have been implicated as a cause of pulmonary insufficiency. The commercial filter tested did not appear to be effective in removing these harmful aggregates. On the basis of this research it is concluded that the Swank Dacron wool blood transfusion filter will prevent pulmonary microemboli during transfusion. Because aggregate removal appeared to be quantitative, it is recommended that no more than four units of blood be passed through each Dacron wool filter.", "contents": "Filtration characteristics of dacron wool (Swank) blood transfusion filters. Stored human blood of varying age was passed through standard commercial blood transfusion filters (pore size, 170 mu) and Swank Dacron wool blood transfusion filters (pore size, 20mu). Passage through the Dacron filter resulted in a marked decrease in SFP and an increase in filter weight indicating removal of microaggregates which have been implicated as a cause of pulmonary insufficiency. The commercial filter tested did not appear to be effective in removing these harmful aggregates. On the basis of this research it is concluded that the Swank Dacron wool blood transfusion filter will prevent pulmonary microemboli during transfusion. Because aggregate removal appeared to be quantitative, it is recommended that no more than four units of blood be passed through each Dacron wool filter."}
{"id": "PMID:124469", "title": "A 3-year survey of a rural orthopaedic clinic.", "content": "The experiences of a team beginning and running a rural orthopaedic clinic are described. Suggestions for the running of such a clinic are put forward.", "contents": "A 3-year survey of a rural orthopaedic clinic. The experiences of a team beginning and running a rural orthopaedic clinic are described. Suggestions for the running of such a clinic are put forward."}
{"id": "PMID:124470", "title": "Predictive value of mixed leukocyte culture testing on allograft survival in unrelated dogs.", "content": "This study evaluated the mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) technique to quantitate differences in kidney allograft survival between unrelated animals. Each of five beagles received two heterotopic kidney allografts, one from a mongrel dog showing high MLC stimulation and one from a second mongrel dog showing a low MLC stimulation. Low or high stimulators were defined by the amount of radioactive thymidine incorporated by lymphocytes when the recipient was tested against a number of potential donors in one way MLC TESTS. Low and high stimulators usually differed by a factor of up to ten in the stimulation index. Recipients were given a standard treatment of asathioprine and prednisone. No special treatment was given for rejection episodes. Creatine clearances and periodic biopsies were used to determine rejection. Creatine clearances and biopsies showed the high stimulating kidneys to be rejected completely by the end of 2 weeks in all animals. All of the low stimulating kidneys maintained normal function for 3 weeks and then developed progressive deterioration and rejection over the next 3 to 6 weeks. These studies suggest that quantitation of the MLC may be predictive of kidney allograft survival in unrelated dogs.", "contents": "Predictive value of mixed leukocyte culture testing on allograft survival in unrelated dogs. This study evaluated the mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) technique to quantitate differences in kidney allograft survival between unrelated animals. Each of five beagles received two heterotopic kidney allografts, one from a mongrel dog showing high MLC stimulation and one from a second mongrel dog showing a low MLC stimulation. Low or high stimulators were defined by the amount of radioactive thymidine incorporated by lymphocytes when the recipient was tested against a number of potential donors in one way MLC TESTS. Low and high stimulators usually differed by a factor of up to ten in the stimulation index. Recipients were given a standard treatment of asathioprine and prednisone. No special treatment was given for rejection episodes. Creatine clearances and periodic biopsies were used to determine rejection. Creatine clearances and biopsies showed the high stimulating kidneys to be rejected completely by the end of 2 weeks in all animals. All of the low stimulating kidneys maintained normal function for 3 weeks and then developed progressive deterioration and rejection over the next 3 to 6 weeks. These studies suggest that quantitation of the MLC may be predictive of kidney allograft survival in unrelated dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:124471", "title": "The effects of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine used alone and in combination with normal nucleic acid precursors on development of mice in lines selected for low and high expression of Strong's luxoid gene.", "content": "Pregnant female mice selected for plus- and minus-modifying genes of the limb-skeleton effects of Strong's luxoid gene (1st) were injected ip on day 10 of gestation with 10 or 20 mg/kg 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR). The incidence and degree of expression of the effects (polydactyly, ectrodactyly, radial hemimelia, tibial hemimelia, pelvic girdle shifts, deformed caudal vertebrae) varied according to the teratogen and dose level. The addition of an equimolecular amount of thymidine, thymine, or uracil greatly potentiated the effects of 20 mg/kg 5-FU, usually resulting in death of the embryos. The addition of an equimolecular amount of thymidine but not of the embryos. The addition of an equimolecular amount of thymidine but not of thymine or uracil partly protected against the effects of 5-FUdR. Both teratogens increased the expression of ist on the limb skeleton. The interactions of the teratogens with the major gene were inhibited by minus- and promoted by plus-modifying genes of 1st. The effects of the teratogenic treatments may be mediated by cell death.", "contents": "The effects of 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine used alone and in combination with normal nucleic acid precursors on development of mice in lines selected for low and high expression of Strong's luxoid gene. Pregnant female mice selected for plus- and minus-modifying genes of the limb-skeleton effects of Strong's luxoid gene (1st) were injected ip on day 10 of gestation with 10 or 20 mg/kg 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUdR). The incidence and degree of expression of the effects (polydactyly, ectrodactyly, radial hemimelia, tibial hemimelia, pelvic girdle shifts, deformed caudal vertebrae) varied according to the teratogen and dose level. The addition of an equimolecular amount of thymidine, thymine, or uracil greatly potentiated the effects of 20 mg/kg 5-FU, usually resulting in death of the embryos. The addition of an equimolecular amount of thymidine but not of the embryos. The addition of an equimolecular amount of thymidine but not of thymine or uracil partly protected against the effects of 5-FUdR. Both teratogens increased the expression of ist on the limb skeleton. The interactions of the teratogens with the major gene were inhibited by minus- and promoted by plus-modifying genes of 1st. The effects of the teratogenic treatments may be mediated by cell death."}
{"id": "PMID:124472", "title": "Fetal cardiovascular and other defects induced by thalidomide in cats.", "content": "Timed pregnancies were induced in cats by synchronizing gonadotropin-stimulated estrus and ovulation with natural mating. The cats were given daily oral doses of thalidomide as follows: 10 mg/kg on days 10-20 of pregnancy, 240 mg/kg on days 10-14, and 120, 240, and 480 mg/kg on days 15-17 or 18-20 of pregnancy. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section on day 44 or 45 or earlier if threatened abortion was considered imminent. A wide variety of cardiovascular anomalies was observed on gross and microscopic examination including the following ventricular septal defect, right atrial distension primarily involving the coronary sinus, malpositioned great vessels, and narrowed left ventricular chamber with hypertrophied walls. The overall incidence of these anomalies appeared related to dose and treatment period.", "contents": "Fetal cardiovascular and other defects induced by thalidomide in cats. Timed pregnancies were induced in cats by synchronizing gonadotropin-stimulated estrus and ovulation with natural mating. The cats were given daily oral doses of thalidomide as follows: 10 mg/kg on days 10-20 of pregnancy, 240 mg/kg on days 10-14, and 120, 240, and 480 mg/kg on days 15-17 or 18-20 of pregnancy. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section on day 44 or 45 or earlier if threatened abortion was considered imminent. A wide variety of cardiovascular anomalies was observed on gross and microscopic examination including the following ventricular septal defect, right atrial distension primarily involving the coronary sinus, malpositioned great vessels, and narrowed left ventricular chamber with hypertrophied walls. The overall incidence of these anomalies appeared related to dose and treatment period."}
{"id": "PMID:124474", "title": "Molar concentrations of fibrinolytic components, especially free fibrinolysin, in vivo.", "content": "The levels of fibrinogen and of profibrinolysin (plasminogen) in urokinase-treated plasma as a function of time of incubation were measured. The profibrinolysin concentration was estimated through its complete conversion to fibrinolysin and the inhibition of the enzyme by crystalline soybean trypsin inhibitor. The dissociation constant of the FL-STI complex was determined to be 7 times 10-9 M. The average concentration of profibrinolysin in normal human citrated plasma was found to be 8 times 10-7 M. From the decrease of fibrinogen with time in the urokinase-treated plasma, the free fibrinolysin was calculated. Free fibrinolysin in normal human blood in vivo was estimated from the half-life of fibrinogen and other data obtained in this study to be present at a concentration of 1.7 times 10-10 M. The plasmakinase activity in vivo, expressed as urokinase molarity, is also about 2 times 10-10 M.", "contents": "Molar concentrations of fibrinolytic components, especially free fibrinolysin, in vivo. The levels of fibrinogen and of profibrinolysin (plasminogen) in urokinase-treated plasma as a function of time of incubation were measured. The profibrinolysin concentration was estimated through its complete conversion to fibrinolysin and the inhibition of the enzyme by crystalline soybean trypsin inhibitor. The dissociation constant of the FL-STI complex was determined to be 7 times 10-9 M. The average concentration of profibrinolysin in normal human citrated plasma was found to be 8 times 10-7 M. From the decrease of fibrinogen with time in the urokinase-treated plasma, the free fibrinolysin was calculated. Free fibrinolysin in normal human blood in vivo was estimated from the half-life of fibrinogen and other data obtained in this study to be present at a concentration of 1.7 times 10-10 M. The plasmakinase activity in vivo, expressed as urokinase molarity, is also about 2 times 10-10 M."}
{"id": "PMID:124475", "title": "Plasmin inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.", "content": "The effects of plasmin treatment upon washed human platelets were studied in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms underlying thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. At calcium concentrations of 10-20 muM, PLASMIN (0.2 CTA U/ml) inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation almost completely, but did not diminish the thrombin-induced release of adenine nucleotides, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or calcium. Increasing the calcium concentration partially antagonized plasmin's inhibition of aggregation. Studies utilizing calcium chelators and the Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) as a plasmin inhibitor indicated that in order to achieve maximal block of aggregation, plasmin must act upon a substrate made fully available only after an initial thrombin-platelet interaction has taken place. Moreover, the time course of this inhibition parallels the time course of the thrombin-induced release reaction. Plasmin inhibition of aggregation could not be mimicked by exposing the platelets to proteolytic digests of fibrinogen at concentrations as high as 17% total platelet protein. Nor could inhibitory activity be recovered from supernatants of plasmin-treated platelets, upon centrifugation and treatment with SBTI. With the use of a \"cold initiation\" technique, the release by thrombin of 46.7 plus or minus 6.7 (mean plus or minus SEM) mu-g of fibrinogen immunological equivalents per mg platelet protein could be demonstrated. Platelets in which thrombin-induced aggregation was abolished by plasmin treatment (and the plasmin subsequently inactivated by STBI) aggregated normally upon addition of as little as 10 mu-g human plasma fibrinogen per mg platelet protein. It is concluded that plasmin inhibition of aggregation most likely results from its attack upon a protein that is released or becomes fully available subsequent to interaction of thrombin with a platelet receptor mediating release. The results of this study are consistent with a cofactor role for fibrinogen in the aggregation of human platelets by thrombin.", "contents": "Plasmin inhibition of thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. The effects of plasmin treatment upon washed human platelets were studied in an attempt to elucidate the mechanisms underlying thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. At calcium concentrations of 10-20 muM, PLASMIN (0.2 CTA U/ml) inhibited thrombin-induced aggregation almost completely, but did not diminish the thrombin-induced release of adenine nucleotides, 5-hydroxytryptamine, or calcium. Increasing the calcium concentration partially antagonized plasmin's inhibition of aggregation. Studies utilizing calcium chelators and the Kunitz soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) as a plasmin inhibitor indicated that in order to achieve maximal block of aggregation, plasmin must act upon a substrate made fully available only after an initial thrombin-platelet interaction has taken place. Moreover, the time course of this inhibition parallels the time course of the thrombin-induced release reaction. Plasmin inhibition of aggregation could not be mimicked by exposing the platelets to proteolytic digests of fibrinogen at concentrations as high as 17% total platelet protein. Nor could inhibitory activity be recovered from supernatants of plasmin-treated platelets, upon centrifugation and treatment with SBTI. With the use of a \"cold initiation\" technique, the release by thrombin of 46.7 plus or minus 6.7 (mean plus or minus SEM) mu-g of fibrinogen immunological equivalents per mg platelet protein could be demonstrated. Platelets in which thrombin-induced aggregation was abolished by plasmin treatment (and the plasmin subsequently inactivated by STBI) aggregated normally upon addition of as little as 10 mu-g human plasma fibrinogen per mg platelet protein. It is concluded that plasmin inhibition of aggregation most likely results from its attack upon a protein that is released or becomes fully available subsequent to interaction of thrombin with a platelet receptor mediating release. The results of this study are consistent with a cofactor role for fibrinogen in the aggregation of human platelets by thrombin."}
{"id": "PMID:124478", "title": "[Transposition of great vessels].", "content": "Venous inflow stenoses either pulmonary or systemic represents a major complication after Mustard's operation. In order to eliminate such stenoses two modified methods of atrial in version have been developed using no or a minimum of foreign material. The indication for each method is different. Both methods have the incorporation of the remaining atrial septum and of a part of the left atrial wall into the new septum in common. The midportion is completed using a small Dacron patch in cases with fragile atrial tissue (method I) or a flap of the rightatrial wall in cases with normal tissue (method II). The incorporation of growing tissue into the new atrial septum minimizes the risk of secondary stenoses, due to shrinkage or excessive apposition of fibrous pannus.", "contents": "[Transposition of great vessels]. Venous inflow stenoses either pulmonary or systemic represents a major complication after Mustard's operation. In order to eliminate such stenoses two modified methods of atrial in version have been developed using no or a minimum of foreign material. The indication for each method is different. Both methods have the incorporation of the remaining atrial septum and of a part of the left atrial wall into the new septum in common. The midportion is completed using a small Dacron patch in cases with fragile atrial tissue (method I) or a flap of the rightatrial wall in cases with normal tissue (method II). The incorporation of growing tissue into the new atrial septum minimizes the risk of secondary stenoses, due to shrinkage or excessive apposition of fibrous pannus."}
{"id": "PMID:124479", "title": "Inhibition of the mixed leucocyte culture reaction by plasma from renal transplatn recipients.", "content": "Plasma samples from 28 renal allograft recipients were studied for the presence of alloantibodies blocking MLC response. MLC blocking antibodies were found in plasma samples obtained from 19 recipients, six with rejected allograft and 13 with long-term surviving transplant. In many instances, these antibodies were found in the absence of detectable lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The MLC blocking activity resides in IgG fractions of plasma samples and was decreased only after absorption with lymphocytes, no effect on blocking was observed by absorption with platelets and fibroblasts.", "contents": "Inhibition of the mixed leucocyte culture reaction by plasma from renal transplatn recipients. Plasma samples from 28 renal allograft recipients were studied for the presence of alloantibodies blocking MLC response. MLC blocking antibodies were found in plasma samples obtained from 19 recipients, six with rejected allograft and 13 with long-term surviving transplant. In many instances, these antibodies were found in the absence of detectable lymphocytotoxic antibodies. The MLC blocking activity resides in IgG fractions of plasma samples and was decreased only after absorption with lymphocytes, no effect on blocking was observed by absorption with platelets and fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:124480", "title": "Further miniaturization and automation of in vitro lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "A microtechnique (10 mul culture volume) for in vitro lymphocyte cultures is described, which, compared with current miniaturized techniques, permits a four to 20-fold reduction of both medium volume and cell numbers. Furthermore, two alternative procedures for harvesting and washing radioisotope labelled cells are described. The first, making use of a conventional harvesting device, collects cells on glass fibre filters in a two to three-fold shorter time than that needed for the current semi-automatic collectors. The second takes advantage of the possibility of washing and fixing the cells in their culture wells and allows processing of more cultures with fewer manual operations. Various technical aspects of the micro-culture system are described and discussed with special reference to automation problems.", "contents": "Further miniaturization and automation of in vitro lymphocyte cultures. A microtechnique (10 mul culture volume) for in vitro lymphocyte cultures is described, which, compared with current miniaturized techniques, permits a four to 20-fold reduction of both medium volume and cell numbers. Furthermore, two alternative procedures for harvesting and washing radioisotope labelled cells are described. The first, making use of a conventional harvesting device, collects cells on glass fibre filters in a two to three-fold shorter time than that needed for the current semi-automatic collectors. The second takes advantage of the possibility of washing and fixing the cells in their culture wells and allows processing of more cultures with fewer manual operations. Various technical aspects of the micro-culture system are described and discussed with special reference to automation problems."}
{"id": "PMID:124481", "title": "Possible use of established cell lines for MLR locus typing.", "content": "MLR histocompatibility typing was performed by in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes from various persons with fresh lymphocytes (irradiated) or with lymphoblostoid cell lines (mito-mycin-treated) derived from donors homozygous at the MLR locus. MLC responses to both types of stimulation correlated strongly suggesting that a) established lymphoblastoid line cells can express products of the MLR loc and b) fresh lymphocytes can be replaced by these long term lines in MLR typing. Two lines (LV-B and MS-B) derived from two MLR homozygous donors (lv and MS) were used throughout these experiments. It is possible that as additional lines are established from such MLR homozygous donors, a panel of typing cells could be created which would serve to standardize MLR typing and allow selection of unrelated but histocompatible donors for transplantation.", "contents": "Possible use of established cell lines for MLR locus typing. MLR histocompatibility typing was performed by in vitro stimulation of lymphocytes from various persons with fresh lymphocytes (irradiated) or with lymphoblostoid cell lines (mito-mycin-treated) derived from donors homozygous at the MLR locus. MLC responses to both types of stimulation correlated strongly suggesting that a) established lymphoblastoid line cells can express products of the MLR loc and b) fresh lymphocytes can be replaced by these long term lines in MLR typing. Two lines (LV-B and MS-B) derived from two MLR homozygous donors (lv and MS) were used throughout these experiments. It is possible that as additional lines are established from such MLR homozygous donors, a panel of typing cells could be created which would serve to standardize MLR typing and allow selection of unrelated but histocompatible donors for transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:124484", "title": "The use of viable frozen lymphocytes for studies in human tumor immunology.", "content": "Viable frozen lymphocytes displayed activity in blastogenesis assays that was indistinguishable from freshly prepared lymphoid cells. Similarly, cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes against melanoma target cells from melanoma patients was only slightly affected by the freezing procedure. Frozen  lymphocytes provided a highly reproducible source of cells in these assays. The use of viable frozen peripheral blood lymphoid cells for the retrospective analysis of a cancer patient's immune response is described.", "contents": "The use of viable frozen lymphocytes for studies in human tumor immunology. Viable frozen lymphocytes displayed activity in blastogenesis assays that was indistinguishable from freshly prepared lymphoid cells. Similarly, cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes against melanoma target cells from melanoma patients was only slightly affected by the freezing procedure. Frozen  lymphocytes provided a highly reproducible source of cells in these assays. The use of viable frozen peripheral blood lymphoid cells for the retrospective analysis of a cancer patient's immune response is described."}
{"id": "PMID:124486", "title": "Islet transplantation in diabetic rats receiving corticosteroids.", "content": "Pancreatic tissue fragments from neonatal inbred Lewis rats were distributed throughout the peritoneal cavities of isologous diabetic recipients receiving prednisolone on a schedule similar to that used in clinical transplantation beginning 9-44 days before transplantation. Plasma glucose levels in six of seven diabetic rats receiving prednislone returned to normal levels 3 weeks after transplantation. Plasma insulin levels in the animals with successful transplants reached, at 1 week after transplantation, levels measured in normal control rats, but never attained the high insulin levels observed in the normal control animals receiving steroids. As with glucose the insulin levels remained in the normal range, and the animals steadily gained weight. During i.v. glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) in the rats with successful transplants at 4, 11-14, and 26-29 weeks after transplantation, the glucose levels were similar to those observed during IVGTTs in the control animals before and during corticosteroid therapy. In contrast, insulin levels during the IVGTTs were lower in the rats with successful transplants than in the control rats with or without steroids; however, insulin release during the IVGTTs was rapid in all animals, both with successful transplants and controls. These observations demonstrate that islet tissue implanted in the peritoneal cavities of diabetic rats receiving immunosuppressive chronic corticosteroid therapy can respond with a rapid and sufficient release of insulin to reverse diabetes as documented by normal glucose levels under stimulated and nonstimulated conditions.", "contents": "Islet transplantation in diabetic rats receiving corticosteroids. Pancreatic tissue fragments from neonatal inbred Lewis rats were distributed throughout the peritoneal cavities of isologous diabetic recipients receiving prednisolone on a schedule similar to that used in clinical transplantation beginning 9-44 days before transplantation. Plasma glucose levels in six of seven diabetic rats receiving prednislone returned to normal levels 3 weeks after transplantation. Plasma insulin levels in the animals with successful transplants reached, at 1 week after transplantation, levels measured in normal control rats, but never attained the high insulin levels observed in the normal control animals receiving steroids. As with glucose the insulin levels remained in the normal range, and the animals steadily gained weight. During i.v. glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) in the rats with successful transplants at 4, 11-14, and 26-29 weeks after transplantation, the glucose levels were similar to those observed during IVGTTs in the control animals before and during corticosteroid therapy. In contrast, insulin levels during the IVGTTs were lower in the rats with successful transplants than in the control rats with or without steroids; however, insulin release during the IVGTTs was rapid in all animals, both with successful transplants and controls. These observations demonstrate that islet tissue implanted in the peritoneal cavities of diabetic rats receiving immunosuppressive chronic corticosteroid therapy can respond with a rapid and sufficient release of insulin to reverse diabetes as documented by normal glucose levels under stimulated and nonstimulated conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:124487", "title": "Immune injury from organ preservation. A potential cause of hyperacute rejection in human cadaver kidney transplantation.", "content": "Two pairs of plasma-perfused human cadaver kidneys were rejected in a hyperacute manner by recipients who had not previously received a transplant. Crossmatches between recipient sera and donor lymphocytes were negative in all cases. A fifth kidney was plasma-perfused but not transplanted because the perfusate was shown to be cytotoxic to donor lymphocytes. IgM and complement, but not IgG, were demonstrated in these kidneys by immunofluorescent microscopy and confirmed by further immunological studies. The IgM was broadly reactive against multiple HL-A specificities and was present in 11 percent of sera from normal, healthy male donors. It appears from our studies that cytotoxic IgM may be present in homologous plasma and cause immune injury to the kidney during ex vivo pulsatile preservation. This may be responsible for some cases of otherwise unexplained accelerated allograft rejection.", "contents": "Immune injury from organ preservation. A potential cause of hyperacute rejection in human cadaver kidney transplantation. Two pairs of plasma-perfused human cadaver kidneys were rejected in a hyperacute manner by recipients who had not previously received a transplant. Crossmatches between recipient sera and donor lymphocytes were negative in all cases. A fifth kidney was plasma-perfused but not transplanted because the perfusate was shown to be cytotoxic to donor lymphocytes. IgM and complement, but not IgG, were demonstrated in these kidneys by immunofluorescent microscopy and confirmed by further immunological studies. The IgM was broadly reactive against multiple HL-A specificities and was present in 11 percent of sera from normal, healthy male donors. It appears from our studies that cytotoxic IgM may be present in homologous plasma and cause immune injury to the kidney during ex vivo pulsatile preservation. This may be responsible for some cases of otherwise unexplained accelerated allograft rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:124490", "title": "[Comparative karyological study of 2 close species of blackflies of the genus Eusimulium].", "content": "The structure of polytene chromosomes in the salivary gland of two hard for distinguishing species Eusimulium montium Rubz. and E. gviletense alizadei Djaf. was studied. The comparative-karyologic analysis of the taxons showed many common features in their karyotypes: complete conjugation of the homologous chromosomes in the connection between the length and the arms of chromosomes. At the same time these species are well distinguished karyologically according to the two inversions of the homozigotic type in the chromosomes I and III, to the duplication in IIL, and to the deficiency of the telometric region in IIIL of E. montium. These readjustments are considered to be secondary which suggests E. gviletense alizadei to be phylogenetically older than E. montium.", "contents": "[Comparative karyological study of 2 close species of blackflies of the genus Eusimulium]. The structure of polytene chromosomes in the salivary gland of two hard for distinguishing species Eusimulium montium Rubz. and E. gviletense alizadei Djaf. was studied. The comparative-karyologic analysis of the taxons showed many common features in their karyotypes: complete conjugation of the homologous chromosomes in the connection between the length and the arms of chromosomes. At the same time these species are well distinguished karyologically according to the two inversions of the homozigotic type in the chromosomes I and III, to the duplication in IIL, and to the deficiency of the telometric region in IIIL of E. montium. These readjustments are considered to be secondary which suggests E. gviletense alizadei to be phylogenetically older than E. montium."}
{"id": "PMID:124496", "title": "Evolution of urinary flow rate with prostatectomy.", "content": "Urinary flow rate was studied before and after transurethral prostatectomy in 53 patients. An average of 43.8 percent improvement in maximum flow rate after transurethral prostatectomy was observed in this series. Improvement of maximum flow rate occurred in 71 per cent of patients. Half of the cases in which flow rate did not improve were chronic prostatitis. Uroflowmetry cannot be utilized as a quality index of a transurethral prostatic resection as long as the degree of detrusor deterioration is not assessed. There is a relationship between the degree of preoperative symptoms and the degree of postoperative urinary flow improvement. The degree of preoperative symptoms and urinary flow deviation are not related which suggests that uroflowmetry adds to the assessment of symptoms in the determination of the degree of obstruction. Patients presenting difficulty of urination have a greater chance to demonstrate urinary flow improvement after surgery than patients complaining of urinary frequency.", "contents": "Evolution of urinary flow rate with prostatectomy. Urinary flow rate was studied before and after transurethral prostatectomy in 53 patients. An average of 43.8 percent improvement in maximum flow rate after transurethral prostatectomy was observed in this series. Improvement of maximum flow rate occurred in 71 per cent of patients. Half of the cases in which flow rate did not improve were chronic prostatitis. Uroflowmetry cannot be utilized as a quality index of a transurethral prostatic resection as long as the degree of detrusor deterioration is not assessed. There is a relationship between the degree of preoperative symptoms and the degree of postoperative urinary flow improvement. The degree of preoperative symptoms and urinary flow deviation are not related which suggests that uroflowmetry adds to the assessment of symptoms in the determination of the degree of obstruction. Patients presenting difficulty of urination have a greater chance to demonstrate urinary flow improvement after surgery than patients complaining of urinary frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:124504", "title": "[Effect of heparin on the Mg++-ATPase of the muscle mitochondria of adult and young rabbits].", "content": "ATPase activity from freshly prepared, \"aged\" and \"heparin\" mitochondria was studied in adult, newborn and 7 day old rabbits. Heparin, incubated with the mitochondria within 2-2.5 hrs at 20 degrees C, increased the activity of endogenous ATPase in the newborn rabbits. Activities of Mg-2++-ATPase and Mg-2+-DNP-ATPase were decreased under effect of heparin in both adult and new born rabbits. In 7 day old rabbits, to the contrary, increased activity of Mg-2+-ATPase and its activation by 2,4-DNP were observed.", "contents": "[Effect of heparin on the Mg++-ATPase of the muscle mitochondria of adult and young rabbits]. ATPase activity from freshly prepared, \"aged\" and \"heparin\" mitochondria was studied in adult, newborn and 7 day old rabbits. Heparin, incubated with the mitochondria within 2-2.5 hrs at 20 degrees C, increased the activity of endogenous ATPase in the newborn rabbits. Activities of Mg-2++-ATPase and Mg-2+-DNP-ATPase were decreased under effect of heparin in both adult and new born rabbits. In 7 day old rabbits, to the contrary, increased activity of Mg-2+-ATPase and its activation by 2,4-DNP were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:124513", "title": "[Incidence and etiology of omphaloceles (author's transl)].", "content": "Omphaloceles are congenital malformations with herniation of the abdominal viscera into the umbilical cord. The incidence in newborns is 1:4300, the sex ratio 1.24:1 in favour to boys. Children with this malformation are neither more frequent at the beginning nor at the end of the sibship; the average maternal age is not increased. In about 50% other different malformations are found. All those omphaloceles, which are found as an obligatory symptom in the EMG syndrome (Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome) to be probably in most cases autosomal recessively inherited or which are seen within a chromosomal malformation syndrome are of etiologically known origin. Omphaloceles without other malformations are mainly sporadic, less frequent in sibs, possibly due to a polygenic or multifactorial mode of inheritance. Findings in population genetics and animal experiments suggest that exogenous factors, too, can be the cause of malformation syndromes with omphaloceles.", "contents": "[Incidence and etiology of omphaloceles (author's transl)]. Omphaloceles are congenital malformations with herniation of the abdominal viscera into the umbilical cord. The incidence in newborns is 1:4300, the sex ratio 1.24:1 in favour to boys. Children with this malformation are neither more frequent at the beginning nor at the end of the sibship; the average maternal age is not increased. In about 50% other different malformations are found. All those omphaloceles, which are found as an obligatory symptom in the EMG syndrome (Wiedemann-Beckwith syndrome) to be probably in most cases autosomal recessively inherited or which are seen within a chromosomal malformation syndrome are of etiologically known origin. Omphaloceles without other malformations are mainly sporadic, less frequent in sibs, possibly due to a polygenic or multifactorial mode of inheritance. Findings in population genetics and animal experiments suggest that exogenous factors, too, can be the cause of malformation syndromes with omphaloceles."}
{"id": "PMID:124514", "title": "The contents of acid glycosaminoglycans in the aortic wall of newborns, small children, and older adults.", "content": "The contents of acid glycosaminoglycans (aGAG) was determined in the inner and medial layers of aortae from 13 newborns, 9 small children (1-5 years of age), and 10 older adults (7th decade of life). The total aGAG contents was expressed in mug hexuronic acid/100 mg dry weight. Newborns and older adults showed similiar contents of aGAG in their aortae (275.5 plus or minus 27.9 and 313.4 plus or minus 46.7, respectively). Small children had significantly less aGAG in their aortae (202.1 plus or minus 21.5). The aGAG material from aortae was fractionated by a microcolumn chromatographic procedure on cetylpyridinium chloride cellulose. No significant differences of the aGAG fractions were found in aortae of newborns and children. In both groups of children the percentage of hyaluronic acid was significantly increased and dermatan sulfate was significantly decreased when compared with aortae from older adults. The increased contents of acid glycosaminoglycans (aGAG) in aortae of human newborns is possibly caused by the concentrated hormonal environment (especially estrogens) to which the fetus is exposed in utero.", "contents": "The contents of acid glycosaminoglycans in the aortic wall of newborns, small children, and older adults. The contents of acid glycosaminoglycans (aGAG) was determined in the inner and medial layers of aortae from 13 newborns, 9 small children (1-5 years of age), and 10 older adults (7th decade of life). The total aGAG contents was expressed in mug hexuronic acid/100 mg dry weight. Newborns and older adults showed similiar contents of aGAG in their aortae (275.5 plus or minus 27.9 and 313.4 plus or minus 46.7, respectively). Small children had significantly less aGAG in their aortae (202.1 plus or minus 21.5). The aGAG material from aortae was fractionated by a microcolumn chromatographic procedure on cetylpyridinium chloride cellulose. No significant differences of the aGAG fractions were found in aortae of newborns and children. In both groups of children the percentage of hyaluronic acid was significantly increased and dermatan sulfate was significantly decreased when compared with aortae from older adults. The increased contents of acid glycosaminoglycans (aGAG) in aortae of human newborns is possibly caused by the concentrated hormonal environment (especially estrogens) to which the fetus is exposed in utero."}
{"id": "PMID:124515", "title": "[The primary extranodal manifestation of lympho- and reticulosarcoma of the stomach].", "content": "We report about a group of 11 patients with primary lympho- or reticulosarcoma of the stomach in a group of 94 patients with Non-Hodgkin-Lymphomas. There were 5 patients with reticulosarcoma of the stomach among 44 patients with reticularsarcoma (11 percent) and 6 patients with primary lymphosarcoma of the stomach among a total of 50 patients with lymphosarcoma (12 percent). In most instances the diagnosis was made during surgery. At the time of diagnosis only 4 of the 11 patients had Stage IE disease. All patients who received intensive chemotherapy are living. Patients who died during the observation period had reticulosarcomas. They had not received any chemotherapy or treatment was discontinued early for varying reasons. Results are discussed in view of the diagnosis and treatment, suggestions for therapy are made.", "contents": "[The primary extranodal manifestation of lympho- and reticulosarcoma of the stomach]. We report about a group of 11 patients with primary lympho- or reticulosarcoma of the stomach in a group of 94 patients with Non-Hodgkin-Lymphomas. There were 5 patients with reticulosarcoma of the stomach among 44 patients with reticularsarcoma (11 percent) and 6 patients with primary lymphosarcoma of the stomach among a total of 50 patients with lymphosarcoma (12 percent). In most instances the diagnosis was made during surgery. At the time of diagnosis only 4 of the 11 patients had Stage IE disease. All patients who received intensive chemotherapy are living. Patients who died during the observation period had reticulosarcomas. They had not received any chemotherapy or treatment was discontinued early for varying reasons. Results are discussed in view of the diagnosis and treatment, suggestions for therapy are made."}
{"id": "PMID:124516", "title": "Reproducibility of survival time in L 5222 rat leukaemia and its implications for chemotherapeutic tests.", "content": "The reproducibility of survival time in the L 5222 leukemia in rats was tested by transfer of varying numbers of untreated and X-irradiated cells. A linear relationship between log cell dose and survival time was established for the range of unirradiated cell doses between 10-8 to \"10-0\", resulting in survival times from 6 to 16 days, with very little variation between individual animals of each group. This narrow deviation of survival time makes it possible to use mean survival time as a measuring parameter instead of the cell dose required to kill 50 percent of recipient animals. From the longer survival times observed after transfer of a given number of X-irradiated cells, the number of viable cells transferred in the inoculum could be calculated and thus the degree of cell death due to X-radiation. Agains a correlation between log cell dose and survival time was found but host survival was prolonged when small numbers (similar to 10-2) of viable irradiated cells were transferred. It is suggested that this is not due to a change in proliferation kinetics but rather to host factors, such as an immunological reaction. Thus the L 5222 leukaemia seems to be a good model in its reproducibility of survival time, and may have some similarity to human acute leukaemia when low numbers of treated cells are concerned.", "contents": "Reproducibility of survival time in L 5222 rat leukaemia and its implications for chemotherapeutic tests. The reproducibility of survival time in the L 5222 leukemia in rats was tested by transfer of varying numbers of untreated and X-irradiated cells. A linear relationship between log cell dose and survival time was established for the range of unirradiated cell doses between 10-8 to \"10-0\", resulting in survival times from 6 to 16 days, with very little variation between individual animals of each group. This narrow deviation of survival time makes it possible to use mean survival time as a measuring parameter instead of the cell dose required to kill 50 percent of recipient animals. From the longer survival times observed after transfer of a given number of X-irradiated cells, the number of viable cells transferred in the inoculum could be calculated and thus the degree of cell death due to X-radiation. Agains a correlation between log cell dose and survival time was found but host survival was prolonged when small numbers (similar to 10-2) of viable irradiated cells were transferred. It is suggested that this is not due to a change in proliferation kinetics but rather to host factors, such as an immunological reaction. Thus the L 5222 leukaemia seems to be a good model in its reproducibility of survival time, and may have some similarity to human acute leukaemia when low numbers of treated cells are concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:124517", "title": "[Rat urinary metabolites of (2-hydroxybutyl)-n-butylnitrosamine].", "content": "The chemical structure of 3 urinary metabolites of 2-hydroxy-di-n-butylnitrosamine has been identified by mass spectrometry. The results indicate that oxidation and formation of metabolites with shorter chain length may be explained by alpha-oxidation and subsequent degradation. This is an alternative to the beta-oxidation hypothesis of Kr\u00fcger (1971).", "contents": "[Rat urinary metabolites of (2-hydroxybutyl)-n-butylnitrosamine]. The chemical structure of 3 urinary metabolites of 2-hydroxy-di-n-butylnitrosamine has been identified by mass spectrometry. The results indicate that oxidation and formation of metabolites with shorter chain length may be explained by alpha-oxidation and subsequent degradation. This is an alternative to the beta-oxidation hypothesis of Kr\u00fcger (1971)."}
{"id": "PMID:124518", "title": "[Electronmicroscopic studies on solid mammary carcinomas in bitches].", "content": "The electronmicroscopic findings of nine solid mammary carcinomas in bitches are described as well as the observations on tumour cells within lymphatic vessels. In the primary tumours basement membranes surround the cords of tumour cell. In five cases, particularly in two, there are cells with long intracytoplasmic filaments measuring about 65 A thick. The filaments are arranged along the axis of the cells and show focal densities. These cells are presumed to be myoepithelial tumour cells. In eight of the nine tumours there are also carcinoma cells with short single or bundled intracytoplasmic filaments of approximately the same thickness (65 A). These however show no specific order, they are perinuclear or lie in between the organelles. They are called tonofibrillae. Viruses or virus-like particles have not been found.", "contents": "[Electronmicroscopic studies on solid mammary carcinomas in bitches]. The electronmicroscopic findings of nine solid mammary carcinomas in bitches are described as well as the observations on tumour cells within lymphatic vessels. In the primary tumours basement membranes surround the cords of tumour cell. In five cases, particularly in two, there are cells with long intracytoplasmic filaments measuring about 65 A thick. The filaments are arranged along the axis of the cells and show focal densities. These cells are presumed to be myoepithelial tumour cells. In eight of the nine tumours there are also carcinoma cells with short single or bundled intracytoplasmic filaments of approximately the same thickness (65 A). These however show no specific order, they are perinuclear or lie in between the organelles. They are called tonofibrillae. Viruses or virus-like particles have not been found."}
{"id": "PMID:124519", "title": "Sensitivity tests of tumors to cytostatic agents. I. Comparative investigations on transplanted tumors in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "With series of transplanted tumors, the activities of different cytostatic agents which directly influence the metabolism of nucleic acids (Actinomycin D, adriamycin, daunomycin, 5-fluorouracil, procarbazine, trenimon) was measured by determining 3-H-uridine incorporation in short-term (3hrs) incubations of  tumor cell suspensions. Data obtained could be used to predict the response of each tumor to particular cytostatic agents in vivo. The activities of the cytostatic agents as determined using  long-term tissue cultures (time of exposure of tumor cells to cytostatic agent 48 hrs were comparable to those obtained with the short-term test.  In long-term cultures, determination of cell numbers gave results similar to those obtained by morphological evaluation. In SHORt-term test, differing sensitivities of tumors to cytostatics could be detected.", "contents": "Sensitivity tests of tumors to cytostatic agents. I. Comparative investigations on transplanted tumors in vivo and in vitro. With series of transplanted tumors, the activities of different cytostatic agents which directly influence the metabolism of nucleic acids (Actinomycin D, adriamycin, daunomycin, 5-fluorouracil, procarbazine, trenimon) was measured by determining 3-H-uridine incorporation in short-term (3hrs) incubations of  tumor cell suspensions. Data obtained could be used to predict the response of each tumor to particular cytostatic agents in vivo. The activities of the cytostatic agents as determined using  long-term tissue cultures (time of exposure of tumor cells to cytostatic agent 48 hrs were comparable to those obtained with the short-term test.  In long-term cultures, determination of cell numbers gave results similar to those obtained by morphological evaluation. In SHORt-term test, differing sensitivities of tumors to cytostatics could be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:124520", "title": "Sensitivity tests of tumors to cytostatic agents. II. Investigation on human tumors.", "content": "Certain substances which influenced nucleic acid metabolism were found to have about the same cytostatic activity on human cells when measured in tissue culture experiments (cell numbers) or in short-term cultures (3-H-uridine incorporation in cell suspensions). By treatment with a dose of cytostatics corresponding to 10 times therapeutic dose, chemosensitive tumors can be distinguished from non-responsive tumors. By using this in vitro test system to investigate the sensitivities of 100 human tumors, it is shown that 28 of these tumors were responsive to adriamycin, daunomycin and Actinomycin D. Good agreement was observed between these in vitro results and the literature data on clinical therapy using these particular substances.", "contents": "Sensitivity tests of tumors to cytostatic agents. II. Investigation on human tumors. Certain substances which influenced nucleic acid metabolism were found to have about the same cytostatic activity on human cells when measured in tissue culture experiments (cell numbers) or in short-term cultures (3-H-uridine incorporation in cell suspensions). By treatment with a dose of cytostatics corresponding to 10 times therapeutic dose, chemosensitive tumors can be distinguished from non-responsive tumors. By using this in vitro test system to investigate the sensitivities of 100 human tumors, it is shown that 28 of these tumors were responsive to adriamycin, daunomycin and Actinomycin D. Good agreement was observed between these in vitro results and the literature data on clinical therapy using these particular substances."}
{"id": "PMID:124521", "title": "[Result of a user inquiry for the improvement of hand propelled wheelchairs (author's transl)].", "content": "The contribution describes the results of an inquiry of handicapped wheelchair drivers which have been compiled by evaluating 3482 questionnaires with 268,144 informations using an IBM 1130 computer. Divided into \"rim\" and \"lever\" propulsion the driving quality, the manoeuvrability, the seat comfort, problems of driving mechanism and the transportation suitability as well as the wear of the vehicles are analysed. Finally some recommendations for the design of future wheelchair models are given on the basis of the observed drawbacks.", "contents": "[Result of a user inquiry for the improvement of hand propelled wheelchairs (author's transl)]. The contribution describes the results of an inquiry of handicapped wheelchair drivers which have been compiled by evaluating 3482 questionnaires with 268,144 informations using an IBM 1130 computer. Divided into \"rim\" and \"lever\" propulsion the driving quality, the manoeuvrability, the seat comfort, problems of driving mechanism and the transportation suitability as well as the wear of the vehicles are analysed. Finally some recommendations for the design of future wheelchair models are given on the basis of the observed drawbacks."}
{"id": "PMID:124525", "title": "Foetal and maternal plasma levels of steroid sulphates in human pregnancy at term.", "content": "Umbilical cord arterial and venous, and maternal peripheral vein blood samples were collected during 20 deliveries after uncomplicated pregnancies. Using a gas chromatographic method, oestriol, oestriol sulphate, progesterone and a number of neutral steroid mono- and disulphates were quantitated in the cord plasma samples and a number of neutral steroid mono- and disulphates in the maternal plasma samples.", "contents": "Foetal and maternal plasma levels of steroid sulphates in human pregnancy at term. Umbilical cord arterial and venous, and maternal peripheral vein blood samples were collected during 20 deliveries after uncomplicated pregnancies. Using a gas chromatographic method, oestriol, oestriol sulphate, progesterone and a number of neutral steroid mono- and disulphates were quantitated in the cord plasma samples and a number of neutral steroid mono- and disulphates in the maternal plasma samples."}
{"id": "PMID:124526", "title": "Atypical myoclonus body epilepsy (adult variant).", "content": "A young woman, with negative family history, committed suicide after 6 years of myoclonus and mental deterioration. The neurons contained atypical myoclonus bodies which differed from  the classical type in distribution, histochemistry and light and electron microscopic appearance.", "contents": "Atypical myoclonus body epilepsy (adult variant). A young woman, with negative family history, committed suicide after 6 years of myoclonus and mental deterioration. The neurons contained atypical myoclonus bodies which differed from  the classical type in distribution, histochemistry and light and electron microscopic appearance."}
{"id": "PMID:124531", "title": "Staphylococcal bacteremia and hexachlorophene bathing. Epidemic in a newborn nursery.", "content": "An outbreak of staphylococcal bacteremia in healthy, full-term neonates occurred in the newborn nursery at a large county hospital not employing prophylactic hexachlorophene bathing. Seven infants had staphylococcal bacteremia and one had omphalitis. Two of the three isolates obtained for phage typing were type 86, and the other was 3c/71. Staphylococcal colonization rate in the nursery was 64% when the outbreak was recognized; 86% of these isolates were type 86. No predominant phage type was isolated from nursery personnel. The outbreak followed a six-month preliminary study that showed a rise in staphylococcal colonization rate from 2.2% with hexachlorophene bathing to 67% with a nonhexachlorophene-containing preparation. In a community survey of infants born during the two months prior to the epidemic, seven of eight babies with lesions were infected with Staphylococcus aureus type 86.", "contents": "Staphylococcal bacteremia and hexachlorophene bathing. Epidemic in a newborn nursery. An outbreak of staphylococcal bacteremia in healthy, full-term neonates occurred in the newborn nursery at a large county hospital not employing prophylactic hexachlorophene bathing. Seven infants had staphylococcal bacteremia and one had omphalitis. Two of the three isolates obtained for phage typing were type 86, and the other was 3c/71. Staphylococcal colonization rate in the nursery was 64% when the outbreak was recognized; 86% of these isolates were type 86. No predominant phage type was isolated from nursery personnel. The outbreak followed a six-month preliminary study that showed a rise in staphylococcal colonization rate from 2.2% with hexachlorophene bathing to 67% with a nonhexachlorophene-containing preparation. In a community survey of infants born during the two months prior to the epidemic, seven of eight babies with lesions were infected with Staphylococcus aureus type 86."}
{"id": "PMID:124532", "title": "Extraglomerular immunoglobulin deposits in human nephritis.", "content": "In order to evaluate the incidence of extraglomerular immunoglobulin deposits and to correlate their presence with histopathologic abnormalities, we performed both prospective and retrospective immunofluorescence studies of renal biopsy specimens. Of 200 diagnostic biopsy specimens examined prospectively, 21 had extraglomerular deposits, 19 in association with presumed immunologically-mediated glomerulonephritis. Nine had linear immunoglobulin deposits on tubular basement membrane (antitubular basement membrane antibodies), in one case coexisting with granular deposits, and 13 had granular deposits on tubular basement membrane, in peritubular capillaries and/or arteries, or in tubular cytoplasm (probably immune complexes). Linear deposits on tubular basement membrane were usually associated with antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis or methicillin-associated interstitial nephritis; granular extraflomerular deposits were seen primarily in systemic lupus erythematosus, cryoglobulinemia or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.. The incidence of immunoglobulin deposits was high in the three groups of patients examined retrospectively being present in 37 or 47 patients with antiglomerular basement membrane mephritis, 22 or 32 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus of 24 of 130 renal allograft recipients. The contribution of antitubular basement membrane antibodies to renal damage was difficult to assess, although studies in experimental animals attest to their pathogenicity. The occurrence of granular extraglomerular deposits appeared to correlate roughly with the degree of tubulointerstitial injury in the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "contents": "Extraglomerular immunoglobulin deposits in human nephritis. In order to evaluate the incidence of extraglomerular immunoglobulin deposits and to correlate their presence with histopathologic abnormalities, we performed both prospective and retrospective immunofluorescence studies of renal biopsy specimens. Of 200 diagnostic biopsy specimens examined prospectively, 21 had extraglomerular deposits, 19 in association with presumed immunologically-mediated glomerulonephritis. Nine had linear immunoglobulin deposits on tubular basement membrane (antitubular basement membrane antibodies), in one case coexisting with granular deposits, and 13 had granular deposits on tubular basement membrane, in peritubular capillaries and/or arteries, or in tubular cytoplasm (probably immune complexes). Linear deposits on tubular basement membrane were usually associated with antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis or methicillin-associated interstitial nephritis; granular extraflomerular deposits were seen primarily in systemic lupus erythematosus, cryoglobulinemia or membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis.. The incidence of immunoglobulin deposits was high in the three groups of patients examined retrospectively being present in 37 or 47 patients with antiglomerular basement membrane mephritis, 22 or 32 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus of 24 of 130 renal allograft recipients. The contribution of antitubular basement membrane antibodies to renal damage was difficult to assess, although studies in experimental animals attest to their pathogenicity. The occurrence of granular extraglomerular deposits appeared to correlate roughly with the degree of tubulointerstitial injury in the patients with systemic lupus erythematosus."}
{"id": "PMID:124534", "title": "Radiosensitivity of sensitized and nonsensitized human lymphocytes evaluated in vitro.", "content": "The purpose of this study is to compare the relative radiosensitivity of sensitized and nonsensitized lymphocytes utilizing an in vitro test system. The test system employed is the combined mixed leukocyte reaction and cell-mediated lympholysis assays (MLC-CML). In this system, sensitized T lymphocytes of human origin are much more resistant to radiation-induced injury than are nonsensitized lymphocytes. The results support similar observation in vivo with antigen-activated lymphocytes and are interpreted in one of two ways: a) sensitized T cell, rendered nonviable by radiation, are still able to exert lytic activity, perhaps via the release of cytotoxic factors; and b) sensitized T cells are inherently radioresistant, perhaps due to the hypermetabolic state of such cells, which may serve to activate repair mechanisms.", "contents": "Radiosensitivity of sensitized and nonsensitized human lymphocytes evaluated in vitro. The purpose of this study is to compare the relative radiosensitivity of sensitized and nonsensitized lymphocytes utilizing an in vitro test system. The test system employed is the combined mixed leukocyte reaction and cell-mediated lympholysis assays (MLC-CML). In this system, sensitized T lymphocytes of human origin are much more resistant to radiation-induced injury than are nonsensitized lymphocytes. The results support similar observation in vivo with antigen-activated lymphocytes and are interpreted in one of two ways: a) sensitized T cell, rendered nonviable by radiation, are still able to exert lytic activity, perhaps via the release of cytotoxic factors; and b) sensitized T cells are inherently radioresistant, perhaps due to the hypermetabolic state of such cells, which may serve to activate repair mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:124533", "title": "Ultrastructural features of degenerated cardiac muscle cells in patients with cardiac hypertrophy.", "content": "Degenerated cardiac muscle cells were present in hypertrophied ventricular muscle obtained at operation from 12 (38%) of 32 patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) or aortic valvular disease. Degenerated cells demonstrated a wide variety of ultrastructural alterations. Mildly altered cells were normal-sized or hypertrophied and showed focal changes, including preferential loss of thick (myosin) filaments, streaming and clumping of Z band material, and proliferation of the tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Moderately and severely degenerated cells were normal-sized or atrophic and showed additional changes, including extensive myofibrillar lysis and loss of T tubules. The appearance of the most severely degenerated cells usually reflected the cytoplasmic organelle (sarcoplasmic reticulum, glycogen, or mitochondria) which underwent proliferation and filled the myofibril-free areas of these cells. Moderately and severely degenerated cells were present in areas of fibrosis, had thickened basement membranes, and had lost their intercellular connections. These observations suggest that degenerated cardiac muscle cells have poor contractile function and may be responsible for impaired cardiac performance in some patients with chronic ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "Ultrastructural features of degenerated cardiac muscle cells in patients with cardiac hypertrophy. Degenerated cardiac muscle cells were present in hypertrophied ventricular muscle obtained at operation from 12 (38%) of 32 patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) or aortic valvular disease. Degenerated cells demonstrated a wide variety of ultrastructural alterations. Mildly altered cells were normal-sized or hypertrophied and showed focal changes, including preferential loss of thick (myosin) filaments, streaming and clumping of Z band material, and proliferation of the tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Moderately and severely degenerated cells were normal-sized or atrophic and showed additional changes, including extensive myofibrillar lysis and loss of T tubules. The appearance of the most severely degenerated cells usually reflected the cytoplasmic organelle (sarcoplasmic reticulum, glycogen, or mitochondria) which underwent proliferation and filled the myofibril-free areas of these cells. Moderately and severely degenerated cells were present in areas of fibrosis, had thickened basement membranes, and had lost their intercellular connections. These observations suggest that degenerated cardiac muscle cells have poor contractile function and may be responsible for impaired cardiac performance in some patients with chronic ventricular hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:124543", "title": "Idiopathic chylopericardium: 131-I-triolein scan for noninvasive diagnosis.", "content": "We report idiopathic chylopericardium in a physically active, asymptomatic 29-year-old man. Preoperative diagnosis was made by external cardiac imaging after oral administration of 131-I-labeled triolein. To our knowledge this is the first report of preoperative noninvasive diagnosis of chylopericardium. After open drainage and pericardial biopsy, the patient is asymptomatic without recurrence after 8 months.", "contents": "Idiopathic chylopericardium: 131-I-triolein scan for noninvasive diagnosis. We report idiopathic chylopericardium in a physically active, asymptomatic 29-year-old man. Preoperative diagnosis was made by external cardiac imaging after oral administration of 131-I-labeled triolein. To our knowledge this is the first report of preoperative noninvasive diagnosis of chylopericardium. After open drainage and pericardial biopsy, the patient is asymptomatic without recurrence after 8 months."}
{"id": "PMID:124549", "title": "Potentiation of the toxicity of mithramycin by bacterial lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "The lethality for BALB/c mice of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, cytosine arabinoside, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, hydroxyurea, mithramycin, a polymyxin-like antibiotic (SQ 21,286), polyadenylic polyuridylic acid, procarbazine, 5-[3,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-triazeno]-imidazole-4-carboxamide (TIC-mustard) or uracil arabinoside administered in combination with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was measured. Simultaneously administered mithramycin and LPS or TIC-mustard administered 24 h after LPS synergistically killed mice. Concanavalin A potentiated the lethality of TIC-mustard but not of eight other drugs tested. Pretreatment of mice with LPS or lipid A complexed to concanavalin A rendered mice resistant to the lethal action of LPS alone or combinations of LPS and mithramycin. Mithramycin-treated mice were killed by minute amounts of LPS. Mice sensitized to LPS by mithramycin were used to detect endotoxic activity in biological materials, such as commercially available enzymes, and in a complex of lipid A with concanavalin A.", "contents": "Potentiation of the toxicity of mithramycin by bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The lethality for BALB/c mice of 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, cytosine arabinoside, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, hydroxyurea, mithramycin, a polymyxin-like antibiotic (SQ 21,286), polyadenylic polyuridylic acid, procarbazine, 5-[3,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-triazeno]-imidazole-4-carboxamide (TIC-mustard) or uracil arabinoside administered in combination with Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was measured. Simultaneously administered mithramycin and LPS or TIC-mustard administered 24 h after LPS synergistically killed mice. Concanavalin A potentiated the lethality of TIC-mustard but not of eight other drugs tested. Pretreatment of mice with LPS or lipid A complexed to concanavalin A rendered mice resistant to the lethal action of LPS alone or combinations of LPS and mithramycin. Mithramycin-treated mice were killed by minute amounts of LPS. Mice sensitized to LPS by mithramycin were used to detect endotoxic activity in biological materials, such as commercially available enzymes, and in a complex of lipid A with concanavalin A."}
{"id": "PMID:124557", "title": "Sebum: analysis by infrared spectroscopy. II. The suppression of fatty acids by systemically administered antibiotics.", "content": "Various tetracyclines and erythromycins have been used rather empirically for the systemic treatment of acne vulgaris for more than a decade. It has been impossible to accurately evaluate clinically the numerous derivatives and to compare their effectiveness with other antibiotics such as clindamycin. As a substitute for this approach, this present study ranks these antibiotics, when given orally, as to their effectivensss in suppressing the fatty acids in sebum in normal volunteers. As a group, the tetracyclines were more effective than the erythromycins in decreasing the fatty acids, but clindamycin was significantly more potent than either.", "contents": "Sebum: analysis by infrared spectroscopy. II. The suppression of fatty acids by systemically administered antibiotics. Various tetracyclines and erythromycins have been used rather empirically for the systemic treatment of acne vulgaris for more than a decade. It has been impossible to accurately evaluate clinically the numerous derivatives and to compare their effectiveness with other antibiotics such as clindamycin. As a substitute for this approach, this present study ranks these antibiotics, when given orally, as to their effectivensss in suppressing the fatty acids in sebum in normal volunteers. As a group, the tetracyclines were more effective than the erythromycins in decreasing the fatty acids, but clindamycin was significantly more potent than either."}
{"id": "PMID:124560", "title": "The relationship of axillary venous thrombosis to the thoracic outlet compression syndrome.", "content": "In a relatively small personal series (41 patients) of first rib resections for thoracic outlet compression, I have encountered 8 patients in whom venous obstruction at the thoracic outlet was the major component. Four of the 8 had typical \"stress\" thrombosis of the axillary vein. Angiography demonstrated a tight thoracic outlet to be the underlying cause of the venous thrombosis. In the 4 patients with venous compression but without thrombosis, angiograms suggested that each was a candidate for axillary venous thrombosis unless the underlying thoracic outlet compression syndrome was relieved. Although thoracic outlet compression has been documented as a cause of \"stress thrombosis\" of the axillary vein, the relationship of the two conditions apparently is often overlooked, even by experienced thoracic surgeons. Representative case histories and angiograms are presented to demonstrate the close relationship of thoracic outlet compression and axillary venous thrombosis.", "contents": "The relationship of axillary venous thrombosis to the thoracic outlet compression syndrome. In a relatively small personal series (41 patients) of first rib resections for thoracic outlet compression, I have encountered 8 patients in whom venous obstruction at the thoracic outlet was the major component. Four of the 8 had typical \"stress\" thrombosis of the axillary vein. Angiography demonstrated a tight thoracic outlet to be the underlying cause of the venous thrombosis. In the 4 patients with venous compression but without thrombosis, angiograms suggested that each was a candidate for axillary venous thrombosis unless the underlying thoracic outlet compression syndrome was relieved. Although thoracic outlet compression has been documented as a cause of \"stress thrombosis\" of the axillary vein, the relationship of the two conditions apparently is often overlooked, even by experienced thoracic surgeons. Representative case histories and angiograms are presented to demonstrate the close relationship of thoracic outlet compression and axillary venous thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:124561", "title": "Total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Review of 125 patients treated surgically.", "content": "One hundred twenty-five patients undergoing surgical correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous return were studied. The overall mortality was 37% and was related to age at the time operation was required. Mortality was 57% during the first year of life, 29% in patients between 13 and 24 months, and 15% in those between 2 and 10 years; no deaths occurred in those over 10 years. Mortality was highest in patients with infracardiac lesions (62%), and lowest in those with cardiac defects (30%). The major cause of death was pulmonary edema, and survival was closely related to the degree of increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Surgical treatment should be delayed until at least 6 months of age, but the development of congestive heart failure may necessitate earlier operation.", "contents": "Total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Review of 125 patients treated surgically. One hundred twenty-five patients undergoing surgical correction of total anomalous pulmonary venous return were studied. The overall mortality was 37% and was related to age at the time operation was required. Mortality was 57% during the first year of life, 29% in patients between 13 and 24 months, and 15% in those between 2 and 10 years; no deaths occurred in those over 10 years. Mortality was highest in patients with infracardiac lesions (62%), and lowest in those with cardiac defects (30%). The major cause of death was pulmonary edema, and survival was closely related to the degree of increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Surgical treatment should be delayed until at least 6 months of age, but the development of congestive heart failure may necessitate earlier operation."}
{"id": "PMID:124563", "title": "Myocardial performance of disabled patients in a rehabilitation program.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with heart disease in addition to another disability were monitored continuously with the ten-hour electrocardiographic (ECG) tape. Eighteen of the 32 patients manifested abnormalities of rate, rhythm or ST-segment depression. Patients with arrhythmia eventually did better than those with other ECG abnormalities because drug therapy was successful in abolishing the abnormal rhythm in most cases. Those patients with excessive tachycardia did poorly as a group in so far as their rehabilitation program was concerned. This technique of continuous ECG monitoring may be helpful in assessing myocardial performance in these patients and in defining the prescription for rehabilitation therapy.", "contents": "Myocardial performance of disabled patients in a rehabilitation program. Thirty-two patients with heart disease in addition to another disability were monitored continuously with the ten-hour electrocardiographic (ECG) tape. Eighteen of the 32 patients manifested abnormalities of rate, rhythm or ST-segment depression. Patients with arrhythmia eventually did better than those with other ECG abnormalities because drug therapy was successful in abolishing the abnormal rhythm in most cases. Those patients with excessive tachycardia did poorly as a group in so far as their rehabilitation program was concerned. This technique of continuous ECG monitoring may be helpful in assessing myocardial performance in these patients and in defining the prescription for rehabilitation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:124564", "title": "Measles rash. I. Light and electron microscopic study of skin eruptions.", "content": "Measles skin lesions were studied by light and electron microscopy. In the epidermis multinucleated giant cells were observed just beneath the hypertrophic horney layer at the maximum stage of rash; they were believed to result by an abnormal process of hyper- or parakeratosis. Neither typical inclusions nor viral nucleocapsids could be detected in any part of the epidermal layer. Most characteristical changes were dermal edema and spongiosis with mononuclear cell infiltration as well as the detection of measle virus-like microtubular structures (nucleocapsids) in the endothelium of dermal capillaries. Is is assumed that measles exanthema is a manifestation of an Arthus reaction elicited by viral antigen in the endothelium of dermal capillaries.", "contents": "Measles rash. I. Light and electron microscopic study of skin eruptions. Measles skin lesions were studied by light and electron microscopy. In the epidermis multinucleated giant cells were observed just beneath the hypertrophic horney layer at the maximum stage of rash; they were believed to result by an abnormal process of hyper- or parakeratosis. Neither typical inclusions nor viral nucleocapsids could be detected in any part of the epidermal layer. Most characteristical changes were dermal edema and spongiosis with mononuclear cell infiltration as well as the detection of measle virus-like microtubular structures (nucleocapsids) in the endothelium of dermal capillaries. Is is assumed that measles exanthema is a manifestation of an Arthus reaction elicited by viral antigen in the endothelium of dermal capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:124565", "title": "Zinc distribution in mouse brain subsequent to hippocampal lesions.", "content": "The role of zinc in central nervous system metabolism remains obscure but it has been shown in animals that diphenylthiocarbazone (Dithizone) selectively colors intravitally the hippocampus and adnexa, parts affected in human temporal lobe epilepsy. To examine the effect of experimental cerebral lesions on zinc storage in that region, 80 mice were divided into two operative and two control groups. The operative groups had unilateral lesions placed in the hippocampus or frontal lobe. One control group and both lesion groups were injected subcutaneously with zinc lactate daily for ten days before intravenous injection of diphenylthiocarbazone. The other control group was used to determine if zinc storage occurs as a result of its increased systemic availability. Hippocampal lesion mice showed more extensive staining of lethal amygdala and associated cortex on the side of the lesion. Frontal lesions remained unstained and frontal lesions did not alter the staining of hippocampus and related parts. Lack of difference between controls shows that greater availability of systemic zinc does not increase its content in the hippocampal-lateral amygdalar region. Increased zinc uptake in this instance appears to be a local phenomenon.", "contents": "Zinc distribution in mouse brain subsequent to hippocampal lesions. The role of zinc in central nervous system metabolism remains obscure but it has been shown in animals that diphenylthiocarbazone (Dithizone) selectively colors intravitally the hippocampus and adnexa, parts affected in human temporal lobe epilepsy. To examine the effect of experimental cerebral lesions on zinc storage in that region, 80 mice were divided into two operative and two control groups. The operative groups had unilateral lesions placed in the hippocampus or frontal lobe. One control group and both lesion groups were injected subcutaneously with zinc lactate daily for ten days before intravenous injection of diphenylthiocarbazone. The other control group was used to determine if zinc storage occurs as a result of its increased systemic availability. Hippocampal lesion mice showed more extensive staining of lethal amygdala and associated cortex on the side of the lesion. Frontal lesions remained unstained and frontal lesions did not alter the staining of hippocampus and related parts. Lack of difference between controls shows that greater availability of systemic zinc does not increase its content in the hippocampal-lateral amygdalar region. Increased zinc uptake in this instance appears to be a local phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:124566", "title": "Acrodermatitis enteropathica. Corneal involvement with histochemical and electron micrographic studies.", "content": "A case of acrodermatitis enteropathica occurred with corneal changes consisting of linear subepithelial corneal opacities. From the results of histochemical and electronmicrographic studies on a biopsy specimen of the corneal lesion, no definite conclusion may be drawn as to whether the corneal changes are a manifestation of acrodermatitis enterophathica or a result of iodochlorhydroxyquin therapy.", "contents": "Acrodermatitis enteropathica. Corneal involvement with histochemical and electron micrographic studies. A case of acrodermatitis enteropathica occurred with corneal changes consisting of linear subepithelial corneal opacities. From the results of histochemical and electronmicrographic studies on a biopsy specimen of the corneal lesion, no definite conclusion may be drawn as to whether the corneal changes are a manifestation of acrodermatitis enterophathica or a result of iodochlorhydroxyquin therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:124569", "title": "Studies on a plasma cardiac glycoside assay based upon displacement of 3-H-ouabain from Na+-K+-ATPase.", "content": "We tested an assay system introduced for plasma glycoside measurements, basing on the displacement of 3-H-ouabain from Na+-K+-ATPase by unlabeled glycoside. ATPase preparations from hog, cat and guinea pig were used. Displacements were performed using 20 cardiac glycosides, genins and derivatives with different cardiac activity. Most of the glycosides and derivatives do not induce a continuous 3-H-ouabain displacement from the ATPase, but a very steep increase of unbound 3-H-ouabain between 10-minus 7 and 2 times 10-minus 7 M. Therefore this assay system shows a satisfactory discrimination only in a short concentration range. This behavior and a relatively low sensitivity make the ATPase displacement assay problematic for clinical and pharmacokinetical plasma glycoside measurements.", "contents": "Studies on a plasma cardiac glycoside assay based upon displacement of 3-H-ouabain from Na+-K+-ATPase. We tested an assay system introduced for plasma glycoside measurements, basing on the displacement of 3-H-ouabain from Na+-K+-ATPase by unlabeled glycoside. ATPase preparations from hog, cat and guinea pig were used. Displacements were performed using 20 cardiac glycosides, genins and derivatives with different cardiac activity. Most of the glycosides and derivatives do not induce a continuous 3-H-ouabain displacement from the ATPase, but a very steep increase of unbound 3-H-ouabain between 10-minus 7 and 2 times 10-minus 7 M. Therefore this assay system shows a satisfactory discrimination only in a short concentration range. This behavior and a relatively low sensitivity make the ATPase displacement assay problematic for clinical and pharmacokinetical plasma glycoside measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:124579", "title": "Evaluation of RX 72601 as an anti-curare agent.", "content": "RX 72601, a new and potent anticholinesterase, has been evaluated for its ability to reverse the neuromuscular blockade induced by non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. In rats RX 72601 10 mug/kg i.v. proved effective in reversing the effects of alcuronium gallamine, pancuronium or tubocurarine and the drug exhibited a wide margin of safety. RX 72601 proved equally effective in reversing the effects of tubocurarine in both cats and baboons. In dogs and cats, effective anti-curare doses had little action on the cardiovascular or respiratory systems. Overall the results obtained indicate that RX 72601 may be a safe antagonist of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants and that it will be possible to use RX 72601 without prior administration of atropine.", "contents": "Evaluation of RX 72601 as an anti-curare agent. RX 72601, a new and potent anticholinesterase, has been evaluated for its ability to reverse the neuromuscular blockade induced by non-depolarizing muscle relaxants. In rats RX 72601 10 mug/kg i.v. proved effective in reversing the effects of alcuronium gallamine, pancuronium or tubocurarine and the drug exhibited a wide margin of safety. RX 72601 proved equally effective in reversing the effects of tubocurarine in both cats and baboons. In dogs and cats, effective anti-curare doses had little action on the cardiovascular or respiratory systems. Overall the results obtained indicate that RX 72601 may be a safe antagonist of non-depolarizing muscle relaxants and that it will be possible to use RX 72601 without prior administration of atropine."}
{"id": "PMID:124580", "title": "Morphological and biochemical defects in muscles of human carriers of the malignant hyperthermia syndrome.", "content": "This communication presents evidence in support of a neuropathic basis for the myopathy associated with malignant hyperpyrexia (MH). Muscle from MH susceptible individuals showed a reduced calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. There was a reduced concentration of phosphocreatine and ATP and an increased concentration of glucose-6-phosphate in these muscle samples.", "contents": "Morphological and biochemical defects in muscles of human carriers of the malignant hyperthermia syndrome. This communication presents evidence in support of a neuropathic basis for the myopathy associated with malignant hyperpyrexia (MH). Muscle from MH susceptible individuals showed a reduced calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. There was a reduced concentration of phosphocreatine and ATP and an increased concentration of glucose-6-phosphate in these muscle samples."}
{"id": "PMID:124584", "title": "Human cardiac myosin ATPase and light subunits. A comparative study.", "content": "Myosin was extracted from normal human hearts (autopsy material) and compared to that of pig heart and rabbit white skeletal muscle. Myosin light subunits were isolated by a preparative urea gel electrophoresis. These subunits were shown by urea and sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis to be only slightly affected by the time lapse between death and the beginning of myosin extraction. This was also true for myosin ATPases. The Ca-2+-activated ATPases of pig and human heart myosins have the same apparent Km and V, whereas white skeletal muscle myosin ATPase has the same Km with a higher V. Human myosin light subunits, when compared to those of pig heart possess: (i) different molecular weights: 27 999 and 18 000 datlons for pig heart, and 25 000 and 19 000 daltons for human heart. (ii) for both the light chains, different ultraviolet spectra and a higher helical content for the subunit molecular weight 25 000. (iii) a different composition for several amino acids (Tyr, Pro, Lys). A third light subunit (molecular weight 15 000) was occasionally seen in human as well as pig heart myosin. It concentration varied inversely with that of the subunit molecular weight 27 000-25 000, and so was probably a degradation product of the heaviest subunit.", "contents": "Human cardiac myosin ATPase and light subunits. A comparative study. Myosin was extracted from normal human hearts (autopsy material) and compared to that of pig heart and rabbit white skeletal muscle. Myosin light subunits were isolated by a preparative urea gel electrophoresis. These subunits were shown by urea and sodium dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis to be only slightly affected by the time lapse between death and the beginning of myosin extraction. This was also true for myosin ATPases. The Ca-2+-activated ATPases of pig and human heart myosins have the same apparent Km and V, whereas white skeletal muscle myosin ATPase has the same Km with a higher V. Human myosin light subunits, when compared to those of pig heart possess: (i) different molecular weights: 27 999 and 18 000 datlons for pig heart, and 25 000 and 19 000 daltons for human heart. (ii) for both the light chains, different ultraviolet spectra and a higher helical content for the subunit molecular weight 25 000. (iii) a different composition for several amino acids (Tyr, Pro, Lys). A third light subunit (molecular weight 15 000) was occasionally seen in human as well as pig heart myosin. It concentration varied inversely with that of the subunit molecular weight 27 000-25 000, and so was probably a degradation product of the heaviest subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:124585", "title": "Amino acid sequence of the carboxy-terminal cyanogen bromide peptide of the human fibrinogen beta-chain: homology with the corresponding gamma-chain peptide and presence in fragment D.", "content": "The carboxy-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment of the human fibrinogen beta-chain has been isolated and its structure determined. It is a nonapeptide with the sequence Lys-Ile-Arg-Pro-Phe-Phe-Pro-Gln-Gln and is homologous with a portion of the carboxy-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment of the gamma-chain. The peptide has also been isolated in full yield from cyanogen bromide digests of the plasmin-derived fragment D, indicating that the carboxy-terminal region of the beta-chain is resistant to plasmin digestion. In contrast, a small portion of the corresponding gamma-chain carboxy-terminal region was missing in the same fragment D.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of the carboxy-terminal cyanogen bromide peptide of the human fibrinogen beta-chain: homology with the corresponding gamma-chain peptide and presence in fragment D. The carboxy-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment of the human fibrinogen beta-chain has been isolated and its structure determined. It is a nonapeptide with the sequence Lys-Ile-Arg-Pro-Phe-Phe-Pro-Gln-Gln and is homologous with a portion of the carboxy-terminal cyanogen bromide fragment of the gamma-chain. The peptide has also been isolated in full yield from cyanogen bromide digests of the plasmin-derived fragment D, indicating that the carboxy-terminal region of the beta-chain is resistant to plasmin digestion. In contrast, a small portion of the corresponding gamma-chain carboxy-terminal region was missing in the same fragment D."}
{"id": "PMID:124586", "title": "Gel electrophoretic identity of the (Na+ + Mg-2+)- and (Na+ + Ca-2+)-stimulated phosphorylations of rat brain ATPase.", "content": "The classical E2-P intermediate of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase dephosphorylates readily in the presence of K+ and is not affected by the addition of ADP. To determine the significance in the reaction cycle of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of kinetically atypical phosphorylations of rat brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase we compared these phosphorylated components with the classical E2-P intermediate of this enzyme by gel electrophoresis. When rat brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was phosphorylated in the presence of high concentrations of Na+ a proportion of the phosphorylated material formed was sensitive to ADP but resistant to K+. Similarly, if phosphorylation was carried out in the presence of Na+ and Ca-2+ up to 300 pmol/mg protein of a K+ -resistant, ADP-sensitive material were formed. If phosphorylation was from [gamma-32-P]CTP up to 800 pmol-32-P/mg protein of an ADP-resistant, K+ -sensitive phosphorylated material were formed. On gel electrophoresis these phosphorylated materials co-migrated with authentic Na+ -stimulated, K+ -sensitive, E2-P-phosphorylated intermediate of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, supporting suggestions that they represent phosphorylated intermediates in the reaction sequence of this enzyme.", "contents": "Gel electrophoretic identity of the (Na+ + Mg-2+)- and (Na+ + Ca-2+)-stimulated phosphorylations of rat brain ATPase. The classical E2-P intermediate of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase dephosphorylates readily in the presence of K+ and is not affected by the addition of ADP. To determine the significance in the reaction cycle of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of kinetically atypical phosphorylations of rat brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase we compared these phosphorylated components with the classical E2-P intermediate of this enzyme by gel electrophoresis. When rat brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was phosphorylated in the presence of high concentrations of Na+ a proportion of the phosphorylated material formed was sensitive to ADP but resistant to K+. Similarly, if phosphorylation was carried out in the presence of Na+ and Ca-2+ up to 300 pmol/mg protein of a K+ -resistant, ADP-sensitive material were formed. If phosphorylation was from [gamma-32-P]CTP up to 800 pmol-32-P/mg protein of an ADP-resistant, K+ -sensitive phosphorylated material were formed. On gel electrophoresis these phosphorylated materials co-migrated with authentic Na+ -stimulated, K+ -sensitive, E2-P-phosphorylated intermediate of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, supporting suggestions that they represent phosphorylated intermediates in the reaction sequence of this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:124587", "title": "Showdomycin, a nucleotide-site-directed inhibitor of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.", "content": "Showdomycin [2-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)maleimide] is a nucleoside antibiotic containing a maleimide ring and which is structurally related to uridine. Showdomycin inhibited rat brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase irreversibly by an apparently bimolecular reaction with a rate constant of about 11.01-mol- minus 1-min- minus 1. Micromolar concentrations of ATP protected against this inhibition but uridine triphosphate or uridine were much less effective. In the presence of K+, 100 MUM ATP was unable to protect against inhibition by showdomycin. These observations show that showdomycin inhibits (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by reacting with a specific chemical group or groups at the nucleotide-binding site on this enzyme. Inhibition by showdomycin appears to be more selective for this site than that due to tetrathionate or N-ethylmaleimide. Since tetrathionate is a specific reactant for sulfhydryl groups it appears likely that the reactive groups are sulfhydryl groups. The data thus show that showdomycin is a relatively selective nucleotide-site-directed inhibitor of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and inhibiton is likely due to the reaction of showdomycin with sulfhydryl group(s) at the nucleotide-binding site on this enzyme.", "contents": "Showdomycin, a nucleotide-site-directed inhibitor of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Showdomycin [2-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)maleimide] is a nucleoside antibiotic containing a maleimide ring and which is structurally related to uridine. Showdomycin inhibited rat brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase irreversibly by an apparently bimolecular reaction with a rate constant of about 11.01-mol- minus 1-min- minus 1. Micromolar concentrations of ATP protected against this inhibition but uridine triphosphate or uridine were much less effective. In the presence of K+, 100 MUM ATP was unable to protect against inhibition by showdomycin. These observations show that showdomycin inhibits (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by reacting with a specific chemical group or groups at the nucleotide-binding site on this enzyme. Inhibition by showdomycin appears to be more selective for this site than that due to tetrathionate or N-ethylmaleimide. Since tetrathionate is a specific reactant for sulfhydryl groups it appears likely that the reactive groups are sulfhydryl groups. The data thus show that showdomycin is a relatively selective nucleotide-site-directed inhibitor of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and inhibiton is likely due to the reaction of showdomycin with sulfhydryl group(s) at the nucleotide-binding site on this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:124588", "title": "Action of cytochalasin A, a sulfhydryl-reactive agent, on sugar metabolism and membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase of yeast.", "content": "Cytochalasin A at 10-20 mug/ml inhibits growth and sugar uptake by Saccharomyces strain 1016. The effects of cytochalasin A in intact cells were completely prevented when 1 mM cysteine or dithiothreitol was added along with cytochalasin A, but were not eliminated by thiols added after inhibition had occurred. Purified yeast hexokinase, glucose-6-P dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase and aldolase were not sensitive to cytochalasin A (20 mug/ml). Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase was strongly inhibited by cytochalasin A (5 mug/ml); activity was promptly restored by thiols. Anaerobic glycolysis was inhibited by cytochalasin A or by iodoacetate; unlike iodoacetate, cytochalasin A did not cause accumulation of sugar phosphates. In contrast, cytochalasin A, but not iodoacetate, inhibited isolated membrane-bound ATPases. Cytochalasin A is a sulfhydryl-reactive agent and has membrane-related effects (adenosine triphosphatase) which may well be the basis of its interference with energy-dependent uptake of solutes.", "contents": "Action of cytochalasin A, a sulfhydryl-reactive agent, on sugar metabolism and membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase of yeast. Cytochalasin A at 10-20 mug/ml inhibits growth and sugar uptake by Saccharomyces strain 1016. The effects of cytochalasin A in intact cells were completely prevented when 1 mM cysteine or dithiothreitol was added along with cytochalasin A, but were not eliminated by thiols added after inhibition had occurred. Purified yeast hexokinase, glucose-6-P dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase and aldolase were not sensitive to cytochalasin A (20 mug/ml). Glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase was strongly inhibited by cytochalasin A (5 mug/ml); activity was promptly restored by thiols. Anaerobic glycolysis was inhibited by cytochalasin A or by iodoacetate; unlike iodoacetate, cytochalasin A did not cause accumulation of sugar phosphates. In contrast, cytochalasin A, but not iodoacetate, inhibited isolated membrane-bound ATPases. Cytochalasin A is a sulfhydryl-reactive agent and has membrane-related effects (adenosine triphosphatase) which may well be the basis of its interference with energy-dependent uptake of solutes."}
{"id": "PMID:124589", "title": "Isolation and characterization of two types of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.", "content": "A purified preparation of sarcoplasmic reticulum from rabbit skeletal muscle has been found to consist of a heterogeneous population of vesicles. Isopycnic centrifugation was used to obtain \"light\" and \"heavy\" vesicles from the upper and lower ends of a 25 to 45% (w/w) linear sucrose gradient. Each fraction accounted for about 10 to 15% of the total vesicles. The remainder of the vesicles were of intermediate density and banded between the light and heavy fraction. Light vesicles were composed of about equal amounts of phospholipid and Ca-2+ pump protein which contained approx. 90% of the protein. Heavy vesicles contained in addition to the Ca-2+ pump protein (55-65% of the protein) two other major protein components, the Ca-2+ binding and M55 proteins which accounted for 20-25 and 5-7% of the protein of these vesicles, respectively. The sarcoplasmic reticulum subfractions had 32-P-labelled phosphoenzyme levels proportional to their Ca-2+ pump protein content and contained similar Ca-2+-stimulated ATPase activities. They were capable of accumulating Ca-2+ in the presence of ATP and of releasing the accumulated Ca-2+ when placed into a medium with a low Ca-2+ concentration. The vesicles differed significantly in that heavy vesicles had a greater number of non-specific Ca-2+ binding sites than light vesicles (approx. 220 vs 75 nmol of bound Ca-2+ per mg protein), in accordance with their high content of Ca-2+ binding protein. Electron dense material could be seen within the compartment of heavy but not light vesicles. Removal of Ca-2+ binding and M55 proteins from heavy vesicles resulted in empty membranous structures consisting mainly of Ca-2+ pump protein and phospholipid. Electron micrographs of sections of muscle showed dense material in terminal cisternae but not in longitudinal sections of sarcoplasmic reticulum. These experiments are consistent with the interpretation that (1) the electron dense material inside heavy vesicles may be referable to Ca-2+ binding and/or M55 proteins, and that (2) light and heavy vesicles may be derived from the longitudinal sections and terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum, respectively.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of two types of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. A purified preparation of sarcoplasmic reticulum from rabbit skeletal muscle has been found to consist of a heterogeneous population of vesicles. Isopycnic centrifugation was used to obtain \"light\" and \"heavy\" vesicles from the upper and lower ends of a 25 to 45% (w/w) linear sucrose gradient. Each fraction accounted for about 10 to 15% of the total vesicles. The remainder of the vesicles were of intermediate density and banded between the light and heavy fraction. Light vesicles were composed of about equal amounts of phospholipid and Ca-2+ pump protein which contained approx. 90% of the protein. Heavy vesicles contained in addition to the Ca-2+ pump protein (55-65% of the protein) two other major protein components, the Ca-2+ binding and M55 proteins which accounted for 20-25 and 5-7% of the protein of these vesicles, respectively. The sarcoplasmic reticulum subfractions had 32-P-labelled phosphoenzyme levels proportional to their Ca-2+ pump protein content and contained similar Ca-2+-stimulated ATPase activities. They were capable of accumulating Ca-2+ in the presence of ATP and of releasing the accumulated Ca-2+ when placed into a medium with a low Ca-2+ concentration. The vesicles differed significantly in that heavy vesicles had a greater number of non-specific Ca-2+ binding sites than light vesicles (approx. 220 vs 75 nmol of bound Ca-2+ per mg protein), in accordance with their high content of Ca-2+ binding protein. Electron dense material could be seen within the compartment of heavy but not light vesicles. Removal of Ca-2+ binding and M55 proteins from heavy vesicles resulted in empty membranous structures consisting mainly of Ca-2+ pump protein and phospholipid. Electron micrographs of sections of muscle showed dense material in terminal cisternae but not in longitudinal sections of sarcoplasmic reticulum. These experiments are consistent with the interpretation that (1) the electron dense material inside heavy vesicles may be referable to Ca-2+ binding and/or M55 proteins, and that (2) light and heavy vesicles may be derived from the longitudinal sections and terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:124590", "title": "Membrane reconstitution in chl-r mutants of Escherichia coli K 12. VII. Purification of the soluble ATPase of supernatant extracts and kinetics of incorporation into reconstituted particles.", "content": "Membrane-bound ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of Escherichia coli K 12 is released in a soluble form by the mechanical treatments applied to the cells in order to break them. The purification of the soluble enzyme is described. The purified protein gives a single band in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight is estimated to be 350 000. The enzyme is cold-labile, Mg-2+ dependent, insensitive to inhibition by N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and specific for ATP and ADP. Membranes depleted of their ATPase activity by dilution in a buffer of low ionic strength and without Mg-2+ are able to incorporate the purified ATPase only in the presence of 2-6 mM Mg-2+. ATPase binds to particles formed by complementation between supernatant extracts of chl A and chl B mutants. There are three kinds of particles of different buoyant densities (1.10, 1.18 and 1.23); ATPase binds only to the 1.10 and 1.18 particles. The kinetics of incorporation have been studied. ATPase begins to be incorporated into the 1.10 particles after 10 min of incubation up to a maximum at 20 min: from 30 min, ATPase is incorporated only into 1.18 particles and the amount of incorporated ATPase increased in proportion with the peak of 1.18 particles. These kinetics have a hyperbolic pattern. In order to explain the mechanism of assembly involved in complementation, two hypotheses are proposed.", "contents": "Membrane reconstitution in chl-r mutants of Escherichia coli K 12. VII. Purification of the soluble ATPase of supernatant extracts and kinetics of incorporation into reconstituted particles. Membrane-bound ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of Escherichia coli K 12 is released in a soluble form by the mechanical treatments applied to the cells in order to break them. The purification of the soluble enzyme is described. The purified protein gives a single band in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight is estimated to be 350 000. The enzyme is cold-labile, Mg-2+ dependent, insensitive to inhibition by N, N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and specific for ATP and ADP. Membranes depleted of their ATPase activity by dilution in a buffer of low ionic strength and without Mg-2+ are able to incorporate the purified ATPase only in the presence of 2-6 mM Mg-2+. ATPase binds to particles formed by complementation between supernatant extracts of chl A and chl B mutants. There are three kinds of particles of different buoyant densities (1.10, 1.18 and 1.23); ATPase binds only to the 1.10 and 1.18 particles. The kinetics of incorporation have been studied. ATPase begins to be incorporated into the 1.10 particles after 10 min of incubation up to a maximum at 20 min: from 30 min, ATPase is incorporated only into 1.18 particles and the amount of incorporated ATPase increased in proportion with the peak of 1.18 particles. These kinetics have a hyperbolic pattern. In order to explain the mechanism of assembly involved in complementation, two hypotheses are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:124591", "title": "Ca-2+-stimulated membrane phosphorylation and ATPase activity of the human erythrocyte.", "content": "1. Human erythrocyte membranes were preincubated with ethyleneglycolbis-(beta-aminoethyl)-N,N' tetraacetate (EGTA) and subsequently labelled for short periods with micromolar concentrations of [8-3-H, gamma-32-P]ATP. Under these conditions, and at temperatures smaller than or equal to 22 degrees C, both ATP hydrolysis and membrane phosphorylation were stimulated by Ca-2+. 2. The properties of the Ca-2+-stimulated ATP hydrolysis and associated phosphorylation of a 150 000 molecular weight protein component, previously described (Knauf, P. A., Proverbio, F. and Hoffman, J. F. (1974) J. Gen. Physiol. 63, 324-336), have been studied. The behavior of the phosphorylated component, ECaP, has properties consistent with its role as a phosphorylated intermediate of Ca-2+-ATPase activity, including: (1) similar dependence of the steady-state level of ECaP and Ca-2+-ATPase on ATP concentration; (2) rapid turnover apparent upon the addition of excess non-radioactive ATP; and (3) good correlation between the steady-state levels of Ca-2+-dependent phosphorylation and Ca-2+-ATPase activity in separate preparations possessing variable specific activity. Addition of excess EGTA to ECaP caused only partial dephosphorylation. Sensitivity of Ca-2+-stimulated ATP hydrolysis and associated phosphorylation to micromolar concentrations of Ca-2+ implicates this activity in the \"high-affinity\" Ca-2+-pump system of the human erythrocyte (Schatzmann, H. J. (1973) J. Physiol. London 235, 551-569).", "contents": "Ca-2+-stimulated membrane phosphorylation and ATPase activity of the human erythrocyte. 1. Human erythrocyte membranes were preincubated with ethyleneglycolbis-(beta-aminoethyl)-N,N' tetraacetate (EGTA) and subsequently labelled for short periods with micromolar concentrations of [8-3-H, gamma-32-P]ATP. Under these conditions, and at temperatures smaller than or equal to 22 degrees C, both ATP hydrolysis and membrane phosphorylation were stimulated by Ca-2+. 2. The properties of the Ca-2+-stimulated ATP hydrolysis and associated phosphorylation of a 150 000 molecular weight protein component, previously described (Knauf, P. A., Proverbio, F. and Hoffman, J. F. (1974) J. Gen. Physiol. 63, 324-336), have been studied. The behavior of the phosphorylated component, ECaP, has properties consistent with its role as a phosphorylated intermediate of Ca-2+-ATPase activity, including: (1) similar dependence of the steady-state level of ECaP and Ca-2+-ATPase on ATP concentration; (2) rapid turnover apparent upon the addition of excess non-radioactive ATP; and (3) good correlation between the steady-state levels of Ca-2+-dependent phosphorylation and Ca-2+-ATPase activity in separate preparations possessing variable specific activity. Addition of excess EGTA to ECaP caused only partial dephosphorylation. Sensitivity of Ca-2+-stimulated ATP hydrolysis and associated phosphorylation to micromolar concentrations of Ca-2+ implicates this activity in the \"high-affinity\" Ca-2+-pump system of the human erythrocyte (Schatzmann, H. J. (1973) J. Physiol. London 235, 551-569)."}
{"id": "PMID:124593", "title": "Purification of cardiac myosin. Application to hypertrophied myocardium.", "content": "A method is described for the preparation of high purity myosin from small amounts of cardiac muscle. The method employs homogenization and prolonged extraction of the cardiac tissue. Purification is achieved through three successive precipitation-dissolution cycles and without the use of column chromatographic techniques. Purity of the myosin preparation is assessed at various stages of the purification procedure by sodium dodecylsulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and by measurement of RNA and nucleoprotein content. With 1.5-2.0 g of rabbit right ventricle as the starting tissue, this method yields 4-6 mg myosin per g wet tissue. The method is also shown to give similar results with rabbit right ventricles hypertrophied by pulmonary stenosis.", "contents": "Purification of cardiac myosin. Application to hypertrophied myocardium. A method is described for the preparation of high purity myosin from small amounts of cardiac muscle. The method employs homogenization and prolonged extraction of the cardiac tissue. Purification is achieved through three successive precipitation-dissolution cycles and without the use of column chromatographic techniques. Purity of the myosin preparation is assessed at various stages of the purification procedure by sodium dodecylsulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and by measurement of RNA and nucleoprotein content. With 1.5-2.0 g of rabbit right ventricle as the starting tissue, this method yields 4-6 mg myosin per g wet tissue. The method is also shown to give similar results with rabbit right ventricles hypertrophied by pulmonary stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:124594", "title": "Differences in the binding to fibrin of native plasminogen and plasminogen modified by proteolytic degradation. Influence of omega-aminocarboxylic acids.", "content": "Pretreatment of native plasminogen with plasmin or activators resulted in a pronounced increase in the binding of plasminogen to fibrin. The pretreated plasminogen was considered to be identical to the proteolytically degraded proenzyme with NH2-terminal lysine, valine or methionine, which is formed as an intermediate stage during activation of plasminogen. Bound plasminogen could be extracted by 6-aminohexanoic acid indicating a reversible binding between plasminogen and fibrin. Adsorption of pretreated plasminogen decreased when increasing concentrations of 6-aminohexanoic acid or trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (t-AMCHA) were present during fibrin formation. The concentration of amino acid producing a decrease in the binding of pretreated plasminogen to 0.5 of the amount bound in the absence of amino acid was 8.0-10(-5) M with 6-aminohexanoic acid and 1.7.10-5 M with t-AMCHA. The decrease in binding is most likely related to an effect of the amino acids on plasminogen, since agarose gel electrophoresis of pretreated plasminogen in the presence of 6-aminohexanoic acid or t-AMCHA showed a cathodic shift in mobility at the same range of concentrations of amino acid, which produced the decrease in binding of plasminogen to fibrin. Evidence is provided that the decrease in binding of proteolytically degraded plasminogen may result in an inhibition of fibrinolysis caused by activators.", "contents": "Differences in the binding to fibrin of native plasminogen and plasminogen modified by proteolytic degradation. Influence of omega-aminocarboxylic acids. Pretreatment of native plasminogen with plasmin or activators resulted in a pronounced increase in the binding of plasminogen to fibrin. The pretreated plasminogen was considered to be identical to the proteolytically degraded proenzyme with NH2-terminal lysine, valine or methionine, which is formed as an intermediate stage during activation of plasminogen. Bound plasminogen could be extracted by 6-aminohexanoic acid indicating a reversible binding between plasminogen and fibrin. Adsorption of pretreated plasminogen decreased when increasing concentrations of 6-aminohexanoic acid or trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexane-1-carboxylic acid (t-AMCHA) were present during fibrin formation. The concentration of amino acid producing a decrease in the binding of pretreated plasminogen to 0.5 of the amount bound in the absence of amino acid was 8.0-10(-5) M with 6-aminohexanoic acid and 1.7.10-5 M with t-AMCHA. The decrease in binding is most likely related to an effect of the amino acids on plasminogen, since agarose gel electrophoresis of pretreated plasminogen in the presence of 6-aminohexanoic acid or t-AMCHA showed a cathodic shift in mobility at the same range of concentrations of amino acid, which produced the decrease in binding of plasminogen to fibrin. Evidence is provided that the decrease in binding of proteolytically degraded plasminogen may result in an inhibition of fibrinolysis caused by activators."}
{"id": "PMID:124595", "title": "Preparation of prostatic plasma membranes Distribution of (Na-+, K-+)-ATPase and Mg-2+-ATPase in the rat ventral prostate.", "content": "1. A method is described for the isolation of a plasma membrane fraction from rat ventral prostate. This fraction is greatly enriched in (Na-\", K-+)-ATPase but also contains a small amount of Mg-2+-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase activities. 2. The activity ratio (Mg-2+ plus Na-+ plus K-+/Mg-2+ or Mg-+ plus Na-+) of the plasma membrane (Na-+, K-+)-ATPase was 1.7. The enzyme system specifically requires ATP as substrate and is inhibited by Ca-2+ or ouabain.", "contents": "Preparation of prostatic plasma membranes Distribution of (Na-+, K-+)-ATPase and Mg-2+-ATPase in the rat ventral prostate. 1. A method is described for the isolation of a plasma membrane fraction from rat ventral prostate. This fraction is greatly enriched in (Na-\", K-+)-ATPase but also contains a small amount of Mg-2+-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase activities. 2. The activity ratio (Mg-2+ plus Na-+ plus K-+/Mg-2+ or Mg-+ plus Na-+) of the plasma membrane (Na-+, K-+)-ATPase was 1.7. The enzyme system specifically requires ATP as substrate and is inhibited by Ca-2+ or ouabain."}
{"id": "PMID:124596", "title": "Polar head-group and acyl side-chain requirements for phospholipid-dependent (Na-+ plus K-+)-ATPase.", "content": "The abilities of different phospholipids to reactivate a lipid-depleted (Na-+ plus K-+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) have been compared. The phospholipids contained either the same group of hydrocarbon chains withhh different polar groups, or different hydrocarbon groups wit the same polar group; they were prepared by enzymic modification of the polar group of phosphatidylserine isolated from bovine brain and of phosphatidylcholine extracted from egg. Only the acidic phospholipids reactivated the ATPase but the amount of reactivation depended on the nature of the hydrocarbon chains as well as the polar group. These findings are discussed in relations to the compositions of the two different groups of fatty acyl chains constituting the hydrocarbon portions of the phospholipids.", "contents": "Polar head-group and acyl side-chain requirements for phospholipid-dependent (Na-+ plus K-+)-ATPase. The abilities of different phospholipids to reactivate a lipid-depleted (Na-+ plus K-+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) have been compared. The phospholipids contained either the same group of hydrocarbon chains withhh different polar groups, or different hydrocarbon groups wit the same polar group; they were prepared by enzymic modification of the polar group of phosphatidylserine isolated from bovine brain and of phosphatidylcholine extracted from egg. Only the acidic phospholipids reactivated the ATPase but the amount of reactivation depended on the nature of the hydrocarbon chains as well as the polar group. These findings are discussed in relations to the compositions of the two different groups of fatty acyl chains constituting the hydrocarbon portions of the phospholipids."}
{"id": "PMID:124597", "title": "Effect of carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone on the calcium-stimulated ATPase activity of erythrocyteghosts.", "content": "Incubation of etythrocyte ghosts with carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP) plus Ca-2+ resulted in inactivation of the Ca-2+ -stimulated ATPase activity. Omission of Ca-2+ or lowering of the temperature below 25 degrees C eliminated the inhibitory effect, as also did the presence of ATP during the incubation. On the other hand, the addition of beta-mercaptoethanol did not influence the Ca-2+ -dependent inhibition by CCCP. Compared with the level of CCCP which uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, a rather high level (0.5 mM) of CCCP was required to inhibit the ATPase activity in ghosts. However, once the inhibition had been accomplished, almost all of the CCCP could be removed from the ghost membrane by washing with a Ca-2+ -containing solution, without affecting the inhibition of ATPase. If ethylene-glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid was included in the washing medium, the inhibition of ATPase was nearly completely reversed by washing. The results indicate that only the Ca-2+ -stimulated, Mg-2+ -ATPase was inhibited by 0.5 mM CCCP, while the remaining components of the ATPase activity were slightly inhibited by higher levels of the uncoupler. Low levels of CCCP (0.1 mM) stimulated the Mg-2+ -ATPase slightly. CCCP was much more specific for the Ca-2+ -stimulated ATPases than N-(1-naphthyl)maleimide, an unusually effective sulfhydryl reagent, and the requirement of Ca-2+ for inactivation was also quite specific.", "contents": "Effect of carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone on the calcium-stimulated ATPase activity of erythrocyteghosts. Incubation of etythrocyte ghosts with carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP) plus Ca-2+ resulted in inactivation of the Ca-2+ -stimulated ATPase activity. Omission of Ca-2+ or lowering of the temperature below 25 degrees C eliminated the inhibitory effect, as also did the presence of ATP during the incubation. On the other hand, the addition of beta-mercaptoethanol did not influence the Ca-2+ -dependent inhibition by CCCP. Compared with the level of CCCP which uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, a rather high level (0.5 mM) of CCCP was required to inhibit the ATPase activity in ghosts. However, once the inhibition had been accomplished, almost all of the CCCP could be removed from the ghost membrane by washing with a Ca-2+ -containing solution, without affecting the inhibition of ATPase. If ethylene-glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid was included in the washing medium, the inhibition of ATPase was nearly completely reversed by washing. The results indicate that only the Ca-2+ -stimulated, Mg-2+ -ATPase was inhibited by 0.5 mM CCCP, while the remaining components of the ATPase activity were slightly inhibited by higher levels of the uncoupler. Low levels of CCCP (0.1 mM) stimulated the Mg-2+ -ATPase slightly. CCCP was much more specific for the Ca-2+ -stimulated ATPases than N-(1-naphthyl)maleimide, an unusually effective sulfhydryl reagent, and the requirement of Ca-2+ for inactivation was also quite specific."}
{"id": "PMID:124598", "title": "Evidence for a plasma membrane calcium pump in bovine adrenal medulla but not adrenal cortex.", "content": "Continuous sucrose density gradient subfractions from bovine adrenal medullary microsomes were found to accumulate 45-Ca-2+ in the presence of ATP and ammonium oxalate mainly in subfractions of intermediate density. (Na-++K-+)-ATPase (plasma membrane marker) and Ca-2+-ATPase activities were also concentrated in these intermediate subfractions but thiamine pyrophosphatase (Golgi apparatus marker) was not. NADH oxidase (endoplasmic reticulum marker) activity was distributed throughout all subfractions. 45-Ca-2+ accumulation in adrenal cortical microsomes was found to rise and fall in parallel with thiamine pyrophosphatase but not with (Na-++K-+)-ATPase or NADH oxidase activities. Accumulation of 45-Ca-2+ in membrane vesicles in these experiments suggests the existence of a calcium transfer mechanism in plasma membranes of the adrenal medulla but not adrenal cortex.", "contents": "Evidence for a plasma membrane calcium pump in bovine adrenal medulla but not adrenal cortex. Continuous sucrose density gradient subfractions from bovine adrenal medullary microsomes were found to accumulate 45-Ca-2+ in the presence of ATP and ammonium oxalate mainly in subfractions of intermediate density. (Na-++K-+)-ATPase (plasma membrane marker) and Ca-2+-ATPase activities were also concentrated in these intermediate subfractions but thiamine pyrophosphatase (Golgi apparatus marker) was not. NADH oxidase (endoplasmic reticulum marker) activity was distributed throughout all subfractions. 45-Ca-2+ accumulation in adrenal cortical microsomes was found to rise and fall in parallel with thiamine pyrophosphatase but not with (Na-++K-+)-ATPase or NADH oxidase activities. Accumulation of 45-Ca-2+ in membrane vesicles in these experiments suggests the existence of a calcium transfer mechanism in plasma membranes of the adrenal medulla but not adrenal cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:124599", "title": "ATP-dependent calcium accumulation in brain microsomes. Enhancement by phosphate and oxalate.", "content": "1. ATP-dependent calcium uptake by a rabbit brain vesicular fraction (microsomes) was studied in the presence of phosphate or oxalate. These anions, which are known to form insoluble calcium salts, increased the rate of calcium uptake and the capacity of the vesicles for calcium accumulation. 2. The degree of activation depended on the concentration of phosphate or oxalate. Under optimal conditions, phosphate promoted a 5-fold increase in the amount of calcium stored at steady state. This level was 200-250 nmol Ca-2+/mg protein. 3. Initial rate of calcium uptake followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent Km for calcium of 6.7-10-minus 5 M and a V of 44 nmol/min per mg protein. Optimal pH was 7.0. With 2 mM ATP, optimal Mg-2+ concentration was 2 mM. 4. Dintrophenol and NaN3 inhibited calcium uptake in a mitochondria-enriched fraction but not in the microsomal fraction. 5. Calcium uptake activity was compared in the six subfractions prepared from the whole microsomal fraction by means of a sucrose density gradient fractionation. 6. The Mg-2+-dependent ATPase activity of brain microsomes was activated by calcium. Maximal activation was attained with 100 muM CaCl2. Greater calcium concentrations caused a progressive inhibition. 7. The data suggest that the ATP-dependent calcium uptake in brain microsomes, as in muscle microsomes, is brought about by an active transport process, calcium being accumulated as a free ion inside the vesicles.", "contents": "ATP-dependent calcium accumulation in brain microsomes. Enhancement by phosphate and oxalate. 1. ATP-dependent calcium uptake by a rabbit brain vesicular fraction (microsomes) was studied in the presence of phosphate or oxalate. These anions, which are known to form insoluble calcium salts, increased the rate of calcium uptake and the capacity of the vesicles for calcium accumulation. 2. The degree of activation depended on the concentration of phosphate or oxalate. Under optimal conditions, phosphate promoted a 5-fold increase in the amount of calcium stored at steady state. This level was 200-250 nmol Ca-2+/mg protein. 3. Initial rate of calcium uptake followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent Km for calcium of 6.7-10-minus 5 M and a V of 44 nmol/min per mg protein. Optimal pH was 7.0. With 2 mM ATP, optimal Mg-2+ concentration was 2 mM. 4. Dintrophenol and NaN3 inhibited calcium uptake in a mitochondria-enriched fraction but not in the microsomal fraction. 5. Calcium uptake activity was compared in the six subfractions prepared from the whole microsomal fraction by means of a sucrose density gradient fractionation. 6. The Mg-2+-dependent ATPase activity of brain microsomes was activated by calcium. Maximal activation was attained with 100 muM CaCl2. Greater calcium concentrations caused a progressive inhibition. 7. The data suggest that the ATP-dependent calcium uptake in brain microsomes, as in muscle microsomes, is brought about by an active transport process, calcium being accumulated as a free ion inside the vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:124600", "title": "Ouabain-insensitive Na+ stimulation of an Mg-2+ -dependent ATPase in kidney tissue.", "content": "1. Freshly prepared microsomal fractions of the outermost cortex of guinea pig kidney show an Mg-2+-dependent ATPase activity which is partially inhibited by 100 mM NaCl, LiCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, NH4Cl or choline chloride. 2. If the microsomal preparation is aged by storage at 4 degrees C for 10-15 days, the Mg-2+-dependent activity shows stimulation by Na-+  and Li-+ but not by K-+, Rb-+, Cs-+, NH4-+ or choline. 3. Stimulation is similar with sodium salts of Cl-minus, HCO3-minus, CH3COO-minus, BR-minus, SO4-2-minus or methylsulphonate. 4. Stimulation is insensitive to 1 mM and 10 mM ouabain. 5. Stimulation is unaltered by the presence of 0.5 mM ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetracetic acid. 6. Stimulation is 100% inhibited by 2 mM ethacrynic acid, a concentration which inhibits only 30% of the Mg-2+-dependent ATPase and 50% of the (Na-++K-+)-stimulated ATPase. 7. Some of these characteristics coincide with those of an ouabain-resistant, K-+-independent, ethacrynic acid-sensitive mode of Na-+ extrusion out of guinea pig kidney cortex cells.", "contents": "Ouabain-insensitive Na+ stimulation of an Mg-2+ -dependent ATPase in kidney tissue. 1. Freshly prepared microsomal fractions of the outermost cortex of guinea pig kidney show an Mg-2+-dependent ATPase activity which is partially inhibited by 100 mM NaCl, LiCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, NH4Cl or choline chloride. 2. If the microsomal preparation is aged by storage at 4 degrees C for 10-15 days, the Mg-2+-dependent activity shows stimulation by Na-+  and Li-+ but not by K-+, Rb-+, Cs-+, NH4-+ or choline. 3. Stimulation is similar with sodium salts of Cl-minus, HCO3-minus, CH3COO-minus, BR-minus, SO4-2-minus or methylsulphonate. 4. Stimulation is insensitive to 1 mM and 10 mM ouabain. 5. Stimulation is unaltered by the presence of 0.5 mM ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)N,N'-tetracetic acid. 6. Stimulation is 100% inhibited by 2 mM ethacrynic acid, a concentration which inhibits only 30% of the Mg-2+-dependent ATPase and 50% of the (Na-++K-+)-stimulated ATPase. 7. Some of these characteristics coincide with those of an ouabain-resistant, K-+-independent, ethacrynic acid-sensitive mode of Na-+ extrusion out of guinea pig kidney cortex cells."}
{"id": "PMID:124601", "title": "Inactivation of (Na-++K-+)-stimulated ATPase by a cytotoxic protein from cobra venom in relation to its lytic effects on cells.", "content": "The mechanism of action of the cytotoxic protein P6 isolated from cobra venom (Naja naja) which shows preferential cytotoxicity particularly to Yoshida sarcoma cells has been studied by its effects on the membrane-bound enzyme (Na-++K-+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) of a variety of cell systems. Evidence obtained with Yoshida sarcoma cells, dog and human erythrocytes and three tissue culture cell lines KB (human oral carcinoma), Hela (human cervix carcinoma) and L-132 (human lung embryonic) shows that inhibition of (Na-++K-+)-ATPase by the P6 protein can be correlated with its lytic activity. (Na-++k-+)-ATPase of Yoshida sarcoma membrane fragments inactivated by P6 protein could be reconstituted by the addition of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid. It is conceivable that lysis of cells by the P6 protein may be due to an imbalance of K-+ and Na-+ in the cell which leads to swelling and disintegration of the membrane structure. Observations indicate that the P6 protein combines with membrane constituents of susceptible cells. The overall evidence suggests that both the specificity of its protein structure and the highly basic nature of the P6 protein are factors which enable it to compete with the lipid moiety maintaining the (Na-++k-+)-ATPase of the susceptible cells in proper conformation for activity.", "contents": "Inactivation of (Na-++K-+)-stimulated ATPase by a cytotoxic protein from cobra venom in relation to its lytic effects on cells. The mechanism of action of the cytotoxic protein P6 isolated from cobra venom (Naja naja) which shows preferential cytotoxicity particularly to Yoshida sarcoma cells has been studied by its effects on the membrane-bound enzyme (Na-++K-+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) of a variety of cell systems. Evidence obtained with Yoshida sarcoma cells, dog and human erythrocytes and three tissue culture cell lines KB (human oral carcinoma), Hela (human cervix carcinoma) and L-132 (human lung embryonic) shows that inhibition of (Na-++K-+)-ATPase by the P6 protein can be correlated with its lytic activity. (Na-++k-+)-ATPase of Yoshida sarcoma membrane fragments inactivated by P6 protein could be reconstituted by the addition of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid. It is conceivable that lysis of cells by the P6 protein may be due to an imbalance of K-+ and Na-+ in the cell which leads to swelling and disintegration of the membrane structure. Observations indicate that the P6 protein combines with membrane constituents of susceptible cells. The overall evidence suggests that both the specificity of its protein structure and the highly basic nature of the P6 protein are factors which enable it to compete with the lipid moiety maintaining the (Na-++k-+)-ATPase of the susceptible cells in proper conformation for activity."}
{"id": "PMID:124602", "title": "Hormone responsiveness of plasma membrane-bound enzymes in normal and regenerating rat liver.", "content": "The hormonal responsiveness of plasma membrane-bound enzymes (Na-+-K-+)-ATPase and adenylate cyclase has been investigated in normal and regenerating rat liver. (Na-+-K-+)-ATPase basal activity is not affected by surgery and only slightly affected by partial hepatectomy; its response to epinephrine and cyclic AMP is decreased only 15 h after hepatectomy. Adenylate cyclase activity of plasma membranes from untreated animals is stimulated by parathyroid hormone and thyroxine; partial hepatectomy increased basal activity as well as the stimulation exerted by the aforementioned hormones, when glucagon and epinephrine sensitivity is essentially unaltered.", "contents": "Hormone responsiveness of plasma membrane-bound enzymes in normal and regenerating rat liver. The hormonal responsiveness of plasma membrane-bound enzymes (Na-+-K-+)-ATPase and adenylate cyclase has been investigated in normal and regenerating rat liver. (Na-+-K-+)-ATPase basal activity is not affected by surgery and only slightly affected by partial hepatectomy; its response to epinephrine and cyclic AMP is decreased only 15 h after hepatectomy. Adenylate cyclase activity of plasma membranes from untreated animals is stimulated by parathyroid hormone and thyroxine; partial hepatectomy increased basal activity as well as the stimulation exerted by the aforementioned hormones, when glucagon and epinephrine sensitivity is essentially unaltered."}
{"id": "PMID:124607", "title": "Discrepancies in the measurement of changes in blood flow using flow- and velocity-sensitive electromagnetic probes.", "content": "Blood flow was measured in the descending thoracic aorta of the anaesthetised dog using a perivascular flow probe and electromagnetic flowmeter. Blood velocity was measured in the same vessel with an intravascular velocity probe and electromagnetic flowmeter. Changes in blood pressure, flow and velocity, were induced by intravenous administration of noradrenaline, angiotensin, isoprenaline and aminophylline. If the velocity probe was within the cuff of the flow probe, percentage changes in flow and velocity were comparable, but if the velocity probe was \"upstream\" or \"downstream\" from the cuff, discrepancies between percentage drug-induced changes in flow and velocity were of the order of 30% and, in 12 out of 80 observations, in opposite directions. Measuring absolute flow with the velocity-sensitive device produced variable results showing a systematic underestimate of flow estimated from velocity, compared with flow measured with the perivascular probe. It is concluded that the measurement of blood flow and changes in blood flow, with the intravascular velocity probe, is liable to produce inaccurate data.", "contents": "Discrepancies in the measurement of changes in blood flow using flow- and velocity-sensitive electromagnetic probes. Blood flow was measured in the descending thoracic aorta of the anaesthetised dog using a perivascular flow probe and electromagnetic flowmeter. Blood velocity was measured in the same vessel with an intravascular velocity probe and electromagnetic flowmeter. Changes in blood pressure, flow and velocity, were induced by intravenous administration of noradrenaline, angiotensin, isoprenaline and aminophylline. If the velocity probe was within the cuff of the flow probe, percentage changes in flow and velocity were comparable, but if the velocity probe was \"upstream\" or \"downstream\" from the cuff, discrepancies between percentage drug-induced changes in flow and velocity were of the order of 30% and, in 12 out of 80 observations, in opposite directions. Measuring absolute flow with the velocity-sensitive device produced variable results showing a systematic underestimate of flow estimated from velocity, compared with flow measured with the perivascular probe. It is concluded that the measurement of blood flow and changes in blood flow, with the intravascular velocity probe, is liable to produce inaccurate data."}
{"id": "PMID:124603", "title": "[Study of the stationary kinetics of the myosin ATPase reaction in the presence of calcium].", "content": "Calcium activation of myosine ATPase is investigated. Dependency of the hydrolysis rate on total concentration of metal ions and substrate and kinetics of the reaction under [ATP]tot. equals [Ca]tot. are studied. Dependency of upsilon on [Ca]tot, was found to be complex under comparable concentrations of ATP and calcium at the range of 0.1-1 mM. The data obtained show that the complex character of myosine ATPase reaction in the presence of calcium is due to a dual nature of the enzyme activation with calcium ions: CA+2-induced transition of myosine from low-active into active form and the formation of new easily hydrolyzible substrate (Ca ATP). Low-active form of the enzyme is a protein which is tightly bound with magnesium while active myosine is free of bivalent cations or is weakly bound with calcium. This two enzyme forms are indistinguishable kinetically. It is shown that Ca+2 at high concentrations is capable to substitute magnesium ions bound to the protein molecule. Activating effect of free metal on myosine ATPase is found to come to the protection of the enzyme from magnesium inhibition.", "contents": "[Study of the stationary kinetics of the myosin ATPase reaction in the presence of calcium]. Calcium activation of myosine ATPase is investigated. Dependency of the hydrolysis rate on total concentration of metal ions and substrate and kinetics of the reaction under [ATP]tot. equals [Ca]tot. are studied. Dependency of upsilon on [Ca]tot, was found to be complex under comparable concentrations of ATP and calcium at the range of 0.1-1 mM. The data obtained show that the complex character of myosine ATPase reaction in the presence of calcium is due to a dual nature of the enzyme activation with calcium ions: CA+2-induced transition of myosine from low-active into active form and the formation of new easily hydrolyzible substrate (Ca ATP). Low-active form of the enzyme is a protein which is tightly bound with magnesium while active myosine is free of bivalent cations or is weakly bound with calcium. This two enzyme forms are indistinguishable kinetically. It is shown that Ca+2 at high concentrations is capable to substitute magnesium ions bound to the protein molecule. Activating effect of free metal on myosine ATPase is found to come to the protection of the enzyme from magnesium inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:124604", "title": "[Alkylating compounds, inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP-synthetase].", "content": "The esters of aromatic acids with two electrophilic groups were found to inhibit mitochondrial ATP-synthetase like oligomycin. The substances without electrophilic sites or with one electrophilic groups have no the oligomycin-like effect on mitochondria. Aromatic acids with two alkylating groups are also inefficient.", "contents": "[Alkylating compounds, inhibitors of mitochondrial ATP-synthetase]. The esters of aromatic acids with two electrophilic groups were found to inhibit mitochondrial ATP-synthetase like oligomycin. The substances without electrophilic sites or with one electrophilic groups have no the oligomycin-like effect on mitochondria. Aromatic acids with two alkylating groups are also inefficient."}
{"id": "PMID:124610", "title": "Cardiotonic steroids: correlation of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphate inhibition and ion transport in vitro with inotropic activity and toxicity in dogs.", "content": "1. A new series of cardiotonics based on five steroid nuclei has been evaluated for inhibition of Na-+/K-+-ATPase and Rb uptake by red blood cells, and for inotropic activity and toxicity in dogs. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. 2. The in vitro tests can be used satisfactorily to predict inotropic activity, but not toxicity or therapeutic ratio. 3. Although compounds with greatly improved therapeutic ratios relative to ouabain and tolusin have been obtained, they proved to be strongly emetic in the conscious dog.", "contents": "Cardiotonic steroids: correlation of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphate inhibition and ion transport in vitro with inotropic activity and toxicity in dogs. 1. A new series of cardiotonics based on five steroid nuclei has been evaluated for inhibition of Na-+/K-+-ATPase and Rb uptake by red blood cells, and for inotropic activity and toxicity in dogs. Structure-activity relationships are discussed. 2. The in vitro tests can be used satisfactorily to predict inotropic activity, but not toxicity or therapeutic ratio. 3. Although compounds with greatly improved therapeutic ratios relative to ouabain and tolusin have been obtained, they proved to be strongly emetic in the conscious dog."}
{"id": "PMID:124611", "title": "Extended deep femoral angioplasty: an alternative to femoropopliteal bypass.", "content": "The results of extended deep femoral angioplasty (EDFA) have been alaysed for 74 legs in 72 patients. In 69 per cent a femoropopliteal bypass would have been possible, so DEFA is considered here as an alternative operation. The success rate was 66-9 per cent, the failure rate 25-6 per cent and no effect was achieved in 7-5 per cent. Diabetes adversely affected the results. Of the failures, 45 per cent were diabetic, while the incidence of diabetes was only 14 per cent in the group where the operation was successful. The long term results of the operation were reasonable, 75 per cent being successful for 10-39 months. Age had no bearing on success or failure. The effects of EDFA were most dramatic on intermittent claudication. In 52 per cent it was abolished and in 92 per cent claudication distance was increased to over 200 yards. Good results were achieved after failed lumbar sympathectomy and failed femoropopliteal bypass. Successful results of EDFA could be predicted best by inspection of angiograms. Success or failure could have been predicted from the state of the run-off in 81 per cent of the cases. Claudication and rest pain were the most relieved by EDFA, followed by isachaemic ulceration of the leg. Gangrene of digits was helped but less than had been hoped. We conclude that the indications for femoropopliteal bypass are limited to cases of digital gangrene where angiography shows that bypass is possible or where an EDFA operation has failed.", "contents": "Extended deep femoral angioplasty: an alternative to femoropopliteal bypass. The results of extended deep femoral angioplasty (EDFA) have been alaysed for 74 legs in 72 patients. In 69 per cent a femoropopliteal bypass would have been possible, so DEFA is considered here as an alternative operation. The success rate was 66-9 per cent, the failure rate 25-6 per cent and no effect was achieved in 7-5 per cent. Diabetes adversely affected the results. Of the failures, 45 per cent were diabetic, while the incidence of diabetes was only 14 per cent in the group where the operation was successful. The long term results of the operation were reasonable, 75 per cent being successful for 10-39 months. Age had no bearing on success or failure. The effects of EDFA were most dramatic on intermittent claudication. In 52 per cent it was abolished and in 92 per cent claudication distance was increased to over 200 yards. Good results were achieved after failed lumbar sympathectomy and failed femoropopliteal bypass. Successful results of EDFA could be predicted best by inspection of angiograms. Success or failure could have been predicted from the state of the run-off in 81 per cent of the cases. Claudication and rest pain were the most relieved by EDFA, followed by isachaemic ulceration of the leg. Gangrene of digits was helped but less than had been hoped. We conclude that the indications for femoropopliteal bypass are limited to cases of digital gangrene where angiography shows that bypass is possible or where an EDFA operation has failed."}
{"id": "PMID:124613", "title": "Pre-eclampsia in pregnancies by different fathers: immunological studies.", "content": "Immunological studies were performed on a woman with severe pre-eclamptic toxaemia in a second pregnancy. This pregnancy followed a normal twin pregnancy by a different father four years earlier. Both fathers were also studied. In the mixed lymphocyte culture the patient's lymphocytes reacted eight times as strongly against father 2's cells as against those from father 1. If studies along these lines are performed when a women has toxaemic and non-toxaemic pregnancies by different fathers information may be obtained on immunogenetic aetiological factors which may be of more value than that derived from the study of large unselected populations.", "contents": "Pre-eclampsia in pregnancies by different fathers: immunological studies. Immunological studies were performed on a woman with severe pre-eclamptic toxaemia in a second pregnancy. This pregnancy followed a normal twin pregnancy by a different father four years earlier. Both fathers were also studied. In the mixed lymphocyte culture the patient's lymphocytes reacted eight times as strongly against father 2's cells as against those from father 1. If studies along these lines are performed when a women has toxaemic and non-toxaemic pregnancies by different fathers information may be obtained on immunogenetic aetiological factors which may be of more value than that derived from the study of large unselected populations."}
{"id": "PMID:124616", "title": "Treatment of gonorrhoea in the female with fortified procaine penicillin plus probenecid and with spectinomycin.", "content": "513 cases of uncomplicated gonorrhoea in females with positive results to cultures were treated with two regimens of treatment between January 1, 1972, and February 28, 1973, at the Department for Females, Bangrak Hospital, Bangkok. The highest incidence was found in the age group 20 to 24 years (215 out of 513). The patients were divided into two groups. In the first, probenecid 1 g. was given orally 1 hour before an intramuscular injection of 4 million units fortified procaine penicillin, and in the second an intramuscular injection of 2 g. spectinomycin dihydrochloride was given. 335 cases were followed in the first group and there were no failures; 132 cases were followed in the second group and there was one failure (0.7 per cent.). The fact that gonococci were found in the rectum in 23.7 per cent. of cases (117 out of 493) indicates that rectal tests are of considerable importance and should be included in the routine investigations. There was no evidence that gonorrhoeal infection of the rectum was more resistant to treatment than infection at other sites.", "contents": "Treatment of gonorrhoea in the female with fortified procaine penicillin plus probenecid and with spectinomycin. 513 cases of uncomplicated gonorrhoea in females with positive results to cultures were treated with two regimens of treatment between January 1, 1972, and February 28, 1973, at the Department for Females, Bangrak Hospital, Bangkok. The highest incidence was found in the age group 20 to 24 years (215 out of 513). The patients were divided into two groups. In the first, probenecid 1 g. was given orally 1 hour before an intramuscular injection of 4 million units fortified procaine penicillin, and in the second an intramuscular injection of 2 g. spectinomycin dihydrochloride was given. 335 cases were followed in the first group and there were no failures; 132 cases were followed in the second group and there was one failure (0.7 per cent.). The fact that gonococci were found in the rectum in 23.7 per cent. of cases (117 out of 493) indicates that rectal tests are of considerable importance and should be included in the routine investigations. There was no evidence that gonorrhoeal infection of the rectum was more resistant to treatment than infection at other sites."}
{"id": "PMID:124621", "title": "A comparison of methods of evaluating myocardial contractility.", "content": "An investigation was carried out in dogs to determine how the acceleration of blood in the aorta (dV/dt), as a new index of myocardial contractility compared with existing indices and how they correlated with each other. It was found that the indices derived from velocity and flow of blood, dV/dt max and dQ/dt max, and from intraventricular pressure, dP/dt max, correlate well with each other but there is less agreement between them and the reciprocal of the Pre-Ejection Period, l/PEP. The ratio dP/dt max divided by I.P. correlated well with dQ/dt max divided by I.Q. and dQ/dt max divided by Q. max but not so well with dV/dt max divided by I.V. (instantaneous velocity) of dV/dt max divided by V. max and the ratios dQ/DT DIVIDED BY I.Q. and dQ/dt divided by Q max as well as l/PEP. In view of the lack of agreement of quantitative definition of myocardial contractility, the ratio dV/dt divided by V. max would have several practical advantages as an indicator of the inotropic state of the heart; these are that the probe used to establish descending aortic blood velocity does not require calibration, and the signal can be obtained by a relatively non-invasive technique that is suitable for patient care and yet agrees with other established indices of myocardial contractility.", "contents": "A comparison of methods of evaluating myocardial contractility. An investigation was carried out in dogs to determine how the acceleration of blood in the aorta (dV/dt), as a new index of myocardial contractility compared with existing indices and how they correlated with each other. It was found that the indices derived from velocity and flow of blood, dV/dt max and dQ/dt max, and from intraventricular pressure, dP/dt max, correlate well with each other but there is less agreement between them and the reciprocal of the Pre-Ejection Period, l/PEP. The ratio dP/dt max divided by I.P. correlated well with dQ/dt max divided by I.Q. and dQ/dt max divided by Q. max but not so well with dV/dt max divided by I.V. (instantaneous velocity) of dV/dt max divided by V. max and the ratios dQ/DT DIVIDED BY I.Q. and dQ/dt divided by Q max as well as l/PEP. In view of the lack of agreement of quantitative definition of myocardial contractility, the ratio dV/dt divided by V. max would have several practical advantages as an indicator of the inotropic state of the heart; these are that the probe used to establish descending aortic blood velocity does not require calibration, and the signal can be obtained by a relatively non-invasive technique that is suitable for patient care and yet agrees with other established indices of myocardial contractility."}
{"id": "PMID:124622", "title": "Identification and turnover of glycosaminoglycans in rat kidneys.", "content": "The turnover of sulfate label in crude glycosaminoglycan fractions from rat kidney cortex, medulla, and papilla has been determined. Heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronate have been separated electrophoretically and their specific activities determined after injection of labeled sulfate or glucose. The half-lives of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans are within the ranges found for other organs and tissues, but hyaluornate has a somewhat faster turnover in the kidney than elsewhere.", "contents": "Identification and turnover of glycosaminoglycans in rat kidneys. The turnover of sulfate label in crude glycosaminoglycan fractions from rat kidney cortex, medulla, and papilla has been determined. Heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and hyaluronate have been separated electrophoretically and their specific activities determined after injection of labeled sulfate or glucose. The half-lives of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans are within the ranges found for other organs and tissues, but hyaluornate has a somewhat faster turnover in the kidney than elsewhere."}
{"id": "PMID:124623", "title": "Studies on the control of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in hatching eggs.", "content": "Lincomycin-spectinomycin, while effective in eliminating Mycoplasma gallisepticum from hatching eggs when administered via the yolk sac, had a marked deleterious effect on hatch-ability when given by this route. On the other hand when lincomycin-spectinomycin was injected into the air cell there was a reduction in the level of experimental infection with an acceptable effect on hatchability.", "contents": "Studies on the control of Mycoplasma gallisepticum in hatching eggs. Lincomycin-spectinomycin, while effective in eliminating Mycoplasma gallisepticum from hatching eggs when administered via the yolk sac, had a marked deleterious effect on hatch-ability when given by this route. On the other hand when lincomycin-spectinomycin was injected into the air cell there was a reduction in the level of experimental infection with an acceptable effect on hatchability."}
{"id": "PMID:124624", "title": "Screening for hypertension in a high school population.", "content": "Of 15 594 high school students (ages, 15 to 20) whose blood pressure was measured in a screening program, 350 (2.2%) has hypertensive readings (150 mm Hg or more systolic, or 95 mm Hg or more diastolic, or both). The mean blood pressure for the boys was 125.0  plus or minus 12.1/71.8 plus or minus 10.9 mm Hg, and for the girls, 119.8 plus or minus 10.2/72.3 plus or minus 9.2 mm Hg. The parents of the students with hypertensive readings were advised to send their children to a physician. By 6 months, of the 232 who were followed up, 156 (67.2%) has visited a physician and in 19 cases (12.2%) the physician had confirmed the hypertensive readings. Only one student, an asymptomatic 17-year-old boy whose hypertension had not previously been detected, was found to have secondary hypertension, which was relieved surgically. Of the 18 hypertensive students 4 are currently receiving antihypertensive medication and 8 continue to have their blood pressure monitored. The mean blood pressures recorded in the physicians' offices averaged 23.7/11.1 mm Hg less than those recorded in the schools. One reason for this was that none of the physicians used pediatric cuffs, but these were required by 62.4% of the students at the screening. Hence, the intravascular blood pressure was probably underestimated in a number of cases in the physicians' offices.", "contents": "Screening for hypertension in a high school population. Of 15 594 high school students (ages, 15 to 20) whose blood pressure was measured in a screening program, 350 (2.2%) has hypertensive readings (150 mm Hg or more systolic, or 95 mm Hg or more diastolic, or both). The mean blood pressure for the boys was 125.0  plus or minus 12.1/71.8 plus or minus 10.9 mm Hg, and for the girls, 119.8 plus or minus 10.2/72.3 plus or minus 9.2 mm Hg. The parents of the students with hypertensive readings were advised to send their children to a physician. By 6 months, of the 232 who were followed up, 156 (67.2%) has visited a physician and in 19 cases (12.2%) the physician had confirmed the hypertensive readings. Only one student, an asymptomatic 17-year-old boy whose hypertension had not previously been detected, was found to have secondary hypertension, which was relieved surgically. Of the 18 hypertensive students 4 are currently receiving antihypertensive medication and 8 continue to have their blood pressure monitored. The mean blood pressures recorded in the physicians' offices averaged 23.7/11.1 mm Hg less than those recorded in the schools. One reason for this was that none of the physicians used pediatric cuffs, but these were required by 62.4% of the students at the screening. Hence, the intravascular blood pressure was probably underestimated in a number of cases in the physicians' offices."}
{"id": "PMID:124632", "title": "Increased urinary excretion of nucleic acid and nicotinamide derivatives by rats after treatment with alkylating agents.", "content": "Rats treated with di(2-chloroethyl)methylamine (HN2), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNUA) and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENUA) excrete significantly larger amounts of deoxycytidine (dC) and thymidine in their urine 0-24 h after treatment. Ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) gave negative results in this respect but all five alkylating agents increased the excretion of 1-methyl-nicotinamide (1-meNmd). In addition, a larger quantity of 7-methylguanine (7MG) and uric acid was excreted after DMN treatment. 1,4-Dimethanesulphonoxybutane (myleran), 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (dichlorvos), 5-fluorouracil (5FU), cytosine arabinoside (araC), 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and 7-bromomethylbenz-[a]anthracene (7-BrMBA) gave negative results.", "contents": "Increased urinary excretion of nucleic acid and nicotinamide derivatives by rats after treatment with alkylating agents. Rats treated with di(2-chloroethyl)methylamine (HN2), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNUA) and N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENUA) excrete significantly larger amounts of deoxycytidine (dC) and thymidine in their urine 0-24 h after treatment. Ethyl methanesulphonate (EMS) and dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) gave negative results in this respect but all five alkylating agents increased the excretion of 1-methyl-nicotinamide (1-meNmd). In addition, a larger quantity of 7-methylguanine (7MG) and uric acid was excreted after DMN treatment. 1,4-Dimethanesulphonoxybutane (myleran), 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate (dichlorvos), 5-fluorouracil (5FU), cytosine arabinoside (araC), 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and 7-bromomethylbenz-[a]anthracene (7-BrMBA) gave negative results."}
{"id": "PMID:124633", "title": "Inhibitory effect of hydroxyurea on [3-H]leucine incorporation in human peripheral lymphocytes.", "content": "Hydroxyurea (HU), generally considered to be a specific inhibiter of DNA synthesis, has an inhibitory effect on the incorporation of TCA-precipitable [3-H]leucine in peripheral lymphocytes. This action is not secondary to the inhibition of DNA synthesis since incorporation of [3-H]leucine is unaffected when DNA synthesis is inhibited by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR); it does not appear to be directly related to inhibition of RNA synthesis; and it is not mediated at the level of translation since HU has no effect on protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. The relevance of these findings to the use of HU as a DNA inhibitor is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of hydroxyurea on [3-H]leucine incorporation in human peripheral lymphocytes. Hydroxyurea (HU), generally considered to be a specific inhibiter of DNA synthesis, has an inhibitory effect on the incorporation of TCA-precipitable [3-H]leucine in peripheral lymphocytes. This action is not secondary to the inhibition of DNA synthesis since incorporation of [3-H]leucine is unaffected when DNA synthesis is inhibited by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR); it does not appear to be directly related to inhibition of RNA synthesis; and it is not mediated at the level of translation since HU has no effect on protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocytes. The relevance of these findings to the use of HU as a DNA inhibitor is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:124634", "title": "Acute myocardial infarction in toxic cardiomyopathy without coronary obstruction.", "content": "Confluent left ventricular scar without significant coronary obstruction has been found in alcoholic subjects at autopsy. To evaluate the pathogenesis, 12 patients with chronic alcoholism and severe precordial pain persisting 4-24 hours were observed clinically. Cardiac isoenzymes of lactic dehydrogenase rose in serum. ST segment was elevated in anterior or posterior ECG leads, and abnormal Q waves appeared. Hypertnesion and hypercholesterolemia were present in two (group B) but not in the ten (group A). The latter exhibited no significant obstructive disease, based on coronary angiography in seven survivors and postmortem examination of the remaining three. Clinical evidence, as well as the quantitative assessment of platelets, made arterial thromboembolism an unlikely cause for the symptoms. Neither hemotologic or systemic disease affecting myocardium was present. The morphology of the left ventricle in three autopsies was compared with that of patients with alcoholism who had no cardiac disease, cardiomyopathy, or an asymptomatic scar. All had accumulation of Alcian positive glycoprotein in the interstitium. The patients with cardiac disease also had interstitial fibrosis which was characterized, particularly in the acute infarction group, by concentric periarterial fibrosis. Restriction of coronary vasodilation by this process during periods of high blood flow requirements was postulated as a basis for infarction.", "contents": "Acute myocardial infarction in toxic cardiomyopathy without coronary obstruction. Confluent left ventricular scar without significant coronary obstruction has been found in alcoholic subjects at autopsy. To evaluate the pathogenesis, 12 patients with chronic alcoholism and severe precordial pain persisting 4-24 hours were observed clinically. Cardiac isoenzymes of lactic dehydrogenase rose in serum. ST segment was elevated in anterior or posterior ECG leads, and abnormal Q waves appeared. Hypertnesion and hypercholesterolemia were present in two (group B) but not in the ten (group A). The latter exhibited no significant obstructive disease, based on coronary angiography in seven survivors and postmortem examination of the remaining three. Clinical evidence, as well as the quantitative assessment of platelets, made arterial thromboembolism an unlikely cause for the symptoms. Neither hemotologic or systemic disease affecting myocardium was present. The morphology of the left ventricle in three autopsies was compared with that of patients with alcoholism who had no cardiac disease, cardiomyopathy, or an asymptomatic scar. All had accumulation of Alcian positive glycoprotein in the interstitium. The patients with cardiac disease also had interstitial fibrosis which was characterized, particularly in the acute infarction group, by concentric periarterial fibrosis. Restriction of coronary vasodilation by this process during periods of high blood flow requirements was postulated as a basis for infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:124635", "title": "A simplified method for quantitating left-to-right shunts from arterial dilution curves.", "content": "This report presents a new, simple and reliable method of quantitating left-to-right shunts from arterial dilution surves. When indicatior (e,g., indocyanine green) is injected centrally (right venticle or pulmonary artery) and blood is withdrawn rapidly from either the aorta or other central systemic artery, in the presence of a left-to-right shunt to recorded indicator-dilution curve usually shows two discrete peaks: p-1 of the magnitude of the shunt expressed as percent of pulmonary blood flow, Experimental and clinical data demonstrate that this method is accurate in quantitating shunts from such curves.", "contents": "A simplified method for quantitating left-to-right shunts from arterial dilution curves. This report presents a new, simple and reliable method of quantitating left-to-right shunts from arterial dilution surves. When indicatior (e,g., indocyanine green) is injected centrally (right venticle or pulmonary artery) and blood is withdrawn rapidly from either the aorta or other central systemic artery, in the presence of a left-to-right shunt to recorded indicator-dilution curve usually shows two discrete peaks: p-1 of the magnitude of the shunt expressed as percent of pulmonary blood flow, Experimental and clinical data demonstrate that this method is accurate in quantitating shunts from such curves."}
{"id": "PMID:124636", "title": "Molecular size difference of urinary heparan sulfates from normal individuals and genetic mucopolysaccharidoses.", "content": "Heparan sulfates were isolated from the urine of normal individuals and patients with genetic mucopolysaccharidoses after exhaustive digestion with chondroitinase ABC. Electrophoresis of these preparations on cellulose acetate membrane revealed one spot corresponding in mobility to reference heparan sulphate in barium acetate buffer, while electrophoresis in 0.1 M HCl resulted in two distinct spots for each case; one corresponded in migration rate to reference heparan sulfate, and the other was faster in mobility than reference heparan sulfate but slightly retarded when compared with reference heparin. On thin-layer gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 (superfine) heparan sulfate from normal urine was polydispersed in character and its molecular size was larger than those of other preparations. Heparan sulfates from Hunter's and Sanfilippo's urine were monodispersed and small in molecular size. The molecular size of heparan sulfate from Sanfilippo's urine was the smallest of all. Heparin sulfate from Hurler's urine appeared to be composed of two populations; one corresponded in molecular size to heparan sulfate from normal urine, and the other corresponded to that of Hunter's urine.", "contents": "Molecular size difference of urinary heparan sulfates from normal individuals and genetic mucopolysaccharidoses. Heparan sulfates were isolated from the urine of normal individuals and patients with genetic mucopolysaccharidoses after exhaustive digestion with chondroitinase ABC. Electrophoresis of these preparations on cellulose acetate membrane revealed one spot corresponding in mobility to reference heparan sulphate in barium acetate buffer, while electrophoresis in 0.1 M HCl resulted in two distinct spots for each case; one corresponded in migration rate to reference heparan sulfate, and the other was faster in mobility than reference heparan sulfate but slightly retarded when compared with reference heparin. On thin-layer gel filtration on Sephadex G-200 (superfine) heparan sulfate from normal urine was polydispersed in character and its molecular size was larger than those of other preparations. Heparan sulfates from Hunter's and Sanfilippo's urine were monodispersed and small in molecular size. The molecular size of heparan sulfate from Sanfilippo's urine was the smallest of all. Heparin sulfate from Hurler's urine appeared to be composed of two populations; one corresponded in molecular size to heparan sulfate from normal urine, and the other corresponded to that of Hunter's urine."}
{"id": "PMID:124640", "title": "Renal lesions accompanying poison oak dermatitis.", "content": "Renal damage associated with poison oak dermatitis is extremely rare in humans after exposure to urushiol antigen. Three renal lesions have been described: proliferative glomerulonephritis, arteritis, and membranous nephropathy. The present study reports on three patients who developed nephropathy after exposure to poison oak. One patient was studied by renal biopsy (including electron microscopy and immunofluorescence techniques) and another by autopsy findings. One of these patients had a typical membranous nephropathy, the other, proliferative glomerulonephritis with necrotizing arteritis and glomerulitis. In the patient with membranous nephropathy antibody to urushiol was discovered by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea pig.", "contents": "Renal lesions accompanying poison oak dermatitis. Renal damage associated with poison oak dermatitis is extremely rare in humans after exposure to urushiol antigen. Three renal lesions have been described: proliferative glomerulonephritis, arteritis, and membranous nephropathy. The present study reports on three patients who developed nephropathy after exposure to poison oak. One patient was studied by renal biopsy (including electron microscopy and immunofluorescence techniques) and another by autopsy findings. One of these patients had a typical membranous nephropathy, the other, proliferative glomerulonephritis with necrotizing arteritis and glomerulitis. In the patient with membranous nephropathy antibody to urushiol was discovered by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea pig."}
{"id": "PMID:124641", "title": "Low back pain with femoral neuritis.", "content": "In 465 patients treated surgically for low back and lower extremity disability, almost 10 per cent had femoral rather than sciatic distribution of pain. The average age of patients who had a primarily femoral distribution of pain is higher by a decade than those who had a predominantly sciatic distribution of pain; the higher level of the lesion and greater incidence of apophyseal joint arthritis may be associated with the aging process. The femoral distribution of pain may lead to difficulties in differential diagnosis between a spinal origin and a hip or knee origin of the problem. Radiculopathy causing femoral pain may be the result of both disk degeneration with protrusion and apophyseal arthritis with synovitis. Neuritis of the L4 nerve root is more commonly the result of a lesion at the L4-5 nerve root foramen than centrally at the L3-4 disk level. The syndrome of low back pain with femoral neuritis is not uncommon 5 or more years after an otherwise successful L4-S1, two level spine fusion. This syndrome can result from an L3-4 disk protrusion with nerve root neuritis but may be a reflex disturbance from the posterior arch structures as evidenced by fusion mass, apophyseal joint or spinous process overgrowth and associated soft tissue inflammation.", "contents": "Low back pain with femoral neuritis. In 465 patients treated surgically for low back and lower extremity disability, almost 10 per cent had femoral rather than sciatic distribution of pain. The average age of patients who had a primarily femoral distribution of pain is higher by a decade than those who had a predominantly sciatic distribution of pain; the higher level of the lesion and greater incidence of apophyseal joint arthritis may be associated with the aging process. The femoral distribution of pain may lead to difficulties in differential diagnosis between a spinal origin and a hip or knee origin of the problem. Radiculopathy causing femoral pain may be the result of both disk degeneration with protrusion and apophyseal arthritis with synovitis. Neuritis of the L4 nerve root is more commonly the result of a lesion at the L4-5 nerve root foramen than centrally at the L3-4 disk level. The syndrome of low back pain with femoral neuritis is not uncommon 5 or more years after an otherwise successful L4-S1, two level spine fusion. This syndrome can result from an L3-4 disk protrusion with nerve root neuritis but may be a reflex disturbance from the posterior arch structures as evidenced by fusion mass, apophyseal joint or spinous process overgrowth and associated soft tissue inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:124647", "title": "The effects of snake venoms and their neurotoxins on the nervous system of man and animals.", "content": "Myasthenia gravis is a subject of tremendous interest ot neurologists. Snake poisoning, however, which gives rise to a clinical picture resembling a myasthenic crisis, has evoked little interest among neurologists. This state of affairs exists partly because most snake bites occur in areas where physicians, let alone neurologists, are not commonly found. Hence, few neurologists have seen a case of snake bite with nervous system involvement. This is unfortunate, because many of the published cases of snake bite are the poorer for the lack of detailed examination and observations that a neurologist might have provided. Not only is the clinical picture of snake envenomation a fascinating one where the neurologist, haematologist, cardiologist, and renal physician can find a common clinical interest, but an understanding of the way in which snake venoms act on the nervous system is of importance to the neurologist since the neurotoxic snake venoms act principally at the neuromuscular junction. They produce a flaccid paralysis of the voluntary muscles and cause death from respiratory obstruction and/or respiratory insufficiency. Like the purified defibrinating fraction(\"Arvin\") of the venom of the Malayan pit viper (Agkistrodon rehodostoma), which is currently being used and evaluated as an anticoagulant, the thereapeutic possibilities of a purified neurotoxin that could produce a flaccid paralysis lasting two days or more were anticipated well before 1891 by Lauterer, who, as a result of his experiments, \"injected viper poison...under the skin of a boy suffering from tentanus treaumaticus (lockjaw) and slackened the muscles of the whole body by it.\" This chapter will initially describe the clinical picture of nervous system involvement in snake bite, with particular emphasis on Australian snake bite. The description will be based on observations made at the Port Moresby General Hospital over a period of seven years on 56 patients with paralysis following snake bite, and on some published cases of Australian snake bite. The discussion will then cover some of the recent published work on the action of snake venoms on the nervous system, dealing mainly with elapid venoms. There are several recent reviews describing the toxic properties and actions of all types of snake venoms.", "contents": "The effects of snake venoms and their neurotoxins on the nervous system of man and animals. Myasthenia gravis is a subject of tremendous interest ot neurologists. Snake poisoning, however, which gives rise to a clinical picture resembling a myasthenic crisis, has evoked little interest among neurologists. This state of affairs exists partly because most snake bites occur in areas where physicians, let alone neurologists, are not commonly found. Hence, few neurologists have seen a case of snake bite with nervous system involvement. This is unfortunate, because many of the published cases of snake bite are the poorer for the lack of detailed examination and observations that a neurologist might have provided. Not only is the clinical picture of snake envenomation a fascinating one where the neurologist, haematologist, cardiologist, and renal physician can find a common clinical interest, but an understanding of the way in which snake venoms act on the nervous system is of importance to the neurologist since the neurotoxic snake venoms act principally at the neuromuscular junction. They produce a flaccid paralysis of the voluntary muscles and cause death from respiratory obstruction and/or respiratory insufficiency. Like the purified defibrinating fraction(\"Arvin\") of the venom of the Malayan pit viper (Agkistrodon rehodostoma), which is currently being used and evaluated as an anticoagulant, the thereapeutic possibilities of a purified neurotoxin that could produce a flaccid paralysis lasting two days or more were anticipated well before 1891 by Lauterer, who, as a result of his experiments, \"injected viper poison...under the skin of a boy suffering from tentanus treaumaticus (lockjaw) and slackened the muscles of the whole body by it.\" This chapter will initially describe the clinical picture of nervous system involvement in snake bite, with particular emphasis on Australian snake bite. The description will be based on observations made at the Port Moresby General Hospital over a period of seven years on 56 patients with paralysis following snake bite, and on some published cases of Australian snake bite. The discussion will then cover some of the recent published work on the action of snake venoms on the nervous system, dealing mainly with elapid venoms. There are several recent reviews describing the toxic properties and actions of all types of snake venoms."}
{"id": "PMID:124649", "title": "New patterns of delivering service in British Columbia.", "content": "A new approach to social services, including services to children, is being taken by the government of the New Democratic Party that assumed office in British Columbia in 1972.", "contents": "New patterns of delivering service in British Columbia. A new approach to social services, including services to children, is being taken by the government of the New Democratic Party that assumed office in British Columbia in 1972."}
{"id": "PMID:124653", "title": "Enzyme activities in red and white muscles of guinea-pigs and rabbits indigenous to high altitude.", "content": "The activities of several enzymes functioning in different areas of fuel catabolism were measured under standardized conditions, using crude homogenates of sartorius and ventricular muscle from outbred guinea-pigs and rabbits indigenous to high or low altitude. The activities of sartorius and myocardium were found to reflect the metabolic patterns known to be associated with white and red muscle. Both species had right ventricular hypertrophy at high altitude. The enzyme activities in the high altitude guinea-pig were not significantly different from those in the sea level animals. In the high altitude rabbit, compared with the low altitude rabbit, the activities of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate deydrogenase and phosphofructokinase were greater in both the sartorius and myocardium. In addition, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was greater in the sartorius at high altitude, while aspartate aminotransferase and beta-hydroxyacylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase activities were greater in the myocardium at high altitude. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was comparable at the two altitudes for both tissues. There was a greater proportion of skeletal muscle type lactate dehydrogenase in the high altitude rabbit myocardium but no difference was found with the guinea-pig.", "contents": "Enzyme activities in red and white muscles of guinea-pigs and rabbits indigenous to high altitude. The activities of several enzymes functioning in different areas of fuel catabolism were measured under standardized conditions, using crude homogenates of sartorius and ventricular muscle from outbred guinea-pigs and rabbits indigenous to high or low altitude. The activities of sartorius and myocardium were found to reflect the metabolic patterns known to be associated with white and red muscle. Both species had right ventricular hypertrophy at high altitude. The enzyme activities in the high altitude guinea-pig were not significantly different from those in the sea level animals. In the high altitude rabbit, compared with the low altitude rabbit, the activities of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate deydrogenase and phosphofructokinase were greater in both the sartorius and myocardium. In addition, mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was greater in the sartorius at high altitude, while aspartate aminotransferase and beta-hydroxyacylcoenzyme A dehydrogenase activities were greater in the myocardium at high altitude. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was comparable at the two altitudes for both tissues. There was a greater proportion of skeletal muscle type lactate dehydrogenase in the high altitude rabbit myocardium but no difference was found with the guinea-pig."}
{"id": "PMID:124654", "title": "Symposium on back problems in the horse. (2) The diagnosis of diseases of the horse's back.", "content": "A description of some of the clinical features of low back pain in the horse has been given and a number of methods for assisting diagnosis considered. As well as a complete clinical examination both at rest and during exercise, a useful diagnostic aid in some chronic cases was the injection of local anaesthetic into the interspinous spaces. A laboratory examination, including haematological and biochemical profiles, was undertaken in all cases. The serum enzymes GOT and CPK were particularly valuable as an aid to diagnosis in atypical tying-up. A technique for radiography of the vertebral column of the mid back in the standing position and of the pelvic and sacroiliac regions of the anaesthetised horse was described using a Siemens Triplex Optimatic 1023 machine. Some of the radiological features of the vertebral column were considered and a breakdown of the diagnosis of 110 referred back cases. The most important conditions included muscle strain, crowding and overriding of the dorsal spinous processes in the mid back, spondylosis, undue curvature of the spine and vertebral fractures.", "contents": "Symposium on back problems in the horse. (2) The diagnosis of diseases of the horse's back. A description of some of the clinical features of low back pain in the horse has been given and a number of methods for assisting diagnosis considered. As well as a complete clinical examination both at rest and during exercise, a useful diagnostic aid in some chronic cases was the injection of local anaesthetic into the interspinous spaces. A laboratory examination, including haematological and biochemical profiles, was undertaken in all cases. The serum enzymes GOT and CPK were particularly valuable as an aid to diagnosis in atypical tying-up. A technique for radiography of the vertebral column of the mid back in the standing position and of the pelvic and sacroiliac regions of the anaesthetised horse was described using a Siemens Triplex Optimatic 1023 machine. Some of the radiological features of the vertebral column were considered and a breakdown of the diagnosis of 110 referred back cases. The most important conditions included muscle strain, crowding and overriding of the dorsal spinous processes in the mid back, spondylosis, undue curvature of the spine and vertebral fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:124655", "title": "Creutzfeldt-jacob disease: a comparative light-microscopic, histochemical and electron-microscopic study.", "content": "The morphological and histochemical findings in a brain biopsy of a case of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease are compared. The histochemical changes in the cytoplasm of the neurons precede the morphological alterations found with the electron microscope. In this way the neuronal enzymatic failure can explain the clinical picture of this disease.", "contents": "Creutzfeldt-jacob disease: a comparative light-microscopic, histochemical and electron-microscopic study. The morphological and histochemical findings in a brain biopsy of a case of Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease are compared. The histochemical changes in the cytoplasm of the neurons precede the morphological alterations found with the electron microscope. In this way the neuronal enzymatic failure can explain the clinical picture of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:124661", "title": "On the mechanism of the glycogenolytic effect of dinitrophenol. Activity of phosphofructokinase in perfused hearts.", "content": "To explain the mechanism of DNP action the contents of ATP, ADP, AMP and G-6-P were determined in perfused rat hearts in a period of time in which the rate of the glycogenolysis was increased. The levels of these metabolytes in the extract were consistent with an increase of the phosphofructokinase activity. On the other hand, the finding of higher activity of phosphyrylase beta kinase in DNP-poisoned animals could be explained as due to the low content of G-6-P in the perfused hearts subjected to the action of the drug.", "contents": "On the mechanism of the glycogenolytic effect of dinitrophenol. Activity of phosphofructokinase in perfused hearts. To explain the mechanism of DNP action the contents of ATP, ADP, AMP and G-6-P were determined in perfused rat hearts in a period of time in which the rate of the glycogenolysis was increased. The levels of these metabolytes in the extract were consistent with an increase of the phosphofructokinase activity. On the other hand, the finding of higher activity of phosphyrylase beta kinase in DNP-poisoned animals could be explained as due to the low content of G-6-P in the perfused hearts subjected to the action of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:124662", "title": "Alteration of erythrocyte (see article) -ATPase by replacement of cholesterol by desmosterol in the membrane.", "content": "Cholesterol of red blood cells (RBC) is readily exchanged by desmosterol and vice versa. The resulting alteration in the sterol composition influences the specific (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase activity. It is suggested that this effect is due to an altered membrane fluidity.", "contents": "Alteration of erythrocyte (see article) -ATPase by replacement of cholesterol by desmosterol in the membrane. Cholesterol of red blood cells (RBC) is readily exchanged by desmosterol and vice versa. The resulting alteration in the sterol composition influences the specific (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase activity. It is suggested that this effect is due to an altered membrane fluidity."}
{"id": "PMID:124664", "title": "A comparison between the free grafting of sliced and intact muscles in the rat-1.", "content": "Transverse slicing is a new technique whereby a mammalian muscle can be freely grafted with success. This method eliminates contamination of the early graft by surviving muscle fibres and allows one to measure the development of contractile properties on a uniform population of regenerating muscle fibres.?IOAuthor", "contents": "A comparison between the free grafting of sliced and intact muscles in the rat-1. Transverse slicing is a new technique whereby a mammalian muscle can be freely grafted with success. This method eliminates contamination of the early graft by surviving muscle fibres and allows one to measure the development of contractile properties on a uniform population of regenerating muscle fibres.?IOAuthor"}
{"id": "PMID:124672", "title": "[The role of serotonin in one of the types of aggressive behavior--\"predatory aggression\"].", "content": "Electrolytic lesion of the midbrain raphe nuclei in rats, lowering serotonin level in the forebrain, elicited mouse-killing behavior. After the lesion, 50% of previously non-killers rats became mouse-killers. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (100 mg/kg) administration elevated serotonin level to normal values and completely blocked predatory aggression. p-Chlorophenylalanine produced obvious reduction in brain serotonin and slightly stimulated aggressive behavior. These results suggest that the brain serotonin participates as an inhibitory factor in mouse-killing behavior in rats.", "contents": "[The role of serotonin in one of the types of aggressive behavior--\"predatory aggression\"]. Electrolytic lesion of the midbrain raphe nuclei in rats, lowering serotonin level in the forebrain, elicited mouse-killing behavior. After the lesion, 50% of previously non-killers rats became mouse-killers. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (100 mg/kg) administration elevated serotonin level to normal values and completely blocked predatory aggression. p-Chlorophenylalanine produced obvious reduction in brain serotonin and slightly stimulated aggressive behavior. These results suggest that the brain serotonin participates as an inhibitory factor in mouse-killing behavior in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:124673", "title": "Glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, lactate and pyruvate content of the retina, blood and liver of streptozotocin-diabetic rats fed sucrose- or starch-rich diets.", "content": "The feeding of starch- or sucrose-rich diets to normal rats for 20 days resulted in a significant increase in lactate level and L/P ratio in the retina in the sucrose-fed animals. There was no correlation between the glucose and lactate content of the blood and retina and it was concluded that the increased lactate content of the retina was derived from the fructose moiety of the sucrose. Liver hypertrophy occurred in both normal and diabetic animals fed the sucrose diet. When streptozotocin-diabetic rats were maintained for 20 days on the same diets significant increases in the lactic acid content of the blood and liver occurred, but the high level of lactate in the retina of the sucrose-fed normal rats was not further elevated. The feeding of sucrose to diabetic rats resulted in better metabolic control of both blood glucose and lactate as compared with the maintenance of these animals on a starch diet.", "contents": "Glucose, glucose-6-phosphate, lactate and pyruvate content of the retina, blood and liver of streptozotocin-diabetic rats fed sucrose- or starch-rich diets. The feeding of starch- or sucrose-rich diets to normal rats for 20 days resulted in a significant increase in lactate level and L/P ratio in the retina in the sucrose-fed animals. There was no correlation between the glucose and lactate content of the blood and retina and it was concluded that the increased lactate content of the retina was derived from the fructose moiety of the sucrose. Liver hypertrophy occurred in both normal and diabetic animals fed the sucrose diet. When streptozotocin-diabetic rats were maintained for 20 days on the same diets significant increases in the lactic acid content of the blood and liver occurred, but the high level of lactate in the retina of the sucrose-fed normal rats was not further elevated. The feeding of sucrose to diabetic rats resulted in better metabolic control of both blood glucose and lactate as compared with the maintenance of these animals on a starch diet."}
{"id": "PMID:124676", "title": "[Super-selective cerebral angiography. I. Animal experiments and methods of a simple technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The experimental basis and the results of a simple and easy catheter technique for the super-selective angiographic demonstration of small arteries in dogs are described. By Seldinger technique, a catheter is placed in the main artery near the origin of a branch. A selective catheter is then passed through it and placed in the arterial branch being demonstrated. With this \"telescopic\" technique, it was possible to achieve super-selective angiography of external branches with a lumen less than 2 mm. and also filling of the internal carotid artery and its branches without any complications, using seven dogs. The application of this technique for super-selective cerebral angiography in man is discussed.", "contents": "[Super-selective cerebral angiography. I. Animal experiments and methods of a simple technique (author's transl)]. The experimental basis and the results of a simple and easy catheter technique for the super-selective angiographic demonstration of small arteries in dogs are described. By Seldinger technique, a catheter is placed in the main artery near the origin of a branch. A selective catheter is then passed through it and placed in the arterial branch being demonstrated. With this \"telescopic\" technique, it was possible to achieve super-selective angiography of external branches with a lumen less than 2 mm. and also filling of the internal carotid artery and its branches without any complications, using seven dogs. The application of this technique for super-selective cerebral angiography in man is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:124677", "title": "[Super-selective cerebral angiography. II. Use and first results in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The use and first results of a super-selective cerebral angiographic technique in five patients as previously described and using a simple telescopic catheter principle are reported. Two patients were examined in order to determine onset of death and three who had been in a coma for several weeks following severe cerebral trauma. In one patient the examination was unsuccessful because of difficulties with the puncture. In one patient in whom death was to be determined, no filling of the intracranial arteries against cerebrovascular resistance was possible, although the catheter tip was placed in the carotid syphon. In three patients, super-selective filling of the anterior cerebral arteries proved possible. Compared with routine carotid angiography, more detailed information could be obtained and there was no overlap between individual arteries. There were no untoward effects from this catheter procedure.", "contents": "[Super-selective cerebral angiography. II. Use and first results in man (author's transl)]. The use and first results of a super-selective cerebral angiographic technique in five patients as previously described and using a simple telescopic catheter principle are reported. Two patients were examined in order to determine onset of death and three who had been in a coma for several weeks following severe cerebral trauma. In one patient the examination was unsuccessful because of difficulties with the puncture. In one patient in whom death was to be determined, no filling of the intracranial arteries against cerebrovascular resistance was possible, although the catheter tip was placed in the carotid syphon. In three patients, super-selective filling of the anterior cerebral arteries proved possible. Compared with routine carotid angiography, more detailed information could be obtained and there was no overlap between individual arteries. There were no untoward effects from this catheter procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:124678", "title": "[Direct carotid-vertebral anastomosis supplying blood collaterally in subclavian occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "The anastomosis between the vertebral artery and occipital artery in case of proximal subclavian artery occlusion is demonstrated. The reasons for development and angiographic visibility of this channel are discussed.", "contents": "[Direct carotid-vertebral anastomosis supplying blood collaterally in subclavian occlusion (author's transl)]. The anastomosis between the vertebral artery and occipital artery in case of proximal subclavian artery occlusion is demonstrated. The reasons for development and angiographic visibility of this channel are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:124679", "title": "[Anastomoses between the vertebral and external occipital arteries in occlusion of the external carotid and vertebral arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases of anastomose formation between the external carotid and the vertebral arteries are reported. In 2 cases occlusion of the vertebral artery in the upper section of the cervical spine were present. In 2 further cases there were occlusions of the external carotid artery. In only a single case did angiographic examination show no pathological change. From these observations it is concluded that, when the formation of such collaterals is established, occlusions and important part-occlusions of the large cervical vessels should be sought.", "contents": "[Anastomoses between the vertebral and external occipital arteries in occlusion of the external carotid and vertebral arteries (author's transl)]. Five cases of anastomose formation between the external carotid and the vertebral arteries are reported. In 2 cases occlusion of the vertebral artery in the upper section of the cervical spine were present. In 2 further cases there were occlusions of the external carotid artery. In only a single case did angiographic examination show no pathological change. From these observations it is concluded that, when the formation of such collaterals is established, occlusions and important part-occlusions of the large cervical vessels should be sought."}
{"id": "PMID:124680", "title": "[Carotid-cavernous fistula. Treatment with a balloon catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "A relatively simple method for the intra-vascular treatment of a carotid-cavernous fistula is described and illustrated in one case. It consists of proximal ligation of the internal carotid artery and occlusion of the carotid syphon with a balloon catheter above the fistula. In this way, the carotid segment with the fistula is isolated from the circulation and therefore undergoes thrombosis. Close co-operation between radiologist and surgeon is required.", "contents": "[Carotid-cavernous fistula. Treatment with a balloon catheter (author's transl)]. A relatively simple method for the intra-vascular treatment of a carotid-cavernous fistula is described and illustrated in one case. It consists of proximal ligation of the internal carotid artery and occlusion of the carotid syphon with a balloon catheter above the fistula. In this way, the carotid segment with the fistula is isolated from the circulation and therefore undergoes thrombosis. Close co-operation between radiologist and surgeon is required."}
{"id": "PMID:124681", "title": "[Reno-coeliac steal phenomenon: the inferior phrenic and supra-renal arteries as collaterals for the coeliac trunk (author's transl)].", "content": "If the known collateral pathways for a stenosed or occluded coeliac trunk are not avialable whether for anatomical of haemodynamic reasons, a collateral circulation can be established through the suprarenal and inferior phrenic arteries to provide a significant flow. This is particularly so if the inferior phrenic artery arises from the coeliac trunk distal to the point of occlusion. The development of a reno-coeliac steal phenomenon or steal syndrome may then be expected, particularly if the main donor artery is a suprarenal branch arising from the renal artery.", "contents": "[Reno-coeliac steal phenomenon: the inferior phrenic and supra-renal arteries as collaterals for the coeliac trunk (author's transl)]. If the known collateral pathways for a stenosed or occluded coeliac trunk are not avialable whether for anatomical of haemodynamic reasons, a collateral circulation can be established through the suprarenal and inferior phrenic arteries to provide a significant flow. This is particularly so if the inferior phrenic artery arises from the coeliac trunk distal to the point of occlusion. The development of a reno-coeliac steal phenomenon or steal syndrome may then be expected, particularly if the main donor artery is a suprarenal branch arising from the renal artery."}
{"id": "PMID:124682", "title": "[Catheter embolisation of the splenic artery as treatment for acute bleeding from varices (author's transl)].", "content": "Embolisation of the splenic artery with fibrin foam, in order to stop acute bleeding from varices, was carried out in two patients. This was performed immediately after diagnostic arterial indirect demonstration of the portal vein; by this method it is possible to achieve at least a temporary cessation of bleeding from oesophageal or gastric varices. The procedure is indicated in desparate situations, if intubation has been unsuccessful or has had to be discontinued, when endoscopic sclerosis is contra-indicated or when an emergency shunt cannot be carried out because of poor liver function or the general condition of the patient. Permanent results cannot be expected and recurrence of bleeding cannot be avoided. The use of splenic embolisation depends on stopping the acute bleeding in order to obtain an interval during which liver function can be improved so that a decompressing shunt operation becomes possible subsequently.", "contents": "[Catheter embolisation of the splenic artery as treatment for acute bleeding from varices (author's transl)]. Embolisation of the splenic artery with fibrin foam, in order to stop acute bleeding from varices, was carried out in two patients. This was performed immediately after diagnostic arterial indirect demonstration of the portal vein; by this method it is possible to achieve at least a temporary cessation of bleeding from oesophageal or gastric varices. The procedure is indicated in desparate situations, if intubation has been unsuccessful or has had to be discontinued, when endoscopic sclerosis is contra-indicated or when an emergency shunt cannot be carried out because of poor liver function or the general condition of the patient. Permanent results cannot be expected and recurrence of bleeding cannot be avoided. The use of splenic embolisation depends on stopping the acute bleeding in order to obtain an interval during which liver function can be improved so that a decompressing shunt operation becomes possible subsequently."}
{"id": "PMID:124683", "title": "[The scope and limitations of cavography in tumour diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourteen cavograms showing abnormal findings were selected from a total of 500 examinations; in these the diagnosis had been confirmed surgically, histologically, at autopsy or by the clinical course. The aim of selecting this material was to determine retrospectively the accuracy to cavography in localising retroperitoneal masses, to determine their extent, whether it is possible to diagnose the type of tumour and whether the presence of thrombi can be regarded as a sign of invasion of the cava by malignant tumour. The abnormal cavograms were evaluated with respect to certain radiological signs and the diagnostic value of individual signs was calculated statistically. It was found that the only fairly reliable sign of tumour thrombus consists of an ill-defined impression with breaks in the continuity of the vascular margin. All other radiological signs examined were found to be non-specific.", "contents": "[The scope and limitations of cavography in tumour diagnosis (author's transl)]. Fourteen cavograms showing abnormal findings were selected from a total of 500 examinations; in these the diagnosis had been confirmed surgically, histologically, at autopsy or by the clinical course. The aim of selecting this material was to determine retrospectively the accuracy to cavography in localising retroperitoneal masses, to determine their extent, whether it is possible to diagnose the type of tumour and whether the presence of thrombi can be regarded as a sign of invasion of the cava by malignant tumour. The abnormal cavograms were evaluated with respect to certain radiological signs and the diagnostic value of individual signs was calculated statistically. It was found that the only fairly reliable sign of tumour thrombus consists of an ill-defined impression with breaks in the continuity of the vascular margin. All other radiological signs examined were found to be non-specific."}
{"id": "PMID:124684", "title": "[Pancreatic carcinoma on endoscopic retrograde pancreatico-cholangiogram (author's transl)].", "content": "The pancreaticographic appearances of carcinoma of the pancreas have been divided into two types: 1. Canalicular carcinoma arising from the duct system. If arising from the main pancreatic duct, it occludes this, or causes displacement or deformity of its branches in the immediate neighbourhood. If arising from branches, it causes cystic ectasia of the minor ducts; these appear fragmented and deformed while there is stenosis and displacement of the main duct. Simultaneous origin from the main and smaller ducts, as in the Gallert carcinoma, causes extreme lacunar ectasia of the minor ducts and occlusion of the main duct. 2. Carcinoma arising from the acinar epithelium. This causes primarily displacement and the secondarily stenosis of the main duct. Accuracy of ERCP is satisfactory. It is limited by technical failure or difficulties due to the pathology preventing demonstration of the pancreatic duct. It is increased by cytological examination of aspirated pancreatic secretion. Difficulties in the differential diagnosis from chronic pancreatitis can be overcome. The possibility of an early diagnosis of the carcinoma presented by this method loses some of its impact because the patients are seen at a late stage and because of the lack of early symptoms of this disease.", "contents": "[Pancreatic carcinoma on endoscopic retrograde pancreatico-cholangiogram (author's transl)]. The pancreaticographic appearances of carcinoma of the pancreas have been divided into two types: 1. Canalicular carcinoma arising from the duct system. If arising from the main pancreatic duct, it occludes this, or causes displacement or deformity of its branches in the immediate neighbourhood. If arising from branches, it causes cystic ectasia of the minor ducts; these appear fragmented and deformed while there is stenosis and displacement of the main duct. Simultaneous origin from the main and smaller ducts, as in the Gallert carcinoma, causes extreme lacunar ectasia of the minor ducts and occlusion of the main duct. 2. Carcinoma arising from the acinar epithelium. This causes primarily displacement and the secondarily stenosis of the main duct. Accuracy of ERCP is satisfactory. It is limited by technical failure or difficulties due to the pathology preventing demonstration of the pancreatic duct. It is increased by cytological examination of aspirated pancreatic secretion. Difficulties in the differential diagnosis from chronic pancreatitis can be overcome. The possibility of an early diagnosis of the carcinoma presented by this method loses some of its impact because the patients are seen at a late stage and because of the lack of early symptoms of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:124685", "title": "[\"Masked\" supra-renal tumour (author's transl)].", "content": "For the diagnosis of supra-renal tumours or tumours of supra-renal rests, it is necessary to employ all available radiological methods as well as the clinical data. Two cases are described in which a supra-renal tumour had been \"masked\" and found at operation. In the first case a cyst in the tail of the pancreas had been considered, in the second, a tumour of the renal hilum or ureter had been diagnosed. It is concluded that in the differential diagnosis of a cyst of the tail of the pancreas, supra-renal tumours must be included. Further, vascular lesions in the vicinity of the kidney associated with normal renal vasculature may be due to tumours of supra-renal origin.", "contents": "[\"Masked\" supra-renal tumour (author's transl)]. For the diagnosis of supra-renal tumours or tumours of supra-renal rests, it is necessary to employ all available radiological methods as well as the clinical data. Two cases are described in which a supra-renal tumour had been \"masked\" and found at operation. In the first case a cyst in the tail of the pancreas had been considered, in the second, a tumour of the renal hilum or ureter had been diagnosed. It is concluded that in the differential diagnosis of a cyst of the tail of the pancreas, supra-renal tumours must be included. Further, vascular lesions in the vicinity of the kidney associated with normal renal vasculature may be due to tumours of supra-renal origin."}
{"id": "PMID:124686", "title": "[Measurement of renal circulation using isotope dilution technique after selective arterial injection of 99m-Tc-pertechnetate (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a method of measuring the middle transit-time (t) which represents a measure for renal circulation. Time-activity curves obtained after arterial injection of 99m-Tc and registration with the Anger camera, could be subdivided into 4 individual curves using a program of calculation (initial drop, 2 waves of recirculation, underlying activity); t characterizes the exponential, perfusion-specific initial drop as reciprocal to the constant k 1. The suitability of 99m-Tc for measuring renal circulation is discussed. The various methods for calculation of the middle transit-time are compared.", "contents": "[Measurement of renal circulation using isotope dilution technique after selective arterial injection of 99m-Tc-pertechnetate (author's transl)]. Report on a method of measuring the middle transit-time (t) which represents a measure for renal circulation. Time-activity curves obtained after arterial injection of 99m-Tc and registration with the Anger camera, could be subdivided into 4 individual curves using a program of calculation (initial drop, 2 waves of recirculation, underlying activity); t characterizes the exponential, perfusion-specific initial drop as reciprocal to the constant k 1. The suitability of 99m-Tc for measuring renal circulation is discussed. The various methods for calculation of the middle transit-time are compared."}
{"id": "PMID:124687", "title": "[Genitography in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Genitography consists of the radiological contrast demonstration of the cavities of the genital track and their possible connection with neighbouring organs. Intersexuality (35 cases) is the main indication in childhood. It must be established whether the patient has a vagina and a persisting urogenital sinus and how these are connected. The earliest possible clarification of the genital anatomy is important. Further indications for genitography are other congenital or acquired anomalies of the urogenital track.", "contents": "[Genitography in children (author's transl)]. Genitography consists of the radiological contrast demonstration of the cavities of the genital track and their possible connection with neighbouring organs. Intersexuality (35 cases) is the main indication in childhood. It must be established whether the patient has a vagina and a persisting urogenital sinus and how these are connected. The earliest possible clarification of the genital anatomy is important. Further indications for genitography are other congenital or acquired anomalies of the urogenital track."}
{"id": "PMID:124688", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of uterine myomas (author's transl)].", "content": "From the above it will be seen that radiological examination in general is valuable in the diagnosis of uterine myomas; if the disease is advanced, then radiological diagnosis provides no difficulties. The preoperative radiological diagnosis of uterine myomas is particularly indicated in the following situations: 1. Suspicion of a submucous myoma, particularly if there may have been bleeding. 2. If accurate elucidation of the anatomy in the myomatous uterus is desirable pre-operatively, as for instance in cases of sterility when a conservative operation, such as enucliation may be planned. 3. For the differentiation between ovarian and uterine tumours when a tumour has been found in the pelvis.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of uterine myomas (author's transl)]. From the above it will be seen that radiological examination in general is valuable in the diagnosis of uterine myomas; if the disease is advanced, then radiological diagnosis provides no difficulties. The preoperative radiological diagnosis of uterine myomas is particularly indicated in the following situations: 1. Suspicion of a submucous myoma, particularly if there may have been bleeding. 2. If accurate elucidation of the anatomy in the myomatous uterus is desirable pre-operatively, as for instance in cases of sterility when a conservative operation, such as enucliation may be planned. 3. For the differentiation between ovarian and uterine tumours when a tumour has been found in the pelvis."}
{"id": "PMID:124689", "title": "[The radiological appearances of African paragonimiasis (author's transl)].", "content": "A research programme on African paragonimiasis was carried out in eastern Nigeria, which included the epidemiology, parasitology and clinical and radiological studies. The radiological pulmonary changes are described in detail and differentiated from tuberculosis.", "contents": "[The radiological appearances of African paragonimiasis (author's transl)]. A research programme on African paragonimiasis was carried out in eastern Nigeria, which included the epidemiology, parasitology and clinical and radiological studies. The radiological pulmonary changes are described in detail and differentiated from tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:124690", "title": "[A pair of spectacles to improve the information from the x-ray photograph and from the radioscopy on the television screen (author's transl)].", "content": "Here a pair of spectacles is introduced which, in screening the lateral incidence of light and in variably cross fading the risual point eliminates the contrast-diminishing intraocular proceeding stray light. It helps to achieve an improvement of the contrast by considering the x-ray photograph or television image. The result is that details are easier perceptible.", "contents": "[A pair of spectacles to improve the information from the x-ray photograph and from the radioscopy on the television screen (author's transl)]. Here a pair of spectacles is introduced which, in screening the lateral incidence of light and in variably cross fading the risual point eliminates the contrast-diminishing intraocular proceeding stray light. It helps to achieve an improvement of the contrast by considering the x-ray photograph or television image. The result is that details are easier perceptible."}
{"id": "PMID:124691", "title": "[Qualitative evaluation of x-ray intensifying screens (author's transl)].", "content": "The author is establishing a relationship between film density duo to the light of intensifying screens and lack of focus. From this ensues a quality factor for x-ray intensifying screens.", "contents": "[Qualitative evaluation of x-ray intensifying screens (author's transl)]. The author is establishing a relationship between film density duo to the light of intensifying screens and lack of focus. From this ensues a quality factor for x-ray intensifying screens."}
{"id": "PMID:124700", "title": "HL-A frequencies in Down's syndrome.", "content": "HL-A antigen frequencies were examined in 76 Down's syndrome individuals and 733 normal Caucasians. 10 antigens of the first locus and 15 antigens of the second locus were defined, using a microlymphocytotoxicity technique. No significant differences were observed between the normal and Down's syndrome samples, in contrast to a previous report (Boxer and Yokoyama, 1972) of decreased HL-A antigen frequencies in Down's syndrome individuals. Our results therefore suggest that there is no relationship between trisomy 21-associated immune aberrations and altered HL-A antigen frequencies.", "contents": "HL-A frequencies in Down's syndrome. HL-A antigen frequencies were examined in 76 Down's syndrome individuals and 733 normal Caucasians. 10 antigens of the first locus and 15 antigens of the second locus were defined, using a microlymphocytotoxicity technique. No significant differences were observed between the normal and Down's syndrome samples, in contrast to a previous report (Boxer and Yokoyama, 1972) of decreased HL-A antigen frequencies in Down's syndrome individuals. Our results therefore suggest that there is no relationship between trisomy 21-associated immune aberrations and altered HL-A antigen frequencies."}
{"id": "PMID:124701", "title": "The radiosensitivity of T and B lymphocytes in mice.", "content": "The radiosensitivity of T and B lymphocytes in spleens of specific pathogen-free C3Hf/HeMs male mice was studied by the direct and indirect immunofluorescence technique. It was found that the radiobiological parameters characterizing the survival curve of Bpsi lymphocytes were DO = 200 R and n = 1-00. The T lymphocytes, on the other hand, were shown to consist of two distinct subpopulations with respect to their radiosensitivity. The radiobiological parameters of the radiosensitive fraction of T lymphocytes were Dq = 185 R, DO =195 R and n = 2-50. The DO value of the radioresistant T lymphocyte subpopulation was practically unmeasurable. It was estimated that approximately 8 per cent of the T lymphocytes present in the spleen of normal C3Hf mice belonged to this radioresistant subpopulation.", "contents": "The radiosensitivity of T and B lymphocytes in mice. The radiosensitivity of T and B lymphocytes in spleens of specific pathogen-free C3Hf/HeMs male mice was studied by the direct and indirect immunofluorescence technique. It was found that the radiobiological parameters characterizing the survival curve of Bpsi lymphocytes were DO = 200 R and n = 1-00. The T lymphocytes, on the other hand, were shown to consist of two distinct subpopulations with respect to their radiosensitivity. The radiobiological parameters of the radiosensitive fraction of T lymphocytes were Dq = 185 R, DO =195 R and n = 2-50. The DO value of the radioresistant T lymphocyte subpopulation was practically unmeasurable. It was estimated that approximately 8 per cent of the T lymphocytes present in the spleen of normal C3Hf mice belonged to this radioresistant subpopulation."}
{"id": "PMID:124702", "title": "The role of humoral immunity and acute inflammation in protection against staphyloccocal dermonecrosis.", "content": "Mice were protected against the dermonecrotic effects of Staphylococcus aureus by previous infection with either coagulase-positive or coagulase-negative strains or by immunization with alpha-toxin. Passive protection was conferred by serum from previously infected mice or by alpha-antitoxin. While only some of these methods were associated with circulating alpha-antitoxin, in all cases there was a brisk early inflammatory response to infection. Furthermore, if the capacity of well immunized mice to mount such a response was removed, they were no longer protected against dermonecrosis. Conversely, non-immune mice developed little or no necrosis if the staphylococci were injected into areas of preexisting non-specific acute inflammation whether these had been produced chemically or immunologically. It is suggested that in this model of local infection with S. aureus an early inflammatory response, however provoked, is the major protective factor. Though specific neutralizing actions of antibodies are not excluded, the most important result of antibody-antigen reaction is to cause local inflammation by some form of immediate hyersensitivity.", "contents": "The role of humoral immunity and acute inflammation in protection against staphyloccocal dermonecrosis. Mice were protected against the dermonecrotic effects of Staphylococcus aureus by previous infection with either coagulase-positive or coagulase-negative strains or by immunization with alpha-toxin. Passive protection was conferred by serum from previously infected mice or by alpha-antitoxin. While only some of these methods were associated with circulating alpha-antitoxin, in all cases there was a brisk early inflammatory response to infection. Furthermore, if the capacity of well immunized mice to mount such a response was removed, they were no longer protected against dermonecrosis. Conversely, non-immune mice developed little or no necrosis if the staphylococci were injected into areas of preexisting non-specific acute inflammation whether these had been produced chemically or immunologically. It is suggested that in this model of local infection with S. aureus an early inflammatory response, however provoked, is the major protective factor. Though specific neutralizing actions of antibodies are not excluded, the most important result of antibody-antigen reaction is to cause local inflammation by some form of immediate hyersensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:124711", "title": "Retinal capillary basement membrane thickness in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) with induced and spontaneous diabetes.", "content": "Basement membrane thickness was measured in two groups of spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus): one with spontaneous diabetes, the other with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. A statistical analysis of the morphometric results of the two groups showed a significant basement membrane thickening in the group with induced diabetes when compared to the spontaneously diabetic group.", "contents": "Retinal capillary basement membrane thickness in spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus) with induced and spontaneous diabetes. Basement membrane thickness was measured in two groups of spiny mice (Acomys cahirinus): one with spontaneous diabetes, the other with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. A statistical analysis of the morphometric results of the two groups showed a significant basement membrane thickening in the group with induced diabetes when compared to the spontaneously diabetic group."}
{"id": "PMID:124713", "title": "Cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular end-diastolic stress.", "content": "Equatorial and longitudinal left ventricular wall stress were calculated at end-diastole in a group of 66 patients in sinus rhythm. Thirty-one patients had volume overload of the left ventricle: six with acute and 21 with chronic aortic incompetence, and four with chronic mitral incompetence. Another six patients had aortic stenosis and 25 had congestive cardiomyopathy. Four patients served as controls. Stress was calculated using a thick-walled ellipsoid model. In patients with volume overload and congestive cardiomyopathy, ventricular dilatation was accompanied by an appropriate increase in wall thickness so that the \"stress conversion factor\" (the factor relating pressure to stress) was normal and absolute stress depended on end-diastolic pressure. In pressure overload of the left ventricle (aortic stenosis), the increase in wall mass reduced the stress conversion factor so that aboslute fiber stress was normal. These data support the hypothesis that muscle fiber stress may be an important determinant of left ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "Cardiac hypertrophy and left ventricular end-diastolic stress. Equatorial and longitudinal left ventricular wall stress were calculated at end-diastole in a group of 66 patients in sinus rhythm. Thirty-one patients had volume overload of the left ventricle: six with acute and 21 with chronic aortic incompetence, and four with chronic mitral incompetence. Another six patients had aortic stenosis and 25 had congestive cardiomyopathy. Four patients served as controls. Stress was calculated using a thick-walled ellipsoid model. In patients with volume overload and congestive cardiomyopathy, ventricular dilatation was accompanied by an appropriate increase in wall thickness so that the \"stress conversion factor\" (the factor relating pressure to stress) was normal and absolute stress depended on end-diastolic pressure. In pressure overload of the left ventricle (aortic stenosis), the increase in wall mass reduced the stress conversion factor so that aboslute fiber stress was normal. These data support the hypothesis that muscle fiber stress may be an important determinant of left ventricular hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:124715", "title": "On the specificity of the histochemical technique for sarcoplasmic reticular adenosine triphosphatase: a light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The specificity of the histochemical localization of the calcium activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) at pH 7.4 was studied using a calcium-citro-phosphate technique. The latter involves the splitting of ATP by ATPase producing phosphate ions which then react with calcium and citrate to form an insoluble reaction product. This reaction product was detected by both light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic examination showed a darkly stained continuous reticular pattern of reaction product which surrounded individual myofibrils. This reticular pattern of reaction product was distinctly dissimilar to that found when the histochemical reactions for mitochondrial or myofibrillar ATPase were performed. Ultrastructural investigations demonstrated the presence of discrete foci of electron dense reaction product in close association with the membranes of the SR in striated muscle fibres. Only occasional flecks were seen in the vicinity of mitochondria or myofilaments. The possibility is considered that the reticular pattern of staining achieved by the calcium-citro-phosphate technique may reflect the distribution of the \"extra ATPase\" of the SR, an enzyme implicated in the process of calcium uptake and muscle relaxation.", "contents": "On the specificity of the histochemical technique for sarcoplasmic reticular adenosine triphosphatase: a light and electron microscopic study. The specificity of the histochemical localization of the calcium activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) at pH 7.4 was studied using a calcium-citro-phosphate technique. The latter involves the splitting of ATP by ATPase producing phosphate ions which then react with calcium and citrate to form an insoluble reaction product. This reaction product was detected by both light and electron microscopy. Light microscopic examination showed a darkly stained continuous reticular pattern of reaction product which surrounded individual myofibrils. This reticular pattern of reaction product was distinctly dissimilar to that found when the histochemical reactions for mitochondrial or myofibrillar ATPase were performed. Ultrastructural investigations demonstrated the presence of discrete foci of electron dense reaction product in close association with the membranes of the SR in striated muscle fibres. Only occasional flecks were seen in the vicinity of mitochondria or myofilaments. The possibility is considered that the reticular pattern of staining achieved by the calcium-citro-phosphate technique may reflect the distribution of the \"extra ATPase\" of the SR, an enzyme implicated in the process of calcium uptake and muscle relaxation."}
{"id": "PMID:124716", "title": "Immunofluorescent localization of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzyme proteins and of malate dehydrogenase isozymes in cross-striated skeletal muscle and heart of the rabbit.", "content": "Specific antisera against glycogen phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, enolase, lactate dehydrogenase, cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle were obtained from sheep. The gamma-globulins were used for indirect immunofluorescent localization of the respective enzymes in rabbit skeletal muscle and heart. In stretched skeletal muscle a cross-striation like distribution was observed for all enzymes studied. In the case of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase this pattern is due to the staining of I-band mitochondria. In cross-sections, an intense staining of the sarcolemma and of subsarcolemmal mitochondria was observed. Comparative analyses with polarized light revealed that the cytosolic enzymes under study are distributed in the relaxed muscle fibre predominantly within the isotropic zones. The same distribution holds also for heart. In contracting muscle a decrease in cross-striated fluorescence and a faint staining of the interfibrillar spaces suggests a location also within the interfibrillar space.", "contents": "Immunofluorescent localization of glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzyme proteins and of malate dehydrogenase isozymes in cross-striated skeletal muscle and heart of the rabbit. Specific antisera against glycogen phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, enolase, lactate dehydrogenase, cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase from rabbit muscle were obtained from sheep. The gamma-globulins were used for indirect immunofluorescent localization of the respective enzymes in rabbit skeletal muscle and heart. In stretched skeletal muscle a cross-striation like distribution was observed for all enzymes studied. In the case of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase this pattern is due to the staining of I-band mitochondria. In cross-sections, an intense staining of the sarcolemma and of subsarcolemmal mitochondria was observed. Comparative analyses with polarized light revealed that the cytosolic enzymes under study are distributed in the relaxed muscle fibre predominantly within the isotropic zones. The same distribution holds also for heart. In contracting muscle a decrease in cross-striated fluorescence and a faint staining of the interfibrillar spaces suggests a location also within the interfibrillar space."}
{"id": "PMID:124717", "title": "Morphochemical analysis of mucosubstances in some epithelial tissues of the eel (Anguilla japonica).", "content": "In attempts to gain insight into the nature of mucosubstances in the eel epithelial tissues, the epidermis and epithelia lining the gill and intestine of the fish have been reacted for a series of light microscopic stainings of mucosaccharide and protein histochemistry under normal and experimental conditions. The present morphochemical analyses indicate that (1) the mucosubstances of the epidermis are found within two well differentiated cell types, goblet and clavate cells which elaborate a neuraminic acid containing mucosaccharide with vicinal hydroxyl, sulfate and carboxyl groupings and a glycoprotein respectively and (2) the mucosubstances of the gill and intestinal epithelia are found within goblet cells which elaborate a mucosaccharide with histochemical properties comparable to those of mucosaccharide within the epidermal goblet cells. The histochemical characteristics of all these mucosubstances have been briefly discussed in relation to the activities of the epithelial tissues in the eel.", "contents": "Morphochemical analysis of mucosubstances in some epithelial tissues of the eel (Anguilla japonica). In attempts to gain insight into the nature of mucosubstances in the eel epithelial tissues, the epidermis and epithelia lining the gill and intestine of the fish have been reacted for a series of light microscopic stainings of mucosaccharide and protein histochemistry under normal and experimental conditions. The present morphochemical analyses indicate that (1) the mucosubstances of the epidermis are found within two well differentiated cell types, goblet and clavate cells which elaborate a neuraminic acid containing mucosaccharide with vicinal hydroxyl, sulfate and carboxyl groupings and a glycoprotein respectively and (2) the mucosubstances of the gill and intestinal epithelia are found within goblet cells which elaborate a mucosaccharide with histochemical properties comparable to those of mucosaccharide within the epidermal goblet cells. The histochemical characteristics of all these mucosubstances have been briefly discussed in relation to the activities of the epithelial tissues in the eel."}
{"id": "PMID:124718", "title": "Histochemical mapping of ATPase and simple esterase in the cerebral hemisphere of the Indian lizard, Uromastix hardwickii.", "content": "Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and simple esterase (SE) have been mapped at various levels of the cerebral hemispheres of the lizard, Uromastix. Some areas were intensely positive for one or both enzymes while others were totally negative for both. Variation in enzymatic activity has been observed at different levels in the same nucleus. The functional significance of the findings is discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical mapping of ATPase and simple esterase in the cerebral hemisphere of the Indian lizard, Uromastix hardwickii. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and simple esterase (SE) have been mapped at various levels of the cerebral hemispheres of the lizard, Uromastix. Some areas were intensely positive for one or both enzymes while others were totally negative for both. Variation in enzymatic activity has been observed at different levels in the same nucleus. The functional significance of the findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:124719", "title": "Sensory innervation of baboon muscle spindles.", "content": "The number and distribution of primary and secondary sensory endings has been studied in 52 de-efferentated baboon muscle spindles and the axon diameters of the afferent fibres innervating these endings have been measured. Each spindle contained a single primary sensory ending; most of these endings were supplied by a single afferent nerve fibre. Each primary sensory ending consisted of a multi-branched network distributed on both nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibres. Beaded sensory terminals were prominent in the central part of the ending. Eighty one secondary endings were found in 45 spindles (87% of the number of spindles remained). Of these endings, 70% were found in the S1 position, 25% in the S2 position and 4% in the S3 location. The afferent axons supplying the most equatorial of these endings were of thicker mean diameter than those supplying the most polar endings. In addition, the juxta-equatorial secondary endings were similar in form, although less regularly organized than the primary endings. The more polar secondary endings rarely fromed terminal sensory enlargements and usually took the form of a fine spray of unmyelinated branches. A non-parametric statistical comparison of physiological and anatomical data in baboon spindles has suggested that the demarcation criteria for separation of primary and secondary spindle afferents, using conduction velocity, should be modified. It is suggested that afferent fibres of conduction velocity less than 60 m/sec should be classified as secondary afferents, and fibres of conduction velocity greater than 72 m/sec should be classified as primary afferents.", "contents": "Sensory innervation of baboon muscle spindles. The number and distribution of primary and secondary sensory endings has been studied in 52 de-efferentated baboon muscle spindles and the axon diameters of the afferent fibres innervating these endings have been measured. Each spindle contained a single primary sensory ending; most of these endings were supplied by a single afferent nerve fibre. Each primary sensory ending consisted of a multi-branched network distributed on both nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibres. Beaded sensory terminals were prominent in the central part of the ending. Eighty one secondary endings were found in 45 spindles (87% of the number of spindles remained). Of these endings, 70% were found in the S1 position, 25% in the S2 position and 4% in the S3 location. The afferent axons supplying the most equatorial of these endings were of thicker mean diameter than those supplying the most polar endings. In addition, the juxta-equatorial secondary endings were similar in form, although less regularly organized than the primary endings. The more polar secondary endings rarely fromed terminal sensory enlargements and usually took the form of a fine spray of unmyelinated branches. A non-parametric statistical comparison of physiological and anatomical data in baboon spindles has suggested that the demarcation criteria for separation of primary and secondary spindle afferents, using conduction velocity, should be modified. It is suggested that afferent fibres of conduction velocity less than 60 m/sec should be classified as secondary afferents, and fibres of conduction velocity greater than 72 m/sec should be classified as primary afferents."}
{"id": "PMID:124721", "title": "The effects of different reinforcement conditions on the test performance of multihandicapped deaf children.", "content": "The present study explored the effects of different reinforcement conditions on the number of correct responses on the Rvaen Progressive Matrices. Four groups of 11- to 18-year-old multihandicapped deaf children matched on the basis of mean age and pretest scores were used. The groups were randomly assigned to any of four posttest conditions: end-of-session reinforcement, noncontingent reinforcement, delayed reinforcement, and immediate reinforcement. The mean posttest score of subjects tested under the immediate-reinforcement condition was significantly higher than that of any other group. No significant differences were observed between the mean posttest scores of the three other groups. The practical implications of using reinforcement procedures for testing purposes are discussed.", "contents": "The effects of different reinforcement conditions on the test performance of multihandicapped deaf children. The present study explored the effects of different reinforcement conditions on the number of correct responses on the Rvaen Progressive Matrices. Four groups of 11- to 18-year-old multihandicapped deaf children matched on the basis of mean age and pretest scores were used. The groups were randomly assigned to any of four posttest conditions: end-of-session reinforcement, noncontingent reinforcement, delayed reinforcement, and immediate reinforcement. The mean posttest score of subjects tested under the immediate-reinforcement condition was significantly higher than that of any other group. No significant differences were observed between the mean posttest scores of the three other groups. The practical implications of using reinforcement procedures for testing purposes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:124727", "title": "Genetics of resistance to colicins in Escherichia coli K-12: cross-resistance among colicins of group B.", "content": "This paper describes the isolation of mutants resistant to colicins of group B (i.e., colicins B, D, G, H, Ia, Ib, M, Q, S1, and V). The 145 mutants studied in detail can be divided into nine phentopyic classes, based on their colicin-resistance patterns. They include the previously isolated tonA, tonB exbB and cir mutants. Each of the different phenotypic classes of mutants has been partially characterized, and some approximately mapped. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has revealed substantial changes in the composition of the outer membrane proteins of exbB and tonB mutants.", "contents": "Genetics of resistance to colicins in Escherichia coli K-12: cross-resistance among colicins of group B. This paper describes the isolation of mutants resistant to colicins of group B (i.e., colicins B, D, G, H, Ia, Ib, M, Q, S1, and V). The 145 mutants studied in detail can be divided into nine phentopyic classes, based on their colicin-resistance patterns. They include the previously isolated tonA, tonB exbB and cir mutants. Each of the different phenotypic classes of mutants has been partially characterized, and some approximately mapped. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has revealed substantial changes in the composition of the outer membrane proteins of exbB and tonB mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:124728", "title": "Identical behavior of the two active sites of myosin with respect to trinitrophenylation.", "content": "Myosin and its active subfragments were trinitrophenylated under conditions in which mainly the active site(s) was modified. Proteins modified at the active site(s) could be separated by affinity chromatography on agarose-ATP columns. By two independent methods, ATPase activity measurements and analysis of elution patterns on agarose-ATP columns, it was shown that the introduction of two trinitrophenyl groups per myosin or one per heavy meromyosin subfragment 1 molecule is responsible for the remarkable change in the ATPase activities. Heavy meromyosin subfragment 1 prepared from trinitrophenylated myosin retained the original degree of trinitrophenylation per \"active head.\" The kinetic constant of trinitrophenylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysine at the active site was found to be 2000 S-1-M-1, whereas a much smaller constant of 2.2 S-1-M-1 was obtained for the trinitrophenylation of the unessential lysyl residues of myosin. By using affinity chromatography, we could follow the formation of mono- and ditrinitrophenyl myosin. The amounts of these myosin derivatives at various extents of the reaction corresponded approximately to the calculated amounts, assuming a random and independent trinitrophenylation of the two myosin \"heads.\" It is concluded that in each of the two heads of myosin there is one ATPase active site and these two sites behave in an identical manner with respect to trinitrophenylation.", "contents": "Identical behavior of the two active sites of myosin with respect to trinitrophenylation. Myosin and its active subfragments were trinitrophenylated under conditions in which mainly the active site(s) was modified. Proteins modified at the active site(s) could be separated by affinity chromatography on agarose-ATP columns. By two independent methods, ATPase activity measurements and analysis of elution patterns on agarose-ATP columns, it was shown that the introduction of two trinitrophenyl groups per myosin or one per heavy meromyosin subfragment 1 molecule is responsible for the remarkable change in the ATPase activities. Heavy meromyosin subfragment 1 prepared from trinitrophenylated myosin retained the original degree of trinitrophenylation per \"active head.\" The kinetic constant of trinitrophenylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysine at the active site was found to be 2000 S-1-M-1, whereas a much smaller constant of 2.2 S-1-M-1 was obtained for the trinitrophenylation of the unessential lysyl residues of myosin. By using affinity chromatography, we could follow the formation of mono- and ditrinitrophenyl myosin. The amounts of these myosin derivatives at various extents of the reaction corresponded approximately to the calculated amounts, assuming a random and independent trinitrophenylation of the two myosin \"heads.\" It is concluded that in each of the two heads of myosin there is one ATPase active site and these two sites behave in an identical manner with respect to trinitrophenylation."}
{"id": "PMID:124729", "title": "Stimulation of rat liver mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase by anions.", "content": "The hydrolysis of MgATP by isolated rat liver mitochondrial ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) at pH 8.0 was stimulated by various anions. The rate of hydrolysis was increased from 18 to 170 mumol per min per mg, a 9.4-fold stimulation, by HSeO3 at 1 mM MgATP. In the absence of a stimulatory anion, reciprocal plots of initial velocity studies with MgATP as the variable substrate were curved (Hill coefficient approximately 0.5). With the addition of anion, the reciprocal plots became linear. When the substrate was MgITP or MgGTP with the isolated enzyme or MgATP with submitochondrial particles, no curvature of the reciprocal plots was observed. With purified ATPase, anions stimulated the hydrolysis of MgITP, MgGTP, MgUTP or MgCTP only slightly. With submitochondrial particles the stimulation by anions of MgATP hydrolysis was limited to approximately 2-fold. These data are interpreted to indicate the existence of two substrate sites for MgATP and an anion-binding site on the isolated enzyme.", "contents": "Stimulation of rat liver mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase by anions. The hydrolysis of MgATP by isolated rat liver mitochondrial ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) at pH 8.0 was stimulated by various anions. The rate of hydrolysis was increased from 18 to 170 mumol per min per mg, a 9.4-fold stimulation, by HSeO3 at 1 mM MgATP. In the absence of a stimulatory anion, reciprocal plots of initial velocity studies with MgATP as the variable substrate were curved (Hill coefficient approximately 0.5). With the addition of anion, the reciprocal plots became linear. When the substrate was MgITP or MgGTP with the isolated enzyme or MgATP with submitochondrial particles, no curvature of the reciprocal plots was observed. With purified ATPase, anions stimulated the hydrolysis of MgITP, MgGTP, MgUTP or MgCTP only slightly. With submitochondrial particles the stimulation by anions of MgATP hydrolysis was limited to approximately 2-fold. These data are interpreted to indicate the existence of two substrate sites for MgATP and an anion-binding site on the isolated enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:124730", "title": "Levels and rates of synthesis of ribosomal ribonucleic acid, transfer ribonucleic acid, and protein in Neurospora crassa in different steady states of growth.", "content": "The levels of ribosomes, tRNA molecules, and total protein per genome in Neurospora mycelia have been determined in eight different conditions of exponential growth. By increasing the rate of growth the number of ribosomes per genome increases dramatically while the level of total protein remains almost unchanged and the level of tRNA increases only slightly. The rates of synthesis of each of the macromolecules have been estimated. Increasing the rate of growth (mu) up to 0.5, the ratio between the rates of synthesis of tRNA and rRNA decreases reaching a constant value. The equations that best describe the dependence of the rate of synthesis of the macromolecules on the rate of growth (mu) have been determined. The rate of rRNA synthesis (rr), expressed as nucleotides polymerized, min- minus 1 per genome, is given by the equation: rr equals 6.51 times 10-7 mu-2-19. The rate of protein synthesis (rp), expressed as amino acids polymerized, min- minus 1 per genome is given by the following relationship: rp equals -1.43 times 10-7 + 3.43 times 10-8 mu. The equation describing the tRNA synthesis (rt) expressed as nucleotides, min- minus 1 per genome is rt equals 6.45 times 10-5 times exp 2.30 mu; however, more accurate determinations appear to be required for a firmer assignment of this latter equation. The significance of these equations for the studies on the regulation of rRNA and protein synthesis is discussed. For instance the rate of rRNA synthesis may set the limit for the maximal growth rate attainable by a cell, as the maximal rate of rRNA synthesis that may take place in a given cell is limited by the degree of redundancy of the rRNA genes.", "contents": "Levels and rates of synthesis of ribosomal ribonucleic acid, transfer ribonucleic acid, and protein in Neurospora crassa in different steady states of growth. The levels of ribosomes, tRNA molecules, and total protein per genome in Neurospora mycelia have been determined in eight different conditions of exponential growth. By increasing the rate of growth the number of ribosomes per genome increases dramatically while the level of total protein remains almost unchanged and the level of tRNA increases only slightly. The rates of synthesis of each of the macromolecules have been estimated. Increasing the rate of growth (mu) up to 0.5, the ratio between the rates of synthesis of tRNA and rRNA decreases reaching a constant value. The equations that best describe the dependence of the rate of synthesis of the macromolecules on the rate of growth (mu) have been determined. The rate of rRNA synthesis (rr), expressed as nucleotides polymerized, min- minus 1 per genome, is given by the equation: rr equals 6.51 times 10-7 mu-2-19. The rate of protein synthesis (rp), expressed as amino acids polymerized, min- minus 1 per genome is given by the following relationship: rp equals -1.43 times 10-7 + 3.43 times 10-8 mu. The equation describing the tRNA synthesis (rt) expressed as nucleotides, min- minus 1 per genome is rt equals 6.45 times 10-5 times exp 2.30 mu; however, more accurate determinations appear to be required for a firmer assignment of this latter equation. The significance of these equations for the studies on the regulation of rRNA and protein synthesis is discussed. For instance the rate of rRNA synthesis may set the limit for the maximal growth rate attainable by a cell, as the maximal rate of rRNA synthesis that may take place in a given cell is limited by the degree of redundancy of the rRNA genes."}
{"id": "PMID:124731", "title": "The calcium and magnesium binding sites on troponin and their role in the regulation of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Purified troponin (Tn), the complex of the Ca-2+ binding subunit (TnC), the inhibitory subunit (TnI), and the tropomyosin binding subunit (TnT) binds 4 mol of Ca-2+ per mol. Two sites bind Ca-2+ with a binding constant of 5 times 10-8 M- minus 1, and two with a binding constant of 5 times 10-6 M- minus 1. In the presence of 2 mM MgCl2 the binding to four sites can be characterized with a single affinity constant of 5 times 10-6 M- minus 1. Purified TnC also binds 4 mol of Ca-2+ per mol; two sites have a binding constant of 2 times 10-7 M- minus 1 and two have one of 2 times 10-5 M- minus 1. In the presence of 2 mM MgCl2 the binding constant of the sites of higher affinity is reduced to 2 times 10-6 M- minus 1, while Ca-2+ binding to the sites of lower affinity is unaffected. Assuming competition between Mg-2+ and Ca-2+ for the high affinity sites on TnC and Tn, the changes in Ca-2+ binding can be accounted for with KMg values of 5 times 10-3 M- minus 1 and 5 times 10-4 M- minus 1, respectively. Tn and TnC bind 4 mol of Mg-2+ per mol in the absence of Cs-2+. The fact that at [Ca-2+] similar to 10- minus 5 M four Ca-2+ and only two Mg-2+ are bound per mol of TnC in the presence of 2 mM Mg-2+ further supports the view that there is direct competition between Mg-2+ and Ca-2+ for the high affinity Ca-2+ binding sites on TnC and Tn. These results then suggest that Tn and TnC contain six divalent cation binding sites: two high affinity Ca-2+ binding sites that also bind Mg-2+ competitively (Ca-2+-Mg-2+ sites); two sites with lower affinity for Ca-2+ that do not bind Mg-2+ (Ca-2+-specific sites); and two sites that bind Mg-2+ but not Ca-2+ (Mg-2+-specific sites). The complex of TnC and TnI (1:1 molar ratio) has the same binding properties as Tn, suggesting a conformational change in TnC upon interaction with TnI. Studies on myofibrillar ATPase activity as a function of free Ca-2+ concentration at two different free Mg-2+ concentrations suggest that full activation by Ca-2+ occurs only upon binding of Ca-2+ to the two Ca-2+-specific binding sites in Tn but does not require binding of Ca-2+ to the Ca-2+-Mg-2+ sites.", "contents": "The calcium and magnesium binding sites on troponin and their role in the regulation of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase. Purified troponin (Tn), the complex of the Ca-2+ binding subunit (TnC), the inhibitory subunit (TnI), and the tropomyosin binding subunit (TnT) binds 4 mol of Ca-2+ per mol. Two sites bind Ca-2+ with a binding constant of 5 times 10-8 M- minus 1, and two with a binding constant of 5 times 10-6 M- minus 1. In the presence of 2 mM MgCl2 the binding to four sites can be characterized with a single affinity constant of 5 times 10-6 M- minus 1. Purified TnC also binds 4 mol of Ca-2+ per mol; two sites have a binding constant of 2 times 10-7 M- minus 1 and two have one of 2 times 10-5 M- minus 1. In the presence of 2 mM MgCl2 the binding constant of the sites of higher affinity is reduced to 2 times 10-6 M- minus 1, while Ca-2+ binding to the sites of lower affinity is unaffected. Assuming competition between Mg-2+ and Ca-2+ for the high affinity sites on TnC and Tn, the changes in Ca-2+ binding can be accounted for with KMg values of 5 times 10-3 M- minus 1 and 5 times 10-4 M- minus 1, respectively. Tn and TnC bind 4 mol of Mg-2+ per mol in the absence of Cs-2+. The fact that at [Ca-2+] similar to 10- minus 5 M four Ca-2+ and only two Mg-2+ are bound per mol of TnC in the presence of 2 mM Mg-2+ further supports the view that there is direct competition between Mg-2+ and Ca-2+ for the high affinity Ca-2+ binding sites on TnC and Tn. These results then suggest that Tn and TnC contain six divalent cation binding sites: two high affinity Ca-2+ binding sites that also bind Mg-2+ competitively (Ca-2+-Mg-2+ sites); two sites with lower affinity for Ca-2+ that do not bind Mg-2+ (Ca-2+-specific sites); and two sites that bind Mg-2+ but not Ca-2+ (Mg-2+-specific sites). The complex of TnC and TnI (1:1 molar ratio) has the same binding properties as Tn, suggesting a conformational change in TnC upon interaction with TnI. Studies on myofibrillar ATPase activity as a function of free Ca-2+ concentration at two different free Mg-2+ concentrations suggest that full activation by Ca-2+ occurs only upon binding of Ca-2+ to the two Ca-2+-specific binding sites in Tn but does not require binding of Ca-2+ to the Ca-2+-Mg-2+ sites."}
{"id": "PMID:124732", "title": "Studies on the phenylalanine hydroxylase system in liver slices.", "content": "A method was developed to study the unsupplemented phenylalanine hydroxylase system in rat liver slices. All of the components of the system--tetrahydrobiopterin, dihydropteridine reductase, and the hydroxylase itself--are present under conditions which should be representative of the actual physiological state of the animal. The properties of the system in liver slices have been compared to those of the purified enzyme in vitro. The three pterins, tetrahydrobiopterin, 6,7-dimethyltetrahydropterin, and 6-methyltetrahydropterin, all stimulate the hydroxylation of phenylalanine when added to the liver slice medium in the presence of a chemical reducing agent. The relative velocities found at 1 mM phenylalanine and saturating pterin concentrations are: tetrahydrobiopterin, 1; 6,7-dimethyltetrahydropterin, 2.5; 6-methyltetrahydropterin, 13. This ratio of activities is similar to that found for the purified, native phenylalanine hydroxylase and indicates that the enzyme in vivo is predominantly in the native form. Rats pretreated with 6-methyltetrahydropterin showed enhanced phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in liver slices demonstrating for the first time that an exogenous tetrahydropterin can interact with the phenylalanine hydroxylase system in vivo. This finding opens up the possibility of treating phenylketonurics who still possess some residual phenylalanine hydroxylase activity with a tetrahydropterin like 6-methyltetrahydropterin which can give a large increase in rate over that seen with the natural cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin.", "contents": "Studies on the phenylalanine hydroxylase system in liver slices. A method was developed to study the unsupplemented phenylalanine hydroxylase system in rat liver slices. All of the components of the system--tetrahydrobiopterin, dihydropteridine reductase, and the hydroxylase itself--are present under conditions which should be representative of the actual physiological state of the animal. The properties of the system in liver slices have been compared to those of the purified enzyme in vitro. The three pterins, tetrahydrobiopterin, 6,7-dimethyltetrahydropterin, and 6-methyltetrahydropterin, all stimulate the hydroxylation of phenylalanine when added to the liver slice medium in the presence of a chemical reducing agent. The relative velocities found at 1 mM phenylalanine and saturating pterin concentrations are: tetrahydrobiopterin, 1; 6,7-dimethyltetrahydropterin, 2.5; 6-methyltetrahydropterin, 13. This ratio of activities is similar to that found for the purified, native phenylalanine hydroxylase and indicates that the enzyme in vivo is predominantly in the native form. Rats pretreated with 6-methyltetrahydropterin showed enhanced phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in liver slices demonstrating for the first time that an exogenous tetrahydropterin can interact with the phenylalanine hydroxylase system in vivo. This finding opens up the possibility of treating phenylketonurics who still possess some residual phenylalanine hydroxylase activity with a tetrahydropterin like 6-methyltetrahydropterin which can give a large increase in rate over that seen with the natural cofactor, tetrahydrobiopterin."}
{"id": "PMID:124733", "title": "Studies on the phenylalanine hydroxylase system in vivo. An in vivo assay based on the liberation of deuterium or tritium into the body water from ring-labeled L-phenylalanine.", "content": "The rate of release of deuterons into the body water from 2,3,4,5,6-pentadeutero-L-phenylalanine has been shown to be a valid measure of the activity of the phenylalanine hydroxylase system in vivo. At a dose of 0.5 g/kg, the rate of release of deuterons is linear for 60 to 90 min. Male rats, which had previously been shown to have 22 to 25% more phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in liver extracts than female rats, produced deuterons from deuterated phenylalanine at a rate 20 to 30% greater than female rats. p-Chlorophenylalanine, which irreversibly inhibits phenylalanine hydroxylase in vivo, caused a similar degree of inhibition of the rate of deuteron formation as was found when phenylalanine hydroxylase was measured in extracts from the same group of animals. Methotrexate, which inhibits the phenylalanine hydroxylase system by preventing regeneration of the tetrahydropteridine cofactor, caused parallel inhibition of the in vivo assay as well as when the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine was measured in liver slices. Randomly ring-tritiated phenylalanine can be used interchangeably with ring-deuterated phenylalanine if greater sensitivity is needed in the in vivo assay for phenylalanine hydroxylase. However, a dose of 20 to 30 muCi/kg is required. The in vivo deuterium release assay described in this paper should be useful in studying the physiological control of the phenylalanine hydroxylating system. It also may be of value in differentiating between individuals who are heterozygotes for phenylketonuria and those who are homozygotes for hyperphenylalaninemia.", "contents": "Studies on the phenylalanine hydroxylase system in vivo. An in vivo assay based on the liberation of deuterium or tritium into the body water from ring-labeled L-phenylalanine. The rate of release of deuterons into the body water from 2,3,4,5,6-pentadeutero-L-phenylalanine has been shown to be a valid measure of the activity of the phenylalanine hydroxylase system in vivo. At a dose of 0.5 g/kg, the rate of release of deuterons is linear for 60 to 90 min. Male rats, which had previously been shown to have 22 to 25% more phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in liver extracts than female rats, produced deuterons from deuterated phenylalanine at a rate 20 to 30% greater than female rats. p-Chlorophenylalanine, which irreversibly inhibits phenylalanine hydroxylase in vivo, caused a similar degree of inhibition of the rate of deuteron formation as was found when phenylalanine hydroxylase was measured in extracts from the same group of animals. Methotrexate, which inhibits the phenylalanine hydroxylase system by preventing regeneration of the tetrahydropteridine cofactor, caused parallel inhibition of the in vivo assay as well as when the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine was measured in liver slices. Randomly ring-tritiated phenylalanine can be used interchangeably with ring-deuterated phenylalanine if greater sensitivity is needed in the in vivo assay for phenylalanine hydroxylase. However, a dose of 20 to 30 muCi/kg is required. The in vivo deuterium release assay described in this paper should be useful in studying the physiological control of the phenylalanine hydroxylating system. It also may be of value in differentiating between individuals who are heterozygotes for phenylketonuria and those who are homozygotes for hyperphenylalaninemia."}
{"id": "PMID:124734", "title": "Isolation and properties of actin, myosin, and a new actinbinding protein in rabbit alveolar macrophages.", "content": "Actin, myosin, and a high molecular weight actin-binding protein were extracted from rabbit alveolar macrophages with low ionic strength sucrose solutions containing ATP, EDTA, and dithiothreitol, pH 7.0. Addition of KCl, 75 to 100 mM, to sucrose extracts of macrophages stirred at 25 degrees caused actin to polymerize and bind to a protein of high molecualr weight. The complex precipitated and sedimented at low centrifugal forces. Macrophage actin was dissociated from the binding protein with 0.6 M KCl, and purified by repetitive depolymerization and polymerization. Purified macrophage actin migrated as a polypeptide of molecular weight 45,000 on polyacrylamide gels with dodecyl sulfate, formed extended filaments in 0.1 M KCl, bound rabbit skeletal muscle myosin in the absence of Mg-2+ATP and activated its Mg-2+ATPase activity. Macrophage myosin was bound to actin remaining in the macrophage extracts after removal of the actin precipitated with the high molecular weight protein by KCl. The myosin-actin complex and other proteins were collected by ultracentrifugation. Macrophage myosin was purified from this complex or from a 20 to 50% saturated ammonium sulfate fraction of macrophage extracts by gel filtration on agarose columns in 0.6 M Kl and 0.6 M Kl solutions. Purified macrophage myosin had high specific K-+- and EDTA- and K-+- and Ca-2+ATPase activities and low specific Mg-2+ATPase activity. It had subunits of 200,000, 20,000, and 15,000 molecular weight, and formed bipolar filaments in 0.1 M KCl, both in the presence and absence of divalent cations. The high molecular weight protein that precipitated with actin in the sucrose extracts of macrophages was purified by gel filtration in 0.6 M Kl-0.6 M KCl solutions. It was designated a macrophage actin-binding protein, because of its association with actin at physiological pH and ionic strength. On polyacrylamide gels in dodecyl sulfate, the purified high molecular weight protein contained one band which co-migrated with the lighter polypeptide (molecular weight 220,000) of the doublet comprising purified rabbit erythrocyte spectrin. The macrophage protein, like rabbit erythrocyte spectrin, was soluble in 2 mM EDTA and 80% ethanol as well as in 0.6 M KCl solutions, and precipitated in 2 mM CaCl2 or 0.075 to 0.1 M KCl solutions. The macrophage actin-binding protein and rabbit erythrocyte spectrin eluted from agarose columns with a KAV of 0.24 and in the excluded volumes. The protein did not form filaments in 0.1 M KCl and had no detectable ATPase activity under the conditions tested.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of actin, myosin, and a new actinbinding protein in rabbit alveolar macrophages. Actin, myosin, and a high molecular weight actin-binding protein were extracted from rabbit alveolar macrophages with low ionic strength sucrose solutions containing ATP, EDTA, and dithiothreitol, pH 7.0. Addition of KCl, 75 to 100 mM, to sucrose extracts of macrophages stirred at 25 degrees caused actin to polymerize and bind to a protein of high molecualr weight. The complex precipitated and sedimented at low centrifugal forces. Macrophage actin was dissociated from the binding protein with 0.6 M KCl, and purified by repetitive depolymerization and polymerization. Purified macrophage actin migrated as a polypeptide of molecular weight 45,000 on polyacrylamide gels with dodecyl sulfate, formed extended filaments in 0.1 M KCl, bound rabbit skeletal muscle myosin in the absence of Mg-2+ATP and activated its Mg-2+ATPase activity. Macrophage myosin was bound to actin remaining in the macrophage extracts after removal of the actin precipitated with the high molecular weight protein by KCl. The myosin-actin complex and other proteins were collected by ultracentrifugation. Macrophage myosin was purified from this complex or from a 20 to 50% saturated ammonium sulfate fraction of macrophage extracts by gel filtration on agarose columns in 0.6 M Kl and 0.6 M Kl solutions. Purified macrophage myosin had high specific K-+- and EDTA- and K-+- and Ca-2+ATPase activities and low specific Mg-2+ATPase activity. It had subunits of 200,000, 20,000, and 15,000 molecular weight, and formed bipolar filaments in 0.1 M KCl, both in the presence and absence of divalent cations. The high molecular weight protein that precipitated with actin in the sucrose extracts of macrophages was purified by gel filtration in 0.6 M Kl-0.6 M KCl solutions. It was designated a macrophage actin-binding protein, because of its association with actin at physiological pH and ionic strength. On polyacrylamide gels in dodecyl sulfate, the purified high molecular weight protein contained one band which co-migrated with the lighter polypeptide (molecular weight 220,000) of the doublet comprising purified rabbit erythrocyte spectrin. The macrophage protein, like rabbit erythrocyte spectrin, was soluble in 2 mM EDTA and 80% ethanol as well as in 0.6 M KCl solutions, and precipitated in 2 mM CaCl2 or 0.075 to 0.1 M KCl solutions. The macrophage actin-binding protein and rabbit erythrocyte spectrin eluted from agarose columns with a KAV of 0.24 and in the excluded volumes. The protein did not form filaments in 0.1 M KCl and had no detectable ATPase activity under the conditions tested."}
{"id": "PMID:124735", "title": "Interactions between actin, myosin, and an actin-binding protein from rabbit alveolar macrophages.  Alveolar macrophage myosin Mg-2+-adenosine triphosphatase requires a cofactor for activation by actin.", "content": "The interactions were analyzed between actin, myosin, and a recently discovered high molecular weight actin-binding protein (Hartwig, J. H., and Stossel, T. P. (1975) J. Biol Chem.250,5696-5705) of rabbit alveolar macrophages. Purified rabbit alveolar macrophage or rabbit skeletal muscle F-actins did not activate the Mg2+ATPase activity of purified rabbit alveolar macrophage myosin unless an additional cofactor, partially purified from macrophage extracts, was added. The Mg2+ATPase activity of cofactor-activated macrophage actomyosin was as high as 0.6 mumol of Pi/mg of myosin protein/min at 37 degrees. The macrophage cofactor increased the Mg2+ATPase activity of rabbit skeletal muscle actomyosin, and calcium regulated the Mg2+ATPase activity of cofactor-activited muscle actomyosin in the presence of muscle troponins and tropomyosin. However, the Mg2+ATPase activity of macrophage actomyosin in the presence of the cofactor was inhibited by muscle control proteins, both in the presence and absence of calcium. The Mg2+ATPase activity of the macrophage actomyosin plus cofactor, whether assembled from purified components or studied in a complex collected from crude macrophage extracts, was not influenced by the presence of absence of calcium ions. Therefore, as described for Acanthamoeba castellanii myosin (Pollard, T. D., and Korn, E. D. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4691-4697), rabbit alveolar macrophage myosin requires a cofactor for activation of its Mg2+ATPase activity by F-actin; and no evidence was found for participation of calcium ions in the regulation of this activity. In macrophage extracts containing 0.34 M sucrose, 0.5 mM ATP, and 0.05 M KCl at pH 7.0,the actin-binding protein bound F-actin into bundles with interconnecting bridges. Purified macrophage actin-binding protein in 0.1 M KCl at pH 7.0 also bound purified macrophage F-actin into filament bundles. Macrophage myosin bound to F-actin in the absence but not the presence of Mg2+ATP, but the actin-binding protein did not bind to macrophage myosin in either the presence or absence of Mg2+ATP.", "contents": "Interactions between actin, myosin, and an actin-binding protein from rabbit alveolar macrophages.  Alveolar macrophage myosin Mg-2+-adenosine triphosphatase requires a cofactor for activation by actin. The interactions were analyzed between actin, myosin, and a recently discovered high molecular weight actin-binding protein (Hartwig, J. H., and Stossel, T. P. (1975) J. Biol Chem.250,5696-5705) of rabbit alveolar macrophages. Purified rabbit alveolar macrophage or rabbit skeletal muscle F-actins did not activate the Mg2+ATPase activity of purified rabbit alveolar macrophage myosin unless an additional cofactor, partially purified from macrophage extracts, was added. The Mg2+ATPase activity of cofactor-activated macrophage actomyosin was as high as 0.6 mumol of Pi/mg of myosin protein/min at 37 degrees. The macrophage cofactor increased the Mg2+ATPase activity of rabbit skeletal muscle actomyosin, and calcium regulated the Mg2+ATPase activity of cofactor-activited muscle actomyosin in the presence of muscle troponins and tropomyosin. However, the Mg2+ATPase activity of macrophage actomyosin in the presence of the cofactor was inhibited by muscle control proteins, both in the presence and absence of calcium. The Mg2+ATPase activity of the macrophage actomyosin plus cofactor, whether assembled from purified components or studied in a complex collected from crude macrophage extracts, was not influenced by the presence of absence of calcium ions. Therefore, as described for Acanthamoeba castellanii myosin (Pollard, T. D., and Korn, E. D. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4691-4697), rabbit alveolar macrophage myosin requires a cofactor for activation of its Mg2+ATPase activity by F-actin; and no evidence was found for participation of calcium ions in the regulation of this activity. In macrophage extracts containing 0.34 M sucrose, 0.5 mM ATP, and 0.05 M KCl at pH 7.0,the actin-binding protein bound F-actin into bundles with interconnecting bridges. Purified macrophage actin-binding protein in 0.1 M KCl at pH 7.0 also bound purified macrophage F-actin into filament bundles. Macrophage myosin bound to F-actin in the absence but not the presence of Mg2+ATP, but the actin-binding protein did not bind to macrophage myosin in either the presence or absence of Mg2+ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:124736", "title": "Preoperative psychological tests as predictors of success of chemonucleolysis in the treatment of the low-back syndrome.", "content": "Pre-injection psychological test scores, surgeon ratings, and patient biographical data were evaluated as predictors of success of chymopapain injection therapy in 130 patients who would otherwise have been treated by laminectomy. Three psychological tests were administered to each patient: the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Cornell Medical Index, and the Quick Test (a measure of mental ability). In addition, the surgeons rated their patients on a five-point scale immediately after injection relative to their suitability for injection therapy and at one year relative to the objective and symptomatic results. The MMPI hysteria and hypochondriasis scales and the surgeon's rating of the psychogenic component of the patient's pain were predictive of the result of chemonucleolysis. The patient's biographical data which consisted of age, sex, marital status, occupation, and education were not related to postoperative outcome.", "contents": "Preoperative psychological tests as predictors of success of chemonucleolysis in the treatment of the low-back syndrome. Pre-injection psychological test scores, surgeon ratings, and patient biographical data were evaluated as predictors of success of chymopapain injection therapy in 130 patients who would otherwise have been treated by laminectomy. Three psychological tests were administered to each patient: the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Cornell Medical Index, and the Quick Test (a measure of mental ability). In addition, the surgeons rated their patients on a five-point scale immediately after injection relative to their suitability for injection therapy and at one year relative to the objective and symptomatic results. The MMPI hysteria and hypochondriasis scales and the surgeon's rating of the psychogenic component of the patient's pain were predictive of the result of chemonucleolysis. The patient's biographical data which consisted of age, sex, marital status, occupation, and education were not related to postoperative outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:124738", "title": "Myosin ATPase activity in multifidus muscle from cases of lumbar spinal derangement.", "content": "Biopsies of lumbar multifidus muscles were obtained at operation on seventeen patients aged from fifteen to fifty-eight with lumbar spinal derangement, and further material was taken from the cadavers of three subjects aged from nineteen to fifty-one. Sections were prepared to show the presence of ATPase activity, so distinguishing Fast from Slow types of muscle fibre. The normal mosiac pattern arising from the intermingling of fibres from Fast and Slow motor units was seen in sections from cadaveric material and from many of the biopsies. With age and limited lumbar flexibility, the Fast fibres became relatively smaller but with increasing variation in size, suggesting a reduced capacity for phasic activity. The presence of positive root signs was associated with a greater proportion of Slow fibres, and in some patients with the occurrence of atrophied Fast fibres, giving rise to differences in the populations of the two fibres in neighbouring fascicles. The results suggest that multifidus adopts an increasingly postural role with advancing age and with disabling lesions of the lumbar spine.", "contents": "Myosin ATPase activity in multifidus muscle from cases of lumbar spinal derangement. Biopsies of lumbar multifidus muscles were obtained at operation on seventeen patients aged from fifteen to fifty-eight with lumbar spinal derangement, and further material was taken from the cadavers of three subjects aged from nineteen to fifty-one. Sections were prepared to show the presence of ATPase activity, so distinguishing Fast from Slow types of muscle fibre. The normal mosiac pattern arising from the intermingling of fibres from Fast and Slow motor units was seen in sections from cadaveric material and from many of the biopsies. With age and limited lumbar flexibility, the Fast fibres became relatively smaller but with increasing variation in size, suggesting a reduced capacity for phasic activity. The presence of positive root signs was associated with a greater proportion of Slow fibres, and in some patients with the occurrence of atrophied Fast fibres, giving rise to differences in the populations of the two fibres in neighbouring fascicles. The results suggest that multifidus adopts an increasingly postural role with advancing age and with disabling lesions of the lumbar spine."}
{"id": "PMID:124739", "title": "The influence of corticosteriods on the normal and papain-treated epiphysial growth plate in the rabbit.", "content": "Children undergoing continuous corticosteroid therapy become stunted in height. The mechanism of this inhibition of natural growth has been investigated in the lower femoral epiphysial growth plate of young rabbits on daily corticosteroid. The growth plate became narrow: fewer cells in the germinative zone gave rise to short widely-spaced chondrocyte columns, each with a reduced number of mature and hypertrophic cells; the pattern of trabecular bone in the metaphysis was also disturbed. After even small doses these changes develop very rapidly, and therefore impose a threat to the growth of children receiving treatment with corticosteroids.", "contents": "The influence of corticosteriods on the normal and papain-treated epiphysial growth plate in the rabbit. Children undergoing continuous corticosteroid therapy become stunted in height. The mechanism of this inhibition of natural growth has been investigated in the lower femoral epiphysial growth plate of young rabbits on daily corticosteroid. The growth plate became narrow: fewer cells in the germinative zone gave rise to short widely-spaced chondrocyte columns, each with a reduced number of mature and hypertrophic cells; the pattern of trabecular bone in the metaphysis was also disturbed. After even small doses these changes develop very rapidly, and therefore impose a threat to the growth of children receiving treatment with corticosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:124742", "title": "Control of normal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. VI. Inhibition of cell multiplication and the formation of macrophages.", "content": "D+ but not D- myeloid leukemic cells can be induced by the appropriate conditioned medium or by serum from endotoxin treated mice, to undergo cell migration in agar, cell attachment to the surface of a Petri dish and differentiation to mature macrophages and granulocytes. Inhibition of cell multiplication by cytosine arabinoside, hydroxyurea, mitomycin C, thymidine, 5-bromodeoxyuridine, 5-iododeoxyuridine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine or actinomycin D, but not by vinblastine or cycloheximide, induced cell migration, cell attachment to the Petri dish and the formation of macrophages in D+ cells. There was no induction of cell migration or formation of macrophages and a much lower induction of cell attachment in D- cells. The induction of these changes in D+ cells required protein synthesis and the inhibitors showed the same toxicity for D+ and D- cells. The results indicate, that the inhibitors induced specific surface membrane changes in D+ but not in D- cells.", "contents": "Control of normal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. VI. Inhibition of cell multiplication and the formation of macrophages. D+ but not D- myeloid leukemic cells can be induced by the appropriate conditioned medium or by serum from endotoxin treated mice, to undergo cell migration in agar, cell attachment to the surface of a Petri dish and differentiation to mature macrophages and granulocytes. Inhibition of cell multiplication by cytosine arabinoside, hydroxyurea, mitomycin C, thymidine, 5-bromodeoxyuridine, 5-iododeoxyuridine, 5-fluorodeoxyuridine or actinomycin D, but not by vinblastine or cycloheximide, induced cell migration, cell attachment to the Petri dish and the formation of macrophages in D+ cells. There was no induction of cell migration or formation of macrophages and a much lower induction of cell attachment in D- cells. The induction of these changes in D+ cells required protein synthesis and the inhibitors showed the same toxicity for D+ and D- cells. The results indicate, that the inhibitors induced specific surface membrane changes in D+ but not in D- cells."}
{"id": "PMID:124743", "title": "DNA synthesis in growth and encystment of Acanthamoeba castellanii.", "content": "Differentiation of Acanthamoeba castellanii into dormant cysts occurs spontaneously in stationary phase cultures, or can be induced experimentally by starvation. Although no further increase in cell density occurred after induction in either case, incorporation of [H]thymidine into DNA continued at a reduced rate through the period when differentiated products (cyst wall components) were formed. No net accumulation of DNA occurred during differentiation, indicating that the DNA synthesis occurring at this time was balanced by breakdown. When either 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) or hydroxyurea was added to exponentially growing cultures, growth was terminated and the subsequent spontaneous encystment was delayed in comparison with untreated stationary phase cultures. A similar delay was observed for experimentally induced encystment of FUdR-pretreated cells. In all cases, delay of encystment was correlated with inhibition of 32PO4 incorporation into DNA, and unexpectedly also into RNA. Addition of FUdR at zero-time of experimental induction of cells not previously exposed to FUdR, on the other hand, had no effect on encystment or on 32PO4 incorporation. The delay of encystment produced by FUdR and hydroxyurea, therefore, appeared to reflect a requirement for normal synthesis of DNA and/or RNA not only during encystment, but also during the period of exponential growth just before encystment induction.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in growth and encystment of Acanthamoeba castellanii. Differentiation of Acanthamoeba castellanii into dormant cysts occurs spontaneously in stationary phase cultures, or can be induced experimentally by starvation. Although no further increase in cell density occurred after induction in either case, incorporation of [H]thymidine into DNA continued at a reduced rate through the period when differentiated products (cyst wall components) were formed. No net accumulation of DNA occurred during differentiation, indicating that the DNA synthesis occurring at this time was balanced by breakdown. When either 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) or hydroxyurea was added to exponentially growing cultures, growth was terminated and the subsequent spontaneous encystment was delayed in comparison with untreated stationary phase cultures. A similar delay was observed for experimentally induced encystment of FUdR-pretreated cells. In all cases, delay of encystment was correlated with inhibition of 32PO4 incorporation into DNA, and unexpectedly also into RNA. Addition of FUdR at zero-time of experimental induction of cells not previously exposed to FUdR, on the other hand, had no effect on encystment or on 32PO4 incorporation. The delay of encystment produced by FUdR and hydroxyurea, therefore, appeared to reflect a requirement for normal synthesis of DNA and/or RNA not only during encystment, but also during the period of exponential growth just before encystment induction."}
{"id": "PMID:124744", "title": "Changes in the organization of chromosomes during the cell cycle: response to ultraviolet light.", "content": "Fusion between mitotic and interphase cells results in the premature condensation of the interphase chromosomes into a morphology related to the position in the cell cycle at the time of fusion. These prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) have been used in conjunction with u.v. irradiation to examine the interphase chromosome condensation cycle of HeLa cells. The following observations have been made: (I) There is a progressive decondensation of the chromosomes during G1 which is accentuated by u.v. irradiation: (2) The chromosomes become more resistant to u.v.-induced decondensation during G2 and mitosis. (3) There is a close correlation between the degree of chromosome decondensation and the amount of unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by u.v. irradiation during G1 and mitosis: (4) Hydroxyurea enhances the ability of u.v. irradiation to promote the decondensation of chromosomes during G1, G2 and mitosis. Hydroxyurea also potentiates the lethal action of u.v. irradiation during mitosis and G1. These data are discussed in relation to the suggestion that chromosomes undergo a progressive decondensation during G1 and condensation during G2.", "contents": "Changes in the organization of chromosomes during the cell cycle: response to ultraviolet light. Fusion between mitotic and interphase cells results in the premature condensation of the interphase chromosomes into a morphology related to the position in the cell cycle at the time of fusion. These prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) have been used in conjunction with u.v. irradiation to examine the interphase chromosome condensation cycle of HeLa cells. The following observations have been made: (I) There is a progressive decondensation of the chromosomes during G1 which is accentuated by u.v. irradiation: (2) The chromosomes become more resistant to u.v.-induced decondensation during G2 and mitosis. (3) There is a close correlation between the degree of chromosome decondensation and the amount of unscheduled DNA synthesis induced by u.v. irradiation during G1 and mitosis: (4) Hydroxyurea enhances the ability of u.v. irradiation to promote the decondensation of chromosomes during G1, G2 and mitosis. Hydroxyurea also potentiates the lethal action of u.v. irradiation during mitosis and G1. These data are discussed in relation to the suggestion that chromosomes undergo a progressive decondensation during G1 and condensation during G2."}
{"id": "PMID:124745", "title": "Abnormal immune responses of Bloom's syndrome lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "Bloom's syndrome is a rare autosmal recessive disorder, first characterized by growth retardation and asum-sensitive facial telangiectasia and more recently demonstarted to have increased chromosome instability, a predisposition to malignancy, and increased susecptibitily to infection. The present report ocncern the immune function of Bloom's syndrom lymphoctes in vitro. Four affected homozgotes and five heterozygotes were studied. An abnormal serum concentartion of at least one class of immunoglobin was present in three out of four homozgotes. Affected homozgotes were shown capable of both a humoral and cellular response after antigenic challenge, the responses in general being weak but detectable. Blood lymphocytes from Bloom's syndrome individuals were cultured in impaired proliferavite response and synthesized less immunoglobulin at the end of 5 days than did normal controls. In contrast, they had a normal proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin except at highest concentrations of the mitogen. In  the mixed lymphocte culture, Bloom's syndrome lymphocytes proved to be poor responder cells but normal stimulator cells. Lmyphoctes from the heterozgotes produced normal responses in these three systems. Distrubed immunity appears to be on of several major consequences of homozygosity for the Bloom's syndrome gene. Although the explanation for this pleiotropism is at present obscure, the idea was advanced that the aberrant immune function is, along with the major clincial feature-small body size, amanifestation of defect in cellular proliferation.", "contents": "Abnormal immune responses of Bloom's syndrome lymphocytes in vitro. Bloom's syndrome is a rare autosmal recessive disorder, first characterized by growth retardation and asum-sensitive facial telangiectasia and more recently demonstarted to have increased chromosome instability, a predisposition to malignancy, and increased susecptibitily to infection. The present report ocncern the immune function of Bloom's syndrom lymphoctes in vitro. Four affected homozgotes and five heterozygotes were studied. An abnormal serum concentartion of at least one class of immunoglobin was present in three out of four homozgotes. Affected homozgotes were shown capable of both a humoral and cellular response after antigenic challenge, the responses in general being weak but detectable. Blood lymphocytes from Bloom's syndrome individuals were cultured in impaired proliferavite response and synthesized less immunoglobulin at the end of 5 days than did normal controls. In contrast, they had a normal proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin except at highest concentrations of the mitogen. In  the mixed lymphocte culture, Bloom's syndrome lymphocytes proved to be poor responder cells but normal stimulator cells. Lmyphoctes from the heterozgotes produced normal responses in these three systems. Distrubed immunity appears to be on of several major consequences of homozygosity for the Bloom's syndrome gene. Although the explanation for this pleiotropism is at present obscure, the idea was advanced that the aberrant immune function is, along with the major clincial feature-small body size, amanifestation of defect in cellular proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:124746", "title": "Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left ventricle.", "content": "It is generally recognized that chronic left ventricular (LV) pressure overload results primarily in wall thickening and concentric hypertrophy, while chronic LV volume overload is characterized by chamber enlargement and an eccentric pattern of hypertrophy. To assess the potential role of the hemodynamic factors which might account for these different patterns of hypertrophy, we measured LV wall stresses throughout the cardiac cycle in 30 patients studied at the time of cardiac catheterization. The study group consisted of 6 subjects with LV pressure overload, 18 with LV volume overload, and 6 with no evidence of heart disease (control). LV pressure, meridional wall stress (sigman), wall thickness (h), and radius (R) were measured in each patient throughout the cardiac cycle. For patients with pressure overload, LV peak systolic and end diastolic pressures were significantly increased (220 plus or minus 6/23 plus or minus 3 mm Hg) compared to control (117 plus or minus 7/10 plus or minus 1 mm Hg, P less than 0.01 for each). However, peak systolic and end diastolic (sigman) were normal (161 plus or minus 24/23 plus or minus 3 times 10-3 dyn/cm-2) compared to control (151 plus or minus 14/17 plus or minus 2 times 10-3 dyn/cm-2, NS), reflecting the fact that the pressure overload was exactly counterbalanced by increased wall thickness (1.5 plus or minus 0.1 cm for pressure overload vs. 0.8 plus or minus 0.1 cm for control, P less than 0.01). For patients with volume overload, peak systolic (sigman) was not significantly different from control, but end diastolic (sigmam) was consistently higher than normal (41 plus or minus 3 times 10-3 dyn/cm-2 for volume overload, 17 plus or minus 2 times 10-3 dyn/cm-2 for control, P less than 0.01). LV pressure overload was associated with concentric hypertrophy, and an increased value for the ratio of wall thickness to radius (h/R ratio). In contrast, LV volume overload was associated with eccentric hypertrophy, and a normal h/R ratio. These data suggest the hypothesis that hypertrophy develops to normalize systolic but not diastolic wall stress. We propose that increased systolic tension development by myocardial fibers results in fiber thickening just  sufficient to return the systolic stress (force per unit cross-sectional area) to normal. In contrast, increased resting or diastolic tension appears to result in gradual fiber elongation or lengthening which improves efficiency of the ventricular chamber but cannot normalize the diastolic wall stress.", "contents": "Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left ventricle. It is generally recognized that chronic left ventricular (LV) pressure overload results primarily in wall thickening and concentric hypertrophy, while chronic LV volume overload is characterized by chamber enlargement and an eccentric pattern of hypertrophy. To assess the potential role of the hemodynamic factors which might account for these different patterns of hypertrophy, we measured LV wall stresses throughout the cardiac cycle in 30 patients studied at the time of cardiac catheterization. The study group consisted of 6 subjects with LV pressure overload, 18 with LV volume overload, and 6 with no evidence of heart disease (control). LV pressure, meridional wall stress (sigman), wall thickness (h), and radius (R) were measured in each patient throughout the cardiac cycle. For patients with pressure overload, LV peak systolic and end diastolic pressures were significantly increased (220 plus or minus 6/23 plus or minus 3 mm Hg) compared to control (117 plus or minus 7/10 plus or minus 1 mm Hg, P less than 0.01 for each). However, peak systolic and end diastolic (sigman) were normal (161 plus or minus 24/23 plus or minus 3 times 10-3 dyn/cm-2) compared to control (151 plus or minus 14/17 plus or minus 2 times 10-3 dyn/cm-2, NS), reflecting the fact that the pressure overload was exactly counterbalanced by increased wall thickness (1.5 plus or minus 0.1 cm for pressure overload vs. 0.8 plus or minus 0.1 cm for control, P less than 0.01). For patients with volume overload, peak systolic (sigman) was not significantly different from control, but end diastolic (sigmam) was consistently higher than normal (41 plus or minus 3 times 10-3 dyn/cm-2 for volume overload, 17 plus or minus 2 times 10-3 dyn/cm-2 for control, P less than 0.01). LV pressure overload was associated with concentric hypertrophy, and an increased value for the ratio of wall thickness to radius (h/R ratio). In contrast, LV volume overload was associated with eccentric hypertrophy, and a normal h/R ratio. These data suggest the hypothesis that hypertrophy develops to normalize systolic but not diastolic wall stress. We propose that increased systolic tension development by myocardial fibers results in fiber thickening just  sufficient to return the systolic stress (force per unit cross-sectional area) to normal. In contrast, increased resting or diastolic tension appears to result in gradual fiber elongation or lengthening which improves efficiency of the ventricular chamber but cannot normalize the diastolic wall stress."}
{"id": "PMID:124747", "title": "The effect of chronic digitoxin administration on the contractile state of normal and nonfailing hypertrophied myocardium.", "content": "To determine the effect of prolonged digitoxin administration on contractile function of nonfailing myocardium, right ventricular papillary muscle mechanics were examined after 6 or 24 wk of glycoside administration to control and pulmonary artery banded cats. Resting length-tension relations were not affected by digitoxin; however, isometrically developed force and the maximal rate of force development at the peak of the length-tension curve were increased in all treated groups. In untreated animals, banding resulted in a 28% incidence of deaths from heart failure. 6 wk after constriction, contractile function was depressed whereas normal function was observed 24 wk after banding. Digitoxin significantly reduced mortality from heart failure and enhanced the recovery of contractile function; contractile function in the 6 wk banded treated group approached that of untreated control and 24-wk banded groups. The long-term effects of digitoxin on contractile function were not importantly related to the temporal association between banding and institution of glycoside administration. Development of myocardial hypertrophy was comparable in treated and untreated banded groups.These results demonstrate that a significant positive inotropic effect persists in both normal and nonfailing hypertrophied myocardium during chronic digitoxin administration.", "contents": "The effect of chronic digitoxin administration on the contractile state of normal and nonfailing hypertrophied myocardium. To determine the effect of prolonged digitoxin administration on contractile function of nonfailing myocardium, right ventricular papillary muscle mechanics were examined after 6 or 24 wk of glycoside administration to control and pulmonary artery banded cats. Resting length-tension relations were not affected by digitoxin; however, isometrically developed force and the maximal rate of force development at the peak of the length-tension curve were increased in all treated groups. In untreated animals, banding resulted in a 28% incidence of deaths from heart failure. 6 wk after constriction, contractile function was depressed whereas normal function was observed 24 wk after banding. Digitoxin significantly reduced mortality from heart failure and enhanced the recovery of contractile function; contractile function in the 6 wk banded treated group approached that of untreated control and 24-wk banded groups. The long-term effects of digitoxin on contractile function were not importantly related to the temporal association between banding and institution of glycoside administration. Development of myocardial hypertrophy was comparable in treated and untreated banded groups.These results demonstrate that a significant positive inotropic effect persists in both normal and nonfailing hypertrophied myocardium during chronic digitoxin administration."}
{"id": "PMID:124748", "title": "Energized endocytosis in human erythrocyte ghosts.", "content": "The mechanism of endocytosis in resealed human erythrocyte ghosts was studied. The energy for endocytosis or micropinocytosis appears to be derived from Mg-ATP, and membrane internalization is preceded by activation of a membrane-associated Ca,Mg-ATPase and by the active efflux of Ca. Endocytosis, Ca,Mg-ATPase activity, and active Ca efflux all require the presence of Mg. Furthermore, these three phenomena, endocytosis, Ca,Mg-ATPase activity, and active Ca extrusion, all have a concentration dependence on Ca such that low concentrations stimulate and higher concentrations inhibit the phenomena. The optimal concentration of Ca is identical for endocytosis, active Ca efflux, and Ca,Mg-ATPase. Morphologic studies indicated that while active Ca efflux and activation of the Ca,Mg-ATPase activity occurred promptly upon onset of incubation, there was a significant time delay before endocytosis occurred, which suggests that endocytosis additionally involved a more slowly functioning mechanicochemical mechanism. Ruthenium red, a specific inhibitor of Ca,Mg-ATPase and Ca transport, inhibited endocytosis in a concentration-related manner. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 had no measurable effect on ghost endocytosis, active Ca efflux, or Ca,Mg-ATPase activity.", "contents": "Energized endocytosis in human erythrocyte ghosts. The mechanism of endocytosis in resealed human erythrocyte ghosts was studied. The energy for endocytosis or micropinocytosis appears to be derived from Mg-ATP, and membrane internalization is preceded by activation of a membrane-associated Ca,Mg-ATPase and by the active efflux of Ca. Endocytosis, Ca,Mg-ATPase activity, and active Ca efflux all require the presence of Mg. Furthermore, these three phenomena, endocytosis, Ca,Mg-ATPase activity, and active Ca extrusion, all have a concentration dependence on Ca such that low concentrations stimulate and higher concentrations inhibit the phenomena. The optimal concentration of Ca is identical for endocytosis, active Ca efflux, and Ca,Mg-ATPase. Morphologic studies indicated that while active Ca efflux and activation of the Ca,Mg-ATPase activity occurred promptly upon onset of incubation, there was a significant time delay before endocytosis occurred, which suggests that endocytosis additionally involved a more slowly functioning mechanicochemical mechanism. Ruthenium red, a specific inhibitor of Ca,Mg-ATPase and Ca transport, inhibited endocytosis in a concentration-related manner. Prostaglandins E1 and E2 had no measurable effect on ghost endocytosis, active Ca efflux, or Ca,Mg-ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:124750", "title": "Posteruptive tooth age in children with Down's syndrome and their sibs.", "content": "The accumulated posteruptive tooth age was calculated for 212 children with Down's syndrome and 124 of their unaffected sibs. Posteruptive tooth age was shown to vary widely with different morphological permanent tooth types at the same chronological age. Girls in both groups had greater accumulated posteruptive tooth age than boys at each age. Sibs of both sexes generally exceeded the exposure experience of the children with Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Posteruptive tooth age in children with Down's syndrome and their sibs. The accumulated posteruptive tooth age was calculated for 212 children with Down's syndrome and 124 of their unaffected sibs. Posteruptive tooth age was shown to vary widely with different morphological permanent tooth types at the same chronological age. Girls in both groups had greater accumulated posteruptive tooth age than boys at each age. Sibs of both sexes generally exceeded the exposure experience of the children with Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:124758", "title": "Myeloid regeneration after whole body irradiation, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and treatment with an anabolic steroid.", "content": "Stumptail monkeys (Macaca speciosa) received lethal whole body radiation. Autologous bone marrow injection resulted in survival of the majority of the animals. Treatment with Deca-Durabolin, an anabolic steroid, caused more rapid recovery of colony-forming cell numbers in the bone marrow than in control animals. Both the Deca-Durabolin-treated and control groups were given autologous bone marrow transplantation. Anabolic steroid effect on transplanted bone marrow colonyforming cells may explain the increased rate of leukopoietic regeneration in anabolic steroid-treated animals as compared to controls.", "contents": "Myeloid regeneration after whole body irradiation, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and treatment with an anabolic steroid. Stumptail monkeys (Macaca speciosa) received lethal whole body radiation. Autologous bone marrow injection resulted in survival of the majority of the animals. Treatment with Deca-Durabolin, an anabolic steroid, caused more rapid recovery of colony-forming cell numbers in the bone marrow than in control animals. Both the Deca-Durabolin-treated and control groups were given autologous bone marrow transplantation. Anabolic steroid effect on transplanted bone marrow colonyforming cells may explain the increased rate of leukopoietic regeneration in anabolic steroid-treated animals as compared to controls."}
{"id": "PMID:124759", "title": "Studies of enzymes involved in glycoprotein synthesis and degradation in diacetylbenzidine nephrosis.", "content": "Diacetylbenzidine was used to induce a nephrotic syndrome in female rats. Enzymes involved in glycoprotein metabolism were evaluated during an early stage of induced renal disease before extensive histologic changes occurred. The results show that lysosomal acid hydrolases are not activated or released to any measurable degree during the early stages of the disease. Minimal differences in the composition of glomerular basement membrane of nephrotic rats were found despite heavy proteinuria. Glomerular specific activities of certain glycoprotein:glycosyl transferases were depressed in nephrotic animals. A new viewpoint to explain the pathology of glomerular proteinuria is presented based on the phenomenon of sublethal autolysis affecting cell surface structure and function, of which activity levels of glycoprotein:glycosyl transferases are an example. Increased activities of glycosyl transferases and Na-D ATPase were noted in the cortex from nephrotic animals. These studies involving cortex indicate that the pathologic process is not confined to the glomerulus and may contribute information concerning Na+ transport in the nephrotic rat.", "contents": "Studies of enzymes involved in glycoprotein synthesis and degradation in diacetylbenzidine nephrosis. Diacetylbenzidine was used to induce a nephrotic syndrome in female rats. Enzymes involved in glycoprotein metabolism were evaluated during an early stage of induced renal disease before extensive histologic changes occurred. The results show that lysosomal acid hydrolases are not activated or released to any measurable degree during the early stages of the disease. Minimal differences in the composition of glomerular basement membrane of nephrotic rats were found despite heavy proteinuria. Glomerular specific activities of certain glycoprotein:glycosyl transferases were depressed in nephrotic animals. A new viewpoint to explain the pathology of glomerular proteinuria is presented based on the phenomenon of sublethal autolysis affecting cell surface structure and function, of which activity levels of glycoprotein:glycosyl transferases are an example. Increased activities of glycosyl transferases and Na-D ATPase were noted in the cortex from nephrotic animals. These studies involving cortex indicate that the pathologic process is not confined to the glomerulus and may contribute information concerning Na+ transport in the nephrotic rat."}
{"id": "PMID:124760", "title": "Aromatizing activity of placental microsomal fractions from ewes in late gestation.", "content": "Placental microsomes from eight domestic sheep at 136-146 days of gestation were incubated with radioactive androstenedione, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Aromatizing activity was examined in the presence and absence of cortisol and the rates of both oestrone and oestradiol synthesis were measured. Oestrone predominated in preference to oestradiol in most of the incubations, a result opposite to that found with human placentae. The sharp increase in the rate of oestradiol production found in the 144- to 146-day-old placentae incubated with testosterone may indicate a more rapid increase of aromatizing than of 17beta-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase activity. The presence of cortisol in the mixtures did not significantly affect the placental aromatizing activity, indicating that there is no direct effect of cortisol on the enzyme system as measured in vitro. The dramatic rise of overall mean aromatizing activity from 4.86 plus or minus 0.22 (S.E.M.) at 138-141 days of gestation to 12.96 plus or minus 0.38 pmol/mg protein/min at 144-146 days (with a greater relative increase in the rate of oestradiol formation), suggests that changes in placental aromatizing activity may play an important role in maternal and foetal plasma oestrogen surges before ovine parturition.", "contents": "Aromatizing activity of placental microsomal fractions from ewes in late gestation. Placental microsomes from eight domestic sheep at 136-146 days of gestation were incubated with radioactive androstenedione, testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Aromatizing activity was examined in the presence and absence of cortisol and the rates of both oestrone and oestradiol synthesis were measured. Oestrone predominated in preference to oestradiol in most of the incubations, a result opposite to that found with human placentae. The sharp increase in the rate of oestradiol production found in the 144- to 146-day-old placentae incubated with testosterone may indicate a more rapid increase of aromatizing than of 17beta-hydroxysteriod dehydrogenase activity. The presence of cortisol in the mixtures did not significantly affect the placental aromatizing activity, indicating that there is no direct effect of cortisol on the enzyme system as measured in vitro. The dramatic rise of overall mean aromatizing activity from 4.86 plus or minus 0.22 (S.E.M.) at 138-141 days of gestation to 12.96 plus or minus 0.38 pmol/mg protein/min at 144-146 days (with a greater relative increase in the rate of oestradiol formation), suggests that changes in placental aromatizing activity may play an important role in maternal and foetal plasma oestrogen surges before ovine parturition."}
{"id": "PMID:124761", "title": "Association of immunity and tolerance to host H-2 determinants in irradiated F1 hybrid mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells from one parental strain.", "content": "Semiallogenetic radiation chimeras were prepared by injecting heavily irradiated F1 hybrid mice with bone marrow cells from one parental strain; the bone marrow cells were treated with anti-theta serum and complement to remove T cells and injected in large numbers (2 times 10-7 cells).  The mice survived in excellent health until sacrifice 6 mo later.  Thoracic duct cannulation at this stage showed that the mice possessed normal numbers of recirculating lymphocytes.  Close to 100% of thoracic duct lymphocytes and lymph node cells were shown to be of donor strain origin.  The capacity of lymphocytes from the chimeras to respond to host-type determinants was tested in mixed leukocyte culture and in an assay for cell-mediated lympholysis (CML).  Mixed leukocyte reactions (MLR) were measured both in vitro and in vivo; tumor cells and phytohemmaglutinin-stimulated blast cells were used as target cells for measuring CML.  While responding normally to third party determinants, cells from the chimeras gave a definite, though reduced MLR when exposed to host-type determinants.  However, this proliferative response to host-type determinants, unlike that to third party determinants, was not associated with differentiation into cytotoxic lymphocytes.  No evidence could be found that unresponsiveness in this situation was due to blocking serum factors or suppressor T cells.  It is argued that the results support the concept that lymphocytes responsive in mixed leukocyte culture have a different specificity to those exerting cell-mediated lympholysis.", "contents": "Association of immunity and tolerance to host H-2 determinants in irradiated F1 hybrid mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells from one parental strain. Semiallogenetic radiation chimeras were prepared by injecting heavily irradiated F1 hybrid mice with bone marrow cells from one parental strain; the bone marrow cells were treated with anti-theta serum and complement to remove T cells and injected in large numbers (2 times 10-7 cells).  The mice survived in excellent health until sacrifice 6 mo later.  Thoracic duct cannulation at this stage showed that the mice possessed normal numbers of recirculating lymphocytes.  Close to 100% of thoracic duct lymphocytes and lymph node cells were shown to be of donor strain origin.  The capacity of lymphocytes from the chimeras to respond to host-type determinants was tested in mixed leukocyte culture and in an assay for cell-mediated lympholysis (CML).  Mixed leukocyte reactions (MLR) were measured both in vitro and in vivo; tumor cells and phytohemmaglutinin-stimulated blast cells were used as target cells for measuring CML.  While responding normally to third party determinants, cells from the chimeras gave a definite, though reduced MLR when exposed to host-type determinants.  However, this proliferative response to host-type determinants, unlike that to third party determinants, was not associated with differentiation into cytotoxic lymphocytes.  No evidence could be found that unresponsiveness in this situation was due to blocking serum factors or suppressor T cells.  It is argued that the results support the concept that lymphocytes responsive in mixed leukocyte culture have a different specificity to those exerting cell-mediated lympholysis."}
{"id": "PMID:124762", "title": "Mixed lymphocyte culture determinants and C2 deficiency: LD-7a associated with C2 deficiency in four families.", "content": "Four families with C2 deficiency were studied.  Among eight HL-A haplotypes involved with C2 deficiency, five were HL-A 10,W18.  Three homozygotes for C2 deficiency from different families were mutually nonreactive in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) and the heterozygotes from the fourth family failed to react to the homozygous cells.  It appeared that identical MLC determinants were associated with all the genes from the different families that related to C2 deficiency.  Further experiments identified the MLC determinant, LD-7a, as being involved.  These results suggest marked linkage disequilibrium between the genes for C2 deficiency and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).  Studies of possible recombinants have offered tentative evidence for the positioning of the locus for C2 deficiency with respect to other segments of the MHC.", "contents": "Mixed lymphocyte culture determinants and C2 deficiency: LD-7a associated with C2 deficiency in four families. Four families with C2 deficiency were studied.  Among eight HL-A haplotypes involved with C2 deficiency, five were HL-A 10,W18.  Three homozygotes for C2 deficiency from different families were mutually nonreactive in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) and the heterozygotes from the fourth family failed to react to the homozygous cells.  It appeared that identical MLC determinants were associated with all the genes from the different families that related to C2 deficiency.  Further experiments identified the MLC determinant, LD-7a, as being involved.  These results suggest marked linkage disequilibrium between the genes for C2 deficiency and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC).  Studies of possible recombinants have offered tentative evidence for the positioning of the locus for C2 deficiency with respect to other segments of the MHC."}
{"id": "PMID:124766", "title": "Exercise and restricted activity effects on reinnervated and cross-innervated skeletal muscles.", "content": "The effects of relative degrees of post-operative muscle activity and inactivity were compared in animals having undergone peripheral nerve section and repair (i.e. cross-innervation and self-innervation). The muscles involved were the fast twitch flexor hallucis longus and the slow twitch soleus muscles of the guinea pig. Reinnervation of the muscle was complete with either the original nerve or with a foreign nerve after 6 months in all groups of animals regardless of whether the animals were exercised or confined to small individual cages so as to restrict their activity. It can be stated that: (a) the duration (1 week-1 month) of hind-limb immobilization did not alter the extent and efficiency of reinnervation; (b) muscle protein concentration fell in animals whose hind-limbs were immobilized 1 month post-operatively; (c) by using the cross-innervation procedure, histochemical fiber populations correlated closely with the physiologically determined contraction time of the muscle.", "contents": "Exercise and restricted activity effects on reinnervated and cross-innervated skeletal muscles. The effects of relative degrees of post-operative muscle activity and inactivity were compared in animals having undergone peripheral nerve section and repair (i.e. cross-innervation and self-innervation). The muscles involved were the fast twitch flexor hallucis longus and the slow twitch soleus muscles of the guinea pig. Reinnervation of the muscle was complete with either the original nerve or with a foreign nerve after 6 months in all groups of animals regardless of whether the animals were exercised or confined to small individual cages so as to restrict their activity. It can be stated that: (a) the duration (1 week-1 month) of hind-limb immobilization did not alter the extent and efficiency of reinnervation; (b) muscle protein concentration fell in animals whose hind-limbs were immobilized 1 month post-operatively; (c) by using the cross-innervation procedure, histochemical fiber populations correlated closely with the physiologically determined contraction time of the muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:124767", "title": "Ultrastructural fiber typing in normal and diseased human muscle.", "content": "The differential staining of the 3 fiber types for oxidative enzyme activity at the histochemical level provides the basis of their identification at the ultrastructural level. Type I fibers have the largest and most numerous mitochondria, the Type IIA smaller and less numerous mitochondria, and Type IIB have the smallest and least numerous mitochondria as studied in 4 patients without neuromuscular disease. Type I fibers could be distinguished from Type II fibers on the basis of mean Z-line width and IIA fibers could be distinguished from IIB fibers on the basis of mean M-line width. Type I fibers had wide Z-lines (95 nm) and wide M-lines (89 nm), Type IIA had narrow Z-lines (74 nm) and wide M-lines (79 nm) and Type IIB fibers had narrow Z-lines (69 nm) and narrow M-lines (60 nm). This system of fiber typing based on relative Z-line and M-line widths was applied to several abnormal muscle biopsies each of which showed a deficiency in at least 1 of the major histochemical fiber types. In each case, the same deficiency was revealed at the ultrastructural level by measuring the relative Z-line and M-line widths of the remaining fiber types.", "contents": "Ultrastructural fiber typing in normal and diseased human muscle. The differential staining of the 3 fiber types for oxidative enzyme activity at the histochemical level provides the basis of their identification at the ultrastructural level. Type I fibers have the largest and most numerous mitochondria, the Type IIA smaller and less numerous mitochondria, and Type IIB have the smallest and least numerous mitochondria as studied in 4 patients without neuromuscular disease. Type I fibers could be distinguished from Type II fibers on the basis of mean Z-line width and IIA fibers could be distinguished from IIB fibers on the basis of mean M-line width. Type I fibers had wide Z-lines (95 nm) and wide M-lines (89 nm), Type IIA had narrow Z-lines (74 nm) and wide M-lines (79 nm) and Type IIB fibers had narrow Z-lines (69 nm) and narrow M-lines (60 nm). This system of fiber typing based on relative Z-line and M-line widths was applied to several abnormal muscle biopsies each of which showed a deficiency in at least 1 of the major histochemical fiber types. In each case, the same deficiency was revealed at the ultrastructural level by measuring the relative Z-line and M-line widths of the remaining fiber types."}
{"id": "PMID:124768", "title": "Intrahepatic biliary atresia in Down's syndrome.", "content": "A case of intrahepatic atresia in Down's syndrome is presented. It seems likely that atresia of intrahepatic bile ducts in Down's syndrome is due to a chromosomal disorder.", "contents": "Intrahepatic biliary atresia in Down's syndrome. A case of intrahepatic atresia in Down's syndrome is presented. It seems likely that atresia of intrahepatic bile ducts in Down's syndrome is due to a chromosomal disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:124775", "title": "Laparoscopic sterilization immediately after term delivery: a preliminary report.", "content": "To evaluate the feasibility and safety of performing laparoscopic sterilization immediately after a normal delivery, 46 patients were studied. All sterilizations were performed within 48 hours of delivery, using a single puncture technique with cautery and separation of the uterine tubes, under a neuroleptanalgesic. A description of the technique, the technical difficulties encountered in performing the procedures and the incidence of complications are presented. The technique, when performed during the early puerperium, is practicable since technical difficulties and the severity and incidence of complications are clinically acceptable. The sterilization procedure did not significantly increase the duration of hospitalization after delivery. Most patients were discharged from the hospital 1 to 2 days after the sterilization.", "contents": "Laparoscopic sterilization immediately after term delivery: a preliminary report. To evaluate the feasibility and safety of performing laparoscopic sterilization immediately after a normal delivery, 46 patients were studied. All sterilizations were performed within 48 hours of delivery, using a single puncture technique with cautery and separation of the uterine tubes, under a neuroleptanalgesic. A description of the technique, the technical difficulties encountered in performing the procedures and the incidence of complications are presented. The technique, when performed during the early puerperium, is practicable since technical difficulties and the severity and incidence of complications are clinically acceptable. The sterilization procedure did not significantly increase the duration of hospitalization after delivery. Most patients were discharged from the hospital 1 to 2 days after the sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:124777", "title": "Laparoscopic sterilization without electrocautery.", "content": "Stimulated by the increasing concern over the complications of the use of electrocautery in laparoscopic sterilization, the author has developed a method of tubal sterilization by laparoscopy without the use of electrocautery. The procedure is described in detail, together with some hints on technique and mention of possibilities for future improvements.", "contents": "Laparoscopic sterilization without electrocautery. Stimulated by the increasing concern over the complications of the use of electrocautery in laparoscopic sterilization, the author has developed a method of tubal sterilization by laparoscopy without the use of electrocautery. The procedure is described in detail, together with some hints on technique and mention of possibilities for future improvements."}
{"id": "PMID:124786", "title": "Histological changes associated with trichodinid infections in thorny skates, Raja radiata Donovan.", "content": "Histological changes in the wall of the copulatory sac of normal adult female thorny skates, Raja radiata, were compared with those naturally infected with Trichodina oviducti. The parasites were associated with extensive defoliation of the copulatory epithelium and in some instances had penetrated the submucosa resulting in petechiae. An excessive exudated that appeared at the vent was made up of mucus, sloughed cells and parasites. It is speculated that shedding of the copulatory epithelium may be due to a hyaluronidase-like enzyme. Furthermore, the restriction of T. oviducti to adult skates may be dependent on the presence of certain mucopolysaccharides that are very low or absent in immature skates.", "contents": "Histological changes associated with trichodinid infections in thorny skates, Raja radiata Donovan. Histological changes in the wall of the copulatory sac of normal adult female thorny skates, Raja radiata, were compared with those naturally infected with Trichodina oviducti. The parasites were associated with extensive defoliation of the copulatory epithelium and in some instances had penetrated the submucosa resulting in petechiae. An excessive exudated that appeared at the vent was made up of mucus, sloughed cells and parasites. It is speculated that shedding of the copulatory epithelium may be due to a hyaluronidase-like enzyme. Furthermore, the restriction of T. oviducti to adult skates may be dependent on the presence of certain mucopolysaccharides that are very low or absent in immature skates."}
{"id": "PMID:124787", "title": "The occurrence of gapeworm (Syngamus trachea) in willow grouse.", "content": "21.4% of the willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus) examined from a coastal locality in northern Norway were infected with Syngamus trachea. None of the willow grouse examined from an inland locality with colder and longer winters were infected with the parasite. It is suggested that the parasite may influence survival of the grouse population.", "contents": "The occurrence of gapeworm (Syngamus trachea) in willow grouse. 21.4% of the willow grouse (Lagopus lagopus) examined from a coastal locality in northern Norway were infected with Syngamus trachea. None of the willow grouse examined from an inland locality with colder and longer winters were infected with the parasite. It is suggested that the parasite may influence survival of the grouse population."}
{"id": "PMID:124791", "title": "[Contractile myocardial proteins and their enzymatic activity in hypertensive disease and coronary atherosclerosis].", "content": "An investigation into the fractional composition of myocardial proteins and ATP-ase activity of myosine in 86 persons, who during their lifetime suffered from hypertensive disease and coronary incompetence, revealed significant changes therein. An increased content of actomyosine complex proteins in hypertensive disease was superseded by their considerable diminution in the event of developing cardiac insufficiency, which was at that accompanied by declining ATP-ase activity of myosine. The development of acute myocardial infarction led to a still drastically reduced concentration of sarcoplasmatic and contractile proteins of the heart muscle, as well as to their diminished enzymatic activity.", "contents": "[Contractile myocardial proteins and their enzymatic activity in hypertensive disease and coronary atherosclerosis]. An investigation into the fractional composition of myocardial proteins and ATP-ase activity of myosine in 86 persons, who during their lifetime suffered from hypertensive disease and coronary incompetence, revealed significant changes therein. An increased content of actomyosine complex proteins in hypertensive disease was superseded by their considerable diminution in the event of developing cardiac insufficiency, which was at that accompanied by declining ATP-ase activity of myosine. The development of acute myocardial infarction led to a still drastically reduced concentration of sarcoplasmatic and contractile proteins of the heart muscle, as well as to their diminished enzymatic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:124792", "title": "[Study of atherosclerosis in different geographical zones of the Soviet Union. 1. Comparative study of fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue].", "content": "Gas-liquid chromatography was used for the study of the fat-acid composition of the subcutaneous tissue in males, aged 20 to 70 years, who had died in accidents. The investigation was conducted in the cities of Samarkand, Tashkent, Riga and Moscow. A significantly higher relative level of linoleic acid in the subcutaneous tissue of the native population of Central Asia than in the non-native residents of the same regions was found (19.4 and 13.7%, respectively). It is accounted for by a high consumption of cotton oil rich in linoleic acid by the native population of Uzbekistan. No significant differences in the proportion of linoleic, oleic and other fatty acids in the adipose tissue of the Russian population of Samarkand and Tashkent, as well as Riga and Moscow were found. No differences were either found in the composition of the adipose tissue of the native and non-native residents of Riga. The lower incidence of atherosclerosis among the native population of Central Asia in comparison with the non-native population of the same region and the population of the Baltic region is emphasized.", "contents": "[Study of atherosclerosis in different geographical zones of the Soviet Union. 1. Comparative study of fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue]. Gas-liquid chromatography was used for the study of the fat-acid composition of the subcutaneous tissue in males, aged 20 to 70 years, who had died in accidents. The investigation was conducted in the cities of Samarkand, Tashkent, Riga and Moscow. A significantly higher relative level of linoleic acid in the subcutaneous tissue of the native population of Central Asia than in the non-native residents of the same regions was found (19.4 and 13.7%, respectively). It is accounted for by a high consumption of cotton oil rich in linoleic acid by the native population of Uzbekistan. No significant differences in the proportion of linoleic, oleic and other fatty acids in the adipose tissue of the Russian population of Samarkand and Tashkent, as well as Riga and Moscow were found. No differences were either found in the composition of the adipose tissue of the native and non-native residents of Riga. The lower incidence of atherosclerosis among the native population of Central Asia in comparison with the non-native population of the same region and the population of the Baltic region is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:124793", "title": "[Depression of contractile function and decrease of the effectiveness of oxygen utilization during compensatory heart hypertrophy].", "content": "Heart hypertrophy was produced in rats by creating a coarctation of the aorta 4 months prior to the experiment. The conducted study of the contractile function and oxygen consumption in isolated working hearts demonstrated a marked decrease in the contractile function of the hypertrophied hearts, as compared to the intact ones. Oxygen utilization, however, remained in these preparations equal to that in the controls: hence, the efficacy of oxygen utilization per unit of function was decreased. At the same time, the process of mobilization--glycogen re-synthesis--is highly activated, and glycolysis--accelerated. In order to explain these phenomena it was postulated that the falling efficacy of oxygen utilization and glycogenolysis activation may be caused by a growing calcium concentration in the myoplasm due to the progressive decrease of the capacity of the calcium pump of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum in the process of heart hypertrophy development.", "contents": "[Depression of contractile function and decrease of the effectiveness of oxygen utilization during compensatory heart hypertrophy]. Heart hypertrophy was produced in rats by creating a coarctation of the aorta 4 months prior to the experiment. The conducted study of the contractile function and oxygen consumption in isolated working hearts demonstrated a marked decrease in the contractile function of the hypertrophied hearts, as compared to the intact ones. Oxygen utilization, however, remained in these preparations equal to that in the controls: hence, the efficacy of oxygen utilization per unit of function was decreased. At the same time, the process of mobilization--glycogen re-synthesis--is highly activated, and glycolysis--accelerated. In order to explain these phenomena it was postulated that the falling efficacy of oxygen utilization and glycogenolysis activation may be caused by a growing calcium concentration in the myoplasm due to the progressive decrease of the capacity of the calcium pump of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum in the process of heart hypertrophy development."}
{"id": "PMID:124797", "title": "[Blindness according to the law in Schwerbesch\u00e4digten-Gesetz, Schwerbehinderten-Gesetz, Bundessozialhilfe-Gesetz and Bundesversorgungs-Gesetz (author's transl)].", "content": "It is possible to calculate the granulation of disturbances of vision in combined disturbances (reduction of central vision and visual fields defects) with the aid of the tables in the \"Anhaltspunkte f\u00fcr die \u00e4rztliche Gutachtert\u00e4tigkeit im Versorgungswesen\". The total disability with 160% is equal to the disturbance of visual acutiy of 1/50.", "contents": "[Blindness according to the law in Schwerbesch\u00e4digten-Gesetz, Schwerbehinderten-Gesetz, Bundessozialhilfe-Gesetz and Bundesversorgungs-Gesetz (author's transl)]. It is possible to calculate the granulation of disturbances of vision in combined disturbances (reduction of central vision and visual fields defects) with the aid of the tables in the \"Anhaltspunkte f\u00fcr die \u00e4rztliche Gutachtert\u00e4tigkeit im Versorgungswesen\". The total disability with 160% is equal to the disturbance of visual acutiy of 1/50."}
{"id": "PMID:124798", "title": "[Neonatal polycythaemia and haemoglobin types in infants with G-trisomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The concentrations of haemoglobin A1, A2, and F were determined quantitatively by column chromatography in 11 newborns with G-trisomy (Down's Syndrome)) and correlated to haematocrit values. In 3 infants the haemoglobin pattern was followed throughout the first six months of life. In connection to the well know polycythaemia, newborns with G-trisomy were found to have significantly higher haemoglobin A1 attaining 35.5 plus or minus 6.6% and A2 equal to 0.79 plus or minus 0.32% as compared to normal infants (HbA1 equal 17.74 plus or minus 4.56%, HbA2 equal to 0.25 plus or minus 0.2%). In G-trisomy the switch-over from synthesis of haemoglobin F to haemoglobin A appears to be initiated earlier than in normal individuals, and it seems even to proceed more rapidly during the first weeks after birth. The amount of adult haemoglobin being synthesized in G-trisomy during the perinatal period may possibly be a response to the increased erythropoiesis, while the influence of chromosomal abnormality seems not to be a specific phenomenon.", "contents": "[Neonatal polycythaemia and haemoglobin types in infants with G-trisomy (author's transl)]. The concentrations of haemoglobin A1, A2, and F were determined quantitatively by column chromatography in 11 newborns with G-trisomy (Down's Syndrome)) and correlated to haematocrit values. In 3 infants the haemoglobin pattern was followed throughout the first six months of life. In connection to the well know polycythaemia, newborns with G-trisomy were found to have significantly higher haemoglobin A1 attaining 35.5 plus or minus 6.6% and A2 equal to 0.79 plus or minus 0.32% as compared to normal infants (HbA1 equal 17.74 plus or minus 4.56%, HbA2 equal to 0.25 plus or minus 0.2%). In G-trisomy the switch-over from synthesis of haemoglobin F to haemoglobin A appears to be initiated earlier than in normal individuals, and it seems even to proceed more rapidly during the first weeks after birth. The amount of adult haemoglobin being synthesized in G-trisomy during the perinatal period may possibly be a response to the increased erythropoiesis, while the influence of chromosomal abnormality seems not to be a specific phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:124799", "title": "The microbiological and parasitological colonisation of specified-pathogen-free mice maintained in a conventional animal house.", "content": "2 groups of 44 specified-pathogen-free (SPF) mice, caged in groups of 4, were housed at weaning either in isolation in a building housing conventionally-reared animals, or in contact with those animals. 4 mice from each group were examined for microbiological flora and 4 for parasites at intervals for up to 90 days after transfer. Proscribed bacteria were isolated from the \"in contact' group after 42 days and endoparasites were observed by 16 days and thereafter. No proscribed bacteria were isolated from the other group, although some endoparasites were observed by 16 days. Proscribed bacteria were shown to be present in the conventionally-reared animals at weaning and ecto- and endoparasites by day 16 and thereafter. It is suggested that it may be possible to maintain SPF animals outside a SPF Unit for short periods of time, and that with great care the animals remain free of proscribed microflora.", "contents": "The microbiological and parasitological colonisation of specified-pathogen-free mice maintained in a conventional animal house. 2 groups of 44 specified-pathogen-free (SPF) mice, caged in groups of 4, were housed at weaning either in isolation in a building housing conventionally-reared animals, or in contact with those animals. 4 mice from each group were examined for microbiological flora and 4 for parasites at intervals for up to 90 days after transfer. Proscribed bacteria were isolated from the \"in contact' group after 42 days and endoparasites were observed by 16 days and thereafter. No proscribed bacteria were isolated from the other group, although some endoparasites were observed by 16 days. Proscribed bacteria were shown to be present in the conventionally-reared animals at weaning and ecto- and endoparasites by day 16 and thereafter. It is suggested that it may be possible to maintain SPF animals outside a SPF Unit for short periods of time, and that with great care the animals remain free of proscribed microflora."}
{"id": "PMID:124804", "title": "Microspectrofluorimetric analysis of the formaldehyde induced fluorescence in midbrain raphe neurons.", "content": "The formaldehyde induced fluorescence in perikarya localized in the midbrain rephe nuclei was investigated using the Falck-Hillarp technique in combination with qualitative (spectral analysis) and quantitative microspectorfluorimetry. The spectral evidence obtained after various pharmacological and lesion experiments with the neurotoxic compounds 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, strongly favours the view that the vast majority of the perikarya in the cell groups B-7, B-8 and B-9 (according to Dahlstr\u00f6m and Fuxe) are 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons, defined as structures capable of synthesizing, metabolizing, and storing 5-hydroxytryptamine. The spectral data indicate that the 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons might contain in addition to 5-hydroxytryptamine another indolealkylamine, possibly tryptamine, in low concentrations. The perikarya were shown to be able to take up and accumulate exogenously administered 6-hydroxytryptamine provided that monoamine oxidase was inhibited. Quantitative microfluorimetric analysis disclosed that the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine was unable to block effectively this enzyme in the 5-hydroxytryptamine perikarya, although acutely a partial blockade was observed. The 5-hydroxytryptamineerogenously to the action of p-chlorophenylalanine and this might be associated with different states of neuronal activity. The difference in potency of p-chlorophenylalanine as regards tryptophan hydroxylase inhibition in perikarya and in nerve terminals may be related to different properties of tryptophan hydroxylase in various parts of the neuron and/or to a high turnover of the enzyme in the perikarya.", "contents": "Microspectrofluorimetric analysis of the formaldehyde induced fluorescence in midbrain raphe neurons. The formaldehyde induced fluorescence in perikarya localized in the midbrain rephe nuclei was investigated using the Falck-Hillarp technique in combination with qualitative (spectral analysis) and quantitative microspectorfluorimetry. The spectral evidence obtained after various pharmacological and lesion experiments with the neurotoxic compounds 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine and 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, strongly favours the view that the vast majority of the perikarya in the cell groups B-7, B-8 and B-9 (according to Dahlstr\u00f6m and Fuxe) are 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons, defined as structures capable of synthesizing, metabolizing, and storing 5-hydroxytryptamine. The spectral data indicate that the 5-hydroxytryptamine neurons might contain in addition to 5-hydroxytryptamine another indolealkylamine, possibly tryptamine, in low concentrations. The perikarya were shown to be able to take up and accumulate exogenously administered 6-hydroxytryptamine provided that monoamine oxidase was inhibited. Quantitative microfluorimetric analysis disclosed that the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine was unable to block effectively this enzyme in the 5-hydroxytryptamine perikarya, although acutely a partial blockade was observed. The 5-hydroxytryptamineerogenously to the action of p-chlorophenylalanine and this might be associated with different states of neuronal activity. The difference in potency of p-chlorophenylalanine as regards tryptophan hydroxylase inhibition in perikarya and in nerve terminals may be related to different properties of tryptophan hydroxylase in various parts of the neuron and/or to a high turnover of the enzyme in the perikarya."}
{"id": "PMID:124805", "title": "Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on the central nervous excitability threshold and on the activity of some central depressants.", "content": "The effect of p-chlorophenylalaine (pCPA)on the central nervous excitability threshold for the neurostimulants pentetrazol, picrotoxin and strychnine inflused intravenously was evaluated in male albino mice. The effect of pCPA pretreatment was also studied in mice treated both with the neurostimulants and with central depressants meta-tolylcarbamide (MTC), phenacemide (phenylacetylurea, Phenurone) or phenobarbitol sodium (PBS). pCPA applied alone or together with MTC, phenacemide and pbs lowered the central nervous excitability threshold for the three central stimulants used in the majority of the experiments.", "contents": "Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on the central nervous excitability threshold and on the activity of some central depressants. The effect of p-chlorophenylalaine (pCPA)on the central nervous excitability threshold for the neurostimulants pentetrazol, picrotoxin and strychnine inflused intravenously was evaluated in male albino mice. The effect of pCPA pretreatment was also studied in mice treated both with the neurostimulants and with central depressants meta-tolylcarbamide (MTC), phenacemide (phenylacetylurea, Phenurone) or phenobarbitol sodium (PBS). pCPA applied alone or together with MTC, phenacemide and pbs lowered the central nervous excitability threshold for the three central stimulants used in the majority of the experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:124806", "title": "Antibody to hepatitis B antigen (Australia antigen) among residents of a Finnish institution for the mentally retarded.", "content": "Sera from 521 residents of an institution for the mentally retarded near Helsinki, Finland were examined by a hemagglutination assay to determine the distribution and titers of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). 36.1% were found to contain anti-HBs. Factors were identified which are related to the presence or absence of anti-HBs in this population. A documented past history of hepatitis, living in \"asocial\" wards in which at least one HBsAg carrier was present, long institutionalization (is greater than 10 yrs.), admission to the institution between ages 5 and 19, a present age between 20 and 39, and being male were associated with the presence of anti-HBs. 43.5% of the males but only 22.2% of the females had antibody. Down's syndrome patients had lower titers but not lower frequencies of anti-HBs than the non Down's patients.", "contents": "Antibody to hepatitis B antigen (Australia antigen) among residents of a Finnish institution for the mentally retarded. Sera from 521 residents of an institution for the mentally retarded near Helsinki, Finland were examined by a hemagglutination assay to determine the distribution and titers of antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs). 36.1% were found to contain anti-HBs. Factors were identified which are related to the presence or absence of anti-HBs in this population. A documented past history of hepatitis, living in \"asocial\" wards in which at least one HBsAg carrier was present, long institutionalization (is greater than 10 yrs.), admission to the institution between ages 5 and 19, a present age between 20 and 39, and being male were associated with the presence of anti-HBs. 43.5% of the males but only 22.2% of the females had antibody. Down's syndrome patients had lower titers but not lower frequencies of anti-HBs than the non Down's patients."}
{"id": "PMID:124803", "title": "The effect of rat age on the composition and functional activities of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane preparations.", "content": "The complex of membranes of which cells are comprised have been considered as likely sites of deterioration underlying the decline on physiologic competence with age.  Although this concept is an attractive one on theoreical grounds, few direct experimental data are available on the effect of age on biological membranes.  Since the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle has been well characterized and is an easily studied membrane system in regard both to its composition and function, the effect of age on this membrane system was explored.  Rats of 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 28 months of age were the source of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes which were characterized by the following measurements: phospholipid/protein weight ratio; phospholipid composition; the activity of the (Ca++ + Mg++) -ATPase and the steady state concentration of its phosphorylated intermediate; the ATP-dependent, oxalatepromoted Ca++ transport activity.  Although there were some differences between age groups in these basic parameters of sarcoplasmic reticulum composition and function, the data obtained provide no clear evidence of deterioration of these membranes with age.", "contents": "The effect of rat age on the composition and functional activities of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane preparations. The complex of membranes of which cells are comprised have been considered as likely sites of deterioration underlying the decline on physiologic competence with age.  Although this concept is an attractive one on theoreical grounds, few direct experimental data are available on the effect of age on biological membranes.  Since the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle has been well characterized and is an easily studied membrane system in regard both to its composition and function, the effect of age on this membrane system was explored.  Rats of 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 28 months of age were the source of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes which were characterized by the following measurements: phospholipid/protein weight ratio; phospholipid composition; the activity of the (Ca++ + Mg++) -ATPase and the steady state concentration of its phosphorylated intermediate; the ATP-dependent, oxalatepromoted Ca++ transport activity.  Although there were some differences between age groups in these basic parameters of sarcoplasmic reticulum composition and function, the data obtained provide no clear evidence of deterioration of these membranes with age."}
{"id": "PMID:124812", "title": "[Discrepant findings between esophagoscopical and x-ray examination on the search for varicose veins of the esophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "In a comparising study of 191 liver-patients, who were laparoscopical and most of them histological examined, the results of registrated varicose veins of the esophagus by x-ray and fiber-esophagoscopical examination were compared. Between x-ray and esophagoscopical examination in our material was a discrepancy in 29,3% of the cases (suspect findings were counted positive). The question was posed, if the premedication with spasmolytical substances and tranquillizers gives the wellknown advantages for the esophagoscopical examination compared with the x-ray examination by relaxation of the esophaguswall and thereby combined with a better visuability of the varicose veins. In the proposed analysis showed still 19,9% of the cases a positive result by esophagoscopical examination by negative x-ray finding, and there was only in 9,4% of the cases a positive finding by x-ray examination by simultaneous negative esophagoscopical result. Other comparising studies by equal pharmacological conditions (premedication!) are urgently necessary to get better results of examination and perhaps to eliminate or at least reduce the discrepancies between endoscopical and x-ray examination.", "contents": "[Discrepant findings between esophagoscopical and x-ray examination on the search for varicose veins of the esophagus (author's transl)]. In a comparising study of 191 liver-patients, who were laparoscopical and most of them histological examined, the results of registrated varicose veins of the esophagus by x-ray and fiber-esophagoscopical examination were compared. Between x-ray and esophagoscopical examination in our material was a discrepancy in 29,3% of the cases (suspect findings were counted positive). The question was posed, if the premedication with spasmolytical substances and tranquillizers gives the wellknown advantages for the esophagoscopical examination compared with the x-ray examination by relaxation of the esophaguswall and thereby combined with a better visuability of the varicose veins. In the proposed analysis showed still 19,9% of the cases a positive result by esophagoscopical examination by negative x-ray finding, and there was only in 9,4% of the cases a positive finding by x-ray examination by simultaneous negative esophagoscopical result. Other comparising studies by equal pharmacological conditions (premedication!) are urgently necessary to get better results of examination and perhaps to eliminate or at least reduce the discrepancies between endoscopical and x-ray examination."}
{"id": "PMID:124815", "title": "Traumatic hyphema and iridocyclitis in the horse.", "content": "Traumatic iridocyclitis and hyphema in the horse usually follow blunt blows to the orbit and eye. The condition is characterized by miosis, ocular hypotony, ciliary flush, swelling of the iris, and hemorrhage with excessive fibrin in the anterior chamber which permits from 2 to 6 weeks. Vigorous treatment with mydriatics, topical and systemic corticosteroids is recommended. Possible complications include anterior and posterior synechiae, cataracts, and fibropupillary membranes.", "contents": "Traumatic hyphema and iridocyclitis in the horse. Traumatic iridocyclitis and hyphema in the horse usually follow blunt blows to the orbit and eye. The condition is characterized by miosis, ocular hypotony, ciliary flush, swelling of the iris, and hemorrhage with excessive fibrin in the anterior chamber which permits from 2 to 6 weeks. Vigorous treatment with mydriatics, topical and systemic corticosteroids is recommended. Possible complications include anterior and posterior synechiae, cataracts, and fibropupillary membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:124817", "title": "The mutagenicity of azathioprine in mice, Drosophila melanogaster and Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The chemotherapeutic coumpound azathioprine was tested for possible mutagenicity in Swiss Albino mice, Drosophila melanogaster and Neurospora crassa. Utilizing the dominant-lethal assay it was found that acute oral doses of azathioprine (2 times 25 mg/kg body weight), induced dominant-lethal mutations in mouse spermatocytes. Chronic oral doses of azathioprine (2 times 25 mg/kg body weight/week for 10 weeks) resulted in a greater rate of dominant-lethality. This increase was not permanent, and by week 4 of gamete sampling there was no significant increase in dominant-lethal mutations. Histological sections showed that chronic treatment of male mice with azathioprine caused pyknosis of spermatocyte nuclei and depletion of the spermatid population. Both acute and chronic doses of azathioprine caused a temporary reduction in sperm viability. Oral treatment of male Canton-S, D. melanogaster with azathioprine caused an increase in dominant-lethality in broods assumed to correspond to spermatid and spermaotcyte stages. Azathioprine also increased the rate of non-disjunction of the X and Y chromosomes, loss of the long arm of the Y chromosome, and loss of the X or Y chromosome in treated male R(I)2, vf/BsYy+D. melanogaster. Since sex-ratio deviation did not occur in progeny from treated rod-X (yv/B2Yy+) male D. melanogaster, it was concluded that the observed sex-ration deviation in the treated ring-X stock was the result of induced ring-X lethality. Azathioprine induced recessive-lethal mutations in the ad-3 region of a N. crassa heterokaryon. In the host-mediated assay using this same heterokaryon and male Swiss Albino mice as host, the mutagenic activity of azathioprine did not appear to be potentiated or detoxified by the host. The results show that azathioprine has a deleterious effect on reproduction in mice and probably induces mutational events in mice, D. melanogaster and N. crassa.", "contents": "The mutagenicity of azathioprine in mice, Drosophila melanogaster and Neurospora crassa. The chemotherapeutic coumpound azathioprine was tested for possible mutagenicity in Swiss Albino mice, Drosophila melanogaster and Neurospora crassa. Utilizing the dominant-lethal assay it was found that acute oral doses of azathioprine (2 times 25 mg/kg body weight), induced dominant-lethal mutations in mouse spermatocytes. Chronic oral doses of azathioprine (2 times 25 mg/kg body weight/week for 10 weeks) resulted in a greater rate of dominant-lethality. This increase was not permanent, and by week 4 of gamete sampling there was no significant increase in dominant-lethal mutations. Histological sections showed that chronic treatment of male mice with azathioprine caused pyknosis of spermatocyte nuclei and depletion of the spermatid population. Both acute and chronic doses of azathioprine caused a temporary reduction in sperm viability. Oral treatment of male Canton-S, D. melanogaster with azathioprine caused an increase in dominant-lethality in broods assumed to correspond to spermatid and spermaotcyte stages. Azathioprine also increased the rate of non-disjunction of the X and Y chromosomes, loss of the long arm of the Y chromosome, and loss of the X or Y chromosome in treated male R(I)2, vf/BsYy+D. melanogaster. Since sex-ratio deviation did not occur in progeny from treated rod-X (yv/B2Yy+) male D. melanogaster, it was concluded that the observed sex-ration deviation in the treated ring-X stock was the result of induced ring-X lethality. Azathioprine induced recessive-lethal mutations in the ad-3 region of a N. crassa heterokaryon. In the host-mediated assay using this same heterokaryon and male Swiss Albino mice as host, the mutagenic activity of azathioprine did not appear to be potentiated or detoxified by the host. The results show that azathioprine has a deleterious effect on reproduction in mice and probably induces mutational events in mice, D. melanogaster and N. crassa."}
{"id": "PMID:124829", "title": "[Glycolic acid/polymer as suture material].", "content": "Tissue reactions to polyglycol acid and plain catgut threads were compared. The second part of the paper deals with changes in the mechanical properties of the polymer. Their reduction after insertion in tissues was proportionally equal for threads of different sizes. This finding is explicable histologically, since it can be shown that cell and humoral attack of the single filaments is homogenous throughout the entire cross-section of the thread.", "contents": "[Glycolic acid/polymer as suture material]. Tissue reactions to polyglycol acid and plain catgut threads were compared. The second part of the paper deals with changes in the mechanical properties of the polymer. Their reduction after insertion in tissues was proportionally equal for threads of different sizes. This finding is explicable histologically, since it can be shown that cell and humoral attack of the single filaments is homogenous throughout the entire cross-section of the thread."}
{"id": "PMID:124832", "title": "Management of intractable pain: the scope and role of nerve blocks: review of one year's experience.", "content": "This paper presents the first one year's experience of nerve blocking procedures carried out for the relief of intractable pain. The control of pain is complex and has led to the development of Pain Clinics employing the skills of different specialties. The scope and organisation of such a clinic developed at Auckland Hospital is outlined. Some 103 patients were referred with intractable pain from cancer, musculo-skeletal disorders, neurogenic causes and ischaemic causes and ischaemic problems. Of these, 55 percent derived complete relief. Breakdown of results demonstrate that over 70 percent of patients in the groups of pain of neurogenic and ischaemic origin had complete relief of pain. Recognised complications of major nerve blocking procedures were encountered in a small percentage of patients, but these caused no great concern. Nerve blocks have a definite place in the treatment of chronic pain and form an important adjunct to the overall management.", "contents": "Management of intractable pain: the scope and role of nerve blocks: review of one year's experience. This paper presents the first one year's experience of nerve blocking procedures carried out for the relief of intractable pain. The control of pain is complex and has led to the development of Pain Clinics employing the skills of different specialties. The scope and organisation of such a clinic developed at Auckland Hospital is outlined. Some 103 patients were referred with intractable pain from cancer, musculo-skeletal disorders, neurogenic causes and ischaemic causes and ischaemic problems. Of these, 55 percent derived complete relief. Breakdown of results demonstrate that over 70 percent of patients in the groups of pain of neurogenic and ischaemic origin had complete relief of pain. Recognised complications of major nerve blocking procedures were encountered in a small percentage of patients, but these caused no great concern. Nerve blocks have a definite place in the treatment of chronic pain and form an important adjunct to the overall management."}
{"id": "PMID:124835", "title": "Failures of laparoscopy sterilization.", "content": "Female sterilization by laparoscopy has become widely accepted throughout the United States and Europe. The failure rate of this procedure is still speculative. In the  course of 4200 operative sterilization, 32 failures have been identified  and 31 of these have been subsequently evaluated. The most common finding was inadequate or superficial fulguration and resection. Operative errors such as round ligament fulguration were also  more common than expected.", "contents": "Failures of laparoscopy sterilization. Female sterilization by laparoscopy has become widely accepted throughout the United States and Europe. The failure rate of this procedure is still speculative. In the  course of 4200 operative sterilization, 32 failures have been identified  and 31 of these have been subsequently evaluated. The most common finding was inadequate or superficial fulguration and resection. Operative errors such as round ligament fulguration were also  more common than expected."}
{"id": "PMID:124836", "title": "Outpatient laparoscopic sterilization with therapeutic abortion versus abortion alone.", "content": "Records of 108 patients undergoing combined vacuum aspiration and laparoscopic sterilization in an outpatient surgical program were reviewed and compared with those of 195 patients who underwent abortion only in the same outpatient program. Mean operating time for the combined procedure was 30 minutes; total mean hospitalization time was 5 hours and 7 minutes. Complication rates for the combined procedure and  for abortion alone were 9.2 and 7.2 per cent, respectively. Subsequent hospitalization was necessary for 4.7 per cent of patients undergoing the combined procedure and 3.1 per cent of those having  abortion only. Laparoscopic sterilization has been found to add no significant morbidity but has markedly reduced cost and hospitalization for the patient desiring permanent contraception following first trimester abortion.", "contents": "Outpatient laparoscopic sterilization with therapeutic abortion versus abortion alone. Records of 108 patients undergoing combined vacuum aspiration and laparoscopic sterilization in an outpatient surgical program were reviewed and compared with those of 195 patients who underwent abortion only in the same outpatient program. Mean operating time for the combined procedure was 30 minutes; total mean hospitalization time was 5 hours and 7 minutes. Complication rates for the combined procedure and  for abortion alone were 9.2 and 7.2 per cent, respectively. Subsequent hospitalization was necessary for 4.7 per cent of patients undergoing the combined procedure and 3.1 per cent of those having  abortion only. Laparoscopic sterilization has been found to add no significant morbidity but has markedly reduced cost and hospitalization for the patient desiring permanent contraception following first trimester abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:124843", "title": "[Heterotylenchus simplex sp. n. (Nematoda, Sphaerulariidae)--a parasite of the zoophilic fly Morellia simplex Lw].", "content": "A new species of nematodes, Heterotylenchus simplex spn n., was found in zoophilous flies of Morellia simplex caught from cows in the Bakhchisaray region of the Crimea. The above species differs from all known ones of the genus Heterotylenchus in the presence of the quadricolumella in parthenogenetic females and rudiment of the posterior uterine branch in gamogenetic females. H. simplex is close in its biology and ecology to H. autumnalis and in its morphology - to H. aberrans.", "contents": "[Heterotylenchus simplex sp. n. (Nematoda, Sphaerulariidae)--a parasite of the zoophilic fly Morellia simplex Lw]. A new species of nematodes, Heterotylenchus simplex spn n., was found in zoophilous flies of Morellia simplex caught from cows in the Bakhchisaray region of the Crimea. The above species differs from all known ones of the genus Heterotylenchus in the presence of the quadricolumella in parthenogenetic females and rudiment of the posterior uterine branch in gamogenetic females. H. simplex is close in its biology and ecology to H. autumnalis and in its morphology - to H. aberrans."}
{"id": "PMID:124844", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of several methods of identifying leishmania].", "content": "A parallel study of 25 strains of Flagellata isolated from 6 species of sand flies was carried out by means of biotest, Adler's serological method modified by Safjanova and \"temperature\" method. It was established that the use of several methods for the identification of Leishmania allows more reliable results to be obtained. The differentiation of strains with the \"temperature\" method can be done over a relatively shorter period of time.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of several methods of identifying leishmania]. A parallel study of 25 strains of Flagellata isolated from 6 species of sand flies was carried out by means of biotest, Adler's serological method modified by Safjanova and \"temperature\" method. It was established that the use of several methods for the identification of Leishmania allows more reliable results to be obtained. The differentiation of strains with the \"temperature\" method can be done over a relatively shorter period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:124849", "title": "[Theoretical bases of thrombolytic therapy].", "content": "Purified streptokinase has in vitro a double biochemical activity on plasminogen. At a low molecular ratio of streptokinase/plasminogen, mainly plasmin is generated. At an equimolar streptokinase-plasminogen ratio, mainly a complex streptokinase-plasmin is formed. This complex has a low proteolytic activity but has a high activator activity on plasminogen and maintains esterolytic properties. It is likely that the reactions occurring in vitro with purified reagents also occur in vivo, the situation being nevertheless more complex because of the presence of inhibitors such as antistreptokinase and antiplasmins.", "contents": "[Theoretical bases of thrombolytic therapy]. Purified streptokinase has in vitro a double biochemical activity on plasminogen. At a low molecular ratio of streptokinase/plasminogen, mainly plasmin is generated. At an equimolar streptokinase-plasminogen ratio, mainly a complex streptokinase-plasmin is formed. This complex has a low proteolytic activity but has a high activator activity on plasminogen and maintains esterolytic properties. It is likely that the reactions occurring in vitro with purified reagents also occur in vivo, the situation being nevertheless more complex because of the presence of inhibitors such as antistreptokinase and antiplasmins."}
{"id": "PMID:124845", "title": "[Possible causes determining the developmental rhythm of populations of the nasopharyngeal gadfly of sheep, Oestrus ovis L. (Diptera, Oestridae)].", "content": "On the basis of observations undertaken in Azerbaijan and available literary data the author considers the hypotheses concerning the reasons causing the delay of the Ist instar larvae development and determining the age structure changes in population of Oestrus ovis L. within a year. The main reasons are as follows: factors depending on the population density at the larval phase, the light day duration within the life cycle of the botfly females.", "contents": "[Possible causes determining the developmental rhythm of populations of the nasopharyngeal gadfly of sheep, Oestrus ovis L. (Diptera, Oestridae)]. On the basis of observations undertaken in Azerbaijan and available literary data the author considers the hypotheses concerning the reasons causing the delay of the Ist instar larvae development and determining the age structure changes in population of Oestrus ovis L. within a year. The main reasons are as follows: factors depending on the population density at the larval phase, the light day duration within the life cycle of the botfly females."}
{"id": "PMID:124846", "title": "[Louse infestation of the red marmot, Marmota caudata, during its active period].", "content": "2213 lice of Neohaematopinus palaearctcus Ols. were collected from 152 of 865 examined specimens of Marmota caudata Geoffr. from different vertical zones of Tadjikistan. The long-tailed marmot is characterized by a moderate or poor infestation with lice. In the subalpine zone, where the number and density of these animals in rather high, the infestation rate is greater than that in the brushwood zone. In spring after hibernation the infestation of M. caudata is very low. Within the reporoduction period the infestation with lice increases, the latter begin to reproduce intensively. During the preparation for hibernation the infestation rate falls due to a less intensive reproduction of lice. There are no distinct differences in the infestation rate of long-tailed marmots belonging to different age groups since there are constant contacts between the individuals of the colony. Only reproducing females live together with brood by themselves, differ in moulting periods and in a greater intensity of invasion during reproduction.", "contents": "[Louse infestation of the red marmot, Marmota caudata, during its active period]. 2213 lice of Neohaematopinus palaearctcus Ols. were collected from 152 of 865 examined specimens of Marmota caudata Geoffr. from different vertical zones of Tadjikistan. The long-tailed marmot is characterized by a moderate or poor infestation with lice. In the subalpine zone, where the number and density of these animals in rather high, the infestation rate is greater than that in the brushwood zone. In spring after hibernation the infestation of M. caudata is very low. Within the reporoduction period the infestation with lice increases, the latter begin to reproduce intensively. During the preparation for hibernation the infestation rate falls due to a less intensive reproduction of lice. There are no distinct differences in the infestation rate of long-tailed marmots belonging to different age groups since there are constant contacts between the individuals of the colony. Only reproducing females live together with brood by themselves, differ in moulting periods and in a greater intensity of invasion during reproduction."}
{"id": "PMID:124850", "title": "Classification of the bacteriophages of Gram-positive cocci: Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus.", "content": "Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus phages are classified by morphology, serological properties and physical and chemical parameters of the virion and its nucleic acid. Fourteen species are defined; they include 75 tailed phages belonging to 6 morphological groups. Type species are proposed. Three species seem to have phylogenetic relationships with Bacillus phages.", "contents": "Classification of the bacteriophages of Gram-positive cocci: Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus. Micrococcus, Staphylococcus, and Streptococcus phages are classified by morphology, serological properties and physical and chemical parameters of the virion and its nucleic acid. Fourteen species are defined; they include 75 tailed phages belonging to 6 morphological groups. Type species are proposed. Three species seem to have phylogenetic relationships with Bacillus phages."}
{"id": "PMID:124851", "title": "Alpha-naphthyl-isothiocyanate-induced cholestasis in the rat: studies of liver plasma membrane enzymes.", "content": "Oral administration of a single dose of alpha-naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) to rats produced a conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia, maximal at 2 days and which subsided by 7. The activities of 3 liver plasma membrane enzymes, Mg-2+-ATPase, (Na-+-K-+)-ATPase and 5-nucleotidase, and serum bilirubin levels were studied for up to 7 days after treatment. Activities of the 3 enzymes were significantly decreased at 2 days after treatment and returned to normal by 7, thus varying inversely with the degree of hyperbilirubinaemia. Enzyme histochemistry used to demonstrate canalicular localization of Mg-2+-ATPase in sections of whole liver and of isolated plasma membrane pellets showed that the reduction in activity was not a uniform partial loss, but represented a range of reductions in most canaliculi with a few retaining normal staining intensity. The results suggest that after ANIT intoxication there is a membrane lesion which may be responsible for the observed hyperbilirubinaemia due to the failure of secretion of biliary constituents into the canaliculus. However, more direct studies are necessary to determine whether any one of these enzymes is directly involved in the transport of biliary constituents across the bile canalicular membrane.", "contents": "Alpha-naphthyl-isothiocyanate-induced cholestasis in the rat: studies of liver plasma membrane enzymes. Oral administration of a single dose of alpha-naphthyl-isothiocyanate (ANIT) to rats produced a conjugated hyperbilirubinaemia, maximal at 2 days and which subsided by 7. The activities of 3 liver plasma membrane enzymes, Mg-2+-ATPase, (Na-+-K-+)-ATPase and 5-nucleotidase, and serum bilirubin levels were studied for up to 7 days after treatment. Activities of the 3 enzymes were significantly decreased at 2 days after treatment and returned to normal by 7, thus varying inversely with the degree of hyperbilirubinaemia. Enzyme histochemistry used to demonstrate canalicular localization of Mg-2+-ATPase in sections of whole liver and of isolated plasma membrane pellets showed that the reduction in activity was not a uniform partial loss, but represented a range of reductions in most canaliculi with a few retaining normal staining intensity. The results suggest that after ANIT intoxication there is a membrane lesion which may be responsible for the observed hyperbilirubinaemia due to the failure of secretion of biliary constituents into the canaliculus. However, more direct studies are necessary to determine whether any one of these enzymes is directly involved in the transport of biliary constituents across the bile canalicular membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:124855", "title": "The resolution of arterial pulses into forward and backward waves as an approach to the determination of the characteristic impedance.", "content": "Pressure and flow recordings from a given site in an artery can be used for the resolution of the pulse wave into its forward and backward components if the characteristic impedance (Z) is known. The principle of this method was reported by von Kries in 1892. In the present work, the procedure is first applied to a theoretical, non-uniform tube model. The characteristic impedance of the model are assumed to be real magnitudes. From the results it is seen that the calculated backward wave provides a criterion which indicates whether the true value of Z actually has been used for the resolving procedure. If, as in the case of natural pulses, Z is not known, its value can be obtained by repeatedly performing the resolving procedure using various values of Z, and choosing the value of Z employed to calculate the backward wave which best fits the criterion. The method is demonstrated on pulses of the abdominal aorta and carotid artery of the dog. The results are compared with the average values of the input impedance in the higher frequency range.", "contents": "The resolution of arterial pulses into forward and backward waves as an approach to the determination of the characteristic impedance. Pressure and flow recordings from a given site in an artery can be used for the resolution of the pulse wave into its forward and backward components if the characteristic impedance (Z) is known. The principle of this method was reported by von Kries in 1892. In the present work, the procedure is first applied to a theoretical, non-uniform tube model. The characteristic impedance of the model are assumed to be real magnitudes. From the results it is seen that the calculated backward wave provides a criterion which indicates whether the true value of Z actually has been used for the resolving procedure. If, as in the case of natural pulses, Z is not known, its value can be obtained by repeatedly performing the resolving procedure using various values of Z, and choosing the value of Z employed to calculate the backward wave which best fits the criterion. The method is demonstrated on pulses of the abdominal aorta and carotid artery of the dog. The results are compared with the average values of the input impedance in the higher frequency range."}
{"id": "PMID:124848", "title": "[Occurrence of Culex pipiens molestus Forsk. in populated areas of the Leningrad region].", "content": "The mosquitoes of Culex pipiens molestus first recorded from Leningrad as far as 30 years ago have been reported from the settlements of the Leningrad district since 1965. The most northern point of their occurrence is marked at 60 degrees 45' N and is removed from Leningrad for over 120 km. Such spread of mosquitoes to new settlements is associated with the development of multistory housing construction in the country and delivery of imagos from Leningrad to the settlements of the district by means of transport.", "contents": "[Occurrence of Culex pipiens molestus Forsk. in populated areas of the Leningrad region]. The mosquitoes of Culex pipiens molestus first recorded from Leningrad as far as 30 years ago have been reported from the settlements of the Leningrad district since 1965. The most northern point of their occurrence is marked at 60 degrees 45' N and is removed from Leningrad for over 120 km. Such spread of mosquitoes to new settlements is associated with the development of multistory housing construction in the country and delivery of imagos from Leningrad to the settlements of the district by means of transport."}
{"id": "PMID:124871", "title": "Different effect of ouabain on the interferon production and action.", "content": "Ouabain, which inhibits specifically membrane-bound ATPase activity, also inhibits the establishment of the antiviral state induced by interferon. Once the antiviral state is established, ouabain is ineffective. This inhibitory effect is reversed by adding Na/K ions to the cells. On the contrary, interferon production is unaffected by the same concentrations of ouabain. It is of interest that in such interferon-yielding cells, ouabain decreases the antiviral state.", "contents": "Different effect of ouabain on the interferon production and action. Ouabain, which inhibits specifically membrane-bound ATPase activity, also inhibits the establishment of the antiviral state induced by interferon. Once the antiviral state is established, ouabain is ineffective. This inhibitory effect is reversed by adding Na/K ions to the cells. On the contrary, interferon production is unaffected by the same concentrations of ouabain. It is of interest that in such interferon-yielding cells, ouabain decreases the antiviral state."}
{"id": "PMID:124872", "title": "The anti-inflammatory actions of tilorone hydrochloride.", "content": "Tilorone suppressed inflammation induced by immune (direct passive Arthus reaction) as well as by non-immune agents (carrageenam-induced paw edema and abscess formation), if the compound is given 24 hr prior to the proinflammatory agonists. The non-immune anti-inflammatory effect is independent of the adrenals. A surprising findings was that total serum hemolytic complement is markedly elevated 24 hr after a single dose of tilorone.", "contents": "The anti-inflammatory actions of tilorone hydrochloride. Tilorone suppressed inflammation induced by immune (direct passive Arthus reaction) as well as by non-immune agents (carrageenam-induced paw edema and abscess formation), if the compound is given 24 hr prior to the proinflammatory agonists. The non-immune anti-inflammatory effect is independent of the adrenals. A surprising findings was that total serum hemolytic complement is markedly elevated 24 hr after a single dose of tilorone."}
{"id": "PMID:124873", "title": "Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides).", "content": "The successful transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from both affected human and chimpanzee brain to stumptail macaques has been accomplished. The incubation period of 5 yr was the same for both animals; however, the course of the disease was longer in the animal receiving the human brain. In both cases, initial mild symptoms slowly remitted only to reappear some 4 mo later. Muscle biopsies revealed changes suggestive of a mild neuropathy. In addition, there appeared to be an increased ability to incorporate 3H-thymidine in untreated cultures of lymphocytes from peripheral blood.", "contents": "Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease to the stumptail macaque (Macaca arctoides). The successful transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from both affected human and chimpanzee brain to stumptail macaques has been accomplished. The incubation period of 5 yr was the same for both animals; however, the course of the disease was longer in the animal receiving the human brain. In both cases, initial mild symptoms slowly remitted only to reappear some 4 mo later. Muscle biopsies revealed changes suggestive of a mild neuropathy. In addition, there appeared to be an increased ability to incorporate 3H-thymidine in untreated cultures of lymphocytes from peripheral blood."}
{"id": "PMID:124874", "title": "Dichloroacetate-induced changes in liver of normal and diabetic rats.", "content": "Dichloroacetate (DCA) was administered orally to normal (nondiabetic) and streptozotocin-diabetic rats in a dose of 1000 mg/day/kg rat wt. One group of diabetic animals received DCA both orally and intraperitoneally. DCA therapy lowered the blood glucose values of diabetic animals but did not alter values in nondiabetic rats. The hepatic activity of glucokinase and pyruvate kinase were significantly lower in both DCA-treated nondiabetic and DCA-treated diabetic animals than values observed for untreated animals. However, DCA therapy was accompanied by remarkable increases in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme in both nondiabetic and diabetic animals. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was 3-fold higher in DCA-treated nondiabetic animals whereas malic enzyme activity was 10-fold higher in the treated animals than observed in the untreated animals. Similar changes, although smaller in magnitude, were observed for these enzymes in the DCA-treated diabetic animals. Although DCA therapy was accompanied by a significant increase in the wet weights of the liver for both nondiabetic and diabetic animals, no morphological changes were seen by light or electron microscopy. Our observations coupled with those of previous investigators suggest that DCA therapy may have an important role in pyruvate metabolism and may lower the blood glucose concentration by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis.", "contents": "Dichloroacetate-induced changes in liver of normal and diabetic rats. Dichloroacetate (DCA) was administered orally to normal (nondiabetic) and streptozotocin-diabetic rats in a dose of 1000 mg/day/kg rat wt. One group of diabetic animals received DCA both orally and intraperitoneally. DCA therapy lowered the blood glucose values of diabetic animals but did not alter values in nondiabetic rats. The hepatic activity of glucokinase and pyruvate kinase were significantly lower in both DCA-treated nondiabetic and DCA-treated diabetic animals than values observed for untreated animals. However, DCA therapy was accompanied by remarkable increases in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme in both nondiabetic and diabetic animals. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was 3-fold higher in DCA-treated nondiabetic animals whereas malic enzyme activity was 10-fold higher in the treated animals than observed in the untreated animals. Similar changes, although smaller in magnitude, were observed for these enzymes in the DCA-treated diabetic animals. Although DCA therapy was accompanied by a significant increase in the wet weights of the liver for both nondiabetic and diabetic animals, no morphological changes were seen by light or electron microscopy. Our observations coupled with those of previous investigators suggest that DCA therapy may have an important role in pyruvate metabolism and may lower the blood glucose concentration by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:124876", "title": "Hyperthermia induced by amphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine in the rat-1.", "content": "Hyperthemia was elicited in rats by the subcutaneous injection of 4 mg/kg (+)-amphetamine, 4 mg/kg (+)-p-chloroamphetamine, or 8 mg/kg fenfluramine. This hyperthermia could be abolished by oral pretreatment with 300 mg/kg p-chlorophenylalanine. Cyproheptadine, at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg, completely inhibited the response induced by p-chloroamphetamine, but a dose of 0.4 mg/kg was necessary in the case of amphetamine and fenfluramine. Protection against hyperthermia by p-chloroamphetamine was also provided by chloroimipramine. Hypothalamic turnover of 5-HT was enhanced by all three amphetamines. alpha-Methyltyrosine and disulfiram had no effect on the hyperthemia induced by the amphetamines, FLA-63 seemed even to enhance it. Haloperidol, in the dose range of 0.1 -0.4 mg/kg, attenuated the hyperthermia induced by amphetamine and p-chloroamphetamine, but not that induced by fenfluramine. The results point to a central origin of the hyperthemia induced by amphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine. In the mediation of this effect, 5-HT and, to a lesser degree, dopamine seem to play an important role.", "contents": "Hyperthermia induced by amphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine in the rat-1. Hyperthemia was elicited in rats by the subcutaneous injection of 4 mg/kg (+)-amphetamine, 4 mg/kg (+)-p-chloroamphetamine, or 8 mg/kg fenfluramine. This hyperthermia could be abolished by oral pretreatment with 300 mg/kg p-chlorophenylalanine. Cyproheptadine, at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg, completely inhibited the response induced by p-chloroamphetamine, but a dose of 0.4 mg/kg was necessary in the case of amphetamine and fenfluramine. Protection against hyperthermia by p-chloroamphetamine was also provided by chloroimipramine. Hypothalamic turnover of 5-HT was enhanced by all three amphetamines. alpha-Methyltyrosine and disulfiram had no effect on the hyperthemia induced by the amphetamines, FLA-63 seemed even to enhance it. Haloperidol, in the dose range of 0.1 -0.4 mg/kg, attenuated the hyperthermia induced by amphetamine and p-chloroamphetamine, but not that induced by fenfluramine. The results point to a central origin of the hyperthemia induced by amphetamine, p-chloroamphetamine and fenfluramine. In the mediation of this effect, 5-HT and, to a lesser degree, dopamine seem to play an important role."}
{"id": "PMID:124877", "title": "Expanded role for the physical therapist. Screening musculoskeletal disorders.", "content": "The primary purpose of this study conducted at two army hospitals was to evaluate the feasibility of using the physical therapist as the primary 'screener' for patients presenting with a complaint of low back pain. The study was organized into two phases. A base line phase consisted of a data collection period under standard operating conditions. Patient waiting times, treatment times, and total care times were measured for patients presenting to various clinics with a complaint of low back pain. The same data were collected during a screeing phase in which all patients presenting with a complaint of low back pain were referred directly to the physical therapist for primary evaluation. An assessment of physical therapist and patient satisfaction and acceptance was made. The quality of care rendered in the screeing clinic was assessed through patient interviews, physician interviews, and record reviews. This concept and the quality of care rendered were found to be acceptable to the patient, the physician, and the physical therapist.", "contents": "Expanded role for the physical therapist. Screening musculoskeletal disorders. The primary purpose of this study conducted at two army hospitals was to evaluate the feasibility of using the physical therapist as the primary 'screener' for patients presenting with a complaint of low back pain. The study was organized into two phases. A base line phase consisted of a data collection period under standard operating conditions. Patient waiting times, treatment times, and total care times were measured for patients presenting to various clinics with a complaint of low back pain. The same data were collected during a screeing phase in which all patients presenting with a complaint of low back pain were referred directly to the physical therapist for primary evaluation. An assessment of physical therapist and patient satisfaction and acceptance was made. The quality of care rendered in the screeing clinic was assessed through patient interviews, physician interviews, and record reviews. This concept and the quality of care rendered were found to be acceptable to the patient, the physician, and the physical therapist."}
{"id": "PMID:124879", "title": "The changes of thyroglobulin in the lysosomal particles of thyroid during the postnatal period in rats.", "content": "The distribution of radioactivity and protein-SH groups was studied in neonatal rats injected with 125-I- in the 15,000 g pellets of thyroid glands to obtain information about the colloid which undergoes phagocytosis by lysosomes. The 15,000 g pellet was solubilized in Triton X--100. The soluble portion was enhanced on the 16th day of age, whereas the portion of the insoluble fraction remained almost unchanged. The content of protein-SH groups in the insoluble fraction decreased with age and was increased in the soluble fraction. The concentration of immunoreactive thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the pituitary and in the blood of rats during ontogenesis was higher on the first day after delivery, then decreased within the first seven days and again markedly increased during the third postnatal week. It was concluded that higher amounts of Triton soluble thyroglobulin occurring during the postnatal period in rats reflects the availability of more substrate, i.e. thyroglobulin for pinocytosis and partially depends upon the TSH level. These findings also support the suggestion on maturation of the pituitary-thyroid system during the postnatal period in rats.", "contents": "The changes of thyroglobulin in the lysosomal particles of thyroid during the postnatal period in rats. The distribution of radioactivity and protein-SH groups was studied in neonatal rats injected with 125-I- in the 15,000 g pellets of thyroid glands to obtain information about the colloid which undergoes phagocytosis by lysosomes. The 15,000 g pellet was solubilized in Triton X--100. The soluble portion was enhanced on the 16th day of age, whereas the portion of the insoluble fraction remained almost unchanged. The content of protein-SH groups in the insoluble fraction decreased with age and was increased in the soluble fraction. The concentration of immunoreactive thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in the pituitary and in the blood of rats during ontogenesis was higher on the first day after delivery, then decreased within the first seven days and again markedly increased during the third postnatal week. It was concluded that higher amounts of Triton soluble thyroglobulin occurring during the postnatal period in rats reflects the availability of more substrate, i.e. thyroglobulin for pinocytosis and partially depends upon the TSH level. These findings also support the suggestion on maturation of the pituitary-thyroid system during the postnatal period in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:124880", "title": "Eelectrophysiological correlates of pecking.", "content": "Electrophysiological correlates of pecking were studied in 50 freely moving pigeons. With the backward averaging technique average motor potentials (AMPs) were found in all subdivisions of the striatum. The AMPs appeared significantly earlier (40 msec before pecking) in the Wulst than in the neostriatum, ectostriatum, and archistriatum (18 to 28 msec before pecking). Their amplitude could be reduced by monocular occlusion. Average visual responses (AVRs) in the optic tectum were decreased at brief peck-flash intervals, reached maximum with 100 to 200 msec peck-flash delays and then again decreased at intervals corresponding to the occurrence of the next peck (300 msec). A head-mounted microdive system and a miniature FET probe were employed to record unit activity with glass microelectrodes. Out of 280 examined neurones, 83% were activated and 6% inhibited by pecking. The pre- and post-pecking histograms indicated that hyperstriatal neurones are activated earlier and for a longer time than the neostriatal units. It is concluded that rostral parts of striatum play an important role in the functional organisation of pecking.", "contents": "Eelectrophysiological correlates of pecking. Electrophysiological correlates of pecking were studied in 50 freely moving pigeons. With the backward averaging technique average motor potentials (AMPs) were found in all subdivisions of the striatum. The AMPs appeared significantly earlier (40 msec before pecking) in the Wulst than in the neostriatum, ectostriatum, and archistriatum (18 to 28 msec before pecking). Their amplitude could be reduced by monocular occlusion. Average visual responses (AVRs) in the optic tectum were decreased at brief peck-flash intervals, reached maximum with 100 to 200 msec peck-flash delays and then again decreased at intervals corresponding to the occurrence of the next peck (300 msec). A head-mounted microdive system and a miniature FET probe were employed to record unit activity with glass microelectrodes. Out of 280 examined neurones, 83% were activated and 6% inhibited by pecking. The pre- and post-pecking histograms indicated that hyperstriatal neurones are activated earlier and for a longer time than the neostriatal units. It is concluded that rostral parts of striatum play an important role in the functional organisation of pecking."}
{"id": "PMID:124875", "title": "Septal rage: mitigation by pre-surgical treatment with p-chlorophenylalamine.", "content": "Destruction of the septum leads to a well known hyperirritability syndrome. However, the intensity of this syndrome is modifiable by certain presurgical treatments. Injections, prior to surgery of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) for two days or insulin for five days has no effect on septal rage. However, injections of PCPA five days prior to surgery leads to a marked reduction in septal hyperirritability.", "contents": "Septal rage: mitigation by pre-surgical treatment with p-chlorophenylalamine. Destruction of the septum leads to a well known hyperirritability syndrome. However, the intensity of this syndrome is modifiable by certain presurgical treatments. Injections, prior to surgery of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) for two days or insulin for five days has no effect on septal rage. However, injections of PCPA five days prior to surgery leads to a marked reduction in septal hyperirritability."}
{"id": "PMID:124881", "title": "Effect of foreign innervation on contractile and histochemical properties of the transplanted levator ani muscle of the rat.", "content": "Heterotopic transplantation of the levator ani (LA) muscle into the bed of the fast tibialis anterior (TA) or slow soleus (SOL) muscle respectively results in transformation of contractile and histochemical properties of the muscle dependent on the new \"foreign\" innervation. This transformation is observed after transplantation of minced muscle tissue and of free grafts. The result of transformation is more pronounced in the case of free LA-TA grafts which show progressive shortening of contractile response, whereas the LA-SOL shows slight shortening. The heterotopically transplanted free LA-SOL and the LA-TA grafts become relatively faster than the respective original muscle, suggesting operation of myogenic factors related to the fast LA muscle. Maximal tetanic tension output of the free heterotopic grafts 60 days after transplantation recovers to only about a quarter of the correspondong control muscles. Recovery of speed of contraction in the transplanted LA muscle is similar to that observed after selfreinnervation after crushing the pudendal nerve close to its entry into the muscle. In the heterotopically transplanted muscles the reversal of the originally uniform histochemical fibre pattern to a mixed fibre pattern in respect to ATPase and SDH activity is dependent on the type of innervation. After selfreinnervation of the LA muscle by the pudendal nerve a uniform fibre pattern is maintained with regeneration of the nerve.", "contents": "Effect of foreign innervation on contractile and histochemical properties of the transplanted levator ani muscle of the rat. Heterotopic transplantation of the levator ani (LA) muscle into the bed of the fast tibialis anterior (TA) or slow soleus (SOL) muscle respectively results in transformation of contractile and histochemical properties of the muscle dependent on the new \"foreign\" innervation. This transformation is observed after transplantation of minced muscle tissue and of free grafts. The result of transformation is more pronounced in the case of free LA-TA grafts which show progressive shortening of contractile response, whereas the LA-SOL shows slight shortening. The heterotopically transplanted free LA-SOL and the LA-TA grafts become relatively faster than the respective original muscle, suggesting operation of myogenic factors related to the fast LA muscle. Maximal tetanic tension output of the free heterotopic grafts 60 days after transplantation recovers to only about a quarter of the correspondong control muscles. Recovery of speed of contraction in the transplanted LA muscle is similar to that observed after selfreinnervation after crushing the pudendal nerve close to its entry into the muscle. In the heterotopically transplanted muscles the reversal of the originally uniform histochemical fibre pattern to a mixed fibre pattern in respect to ATPase and SDH activity is dependent on the type of innervation. After selfreinnervation of the LA muscle by the pudendal nerve a uniform fibre pattern is maintained with regeneration of the nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:124882", "title": "Inhibition of thyroxine binding to adenohypophysial proteins in vitro by 2,4-dinitrophenol administered in vivo.", "content": "Male and female rats were given oestradiol benzoate (1 mg as a microcrystal aqueous suspension i.m. twice a week), 0.0033% 2.4-dinitrophenol (DNP) in their food (about 1 mg/rat/day), or 0.1% DNP in their food (about 30 mg/rat/day), or both oestradiol and DNP. The smaller DNP dose mildly stimulated food consumption and did not affect body weight. The larger dose strongly inhibited food consumption in the first two weeks of the experiment; consumption then returned to the control level, but body weight fell markedly at the same time. After 3 weeks' administration of both the small and the large dose of DNP, adrenal weight in the males was raised and the weight of the gonads was unchanged. The large DNP dose severely reduced the weight of the seminal vesicles and the uteri. It also inhibited the accumulation of radioiodine in the thyroid of both males and females. Isolated administration of the oestrogen raised adrenal weight in the males and ovarian and uterine weight in the females; it reduced the weight of the testes and seminal vesicles. These reactions were not affected by DNP. A pronounced oestradiol-induced increase in the weight of the adenohypophyses was accompanied by raised thyroxine binding to the adenohypophysial proteins in vitro. DNP inhibited the growth reaction of the adenohypophysis to the oestrogen only slightly and non-significantly, but significantly inhibited the thyroxine binding reaction to the adenohypophysial proteins in vitro. By itself, DNP had no effect on adenohypophysial weight, but reduced thyroxine binding to the adenohypophysial proteins in vitro, especially in males. The effect of DNP was similar to that of thyroxine observed in earlier experiments; nothing is known of its mechanism.", "contents": "Inhibition of thyroxine binding to adenohypophysial proteins in vitro by 2,4-dinitrophenol administered in vivo. Male and female rats were given oestradiol benzoate (1 mg as a microcrystal aqueous suspension i.m. twice a week), 0.0033% 2.4-dinitrophenol (DNP) in their food (about 1 mg/rat/day), or 0.1% DNP in their food (about 30 mg/rat/day), or both oestradiol and DNP. The smaller DNP dose mildly stimulated food consumption and did not affect body weight. The larger dose strongly inhibited food consumption in the first two weeks of the experiment; consumption then returned to the control level, but body weight fell markedly at the same time. After 3 weeks' administration of both the small and the large dose of DNP, adrenal weight in the males was raised and the weight of the gonads was unchanged. The large DNP dose severely reduced the weight of the seminal vesicles and the uteri. It also inhibited the accumulation of radioiodine in the thyroid of both males and females. Isolated administration of the oestrogen raised adrenal weight in the males and ovarian and uterine weight in the females; it reduced the weight of the testes and seminal vesicles. These reactions were not affected by DNP. A pronounced oestradiol-induced increase in the weight of the adenohypophyses was accompanied by raised thyroxine binding to the adenohypophysial proteins in vitro. DNP inhibited the growth reaction of the adenohypophysis to the oestrogen only slightly and non-significantly, but significantly inhibited the thyroxine binding reaction to the adenohypophysial proteins in vitro. By itself, DNP had no effect on adenohypophysial weight, but reduced thyroxine binding to the adenohypophysial proteins in vitro, especially in males. The effect of DNP was similar to that of thyroxine observed in earlier experiments; nothing is known of its mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:124883", "title": "Cardiovascular, respiratory and glottic effects of sodium salicylate administered into different parts of the circulation in rabbits.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of sodium salicylate administered into different parts of the circulatory system on various cardiovascular, respiratory and glottic parameters in Pentobarbital-anaesthetized rabbits. The results show that apnoea, bradycardia and hypotension, followed by hypertension, can also be caused by the extrathoracic action of salicylate. Cardiovascular responses induced by injecting salicylate into the carotid circulation are qualitatively the same, even after vagotomy, as in injection into the femoral vein. Salicylate injected into the common carotid artery, the internal carotid artery or the femoral vein causes inspiratory apnoea in rabbits, with powerful electrical activity of the diaphragm and an intrapleural pressure shift to marked inspiratory values. Laryngoconstriction occurs simultaneously, despite inspiratory apnoea. The injection of salicylate into the common carotid artery after bilateral vagotomy induces expiratory (not inspiratory) apnoea, indicating that the vagi play an important role in the origination of inspiratory apnoea in rabbits.", "contents": "Cardiovascular, respiratory and glottic effects of sodium salicylate administered into different parts of the circulation in rabbits. The authors studied the effect of sodium salicylate administered into different parts of the circulatory system on various cardiovascular, respiratory and glottic parameters in Pentobarbital-anaesthetized rabbits. The results show that apnoea, bradycardia and hypotension, followed by hypertension, can also be caused by the extrathoracic action of salicylate. Cardiovascular responses induced by injecting salicylate into the carotid circulation are qualitatively the same, even after vagotomy, as in injection into the femoral vein. Salicylate injected into the common carotid artery, the internal carotid artery or the femoral vein causes inspiratory apnoea in rabbits, with powerful electrical activity of the diaphragm and an intrapleural pressure shift to marked inspiratory values. Laryngoconstriction occurs simultaneously, despite inspiratory apnoea. The injection of salicylate into the common carotid artery after bilateral vagotomy induces expiratory (not inspiratory) apnoea, indicating that the vagi play an important role in the origination of inspiratory apnoea in rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:124884", "title": "An attempt to characterize certain parameters of the radiorenographic curve in children with intact kidneys and urine passages.", "content": "The authors evaluated 48 curves for the right and left kidney of 24 children free from any disorder of the uropoietic system, in whom radiorenography formed part of a general examination. In the recordings they evaluated the \"secretory\" (ta) and \"excretory\" (td) parts of the curves and percentual differences in the recordings for times ta and td and at 5, 10 and 15 minutes. The percentual differences in the curves were compared with the findings in a group of 64 children with cystopyelonephritis. Times ta and td for the whole group of investigated children were normal. Percentual differences between the curves for the right and left kidney were significantly smaller in the \"healthy\" group than in the children with cystopyelonephritis. Comparison of the results in the two groups showed that the differences were statiscally significant or highly significant. The drop in the recordings at 5, 10 and 15 minutes corresponded to the normal findings in adults.", "contents": "An attempt to characterize certain parameters of the radiorenographic curve in children with intact kidneys and urine passages. The authors evaluated 48 curves for the right and left kidney of 24 children free from any disorder of the uropoietic system, in whom radiorenography formed part of a general examination. In the recordings they evaluated the \"secretory\" (ta) and \"excretory\" (td) parts of the curves and percentual differences in the recordings for times ta and td and at 5, 10 and 15 minutes. The percentual differences in the curves were compared with the findings in a group of 64 children with cystopyelonephritis. Times ta and td for the whole group of investigated children were normal. Percentual differences between the curves for the right and left kidney were significantly smaller in the \"healthy\" group than in the children with cystopyelonephritis. Comparison of the results in the two groups showed that the differences were statiscally significant or highly significant. The drop in the recordings at 5, 10 and 15 minutes corresponded to the normal findings in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:124885", "title": "Radioprotective and toxic effects of a mixture of AET and 5-methoxytryptamine in mice.", "content": "The authors studied the radioprotective efficacy and toxicity of an AET + 5-methoxytryptamine mixture and its effect on the course of respiratory exchange, using different weight ratios of the two components. The optomum was found to be 150 mg AET/kg b.w + 25 mg 5-MOT/kg b.w. This mixture gave very good protection in the supralethal exposure range and markedly prolonged its duration. The high toxicity of this mixture was abolished by the pre-administration of glutathione. Raised and longer protection was also manifested in the course of respiratory exchange, showing that an association exists between changes in energy metabolism and raised radioresistance of the organism.", "contents": "Radioprotective and toxic effects of a mixture of AET and 5-methoxytryptamine in mice. The authors studied the radioprotective efficacy and toxicity of an AET + 5-methoxytryptamine mixture and its effect on the course of respiratory exchange, using different weight ratios of the two components. The optomum was found to be 150 mg AET/kg b.w + 25 mg 5-MOT/kg b.w. This mixture gave very good protection in the supralethal exposure range and markedly prolonged its duration. The high toxicity of this mixture was abolished by the pre-administration of glutathione. Raised and longer protection was also manifested in the course of respiratory exchange, showing that an association exists between changes in energy metabolism and raised radioresistance of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:124886", "title": "Effect of sex and season on the production and deposition of lipid and glycid reserves in the intermittently starving golden hamster.", "content": "In golden hamster adapted to intermittent starvation (with access to food for 3 days a week only), the glycogen and lipid content of the liver, total body fat and RQ values measured in vivo were investigated. These parameters were studied in dependence on the duration of the adaptation period (6 weeks versus 20 weeks), season of the year (winter versus summer) and sex. The liver glycogen content in intermittently starved males and females increases after 6 weeks of adaptation during winter. In summer an increase was found after long-term adaptation, but only in males. Male hamsters also exhibited a higher ability to accumulate liver lipids during both seasons. In spite of their lower weight intermittently starving males have a higher percentage of body fat in comparison with females, a stimulating effect being observed in winter. Increased lipogenesis in golden hamsters adapted to intermittent starvation may be concluded from the increased RQ values when compared with relative data gained in controls fed daily ad libitum. Significant differences between RQ measurements according to season and sex were not found.", "contents": "Effect of sex and season on the production and deposition of lipid and glycid reserves in the intermittently starving golden hamster. In golden hamster adapted to intermittent starvation (with access to food for 3 days a week only), the glycogen and lipid content of the liver, total body fat and RQ values measured in vivo were investigated. These parameters were studied in dependence on the duration of the adaptation period (6 weeks versus 20 weeks), season of the year (winter versus summer) and sex. The liver glycogen content in intermittently starved males and females increases after 6 weeks of adaptation during winter. In summer an increase was found after long-term adaptation, but only in males. Male hamsters also exhibited a higher ability to accumulate liver lipids during both seasons. In spite of their lower weight intermittently starving males have a higher percentage of body fat in comparison with females, a stimulating effect being observed in winter. Increased lipogenesis in golden hamsters adapted to intermittent starvation may be concluded from the increased RQ values when compared with relative data gained in controls fed daily ad libitum. Significant differences between RQ measurements according to season and sex were not found."}
{"id": "PMID:124887", "title": "Maternal milk intake by infant rats temporarily denied acces to other food sources.", "content": "The onset of the weaning period for infant rats was artificially postponed to the 24th day of life by denying the young access to solid food and/or water. Study of 85-Sr transfer in the maternal milk showed that the artificial shift in the initiation of weaning did not influence the time of its termination. The weaning period, defined as the time between the first intake of solid food and the last intake of maternal milk, was shortened to about 4 days in these young. We also found that the young did not compensate the lack of solid food by a higher maternal milk intake, but that they tried to do so by drinking more water.", "contents": "Maternal milk intake by infant rats temporarily denied acces to other food sources. The onset of the weaning period for infant rats was artificially postponed to the 24th day of life by denying the young access to solid food and/or water. Study of 85-Sr transfer in the maternal milk showed that the artificial shift in the initiation of weaning did not influence the time of its termination. The weaning period, defined as the time between the first intake of solid food and the last intake of maternal milk, was shortened to about 4 days in these young. We also found that the young did not compensate the lack of solid food by a higher maternal milk intake, but that they tried to do so by drinking more water."}
{"id": "PMID:124888", "title": "The ability of collecting veins to sustain sympathetic constriction.", "content": "The collecting femoral vein is capable of sustaining contraction even for 15 minutes provided sympathetic stimulation frequency is low or moderate. At a frequency of 15 Hz, however, the collecting vein gradually relaxes after having reached a maximum contraction in spite of continuing stimulation. The ability of the relaxing venous smooth muscle to develop further contraction to exogenous noradrenaline has been proved. It seems probable that the relaxation is due to the decline in the amount of transmitter released from nerve terminals as a result of prolonged high rate stimulation.", "contents": "The ability of collecting veins to sustain sympathetic constriction. The collecting femoral vein is capable of sustaining contraction even for 15 minutes provided sympathetic stimulation frequency is low or moderate. At a frequency of 15 Hz, however, the collecting vein gradually relaxes after having reached a maximum contraction in spite of continuing stimulation. The ability of the relaxing venous smooth muscle to develop further contraction to exogenous noradrenaline has been proved. It seems probable that the relaxation is due to the decline in the amount of transmitter released from nerve terminals as a result of prolonged high rate stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:124889", "title": "Effect of brain, liver and muscle cytosols on in vitro incorporation of labelled amino acids into the ribosomes of these organs during protein depletion.", "content": "The functional state of the rat liver, brain and muscle proteosynthetic apparatus during developing protein depletion was studied, with special reference to the effect of brain cytosols on the synthetic capacity of liver and muscle ribosomes. The results indicate that both stimulant and inhibitory agents (so far unidentified) may be present in brain cytosols during protein depletion.", "contents": "Effect of brain, liver and muscle cytosols on in vitro incorporation of labelled amino acids into the ribosomes of these organs during protein depletion. The functional state of the rat liver, brain and muscle proteosynthetic apparatus during developing protein depletion was studied, with special reference to the effect of brain cytosols on the synthetic capacity of liver and muscle ribosomes. The results indicate that both stimulant and inhibitory agents (so far unidentified) may be present in brain cytosols during protein depletion."}
{"id": "PMID:124890", "title": "Effect of glucose on the utilization of palmitate 1 14C by rat kidney cortex slices.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of glucose on the uptake and utilization of palmitate 1 14C by rat kidney cortex slices. They found that its inhibitory effect on free fatty acid (FFA) uptake was caused by inhibition of the incorporation of 1 14C-labelled palmitate into the total lipids and FFA and by reduced oxidation to 14CO2. Glucose has a regulative function in the utilization of FFA by the kidneys.", "contents": "Effect of glucose on the utilization of palmitate 1 14C by rat kidney cortex slices. The authors studied the effect of glucose on the uptake and utilization of palmitate 1 14C by rat kidney cortex slices. They found that its inhibitory effect on free fatty acid (FFA) uptake was caused by inhibition of the incorporation of 1 14C-labelled palmitate into the total lipids and FFA and by reduced oxidation to 14CO2. Glucose has a regulative function in the utilization of FFA by the kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:124891", "title": "Effect of antiandrogen cyproterone acetate on the action of testosterone on mouse kidney.", "content": "The loss of endogenous testosterone in castrated male mice leads to a marked decrease in seminal vesicle and kidney tissue weight. 21 days' administration of exogenous testosterone abolished the effect of castration on the seminal vesicles and kidney tissue. The antiandrogen cyproterone acetate produced significant changes in the target tissue for androgens, i.e. in the seminal vesicles. In every case it blocked the action of both exogenous and endogenous testosterone on the seminal vesicles, but failed to block the \"renotropic\" action of testosterone, expressed as relative kidney weight. Contrary to its effect on the seminal vesicles, it did not influence relative kidney weight in normal animals. It likewise did not block the effect of exogenous testosterone on kidney tissue. The mechanism of the action of cyproterone acetate in androgen-dependent tissues is known to consist in inhibition of androgen binding to specific cell receptors in the target tissues. Some of the specific androgen receptors in mouse kidney are evidently different in character from those in the accessary sex glands, that being the reason why cyproterone acetate has an antiandrogenic, but not an antirenotropic effect. In agreement with experiments on rats, adrenal weight also decreases in mice after the administration of cyproterone acetate.", "contents": "Effect of antiandrogen cyproterone acetate on the action of testosterone on mouse kidney. The loss of endogenous testosterone in castrated male mice leads to a marked decrease in seminal vesicle and kidney tissue weight. 21 days' administration of exogenous testosterone abolished the effect of castration on the seminal vesicles and kidney tissue. The antiandrogen cyproterone acetate produced significant changes in the target tissue for androgens, i.e. in the seminal vesicles. In every case it blocked the action of both exogenous and endogenous testosterone on the seminal vesicles, but failed to block the \"renotropic\" action of testosterone, expressed as relative kidney weight. Contrary to its effect on the seminal vesicles, it did not influence relative kidney weight in normal animals. It likewise did not block the effect of exogenous testosterone on kidney tissue. The mechanism of the action of cyproterone acetate in androgen-dependent tissues is known to consist in inhibition of androgen binding to specific cell receptors in the target tissues. Some of the specific androgen receptors in mouse kidney are evidently different in character from those in the accessary sex glands, that being the reason why cyproterone acetate has an antiandrogenic, but not an antirenotropic effect. In agreement with experiments on rats, adrenal weight also decreases in mice after the administration of cyproterone acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:124892", "title": "The expiration reflex in man.", "content": "After anaesthetizing the oral, pharyngeal and epiglottal mucosa, the authors stimulated the vocal folds mechanically with a nylon fibre, by means of indirect laryngoscopy, in 58 human subjects. They found that stimulation of the vocal folds also produced in man the same typical expiratory reaction, not preceded by inspiration, which they previously observed in experimental animals.", "contents": "The expiration reflex in man. After anaesthetizing the oral, pharyngeal and epiglottal mucosa, the authors stimulated the vocal folds mechanically with a nylon fibre, by means of indirect laryngoscopy, in 58 human subjects. They found that stimulation of the vocal folds also produced in man the same typical expiratory reaction, not preceded by inspiration, which they previously observed in experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:124893", "title": "The expiration reflex in the mouse.", "content": "The authors determined the elicitability of the expiration reflex and the mechanoreceptive sensitivity of the respiratory tract in 35 anaesthetized albino mice. They found that the expiration reflex could be elicited from both the oral and the tracheal end and that its intensity was statistically significantly higher in elicitation from the oral end. The only other pronounced respiratory reflexes evoked by mechanical stimulation of the airways were the sneeze reflex and the aspiration reflex, which is present in most animals. The mechanoreceptors of the tracheal and bronchial mucosa were less sensitive to stimulation. In most cases they did not react at all, or with just a single forced inspiration, and at other times only by a change in respiration frequency and amplitude.", "contents": "The expiration reflex in the mouse. The authors determined the elicitability of the expiration reflex and the mechanoreceptive sensitivity of the respiratory tract in 35 anaesthetized albino mice. They found that the expiration reflex could be elicited from both the oral and the tracheal end and that its intensity was statistically significantly higher in elicitation from the oral end. The only other pronounced respiratory reflexes evoked by mechanical stimulation of the airways were the sneeze reflex and the aspiration reflex, which is present in most animals. The mechanoreceptors of the tracheal and bronchial mucosa were less sensitive to stimulation. In most cases they did not react at all, or with just a single forced inspiration, and at other times only by a change in respiration frequency and amplitude."}
{"id": "PMID:124894", "title": "The expiration reflex during ontogenesis in the rat.", "content": "The authors studied the elicitability of the expiration and aspiration reflex and of the respiratory reaction from the tracheobronchial area in 131 anaesthetized rats (aged 1-15 days, adult and biologically old). They found that the expiration reflex could be elicited, in the rat, from the first day of life, at a time when other respiratory reflexes were not yet stable. In young rats, the expiration reflex was often followed by a cough reaction which was absent in adult animals. The findings indicate that the expiration reflex is one of the most important respiratory reflexes of the early postnatal period in the rat, because the aspiration reflex and the respiratory reaction from the bronchi were not stable until the 15th day of life. In biological old rats, the expiration reflex is less frequently elicited and its intensity attains about half the value found in adult animals. The aspiration reflex and the respiratory reaction from the bronchi are likewise less readily elicited than in adult animals, but when the intensity of their maximum expiratory effort is increased, it is far greater.", "contents": "The expiration reflex during ontogenesis in the rat. The authors studied the elicitability of the expiration and aspiration reflex and of the respiratory reaction from the tracheobronchial area in 131 anaesthetized rats (aged 1-15 days, adult and biologically old). They found that the expiration reflex could be elicited, in the rat, from the first day of life, at a time when other respiratory reflexes were not yet stable. In young rats, the expiration reflex was often followed by a cough reaction which was absent in adult animals. The findings indicate that the expiration reflex is one of the most important respiratory reflexes of the early postnatal period in the rat, because the aspiration reflex and the respiratory reaction from the bronchi were not stable until the 15th day of life. In biological old rats, the expiration reflex is less frequently elicited and its intensity attains about half the value found in adult animals. The aspiration reflex and the respiratory reaction from the bronchi are likewise less readily elicited than in adult animals, but when the intensity of their maximum expiratory effort is increased, it is far greater."}
{"id": "PMID:124895", "title": "Carrageenin-induced experimental pneumonia in rats.", "content": "The authors verified the possibility of modelling pneumonia by the intratracheal administration of carrageenin solution into the lungs of rats. The most satisfactory dose was found to be 0.5 ml 0.7% carrageenin solution administered at 40 degrees C. The disease, evaluated by the morphological and functional signs, culminated after two days. Both macroscopically and histologically the lungs displayed typical signs of catarrhal suppurative aspiration bronchopneumonia. Functionally, marked tachypnoea (mean 180 cycles/min as against 110 c/min in the conscious controls) and raised functional residual capacity were found. A drop in the respiration rate and in FRC after bilateral cervical vagotomy indicated that a reflex component participates in the origin of the above two signs.", "contents": "Carrageenin-induced experimental pneumonia in rats. The authors verified the possibility of modelling pneumonia by the intratracheal administration of carrageenin solution into the lungs of rats. The most satisfactory dose was found to be 0.5 ml 0.7% carrageenin solution administered at 40 degrees C. The disease, evaluated by the morphological and functional signs, culminated after two days. Both macroscopically and histologically the lungs displayed typical signs of catarrhal suppurative aspiration bronchopneumonia. Functionally, marked tachypnoea (mean 180 cycles/min as against 110 c/min in the conscious controls) and raised functional residual capacity were found. A drop in the respiration rate and in FRC after bilateral cervical vagotomy indicated that a reflex component participates in the origin of the above two signs."}
{"id": "PMID:124896", "title": "The effect of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system on auditory fatigue.", "content": "Volunteers with normal hearing were tested for vegetative balance with the aid of vegetative reflexes and with the aid of the atropine test. The effect of white noise stimulated on hearing thresholds was then investigated together with their recovery. The vegetative system was affected experimentally by intravenous administration of atropine, and the beginning and recession of hearing fatigue was observed. Atropine caused a small change only. In a similarly arranged experiment, 1% pilocarpin administered subcutaneously in a dose of 1.4 minus 1.6 ml, resulted in increased hearing fatigue and retarded recovery at higher frequencies. The effect of pilocarpin is explained by the fact that it supports the inhibitory processes checked by the parasympathetic nervous system on the periphery.", "contents": "The effect of the parasympathetic autonomic nervous system on auditory fatigue. Volunteers with normal hearing were tested for vegetative balance with the aid of vegetative reflexes and with the aid of the atropine test. The effect of white noise stimulated on hearing thresholds was then investigated together with their recovery. The vegetative system was affected experimentally by intravenous administration of atropine, and the beginning and recession of hearing fatigue was observed. Atropine caused a small change only. In a similarly arranged experiment, 1% pilocarpin administered subcutaneously in a dose of 1.4 minus 1.6 ml, resulted in increased hearing fatigue and retarded recovery at higher frequencies. The effect of pilocarpin is explained by the fact that it supports the inhibitory processes checked by the parasympathetic nervous system on the periphery."}
{"id": "PMID:124897", "title": "One-stage reconstruction for exstrophy of the bladder in girls.", "content": "In an African female infant with exstrophy who was a candidate for complete reconstruction of the urinary tract, pelvis, and abdominal wall, the treatment program was simplified by performing iliac osteotomies at the same time as the other repairs, using a single transverse lumbosacral incision for access. A series of 3 wire loops held the symphysis in apposition. A plaster spica, followed by a plaster girdle, minimized the tension on the pubic wires. We believe that we obtained, by this method, superior strength and a better appearance of the abdominal wall and perineum.", "contents": "One-stage reconstruction for exstrophy of the bladder in girls. In an African female infant with exstrophy who was a candidate for complete reconstruction of the urinary tract, pelvis, and abdominal wall, the treatment program was simplified by performing iliac osteotomies at the same time as the other repairs, using a single transverse lumbosacral incision for access. A series of 3 wire loops held the symphysis in apposition. A plaster spica, followed by a plaster girdle, minimized the tension on the pubic wires. We believe that we obtained, by this method, superior strength and a better appearance of the abdominal wall and perineum."}
{"id": "PMID:124899", "title": "Studies on the energy metabolism during anaerobic fermentation of glucose by baker's yeast.", "content": "As a result of the intimate association of ADP phosphorylation with alcoholic fermentation, resulting in the synthesis of 2 mole ATP per mole glucose fermented, it may be calculated that a minimum of 672 mucal heat development may be expected for every mm-3 CO2 developed during alcoholic fermentation. When all ATP produced would be fully de-phosphorylated to ADP + Pi (e.g. by ATP-ase activity) a maximum heat development of 1200 mucal per mm-3 CO2 could be expected. Using the LKB-Flow-Microcalorimeter for measurement of heat development and at the same time the Warburg technique for measuring CO2 development during anaerobic glucose fermentation of a baker's yeast suspension, the heat development per mm-3 CO2 produced was calculated over a fermentation period of 90 min. Maintenance of strict anaerobic conditions in the Flow-Microcalorimeter vessel was complicated by diffusion of traces of oxygen via the Teflon transport lines, resulting in excessive heat development values, not representative for the alcoholic fermentation. This problem could be circumvented by removal of traces of oxygen by means of addition of the enzyme glucose-oxidase. Poisoning the respiratory enzyme system of the yeast by addition of KCN or azide, or using respiratory-deficient mutants of the yeast also resulted in heat development values, inherent with alcoholic fermentation. The values obtained were very close to the minimum of 672 mucal per mm-3 CO2, at least during the initial phases of fermentation, indicating that ADP regeneration from ATP, essential for maintaining the high fermentation rate, is not primarily the result of ATP-ase activity, but must be due to participation of ATP in energy-requiring synthetic reactions.", "contents": "Studies on the energy metabolism during anaerobic fermentation of glucose by baker's yeast. As a result of the intimate association of ADP phosphorylation with alcoholic fermentation, resulting in the synthesis of 2 mole ATP per mole glucose fermented, it may be calculated that a minimum of 672 mucal heat development may be expected for every mm-3 CO2 developed during alcoholic fermentation. When all ATP produced would be fully de-phosphorylated to ADP + Pi (e.g. by ATP-ase activity) a maximum heat development of 1200 mucal per mm-3 CO2 could be expected. Using the LKB-Flow-Microcalorimeter for measurement of heat development and at the same time the Warburg technique for measuring CO2 development during anaerobic glucose fermentation of a baker's yeast suspension, the heat development per mm-3 CO2 produced was calculated over a fermentation period of 90 min. Maintenance of strict anaerobic conditions in the Flow-Microcalorimeter vessel was complicated by diffusion of traces of oxygen via the Teflon transport lines, resulting in excessive heat development values, not representative for the alcoholic fermentation. This problem could be circumvented by removal of traces of oxygen by means of addition of the enzyme glucose-oxidase. Poisoning the respiratory enzyme system of the yeast by addition of KCN or azide, or using respiratory-deficient mutants of the yeast also resulted in heat development values, inherent with alcoholic fermentation. The values obtained were very close to the minimum of 672 mucal per mm-3 CO2, at least during the initial phases of fermentation, indicating that ADP regeneration from ATP, essential for maintaining the high fermentation rate, is not primarily the result of ATP-ase activity, but must be due to participation of ATP in energy-requiring synthetic reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:124908", "title": "Growth of motor end plates and histochemistry of intrafusal myofibres in neonatal piglets.", "content": "Between birth and 10 days the mean growth rate of peroneus longus motor end plates was 0-298 mum/day. A similar rate was found in seven other muscles from different anatomical regions. At birth, sartorius spindles contained three types of intrafusal myofibres; (i) large diameter with conspicuously strong acid-stable, and moderate or strong alkali-stable adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) reactions; (ii) large diameter with weak or negligible acid-stable and alkali-stable ATPase; (iii) small diameter with weak or negligible acid-stable, and strong alkali-stable ATPase. All had a high mitochondrial enzyme content and positive PAS reaction. With the exception of some large diameter fibres, all reacted positively for phosphorylase. The frequency distribution of diameters was unimodal at birth but by 9 or 10 days was bimodal.", "contents": "Growth of motor end plates and histochemistry of intrafusal myofibres in neonatal piglets. Between birth and 10 days the mean growth rate of peroneus longus motor end plates was 0-298 mum/day. A similar rate was found in seven other muscles from different anatomical regions. At birth, sartorius spindles contained three types of intrafusal myofibres; (i) large diameter with conspicuously strong acid-stable, and moderate or strong alkali-stable adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) reactions; (ii) large diameter with weak or negligible acid-stable and alkali-stable ATPase; (iii) small diameter with weak or negligible acid-stable, and strong alkali-stable ATPase. All had a high mitochondrial enzyme content and positive PAS reaction. With the exception of some large diameter fibres, all reacted positively for phosphorylase. The frequency distribution of diameters was unimodal at birth but by 9 or 10 days was bimodal."}
{"id": "PMID:124909", "title": "Electron microscopic demonstration of a saccharide moieties in the hypophase of the alveolar surfactant system.", "content": "For electron microscopic demonstration of complex carbohydrates and simple sugars in the mouse lung, anionic dye and lectins were used. After immersion fixation of small lung tissue blocks, the alveolar surfactant system was destroyed and only membrane bound carbohydrates (cell coat) could be demonstrated by means of colloidal iron and ruthenium red. Fixation of the whole lung via the visceral pleura preserved the alveolar surfactant system. Only this technique afforded a distinction between cell coat components and hypophase components. After performance of the Concanavalin A-peroxidase technique and after incubation in ferritin-labed Concanavalin A, Lens culinaris lectin or Ricinus communis lectin, various saccharide moieties were demonstrable by immune electron microscopy in the hypophase of the alveolar surfactant system.", "contents": "Electron microscopic demonstration of a saccharide moieties in the hypophase of the alveolar surfactant system. For electron microscopic demonstration of complex carbohydrates and simple sugars in the mouse lung, anionic dye and lectins were used. After immersion fixation of small lung tissue blocks, the alveolar surfactant system was destroyed and only membrane bound carbohydrates (cell coat) could be demonstrated by means of colloidal iron and ruthenium red. Fixation of the whole lung via the visceral pleura preserved the alveolar surfactant system. Only this technique afforded a distinction between cell coat components and hypophase components. After performance of the Concanavalin A-peroxidase technique and after incubation in ferritin-labed Concanavalin A, Lens culinaris lectin or Ricinus communis lectin, various saccharide moieties were demonstrable by immune electron microscopy in the hypophase of the alveolar surfactant system."}
{"id": "PMID:124942", "title": "A comparison of the effector cells involved in cell-mediated lympholysis and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in man.", "content": "Some physical and mechanistic properties of cytotoxic lymphocytes and antibody-dependent killer cells were compared. Cytotoxic lymphocytes were measured by the cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) technique after sensitization of human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in unidirectional mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). Killer cells were measured before and after MLC in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCMC) assay using 51-Cr-labeled mouse mastocytoma cells as targets. Quantitative analysis of the cytotoxic activity of populations separated by velocity sedimentation at 1 g indicated that cytotoxic lymphocytes in MLC were a relatively heterogeneous population of rapidly sedimenting cells that corresponded morphologically to lymphoblasts. Further studies in which PBL were separated before MLC suggested that such cytotoxic lymphocytes were derived from small lymphocyte progenitors. Analysis of ADCMC in separated populations showed that most killer cells in PBL had the sedimentation properties of small lymphocytes. After stimulation of PBL in MLC, increased ADCMC activity was detected, and the increased activity was associated with a population of rapidly sedimenting cells, Comparison of the sensitivity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and killer cells to inhibition by EDTA, cytochalasin B, and dimethyl sulfoxide showed no significant differences between the two types of effector cells.", "contents": "A comparison of the effector cells involved in cell-mediated lympholysis and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in man. Some physical and mechanistic properties of cytotoxic lymphocytes and antibody-dependent killer cells were compared. Cytotoxic lymphocytes were measured by the cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) technique after sensitization of human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in unidirectional mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). Killer cells were measured before and after MLC in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCMC) assay using 51-Cr-labeled mouse mastocytoma cells as targets. Quantitative analysis of the cytotoxic activity of populations separated by velocity sedimentation at 1 g indicated that cytotoxic lymphocytes in MLC were a relatively heterogeneous population of rapidly sedimenting cells that corresponded morphologically to lymphoblasts. Further studies in which PBL were separated before MLC suggested that such cytotoxic lymphocytes were derived from small lymphocyte progenitors. Analysis of ADCMC in separated populations showed that most killer cells in PBL had the sedimentation properties of small lymphocytes. After stimulation of PBL in MLC, increased ADCMC activity was detected, and the increased activity was associated with a population of rapidly sedimenting cells, Comparison of the sensitivity of cytotoxic lymphocytes and killer cells to inhibition by EDTA, cytochalasin B, and dimethyl sulfoxide showed no significant differences between the two types of effector cells."}
{"id": "PMID:124943", "title": "Disappearance of specifically mlc-responsive lymphocytes in cba mice injected with cells from the h-2-compatible, m-antigen-incompatible strain c3h.", "content": "The mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response of lymphocytes from CBA mice injected with spleen cells from the H-2-compatible strain C3H was studied. The response of CBA lymphocytes against C3H cells was higher than that obtained against H-2-disparate strains. Intravenous injection of C3H cells resulted in a markedly increased MLC response in lymph nodes but not in the thymus during the first 1 to 3 days. Thereafter, the specific MLC response decreased drastically, far below that of nonimmunized animals. Reactivity was back to normal in the thymus after approximately 4 weeks but remained suppressed in lymph nodes for more than half a year. A decreased response was also noted in spleen, Peyer's patches, and the peripheral blood lymphocyte population. Such a state of relative unresponsiveness was achieved by injecting as few as 10-4 C3H spleen cells. This exhaustion of the specific MLC response could not be explained by production of blocking serum factors or of cells that can inhibit the MLC response. The strong MLC response obtained by lymphocytes from nonimmunized animals may be due to disparity at the newly detected M locus. This antigenic system is characterized by strong MLC stimulatory capacity and no detectable production of humoral antibodies or development of effector cells capable of killing M-antigen-bearing cells. A possible explanation of the results is that the CBA mice become chimaeric for a long time after injection of C3H cells. This prolonged exposure to a foreign transplantation antigen may lead to exhaustion of the specifically responsive lymphocytes.", "contents": "Disappearance of specifically mlc-responsive lymphocytes in cba mice injected with cells from the h-2-compatible, m-antigen-incompatible strain c3h. The mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response of lymphocytes from CBA mice injected with spleen cells from the H-2-compatible strain C3H was studied. The response of CBA lymphocytes against C3H cells was higher than that obtained against H-2-disparate strains. Intravenous injection of C3H cells resulted in a markedly increased MLC response in lymph nodes but not in the thymus during the first 1 to 3 days. Thereafter, the specific MLC response decreased drastically, far below that of nonimmunized animals. Reactivity was back to normal in the thymus after approximately 4 weeks but remained suppressed in lymph nodes for more than half a year. A decreased response was also noted in spleen, Peyer's patches, and the peripheral blood lymphocyte population. Such a state of relative unresponsiveness was achieved by injecting as few as 10-4 C3H spleen cells. This exhaustion of the specific MLC response could not be explained by production of blocking serum factors or of cells that can inhibit the MLC response. The strong MLC response obtained by lymphocytes from nonimmunized animals may be due to disparity at the newly detected M locus. This antigenic system is characterized by strong MLC stimulatory capacity and no detectable production of humoral antibodies or development of effector cells capable of killing M-antigen-bearing cells. A possible explanation of the results is that the CBA mice become chimaeric for a long time after injection of C3H cells. This prolonged exposure to a foreign transplantation antigen may lead to exhaustion of the specifically responsive lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:124944", "title": "The treatment of low differentiated germinal cancers of the testis using mithramycin.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with metastases from a germinal cancer of the testis were treated with Mithramycin. After an observation time of between one-half-3 one-half years, 18 are still alive, of which 12 appear to be free from cancer. The 2-year survival rate is 50% (5/10). The side effects of Mithramycin therapy are described and discussed.", "contents": "The treatment of low differentiated germinal cancers of the testis using mithramycin. Twenty-six patients with metastases from a germinal cancer of the testis were treated with Mithramycin. After an observation time of between one-half-3 one-half years, 18 are still alive, of which 12 appear to be free from cancer. The 2-year survival rate is 50% (5/10). The side effects of Mithramycin therapy are described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:124945", "title": "ATP-ase activity of lymphocytes from patients with carcinomas of the urinary bladder.", "content": "In 13 out of 26 patients with urinary bladder carcinomas in various stages of malignancy, the ATP-ase activity of circulating lymphocytes was found significantly elevated. A decline in the ATP-ase activity was demonstrated in 14 of 17 patients re-investigated after treatment, while the activity remained unchanged in 2 and rose in 1 patient. No correlation between the clinical tumour stage and the lymphocyte ATP-ase activity was found, but the activity was closely correlated to the histological grade of malignancy. In 11 of the 17 patients the clinical effect of the treatment was closely correlated to a decline in ATP-ase activity. Determination of lymphocyte ATP-ase activity is suggested as an additional and simple help in the diagnosis of bladder carcinoma and in the follow-up control after treatment of patients with this disease.", "contents": "ATP-ase activity of lymphocytes from patients with carcinomas of the urinary bladder. In 13 out of 26 patients with urinary bladder carcinomas in various stages of malignancy, the ATP-ase activity of circulating lymphocytes was found significantly elevated. A decline in the ATP-ase activity was demonstrated in 14 of 17 patients re-investigated after treatment, while the activity remained unchanged in 2 and rose in 1 patient. No correlation between the clinical tumour stage and the lymphocyte ATP-ase activity was found, but the activity was closely correlated to the histological grade of malignancy. In 11 of the 17 patients the clinical effect of the treatment was closely correlated to a decline in ATP-ase activity. Determination of lymphocyte ATP-ase activity is suggested as an additional and simple help in the diagnosis of bladder carcinoma and in the follow-up control after treatment of patients with this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:124946", "title": "Genetic problems in tumours of the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "The role of heredity in the production of gastrointestinal tumours is reviewed. The rare forms showing Mendelian inheritance are described, with special reference to oesophageal cancer and to familial polyposis of the colon. The high risks in these disorders are contrasted with the generally low risks to family members for the common cancers of the digestive tract. The part played by genetic factors in production of the premalignant state is critically discussed, with emphasis on gastric and hepatic cancer. The various experimental genetic approaches to the causation and early detection of cancer are outlined, and it is concluded that both genetic and environmental factors should be considered together when the etiology is being investigated.", "contents": "Genetic problems in tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. The role of heredity in the production of gastrointestinal tumours is reviewed. The rare forms showing Mendelian inheritance are described, with special reference to oesophageal cancer and to familial polyposis of the colon. The high risks in these disorders are contrasted with the generally low risks to family members for the common cancers of the digestive tract. The part played by genetic factors in production of the premalignant state is critically discussed, with emphasis on gastric and hepatic cancer. The various experimental genetic approaches to the causation and early detection of cancer are outlined, and it is concluded that both genetic and environmental factors should be considered together when the etiology is being investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:124947", "title": "[Treatment of primary and secondary liver tumors using a combination of chemotherapy and surgery].", "content": "The results obtained with protracted intra-arterial chemotherapy infusions in 60 case of primary or secondary liver tumor are discussed. The treatment should if possible be associated with surgical excision of the dominant tumor mass. Subjective improvement is obtainable in 75% of cases and objective improvement (including longer survival) in 50%. In some exceptionally favourable cases complete histologic disappearance of the metastases has also been achieved. Carcinoembryonic antigen determination appears to be the most reliable follow-up test.", "contents": "[Treatment of primary and secondary liver tumors using a combination of chemotherapy and surgery]. The results obtained with protracted intra-arterial chemotherapy infusions in 60 case of primary or secondary liver tumor are discussed. The treatment should if possible be associated with surgical excision of the dominant tumor mass. Subjective improvement is obtainable in 75% of cases and objective improvement (including longer survival) in 50%. In some exceptionally favourable cases complete histologic disappearance of the metastases has also been achieved. Carcinoembryonic antigen determination appears to be the most reliable follow-up test."}
{"id": "PMID:124948", "title": "HL-A LD (lymphocyte defined) typing: a rapid assay with primed lymphocytes.", "content": "When human lymphocytes are cultured for 9 to 14 days with stimulating cells of a family member differing by a single HL-A haplotype they become \"primed\" to recognize specific HL-A LD (mixed lymphocyte culture) antigens. These primed lymphocytes respond specifically and rapidly when \"restimulated\" with cells of a person that contain the same LD antigens as those of the priming haplotype. Specific HL-A LD antigens can be detected within 24 hours by this primed LD typing.", "contents": "HL-A LD (lymphocyte defined) typing: a rapid assay with primed lymphocytes. When human lymphocytes are cultured for 9 to 14 days with stimulating cells of a family member differing by a single HL-A haplotype they become \"primed\" to recognize specific HL-A LD (mixed lymphocyte culture) antigens. These primed lymphocytes respond specifically and rapidly when \"restimulated\" with cells of a person that contain the same LD antigens as those of the priming haplotype. Specific HL-A LD antigens can be detected within 24 hours by this primed LD typing."}
{"id": "PMID:124949", "title": "Adenosine diphosphate effect on contractility of human muscle actomyosin: inhibition by ethanol and acetaldehyde.", "content": "Magnesium adenosine triphosphate (Mg-2+-ATP) is known to produce dissociation of muscle actin and myosin in vitro, while its hydrolysis leads to reassociation. The interaction of purified actin and myosin from human muscle, in the presence of Mg-2+-ATP, was stimulated by minute amounts of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), a product of ATP hydrolysis. By contrast, the dissociation of the actomyosin complex was inhibited by ADP. These data suggest that ADP serves to modulate muscle contraction. Ethanol and its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde, inhibited these effects of ADP. The inhibition was reversible when the preparations were freed of these compounds. The effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the response of actomyosin to ADP may play a role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic myopathy and cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Adenosine diphosphate effect on contractility of human muscle actomyosin: inhibition by ethanol and acetaldehyde. Magnesium adenosine triphosphate (Mg-2+-ATP) is known to produce dissociation of muscle actin and myosin in vitro, while its hydrolysis leads to reassociation. The interaction of purified actin and myosin from human muscle, in the presence of Mg-2+-ATP, was stimulated by minute amounts of adenosine diphosphate (ADP), a product of ATP hydrolysis. By contrast, the dissociation of the actomyosin complex was inhibited by ADP. These data suggest that ADP serves to modulate muscle contraction. Ethanol and its primary metabolite, acetaldehyde, inhibited these effects of ADP. The inhibition was reversible when the preparations were freed of these compounds. The effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the response of actomyosin to ADP may play a role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic myopathy and cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:124959", "title": "A case of Marfan's syndrome with absent right coronary artery complicated by aortic dissection and right ventricular infarction.", "content": "The first patient to be reported with Marfan's syndrome and an absent right coronary artery is described. Dissection of the ascending aorta was associated with right ventricular infarction which was probably due to the coronary artery anomaly and caused his death.", "contents": "A case of Marfan's syndrome with absent right coronary artery complicated by aortic dissection and right ventricular infarction. The first patient to be reported with Marfan's syndrome and an absent right coronary artery is described. Dissection of the ascending aorta was associated with right ventricular infarction which was probably due to the coronary artery anomaly and caused his death."}
{"id": "PMID:124960", "title": "[Early thrombogenic problems in the sparks-prothesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Some patients with Sparks arterial bypass graft show just during the operation a thrombosis in the prothesis. After the rubber rod has been pulled off, thrombogenic substances can be washed out of the prothesis-lumen. They shorten the clotting time of the patients' venous blood. 1000 ml 0.0% NaCl prevent this early thrombosis in the arterial bypass graft.", "contents": "[Early thrombogenic problems in the sparks-prothesis (author's transl)]. Some patients with Sparks arterial bypass graft show just during the operation a thrombosis in the prothesis. After the rubber rod has been pulled off, thrombogenic substances can be washed out of the prothesis-lumen. They shorten the clotting time of the patients' venous blood. 1000 ml 0.0% NaCl prevent this early thrombosis in the arterial bypass graft."}
{"id": "PMID:124961", "title": "[Coronaro-myocardial interplay determining the instantaneous mean ventricular shape (author's transl)].", "content": "A working hypothesis on the mechanism of diastolic chamber expansion based on functional anatomy and physiology is developed. It should be a major determinant of the momentary average chamber width. The sum of all intramyocardial fluid-filled spaces and the myocardium itself are considered in the working hypothesis as the hydraulic medium of a process which can be summarised under the term \"cavernous body mechanism\". The most important factor of this hydraulic system should represent the intramural fluid volume (hydraulic medium) and the contractile-elastic tension development in the transmural direction of the chamber wall. Morphological analysis of myocardial structure shows that an endoepicardial direction of force in the myocardial net can be recognised. The \"motor\" of circular fibres of the middle layer is surrounded by the spiral course of the fibres of the inner and outer layers of the chamber wall (uvula mechanism). It is interwoven by very dense bifurcating myocardial fibres (structural principle of the tongue). By these means, the width of the chamber cone is influenced decisively by an active decrease in wall thickness. The coronary perfusion pressure is thought to have a chamber dilating influence in the sense of a \"cavernous body mechanism\". The hypothesis presented helps us to understand pathological chamber dilation secondary to transmural myocardial fibrosis. Such a narrow functional coronary-myocardial interaction gives the myocardium two functions; besides haemodynamic pumping, the cardial muscle must function as an internal antagonist to favour diastolic chamber dilation.", "contents": "[Coronaro-myocardial interplay determining the instantaneous mean ventricular shape (author's transl)]. A working hypothesis on the mechanism of diastolic chamber expansion based on functional anatomy and physiology is developed. It should be a major determinant of the momentary average chamber width. The sum of all intramyocardial fluid-filled spaces and the myocardium itself are considered in the working hypothesis as the hydraulic medium of a process which can be summarised under the term \"cavernous body mechanism\". The most important factor of this hydraulic system should represent the intramural fluid volume (hydraulic medium) and the contractile-elastic tension development in the transmural direction of the chamber wall. Morphological analysis of myocardial structure shows that an endoepicardial direction of force in the myocardial net can be recognised. The \"motor\" of circular fibres of the middle layer is surrounded by the spiral course of the fibres of the inner and outer layers of the chamber wall (uvula mechanism). It is interwoven by very dense bifurcating myocardial fibres (structural principle of the tongue). By these means, the width of the chamber cone is influenced decisively by an active decrease in wall thickness. The coronary perfusion pressure is thought to have a chamber dilating influence in the sense of a \"cavernous body mechanism\". The hypothesis presented helps us to understand pathological chamber dilation secondary to transmural myocardial fibrosis. Such a narrow functional coronary-myocardial interaction gives the myocardium two functions; besides haemodynamic pumping, the cardial muscle must function as an internal antagonist to favour diastolic chamber dilation."}
{"id": "PMID:124962", "title": "[On the mechanism of valve plane (author's transl)].", "content": "A detailed description of the functional sequence and mechanism of the valve plane movements is given as an extension of the studies on the functional morphology of cardiac movements. The valve plane mechanism is driven in the small, rapidly beating heart by the contraction of the external and internal spiral fibres of the myocardium which decreases the width of the chamber. The atrium is enlarged during systole by the descent of the valvular ring towards the apex. The auricular apendices must act as a compensation reservoir giving the atrial wall the necessary freedom of movement within the pericardial dome. Under these working conditions (hypovolaemia, decreased venous return pathophysiological consequences are discernible as subendocardial bleeding secondary to increased sliding movement of the inner layer of the myocardium against the middle layer. Chamber dilation as a consequence of endocardial fibrosis is explained as a result of progressive rigidity of endo-epicardial fixation. These structural changes progressively impair the systolic-diastolic changes in wall thickness.", "contents": "[On the mechanism of valve plane (author's transl)]. A detailed description of the functional sequence and mechanism of the valve plane movements is given as an extension of the studies on the functional morphology of cardiac movements. The valve plane mechanism is driven in the small, rapidly beating heart by the contraction of the external and internal spiral fibres of the myocardium which decreases the width of the chamber. The atrium is enlarged during systole by the descent of the valvular ring towards the apex. The auricular apendices must act as a compensation reservoir giving the atrial wall the necessary freedom of movement within the pericardial dome. Under these working conditions (hypovolaemia, decreased venous return pathophysiological consequences are discernible as subendocardial bleeding secondary to increased sliding movement of the inner layer of the myocardium against the middle layer. Chamber dilation as a consequence of endocardial fibrosis is explained as a result of progressive rigidity of endo-epicardial fixation. These structural changes progressively impair the systolic-diastolic changes in wall thickness."}
{"id": "PMID:124963", "title": "[Light- and electronmicroscopic findings in nine auto-alloplastic vascular grafts (Sparks-Mandril) (author's transl)].", "content": "Auto-alloplastic arterial prostheses with a dacron mesh of 1 or 2 layers according to Sparks were investigated by light and electron microscopy after variable times of incorporation and perfusion. At the end of the organization-period the characteristic structure of the wall is composed of three layers. The interior layer is adapted to the form of the mandril, which holds the place of the lumen, the medial layer is formed according to the inforcing dacron-mesh. With increasing duration of incorporation the granulation tissue shows somewhat less inflammatory cells and capillaries and more collagen fibres. There were some characteristic disturbances of healing only partly due to infection, which resulted in focal or total necrosis of the granulation tissue: Not all of these findings were of clinical importance. Already after a perfusion time of 10 months an atherosclerosis of variable degree was found. This atherosclerosis started from mural thrombi and showed in the electron microscope proliferations of modified smooth muscle cells. Advantages and disadvantages of the autoalloplastic arterial prostheses are discussed.", "contents": "[Light- and electronmicroscopic findings in nine auto-alloplastic vascular grafts (Sparks-Mandril) (author's transl)]. Auto-alloplastic arterial prostheses with a dacron mesh of 1 or 2 layers according to Sparks were investigated by light and electron microscopy after variable times of incorporation and perfusion. At the end of the organization-period the characteristic structure of the wall is composed of three layers. The interior layer is adapted to the form of the mandril, which holds the place of the lumen, the medial layer is formed according to the inforcing dacron-mesh. With increasing duration of incorporation the granulation tissue shows somewhat less inflammatory cells and capillaries and more collagen fibres. There were some characteristic disturbances of healing only partly due to infection, which resulted in focal or total necrosis of the granulation tissue: Not all of these findings were of clinical importance. Already after a perfusion time of 10 months an atherosclerosis of variable degree was found. This atherosclerosis started from mural thrombi and showed in the electron microscope proliferations of modified smooth muscle cells. Advantages and disadvantages of the autoalloplastic arterial prostheses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:124973", "title": "Relationship between P wave form and left atrial pressure and volume in mitral valve disease.", "content": "The P wave of the ECG, recorded with both conventional and special techniques, was compared with left atrial (LA) pressure and volume in 22 patients with mitral valve disease. The patients were also compared with 2 groups of normal subjects as to the P wave, recorded with the special technique. Changes in the P wave, such as increased duration, increased bipeak interval or P terminal force were significantly more common in the patients than in normal subjects. Among the patients, no significant correlations were found between degree of LA pressure elevation, LA enlargement and P wave changes. It is concluded that for the diagnosis of increased LA load it is more useful to study the terminal vector of the P wave than signs of increased atrial asynchrony. Recordings with high amplification and paper speed as in the present special technique are of advantage for such measurements. However, the special leads by themselves were not ideal for study of an increased terminal vector directed to the left and backwards.", "contents": "Relationship between P wave form and left atrial pressure and volume in mitral valve disease. The P wave of the ECG, recorded with both conventional and special techniques, was compared with left atrial (LA) pressure and volume in 22 patients with mitral valve disease. The patients were also compared with 2 groups of normal subjects as to the P wave, recorded with the special technique. Changes in the P wave, such as increased duration, increased bipeak interval or P terminal force were significantly more common in the patients than in normal subjects. Among the patients, no significant correlations were found between degree of LA pressure elevation, LA enlargement and P wave changes. It is concluded that for the diagnosis of increased LA load it is more useful to study the terminal vector of the P wave than signs of increased atrial asynchrony. Recordings with high amplification and paper speed as in the present special technique are of advantage for such measurements. However, the special leads by themselves were not ideal for study of an increased terminal vector directed to the left and backwards."}
{"id": "PMID:124974", "title": "Hydraulic studies of aortic cannulation return nozzles.", "content": "An in vitro investigation of 8 different types of clinical aortic return nozzles was conducted. The importance of cannula geometry, tip location and direction was demonstrated in preventing abnormal flow conditions in the major aortic arch arteries. Alternative methods to correct these abnormalities were studied. This report has presented a preliminary study of the flow conditions produced by aortic cannulae during cardiopulmonary bypass. More detailed analysis of the pressure field as well as in vivo studies of the effects of a non-rigid geometry of the flow behavior are needed to confirm the findings of this investigation.", "contents": "Hydraulic studies of aortic cannulation return nozzles. An in vitro investigation of 8 different types of clinical aortic return nozzles was conducted. The importance of cannula geometry, tip location and direction was demonstrated in preventing abnormal flow conditions in the major aortic arch arteries. Alternative methods to correct these abnormalities were studied. This report has presented a preliminary study of the flow conditions produced by aortic cannulae during cardiopulmonary bypass. More detailed analysis of the pressure field as well as in vivo studies of the effects of a non-rigid geometry of the flow behavior are needed to confirm the findings of this investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:124975", "title": "Umbilical cord vein fistula for vascular access in hemodialysis.", "content": "Human umbilical cord vein allografts (HUCVAG) were modified by sequential treatment with 95% ethanol and 1.3% dialdehyde starch and stored in 70% ethanol. Tensile strength measurements of HUCVAG were found to range between canine aorta and bovine heterograft. Surface clotting was prolonged to 4 times that of pre-clotted dacron velour and 2 times that of bovine carotid heterograft. Inferior vena cava implants of HUCVAG remained patent for a period of 10 to 14 days while 4 of 5 bovine carotid heterografts clotted in 2 hrs ans one within 3 days. Micrpscopic examination showed a smooth intimal surface with no fibrin deposition and no evidence of rejection, providing excellent basic qualities as a vascular substitute. Using \"14 gauge cannula, 180 repetitive percutaneous punctures were made in 10 heparinized dogs with HUCVAG fistulas between the carotid artery and external jugular vein. With exception of one instance in any preparation over a 4 month period. These results suggest the valueless. unbranched modified umbilical cord vein in unlimited supply is suitable as an arteriovenous fistula for blood access in maintenance hemodialysis.", "contents": "Umbilical cord vein fistula for vascular access in hemodialysis. Human umbilical cord vein allografts (HUCVAG) were modified by sequential treatment with 95% ethanol and 1.3% dialdehyde starch and stored in 70% ethanol. Tensile strength measurements of HUCVAG were found to range between canine aorta and bovine heterograft. Surface clotting was prolonged to 4 times that of pre-clotted dacron velour and 2 times that of bovine carotid heterograft. Inferior vena cava implants of HUCVAG remained patent for a period of 10 to 14 days while 4 of 5 bovine carotid heterografts clotted in 2 hrs ans one within 3 days. Micrpscopic examination showed a smooth intimal surface with no fibrin deposition and no evidence of rejection, providing excellent basic qualities as a vascular substitute. Using \"14 gauge cannula, 180 repetitive percutaneous punctures were made in 10 heparinized dogs with HUCVAG fistulas between the carotid artery and external jugular vein. With exception of one instance in any preparation over a 4 month period. These results suggest the valueless. unbranched modified umbilical cord vein in unlimited supply is suitable as an arteriovenous fistula for blood access in maintenance hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:124976", "title": "Development of skin interfacing cannula.", "content": "The skin interfacing potential of various velours, felts, foams and rough cast surfaces of some polymers was investigated by bonding these substances to solid core silastic rods using Dow-Corning Medical Adhesive Type A. These dummy cannulae were implanted as skin penetrating rods onto the dorsum of canines, goats, and swine. Vitreous carbon buttons were also investigated as to their potential. Over 200 individual implants were made and some retained in place for 2 yrs. Only the nylon and dacron velours held much promise as a long-term interfacing material. A \"growth phenomenon\" was observed using the velour material and this, we feel, is related to a permanent marriage between basal cells and adjacent monofilament fibers. Subsequent maturation of these cells carries the monofilament fibers to the surface causing the entire cannula to \"grow\". Since the maturation rate is apparently slower in humans, it does not detract from their potential application. The maturation rate is also much more rapid on the dorsum than on the ventral surfaces.", "contents": "Development of skin interfacing cannula. The skin interfacing potential of various velours, felts, foams and rough cast surfaces of some polymers was investigated by bonding these substances to solid core silastic rods using Dow-Corning Medical Adhesive Type A. These dummy cannulae were implanted as skin penetrating rods onto the dorsum of canines, goats, and swine. Vitreous carbon buttons were also investigated as to their potential. Over 200 individual implants were made and some retained in place for 2 yrs. Only the nylon and dacron velours held much promise as a long-term interfacing material. A \"growth phenomenon\" was observed using the velour material and this, we feel, is related to a permanent marriage between basal cells and adjacent monofilament fibers. Subsequent maturation of these cells carries the monofilament fibers to the surface causing the entire cannula to \"grow\". Since the maturation rate is apparently slower in humans, it does not detract from their potential application. The maturation rate is also much more rapid on the dorsum than on the ventral surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:124978", "title": "Telemetric monitoring device to detect thrombosis in the external arteriovenous shunt.", "content": "A telemetric monitoring system of the external arteriovenous shunt for long term hemodialysis was deviced. Analysis of the arteriovenous shunt bruit showed that frequency distribution of the bruit ranged between 25 and 500 Hz. An air transmission type microphone with an optimum frequency at 200 Hz was designed. The monitoring system, including the microphone, a small FM transmitter and an FM receiver with an alarm system by the transmitter. The signals received by the FM receiver were amplified and selected by a bandpass filter. After being all-wave rectified, and averaged for one min by the averaging circuit, the signals were finally balanced by the standard signal and the precision comparator. When the arteiovenous shunt bruit ceased for more than one min, the alarm system went off. The system frequently detected obstruction of blood flow due to flection of the forearm during sleep and by other causes, thereby preventing clotting of the arteriovenous shunt flow. Thrombosis in the arteriovenous shunt was detected 5 times by the telemetric device while the patients were alseep at home, and declotting was successful in all the cases. The system has proven to be available for early detection of shunt obstruction and of clot formation inside the arteriovenous shunt.", "contents": "Telemetric monitoring device to detect thrombosis in the external arteriovenous shunt. A telemetric monitoring system of the external arteriovenous shunt for long term hemodialysis was deviced. Analysis of the arteriovenous shunt bruit showed that frequency distribution of the bruit ranged between 25 and 500 Hz. An air transmission type microphone with an optimum frequency at 200 Hz was designed. The monitoring system, including the microphone, a small FM transmitter and an FM receiver with an alarm system by the transmitter. The signals received by the FM receiver were amplified and selected by a bandpass filter. After being all-wave rectified, and averaged for one min by the averaging circuit, the signals were finally balanced by the standard signal and the precision comparator. When the arteiovenous shunt bruit ceased for more than one min, the alarm system went off. The system frequently detected obstruction of blood flow due to flection of the forearm during sleep and by other causes, thereby preventing clotting of the arteriovenous shunt flow. Thrombosis in the arteriovenous shunt was detected 5 times by the telemetric device while the patients were alseep at home, and declotting was successful in all the cases. The system has proven to be available for early detection of shunt obstruction and of clot formation inside the arteriovenous shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:124986", "title": "The effect of fenbendazole on nematode parasites in experimentally infected lambs.", "content": "Fenbendazole given orally to experimentally infected lambs at a dose rate of 5 mg per kg was found to be 100 per cent effective against three and 10-day larave and also against 20-day adults of H contortus, O circumcincta, N battus and T colubriformis. The same dose was also 100 per cent effective against 10-day, 17-day larvae and 27-day adult D filaria.", "contents": "The effect of fenbendazole on nematode parasites in experimentally infected lambs. Fenbendazole given orally to experimentally infected lambs at a dose rate of 5 mg per kg was found to be 100 per cent effective against three and 10-day larave and also against 20-day adults of H contortus, O circumcincta, N battus and T colubriformis. The same dose was also 100 per cent effective against 10-day, 17-day larvae and 27-day adult D filaria."}
{"id": "PMID:124997", "title": "Electron microscopic cytochemical characterization of bile canaliculi and bile ducts in vitro.", "content": "Electron microscopic cytochemical localization of Mg++-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Mg++-ATPase) and 5-nucleotidase (AMPase) was investigated in bile canaliculus-rich and bile duct-containing fractions isolated from rat liver. Comparative cyochemical studies between prefixed and non-prefixed fractions revealed that the activity of both enzymes could be detected in the fractions under appropriate experimental conditions. However, the cytochemical activity of AMPase was much more sensitive to glutaraldehyde than that of Mg++-ATPase. Mg++-ATPase and AMPase reaction products were localized primarily on bile canalicular microvilli, that is, along the outer (luminal) surface of canalicular plasma membranes, but they were never observed on bile ductal microvilli. AMPase was also detectable on lateral hepatic plasma membranes. Mg++-ATPase demonstrated by the cytochemical technique described is a reliable enzyme marker for isolated bile canalicular membranes. At high magnification, Mg++-ATPase reaction product was also observed on the microfilaments surrounding isolated bile canaliculi. The possibility that the reaction product on the pericanalicular microfilaments may result from the hydrolysis of ATP byan actomyosin ATPase-like enzyme associated with these filaments is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Electron microscopic cytochemical characterization of bile canaliculi and bile ducts in vitro. Electron microscopic cytochemical localization of Mg++-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Mg++-ATPase) and 5-nucleotidase (AMPase) was investigated in bile canaliculus-rich and bile duct-containing fractions isolated from rat liver. Comparative cyochemical studies between prefixed and non-prefixed fractions revealed that the activity of both enzymes could be detected in the fractions under appropriate experimental conditions. However, the cytochemical activity of AMPase was much more sensitive to glutaraldehyde than that of Mg++-ATPase. Mg++-ATPase and AMPase reaction products were localized primarily on bile canalicular microvilli, that is, along the outer (luminal) surface of canalicular plasma membranes, but they were never observed on bile ductal microvilli. AMPase was also detectable on lateral hepatic plasma membranes. Mg++-ATPase demonstrated by the cytochemical technique described is a reliable enzyme marker for isolated bile canalicular membranes. At high magnification, Mg++-ATPase reaction product was also observed on the microfilaments surrounding isolated bile canaliculi. The possibility that the reaction product on the pericanalicular microfilaments may result from the hydrolysis of ATP byan actomyosin ATPase-like enzyme associated with these filaments is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125002", "title": "[Relationship between Chemical Constitution and Theraeutic Activity of alpha, beta-unsaturated Aldehydes in the Ehrlich-Solid-Tumor of the Mouse].", "content": "Biochemical and biological effects and chemical properties of three alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes [acrolein (I), 4-hydroxypentenal (II), and 4-hydroxyundecenal (III)] were compared. These three substances inhibited the incorporation of -3H-thymidine in Ehrlich-ascites-tumor cells in vitro in the following order: I is greater than III is greater than II. For reactivities with glutathion in vitro the order was: I is greater than II is greater than III is greater than. We concluded there from that the high activity of I, as to its inhibition of thymidine incorporation and its toxicity, was related to its high activity against SH-groups. With respect to therapeutic effects and hydrophilia the following order: II is greater than I is greater than III was observed. In our opinion the high hydrophilia of II is responsible for the significant and good inhibition of tumour growth.", "contents": "[Relationship between Chemical Constitution and Theraeutic Activity of alpha, beta-unsaturated Aldehydes in the Ehrlich-Solid-Tumor of the Mouse]. Biochemical and biological effects and chemical properties of three alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes [acrolein (I), 4-hydroxypentenal (II), and 4-hydroxyundecenal (III)] were compared. These three substances inhibited the incorporation of -3H-thymidine in Ehrlich-ascites-tumor cells in vitro in the following order: I is greater than III is greater than II. For reactivities with glutathion in vitro the order was: I is greater than II is greater than III is greater than. We concluded there from that the high activity of I, as to its inhibition of thymidine incorporation and its toxicity, was related to its high activity against SH-groups. With respect to therapeutic effects and hydrophilia the following order: II is greater than I is greater than III was observed. In our opinion the high hydrophilia of II is responsible for the significant and good inhibition of tumour growth."}
{"id": "PMID:125003", "title": "[ct-Mode of Action in the Teratogenic Experiment].", "content": "The doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea which were teratogenetically effective after a single dose were distributed over 12,24, 48, and 96 hrs during the embryonic developmental phase of the rat. It turned out that the effects were enormously increased when both doses were given in ten single doses during 12 hrs. The number of fetuses that had died down during gestation was increased considerably, the surviving fetuses bore, without exception, the marks of extreme malformations, as, for example, big haemorrhagic cysts instead of the mandible and the tongue. The distribution of the doses over 24 hrs showed, as far as quantity is concerned, comparable teratogenic effects, which, however, during the time of treatment varied in quality according to the variation of the critical sensitivity of the developmental phase. The distribution over even longer periods of time gradually weakened the effect. There were also some other symptoms that became manifest. So it can be said that N-methyl-N-nitrosourea is according to its teratogenic effects also a typical ct-poison (Druckrey) with the maximum of cumulation after distributing the dose over 12 hrs of the gestation.", "contents": "[ct-Mode of Action in the Teratogenic Experiment]. The doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg N-methyl-N-nitrosourea which were teratogenetically effective after a single dose were distributed over 12,24, 48, and 96 hrs during the embryonic developmental phase of the rat. It turned out that the effects were enormously increased when both doses were given in ten single doses during 12 hrs. The number of fetuses that had died down during gestation was increased considerably, the surviving fetuses bore, without exception, the marks of extreme malformations, as, for example, big haemorrhagic cysts instead of the mandible and the tongue. The distribution of the doses over 24 hrs showed, as far as quantity is concerned, comparable teratogenic effects, which, however, during the time of treatment varied in quality according to the variation of the critical sensitivity of the developmental phase. The distribution over even longer periods of time gradually weakened the effect. There were also some other symptoms that became manifest. So it can be said that N-methyl-N-nitrosourea is according to its teratogenic effects also a typical ct-poison (Druckrey) with the maximum of cumulation after distributing the dose over 12 hrs of the gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:125004", "title": "[Quantitative Cytochemical and Morphometric Investigations on Uterine Angiomatosis (Endolymphatis Stromal Myosis) and Stromal Sarcoma].", "content": "The angiomatosis uteri shows a low scattering of nuclear DNA content; an euploid DNA stem line suggests a benign behavior in these tumors. This evidence is supported by clinical experiences. The endometrial stromal sarcoma and the angioblastic sarcoma are characterized by a high scattering of nuclear DNA content, an aneuploid DNA stemline and a substantial irregularity of the nuclear area. These difference, suggest the malignancy of stromal and angioblastic sarcoma.", "contents": "[Quantitative Cytochemical and Morphometric Investigations on Uterine Angiomatosis (Endolymphatis Stromal Myosis) and Stromal Sarcoma]. The angiomatosis uteri shows a low scattering of nuclear DNA content; an euploid DNA stem line suggests a benign behavior in these tumors. This evidence is supported by clinical experiences. The endometrial stromal sarcoma and the angioblastic sarcoma are characterized by a high scattering of nuclear DNA content, an aneuploid DNA stemline and a substantial irregularity of the nuclear area. These difference, suggest the malignancy of stromal and angioblastic sarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:125005", "title": "[Morbus Hodgkin in autopsies today (author's transl)].", "content": "In Hodgkin's disease, good clinical results are obtained by the modern combined treatment with irradiation and chemotherapy. An examination of autopsy findings show in the period 1955-1964 a mean survival time (measured from first biopsy until death) of 22 month, in the period 1965-1973 of 42 month. In contrast to first biopsies, autopsies have a prevalence to the reticular \"Hodgkin-sarcoma\" .41% of all cases are of this type. 12 of these cases had changed from the lymphocytic predominaut type or from nodular sclerosis, to the reticular type. This augmentation of the reticular type is seen as a consequence of modern therapy. In 18 autopsies, histologic classification was rendered impossible by massive scarring. 8 cases of the period 1965-1973 did not show any lymphogranulomatous tissue and could be morphologically defined as \"cured\". Therapeutic damages were found in 15 cases. 6 cases had diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. The therapy provoked scars could be differentiated histologically from the hyalinizations occurring in nodular sclerosis and in diffuse fibrosis.", "contents": "[Morbus Hodgkin in autopsies today (author's transl)]. In Hodgkin's disease, good clinical results are obtained by the modern combined treatment with irradiation and chemotherapy. An examination of autopsy findings show in the period 1955-1964 a mean survival time (measured from first biopsy until death) of 22 month, in the period 1965-1973 of 42 month. In contrast to first biopsies, autopsies have a prevalence to the reticular \"Hodgkin-sarcoma\" .41% of all cases are of this type. 12 of these cases had changed from the lymphocytic predominaut type or from nodular sclerosis, to the reticular type. This augmentation of the reticular type is seen as a consequence of modern therapy. In 18 autopsies, histologic classification was rendered impossible by massive scarring. 8 cases of the period 1965-1973 did not show any lymphogranulomatous tissue and could be morphologically defined as \"cured\". Therapeutic damages were found in 15 cases. 6 cases had diffuse pulmonary fibrosis. The therapy provoked scars could be differentiated histologically from the hyalinizations occurring in nodular sclerosis and in diffuse fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:125006", "title": "Epoxide hydrase activity in mouse skin eidermis.", "content": "By fractionation of mouse epidermis a \"microsomal\" fraction may be obtained with a specific EH-activity at least 6-7 times higher than that of epidermis homogenates. Such enrichment allows to utilize the radioassay with 7--3H-styrene oxide as substrate which normally is too insensitive for organs with low levels of EH-activities. By the procedure developed the unambiguous demonstration of EH-activity in the epidermis of mouse skin is possible.", "contents": "Epoxide hydrase activity in mouse skin eidermis. By fractionation of mouse epidermis a \"microsomal\" fraction may be obtained with a specific EH-activity at least 6-7 times higher than that of epidermis homogenates. Such enrichment allows to utilize the radioassay with 7--3H-styrene oxide as substrate which normally is too insensitive for organs with low levels of EH-activities. By the procedure developed the unambiguous demonstration of EH-activity in the epidermis of mouse skin is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:125007", "title": "Transaminase level (GOT, GPT) in rats under treatment with diethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Transaminase levels (GOT, GPT) of Sprague-Dawley-rats were not increased during long-term oral application of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in doses of 0.1 and 3.0 mg/kg/day respectively. Only rise of the daily dose to 12.0 mg/kg/ (4% of LD50) resulted in a significant increase of enzymatic activities after 2-3 months of treatment. By the determination of transaminases the process of liver cancerization cannot be discovered. The present method is also too insensitive to indicate the formation of smaller quantities of nitroso compounds from their precursors (amines plus nitrite) in vivo.", "contents": "Transaminase level (GOT, GPT) in rats under treatment with diethylnitrosamine. Transaminase levels (GOT, GPT) of Sprague-Dawley-rats were not increased during long-term oral application of diethylnitrosamine (DENA) in doses of 0.1 and 3.0 mg/kg/day respectively. Only rise of the daily dose to 12.0 mg/kg/ (4% of LD50) resulted in a significant increase of enzymatic activities after 2-3 months of treatment. By the determination of transaminases the process of liver cancerization cannot be discovered. The present method is also too insensitive to indicate the formation of smaller quantities of nitroso compounds from their precursors (amines plus nitrite) in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:125008", "title": "[Curative effects of diverse, centrally active drugs in rats poisoned with 3-methylcholanthrene (author's transl)].", "content": "Drugs like picrotoxine, apomorphine, ephedrine and strychnine, affecting the central nervous system, cured rats after surgical removal of methylcholanthrene tumours. Picrotoxine was most effective, in the dosage of 0.6 mg/kg s.c., all rats were cured. The therapeutic range of picrotoxine was remarkably small. Variations of only plus or minus 0.1 mg/kg of the optimal dosage, caused a 50% reduction of survival rate. Stimulation of the immune system could be excluded as an influence on survival. All animals treated with methylcholanthren showed changes in the EEG, starting after 24 hrs and persisting for 3 months, the time of the last recording. It is suggested that methylcholanthren caused some central damage. Central stimulation is suggested as the cause of the improved cure rate.", "contents": "[Curative effects of diverse, centrally active drugs in rats poisoned with 3-methylcholanthrene (author's transl)]. Drugs like picrotoxine, apomorphine, ephedrine and strychnine, affecting the central nervous system, cured rats after surgical removal of methylcholanthrene tumours. Picrotoxine was most effective, in the dosage of 0.6 mg/kg s.c., all rats were cured. The therapeutic range of picrotoxine was remarkably small. Variations of only plus or minus 0.1 mg/kg of the optimal dosage, caused a 50% reduction of survival rate. Stimulation of the immune system could be excluded as an influence on survival. All animals treated with methylcholanthren showed changes in the EEG, starting after 24 hrs and persisting for 3 months, the time of the last recording. It is suggested that methylcholanthren caused some central damage. Central stimulation is suggested as the cause of the improved cure rate."}
{"id": "PMID:125009", "title": "[The carcinogenic action of n-nitroso-compounds fourth communication: n-nitroso-o,n-diethyl-hydroxylamine (author's transl)].", "content": "N-Nitroso-O,N-Diethylhydroxylamine was given orally to male SD rats 100 mg/kg twice a week. 25 out of 28 evaluable animals developped after 276 plus or minus 15 days multiple carcinoma of paranasal sinus, lung and stomach.", "contents": "[The carcinogenic action of n-nitroso-compounds fourth communication: n-nitroso-o,n-diethyl-hydroxylamine (author's transl)]. N-Nitroso-O,N-Diethylhydroxylamine was given orally to male SD rats 100 mg/kg twice a week. 25 out of 28 evaluable animals developped after 276 plus or minus 15 days multiple carcinoma of paranasal sinus, lung and stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:125010", "title": "Diagnosis of experimentally induced bronchogenic tumours in the european hamster with bronchographs.", "content": "Four groups of European hamsters were treated subcutaneously once weekly for life with 1/20 or 1/40 the diethylnitrosamine LD 50. Three animals from each treatment group and the two control groups were examined every three weeks by means of bronchographic technique. In four of the animals the bronchograms showed early neoplastic alterations of the bronchial system. The results demonstrate that bronchography is a suitable method for the diagnosis of bronchogenic tumours in the European hamster and that it also allows for the detection of displacing neoplasms of non-bronchogenic origin in the region of the tracheal bifurcation.", "contents": "Diagnosis of experimentally induced bronchogenic tumours in the european hamster with bronchographs. Four groups of European hamsters were treated subcutaneously once weekly for life with 1/20 or 1/40 the diethylnitrosamine LD 50. Three animals from each treatment group and the two control groups were examined every three weeks by means of bronchographic technique. In four of the animals the bronchograms showed early neoplastic alterations of the bronchial system. The results demonstrate that bronchography is a suitable method for the diagnosis of bronchogenic tumours in the European hamster and that it also allows for the detection of displacing neoplasms of non-bronchogenic origin in the region of the tracheal bifurcation."}
{"id": "PMID:125011", "title": "The in vivo inhibition of tumor growth by ruthenium red: its relationship with the metabolism of calcium in the tumor.", "content": "Ruthenium red shows antitumor activity on experimental tumors. This growth inhibition seems to be related with the impairment of Ca-2+ transport both at the mitochondrial and at the cell membrane level. A sex influence modifying this inhibition and the systemic effects has been observed.", "contents": "The in vivo inhibition of tumor growth by ruthenium red: its relationship with the metabolism of calcium in the tumor. Ruthenium red shows antitumor activity on experimental tumors. This growth inhibition seems to be related with the impairment of Ca-2+ transport both at the mitochondrial and at the cell membrane level. A sex influence modifying this inhibition and the systemic effects has been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:125012", "title": "HL-A antigens in carcinoma of the breast, ovarium, cervix and endometrium: possible association of haplotype HL-A10-W18 with carcinoma of the breast.", "content": "24 HL-A antigens were determined in a total of 163 Caucasien cancer patients (60 breast cancers, 64 cancers of the cervix uteri, 19 cancers of the endometrium and 20 cancers of the ovary). The comparison of the antigen frequencies with the analogous values from 1000 healthy controls yielded no outstandingly significant deviations for cancer of the cervix, endometrium and ovary. In breast cancer patients, however, there might be an association with the antigens HL-A10 and W18 or the haplotype HL-A10-W18, as indicated by the results of a combined evaluation of our data together with the results of four different HL-A studies in breast cancer patients.", "contents": "HL-A antigens in carcinoma of the breast, ovarium, cervix and endometrium: possible association of haplotype HL-A10-W18 with carcinoma of the breast. 24 HL-A antigens were determined in a total of 163 Caucasien cancer patients (60 breast cancers, 64 cancers of the cervix uteri, 19 cancers of the endometrium and 20 cancers of the ovary). The comparison of the antigen frequencies with the analogous values from 1000 healthy controls yielded no outstandingly significant deviations for cancer of the cervix, endometrium and ovary. In breast cancer patients, however, there might be an association with the antigens HL-A10 and W18 or the haplotype HL-A10-W18, as indicated by the results of a combined evaluation of our data together with the results of four different HL-A studies in breast cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:125013", "title": "Susceptibility of gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) to weekly subcutaneous and single intravenous injections of N-diethylnitrosamine.", "content": "Weekly s.c. (24, 12, and 6 mg/kg b.w.) or a single i.v. (100 or 50 mg/kg b.w.) injections of N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) resulted in tumours of the respiratory tract and liver. Carcinomata of the nasal olfactory region or respiratory-olfactory mucosal junction were most common; papillomata of the tracheobronchial system and adenomata or carcinomata of the lungs appeared in significantly lower incidences. The neoplasms of the liver were of cholangiocellular and in a few cases of hepatocellular origin.", "contents": "Susceptibility of gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) to weekly subcutaneous and single intravenous injections of N-diethylnitrosamine. Weekly s.c. (24, 12, and 6 mg/kg b.w.) or a single i.v. (100 or 50 mg/kg b.w.) injections of N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to gerbils (meriones unguiculatus) resulted in tumours of the respiratory tract and liver. Carcinomata of the nasal olfactory region or respiratory-olfactory mucosal junction were most common; papillomata of the tracheobronchial system and adenomata or carcinomata of the lungs appeared in significantly lower incidences. The neoplasms of the liver were of cholangiocellular and in a few cases of hepatocellular origin."}
{"id": "PMID:125015", "title": "Metabolism of nitrosamines in vivo IV. Isolation of 3-hydroxy-1-nitrosopyrrolidine from rat urine after application of 1-nitrosopyrrolidine.", "content": "After i. p. application of 6 mg/30 muCi/kg 2,5- and 3,4--14C-nitrosopyrrolidine about 20% of the radioactivity is exhaled as 14-CO2 and about 7% is found in the urine. One of the urinary metabolites was identified by thin layer chromatography, combined GC/MS spectrometry and ultraviolet absorption as 3-hydroxy-1-nitrosopyrrolidine.", "contents": "Metabolism of nitrosamines in vivo IV. Isolation of 3-hydroxy-1-nitrosopyrrolidine from rat urine after application of 1-nitrosopyrrolidine. After i. p. application of 6 mg/30 muCi/kg 2,5- and 3,4--14C-nitrosopyrrolidine about 20% of the radioactivity is exhaled as 14-CO2 and about 7% is found in the urine. One of the urinary metabolites was identified by thin layer chromatography, combined GC/MS spectrometry and ultraviolet absorption as 3-hydroxy-1-nitrosopyrrolidine."}
{"id": "PMID:125016", "title": "[Experimental investigations on the effectiveness of fenbendazole in parasitic helminths of the stomach, intestines and lung of cattle (author's transl)].", "content": "Helminth-free bulls were injected artificially with Ostertagia ostertagi (120 000 L3), Cooperia oncophora (240000 L3), Haemonchus spec. (1 000 L3) and/or Dictyocaulus viviparus (60 L3/kg) orally or intraruminally. The animals were treated with fenbendazole during the prepatent period or after having reached maturity. The effect of 5 mg fenbendazole/kg p.o. on 3-d, 10-d- and adult stages of Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus spec. and Cooperia oncophora ranges between less than 94% and 100%. Particularly noticeable was the effect on 10-d-old Ostertagia ostertagi with less than 94%. 5 mg/kg fenbendazole orally removed nearly 100% of 6-d-, 13-d-, and adult stages of Dictyocaulus viviparus. Fenbendazole may be administered as a drench or as medicated feed. The safety of the compound permits the administration of excessively high doses without clinical signs.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations on the effectiveness of fenbendazole in parasitic helminths of the stomach, intestines and lung of cattle (author's transl)]. Helminth-free bulls were injected artificially with Ostertagia ostertagi (120 000 L3), Cooperia oncophora (240000 L3), Haemonchus spec. (1 000 L3) and/or Dictyocaulus viviparus (60 L3/kg) orally or intraruminally. The animals were treated with fenbendazole during the prepatent period or after having reached maturity. The effect of 5 mg fenbendazole/kg p.o. on 3-d, 10-d- and adult stages of Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus spec. and Cooperia oncophora ranges between less than 94% and 100%. Particularly noticeable was the effect on 10-d-old Ostertagia ostertagi with less than 94%. 5 mg/kg fenbendazole orally removed nearly 100% of 6-d-, 13-d-, and adult stages of Dictyocaulus viviparus. Fenbendazole may be administered as a drench or as medicated feed. The safety of the compound permits the administration of excessively high doses without clinical signs."}
{"id": "PMID:125022", "title": "[Sulphated glycosaminoglycans as virus inhibitors. 2nd communication: Inhibitory effect of glycosaminoglycanpolysulphates on yellow fever virus 17 D in animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "Glycosaminoglycanpolysulfates (GAGPS) have virus inhibiting properties demonstrable by means of tissue culture in the plaque method. In brain preparations of children who had died of a hyperpyretic toxicosis, cell necroses were found corresponding to the picture of tissue culture plaques. The question arose from these observations whether this inhibiting effect of GAGPS can perhaps also be demonstrated in vivo. In animal experiments, cell necroses corresponding to those of the infant brain could be observed during the course of a 17 D yellow fever encephalitis in mice. The Luitpoldt-Werk Munich placed to our disposal 13 different GAGPS for tests. Each of these substances was tested in 210 mice (fig. 1). Virus dilutions (LD 50/ml) were mixed to the same volume with the indicated concentrations of substance directly before vaccination. The differing LD 50 doses is due to the fact that each ampoule contains a different content of virus.) The toxicity of all substances is practically zero (table 2a, 2b). The effect of the inhibiting substances was evaluated at first by means of a deviation of the rate between alive and dead animals (table 1). The statistical significance of the effect of some substances was that high so that an inhibition of the virus replication has obviously to be considered. The significance for L1 and L4 - they are chemically very similar - is higher than 0.001 (table 4). The virus inhibiting effect of the substances was controlled by histopathology. 31 brains of mice were dissected and histologically evaluated; the lesions of the brains were examined and recorded (table 3). The effect of the substances was measured by absence or diminution of the lesions. The most effective substance was L1 as far as its concentration was higher than the critical limit of 625 gamma/ml.", "contents": "[Sulphated glycosaminoglycans as virus inhibitors. 2nd communication: Inhibitory effect of glycosaminoglycanpolysulphates on yellow fever virus 17 D in animal experiments (author's transl)]. Glycosaminoglycanpolysulfates (GAGPS) have virus inhibiting properties demonstrable by means of tissue culture in the plaque method. In brain preparations of children who had died of a hyperpyretic toxicosis, cell necroses were found corresponding to the picture of tissue culture plaques. The question arose from these observations whether this inhibiting effect of GAGPS can perhaps also be demonstrated in vivo. In animal experiments, cell necroses corresponding to those of the infant brain could be observed during the course of a 17 D yellow fever encephalitis in mice. The Luitpoldt-Werk Munich placed to our disposal 13 different GAGPS for tests. Each of these substances was tested in 210 mice (fig. 1). Virus dilutions (LD 50/ml) were mixed to the same volume with the indicated concentrations of substance directly before vaccination. The differing LD 50 doses is due to the fact that each ampoule contains a different content of virus.) The toxicity of all substances is practically zero (table 2a, 2b). The effect of the inhibiting substances was evaluated at first by means of a deviation of the rate between alive and dead animals (table 1). The statistical significance of the effect of some substances was that high so that an inhibition of the virus replication has obviously to be considered. The significance for L1 and L4 - they are chemically very similar - is higher than 0.001 (table 4). The virus inhibiting effect of the substances was controlled by histopathology. 31 brains of mice were dissected and histologically evaluated; the lesions of the brains were examined and recorded (table 3). The effect of the substances was measured by absence or diminution of the lesions. The most effective substance was L1 as far as its concentration was higher than the critical limit of 625 gamma/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:125024", "title": "On the mechanism of activation of CaATPase by a single univalent cation.", "content": "It has been demonstrated with ox-brain microsome membranes that the mechanism of CaATPase activation by a single univalent cation is different in case of Na+-ont he one hand-and K+ and its congeners-on the other. Whereas Na+ increases the amount of 32-P protein (phosphorylated intermediate), K+ causes only an insignificant increase or decrease compared to the Ca-2+-containing sample. Our findings support the assumption that the altered activity of the Na-K-ATPase (modified by the presence of Ca-2+) is responsible for the univalent cation activation of the CaATPase.", "contents": "On the mechanism of activation of CaATPase by a single univalent cation. It has been demonstrated with ox-brain microsome membranes that the mechanism of CaATPase activation by a single univalent cation is different in case of Na+-ont he one hand-and K+ and its congeners-on the other. Whereas Na+ increases the amount of 32-P protein (phosphorylated intermediate), K+ causes only an insignificant increase or decrease compared to the Ca-2+-containing sample. Our findings support the assumption that the altered activity of the Na-K-ATPase (modified by the presence of Ca-2+) is responsible for the univalent cation activation of the CaATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:125025", "title": "Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic subdural hematomas.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by the intra-arterial 133Xenon method in seven patients, aged 55 to 76 years, with chronic subdural hematomas. Before operation, CBF was reduced to an average of 31 ml/100g/min, range 24-38 ml/100g/min. One to 3 weeks after operation, when all had improved, CBF averaged 38 ml/100g/min, range 34-43 ml/100g/min. The reduction of CBF was probably secondary to a reduced metabolic demand. Clinical improvement continued for months after operation.", "contents": "Regional cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic subdural hematomas. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by the intra-arterial 133Xenon method in seven patients, aged 55 to 76 years, with chronic subdural hematomas. Before operation, CBF was reduced to an average of 31 ml/100g/min, range 24-38 ml/100g/min. One to 3 weeks after operation, when all had improved, CBF averaged 38 ml/100g/min, range 34-43 ml/100g/min. The reduction of CBF was probably secondary to a reduced metabolic demand. Clinical improvement continued for months after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:125026", "title": "Diabetogenic effects of n-nitrosomethylurea in the chinese hamster.", "content": "To evaluate the role of the glucose residue of the diabetogenic substance streptozotocin, the effect of its aglucone derivate N-nitrosomethylurea was tested in Chinese hamsters. At a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight of N-nitrosomethylurea a triphasic blood glucose curve was recorded with an initial hyperglycaemic peak after 3 hours followed by a decrease at 6 hours. After 24 hours and during the following days the values were moderately elevated. There was a high mortality in the diabetic animals, about 80 per cent of them dying within one week. The approximate L.D. 50 of N-nitrosomethylurea injected intraperitoneally in non-fasting adult animals was about 125 mg/kg body weight at an observation time of 48 hours. On light microscopy, degenerative changes with nuclear pyknosis were seen after 3 hours in the pancreatic islet cells, followed by cellular disintegration. Both beta-, alpha2- and alpha1-cells were obviously affected. Pretreatment with 500 mg nicotinamide/kg body weight given intraperitoneally 10 minutes before the injection of N-nitrosomethylurea inhibited and hyperglycaemia and seemed to prevent the injurious effects of N-nitrosomethylurea on the islet cells. The results show that the glucose residue of the streptozotocin molecule is not necessary for the induction of diabetes in Chinese hamsters, but it seems to increase the selectivity of the toxic effects for the islet cells. This is a clear advantage in studies of experimental diabetes, especially when longer observation periods are desired.", "contents": "Diabetogenic effects of n-nitrosomethylurea in the chinese hamster. To evaluate the role of the glucose residue of the diabetogenic substance streptozotocin, the effect of its aglucone derivate N-nitrosomethylurea was tested in Chinese hamsters. At a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight of N-nitrosomethylurea a triphasic blood glucose curve was recorded with an initial hyperglycaemic peak after 3 hours followed by a decrease at 6 hours. After 24 hours and during the following days the values were moderately elevated. There was a high mortality in the diabetic animals, about 80 per cent of them dying within one week. The approximate L.D. 50 of N-nitrosomethylurea injected intraperitoneally in non-fasting adult animals was about 125 mg/kg body weight at an observation time of 48 hours. On light microscopy, degenerative changes with nuclear pyknosis were seen after 3 hours in the pancreatic islet cells, followed by cellular disintegration. Both beta-, alpha2- and alpha1-cells were obviously affected. Pretreatment with 500 mg nicotinamide/kg body weight given intraperitoneally 10 minutes before the injection of N-nitrosomethylurea inhibited and hyperglycaemia and seemed to prevent the injurious effects of N-nitrosomethylurea on the islet cells. The results show that the glucose residue of the streptozotocin molecule is not necessary for the induction of diabetes in Chinese hamsters, but it seems to increase the selectivity of the toxic effects for the islet cells. This is a clear advantage in studies of experimental diabetes, especially when longer observation periods are desired."}
{"id": "PMID:125029", "title": "Effects of ethanol on brain metabolism.", "content": "The influence of acute or chronic ethanol administration on the biochemical processes in brain and cerebral metabolic pathways has been discussed. Ethanol seems to affect cerebral carbohydrate metabolism mainly through increased glycogenolysis, although the possibility of decreased cerebral glucose utilization remains eminent. Ethanol affects the consumption of oxygen by the brain tissue presumably through alterations in the brain cell membranes. Inhibition of Na+-K+-ATP-ase observed during ethanol intoxication is suspected to result in alterations in the membranes of the nerve cells. Isotope studies in addition to total respiratory carbon dioxide production strongly suggest the inhibition of citric acid cycle function during ethanol metabolism. Although synthetic pathways for lipids do not seem to be affected by ethanol, lipid oxidation in the cerebral tissue is significantly inhibited. In addition to above mentioned alterations in the cerebral metabolic processes, ethanol also affects ionic transport processes, adenine nucleotides, and amino acid and protein metabolism. The metabolic consequences of such effects of ethanol have been discussed.", "contents": "Effects of ethanol on brain metabolism. The influence of acute or chronic ethanol administration on the biochemical processes in brain and cerebral metabolic pathways has been discussed. Ethanol seems to affect cerebral carbohydrate metabolism mainly through increased glycogenolysis, although the possibility of decreased cerebral glucose utilization remains eminent. Ethanol affects the consumption of oxygen by the brain tissue presumably through alterations in the brain cell membranes. Inhibition of Na+-K+-ATP-ase observed during ethanol intoxication is suspected to result in alterations in the membranes of the nerve cells. Isotope studies in addition to total respiratory carbon dioxide production strongly suggest the inhibition of citric acid cycle function during ethanol metabolism. Although synthetic pathways for lipids do not seem to be affected by ethanol, lipid oxidation in the cerebral tissue is significantly inhibited. In addition to above mentioned alterations in the cerebral metabolic processes, ethanol also affects ionic transport processes, adenine nucleotides, and amino acid and protein metabolism. The metabolic consequences of such effects of ethanol have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125031", "title": "CSF homovanillic acid: an index of dopaminergic activity.", "content": "Although CSF HVA is derived from brain DA metabolism the value of its determination as an index of brain DA turnover and dopaminergic activity is limited, as other factors can affect CSF concentrations. These include the partitioning of HVA between different routes of elimination from the brain, the rates of transport from CSF to blood and from the lateral ventricle to the lumbar sac, CSF space volumes, and methodologic problems. The uses and limitations of CSF HVA determination is illustrated by findings in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, motor neuron disease, disseminated sclerosis, and hepatic coma. Finally, preliminary results on the effect on CSF HVA of the DA agonist CB 154 are described.", "contents": "CSF homovanillic acid: an index of dopaminergic activity. Although CSF HVA is derived from brain DA metabolism the value of its determination as an index of brain DA turnover and dopaminergic activity is limited, as other factors can affect CSF concentrations. These include the partitioning of HVA between different routes of elimination from the brain, the rates of transport from CSF to blood and from the lateral ventricle to the lumbar sac, CSF space volumes, and methodologic problems. The uses and limitations of CSF HVA determination is illustrated by findings in Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, motor neuron disease, disseminated sclerosis, and hepatic coma. Finally, preliminary results on the effect on CSF HVA of the DA agonist CB 154 are described."}
{"id": "PMID:125033", "title": "Echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "Sixty-four patient with acute transmural myocardial infarction had daily echocardiograms while in the coronary care unit. Patients with previous infarction were excluded. The electrocardiographic site of infarction was anterior wall in 28, inferior wall in 33 and both anterior and inferior wall in 3 patients. Echocardiograms satisfactory for interpretation were obtained in 92 percent of cases. Abnormal left ventricular wall motion corresponding to the electrocardiographic site of infarction was seen in the echocardiogram in 84 percent of cases. Exaggerated normal motion in noninfarcted areas was seen in 30 percent. The left ventricular internal dimension correlated with clinical heart failure (P less than 0.005) and was increased in 50 percent. Abnormal mitral valve closure, which reflects increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, was present in 33 percent. This finding did not correlate significantly with clinical heart failure. By combining the measurements of left ventricular internal dimension and mitral valve closure, it was possible to predict hospital mortality from the echocardiograms. The results indicate that echocardiography is a useful technique in the study and management of patients with acute myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Echocardiography in acute myocardial infarction. Sixty-four patient with acute transmural myocardial infarction had daily echocardiograms while in the coronary care unit. Patients with previous infarction were excluded. The electrocardiographic site of infarction was anterior wall in 28, inferior wall in 33 and both anterior and inferior wall in 3 patients. Echocardiograms satisfactory for interpretation were obtained in 92 percent of cases. Abnormal left ventricular wall motion corresponding to the electrocardiographic site of infarction was seen in the echocardiogram in 84 percent of cases. Exaggerated normal motion in noninfarcted areas was seen in 30 percent. The left ventricular internal dimension correlated with clinical heart failure (P less than 0.005) and was increased in 50 percent. Abnormal mitral valve closure, which reflects increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, was present in 33 percent. This finding did not correlate significantly with clinical heart failure. By combining the measurements of left ventricular internal dimension and mitral valve closure, it was possible to predict hospital mortality from the echocardiograms. The results indicate that echocardiography is a useful technique in the study and management of patients with acute myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:125034", "title": "Echocardiography in aortic root dissection and dilatation.", "content": "Six patients with aortic root dissection proved by angiography, surgery or autopsy, and six patients with aortic root dilatation were studied by echocardiography. Echocardiography was diagnostic in five or six patients with dissection and suggestive in the sixth, disclosing anterior and posterior dissection in three, anterior dissection in one and posterior dissection in one. The recording of a double echo in the aorta was the diagnostic feature. Angiography was diagnostic in four of the six patients, yielded a false negative result in one and was not performed in one. Six patients with dilatation had an enlarged aortic root by echocardiography. Left ventricular size, stroke volume, ejection fraction, aortic regurgitant flow and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening were calculated in 11 patients. Echocardiography was extremely helpful in the diagnosis, management and follow-up in patients with aortic dissection or dilatation.", "contents": "Echocardiography in aortic root dissection and dilatation. Six patients with aortic root dissection proved by angiography, surgery or autopsy, and six patients with aortic root dilatation were studied by echocardiography. Echocardiography was diagnostic in five or six patients with dissection and suggestive in the sixth, disclosing anterior and posterior dissection in three, anterior dissection in one and posterior dissection in one. The recording of a double echo in the aorta was the diagnostic feature. Angiography was diagnostic in four of the six patients, yielded a false negative result in one and was not performed in one. Six patients with dilatation had an enlarged aortic root by echocardiography. Left ventricular size, stroke volume, ejection fraction, aortic regurgitant flow and velocity of circumferential fiber shortening were calculated in 11 patients. Echocardiography was extremely helpful in the diagnosis, management and follow-up in patients with aortic dissection or dilatation."}
{"id": "PMID:125035", "title": "Echocardiographic differentiation of infundibular from valvular pulmonary stenosis.", "content": "Echocardiographic tracings of the pulmonary valve were examined in 24 normal subjects, 16 patients with valvular pulmonary stenosis and 3 patients with infundibular pulmonary stenosis. In normal subjects, atrial contraction produced a slight posterior opening motion of the pulmonary valve leaflet (a wave). This presystolic opening motion (a wave) varied with respiration, and maximal a wave depth recorded during quiet inspiration (Amax) averaged 3.7 plus or minus 1.2 (standard error of the mean) mm (range 2 to 7 mm). In the 10 cases with moderate or severe valvular pulmonary stenosis, increased force of right atrial contraction and elevated right ventricular end-diastolic pressure resulted in an increased posterior or opening motion of the pulmonary valve leaflet, and Amax averaged 9.6 plus or minus 2.0 mm (range 8 to 13 mm, P less than 0.001 versus normal). When both anterior and posterior leaflets were recorded, presystolic opening or doming of the valve was observed. In six cases of mild valvular pulmonary stenosis, Amax averaged 4 plus or minus 2.5 mm (not significant). In patients with infundibular pulmonary stenosis, marked chaotic systolic fluttering of the valve leaflet, which lies in the turbulent stream of blood distal to the obstruction, was recorded. This finding was never seen with valvular pulmonary stenosis. In two cases of mild infundibular pulmonary stenosis, the amplitude of presystolic opening motion was within the normal range of 3 and 7 mm. In one case of severe infundibular pulmonary stenosis, no presystolic opening motion was recorded, thus suggesting that the small pressure changes produced by atrial systole failed to reach the valve leaflets. Echocardiography, therefore, should be of use in differentiating valvular from infundibular pulmonary stenosis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic differentiation of infundibular from valvular pulmonary stenosis. Echocardiographic tracings of the pulmonary valve were examined in 24 normal subjects, 16 patients with valvular pulmonary stenosis and 3 patients with infundibular pulmonary stenosis. In normal subjects, atrial contraction produced a slight posterior opening motion of the pulmonary valve leaflet (a wave). This presystolic opening motion (a wave) varied with respiration, and maximal a wave depth recorded during quiet inspiration (Amax) averaged 3.7 plus or minus 1.2 (standard error of the mean) mm (range 2 to 7 mm). In the 10 cases with moderate or severe valvular pulmonary stenosis, increased force of right atrial contraction and elevated right ventricular end-diastolic pressure resulted in an increased posterior or opening motion of the pulmonary valve leaflet, and Amax averaged 9.6 plus or minus 2.0 mm (range 8 to 13 mm, P less than 0.001 versus normal). When both anterior and posterior leaflets were recorded, presystolic opening or doming of the valve was observed. In six cases of mild valvular pulmonary stenosis, Amax averaged 4 plus or minus 2.5 mm (not significant). In patients with infundibular pulmonary stenosis, marked chaotic systolic fluttering of the valve leaflet, which lies in the turbulent stream of blood distal to the obstruction, was recorded. This finding was never seen with valvular pulmonary stenosis. In two cases of mild infundibular pulmonary stenosis, the amplitude of presystolic opening motion was within the normal range of 3 and 7 mm. In one case of severe infundibular pulmonary stenosis, no presystolic opening motion was recorded, thus suggesting that the small pressure changes produced by atrial systole failed to reach the valve leaflets. Echocardiography, therefore, should be of use in differentiating valvular from infundibular pulmonary stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:125036", "title": "Right ventricular volume in congenital heart disease.", "content": "With use of the Frank lead system, still loop and timed vectorcardiograms were recorded in more than 5,000 patients subjected to complete right and left heart catheterization and selective coronary cineangiography. Data so obtained demonstrated clinical superiority of the vectorcardiogram over the standard 12 lead scalar electrocardiogram. Specific advantages of the vectorcardiogram include (1) recognition of undetected atrial and ventricular hypertrophy, (2) greater sensitivity in identification of myocardial infarction, and (3) superior capability for diagnosis of multiple infarctions in the presence of fascicular and bundle branch blocks. The timed biplane vectorcardiogram is as useful as any number of simultaneously recorded electrocardiographic leads for the analysis of complex arrhythmias and beat to beat changes in intraventricular conduction. Since the validity and usefulness of this technique have been established, it should become part of the routine noninvasive evaluation of patients with cardiovascular disorders.", "contents": "Right ventricular volume in congenital heart disease. With use of the Frank lead system, still loop and timed vectorcardiograms were recorded in more than 5,000 patients subjected to complete right and left heart catheterization and selective coronary cineangiography. Data so obtained demonstrated clinical superiority of the vectorcardiogram over the standard 12 lead scalar electrocardiogram. Specific advantages of the vectorcardiogram include (1) recognition of undetected atrial and ventricular hypertrophy, (2) greater sensitivity in identification of myocardial infarction, and (3) superior capability for diagnosis of multiple infarctions in the presence of fascicular and bundle branch blocks. The timed biplane vectorcardiogram is as useful as any number of simultaneously recorded electrocardiographic leads for the analysis of complex arrhythmias and beat to beat changes in intraventricular conduction. Since the validity and usefulness of this technique have been established, it should become part of the routine noninvasive evaluation of patients with cardiovascular disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:125037", "title": "Advances in clinical vectorcardiography.", "content": "With use of the Frank lead system, still loop and timed vectorcardiograms were recorded in more than 5,000 patients sujected to complete right and left hear catheterization and selective coronary cine angiography. Data so obtianed demonstrated clincila superiority of the vectorcardiogram over the standard 12 lead scalar electrocardiogram. Specific advantages of the vectorcardiogram include (1) recognititin of undetected atrial and ventrcular hypertropy, (2) greater sensitivity in identification of myocardial infaraction, and (3) superior capability for diagnosis of multiple infaractions in the presnece of  fascicular and burnany number of simultaneously recoreded electrocardiographic leadsfor the analysis of complex arrhythmias and beat to beat changes in intraventricula conduction. SINCE THE VALIDITY AND USEFULNESS OF THIS TECHNIQUE HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED, IT SHOULD BECOME PART OF THE ROUTINE NONINVASIVE EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS.", "contents": "Advances in clinical vectorcardiography. With use of the Frank lead system, still loop and timed vectorcardiograms were recorded in more than 5,000 patients sujected to complete right and left hear catheterization and selective coronary cine angiography. Data so obtianed demonstrated clincila superiority of the vectorcardiogram over the standard 12 lead scalar electrocardiogram. Specific advantages of the vectorcardiogram include (1) recognititin of undetected atrial and ventrcular hypertropy, (2) greater sensitivity in identification of myocardial infaraction, and (3) superior capability for diagnosis of multiple infaractions in the presnece of  fascicular and burnany number of simultaneously recoreded electrocardiographic leadsfor the analysis of complex arrhythmias and beat to beat changes in intraventricula conduction. SINCE THE VALIDITY AND USEFULNESS OF THIS TECHNIQUE HAVE BEEN ESTABLISHED, IT SHOULD BECOME PART OF THE ROUTINE NONINVASIVE EVALUATION OF PATIENTS WITH CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS."}
{"id": "PMID:125038", "title": "Mosaic double aneuploidy of X and G chromosomes.", "content": "Three cases having typical mongoloid features and few or no features of Turner's syndrome were reported. Four distinct stem lines of cells 45,X/46,X,+G/46,XX and 47,XX,+G were found to be present in the lymphocytes of two females. In the third case, only three stem lines were found, the 45,X line being absent. The proportion of cell lines was different in each case. Possible mechanisms for the mosaicism were suggested.", "contents": "Mosaic double aneuploidy of X and G chromosomes. Three cases having typical mongoloid features and few or no features of Turner's syndrome were reported. Four distinct stem lines of cells 45,X/46,X,+G/46,XX and 47,XX,+G were found to be present in the lymphocytes of two females. In the third case, only three stem lines were found, the 45,X line being absent. The proportion of cell lines was different in each case. Possible mechanisms for the mosaicism were suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:125040", "title": "Circulating gonadotropins, estrogens, and androgens in polycystic ovarian disease.", "content": "Serum gonadotropin, estrogen, and androgen levels were measured in samples obtained from 19 patients with polycystic ovarian disease (PCO) and from 10 normal women on day 2 to 4 of their menstrual cycles. In patients with PCO, the mean (plus or minus S.E.) concentration was significantly higher (P smaller than 0.001) than the concentrations found in the normal subjects for LH (35 plus or minus 4.6 vs. 12.7 plus or minus 2.6 m.I.U. per milliliter), but not for FSH (10.3 plus or minus 0.7 vs. 8.7 plus or minus 0.9 m.I.U. per milliliter). Estrone (E1) levels (92 plus or minus 4 vs. 52 plus or minus 5 pg. per milliliter) were also significantly higher (P smaller than 0.001), while estradiol (E2) concentrations (58 plus or minus 4 vs. 63 plus or minus 8 pg. per milliliter) were comparable. Testosterone (T) (468 plus or minus 41 vs. 325 plus or minus 34 pg. per milliliter, P smaller than 0.05), androstenedione (delta) (2,083 plus or minus 138 vs. 1,123 plus or minus 153 pg. per milliliter, P smaller than 0.001), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (3.4 plus or minus 0.4 vs. 2.0 plus or minus 0.37 mug per milliliter, P smaller 0.02) were also significantly increased over the values in normal controls. The mean dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was elevated in the patients with PCO (11.3 plus or minus 1.7 vs. 7.5 plus or minus 1.2 mug per milliliter), but was not significantly different. A positive correlation was found between LH levels and both E2 and E1 concentrations in the patients with PCO. These data show a distinct profile of gonadotropin, estrogen, and androgen levels in patients with PCO.", "contents": "Circulating gonadotropins, estrogens, and androgens in polycystic ovarian disease. Serum gonadotropin, estrogen, and androgen levels were measured in samples obtained from 19 patients with polycystic ovarian disease (PCO) and from 10 normal women on day 2 to 4 of their menstrual cycles. In patients with PCO, the mean (plus or minus S.E.) concentration was significantly higher (P smaller than 0.001) than the concentrations found in the normal subjects for LH (35 plus or minus 4.6 vs. 12.7 plus or minus 2.6 m.I.U. per milliliter), but not for FSH (10.3 plus or minus 0.7 vs. 8.7 plus or minus 0.9 m.I.U. per milliliter). Estrone (E1) levels (92 plus or minus 4 vs. 52 plus or minus 5 pg. per milliliter) were also significantly higher (P smaller than 0.001), while estradiol (E2) concentrations (58 plus or minus 4 vs. 63 plus or minus 8 pg. per milliliter) were comparable. Testosterone (T) (468 plus or minus 41 vs. 325 plus or minus 34 pg. per milliliter, P smaller than 0.05), androstenedione (delta) (2,083 plus or minus 138 vs. 1,123 plus or minus 153 pg. per milliliter, P smaller than 0.001), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (3.4 plus or minus 0.4 vs. 2.0 plus or minus 0.37 mug per milliliter, P smaller 0.02) were also significantly increased over the values in normal controls. The mean dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) was elevated in the patients with PCO (11.3 plus or minus 1.7 vs. 7.5 plus or minus 1.2 mug per milliliter), but was not significantly different. A positive correlation was found between LH levels and both E2 and E1 concentrations in the patients with PCO. These data show a distinct profile of gonadotropin, estrogen, and androgen levels in patients with PCO."}
{"id": "PMID:125041", "title": "Permanent sterilization by hysteroscopic cauterization.", "content": "A small series of 22 patients who underwent hysteroscopy cauterization is reported. The uterus was distended with CO2 and dextran. Cauterization was done with a 6 mm. long, active-tip, No. 4 electrode: There was a 27 per cent failure rate for the controlled cases, this dropping to 11 per cent after recauterization. A significant complication, small bowel perforation, was treated by resection and anastomosis with complete recovery. The uterine distention with CO2 is safe but ostium visualization is not very good; Dextran distention is more cumbersone but gives excellent visualization and exposure of the ostium because higher intrauterine pressures are developed.", "contents": "Permanent sterilization by hysteroscopic cauterization. A small series of 22 patients who underwent hysteroscopy cauterization is reported. The uterus was distended with CO2 and dextran. Cauterization was done with a 6 mm. long, active-tip, No. 4 electrode: There was a 27 per cent failure rate for the controlled cases, this dropping to 11 per cent after recauterization. A significant complication, small bowel perforation, was treated by resection and anastomosis with complete recovery. The uterine distention with CO2 is safe but ostium visualization is not very good; Dextran distention is more cumbersone but gives excellent visualization and exposure of the ostium because higher intrauterine pressures are developed."}
{"id": "PMID:125043", "title": "A fluid-filled intrauterine device: initial clinical trials.", "content": "Initial clinical trials of a saline-filled IUD were conducted with 697 women (397 nulliparas and 307 multiparas) experiencing 6,672 woman-months of use. The cumulative rates for multiparas were: pregnancy 1.5, expulsion 10.5, medical removal 10.9, continuation 68. For nulliparous women the rates were: pregnancy 4.3, expulsion 19.4, medical removal 14.3, continuation 58. Efforts are being made to modify the geometry and content of this IUD to decrease the expulsion rate and removals for bleeding.", "contents": "A fluid-filled intrauterine device: initial clinical trials. Initial clinical trials of a saline-filled IUD were conducted with 697 women (397 nulliparas and 307 multiparas) experiencing 6,672 woman-months of use. The cumulative rates for multiparas were: pregnancy 1.5, expulsion 10.5, medical removal 10.9, continuation 68. For nulliparous women the rates were: pregnancy 4.3, expulsion 19.4, medical removal 14.3, continuation 58. Efforts are being made to modify the geometry and content of this IUD to decrease the expulsion rate and removals for bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:125044", "title": "Fetal bile acid levels in pregnancies complicated by maternal intrahepatic cholestasis.", "content": "Cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids were determined in 42 cord plasma samples after pregnancies complicated by maternal intrahepatic cholestasis and in 20 cord plasma samples after uncomplicated pregnancies with a gas-chromatographic method. The mean total amount of these bile acids was 1.8 mug per milliliter after uncomplicated pregnancies as compared to 5.6 mug per milliliter (P less than 0.001) in the cholestasis group. These bile acids were also determined in six maternal plasma samples where, as compared to the cord plasma of their babies, higher levels were found in every case. These results show that in addition to changes in the maternal circulation, maternal cholestasis elevates bile acid levels in fetal circulation. A more frequent occurrence of signs of fetal distress during pregnancy or labor was found in those cholestasis cases where cord plasma bile acid levels were high. The relationship of fetal bile acid levels to fetal steroid hormone metabolism was studied by correlating total bile acid levels with the concentrations of a number of steroid sulfates in cord plasma. An interesting finding was a negative correlation between fetal bile acid levels and concentrations of 16-oxygenated steroid sulfates, which are important estriol precursors produced by the fetus. These observations led to the conclusion that bile acids or other substances which are retained in maternal circulation as a result of cholestasis may, after transplacental passage, cause some kind of distress to the fetus.", "contents": "Fetal bile acid levels in pregnancies complicated by maternal intrahepatic cholestasis. Cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids were determined in 42 cord plasma samples after pregnancies complicated by maternal intrahepatic cholestasis and in 20 cord plasma samples after uncomplicated pregnancies with a gas-chromatographic method. The mean total amount of these bile acids was 1.8 mug per milliliter after uncomplicated pregnancies as compared to 5.6 mug per milliliter (P less than 0.001) in the cholestasis group. These bile acids were also determined in six maternal plasma samples where, as compared to the cord plasma of their babies, higher levels were found in every case. These results show that in addition to changes in the maternal circulation, maternal cholestasis elevates bile acid levels in fetal circulation. A more frequent occurrence of signs of fetal distress during pregnancy or labor was found in those cholestasis cases where cord plasma bile acid levels were high. The relationship of fetal bile acid levels to fetal steroid hormone metabolism was studied by correlating total bile acid levels with the concentrations of a number of steroid sulfates in cord plasma. An interesting finding was a negative correlation between fetal bile acid levels and concentrations of 16-oxygenated steroid sulfates, which are important estriol precursors produced by the fetus. These observations led to the conclusion that bile acids or other substances which are retained in maternal circulation as a result of cholestasis may, after transplacental passage, cause some kind of distress to the fetus."}
{"id": "PMID:125045", "title": "Sequential amino acid measurements during experimental diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the sequential amino acid response to acute insulin deprivation. Male Wistar rats were made severly diabetic by the intravenous injection of streptozotocin, 150 mg/kg, and maintained on insulin for 7 days. Insulin was then withheld, and measurememts of whole blood and plasma amino acid concentrations were made at 24-h intervals until 120 h, by which time animal mortality was 80%. Alanine and the other gluogenic amino acids displayed a biphasic response to insulin deprivation, decreasing in plasma and whole blood until 72 h after the last insulin injection then increasing in concentration until 120 h. The branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine remained constant until 72 h after insulin, after which time their concentrations increased dramatically. It was concluded that the first phase represented enhanced gluconeogenesis and in the second phase amino acid uptake for gluconeogenesis was exceeded by net peripheral amino acid release. Enzymatic measurements showed a progressive increase in erythrocyte;plasma distribution ratios for glutamate in ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Sequential amino acid measurements during experimental diabetic ketoacidosis. This study was designed to investigate the sequential amino acid response to acute insulin deprivation. Male Wistar rats were made severly diabetic by the intravenous injection of streptozotocin, 150 mg/kg, and maintained on insulin for 7 days. Insulin was then withheld, and measurememts of whole blood and plasma amino acid concentrations were made at 24-h intervals until 120 h, by which time animal mortality was 80%. Alanine and the other gluogenic amino acids displayed a biphasic response to insulin deprivation, decreasing in plasma and whole blood until 72 h after the last insulin injection then increasing in concentration until 120 h. The branched-chain amino acids valine, leucine, and isoleucine remained constant until 72 h after insulin, after which time their concentrations increased dramatically. It was concluded that the first phase represented enhanced gluconeogenesis and in the second phase amino acid uptake for gluconeogenesis was exceeded by net peripheral amino acid release. Enzymatic measurements showed a progressive increase in erythrocyte;plasma distribution ratios for glutamate in ketoacidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:125052", "title": "Limitations to the neuroregulation of enzymes in mammalian skeletal muscle.", "content": "Muscle fibers of the sternomastoid and the tongue of the rat were characterized histochemically according to mitochondrial distribution (succinic dehydrogenase), as well as reactivity for the alkali- and acid-stabile \"myofibrillar\" adenosine triphosphatases. The principal fiber types of the sternomastoid was the large, \"white\" AalphabetaM fibers and the smaller, \"intermediate\" BbetaD and \"red CalphaL fibers (figs. 1, 2, 3). The unusual musculature of the tongue was populated by diminutive AalphaM and CalphaM fibers, and variants thereof; all with relatively high mitochondrial content (figs. 4, 5, 6). Reinnervation of the sternomastoid muscle by the hypoglossal nerve caused most fibers of the sternomastoid to assume histochemical profiles reminiscent of those commonly observed in the tongue. However, the BbetaD fibers of the sternomastoid persisted in near usual numbers and disposition (fig. 17), despite their reinnervation by a nerve normally destined for a muscle lacking that particular fiber type. Thus, there are as yet unrecognized factors, possibly of neural origin, though more likely of muscle origin (genetic), that impose restrictions on the metabolism-regulating functions of substitute motoneurons.", "contents": "Limitations to the neuroregulation of enzymes in mammalian skeletal muscle. Muscle fibers of the sternomastoid and the tongue of the rat were characterized histochemically according to mitochondrial distribution (succinic dehydrogenase), as well as reactivity for the alkali- and acid-stabile \"myofibrillar\" adenosine triphosphatases. The principal fiber types of the sternomastoid was the large, \"white\" AalphabetaM fibers and the smaller, \"intermediate\" BbetaD and \"red CalphaL fibers (figs. 1, 2, 3). The unusual musculature of the tongue was populated by diminutive AalphaM and CalphaM fibers, and variants thereof; all with relatively high mitochondrial content (figs. 4, 5, 6). Reinnervation of the sternomastoid muscle by the hypoglossal nerve caused most fibers of the sternomastoid to assume histochemical profiles reminiscent of those commonly observed in the tongue. However, the BbetaD fibers of the sternomastoid persisted in near usual numbers and disposition (fig. 17), despite their reinnervation by a nerve normally destined for a muscle lacking that particular fiber type. Thus, there are as yet unrecognized factors, possibly of neural origin, though more likely of muscle origin (genetic), that impose restrictions on the metabolism-regulating functions of substitute motoneurons."}
{"id": "PMID:125055", "title": "Controlled test of anthelmintic activity of levamisole administered to calves via drinking water, subcutaneous injection, or alfalfa pellet premix.", "content": "A controlled test of the activity of 3 formulations of levamisole, at the dose level of approximately 8 mg/kg, against naturally occurring infections of gastrointestinal parasites and lungworms was made in 24 calves allotted to 4 groups of 6 calves each. Levamisole was administered to group I calves in the drinking water, to group II calves by subcutaneous injection, and to Group III calves by feeding alfalfa pellets mixed in corn silage; group IV calves were nontreated controls. Group I calves consumed the medicated water between 4 hours and 20 minutes and 9 hours and 40 minutes; group III calves consumed the medicated feed within 2 hours and 15 minutes. For calves of group I, II, and III, removals of 4th-stage Ostertagia sp were 64, 23, and 0%; of mature Ostertagia ostertagi, 90, 93, and 83%; and of mature Trichostrongylus axei, 92, 99, and 92%, respectively. For all 3 treated groups of calves, removal was 100% for 4th-stage Cooperia sp and for mature Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, Cooperia punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Removals of Dictyocaulus vivipara were 90, 90, and 94% for calves of groups I, II, and III, respectively. There was no evidence of toxicosis. At necropsy, 2 calves in group II had small areas of edema at the sites of injection of levamisole.", "contents": "Controlled test of anthelmintic activity of levamisole administered to calves via drinking water, subcutaneous injection, or alfalfa pellet premix. A controlled test of the activity of 3 formulations of levamisole, at the dose level of approximately 8 mg/kg, against naturally occurring infections of gastrointestinal parasites and lungworms was made in 24 calves allotted to 4 groups of 6 calves each. Levamisole was administered to group I calves in the drinking water, to group II calves by subcutaneous injection, and to Group III calves by feeding alfalfa pellets mixed in corn silage; group IV calves were nontreated controls. Group I calves consumed the medicated water between 4 hours and 20 minutes and 9 hours and 40 minutes; group III calves consumed the medicated feed within 2 hours and 15 minutes. For calves of group I, II, and III, removals of 4th-stage Ostertagia sp were 64, 23, and 0%; of mature Ostertagia ostertagi, 90, 93, and 83%; and of mature Trichostrongylus axei, 92, 99, and 92%, respectively. For all 3 treated groups of calves, removal was 100% for 4th-stage Cooperia sp and for mature Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Cooperia oncophora, Cooperia punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum. Removals of Dictyocaulus vivipara were 90, 90, and 94% for calves of groups I, II, and III, respectively. There was no evidence of toxicosis. At necropsy, 2 calves in group II had small areas of edema at the sites of injection of levamisole."}
{"id": "PMID:125056", "title": "Recurring hemolytic anemia, babesiasis, and influenza A viruses in a yak at low altitude in Nepal.", "content": "Episodes of hemolysis and leukocytosis which were associated with Babesia bigemina followed each of 3 challenge exposures to influenza A viruses. It is possible that viral infection altered the immunologic host-parasite equilibrium. Acute thrombocytopenia and rouleaux formation were also observed. Death, attributed to liver flukes, occurred 168 days after the yak was transferred from high to low altitude. A 2nd yak died of foot-and-mouth disease, thus supporting the Nepali belief that yaks will not survive at the lower altitudes of Kathmandu.", "contents": "Recurring hemolytic anemia, babesiasis, and influenza A viruses in a yak at low altitude in Nepal. Episodes of hemolysis and leukocytosis which were associated with Babesia bigemina followed each of 3 challenge exposures to influenza A viruses. It is possible that viral infection altered the immunologic host-parasite equilibrium. Acute thrombocytopenia and rouleaux formation were also observed. Death, attributed to liver flukes, occurred 168 days after the yak was transferred from high to low altitude. A 2nd yak died of foot-and-mouth disease, thus supporting the Nepali belief that yaks will not survive at the lower altitudes of Kathmandu."}
{"id": "PMID:125053", "title": "Long-term follow-up of epidural blood patch.", "content": "Epidural blood patch (EBP) was performed for the treatment of severe postlumbar puncture cephalalgia in 118 young patients. Following the first EBP, 105 patients had relief of headache. Eleven of the 13 in whom it failed had a second EBP, with adequate relief in 10, giving an overall success of 97.5 percent. Lumbar epidural, caudal, and spinal procedures were successful in 3 patients 105 to 380 days after EBP. Soon after EBP, one patient developed facial paralysis and one complained of episodes of vertigo, dizziness, tinnitus, and ataxia without headaches. Residual complications included backache and/or back stiffness in 22 patients and paresthesia in two. Two-year follow-up revealed 95 percent patient acceptance of the procedure. EBP was found to be a safe, effective method for treating severe postlumbar puncture cephalalgia, provided a proper diagnosis is made and there is no contraindication.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of epidural blood patch. Epidural blood patch (EBP) was performed for the treatment of severe postlumbar puncture cephalalgia in 118 young patients. Following the first EBP, 105 patients had relief of headache. Eleven of the 13 in whom it failed had a second EBP, with adequate relief in 10, giving an overall success of 97.5 percent. Lumbar epidural, caudal, and spinal procedures were successful in 3 patients 105 to 380 days after EBP. Soon after EBP, one patient developed facial paralysis and one complained of episodes of vertigo, dizziness, tinnitus, and ataxia without headaches. Residual complications included backache and/or back stiffness in 22 patients and paresthesia in two. Two-year follow-up revealed 95 percent patient acceptance of the procedure. EBP was found to be a safe, effective method for treating severe postlumbar puncture cephalalgia, provided a proper diagnosis is made and there is no contraindication."}
{"id": "PMID:125057", "title": "Peritoneoscopy: a valuable staging tool in ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "Peritoneoscopy was done within 1 month of exploratory laparotomy in 30 consecutive patients, with ovarian carcinoma as part of their pretreatment evaluation. Six of the 7 patients who were thought to have ovarian carcinoma localized to the pelvis (stages I and II) were found to have advanced disease (stage III) at peritoneoscopy and thus required a change in therapy. Metastatic diaphragmatic involvement in ovarian carcinoma is common and was found in 77 percent of all patients studied. The routine shielding if the liver area ordinarily used with total abdominal radiotherapy would select these patients for therapeutic failure. Peritoneoscopy supplied reevaluable finding in 2 of 7 patients having normal physical, roentgenologic, and laboratory examinations, as well as in 93 percent of all patients stuided. \"Second look\" peritoneoscopy precluded the need the laparotomy in 5 to 13 patients achieving as apparent clinical remission.", "contents": "Peritoneoscopy: a valuable staging tool in ovarian carcinoma. Peritoneoscopy was done within 1 month of exploratory laparotomy in 30 consecutive patients, with ovarian carcinoma as part of their pretreatment evaluation. Six of the 7 patients who were thought to have ovarian carcinoma localized to the pelvis (stages I and II) were found to have advanced disease (stage III) at peritoneoscopy and thus required a change in therapy. Metastatic diaphragmatic involvement in ovarian carcinoma is common and was found in 77 percent of all patients studied. The routine shielding if the liver area ordinarily used with total abdominal radiotherapy would select these patients for therapeutic failure. Peritoneoscopy supplied reevaluable finding in 2 of 7 patients having normal physical, roentgenologic, and laboratory examinations, as well as in 93 percent of all patients stuided. \"Second look\" peritoneoscopy precluded the need the laparotomy in 5 to 13 patients achieving as apparent clinical remission."}
{"id": "PMID:125058", "title": "Immune complex nephropathy i schistosomiasis.", "content": "In a patient with chronic hepatosplenic schistosomiasis a segmental sclerosing nephropathy led to terminal renal failure. The demonstration of glomerular capillary deposition of immunoglobulin and complement with electron dense deposits and lucent deformities of the glomerular basement membrane and the presence of antischistosome adult worm antibody in serum suggested that this was an example of immune complex nephropathy. Successful renal transplantation followed by niridazole treatment of the schistosomiasis induced a transient relapse of renal dysfunction with proteinuria and a fall in serum complement. The pathogenic schistosomal adult worm antigen was identified by immunofluorescence in the mesangium of the transplant; complement and immunoglobulin were present also in that site.", "contents": "Immune complex nephropathy i schistosomiasis. In a patient with chronic hepatosplenic schistosomiasis a segmental sclerosing nephropathy led to terminal renal failure. The demonstration of glomerular capillary deposition of immunoglobulin and complement with electron dense deposits and lucent deformities of the glomerular basement membrane and the presence of antischistosome adult worm antibody in serum suggested that this was an example of immune complex nephropathy. Successful renal transplantation followed by niridazole treatment of the schistosomiasis induced a transient relapse of renal dysfunction with proteinuria and a fall in serum complement. The pathogenic schistosomal adult worm antigen was identified by immunofluorescence in the mesangium of the transplant; complement and immunoglobulin were present also in that site."}
{"id": "PMID:125063", "title": "Late infection in Dacron arterial grafts.", "content": "We report a series of cases of late infection in Dacron arterial grafts. Late infection is defined as that presenting de novo 6 months or more after the patient's discharge from hospital with a clean healed wound. One hundred and ten patients were followed up and 6 cases of this type of infection occurred. The diagnosis was made on clinical grounds and usually pain, suppuration in the line of graft, or graft exposure were the presenting features. Secondary haemorrhage, common in early infection, did not occur. Conservative management failed in most cases and removal of the infected graft was necessary. The difficult problems associated with revascularization are discussed.", "contents": "Late infection in Dacron arterial grafts. We report a series of cases of late infection in Dacron arterial grafts. Late infection is defined as that presenting de novo 6 months or more after the patient's discharge from hospital with a clean healed wound. One hundred and ten patients were followed up and 6 cases of this type of infection occurred. The diagnosis was made on clinical grounds and usually pain, suppuration in the line of graft, or graft exposure were the presenting features. Secondary haemorrhage, common in early infection, did not occur. Conservative management failed in most cases and removal of the infected graft was necessary. The difficult problems associated with revascularization are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125066", "title": "Effect of tilorone treatment on intracellular microbial infections in specific-pathogen-free mice.", "content": "Specific-pathogen-free CD-1 mice were treated orally with the drug tilorone (2,7-bis[2-diethylaminoethoxy]fluoren-9-one hydrochloride) at dosages of 10 or 100 mg per kg of body weight. Drug was given 24 h before challenge and then every other day for up to 15 days. Growth of sublethal doses of Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG Montreal), M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and Salmonella enteritidis in the livers and spleens of intravenously challenged mice was significantly increased compared with that in control animals receiving distilled water orally. Tilorone given every other day at a dosage of 10 mg/kg reduced (but did not completely ablate) the tuberculin response to the mycobacterial infections. Both tuberculin hypersensitivity and anti-mycobacterial resistance returned to normal values within days of stopping the drug treatment. Tilorone treatment at the 100-mg/kg dose level increased the growth of S. enteritidis in both intravenously and intragastrically challenged mice; this effect seemed to be due to the reduced ability of the host to express the normal granulomatous response to the microbial infection within the liver and spleen.", "contents": "Effect of tilorone treatment on intracellular microbial infections in specific-pathogen-free mice. Specific-pathogen-free CD-1 mice were treated orally with the drug tilorone (2,7-bis[2-diethylaminoethoxy]fluoren-9-one hydrochloride) at dosages of 10 or 100 mg per kg of body weight. Drug was given 24 h before challenge and then every other day for up to 15 days. Growth of sublethal doses of Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG Montreal), M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and Salmonella enteritidis in the livers and spleens of intravenously challenged mice was significantly increased compared with that in control animals receiving distilled water orally. Tilorone given every other day at a dosage of 10 mg/kg reduced (but did not completely ablate) the tuberculin response to the mycobacterial infections. Both tuberculin hypersensitivity and anti-mycobacterial resistance returned to normal values within days of stopping the drug treatment. Tilorone treatment at the 100-mg/kg dose level increased the growth of S. enteritidis in both intravenously and intragastrically challenged mice; this effect seemed to be due to the reduced ability of the host to express the normal granulomatous response to the microbial infection within the liver and spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:125067", "title": "Effect of oral niridazole treatment on some bacterial infections in mice.", "content": "Treatment of specific-pathogen-free CD-1 mice with oral doses of 10 or 100 mg of niridazole per kg of body weight given 24 h before challenge and then every other day for up to 15 days altered the growth curves for Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG Montreal), M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and Salmonella enteritidis seen in the livers and spleens of the treated animals. Niridazole in an oral dosage of 10 mg/kg reduced (but did not eliminate) tuberculin hypersensitivity in the mycobacteria-infected mice. Both delayed hypersensitivity and antimycobacterial resistance quickly returned to normal levels once the drug treatment was stopped. Niridazole treatment reduced the growth of S. enteritidis in both intravenously and intragastrically challenged mice; this seemed to be due to the antibacterial action of the drug on the salmonellae both in vitro and in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of oral niridazole treatment on some bacterial infections in mice. Treatment of specific-pathogen-free CD-1 mice with oral doses of 10 or 100 mg of niridazole per kg of body weight given 24 h before challenge and then every other day for up to 15 days altered the growth curves for Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium bovis (BCG Montreal), M. tuberculosis H37Rv, and Salmonella enteritidis seen in the livers and spleens of the treated animals. Niridazole in an oral dosage of 10 mg/kg reduced (but did not eliminate) tuberculin hypersensitivity in the mycobacteria-infected mice. Both delayed hypersensitivity and antimycobacterial resistance quickly returned to normal levels once the drug treatment was stopped. Niridazole treatment reduced the growth of S. enteritidis in both intravenously and intragastrically challenged mice; this seemed to be due to the antibacterial action of the drug on the salmonellae both in vitro and in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:125068", "title": "Treatment of psoriasis with 6-aminonicotinamide.", "content": "Topical applications of a 1.5 percent aqueous solution of 6-aminonicotinamide for four weeks resulted in substantial improvement or complete clearing of plaques of psoriasis in 27 of 34 patients. These results were clearly superior to those that were obtained with the solvent alone. Dermatitis or marked itching occurred in five of 34 patients. Topically applied thionicotinamide also produced improvement or clearing of some psoriatic lesions in an initial screening trial. The toxic hazards of 6-aminonicotinamide to the central nervous system are discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of psoriasis with 6-aminonicotinamide. Topical applications of a 1.5 percent aqueous solution of 6-aminonicotinamide for four weeks resulted in substantial improvement or complete clearing of plaques of psoriasis in 27 of 34 patients. These results were clearly superior to those that were obtained with the solvent alone. Dermatitis or marked itching occurred in five of 34 patients. Topically applied thionicotinamide also produced improvement or clearing of some psoriatic lesions in an initial screening trial. The toxic hazards of 6-aminonicotinamide to the central nervous system are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125069", "title": "Acne aestivalis.", "content": "This is the first American report, to our knowledge, of a case of acne aestivalis, which occurred in a woman with a recurrent acneform eruption in summertime. The histopathologic sequence was very similar to that found in cases of steroid acne; namely, local necrosis of the follicular epithelium was followed by the formation of a comedo. No cause was found. Treatment with tretinoin brought about regression of the lesions.", "contents": "Acne aestivalis. This is the first American report, to our knowledge, of a case of acne aestivalis, which occurred in a woman with a recurrent acneform eruption in summertime. The histopathologic sequence was very similar to that found in cases of steroid acne; namely, local necrosis of the follicular epithelium was followed by the formation of a comedo. No cause was found. Treatment with tretinoin brought about regression of the lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:125072", "title": "Size of adipose cells in infancy.", "content": "Seventy-three samples of adipose tissue from 59 infants, aged from 25 weeks' gestation to 18 months of age, were obtained at necropsy, or at operations, or by needle biopsy. Adipose cell size was measured by microscopy. During fetal life the mean cell diameter increases from about 40 mum at 25 weeks' gestation to 50-80 mum at term. Adipose cells from the buttocks are larger than those from abdominal wall. After birth, adipose cell size continues to increase so that by 3 months the mean cell diameter is about 90 mum. Observations made on infants that had been born preterm showed that the growth of adipose cells proceeds at the same rate whether development in intrauterine or extrauterine.", "contents": "Size of adipose cells in infancy. Seventy-three samples of adipose tissue from 59 infants, aged from 25 weeks' gestation to 18 months of age, were obtained at necropsy, or at operations, or by needle biopsy. Adipose cell size was measured by microscopy. During fetal life the mean cell diameter increases from about 40 mum at 25 weeks' gestation to 50-80 mum at term. Adipose cells from the buttocks are larger than those from abdominal wall. After birth, adipose cell size continues to increase so that by 3 months the mean cell diameter is about 90 mum. Observations made on infants that had been born preterm showed that the growth of adipose cells proceeds at the same rate whether development in intrauterine or extrauterine."}
{"id": "PMID:125073", "title": "Acute myelofibrosis in children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Two boys with Down's syndrome, recognized at birth, developed acute myelogibrosis at the ages of 19 and 21 months. The disorder presented with anaemia and splenomegaly, and clinically resembled acute leukaemia, but bone marrow histology showed a bizarre pattern with generalized fibrosis, markedly increased reticulin, large reticulum cells, and giant cells resembling megakaryocytes. The children survived 6 and 11 months from diagnosis. A third case is quoted (Hillman and Forrester, 1968) which was also studied at this hospital; the features of all 3 cases are similar. There appears to be an increased incidence of acute myelofibrosis in children with Down's syndrome, which may be a further example of the instability of the haemopoietic system in the disease. In children with Down's syndrome and unusual leukaemia-like illness, histological examination of the bone marrow may be diagnostic.", "contents": "Acute myelofibrosis in children with Down's syndrome. Two boys with Down's syndrome, recognized at birth, developed acute myelogibrosis at the ages of 19 and 21 months. The disorder presented with anaemia and splenomegaly, and clinically resembled acute leukaemia, but bone marrow histology showed a bizarre pattern with generalized fibrosis, markedly increased reticulin, large reticulum cells, and giant cells resembling megakaryocytes. The children survived 6 and 11 months from diagnosis. A third case is quoted (Hillman and Forrester, 1968) which was also studied at this hospital; the features of all 3 cases are similar. There appears to be an increased incidence of acute myelofibrosis in children with Down's syndrome, which may be a further example of the instability of the haemopoietic system in the disease. In children with Down's syndrome and unusual leukaemia-like illness, histological examination of the bone marrow may be diagnostic."}
{"id": "PMID:125074", "title": "[Family studies for detection of latent psoriatics by assay of alterations in steroid metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "In psoriasis changes of the DHEA metabolism could be demonstrated. These genetically determined basic alterations may represent an important factor for the manifestation of psoriasis. They consist of a decreased penetration of DHEA through the cell membrane and an increased reduction of DHEA to ADIOL, leading to a reduced DHEA/ADIOL ratio. In the present investigations the question was whether the assay of these parameters may aid in the detection of latent psoriasis. For this purpose 31 members form 6 unselected families of psoriatics (8 manifested psoriatics, 18 potential psoriatics, 5 clinically and anamnestically healthy family members by marriage) as well as 6 further controls were examined. It could be shown that those changes in the DHEA metabolism, which are evident in manifested psoriatics also occur at least in part of potential psoriatics. However, both parameters investigated do not always behave the same way. Hence, from the present data a satisfactory diagnosis of latent psoriasis does not seem possible. Still, the estimation of the above parameters may aid in the attempts to define latent psoriasis. Further investigations of such families are warranted for final elucidation of this problem.", "contents": "[Family studies for detection of latent psoriatics by assay of alterations in steroid metabolism (author's transl)]. In psoriasis changes of the DHEA metabolism could be demonstrated. These genetically determined basic alterations may represent an important factor for the manifestation of psoriasis. They consist of a decreased penetration of DHEA through the cell membrane and an increased reduction of DHEA to ADIOL, leading to a reduced DHEA/ADIOL ratio. In the present investigations the question was whether the assay of these parameters may aid in the detection of latent psoriasis. For this purpose 31 members form 6 unselected families of psoriatics (8 manifested psoriatics, 18 potential psoriatics, 5 clinically and anamnestically healthy family members by marriage) as well as 6 further controls were examined. It could be shown that those changes in the DHEA metabolism, which are evident in manifested psoriatics also occur at least in part of potential psoriatics. However, both parameters investigated do not always behave the same way. Hence, from the present data a satisfactory diagnosis of latent psoriasis does not seem possible. Still, the estimation of the above parameters may aid in the attempts to define latent psoriasis. Further investigations of such families are warranted for final elucidation of this problem."}
{"id": "PMID:125075", "title": "Prevention of peritoneal adhesions in the rat. The effects of dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, promethazine, and human fibrinolysin.", "content": "Peritoneal adhesions were created in rats by brisk scrubbing of the terminal part of the ileum. Adhesions were graded by total number and the presence of small bowel obstruction. Adhesion prophylaxis was evaluated using dexamethasone, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, promethazine hydrochloride, and human fibrinolysin (Thrombolysin) in various combinations, doses, and routes of administration. Methylprednisolone and dexamethasone, depending on the route of administration, modified the total number of adhesions but did not modify their severity when compared to control animals. Promethazine by itself modified peritoneal adhesions in the rat. Used together, methylprednisolone and promethazine also modified adhesions, but were not substantially better than the combination of dexamethasone and promethazine. Methylprednisolone, promethazine, and human fibrinolyzin, when used in combination intraperitoneally, virtually eliminated adhesion formation.", "contents": "Prevention of peritoneal adhesions in the rat. The effects of dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, promethazine, and human fibrinolysin. Peritoneal adhesions were created in rats by brisk scrubbing of the terminal part of the ileum. Adhesions were graded by total number and the presence of small bowel obstruction. Adhesion prophylaxis was evaluated using dexamethasone, methylprednisolone sodium succinate, promethazine hydrochloride, and human fibrinolysin (Thrombolysin) in various combinations, doses, and routes of administration. Methylprednisolone and dexamethasone, depending on the route of administration, modified the total number of adhesions but did not modify their severity when compared to control animals. Promethazine by itself modified peritoneal adhesions in the rat. Used together, methylprednisolone and promethazine also modified adhesions, but were not substantially better than the combination of dexamethasone and promethazine. Methylprednisolone, promethazine, and human fibrinolyzin, when used in combination intraperitoneally, virtually eliminated adhesion formation."}
{"id": "PMID:125077", "title": "[Vascular degeneration in otosclerosis and its influence on the mesenchymal reaction of the mucoperiost].", "content": "38 samples of middle ear mucosa were taken from different patients during stapes surgery in otosclerosis. The samples were studied light-and electronmicroscopically without decalcification. Considerable pathologic changes in the organisation of the capillaries (endothelial hydrops, proliferation of the intima and of the adventitia, total obliteration o the vessels) cause pathologic reactions on the mesenchymal elements of the submucosa. Next to fibrolysis or hyalinosis of the collagen fibers the fibrocyts show features of undergoing lysis. Free and cellular bound calcium deposits are located in these lytic areas. The epithelial lining also shows unusual inclusions as glycogen and acid mucopolysaccharides and an alterated basement membrane. We belive that the changes of the connective tissue and of the epithelium are secundary to the capillary obstruction.", "contents": "[Vascular degeneration in otosclerosis and its influence on the mesenchymal reaction of the mucoperiost]. 38 samples of middle ear mucosa were taken from different patients during stapes surgery in otosclerosis. The samples were studied light-and electronmicroscopically without decalcification. Considerable pathologic changes in the organisation of the capillaries (endothelial hydrops, proliferation of the intima and of the adventitia, total obliteration o the vessels) cause pathologic reactions on the mesenchymal elements of the submucosa. Next to fibrolysis or hyalinosis of the collagen fibers the fibrocyts show features of undergoing lysis. Free and cellular bound calcium deposits are located in these lytic areas. The epithelial lining also shows unusual inclusions as glycogen and acid mucopolysaccharides and an alterated basement membrane. We belive that the changes of the connective tissue and of the epithelium are secundary to the capillary obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:125078", "title": "Transplantation of islets of Langerhans.", "content": "Transplantation of insulin-secreting tissues is currently being evaluated as a possible method of treating diabetic patients. Isolation of islets of Langerhans from the rat pancreas is now routinely accomplished, and methods for islet isolation from the human pancreas are being explored. Transplantation of isolated islets into isologous rats is capable of reversing streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Unfortunately, isolated islets are not immunologically privileged and various immunosuppression regimens have not effectively obviated the rejection phenomena seen in rat allograft experiments.", "contents": "Transplantation of islets of Langerhans. Transplantation of insulin-secreting tissues is currently being evaluated as a possible method of treating diabetic patients. Isolation of islets of Langerhans from the rat pancreas is now routinely accomplished, and methods for islet isolation from the human pancreas are being explored. Transplantation of isolated islets into isologous rats is capable of reversing streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Unfortunately, isolated islets are not immunologically privileged and various immunosuppression regimens have not effectively obviated the rejection phenomena seen in rat allograft experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:125079", "title": "The localisation of sorbitol pathway activity in the rat renal cortex and its relationship to the pathogenesis of the renal complications of diabetes mellitus.", "content": "A series of in vivo and in vitro investigations was performed to examine the localisation of sorbitol pathway activity in the rat renal cortex and to investigate the possible relation that the acculumation of sorbitol pathway intermediates in renal cortical tissue may have to the pathogenesis of renal complications in diabetes mellitus. Neither of the sorbitol pathway intermediates, sorbitol or fructose, were detected either in intact glomeruli which had been isolated from rats rendered chronically diabetic with streptozotocin, or in metabolically active glomeruli which had been incubated in vitro in high glucose media. Such data agreed with previously published observations that the enzyme aldose reductase is not present in renal glomeruli, and suggested that changes in sorbitol pathway activity cannot be directly related to the pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Sorbitol was detected in low concentrations (3.1 mu-mol/g protein) in cortical tubules which had been isolated from the renal cortex of rats rendered chronically diabetic with streptozotocin. This concentration of sorbitol was higher than that in the intact renal cortex of the diabetic animal (0.3 mu-mol/g protein) or in the cortical tubules of non-diabetic animals (0.5 mu-mol/g protein). It is apparent that the renal cortical tubule is a major site of sorbitol pathway activity in the renal cortex. However, there is presently no obvious causal relationship between the accumulation of such relatively low concentrations of sorbitol in the renal cortical tubule and the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis or cortical tubular lesions in diabetes.", "contents": "The localisation of sorbitol pathway activity in the rat renal cortex and its relationship to the pathogenesis of the renal complications of diabetes mellitus. A series of in vivo and in vitro investigations was performed to examine the localisation of sorbitol pathway activity in the rat renal cortex and to investigate the possible relation that the acculumation of sorbitol pathway intermediates in renal cortical tissue may have to the pathogenesis of renal complications in diabetes mellitus. Neither of the sorbitol pathway intermediates, sorbitol or fructose, were detected either in intact glomeruli which had been isolated from rats rendered chronically diabetic with streptozotocin, or in metabolically active glomeruli which had been incubated in vitro in high glucose media. Such data agreed with previously published observations that the enzyme aldose reductase is not present in renal glomeruli, and suggested that changes in sorbitol pathway activity cannot be directly related to the pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Sorbitol was detected in low concentrations (3.1 mu-mol/g protein) in cortical tubules which had been isolated from the renal cortex of rats rendered chronically diabetic with streptozotocin. This concentration of sorbitol was higher than that in the intact renal cortex of the diabetic animal (0.3 mu-mol/g protein) or in the cortical tubules of non-diabetic animals (0.5 mu-mol/g protein). It is apparent that the renal cortical tubule is a major site of sorbitol pathway activity in the renal cortex. However, there is presently no obvious causal relationship between the accumulation of such relatively low concentrations of sorbitol in the renal cortical tubule and the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis or cortical tubular lesions in diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:125080", "title": "Separation of a proteoglycan fraction from Kurloff cells stimulating protein synthesis in macrophages.", "content": "Proteoglycan from Kurloff cells, when present in the medium in low concentrations, increased the incorporation of (3-H)leucine into trichloracetic acid-precipitable material by macrophages from peritoneal exudates, in addition to inhibiting their migration from capillary tubes, as observed previously. After treatment with 0.5 M-NaOH, followed by dialysis or ultrafiltration, material with the distinctive u.v. and i.r. spectra of the whole proteoglycan appeared in the diffusate, and biological activity was lost from the proteoglycan which remained in the dialysis residue. The diffusible material absorbed near 260 nm and had i.r. bands at 805 cm-minus-1 and 1260 cm-minus-1, but did not display the i.r. bands characteristic of chondrotin 4-sulphate. It contained little sulphate, no hexosamine and less than 1% of the uronic acid present in the whole proteoglycan, and there were only trace amounts of amino acids, xylose and galactose. However, significant amounts of ribose and organic phosphate were present, each representing about 1% of the whole proteoglycan. After proteolysis and chondroitanase digestion of the proteoglycan, a fraction with absorbance at 260 mn was eluted from Dowex 1 with water which stimulated the incorporation of (3H)leucine by macrophages and inhibited their migration from capillary tubes.", "contents": "Separation of a proteoglycan fraction from Kurloff cells stimulating protein synthesis in macrophages. Proteoglycan from Kurloff cells, when present in the medium in low concentrations, increased the incorporation of (3-H)leucine into trichloracetic acid-precipitable material by macrophages from peritoneal exudates, in addition to inhibiting their migration from capillary tubes, as observed previously. After treatment with 0.5 M-NaOH, followed by dialysis or ultrafiltration, material with the distinctive u.v. and i.r. spectra of the whole proteoglycan appeared in the diffusate, and biological activity was lost from the proteoglycan which remained in the dialysis residue. The diffusible material absorbed near 260 nm and had i.r. bands at 805 cm-minus-1 and 1260 cm-minus-1, but did not display the i.r. bands characteristic of chondrotin 4-sulphate. It contained little sulphate, no hexosamine and less than 1% of the uronic acid present in the whole proteoglycan, and there were only trace amounts of amino acids, xylose and galactose. However, significant amounts of ribose and organic phosphate were present, each representing about 1% of the whole proteoglycan. After proteolysis and chondroitanase digestion of the proteoglycan, a fraction with absorbance at 260 mn was eluted from Dowex 1 with water which stimulated the incorporation of (3H)leucine by macrophages and inhibited their migration from capillary tubes."}
{"id": "PMID:125081", "title": "Plasma membranes from experimental granulation tissue.", "content": "1. A procedure was developed for the preparation of plasma membranes from experimental granulation tissue of the rat without the addition of enzymes. The yield is better than 20% and the purification at least tenfold. 2. Values are given for the activities of 5'-nucleotidase, Na-+, k-+-activated Mg-2+dependent adenosine triphosphatase and leucine beta-naphthylamidase, for lipid composition, and for the gel-electrophoretic patterns of proteins and glycoporteins in the membrane preparations. 3. The plasma membranes from the mature granulation tissue contain proportionally more protein in the lipid phase, but the specific activities of 5'-nucleotidase and Na-+,K-+-activated Mg-2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase are smaller than in the proliferating tissue. Certain differences were repeatedly observed in the gel-electrophoretic patterns of the developmental phases. 4. The plasma membranes from the granulation tissue were compared with those from rat peritoneal macrophages and from embryonic-chick tendon cells.", "contents": "Plasma membranes from experimental granulation tissue. 1. A procedure was developed for the preparation of plasma membranes from experimental granulation tissue of the rat without the addition of enzymes. The yield is better than 20% and the purification at least tenfold. 2. Values are given for the activities of 5'-nucleotidase, Na-+, k-+-activated Mg-2+dependent adenosine triphosphatase and leucine beta-naphthylamidase, for lipid composition, and for the gel-electrophoretic patterns of proteins and glycoporteins in the membrane preparations. 3. The plasma membranes from the mature granulation tissue contain proportionally more protein in the lipid phase, but the specific activities of 5'-nucleotidase and Na-+,K-+-activated Mg-2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase are smaller than in the proliferating tissue. Certain differences were repeatedly observed in the gel-electrophoretic patterns of the developmental phases. 4. The plasma membranes from the granulation tissue were compared with those from rat peritoneal macrophages and from embryonic-chick tendon cells."}
{"id": "PMID:125082", "title": "Lipid requirement of the membrane sodium-plus-potassium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase system.", "content": "The dependence of the (Na-++K-+)-dependent ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) (EC 3.6.1.3) on lipid has been examined in a number of different ways, with the use of various preparations from kidney tissue. The main findings were as follows. (1) The ATPase activities of the preparations examined were closely correlated with their total phospholipid content. (2) Extraction of the ATPase with deoxycholate or Lubrol W, combined with suitable salt-fractionation and washing procedures, removed phospholipid, cholesterol and enzymic activity in parallel; but activity was completely lost before all lipid had been removed. (3) The loss of activity could not be attributed to inhibition by residual detergent. (4) No selective removal of any particular phospholipid class by detergent could be detected. (5) Consistent reactivation of the Lubrol-extracted enzymes was obtained  by adding dispersions of exogenous phospholipid, but only some, bearing a net negative charge, such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol, were effective. (6) The degree of reactivation was correlated with the amount of residual activity remaining after lipid depletion. (7) Partial purification of the ATPase, giving a 50-fold increase in specific activity, was not accompanied by selective enhancement of any particular class of phospholipid. We conclude that although the ATPase is dependent on phospholipid, only the reactivation results provide evidence for specificity.", "contents": "Lipid requirement of the membrane sodium-plus-potassium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase system. The dependence of the (Na-++K-+)-dependent ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) (EC 3.6.1.3) on lipid has been examined in a number of different ways, with the use of various preparations from kidney tissue. The main findings were as follows. (1) The ATPase activities of the preparations examined were closely correlated with their total phospholipid content. (2) Extraction of the ATPase with deoxycholate or Lubrol W, combined with suitable salt-fractionation and washing procedures, removed phospholipid, cholesterol and enzymic activity in parallel; but activity was completely lost before all lipid had been removed. (3) The loss of activity could not be attributed to inhibition by residual detergent. (4) No selective removal of any particular phospholipid class by detergent could be detected. (5) Consistent reactivation of the Lubrol-extracted enzymes was obtained  by adding dispersions of exogenous phospholipid, but only some, bearing a net negative charge, such as phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol, were effective. (6) The degree of reactivation was correlated with the amount of residual activity remaining after lipid depletion. (7) Partial purification of the ATPase, giving a 50-fold increase in specific activity, was not accompanied by selective enhancement of any particular class of phospholipid. We conclude that although the ATPase is dependent on phospholipid, only the reactivation results provide evidence for specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:125083", "title": "Role of phospholipid in the intermediate steps of the sodium-plus-potassium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase reaction.", "content": "The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation steps of the (Na-++K-+)-dependent ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) (EC 3.6.1.3) reaction have been compared in 'normal', lipid-depleted and 'restored' membrane ATPase preparations. Partial lipid depletion was achieved by a single extraction with Lubrol W, and 'restoration' by adding pure phosphatidylserine. Gamma-32-P-labelled ATP was used for phosphorylation. The main findings were as follows. (1) Partial lipid depletion decreased but did not prevent Na-+-dependent phosphorylation, although it virtually abolished both Na-+-dependent and (Na-++K-+)-dependent ATPase activities. (2) 'Restoration' with phosphatidylserine produced an increment in phosphorylation that was the same in the presence and absence of added Na-+. (3) K-+ decreased the extent of Na-+-dependent phosphorylation of the depleted enzyme without producing a corresponding release of Pi. (4) K-+ rapidly decreased the extent of phosphorylation of the 'restored' enzyme to near-background value, with a concomitant release of Pi. (5) Na-+-dependent ATP hydrolysis was not restored. (6) The turnover of the 'restored' enzyme seemed to be higher than that of the 'normal' enzyme. The reaction sequence is discussed in relation to these results and the fact that the depleted enzyme retained about 50% of K-+-dependent phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Role of phospholipid in the intermediate steps of the sodium-plus-potassium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase reaction. The phosphorylation and dephosphorylation steps of the (Na-++K-+)-dependent ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) (EC 3.6.1.3) reaction have been compared in 'normal', lipid-depleted and 'restored' membrane ATPase preparations. Partial lipid depletion was achieved by a single extraction with Lubrol W, and 'restoration' by adding pure phosphatidylserine. Gamma-32-P-labelled ATP was used for phosphorylation. The main findings were as follows. (1) Partial lipid depletion decreased but did not prevent Na-+-dependent phosphorylation, although it virtually abolished both Na-+-dependent and (Na-++K-+)-dependent ATPase activities. (2) 'Restoration' with phosphatidylserine produced an increment in phosphorylation that was the same in the presence and absence of added Na-+. (3) K-+ decreased the extent of Na-+-dependent phosphorylation of the depleted enzyme without producing a corresponding release of Pi. (4) K-+ rapidly decreased the extent of phosphorylation of the 'restored' enzyme to near-background value, with a concomitant release of Pi. (5) Na-+-dependent ATP hydrolysis was not restored. (6) The turnover of the 'restored' enzyme seemed to be higher than that of the 'normal' enzyme. The reaction sequence is discussed in relation to these results and the fact that the depleted enzyme retained about 50% of K-+-dependent phosphatase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:125090", "title": "The effects of silymarin on experimental phalloidine poisoning.", "content": "The hepatoprotective action of silymarin, the active principle extracted from the fruit of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., in animals (dogs, rabbits, rats, mice) intoxicated with phalloidine is evident, both after protective and curative treatment. A dose of 15 mg/kg of silymarin protects every animal when given 60 min before the toxin. When injected 10 mim after phalloidine, a dose of 100 mg/kg of silymarin again provides total protection. However, as the time span between administration of the toxic substance and start of treatment increases, so the efficacy of silymarin decreases; after 30 min its curative effect is negligible. The histochemical and histoenzymological studies show that during intoxication of the mice by phalloidine, silymarin inhibits the effect of the toxic substance and regulates the functions of the hepatocyte, when given either 60 min before or 10 min after phalloidine.", "contents": "The effects of silymarin on experimental phalloidine poisoning. The hepatoprotective action of silymarin, the active principle extracted from the fruit of Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., in animals (dogs, rabbits, rats, mice) intoxicated with phalloidine is evident, both after protective and curative treatment. A dose of 15 mg/kg of silymarin protects every animal when given 60 min before the toxin. When injected 10 mim after phalloidine, a dose of 100 mg/kg of silymarin again provides total protection. However, as the time span between administration of the toxic substance and start of treatment increases, so the efficacy of silymarin decreases; after 30 min its curative effect is negligible. The histochemical and histoenzymological studies show that during intoxication of the mice by phalloidine, silymarin inhibits the effect of the toxic substance and regulates the functions of the hepatocyte, when given either 60 min before or 10 min after phalloidine."}
{"id": "PMID:125092", "title": "Langerhans cells in tissue cultures of guinea-pig epidermal cells.", "content": "Dispersed cell cultures of guinea-pig epidermis have been maintained for up to 36 days. The progress of these cultures has been studied by phase contrast microscopy, the adenosine triphosphatase reaction, and cinephotomicrography. Langerhans cells have been identified and their behaviour studied, particularly in relation to keratinocytes.", "contents": "Langerhans cells in tissue cultures of guinea-pig epidermal cells. Dispersed cell cultures of guinea-pig epidermis have been maintained for up to 36 days. The progress of these cultures has been studied by phase contrast microscopy, the adenosine triphosphatase reaction, and cinephotomicrography. Langerhans cells have been identified and their behaviour studied, particularly in relation to keratinocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:125093", "title": "Contact dermatitis in animal feed mill workers.", "content": "Three cases of contact dermatitis due to additives in animal feed substances are described occurring in animal feed workers. There were two cases of sensitivity to ethoxyquin and one to halquinol.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis in animal feed mill workers. Three cases of contact dermatitis due to additives in animal feed substances are described occurring in animal feed workers. There were two cases of sensitivity to ethoxyquin and one to halquinol."}
{"id": "PMID:125094", "title": "Trichophyton rubrum infections according to age, anatomical distribution and sex.", "content": "Trichophyton rubrum caused 72.9% of the cases of dermatophytosis observed in a sample of caucasoids from Philadelphia. Tinea pedis was found in 84% of the female and male patients with dermatophytosis. Tinea manuum occurred with equal frequency in both sexes whereas tinea unguium was more prevalent in females. Tinea cruris occurred almost exclusively in males. Infections of two or more anatomical sites were observed more frequently in males. The data are compared with those reported by Rosman (1966) from a similar study done in Copenhagen.", "contents": "Trichophyton rubrum infections according to age, anatomical distribution and sex. Trichophyton rubrum caused 72.9% of the cases of dermatophytosis observed in a sample of caucasoids from Philadelphia. Tinea pedis was found in 84% of the female and male patients with dermatophytosis. Tinea manuum occurred with equal frequency in both sexes whereas tinea unguium was more prevalent in females. Tinea cruris occurred almost exclusively in males. Infections of two or more anatomical sites were observed more frequently in males. The data are compared with those reported by Rosman (1966) from a similar study done in Copenhagen."}
{"id": "PMID:125091", "title": "Effects of intermittent and continuous hypoxia on the aortic wall in rabbits.", "content": "Male albino rabbits were exposed to intermittent nitrogen breathing every 30 sec for 5 sec, 15 min daily over a period of 3 weeks, and every 30 sec for 5 sec over a period of 10 hr. A third group of animals was exposed continuously to 8% oxygen breathing for 2 weeks. Neither intermittent not continuous hypoxia induced gross or microscopic alteration in the aorta. The effects of hypoxia upg which hypoxia was distributed than upon the total period or the degree of hypoxia. Exposure to hypoxia over a short period stimulated the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, whereas distribution of the hypoxia over a longer period resulted in a reduction in the amount of glycosaminoglycans, probably secondary to an inhibition of the synthesis. Similarly, continuous exposure to 8% oxygen for a longer period decreased the aortic content of collagen. The alterations in the glycosaminoglycans and collagen induced by hypoxia may cause changes in the passage of macromolecules through the aortic wall. The changes may also influence the mechanical properties of the aorta and lead to impaired healing of vascular injury.", "contents": "Effects of intermittent and continuous hypoxia on the aortic wall in rabbits. Male albino rabbits were exposed to intermittent nitrogen breathing every 30 sec for 5 sec, 15 min daily over a period of 3 weeks, and every 30 sec for 5 sec over a period of 10 hr. A third group of animals was exposed continuously to 8% oxygen breathing for 2 weeks. Neither intermittent not continuous hypoxia induced gross or microscopic alteration in the aorta. The effects of hypoxia upg which hypoxia was distributed than upon the total period or the degree of hypoxia. Exposure to hypoxia over a short period stimulated the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, whereas distribution of the hypoxia over a longer period resulted in a reduction in the amount of glycosaminoglycans, probably secondary to an inhibition of the synthesis. Similarly, continuous exposure to 8% oxygen for a longer period decreased the aortic content of collagen. The alterations in the glycosaminoglycans and collagen induced by hypoxia may cause changes in the passage of macromolecules through the aortic wall. The changes may also influence the mechanical properties of the aorta and lead to impaired healing of vascular injury."}
{"id": "PMID:125095", "title": "A fixed drug eruption due to paracetamol.", "content": "A fixed drug eruption due to paracetamol is reported. Over 10,000,000 prescriptions (EC10) for paracetamol are issued annually and rashes occurring as possible adverse reactions to this drug are reported fairly frequently to the Committee on Safety of Medicines (Committee on Safety of Medicines-personal communication). These include urticaria, angioneurotic oedema, purpura, morbilliform and scarlatiniform rashes, erythema nodosum, eczema, alopecia and nail changes but in many of these cases the cause-effect relationship is unproven. One strongly suspected case (Savin, 1970) was reported from St John's Hospital. This was a patient who developed a fixed drug rash after taking a chlormezanone-paracetamol combination. However, no other reports of a fixed drug rash which was proved to be due to parcetamol have been found.", "contents": "A fixed drug eruption due to paracetamol. A fixed drug eruption due to paracetamol is reported. Over 10,000,000 prescriptions (EC10) for paracetamol are issued annually and rashes occurring as possible adverse reactions to this drug are reported fairly frequently to the Committee on Safety of Medicines (Committee on Safety of Medicines-personal communication). These include urticaria, angioneurotic oedema, purpura, morbilliform and scarlatiniform rashes, erythema nodosum, eczema, alopecia and nail changes but in many of these cases the cause-effect relationship is unproven. One strongly suspected case (Savin, 1970) was reported from St John's Hospital. This was a patient who developed a fixed drug rash after taking a chlormezanone-paracetamol combination. However, no other reports of a fixed drug rash which was proved to be due to parcetamol have been found."}
{"id": "PMID:125096", "title": "Tylosis following post-corrosive stricture of the oesophagus.", "content": "A case of tylosis following corrosive stricture of the oesophagus in a male of 26 years is recorded. It is suggested that there is probably a connection between the state of the oesophagus and the state of palms and soles and that an oesophageal abnormality may precede tylosis of the late onset type.", "contents": "Tylosis following post-corrosive stricture of the oesophagus. A case of tylosis following corrosive stricture of the oesophagus in a male of 26 years is recorded. It is suggested that there is probably a connection between the state of the oesophagus and the state of palms and soles and that an oesophageal abnormality may precede tylosis of the late onset type."}
{"id": "PMID:125097", "title": "Psoriasiform napkin dermatitis-a follow-up study.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-three children who had napkin dermatitis, with or without a secondary sensitization eruption, in infancy were reviewed 5-13 years later. Of the seventy-one who had a predominantly psoriasiform secondary eruption, twelve (17%) had psoriasis at review-three (4%) had atopic eczema. None of the forty treated for a predominantly seborrhoeic secondary eruption had psoriasis at review-15 (37%) had atopic eczema. The psoriasiform group had the highest incidence of psoriasis and the lowest incidence of atopy among first degree relatives. The converse incidence was found in the seborrhoeic group. It is suggested that infants who develop psoriasiform napkin dermatitis have a psoriatic diathesis.", "contents": "Psoriasiform napkin dermatitis-a follow-up study. One hundred and twenty-three children who had napkin dermatitis, with or without a secondary sensitization eruption, in infancy were reviewed 5-13 years later. Of the seventy-one who had a predominantly psoriasiform secondary eruption, twelve (17%) had psoriasis at review-three (4%) had atopic eczema. None of the forty treated for a predominantly seborrhoeic secondary eruption had psoriasis at review-15 (37%) had atopic eczema. The psoriasiform group had the highest incidence of psoriasis and the lowest incidence of atopy among first degree relatives. The converse incidence was found in the seborrhoeic group. It is suggested that infants who develop psoriasiform napkin dermatitis have a psoriatic diathesis."}
{"id": "PMID:125098", "title": "Nickel dermatitis hazards from prostheses. In vivo and in vitro solubilization studies.", "content": "This report reviews data relating to the nickel hazard from implanted prostheses. It is shown that nickel is released from stainless steel prostheses by the action of sweat, blood and physiological saline solution. In laboratory animals, solubilized nickel isn the tissue near the implant.", "contents": "Nickel dermatitis hazards from prostheses. In vivo and in vitro solubilization studies. This report reviews data relating to the nickel hazard from implanted prostheses. It is shown that nickel is released from stainless steel prostheses by the action of sweat, blood and physiological saline solution. In laboratory animals, solubilized nickel isn the tissue near the implant."}
{"id": "PMID:125099", "title": "Free energy and the kinetics of biochemical diagrams, including active transport.", "content": "In earlier papers on muscle contraction it was found very useful to relate the actual (not standard) free energy levels of the different states in the biochemical diagram of the myosin cross-bridge to the first-order rate constants governing transitions between these states and to the details of the conversion of ATP free energy into mechanical work. This same approach is applied here to other macromolecular biochemical systems, for example, carriers in active transport, and simple enzyme reactions. With the definition of free energy changes between states of diagram used here (and in the muscle papers), the rate constants of the diagram are firat order, the macromolecular transitions are effectively isomeric, the equilibrium constants are dimensionless, the free energy changes are directly related to first-order rate constant ratios, and the ratio of products of forward and backward rate constants around any cycle of the diagram is related to operational free energy changes (e.g. the in vivo free energy of ADP HYDROLYSIS). These general points are illustrated by means of particular arbitrary models, especially transport models. In contrast to the muscle case, the free energy conversion question in other biochemical systems can be handled at the less detailed, complete-cycle level rather than at the elementary transition level. There is a corresponding complete-cycle kinetics, with composite first-order rate constants for the different possible cycles (in both directions). An introductory stochastic treatment of cycle kinetics is included.", "contents": "Free energy and the kinetics of biochemical diagrams, including active transport. In earlier papers on muscle contraction it was found very useful to relate the actual (not standard) free energy levels of the different states in the biochemical diagram of the myosin cross-bridge to the first-order rate constants governing transitions between these states and to the details of the conversion of ATP free energy into mechanical work. This same approach is applied here to other macromolecular biochemical systems, for example, carriers in active transport, and simple enzyme reactions. With the definition of free energy changes between states of diagram used here (and in the muscle papers), the rate constants of the diagram are firat order, the macromolecular transitions are effectively isomeric, the equilibrium constants are dimensionless, the free energy changes are directly related to first-order rate constant ratios, and the ratio of products of forward and backward rate constants around any cycle of the diagram is related to operational free energy changes (e.g. the in vivo free energy of ADP HYDROLYSIS). These general points are illustrated by means of particular arbitrary models, especially transport models. In contrast to the muscle case, the free energy conversion question in other biochemical systems can be handled at the less detailed, complete-cycle level rather than at the elementary transition level. There is a corresponding complete-cycle kinetics, with composite first-order rate constants for the different possible cycles (in both directions). An introductory stochastic treatment of cycle kinetics is included."}
{"id": "PMID:125100", "title": "Correlation between the inhibition of the acto-heavy meromyosin ATPase and the binding of tropomyosin to F-actin: effects of Mg2+, KCl, troponin I, and troponin C.", "content": "When stoichiometric amounts of tropomyosin (TM) are bound to F-actin in the presence of 2 mM ATP, the MG2+-activated acto-heavy meromyosin (HMM) ATPase is inhibited by about 60% in 5 mM MgCl2-30 mM KCl. If the concentration of MgCl2 is reduced to 1 mM, the inhibition disappears because TM no longer binds to F-actin. Increasing the concentration of KCl to 100 mM restores both the binding and the inhibition. Thus, the binding of TM alone to F-actin causes significant inhibition of the ATPase provided that the HMM is saturated with ATP. (When the HMM is not saturated, TM activates the ATPase). When TM alone can bind stoichiometrically to F-actin, addition of troponin I (TN-I) increases the inhibition from 60% to about 85%, but the TM binding to F-actin is not affected. Under conditions such that TM alone neither inhibits the acto-HMM ATPase nor binds to F-actin, the inhibition caused by TN-I plus TM still approaches 100%. Direct binding studies under these conditions show that TN-I induces binding between TM and F-actin. A dual role for TN-I is proposed: first, TN-I can induce TM to bind to F-actin, causing inhibition of the ATPase; and second, TN-I can itself enhance the inhibition of the ATPase in a cooperative manner. The addition of TN-C in the absence of CA2+ has only a limited effect on the first role, but seems to be able to block completely the cooperative inhibition caused by TN-I such that the residual inhibition is a function only of the TM which remains bound.", "contents": "Correlation between the inhibition of the acto-heavy meromyosin ATPase and the binding of tropomyosin to F-actin: effects of Mg2+, KCl, troponin I, and troponin C. When stoichiometric amounts of tropomyosin (TM) are bound to F-actin in the presence of 2 mM ATP, the MG2+-activated acto-heavy meromyosin (HMM) ATPase is inhibited by about 60% in 5 mM MgCl2-30 mM KCl. If the concentration of MgCl2 is reduced to 1 mM, the inhibition disappears because TM no longer binds to F-actin. Increasing the concentration of KCl to 100 mM restores both the binding and the inhibition. Thus, the binding of TM alone to F-actin causes significant inhibition of the ATPase provided that the HMM is saturated with ATP. (When the HMM is not saturated, TM activates the ATPase). When TM alone can bind stoichiometrically to F-actin, addition of troponin I (TN-I) increases the inhibition from 60% to about 85%, but the TM binding to F-actin is not affected. Under conditions such that TM alone neither inhibits the acto-HMM ATPase nor binds to F-actin, the inhibition caused by TN-I plus TM still approaches 100%. Direct binding studies under these conditions show that TN-I induces binding between TM and F-actin. A dual role for TN-I is proposed: first, TN-I can induce TM to bind to F-actin, causing inhibition of the ATPase; and second, TN-I can itself enhance the inhibition of the ATPase in a cooperative manner. The addition of TN-C in the absence of CA2+ has only a limited effect on the first role, but seems to be able to block completely the cooperative inhibition caused by TN-I such that the residual inhibition is a function only of the TM which remains bound."}
{"id": "PMID:125101", "title": "ATP reversible Pi exchange and membrane phosphorylation in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles: activation by silver in the absence of a Ca2+ concentration gradient.", "content": "The activation of ATP reversible Pi exchange, normally associated with a Ca2+ concentration gradient in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, can be obtained in \"leaky\" vesicles in 4-10 mM CaCl2. In the micromolar range, Ag+ activates the ATP reversible Pi exchange two- to fourfold. Similar concentrations of Ag+ promote a parallel inhibition of Ca2+- activated ATP hydrolysis and Ca2+ uptake in intact vesicles. Maximal inhibition of these activities by Ag+ leaves the Mg2+-dependent ATPase unaffected. No net synthesis of ATP was demonstrated in leaky vesicles. The effects of Ag+ depends on the protein concentration and persist after removal of Ag+ from the medium. Membrane phosphorylation from Pi or from ATP is respectively activated or inhibited by Ag+ in reciprocal fashion.", "contents": "ATP reversible Pi exchange and membrane phosphorylation in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles: activation by silver in the absence of a Ca2+ concentration gradient. The activation of ATP reversible Pi exchange, normally associated with a Ca2+ concentration gradient in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, can be obtained in \"leaky\" vesicles in 4-10 mM CaCl2. In the micromolar range, Ag+ activates the ATP reversible Pi exchange two- to fourfold. Similar concentrations of Ag+ promote a parallel inhibition of Ca2+- activated ATP hydrolysis and Ca2+ uptake in intact vesicles. Maximal inhibition of these activities by Ag+ leaves the Mg2+-dependent ATPase unaffected. No net synthesis of ATP was demonstrated in leaky vesicles. The effects of Ag+ depends on the protein concentration and persist after removal of Ag+ from the medium. Membrane phosphorylation from Pi or from ATP is respectively activated or inhibited by Ag+ in reciprocal fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:125102", "title": "Studies on the interaction of adenine and nicotinamide ring systems in aqueous solution by high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance.", "content": "A Model system for NAD+ has been investigated using a paramagnetic transition metal ion as a probe. The well-known complexation of Mn2+ by adenine nucleotides was utilized to \"label\" adenosine 5'-diphosphate. A broadening effect on the 100-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of N1-methylnicotinamide due to the adenine-metal ion complex was observed. It was found that the nicotinamide species showed no evidence for interaction with Mn2+ in the absence of the adenine nucleotide. These observations have led to the proposal that N1-methylnicotinamide associates with the adenine moiety of the adenine nucleotide-metal complex. This suggests a tendency of adenine and nicotinamide rings to interact in aqueous solution implying some tendency of the coenzyme NAD+ to occur in a folded or stacked conformation.", "contents": "Studies on the interaction of adenine and nicotinamide ring systems in aqueous solution by high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance. A Model system for NAD+ has been investigated using a paramagnetic transition metal ion as a probe. The well-known complexation of Mn2+ by adenine nucleotides was utilized to \"label\" adenosine 5'-diphosphate. A broadening effect on the 100-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of N1-methylnicotinamide due to the adenine-metal ion complex was observed. It was found that the nicotinamide species showed no evidence for interaction with Mn2+ in the absence of the adenine nucleotide. These observations have led to the proposal that N1-methylnicotinamide associates with the adenine moiety of the adenine nucleotide-metal complex. This suggests a tendency of adenine and nicotinamide rings to interact in aqueous solution implying some tendency of the coenzyme NAD+ to occur in a folded or stacked conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:125103", "title": "Bovine brain Na+,K+-stimulated ATP phosphohydrolase studied by a rapid-mixing technique. K+-stimulated liberation of [32P] orthophosphate from [32P] phosphoenzyme and resolution of the dephosphorylation into two phases.", "content": "Dephosphorylation of [32P]phosphoenzyme of bovine brain Na+,K+-stimulated ATP phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.3), labelled by [gamma-32P]ATP, was investigated at 21 degrees C by means of a rapid-mixing technique. On addition of a high concentration of KCl (10 mM) to [32P]phosphoenzyme at steady state in the presence of Mg2+ and Na+, very rapid dephosphorylation was obtained. Simultaneously, the amount of [32P]orthophosphate increased at about the same rate. It was concluded that this K+-stimulated dephosphorylation and liberation of [32P]orthophosphate from the [32P]phosphoenzyme was rapid enough to participate in the Na+,K+-stimulated hydrolysis of ATP. In order to study the dephosphorylation in absence of continuing 32P-labelling, excess unlabelled ATP or a chelator of Mg2+ was added. Simultaneous addition of a high concentration of KCl to the [32P]phosphoenzyme formed in the presence of Mg2+ and Na+ but in the absence of K+, resulted in an initial very rapid phase and a subsequent slower phase of dephosphorylation. With KCl also initially present in the incubation medium, only the slow phase was observed. The slow phase of dephosphorylation also seemed to be sufficiently rapid to participate in the Na+, K+-stimulated ATPase reaction. On addition of a high concentration of ADP (5 mM) to [32P]phosphoenzyme formed in the presence of Mg2+ and Na+, an initial comparatively rapid, and later slow phase of dephosphorylation were detected. This gave further support for different forms of phosphoenzyme. Approximate concentrations of these forms, in the absence and presence of KCl, were estimated by extrapolation and the turnover of these forms was calculated. The nature of the kinetically different components of phosphoenzyme and their role in the Na+, K+-stimulated ATPase reaction is discussed.", "contents": "Bovine brain Na+,K+-stimulated ATP phosphohydrolase studied by a rapid-mixing technique. K+-stimulated liberation of [32P] orthophosphate from [32P] phosphoenzyme and resolution of the dephosphorylation into two phases. Dephosphorylation of [32P]phosphoenzyme of bovine brain Na+,K+-stimulated ATP phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.3), labelled by [gamma-32P]ATP, was investigated at 21 degrees C by means of a rapid-mixing technique. On addition of a high concentration of KCl (10 mM) to [32P]phosphoenzyme at steady state in the presence of Mg2+ and Na+, very rapid dephosphorylation was obtained. Simultaneously, the amount of [32P]orthophosphate increased at about the same rate. It was concluded that this K+-stimulated dephosphorylation and liberation of [32P]orthophosphate from the [32P]phosphoenzyme was rapid enough to participate in the Na+,K+-stimulated hydrolysis of ATP. In order to study the dephosphorylation in absence of continuing 32P-labelling, excess unlabelled ATP or a chelator of Mg2+ was added. Simultaneous addition of a high concentration of KCl to the [32P]phosphoenzyme formed in the presence of Mg2+ and Na+ but in the absence of K+, resulted in an initial very rapid phase and a subsequent slower phase of dephosphorylation. With KCl also initially present in the incubation medium, only the slow phase was observed. The slow phase of dephosphorylation also seemed to be sufficiently rapid to participate in the Na+, K+-stimulated ATPase reaction. On addition of a high concentration of ADP (5 mM) to [32P]phosphoenzyme formed in the presence of Mg2+ and Na+, an initial comparatively rapid, and later slow phase of dephosphorylation were detected. This gave further support for different forms of phosphoenzyme. Approximate concentrations of these forms, in the absence and presence of KCl, were estimated by extrapolation and the turnover of these forms was calculated. The nature of the kinetically different components of phosphoenzyme and their role in the Na+, K+-stimulated ATPase reaction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125104", "title": "Bovine brain Na+, K+-stimulated ATP phosphohydrolase studied by a rapid-mixing technique. Detection of a transient [32P]phosphoenzyme formed in the presence of potassium ions.", "content": "1. Conditions for binding of [gamma-32P]ATP to bovine brain Na+,K+-stimulated ATPase were investigated by the indirect technique of measuring the initial rate of 32P-labelling of the active site of the enzyme. 2. At 100 muM [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of 3 mM MgCl2, approximately the same very high rate of formation of [32P]phosphoenzyme was obtained irrespective of whether [gamma-32P]ATP was added to the enzyme simultaneously with, or 70 ms in advance of the addition of NaCl. A comparatively slow rate of phosphorylation was obtained at 5 muM[gamma-32P]ATP without preincubation. However, on preincubation of the enzyme with 5 muM[gamma-32P]ATP a rate of formation of [32P]phosphoenzyme almost as rapid as at 100 muM[gamma-32P]ATP was observed. 3. A transient [32P]phosphoenzyme was discovered. It appeared in the presence of K+, under conditions which allowed extensive binding of [gamma-32P]-ATP. The amount of [gamma-32P]ATP that could be bound to the enzyme seemed to equal the amount of [32P] phosphorylatable sites. 4. The formation of the transient [32P] phosphoenzyme was inhibited by ADP. The transient [32P] phosphoenzyme was concluded mainly to represent the K+-insensitive and ADP-sensitive E1-32P. 5. When KCl was present in the enzyme solution before the addition of NaCl only a comparatively slow rate of phosphorylation was observed. On preincubation of the enzyme with [gamma-32]ATP an increase in the rate of formation of [32P] phosphoenzyme was obtained, but there was no transient [32P]-phosphoenzyme. The transient [32P]phosphoenzyme was, however, detected when the enzyme solution contained NaCl in addition to KCl and the phosphorylation was started by the addition of [gamma-32P]ATP.", "contents": "Bovine brain Na+, K+-stimulated ATP phosphohydrolase studied by a rapid-mixing technique. Detection of a transient [32P]phosphoenzyme formed in the presence of potassium ions. 1. Conditions for binding of [gamma-32P]ATP to bovine brain Na+,K+-stimulated ATPase were investigated by the indirect technique of measuring the initial rate of 32P-labelling of the active site of the enzyme. 2. At 100 muM [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of 3 mM MgCl2, approximately the same very high rate of formation of [32P]phosphoenzyme was obtained irrespective of whether [gamma-32P]ATP was added to the enzyme simultaneously with, or 70 ms in advance of the addition of NaCl. A comparatively slow rate of phosphorylation was obtained at 5 muM[gamma-32P]ATP without preincubation. However, on preincubation of the enzyme with 5 muM[gamma-32P]ATP a rate of formation of [32P]phosphoenzyme almost as rapid as at 100 muM[gamma-32P]ATP was observed. 3. A transient [32P]phosphoenzyme was discovered. It appeared in the presence of K+, under conditions which allowed extensive binding of [gamma-32P]-ATP. The amount of [gamma-32P]ATP that could be bound to the enzyme seemed to equal the amount of [32P] phosphorylatable sites. 4. The formation of the transient [32P] phosphoenzyme was inhibited by ADP. The transient [32P] phosphoenzyme was concluded mainly to represent the K+-insensitive and ADP-sensitive E1-32P. 5. When KCl was present in the enzyme solution before the addition of NaCl only a comparatively slow rate of phosphorylation was observed. On preincubation of the enzyme with [gamma-32]ATP an increase in the rate of formation of [32P] phosphoenzyme was obtained, but there was no transient [32P]-phosphoenzyme. The transient [32P]phosphoenzyme was, however, detected when the enzyme solution contained NaCl in addition to KCl and the phosphorylation was started by the addition of [gamma-32P]ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:125105", "title": "Interaction of C1s and C4. A binding phenomenon.", "content": "Addition of enzymatically active 125-I-labeled C1s (the esterase which is part of the activated complex protein of serum designated as the first component of complement or C1) to purified C4 (the naturally occurring fourth component of human serum complement) results in binding of a portion of the C1s to C4 as indicated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Demonstration of binding requires hemolytically active C4, but not enzymatically active C1s. The latter was demonstrated by using DFP inactivated C1s as well as fragments of C1s produced by prior protease treatment of the C1s. While treatment of C1s with proteases (human leukocyte lysosomal enzymes, trypsin or plasmin) resulted in progressive inactivation of the enzymatic activity, the decline in esteratic activity occurred at a much slower rate than the decline in functional activity (inactivation of C4 in free solution). The data lead to the probable conclusion that C1s contains an enzymatic (or esteratic) site in addition to a binding site. The latter might be important for positioning a large molecule, such as C4, in order to effect proteolytic cleavage at the proper bond and hence prepare C4 to participate in the complement sequence.", "contents": "Interaction of C1s and C4. A binding phenomenon. Addition of enzymatically active 125-I-labeled C1s (the esterase which is part of the activated complex protein of serum designated as the first component of complement or C1) to purified C4 (the naturally occurring fourth component of human serum complement) results in binding of a portion of the C1s to C4 as indicated by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. Demonstration of binding requires hemolytically active C4, but not enzymatically active C1s. The latter was demonstrated by using DFP inactivated C1s as well as fragments of C1s produced by prior protease treatment of the C1s. While treatment of C1s with proteases (human leukocyte lysosomal enzymes, trypsin or plasmin) resulted in progressive inactivation of the enzymatic activity, the decline in esteratic activity occurred at a much slower rate than the decline in functional activity (inactivation of C4 in free solution). The data lead to the probable conclusion that C1s contains an enzymatic (or esteratic) site in addition to a binding site. The latter might be important for positioning a large molecule, such as C4, in order to effect proteolytic cleavage at the proper bond and hence prepare C4 to participate in the complement sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:125106", "title": "Thallium inhibition of ouabain-sensitive sodium transport and of the (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase in human erythrocytes.", "content": "The influence of Tl+ on Na+ transport and on the ATPase activity in human erythrocytes was studied. 0.1-1.0 mM Tl+ added to a K+-free medium inhibited the ouabain-sensitive self-exchange of Na+ and activated both the ouabain-sensitive 22Na outward transport and the transport related ATPase. 5-10mM external Tl+ caused inhibition of the ouabain-sensitive 22Na efflux as well as the (Na+ plus Tl+)-ATPase. Competition between the internal Na+ and rapidly penetrating thallous ions at the inner Na+-specific binding sites of the erythrocyte membrane could account for the inhibitory effect of Tl+. An increase of the internal Na+ concentration in erythrocytes or in ghosts protected the system against the inhibitory effect of high concentration of Tl+. A protective effect of Na+ was also demonstrated on the (Na+ plus Tl+)-ATPase of fragmented erythrocyte membranes studied at various Na+ and Tl+ concentrations.", "contents": "Thallium inhibition of ouabain-sensitive sodium transport and of the (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase in human erythrocytes. The influence of Tl+ on Na+ transport and on the ATPase activity in human erythrocytes was studied. 0.1-1.0 mM Tl+ added to a K+-free medium inhibited the ouabain-sensitive self-exchange of Na+ and activated both the ouabain-sensitive 22Na outward transport and the transport related ATPase. 5-10mM external Tl+ caused inhibition of the ouabain-sensitive 22Na efflux as well as the (Na+ plus Tl+)-ATPase. Competition between the internal Na+ and rapidly penetrating thallous ions at the inner Na+-specific binding sites of the erythrocyte membrane could account for the inhibitory effect of Tl+. An increase of the internal Na+ concentration in erythrocytes or in ghosts protected the system against the inhibitory effect of high concentration of Tl+. A protective effect of Na+ was also demonstrated on the (Na+ plus Tl+)-ATPase of fragmented erythrocyte membranes studied at various Na+ and Tl+ concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:125107", "title": "Control over acid mucopolysaccharide production of cells in vitro.", "content": "Serum addition to stationary chich embryo fibroblasts in vitro causes a 300% increase in acid mucopolysaccharide production, this increase being linear both with time and concentration of serum added. At the same time, serum-stimulated production is reduced in cells which are actively dividing. The increase in acid mucopolysaccharide production caused by serum is in some manner dependent upon RNA synthesis, since the addition of actinomycin D reduces its effect by 50% within 4 h. A correlation between acid mucopolysaccharide production and chondroitin sulphotransferase activity (EC 2.8 2.5,3'-phosphoadenyl 5'-phosphosulphate: chondroitin sulphotransferase) is seen. Both increase to over 400% of control values 24 h after serum addition, and both are sensitive to the presence of actinomycin D. Serum control over production of these extracellular molecules is demonstrated and may be linked to the mitotic activity of the cell. It is proposed that this control by serum over acid mucopolysaccharide production can provide one mechanism for the cell to alter its external environment and thus affect events such as cell to cell interactions and hormonal signals necessary to cellular functions.", "contents": "Control over acid mucopolysaccharide production of cells in vitro. Serum addition to stationary chich embryo fibroblasts in vitro causes a 300% increase in acid mucopolysaccharide production, this increase being linear both with time and concentration of serum added. At the same time, serum-stimulated production is reduced in cells which are actively dividing. The increase in acid mucopolysaccharide production caused by serum is in some manner dependent upon RNA synthesis, since the addition of actinomycin D reduces its effect by 50% within 4 h. A correlation between acid mucopolysaccharide production and chondroitin sulphotransferase activity (EC 2.8 2.5,3'-phosphoadenyl 5'-phosphosulphate: chondroitin sulphotransferase) is seen. Both increase to over 400% of control values 24 h after serum addition, and both are sensitive to the presence of actinomycin D. Serum control over production of these extracellular molecules is demonstrated and may be linked to the mitotic activity of the cell. It is proposed that this control by serum over acid mucopolysaccharide production can provide one mechanism for the cell to alter its external environment and thus affect events such as cell to cell interactions and hormonal signals necessary to cellular functions."}
{"id": "PMID:125108", "title": "Plasmic degradation of human fibrinogen. IV. Identification of subunit chain remnants in fragment Y.", "content": "A method is presented for detection of cross-linking acceptor sites on fibrinogen chains, using monodansyl-cadaverine labeling in the presence of activated fibrin stabilizing factor, and polyacrylamide electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Fluorescent gamma-chain monomers and dimers were produced at a considerably faster rate than the labeled alpha-chain derivative. Purified fragments X, Y and D were prepared all from the same plasmic digest of fibrinogen. Following incubation with fibrin stabilizing factor, thrombin and monodansyl-cadaverine, they were reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol and examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate/acrylamide electrophoresis. Three gamma-chains (mol. wts 49 000, 42 000 and 39 000) had reacted with dansyl-cadaverine while no alpha-chain remnant took up the label. Additional protein and carbohydrate staining further facilitated identification of the individual subunit chains. At least three critical peptide bonds, located on alpha, beta- and gamma-chain remnants, must be broken during conversion of fragment Y into D and E. Sequential cleavage results in heterogeneous appearance of reduced subunit chains. As a consequence, there exist several molecular entities of fragment Y, all of which may have the same molecular weight though they represent various products of progressive plasmic digestion. Our results are compatible with the model of asymmetric degradation of fibrinogen, according to which fragment X produces 1 mol of fragment E e and 2 mol of the monomeric fragment D.", "contents": "Plasmic degradation of human fibrinogen. IV. Identification of subunit chain remnants in fragment Y. A method is presented for detection of cross-linking acceptor sites on fibrinogen chains, using monodansyl-cadaverine labeling in the presence of activated fibrin stabilizing factor, and polyacrylamide electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Fluorescent gamma-chain monomers and dimers were produced at a considerably faster rate than the labeled alpha-chain derivative. Purified fragments X, Y and D were prepared all from the same plasmic digest of fibrinogen. Following incubation with fibrin stabilizing factor, thrombin and monodansyl-cadaverine, they were reduced with beta-mercaptoethanol and examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate/acrylamide electrophoresis. Three gamma-chains (mol. wts 49 000, 42 000 and 39 000) had reacted with dansyl-cadaverine while no alpha-chain remnant took up the label. Additional protein and carbohydrate staining further facilitated identification of the individual subunit chains. At least three critical peptide bonds, located on alpha, beta- and gamma-chain remnants, must be broken during conversion of fragment Y into D and E. Sequential cleavage results in heterogeneous appearance of reduced subunit chains. As a consequence, there exist several molecular entities of fragment Y, all of which may have the same molecular weight though they represent various products of progressive plasmic digestion. Our results are compatible with the model of asymmetric degradation of fibrinogen, according to which fragment X produces 1 mol of fragment E e and 2 mol of the monomeric fragment D."}
{"id": "PMID:125109", "title": "Plasmic degradation of human fibrinogen. III. Molecular model of the plasmin-resistant disulfide knot in monomeric fragment D.", "content": "A mixture of fragments D, derived from fibrinogen by plasmic degradation, was S-reduced and carboxymethylated. Individual chains were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and characterized by peptide mapping, N-terminal amino acid analysis, polyacrylamide electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and amino acid composition. It was demonstrated that all D species contain the same alpha- and beta-chain remnants, having mol. wts of 10 000 and 45 000, respectively. Their heterogeneity was shown to be caused by the gradual degradation of the gamma-chain at its C-terminal end. Denatured fragment D was further degraded with plasmin in the presence of 2 M urea. One beta- (mol. wt 17 000) and two gamma-fragments (mol. wts 5000 and 6000) were split from fragment D, in addition to non-characterized small peptides, leaving behind a plasmin-resistant core, designated as fragment d. Fragment d was in turn reduced and carboxymethylated, and the resulting constituent chains were isolated by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose and Sephadex G-100. The reduced alpha-, beta- and gamma-chain remnants of fragment d were found to have been derived from the N-terminal portion of fragment D and have estimated mol. wts of 9000, 24 000 and 13 000, respectively. A tentative scheme for the conversion of an early fragment D into the core fragment d is proposed. Our results conclusively support the model of asymmetric degradation of fibrinogen, according to which 2 mol of monomeric fragment D are produced from 1 mol of fibrinogen.", "contents": "Plasmic degradation of human fibrinogen. III. Molecular model of the plasmin-resistant disulfide knot in monomeric fragment D. A mixture of fragments D, derived from fibrinogen by plasmic degradation, was S-reduced and carboxymethylated. Individual chains were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 and characterized by peptide mapping, N-terminal amino acid analysis, polyacrylamide electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate, and amino acid composition. It was demonstrated that all D species contain the same alpha- and beta-chain remnants, having mol. wts of 10 000 and 45 000, respectively. Their heterogeneity was shown to be caused by the gradual degradation of the gamma-chain at its C-terminal end. Denatured fragment D was further degraded with plasmin in the presence of 2 M urea. One beta- (mol. wt 17 000) and two gamma-fragments (mol. wts 5000 and 6000) were split from fragment D, in addition to non-characterized small peptides, leaving behind a plasmin-resistant core, designated as fragment d. Fragment d was in turn reduced and carboxymethylated, and the resulting constituent chains were isolated by chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose and Sephadex G-100. The reduced alpha-, beta- and gamma-chain remnants of fragment d were found to have been derived from the N-terminal portion of fragment D and have estimated mol. wts of 9000, 24 000 and 13 000, respectively. A tentative scheme for the conversion of an early fragment D into the core fragment d is proposed. Our results conclusively support the model of asymmetric degradation of fibrinogen, according to which 2 mol of monomeric fragment D are produced from 1 mol of fibrinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:125110", "title": "Relationship between intracellular K+ concentrations and K+ fluxes in growing and contact-inhibited cells.", "content": "The K+ content and the K+ flux were measured in the cell lines ME2 and MF2 isolated from plasmocytoma MOPC 173. Both cell lines were shown to have the seem K+ content and the same K+ steady state flux per unit of surface area. In ME2 cells, no modification of the exchange movement was observed during contact inhibition. However, contact-inhibited cells exhibited an increased resistance to depletion, characterized by a lower K+ net movement. The (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase measured in homogenates is poorly correlated to in vivo cation fluxes both because of the enhancement due, presumably, to the drop of K+ concentration on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane and because of losses during preparation which can be conspicuous, especially in contact-inhibited cells. The K+ net flux is considerable increased when the intracellular K+ level is reduced after preincubation of the cells in a K+ -free medium. Thus, internal K+ seems to regulate the K+ influx.", "contents": "Relationship between intracellular K+ concentrations and K+ fluxes in growing and contact-inhibited cells. The K+ content and the K+ flux were measured in the cell lines ME2 and MF2 isolated from plasmocytoma MOPC 173. Both cell lines were shown to have the seem K+ content and the same K+ steady state flux per unit of surface area. In ME2 cells, no modification of the exchange movement was observed during contact inhibition. However, contact-inhibited cells exhibited an increased resistance to depletion, characterized by a lower K+ net movement. The (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase measured in homogenates is poorly correlated to in vivo cation fluxes both because of the enhancement due, presumably, to the drop of K+ concentration on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane and because of losses during preparation which can be conspicuous, especially in contact-inhibited cells. The K+ net flux is considerable increased when the intracellular K+ level is reduced after preincubation of the cells in a K+ -free medium. Thus, internal K+ seems to regulate the K+ influx."}
{"id": "PMID:125111", "title": "Extraction and localization of a (Ca2+ and Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase in human erythrocyte spectrin.", "content": "(1) A water soluble  (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-activated APTase has been extracted with 0.1 mM EDTA and 0.1 mM ATP from human erythrocyte membranes. (2) The specific activity of the extracted protein is increased 4- to 6-fold in comparison with untreated ghosts. (3) Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [gamma-32P]ATP-labeled erythrocyte membranes shows that the (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-activated ATPase is located in the \"spectrin\" region (Mr 220 000-240 000). The radioactivity of these high molecular peptide bands is decreased markedly after the extraction of the ATPase at low ionic strength.", "contents": "Extraction and localization of a (Ca2+ and Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase in human erythrocyte spectrin. (1) A water soluble  (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-activated APTase has been extracted with 0.1 mM EDTA and 0.1 mM ATP from human erythrocyte membranes. (2) The specific activity of the extracted protein is increased 4- to 6-fold in comparison with untreated ghosts. (3) Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [gamma-32P]ATP-labeled erythrocyte membranes shows that the (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-activated ATPase is located in the \"spectrin\" region (Mr 220 000-240 000). The radioactivity of these high molecular peptide bands is decreased markedly after the extraction of the ATPase at low ionic strength."}
{"id": "PMID:125112", "title": "Action of halothane on human erythrocytes. Mechanisms of cell lysis and production of sealed ghosts.", "content": "1. Suspension of human erythrocytes in halothane-saturated physiological media induces major cell deformation. 2. Release of halothane from erythrocyte suspensions after equilibrium with the anaesthetic produces complete hemolysis. 3. The membrane fragments isolated after halothane release are in the form of biconcave ghosts, impermeable to macromolecules (lactoperoxidase) and small molecules (ATP). 4. The protein composition of the membranes differs from that of ghosts produced by hypotonic lysis in the lack of components previously shown to be adsorbed at low ionic strength. 5. A hypothesis is presented explaining the action of halothane in terms of both its action on membranes and its capacity to modify water structure. 6. Halothane-induced hemolysis constitutes a simple method for the large-scale production of hemoglobin-depleted, sealed erythrocyte ghosts under physiological ionic conditions.", "contents": "Action of halothane on human erythrocytes. Mechanisms of cell lysis and production of sealed ghosts. 1. Suspension of human erythrocytes in halothane-saturated physiological media induces major cell deformation. 2. Release of halothane from erythrocyte suspensions after equilibrium with the anaesthetic produces complete hemolysis. 3. The membrane fragments isolated after halothane release are in the form of biconcave ghosts, impermeable to macromolecules (lactoperoxidase) and small molecules (ATP). 4. The protein composition of the membranes differs from that of ghosts produced by hypotonic lysis in the lack of components previously shown to be adsorbed at low ionic strength. 5. A hypothesis is presented explaining the action of halothane in terms of both its action on membranes and its capacity to modify water structure. 6. Halothane-induced hemolysis constitutes a simple method for the large-scale production of hemoglobin-depleted, sealed erythrocyte ghosts under physiological ionic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:125115", "title": "Biochemical effects of induced phenylketonuria in rats.", "content": "Phenylketonuria (PKU) was induced in rats by the combined feeding of 3 per cent excess phenylalanine and 0.12 per cent of p-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of phenylalanine and tryptophan hydroxylases. Increased concentrations of phenylalanine and increased ratio of phenylalanine to tyrosine were demonstrated in blood from pregnant rats fed the experimental PKU diet from day 10 to 20 of pregnancy, in fetal blood and amniotic fluid of fetal animals from mothers fed the PKU diet, and in blood of rats fed the PKU diet for 28-30 days  beginning at 20-21 days of age. Both phenylpyruvic acid and orthohydroxyphenylacetic acid were excreted by rats fed the PKU diet, but neither were detected in urine in animals fed either excess phenylalanine or excess inhibitor alone. Reduced serotonin concentrations were found in brains of rats fed p-chlorophenylalanine, either alone or in combination with excess phenylalanine in the PKU diet. These biochemical changes in rats with induced PKU and the behavioral changes described earlier are similar to those of the human condition. The animal model should prove useful in searching for the mechanism of the disease.", "contents": "Biochemical effects of induced phenylketonuria in rats. Phenylketonuria (PKU) was induced in rats by the combined feeding of 3 per cent excess phenylalanine and 0.12 per cent of p-chlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of phenylalanine and tryptophan hydroxylases. Increased concentrations of phenylalanine and increased ratio of phenylalanine to tyrosine were demonstrated in blood from pregnant rats fed the experimental PKU diet from day 10 to 20 of pregnancy, in fetal blood and amniotic fluid of fetal animals from mothers fed the PKU diet, and in blood of rats fed the PKU diet for 28-30 days  beginning at 20-21 days of age. Both phenylpyruvic acid and orthohydroxyphenylacetic acid were excreted by rats fed the PKU diet, but neither were detected in urine in animals fed either excess phenylalanine or excess inhibitor alone. Reduced serotonin concentrations were found in brains of rats fed p-chlorophenylalanine, either alone or in combination with excess phenylalanine in the PKU diet. These biochemical changes in rats with induced PKU and the behavioral changes described earlier are similar to those of the human condition. The animal model should prove useful in searching for the mechanism of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:125117", "title": "Bone marrow and thymus transplantation in ataxia-telangiectasia.", "content": "Serum IgA concentrations were found to be normal in a boy with ataxia-telangiectasia and selective IgA deficiency several months after an infusion of bone marrow cells from an HL-A and MLR compatible normal sib. In addition, transient improvements were noted in both his in vivo and in vitro cellular immune responsiveness through the third month posttransplant. Despite this, no evidence of chimerism could be detected in karyotypic studies of his peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow cells. No clinical or significant immunologic improvement was noted in his affected female sib following implantation of a fetal thymus or injection of transfer factor.", "contents": "Bone marrow and thymus transplantation in ataxia-telangiectasia. Serum IgA concentrations were found to be normal in a boy with ataxia-telangiectasia and selective IgA deficiency several months after an infusion of bone marrow cells from an HL-A and MLR compatible normal sib. In addition, transient improvements were noted in both his in vivo and in vitro cellular immune responsiveness through the third month posttransplant. Despite this, no evidence of chimerism could be detected in karyotypic studies of his peripheral blood lymphocytes and bone marrow cells. No clinical or significant immunologic improvement was noted in his affected female sib following implantation of a fetal thymus or injection of transfer factor."}
{"id": "PMID:125114", "title": "[Double-frequency oscillation in the  glycolytic system. Mathematical model].", "content": "A mathematical model describing the generation mechanism of double-frequency oscillations in the glycolytic system is proposed. Interaction of two connected glycolytic oscillation generators are put in the basis of this mechanism. It is assumed in the model that the first oscillation generator is formed due to product activation of phosphofructokinase (PFK) with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), while the second one is based on substrate inhibition of glyceraldehydephosphatededhydrogenase (GAPDH) with glyceraldehydephosphate (GAP).", "contents": "[Double-frequency oscillation in the  glycolytic system. Mathematical model]. A mathematical model describing the generation mechanism of double-frequency oscillations in the glycolytic system is proposed. Interaction of two connected glycolytic oscillation generators are put in the basis of this mechanism. It is assumed in the model that the first oscillation generator is formed due to product activation of phosphofructokinase (PFK) with adenosine diphosphate (ADP), while the second one is based on substrate inhibition of glyceraldehydephosphatededhydrogenase (GAPDH) with glyceraldehydephosphate (GAP)."}
{"id": "PMID:125119", "title": "Transfer factor therapy: evidence for nonspecificity.", "content": "Four patients were treated with multiple doses of dialyzed transfer factor in which one Wiskott-Aldrich patient with abnormal IgG monocyte receptors obtained benefit. All patients converted skin reactivity, and had improved in vitro lymphocyte responses to varying degrees. Three patients developed positive reactivity to allogeneic cells in MLC, and one patient developed DNCB reactivity. These latter two findings suggest transfer factor may act by inducing a nonspecific maturation of lymphocyte function. A possible mechanism for the action of transfer factor is discussed.", "contents": "Transfer factor therapy: evidence for nonspecificity. Four patients were treated with multiple doses of dialyzed transfer factor in which one Wiskott-Aldrich patient with abnormal IgG monocyte receptors obtained benefit. All patients converted skin reactivity, and had improved in vitro lymphocyte responses to varying degrees. Three patients developed positive reactivity to allogeneic cells in MLC, and one patient developed DNCB reactivity. These latter two findings suggest transfer factor may act by inducing a nonspecific maturation of lymphocyte function. A possible mechanism for the action of transfer factor is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125121", "title": "Ontogeny of cellular immunity in man.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine the precise developmental sequence of the acquisition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and allogenic cell responsiveness (MLR) in the human fetus. Reactivity was determined quantitatively by 3H-thymidine incorporation in various fetal lymphoid tissues. MLR reactivity was the earliest detectable response occurring first in liver lymphoid cells at 5 weeks fetal age. Reactivity to PHA then appeared in thymocytes at 10.5 weeks and at 14 weeks in the spleen and blood. MLR reactivity first appeared in the thymus at 12.5 weeks and in the spleen and blood at 14.5 weeks. Marrow lymphocytes failed to react up to 18 weeks. These results suggest that fetal thymus is immunocompetent by about 10.5 weeks and MLR responsiveness may be under nonthymic (hepatic) control during development.", "contents": "Ontogeny of cellular immunity in man. The purpose of this study was to determine the precise developmental sequence of the acquisition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and allogenic cell responsiveness (MLR) in the human fetus. Reactivity was determined quantitatively by 3H-thymidine incorporation in various fetal lymphoid tissues. MLR reactivity was the earliest detectable response occurring first in liver lymphoid cells at 5 weeks fetal age. Reactivity to PHA then appeared in thymocytes at 10.5 weeks and at 14 weeks in the spleen and blood. MLR reactivity first appeared in the thymus at 12.5 weeks and in the spleen and blood at 14.5 weeks. Marrow lymphocytes failed to react up to 18 weeks. These results suggest that fetal thymus is immunocompetent by about 10.5 weeks and MLR responsiveness may be under nonthymic (hepatic) control during development."}
{"id": "PMID:125122", "title": "Congenital and experimentally induced complement deficiency in rabbits.", "content": "Deficiency of the sixth component of complement in rabbits is an autosomal recessive defect which also renders C7-9 functionally unavailable. The function of C6-9 appears to be that of amplification of immunologic processes. Defective animals are associated with a subtle disadvantage. Normal rabbits injected with cobra-venom-anticomplementary-factor show primary C3-9 and secondary polymorphonuclear leukocyte and platelet functional deficiency. Animals treated with cobra venom showed striking deficits in manifestations of some immunologic functions. Thus the complement system plays a vital role in maintaining integrity of immunologic mechanisms.", "contents": "Congenital and experimentally induced complement deficiency in rabbits. Deficiency of the sixth component of complement in rabbits is an autosomal recessive defect which also renders C7-9 functionally unavailable. The function of C6-9 appears to be that of amplification of immunologic processes. Defective animals are associated with a subtle disadvantage. Normal rabbits injected with cobra-venom-anticomplementary-factor show primary C3-9 and secondary polymorphonuclear leukocyte and platelet functional deficiency. Animals treated with cobra venom showed striking deficits in manifestations of some immunologic functions. Thus the complement system plays a vital role in maintaining integrity of immunologic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:125125", "title": "Medical school libraries in the United States and Canada built between 1961 and 1971.", "content": "Twenty-four medical school libraries in the United States and Canada build between 1961 and 1971 were surveyed by means of questionnaires and visits. Results indicated that half of these libraries will have reached maximum functional capacity approximately six years after they were moved into their new quarters. Space for technical processing is generally much less than is required. Special features and examples of effective planning are described, and problems in arrangement, traffic patterns for people and materials, and the lack of logical expansion space are discussed. Comparisons are made with a similar survey of twenty medical school libraries made in 1961.", "contents": "Medical school libraries in the United States and Canada built between 1961 and 1971. Twenty-four medical school libraries in the United States and Canada build between 1961 and 1971 were surveyed by means of questionnaires and visits. Results indicated that half of these libraries will have reached maximum functional capacity approximately six years after they were moved into their new quarters. Space for technical processing is generally much less than is required. Special features and examples of effective planning are described, and problems in arrangement, traffic patterns for people and materials, and the lack of logical expansion space are discussed. Comparisons are made with a similar survey of twenty medical school libraries made in 1961."}
{"id": "PMID:125129", "title": "The failure of p-chlorophenylalanine to affect voluntary alcohol consumption in rats.", "content": "1 The effects of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) administered orally and intraperitoneally on rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) content were compared. The depletion of brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA following PCPA (316 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally every third day was not significantly different from that following the administration of PCPA (316 mg/kg) by stomach tube on eight consecutive days. 2 Rats tested for alcohol preference before, during and after treatment with PCPA on two intraperitoneal dose regimens (either 316 mg/kg then 100 mg/kg four days later or 316 mg/kg three times at intervals of three days) showed no reduction in voluntary alcohol consumption. 3 The results indicated that depletion of brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA is not responsible for the reduction of voluntary alcohol intake which has been reported to follow chronic oral administration of PCPA to the rat (Myers & Veale, 1968). The possibility of a learned aversion to alcohol due to an association with PCPA administration is discussed.", "contents": "The failure of p-chlorophenylalanine to affect voluntary alcohol consumption in rats. 1 The effects of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) administered orally and intraperitoneally on rat brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) content were compared. The depletion of brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA following PCPA (316 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally every third day was not significantly different from that following the administration of PCPA (316 mg/kg) by stomach tube on eight consecutive days. 2 Rats tested for alcohol preference before, during and after treatment with PCPA on two intraperitoneal dose regimens (either 316 mg/kg then 100 mg/kg four days later or 316 mg/kg three times at intervals of three days) showed no reduction in voluntary alcohol consumption. 3 The results indicated that depletion of brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA is not responsible for the reduction of voluntary alcohol intake which has been reported to follow chronic oral administration of PCPA to the rat (Myers & Veale, 1968). The possibility of a learned aversion to alcohol due to an association with PCPA administration is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125133", "title": "Anabolic steroids in athelics:  crossover double-blind trial on weightlifters.", "content": "Thirteen experienced male weightlifters taking high-protein diets and regular exercise took part in a double-blind crossover trial of methandienone 10 or 25 mg/day to seeif the drug improved athletic performance.  Their improvemments were significantly greater on methandienone than on placebo; their body weights rose (though this seemed to be associated with water retention); and systolic blood pressure rose significantly.  Methandienone caused many side effects, and three men had to withdraw because of them.  All side effects disappeared after the drug was stopped.  Anabolic steroids are effective only when given combination with exercise and high-protein diet. We deprecate their use in athletics but can suggest no way of stopping it.", "contents": "Anabolic steroids in athelics:  crossover double-blind trial on weightlifters. Thirteen experienced male weightlifters taking high-protein diets and regular exercise took part in a double-blind crossover trial of methandienone 10 or 25 mg/day to seeif the drug improved athletic performance.  Their improvemments were significantly greater on methandienone than on placebo; their body weights rose (though this seemed to be associated with water retention); and systolic blood pressure rose significantly.  Methandienone caused many side effects, and three men had to withdraw because of them.  All side effects disappeared after the drug was stopped.  Anabolic steroids are effective only when given combination with exercise and high-protein diet. We deprecate their use in athletics but can suggest no way of stopping it."}
{"id": "PMID:125138", "title": "5-hydroxytryptamine in the central nervous system and sexual receptivity of female rhesus monkeys.", "content": "The role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the control of sexual receptivity in female rhesus monkeys has been studied in 24 adult females paired with 6 adult males. p-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 75 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, every fourth day), a selective inhibitor of 5-HT, was found to reverse unreceptivity induced by adrenalectomy in ovariectomised, oestrogen-treated females. PCPA-treated females presented more frequently and initiated more sexual behaviour, or else they refused fewer of the male's attempts to mount. These effects were in turn reversed by 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP, 20 mg/kg every second day), when this was given to PCPA-treated animals. In addition, 5-HTP given alone to ovariectomised oestrogen-treated females reduced their receptivity. Parallel biochemical experiments showed that PCPA in the doses used lowered the levels of 5-HT in the brain as measured by the levels of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the CSF, and that these were restored by 5-HTP. Both oestradiol benzoate (15 mug/day for 10 days) and testosterone propionate (250 mug/day or 400 mug/day for 10 days) lowered the turn-over rates of 5-HT in the brain (as measured by the probenecid test) in ovariectomised female monkeys. These effects of oestradiol on turnover were antagonised by progesterone (15 mg/day for 10 days, given with oestradiol). A substance other than an adrenal androgen has thus been found to reverse the effects of adrenalectomy on sexual receptivity in female monkeys. It is therefore possible that androgens regulate receptivity in female monkeys by modifying the activity of 5-HT-containing neural systems.", "contents": "5-hydroxytryptamine in the central nervous system and sexual receptivity of female rhesus monkeys. The role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the control of sexual receptivity in female rhesus monkeys has been studied in 24 adult females paired with 6 adult males. p-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 75 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg, every fourth day), a selective inhibitor of 5-HT, was found to reverse unreceptivity induced by adrenalectomy in ovariectomised, oestrogen-treated females. PCPA-treated females presented more frequently and initiated more sexual behaviour, or else they refused fewer of the male's attempts to mount. These effects were in turn reversed by 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP, 20 mg/kg every second day), when this was given to PCPA-treated animals. In addition, 5-HTP given alone to ovariectomised oestrogen-treated females reduced their receptivity. Parallel biochemical experiments showed that PCPA in the doses used lowered the levels of 5-HT in the brain as measured by the levels of 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the CSF, and that these were restored by 5-HTP. Both oestradiol benzoate (15 mug/day for 10 days) and testosterone propionate (250 mug/day or 400 mug/day for 10 days) lowered the turn-over rates of 5-HT in the brain (as measured by the probenecid test) in ovariectomised female monkeys. These effects of oestradiol on turnover were antagonised by progesterone (15 mg/day for 10 days, given with oestradiol). A substance other than an adrenal androgen has thus been found to reverse the effects of adrenalectomy on sexual receptivity in female monkeys. It is therefore possible that androgens regulate receptivity in female monkeys by modifying the activity of 5-HT-containing neural systems."}
{"id": "PMID:125140", "title": "Hippocampal mediation of raphe lesion- and PCPA-induced hyperactivity in the rat.", "content": "These experiments provide a direct test of the hypothesis that median raphe lesion- or PCPA-induced hyperactivity in the rat is mediated specifically by the hippocampus. Previous studies had shown that a marked depletion of hippocampal serotonin accompanied median lesion-induced hyperactivity. In the present studies, aspiration of the anterodorsal hippocampus of adult male rats prior to median raphe lesions or PCPA administration abolished the ability of both of these treatments to produce locomotor hyperactivity in animals chronically housed in tilt cages. Control lesions of the overlying dorsal cortex and corpus callosum were ineffective in blocking the hyperactivity produced by these two treatments. The possibility that serotonin depletion-induced hyperactivity was dependent on the pituitary was excluded by the fact that PCPA effectively elevated the activity of hypophysectomized rats. These data indicate that serotonin depletion-induced hyperactivity in the rat is mediated by the hippocampus.", "contents": "Hippocampal mediation of raphe lesion- and PCPA-induced hyperactivity in the rat. These experiments provide a direct test of the hypothesis that median raphe lesion- or PCPA-induced hyperactivity in the rat is mediated specifically by the hippocampus. Previous studies had shown that a marked depletion of hippocampal serotonin accompanied median lesion-induced hyperactivity. In the present studies, aspiration of the anterodorsal hippocampus of adult male rats prior to median raphe lesions or PCPA administration abolished the ability of both of these treatments to produce locomotor hyperactivity in animals chronically housed in tilt cages. Control lesions of the overlying dorsal cortex and corpus callosum were ineffective in blocking the hyperactivity produced by these two treatments. The possibility that serotonin depletion-induced hyperactivity was dependent on the pituitary was excluded by the fact that PCPA effectively elevated the activity of hypophysectomized rats. These data indicate that serotonin depletion-induced hyperactivity in the rat is mediated by the hippocampus."}
{"id": "PMID:125141", "title": "Monoaminergic mechanisms of stimulation-produced analgesia.", "content": "The roles played by the cerebral monoamines (dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin) in stimulation-produced analgesia (SPA) have been investigated in the rat employing the tail flick test.  SPA was elicited through bipolar electrodes chronically implanted in the mesencephalic periaqeductal gray matter, an area previously shown to yield potent and reliable analgesic effects.  Four approaches were used to alter transmission in monoamine pathways.  (1) Depletion of monoamines by administration of tetrabenazine (TBZ), p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT), or disulfiram.  (2) Replacement of depleted monoamine stores by appropiate precursors (5-HTP or L-DOPA) in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor.  (3) Potentiation of monoamine systems by administration of precursors to previously untreated animals or by administration of a dopamine receptor stimulator, apomorphine.  (4) Blockade of catecholamine receptors by haloperidol or of dopamine receptors by pimozide.  These four approaches yielded internally consistent results.  Depletion of all 3 monoamines (TBZ) led to a powerful inhibition of SPA.  Original levels of SPA were restored by injection of either 5-HTP or L-DOPA.  Specific depletion of serotonin (PCPA) caused a reduction in SPA, whereas elevation of serotonin levels (5-HTP) caused an increase in SPA.  Dopamine receptor blockade (pimozide) decreased SPA, whereas the precursor (L-DOPA) and a dopamine receptor stimulator (apomorphine) increased SPA.  On the other hand, selective depletion of noradrenaline (disulfiram) caused an increase in SPA; and at a time when noradrenaline levels are depressed and dopamine levels are elevated (AMPT + L-DOPA), SPA was seen to be particularly enhanced.  thus, dopamine and serotonin appear to facilitate SPA, whereas noradrenaline appears to inhibit it.  When a general catecholamine receptor blocker (haloperidol) was employed, SPA was diminished, suggesting that the influence of dopamine in SPA is greater than that of noradrenaline.  Most of the drugs used in this study significantly altered SPA at doses which left baseline tail flick latency unaffected.  It would appear, therefore, that SPA has a neural substrate at least partly independent of that underlying baseline pain responsiveness.  Consideration is given to various ascending and descending monoamine system as possible component paths in this neural substrate of SPA.  Finally, the present results are discussed in relation to studies by others on the site and mechanism of morphine's analgesic action.  Some striking parallels between SPA and morphine analgesia are noted.  These suggest the existence of a common pain-inhibitory system in the brain activated by morphine and by focal electrical stimulation.", "contents": "Monoaminergic mechanisms of stimulation-produced analgesia. The roles played by the cerebral monoamines (dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin) in stimulation-produced analgesia (SPA) have been investigated in the rat employing the tail flick test.  SPA was elicited through bipolar electrodes chronically implanted in the mesencephalic periaqeductal gray matter, an area previously shown to yield potent and reliable analgesic effects.  Four approaches were used to alter transmission in monoamine pathways.  (1) Depletion of monoamines by administration of tetrabenazine (TBZ), p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT), or disulfiram.  (2) Replacement of depleted monoamine stores by appropiate precursors (5-HTP or L-DOPA) in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor.  (3) Potentiation of monoamine systems by administration of precursors to previously untreated animals or by administration of a dopamine receptor stimulator, apomorphine.  (4) Blockade of catecholamine receptors by haloperidol or of dopamine receptors by pimozide.  These four approaches yielded internally consistent results.  Depletion of all 3 monoamines (TBZ) led to a powerful inhibition of SPA.  Original levels of SPA were restored by injection of either 5-HTP or L-DOPA.  Specific depletion of serotonin (PCPA) caused a reduction in SPA, whereas elevation of serotonin levels (5-HTP) caused an increase in SPA.  Dopamine receptor blockade (pimozide) decreased SPA, whereas the precursor (L-DOPA) and a dopamine receptor stimulator (apomorphine) increased SPA.  On the other hand, selective depletion of noradrenaline (disulfiram) caused an increase in SPA; and at a time when noradrenaline levels are depressed and dopamine levels are elevated (AMPT + L-DOPA), SPA was seen to be particularly enhanced.  thus, dopamine and serotonin appear to facilitate SPA, whereas noradrenaline appears to inhibit it.  When a general catecholamine receptor blocker (haloperidol) was employed, SPA was diminished, suggesting that the influence of dopamine in SPA is greater than that of noradrenaline.  Most of the drugs used in this study significantly altered SPA at doses which left baseline tail flick latency unaffected.  It would appear, therefore, that SPA has a neural substrate at least partly independent of that underlying baseline pain responsiveness.  Consideration is given to various ascending and descending monoamine system as possible component paths in this neural substrate of SPA.  Finally, the present results are discussed in relation to studies by others on the site and mechanism of morphine's analgesic action.  Some striking parallels between SPA and morphine analgesia are noted.  These suggest the existence of a common pain-inhibitory system in the brain activated by morphine and by focal electrical stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:125142", "title": "Vitamin D -- induced changes in the renal membrane ATPase system.", "content": "Ca-dependent and Mg-dependent ATPase activity was found to be depressed significantly in renal membrane preparations from vitamin D-deficient as compared to normal rats. Administratiin of 2000 i.u. vitamin D2 to deficient rats 30 hours before sacrifice restored the membrane enzyme activity to normal. ATP binding by enzymes was also reduced in vitamin D deficiency and raised by repletion. Vitamin D may therefore be required for normal Ca-and Mg-dependent ATPase activity.", "contents": "Vitamin D -- induced changes in the renal membrane ATPase system. Ca-dependent and Mg-dependent ATPase activity was found to be depressed significantly in renal membrane preparations from vitamin D-deficient as compared to normal rats. Administratiin of 2000 i.u. vitamin D2 to deficient rats 30 hours before sacrifice restored the membrane enzyme activity to normal. ATP binding by enzymes was also reduced in vitamin D deficiency and raised by repletion. Vitamin D may therefore be required for normal Ca-and Mg-dependent ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:125143", "title": "Characterization of developing antler cartilage matrix. I. Selected histochemical and enzymatic assessment.", "content": "Biopsy samples of the main beams and tines were obtained from the antlers of mature Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) during the rapid phase of the antler grow-th cycle. The samples were studied using histochemical and enzymatic techniques for the demonstration of mucosubstances. The reserve mesenchyme contained chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates, hyaluronic acid and sialic acid. During prechondroblastic and chondroblastic differentiation, some strongly sulfated mucopolysaccharides were complemented by low molecular weight or incompletely sulfated chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates. During maturation of the cartilage strongly anionic mucopolysaccharides (possibly heparin, keratan and/or dermatan sulfates) were present in the general matrix and especially prominent along the capsular margins. Calcification foci, beginning initially in the mid-trabecular regions and eventually extending to the trabecular margins, were highly reactive for mucosubstances and were enzyme-resistant. This histochemical study establishes the cartilaginous nature of the developing deer antler, defines some of the mucosubstance constituents involved in the chondrogenic and calcification process, and confirms the utility of the antler as a model for chondrogenic and calcification studies.", "contents": "Characterization of developing antler cartilage matrix. I. Selected histochemical and enzymatic assessment. Biopsy samples of the main beams and tines were obtained from the antlers of mature Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus hemionus) during the rapid phase of the antler grow-th cycle. The samples were studied using histochemical and enzymatic techniques for the demonstration of mucosubstances. The reserve mesenchyme contained chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates, hyaluronic acid and sialic acid. During prechondroblastic and chondroblastic differentiation, some strongly sulfated mucopolysaccharides were complemented by low molecular weight or incompletely sulfated chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates. During maturation of the cartilage strongly anionic mucopolysaccharides (possibly heparin, keratan and/or dermatan sulfates) were present in the general matrix and especially prominent along the capsular margins. Calcification foci, beginning initially in the mid-trabecular regions and eventually extending to the trabecular margins, were highly reactive for mucosubstances and were enzyme-resistant. This histochemical study establishes the cartilaginous nature of the developing deer antler, defines some of the mucosubstance constituents involved in the chondrogenic and calcification process, and confirms the utility of the antler as a model for chondrogenic and calcification studies."}
{"id": "PMID:125144", "title": "Characterization of developing antler cartilage matrix, II, An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Cartilage from the main beams and tines of deer antler was examined with the electron microscope. The material studied included prechondroblastic, chondroblastic and chondrocytic matrices. Exdysial microfibrils (5-10 nm in diameter) were observed in the matrix of the prechondroblastic zone. These microfibrils and associated amorphous material were continuous with electron-dense material that probably represented extracellular units of collagen polymers. Matrix (proteoglycan) granules were first observed in the chondroblastic zone. They stained positively with colloidal iron and therefore probably represented proteinpolysaccharides. The matrix granules of the chondroxytic (unmineralized and mineralized) zone were twice the diameter of those in the chondroblastic zone. Matrix vesicles were present in all three stages of development. They were in contact with cellular extensions and also arose directly from cell membranes in the immature zones. As in somatic mineralizing cartilage, these vesicles served as the foci for early mineralization. The initial mineralization process was associated with the membrane of the vesicles.", "contents": "Characterization of developing antler cartilage matrix, II, An ultrastructural study. Cartilage from the main beams and tines of deer antler was examined with the electron microscope. The material studied included prechondroblastic, chondroblastic and chondrocytic matrices. Exdysial microfibrils (5-10 nm in diameter) were observed in the matrix of the prechondroblastic zone. These microfibrils and associated amorphous material were continuous with electron-dense material that probably represented extracellular units of collagen polymers. Matrix (proteoglycan) granules were first observed in the chondroblastic zone. They stained positively with colloidal iron and therefore probably represented proteinpolysaccharides. The matrix granules of the chondroxytic (unmineralized and mineralized) zone were twice the diameter of those in the chondroblastic zone. Matrix vesicles were present in all three stages of development. They were in contact with cellular extensions and also arose directly from cell membranes in the immature zones. As in somatic mineralizing cartilage, these vesicles served as the foci for early mineralization. The initial mineralization process was associated with the membrane of the vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:125145", "title": "Renal transport of organic acids and bases in genetically obese mice.", "content": "Accumulation of p-aminohippurate (PAH) and N-methylnicotinamide (NMN) by renal cortical slices was used to estimate transport capacity for organic anions and cations, respectively. In a previous study, renal organic anion transport appeared to be selectively depressed in animals rendered obese by high fat feeding. However, the effects of obesity could not be discretely separated from the effects of the 30% fat diet used to produce the obesity. Genetically obese hyperglycemic mice provided a model to determine the effect of obesity on renal transport systems without the complication due to diet. Accumulation of both PAH and NMN was depressed in renal cortical slices from genetically obese mice. Addition of plasma from thin or obese animals increased PAH accumulation by slices from thin animals. Accumulation by slices from obese animals was unaffected by addition of plasma. Oxygen consumption with acetate in the medium was less in kidneys from obese mice than kidneys from thin mice. Thus, in addition to inhibition of transport capacity, renal cortex of genetically obese mice has a biochemical defect that prevents response to stimulators. It is concluded that several renal functions are depressed in the genetically obese hyperglycemic mouse. Whether the depressed function results from the obesity or is concomitant with the gene for obesity is as yet undertermined.", "contents": "Renal transport of organic acids and bases in genetically obese mice. Accumulation of p-aminohippurate (PAH) and N-methylnicotinamide (NMN) by renal cortical slices was used to estimate transport capacity for organic anions and cations, respectively. In a previous study, renal organic anion transport appeared to be selectively depressed in animals rendered obese by high fat feeding. However, the effects of obesity could not be discretely separated from the effects of the 30% fat diet used to produce the obesity. Genetically obese hyperglycemic mice provided a model to determine the effect of obesity on renal transport systems without the complication due to diet. Accumulation of both PAH and NMN was depressed in renal cortical slices from genetically obese mice. Addition of plasma from thin or obese animals increased PAH accumulation by slices from thin animals. Accumulation by slices from obese animals was unaffected by addition of plasma. Oxygen consumption with acetate in the medium was less in kidneys from obese mice than kidneys from thin mice. Thus, in addition to inhibition of transport capacity, renal cortex of genetically obese mice has a biochemical defect that prevents response to stimulators. It is concluded that several renal functions are depressed in the genetically obese hyperglycemic mouse. Whether the depressed function results from the obesity or is concomitant with the gene for obesity is as yet undertermined."}
{"id": "PMID:125146", "title": "Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus associated with lysogenic conversion to loss of beta-hemolysin production.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus strains 7-8 and 57 that produce beta-hemolysin but not staphylokinase (beta + K-) were lysogenically converted by certain serological group F bacteriophages to the loss of beta-hemolysin production and the gain in staphylokinase production (beta-K+). Serological group A phage 42E was found to convert S. aureus strains 7-8(beta-K-) and 57 (beta + K-) to beta - K-. Conversion of beta-hemolysin by lysogenization of a serological group A phage has not previously been reported. Phage 42E conversions differed from the group F conversions since staphylokinase was not affected. This indicates that conversion to beta-K+ involves separate loci on the phage chromosome. Several characteristics associated with virulence of staphylococci of human or animal origin other than staju;plomase production (coagulase, DNase, lipase, gelatinase, mannitol fermentation, and phage-sensitivity patterns) were not correlated with lysogenic conversions to loss of beta-hemolysin.", "contents": "Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus associated with lysogenic conversion to loss of beta-hemolysin production. Staphylococcus aureus strains 7-8 and 57 that produce beta-hemolysin but not staphylokinase (beta + K-) were lysogenically converted by certain serological group F bacteriophages to the loss of beta-hemolysin production and the gain in staphylokinase production (beta-K+). Serological group A phage 42E was found to convert S. aureus strains 7-8(beta-K-) and 57 (beta + K-) to beta - K-. Conversion of beta-hemolysin by lysogenization of a serological group A phage has not previously been reported. Phage 42E conversions differed from the group F conversions since staphylokinase was not affected. This indicates that conversion to beta-K+ involves separate loci on the phage chromosome. Several characteristics associated with virulence of staphylococci of human or animal origin other than staju;plomase production (coagulase, DNase, lipase, gelatinase, mannitol fermentation, and phage-sensitivity patterns) were not correlated with lysogenic conversions to loss of beta-hemolysin."}
{"id": "PMID:125149", "title": "Effects of cancer chemotherapeutic agents on endocrine organs and serum levels of estrogens, progesterone, prolactin, and luteinizing hormone.", "content": "The effects of the following cancer chemotherapeutic agents on serum hormonal levels, estrous cycles, and endocrine organs were studied in mature, normal Sprague-Dawley rats by radioimmunoassay, vaginal smear examination, and organ weight end point: estradiol mustard (NSC 112259), testosterone mustard (NSC 112260), phenoestrin (NSC 104469), methotrexate (NSC 740), 5-fluorouracil (NSC 19893), vinblastine (NSC 49842), vincristine (NSC 67574), nitrogen mustard (NSC 762), and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (NSC 409962). Following 2 weeks of treatment, estradiol-17beta levels were markedly elevated by all compounds except testosterone mustard and nitrogen mustard, which caused a decrease. Estrone levels were elevated by methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vinblastine, vincristine, nitrogen mustard, and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, but were lowered by estradiol mustard. Progesterone levels were elevated only by estradiol mustard and testosterone mustard and were not affected by other compounds. Prolactin surge during proestrus was suppressed by phenesterin and methotrexate. Luteinizing hormone levels were lowered by methotrexate and nitrogen mustard. Estrous cycles of rats treated with estradiol mustard were arrested at proestrus, and the uterine and pituitary weights of these rats markedly increased. Uterine weight loss was significant following treatment with testosterone mustard, 5-fluorouracil, and nitrogen mustard. Thyroid weight was reduced by all compounds except methotrexate and vinblastine. Significant increases in pituitary weights occurred following treatment with all compounds except 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. The effects on ovarian and adrenal weights were minimal although significant by some compounds. Thus, in addition to their direct antitumor effects, these agents also produced changes in endocrine system which may be synergistic or antagonistic to the chemotherapy of endocrine-responsive neoplasms.", "contents": "Effects of cancer chemotherapeutic agents on endocrine organs and serum levels of estrogens, progesterone, prolactin, and luteinizing hormone. The effects of the following cancer chemotherapeutic agents on serum hormonal levels, estrous cycles, and endocrine organs were studied in mature, normal Sprague-Dawley rats by radioimmunoassay, vaginal smear examination, and organ weight end point: estradiol mustard (NSC 112259), testosterone mustard (NSC 112260), phenoestrin (NSC 104469), methotrexate (NSC 740), 5-fluorouracil (NSC 19893), vinblastine (NSC 49842), vincristine (NSC 67574), nitrogen mustard (NSC 762), and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (NSC 409962). Following 2 weeks of treatment, estradiol-17beta levels were markedly elevated by all compounds except testosterone mustard and nitrogen mustard, which caused a decrease. Estrone levels were elevated by methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, vinblastine, vincristine, nitrogen mustard, and 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, but were lowered by estradiol mustard. Progesterone levels were elevated only by estradiol mustard and testosterone mustard and were not affected by other compounds. Prolactin surge during proestrus was suppressed by phenesterin and methotrexate. Luteinizing hormone levels were lowered by methotrexate and nitrogen mustard. Estrous cycles of rats treated with estradiol mustard were arrested at proestrus, and the uterine and pituitary weights of these rats markedly increased. Uterine weight loss was significant following treatment with testosterone mustard, 5-fluorouracil, and nitrogen mustard. Thyroid weight was reduced by all compounds except methotrexate and vinblastine. Significant increases in pituitary weights occurred following treatment with all compounds except 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. The effects on ovarian and adrenal weights were minimal although significant by some compounds. Thus, in addition to their direct antitumor effects, these agents also produced changes in endocrine system which may be synergistic or antagonistic to the chemotherapy of endocrine-responsive neoplasms."}
{"id": "PMID:125150", "title": "Protective effect of dehydroepiandrosterone against aflatoxin B1-and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced cytotoxicity and transformation in cultured cells.", "content": "Dehydroepiandrosterone, an adrenal steroid that has been reported to be produced in subnormal amounts and found in lower plasma concentrations in women with benign and malignant breast tumors, protects cultured rat liver epithelial-like cells against aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity and protects hamster embryonic fibroblasts against aflatoxin B1- and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced transformation. Related androgenic steroids show significantly less protective effect. Dehydroepiandrosterone also inhibits the rate of conversion of [3H]-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to water-soluble metabolites by rat liver epithelial-like cells, suggesting that the steroid probably exerts its protective effect by inhibiting carcinogen activation.", "contents": "Protective effect of dehydroepiandrosterone against aflatoxin B1-and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced cytotoxicity and transformation in cultured cells. Dehydroepiandrosterone, an adrenal steroid that has been reported to be produced in subnormal amounts and found in lower plasma concentrations in women with benign and malignant breast tumors, protects cultured rat liver epithelial-like cells against aflatoxin B1-induced cytotoxicity and protects hamster embryonic fibroblasts against aflatoxin B1- and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced transformation. Related androgenic steroids show significantly less protective effect. Dehydroepiandrosterone also inhibits the rate of conversion of [3H]-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene to water-soluble metabolites by rat liver epithelial-like cells, suggesting that the steroid probably exerts its protective effect by inhibiting carcinogen activation."}
{"id": "PMID:125147", "title": "Phase II trials with procarbazine (NSC-77213), streptozotocin (NSC-85998), 6-THIOGUANINE (NSC-752), and CCNU (NSC-79037) in patients with metastatic cancer of the large bowel.", "content": "One hundred and ninety-seven patients with measurable metastatic cancer of the colon have been treated with one of four anticancer drugs which have had little prior trial in this disease. Objective tumor responses lasting a median of 9 weeks occurred with 0.5 g/m of streptozotocin given intravenously every week (10 percent), 130 mg/m of CCNU given orally every 6 weeks (10%), 1.0 mg/kg/day of 6-thioguanine given orally (8%), and 3 mg/kg/day of procarbazine given orally (3%). Performance status declined more rapidly with streptozotocin and 6-thioguanine and the median survival time was less (12 and 16 weeks respectively) than with procarbazine and CCNU (23 and 20 weeks respectively). This study suggests that procarbazine given in this way is ineffective but trials of streptozotocin or 6-thioguanine combined with other agents active against colon cancer should ensue as well as further exploration of the usefulness of other nitrosoureas.", "contents": "Phase II trials with procarbazine (NSC-77213), streptozotocin (NSC-85998), 6-THIOGUANINE (NSC-752), and CCNU (NSC-79037) in patients with metastatic cancer of the large bowel. One hundred and ninety-seven patients with measurable metastatic cancer of the colon have been treated with one of four anticancer drugs which have had little prior trial in this disease. Objective tumor responses lasting a median of 9 weeks occurred with 0.5 g/m of streptozotocin given intravenously every week (10 percent), 130 mg/m of CCNU given orally every 6 weeks (10%), 1.0 mg/kg/day of 6-thioguanine given orally (8%), and 3 mg/kg/day of procarbazine given orally (3%). Performance status declined more rapidly with streptozotocin and 6-thioguanine and the median survival time was less (12 and 16 weeks respectively) than with procarbazine and CCNU (23 and 20 weeks respectively). This study suggests that procarbazine given in this way is ineffective but trials of streptozotocin or 6-thioguanine combined with other agents active against colon cancer should ensue as well as further exploration of the usefulness of other nitrosoureas."}
{"id": "PMID:125152", "title": "The role of myocardial biopsy in cardiac diagnosis.", "content": "With the advent of cardiac catheterization, cardioangiography, and selective coronary arteriography, specific types of cardiac disease can be recognized and clearly defined. This is appropriate because myocardial biopsy alone rarely plays a major role in cardiac diagnosis. Excluding Aschoff's nodules in patients with rheumatic valve disease, the light microscopic findings in patients with rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, pericardial disease, hypertensive and arteriosclerotic heart disease are similar and nonspecific. In these, interstitial fibrosis and/or myocardial hypertrophy is the dominant tissue diagnosis. Occasionally a pericardial and myocardial specimen is helpful to distinguish constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Myocardial biopsy has provided the only method for diagnosis in a small number of patients with normal hemodynamics, normal coronary arteriograms and normal ventriculograms. The patients were studied because of chest pain and/or cardiac arrhythmias. Supraventricular and/or ventricular arrhythmias were encountered. In these patients the tissue diagnosis was interstital fibrosis and/or myocardial hypertrophy. These findings are consistent with primary myocardial disease which was not recognized clinically or by angiographic studies. The procedure seems to play a major role in the diagnosis of specific types of primary myocardial disease. It is valuable in the recognition of glycogen storage disease, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, and myocarditis. On the basis of current experience, the indications for myocardial biopsies depend on the need for a tissue diagnosis in determining the management of the patient and the availability of adequately trained personnel to perform the procedure and manage the complications.", "contents": "The role of myocardial biopsy in cardiac diagnosis. With the advent of cardiac catheterization, cardioangiography, and selective coronary arteriography, specific types of cardiac disease can be recognized and clearly defined. This is appropriate because myocardial biopsy alone rarely plays a major role in cardiac diagnosis. Excluding Aschoff's nodules in patients with rheumatic valve disease, the light microscopic findings in patients with rheumatic heart disease, congenital heart disease, pericardial disease, hypertensive and arteriosclerotic heart disease are similar and nonspecific. In these, interstitial fibrosis and/or myocardial hypertrophy is the dominant tissue diagnosis. Occasionally a pericardial and myocardial specimen is helpful to distinguish constrictive pericarditis and restrictive cardiomyopathy. Myocardial biopsy has provided the only method for diagnosis in a small number of patients with normal hemodynamics, normal coronary arteriograms and normal ventriculograms. The patients were studied because of chest pain and/or cardiac arrhythmias. Supraventricular and/or ventricular arrhythmias were encountered. In these patients the tissue diagnosis was interstital fibrosis and/or myocardial hypertrophy. These findings are consistent with primary myocardial disease which was not recognized clinically or by angiographic studies. The procedure seems to play a major role in the diagnosis of specific types of primary myocardial disease. It is valuable in the recognition of glycogen storage disease, amyloidosis, hemochromatosis, and myocarditis. On the basis of current experience, the indications for myocardial biopsies depend on the need for a tissue diagnosis in determining the management of the patient and the availability of adequately trained personnel to perform the procedure and manage the complications."}
{"id": "PMID:125153", "title": "Hydrolase and serum treatment of normal chick embryo cells: effects on hexose transport.", "content": "We have asked whether treatment of normal cultured cells with proteases, other hydrolytic enzymes, or serum can convert them into transient phenocopies of transformed cells with respect to the very high rate of hexose transport characteristic of transformed cells. Treatment of density-inhibited cultures of normal chick embryo fibroblasts with trypsin, plasmin, neuraminidase, or hyaluronidase stimulated their rate of 2-deoxyglucose uptake to a level only marginally higher than that seen in normal exponentially growing cultures, and only 35-45% of that seen in transformed cultures. Addition of the hydrolytic enzymes to growing cell cultures had little effect on 2-deoxyglucose uptake. Serum, however, could stimulate 2-deoxyglucose uptake all the way up to the transformed level. Even though the hydrolases and serum differed in their ability to stimulate 2-deoxyglucose uptake, both reagents were capable of stimulating cell division equally well. Evidence is presented suggesting that the hexose transport rate is controlled by serum factors, and that proteolysis can affect the response of the cells of these factors.", "contents": "Hydrolase and serum treatment of normal chick embryo cells: effects on hexose transport. We have asked whether treatment of normal cultured cells with proteases, other hydrolytic enzymes, or serum can convert them into transient phenocopies of transformed cells with respect to the very high rate of hexose transport characteristic of transformed cells. Treatment of density-inhibited cultures of normal chick embryo fibroblasts with trypsin, plasmin, neuraminidase, or hyaluronidase stimulated their rate of 2-deoxyglucose uptake to a level only marginally higher than that seen in normal exponentially growing cultures, and only 35-45% of that seen in transformed cultures. Addition of the hydrolytic enzymes to growing cell cultures had little effect on 2-deoxyglucose uptake. Serum, however, could stimulate 2-deoxyglucose uptake all the way up to the transformed level. Even though the hydrolases and serum differed in their ability to stimulate 2-deoxyglucose uptake, both reagents were capable of stimulating cell division equally well. Evidence is presented suggesting that the hexose transport rate is controlled by serum factors, and that proteolysis can affect the response of the cells of these factors."}
{"id": "PMID:125155", "title": "[Symbiotic efficiency in spontaneous mutants of Rhizobium legumino-sarum resistant to streptomyocin, spectinomycin, or kanamycin].", "content": "Symbiotic effectiveness of 45 mutant strains selected from four wild effective strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum for resistance to streptomycin, spectinomycin or kanamycin was determined on Vicia faba.  Loss of effectiveness occurred in twenty of these mutants; distribution of ineffective mutants was uniform among the three types of antibiotic resistant mutants but varied with the parent strain from which mutants have been derived.", "contents": "[Symbiotic efficiency in spontaneous mutants of Rhizobium legumino-sarum resistant to streptomyocin, spectinomycin, or kanamycin]. Symbiotic effectiveness of 45 mutant strains selected from four wild effective strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum for resistance to streptomycin, spectinomycin or kanamycin was determined on Vicia faba.  Loss of effectiveness occurred in twenty of these mutants; distribution of ineffective mutants was uniform among the three types of antibiotic resistant mutants but varied with the parent strain from which mutants have been derived."}
{"id": "PMID:125156", "title": "[Cathepsin D and the catabolic degradation of proteoglycans in granulomatous tissue].", "content": "Incubated in vitro at 37 degrees C, granulation tissues release glycosaminoglycans into the incubation medium.  Such release is inhibited if pepstatine is present in the medium.  From this result, it can be inferred that the protien moiety of the proteioglycans is degraded by cathepsin D.  Therefore a role of this enzyme in granulation tissues appears, especially in the late reparative phase.", "contents": "[Cathepsin D and the catabolic degradation of proteoglycans in granulomatous tissue]. Incubated in vitro at 37 degrees C, granulation tissues release glycosaminoglycans into the incubation medium.  Such release is inhibited if pepstatine is present in the medium.  From this result, it can be inferred that the protien moiety of the proteioglycans is degraded by cathepsin D.  Therefore a role of this enzyme in granulation tissues appears, especially in the late reparative phase."}
{"id": "PMID:125157", "title": "Electrophysiologic and pathologic correlations in two cases of chronic second degree atrioventricular block with left bundle branch block.", "content": "This study concerns two cases of chronic 2 degrees atrioventricular (A-V) block with left bundle branch block (LBBB). Pathological studies included serial section of the conduction systems. Case 1 had type I 2 degrees block with LBBB. Electrophysiological studies revealed type I 2 degrees block proximal to the His bundle recording site and a prolonged H-V interval (60 msec). Pathologically there was a moderate to marked fibrosis of the approaches to the A-V node and of the A-V node, marked fibrosis of the left bundle branch, and moderate involvement of the right bundle branch. The changes proximal to the His bundle were more marked than the changes distal to this bundle. Case 2 had type II and 2:1 2 degrees A-V block with LBBB. Electrophysiologically the site of block was distal to the His bundle recording site, and there was a prolonged A-V node and severe involvement of both bundle branches. The changes distal to the His bundle were more severe than the changes proximal to the His bundle. This study reveals that the electrophysiologic data more closely approximated the pathologic findings than did surface electrocardiographic data alone. It also emphasizes that there may be multiple sites of disease in chronic 2 degrees block with bundle branch block.", "contents": "Electrophysiologic and pathologic correlations in two cases of chronic second degree atrioventricular block with left bundle branch block. This study concerns two cases of chronic 2 degrees atrioventricular (A-V) block with left bundle branch block (LBBB). Pathological studies included serial section of the conduction systems. Case 1 had type I 2 degrees block with LBBB. Electrophysiological studies revealed type I 2 degrees block proximal to the His bundle recording site and a prolonged H-V interval (60 msec). Pathologically there was a moderate to marked fibrosis of the approaches to the A-V node and of the A-V node, marked fibrosis of the left bundle branch, and moderate involvement of the right bundle branch. The changes proximal to the His bundle were more marked than the changes distal to this bundle. Case 2 had type II and 2:1 2 degrees A-V block with LBBB. Electrophysiologically the site of block was distal to the His bundle recording site, and there was a prolonged A-V node and severe involvement of both bundle branches. The changes distal to the His bundle were more severe than the changes proximal to the His bundle. This study reveals that the electrophysiologic data more closely approximated the pathologic findings than did surface electrocardiographic data alone. It also emphasizes that there may be multiple sites of disease in chronic 2 degrees block with bundle branch block."}
{"id": "PMID:125158", "title": "Arteriovenous fistulae secondary to renal cell carcinoma. Clinical and cardiovascular manifestations: report of a case.", "content": "A 63-year-old woman presented with progressive congestive heart failure and unexplained cardiomegaly. Diagnostic workup revealed large arteriovenous fistulae in the lower pole of the left kidney. A total left nephrectomy was performed and microscopic exam revealed renal cell carcinoma. Following surgery, the congestive heart failure cleared and the patient has been asymptomatic for one year. The pertinent findings of the 22 patients who have been reported previously in the literature with arteriovenous fistulae complicating renal cell carcinoma are reviewed. Thirty percent of the patients presented with cardiovascular complaints, and 60% had significant cardiovascular findings during the course of evaluation. An abdominal bruit was the most discriminating finding on physical exam, and it occurred in 72% of the reported cases. The diagnosis was unexpectedly established by surgery in 13%, and by angiography in 87% -- usually in the course of a workup for hypertension, abdominal pain, hematuria, or during search for an occult malignancy. An extensive evaluation is required for early diagnosis of this correctible cause of hypertension and heart failure.", "contents": "Arteriovenous fistulae secondary to renal cell carcinoma. Clinical and cardiovascular manifestations: report of a case. A 63-year-old woman presented with progressive congestive heart failure and unexplained cardiomegaly. Diagnostic workup revealed large arteriovenous fistulae in the lower pole of the left kidney. A total left nephrectomy was performed and microscopic exam revealed renal cell carcinoma. Following surgery, the congestive heart failure cleared and the patient has been asymptomatic for one year. The pertinent findings of the 22 patients who have been reported previously in the literature with arteriovenous fistulae complicating renal cell carcinoma are reviewed. Thirty percent of the patients presented with cardiovascular complaints, and 60% had significant cardiovascular findings during the course of evaluation. An abdominal bruit was the most discriminating finding on physical exam, and it occurred in 72% of the reported cases. The diagnosis was unexpectedly established by surgery in 13%, and by angiography in 87% -- usually in the course of a workup for hypertension, abdominal pain, hematuria, or during search for an occult malignancy. An extensive evaluation is required for early diagnosis of this correctible cause of hypertension and heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:125159", "title": "Analysis of urinary mucopolysaccharides using small ion exchange columns.", "content": "Methods are presented for the small scale column chromatography of urinary mucopolysaccharides. After isolation by cety pyridinium chloride mucopolysaccharides are applied to a small column of ion exchange resin and eluted by 2 M-sodium chloride. Colorimetric assays on this elutate allow clinically significant disease states to be detected.", "contents": "Analysis of urinary mucopolysaccharides using small ion exchange columns. Methods are presented for the small scale column chromatography of urinary mucopolysaccharides. After isolation by cety pyridinium chloride mucopolysaccharides are applied to a small column of ion exchange resin and eluted by 2 M-sodium chloride. Colorimetric assays on this elutate allow clinically significant disease states to be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:125160", "title": "Erythrocyte phosphofructokinase deficiency associated with an unstable variant of muscle phosphofructokinase.", "content": "A case of chronic non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia due to partial erythrocyte phosphofructokinase deficiency (61% of normal) is reported. Immunological studies in hemolystates, using anti-muscle and anti-leukocyte phosphofructokinase antisera, seemed to indicate that an isozyme of the muscle type was deficient in the patient. This hypothesis was confirmed by the studies of muscle phosphofructokinase; this enzyme was an unstable and fast variant. There was no deficiency in muscle because of the active synthesis of proteins by this tissue, but the deficiency could be detected in erythrocytes, old cells which are no longer able to synthesize proteins.", "contents": "Erythrocyte phosphofructokinase deficiency associated with an unstable variant of muscle phosphofructokinase. A case of chronic non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia due to partial erythrocyte phosphofructokinase deficiency (61% of normal) is reported. Immunological studies in hemolystates, using anti-muscle and anti-leukocyte phosphofructokinase antisera, seemed to indicate that an isozyme of the muscle type was deficient in the patient. This hypothesis was confirmed by the studies of muscle phosphofructokinase; this enzyme was an unstable and fast variant. There was no deficiency in muscle because of the active synthesis of proteins by this tissue, but the deficiency could be detected in erythrocytes, old cells which are no longer able to synthesize proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:125161", "title": "Micromethod for the determination of glycosaminoglycans in the serum. Results from the serum of healthy and varicose subjects.", "content": "Serum glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were isolated from 1 ml of serum by a modification of the method of Y. Emura and T. Mukuda (J. Jap. Biochem. Soc., 45 (1973) 30). The extraction was carried out as quantitatively as possible and the hexuronic acids in the GAG were measured with m-hydroxydiphenyl. This method for determination of the GAG is relatively easy, easily reproducible and requires no more than two days. Its application in clinical chemistry may prove to be useful in the detection of diseases involving connective tissue. A study was carried out with serum samples from 34 patients suffering from serious varicose conditions, compared with samples fro 30 healthy subjects. The mean concentration of GAG in the serum of healthy persons was 0.602 +/- 0.108 (p smaller than 0.0005). There were not, however, any significant variations between patients suffering from serious varices without trophic changes and those with comparable varices accompanied by trophic changes, such as phlebitis, thrombosis and ulcers.", "contents": "Micromethod for the determination of glycosaminoglycans in the serum. Results from the serum of healthy and varicose subjects. Serum glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were isolated from 1 ml of serum by a modification of the method of Y. Emura and T. Mukuda (J. Jap. Biochem. Soc., 45 (1973) 30). The extraction was carried out as quantitatively as possible and the hexuronic acids in the GAG were measured with m-hydroxydiphenyl. This method for determination of the GAG is relatively easy, easily reproducible and requires no more than two days. Its application in clinical chemistry may prove to be useful in the detection of diseases involving connective tissue. A study was carried out with serum samples from 34 patients suffering from serious varicose conditions, compared with samples fro 30 healthy subjects. The mean concentration of GAG in the serum of healthy persons was 0.602 +/- 0.108 (p smaller than 0.0005). There were not, however, any significant variations between patients suffering from serious varices without trophic changes and those with comparable varices accompanied by trophic changes, such as phlebitis, thrombosis and ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:125162", "title": "Indices of gonadal function in the human male. I. Plasma levels of unconjugated steroids and gonadotrophins under normal and pathological conditions.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay technique for the simultaneous measurement of eight unconjugated steroids (progesterone, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, oestrone and oestradiol) in the peripheral plasma of human males is described. Determinations of these steroids and of immunoreactive FSH and LH were carried out on the plasma of twenty-one normal individuals and the levels were compared to those of eleven and ten males exhibiting oligospermia and azoospermia, respectively. Mean values and tolerance limits for each hormone, based on a lognormal distribution of individual values, are presented for all groups. Oligospermia was associated with a significant reduction in plasma dihydrotestosterone and testosterone levels. Azoospermic subjects also exhibited decreased dihydrotestosterone levels but a normal range of testosterone concentrations. Mean peripheral plasma levels of FSH were significantly elevated in both pathological groups and this was paralleled in the azoospermic men by increased concentrations of plasma LH.", "contents": "Indices of gonadal function in the human male. I. Plasma levels of unconjugated steroids and gonadotrophins under normal and pathological conditions. A radioimmunoassay technique for the simultaneous measurement of eight unconjugated steroids (progesterone, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, oestrone and oestradiol) in the peripheral plasma of human males is described. Determinations of these steroids and of immunoreactive FSH and LH were carried out on the plasma of twenty-one normal individuals and the levels were compared to those of eleven and ten males exhibiting oligospermia and azoospermia, respectively. Mean values and tolerance limits for each hormone, based on a lognormal distribution of individual values, are presented for all groups. Oligospermia was associated with a significant reduction in plasma dihydrotestosterone and testosterone levels. Azoospermic subjects also exhibited decreased dihydrotestosterone levels but a normal range of testosterone concentrations. Mean peripheral plasma levels of FSH were significantly elevated in both pathological groups and this was paralleled in the azoospermic men by increased concentrations of plasma LH."}
{"id": "PMID:125163", "title": "Indices of gonadal function in the human male. II. Seminal plasma levels of steroids in normal and pathological conditions.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay method developed previously for the measurement of unconjugated pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol in peripheral plasma was applied to the assay of these steroids in seminal plasma of normal, oligospermic and azoospermic males. It was not possible to use the plasma assay method for the determination of progesterone and oestrone in seminal plasma, because some of the reliability criteria were not fulfilled. A detailed analysis of these steroids in the peripheral plasma of the same subjects has been described previously. The levels of all steroids in seminal plasma were significantly lower than the corresponding blood levels. The ratios of blood plasma/seminal plasma levels of the various steroids varied from 37 (testosterone) to 1.7 (dihydrotestosterone). There was a positive correlation between the testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels of the seminal plasma of normal and azoospermic subjects. The concentrations of dihydrotestosterone, pregnenolone and oestradiol were significantly lower in azoospermic subjects than in normals. The only pathological finding in the seminal plasma of oligospermic subjects was a diminished level of dihydrotestosterone. Enzymic hydrolysis of a seminal plasma pool resulted in a 3- to 8-fold increase in the concentration of pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol, indicating that human seminal plasma contains large amounts of steroid conjugates. It is suggested that the analysis of steroids in the seminal plasma in combination with determinations in peripheral plasma may be a valuable aid to the assessment of testicular function.", "contents": "Indices of gonadal function in the human male. II. Seminal plasma levels of steroids in normal and pathological conditions. A radioimmunoassay method developed previously for the measurement of unconjugated pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol in peripheral plasma was applied to the assay of these steroids in seminal plasma of normal, oligospermic and azoospermic males. It was not possible to use the plasma assay method for the determination of progesterone and oestrone in seminal plasma, because some of the reliability criteria were not fulfilled. A detailed analysis of these steroids in the peripheral plasma of the same subjects has been described previously. The levels of all steroids in seminal plasma were significantly lower than the corresponding blood levels. The ratios of blood plasma/seminal plasma levels of the various steroids varied from 37 (testosterone) to 1.7 (dihydrotestosterone). There was a positive correlation between the testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels of the seminal plasma of normal and azoospermic subjects. The concentrations of dihydrotestosterone, pregnenolone and oestradiol were significantly lower in azoospermic subjects than in normals. The only pathological finding in the seminal plasma of oligospermic subjects was a diminished level of dihydrotestosterone. Enzymic hydrolysis of a seminal plasma pool resulted in a 3- to 8-fold increase in the concentration of pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol, indicating that human seminal plasma contains large amounts of steroid conjugates. It is suggested that the analysis of steroids in the seminal plasma in combination with determinations in peripheral plasma may be a valuable aid to the assessment of testicular function."}
{"id": "PMID:125164", "title": "Chronic treatment regimens for hirsutism in women: effect on blood production rates of testosterone and on hair growth.", "content": "Twenty-five women with hirsutism were studied before and during treatment aimed empirically at suppresing testosterone production by adrenals, ovaries or both. Mean basal plasma testosterone was 70 plus or minus 30 ng/dl, significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than the mean of twenty-three normal women; basal metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of testosterone was also higher (P less than 0.01) than that reported for normal women. Production rate (PR) of testosterone exceeded 417 mug/24 h (1 SD above the mean reported for normal women), in nineteen of the twenty-five patients. After 4 months, small dose betamethasone therapy (0.5 mg at bed time) had reduced the mean PR of testosterone in thirteen patients from 509 mug/24 h to 356 mug/24 h (P = 0.05); anovulatory steroids reduced mean PR of testosterone in nine from 612 mug/24 h to 345 mug/24 h (P less than 0.05, greater than 0.025), and the combination of both therapies in ten reduced PR of testosterone from 528 mug/24 h to 148 mug/24 h (P less than 0.001). The latter regimen had moderate success in reducing hair growth (in six out of ten). Fourteen of the twenty-five claimed benefit in hirsutism and all thirteen with acne were improved. In individual cases, clinical benefit did not correlate well with reduction in PR of testosterone. Freedom from undesirable side effects allows these well-accepted forms of treatment to be given even longer trials.", "contents": "Chronic treatment regimens for hirsutism in women: effect on blood production rates of testosterone and on hair growth. Twenty-five women with hirsutism were studied before and during treatment aimed empirically at suppresing testosterone production by adrenals, ovaries or both. Mean basal plasma testosterone was 70 plus or minus 30 ng/dl, significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than the mean of twenty-three normal women; basal metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of testosterone was also higher (P less than 0.01) than that reported for normal women. Production rate (PR) of testosterone exceeded 417 mug/24 h (1 SD above the mean reported for normal women), in nineteen of the twenty-five patients. After 4 months, small dose betamethasone therapy (0.5 mg at bed time) had reduced the mean PR of testosterone in thirteen patients from 509 mug/24 h to 356 mug/24 h (P = 0.05); anovulatory steroids reduced mean PR of testosterone in nine from 612 mug/24 h to 345 mug/24 h (P less than 0.05, greater than 0.025), and the combination of both therapies in ten reduced PR of testosterone from 528 mug/24 h to 148 mug/24 h (P less than 0.001). The latter regimen had moderate success in reducing hair growth (in six out of ten). Fourteen of the twenty-five claimed benefit in hirsutism and all thirteen with acne were improved. In individual cases, clinical benefit did not correlate well with reduction in PR of testosterone. Freedom from undesirable side effects allows these well-accepted forms of treatment to be given even longer trials."}
{"id": "PMID:125167", "title": "Hepatitis associated antigen and the ABO locus in Down's syndrome.", "content": "The recent observation by Arndt-Hansen et al. (1974) of increased frequency of blood group A over group O in blood donors positive for the hepatitis associated antigen has been investigated in Down's syndrome, in order to establish if this could account for the increased frequency of the antigen in that syndrome. Seventy-one of 227 subjects with Down's syndrome (31.3%) were found to be positive for the antigen by haemagglutination, and comparison of these with the HAA-subjects failed to reveal any differences in the ABO blood groups.", "contents": "Hepatitis associated antigen and the ABO locus in Down's syndrome. The recent observation by Arndt-Hansen et al. (1974) of increased frequency of blood group A over group O in blood donors positive for the hepatitis associated antigen has been investigated in Down's syndrome, in order to establish if this could account for the increased frequency of the antigen in that syndrome. Seventy-one of 227 subjects with Down's syndrome (31.3%) were found to be positive for the antigen by haemagglutination, and comparison of these with the HAA-subjects failed to reveal any differences in the ABO blood groups."}
{"id": "PMID:125168", "title": "Down's syndrome with additional XYY aneuploidy.", "content": "A further case of Down's syndrome with additional XYY aneuploidy is reported. The child has been followed for 5 years. It has not been possible to recognise any phenotypical feature which distinguishes the patient from others with Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Down's syndrome with additional XYY aneuploidy. A further case of Down's syndrome with additional XYY aneuploidy is reported. The child has been followed for 5 years. It has not been possible to recognise any phenotypical feature which distinguishes the patient from others with Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:125169", "title": "The \"labial index\" in Down's syndrome.", "content": "In newborn females with Down's syndrome the labia majora are of a typical appearance, being shorter and wider than in normals. This observation can be expressed numerically by the \"labial index\", which in mongoloids was found significantly lower.", "contents": "The \"labial index\" in Down's syndrome. In newborn females with Down's syndrome the labia majora are of a typical appearance, being shorter and wider than in normals. This observation can be expressed numerically by the \"labial index\", which in mongoloids was found significantly lower."}
{"id": "PMID:125172", "title": "Loin pain as a presenting symptom in idiopathic glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Loin pain may be a major presenting symptom in patients with glomerulonephritis. Most of these patients show an underlying focal and segmental proliferative glomeruloneyphritis and there may be associated deposits of IgA and Igg in the mesangium. In this group of patients, vascular lesions are often prominent in the absence of hypertension. Episodes of recurrent macroscopic hematuria also occur, but the pain cannot be attributed to colic due to blood clots in the ureter.", "contents": "Loin pain as a presenting symptom in idiopathic glomerulonephritis. Loin pain may be a major presenting symptom in patients with glomerulonephritis. Most of these patients show an underlying focal and segmental proliferative glomeruloneyphritis and there may be associated deposits of IgA and Igg in the mesangium. In this group of patients, vascular lesions are often prominent in the absence of hypertension. Episodes of recurrent macroscopic hematuria also occur, but the pain cannot be attributed to colic due to blood clots in the ureter."}
{"id": "PMID:125173", "title": "The dermolipectomy approach for augmentation mammaplasty.", "content": "Breast augmentation with silicone prosthesis through a dermolipectomy approach, its advantages (geometric preoperative planning, abdominal reduction in all three dimensions, providing an improved waistline and a navel of normal aspect, short bikini covered scar of good quality, breast augmentation without regional scars), and limitations (exclusive of major abdominal adiposites and moderately or severely ptotic, hypoplastic breasts) are discussed, and the technique is described.  The results obtained with the procedure are considered satisfactory for both patient and surgeon, and are recommended for cases of abdominal adiposity combined with unilateral or bilateral breast hypoplasias.", "contents": "The dermolipectomy approach for augmentation mammaplasty. Breast augmentation with silicone prosthesis through a dermolipectomy approach, its advantages (geometric preoperative planning, abdominal reduction in all three dimensions, providing an improved waistline and a navel of normal aspect, short bikini covered scar of good quality, breast augmentation without regional scars), and limitations (exclusive of major abdominal adiposites and moderately or severely ptotic, hypoplastic breasts) are discussed, and the technique is described.  The results obtained with the procedure are considered satisfactory for both patient and surgeon, and are recommended for cases of abdominal adiposity combined with unilateral or bilateral breast hypoplasias."}
{"id": "PMID:125171", "title": "Potentiation of antinociceptive action of morphine by prostaglandin E1 in albino rats.", "content": "1. Prostaglandin E1 (0.4 ml/kg, i.p.) significantly potentiated the antinociceptive action of morphine in albino rats. 2. This potentiation was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with reserpine, p-chlorophenylalanine or methysergide but not by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, phentolamine or propranolol. 3. The results suggest that the potentiation of morphine by prostaglandin E1 is mediated by serotonin, since it is inhibited by pharmacological agents known to reduce central turnover of serotonin receptors.", "contents": "Potentiation of antinociceptive action of morphine by prostaglandin E1 in albino rats. 1. Prostaglandin E1 (0.4 ml/kg, i.p.) significantly potentiated the antinociceptive action of morphine in albino rats. 2. This potentiation was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with reserpine, p-chlorophenylalanine or methysergide but not by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, phentolamine or propranolol. 3. The results suggest that the potentiation of morphine by prostaglandin E1 is mediated by serotonin, since it is inhibited by pharmacological agents known to reduce central turnover of serotonin receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:125178", "title": "Soluble high-molecular-weight E fragments in the plasmin-induced degradation products of cross-linked human fibrin.", "content": "1. The factor XIII-mediated cross-linked alpha chains in fibrin have no effect on the nature of the fragments released during the solubilization of fibrin by plasmin. 2. Besides the known D dimer and E fragments solubilized during the lysis of cross-linked fibrin, other fragments have been observed on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis which have a molecular weight of about 135 000. After prolonged plasmin digestion, these fragments (U fragments) were no longer evident on the gels and the high-molecular-weight E antigen was absent. It is assumed that the E antigen was associated with the U fragments. These fragments also cross-reacted with an anti-D serum. 3. The U fragments have been tentatively presumed to be a factor XIII-mediated cross-linked D-E complex since they degrade only after prolonged degradation with plasmin. Whereas it is known that the fibrin D dimer fragment contains the cross-linked gamma chain residues of the originating fibrin, the presumed covalent cross-linking of the D-E fragments has not been proved. 4. The presence of these high-molecular-weight fragments, containing the E antigen, in cross-linked human fibrin digests should be taken into account in the development of D dimer assays to monitor fibrin lysis in vivo.", "contents": "Soluble high-molecular-weight E fragments in the plasmin-induced degradation products of cross-linked human fibrin. 1. The factor XIII-mediated cross-linked alpha chains in fibrin have no effect on the nature of the fragments released during the solubilization of fibrin by plasmin. 2. Besides the known D dimer and E fragments solubilized during the lysis of cross-linked fibrin, other fragments have been observed on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis which have a molecular weight of about 135 000. After prolonged plasmin digestion, these fragments (U fragments) were no longer evident on the gels and the high-molecular-weight E antigen was absent. It is assumed that the E antigen was associated with the U fragments. These fragments also cross-reacted with an anti-D serum. 3. The U fragments have been tentatively presumed to be a factor XIII-mediated cross-linked D-E complex since they degrade only after prolonged degradation with plasmin. Whereas it is known that the fibrin D dimer fragment contains the cross-linked gamma chain residues of the originating fibrin, the presumed covalent cross-linking of the D-E fragments has not been proved. 4. The presence of these high-molecular-weight fragments, containing the E antigen, in cross-linked human fibrin digests should be taken into account in the development of D dimer assays to monitor fibrin lysis in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:125181", "title": "Prevention of chronic experimental heart insufficiency by inosine.", "content": "The administration of inosine dosed 25 mg/kg daily during 10 1/2 months prevented the development of excentric cardiac hypertrophy on the background of experimental aortic stenosis in rats, reduced the lowering of the working capacity of the animals, and partially inhibited the full development of functional and morphological myocardial changes, detected by electrocardiographic, vectorcardiographic, microscopic, and electronmicroscopic examinations. Differences were found in the relative weights of the heart, thymus, liver and other organs; these findings attested to an anabolic activity of inosine. The results obtained justify the application of inosine for the prevention of excentric hypertrophy and decompensation of the heart in cardiac failures varying in etiology; any efficient preventive measure is of importance, because the degree of excentric hypertrophy is a factor influencing the survival of the patients.", "contents": "Prevention of chronic experimental heart insufficiency by inosine. The administration of inosine dosed 25 mg/kg daily during 10 1/2 months prevented the development of excentric cardiac hypertrophy on the background of experimental aortic stenosis in rats, reduced the lowering of the working capacity of the animals, and partially inhibited the full development of functional and morphological myocardial changes, detected by electrocardiographic, vectorcardiographic, microscopic, and electronmicroscopic examinations. Differences were found in the relative weights of the heart, thymus, liver and other organs; these findings attested to an anabolic activity of inosine. The results obtained justify the application of inosine for the prevention of excentric hypertrophy and decompensation of the heart in cardiac failures varying in etiology; any efficient preventive measure is of importance, because the degree of excentric hypertrophy is a factor influencing the survival of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:125182", "title": "Measurement of myocardial blood flow.", "content": "This paper represents a review of the recent literature on techniques to measure myocardial blood flow in man. A short discussion on flow meters in followed by a more detailed discussion of the radionuclide techniques used to measure myocardial blood flow. The radionuclide techniques are discussed in two groups: (1) qualitative measurement of blood flow using static images; and (2) quantitative measurements of blood flow using diffusible substances that actively enter the cell, radioactive labeled particles, and radioactive diffusible gases.", "contents": "Measurement of myocardial blood flow. This paper represents a review of the recent literature on techniques to measure myocardial blood flow in man. A short discussion on flow meters in followed by a more detailed discussion of the radionuclide techniques used to measure myocardial blood flow. The radionuclide techniques are discussed in two groups: (1) qualitative measurement of blood flow using static images; and (2) quantitative measurements of blood flow using diffusible substances that actively enter the cell, radioactive labeled particles, and radioactive diffusible gases."}
{"id": "PMID:125184", "title": "Myocardial coronary hemangiomatous tumors in children.", "content": "Persistent and severe ST segment and T wave changes associated with an apical diastolic murmur were observed in an asymptomatic five-year-old girl for ten years. Recent development of exertional dyspnea and chest pain prompted a detailed cardiovascular re-evaluation. The symptomatology and the electrocardiographic changes are attributed to an angiomatous tumor involving the anterolateral myocardium demonstrated by selective coronary arteriography. The literature regarding primary cardiac vascular tumors was reviewed and the clinical and therapeutic implications were discussed.", "contents": "Myocardial coronary hemangiomatous tumors in children. Persistent and severe ST segment and T wave changes associated with an apical diastolic murmur were observed in an asymptomatic five-year-old girl for ten years. Recent development of exertional dyspnea and chest pain prompted a detailed cardiovascular re-evaluation. The symptomatology and the electrocardiographic changes are attributed to an angiomatous tumor involving the anterolateral myocardium demonstrated by selective coronary arteriography. The literature regarding primary cardiac vascular tumors was reviewed and the clinical and therapeutic implications were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125185", "title": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. A study of 65 patients.", "content": "Electrocardiograms of 65 patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy seen over a five-year period were reviewed. ST segment and T wave abnormalities, left ventricular hypertrophy, biatrial enlargement, left atrial enlargement, premature ventricular contractions, prolonged PR interval, and left anterior hemiblock are the most frequently encountered abnormalities. A combination of left ventricular hypertrophy and biatrial enlargement with or without left anterior hemiblock is most specific, Atrial flutter or fibrillation, pathologic Q waves, and bifascicular block are not uncommon findings, while isolated right atrial or right ventricular abnormalities, and isolated posterior hemiblock or right bundle branch block are rare. Electrocardiographic changes are in general similar to those seen in any diffuse cardiomyopathy and reflect biventricular involvement.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. A study of 65 patients. Electrocardiograms of 65 patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy seen over a five-year period were reviewed. ST segment and T wave abnormalities, left ventricular hypertrophy, biatrial enlargement, left atrial enlargement, premature ventricular contractions, prolonged PR interval, and left anterior hemiblock are the most frequently encountered abnormalities. A combination of left ventricular hypertrophy and biatrial enlargement with or without left anterior hemiblock is most specific, Atrial flutter or fibrillation, pathologic Q waves, and bifascicular block are not uncommon findings, while isolated right atrial or right ventricular abnormalities, and isolated posterior hemiblock or right bundle branch block are rare. Electrocardiographic changes are in general similar to those seen in any diffuse cardiomyopathy and reflect biventricular involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:125186", "title": "Cor pulmonale secondary to upper airway obstruction. Cardiac catheterization, immunologic, and psychometric evaluation in nine patients.", "content": "Previous reports of cor pulmonale due to upper airway obstruction have not noted that chronic hypoxemia due to alveolar hypoventilation can lead to left as well as right ventricular failure in these patients. We found elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in four of five patients. Although these patients have frequent respiratory infections, no investigation of their immune status has previously been reported. We performed such investigations but could not demonstrate an immunologic deficiency. Although nine of 44 patients previously reported were mentally retarded, no psychometric data were available. We studied five patients but could not determine the role of mental subnormality in this syndrome. Diagnosis of this syndrome should be suspected when clinical and roentgenographic findings of biventricular heart failure are associated with right ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram. The diagnosis of alveolar hypoventilation is confirmed by blood gas findings and examination of the upper airways. Surgical removal of obstructive tissue reverses the cardiac involvement.", "contents": "Cor pulmonale secondary to upper airway obstruction. Cardiac catheterization, immunologic, and psychometric evaluation in nine patients. Previous reports of cor pulmonale due to upper airway obstruction have not noted that chronic hypoxemia due to alveolar hypoventilation can lead to left as well as right ventricular failure in these patients. We found elevated left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in four of five patients. Although these patients have frequent respiratory infections, no investigation of their immune status has previously been reported. We performed such investigations but could not demonstrate an immunologic deficiency. Although nine of 44 patients previously reported were mentally retarded, no psychometric data were available. We studied five patients but could not determine the role of mental subnormality in this syndrome. Diagnosis of this syndrome should be suspected when clinical and roentgenographic findings of biventricular heart failure are associated with right ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiogram. The diagnosis of alveolar hypoventilation is confirmed by blood gas findings and examination of the upper airways. Surgical removal of obstructive tissue reverses the cardiac involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:125187", "title": "DNA replication in the amphibia.", "content": "Autoradiographic techniques were used to measure rate of replication and length of the replication unit in cultured cells of Scaphiopus couchi, Bufo cognatus, Rana clamitans, and Triturus viridescens, having nuclear DNA amounts in the ratio 1:4:7:39 respectively. The autoradiographic experiments were designed to show whether the larger amounts of nuclear DNA are correlated with more rapid rates of synthesis and/or with longer replication units. -- The DNA replication rate was 2.5 mu/minute (corrected for two growing points) with 10 minutes 3H-thymidine label at 22 degrees C, but decreased with longer labelling durations. The length of the replication unit (estimated by the distance from the center of one autoradiograph to the center of the next in sequence) was most commonly in the 10-25 mu range with a 30 minute label, in all four species. The average center-to-center distance was 8 mu at 10 minutes and increased with label duration, to over 45 mu with 24 hours label. Replication was predominantly but not exclusively bidirectional. Neither rate of replication nor length of the replication unit was proportional to the amount of DNA in these species.", "contents": "DNA replication in the amphibia. Autoradiographic techniques were used to measure rate of replication and length of the replication unit in cultured cells of Scaphiopus couchi, Bufo cognatus, Rana clamitans, and Triturus viridescens, having nuclear DNA amounts in the ratio 1:4:7:39 respectively. The autoradiographic experiments were designed to show whether the larger amounts of nuclear DNA are correlated with more rapid rates of synthesis and/or with longer replication units. -- The DNA replication rate was 2.5 mu/minute (corrected for two growing points) with 10 minutes 3H-thymidine label at 22 degrees C, but decreased with longer labelling durations. The length of the replication unit (estimated by the distance from the center of one autoradiograph to the center of the next in sequence) was most commonly in the 10-25 mu range with a 30 minute label, in all four species. The average center-to-center distance was 8 mu at 10 minutes and increased with label duration, to over 45 mu with 24 hours label. Replication was predominantly but not exclusively bidirectional. Neither rate of replication nor length of the replication unit was proportional to the amount of DNA in these species."}
{"id": "PMID:125188", "title": "Different approaches to the mechanism of the sodium pump.", "content": "The way in which the sodium pump uses energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to perform osmotic and electrical work is not yet understood. We attempt to bring together the results of a number of different approaches to this problem. One approach has been to correlate biochemical changes and ionic fluxes, both when the pump operates normally and when it operates in various abnormal 'modes' in particular unphysiological conditions. A second approach has been to expose fragments of cell membrane to (gamma-32P)ATP and to study the properties of components of the membrane that become labelled. It is now clear that 32P can be transferred to the beta-carboxy group of an aspartyl residue in a pump polypeptide, but there is controversy about the interrelations of different forms of this polypeptide and its role, if any, in the normal functioning of the pump. A third approach has been to attempt to purify the pump and to determine the properties of the pure enzyme. It seems that the pump contains a polypeptide (molecular weight about 100,000), which bears the phosphorylation site, and a smaller glycopeptide, but there is disagreement about the molecular ratios. The results of these and other approaches cannot yet be fitted into a satisfactory model for the sodium pump, but we shall consider some of the problems involved in this task.", "contents": "Different approaches to the mechanism of the sodium pump. The way in which the sodium pump uses energy from the hydrolysis of ATP to perform osmotic and electrical work is not yet understood. We attempt to bring together the results of a number of different approaches to this problem. One approach has been to correlate biochemical changes and ionic fluxes, both when the pump operates normally and when it operates in various abnormal 'modes' in particular unphysiological conditions. A second approach has been to expose fragments of cell membrane to (gamma-32P)ATP and to study the properties of components of the membrane that become labelled. It is now clear that 32P can be transferred to the beta-carboxy group of an aspartyl residue in a pump polypeptide, but there is controversy about the interrelations of different forms of this polypeptide and its role, if any, in the normal functioning of the pump. A third approach has been to attempt to purify the pump and to determine the properties of the pure enzyme. It seems that the pump contains a polypeptide (molecular weight about 100,000), which bears the phosphorylation site, and a smaller glycopeptide, but there is disagreement about the molecular ratios. The results of these and other approaches cannot yet be fitted into a satisfactory model for the sodium pump, but we shall consider some of the problems involved in this task."}
{"id": "PMID:125189", "title": "The roots of bioenergetics.", "content": "Understanding metabolic energy transformation began with the realization of an 'intrusion' of phosphate into the mechanism of alcoholic fermentation. The discovery of an analogous participation of phosphate in muscle glycolysis connected the metabolic generation of energy-rich phosphate bonds fed into a common transmitter, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), with the production of mechanical energy through the finding that the phosphoryl group of creatine phosphate transferred to ATP could supply the energy for muscle contraction. In this way, a functional applicability of the energy of the phosphate bond was first shown. This observation was soon followed by the recognition that the phosphoanhydride bond of ATP provided the driving force in biosynthetic reactions; in this type of bond, metabolic energy apparently collects before it is transmitted for functional and biosynthetic use. The storage of energy in ATP was first detected in anaerobic energy-yielding reactions but soon was also found in respiratory and photosynthetic energy production. However, the mechanism by which energy derived from metabolites was converted into phosphate-bond energy in the latter processes appeared to differ from that of anaerobic energy transmission. Whereas phosphorylated compounds mediate the latter in homogeneous solutions, aerobic phosphorylation and photophosphorylation in prokaryotes seem to require special submembranous structures; and in eukaryotes, energy conversion is a function of special organelles, the mitochondria and chloroplasts. The evolutionary aspects of the transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes are of considerable interest. In conclusion, the relevance of an apparent prokaryotic origin of the energy-transforming organelles in the eukaryotes will be commented on.", "contents": "The roots of bioenergetics. Understanding metabolic energy transformation began with the realization of an 'intrusion' of phosphate into the mechanism of alcoholic fermentation. The discovery of an analogous participation of phosphate in muscle glycolysis connected the metabolic generation of energy-rich phosphate bonds fed into a common transmitter, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), with the production of mechanical energy through the finding that the phosphoryl group of creatine phosphate transferred to ATP could supply the energy for muscle contraction. In this way, a functional applicability of the energy of the phosphate bond was first shown. This observation was soon followed by the recognition that the phosphoanhydride bond of ATP provided the driving force in biosynthetic reactions; in this type of bond, metabolic energy apparently collects before it is transmitted for functional and biosynthetic use. The storage of energy in ATP was first detected in anaerobic energy-yielding reactions but soon was also found in respiratory and photosynthetic energy production. However, the mechanism by which energy derived from metabolites was converted into phosphate-bond energy in the latter processes appeared to differ from that of anaerobic energy transmission. Whereas phosphorylated compounds mediate the latter in homogeneous solutions, aerobic phosphorylation and photophosphorylation in prokaryotes seem to require special submembranous structures; and in eukaryotes, energy conversion is a function of special organelles, the mitochondria and chloroplasts. The evolutionary aspects of the transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes are of considerable interest. In conclusion, the relevance of an apparent prokaryotic origin of the energy-transforming organelles in the eukaryotes will be commented on."}
{"id": "PMID:125190", "title": "Energy changes during the formation and interconversion of enzyme-substrate complexes.", "content": "The rate constants and equilibrium constants of the individual steps of several enzyme reactions may be determined by the application of rapid reaction methods and isotope techniques. This makes it possible to complement the formalism of the Haldane relation with details of the reaction mechanism. It has been shown that, in several enzyme reactions, steps involving chemical catalysis are fast and have small free-energy changes compared with those of the substrate binding and product dissociation processes. Data are presented in this paper for three enzyme reactions for which different methods have been used to elucidate the kinetic parameters of the elementary steps. For cardiac lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy have been used to distinguish the step involved in the chemical process from those involved in the formation of the substrate complex and the release of the product. The rate of interconversion between enzyme-bound substrates and products is fast compared with other steps and the equilibrium constant for the process is near unity. Consequently, the difference of standard free energy changes for the formation of the two ternary complexes correspons approximately to the overall free-energy change of the hydrogen transfer reaction. Isotope kinetic techniques can be used to study the reactions of triosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.1). With this enzyme, the interconversion of enzyme-bound substrate into product is comparable in rate to product dissociation. The reactions of myosin subfragment 1 with ATP, studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and chemical quenching, follow a similar pattern in that the equilibrium constant of the chemical step in which water reacts with protein-bound ATP is 9. In this case, however, there is a remarkably large free-energy change associated with a first-order process involved in the binding of ATP. The possible significance of these results to energy transduction in muscle contraction as well as in the biosynthesis of ATP is discussed.", "contents": "Energy changes during the formation and interconversion of enzyme-substrate complexes. The rate constants and equilibrium constants of the individual steps of several enzyme reactions may be determined by the application of rapid reaction methods and isotope techniques. This makes it possible to complement the formalism of the Haldane relation with details of the reaction mechanism. It has been shown that, in several enzyme reactions, steps involving chemical catalysis are fast and have small free-energy changes compared with those of the substrate binding and product dissociation processes. Data are presented in this paper for three enzyme reactions for which different methods have been used to elucidate the kinetic parameters of the elementary steps. For cardiac lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy have been used to distinguish the step involved in the chemical process from those involved in the formation of the substrate complex and the release of the product. The rate of interconversion between enzyme-bound substrates and products is fast compared with other steps and the equilibrium constant for the process is near unity. Consequently, the difference of standard free energy changes for the formation of the two ternary complexes correspons approximately to the overall free-energy change of the hydrogen transfer reaction. Isotope kinetic techniques can be used to study the reactions of triosephosphate isomerase (EC 5.3.1.1). With this enzyme, the interconversion of enzyme-bound substrate into product is comparable in rate to product dissociation. The reactions of myosin subfragment 1 with ATP, studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and chemical quenching, follow a similar pattern in that the equilibrium constant of the chemical step in which water reacts with protein-bound ATP is 9. In this case, however, there is a remarkably large free-energy change associated with a first-order process involved in the binding of ATP. The possible significance of these results to energy transduction in muscle contraction as well as in the biosynthesis of ATP is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125193", "title": "Gas chromatographic determination of unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, pregnenolone and progesterone in human ovarian tissue.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method has been presented for the determination of unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, pregnenolone and progesterone in human ovarian tissue. The procedure utilized radioactive tracers added to homogenate for correcting methodological loss, preliminary separation of steroids by thinlayer chromatography, acetylation, rechromatography on chromatoplate and gas chromatography on 3% SE-30 or 1% XE-60 columns with flame ionisation detection of steroids by using internal standards. Results of control experiments and representative clinical findings on normal and polycystic ovaries are reported.", "contents": "Gas chromatographic determination of unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, pregnenolone and progesterone in human ovarian tissue. A gas chromatographic method has been presented for the determination of unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, pregnenolone and progesterone in human ovarian tissue. The procedure utilized radioactive tracers added to homogenate for correcting methodological loss, preliminary separation of steroids by thinlayer chromatography, acetylation, rechromatography on chromatoplate and gas chromatography on 3% SE-30 or 1% XE-60 columns with flame ionisation detection of steroids by using internal standards. Results of control experiments and representative clinical findings on normal and polycystic ovaries are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:125194", "title": "Concentration of unconjugated adrenogenic hormones and their precursors in normal and polycystic ovaries.", "content": "Dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, pregnenolone and progesterone concentration was determined by our sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method in ovarian tissues obtained from surgery of patients without hirsutism and with Stein-Leventhal syndrome. The steroids, except testosterone, were detectable in all ovaries studied. Dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione, regarded as preandrogens, were present in an increased amount in almost all patients with polycycstic ovaries. Gas chromatographic evidence was obtained for the presence of testosterone in two of the cases. The delta4/3betaOH ratio reflecting 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was decreased only in same patients with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome suggesting that the impaired function of this enzyme is not an obligatory feature of polycystic ovaries. Concentration of pregnenolone and progesterone measured in a part of cases varied in a great range although the determination was caried out before luteal phase. Simultaneous determination of hormones in both ovarian tissues revealed an active and an inactive period of the gland in the given time, since a great difference of hormone concentration in bilateral ovarian tissues were observed. A comparison of hormone content in ovaries and the urinary excretion of metabolites showed poor correlation between the two parameters of hormone production.", "contents": "Concentration of unconjugated adrenogenic hormones and their precursors in normal and polycystic ovaries. Dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, pregnenolone and progesterone concentration was determined by our sensitive gas-liquid chromatographic method in ovarian tissues obtained from surgery of patients without hirsutism and with Stein-Leventhal syndrome. The steroids, except testosterone, were detectable in all ovaries studied. Dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione, regarded as preandrogens, were present in an increased amount in almost all patients with polycycstic ovaries. Gas chromatographic evidence was obtained for the presence of testosterone in two of the cases. The delta4/3betaOH ratio reflecting 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was decreased only in same patients with the Stein-Leventhal syndrome suggesting that the impaired function of this enzyme is not an obligatory feature of polycystic ovaries. Concentration of pregnenolone and progesterone measured in a part of cases varied in a great range although the determination was caried out before luteal phase. Simultaneous determination of hormones in both ovarian tissues revealed an active and an inactive period of the gland in the given time, since a great difference of hormone concentration in bilateral ovarian tissues were observed. A comparison of hormone content in ovaries and the urinary excretion of metabolites showed poor correlation between the two parameters of hormone production."}
{"id": "PMID:125195", "title": "[Steroid metabolism in primates. XVI. Secretion of corticosteroids in the baboon Papio hamadryas during chronic administration of sodium chloride].", "content": "The adrenal steroid secretion was investigated in male baboons (Papio hamadryas) treated for a long time with sodium chloride, in comparison to an untreated control group. In animals treated with NaCl, the secretion of progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, aldosterone and corticosterone was decreased, while cortisone, pregnenolone, 7-keto-cholesterol, 7-keto-DHEA, DHEA and adrenosterone were increased.", "contents": "[Steroid metabolism in primates. XVI. Secretion of corticosteroids in the baboon Papio hamadryas during chronic administration of sodium chloride]. The adrenal steroid secretion was investigated in male baboons (Papio hamadryas) treated for a long time with sodium chloride, in comparison to an untreated control group. In animals treated with NaCl, the secretion of progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, aldosterone and corticosterone was decreased, while cortisone, pregnenolone, 7-keto-cholesterol, 7-keto-DHEA, DHEA and adrenosterone were increased."}
{"id": "PMID:125196", "title": "The importance of adrenal glands in the improved adaptation of trained animals to physical exertion.", "content": "The importance of adrenal glands in the adaptation of rats to physical exertion was studied. Exercise training, significantly increased the working ability and prevented the water accumulation in myocardial cells during acute exertion. The latter shift was characteristic of untrained animals. However, adrenalectomy abolished the benefical effect of training on working ability and myocardial adaptation  to exertion. The results obtained supported the view that the effect of training is partly mediated through the improved adrenocortical function while adrenal hormones, by regulating the heart metabolism and function, significantly influenced the adaptation of rats to physical exertion.", "contents": "The importance of adrenal glands in the improved adaptation of trained animals to physical exertion. The importance of adrenal glands in the adaptation of rats to physical exertion was studied. Exercise training, significantly increased the working ability and prevented the water accumulation in myocardial cells during acute exertion. The latter shift was characteristic of untrained animals. However, adrenalectomy abolished the benefical effect of training on working ability and myocardial adaptation  to exertion. The results obtained supported the view that the effect of training is partly mediated through the improved adrenocortical function while adrenal hormones, by regulating the heart metabolism and function, significantly influenced the adaptation of rats to physical exertion."}
{"id": "PMID:125197", "title": "Effect of acute hypoxia on the enzymes involved in the metabolic and nervous functioning of rat brain.", "content": "Rats were exposed to a simulated altitude of 25,000 ft for 4 h in a decompression chamber, and the activity of some tissue enzymes estimated. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was significantly decreased and cholinesterase activity significantly elevated in the brain homogenates of the hypoxic rats, succinic dehydrogenase activity was significantly increased. There was no change in the activity of Mg+2-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase in the microsomal fractions of liver or brain homogenates of the hypoxic animals.", "contents": "Effect of acute hypoxia on the enzymes involved in the metabolic and nervous functioning of rat brain. Rats were exposed to a simulated altitude of 25,000 ft for 4 h in a decompression chamber, and the activity of some tissue enzymes estimated. Succinate dehydrogenase activity was significantly decreased and cholinesterase activity significantly elevated in the brain homogenates of the hypoxic rats, succinic dehydrogenase activity was significantly increased. There was no change in the activity of Mg+2-ATPase and Na+-K+-ATPase in the microsomal fractions of liver or brain homogenates of the hypoxic animals."}
{"id": "PMID:125198", "title": "Biochemical effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate.", "content": "Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer in the plastics industry. Biochemical changes in rat blood and liver were studied at 21 days after 3 intraperitoneal injections of DEHP on days 1, 5 and 10. In the liver, a decrease in the activity of succinic dehyrogenase (SDH) and adenosine triphosphate and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity was observed. In serum the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases and glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases remained unaltered. Under in vitro conditions, only the activity of SDH was inhibited when homogenates or mitochondrial preparations from normal rat liver were incubated with DEHP and the degree of inhibition was related to the concentration of the plasticizer.", "contents": "Biochemical effects of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used plasticizer in the plastics industry. Biochemical changes in rat blood and liver were studied at 21 days after 3 intraperitoneal injections of DEHP on days 1, 5 and 10. In the liver, a decrease in the activity of succinic dehyrogenase (SDH) and adenosine triphosphate and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity was observed. In serum the activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases and glutamic oxaloacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases remained unaltered. Under in vitro conditions, only the activity of SDH was inhibited when homogenates or mitochondrial preparations from normal rat liver were incubated with DEHP and the degree of inhibition was related to the concentration of the plasticizer."}
{"id": "PMID:125199", "title": "Effect of coumarins on mitochondrial function.", "content": "Several derivatives of coumarin inhibited mitochondrial respiration and ATPase activity.  The extent of inhibition depended on the concentration of the coumarins as well as on the substituents of the coumarin ring.  Some of the coumarins stimulated ATPase activity, but all of them inhibited uncoupler-stimulated ATPase activity.  Coumarins with free or substituted phenolic groups were found to exert profound effects on respiration and ATPase activity.", "contents": "Effect of coumarins on mitochondrial function. Several derivatives of coumarin inhibited mitochondrial respiration and ATPase activity.  The extent of inhibition depended on the concentration of the coumarins as well as on the substituents of the coumarin ring.  Some of the coumarins stimulated ATPase activity, but all of them inhibited uncoupler-stimulated ATPase activity.  Coumarins with free or substituted phenolic groups were found to exert profound effects on respiration and ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:125200", "title": "Studies on energy-linked reactions: isolation, characterisation and genetic analysis of trialkyl-tin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistant to triethyl tin sulphate have been isolated and are cross-resistant to other trialkyl tin salts. Triethyl-tin-resistant mutants fall into two general phenotypic classes: class 1 and class 2. Class 1 mutants are cross-resistant to a variety of inhibitors and uncoupling agents which affect mitochondrial membranes (oligomycin, ossamycin, valinomycin, antimycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, '1799', tetrachlorotrifluoromethyl benzimidazole carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone and cycloheximide). Class 2 mutants are specifically resistant to trithyl tin and the uncoupling agent \"1799' [bis-(hexafluoroacetonyl)-acetone]. Triethyl tin at neutral pH values is a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial energy conservation reactions and prevents growth on oxidisable substrates such as glycerol and ethanol. Triethyl-tin-resistant mutants grow normally on glucose and ethanol in the presence of triethyl tin (10 muM). Biochemical studies indicate that the mutation involves a modification of the triethyl tin binding site on the mitochondrial inner membrane, probably the ATP-synthetase complex. Triethyl tin resistance/sensitivity in yeast is determined by cytoplasmic (mitochondrial) and nuclear genes. The mutants fall into a nuclear and a cytoplasmic (mitochondrial) class corresponding to the phenotypic cross-resistance classes 1 and 2. In the cytoplasmic mutants the triethyl tin resistance segregates mitotically and the resistance determinat is deleted by the action of ethidium bromide during petite induction. Recombination studies indicate that the triethyl tin mutations are not allelic with the other mitochondrial mutations at the loci RI, RIII and OLI. This indicates that the binding or inhibitory sites of oligomycin and triethyl tin are not identical and that the triethyl tin binding site is located on a different mitochondrial gene product to those which are involved in oligomycin binding. Interaction and cooperative effects between different binding sites on the mitochondrial inner membrane have been demonstrated in studies of the effect of the insertion of the TETr phenotype into mitochondrial oligomycin-resistant mutants and provide an experimental basis for complementation studies at the ATP-synthetase level.", "contents": "Studies on energy-linked reactions: isolation, characterisation and genetic analysis of trialkyl-tin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistant to triethyl tin sulphate have been isolated and are cross-resistant to other trialkyl tin salts. Triethyl-tin-resistant mutants fall into two general phenotypic classes: class 1 and class 2. Class 1 mutants are cross-resistant to a variety of inhibitors and uncoupling agents which affect mitochondrial membranes (oligomycin, ossamycin, valinomycin, antimycin, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, '1799', tetrachlorotrifluoromethyl benzimidazole carbonylcyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone and cycloheximide). Class 2 mutants are specifically resistant to trithyl tin and the uncoupling agent \"1799' [bis-(hexafluoroacetonyl)-acetone]. Triethyl tin at neutral pH values is a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial energy conservation reactions and prevents growth on oxidisable substrates such as glycerol and ethanol. Triethyl-tin-resistant mutants grow normally on glucose and ethanol in the presence of triethyl tin (10 muM). Biochemical studies indicate that the mutation involves a modification of the triethyl tin binding site on the mitochondrial inner membrane, probably the ATP-synthetase complex. Triethyl tin resistance/sensitivity in yeast is determined by cytoplasmic (mitochondrial) and nuclear genes. The mutants fall into a nuclear and a cytoplasmic (mitochondrial) class corresponding to the phenotypic cross-resistance classes 1 and 2. In the cytoplasmic mutants the triethyl tin resistance segregates mitotically and the resistance determinat is deleted by the action of ethidium bromide during petite induction. Recombination studies indicate that the triethyl tin mutations are not allelic with the other mitochondrial mutations at the loci RI, RIII and OLI. This indicates that the binding or inhibitory sites of oligomycin and triethyl tin are not identical and that the triethyl tin binding site is located on a different mitochondrial gene product to those which are involved in oligomycin binding. Interaction and cooperative effects between different binding sites on the mitochondrial inner membrane have been demonstrated in studies of the effect of the insertion of the TETr phenotype into mitochondrial oligomycin-resistant mutants and provide an experimental basis for complementation studies at the ATP-synthetase level."}
{"id": "PMID:125201", "title": "Identification of two products of mitochondrial protein synthesis associated with mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase from Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Soluble mitochondrial ATPase (F1) isolated from Neurospora crassa is resolved by dodecylsulfate-gel electrophoresis into five polypeptide bands with apparent molecular weights of 59000, 55000, 36000, 15000 and 12000. At least nine further polypeptides remain associated with ATPase after disintegration of mitochondria with Triton X-100 as shown by the analysis of an immunoprecipitate obtained with antiserum to F1 ATPase. Two of the associated polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 19000 and 11000 are translated on mitochondrial ribosomes, as demonstrated by incorporation in vivo of radioactive leucine in the presence of specific inhibitors of mitochondrial (chloramphenicol) and extramitochondrial (cycloheximide) protein synthesis. The appearance of mitochondrial translation products in the immunoprecipitated ATPase complex is inhibited by cycloheximide.. The same applies for some of the extramitochondrial translation products in the presence of chloramphenicol. This suggests that both types of polypeptides are necessary for the assembly of the ATPase complex", "contents": "Identification of two products of mitochondrial protein synthesis associated with mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase from Neurospora crassa. Soluble mitochondrial ATPase (F1) isolated from Neurospora crassa is resolved by dodecylsulfate-gel electrophoresis into five polypeptide bands with apparent molecular weights of 59000, 55000, 36000, 15000 and 12000. At least nine further polypeptides remain associated with ATPase after disintegration of mitochondria with Triton X-100 as shown by the analysis of an immunoprecipitate obtained with antiserum to F1 ATPase. Two of the associated polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 19000 and 11000 are translated on mitochondrial ribosomes, as demonstrated by incorporation in vivo of radioactive leucine in the presence of specific inhibitors of mitochondrial (chloramphenicol) and extramitochondrial (cycloheximide) protein synthesis. The appearance of mitochondrial translation products in the immunoprecipitated ATPase complex is inhibited by cycloheximide.. The same applies for some of the extramitochondrial translation products in the presence of chloramphenicol. This suggests that both types of polypeptides are necessary for the assembly of the ATPase complex"}
{"id": "PMID:125202", "title": "Huntington's chorea associated with normal pressure hydrocephalus.", "content": "Two patients with Huntington's chorea (HC) developed a gait disturbance more suggestive of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) than HC. The diagnosis of NPH was confirmed by pneumoencephalography and isotope cisternography. Both patients were shunted and both showed an improvement not only in their gait but, unexpectedly, a decrease in their abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs). The association of HC with NPH is discussed.", "contents": "Huntington's chorea associated with normal pressure hydrocephalus. Two patients with Huntington's chorea (HC) developed a gait disturbance more suggestive of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) than HC. The diagnosis of NPH was confirmed by pneumoencephalography and isotope cisternography. Both patients were shunted and both showed an improvement not only in their gait but, unexpectedly, a decrease in their abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs). The association of HC with NPH is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125203", "title": "Isogeneic or allogeneic transplantation of duct-ligated pancreas in streptozotocin diabetic mice.", "content": "Recovery from hyperglycaemia was observed in three different mouse hybrids that were made diabetic with streptozotocin, and then transplanted with pancreas from isogeneic donors whose pancreatic ducts were ligated over 8 weeks earlier. Recovery did not occur in recipients of allografts indicating that islets in ligated pancreas cannot be successfully transplanted across a major histocompatibility barrier. However, in lethally irradiated mice injected with allogeneic bone marrow (allogeneic radiation chimeras), subsequent transplantation of ligated pancreas from either isogeneic donors or allogeneic donors of the same strain as the bone marrow donor decreased blood glucose of diabetic recipients. Thus, irradiation and allogeneic bone marrow therapy allow subsequent allogeneic transplantation of functional islet tissue in diabetic mice. Observations on diabetic mice transplanted isogeneically with ligated pancreas suggest that recovery from hyperglycaemia was more consistent when grafts were placed subcutaneously rather than intraperitoneally and when hosts received ligated pancreas from three donors rather than one. Thus, the site and amount of tissue transplanted are important considerations in the transplantation of ligated pancreas. Persistence of endocrine beta-cells in ligated pancreas was required for recovery in grafted mice since diabetic hosts failed to recover when grafted with ligated pancreas obtained from alloxan or streptozotocin-treated, diabetic donors.", "contents": "Isogeneic or allogeneic transplantation of duct-ligated pancreas in streptozotocin diabetic mice. Recovery from hyperglycaemia was observed in three different mouse hybrids that were made diabetic with streptozotocin, and then transplanted with pancreas from isogeneic donors whose pancreatic ducts were ligated over 8 weeks earlier. Recovery did not occur in recipients of allografts indicating that islets in ligated pancreas cannot be successfully transplanted across a major histocompatibility barrier. However, in lethally irradiated mice injected with allogeneic bone marrow (allogeneic radiation chimeras), subsequent transplantation of ligated pancreas from either isogeneic donors or allogeneic donors of the same strain as the bone marrow donor decreased blood glucose of diabetic recipients. Thus, irradiation and allogeneic bone marrow therapy allow subsequent allogeneic transplantation of functional islet tissue in diabetic mice. Observations on diabetic mice transplanted isogeneically with ligated pancreas suggest that recovery from hyperglycaemia was more consistent when grafts were placed subcutaneously rather than intraperitoneally and when hosts received ligated pancreas from three donors rather than one. Thus, the site and amount of tissue transplanted are important considerations in the transplantation of ligated pancreas. Persistence of endocrine beta-cells in ligated pancreas was required for recovery in grafted mice since diabetic hosts failed to recover when grafted with ligated pancreas obtained from alloxan or streptozotocin-treated, diabetic donors."}
{"id": "PMID:125207", "title": "Behavioral correlates of serotonin depletion.", "content": "Depletion of telencephalic serotonin (5-HT) content by medical forebrain bundle lesions, which interrupt the ascending serotonergic pathways or by DL-p-chlorophenylalanine produces an increased sensitivity to pain as measured by the flinch-jump, stabilimetric, or hot-plate methods. Examination of the effects of a number of other lesions and drugs indicated that dopamine, norepinephrine and acetylcholine are not involved in pain sensitivity. Dosages of 75 mg/kg DL-5-hydroxytryptophan(5-HTP), 37.5 mg/kg L-5-HTP or 50 mg/kg Ro 4-4602 (NI-(DL-seryl)-N2-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl)hydrazine) plus 37.5 mg/kg L-5-HTP administered to medical forebrain bundle lesioned rats returned both the telencephalic content of 5-HT and the pain threshold to normal values. Injection of 37.5 mg/kg of D-5-HTP or an equimolar dose of L-dopa had no effect on pain threshold. Normal animals display increased sensitivity to pain and decreased 5-HT contents in frontal pole, hippocampus, and amygdala during dark as compared to light hours. All three of these telencephalic areas are innervated by the ascending serotonergic pathways, and cells in these areas show inhibition of firing following the iontophoretic application of 5-HT. Taken together these data suggest that the serotonergic system normally acts to inhibit the effects of painful stimuli. A review of a variety of behavioral effects of 5-HT depletion including an enhanced response to lysergic acid diethylamide and amphetamine suggests that the ascending serotonergic system may have a general role in the inhibition of arousal, rather than a specific role with respect to various categories of behavior.", "contents": "Behavioral correlates of serotonin depletion. Depletion of telencephalic serotonin (5-HT) content by medical forebrain bundle lesions, which interrupt the ascending serotonergic pathways or by DL-p-chlorophenylalanine produces an increased sensitivity to pain as measured by the flinch-jump, stabilimetric, or hot-plate methods. Examination of the effects of a number of other lesions and drugs indicated that dopamine, norepinephrine and acetylcholine are not involved in pain sensitivity. Dosages of 75 mg/kg DL-5-hydroxytryptophan(5-HTP), 37.5 mg/kg L-5-HTP or 50 mg/kg Ro 4-4602 (NI-(DL-seryl)-N2-(2,3,4-trihydroxybenzyl)hydrazine) plus 37.5 mg/kg L-5-HTP administered to medical forebrain bundle lesioned rats returned both the telencephalic content of 5-HT and the pain threshold to normal values. Injection of 37.5 mg/kg of D-5-HTP or an equimolar dose of L-dopa had no effect on pain threshold. Normal animals display increased sensitivity to pain and decreased 5-HT contents in frontal pole, hippocampus, and amygdala during dark as compared to light hours. All three of these telencephalic areas are innervated by the ascending serotonergic pathways, and cells in these areas show inhibition of firing following the iontophoretic application of 5-HT. Taken together these data suggest that the serotonergic system normally acts to inhibit the effects of painful stimuli. A review of a variety of behavioral effects of 5-HT depletion including an enhanced response to lysergic acid diethylamide and amphetamine suggests that the ascending serotonergic system may have a general role in the inhibition of arousal, rather than a specific role with respect to various categories of behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:125204", "title": "Cassaine: mechanism of inhibition of Na+ +K+ -ATPase and relationship of this inhibition to cardiotonic actions.", "content": "The erythrophleum alkaloid  cassaine shares many of the pharmacological actions of the cardiac glycosides but lacks the structural characteristics typical of cardiac glycosides. To further investigate the relationship between Na+ +K+ -ATPase inhibition and the cardiotonic actions of these drugs we investigated the interaction of cassaine with the Na+ +K+ -ATPase. Cassaine inhibited rat brain Na+ +K+ -ATPase with about one quarter of the apparent affinity of ouabain for this enzyme. This inhibition was non-competitive with respect to K+. Cassaine also inhibited this enzyme in the presence of Mg2+ and this inhibition was enhanced by Pi and antagonized by Na+. In the presence of Na+, Mg2+ and (gamma-32P)-ATP cassaine acted to stabilize the phosphorylated intermediate of Na+ +K+ -ATPase. Cassaine also acted to displace specifically bound (3H)-ouabain from this enzyme. These observations suggested that cassaine inhibited the Na+ +K+ -ATPase by interacting at the cardiotonic steroid binding sites of Na+ +K+ -ATPase. Consistent with this hypothesis, dog, guinea pig and rat heart Na+ +K+ -ATPase showed differing sensitivities to cassaine paralleling their differing sensitivities to ouabain. The principal difference between the interaction of cassaine and ouabain with Na+ +K+ -ATPase appeared to be the more rapid dissociation of cassaine from the cardiotonic steroid binding site(s) of Na+ +K+ -ATPase. In keeping with this the rates of offset of cassaine-induced inotropy in Langendorff perfused dog and guinea pig hearts were several times faster than those of ouabain-induced inotropy.", "contents": "Cassaine: mechanism of inhibition of Na+ +K+ -ATPase and relationship of this inhibition to cardiotonic actions. The erythrophleum alkaloid  cassaine shares many of the pharmacological actions of the cardiac glycosides but lacks the structural characteristics typical of cardiac glycosides. To further investigate the relationship between Na+ +K+ -ATPase inhibition and the cardiotonic actions of these drugs we investigated the interaction of cassaine with the Na+ +K+ -ATPase. Cassaine inhibited rat brain Na+ +K+ -ATPase with about one quarter of the apparent affinity of ouabain for this enzyme. This inhibition was non-competitive with respect to K+. Cassaine also inhibited this enzyme in the presence of Mg2+ and this inhibition was enhanced by Pi and antagonized by Na+. In the presence of Na+, Mg2+ and (gamma-32P)-ATP cassaine acted to stabilize the phosphorylated intermediate of Na+ +K+ -ATPase. Cassaine also acted to displace specifically bound (3H)-ouabain from this enzyme. These observations suggested that cassaine inhibited the Na+ +K+ -ATPase by interacting at the cardiotonic steroid binding sites of Na+ +K+ -ATPase. Consistent with this hypothesis, dog, guinea pig and rat heart Na+ +K+ -ATPase showed differing sensitivities to cassaine paralleling their differing sensitivities to ouabain. The principal difference between the interaction of cassaine and ouabain with Na+ +K+ -ATPase appeared to be the more rapid dissociation of cassaine from the cardiotonic steroid binding site(s) of Na+ +K+ -ATPase. In keeping with this the rates of offset of cassaine-induced inotropy in Langendorff perfused dog and guinea pig hearts were several times faster than those of ouabain-induced inotropy."}
{"id": "PMID:125205", "title": "Irreversible inhibition of 3H-ouabain binding to Na+ +K+ -ATPase by digoxigenin-3,12-dibromoacetate, an alkylating derivative of digoxigenin.", "content": "Digoxigenin-3,12-dibromoacetate (DDB), an alkylating derivation of digoxigenin, was synthesized and tested as a cardiotonic steroid (CS) site directed affinity label for Na+ +K+ -ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.3). DDB inhibited rat brain Na+ +K+ -ATPase with an I50 of 5 times 10(-6)M and readily displaced specifically bound 3H-ouabain from its binding sites on Na+ +K+ -ATPase. If the enzyme was exposed to DDB prior to the addition of 3H-ouabain its ability to bind 3H-ouabain was decreased, consistent with the concept that DDB interacted irreversibly with the cardiotonic steroid binding sites of Na+ +K+ -ATPase. However, DDB proved to be an even more effective inhibitor of 3H-ouabain binding under conditions where it was unlikely that it could interact with the CS binding sites of this enzyme, suggesting that DDB inhibited 3H-ouabain binding by non-cardiotonic site directed actions. Similarly, the presence of excess strophanthidin did not protect this enzyme against irreversible inhibition by DDB. The data suggest that the presence of a bromoacetate group at the 12 position on cardiotonic steroids does not confer CS binding site directed alkylating properties on these drugs.", "contents": "Irreversible inhibition of 3H-ouabain binding to Na+ +K+ -ATPase by digoxigenin-3,12-dibromoacetate, an alkylating derivative of digoxigenin. Digoxigenin-3,12-dibromoacetate (DDB), an alkylating derivation of digoxigenin, was synthesized and tested as a cardiotonic steroid (CS) site directed affinity label for Na+ +K+ -ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.3). DDB inhibited rat brain Na+ +K+ -ATPase with an I50 of 5 times 10(-6)M and readily displaced specifically bound 3H-ouabain from its binding sites on Na+ +K+ -ATPase. If the enzyme was exposed to DDB prior to the addition of 3H-ouabain its ability to bind 3H-ouabain was decreased, consistent with the concept that DDB interacted irreversibly with the cardiotonic steroid binding sites of Na+ +K+ -ATPase. However, DDB proved to be an even more effective inhibitor of 3H-ouabain binding under conditions where it was unlikely that it could interact with the CS binding sites of this enzyme, suggesting that DDB inhibited 3H-ouabain binding by non-cardiotonic site directed actions. Similarly, the presence of excess strophanthidin did not protect this enzyme against irreversible inhibition by DDB. The data suggest that the presence of a bromoacetate group at the 12 position on cardiotonic steroids does not confer CS binding site directed alkylating properties on these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:125206", "title": "The effect of harmaline on membrane potentials of rat atrial contractile fibers.", "content": "Rat atria either beating spontaneously or electrically driven were were perfused in vitro at 30 degrees C. When the preparations were exposed to harmaline 8.3 x 10(-5) or 16.6 x 10(-5) M the atrial rate showed down and the following changes in membrane potentials were observed: (1) a transient increase in the amplitude of the action potential (AAP), in the absence of any change in the magnitude of the resting potential (RP), followed by a progressive decrease of AaP; (2) a progressive decline of the slope of the fast ascending phase of the action potential, which was initially independent of any change in the magnitude of the rp; (3) a progressive increase of the duration of the action potential; (4) a fall in the magnitude of the resting potential. The conclusions proposed are that harmaline: (1) stimulates the slow current responsible for the last part of the upstroke and the beginning of the repolarization; (2) inhibits the sodium current responsible for the fast component of the upstroke; (3) slows doen the processes responsible for the repolarization; (4) inhibits the (Na+-K+) activated membrane ATPase.", "contents": "The effect of harmaline on membrane potentials of rat atrial contractile fibers. Rat atria either beating spontaneously or electrically driven were were perfused in vitro at 30 degrees C. When the preparations were exposed to harmaline 8.3 x 10(-5) or 16.6 x 10(-5) M the atrial rate showed down and the following changes in membrane potentials were observed: (1) a transient increase in the amplitude of the action potential (AAP), in the absence of any change in the magnitude of the resting potential (RP), followed by a progressive decrease of AaP; (2) a progressive decline of the slope of the fast ascending phase of the action potential, which was initially independent of any change in the magnitude of the rp; (3) a progressive increase of the duration of the action potential; (4) a fall in the magnitude of the resting potential. The conclusions proposed are that harmaline: (1) stimulates the slow current responsible for the last part of the upstroke and the beginning of the repolarization; (2) inhibits the sodium current responsible for the fast component of the upstroke; (3) slows doen the processes responsible for the repolarization; (4) inhibits the (Na+-K+) activated membrane ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:125211", "title": "Effect of duration of insulin deficiency on membrane-bound and free ribosomes from livers of diabetic rats.", "content": "In order to define the effect of duration of diabetes on hepatic protein sysntesis, membrane-bound and free ribosomes were isolated from livers of rats, 3, 7 and 28 days after administration of intravenous streptozotocin (75 mg/kg). Hepatocytes from the same rats were subjected to ultrastructural quantitative analysis. By day 3 there was a significant loss in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) per volume cytoplasm; however, the normal ratio of membrane-bound ribosomes per unit length of membrane was maintained. These hepatocyte ultrastructural changes continued over the ensuing four weeks. In spite of this decrease in amount of RER, in vitro protein synthetic activity of hepatic membrane-bound polyribosomes was unchanged from controls at three days, and by 28 days protein synthetic activity of bound hepatic ribosomes from diabetic rats was almost twice that of normal controls (p less than .01). In contrast to the effect of diabetes on bound ribosomes, there was no change in protein synthetic activity of free polyribosomes isolated from livers of rats, 3, 7 or 28 days after induction of diabetes. Thus, the effect of any given degree of diabetes on hepatic protein synthesis appears to vary with the population of hepatic ribosomes being studied, and with duration of insulin deficiency.", "contents": "Effect of duration of insulin deficiency on membrane-bound and free ribosomes from livers of diabetic rats. In order to define the effect of duration of diabetes on hepatic protein sysntesis, membrane-bound and free ribosomes were isolated from livers of rats, 3, 7 and 28 days after administration of intravenous streptozotocin (75 mg/kg). Hepatocytes from the same rats were subjected to ultrastructural quantitative analysis. By day 3 there was a significant loss in the amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) per volume cytoplasm; however, the normal ratio of membrane-bound ribosomes per unit length of membrane was maintained. These hepatocyte ultrastructural changes continued over the ensuing four weeks. In spite of this decrease in amount of RER, in vitro protein synthetic activity of hepatic membrane-bound polyribosomes was unchanged from controls at three days, and by 28 days protein synthetic activity of bound hepatic ribosomes from diabetic rats was almost twice that of normal controls (p less than .01). In contrast to the effect of diabetes on bound ribosomes, there was no change in protein synthetic activity of free polyribosomes isolated from livers of rats, 3, 7 or 28 days after induction of diabetes. Thus, the effect of any given degree of diabetes on hepatic protein synthesis appears to vary with the population of hepatic ribosomes being studied, and with duration of insulin deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:125212", "title": "[Ultrastructural changes of hypertrophied myocardium in severe experimental hypoxia. Effects of diphosphothiamine and of an antagonist of the vitamin B1. (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructural changes occurring in hypertrophic heart cases during severe experimental hypoxia, conducted intermittently for 140 and 250 hours, are reported in the present study. For this purpose, serial right myocardial specimens of control and treated groups of animals were obtained and examined by electron-microscopy. Most areas of the individual myocardial tissue taken during prolonged degrees of exposures to normobaric hypoxia, showed an increased number of mitochondria, their prominent destructive changes, enlargement of cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum, reduction and derangement of the cristae and an increase of glycogen and lipif droplets cellular content. Different responses were associated with the various experimental designs which include simple hypoxia, hypoxia with administration of Diphosphothiamine (DPT, 30 mg/hie/Kg body weight) and hypoxia with administration of an antagonist of the vitamin B1, neopyrithiamine (PyTh, 20 mg/die/Kg body weight). Alterations in the fine structure of myocardial cells and cellular organelles could complement the increased glycolitic activity and phospholipid biosynthesis for the compensatory mechanism of the heart to hypoxic stimulus. These changes were most evident in the hypoxic animals treated with PyTh because of a large disturbance of energy production caused by the antivitamin. Most of ultrastructural and glycogen content changes disappeared when DPT was administered to the animals in hypoxia. However, the mitochondria were larger in size and their matrices had higher electron density than in the normal control animals. The significance of the morphological and biochemical findings are discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural changes of hypertrophied myocardium in severe experimental hypoxia. Effects of diphosphothiamine and of an antagonist of the vitamin B1. (author's transl)]. The ultrastructural changes occurring in hypertrophic heart cases during severe experimental hypoxia, conducted intermittently for 140 and 250 hours, are reported in the present study. For this purpose, serial right myocardial specimens of control and treated groups of animals were obtained and examined by electron-microscopy. Most areas of the individual myocardial tissue taken during prolonged degrees of exposures to normobaric hypoxia, showed an increased number of mitochondria, their prominent destructive changes, enlargement of cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum, reduction and derangement of the cristae and an increase of glycogen and lipif droplets cellular content. Different responses were associated with the various experimental designs which include simple hypoxia, hypoxia with administration of Diphosphothiamine (DPT, 30 mg/hie/Kg body weight) and hypoxia with administration of an antagonist of the vitamin B1, neopyrithiamine (PyTh, 20 mg/die/Kg body weight). Alterations in the fine structure of myocardial cells and cellular organelles could complement the increased glycolitic activity and phospholipid biosynthesis for the compensatory mechanism of the heart to hypoxic stimulus. These changes were most evident in the hypoxic animals treated with PyTh because of a large disturbance of energy production caused by the antivitamin. Most of ultrastructural and glycogen content changes disappeared when DPT was administered to the animals in hypoxia. However, the mitochondria were larger in size and their matrices had higher electron density than in the normal control animals. The significance of the morphological and biochemical findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125213", "title": "Influence of mixtures of taurocholate, fatty acids, and monolein on the toxic effects of deoxycholate in rat jejunum in vivo.", "content": "The influence of mixtures of taurocholate (TC), oleic acid (OA), caprylic acid (CA), and monolein (MO) on the toxic effects of deoxycholate (DC) in rat jejunum have been investigated using both a closed loop and perfusion technique. DC induced net secretion of water and electrolytes, inhibited glucose transport and transmural potential difference (PD), and inactivated mucosal \"total\" and (Na+ -K+)-adenosine triphosphatase. Secretion was reversed to absorption when the instilled or perfused solutions were composed of mixtures of DC, TC and OA; substitution of MO or CA for OA produced a similar effect. DC-induced inhibition of PD, glucose absorption, and mucosal adenosine triphosphatase activity was abolished when DC was mixed with TC and OA. Oleic acid emulsions had no effect on secretion induced by DC. Absorption of DC was inhibited from mixed micellar solutions (TC, OA, DC) but not from pure micellar solutions (TC, DC). These results indicate that the presence of taurocholate and fatty acids or monolein within the intestinal lumen markedly modify a number of the toxic effects of DC on jejunal function. The clinical effects of DC on intestinal function in man may therefore depend on the relative concentrations of other bile salts and lipids within the intestinal lumen.", "contents": "Influence of mixtures of taurocholate, fatty acids, and monolein on the toxic effects of deoxycholate in rat jejunum in vivo. The influence of mixtures of taurocholate (TC), oleic acid (OA), caprylic acid (CA), and monolein (MO) on the toxic effects of deoxycholate (DC) in rat jejunum have been investigated using both a closed loop and perfusion technique. DC induced net secretion of water and electrolytes, inhibited glucose transport and transmural potential difference (PD), and inactivated mucosal \"total\" and (Na+ -K+)-adenosine triphosphatase. Secretion was reversed to absorption when the instilled or perfused solutions were composed of mixtures of DC, TC and OA; substitution of MO or CA for OA produced a similar effect. DC-induced inhibition of PD, glucose absorption, and mucosal adenosine triphosphatase activity was abolished when DC was mixed with TC and OA. Oleic acid emulsions had no effect on secretion induced by DC. Absorption of DC was inhibited from mixed micellar solutions (TC, OA, DC) but not from pure micellar solutions (TC, DC). These results indicate that the presence of taurocholate and fatty acids or monolein within the intestinal lumen markedly modify a number of the toxic effects of DC on jejunal function. The clinical effects of DC on intestinal function in man may therefore depend on the relative concentrations of other bile salts and lipids within the intestinal lumen."}
{"id": "PMID:125214", "title": "[Report on 700 gynaecologic cases in diagnostic laparoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical experience in diagnostic laparoscopy is dealt with under the conditions of the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics at Erlangen University. Among 700 cases the indications were infertility (34,4%), pelvic pain 27,4%), suspected ectopic pregnancy (7,9%), endocrinologic cases and malformations (18,9%), pelvic mass without symptoms (8,6%) and others (2,8%). The laparoscopic findings are shown. Important diagnostic clues otherwise missed were found in about half of the patients. In 122 women a laparotomy could be disregarded. One should be aware of diagnostic errors especially in ovarian tumors. Biopsy may help in assessment of ovarian function. In tumor diagnosis, however, it is rather dangerous. Difficulties of the methos (2,9%) and complications (1%) are discussed.", "contents": "[Report on 700 gynaecologic cases in diagnostic laparoscopy (author's transl)]. The clinical experience in diagnostic laparoscopy is dealt with under the conditions of the Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics at Erlangen University. Among 700 cases the indications were infertility (34,4%), pelvic pain 27,4%), suspected ectopic pregnancy (7,9%), endocrinologic cases and malformations (18,9%), pelvic mass without symptoms (8,6%) and others (2,8%). The laparoscopic findings are shown. Important diagnostic clues otherwise missed were found in about half of the patients. In 122 women a laparotomy could be disregarded. One should be aware of diagnostic errors especially in ovarian tumors. Biopsy may help in assessment of ovarian function. In tumor diagnosis, however, it is rather dangerous. Difficulties of the methos (2,9%) and complications (1%) are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125215", "title": "Genetic control of major complex histocompatibility antigens.", "content": "The histocompatibility loci of the MHC can be separated into two functionally distinct types. One, loci first defined by lymphocyte reactivity in MLC,  LD loci, the phenotypic expression of which leads to proliferation of allogeneic T cells, and two, serologically defined, SD loci, products of which act as targets for cytotoxic lymphocytes. Although the SD loci may be definable by both serological techniques and by lymphocyte reactions in CML, and it may well be that the LD loci products will be defined serologically, the functional difference between them is documented by the apparently converse roles in MLC and CML. The LD loci are most effective in leading to MLC stimulation and do not function as targets in CML for reasons discussed elsewhere; the SD loci function poorly it at all in stimulating proliferation in MLC but are excellent targets in CML. A cellular dichotomy may exist in reaction to these different genetic components of the MHC.", "contents": "Genetic control of major complex histocompatibility antigens. The histocompatibility loci of the MHC can be separated into two functionally distinct types. One, loci first defined by lymphocyte reactivity in MLC,  LD loci, the phenotypic expression of which leads to proliferation of allogeneic T cells, and two, serologically defined, SD loci, products of which act as targets for cytotoxic lymphocytes. Although the SD loci may be definable by both serological techniques and by lymphocyte reactions in CML, and it may well be that the LD loci products will be defined serologically, the functional difference between them is documented by the apparently converse roles in MLC and CML. The LD loci are most effective in leading to MLC stimulation and do not function as targets in CML for reasons discussed elsewhere; the SD loci function poorly it at all in stimulating proliferation in MLC but are excellent targets in CML. A cellular dichotomy may exist in reaction to these different genetic components of the MHC."}
{"id": "PMID:125217", "title": "[Intrarenal distribution and ATPase inhibiting activity of cuabain in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments were undertaken to substantiate the hypothesis that the mechanism of the direct effect of ouabain on the renal excretion of electrolytes is the result of inhibition of the transport enzyme, (Na+, K+)-ATPase. In dogs hydrated with saline, an injection of 3H-ouabain into the unilateral renal artery produced a continuing marked increase in excretion of water and sodium from the kidney, but not from the counter kidney. At maximal diuresis -- 90 min after ouabain injection, both kidneys were removed to assay microsomal ATPase activity and determine radioactivity distributed in subcellular structures. It was demonstrated that 3H-ouabain was deposited in the microsome fraction obtained from the injected kidney in concentrations ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-6) M/kg wet weight and (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity of this fraction was inhibited as compared with that of the microsomal fraction obtained from the counter kidney. Since (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity of renal microsomes was significantly inhibited in vitro by more than 10(-7) M of ouabain, ouabain concentration in microsomes obtained from the injected kidney was considered to be sufficient to inhibit ATPase activity. These findings indicate that ouabain diuresis under the present condition is closly related to direct inhibitory effect of ouabain on (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity of microsomes in tubular cells.", "contents": "[Intrarenal distribution and ATPase inhibiting activity of cuabain in dogs (author's transl)]. Experiments were undertaken to substantiate the hypothesis that the mechanism of the direct effect of ouabain on the renal excretion of electrolytes is the result of inhibition of the transport enzyme, (Na+, K+)-ATPase. In dogs hydrated with saline, an injection of 3H-ouabain into the unilateral renal artery produced a continuing marked increase in excretion of water and sodium from the kidney, but not from the counter kidney. At maximal diuresis -- 90 min after ouabain injection, both kidneys were removed to assay microsomal ATPase activity and determine radioactivity distributed in subcellular structures. It was demonstrated that 3H-ouabain was deposited in the microsome fraction obtained from the injected kidney in concentrations ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-6) M/kg wet weight and (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity of this fraction was inhibited as compared with that of the microsomal fraction obtained from the counter kidney. Since (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity of renal microsomes was significantly inhibited in vitro by more than 10(-7) M of ouabain, ouabain concentration in microsomes obtained from the injected kidney was considered to be sufficient to inhibit ATPase activity. These findings indicate that ouabain diuresis under the present condition is closly related to direct inhibitory effect of ouabain on (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity of microsomes in tubular cells."}
{"id": "PMID:125218", "title": "Existence in fetal and adult rat of several forms of material reacting with anti-insulin antibody (IRI).", "content": "The double antibody procedure detects 3 peaks in the elution fractions of adult or fetal rat sera, after passage on Sephadex G50 or G100 columns. Peak A (apparent MW 6000) contains insulin monomer; peak B (apparent MW 10-12000) is tentatively attributed to proinsulin (or proinsulin like substances); peak C (apparent MW 50-100000) is similar to the so called \"big big\" insulin. During intravenously induced hyperglycemia, the 3 peaks show parallel increases, but, after the disappearance of peaks A and B in streptozotocin treated rats, peak C remains unaltered. Pancreatic extracts and secreta present a very minor and inconstant peak C, the bulk of their immunoreactive material belonging to peaks A and B. A companion paper further discusses the nature of peaks B and C materials.", "contents": "Existence in fetal and adult rat of several forms of material reacting with anti-insulin antibody (IRI). The double antibody procedure detects 3 peaks in the elution fractions of adult or fetal rat sera, after passage on Sephadex G50 or G100 columns. Peak A (apparent MW 6000) contains insulin monomer; peak B (apparent MW 10-12000) is tentatively attributed to proinsulin (or proinsulin like substances); peak C (apparent MW 50-100000) is similar to the so called \"big big\" insulin. During intravenously induced hyperglycemia, the 3 peaks show parallel increases, but, after the disappearance of peaks A and B in streptozotocin treated rats, peak C remains unaltered. Pancreatic extracts and secreta present a very minor and inconstant peak C, the bulk of their immunoreactive material belonging to peaks A and B. A companion paper further discusses the nature of peaks B and C materials."}
{"id": "PMID:125219", "title": "Possibility of adrenal-testicular interaction as indicated by plasma androgens in response to HCG in men with normal, suppressed and impaired adrenal function.", "content": "In order to assess possible adrenal-testicular interactions in vivo, adrenal and testicular plasma androgens (testosterone, delta4-androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) were measured by specific radioimmunoassays before and after stimulation with HCG in men with normal, dexamethasone suppressed and impaired adrenal function. It was found that men with Addison's disease, in whom circulating dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels amounted to 1/10 of normal values, had a decreased response of testosterone to HCG. Simultaneously, the Addison patients and the men under dexamethasone had only an increase of delta4-androstenedione but not of dehydroepiandrosterone, while normal men showed an almost equal increase in both precursors under HCG. The results are interpreted as demonstrating that the delta5-pathway in the testis becomes less important under adrenal suppression and in Addison's disease due to a lack of substrate (possibly dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) from the adrenals.", "contents": "Possibility of adrenal-testicular interaction as indicated by plasma androgens in response to HCG in men with normal, suppressed and impaired adrenal function. In order to assess possible adrenal-testicular interactions in vivo, adrenal and testicular plasma androgens (testosterone, delta4-androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) were measured by specific radioimmunoassays before and after stimulation with HCG in men with normal, dexamethasone suppressed and impaired adrenal function. It was found that men with Addison's disease, in whom circulating dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels amounted to 1/10 of normal values, had a decreased response of testosterone to HCG. Simultaneously, the Addison patients and the men under dexamethasone had only an increase of delta4-androstenedione but not of dehydroepiandrosterone, while normal men showed an almost equal increase in both precursors under HCG. The results are interpreted as demonstrating that the delta5-pathway in the testis becomes less important under adrenal suppression and in Addison's disease due to a lack of substrate (possibly dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate) from the adrenals."}
{"id": "PMID:125221", "title": "Human karyotype polymorphism. III. Routine ank fluorescence microscopic investigation of chromosomes in normal adults and mentally retarded children.", "content": "The results of a routine and fluorescence microscopic investigation of chromosomes are presented in 208 normal adults and 141 mentally retarded children (80 with diagnosis of \"mental retardation of unknown etiology\" and 61 with Down's syndrome). The occurence of both real chromosome aberrations and chromosome variants are presented, with special attention being paid to the chromosome variants. The data obtained show that in all groups studied there is considerable polymorphism of heterochromatic regions that appears to be dependent on sex and connected with the origin of some pathologic conditions.", "contents": "Human karyotype polymorphism. III. Routine ank fluorescence microscopic investigation of chromosomes in normal adults and mentally retarded children. The results of a routine and fluorescence microscopic investigation of chromosomes are presented in 208 normal adults and 141 mentally retarded children (80 with diagnosis of \"mental retardation of unknown etiology\" and 61 with Down's syndrome). The occurence of both real chromosome aberrations and chromosome variants are presented, with special attention being paid to the chromosome variants. The data obtained show that in all groups studied there is considerable polymorphism of heterochromatic regions that appears to be dependent on sex and connected with the origin of some pathologic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:125222", "title": "Linkage group HL-A-MLC-BF (properdin factor B). The site of the Bf locus at the immunogenetic linkage group on chromosome 6.", "content": "Genetic linkage between the HL-A and Bf loci could be confirmed in 43 families with 168 offspring.  In 4 families, 5 recombinants out of 82 informative meiotic divisions were observed (r = 6.1%).  The localisation of the Bf marker system was studied in 3 families with crossovers between HL-A and MLC.  From these data the following map order of human chromosome 6 can be proposed: HL-A (1st locus) -- HL-A (2nd locus)--MLC-Bf---PGM(3).  The fact that important components of the classical and alternate pathway of complement activation are governed by genes closely linked with HL-A and MLC loci leads to the proposition to include the Bf system into the Major Histocompatibility Complex in man.", "contents": "Linkage group HL-A-MLC-BF (properdin factor B). The site of the Bf locus at the immunogenetic linkage group on chromosome 6. Genetic linkage between the HL-A and Bf loci could be confirmed in 43 families with 168 offspring.  In 4 families, 5 recombinants out of 82 informative meiotic divisions were observed (r = 6.1%).  The localisation of the Bf marker system was studied in 3 families with crossovers between HL-A and MLC.  From these data the following map order of human chromosome 6 can be proposed: HL-A (1st locus) -- HL-A (2nd locus)--MLC-Bf---PGM(3).  The fact that important components of the classical and alternate pathway of complement activation are governed by genes closely linked with HL-A and MLC loci leads to the proposition to include the Bf system into the Major Histocompatibility Complex in man."}
{"id": "PMID:125223", "title": "Translocation (13q21q).  Four generation family study with analysis of satellite associations, fluorescent markers, and prenatal diagnosis.", "content": "A (13q21q) translocation was found in an infant with Down's syndrome.  The 17-year-old mother and the grandmother carried the translocation 45,XX,t(13;21)(p12;q11).  The great grandparents had normal karyotypes.  Fluorescence marker studies suggested that the translocation originated in the great grandmother.  The hypothesis was supported by satellite association studies which showed a significant excess of 13-21 and 13-15 associations in the great grandmother.", "contents": "Translocation (13q21q).  Four generation family study with analysis of satellite associations, fluorescent markers, and prenatal diagnosis. A (13q21q) translocation was found in an infant with Down's syndrome.  The 17-year-old mother and the grandmother carried the translocation 45,XX,t(13;21)(p12;q11).  The great grandparents had normal karyotypes.  Fluorescence marker studies suggested that the translocation originated in the great grandmother.  The hypothesis was supported by satellite association studies which showed a significant excess of 13-21 and 13-15 associations in the great grandmother."}
{"id": "PMID:125224", "title": "X monosomy and 21 trisomy in a sibship.", "content": "The case of a sibship of 4, 2 members of which present aneuplo\u00efdy (45,X and 47,XX,21+) is reported.  The paternal grandfather and grandmother are first cousins and there is a large number of centromeric associations in the father.", "contents": "X monosomy and 21 trisomy in a sibship. The case of a sibship of 4, 2 members of which present aneuplo\u00efdy (45,X and 47,XX,21+) is reported.  The paternal grandfather and grandmother are first cousins and there is a large number of centromeric associations in the father."}
{"id": "PMID:125226", "title": "Sex chromatin and cytogenetic survey of 10417 adult males and 357 children institutionalized in Belgian institutions for mentally retarded patients.", "content": "A survey of adult male immates of the major institutions for mental patients in Belgium was undertaken in 1965. Out of 10417 males examined 61 had positive sex chromatin (5.8%); 201 had bilateral small testis (1.9%), 4 hypogonad patients carried a D/D translocation. Out of 857 karyotyped children, 2.9% carried an autosomal or sex-chromosomal anomaly other than trisomy G. This prevalence of chromosomal anomalies in children with low I.Q. (less than 50) emphasizes the need for further studies.", "contents": "Sex chromatin and cytogenetic survey of 10417 adult males and 357 children institutionalized in Belgian institutions for mentally retarded patients. A survey of adult male immates of the major institutions for mental patients in Belgium was undertaken in 1965. Out of 10417 males examined 61 had positive sex chromatin (5.8%); 201 had bilateral small testis (1.9%), 4 hypogonad patients carried a D/D translocation. Out of 857 karyotyped children, 2.9% carried an autosomal or sex-chromosomal anomaly other than trisomy G. This prevalence of chromosomal anomalies in children with low I.Q. (less than 50) emphasizes the need for further studies."}
{"id": "PMID:125227", "title": "On the mutation rate of neurofibromatosis.", "content": "A genetic study of 124 cases of neurofibromatosis was performed. The contingent of probands was mainly represented by a Russian population, most of the individuals being born in the European part of the RSFSR. Both parents of the probands were examined in only 58 cases, the proportion of sporadic cases in this group being 0.79, as compared to 0.77 for the whole group under study. The existing data evaluated by a direct method are not yet sufficient for a decisive estimation of the penetrance, which, however, cannot be under 80%. Segregation analysis of descendants from particular marriages showed a good correspondance to the hypothesis of Mendelian dominance (32 affected children out of 65). These results analyzed together with those obtained by other authors permit an inference on the full penetrance of neurofibromatosis. The genetic interpretation of sporadic cases as a result of new mutations is presented. The prevalence of neurofibromatosis among the 16-year-old youths was evaluated as 12.8 with 10-(5). This value is suggested to be an estimation of the incidence of the condition in the general population, the mutation rate evaluated by a direct method being equal to 4.4 with 10-(5) divided by 4.9 with 10-minus 5. The increased birth order of probands in sporadic cases (against the theoretical expectation) as well as increased paternal age (as compared with controls) were found to be statistically significant (P equals 0.004 and P equals 0.03, respectively) while the difference in maternal ages was statistically insignificant (P equals 0.008). No statistical relationship between sporadic cases and occupational exposure of parents to deleterious chemical and physical factors was found.", "contents": "On the mutation rate of neurofibromatosis. A genetic study of 124 cases of neurofibromatosis was performed. The contingent of probands was mainly represented by a Russian population, most of the individuals being born in the European part of the RSFSR. Both parents of the probands were examined in only 58 cases, the proportion of sporadic cases in this group being 0.79, as compared to 0.77 for the whole group under study. The existing data evaluated by a direct method are not yet sufficient for a decisive estimation of the penetrance, which, however, cannot be under 80%. Segregation analysis of descendants from particular marriages showed a good correspondance to the hypothesis of Mendelian dominance (32 affected children out of 65). These results analyzed together with those obtained by other authors permit an inference on the full penetrance of neurofibromatosis. The genetic interpretation of sporadic cases as a result of new mutations is presented. The prevalence of neurofibromatosis among the 16-year-old youths was evaluated as 12.8 with 10-(5). This value is suggested to be an estimation of the incidence of the condition in the general population, the mutation rate evaluated by a direct method being equal to 4.4 with 10-(5) divided by 4.9 with 10-minus 5. The increased birth order of probands in sporadic cases (against the theoretical expectation) as well as increased paternal age (as compared with controls) were found to be statistically significant (P equals 0.004 and P equals 0.03, respectively) while the difference in maternal ages was statistically insignificant (P equals 0.008). No statistical relationship between sporadic cases and occupational exposure of parents to deleterious chemical and physical factors was found."}
{"id": "PMID:125228", "title": "Chromatin structure in Down's syndrome.", "content": "In the chromatin of patients with Down's syndrome, changes are shown to occur in a short-term lymphocyte culture of the human peripheral blood. Some of them are induced by the patient's blood serum and are reversible when this is replaced by normal serum. A 100-fold dilution of the blood serum taken in subjects with Down's syndrome does not produce any changes in the structure of the lymphocyte chromatin of the patients. A similar procedure with the blood serum of healthy donors resulted in a drastic activation of their lymphocyte chromatin. These experiments, and investigations on the effect produced by the blood serum on the model desoxyribonucleoprotein systems, support the suggestion that the changed state of the chromatin in subjects with Down's syndrome is caused by a complex set of components contained in the blood serum, whose degree of dissociation deviates from the normal.", "contents": "Chromatin structure in Down's syndrome. In the chromatin of patients with Down's syndrome, changes are shown to occur in a short-term lymphocyte culture of the human peripheral blood. Some of them are induced by the patient's blood serum and are reversible when this is replaced by normal serum. A 100-fold dilution of the blood serum taken in subjects with Down's syndrome does not produce any changes in the structure of the lymphocyte chromatin of the patients. A similar procedure with the blood serum of healthy donors resulted in a drastic activation of their lymphocyte chromatin. These experiments, and investigations on the effect produced by the blood serum on the model desoxyribonucleoprotein systems, support the suggestion that the changed state of the chromatin in subjects with Down's syndrome is caused by a complex set of components contained in the blood serum, whose degree of dissociation deviates from the normal."}
{"id": "PMID:125237", "title": "Health services system in Hong Kong: professional stratification in a modernizing society.", "content": "A characteristic of modernizing societies is the coexistence of modern and traditional professions that claim to perform the same functions for the society. As a result of differential support by the dominant classes and their social values, and by the academic and the political authorities, the modern profession occupies a higher stratificational ranking than the traditional profession. In order to struggle for survival and to compete for more social-political and economic resources, the traditional profession advocates a rational revival, i.e. a rationalization of its social organization and technical contentmin this paper, I have illustrated these generalized statements by analyzing and comparing the profession of modern medicine with that of Chinese medicine in the modernizing society of Hong Kong, These two types of professional services are coexisting in the pluralistic health context of Hong Kong, but the former enjoys greater power, higher prestige and more economic resources. The state of modern medical dominance may be due to its connection with the dominant social value of science and to its support by the \"higher\" classes and the university and the government in Hong Kong. In recent years; however, there has emerged a revivalistic movement in the realm of Chinese medical care. In significant part, this may be influenced by developments in the People's Republic of China.", "contents": "Health services system in Hong Kong: professional stratification in a modernizing society. A characteristic of modernizing societies is the coexistence of modern and traditional professions that claim to perform the same functions for the society. As a result of differential support by the dominant classes and their social values, and by the academic and the political authorities, the modern profession occupies a higher stratificational ranking than the traditional profession. In order to struggle for survival and to compete for more social-political and economic resources, the traditional profession advocates a rational revival, i.e. a rationalization of its social organization and technical contentmin this paper, I have illustrated these generalized statements by analyzing and comparing the profession of modern medicine with that of Chinese medicine in the modernizing society of Hong Kong, These two types of professional services are coexisting in the pluralistic health context of Hong Kong, but the former enjoys greater power, higher prestige and more economic resources. The state of modern medical dominance may be due to its connection with the dominant social value of science and to its support by the \"higher\" classes and the university and the government in Hong Kong. In recent years; however, there has emerged a revivalistic movement in the realm of Chinese medical care. In significant part, this may be influenced by developments in the People's Republic of China."}
{"id": "PMID:125241", "title": "Agglutinating serum for distinguishing Staphylococcus aureus of human biotype.", "content": "Antiserum to Staphylococcus aureus strain 17 was treated with S. aureus strain 61218 until the antibodies against thermostable agglutinogen were removed. The absorbed serum agglutinated phage-typable as well as phageuntypable staphylococci of human biotype, whether recovered from people or from dogs.", "contents": "Agglutinating serum for distinguishing Staphylococcus aureus of human biotype. Antiserum to Staphylococcus aureus strain 17 was treated with S. aureus strain 61218 until the antibodies against thermostable agglutinogen were removed. The absorbed serum agglutinated phage-typable as well as phageuntypable staphylococci of human biotype, whether recovered from people or from dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:125243", "title": "A new reliable method for evaluation of foot pad swelling as an experimental in vivo immune phenomenon.", "content": "Weight determination of replicas of the feet from living mice is described as a new method for evaluating the degree of the experimentally induced foot pad swelling in immunized mice. The new method gives objective, well documentable results and offers advantage to the commonly used assay with the dial calliper gauge when there is need for a good documentation or whenever there is a large number of animals to be tested within a narrow time margin.", "contents": "A new reliable method for evaluation of foot pad swelling as an experimental in vivo immune phenomenon. Weight determination of replicas of the feet from living mice is described as a new method for evaluating the degree of the experimentally induced foot pad swelling in immunized mice. The new method gives objective, well documentable results and offers advantage to the commonly used assay with the dial calliper gauge when there is need for a good documentation or whenever there is a large number of animals to be tested within a narrow time margin."}
{"id": "PMID:125255", "title": "An in vitro inhibitor of Na-K-ATPase present in an adenosinetriphosphate preparation.", "content": "An in vitro inhibitor of Na-K-ATPase was discovered in a commonly used preparation of ATP made by the Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo. (Sigma grade ATP). As measured by a reliable and widely used assay system in which phosphate liberation in measured colorimetrically, Na-K-ATPase activity in the rat kidney, small intestine and colon was about 50% lower then Sigma grade ATP was used as substrate as compared to another Sigma Chemical Company product II ATP. Mg-ATPase and adenylate cyclase assays were unaffected by substituting Sigma grade for grade II ATP. The inhibitor of Na-K-ATPase could not be identified. Sigma grade ATP probably should not be used when measuring the activity of Na-K-ATPase in the rat kidney, small intestine, or colon.", "contents": "An in vitro inhibitor of Na-K-ATPase present in an adenosinetriphosphate preparation. An in vitro inhibitor of Na-K-ATPase was discovered in a commonly used preparation of ATP made by the Sigma Chemical Company, St. Louis, Mo. (Sigma grade ATP). As measured by a reliable and widely used assay system in which phosphate liberation in measured colorimetrically, Na-K-ATPase activity in the rat kidney, small intestine and colon was about 50% lower then Sigma grade ATP was used as substrate as compared to another Sigma Chemical Company product II ATP. Mg-ATPase and adenylate cyclase assays were unaffected by substituting Sigma grade for grade II ATP. The inhibitor of Na-K-ATPase could not be identified. Sigma grade ATP probably should not be used when measuring the activity of Na-K-ATPase in the rat kidney, small intestine, or colon."}
{"id": "PMID:125256", "title": "A thermal method for the determination of tissue blood flow.", "content": "An isothermal flowmeter for the determination of local tissue blood flow is described. Flow is determined by the measurement of the thermal conductivity of the tissue in the vicinity of a heated thermistor maintained at a fixed temperature difference above a reference thermistor. Direct heating of the thermistor is utilized to eliminate the need for specially constructed indirectly heated thermistors. This design results in a device with a voltage output directly proportional to tissue thermal conductivity and to tissue blood flow. The device is shown to be adequate for the qualitative measurement of myocardial blood flow under various situations. Construction is simplified and the size of the circuit reduced by the use of readily available integrated circuits.", "contents": "A thermal method for the determination of tissue blood flow. An isothermal flowmeter for the determination of local tissue blood flow is described. Flow is determined by the measurement of the thermal conductivity of the tissue in the vicinity of a heated thermistor maintained at a fixed temperature difference above a reference thermistor. Direct heating of the thermistor is utilized to eliminate the need for specially constructed indirectly heated thermistors. This design results in a device with a voltage output directly proportional to tissue thermal conductivity and to tissue blood flow. The device is shown to be adequate for the qualitative measurement of myocardial blood flow under various situations. Construction is simplified and the size of the circuit reduced by the use of readily available integrated circuits."}
{"id": "PMID:125257", "title": "Automated method for the determination of niacin and niacinamide in cereal products: collaborative study.", "content": "In a collaborative study, an automated method for the determination of niacin and niacinamide in cereal products was compared with the official final action microbiological (43.121-43.125) and chemical (43.044-43.046) methods. Ten samples of cereal products, including enriched flour, yeast-leavened baked products, fortified breakfast cereals, and baked pet food products, were submitted to 14 laboratories. Nine laboratories reported values by the automated method, 6 reported values by the microbiological method, and 7 reported values by the chemical method. The results from the microbiological method were not subjected to analysis of variance because of the unusually large between-laboratory variation. The between-laboratory coefficients of variation for the automated and chemical methods were 10.90 and 10.18%, on the basis of results from 7 and 4 laboratories, respectively. There was no significant (p greater than 0.05) difference between methods when results from the 4 laboratories who used both methods were compared. The automated chemical method has been adopted as official first action.", "contents": "Automated method for the determination of niacin and niacinamide in cereal products: collaborative study. In a collaborative study, an automated method for the determination of niacin and niacinamide in cereal products was compared with the official final action microbiological (43.121-43.125) and chemical (43.044-43.046) methods. Ten samples of cereal products, including enriched flour, yeast-leavened baked products, fortified breakfast cereals, and baked pet food products, were submitted to 14 laboratories. Nine laboratories reported values by the automated method, 6 reported values by the microbiological method, and 7 reported values by the chemical method. The results from the microbiological method were not subjected to analysis of variance because of the unusually large between-laboratory variation. The between-laboratory coefficients of variation for the automated and chemical methods were 10.90 and 10.18%, on the basis of results from 7 and 4 laboratories, respectively. There was no significant (p greater than 0.05) difference between methods when results from the 4 laboratories who used both methods were compared. The automated chemical method has been adopted as official first action."}
{"id": "PMID:125259", "title": "Changes in glucosamine and galactosamine levels during conidial germination in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The levels of glucosamine and galactosamine were determined in conidia, germinating conidia, and vegetative mycelia of Neurospora crassa. In the vegetative mycelia about 90% of the amino sugars were shown to be components of the cell wall. The remaining 10% of the amino sugars were tentatively identified as the nucleotide sugars uridine diphospho-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose and uridine diphospho-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose. Conidia and vegetative mycelia contained about the same levels of glucosamine. During the first 9 h after the initiation of germination, the total glucosamine content had increased 3.1-fold, whereas the residual dry weight of the culture had increased 7.7-fold. This led to a drop in the glucosamine concentration from 100 mumol/g of residual dry weight to 42 mumol/g. During this time, all of the conidia had germinated and the surface area of the new germ tubes had increased to 10 times that of the conidia. Either germ tubes were initially produced without glucosamine-containing polymers, or these polymers (probably chitin) were deposited only at low densities in the germ tube cell walls. The chitin precursor uridine diphospho-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose was present at all times during conidial germination. Conida contained very low levels of galactosamine. During germination, galactosamine could not be detected until the culture had reached a cell density of about 0.6 mg of residual dry weight per ml of growth medium. This was observed regardless of the time required to reach this cell density or the fold increase in dry weight. The accumulation of galactosamine-containing polymers does not appear to be necessary for germ tube formation. The levels of soluble galactosamine (uridine diphospho-2-actamido-2-deoxy-D-galatose) were very low in conidia and increased during germination at the same time that galactosamine appeared in the cellular polymers. In addition, under certain culture conditions, the appearance of galactosamine and the increase in the glucosamine concentration occurred simultaneously.", "contents": "Changes in glucosamine and galactosamine levels during conidial germination in Neurospora crassa. The levels of glucosamine and galactosamine were determined in conidia, germinating conidia, and vegetative mycelia of Neurospora crassa. In the vegetative mycelia about 90% of the amino sugars were shown to be components of the cell wall. The remaining 10% of the amino sugars were tentatively identified as the nucleotide sugars uridine diphospho-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose and uridine diphospho-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose. Conidia and vegetative mycelia contained about the same levels of glucosamine. During the first 9 h after the initiation of germination, the total glucosamine content had increased 3.1-fold, whereas the residual dry weight of the culture had increased 7.7-fold. This led to a drop in the glucosamine concentration from 100 mumol/g of residual dry weight to 42 mumol/g. During this time, all of the conidia had germinated and the surface area of the new germ tubes had increased to 10 times that of the conidia. Either germ tubes were initially produced without glucosamine-containing polymers, or these polymers (probably chitin) were deposited only at low densities in the germ tube cell walls. The chitin precursor uridine diphospho-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose was present at all times during conidial germination. Conida contained very low levels of galactosamine. During germination, galactosamine could not be detected until the culture had reached a cell density of about 0.6 mg of residual dry weight per ml of growth medium. This was observed regardless of the time required to reach this cell density or the fold increase in dry weight. The accumulation of galactosamine-containing polymers does not appear to be necessary for germ tube formation. The levels of soluble galactosamine (uridine diphospho-2-actamido-2-deoxy-D-galatose) were very low in conidia and increased during germination at the same time that galactosamine appeared in the cellular polymers. In addition, under certain culture conditions, the appearance of galactosamine and the increase in the glucosamine concentration occurred simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:125260", "title": "Developmental control of glucosamine and galactosamine levels during conidation in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The glucosamine and galactosamine content of mycelia was measured in cultures of Neurospora crassa grown on the surface of dialysis membranes. The glucosamine content was relatively constant throughout the different regions of the mycelial mat. The galactosamine content, however, was always lower in the growing-front region of the mycelial mat than in the older regions. At most, only low levels of galactosamine were necessary for the formation of hyphae at the growing front of a mycelial mat. Thus, galactosamine-containing polymers cannot be a major shape-determining component of the cell walls of these hyphae in Neurospora. The effect of conidiation on the amino sugar content was determined by using the bd (band) strain of N. crassa. When grown on the surface of dialysis membranes, this strain rhythmically produced regions of conidiating and non-conidiating growth. With this strain, it was concluded that conidiation did not affect the amino sugar levels. Since conidia that contained only very low levels of galactosamine were produced from regions of the mycelial mat that contained much higher levels of this amino sugar, there must be some mechanism of spatial differentiation that prevented the accumulation of galactosamine-containing polymers in conidia.", "contents": "Developmental control of glucosamine and galactosamine levels during conidation in Neurospora crassa. The glucosamine and galactosamine content of mycelia was measured in cultures of Neurospora crassa grown on the surface of dialysis membranes. The glucosamine content was relatively constant throughout the different regions of the mycelial mat. The galactosamine content, however, was always lower in the growing-front region of the mycelial mat than in the older regions. At most, only low levels of galactosamine were necessary for the formation of hyphae at the growing front of a mycelial mat. Thus, galactosamine-containing polymers cannot be a major shape-determining component of the cell walls of these hyphae in Neurospora. The effect of conidiation on the amino sugar content was determined by using the bd (band) strain of N. crassa. When grown on the surface of dialysis membranes, this strain rhythmically produced regions of conidiating and non-conidiating growth. With this strain, it was concluded that conidiation did not affect the amino sugar levels. Since conidia that contained only very low levels of galactosamine were produced from regions of the mycelial mat that contained much higher levels of this amino sugar, there must be some mechanism of spatial differentiation that prevented the accumulation of galactosamine-containing polymers in conidia."}
{"id": "PMID:125261", "title": "Characterization of the glucose transport systems in Neurospora crassa sl.", "content": "Neurospora crassa sl, a mutant that lacks a rigid cell wall, exhibits transport systems for glucose similar to those of wild-type strain 1A. When the orgnism is grown in a medium containing 50 mM glucose as the carbon source, glucose is transported primarily by a glucose-facilitated diffusion system (GluI). When it is grown in a medium with little or no glucose present, a glucose active transport system (Glu II) is expressed. Both of these systems are similar kinetically to those in the wild type. Significant differences do exist between strains sl and 1A with respect to genetic regulation of the glucose active transport system.", "contents": "Characterization of the glucose transport systems in Neurospora crassa sl. Neurospora crassa sl, a mutant that lacks a rigid cell wall, exhibits transport systems for glucose similar to those of wild-type strain 1A. When the orgnism is grown in a medium containing 50 mM glucose as the carbon source, glucose is transported primarily by a glucose-facilitated diffusion system (GluI). When it is grown in a medium with little or no glucose present, a glucose active transport system (Glu II) is expressed. Both of these systems are similar kinetically to those in the wild type. Significant differences do exist between strains sl and 1A with respect to genetic regulation of the glucose active transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:125262", "title": "Suppression of spectinomycin resistance in a mutant of Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli has been isolated which exhibits partial suppression of spectinomycin resistance. The site of mutation is in the streptomycin (strA) region and is closely linked to the spcA gene. However, this gene, which we propose to call mod, is phenotypically distinguishable from both the neomycin-kanamycin (nek) and the ribosomal ambiguity gene (ram). The relative gene order is mod spcA strA. In a cell-free protein synthesizing system, altered ribosomes appear to be responsible for the suppression of spectinomycin resistance caused by mod.", "contents": "Suppression of spectinomycin resistance in a mutant of Escherichia coli K-12. A mutant of Escherichia coli has been isolated which exhibits partial suppression of spectinomycin resistance. The site of mutation is in the streptomycin (strA) region and is closely linked to the spcA gene. However, this gene, which we propose to call mod, is phenotypically distinguishable from both the neomycin-kanamycin (nek) and the ribosomal ambiguity gene (ram). The relative gene order is mod spcA strA. In a cell-free protein synthesizing system, altered ribosomes appear to be responsible for the suppression of spectinomycin resistance caused by mod."}
{"id": "PMID:125263", "title": "Regulation of exocellular proteases in Neurospora crassa: metabolic requirements of the process.", "content": "To induce exocellular proteolytic enzyme from carbon-starved exponential-phase cells of Neurospora crassa, both a protein substrate and an activating protease of certain specific properties must be present at the same time. The cells must be capable of protein synthesis, since cycloheximide inhibits the process, but cell growth, as determined by increase in cell mass, does not appear to be required. Both soluble (bovine serum albumin, myoglobin) and insoluble protein substrates (collagen, corn zein) will affect protease induction, although certain soluble, globular proteins (egg white globulin, bovine gamma globulin) will not. In most cases, rates of protease induction are proportional to protein concentration, regardless of the nature of the inducing protein. All activating proteases capable of affecting induction in a manner similar to that of N. crassa exocellular protease were of bacterial origin and were exoproteases. Mammalian proteases and peptidases had little or no effect on the induction process.", "contents": "Regulation of exocellular proteases in Neurospora crassa: metabolic requirements of the process. To induce exocellular proteolytic enzyme from carbon-starved exponential-phase cells of Neurospora crassa, both a protein substrate and an activating protease of certain specific properties must be present at the same time. The cells must be capable of protein synthesis, since cycloheximide inhibits the process, but cell growth, as determined by increase in cell mass, does not appear to be required. Both soluble (bovine serum albumin, myoglobin) and insoluble protein substrates (collagen, corn zein) will affect protease induction, although certain soluble, globular proteins (egg white globulin, bovine gamma globulin) will not. In most cases, rates of protease induction are proportional to protein concentration, regardless of the nature of the inducing protein. All activating proteases capable of affecting induction in a manner similar to that of N. crassa exocellular protease were of bacterial origin and were exoproteases. Mammalian proteases and peptidases had little or no effect on the induction process."}
{"id": "PMID:125264", "title": "PfkB and pfkC loci of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Mutants lacking Escherichia coli phosphofructokinase (pfkA, 78 min) are suppressed by the unlinked pfkB1 mutation, which restores some enzyme activity (Morrissey and Fraenkel, 1972). We here describe a secondary mutation at pfkB, \"PFKB-,\" which abolishes the suppression as well as the low residual activity of unsuppressed pfkA mutants. pfkB is at about 33 min. with the gene order groD-pps-pheS-pfkB. A positive selection was found that yielded both the pfkB-mutations and a new similar mutation, pfkC-. pfkC is an early marker in Hfr HL16(ca. 50 to 55 min). Some pfkC-, but no pfkB-, mutations were amber. A temperature-sensitive pfkB- was also obtained. Strains carrying pfkB- or pfkC-, but wild type at pfkA, were not markedly affected in growth on sugars. A new search for suppressors such as pfkB1 gave five independent candidates, all of which suppressed both pfkA1 and pfkA2 and occurred in the pfkB region; none occurred at pfkC. Neither the pfkB nor the pfkC loci have assigned functions. It is likely that they are somehow involved in expression of phosphofructokinase activity 2 (Fraenkel, Kotlarz, and Buc, 1973).", "contents": "PfkB and pfkC loci of Escherichia coli. Mutants lacking Escherichia coli phosphofructokinase (pfkA, 78 min) are suppressed by the unlinked pfkB1 mutation, which restores some enzyme activity (Morrissey and Fraenkel, 1972). We here describe a secondary mutation at pfkB, \"PFKB-,\" which abolishes the suppression as well as the low residual activity of unsuppressed pfkA mutants. pfkB is at about 33 min. with the gene order groD-pps-pheS-pfkB. A positive selection was found that yielded both the pfkB-mutations and a new similar mutation, pfkC-. pfkC is an early marker in Hfr HL16(ca. 50 to 55 min). Some pfkC-, but no pfkB-, mutations were amber. A temperature-sensitive pfkB- was also obtained. Strains carrying pfkB- or pfkC-, but wild type at pfkA, were not markedly affected in growth on sugars. A new search for suppressors such as pfkB1 gave five independent candidates, all of which suppressed both pfkA1 and pfkA2 and occurred in the pfkB region; none occurred at pfkC. Neither the pfkB nor the pfkC loci have assigned functions. It is likely that they are somehow involved in expression of phosphofructokinase activity 2 (Fraenkel, Kotlarz, and Buc, 1973)."}
{"id": "PMID:125265", "title": "PfkA locus of Escherichia coli.", "content": "pfkA was know, on the basis of three mutants, as the likely locus of phosphofructokinase in Escherichia coli, and the unlinked pfkB1 mutation suppressed these mutations by restoring some enzyme activity (Morrissey and Fraenkel, 1972). We now report a new search for the complete inactivation of pfkA (e.g., by deletion or amber mutation), done to assess whether the pfkB1 suppression is by an independent enzyme, phosphofructokinase activity 2 (Fraenkel, Kotlarz, and Buc, 1973). Ten new phosphofructokinase mutants all were at pfkA, rather than at pfkB or pfkC. One of them (pfkA9) gave temperature-sensitive reverants with heat-labile enzyme. Another (pfkA11) proved genetically to be a nonsense mutation, but showed no restored activity when suppressed by supF. However, even unsuppressed it was found to contain an enzyme related to phosphofructokinase activity 1 kinetically (more allosteric), physically (almot identical subunit), and antigenically. All the pfkA mutants apparently contained cross-reacting material to activity 1. All (including pfkA11) were suppressed by the pfkB1 mutation. Several results support the idea that pfkA is the structural gene for the main phosphofructokinase of E. coli (activity 1), but that there is some restriction to its complete inactivation.", "contents": "PfkA locus of Escherichia coli. pfkA was know, on the basis of three mutants, as the likely locus of phosphofructokinase in Escherichia coli, and the unlinked pfkB1 mutation suppressed these mutations by restoring some enzyme activity (Morrissey and Fraenkel, 1972). We now report a new search for the complete inactivation of pfkA (e.g., by deletion or amber mutation), done to assess whether the pfkB1 suppression is by an independent enzyme, phosphofructokinase activity 2 (Fraenkel, Kotlarz, and Buc, 1973). Ten new phosphofructokinase mutants all were at pfkA, rather than at pfkB or pfkC. One of them (pfkA9) gave temperature-sensitive reverants with heat-labile enzyme. Another (pfkA11) proved genetically to be a nonsense mutation, but showed no restored activity when suppressed by supF. However, even unsuppressed it was found to contain an enzyme related to phosphofructokinase activity 1 kinetically (more allosteric), physically (almot identical subunit), and antigenically. All the pfkA mutants apparently contained cross-reacting material to activity 1. All (including pfkA11) were suppressed by the pfkB1 mutation. Several results support the idea that pfkA is the structural gene for the main phosphofructokinase of E. coli (activity 1), but that there is some restriction to its complete inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:125266", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of surface and internal features of developing perithecia of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Stages in the development of perithecia of Neurospora crassa, designated by the time elapsed after crossing, were investigated with the scanning electron microscope, from protoperithecia through perithecia. The usual examination of external features of whole specimens with this instrument was augmented by a freeze-fracture technique which allowed the viewing of development internally as well. Rapid increases in perithecial size soon after crossing were followed by the appearance, in section, of a centrum, at first undifferentiated but subsequently developing ascogenous hyphae. The perithecial beak appeared as a compact mass easily distinguishable in whole specimens from the surrounding hyphae by means of texture as well as shape. Two ascospores were photographed during emergence from an ostiole, but ostioles were found more frequently closed than open.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of surface and internal features of developing perithecia of Neurospora crassa. Stages in the development of perithecia of Neurospora crassa, designated by the time elapsed after crossing, were investigated with the scanning electron microscope, from protoperithecia through perithecia. The usual examination of external features of whole specimens with this instrument was augmented by a freeze-fracture technique which allowed the viewing of development internally as well. Rapid increases in perithecial size soon after crossing were followed by the appearance, in section, of a centrum, at first undifferentiated but subsequently developing ascogenous hyphae. The perithecial beak appeared as a compact mass easily distinguishable in whole specimens from the surrounding hyphae by means of texture as well as shape. Two ascospores were photographed during emergence from an ostiole, but ostioles were found more frequently closed than open."}
{"id": "PMID:125267", "title": "Microbial transformation of artificial estrogens of the allenolic group.", "content": "When 2,2-dimethyl 3-(2'-naphthyl 6'-hydroxy) pentanoic acid, an artificial estrogen of the allenolic acid group, was added to an exponential-phase growth culture of Neurospora crassa (in Horowitz medium), it was transformed into its hydroxylated derivative, 2,2-dimethyl 3-(2'-naphthyl 4',6'-dihydroxy)pentaoic acid. To study this transformation, radioactive 2-methyl-[2-14-C=A1methyl 3-(2'-naphthyl 6'-hydroxy) pentanoic acid has been prepared. The rate of metabolism of allenolic acids varies in the same way as their estrogenic activity.", "contents": "Microbial transformation of artificial estrogens of the allenolic group. When 2,2-dimethyl 3-(2'-naphthyl 6'-hydroxy) pentanoic acid, an artificial estrogen of the allenolic acid group, was added to an exponential-phase growth culture of Neurospora crassa (in Horowitz medium), it was transformed into its hydroxylated derivative, 2,2-dimethyl 3-(2'-naphthyl 4',6'-dihydroxy)pentaoic acid. To study this transformation, radioactive 2-methyl-[2-14-C=A1methyl 3-(2'-naphthyl 6'-hydroxy) pentanoic acid has been prepared. The rate of metabolism of allenolic acids varies in the same way as their estrogenic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:125268", "title": "Anacystis nidulans mutants resistant to aromatic amino acid analogues.", "content": "Three classes of mutants of Anacystis nidulans were selected on the basis of resistance to fluorophenylalanine and 2-amino-3-phenylbutanoic acid. The most frequent type exhibited DAHP synthetase (7-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate-D-erythrose-4-phosphate-lyase [pyruvate phosphorylating], EC 4.1.2.15) activity identical to that of the parental strain. The second type was characterized by extremely low levels of the activity. The third type had a DAHP synthetase showing decreased sensitivity to inhibition by L-tyrosine. The enzyme was purified 140-fold from wild-type and feedback-insensitive strains, and the kinetics of the reaction was examined. The activity of the wild-type enzyme was inhibited 75% in the presence of 2.0 X 10-3 M tyrosine, and the altered enzyme was inhibited 10%. The following apparent constants were obtained from kinetic studies with partially purified wild-type enzyme: S0.5 for D-erythrose-4-phophate equal to 7.1 X 10-4 M; S0.5 for phosphoenolpyruvate equal to 1.4 X 10-4 M. Inhibition by tyrosine was mixed with respect to binding of both D-erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate. In addition, tyrosine promoted cooperative interactions in the binding of phosphoenolpyruvate. For the altered enzyme the following apparent constants were obtained: S0.5 for D-erythrose-4-phosphate equal to 7.1 X 10-4 M; S0.5 for phosphoenolpyruvate equal to 2.9 X 10-4 M. Inhibition by tyrosine was mixed with respect to D-erythrose-4-phosphate and competitive with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate. Tyrosine did not promote cooperative effects in the binding of phosphoenolpyruvate to the altered enzyme.", "contents": "Anacystis nidulans mutants resistant to aromatic amino acid analogues. Three classes of mutants of Anacystis nidulans were selected on the basis of resistance to fluorophenylalanine and 2-amino-3-phenylbutanoic acid. The most frequent type exhibited DAHP synthetase (7-phospho-2-keto-3-deoxy-D-arabino-heptonate-D-erythrose-4-phosphate-lyase [pyruvate phosphorylating], EC 4.1.2.15) activity identical to that of the parental strain. The second type was characterized by extremely low levels of the activity. The third type had a DAHP synthetase showing decreased sensitivity to inhibition by L-tyrosine. The enzyme was purified 140-fold from wild-type and feedback-insensitive strains, and the kinetics of the reaction was examined. The activity of the wild-type enzyme was inhibited 75% in the presence of 2.0 X 10-3 M tyrosine, and the altered enzyme was inhibited 10%. The following apparent constants were obtained from kinetic studies with partially purified wild-type enzyme: S0.5 for D-erythrose-4-phophate equal to 7.1 X 10-4 M; S0.5 for phosphoenolpyruvate equal to 1.4 X 10-4 M. Inhibition by tyrosine was mixed with respect to binding of both D-erythrose-4-phosphate and phosphoenolpyruvate. In addition, tyrosine promoted cooperative interactions in the binding of phosphoenolpyruvate. For the altered enzyme the following apparent constants were obtained: S0.5 for D-erythrose-4-phosphate equal to 7.1 X 10-4 M; S0.5 for phosphoenolpyruvate equal to 2.9 X 10-4 M. Inhibition by tyrosine was mixed with respect to D-erythrose-4-phosphate and competitive with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate. Tyrosine did not promote cooperative effects in the binding of phosphoenolpyruvate to the altered enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:125269", "title": "Size restriction on utilization of peptides by amino acid auxotrophs of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Growth of an amino acid auxotroph of Neurospora crassa on oligopeptides is shown to occur by extracellular hydrolysis, with subsequent utilization of monomer amino acid residues, and by transport of peptides. Peptides with a hydrodynamic volume greater than that of trileucine are not transported, and this lack of transport is shown to be due to restriction by the oligopeptide transport system rather than the cell wall.", "contents": "Size restriction on utilization of peptides by amino acid auxotrophs of Neurospora crassa. Growth of an amino acid auxotroph of Neurospora crassa on oligopeptides is shown to occur by extracellular hydrolysis, with subsequent utilization of monomer amino acid residues, and by transport of peptides. Peptides with a hydrodynamic volume greater than that of trileucine are not transported, and this lack of transport is shown to be due to restriction by the oligopeptide transport system rather than the cell wall."}
{"id": "PMID:125270", "title": "Enzymatic and non-enzymatic reduction of nitrite by extracts of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Two activites causing nitrite disappearance are found in extracts of Neurospora; one, inducible by nitrate or nitrite and present only in nitrite-utilizing strains, catalyze the stoichiometric reduction of nitrite to ammonia; the other, present in all strains under all conditions, causes the disappearance of nitrite to something other than ammonia. The latter activity has a molecular weight of about 600 and may contain an oligopeptide, a metal, and an SH group(s). It has no known physiological function.", "contents": "Enzymatic and non-enzymatic reduction of nitrite by extracts of Neurospora crassa. Two activites causing nitrite disappearance are found in extracts of Neurospora; one, inducible by nitrate or nitrite and present only in nitrite-utilizing strains, catalyze the stoichiometric reduction of nitrite to ammonia; the other, present in all strains under all conditions, causes the disappearance of nitrite to something other than ammonia. The latter activity has a molecular weight of about 600 and may contain an oligopeptide, a metal, and an SH group(s). It has no known physiological function."}
{"id": "PMID:125271", "title": "Effects of sodium and potassium ions on the elementary steps in the reaction of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase1.", "content": "The effects of Na+ and K+ ions on the elementary steps in the reaction of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) were investigated in 0.5-600mM NaCL and 0-10mM KCL, at a fixed concentration (1mM) OF MgCL2, AT PH 8.5 and at 15 degrees. The data were analyzed on the basis of the reaction mechanism in which a phosphorylated intermediate, E ADP P (abbreviated as EP), is formed via two kinds of enzyme-substrate comples, E1ATP and E2ATP, and EP is in equilibrium with E2ATP, and is hydrolyzed to produce P1 and ADP. The following results were obtained: 1. The rate od E2ATP-formation, vf, increased with increase in the Na+ concentration, reached a maximum level, and then decreased with further increase in the Na+ concentration at various K+ concentrations. The value of vf was given as (see article). 2. The reciprocal of the equilibrium constants, K2, of the step E1ATPEQUILIBRIUM E ADP P in the presence of low concentrations of Na+ was larger than that in the presence of high concrntrations of Na+, indicating that the equilibrium shifted markedly toward E2ATP at low concentrations of Na+. The relation of K3 with Na concentration was rather complicated on varying the concentration of K+. However, generally speaking, it increased with increase in the K+ concentration. 3. The decomposition of EP was markedly activated by even low concentrations of K+, and inhibited by high concentrations of Na+. The inhibition by Na+ was partially suppressed by K+. The rate constant of EP-decomposition, vo/(EP), was given by (see article) where (vo/(EP) K+EQUALS0  was the value of vo/[EP] in the absence of K+.", "contents": "Effects of sodium and potassium ions on the elementary steps in the reaction of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase1. The effects of Na+ and K+ ions on the elementary steps in the reaction of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) were investigated in 0.5-600mM NaCL and 0-10mM KCL, at a fixed concentration (1mM) OF MgCL2, AT PH 8.5 and at 15 degrees. The data were analyzed on the basis of the reaction mechanism in which a phosphorylated intermediate, E ADP P (abbreviated as EP), is formed via two kinds of enzyme-substrate comples, E1ATP and E2ATP, and EP is in equilibrium with E2ATP, and is hydrolyzed to produce P1 and ADP. The following results were obtained: 1. The rate od E2ATP-formation, vf, increased with increase in the Na+ concentration, reached a maximum level, and then decreased with further increase in the Na+ concentration at various K+ concentrations. The value of vf was given as (see article). 2. The reciprocal of the equilibrium constants, K2, of the step E1ATPEQUILIBRIUM E ADP P in the presence of low concentrations of Na+ was larger than that in the presence of high concrntrations of Na+, indicating that the equilibrium shifted markedly toward E2ATP at low concentrations of Na+. The relation of K3 with Na concentration was rather complicated on varying the concentration of K+. However, generally speaking, it increased with increase in the K+ concentration. 3. The decomposition of EP was markedly activated by even low concentrations of K+, and inhibited by high concentrations of Na+. The inhibition by Na+ was partially suppressed by K+. The rate constant of EP-decomposition, vo/(EP), was given by (see article) where (vo/(EP) K+EQUALS0  was the value of vo/[EP] in the absence of K+."}
{"id": "PMID:125272", "title": "Properties of the conversion of an enzyme-ATP complex to a phosphorylated intermediate in the reaction of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase1.", "content": "Previously, we proposed the following reaction machanism for the transport ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) reaction in the presence of high concentrations of Mg2+ and Na+:(see article). Some kinetic and thermodynamic properties of steps 3 and 4 were investigated, and the following results were obtained. 1. When the reaction was started by adding ATP to the enzyme in the presence of 50 mM Na+ and 0.5 mM K+ or in the presence of 50mM Na+ and 0.5mM Rb+, the amount of E ADP P increased with time and maintained a constant level after reaching a maximum. We could not observe the initial burst of EP formation, which was observed by Post er al. in the presence of 8 mM Na+ and 0.01 mM Rb+. 2. The existence of quasi-equilibrium between E2ATP and E ADP P in the presence of low concentrations of Na+ was suggested by the fact that the values of the reciprocal of the equilibrium constant, K3 of step 3 obtained by the following three methods were almost the same. a) The value of 1+K3 was estimated from the ratio of vo/[EP] to kd, where vo is the rate of ATP hydrolysis in the steady state, [EP] the concentration of EP, and kd the first-order rate constant of EP disappearance after stopping EP formation. b) This value was also calculated from the ratio of the amount of P1 liberated to that of decrease in EP after stopping EP formation. c) The value of K3 was also calculated from the initial rapid decrease in EP on adding K+ and EDTA, assuming that the rapid decrease was due to a shift of the equilibrium toward E2ATP on adding K+. For example, the value of K3 with 10mM NaCL and 0.5mM KCL was 7--11. Although ATP formation due to a shift of the equilibrium toward E2ATP by a K+ jump in the presence of a low concentration of Na+ was observed at 0 degrees, the amount of ATP formed by a K+ jump at 15 degrees was less than the value expected from the shift of the equilibrium. 3. The values of delta H degrees  and delta S degrees of step 3 were estimated in the presence of a sufficient amount of Na+ and in the absence of K+. They were +4--+5 kcal mole minus 1 and +15--+16 entropy units mole minus1, respectively. On the basis of kinetic studies of the elementary steps and the overall reaction of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3], we (1--4) showed that a phosphorylated intermediate, EP, is formed via two kinds of enzyme-substrate complex, E1ATP and E2ATP, that the EP is in K+-dependent quasi-equilibrium with E2ATP, and that in the presence of high concentration of Mg2+, EP is in a high-energy state and contains bound ADP, E ADP P.(see article).", "contents": "Properties of the conversion of an enzyme-ATP complex to a phosphorylated intermediate in the reaction of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase1. Previously, we proposed the following reaction machanism for the transport ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) reaction in the presence of high concentrations of Mg2+ and Na+:(see article). Some kinetic and thermodynamic properties of steps 3 and 4 were investigated, and the following results were obtained. 1. When the reaction was started by adding ATP to the enzyme in the presence of 50 mM Na+ and 0.5 mM K+ or in the presence of 50mM Na+ and 0.5mM Rb+, the amount of E ADP P increased with time and maintained a constant level after reaching a maximum. We could not observe the initial burst of EP formation, which was observed by Post er al. in the presence of 8 mM Na+ and 0.01 mM Rb+. 2. The existence of quasi-equilibrium between E2ATP and E ADP P in the presence of low concentrations of Na+ was suggested by the fact that the values of the reciprocal of the equilibrium constant, K3 of step 3 obtained by the following three methods were almost the same. a) The value of 1+K3 was estimated from the ratio of vo/[EP] to kd, where vo is the rate of ATP hydrolysis in the steady state, [EP] the concentration of EP, and kd the first-order rate constant of EP disappearance after stopping EP formation. b) This value was also calculated from the ratio of the amount of P1 liberated to that of decrease in EP after stopping EP formation. c) The value of K3 was also calculated from the initial rapid decrease in EP on adding K+ and EDTA, assuming that the rapid decrease was due to a shift of the equilibrium toward E2ATP on adding K+. For example, the value of K3 with 10mM NaCL and 0.5mM KCL was 7--11. Although ATP formation due to a shift of the equilibrium toward E2ATP by a K+ jump in the presence of a low concentration of Na+ was observed at 0 degrees, the amount of ATP formed by a K+ jump at 15 degrees was less than the value expected from the shift of the equilibrium. 3. The values of delta H degrees  and delta S degrees of step 3 were estimated in the presence of a sufficient amount of Na+ and in the absence of K+. They were +4--+5 kcal mole minus 1 and +15--+16 entropy units mole minus1, respectively. On the basis of kinetic studies of the elementary steps and the overall reaction of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3], we (1--4) showed that a phosphorylated intermediate, EP, is formed via two kinds of enzyme-substrate complex, E1ATP and E2ATP, that the EP is in K+-dependent quasi-equilibrium with E2ATP, and that in the presence of high concentration of Mg2+, EP is in a high-energy state and contains bound ADP, E ADP P.(see article)."}
{"id": "PMID:125273", "title": "Desensitization of substrate inhibition of acto-H-meromyosin ATPase by treatment of H-meromyosin with rho-chloromercuribenzoate. Relation between the extent of desensitization and the amount of bound rho-chloromercuribenzoate1.", "content": "H-Meromyosin (CMB leads to betaME-H-meromyosin) was prepared by tryptic digestion of myosin, which had been treated with CMB bound to H-meromyosin and the extent of desensitization of the substrate inhibition of acto-H-meromyosin ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3.] was investigated. Both the dissociation of acto-H-meromyosin induced by ATP and substrate inhibition decreased with increase in the amount of bound CMB to a minimum value at about 1 mole of CMB bound per mole of H-meromyosin. The substrate inhibition of acto-H-meromyosin ATPase was restored to the original level by complete removal of the bound CMB by further treatment of CMB leads to beta ME-H-meromyosin with a large excess of beta-mercaptoethanol. The dissociation constant of acto-H-meromyosin in the presence of ATP decreased markedly on modification with CMB, while the maximum ATPase activity ar a sufficiently high concentration of F-actin remained essentially unchanged. Acto-H-meromyosin was reconstituted from F-actin and CMB LEADS TO beta ME-H-meromyosin, containing less than the stoichiometric amount of bound CMB. Its ATPase activity and the extent of dissociation of acto-H-meromyosin induced by ATP were explained as those of a mixture of unmodified H-meromyosin and CMB leads to beta ME-H-meromyosin containing 1 mole of CMB per mole of H-meromyosin. Half of the light chains (g2), with a molecular weight of 18,000, were removed from myosin by treatment with CMB and beta-mercaptoethanol. After this treatment, on further incubation of the myosin with a large excess of beta-mercaptoethanol, the myosin contained only half of the g2, but the substrate inhibition of acto-H-meromyosin ATPase was restored completely. The initial burst of P1 liberation and the EDTA-ATPase activity decreased to almost zero on specific modification of the SH1-groups with NEM, while the initial burst decreased to some extent and the EDTA-ATPase activity to 50% of the original value on binding of 1 mole CMB per mole of H-meromyosin. The actomyosin-type of ATPase activity was strongly inhibited by modification with CMB. The extent of the dissociation of acto-H-meromyosin induced by ATP was unaffected by modification with NEM, while it decreased on further treatment of NEM-myosin with CMB FOLLOWED BY BETA-MERCAPTOETHANOL.", "contents": "Desensitization of substrate inhibition of acto-H-meromyosin ATPase by treatment of H-meromyosin with rho-chloromercuribenzoate. Relation between the extent of desensitization and the amount of bound rho-chloromercuribenzoate1. H-Meromyosin (CMB leads to betaME-H-meromyosin) was prepared by tryptic digestion of myosin, which had been treated with CMB bound to H-meromyosin and the extent of desensitization of the substrate inhibition of acto-H-meromyosin ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3.] was investigated. Both the dissociation of acto-H-meromyosin induced by ATP and substrate inhibition decreased with increase in the amount of bound CMB to a minimum value at about 1 mole of CMB bound per mole of H-meromyosin. The substrate inhibition of acto-H-meromyosin ATPase was restored to the original level by complete removal of the bound CMB by further treatment of CMB leads to beta ME-H-meromyosin with a large excess of beta-mercaptoethanol. The dissociation constant of acto-H-meromyosin in the presence of ATP decreased markedly on modification with CMB, while the maximum ATPase activity ar a sufficiently high concentration of F-actin remained essentially unchanged. Acto-H-meromyosin was reconstituted from F-actin and CMB LEADS TO beta ME-H-meromyosin, containing less than the stoichiometric amount of bound CMB. Its ATPase activity and the extent of dissociation of acto-H-meromyosin induced by ATP were explained as those of a mixture of unmodified H-meromyosin and CMB leads to beta ME-H-meromyosin containing 1 mole of CMB per mole of H-meromyosin. Half of the light chains (g2), with a molecular weight of 18,000, were removed from myosin by treatment with CMB and beta-mercaptoethanol. After this treatment, on further incubation of the myosin with a large excess of beta-mercaptoethanol, the myosin contained only half of the g2, but the substrate inhibition of acto-H-meromyosin ATPase was restored completely. The initial burst of P1 liberation and the EDTA-ATPase activity decreased to almost zero on specific modification of the SH1-groups with NEM, while the initial burst decreased to some extent and the EDTA-ATPase activity to 50% of the original value on binding of 1 mole CMB per mole of H-meromyosin. The actomyosin-type of ATPase activity was strongly inhibited by modification with CMB. The extent of the dissociation of acto-H-meromyosin induced by ATP was unaffected by modification with NEM, while it decreased on further treatment of NEM-myosin with CMB FOLLOWED BY BETA-MERCAPTOETHANOL."}
{"id": "PMID:125274", "title": "Cytoplasmic membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli.  A simple method for preparing the cytoplasmic and outer membranes.", "content": "A simple preparative method is described for isolation of the cytoplasmic and outer membranes from E. coli. The characteristics of both membrane fractions were studied chemically, biologically, and morphologically. Spheroplasts of E. coli K-12 strain W3092, prepared by treating cells with EDTA-lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17], were disrupted in a French press. The crude membrane fraction was washed with 3 mM EDTA-10% (w/v) sucrose, pH 7.2, and the cytoplasmic membranes and outer membranes were separated by sucrose isopycnic density gradient centrifugation. The crude membrane fraction contained approximately 10% of the protein of the whole cells, 0.3% of the DNA, 0.7% of the RNA, 0.3% of the peptidoglycan, and about 30% of the lipopolysaccharide. The cytoplasmic membrane fraction was rich in phospholipid, while the outer membrane fraction contained much lipopolysaccharide and carbohydrate; the relative contents of lipopolysaccharide and carbohydrate per mg protein in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction were 12 and 40%, respectively, of the contents in the outer membrane fraction. Cytochrome b1, NADH oxidase, D-lactate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.28], succinate dehydrogenase [EC 1.3.99.1], ATPase [EC 3.5.1.3], and activity for concentrative uptake of proline were found to be localized mainly in the cytoplasmic membranes; their specific activities in the outer membrane fraction were 1.5 to 3% of those in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction. In contrast, a phospholipase A appeared to be localized mainly in the outer membranes and its specific activity in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction was only 5% of that in the outer membrane fraction. The cytoplasmic and outer membrane fractions both appeared homogeneous in size and shape and show vesicular structures by electron microscopy. The advantages of this method for large scale preparation of the cytoplasmic and outer membrane fractions are discussed.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli.  A simple method for preparing the cytoplasmic and outer membranes. A simple preparative method is described for isolation of the cytoplasmic and outer membranes from E. coli. The characteristics of both membrane fractions were studied chemically, biologically, and morphologically. Spheroplasts of E. coli K-12 strain W3092, prepared by treating cells with EDTA-lysozyme [EC 3.2.1.17], were disrupted in a French press. The crude membrane fraction was washed with 3 mM EDTA-10% (w/v) sucrose, pH 7.2, and the cytoplasmic membranes and outer membranes were separated by sucrose isopycnic density gradient centrifugation. The crude membrane fraction contained approximately 10% of the protein of the whole cells, 0.3% of the DNA, 0.7% of the RNA, 0.3% of the peptidoglycan, and about 30% of the lipopolysaccharide. The cytoplasmic membrane fraction was rich in phospholipid, while the outer membrane fraction contained much lipopolysaccharide and carbohydrate; the relative contents of lipopolysaccharide and carbohydrate per mg protein in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction were 12 and 40%, respectively, of the contents in the outer membrane fraction. Cytochrome b1, NADH oxidase, D-lactate dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.28], succinate dehydrogenase [EC 1.3.99.1], ATPase [EC 3.5.1.3], and activity for concentrative uptake of proline were found to be localized mainly in the cytoplasmic membranes; their specific activities in the outer membrane fraction were 1.5 to 3% of those in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction. In contrast, a phospholipase A appeared to be localized mainly in the outer membranes and its specific activity in the cytoplasmic membrane fraction was only 5% of that in the outer membrane fraction. The cytoplasmic and outer membrane fractions both appeared homogeneous in size and shape and show vesicular structures by electron microscopy. The advantages of this method for large scale preparation of the cytoplasmic and outer membrane fractions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125275", "title": "Prevention of freeze denaturation of carp actomyosin by sodium glutamate.", "content": "1) Denaturation of carp actomyosin during storage at -20 degrees was studied with particular interest in the cryoprotective effect of sodium glutamate, the most cryoprotective of the compounds tested previously.  2) Storage with glutamate prevented the rapid decrease in solubility, viscosity, and ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3)activity of actomyosin during storage.  Ultracentrifugal studies suggested that aggregation occurred in the frozen state without glutamate, but that added glutamate prevented aggregation or denaturation. 3) Electron  microscopy showed that the original actomyosin consisted of long filaments with typical \"arrowhead\" structures, and that these decomposed into small fragments and sticked with globular portions, forming loosely packed aggregates during storage without glutamate.  On storage with glutamate, the filaments were well preserved, and their fine structure was clearer than that of the original sample.  4) Preparations of actomyosin extracted with 10 mM glutamate were of better quality and their ultrastructure and physicochemical and biochemical properties showed increased stability on freezing.  5) Freeze-denaturation seems to involve complicated aggregation with transconformation of proteins besides the side-to-side aggregation discussed previously.", "contents": "Prevention of freeze denaturation of carp actomyosin by sodium glutamate. 1) Denaturation of carp actomyosin during storage at -20 degrees was studied with particular interest in the cryoprotective effect of sodium glutamate, the most cryoprotective of the compounds tested previously.  2) Storage with glutamate prevented the rapid decrease in solubility, viscosity, and ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3)activity of actomyosin during storage.  Ultracentrifugal studies suggested that aggregation occurred in the frozen state without glutamate, but that added glutamate prevented aggregation or denaturation. 3) Electron  microscopy showed that the original actomyosin consisted of long filaments with typical \"arrowhead\" structures, and that these decomposed into small fragments and sticked with globular portions, forming loosely packed aggregates during storage without glutamate.  On storage with glutamate, the filaments were well preserved, and their fine structure was clearer than that of the original sample.  4) Preparations of actomyosin extracted with 10 mM glutamate were of better quality and their ultrastructure and physicochemical and biochemical properties showed increased stability on freezing.  5) Freeze-denaturation seems to involve complicated aggregation with transconformation of proteins besides the side-to-side aggregation discussed previously."}
{"id": "PMID:125276", "title": "Standard free energy changes for formation of various intermediates in the reaction of H-meromyosin ATPase.", "content": "Two reaction intermediates of H-meromyosin (HMM) ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3], E2AT32P, and (see article), were formed by mixing excess HMM with AT32P. Then a large excess of unlabelled ATP was added, and the amount of AT32P liberated from E2AT32P was measured as the difference between the total amount of AT32P in the reaction mixture and the amount of AT32P bound to HMM, obtained by filtering the mixture after adding charcoal to adsorb nucleotides (charcoal-filtration method). The amount of free AT32P was also measured as the amount of glucose-6-32P formed within 15 sec after adding large excesses of hexokinase [EC 2.7.1.1] and glucose to the reaction mixture. The rate constant, k-2, for the step E2ATP yields E plus ATP was calculated at various KCl concentrations from the time-course of liberation of AT32P. The intermediate, (see article), was formed by mixing HMM with AT32P in a molar ratio of 1:2, and the rate constant, k-6, for the step (see article) was also determined by the same procedures used for k-2. In 0.5 M KCl and 2 mM MgCl2 at pH 7.8 and 0 degrees, k-2 and k-6 were 0.002 sec-1 and 0.1 sec-1 or more, respectively. From the rate constants determined in this work and the rate and equilibrium constants which we reported previously, the standard free energy changes (kcal/mole) for formation of various reaction intermediates in the reaction of HMM ATPase in 0.5 M KCl and 2 mM MgCl2 at pH 7.8 and 0 degrees were calculated to be as follows: (see article).", "contents": "Standard free energy changes for formation of various intermediates in the reaction of H-meromyosin ATPase. Two reaction intermediates of H-meromyosin (HMM) ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3], E2AT32P, and (see article), were formed by mixing excess HMM with AT32P. Then a large excess of unlabelled ATP was added, and the amount of AT32P liberated from E2AT32P was measured as the difference between the total amount of AT32P in the reaction mixture and the amount of AT32P bound to HMM, obtained by filtering the mixture after adding charcoal to adsorb nucleotides (charcoal-filtration method). The amount of free AT32P was also measured as the amount of glucose-6-32P formed within 15 sec after adding large excesses of hexokinase [EC 2.7.1.1] and glucose to the reaction mixture. The rate constant, k-2, for the step E2ATP yields E plus ATP was calculated at various KCl concentrations from the time-course of liberation of AT32P. The intermediate, (see article), was formed by mixing HMM with AT32P in a molar ratio of 1:2, and the rate constant, k-6, for the step (see article) was also determined by the same procedures used for k-2. In 0.5 M KCl and 2 mM MgCl2 at pH 7.8 and 0 degrees, k-2 and k-6 were 0.002 sec-1 and 0.1 sec-1 or more, respectively. From the rate constants determined in this work and the rate and equilibrium constants which we reported previously, the standard free energy changes (kcal/mole) for formation of various reaction intermediates in the reaction of HMM ATPase in 0.5 M KCl and 2 mM MgCl2 at pH 7.8 and 0 degrees were calculated to be as follows: (see article)."}
{"id": "PMID:125277", "title": "Influence of aurovertin on mitochondrial ATPase activity.", "content": "Investigations have been made of the kinetic effects of the antibiotic aurovertin on the ATPase and ITPase activity of isolated rat liver mitochondrial ATPase. Unusual patterns of inhibition, decreasing slope, and increasing y-intercept values of double reciprocal plots, were observed with Mg-ATP as the substrate under various conditions. Under specified conditions, aurovertin stimulated hydrolysis of MgATP. The inhibition of MgITP hydrolysis was uncompetitive. Aurovertin eliminated the HCO3-minus stimulation of MgATP hydrolysis. The implications of these findings for the mechanism of mitochondrial ATPase are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Influence of aurovertin on mitochondrial ATPase activity. Investigations have been made of the kinetic effects of the antibiotic aurovertin on the ATPase and ITPase activity of isolated rat liver mitochondrial ATPase. Unusual patterns of inhibition, decreasing slope, and increasing y-intercept values of double reciprocal plots, were observed with Mg-ATP as the substrate under various conditions. Under specified conditions, aurovertin stimulated hydrolysis of MgATP. The inhibition of MgITP hydrolysis was uncompetitive. Aurovertin eliminated the HCO3-minus stimulation of MgATP hydrolysis. The implications of these findings for the mechanism of mitochondrial ATPase are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125278", "title": "Native (Na-+ + K-+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase has two trypsin-sensitive sites.", "content": "Sodium and potassium adenosine triphosphatase ((Na + K)-ATPase) consists of two polypeptides, a large molecular weight polypeptide (MW 84,000 to 102,000) and a sialoglycoprotein (MW 35,000 to 57,000). Trypsin treatment of this complex selectively cleaves the large polypeptide into two fragments with molecular weights of 62,000 and 43,000. Simultaneously with the appearance of these fragments, (Na + K)-APTase activity is destroyed. Trypsin treatment of phosphorylated enzyme shows that he 43,000 molecular weight fragment is phosphorylated. If (Na + K)-ATPase is digested with trypsin in the presence of ATP, a 90,000 molecular weight fragment is produced. Disappearance of the large polypeptide, and loss of ATPase activity parallel the production of this fragment. Addition of strophanthidin to this mixture significantly lowers the amount of the 90,000 molecular weight fragment produced. Experiments on (Na + K)-ATPase of the red cell membrane suggest that trypsin is cleaving (Na + K)-ATPase at the interior surface of the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Native (Na-+ + K-+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase has two trypsin-sensitive sites. Sodium and potassium adenosine triphosphatase ((Na + K)-ATPase) consists of two polypeptides, a large molecular weight polypeptide (MW 84,000 to 102,000) and a sialoglycoprotein (MW 35,000 to 57,000). Trypsin treatment of this complex selectively cleaves the large polypeptide into two fragments with molecular weights of 62,000 and 43,000. Simultaneously with the appearance of these fragments, (Na + K)-APTase activity is destroyed. Trypsin treatment of phosphorylated enzyme shows that he 43,000 molecular weight fragment is phosphorylated. If (Na + K)-ATPase is digested with trypsin in the presence of ATP, a 90,000 molecular weight fragment is produced. Disappearance of the large polypeptide, and loss of ATPase activity parallel the production of this fragment. Addition of strophanthidin to this mixture significantly lowers the amount of the 90,000 molecular weight fragment produced. Experiments on (Na + K)-ATPase of the red cell membrane suggest that trypsin is cleaving (Na + K)-ATPase at the interior surface of the plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:125279", "title": "Primary structure of human fibrinogen and fibrin. Isolation and partial characterization of chains of fragment D.", "content": "Fragment D has been isolated as an apparently single molecular weight species (molecular weight about 100,000) from plasmin digests of humman fibrinogen, using a combination of affinity chromatography on insolubilized \"fibrin monomer\" and gel filtration. This fragment consists of three chains with molecular weights of 15,000 (Dbeta), 42,500 (Dgamma1) or 39,500 (Dgamma2), and 14,000 (Dalpha) held together by disulfide bonds. The S-carboxymethyl derivatives of the chains have been separated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography, and their identity has been confirmed by peptide mapping and immunological analysis. The chain with a molecular weight of 45,000 is a fragment of the Bbeta chain of fibrinogen. The chain derived from the gamma chain of fibrinogen occurred in two molecular forms having molecular weight 42,500 and 39,500. The chain derivative with molecular weight 14,000 is most likely derived from the Aalpha chain of fibrinogen. The chains were characterized by NH2-terminal sequence analysis, amino acid composition, and carbohydrate staining. The two molecular analysis, amino acid composition, and carbohydrate staining. The two molecular forms of the gamma chain appeared to be identical except for an NH2-terminal peptide extension of 23 amino acid residues in the longer chain. The latter has sequences in common with the COOH-terminal part of the gamma chain of the NH2-terminal disulfide knot (BROMBACK, B., BRONDAHL, N. J., HESSEL, B., IWANAGA, S., and WALLEN, P. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 5806-5820); its NH2-terminal residue being Ala-63 of the gamma chain of fibrinogen.", "contents": "Primary structure of human fibrinogen and fibrin. Isolation and partial characterization of chains of fragment D. Fragment D has been isolated as an apparently single molecular weight species (molecular weight about 100,000) from plasmin digests of humman fibrinogen, using a combination of affinity chromatography on insolubilized \"fibrin monomer\" and gel filtration. This fragment consists of three chains with molecular weights of 15,000 (Dbeta), 42,500 (Dgamma1) or 39,500 (Dgamma2), and 14,000 (Dalpha) held together by disulfide bonds. The S-carboxymethyl derivatives of the chains have been separated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography, and their identity has been confirmed by peptide mapping and immunological analysis. The chain with a molecular weight of 45,000 is a fragment of the Bbeta chain of fibrinogen. The chain derived from the gamma chain of fibrinogen occurred in two molecular forms having molecular weight 42,500 and 39,500. The chain derivative with molecular weight 14,000 is most likely derived from the Aalpha chain of fibrinogen. The chains were characterized by NH2-terminal sequence analysis, amino acid composition, and carbohydrate staining. The two molecular analysis, amino acid composition, and carbohydrate staining. The two molecular forms of the gamma chain appeared to be identical except for an NH2-terminal peptide extension of 23 amino acid residues in the longer chain. The latter has sequences in common with the COOH-terminal part of the gamma chain of the NH2-terminal disulfide knot (BROMBACK, B., BRONDAHL, N. J., HESSEL, B., IWANAGA, S., and WALLEN, P. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 5806-5820); its NH2-terminal residue being Ala-63 of the gamma chain of fibrinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:125280", "title": "Purification and characterization of catabolic dehydroquinase, an enzyme in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Catabolic dehydroquinase which functions in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway in Neurospora crassa has been purified 8000-fold. The enzyme was purified by two methods. One used heat denaturation of contaminating proteins; the other used antibody affinity chromatography. The preparations obtained by these two methods were identical by all criteria. The purified enzyme is extremely resistant to thermal denaturation as well as denaturation 0y urea and guanidine hydrochloride at 25 degrees. It is irreversibly inactivated, although not efficiently dissociated, by sodium dodecyl sulfate and guanidine hydrochloride at 55 degrees. At pH 3.0, the enzyme is reversibly dissociated into inactive subunits. At high concentrations catabolic dehydroquinase aggregates into an inactive, high molecular weight complex. The native enzyme, which has a very high specific activity, has a molecular weight of approximately 220,000 and is composed of identical subunits of 8,000 to 12,000 molecular weight each. The native enzyme and the subunit are both asymmetric.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of catabolic dehydroquinase, an enzyme in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa. Catabolic dehydroquinase which functions in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway in Neurospora crassa has been purified 8000-fold. The enzyme was purified by two methods. One used heat denaturation of contaminating proteins; the other used antibody affinity chromatography. The preparations obtained by these two methods were identical by all criteria. The purified enzyme is extremely resistant to thermal denaturation as well as denaturation 0y urea and guanidine hydrochloride at 25 degrees. It is irreversibly inactivated, although not efficiently dissociated, by sodium dodecyl sulfate and guanidine hydrochloride at 55 degrees. At pH 3.0, the enzyme is reversibly dissociated into inactive subunits. At high concentrations catabolic dehydroquinase aggregates into an inactive, high molecular weight complex. The native enzyme, which has a very high specific activity, has a molecular weight of approximately 220,000 and is composed of identical subunits of 8,000 to 12,000 molecular weight each. The native enzyme and the subunit are both asymmetric."}
{"id": "PMID:125281", "title": "Na+ATPase of the mammalian erythrocyte membrane. Reversibility of phosphorylation at 0 degrees.", "content": "When human erythrocyte membranes are phosphorylated with a very low concentration of [gamma-32P]ATP (0.02 muM) at 0 degrees, and then EDTA is added, rapid disappearance of the phosphoenzyme intermediate of Na+ATPase is observed. The initial rapid phase of phosphoenzyme disappearance is, for the most part, not associated with P1 release and its rate constant, kD, is severalfold greater than the ratio of Na+ATPase activity to phosphoenzyme intermediate, v:EP, at steady state. It is concluded that this rapid disappearance of phosphoenzyme is due to resynthesis of ATP via reversal of phosphorylation. In contrast, rapid reversal is not observed when excess nonradioactive ATP is added to reduce E32P formation, provided Mg2+ is present; however, K+ added with the ATP stimulates reversal. Rapid reversal following EDTA addition is unlikely also when higher ATP concentrations (greater than or equal to 10(-6) M) are used to phosphorylate the enzyme since, at higher ATP, kD congruent to v:EP. The results are compatible with the concept that the Na+ATPase enzyme is composed of two or more catalytic subunits, in which ATP at one catalytic site can regulate the reactivity at another site.", "contents": "Na+ATPase of the mammalian erythrocyte membrane. Reversibility of phosphorylation at 0 degrees. When human erythrocyte membranes are phosphorylated with a very low concentration of [gamma-32P]ATP (0.02 muM) at 0 degrees, and then EDTA is added, rapid disappearance of the phosphoenzyme intermediate of Na+ATPase is observed. The initial rapid phase of phosphoenzyme disappearance is, for the most part, not associated with P1 release and its rate constant, kD, is severalfold greater than the ratio of Na+ATPase activity to phosphoenzyme intermediate, v:EP, at steady state. It is concluded that this rapid disappearance of phosphoenzyme is due to resynthesis of ATP via reversal of phosphorylation. In contrast, rapid reversal is not observed when excess nonradioactive ATP is added to reduce E32P formation, provided Mg2+ is present; however, K+ added with the ATP stimulates reversal. Rapid reversal following EDTA addition is unlikely also when higher ATP concentrations (greater than or equal to 10(-6) M) are used to phosphorylate the enzyme since, at higher ATP, kD congruent to v:EP. The results are compatible with the concept that the Na+ATPase enzyme is composed of two or more catalytic subunits, in which ATP at one catalytic site can regulate the reactivity at another site."}
{"id": "PMID:125282", "title": "Isolation and characterization of proteoglycans from the swarm rat chondrosarcoma.", "content": "Proteoglycan monomer (D1) and aggregate (A1) preparations were isolated from 4 M guanidinium chloride extracts of the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma. When EDTA, 6-aminohexanoic acid, and benzamidine were present in the solutions, the D1 preparation contained a single component (SO = 23 S), and the A1 preparation contained 30% monomer (SO = 23 S) and 70 percent aggregate (SO = 111 S). In the absence of EDTA, 6-aminohexanoic acid, and benzamidine, the A1 preparations contained only small proteoglycan fragments, indicating that extensive enzymatic degradation had occurred. The composition of the proteoglycan monomer was different from that of proteoglycan monomer preparations from normal hyaline cartilages in that it did not contain keratan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate; only chondroitin 4-sulfate was found. The A1 preparation from the chondrosarcoma contained only one link protein, which was like the smaller (molecular weight of 40,000) of the two link proteins present in A1 preparations from bovine nasal cartilage. When the A1 preparation from the chondrosarcoma was treated with chondroitinase ABC and trypsin and the digest was chromatographed on Sepharose 2B, a complex was isolated which contained the link protein and the segments of the protein core from the hyaluronic acid-binding region of the proteoglycan molecules.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of proteoglycans from the swarm rat chondrosarcoma. Proteoglycan monomer (D1) and aggregate (A1) preparations were isolated from 4 M guanidinium chloride extracts of the Swarm rat chondrosarcoma. When EDTA, 6-aminohexanoic acid, and benzamidine were present in the solutions, the D1 preparation contained a single component (SO = 23 S), and the A1 preparation contained 30% monomer (SO = 23 S) and 70 percent aggregate (SO = 111 S). In the absence of EDTA, 6-aminohexanoic acid, and benzamidine, the A1 preparations contained only small proteoglycan fragments, indicating that extensive enzymatic degradation had occurred. The composition of the proteoglycan monomer was different from that of proteoglycan monomer preparations from normal hyaline cartilages in that it did not contain keratan sulfate and chondroitin 6-sulfate; only chondroitin 4-sulfate was found. The A1 preparation from the chondrosarcoma contained only one link protein, which was like the smaller (molecular weight of 40,000) of the two link proteins present in A1 preparations from bovine nasal cartilage. When the A1 preparation from the chondrosarcoma was treated with chondroitinase ABC and trypsin and the digest was chromatographed on Sepharose 2B, a complex was isolated which contained the link protein and the segments of the protein core from the hyaluronic acid-binding region of the proteoglycan molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:125283", "title": "The substructure of heavy meromyosin. The effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the tryptic fragmentation of heavy meromyosin.", "content": "Heavy meromyosin, obtained by tryptic digestion of myosin, containing two main polypeptides whose masses were estimated as 81,000 and 74,000 dlatons from Na dodecyl-SO4 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was further digested with trypsin. The Ca2+-activated ATPase activity remainded unchanged and the K+-EDTA activity increased while various smaller fragments were formed. The formation of some of these fragments is affected by Ca2+ or Mg2+ as first shown by B\u00e1lint et al. (B\u00e1lint, M., Schaefer, A., Biro, N. A., Menczel, L., AND Fejes, E. (1971) J. Physiol. Chem. Phys. 3, 455). On the basis of the time course of the appearance of fragments the following relationship emerges: see article. The 64K leads to 60K step is inhibited by divalent cations, while the breakdown of the 74K fragment is accelerated. The effect of Ca2+ was maximal at 0 similar to 0.1 muM, that of Mg2+ at 10 muM. The original light chains of myosin are not present in the heavy meromyosin serving as the starting material, but peptide material appears on electrophoresis in positions starting material, but peptide material appears on electrophoresis in positions where the light chains would be found. The fragments marked by an asterisk are considered to ba alpha-helical on the basis of their solubility at low ionic strength after precipitation with ethanol (B\u00e1lint et al.). The fact that alpha helical fragments are derived from the 60,000-dalton fragment indicateds that it is adjacent to the light meromyosin in the intact myosin while the 74,000- dalton fragment would be part of heavy meromysoin subfragment 1. Chromatography of Sephadex G-200 separates fractions with ATPase activity corresponding to heavy meromyosin and heavy meromyosin subfragment 1. Electrophoresis of these Sephadex fractions suggests that the main peptide constituting heavy meromysoin subfragment 1 is connected by noncobalent forces to a portion of the rod that is not immediately adjacent to it in the primary sequence. The significance of this finding is discussed in terms of the flexibility of the myosin head.", "contents": "The substructure of heavy meromyosin. The effect of Ca2+ and Mg2+ on the tryptic fragmentation of heavy meromyosin. Heavy meromyosin, obtained by tryptic digestion of myosin, containing two main polypeptides whose masses were estimated as 81,000 and 74,000 dlatons from Na dodecyl-SO4 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, was further digested with trypsin. The Ca2+-activated ATPase activity remainded unchanged and the K+-EDTA activity increased while various smaller fragments were formed. The formation of some of these fragments is affected by Ca2+ or Mg2+ as first shown by B\u00e1lint et al. (B\u00e1lint, M., Schaefer, A., Biro, N. A., Menczel, L., AND Fejes, E. (1971) J. Physiol. Chem. Phys. 3, 455). On the basis of the time course of the appearance of fragments the following relationship emerges: see article. The 64K leads to 60K step is inhibited by divalent cations, while the breakdown of the 74K fragment is accelerated. The effect of Ca2+ was maximal at 0 similar to 0.1 muM, that of Mg2+ at 10 muM. The original light chains of myosin are not present in the heavy meromyosin serving as the starting material, but peptide material appears on electrophoresis in positions starting material, but peptide material appears on electrophoresis in positions where the light chains would be found. The fragments marked by an asterisk are considered to ba alpha-helical on the basis of their solubility at low ionic strength after precipitation with ethanol (B\u00e1lint et al.). The fact that alpha helical fragments are derived from the 60,000-dalton fragment indicateds that it is adjacent to the light meromyosin in the intact myosin while the 74,000- dalton fragment would be part of heavy meromysoin subfragment 1. Chromatography of Sephadex G-200 separates fractions with ATPase activity corresponding to heavy meromyosin and heavy meromyosin subfragment 1. Electrophoresis of these Sephadex fractions suggests that the main peptide constituting heavy meromysoin subfragment 1 is connected by noncobalent forces to a portion of the rod that is not immediately adjacent to it in the primary sequence. The significance of this finding is discussed in terms of the flexibility of the myosin head."}
{"id": "PMID:125285", "title": "[Rupture of the spleen in patients with multiple injuries. Current diagnostic methods. Apropos of 60 cases].", "content": "The authors report 60 cases of severe multiple injuries and study present methods permitting a rapid diagnosis of latent rupture of the spleen. Purely clinical methods are today supplemented by paraclinical investigations. e.g. --intra-abdominal catheterisation; --peritoneal wash-out; --laparoscopy; --and, above all, arteriography. The authors use these methods and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each.", "contents": "[Rupture of the spleen in patients with multiple injuries. Current diagnostic methods. Apropos of 60 cases]. The authors report 60 cases of severe multiple injuries and study present methods permitting a rapid diagnosis of latent rupture of the spleen. Purely clinical methods are today supplemented by paraclinical investigations. e.g. --intra-abdominal catheterisation; --peritoneal wash-out; --laparoscopy; --and, above all, arteriography. The authors use these methods and weigh the advantages and disadvantages of each."}
{"id": "PMID:125287", "title": "Exaggerated growth hormone response to arginine infusion in Huntington's disease.", "content": "Growth hormone regulation was studied in 10 patients with Huntington's disease after intravenous administration of arginine. In 20 control subjects arginine infusion resulted in a rise of plasma growth hormone levels from a mean baseline value of 3.2+/-0.6 ng/ml to a peak level of 17.6+/-2.7 ng/ml at 60 min. Growth hormone rise in the majority of patients with Huntington's disease was clearly intact and significantly greater than normal in magnitude, increasing from the baseline level of 2.6+/-0.5 ng/ml to a peak level of 28.3+/-3.7 ng/ml at 60 min (P = less than 0.05). Carbohydrate tolerance of these patients was previously examined, and 4 with normal glucose tolerance and normal insulin responses to arginine infusion had growth hormone levels significantly higher than controls at 30 min. Six patients with impaired carbohydrate tolerance and exaggerated insulin responses to arginine had significantly higher growth hormone responses at 30 min and also at 60 min. Neuronal degeneration of several hypothalamic nuclei has been reported in Huntington's disease. The observations that growth hormone responds in an exaggerated fashion to stimulation by arginine infusion or falling glucose levels as previously described may be explained by intrahypothalamic dysfunction such as impairment of somatostatin secretion.", "contents": "Exaggerated growth hormone response to arginine infusion in Huntington's disease. Growth hormone regulation was studied in 10 patients with Huntington's disease after intravenous administration of arginine. In 20 control subjects arginine infusion resulted in a rise of plasma growth hormone levels from a mean baseline value of 3.2+/-0.6 ng/ml to a peak level of 17.6+/-2.7 ng/ml at 60 min. Growth hormone rise in the majority of patients with Huntington's disease was clearly intact and significantly greater than normal in magnitude, increasing from the baseline level of 2.6+/-0.5 ng/ml to a peak level of 28.3+/-3.7 ng/ml at 60 min (P = less than 0.05). Carbohydrate tolerance of these patients was previously examined, and 4 with normal glucose tolerance and normal insulin responses to arginine infusion had growth hormone levels significantly higher than controls at 30 min. Six patients with impaired carbohydrate tolerance and exaggerated insulin responses to arginine had significantly higher growth hormone responses at 30 min and also at 60 min. Neuronal degeneration of several hypothalamic nuclei has been reported in Huntington's disease. The observations that growth hormone responds in an exaggerated fashion to stimulation by arginine infusion or falling glucose levels as previously described may be explained by intrahypothalamic dysfunction such as impairment of somatostatin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:125284", "title": "Early failure of Dacron prosthetic grafts.", "content": "Crimped knitted Dacron grafts are commonly employed as arterial substitutes and in most instances have proven to be highly effective and relatively durable. Graft failures have occurred and have usually been associated with serious hemorrhage. Fabrication flows, intraoperative damage to the graft, or biodegradation have been suggested as causes of graft failure. In this study three aortic grafts failed, each apparently from a different cause and each presented in a different fashion. Although the exact cause of graft failure in these three cases could not be ascertained it appeared that one was due to a fabrication flow, one due to generalized loss of tensile strength, and the third due to deterioration of only a portion of the fraft. These data suggest that continued search for more suitable plastic prostheses is urgently needed;", "contents": "Early failure of Dacron prosthetic grafts. Crimped knitted Dacron grafts are commonly employed as arterial substitutes and in most instances have proven to be highly effective and relatively durable. Graft failures have occurred and have usually been associated with serious hemorrhage. Fabrication flows, intraoperative damage to the graft, or biodegradation have been suggested as causes of graft failure. In this study three aortic grafts failed, each apparently from a different cause and each presented in a different fashion. Although the exact cause of graft failure in these three cases could not be ascertained it appeared that one was due to a fabrication flow, one due to generalized loss of tensile strength, and the third due to deterioration of only a portion of the fraft. These data suggest that continued search for more suitable plastic prostheses is urgently needed;"}
{"id": "PMID:125288", "title": "Deoxyribonucleic acid strandedness. Partial characterization of the antigenic regions binding antibodies in lupus erythematosus serum.", "content": "This study shows that tritiated thymidine labeled DNA prepared from mammalian cells by the Marmur technique is a pure preparation of nucleic acid that is composed essentially of two populations of molecules. One molecular population consists of primarily double-standed nucleic acid, while the other population is of double-stranded nucleic acid with significant single-stranded regions. The double-stranded DNA with single-stranded regions can, depending upon the length of the single strand, behave as \"native\" DNA or \"denatured\" DNA on methylated albumin kieselguhr (MAK) column chromatography, Using MAK chromatography we have separated the DNA into a saltelutable fraction composed of primarily double-stranded molecules and an alkaline-elutable fraction containing double-stranded nucleic acid with variable length, single-stranded regions. Endonuclease enzyme removal of the single-stranded regions from the alkaline fraction DNA yield nucleic acid that behaves identically to the salt elutable DNA. Exonuclease removal of the single-stranded regions suggests they are located primarily at the ends of the molecules. Our data show that the alkaline-elutable DNA differs from salt-elutable DNA only in that the former has significant single-stranded regions. Sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) selected for anti-DNA by hemagglutination bind significantly less to the alkaline fraction DNA than the sale fraction DNA. This difference in binding clearly does not represent simply an affinity for double-stranded vs. single-stranded nucleic acid since the alkaline fraction DNA contains predominately double-stranded nucleic acid. A model for antibody-DNA binding is suggested from the present data and information contained in the literature.", "contents": "Deoxyribonucleic acid strandedness. Partial characterization of the antigenic regions binding antibodies in lupus erythematosus serum. This study shows that tritiated thymidine labeled DNA prepared from mammalian cells by the Marmur technique is a pure preparation of nucleic acid that is composed essentially of two populations of molecules. One molecular population consists of primarily double-standed nucleic acid, while the other population is of double-stranded nucleic acid with significant single-stranded regions. The double-stranded DNA with single-stranded regions can, depending upon the length of the single strand, behave as \"native\" DNA or \"denatured\" DNA on methylated albumin kieselguhr (MAK) column chromatography, Using MAK chromatography we have separated the DNA into a saltelutable fraction composed of primarily double-stranded molecules and an alkaline-elutable fraction containing double-stranded nucleic acid with variable length, single-stranded regions. Endonuclease enzyme removal of the single-stranded regions from the alkaline fraction DNA yield nucleic acid that behaves identically to the salt elutable DNA. Exonuclease removal of the single-stranded regions suggests they are located primarily at the ends of the molecules. Our data show that the alkaline-elutable DNA differs from salt-elutable DNA only in that the former has significant single-stranded regions. Sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) selected for anti-DNA by hemagglutination bind significantly less to the alkaline fraction DNA than the sale fraction DNA. This difference in binding clearly does not represent simply an affinity for double-stranded vs. single-stranded nucleic acid since the alkaline fraction DNA contains predominately double-stranded nucleic acid. A model for antibody-DNA binding is suggested from the present data and information contained in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:125289", "title": "Immune complexes in sera and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Radioimmunoassay with monocylonal rheumatoid factor.", "content": "Evidence for the presence of immune complexes in blood, synovial fluid, and tisues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) includes low complement levels in blood and effusions, deposition of immunoreactants in tissues and vessel walls, precipitate formation after addition of monoclonal rheumatoid factor (mRF) to serum or synovial fluid. To quantitate immune complex-like material in RA patients, we developed a radioimmunoassay based on inhibition by test samples of the interaction of (125I)aggregated IgG (agg IgG) and mRF coupled to cellulose. This method could measure immune complexes of human antibody with hemocyanine prepared in vitro. The assay was not influenced by presence of polyclonal RF in test samples, nor by freezing and thawing. Normal levels of immune complex-like material in serum were less than 25 mug agg IgG EQ/ML. 12 of 51 RA sera examined (26%) contained more than 25 mug/ml. The presence of this material in RA sera was found to correlate with severity of disease, as measured by anatomical stage and functional class. There was an inverse correlation of the material with serum C4 level. Rheumatoid synovial fluids generally contained higher levels than serum, and five of 23 contained very much higher levels. The frequency of elevated levels of immune complex-like material in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (2 of 29) and with miscellaneous vasculitides (2 of 21 was much lower than in RA, suggesting that mRF exhibits a specificity for only certain kinds of immune complexes. The reason for this apparent specificity may explain such distinctive features of RA as the high frequency of polyclonal RF, the lack of immune complex nephritis, and the generally normal levels of serum complement.", "contents": "Immune complexes in sera and synovial fluids of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Radioimmunoassay with monocylonal rheumatoid factor. Evidence for the presence of immune complexes in blood, synovial fluid, and tisues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) includes low complement levels in blood and effusions, deposition of immunoreactants in tissues and vessel walls, precipitate formation after addition of monoclonal rheumatoid factor (mRF) to serum or synovial fluid. To quantitate immune complex-like material in RA patients, we developed a radioimmunoassay based on inhibition by test samples of the interaction of (125I)aggregated IgG (agg IgG) and mRF coupled to cellulose. This method could measure immune complexes of human antibody with hemocyanine prepared in vitro. The assay was not influenced by presence of polyclonal RF in test samples, nor by freezing and thawing. Normal levels of immune complex-like material in serum were less than 25 mug agg IgG EQ/ML. 12 of 51 RA sera examined (26%) contained more than 25 mug/ml. The presence of this material in RA sera was found to correlate with severity of disease, as measured by anatomical stage and functional class. There was an inverse correlation of the material with serum C4 level. Rheumatoid synovial fluids generally contained higher levels than serum, and five of 23 contained very much higher levels. The frequency of elevated levels of immune complex-like material in sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (2 of 29) and with miscellaneous vasculitides (2 of 21 was much lower than in RA, suggesting that mRF exhibits a specificity for only certain kinds of immune complexes. The reason for this apparent specificity may explain such distinctive features of RA as the high frequency of polyclonal RF, the lack of immune complex nephritis, and the generally normal levels of serum complement."}
{"id": "PMID:125290", "title": "Hodgkin's disease. An immunodepleting and immunosuppressive disorder.", "content": "Irradiated leukocytes or mononuclear leukocytes, from 16 out of 30 patients with Hodgkin's disease and from one patient with the S\u00e9zary syndrome, stimulated in culture subnormal (3H)thymidine incorporation by allogeneic lymphocytes from normal individuals. This abnormality was not demonstrated in any of 30 other patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Subnormal mixed leukocyte culture reaction activation was caused by suppression of the mixed leukocyte reaction by patients' cells. Inhibition of the reaction by patient mononuclear leukocytes was corrected when adherent cells were removed or when protein synthesis was inhibited with cycloheximide. The inhibitory cells were probably lymphocytes since selective removal of phagocytic cells did not remove the inhibition by other patient mononuclear leukocytes. The presence in culture of as few as 2,500 granulocytes per mm3 also reduced responses when target cells were from patients with Hodgkin's disease. Patient cells no longer suppressed the mixed leukocyte reaction after patients entered clinical remission which suggests that suppression is a reversible, disease-related abnormality. Thus, the immune deficiency with advance Hodgkin's disease caused by ly lymphocyte depletion may be compounded by a relative excess of suppressor lymphocytes. The overall immunodeficiency may be further compounded by suppression of immune response by granulocytes at even physiologic concentrations.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease. An immunodepleting and immunosuppressive disorder. Irradiated leukocytes or mononuclear leukocytes, from 16 out of 30 patients with Hodgkin's disease and from one patient with the S\u00e9zary syndrome, stimulated in culture subnormal (3H)thymidine incorporation by allogeneic lymphocytes from normal individuals. This abnormality was not demonstrated in any of 30 other patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Subnormal mixed leukocyte culture reaction activation was caused by suppression of the mixed leukocyte reaction by patients' cells. Inhibition of the reaction by patient mononuclear leukocytes was corrected when adherent cells were removed or when protein synthesis was inhibited with cycloheximide. The inhibitory cells were probably lymphocytes since selective removal of phagocytic cells did not remove the inhibition by other patient mononuclear leukocytes. The presence in culture of as few as 2,500 granulocytes per mm3 also reduced responses when target cells were from patients with Hodgkin's disease. Patient cells no longer suppressed the mixed leukocyte reaction after patients entered clinical remission which suggests that suppression is a reversible, disease-related abnormality. Thus, the immune deficiency with advance Hodgkin's disease caused by ly lymphocyte depletion may be compounded by a relative excess of suppressor lymphocytes. The overall immunodeficiency may be further compounded by suppression of immune response by granulocytes at even physiologic concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:125297", "title": "Histochemical fiber typing and staining intensity in cat and rat muscles.", "content": "In the gastrocnemius muscle of cat and rat, staining for oxidative enzymes differentiated three fiber types (A,B,C) and staining for adenosine triphosphate at pH 9.4 differentiated two fiber types (I, II) with a reliability of 90% and 98%, respectively. In cat 96% and in rat 90% of the fibers were typed identically after staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidelinked lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH). When differentiated by staining for LDH, A and B fibers were of type I. IN RAT, 80-90% OF ALL FIBERS WERE OF TYPE 22, COMPPRISING A, B and C fibers. Type I fibers stained for LDH intensely as did C fibers of type II, but stained intermediately for SDH. The degree of staining was measured by photometry. When fibers were stained for LDH, histograms of density showed three peaks corresponding to A, B and C fibers in cat, but only two peaks corresponding to A and C fibers in rat, In cat and rat, the densities of A, B and C fibers belonged to different populations. In soleus muscle of cat and rat stained for LDH, menadione-linked alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase at pH 9.4, the degree of staining differed from thatin any type of fiber in gastrocnemius muscle", "contents": "Histochemical fiber typing and staining intensity in cat and rat muscles. In the gastrocnemius muscle of cat and rat, staining for oxidative enzymes differentiated three fiber types (A,B,C) and staining for adenosine triphosphate at pH 9.4 differentiated two fiber types (I, II) with a reliability of 90% and 98%, respectively. In cat 96% and in rat 90% of the fibers were typed identically after staining for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotidelinked lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH). When differentiated by staining for LDH, A and B fibers were of type I. IN RAT, 80-90% OF ALL FIBERS WERE OF TYPE 22, COMPPRISING A, B and C fibers. Type I fibers stained for LDH intensely as did C fibers of type II, but stained intermediately for SDH. The degree of staining was measured by photometry. When fibers were stained for LDH, histograms of density showed three peaks corresponding to A, B and C fibers in cat, but only two peaks corresponding to A and C fibers in rat, In cat and rat, the densities of A, B and C fibers belonged to different populations. In soleus muscle of cat and rat stained for LDH, menadione-linked alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase at pH 9.4, the degree of staining differed from thatin any type of fiber in gastrocnemius muscle"}
{"id": "PMID:125298", "title": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in humans. I. Characterization of the effector cell.", "content": "Mononuclear cells from human peripheral blood are able to destroy alloantibody-coated target cells of a human lymphoblastoid line. The effector cell is a nonadherent, non-phagocytic, medium sized lymphoid cell. The cell is not detectable in early human fetuses. Its activity is destroyed by x-ray treatment in vitro but is not inhibited by anti-immunoglobulin sera. Its efficiency in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity is rapidly lost in culture and this loss is prevented by stimulation with allogeneic cells.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in humans. I. Characterization of the effector cell. Mononuclear cells from human peripheral blood are able to destroy alloantibody-coated target cells of a human lymphoblastoid line. The effector cell is a nonadherent, non-phagocytic, medium sized lymphoid cell. The cell is not detectable in early human fetuses. Its activity is destroyed by x-ray treatment in vitro but is not inhibited by anti-immunoglobulin sera. Its efficiency in antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity is rapidly lost in culture and this loss is prevented by stimulation with allogeneic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:125299", "title": "3H-uridine incorporation by small lymphocytes of tolerant rats: relationship to T and B lymphocytes.", "content": "Tissue tolerance was induced in neonatal rats by the intravenous injection of bone marrow cells from adult allogeneic rat donors. After 6 to 8 weeks, lymphoid cells from rats in which tolerance had been induced were tested for mixed lymphocyte reactivity (MLR), 3H-uridine uptake, and the relationship of uridine incorporation to B and T lymphocytes. Lymph node (LN) and spleen (SPL) cells from the adult inoculated rats showed no reactivity in the MLR or normal lymphocyte transfer reaction (NLTRx), indicating that the animals were tolerant. After in vitro exposure to 3H-uridine, an abundance of small lymphocytes (SL) from these same tolerant rats were heavily labeled, in contrast to nontolerant controls, where relatively few SL were heavily labeled. In order to determine whether the heavily uridine-labeled cells were T cells or B cells, lymphoid cells from the LN and SPL of tolerant animals were exposed to either rabbit anti-AKR brain serum or rabbit anti-rat Ig conjugated with ferritin. The results showed that the heavily uridine-labeled SL of the tolerant rats were mainly Ig-positive cells.", "contents": "3H-uridine incorporation by small lymphocytes of tolerant rats: relationship to T and B lymphocytes. Tissue tolerance was induced in neonatal rats by the intravenous injection of bone marrow cells from adult allogeneic rat donors. After 6 to 8 weeks, lymphoid cells from rats in which tolerance had been induced were tested for mixed lymphocyte reactivity (MLR), 3H-uridine uptake, and the relationship of uridine incorporation to B and T lymphocytes. Lymph node (LN) and spleen (SPL) cells from the adult inoculated rats showed no reactivity in the MLR or normal lymphocyte transfer reaction (NLTRx), indicating that the animals were tolerant. After in vitro exposure to 3H-uridine, an abundance of small lymphocytes (SL) from these same tolerant rats were heavily labeled, in contrast to nontolerant controls, where relatively few SL were heavily labeled. In order to determine whether the heavily uridine-labeled cells were T cells or B cells, lymphoid cells from the LN and SPL of tolerant animals were exposed to either rabbit anti-AKR brain serum or rabbit anti-rat Ig conjugated with ferritin. The results showed that the heavily uridine-labeled SL of the tolerant rats were mainly Ig-positive cells."}
{"id": "PMID:125300", "title": "Immunogeneic analysis of H-2 mutations. II. Cellular immunity to the H-2DA mutation.", "content": "The H-2da haplotype was derived from the H-2d haplotype by a mutation localized to the D end of the H-2 complex. Coculture of H-2d and H-2da spleen cells gives rise to bidirectional MLR. However, the H-2d anti-H-2da response is much stronger than that of H-2da anti-H-2d. Both haplotypes give rise to reciprocal CML. B10.D2(R103) strain spleen cells, which differ only at the D end of the H-2 complex from the H-2d haplotype, kill H-2da target cells in CML when sensitized to H-2d stimulators and vice versa. Therefore, both the mutant and strain of origin share a D end CML specificity. H-2d and H-2da reject skin grafts in both directions, although some H-2d grafts show prolonged acceptance on H-2da recipients. These data are consistent with a mutation in the D end of the H-2d haplotype resulting in gain-loss of an antigen(s) that gives rise to reciprocal MLR, CML, and skin graft rejection. Further, the mutant can be distinguished from the strain of origin on the basis of the strength of immune response in MLR.", "contents": "Immunogeneic analysis of H-2 mutations. II. Cellular immunity to the H-2DA mutation. The H-2da haplotype was derived from the H-2d haplotype by a mutation localized to the D end of the H-2 complex. Coculture of H-2d and H-2da spleen cells gives rise to bidirectional MLR. However, the H-2d anti-H-2da response is much stronger than that of H-2da anti-H-2d. Both haplotypes give rise to reciprocal CML. B10.D2(R103) strain spleen cells, which differ only at the D end of the H-2 complex from the H-2d haplotype, kill H-2da target cells in CML when sensitized to H-2d stimulators and vice versa. Therefore, both the mutant and strain of origin share a D end CML specificity. H-2d and H-2da reject skin grafts in both directions, although some H-2d grafts show prolonged acceptance on H-2da recipients. These data are consistent with a mutation in the D end of the H-2d haplotype resulting in gain-loss of an antigen(s) that gives rise to reciprocal MLR, CML, and skin graft rejection. Further, the mutant can be distinguished from the strain of origin on the basis of the strength of immune response in MLR."}
{"id": "PMID:125301", "title": "Immunogenetic analysis of H-2 mutations. III. Genetic mapping and involvement in immune reactions of the H-2ka mutation.", "content": "Mutation M523 (H-2ka) occurred spontaneously in strain CBA/CaLacSto and was discovered during routine skin graft testing for genetic homogeneity. By linkage and complementation tests, the mutation was previously mapped in the K end of the H-2 complex. We demonstrate that the mutation occurred in the K region, without affecting the I region in the K end of the complex. The mutant antigens cause rejection of skin grafts, stimulate cells in mixed lymphocyte culture, and function as stimulators as well as targets in cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity. Yet, they are serologically indistinguishable from the antigens of the original strain and do not induce formation of humoral antibodies upon immunization of the CBA strain. Together with the results obtained on testing of other H-2 mutants, the data strongly support the notion that classical H-2 antigens (i.e., products of the H-2K and H-2D loci) can function as lymphocyte-stimulating determinants, and that I-region differences are not required for the induction of strong cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity.", "contents": "Immunogenetic analysis of H-2 mutations. III. Genetic mapping and involvement in immune reactions of the H-2ka mutation. Mutation M523 (H-2ka) occurred spontaneously in strain CBA/CaLacSto and was discovered during routine skin graft testing for genetic homogeneity. By linkage and complementation tests, the mutation was previously mapped in the K end of the H-2 complex. We demonstrate that the mutation occurred in the K region, without affecting the I region in the K end of the complex. The mutant antigens cause rejection of skin grafts, stimulate cells in mixed lymphocyte culture, and function as stimulators as well as targets in cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity. Yet, they are serologically indistinguishable from the antigens of the original strain and do not induce formation of humoral antibodies upon immunization of the CBA strain. Together with the results obtained on testing of other H-2 mutants, the data strongly support the notion that classical H-2 antigens (i.e., products of the H-2K and H-2D loci) can function as lymphocyte-stimulating determinants, and that I-region differences are not required for the induction of strong cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:125302", "title": "The circulating life span, immunocompetence and 3H-uridine uptake of small lymphocytes from thymus-grafted, neonatally thymectomized rats.", "content": "By 7 weeks post-grafting, the number of small lymphocytes in the thoracic duct lymph (TDL) and blood of the thymus-grafted neonatally thymectomized adult rats had increased to 60% of the number of cells in sham controls, or 2-1/2 times thymectomized control values. This increasing consisted almost exclusively of long-lived, recirculating small lymphocytes and corresponded to a 60% recovery of cellular immunocompetence as measured by the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Associated with the return of cellular immunocompetence was an increased incorporation of 3H-uridine by the small lymphocytes. Cells from thymectomized animals grafted with lymph node fragments demonstrated no significant increase in lymphocyte numbers nor was there a return of immunocompetence as compared to thymectomized controls.", "contents": "The circulating life span, immunocompetence and 3H-uridine uptake of small lymphocytes from thymus-grafted, neonatally thymectomized rats. By 7 weeks post-grafting, the number of small lymphocytes in the thoracic duct lymph (TDL) and blood of the thymus-grafted neonatally thymectomized adult rats had increased to 60% of the number of cells in sham controls, or 2-1/2 times thymectomized control values. This increasing consisted almost exclusively of long-lived, recirculating small lymphocytes and corresponded to a 60% recovery of cellular immunocompetence as measured by the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Associated with the return of cellular immunocompetence was an increased incorporation of 3H-uridine by the small lymphocytes. Cells from thymectomized animals grafted with lymph node fragments demonstrated no significant increase in lymphocyte numbers nor was there a return of immunocompetence as compared to thymectomized controls."}
{"id": "PMID:125303", "title": "Modulation of HL-A antigens by anti-HLA antiserum: effects on the cytotoxicity assay and mixed leukocyte reaction.", "content": "Modulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) was attempted by treating leukocytes with specific anti-HLA antiserum or by their passage through columns coated with anti-HLA or a double layer of HLA-anti-HLA. The modulated cells were resistant to the cytotoxic effects of the anti-HLA, and they were poor stimulators and good responders to allogeneic cells in the unidirectional mixed leukocyte reaction. Modulated cells regained their HLA 16 hr after modulation if kept in cell suspension alone. The proliferative responses of modulated cells to mitogens were as good as non-modulated cells, indicating that modulation was probably not caused by depletion of lymphoid cells. Supernatants of modulated cells that were incubated overnight or preformed HLA-anti-HLA complexes were capable of suppressing and enhancing the MLR of specific cells depending on the dose used. The similarities of modulation of HLA to other lymphocyte receptors and the limitation of application of the modulation phenomenon to transplantation of allogeneic cells are discussed.", "contents": "Modulation of HL-A antigens by anti-HLA antiserum: effects on the cytotoxicity assay and mixed leukocyte reaction. Modulation of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) was attempted by treating leukocytes with specific anti-HLA antiserum or by their passage through columns coated with anti-HLA or a double layer of HLA-anti-HLA. The modulated cells were resistant to the cytotoxic effects of the anti-HLA, and they were poor stimulators and good responders to allogeneic cells in the unidirectional mixed leukocyte reaction. Modulated cells regained their HLA 16 hr after modulation if kept in cell suspension alone. The proliferative responses of modulated cells to mitogens were as good as non-modulated cells, indicating that modulation was probably not caused by depletion of lymphoid cells. Supernatants of modulated cells that were incubated overnight or preformed HLA-anti-HLA complexes were capable of suppressing and enhancing the MLR of specific cells depending on the dose used. The similarities of modulation of HLA to other lymphocyte receptors and the limitation of application of the modulation phenomenon to transplantation of allogeneic cells are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125304", "title": "Subpopulations of human thymus cells differing in their capacity to form stable E-rosettes and in their immunologic reactivity.", "content": "The majority of human thymus cells from young donors form stable E-rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) that do not distintegrate after prolonged incubation at 37 degrees C. With advancing age the proportion of thymus cells forming such rosettes decreases gradually. The thymus of a patient receiving prednisone treatment was found to contain only a few cells that formed stable E-rosettes. The minor population of thymus cells that fails to form stable E-rosettes (non-rosetting or NR cells) was isolated and tested for its cell surface markers and immunologic reactivity in vitro. Most of the NR-cells were capable of forming regular E-rosettes with SRBC at room temperature. Like the majority of human thymus cells they were sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of normal constituted less than 0.2% of the original thymus cell suspensions, but about 1 to 3% of the NR-population. Thymus cells from donors over the age of 36 and from a prednisone-treated child responded in vitro to stimulation with either phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A). Unfractionated thymus cells from children up to the age of 14 failed to react to either PHA or Con A, but their NR-population responded vigorously to both lectins. In contrast to unfractionated thymus cell suspensions from children, the NR fraction showed a significant reactivity in mixed lymphocyte cultures with mitomycin-C treated allogeneic lymphocytes. It is concluded that like the thymus of other species, the human thymus contains a minor population of cortisone-resistant cells endowed with many of the immunologic properties characteristic for periperal T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Subpopulations of human thymus cells differing in their capacity to form stable E-rosettes and in their immunologic reactivity. The majority of human thymus cells from young donors form stable E-rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) that do not distintegrate after prolonged incubation at 37 degrees C. With advancing age the proportion of thymus cells forming such rosettes decreases gradually. The thymus of a patient receiving prednisone treatment was found to contain only a few cells that formed stable E-rosettes. The minor population of thymus cells that fails to form stable E-rosettes (non-rosetting or NR cells) was isolated and tested for its cell surface markers and immunologic reactivity in vitro. Most of the NR-cells were capable of forming regular E-rosettes with SRBC at room temperature. Like the majority of human thymus cells they were sensitive to the cytotoxic effect of normal constituted less than 0.2% of the original thymus cell suspensions, but about 1 to 3% of the NR-population. Thymus cells from donors over the age of 36 and from a prednisone-treated child responded in vitro to stimulation with either phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or concanavalin A (Con A). Unfractionated thymus cells from children up to the age of 14 failed to react to either PHA or Con A, but their NR-population responded vigorously to both lectins. In contrast to unfractionated thymus cell suspensions from children, the NR fraction showed a significant reactivity in mixed lymphocyte cultures with mitomycin-C treated allogeneic lymphocytes. It is concluded that like the thymus of other species, the human thymus contains a minor population of cortisone-resistant cells endowed with many of the immunologic properties characteristic for periperal T lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:125305", "title": "A passive agglutination method using collagen-coated tanned sheep erythrocytes to demonstrate collagen-glycosaminoglycan interaction.", "content": "A haemagglutination method originally designed to detect and measure antibody has been shown to be capable of monitoring interactions of glycosaminoglycans and collagen in vitro under physiological conditions of pH and ionic strength. In this system, dermatan sulphate and chondroitin 4-sulphate interact at higher dilutions ('higher titres') with collagen than do chondroitin 6-sulphate or keratan sulphate. The results are relevant to studies of anti-collagen antibodies in connective tissue fluids and extracts, as well as to connective tissue physiology.", "contents": "A passive agglutination method using collagen-coated tanned sheep erythrocytes to demonstrate collagen-glycosaminoglycan interaction. A haemagglutination method originally designed to detect and measure antibody has been shown to be capable of monitoring interactions of glycosaminoglycans and collagen in vitro under physiological conditions of pH and ionic strength. In this system, dermatan sulphate and chondroitin 4-sulphate interact at higher dilutions ('higher titres') with collagen than do chondroitin 6-sulphate or keratan sulphate. The results are relevant to studies of anti-collagen antibodies in connective tissue fluids and extracts, as well as to connective tissue physiology."}
{"id": "PMID:125306", "title": "Epidermal chalone--past to present concept.", "content": "How the constantly renewing epidermis maintains its homeostatic state remains a mystery. A \"negative feedback\" mechanism of control with chalone, a tissue-specific, species-nonspecific inhibitor of mitosis, has been suggested by Bullough and Laurence. Progress in isolating, purifying, and characterizing epidermal chalone has been slow and difficult because of the lack of a fast, assurate, and meaningful assay system. A G2 assay (depending upon mitotic counts) was used to obtain the data which served as the basis for postulating the existence of chalone. Since a control point with the G1 phase of the cell cycle is considered to be the one with physiologic implications, in vivo and in vitro assays with pure primary epidermal cell cultures have been used to investigate a G1 block. The incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA is often used as a measure of the rate of prokiferation. However, inhibition of thymidine transport and phosphorylation have been encountered in several systems and negate this method as an accurate measure of cell proliferation.", "contents": "Epidermal chalone--past to present concept. How the constantly renewing epidermis maintains its homeostatic state remains a mystery. A \"negative feedback\" mechanism of control with chalone, a tissue-specific, species-nonspecific inhibitor of mitosis, has been suggested by Bullough and Laurence. Progress in isolating, purifying, and characterizing epidermal chalone has been slow and difficult because of the lack of a fast, assurate, and meaningful assay system. A G2 assay (depending upon mitotic counts) was used to obtain the data which served as the basis for postulating the existence of chalone. Since a control point with the G1 phase of the cell cycle is considered to be the one with physiologic implications, in vivo and in vitro assays with pure primary epidermal cell cultures have been used to investigate a G1 block. The incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA is often used as a measure of the rate of prokiferation. However, inhibition of thymidine transport and phosphorylation have been encountered in several systems and negate this method as an accurate measure of cell proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:125308", "title": "Steroid entry into rete testis fluid and the blood-testis barrier.", "content": "Evidence that steroids enter rete testis fluid (RTF) from the blood at varying rates was obtained during i.v. infusions into rats. Testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were readily transferred into the fluid, whereas cholesterol was excluded. Between these extremes, the appearance of radioactivity in the RTF suggested the following order of entry rate: progesterone greater than pregnenolone greater than 5-alpha-reduced androgens greater than oestrogens greater than corticosteroids. Preliminary identification of metabolites in RTF and blood suggested that testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were transferred largely unchanged. Androstenedione and progesterone, however, were largely metabolized during transfer into the RTF, the former being transformed to testosterone. The results are used to discuss the nature of the blood-testis barrier to steroids and the source of androgens in the RTF.", "contents": "Steroid entry into rete testis fluid and the blood-testis barrier. Evidence that steroids enter rete testis fluid (RTF) from the blood at varying rates was obtained during i.v. infusions into rats. Testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were readily transferred into the fluid, whereas cholesterol was excluded. Between these extremes, the appearance of radioactivity in the RTF suggested the following order of entry rate: progesterone greater than pregnenolone greater than 5-alpha-reduced androgens greater than oestrogens greater than corticosteroids. Preliminary identification of metabolites in RTF and blood suggested that testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were transferred largely unchanged. Androstenedione and progesterone, however, were largely metabolized during transfer into the RTF, the former being transformed to testosterone. The results are used to discuss the nature of the blood-testis barrier to steroids and the source of androgens in the RTF."}
{"id": "PMID:125309", "title": "The production of cardiac hypertrophy by tri-iodothyroacetic acid.", "content": "Severe cardiac hypertrophy has been produced experimentally in rats by long-term, low-dose treatment with tri-iodothyroacetic acid. The dose used was insufficient to cause any apparent systemic or metabolic effect. It is suggested that similar iodinated substances in the blood in man, resulting from normal or abnormal thyroid hormone catabolism, may be causally related to some forms of cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "The production of cardiac hypertrophy by tri-iodothyroacetic acid. Severe cardiac hypertrophy has been produced experimentally in rats by long-term, low-dose treatment with tri-iodothyroacetic acid. The dose used was insufficient to cause any apparent systemic or metabolic effect. It is suggested that similar iodinated substances in the blood in man, resulting from normal or abnormal thyroid hormone catabolism, may be causally related to some forms of cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:125310", "title": "Steroidogenesis in cerebral metastatic chorionepithelioma tissue in vitro.", "content": "Homogenates of cerebral metastatic chorionepithelioma tissue were incubated with labelled dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone or 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. The metabolites of dehydroepiandrosterone which were isolated and identified were androstenedione, testosterone, oestrone, and oestradiol; no oestriol was detected. The only metabolite of pregnenolone and 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one isolated and identified was progesterone. No conversion of C-21 to C-19 steroids occurred in the metastatic chorionepithelioma tissue.", "contents": "Steroidogenesis in cerebral metastatic chorionepithelioma tissue in vitro. Homogenates of cerebral metastatic chorionepithelioma tissue were incubated with labelled dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone or 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one. The metabolites of dehydroepiandrosterone which were isolated and identified were androstenedione, testosterone, oestrone, and oestradiol; no oestriol was detected. The only metabolite of pregnenolone and 20alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one isolated and identified was progesterone. No conversion of C-21 to C-19 steroids occurred in the metastatic chorionepithelioma tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:125312", "title": "The mechanical properties of the abdominal cuticle of Rhodnius larvae.", "content": "1. The mechanical properties of loops of cuticle cut from the abdomens of 5th instar Rhodnius have been investigated. The cuticle shows pronounced viscoelastic behaviour. 2. Stress-relaxation tests show a continuously falling modulus over a wide range of times after the imposition of a strain. 3. Plasticized samples of cuticle show stress-relaxation curves which are shifted along the time axis towards earlier times by up to times 10-3. The modulus at any particular time after the imposition of strain is about 10 times lower than that of the unplasticized cuticle. 4. It is concluded that the mechanical properties of this cuticle are determined, at least for maintained stresses, largely by the matrix material. Chitin microfibrils may act as a reinforcing filler for short-term, rapid stresses. The cuticular macromolecules are probably not extensively cross-linked by primary bonds, though secondary interactions between them are probably important in the viscoelastic properties of the cuticle. 5. Plasticization probably involves a change in either the number or the strength of secondary interactions between the cuticle macromolecules, or both.", "contents": "The mechanical properties of the abdominal cuticle of Rhodnius larvae. 1. The mechanical properties of loops of cuticle cut from the abdomens of 5th instar Rhodnius have been investigated. The cuticle shows pronounced viscoelastic behaviour. 2. Stress-relaxation tests show a continuously falling modulus over a wide range of times after the imposition of a strain. 3. Plasticized samples of cuticle show stress-relaxation curves which are shifted along the time axis towards earlier times by up to times 10-3. The modulus at any particular time after the imposition of strain is about 10 times lower than that of the unplasticized cuticle. 4. It is concluded that the mechanical properties of this cuticle are determined, at least for maintained stresses, largely by the matrix material. Chitin microfibrils may act as a reinforcing filler for short-term, rapid stresses. The cuticular macromolecules are probably not extensively cross-linked by primary bonds, though secondary interactions between them are probably important in the viscoelastic properties of the cuticle. 5. Plasticization probably involves a change in either the number or the strength of secondary interactions between the cuticle macromolecules, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:125313", "title": "Proliferation in vivo of T lymphocytes reactive to histocompatibility alloantigens: a correction.", "content": "Rat lymphocytes in mixed cultures can reutilize tritiated thymidine from labeled granulocytes. Shortly after thymidine injections in vivo, major effects on the frequency of labeled lymphocyte mitoses in peripheral blood cultures are introduced by 10-20% polymorph contamination, even though transfer of label via supernates is not demonstrable. Cold thymidine in the cultures prevents reutilization, and has permitted reevaluation of several previous conclusions concerning the life history of lymphocytes reactive to major histocompatibility alloantigens (HARC). Rather than being predominantly recently divided cells, HARC do not appear to have an age distribution, in blood or lymph, significantly different from the general recirculating lymphocyte population. However, the ability of immunization across strong allogeneic differences to increase markedly the proportion of young HARC among the specifically responsive population has been confirmed.", "contents": "Proliferation in vivo of T lymphocytes reactive to histocompatibility alloantigens: a correction. Rat lymphocytes in mixed cultures can reutilize tritiated thymidine from labeled granulocytes. Shortly after thymidine injections in vivo, major effects on the frequency of labeled lymphocyte mitoses in peripheral blood cultures are introduced by 10-20% polymorph contamination, even though transfer of label via supernates is not demonstrable. Cold thymidine in the cultures prevents reutilization, and has permitted reevaluation of several previous conclusions concerning the life history of lymphocytes reactive to major histocompatibility alloantigens (HARC). Rather than being predominantly recently divided cells, HARC do not appear to have an age distribution, in blood or lymph, significantly different from the general recirculating lymphocyte population. However, the ability of immunization across strong allogeneic differences to increase markedly the proportion of young HARC among the specifically responsive population has been confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:125317", "title": "Effects of corticosteroid treatment and inflammation on the cellular content of blood and exudate in mice.", "content": "Inflammatory exudates have been produced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate broth 24 hr and again 3 hr before collecting of the exudate. The first injection of broth exerts a \"priming\" effect leading to an enhanced response to the second injection. By this procedure more than 30 x 106 leucocytes of which 78 per cent. were polymorphs were obtained from each mouse. Administration of paramethasone reduced the number of cells in the exudate when given at the same time as broth but not when given 3 hr before collection of the exudate. In contrast paramethasone was equally effective when given either 24 hr or 3 hr before harvest in suppressing the appearance of intravenously injected pontamine sky blue in the exudate. It was striking that treatment with paramethasone which had reduced the number of polymorphs in the exudate had actually increased the number in blood.", "contents": "Effects of corticosteroid treatment and inflammation on the cellular content of blood and exudate in mice. Inflammatory exudates have been produced in mice by intraperitoneal injection of thioglycollate broth 24 hr and again 3 hr before collecting of the exudate. The first injection of broth exerts a \"priming\" effect leading to an enhanced response to the second injection. By this procedure more than 30 x 106 leucocytes of which 78 per cent. were polymorphs were obtained from each mouse. Administration of paramethasone reduced the number of cells in the exudate when given at the same time as broth but not when given 3 hr before collection of the exudate. In contrast paramethasone was equally effective when given either 24 hr or 3 hr before harvest in suppressing the appearance of intravenously injected pontamine sky blue in the exudate. It was striking that treatment with paramethasone which had reduced the number of polymorphs in the exudate had actually increased the number in blood."}
{"id": "PMID:125318", "title": "Comparison of the effect of various antisera and cobra venom factor on inflammatory reactions in guinea-pig skin. II. The Arthus reaction and the local Shwartzman reaction.", "content": "The ability of antisera to guinea-pig C3 to inhibit the Arthus and local Shwartzman reactions was studied. They were found to reduce the non-haemorrhagic component of the active and reversed passive Arthus reactions and to delay the appearance of the haemorrhage in the active Arthus reaction. Cobra venom factor, however, had no effect on the non-haemorrhagic components of these reactions and only delayed the appearance of the haemorrhage of the active Arthus reaction. There appeared to be a correlation between the serum complement level and the time taken for the haemorrhage to appear, and between the circulating platelet count and the extent of the non-haemorrhagic, oedematous component of the reaction. The haemorrhagic component of the local Shwartzman reaction was not affected by decomplementation with cobra venom factor. The ability of the antisera to inhibit the haemorrhage of the Shwartzman reaction was not dependent on lowering the serum complement titre. However, the haemorrhage was inhibited if the circulating platelet count was also reduced to very low numbers. Antiserum to zymosan alone had the same effect as anti-beta1C/beta1A globulin (zymosan) in blocking the reaction, although it did not alter the complement levels or the platelet counts. The possibility of an immunological cross-reactivity between zymosan and endotoxin in this action is discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of various antisera and cobra venom factor on inflammatory reactions in guinea-pig skin. II. The Arthus reaction and the local Shwartzman reaction. The ability of antisera to guinea-pig C3 to inhibit the Arthus and local Shwartzman reactions was studied. They were found to reduce the non-haemorrhagic component of the active and reversed passive Arthus reactions and to delay the appearance of the haemorrhage in the active Arthus reaction. Cobra venom factor, however, had no effect on the non-haemorrhagic components of these reactions and only delayed the appearance of the haemorrhage of the active Arthus reaction. There appeared to be a correlation between the serum complement level and the time taken for the haemorrhage to appear, and between the circulating platelet count and the extent of the non-haemorrhagic, oedematous component of the reaction. The haemorrhagic component of the local Shwartzman reaction was not affected by decomplementation with cobra venom factor. The ability of the antisera to inhibit the haemorrhage of the Shwartzman reaction was not dependent on lowering the serum complement titre. However, the haemorrhage was inhibited if the circulating platelet count was also reduced to very low numbers. Antiserum to zymosan alone had the same effect as anti-beta1C/beta1A globulin (zymosan) in blocking the reaction, although it did not alter the complement levels or the platelet counts. The possibility of an immunological cross-reactivity between zymosan and endotoxin in this action is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125319", "title": "A histochemical study of the liver lesion induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin) in rats.", "content": "A histochemical study of plasma-membrane associated enzymes in rat liver demonstrated a significant lesion 3 days after a single oral dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin). The complete loss of canalicular ATPase reaction in the parenchymal cells of the centrilobular zone remained the prominent feature of the liver throughout the 6-wk period studied. Involvement of the periportal and midzonal regions occurred in moribund animals and improvement in the health of two surviving animals at 9 mth was associated with a normal distribution of ATPase in the liver. Qualitative changes in 5-nucleotidase and acid phosphatase were secondary to the parenchymal cell damage. This lesion supports the morphological evidence, reported previously, that the parenchymal cell plasma-membrane is a specific subcellular site of the toxic action of dioxin.", "contents": "A histochemical study of the liver lesion induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin) in rats. A histochemical study of plasma-membrane associated enzymes in rat liver demonstrated a significant lesion 3 days after a single oral dose of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (dioxin). The complete loss of canalicular ATPase reaction in the parenchymal cells of the centrilobular zone remained the prominent feature of the liver throughout the 6-wk period studied. Involvement of the periportal and midzonal regions occurred in moribund animals and improvement in the health of two surviving animals at 9 mth was associated with a normal distribution of ATPase in the liver. Qualitative changes in 5-nucleotidase and acid phosphatase were secondary to the parenchymal cell damage. This lesion supports the morphological evidence, reported previously, that the parenchymal cell plasma-membrane is a specific subcellular site of the toxic action of dioxin."}
{"id": "PMID:125320", "title": "Biochemical characteristics of \"young\" and \"old\" erythrocytes of the newborn infant.", "content": "Cord blood samples from ten term infants were fractionated into populations of young and old erythrocytes and compared with cells prepared in a similar fashion from eight normal adults. The old cell fraction from the newborn infants had very low phosphofructokinase activity and did not display the usual decline of activity of the enzymes phosphoglycerate kinase and enolase. In addition, the old cells from the newborn infants demonstrated impaired glucose consumption, which, upon analysis of the pattern of glycolytic intermediates, appeared to be a result of the phosphofructokinase deficiency. These findings suggest that cells produced earlier in gestation possess the developmental characteristics of fetal blood to a more significant degree and that these biochemical alterations may produce functional impairment.", "contents": "Biochemical characteristics of \"young\" and \"old\" erythrocytes of the newborn infant. Cord blood samples from ten term infants were fractionated into populations of young and old erythrocytes and compared with cells prepared in a similar fashion from eight normal adults. The old cell fraction from the newborn infants had very low phosphofructokinase activity and did not display the usual decline of activity of the enzymes phosphoglycerate kinase and enolase. In addition, the old cells from the newborn infants demonstrated impaired glucose consumption, which, upon analysis of the pattern of glycolytic intermediates, appeared to be a result of the phosphofructokinase deficiency. These findings suggest that cells produced earlier in gestation possess the developmental characteristics of fetal blood to a more significant degree and that these biochemical alterations may produce functional impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:125322", "title": "Associated coarctation of the aorta and mitral valve disease: nine cases with surgical correction of both lesions in three.", "content": "Nine cases of the combination of coarctation of the aorta and mitral stenosis were evaluated over a seven-year period. Symptoms did not usually cause distress in infancy, but began subtly with pneumonia or cardiac failure at about 2 years of age. Important clues were differences in blood pressure between the arms and legs, paroxysmal dyspnea, congestive heart failure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and left atrial enlargement. Cardiac catheterization studies showed elevated right ventricular and main pulmonary artery wedge pressures. These features in patients with coarctation of the aorta should suggest associated mitral valve disease. The importance of demonstrating associated valvular lesions, particularly mitral stenosis, is emphasized. Two of our children had successful repair of the coarctation of the aorta and mitral stenosis simultaneously. In a third child, resection of the coarctation was followed in six years by mitral valve replacement.", "contents": "Associated coarctation of the aorta and mitral valve disease: nine cases with surgical correction of both lesions in three. Nine cases of the combination of coarctation of the aorta and mitral stenosis were evaluated over a seven-year period. Symptoms did not usually cause distress in infancy, but began subtly with pneumonia or cardiac failure at about 2 years of age. Important clues were differences in blood pressure between the arms and legs, paroxysmal dyspnea, congestive heart failure, right ventricular hypertrophy, and left atrial enlargement. Cardiac catheterization studies showed elevated right ventricular and main pulmonary artery wedge pressures. These features in patients with coarctation of the aorta should suggest associated mitral valve disease. The importance of demonstrating associated valvular lesions, particularly mitral stenosis, is emphasized. Two of our children had successful repair of the coarctation of the aorta and mitral stenosis simultaneously. In a third child, resection of the coarctation was followed in six years by mitral valve replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:125324", "title": "Cardiotonic steroids II: 3-deoxycardenolides and 3-deoxycardanolides.", "content": "A series of compounds related to 3-deoxydigitoxigenin was prepared and assayed for inhibition of myocardial Na+,K+- adenosine triphosphatase. Although the relatively high activity of 3-deoxydigitoxin was confirmed, the corresponding 3beta,4beta-epoxide and a mixture of 2,3-olefins and 3,4-olefins were less active. 3-Deoxy compounds with variations at the 14-position and the butenolide ring were much less active than the corresponding 3beta-hydroxy analogs. Thus the activity of 3-deoxydigitoxigenin appears to be particularly susceptible to structural changes elsewhere in the molecule.", "contents": "Cardiotonic steroids II: 3-deoxycardenolides and 3-deoxycardanolides. A series of compounds related to 3-deoxydigitoxigenin was prepared and assayed for inhibition of myocardial Na+,K+- adenosine triphosphatase. Although the relatively high activity of 3-deoxydigitoxin was confirmed, the corresponding 3beta,4beta-epoxide and a mixture of 2,3-olefins and 3,4-olefins were less active. 3-Deoxy compounds with variations at the 14-position and the butenolide ring were much less active than the corresponding 3beta-hydroxy analogs. Thus the activity of 3-deoxydigitoxigenin appears to be particularly susceptible to structural changes elsewhere in the molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:125325", "title": "Mechanism of action of colchicine. I. Effect of colchicine and its analogs on the reversed passive Arthus reaction and the carrageenan-induced hindpaw edema in the rat.", "content": "Colchicine and N-desacetyl-N-methylcolchicine suppressed both the reversed passive Arthus reaction and the carrageenan-induced edema in the rat. Colchicine, 2-desmethyl-colchicine glucoside and trimethylcolchicine acid had no effect on either model of inflammation. The ability or inability of these compounds to suppress the development of experimental inflammation correlated with their antimitotic activities. The findings lend support to the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory and the antimitotic effects of colchicine may depend on the same basic, biophysical mechanism of action, i.e., the disruption of the microtubules.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of colchicine. I. Effect of colchicine and its analogs on the reversed passive Arthus reaction and the carrageenan-induced hindpaw edema in the rat. Colchicine and N-desacetyl-N-methylcolchicine suppressed both the reversed passive Arthus reaction and the carrageenan-induced edema in the rat. Colchicine, 2-desmethyl-colchicine glucoside and trimethylcolchicine acid had no effect on either model of inflammation. The ability or inability of these compounds to suppress the development of experimental inflammation correlated with their antimitotic activities. The findings lend support to the hypothesis that the anti-inflammatory and the antimitotic effects of colchicine may depend on the same basic, biophysical mechanism of action, i.e., the disruption of the microtubules."}
{"id": "PMID:125326", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of inhibition of the red cell metabolism by cardiac glycosides.", "content": "The purpose of this work was to test the previously suggested hypothesis that the inhibitory effect of ouabain on lactate production in human red cells is due to an interaction between phosphoglycerate kinase and (Na+ + k+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+ATPase). An antibody to red cell phosphoglycerate kingase caused complete inhibition of the purified enzyme, whereas a portion of the phophoglycerate kinase activity of the red cell membranes was resistant to the antibody. When increasing amounts of the purified enzyme were added to the membranes, the antibody-resistant portion of the activity increased. The effects of the antibody and ouabain on lactate production from fructose-6,6-diphosphate in red cell hemolysates were studied. Ouabain, at a maximally effective concentration, produced about 30% inhibition of lactate formation. This value was doubled in the presence of the antibody. Red cell membranes, and rat brain Na+,K+-ATPase, did not catalyze the hydrolysis of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. Ouabain did not affect the reactions of the Rapport-Luebering pathway of the red cells. These findings provide further support for the view that in red cells a membrane pool of phosphoglycerate kinase is oriented in the vicinity of Na+,K+-ATPase in a way that the product of each enzyme may be used as the immediate substrate of the other and that ouabain inhibits glycolysis by removing the regulatory effect of Na+,K+-ATPase on that portion of glycolysis which is channeled through this pool of phosphoglycerate kinase.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of inhibition of the red cell metabolism by cardiac glycosides. The purpose of this work was to test the previously suggested hypothesis that the inhibitory effect of ouabain on lactate production in human red cells is due to an interaction between phosphoglycerate kinase and (Na+ + k+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+ATPase). An antibody to red cell phosphoglycerate kingase caused complete inhibition of the purified enzyme, whereas a portion of the phophoglycerate kinase activity of the red cell membranes was resistant to the antibody. When increasing amounts of the purified enzyme were added to the membranes, the antibody-resistant portion of the activity increased. The effects of the antibody and ouabain on lactate production from fructose-6,6-diphosphate in red cell hemolysates were studied. Ouabain, at a maximally effective concentration, produced about 30% inhibition of lactate formation. This value was doubled in the presence of the antibody. Red cell membranes, and rat brain Na+,K+-ATPase, did not catalyze the hydrolysis of 1,3-diphosphoglycerate. Ouabain did not affect the reactions of the Rapport-Luebering pathway of the red cells. These findings provide further support for the view that in red cells a membrane pool of phosphoglycerate kinase is oriented in the vicinity of Na+,K+-ATPase in a way that the product of each enzyme may be used as the immediate substrate of the other and that ouabain inhibits glycolysis by removing the regulatory effect of Na+,K+-ATPase on that portion of glycolysis which is channeled through this pool of phosphoglycerate kinase."}
{"id": "PMID:125329", "title": "Skeleto-fusimotor axons in the hind-limb muscles of the cat.", "content": "1. Motor axons supplying various hind-limb muscles of the cat (flexor hallucis lingus, peroneus brevis, peroneus digiti quinti, tibialis anterior, soleus and tenuissimus) were identified as skeleto-fusimotor or beta axons because their repetitive stimulation elicited both the contraction of extrafusal muscle fibres and an increase in the rate of discharge of spindle primary endings which perisited after selective blockade of extrafusal neuromuscular junctions. 2. The conduction velocity of these axons ranged from 39 to 92 m/sec. 3. Of seventy-six beta axons, seventy-two had a dynamic action on the sensitivity to velocity of stretching of primary endings, four had a static action. 4. The dynamic action of six beta axons was observed only after the contraction of extrafusal muscle fibres was selectively suppressed. 5. Tendon organs can be activated by beta motor units.", "contents": "Skeleto-fusimotor axons in the hind-limb muscles of the cat. 1. Motor axons supplying various hind-limb muscles of the cat (flexor hallucis lingus, peroneus brevis, peroneus digiti quinti, tibialis anterior, soleus and tenuissimus) were identified as skeleto-fusimotor or beta axons because their repetitive stimulation elicited both the contraction of extrafusal muscle fibres and an increase in the rate of discharge of spindle primary endings which perisited after selective blockade of extrafusal neuromuscular junctions. 2. The conduction velocity of these axons ranged from 39 to 92 m/sec. 3. Of seventy-six beta axons, seventy-two had a dynamic action on the sensitivity to velocity of stretching of primary endings, four had a static action. 4. The dynamic action of six beta axons was observed only after the contraction of extrafusal muscle fibres was selectively suppressed. 5. Tendon organs can be activated by beta motor units."}
{"id": "PMID:125331", "title": "Rate of flow of digesta and electrical activity of the small intestine in dogs and sheep.", "content": "1. Spiking activity of the small intestine in the conscious dog and sheep was recorded continuously from electrodes chronically implanted on the jejunum and summed at intervals of 20 sec. The activity was related to the transit time and flow rate of intestinal contents as estimated by phenol red and by dilution of continuous marker infusions respectively. Also in some sheep the flow of digesta was measured directly from a cannula in the proximal part of the jejunum, and also by use of an electromagnetic flow meter. 2. In the fasted dog and in sheep on a normal diet the intestinal activity was characterized by a migrating myo-electric complex comprising an irregular phase followed by a regular phase. These migrating myo-electric complexes occurred regularly after a period of inactivity at a frequency of 15-20/24 hr. In dogs after feeding, a continuous spiking activity appeared and persisted for periods of 7-8 hr. This was associated with much higher rates of flow and shorter transit times than were observed during fasting. In sheep, continuous spiking activity could be induced by intravenous injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan and this, similarly, was accompanied by a more rapid flow and a shorter transit time than recorded during the control period. 3. In both species the longest transit time occurred when a phenol red bolus was injected during the period of electrical inactivity. Relatively short transit times were observed when the bolus was administered just before the period of regular spiking activity. 4. When relaxation of the bowel was induced by intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline there was no spiking activity and the transit time for the infused solution was greatly lengthened, especially in the sheep. A noticeable flow of digestive contents persisted in the dog. 5. In the sheep the intestinal contents flowed intermittently during periods of 10-15 min and at the same frequency as the migrating myo-electric complex. Two thirds of this flow took place in the 4-6 min immediately preceding the periods of irregular spiking activity. 6. It is concluded that in the fasted dog and in the sheep the migrating myo-electric complex controls the pressure gradients on which the flow of intestinal contents depends. This is accomplished in the main by the prolonged phase of irregular spiking activity, and it is suggested that the regular spiking activity which follows it, though not in itself propulsive, serves as a barrier to prevent backflow of digesta into the quiescent part of the intestine. When continuous spiking activity is induced, by feeding in the dog and by injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan in the sheep, no part of the intestine is quiescent and the transit time is shortened by the incessant irregular spiking activity.", "contents": "Rate of flow of digesta and electrical activity of the small intestine in dogs and sheep. 1. Spiking activity of the small intestine in the conscious dog and sheep was recorded continuously from electrodes chronically implanted on the jejunum and summed at intervals of 20 sec. The activity was related to the transit time and flow rate of intestinal contents as estimated by phenol red and by dilution of continuous marker infusions respectively. Also in some sheep the flow of digesta was measured directly from a cannula in the proximal part of the jejunum, and also by use of an electromagnetic flow meter. 2. In the fasted dog and in sheep on a normal diet the intestinal activity was characterized by a migrating myo-electric complex comprising an irregular phase followed by a regular phase. These migrating myo-electric complexes occurred regularly after a period of inactivity at a frequency of 15-20/24 hr. In dogs after feeding, a continuous spiking activity appeared and persisted for periods of 7-8 hr. This was associated with much higher rates of flow and shorter transit times than were observed during fasting. In sheep, continuous spiking activity could be induced by intravenous injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan and this, similarly, was accompanied by a more rapid flow and a shorter transit time than recorded during the control period. 3. In both species the longest transit time occurred when a phenol red bolus was injected during the period of electrical inactivity. Relatively short transit times were observed when the bolus was administered just before the period of regular spiking activity. 4. When relaxation of the bowel was induced by intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline there was no spiking activity and the transit time for the infused solution was greatly lengthened, especially in the sheep. A noticeable flow of digestive contents persisted in the dog. 5. In the sheep the intestinal contents flowed intermittently during periods of 10-15 min and at the same frequency as the migrating myo-electric complex. Two thirds of this flow took place in the 4-6 min immediately preceding the periods of irregular spiking activity. 6. It is concluded that in the fasted dog and in the sheep the migrating myo-electric complex controls the pressure gradients on which the flow of intestinal contents depends. This is accomplished in the main by the prolonged phase of irregular spiking activity, and it is suggested that the regular spiking activity which follows it, though not in itself propulsive, serves as a barrier to prevent backflow of digesta into the quiescent part of the intestine. When continuous spiking activity is induced, by feeding in the dog and by injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan in the sheep, no part of the intestine is quiescent and the transit time is shortened by the incessant irregular spiking activity."}
{"id": "PMID:125332", "title": "Permeability and porosity of dental casting investments.", "content": "Permeability of various gypsum- and phosphate-bonded investments was measured during conventional burn-out procedures. Porosity determinations were made on specimens cooled to room temperature after burn-out. As a group, the gypsum-bonded investments were found to be more permeable than the phosphate-bonded investments. Two phosphate-bonded investments were determined to be relatively impermeable to gas flow, while another exhibited permeability comparable to that of the gypsum-bonded investments. In spite of differences in permeability, the porosity of each type of investment was nearly constant. The porosity of the phosphate-bonded investment was approximately three-fourths that of the gypsum investments. These investments were modified by the addition of varying amounts of acrylic polymer for the purpose of altering permeability. The addition of acrylic polymer increased porosity and permeability of all of the materials included in this investigation. The acrylic additives, however, had no effect on the permeability of relatively impermeable investments unless used in high concentration. The results of this investigation would tend to substantiate the need for special spruing and venting procedures.", "contents": "Permeability and porosity of dental casting investments. Permeability of various gypsum- and phosphate-bonded investments was measured during conventional burn-out procedures. Porosity determinations were made on specimens cooled to room temperature after burn-out. As a group, the gypsum-bonded investments were found to be more permeable than the phosphate-bonded investments. Two phosphate-bonded investments were determined to be relatively impermeable to gas flow, while another exhibited permeability comparable to that of the gypsum-bonded investments. In spite of differences in permeability, the porosity of each type of investment was nearly constant. The porosity of the phosphate-bonded investment was approximately three-fourths that of the gypsum investments. These investments were modified by the addition of varying amounts of acrylic polymer for the purpose of altering permeability. The addition of acrylic polymer increased porosity and permeability of all of the materials included in this investigation. The acrylic additives, however, had no effect on the permeability of relatively impermeable investments unless used in high concentration. The results of this investigation would tend to substantiate the need for special spruing and venting procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:125333", "title": "[Disturbances of pulmonary ventilation in association with cardiac disease in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "Numerous causes exist for disturbances in pulmonary ventilation in the newborn and infant. Amongst the exobronchic causes, those of cardiovascular origin are not rare. The difficulty in radiological diagnosis varies in relation with the anatomo-radiological appearance of the lesions and their aetiology. Ventilation disturbances are not always obvious. Simple techniques (high penetration films, oblique views, films in inspiration and expiration) make possible the topographical localisation of the lesions and the detection of any obstructive factor. These films should also be adequate as far as the aetiological diagnosis is concerned: severe left-right shunt, pulmonary valve agenesis, fibro-elastosis, retrotracheal left pulmonary artery. Obviously, angiocardiography is often necessary to confirm and accurately determine the nature of the \"cardiovascular\" lesion responsible. Such disturbances of pulmonary ventilation may either reveal or complicate a cardiac or vascular disorder in the newborn or infant. They often present marked therapeutic problems.", "contents": "[Disturbances of pulmonary ventilation in association with cardiac disease in infants (author's transl)]. Numerous causes exist for disturbances in pulmonary ventilation in the newborn and infant. Amongst the exobronchic causes, those of cardiovascular origin are not rare. The difficulty in radiological diagnosis varies in relation with the anatomo-radiological appearance of the lesions and their aetiology. Ventilation disturbances are not always obvious. Simple techniques (high penetration films, oblique views, films in inspiration and expiration) make possible the topographical localisation of the lesions and the detection of any obstructive factor. These films should also be adequate as far as the aetiological diagnosis is concerned: severe left-right shunt, pulmonary valve agenesis, fibro-elastosis, retrotracheal left pulmonary artery. Obviously, angiocardiography is often necessary to confirm and accurately determine the nature of the \"cardiovascular\" lesion responsible. Such disturbances of pulmonary ventilation may either reveal or complicate a cardiac or vascular disorder in the newborn or infant. They often present marked therapeutic problems."}
{"id": "PMID:125334", "title": "The electrical dynamics of laparoscopic sterilization.", "content": "The minimum voltage needed to perform laparoscopic sterilization was studied to learn more about prevention of bowel burns. Using a \"CUT\" waveform at very low levels, it is practical to coagulate fallopian tubes with as little as 100 volts peak. If electrosurgical cutting of fulguration (charring) is desired, the nimimum voltage is about 700 volts peak. The changes in electrical resistance of tissue were measured during coagulation of sample tissues and actual sterilizations. A discussion of basic electrosurgical principles is included.", "contents": "The electrical dynamics of laparoscopic sterilization. The minimum voltage needed to perform laparoscopic sterilization was studied to learn more about prevention of bowel burns. Using a \"CUT\" waveform at very low levels, it is practical to coagulate fallopian tubes with as little as 100 volts peak. If electrosurgical cutting of fulguration (charring) is desired, the nimimum voltage is about 700 volts peak. The changes in electrical resistance of tissue were measured during coagulation of sample tissues and actual sterilizations. A discussion of basic electrosurgical principles is included."}
{"id": "PMID:125337", "title": "A preliminary and intermediate report on a new laparoscopic tubal ring procedure.", "content": "A preliminary report is given of a new laparoscopic sterilization technique utilizing silicone rubber rings. A description of the laparoscopic silicone ring applicator and its operative utilization is provided. This technique eliminates the need for thermoenergy to insure tubal destruction and thus removes the cause of intestinal burns. The potential for successful future recannulization procedures should be greater with this procedure. This operation can be performed with a single or double puncture technique; in addition, it can be performed with a suprapubic or vaginal approach. Three hundred one cases have been completed without incurring major problems. No statement can be made at this time about the incidence of failure.", "contents": "A preliminary and intermediate report on a new laparoscopic tubal ring procedure. A preliminary report is given of a new laparoscopic sterilization technique utilizing silicone rubber rings. A description of the laparoscopic silicone ring applicator and its operative utilization is provided. This technique eliminates the need for thermoenergy to insure tubal destruction and thus removes the cause of intestinal burns. The potential for successful future recannulization procedures should be greater with this procedure. This operation can be performed with a single or double puncture technique; in addition, it can be performed with a suprapubic or vaginal approach. Three hundred one cases have been completed without incurring major problems. No statement can be made at this time about the incidence of failure."}
{"id": "PMID:125342", "title": "Unusual uses of laparoscopy.", "content": "The marked enthusiasum recently seen in gynecologic endoscopy has brought forth numerous anecdotes of ingenuity. Without ingenuity, medicine and surgical skills would advance slowly. This anecdotal report is presented not only as information but as a stimulus to the endoscopist to consider new approaches to today's surgical problems. The laparoscope has been used to: 1. remove ectopic pregnancies, excise paraovarian cysts and retrieve foreign objects from the abdomen. 2. explore the abdomen for suspected trauma, 3. evaluate the abdomen and pleural cavity for metastatic disease, and 4. perform lumbar sympathectomy. These and other unusual uses of the laparoscope are presented for the \"spelunkers\" of modern-day endoscopy.", "contents": "Unusual uses of laparoscopy. The marked enthusiasum recently seen in gynecologic endoscopy has brought forth numerous anecdotes of ingenuity. Without ingenuity, medicine and surgical skills would advance slowly. This anecdotal report is presented not only as information but as a stimulus to the endoscopist to consider new approaches to today's surgical problems. The laparoscope has been used to: 1. remove ectopic pregnancies, excise paraovarian cysts and retrieve foreign objects from the abdomen. 2. explore the abdomen for suspected trauma, 3. evaluate the abdomen and pleural cavity for metastatic disease, and 4. perform lumbar sympathectomy. These and other unusual uses of the laparoscope are presented for the \"spelunkers\" of modern-day endoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:125343", "title": "Antibodies to nucleic acids in human and murine lupus.", "content": "Antibodies to nucleic acid are present in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and in the sera of NZB/NZW F1 mice, an animal model for human systemic lupus erythematosus. Sera can be fractionated by sucrose-density gradient ultra-centrifugation and individual fractions assayed for binding of radioactive DNA, RNA or DNA: RNA hydridsive DNA, RNA or DNA: RNA hybrids. Immunoglobulin determinations can also be performed on these fractions. Antinucleic acid antibody activity can be recovered both in the 19S IgM and 7S IgG fractions. Individual variations from patient to patient suggest that more detailed analysis of immunoglobulin classes may provide insights into the pathogenesis of lupus.", "contents": "Antibodies to nucleic acids in human and murine lupus. Antibodies to nucleic acid are present in the sera of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and in the sera of NZB/NZW F1 mice, an animal model for human systemic lupus erythematosus. Sera can be fractionated by sucrose-density gradient ultra-centrifugation and individual fractions assayed for binding of radioactive DNA, RNA or DNA: RNA hydridsive DNA, RNA or DNA: RNA hybrids. Immunoglobulin determinations can also be performed on these fractions. Antinucleic acid antibody activity can be recovered both in the 19S IgM and 7S IgG fractions. Individual variations from patient to patient suggest that more detailed analysis of immunoglobulin classes may provide insights into the pathogenesis of lupus."}
{"id": "PMID:125344", "title": "Studies on the nature of circulating DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).", "content": "The isolation and purification of DNA from the sera of patients with SLE is described. Buoyant density determinations of this DNA using CsCl gradients suggest in some cases that it may be of endogenous origin. DNA from the synovial fluid of an SLE patient with septic arthritis was also shown to have a buoyant density of human DNA as well as being of considerable size variation. In addition, this synovial fluid contained antibody to DNA and evidence of DNA:anti-DNA complexes, suggesting that immune complexes composed of human DNA and antibody may be involved in the pathogenesis of the arthritis. Also described are preliminary experiments characterizing the conformation of the DNA present in DNA:anti-DNA immune complexes.", "contents": "Studies on the nature of circulating DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The isolation and purification of DNA from the sera of patients with SLE is described. Buoyant density determinations of this DNA using CsCl gradients suggest in some cases that it may be of endogenous origin. DNA from the synovial fluid of an SLE patient with septic arthritis was also shown to have a buoyant density of human DNA as well as being of considerable size variation. In addition, this synovial fluid contained antibody to DNA and evidence of DNA:anti-DNA complexes, suggesting that immune complexes composed of human DNA and antibody may be involved in the pathogenesis of the arthritis. Also described are preliminary experiments characterizing the conformation of the DNA present in DNA:anti-DNA immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:125350", "title": "Intraspinal epidermoid tumor of the sacral canal presenting with urinary retention.", "content": "A case of epidermoid tumor of the sacral area with S3 root irritation resulting in bladder dysfunction is presented and its possible relationship to spinal puncture is discussed. Precautions should be taken to prevent this complication by using a stylet instead of a plain needle. The recognition of this complication should always be in the differential diagnosis of a child with back pain, gait abnormality and bladder dysfunction with a history of spinal puncture.", "contents": "Intraspinal epidermoid tumor of the sacral canal presenting with urinary retention. A case of epidermoid tumor of the sacral area with S3 root irritation resulting in bladder dysfunction is presented and its possible relationship to spinal puncture is discussed. Precautions should be taken to prevent this complication by using a stylet instead of a plain needle. The recognition of this complication should always be in the differential diagnosis of a child with back pain, gait abnormality and bladder dysfunction with a history of spinal puncture."}
{"id": "PMID:125351", "title": "125-I-labeled fibrinogen scanning. Use in the diagnosis of venous thrombosis.", "content": "Venous thrombosis is often asymptomatic in patients in whom major pulmonary embolism develops. When used expectantly, iodine 125-labeled fibrinogen scanning is a very sensitive method for detecting subclinical leg vein thrombi. Fibrinogen scanning is less useful for the diagnosis of established venous thrombosis, but is valuable for detecting extension of venographically diagnosed calf vein thrombosis. The technique is safe if fibrinogen is obtained from carefully screened donors. The limitations of the method include its inability to distinguish between superficial and deep venous thrombi, and its sensitivity to fibrin in hematoma and inflammatory exudates. Though the results agree closely with those of phlebography, scanning seems less reliable for detecting femoral vein than calf vein thrombi and is insensitive to thrombi above the inguinal ligament. Screening for these major thrombi may be improved by combining fibrinogen scanning with impedance plethysmography or ultrasonic examination.", "contents": "125-I-labeled fibrinogen scanning. Use in the diagnosis of venous thrombosis. Venous thrombosis is often asymptomatic in patients in whom major pulmonary embolism develops. When used expectantly, iodine 125-labeled fibrinogen scanning is a very sensitive method for detecting subclinical leg vein thrombi. Fibrinogen scanning is less useful for the diagnosis of established venous thrombosis, but is valuable for detecting extension of venographically diagnosed calf vein thrombosis. The technique is safe if fibrinogen is obtained from carefully screened donors. The limitations of the method include its inability to distinguish between superficial and deep venous thrombi, and its sensitivity to fibrin in hematoma and inflammatory exudates. Though the results agree closely with those of phlebography, scanning seems less reliable for detecting femoral vein than calf vein thrombi and is insensitive to thrombi above the inguinal ligament. Screening for these major thrombi may be improved by combining fibrinogen scanning with impedance plethysmography or ultrasonic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:125353", "title": "Echocardiographic classification of hypertensive heart disease. A correlative study with clinical features.", "content": "Forty patients with systemic hypertension were classified into 4 types based on the left ventricular echocardiographic findings. Patients with normal left ventricular echogram, type I, showed little clinical symptoms and signs of hypertensive involvement. Higher systolic pressure and marked hypertensive retinal and renal changes were observed in patients with symmetric hypertrophy of the left ventricle, type II. Congestive heart failure was dominantly present in those with dilatation of the left ventricle, type IV. High voltages and marked ST-T changes in electrocardiogram were usually found in patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy, type III, while retinal and renal damages were mild. Left ventriculograms obtained from 6 cases in type III also revealed hypertrophy of the interventricular septum and one of them demonstrated left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. These cardiac features in type III, which are quite similar to those in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, seemed to be a secondary change induced by systemic hypertension on the basis of some predisposition.", "contents": "Echocardiographic classification of hypertensive heart disease. A correlative study with clinical features. Forty patients with systemic hypertension were classified into 4 types based on the left ventricular echocardiographic findings. Patients with normal left ventricular echogram, type I, showed little clinical symptoms and signs of hypertensive involvement. Higher systolic pressure and marked hypertensive retinal and renal changes were observed in patients with symmetric hypertrophy of the left ventricle, type II. Congestive heart failure was dominantly present in those with dilatation of the left ventricle, type IV. High voltages and marked ST-T changes in electrocardiogram were usually found in patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy, type III, while retinal and renal damages were mild. Left ventriculograms obtained from 6 cases in type III also revealed hypertrophy of the interventricular septum and one of them demonstrated left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. These cardiac features in type III, which are quite similar to those in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, seemed to be a secondary change induced by systemic hypertension on the basis of some predisposition."}
{"id": "PMID:125357", "title": "Effects of ruthenium red, quinacrine hydrochloride, ethacrynic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenol on the water receptor of the frog tongue.", "content": "Effects of some chemicals, which are known as inhibitors of Ca2+-dependent ATPases, on the water receptor of the frog tongue were examined by using single fungiform papilla preparations. When a sufficient amount of ruthenium red, quinacrine hydrochloride, ethacrynic acid or 2,4-dinitrophenol was added to the standard stimulating solution (5mM CaCl2+100 mM NaCl), which has been shown to stimulate sufficiently the water receptor of the frog tongue, no neural response was elicited. The concentrations necessary for 50% inhibition were approximately 3 X 10(-6)M for ruthenium red, 1 X 10(-5) M for quinacrine hydrochloride, 1 X 10 (-3) M for ethacrynic acid and 2 X 10(-4) M for 2,4-dinitrophenol. Organic mercurials, mersalyl acid and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, had no effect on the nueral response, but repeated application of these chemicals led to a permanent depression in receptor activity. Ouabain had no effect on either the neural response or receptor activity. These observations indicate that the receptor molecule of the frog water receptor has a similar property to that of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase of red-cell membrane in respect to the susceptibility to inhibitors.", "contents": "Effects of ruthenium red, quinacrine hydrochloride, ethacrynic acid and 2,4-dinitrophenol on the water receptor of the frog tongue. Effects of some chemicals, which are known as inhibitors of Ca2+-dependent ATPases, on the water receptor of the frog tongue were examined by using single fungiform papilla preparations. When a sufficient amount of ruthenium red, quinacrine hydrochloride, ethacrynic acid or 2,4-dinitrophenol was added to the standard stimulating solution (5mM CaCl2+100 mM NaCl), which has been shown to stimulate sufficiently the water receptor of the frog tongue, no neural response was elicited. The concentrations necessary for 50% inhibition were approximately 3 X 10(-6)M for ruthenium red, 1 X 10(-5) M for quinacrine hydrochloride, 1 X 10 (-3) M for ethacrynic acid and 2 X 10(-4) M for 2,4-dinitrophenol. Organic mercurials, mersalyl acid and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, had no effect on the nueral response, but repeated application of these chemicals led to a permanent depression in receptor activity. Ouabain had no effect on either the neural response or receptor activity. These observations indicate that the receptor molecule of the frog water receptor has a similar property to that of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase of red-cell membrane in respect to the susceptibility to inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:125358", "title": "[Clinical picture and variants in the course of chronic postinfarction aneurysms of the heart].", "content": "The study is based on the analysis of 268 patients with chronic postinfarction aneurysms of the heart, 190 of whom were operated. Clinical characteristics of postinfarction cardiac aneurysms are presented, and several symptoms typical for this pathology are singled out: pericardial pulsation, low pulse volume, tachycardia, outward shift of the left margin of the heart, galloping atrial rhythm. Proceeding from a careful analysis of the clinical material an original classification of the variants of the clinical course of chronic postinfarction carrdiac aneurysms is introduced: 1) with prevailing chronic coronary insufficiency; 2) with combined chronic coronary and cardiac insufficiency; 3) with prevailing cardiac insufficiency.", "contents": "[Clinical picture and variants in the course of chronic postinfarction aneurysms of the heart]. The study is based on the analysis of 268 patients with chronic postinfarction aneurysms of the heart, 190 of whom were operated. Clinical characteristics of postinfarction cardiac aneurysms are presented, and several symptoms typical for this pathology are singled out: pericardial pulsation, low pulse volume, tachycardia, outward shift of the left margin of the heart, galloping atrial rhythm. Proceeding from a careful analysis of the clinical material an original classification of the variants of the clinical course of chronic postinfarction carrdiac aneurysms is introduced: 1) with prevailing chronic coronary insufficiency; 2) with combined chronic coronary and cardiac insufficiency; 3) with prevailing cardiac insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:125360", "title": "Diffuse glomerulonephritis in rabbits with Streptococcus viridans endocarditis.", "content": "Intravenous administration of live microorganisms to rabitts with cardiac catheters produces an experimental model of infective endocarditis. Despite the development of infected valvular vegetations, positive blood cultures, splenomegaly, and focal embolic renallesions, glomerulonephritis has not been found in these animals. In the present study, acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, featuring endothelial and mesangial proliferation, capillary occlusion, and leukocytic infiltration was produced in rabbits immunized withthe infecting agent prior to the establishment of left sided alpha-streptococcal endocarditis. Controls receiving immunization alone, immunization and sterileendocarditis, or infective endocarditis alone did not develop diffuse glomerulonephritis. Electron microscopic findings of occasional subendothelial electron-dense deposits and immunofluorescence deposition of IgG and C3 in a peripheral  granular capillary pattern were consistent with an immune complex type nephritis. Decreased serum complement levels were demonstrated in those animals developing diffuse glomerulonephritis, and some animals developed circulating rheumatoid factor. In view of the morphologic findings and the necessity of preimmunization for development of glomerular changes, it is concluded that immune mechanisms play a role in the diffuse glomerulonephritis associated with this model of infective endocarditis.", "contents": "Diffuse glomerulonephritis in rabbits with Streptococcus viridans endocarditis. Intravenous administration of live microorganisms to rabitts with cardiac catheters produces an experimental model of infective endocarditis. Despite the development of infected valvular vegetations, positive blood cultures, splenomegaly, and focal embolic renallesions, glomerulonephritis has not been found in these animals. In the present study, acute diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, featuring endothelial and mesangial proliferation, capillary occlusion, and leukocytic infiltration was produced in rabbits immunized withthe infecting agent prior to the establishment of left sided alpha-streptococcal endocarditis. Controls receiving immunization alone, immunization and sterileendocarditis, or infective endocarditis alone did not develop diffuse glomerulonephritis. Electron microscopic findings of occasional subendothelial electron-dense deposits and immunofluorescence deposition of IgG and C3 in a peripheral  granular capillary pattern were consistent with an immune complex type nephritis. Decreased serum complement levels were demonstrated in those animals developing diffuse glomerulonephritis, and some animals developed circulating rheumatoid factor. In view of the morphologic findings and the necessity of preimmunization for development of glomerular changes, it is concluded that immune mechanisms play a role in the diffuse glomerulonephritis associated with this model of infective endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:125361", "title": "Experimental glomerulonephritis in the mouse associated with mesangial deposition ofautologous ferritin immune complexes.", "content": "Mice undergoing prolonged (5 to 8 weeks) immunization with cadium-free feeritin were studied 1 to 32 days following the last ferritin injection.  Urine protein was measured and renal tissue examined by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy.  Immunized animals developed significant proteinuria and circulating antibody to ferritin.by light microscopy, proetinuric animals had a proliferative glomerular lesion with mesangial hypercellularity and martrix increase, focal and segmental necrosis, fibrin deposits, and occasional crescents.  Iron stains revealed prominent mesangial iron deposition.  In immunized animals, IgG and C3 deposits were localized mainly in the mesanglium.  Electron microscopic studies revealed marked deposition of ferratin complexesexpanded mesangial matrix and mesangial interposition.  Ferratin immune complexes were also visualized in epithelial spaces.  In the latter location ferritin immune complexes occasionally formed characteristic electron-dense subepithelial deposits.  In this model, mesangial and subepithelial localization of autologous ferritin immune complexes is associated with development of glomerulonephritis and characteristic mesangial lesions resembling those seen in some types of human glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Experimental glomerulonephritis in the mouse associated with mesangial deposition ofautologous ferritin immune complexes. Mice undergoing prolonged (5 to 8 weeks) immunization with cadium-free feeritin were studied 1 to 32 days following the last ferritin injection.  Urine protein was measured and renal tissue examined by light, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopy.  Immunized animals developed significant proteinuria and circulating antibody to ferritin.by light microscopy, proetinuric animals had a proliferative glomerular lesion with mesangial hypercellularity and martrix increase, focal and segmental necrosis, fibrin deposits, and occasional crescents.  Iron stains revealed prominent mesangial iron deposition.  In immunized animals, IgG and C3 deposits were localized mainly in the mesanglium.  Electron microscopic studies revealed marked deposition of ferratin complexesexpanded mesangial matrix and mesangial interposition.  Ferratin immune complexes were also visualized in epithelial spaces.  In the latter location ferritin immune complexes occasionally formed characteristic electron-dense subepithelial deposits.  In this model, mesangial and subepithelial localization of autologous ferritin immune complexes is associated with development of glomerulonephritis and characteristic mesangial lesions resembling those seen in some types of human glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:125365", "title": "The effect of continued cigarette smoking on the patency of synthetic vascular grafts in Leriche syndrome.", "content": "The effects of continued smoking were studied in 187 consecutive patients who underwent aorto-iliac or aorto-femoral grafting because of Leriche disease and who left the hospital with well-functioning grafts. The patients were divided into the following groups: (1) never smoked, (2) stopped smoking after the operation, (3) continued to smoke less than a pack a day and (4) continued to smoke more than a pack a day. The patency of the grafts was evaluated at regular intervals during a follow-up period ranging from 6 months to 10 years. A significant difference in the patency in the favor of the nonsmokers was found, with the \"more than one pack a day\" group having more than triple the occlusion rate of the nonsmokers, both absolutely and in month-patency time. We recommend that the surgeon make a most sincere effect to induce patients undergoing vascular operations for occlusive vascular diseases to give up smoking. Failure to promise to stop the smoking habit should be regarded as a relatively strong contraindication for surgery in patients not directly threatened with loss of an extremity.", "contents": "The effect of continued cigarette smoking on the patency of synthetic vascular grafts in Leriche syndrome. The effects of continued smoking were studied in 187 consecutive patients who underwent aorto-iliac or aorto-femoral grafting because of Leriche disease and who left the hospital with well-functioning grafts. The patients were divided into the following groups: (1) never smoked, (2) stopped smoking after the operation, (3) continued to smoke less than a pack a day and (4) continued to smoke more than a pack a day. The patency of the grafts was evaluated at regular intervals during a follow-up period ranging from 6 months to 10 years. A significant difference in the patency in the favor of the nonsmokers was found, with the \"more than one pack a day\" group having more than triple the occlusion rate of the nonsmokers, both absolutely and in month-patency time. We recommend that the surgeon make a most sincere effect to induce patients undergoing vascular operations for occlusive vascular diseases to give up smoking. Failure to promise to stop the smoking habit should be regarded as a relatively strong contraindication for surgery in patients not directly threatened with loss of an extremity."}
{"id": "PMID:125366", "title": "Cystic thymoma simulating contrictive pericarditis. The role of echocardiography in the differential diagnosis.", "content": "A case is presented of a 60-year-old woman with fatigue, dyspnea, and chest pain. A chest x-ray film revealed an abnormal cardiac silhouette. Echocardiography revealed a large, echo-free area with well-demarcated, discrete borders adjacent to the right heart border. This structure decreased in size with inspiration and did not show pulsatile cardiac motion. Cardiac catheterization confirmed the extracardiac nature of the lesion and also showed a \"constrictive\" pattern with equalization of diastolic pressures. Surgical exploration revealed a large cystic thymoma. With removal of the tumor, intracardiac pressures returned to normal.", "contents": "Cystic thymoma simulating contrictive pericarditis. The role of echocardiography in the differential diagnosis. A case is presented of a 60-year-old woman with fatigue, dyspnea, and chest pain. A chest x-ray film revealed an abnormal cardiac silhouette. Echocardiography revealed a large, echo-free area with well-demarcated, discrete borders adjacent to the right heart border. This structure decreased in size with inspiration and did not show pulsatile cardiac motion. Cardiac catheterization confirmed the extracardiac nature of the lesion and also showed a \"constrictive\" pattern with equalization of diastolic pressures. Surgical exploration revealed a large cystic thymoma. With removal of the tumor, intracardiac pressures returned to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:125367", "title": "Preclotting of knitted Dacron prosthesis. A scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "A scanning electron microscope study of preclotting on knitted Dacron prosthesis is reported. Five steps of the interaction are well identified: (1) before any blood contact (virgin Dacron), (2) during the first 3 minutes (fibrin and platelet aggregates), (3) fifth minute of contact (clotting), (4) 15 minutes of contact with heparinized blood (thin fibrin network), and (5) the following minutes (invasion of fibrin, which enmeshes blood cells).", "contents": "Preclotting of knitted Dacron prosthesis. A scanning electron microscope study. A scanning electron microscope study of preclotting on knitted Dacron prosthesis is reported. Five steps of the interaction are well identified: (1) before any blood contact (virgin Dacron), (2) during the first 3 minutes (fibrin and platelet aggregates), (3) fifth minute of contact (clotting), (4) 15 minutes of contact with heparinized blood (thin fibrin network), and (5) the following minutes (invasion of fibrin, which enmeshes blood cells)."}
{"id": "PMID:125368", "title": "Surgical correction of congenital left coronary artery-main pulmonary artery fistula in association with anomalous right coronary artery.", "content": "The association of a left coronary artery-main pulmonary artery fistula and an anomalous right coronary artery originating from the main pulmonary artery is the subject of this report. This unique combination of congenital cardiac anomalies establishes a double coronary steal from the left coronary artery, which hemodynamically represents the sole source of myocardial perfusion. The left coronary artery-main pulmonary artery fistula was closed and the coexisting anomalous right coronary artery reimplanted into the anterior aspect of the ascencing aorta. A dual coronary supply was therefore established and thus eliminated the potential threat of total myocardial ischemia should the left coronary artery become critically compromised. Patency of both the left coronary artery and the transplanted right coronary artery was documented 1 year postoperatively by aortic root angiography.", "contents": "Surgical correction of congenital left coronary artery-main pulmonary artery fistula in association with anomalous right coronary artery. The association of a left coronary artery-main pulmonary artery fistula and an anomalous right coronary artery originating from the main pulmonary artery is the subject of this report. This unique combination of congenital cardiac anomalies establishes a double coronary steal from the left coronary artery, which hemodynamically represents the sole source of myocardial perfusion. The left coronary artery-main pulmonary artery fistula was closed and the coexisting anomalous right coronary artery reimplanted into the anterior aspect of the ascencing aorta. A dual coronary supply was therefore established and thus eliminated the potential threat of total myocardial ischemia should the left coronary artery become critically compromised. Patency of both the left coronary artery and the transplanted right coronary artery was documented 1 year postoperatively by aortic root angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:125369", "title": "Traumatic coronary artery-right heart fistula. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "Although the left coronary artery is the most frequently injured vessel of the heart, traumatic fistulas appear more often in the right coronary vessels, as the initial injury to the left coronary artery usually results in early death prior to hospitalization. Indications for surgical repair include cardiac decompensation and signs of shunt progression. In asymptomatic patients with no changes in cardiac function, consideration for repair includes the following: (1) enlargement of the fistula, causing a large runofff into the low-pressure chamber, and reduction of blood supply to the local myocardium distal to the fistula; (2) progressive dilatation of a pseudoaneurysm when it exists; and (3) the presence of bacterial endarteritis. Surgery usually has been indicated in reported cases of coronary artery fistula. Conservative management is applicable when the shunt is small and cardiac function is normal, as evidenced by the present case report and the first case cited in the literature. Oversewing of the area of the fistula and bypass grafting from the ascending aorta to the distal coronary tree might provide an additional mode of management in selected cases.", "contents": "Traumatic coronary artery-right heart fistula. Report of a case and review of the literature. Although the left coronary artery is the most frequently injured vessel of the heart, traumatic fistulas appear more often in the right coronary vessels, as the initial injury to the left coronary artery usually results in early death prior to hospitalization. Indications for surgical repair include cardiac decompensation and signs of shunt progression. In asymptomatic patients with no changes in cardiac function, consideration for repair includes the following: (1) enlargement of the fistula, causing a large runofff into the low-pressure chamber, and reduction of blood supply to the local myocardium distal to the fistula; (2) progressive dilatation of a pseudoaneurysm when it exists; and (3) the presence of bacterial endarteritis. Surgery usually has been indicated in reported cases of coronary artery fistula. Conservative management is applicable when the shunt is small and cardiac function is normal, as evidenced by the present case report and the first case cited in the literature. Oversewing of the area of the fistula and bypass grafting from the ascending aorta to the distal coronary tree might provide an additional mode of management in selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:125370", "title": "Left ventricular outflow obstruction in Taussig-Bing malformation.", "content": "In a patient recently undergoing total intracardiac repair of the Taussing-Bing malformation the immediate cause of death appeared to be an obstruction to left ventricular outflow. Examination of this and other specimens of Taussig-Bing malformations revealed that the obstruction appeared to be a portion of the pulmonary conus. This area may be overlooked in the preoperative evaluation and is so located that the obstructive nature of this muscle mass may not be appreciated at the time of surgical repair. The obstructive part of the pulmonary conus can be excised and this appears to be a more common component of the Taussig-Bing anomaly than has previously been appreciated.", "contents": "Left ventricular outflow obstruction in Taussig-Bing malformation. In a patient recently undergoing total intracardiac repair of the Taussing-Bing malformation the immediate cause of death appeared to be an obstruction to left ventricular outflow. Examination of this and other specimens of Taussig-Bing malformations revealed that the obstruction appeared to be a portion of the pulmonary conus. This area may be overlooked in the preoperative evaluation and is so located that the obstructive nature of this muscle mass may not be appreciated at the time of surgical repair. The obstructive part of the pulmonary conus can be excised and this appears to be a more common component of the Taussig-Bing anomaly than has previously been appreciated."}
{"id": "PMID:125371", "title": "Thrombus generation within the artificial heart.", "content": "The sites of thrombus formation in the Jarvik III artificial heart were studied in 20 consecutive calf experiments. Identical design and implantation procedures were used with two different surfaces. The 10 anticoagulated calves receiving Dacron-fibrilized silicone rubber surfaces survived an average of 296 hours. In contrast, the 10 nonanticoagulated calves with smooth poyurethane hearts survived 545 hours. The polyurethane surfaces were constantly clean. However, the rough surfaces were coated with variable amounts of thrombi. The sharp angle between the diaphragm and housing contained varying amounts of thrombi deposits in 75 per cent of the cases. Thrombe deposition occurred on 41 per cent of the valves. These thrombe were the source of emboli into the kidney, brain, and lungs. Turbulences and stagnation areas generated thrombus formation. Anticoagulation did not prevent thrombus formation. It would appear that heart free of turbulence and stagnation areas must be designed to eliminate thromboembolism.", "contents": "Thrombus generation within the artificial heart. The sites of thrombus formation in the Jarvik III artificial heart were studied in 20 consecutive calf experiments. Identical design and implantation procedures were used with two different surfaces. The 10 anticoagulated calves receiving Dacron-fibrilized silicone rubber surfaces survived an average of 296 hours. In contrast, the 10 nonanticoagulated calves with smooth poyurethane hearts survived 545 hours. The polyurethane surfaces were constantly clean. However, the rough surfaces were coated with variable amounts of thrombi. The sharp angle between the diaphragm and housing contained varying amounts of thrombi deposits in 75 per cent of the cases. Thrombe deposition occurred on 41 per cent of the valves. These thrombe were the source of emboli into the kidney, brain, and lungs. Turbulences and stagnation areas generated thrombus formation. Anticoagulation did not prevent thrombus formation. It would appear that heart free of turbulence and stagnation areas must be designed to eliminate thromboembolism."}
{"id": "PMID:125372", "title": "Effect of intrahepatically implanted islets of Langerhans on hepatic function in the rat.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus is satisfactorily controlled in the rat by hepatic implantation of isolated, isologous pancreatic islets.  The transplanted islets appear to be viable for at least 6 months after implantation, and hepatic function studies (serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, prothrombin time) and microscopic examination indicate that they do not interfere with hepatic function.", "contents": "Effect of intrahepatically implanted islets of Langerhans on hepatic function in the rat. Diabetes mellitus is satisfactorily controlled in the rat by hepatic implantation of isolated, isologous pancreatic islets.  The transplanted islets appear to be viable for at least 6 months after implantation, and hepatic function studies (serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase, prothrombin time) and microscopic examination indicate that they do not interfere with hepatic function."}
{"id": "PMID:125374", "title": "Australia antigen, autoantibodies and cell-mediated immune responses in patients with Down's syndrome.", "content": "The prevalence of Au antigen, autoantibodies and impaired cell-mediated immune responses was studied in 66 patients with Down's sydrome and 66 other mentally retarded patients in a South Australian institution. The antigen was detected in three of the former and none of the latter. This unexpectedly low carrier rate in patients with Down's syndrome was thought to be due either to good hygiene and state of nutrition in the institution or to the high age of which the patients had been admitted to hospital (eight to nine years). Because of the incompleteness of the association between impairment of cell-mediated immunity and antigen carriage, it was thought unlikely that the former was the sole reason for the latter.", "contents": "Australia antigen, autoantibodies and cell-mediated immune responses in patients with Down's syndrome. The prevalence of Au antigen, autoantibodies and impaired cell-mediated immune responses was studied in 66 patients with Down's sydrome and 66 other mentally retarded patients in a South Australian institution. The antigen was detected in three of the former and none of the latter. This unexpectedly low carrier rate in patients with Down's syndrome was thought to be due either to good hygiene and state of nutrition in the institution or to the high age of which the patients had been admitted to hospital (eight to nine years). Because of the incompleteness of the association between impairment of cell-mediated immunity and antigen carriage, it was thought unlikely that the former was the sole reason for the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:125376", "title": "Bacterial flora of the ear, nose and throat in aboriginal infants from brisbane and cherbourg.", "content": "A total of 1,044 nose and throat swabs and 54 ear swabs were collected from 219 Aboriginal babies in Brisbane and at Cherbourg over a two-and-a-half year period.  The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus was found to be similar for both localities (approximately 20% in nasal swabs and 12% in throat swabs).  Enterobacteria were found much more commonly at Cherbourg (43% in nasal swabs, 60% in throat swabs).  Fifty-four ear swabs produced a wide variety of organisms with proteus species most common.  Changes in the nose and throat flora over the period of examination are noted.", "contents": "Bacterial flora of the ear, nose and throat in aboriginal infants from brisbane and cherbourg. A total of 1,044 nose and throat swabs and 54 ear swabs were collected from 219 Aboriginal babies in Brisbane and at Cherbourg over a two-and-a-half year period.  The incidence of Staphylococcus aureus was found to be similar for both localities (approximately 20% in nasal swabs and 12% in throat swabs).  Enterobacteria were found much more commonly at Cherbourg (43% in nasal swabs, 60% in throat swabs).  Fifty-four ear swabs produced a wide variety of organisms with proteus species most common.  Changes in the nose and throat flora over the period of examination are noted."}
{"id": "PMID:125378", "title": "[Ventilation and pulmonary perfusion in chronic obstructive airways disease under Fominoben author's transl].", "content": "In 20 patients with chronic obstructive airways disease the distribution of ventilation and perfusion was measured by means of scintigraphy before and after giving Fominoben, a new respiratory stimulant substance. Perfusion and ventilation which in most patients were preferentially distributed to the apices of the lung could be redistributed to a considerable degree to the lower lung zones in 17 patients (perfusion) and 13 patients (ventilation) respectively. In 4 of the 7 patients where the recaudalisation of both perfusion and ventilation was not observed both parameters remained unchanged or moved both further to the apex. The reasons for the preferential perfusion and ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease and the mechanism of the redistribution under Fominoben are discussed. The question of autoregulation of ventilation and perfusion is shortly dealt with.", "contents": "[Ventilation and pulmonary perfusion in chronic obstructive airways disease under Fominoben author's transl]. In 20 patients with chronic obstructive airways disease the distribution of ventilation and perfusion was measured by means of scintigraphy before and after giving Fominoben, a new respiratory stimulant substance. Perfusion and ventilation which in most patients were preferentially distributed to the apices of the lung could be redistributed to a considerable degree to the lower lung zones in 17 patients (perfusion) and 13 patients (ventilation) respectively. In 4 of the 7 patients where the recaudalisation of both perfusion and ventilation was not observed both parameters remained unchanged or moved both further to the apex. The reasons for the preferential perfusion and ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive airways disease and the mechanism of the redistribution under Fominoben are discussed. The question of autoregulation of ventilation and perfusion is shortly dealt with."}
{"id": "PMID:125379", "title": "[Incidence of ampicillin rashes in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "In a retrospective clinical trial 6056 pediatric medical records were analysed concerning the incidence of ampicillin rashes. Out of this population 1482 children of different agegroups were treated with ampicillin for various diagnoses. 44 rashes had developed in patients, equivalent to an overall incidence of rashes attributable to ampicillin of 2.9%. 907 newborns, in the age of 0 until 30 days, did not show any exanthema; elder babies, aged 31 until to 365 days, showed an incidence of rashes associated with ampicillin therapy in 4.06%. Children of the age-groups 1 to 4, and 5 to 15 years had developed skin reactions in 9.9% and 8.8%, respectively. If the large group of newborn babies is not taken in account, the average incidence of ampicillin rashes increases from 2.9% to 7.6%. Eruption of exanthema after start of ampicillin therapy occured changed between the 1st and 21st day, usually after 4 and 5 or 7 to 12 days. The mostly morbilliform rashes vanished in the average after 2 to 4 days. In the beginning of or during exanthema the number of eosinophile leucocytes was increased in 30% of patients. In 93% the ampicillin therapy was ended after skin reactions were noticed; the rashes of children, who were treated further with ampicillin, did not show any difference to those exanthema of children, whose therapy was stopped.", "contents": "[Incidence of ampicillin rashes in childhood (author's transl)]. In a retrospective clinical trial 6056 pediatric medical records were analysed concerning the incidence of ampicillin rashes. Out of this population 1482 children of different agegroups were treated with ampicillin for various diagnoses. 44 rashes had developed in patients, equivalent to an overall incidence of rashes attributable to ampicillin of 2.9%. 907 newborns, in the age of 0 until 30 days, did not show any exanthema; elder babies, aged 31 until to 365 days, showed an incidence of rashes associated with ampicillin therapy in 4.06%. Children of the age-groups 1 to 4, and 5 to 15 years had developed skin reactions in 9.9% and 8.8%, respectively. If the large group of newborn babies is not taken in account, the average incidence of ampicillin rashes increases from 2.9% to 7.6%. Eruption of exanthema after start of ampicillin therapy occured changed between the 1st and 21st day, usually after 4 and 5 or 7 to 12 days. The mostly morbilliform rashes vanished in the average after 2 to 4 days. In the beginning of or during exanthema the number of eosinophile leucocytes was increased in 30% of patients. In 93% the ampicillin therapy was ended after skin reactions were noticed; the rashes of children, who were treated further with ampicillin, did not show any difference to those exanthema of children, whose therapy was stopped."}
{"id": "PMID:125381", "title": "[Xanthofibrogranulomatosis, pontine glioma, multiple nevocytic nevi and albinism (authors transl)].", "content": "A case of retroperitoneal fibrosis with ureter compression is reported. Clinical picture and course were determined by the presence of an additional tumor (astrospongoblastoma) of the pons. Extraretroperitoneal tissue changes found at post mortem examination were shown histologically to be foreign tissues of the same type deposited in the retroperitoneal space (disseminated xanthofibrogranuloma). Possible connections between the disseminated xanthofibrogranuloma, the pontine tumor and an albinism also present and multiple nevocytic nevi of the skin are discussed.", "contents": "[Xanthofibrogranulomatosis, pontine glioma, multiple nevocytic nevi and albinism (authors transl)]. A case of retroperitoneal fibrosis with ureter compression is reported. Clinical picture and course were determined by the presence of an additional tumor (astrospongoblastoma) of the pons. Extraretroperitoneal tissue changes found at post mortem examination were shown histologically to be foreign tissues of the same type deposited in the retroperitoneal space (disseminated xanthofibrogranuloma). Possible connections between the disseminated xanthofibrogranuloma, the pontine tumor and an albinism also present and multiple nevocytic nevi of the skin are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125389", "title": "Caffeine and the antiparkinsonian response to levodopa or piribedil.", "content": "The ability of orally administered caffeine to modify the antiparkinsonian efficacy of levodopa of piribedil, a putative dopamine receptor against, was studied in six patients. At doses that induced unequivocal central nervous system stimulation, caffeine produced no change in the therapeutic response to either antiparkinsonian agent. On the other hand, patients with levodopa dyskinesias reported an increase in the duration of their involuntary movements with caffeine coadministration. Since caffeine is known to stimulate both dopaminergic mechanisms and motor activity in the experimental animal, the results of this study cast doubt on the value of these factors as predictors of therapeutic efficacy in parkinsonian patients.", "contents": "Caffeine and the antiparkinsonian response to levodopa or piribedil. The ability of orally administered caffeine to modify the antiparkinsonian efficacy of levodopa of piribedil, a putative dopamine receptor against, was studied in six patients. At doses that induced unequivocal central nervous system stimulation, caffeine produced no change in the therapeutic response to either antiparkinsonian agent. On the other hand, patients with levodopa dyskinesias reported an increase in the duration of their involuntary movements with caffeine coadministration. Since caffeine is known to stimulate both dopaminergic mechanisms and motor activity in the experimental animal, the results of this study cast doubt on the value of these factors as predictors of therapeutic efficacy in parkinsonian patients."}
{"id": "PMID:125392", "title": "The abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome.", "content": "Entrapment of the abdominal segmental nerves within the rectus abdominis muscle may produce abdominal pain simulating surgical or genito-urinary disease. The diagnosis can be made by localising with one finger an area of tenderness close to the lateral border of the muscle. Pressure at this site will usually reproduce the pain and precise injection of local anaesthetic will abolish the pain immediately. Effective long-term relief is usually obtained by the injection of long acting steroid or a small volume of 7 percent aqueous phenol.", "contents": "The abdominal cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome. Entrapment of the abdominal segmental nerves within the rectus abdominis muscle may produce abdominal pain simulating surgical or genito-urinary disease. The diagnosis can be made by localising with one finger an area of tenderness close to the lateral border of the muscle. Pressure at this site will usually reproduce the pain and precise injection of local anaesthetic will abolish the pain immediately. Effective long-term relief is usually obtained by the injection of long acting steroid or a small volume of 7 percent aqueous phenol."}
{"id": "PMID:125393", "title": "Clinical and radiological assessment of leg length.", "content": "This paper compares a clinical and a radiological method of measuring leg-length discrepancy in 107 adults, showing that clinical estimation is unreliable and suggesting that moderate degrees of leg-length difference play little, if any, part in the aetiology of backache.", "contents": "Clinical and radiological assessment of leg length. This paper compares a clinical and a radiological method of measuring leg-length discrepancy in 107 adults, showing that clinical estimation is unreliable and suggesting that moderate degrees of leg-length difference play little, if any, part in the aetiology of backache."}
{"id": "PMID:125396", "title": "Laparoscopic tubal surgery in infertility.", "content": "Besides its diagnostic value, laparoscopy is a useful operative tool in the treatment of infertility. We have used dilatation of phimotic tubal ostia and salpingolysis by laparoscopy as our primary approach. In the total series of 33 cases a pregnancy rate of 42.1 percent was obtained.", "contents": "Laparoscopic tubal surgery in infertility. Besides its diagnostic value, laparoscopy is a useful operative tool in the treatment of infertility. We have used dilatation of phimotic tubal ostia and salpingolysis by laparoscopy as our primary approach. In the total series of 33 cases a pregnancy rate of 42.1 percent was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:125397", "title": "Treatment of endometriosis with an antigonadotropin, Danazol. A laparoscopic and histologic evaluation.", "content": "Antigonadotropin (Danazol) was administered to 39 patients with endometriosis diagnosed at laparoscopy and confirmed by laparoscopic biopsy. None of the patients had surgical resection of the lesion prior to the treatment. While on the drug, all patients developed evidence of ovarian suppression both in regard to ovulation and steroidogenesis. The results were evaluated by repeat laparoscopy and biopsy. The extent of the disease was documented before and after treatment by photography and drawing. There was marked decrease in the extent of endometriosis after treatment: 59% of patients had no evidence of disease, 26% had peritoneal adhesions and hemosiderin deposits but no active endometriosis, and 15% had residual endometriosis. Histology in the latter group revealed atrophic changes in the uterine and ectopic endometrium and the evidence of a healing process.", "contents": "Treatment of endometriosis with an antigonadotropin, Danazol. A laparoscopic and histologic evaluation. Antigonadotropin (Danazol) was administered to 39 patients with endometriosis diagnosed at laparoscopy and confirmed by laparoscopic biopsy. None of the patients had surgical resection of the lesion prior to the treatment. While on the drug, all patients developed evidence of ovarian suppression both in regard to ovulation and steroidogenesis. The results were evaluated by repeat laparoscopy and biopsy. The extent of the disease was documented before and after treatment by photography and drawing. There was marked decrease in the extent of endometriosis after treatment: 59% of patients had no evidence of disease, 26% had peritoneal adhesions and hemosiderin deposits but no active endometriosis, and 15% had residual endometriosis. Histology in the latter group revealed atrophic changes in the uterine and ectopic endometrium and the evidence of a healing process."}
{"id": "PMID:125398", "title": "Ovarian and adrenal contributions to peripheral androgens in hirsute women.", "content": "Serum levels of testosterone (T), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P), and cortisol (F) were measured in 33 hirsute women. Ten were hirsute and eumenorrheic (H-E), and 23 were hirsute and oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic (H-OA). Daily morning blood samples were obtained for 6 consecutive days. Dexamethasone (Dex), 2 mg/day was administered starting after venipuncture on the second day and continuing for 5 days. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was administered intramuscularly on the afternoon of the fourth and fifth days. The mean levels of all steroids measured under basal conditions in the hirsute women as a group were significantly  elevated when compared to nonhirsute premenopausal women. Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate was the only steroid which showed significantly different mean levels between the two groups of hirsute women, being higher in the H-OA patients. Individual hirsute patients showed an elevated serum 17-P level as the most consistent finding; it was present in 90% of the patients in both groups. Significantly more H-E patients showed Dex-suppressible DHT (90% vs 40%; P less than 0.05) and A (70% vs 25%; P less than 0.05) than did H-OA patients. Dex-suppressibility of 17-P was observed in only 20% of the H-E and 15% of H-OA patients. A positive response to hCG was observed in all patients for serum 17-P and in about half or less of the patients for the other steroids. These dynamic tests of adrenal suppression and ovarian stimulation suggest that the ovary may be the main source of 17-P overproduction in both groups of patients. Although 17-P has been previously postulated to have androgenic activity, it is not yet known whether this steroid has a causal relationship to hirsutism.", "contents": "Ovarian and adrenal contributions to peripheral androgens in hirsute women. Serum levels of testosterone (T), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEA-S), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P), and cortisol (F) were measured in 33 hirsute women. Ten were hirsute and eumenorrheic (H-E), and 23 were hirsute and oligomenorrheic or amenorrheic (H-OA). Daily morning blood samples were obtained for 6 consecutive days. Dexamethasone (Dex), 2 mg/day was administered starting after venipuncture on the second day and continuing for 5 days. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) was administered intramuscularly on the afternoon of the fourth and fifth days. The mean levels of all steroids measured under basal conditions in the hirsute women as a group were significantly  elevated when compared to nonhirsute premenopausal women. Dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate was the only steroid which showed significantly different mean levels between the two groups of hirsute women, being higher in the H-OA patients. Individual hirsute patients showed an elevated serum 17-P level as the most consistent finding; it was present in 90% of the patients in both groups. Significantly more H-E patients showed Dex-suppressible DHT (90% vs 40%; P less than 0.05) and A (70% vs 25%; P less than 0.05) than did H-OA patients. Dex-suppressibility of 17-P was observed in only 20% of the H-E and 15% of H-OA patients. A positive response to hCG was observed in all patients for serum 17-P and in about half or less of the patients for the other steroids. These dynamic tests of adrenal suppression and ovarian stimulation suggest that the ovary may be the main source of 17-P overproduction in both groups of patients. Although 17-P has been previously postulated to have androgenic activity, it is not yet known whether this steroid has a causal relationship to hirsutism."}
{"id": "PMID:125399", "title": "Female sterilization. II. A comparison of methods.", "content": "An analysis was made of 1757 female sterilization procedures performed over a 5 1/2-year period. The majority of these were accomplished by one of 8 technics: puerperal abdominal tubal ligation (TL), cesarean section plus TL, hysterotomy plus TL, interval abdominal TL, colpotomy TL, laparoscopic TL, vaginal hysterectomy, and abdominal hysterectomy. The various technics have been compared with respect to 55 variables. The procedures having the shortest hospital stay, lowest morbidity, lowest blood loss, and shortest operating time were interval laparoscopic TL, colpotomy TO, and puerperal abdominal TL. The more major procedures were attended by significantly more morbidity and longer hospitalization and should be used only when specific indications justify the increased cost and risk.", "contents": "Female sterilization. II. A comparison of methods. An analysis was made of 1757 female sterilization procedures performed over a 5 1/2-year period. The majority of these were accomplished by one of 8 technics: puerperal abdominal tubal ligation (TL), cesarean section plus TL, hysterotomy plus TL, interval abdominal TL, colpotomy TL, laparoscopic TL, vaginal hysterectomy, and abdominal hysterectomy. The various technics have been compared with respect to 55 variables. The procedures having the shortest hospital stay, lowest morbidity, lowest blood loss, and shortest operating time were interval laparoscopic TL, colpotomy TO, and puerperal abdominal TL. The more major procedures were attended by significantly more morbidity and longer hospitalization and should be used only when specific indications justify the increased cost and risk."}
{"id": "PMID:125400", "title": "Composite materials for dental implants.", "content": "The requirements of endosteal dental implants are unique and stringent. The materials currently applied to implantation do not offer convincing evidence of satisfying these needs. This preliminary study reports on attempts at developing materials which would aid in obtaining a mucosal seal to maintain the integrity of the osseous, periosteal, and submucosal compartments from the oral environment and the attachment to bone as related to stress distribution. The materials that were under study were ceramic bonded to base metals and Dacron.", "contents": "Composite materials for dental implants. The requirements of endosteal dental implants are unique and stringent. The materials currently applied to implantation do not offer convincing evidence of satisfying these needs. This preliminary study reports on attempts at developing materials which would aid in obtaining a mucosal seal to maintain the integrity of the osseous, periosteal, and submucosal compartments from the oral environment and the attachment to bone as related to stress distribution. The materials that were under study were ceramic bonded to base metals and Dacron."}
{"id": "PMID:125401", "title": "[Study of the concentration of glycosaminoglycans in cartilage from normal and osteoarthritic femoral head].", "content": "The biochemical composition of cartilage was studied in relation to the site of the sample and the age on 20 normal femoral heads and in relation to the histological appearance of the tissues on 34 arthrosic femoral heads. The collagen and glycosaminoglycan content of normal cartilage is identical in the four poles of the femoral head but becomes reduced with age. The chondroitin sulphate content falls slightly but slowly during ageing. In arthrosis, the glycosaminogylcan content is reduced when the cartilage is eroded and remains roughly normal when the cartilage is macroscopically normal or osteophytic. The cartilage of the osteophyte differs, however, radically from normal articular cartilage by a very high water content and by the presence of glycosaminoglycans which are mainly dialysiable. Similar modifications, that are less marked, occur in the macroscopically normal cartilage of the arthrosic femoral head and suggest the role of a disorder of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the etiology of certain cases of arthrosis.", "contents": "[Study of the concentration of glycosaminoglycans in cartilage from normal and osteoarthritic femoral head]. The biochemical composition of cartilage was studied in relation to the site of the sample and the age on 20 normal femoral heads and in relation to the histological appearance of the tissues on 34 arthrosic femoral heads. The collagen and glycosaminoglycan content of normal cartilage is identical in the four poles of the femoral head but becomes reduced with age. The chondroitin sulphate content falls slightly but slowly during ageing. In arthrosis, the glycosaminogylcan content is reduced when the cartilage is eroded and remains roughly normal when the cartilage is macroscopically normal or osteophytic. The cartilage of the osteophyte differs, however, radically from normal articular cartilage by a very high water content and by the presence of glycosaminoglycans which are mainly dialysiable. Similar modifications, that are less marked, occur in the macroscopically normal cartilage of the arthrosic femoral head and suggest the role of a disorder of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the etiology of certain cases of arthrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:125402", "title": "Sensitivity of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) to oleandomycin and spectinomycin.", "content": "Haemophilus vaginalis is highly sensitive to oleandomycin. The MIC ranged from 0.035 to 0.15 mug/ml. The sensitivity of H. vaginalis to spectinomycin was 2.5-5.0 mug/ml. The sensitivity of H. vaginalis to spectinomycin is 3-4 times higher than that of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A favourable effect in the treatment of vaginitis caused by H. vaginalis could thus be expected.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Haemophilus vaginalis (Corynebacterium vaginale) to oleandomycin and spectinomycin. Haemophilus vaginalis is highly sensitive to oleandomycin. The MIC ranged from 0.035 to 0.15 mug/ml. The sensitivity of H. vaginalis to spectinomycin was 2.5-5.0 mug/ml. The sensitivity of H. vaginalis to spectinomycin is 3-4 times higher than that of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A favourable effect in the treatment of vaginitis caused by H. vaginalis could thus be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:125404", "title": "A comparative study of heart myosin ATPase and light subunits from different species.", "content": "Heart myosin ATPase (measured with 10 mM CaCl2, and 0.60 M KCl) was found to be higher in rats (423 nmoles of Pi/min/mg) than in guinea-pig (268 nmoles of Pi/min/mg), dogs (139 nmoles of Pi/min/mg) or rabbits (94 nmoles of Pi/min/mg). Rat heart myosin ATPase was found to be higher than that from a pure red skeletal muscle myosin (soleus from guinea-pig: 286 nmoles/min/mg) and only one third lower than that from fast skeletal muscle myosin from rabbits. The heart myosin ATPase from rat, guinea-pig, and rabbit correlates with the maximum velocity of shortening at zero load of the myocardial muscle, as determined by other authors. These four cardiac muscle myosins have the same two light subunits (M.W.: 27000 and 18000) in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; one of them (M.W.: 18000) exists in guinea-pig and dog as two different molecules having a different charge, as shown in urea electrophoresis, but in the rat, this subunit is also unique in urea gel electrophoresis. Rat heart, apparently, does not possess the phosphorylated light subunit (M.W.: 18,000) described by others in rabbit heart myosin. Attempts have been made to obtain a highly purified myosin, but this procedure does not suppress the striking difference which exists between rat and dog heart myosin ATPase.", "contents": "A comparative study of heart myosin ATPase and light subunits from different species. Heart myosin ATPase (measured with 10 mM CaCl2, and 0.60 M KCl) was found to be higher in rats (423 nmoles of Pi/min/mg) than in guinea-pig (268 nmoles of Pi/min/mg), dogs (139 nmoles of Pi/min/mg) or rabbits (94 nmoles of Pi/min/mg). Rat heart myosin ATPase was found to be higher than that from a pure red skeletal muscle myosin (soleus from guinea-pig: 286 nmoles/min/mg) and only one third lower than that from fast skeletal muscle myosin from rabbits. The heart myosin ATPase from rat, guinea-pig, and rabbit correlates with the maximum velocity of shortening at zero load of the myocardial muscle, as determined by other authors. These four cardiac muscle myosins have the same two light subunits (M.W.: 27000 and 18000) in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; one of them (M.W.: 18000) exists in guinea-pig and dog as two different molecules having a different charge, as shown in urea electrophoresis, but in the rat, this subunit is also unique in urea gel electrophoresis. Rat heart, apparently, does not possess the phosphorylated light subunit (M.W.: 18,000) described by others in rabbit heart myosin. Attempts have been made to obtain a highly purified myosin, but this procedure does not suppress the striking difference which exists between rat and dog heart myosin ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:125405", "title": "Coronary blood flow in rats native to simulated high altitude and in rats exposed to it later in life.", "content": "In rats exposed to a simulated high altitude of 3500 m for their whole prenatal and postnatal life a severe cardiac hypertrophy develops. In rats born and first staying 5 weeks at sea level and then being exposed to simulated high altitude, only a unilateral right cardiac hypertrophy occurs. In both groups nutritional coronary blood flow was estimated in left ventricle, right ventricle, and septum and was compared with control animals of similar age. Coronary blood flow was measured at hypoxia in all groups. At first cardiac output was determined by the Fick principle, then  86Rb was applied and the animals were killed after 55 sec. Activity of 86Rb was measured in both cardiac ventricles and septum and the fractional uptake was calculated. According to Sapirstein (1956, 1958) the distribution of 86-RB follows the distribution of cardiac output and from both these data the nutritional blood flow to the parts of the heart may be estimated. Cardiac output was similar in rats exposed to simulated high altitude later in life ('newcomers') and in control animals, but it was significantly lower in rats born in the low pressure chamber ('natives'). Fractions of cardiac output supplying cardiac ventricles and septum in rats from both hypoxic groups were significantly higher than in control animals. In the 'natives' they were significantly higher than in the 'newcomers'. The fractions of cardiac output in both 'newcomers' and 'natives' remained significantly higher than those of the control animals, also when calculated per gram of heart tissue. Nutritional coronary blood flow (in ml/min) was higher in both ventricles and septum of the 'newcomers' and in the right ventricle of the 'natives', and lower in the septum of the 'natives', when compared with control animals. Coronary blood flow per gram of heart tissue (in ml/min.g) was significantly higher in all cardiac parts of the 'newcomers', but it was about the same in all cardiac parts of the 'natives' when compared with controls. The importance of observed changes concerning myocardial tissue oxygenation is analyzed by using Krogh's cylindrical tissue model.", "contents": "Coronary blood flow in rats native to simulated high altitude and in rats exposed to it later in life. In rats exposed to a simulated high altitude of 3500 m for their whole prenatal and postnatal life a severe cardiac hypertrophy develops. In rats born and first staying 5 weeks at sea level and then being exposed to simulated high altitude, only a unilateral right cardiac hypertrophy occurs. In both groups nutritional coronary blood flow was estimated in left ventricle, right ventricle, and septum and was compared with control animals of similar age. Coronary blood flow was measured at hypoxia in all groups. At first cardiac output was determined by the Fick principle, then  86Rb was applied and the animals were killed after 55 sec. Activity of 86Rb was measured in both cardiac ventricles and septum and the fractional uptake was calculated. According to Sapirstein (1956, 1958) the distribution of 86-RB follows the distribution of cardiac output and from both these data the nutritional blood flow to the parts of the heart may be estimated. Cardiac output was similar in rats exposed to simulated high altitude later in life ('newcomers') and in control animals, but it was significantly lower in rats born in the low pressure chamber ('natives'). Fractions of cardiac output supplying cardiac ventricles and septum in rats from both hypoxic groups were significantly higher than in control animals. In the 'natives' they were significantly higher than in the 'newcomers'. The fractions of cardiac output in both 'newcomers' and 'natives' remained significantly higher than those of the control animals, also when calculated per gram of heart tissue. Nutritional coronary blood flow (in ml/min) was higher in both ventricles and septum of the 'newcomers' and in the right ventricle of the 'natives', and lower in the septum of the 'natives', when compared with control animals. Coronary blood flow per gram of heart tissue (in ml/min.g) was significantly higher in all cardiac parts of the 'newcomers', but it was about the same in all cardiac parts of the 'natives' when compared with controls. The importance of observed changes concerning myocardial tissue oxygenation is analyzed by using Krogh's cylindrical tissue model."}
{"id": "PMID:125406", "title": "Changes in pancreatic tryptophan in the rat in response to fasting. The effect of B-cytotoxic agents and variation through the oestrous cycle.", "content": "The concentration of tryptophan not incorporated into protein or polypeptides in the pancreas of male rats rose two- to three-fold in response to a 24 hrs period of food deprivation. On refeeding or intra-peritoneal administration of glucose the level of tryptophan in the pancreas fell, while that in the serum rose. The pancrease B-cytotoxic agents alloxan and streptozotocin both abolished this response to fasting, while neutral red (an A-cytotoxic agent) had no effect. It therefore appears that the tryptophan which accumulates in the pancreas during fasting is located mainly in the B-cells of the Islets of Langerhans. In female rats, the concentration of tryptophan in the pancreas was greater at dioestrus than at any other stage of the oestrous cycle. The increase in pancreatic tryptophan was maximal at metoestrus and minimal at oestrus.", "contents": "Changes in pancreatic tryptophan in the rat in response to fasting. The effect of B-cytotoxic agents and variation through the oestrous cycle. The concentration of tryptophan not incorporated into protein or polypeptides in the pancreas of male rats rose two- to three-fold in response to a 24 hrs period of food deprivation. On refeeding or intra-peritoneal administration of glucose the level of tryptophan in the pancreas fell, while that in the serum rose. The pancrease B-cytotoxic agents alloxan and streptozotocin both abolished this response to fasting, while neutral red (an A-cytotoxic agent) had no effect. It therefore appears that the tryptophan which accumulates in the pancreas during fasting is located mainly in the B-cells of the Islets of Langerhans. In female rats, the concentration of tryptophan in the pancreas was greater at dioestrus than at any other stage of the oestrous cycle. The increase in pancreatic tryptophan was maximal at metoestrus and minimal at oestrus."}
{"id": "PMID:125407", "title": "Na-KATPase activity and intracellular ion concentrations in the lactating guinea pig mammary gland. Studies on Na-K activated adenosine triphosphatase, XXXVI.", "content": "The intracellular sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations in slices of lactating guinea pig mammary gland have been determined by chemical analysis and the use of appropriate values for extracellular space. These ion concentrations after 1 hr incubation at 37 degrees C in a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution are 45mM Na+, 138 mM K+ and 44 mM Cl-, which values are in agreement with those found in fresh mammary gland slices. Inhibition of the NaK activated ATPase cation pump system of the tissue by 10(-4)M ouabain, anoxia or cooling to 0 degrees C Causes a gain of Na+ and an equimolar loss of K+ without a significant change in chloride concentration. The effect of cooling (0 degrees C) is reversible by reincubation at 37 degrees C. Water content of the tissue (76.5% of wet weight) and extracellular space (40.5%) do not change under these conditions. The results permit the conclusion that the NaK activated ATPase system is responsible for the maintenance of the intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations, but do not support the presence of a chloride pump.", "contents": "Na-KATPase activity and intracellular ion concentrations in the lactating guinea pig mammary gland. Studies on Na-K activated adenosine triphosphatase, XXXVI. The intracellular sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations in slices of lactating guinea pig mammary gland have been determined by chemical analysis and the use of appropriate values for extracellular space. These ion concentrations after 1 hr incubation at 37 degrees C in a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution are 45mM Na+, 138 mM K+ and 44 mM Cl-, which values are in agreement with those found in fresh mammary gland slices. Inhibition of the NaK activated ATPase cation pump system of the tissue by 10(-4)M ouabain, anoxia or cooling to 0 degrees C Causes a gain of Na+ and an equimolar loss of K+ without a significant change in chloride concentration. The effect of cooling (0 degrees C) is reversible by reincubation at 37 degrees C. Water content of the tissue (76.5% of wet weight) and extracellular space (40.5%) do not change under these conditions. The results permit the conclusion that the NaK activated ATPase system is responsible for the maintenance of the intracellular Na+ and K+ concentrations, but do not support the presence of a chloride pump."}
{"id": "PMID:125408", "title": "Correlation of the dynamic behaviour of deefferented primary muscle spindle endings with their static behaviour.", "content": "20 deefferented primary muscle spindle endings, 8 afferents from the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) and 12 from the tibialis anterior muscle (TA), were investigated in 12 anesthetized cats. Dynamic responses of muscle spindles to ramp stretches were correlated with their static responses. The variation in the state and dynamic behaviour was found to be interdependent. The correlation coefficients were higher for EDL spindles than for TA spindles. The correlation coefficients depended upon the definition of the dynamic responses.", "contents": "Correlation of the dynamic behaviour of deefferented primary muscle spindle endings with their static behaviour. 20 deefferented primary muscle spindle endings, 8 afferents from the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) and 12 from the tibialis anterior muscle (TA), were investigated in 12 anesthetized cats. Dynamic responses of muscle spindles to ramp stretches were correlated with their static responses. The variation in the state and dynamic behaviour was found to be interdependent. The correlation coefficients were higher for EDL spindles than for TA spindles. The correlation coefficients depended upon the definition of the dynamic responses."}
{"id": "PMID:125409", "title": "Comparison of the local effects of amiloride hydrochloride on the isotonic fluid absorption in the distal and proximal convoluted tubule.", "content": "The isotonic fluid absorption (Jv) was measured under standard conditions in the proximal and distal convolution of the rat kidney. The peritubular blood capillaries were perfused simultaneously. Amiloride was applied either intraluminally or peritubularly. When applied intraluminally, amiloride strongly inhibited Jv in the distal tubule at concentrations up to 10(-6) M. In the proximal tubule similar effects were obtained only after intraluminal application of one thousand-fold greater concentrations of amiloride. In contrast to amphibian epithelia, amiloride also inhibits Jv in the distal tubule when applied peritubularly, but at higher concentrations and less completely than after intraluminal application. Amiloride was found to be generally more effective in the distal tubule than furosemide and mefruside, although in the proximal tubule it was less effective than these diuretics. That amiloride is most effective after intraluminal application in the distal tubule would suggest a dominant action at the luminal membrane of the distal tubule cell, while not excluding a concomitant effect at the peritubular membrane.", "contents": "Comparison of the local effects of amiloride hydrochloride on the isotonic fluid absorption in the distal and proximal convoluted tubule. The isotonic fluid absorption (Jv) was measured under standard conditions in the proximal and distal convolution of the rat kidney. The peritubular blood capillaries were perfused simultaneously. Amiloride was applied either intraluminally or peritubularly. When applied intraluminally, amiloride strongly inhibited Jv in the distal tubule at concentrations up to 10(-6) M. In the proximal tubule similar effects were obtained only after intraluminal application of one thousand-fold greater concentrations of amiloride. In contrast to amphibian epithelia, amiloride also inhibits Jv in the distal tubule when applied peritubularly, but at higher concentrations and less completely than after intraluminal application. Amiloride was found to be generally more effective in the distal tubule than furosemide and mefruside, although in the proximal tubule it was less effective than these diuretics. That amiloride is most effective after intraluminal application in the distal tubule would suggest a dominant action at the luminal membrane of the distal tubule cell, while not excluding a concomitant effect at the peritubular membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:125411", "title": "[Mannonidosis. Apropos of 5 cases].", "content": "Mannosidosis remains an extremely rare entity (9 published cases). Our personal experience, based upon 5 cases, suggests that the diagnosis may be based upon both positive as well as negative clinical and paraclinical data, which differentiate the disorder from other diseases which it resembles. The use of simple methods--thin layer chromatography of oligosaccharides and measurement of serum mannosidase at pH 3.5 and 4.5--render diagnosis easy. It should, however, be mentioned that there exists no valid treatment for this apparently autosomal recessive disorder but that ante-natal detection is theoretically possible.", "contents": "[Mannonidosis. Apropos of 5 cases]. Mannosidosis remains an extremely rare entity (9 published cases). Our personal experience, based upon 5 cases, suggests that the diagnosis may be based upon both positive as well as negative clinical and paraclinical data, which differentiate the disorder from other diseases which it resembles. The use of simple methods--thin layer chromatography of oligosaccharides and measurement of serum mannosidase at pH 3.5 and 4.5--render diagnosis easy. It should, however, be mentioned that there exists no valid treatment for this apparently autosomal recessive disorder but that ante-natal detection is theoretically possible."}
{"id": "PMID:125412", "title": "The cleavage of transfer RNA by a single strang specific endonuclease from Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Endonuclease from Neurospora crassa (NcNase), an enzyme with specificity for polynucleotides lacking an ordered structure, was shown to cleave su+3 tRNATyr from E. coli preferentially in the anticodon region. The enzyme cleaved unfractionated tRNA primarily to 30 - 50 nucleotide size fragments, implying that most or all tRNA species are also cleaved in the anticodon region. The 3' terminal sequence C-A was cleaved as well. The results are discussed with respect to the three dimensional structure of tRNA.", "contents": "The cleavage of transfer RNA by a single strang specific endonuclease from Neurospora crassa. Endonuclease from Neurospora crassa (NcNase), an enzyme with specificity for polynucleotides lacking an ordered structure, was shown to cleave su+3 tRNATyr from E. coli preferentially in the anticodon region. The enzyme cleaved unfractionated tRNA primarily to 30 - 50 nucleotide size fragments, implying that most or all tRNA species are also cleaved in the anticodon region. The 3' terminal sequence C-A was cleaved as well. The results are discussed with respect to the three dimensional structure of tRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:125415", "title": "Sexual conseling of the physically disabled.", "content": "Sexual satisfaction and feelings of self-esteem play an important role in the ability to adapt to an acquired physical disability. A framework has been presented to show how sexual function is affected by different types of physical disability, and spinal cord injury has been selected as a specific example. Sexual counseling for the disabled differs little from that for the able-bodied--the same principles apply. It is appropriate to remind not only the counselor but also the disabled that (1) loss of sensation does not mean loss of feelings, (2) loss of potency does not mean loss of ability, (3) loss of urinary continence does not mean loss of penile competence, and (4) loss of genitalia does not mean loss of sexuality.", "contents": "Sexual conseling of the physically disabled. Sexual satisfaction and feelings of self-esteem play an important role in the ability to adapt to an acquired physical disability. A framework has been presented to show how sexual function is affected by different types of physical disability, and spinal cord injury has been selected as a specific example. Sexual counseling for the disabled differs little from that for the able-bodied--the same principles apply. It is appropriate to remind not only the counselor but also the disabled that (1) loss of sensation does not mean loss of feelings, (2) loss of potency does not mean loss of ability, (3) loss of urinary continence does not mean loss of penile competence, and (4) loss of genitalia does not mean loss of sexuality."}
{"id": "PMID:125416", "title": "An electrocardiographic survey of the aged.", "content": "In a short-term study, 38% of a group of hospital and clinic patientsat least 75 years of age were found to have normal resting electrocardiograms. Other surprising findings were a higher incidence of atrial fibrillation than of atrial premature contractions, a relatively low incidence of acute or residual myocardial infarction, and a very low incidence of digitalis intoxication among the patients treated with this drug.", "contents": "An electrocardiographic survey of the aged. In a short-term study, 38% of a group of hospital and clinic patientsat least 75 years of age were found to have normal resting electrocardiograms. Other surprising findings were a higher incidence of atrial fibrillation than of atrial premature contractions, a relatively low incidence of acute or residual myocardial infarction, and a very low incidence of digitalis intoxication among the patients treated with this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:125418", "title": "Interrelationship of dietary silver with copper in the chick.", "content": "Adding 900 p.p.m. silver (as silver nitrate) to a practical diet for chicks significantly depressed growth, increased wet and dry heart weight to body weight ratios and markedly increased mortality during a four-week experimental period. Blood packed cell volume was not affected. Supplementing the diet containing silver with 50 p.p.m. copper prevented cardiac enlargement and mortality, but only partially corrected the growth depression. Glycogen content of the heart was not affected, but aortic elastin content was significantly reduced by silver and restored to normal by supplemental copper. Dietary silver significantly reduced the copper content of blood, spleen, brain, liver, but except for the brain, the level of copper in these tissues was restored to normal by dietary copper supplementation. No significant differences in copper content of kidney tissue were observed among the treatment. Copper content of the excreta was not significantly increased by adding dietary silver, but was greatly increased by adding 50 p.p.m copper to the diet containing silver.", "contents": "Interrelationship of dietary silver with copper in the chick. Adding 900 p.p.m. silver (as silver nitrate) to a practical diet for chicks significantly depressed growth, increased wet and dry heart weight to body weight ratios and markedly increased mortality during a four-week experimental period. Blood packed cell volume was not affected. Supplementing the diet containing silver with 50 p.p.m. copper prevented cardiac enlargement and mortality, but only partially corrected the growth depression. Glycogen content of the heart was not affected, but aortic elastin content was significantly reduced by silver and restored to normal by supplemental copper. Dietary silver significantly reduced the copper content of blood, spleen, brain, liver, but except for the brain, the level of copper in these tissues was restored to normal by dietary copper supplementation. No significant differences in copper content of kidney tissue were observed among the treatment. Copper content of the excreta was not significantly increased by adding dietary silver, but was greatly increased by adding 50 p.p.m copper to the diet containing silver."}
{"id": "PMID:125419", "title": "Biological properties of plasmin digests of S-carbamidomethylated human growth hormone.", "content": "Reduction and carbamidomethylation of the intrachain disulfide bridges of human growth hormone did not destroy its ability to stimulate weight gain or cartilage metabolism in hypophysectomized rats. The reduced and alkylated hormone also stimulated glucose oxidation in isolated adipose tissue of hypophysectomized rats when added in vitro. When the S-carbamidomethylated hormone was incubated overnight with human plasmin, approximately 95% of the starting material was completely digested, as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The plasmin digest retained the ability to stimulate weight gain, cartilage metabolism, and glucose oxidation. A fraction consisting of two major electrophoretic components was isolated from the digest by chromatography on tsephadex G-50. This fraction possessed the biological properties of the whole digest.", "contents": "Biological properties of plasmin digests of S-carbamidomethylated human growth hormone. Reduction and carbamidomethylation of the intrachain disulfide bridges of human growth hormone did not destroy its ability to stimulate weight gain or cartilage metabolism in hypophysectomized rats. The reduced and alkylated hormone also stimulated glucose oxidation in isolated adipose tissue of hypophysectomized rats when added in vitro. When the S-carbamidomethylated hormone was incubated overnight with human plasmin, approximately 95% of the starting material was completely digested, as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The plasmin digest retained the ability to stimulate weight gain, cartilage metabolism, and glucose oxidation. A fraction consisting of two major electrophoretic components was isolated from the digest by chromatography on tsephadex G-50. This fraction possessed the biological properties of the whole digest."}
{"id": "PMID:125421", "title": "Cardiac hypertrophy: synergistic effects of pericardiectomy and mild exercise in rats.", "content": "Removal of the pericardium in combination with a mild exercise program of swimming resulted in a significant increase in heart weight and heart weight/body weight ratio of young rats. Either exercise or pericardiectomy alone did not significantly alter these parameters as compared to the control group of rats. This finding further substantiates the pericardium's physiologic effect on the heart. The effects of pericardiectomy should be considered in experimental studies of cardiac hypertrophy and in clinical studies involving cardiac surgery.", "contents": "Cardiac hypertrophy: synergistic effects of pericardiectomy and mild exercise in rats. Removal of the pericardium in combination with a mild exercise program of swimming resulted in a significant increase in heart weight and heart weight/body weight ratio of young rats. Either exercise or pericardiectomy alone did not significantly alter these parameters as compared to the control group of rats. This finding further substantiates the pericardium's physiologic effect on the heart. The effects of pericardiectomy should be considered in experimental studies of cardiac hypertrophy and in clinical studies involving cardiac surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:125422", "title": "Effect of cortisone in delineating thymus cell subsets in advanced age.", "content": "The mixed lymphocyte reactivity of thymus cells from normal and cortisone-treated, young and old C57BL/6J mice was evaluated. The results indicated that while in the young mice cortisone treatment caused a 12-fold increase in the reactivity of thymus cells, it had no effect on the response of thymus cells from old mice. The significance of the disappearance of cortisone-resistant mature thymus cells in old mice is discussed regarding the general decline in immunocompetence and the increase of autoimmune manifestations in old age.", "contents": "Effect of cortisone in delineating thymus cell subsets in advanced age. The mixed lymphocyte reactivity of thymus cells from normal and cortisone-treated, young and old C57BL/6J mice was evaluated. The results indicated that while in the young mice cortisone treatment caused a 12-fold increase in the reactivity of thymus cells, it had no effect on the response of thymus cells from old mice. The significance of the disappearance of cortisone-resistant mature thymus cells in old mice is discussed regarding the general decline in immunocompetence and the increase of autoimmune manifestations in old age."}
{"id": "PMID:125423", "title": "Para-chlorophenylalanine, serotonin and killing behavior.", "content": "Both p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and PCPA methyl ester were found to reliably induce mouse-killing in non-killer rats only when unusually large doses were used (three successive daily injections of 300 mg/kg) and brain serotonin (5-HT) concentration was drastically reduced (about 90 percent). Neither three doses of 100 mg/kg of PCPA nor p-chloroamphetamine (3 times 3.5 mg/kg) caused similar effects in spite of the fact that these compounds depleted brain 5-HT by 85 percent and 60 percent, respectively. PCPA-induced mouse killing was reversed by 5-HTP (100 mg/kg) only when this serotonin precursor completely restored levels of 5-HT. The topography of PCPA-induced killing did not resemble normal interspecies aggression and was also directed toward fat pups. These findings suggest that 5-HT depletion might facilitate nonspecific killing reactions, but is not a sufficient condition to induce the species-specific predatory behavior in rats.", "contents": "Para-chlorophenylalanine, serotonin and killing behavior. Both p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and PCPA methyl ester were found to reliably induce mouse-killing in non-killer rats only when unusually large doses were used (three successive daily injections of 300 mg/kg) and brain serotonin (5-HT) concentration was drastically reduced (about 90 percent). Neither three doses of 100 mg/kg of PCPA nor p-chloroamphetamine (3 times 3.5 mg/kg) caused similar effects in spite of the fact that these compounds depleted brain 5-HT by 85 percent and 60 percent, respectively. PCPA-induced mouse killing was reversed by 5-HTP (100 mg/kg) only when this serotonin precursor completely restored levels of 5-HT. The topography of PCPA-induced killing did not resemble normal interspecies aggression and was also directed toward fat pups. These findings suggest that 5-HT depletion might facilitate nonspecific killing reactions, but is not a sufficient condition to induce the species-specific predatory behavior in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:125424", "title": "Behavioral changes following VMH lesions in rats with controlled insulin levels.", "content": "The effects of ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions were studied in female rats made diabetic with streptozotocin that were given twice daily injections of protamine zinc insulin (0.75 mu/100g/day) and in non-diabetic animals of the same sex. Hyperphagia resulted from VMH lesions in both diabetic animals whose insulin levels were controlled and in non-diabetic animals. All animals with lesions exhibited persistent increases in feeding during the light protion of the light-dark cycle. Significant increases in body weight gain were observed in both diabetic and non-diabetic lesioned animals, but the magnitude of wegith gain was greater after VMH lesions in non-diabetic rats. VMH lesions also reduced wood-gnawing and increased emotionality, aversion to quinine and reactivity to electric shock. None of the behavioral changes were dependent on hyperinsulinemia, although hyperinsulinemia may contribute to the magnitude of certain of these effects.", "contents": "Behavioral changes following VMH lesions in rats with controlled insulin levels. The effects of ventromedial hypothalamic (VMH) lesions were studied in female rats made diabetic with streptozotocin that were given twice daily injections of protamine zinc insulin (0.75 mu/100g/day) and in non-diabetic animals of the same sex. Hyperphagia resulted from VMH lesions in both diabetic animals whose insulin levels were controlled and in non-diabetic animals. All animals with lesions exhibited persistent increases in feeding during the light protion of the light-dark cycle. Significant increases in body weight gain were observed in both diabetic and non-diabetic lesioned animals, but the magnitude of wegith gain was greater after VMH lesions in non-diabetic rats. VMH lesions also reduced wood-gnawing and increased emotionality, aversion to quinine and reactivity to electric shock. None of the behavioral changes were dependent on hyperinsulinemia, although hyperinsulinemia may contribute to the magnitude of certain of these effects."}
{"id": "PMID:125429", "title": "Failure of antiserotonergic agents to modify levallorphan-induced stereotypy in rats.", "content": "The possibilty that the stereotypic behaviour induced by levallorphan, a narcotic antagonist, might be influenced by a serotonergic system was examined.  Two antiserotonergic agents, methysergide and parachlorophenylalanine, failed to modify such stereotypy implying that serotonin is not involved.  It is suggested that dopamine might be the principle mediator of this behaviour.", "contents": "Failure of antiserotonergic agents to modify levallorphan-induced stereotypy in rats. The possibilty that the stereotypic behaviour induced by levallorphan, a narcotic antagonist, might be influenced by a serotonergic system was examined.  Two antiserotonergic agents, methysergide and parachlorophenylalanine, failed to modify such stereotypy implying that serotonin is not involved.  It is suggested that dopamine might be the principle mediator of this behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:125425", "title": "Role of serotonin in the discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline.", "content": "Rats were trained to discriminate intraperitoneally administered mescaline from saline in a two-lever operant chamber for food reinforcement. Reward was contingent upon responses made greater than 15 sec apart (DRL-15) on the appropriate lever paired with either drug or saline administration. Following the establishment of discriminative response control by mescaline, the animals were tested for stimulus generalization produced by mescaline after: (a) blockade of periphreral and central serotonin (5-HT) receptors with cinanserin, methysergide, or cyproheptadine; (b) blockade of peripheral 5-HT receptors with xylamidine tosylate; and (c) depletion of brain 5-HT with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). The results show that all three central 5-HT antagonists greatly reduced the discriminability of mescaline while the peripheral antagonist, xylamidine tosylate, was without effect. Furthermore, these agents at the doses employed did not effect the discriminability of saline. Depletion of 5-HT with PCPA potentiated the effects of a sub-threshold dose of mescaline and slightly reduced the discriminability of saline. The results indicate that mescaline produces its discriminative stimulus properties by directly stimulating central serotonergic receptors.", "contents": "Role of serotonin in the discriminative stimulus properties of mescaline. Rats were trained to discriminate intraperitoneally administered mescaline from saline in a two-lever operant chamber for food reinforcement. Reward was contingent upon responses made greater than 15 sec apart (DRL-15) on the appropriate lever paired with either drug or saline administration. Following the establishment of discriminative response control by mescaline, the animals were tested for stimulus generalization produced by mescaline after: (a) blockade of periphreral and central serotonin (5-HT) receptors with cinanserin, methysergide, or cyproheptadine; (b) blockade of peripheral 5-HT receptors with xylamidine tosylate; and (c) depletion of brain 5-HT with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). The results show that all three central 5-HT antagonists greatly reduced the discriminability of mescaline while the peripheral antagonist, xylamidine tosylate, was without effect. Furthermore, these agents at the doses employed did not effect the discriminability of saline. Depletion of 5-HT with PCPA potentiated the effects of a sub-threshold dose of mescaline and slightly reduced the discriminability of saline. The results indicate that mescaline produces its discriminative stimulus properties by directly stimulating central serotonergic receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:125426", "title": "Inhibition not facilitation of sexual behavior by PCPA.", "content": "It has been proposed that estrous behavior in the female rat may be under tonic inhibition by a central serotonergi system. Studies conbining estrogen priming and the pharmacological depletion of serotonin have provided some support for this hypothesis. Some evidence, however, is not consistent with this hypothesis. In the present study estrogen primed ovariectomized-adrenalectomized rats were administered p-chlorophenylalanine and were tested for lordosis behavior 66 and 70 hr later. Lordosis was not facilitated. The animals were then administered progesterone and retested at hour 74. PCPA inhibited progesterone-induced lordosis behavior in a dose dependent manner.", "contents": "Inhibition not facilitation of sexual behavior by PCPA. It has been proposed that estrous behavior in the female rat may be under tonic inhibition by a central serotonergi system. Studies conbining estrogen priming and the pharmacological depletion of serotonin have provided some support for this hypothesis. Some evidence, however, is not consistent with this hypothesis. In the present study estrogen primed ovariectomized-adrenalectomized rats were administered p-chlorophenylalanine and were tested for lordosis behavior 66 and 70 hr later. Lordosis was not facilitated. The animals were then administered progesterone and retested at hour 74. PCPA inhibited progesterone-induced lordosis behavior in a dose dependent manner."}
{"id": "PMID:125430", "title": "Biogenic amines and the effect of short term lithium administration on open field activity in rats.", "content": "Experiments were performed to examine whether the effects of short-term lithium administration on cerebral biogenic amine metabolism might be related to its action on open field activity. Rats received intragastric injections of lithium chloride (1.5 mEq/kg) twice daily for 5 days. This lead to a decrease in exploratory behavior in the open field. Administration of imipramine, which blocks the efffects of short-term lithium administration on norepinephrine turnover and uptake in the brain, failed to influence the effect of lithium on exploratory activity. Parachlorophenylalanine, which inhibits cerebral serotonin synthesis and depletes brain catecholamines, prevented the behavioral effect of lithium. Injection of pargyline, which inhibits cerebral monoamine oxidase activity, counteracted the effect of lithium on exploratory behavior and also influenced the emotionality of the animals in the open field. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that cerebral monoamine levels and monoamine oxidase activity play a role in the effect of short-term lithium administration on open field activity in rats.", "contents": "Biogenic amines and the effect of short term lithium administration on open field activity in rats. Experiments were performed to examine whether the effects of short-term lithium administration on cerebral biogenic amine metabolism might be related to its action on open field activity. Rats received intragastric injections of lithium chloride (1.5 mEq/kg) twice daily for 5 days. This lead to a decrease in exploratory behavior in the open field. Administration of imipramine, which blocks the efffects of short-term lithium administration on norepinephrine turnover and uptake in the brain, failed to influence the effect of lithium on exploratory activity. Parachlorophenylalanine, which inhibits cerebral serotonin synthesis and depletes brain catecholamines, prevented the behavioral effect of lithium. Injection of pargyline, which inhibits cerebral monoamine oxidase activity, counteracted the effect of lithium on exploratory behavior and also influenced the emotionality of the animals in the open field. The findings are consistent with the hypothesis that cerebral monoamine levels and monoamine oxidase activity play a role in the effect of short-term lithium administration on open field activity in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:125431", "title": "Drug discrimination in rats: the effects of phencyclidine and ditran.", "content": "Choice responding in a T-shaped maze has been made contingent upon whether or not rats experienced certain drug effects. The drug discriminative cues used in the present state-dependent (StD) model were those of phencyclidine (PCP) and ditran. The specificity of these cues and their possible drug inhibition and antagonism was studied. It was found that the lower the training dose used the slower the appearance of the drug discriminative formation. Transfer testings with ketamine and cyclohexamine showed that they were interchangeable with PCP. The order of their relative potency was: cyclohexamine greater than PCP greater than ketamine. Atropine transferred to ditran. Administration of compounds not structurally related to the training drugs did not show transfer. Pretreatment with parachlorphenylalanine (p-CPA) or tetrabenazine (TBZ) plus imipramine did not indicate inhibition or antagonism in PCP trained rats. Tacrine (THA) and especially physostigmine effectively antagonized the ditran-induced cues. Yohimbine and neostigmine did not.", "contents": "Drug discrimination in rats: the effects of phencyclidine and ditran. Choice responding in a T-shaped maze has been made contingent upon whether or not rats experienced certain drug effects. The drug discriminative cues used in the present state-dependent (StD) model were those of phencyclidine (PCP) and ditran. The specificity of these cues and their possible drug inhibition and antagonism was studied. It was found that the lower the training dose used the slower the appearance of the drug discriminative formation. Transfer testings with ketamine and cyclohexamine showed that they were interchangeable with PCP. The order of their relative potency was: cyclohexamine greater than PCP greater than ketamine. Atropine transferred to ditran. Administration of compounds not structurally related to the training drugs did not show transfer. Pretreatment with parachlorphenylalanine (p-CPA) or tetrabenazine (TBZ) plus imipramine did not indicate inhibition or antagonism in PCP trained rats. Tacrine (THA) and especially physostigmine effectively antagonized the ditran-induced cues. Yohimbine and neostigmine did not."}
{"id": "PMID:125432", "title": "Possible serotonergic mediation of tonic immobility: effects of morphine and serotonin blockade.", "content": "Small doses of morphine, within the range of 0.02 mg/kg to 10.15 mg/kg were administered to chickens (Gallus gallus) and the effect on the fear-based tonic immobility (TI) response determined. All doses at and above 0.13 mg/kg enhanced the TI response significantly above the levels produced for the 0.2 mg/kg dose and the distilled water control group. Administration of a single large dose of p-chlorophenylalanine prevented the morphine-induced enhancement of TI. It was suggested that serotonin systems mediate morphine effects on tonic immobility in chickens.", "contents": "Possible serotonergic mediation of tonic immobility: effects of morphine and serotonin blockade. Small doses of morphine, within the range of 0.02 mg/kg to 10.15 mg/kg were administered to chickens (Gallus gallus) and the effect on the fear-based tonic immobility (TI) response determined. All doses at and above 0.13 mg/kg enhanced the TI response significantly above the levels produced for the 0.2 mg/kg dose and the distilled water control group. Administration of a single large dose of p-chlorophenylalanine prevented the morphine-induced enhancement of TI. It was suggested that serotonin systems mediate morphine effects on tonic immobility in chickens."}
{"id": "PMID:125433", "title": "Congenital heart disease in Liverpool: 1960--69.", "content": "The incidence of congenital heart disease (C.H.D.) in Liverpool from 1960 to 1969 inclusive has been determined from the Liverpool Congenital Abnormalities Registry with a follow-up period of 3 to 12 years. The incidence is 6-6 per 1000 total births and this probably represents a very small degree of under-reporting. There is no consistent seasonal variation in the incidence of any of the main congenital heart lesions. In general, infants with C.H.D. tend to be of lower birth weight and born after shorter gestation than controls. This is most conspicuous with patent ductus arteriosus (P.D.A.). Females preponderate in P.D.A. and males in transposition. There is probably also a male preponderance in coarctation and aortic stenosis. Fallot's tetralogy is associated with increased maternal age and parity. Pregnancies leading to the birth of a baby with C.H.D. are complicated by threatened abortion more frequently than are controls. The concordance rate for C.H.D. in twins is low. Monozygotic twins are more liable to C.H.D. than are dizygotic twins. The incidence of C.H.D. in the siblings of affected propositi is 2-3 times that expected. Affected sibs often have the same lesion. About 20 per cent of infants with C.H.D. have associated major defects notably monogolism and defects of the alimentary, skeletal, genito-urinary and nervous systems. These are responsible for the early death of about one quarter of all infants born with C.H.D. The data presented here suggest that environmental rather than genetic factors are predominantly responsible for congenital heart disease.", "contents": "Congenital heart disease in Liverpool: 1960--69. The incidence of congenital heart disease (C.H.D.) in Liverpool from 1960 to 1969 inclusive has been determined from the Liverpool Congenital Abnormalities Registry with a follow-up period of 3 to 12 years. The incidence is 6-6 per 1000 total births and this probably represents a very small degree of under-reporting. There is no consistent seasonal variation in the incidence of any of the main congenital heart lesions. In general, infants with C.H.D. tend to be of lower birth weight and born after shorter gestation than controls. This is most conspicuous with patent ductus arteriosus (P.D.A.). Females preponderate in P.D.A. and males in transposition. There is probably also a male preponderance in coarctation and aortic stenosis. Fallot's tetralogy is associated with increased maternal age and parity. Pregnancies leading to the birth of a baby with C.H.D. are complicated by threatened abortion more frequently than are controls. The concordance rate for C.H.D. in twins is low. Monozygotic twins are more liable to C.H.D. than are dizygotic twins. The incidence of C.H.D. in the siblings of affected propositi is 2-3 times that expected. Affected sibs often have the same lesion. About 20 per cent of infants with C.H.D. have associated major defects notably monogolism and defects of the alimentary, skeletal, genito-urinary and nervous systems. These are responsible for the early death of about one quarter of all infants born with C.H.D. The data presented here suggest that environmental rather than genetic factors are predominantly responsible for congenital heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:125436", "title": "Interpreting chest radiographs without visual search.", "content": "Ten radiologists were shown a series of 10 normal and 10 abnormal chest films under two viewing conditions: a 0.2-second flash and unlimited viewing time. The results were compared in terms of verbal content, diagnostic accuracy, and level of confidence. The overall accuracy was surprisingly high (70% true positives) considering that no search was possible. Performance improved as expected with free search (97% true positives). These data support the hypothesis that visual search begins with a global response that establishes content, detects gross deviations from normal, and organizes subsequent foveal checking fixations to conduct a detailed examination of ambiguities. The total search strategy then consists of an ordered sequence of interspersed global and checking fixations.", "contents": "Interpreting chest radiographs without visual search. Ten radiologists were shown a series of 10 normal and 10 abnormal chest films under two viewing conditions: a 0.2-second flash and unlimited viewing time. The results were compared in terms of verbal content, diagnostic accuracy, and level of confidence. The overall accuracy was surprisingly high (70% true positives) considering that no search was possible. Performance improved as expected with free search (97% true positives). These data support the hypothesis that visual search begins with a global response that establishes content, detects gross deviations from normal, and organizes subsequent foveal checking fixations to conduct a detailed examination of ambiguities. The total search strategy then consists of an ordered sequence of interspersed global and checking fixations."}
{"id": "PMID:125437", "title": "Residuae, sequelae, and complications of surgery for congenital heart disease.", "content": "Definitive, if not curative surgery is available for the eight most common congenital cardiac defects-ductus arteriosus, ASD, coarctation, pulmonary valve stenosis, aortic valve stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, and transposition. The results of surgery for uncomplicated cases of DA, ASD, VSD, and coarctation usually can be determined by clinical means (including chest radiogram and ECG). Postoperative heart catheterization is recommended for evaluation of the patient who has had surgery for pulmonary valve stenosis or artic stenosis and is necessary after tetralogy of Falot or transposition of the great arteries repair to identify the important postoperrative residua and sequelae. The term \"curative\" surgery probably shoud be reserved for operation for divion of ductus arteriosus unassociated with pulmonary hypertension and performed in childhood. After closure of ASD, patients should continue to be observed for late development of arrhythmias and persistent cardiac enlargement, although the incidence of these problems is low. After VSD closure the patient is still followed at intervals for possible ill effects of the ventriculotomy scar, manifest as arrhythmias, ventricular aneurysm or myocardial insufficiency. The patient with coarctation repair must be observed for a possible late complication from one of the several clinically silent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular anomalies as well as for the change of restenosis or unrelieved hypertension...", "contents": "Residuae, sequelae, and complications of surgery for congenital heart disease. Definitive, if not curative surgery is available for the eight most common congenital cardiac defects-ductus arteriosus, ASD, coarctation, pulmonary valve stenosis, aortic valve stenosis, tetralogy of Fallot, and transposition. The results of surgery for uncomplicated cases of DA, ASD, VSD, and coarctation usually can be determined by clinical means (including chest radiogram and ECG). Postoperative heart catheterization is recommended for evaluation of the patient who has had surgery for pulmonary valve stenosis or artic stenosis and is necessary after tetralogy of Falot or transposition of the great arteries repair to identify the important postoperrative residua and sequelae. The term \"curative\" surgery probably shoud be reserved for operation for divion of ductus arteriosus unassociated with pulmonary hypertension and performed in childhood. After closure of ASD, patients should continue to be observed for late development of arrhythmias and persistent cardiac enlargement, although the incidence of these problems is low. After VSD closure the patient is still followed at intervals for possible ill effects of the ventriculotomy scar, manifest as arrhythmias, ventricular aneurysm or myocardial insufficiency. The patient with coarctation repair must be observed for a possible late complication from one of the several clinically silent cardiovascular or cerebrovascular anomalies as well as for the change of restenosis or unrelieved hypertension..."}
{"id": "PMID:125442", "title": "Energy reserves in transplanted and sham-operated carciac tissue=.", "content": "Tissue levels of creatine phosphate (CP), creatine, adenosine-triphosphate(ATP), inorganic phosphate (Pi), glycogen, glucose and lactate were determined in heterotopically transplanted and recipient hearts as well as in the myocardium of sham-operated rabbitsmthe ATPase activity in these tissues was also estimatedmthe results revealed no biochemical indication of ischemic conditions in the transplanted organs relative to the other investigated tissue. The tissue levels of CP in the donor heart were even higher then in both the recipient and sham-operated organs. The concentrations of the other above listed compounds in all the studied tissue were similar throughout the first 5 post-operative days. The effect of surgery  was manifested in decreased levels of CP, still prevailing 3 days post-operative in all of the investigated tissue. However, on the fifth day after surgery, the tissue concentration of CP showed a trend toward recovery. The activity of Na,K-ATPase in both donor and recipient hearts was similar. One day after surgery, the activity of the Mg-ATPase was 27% lower relative to its value on days 3 and 5 post-operatively. However no correlation was obtained between the change in Mg-ATPase and tissue concentrations of ATP.", "contents": "Energy reserves in transplanted and sham-operated carciac tissue=. Tissue levels of creatine phosphate (CP), creatine, adenosine-triphosphate(ATP), inorganic phosphate (Pi), glycogen, glucose and lactate were determined in heterotopically transplanted and recipient hearts as well as in the myocardium of sham-operated rabbitsmthe ATPase activity in these tissues was also estimatedmthe results revealed no biochemical indication of ischemic conditions in the transplanted organs relative to the other investigated tissue. The tissue levels of CP in the donor heart were even higher then in both the recipient and sham-operated organs. The concentrations of the other above listed compounds in all the studied tissue were similar throughout the first 5 post-operative days. The effect of surgery  was manifested in decreased levels of CP, still prevailing 3 days post-operative in all of the investigated tissue. However, on the fifth day after surgery, the tissue concentration of CP showed a trend toward recovery. The activity of Na,K-ATPase in both donor and recipient hearts was similar. One day after surgery, the activity of the Mg-ATPase was 27% lower relative to its value on days 3 and 5 post-operatively. However no correlation was obtained between the change in Mg-ATPase and tissue concentrations of ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:125443", "title": "Irreversible inhibition of Na-+ +K-+ -ATPase by strophanthidin 3,5-bid-p-benzoyl benzoate, a photochemical analogue of strophanthidin.", "content": "A photoactivatible analogue of strophanthidin, strophanthidin 3,5-bis-p-benzoyl benzoate (SBB), was synthesized and tested as a photoaffinity label for the cardiotonic steroid binding site of Na-+ +K-+ -ATPase. SBB inhibited rat brain Na-+ +K-+ -ATPase with an I50 of approximately 1 times 10-minus 5 M and displaced (3-H) ouabain from its specific binding site on this enzyme while the photoaffinity group, methyl p-benzoyl benzoate (me-pBB), alone was not effective. Ultraviolet photoactivation of SBB which had been specifically bound at the cardiotonic steroid binding sites of this enzyme produced 35% irreversible inhibition of enzyme activity. However, only slightly less irreversible inhibition was observed in the absence of cardiotonic site directed binding of SBB and photoactivation of me-pBB itself produced marked inhibition of the enzyme. It was concluded that the bulk of the photoactivated inhibition occurring with SBB does not involve the cardiotonic steroid binding site and that a substantial reduction in the concentration of non-specifically bound SBB is required to expose any site directed labeling.", "contents": "Irreversible inhibition of Na-+ +K-+ -ATPase by strophanthidin 3,5-bid-p-benzoyl benzoate, a photochemical analogue of strophanthidin. A photoactivatible analogue of strophanthidin, strophanthidin 3,5-bis-p-benzoyl benzoate (SBB), was synthesized and tested as a photoaffinity label for the cardiotonic steroid binding site of Na-+ +K-+ -ATPase. SBB inhibited rat brain Na-+ +K-+ -ATPase with an I50 of approximately 1 times 10-minus 5 M and displaced (3-H) ouabain from its specific binding site on this enzyme while the photoaffinity group, methyl p-benzoyl benzoate (me-pBB), alone was not effective. Ultraviolet photoactivation of SBB which had been specifically bound at the cardiotonic steroid binding sites of this enzyme produced 35% irreversible inhibition of enzyme activity. However, only slightly less irreversible inhibition was observed in the absence of cardiotonic site directed binding of SBB and photoactivation of me-pBB itself produced marked inhibition of the enzyme. It was concluded that the bulk of the photoactivated inhibition occurring with SBB does not involve the cardiotonic steroid binding site and that a substantial reduction in the concentration of non-specifically bound SBB is required to expose any site directed labeling."}
{"id": "PMID:125444", "title": "Effects of ryanodine on a myocardial membrane vesicular fraction.", "content": "The effects of ryanodine on calcium transport were examined on a microsomal fraction isolated from guinea pig atrial muscle by sucrose density ultracentrifugation. The Ca+2 binding capacity of the fraction was sufficient to account for relaxation and was unaltered by the addition of 5x10(-5)M ryanodine. Exposure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to concentrations of ryanodine which produce negative inotropy significantly reduced ATP-dependent calcium transport which was associated with a significant increase in the Ca+2 activated ATPase activity. The effect of ryanodine was to reduce the Ca/P ratio by 50%. These results suggest that the negative inotropic effect of ryanodine in guinea pig atrium is associated with the uncoupling of Ca+2 transport from ATP hydrolysis.", "contents": "Effects of ryanodine on a myocardial membrane vesicular fraction. The effects of ryanodine on calcium transport were examined on a microsomal fraction isolated from guinea pig atrial muscle by sucrose density ultracentrifugation. The Ca+2 binding capacity of the fraction was sufficient to account for relaxation and was unaltered by the addition of 5x10(-5)M ryanodine. Exposure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) to concentrations of ryanodine which produce negative inotropy significantly reduced ATP-dependent calcium transport which was associated with a significant increase in the Ca+2 activated ATPase activity. The effect of ryanodine was to reduce the Ca/P ratio by 50%. These results suggest that the negative inotropic effect of ryanodine in guinea pig atrium is associated with the uncoupling of Ca+2 transport from ATP hydrolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:125445", "title": "The effect of some drugs on the urinary excretion of some aryl alkyl amines in the rat.", "content": "The urinary excretion levels of meta tyramine (mTA), para tyramine (pTA) and beta-phenylethylamine (PE) in the untreated rat have been established. The effects of intraperitoneal injections of a precursor (L-Dopa) and some inhibitors of monoamine oxidation (pargyline), decarboxylation (Ro4-4602) and hydroxylation (iprindole, imipramine and para chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) are consistent with the interpretation that PE arises essentially as a result of decarboxylation of phenylalanine, pTA by hydroxylation of PE and mTA by dehydroxylation (and decarboxylation) of a catechol.", "contents": "The effect of some drugs on the urinary excretion of some aryl alkyl amines in the rat. The urinary excretion levels of meta tyramine (mTA), para tyramine (pTA) and beta-phenylethylamine (PE) in the untreated rat have been established. The effects of intraperitoneal injections of a precursor (L-Dopa) and some inhibitors of monoamine oxidation (pargyline), decarboxylation (Ro4-4602) and hydroxylation (iprindole, imipramine and para chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) are consistent with the interpretation that PE arises essentially as a result of decarboxylation of phenylalanine, pTA by hydroxylation of PE and mTA by dehydroxylation (and decarboxylation) of a catechol."}
{"id": "PMID:125446", "title": "Inhibition of the adrenal chromaffin cell membrane calcium pump by caffeine and various divalent cations.", "content": "Caffeine, 50 mM, inhibited ATP-mediated 45Ca uptake by plasma membrane vesicles from bovine adrenal medullary microsomes by 40 percent. Hg++ (0.09 mM) completely inhibited 45Ca uptake, while Cd++ (0.3 mM) and Ba++ (0.3 mM) produced mean depressions of 80 and 41 percent, respectively. 45Ca uptake in the presence of Zn++ (0.3mM) was not significantly different from controls. Inhibition of calcium accumulation in plasma membrane vesicles by these agents was not correlated with their ability to inhibit the enzyme Ca++-ATPase. Caffeine and certain divalent cations may modify secretory responses by inhibiting the active extrusion of calcium through the adrenal medullary plasma membrane.", "contents": "Inhibition of the adrenal chromaffin cell membrane calcium pump by caffeine and various divalent cations. Caffeine, 50 mM, inhibited ATP-mediated 45Ca uptake by plasma membrane vesicles from bovine adrenal medullary microsomes by 40 percent. Hg++ (0.09 mM) completely inhibited 45Ca uptake, while Cd++ (0.3 mM) and Ba++ (0.3 mM) produced mean depressions of 80 and 41 percent, respectively. 45Ca uptake in the presence of Zn++ (0.3mM) was not significantly different from controls. Inhibition of calcium accumulation in plasma membrane vesicles by these agents was not correlated with their ability to inhibit the enzyme Ca++-ATPase. Caffeine and certain divalent cations may modify secretory responses by inhibiting the active extrusion of calcium through the adrenal medullary plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:125447", "title": "Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dairy herds.", "content": "Sixty-eight methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from mastitis milk samples originating from 20 Belgian dairyherds. All these strains appeared to be representatives of one single strain which was probably of human origin. Evidence is presented indicating a rapid in vivo evolutionary change in this strain. The following characteristics were found to be variable: the production of beta haemolysin inversely connected with fibrinolysin (staphylokinase) activity; the production of lipase, enterotoxin B and delta haemolysin; the resistance to neomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, methicillin and spectinomycin associated with constitutive or inducible macrolide resistance.", "contents": "Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in dairy herds. Sixty-eight methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from mastitis milk samples originating from 20 Belgian dairyherds. All these strains appeared to be representatives of one single strain which was probably of human origin. Evidence is presented indicating a rapid in vivo evolutionary change in this strain. The following characteristics were found to be variable: the production of beta haemolysin inversely connected with fibrinolysin (staphylokinase) activity; the production of lipase, enterotoxin B and delta haemolysin; the resistance to neomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, methicillin and spectinomycin associated with constitutive or inducible macrolide resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:125448", "title": "A comparative enzyme histochemical and histological study of the effect of ischaemia and post mortem change on rat kidneys.", "content": "A histochemical study of the effect of ischaemia on rat kidneys showed that changes were demonstrable in adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase within 2 h. Further changes occurred with increasing time. The activity of acid phosphatase was little affected up to 24 h although at this time there was marked tubular disruption. Paraffin embedded H and E sections also showed marked changes within 2 h. Enzyme histochemical and histological changes in kidneys taken at varying periods after the death of the animal showed very similar changes to those in ischaemic kidneys. Differences were mainly in the rate and extent of the changes.", "contents": "A comparative enzyme histochemical and histological study of the effect of ischaemia and post mortem change on rat kidneys. A histochemical study of the effect of ischaemia on rat kidneys showed that changes were demonstrable in adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase within 2 h. Further changes occurred with increasing time. The activity of acid phosphatase was little affected up to 24 h although at this time there was marked tubular disruption. Paraffin embedded H and E sections also showed marked changes within 2 h. Enzyme histochemical and histological changes in kidneys taken at varying periods after the death of the animal showed very similar changes to those in ischaemic kidneys. Differences were mainly in the rate and extent of the changes."}
{"id": "PMID:125450", "title": "Specifically decreased MLC response of lymphocytes from CBA mice injected with cells from the H-2-compatible, M-antigen-incompatible strain C3H. Lack of such effect after injection of H-2-disparate C3H-hybrid cells.", "content": "The mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response of lymphocytes from CBA mice against C3H cells was studied after injection of spleen cells from C3H mice or C3H hybrids. Intravenous infusion of C3H cells resulted in a strongly suppressed specific MLC response, but this was not the case when cells from H-2-incompatible hybrids of C3H mice were injected. However, when mixtures of cells from the two parental strains--C3H cells and H-2-incompatible cells--were injected into CBA mice, there was a strongly suppressed MLC response to C3H cells. Mice that were hybrids between CBA and an H-2-disparate strain showed a depressed MLC response against C3H after injection of cells from hybrids between C3H and the same H-2-disparate strain. The results may indicate that a suppression of the MLC response to the strongly stimulatory non-H-2 antigen on C3H lymphocytes develops only when the immunizing cells can survive in the host for long periods, thus exhausting the pool of specifically responsive cells. The presence of another foreign transplantation antigen, such as H-2, on the same cells shortens the survival of the cells in the recipient.", "contents": "Specifically decreased MLC response of lymphocytes from CBA mice injected with cells from the H-2-compatible, M-antigen-incompatible strain C3H. Lack of such effect after injection of H-2-disparate C3H-hybrid cells. The mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response of lymphocytes from CBA mice against C3H cells was studied after injection of spleen cells from C3H mice or C3H hybrids. Intravenous infusion of C3H cells resulted in a strongly suppressed specific MLC response, but this was not the case when cells from H-2-incompatible hybrids of C3H mice were injected. However, when mixtures of cells from the two parental strains--C3H cells and H-2-incompatible cells--were injected into CBA mice, there was a strongly suppressed MLC response to C3H cells. Mice that were hybrids between CBA and an H-2-disparate strain showed a depressed MLC response against C3H after injection of cells from hybrids between C3H and the same H-2-disparate strain. The results may indicate that a suppression of the MLC response to the strongly stimulatory non-H-2 antigen on C3H lymphocytes develops only when the immunizing cells can survive in the host for long periods, thus exhausting the pool of specifically responsive cells. The presence of another foreign transplantation antigen, such as H-2, on the same cells shortens the survival of the cells in the recipient."}
{"id": "PMID:125451", "title": "Relapsing polychondritis: review of current status and case report,.", "content": "This communication has attempted to review the present state of published knowledge on the syndrome of relapsing polychondritis. Basic anatomic, physiologic, and biochemical changes in this disorder are summarized and the role of metabolic and immunologic alterations in the pathogenesis discussed. An additional case of relapsing polychondritis is reported, and the clinical features of this case, plus those of 131 previously reported, are reviewed with discussion of present day therapeutic experience and prognosis.", "contents": "Relapsing polychondritis: review of current status and case report,. This communication has attempted to review the present state of published knowledge on the syndrome of relapsing polychondritis. Basic anatomic, physiologic, and biochemical changes in this disorder are summarized and the role of metabolic and immunologic alterations in the pathogenesis discussed. An additional case of relapsing polychondritis is reported, and the clinical features of this case, plus those of 131 previously reported, are reviewed with discussion of present day therapeutic experience and prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:125453", "title": "Practical office technics for physiologic vascular testing.", "content": "The development of the Doppler ultrasonic flow velocity detector has improved diagnostic accuracy in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Survey of the peripheral vessels with the Doppler ultrasonic flow velocity detector, measurement of systolic arterial blood pressure at the ankle and arm, and exercise testing are three easily done tests which may be readily carried out in the doctor's office and which provide useful information. Noninvasive vascular testing should be in the armamentarium of all primary care physicians.", "contents": "Practical office technics for physiologic vascular testing. The development of the Doppler ultrasonic flow velocity detector has improved diagnostic accuracy in peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Survey of the peripheral vessels with the Doppler ultrasonic flow velocity detector, measurement of systolic arterial blood pressure at the ankle and arm, and exercise testing are three easily done tests which may be readily carried out in the doctor's office and which provide useful information. Noninvasive vascular testing should be in the armamentarium of all primary care physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:125454", "title": "Current concepts of toxic epidermal necrolysis.", "content": "Toxic epidermal necrolysis consists of two distinct clinical entities. The Ritter type, seen mostly in children under age 10, is the severest manifestation of staphylococcal disease. A toxin has been isolated which is postulated to be the cause for clinical lesions. High epidermal necrosis occurs. Treatment is with one of the penicillinase-resistant penicillins, and prognosis is good. The Lyell type is seen mostly in adults, is drug-related, and may be the severest form of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Full-thickness epidermal necrosis occurs. Treatment consists of withdrawing the offending drug. Good nursing care is essential. Prognosis is guarded.", "contents": "Current concepts of toxic epidermal necrolysis. Toxic epidermal necrolysis consists of two distinct clinical entities. The Ritter type, seen mostly in children under age 10, is the severest manifestation of staphylococcal disease. A toxin has been isolated which is postulated to be the cause for clinical lesions. High epidermal necrosis occurs. Treatment is with one of the penicillinase-resistant penicillins, and prognosis is good. The Lyell type is seen mostly in adults, is drug-related, and may be the severest form of the Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Full-thickness epidermal necrosis occurs. Treatment consists of withdrawing the offending drug. Good nursing care is essential. Prognosis is guarded."}
{"id": "PMID:125457", "title": "Xanthine, hypoxanthine and muscle pain. Histochemical and biochemical observations.", "content": "A suspected case of xanthine oxidase deficiency has been further investigated. The patient complained of arthralgia and myalgia. Further studies included histochemical and ultramicroscopic analysis of muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, and biochemical studies. High levels of xanthine and hypoxanthine were found, while uric acid was absent in the muscle extracts.", "contents": "Xanthine, hypoxanthine and muscle pain. Histochemical and biochemical observations. A suspected case of xanthine oxidase deficiency has been further investigated. The patient complained of arthralgia and myalgia. Further studies included histochemical and ultramicroscopic analysis of muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum, and biochemical studies. High levels of xanthine and hypoxanthine were found, while uric acid was absent in the muscle extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:125458", "title": "Measurement of urinary mucopolysaccharides.", "content": "The fact that the polyanionic long chains of mucopolysaccharides (MPS) can be precipitated with detergents such as cetylpiridiniumchloride (CPC) has been used in the development of a method for the quantitative estimation of total MPS in urine. Urine samples are all brought to an osmolarity of 300, after which an equal volume of 0,1% CPC is added to each sample. The turbidity is determined spectrophotometrically after 5 minutes. Chondroitin sulphate A was used as an internal standard. Normal values obtained for different age groups in the population of Pretoria are discussed.", "contents": "Measurement of urinary mucopolysaccharides. The fact that the polyanionic long chains of mucopolysaccharides (MPS) can be precipitated with detergents such as cetylpiridiniumchloride (CPC) has been used in the development of a method for the quantitative estimation of total MPS in urine. Urine samples are all brought to an osmolarity of 300, after which an equal volume of 0,1% CPC is added to each sample. The turbidity is determined spectrophotometrically after 5 minutes. Chondroitin sulphate A was used as an internal standard. Normal values obtained for different age groups in the population of Pretoria are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125459", "title": "Pancreatic transplantation in diabetic rats: renal function, morphology, ultrastructure, and immunohistology.", "content": "Serial renal morphologic, ultrastructural immunohisotlogic and functional studies were done on diabetic Lewis rats to evaluate the course of nephropathy and to study the effects of early pancreatic isografts on renal disease associated with streptozotocin diabetes. Three groups of experimental animals and one group of agematched controls were used. Group 1 consisted of 12 animals which were made diabetic with streptozotocin and which did not receive transplants. Early in the course of diabetes, these animals developed an increase in mesangial matrix, electron-dense material in themesangium, with immunoglobulin G, C3, and occasionally fibrinogen deposits in the glomerular mesangium. Alterations were progressive and mesangial bars, proximal tubular degeneration, tubular vacuolization, and myeloid figureswere present later. Progressive increase in protein excretion and increase in glomerular filtration rate were observed. Persistent glycosuria, hyperphosphaturia, andhypercalcuria. In contrast, only an occasional animal from Groups 2 and 3 with a pancreatic transplant showed renal in age-matched controls. These studies have demonstrated the evolution of renal glomerular and tubular changes in streptozotocin diabetic rats, and they have showed functional, and immunohistochemical changes.", "contents": "Pancreatic transplantation in diabetic rats: renal function, morphology, ultrastructure, and immunohistology. Serial renal morphologic, ultrastructural immunohisotlogic and functional studies were done on diabetic Lewis rats to evaluate the course of nephropathy and to study the effects of early pancreatic isografts on renal disease associated with streptozotocin diabetes. Three groups of experimental animals and one group of agematched controls were used. Group 1 consisted of 12 animals which were made diabetic with streptozotocin and which did not receive transplants. Early in the course of diabetes, these animals developed an increase in mesangial matrix, electron-dense material in themesangium, with immunoglobulin G, C3, and occasionally fibrinogen deposits in the glomerular mesangium. Alterations were progressive and mesangial bars, proximal tubular degeneration, tubular vacuolization, and myeloid figureswere present later. Progressive increase in protein excretion and increase in glomerular filtration rate were observed. Persistent glycosuria, hyperphosphaturia, andhypercalcuria. In contrast, only an occasional animal from Groups 2 and 3 with a pancreatic transplant showed renal in age-matched controls. These studies have demonstrated the evolution of renal glomerular and tubular changes in streptozotocin diabetic rats, and they have showed functional, and immunohistochemical changes."}
{"id": "PMID:125460", "title": "Bacteremic infectability of vascular grafts: the influence of pseudointimal integrity and duration of graft function.", "content": "This report describes an experimental study in which dogs with prosthetic graft replacement of the infrarenal abdominal aorta were challenged at progressive time intervals following graft placement with a single intravenous infusion of Staphylococcus aureus in order to determine the duration of susceptibility to graft infection of bacteremic origin. The results demonstrate that the susceptibility of a prosthetic graft to infection by bacteremic seeding virtually was 100 percent up to 1 month following graft placement. The incidence of infection then began to progressively drop but never was eliminated as demonstrated by a 30 percent incidence of graft infection in dogs so challenged 1 year graft placement. Careful scrutiny of the intimal surface of the harvested grafts, 3 weeks following bacteremic challenge, revealed that all grafts in which the pseudointimal coverage was complete were insulated effectively from infection by bacteremic seeding in that their cultures were negative. All grafts that had positive cultures for Staphylococcus aureus were noted to have either an incomplete or absent pseudointimal lining.", "contents": "Bacteremic infectability of vascular grafts: the influence of pseudointimal integrity and duration of graft function. This report describes an experimental study in which dogs with prosthetic graft replacement of the infrarenal abdominal aorta were challenged at progressive time intervals following graft placement with a single intravenous infusion of Staphylococcus aureus in order to determine the duration of susceptibility to graft infection of bacteremic origin. The results demonstrate that the susceptibility of a prosthetic graft to infection by bacteremic seeding virtually was 100 percent up to 1 month following graft placement. The incidence of infection then began to progressively drop but never was eliminated as demonstrated by a 30 percent incidence of graft infection in dogs so challenged 1 year graft placement. Careful scrutiny of the intimal surface of the harvested grafts, 3 weeks following bacteremic challenge, revealed that all grafts in which the pseudointimal coverage was complete were insulated effectively from infection by bacteremic seeding in that their cultures were negative. All grafts that had positive cultures for Staphylococcus aureus were noted to have either an incomplete or absent pseudointimal lining."}
{"id": "PMID:125462", "title": "The use of in vitro procedures in teratology.", "content": "The capabilities of investigators in the fields of teratology and toxicology are greatly enhanced by the use of tissue culture procedures in unraveling the mechanisms of drug action. Techniques currently available for the culture of postimplantation mammalian embryos permit evaluation of their metabolic responses to potential teratogens even when the length of time embryos survive and develop in culture is too short to allow a conventional teratologic survey of malformations. A simple procedure for culturing mouse embryos during early organogenetic stages is described in this report that will be of value to teratologists; it avoids the requirements of special glassware and equipment by using ordinary capped test tubes which are rotated tomaintain and efficient nutritional and gaseous evnironment. Some studies concucted with this procedure to monitor the metabolism of embryo during the first 24 h of culture are summarized. Another aspect of tissue culture, organ culture, provides further manipulative capability by which embryonic organs can be maintained for long periods of time during which they develop and differentiate to an extent that their morphological and biochemical responses to a teratogen can usually be made. Comparative effects of several teratogenic agents and the relative concentration of each that produces a similar degree of response are summarized. It is concluded that organs are more sensitive to teratogens in culture than they are in vivo, and that different teratogens possess enough specificity to isolate their simple growth-retarding effect from the role they play in distrubing other specific developmental events.", "contents": "The use of in vitro procedures in teratology. The capabilities of investigators in the fields of teratology and toxicology are greatly enhanced by the use of tissue culture procedures in unraveling the mechanisms of drug action. Techniques currently available for the culture of postimplantation mammalian embryos permit evaluation of their metabolic responses to potential teratogens even when the length of time embryos survive and develop in culture is too short to allow a conventional teratologic survey of malformations. A simple procedure for culturing mouse embryos during early organogenetic stages is described in this report that will be of value to teratologists; it avoids the requirements of special glassware and equipment by using ordinary capped test tubes which are rotated tomaintain and efficient nutritional and gaseous evnironment. Some studies concucted with this procedure to monitor the metabolism of embryo during the first 24 h of culture are summarized. Another aspect of tissue culture, organ culture, provides further manipulative capability by which embryonic organs can be maintained for long periods of time during which they develop and differentiate to an extent that their morphological and biochemical responses to a teratogen can usually be made. Comparative effects of several teratogenic agents and the relative concentration of each that produces a similar degree of response are summarized. It is concluded that organs are more sensitive to teratogens in culture than they are in vivo, and that different teratogens possess enough specificity to isolate their simple growth-retarding effect from the role they play in distrubing other specific developmental events."}
{"id": "PMID:125463", "title": "Plasminogen-plasmin system IX. Specific binding of tranexamic acid to plasmin.", "content": "Interactions between tranexamic acid and protein were studied in respect of the antifibrinolytic actions of tranexamic acid. Tranexamic acid did neither show any interaction with fibrinogen or fibrin, nor was incorporated into cross-linked fibrin structure by the action of factor XIII. On the other hand, tranexamic acid bound to human plasmin with a dissociation constant of 3.5 X 10-5 M, which was very close to the inhibition constatn (3.6 X 10-5 M1 for this compound in inhibiting plasmin-induced fibrinolysis. The binding site of tranexamic acid on plasmin was not the catalytic site of plasmin, because TLCK-blocked plasmin also showed a similar affinity to tranexamic acid (the dissociation constant, 2.9-4.8 x 10-5m). in the binding studies with the highly purified plasminogen and TLCK-plasmin preparations which were obtained by affinity chromatography on lysine-substituted Sepharose, the molar binding ratio was shown to be 1.5-1.6 moles tranexamic acid per one mole protein. On the basis of these and other findings, a model for the inhibitory mechanism of tranexamic acid is presented.", "contents": "Plasminogen-plasmin system IX. Specific binding of tranexamic acid to plasmin. Interactions between tranexamic acid and protein were studied in respect of the antifibrinolytic actions of tranexamic acid. Tranexamic acid did neither show any interaction with fibrinogen or fibrin, nor was incorporated into cross-linked fibrin structure by the action of factor XIII. On the other hand, tranexamic acid bound to human plasmin with a dissociation constant of 3.5 X 10-5 M, which was very close to the inhibition constatn (3.6 X 10-5 M1 for this compound in inhibiting plasmin-induced fibrinolysis. The binding site of tranexamic acid on plasmin was not the catalytic site of plasmin, because TLCK-blocked plasmin also showed a similar affinity to tranexamic acid (the dissociation constant, 2.9-4.8 x 10-5m). in the binding studies with the highly purified plasminogen and TLCK-plasmin preparations which were obtained by affinity chromatography on lysine-substituted Sepharose, the molar binding ratio was shown to be 1.5-1.6 moles tranexamic acid per one mole protein. On the basis of these and other findings, a model for the inhibitory mechanism of tranexamic acid is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:125468", "title": "A simple freezing and storage method to preserve the stimulating function of leukocytes in the mixed leukocyte reaction.", "content": "Human peripheral blood leukocytes retain their capacity to function as stimulating cells in the one way MLR after freezing and storage at - 70 degrees C by a simple and inexpensive method. This storage method facilitates the use of a standard stimulating pool of cells from three donors which may provide a quantitative assay for testing the ability of cells to respond to allogeneic cells in culture.", "contents": "A simple freezing and storage method to preserve the stimulating function of leukocytes in the mixed leukocyte reaction. Human peripheral blood leukocytes retain their capacity to function as stimulating cells in the one way MLR after freezing and storage at - 70 degrees C by a simple and inexpensive method. This storage method facilitates the use of a standard stimulating pool of cells from three donors which may provide a quantitative assay for testing the ability of cells to respond to allogeneic cells in culture."}
{"id": "PMID:125469", "title": "The assessment of histocompatibility by mixed lymphocyte reaction as measured by the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test.", "content": "The mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) between donor and recipient lymphocytes has been measured by the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test and the modified (MOD-MEM) test. Its value as a measure of compatibility has been assessed by comparison with conventional HL-A serotyping and with the outcome of renal transplantation. Thirty-six living donor/recipient pairs and 59 cadaver donor/recipient pairs for transplantation have been studied. Whilst uniovular twins gave lymphocyte interactions, measured as macrophage slowings of about 1%, the slowing produced by paired allogeneic lymphocytes ranged from 2% to 26% depending on the number of HL-A matches. The test measurement of lymphocytic interaction was significantly correlated with histocompatibility measured by HL-A serotyping, in both living and cadaver donors. One way MEM-MLR showed the dominant role of the second HL-A sublocus in mixed lymphocyte reactivity. The long term success of the renal graft correlated with the pre-transplant initial reaction between donor and recipient lymphocytes. The test has advantages in the field of human histocompatibility assessment since no particular reference to individual antigens is made and it may be performed in a matter of hours.", "contents": "The assessment of histocompatibility by mixed lymphocyte reaction as measured by the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test. The mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) between donor and recipient lymphocytes has been measured by the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test and the modified (MOD-MEM) test. Its value as a measure of compatibility has been assessed by comparison with conventional HL-A serotyping and with the outcome of renal transplantation. Thirty-six living donor/recipient pairs and 59 cadaver donor/recipient pairs for transplantation have been studied. Whilst uniovular twins gave lymphocyte interactions, measured as macrophage slowings of about 1%, the slowing produced by paired allogeneic lymphocytes ranged from 2% to 26% depending on the number of HL-A matches. The test measurement of lymphocytic interaction was significantly correlated with histocompatibility measured by HL-A serotyping, in both living and cadaver donors. One way MEM-MLR showed the dominant role of the second HL-A sublocus in mixed lymphocyte reactivity. The long term success of the renal graft correlated with the pre-transplant initial reaction between donor and recipient lymphocytes. The test has advantages in the field of human histocompatibility assessment since no particular reference to individual antigens is made and it may be performed in a matter of hours."}
{"id": "PMID:125470", "title": "MLC results among unrelated can be predicted.", "content": "Typing for LD determinants which has been practicable for some time is shown to be very predictive for the MLC response between unrelated, since LD identical individuals-selected and paired solely on the basis of LD typing-mutually show very low or no MLC reaction.", "contents": "MLC results among unrelated can be predicted. Typing for LD determinants which has been practicable for some time is shown to be very predictive for the MLC response between unrelated, since LD identical individuals-selected and paired solely on the basis of LD typing-mutually show very low or no MLC reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:125472", "title": "Effect of coumarins on mitochondrial function I. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorlation.", "content": "8-Acetyl-5,7-diemthoxy-4-phenylcoumarin at concentrations 0.03 to 0.3 mM uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation, in vitro, in rat liver mitochondria. Preincubation of mitochondria with the compound enhanced this effct. Similar uncoupling was observed with 5,7-dihydroxy-4phenylcoumarin; 7-acetonyloxycoumarin; 6,7-dimethyl-4-phenylcoumarin and 4-phenyldaphentin also. All these compounds stimulated mitochondrial ATPase activity three- to eight-fold. However, coumarin, the paretn substance of all these compounds had no effect on oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.", "contents": "Effect of coumarins on mitochondrial function I. Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorlation. 8-Acetyl-5,7-diemthoxy-4-phenylcoumarin at concentrations 0.03 to 0.3 mM uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation, in vitro, in rat liver mitochondria. Preincubation of mitochondria with the compound enhanced this effct. Similar uncoupling was observed with 5,7-dihydroxy-4phenylcoumarin; 7-acetonyloxycoumarin; 6,7-dimethyl-4-phenylcoumarin and 4-phenyldaphentin also. All these compounds stimulated mitochondrial ATPase activity three- to eight-fold. However, coumarin, the paretn substance of all these compounds had no effect on oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:125473", "title": "Direct analysis of dehydroisoandrosterone in plasma.", "content": "DHA (1) has been measured in plasma by a radioimmunoassay procedure using an antiserum to DHA-7-BSA whose specificity is such that the procedure is carried out directly on diluted, unextracted plasma. The method has been used to obtain plasma DHA secretory patterns and mean concentrations and the data are in accord with those determined by related but more laborious techniques.", "contents": "Direct analysis of dehydroisoandrosterone in plasma. DHA (1) has been measured in plasma by a radioimmunoassay procedure using an antiserum to DHA-7-BSA whose specificity is such that the procedure is carried out directly on diluted, unextracted plasma. The method has been used to obtain plasma DHA secretory patterns and mean concentrations and the data are in accord with those determined by related but more laborious techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:125475", "title": "Cerebral atherosclerosis and its relationship to selected diseases in Nigerians: a pathological study.", "content": "Factors which are known to be associated with cerebral atherosclerosis were evaluated in Nigerian Africans. Of 465 autopsied adult Nigerians, 62 (13%) had cerebral atherosclerosis. The frequency and severity of atherosclerosis among Nigerians with hypertension, particularly male subjects, were higher than in normotensives. Although there was a similar frequency of hypertension among autopsied Nigerian and Minnesota Caucasian populations, the severity and extent of atherosclerosis were greater in the Minnesota Caucasian populations, the severity and extent of atherosclerosis were greater in the Minnesota population. The relatively short duration of hypertension in the Nigerian before death might be an important factor which did not permit progressive development of cerebral atherosclerosis. Other factors which predisposed the Nigerian to increased frequency and severity of atherosclerosis included increased heart weight and diabetes mellitus. The relatively low frequency of cerebrovascular disease in the Nigerian may be explained on the basis of a low degree of cerebral atherosclerosis and relatively short duration of hypertension.", "contents": "Cerebral atherosclerosis and its relationship to selected diseases in Nigerians: a pathological study. Factors which are known to be associated with cerebral atherosclerosis were evaluated in Nigerian Africans. Of 465 autopsied adult Nigerians, 62 (13%) had cerebral atherosclerosis. The frequency and severity of atherosclerosis among Nigerians with hypertension, particularly male subjects, were higher than in normotensives. Although there was a similar frequency of hypertension among autopsied Nigerian and Minnesota Caucasian populations, the severity and extent of atherosclerosis were greater in the Minnesota Caucasian populations, the severity and extent of atherosclerosis were greater in the Minnesota population. The relatively short duration of hypertension in the Nigerian before death might be an important factor which did not permit progressive development of cerebral atherosclerosis. Other factors which predisposed the Nigerian to increased frequency and severity of atherosclerosis included increased heart weight and diabetes mellitus. The relatively low frequency of cerebrovascular disease in the Nigerian may be explained on the basis of a low degree of cerebral atherosclerosis and relatively short duration of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:125481", "title": "[Closed cerebrocranial trauma].", "content": "During recent 20 years (1946--1966) in Leningrad City the incidence of cranial trauma increased from 9.0 to 57.7%, while that of cerebral injuries--up to 25% of all hospitalized traumas. Fractures of cranial bones with respect to all kinds of fractures increased from 7% (in 1955) to 13.4% (in 1971), whereas the mortality index (per 100 000 population) as a result of cerebral traumas increased during 5 years (1965--1971) from 1.6 to 5,6. Simultaneously, the scientific medicobiological progress has contributed to improvement of the old classification for closed cerebral trauma, its complex pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and treatment. Some useful practical recommencations are given.", "contents": "[Closed cerebrocranial trauma]. During recent 20 years (1946--1966) in Leningrad City the incidence of cranial trauma increased from 9.0 to 57.7%, while that of cerebral injuries--up to 25% of all hospitalized traumas. Fractures of cranial bones with respect to all kinds of fractures increased from 7% (in 1955) to 13.4% (in 1971), whereas the mortality index (per 100 000 population) as a result of cerebral traumas increased during 5 years (1965--1971) from 1.6 to 5,6. Simultaneously, the scientific medicobiological progress has contributed to improvement of the old classification for closed cerebral trauma, its complex pathogenesis, clinic, diagnosis and treatment. Some useful practical recommencations are given."}
{"id": "PMID:125482", "title": "[Place of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of acute surgical diseases of the organs of the abdominal cavity].", "content": "The author reports the results of 76 laparoscopies performed in 75 patients with clinically suspected acute surgical diseases (22), peritonitis (38), injuries to internal organs in a blunt abdominal trauma (16 patients). As a result of laparoscopic studies the precise clinical diagnosis was established in 39 patients, and the necessity of urgent therapy was supported, in 3 cases the operation was postponed. Acute surgical diseases were excluded in 33 of 75 examined subjects. There were no cases of pseudonegative diagnosis.", "contents": "[Place of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of acute surgical diseases of the organs of the abdominal cavity]. The author reports the results of 76 laparoscopies performed in 75 patients with clinically suspected acute surgical diseases (22), peritonitis (38), injuries to internal organs in a blunt abdominal trauma (16 patients). As a result of laparoscopic studies the precise clinical diagnosis was established in 39 patients, and the necessity of urgent therapy was supported, in 3 cases the operation was postponed. Acute surgical diseases were excluded in 33 of 75 examined subjects. There were no cases of pseudonegative diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:125483", "title": "[Some problems of treatment and surgical approach in acute appendicitis].", "content": "According to the author's data within a 7-year period in the Regional Hospital 1329 appendectomies were performed, in 7 per cent--for chronic appendicitis. Annually, 51 persons are operated upon per 10,000 population. Late terms of hospitalization were noted in 19.7%, preoperative complications--in 5.2%, mortality--in 0.08%. Some aspects of treatment and complications are discussed.", "contents": "[Some problems of treatment and surgical approach in acute appendicitis]. According to the author's data within a 7-year period in the Regional Hospital 1329 appendectomies were performed, in 7 per cent--for chronic appendicitis. Annually, 51 persons are operated upon per 10,000 population. Late terms of hospitalization were noted in 19.7%, preoperative complications--in 5.2%, mortality--in 0.08%. Some aspects of treatment and complications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125484", "title": "Ultrastructural evidence for lack of tissue damage in a local immune complex reaction: a study of a mild passive Arthus reaction.", "content": "An electron microscopic study of a mild reversed passive Arthus reaction (RPAR) was performed using a horeradish peroxidase (HRP)-anti-HRP system to demonstrate the biological usefulness of the process which exists to clear tissue of immune complexes.  To disclose the antigen, HRP, the biopsy material was subjected to a peroxidase reaction.  HRP was mainly detected within irregular electron-dense precipitates which were considered insoluable HRP-anti-HRP immune complexes. Neutrophils were found to phagocytose and digest the deposited immune complexes in a similar way as described previously.  But there was no vascular and other tissue damage.  This study provides morphological evidence that the process of clearing tissues of immune complexes need not be harmful to the host.", "contents": "Ultrastructural evidence for lack of tissue damage in a local immune complex reaction: a study of a mild passive Arthus reaction. An electron microscopic study of a mild reversed passive Arthus reaction (RPAR) was performed using a horeradish peroxidase (HRP)-anti-HRP system to demonstrate the biological usefulness of the process which exists to clear tissue of immune complexes.  To disclose the antigen, HRP, the biopsy material was subjected to a peroxidase reaction.  HRP was mainly detected within irregular electron-dense precipitates which were considered insoluable HRP-anti-HRP immune complexes. Neutrophils were found to phagocytose and digest the deposited immune complexes in a similar way as described previously.  But there was no vascular and other tissue damage.  This study provides morphological evidence that the process of clearing tissues of immune complexes need not be harmful to the host."}
{"id": "PMID:125492", "title": "[Studies on the complete enzymatic hydrolysis of steroid conjugates in urine (author's transl)].", "content": "The incubation of urine with beta-glucuronidase/arylsuphatase from Helix pomatia results in the incomplete hydrolysis of urinary steroid conjugates, because inhibitors of these enzymes are present in urine; The inhibitors can be separated from the steroid conjugates by chromatography of the urine on a column of Amberlite XAD-2. By this method a complete enzymatic hydrolysis of urinary steroid conjugates is possible in 24 hours at 37 degrees C or in 2 hours at 55 degrees C.", "contents": "[Studies on the complete enzymatic hydrolysis of steroid conjugates in urine (author's transl)]. The incubation of urine with beta-glucuronidase/arylsuphatase from Helix pomatia results in the incomplete hydrolysis of urinary steroid conjugates, because inhibitors of these enzymes are present in urine; The inhibitors can be separated from the steroid conjugates by chromatography of the urine on a column of Amberlite XAD-2. By this method a complete enzymatic hydrolysis of urinary steroid conjugates is possible in 24 hours at 37 degrees C or in 2 hours at 55 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:125508", "title": "[Cariostatic effect of calcium-, phosphorus- and fluoride-containing toothpastes in animal experiments].", "content": "The paper described the results of experiment performed on animals concerning the effect of fluoride tooth-pastes on a calcium-phosphate and sodium-phophate basis in the field of caries prevention. The caries infection is ascertained for varying test durations on the basis of serial grindings. It turns out that the anti-carieseffect of fluoride is greatly diminished if soluble calcium salts are present in the paste.", "contents": "[Cariostatic effect of calcium-, phosphorus- and fluoride-containing toothpastes in animal experiments]. The paper described the results of experiment performed on animals concerning the effect of fluoride tooth-pastes on a calcium-phosphate and sodium-phophate basis in the field of caries prevention. The caries infection is ascertained for varying test durations on the basis of serial grindings. It turns out that the anti-carieseffect of fluoride is greatly diminished if soluble calcium salts are present in the paste."}
{"id": "PMID:125509", "title": "[Demonstration of blood group antigens of ABO system in human teeth].", "content": "The absorption-elution method allows the determination of the blood group properties of the ABO-System from human teeth. The results of own investigations carried out on a larger number of specimens are reported. The significance of the determination of the blood group antigens in teeth for the forensic stomatology is emphasized.", "contents": "[Demonstration of blood group antigens of ABO system in human teeth]. The absorption-elution method allows the determination of the blood group properties of the ABO-System from human teeth. The results of own investigations carried out on a larger number of specimens are reported. The significance of the determination of the blood group antigens in teeth for the forensic stomatology is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:125512", "title": "[Survey of the sensitivity of the strains Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibioticas in the CSSR during 1957-1973 (authors transl)].", "content": "Although the preponderant majority of gonococcal strains is belonging to the most susceptible micro-organisms in respect of the action of antibiotics, certain variations of sensitivity which might be of importance not only for the genetics of microbes, but also for biochemistry and, above all, for therapy may occur also among them, perhaps as a consequence of along-time pressure by antibiotics. In a preceding study (J. Hyg. Epidem. Microb. Immunol. (Prague) 12,296, 1968), the authors analyzed the situation in Czechoslovakia from 1957 to 1967 by means of 911 strains of N. gonorrhoeae isolated from male patients suffering from gonorrhoea. It was also pointed out that there was a certain tendency towards reduced efficacy of penicillin G and a presence of streptomycin-resistant strains. In later years, the studies were extended to include also strains isolated from female patients and sensitivity to some more modern antibiotics was tested. In the present report, a survey is given of the state of antibiotics resistance among gonococci in Czechoslovakia in a chronological order of 17 years which is intended to serve as a basic information for those who are dealing with this subject.", "contents": "[Survey of the sensitivity of the strains Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibioticas in the CSSR during 1957-1973 (authors transl)]. Although the preponderant majority of gonococcal strains is belonging to the most susceptible micro-organisms in respect of the action of antibiotics, certain variations of sensitivity which might be of importance not only for the genetics of microbes, but also for biochemistry and, above all, for therapy may occur also among them, perhaps as a consequence of along-time pressure by antibiotics. In a preceding study (J. Hyg. Epidem. Microb. Immunol. (Prague) 12,296, 1968), the authors analyzed the situation in Czechoslovakia from 1957 to 1967 by means of 911 strains of N. gonorrhoeae isolated from male patients suffering from gonorrhoea. It was also pointed out that there was a certain tendency towards reduced efficacy of penicillin G and a presence of streptomycin-resistant strains. In later years, the studies were extended to include also strains isolated from female patients and sensitivity to some more modern antibiotics was tested. In the present report, a survey is given of the state of antibiotics resistance among gonococci in Czechoslovakia in a chronological order of 17 years which is intended to serve as a basic information for those who are dealing with this subject."}
{"id": "PMID:125514", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the immunologic structure of children's collectives as regards scarlatina in different climatic zones].", "content": "An immunological study (in respect to scarlet fever) of children in children's collective bodies was conducted in 1971-1972 simultaneously in two towns-Ashkhabad and Petrozavodsk located in the contrast climatic zones. Results of Dick's test and passive hemagglutination test indicated no significant differences in the level and intensity of antitoxic immunity in children of both cities; only during the autumn period, corresponding to the seasonal increase in the incidence of scarler fever in Ashkabad, the number of immune children in this town proved to be greater than in Petrozavodsk, this being connected with a more active process of \"mute\" immunization. At the same time differences were revealed in the level and dynamics of antibodies to the leading types of M-antigens of hemolytic streptococci. Consequently, a higher immunological reactivity of the organism in children in Ashkhabad (promoting rapid formation of both the antitoxic and the antimicrobial immunity and limiting of the spread of marked scarlet fever affections) underlied the differences in the level of scarlet fever morbidity in different climatic zones.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the immunologic structure of children's collectives as regards scarlatina in different climatic zones]. An immunological study (in respect to scarlet fever) of children in children's collective bodies was conducted in 1971-1972 simultaneously in two towns-Ashkhabad and Petrozavodsk located in the contrast climatic zones. Results of Dick's test and passive hemagglutination test indicated no significant differences in the level and intensity of antitoxic immunity in children of both cities; only during the autumn period, corresponding to the seasonal increase in the incidence of scarler fever in Ashkabad, the number of immune children in this town proved to be greater than in Petrozavodsk, this being connected with a more active process of \"mute\" immunization. At the same time differences were revealed in the level and dynamics of antibodies to the leading types of M-antigens of hemolytic streptococci. Consequently, a higher immunological reactivity of the organism in children in Ashkhabad (promoting rapid formation of both the antitoxic and the antimicrobial immunity and limiting of the spread of marked scarlet fever affections) underlied the differences in the level of scarlet fever morbidity in different climatic zones."}
{"id": "PMID:125515", "title": "[A-like effect of a proteinpolysaccharide containing extract from bovine cartilage].", "content": "In regard to the undecided immunological role of protein polysaccharides (of the glycosaminoglycan type) for pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases a protein polysaccharide-containing extract from bovine nasal cartilage was tested by the absorption method, precipitation and immunization. An A-like effect of the extract was found.", "contents": "[A-like effect of a proteinpolysaccharide containing extract from bovine cartilage]. In regard to the undecided immunological role of protein polysaccharides (of the glycosaminoglycan type) for pathogenesis of connective tissue diseases a protein polysaccharide-containing extract from bovine nasal cartilage was tested by the absorption method, precipitation and immunization. An A-like effect of the extract was found."}
{"id": "PMID:125516", "title": "In vitro parameters of cell-mediated immune reactions in healthy individuals following immune-stimulation attempts with levamisole.", "content": "In vitro parameters of cellular immune reactions were followed by 10 healthy individuals during administration of levamisole. Leucocyte migration tests, lymphocyte transformation tests and ATP-ase activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes were investigated. Levamisole did not influence resting human lymphocytes of the stimulation response of lymphocytes. The metabolic activity of lymphocytes expressed by their ATP-ase activity was not significantly changed after levamisole administration.", "contents": "In vitro parameters of cell-mediated immune reactions in healthy individuals following immune-stimulation attempts with levamisole. In vitro parameters of cellular immune reactions were followed by 10 healthy individuals during administration of levamisole. Leucocyte migration tests, lymphocyte transformation tests and ATP-ase activity of peripheral blood lymphocytes were investigated. Levamisole did not influence resting human lymphocytes of the stimulation response of lymphocytes. The metabolic activity of lymphocytes expressed by their ATP-ase activity was not significantly changed after levamisole administration."}
{"id": "PMID:125517", "title": "[Light- and electron microscopy studies on the cerebellum in 12-day-old rats after treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN)].", "content": "Light- and electron-microscopie studies were performed in glia cells and neurons of the cerebellum of 12-day-old rats until 48 following intraperitoneal application of 8 mg/kg 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), an antimetabolite of nicotinamide that inhibits the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway. Particularly sensitive were the neuroblasts of the external granular layer. The migration of the neuroblasts was clearly reduced. Parts of the internal granular layer were damaged, while the Purkinje cells and astrocytes remained unchanged. Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes showed vacuolar degeneration. Swelling of the myelin sheath occurred in the form of a status spongiosus. 48 h after 6-AN injection some mitoses and phagocytic cells were found in the internal granular layer.", "contents": "[Light- and electron microscopy studies on the cerebellum in 12-day-old rats after treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN)]. Light- and electron-microscopie studies were performed in glia cells and neurons of the cerebellum of 12-day-old rats until 48 following intraperitoneal application of 8 mg/kg 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), an antimetabolite of nicotinamide that inhibits the oxidative pentose-phosphate pathway. Particularly sensitive were the neuroblasts of the external granular layer. The migration of the neuroblasts was clearly reduced. Parts of the internal granular layer were damaged, while the Purkinje cells and astrocytes remained unchanged. Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes showed vacuolar degeneration. Swelling of the myelin sheath occurred in the form of a status spongiosus. 48 h after 6-AN injection some mitoses and phagocytic cells were found in the internal granular layer."}
{"id": "PMID:125518", "title": "Blink reflex in Huntingon's chorea and Parkinson's disease.", "content": "The electrically-evoked late response (R2) of the blink reflex has been determined in 8 well-documented cases of Huntington's chorea and in 19 Parkinsonian patients. The results obtained from the two groups are compared with those from 10 normal subjects. A statistically significant difference of some components of the blink reflex was obtained when the three groups were compared. In both pathological conditions, the habituation index, latency and differential latency can be considered to represent the opposite extremes from the same scale, providing further evidence of the neurophysiological antagonism between the two disease states. The blink reflex pattern in Huntington's chorea probably reflects a diminished brain-stem interneurone basal activity through an over-inhibition of dopaminergic receptors in the striatum. The electrophysiological analysis of the blink reflex in incipient Huntington's chorea can provide an objective diagnostic assessment. It might be an effective method of detection for dopaminergic-activated carriers asking for genetic counseling.", "contents": "Blink reflex in Huntingon's chorea and Parkinson's disease. The electrically-evoked late response (R2) of the blink reflex has been determined in 8 well-documented cases of Huntington's chorea and in 19 Parkinsonian patients. The results obtained from the two groups are compared with those from 10 normal subjects. A statistically significant difference of some components of the blink reflex was obtained when the three groups were compared. In both pathological conditions, the habituation index, latency and differential latency can be considered to represent the opposite extremes from the same scale, providing further evidence of the neurophysiological antagonism between the two disease states. The blink reflex pattern in Huntington's chorea probably reflects a diminished brain-stem interneurone basal activity through an over-inhibition of dopaminergic receptors in the striatum. The electrophysiological analysis of the blink reflex in incipient Huntington's chorea can provide an objective diagnostic assessment. It might be an effective method of detection for dopaminergic-activated carriers asking for genetic counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:125513", "title": "[Sodium reabsorption and the membrane systems of vertebrate kidneys].", "content": "Sodium reabsorption is low in coldblooded animals (the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, red salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, carp Cyprinus carpio, frog Rana temporaria, tortoise Agryonemis horsfieldi) being much higher in warmblooded ones (chicken, pigeon, rat). High level of Na transport in warmblooded animals is paralleled by high activity of succinate dehydrogenase as compared with the activity of Na,K-ATPase. The content of monoenoic fatty acids in the glycerophosphatides from frog and tortoise kidneys is higher than that from pigeon and rat ones.", "contents": "[Sodium reabsorption and the membrane systems of vertebrate kidneys]. Sodium reabsorption is low in coldblooded animals (the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis, red salmon Oncorhynchus nerka, carp Cyprinus carpio, frog Rana temporaria, tortoise Agryonemis horsfieldi) being much higher in warmblooded ones (chicken, pigeon, rat). High level of Na transport in warmblooded animals is paralleled by high activity of succinate dehydrogenase as compared with the activity of Na,K-ATPase. The content of monoenoic fatty acids in the glycerophosphatides from frog and tortoise kidneys is higher than that from pigeon and rat ones."}
{"id": "PMID:125519", "title": "HL-A histocompatibility antigens in optic neuritis.", "content": "HL-A and MLC typing in 54 patients with optic neruitis showed increased frequencies of the HL-A3, 7 and LD-7a determinants of approximately the same magnitude as in patients with multiple sclerosis. The frequencies of the same three determinants were not different in the 11 patients who developed multiple sclerosis during the period of follow-up compared to the remaining patients. There was a significant increase in the frequency of the HL-A3 determinant in patients with oligoclonal IgG of the cerebrospinal fluid at the onset of disease. The connection between this determinant and the occurrence of cerebrospinal fluid changes is not clear. The results suggest that optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis represent different aspects of the same disease entity, rather than two distinct diseases. HL-A and MLC typing did not seem to offer prognostic information as to the later development of multiple sclerosis in these patients, but the observation period is still short.", "contents": "HL-A histocompatibility antigens in optic neuritis. HL-A and MLC typing in 54 patients with optic neruitis showed increased frequencies of the HL-A3, 7 and LD-7a determinants of approximately the same magnitude as in patients with multiple sclerosis. The frequencies of the same three determinants were not different in the 11 patients who developed multiple sclerosis during the period of follow-up compared to the remaining patients. There was a significant increase in the frequency of the HL-A3 determinant in patients with oligoclonal IgG of the cerebrospinal fluid at the onset of disease. The connection between this determinant and the occurrence of cerebrospinal fluid changes is not clear. The results suggest that optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis represent different aspects of the same disease entity, rather than two distinct diseases. HL-A and MLC typing did not seem to offer prognostic information as to the later development of multiple sclerosis in these patients, but the observation period is still short."}
{"id": "PMID:125520", "title": "The excretion patterns of urinary glucosaminoglycans in a family with progressive familial myoclonus epilepsy.", "content": "The urinary excretion of uronic acid and the electrophoretic composition of urinary glucosaminoglycans were studied in 10 members of a family, of which 3 had progressive familial myoclonus epilepsy. This seems to be the first detailed investigation of the excretion of urinary glucosaminoglycans in patients suffering from this neurologic disease. The uronic acid excretion was found to be increased in the affected family members exclusively, whereas the excretion of the unaffected members were found within the normal limits characterized in this investigation. The urinary glucosaminoglycans could be separated into 5 fractions by electrophoresis. One or two of these fractions were increased in the urines of the three affected family members, the clinically most affected member showing the most abnormal electrophoretic results. An abnormal electrophoretic distribution of fractions was also found in the urines of 5 other members, clinically not affected. Only the maternal part of the family (mother and maternal grandmother) was shown to have a normal electrophoretic distribution of urinary glucosaminoglycans. The implication of these electrophoretic differences in the paternal and maternal family on the conditions for the development of the disease is discussed. The two fractions in question (designated fraction-0.65 and fraction-0.71) have until now been regarded as glycoproteins, but the present results show that they are true glucosaminoglycans (acid mucopolysaccharides), probably of low sulphate content.", "contents": "The excretion patterns of urinary glucosaminoglycans in a family with progressive familial myoclonus epilepsy. The urinary excretion of uronic acid and the electrophoretic composition of urinary glucosaminoglycans were studied in 10 members of a family, of which 3 had progressive familial myoclonus epilepsy. This seems to be the first detailed investigation of the excretion of urinary glucosaminoglycans in patients suffering from this neurologic disease. The uronic acid excretion was found to be increased in the affected family members exclusively, whereas the excretion of the unaffected members were found within the normal limits characterized in this investigation. The urinary glucosaminoglycans could be separated into 5 fractions by electrophoresis. One or two of these fractions were increased in the urines of the three affected family members, the clinically most affected member showing the most abnormal electrophoretic results. An abnormal electrophoretic distribution of fractions was also found in the urines of 5 other members, clinically not affected. Only the maternal part of the family (mother and maternal grandmother) was shown to have a normal electrophoretic distribution of urinary glucosaminoglycans. The implication of these electrophoretic differences in the paternal and maternal family on the conditions for the development of the disease is discussed. The two fractions in question (designated fraction-0.65 and fraction-0.71) have until now been regarded as glycoproteins, but the present results show that they are true glucosaminoglycans (acid mucopolysaccharides), probably of low sulphate content."}
{"id": "PMID:125521", "title": "Lack of relationship of red cell enzyme activity to bilirubin and carboxyhemoglobin levels in healthy term infants.", "content": "A total of 32 term infants were studied in an attempt to confirm and extend the recent observation of Petrich & associates (14) that minor degrees of transient deficiences of the red cell enzymes glucose phosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were related to hyperbilirubinemia in otherwise healthy term infants. No relationships could be observed between the activity of these enzymes and the bilirubin level on day three. In addition, no correlation was present between bilirubin values and carboxyhemoglobin levels on day three, suggesting that in the healthy term infant excessive hemolysis is not usually responsible for the variations observed in bilirubin levels.", "contents": "Lack of relationship of red cell enzyme activity to bilirubin and carboxyhemoglobin levels in healthy term infants. A total of 32 term infants were studied in an attempt to confirm and extend the recent observation of Petrich & associates (14) that minor degrees of transient deficiences of the red cell enzymes glucose phosphate isomerase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were related to hyperbilirubinemia in otherwise healthy term infants. No relationships could be observed between the activity of these enzymes and the bilirubin level on day three. In addition, no correlation was present between bilirubin values and carboxyhemoglobin levels on day three, suggesting that in the healthy term infant excessive hemolysis is not usually responsible for the variations observed in bilirubin levels."}
{"id": "PMID:125522", "title": "A 21-year psycho-social follow-up of 524 unselected cases of down's syndrome and their families.", "content": "The death rate was followed, and a life table has been constructed. Three crucial events were examined: 1. the period of diagnosis, 2. the problem of institutionalization versus homecare, 3. the ageing and death of the parents and its consequences for the person with D.S. Several other medical problems, psychological implications and social consequences for the person with D.S., for his parents and siblings are highlighted. The worst problem for parents with the child at home was social isolation; for the parents with the child at an institution it was the very existence of the child. To both groups the most encouraging fact was that their child was happy, friendly and in good spirits. Finally, emphasis is laid upon the medical and paramedical problems which must be discussed and solved to make a harmonious and social life for the person with D.S., for his normal siblings, and for the parents.", "contents": "A 21-year psycho-social follow-up of 524 unselected cases of down's syndrome and their families. The death rate was followed, and a life table has been constructed. Three crucial events were examined: 1. the period of diagnosis, 2. the problem of institutionalization versus homecare, 3. the ageing and death of the parents and its consequences for the person with D.S. Several other medical problems, psychological implications and social consequences for the person with D.S., for his parents and siblings are highlighted. The worst problem for parents with the child at home was social isolation; for the parents with the child at an institution it was the very existence of the child. To both groups the most encouraging fact was that their child was happy, friendly and in good spirits. Finally, emphasis is laid upon the medical and paramedical problems which must be discussed and solved to make a harmonious and social life for the person with D.S., for his normal siblings, and for the parents."}
{"id": "PMID:125523", "title": "Relationship between length of the left main coronary artery and heart weight.", "content": "The length of the left main coronary artery (LMA) was determined in post-mortem, non-fixed hearts of normal weight (heart weight less than 400 g, group I) and hypertrophic hearts (heart weight greater than or equal to 400 g, group II). Hearts from 76 men and 88 women in group I and 136 men and 61 women in group II were studied. The mean length of LMA in group I was 9.1 mm in men and 8.4 mm in women. Corresponding values in group II were 10.3 mm and 8.8 mm. There was no significant sex difference in the length of LMA in group I, but the sex difference in group II was significant (p less than 0.01). The difference in length of LMA between groups I and II reveals that the difference in men was significant ( less than 0.02), but insignificant in women. In the case of both sexes no significant correlation between heart weight and the length of LMA was found either in group I or group II. There was a significant correlation between the area of the left coronary ostium and the length of LMA in men in group I (p less than 0.05), but not in women. Corresponding comparisons of both sexes in group II were statistically insignificant.", "contents": "Relationship between length of the left main coronary artery and heart weight. The length of the left main coronary artery (LMA) was determined in post-mortem, non-fixed hearts of normal weight (heart weight less than 400 g, group I) and hypertrophic hearts (heart weight greater than or equal to 400 g, group II). Hearts from 76 men and 88 women in group I and 136 men and 61 women in group II were studied. The mean length of LMA in group I was 9.1 mm in men and 8.4 mm in women. Corresponding values in group II were 10.3 mm and 8.8 mm. There was no significant sex difference in the length of LMA in group I, but the sex difference in group II was significant (p less than 0.01). The difference in length of LMA between groups I and II reveals that the difference in men was significant ( less than 0.02), but insignificant in women. In the case of both sexes no significant correlation between heart weight and the length of LMA was found either in group I or group II. There was a significant correlation between the area of the left coronary ostium and the length of LMA in men in group I (p less than 0.05), but not in women. Corresponding comparisons of both sexes in group II were statistically insignificant."}
{"id": "PMID:125524", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus in cystic fibrosis: antibiotic sensitivity and phage types during the latest decade. Investigation of the occurrence of protein A and some other properties of recently isolated strains in relation to the occurrence of precipitating antibodies.", "content": "During the recent decade, 1651 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from 111 patients with cystic fibrosis have been tested for antibiotic sensitivity and half of the isolates have been phage typed. All the patients were followed in one clinic and the policy of antibiotic treatment was consistent during this period. The results show a dynamic situation where \"epidemic\" phage types during recent years have been gradually replaced by other types and, during the same period, the prevalence of strains resistant to more than one antibiotic decreased. Multiresistant strains including strains resistant to methicillin were infrequent in these patients. From 23 per cent of the patients, the same strains were repeatedly isolated for more than 1 year despite an apparently successful chemotherapy. Recently isolated strains were found to produce cellbound as well as extracellular protein A. Ninety-one per cent of the strains produced extracellular lipase and only 8 per cent were resistant to mercury chloride. Eighty-one per cent of the patients produced precipitating antibodies agains S. aureus as judged by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The investigated properties of S. aureus were not significantly correlated with the occurrence of precipitating antibodies against these bacteria. The possible significance of protein A in the pathology of the respiratory tract infection is discussed.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus in cystic fibrosis: antibiotic sensitivity and phage types during the latest decade. Investigation of the occurrence of protein A and some other properties of recently isolated strains in relation to the occurrence of precipitating antibodies. During the recent decade, 1651 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from 111 patients with cystic fibrosis have been tested for antibiotic sensitivity and half of the isolates have been phage typed. All the patients were followed in one clinic and the policy of antibiotic treatment was consistent during this period. The results show a dynamic situation where \"epidemic\" phage types during recent years have been gradually replaced by other types and, during the same period, the prevalence of strains resistant to more than one antibiotic decreased. Multiresistant strains including strains resistant to methicillin were infrequent in these patients. From 23 per cent of the patients, the same strains were repeatedly isolated for more than 1 year despite an apparently successful chemotherapy. Recently isolated strains were found to produce cellbound as well as extracellular protein A. Ninety-one per cent of the strains produced extracellular lipase and only 8 per cent were resistant to mercury chloride. Eighty-one per cent of the patients produced precipitating antibodies agains S. aureus as judged by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The investigated properties of S. aureus were not significantly correlated with the occurrence of precipitating antibodies against these bacteria. The possible significance of protein A in the pathology of the respiratory tract infection is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125525", "title": "Consequences of myocardial structural adaptation on left ventricular compliance and the Frank-Starling relationship in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The Frank-Starling relationship of hearts from adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, Okamoto 1969), representing the established phase of hypertension, and of young SHR, representing the initial phase of hypertension, was investigated by using the isolated working heart preparation. In the \"normal\" diastolic pressure range (5 to 10 cm H2O), the left ventricle of both SHR groups displayed significantly reduced stroke volumes compared with hearts of normotensive controls (NCR); the degree of reduction being proportional to the left ventricular hypertrophy. This is suggested to be due to a reduced left ventricular diastolic compliance in SHR, as indicated by direct measurements of ventricular wall thickness and end-diastolic volumes in arrested hearts exposed to different end-diastolic filling pressures. Such a progressive shift of the Frank-Starling relationship to the right with duration of hypertension could, in combination with the gradual development of \"structural autoregulation\" of the precapillary resistance vessels, constitute dominating factors in shifting the hemodynamic situation in labile hypertension into that characterizing the established, or \"fixed\", state of hypertension.", "contents": "Consequences of myocardial structural adaptation on left ventricular compliance and the Frank-Starling relationship in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The Frank-Starling relationship of hearts from adult spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR, Okamoto 1969), representing the established phase of hypertension, and of young SHR, representing the initial phase of hypertension, was investigated by using the isolated working heart preparation. In the \"normal\" diastolic pressure range (5 to 10 cm H2O), the left ventricle of both SHR groups displayed significantly reduced stroke volumes compared with hearts of normotensive controls (NCR); the degree of reduction being proportional to the left ventricular hypertrophy. This is suggested to be due to a reduced left ventricular diastolic compliance in SHR, as indicated by direct measurements of ventricular wall thickness and end-diastolic volumes in arrested hearts exposed to different end-diastolic filling pressures. Such a progressive shift of the Frank-Starling relationship to the right with duration of hypertension could, in combination with the gradual development of \"structural autoregulation\" of the precapillary resistance vessels, constitute dominating factors in shifting the hemodynamic situation in labile hypertension into that characterizing the established, or \"fixed\", state of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:125528", "title": "Effect of aurothioglucose on some allergic and non-allergic skin reactions in animals.", "content": "The antiphlogistic effect of aurothioglucose was examined in reversed passive Arthus reaction, delayed-type hypersensitivity and carrageenan oedema. A close association existed between the antiphlogistic effect of aurothioglucose and the pathogenetic role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In reversed passive Arthus reaction and in carrageenan oedema the drug decreased the inflammation considerably, whereas in delayed hypersensitivity, where the leukocytes play a less important part, it exerted only a mitigating effect.", "contents": "Effect of aurothioglucose on some allergic and non-allergic skin reactions in animals. The antiphlogistic effect of aurothioglucose was examined in reversed passive Arthus reaction, delayed-type hypersensitivity and carrageenan oedema. A close association existed between the antiphlogistic effect of aurothioglucose and the pathogenetic role of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In reversed passive Arthus reaction and in carrageenan oedema the drug decreased the inflammation considerably, whereas in delayed hypersensitivity, where the leukocytes play a less important part, it exerted only a mitigating effect."}
{"id": "PMID:125529", "title": "Risk factors revisited.", "content": "There is growing and increasingly firm evidence that certain remediable risk factors predispose to coronary artery disease. The most important of these appear to be systolic hypertension, cigarette-smoking, elevated blood lipids and glucose intolerance. When electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy is also detected, a considerable further element of risk is imposed. Left ventricular hypertrophy and cigarette-smoking may predispose to sudden death. Tables are now readily available for assigning each patient a factor, and physicians can place their patients on an active program to reduce risk factors and possible to prevent development of coronary artery disease. Despite lack of absolute proof that such programs will be efficacious, the information presently available to us suggests that this represents a prudent approach to preventive therapy of this major international health problem.", "contents": "Risk factors revisited. There is growing and increasingly firm evidence that certain remediable risk factors predispose to coronary artery disease. The most important of these appear to be systolic hypertension, cigarette-smoking, elevated blood lipids and glucose intolerance. When electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy is also detected, a considerable further element of risk is imposed. Left ventricular hypertrophy and cigarette-smoking may predispose to sudden death. Tables are now readily available for assigning each patient a factor, and physicians can place their patients on an active program to reduce risk factors and possible to prevent development of coronary artery disease. Despite lack of absolute proof that such programs will be efficacious, the information presently available to us suggests that this represents a prudent approach to preventive therapy of this major international health problem."}
{"id": "PMID:125530", "title": "Studies on the tolerance of silk, nylon, dacron and collagen suture material in the cornea of the rabbit.", "content": "With rabbit corneas we did comparative biomicroscopical and histological investigations on material tolerance of the following threads at present used in microsurgery: Barraquer silk (virgin silk), nylon 30 mum (T\u00fcbinger nylon), dacron (polyester) 40 mum and plain collagen 7-0. The sutures were implanted into the cornea intra-lamellarly, completely under the microscope. The examinations showed only very little tissue reaction in all these materials.", "contents": "Studies on the tolerance of silk, nylon, dacron and collagen suture material in the cornea of the rabbit. With rabbit corneas we did comparative biomicroscopical and histological investigations on material tolerance of the following threads at present used in microsurgery: Barraquer silk (virgin silk), nylon 30 mum (T\u00fcbinger nylon), dacron (polyester) 40 mum and plain collagen 7-0. The sutures were implanted into the cornea intra-lamellarly, completely under the microscope. The examinations showed only very little tissue reaction in all these materials."}
{"id": "PMID:125535", "title": "Studies on the experimental production of endomyocardial fibrosis and cardiomegaly of unknown origin by dietary means.", "content": "Three groups of rats were kept on diets similar to those eaten by indigenous inhabitants in parts of Africa where CUO and EMF are commonly found, for 30 months. Many of the animals on a tryptophan-deficient diet developed CUO whereas those on a tryptophan-deficient diet which contained a 5-HT content also developed lesions similar to EMF. The third group of rats, which ate a diet similar to this second group but supplemented by a high-protein intake, did not develop any cardiac lesions.", "contents": "Studies on the experimental production of endomyocardial fibrosis and cardiomegaly of unknown origin by dietary means. Three groups of rats were kept on diets similar to those eaten by indigenous inhabitants in parts of Africa where CUO and EMF are commonly found, for 30 months. Many of the animals on a tryptophan-deficient diet developed CUO whereas those on a tryptophan-deficient diet which contained a 5-HT content also developed lesions similar to EMF. The third group of rats, which ate a diet similar to this second group but supplemented by a high-protein intake, did not develop any cardiac lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:125536", "title": "The superior QRS axis in ostium primum ASD: a proposed mechanism.", "content": "The influence of abnormal hemodynamics, ventricular hypertrophy, and right bundle branch block on the AQRS was studied pre- and post-operatively in 29 patients with OPSD. The AQRS markedly diminishes with the surgical correction of abnormal hemodynamics and the subsequent resolution of RVH or BVH. With the persistence of ventricular hypertrophy postoperatively or the surgical induction of RBBB, the AQRS either remains unchanged or, in the latter instance, becomes more superior and rightward. The dependence of the superior AQRS on these factors suggests that a left anterior hemiblock is not responsible for this AQRS. In OPSD early activation of the posterobasal region of the left ventricle through an abnormally short posterior fascicle results in a minimal superior AQRS which is then exaggerated in the presence of abnormal hemodynamics, ventricular hypertrophy, or RBBB. Thus, the superior AQRS in OPSD with associated RBBB does not represent a true bifascicular block and has a different natural history and clinical significance.", "contents": "The superior QRS axis in ostium primum ASD: a proposed mechanism. The influence of abnormal hemodynamics, ventricular hypertrophy, and right bundle branch block on the AQRS was studied pre- and post-operatively in 29 patients with OPSD. The AQRS markedly diminishes with the surgical correction of abnormal hemodynamics and the subsequent resolution of RVH or BVH. With the persistence of ventricular hypertrophy postoperatively or the surgical induction of RBBB, the AQRS either remains unchanged or, in the latter instance, becomes more superior and rightward. The dependence of the superior AQRS on these factors suggests that a left anterior hemiblock is not responsible for this AQRS. In OPSD early activation of the posterobasal region of the left ventricle through an abnormally short posterior fascicle results in a minimal superior AQRS which is then exaggerated in the presence of abnormal hemodynamics, ventricular hypertrophy, or RBBB. Thus, the superior AQRS in OPSD with associated RBBB does not represent a true bifascicular block and has a different natural history and clinical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:125537", "title": "Contractility of the hypertrophied human left ventricle in chronic pressure and volume overload.", "content": "Nine patients with normal left ventricles (C), 10 patients with pressure load (PL) due to predominant aortic stenosis, and 9 patients with predominant volume load (VL) due to aortic incompetence were studied by left ventricular high-fidelity pressure measurements and cineangiography. Peak measured velocity of the contractile elements (Vpm) used as index of contractility and left ventricular muscle mass (LMMI) were determined. The patients with PL and VL were matched with respect to LMMI. In PL LMMI was 241 +/- 41 and in VL 254 +/- 42 gm. per square meter. Both were sizably increased (P smaller than 0.001) as compared to LMMI in C (89 +/- 24 gm. per square meter). Vpm was 1.41 +/- 0.20 ML per second in C. In PL and VLVpm was reduced to 1.05 +/- 0.26 (P smaller than 0.01) and to 1.07 +/- 0.33 ML per second (P smaller than 0.02). Vpm in PL was not different from Vpm in VL. Heart rate showed no major difference in the three groups. It is concluded that in two groups of patients with predominant PL and VL matched with  respect to LMMI left ventricular contractility was depressed to a similar extent regardless of the stimulus to hypertrophy.", "contents": "Contractility of the hypertrophied human left ventricle in chronic pressure and volume overload. Nine patients with normal left ventricles (C), 10 patients with pressure load (PL) due to predominant aortic stenosis, and 9 patients with predominant volume load (VL) due to aortic incompetence were studied by left ventricular high-fidelity pressure measurements and cineangiography. Peak measured velocity of the contractile elements (Vpm) used as index of contractility and left ventricular muscle mass (LMMI) were determined. The patients with PL and VL were matched with respect to LMMI. In PL LMMI was 241 +/- 41 and in VL 254 +/- 42 gm. per square meter. Both were sizably increased (P smaller than 0.001) as compared to LMMI in C (89 +/- 24 gm. per square meter). Vpm was 1.41 +/- 0.20 ML per second in C. In PL and VLVpm was reduced to 1.05 +/- 0.26 (P smaller than 0.01) and to 1.07 +/- 0.33 ML per second (P smaller than 0.02). Vpm in PL was not different from Vpm in VL. Heart rate showed no major difference in the three groups. It is concluded that in two groups of patients with predominant PL and VL matched with  respect to LMMI left ventricular contractility was depressed to a similar extent regardless of the stimulus to hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:125539", "title": "Left main coronary arterial obstruction: Long-term follow-up of 141 nonsurgical cases.", "content": "The prognosis of 141 patients with obstructive left main coronary artery disease was studied. The patients were followed up for 5 to 10 years from the date of coronary arteriography. The 5 year cardiac mortality rate was 51 percent. During the first 3 years after diagnosis, the mortality rate was especially high, 21.9, 34.7 and 43 percent, respectively. Among patients who died in the 1st year after diagnosis, evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy or conduction delay in the electrocardiogram and multiple vessel involvement indicated poor prognosis. Severe angina pectoris, evidence of congestive heart failure and generalized decrease in left ventricular contractility increased the 5 year mortality rate. More than 97 percent of the total patient population had additional lesions elsewhere in the coronary arteries.", "contents": "Left main coronary arterial obstruction: Long-term follow-up of 141 nonsurgical cases. The prognosis of 141 patients with obstructive left main coronary artery disease was studied. The patients were followed up for 5 to 10 years from the date of coronary arteriography. The 5 year cardiac mortality rate was 51 percent. During the first 3 years after diagnosis, the mortality rate was especially high, 21.9, 34.7 and 43 percent, respectively. Among patients who died in the 1st year after diagnosis, evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy or conduction delay in the electrocardiogram and multiple vessel involvement indicated poor prognosis. Severe angina pectoris, evidence of congestive heart failure and generalized decrease in left ventricular contractility increased the 5 year mortality rate. More than 97 percent of the total patient population had additional lesions elsewhere in the coronary arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:125540", "title": "Diastolic compliance of the left ventricle in man.", "content": "Two coordinates of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P) and volume (V) were provided by the infusion of angiotensin in 22 patients. The slope (k) of the ln P-V relation, coupled with knowledge of the operating (end-diastolic) pressure allows determination of end-diastolic volume compliance (dV/VdP). Estimates of end-diastolic compliance from a single coordinate of pressure and volume compared well (r equals 0.90) with the two coordinate method, whereas for specific compliance (deltaV/V1 deltaP) appeared to be misleading in cases of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and congestive cardiomyopathy. Since volume compliance is determined in part by the operating pressure, compliance may be reduced in small, normal or enlarged  ventricles. Left ventricular linear compliance was derived from volume compliance and was normalized for left ventricular wall thickness. The product of linear compliance and end-diastolic stress provides an index of myocardial strain, termed \"muscle fiber stretch,\" which may be related to systolic performance and thus allow comparison of length-performance relations in ventricles with normal and abnormal compliance.", "contents": "Diastolic compliance of the left ventricle in man. Two coordinates of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P) and volume (V) were provided by the infusion of angiotensin in 22 patients. The slope (k) of the ln P-V relation, coupled with knowledge of the operating (end-diastolic) pressure allows determination of end-diastolic volume compliance (dV/VdP). Estimates of end-diastolic compliance from a single coordinate of pressure and volume compared well (r equals 0.90) with the two coordinate method, whereas for specific compliance (deltaV/V1 deltaP) appeared to be misleading in cases of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and congestive cardiomyopathy. Since volume compliance is determined in part by the operating pressure, compliance may be reduced in small, normal or enlarged  ventricles. Left ventricular linear compliance was derived from volume compliance and was normalized for left ventricular wall thickness. The product of linear compliance and end-diastolic stress provides an index of myocardial strain, termed \"muscle fiber stretch,\" which may be related to systolic performance and thus allow comparison of length-performance relations in ventricles with normal and abnormal compliance."}
{"id": "PMID:125541", "title": "Successful partial excision of an intramural fibroma of the left ventricle.", "content": "A report of the only surviving adult to undergo partial excision of an intramural cardiac left ventricular fibroma is presented. Good results were obtained by relieving outflow tract obstruction through partial excision of the tumor from the septum and left ventricle. The need for conservative surgical treatment of patients with this rare, benign tumor is emphasized.", "contents": "Successful partial excision of an intramural fibroma of the left ventricle. A report of the only surviving adult to undergo partial excision of an intramural cardiac left ventricular fibroma is presented. Good results were obtained by relieving outflow tract obstruction through partial excision of the tumor from the septum and left ventricle. The need for conservative surgical treatment of patients with this rare, benign tumor is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:125542", "title": "Familial Down syndrome due to t(10;21) translocation: evidence that the Down phenotype is related to trisomy of a specific segment of chromosome 21.", "content": "This report deals with a reciprocal t(10;21) translocation which is observed in three generations of a family. Included are examples of the balanced translocation, adjacent-2 segregation producing three patients with trisomy of the distal long arm of chromosome 21 and the Down syndrome, and 3-1 disjunction producing trisomy of the proximal segment of chromosome 21 in a mildly mentally retarded boy without phenotypic features of the Down syndrome. These data provide evidence that the Down phenotype is attributable to trisomy of the distal long arm of chromosome 21.", "contents": "Familial Down syndrome due to t(10;21) translocation: evidence that the Down phenotype is related to trisomy of a specific segment of chromosome 21. This report deals with a reciprocal t(10;21) translocation which is observed in three generations of a family. Included are examples of the balanced translocation, adjacent-2 segregation producing three patients with trisomy of the distal long arm of chromosome 21 and the Down syndrome, and 3-1 disjunction producing trisomy of the proximal segment of chromosome 21 in a mildly mentally retarded boy without phenotypic features of the Down syndrome. These data provide evidence that the Down phenotype is attributable to trisomy of the distal long arm of chromosome 21."}
{"id": "PMID:125544", "title": "Adrenal and ovarian vein androgen levels and laparoscopic findings in hirsute women.", "content": "Hirsute women pose a diagnostic dilemma when urinary 17-ketosteroid and serum testosterone levels are normal.  To locate the site of androgen excess in 19 hirsute women, blood samples were collested from the left ovarian and adrenal veins via a catheter insertedinto the right femoral vein.  Laparoscopy and bilateral ovarian biopsies were also preformed in 18 of the 19 patients studied.  Nine women had elevated 17ketosteroid (fivepatients) and/or antecubital serum testosterone (five patients) levels.  Fourteen womanhad elevated testosterone concentrations distributed as follows: ovarian vein (six), adrenal vein (one), adrenal and ovarian veins (seven).  Androstenedione was elevated in theovarian vein (seven) and both adrenal and ovarian veins (11) in 18 patients.  Laparoscopic examinations revealed that less than 50 per cent of the enlarged ovaries could be detected by pelvic examination.  Histologic studies suggested that these patients comprised two groups: a group (six patients) who appeared to ovulate and a group (12 patients) who lacked evidence of ovulation.", "contents": "Adrenal and ovarian vein androgen levels and laparoscopic findings in hirsute women. Hirsute women pose a diagnostic dilemma when urinary 17-ketosteroid and serum testosterone levels are normal.  To locate the site of androgen excess in 19 hirsute women, blood samples were collested from the left ovarian and adrenal veins via a catheter insertedinto the right femoral vein.  Laparoscopy and bilateral ovarian biopsies were also preformed in 18 of the 19 patients studied.  Nine women had elevated 17ketosteroid (fivepatients) and/or antecubital serum testosterone (five patients) levels.  Fourteen womanhad elevated testosterone concentrations distributed as follows: ovarian vein (six), adrenal vein (one), adrenal and ovarian veins (seven).  Androstenedione was elevated in theovarian vein (seven) and both adrenal and ovarian veins (11) in 18 patients.  Laparoscopic examinations revealed that less than 50 per cent of the enlarged ovaries could be detected by pelvic examination.  Histologic studies suggested that these patients comprised two groups: a group (six patients) who appeared to ovulate and a group (12 patients) who lacked evidence of ovulation."}
{"id": "PMID:125545", "title": "Acute glaucoma in systemic mucopolysaccharidosis I-S.", "content": "Two siblings, a 56-year-old white man and a 44-year-old white woman, with systemic mucopolysaccharidosis I-S (Scheie's syndrome) developed acute glaucoma successively in each eye. Their management was complicated by an inability to visualize the anterior chamber angle due to corneal clouding by acid mucopolysaccharide (AMP) deposition. The mechanism of their glaucoma resembled angle closure, which may have been related to thickening of anterior ocular structures due to abnormal AMP storage.", "contents": "Acute glaucoma in systemic mucopolysaccharidosis I-S. Two siblings, a 56-year-old white man and a 44-year-old white woman, with systemic mucopolysaccharidosis I-S (Scheie's syndrome) developed acute glaucoma successively in each eye. Their management was complicated by an inability to visualize the anterior chamber angle due to corneal clouding by acid mucopolysaccharide (AMP) deposition. The mechanism of their glaucoma resembled angle closure, which may have been related to thickening of anterior ocular structures due to abnormal AMP storage."}
{"id": "PMID:125546", "title": "Immunopathologic and morphologic studies of skeletal muscle in Chagas' disease.", "content": "Skeletal muscle biopsies from 21 individuals infected with Trypanosoma cruzi were studied my means of immunofluorescence, ultrastructural immunochemical, light and electron microscopic, and histochemical procedures.  In 12 cases, definite morphologic alterations were found.  These alterations were coincident with the presence of circulating antibodies against the plasma membrane of striated muscle fibers and endothelial cells (EVI antibodies).  In almost all cases the lesions also presented autologous immunoglobulins bound to the plasma membrane of muscle fibers and endothelial cells.  Interstitial inflammatory exudate was not observed in the diseased muscle.  On the basis of these observations, it is suggested that the EVI antibody is related to some of the pathogenetic mechanism of skeletal muscle damage in Chagas' disease.", "contents": "Immunopathologic and morphologic studies of skeletal muscle in Chagas' disease. Skeletal muscle biopsies from 21 individuals infected with Trypanosoma cruzi were studied my means of immunofluorescence, ultrastructural immunochemical, light and electron microscopic, and histochemical procedures.  In 12 cases, definite morphologic alterations were found.  These alterations were coincident with the presence of circulating antibodies against the plasma membrane of striated muscle fibers and endothelial cells (EVI antibodies).  In almost all cases the lesions also presented autologous immunoglobulins bound to the plasma membrane of muscle fibers and endothelial cells.  Interstitial inflammatory exudate was not observed in the diseased muscle.  On the basis of these observations, it is suggested that the EVI antibody is related to some of the pathogenetic mechanism of skeletal muscle damage in Chagas' disease."}
{"id": "PMID:125543", "title": "Growth hormone and prolactin secretion in the carcinoid syndrome.", "content": "We evaluated plasma growth hormone (GH) and plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in ten patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome (\"active tumors\") and seven patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors without the carcinoid syndrome (\"inactive tumors\"). The patients with active tumors had elevated serum serotonin levels and increased urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) while these values were normal in patients with inactive tumors. Forty-five per cent of patients with active tumors had elevated fasting plasma GH levels that were either not suppressed or showed a paradoxical increase in response to I.V. glucose. There was a positive correlation between the plasma GH levels and serotonin production by the tumor. Twenty-eight per cent of patients with inactive tumors had elevated fasting plasma GH levels. GH levels were decreased by the administration of serotonin antagonists in some but not all of the patients. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis caused a paradoxical rise in GH levels. GH release in response to insulin hypoglycemia was normal. Plasma prolactin levels were normal in most of the patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors. PCPA administration did not systematically alter plasma prolactin levels. We conclude that elevated plasma GH levels are frequently present in patients with the carcinoid syndrome. Both serotonin produced by the tumors and the tumor itself may be responsible for the elevated GH levels.", "contents": "Growth hormone and prolactin secretion in the carcinoid syndrome. We evaluated plasma growth hormone (GH) and plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in ten patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome (\"active tumors\") and seven patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors without the carcinoid syndrome (\"inactive tumors\"). The patients with active tumors had elevated serum serotonin levels and increased urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) while these values were normal in patients with inactive tumors. Forty-five per cent of patients with active tumors had elevated fasting plasma GH levels that were either not suppressed or showed a paradoxical increase in response to I.V. glucose. There was a positive correlation between the plasma GH levels and serotonin production by the tumor. Twenty-eight per cent of patients with inactive tumors had elevated fasting plasma GH levels. GH levels were decreased by the administration of serotonin antagonists in some but not all of the patients. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis caused a paradoxical rise in GH levels. GH release in response to insulin hypoglycemia was normal. Plasma prolactin levels were normal in most of the patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors. PCPA administration did not systematically alter plasma prolactin levels. We conclude that elevated plasma GH levels are frequently present in patients with the carcinoid syndrome. Both serotonin produced by the tumors and the tumor itself may be responsible for the elevated GH levels."}
{"id": "PMID:125547", "title": "Dissociation of Na-K-ATPase specific activity and net reabsorption of sodium.", "content": "Prevoius studies have suggested that the increase in specific activity of Na-K-ATPase in renal tissue during treatment with glucocorticoids occurred as a result of aconcurrent rise in net tubular reabsorption of sodium.  Since recent data have indicated a specific effect of glucocortiocoids on epithelial cells, experiments were performed to determine whether enzyme activity and net sodium reabsorption could be dissociated. Evidence is provided demonstrating that base-line specific activity of Na-K-ATPase in rat renal cortex and outer medulla does not correlate directly with net sodium reabsorption since enzyme activity did not change after a chronic reduction in glomerularfiltration rate and the rate of sodium reabsorption.  Further studies showed a markedrise in Na-K-ATPase after 4 days of treatment with methylprednisolone despite a fall in sodium absorption.  These results suggest a direct effect of glucocorticoids onrenal Na-K-ATPase and illistrate the difficulty in assigning a transport role tothis enzyme from the correlation of specific activity with rates of net electrolyte transport.", "contents": "Dissociation of Na-K-ATPase specific activity and net reabsorption of sodium. Prevoius studies have suggested that the increase in specific activity of Na-K-ATPase in renal tissue during treatment with glucocorticoids occurred as a result of aconcurrent rise in net tubular reabsorption of sodium.  Since recent data have indicated a specific effect of glucocortiocoids on epithelial cells, experiments were performed to determine whether enzyme activity and net sodium reabsorption could be dissociated. Evidence is provided demonstrating that base-line specific activity of Na-K-ATPase in rat renal cortex and outer medulla does not correlate directly with net sodium reabsorption since enzyme activity did not change after a chronic reduction in glomerularfiltration rate and the rate of sodium reabsorption.  Further studies showed a markedrise in Na-K-ATPase after 4 days of treatment with methylprednisolone despite a fall in sodium absorption.  These results suggest a direct effect of glucocorticoids onrenal Na-K-ATPase and illistrate the difficulty in assigning a transport role tothis enzyme from the correlation of specific activity with rates of net electrolyte transport."}
{"id": "PMID:125550", "title": "Pathogenesis of acute avian malaria. III. Antigen and antibody complexes as a mediator of anemia in acute Plasmodium gallinaceum infections of chickens.", "content": "In a study of antigens and antibodies found in malarious chicken blood, antigen activity was found in plasma, and in hypertonic saline eluates of blood cells. A soluble antigen was extracted from parasites liberated from erythrocytes. Two classes of antigen were differentiated, one a globulin associated \"serum antigen\" which was found to show identity with a serum antigen from blood of rats with acute Babesia rodhaini infection, and another that was associated with the Plasmodium gallinaceum parasite. The plasma also contained antibody to both classes of antigen. Study of blood cells from normal chickens made anemic by injections of autohemagglutinin-free malarious plasma indicated that both serum antigen and its antibody were present in eluates of the washed blood cells. Direct immunofluorescent tests of these cells with conjugated antibody to serum antigen, and with conjugated antibody to P. gallinaceum parasite antigen showed that they reacted with the antibody to serum antigen but gave no reaction with antibody to parasite antigen. From this information it is suggested that soluble complexes of serum antigen and its antibody combined with the erythrocytes, and that these complexes acted as opsonin to cause the cells to be sequestered and destroyed in the spleen, or may have fixed complement to cause intravascular hemolysis. The serologic identity of serum antigen from malarious chickens and from rats with babesiosis, and its distinction from parasite antigen, led to the speculation that it might be an autoantigenic macroglobulin.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of acute avian malaria. III. Antigen and antibody complexes as a mediator of anemia in acute Plasmodium gallinaceum infections of chickens. In a study of antigens and antibodies found in malarious chicken blood, antigen activity was found in plasma, and in hypertonic saline eluates of blood cells. A soluble antigen was extracted from parasites liberated from erythrocytes. Two classes of antigen were differentiated, one a globulin associated \"serum antigen\" which was found to show identity with a serum antigen from blood of rats with acute Babesia rodhaini infection, and another that was associated with the Plasmodium gallinaceum parasite. The plasma also contained antibody to both classes of antigen. Study of blood cells from normal chickens made anemic by injections of autohemagglutinin-free malarious plasma indicated that both serum antigen and its antibody were present in eluates of the washed blood cells. Direct immunofluorescent tests of these cells with conjugated antibody to serum antigen, and with conjugated antibody to P. gallinaceum parasite antigen showed that they reacted with the antibody to serum antigen but gave no reaction with antibody to parasite antigen. From this information it is suggested that soluble complexes of serum antigen and its antibody combined with the erythrocytes, and that these complexes acted as opsonin to cause the cells to be sequestered and destroyed in the spleen, or may have fixed complement to cause intravascular hemolysis. The serologic identity of serum antigen from malarious chickens and from rats with babesiosis, and its distinction from parasite antigen, led to the speculation that it might be an autoantigenic macroglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:125551", "title": "Failure of thiabendazole and metronidazole in the treatment and suppression of guinea worm disease.", "content": "Guinea worm disease is endemic in West Africa. In 1973 a field drug trial was conducted to compare effectiveness, cost, and side-effects of thiabendazole and metronidazole in treating active guinea worm disease and preventing latent worms from emerging. A mass chemotherapy campaign was planned to follow the drug trial. Only 15.5% of the treated patients expelled the worm completely, and in 28.4% of the cases worms continued to appear. Both drugs were equally unsatisfactory in their anti-helminthic effect. Consequently, our efforts to control guinea worm have shifted from chemotherapy to chemical control of cyclops and improvement of rural water supplies.", "contents": "Failure of thiabendazole and metronidazole in the treatment and suppression of guinea worm disease. Guinea worm disease is endemic in West Africa. In 1973 a field drug trial was conducted to compare effectiveness, cost, and side-effects of thiabendazole and metronidazole in treating active guinea worm disease and preventing latent worms from emerging. A mass chemotherapy campaign was planned to follow the drug trial. Only 15.5% of the treated patients expelled the worm completely, and in 28.4% of the cases worms continued to appear. Both drugs were equally unsatisfactory in their anti-helminthic effect. Consequently, our efforts to control guinea worm have shifted from chemotherapy to chemical control of cyclops and improvement of rural water supplies."}
{"id": "PMID:125552", "title": "Mebendazole in the treatment of dracontiasis.", "content": "In a controlled field trial of treatment for dracontiasis, mebendazole (Vermox) was found to be effective in eliminating the adult worm and preventing clinical relapses, but it did not achieve significant amelioration of symptoms, subsidence of inflammation, or healing of ulcers. The failure is attributed to poor absorption and lack of anti-inflammatory action of the drug. Mebendazole was well tolerated and although two patients reported mild gastrointestinal disturbances, which may be attributed to the drug, the study confirms that mebendazole is one of the safest anthelmintics in current use and is in that respect ideal for mass therapy.", "contents": "Mebendazole in the treatment of dracontiasis. In a controlled field trial of treatment for dracontiasis, mebendazole (Vermox) was found to be effective in eliminating the adult worm and preventing clinical relapses, but it did not achieve significant amelioration of symptoms, subsidence of inflammation, or healing of ulcers. The failure is attributed to poor absorption and lack of anti-inflammatory action of the drug. Mebendazole was well tolerated and although two patients reported mild gastrointestinal disturbances, which may be attributed to the drug, the study confirms that mebendazole is one of the safest anthelmintics in current use and is in that respect ideal for mass therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:125553", "title": "Comparison of two geographic strains of Leishmania donovani by resistance of mice to superinfection.", "content": "Groups of mice were injected with Leishmania donovani strains Et (Burma) or IS (Sudan) and the courses of infection were followed. Between days 20 and 30 after infection by treatment with pentostam. Et- and 1S-recovered mice were challenged by intravenous injection of amastigotes of each strain. Although resistance to superinfection was apparent the L. donovani strains could not be differentiated by this method.", "contents": "Comparison of two geographic strains of Leishmania donovani by resistance of mice to superinfection. Groups of mice were injected with Leishmania donovani strains Et (Burma) or IS (Sudan) and the courses of infection were followed. Between days 20 and 30 after infection by treatment with pentostam. Et- and 1S-recovered mice were challenged by intravenous injection of amastigotes of each strain. Although resistance to superinfection was apparent the L. donovani strains could not be differentiated by this method."}
{"id": "PMID:125556", "title": "Central alveolar hypoventilation in a child: an evaluation using a whole body plethysmograph.", "content": "A disorder in the central nervous system control of breathing is thought to be responsible for the clinical syndrome of \"primary\" or central alveolar hypoventilation.  Only 2 of the 7 reported cases in children have included any functional evaluation of this control system disorder.  We report the case of a 2-year-old girl with central alveolar hypoventilation attributed to an abnormality in be central nervous system of unknown etiology.  In evaluating her ventilatory control system, we used a method (whole body pleildren and small animals but has since received little clinical use.  The findings included an irregular respiratory rhythm and a diminished ventilatory response to inhaled CO2, which suggested a functional abnormality of brainstem neurons responsible for rhythmic effective breathing and the CO2 response.  A relatively normal change in breathing with sleep and exercise as well as qualitively normal peripheral chemoreceptor function suggested that these aspects of the control system were undisturbed.  These findings are contrasted to those in other children; it is suggested that the syndrome of central alveolar hypoventilation may reflect a variety of functional abnormalities in the nervous system control of ventilation.", "contents": "Central alveolar hypoventilation in a child: an evaluation using a whole body plethysmograph. A disorder in the central nervous system control of breathing is thought to be responsible for the clinical syndrome of \"primary\" or central alveolar hypoventilation.  Only 2 of the 7 reported cases in children have included any functional evaluation of this control system disorder.  We report the case of a 2-year-old girl with central alveolar hypoventilation attributed to an abnormality in be central nervous system of unknown etiology.  In evaluating her ventilatory control system, we used a method (whole body pleildren and small animals but has since received little clinical use.  The findings included an irregular respiratory rhythm and a diminished ventilatory response to inhaled CO2, which suggested a functional abnormality of brainstem neurons responsible for rhythmic effective breathing and the CO2 response.  A relatively normal change in breathing with sleep and exercise as well as qualitively normal peripheral chemoreceptor function suggested that these aspects of the control system were undisturbed.  These findings are contrasted to those in other children; it is suggested that the syndrome of central alveolar hypoventilation may reflect a variety of functional abnormalities in the nervous system control of ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:125557", "title": "Value of laparoscopy in hepatobiliary disease.", "content": "A prospective study was made of the value of laparoscopy in hepatobiliary disease. The pathology was accurately diagnosed by laparoscopy alone in 21 out of 33 consecutive cases of cholestatic jaundice (36% failure rate). Laparoscopy gave a slightly better diagnostic yield for secondary tumour deposits than hepatic scintiscanning, and the simultaneous use of both procedures reduced the false negative rate to 2/18 (11%). Laparoscopic liver biopsy was superior to blind percutaneous biopsy in the retrieval of secondary malignant tissue, but it had no obvious advantage over the latter when performed on patients with diffuse disease (cirrhosis) or primary hepatic tumours.", "contents": "Value of laparoscopy in hepatobiliary disease. A prospective study was made of the value of laparoscopy in hepatobiliary disease. The pathology was accurately diagnosed by laparoscopy alone in 21 out of 33 consecutive cases of cholestatic jaundice (36% failure rate). Laparoscopy gave a slightly better diagnostic yield for secondary tumour deposits than hepatic scintiscanning, and the simultaneous use of both procedures reduced the false negative rate to 2/18 (11%). Laparoscopic liver biopsy was superior to blind percutaneous biopsy in the retrieval of secondary malignant tissue, but it had no obvious advantage over the latter when performed on patients with diffuse disease (cirrhosis) or primary hepatic tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:125559", "title": "The effect of thiols on Saccharomyces fragilis.", "content": "Treatment of cell suspensions of Saccharomyces fragilis with 0.01 M beta-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol released a variety of substances of high and low molecular weight. Twenty-two high-molecular-weight glycoproteins were separated by a combination of chromatography on DEAE cellulose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecylsulphate. The carbohydrate components consisted of at least 95% mannose and the protein components had threonine and serine as the major amino acids. Only very small amounts of phosphorus were associated with the high-molecular-weight components. The low-molecular-weight substances werr probably released from the internal cell pool and uracil and hypoxanthine were identified as components of this fraction. It is suggested that in addition to breaking disulphide bridges in the cell wall the thiols may also render the plasmalemma permeable to certain low-molecular-weight substances. Such effects are not lethal since the yeast can be trained to grow in presence of 0.01 M mercaptoethanol.", "contents": "The effect of thiols on Saccharomyces fragilis. Treatment of cell suspensions of Saccharomyces fragilis with 0.01 M beta-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol released a variety of substances of high and low molecular weight. Twenty-two high-molecular-weight glycoproteins were separated by a combination of chromatography on DEAE cellulose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecylsulphate. The carbohydrate components consisted of at least 95% mannose and the protein components had threonine and serine as the major amino acids. Only very small amounts of phosphorus were associated with the high-molecular-weight components. The low-molecular-weight substances werr probably released from the internal cell pool and uracil and hypoxanthine were identified as components of this fraction. It is suggested that in addition to breaking disulphide bridges in the cell wall the thiols may also render the plasmalemma permeable to certain low-molecular-weight substances. Such effects are not lethal since the yeast can be trained to grow in presence of 0.01 M mercaptoethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:125561", "title": "DDT: effect of continuous exposure on ATPase activity in fish, Pimephales promelas.", "content": "Fat head minnows, 45-days old, were continuously exposed to DDT using continuous water flow and constant temperature conditions. Exposures were to 0.5 and 2.0 ppb of DDT in water, and combinations of the two concentrations with 50 ppm in food, and 50 ppm in food alone, using C1 4-DDT in food. Brain homogenates were analyzed for enzyme activity from fish treated for 56, 118, 225, and 266 days; and gill analysis was made at 225 and 226 days exposure. Enzyme reductions were greatest in oligomycin-sensitive (mitochondrial) Mg2+ ATPase, with pronounced effects (over 50% inhibition) at the 266th sampling day. In contrast, Na+-K+ ATPase and oligomycin-insensitive Mg2+ ATPase activities were activated by as much as 28% and 40%, respectively. Mitochondrial Mg2+ ATPase of fish brain has been inhibited to the greatest extent in previously reported in vitro studies. All three ATPase enzymes were reduced in gill tissue sampled at the 266th day, with mitochondrial Mg2+ ATPase showing the greatest decline.", "contents": "DDT: effect of continuous exposure on ATPase activity in fish, Pimephales promelas. Fat head minnows, 45-days old, were continuously exposed to DDT using continuous water flow and constant temperature conditions. Exposures were to 0.5 and 2.0 ppb of DDT in water, and combinations of the two concentrations with 50 ppm in food, and 50 ppm in food alone, using C1 4-DDT in food. Brain homogenates were analyzed for enzyme activity from fish treated for 56, 118, 225, and 266 days; and gill analysis was made at 225 and 226 days exposure. Enzyme reductions were greatest in oligomycin-sensitive (mitochondrial) Mg2+ ATPase, with pronounced effects (over 50% inhibition) at the 266th sampling day. In contrast, Na+-K+ ATPase and oligomycin-insensitive Mg2+ ATPase activities were activated by as much as 28% and 40%, respectively. Mitochondrial Mg2+ ATPase of fish brain has been inhibited to the greatest extent in previously reported in vitro studies. All three ATPase enzymes were reduced in gill tissue sampled at the 266th day, with mitochondrial Mg2+ ATPase showing the greatest decline."}
{"id": "PMID:125562", "title": "Lymphocyte reactivity in rheumatoid arthritis. Mixed lymphocyte culture.", "content": "Lymphocyte function in rheumatoid arthritis has been assessed by the mixed lymphocyte culture assay. In contrast to previous studies, no difference was found between lymphocytes from healthy volunteers and patients with rheumatoid arthritis. An occasional patient's lymphocytes failed to respond on a given day, but were normal on restudy. All 44 arthritic patient's lymphocytes underwent blast transformation on stimulation with lymphocytes from unrelated donors. By reaction in mixed lymphocyte culture, lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis appear to be normal and no different from normal cells studied simultaneously.", "contents": "Lymphocyte reactivity in rheumatoid arthritis. Mixed lymphocyte culture. Lymphocyte function in rheumatoid arthritis has been assessed by the mixed lymphocyte culture assay. In contrast to previous studies, no difference was found between lymphocytes from healthy volunteers and patients with rheumatoid arthritis. An occasional patient's lymphocytes failed to respond on a given day, but were normal on restudy. All 44 arthritic patient's lymphocytes underwent blast transformation on stimulation with lymphocytes from unrelated donors. By reaction in mixed lymphocyte culture, lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis appear to be normal and no different from normal cells studied simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:125563", "title": "Bleeding in pregnancy due to retroplacental situtation of guinea worms.", "content": "Two cases of retroplacental guinea worms causing bleeding in the early and late months of pregnancy are reported. In one case, habitual abortions may have been due to the presence of a guinea worm. These situations and manifestations have not been previously reported. It is suggested that larval worms can invade the vagina, that the acid vaginal exudate destroys the Cyclops and releases the larvae which then penetrate the tissues and migrate to the retroplacental region corresponding to the migration from the stomach. This probably explains the higher incidence among females compared with males and of the pelvis over other regions.", "contents": "Bleeding in pregnancy due to retroplacental situtation of guinea worms. Two cases of retroplacental guinea worms causing bleeding in the early and late months of pregnancy are reported. In one case, habitual abortions may have been due to the presence of a guinea worm. These situations and manifestations have not been previously reported. It is suggested that larval worms can invade the vagina, that the acid vaginal exudate destroys the Cyclops and releases the larvae which then penetrate the tissues and migrate to the retroplacental region corresponding to the migration from the stomach. This probably explains the higher incidence among females compared with males and of the pelvis over other regions."}
{"id": "PMID:125564", "title": "The effects of gonadectomy on monoamine metabolism in three regions of mouse brain.", "content": "The concentrations 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, their precursors and metabolites have been determined in three regions of mouse brain following gonadectomy; the rates of depletion of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline following synthesis blockade have also been examined. Previous investigations have shown that gonadectomy results in changes in hypothalamic catecholamine metabolism; this report shows that changes are not confined to the hypothalamic area and suggests that the effects in other areas of the brain may contribute to the increased incidence of mental disturbances in man when hormone levels are drastically altered. Gonadectomy results in reduced 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in all regions of the mouse brain. Normetanephrine concentrations are significantly increased and the rate of depletion of noradrenaline from the brain following synthesis blockade is markedly accelerated following gonadectomy; this suggests that circulating steroid sex hormones may exert a stabilising effect on brain catecholamine stores.", "contents": "The effects of gonadectomy on monoamine metabolism in three regions of mouse brain. The concentrations 5-hydroxytryptamine, noradrenaline, their precursors and metabolites have been determined in three regions of mouse brain following gonadectomy; the rates of depletion of 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline following synthesis blockade have also been examined. Previous investigations have shown that gonadectomy results in changes in hypothalamic catecholamine metabolism; this report shows that changes are not confined to the hypothalamic area and suggests that the effects in other areas of the brain may contribute to the increased incidence of mental disturbances in man when hormone levels are drastically altered. Gonadectomy results in reduced 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid concentrations in all regions of the mouse brain. Normetanephrine concentrations are significantly increased and the rate of depletion of noradrenaline from the brain following synthesis blockade is markedly accelerated following gonadectomy; this suggests that circulating steroid sex hormones may exert a stabilising effect on brain catecholamine stores."}
{"id": "PMID:125565", "title": "Allosteric activation and competitive inhibition of yeast phosphofructokinase by d-fructose.", "content": "Purified phosphofructokinase from bakers yeast is activated by D-fructose in low concentrations (up to 1 mM) and inhibited by high concentrations. The stimulatory effect of D-fructose is similar, but smaller than that of AMP. In the presence of AMP (0.4 mM or higher) D-fructose does no longer stimulate, but its inhibitory effect persists (KI = 8 mM). Its dualistic action on phosphofructokinase activity indicates that D-fructose might induce low frequency in glycolytic oscillations by direct interaction with the enzyme.", "contents": "Allosteric activation and competitive inhibition of yeast phosphofructokinase by d-fructose. Purified phosphofructokinase from bakers yeast is activated by D-fructose in low concentrations (up to 1 mM) and inhibited by high concentrations. The stimulatory effect of D-fructose is similar, but smaller than that of AMP. In the presence of AMP (0.4 mM or higher) D-fructose does no longer stimulate, but its inhibitory effect persists (KI = 8 mM). Its dualistic action on phosphofructokinase activity indicates that D-fructose might induce low frequency in glycolytic oscillations by direct interaction with the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:125566", "title": "Enzymes of D-fructose catabolism in species of Beneckea and Photobacterium.", "content": "Cell-free extracts of strains representative of the genera Beneckea and Photobacterium catalyzed a P-enolpyruvate dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose. The resulting product, fructose-1-P, was converted to fructose-1,6-P2 by 1-P-fructokinase. Both activities were inducible, being present in D-fructose-grown cells and reduced or absent in D-gluconate-(or succinate-) grown cells.", "contents": "Enzymes of D-fructose catabolism in species of Beneckea and Photobacterium. Cell-free extracts of strains representative of the genera Beneckea and Photobacterium catalyzed a P-enolpyruvate dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose. The resulting product, fructose-1-P, was converted to fructose-1,6-P2 by 1-P-fructokinase. Both activities were inducible, being present in D-fructose-grown cells and reduced or absent in D-gluconate-(or succinate-) grown cells."}
{"id": "PMID:125567", "title": "Death resulting from unbalanced growth in a temperature-sensitive mutant of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant of Neurospora crassa was found to undergo rapid death on minimal medium at 35 degrees C.  The loss of viability in this mutant was prevented by various factors which retard growth, including deprivation of carbon sources or interruption of protein synthesis.  Synthesis of nucleic acids and protein in this mutant was normal at the early stages of germination and then depressed at 35 degrees C.  The active transport of glucose and the respiration rate in this mutant were depressed at 35 degrees C.  Phopholipid synthesis was significantly repressed at 35 degrees C.  The possible significance of the characteristics of this mutant is discussed in terms of membrane biosynthesis.", "contents": "Death resulting from unbalanced growth in a temperature-sensitive mutant of Neurospora crassa. A temperature-sensitive mutant of Neurospora crassa was found to undergo rapid death on minimal medium at 35 degrees C.  The loss of viability in this mutant was prevented by various factors which retard growth, including deprivation of carbon sources or interruption of protein synthesis.  Synthesis of nucleic acids and protein in this mutant was normal at the early stages of germination and then depressed at 35 degrees C.  The active transport of glucose and the respiration rate in this mutant were depressed at 35 degrees C.  Phopholipid synthesis was significantly repressed at 35 degrees C.  The possible significance of the characteristics of this mutant is discussed in terms of membrane biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:125568", "title": "Conidiation of Neurospora crassa induced by treatment with natrium fluoride in submerged culture.", "content": "A transient treatment of pregerminated conidia of Neurospora crassa with NaF induced young, submerged cultures to prematurely differentiate conidia. The inductive treatment decreased the rate of respiration (with lower RQ), reduced the relative concentration of nucleoside triphosphates, and inhibited leucine incorporation into protein and adenosine incorporation into RNA.", "contents": "Conidiation of Neurospora crassa induced by treatment with natrium fluoride in submerged culture. A transient treatment of pregerminated conidia of Neurospora crassa with NaF induced young, submerged cultures to prematurely differentiate conidia. The inductive treatment decreased the rate of respiration (with lower RQ), reduced the relative concentration of nucleoside triphosphates, and inhibited leucine incorporation into protein and adenosine incorporation into RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:125569", "title": "Interaction of a coupling factor from Rhodospirillum rubrum with coupling factor deficient chromatophores.", "content": "A coupling factor necessary for the photophosphorylation and Mg2+-ATPase activities in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores has been separated from these particles. Although the redox potential of coupling factor deficient chromatophores is slightly more oxidized than of the control, the addition of the coupling factor for reconstitution does not alter the redox potential. Phenazine methosulfate cannot restore or significantly enhance the photophosphorylation activities of uncoupled or reconstituted chromatophores compared to the control. The coupling factor can bind to coupling factor deficient membranes without addition of magnesium ions and thus restore the photophosphorylation and Mg2+-ATPase activities of these vesicles. The Ca2+-ATPase in the coupling factor preparation shows binding characteristics similar to those of the coupling factor.", "contents": "Interaction of a coupling factor from Rhodospirillum rubrum with coupling factor deficient chromatophores. A coupling factor necessary for the photophosphorylation and Mg2+-ATPase activities in Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores has been separated from these particles. Although the redox potential of coupling factor deficient chromatophores is slightly more oxidized than of the control, the addition of the coupling factor for reconstitution does not alter the redox potential. Phenazine methosulfate cannot restore or significantly enhance the photophosphorylation activities of uncoupled or reconstituted chromatophores compared to the control. The coupling factor can bind to coupling factor deficient membranes without addition of magnesium ions and thus restore the photophosphorylation and Mg2+-ATPase activities of these vesicles. The Ca2+-ATPase in the coupling factor preparation shows binding characteristics similar to those of the coupling factor."}
{"id": "PMID:125575", "title": "Prophylactically administered phenytoin. Effects on the development of chronic cobalt-induced epilepsy in the cat.", "content": "In chronic cobalt-induced experimental epilepsy in the cat, there are alterations in behavior, electroencephalograms, and brain sodium, potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na,K ATPase) activity. The electrographic and enzymatic changes occur both in focus and homotopic cortex, and are time related. The onset of EEG paroxysms consistently precedes increases in Na,K ATPase activity, indicating that the enzymatic change is adaptive. Prophylactic treatment with phenytoin (formerly diphenylhydantoin) prevents these chronic alterations from developing, although some early changes do occur. After the drug is withdrawn following 28 days of therapy, treated animals still demonstrate no evidence of epileptiform discharges or changes in Na,K ATPase activity, although these changes persist in untreated cats. Given properly, phenytoin may prevent alterations in brain, which can result in the formation of a hyperexcitable population of cells. These data support the efficacy of early pharmacologic prophylaxis in posttraumatic epilepsy.", "contents": "Prophylactically administered phenytoin. Effects on the development of chronic cobalt-induced epilepsy in the cat. In chronic cobalt-induced experimental epilepsy in the cat, there are alterations in behavior, electroencephalograms, and brain sodium, potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na,K ATPase) activity. The electrographic and enzymatic changes occur both in focus and homotopic cortex, and are time related. The onset of EEG paroxysms consistently precedes increases in Na,K ATPase activity, indicating that the enzymatic change is adaptive. Prophylactic treatment with phenytoin (formerly diphenylhydantoin) prevents these chronic alterations from developing, although some early changes do occur. After the drug is withdrawn following 28 days of therapy, treated animals still demonstrate no evidence of epileptiform discharges or changes in Na,K ATPase activity, although these changes persist in untreated cats. Given properly, phenytoin may prevent alterations in brain, which can result in the formation of a hyperexcitable population of cells. These data support the efficacy of early pharmacologic prophylaxis in posttraumatic epilepsy."}
{"id": "PMID:125576", "title": "Human epileptic brain Na, K ATPase activity and phenytoin concentrations.", "content": "An abnormal flux of monovalent cations may be related to the epileptogenic process in man. One possible mechanism for deranged electrolyte metabolism in epileptic brain is an abnormality in sodium, potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na, K ATPase). We found the activity of Na, K ATPase to be significantly less in epileptic human corfex than in nonepileptic cortex. Histological changes have been simultaneously evaluated in epileptic brain. A second membrane-bound enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was also assayed as a marker for neuronal membranes and found not to correlate with the epileptogenicity of human brain. In addition, the concentrations of the anticonvulsant compound phenytoin have been determined in the serum and cerebral cortex of epileptic and nonepileptic patients. The ratio of phenytoin in cortex to serum concentration is significantly lower in epileptic patients than in nonepileptic controls.", "contents": "Human epileptic brain Na, K ATPase activity and phenytoin concentrations. An abnormal flux of monovalent cations may be related to the epileptogenic process in man. One possible mechanism for deranged electrolyte metabolism in epileptic brain is an abnormality in sodium, potassium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na, K ATPase). We found the activity of Na, K ATPase to be significantly less in epileptic human corfex than in nonepileptic cortex. Histological changes have been simultaneously evaluated in epileptic brain. A second membrane-bound enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), was also assayed as a marker for neuronal membranes and found not to correlate with the epileptogenicity of human brain. In addition, the concentrations of the anticonvulsant compound phenytoin have been determined in the serum and cerebral cortex of epileptic and nonepileptic patients. The ratio of phenytoin in cortex to serum concentration is significantly lower in epileptic patients than in nonepileptic controls."}
{"id": "PMID:125577", "title": "Primary actinomycosis of the abdominal wall.", "content": "A rare case of primary actinomycosis of the abdominal wall presenting as a tumour is described. The patient responded to penicillin therapy well. A brief account of the literature is included.", "contents": "Primary actinomycosis of the abdominal wall. A rare case of primary actinomycosis of the abdominal wall presenting as a tumour is described. The patient responded to penicillin therapy well. A brief account of the literature is included."}
{"id": "PMID:125578", "title": "A double blind trial of lithium carbonate and haloperidol in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "Six patients with a family history of Huntington's chorea (HC) participated in a double blind crossover trial involving four treatments--lithium carbonate, haloperidol, lithium carbonate and haloperidol, and placebo. Each treatment was administered for three weeks and, at the end of each treatment period, assessments were made of chorea and a number of psychological variables. None of the treatments significantly affected chorea measurements. With regard to the psychological variables, the levels of irritability, the frequency of angry outbursts and depression did appear to be affected in some patients by the treatment. Three patients improved on a combination of lithium carbonate and haloperidol while the remaining three did not. Haloperidol alone significantly raised depression ratings above levels for other treatments including placebo. It is suggested that lithium carbonate and haloperidol together should be seriously considered in the treatment of HC when patients are excessively irritable and impulsive.", "contents": "A double blind trial of lithium carbonate and haloperidol in Huntington's chorea. Six patients with a family history of Huntington's chorea (HC) participated in a double blind crossover trial involving four treatments--lithium carbonate, haloperidol, lithium carbonate and haloperidol, and placebo. Each treatment was administered for three weeks and, at the end of each treatment period, assessments were made of chorea and a number of psychological variables. None of the treatments significantly affected chorea measurements. With regard to the psychological variables, the levels of irritability, the frequency of angry outbursts and depression did appear to be affected in some patients by the treatment. Three patients improved on a combination of lithium carbonate and haloperidol while the remaining three did not. Haloperidol alone significantly raised depression ratings above levels for other treatments including placebo. It is suggested that lithium carbonate and haloperidol together should be seriously considered in the treatment of HC when patients are excessively irritable and impulsive."}
{"id": "PMID:125579", "title": "[Histogenesis of the immune system of the \"nude\" mouse. III. Postnatal development of lymph nodes and spleen: a light microscopical study (author's transl)].", "content": "In neonatally thymectomized mice, the intermediate cortical zones of the lymph nodes as well as the central portions of the spleen follicles (=thymus dependent areas, TDA) are depleted of lymphocytes within a few weeks (Parrott et al., 1966). The TDA's in the lymphatic tissues of mice homozygous for the gene \"nude\" (nu/nu) contain also a very small number of lymphocytes. Since only a few developmental stages of the lymphatic tissues in nude mice have been studied, an investigation of the postnatal differentiation of their lymph nodes and spleen seemed worthwhile. The mice (BALB/c) were maintained under specific pathogen-free (spf) conditions. Heterozygous (nu/ plus) females were mated with homozygous (nu/nu) males in order to obtain the homo- and heterozygous offsprings used in this study. Two nu/nu and two nu/ plus female mice were sacrificed at the following postnatal stages: day 1, 7, 14, 21, 35, 42, 49, 63 and 84, respectively. Newborn and 7 day old mice were fixed in toto in Bouin's solution and embedded in paraffin. From the other animals, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were removed and processed in an identical manner. Serial sections were cut at 5 mum and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The mesenteric lymph nodes of the nu/ plus mice studied were indistinguishable from those of other mouse strains. In the nu/nu mouse, outer cortex and medulla of the mesenteric lymph nodes were found to develop as in normal (nu/ plus) animals, while the intermediate and deep cortex underwent characteristic changes...", "contents": "[Histogenesis of the immune system of the \"nude\" mouse. III. Postnatal development of lymph nodes and spleen: a light microscopical study (author's transl)]. In neonatally thymectomized mice, the intermediate cortical zones of the lymph nodes as well as the central portions of the spleen follicles (=thymus dependent areas, TDA) are depleted of lymphocytes within a few weeks (Parrott et al., 1966). The TDA's in the lymphatic tissues of mice homozygous for the gene \"nude\" (nu/nu) contain also a very small number of lymphocytes. Since only a few developmental stages of the lymphatic tissues in nude mice have been studied, an investigation of the postnatal differentiation of their lymph nodes and spleen seemed worthwhile. The mice (BALB/c) were maintained under specific pathogen-free (spf) conditions. Heterozygous (nu/ plus) females were mated with homozygous (nu/nu) males in order to obtain the homo- and heterozygous offsprings used in this study. Two nu/nu and two nu/ plus female mice were sacrificed at the following postnatal stages: day 1, 7, 14, 21, 35, 42, 49, 63 and 84, respectively. Newborn and 7 day old mice were fixed in toto in Bouin's solution and embedded in paraffin. From the other animals, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes were removed and processed in an identical manner. Serial sections were cut at 5 mum and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The mesenteric lymph nodes of the nu/ plus mice studied were indistinguishable from those of other mouse strains. In the nu/nu mouse, outer cortex and medulla of the mesenteric lymph nodes were found to develop as in normal (nu/ plus) animals, while the intermediate and deep cortex underwent characteristic changes..."}
{"id": "PMID:125581", "title": "Fractionation of proteoglycans from bovine corneal stroma.", "content": "Proteoglycans were extracted from bovine corneal stroma with 4M-guanidinum chloride, purified by DEAE-dellulose chromatography (Antonopoulos et al., 1974) and fractionated by precipitation with ethanol into three fractions of approximately equal weight. One of these fractions consisted of a proteoglycan that contained keratan sulphate as the only glycosaminoglycan. In the othertwo fractions proteoglycans that contained chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate and keratan sulphate were present. Proteoglycans which had a more than tenfold excess of galactosaminoglycans over keratan sulphate could be obtianed by further subfractionation. The gel-chromatographic patterns of the glucosaminoglycans before and after digestion with chondroitinase AC differed for the fractions. The individual chondroitin sulphate chains seemed to be larger in cornea than in cartilage. Oligosaccharides, possibly covalently linked to the protein core of the proteoglycans, could be isolated from all fractions. The corneal proteoglycans were shown to have higher protein contents and to be of smaller molecular size than cartilage proteoglycans.", "contents": "Fractionation of proteoglycans from bovine corneal stroma. Proteoglycans were extracted from bovine corneal stroma with 4M-guanidinum chloride, purified by DEAE-dellulose chromatography (Antonopoulos et al., 1974) and fractionated by precipitation with ethanol into three fractions of approximately equal weight. One of these fractions consisted of a proteoglycan that contained keratan sulphate as the only glycosaminoglycan. In the othertwo fractions proteoglycans that contained chondroitin sulphate, dermatan sulphate and keratan sulphate were present. Proteoglycans which had a more than tenfold excess of galactosaminoglycans over keratan sulphate could be obtianed by further subfractionation. The gel-chromatographic patterns of the glucosaminoglycans before and after digestion with chondroitinase AC differed for the fractions. The individual chondroitin sulphate chains seemed to be larger in cornea than in cartilage. Oligosaccharides, possibly covalently linked to the protein core of the proteoglycans, could be isolated from all fractions. The corneal proteoglycans were shown to have higher protein contents and to be of smaller molecular size than cartilage proteoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:125582", "title": "The proteoglycans of the human intervertebral disc.", "content": "The methods of Hascall & Sajdera (1969) were used to compare the proteoglycans of human intervertebral disc with those of bovine nasal cartilage. In contrast with cartilage, most of the hexuronate of disc could be extracted at low shear with water or dilute salt solutions. Extracts of disc with 4M-guanidinium chloride were centrifugated in 0.4M-guanidinium chloride in a CsCl gradient. Analytical ultracentrifugation of the hexuronate-containing heavy component revealed two fractions. both more polydisperse than those of cartilage. Also the more rapidly sediminting component was a much smaller fraction of the total. After prior extraction with 0.4M-guanidinium chloride, 4M-guanidinium chloride extracts of disc were found, by ultracentrifugal analysis, to be enriched in components resembling the proteoglycan monomer and aggregating factors of cartilage.", "contents": "The proteoglycans of the human intervertebral disc. The methods of Hascall & Sajdera (1969) were used to compare the proteoglycans of human intervertebral disc with those of bovine nasal cartilage. In contrast with cartilage, most of the hexuronate of disc could be extracted at low shear with water or dilute salt solutions. Extracts of disc with 4M-guanidinium chloride were centrifugated in 0.4M-guanidinium chloride in a CsCl gradient. Analytical ultracentrifugation of the hexuronate-containing heavy component revealed two fractions. both more polydisperse than those of cartilage. Also the more rapidly sediminting component was a much smaller fraction of the total. After prior extraction with 0.4M-guanidinium chloride, 4M-guanidinium chloride extracts of disc were found, by ultracentrifugal analysis, to be enriched in components resembling the proteoglycan monomer and aggregating factors of cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:125583", "title": "Interaction of cartilage proteoglycans with collagen-substituted agarose gels.", "content": "1. Rat tail-tendon collagen was coupled to activated Sepharose 4B at 2.5 mg of collagen/ml of gel. Chromatographic columns of this gel were calibrated with T2 virus (Vo) and Dnp-alanine (Vt). 2. The chromatographic behaviour of cartilage proteoglycans on the collagen-substituted gel was studied under conditions of varying ionic strength. Proteoglycan subunit obtained from bovine nasal cartilage, the proteoglycan obtained after digestion with chondroitnase ABC and purified chondriotin sulphate were all retarded on the collagen gel by an interaction that abolished at I0.17. Purified keratan sulphate and hyaluronic acid were not retarded. 3. A strong ionic interaction between cartilage proteoglycan and collagen was demonstrated to depend on the structure of the protein core of the proteoglycan.", "contents": "Interaction of cartilage proteoglycans with collagen-substituted agarose gels. 1. Rat tail-tendon collagen was coupled to activated Sepharose 4B at 2.5 mg of collagen/ml of gel. Chromatographic columns of this gel were calibrated with T2 virus (Vo) and Dnp-alanine (Vt). 2. The chromatographic behaviour of cartilage proteoglycans on the collagen-substituted gel was studied under conditions of varying ionic strength. Proteoglycan subunit obtained from bovine nasal cartilage, the proteoglycan obtained after digestion with chondroitnase ABC and purified chondriotin sulphate were all retarded on the collagen gel by an interaction that abolished at I0.17. Purified keratan sulphate and hyaluronic acid were not retarded. 3. A strong ionic interaction between cartilage proteoglycan and collagen was demonstrated to depend on the structure of the protein core of the proteoglycan."}
{"id": "PMID:125584", "title": "Functional polarity of the rat hepatocyte surface membrane. Isolation and characterization of plasma-membrane subfractions from the blood-sinusoidal, bile-Canalicular and contiguous surfaces of the hepatocyte.", "content": "1. Six rat liver plasma-membrane subfractions of different density and morphological, enzymic and chemical properties were prepared from homogenates by a combination of differential, rate-zonal and density-gradient centrifugation. They consisted of three vesicular 'light' subfractions of density 1.12-1.13 and three 'heavy' subfractions of density 1.16-1.18 containing membrane strips and intercellular junctions. 2. All six subfractions contained a basal adenylate cyclase activity. One of the 'light' subfractions that showed the highest glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was identified as deriving form the blood-sinusoidal face of the hepatocyte. This subfraction, unlike the others, was contaminated by Golgi components, as indicated by its morphological properties and the presence of galactosyl- and sialyl-transferase activities. 3. All the six subfractions showed high activities of the following plasma-membrane marker enzymes: 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphodiesterase (nucleotide pyrophosphatase), alkaline phosphatase, leucine naphthylamidase and Mg2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase. A 'light' subfraction that showed the highest specific activities of all the above marker enzymes, but lacked a glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, was identified as deriving from the bile-canalicular face of the hepatocyte. 4. The 'heavy' subfractions, which showed generally the lowest activities of the above plasma-membrane enzyme markers, and were characterized by the presence of desmosomes and gap junctions, were taken to originate from the contiguous faces of the hepatocyte. 5. The protein composition of the six subfractions was generally similar, as shown by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Differences in the amounts of various protein and glycoprotein bands among the subfractions correlated with their morphology, enzymic composition and sialic acid content. 6. Hormonal and histochemical evidence supporting the identification of a bile-canalicular subfraction, a blood-sinusoidal subfraction and contiguous-face subfractions is discussed.", "contents": "Functional polarity of the rat hepatocyte surface membrane. Isolation and characterization of plasma-membrane subfractions from the blood-sinusoidal, bile-Canalicular and contiguous surfaces of the hepatocyte. 1. Six rat liver plasma-membrane subfractions of different density and morphological, enzymic and chemical properties were prepared from homogenates by a combination of differential, rate-zonal and density-gradient centrifugation. They consisted of three vesicular 'light' subfractions of density 1.12-1.13 and three 'heavy' subfractions of density 1.16-1.18 containing membrane strips and intercellular junctions. 2. All six subfractions contained a basal adenylate cyclase activity. One of the 'light' subfractions that showed the highest glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was identified as deriving form the blood-sinusoidal face of the hepatocyte. This subfraction, unlike the others, was contaminated by Golgi components, as indicated by its morphological properties and the presence of galactosyl- and sialyl-transferase activities. 3. All the six subfractions showed high activities of the following plasma-membrane marker enzymes: 5'-nucleotidase, alkaline phosphodiesterase (nucleotide pyrophosphatase), alkaline phosphatase, leucine naphthylamidase and Mg2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase. A 'light' subfraction that showed the highest specific activities of all the above marker enzymes, but lacked a glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity, was identified as deriving from the bile-canalicular face of the hepatocyte. 4. The 'heavy' subfractions, which showed generally the lowest activities of the above plasma-membrane enzyme markers, and were characterized by the presence of desmosomes and gap junctions, were taken to originate from the contiguous faces of the hepatocyte. 5. The protein composition of the six subfractions was generally similar, as shown by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Differences in the amounts of various protein and glycoprotein bands among the subfractions correlated with their morphology, enzymic composition and sialic acid content. 6. Hormonal and histochemical evidence supporting the identification of a bile-canalicular subfraction, a blood-sinusoidal subfraction and contiguous-face subfractions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125585", "title": "Membrane-lipid unsaturation and mitochondrial function in Saacharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The lipid composition of yeast cells was manipulated by the use of an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There was a 2-3-fold decrease in the concentration of cytochromes a+a3 when the unsaturated fatty acid content of the cells was decreased from 60-70% of the total fatty acid to 20-30%. The amounts of cytochromes b and c were also decreased under these conditions, but to a lesser extent. Further lipid depletion, to proportions of less than 20% unsaturated fatty acid, led to a dramatic decrease in the content of all cytochromes, particularly cytochromes a+a3. The ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase), succinate oxidase and NADH oxidase activities of the isolated mitochondria also varied with the degree of unsaturation of the membrane lipids. The lower the percentage of unsaturated fatty acid, the lower was the enzymic activity. Inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase by oligomycin, on the other hand, was not markedly influenced by the membrane-lipid unsaturation. Npn-linear Arrenius plots of mitochondrial membrane-bound enzymes showed transition temperatures that were dependent on the degree of membrane-lipid unsaturation. The greater the degree of lipid unsaturation, the lower was the transition temperature. It was concluded that the degree of unsaturation of the membrane lipids plays an important role in determining the properties of mitochondrial membrane-bound enzymes.", "contents": "Membrane-lipid unsaturation and mitochondrial function in Saacharomyces cerevisiae. The lipid composition of yeast cells was manipulated by the use of an unsaturated fatty acid auxotroph of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. There was a 2-3-fold decrease in the concentration of cytochromes a+a3 when the unsaturated fatty acid content of the cells was decreased from 60-70% of the total fatty acid to 20-30%. The amounts of cytochromes b and c were also decreased under these conditions, but to a lesser extent. Further lipid depletion, to proportions of less than 20% unsaturated fatty acid, led to a dramatic decrease in the content of all cytochromes, particularly cytochromes a+a3. The ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase), succinate oxidase and NADH oxidase activities of the isolated mitochondria also varied with the degree of unsaturation of the membrane lipids. The lower the percentage of unsaturated fatty acid, the lower was the enzymic activity. Inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase by oligomycin, on the other hand, was not markedly influenced by the membrane-lipid unsaturation. Npn-linear Arrenius plots of mitochondrial membrane-bound enzymes showed transition temperatures that were dependent on the degree of membrane-lipid unsaturation. The greater the degree of lipid unsaturation, the lower was the transition temperature. It was concluded that the degree of unsaturation of the membrane lipids plays an important role in determining the properties of mitochondrial membrane-bound enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:125586", "title": "Metabolite transport in mutants of Escherichia coli K12 defective in electron transport and coupled phosphorylation.", "content": "1. The uptakes of Pi and serine by whole cells of mutant strains of Escherichia coli K12, grown under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, were studied. 2. Uptake by aerobic cells was low in a ubiquinone-less mutant but normal in two mutant strains unable to couple phosphorylation to electron transport. 3. One of these uncoupled strains, carrying the unc-405 allele, does not form a membrane-bound Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase aggregate, and it is concluded that the Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase does not serve a structural role in the aerobic active transport of Pi or serine. 4. The other uncoupled strain, in which aerobic uptake is unaffected, carries a mutation in the uncB gene, thus distinguishing this gene from the etc gene, previously shown to be concerned with the coupling of electron transport to active transport. 5. The uptakes of Pi and serine by anaerobic cells were normal in the ubiquinone-less mutant, but defective in both the uncoupled strains. 6. The uptake of Pi and serine by anaerobic cells of the uncB mutant could be increased by the addition of fumarate to the uptake medium. The unc-405 mutant, however, required the addition of fumarate for growth and for uptake. 7. The uncB mutant, unlike the unc-405 mutant, is able to grow anaerobically in a minimal medium with glucose as sole source of carbon. Similarly a strain carrying a mutation in the frd gene, which is the structural gene for the enzyme fumarate reductase, is able to grow anaerobically in a glucose-minimal medium. However, a mutant strain carrying mutations in both the uncB and frd genes resembles the unc-405 mutant in not being able to grow under these conditions.", "contents": "Metabolite transport in mutants of Escherichia coli K12 defective in electron transport and coupled phosphorylation. 1. The uptakes of Pi and serine by whole cells of mutant strains of Escherichia coli K12, grown under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, were studied. 2. Uptake by aerobic cells was low in a ubiquinone-less mutant but normal in two mutant strains unable to couple phosphorylation to electron transport. 3. One of these uncoupled strains, carrying the unc-405 allele, does not form a membrane-bound Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase aggregate, and it is concluded that the Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase does not serve a structural role in the aerobic active transport of Pi or serine. 4. The other uncoupled strain, in which aerobic uptake is unaffected, carries a mutation in the uncB gene, thus distinguishing this gene from the etc gene, previously shown to be concerned with the coupling of electron transport to active transport. 5. The uptakes of Pi and serine by anaerobic cells were normal in the ubiquinone-less mutant, but defective in both the uncoupled strains. 6. The uptake of Pi and serine by anaerobic cells of the uncB mutant could be increased by the addition of fumarate to the uptake medium. The unc-405 mutant, however, required the addition of fumarate for growth and for uptake. 7. The uncB mutant, unlike the unc-405 mutant, is able to grow anaerobically in a minimal medium with glucose as sole source of carbon. Similarly a strain carrying a mutation in the frd gene, which is the structural gene for the enzyme fumarate reductase, is able to grow anaerobically in a glucose-minimal medium. However, a mutant strain carrying mutations in both the uncB and frd genes resembles the unc-405 mutant in not being able to grow under these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:125587", "title": "Metabolic interactions of dichloroacetate and insulin in experimental diabetic ketoacidosis.", "content": "1. The infusion of sodium dichloroacetate into rats with severe diabetic ketoacidosis over 4h caused a 2mM decrease in blood glucose, and small falls in blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations. Similar findings had been reported in normal rats (Blackshear et al., 1974). In contrast there was a marked decrease in blood ketone-body concentration in the diabetic ketoacidotic rats after dichloroacetate treatment. 2. The infusion of insulin alone rapidly decreased blood glucose and ketone bodies, but caused an increase in blood lactate and pyruvate. 3. Dichloroacetate did not affect the response to insulin of blood glucose and ketone bodies, but abolished the increase of lactate and pyruvate seen after insulin infusion. 4. Neither insulin nor dichloroacetate stimulated glucose disappearance after functional hepatectomy, but both agents decreased the accumulation in blood of lactate, pyruvate and alanine. 5. Dichloroacetate inhibited 3-hydroxybutyrate uptake by the extra-splachnic tissues; insulin reversed this effect. Ketone-body production must have decreased, as hepatic ketone-body content was unchanged by dicholoracetate yet blood concentrations decreased. 6. It was concluded that: (a) dichloroacetate had qualitatively similar effects on glucose metabolism in severely ketotic rats to those observed in non-diabetic starved animals; (b) insulin and dichloroacetate both separately and together, decreased the net release of lactate, pyruvate and alanine from the extra-splachnic tissues, possibly through a similar mechanism; (c) insulin reversed the inhibition of 3-hydroxybutyrate uptake caused by dichloroacetate; (d) dichloroacetate inhibited ketone-body production in severe ketoacidosis.", "contents": "Metabolic interactions of dichloroacetate and insulin in experimental diabetic ketoacidosis. 1. The infusion of sodium dichloroacetate into rats with severe diabetic ketoacidosis over 4h caused a 2mM decrease in blood glucose, and small falls in blood lactate and pyruvate concentrations. Similar findings had been reported in normal rats (Blackshear et al., 1974). In contrast there was a marked decrease in blood ketone-body concentration in the diabetic ketoacidotic rats after dichloroacetate treatment. 2. The infusion of insulin alone rapidly decreased blood glucose and ketone bodies, but caused an increase in blood lactate and pyruvate. 3. Dichloroacetate did not affect the response to insulin of blood glucose and ketone bodies, but abolished the increase of lactate and pyruvate seen after insulin infusion. 4. Neither insulin nor dichloroacetate stimulated glucose disappearance after functional hepatectomy, but both agents decreased the accumulation in blood of lactate, pyruvate and alanine. 5. Dichloroacetate inhibited 3-hydroxybutyrate uptake by the extra-splachnic tissues; insulin reversed this effect. Ketone-body production must have decreased, as hepatic ketone-body content was unchanged by dicholoracetate yet blood concentrations decreased. 6. It was concluded that: (a) dichloroacetate had qualitatively similar effects on glucose metabolism in severely ketotic rats to those observed in non-diabetic starved animals; (b) insulin and dichloroacetate both separately and together, decreased the net release of lactate, pyruvate and alanine from the extra-splachnic tissues, possibly through a similar mechanism; (c) insulin reversed the inhibition of 3-hydroxybutyrate uptake caused by dichloroacetate; (d) dichloroacetate inhibited ketone-body production in severe ketoacidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:125588", "title": "Stimulation of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis by amyloid fibrils.", "content": "Since amyloid-laden organs have an increased glycosaminoglycan content, the effect of amyloid fibrils on glycosaminoglycan metabolism by normal fibroblasts was examined. In comparison with controls, synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, primarily hyaluronic acid, was increased by an average of 48 and 93% respectively when 0.1 and 1.0 mg of amyloid fibrils/ml was added to the cultures.", "contents": "Stimulation of glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis by amyloid fibrils. Since amyloid-laden organs have an increased glycosaminoglycan content, the effect of amyloid fibrils on glycosaminoglycan metabolism by normal fibroblasts was examined. In comparison with controls, synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, primarily hyaluronic acid, was increased by an average of 48 and 93% respectively when 0.1 and 1.0 mg of amyloid fibrils/ml was added to the cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:125589", "title": "The effect of uncouplers on catecholamine incorporation by vesicles of chromaffin granules.", "content": "It is shown that uncouplers inhibit the incorporation of catecholamines by vesicles of chromaffin granules in parallel with their stimulatory effect on the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase.", "contents": "The effect of uncouplers on catecholamine incorporation by vesicles of chromaffin granules. It is shown that uncouplers inhibit the incorporation of catecholamines by vesicles of chromaffin granules in parallel with their stimulatory effect on the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:125590", "title": "Structure and metabolism of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans secreted by organ cultures of rabbit trachea.", "content": "1. When cultured in medium 199 in an atmosphere of O2+CO2 (95:5) rabbit tracheal explants retained their viability for up to 21 days. 2. The explants secreted into the culture medium three electrophoretically separable components which were eluted in the non-retarded fraction from Sephadex G-200. 3. Digestion with papain and fractionation with a LiCl gradient on DEAE-cellulose resulted in the separation of these components, which were identified as a sialic acid-rich glycoprotein of epithelial origin, and chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid from sub-epithelial cartilage and connective tissue. 4. Incorporation of radioactive precursors (  D-[U-14-C]glucose, D-[1-14-C]glucosamine, D-[1-14-C]galactose and Na2-35SO4) into these secreted macromolecules was indicative of their active biosynthesis by the tracheal tissue.", "contents": "Structure and metabolism of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans secreted by organ cultures of rabbit trachea. 1. When cultured in medium 199 in an atmosphere of O2+CO2 (95:5) rabbit tracheal explants retained their viability for up to 21 days. 2. The explants secreted into the culture medium three electrophoretically separable components which were eluted in the non-retarded fraction from Sephadex G-200. 3. Digestion with papain and fractionation with a LiCl gradient on DEAE-cellulose resulted in the separation of these components, which were identified as a sialic acid-rich glycoprotein of epithelial origin, and chondroitin sulphate and hyaluronic acid from sub-epithelial cartilage and connective tissue. 4. Incorporation of radioactive precursors (  D-[U-14-C]glucose, D-[1-14-C]glucosamine, D-[1-14-C]galactose and Na2-35SO4) into these secreted macromolecules was indicative of their active biosynthesis by the tracheal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:125594", "title": "Effect of D-penicillamine on lymphocyte function.", "content": "Lymphocyte stimulation by different stimulating agents was dose dependently inhibited by D-penicillamine (Metalcaptase-R). The influence of D-penicillamine on the lymphocyte metabolism after the stimulation was established, was time dependently reduced. After preincubation of lymphocytes with D-penicillamine the lymphocyte metabolism was dose dependently reduced. The inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte cultures was by far less extensive after preincubation of the stimulator cells than of the responder cells. HeLa-cells were dose dependently inhibited by D-penicillamine, too. From these results there is much to be said for the assumption that D-penicillamine acts at the level of the cell membrane. D-Penicillamine seems to affect \"membrane dependent\" metabolic processes rather than block antigenic or other immunologically relevant structures.", "contents": "Effect of D-penicillamine on lymphocyte function. Lymphocyte stimulation by different stimulating agents was dose dependently inhibited by D-penicillamine (Metalcaptase-R). The influence of D-penicillamine on the lymphocyte metabolism after the stimulation was established, was time dependently reduced. After preincubation of lymphocytes with D-penicillamine the lymphocyte metabolism was dose dependently reduced. The inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte cultures was by far less extensive after preincubation of the stimulator cells than of the responder cells. HeLa-cells were dose dependently inhibited by D-penicillamine, too. From these results there is much to be said for the assumption that D-penicillamine acts at the level of the cell membrane. D-Penicillamine seems to affect \"membrane dependent\" metabolic processes rather than block antigenic or other immunologically relevant structures."}
{"id": "PMID:125595", "title": "The ground substance of the arterial wall. Part 1. Extractability of glycosaminoglycans and the isolation of a proteoglycan from bovine aorta.", "content": "Water and glycosaminoglycan contents were measured in upper and lower thoracic aortas of claves and steers. The ability of various molarities of guanidine hydrochloride to extract glycosaminoglycans from these tissues was assessed. Some glycosaminoglycans seem to be more resistant to extraction than others. A procedure is described for the isolation of a proteoglycan. The molecule appears to contain both dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. It also seems to be less dense than cartilage proteoglycans extracted by similar methods as assessed by its behavior in centrifugal fields. The properties, locus and biological activities of this molecule are currently being studied.", "contents": "The ground substance of the arterial wall. Part 1. Extractability of glycosaminoglycans and the isolation of a proteoglycan from bovine aorta. Water and glycosaminoglycan contents were measured in upper and lower thoracic aortas of claves and steers. The ability of various molarities of guanidine hydrochloride to extract glycosaminoglycans from these tissues was assessed. Some glycosaminoglycans seem to be more resistant to extraction than others. A procedure is described for the isolation of a proteoglycan. The molecule appears to contain both dermatan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. It also seems to be less dense than cartilage proteoglycans extracted by similar methods as assessed by its behavior in centrifugal fields. The properties, locus and biological activities of this molecule are currently being studied."}
{"id": "PMID:125604", "title": "'Posterior' transposition reconsidered.", "content": "Seven cases of transposition with an unusually posterior aorta and mitral-aortic fibrous continuity are described. The cases are similar to four cases published by Van Praagh et al. in 1971. The use of the term 'p' transposition is suggested to distinguish this unusual form of transposition from cases with a subaortic conus ('d' and 'l' transposition). The use of the term 'transposition' is considered justifiable on both semantic and morphogenetic grounds and a possible common embryological mechanism for all forms of transposition is discussed.", "contents": "'Posterior' transposition reconsidered. Seven cases of transposition with an unusually posterior aorta and mitral-aortic fibrous continuity are described. The cases are similar to four cases published by Van Praagh et al. in 1971. The use of the term 'p' transposition is suggested to distinguish this unusual form of transposition from cases with a subaortic conus ('d' and 'l' transposition). The use of the term 'transposition' is considered justifiable on both semantic and morphogenetic grounds and a possible common embryological mechanism for all forms of transposition is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125605", "title": "Plasma beta-MSH levels in acne vulgaris.", "content": "Plasma beta-MSH levels and sebum excretion rates (SER) were measured in thirty male and twelve female patients with acne vulgaris. The mean SER in both male and female patients was significantly increased as compared to normal control levels. Plasma beta-MSH levels were normal in male and female patients with acne and showed no correlation with the SER. The SER that occurs in acne cannot therefore be explained by an increased secretion of beta-MSH.", "contents": "Plasma beta-MSH levels in acne vulgaris. Plasma beta-MSH levels and sebum excretion rates (SER) were measured in thirty male and twelve female patients with acne vulgaris. The mean SER in both male and female patients was significantly increased as compared to normal control levels. Plasma beta-MSH levels were normal in male and female patients with acne and showed no correlation with the SER. The SER that occurs in acne cannot therefore be explained by an increased secretion of beta-MSH."}
{"id": "PMID:125606", "title": "Seborrhoeic keratoses and carcinoma of the large bowel. Three cases exhibiting the sign of Lester-tr\u00e9lat.", "content": "Three patients who rapidly developed multiple seborrhoeic keratoses and were found to have adenocarcinoma of the large bowel are described. In two cases the discovery of the neoplasm was prompted by skin manifestations.", "contents": "Seborrhoeic keratoses and carcinoma of the large bowel. Three cases exhibiting the sign of Lester-tr\u00e9lat. Three patients who rapidly developed multiple seborrhoeic keratoses and were found to have adenocarcinoma of the large bowel are described. In two cases the discovery of the neoplasm was prompted by skin manifestations."}
{"id": "PMID:125607", "title": "Isothiocyanates. A new class of uncouplers.", "content": "This paper describes the uncoupling effect of three isothiocyanates: p-bromophenylisothiocyanate, 4,4'-diisothiocyanatebiphenyl and beta-naphtylemthylisothiocyanate on the respiration of Ehrlich-Lettr\u00e9 cells and isolated mitochondria. The isothiocyanates are similar to other uncouplers (such as 2,4-dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone) in that they: 1. stimulate respiration of state 4 mitochondria; 2. stimulate mitochondrial ATPase activity; 3. release the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by oligomycin and 4. inhibit both mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial ATPase activity at higher molar concentrations. The incoupling activity of these isothiocyanates correlates well with their biological activity. Maximal activation of a latent mitochondrial ATPase activity of rat liver mitochondria in the presence of p-bromophenylisothiocyanate was found at a concentration of 15 muM. The investigated isothiocyanates differ significantly in their solubility in organic solvents and their chemical reactivity. We assume that the greater the partition coefficient in a series of isothiocyanates grouped according to the increasing value of log P (partition coefficient for the system octanol/water, 25 degrees C), the greater will be their uncoupling activity, but only up to a certain degree. Any further increase of log P will be marked by a decrease of this activity.", "contents": "Isothiocyanates. A new class of uncouplers. This paper describes the uncoupling effect of three isothiocyanates: p-bromophenylisothiocyanate, 4,4'-diisothiocyanatebiphenyl and beta-naphtylemthylisothiocyanate on the respiration of Ehrlich-Lettr\u00e9 cells and isolated mitochondria. The isothiocyanates are similar to other uncouplers (such as 2,4-dinitrophenol and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone) in that they: 1. stimulate respiration of state 4 mitochondria; 2. stimulate mitochondrial ATPase activity; 3. release the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration by oligomycin and 4. inhibit both mitochondrial respiration and mitochondrial ATPase activity at higher molar concentrations. The incoupling activity of these isothiocyanates correlates well with their biological activity. Maximal activation of a latent mitochondrial ATPase activity of rat liver mitochondria in the presence of p-bromophenylisothiocyanate was found at a concentration of 15 muM. The investigated isothiocyanates differ significantly in their solubility in organic solvents and their chemical reactivity. We assume that the greater the partition coefficient in a series of isothiocyanates grouped according to the increasing value of log P (partition coefficient for the system octanol/water, 25 degrees C), the greater will be their uncoupling activity, but only up to a certain degree. Any further increase of log P will be marked by a decrease of this activity."}
{"id": "PMID:125608", "title": "Interaction of phosphofructokinase with antibodies. Kinetic properties of phosphofructokinase in complexes with antibodies.", "content": "The allosteric properties of phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) from rabbit muscle are influenced by enzyme concentration, most probably due to changes in the association state of the enzyme. In this study, the behaviour of dispersed pre-cipitates of phosphofructolinase as produced by treatment with antibodies has been investigated. The enzyme is not capable of rapid dissociation in the precipitated state as is confirmed by the lack of inactivation upon dilution and by the absence of shifts in substrate saturation curves as measured in the presence of different concentrations of the enzyme. The Hill coefficient of phosphofructokinase is decreased from 1.96 to 1.04 by antibody treatment. The V at neutral pH is increased 3-fold while the K0.5 for fructose 6-phosphate is reduced significantly. On the other hand, antibody-treated phosphofructokinase retains its sensitivity to allosteric activation by glucose 1,6-bisphosphate in the rpesence of high ATP concentrations.", "contents": "Interaction of phosphofructokinase with antibodies. Kinetic properties of phosphofructokinase in complexes with antibodies. The allosteric properties of phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) from rabbit muscle are influenced by enzyme concentration, most probably due to changes in the association state of the enzyme. In this study, the behaviour of dispersed pre-cipitates of phosphofructolinase as produced by treatment with antibodies has been investigated. The enzyme is not capable of rapid dissociation in the precipitated state as is confirmed by the lack of inactivation upon dilution and by the absence of shifts in substrate saturation curves as measured in the presence of different concentrations of the enzyme. The Hill coefficient of phosphofructokinase is decreased from 1.96 to 1.04 by antibody treatment. The V at neutral pH is increased 3-fold while the K0.5 for fructose 6-phosphate is reduced significantly. On the other hand, antibody-treated phosphofructokinase retains its sensitivity to allosteric activation by glucose 1,6-bisphosphate in the rpesence of high ATP concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:125609", "title": "Complementarity in the regulation of phosphoglucomutase, phosphofructokinase and hexokinase; the role of glucose 1,6-bisphosphate.", "content": "ATP and citrate, the well known inhibitors of phosphofructokinase (ATP: D-fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11), were found to inhibit the activities of the multiple forms of phosphoglucomutase (alpha-D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.5.1) from rat muscle and adipose tissue. This inhibition could be reversed by an increase in the glucose 1,6-bisphosphate (Glc-1,6-P2) concentration. Other known activators (deinhibitors) of phosphofructokinase, viz. cyclic AMP, AMP, ADP or Pi, had no direct deinhibitory action on the ATP or citrate inhibited multiple phosphoglucomutases. Cyclic AMP and AMP, could however lead indirectly to deinhibition of the phosphoglucomutases, by activating phosphofructokinase which catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose 1-phosphate to form Glc-1,6-P2, the la-ter then released the multiple phosphoglucomutases from ATP or citrate inhibition. The Glc-1,6-P2 was also found to exert a selective inhibitory effect on hexokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) type II, the predominant form in skeletal muscle. This selective inhibition by Glc-1,6-P2 was demonstrated on the multiple hexokinases which were resolved by cellogel electrophoresis or isolated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Based on the in vitro studies it is suggested that during periods of highly active epinephrine-induced glycogenolysis in muscle, the Glc-1,6-P2, produced by the cyclic AMP-stimulated reaction of phosphofructokinase with glucose 1-phosphate, will release the phosphoglucomutases from ATP or citrate inhibition, and will depress the activity of muscle type II hexokinase.", "contents": "Complementarity in the regulation of phosphoglucomutase, phosphofructokinase and hexokinase; the role of glucose 1,6-bisphosphate. ATP and citrate, the well known inhibitors of phosphofructokinase (ATP: D-fructose 6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.11), were found to inhibit the activities of the multiple forms of phosphoglucomutase (alpha-D-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate: alpha-D-glucose 1-phosphate phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.5.1) from rat muscle and adipose tissue. This inhibition could be reversed by an increase in the glucose 1,6-bisphosphate (Glc-1,6-P2) concentration. Other known activators (deinhibitors) of phosphofructokinase, viz. cyclic AMP, AMP, ADP or Pi, had no direct deinhibitory action on the ATP or citrate inhibited multiple phosphoglucomutases. Cyclic AMP and AMP, could however lead indirectly to deinhibition of the phosphoglucomutases, by activating phosphofructokinase which catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of glucose 1-phosphate to form Glc-1,6-P2, the la-ter then released the multiple phosphoglucomutases from ATP or citrate inhibition. The Glc-1,6-P2 was also found to exert a selective inhibitory effect on hexokinase (ATP: D-hexose 6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) type II, the predominant form in skeletal muscle. This selective inhibition by Glc-1,6-P2 was demonstrated on the multiple hexokinases which were resolved by cellogel electrophoresis or isolated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Based on the in vitro studies it is suggested that during periods of highly active epinephrine-induced glycogenolysis in muscle, the Glc-1,6-P2, produced by the cyclic AMP-stimulated reaction of phosphofructokinase with glucose 1-phosphate, will release the phosphoglucomutases from ATP or citrate inhibition, and will depress the activity of muscle type II hexokinase."}
{"id": "PMID:125610", "title": "Human platelet 6-phosphofructokinase. Relation between inhibition by Mg-ATP2-and cooperativity towards fructose 6-phosphate and investigations on the formation of a ternary complex.", "content": "Human platelet 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) shows cooperativity towards Fru-6-P and is allosterically inhibited by high Mg-ATP2- concentrations. No relation could be demonstrated between the cooperativity towards Fru-6-P and the inhibition by Mg-ATP2-. Increasing the concentrations of Mg-ATP2- only raised the apparent Km values for Fru-6-P, but did not change the Hill constants. A possible formation of a Mg-ATP2--enzyme-Fru-6-P complex during catalysis was investigated. Our calculations suggest that such a ternary complex is indeed formed during the reaction.", "contents": "Human platelet 6-phosphofructokinase. Relation between inhibition by Mg-ATP2-and cooperativity towards fructose 6-phosphate and investigations on the formation of a ternary complex. Human platelet 6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) shows cooperativity towards Fru-6-P and is allosterically inhibited by high Mg-ATP2- concentrations. No relation could be demonstrated between the cooperativity towards Fru-6-P and the inhibition by Mg-ATP2-. Increasing the concentrations of Mg-ATP2- only raised the apparent Km values for Fru-6-P, but did not change the Hill constants. A possible formation of a Mg-ATP2--enzyme-Fru-6-P complex during catalysis was investigated. Our calculations suggest that such a ternary complex is indeed formed during the reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:125611", "title": "Association of basal ATPase activity and cholesterol with a distinct group of rabbit skeletal muscle microsomal particles.", "content": "Basal ATPase is readily separated from the Ca2+-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The median density distributions of cholesterol and basal ATPase activities are almost identical. Digitonin has been successfully employed in determining the association of cholesterol with specific vesicles in rat liver microsomal preparations. Treatment of rabbit skeletal muscle microsomal preparations with digitonin alters the density distribution patterns of basal ATPase activity and cholesterol in an identical fashion. Protein distribution displays a less marked change in median density. Enzymic activity associated with calcium transport, measured under differing conditions, is largely unaffected. It is concluded that cholesterol and basal ATPase activity are associated with a distinct group of rabbit skeletal muscle microsomal particles.", "contents": "Association of basal ATPase activity and cholesterol with a distinct group of rabbit skeletal muscle microsomal particles. Basal ATPase is readily separated from the Ca2+-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The median density distributions of cholesterol and basal ATPase activities are almost identical. Digitonin has been successfully employed in determining the association of cholesterol with specific vesicles in rat liver microsomal preparations. Treatment of rabbit skeletal muscle microsomal preparations with digitonin alters the density distribution patterns of basal ATPase activity and cholesterol in an identical fashion. Protein distribution displays a less marked change in median density. Enzymic activity associated with calcium transport, measured under differing conditions, is largely unaffected. It is concluded that cholesterol and basal ATPase activity are associated with a distinct group of rabbit skeletal muscle microsomal particles."}
{"id": "PMID:125612", "title": "Improved purification and partial characterization of (Na+, K+)-ATPase from cardiac muscle.", "content": "A method is described for purification of (Na+, K+)-ATPase which yielded approximately 60 mg of enzyme from 800 g of cardiac muscle with specific activities ranging from 340 to 400 mumol inorganic phosphate/mg protein per h (units/mg). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated the presence of a major 94 000 dalton polypeptide and four or five lesser components, one of which was a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 58 000. The enzyme preparation bound 600-700 pmol of [3H]ouabain/mg protein when incubated in the presence of either Mg2+ plus Pi, or Mg2+ plus ATP plus Na+, and incorporated more than 600 pmol 32P/mg protein when incubated with gamma-32P-labelled ATP in the presence of Mg2+ and Na+. The preparation is approximately 35% pure.", "contents": "Improved purification and partial characterization of (Na+, K+)-ATPase from cardiac muscle. A method is described for purification of (Na+, K+)-ATPase which yielded approximately 60 mg of enzyme from 800 g of cardiac muscle with specific activities ranging from 340 to 400 mumol inorganic phosphate/mg protein per h (units/mg). Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated the presence of a major 94 000 dalton polypeptide and four or five lesser components, one of which was a glycoprotein with an apparent molecular weight of 58 000. The enzyme preparation bound 600-700 pmol of [3H]ouabain/mg protein when incubated in the presence of either Mg2+ plus Pi, or Mg2+ plus ATP plus Na+, and incorporated more than 600 pmol 32P/mg protein when incubated with gamma-32P-labelled ATP in the presence of Mg2+ and Na+. The preparation is approximately 35% pure."}
{"id": "PMID:125613", "title": "Carrier-mediated transfer of D-glucose in brush border vesicles derived from rabbit renal tubules. Na+-dependent versus Na+-independent transfer.", "content": "A brush border preparation from rabbit renal tubules containing a high yield of vesicles has been used to study the transfer of D-glucose through the brush border membrane. In the presence of an Na+ gradient across the vesicular membrane, the vesicles could concentrate D-glucose to a factor of 1.5, whereas in the absence of an Na+ gradient, only equilibrium with the medium was achieved. Two types of transfer could be distinguished by their requirement of Na+, their sensitivity to phlorizin and their pH optimum. The Na+-independent transfer was about 100 times less sensitive to phlorizin than the Na+-dependent path and exhibited a pH optimum between 7 and 8, whereas the Na+-dependent transfer was highest at a pH between 8 and 9. The brush border preparation could be freed of most of the contaminating material derived from the basal and lateral tubular cell membrane by a discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. It still showed both forms of transfer to a similar extent, indicating that both are located in the brush border membrane. A study of the sensitivity of D-glucose transfer to phlorizin, in the presence and absence of Na+ at different temperature, suggests a single carrier species functioning in two interchangeable conformational states with different affinities for phlorizin rather than two transfer systems working independently.", "contents": "Carrier-mediated transfer of D-glucose in brush border vesicles derived from rabbit renal tubules. Na+-dependent versus Na+-independent transfer. A brush border preparation from rabbit renal tubules containing a high yield of vesicles has been used to study the transfer of D-glucose through the brush border membrane. In the presence of an Na+ gradient across the vesicular membrane, the vesicles could concentrate D-glucose to a factor of 1.5, whereas in the absence of an Na+ gradient, only equilibrium with the medium was achieved. Two types of transfer could be distinguished by their requirement of Na+, their sensitivity to phlorizin and their pH optimum. The Na+-independent transfer was about 100 times less sensitive to phlorizin than the Na+-dependent path and exhibited a pH optimum between 7 and 8, whereas the Na+-dependent transfer was highest at a pH between 8 and 9. The brush border preparation could be freed of most of the contaminating material derived from the basal and lateral tubular cell membrane by a discontinuous density gradient centrifugation. It still showed both forms of transfer to a similar extent, indicating that both are located in the brush border membrane. A study of the sensitivity of D-glucose transfer to phlorizin, in the presence and absence of Na+ at different temperature, suggests a single carrier species functioning in two interchangeable conformational states with different affinities for phlorizin rather than two transfer systems working independently."}
{"id": "PMID:125614", "title": "Calcium uptake by placental plasma membrane vesicles.", "content": "The placental plasma membrane vesicles are capable of accumulating up to 190 mM Ca2+. This is 24-fold higher than the external Ca2+ concentration. This process is dependent on ATP hydrolysis by the placental Ca2+-ATPase. The Pi/Ca ratio is dependent on the external Ca2+ concentration, and reaches the value of 2 at 10 mM Ca2+. Phosphate (5 mM) can double Ca2+ uptake when measured in the presence of 5 mM Ca2+. Mg2+ increased Ca2+ uptake only at low Ca2+ concentrations, and had no significant effect at 5 mM Ca2+.", "contents": "Calcium uptake by placental plasma membrane vesicles. The placental plasma membrane vesicles are capable of accumulating up to 190 mM Ca2+. This is 24-fold higher than the external Ca2+ concentration. This process is dependent on ATP hydrolysis by the placental Ca2+-ATPase. The Pi/Ca ratio is dependent on the external Ca2+ concentration, and reaches the value of 2 at 10 mM Ca2+. Phosphate (5 mM) can double Ca2+ uptake when measured in the presence of 5 mM Ca2+. Mg2+ increased Ca2+ uptake only at low Ca2+ concentrations, and had no significant effect at 5 mM Ca2+."}
{"id": "PMID:125616", "title": "Mathematical analysis of multienzyme systems. II. Steady state and transient control.", "content": "The control theory of steady states, previously presented for linear enzymatic systems (Heinrich and Rapoport, 1974) is extended to nonlinear systems. On the basis of three theorems a new procedure for the calculation of the control strength and of the control matrix is developed. The theory is applied to the extended model of glycolysis of erythrocytes, which includes also ATP-consuming processes. Also in this model the glycolytic flux is mainly controlled by the hexokinase-phosphofructokinase-system. The control strengths of the pyruvate kinase and of the enzymes of the 2.3 P2G-bypass are negligibly small. The control strength of the ATPase is negative, i.e. an activation of this enzyme leads to a decrease of the flux. For transition states of multienzyme systems definitions are given for the mean time required for the transition of the metabolites and for the \"transient control\" of enzymes. Enzymes with a pronounced influence on the transition time are called time-limiting enzymes. Enzymes which excert strong control on the time-dependent processes may have little influence under steady state conditions and vice versa. The transition times of ATP have been calculated for transient states of glycolysis.", "contents": "Mathematical analysis of multienzyme systems. II. Steady state and transient control. The control theory of steady states, previously presented for linear enzymatic systems (Heinrich and Rapoport, 1974) is extended to nonlinear systems. On the basis of three theorems a new procedure for the calculation of the control strength and of the control matrix is developed. The theory is applied to the extended model of glycolysis of erythrocytes, which includes also ATP-consuming processes. Also in this model the glycolytic flux is mainly controlled by the hexokinase-phosphofructokinase-system. The control strengths of the pyruvate kinase and of the enzymes of the 2.3 P2G-bypass are negligibly small. The control strength of the ATPase is negative, i.e. an activation of this enzyme leads to a decrease of the flux. For transition states of multienzyme systems definitions are given for the mean time required for the transition of the metabolites and for the \"transient control\" of enzymes. Enzymes with a pronounced influence on the transition time are called time-limiting enzymes. Enzymes which excert strong control on the time-dependent processes may have little influence under steady state conditions and vice versa. The transition times of ATP have been calculated for transient states of glycolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:125618", "title": "Activity of eight antimicrobial agents in vitro against N. Gonorrhoeae.", "content": "The sensitivity of four groups of gonococcal strains to ampicillin (Am), penicillin (P), tetracycline (T), rifampicin (Ri), spectinomycin (Sp), sulphamethoxazole (Su), trimethoprim (Tr), and a combination of Su and Tr in the ratio 5:1 (Su/Tr 5:1) has been determined. The various groups of strains were isolated from male civilians (MC), female civilians (FC), and sailors (S) in Rotterdam (R) in 1972, and from FC in Amsterdam (A) in 1967. The S-R strains, which may be regarded as mainly imported, were compared with the MC-R and FC-R (which may be considered as mainly of Dutch origin). Also investigated was whether the incidence of relative resistance to the antibiotics investigated among Dutch strains has changed in the period from 1967 to 1972. For this purpose, the FC-A and FC-R strains were compared. The MC-R and FC-R strains were also compared with one another. Finally, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r were calculated between the sensitivity distributions for each pair of antibiotics investigated, for all strains. The S-R strains were significantly less sensitive to Am, P, T, Ri, and Tr than the MC-R and FC-R strains. Comparison of the FC-A and FC-R strains revealed that the FC-R strains were significantly less sensitive only to Su/Tr 5:1. A possible explanation for this finding is given. With the exception of one FC-A strain, all gonococcal strains were sensitive to Sp. High values of r (larger than or equal to 0.50) were found between Am and P, Am and T, and P and T for all groups of strains. The values of r between any pair of the antibiotics Am, P, T, Ri, and Tr (with the exception of the pair Am-P) were always highest for the S-R strains. High values of r (larger than or equal to 0.50) were found between Su and Su/Tr 5:1 for all groups of strains. The FC-A strains, unlike the R strains, gave low values of r between Su and Tr and between Tr and Su/Tr 5:1. A possible explanation for this is given. Finally, a hypothesis is put forward to explain the fact that no significant changes were found in the sensitivity of Dutch gonococcal strains to Am, P, T, Ri, Sp, Su, and Tr in the period from 1967 to 1972, while the S strains (which may be regarded as imported) showed a significantly higher percentage of strains relatively resistant to Am, P, T, Ri, and Tr.", "contents": "Activity of eight antimicrobial agents in vitro against N. Gonorrhoeae. The sensitivity of four groups of gonococcal strains to ampicillin (Am), penicillin (P), tetracycline (T), rifampicin (Ri), spectinomycin (Sp), sulphamethoxazole (Su), trimethoprim (Tr), and a combination of Su and Tr in the ratio 5:1 (Su/Tr 5:1) has been determined. The various groups of strains were isolated from male civilians (MC), female civilians (FC), and sailors (S) in Rotterdam (R) in 1972, and from FC in Amsterdam (A) in 1967. The S-R strains, which may be regarded as mainly imported, were compared with the MC-R and FC-R (which may be considered as mainly of Dutch origin). Also investigated was whether the incidence of relative resistance to the antibiotics investigated among Dutch strains has changed in the period from 1967 to 1972. For this purpose, the FC-A and FC-R strains were compared. The MC-R and FC-R strains were also compared with one another. Finally, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient r were calculated between the sensitivity distributions for each pair of antibiotics investigated, for all strains. The S-R strains were significantly less sensitive to Am, P, T, Ri, and Tr than the MC-R and FC-R strains. Comparison of the FC-A and FC-R strains revealed that the FC-R strains were significantly less sensitive only to Su/Tr 5:1. A possible explanation for this finding is given. With the exception of one FC-A strain, all gonococcal strains were sensitive to Sp. High values of r (larger than or equal to 0.50) were found between Am and P, Am and T, and P and T for all groups of strains. The values of r between any pair of the antibiotics Am, P, T, Ri, and Tr (with the exception of the pair Am-P) were always highest for the S-R strains. High values of r (larger than or equal to 0.50) were found between Su and Su/Tr 5:1 for all groups of strains. The FC-A strains, unlike the R strains, gave low values of r between Su and Tr and between Tr and Su/Tr 5:1. A possible explanation for this is given. Finally, a hypothesis is put forward to explain the fact that no significant changes were found in the sensitivity of Dutch gonococcal strains to Am, P, T, Ri, Sp, Su, and Tr in the period from 1967 to 1972, while the S strains (which may be regarded as imported) showed a significantly higher percentage of strains relatively resistant to Am, P, T, Ri, and Tr."}
{"id": "PMID:125619", "title": "Spectinomycin in gonorrhoea.", "content": "Of 104 male and nine female patients with uncomplicated acute gonorrhoea who were treated with spectinomycin (males 2 g., females 4 g.), two patients (one male and one female) were considered to be treatment failures. No conclusions can be drawn from the small numbers of female patients investigated. Of the 104 male patients, 93 were followed for 2 weeks or more, giving a failure rate of 1-1 per cent. The drug was well tolerated. Sensitivity tests were carried out on 44 strains of N. gonorrhoeae; 42 strains were sensitive to 2-5 mug./ml. spectinomycin and all strains were sensitive to 5 mug./ml.", "contents": "Spectinomycin in gonorrhoea. Of 104 male and nine female patients with uncomplicated acute gonorrhoea who were treated with spectinomycin (males 2 g., females 4 g.), two patients (one male and one female) were considered to be treatment failures. No conclusions can be drawn from the small numbers of female patients investigated. Of the 104 male patients, 93 were followed for 2 weeks or more, giving a failure rate of 1-1 per cent. The drug was well tolerated. Sensitivity tests were carried out on 44 strains of N. gonorrhoeae; 42 strains were sensitive to 2-5 mug./ml. spectinomycin and all strains were sensitive to 5 mug./ml."}
{"id": "PMID:125622", "title": "Arsenic and cancer.", "content": "Palmar and plantar keratoses developed in seven patients many years after ingeston of trivalent inorganic arsenic. Six had basal cell carcinoma (superficial multicentric type in five), carcinoma \"in situ\" or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Two had systemic carcinoma--one, bilateral breast adenocarcinoma and one, carcinoma of the colon. From these observations and from the findings of a review of the literature, there seems no question that long-term arsenic ingestion can cause palmar and plantar keratoses and skin cancer, particularly basal cell carcinoma of the superficial multicentric type, usually on the torso. It is suspected but not proved to cause other cancers. Although over the last 50 years general exposure to arsenic has greatly decreased, particularly that from insecticides, this element is still found occasionally in drinking water (naturally or as a smelter byproduct), in certain foods and in cigarette smoke.", "contents": "Arsenic and cancer. Palmar and plantar keratoses developed in seven patients many years after ingeston of trivalent inorganic arsenic. Six had basal cell carcinoma (superficial multicentric type in five), carcinoma \"in situ\" or squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Two had systemic carcinoma--one, bilateral breast adenocarcinoma and one, carcinoma of the colon. From these observations and from the findings of a review of the literature, there seems no question that long-term arsenic ingestion can cause palmar and plantar keratoses and skin cancer, particularly basal cell carcinoma of the superficial multicentric type, usually on the torso. It is suspected but not proved to cause other cancers. Although over the last 50 years general exposure to arsenic has greatly decreased, particularly that from insecticides, this element is still found occasionally in drinking water (naturally or as a smelter byproduct), in certain foods and in cigarette smoke."}
{"id": "PMID:125624", "title": "The chemotherapy of urologic cancer.", "content": "A review of the status of evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents in the urologic malignancies reveals a largely neglected area of investigation. Except for testicular carcinomas, which are highly responsive to drug therapy, active agents have not been clearly established for the other urogenital tumor sites. Published information and data on file in the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program of the National Cancer Institute are reviewed, and studies currently in progress are outlined. Adequate clinical testing of the standard antitumor agents that are active against other human malignancies should receive high priority in future therapeutic trials in urologic cancer.", "contents": "The chemotherapy of urologic cancer. A review of the status of evaluation of chemotherapeutic agents in the urologic malignancies reveals a largely neglected area of investigation. Except for testicular carcinomas, which are highly responsive to drug therapy, active agents have not been clearly established for the other urogenital tumor sites. Published information and data on file in the Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program of the National Cancer Institute are reviewed, and studies currently in progress are outlined. Adequate clinical testing of the standard antitumor agents that are active against other human malignancies should receive high priority in future therapeutic trials in urologic cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:125625", "title": "Mechanism of action of 2,2'-(methylenediimino)bis-1,3,4-thiadiazole (NSC 143019), an antitumor agent.", "content": "The mechanism of action of 2,2'-(methylenediimino)bis-1,3,4-thiadiazole (NSC 143019) was clarified by studies on its effects on monolayer cultures of growing cells of the mouse cell line BALB/3T3. At concentrations below 50 muM, NSC 143019 specifically inhibited DNA and RNA syntheses without appreciably affecting protein synthesis. The syntheses of DNA and RNA were inhibited equally and concomitantly by the compound. The inhibition was reversed by removal of the compound and was prevented competitively by an equimolar amount of nicotinamide. It was also reversed completely by guanosine (0.1 mM) or deoxyguanosine (0.1 mM) and was reversed partially by xanthosine (1 mM). Other nucleosides did not influence the inhibition. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by NSC 143019 was not due to inhibition of RNA synthesis, and vice-versa. NSC 143019 inhibited the conversion of [8-14C]hypoxanthine to acid-soluble and -insoluble guanine nucleotides but not to adenine nucleotides. It was strongly suggested from these results that at concentrations of NSC 143019 below 50 muM the primary action of this compound might be due to the inhibition of GMP biosynthesis at the step of conversion of IMP to xanthosine 5'-phosphate.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of 2,2'-(methylenediimino)bis-1,3,4-thiadiazole (NSC 143019), an antitumor agent. The mechanism of action of 2,2'-(methylenediimino)bis-1,3,4-thiadiazole (NSC 143019) was clarified by studies on its effects on monolayer cultures of growing cells of the mouse cell line BALB/3T3. At concentrations below 50 muM, NSC 143019 specifically inhibited DNA and RNA syntheses without appreciably affecting protein synthesis. The syntheses of DNA and RNA were inhibited equally and concomitantly by the compound. The inhibition was reversed by removal of the compound and was prevented competitively by an equimolar amount of nicotinamide. It was also reversed completely by guanosine (0.1 mM) or deoxyguanosine (0.1 mM) and was reversed partially by xanthosine (1 mM). Other nucleosides did not influence the inhibition. The inhibition of DNA synthesis by NSC 143019 was not due to inhibition of RNA synthesis, and vice-versa. NSC 143019 inhibited the conversion of [8-14C]hypoxanthine to acid-soluble and -insoluble guanine nucleotides but not to adenine nucleotides. It was strongly suggested from these results that at concentrations of NSC 143019 below 50 muM the primary action of this compound might be due to the inhibition of GMP biosynthesis at the step of conversion of IMP to xanthosine 5'-phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:125626", "title": "Sequential histological and histochemical study of the rat liver after single-dose aflatoxin B1 intoxication.", "content": "Rats were given a single dose of aflatoxin B1 lethal to 50% of the animals (7.20 mg/kg). Their livers were examined histochemically in correlation with sequential histological lesions. Early periportal liver cell necrosis and marked biliary cell proliferation were observed. Periportal cytoplasmic glycogen and RNA depletion occurred during this early period and subsequently extended to the whole lobule. The enzymes investigated decreased or disappeared in the periportal area; but alkaline phosphatase increased strikingly in the centrolobular area, whereas canalicular adenosinetriphosphatase completely disappeared throughout the liver lobule. The histochemical changes reverted to normal after cessation of the necrosis. Histochemical techniques were more sensitive in detecting the vulnerability of the periportal parenchyma to aflatoxin. After the necrosis, regenerative foci appeared. They showed a variable content in glycogen and RNA and were characteristically enzyme deficient. This reflects the immaturity of regenerating hepatocytes. These early foci subsequently disappeared and are thus considered irrelevant to hepatomagenesis.", "contents": "Sequential histological and histochemical study of the rat liver after single-dose aflatoxin B1 intoxication. Rats were given a single dose of aflatoxin B1 lethal to 50% of the animals (7.20 mg/kg). Their livers were examined histochemically in correlation with sequential histological lesions. Early periportal liver cell necrosis and marked biliary cell proliferation were observed. Periportal cytoplasmic glycogen and RNA depletion occurred during this early period and subsequently extended to the whole lobule. The enzymes investigated decreased or disappeared in the periportal area; but alkaline phosphatase increased strikingly in the centrolobular area, whereas canalicular adenosinetriphosphatase completely disappeared throughout the liver lobule. The histochemical changes reverted to normal after cessation of the necrosis. Histochemical techniques were more sensitive in detecting the vulnerability of the periportal parenchyma to aflatoxin. After the necrosis, regenerative foci appeared. They showed a variable content in glycogen and RNA and were characteristically enzyme deficient. This reflects the immaturity of regenerating hepatocytes. These early foci subsequently disappeared and are thus considered irrelevant to hepatomagenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:125630", "title": "[Biosynthesis of macromolecules of the intercellular matrix in aorta organ culture. Influence of the age of the animal].", "content": "Rabbit aorta organ cultures were used as a model for the study of the modifications of the rate of biosynthesis of intercellular matrix macromolecules with age. Aortas of new born (100 g), young (400 g) and adult (2 kg) rabbits were maintained in culture for several weeks. 14C-lysine is incorporated in all the macromolecular fractions of the aortas, even in polymeric elastin. The change with age of the distribution of proteins of the aorta-explants in successive extracts obtained by a \"chemical dissection\" procedure and the decrease of their specific radioactivity wtih age enabled us to characterise biochemically the \"aging program\" of the arterial wall.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of macromolecules of the intercellular matrix in aorta organ culture. Influence of the age of the animal]. Rabbit aorta organ cultures were used as a model for the study of the modifications of the rate of biosynthesis of intercellular matrix macromolecules with age. Aortas of new born (100 g), young (400 g) and adult (2 kg) rabbits were maintained in culture for several weeks. 14C-lysine is incorporated in all the macromolecular fractions of the aortas, even in polymeric elastin. The change with age of the distribution of proteins of the aorta-explants in successive extracts obtained by a \"chemical dissection\" procedure and the decrease of their specific radioactivity wtih age enabled us to characterise biochemically the \"aging program\" of the arterial wall."}
{"id": "PMID:125631", "title": "[Alloantigens directed by the SL-A region control the mixed lymphocyte reaction in swine].", "content": "Immunizations between a pig bearing a recombined SL-A haplotype and related animals revealed serological defined antigens under the MLR region control. These antigens seemed to be carried by all types of lymphocytes so far studied, but with large quantitative differences. The blood nonadherent on nylon fiber lymphocytes carried very few antigens and platelets none at all. The data are compatible with the assumption that these newly discovered antigens are equivalent to the mouse Ia antigens.", "contents": "[Alloantigens directed by the SL-A region control the mixed lymphocyte reaction in swine]. Immunizations between a pig bearing a recombined SL-A haplotype and related animals revealed serological defined antigens under the MLR region control. These antigens seemed to be carried by all types of lymphocytes so far studied, but with large quantitative differences. The blood nonadherent on nylon fiber lymphocytes carried very few antigens and platelets none at all. The data are compatible with the assumption that these newly discovered antigens are equivalent to the mouse Ia antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:125632", "title": "Volume ejected in early systole. A sensitive index of left ventricular performance in coronary artery disease.", "content": "Indices based on early systolic ejection rates are theoretically more sensitive to ventricular performance than indices based on the entire systolic ejection (SE) period (mean ejection phase indices-MEPI): mean systolic ejection rate (MSER), mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER) and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (MVcf). The volume ejected in early systole is an indicator of the early rate of ejection. Accordingly, ventricular volume changes were determined by ventriculographic analysis for each thrid of SE in ml/sec (SER), as normalized systolic ejection rate (NSER), and as percent of stroke volume (PSV). In ten normal controls all these indices were higher in the first third compared to the other thirds of SE. Seven patients with diffuse ventricular disease had depressed values in the first third of SE. Despite \"normal ventriculograms and normal MEPI, eight patients with left anterior descending coronary artery stenoses (greater than 60%) also had definitely depressed ejection indices during first third of systole. Detailed wall motion analysis in this group showed anteroapical hypokinesis isolated to the first third of SE. These data show that indices based on early SER are more sensitive than MEPI (MVcf, MNSER) for detecting abnormalities in ventricular performance in coronary artery disease;", "contents": "Volume ejected in early systole. A sensitive index of left ventricular performance in coronary artery disease. Indices based on early systolic ejection rates are theoretically more sensitive to ventricular performance than indices based on the entire systolic ejection (SE) period (mean ejection phase indices-MEPI): mean systolic ejection rate (MSER), mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER) and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening (MVcf). The volume ejected in early systole is an indicator of the early rate of ejection. Accordingly, ventricular volume changes were determined by ventriculographic analysis for each thrid of SE in ml/sec (SER), as normalized systolic ejection rate (NSER), and as percent of stroke volume (PSV). In ten normal controls all these indices were higher in the first third compared to the other thirds of SE. Seven patients with diffuse ventricular disease had depressed values in the first third of SE. Despite \"normal ventriculograms and normal MEPI, eight patients with left anterior descending coronary artery stenoses (greater than 60%) also had definitely depressed ejection indices during first third of systole. Detailed wall motion analysis in this group showed anteroapical hypokinesis isolated to the first third of SE. These data show that indices based on early SER are more sensitive than MEPI (MVcf, MNSER) for detecting abnormalities in ventricular performance in coronary artery disease;"}
{"id": "PMID:125633", "title": "Complete interruption of the aortic arch. 1. Characteristic radiographic findings in 21 patients.", "content": "The radiographs of 21 patients with complete interruption of the aortic arch are reviewed, together with the literature, to emphasize characteristic radiographic features previously not recognized or discussed. In addition to the nonspecific radiologic findings of a left-to-right shunt through the invariably present ventricular septal defect, charateristic and unique features noted on chest radiograph and barium swallow that may suggest the diagnosis prior to catheterization include: a) a midline trachea; b) a hypoplastic ascending aorta with direct vertical ascent toward the neck; c) absence of the aortic \"knob;\" d) termination of the descending thoracic aortic shadow at the level of the main pulmonary artery; e) a \"low arch\" on lateral or left anterior oblique projections; and f) absence of the normal aortic impression on the barium-filled esophagus. Rib notching, when present, in association with the above findings indicates a stenotic or closed ductus arteriosus with collateral circulation through intercostal arteries to the descending aorta. The bilateral or unilateral location, right or left side, of the notching is dependent on the site of interruption and origin of the subclavian arteries and may permit differentiation into types and subtypes on chest radiograph.", "contents": "Complete interruption of the aortic arch. 1. Characteristic radiographic findings in 21 patients. The radiographs of 21 patients with complete interruption of the aortic arch are reviewed, together with the literature, to emphasize characteristic radiographic features previously not recognized or discussed. In addition to the nonspecific radiologic findings of a left-to-right shunt through the invariably present ventricular septal defect, charateristic and unique features noted on chest radiograph and barium swallow that may suggest the diagnosis prior to catheterization include: a) a midline trachea; b) a hypoplastic ascending aorta with direct vertical ascent toward the neck; c) absence of the aortic \"knob;\" d) termination of the descending thoracic aortic shadow at the level of the main pulmonary artery; e) a \"low arch\" on lateral or left anterior oblique projections; and f) absence of the normal aortic impression on the barium-filled esophagus. Rib notching, when present, in association with the above findings indicates a stenotic or closed ductus arteriosus with collateral circulation through intercostal arteries to the descending aorta. The bilateral or unilateral location, right or left side, of the notching is dependent on the site of interruption and origin of the subclavian arteries and may permit differentiation into types and subtypes on chest radiograph."}
{"id": "PMID:125634", "title": "Biosynthesis of oestrogens and their inter-conversion in human placentae from normal and toxaemic pregnancies.", "content": "In vitro biosynthesis of oestrogens in microsomal and 10,000 g supernatant fractions of placentae, ten each, from normal and toxaemic pregnancies has been investigated. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and androstenedione were used as substrates and their conversion to oestrone and oestradiol studied. In all the placental preparations the relative efficiency of the conversion of these androgens to oestrogens, though differing greatly between subcellular fractions as well as between normal and toxaemic placentae, was invariably in the order of DHAS greater than DHA greater than androstenedione. The conversion of these androgen precursors to oestrone and oestradiol was reduced in toxaemia compared with the normal placenta. Moreover, formation of oestradiol was much more reduced than that of oestrone. The free oestradiol level in the serum was also found to be lower in toxaemic pregnancies as compared with the normal range. The inter-conversions of oestrogens further showed a significantly reduced conversion of oestrone to oestradiol in toxaemic placentae compared with normal placentae. The results may explain the lowered blood oestradiol levels observed in toxaemia of pregnancy and thus provide an explanation of the usefulness of the estimation of the oestradiol level as an index of feto-placental function.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of oestrogens and their inter-conversion in human placentae from normal and toxaemic pregnancies. In vitro biosynthesis of oestrogens in microsomal and 10,000 g supernatant fractions of placentae, ten each, from normal and toxaemic pregnancies has been investigated. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and androstenedione were used as substrates and their conversion to oestrone and oestradiol studied. In all the placental preparations the relative efficiency of the conversion of these androgens to oestrogens, though differing greatly between subcellular fractions as well as between normal and toxaemic placentae, was invariably in the order of DHAS greater than DHA greater than androstenedione. The conversion of these androgen precursors to oestrone and oestradiol was reduced in toxaemia compared with the normal placenta. Moreover, formation of oestradiol was much more reduced than that of oestrone. The free oestradiol level in the serum was also found to be lower in toxaemic pregnancies as compared with the normal range. The inter-conversions of oestrogens further showed a significantly reduced conversion of oestrone to oestradiol in toxaemic placentae compared with normal placentae. The results may explain the lowered blood oestradiol levels observed in toxaemia of pregnancy and thus provide an explanation of the usefulness of the estimation of the oestradiol level as an index of feto-placental function."}
{"id": "PMID:125635", "title": "Studies of in vitro steroid metabolism by testis tissue from 'complete' and 'incomplete' forms of testicular feminization.", "content": "The in vitro steroid metabolism of testicular tissue from seven cases of testicular feminization was studied. Using radioactive steroid substrates of both C21 and C19 configurations, kinetic studies of these tissues showed that the major pathway of testosterone production was via the delta5 pathway, i.e. pregnenolone leads to 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone leads to dehydroepiandrosterone leads to androstenedione and androstenediol leads to testosterone, with the accumulation of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenediol. This accumulation of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenediol does not occur in similar incubations of normal human testis tissue. The seven cases of testicular feminization were classified as 'complete' or 'incomplete' forms of the syndrome by reference to clinical data and the histology of the testicular tissue. It was concluded that the biochemical differences between the two forms of the syndrome were the greater production and accumulation of C21 and C19 delta 4 steroids from the C21 and C19 delta 5 steroid precursors indicating the relatively greater activity of the C21-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase enzyme in the 'incomplete' form.", "contents": "Studies of in vitro steroid metabolism by testis tissue from 'complete' and 'incomplete' forms of testicular feminization. The in vitro steroid metabolism of testicular tissue from seven cases of testicular feminization was studied. Using radioactive steroid substrates of both C21 and C19 configurations, kinetic studies of these tissues showed that the major pathway of testosterone production was via the delta5 pathway, i.e. pregnenolone leads to 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone leads to dehydroepiandrosterone leads to androstenedione and androstenediol leads to testosterone, with the accumulation of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenediol. This accumulation of dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenediol does not occur in similar incubations of normal human testis tissue. The seven cases of testicular feminization were classified as 'complete' or 'incomplete' forms of the syndrome by reference to clinical data and the histology of the testicular tissue. It was concluded that the biochemical differences between the two forms of the syndrome were the greater production and accumulation of C21 and C19 delta 4 steroids from the C21 and C19 delta 5 steroid precursors indicating the relatively greater activity of the C21-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-isomerase enzyme in the 'incomplete' form."}
{"id": "PMID:125636", "title": "A new consideration in athletic injuries. The classical ballet dancer.", "content": "The professional ballet dancer presents all of the problems of any vigorous athlete. The problems include osteochondral fractures, fatigue fractures, sprains, chronic ligamentous instability of the knee, meniscal tears, impingement syndrome, degenerative arthritis of multiple joints and low back pain. Attention to minor problems with sound conservative therapy can avoid many major developments and lost hours. Observations included the extraordinary external rotation of at the hip without demonstrable alteration in the hip version angle and hypertrophy of the femur, tibia and particularly the second metatarsal (in female dancers). Careful evaluation of the range of motion of the extremities, serial roentgenographic examination, and systematic review of previous injuries, training programs and rehearsal techniques have been evaluated in a series of cases to provide the basis for advice to directors and teachers of the ballet.", "contents": "A new consideration in athletic injuries. The classical ballet dancer. The professional ballet dancer presents all of the problems of any vigorous athlete. The problems include osteochondral fractures, fatigue fractures, sprains, chronic ligamentous instability of the knee, meniscal tears, impingement syndrome, degenerative arthritis of multiple joints and low back pain. Attention to minor problems with sound conservative therapy can avoid many major developments and lost hours. Observations included the extraordinary external rotation of at the hip without demonstrable alteration in the hip version angle and hypertrophy of the femur, tibia and particularly the second metatarsal (in female dancers). Careful evaluation of the range of motion of the extremities, serial roentgenographic examination, and systematic review of previous injuries, training programs and rehearsal techniques have been evaluated in a series of cases to provide the basis for advice to directors and teachers of the ballet."}
{"id": "PMID:125637", "title": "The treatment of thoracic intervertebral disc protrusions.", "content": "A series of seventeen patients with a protruded thoracic intervertebral disc is reported. In many cases a trauma, which was sometimes mild, seems to have played a role. This and signs and symptoms (of which pronounced numbness and obtrusive paraesthesiae are the most important) should suggest the diagnosis. In such patients myelography and tomography of the thoracic region is indicated. Twelve of the seventeen patients operated upon improved and nine of them made a good or excellent recovery.", "contents": "The treatment of thoracic intervertebral disc protrusions. A series of seventeen patients with a protruded thoracic intervertebral disc is reported. In many cases a trauma, which was sometimes mild, seems to have played a role. This and signs and symptoms (of which pronounced numbness and obtrusive paraesthesiae are the most important) should suggest the diagnosis. In such patients myelography and tomography of the thoracic region is indicated. Twelve of the seventeen patients operated upon improved and nine of them made a good or excellent recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:125641", "title": "[Unusual clinical forms of pseudo-LE syndrome: an induced immune-complex disease? (author's transl)].", "content": "Two of nine patients with pseudo-LE syndrome had previously undescribed organ manifestations. In one there was the full-blown picture of cutaneous lupus erythematodes, with renal and CNS involvement, ending fatally. Immunohistologically there was severe vasculitis and nephritis, histologically generalised necrotizing angitis. It is possible that the dramatic clinical picture was due to alpha-methyldopa. In the second case lymphadenopathy with bihilar involvement and splenomegaly predominated. Histologically there was no evidence of Boeck's sarcoid. Further studies revealed systemic involvement with immune-complex nephritis, electron-dense deposits in the glomerular basal membrane, and the typical changes of lupus erythematodes in the marrow. In a third case there were similar changes in kidney and marrow. These findings support the view of an immune-complex disease which can be fatal. An unusual feature in seven of the nine patients was the proven intake of Venopyronum\u00bf coated tablets in temporal relationship to the manifestation of the disease. It is possible that the described cases of pseudo-LE syndrome were drug-induced. The immunological mechanism of the disease would, in that case, be analogous to penicillamine nephropathy.", "contents": "[Unusual clinical forms of pseudo-LE syndrome: an induced immune-complex disease? (author's transl)]. Two of nine patients with pseudo-LE syndrome had previously undescribed organ manifestations. In one there was the full-blown picture of cutaneous lupus erythematodes, with renal and CNS involvement, ending fatally. Immunohistologically there was severe vasculitis and nephritis, histologically generalised necrotizing angitis. It is possible that the dramatic clinical picture was due to alpha-methyldopa. In the second case lymphadenopathy with bihilar involvement and splenomegaly predominated. Histologically there was no evidence of Boeck's sarcoid. Further studies revealed systemic involvement with immune-complex nephritis, electron-dense deposits in the glomerular basal membrane, and the typical changes of lupus erythematodes in the marrow. In a third case there were similar changes in kidney and marrow. These findings support the view of an immune-complex disease which can be fatal. An unusual feature in seven of the nine patients was the proven intake of Venopyronum\u00bf coated tablets in temporal relationship to the manifestation of the disease. It is possible that the described cases of pseudo-LE syndrome were drug-induced. The immunological mechanism of the disease would, in that case, be analogous to penicillamine nephropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:125648", "title": "Pituitary fibroblast growth factor as a stimulator of growth in cultured rabbit articular chondrocytes.", "content": "Growth promoting activity for rabbit chondrocytes has been described as a contaminant of partially pruified TSH and LH prepared from bovine and ovine pituitaries. We have investigated fibroblast frowth factor (FGF), a small growth promoting peptide isolated from bovine pituitary tissue, in a rabbit chondrocyte system. The results suggest to us that FGF is the factor or one of the factors responsible for chondrocyte growth stimulating activity previously described in the pituitary hormone preparations. DNA synthesis in these cells is stimulated by FGF at final medium concentrations of 10(-9) g/ml. Bovine NIH-LH is not stimulatory below concentrations of 10(-7) g/ml. FGF also stimulates cell growth in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum. Dexamethasone, at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-9) g/ml exerts a synergistic effect with FGF on both DNA synthesis and cell growth. Over a concentration range of 10(-6) to 10(-9) g/ml, FGF does not stimulate synthesis of sulfated mucopolysaccharides.", "contents": "Pituitary fibroblast growth factor as a stimulator of growth in cultured rabbit articular chondrocytes. Growth promoting activity for rabbit chondrocytes has been described as a contaminant of partially pruified TSH and LH prepared from bovine and ovine pituitaries. We have investigated fibroblast frowth factor (FGF), a small growth promoting peptide isolated from bovine pituitary tissue, in a rabbit chondrocyte system. The results suggest to us that FGF is the factor or one of the factors responsible for chondrocyte growth stimulating activity previously described in the pituitary hormone preparations. DNA synthesis in these cells is stimulated by FGF at final medium concentrations of 10(-9) g/ml. Bovine NIH-LH is not stimulatory below concentrations of 10(-7) g/ml. FGF also stimulates cell growth in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum. Dexamethasone, at concentrations of 10(-5) to 10(-9) g/ml exerts a synergistic effect with FGF on both DNA synthesis and cell growth. Over a concentration range of 10(-6) to 10(-9) g/ml, FGF does not stimulate synthesis of sulfated mucopolysaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:125649", "title": "Enzymatic oxidation and reduction of C19-delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroids by hepatic microsomes. V. Testosterone as a neonatal determinant in rats of the 7- and 16alpha-hydroxylation and reduction of 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA).", "content": "The oxido-reductive metabolism of [14C]dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) by hepatic microsomes from 40- or 70-day-old rats of either sex castrated neonatally has been compared after several treatment regimens with testosterone propionate (TP). The low transformation rate of DHA to 16-oxygenated metabolites produced by neonatal orchiectomy (0.09 +/- 0.04 nmoles min-1 mg-1), was not restored in 70-day-old males by either neonatal or pubertal treatment with TP. The rates were only partially restored (0.74 +/- 0.44) toward nromal adult levels (1.30 +/- 0.16) by the combination of neontal and pubertal treatments, in increments that maintained normal body weight but produced no visible growth of the male accessory glands. The combination of neonatal and pubertal treatments with larger doses of TP enough to produce normal accessory gland growth, stimulated the enzymatic rates of 16alpha-7alpha-, or 7beta-hydroxylases to levels that exceeded those of intact adult males. In 40-day-old males, the 16-oxygenation rate was restored by the latter regimen, but only to the levels characteristic of yound males (0.56 +/- 0.24), and young females responded more (1.03 +/- 0.33) than the males. The 7-oxygenation rate of DHA responded in both age groups to smaller doses of TP than did that of the 16-oxygenation. None of these manipulations altered the reduction of DHA to androst-5-ene-3bets-17beta-diol. We conclude that testosterone activates hepatic DHA hydroxylases in pubertal male rats only if neonatal imprinting by testosterone preceeds the subsequent stimulus. In addition, the DHA 16alpha-hydroxylase of young males is less sensitive than that of young females, but this pattern is reversed by 70 days of age. The hepatic males are both sensitive to testosterone, but the response of the glands is diminished by age.", "contents": "Enzymatic oxidation and reduction of C19-delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroids by hepatic microsomes. V. Testosterone as a neonatal determinant in rats of the 7- and 16alpha-hydroxylation and reduction of 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one (DHA). The oxido-reductive metabolism of [14C]dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) by hepatic microsomes from 40- or 70-day-old rats of either sex castrated neonatally has been compared after several treatment regimens with testosterone propionate (TP). The low transformation rate of DHA to 16-oxygenated metabolites produced by neonatal orchiectomy (0.09 +/- 0.04 nmoles min-1 mg-1), was not restored in 70-day-old males by either neonatal or pubertal treatment with TP. The rates were only partially restored (0.74 +/- 0.44) toward nromal adult levels (1.30 +/- 0.16) by the combination of neontal and pubertal treatments, in increments that maintained normal body weight but produced no visible growth of the male accessory glands. The combination of neonatal and pubertal treatments with larger doses of TP enough to produce normal accessory gland growth, stimulated the enzymatic rates of 16alpha-7alpha-, or 7beta-hydroxylases to levels that exceeded those of intact adult males. In 40-day-old males, the 16-oxygenation rate was restored by the latter regimen, but only to the levels characteristic of yound males (0.56 +/- 0.24), and young females responded more (1.03 +/- 0.33) than the males. The 7-oxygenation rate of DHA responded in both age groups to smaller doses of TP than did that of the 16-oxygenation. None of these manipulations altered the reduction of DHA to androst-5-ene-3bets-17beta-diol. We conclude that testosterone activates hepatic DHA hydroxylases in pubertal male rats only if neonatal imprinting by testosterone preceeds the subsequent stimulus. In addition, the DHA 16alpha-hydroxylase of young males is less sensitive than that of young females, but this pattern is reversed by 70 days of age. The hepatic males are both sensitive to testosterone, but the response of the glands is diminished by age."}
{"id": "PMID:125650", "title": "Initiation of precocious sexual maturation in the immature rat treated with dehydroepiandrosterone.", "content": "Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) to immature female rats on day 27 for 3 days resulted in an increase in uterine weight within 6 h of injection and a surge of FSH, LH and prolactin occurred on day 30 resulting in premature ovulation. Increase in ovarian weight and vaginal patency also occurred on day 30. Ovulations occurred at various times on day 30 and some as late as day 33 and these could be synchronized by the administration of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). The gonadotropin surge resulting in ovulation could be blocked by central nervous system blocking agents like phenobarbital and reserpine. The action of DHA in inducing precocious ovulation appeared to be mediated through conversion to estrogens because DHA and testosterone both of which can be aromatized to estrogens at appropriate dose elvels caused potentiation of the effect of PMSG on the secretion of gonadotropins. They also induced vaginal patency in the castrated immature rat. Dihydrotestosterone, an androgen not aromatized to estrogens did not induce precocious ovulation, vaginal patency or potentiation of the effect of PMSG in the release of gonadotropins. Furthermore, cyanoketone an inhibitor of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and thus the conversion of DHA to estrogens, prevented vaginal patency and DHA-induced precocious ovulation.", "contents": "Initiation of precocious sexual maturation in the immature rat treated with dehydroepiandrosterone. Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) to immature female rats on day 27 for 3 days resulted in an increase in uterine weight within 6 h of injection and a surge of FSH, LH and prolactin occurred on day 30 resulting in premature ovulation. Increase in ovarian weight and vaginal patency also occurred on day 30. Ovulations occurred at various times on day 30 and some as late as day 33 and these could be synchronized by the administration of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). The gonadotropin surge resulting in ovulation could be blocked by central nervous system blocking agents like phenobarbital and reserpine. The action of DHA in inducing precocious ovulation appeared to be mediated through conversion to estrogens because DHA and testosterone both of which can be aromatized to estrogens at appropriate dose elvels caused potentiation of the effect of PMSG on the secretion of gonadotropins. They also induced vaginal patency in the castrated immature rat. Dihydrotestosterone, an androgen not aromatized to estrogens did not induce precocious ovulation, vaginal patency or potentiation of the effect of PMSG in the release of gonadotropins. Furthermore, cyanoketone an inhibitor of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and thus the conversion of DHA to estrogens, prevented vaginal patency and DHA-induced precocious ovulation."}
{"id": "PMID:125651", "title": "The treatment of horses with chronic back pain by resecting the summits of the impinging dorsal spinous processes.", "content": "This paper describes the surgical treatment of 14 horses exhibiting chronic back pain attributed to impaction and overriding of the dorsal spines in the thoracolumbar region. The technique involved the resection of the summits of one or more dorsal spines following midline division of the supraspinous ligament. All the horses returned to full work after a convalescent period of at least four months, and 12 of them showed considerable improvement in their form and performance. A post-surgical complication encountered in one case was the development of new bone on the edge of a resected spine. This lesion, which pressed on the dorsal spine immediately caudal to it, was removed subsequently at a second operation and no further sequelae occurred.", "contents": "The treatment of horses with chronic back pain by resecting the summits of the impinging dorsal spinous processes. This paper describes the surgical treatment of 14 horses exhibiting chronic back pain attributed to impaction and overriding of the dorsal spines in the thoracolumbar region. The technique involved the resection of the summits of one or more dorsal spines following midline division of the supraspinous ligament. All the horses returned to full work after a convalescent period of at least four months, and 12 of them showed considerable improvement in their form and performance. A post-surgical complication encountered in one case was the development of new bone on the edge of a resected spine. This lesion, which pressed on the dorsal spine immediately caudal to it, was removed subsequently at a second operation and no further sequelae occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:125662", "title": "Fetal testicular homografting for bilateral congenital anorchism.", "content": "Fetal testicular homografting, performed on a 27-year-old man with histologically proven congenital anorchism, is reported. The clinical and laboratory findings 4 and 12 months after the operation suggested that the grafted testicles were viable. No similar case has been encountered in a review of the literature.", "contents": "Fetal testicular homografting for bilateral congenital anorchism. Fetal testicular homografting, performed on a 27-year-old man with histologically proven congenital anorchism, is reported. The clinical and laboratory findings 4 and 12 months after the operation suggested that the grafted testicles were viable. No similar case has been encountered in a review of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:125663", "title": "Dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovaries and acyclicity in the rat.", "content": "Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) to the immature female rat resulted in one precocious ovulation followed by ovulatory failure. The animals exhibited either \"constant-estrus\" or \"constant-diestrus\" vaginal smears, and the ovaries were either polycystic or contained corpus luteum-like structures. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels showed an ovulatory type surge on day 30, at the time of the precocious ovulation. Thereafter, serum FSH levels were comparable to those of control rats, whereas the LH levels were very low. Serum prolactin was elevated significantly in DHA-treated animals. The ovaries of DHA-treated animals were responsive to gonadotropins and the pituitary was responsive to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Withdrawal of androgen treatment resulted in restoration of cyclicity. This animal model demonstrates that an androgen insult can cause ovulatory failure and polycystic ovaries in spite of normal ovaries, adrenals, and hypothalamic-pituitary mechanisms. That such ovulatory failure is a result of the androgen administration is further substantiated by restoration of cyclicity after androgen withdrawal. This animal model in several ways is similar to the human polycystic ovary syndrome and has a potential application in the study of the mechanism of androgen-induced ovulatory failure.", "contents": "Dehydroepiandrosterone-induced polycystic ovaries and acyclicity in the rat. Administration of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) to the immature female rat resulted in one precocious ovulation followed by ovulatory failure. The animals exhibited either \"constant-estrus\" or \"constant-diestrus\" vaginal smears, and the ovaries were either polycystic or contained corpus luteum-like structures. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels showed an ovulatory type surge on day 30, at the time of the precocious ovulation. Thereafter, serum FSH levels were comparable to those of control rats, whereas the LH levels were very low. Serum prolactin was elevated significantly in DHA-treated animals. The ovaries of DHA-treated animals were responsive to gonadotropins and the pituitary was responsive to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone. Withdrawal of androgen treatment resulted in restoration of cyclicity. This animal model demonstrates that an androgen insult can cause ovulatory failure and polycystic ovaries in spite of normal ovaries, adrenals, and hypothalamic-pituitary mechanisms. That such ovulatory failure is a result of the androgen administration is further substantiated by restoration of cyclicity after androgen withdrawal. This animal model in several ways is similar to the human polycystic ovary syndrome and has a potential application in the study of the mechanism of androgen-induced ovulatory failure."}
{"id": "PMID:125664", "title": "The role of the dental specialist in the hospital.", "content": "As can be seen from this incomplete list of dental specialties and functions they perform in the hospital, there is an increasing participation of dental specialists in the delivery of total health care to the hospitalized patient. In order to disseminate knowledge further of the special protocols of hospital practice and of special hospital dentistry problems, the American Association of Hospital Dentists was formed and publishes a journal containing this special information.", "contents": "The role of the dental specialist in the hospital. As can be seen from this incomplete list of dental specialties and functions they perform in the hospital, there is an increasing participation of dental specialists in the delivery of total health care to the hospitalized patient. In order to disseminate knowledge further of the special protocols of hospital practice and of special hospital dentistry problems, the American Association of Hospital Dentists was formed and publishes a journal containing this special information."}
{"id": "PMID:125665", "title": "[Study on the mode of action of dithranol: increased lipid peroxidation and enzyme inhibition].", "content": "The results reported in connection with previously published data suggest the importance of increased lipid peroxidation in the epidermis after Dithranol treatment. Malonaldehyde, one of the main products of lipid peroxidation, reacts with epidermal phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to cause enzyme inactivation by cross-linking of the enzyme protein demonstrated by dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis. Enzyme inactivation leads to an inhibition of hexose monophosphate shunt and glycolysis. The effect on energy donating metabolism in psoriatic lesions is discussed.", "contents": "[Study on the mode of action of dithranol: increased lipid peroxidation and enzyme inhibition]. The results reported in connection with previously published data suggest the importance of increased lipid peroxidation in the epidermis after Dithranol treatment. Malonaldehyde, one of the main products of lipid peroxidation, reacts with epidermal phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase to cause enzyme inactivation by cross-linking of the enzyme protein demonstrated by dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis. Enzyme inactivation leads to an inhibition of hexose monophosphate shunt and glycolysis. The effect on energy donating metabolism in psoriatic lesions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125667", "title": "Observations on sodium retention related to insulin treatment of experimental diabetes.", "content": "Streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats regularly retained sodium (Na+), and tended to retain potassium (K+) as well, in response to insulin. Diabetic patients have also been reported to exhibit antinatriuresis and antikaliuresis early in the course of insulin therapy. Insulin-related Na+ retention can occur without a marked reduction in blood glucose level and does not appear to be attributable to preexisting Na+ depletion, mineralocorticoid effect, or suppression of glucosuria. The decrease in urinary Na+ excretion (UNaV) in the rats incident to insulin administration was appreciably greater than the decrease in chloride (Cl-) or water excretion. The significance of this observation is uncertain. It may be, in part, a consequence of the nephrotoxicity of STZ. Insulin-related Na+ retention may be closely related pathogenetically to the Na+ retention of refeeding and may reflect a direct renal action of insulin or, less likely, an alteration of renal tubular metabolism in response to insulin-mediated changes in sytemic metabolism.", "contents": "Observations on sodium retention related to insulin treatment of experimental diabetes. Streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats regularly retained sodium (Na+), and tended to retain potassium (K+) as well, in response to insulin. Diabetic patients have also been reported to exhibit antinatriuresis and antikaliuresis early in the course of insulin therapy. Insulin-related Na+ retention can occur without a marked reduction in blood glucose level and does not appear to be attributable to preexisting Na+ depletion, mineralocorticoid effect, or suppression of glucosuria. The decrease in urinary Na+ excretion (UNaV) in the rats incident to insulin administration was appreciably greater than the decrease in chloride (Cl-) or water excretion. The significance of this observation is uncertain. It may be, in part, a consequence of the nephrotoxicity of STZ. Insulin-related Na+ retention may be closely related pathogenetically to the Na+ retention of refeeding and may reflect a direct renal action of insulin or, less likely, an alteration of renal tubular metabolism in response to insulin-mediated changes in sytemic metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:125668", "title": "Glucose intolerance in the carcinoid syndrome.", "content": "We assayed glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in ten patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome (\"active tumors\") and in seven patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors without the carcinoid syndrome (\"inactive tumors\"). The patients with \"active tumors\" had elevated serum serotonin levels while the patients with \"inactive tumors\" had normal serum serotonin levels. Of the ten patients with \"active tumors,\" five had diabetic and three had borderline intravenous glucose disposal rate constants (KG = 0.88 +/- 0.07, M. +/- S.E.M.). Their KG was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than a group of age-matched normals. All of the patients with \"inactive tumors\" had normal KG values (KG = 1.67 +/- 0.24). Their KG did not differ from that of age-matched normal subjects. Both groups of carcinoid patients had a comparable decrease in their insulinogenic index. Two days' administration of the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine (Cypro) to eight of the patients with \"active tumors\" resulted in a significant increase in the \"insulinogenic index\" (50%) but a nonsignificant increase in the KG (12%). Administration of p-chlorophenylalanine, a compound that blocks serotonin synthesis, resulted in an increase in both the KG (60%) and the \"insulinogenic index\" (55%). The insulin half-life (t1/2) of patients with \"active tumors\" (6.1 +/- 0.4 min.) did not differ from the t1/2 of normal subjects (6.6 +/- 0.4 min.), suggesting that the decreased plasma insulin levels following intravenous glucose were due to impaired insulin secretion rather than accelerated insulin destruction. Seven of the patients received treatment with the antitumor agent streptozotocin (Strepto). The patients received cumulative doses of from 70 to 300 mg. of Strepto per kilogram body weight with no impairment in glucose tolerance or insulin secretion. We conclude that there is high incidence of glucose intolerance (80%) and impaired insulin secretion in patients with the carcinoid syndrome and that serotonin plays a role in producing these alterations.", "contents": "Glucose intolerance in the carcinoid syndrome. We assayed glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in ten patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors and the carcinoid syndrome (\"active tumors\") and in seven patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors without the carcinoid syndrome (\"inactive tumors\"). The patients with \"active tumors\" had elevated serum serotonin levels while the patients with \"inactive tumors\" had normal serum serotonin levels. Of the ten patients with \"active tumors,\" five had diabetic and three had borderline intravenous glucose disposal rate constants (KG = 0.88 +/- 0.07, M. +/- S.E.M.). Their KG was significantly lower (p less than 0.01) than a group of age-matched normals. All of the patients with \"inactive tumors\" had normal KG values (KG = 1.67 +/- 0.24). Their KG did not differ from that of age-matched normal subjects. Both groups of carcinoid patients had a comparable decrease in their insulinogenic index. Two days' administration of the serotonin antagonist cyproheptadine (Cypro) to eight of the patients with \"active tumors\" resulted in a significant increase in the \"insulinogenic index\" (50%) but a nonsignificant increase in the KG (12%). Administration of p-chlorophenylalanine, a compound that blocks serotonin synthesis, resulted in an increase in both the KG (60%) and the \"insulinogenic index\" (55%). The insulin half-life (t1/2) of patients with \"active tumors\" (6.1 +/- 0.4 min.) did not differ from the t1/2 of normal subjects (6.6 +/- 0.4 min.), suggesting that the decreased plasma insulin levels following intravenous glucose were due to impaired insulin secretion rather than accelerated insulin destruction. Seven of the patients received treatment with the antitumor agent streptozotocin (Strepto). The patients received cumulative doses of from 70 to 300 mg. of Strepto per kilogram body weight with no impairment in glucose tolerance or insulin secretion. We conclude that there is high incidence of glucose intolerance (80%) and impaired insulin secretion in patients with the carcinoid syndrome and that serotonin plays a role in producing these alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:125669", "title": "Operant approaches to group therapy in a school for handicapped children.", "content": "In order to determine the effectiveness of operant approaches to group therapy with children with cerebral palsy or mental retardation, four boys aged between 4 years 10 months and 5 years 7 months were given a total of 23 twice-weekly 30-minute treatment sessions. After treatment there was considerably improvement in the children's attention-to-tasks and they showed some increase in social interactions, though to a lesser degree. Teacher ratings also showed some improvement in classroom behavior.", "contents": "Operant approaches to group therapy in a school for handicapped children. In order to determine the effectiveness of operant approaches to group therapy with children with cerebral palsy or mental retardation, four boys aged between 4 years 10 months and 5 years 7 months were given a total of 23 twice-weekly 30-minute treatment sessions. After treatment there was considerably improvement in the children's attention-to-tasks and they showed some increase in social interactions, though to a lesser degree. Teacher ratings also showed some improvement in classroom behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:125677", "title": "[Effect of prostaglandin E1 on the isolated stomach, small intestine, bronchus and uterus of experimental animals and its intestinal effect in vivo].", "content": "The stomach, intestine and uterus were contracted by PGE1. Stimulating effects of ACh and serotonin were augmented in some of these organs, especially in guinea pig uterus. ACh- and serotonin-induced bronchial contraction, however, decreased after administration of PGE1. Bronchial relaxation induced by adrenaline or noradrenaline was unaffected or increased. Antiadrenergic effects were not detected in the organs tested. ACh-induced contractions of frog rectus abdominus was augmented by PGE. The potentiating effect of PGE1 was almost the same in degree as that of physotigmine, although cholinesterase inhibitory effect was not detected in PGE1. Intravenous injection of PGE1 (10 mug/kg) into rabbits caused a relaxation of the intestine, which was contrary to the result with the isolated organ. Administration of PGE1 (1 mug/100 g, i.p. or 0.1, 1 mug/100 g, i.v.) did not show any curative effects on intestinal paralysis in cecectomized rats. The mechasism of action of PGE1 on rat uterus was found to be calcium-dependant.", "contents": "[Effect of prostaglandin E1 on the isolated stomach, small intestine, bronchus and uterus of experimental animals and its intestinal effect in vivo]. The stomach, intestine and uterus were contracted by PGE1. Stimulating effects of ACh and serotonin were augmented in some of these organs, especially in guinea pig uterus. ACh- and serotonin-induced bronchial contraction, however, decreased after administration of PGE1. Bronchial relaxation induced by adrenaline or noradrenaline was unaffected or increased. Antiadrenergic effects were not detected in the organs tested. ACh-induced contractions of frog rectus abdominus was augmented by PGE. The potentiating effect of PGE1 was almost the same in degree as that of physotigmine, although cholinesterase inhibitory effect was not detected in PGE1. Intravenous injection of PGE1 (10 mug/kg) into rabbits caused a relaxation of the intestine, which was contrary to the result with the isolated organ. Administration of PGE1 (1 mug/100 g, i.p. or 0.1, 1 mug/100 g, i.v.) did not show any curative effects on intestinal paralysis in cecectomized rats. The mechasism of action of PGE1 on rat uterus was found to be calcium-dependant."}
{"id": "PMID:125678", "title": "[Inhibitory effect of taurine on ouabain-induced arrythmia].", "content": "Myocardial taurine level was found to be greater in the rat than in the guinea-pig. Taurine inhibited the development of arrhythmias caused by the i.v. infusion of ouabain in the rat. When ouabain induced arrhythmias, the myocardial taurine level decreased. Both effects were blocked by pretreatment of propranolol. The uptake of taurine into the heart did not necessarily result in the reversal of the PR interval prolonged by ouabain. The protecting effect of taurine against ouabain toxicity was not dependent upon the change in myocardial total ATPase activity.", "contents": "[Inhibitory effect of taurine on ouabain-induced arrythmia]. Myocardial taurine level was found to be greater in the rat than in the guinea-pig. Taurine inhibited the development of arrhythmias caused by the i.v. infusion of ouabain in the rat. When ouabain induced arrhythmias, the myocardial taurine level decreased. Both effects were blocked by pretreatment of propranolol. The uptake of taurine into the heart did not necessarily result in the reversal of the PR interval prolonged by ouabain. The protecting effect of taurine against ouabain toxicity was not dependent upon the change in myocardial total ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:125680", "title": "[A comparison of radiology and endoscopy in the diagnosis of gastric and duodenal ulcers(author's transl)].", "content": "The results of endoscopy and radiology were compared in 455 patients, 250 with gastric ulcers and 205 with duodenal ulcers.  Accuracy of endo- scopy for gastric ulcers was 95% and for duodenal ulcers 92%.  Findings were judged on  the results of endoscopy.  The radiological findings were related to the endoscopic diagnosis and radiological examinations were carried out on out-patients as well as in-patients.  20% of gastric ulcers in out-patients were missed, and 10% of those in in-patients.  Of duodenal ulcers, 27% of out-patients and 8% of in-patients were missed.  Gastric ulcers missed radiologically were usually small or superficial and situated predominantly in the upper third of the stomach or in the antrum.  Duodenal ulcers tended to escape radiological diagnoSIS if they were linear in shape.  Improved technique and greater experience of the examiner increased the radiological accuracy significantly.", "contents": "[A comparison of radiology and endoscopy in the diagnosis of gastric and duodenal ulcers(author's transl)]. The results of endoscopy and radiology were compared in 455 patients, 250 with gastric ulcers and 205 with duodenal ulcers.  Accuracy of endo- scopy for gastric ulcers was 95% and for duodenal ulcers 92%.  Findings were judged on  the results of endoscopy.  The radiological findings were related to the endoscopic diagnosis and radiological examinations were carried out on out-patients as well as in-patients.  20% of gastric ulcers in out-patients were missed, and 10% of those in in-patients.  Of duodenal ulcers, 27% of out-patients and 8% of in-patients were missed.  Gastric ulcers missed radiologically were usually small or superficial and situated predominantly in the upper third of the stomach or in the antrum.  Duodenal ulcers tended to escape radiological diagnoSIS if they were linear in shape.  Improved technique and greater experience of the examiner increased the radiological accuracy significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:125681", "title": "[False positive tumour diagnosis in the caecum(author's transl)].", "content": "Radiographic appearances simulating tumours were found in 25 patients; the causes of the mistaken diagnosis are critically analysed.  The commonest mistake was caused by inflammatory process (eight patients), caecal contents (seven patients) and an enlarged ileo-caecal valve (five patients).  Ways of avoiding such misinterpretation are described.author", "contents": "[False positive tumour diagnosis in the caecum(author's transl)]. Radiographic appearances simulating tumours were found in 25 patients; the causes of the mistaken diagnosis are critically analysed.  The commonest mistake was caused by inflammatory process (eight patients), caecal contents (seven patients) and an enlarged ileo-caecal valve (five patients).  Ways of avoiding such misinterpretation are described.author"}
{"id": "PMID:125682", "title": "[The valve of selective retrograde cholangiography in the radiological diagnosis of diseases of the biliary passages(author's transl)].", "content": "The value of selective endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in the radiological diagnosis of diseases of the biliary passages and neighbouring organs is discussed on the basis of 400 retrograde pancreatocholangiograms.  The results of this endoscopic examination were compared with the findings of all the other preoperative examinations carried out.  The diagnostic usefulness and limitations of various methods are discussed in relation to stenosis of the papilla, pancreatitis, carcinoma of the pancreas, tumours of the extrahepatic bile ducts and postoperative bile duct abnormalities.  The diagnostic accuracy of 97% emphasises the value of co-operation between radiologists and endoscopists.", "contents": "[The valve of selective retrograde cholangiography in the radiological diagnosis of diseases of the biliary passages(author's transl)]. The value of selective endoscopic retrograde cholangiography in the radiological diagnosis of diseases of the biliary passages and neighbouring organs is discussed on the basis of 400 retrograde pancreatocholangiograms.  The results of this endoscopic examination were compared with the findings of all the other preoperative examinations carried out.  The diagnostic usefulness and limitations of various methods are discussed in relation to stenosis of the papilla, pancreatitis, carcinoma of the pancreas, tumours of the extrahepatic bile ducts and postoperative bile duct abnormalities.  The diagnostic accuracy of 97% emphasises the value of co-operation between radiologists and endoscopists."}
{"id": "PMID:125684", "title": "[The value and limitation of echotomography in the diagnosis of abdominal lymphomas in malignant diseases(author's transl)].", "content": "The indication for ultrasonic examination in addition to endolymphatic methods is discussed.  In 23 histologically proved advanced cases the accuracy of lymphography was 77% and in echotomography 74%.  In the diagnosis of lymphonodal enlargements in the area of the liver and spleen hilium echotomography proved to be a valuable diagnostic method independent from endolymphatic methods.  In X-ray treatments echotomography enables us to estimate the therapeutic result and to evaluate the lymphonodal status.  The controls are performed in an out-patient manner.", "contents": "[The value and limitation of echotomography in the diagnosis of abdominal lymphomas in malignant diseases(author's transl)]. The indication for ultrasonic examination in addition to endolymphatic methods is discussed.  In 23 histologically proved advanced cases the accuracy of lymphography was 77% and in echotomography 74%.  In the diagnosis of lymphonodal enlargements in the area of the liver and spleen hilium echotomography proved to be a valuable diagnostic method independent from endolymphatic methods.  In X-ray treatments echotomography enables us to estimate the therapeutic result and to evaluate the lymphonodal status.  The controls are performed in an out-patient manner."}
{"id": "PMID:125685", "title": "[Xero-radiography of the thorax(author's transl)].", "content": "In over 150 patients, comparative chest examinations were carried out using films and xerography.  The following results were obtained: Using xerography, image quality depends significantly on the size and shape of the imaging structure and on its marginal sharpness.  Using a sectional technique and xerography, pulmonary vessels, bronchi, hilar structures and various linear changes are more clearly demonstrated than with ordinary film.  Xerography has no advantage in showing changes occupying a large area.  Routine use of xerography for chest examinations is limited by the size of the selenium plates and the higher radiation dose required.", "contents": "[Xero-radiography of the thorax(author's transl)]. In over 150 patients, comparative chest examinations were carried out using films and xerography.  The following results were obtained: Using xerography, image quality depends significantly on the size and shape of the imaging structure and on its marginal sharpness.  Using a sectional technique and xerography, pulmonary vessels, bronchi, hilar structures and various linear changes are more clearly demonstrated than with ordinary film.  Xerography has no advantage in showing changes occupying a large area.  Routine use of xerography for chest examinations is limited by the size of the selenium plates and the higher radiation dose required."}
{"id": "PMID:125686", "title": "[Evaluation of the pneumomediastinum for the diagnosis of tumours in the anterior mediastinum(author's transl)].", "content": "Using a correct retrosternal technique, adequate insufflation of negative contrast material and good radiography, a pneumo-mediastinum is the method of choice for the investigation of retrosternal tumours with respect to their position, size and shape.  By means of experiments on cadavers, a suitable needle was developed.  The method of air insufflation and radiographic positioning are described.  The results of our examinations are detailed and the method is discussed.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the pneumomediastinum for the diagnosis of tumours in the anterior mediastinum(author's transl)]. Using a correct retrosternal technique, adequate insufflation of negative contrast material and good radiography, a pneumo-mediastinum is the method of choice for the investigation of retrosternal tumours with respect to their position, size and shape.  By means of experiments on cadavers, a suitable needle was developed.  The method of air insufflation and radiographic positioning are described.  The results of our examinations are detailed and the method is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125687", "title": "[Mucus plugs.  Phantom tumour of the major air passages.  The tomographic appearances(author's transl)].", "content": "During tomography of the major air passages, the radiologist is occasionally surprised by an appearance which is indistinguishable from an intraluminal tumour.  In addition to a genuine tumour, one must then consider the possibility of a mucus plug.  One can distinguish between these possibilities by repeating the appropriate cuts after the patient has coughed several times.  It will then be found that the position or appearance of the mucus plug will have altered, or that it will have disappeared completely.  This phenomenom occurs primarily in older patients, or patients unable to cough.  We report ten such cases.", "contents": "[Mucus plugs.  Phantom tumour of the major air passages.  The tomographic appearances(author's transl)]. During tomography of the major air passages, the radiologist is occasionally surprised by an appearance which is indistinguishable from an intraluminal tumour.  In addition to a genuine tumour, one must then consider the possibility of a mucus plug.  One can distinguish between these possibilities by repeating the appropriate cuts after the patient has coughed several times.  It will then be found that the position or appearance of the mucus plug will have altered, or that it will have disappeared completely.  This phenomenom occurs primarily in older patients, or patients unable to cough.  We report ten such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:125689", "title": "[The intrathoracic rib(author's transl)].", "content": "The intrathoracic rib belongs to the group of additional ribs, hence the 'english synonym \"supernumerary rib\".  Two cases are reported.  The mode of inheritance could not be established.  Knowledge of this rare and bizarre anomaly is important in order to avoid unnecessary treatment (occasionally even a thoracotomy).", "contents": "[The intrathoracic rib(author's transl)]. The intrathoracic rib belongs to the group of additional ribs, hence the 'english synonym \"supernumerary rib\".  Two cases are reported.  The mode of inheritance could not be established.  Knowledge of this rare and bizarre anomaly is important in order to avoid unnecessary treatment (occasionally even a thoracotomy)."}
{"id": "PMID:125690", "title": "[Calcification and ossification of the posterior and longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine(author's transl)].", "content": "Three patients with calcification or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine are described.  This abnormality is very common in Japan.  Descriptions from non-Japanese sources vary considerably.  The practical significance of this abnormality consists of narrowing of the spinal canal, which may result in a myelopathy.  Two of our patients are Chinese, the third was a white Dutchman.", "contents": "[Calcification and ossification of the posterior and longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine(author's transl)]. Three patients with calcification or ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine are described.  This abnormality is very common in Japan.  Descriptions from non-Japanese sources vary considerably.  The practical significance of this abnormality consists of narrowing of the spinal canal, which may result in a myelopathy.  Two of our patients are Chinese, the third was a white Dutchman."}
{"id": "PMID:125691", "title": "[Radiological features of the rectal manifestations of myelofibrosis(author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to the well known changes in bone structure, myelofibrosis can result in extramedullary tumour formation; in the gastr-intestinal tract, proliferation of reticulum can lead to fibrotic changes.  This results in appearances similar to linitis plastica or Crohn's disease.  In the discussion, the authors refer to tumours in other organs which have been described in the literature and which can be demonstrated radiologically.", "contents": "[Radiological features of the rectal manifestations of myelofibrosis(author's transl)]. In addition to the well known changes in bone structure, myelofibrosis can result in extramedullary tumour formation; in the gastr-intestinal tract, proliferation of reticulum can lead to fibrotic changes.  This results in appearances similar to linitis plastica or Crohn's disease.  In the discussion, the authors refer to tumours in other organs which have been described in the literature and which can be demonstrated radiologically."}
{"id": "PMID:125693", "title": "[New principles and theories for improving angio-cinedensitometry.  I. The physical principles of quotient densitometry(author's transl)].", "content": "The physical basis of quotient densitometry is described.  All stages are discussed, beginning with the production of the x-rays, their attenuation by the patient, their effect on the radiographic film, and the evaluation of the film by projection and its measurements by a photo cell in a Wheatstone bridge.  Two values were obtained, one consisting of the signal together with background fog, the other of the background alone.  By an analysis of the relationships of these measurements, obtained from specially separated points on the radiograph, it is possible to eliminate artefacts to a large extent.", "contents": "[New principles and theories for improving angio-cinedensitometry.  I. The physical principles of quotient densitometry(author's transl)]. The physical basis of quotient densitometry is described.  All stages are discussed, beginning with the production of the x-rays, their attenuation by the patient, their effect on the radiographic film, and the evaluation of the film by projection and its measurements by a photo cell in a Wheatstone bridge.  Two values were obtained, one consisting of the signal together with background fog, the other of the background alone.  By an analysis of the relationships of these measurements, obtained from specially separated points on the radiograph, it is possible to eliminate artefacts to a large extent."}
{"id": "PMID:125694", "title": "[Clinical application of iodine 123 with special consideration of radionuclide purity, measuring accuracy and radiation dose(author's dose)].", "content": "Iodine 123 is a nearly \"ideal\" radionuclide for thyroid imaging.  The production of Iodine 123 requires cyclotrons or accelerators.  The production of multicurie amounts of Iodine 123 has been suggested through the use of high-energy accelerators (less than 60 MeV).  Most of the methods for the production of Iodine 123 using a compact cyclotron result in contamination with f.e. Iodine 124 which reduces the spatial resolution af imagining procedures and increases the radiation dose to the patient.  The radiation dose has been calculated for three methods of production.  The various contamination with Iodine 124, Iodine 125, and Iodine 126 result in comparable radiation dose of Iodine 131, provided that the time between production and application is more than four half-live-times of Iodine 123.", "contents": "[Clinical application of iodine 123 with special consideration of radionuclide purity, measuring accuracy and radiation dose(author's dose)]. Iodine 123 is a nearly \"ideal\" radionuclide for thyroid imaging.  The production of Iodine 123 requires cyclotrons or accelerators.  The production of multicurie amounts of Iodine 123 has been suggested through the use of high-energy accelerators (less than 60 MeV).  Most of the methods for the production of Iodine 123 using a compact cyclotron result in contamination with f.e. Iodine 124 which reduces the spatial resolution af imagining procedures and increases the radiation dose to the patient.  The radiation dose has been calculated for three methods of production.  The various contamination with Iodine 124, Iodine 125, and Iodine 126 result in comparable radiation dose of Iodine 131, provided that the time between production and application is more than four half-live-times of Iodine 123."}
{"id": "PMID:125702", "title": "[Compensatory mechanisms in intra- and extracranial vascular occlusions (author's transl)].", "content": "Intra- and extracranial collaterals are described and are illustrated radiographically. The significance of these collaterals for cerebral blood flow, particularly in respect to possible surgery, is discussed.", "contents": "[Compensatory mechanisms in intra- and extracranial vascular occlusions (author's transl)]. Intra- and extracranial collaterals are described and are illustrated radiographically. The significance of these collaterals for cerebral blood flow, particularly in respect to possible surgery, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125703", "title": "[Changes in the vessel wall in the region of the carotid syphon (author's transl].", "content": "The present paper reviews changes in the vessel wall in the carotid syphon, including variations in calibre, stenoses, post-stenotic dilatation and aneurysms. Particular attention is paid to a supraclinoid circular stenosis, which corresponds in its localisation to the emergence of the internal carotid artery from the dura. Reference is made to new anatomical findings in this region. The haemodynamic basis of poststenotic dilatations and the development of acquired aneurysms as a result of this mechanism are discussed. Examples of post-stenotic aneurysms are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Changes in the vessel wall in the region of the carotid syphon (author's transl]. The present paper reviews changes in the vessel wall in the carotid syphon, including variations in calibre, stenoses, post-stenotic dilatation and aneurysms. Particular attention is paid to a supraclinoid circular stenosis, which corresponds in its localisation to the emergence of the internal carotid artery from the dura. Reference is made to new anatomical findings in this region. The haemodynamic basis of poststenotic dilatations and the development of acquired aneurysms as a result of this mechanism are discussed. Examples of post-stenotic aneurysms are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:125704", "title": "[Advantages in the use of teflon-catheter cannulas, compared with needles, for direct carotid angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for direct carotid puncture, using a Teflon-catheter cannula, is described. The complication rate of this method is compared with the usual technique using a rigid cannula. The significant advantage of using the Teflon-cannula consists in: 1. In the absence of sub-intimal contrast injection and 2. The possibility of selectively demonstrating the internal or external arteries from the common carotid.", "contents": "[Advantages in the use of teflon-catheter cannulas, compared with needles, for direct carotid angiography (author's transl)]. A method for direct carotid puncture, using a Teflon-catheter cannula, is described. The complication rate of this method is compared with the usual technique using a rigid cannula. The significant advantage of using the Teflon-cannula consists in: 1. In the absence of sub-intimal contrast injection and 2. The possibility of selectively demonstrating the internal or external arteries from the common carotid."}
{"id": "PMID:125705", "title": "[Detailed demonstration of aneurysms at the base of the brain by angiotomography (author's transl].", "content": "Exact knowledge of the morphology and topography of arterial aneurysms at the base of the brain is of great importance to the neurosurgeon. Angio-tomography can provide more detailed information than any other method, particularly in the case of saccular aneurysms with short necks and aneurysms in close proximity to large, thin-walled vessels. It can also clarify the situation in the case of several vessels lying close together. Angio-tomographic examinations were performed in fifteen patients, with seventeen aneurysms. The value of angiotomography in the detailed diagnosis of basal, cerebral aneurysms, particularly of the anterior communicating artery, is illustrated by four selected case reports.", "contents": "[Detailed demonstration of aneurysms at the base of the brain by angiotomography (author's transl]. Exact knowledge of the morphology and topography of arterial aneurysms at the base of the brain is of great importance to the neurosurgeon. Angio-tomography can provide more detailed information than any other method, particularly in the case of saccular aneurysms with short necks and aneurysms in close proximity to large, thin-walled vessels. It can also clarify the situation in the case of several vessels lying close together. Angio-tomographic examinations were performed in fifteen patients, with seventeen aneurysms. The value of angiotomography in the detailed diagnosis of basal, cerebral aneurysms, particularly of the anterior communicating artery, is illustrated by four selected case reports."}
{"id": "PMID:125706", "title": "[Postural scintimyelography of the cervical spine (author's transl)].", "content": "This study discusses the clinical validity of 101 postural scintimyelograms as a screening method for cervical myelopathy. The RIHSA or Ytterbium isotope-examination are not an extra burden to the patient if the radiopharmacon is introduced into the dural sac following Queckenstedt's test. If there is a normal rise and fall of CSF pressure after bilateral jugular compression and postural scintimyelography is judged normal as well, a cervical subarachnoid obstruction may be excluded. If both examinations yield pathological results an obstructive process in the cervical spinal canal is made certain; and in cases of spondylotic myelopathy a positive contrast myelogrpahy may thus be superfluous. If the results of these two examinations are contradictory then further neuroradiolocal studies are indicated.", "contents": "[Postural scintimyelography of the cervical spine (author's transl)]. This study discusses the clinical validity of 101 postural scintimyelograms as a screening method for cervical myelopathy. The RIHSA or Ytterbium isotope-examination are not an extra burden to the patient if the radiopharmacon is introduced into the dural sac following Queckenstedt's test. If there is a normal rise and fall of CSF pressure after bilateral jugular compression and postural scintimyelography is judged normal as well, a cervical subarachnoid obstruction may be excluded. If both examinations yield pathological results an obstructive process in the cervical spinal canal is made certain; and in cases of spondylotic myelopathy a positive contrast myelogrpahy may thus be superfluous. If the results of these two examinations are contradictory then further neuroradiolocal studies are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:125707", "title": "[The addition of nucleography to discography as an extended method of examination (author's transl)].", "content": "The information provided by discography concerning morphological changes in the disc can be increased by serial observations with estimation or rate of resorption. This occasionally makes it possible to differentiate between traumatic and degenerative disc lesions.", "contents": "[The addition of nucleography to discography as an extended method of examination (author's transl)]. The information provided by discography concerning morphological changes in the disc can be increased by serial observations with estimation or rate of resorption. This occasionally makes it possible to differentiate between traumatic and degenerative disc lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:125708", "title": "[Complications of cervical discography (author's transl)].", "content": "The report deals with 1,005 discographic examinations in 380 patients with a cervical syndrome. Three cases of a discitis were observed, of which two had to be regarded as complications of the examination. The aetiology, clinical features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis are described: therapeutic and prophylactic problems and possible complications are discussed. With a complication rate of 0.2%, the authors recommend contrast demonstration of the cervical disc as a supplementary radiological method for the investigation of the cervical syndrome.", "contents": "[Complications of cervical discography (author's transl)]. The report deals with 1,005 discographic examinations in 380 patients with a cervical syndrome. Three cases of a discitis were observed, of which two had to be regarded as complications of the examination. The aetiology, clinical features, diagnosis and differential diagnosis are described: therapeutic and prophylactic problems and possible complications are discussed. With a complication rate of 0.2%, the authors recommend contrast demonstration of the cervical disc as a supplementary radiological method for the investigation of the cervical syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:125709", "title": "[Pantopaque-myelographic findings in brachial plexus root avulsion (author's transl)].", "content": "The myelograms of 7 patients with traction injury of the brachial plexus are compared with the operation findings. It appears that not only the roentgenological sign of the \"traumatic meningocele\" but also other myelographic abnormalities are to be considered as indications of a nerve root lesion. These changes are demonstrated. The myelogram of a 6-months-old child showing a nerve root avulsion due to birth trauma is represented. Myelographic examination of each patient with posttraumatic brachial palsy should be performed as soon as possible. A sufficient myelographic diagnosis of the nerve root lesion can be achieved only in considering also the less impressive radiological signs.", "contents": "[Pantopaque-myelographic findings in brachial plexus root avulsion (author's transl)]. The myelograms of 7 patients with traction injury of the brachial plexus are compared with the operation findings. It appears that not only the roentgenological sign of the \"traumatic meningocele\" but also other myelographic abnormalities are to be considered as indications of a nerve root lesion. These changes are demonstrated. The myelogram of a 6-months-old child showing a nerve root avulsion due to birth trauma is represented. Myelographic examination of each patient with posttraumatic brachial palsy should be performed as soon as possible. A sufficient myelographic diagnosis of the nerve root lesion can be achieved only in considering also the less impressive radiological signs."}
{"id": "PMID:125710", "title": "[Neurogenic gastric tumours. Schwannomas and neurofibromas (author's transl)].", "content": "The literature concerning the definition, frequency, development and morphology of neurogenic gastric tumours is reviewed. The clinical, radiological and histological findings in eleven cases seen by the authors are described. The radiological differential diagnosis and errors in diagnosis are discussed. The significance of tumour perforation in making a type diagnosis is pointed out. There are few angiographic reports available at present.", "contents": "[Neurogenic gastric tumours. Schwannomas and neurofibromas (author's transl)]. The literature concerning the definition, frequency, development and morphology of neurogenic gastric tumours is reviewed. The clinical, radiological and histological findings in eleven cases seen by the authors are described. The radiological differential diagnosis and errors in diagnosis are discussed. The significance of tumour perforation in making a type diagnosis is pointed out. There are few angiographic reports available at present."}
{"id": "PMID:125711", "title": "[Disturbance of gastric emptying in diabetes mellitus (author's transl)].", "content": "The author discusses abnormalities in gastric emptying due to diabetes mellitus, and in particular, diabetic gastroparesis, on the basis of his own experience and the relevant literature. Diabetic gastroparesis is a result of a diabetic neuropathy of the vagus. Even in the presence of mild abdominal symptoms, particularly with repeated hypoglycaemic episodes, this condition should be considered and the stomach should be examined readiologically. A diabetic phytobezoar may develop. It may be presumed that these changes are more common than had previously been realized. The author has observed six cases. The gastric atony associated with diabetic coma has to be differentiated from the condition under discussion. Conservative treatment is recommended.", "contents": "[Disturbance of gastric emptying in diabetes mellitus (author's transl)]. The author discusses abnormalities in gastric emptying due to diabetes mellitus, and in particular, diabetic gastroparesis, on the basis of his own experience and the relevant literature. Diabetic gastroparesis is a result of a diabetic neuropathy of the vagus. Even in the presence of mild abdominal symptoms, particularly with repeated hypoglycaemic episodes, this condition should be considered and the stomach should be examined readiologically. A diabetic phytobezoar may develop. It may be presumed that these changes are more common than had previously been realized. The author has observed six cases. The gastric atony associated with diabetic coma has to be differentiated from the condition under discussion. Conservative treatment is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:125712", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of ulcer recurrence following drainage operations (author's transl)].", "content": "Organ preserving operations for treatment of duodenal ulcers are being more widely used. Amongst the possible late post-operative complications, one must reckon with ulcer recurrence. The radiological diagnosis of a recurrent ulcer after pyloroplasty is usually difficult. An accurate knowledge of the type of drainage operation is necessary. The typical radiological findings are demonstrated in 11 cases. The localization of the ulcer niche and stenosis in the drainage territory is considered of particular significance.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of ulcer recurrence following drainage operations (author's transl)]. Organ preserving operations for treatment of duodenal ulcers are being more widely used. Amongst the possible late post-operative complications, one must reckon with ulcer recurrence. The radiological diagnosis of a recurrent ulcer after pyloroplasty is usually difficult. An accurate knowledge of the type of drainage operation is necessary. The typical radiological findings are demonstrated in 11 cases. The localization of the ulcer niche and stenosis in the drainage territory is considered of particular significance."}
{"id": "PMID:125713", "title": "[Cystitis emphysematosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of cystitis emphysematosa are described and the literature is reviewed. The aetiology, course and diagnosis are discussed, the radiological appearances being of particular importance. The cystoscopic and laboratory findings are mentioned. Cystitis emphysematosa is analogous to other conditions which cause gas to collect in abdominal organs and has similar aetiological factors.", "contents": "[Cystitis emphysematosa (author's transl)]. Two cases of cystitis emphysematosa are described and the literature is reviewed. The aetiology, course and diagnosis are discussed, the radiological appearances being of particular importance. The cystoscopic and laboratory findings are mentioned. Cystitis emphysematosa is analogous to other conditions which cause gas to collect in abdominal organs and has similar aetiological factors."}
{"id": "PMID:125714", "title": "[Intravenous cholegraphy and diaphragmatic movements in the differential diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravenous cholegraphy was performed in 79 patients with abdominal symptoms suggestive of acute cholecystitis. Three excretion patterns were found: 1. Opacification of the gall bladder and common bile duct. 2. Opacification of the common bile duct. 3. No opacification of the gall bladder or common bile duct. 29% showed opacification of the gall bladder and common bile duct; none of these had acute cholecystitis. 51% of cases showed opacification of the common bile duct only; 82.5% of these had acute cholecystitis. 79.4% of patients with this excretion pattern were shown to have acute cholecystitis at operation. In the other cases, absence of opacification of the gall bladder was due to obstruction of the cystic duct, caused either by concretions or fibrosis. The biliary tree was not visible in 21% of cases. The most common diagnosis was acute cholecystitis, but this excretion pattern is of limited value in differential diagnosis. The value of this examination is stressed, but it must be carried on for an adequate period. Mobility of the right diaphragm was examined preoperatively in 34 patients. Compared with patients with other diagnoses, there was a significant number of patients with acute cholecystitis who showed limited movement. The examination may be regarded as supplementary to intravenous cholegraphy in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis.", "contents": "[Intravenous cholegraphy and diaphragmatic movements in the differential diagnosis of acute cholecystitis (author's transl)]. Intravenous cholegraphy was performed in 79 patients with abdominal symptoms suggestive of acute cholecystitis. Three excretion patterns were found: 1. Opacification of the gall bladder and common bile duct. 2. Opacification of the common bile duct. 3. No opacification of the gall bladder or common bile duct. 29% showed opacification of the gall bladder and common bile duct; none of these had acute cholecystitis. 51% of cases showed opacification of the common bile duct only; 82.5% of these had acute cholecystitis. 79.4% of patients with this excretion pattern were shown to have acute cholecystitis at operation. In the other cases, absence of opacification of the gall bladder was due to obstruction of the cystic duct, caused either by concretions or fibrosis. The biliary tree was not visible in 21% of cases. The most common diagnosis was acute cholecystitis, but this excretion pattern is of limited value in differential diagnosis. The value of this examination is stressed, but it must be carried on for an adequate period. Mobility of the right diaphragm was examined preoperatively in 34 patients. Compared with patients with other diagnoses, there was a significant number of patients with acute cholecystitis who showed limited movement. The examination may be regarded as supplementary to intravenous cholegraphy in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis."}
{"id": "PMID:125721", "title": "[Planimetric volumetry of human brains].", "content": "1) Coronal sections measuring exactly 4 mm in thickness of 106 human brains (212 cerebral hemispheres) were cut with the G\u00f6ttinger Hirnmakrotom. Planimetric volumetry of various macroscopically delineated structures was performed on photographs of the sections. 2) The volumes ovtained from 58 \"normal cases\" were used for determining preliminary standards as well as mean values and standard deviations for age and sex. The female-male ratio of the structures measured varies between 86 and 92%. Comparing right and left a predominance of the left pallidum for both sexes is apparent showing an error probability of less than 5%. In \"normal\" men a significant predominance of the rightsided frontal structures, located anterior to the anterior commissure, have been found (error probability of less than 1%). 3) Regarding the 48 \"abnormal cases\", striatum and pallidum show a uniform picture in Huntington's disease, namely an extreme shrinkage. The pallidum shrinks to a similar extent as the striatum, although its neurones are not substantially affected by this system atrophy. Other structures do not display similarly uniform changes in this disease. 4) In Parkinson's syndrome a tendency of the pallidum to enlarge -- though statistically not significant -- is seen. This raises the question whether a constitutional hyperplasia of this structure is sometimes involved in the pathogenesis. 5) In Pick's disease, it is not only the histologically impressive centers of shrinkage of the cerebral cortex that are atrophic, but, to a somewhat lesser degree, also the whole telencephalon. 6) In an 18-year-old girl with malignant obsessional neurosis (schizophrenia?) the volume of the striatum was highly above average values enlarged. 7) Bibliographical data of macroscopic-quantitative brain research reveal many problems which can be solved today due to improved methods.", "contents": "[Planimetric volumetry of human brains]. 1) Coronal sections measuring exactly 4 mm in thickness of 106 human brains (212 cerebral hemispheres) were cut with the G\u00f6ttinger Hirnmakrotom. Planimetric volumetry of various macroscopically delineated structures was performed on photographs of the sections. 2) The volumes ovtained from 58 \"normal cases\" were used for determining preliminary standards as well as mean values and standard deviations for age and sex. The female-male ratio of the structures measured varies between 86 and 92%. Comparing right and left a predominance of the left pallidum for both sexes is apparent showing an error probability of less than 5%. In \"normal\" men a significant predominance of the rightsided frontal structures, located anterior to the anterior commissure, have been found (error probability of less than 1%). 3) Regarding the 48 \"abnormal cases\", striatum and pallidum show a uniform picture in Huntington's disease, namely an extreme shrinkage. The pallidum shrinks to a similar extent as the striatum, although its neurones are not substantially affected by this system atrophy. Other structures do not display similarly uniform changes in this disease. 4) In Parkinson's syndrome a tendency of the pallidum to enlarge -- though statistically not significant -- is seen. This raises the question whether a constitutional hyperplasia of this structure is sometimes involved in the pathogenesis. 5) In Pick's disease, it is not only the histologically impressive centers of shrinkage of the cerebral cortex that are atrophic, but, to a somewhat lesser degree, also the whole telencephalon. 6) In an 18-year-old girl with malignant obsessional neurosis (schizophrenia?) the volume of the striatum was highly above average values enlarged. 7) Bibliographical data of macroscopic-quantitative brain research reveal many problems which can be solved today due to improved methods."}
{"id": "PMID:125723", "title": "Responses of guinea-pig lymphocytes to mitogens, an antigen, and mixed leucocyte culture in media with and without mercaptoethanol and foetal calf serum.", "content": "The ability of guinea-pig spleen and lymph node cells to undergo a proliferative response in vitro in the presence of mitogens (concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide), a specific antigen (oxidized ferredoxin), and allogeneic cells was assessed under a variety of conditions. Time and dose dependency of the responses was measured in RPMI 1640, RPMI 1640 plus mercaptoethanol (ME), RPMI 1640 plus foetal calf serum (FCS), and RPMI 1640 with ME and FCS. Mitogen responses were also measured after treatment of the cells with sheep antiguinea pig immunoglobulin (SaGPIg) and complement (C') or after passage through nylon wool columns. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated the cells under all media conditions over a wide range of concentrations but over a narrow time period. Nylon wool treatment of the cells eliminated the LPS response while SaGPIg and C' reduced it. Concanavalin A (con A) stimulated the cells under all test conditions and demonstrated a dose-time interrelationship in terms of maximum response. Pre-treatment of cells with SaGPIg and C' enhanced the response to con A while nylon wool fractionation diminished it somewhat. Only lymph node cells responded in vitro to oxidized ferredoxin (OFd). In serum-free media the OFd responses were maximal at 48 hours whereas in media containing FCS proliferative responses were supported for a prolonged period and appeared to be bimodal. Except for an early response with RPMI 1640 and ME, only media containing FCS supported stimulation in the mixed leucocyte culture.", "contents": "Responses of guinea-pig lymphocytes to mitogens, an antigen, and mixed leucocyte culture in media with and without mercaptoethanol and foetal calf serum. The ability of guinea-pig spleen and lymph node cells to undergo a proliferative response in vitro in the presence of mitogens (concanavalin A and lipopolysaccharide), a specific antigen (oxidized ferredoxin), and allogeneic cells was assessed under a variety of conditions. Time and dose dependency of the responses was measured in RPMI 1640, RPMI 1640 plus mercaptoethanol (ME), RPMI 1640 plus foetal calf serum (FCS), and RPMI 1640 with ME and FCS. Mitogen responses were also measured after treatment of the cells with sheep antiguinea pig immunoglobulin (SaGPIg) and complement (C') or after passage through nylon wool columns. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated the cells under all media conditions over a wide range of concentrations but over a narrow time period. Nylon wool treatment of the cells eliminated the LPS response while SaGPIg and C' reduced it. Concanavalin A (con A) stimulated the cells under all test conditions and demonstrated a dose-time interrelationship in terms of maximum response. Pre-treatment of cells with SaGPIg and C' enhanced the response to con A while nylon wool fractionation diminished it somewhat. Only lymph node cells responded in vitro to oxidized ferredoxin (OFd). In serum-free media the OFd responses were maximal at 48 hours whereas in media containing FCS proliferative responses were supported for a prolonged period and appeared to be bimodal. Except for an early response with RPMI 1640 and ME, only media containing FCS supported stimulation in the mixed leucocyte culture."}
{"id": "PMID:125725", "title": "The health and medical system in Japan.", "content": "This has been a brief sketch of the health and medical system in Japan. While many health indices have improved since the end of World War II, the health system still has many problems to be solved. The shortage of professional personnel remains a glaring one. And especially detrimental to the effective functioning of a good system is the fragmentation of various institutions, schemes and functions. It is necessary to integrate all of these things into a comprehensive health care system, and to establish a comprehensive plan for health and medical services.", "contents": "The health and medical system in Japan. This has been a brief sketch of the health and medical system in Japan. While many health indices have improved since the end of World War II, the health system still has many problems to be solved. The shortage of professional personnel remains a glaring one. And especially detrimental to the effective functioning of a good system is the fragmentation of various institutions, schemes and functions. It is necessary to integrate all of these things into a comprehensive health care system, and to establish a comprehensive plan for health and medical services."}
{"id": "PMID:125726", "title": "Psychological problems of the physically handicapped patient.", "content": "There is increasing concern about the difficulty encountered by handicapped patients in obtaining adequate dental health care. In addition to the problems of availability and accessibility of dental care there are social and psychological problems affecting the acceptability of dental health care. To overcome these difficulties the dentist must understand the bases of his own perceptions as well as those of his patients which interact in the dentist-patient treatment situation. Although many of the physical problems can be solved by such measures as wheel chair ramps, the major difficulty is the social acceptability of the handicapped. The same degree of handicap may cause different problems depending on the way in which the individual adjusts to it. Orofacial defects cause particular difficulties because they cannot be hidden in the same way as, for example, a missing or deformed limb. Often the relatively minor defects encountered in dental practice may cause greater problems than a more major deformity, since the near normal person strives harder to be considered as normal. Studies of babies' responses to normal and abnormal facial appearances have demonstrated the tremendous importance of the facial area in communication. Smiling responses were common with a normal face whereas grotesque faces induced anxiety in children. In later life facial abnormalities tend to evoke both aesthetic and sexual aversion so interfering with the process of social interaction. The dentist must become more aware of the psychological state of physically handicapped patients and of his own reaction to them.", "contents": "Psychological problems of the physically handicapped patient. There is increasing concern about the difficulty encountered by handicapped patients in obtaining adequate dental health care. In addition to the problems of availability and accessibility of dental care there are social and psychological problems affecting the acceptability of dental health care. To overcome these difficulties the dentist must understand the bases of his own perceptions as well as those of his patients which interact in the dentist-patient treatment situation. Although many of the physical problems can be solved by such measures as wheel chair ramps, the major difficulty is the social acceptability of the handicapped. The same degree of handicap may cause different problems depending on the way in which the individual adjusts to it. Orofacial defects cause particular difficulties because they cannot be hidden in the same way as, for example, a missing or deformed limb. Often the relatively minor defects encountered in dental practice may cause greater problems than a more major deformity, since the near normal person strives harder to be considered as normal. Studies of babies' responses to normal and abnormal facial appearances have demonstrated the tremendous importance of the facial area in communication. Smiling responses were common with a normal face whereas grotesque faces induced anxiety in children. In later life facial abnormalities tend to evoke both aesthetic and sexual aversion so interfering with the process of social interaction. The dentist must become more aware of the psychological state of physically handicapped patients and of his own reaction to them."}
{"id": "PMID:125727", "title": "A clinical trial with nomifensin, a new antidepressant drug.", "content": "An uncontrolled clinical trial with 10 depressed patients was conducted to identify the psychopathological symptoms which may be affected by nomifensin administration, and to reveal the possible adverse effects of the drug. Consistent statistically significant improvement was noted in the course of the clinical trial on all of the assessment instruments used, and - with the exception of one patient - all improved while receiving nomifensin. Most of the therapeutic changes were seen within the first three weeks of treatment, and they included improvements of depression, as well as of hostility, a symptom which usually remains unaffeCTED BY TRICYclic antidepressant drugs. To verify the favorable therapeutic effects of nomifensin in depressed psychiatric patients, a standard-controlled clinical trial is in progress; and to verify the action mechanism of nomifensin, a study employing the probenecid technique and the measurement of spinal homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5hiaa) concentration is planned.", "contents": "A clinical trial with nomifensin, a new antidepressant drug. An uncontrolled clinical trial with 10 depressed patients was conducted to identify the psychopathological symptoms which may be affected by nomifensin administration, and to reveal the possible adverse effects of the drug. Consistent statistically significant improvement was noted in the course of the clinical trial on all of the assessment instruments used, and - with the exception of one patient - all improved while receiving nomifensin. Most of the therapeutic changes were seen within the first three weeks of treatment, and they included improvements of depression, as well as of hostility, a symptom which usually remains unaffeCTED BY TRICYclic antidepressant drugs. To verify the favorable therapeutic effects of nomifensin in depressed psychiatric patients, a standard-controlled clinical trial is in progress; and to verify the action mechanism of nomifensin, a study employing the probenecid technique and the measurement of spinal homovanillic acid (HVA) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5hiaa) concentration is planned."}
{"id": "PMID:125731", "title": "Unsutured Dacron prosthesis in groin hernias.", "content": "We have repaired difficult groin hernias during the past six years by an original procedure consisting of fitting an unsutured Dacron patch between the peritoneum and the muscular layers using a median lower abdominal incision. Our standard technic is described along with its variations and applications.", "contents": "Unsutured Dacron prosthesis in groin hernias. We have repaired difficult groin hernias during the past six years by an original procedure consisting of fitting an unsutured Dacron patch between the peritoneum and the muscular layers using a median lower abdominal incision. Our standard technic is described along with its variations and applications."}
{"id": "PMID:125732", "title": "Effects of solutes on the swelling pressure of the corneal stroma.", "content": "The chemical environment of bare, excised rabbit corneal stroma was varied to determine the effects of solutes on the swelling pressure. Measurements of changes in the thickness of the stroma are converted to hydration units which are in turn converted to a change in swelling pressure at the initial hydration. The order of effects on swelling pressure are compared to the Hofmeister series for polyelectrolyte gels and the results are analyzed in the context of a structural theory of the swelling pressure of corneal stroma proposed by Hart and Farrell and based on the gel properties of the stroma.", "contents": "Effects of solutes on the swelling pressure of the corneal stroma. The chemical environment of bare, excised rabbit corneal stroma was varied to determine the effects of solutes on the swelling pressure. Measurements of changes in the thickness of the stroma are converted to hydration units which are in turn converted to a change in swelling pressure at the initial hydration. The order of effects on swelling pressure are compared to the Hofmeister series for polyelectrolyte gels and the results are analyzed in the context of a structural theory of the swelling pressure of corneal stroma proposed by Hart and Farrell and based on the gel properties of the stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:125734", "title": "[S\u00e9zary's syndrome. Case report].", "content": "A patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome is presented. The symptoms persisted for 5 years when a sudden involvement of internal organs led to the death of the patient. Much evidence indicates that the S\u00e9zary syndrome is a special form of mycosis fungoides with erythroderma and a constant release of atypical cells into the blood. The nature of the S\u00e9zary cell has not yet been clearly elucidated. Cytogenetic and immunological findings identified the S\u00e9zary cell as an abnormal T-lymphocyte whereas cytochemical data support the concept of the presence of different atypical cell populations with lymphocytic respectively monocytic character.", "contents": "[S\u00e9zary's syndrome. Case report]. A patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome is presented. The symptoms persisted for 5 years when a sudden involvement of internal organs led to the death of the patient. Much evidence indicates that the S\u00e9zary syndrome is a special form of mycosis fungoides with erythroderma and a constant release of atypical cells into the blood. The nature of the S\u00e9zary cell has not yet been clearly elucidated. Cytogenetic and immunological findings identified the S\u00e9zary cell as an abnormal T-lymphocyte whereas cytochemical data support the concept of the presence of different atypical cell populations with lymphocytic respectively monocytic character."}
{"id": "PMID:125744", "title": "Intrafamilial incidence of autism, cerebral palsy, and mongolism.", "content": "A comparative study of developmentally disturbed children as well as normal children is presented with a focus on their position in the family. Demographic data were compared for three groups of Japanese children, with a mean age of 4 years 7 months, who were diagnosed as autistic, cerebral palsied, and trisomic (trisomy 21 mongoloid). The areas compared were maternal age at birth, ratio of males to females, number of siblings, birth order, and age interval between the subject and the closest younger sibling. The normal kindergarten children with a mean age of 4 years 6 months, as well as the Japanese general population, were also compared for these demographic items. The findings on maternal age and sex ratio for these three nosological groups are consistent with recent studies. Although the reproduction of mothers of either cerebral palsied or mongoloid children ceases after the birth of the propositi, the reproduction of mothers of autistic children does not show significant difference from that of normal children's mothers. The age intervals between the subjects and the closest younger sibling do not differ among the three groups or in the normal group.", "contents": "Intrafamilial incidence of autism, cerebral palsy, and mongolism. A comparative study of developmentally disturbed children as well as normal children is presented with a focus on their position in the family. Demographic data were compared for three groups of Japanese children, with a mean age of 4 years 7 months, who were diagnosed as autistic, cerebral palsied, and trisomic (trisomy 21 mongoloid). The areas compared were maternal age at birth, ratio of males to females, number of siblings, birth order, and age interval between the subject and the closest younger sibling. The normal kindergarten children with a mean age of 4 years 6 months, as well as the Japanese general population, were also compared for these demographic items. The findings on maternal age and sex ratio for these three nosological groups are consistent with recent studies. Although the reproduction of mothers of either cerebral palsied or mongoloid children ceases after the birth of the propositi, the reproduction of mothers of autistic children does not show significant difference from that of normal children's mothers. The age intervals between the subjects and the closest younger sibling do not differ among the three groups or in the normal group."}
{"id": "PMID:125745", "title": "Prophage-dependent plasmid integration in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "A study has been done of reversion to thermostability of thermosensitive, replication-defective (TSR) mutant penicillinase plasmids. All three of the expected classes of reversions were encountered: back mutation, suppression, and integration. The latter class was examined in some detail and it was found that the presence of the phi 11 phophage enhance the frequency of reversion by integration some 103-fold. Prophage-dependent integration resulted in inactivation of plasmid-linked arsenate and arsenite resistance; these revertant strains gave rise to high frequency tranducing lysates where the plasmid was restored upon transduction to its original TSR state including recovery of these resistances. The integrated plasmid-prophage complexes were stable at high temperatures (43 C) but slow growing and unstable at low (32 C); loss of either plasmid or prophage restored normal growth and stability. Sometimes restoration of the plasmid to its autonomous TSR state was observed and molecular studies showed that in most cases the plasmid was essentially the same size as before integration. In some cases an excision complex was recovered that was more than twice the size of the plasmid and could have been a plasmid-phage co-integrate. Integration also took place in the absence of the \u0142 11 prophage. These integrations retained all plasmid-linked resistances, were stable at all temperatures, and gave rise to low frequency transducing lysates in which the integrated state was retained upon transduction. On the basis of these results it is suggested that the prophage promotes integration at or near its attachment site.", "contents": "Prophage-dependent plasmid integration in Staphylococcus aureus. A study has been done of reversion to thermostability of thermosensitive, replication-defective (TSR) mutant penicillinase plasmids. All three of the expected classes of reversions were encountered: back mutation, suppression, and integration. The latter class was examined in some detail and it was found that the presence of the phi 11 phophage enhance the frequency of reversion by integration some 103-fold. Prophage-dependent integration resulted in inactivation of plasmid-linked arsenate and arsenite resistance; these revertant strains gave rise to high frequency tranducing lysates where the plasmid was restored upon transduction to its original TSR state including recovery of these resistances. The integrated plasmid-prophage complexes were stable at high temperatures (43 C) but slow growing and unstable at low (32 C); loss of either plasmid or prophage restored normal growth and stability. Sometimes restoration of the plasmid to its autonomous TSR state was observed and molecular studies showed that in most cases the plasmid was essentially the same size as before integration. In some cases an excision complex was recovered that was more than twice the size of the plasmid and could have been a plasmid-phage co-integrate. Integration also took place in the absence of the \u0142 11 prophage. These integrations retained all plasmid-linked resistances, were stable at all temperatures, and gave rise to low frequency transducing lysates in which the integrated state was retained upon transduction. On the basis of these results it is suggested that the prophage promotes integration at or near its attachment site."}
{"id": "PMID:125746", "title": "Transformation reveals a chromosomal locus of the gene(s) for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The localization of the gene(s) mediating methicillin (mecr) in Staphylococcus aureus was determined by transformation with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from a natural mecr strain (DU 4916) and transformation obtained with DNA from this strain. Streptomycin resistance genes (strr) and novobiocin resistance genes (novr) were used concurrently as representatives for chromosomal genes; penicillinase (PI254) and tetracycline plasmids were used as examples of medium- and small-size extrachromosomal genes, respectively. Superinfection of the lysogenic recipients with the competence-inducing phage phi11 or 83A enhanced transformation for all markers. Phenotypic expression of cadmium (cadr), tetracycline (tetr), or methicillin resistance (mecr) did not appear to require a host recombination system since a recA1 mutant could serve as the recipient provided it was superinfected with a competence-inducing phage. There was, furthermore, no requirement for preexisting plasmids for phenotypic expression. Ultraviolet irradiation of transforming DNA enhanced at low doses the transformation frequency for chromosomal genes strr and novr but not for mecr, cadr, or tetr. The gene(s) for mecr was transformed with chromosomal DNA after sodium dodecyl sulfate-sodium chloride extraction and after neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation of bulk DNA from wild-type strain DU 4916 and the transformats. No cavalently closed circular DNA or open circular DNA carrying the methicillin resistance gene(s) could be detected in the wild type or the transformants either by ethidium bromide-cesium chloride gradient centrifugation or by zonal rate centrifugation of cells directly lysed on top of the gradients. The mecr gene(s) is thus probably of chromosomal nature but possibly under recombinational control of phage genes, since transfer of mecr is independent of the recA1 gene(s) but can be accomplished in this strain after superinfection with a competence-inducing phage. Ultraviolet light inactivation of transforming DNA shows first-order kinetics for mecr transformability similar to that observed for both transfecting and plasmid DNA.", "contents": "Transformation reveals a chromosomal locus of the gene(s) for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. The localization of the gene(s) mediating methicillin (mecr) in Staphylococcus aureus was determined by transformation with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from a natural mecr strain (DU 4916) and transformation obtained with DNA from this strain. Streptomycin resistance genes (strr) and novobiocin resistance genes (novr) were used concurrently as representatives for chromosomal genes; penicillinase (PI254) and tetracycline plasmids were used as examples of medium- and small-size extrachromosomal genes, respectively. Superinfection of the lysogenic recipients with the competence-inducing phage phi11 or 83A enhanced transformation for all markers. Phenotypic expression of cadmium (cadr), tetracycline (tetr), or methicillin resistance (mecr) did not appear to require a host recombination system since a recA1 mutant could serve as the recipient provided it was superinfected with a competence-inducing phage. There was, furthermore, no requirement for preexisting plasmids for phenotypic expression. Ultraviolet irradiation of transforming DNA enhanced at low doses the transformation frequency for chromosomal genes strr and novr but not for mecr, cadr, or tetr. The gene(s) for mecr was transformed with chromosomal DNA after sodium dodecyl sulfate-sodium chloride extraction and after neutral sucrose gradient centrifugation of bulk DNA from wild-type strain DU 4916 and the transformats. No cavalently closed circular DNA or open circular DNA carrying the methicillin resistance gene(s) could be detected in the wild type or the transformants either by ethidium bromide-cesium chloride gradient centrifugation or by zonal rate centrifugation of cells directly lysed on top of the gradients. The mecr gene(s) is thus probably of chromosomal nature but possibly under recombinational control of phage genes, since transfer of mecr is independent of the recA1 gene(s) but can be accomplished in this strain after superinfection with a competence-inducing phage. Ultraviolet light inactivation of transforming DNA shows first-order kinetics for mecr transformability similar to that observed for both transfecting and plasmid DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:125747", "title": "Energy coupling for methionine transport in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The source of metabolic energy for the accumulation of methionine in cells of Escherichia coli was shown to differ from that for proline uptake. In contrast to proline uptake, methionine accumulation was sensitive to arsenate, and relatively resistant to azide or dinitrophenol. Adenosine triphosphatase mutant strains also differentiated between the two systems, consistent with the conclusion that, although proline uptake is driven directly by the energized membrane state, methionine uptake is not. Methionine transport is similar to that of other osmotic shock-sensitive systems in its direct utilization of adenosine 5'-triphosphate or a related compound as energy source.", "contents": "Energy coupling for methionine transport in Escherichia coli. The source of metabolic energy for the accumulation of methionine in cells of Escherichia coli was shown to differ from that for proline uptake. In contrast to proline uptake, methionine accumulation was sensitive to arsenate, and relatively resistant to azide or dinitrophenol. Adenosine triphosphatase mutant strains also differentiated between the two systems, consistent with the conclusion that, although proline uptake is driven directly by the energized membrane state, methionine uptake is not. Methionine transport is similar to that of other osmotic shock-sensitive systems in its direct utilization of adenosine 5'-triphosphate or a related compound as energy source."}
{"id": "PMID:125748", "title": "The sulfhydryl groups involved in the active site of myosin B adenosinetriphosphatase. I. Relantionship of the sulfhydryl group responsible for Mg2+-ATPase activation to the S1 and S2 groups.", "content": "The reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups in myosin B to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) was investigated under various conditions. Under the conditions where actin and myosin associate, i.e. at low ionic strength, only Mg2+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity was markedly activated by NEM treatment, whereas coupling of EDTA-ATPase inhibition with Ca2+-ATPase activation, which was seen on blocking S1 of myosin A with NEM, was observed under conditions at which the dissociation of actomyosin occurs, i.e. at high ionic strength, suggesting the covering with actin of the S1 region of myosin. Nevertheless, APT accelerated the reactivity of S1 and S2 much more in the myosin B system than in myosin alone. NEM-modified myosin B ATPase exhibited a shift of the KCL dependence curve to high concentration, a shift of the maximum activation of ATPase activity to high Mg ion concentration and a suppression of substrate inhibition at high substrate concentrations. These all indicate that the blocking by NEM of Sa, the sulfhydryl group related to the activation of Mg2+-ATPase of myosin B, brings about an increase in the association of myosin and actin in the myosin B system, resulting in an activation of Mg2+-ATPase activity. In addition, the relationship between Sa and a sulfhydryl group(s) essential for Ca2+ sensitivity was discussed.", "contents": "The sulfhydryl groups involved in the active site of myosin B adenosinetriphosphatase. I. Relantionship of the sulfhydryl group responsible for Mg2+-ATPase activation to the S1 and S2 groups. The reactivity of the sulfhydryl groups in myosin B to N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) was investigated under various conditions. Under the conditions where actin and myosin associate, i.e. at low ionic strength, only Mg2+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity was markedly activated by NEM treatment, whereas coupling of EDTA-ATPase inhibition with Ca2+-ATPase activation, which was seen on blocking S1 of myosin A with NEM, was observed under conditions at which the dissociation of actomyosin occurs, i.e. at high ionic strength, suggesting the covering with actin of the S1 region of myosin. Nevertheless, APT accelerated the reactivity of S1 and S2 much more in the myosin B system than in myosin alone. NEM-modified myosin B ATPase exhibited a shift of the KCL dependence curve to high concentration, a shift of the maximum activation of ATPase activity to high Mg ion concentration and a suppression of substrate inhibition at high substrate concentrations. These all indicate that the blocking by NEM of Sa, the sulfhydryl group related to the activation of Mg2+-ATPase of myosin B, brings about an increase in the association of myosin and actin in the myosin B system, resulting in an activation of Mg2+-ATPase activity. In addition, the relationship between Sa and a sulfhydryl group(s) essential for Ca2+ sensitivity was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125749", "title": "Comparative studies on 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzioc acid)-treated myosins.", "content": "Myosins prepared from chicken and rabbit fast and slow muscles were treated with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs2). About half of the thiol groups of the fast muslce myosins reacted with Nbs 2, but in slow muscle myosins, only about 10-20% of the thiol groups reacted. This treatment removed 50-60% of the L2 components, Nbs2 light chain, from fast muscle myosins, but did not result in specific dissociation of the light chains in slow myscle myosins. The treatment sometimes released L4 component from chicken muscle myosins instead of L2 component. The changes of myosin ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activities caused by this treatment did not correlate with the release of Nbs2 light chain, but were dependent upon the species, chicken or rabbit.", "contents": "Comparative studies on 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzioc acid)-treated myosins. Myosins prepared from chicken and rabbit fast and slow muscles were treated with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs2). About half of the thiol groups of the fast muslce myosins reacted with Nbs 2, but in slow muscle myosins, only about 10-20% of the thiol groups reacted. This treatment removed 50-60% of the L2 components, Nbs2 light chain, from fast muscle myosins, but did not result in specific dissociation of the light chains in slow myscle myosins. The treatment sometimes released L4 component from chicken muscle myosins instead of L2 component. The changes of myosin ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activities caused by this treatment did not correlate with the release of Nbs2 light chain, but were dependent upon the species, chicken or rabbit."}
{"id": "PMID:125750", "title": "A study of the binding of adenosine diphosphate to myosin subfragment-1.", "content": "The binding of ADP to subfragment-1 was investigated by the gel filtration method. The amount of bound ADP was determined as a function of free ADP concentration. Linear Scatchard plots were obtained. The maximum binding number, 0.55 mole of ADP per 10(5) g of protein, and the dissociation constant, 1.6 x 10(-6) M, were obtained, using subfragment-1 prepared by tryptic digestion, in the presence of 0.083 M KCl-10 mM MgCl2-0.02 M Tris-HCl (pH 8), at 25 degrees. Similar maximum numbers, about 0.5 mole per 10(5) g of protein, were obtained with subfragment-1 prepared by chymotryptic digestion of myosin or papain digestion of myofibrils. The maximum number did not depend on the KCl concentration or the temperature, while the dissociation constant decreased on decreasing either the KCl concentration or the temperature. Adenylyl imidodiphosphate binding to subfragment-1 prepared by chymotryptic digestion was also measured by the gel filtration method. The maximum binding number, 0.41 mole per 10(5) g of subfragment-1, and the dissociation constant, less than 10(-7) M, were obtained in the presence of 0.7 M KCl-10 mM MgCl2-0.02 M Tris-HCl (pH 8), at 8 degrees. The difference absorbance at 288 nm of the difference absorption spectrum induced by ADP of subfragment-1 prepared by tryptic digestion was proportional to the amount of bound ADP. The steady-state ATPase rate of subfragment-1 prepared by tryptic digestion was inhibited competitively by ADP in the presence of MgCl2. The extent of the initial burst of ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] decreased from 0.46 +/- 0.06 to 0.30 +/- 0.09 mole of Pi per 10(5) g of subfragment-1 on adding ADP to a level of 0.6 mM. Subfragment-1 prepared by tryptic digestion bound F-actin with a mole ratio of 1/0.96 of actin monomer. The binding was depressed by the addition of ADP. On the basis of these results, subfragment-1 preparations were assumed to be a half-and-half mixture of two kinds of protein, and properties of each protein are discussed.", "contents": "A study of the binding of adenosine diphosphate to myosin subfragment-1. The binding of ADP to subfragment-1 was investigated by the gel filtration method. The amount of bound ADP was determined as a function of free ADP concentration. Linear Scatchard plots were obtained. The maximum binding number, 0.55 mole of ADP per 10(5) g of protein, and the dissociation constant, 1.6 x 10(-6) M, were obtained, using subfragment-1 prepared by tryptic digestion, in the presence of 0.083 M KCl-10 mM MgCl2-0.02 M Tris-HCl (pH 8), at 25 degrees. Similar maximum numbers, about 0.5 mole per 10(5) g of protein, were obtained with subfragment-1 prepared by chymotryptic digestion of myosin or papain digestion of myofibrils. The maximum number did not depend on the KCl concentration or the temperature, while the dissociation constant decreased on decreasing either the KCl concentration or the temperature. Adenylyl imidodiphosphate binding to subfragment-1 prepared by chymotryptic digestion was also measured by the gel filtration method. The maximum binding number, 0.41 mole per 10(5) g of subfragment-1, and the dissociation constant, less than 10(-7) M, were obtained in the presence of 0.7 M KCl-10 mM MgCl2-0.02 M Tris-HCl (pH 8), at 8 degrees. The difference absorbance at 288 nm of the difference absorption spectrum induced by ADP of subfragment-1 prepared by tryptic digestion was proportional to the amount of bound ADP. The steady-state ATPase rate of subfragment-1 prepared by tryptic digestion was inhibited competitively by ADP in the presence of MgCl2. The extent of the initial burst of ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] decreased from 0.46 +/- 0.06 to 0.30 +/- 0.09 mole of Pi per 10(5) g of subfragment-1 on adding ADP to a level of 0.6 mM. Subfragment-1 prepared by tryptic digestion bound F-actin with a mole ratio of 1/0.96 of actin monomer. The binding was depressed by the addition of ADP. On the basis of these results, subfragment-1 preparations were assumed to be a half-and-half mixture of two kinds of protein, and properties of each protein are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125751", "title": "Kinetic changes of the erythrocyte (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-adenosine triphosphatase of rats fed different fat-supplemented diets.", "content": "The activation by Mg2+, in the presence of 0.2 mM Ca2+, of the erythrocyte ATPase from rats fed with six different fat-supplemented diets has been studied. A sigmoid kinetic curve was found. The values of the Hill coefficient showed a positive correlation with the membrane fatty acid fluidity, which is expressed as the ratio between double bond index and saturated fatty acid content. The values of the Hill coefficient ranged from 1.0, in animals fed with lard-supplemented diet, to 2.0, in animals fed with corn oil-supplemented diet. When the effect of increasing Ca2+ concentration in these two groups was studied at pH 8.1, an activation with the latter group and an inhibition with the former one were found. The activation by Ca2+ found in corn oil-fed animals was lost after treatment with phospholipase C and restored after the addition of homologous phospholipids. The activation could not be restored by addition of phospholipids from lard-fed animals. In this group, treatment with phospholipase C left the kinetic behavior unmodified, but an activation by Ca2+ could be detected after adding phospholipids from corn oil-fed animals. It is suggested that membrane fatty acid fluidity is involved in the cooperative transitions and cryptic activity of the (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-ATPase.", "contents": "Kinetic changes of the erythrocyte (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-adenosine triphosphatase of rats fed different fat-supplemented diets. The activation by Mg2+, in the presence of 0.2 mM Ca2+, of the erythrocyte ATPase from rats fed with six different fat-supplemented diets has been studied. A sigmoid kinetic curve was found. The values of the Hill coefficient showed a positive correlation with the membrane fatty acid fluidity, which is expressed as the ratio between double bond index and saturated fatty acid content. The values of the Hill coefficient ranged from 1.0, in animals fed with lard-supplemented diet, to 2.0, in animals fed with corn oil-supplemented diet. When the effect of increasing Ca2+ concentration in these two groups was studied at pH 8.1, an activation with the latter group and an inhibition with the former one were found. The activation by Ca2+ found in corn oil-fed animals was lost after treatment with phospholipase C and restored after the addition of homologous phospholipids. The activation could not be restored by addition of phospholipids from lard-fed animals. In this group, treatment with phospholipase C left the kinetic behavior unmodified, but an activation by Ca2+ could be detected after adding phospholipids from corn oil-fed animals. It is suggested that membrane fatty acid fluidity is involved in the cooperative transitions and cryptic activity of the (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:125752", "title": "Active potassium transport coupled to active sodium transport in vesicles reconstituted from purified sodium and potassium ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase from the rectal gland of Squalus acanthias.", "content": "Vesicles containing a purified shark rectal gland (sodium + potassium)-activated adenosine triphosphatase-(NaK ATPase) were prepared by dialyzing for 2 days egg lecithin, cholate, and the NaK ATPase purified from the rectal gland of Squalus acanthias. These vesicles were capable of both Na+ and K+ transport. Studies of K+ transport were made by measuring the ATP-stimulated transport outward of 42K+ or 86Rb+. Vesicles were preloaded with isotope by equilibration at 4 degrees for 1 to 3 days. Transport of 42K+ or 86Rb+ was initiated by addition of MgATP to the vesicles. The ATP-dependent exit of either isotope was the same. Experiments are presented which show that this loss of isotope was not due to changes in ion binding but rather due to a loss in the amount of ion trapped in the vesicular volume. The transport of K+ was dependent on external Mg2+. CTP was almost as effective as ATP in stimulating K+ transport, while UTP was relatively ineffective. These effects of nucleotides parallel their effects on Na+ accumulation and their effectiveness as substrates for the enzyme. Potassium transport was inhibited by ouabain and required the presence of Na+. The following asymmetries were seen: (a) addition of external Mg2+ supported K+ transport; (b) ouabain inhibited K+ transport only if it was present inside the vesicles; (c) addition of external Na+ to the vesicles stimulated K+ transport. External Li+ was ineffective as a Na+ substitute. The specific requirement of external Na+ for K+ transport indicates that K+ exit is coupled to Na+ entry. Changes in the internal vesicular ion concentrations were studied with vesicles prepared in 20 mM NaCl and 50 mM KCl. After 1 hour of transport at 25 degrees, a typical Na+ concentration in the vesicles in the presence of ATP was 72 mM. A typical K+ concentration in the vesicles was 10 mM as measured with 42K+ or 6 mM as measured with 86Rb+. The following relationships have been calculated for Na+ transport, K+ transport and ATP hydrolysis: Na+/ATP = 1.42, K+/ATP =1.04, and Na+/K+ = 1.43. The ratio of 2.8 Na+ transported in to 2 K+ transported out is very close to the value reported for the red cell membrane. Potassium-potassium exchange similar to that observed in the red cell membrane and attributed to the Na+-K+ pump (stimulated by ATP and orthophosphate and inhibited by ouabain) was observed when vesicles were prepared in the absence of Na+. The results reported in this paper prove that the shark rectal gland NaK ATPase, which is 90 to 95% pure, is the isolated pump for the coupled transports of Na+ and K+.", "contents": "Active potassium transport coupled to active sodium transport in vesicles reconstituted from purified sodium and potassium ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase from the rectal gland of Squalus acanthias. Vesicles containing a purified shark rectal gland (sodium + potassium)-activated adenosine triphosphatase-(NaK ATPase) were prepared by dialyzing for 2 days egg lecithin, cholate, and the NaK ATPase purified from the rectal gland of Squalus acanthias. These vesicles were capable of both Na+ and K+ transport. Studies of K+ transport were made by measuring the ATP-stimulated transport outward of 42K+ or 86Rb+. Vesicles were preloaded with isotope by equilibration at 4 degrees for 1 to 3 days. Transport of 42K+ or 86Rb+ was initiated by addition of MgATP to the vesicles. The ATP-dependent exit of either isotope was the same. Experiments are presented which show that this loss of isotope was not due to changes in ion binding but rather due to a loss in the amount of ion trapped in the vesicular volume. The transport of K+ was dependent on external Mg2+. CTP was almost as effective as ATP in stimulating K+ transport, while UTP was relatively ineffective. These effects of nucleotides parallel their effects on Na+ accumulation and their effectiveness as substrates for the enzyme. Potassium transport was inhibited by ouabain and required the presence of Na+. The following asymmetries were seen: (a) addition of external Mg2+ supported K+ transport; (b) ouabain inhibited K+ transport only if it was present inside the vesicles; (c) addition of external Na+ to the vesicles stimulated K+ transport. External Li+ was ineffective as a Na+ substitute. The specific requirement of external Na+ for K+ transport indicates that K+ exit is coupled to Na+ entry. Changes in the internal vesicular ion concentrations were studied with vesicles prepared in 20 mM NaCl and 50 mM KCl. After 1 hour of transport at 25 degrees, a typical Na+ concentration in the vesicles in the presence of ATP was 72 mM. A typical K+ concentration in the vesicles was 10 mM as measured with 42K+ or 6 mM as measured with 86Rb+. The following relationships have been calculated for Na+ transport, K+ transport and ATP hydrolysis: Na+/ATP = 1.42, K+/ATP =1.04, and Na+/K+ = 1.43. The ratio of 2.8 Na+ transported in to 2 K+ transported out is very close to the value reported for the red cell membrane. Potassium-potassium exchange similar to that observed in the red cell membrane and attributed to the Na+-K+ pump (stimulated by ATP and orthophosphate and inhibited by ouabain) was observed when vesicles were prepared in the absence of Na+. The results reported in this paper prove that the shark rectal gland NaK ATPase, which is 90 to 95% pure, is the isolated pump for the coupled transports of Na+ and K+."}
{"id": "PMID:125753", "title": "Preparation of antiserum against a tryptic fragment (fragment A) of dynein and an immunological approach to the subunit composition of dynein.", "content": "An improved method for purifying the tryptic fragment (Fragment A) of flagellar ATPase (dynein) from sea urchin spermatozoa is described. The preparation appears homogeneous as judged by ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels, and immunological techniques. The molecular weight of undenatured Fragment A was determined to be 400,000 and 370,000 by the two methods of disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and sedimentation equilibrium, respectively. The fragment dissociated into two principal polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 190,000 and 135,000 when heated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Antiserum against dynein was prepared in rabbits using purified Fragment A from the sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina as an antigen. The specificity of this serum toward Fragment A and toward dynein was determined by double diffusion in agarose, by inhibition of ATPase activity, and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-electrophoresis of the antigen-antibody complex. This antiserum also reacted with the enzymes from two other species of sea urchin, Pseudocentrotus depressus and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Analysis of the precipitated antigen-antibody complex showed that the antiserum reacted specifically with the \"high molecular weight\" polypeptide seen in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of crude dynein fractions. This finding supports previous reports that this band derives from dynein ATPase. In our preparations, this \"high molecular weight\" dynein band appeared single.", "contents": "Preparation of antiserum against a tryptic fragment (fragment A) of dynein and an immunological approach to the subunit composition of dynein. An improved method for purifying the tryptic fragment (Fragment A) of flagellar ATPase (dynein) from sea urchin spermatozoa is described. The preparation appears homogeneous as judged by ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels, and immunological techniques. The molecular weight of undenatured Fragment A was determined to be 400,000 and 370,000 by the two methods of disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel and sedimentation equilibrium, respectively. The fragment dissociated into two principal polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 190,000 and 135,000 when heated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Antiserum against dynein was prepared in rabbits using purified Fragment A from the sea urchin Anthocidaris crassispina as an antigen. The specificity of this serum toward Fragment A and toward dynein was determined by double diffusion in agarose, by inhibition of ATPase activity, and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-electrophoresis of the antigen-antibody complex. This antiserum also reacted with the enzymes from two other species of sea urchin, Pseudocentrotus depressus and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus. Analysis of the precipitated antigen-antibody complex showed that the antiserum reacted specifically with the \"high molecular weight\" polypeptide seen in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of crude dynein fractions. This finding supports previous reports that this band derives from dynein ATPase. In our preparations, this \"high molecular weight\" dynein band appeared single."}
{"id": "PMID:125754", "title": "Energy-transducing membrane-bound coupling factor-ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei. I. Purification, homogeneity, and properties.", "content": "The membrane-bound coupling factor from Mycobacterium phlei was solubilized from membrane vesicles by washing with low ionic strength buffer or 0.25 M sucrose. The solubilized enzyme exhibited coupling factor, latent ATPase, and succinate oxidation-stimulating activity. Purification by affinity chromatography using Sepharose coupled to ADP yielded a homogeneous preparation of latent ATPase which was purified about 200-fold with an 84% yield in a single step. Purified latent ATPase exhibited coupling factor activity but no succinate oxidation-stimulating activity. The molecular weight of latent ATPase was determined to be 250,000 +/- 10,000 by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The ATPase was unmasked by trypsin treatment and activated by Mg2+ ion. However, trypsin treatment inactivated the coupling factor activity in the purified enzyme, indicating that the catalytic sites for ATPase and coupling activity are different. Unlike mitochondrial ATPase, latent ATPase from M. phlei was not cold-labile. Of the nucleoside triphosphates, UTP, ITP, and epsilon-ATP (1-N6-ethenoadenosine triphosphate) were hydrolyzed to a lesser extent compared to ATP. Kinetic data showed that ADP acted as a competitive inhibitor of latent ATPase activity with a Ki of 5 x 10(-3) M. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory inhibitors did not affect the latent ATPase activity, while sodium azide (0.1 mM) inhibited the latent ATPase activity.", "contents": "Energy-transducing membrane-bound coupling factor-ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei. I. Purification, homogeneity, and properties. The membrane-bound coupling factor from Mycobacterium phlei was solubilized from membrane vesicles by washing with low ionic strength buffer or 0.25 M sucrose. The solubilized enzyme exhibited coupling factor, latent ATPase, and succinate oxidation-stimulating activity. Purification by affinity chromatography using Sepharose coupled to ADP yielded a homogeneous preparation of latent ATPase which was purified about 200-fold with an 84% yield in a single step. Purified latent ATPase exhibited coupling factor activity but no succinate oxidation-stimulating activity. The molecular weight of latent ATPase was determined to be 250,000 +/- 10,000 by Sephadex G-200 chromatography. The ATPase was unmasked by trypsin treatment and activated by Mg2+ ion. However, trypsin treatment inactivated the coupling factor activity in the purified enzyme, indicating that the catalytic sites for ATPase and coupling activity are different. Unlike mitochondrial ATPase, latent ATPase from M. phlei was not cold-labile. Of the nucleoside triphosphates, UTP, ITP, and epsilon-ATP (1-N6-ethenoadenosine triphosphate) were hydrolyzed to a lesser extent compared to ATP. Kinetic data showed that ADP acted as a competitive inhibitor of latent ATPase activity with a Ki of 5 x 10(-3) M. Uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation and respiratory inhibitors did not affect the latent ATPase activity, while sodium azide (0.1 mM) inhibited the latent ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:125755", "title": "Liver membrane adenylate cyclase. Synergistic effects of anions on fluoride, glucagon, and guanyl nucleotide stimulation.", "content": "Some effects of salts on the adenylate cyclase of partially purified plasma membranes from rat liver have been studied. Under conditions where cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate formation was linear with respect to time and protein concentration, the enzyme was stimulated 3- to 6-fold by 10 mM NaF, 10- to 30-fold by 1 muM glucagon, 4- to 5-fold by 0.1 mM 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate, and in the presence of 3 muM GTP, 2-fold by 10 mug/ml of prostaglandin E1. Various salts were found to stimulate basal activity slightly, but enhanced the response to NaF 3- to 4-fold, to glucagon 1.5- to 2-fold, to 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate 2- to 3-fold, and to prostaglandin E1 1.5-fold. This enhancement was observed at maximally effective concentrations of each of the respective activators. Of the salts tested, NaN3 and the Na- or K-halides were most effective. Their action appeared to be due to the respective anions. Stimulation was detectable with 1.5 mM NaN3 or 3 mM NaCl and was maximal with 30 mM NaN3 or 60 mM NaCl. The stimulatory effect of NaN3 was not due to ATP-sparing, nor to an altered cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate recovery. It was independent of the chromatography and assay methods used, and was therefore not due to procedural artifact. Fluoride-stimulated cyclase activity was enhanced by salts to a greater degree than were 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate-, glucagon-, or (prostaglandin E1 + GTP)-stimulated activities. The effects of NaN3 were not the result of significant changes in the enzyme's responses to GTP, which increased basal and glucagon-stimulated activities but inhibited F--stimulated activity. The effects of NaN3 were greater when cyclase was assayed with Mn2+ than with Mg2+. The facilitatory effect of NaN3 or NaCl on fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was partially reversible as was the stimulatory effect of fluoride in the presence of NaN3. Enhancement of hormonal stimulation by NaN3 was also demonstrable with cardiac and adipose tissue adenylate cyclase. However, NaN3 did not stimulate detergent-dispersed adenylate cyclases from either liver plasma membranes or brain. The data suggest that stimulation of adenylate cyclase by salts may require the added presence of other stimulatory agents and an intact membrane structure.", "contents": "Liver membrane adenylate cyclase. Synergistic effects of anions on fluoride, glucagon, and guanyl nucleotide stimulation. Some effects of salts on the adenylate cyclase of partially purified plasma membranes from rat liver have been studied. Under conditions where cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate formation was linear with respect to time and protein concentration, the enzyme was stimulated 3- to 6-fold by 10 mM NaF, 10- to 30-fold by 1 muM glucagon, 4- to 5-fold by 0.1 mM 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate, and in the presence of 3 muM GTP, 2-fold by 10 mug/ml of prostaglandin E1. Various salts were found to stimulate basal activity slightly, but enhanced the response to NaF 3- to 4-fold, to glucagon 1.5- to 2-fold, to 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate 2- to 3-fold, and to prostaglandin E1 1.5-fold. This enhancement was observed at maximally effective concentrations of each of the respective activators. Of the salts tested, NaN3 and the Na- or K-halides were most effective. Their action appeared to be due to the respective anions. Stimulation was detectable with 1.5 mM NaN3 or 3 mM NaCl and was maximal with 30 mM NaN3 or 60 mM NaCl. The stimulatory effect of NaN3 was not due to ATP-sparing, nor to an altered cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate recovery. It was independent of the chromatography and assay methods used, and was therefore not due to procedural artifact. Fluoride-stimulated cyclase activity was enhanced by salts to a greater degree than were 5'-guanylylimidodiphosphate-, glucagon-, or (prostaglandin E1 + GTP)-stimulated activities. The effects of NaN3 were not the result of significant changes in the enzyme's responses to GTP, which increased basal and glucagon-stimulated activities but inhibited F--stimulated activity. The effects of NaN3 were greater when cyclase was assayed with Mn2+ than with Mg2+. The facilitatory effect of NaN3 or NaCl on fluoride-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was partially reversible as was the stimulatory effect of fluoride in the presence of NaN3. Enhancement of hormonal stimulation by NaN3 was also demonstrable with cardiac and adipose tissue adenylate cyclase. However, NaN3 did not stimulate detergent-dispersed adenylate cyclases from either liver plasma membranes or brain. The data suggest that stimulation of adenylate cyclase by salts may require the added presence of other stimulatory agents and an intact membrane structure."}
{"id": "PMID:125756", "title": "Interaction of adenine nucleotides with multiple binding sites on beef heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Beef heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) contained 2 mol of ADP and 1 mol of ATP/mol of enzyme, which resisted removal by Sephadex chromatography with dilute buffers or repeated precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The native enzyme also contained two apparently equivalent binding sites, which participated in readily reversible binding of adenyl-5'-ylimidodiphosphate (AMP-P(NH)P), with a Kd of 1.3 mum. The failure of AMP-P(NH)P to compete effectively with ADP for binding sites on F1 may be related to the failure of the analog to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation. Virtually complete removal of all adenine nucleotides from F1 occurred when the enzyme was chromatographed on columns of Sephadex equilibrated with 50% glycerol. No loss in ATPase activity was observed following removal of nucleotides from the enzyme, which was then capable of binding more than 4 mol of ADP and almost 5 mol of AMP-P(NH)P/mol of protein. Subsequent chromatography on columns of Sephadex equilibrated with dilute buffers containing Mg2+ removed only 1.5 mol of ADP and no AMP-P(NH)P from the enzyme. Reconstitution of F1 with ADP or with almost 5 mol of AMP-P(NH)P resulted in preparations that exhibited an undiminished capacity to restore oxidative phosphorylation in F1-deficient submitochondrial particles.", "contents": "Interaction of adenine nucleotides with multiple binding sites on beef heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase. Beef heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) contained 2 mol of ADP and 1 mol of ATP/mol of enzyme, which resisted removal by Sephadex chromatography with dilute buffers or repeated precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The native enzyme also contained two apparently equivalent binding sites, which participated in readily reversible binding of adenyl-5'-ylimidodiphosphate (AMP-P(NH)P), with a Kd of 1.3 mum. The failure of AMP-P(NH)P to compete effectively with ADP for binding sites on F1 may be related to the failure of the analog to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation. Virtually complete removal of all adenine nucleotides from F1 occurred when the enzyme was chromatographed on columns of Sephadex equilibrated with 50% glycerol. No loss in ATPase activity was observed following removal of nucleotides from the enzyme, which was then capable of binding more than 4 mol of ADP and almost 5 mol of AMP-P(NH)P/mol of protein. Subsequent chromatography on columns of Sephadex equilibrated with dilute buffers containing Mg2+ removed only 1.5 mol of ADP and no AMP-P(NH)P from the enzyme. Reconstitution of F1 with ADP or with almost 5 mol of AMP-P(NH)P resulted in preparations that exhibited an undiminished capacity to restore oxidative phosphorylation in F1-deficient submitochondrial particles."}
{"id": "PMID:125757", "title": "Subunit structure of anthranilate synthetase from Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Freshly purified preparations of anthranilate synthetase complex from Neurospora crassa appeared to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide disc gels and were composed of two distinct subunits, 94,000 and 70,000 daltons, respectively, as determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Carboxymethylation of the complex or treatment with guanidine hydrochloride and urea before sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment did not alter the subunit pattern. When the purified complex was iodinated with 125I- or methylated with [14C]dimethylsulfate, no labeled components other than the two subunits stained with Coomassie blue were detected after electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Although some purified preparations were stable, most were unstable upon storage. Analysis of the unstable preparations on nondenaturing and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide disc gels revealed that the complex in these preparations was progressively fragmented to smaller components and subunits upon repeated freeze-thaw treatment or prolonged incubation at or above 4 degrees. Distinct fragments were generated ranging in size down to 25,000 daltons, and some fragments retained some of the activities associated with the anthranilate synthetase complex. On the basis of these and earlier studies, we conclude that anthranilate synthetase from Neurospora crassa is composed of two distinct subunits in an alpha2beta2 structure; one subunit is a trifunctional peptide which contains the catalytic sites for the phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase and indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase reactions, and associates with the second subunit to form glutamine-dependent anthranilate synthetase. The smaller subunits and components previously reported for this complex are apparently due to protease activity present in purified preparations.", "contents": "Subunit structure of anthranilate synthetase from Neurospora crassa. Freshly purified preparations of anthranilate synthetase complex from Neurospora crassa appeared to be homogeneous on polyacrylamide disc gels and were composed of two distinct subunits, 94,000 and 70,000 daltons, respectively, as determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Carboxymethylation of the complex or treatment with guanidine hydrochloride and urea before sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment did not alter the subunit pattern. When the purified complex was iodinated with 125I- or methylated with [14C]dimethylsulfate, no labeled components other than the two subunits stained with Coomassie blue were detected after electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Although some purified preparations were stable, most were unstable upon storage. Analysis of the unstable preparations on nondenaturing and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide disc gels revealed that the complex in these preparations was progressively fragmented to smaller components and subunits upon repeated freeze-thaw treatment or prolonged incubation at or above 4 degrees. Distinct fragments were generated ranging in size down to 25,000 daltons, and some fragments retained some of the activities associated with the anthranilate synthetase complex. On the basis of these and earlier studies, we conclude that anthranilate synthetase from Neurospora crassa is composed of two distinct subunits in an alpha2beta2 structure; one subunit is a trifunctional peptide which contains the catalytic sites for the phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase and indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase reactions, and associates with the second subunit to form glutamine-dependent anthranilate synthetase. The smaller subunits and components previously reported for this complex are apparently due to protease activity present in purified preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:125758", "title": "The synthesis of 3-deoxyheptulosonic acid 7-phosphate.", "content": "3-Deoxyheptulosonic acid 7-phosphate was obtained by a one-step chemical synthesis through condensation of oxalacetate with erythrose 4-phosphate. This reaction occurs at measurable rates only in the presence of a metal ion; Co2+ and Ni2+ are the most effective catalysts. The Co2+ catalyzed condensation of oxalacetate and erythrose 4-phosphate proceeds at room temperature and neutral pH. Since erythrose 4-phosphate can be replaced by any free aldehyde tested thus far, this type of a homogeneous catalysis opens new synthetic routes to alpha-keto-gamma-hydroxy-fatty acids and their derivatives.", "contents": "The synthesis of 3-deoxyheptulosonic acid 7-phosphate. 3-Deoxyheptulosonic acid 7-phosphate was obtained by a one-step chemical synthesis through condensation of oxalacetate with erythrose 4-phosphate. This reaction occurs at measurable rates only in the presence of a metal ion; Co2+ and Ni2+ are the most effective catalysts. The Co2+ catalyzed condensation of oxalacetate and erythrose 4-phosphate proceeds at room temperature and neutral pH. Since erythrose 4-phosphate can be replaced by any free aldehyde tested thus far, this type of a homogeneous catalysis opens new synthetic routes to alpha-keto-gamma-hydroxy-fatty acids and their derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:125759", "title": "Concanavalin A inhibition of ecto-5'-nucleotidase of intact cultured C6 glioma cells.", "content": "A pronounced effect of concanavalin A (Con A) upon activity of ecto-5'-nucleotidase of intact C6 glioma cells in culture has been demonstrated. A near linear rate of decrease in 5'-nucleotidase activity was observed upon treatment with concentrations of Con A up to 0.25 muM. Nonspecific phosphatase activity and Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity were not inhibited by Con A treatment of the cells. Of the total 5'-nucleotidase activity of C6 cells (Vmax = 5.0 mumol of Pi liberated/mg of cell protein/hour), approximately 20% still remained after treatment with high concentrations of Con A. The inhibitory effect of Con A operated to reduce substantially Vmax for ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Inhibition was reversed by briefly incubating the Con A-treated cells with alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, or alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, the later being more effective. These findings suggest that a relatively specific, reversible, inhibition of ecto-5'-nucleotidase results from Con A binding to the surface of the intact cultured mammalian cells.", "contents": "Concanavalin A inhibition of ecto-5'-nucleotidase of intact cultured C6 glioma cells. A pronounced effect of concanavalin A (Con A) upon activity of ecto-5'-nucleotidase of intact C6 glioma cells in culture has been demonstrated. A near linear rate of decrease in 5'-nucleotidase activity was observed upon treatment with concentrations of Con A up to 0.25 muM. Nonspecific phosphatase activity and Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity were not inhibited by Con A treatment of the cells. Of the total 5'-nucleotidase activity of C6 cells (Vmax = 5.0 mumol of Pi liberated/mg of cell protein/hour), approximately 20% still remained after treatment with high concentrations of Con A. The inhibitory effect of Con A operated to reduce substantially Vmax for ecto-5'-nucleotidase. Inhibition was reversed by briefly incubating the Con A-treated cells with alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, or alpha-methyl-D-mannoside, the later being more effective. These findings suggest that a relatively specific, reversible, inhibition of ecto-5'-nucleotidase results from Con A binding to the surface of the intact cultured mammalian cells."}
{"id": "PMID:125760", "title": "Transport ATPase cytochemistry: ultrastructural localization of potassium-dependent and potassium-independent phosphatase activities in rat kidney cortex.", "content": "A cytochemical method for the light and electron microscope localization of the K- and Mg-dependent phosphatase component of the Na-K-ATPase complex was applied to rat kidney cortex, utilizing p-nitrophenylphosphate (NPP) as substrate.  Localization of K-N-ATPase activity in kidneys fixed by perfusion with 1% paraformaldehyde -0.25% glutaraldehyde demonstrated that distal tubules are the major cortical site for this sodium transport enzyme.  Cortical collecting tubules were moderately reactive, whereas activity in proximal tubules was resolved only after short fixation times and long incubations.  In all cases, K-NPPase activity was restricted to the cytoplasmic side of the basolateral plasma membranes, which are characterized in these neplron segments by elaborate folding of the cell surface.  Although the rat K-NPPase appeared almost completely insensitive to ouabain with this cytochemical medium, parallel studies with the more glycoside-sensitive rabbit kidney indicated that K-NPPase activity in these nephron segments is sensitive to this inhibitor.  In addition to K-NPPase, nonspecific alkaline phosphatase also hydrolyzed NPP.  The latter could be differentiated cytochemically from the specific phosphatase, since alkaline phosphatase was K-independent, insensitive to ouabain, and specifically inhibited by cysteine.  Unlike K-NPPPase, alkaline phosphatase was localized primarily to the extracellular side of the microvillar border of proximal tubules.  A small amount of cysteine-sensitive activity was resolved along peritubular surfaces of proximal tubules.  Distal tubules were unreactive.  In comparative studies, Mg-ATPase activity was localized along the extracellular side of the luminal and basolateral surfaces of proximal and distal tubules and the basolateral membranes of collecting tubules.", "contents": "Transport ATPase cytochemistry: ultrastructural localization of potassium-dependent and potassium-independent phosphatase activities in rat kidney cortex. A cytochemical method for the light and electron microscope localization of the K- and Mg-dependent phosphatase component of the Na-K-ATPase complex was applied to rat kidney cortex, utilizing p-nitrophenylphosphate (NPP) as substrate.  Localization of K-N-ATPase activity in kidneys fixed by perfusion with 1% paraformaldehyde -0.25% glutaraldehyde demonstrated that distal tubules are the major cortical site for this sodium transport enzyme.  Cortical collecting tubules were moderately reactive, whereas activity in proximal tubules was resolved only after short fixation times and long incubations.  In all cases, K-NPPase activity was restricted to the cytoplasmic side of the basolateral plasma membranes, which are characterized in these neplron segments by elaborate folding of the cell surface.  Although the rat K-NPPase appeared almost completely insensitive to ouabain with this cytochemical medium, parallel studies with the more glycoside-sensitive rabbit kidney indicated that K-NPPase activity in these nephron segments is sensitive to this inhibitor.  In addition to K-NPPase, nonspecific alkaline phosphatase also hydrolyzed NPP.  The latter could be differentiated cytochemically from the specific phosphatase, since alkaline phosphatase was K-independent, insensitive to ouabain, and specifically inhibited by cysteine.  Unlike K-NPPPase, alkaline phosphatase was localized primarily to the extracellular side of the microvillar border of proximal tubules.  A small amount of cysteine-sensitive activity was resolved along peritubular surfaces of proximal tubules.  Distal tubules were unreactive.  In comparative studies, Mg-ATPase activity was localized along the extracellular side of the luminal and basolateral surfaces of proximal and distal tubules and the basolateral membranes of collecting tubules."}
{"id": "PMID:125761", "title": "Cell surface lipids and adhesion. II. The turnover of lipid components of the plasmalemma in relation to cell adhesion.", "content": "The preceding paper showed that those conditions that ought to stimulate reacylation of lysolipids in cells can increase cell adhesions. Similarly we found that conditions that would be expected to lead to the accumulation of lysolipids in the cell surface diminish cell adhesion. This paper reports on the answers to the following questions. (1) Is reacylation of lysolipids in the cells stimulated by an external supply of CoA, ATP and a fatty acid? (2) Does this reacylation lead to the incorporation of exogenous fatty acid in the plasmlemma? (3) What range of fatty acids can be incorporated into the plasmalemma and into what compounds? (4) Does the plasmalemma contain the enzyme systems to effect this turnover, namely phospholipase A2, a CoA-ligase and an appropriate acyl transferase(s)? (5) Do lysolipids accumulate in the plasmalemma under conditions which diminish cell adhesion? We find that saturated fatty acids in the range C14--C18, and some unsaturated fatty acids are incorporated into the plasmalemmae of these neural retina cells. About 20% of the plasmlemma content of fatty acids can be turned over in 30'. Incorporation is mainly into phosphatidyl choline, serine and ethanolamine in both R1 and R2 positions. The plasmalemmae contain the enzymes to effect the turnover. Isolated plasmalemmae are active in this turnover. Incubation of the plasmalemmae with phospholipase A2 leads to an accumulation of lysolipids. Very low levels of phospholipase stimulate turnover, possibly endogenous phospholipase activity is the rate-limiting step in the system. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms by which lipids might affect adhesion.", "contents": "Cell surface lipids and adhesion. II. The turnover of lipid components of the plasmalemma in relation to cell adhesion. The preceding paper showed that those conditions that ought to stimulate reacylation of lysolipids in cells can increase cell adhesions. Similarly we found that conditions that would be expected to lead to the accumulation of lysolipids in the cell surface diminish cell adhesion. This paper reports on the answers to the following questions. (1) Is reacylation of lysolipids in the cells stimulated by an external supply of CoA, ATP and a fatty acid? (2) Does this reacylation lead to the incorporation of exogenous fatty acid in the plasmlemma? (3) What range of fatty acids can be incorporated into the plasmalemma and into what compounds? (4) Does the plasmalemma contain the enzyme systems to effect this turnover, namely phospholipase A2, a CoA-ligase and an appropriate acyl transferase(s)? (5) Do lysolipids accumulate in the plasmalemma under conditions which diminish cell adhesion? We find that saturated fatty acids in the range C14--C18, and some unsaturated fatty acids are incorporated into the plasmalemmae of these neural retina cells. About 20% of the plasmlemma content of fatty acids can be turned over in 30'. Incorporation is mainly into phosphatidyl choline, serine and ethanolamine in both R1 and R2 positions. The plasmalemmae contain the enzymes to effect the turnover. Isolated plasmalemmae are active in this turnover. Incubation of the plasmalemmae with phospholipase A2 leads to an accumulation of lysolipids. Very low levels of phospholipase stimulate turnover, possibly endogenous phospholipase activity is the rate-limiting step in the system. These findings are discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms by which lipids might affect adhesion."}
{"id": "PMID:125762", "title": "Puberty in boys: correlation of plasma levels of gonadotropins (LH, FSH), androgens (testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate), estrogens (estrone and estradiol) and progestins (progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone).", "content": "Mean serum concentration dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), DHA sulfate (DHAS), progesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH-P), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and androstenedione (A) were compared from 43 boys followed longitudinally for as long as 4 yr during puberty. These data were also compared with serum levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone. Elevation is recognized early in puberty for DHAS, late in puberty for P and A, and gradually throughout puberty for E1, 17-OH-P, and DHA. When compared by age, the same general pattern is apparent with adult levels of E1 reached at age 12, DHAS and E2 by 13, and DHA, P, 17-OH-P, and A not until after age 15. Significant elevations of DHA occurred with the onset of pubic hair and voice change; elevations of DHAS occurred with the onset of genital and axillary hair growth; and testosterone increased with the onset of genital and pubic hair growth and voice change.", "contents": "Puberty in boys: correlation of plasma levels of gonadotropins (LH, FSH), androgens (testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate), estrogens (estrone and estradiol) and progestins (progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone). Mean serum concentration dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), DHA sulfate (DHAS), progesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH-P), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and androstenedione (A) were compared from 43 boys followed longitudinally for as long as 4 yr during puberty. These data were also compared with serum levels of LH, FSH, and testosterone. Elevation is recognized early in puberty for DHAS, late in puberty for P and A, and gradually throughout puberty for E1, 17-OH-P, and DHA. When compared by age, the same general pattern is apparent with adult levels of E1 reached at age 12, DHAS and E2 by 13, and DHA, P, 17-OH-P, and A not until after age 15. Significant elevations of DHA occurred with the onset of pubic hair and voice change; elevations of DHAS occurred with the onset of genital and axillary hair growth; and testosterone increased with the onset of genital and pubic hair growth and voice change."}
{"id": "PMID:125763", "title": "Genetic analysis of patients with chronic active hepatitis.", "content": "21 patients with chronic active hapatitis (CAH) and their families were HL-A typed. HL-A8 was significantly increased in frequency. An apparent increased frequency of HL-A1 was shown to be secondary to the increased HL-A8 due to linkage disequilibrium. Genotype analysis revealed a striking increased frequency of homozygosity for HL-A8, 6 of 21 patients (28.5%) vs. 2.8% of controls. Two patients and one normal who were homozygous for both HL-A1 and HL-A8 were found to be homozygous for a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) determinant 8a. Homozygous 8a cells were used as test-stimulating cells in one-way MLC reactions to determine the frequency of the expression of the 8a determinant in 17 patients and 49 controls selected for HL-A type. 8a was found to be associated with 50% of HL-A8 haplotypes and was frequent in the patient and control populations of the same HL-A types. These data suggest that susceptibility to CAH is determined by homozygosity for a gene that is in linkage disequilibrium with HL-A8 and more closely associated with the HL-A second locus then with the locus for the major MLC determinant.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of patients with chronic active hepatitis. 21 patients with chronic active hapatitis (CAH) and their families were HL-A typed. HL-A8 was significantly increased in frequency. An apparent increased frequency of HL-A1 was shown to be secondary to the increased HL-A8 due to linkage disequilibrium. Genotype analysis revealed a striking increased frequency of homozygosity for HL-A8, 6 of 21 patients (28.5%) vs. 2.8% of controls. Two patients and one normal who were homozygous for both HL-A1 and HL-A8 were found to be homozygous for a mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) determinant 8a. Homozygous 8a cells were used as test-stimulating cells in one-way MLC reactions to determine the frequency of the expression of the 8a determinant in 17 patients and 49 controls selected for HL-A type. 8a was found to be associated with 50% of HL-A8 haplotypes and was frequent in the patient and control populations of the same HL-A types. These data suggest that susceptibility to CAH is determined by homozygosity for a gene that is in linkage disequilibrium with HL-A8 and more closely associated with the HL-A second locus then with the locus for the major MLC determinant."}
{"id": "PMID:125764", "title": "Na+-K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase and intestinal electrolyte transport. Effect of adrenal steroids.", "content": "Sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) is associated with electrolyte transport in many tissues. To help delineate its role in intestinal transport, changes in rat intestinal electrolyte and water transport induced by injecting methylprednisolone acetate 3 mg/100 g or deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) 0.5 mg/100 g per day for 3 days were correlated with changes in Na-K-ATPase activity. Methylprednisolone increased sodium and water absorption, potassium secretion, transmural potential difference, and Na-K-ATPase activity in the jejunum, ileum, and colon. Examination of isolated epithelial cells demonstrated that the jejunal and ileal increase in Na-K-ATPase occurred in both the villus tip and crypermeability, Mg-ATPase, and adenylate cyclase activities were unchanged by methylprednisolone. DOCA increased sodium and water absorption, potassium secretion, transmural potential difference, and Na-K-ATPase activity in the colon alone. Colonic Mg-ATPase and adenylate cyclase activities were unaffected. Jejunal and ileal enzyme activity, electrolyte transport, and permeability were unchanged by DOCA. Methylprednisolone and DOCA were not additive in their effect on colonic Na-K-ATPase activity. Methylprednisolone and DOCA increased electrolyte and water transport and Na-K-ATPase activity concomitantly in specific segments of small intestine and colon. These data are consistent with an important role for Na-K-ATPase in intestinal electrolyte and water transport.", "contents": "Na+-K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase and intestinal electrolyte transport. Effect of adrenal steroids. Sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) is associated with electrolyte transport in many tissues. To help delineate its role in intestinal transport, changes in rat intestinal electrolyte and water transport induced by injecting methylprednisolone acetate 3 mg/100 g or deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) 0.5 mg/100 g per day for 3 days were correlated with changes in Na-K-ATPase activity. Methylprednisolone increased sodium and water absorption, potassium secretion, transmural potential difference, and Na-K-ATPase activity in the jejunum, ileum, and colon. Examination of isolated epithelial cells demonstrated that the jejunal and ileal increase in Na-K-ATPase occurred in both the villus tip and crypermeability, Mg-ATPase, and adenylate cyclase activities were unchanged by methylprednisolone. DOCA increased sodium and water absorption, potassium secretion, transmural potential difference, and Na-K-ATPase activity in the colon alone. Colonic Mg-ATPase and adenylate cyclase activities were unaffected. Jejunal and ileal enzyme activity, electrolyte transport, and permeability were unchanged by DOCA. Methylprednisolone and DOCA were not additive in their effect on colonic Na-K-ATPase activity. Methylprednisolone and DOCA increased electrolyte and water transport and Na-K-ATPase activity concomitantly in specific segments of small intestine and colon. These data are consistent with an important role for Na-K-ATPase in intestinal electrolyte and water transport."}
{"id": "PMID:125765", "title": "Glycopeptide storage in skin fibroblasts cultured from a patient with alpha-mannosidase deficiency.", "content": "Patients with mannosidosis, an inherited deficiency of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase, accumulate large amounts of mannose-rich oligosaccharides (the \"core\" of the carbohydrate units of many glocoproteins) in brain and liver and excrete these partial degradation products in their urine. A profound alpha-mannosidase deficiency was demonstrated in fibroblasts cultured from a skin biopsy obtained from a child with mannosidosis. Further, abnormal glycopeptides rich in mannose and similar to oligosaccharides found in the patient's urine were isolated from fibroblast extracts by a variety of chromatographic procedures and by virtue of their binding to a concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B affinity column. This storage material contained mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, and asparagine in the ratio 3 : 1 : 1 together with a few toher amino acids and had a molecular weight of approximately 1,100. There was no evidence for excretion of storage material by mannosidosis fibroblasts or for any abnormality in cell surface glycoprotein composition. The glycopeptide nature of the storage material isolated from cultured skin fibroblasts may be attributed to the low level of N-aspartyl-beta-glucosamindase (EC 3.5.1.-) activity in these cells.", "contents": "Glycopeptide storage in skin fibroblasts cultured from a patient with alpha-mannosidase deficiency. Patients with mannosidosis, an inherited deficiency of lysosomal alpha-mannosidase, accumulate large amounts of mannose-rich oligosaccharides (the \"core\" of the carbohydrate units of many glocoproteins) in brain and liver and excrete these partial degradation products in their urine. A profound alpha-mannosidase deficiency was demonstrated in fibroblasts cultured from a skin biopsy obtained from a child with mannosidosis. Further, abnormal glycopeptides rich in mannose and similar to oligosaccharides found in the patient's urine were isolated from fibroblast extracts by a variety of chromatographic procedures and by virtue of their binding to a concanavalin A-Sepharose 4B affinity column. This storage material contained mannose, N-acetylglucosamine, and asparagine in the ratio 3 : 1 : 1 together with a few toher amino acids and had a molecular weight of approximately 1,100. There was no evidence for excretion of storage material by mannosidosis fibroblasts or for any abnormality in cell surface glycoprotein composition. The glycopeptide nature of the storage material isolated from cultured skin fibroblasts may be attributed to the low level of N-aspartyl-beta-glucosamindase (EC 3.5.1.-) activity in these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:125766", "title": "Potassium transport by the isolated perfused kidney.", "content": "Rat kidneys perfused outside of the body with an artificial medium are able to increase their fractional excretion of potassium in response to a rising concentration of potassium in the medium but never show net secretion of potassium. By contrast, isolated perfused kidneys from chronically potassium-loaded rats regularly secrete potassium in excess of the amount filtered. Ouabain completely blocks the secretion of potassium by these isolated kidneys, suggesting that Na-K-ATPase mediates potassium secretion by potassium-adapted rats. Neither sodium deprivation, pretreatment with deoxycorticosterone, nor pretreatment with methylprednisolone prepared the kidney to secrete potassium, despite stimulation of Na-K-ATPase activity in cortex or outer medulla. Potassium loading was the only maneuver tested that increased the activity of Na-Katpase in the inner medulla (white papilla) and also produced potassium secretion by the isolated kidney. Surgical ablation of the papilla abolished the net secretion of potassium normally seen in perfused kidneys of potassium-adapted rats, thus underlining the importance of the papilla in the process of potassium adaptation.", "contents": "Potassium transport by the isolated perfused kidney. Rat kidneys perfused outside of the body with an artificial medium are able to increase their fractional excretion of potassium in response to a rising concentration of potassium in the medium but never show net secretion of potassium. By contrast, isolated perfused kidneys from chronically potassium-loaded rats regularly secrete potassium in excess of the amount filtered. Ouabain completely blocks the secretion of potassium by these isolated kidneys, suggesting that Na-K-ATPase mediates potassium secretion by potassium-adapted rats. Neither sodium deprivation, pretreatment with deoxycorticosterone, nor pretreatment with methylprednisolone prepared the kidney to secrete potassium, despite stimulation of Na-K-ATPase activity in cortex or outer medulla. Potassium loading was the only maneuver tested that increased the activity of Na-Katpase in the inner medulla (white papilla) and also produced potassium secretion by the isolated kidney. Surgical ablation of the papilla abolished the net secretion of potassium normally seen in perfused kidneys of potassium-adapted rats, thus underlining the importance of the papilla in the process of potassium adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:125773", "title": "Disseminated gonococcal infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae with unique nutritional requirements.", "content": "Disseminated gonococcal infection occurs in 1%-3% of patients with gonorrhea in Seattle. Most strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae recovered from patients with disseminated gonococcal infection are susceptible to less than or equal to 0.015 mug of penicillin G/ml. Strains susceptible to less than or equal to 0.015 mug/ml, whether isolated from patients with disseminated gonococcal infection or from those with uncomplicated infection, did not grow on chemically defined medium prepared with several lots of agar, whereas less susceptible isolates grew well. Use of methanol-extracted nontoxic agar permitted growth of the penicillin-susceptible strains and demonstrated that all of them required arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil (Arg-Hyx-Ura-) for growth. These Arg-Hyx-Ura- strains accounted for 89% of the cases of disseminated gonococcal infection in Seattle, 38% of uncomplicated infections in Seattle, 18% of infections in Milwaukee, and none of 104 uncomplicated gonococcal infections acquired in the Philippines and Taiwan, where disseminated gonococcal infection is unusual. Regional variations in the prevalence of these Arg-Hyx-Ura- strains may correlate with regional variations in the incidence of disseminated gonococcal infection. The genetic, physiologic, and immunologic bases for concurrence of penicillin and agar susceptibility. Arg-Hyx-Ura- phenotype, and association with disseminated gonococcal infection remain undefined, as do host factors that determine whether or not disseminated gonococcal infection will result in patients infected by such strains.", "contents": "Disseminated gonococcal infections caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae with unique nutritional requirements. Disseminated gonococcal infection occurs in 1%-3% of patients with gonorrhea in Seattle. Most strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae recovered from patients with disseminated gonococcal infection are susceptible to less than or equal to 0.015 mug of penicillin G/ml. Strains susceptible to less than or equal to 0.015 mug/ml, whether isolated from patients with disseminated gonococcal infection or from those with uncomplicated infection, did not grow on chemically defined medium prepared with several lots of agar, whereas less susceptible isolates grew well. Use of methanol-extracted nontoxic agar permitted growth of the penicillin-susceptible strains and demonstrated that all of them required arginine, hypoxanthine, and uracil (Arg-Hyx-Ura-) for growth. These Arg-Hyx-Ura- strains accounted for 89% of the cases of disseminated gonococcal infection in Seattle, 38% of uncomplicated infections in Seattle, 18% of infections in Milwaukee, and none of 104 uncomplicated gonococcal infections acquired in the Philippines and Taiwan, where disseminated gonococcal infection is unusual. Regional variations in the prevalence of these Arg-Hyx-Ura- strains may correlate with regional variations in the incidence of disseminated gonococcal infection. The genetic, physiologic, and immunologic bases for concurrence of penicillin and agar susceptibility. Arg-Hyx-Ura- phenotype, and association with disseminated gonococcal infection remain undefined, as do host factors that determine whether or not disseminated gonococcal infection will result in patients infected by such strains."}
{"id": "PMID:125771", "title": "Variations of palatal dimensions in patients with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Palatal dimensions (width, depth, and height) of 40 patients with Down's syndrome were compared to 44 control patients. The height was measured with a specially designed palatal-height gauge. The palatal dimensions of patients with Down's syndrome were narrower in width, shorter in depth, and lower in height.", "contents": "Variations of palatal dimensions in patients with Down's syndrome. Palatal dimensions (width, depth, and height) of 40 patients with Down's syndrome were compared to 44 control patients. The height was measured with a specially designed palatal-height gauge. The palatal dimensions of patients with Down's syndrome were narrower in width, shorter in depth, and lower in height."}
{"id": "PMID:125774", "title": "Computer interpretation of Frank vectorcardiogram in normal infant: Longitudinal and cross-sectional observations from birth to 2 years of age.", "content": "The evolution of the Frank vectorcardiogram (VCG) was studied from longitudinal observations (60 normal infants) and from cross-sectional observations (231 normal infants) from birth to two years of age. Age specific normal values for the Cartesian coordinates of 14 vectors including maximal QRS-T and timed vectors in the horizontal and frontal plane were determined with both methods of analysis. In longitudinally followed infants the most significant involution of right ventricular forces occurred between the newborn period and 7-14 weeks of age. These changes included disappearance of clockwise horizontal loop rotation and a leftward shift of maximal and terminal forces as well as a rightward shift of initial vectors. Longitudinal observations were useful for prediction of the normal Frank VCG in the 7 to 14-week-old infant from values observed in the newborn period and for prediction of the horizontal loop rotation throughout infancy. Cross-sectional data showed a wider range of normal values than longitudinal data in the same 7 to 14-week-old infants, but age specific normal values were well reflected between 4 and 24 months of age from cross-sectional data.", "contents": "Computer interpretation of Frank vectorcardiogram in normal infant: Longitudinal and cross-sectional observations from birth to 2 years of age. The evolution of the Frank vectorcardiogram (VCG) was studied from longitudinal observations (60 normal infants) and from cross-sectional observations (231 normal infants) from birth to two years of age. Age specific normal values for the Cartesian coordinates of 14 vectors including maximal QRS-T and timed vectors in the horizontal and frontal plane were determined with both methods of analysis. In longitudinally followed infants the most significant involution of right ventricular forces occurred between the newborn period and 7-14 weeks of age. These changes included disappearance of clockwise horizontal loop rotation and a leftward shift of maximal and terminal forces as well as a rightward shift of initial vectors. Longitudinal observations were useful for prediction of the normal Frank VCG in the 7 to 14-week-old infant from values observed in the newborn period and for prediction of the horizontal loop rotation throughout infancy. Cross-sectional data showed a wider range of normal values than longitudinal data in the same 7 to 14-week-old infants, but age specific normal values were well reflected between 4 and 24 months of age from cross-sectional data."}
{"id": "PMID:125775", "title": "Mean QRS, ventricular gradient and left ventricular mass in patients with eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "The spatial ventricular gradient (G) and the mean QRS-T angle were examined in 12 patients with angiographically determined eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), as compared with 12 normal control subjects. In these 24 patients, a high significant correlation (r = 0.88) was obtained between the magnitude of the spatial mean QRS and LV mass. Although correlations were obtained between the magnitude of the spatial G or the spatial mean QRS-T angle and LV mass, they were lower (r = 0.56, 0.71 respectively). The magnitude of the spatial G (0.190 +/- 0.049 MVSec) in the eccentric LVH group increased significantly (p less than 0.001) in comparison with the control value (0.105 +/- 0.032 mVSec), while in the eccentric LVH group, decreased G/QRS (p less than 0.02), decreased T/QRS (p less than 0.05), and increased QRS-T angle (p less than 0.02) were observed. Furthermore, decreased G/QRS and widening of the QRS-T angle were observed in cases of LVH only. In cases of mild or moderate LVH, normal G/QRS ratios with definitely increased G magnitude and normal QRS-T angle were observed. It is concluded that the magnitude of the spatial mean QRS closely relates to an increase in LV mass. Therefore, should the magnitude of G increase proportionally to an increase in total muscle volume in ideal hypertrophy, then the widening of the QRS-T angle observed in LVH would be due not only to the large ARS complex but also to an alteration in the ventricular gradient.", "contents": "Mean QRS, ventricular gradient and left ventricular mass in patients with eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy. The spatial ventricular gradient (G) and the mean QRS-T angle were examined in 12 patients with angiographically determined eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), as compared with 12 normal control subjects. In these 24 patients, a high significant correlation (r = 0.88) was obtained between the magnitude of the spatial mean QRS and LV mass. Although correlations were obtained between the magnitude of the spatial G or the spatial mean QRS-T angle and LV mass, they were lower (r = 0.56, 0.71 respectively). The magnitude of the spatial G (0.190 +/- 0.049 MVSec) in the eccentric LVH group increased significantly (p less than 0.001) in comparison with the control value (0.105 +/- 0.032 mVSec), while in the eccentric LVH group, decreased G/QRS (p less than 0.02), decreased T/QRS (p less than 0.05), and increased QRS-T angle (p less than 0.02) were observed. Furthermore, decreased G/QRS and widening of the QRS-T angle were observed in cases of LVH only. In cases of mild or moderate LVH, normal G/QRS ratios with definitely increased G magnitude and normal QRS-T angle were observed. It is concluded that the magnitude of the spatial mean QRS closely relates to an increase in LV mass. Therefore, should the magnitude of G increase proportionally to an increase in total muscle volume in ideal hypertrophy, then the widening of the QRS-T angle observed in LVH would be due not only to the large ARS complex but also to an alteration in the ventricular gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:125772", "title": "Proprioceptive innervation of the masticatory muscles in Pinch\u00e9.", "content": "This study of the masticatory muscles of the primate showed that the temporal muscle contained 107 muscle spindles, 45 in the horizontal portion and 62 in the vertical portion; the masseter muscle contained 70, 58 in the profundus portion and 12 in the superficial portion; the medial pterygoid muscle contained 15; the lateral pterygoid muscle contained 6; and the zygomaticomandibular muscle contained 9. The muscle spindles were located around the coronoid process and mandibular ramus.", "contents": "Proprioceptive innervation of the masticatory muscles in Pinch\u00e9. This study of the masticatory muscles of the primate showed that the temporal muscle contained 107 muscle spindles, 45 in the horizontal portion and 62 in the vertical portion; the masseter muscle contained 70, 58 in the profundus portion and 12 in the superficial portion; the medial pterygoid muscle contained 15; the lateral pterygoid muscle contained 6; and the zygomaticomandibular muscle contained 9. The muscle spindles were located around the coronoid process and mandibular ramus."}
{"id": "PMID:125776", "title": "On the relationship between heart weights, fibrosis, and QRS duration.", "content": "This study analyzed the effects of heart weights, myocardial fibrosis, sex, and body length upon the duration of the QRS complex. A positive correlation was found between presence or absence of fibrosis and duration of the QRS complex. A positive correlation was also found between weights of the heart and QRS duration, but this correlation appeared to be spurious and due to the tendency of fibrosed hearts to be heavier than those with normal myocardium.", "contents": "On the relationship between heart weights, fibrosis, and QRS duration. This study analyzed the effects of heart weights, myocardial fibrosis, sex, and body length upon the duration of the QRS complex. A positive correlation was found between presence or absence of fibrosis and duration of the QRS complex. A positive correlation was also found between weights of the heart and QRS duration, but this correlation appeared to be spurious and due to the tendency of fibrosed hearts to be heavier than those with normal myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:125777", "title": "Sum of two vectors having an included angle greater than ninety degrees.", "content": "If the angle between two vectors is acute an increase in either vector will increase the resultant. If the angle is obtuse, however, an increase in one vector may either decrease or increase the resultant. A mathematical derivation and a simple geometric construction are presented. The theory is applied to vectors in the horizontal plane in right ventricular hypertrophy. It is shown that as the right ventricular vector is increased from a small value, the resultant vector may first decrease and then increase again with a continuous clockwise rotation.", "contents": "Sum of two vectors having an included angle greater than ninety degrees. If the angle between two vectors is acute an increase in either vector will increase the resultant. If the angle is obtuse, however, an increase in one vector may either decrease or increase the resultant. A mathematical derivation and a simple geometric construction are presented. The theory is applied to vectors in the horizontal plane in right ventricular hypertrophy. It is shown that as the right ventricular vector is increased from a small value, the resultant vector may first decrease and then increase again with a continuous clockwise rotation."}
{"id": "PMID:125778", "title": "Regulation of muscular contraction. Distribution of actin control and myosin control in the animal kingdom.", "content": "The control systems regulating muscle contraction in approximately 100 organisms have been categorized. Both myosin control and actin control operate simultaneously in the majority of invertebrates tested. These include insects, chelicerates, most crustaceans, annelids, priapulids, nematodes, and some sipunculids. Single myosin control is present in the muscles of molluscs, brachiopods, echinoderms, echiuroids, and nemertine worms. Single actin control was found in the fast muscles of decapods, in mysidacea, in a single sipunculid species, and in vertebrate striated muscles. Classification is based on functional tests that include measurements of the calcium dependence of the actomyosin ATPase activity in the presence and the absence of purified rabbit actin and myosin. In addition, isolated thin filaments and myosins were also analyzed. Molluscs lack actin control since troponin is not present in sufficient quantities. Even though the functional tests indicate the complete lack of myosin control in vertebrate striated muscle, it is difficult to exclude unambiguously the in vivo existence of this regulation. Both control systems have been found in animals from phyla which evolved early. We cannot ascribe any simple correlation between ATPase activity, muscle structure, and regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "Regulation of muscular contraction. Distribution of actin control and myosin control in the animal kingdom. The control systems regulating muscle contraction in approximately 100 organisms have been categorized. Both myosin control and actin control operate simultaneously in the majority of invertebrates tested. These include insects, chelicerates, most crustaceans, annelids, priapulids, nematodes, and some sipunculids. Single myosin control is present in the muscles of molluscs, brachiopods, echinoderms, echiuroids, and nemertine worms. Single actin control was found in the fast muscles of decapods, in mysidacea, in a single sipunculid species, and in vertebrate striated muscles. Classification is based on functional tests that include measurements of the calcium dependence of the actomyosin ATPase activity in the presence and the absence of purified rabbit actin and myosin. In addition, isolated thin filaments and myosins were also analyzed. Molluscs lack actin control since troponin is not present in sufficient quantities. Even though the functional tests indicate the complete lack of myosin control in vertebrate striated muscle, it is difficult to exclude unambiguously the in vivo existence of this regulation. Both control systems have been found in animals from phyla which evolved early. We cannot ascribe any simple correlation between ATPase activity, muscle structure, and regulatory mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:125782", "title": "Muscle spindle activity in man during voluntary fast alternating movements.", "content": "Single unit activity in primary spindle afferent nerve fibres from finger and foot flexors was recorded with tungsten microelectrodes inserted into the median and peroneal nerves of healthy subjects. During voluntary fast alternating finger and foot movements, simulating the tremor of Parkinsonism, two types of discharges were seen in the Ia afferent fibres: (1) stretch responses occurring during the flexor relaxation phases, and (2) discharges occurring during the flexor contraction phases. Contrary to the stretch responses the spindle contraction discharges could be eliminated by a partial lidocaine block of the muscle nerve proximal to the recording site, indicating that they resulted from fusimotor activation of intrafusal fibres. On the basis of the temporal relations between the beginning and end of individual EMG-bursts, the start of the spindle contraction discharges and the latency of the stretch reflex in the muscles concerned, the following conclusions were drawn: the recurrent extrafusal contractions in movements of this type are initiated by the fast direct alpha route, but individual contraction phases generally last long enough to be influenced subsequently by the coactivated fusimotor loop through the spindles. It is postulated that this gamma loop influence during alternating movements helps to keep flexor and extensor muscles working in a regular reciprocal fashion with contractions adjusted in strength to the external loads.", "contents": "Muscle spindle activity in man during voluntary fast alternating movements. Single unit activity in primary spindle afferent nerve fibres from finger and foot flexors was recorded with tungsten microelectrodes inserted into the median and peroneal nerves of healthy subjects. During voluntary fast alternating finger and foot movements, simulating the tremor of Parkinsonism, two types of discharges were seen in the Ia afferent fibres: (1) stretch responses occurring during the flexor relaxation phases, and (2) discharges occurring during the flexor contraction phases. Contrary to the stretch responses the spindle contraction discharges could be eliminated by a partial lidocaine block of the muscle nerve proximal to the recording site, indicating that they resulted from fusimotor activation of intrafusal fibres. On the basis of the temporal relations between the beginning and end of individual EMG-bursts, the start of the spindle contraction discharges and the latency of the stretch reflex in the muscles concerned, the following conclusions were drawn: the recurrent extrafusal contractions in movements of this type are initiated by the fast direct alpha route, but individual contraction phases generally last long enough to be influenced subsequently by the coactivated fusimotor loop through the spindles. It is postulated that this gamma loop influence during alternating movements helps to keep flexor and extensor muscles working in a regular reciprocal fashion with contractions adjusted in strength to the external loads."}
{"id": "PMID:125783", "title": "Muscle spindle activity in alternating tremor of Parkinsonism and in clonus.", "content": "Single unit activity in spindle afferent nerve fibres from the finger flexors, the anterior tibial muscle, and the calf muscles was recorded intraneurally with tungsten microelectrodes in patients with Parkinsonism with resting tremor and in spastic patients with clonus. During tremor of Parkinsonism, involving the receptor bearing muscles, the Ia afferent fibre discharge patterns were similar to those seen previously in healthy subjects during voluntary fast alternating finger or foot movements: besides the stretch discharges occurring during the relaxation phases, discharges also occurred during the contraction phases. Such contraction discharges, presumed to originate from intrafusal muscle fibre contractions, were not seen in the spastic patients during clonus. During the clonic oscillations each afferent stretch discharge was regularly followed by a stretch reflex contraction which on its falling phase elicited a new volley of impulses in the Ia afferent fibres. The findings are considered to support the notion that, like the contractions in normal voluntary alternating movements, the contractions in tremor of Parkinsonism are organized according to the principle of alpha-gamma coactivation, whereas the contractions in clonus are stretch reflexes causing pure alpha contractions.", "contents": "Muscle spindle activity in alternating tremor of Parkinsonism and in clonus. Single unit activity in spindle afferent nerve fibres from the finger flexors, the anterior tibial muscle, and the calf muscles was recorded intraneurally with tungsten microelectrodes in patients with Parkinsonism with resting tremor and in spastic patients with clonus. During tremor of Parkinsonism, involving the receptor bearing muscles, the Ia afferent fibre discharge patterns were similar to those seen previously in healthy subjects during voluntary fast alternating finger or foot movements: besides the stretch discharges occurring during the relaxation phases, discharges also occurred during the contraction phases. Such contraction discharges, presumed to originate from intrafusal muscle fibre contractions, were not seen in the spastic patients during clonus. During the clonic oscillations each afferent stretch discharge was regularly followed by a stretch reflex contraction which on its falling phase elicited a new volley of impulses in the Ia afferent fibres. The findings are considered to support the notion that, like the contractions in normal voluntary alternating movements, the contractions in tremor of Parkinsonism are organized according to the principle of alpha-gamma coactivation, whereas the contractions in clonus are stretch reflexes causing pure alpha contractions."}
{"id": "PMID:125784", "title": "Regional distribution of choline acetyltransferase in the human brain: changes in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "A stereotaxic method of tissue sampling has been developed permitting detailed studies of the distribution of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) in brains from controls and from patients suffering from Huntington's chorea. The characteristic pattern of CAT distribution within extra-pyramidal structures is described. In Huntington's chorea, CAT is unevenly reduced in several brain regions particularly in the rostromedial part of the caudate nucleus. The results indicate a preferential degeneration of neostriatal cholinergic neurones in Huntington's chorea.", "contents": "Regional distribution of choline acetyltransferase in the human brain: changes in Huntington's chorea. A stereotaxic method of tissue sampling has been developed permitting detailed studies of the distribution of choline acetyltransferase (CAT) in brains from controls and from patients suffering from Huntington's chorea. The characteristic pattern of CAT distribution within extra-pyramidal structures is described. In Huntington's chorea, CAT is unevenly reduced in several brain regions particularly in the rostromedial part of the caudate nucleus. The results indicate a preferential degeneration of neostriatal cholinergic neurones in Huntington's chorea."}
{"id": "PMID:125785", "title": "The pathology of the muscle spindle in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Abnormalities in the morphology and motor innervation of the muscle spindles are described in 4 autopsied cases of myasthenia gravis. There were changes consistent with motor denervation in 5 of 118 spindles examined in sectioned material. In 65 teased, silver-impregnated spindles there was proliferation of the fusimotor innervation due to axonal sprouting occurring in the endings themselves. Motor end-plates on the intrafusal muscle fibres showed \"dystrophic\" changes similar to those previously described in extrafusal muscle in this disease. The sensory innervation was normal. The possible signifance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "The pathology of the muscle spindle in myasthenia gravis. Abnormalities in the morphology and motor innervation of the muscle spindles are described in 4 autopsied cases of myasthenia gravis. There were changes consistent with motor denervation in 5 of 118 spindles examined in sectioned material. In 65 teased, silver-impregnated spindles there was proliferation of the fusimotor innervation due to axonal sprouting occurring in the endings themselves. Motor end-plates on the intrafusal muscle fibres showed \"dystrophic\" changes similar to those previously described in extrafusal muscle in this disease. The sensory innervation was normal. The possible signifance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125786", "title": "Afferent-efferent linkages in motor cortex for single forelimb muscles.", "content": "1. In locally anesthetized cats, extracellular recordings were made from single neurons in the lateral cruciate gyrus of cerebral cortex. These neurons responded to natural activation of stretch receptors in single, contralateral, forelimb wrist muscles, typically with phasic excitation. Low-velocity stretches, which activate primary endings of muscle spindles, excited one set of neurons at a mean latency of 11 ms; high-velocity stretches, which principally activate Golgi tendon organs and/or secondary spindle endings, excited a second set at 18 ms. The cortical neurons showing threshold responses to low-velocity stretches were found exclusively within restricted columns, 0.5-2.0 mm in diameter, which were spatially separate for each muscle. Neurons exhibiting threshold responses to high-velocity stretches were present in high density within the same columns and were also distributed, although more sparsely, outside the columns. 2. These afferent columns were located in cytoarchitectonic area 4gamma, and were shown by intracortical microstimulation to coincide with the efferent columns for contraction of the same muscle from which in input rose. Discrete afferent columns were also found for single muscles in the peridimple region of sensory cortex (area 3a), spatially separate from the columns in motor cortex. The excitation of the columns in motor cortex by these inputs from muscle was independent of that in sensory cortex. 3. The role of the cerebellum in controlling these feedback systems to motor cortex was investigated by selective cooling of interpositus and dentate nucleus, respectively. Cooling of interpositus markedly reduced transmission in the high-threshold system; cooling of dentate had a similar effect on the low-threshold system. 4. The latency, threshold, and cooling data indicated that the low-threshold system to motor cortex utilizes extracerebellar pathways including medial lemniscus and is facilitated by dentate nucleus. The high-threshold system involves a transcerebellar pathway including interpositus nucleus. Both systems transmit velocity-related information, with each showing different and complementary sensitivity and dynamic range. 5. The results are discussed with reference to the cortical load-compensation mechanism postulated by Phillips (37-38).", "contents": "Afferent-efferent linkages in motor cortex for single forelimb muscles. 1. In locally anesthetized cats, extracellular recordings were made from single neurons in the lateral cruciate gyrus of cerebral cortex. These neurons responded to natural activation of stretch receptors in single, contralateral, forelimb wrist muscles, typically with phasic excitation. Low-velocity stretches, which activate primary endings of muscle spindles, excited one set of neurons at a mean latency of 11 ms; high-velocity stretches, which principally activate Golgi tendon organs and/or secondary spindle endings, excited a second set at 18 ms. The cortical neurons showing threshold responses to low-velocity stretches were found exclusively within restricted columns, 0.5-2.0 mm in diameter, which were spatially separate for each muscle. Neurons exhibiting threshold responses to high-velocity stretches were present in high density within the same columns and were also distributed, although more sparsely, outside the columns. 2. These afferent columns were located in cytoarchitectonic area 4gamma, and were shown by intracortical microstimulation to coincide with the efferent columns for contraction of the same muscle from which in input rose. Discrete afferent columns were also found for single muscles in the peridimple region of sensory cortex (area 3a), spatially separate from the columns in motor cortex. The excitation of the columns in motor cortex by these inputs from muscle was independent of that in sensory cortex. 3. The role of the cerebellum in controlling these feedback systems to motor cortex was investigated by selective cooling of interpositus and dentate nucleus, respectively. Cooling of interpositus markedly reduced transmission in the high-threshold system; cooling of dentate had a similar effect on the low-threshold system. 4. The latency, threshold, and cooling data indicated that the low-threshold system to motor cortex utilizes extracerebellar pathways including medial lemniscus and is facilitated by dentate nucleus. The high-threshold system involves a transcerebellar pathway including interpositus nucleus. Both systems transmit velocity-related information, with each showing different and complementary sensitivity and dynamic range. 5. The results are discussed with reference to the cortical load-compensation mechanism postulated by Phillips (37-38)."}
{"id": "PMID:125787", "title": "Percutaneous radiofrequency denervation of spinal facets. Treatment for chronic back pain and sciatica.", "content": "A technique for radiofrequency localization and coagulation of articular nerves supplying the spinal facets is described and results are reported from a series of 207 patients followed 6 to 21 months (mean 31 months). Relief of pain was achieved in 79% of previously unoperated patients, in 41% of those with laminectomy but no fusion, and in 27% of those with an earlier fusion. No neurological complications were encountered.", "contents": "Percutaneous radiofrequency denervation of spinal facets. Treatment for chronic back pain and sciatica. A technique for radiofrequency localization and coagulation of articular nerves supplying the spinal facets is described and results are reported from a series of 207 patients followed 6 to 21 months (mean 31 months). Relief of pain was achieved in 79% of previously unoperated patients, in 41% of those with laminectomy but no fusion, and in 27% of those with an earlier fusion. No neurological complications were encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:125788", "title": "Effects of excess intake of leucine and valine deficiency on tryptophan and niacin metabolites in humans.", "content": "Nineteen healthy humans (2 men and 17 women) served as experimental subjects in 4 experiments using diets having different levels of leucine and also a valine-deficient diet. The effect of an excess intake of leucine, with and without addition of vitamin B-6, and the effect of a deficiency of valine on urinary excretions of N1-methylnicotinamide, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, nicotinic acid, quinolinic acid, and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, and on the level of plasma amino acids were investigated. There was no effect of leucine on the excretion of these metabolites, but a marked decrease in the plasma (or serum) valine level was observed. The same decrease was seen when a valine-deficient diet was fed.", "contents": "Effects of excess intake of leucine and valine deficiency on tryptophan and niacin metabolites in humans. Nineteen healthy humans (2 men and 17 women) served as experimental subjects in 4 experiments using diets having different levels of leucine and also a valine-deficient diet. The effect of an excess intake of leucine, with and without addition of vitamin B-6, and the effect of a deficiency of valine on urinary excretions of N1-methylnicotinamide, N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, nicotinic acid, quinolinic acid, and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, and on the level of plasma amino acids were investigated. There was no effect of leucine on the excretion of these metabolites, but a marked decrease in the plasma (or serum) valine level was observed. The same decrease was seen when a valine-deficient diet was fed."}
{"id": "PMID:125790", "title": "ATPase activity in flagella from Euglena gracilis.  Localization of the enzyme and effects of detergents.", "content": "The biochemical effects of some detergents on the ATPase activity of isolated flagella from Euglena gracilis are related to morphologic obliterations induced by those detergents.  Enzymic activity can be localized by electron microscopy along the microtubules and also on the paraflagellar rod.  The nonionic detergent digitonin solubilizes the enzyme linked to dyneinic arms, whereas the activity linked to residual structures appears enhanced.  These results support the hypothesis that the paraflagellar rod may be a structure activity related to the motility of this type of flagellum.", "contents": "ATPase activity in flagella from Euglena gracilis.  Localization of the enzyme and effects of detergents. The biochemical effects of some detergents on the ATPase activity of isolated flagella from Euglena gracilis are related to morphologic obliterations induced by those detergents.  Enzymic activity can be localized by electron microscopy along the microtubules and also on the paraflagellar rod.  The nonionic detergent digitonin solubilizes the enzyme linked to dyneinic arms, whereas the activity linked to residual structures appears enhanced.  These results support the hypothesis that the paraflagellar rod may be a structure activity related to the motility of this type of flagellum."}
{"id": "PMID:125792", "title": "Modifications of post-coital LH secretion and oestrous behaviour induced by drugs in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The post-coital discharge of LH was studied in ovariectomized rats primed with steroids and injected with drugs that modify oestrous behaviour. It was found that LH release was absent in receptive rats treated with p-chlorphenylalanine which also exhibited abnormal oestrous behaviour. Rats primed with oestrogen and progesterone and injected with DL-amphetamine showed no release of LH after mating and a decreased lordotic response.", "contents": "Modifications of post-coital LH secretion and oestrous behaviour induced by drugs in ovariectomized rats. The post-coital discharge of LH was studied in ovariectomized rats primed with steroids and injected with drugs that modify oestrous behaviour. It was found that LH release was absent in receptive rats treated with p-chlorphenylalanine which also exhibited abnormal oestrous behaviour. Rats primed with oestrogen and progesterone and injected with DL-amphetamine showed no release of LH after mating and a decreased lordotic response."}
{"id": "PMID:125799", "title": "Production of ring-shaped particles by normal and metaplastic tissue. I. Human skin.", "content": "Maintenance media incubated with biopsy specimens of human skin tissues contained minute (10-12 nm wide), ring-shaped particles (RSP) similar to those described previously in culture media of mammalian cell lines. In addition to the qualitative demonstration of the particles by electron microscopy, a quantitative method was applied to estimate in media the amount of DNA that could be attributed primarily to RSP content. The amounts of DNA, obtained with 146 test specimens, varied with the pathologic condition of the tissue in the following ascending order: normal skin, verruca vulgaris, seborrheic verruca, actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.", "contents": "Production of ring-shaped particles by normal and metaplastic tissue. I. Human skin. Maintenance media incubated with biopsy specimens of human skin tissues contained minute (10-12 nm wide), ring-shaped particles (RSP) similar to those described previously in culture media of mammalian cell lines. In addition to the qualitative demonstration of the particles by electron microscopy, a quantitative method was applied to estimate in media the amount of DNA that could be attributed primarily to RSP content. The amounts of DNA, obtained with 146 test specimens, varied with the pathologic condition of the tissue in the following ascending order: normal skin, verruca vulgaris, seborrheic verruca, actinic keratosis, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:125800", "title": "Biological dressings for exposed vascular grafts: a reasonable alternative.", "content": "The frequent application of split thickness porcine skin grafts to cover an exposed vascular repair is a reasonable alternative to amputation in patients with severe extremity injury. It is essential that soft-tissue debridement be complete and at least one wall of the exposed vascular repair be supported by healthy, viable muscle. Limb salvage was achieved in seven of nine patients in whom this technique was used, including two patients with exposed Dacron grafts.", "contents": "Biological dressings for exposed vascular grafts: a reasonable alternative. The frequent application of split thickness porcine skin grafts to cover an exposed vascular repair is a reasonable alternative to amputation in patients with severe extremity injury. It is essential that soft-tissue debridement be complete and at least one wall of the exposed vascular repair be supported by healthy, viable muscle. Limb salvage was achieved in seven of nine patients in whom this technique was used, including two patients with exposed Dacron grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:125802", "title": "Genetic map of the Staphylococcal bacteriophage phi11.", "content": "Ten sus mutants of the staphylococcal bacteriophage phi 11, each a representative from a different complementation group, have been used in three-factor cross experiments. The results of these crosses indicate a circular genetic map for phi 11. Functional studies of the mutants have been limited to electron microscopic examinations of lysates after prophage induction (or infection). One gene is an early gene, five genes are concerned with tail formation, and three are concerned with head formation. The tenth gene is possibly a head gene. The contribution by phi 11 to the genomic content of the plasmid-phage hybrid phi 11 de has been investigated. Phi 11 de contains most of the late genes and appears to be missing a continuous phi 11 segment that includes the early gene flanked by two late genes.", "contents": "Genetic map of the Staphylococcal bacteriophage phi11. Ten sus mutants of the staphylococcal bacteriophage phi 11, each a representative from a different complementation group, have been used in three-factor cross experiments. The results of these crosses indicate a circular genetic map for phi 11. Functional studies of the mutants have been limited to electron microscopic examinations of lysates after prophage induction (or infection). One gene is an early gene, five genes are concerned with tail formation, and three are concerned with head formation. The tenth gene is possibly a head gene. The contribution by phi 11 to the genomic content of the plasmid-phage hybrid phi 11 de has been investigated. Phi 11 de contains most of the late genes and appears to be missing a continuous phi 11 segment that includes the early gene flanked by two late genes."}
{"id": "PMID:125803", "title": "Suppression of plasma androgens by spironolactone in castrated men with carcinoma of the prostate.", "content": "Spironolactone, an inhibitor of androgen synthesis, has been administered to castrated men with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Plasma levels of testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone were significantly decreased. These data indicate that spironolactone suppresses adrenal androgen production and suggest that it may be of benefit in the treatment of orchiectomized patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate.", "contents": "Suppression of plasma androgens by spironolactone in castrated men with carcinoma of the prostate. Spironolactone, an inhibitor of androgen synthesis, has been administered to castrated men with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Plasma levels of testosterone, androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone were significantly decreased. These data indicate that spironolactone suppresses adrenal androgen production and suggest that it may be of benefit in the treatment of orchiectomized patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate."}
{"id": "PMID:125805", "title": "Noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in patients with ischemic heart disease by the subclavian arterial blood flow response to exercise.", "content": "To evaluate cardiac function, the regional blood flow of the subclavian artery as a parameter of cardiac output was measured instead of measuring cardiac output itself in 12 normal subjects and 17 patients with ischemic heart disease. The measurement of the subclavian arterial blood flow was continuously and noninvasively made utilizing the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter before, during and after exercise. The exercise was performed in the upright position on a bicycle ergometer for 3 minutes at the work load of 230 Kpm/min. Delta F Ratio, that is, the ratio of the increased blood flow during the exercise to the increased blood flow during the first 3 minutes after the termination of the exercise, was calculated in all subjects. Delta F Ratio as well as the response pattern of the blood flow to exercise was investigated. In patients with ischemic heart disease, the increase in the subclavian arterial blood flow during the exercise was slow, and the time required to return to the pre-exercise level was remarkably prolonged in comparison with normal subjects. The mean delta F Ratio of the younger normal group was 7.43, and that of the older normal group was 5.53. While in patients with ischemic heart disease, markedly lower values were observed. The mean delta F Ratio of the following subgroups of patients with ischemic heart disease, the myocardial infarction group, the angina pectoris group, and the group of ischemic heart disease without pain, were 1.25, 1.97, and 2.52 respectively. The difference in the mean delta F Ratio between the older normal group and each subgroup of ischemic heart disease was statistically significant. Low delta F Ratio in patients with ischemic heart disease is supposed to be the manifestation of diminished cardiac reserve due to decreased myocardial contractility. As a simple parameter of cardiac output, the continuous measurement of the subclavian arterial blood flow by the Doppler flowmeter is a useful method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function. Especially, the calculation of delta F Ratio may provide the numerical presentation of cardiac function.", "contents": "Noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function in patients with ischemic heart disease by the subclavian arterial blood flow response to exercise. To evaluate cardiac function, the regional blood flow of the subclavian artery as a parameter of cardiac output was measured instead of measuring cardiac output itself in 12 normal subjects and 17 patients with ischemic heart disease. The measurement of the subclavian arterial blood flow was continuously and noninvasively made utilizing the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter before, during and after exercise. The exercise was performed in the upright position on a bicycle ergometer for 3 minutes at the work load of 230 Kpm/min. Delta F Ratio, that is, the ratio of the increased blood flow during the exercise to the increased blood flow during the first 3 minutes after the termination of the exercise, was calculated in all subjects. Delta F Ratio as well as the response pattern of the blood flow to exercise was investigated. In patients with ischemic heart disease, the increase in the subclavian arterial blood flow during the exercise was slow, and the time required to return to the pre-exercise level was remarkably prolonged in comparison with normal subjects. The mean delta F Ratio of the younger normal group was 7.43, and that of the older normal group was 5.53. While in patients with ischemic heart disease, markedly lower values were observed. The mean delta F Ratio of the following subgroups of patients with ischemic heart disease, the myocardial infarction group, the angina pectoris group, and the group of ischemic heart disease without pain, were 1.25, 1.97, and 2.52 respectively. The difference in the mean delta F Ratio between the older normal group and each subgroup of ischemic heart disease was statistically significant. Low delta F Ratio in patients with ischemic heart disease is supposed to be the manifestation of diminished cardiac reserve due to decreased myocardial contractility. As a simple parameter of cardiac output, the continuous measurement of the subclavian arterial blood flow by the Doppler flowmeter is a useful method for the noninvasive evaluation of cardiac function. Especially, the calculation of delta F Ratio may provide the numerical presentation of cardiac function."}
{"id": "PMID:125808", "title": "[Influence of schizophyllan, streptomycin and rifampicin on histopathological changes in mice infected with tubercle bacilli (author's transl)].", "content": "Experimental tuberculosis in mice infected with streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis SCHACHT strain was treated with streptomycin or rifampicin alone and in combination with schizophyllan. The histopathogical tests of various organs of the treated mice were carried out. 1) In the group of mice treated with streptomycin alone, the moderate focal proliferation of RE cells were seen at the beginning of infection. However, durable activation of RE cells and the prolongation of life-span could not be recognized as compared with control animals. 2) The treatment with streptomycin-schizophyllan combination appeared to be somewhat more effective than schizophyllan alone, the phagocytic capacity being more strongly stimulated. 3) In the group treated with rifampicin alone, the therapeutic effect could be exhibited by the direct antibacterial action of rifampicin, but the activation of RE cells was slight. When rifampicin was discontinued, the growth of tubercle bacilli was rapidly resumed, and the durable therapeutic effect seemed not to be expected. Degeneration of hepatic cells tended to develop. 4) In the group treated with rifampicin-schizophyllan combination, the antibacterial effect of rifampicin appeared to be potentiated by the strong activation of RE cells by schizophyllan, showing the durable therapeutic effects.", "contents": "[Influence of schizophyllan, streptomycin and rifampicin on histopathological changes in mice infected with tubercle bacilli (author's transl)]. Experimental tuberculosis in mice infected with streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis SCHACHT strain was treated with streptomycin or rifampicin alone and in combination with schizophyllan. The histopathogical tests of various organs of the treated mice were carried out. 1) In the group of mice treated with streptomycin alone, the moderate focal proliferation of RE cells were seen at the beginning of infection. However, durable activation of RE cells and the prolongation of life-span could not be recognized as compared with control animals. 2) The treatment with streptomycin-schizophyllan combination appeared to be somewhat more effective than schizophyllan alone, the phagocytic capacity being more strongly stimulated. 3) In the group treated with rifampicin alone, the therapeutic effect could be exhibited by the direct antibacterial action of rifampicin, but the activation of RE cells was slight. When rifampicin was discontinued, the growth of tubercle bacilli was rapidly resumed, and the durable therapeutic effect seemed not to be expected. Degeneration of hepatic cells tended to develop. 4) In the group treated with rifampicin-schizophyllan combination, the antibacterial effect of rifampicin appeared to be potentiated by the strong activation of RE cells by schizophyllan, showing the durable therapeutic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:125809", "title": "A clinicopathological study of the heart diseases in the aged. The morphological classification of the 1,000 consecutive autopsy cases.", "content": "Consecutive autopsy of 1,000 cases of the aged disclosed coronary sclerosis in 428 cases, myocardial infarction in 137, cardiac hypertrophy in 237, valvular heart disease in 120, conduction disturbances in 96, cor pulmonale in 41, pericarditis in 39, and congenital heart disease or anomalies in 28. There were 343 morphologically normal hearts. A total of 1,022 heart diseases were found in 657 cases, corresponding 1.6 heart diseases per one heart. Heart diseases in the aged were divided into (1) those continuing from the younger period and (2) those specifically found in the aged. The latter were non-inflammatory valvular diseases and chronic conduction disturbances. Mitral regurgitation, including mitral ring dilatation (10), mitral ring calcification (9), spontaneous rupture of the chordae tendineae (2) and calcified aortic stenosis (12) and degenerative aortic regurgitation of prolapsed cusp (35) were produced by various degeneration of the connective tissue of the valves. A total of 59 cases of conduction disturbances consisted of complete or advanced heart block (15), right bundle branch block (RBBB) (16), RBBB with left axis deviation (17), and left bundle branch block (LBBB) (11). Forty-seven cases showed main lesions in the branching portion of the AV bundle and origin of the bilateral bundle branches, which were closely related to the degeneration of the central fibrous body and fibrosis at the summit of the ventricular septum. The common field, where the valvular diseases and conduction disturbances occurred, was the fibrous trigone of the heart.", "contents": "A clinicopathological study of the heart diseases in the aged. The morphological classification of the 1,000 consecutive autopsy cases. Consecutive autopsy of 1,000 cases of the aged disclosed coronary sclerosis in 428 cases, myocardial infarction in 137, cardiac hypertrophy in 237, valvular heart disease in 120, conduction disturbances in 96, cor pulmonale in 41, pericarditis in 39, and congenital heart disease or anomalies in 28. There were 343 morphologically normal hearts. A total of 1,022 heart diseases were found in 657 cases, corresponding 1.6 heart diseases per one heart. Heart diseases in the aged were divided into (1) those continuing from the younger period and (2) those specifically found in the aged. The latter were non-inflammatory valvular diseases and chronic conduction disturbances. Mitral regurgitation, including mitral ring dilatation (10), mitral ring calcification (9), spontaneous rupture of the chordae tendineae (2) and calcified aortic stenosis (12) and degenerative aortic regurgitation of prolapsed cusp (35) were produced by various degeneration of the connective tissue of the valves. A total of 59 cases of conduction disturbances consisted of complete or advanced heart block (15), right bundle branch block (RBBB) (16), RBBB with left axis deviation (17), and left bundle branch block (LBBB) (11). Forty-seven cases showed main lesions in the branching portion of the AV bundle and origin of the bilateral bundle branches, which were closely related to the degeneration of the central fibrous body and fibrosis at the summit of the ventricular septum. The common field, where the valvular diseases and conduction disturbances occurred, was the fibrous trigone of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:125815", "title": "Diet, mucosal architecture and epithelial cell production in the small intestine of specified-pathogen-free and conventional rats.", "content": "Upper jejunum and terminal ileum were examined in specified-pathogen-free (SPF), conventional and conventional after SPF rearing (ex-SPF) rats. The effect of 2 differential diets on the last 2 groups was examined. Ex-SPF rats had taller villi and deeper crypts than SPF rats, but similar crypt to villus ratios and cell production rates. Ex-SPF rats had similar crypt depth and jejunal villus height to conventional rats on the same diet, but taller ileal villi and a lower cell production rate. Even after 6-8 weeks, in a conventional environment, ex-SPF rat intestine was still not identical with conventional rat intestine. Diet had a significant effect on mucosal architecture, and a smaller effect on cell production rate. It is concluded that diet, microbiological status of colony of origin, and environment after weaning, can all affect mucosal architecture and epithelial cell production, and should be properly controlled in experimental studies.", "contents": "Diet, mucosal architecture and epithelial cell production in the small intestine of specified-pathogen-free and conventional rats. Upper jejunum and terminal ileum were examined in specified-pathogen-free (SPF), conventional and conventional after SPF rearing (ex-SPF) rats. The effect of 2 differential diets on the last 2 groups was examined. Ex-SPF rats had taller villi and deeper crypts than SPF rats, but similar crypt to villus ratios and cell production rates. Ex-SPF rats had similar crypt depth and jejunal villus height to conventional rats on the same diet, but taller ileal villi and a lower cell production rate. Even after 6-8 weeks, in a conventional environment, ex-SPF rat intestine was still not identical with conventional rat intestine. Diet had a significant effect on mucosal architecture, and a smaller effect on cell production rate. It is concluded that diet, microbiological status of colony of origin, and environment after weaning, can all affect mucosal architecture and epithelial cell production, and should be properly controlled in experimental studies."}
{"id": "PMID:125816", "title": "Morphometry and autoradiography of early hypertrophic changes in the ventricular myocardium of adult rat. A light microscopic study.", "content": "Quantitative autoradiographic localization of newly synthesized proteins was studied in the ventricular myocardium of adult rats 2 hours after the intravenous injection of 3H-leucine and 20 hours after the induction of hypertrophy by constriction of the abdominal aorta. Equal area samples of tissue from experimental and sham-operated controls were examined for differential grain counts and morphometric measurements by light microscopy. In comparison with control levels, the hypertrophic hearts show a 20 per cent increase in the average cross-sectional area of myocytes and a 43 per cent increase in the incorporation of amino acid into proteins. The higher concentration of labeled proteins is confined mainly to cardiac muscle cells, which show a 90 per cent increase in grain counts per cell cross-section, whereas no significant change is observed over the interstitium. A test of the specificity of the autoradiographic technique shows the expected reduction in tissue labeling following cycloheximide inhibition of protein synthesis, indicating that there is no significant amount of nonspecific binding of free amino acid during the paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixation procedure.", "contents": "Morphometry and autoradiography of early hypertrophic changes in the ventricular myocardium of adult rat. A light microscopic study. Quantitative autoradiographic localization of newly synthesized proteins was studied in the ventricular myocardium of adult rats 2 hours after the intravenous injection of 3H-leucine and 20 hours after the induction of hypertrophy by constriction of the abdominal aorta. Equal area samples of tissue from experimental and sham-operated controls were examined for differential grain counts and morphometric measurements by light microscopy. In comparison with control levels, the hypertrophic hearts show a 20 per cent increase in the average cross-sectional area of myocytes and a 43 per cent increase in the incorporation of amino acid into proteins. The higher concentration of labeled proteins is confined mainly to cardiac muscle cells, which show a 90 per cent increase in grain counts per cell cross-section, whereas no significant change is observed over the interstitium. A test of the specificity of the autoradiographic technique shows the expected reduction in tissue labeling following cycloheximide inhibition of protein synthesis, indicating that there is no significant amount of nonspecific binding of free amino acid during the paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixation procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:125817", "title": "Laboratory model of membranous glomerulonephritis in rats induced by pronase-digested homologous renal tubular epithelial antigen.", "content": "The laboratory counterpart of tubular antigen-mediated membranous glomerulonephritis in humans was produced in rats by a single injection of homologous nephritogenic tubular antigen with adjuvant. The rat developed membranous glomerulonephritis with typical clinicopathologic features of human nephritis mediated by the tubular antigen, i.e., massive proteinuria and diffuse thickening of glomerular basement membranes due to deposition of tubular antigen-antibody complexes which were demonstrated by immunofluorescent technique. The nephritogenic tubular antigen was solubilized by pronase digestion, further purified by gel filtration, and demonstrated to have the same physicochemical properties as the human tubular antigen which was found in the deposits together with beta1C- and immunoglobulins in the glomeruli of patients with membranous glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Laboratory model of membranous glomerulonephritis in rats induced by pronase-digested homologous renal tubular epithelial antigen. The laboratory counterpart of tubular antigen-mediated membranous glomerulonephritis in humans was produced in rats by a single injection of homologous nephritogenic tubular antigen with adjuvant. The rat developed membranous glomerulonephritis with typical clinicopathologic features of human nephritis mediated by the tubular antigen, i.e., massive proteinuria and diffuse thickening of glomerular basement membranes due to deposition of tubular antigen-antibody complexes which were demonstrated by immunofluorescent technique. The nephritogenic tubular antigen was solubilized by pronase digestion, further purified by gel filtration, and demonstrated to have the same physicochemical properties as the human tubular antigen which was found in the deposits together with beta1C- and immunoglobulins in the glomeruli of patients with membranous glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:125819", "title": "Platelet taurine in Down's syndrome.", "content": "Endogenous platelet taurine and uptake of radioactively labelled taurine by platelets was measured in normal, non-mongoloid and mentally retarded mongoloid trisomy 21 subjects. Endogenous taurine was normal in all groups, while taurine transport kinetic experiments showed normal Km but reduced Vmax in mongoloid trisomy 21 and mentally retarded patients. The latter difference may be due to decreased metabolism following decreased enzyme protein synthesis.", "contents": "Platelet taurine in Down's syndrome. Endogenous platelet taurine and uptake of radioactively labelled taurine by platelets was measured in normal, non-mongoloid and mentally retarded mongoloid trisomy 21 subjects. Endogenous taurine was normal in all groups, while taurine transport kinetic experiments showed normal Km but reduced Vmax in mongoloid trisomy 21 and mentally retarded patients. The latter difference may be due to decreased metabolism following decreased enzyme protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:125821", "title": "[Anomaly of supraganglionic portion of facial nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "In a boy of 10 with primary cholesteatoma of the right ear the following anomaly of the facial nerve was demonstrated: The nerve enters the mastoid posteriorly to the labyrinth, in Trautmann's area, there it makes a right-angled turn forward and runs in a horizontal, slightly upward direction through mastoid and antrum, crossing the lateral canal, via the epitympanum in close relation to body of incus and head of malleus, in which it had moulded a groove. It leaves the epitympanum superiorly to the processus cochleariformis, and joins the geniculate ganglion; from there completely normal course in tympanic and mastoid portion of Fallopian canal. The nerve could be preserved. Its identity was confirmed by electric stimulation. There were no other anomalies. The embryologic, forensic and surgical aspects of this anomaly are discussed. Reference is made to the paper of Prentiss and Dean 1905, the only known observation that resembles this case in some aspects.", "contents": "[Anomaly of supraganglionic portion of facial nerve (author's transl)]. In a boy of 10 with primary cholesteatoma of the right ear the following anomaly of the facial nerve was demonstrated: The nerve enters the mastoid posteriorly to the labyrinth, in Trautmann's area, there it makes a right-angled turn forward and runs in a horizontal, slightly upward direction through mastoid and antrum, crossing the lateral canal, via the epitympanum in close relation to body of incus and head of malleus, in which it had moulded a groove. It leaves the epitympanum superiorly to the processus cochleariformis, and joins the geniculate ganglion; from there completely normal course in tympanic and mastoid portion of Fallopian canal. The nerve could be preserved. Its identity was confirmed by electric stimulation. There were no other anomalies. The embryologic, forensic and surgical aspects of this anomaly are discussed. Reference is made to the paper of Prentiss and Dean 1905, the only known observation that resembles this case in some aspects."}
{"id": "PMID:125822", "title": "[The implication of the cricothyroid muscle in paralysis of the vocal cords (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given about one patient with bilateral paralysis of the vocal cords. After local anesthesia of the piriform sinus and novocain blockade of the R. externus of the superior laryngeal nerve of the same side a widening of the glottis and an improvement of the respiration was observed. After section of the R. externus of the superior laryngeal nerve we could observe even an improvement of the same effect as it has been observed after local anaesthesia. These observations were proved by spirography and photo-documentation. Because of paradox movements of the vocal cords a narrowing of the glottis was observed during inspiration. Therefore the patients dyspnea did not improve to the extent as it could be expected from the widening of the glottis after this therapy. The problems are discussed in relation to the literature.", "contents": "[The implication of the cricothyroid muscle in paralysis of the vocal cords (author's transl)]. A report is given about one patient with bilateral paralysis of the vocal cords. After local anesthesia of the piriform sinus and novocain blockade of the R. externus of the superior laryngeal nerve of the same side a widening of the glottis and an improvement of the respiration was observed. After section of the R. externus of the superior laryngeal nerve we could observe even an improvement of the same effect as it has been observed after local anaesthesia. These observations were proved by spirography and photo-documentation. Because of paradox movements of the vocal cords a narrowing of the glottis was observed during inspiration. Therefore the patients dyspnea did not improve to the extent as it could be expected from the widening of the glottis after this therapy. The problems are discussed in relation to the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:125823", "title": "[The problem of tracheal stenosis following laryngectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The striking frequency of tracheal stenoses following laryngectomy gave reason for considerations on the typical causes. In our case-materials 9 tracheal stenoses were observed following 229 laryngectomies during the period from 1952 to 1972. Two of these cases represent typical stenoses produced by pressure. Within a short period of time, from 2 days up to 6 months after operation the 7 remaining cases represented marked tracheal stenoses with the mucosae showing no signes of irritation. These stenoses had been registered since 1965 only, i.e. after the introduction of the general application of insufflation anesthesia in every case of laryngectomy at our clinic. These observations gave reason for supposing that the procedure of anesthesia had to be seen as responsible for the development of tracheal stenoses. Under unfavourable circumstances during operation, even if the tube is inserted for a short period of time the anemising pressure effect of the cuff of the tube might - beside other wellknown factors - produce damages on the tracheal wall.", "contents": "[The problem of tracheal stenosis following laryngectomy (author's transl)]. The striking frequency of tracheal stenoses following laryngectomy gave reason for considerations on the typical causes. In our case-materials 9 tracheal stenoses were observed following 229 laryngectomies during the period from 1952 to 1972. Two of these cases represent typical stenoses produced by pressure. Within a short period of time, from 2 days up to 6 months after operation the 7 remaining cases represented marked tracheal stenoses with the mucosae showing no signes of irritation. These stenoses had been registered since 1965 only, i.e. after the introduction of the general application of insufflation anesthesia in every case of laryngectomy at our clinic. These observations gave reason for supposing that the procedure of anesthesia had to be seen as responsible for the development of tracheal stenoses. Under unfavourable circumstances during operation, even if the tube is inserted for a short period of time the anemising pressure effect of the cuff of the tube might - beside other wellknown factors - produce damages on the tracheal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:125824", "title": "[Observations of lateral cervical fistulae and cysts over 10 years (author's transl)].", "content": "The series consists of 52 cases of branchial lateral cervical cysts and fistulae seen over 10 years. The majority were deep to the superficial cervical fascia or extended there, and only about half the cases were related to the carotid sheath. Fistulae are either inborn or more rarely arise later as a result of a cyst perforating outwards. Cysts present clinically mostly between the 15th and 35th year, perhaps arising as a result of spontaneous growth or inflammation may provide the stimulus to growth. All cases received operative treatment with a recurrence rate of 7.8%. Multiple recurrences were not uncommon due to increasing technical difficulties. The severity of complications is taken into account with every operation for recurrences. Radiological contrast filling of the fistula may help in the preoperative diagnosis, but it is not always reliable in demonstrating the extent and situation of the fistulous tracks.", "contents": "[Observations of lateral cervical fistulae and cysts over 10 years (author's transl)]. The series consists of 52 cases of branchial lateral cervical cysts and fistulae seen over 10 years. The majority were deep to the superficial cervical fascia or extended there, and only about half the cases were related to the carotid sheath. Fistulae are either inborn or more rarely arise later as a result of a cyst perforating outwards. Cysts present clinically mostly between the 15th and 35th year, perhaps arising as a result of spontaneous growth or inflammation may provide the stimulus to growth. All cases received operative treatment with a recurrence rate of 7.8%. Multiple recurrences were not uncommon due to increasing technical difficulties. The severity of complications is taken into account with every operation for recurrences. Radiological contrast filling of the fistula may help in the preoperative diagnosis, but it is not always reliable in demonstrating the extent and situation of the fistulous tracks."}
{"id": "PMID:125825", "title": "[Contribution to the closure of septal perforations (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple and safe method is described in detail for the closure of septal perforations of various sizes. Temporal fascia is used with full thickness or split thickness skin on both sides. Fixation of the transplanted tissue by suture or glue is usually not necessary.", "contents": "[Contribution to the closure of septal perforations (author's transl)]. A simple and safe method is described in detail for the closure of septal perforations of various sizes. Temporal fascia is used with full thickness or split thickness skin on both sides. Fixation of the transplanted tissue by suture or glue is usually not necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:125826", "title": "[The use of long pure-tone stimuli with relatively long-rise-times in clinical electro-cochleography (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical use of the action potentials (SAP) of the acoustic nerve stimulated by sinustone bursts of relatively fast rise times has been described extensively elsewhere. The use of sinus tone bursts with relatively long rise times has the advantage of high frequency specifity. Thresholds for frequences of 500 Hz upwards may be found within a +/-12.5 dB SL confidence intervall. Judging the relation between the N1 amplitude in muV and the stimulus level in dBHL - the socalled Input/Output (I/O) curve - a differentiation between recruiting and non recruiting receptor behaviour can be made. The amplitude latency behaviour of the SAP gives additional information on the acoustic nerve's fibres in the high frequency range. The described method seems expecially useful to determine the Corti' organ's state in problematic cases of hearing defects in children.", "contents": "[The use of long pure-tone stimuli with relatively long-rise-times in clinical electro-cochleography (author's transl)]. The clinical use of the action potentials (SAP) of the acoustic nerve stimulated by sinustone bursts of relatively fast rise times has been described extensively elsewhere. The use of sinus tone bursts with relatively long rise times has the advantage of high frequency specifity. Thresholds for frequences of 500 Hz upwards may be found within a +/-12.5 dB SL confidence intervall. Judging the relation between the N1 amplitude in muV and the stimulus level in dBHL - the socalled Input/Output (I/O) curve - a differentiation between recruiting and non recruiting receptor behaviour can be made. The amplitude latency behaviour of the SAP gives additional information on the acoustic nerve's fibres in the high frequency range. The described method seems expecially useful to determine the Corti' organ's state in problematic cases of hearing defects in children."}
{"id": "PMID:125827", "title": "[Postoperative estimation of stapes- and tympanoplastics by pressure evoked threshold shift (author's transl)].", "content": "Postoperative middle ear function (tympano-and stapesplastics) is discussed by threshold shift caused by pressure evoked dislocation of the middle ear transmission system (tympano audiometry). The hearing ability in correlation with the tympanogram und tympano-audiogram of special cases out of a total of 91 patients is shown. Different types of tympano-and stapes plastics are discussed.", "contents": "[Postoperative estimation of stapes- and tympanoplastics by pressure evoked threshold shift (author's transl)]. Postoperative middle ear function (tympano-and stapesplastics) is discussed by threshold shift caused by pressure evoked dislocation of the middle ear transmission system (tympano audiometry). The hearing ability in correlation with the tympanogram und tympano-audiogram of special cases out of a total of 91 patients is shown. Different types of tympano-and stapes plastics are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125828", "title": "[The prognosis of the noise-induced permanent hearing-loss (author's transl)].", "content": "Basing on a microscopic study the question was explored whether a TTS is found in the high-frequency range after exposure to a low-frequency tone or not. Such a depression is demonstrable after several registrations with automatic audiometry. This depression is significantly higher in the average of normal-hearing persons than in noise-resistant men (having a normal threshold after working in noise for many years). Also after the exposure the spikes of the B\u00e9k\u00e9sy-audiogram are significantly smaller in the noise-resistant men than in the control-group. Paying attention to both parameters the significance is 1%. Therefore the investigation of the high-frequency-range after exposure to a low-frequency tone seems to be a method of prediction of PTS.", "contents": "[The prognosis of the noise-induced permanent hearing-loss (author's transl)]. Basing on a microscopic study the question was explored whether a TTS is found in the high-frequency range after exposure to a low-frequency tone or not. Such a depression is demonstrable after several registrations with automatic audiometry. This depression is significantly higher in the average of normal-hearing persons than in noise-resistant men (having a normal threshold after working in noise for many years). Also after the exposure the spikes of the B\u00e9k\u00e9sy-audiogram are significantly smaller in the noise-resistant men than in the control-group. Paying attention to both parameters the significance is 1%. Therefore the investigation of the high-frequency-range after exposure to a low-frequency tone seems to be a method of prediction of PTS."}
{"id": "PMID:125829", "title": "[Functional survival of the human Corti organ after dissection of the eight nerve (author's transl)].", "content": "The behaviour of the functional unit haircell - peripheral neurit before and after the dissection of the cochlear nerve in two cases of cerebello-pontine angle tumors is described. An immediate alteration does not seem to be found when the blood supply via internal acoustic meatus is not severed. The survival time after the dissection of the acoustic nerve is somewhat more than seven weeks. This is longer than related morphological findings indicate in the cat where the morphological survival time of fibre population I (95% of all fibres) is not more than four weeks. On the other hand, morphological survival time of fibre population II (5% of all fibres) in cat is up to 14 months. The functional survival time in man under pure tumor pressure is longer than 10 years. Discrepancies between morphological and functional findings may indicate that morphological and functional behaviour do not necessarily coincide.", "contents": "[Functional survival of the human Corti organ after dissection of the eight nerve (author's transl)]. The behaviour of the functional unit haircell - peripheral neurit before and after the dissection of the cochlear nerve in two cases of cerebello-pontine angle tumors is described. An immediate alteration does not seem to be found when the blood supply via internal acoustic meatus is not severed. The survival time after the dissection of the acoustic nerve is somewhat more than seven weeks. This is longer than related morphological findings indicate in the cat where the morphological survival time of fibre population I (95% of all fibres) is not more than four weeks. On the other hand, morphological survival time of fibre population II (5% of all fibres) in cat is up to 14 months. The functional survival time in man under pure tumor pressure is longer than 10 years. Discrepancies between morphological and functional findings may indicate that morphological and functional behaviour do not necessarily coincide."}
{"id": "PMID:125830", "title": "[Evaluation and documentation of electronystagmorgrams (author's transl)].", "content": "Subsequent to a critical consideration of the ambiguous methods of evaluation and documentation of electronystagmograms (ENG) practised up to now, in particular the butterfly-scheme and the L-scheme, a method is being introduced unequivocally describing the vestibular reaction, on the basis of primary nystagmus functions. Deducted from the theory of rotary nystagmus, this procedure may be transferred to any other experimental vestibular test - taking the knowledge of the primary nystagmus relations for granted - and any ENG registered correspondingly may be documented in the form as described above, and may be reproduced in an idealized state any time. Thus the goal of a documentation in electro-nystagmography, i.e. the most comprehensible recording possible of the information contents of a registered nystagmus, is widely reached. There still remains to insert the speed of the quick phase into the evaluation scheme.", "contents": "[Evaluation and documentation of electronystagmorgrams (author's transl)]. Subsequent to a critical consideration of the ambiguous methods of evaluation and documentation of electronystagmograms (ENG) practised up to now, in particular the butterfly-scheme and the L-scheme, a method is being introduced unequivocally describing the vestibular reaction, on the basis of primary nystagmus functions. Deducted from the theory of rotary nystagmus, this procedure may be transferred to any other experimental vestibular test - taking the knowledge of the primary nystagmus relations for granted - and any ENG registered correspondingly may be documented in the form as described above, and may be reproduced in an idealized state any time. Thus the goal of a documentation in electro-nystagmography, i.e. the most comprehensible recording possible of the information contents of a registered nystagmus, is widely reached. There still remains to insert the speed of the quick phase into the evaluation scheme."}
{"id": "PMID:125831", "title": "[Equilibrium regulation and visual influence; studies using the pendular-platform-test (author's transl)].", "content": "30 healthy persons were investigated by sinus-like pendular movements around a vertical axis. The test was performed with the eyes open, closed and with artificially produced diplopia. Only at high accelerations there was a significant difference in the regulation of equilibrium. It is supposed, that the influence of the visual system on the equilibrium depends on the functional state of the vestibular system.", "contents": "[Equilibrium regulation and visual influence; studies using the pendular-platform-test (author's transl)]. 30 healthy persons were investigated by sinus-like pendular movements around a vertical axis. The test was performed with the eyes open, closed and with artificially produced diplopia. Only at high accelerations there was a significant difference in the regulation of equilibrium. It is supposed, that the influence of the visual system on the equilibrium depends on the functional state of the vestibular system."}
{"id": "PMID:125838", "title": "Pulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: review of twelve cases of acute lupus pneumonitis.", "content": "Acute lupus pneumonitis was the presenting manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in six of 12 cases in this series. The clinical picture was characterized by severe dyspnea, tachypnea, fever and arterial hypoxemia. Radiographic findings included an acinar filling pattern which was invariably found in the lower lobes and was bilateral in 10 of the cases. Studies failed to reveal evidence of infection as a cause of the acute pulmonary infiltrates. All patients were treated with oxygen and corticosteroids; seven received azathioprine. Six patients survived and are clinically well 14 months to four years following their acute illness. Three of these patients have residual interstitial infiltrates with persistent pulmonary function test abnormalities indicating progression to chronic interstitial pneumonitis. Histologic sections of the lungs available from four patients revealed hyaline membranes and interstitial edema (four cases), acute alveolitis (two cases), arteriolar thrombosis (one case) and a prominent lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis with organizing bronchiolitis (one case).", "contents": "Pulmonary manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: review of twelve cases of acute lupus pneumonitis. Acute lupus pneumonitis was the presenting manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus in six of 12 cases in this series. The clinical picture was characterized by severe dyspnea, tachypnea, fever and arterial hypoxemia. Radiographic findings included an acinar filling pattern which was invariably found in the lower lobes and was bilateral in 10 of the cases. Studies failed to reveal evidence of infection as a cause of the acute pulmonary infiltrates. All patients were treated with oxygen and corticosteroids; seven received azathioprine. Six patients survived and are clinically well 14 months to four years following their acute illness. Three of these patients have residual interstitial infiltrates with persistent pulmonary function test abnormalities indicating progression to chronic interstitial pneumonitis. Histologic sections of the lungs available from four patients revealed hyaline membranes and interstitial edema (four cases), acute alveolitis (two cases), arteriolar thrombosis (one case) and a prominent lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis with organizing bronchiolitis (one case)."}
{"id": "PMID:125839", "title": "Colonic perforations in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Five patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), four of whom died with colonic perforations, are reported. Perforation of the colon constituted the most frequent cause of death among 107 patients with SLE admitted to the Rheumatic Disease Unit during a three year period. All five patients with colonic perforation had clinical and laboratory manifestations of active SLE in addition to the abdominal syndrome. Most striking was evidence of active arteritis in all patients with either central nervous system involvement and/or peripheral arteritis, in addition to that found in the gastrointestinal tract. Hyperglobulinemia and rheumatoid factor as well as antinuclear antibodies were present at some time in all patients. The abdominal syndrome was characterized by the insidious onset of lower quadrant pain which was intermittent and colicky. Although direct abdominal tenderness was eventually present in all patients, rebound tenderness and hypoactive bowel sounds were variable and abdominal rigidity occurred only in one patient and late in the course. The differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in SLE is reviewed and possible mechanisms for the production of colonic perforations are discussed. It is suggested that the presence of rheumatoid factors in conjunction with circulating immune complexes may be the pathogenetic mechanism via the production of a mesenteric arteritis.", "contents": "Colonic perforations in systemic lupus erythematosus. Five patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), four of whom died with colonic perforations, are reported. Perforation of the colon constituted the most frequent cause of death among 107 patients with SLE admitted to the Rheumatic Disease Unit during a three year period. All five patients with colonic perforation had clinical and laboratory manifestations of active SLE in addition to the abdominal syndrome. Most striking was evidence of active arteritis in all patients with either central nervous system involvement and/or peripheral arteritis, in addition to that found in the gastrointestinal tract. Hyperglobulinemia and rheumatoid factor as well as antinuclear antibodies were present at some time in all patients. The abdominal syndrome was characterized by the insidious onset of lower quadrant pain which was intermittent and colicky. Although direct abdominal tenderness was eventually present in all patients, rebound tenderness and hypoactive bowel sounds were variable and abdominal rigidity occurred only in one patient and late in the course. The differential diagnosis of abdominal pain in SLE is reviewed and possible mechanisms for the production of colonic perforations are discussed. It is suggested that the presence of rheumatoid factors in conjunction with circulating immune complexes may be the pathogenetic mechanism via the production of a mesenteric arteritis."}
{"id": "PMID:125841", "title": "[Characteristics  of sulfur bacteria from lakes of the Mari ASSR].", "content": "Five karst lakes were investigated in the Mari Autonomous Republic. The vertical distribution of thionic bacteria in water was correlated to the distribution and content of dissolved sulphides. The concentration of thionic bacteria was higher in more productive lakes. A symbiotic culture of thionic and denitrifying bacteria, but not Thiobacillus denitrificans, was isolated from water of these lakes.", "contents": "[Characteristics  of sulfur bacteria from lakes of the Mari ASSR]. Five karst lakes were investigated in the Mari Autonomous Republic. The vertical distribution of thionic bacteria in water was correlated to the distribution and content of dissolved sulphides. The concentration of thionic bacteria was higher in more productive lakes. A symbiotic culture of thionic and denitrifying bacteria, but not Thiobacillus denitrificans, was isolated from water of these lakes."}
{"id": "PMID:125842", "title": "[Study of ron-manganese microorganisms by the overgrowth technic].", "content": "Microorganisms were studied by capillary microscopy in  the surface layer of ooze and in the bottom layer of water in the ore field of the lake Krasnoye. The lake overgrowing of iron-maganese organisms differ from that in the second ooze profile. The growth of the iron-maganese microorganisms on Euglena was found, and the character of their relationship is discussed.", "contents": "[Study of ron-manganese microorganisms by the overgrowth technic]. Microorganisms were studied by capillary microscopy in  the surface layer of ooze and in the bottom layer of water in the ore field of the lake Krasnoye. The lake overgrowing of iron-maganese organisms differ from that in the second ooze profile. The growth of the iron-maganese microorganisms on Euglena was found, and the character of their relationship is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125843", "title": "[Radioisotope method of determining the intensity of bacterial methane formation].", "content": "The rate of methane formation by bacteria was determined by the isotope tracer technique using labeled carbon in the form of bicarbonate. The rate of methane production in the ooze deposits of the Kuznechikha lake was calculated by this technique to constitute 7.46 to 7.70 cm3 CH4 per 1 litre per day. The rate of the process was shown to depend on the number of methane-producing bacteria.", "contents": "[Radioisotope method of determining the intensity of bacterial methane formation]. The rate of methane formation by bacteria was determined by the isotope tracer technique using labeled carbon in the form of bicarbonate. The rate of methane production in the ooze deposits of the Kuznechikha lake was calculated by this technique to constitute 7.46 to 7.70 cm3 CH4 per 1 litre per day. The rate of the process was shown to depend on the number of methane-producing bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:125844", "title": "[Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in phototrophic bacteria].", "content": "Purple sulphur bacteria (Chromatium minutissimum, Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii, Thiocapsa roseopersicina), non-sulphur bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas palustris Rh. viridis), and green sulphur bacteria (Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophillum) contain all enzymes of the fructose diphosphate pathway of carbohydrate transformation, and also glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The activity of fructose diphosphate aldolase, triose phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased in the cultures of Th. roseopersicina and C. limicola f. thiosulfatophillum when they were grown in the presence of glucose. The activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in these bacteria was very low.", "contents": "[Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in phototrophic bacteria]. Purple sulphur bacteria (Chromatium minutissimum, Ectothiorhodospira shaposhnikovii, Thiocapsa roseopersicina), non-sulphur bacteria (Rhodopseudomonas palustris Rh. viridis), and green sulphur bacteria (Chlorobium limicola f. thiosulfatophillum) contain all enzymes of the fructose diphosphate pathway of carbohydrate transformation, and also glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. The activity of fructose diphosphate aldolase, triose phosphate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase increased in the cultures of Th. roseopersicina and C. limicola f. thiosulfatophillum when they were grown in the presence of glucose. The activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in these bacteria was very low."}
{"id": "PMID:125850", "title": "The lumbar disc.", "content": "Some cases of low back pain and sciatica can be due to chemical radiculitis caused by irritant glycoprotein from the nucleus pulposus in contact with the nerve root. The beneficial effects of active and maintenanc  f mobilization of the nerve root.", "contents": "The lumbar disc. Some cases of low back pain and sciatica can be due to chemical radiculitis caused by irritant glycoprotein from the nucleus pulposus in contact with the nerve root. The beneficial effects of active and maintenanc  f mobilization of the nerve root."}
{"id": "PMID:125845", "title": "[Possible physiological role of the \"high molecular weight polyphosphate-polyphosphate phosphohydrolase\" system in Neurospora crassa].", "content": "The biosynthesis of polyphosphatase and the system of active transport of glucose is repressed in the cells of Neurospora crassa by glucose at a high concentration. There is a strict correlation between the activity of polyphosphatase and the initial rate of glucose active transport. Both systems are repressed during the growth of the mycelium on a glucose medium and are repaired on a medium without glucose. The latter process is inhibited by cycloheximide. Under various conditions of cultivation, the ratio between the activity of polyphosphatase and the initial rate of active transport of glucose remains close to unity. The experiments with 8-azaadenine have shown that the system of active transport of glucose does not require ATP. A possible physiological role of polyphosphatase in N. crassa is discussed.", "contents": "[Possible physiological role of the \"high molecular weight polyphosphate-polyphosphate phosphohydrolase\" system in Neurospora crassa]. The biosynthesis of polyphosphatase and the system of active transport of glucose is repressed in the cells of Neurospora crassa by glucose at a high concentration. There is a strict correlation between the activity of polyphosphatase and the initial rate of glucose active transport. Both systems are repressed during the growth of the mycelium on a glucose medium and are repaired on a medium without glucose. The latter process is inhibited by cycloheximide. Under various conditions of cultivation, the ratio between the activity of polyphosphatase and the initial rate of active transport of glucose remains close to unity. The experiments with 8-azaadenine have shown that the system of active transport of glucose does not require ATP. A possible physiological role of polyphosphatase in N. crassa is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125851", "title": "Peripilar keratin casts in boys.", "content": "Peripilar keratin casts are reported in three boys. All previous reports of peripilar keratin casts in children have apparently been in girls.", "contents": "Peripilar keratin casts in boys. Peripilar keratin casts are reported in three boys. All previous reports of peripilar keratin casts in children have apparently been in girls."}
{"id": "PMID:125846", "title": "[Bacterial uptake of organic matter in waters of different degrees of pollution].", "content": "The assimilation of organic matter by bacteria has been shown to be more intensive in polluted waters. The maximal rate of glucose assimilation depended on the number of bacteria and appeared to be two times higher in polluted water and more than hundred times higher in estremely polluted water in comparison with clean water. The equation for the dependence of the maximal assimilation rate on the total number of bacteria in the natural populations is suggested.", "contents": "[Bacterial uptake of organic matter in waters of different degrees of pollution]. The assimilation of organic matter by bacteria has been shown to be more intensive in polluted waters. The maximal rate of glucose assimilation depended on the number of bacteria and appeared to be two times higher in polluted water and more than hundred times higher in estremely polluted water in comparison with clean water. The equation for the dependence of the maximal assimilation rate on the total number of bacteria in the natural populations is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:125847", "title": "[New filamentous photosynthesizing green bacteria with gas vacuoles].", "content": "The plankton of the stratified Karelian lakes was found to contain new large filamentous photosynthetic green bacteria with gas vacuoles; their vertical distribution in the lakes was studied, and also the ultrathin structure, the type of pigment (bacteriochlorophyll d), and the physiology. The bacteria have been classified as a new genus Chloronema nov. gen. within the family Chloroflexaceae, with two new species C. spiroideum nov. sp. and C. giganteum nov. sp.", "contents": "[New filamentous photosynthesizing green bacteria with gas vacuoles]. The plankton of the stratified Karelian lakes was found to contain new large filamentous photosynthetic green bacteria with gas vacuoles; their vertical distribution in the lakes was studied, and also the ultrathin structure, the type of pigment (bacteriochlorophyll d), and the physiology. The bacteria have been classified as a new genus Chloronema nov. gen. within the family Chloroflexaceae, with two new species C. spiroideum nov. sp. and C. giganteum nov. sp."}
{"id": "PMID:125852", "title": "[Complications of arterial reconstructions for chronical ischemia of the lower limbs (author's transl)].", "content": "547 operations performed for reconstruction of 637 chronically occluded arterial segments in the aorto-iliac and the femoro-popliteo-crural stages were analyzed for occurred complications. Lethal event as the gravest complication happened in 4.6 p.c. of the aorto-iliac and in 1,1 p.c. of the peripheral operations. Most frequently we saw a disturbed wound healing (9.8 p.c.), but only in 0.5 p.c. a deep, also the artery including infection. Early reocclusions, caused by technical imperfectness during the performance of the operation were registered in 2.5 p.c. of the cases. In addition further observed complications are discussed.", "contents": "[Complications of arterial reconstructions for chronical ischemia of the lower limbs (author's transl)]. 547 operations performed for reconstruction of 637 chronically occluded arterial segments in the aorto-iliac and the femoro-popliteo-crural stages were analyzed for occurred complications. Lethal event as the gravest complication happened in 4.6 p.c. of the aorto-iliac and in 1,1 p.c. of the peripheral operations. Most frequently we saw a disturbed wound healing (9.8 p.c.), but only in 0.5 p.c. a deep, also the artery including infection. Early reocclusions, caused by technical imperfectness during the performance of the operation were registered in 2.5 p.c. of the cases. In addition further observed complications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125849", "title": "[Determination of the rate of microbiological oxidation of methane using 14CH4].", "content": "The rate of microbiological oxidation of methane was determined by a technique using 12CH4. About 75-96 percent of the carbon form the methane oxidized by microorganisms was found in carbon dioxide, the remaining part was incorporated into the microbial cells. The rate of microbiological mehtane oxidation in the water of the Mari lakes was 6.4 times 10(-3) to 464.4 times 10(-3) cm3 CH4/litre per day.", "contents": "[Determination of the rate of microbiological oxidation of methane using 14CH4]. The rate of microbiological oxidation of methane was determined by a technique using 12CH4. About 75-96 percent of the carbon form the methane oxidized by microorganisms was found in carbon dioxide, the remaining part was incorporated into the microbial cells. The rate of microbiological mehtane oxidation in the water of the Mari lakes was 6.4 times 10(-3) to 464.4 times 10(-3) cm3 CH4/litre per day."}
{"id": "PMID:125848", "title": "[New genus of actinomycetes: Excellospora gen. nov].", "content": "Morphological, cultural and physiological properties of two strains of soil thermophilic actinomycetes were studied. These strains were compared to the actinomycetes of related genera and were found to be close to Micropolyspora and Actinomadura. However, they differed from both genera by the structure of the sporiferous apparatus, from Micropolyspora by the type of the cell wall, and from Actinomadura by the fatty acid composition of lipids of the mycelium. A new genus of actinomycetes, Excellospora Agre a. Guzeva gen. nov., is suggested on the basis of this study. Two species belonging to the genus Micropolyspora are proposed to assign to the new genus as Excellospora viridinigra and Excellospora rubrobrunea. Since these strains differ from the aforementioned species by the traits used for differentiation of the species of actinomycetes, they are described as a new species of the new genus Excellospora Agre a. Guzeva gen. nov. sp. nov.", "contents": "[New genus of actinomycetes: Excellospora gen. nov]. Morphological, cultural and physiological properties of two strains of soil thermophilic actinomycetes were studied. These strains were compared to the actinomycetes of related genera and were found to be close to Micropolyspora and Actinomadura. However, they differed from both genera by the structure of the sporiferous apparatus, from Micropolyspora by the type of the cell wall, and from Actinomadura by the fatty acid composition of lipids of the mycelium. A new genus of actinomycetes, Excellospora Agre a. Guzeva gen. nov., is suggested on the basis of this study. Two species belonging to the genus Micropolyspora are proposed to assign to the new genus as Excellospora viridinigra and Excellospora rubrobrunea. Since these strains differ from the aforementioned species by the traits used for differentiation of the species of actinomycetes, they are described as a new species of the new genus Excellospora Agre a. Guzeva gen. nov. sp. nov."}
{"id": "PMID:125856", "title": "Is taurine-induced hypothermia in the rat mediated by 5-HT?", "content": "Intraventricular administration of taurine in the rat caused hypothermia, the extent of which was directly dependent upon the thermal gradient between the body and the environment. Pre-treatment of animals with p-chlorophenylalanine, which depleted most of the brain serotonin, strongly reduced the hypothermia induced by taurine. Pre-treatment with alpha-methyltyrosine induced hypothermia and sedation in animals. When this was followed by a taurine injection, they exhibited a decrease in body temperature which fitted the curve relating thermal gradients to hypothermic responses. It is suggested that taurine induced hypothermia in rat is mediated in part by central 5-HT systems.", "contents": "Is taurine-induced hypothermia in the rat mediated by 5-HT? Intraventricular administration of taurine in the rat caused hypothermia, the extent of which was directly dependent upon the thermal gradient between the body and the environment. Pre-treatment of animals with p-chlorophenylalanine, which depleted most of the brain serotonin, strongly reduced the hypothermia induced by taurine. Pre-treatment with alpha-methyltyrosine induced hypothermia and sedation in animals. When this was followed by a taurine injection, they exhibited a decrease in body temperature which fitted the curve relating thermal gradients to hypothermic responses. It is suggested that taurine induced hypothermia in rat is mediated in part by central 5-HT systems."}
{"id": "PMID:125864", "title": "The straight leg raising test: its relevance to possible disc pathology.", "content": "The records of 40 patients who had suffered from low back pain, and who had a marked restriction of straight leg raising (SLR) have been studied. Thirty-four of these cases had referred pain down the lower limb. They were all treated, at least in the first place, by manipulation. The response to manipulation demonstrates that, in the absence of evidence of interference with nerve root conduction, limitation of SLR is an unreliable sign of possible disc pathology. Furthermore, the immediate response to manipulation, particularly in the known disc protrusions, strongly suggests that muscle spasm plays a major role in limiting SLR. These points are discussed.", "contents": "The straight leg raising test: its relevance to possible disc pathology. The records of 40 patients who had suffered from low back pain, and who had a marked restriction of straight leg raising (SLR) have been studied. Thirty-four of these cases had referred pain down the lower limb. They were all treated, at least in the first place, by manipulation. The response to manipulation demonstrates that, in the absence of evidence of interference with nerve root conduction, limitation of SLR is an unreliable sign of possible disc pathology. Furthermore, the immediate response to manipulation, particularly in the known disc protrusions, strongly suggests that muscle spasm plays a major role in limiting SLR. These points are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125865", "title": "Onychomycosis due to Aspergillus candidus: case report.", "content": "A patient is described who suffered from chronic fungal involvement of right great toe nail. Serial cultures of the removed nail demonstrated a non-dermatophyte, Aspergillus candidus, as the causative agent.", "contents": "Onychomycosis due to Aspergillus candidus: case report. A patient is described who suffered from chronic fungal involvement of right great toe nail. Serial cultures of the removed nail demonstrated a non-dermatophyte, Aspergillus candidus, as the causative agent."}
{"id": "PMID:125866", "title": "Peripheral steroid levels in a patient with congenital absence of the uterus.", "content": "In a patient with congenital absence of the uterus, daily measurements of progesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P), pregnenolone (delta5P), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-delta5P), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione (A), estrone (E1), estradiol-17beta (E2), and cortisol (F) were performed over a period of 48 consecutive days. Serum P, 17-P, and E2 determinations revealed normal, cyclical ovarian activity consisting of two luteal phases and one follicular phase. Serum E1, delta5P, and DHEA-S levels were normal throughout the study, whereas DHEA and DHT levels were persistently elevated. Serum levels of 17-delta5P and A showed peak levels above normal. Serum T and F concentrations were normal during the initial part of the study, but some elevation was seen during the second luteal phase. In the patient studied, absence of the uterus did not seem to interfere with cyclic ovarian activity. The role of the uterus in the metabolism of androgens remains subject to further investigation.", "contents": "Peripheral steroid levels in a patient with congenital absence of the uterus. In a patient with congenital absence of the uterus, daily measurements of progesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P), pregnenolone (delta5P), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-delta5P), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione (A), estrone (E1), estradiol-17beta (E2), and cortisol (F) were performed over a period of 48 consecutive days. Serum P, 17-P, and E2 determinations revealed normal, cyclical ovarian activity consisting of two luteal phases and one follicular phase. Serum E1, delta5P, and DHEA-S levels were normal throughout the study, whereas DHEA and DHT levels were persistently elevated. Serum levels of 17-delta5P and A showed peak levels above normal. Serum T and F concentrations were normal during the initial part of the study, but some elevation was seen during the second luteal phase. In the patient studied, absence of the uterus did not seem to interfere with cyclic ovarian activity. The role of the uterus in the metabolism of androgens remains subject to further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:125868", "title": "Glucose regulation by isolated near term fetal monkey liver.", "content": "Near term fetal monkey livers were perfused with a closed recirculating system and a defined perfusion medium.  Livers from normal fetal animals were able to release glucose rapidly into the perfusate when they were exposed to glucagon, cyclic AMP, or an aglycemic perfusate, but they did not remove glucose rapidly from the perfusate, synthesize glycogen, or activate liver glycogen synthetase in response to hyperglycemia (Figs. 1,2, and 3; Table 1).  Insulin decreased glucose mobilization in response to aglycemia, but did not stimulate glucose uptake during hyperglycemia; insulin activated glycogen synthetase (Table 1; Figs. 1 and 3).  Livers from fetuses of streptozotocin-treated mothers and livers from 2-week-old neonates released more glucose into the perfusate in response to aglycemia then did livers from normal fetal monkeys (Fig. 4).  These observations support the possibility that neonatal monkey liver is capable of rapidly mobilizing glucose during periods of hypoglycemia but is unable to take up glucose and store glycogen rapidly during periods of hyperglycemia.", "contents": "Glucose regulation by isolated near term fetal monkey liver. Near term fetal monkey livers were perfused with a closed recirculating system and a defined perfusion medium.  Livers from normal fetal animals were able to release glucose rapidly into the perfusate when they were exposed to glucagon, cyclic AMP, or an aglycemic perfusate, but they did not remove glucose rapidly from the perfusate, synthesize glycogen, or activate liver glycogen synthetase in response to hyperglycemia (Figs. 1,2, and 3; Table 1).  Insulin decreased glucose mobilization in response to aglycemia, but did not stimulate glucose uptake during hyperglycemia; insulin activated glycogen synthetase (Table 1; Figs. 1 and 3).  Livers from fetuses of streptozotocin-treated mothers and livers from 2-week-old neonates released more glucose into the perfusate in response to aglycemia then did livers from normal fetal monkeys (Fig. 4).  These observations support the possibility that neonatal monkey liver is capable of rapidly mobilizing glucose during periods of hypoglycemia but is unable to take up glucose and store glycogen rapidly during periods of hyperglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:125872", "title": "[The student, the cetacean and swine-fever. A minor epidemic after dissection of a globicephale].", "content": "A whale (Globicephalus melas), stranded on the north coast of Finistere, was the origin of a minor epidemic of Baker-Rosenbach erysipeloid. The clinical picture was that usually seen after contamination by marine animals (spiny fish, crabs, molluscs). To our knowledge, this is the first time that a marine mammal has been found to be infected by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.", "contents": "[The student, the cetacean and swine-fever. A minor epidemic after dissection of a globicephale]. A whale (Globicephalus melas), stranded on the north coast of Finistere, was the origin of a minor epidemic of Baker-Rosenbach erysipeloid. The clinical picture was that usually seen after contamination by marine animals (spiny fish, crabs, molluscs). To our knowledge, this is the first time that a marine mammal has been found to be infected by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae."}
{"id": "PMID:125880", "title": "Some basic chemical components of the cerebrospinal fluid in developing chick embryos.", "content": "The development of the chloride ion, glucose and total protein concentration was investigated in the cerebrospinal fluid of 11- to 21-day-old chick embryos and compared with their development in the blood plasma. Developmental changes in the chloride concentration in the plasma and CSF were very small, but it was always higher in the CSF than in the plasma. The plasma/CSF ratio fell during development, from 0.906 in 11-day-old embryos to 0.778 at the end of incubation. The CSF glucose concentration fell up to the 19th day of incubation, but a significant increase was recorded shortly before hatching. The plasma glucose concentration rose throughout the whole of the investigated period of embryogenesis. Up to the 19th day the P/CSF ratio rose from 1.59 to 4.05 and in 21-day-old embryos fell to 2.47. The developmental increase in the plasma total protein concentration was accompanied by the reverse process in the CSF. During the second half of incubation the P/CSF ratio rose from 1.88 to 7.9 Calculation of total osmolarity from the Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- and glucose concentration showed permanent hyperosmolarity of the CSF compared with the plasma. The P/CSF ratio was maintained within limits of 0.94 to 0.98.", "contents": "Some basic chemical components of the cerebrospinal fluid in developing chick embryos. The development of the chloride ion, glucose and total protein concentration was investigated in the cerebrospinal fluid of 11- to 21-day-old chick embryos and compared with their development in the blood plasma. Developmental changes in the chloride concentration in the plasma and CSF were very small, but it was always higher in the CSF than in the plasma. The plasma/CSF ratio fell during development, from 0.906 in 11-day-old embryos to 0.778 at the end of incubation. The CSF glucose concentration fell up to the 19th day of incubation, but a significant increase was recorded shortly before hatching. The plasma glucose concentration rose throughout the whole of the investigated period of embryogenesis. Up to the 19th day the P/CSF ratio rose from 1.59 to 4.05 and in 21-day-old embryos fell to 2.47. The developmental increase in the plasma total protein concentration was accompanied by the reverse process in the CSF. During the second half of incubation the P/CSF ratio rose from 1.88 to 7.9 Calculation of total osmolarity from the Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl- and glucose concentration showed permanent hyperosmolarity of the CSF compared with the plasma. The P/CSF ratio was maintained within limits of 0.94 to 0.98."}
{"id": "PMID:125881", "title": "Stimulation of DNA synthesis in rat liver and kidney by cold acclimation.", "content": "Exposure of adult Wistar female rats for 7 days to 4 degrees C leads to a marked increase in the weight of the liver and kidney, caused by an increased content of DNA and an increased number of cells in these organs. The weight as well as the DNA content of the cross-striated muscle do not change appreciably. Acclimation of the warmblooded rat to cold stimulates mitosis indirectly in cells capable of division, similarly as it stimulates directly the mitotic activity in mouse and human cells cultured and adapted to cold in vitro.", "contents": "Stimulation of DNA synthesis in rat liver and kidney by cold acclimation. Exposure of adult Wistar female rats for 7 days to 4 degrees C leads to a marked increase in the weight of the liver and kidney, caused by an increased content of DNA and an increased number of cells in these organs. The weight as well as the DNA content of the cross-striated muscle do not change appreciably. Acclimation of the warmblooded rat to cold stimulates mitosis indirectly in cells capable of division, similarly as it stimulates directly the mitotic activity in mouse and human cells cultured and adapted to cold in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:125882", "title": "Thalamocortical relations in the brain of the frog, Their role in the genesis of epileptic electrographic phenomena.", "content": "The existence of a thalamocortical reverberating circuit between the dorsal thalamic and primordial hippocampal structures could be proved in the brain of the frog (Rana temporarial) by evoking recruiting potentials. Unlike the turtle, this circuit does not take part in the genesis of electrographic phenomena in the corticogram of the frog under normal resting conditions. Spindle activity could not be observed in the EEG of curarized frogs. On the other hand, thalamic structures can influence paroxysmal susceptibility of the frog forebrain. The generation of the penicillin focus could be accelerated and paroxysmal electrographic activities elicited by iontophoretic application of penicillin into dorsal thalamic structures and/or rhythmic electric stimulation of this region. The features of thalamocortical cooperation in the frog and in the turtle have been compared.", "contents": "Thalamocortical relations in the brain of the frog, Their role in the genesis of epileptic electrographic phenomena. The existence of a thalamocortical reverberating circuit between the dorsal thalamic and primordial hippocampal structures could be proved in the brain of the frog (Rana temporarial) by evoking recruiting potentials. Unlike the turtle, this circuit does not take part in the genesis of electrographic phenomena in the corticogram of the frog under normal resting conditions. Spindle activity could not be observed in the EEG of curarized frogs. On the other hand, thalamic structures can influence paroxysmal susceptibility of the frog forebrain. The generation of the penicillin focus could be accelerated and paroxysmal electrographic activities elicited by iontophoretic application of penicillin into dorsal thalamic structures and/or rhythmic electric stimulation of this region. The features of thalamocortical cooperation in the frog and in the turtle have been compared."}
{"id": "PMID:125883", "title": "Genetic differences in the levator ani muscle weight between inbred and congenic mouse strains.", "content": "Significant differences in relative weight of the levator ani muscle (LAW) between inbred and congenic mouse strains, differing genetically only by the major histocompatibility H-2 complex were found. It is assumed that a genetic factor (Hom-1), identical or closely associated wi th the H-2 complex, is one of the genes which influence LAW. These experiments suggest that for assay methods for myotropic activity of androgens groups of animals may be used with a homogenous genotype.", "contents": "Genetic differences in the levator ani muscle weight between inbred and congenic mouse strains. Significant differences in relative weight of the levator ani muscle (LAW) between inbred and congenic mouse strains, differing genetically only by the major histocompatibility H-2 complex were found. It is assumed that a genetic factor (Hom-1), identical or closely associated wi th the H-2 complex, is one of the genes which influence LAW. These experiments suggest that for assay methods for myotropic activity of androgens groups of animals may be used with a homogenous genotype."}
{"id": "PMID:125884", "title": "Myosin from fast and slow skeletal and cardiac muscles of mammals of different size.", "content": "The ATPase activity of myosin and contraction time in extensor digitorum longus muscle, soleus muscle and cardiac muscle was compared in mammals differing in size. It was shown that the myosin ATPase activity of homologous muscles decreases and contraction time increases with increasing size of animals. The rate of tryptic digestion of myosin, the electrophoretic pattern of light chains of myosin and the effect of p-chloromercuribenzoate on ATPase activity of myosin were also studied. All these three myosin properties are very characteristic when the myosin from a fast muscle is compared with the myosin from a slow muscle of the same animal, but no relationship between these three myosin properties and ATPase activity of myosin was found, when homologous muscles of various mammals were compared.", "contents": "Myosin from fast and slow skeletal and cardiac muscles of mammals of different size. The ATPase activity of myosin and contraction time in extensor digitorum longus muscle, soleus muscle and cardiac muscle was compared in mammals differing in size. It was shown that the myosin ATPase activity of homologous muscles decreases and contraction time increases with increasing size of animals. The rate of tryptic digestion of myosin, the electrophoretic pattern of light chains of myosin and the effect of p-chloromercuribenzoate on ATPase activity of myosin were also studied. All these three myosin properties are very characteristic when the myosin from a fast muscle is compared with the myosin from a slow muscle of the same animal, but no relationship between these three myosin properties and ATPase activity of myosin was found, when homologous muscles of various mammals were compared."}
{"id": "PMID:125885", "title": "Influence of a five-day fast on the incorporation of acetate-1-C14 into total lipids and CO2 in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women.", "content": "In subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women the oxidation of acetate-1-C14 and its incorporation into total lipids was investigated. Comparison of adipose tissue taken before and after a five-day fast revealed that after fasting lipogenesis in vitro declines by 40%, while oxidation remains practically unaltered.", "contents": "Influence of a five-day fast on the incorporation of acetate-1-C14 into total lipids and CO2 in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women. In subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese women the oxidation of acetate-1-C14 and its incorporation into total lipids was investigated. Comparison of adipose tissue taken before and after a five-day fast revealed that after fasting lipogenesis in vitro declines by 40%, while oxidation remains practically unaltered."}
{"id": "PMID:125886", "title": "Effect of protein depletion on the RNA content and proteosynthesis level in rat liver and brain.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of protein depletion on the RNA content of rat liver and brain and on the incorporation of 14C-leucine into the microsomal and soluble liver and brain fractions. They failed to find a direct relationship between the amount of RNA and the rate of proteosynthesis in the organs in question. The changes found in 14-C-leucine incorporation are discussed in relation to previous studies.", "contents": "Effect of protein depletion on the RNA content and proteosynthesis level in rat liver and brain. The authors studied the effect of protein depletion on the RNA content of rat liver and brain and on the incorporation of 14C-leucine into the microsomal and soluble liver and brain fractions. They failed to find a direct relationship between the amount of RNA and the rate of proteosynthesis in the organs in question. The changes found in 14-C-leucine incorporation are discussed in relation to previous studies."}
{"id": "PMID:125887", "title": "Effect of hyperbarism on collagenous protein metabolism in granulation tissue.", "content": "Rats with subcutaneously implanted polyurethane sponges were exposed 6 hours daily for 7 days to high ambient atmospheric pressures (1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 ATA). Another group was exposed 4 hours daily for 4 weeks to 3 ATA before inducing granulation tissue formation. 14C-proline was administered 16 hours before terminating the experiment. Free hydroxyproline, soluble and insoluble collagen and total noncollagenous protein were isolated from the 7-day granuloma and the amount and radioactivity of 14C-hydroxyproline and 14C-proline were determined. Seven days' graduated hyperbarism did not affect collagen synthesis; the maturation of collagen to insoluble forms was inhibited at 2 and 2.5 ATA, but not at 3 ATA. Stimulated degradation of collagen (free hydroxyproline) was observed at 2, 2.5 and 3 ATA. In animals subjected to long-term exposure at 3 ATA pressure, the collagen in the granuloma matured to insoluble forms more quickly. Biochemical changes were correlated with changes in the fine structure of the granulation tissue. The appearance of the fibroblast proteosynthetic apparatus was not influenced by hyperbarism. Progressive spherical transformation, fusion of mitochondria and lysosomal activation in the pericapillary fibroblasts occurred at 2, 2.5 and 3 ATA. In short-term experiment, the formation of cytosegresomes and cellular necrosis also contributed to the effect at 3 ATA, which is thus already a toxic pressure for granulation tissue.", "contents": "Effect of hyperbarism on collagenous protein metabolism in granulation tissue. Rats with subcutaneously implanted polyurethane sponges were exposed 6 hours daily for 7 days to high ambient atmospheric pressures (1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3 ATA). Another group was exposed 4 hours daily for 4 weeks to 3 ATA before inducing granulation tissue formation. 14C-proline was administered 16 hours before terminating the experiment. Free hydroxyproline, soluble and insoluble collagen and total noncollagenous protein were isolated from the 7-day granuloma and the amount and radioactivity of 14C-hydroxyproline and 14C-proline were determined. Seven days' graduated hyperbarism did not affect collagen synthesis; the maturation of collagen to insoluble forms was inhibited at 2 and 2.5 ATA, but not at 3 ATA. Stimulated degradation of collagen (free hydroxyproline) was observed at 2, 2.5 and 3 ATA. In animals subjected to long-term exposure at 3 ATA pressure, the collagen in the granuloma matured to insoluble forms more quickly. Biochemical changes were correlated with changes in the fine structure of the granulation tissue. The appearance of the fibroblast proteosynthetic apparatus was not influenced by hyperbarism. Progressive spherical transformation, fusion of mitochondria and lysosomal activation in the pericapillary fibroblasts occurred at 2, 2.5 and 3 ATA. In short-term experiment, the formation of cytosegresomes and cellular necrosis also contributed to the effect at 3 ATA, which is thus already a toxic pressure for granulation tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:125888", "title": "The effect of adrenal cortical hormones on the calcium content of rat aorta.", "content": "The administration of prednisone in a dose of 10 mg/kg b.w. per os and of deoxycorticosterone in a dose of 10 mg/kg i.p. to rats weighing 200--220 g 24 hours before the experiment did not affect significantly the calcium content of the aortic vascular tissue. Metopiron, which influences biosynthesis of the adrenal hormones, likewise did not affect the calcium content when administered i.p. in a dose of 500 mg/kg b.w. and did not inhibit reserpine-induced calcium depletion. The results thus failed to confirm the hypothesis that reserpine influences the calcium content of the vascular wall via stimulation of corticold release.", "contents": "The effect of adrenal cortical hormones on the calcium content of rat aorta. The administration of prednisone in a dose of 10 mg/kg b.w. per os and of deoxycorticosterone in a dose of 10 mg/kg i.p. to rats weighing 200--220 g 24 hours before the experiment did not affect significantly the calcium content of the aortic vascular tissue. Metopiron, which influences biosynthesis of the adrenal hormones, likewise did not affect the calcium content when administered i.p. in a dose of 500 mg/kg b.w. and did not inhibit reserpine-induced calcium depletion. The results thus failed to confirm the hypothesis that reserpine influences the calcium content of the vascular wall via stimulation of corticold release."}
{"id": "PMID:125889", "title": "The effect of antidepressants on the calcium content of the aorta of reserpine-treated rabbits.", "content": "The pre-administration of reserpine in a dose of 5 mg/kg b.o. i.v. 24 before the experiment reduced the calcium content of the thoracic aorta of rabbits weighing 1,000--1,500 g. It had no effect on the calcium level in older animals. The calcium content also fell after 10 days' administration of reserpine in daily doses of 0.1 mg/kg b.w. Pre-administration of the monoaminooxidase inhibitors phenelsine and nialamide inhibited the reserpine-induced decrease in the calcium content of the vascular wall, although by themselves they had no effect on it. Prothiadene, a thymoanaleptic, likewise inhibited, the decrease in the calcium content when administered per os in a dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. 5 hours before reserpine.", "contents": "The effect of antidepressants on the calcium content of the aorta of reserpine-treated rabbits. The pre-administration of reserpine in a dose of 5 mg/kg b.o. i.v. 24 before the experiment reduced the calcium content of the thoracic aorta of rabbits weighing 1,000--1,500 g. It had no effect on the calcium level in older animals. The calcium content also fell after 10 days' administration of reserpine in daily doses of 0.1 mg/kg b.w. Pre-administration of the monoaminooxidase inhibitors phenelsine and nialamide inhibited the reserpine-induced decrease in the calcium content of the vascular wall, although by themselves they had no effect on it. Prothiadene, a thymoanaleptic, likewise inhibited, the decrease in the calcium content when administered per os in a dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. 5 hours before reserpine."}
{"id": "PMID:125890", "title": "Biological properties of rat serum hydrolases splitting N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester.", "content": "An increase in the level of activity splitting N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEE) was found in the plasma of rats with experimentally induced rheumatoid inflammation. The level of this activity rose paralled with development of the inflammation. Homogenate of inflamed rat paws was found to contain a raised content of the high molecular weight fraction. Which was found to contain a raised content of the fraction I (splitting ATEE) causes an increase in vascular permeability and releases active kinins from plasma kininogens. These properties were also found, on a smaller scale, in serum fraction II. The results show no parallel between ATEE-splitting activity and the magnitude of the biological response.", "contents": "Biological properties of rat serum hydrolases splitting N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester. An increase in the level of activity splitting N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEE) was found in the plasma of rats with experimentally induced rheumatoid inflammation. The level of this activity rose paralled with development of the inflammation. Homogenate of inflamed rat paws was found to contain a raised content of the high molecular weight fraction. Which was found to contain a raised content of the fraction I (splitting ATEE) causes an increase in vascular permeability and releases active kinins from plasma kininogens. These properties were also found, on a smaller scale, in serum fraction II. The results show no parallel between ATEE-splitting activity and the magnitude of the biological response."}
{"id": "PMID:125891", "title": "Antiphlogistic action of phenylbutazone in normal and adrenalectomized rats of different ages relation to the 5-hydroxytryptamine blood concentration.", "content": "The authors have attempted to demonstrate the effect of bilateral adrenalectomy on carrageenin-induced oedema and on the antiphlogistic action of phenylbutazone in relation to the changes of blood 5-hydroxtryptamine (5-HT) in rats of different ages (21 days, 42 days, 3 months and 18 months old). It was found that the influence of adrenalectomy on the antiphlogistic action of phenylbutazone and on the blood 5-HT concentration is related to the age of rats. The lowest antiphlogistic action of phenylbutazone was found in 21-day-old rats and highest in the 18-month-old ones. In adrenalectomized 21- and 42-day-old rats the antiphlogistic action is decreased  and fully suppressed in rats 3 and 18 months old. Adrenalectomy does not influenced basal values of blood 5-HT concentration. Blood 5-HT in adrenalectomized rats with inflammationadrenalectomized rats 42 days and 3 months old with inflammation after injection of phenylbutazone an increase of 5-HT was observed, but in 18-month-old animals in which antiphlogistic action is highest a decrease of 5-HT was observed.", "contents": "Antiphlogistic action of phenylbutazone in normal and adrenalectomized rats of different ages relation to the 5-hydroxytryptamine blood concentration. The authors have attempted to demonstrate the effect of bilateral adrenalectomy on carrageenin-induced oedema and on the antiphlogistic action of phenylbutazone in relation to the changes of blood 5-hydroxtryptamine (5-HT) in rats of different ages (21 days, 42 days, 3 months and 18 months old). It was found that the influence of adrenalectomy on the antiphlogistic action of phenylbutazone and on the blood 5-HT concentration is related to the age of rats. The lowest antiphlogistic action of phenylbutazone was found in 21-day-old rats and highest in the 18-month-old ones. In adrenalectomized 21- and 42-day-old rats the antiphlogistic action is decreased  and fully suppressed in rats 3 and 18 months old. Adrenalectomy does not influenced basal values of blood 5-HT concentration. Blood 5-HT in adrenalectomized rats with inflammationadrenalectomized rats 42 days and 3 months old with inflammation after injection of phenylbutazone an increase of 5-HT was observed, but in 18-month-old animals in which antiphlogistic action is highest a decrease of 5-HT was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:125896", "title": "Superior olivary complex in psychotic patients.", "content": "A study of the neuropathology of the superior olivary nucleus and its relationship to schizophrenia or auditory hallucinations was undertaken.  No relationship was found to exist between them, but atrophy of the superior olivary nucleus was found in all the patients who had presented with seizures during life.  The aetiology of superior olivary atrophy is discussed.", "contents": "Superior olivary complex in psychotic patients. A study of the neuropathology of the superior olivary nucleus and its relationship to schizophrenia or auditory hallucinations was undertaken.  No relationship was found to exist between them, but atrophy of the superior olivary nucleus was found in all the patients who had presented with seizures during life.  The aetiology of superior olivary atrophy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125897", "title": "Pattern of intellectual impairment in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "Cognitive function was evaluated in 11 patients with Huntington's chorea, using eight subtests of the WAIS, and their performance was compared with that previously reported for a normal aged population.  The pattern of impairment was similar in the two groups.  Tests of immediate memory were given to nine of these patients, and to 10 healthy but aged subjects.  In both groups, there was a significant correlation between the performance of individuals in these tests and their IQ, suggesting that the choreic patients had no selective impairment of immediate memory.  The clinical and psychological records of the 11 patients revealed no evidence of focal deficits, and the majority of patients were fully orientated and retained insight to their condition.  These observations are discussed in relation to the pattern of intellectual impairment seen in other presenile dementias.", "contents": "Pattern of intellectual impairment in Huntington's chorea. Cognitive function was evaluated in 11 patients with Huntington's chorea, using eight subtests of the WAIS, and their performance was compared with that previously reported for a normal aged population.  The pattern of impairment was similar in the two groups.  Tests of immediate memory were given to nine of these patients, and to 10 healthy but aged subjects.  In both groups, there was a significant correlation between the performance of individuals in these tests and their IQ, suggesting that the choreic patients had no selective impairment of immediate memory.  The clinical and psychological records of the 11 patients revealed no evidence of focal deficits, and the majority of patients were fully orientated and retained insight to their condition.  These observations are discussed in relation to the pattern of intellectual impairment seen in other presenile dementias."}
{"id": "PMID:125906", "title": "[Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on the reproduction of the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of p-chlorophenylalanie (p-CPA) --300 mg/kg-- on reproduction has been studied in the female rat. Groups of animals were injected with a dose of 300 mg/kg of p-CPA 48 hours before proper copulation conditions at different moments along the ovarian cycle. Presence of spermatozoa in the vaginal frotis was negative in treated rats; in the control groups however, positivity was found in variable proportions according to the phase of the ovarian cycle: 30 ad 90% in diestrus and proestrus respectively. Treated animals showed continuous diestrus phases and diffuse luteinitation of the ovary. The results may indicate that a decrease of cerebral 5-HT, caused by p-CPA, lessens the reproductive behaviour of the female rat through mechanisms depending probably on the liberation of gonadrotrophins.", "contents": "[Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on the reproduction of the rat (author's transl)]. The effect of p-chlorophenylalanie (p-CPA) --300 mg/kg-- on reproduction has been studied in the female rat. Groups of animals were injected with a dose of 300 mg/kg of p-CPA 48 hours before proper copulation conditions at different moments along the ovarian cycle. Presence of spermatozoa in the vaginal frotis was negative in treated rats; in the control groups however, positivity was found in variable proportions according to the phase of the ovarian cycle: 30 ad 90% in diestrus and proestrus respectively. Treated animals showed continuous diestrus phases and diffuse luteinitation of the ovary. The results may indicate that a decrease of cerebral 5-HT, caused by p-CPA, lessens the reproductive behaviour of the female rat through mechanisms depending probably on the liberation of gonadrotrophins."}
{"id": "PMID:125907", "title": "[Urinary excretion of 11-deoxy-17-ketosteroids during the normal menstrual cycle (author's transl)].", "content": "Urinary excretion of 11-deoxy-17-ketosteroids was studied in 20 to 22 women with normal menstrual cycles on the 7, 10, 14 and 20th days of their cycles. The fraction studied showed a significant cyclic variation with a type of pattern for Androsterone and Aetiocholanolone and another one for the Dehydroepiandrosterone. The possibity of one metabolic path for the former metabolites and a different one for the latter, plus its close conection with the functional changes of the ovary, were arrived at.", "contents": "[Urinary excretion of 11-deoxy-17-ketosteroids during the normal menstrual cycle (author's transl)]. Urinary excretion of 11-deoxy-17-ketosteroids was studied in 20 to 22 women with normal menstrual cycles on the 7, 10, 14 and 20th days of their cycles. The fraction studied showed a significant cyclic variation with a type of pattern for Androsterone and Aetiocholanolone and another one for the Dehydroepiandrosterone. The possibity of one metabolic path for the former metabolites and a different one for the latter, plus its close conection with the functional changes of the ovary, were arrived at."}
{"id": "PMID:125909", "title": "Myopathy in experimental uremia.", "content": "M. quadriceps and diaphragm were studied in Wistar rats 2, 3, und 4 weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy. Control animals were sham operated and pair fed. In 10 mu transverse cryostat sections, the following histochemical reactions were performed: NADH-dehydrogenase, myofibrillar ATP-ase, modified trichrom stain, hematoxylin-eosin. Three fibre types (I, II, intermediate) were analysed quantitatively by planimetry. Sarcolemnal nuclei per unit area and fibre cross section area were determined. In muscle specimens from uremic animals, a uniform atrophy of all three fibre types could be demonstrated. In contrast to findings in man, preferential atrophy of one of the three fibre types, increase of sarcolemnal nuclei per fibre cross section area or structural abnormalities within single muscle fibres could not be detected. Neurogenic damage could be excluded (electrophysiology, sciatic nerve planimetry). The fibre changes point to a primary disturbance of muscle metabolism.", "contents": "Myopathy in experimental uremia. M. quadriceps and diaphragm were studied in Wistar rats 2, 3, und 4 weeks after 5/6 nephrectomy. Control animals were sham operated and pair fed. In 10 mu transverse cryostat sections, the following histochemical reactions were performed: NADH-dehydrogenase, myofibrillar ATP-ase, modified trichrom stain, hematoxylin-eosin. Three fibre types (I, II, intermediate) were analysed quantitatively by planimetry. Sarcolemnal nuclei per unit area and fibre cross section area were determined. In muscle specimens from uremic animals, a uniform atrophy of all three fibre types could be demonstrated. In contrast to findings in man, preferential atrophy of one of the three fibre types, increase of sarcolemnal nuclei per fibre cross section area or structural abnormalities within single muscle fibres could not be detected. Neurogenic damage could be excluded (electrophysiology, sciatic nerve planimetry). The fibre changes point to a primary disturbance of muscle metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:125913", "title": "Pain in the back: An attempt to estimate the size of the problem.", "content": "British morbidity statistics are reviewed to try to estimate the size of the problem of the painful back. National Insurance figures yield an estimated 13.2 million working days lost in one year, though only 68% of this is identified in routinely published statistics. Other bodies of data (G.P. consultations, outpatient and inpatient flows, spinal supports supplied) indicate use of services by sufferers. The difficulties in retrieval caused by the structure of the international Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the effects of the latest revision of it are examined.", "contents": "Pain in the back: An attempt to estimate the size of the problem. British morbidity statistics are reviewed to try to estimate the size of the problem of the painful back. National Insurance figures yield an estimated 13.2 million working days lost in one year, though only 68% of this is identified in routinely published statistics. Other bodies of data (G.P. consultations, outpatient and inpatient flows, spinal supports supplied) indicate use of services by sufferers. The difficulties in retrieval caused by the structure of the international Classification of Diseases (ICD) and the effects of the latest revision of it are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:125914", "title": "Towards a better understanding of low-back pain: a review of the mechanics of the lumbar disc.", "content": "By measurement of intradiscal pressure in vitro, the hydrostatic properties of the nucleus pulposus of normal lumbar intervertebral disc was established. The stress distribution within normal discs subjected to vertical load was also explained, demonstrating the high tangential strains occurring in the posterior part of the annulus fibrosus. Intravitally performed measurements of disc pressure have demonstrated how the load on the lumbar disc varies according to the position of the subject's body. Compared to the pressure or load in the upright standing position, reclining reduces the pressure by 70%, while unsupported sitting increases the load by 40% and forward leaning and weight lifting by more than 100%. Similar relatively large augmentations of the load were observed in subjects performing various commonly used muscle-strengthening exercises. Measurement of intradiscal pressure is instrumental in explaining, from a mechanical point, the occurrence of posterior ruptures in the lumbar discs, and provides a basis for the rational treatment of patients with low-back pain in so far as these exhibit increase of pain on increased mechanical loads. For the majority of patients with low-back pain, the cause is unknown, although most evidence so far presented links the lumbar intervertebral disc to the pain syndromes. Results of recent studies have shown that both chemical and mechanical factors are probably of importance. So far we cannot successfully treat the chemical part of the disc syndrome. Since all our patients exhibit more pain when the spine is mechanically loaded, knowledge gained from intravital disc-pressure measurements provides a basis for successfully treating the mechanical part of the condition. Since none of the frequently prescribed and more spectacular remedies has ever been proved statistically superior to any of the others, it is most fair to our patients and to ourselves to use simpler, less expensive, and less dangerous programmes, such as bed-rest, administration of salicylates, and proper ergonomic advice. Based on a scientific approach, the low-back-pain school is intended to help the patient to be able to cope with these back troubles, to avoid excess therapy, and to decrease the cost both for the individual and for Society.", "contents": "Towards a better understanding of low-back pain: a review of the mechanics of the lumbar disc. By measurement of intradiscal pressure in vitro, the hydrostatic properties of the nucleus pulposus of normal lumbar intervertebral disc was established. The stress distribution within normal discs subjected to vertical load was also explained, demonstrating the high tangential strains occurring in the posterior part of the annulus fibrosus. Intravitally performed measurements of disc pressure have demonstrated how the load on the lumbar disc varies according to the position of the subject's body. Compared to the pressure or load in the upright standing position, reclining reduces the pressure by 70%, while unsupported sitting increases the load by 40% and forward leaning and weight lifting by more than 100%. Similar relatively large augmentations of the load were observed in subjects performing various commonly used muscle-strengthening exercises. Measurement of intradiscal pressure is instrumental in explaining, from a mechanical point, the occurrence of posterior ruptures in the lumbar discs, and provides a basis for the rational treatment of patients with low-back pain in so far as these exhibit increase of pain on increased mechanical loads. For the majority of patients with low-back pain, the cause is unknown, although most evidence so far presented links the lumbar intervertebral disc to the pain syndromes. Results of recent studies have shown that both chemical and mechanical factors are probably of importance. So far we cannot successfully treat the chemical part of the disc syndrome. Since all our patients exhibit more pain when the spine is mechanically loaded, knowledge gained from intravital disc-pressure measurements provides a basis for successfully treating the mechanical part of the condition. Since none of the frequently prescribed and more spectacular remedies has ever been proved statistically superior to any of the others, it is most fair to our patients and to ourselves to use simpler, less expensive, and less dangerous programmes, such as bed-rest, administration of salicylates, and proper ergonomic advice. Based on a scientific approach, the low-back-pain school is intended to help the patient to be able to cope with these back troubles, to avoid excess therapy, and to decrease the cost both for the individual and for Society."}
{"id": "PMID:125916", "title": "HL-A 27 and the diagnosis of back problems.", "content": "Too much of the information required for rigorous assessment of the diagnostic value of a positive HL-A 27 test is not available. Certainly there would seem to be no case for population screening, not least because effective prophylaxis is not possible. At present sacroiliac radiographs have greater value in the clinical situation, and it seems unlikely that the contribution they make to diagnosis will be challenged. The absence of the HL-A 27 antigen may have some value as an exclusion test, but careful prospective studies are required, as well as a more detailed cost-benefit appraisal of this test.", "contents": "HL-A 27 and the diagnosis of back problems. Too much of the information required for rigorous assessment of the diagnostic value of a positive HL-A 27 test is not available. Certainly there would seem to be no case for population screening, not least because effective prophylaxis is not possible. At present sacroiliac radiographs have greater value in the clinical situation, and it seems unlikely that the contribution they make to diagnosis will be challenged. The absence of the HL-A 27 antigen may have some value as an exclusion test, but careful prospective studies are required, as well as a more detailed cost-benefit appraisal of this test."}
{"id": "PMID:125919", "title": "Histochemical and neurophysiological studies of autotransplanted cat muscle.", "content": "Free autologous transplants of previously denervated whole muscles in adult cats were studied with histochemical and electromyographical methods. The transplants were placed in contact with normal intercostal muscles in intercostal spaces and removed at intervals from 5 days to 44 weeks after transplantation. Normal muscles as well as transplanted muscles without previous denervation and muscles denervated and left in situ were also studied.. The fibres of the previously denervated grafts survived the first avascular period, but a de-differentiation of enzymatic characteristics of the red and white fibres occurred and endured during the first 6 weeks after grafting. The first signs of reinnervation could be identified with electromyography after 4 weeks and with histochemical techniques after 6. Reinnervation of most of the fibres of the transplants was completed about 14-18 weeks after grafting. No fibrillations were then found electromyographically and in the histochemical preparations most fibres had attained near-normal staining characteristics. Type grouping was apparent but less pronounced than reported after reinnervation through the motor nerve. There was conclusive evidence that previously denervated muscles survived transplantation and became structurally and enzymatically mature whereas muscles transplanted without previous denervation undergo extensive fibrotic changes.", "contents": "Histochemical and neurophysiological studies of autotransplanted cat muscle. Free autologous transplants of previously denervated whole muscles in adult cats were studied with histochemical and electromyographical methods. The transplants were placed in contact with normal intercostal muscles in intercostal spaces and removed at intervals from 5 days to 44 weeks after transplantation. Normal muscles as well as transplanted muscles without previous denervation and muscles denervated and left in situ were also studied.. The fibres of the previously denervated grafts survived the first avascular period, but a de-differentiation of enzymatic characteristics of the red and white fibres occurred and endured during the first 6 weeks after grafting. The first signs of reinnervation could be identified with electromyography after 4 weeks and with histochemical techniques after 6. Reinnervation of most of the fibres of the transplants was completed about 14-18 weeks after grafting. No fibrillations were then found electromyographically and in the histochemical preparations most fibres had attained near-normal staining characteristics. Type grouping was apparent but less pronounced than reported after reinnervation through the motor nerve. There was conclusive evidence that previously denervated muscles survived transplantation and became structurally and enzymatically mature whereas muscles transplanted without previous denervation undergo extensive fibrotic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:125920", "title": "[Localized malignant mesethelioma of the peritoneum revealed by a parietal mass].", "content": "A report is presented on a rapidly evolving, fatal case of localized malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum revealed by an abdominal wall mass. Although the tumor was at an advanced stage, a large excision of the primary mass and its metastases was attempted. On the basis of this observation the authors point out the main features of these rare tumors, the diagnostic difficulties they involve, and their possible relationship to asbestos dust exposure.", "contents": "[Localized malignant mesethelioma of the peritoneum revealed by a parietal mass]. A report is presented on a rapidly evolving, fatal case of localized malignant mesothelioma of the peritoneum revealed by an abdominal wall mass. Although the tumor was at an advanced stage, a large excision of the primary mass and its metastases was attempted. On the basis of this observation the authors point out the main features of these rare tumors, the diagnostic difficulties they involve, and their possible relationship to asbestos dust exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:125921", "title": "[Spectinomycin.  Indications and undesirable effects].", "content": "Modern chemotherapy postulates highly active drugs without unwanted side effects.  In the treatment of gonorrhea spectinomycin meets even the strictest requirements: maximal obtainable cure rates, no masking of concomitant syphilitic infections, and excellent tolerance.  In animal experiments no sensitizing effect of spectinomycin was found even when maximation procedures were applied.  Anaphylactoid activity of spectinomycin is low, as has been documented by personal investigational series.", "contents": "[Spectinomycin.  Indications and undesirable effects]. Modern chemotherapy postulates highly active drugs without unwanted side effects.  In the treatment of gonorrhea spectinomycin meets even the strictest requirements: maximal obtainable cure rates, no masking of concomitant syphilitic infections, and excellent tolerance.  In animal experiments no sensitizing effect of spectinomycin was found even when maximation procedures were applied.  Anaphylactoid activity of spectinomycin is low, as has been documented by personal investigational series."}
{"id": "PMID:125922", "title": "High-resolution scanning electron microscopy of bacteriophages 3C and T4.", "content": "An account is presented of the design and operation of a new scanning electron microscopic, and its first application to the study of biological samples. Bacteriophages were chosen because much of their ultrastructure is beyond the resolution of the conventional scanning electron microscope. The new instrument permits examination of bulk samples with a resolution that exceeds, by at least a factor of 2.5, the resolution obtained in the best secondary electron scanning electron microscopes using high brightness guns, and exceeds by an order of magnitude the resolution of standard scanning electron microscopes using tungsten filament guns. It also permits examination of biological samples in scanning transmission mode at resolutions similar to conventional transmission electron microscopes.", "contents": "High-resolution scanning electron microscopy of bacteriophages 3C and T4. An account is presented of the design and operation of a new scanning electron microscopic, and its first application to the study of biological samples. Bacteriophages were chosen because much of their ultrastructure is beyond the resolution of the conventional scanning electron microscope. The new instrument permits examination of bulk samples with a resolution that exceeds, by at least a factor of 2.5, the resolution obtained in the best secondary electron scanning electron microscopes using high brightness guns, and exceeds by an order of magnitude the resolution of standard scanning electron microscopes using tungsten filament guns. It also permits examination of biological samples in scanning transmission mode at resolutions similar to conventional transmission electron microscopes."}
{"id": "PMID:125923", "title": "Chelation therapy in lead nephropathy.", "content": "Although treatment has been well defined for childhood lead poisoning and for industrial lead exposure, the treatment of lead nephropathy has been poorly studied. The available chelating agents are reviewed and the results of treatment in 17 cases of lead nephropathy are shown. It is concluded that lead nephropathy should be recognized early and treated energetically, as this may stabilize or improve renal function. Since EDTA is excreted much like creatinine, the dosage must be reduced proportionately in response to elevated serum creatinine levels in the patient with renal failure.", "contents": "Chelation therapy in lead nephropathy. Although treatment has been well defined for childhood lead poisoning and for industrial lead exposure, the treatment of lead nephropathy has been poorly studied. The available chelating agents are reviewed and the results of treatment in 17 cases of lead nephropathy are shown. It is concluded that lead nephropathy should be recognized early and treated energetically, as this may stabilize or improve renal function. Since EDTA is excreted much like creatinine, the dosage must be reduced proportionately in response to elevated serum creatinine levels in the patient with renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:125924", "title": "Hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "content": "Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, a disease caused by repetitive inhalation of nonviable organic dust, is increasingly recognized as a cause of acute and chronic lung disease in both children and adults. Twenty-one of 32 children and adults who went on a hay ride in Arkansas developed this disease. These cases are reported. The clinical manifestations, pathology, differential diagnosis, treatment, and immunologic aspects of the disease are reviewed.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis, a disease caused by repetitive inhalation of nonviable organic dust, is increasingly recognized as a cause of acute and chronic lung disease in both children and adults. Twenty-one of 32 children and adults who went on a hay ride in Arkansas developed this disease. These cases are reported. The clinical manifestations, pathology, differential diagnosis, treatment, and immunologic aspects of the disease are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:125934", "title": "Gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Forty patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were treated with intramuscular injections of gold salts. A significant response was shown by 67,5% of the patients. Treatment was discontinued owing to side-effects in 35%. Dermatitis and proteinuria from renal damage were the commonest complications of treatment. The method of treatment and its side-effects are discussed.", "contents": "Gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Forty patients with active rheumatoid arthritis were treated with intramuscular injections of gold salts. A significant response was shown by 67,5% of the patients. Treatment was discontinued owing to side-effects in 35%. Dermatitis and proteinuria from renal damage were the commonest complications of treatment. The method of treatment and its side-effects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:125938", "title": "Augmented antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity following sensitization or nonspecific stimulation of human effector cells.", "content": "Human peripheral blood leukocytes were stimulated in vitro with mitogens (poke-weed mitogen, concanavalin A, and phytohemagglutinin) or allogeneic cells. Each form of stimulation augmented the cytotoxic effector cell activity of lymphoid cells in a 4-hr test for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This augmented activity did not involve release of detectable nonspecific toxins, nor did it require the presence of mitogen during the cytotoxicity test. Stimulated attacking cells appeared more cytotoxic either because of a more potent cytotoxic mechanism per individual cytotoxic cell or because of an increased percentage of cytotoxic cells.", "contents": "Augmented antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity following sensitization or nonspecific stimulation of human effector cells. Human peripheral blood leukocytes were stimulated in vitro with mitogens (poke-weed mitogen, concanavalin A, and phytohemagglutinin) or allogeneic cells. Each form of stimulation augmented the cytotoxic effector cell activity of lymphoid cells in a 4-hr test for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. This augmented activity did not involve release of detectable nonspecific toxins, nor did it require the presence of mitogen during the cytotoxicity test. Stimulated attacking cells appeared more cytotoxic either because of a more potent cytotoxic mechanism per individual cytotoxic cell or because of an increased percentage of cytotoxic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:125939", "title": "Bone marrow transplantation between mixed lymphocyte culture-reactive individuals.", "content": "A 13-year-old boy with acute myelogenous leukemia resistant to conventional chemotherapy received a bone marrow transplant from his HL-A-identical, mixed lymphocyte culture-reactive sister. The recipient was prepared for transplantation with cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation. Despite cytogenetic evidence of engraftment, graft-versus-host disease was not observed. The patient died 38 days post-transplantation of Gram-negative bacteremia sepsis and recurrent leukemia of recipient origin.", "contents": "Bone marrow transplantation between mixed lymphocyte culture-reactive individuals. A 13-year-old boy with acute myelogenous leukemia resistant to conventional chemotherapy received a bone marrow transplant from his HL-A-identical, mixed lymphocyte culture-reactive sister. The recipient was prepared for transplantation with cyclophosphamide and total body irradiation. Despite cytogenetic evidence of engraftment, graft-versus-host disease was not observed. The patient died 38 days post-transplantation of Gram-negative bacteremia sepsis and recurrent leukemia of recipient origin."}
{"id": "PMID:125940", "title": "A new micromethod for the detection of HL-A antigens on cultured human tumor cells.", "content": "A rapid microcytotoxicity assay for the detection of HL-A antigens on tissue culture cells derived from human solid tumors is described. Tumor cells were prelabeled with 125Iododeoxyuridine. Isotopically labeled tumor cells were reacted with up to 37 highly selected HL-A antisera and diluted rabbit complement. Results of the HL-A typing of nine human tumor cell lines are reported. Three melanoma cell lines showed individually distinct HL-A profiles at the first HL-A locus which agreed with the antigenic pattern of the tumor donor's autologous lymphocytes. Less reactivity was noted with HL-A antisera defining second locus specificities on the three melanoma cell lines, whereas some other cell lines showed more HL-A reactions than required to present a \"full house\". This method obviates the necessity for visually enumerating residual tumor target cells.", "contents": "A new micromethod for the detection of HL-A antigens on cultured human tumor cells. A rapid microcytotoxicity assay for the detection of HL-A antigens on tissue culture cells derived from human solid tumors is described. Tumor cells were prelabeled with 125Iododeoxyuridine. Isotopically labeled tumor cells were reacted with up to 37 highly selected HL-A antisera and diluted rabbit complement. Results of the HL-A typing of nine human tumor cell lines are reported. Three melanoma cell lines showed individually distinct HL-A profiles at the first HL-A locus which agreed with the antigenic pattern of the tumor donor's autologous lymphocytes. Less reactivity was noted with HL-A antisera defining second locus specificities on the three melanoma cell lines, whereas some other cell lines showed more HL-A reactions than required to present a \"full house\". This method obviates the necessity for visually enumerating residual tumor target cells."}
{"id": "PMID:125942", "title": "Mouse lymph node activating factor released during contact of HL-A-different blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Ten-fold concentrated supernatants from the 4-hr mixed cultures of lymphocytes from two humans different at two haplotypes were inoculated s.c. into the hind footpad of mice. Twenty-four to forty-eight hours later, the cellularity and the synthesis of ribonucleic acid increased significantly in the popliteal lymph nodes draining the site of injection. The supernatants from cultures of HL-A-identical cells of cells different at one haplotype lacked this activity. The results suggest that human imcompatible lymphoid cells upon mutual contact liberate a soluble mediator capable of activating the draining lymph nodes; i.e., it is able to trap cells from the circulation and to stimulate them. The mediator is species-nonspecific; the activity produced by human lymphocytes can be tested on mice.", "contents": "Mouse lymph node activating factor released during contact of HL-A-different blood lymphocytes. Ten-fold concentrated supernatants from the 4-hr mixed cultures of lymphocytes from two humans different at two haplotypes were inoculated s.c. into the hind footpad of mice. Twenty-four to forty-eight hours later, the cellularity and the synthesis of ribonucleic acid increased significantly in the popliteal lymph nodes draining the site of injection. The supernatants from cultures of HL-A-identical cells of cells different at one haplotype lacked this activity. The results suggest that human imcompatible lymphoid cells upon mutual contact liberate a soluble mediator capable of activating the draining lymph nodes; i.e., it is able to trap cells from the circulation and to stimulate them. The mediator is species-nonspecific; the activity produced by human lymphocytes can be tested on mice."}
{"id": "PMID:125943", "title": "Strong mixed lymphocyte reaction associated with the LA or first locus HL-A.", "content": "Bidirectional strong stimulation in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) is reported between an HL-A recombinant and sibling, apparently differing only at the LA or first locus HL-A. The strong MLC reaction may represent a second strong MLR-S locus associated with the LA or first locus HL-A. Alternative explanations are discussed. A second example of a recombinant HL-A haplotype transmitted to progeny is also reported.", "contents": "Strong mixed lymphocyte reaction associated with the LA or first locus HL-A. Bidirectional strong stimulation in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) is reported between an HL-A recombinant and sibling, apparently differing only at the LA or first locus HL-A. The strong MLC reaction may represent a second strong MLR-S locus associated with the LA or first locus HL-A. Alternative explanations are discussed. A second example of a recombinant HL-A haplotype transmitted to progeny is also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:125949", "title": "[Karyotype of the lizard Eumeces taeniolatus].", "content": "Using bone marrow cell preparations, the karyotype of Eumeces taeniolatus Blyth was examined. The diploid chromosome set of E. taeniolatus is found equal to 28 (24 meta- and 4 submetacentrics), NF=56. Sex chromosomes do not differ morphologically.", "contents": "[Karyotype of the lizard Eumeces taeniolatus]. Using bone marrow cell preparations, the karyotype of Eumeces taeniolatus Blyth was examined. The diploid chromosome set of E. taeniolatus is found equal to 28 (24 meta- and 4 submetacentrics), NF=56. Sex chromosomes do not differ morphologically."}
{"id": "PMID:125950", "title": "Nicotine effects on the acid mucopolysaccharide content of chick embryo cardiac jelly.", "content": "Histochemical studies were made on the developing chick embryo heart to determine the effects of nicotine on acid mucopolysaccharide content during the critical stages of the cardiac morphogenesis. Two-day old embryos were injected with the dosages of nicotine ranging from 1.5 to 3 mg per embryo. The embryos were studied on the 3rd and 4th days of incubation. For an evaluation of acid mucopolysaccharides, the staining procedures of Mowry (1958) and Saunders (1964) were employed. It was found that nicotine decreases the content of acid mucopolysaccharide in the developing cardiac jelly. In the control embryos, the cardiac tissues picked up very intense coloration. At lower dosages (Group A; 1.5 mg/egg), the staining response of the treated heart tissues containing acid mucopolysaccharides was moderate as compared to the control embryos. At higher dosages (Group B; 3 mg/egg), the cardiac tissues were faintly colored as compared to the embryos of Group A. It is possible that the cardiac lesions previously reported in the chick embryos following the administration of nicotine (Gilani, 1971) are due to the reduction of the amount of acid mucopolysaccharides in the developing cardiac jelly--a susceptible period of the genesis of heart.", "contents": "Nicotine effects on the acid mucopolysaccharide content of chick embryo cardiac jelly. Histochemical studies were made on the developing chick embryo heart to determine the effects of nicotine on acid mucopolysaccharide content during the critical stages of the cardiac morphogenesis. Two-day old embryos were injected with the dosages of nicotine ranging from 1.5 to 3 mg per embryo. The embryos were studied on the 3rd and 4th days of incubation. For an evaluation of acid mucopolysaccharides, the staining procedures of Mowry (1958) and Saunders (1964) were employed. It was found that nicotine decreases the content of acid mucopolysaccharide in the developing cardiac jelly. In the control embryos, the cardiac tissues picked up very intense coloration. At lower dosages (Group A; 1.5 mg/egg), the staining response of the treated heart tissues containing acid mucopolysaccharides was moderate as compared to the control embryos. At higher dosages (Group B; 3 mg/egg), the cardiac tissues were faintly colored as compared to the embryos of Group A. It is possible that the cardiac lesions previously reported in the chick embryos following the administration of nicotine (Gilani, 1971) are due to the reduction of the amount of acid mucopolysaccharides in the developing cardiac jelly--a susceptible period of the genesis of heart."}
{"id": "PMID:125951", "title": "Hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy caused by disorder of the myofiber texture.", "content": "A case of hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy caused by a disorder of the myofiber texture was observed in a 10 year old boy. The heart weighed 390 g and showed concentric hypertrophy of the left and right ventricles as well as of the ventricular septum. Additional findings consisted in an abnormal septum membranaceum and a accessory tricuspid valve leaflet. Severe cardiac hypertrophy was associated with prominent interstitial and subendocardial fibrosis, and pronounced intimal fibrosis of the intramural arteries. Electron microscopy revealed various degrees and stages of hypertrophy of the myocardial cells combined with severe degenerative changes. Additional changes of the sinus node and conduction system were responsible for a tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, complete left bundle branch block and final total AV-block.", "contents": "Hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy caused by disorder of the myofiber texture. A case of hypertrophic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy caused by a disorder of the myofiber texture was observed in a 10 year old boy. The heart weighed 390 g and showed concentric hypertrophy of the left and right ventricles as well as of the ventricular septum. Additional findings consisted in an abnormal septum membranaceum and a accessory tricuspid valve leaflet. Severe cardiac hypertrophy was associated with prominent interstitial and subendocardial fibrosis, and pronounced intimal fibrosis of the intramural arteries. Electron microscopy revealed various degrees and stages of hypertrophy of the myocardial cells combined with severe degenerative changes. Additional changes of the sinus node and conduction system were responsible for a tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, complete left bundle branch block and final total AV-block."}
{"id": "PMID:125952", "title": "[On the structural changes induced in adenomyosis uteri and endometriosis externa by hormonal therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine whether the hormonal sensitivity of the endometrium might be a measure of the effectiveness of hormonal therapy for adenomyosis and endometriosis. Accordingly, the effects of endogenous and exogenous hormones on the endometrium, adenomyosis, and endometriosis were correlated. The results revealed that, depending on where the ectopic endometrial tissue was located and on the type (duration and intensity) of hormonal treatment, the functional response of the endometriosis varied from that of the endometrium. The variations, however, can be predicted. The response of adenomyosis to hormonal stimulation was most like that of the endometrium. Endometriosis of the ovary often revealed an excessive response to stimulation, especially after gestagens. The other types of extrauterine foci of endometriosis, however, reacted only weakly to hormonal therapy. Important prognostic consequence for therapy can be drawn from the results.", "contents": "[On the structural changes induced in adenomyosis uteri and endometriosis externa by hormonal therapy (author's transl)]. This study was undertaken to determine whether the hormonal sensitivity of the endometrium might be a measure of the effectiveness of hormonal therapy for adenomyosis and endometriosis. Accordingly, the effects of endogenous and exogenous hormones on the endometrium, adenomyosis, and endometriosis were correlated. The results revealed that, depending on where the ectopic endometrial tissue was located and on the type (duration and intensity) of hormonal treatment, the functional response of the endometriosis varied from that of the endometrium. The variations, however, can be predicted. The response of adenomyosis to hormonal stimulation was most like that of the endometrium. Endometriosis of the ovary often revealed an excessive response to stimulation, especially after gestagens. The other types of extrauterine foci of endometriosis, however, reacted only weakly to hormonal therapy. Important prognostic consequence for therapy can be drawn from the results."}
{"id": "PMID:125955", "title": "[Clinical, biochemical, morphological and electrophysiological studies of glycogenosis Type II in childhood with double deficiency of enzymes (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical, biochemical, morphological and electrophysiological findings in a 13-month-old child, who died of glycogenosis type II, is presented. In addition to the deficiency of alpha-1,4-glucosidase, which is typical for the disease, a deficiency in hyaluronidase could be detected for the first time in the skeletal and heart muscles and in the liver. On the other hand, the beta-glucoronidase and beta-acetylglucosaminidase activity was highly increased. Deposits of a substance, most probably an acid mucopolysaccharide, which could be differentiated from glycogen by chromography and electronmicroscopy, could be detected in the muscle. A pathogenetical connection with the hyaluronidase defect is imminent.", "contents": "[Clinical, biochemical, morphological and electrophysiological studies of glycogenosis Type II in childhood with double deficiency of enzymes (author's transl)]. The clinical, biochemical, morphological and electrophysiological findings in a 13-month-old child, who died of glycogenosis type II, is presented. In addition to the deficiency of alpha-1,4-glucosidase, which is typical for the disease, a deficiency in hyaluronidase could be detected for the first time in the skeletal and heart muscles and in the liver. On the other hand, the beta-glucoronidase and beta-acetylglucosaminidase activity was highly increased. Deposits of a substance, most probably an acid mucopolysaccharide, which could be differentiated from glycogen by chromography and electronmicroscopy, could be detected in the muscle. A pathogenetical connection with the hyaluronidase defect is imminent."}
{"id": "PMID:125956", "title": "Ultrastructure of ovarian teratomas in LT mice.", "content": "Stem cells of these tumors formed nests consisting of undifferentiated embryonic cells in the center with more differentiated cells towards the periphery. A type viral particles were seen in the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ultrastructurally the stem cells of ovarian teratomas did not differ from stem cells of testicular or embryo-derived teratomas. They were however distinct from the cleavage stage embryonic cells and/or the unfertilized ovum, they stemmed from. They correspond both cytologically and developmentally to ectodermal embryonic cells from the egg-cylinder, the most advanced developmental stage of parthenotes observed previously in the ovary of LT mice.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of ovarian teratomas in LT mice. Stem cells of these tumors formed nests consisting of undifferentiated embryonic cells in the center with more differentiated cells towards the periphery. A type viral particles were seen in the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Ultrastructurally the stem cells of ovarian teratomas did not differ from stem cells of testicular or embryo-derived teratomas. They were however distinct from the cleavage stage embryonic cells and/or the unfertilized ovum, they stemmed from. They correspond both cytologically and developmentally to ectodermal embryonic cells from the egg-cylinder, the most advanced developmental stage of parthenotes observed previously in the ovary of LT mice."}
{"id": "PMID:125957", "title": "Additional chromosomal indication for the unicellular origin of chronic myelocytic leukemia.", "content": "In a female patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) the translocation 9q +; 22q  was constantly found to involve only the variant chromosome 9 with an unusually long secondary constriction. The finding indicates a unicellular origin of CML.", "contents": "Additional chromosomal indication for the unicellular origin of chronic myelocytic leukemia. In a female patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) the translocation 9q +; 22q  was constantly found to involve only the variant chromosome 9 with an unusually long secondary constriction. The finding indicates a unicellular origin of CML."}
{"id": "PMID:125958", "title": "Plaque development by vaccinia-viruses on the chicken chorio-allantois under the influence of cyclophosphamide.", "content": "The development of Vaccinia-virus plaques on the chorioallantois of embryonated eggs was studied under the influence of active cyclophosphamide metabolites. The viruses were inoculated on the 9th or the 13th incubation day. Cyclophosphamide was injected in doses of 62.5--500 mug in 0.2 ml NaCl into the yolk sac either 7 hrs after the virus inoculation or 3, 6, or 9 hrs in advance. The plaque development was not influenced when cyclophosphamide was given after the virus inoculation. But in treating the embryos before the infection a decrease dependent on the dose in the number of embryos with recognizable plaques occurred. This decrease was more marked with cyclophosphamide treatment 6 or 9 hrs, than with cyclophosphamide treatment 3 hrs before the virus inoculation. When the embryos were inoculated on the 13th day and treated with cyclophosphamide 9 hrs in advance, the mean effective dose was 316 mug/egg. The range of effective doses corresponds with that of the inhibitory effective doses of cyclophosphamide on transplantation tumors grown on the chorio-allantois of embryonated eggs.", "contents": "Plaque development by vaccinia-viruses on the chicken chorio-allantois under the influence of cyclophosphamide. The development of Vaccinia-virus plaques on the chorioallantois of embryonated eggs was studied under the influence of active cyclophosphamide metabolites. The viruses were inoculated on the 9th or the 13th incubation day. Cyclophosphamide was injected in doses of 62.5--500 mug in 0.2 ml NaCl into the yolk sac either 7 hrs after the virus inoculation or 3, 6, or 9 hrs in advance. The plaque development was not influenced when cyclophosphamide was given after the virus inoculation. But in treating the embryos before the infection a decrease dependent on the dose in the number of embryos with recognizable plaques occurred. This decrease was more marked with cyclophosphamide treatment 6 or 9 hrs, than with cyclophosphamide treatment 3 hrs before the virus inoculation. When the embryos were inoculated on the 13th day and treated with cyclophosphamide 9 hrs in advance, the mean effective dose was 316 mug/egg. The range of effective doses corresponds with that of the inhibitory effective doses of cyclophosphamide on transplantation tumors grown on the chorio-allantois of embryonated eggs."}
{"id": "PMID:125959", "title": "The metastatic spread of \"head and neck\" tumors in men (an autopsy study of 371 cases).", "content": "The investigation was performed by using 371 autopsy records collected by the Department of Pathology at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1956 till 1967. Only the \"head and neck\" tumors were taken into consideration. Two hypotheses were tested, i.e. whether metastases diffuse directly from the primary tumor throughout the body or if the metastatic process takes place in steps, requiring, in other words, that one or more organs be seeded first, before any generalized metastasis occurs. It appeared that the lungs and the lymphnodes of the neck are the two organs responsible for generalized metastases in the cancers of the \"head and neck\" area. The importance of the neck and lungs metastases in disseminating the disease was discussed in the text. It appeared that when metastases are present in the lymphnodes of the neck, the cancer is already generalized with and without metastatic deposits in the lungs. However, the absence of metastases in the neck is no guarantee that the disease is still localized to the \"head and neck\" area.", "contents": "The metastatic spread of \"head and neck\" tumors in men (an autopsy study of 371 cases). The investigation was performed by using 371 autopsy records collected by the Department of Pathology at Roswell Park Memorial Institute from 1956 till 1967. Only the \"head and neck\" tumors were taken into consideration. Two hypotheses were tested, i.e. whether metastases diffuse directly from the primary tumor throughout the body or if the metastatic process takes place in steps, requiring, in other words, that one or more organs be seeded first, before any generalized metastasis occurs. It appeared that the lungs and the lymphnodes of the neck are the two organs responsible for generalized metastases in the cancers of the \"head and neck\" area. The importance of the neck and lungs metastases in disseminating the disease was discussed in the text. It appeared that when metastases are present in the lymphnodes of the neck, the cancer is already generalized with and without metastatic deposits in the lungs. However, the absence of metastases in the neck is no guarantee that the disease is still localized to the \"head and neck\" area."}
{"id": "PMID:125960", "title": "Proceedings: Prognosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with special emphasis on the staging classification.", "content": "The prognosis of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is determined by 1. the pattern of origin and spread which can be demonstrated in a staging classification, 2, the histopathological type, and 3. the effectiveness and scope of the treatment methods, particularly radio- and chemo-therapy. In the following paper the Ann Arbor Classification, which was originally conceived of for both disease groups (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas), is discussed particularly with respect to the applicability and prognostic evaluation for the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The Ann Arbor Classification may in essence reflect the oncological characteristics of the non-Hodgkin's accurately; there are, however, a number of findings with qualitative and quantitative differences which defy integration into the Ann Arbor Classification. The qualitative differences consist of the differing lymphatic and extralymphatic origins and their consequence for spread and prognosis. The quantitative differences refer to the varying patterns of distribution of the different stages of spreading, whereby the dissemination stages in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are more dependent on the histological form than is the case with the Hodgkin's lymphomas, and thus must play a greater role in the prognostic evaluation and indication for treatment. Suggestions have been made for a modification of the Ann Arbor Staging Classification for the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "contents": "Proceedings: Prognosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with special emphasis on the staging classification. The prognosis of the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is determined by 1. the pattern of origin and spread which can be demonstrated in a staging classification, 2, the histopathological type, and 3. the effectiveness and scope of the treatment methods, particularly radio- and chemo-therapy. In the following paper the Ann Arbor Classification, which was originally conceived of for both disease groups (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas), is discussed particularly with respect to the applicability and prognostic evaluation for the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. The Ann Arbor Classification may in essence reflect the oncological characteristics of the non-Hodgkin's accurately; there are, however, a number of findings with qualitative and quantitative differences which defy integration into the Ann Arbor Classification. The qualitative differences consist of the differing lymphatic and extralymphatic origins and their consequence for spread and prognosis. The quantitative differences refer to the varying patterns of distribution of the different stages of spreading, whereby the dissemination stages in the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are more dependent on the histological form than is the case with the Hodgkin's lymphomas, and thus must play a greater role in the prognostic evaluation and indication for treatment. Suggestions have been made for a modification of the Ann Arbor Staging Classification for the non-Hodgkin's lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:125961", "title": "Ribose conformations in the common purine(beta)ribosides, in some antibiotic nucleosides, and in some isopropylidene derivatives: a comparison.", "content": "With the use of PMR the ribose conformations have been studies in the temperature range -60 to +40 degrees C in ND3 solutions of adenosine (A), guanosine (G), inosine (I), xanthsine (X), purineriboside (PR), 2-aminopurineriboside (2amPR), N6-isopentenyladenosine (N6ipA), 8-bromoadenosine (iA), and isopropylideneguanosine (iG). The aanlysis is based on the two-state S in equilibrium N model of the ribose moiety proposed by Altona and Sundaralingam. The compounds studied can be classified into two groups: 1. A, I, G, X, PR, 2amPR, N6ipA, and T show a small temperature dependence of thnd F have a stronger temperature dependence and [S] approximately 0.8. Within these two groups the similarities observed are greater than observed in the solid state. Some thermodynamic conclusions about the S in equilibrium N and the syn in equilibrium anti equilibria are presented. The results support the previously proposed correlation of the S state of the ribose with the syn conformation of the base and of the N state of the ribose with the anti conformation of the base. Furthermore, it is derived that the gg rotamer is correlated with the S state of the ribose and therefore stabilizes the syn conformation of the base.", "contents": "Ribose conformations in the common purine(beta)ribosides, in some antibiotic nucleosides, and in some isopropylidene derivatives: a comparison. With the use of PMR the ribose conformations have been studies in the temperature range -60 to +40 degrees C in ND3 solutions of adenosine (A), guanosine (G), inosine (I), xanthsine (X), purineriboside (PR), 2-aminopurineriboside (2amPR), N6-isopentenyladenosine (N6ipA), 8-bromoadenosine (iA), and isopropylideneguanosine (iG). The aanlysis is based on the two-state S in equilibrium N model of the ribose moiety proposed by Altona and Sundaralingam. The compounds studied can be classified into two groups: 1. A, I, G, X, PR, 2amPR, N6ipA, and T show a small temperature dependence of thnd F have a stronger temperature dependence and [S] approximately 0.8. Within these two groups the similarities observed are greater than observed in the solid state. Some thermodynamic conclusions about the S in equilibrium N and the syn in equilibrium anti equilibria are presented. The results support the previously proposed correlation of the S state of the ribose with the syn conformation of the base and of the N state of the ribose with the anti conformation of the base. Furthermore, it is derived that the gg rotamer is correlated with the S state of the ribose and therefore stabilizes the syn conformation of the base."}
{"id": "PMID:125962", "title": "Biochemical synthesis of stereospecifically hydrogen labeled compounds on a preparative scale, VI1-3 Synthesis of further substrates of NAD(P)-linked dehydrogenases of high specific tritium content.", "content": "The preparation of (R) and (S) [2(-3)H]lactate as well as (S) [2(-3)H] glutamate via the coupled exchange reaction catalyzed by NAD linked dehydrogenases and NADH: lipoamide oxidoreductase (diaphorase) is described. The specific radioactivity of the hydrogen ions of the 3HOH/H2O can be obtained in the substrates (100% exchange) if equilibrium isotope effects are disregarded. By the exchange procedure substrates with higher specific radioactivity are obtained from positionally [3H]labeled racemic mixtures prepared by chemical reductions with [3H]labeled hydrides. The tritium content of one of the enantiomeres is \"washed out\" into water. As examples are presented the preparation of (R) [2-3H] (S) [2-H]malate as well as the corresponding carnitine, glutamate and (R) and (S) lactate.", "contents": "Biochemical synthesis of stereospecifically hydrogen labeled compounds on a preparative scale, VI1-3 Synthesis of further substrates of NAD(P)-linked dehydrogenases of high specific tritium content. The preparation of (R) and (S) [2(-3)H]lactate as well as (S) [2(-3)H] glutamate via the coupled exchange reaction catalyzed by NAD linked dehydrogenases and NADH: lipoamide oxidoreductase (diaphorase) is described. The specific radioactivity of the hydrogen ions of the 3HOH/H2O can be obtained in the substrates (100% exchange) if equilibrium isotope effects are disregarded. By the exchange procedure substrates with higher specific radioactivity are obtained from positionally [3H]labeled racemic mixtures prepared by chemical reductions with [3H]labeled hydrides. The tritium content of one of the enantiomeres is \"washed out\" into water. As examples are presented the preparation of (R) [2-3H] (S) [2-H]malate as well as the corresponding carnitine, glutamate and (R) and (S) lactate."}
{"id": "PMID:125963", "title": "[Studies on a resonance of carcinogenic benzpyrene (author's transl)].", "content": "The alpha- and p-states of 3.4-benzpyrene are calculated by use of common parameters and of a parameter set which predicts the quasi-degeneracy of these states. The quasi-degeneracy will be represented by the breadage of pairing theorem and is to be described as a correlation effect, caused by an asymmetric potential. An external field represents an external perturbation, introduced by interaction with the bioreceptor. The calculation shows a sensitive dependence of probability amplitudes for different configurations which participate in the quasi-degenerated resonance states. Thereby the dipole moment may quickly be changed so that excitons are produced. The resonance phenomenon may lead to the carcinogenic effect.", "contents": "[Studies on a resonance of carcinogenic benzpyrene (author's transl)]. The alpha- and p-states of 3.4-benzpyrene are calculated by use of common parameters and of a parameter set which predicts the quasi-degeneracy of these states. The quasi-degeneracy will be represented by the breadage of pairing theorem and is to be described as a correlation effect, caused by an asymmetric potential. An external field represents an external perturbation, introduced by interaction with the bioreceptor. The calculation shows a sensitive dependence of probability amplitudes for different configurations which participate in the quasi-degenerated resonance states. Thereby the dipole moment may quickly be changed so that excitons are produced. The resonance phenomenon may lead to the carcinogenic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:125964", "title": "Studies on the nature of the primary reactions of photosystem II in photosynthesis. I. The electrochromic 515 nm absorption change as an appropriate indicator for the functional state of the photochemical active centers of system II in DCMY poisoned chloroplasts.", "content": "The field indicating electrochromic 515 nm absorption change has been measured under different excitation conditions in DCMU poisoned chloroplasts in the presence of benzylviologen as electron acceptor. It has been found: 1. The amplitude of the 515 nm absorption change is nearly completely suppressed under repetitive single turnover flash excitation conditions which kinetically block the back reaction around system II (P. Bennoun, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 216, 357 [1970]). 2. The amplitude of the 515 nm absorption change measured under repetitive single turnover flash excitation conditions which allow the completion of the back reaction during the dark time between the flashes (measuring light beam switched off) amounts in the presence of 2 mum DCMU nearly 50% of the electrochromic 515 nm amplitude obtained in the absence of DCMU. In DCMU poisoned chloroplasts this amplitude is significantly decreased by hydroxylaminhydrochloride, but nearly doubled in the presence of CDIP+ascorbate. 3. The dependence of the 515 nm amplitude on the time td between the flashes kinetically resembles the back reaction around system ?II. The time course of the back reaction can be fairly described either by a second order reaction or by a two phase exponential kinetics. 4. 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNE) or alpha-bromo-alpha-benzylmalodinitril (BBMD) reduce the 515 nm amplitude in DCMU poisoned chloroplasts, but seem to influecne only slightly the kinetics of the back reaction. 5. The dependence of the 515 nm amplitude on the flash light intensity (the amplitude normalized to 1 at 100% flash light intensity) is not changed by DNB. Based on these experimental data it has been concluded that in DCMU poisoned chloroplasts the amplitude of the 515 nm absorption change reflects the functional state of photosystem II centers (designated as photoelectric dipole generators II) under suitable excitation conditions. Furthermore, it is inferred that in DCMU poisoned chlorplasts the photoelectric dipole generators II either cooperate (probably as twin-pairs) or exist in two functionally different forms. With respect to BBMD and DNB it is assumed that these agents transform the phtooelectric dipole generators II into powerful nonphotochemical quenchers, which significantly reduce the variable fluorescence in DCMU-poisoned chloroplasts.", "contents": "Studies on the nature of the primary reactions of photosystem II in photosynthesis. I. The electrochromic 515 nm absorption change as an appropriate indicator for the functional state of the photochemical active centers of system II in DCMY poisoned chloroplasts. The field indicating electrochromic 515 nm absorption change has been measured under different excitation conditions in DCMU poisoned chloroplasts in the presence of benzylviologen as electron acceptor. It has been found: 1. The amplitude of the 515 nm absorption change is nearly completely suppressed under repetitive single turnover flash excitation conditions which kinetically block the back reaction around system II (P. Bennoun, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 216, 357 [1970]). 2. The amplitude of the 515 nm absorption change measured under repetitive single turnover flash excitation conditions which allow the completion of the back reaction during the dark time between the flashes (measuring light beam switched off) amounts in the presence of 2 mum DCMU nearly 50% of the electrochromic 515 nm amplitude obtained in the absence of DCMU. In DCMU poisoned chloroplasts this amplitude is significantly decreased by hydroxylaminhydrochloride, but nearly doubled in the presence of CDIP+ascorbate. 3. The dependence of the 515 nm amplitude on the time td between the flashes kinetically resembles the back reaction around system ?II. The time course of the back reaction can be fairly described either by a second order reaction or by a two phase exponential kinetics. 4. 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNE) or alpha-bromo-alpha-benzylmalodinitril (BBMD) reduce the 515 nm amplitude in DCMU poisoned chloroplasts, but seem to influecne only slightly the kinetics of the back reaction. 5. The dependence of the 515 nm amplitude on the flash light intensity (the amplitude normalized to 1 at 100% flash light intensity) is not changed by DNB. Based on these experimental data it has been concluded that in DCMU poisoned chloroplasts the amplitude of the 515 nm absorption change reflects the functional state of photosystem II centers (designated as photoelectric dipole generators II) under suitable excitation conditions. Furthermore, it is inferred that in DCMU poisoned chlorplasts the photoelectric dipole generators II either cooperate (probably as twin-pairs) or exist in two functionally different forms. With respect to BBMD and DNB it is assumed that these agents transform the phtooelectric dipole generators II into powerful nonphotochemical quenchers, which significantly reduce the variable fluorescence in DCMU-poisoned chloroplasts."}
{"id": "PMID:125966", "title": "[2-anilino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, inhibitors of oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation (author's transl)].", "content": "2-anilino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles carrying various substituents in the 5-position as well as in the benzene-ring were synthesized. The compounds were tested with rat-liver-mitochondria and with spinach-chloroplasts and revelaed to be potent uncouplers of both, oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation, with pI50-values rangeing from 6.79 to 4.05. At higher concentrations all compounds are inhibitors of the Hill-reaction. In mitochondria a fair correlation exists between pKa of the acidic NH-group and the uncoupling activity; a maximum is obtained around pKa equals 6.8, whereas in chloroplasts activity is shifted to more acid pKa-values. The compounds meet the requirements for uncouplers according to the chemi-osmotic theory, being lipophilic weak acids. N-methylation causes total loss of activity in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The ingibitory action on photosynthetic electron transport is located within photosystem II. This latter activity is almost independent of substituent effects in contrast to uncoupling of either respiratory- or photo-phosphorylation.", "contents": "[2-anilino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles, inhibitors of oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation (author's transl)]. 2-anilino-1,3,4-thiadiazoles carrying various substituents in the 5-position as well as in the benzene-ring were synthesized. The compounds were tested with rat-liver-mitochondria and with spinach-chloroplasts and revelaed to be potent uncouplers of both, oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation, with pI50-values rangeing from 6.79 to 4.05. At higher concentrations all compounds are inhibitors of the Hill-reaction. In mitochondria a fair correlation exists between pKa of the acidic NH-group and the uncoupling activity; a maximum is obtained around pKa equals 6.8, whereas in chloroplasts activity is shifted to more acid pKa-values. The compounds meet the requirements for uncouplers according to the chemi-osmotic theory, being lipophilic weak acids. N-methylation causes total loss of activity in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The ingibitory action on photosynthetic electron transport is located within photosystem II. This latter activity is almost independent of substituent effects in contrast to uncoupling of either respiratory- or photo-phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:125965", "title": "Studies on the nature of the primary reactions of photosystem II in photosynthesis. II. The modification of the functional integrity of the photochemical active centers of system II by a alpha-bromo-benzyl-malodinitril and accompyaning effects on chloroplasts.", "content": "The effect of alpha-bromo-alpha-benzylmalodinitril (BBMD) on the oxygen evolution and on the absorption changes at 515 nm and 704 nm has been investigated in spinach chloroplasts. It has been found: 1. Under repetitive flash excitation conditions, where the back reaction around system II is practically excluded for kinetical reasons, BBMD does not resotre the 515 nm absorption change in DCMU poisoned chloroplasts. 2. Under single flash excitation conditions, where the back reaction around system II becomes prominent in the presence of DCMU, BBMD moderately inhibits this back reaction. The deleterious effect is pronounced by preillumination with short flashes during the BBMD incubation period of the chloroplasts in the absence of DCMU. 3. Incubation of the chloroplasts with BBMD leads to an activity loss of oxygen evolution which increases with the time td between the repetitive short excitation flashes and with the dark incubation time. Preillumination during the incubation period with tbbmd significantly enhances the effect. 4. In the absence of artificial electron acceptors BBMD suppresses in DCMU poisoned chloroplasts the 704 nm absorption change reflecting an internal cyclic electron flow around system I. On the other hand the linear electron transport at system I mediated by DCIP plus ascorbate as electron donor couple and benzylviologen as electron acceptor is not distrubed by BBMD. 5. BBMD incubation of chloroplasts accelerates the decay rate of the field indicating 515 nm absorption change. Based on these experimental findings the conclusion has been drawn, that -- in contrast to the assumption of Brandon and Elgersma (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 292, 753--762 [1973]) -- BBMD does not accept electrons from the primary electron acceptor X 320 of system II in DCMU poisoned chloroplasts. BBMD rather acts as a system I electron acceptor. Furthermore, BBMD exerts deleterious effects on the center of photosystem II, accompanied by a weak ADRY-effect on the water-splitting enzyme system Y. As a tentative explanation of the BBMD-action on system II it is assumed that BBMD transforms the photochemical centers of system II into dissipative energy sinks.", "contents": "Studies on the nature of the primary reactions of photosystem II in photosynthesis. II. The modification of the functional integrity of the photochemical active centers of system II by a alpha-bromo-benzyl-malodinitril and accompyaning effects on chloroplasts. The effect of alpha-bromo-alpha-benzylmalodinitril (BBMD) on the oxygen evolution and on the absorption changes at 515 nm and 704 nm has been investigated in spinach chloroplasts. It has been found: 1. Under repetitive flash excitation conditions, where the back reaction around system II is practically excluded for kinetical reasons, BBMD does not resotre the 515 nm absorption change in DCMU poisoned chloroplasts. 2. Under single flash excitation conditions, where the back reaction around system II becomes prominent in the presence of DCMU, BBMD moderately inhibits this back reaction. The deleterious effect is pronounced by preillumination with short flashes during the BBMD incubation period of the chloroplasts in the absence of DCMU. 3. Incubation of the chloroplasts with BBMD leads to an activity loss of oxygen evolution which increases with the time td between the repetitive short excitation flashes and with the dark incubation time. Preillumination during the incubation period with tbbmd significantly enhances the effect. 4. In the absence of artificial electron acceptors BBMD suppresses in DCMU poisoned chloroplasts the 704 nm absorption change reflecting an internal cyclic electron flow around system I. On the other hand the linear electron transport at system I mediated by DCIP plus ascorbate as electron donor couple and benzylviologen as electron acceptor is not distrubed by BBMD. 5. BBMD incubation of chloroplasts accelerates the decay rate of the field indicating 515 nm absorption change. Based on these experimental findings the conclusion has been drawn, that -- in contrast to the assumption of Brandon and Elgersma (Biochim. Biophys. Acta 292, 753--762 [1973]) -- BBMD does not accept electrons from the primary electron acceptor X 320 of system II in DCMU poisoned chloroplasts. BBMD rather acts as a system I electron acceptor. Furthermore, BBMD exerts deleterious effects on the center of photosystem II, accompanied by a weak ADRY-effect on the water-splitting enzyme system Y. As a tentative explanation of the BBMD-action on system II it is assumed that BBMD transforms the photochemical centers of system II into dissipative energy sinks."}
{"id": "PMID:125967", "title": "Transport and processing of ribosomal RNA in plant cells after treatment with cycloheximide.", "content": "In freely suspended cells of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) protein synthesis is inhibited nearly totally by 5 mug/ml cycloheximide within 10 min. This very low dose has a slight effect on the rRNA synthesis too. During an incubation period of 60 min with [32P] orthophosphate in the presence of the inhibitor (5 mug/ml) at least 65-70% mature rRNA are synthesized compared with the control. After 120 min the synthesis is progressively reduced to 60-65%, and after 240 min to 30-40%. Cycloheximide causes a delay of the prn addition to the 2.3 X 10(6) daltons RNA, normally detectable in pulse experiments, two further precursor molecules do emerge which undernormal circumstances apparently are shortlived. Their molecular weights are 2.0 X 10(6) and 0.9 X 10(6) daltons. The pulse-chase technique and cell fractionation into nuclear and ribosomal parts enables us to demonstrate a rapid transfer of labelled 18S and 25S RNA during a 15 min chase treatment to the mature cytoplasmic ribosomes. Under these conditions no differential transport of the two components takes place. The cells possess a pool of proteins. Therefore the formation of RNP-particles or ribosomes respectively and the transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm are indipendent from protein synthesis for some time.", "contents": "Transport and processing of ribosomal RNA in plant cells after treatment with cycloheximide. In freely suspended cells of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) protein synthesis is inhibited nearly totally by 5 mug/ml cycloheximide within 10 min. This very low dose has a slight effect on the rRNA synthesis too. During an incubation period of 60 min with [32P] orthophosphate in the presence of the inhibitor (5 mug/ml) at least 65-70% mature rRNA are synthesized compared with the control. After 120 min the synthesis is progressively reduced to 60-65%, and after 240 min to 30-40%. Cycloheximide causes a delay of the prn addition to the 2.3 X 10(6) daltons RNA, normally detectable in pulse experiments, two further precursor molecules do emerge which undernormal circumstances apparently are shortlived. Their molecular weights are 2.0 X 10(6) and 0.9 X 10(6) daltons. The pulse-chase technique and cell fractionation into nuclear and ribosomal parts enables us to demonstrate a rapid transfer of labelled 18S and 25S RNA during a 15 min chase treatment to the mature cytoplasmic ribosomes. Under these conditions no differential transport of the two components takes place. The cells possess a pool of proteins. Therefore the formation of RNP-particles or ribosomes respectively and the transport from the nucleus to the cytoplasm are indipendent from protein synthesis for some time."}
{"id": "PMID:125968", "title": "[Influence of immobilized ribonuclease on the cell-free protein synthesis in the wheat system (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to increase the efficiency of different mRNAs from wheat seedlings in carrying out cell-free protein synthesis in the wheat system, efforts were made to remove endogenous mRNA. In this direction, we checked the possibility of using immobilized RNase. Treatment of the cell-free system or its components with this enzyme caused a large decrease in the efficiency of poly tu-directed incorporation of labeled amino acids. This effect did not coincide with an equivalent degradation of RNA, as has been shown by analysis of ribosomes and polysomes. The results are discussed in the light of recent findings of some authors.", "contents": "[Influence of immobilized ribonuclease on the cell-free protein synthesis in the wheat system (author's transl)]. In order to increase the efficiency of different mRNAs from wheat seedlings in carrying out cell-free protein synthesis in the wheat system, efforts were made to remove endogenous mRNA. In this direction, we checked the possibility of using immobilized RNase. Treatment of the cell-free system or its components with this enzyme caused a large decrease in the efficiency of poly tu-directed incorporation of labeled amino acids. This effect did not coincide with an equivalent degradation of RNA, as has been shown by analysis of ribosomes and polysomes. The results are discussed in the light of recent findings of some authors."}
{"id": "PMID:125969", "title": "Temperature sensitive events between photoreceptor and circadian clock?", "content": "The phase shifting action of low temperature pulses of 6 degrees C and 2 h duration administered to the various phases of the Drosophila pseudoobscura circadian rhythm and the action of light pulses given 30 min after the beginning of these low temperature pulses have been investigated. The phase response curve obtained from experiments with light pulses during low temperature cannot be explained on the basis of a straightforward and sequential phase shifting of the oscillation by the various transitions in the pulses. The response curve, after the slight phase shifting action of the temperature pulses is corrected for, resembles the standard phase response curve4 for light pulses (at 20 degrees C) in its wave form but not in its time course. Our curve is shifted in time in a manner that indicates that the light pulses accompanying the low temperature pulses arrived at phase points 1.5 h later than the actual phases at which they were given. We attribute this delay to a slowing down of the information that is apparently transmitted by a process that is temperature dependent.", "contents": "Temperature sensitive events between photoreceptor and circadian clock? The phase shifting action of low temperature pulses of 6 degrees C and 2 h duration administered to the various phases of the Drosophila pseudoobscura circadian rhythm and the action of light pulses given 30 min after the beginning of these low temperature pulses have been investigated. The phase response curve obtained from experiments with light pulses during low temperature cannot be explained on the basis of a straightforward and sequential phase shifting of the oscillation by the various transitions in the pulses. The response curve, after the slight phase shifting action of the temperature pulses is corrected for, resembles the standard phase response curve4 for light pulses (at 20 degrees C) in its wave form but not in its time course. Our curve is shifted in time in a manner that indicates that the light pulses accompanying the low temperature pulses arrived at phase points 1.5 h later than the actual phases at which they were given. We attribute this delay to a slowing down of the information that is apparently transmitted by a process that is temperature dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:125971", "title": "[Characterisation of RNA from synchronously growing yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as separated by columns of methylated albumin on Kieselgur (MAK) (author's transl)].", "content": "Total RNA, extracted from synchronously growing yeast cells by the method of Georgiev-Mantieva, was separated by columns of methylated albumin on Kieselgur (MAK). By comparison with definited RNA's in discelectrophorese and after pulse labelling with [3H]methionine the following fractions are identified: t-RNA, 5.8S RNA, m-RNA, 18S and 25S R-RNA and their precursors 20S, 27S and 35S. High molecular fractions of RNA between 40S and 70S were also found.", "contents": "[Characterisation of RNA from synchronously growing yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as separated by columns of methylated albumin on Kieselgur (MAK) (author's transl)]. Total RNA, extracted from synchronously growing yeast cells by the method of Georgiev-Mantieva, was separated by columns of methylated albumin on Kieselgur (MAK). By comparison with definited RNA's in discelectrophorese and after pulse labelling with [3H]methionine the following fractions are identified: t-RNA, 5.8S RNA, m-RNA, 18S and 25S R-RNA and their precursors 20S, 27S and 35S. High molecular fractions of RNA between 40S and 70S were also found."}
{"id": "PMID:125972", "title": "Conversion of D-lysine via L-pepecolic acid in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Neurospora crassa converts D-lysine to L-pipecolic acid and the latter to L-lysine by a pathway outlined herein and different from mechanisms hitherto known to be involved in interconversions of enantiomers of amino acids.", "contents": "Conversion of D-lysine via L-pepecolic acid in Neurospora crassa. Neurospora crassa converts D-lysine to L-pipecolic acid and the latter to L-lysine by a pathway outlined herein and different from mechanisms hitherto known to be involved in interconversions of enantiomers of amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:125973", "title": "Testosterone metabolism in streptomyces hydrogenans.", "content": "After cultivation of Streptomyces hydrogenans in the presence of 3H-labelled testosterone, radioactive steroids were extracted separately from the cytosolic, ribosomal and cell wall-membrane fraction of the cells and from the culture medium, respectively. The separation of the steroids was performed by one- and two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC). The identification of the main metabolites was achieved by crystallization to constant specific staining procedures and acetylation. The oxidation of testosterone to androst-4-en-3,17-dione is by far the predominating reaction, which is almost finished after 3 h cultivation. Androst-4-en-3,17-dione is mainly transferred into the culture medium and partly accumulated within the cell wall-membrane fraction. High polar steroid metabolites and androstane derivatives are present in very smahl amounts only.", "contents": "Testosterone metabolism in streptomyces hydrogenans. After cultivation of Streptomyces hydrogenans in the presence of 3H-labelled testosterone, radioactive steroids were extracted separately from the cytosolic, ribosomal and cell wall-membrane fraction of the cells and from the culture medium, respectively. The separation of the steroids was performed by one- and two-dimensional thin layer chromatography (TLC). The identification of the main metabolites was achieved by crystallization to constant specific staining procedures and acetylation. The oxidation of testosterone to androst-4-en-3,17-dione is by far the predominating reaction, which is almost finished after 3 h cultivation. Androst-4-en-3,17-dione is mainly transferred into the culture medium and partly accumulated within the cell wall-membrane fraction. High polar steroid metabolites and androstane derivatives are present in very smahl amounts only."}
{"id": "PMID:125974", "title": "[About the importance of paranodal structures of the Ranvier node for the impulse regeneration (author's transl)].", "content": "The site of the pulse regeneration in myelinated nerve is generally assumed to be the unmyelinated part of the axon membrane in thr Ranvier node. To check this, a micro-irradiation technique using laser pulses (lambda equals 347 nm, t equals 20 ns) was used to produce morphological lesions of about 1 mum diameter in various regions of the Ranvier node. The electro-physiological functions were monitored parallel to the irradiation. Depending on the localizing of the lesions two types of changes in these functions were observed: 1. If a definite site in the paranodal myelin sheath was damaged without affecting the axon, an action potential could no longer be elicited, although the resting potential as well as the stationary current-voltage behaviour remained unchanged. 2. A damage of the axon resulted in a break down of membrane potential and resistance. In most of the cases the excitability recovered after spontaneous or current induced restitution of the membrane resting potential and resistance. These observations indicate, that structures in the paranodal region are vital for the Na+-activation and inactivation. The membrane potential and stationary current-voltage behavior can be attributed to the axon membrane. A new hypothesis concerning the mechanism of the Na+-activation-inactivation process is suggested.", "contents": "[About the importance of paranodal structures of the Ranvier node for the impulse regeneration (author's transl)]. The site of the pulse regeneration in myelinated nerve is generally assumed to be the unmyelinated part of the axon membrane in thr Ranvier node. To check this, a micro-irradiation technique using laser pulses (lambda equals 347 nm, t equals 20 ns) was used to produce morphological lesions of about 1 mum diameter in various regions of the Ranvier node. The electro-physiological functions were monitored parallel to the irradiation. Depending on the localizing of the lesions two types of changes in these functions were observed: 1. If a definite site in the paranodal myelin sheath was damaged without affecting the axon, an action potential could no longer be elicited, although the resting potential as well as the stationary current-voltage behaviour remained unchanged. 2. A damage of the axon resulted in a break down of membrane potential and resistance. In most of the cases the excitability recovered after spontaneous or current induced restitution of the membrane resting potential and resistance. These observations indicate, that structures in the paranodal region are vital for the Na+-activation and inactivation. The membrane potential and stationary current-voltage behavior can be attributed to the axon membrane. A new hypothesis concerning the mechanism of the Na+-activation-inactivation process is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:125975", "title": "A model of pheromone molecule-acceptor interactin.", "content": "Multiple binding interactions between odor molecules and acceptors are formulated by means of the Boltzmann statistics and intermolecular bond energies. Number, spatial arrangement and electronic properties of binding positions of the acceptor can be defined such that the specificity of sex pheromone receptors in male noctuid moths is quantitatively described.", "contents": "A model of pheromone molecule-acceptor interactin. Multiple binding interactions between odor molecules and acceptors are formulated by means of the Boltzmann statistics and intermolecular bond energies. Number, spatial arrangement and electronic properties of binding positions of the acceptor can be defined such that the specificity of sex pheromone receptors in male noctuid moths is quantitatively described."}
{"id": "PMID:125976", "title": "Structure-response relationships in noctuid sex pheromone reception. An introductory report.", "content": "Electroantennogram (EAG) data reflecting response spectra of male pheromone receptors have been analyzed for 16 species of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). The test compounds included 100 pheromone analogues, altered in chain length, in position and configuration of double bond(s), and in the functional end groups. On comparison of amounts of substance required to elicit an equivalent EAG response, a single compound was determined to be most effective on a given species: these structures, either known or proposed as the natural sex pheromones of the species, were cis-7-dodecen-1-y1 acetate, cis-7-tetradecen-1-y1 acetate, cis-9-tetradecen-1-yu acetate, trans-9-tetradecen-1-y1 acetate, cis-11-hexadecen-1-y1 acetate, cis-9, trans-12-tetradecadien-1-y1 acetate, cis-9-tetradecen-1-y1 formate, and cis-9-tetradecen-1-ol, respectively. Elongation (shortening) of the chain by 1 or 2 methylene groups, the movement of a double bond 1 carbon from the optimum, a change to the opposite geometrical isomer, or the introduction of a second double bond invariably reduced EAG responses to 1.8 to 56 times below that observed with the most stimulating compound, in all 16 species. Further alterations in chain length or in double bond position caused even greater reduction in activity, as did certain in end group (Tables I and II). A set of distinct rules could be derived from these structure-response relationships; one of these rules concerns the optimum position of the double bond(s) in relation to chain length, and another one the ratios in activity values produced by end group variations, irrespective of chain length. The same rules described here for 16 noctuid species held also for the structure-response relationships observed within various additional groups of Lepidoptera. From EAG values determined in this study, an attempt has been made to calculate physicochemical propteries of underlying acceptor structures.", "contents": "Structure-response relationships in noctuid sex pheromone reception. An introductory report. Electroantennogram (EAG) data reflecting response spectra of male pheromone receptors have been analyzed for 16 species of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera). The test compounds included 100 pheromone analogues, altered in chain length, in position and configuration of double bond(s), and in the functional end groups. On comparison of amounts of substance required to elicit an equivalent EAG response, a single compound was determined to be most effective on a given species: these structures, either known or proposed as the natural sex pheromones of the species, were cis-7-dodecen-1-y1 acetate, cis-7-tetradecen-1-y1 acetate, cis-9-tetradecen-1-yu acetate, trans-9-tetradecen-1-y1 acetate, cis-11-hexadecen-1-y1 acetate, cis-9, trans-12-tetradecadien-1-y1 acetate, cis-9-tetradecen-1-y1 formate, and cis-9-tetradecen-1-ol, respectively. Elongation (shortening) of the chain by 1 or 2 methylene groups, the movement of a double bond 1 carbon from the optimum, a change to the opposite geometrical isomer, or the introduction of a second double bond invariably reduced EAG responses to 1.8 to 56 times below that observed with the most stimulating compound, in all 16 species. Further alterations in chain length or in double bond position caused even greater reduction in activity, as did certain in end group (Tables I and II). A set of distinct rules could be derived from these structure-response relationships; one of these rules concerns the optimum position of the double bond(s) in relation to chain length, and another one the ratios in activity values produced by end group variations, irrespective of chain length. The same rules described here for 16 noctuid species held also for the structure-response relationships observed within various additional groups of Lepidoptera. From EAG values determined in this study, an attempt has been made to calculate physicochemical propteries of underlying acceptor structures."}
{"id": "PMID:125977", "title": "[CNA-synthesis in gamma-platlets of wheat (author's transl)].", "content": "Plants, arising from irradiated (300 kR) caryopses of wheat, exhibit a low incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the DNA, which, as shown by sedimentation on sucrose gradients, does not indicate tendencies of normalization.", "contents": "[CNA-synthesis in gamma-platlets of wheat (author's transl)]. Plants, arising from irradiated (300 kR) caryopses of wheat, exhibit a low incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the DNA, which, as shown by sedimentation on sucrose gradients, does not indicate tendencies of normalization."}
{"id": "PMID:125978", "title": "[Isolation and characterization of ribosomal RNA from the phycomycete Allomyces arbuscula (author's transl)].", "content": "The ribosomal RNA of the gametophyte of Allomyces arbuscula contains two components with sedimentation coefficients of approximately 25S and 18S. The percent base composition of 25S rRNA is 31/28/24/17 (U/G/A/C), that of 18S rRNA 34/28/22/16.", "contents": "[Isolation and characterization of ribosomal RNA from the phycomycete Allomyces arbuscula (author's transl)]. The ribosomal RNA of the gametophyte of Allomyces arbuscula contains two components with sedimentation coefficients of approximately 25S and 18S. The percent base composition of 25S rRNA is 31/28/24/17 (U/G/A/C), that of 18S rRNA 34/28/22/16."}
{"id": "PMID:125979", "title": "Effect of alkali chlorides on human chromosomes studied by the method of poly-L-lysine binding.", "content": "Human metaphase chromosomes A1 and A3 did bind more tritiated poly-L-lysine ([3H]PL) when they were isolated from lymphocyte cultures treated with LiCl rather than with NaCl or KCl. A2 chromosome did not show this differential behavior and in all three cases did bind more [3H]PL than the control A2 chromosome. The effect was dependent on the time of exposure of cells to the salts in tissue culture and on the degree of chromosomal contraction. The observed differences in [3H]PL binding are probably due to differences in surface morphology of the three chromosomes caused by treatment with alkali metal salts.", "contents": "Effect of alkali chlorides on human chromosomes studied by the method of poly-L-lysine binding. Human metaphase chromosomes A1 and A3 did bind more tritiated poly-L-lysine ([3H]PL) when they were isolated from lymphocyte cultures treated with LiCl rather than with NaCl or KCl. A2 chromosome did not show this differential behavior and in all three cases did bind more [3H]PL than the control A2 chromosome. The effect was dependent on the time of exposure of cells to the salts in tissue culture and on the degree of chromosomal contraction. The observed differences in [3H]PL binding are probably due to differences in surface morphology of the three chromosomes caused by treatment with alkali metal salts."}
{"id": "PMID:125980", "title": "Receptor and interneuron light-adaptation in the dragonfly visual system.", "content": "Intracellular recordings show that the receptors and second-order interneurons of the dragonfly compound eye change their sensitivity in response to maintained illumination. Comparison of receptor with interneuron shows that neural mechanisms act to ensure that the modulation of interneuron membrane potential that is set up by contrast changes is independent of background intensity.", "contents": "Receptor and interneuron light-adaptation in the dragonfly visual system. Intracellular recordings show that the receptors and second-order interneurons of the dragonfly compound eye change their sensitivity in response to maintained illumination. Comparison of receptor with interneuron shows that neural mechanisms act to ensure that the modulation of interneuron membrane potential that is set up by contrast changes is independent of background intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:125981", "title": "[Protection of mice against Friend leukemia by active and passive immunization with isolated viral glycoprotein and its antiserum respectively (author's transl)].", "content": "Mice could be protected against Friend leukemia virus infection by innoculation with highly purified viral glycoprotein GP71 or its specific antiserum.", "contents": "[Protection of mice against Friend leukemia by active and passive immunization with isolated viral glycoprotein and its antiserum respectively (author's transl)]. Mice could be protected against Friend leukemia virus infection by innoculation with highly purified viral glycoprotein GP71 or its specific antiserum."}
{"id": "PMID:125988", "title": "[Histological studies on the healing of mandibular osteotomies in the dog following stable osteosynthesis with the cold polymerizing polymethylmethacrylate \"Kallokryl K\"].", "content": "The disadvantages of methods of accomplishing stable osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures are described and the possibilities of jacketing the fragments with Kallokryl K plastic material, which is a cold-polymerizing polymethyl methacrylate, pointed out. After six months from the surgical operation, the healing under Kallokryl K was clinically and histologically evaluated on canine mandibles subjected to osteotomy and with the periosteum removed from the lower jaw bone. The reaction of both soft tissue and bone to the plastic material attached thereto was also evaluated. The results are discussed in the light of what is presently known about primary and secondary bone healing.", "contents": "[Histological studies on the healing of mandibular osteotomies in the dog following stable osteosynthesis with the cold polymerizing polymethylmethacrylate \"Kallokryl K\"]. The disadvantages of methods of accomplishing stable osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures are described and the possibilities of jacketing the fragments with Kallokryl K plastic material, which is a cold-polymerizing polymethyl methacrylate, pointed out. After six months from the surgical operation, the healing under Kallokryl K was clinically and histologically evaluated on canine mandibles subjected to osteotomy and with the periosteum removed from the lower jaw bone. The reaction of both soft tissue and bone to the plastic material attached thereto was also evaluated. The results are discussed in the light of what is presently known about primary and secondary bone healing."}
{"id": "PMID:125989", "title": "[The development of the anterior segment during the milk tooth period].", "content": "The behaviour of interdental gaps is checked during the milk teeth period on denture models of 33 regular gap milk dentures and 49 milk dentures with protrusion of the upper incisivi. A \"physiological gap\" could be found in only 2.3% of cases.", "contents": "[The development of the anterior segment during the milk tooth period]. The behaviour of interdental gaps is checked during the milk teeth period on denture models of 33 regular gap milk dentures and 49 milk dentures with protrusion of the upper incisivi. A \"physiological gap\" could be found in only 2.3% of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:125994", "title": "[Contribution to the subacute necrotic myelitis (Foix-Alajouanine) (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a 54 years old man with an acute lumbalgia in result of heavy labour is described.  With in 7 years he developed a progressive paralysis of the upper and lower motor neuron type and an insensibility of the inferior extremities.  The protein content of the cerebrospinal fluid was increased.  The cells were insignificantly increased in number.  No tumour was detected.  The man died at the age of 62 on intoxication by infected decubitus and focal pneumonia.  Autopsy revealed subacute necrotic myelitis (Foix-Alajouanine) with enlarged, varicose, and thickened extramedullary veins of the sacral, lumbal, and lower thoracic spinal cord, which was soft and diminished in size.  In the grey and white matter of the cord, there were found more numerous and more prominent vessels like an angioma capillare et venosum; complete and incomplete necrosis was observed, partially with plasmatic infiltration.  Some nerve cells were still present.  Nerve fibres without myelin mantle were found in the spinal cord as well as in the spinal roots.  The authors support the suggestion that the subacute necrotic myelitis results from a dysgenesis of the spinal venous vessels.", "contents": "[Contribution to the subacute necrotic myelitis (Foix-Alajouanine) (author's transl)]. A case of a 54 years old man with an acute lumbalgia in result of heavy labour is described.  With in 7 years he developed a progressive paralysis of the upper and lower motor neuron type and an insensibility of the inferior extremities.  The protein content of the cerebrospinal fluid was increased.  The cells were insignificantly increased in number.  No tumour was detected.  The man died at the age of 62 on intoxication by infected decubitus and focal pneumonia.  Autopsy revealed subacute necrotic myelitis (Foix-Alajouanine) with enlarged, varicose, and thickened extramedullary veins of the sacral, lumbal, and lower thoracic spinal cord, which was soft and diminished in size.  In the grey and white matter of the cord, there were found more numerous and more prominent vessels like an angioma capillare et venosum; complete and incomplete necrosis was observed, partially with plasmatic infiltration.  Some nerve cells were still present.  Nerve fibres without myelin mantle were found in the spinal cord as well as in the spinal roots.  The authors support the suggestion that the subacute necrotic myelitis results from a dysgenesis of the spinal venous vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:125995", "title": "The S\u00e9zary syndrome cell: surface ultrastructural characteristics.", "content": "Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome which lacked E-rosette-forming ability and surface immunoglobulins, and which displayed a markedly depressed response to a variety of mitogens, were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on 3 occasions.  The first peripheral blood sample (smooth) differed significantly from two later samples (moderate numbers of microvilli) when surface characteristics were examined by SEM; these differences were confirmed by TEM.  The S\u00e9zary syndrome cells in this patient may be related to a T lymphocyte which has lost certain surface markers and mitogen response characteristics through a process of de-differentiation.", "contents": "The S\u00e9zary syndrome cell: surface ultrastructural characteristics. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome which lacked E-rosette-forming ability and surface immunoglobulins, and which displayed a markedly depressed response to a variety of mitogens, were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) on 3 occasions.  The first peripheral blood sample (smooth) differed significantly from two later samples (moderate numbers of microvilli) when surface characteristics were examined by SEM; these differences were confirmed by TEM.  The S\u00e9zary syndrome cells in this patient may be related to a T lymphocyte which has lost certain surface markers and mitogen response characteristics through a process of de-differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:125996", "title": "Histochemical distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides during circadian rhythm in the cerebellum of Serranus scriba.", "content": "Histochemical analysis of AMPS (AB-staining materials) in Serranus scriba brain showed its irregular distribution in different brain regions. The highest AMPS content was observed in the optocoele and ependymal cells lining it, above the marginal telencephalon and optic tectum as well as the molecular cerebellum layer. Particularly significant AMPS concentrations were noted in Purkinje cell regions. The telencephalon and optic tectum showed AB-negative-staining materials. Following histochemical changes during a 24 h period, AMPS concentrations were shown to follow circadian variations, especially in the Purkinje cell region. The highest AMPS content was noted during the morning and the lowest during the evening hours. The above changes were discussed in the context of the role of AMPS in neural functions.", "contents": "Histochemical distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides during circadian rhythm in the cerebellum of Serranus scriba. Histochemical analysis of AMPS (AB-staining materials) in Serranus scriba brain showed its irregular distribution in different brain regions. The highest AMPS content was observed in the optocoele and ependymal cells lining it, above the marginal telencephalon and optic tectum as well as the molecular cerebellum layer. Particularly significant AMPS concentrations were noted in Purkinje cell regions. The telencephalon and optic tectum showed AB-negative-staining materials. Following histochemical changes during a 24 h period, AMPS concentrations were shown to follow circadian variations, especially in the Purkinje cell region. The highest AMPS content was noted during the morning and the lowest during the evening hours. The above changes were discussed in the context of the role of AMPS in neural functions."}
{"id": "PMID:125998", "title": "Elevated lymphocyte ATP-ase activity in patients with cancer of the uterine cervix.", "content": "Elevated lymphocyte Adenosine Tri-Phosphatase (ATP-ase) activity was found in 23 och 28 patients with cervical uterine carcinomas of various stages. Treatment with external irradiation and radium insertion was followed by a decline in the lymphocyte ATP-ase activity in 22 patients, while the activity remained unchanged in one patient. No correlation between the tumour stage and the lymphocyte ATP-ase activity was demonstrated. In 24 patients the clinical effect of the treatment was well correlated with the decline in ATP-ase activity. It is suggested that the determination of lymphocyte ATP-ase activity could be valuable in screening for cervical carcinoma and for follow-up after radical treatment.", "contents": "Elevated lymphocyte ATP-ase activity in patients with cancer of the uterine cervix. Elevated lymphocyte Adenosine Tri-Phosphatase (ATP-ase) activity was found in 23 och 28 patients with cervical uterine carcinomas of various stages. Treatment with external irradiation and radium insertion was followed by a decline in the lymphocyte ATP-ase activity in 22 patients, while the activity remained unchanged in one patient. No correlation between the tumour stage and the lymphocyte ATP-ase activity was demonstrated. In 24 patients the clinical effect of the treatment was well correlated with the decline in ATP-ase activity. It is suggested that the determination of lymphocyte ATP-ase activity could be valuable in screening for cervical carcinoma and for follow-up after radical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:125999", "title": "Studies on citrate metabolism in liver injuries. 1. Fasting blood citrate level in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis.", "content": "For the purpose to study the citrate metabolism in liver diseases, blood citrate, blood glucose and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in fasting state were measured in the subjects with chronic hepatitis and with liver cirrhosis. Citrate and glucose were measured by the enzymatic methods. NEFA was measured colorimetrically. Fasting blood citrate level was investigated in relation to the type and extent of these liver diseases. Results revealed the following: 1. Fasting blood citrate level rose with the severity of liver diseases, especially in decompensated liver cirrhosis. 2. No significant difference in fasting blood citrate level was found between the subjects with and without glucose intolerance. 3. Fasting blood citrate level had a closer correlation with serum NEFA level than with blood glucose level. From these results, it has been concluded that the increase in blood citrate level in liver diseases is due to the impaired uptake of citrate by the liver and the increased release of citrate from peripheral tissues.", "contents": "Studies on citrate metabolism in liver injuries. 1. Fasting blood citrate level in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. For the purpose to study the citrate metabolism in liver diseases, blood citrate, blood glucose and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in fasting state were measured in the subjects with chronic hepatitis and with liver cirrhosis. Citrate and glucose were measured by the enzymatic methods. NEFA was measured colorimetrically. Fasting blood citrate level was investigated in relation to the type and extent of these liver diseases. Results revealed the following: 1. Fasting blood citrate level rose with the severity of liver diseases, especially in decompensated liver cirrhosis. 2. No significant difference in fasting blood citrate level was found between the subjects with and without glucose intolerance. 3. Fasting blood citrate level had a closer correlation with serum NEFA level than with blood glucose level. From these results, it has been concluded that the increase in blood citrate level in liver diseases is due to the impaired uptake of citrate by the liver and the increased release of citrate from peripheral tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:126000", "title": "Mechanism of sound susceptibility in organ of Corti - inference of contrary recruitment phenomenon (hypothesis) and the application to diagnosis -.", "content": "In order to make the mechanism concerned with the sound-susceptibility in the organ of Corti clear, we observed the organ of Corti with the phase-contrast microscope, after the microdissection of the cochleae in human, dogs, guinea pigs and hamsters by Engstro\u00f6m's surface preparation technique. As a result, we have formulated a hypothesis for the mechanism of the sound-susceptibility in the organ of Corti. Further, we have inferred the contrary recruitment phenomenon (hypothesis), by explaining theoretically such a clinical fact as the recruitment phenomenon or the cochlear hearing loss by applying our first formula of hypothesis. Finally, we described the application of the contrary recruitment phenomenon (hypothesis) to the early discovery or diagnosis of the false normal ear or cochlea, in other words, latent hearing loss.", "contents": "Mechanism of sound susceptibility in organ of Corti - inference of contrary recruitment phenomenon (hypothesis) and the application to diagnosis -. In order to make the mechanism concerned with the sound-susceptibility in the organ of Corti clear, we observed the organ of Corti with the phase-contrast microscope, after the microdissection of the cochleae in human, dogs, guinea pigs and hamsters by Engstro\u00f6m's surface preparation technique. As a result, we have formulated a hypothesis for the mechanism of the sound-susceptibility in the organ of Corti. Further, we have inferred the contrary recruitment phenomenon (hypothesis), by explaining theoretically such a clinical fact as the recruitment phenomenon or the cochlear hearing loss by applying our first formula of hypothesis. Finally, we described the application of the contrary recruitment phenomenon (hypothesis) to the early discovery or diagnosis of the false normal ear or cochlea, in other words, latent hearing loss."}
{"id": "PMID:126001", "title": "Menaquinone (vitamin K2) therapy for bronchial asthma. I. Mechanism of action menaquinone on allergic reactions.", "content": "The mechanism of action of the drug was investigated from various points of view. The findings may be summarized as follows: 1. In the experiments of the degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of rats, menaquinone proved to significantly inhibit the degranulation either in active or passive sensitization with the reagin-like antibody. 2. Menaquinone did not inhibit the formation of the reagin-like antibody. 3. In the experiements of the degranulation of basophilic granulocytes from patients of bronchial asthma, the rate of appearance of A form basophilic cells upon addition of the antihuman IgE goat serum was not markedly but significantly inhibited in the patients treated with menaquinone for long periods, as compared with that in the control, whereas the in vitro addition of menaquinone did not exert a significant inhibitory action.", "contents": "Menaquinone (vitamin K2) therapy for bronchial asthma. I. Mechanism of action menaquinone on allergic reactions. The mechanism of action of the drug was investigated from various points of view. The findings may be summarized as follows: 1. In the experiments of the degranulation of mesenteric mast cells of rats, menaquinone proved to significantly inhibit the degranulation either in active or passive sensitization with the reagin-like antibody. 2. Menaquinone did not inhibit the formation of the reagin-like antibody. 3. In the experiements of the degranulation of basophilic granulocytes from patients of bronchial asthma, the rate of appearance of A form basophilic cells upon addition of the antihuman IgE goat serum was not markedly but significantly inhibited in the patients treated with menaquinone for long periods, as compared with that in the control, whereas the in vitro addition of menaquinone did not exert a significant inhibitory action."}
{"id": "PMID:126002", "title": "Studies on citrate metabolism in liver injuries. 2. Response of liver citrate to glucose load.", "content": "The effect of glucose load on the levels of blood glucose, serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and liver citrate was investigated in carbontetrachloride-intoxicated (injured) rats and compared with non-intoxicated controls. The citrate level in the liver from injured animals showed 15-fold of the value of the control. Glucose load on these animals caused gradual decrease in the citrate level, whereas similar administration to the control caused inverse results. The serum NEFA levels were lowered by glucose load in both of injured and control animals. The pattern of changes in the citrate level after glucose load in the liver from injured animals was similar to that in the muscle from the control, suggesting a similarity on citrate metabolism between the injured liver and the muscle. The possible mechanisms for these results were discussed in relation to the difference in citrate metabolism between the liver and the muscle.", "contents": "Studies on citrate metabolism in liver injuries. 2. Response of liver citrate to glucose load. The effect of glucose load on the levels of blood glucose, serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and liver citrate was investigated in carbontetrachloride-intoxicated (injured) rats and compared with non-intoxicated controls. The citrate level in the liver from injured animals showed 15-fold of the value of the control. Glucose load on these animals caused gradual decrease in the citrate level, whereas similar administration to the control caused inverse results. The serum NEFA levels were lowered by glucose load in both of injured and control animals. The pattern of changes in the citrate level after glucose load in the liver from injured animals was similar to that in the muscle from the control, suggesting a similarity on citrate metabolism between the injured liver and the muscle. The possible mechanisms for these results were discussed in relation to the difference in citrate metabolism between the liver and the muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:126003", "title": "Cytochemical study of exfoliated cells of oral mucosa. I. The glycogen deposition and keratinization.", "content": "Cytochemical studies of glycogen of oral mucosa cells have been made on the smears by freeze-drying and PAS staining. The specimens were obtained from different areas of oral cavity of 77 human subjects and an attempt was made to find some interrelation amoung glycogen deposition, keratinization and inflammation. The largest glycogen deposition was found in the mucosa cells from mouth floor and cheek, a little in those from gingiva and quite a small or no glycogen in those from mucosa of hard palate and tongue. In gingiva the cells showing much more keratinization were less in glycogen contents, and vice versa. In inflammation some increase in glycogen contents were found in the gingivitis and the highest glycogen content in the cases of denture irritation of the palate as far as the present observation is concerned.", "contents": "Cytochemical study of exfoliated cells of oral mucosa. I. The glycogen deposition and keratinization. Cytochemical studies of glycogen of oral mucosa cells have been made on the smears by freeze-drying and PAS staining. The specimens were obtained from different areas of oral cavity of 77 human subjects and an attempt was made to find some interrelation amoung glycogen deposition, keratinization and inflammation. The largest glycogen deposition was found in the mucosa cells from mouth floor and cheek, a little in those from gingiva and quite a small or no glycogen in those from mucosa of hard palate and tongue. In gingiva the cells showing much more keratinization were less in glycogen contents, and vice versa. In inflammation some increase in glycogen contents were found in the gingivitis and the highest glycogen content in the cases of denture irritation of the palate as far as the present observation is concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:126004", "title": "Establishment of five cell lines from normal adult rat livers in vitro.", "content": "Cells isolated by trypsin were cultured from the liver of normal rats of the Donryu strain. Cells were collected from five animals of different age groups from 40 days to 12 months. All five cell collections produced different cell lines according to animal age. The establishment of these cell lines was not dependent upon the method of perfusion by Ca++-and Mg++-free phosphate buffered saline. Minor morphological variations were observed among the five lines. All cell lines showed epithelial figures under phase contrast microscopy. An increase in cells with trisomy of No. 1 chromosome was found after two to three months of cell culture.", "contents": "Establishment of five cell lines from normal adult rat livers in vitro. Cells isolated by trypsin were cultured from the liver of normal rats of the Donryu strain. Cells were collected from five animals of different age groups from 40 days to 12 months. All five cell collections produced different cell lines according to animal age. The establishment of these cell lines was not dependent upon the method of perfusion by Ca++-and Mg++-free phosphate buffered saline. Minor morphological variations were observed among the five lines. All cell lines showed epithelial figures under phase contrast microscopy. An increase in cells with trisomy of No. 1 chromosome was found after two to three months of cell culture."}
{"id": "PMID:126005", "title": "Time-lapse changes in the concomitant immunity of lymphocytes from different sites of mice isografted with methylcholanthrene-induced tumor.", "content": "As a step in the elucidation of the mutual relationship between the degree of cancer progress and the antitumor activity of lymphocytes from different sites in cancer-bearing body, we isografted methylcholanthrene-induced tumor (MC-tumor) subcutaneously on the back of mice. The regional axillary lymph nodes, spleen and distant mesenteric lymph nodes were removed from these animals one, two, three, and four weeks later. We mixed lymphocytes prepared from these lymphatic tissues with primary MC-tumor culture cells and cultured together to estimate antitumor acitivity of lymphocytes from different sites. It has been found that a strong antitumor activity can be seen only in those regional axillary lymph node cells taken out one or two weeks after tumor transplatation and such an activity is weakened by three or four weeks. On the other hand, distant mesenteric lymph node cells one or two weeks after the transplantation have no antitumor activity as yet, while at the terminal cancer stage of four weeks there appears a stronger antitumor activity than that of regional lymph nodes. In the spleen, a strong antitumor activity can be observed in the third week after tumor transplantation, but the activity disappears by the fourth week. These findings support our previous findings in that for the tumor onset after the transplantation the antitumor activity seems to appear first in the regional lymph nodes, and when the tumor grows beyond a certain size, such an activity diminishes while it appears in further distant lymphatic tissues.", "contents": "Time-lapse changes in the concomitant immunity of lymphocytes from different sites of mice isografted with methylcholanthrene-induced tumor. As a step in the elucidation of the mutual relationship between the degree of cancer progress and the antitumor activity of lymphocytes from different sites in cancer-bearing body, we isografted methylcholanthrene-induced tumor (MC-tumor) subcutaneously on the back of mice. The regional axillary lymph nodes, spleen and distant mesenteric lymph nodes were removed from these animals one, two, three, and four weeks later. We mixed lymphocytes prepared from these lymphatic tissues with primary MC-tumor culture cells and cultured together to estimate antitumor acitivity of lymphocytes from different sites. It has been found that a strong antitumor activity can be seen only in those regional axillary lymph node cells taken out one or two weeks after tumor transplatation and such an activity is weakened by three or four weeks. On the other hand, distant mesenteric lymph node cells one or two weeks after the transplantation have no antitumor activity as yet, while at the terminal cancer stage of four weeks there appears a stronger antitumor activity than that of regional lymph nodes. In the spleen, a strong antitumor activity can be observed in the third week after tumor transplantation, but the activity disappears by the fourth week. These findings support our previous findings in that for the tumor onset after the transplantation the antitumor activity seems to appear first in the regional lymph nodes, and when the tumor grows beyond a certain size, such an activity diminishes while it appears in further distant lymphatic tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:126006", "title": "An electron microscopic study of the vascular factor in hemorrhagic diathesis.", "content": "Experimental diapedetic hemorrhage (oozing) was produced by streptokinase in rabbits and the fine structures of mesenterial microvessels were observed. Diapedesis of erythrocytes was seen in the venular side of microcirculation. On the contrary, no diapedesis was seen in true capillary on the arteriolar side. Sticking of erythrocytes to venular wall prior to diapedesis was proved, electron microscopically, to be the state in which red blood cells were trapped in the gaps on the endothelial junction. It was considered to be the morphological findings of the prediapedetic state. Erythrocytes passed through gaps on the endothelial junctions with high plasticities under any diapedetic conditions mentioned above. Furthermore, in author's experiments by ruthenium red staining, erythrocytes were observed just passing through the basement membrane under electron microscopy, in spite of its high speed process. It was found that the basement membrane is a very important barrier in erythrocyte diapedesis.", "contents": "An electron microscopic study of the vascular factor in hemorrhagic diathesis. Experimental diapedetic hemorrhage (oozing) was produced by streptokinase in rabbits and the fine structures of mesenterial microvessels were observed. Diapedesis of erythrocytes was seen in the venular side of microcirculation. On the contrary, no diapedesis was seen in true capillary on the arteriolar side. Sticking of erythrocytes to venular wall prior to diapedesis was proved, electron microscopically, to be the state in which red blood cells were trapped in the gaps on the endothelial junction. It was considered to be the morphological findings of the prediapedetic state. Erythrocytes passed through gaps on the endothelial junctions with high plasticities under any diapedetic conditions mentioned above. Furthermore, in author's experiments by ruthenium red staining, erythrocytes were observed just passing through the basement membrane under electron microscopy, in spite of its high speed process. It was found that the basement membrane is a very important barrier in erythrocyte diapedesis."}
{"id": "PMID:126007", "title": "The effect of products of fibrinogen digestion by plasmin (P-FDP) on the central nervous system.", "content": "Low molecular peptides, derived from fibrinogen digested by plasmin and injected either intraperitoneally or into the brain lateral ventricle, were found to act depressively on the CNS in active rats, while in fairly active rats they showed stimulatory effects. Fractionation of P-FDP on Sephadex G-25 showed that the most active peptides had a molecular weight lower than 5,000.", "contents": "The effect of products of fibrinogen digestion by plasmin (P-FDP) on the central nervous system. Low molecular peptides, derived from fibrinogen digested by plasmin and injected either intraperitoneally or into the brain lateral ventricle, were found to act depressively on the CNS in active rats, while in fairly active rats they showed stimulatory effects. Fractionation of P-FDP on Sephadex G-25 showed that the most active peptides had a molecular weight lower than 5,000."}
{"id": "PMID:126012", "title": "Diagnostic accuracy of an ultrasonic multiple transducer cardiac imaging system.", "content": "Eighty patients with various forms of heart disease were studied with the use of a newly developed ultrasonic system having 20 transducers arranged in a linear array. This system allows visualization of the heart in two dimensions in real time. All 15 patients with the mitral valve prolapse syndrome, 13 patients with mitral stenosis, five patients with pericardial effusion, four patients with atrial septal defect, and one patient with left ventricular dyssynergy were properly recognized with this system. One of five patients with hypertrophic myopathy and one of four patients with congestive myopathy were not recognized with this system. Criteria for the recognition of these system. Criteria for the recognition of these conditions are presented as well as the probable cause for false-positive and false-negative diagnoses in this series. Since only qualitative criteria were used, it was not possible to differentiate patients with coronary artery disease or patients with left ventricular volume overload from patients without cardiac pathology. The accuracy of this new system was judged against the clinical examination, conventional echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and left ventricular angiography. It is assumed that the criteria for diagnosis developed during this study will be supplemented and the equipment improved in the future; however, the ease of operation of this system and the relative accuracy of diagnosis at this stage of its development are extremely interesting. It presents an excellent opportunity to obtain additional information about the cardiac patient without using invasive procedures and without risk.", "contents": "Diagnostic accuracy of an ultrasonic multiple transducer cardiac imaging system. Eighty patients with various forms of heart disease were studied with the use of a newly developed ultrasonic system having 20 transducers arranged in a linear array. This system allows visualization of the heart in two dimensions in real time. All 15 patients with the mitral valve prolapse syndrome, 13 patients with mitral stenosis, five patients with pericardial effusion, four patients with atrial septal defect, and one patient with left ventricular dyssynergy were properly recognized with this system. One of five patients with hypertrophic myopathy and one of four patients with congestive myopathy were not recognized with this system. Criteria for the recognition of these system. Criteria for the recognition of these conditions are presented as well as the probable cause for false-positive and false-negative diagnoses in this series. Since only qualitative criteria were used, it was not possible to differentiate patients with coronary artery disease or patients with left ventricular volume overload from patients without cardiac pathology. The accuracy of this new system was judged against the clinical examination, conventional echocardiography, cardiac catheterization, and left ventricular angiography. It is assumed that the criteria for diagnosis developed during this study will be supplemented and the equipment improved in the future; however, the ease of operation of this system and the relative accuracy of diagnosis at this stage of its development are extremely interesting. It presents an excellent opportunity to obtain additional information about the cardiac patient without using invasive procedures and without risk."}
{"id": "PMID:126014", "title": "Echocardiography.", "content": "We have discussed the evolution of selected areas of echocardiography in an attempt to illustrate the capabilities and limitations of this method of study. As information has accumulated, some concepts of the specificity of certain echocardiographic patterns have had to be revised. Awareness of the potential for false positive and false negative results has increased rather than decreased the usefulness of the echo method. Equipment deficiencies which existed in past years have largely been corrected, thereby reducing the likelihood of repeating some of the earlier mistakes. Two years ago, we suggested that more patients with left ventricular disease should be studied, the results from different laboratories should be compared, a large number of patients with congenital disease should be evaluated, and the limitations of the technic be more precisely defined. Obviously much has been accomplished in all of these areas. Much more can be done. There is every reason to believe that the next few years will bring many new and important developments in diagnostic echocardiography.", "contents": "Echocardiography. We have discussed the evolution of selected areas of echocardiography in an attempt to illustrate the capabilities and limitations of this method of study. As information has accumulated, some concepts of the specificity of certain echocardiographic patterns have had to be revised. Awareness of the potential for false positive and false negative results has increased rather than decreased the usefulness of the echo method. Equipment deficiencies which existed in past years have largely been corrected, thereby reducing the likelihood of repeating some of the earlier mistakes. Two years ago, we suggested that more patients with left ventricular disease should be studied, the results from different laboratories should be compared, a large number of patients with congenital disease should be evaluated, and the limitations of the technic be more precisely defined. Obviously much has been accomplished in all of these areas. Much more can be done. There is every reason to believe that the next few years will bring many new and important developments in diagnostic echocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:126015", "title": "Electrical axis and voltage criteria on left ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "The voltage criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy were studied in 229 hypertensive patients undergoing treatment and 62 patients who were not treated. The limb-lead voltage criterion (R Lead aVL greater than or equal 11 mm.) was found more frequently in patients with radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly than other voltage criteria. This may have been due to a more negative axis in patients with cardiomegaly than in patients without cardiomegaly. It is possible that dilatation of the left ventricle to the left and posteriorly accentuates limb-lead criteria at the expense of V-lead criteria. Left anterior hemiblock occured in less than 10 per cent of the hypertensive patients. In 10 out of 16 patients with left anterior hemiblock, the hemiblock disappeared after treatment of the hypertension for 4 years whereas all five hemiblocks in untreated hypertensives persisted. Development of left anterior hemiblock subsequently occurred in only one patient with treatment and one without treatment over a 4-year period.", "contents": "Electrical axis and voltage criteria on left ventricular hypertrophy. The voltage criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy were studied in 229 hypertensive patients undergoing treatment and 62 patients who were not treated. The limb-lead voltage criterion (R Lead aVL greater than or equal 11 mm.) was found more frequently in patients with radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly than other voltage criteria. This may have been due to a more negative axis in patients with cardiomegaly than in patients without cardiomegaly. It is possible that dilatation of the left ventricle to the left and posteriorly accentuates limb-lead criteria at the expense of V-lead criteria. Left anterior hemiblock occured in less than 10 per cent of the hypertensive patients. In 10 out of 16 patients with left anterior hemiblock, the hemiblock disappeared after treatment of the hypertension for 4 years whereas all five hemiblocks in untreated hypertensives persisted. Development of left anterior hemiblock subsequently occurred in only one patient with treatment and one without treatment over a 4-year period."}
{"id": "PMID:126016", "title": "Relationships of the tricuspid valve to the membranous ventricular septum in Down's syndrome without endocardial cushion defect: study of 28 specimens, 14 with a ventricular septal defect.", "content": "The commissure between the anterior and medial leaflets of the tricuspid valve is commonly absent in Down's syndrome without endocardial cushion defect (19 of 28 specimens). As a result, aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum may develop (eight of 14 specimens with ventricular septal defect limited to the membranous ventricular septum) and the potential for left ventricle-to-right atrial communication is increased.", "contents": "Relationships of the tricuspid valve to the membranous ventricular septum in Down's syndrome without endocardial cushion defect: study of 28 specimens, 14 with a ventricular septal defect. The commissure between the anterior and medial leaflets of the tricuspid valve is commonly absent in Down's syndrome without endocardial cushion defect (19 of 28 specimens). As a result, aneurysm of the membranous ventricular septum may develop (eight of 14 specimens with ventricular septal defect limited to the membranous ventricular septum) and the potential for left ventricle-to-right atrial communication is increased."}
{"id": "PMID:126018", "title": "Effect of preconditioning visual stimulus duration on visual-evoked responses to a subsequent test flash in Down's syndrome and nonretarded individuals.", "content": "Visual-evoked responses to a visual test flash preceded by three different durations of a visual conditioning flash having the same intensity and form were recorded from 8 Down's syndrome subjects and 9 nonretarded CA-matched control subjects. Both groups showed a significant decrease in visual-evoked response perimeters to the test flash as the duration of the visual conditioning flash increased from 1 to 100 msec. For the 1000-msec condition, perimeters of Down's syndrome subjects showed a significant increase, and this was significantly greater than the nonretarded group. These results suggest that Down's syndrome individuals have deficits in their neural processing of sensory information.?23Author", "contents": "Effect of preconditioning visual stimulus duration on visual-evoked responses to a subsequent test flash in Down's syndrome and nonretarded individuals. Visual-evoked responses to a visual test flash preceded by three different durations of a visual conditioning flash having the same intensity and form were recorded from 8 Down's syndrome subjects and 9 nonretarded CA-matched control subjects. Both groups showed a significant decrease in visual-evoked response perimeters to the test flash as the duration of the visual conditioning flash increased from 1 to 100 msec. For the 1000-msec condition, perimeters of Down's syndrome subjects showed a significant increase, and this was significantly greater than the nonretarded group. These results suggest that Down's syndrome individuals have deficits in their neural processing of sensory information.?23Author"}
{"id": "PMID:126019", "title": "The metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. III. The effect of thiazide diuretics in normal and future pre-eclamptic pregnancies.", "content": "The present study reports that the metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (MCRDS) is decreased by thiazide diuretics during normal and future pre-eclamptic pregnancies. This observation supports the thesis that diuretics represent a potential hazard to the fetus by decreasing placental perfusion.", "contents": "The metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. III. The effect of thiazide diuretics in normal and future pre-eclamptic pregnancies. The present study reports that the metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (MCRDS) is decreased by thiazide diuretics during normal and future pre-eclamptic pregnancies. This observation supports the thesis that diuretics represent a potential hazard to the fetus by decreasing placental perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:126020", "title": "Discovering the lifestyle of the physically disabled.", "content": "The \"discovery process\" learned in the Leadership Training Institute sponsored by the American Occupational Therapy Association was used as the foundation for a course offered to senior occupational therapy students.  The students had completed required courses in the curriculum and had returned from six months of field work experience.  They had little or no exposure to patients outside a hospital setting.  The objectives of the course were: (1) To offer the student an experience in which he could gain an understanding of a physically disabled person's natural environment and the forces exerted on him within that environment; and (2) to offer the student an opportunity to develop issues relevant to that physically handicapped person's life style and, by using that person's natural abilities, assist him to adapt to or change his environment.  The process that evolved between the students and the handicapped people that they visited in the community is discussed.", "contents": "Discovering the lifestyle of the physically disabled. The \"discovery process\" learned in the Leadership Training Institute sponsored by the American Occupational Therapy Association was used as the foundation for a course offered to senior occupational therapy students.  The students had completed required courses in the curriculum and had returned from six months of field work experience.  They had little or no exposure to patients outside a hospital setting.  The objectives of the course were: (1) To offer the student an experience in which he could gain an understanding of a physically disabled person's natural environment and the forces exerted on him within that environment; and (2) to offer the student an opportunity to develop issues relevant to that physically handicapped person's life style and, by using that person's natural abilities, assist him to adapt to or change his environment.  The process that evolved between the students and the handicapped people that they visited in the community is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126021", "title": "Immune complex type glomerulonephritis in cirrhosis of the liver.", "content": "Glomerular lesions were detected in 9 of 10 patients with liver cirrhosis: these lesions consisted of a) thickening of basement-membrane-like material, b) electron-dense deposits in mesangial areas and in capillary walls, c) round areas of rarefaction in the membrane-like material and in some deposits, and d) presence of IgA, with IgG and/or IgM and/or C3, in the deposits. The association of these four abnormalities seems to be characteristic of \"cirrhotic glomerulonephritis.\" The deposits could be the result of precipitation in the glomeruli of either aggregated immunoglobulins or circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "Immune complex type glomerulonephritis in cirrhosis of the liver. Glomerular lesions were detected in 9 of 10 patients with liver cirrhosis: these lesions consisted of a) thickening of basement-membrane-like material, b) electron-dense deposits in mesangial areas and in capillary walls, c) round areas of rarefaction in the membrane-like material and in some deposits, and d) presence of IgA, with IgG and/or IgM and/or C3, in the deposits. The association of these four abnormalities seems to be characteristic of \"cirrhotic glomerulonephritis.\" The deposits could be the result of precipitation in the glomeruli of either aggregated immunoglobulins or circulating immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:126022", "title": "Rat myocardial mechanics during pressure-induced hypertrophy development and reversal.", "content": "Moderate cardiac hypertrophy (CH) was produced in rats by abdominal aorta constriction for 5, 8, 15, 21, and 28 days. Aortic constriction release after 5, 8, and 15 days led to CH regression, which was complete within 15 days. A study of left ventricular papillary muscle mechanics during CH development demonstrated an early but transitory decrease in both maximum isometric force (Po) and maximum muscle shortening velocity (max V); in addition, the time-to-peak tension increased, and there was a decrease in isometric relaxation rate and in force-frequency relationship (negative staircase.) After CH regression, isometric relaxation and negative staircase were similar to controls, whereas the prolonged duration of contraction persisted. After release of the aortic constriction at 8 and 15 days, Po and max V were normal; however, after the earlier release (5 days), Po was higher than control, when muscle thickness was taken into consideration. These findings suggest 1) that an alteration in muscle mechanics may be related to the hypertrophy itself; 2) that anomalous excitation-contraction coupling might persist after CH regression.", "contents": "Rat myocardial mechanics during pressure-induced hypertrophy development and reversal. Moderate cardiac hypertrophy (CH) was produced in rats by abdominal aorta constriction for 5, 8, 15, 21, and 28 days. Aortic constriction release after 5, 8, and 15 days led to CH regression, which was complete within 15 days. A study of left ventricular papillary muscle mechanics during CH development demonstrated an early but transitory decrease in both maximum isometric force (Po) and maximum muscle shortening velocity (max V); in addition, the time-to-peak tension increased, and there was a decrease in isometric relaxation rate and in force-frequency relationship (negative staircase.) After CH regression, isometric relaxation and negative staircase were similar to controls, whereas the prolonged duration of contraction persisted. After release of the aortic constriction at 8 and 15 days, Po and max V were normal; however, after the earlier release (5 days), Po was higher than control, when muscle thickness was taken into consideration. These findings suggest 1) that an alteration in muscle mechanics may be related to the hypertrophy itself; 2) that anomalous excitation-contraction coupling might persist after CH regression."}
{"id": "PMID:126023", "title": "Adaptation of actomyosin ATPase in different types of muscle to endurance exercise.", "content": "Higher concentrations of actomyosin were found in the red portion of the vastus lateralis and in the white portion of the vastus lateralis muscle than in the soleus or heart in rats. A strenuous program of treadmill running lasting 18 wk or longer did not significantly affect the amount of actomyosin recovered from the different types of muscle. No changes in actomyosin ATPase occurred in fast-twitch white (white vastus) or heart muscles in response to the exercise training. In contrast, a decrease of approximately 20% occurred in the specific activity of actomyosin ATPase of fast-twitch red (red vastus) muscle (0.635 +/- 0.029 mumol Pi/min per milligram for sedentary vs. 0.529 +/- 0.021 mumol Pi/min per milligram for trained), while the actomyosin ATPase activity of slow-twitch red (soleus) muscle increased about 20% (0.209 +/- 0.033 vs. 0.257 +/- 0.031 mumol Pi/min per milligram). There was a close correlation (r = 0.99, P less than 0.001) between actomyosin ATPase activity and phosphofructokinase activity in the three types of skeletal muscles and in heart muscle of exercise-trained and untrained animals, providing further evidence in support of the concept that the glycogenolytic capacity of a muscle and its actomyosin ATPase activity are regulated in parallel.", "contents": "Adaptation of actomyosin ATPase in different types of muscle to endurance exercise. Higher concentrations of actomyosin were found in the red portion of the vastus lateralis and in the white portion of the vastus lateralis muscle than in the soleus or heart in rats. A strenuous program of treadmill running lasting 18 wk or longer did not significantly affect the amount of actomyosin recovered from the different types of muscle. No changes in actomyosin ATPase occurred in fast-twitch white (white vastus) or heart muscles in response to the exercise training. In contrast, a decrease of approximately 20% occurred in the specific activity of actomyosin ATPase of fast-twitch red (red vastus) muscle (0.635 +/- 0.029 mumol Pi/min per milligram for sedentary vs. 0.529 +/- 0.021 mumol Pi/min per milligram for trained), while the actomyosin ATPase activity of slow-twitch red (soleus) muscle increased about 20% (0.209 +/- 0.033 vs. 0.257 +/- 0.031 mumol Pi/min per milligram). There was a close correlation (r = 0.99, P less than 0.001) between actomyosin ATPase activity and phosphofructokinase activity in the three types of skeletal muscles and in heart muscle of exercise-trained and untrained animals, providing further evidence in support of the concept that the glycogenolytic capacity of a muscle and its actomyosin ATPase activity are regulated in parallel."}
{"id": "PMID:126024", "title": "Role of medullary Na-K-ATPase in renal potassium adaption.", "content": "Since recent studies have shown that chronic potassium loading stimulates the specific activity of Na-K-ATPase in renal tissue, experiments were performed to determine whether increased enzyme acitivity correlated with renal adaptation for accelerated potassium excretion. The Na-K-ATPase activity in different renal zones was correlated with the maximum rate of potassium excretion during the intravenous infusion of KCl in animals with normal and reduced renal function, animals on a varied potassium diet and animals treated with methylprednisolone or deoxycorticosterone acetate. The enhanced ability to excrete a potassium load was associated with increased enzyme activity in the outer or red medulla, whether the change in Na-K-ATPase was caused by chronic potassium loading, methylprednisolone treatment, or partial nephrectomy. There was no evidence that a rise in enzyme activity in the cortex influenced the rate of potassium secretion. Moreover, stimulation of Na-K-ATPase in the inner medulla-papilla did not augment the rate of potassium excretion above that found in animals with an increase in enzyme in the outer medulla alone. These experiments provide evidence that links Na-K-ATPase to the mechanism of renal potassium adaptation and suggest that the major increment in potassium secretion by the adapted kidney occurs in the outer medulla.", "contents": "Role of medullary Na-K-ATPase in renal potassium adaption. Since recent studies have shown that chronic potassium loading stimulates the specific activity of Na-K-ATPase in renal tissue, experiments were performed to determine whether increased enzyme acitivity correlated with renal adaptation for accelerated potassium excretion. The Na-K-ATPase activity in different renal zones was correlated with the maximum rate of potassium excretion during the intravenous infusion of KCl in animals with normal and reduced renal function, animals on a varied potassium diet and animals treated with methylprednisolone or deoxycorticosterone acetate. The enhanced ability to excrete a potassium load was associated with increased enzyme activity in the outer or red medulla, whether the change in Na-K-ATPase was caused by chronic potassium loading, methylprednisolone treatment, or partial nephrectomy. There was no evidence that a rise in enzyme activity in the cortex influenced the rate of potassium secretion. Moreover, stimulation of Na-K-ATPase in the inner medulla-papilla did not augment the rate of potassium excretion above that found in animals with an increase in enzyme in the outer medulla alone. These experiments provide evidence that links Na-K-ATPase to the mechanism of renal potassium adaptation and suggest that the major increment in potassium secretion by the adapted kidney occurs in the outer medulla."}
{"id": "PMID:126025", "title": "Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans by mammalian corneal epithelium and fibroblasts in vitro. II. Approach to specify the GAG from the two cell types.", "content": "35S- as well as 3H-labeled glycosaminoglycans (GAG) produced by cultivated epithelium and fibroblasts of the rabbit cornea were treated with testicular hyaluronidase, leech hyaluronidase and chondroitinase-ABC or -AC. The fractionation-patterns of enzyme-treated GAG were compared with blanks not exposed to enzymes. The epithelial GAG revealed to be generally more resistant to the enzymatic degradation than the GAG synthesized by the fibroblasts, but--depending on the enzyme--in the GAG of both cell types the same fractions were attacked. The decline of the radioactivity in the fractions of enzyme-treated GAG allows the conclusions that both cell types produce relatively small amount of keratan sulfate but mainly chondroitin sulfates with a different degree of sulfation. In addition GAG, not present in the normal cornea, are synthesized: hyaluronic acid chiefly by fibroblasts and probably dermatan sulfate. The possible role of the fibroblastic and epithelial GAG in corneal wound repair is discussed.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans by mammalian corneal epithelium and fibroblasts in vitro. II. Approach to specify the GAG from the two cell types. 35S- as well as 3H-labeled glycosaminoglycans (GAG) produced by cultivated epithelium and fibroblasts of the rabbit cornea were treated with testicular hyaluronidase, leech hyaluronidase and chondroitinase-ABC or -AC. The fractionation-patterns of enzyme-treated GAG were compared with blanks not exposed to enzymes. The epithelial GAG revealed to be generally more resistant to the enzymatic degradation than the GAG synthesized by the fibroblasts, but--depending on the enzyme--in the GAG of both cell types the same fractions were attacked. The decline of the radioactivity in the fractions of enzyme-treated GAG allows the conclusions that both cell types produce relatively small amount of keratan sulfate but mainly chondroitin sulfates with a different degree of sulfation. In addition GAG, not present in the normal cornea, are synthesized: hyaluronic acid chiefly by fibroblasts and probably dermatan sulfate. The possible role of the fibroblastic and epithelial GAG in corneal wound repair is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126026", "title": "Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans by mammalian corneal epithelium and fibroblasts in vitro. I. Isolation and fractionation-differences of GAG from the two cell types.", "content": "Labeled glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were isolated and fractionated from cultured rabbit corneal epithelium, rabbit or bovine corneal fibroblasts and rabbit bone fibroblasts that had been previously incubated with either Na235SO4 or D-glucosamine-6-3H precursors. Thus it was demonstrated that the epithelium produces GAG. The fractionations indicated that the epithelial cells predominantly synthesize GAG with a lower degree of sulfation than those produced by corneal fibroblasts. The GAG-fractionation-patterns of the corneal epithelium and bone fibroblasts were similar.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans by mammalian corneal epithelium and fibroblasts in vitro. I. Isolation and fractionation-differences of GAG from the two cell types. Labeled glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were isolated and fractionated from cultured rabbit corneal epithelium, rabbit or bovine corneal fibroblasts and rabbit bone fibroblasts that had been previously incubated with either Na235SO4 or D-glucosamine-6-3H precursors. Thus it was demonstrated that the epithelium produces GAG. The fractionations indicated that the epithelial cells predominantly synthesize GAG with a lower degree of sulfation than those produced by corneal fibroblasts. The GAG-fractionation-patterns of the corneal epithelium and bone fibroblasts were similar."}
{"id": "PMID:126044", "title": "Enzyme changes in lichen planus.", "content": "Untreated cases of lichen planus have been studied by histochemical techniques. The acid phosphatase reaction in the transitional zone has been quantitatively estimated and compared with the adjacent relatively normal epidermis. It was found that despite a thickened and accentuated granular layer as seen by routine histological methods there was a marked reduction in the intensity of the acid phosphatase reaction. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction was marked in the upper layers of the epidermis in active lesions of lichen planus. This is similar to psoriasis, but different from normal human epidermis. The suggestion by other authors that lichen planus is an inborn error of metabolism is discussed. The dendritic cells of the epidermis as studied by the ATPase reaction are virtually absent in regions of active lichen planus and the possible significance of this is mentioned. The horny layer gives a dense reaction for phospholipids in lichen planus and this is similar to psoriatic keratin. The significance of this finding is considered.", "contents": "Enzyme changes in lichen planus. Untreated cases of lichen planus have been studied by histochemical techniques. The acid phosphatase reaction in the transitional zone has been quantitatively estimated and compared with the adjacent relatively normal epidermis. It was found that despite a thickened and accentuated granular layer as seen by routine histological methods there was a marked reduction in the intensity of the acid phosphatase reaction. The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase reaction was marked in the upper layers of the epidermis in active lesions of lichen planus. This is similar to psoriasis, but different from normal human epidermis. The suggestion by other authors that lichen planus is an inborn error of metabolism is discussed. The dendritic cells of the epidermis as studied by the ATPase reaction are virtually absent in regions of active lichen planus and the possible significance of this is mentioned. The horny layer gives a dense reaction for phospholipids in lichen planus and this is similar to psoriatic keratin. The significance of this finding is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:126045", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the epidermis in seborrhoic dermatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Electronmicroscopical investigation on 12 cutaneous biopsies of different localisation showed that the seborrhoic dermatitis is not comparable to a psoriatic tissue-reaction. Both, the cyto-morphological feature and the demonstrated localisation of the acid phosphatase are distinctly different from that of the psoriatic epidermis. The described changes are clearly more similar to the well known ultrastructural pictures of eczemateous reactions. In spite of the \"eczema-like\" ultrastructural picture seborrhoic dermatitis apparently can be separated from the allergic and irritant contact-dermatitis. Nevertheless, the epidermal alterations are also similar to chronic nummular eczema. They therefore are unspecific and do not allow any conclusion regarding the etiopathogenesis or nosological classification of this skin disease.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the epidermis in seborrhoic dermatitis (author's transl)]. Electronmicroscopical investigation on 12 cutaneous biopsies of different localisation showed that the seborrhoic dermatitis is not comparable to a psoriatic tissue-reaction. Both, the cyto-morphological feature and the demonstrated localisation of the acid phosphatase are distinctly different from that of the psoriatic epidermis. The described changes are clearly more similar to the well known ultrastructural pictures of eczemateous reactions. In spite of the \"eczema-like\" ultrastructural picture seborrhoic dermatitis apparently can be separated from the allergic and irritant contact-dermatitis. Nevertheless, the epidermal alterations are also similar to chronic nummular eczema. They therefore are unspecific and do not allow any conclusion regarding the etiopathogenesis or nosological classification of this skin disease."}
{"id": "PMID:126046", "title": "Host resistance in sepsis and trauma.", "content": "Host resistance to infection was measured by the in vivo response to 5 delayed hypersensitivity antigens and to sensitivity and challenge by dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in 55 seriously ill or injured patients and in 50 preoperative patients. A close correlation between infections, septicemia, death related to infection and anergy was found in the postoperative and post injury patients and was predictive of these complications in the patients studied preoperatively. Decreased body cell mass was noted in both the anergic and non-anergic patients which was consistent with protein-calorie malnutrition but the two groups were not significantly different. A serum factor which inhibited cellular immunity in vitro was found in 4 patients. This factor disappeared in the two patients who recovered. The study suggests the therapeutic value of the in vivo measurement of delayed hypersensitivity in seriously ill and especially preoperative patients in whom specific or non-specific stimulation of cell mediated immunity might alter the risk of infection.", "contents": "Host resistance in sepsis and trauma. Host resistance to infection was measured by the in vivo response to 5 delayed hypersensitivity antigens and to sensitivity and challenge by dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in 55 seriously ill or injured patients and in 50 preoperative patients. A close correlation between infections, septicemia, death related to infection and anergy was found in the postoperative and post injury patients and was predictive of these complications in the patients studied preoperatively. Decreased body cell mass was noted in both the anergic and non-anergic patients which was consistent with protein-calorie malnutrition but the two groups were not significantly different. A serum factor which inhibited cellular immunity in vitro was found in 4 patients. This factor disappeared in the two patients who recovered. The study suggests the therapeutic value of the in vivo measurement of delayed hypersensitivity in seriously ill and especially preoperative patients in whom specific or non-specific stimulation of cell mediated immunity might alter the risk of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:126047", "title": "The early diagnosis of gram negative septicemia in the pediatric surgical patient.", "content": "Ninety-three postoperative patients 1 day to 13 years of age had blood cultures, limulus lysate assay, determination of fibrin degradation products, white blood cell and platelet counts. Seven groups were studied. The limulus lysate assay was often positive (64%) in the presence of gram negative septicemia but there were false positives and negatives. The tests for fibrin degradation products were inconsistent. The white blood cell count was low in babies with gram negative septicemia. One hundred per cent of the infants with gram negative septicemia had a platelet count below 150,000; 71% below 100,000 (average 67,000 septic babies, 257,000 non-septic babies). The drop in platelet count with gram negative septicemia was abrupt---as much as 222,000 in 24 hours. Platelets increased when therapy was effective. Two children with gram negative septicemia had platelet counts of 50,000 and 20,000. The platelet count for patients with gram positive septicemia was 299,000, and above 150,000 in all children with ruptured and non-ruptured appendicitis and major surgery without gram negative septicemia. It was concluded that serial measurements of platelet count in the postoperative infant and child was a rapid and reliable method for early detection of gram negative septicemia and changes in platelet count in response to treatment was an indicator of the effectiveness of therapy.", "contents": "The early diagnosis of gram negative septicemia in the pediatric surgical patient. Ninety-three postoperative patients 1 day to 13 years of age had blood cultures, limulus lysate assay, determination of fibrin degradation products, white blood cell and platelet counts. Seven groups were studied. The limulus lysate assay was often positive (64%) in the presence of gram negative septicemia but there were false positives and negatives. The tests for fibrin degradation products were inconsistent. The white blood cell count was low in babies with gram negative septicemia. One hundred per cent of the infants with gram negative septicemia had a platelet count below 150,000; 71% below 100,000 (average 67,000 septic babies, 257,000 non-septic babies). The drop in platelet count with gram negative septicemia was abrupt---as much as 222,000 in 24 hours. Platelets increased when therapy was effective. Two children with gram negative septicemia had platelet counts of 50,000 and 20,000. The platelet count for patients with gram positive septicemia was 299,000, and above 150,000 in all children with ruptured and non-ruptured appendicitis and major surgery without gram negative septicemia. It was concluded that serial measurements of platelet count in the postoperative infant and child was a rapid and reliable method for early detection of gram negative septicemia and changes in platelet count in response to treatment was an indicator of the effectiveness of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:126048", "title": "Apparent coexistent valvular and subvalvular left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.", "content": "A patient is presented in whom coexisting bicuspid valvular aortic stenosis and asymmetrical septal hypertrophy were suggested by echocardiography. A focal area of hypertrophy noted at operation was excised. Subsequent histological examination did not reveal evidence to support the echographic and surgical observations. The necessity for careful intraoperative assessment of the degree and nature of subvalvular muscular hypertrophy is stressed. The absence of classic echographic findings in these patients is noted.", "contents": "Apparent coexistent valvular and subvalvular left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. A patient is presented in whom coexisting bicuspid valvular aortic stenosis and asymmetrical septal hypertrophy were suggested by echocardiography. A focal area of hypertrophy noted at operation was excised. Subsequent histological examination did not reveal evidence to support the echographic and surgical observations. The necessity for careful intraoperative assessment of the degree and nature of subvalvular muscular hypertrophy is stressed. The absence of classic echographic findings in these patients is noted."}
{"id": "PMID:126049", "title": "Giant intrathoracic tumor masquerading as an enlarged cardiac silhouette.", "content": "This report describes a relatively asymptomatic 52-year-old man who had a markedly enlarged cardiac silhouette on chest roentgenogram when first seen. Clinical studies confirmed the presence of a mass, and thoracotomy revealed a huge intrathoracic tumor. The lesion was interpreted as an intrapulmonary hamartoma that had undergone malignant degeneration.", "contents": "Giant intrathoracic tumor masquerading as an enlarged cardiac silhouette. This report describes a relatively asymptomatic 52-year-old man who had a markedly enlarged cardiac silhouette on chest roentgenogram when first seen. Clinical studies confirmed the presence of a mass, and thoracotomy revealed a huge intrathoracic tumor. The lesion was interpreted as an intrapulmonary hamartoma that had undergone malignant degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:126050", "title": "Chemical structure and pharmacological (curarizing) properties of various indole alkaloids extracted from an African Strychnos.", "content": "The chemical separation and identification of ten alkaloids extracted from the roots of Strychnos usambarensis are described. The elucidation of their structure by means of elementary analysis, I. R., U.V, and mass spectrometry allows their classification into bistertiary amines, hybrid and bisquaternary ammonium derivatives. This classification is reflected in the pharmacological properties. One of the tertiary amine alkaloids (usambarensine) presents atopine-like and spasmolytic activities while the bisquaternary ammonium compounds (dihydrotoxiferine, calebassine, C-curarine and afrocurarine) are competitive neuromuscular blocking agents.", "contents": "Chemical structure and pharmacological (curarizing) properties of various indole alkaloids extracted from an African Strychnos. The chemical separation and identification of ten alkaloids extracted from the roots of Strychnos usambarensis are described. The elucidation of their structure by means of elementary analysis, I. R., U.V, and mass spectrometry allows their classification into bistertiary amines, hybrid and bisquaternary ammonium derivatives. This classification is reflected in the pharmacological properties. One of the tertiary amine alkaloids (usambarensine) presents atopine-like and spasmolytic activities while the bisquaternary ammonium compounds (dihydrotoxiferine, calebassine, C-curarine and afrocurarine) are competitive neuromuscular blocking agents."}
{"id": "PMID:126051", "title": "Pharmacologic effects of apomorphine in rats with altered level of brain serotonin.", "content": "The influence of inhibitors and precursors of serotonin synthesis on motor stimulation, hypothermia and apomorphine-induced stereotypy was studied. The results are discussed with reference to the previously expressed suggestion of a modulating role of serotonin on the mechanism of apomorphine-induced motility and in apomorphine-induced hypothermia.", "contents": "Pharmacologic effects of apomorphine in rats with altered level of brain serotonin. The influence of inhibitors and precursors of serotonin synthesis on motor stimulation, hypothermia and apomorphine-induced stereotypy was studied. The results are discussed with reference to the previously expressed suggestion of a modulating role of serotonin on the mechanism of apomorphine-induced motility and in apomorphine-induced hypothermia."}
{"id": "PMID:126052", "title": "Alzheimer degeneration in Down syndrome. Electrophysiologic alterations and histopathologic findings.", "content": "Progressive electroencephalographic disorganization and decreased voltage amplitude in the late components of the averaged visual evoked potentials were recorded in the last two years of life of a patient with Down disease and Alzheimer degeneration. Taken together with quantitative histopathologic findings, the electrophysiologic alterations are interpreted in terms of recent evidence from an experimental animal model of dementia. Neurons with neurofibrillary degeneration become electrically inactive and contribute to the loss of voltage generators associated with neuron death in Alzheimer disease. Loss of voltage generators may result in disfacillitation and disinhibition of surviving neurons, thus causing the loss of normal rhythms.", "contents": "Alzheimer degeneration in Down syndrome. Electrophysiologic alterations and histopathologic findings. Progressive electroencephalographic disorganization and decreased voltage amplitude in the late components of the averaged visual evoked potentials were recorded in the last two years of life of a patient with Down disease and Alzheimer degeneration. Taken together with quantitative histopathologic findings, the electrophysiologic alterations are interpreted in terms of recent evidence from an experimental animal model of dementia. Neurons with neurofibrillary degeneration become electrically inactive and contribute to the loss of voltage generators associated with neuron death in Alzheimer disease. Loss of voltage generators may result in disfacillitation and disinhibition of surviving neurons, thus causing the loss of normal rhythms."}
{"id": "PMID:126053", "title": "Extraction of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate by brain in diabetic rats.", "content": "Statistically significant cerebral arteriovenous differences of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate were found in rats made diabetic by administration of streptozotocin. The amount of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate extracted by the brain in diabetic animals increased with increasing arterial concentrations and the extraction ratios were comparable to those found in animals and humans with ketosis due to other causes.", "contents": "Extraction of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate by brain in diabetic rats. Statistically significant cerebral arteriovenous differences of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate were found in rats made diabetic by administration of streptozotocin. The amount of D-beta-hydroxybutyrate extracted by the brain in diabetic animals increased with increasing arterial concentrations and the extraction ratios were comparable to those found in animals and humans with ketosis due to other causes."}
{"id": "PMID:126055", "title": "Silent mitral regurgitation.", "content": "The occurrence of significant mitral regurgitation whithout the characteristic auscultatory signs, particularly the holosystolic murmur and the third heart sound, is unusual. It becomes of considerable importance when it occurs in combined lesions of the mitral valve, and more so in those areas where the treatment of mitral stenosis is by closed mitral valvotomy. Two cases of silent mitral incompetence are presented. The features that should have indicated the coexistence of regurgitation with mitral stenosis were cardiomegaly with considerable dilatation of the left atrium, and lesser degrees of right ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiography for the severity of mitral stenosis and evidence of biventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "Silent mitral regurgitation. The occurrence of significant mitral regurgitation whithout the characteristic auscultatory signs, particularly the holosystolic murmur and the third heart sound, is unusual. It becomes of considerable importance when it occurs in combined lesions of the mitral valve, and more so in those areas where the treatment of mitral stenosis is by closed mitral valvotomy. Two cases of silent mitral incompetence are presented. The features that should have indicated the coexistence of regurgitation with mitral stenosis were cardiomegaly with considerable dilatation of the left atrium, and lesser degrees of right ventricular hypertrophy on electrocardiography for the severity of mitral stenosis and evidence of biventricular hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:126056", "title": "A study of the number and phage patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in an abattoir.", "content": "Two hundred and forty-seven samples were taken from various areas within an abattoir and the levels of Staphylococcus aureus determined. Sixty-one phage patterns were found in the 141 samples containing coagulase-positive staphylococci. The incidence of coagulase positive staphylococci increased as processing progressed. Articles such as mesh gloves, hands and aprons which were either difficult to effectively clean or maintained at elevated temperatures harboured the greatest numbers of staphylococci. Over 50% of the positive samples contained multiple phage patterns of staphylococci.", "contents": "A study of the number and phage patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in an abattoir. Two hundred and forty-seven samples were taken from various areas within an abattoir and the levels of Staphylococcus aureus determined. Sixty-one phage patterns were found in the 141 samples containing coagulase-positive staphylococci. The incidence of coagulase positive staphylococci increased as processing progressed. Articles such as mesh gloves, hands and aprons which were either difficult to effectively clean or maintained at elevated temperatures harboured the greatest numbers of staphylococci. Over 50% of the positive samples contained multiple phage patterns of staphylococci."}
{"id": "PMID:126057", "title": "Differential response in cardiomyopathy of chicks and turkeys to furazolidone toxicity.", "content": "Dietary furazolidone (500 ppm or higher) significantly slowed the growth of chicks fed either a conventional or a purified diet and of turkeys fed a conventional diet. Deaths were significantly increased in turkeys fed 500 ppm and in chicks fed 700 ppm in the purified diet. Ratio of heart to body weight was significantly increased by furazolidone in turkeys, but not in chicks. Furazolidone did not induce anemia in either species. Turkeys and chicks differed markedly in cardiac response to toxic levels of furazolidone.", "contents": "Differential response in cardiomyopathy of chicks and turkeys to furazolidone toxicity. Dietary furazolidone (500 ppm or higher) significantly slowed the growth of chicks fed either a conventional or a purified diet and of turkeys fed a conventional diet. Deaths were significantly increased in turkeys fed 500 ppm and in chicks fed 700 ppm in the purified diet. Ratio of heart to body weight was significantly increased by furazolidone in turkeys, but not in chicks. Furazolidone did not induce anemia in either species. Turkeys and chicks differed markedly in cardiac response to toxic levels of furazolidone."}
{"id": "PMID:126058", "title": "Effect of furazolidone on heart weights and myocardial moisture content in turkey poults.", "content": "Furazolidone (FZ) at 700 ppm in feed mixtures fed turkey poults from 2 to 5 weeks posthatching significantly increased the ratio of heart weight to body weight (p less than 0.001) and myocardial moisture content (p less than 0.05). The increase in myocardial moisture content is believed to be related to increased glycogen deposition under the influence of FZ since FZ removal from the diet decreased myocardial glycogen levels and moisture content to normal levels.", "contents": "Effect of furazolidone on heart weights and myocardial moisture content in turkey poults. Furazolidone (FZ) at 700 ppm in feed mixtures fed turkey poults from 2 to 5 weeks posthatching significantly increased the ratio of heart weight to body weight (p less than 0.001) and myocardial moisture content (p less than 0.05). The increase in myocardial moisture content is believed to be related to increased glycogen deposition under the influence of FZ since FZ removal from the diet decreased myocardial glycogen levels and moisture content to normal levels."}
{"id": "PMID:126071", "title": "Chalone-like effect abrogated by dextran sulphate and heparin polyanion pretreatment of target cells.", "content": "Chalone prepared from primary BALB/c mouse embryo fibroblasts caused a 33% reduction in incorporation of tritiated thymidine in the cultures of the second in vitro passage of BALB/c embryo fibroblasts, whereas chalone prepared from thymus, skin and spleen was without effect. Pretreatment of BALB/c secondary fibroblasts with the polyanions dextran sulphate and heparin abrogated the chalone effect. The polycations DEAE-dextran and polybrene were without effect. The effect of incubation with the dextran sulphate polyanion was reversed when followed by incubation with DEAE-dextran polycation.", "contents": "Chalone-like effect abrogated by dextran sulphate and heparin polyanion pretreatment of target cells. Chalone prepared from primary BALB/c mouse embryo fibroblasts caused a 33% reduction in incorporation of tritiated thymidine in the cultures of the second in vitro passage of BALB/c embryo fibroblasts, whereas chalone prepared from thymus, skin and spleen was without effect. Pretreatment of BALB/c secondary fibroblasts with the polyanions dextran sulphate and heparin abrogated the chalone effect. The polycations DEAE-dextran and polybrene were without effect. The effect of incubation with the dextran sulphate polyanion was reversed when followed by incubation with DEAE-dextran polycation."}
{"id": "PMID:126072", "title": "Stimulation of syngeneic and allogeneic lymphoid cells by tumour cells in vitro.", "content": "August and Wistar rat lymph node cells were found to respond well to PHA stimulation and in mixed lymphocyte culture, as determined by an increased incorporation of 3H-thymidine. August rat lymph node cells were also stimulated by incubation with irradiated syngeneic tumour cells. Allogeneic Wistar rat lymph node cells produced a larger response to the August tumour cells. The response of syngeneic and allogeneic lymph node cells was reduced by pretreating the tumour cells with a Wistar anti-tumour serum. Pretreating the tumour cells with sera from normal or tumour bearing rats also reduced the response of syngeneic lymph node cells but did not reduce the response of allogeneic lymph node cells.", "contents": "Stimulation of syngeneic and allogeneic lymphoid cells by tumour cells in vitro. August and Wistar rat lymph node cells were found to respond well to PHA stimulation and in mixed lymphocyte culture, as determined by an increased incorporation of 3H-thymidine. August rat lymph node cells were also stimulated by incubation with irradiated syngeneic tumour cells. Allogeneic Wistar rat lymph node cells produced a larger response to the August tumour cells. The response of syngeneic and allogeneic lymph node cells was reduced by pretreating the tumour cells with a Wistar anti-tumour serum. Pretreating the tumour cells with sera from normal or tumour bearing rats also reduced the response of syngeneic lymph node cells but did not reduce the response of allogeneic lymph node cells."}
{"id": "PMID:126073", "title": "Cytochemical identification of ATPase-positive langerhans cells in EDTA-separated sheets of mouse epidermis.", "content": "Sheets of epidermis for incubation to demonstrate ATPase activity were obtained from specimens of mouse footpad using EDTA as the separation medium. The use of EDTA in place of the NaBr method previously described, resulted in a greatly reduced incubation time, precise localization of reaction product and preservation of ultrastructural detail. A population of closely and regularly spaced ATPase-positive dendritic cells was demonstrated by light microscopy. Electron microscopy demonstrated that, with short incubation times, reaction product was found only in the extracellular space adjacent to dendritic cells, the majority of which possessed the typical ultrastructural features of Langerhans cells.", "contents": "Cytochemical identification of ATPase-positive langerhans cells in EDTA-separated sheets of mouse epidermis. Sheets of epidermis for incubation to demonstrate ATPase activity were obtained from specimens of mouse footpad using EDTA as the separation medium. The use of EDTA in place of the NaBr method previously described, resulted in a greatly reduced incubation time, precise localization of reaction product and preservation of ultrastructural detail. A population of closely and regularly spaced ATPase-positive dendritic cells was demonstrated by light microscopy. Electron microscopy demonstrated that, with short incubation times, reaction product was found only in the extracellular space adjacent to dendritic cells, the majority of which possessed the typical ultrastructural features of Langerhans cells."}
{"id": "PMID:126074", "title": "The sebum excretion rate in rosacea.", "content": "The sebum excretion rate (SER) was measured in fifty-five patients with rosacea and 126 control subjects. The mean SER in the patients with rosacea was not increased, nor was there any correlation between SER and severity of rosacea. Our data suggest that seborrhoea plays no part in the pathogenesis of rosacea.", "contents": "The sebum excretion rate in rosacea. The sebum excretion rate (SER) was measured in fifty-five patients with rosacea and 126 control subjects. The mean SER in the patients with rosacea was not increased, nor was there any correlation between SER and severity of rosacea. Our data suggest that seborrhoea plays no part in the pathogenesis of rosacea."}
{"id": "PMID:126075", "title": "A new formulation of 0.1% hydrocortisone cream with vasoconstrictor activity and clinical effectiveness.", "content": "A new formulation of hydrocortisone with vasoconstrictor activity has been shown to be effective clinically and was more effective in a 0.1% concentration than 1.0% Hydrocortisone Cream BPC. Its use should obviate the adverse effects of fluorinated steroids.", "contents": "A new formulation of 0.1% hydrocortisone cream with vasoconstrictor activity and clinical effectiveness. A new formulation of hydrocortisone with vasoconstrictor activity has been shown to be effective clinically and was more effective in a 0.1% concentration than 1.0% Hydrocortisone Cream BPC. Its use should obviate the adverse effects of fluorinated steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:126076", "title": "Hazards of steroid therapy in hepatic failure.", "content": "Three patients with extensive skin disease and liver failure are described. Two were treated with large amounts of topical corticosteroids and one with a small oral dose of betamethasone. The former two patients developed Addisonian crises when they failed to apply the topical steroids and all three patients developed aseptic necrosis of bone. This report emphasizes that the hazards of steroid therapy may be increased in patients with hepatic failure.", "contents": "Hazards of steroid therapy in hepatic failure. Three patients with extensive skin disease and liver failure are described. Two were treated with large amounts of topical corticosteroids and one with a small oral dose of betamethasone. The former two patients developed Addisonian crises when they failed to apply the topical steroids and all three patients developed aseptic necrosis of bone. This report emphasizes that the hazards of steroid therapy may be increased in patients with hepatic failure."}
{"id": "PMID:126077", "title": "The dissociation constant of the actin-heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 complex.", "content": "We measured the binding of [14C]iodoacetamide labeled heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 (S-1) to F-actin by sedimenting the actin-S-1 complex and assaying the radioactivity remaining in the supernatant. The apparent dissociation constants (Kd) at 25 degrees, pH 7.0, were 0.01 to 0.04 muM at 0.027 and 0.08 ionic strengths and 0.07 to 0.14 muM at 0.14 ionic strength. Kd was not altered when the troponin-tropomyosin complex was bound on the actin, nor was it affected by free calcium concentration in the range 10(-4) to 10(-9) M. Measurements of the displacement of labeled S-1 from actin by native S-1 showed labeling had not altered Kd. In control experiments we found that at the low actin concentrations used (0.001-0.5 muM) not all of the actin sedimented and, furthermore, the data suggested that some of the S-1 in the supernatant was bound to supernatant actin. Our estimation of Kd, based on the assumption that all the supernatant S-1 was free, therefore resulted in an apparent Kd greater than the true Kd. We minimized the effect of the supernatant actin artefact by using only the data for high ratios of S-1 to actin, where no less than 75% of the actin sedimented; we estimate that the true Kd values could not be less than half the apparent Kd values.", "contents": "The dissociation constant of the actin-heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 complex. We measured the binding of [14C]iodoacetamide labeled heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 (S-1) to F-actin by sedimenting the actin-S-1 complex and assaying the radioactivity remaining in the supernatant. The apparent dissociation constants (Kd) at 25 degrees, pH 7.0, were 0.01 to 0.04 muM at 0.027 and 0.08 ionic strengths and 0.07 to 0.14 muM at 0.14 ionic strength. Kd was not altered when the troponin-tropomyosin complex was bound on the actin, nor was it affected by free calcium concentration in the range 10(-4) to 10(-9) M. Measurements of the displacement of labeled S-1 from actin by native S-1 showed labeling had not altered Kd. In control experiments we found that at the low actin concentrations used (0.001-0.5 muM) not all of the actin sedimented and, furthermore, the data suggested that some of the S-1 in the supernatant was bound to supernatant actin. Our estimation of Kd, based on the assumption that all the supernatant S-1 was free, therefore resulted in an apparent Kd greater than the true Kd. We minimized the effect of the supernatant actin artefact by using only the data for high ratios of S-1 to actin, where no less than 75% of the actin sedimented; we estimate that the true Kd values could not be less than half the apparent Kd values."}
{"id": "PMID:126078", "title": "Kinetic mechanism of the activation of human plasminogen by streptokinase.", "content": "A method of determining the initial rate of plasminogen activation has been developed. The method has been used to investigate the mechanism of activation of human plasminogen by streptokinase. Plasmin formation follows saturation kinetics. Inhibition of plasmin formation by epsilon-aminocaproic acid is uncompetitive with a Ki of 0.6 mM. A model consistent with the data is that streptokinase induces a conformational change in the plasminogen molecule, producing an active center which cleaves an internal peptide bond to produce plasmin. Thus, streptokinase functions as a catalytic allosteric effector.", "contents": "Kinetic mechanism of the activation of human plasminogen by streptokinase. A method of determining the initial rate of plasminogen activation has been developed. The method has been used to investigate the mechanism of activation of human plasminogen by streptokinase. Plasmin formation follows saturation kinetics. Inhibition of plasmin formation by epsilon-aminocaproic acid is uncompetitive with a Ki of 0.6 mM. A model consistent with the data is that streptokinase induces a conformational change in the plasminogen molecule, producing an active center which cleaves an internal peptide bond to produce plasmin. Thus, streptokinase functions as a catalytic allosteric effector."}
{"id": "PMID:126079", "title": "Differentiation between mutants of Escherichia coli K defective in oxidative phosphorylation.", "content": "Hybrid membrane particles from two mutants of Escherichia coli K12, Bv4 and K11, defective in oxidative phosphorylation, have been prepared, in which ATP-driven membrane energization is restored. A soluble factor of mutant K11 was found to have properties similar to parental crude coupling factor, ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3). Membrane particles of this mutant could not be reconstituted by parental coupling factor. Either parental coupling factor, or the soluble factor of mutant K11 could reconstitute both respiration-driven and ATP-driven energization to membrane particles of mutant Bv14 or to parental particles depleted of ATPase. Mutant Bv4 was found to be devoid of coupoing factor activity, while retaining the ability to hydrolyze ATP. Both mutants possess an ATPase with an altered binding to the membrane. Mutant K11 is impaired in respiration-driven amino acid transport, in contrast to mutant Bv4. The three major subunits of parental Escherichia coli ATPase have been isolated and antibodies have been prepared against these subunits. Antibodies against the largest subunit (alpha component) or against the intact catalytic subunits (alpha + beta components) inhibit both ATP-Pi exchange in the parent organism as well as ATP hydrolytic activity in parent and mutants. Antibodies against the two other subunits (beta or gamma components) also inhibit these two reactions, but were found to be less effective. Mutant N144, which lacks ATPase activity, shows no precipitin lines with anti-alpha, anti-beta, anti-gamma, or anti (alpha + beta) preparations. In contrast, mutants Bv4 and K11, exhibit cross-reactivity with all of the antisera.", "contents": "Differentiation between mutants of Escherichia coli K defective in oxidative phosphorylation. Hybrid membrane particles from two mutants of Escherichia coli K12, Bv4 and K11, defective in oxidative phosphorylation, have been prepared, in which ATP-driven membrane energization is restored. A soluble factor of mutant K11 was found to have properties similar to parental crude coupling factor, ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3). Membrane particles of this mutant could not be reconstituted by parental coupling factor. Either parental coupling factor, or the soluble factor of mutant K11 could reconstitute both respiration-driven and ATP-driven energization to membrane particles of mutant Bv14 or to parental particles depleted of ATPase. Mutant Bv4 was found to be devoid of coupoing factor activity, while retaining the ability to hydrolyze ATP. Both mutants possess an ATPase with an altered binding to the membrane. Mutant K11 is impaired in respiration-driven amino acid transport, in contrast to mutant Bv4. The three major subunits of parental Escherichia coli ATPase have been isolated and antibodies have been prepared against these subunits. Antibodies against the largest subunit (alpha component) or against the intact catalytic subunits (alpha + beta components) inhibit both ATP-Pi exchange in the parent organism as well as ATP hydrolytic activity in parent and mutants. Antibodies against the two other subunits (beta or gamma components) also inhibit these two reactions, but were found to be less effective. Mutant N144, which lacks ATPase activity, shows no precipitin lines with anti-alpha, anti-beta, anti-gamma, or anti (alpha + beta) preparations. In contrast, mutants Bv4 and K11, exhibit cross-reactivity with all of the antisera."}
{"id": "PMID:126080", "title": "Immunological and fluorescence studies with the coupling factor ATPase from Rhodospirillum rubrum.", "content": "1. Purification of the coupling factor ATPase from Rhodospirillum rubrum has been achieved by a combination of a previously described procedure with chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A50. 2. Identification of the coupling factor ATPase during purification, and estimation of the relative amount of the enzyme in each fraction was greatly simplified by utilization of its unusual fluorescence. 3. Preparations of R. rubrum coupling factor ATPase injected into rabbits yielded antisera which were suitable for following the course of purification. 4. Judged by immunoelectrophoretic analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the final preparation was pure. Under standardized conditions, apparently pure preparations showed fluorescence ratios at 300/350 nm of 3-6, which are considerably higher than those reported for pure CF1 from chloroplasts. 5. The enzyme lost its activity and changed its immunological identity during prolonged storage and by treatment with urea. Antisera against urea-treated enzyme showed the presence of two distinct antigens in the modified preparations.", "contents": "Immunological and fluorescence studies with the coupling factor ATPase from Rhodospirillum rubrum. 1. Purification of the coupling factor ATPase from Rhodospirillum rubrum has been achieved by a combination of a previously described procedure with chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A50. 2. Identification of the coupling factor ATPase during purification, and estimation of the relative amount of the enzyme in each fraction was greatly simplified by utilization of its unusual fluorescence. 3. Preparations of R. rubrum coupling factor ATPase injected into rabbits yielded antisera which were suitable for following the course of purification. 4. Judged by immunoelectrophoretic analysis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis the final preparation was pure. Under standardized conditions, apparently pure preparations showed fluorescence ratios at 300/350 nm of 3-6, which are considerably higher than those reported for pure CF1 from chloroplasts. 5. The enzyme lost its activity and changed its immunological identity during prolonged storage and by treatment with urea. Antisera against urea-treated enzyme showed the presence of two distinct antigens in the modified preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:126081", "title": "Electron microscopic studies of plasmic degradation products of fibrinogen. Implications for the disulfide structure of fibrinogen.", "content": "Fibrinogen, coagulable plasmic derivatives (Fragments X) and Fragments Y, D and E were studied by negative staining electron microscopy. Fragment X obtained from Stage 1 digests and fibrinogen were both globular, while Fragment X of Stage 2 digests appeared as a nodular filament. The Stage 1 and Stage 2 Fragment X preparations had approximately the same molecular weight, but could be differentiated by several subtle differences in polypeptide chain structure. Fragments Y and D were also filamentous, although shorter than Fragment X (Stage 2), and Fragment E appeared as a small, compact or folded filament. These results agree with the concept that fibrinogen consists of a strand of nodules connected by thin strands, folded into a compact, spherical shape. The molecule opens up when stabilizing bonds are disrupted or liberated by plasmin. The data are compatible with a fibrinogen molecule in which the two halves are linked by a single locus of disulfide bonds at the amino terminus and with the asymmetric hypothesis of plasmic degradation to Fragments X, Y, D and E.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies of plasmic degradation products of fibrinogen. Implications for the disulfide structure of fibrinogen. Fibrinogen, coagulable plasmic derivatives (Fragments X) and Fragments Y, D and E were studied by negative staining electron microscopy. Fragment X obtained from Stage 1 digests and fibrinogen were both globular, while Fragment X of Stage 2 digests appeared as a nodular filament. The Stage 1 and Stage 2 Fragment X preparations had approximately the same molecular weight, but could be differentiated by several subtle differences in polypeptide chain structure. Fragments Y and D were also filamentous, although shorter than Fragment X (Stage 2), and Fragment E appeared as a small, compact or folded filament. These results agree with the concept that fibrinogen consists of a strand of nodules connected by thin strands, folded into a compact, spherical shape. The molecule opens up when stabilizing bonds are disrupted or liberated by plasmin. The data are compatible with a fibrinogen molecule in which the two halves are linked by a single locus of disulfide bonds at the amino terminus and with the asymmetric hypothesis of plasmic degradation to Fragments X, Y, D and E."}
{"id": "PMID:126082", "title": "Calcium sensitivity of hybrid complexes of muscle myosin and Physarum proteins.", "content": "1. A myosin-actin hybrid complex was used to study actin-associated calcium sensitivity of a \"cytoplasmic\" actomyosin. The approach should be generally applicable. 2. Low salt extracts of Physarum polycephalum contain actin which remains in solution after centrifugation at 46 000 times g or at 100 000 times g for 1 h. The actin was precipitated by the addition of muscle myosin to the supernatants and detected in the hybrid complex by electron microscopy, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel analysis, super-precipitation and activation of the myosin ATPase activity. Actin was also precipitable from high speed supernatants of brain tissue or platelets. 3. The hybrid complexes from Physarum possessed 1.5-5-fold calcium dependency which could be removed by washing. Reincubation of the washed complex with concentrated wash solution resulted in high calcium sensitivity. On sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, unwashed complexes from Physarum contained high molecular weight material in addition to bands of molecular weights less than actin. The bands in the size range of 39 000 to 18 000 were primarily lost from the Physarum complex concomitantly with loss of calcium dependence. 4. When the Physarum supernatants were made 40 mM in MgCl2, precipitates were formed containing actin which possessed calcium sensitivity which was also lost on washing with low ionic strength solutions. This calcium dependency was partially reversed by the addition of desensitized rabbit actin to the precipitate before assay. 5. calcium regulation of actomyosin in Physarum is mediated primarily by factors that are bound to the actin component. The regulatory factors are soluble in low salt buffers. The molecular weights of the polypeptide chains of several of these factors are similar to those of the troponin polypeptides of striated muscle. In Physarum but not in platelet or brain a prominent polypeptide chain of approx. 55 000 molecular weight also occurs which coprecipitates with the hybrid complex and which is not easily removed.", "contents": "Calcium sensitivity of hybrid complexes of muscle myosin and Physarum proteins. 1. A myosin-actin hybrid complex was used to study actin-associated calcium sensitivity of a \"cytoplasmic\" actomyosin. The approach should be generally applicable. 2. Low salt extracts of Physarum polycephalum contain actin which remains in solution after centrifugation at 46 000 times g or at 100 000 times g for 1 h. The actin was precipitated by the addition of muscle myosin to the supernatants and detected in the hybrid complex by electron microscopy, sodium dodecyl sulfate gel analysis, super-precipitation and activation of the myosin ATPase activity. Actin was also precipitable from high speed supernatants of brain tissue or platelets. 3. The hybrid complexes from Physarum possessed 1.5-5-fold calcium dependency which could be removed by washing. Reincubation of the washed complex with concentrated wash solution resulted in high calcium sensitivity. On sodium dodecyl sulfate gels, unwashed complexes from Physarum contained high molecular weight material in addition to bands of molecular weights less than actin. The bands in the size range of 39 000 to 18 000 were primarily lost from the Physarum complex concomitantly with loss of calcium dependence. 4. When the Physarum supernatants were made 40 mM in MgCl2, precipitates were formed containing actin which possessed calcium sensitivity which was also lost on washing with low ionic strength solutions. This calcium dependency was partially reversed by the addition of desensitized rabbit actin to the precipitate before assay. 5. calcium regulation of actomyosin in Physarum is mediated primarily by factors that are bound to the actin component. The regulatory factors are soluble in low salt buffers. The molecular weights of the polypeptide chains of several of these factors are similar to those of the troponin polypeptides of striated muscle. In Physarum but not in platelet or brain a prominent polypeptide chain of approx. 55 000 molecular weight also occurs which coprecipitates with the hybrid complex and which is not easily removed."}
{"id": "PMID:126083", "title": "Leucocyte myosin and its location in the cell.", "content": "The intracellular location of the binding site of antibody against purified myosin prepared from equine leucocytes was investigated in neutrophils and lymphocytes by electron microscopy using peroxidase-labelled antibody method. The myosin extracted from equine leucocytes could bind skeletal muscle F-actin and the formed complex showed the biophysical and biochemical properties and electron microscopic appearance of actomyosin. On immunodiffusion, the leucocyte myosin formed a single precipitin line with its antibody prepared in rabbits. The antibody also formed single precipitin lines with myosins from lymphocytes and thrombocytes, fusing with each other. The antibody against the leucocyte myosin did not react with myosins from skeletal or arterial smooth muscle. The specificity of the antibody was further established by determination of K+-EDTA-activated ATPase activity remained in the supernate of antigen-antibody mixture. Under electron microscope, the intracellular immunoreactive products of peroxidase labelled antibody were found in cytoplasm of neutrophils and lymphocytes incubated with antibody against leucocyte myosin, but not in neutrophils or lymphocytes treated with IgG from normal rabbits.", "contents": "Leucocyte myosin and its location in the cell. The intracellular location of the binding site of antibody against purified myosin prepared from equine leucocytes was investigated in neutrophils and lymphocytes by electron microscopy using peroxidase-labelled antibody method. The myosin extracted from equine leucocytes could bind skeletal muscle F-actin and the formed complex showed the biophysical and biochemical properties and electron microscopic appearance of actomyosin. On immunodiffusion, the leucocyte myosin formed a single precipitin line with its antibody prepared in rabbits. The antibody also formed single precipitin lines with myosins from lymphocytes and thrombocytes, fusing with each other. The antibody against the leucocyte myosin did not react with myosins from skeletal or arterial smooth muscle. The specificity of the antibody was further established by determination of K+-EDTA-activated ATPase activity remained in the supernate of antigen-antibody mixture. Under electron microscope, the intracellular immunoreactive products of peroxidase labelled antibody were found in cytoplasm of neutrophils and lymphocytes incubated with antibody against leucocyte myosin, but not in neutrophils or lymphocytes treated with IgG from normal rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:126084", "title": "Interaction of actin with phalloidin: polymerization and stabilization of F-actin.", "content": "The cyclic peptide phalloidin, one of the toxic components of Amanita phalloides prevented the drop of viscosity of F-actin solutions after the addition of 0.6 M KI and inhibited the ATP splitting of F-actin during sonic vibration. The data concerning ATP splitting are consistent with the assumption (a) that only 1 out of every 3 actin units of the filaments needs to be combined with phalloidin in order to suppress the contribution of these 3 actins to the ATPase activity of the filament and (b) that all actin units of the filaments can combine with phalloidin with a very high affinity. -halloidin did not only stabilize the actin-actin bonds in the F-actin structure but it also increased the rate of polymerization of G-actin to F-actin. The ability of F-actin to activate myosin ATPase was not affected by phalloidin. The tropomyosin-troponin complex did not prevent the stabilizing effect of phalloidin on the F-actin structure.", "contents": "Interaction of actin with phalloidin: polymerization and stabilization of F-actin. The cyclic peptide phalloidin, one of the toxic components of Amanita phalloides prevented the drop of viscosity of F-actin solutions after the addition of 0.6 M KI and inhibited the ATP splitting of F-actin during sonic vibration. The data concerning ATP splitting are consistent with the assumption (a) that only 1 out of every 3 actin units of the filaments needs to be combined with phalloidin in order to suppress the contribution of these 3 actins to the ATPase activity of the filament and (b) that all actin units of the filaments can combine with phalloidin with a very high affinity. -halloidin did not only stabilize the actin-actin bonds in the F-actin structure but it also increased the rate of polymerization of G-actin to F-actin. The ability of F-actin to activate myosin ATPase was not affected by phalloidin. The tropomyosin-troponin complex did not prevent the stabilizing effect of phalloidin on the F-actin structure."}
{"id": "PMID:126085", "title": "Denaturation map of the circular mitochondrial genome of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "A denaturation map of mitochondrial DNA from the wild type strain 5256 of Neurospora crassa was constructed by computer analysis of the contour length distribution of single- and double-stranded regions of nineteen circular and three full length linear molecules after partial denaturation. The data suggest that mitochondrial DNA in this strain is a homogeneous population of a circular molecule of molecular weight 41 - 10(6) with an asymmetric distribution of AT-rich regions, and that linear molecules derive from this genome by random breaks during isolation.", "contents": "Denaturation map of the circular mitochondrial genome of Neurospora crassa. A denaturation map of mitochondrial DNA from the wild type strain 5256 of Neurospora crassa was constructed by computer analysis of the contour length distribution of single- and double-stranded regions of nineteen circular and three full length linear molecules after partial denaturation. The data suggest that mitochondrial DNA in this strain is a homogeneous population of a circular molecule of molecular weight 41 - 10(6) with an asymmetric distribution of AT-rich regions, and that linear molecules derive from this genome by random breaks during isolation."}
{"id": "PMID:126086", "title": "Synchronous reversible alterations in enzymatic activity (conformational fluctuations) in actomyosin and creatine kinase preparations.", "content": "The phenomenon of synchronism of oscillations of actomyosin and creatine kinase activity in the whole volume of the enzyme preparations was analysed. The synchronous \"conformational oscillations\" were observed in concentrated gels of actomyosin and in diluted actomyosin and creatine kinase solutions (ATP-creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2). The macromolecules of proteins studied may be in two or four conformational states differing enzymatic activity. Large fluctuations become possible in a range of conditions wherein two or four different states, or conformers, are equiprobable. The synchronization of conformational changes of separate macromolecules is maintained with energy derived, for instance, from some oxidative process or dilution of the solution, the process being displayed as conformational oscillations.", "contents": "Synchronous reversible alterations in enzymatic activity (conformational fluctuations) in actomyosin and creatine kinase preparations. The phenomenon of synchronism of oscillations of actomyosin and creatine kinase activity in the whole volume of the enzyme preparations was analysed. The synchronous \"conformational oscillations\" were observed in concentrated gels of actomyosin and in diluted actomyosin and creatine kinase solutions (ATP-creatine N-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2). The macromolecules of proteins studied may be in two or four conformational states differing enzymatic activity. Large fluctuations become possible in a range of conditions wherein two or four different states, or conformers, are equiprobable. The synchronization of conformational changes of separate macromolecules is maintained with energy derived, for instance, from some oxidative process or dilution of the solution, the process being displayed as conformational oscillations."}
{"id": "PMID:126087", "title": "Proteoglycans of mineralizing rib and epiphyseal cartilage.", "content": "Rib cartilage from growing guinea pigs and epiphyseal cartilage from Beagle puppies were separated into three fractions, representing non-mineralized, low mineralized, and high mineralized, tissue, by centrifuging finely ground material in acetone/bromoform density gradients. Following extraction under dissociative conditions, the proteoglycans were fractionated by density gradient ultracentrifugation under associative and dissociative conditions. With the onset of mineralization, the cartilage lost approximately half its content of proteoglycans. The proteoglycans remaining in the calcified cartilage differed in composition and in size from those of nonmineralized tissue. With the increased mineral content of the tissues the ratios of protein to polysaccharide, of chondroitin sulfate to keratan sulfate, and of 4-sulfate to 6-sulfated chondroitin sulfate increased in the proteoglycan fraction. Furthermore, gel chromatograms indicated decreased proportions of very high molecular weight proteoglycans, in mineralized tissue.", "contents": "Proteoglycans of mineralizing rib and epiphyseal cartilage. Rib cartilage from growing guinea pigs and epiphyseal cartilage from Beagle puppies were separated into three fractions, representing non-mineralized, low mineralized, and high mineralized, tissue, by centrifuging finely ground material in acetone/bromoform density gradients. Following extraction under dissociative conditions, the proteoglycans were fractionated by density gradient ultracentrifugation under associative and dissociative conditions. With the onset of mineralization, the cartilage lost approximately half its content of proteoglycans. The proteoglycans remaining in the calcified cartilage differed in composition and in size from those of nonmineralized tissue. With the increased mineral content of the tissues the ratios of protein to polysaccharide, of chondroitin sulfate to keratan sulfate, and of 4-sulfate to 6-sulfated chondroitin sulfate increased in the proteoglycan fraction. Furthermore, gel chromatograms indicated decreased proportions of very high molecular weight proteoglycans, in mineralized tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:126088", "title": "Alterations in the composition and bacteriophage-binding properties of walls of Staphylococcus aureus H grown in continuous culture in simplified defined media.", "content": "A nutritional mutant of Staphylococcus aureus H has been isolated and grown in media in which the only amino acids are arginine, cysteine, glutamic acid and proline. Walls of the bacteria grown in such media in continuous culture under potassium limitation differ in composition from walls of the bacteria grown in batch culture in rich nutrient broth in that they contain less glycine, the peptidoglycan component is less highly cross-linked and the teichoic acid component contains a reduced proportion of N-acetylglucosaminyl substituents. Walls of the potassium-limited bacteria retain the ability to bind bacteriophage 52a but are more susceptible to the action of lytic peptidases than are wall samples in which the peptidoglycan is more highly cross-linked. Teichoic acid was present in walls of the bacteria grown under phosphate limitation in the defined medium and these walls were also able to absorb bacteriophage 52a.", "contents": "Alterations in the composition and bacteriophage-binding properties of walls of Staphylococcus aureus H grown in continuous culture in simplified defined media. A nutritional mutant of Staphylococcus aureus H has been isolated and grown in media in which the only amino acids are arginine, cysteine, glutamic acid and proline. Walls of the bacteria grown in such media in continuous culture under potassium limitation differ in composition from walls of the bacteria grown in batch culture in rich nutrient broth in that they contain less glycine, the peptidoglycan component is less highly cross-linked and the teichoic acid component contains a reduced proportion of N-acetylglucosaminyl substituents. Walls of the potassium-limited bacteria retain the ability to bind bacteriophage 52a but are more susceptible to the action of lytic peptidases than are wall samples in which the peptidoglycan is more highly cross-linked. Teichoic acid was present in walls of the bacteria grown under phosphate limitation in the defined medium and these walls were also able to absorb bacteriophage 52a."}
{"id": "PMID:126089", "title": "Comparison of plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum fractions obtained from whole white adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes.", "content": "The influence of the mode of preparation upon some of the characteristics of white adipose tissue plasma membranes and microsomes has been reported. Plasma membrane fractions prepared from mitochondrial pellet were shown to have higher specific activities of (Mg2+ + Na+ + K+)-ATPase than plasma membranes originating in crude microsomes. Isolation of fat cells by collagenase treatment was found to result in a decrease in specific activity of the plasma membrane enzymes; in plasma membranes prepared from isolated fat cells, the specific activity values obtained for (Mg2+ + Na+ +k+)-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase were only 42% and 6.3% respectively of those obtained in plasma membranes prepared from whole adipose tissue. Purification of whole adipose tissue crude microsomes by hypotonic treatment caused extensive solubilization of the endoplasmic reticulum marker enzymes, NADH oxidase and NADPH cytochrome c reductase. The lability of endoplasmic reticulum marker enzymes, however, was found to be greatly diminished in the preparations from isolated fat cells. The possibility that NADH oxidase and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activities found in the plasma membranes are microsomal enzymes adsorbed by the plasma membranes is discussed. The peptide patterns as well as the NADH oxidase and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity patterns of plasma membranes and purified microsomes were compared by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate or Triton X-100 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Comparison of plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum fractions obtained from whole white adipose tissue and isolated adipocytes. The influence of the mode of preparation upon some of the characteristics of white adipose tissue plasma membranes and microsomes has been reported. Plasma membrane fractions prepared from mitochondrial pellet were shown to have higher specific activities of (Mg2+ + Na+ + K+)-ATPase than plasma membranes originating in crude microsomes. Isolation of fat cells by collagenase treatment was found to result in a decrease in specific activity of the plasma membrane enzymes; in plasma membranes prepared from isolated fat cells, the specific activity values obtained for (Mg2+ + Na+ +k+)-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase were only 42% and 6.3% respectively of those obtained in plasma membranes prepared from whole adipose tissue. Purification of whole adipose tissue crude microsomes by hypotonic treatment caused extensive solubilization of the endoplasmic reticulum marker enzymes, NADH oxidase and NADPH cytochrome c reductase. The lability of endoplasmic reticulum marker enzymes, however, was found to be greatly diminished in the preparations from isolated fat cells. The possibility that NADH oxidase and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activities found in the plasma membranes are microsomal enzymes adsorbed by the plasma membranes is discussed. The peptide patterns as well as the NADH oxidase and NADPH cytochrome c reductase activity patterns of plasma membranes and purified microsomes were compared by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate or Triton X-100 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:126090", "title": "Perinatal changes of interorgan differences in cell metabolism.", "content": "Differences of metabolic qualities and capacities among organs and tissues of perinatal rabbits were investigated. A suitable alternative for the measurement of substrate utilization of single organs seems to be the total amount of certain key enzyme activities calculated for whole organs. The immediate perinatal period is the object of this study with adult animals serving as a reference. We have selected the phosphofructokinase activity to represent the upper segment of glycolytic reactions, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase as a key enzyme for beta-oxidation of fatty acids and citrate synthase activity to represent the Krebs cycle activity. In fetal, newborn, and adult rabbits we analyzed liver, kidneys, heart, lung, brain, brown and white adipose tissue, stomach and intestines, skin, a representative sample of skeletal muscles, and of bones. The organ weight distribution, total amount of protein, and DNA was determined for the same ten organs. The share each organ contributes to the total body key enzyme activity shows the importance of each metabolic capacity which is represented by the three enzymes. In perinatal adipose tissue the very high potential for energy production through utilization of Krebs cycle reactions is striking. The same tissue has a high capacity to oxidize fatty acids. The skeletal muscle represents the biggest capacity of glycolytic reactions in all age groups. After birth the metabolic profile of the whole organism shows a marked and steep increase of glycolytic capacity, whereas the capacity to oxidize fatty acids decreases slowly.", "contents": "Perinatal changes of interorgan differences in cell metabolism. Differences of metabolic qualities and capacities among organs and tissues of perinatal rabbits were investigated. A suitable alternative for the measurement of substrate utilization of single organs seems to be the total amount of certain key enzyme activities calculated for whole organs. The immediate perinatal period is the object of this study with adult animals serving as a reference. We have selected the phosphofructokinase activity to represent the upper segment of glycolytic reactions, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase as a key enzyme for beta-oxidation of fatty acids and citrate synthase activity to represent the Krebs cycle activity. In fetal, newborn, and adult rabbits we analyzed liver, kidneys, heart, lung, brain, brown and white adipose tissue, stomach and intestines, skin, a representative sample of skeletal muscles, and of bones. The organ weight distribution, total amount of protein, and DNA was determined for the same ten organs. The share each organ contributes to the total body key enzyme activity shows the importance of each metabolic capacity which is represented by the three enzymes. In perinatal adipose tissue the very high potential for energy production through utilization of Krebs cycle reactions is striking. The same tissue has a high capacity to oxidize fatty acids. The skeletal muscle represents the biggest capacity of glycolytic reactions in all age groups. After birth the metabolic profile of the whole organism shows a marked and steep increase of glycolytic capacity, whereas the capacity to oxidize fatty acids decreases slowly."}
{"id": "PMID:126091", "title": "Age-dependent change in the gel-electrophoretic pattern of proteoglycans of human growth cartilage.", "content": "The gel-electrophoretic pattern of dissociated proteoglycans was studied in 7 fetuses, 5 premature newborns, 4 term newborns, 5 infants and 5 children. The tibial growth cartilage was extracted with 4 M guanidinium chloride. After dialysis against 8 M urea at pH 7 the proteoglycans were obtained by ion chromatography in urea on DEAE cellulose and submitted to gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide agarose gels. Gel electrophoresis of proteoglycans showed a different pattern in fetuses from that found in children. The change occurs in the first months of extrauterine life.", "contents": "Age-dependent change in the gel-electrophoretic pattern of proteoglycans of human growth cartilage. The gel-electrophoretic pattern of dissociated proteoglycans was studied in 7 fetuses, 5 premature newborns, 4 term newborns, 5 infants and 5 children. The tibial growth cartilage was extracted with 4 M guanidinium chloride. After dialysis against 8 M urea at pH 7 the proteoglycans were obtained by ion chromatography in urea on DEAE cellulose and submitted to gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide agarose gels. Gel electrophoresis of proteoglycans showed a different pattern in fetuses from that found in children. The change occurs in the first months of extrauterine life."}
{"id": "PMID:126093", "title": "Ultrastructure of the contractile system of striated skeletal muscle and the processes of muscular contraction. II. Releasing system and mechanisms of muscular contraction.", "content": "The tropomyosin-troponin system of the thin filaments acts as a regulator of the interaction of myosin with actin by a process of inhibition. This inhibition is released by Ca2+ ions. Muscle contraction occurs when Ca+2 ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibril, where they interact with the troponin of the thin filaments. Muscular contraction is due to the sliding of the two kinds of filaments past each other in the hexagonal network of the myofibril. Many hypotheses have been formulated concerning the intimate molecular mechanisms responsible for the sliding of the filaments past each other, but none of these can be considered to be entirely satisfactory.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the contractile system of striated skeletal muscle and the processes of muscular contraction. II. Releasing system and mechanisms of muscular contraction. The tropomyosin-troponin system of the thin filaments acts as a regulator of the interaction of myosin with actin by a process of inhibition. This inhibition is released by Ca2+ ions. Muscle contraction occurs when Ca+2 ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the myofibril, where they interact with the troponin of the thin filaments. Muscular contraction is due to the sliding of the two kinds of filaments past each other in the hexagonal network of the myofibril. Many hypotheses have been formulated concerning the intimate molecular mechanisms responsible for the sliding of the filaments past each other, but none of these can be considered to be entirely satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:126094", "title": "A rapid and sensitive 125I-fibrin solid-phase fibrinolytic assay for plasmin.", "content": "125I-fibrinogen, adsorbed to polystyrene tubes at low ionic strength and treated with thrombin, serves as a substrate for a rapid, convenient, and sensitive test tube assay for plasmin and activators and inhibitors of this enzyme. 125I-labeled digestion products released from the 125I-fibrin-polystyrene matrix are readily separated and quantitated and behave, on gel permeation, in the same manner as plasmin-generated degradation products from an unlabeled conventional fibrin clot. The 125I-fibrin, in probable non-cross-linked form, is firmly bound to the polystyrene and is resistant to nonspecific release, with control (no enzyme) values equivalent to 15.2 ng +/- 1.2 (SD) fibrin (1% of the total bound 125I-fibrin). This fact permits consistent detection of lysis of 30-50 ng 125I-fibrin, which exceeds published sensitivities (1000-5000 ng) using 125I- or fluorochrome-labeled fibrin clots as substrate. The sensitivity for plasmin (0.2 mug/ml) is tenfold greater than that of the fibrin-plate method (2.0-2.5 mug/ml), while sensitivities for streptokinase and urokinase activation of plasmin are 0.02 U/ml and 0.04 CTA U/ml, respectively (sensitivity of fibrin-plate method, 0.5 U/ml for both). The method provides a reasonable analogue of the solid-phase nature of fibrin under physiologic conditions, and the ease of preparation of large batches of tubes makes the method suitable for large-scale screening of factors modulating the plasminogen-plasmin system.", "contents": "A rapid and sensitive 125I-fibrin solid-phase fibrinolytic assay for plasmin. 125I-fibrinogen, adsorbed to polystyrene tubes at low ionic strength and treated with thrombin, serves as a substrate for a rapid, convenient, and sensitive test tube assay for plasmin and activators and inhibitors of this enzyme. 125I-labeled digestion products released from the 125I-fibrin-polystyrene matrix are readily separated and quantitated and behave, on gel permeation, in the same manner as plasmin-generated degradation products from an unlabeled conventional fibrin clot. The 125I-fibrin, in probable non-cross-linked form, is firmly bound to the polystyrene and is resistant to nonspecific release, with control (no enzyme) values equivalent to 15.2 ng +/- 1.2 (SD) fibrin (1% of the total bound 125I-fibrin). This fact permits consistent detection of lysis of 30-50 ng 125I-fibrin, which exceeds published sensitivities (1000-5000 ng) using 125I- or fluorochrome-labeled fibrin clots as substrate. The sensitivity for plasmin (0.2 mug/ml) is tenfold greater than that of the fibrin-plate method (2.0-2.5 mug/ml), while sensitivities for streptokinase and urokinase activation of plasmin are 0.02 U/ml and 0.04 CTA U/ml, respectively (sensitivity of fibrin-plate method, 0.5 U/ml for both). The method provides a reasonable analogue of the solid-phase nature of fibrin under physiologic conditions, and the ease of preparation of large batches of tubes makes the method suitable for large-scale screening of factors modulating the plasminogen-plasmin system."}
{"id": "PMID:126095", "title": "The resistance of fibrinogen and soluble fibrin monomer in blood to degradation by a potent plasminogen activator derived from cadaver limbs.", "content": "The effect of a cadaver-derived vascular plasminogen activator (VA) on the degradation of fibrinogen, soluble fibrin monomer, and fibrin was studied and compared with the effect of equivalent fibrinolytic potencies of streptokinase (SK), urokinase (UK), and plasmin. The proteolytic activity of the three activators and plasmin was determined by a standard fibrin plate assay and was expressed in CTA units from a UK reference curve. Fibrinogen degradation was measured by clottable protein determinations and by an electrophoretic technique sensitive to small changes in the molecular weight of fibrinogen. When VA was incubated in plasma, no degradation of fibrinogen occurred, whereas rapid fibrinolysis took place after the plasma was clotted. By contrast, equivalent potencies of SK, UK, and plasmin caused extensive fibrinogenolysis. Since the plasmin added and that formed by the three activators had equivalent fibrinolytic activity, the failure of VA to induce fibrinogen degradation was attributed to antiactivators rather than antiplasmins. VA activity in plasma was consumed by clotting, whereas the antiactivator activity remained in the serum, suggesting dissociation of the VA-antiactivator complex on the fibrin clot. Fibrinogen and its soluble derivatives resisted degradation by VA in plasma because a solid phase appeared necessary for the complex to dissociate. The findings indicated that the degradation of fibrinogen or soluble fibrin in blood as a result of plasminogen activation by VA was unlikely to occur due to a large excess of antiactivator activity. Alternative pathways for their catabolism are discussed.", "contents": "The resistance of fibrinogen and soluble fibrin monomer in blood to degradation by a potent plasminogen activator derived from cadaver limbs. The effect of a cadaver-derived vascular plasminogen activator (VA) on the degradation of fibrinogen, soluble fibrin monomer, and fibrin was studied and compared with the effect of equivalent fibrinolytic potencies of streptokinase (SK), urokinase (UK), and plasmin. The proteolytic activity of the three activators and plasmin was determined by a standard fibrin plate assay and was expressed in CTA units from a UK reference curve. Fibrinogen degradation was measured by clottable protein determinations and by an electrophoretic technique sensitive to small changes in the molecular weight of fibrinogen. When VA was incubated in plasma, no degradation of fibrinogen occurred, whereas rapid fibrinolysis took place after the plasma was clotted. By contrast, equivalent potencies of SK, UK, and plasmin caused extensive fibrinogenolysis. Since the plasmin added and that formed by the three activators had equivalent fibrinolytic activity, the failure of VA to induce fibrinogen degradation was attributed to antiactivators rather than antiplasmins. VA activity in plasma was consumed by clotting, whereas the antiactivator activity remained in the serum, suggesting dissociation of the VA-antiactivator complex on the fibrin clot. Fibrinogen and its soluble derivatives resisted degradation by VA in plasma because a solid phase appeared necessary for the complex to dissociate. The findings indicated that the degradation of fibrinogen or soluble fibrin in blood as a result of plasminogen activation by VA was unlikely to occur due to a large excess of antiactivator activity. Alternative pathways for their catabolism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126099", "title": "Clinical trial of glibornuride in diabetes.", "content": "Glibornuride is an addition to the second-generation sulphonylureas, that has been shown in clinical trials to be effective and non-toxic. Twenty-three diabetics who were poorly controlled on other oral hypoglycaemic agents and seven newly diagnosed diabetics were treated with glibornuride. The efficacy and lack of toxicity of this drug was confirmed, but there was no evidence to suggest that it is significantly more potent than other sulphonylureas. It does not seem to represent a significant therapeutic advance.", "contents": "Clinical trial of glibornuride in diabetes. Glibornuride is an addition to the second-generation sulphonylureas, that has been shown in clinical trials to be effective and non-toxic. Twenty-three diabetics who were poorly controlled on other oral hypoglycaemic agents and seven newly diagnosed diabetics were treated with glibornuride. The efficacy and lack of toxicity of this drug was confirmed, but there was no evidence to suggest that it is significantly more potent than other sulphonylureas. It does not seem to represent a significant therapeutic advance."}
{"id": "PMID:126100", "title": "Occupational hazards in window cleaning.", "content": "Accidental falls involving window cleaners treated at the Middlesex Hospital over five years are reviewed. Failure to use safety belts and the lack of suitable anchorage points were contributary factors in all 20 patients. The use of protective equipment and the provision of anchorage points should be enforced. While the doctor's duty is to treat injuries he also has the opportunity to draw attention to their prevention.", "contents": "Occupational hazards in window cleaning. Accidental falls involving window cleaners treated at the Middlesex Hospital over five years are reviewed. Failure to use safety belts and the lack of suitable anchorage points were contributary factors in all 20 patients. The use of protective equipment and the provision of anchorage points should be enforced. While the doctor's duty is to treat injuries he also has the opportunity to draw attention to their prevention."}
{"id": "PMID:126102", "title": "Lepromatous leprosy presenting with polyarthritis, myositis, and immune-complex glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A Pakistani man aged 19 years was admitted to a rheumatological unit in the United Kingdom with acute widespread polyarthritis accompanied by night sweats and fever. Preliminary examination suggested Reiter's disease, but further investigation showed acute glomerulonephritis with uraemia. The possibility of periarteritis nodosa, and the prominence of muscle tenderness in the legs, led to biopsies of striated muscle and skin, in both of which were changes typical of lepromatous leprosy, with many Mycobacterium leprae on Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Serum showed IgG-IgM cryoglobulinaemia without antiglobulin activity, and in the recovery phase renal biopsy showed a resolving proliferative glomerulonephritis with linear IgG and IgM immunofluorescence and granular deposits of C3. Clinical signs subsided rapidly under steroid treatment and subsequent progress on anti-leprosy drugs was uneventful. The term erythema nodosum leprosum is inadequate and misleading as a title for a common and important immune-complex reaction of lepromatous leprosy, in which numerous body systems may be involved.", "contents": "Lepromatous leprosy presenting with polyarthritis, myositis, and immune-complex glomerulonephritis. A Pakistani man aged 19 years was admitted to a rheumatological unit in the United Kingdom with acute widespread polyarthritis accompanied by night sweats and fever. Preliminary examination suggested Reiter's disease, but further investigation showed acute glomerulonephritis with uraemia. The possibility of periarteritis nodosa, and the prominence of muscle tenderness in the legs, led to biopsies of striated muscle and skin, in both of which were changes typical of lepromatous leprosy, with many Mycobacterium leprae on Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Serum showed IgG-IgM cryoglobulinaemia without antiglobulin activity, and in the recovery phase renal biopsy showed a resolving proliferative glomerulonephritis with linear IgG and IgM immunofluorescence and granular deposits of C3. Clinical signs subsided rapidly under steroid treatment and subsequent progress on anti-leprosy drugs was uneventful. The term erythema nodosum leprosum is inadequate and misleading as a title for a common and important immune-complex reaction of lepromatous leprosy, in which numerous body systems may be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:126103", "title": "Comparison between laparoscopic sterilization and tubal ligation.", "content": "During 1970-3, 1910 laparoscopic sterilizations and 531 tubal ligations were performed in Aberdeen. Common complications occurred with 61 (3.2%) and 99 (18.6%) of the operations respectively, but the pregnancy rate was much higher (2.2%) after laparoscopic sterilization.", "contents": "Comparison between laparoscopic sterilization and tubal ligation. During 1970-3, 1910 laparoscopic sterilizations and 531 tubal ligations were performed in Aberdeen. Common complications occurred with 61 (3.2%) and 99 (18.6%) of the operations respectively, but the pregnancy rate was much higher (2.2%) after laparoscopic sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:126108", "title": "Staphylococcal polysaccharide products inhibitory to Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage.", "content": "Four products derived from Staphylococcus aureus cultures were partially purified and tested for inhibitory activity against staphylococcal phage. Phage inhibition, a specific stable phenomenon, was concentration dependent. All inhibitory products contained carbohydrate and amino acids, the most active (phage 73 lysate product) having a high carbohydrate content. Galactose, glucosamine, five or six amino acids, and possibly 3-O-methylglucose and a uronic acid were found as components in all active preparations. However, the exact nature of the active material remains undetermined.", "contents": "Staphylococcal polysaccharide products inhibitory to Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage. Four products derived from Staphylococcus aureus cultures were partially purified and tested for inhibitory activity against staphylococcal phage. Phage inhibition, a specific stable phenomenon, was concentration dependent. All inhibitory products contained carbohydrate and amino acids, the most active (phage 73 lysate product) having a high carbohydrate content. Galactose, glucosamine, five or six amino acids, and possibly 3-O-methylglucose and a uronic acid were found as components in all active preparations. However, the exact nature of the active material remains undetermined."}
{"id": "PMID:126109", "title": "Value and limitations of vectorcardiography in cardiac diagnosis.", "content": "The vectorcardiograpm improves the display of the cardiac potential by clearer demonstration of the orientation and magnitude of forces at each moment. The changes in different scalar leads are correlated. It is generally a more sensitive tool for detecting electrocardiographic abnormalities. However, it shares many of the pitfalls of the conventional 12 lead electrocardiogram. The specificity of the diagnosis, in most instances, is not improved.", "contents": "Value and limitations of vectorcardiography in cardiac diagnosis. The vectorcardiograpm improves the display of the cardiac potential by clearer demonstration of the orientation and magnitude of forces at each moment. The changes in different scalar leads are correlated. It is generally a more sensitive tool for detecting electrocardiographic abnormalities. However, it shares many of the pitfalls of the conventional 12 lead electrocardiogram. The specificity of the diagnosis, in most instances, is not improved."}
{"id": "PMID:126110", "title": "The value of apexcardiography in cardiac  diagnosis.", "content": "As can be seen from the aforementioned examples, apexcardiography may be helpful in cardiac diagnosis. It will, however, not yield much of value if done in isolation and with only an accompanying ECG. When it is part of a carefully chosen battery of noninvasive graphic records, the ACG may provide useful ancillary information in a variety of clinical situations. It should be recorded by a physician knowledgable concerning the patient's condition, so that the area most suitable for recording may be selected as well as an appropriate array of other graphic tracings. Care in the selection and periodic testing of equipment for adequacy of time constant and absence of air leaks in the system is necessary to guard against misleading distortions and artifacts.", "contents": "The value of apexcardiography in cardiac  diagnosis. As can be seen from the aforementioned examples, apexcardiography may be helpful in cardiac diagnosis. It will, however, not yield much of value if done in isolation and with only an accompanying ECG. When it is part of a carefully chosen battery of noninvasive graphic records, the ACG may provide useful ancillary information in a variety of clinical situations. It should be recorded by a physician knowledgable concerning the patient's condition, so that the area most suitable for recording may be selected as well as an appropriate array of other graphic tracings. Care in the selection and periodic testing of equipment for adequacy of time constant and absence of air leaks in the system is necessary to guard against misleading distortions and artifacts."}
{"id": "PMID:126112", "title": "Activation of the hypertrophic right ventricle in the dog.", "content": "Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) of mild, moderate, or severe degree was produced in six dogs following systolic overload of the right ventricle by surgical banding of the pulmonary trunk. Activation of the myocardium and specialized conducting tissue of the right ventricle was studied using intramural multi-electrodes or an exploring electrode, first with the heart in situ and then with the heart in a modified Langendorff perfusion circuit. Normal epicardial and intramural activation patterns were found in RVH, and the prolonged excitation time was found to be due to the increased muscle mass. No delay in activation was found in any part of the specialized conducting tissue of the right ventricle. Late activated Purkinje fibres were found in the outflow tract of the right ventricle in the dogs with hypertrophy and in a control series of normal dogs. The present electrocardiographic criteria for complete and incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB) are based on widening of the QRS complex and the rSR pattern. This type of change can occur also in RVH. Because it has been shown here that no delay occurs in the specialized conducting system of the right ventricle in RVH secondary to systolic loading; the application of criteria to electrocardiograms that also fulfil the criteria for RVH may be misleading. It is suggested that in such cases the diagnosis of a conduction disturbance must also depend upon other methods, and that the terms \"incomplete' and \"complete' RBBB should be handled with care in this context.", "contents": "Activation of the hypertrophic right ventricle in the dog. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) of mild, moderate, or severe degree was produced in six dogs following systolic overload of the right ventricle by surgical banding of the pulmonary trunk. Activation of the myocardium and specialized conducting tissue of the right ventricle was studied using intramural multi-electrodes or an exploring electrode, first with the heart in situ and then with the heart in a modified Langendorff perfusion circuit. Normal epicardial and intramural activation patterns were found in RVH, and the prolonged excitation time was found to be due to the increased muscle mass. No delay in activation was found in any part of the specialized conducting tissue of the right ventricle. Late activated Purkinje fibres were found in the outflow tract of the right ventricle in the dogs with hypertrophy and in a control series of normal dogs. The present electrocardiographic criteria for complete and incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB) are based on widening of the QRS complex and the rSR pattern. This type of change can occur also in RVH. Because it has been shown here that no delay occurs in the specialized conducting system of the right ventricle in RVH secondary to systolic loading; the application of criteria to electrocardiograms that also fulfil the criteria for RVH may be misleading. It is suggested that in such cases the diagnosis of a conduction disturbance must also depend upon other methods, and that the terms \"incomplete' and \"complete' RBBB should be handled with care in this context."}
{"id": "PMID:126113", "title": "Glucagon-induced changes in the action potential, contraction, and Na+-K+-ATPase of cardiac muscle.", "content": "The effects of glucagon in concentrations of 0.294 times 10(-6) mol/l, 1.47 times 10(-6) mol/l; 2.94 times 10(-6) mol/l, 5.8 times 10(-6) mol/l, and 1.47 times 10(-5) mol/l on the simultaneously recorded action potentials and contractions; and microsomal and sarcolemmal Na+-tk+-atpase in the myocardium of the guinea pig, rabbit, dog, and pig were investigated. Glucagon in all the concentrations produced an inhibition of the Na+-K+-ATPase associated with an increase in the contractility and shortening of the duration of action potential in dog myocardium. The increase in contraction was concentration-dependent up to a certain concentration. Inhibition of sarcolemmal ATPase was more than that of microsomal ATPase. In none of the concentrations did glucagon produce any significant changes in the Na+-K+-ATPase. In none of the concentrations did glucagon produce any significant changes in the Na+-K+-ATPase, contractility, and action potential duration in the myocardium of guinea pig, rabbit, or pig. These results suggest that glucagon-induced positive inotropic effect might be due to an increase in the Ca++ influx as a result of inhibition of membrane Na+-K+-ATPase. Shortening of the action potential duration might also be due to an increased efflux of potassium as a result of an inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase.", "contents": "Glucagon-induced changes in the action potential, contraction, and Na+-K+-ATPase of cardiac muscle. The effects of glucagon in concentrations of 0.294 times 10(-6) mol/l, 1.47 times 10(-6) mol/l; 2.94 times 10(-6) mol/l, 5.8 times 10(-6) mol/l, and 1.47 times 10(-5) mol/l on the simultaneously recorded action potentials and contractions; and microsomal and sarcolemmal Na+-tk+-atpase in the myocardium of the guinea pig, rabbit, dog, and pig were investigated. Glucagon in all the concentrations produced an inhibition of the Na+-K+-ATPase associated with an increase in the contractility and shortening of the duration of action potential in dog myocardium. The increase in contraction was concentration-dependent up to a certain concentration. Inhibition of sarcolemmal ATPase was more than that of microsomal ATPase. In none of the concentrations did glucagon produce any significant changes in the Na+-K+-ATPase. In none of the concentrations did glucagon produce any significant changes in the Na+-K+-ATPase, contractility, and action potential duration in the myocardium of guinea pig, rabbit, or pig. These results suggest that glucagon-induced positive inotropic effect might be due to an increase in the Ca++ influx as a result of inhibition of membrane Na+-K+-ATPase. Shortening of the action potential duration might also be due to an increased efflux of potassium as a result of an inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:126114", "title": "A simplified parameter of LV function in children with congenital heart disease.", "content": "Myocardial state in children with various congenital anomalies was assessed using pressured-derived parameters; Vmax and Vpm. A simple approach, based on the relationship between peak value of the first derivative of the left ventricular isovolumic pressure and its associated total pressure, for identifying patients with impaired myocardial function is described.", "contents": "A simplified parameter of LV function in children with congenital heart disease. Myocardial state in children with various congenital anomalies was assessed using pressured-derived parameters; Vmax and Vpm. A simple approach, based on the relationship between peak value of the first derivative of the left ventricular isovolumic pressure and its associated total pressure, for identifying patients with impaired myocardial function is described."}
{"id": "PMID:126115", "title": "Isometric training of young rats--effects upon hind limb muscles. Histochemical, morphometric, and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "The soleus, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius muscles of young rats trained isometrically for 4 weeks were studied by light and electron microscopy.--The percentage of fast-twitch oxidative muscle fibers decreased at the cost of the fast-twitch glycolytic fibers in the rectus femoris muscle. The percentages of the slow-twitch oxidative fibers did not change significantly in any of the muscles studied. The changes in the areas of the muscle fibers were specific for the muscle and the fiber type and indicate geometrical rearrangements of the fibers in the trained muscles. The Z and M lines were broader in the soleus (containing about 85% slow-twitch oxidative fibers) than in the rectus femoris muscle (containing about 90% fast-twitch glycolytic fibers), while the sarcomere length and the pseudo-H zone were similar. The length of the myosin filaments appeared to be slightly shorter in the fast rectus femoris than in the slow soleus muscle.--The hypothesis on the temporal progress of muscle adaptation to training (M\u00fcller, 1974) was substantiated. Correlations between biochemical (Exner et al., 1973a) and histochemical parameters measuring the oxidative capacity were preserved during adaptation to training. The comparison of the histochemical results with the physiological data on similar animals (Exner et al., 1973a) suggests a complex relationship between the contraction time and the percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers.", "contents": "Isometric training of young rats--effects upon hind limb muscles. Histochemical, morphometric, and electron microscopic studies. The soleus, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius muscles of young rats trained isometrically for 4 weeks were studied by light and electron microscopy.--The percentage of fast-twitch oxidative muscle fibers decreased at the cost of the fast-twitch glycolytic fibers in the rectus femoris muscle. The percentages of the slow-twitch oxidative fibers did not change significantly in any of the muscles studied. The changes in the areas of the muscle fibers were specific for the muscle and the fiber type and indicate geometrical rearrangements of the fibers in the trained muscles. The Z and M lines were broader in the soleus (containing about 85% slow-twitch oxidative fibers) than in the rectus femoris muscle (containing about 90% fast-twitch glycolytic fibers), while the sarcomere length and the pseudo-H zone were similar. The length of the myosin filaments appeared to be slightly shorter in the fast rectus femoris than in the slow soleus muscle.--The hypothesis on the temporal progress of muscle adaptation to training (M\u00fcller, 1974) was substantiated. Correlations between biochemical (Exner et al., 1973a) and histochemical parameters measuring the oxidative capacity were preserved during adaptation to training. The comparison of the histochemical results with the physiological data on similar animals (Exner et al., 1973a) suggests a complex relationship between the contraction time and the percentage of fast-twitch muscle fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:126116", "title": "Retinal capillary junctions: ultrastructural tight junction artefacts induced by sodium ions and membrane reduction in streptozotocin diabetes.", "content": "Retinal capillary junctions were analysed in normal and diabetic rats and in a human retina with the electron microscope. Diabetes mellitus was induced with streptozotocin. The retinae were fixed in Palade's osmium tetroxide containing sodium or calcium ions and block-stained in uranyl acetate. With Ca-fixation, no significant difference in interendothelial cleft width was detected between retinal layers or between normal and diabetic retinae. Diabetes caused a narrowing of the clefts in the Na-fixed tissue X +/- SE, n=375; Normal: 78.6 +/- 300 A; Diabetic: 57.7 +/- 2.42 A; p less than 0.001). A significant correlation was found between cleft width and the length of the tight junctions or zonulae occludentes (p less than 0.001). In the nerve fibre layer of the Na-diabetic retina, where cleft narrowing was greatest, there was an increase in length of the zonulae occludentes from 22.8 +/- 2.2% to 41.6 +/- 3.7% (p less than 0.001). Ca-fixation prevented these changes, indicating that at least some zonulae occludentes were interendothelial extraction artefacts. In the normal retina, endothelial cell membrane thickness was greater with Ca- than Na-fixation (p less than 0.001). Diabetes caused a decrease in membrane thickness of Ca-fixed tissue (p less than 0.001). The diabetic decrease in membrane thickness may explain the increased fragility and increased permeability of diabetic capillaries. Calcium binding by endothelial cell membranes is of primary importance in anticoagulation which is defective in diabetes.", "contents": "Retinal capillary junctions: ultrastructural tight junction artefacts induced by sodium ions and membrane reduction in streptozotocin diabetes. Retinal capillary junctions were analysed in normal and diabetic rats and in a human retina with the electron microscope. Diabetes mellitus was induced with streptozotocin. The retinae were fixed in Palade's osmium tetroxide containing sodium or calcium ions and block-stained in uranyl acetate. With Ca-fixation, no significant difference in interendothelial cleft width was detected between retinal layers or between normal and diabetic retinae. Diabetes caused a narrowing of the clefts in the Na-fixed tissue X +/- SE, n=375; Normal: 78.6 +/- 300 A; Diabetic: 57.7 +/- 2.42 A; p less than 0.001). A significant correlation was found between cleft width and the length of the tight junctions or zonulae occludentes (p less than 0.001). In the nerve fibre layer of the Na-diabetic retina, where cleft narrowing was greatest, there was an increase in length of the zonulae occludentes from 22.8 +/- 2.2% to 41.6 +/- 3.7% (p less than 0.001). Ca-fixation prevented these changes, indicating that at least some zonulae occludentes were interendothelial extraction artefacts. In the normal retina, endothelial cell membrane thickness was greater with Ca- than Na-fixation (p less than 0.001). Diabetes caused a decrease in membrane thickness of Ca-fixed tissue (p less than 0.001). The diabetic decrease in membrane thickness may explain the increased fragility and increased permeability of diabetic capillaries. Calcium binding by endothelial cell membranes is of primary importance in anticoagulation which is defective in diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:126117", "title": "Fine structure of single fibres of human skeletal muscle.", "content": "Individual muscle fibres were separated from freeze-dried needle biopsies and classed as type I or type II fibres according to their myofibrillar ATP-ase. Portions of the same fibres were processed for electron microscopy and their fine structure examined. Type I fibres were found to have thicker Z-bands and more mitochondria and lipid droplets than the type II fibres.", "contents": "Fine structure of single fibres of human skeletal muscle. Individual muscle fibres were separated from freeze-dried needle biopsies and classed as type I or type II fibres according to their myofibrillar ATP-ase. Portions of the same fibres were processed for electron microscopy and their fine structure examined. Type I fibres were found to have thicker Z-bands and more mitochondria and lipid droplets than the type II fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:126120", "title": "[The effects in vivo of some sex hormones on the growth of tibias of normal and chondrodystrophic (Creeper) chick embryos].", "content": "Various sex hormones (testosterone, oestradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone), in the form of suspensions in oil, are injected into the allantois of normal and chondrodystrophic (Creeper) chick embryos of 6 days 1/2 incubation. Observations made on each of the phenotypes on the 12th day of incubation show that oil injected alone causes a significant decrease in the dry weight of the tibiae. This inhibitory effect is partially abolished when the oil is injected together with the sex hormones, testosterone being the most effective.", "contents": "[The effects in vivo of some sex hormones on the growth of tibias of normal and chondrodystrophic (Creeper) chick embryos]. Various sex hormones (testosterone, oestradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone), in the form of suspensions in oil, are injected into the allantois of normal and chondrodystrophic (Creeper) chick embryos of 6 days 1/2 incubation. Observations made on each of the phenotypes on the 12th day of incubation show that oil injected alone causes a significant decrease in the dry weight of the tibiae. This inhibitory effect is partially abolished when the oil is injected together with the sex hormones, testosterone being the most effective."}
{"id": "PMID:126121", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of pericardial effusion in myxedema. Incidence and biochemical and clinical correlations.", "content": "Pericardial effusion is a recognized consequences of myxedema. Its incidence is unknown, primarily because of past difficulties in establishing the diagnosis. We studied 33 hypothyroid patients by echocardiography. Ten of the 33 patients (30%) had positive echoes for pericardial effusion. Seven of these ten patients had enlarged hearts on chest X-ray. Five patients had cardiac enlargement but no echo evidence of pericardial effusion. Serum concentrations of thyroxine, 1.8+/-0.3 vs 1.5+/-0.1 mcg/dl and of thyroid stimulating hormone, 34+/-4 vs 38+/-5 muU/ml did not differ in the groups with and without pericardial effusion, respectively. However, the pericardial effusion group had significantly slower heart rates on ECG than those without pericardial effusion: 53+/-8 vs 68+/-2 beats/min, P less than 0.05. Low voltage was present in five of the ten patients with pericardial effusion and five of the 23 nonpericardial effusion patients. None of the patients with pericardial effusion developed tamponade. Seven patients with pericardial effusion were restudied after periods of thyroxine replacement therapy ranging from six months to two years. All were euthyroid and had negative echoes on follow-up, but two still showed cardiomegaly on chest X-ray (both had associated coronary artery disease). We conclude that pericardial effusion occurs frequently in patients with myxedema. Tamponade is uncommon and the effusions disappear with thyroid replacement therapy. Cardiomegaly on chest X-ray and low voltage on ECG are not reliable indicators of pericardial effusion.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of pericardial effusion in myxedema. Incidence and biochemical and clinical correlations. Pericardial effusion is a recognized consequences of myxedema. Its incidence is unknown, primarily because of past difficulties in establishing the diagnosis. We studied 33 hypothyroid patients by echocardiography. Ten of the 33 patients (30%) had positive echoes for pericardial effusion. Seven of these ten patients had enlarged hearts on chest X-ray. Five patients had cardiac enlargement but no echo evidence of pericardial effusion. Serum concentrations of thyroxine, 1.8+/-0.3 vs 1.5+/-0.1 mcg/dl and of thyroid stimulating hormone, 34+/-4 vs 38+/-5 muU/ml did not differ in the groups with and without pericardial effusion, respectively. However, the pericardial effusion group had significantly slower heart rates on ECG than those without pericardial effusion: 53+/-8 vs 68+/-2 beats/min, P less than 0.05. Low voltage was present in five of the ten patients with pericardial effusion and five of the 23 nonpericardial effusion patients. None of the patients with pericardial effusion developed tamponade. Seven patients with pericardial effusion were restudied after periods of thyroxine replacement therapy ranging from six months to two years. All were euthyroid and had negative echoes on follow-up, but two still showed cardiomegaly on chest X-ray (both had associated coronary artery disease). We conclude that pericardial effusion occurs frequently in patients with myxedema. Tamponade is uncommon and the effusions disappear with thyroid replacement therapy. Cardiomegaly on chest X-ray and low voltage on ECG are not reliable indicators of pericardial effusion."}
{"id": "PMID:126122", "title": "Echocardiography of the \"floppy\" aortic valve. Report of a case.", "content": "The echocardiographic features of a patient with severe aortic regurgitation due to a \"floppy\" aortic valve are presented. The salient abnormality observed was marked fluttering of the aortic valve cusps in diastole. Fluttering of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve and left ventricular enlargement were noted. The diagnosis of a \"floppy\" aortic valve was substantiated at surgery.", "contents": "Echocardiography of the \"floppy\" aortic valve. Report of a case. The echocardiographic features of a patient with severe aortic regurgitation due to a \"floppy\" aortic valve are presented. The salient abnormality observed was marked fluttering of the aortic valve cusps in diastole. Fluttering of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve and left ventricular enlargement were noted. The diagnosis of a \"floppy\" aortic valve was substantiated at surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:126123", "title": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans in human kidney tissue.", "content": "The acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) in normal human kidneys were fractionated on Dowex 1-X2 columns and analysed by electrophoretic separation in three buffers on cellulose acetate membranes and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 columns, before and after digestion with chondroitinases and streptomyces hyaluronidase. Thin-layer chromatography was also performed to separate glucosamine from galactosamine moieties. Enzymatic digestion combined with electrophoretic characterization indicated that heparan sulfates exist as the main AGAG which accounted for two-fifths of the total AGAG. Hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfates accounted for one-fourth and one-sixth of the total kidney AGAG, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate isomers (4-sulfate and 6-sulfate) consisted of the residual one-sixth of the total AGAG. An oversulfated chondroitin sulfate was detected in a small amount by demonstration of the unsaturated disulfated disaccharide after digestion with chondroitinase-ABC but not with chondroitinase-AC.", "contents": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans in human kidney tissue. The acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) in normal human kidneys were fractionated on Dowex 1-X2 columns and analysed by electrophoretic separation in three buffers on cellulose acetate membranes and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100 columns, before and after digestion with chondroitinases and streptomyces hyaluronidase. Thin-layer chromatography was also performed to separate glucosamine from galactosamine moieties. Enzymatic digestion combined with electrophoretic characterization indicated that heparan sulfates exist as the main AGAG which accounted for two-fifths of the total AGAG. Hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfates accounted for one-fourth and one-sixth of the total kidney AGAG, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate isomers (4-sulfate and 6-sulfate) consisted of the residual one-sixth of the total AGAG. An oversulfated chondroitin sulfate was detected in a small amount by demonstration of the unsaturated disulfated disaccharide after digestion with chondroitinase-ABC but not with chondroitinase-AC."}
{"id": "PMID:126124", "title": "A rapid radioimmunoassay for determination of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in human plasma.", "content": "A rapid radioimmunoassay for the determination of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) in diluted human plasma is described. The radioimmunoassay is performed using an antiserum to DHEA-3-hemisuccinate-BSA. A charcoal-dextran mixture is used for separation of the bound from the free fraction. The reliability criteria of the method in terms of precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity have been evaluated. The mean level of DHEA-S in plasma samples from normal men (age range 24-37) is 241-5+/-72-5 mug/dl. In normal premenopausal women the highest values are in the second third of the menstrual cycle (corresponding to the ovulatory phase). In normal old men (age range 64-86) and in post-menopausal women (age range 55-88) the mean values are, respectively, 51-9+/-33-8 and 53-8+/-34-0. The DHEA-S levels found in several cases of adreno-cortical disorders are reported. In primary adrenal insufficiency and in Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal adenoma or bilateral multinodular hyperplasia low values are found; in Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia normal values are usually found.", "contents": "A rapid radioimmunoassay for determination of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in human plasma. A rapid radioimmunoassay for the determination of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) in diluted human plasma is described. The radioimmunoassay is performed using an antiserum to DHEA-3-hemisuccinate-BSA. A charcoal-dextran mixture is used for separation of the bound from the free fraction. The reliability criteria of the method in terms of precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity have been evaluated. The mean level of DHEA-S in plasma samples from normal men (age range 24-37) is 241-5+/-72-5 mug/dl. In normal premenopausal women the highest values are in the second third of the menstrual cycle (corresponding to the ovulatory phase). In normal old men (age range 64-86) and in post-menopausal women (age range 55-88) the mean values are, respectively, 51-9+/-33-8 and 53-8+/-34-0. The DHEA-S levels found in several cases of adreno-cortical disorders are reported. In primary adrenal insufficiency and in Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal adenoma or bilateral multinodular hyperplasia low values are found; in Cushing's syndrome due to bilateral adrenal hyperplasia normal values are usually found."}
{"id": "PMID:126126", "title": "Some further observations on the proteoglycans from ox nasal cartilage and pig aorta.", "content": "Extracts of nasal cartilage prepared by dissociative (3 M MgCl2, 4M guanidinium chloride) procedures usually contain two species of proteoglycan macromolecules with widely differing sedimentation coefficients. This paper describes the isolation of the slower sedimenting component and compares its properties with those of the proteoglycan obtained by disaggregation of the faster of the two sedimenting materials. Additional evidence which illustrates the degradation of proteoglycans by homogenizing procedures (disruptive) is also presented; in particular, fractions obtained by gel permeation chromatography on Sepharose-4B of homogenized extracts, show sedimentation coefficients varying from about 8S to about 24S whereas dissociatively extracted materials treated similarly, give only two types of material with sedimentation coefficients of about 11-12S and 44-47S respectively. Because of the differences between the proteoglycans isolated from cartilage by disruptive and dissociative procedures, the protein-bound chondroitin sulfates obtained from pig aorta by both procedures have been examined; these two preparations are similar with respect to the methods used for characterization. In particular, both materials sediment as single boundaries in the ultracentrifuge with sedimentation coefficients (So20,w) of 5.4S (from homogenized extract) and 5.3S (from dissociative extract); further, their amino acid and carbohydrate compositions are almost identical.", "contents": "Some further observations on the proteoglycans from ox nasal cartilage and pig aorta. Extracts of nasal cartilage prepared by dissociative (3 M MgCl2, 4M guanidinium chloride) procedures usually contain two species of proteoglycan macromolecules with widely differing sedimentation coefficients. This paper describes the isolation of the slower sedimenting component and compares its properties with those of the proteoglycan obtained by disaggregation of the faster of the two sedimenting materials. Additional evidence which illustrates the degradation of proteoglycans by homogenizing procedures (disruptive) is also presented; in particular, fractions obtained by gel permeation chromatography on Sepharose-4B of homogenized extracts, show sedimentation coefficients varying from about 8S to about 24S whereas dissociatively extracted materials treated similarly, give only two types of material with sedimentation coefficients of about 11-12S and 44-47S respectively. Because of the differences between the proteoglycans isolated from cartilage by disruptive and dissociative procedures, the protein-bound chondroitin sulfates obtained from pig aorta by both procedures have been examined; these two preparations are similar with respect to the methods used for characterization. In particular, both materials sediment as single boundaries in the ultracentrifuge with sedimentation coefficients (So20,w) of 5.4S (from homogenized extract) and 5.3S (from dissociative extract); further, their amino acid and carbohydrate compositions are almost identical."}
{"id": "PMID:126127", "title": "Tissue sampling as a potential source of error in experimental studies of cartilage.", "content": "Although it might seem trite to point out that tissue sampling is a potential source of experimental error, this survey disclosed that even experienced investigators in fact often work with cartilage that is contaminated by non-cartilaginous tissue of which they were unaware. Twenty-two specimens ranging from chick embryo sternum to bovine nasal septum were studied by serial sectioning. Eighteen of the 22 contained extraneous tissue comprising from 3 to 50% of the cross-sectional area. The impact of the contamination depends on the use being made of the material and probably is greatest in cell culture studies because chondrocytes and fibroblasts have large differences in population doubling time. Several approaches for minimizing the error are suggested by the findings. Histological examination of specimen material is thus a desirable quality control procedure in the design and interpretation of experiments on cartilage as well as other tissues.", "contents": "Tissue sampling as a potential source of error in experimental studies of cartilage. Although it might seem trite to point out that tissue sampling is a potential source of experimental error, this survey disclosed that even experienced investigators in fact often work with cartilage that is contaminated by non-cartilaginous tissue of which they were unaware. Twenty-two specimens ranging from chick embryo sternum to bovine nasal septum were studied by serial sectioning. Eighteen of the 22 contained extraneous tissue comprising from 3 to 50% of the cross-sectional area. The impact of the contamination depends on the use being made of the material and probably is greatest in cell culture studies because chondrocytes and fibroblasts have large differences in population doubling time. Several approaches for minimizing the error are suggested by the findings. Histological examination of specimen material is thus a desirable quality control procedure in the design and interpretation of experiments on cartilage as well as other tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:126128", "title": "The uronidic linkages in heparitin sulfate.", "content": "Beta-glucuronidase preparations obtained from various sources were shown to liberate free D-glucuronic acid from heparitin sulfate oligosaccharides. Some free L-iduronic acid could also be detected in the hydrolyzates indicating the presence of an iduronidase in the preparations. The data presented indicate that heparitin sulfate contains a substantial amount of beta-D-glucuronidic and some alpha-L-iduronidic linkages.", "contents": "The uronidic linkages in heparitin sulfate. Beta-glucuronidase preparations obtained from various sources were shown to liberate free D-glucuronic acid from heparitin sulfate oligosaccharides. Some free L-iduronic acid could also be detected in the hydrolyzates indicating the presence of an iduronidase in the preparations. The data presented indicate that heparitin sulfate contains a substantial amount of beta-D-glucuronidic and some alpha-L-iduronidic linkages."}
{"id": "PMID:126129", "title": "Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans: uridine diphosphate glucose 4'-epimerase from cornea and epiphysial-plate cartilage.", "content": "UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2.) was extracted from newborn-pig epiphysial-plate cartilage and whole bovine cornea. The formation of radioactive UDP-galactose from UDP[U-14C]glucose was demonstrated by radioautography after separation of the sugar nucleotides by paper chromatography or t.l.c. The pH optimum and the Km values for UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose and NAD+ were determined in both tissues. UDP-galactose and UDP-glucuronic acid formation after incubation with different UDP-glucose concentrations was followed; the same experiment was carried out using different UDP-galactose concentrations and following the formation of UDP-glucose and UDP-glucuronic acid. At equilibrium, the ratio UDP-glucose/UDP-galactose reaches a value of about 3.5. The results obtained seem to indicate that UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase activity is strongly dependent on that of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase. The physiological meaning of UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis in the two tissues under study is discussed on the basis of the Km values of UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and on the basis of the rate of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose utilization.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans: uridine diphosphate glucose 4'-epimerase from cornea and epiphysial-plate cartilage. UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase (EC 5.1.3.2.) was extracted from newborn-pig epiphysial-plate cartilage and whole bovine cornea. The formation of radioactive UDP-galactose from UDP[U-14C]glucose was demonstrated by radioautography after separation of the sugar nucleotides by paper chromatography or t.l.c. The pH optimum and the Km values for UDP-glucose, UDP-galactose and NAD+ were determined in both tissues. UDP-galactose and UDP-glucuronic acid formation after incubation with different UDP-glucose concentrations was followed; the same experiment was carried out using different UDP-galactose concentrations and following the formation of UDP-glucose and UDP-glucuronic acid. At equilibrium, the ratio UDP-glucose/UDP-galactose reaches a value of about 3.5. The results obtained seem to indicate that UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase activity is strongly dependent on that of UDP-glucose dehydrogenase. The physiological meaning of UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase in glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis in the two tissues under study is discussed on the basis of the Km values of UDP-glucose 4'-epimerase and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase and on the basis of the rate of UDP-glucose and UDP-galactose utilization."}
{"id": "PMID:126130", "title": "Depolymerization and de-N-acetylation of glycosaminoglycuronans by the action of alkali in the presence of sodium borohydride.", "content": "Depolymerization of Ch-4-S, Ch-6-S, HA and HP was observed by gel filtration after treatment with 2-10 N NaOH or Ba(OH)2 in the presence of NaBH4 at 80-83 degrees for 1-5 hr. Depolymerized products were isolated after these treatments. 4-Deoxy-alpha-L-threo-4-enohexopyranosyluronic acid residue as the nonreducing end group was demonstrated by the H-1 and H-4 proton signals in the NMR spectra and by the absorption at 225-230 nm. L-Gulonic acid, which was produced from D-glucuronic acid by the action of NaBH4, was detected as the reducing end group in the depolymerized products of Ch-6-S, but no hexosaminitol was detected. De-N-acetylation to the extent of 34-50% occurred after treatment with 2.5 N NaOH in the presence of NaBH4, and almost complete de-N-acetylation accompanied by considerable destruction was observed with Ch-4-S and Ch-6-S after treatment with 5.5-10.0 N NaOH. A reaction mechanism is proposed for the depolymerization of glycosaminoglycuronans by the action of alkali.", "contents": "Depolymerization and de-N-acetylation of glycosaminoglycuronans by the action of alkali in the presence of sodium borohydride. Depolymerization of Ch-4-S, Ch-6-S, HA and HP was observed by gel filtration after treatment with 2-10 N NaOH or Ba(OH)2 in the presence of NaBH4 at 80-83 degrees for 1-5 hr. Depolymerized products were isolated after these treatments. 4-Deoxy-alpha-L-threo-4-enohexopyranosyluronic acid residue as the nonreducing end group was demonstrated by the H-1 and H-4 proton signals in the NMR spectra and by the absorption at 225-230 nm. L-Gulonic acid, which was produced from D-glucuronic acid by the action of NaBH4, was detected as the reducing end group in the depolymerized products of Ch-6-S, but no hexosaminitol was detected. De-N-acetylation to the extent of 34-50% occurred after treatment with 2.5 N NaOH in the presence of NaBH4, and almost complete de-N-acetylation accompanied by considerable destruction was observed with Ch-4-S and Ch-6-S after treatment with 5.5-10.0 N NaOH. A reaction mechanism is proposed for the depolymerization of glycosaminoglycuronans by the action of alkali."}
{"id": "PMID:126131", "title": "Microheterogeneity of chondroitin sulfates from various cartilages.", "content": "Chondroitin sulfate fractions were isolated from different animal cartilages, including whale, cattle, sheep, ray and shark, by Dowex 1 chromatography followed by ethanol fractionation. Although each preparation showed a single spot when electrophoresed on cellulose acetate, both 4- and 6-sulfated disaccharides were present in chondroitinase digests of each. In particular, the main fraction of bovine tracheal chondroitin sulfate (SO4/Ga1N = 1) gave both the disaccharides in nearly equal amounts, and its IR spectrum showed absorption bands at 820 and 850 cm-1. This fraction yielded three types of tetrasaccharides after digestion with testicular hyaluronidase. Structural studies on these tetrasaccharides, using P. vulgaris chondro-4-sulfatase followed by chondroitinase, showed that one of them is a hybrid consisting of the 4- and 6-sulfated residues. In the light of these facts, a nomenclature for chondroitin sulfates is discussed.", "contents": "Microheterogeneity of chondroitin sulfates from various cartilages. Chondroitin sulfate fractions were isolated from different animal cartilages, including whale, cattle, sheep, ray and shark, by Dowex 1 chromatography followed by ethanol fractionation. Although each preparation showed a single spot when electrophoresed on cellulose acetate, both 4- and 6-sulfated disaccharides were present in chondroitinase digests of each. In particular, the main fraction of bovine tracheal chondroitin sulfate (SO4/Ga1N = 1) gave both the disaccharides in nearly equal amounts, and its IR spectrum showed absorption bands at 820 and 850 cm-1. This fraction yielded three types of tetrasaccharides after digestion with testicular hyaluronidase. Structural studies on these tetrasaccharides, using P. vulgaris chondro-4-sulfatase followed by chondroitinase, showed that one of them is a hybrid consisting of the 4- and 6-sulfated residues. In the light of these facts, a nomenclature for chondroitin sulfates is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126132", "title": "The distribution of sulfated uronic acid and hexosamine residues in heparin and heparan sulfate.", "content": "Heparins from various sources and heparan sulfate from umbilical cords have been subjected to Smith-degradation and reaction with nitrites. These procedures were effective for providing data relating to the distribution of sulfated iduronic acid residues in the molecule. Results indicated that heparins may have, as a prominent structural feature of the molecule, non-sulfated uronic acid distributed in single sequences, much as had been shown previously for N-acetylglucosamine residues. Sulfated uronic acid, however, may occur in multiple sequences of up to 5 or 6 residues. Heparan sulfate was found to have a major proportion of its ester sulfate on iduronic acid rather than hexosamine units, thereby having sections similar to those in heparins, though in considerably lower proportion.", "contents": "The distribution of sulfated uronic acid and hexosamine residues in heparin and heparan sulfate. Heparins from various sources and heparan sulfate from umbilical cords have been subjected to Smith-degradation and reaction with nitrites. These procedures were effective for providing data relating to the distribution of sulfated iduronic acid residues in the molecule. Results indicated that heparins may have, as a prominent structural feature of the molecule, non-sulfated uronic acid distributed in single sequences, much as had been shown previously for N-acetylglucosamine residues. Sulfated uronic acid, however, may occur in multiple sequences of up to 5 or 6 residues. Heparan sulfate was found to have a major proportion of its ester sulfate on iduronic acid rather than hexosamine units, thereby having sections similar to those in heparins, though in considerably lower proportion."}
{"id": "PMID:126133", "title": "Bovine periodontal ligament. An invesitation of the collagen, glycosaminoglycan and insoluble glycoprotein components at different stages of tissue development.", "content": "Periodontal ligaments from unerupted, partially erupted and mature teeth were extracted with 0.15 M NaCl. The major reducible collagen cross-link in each insoluble fraction was dehydrodihydroxylysinonorleucine; the dehydroydroxylysinonorleucine contents were smaller. There was no significant difference in the quantities of these cross-links relative to collagen contents in the three speciments, but one of the precursors, hydroxyallysine, markedly decreased in the older tissue. The amino acid compositions of the trypsin-resistant insoluble fractions were generally characteristic of collagen. Analyses of separated glycopeptides revealed the presence of insoluble non-collagenous glycoproteins and collagen hexoses. The latter were lower in the mature ligament. Hyaluronic acid progressively decreased relative to chondroitin sulphate on eruption and maturation. A hyaluronidase-resistant glycosaminoglycan, probably dermatan sulphate, occurred in the NaCl-insoluble fraction of the mature ligament and in appreciable amounts in all NaCl extracts.", "contents": "Bovine periodontal ligament. An invesitation of the collagen, glycosaminoglycan and insoluble glycoprotein components at different stages of tissue development. Periodontal ligaments from unerupted, partially erupted and mature teeth were extracted with 0.15 M NaCl. The major reducible collagen cross-link in each insoluble fraction was dehydrodihydroxylysinonorleucine; the dehydroydroxylysinonorleucine contents were smaller. There was no significant difference in the quantities of these cross-links relative to collagen contents in the three speciments, but one of the precursors, hydroxyallysine, markedly decreased in the older tissue. The amino acid compositions of the trypsin-resistant insoluble fractions were generally characteristic of collagen. Analyses of separated glycopeptides revealed the presence of insoluble non-collagenous glycoproteins and collagen hexoses. The latter were lower in the mature ligament. Hyaluronic acid progressively decreased relative to chondroitin sulphate on eruption and maturation. A hyaluronidase-resistant glycosaminoglycan, probably dermatan sulphate, occurred in the NaCl-insoluble fraction of the mature ligament and in appreciable amounts in all NaCl extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:126134", "title": "Biological significance of helical conformation of acid polysaccharides.", "content": "Optical rotary dispersion spectra have been studied of methylene blue complexes of glycosaminoglycans and different derivates of chondroitin 4-sulphate (free and protein bound complexes of different molecular weights and degrees of sulphation). Structural requirements of Ch-4S induction of the extrinsic Cotton effect in methylene blue were formulated. This Cotton effect is supposed to reflect the right-handed helical structure of the polysaccharide molecules. Ch-4S displayed induced Cotton effect both in free and in protein bound form; molecular weight should exceed 2-3000 (at least 4-6 disaccharide units), degree of sulphation should exceed 3% sulphate-sulphur content (more than 0.5 sulphate per one disaccharide unit). For comparison the effect of different derivatives of Ch-4S on the rate of in vitro collagen fibril formation was investigated. Close correlation was found between the macrostructural characteristics and the possible biological effect of Ch-4S. The biological significance of the macrostructural properties of Ch-4S is discussed.", "contents": "Biological significance of helical conformation of acid polysaccharides. Optical rotary dispersion spectra have been studied of methylene blue complexes of glycosaminoglycans and different derivates of chondroitin 4-sulphate (free and protein bound complexes of different molecular weights and degrees of sulphation). Structural requirements of Ch-4S induction of the extrinsic Cotton effect in methylene blue were formulated. This Cotton effect is supposed to reflect the right-handed helical structure of the polysaccharide molecules. Ch-4S displayed induced Cotton effect both in free and in protein bound form; molecular weight should exceed 2-3000 (at least 4-6 disaccharide units), degree of sulphation should exceed 3% sulphate-sulphur content (more than 0.5 sulphate per one disaccharide unit). For comparison the effect of different derivatives of Ch-4S on the rate of in vitro collagen fibril formation was investigated. Close correlation was found between the macrostructural characteristics and the possible biological effect of Ch-4S. The biological significance of the macrostructural properties of Ch-4S is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126135", "title": "The need for modification of the polyvinyl sponge model of connective tissue growth. Histoligic and biochemical studies in the rabbit.", "content": "Quantitative histopathologic and biochemical comparisons were made between polyvinyl sponge capsular and sponge tissue in the rabbit on different days after subcutaneous implantation. Up to 9 days the predominant cell type in the capsular tissue is the fibroblast and in the sponge it is the neutrophil. During this time period the sponge tissue shows lower rates of (14C) proline and (14C) cytidine incorporation and lower rates of total (14C) collagen synthesis than the surrounding capsule. Different gel electrophoretic patterns of isolated radioactive proteins are found in sponge and capsule at 6 days. These biochemical differences appear to be related to the small number of fibroblasts, relative to granulocytes present in sponges during the first 9 days after implantation. It is suggested that future biochemical investigations of the early phase of connective tissue reactions (first 9 days) in this model utilize sponge capsular tissue within 1 cm of the sponge edge instead of the sponge and its contents.", "contents": "The need for modification of the polyvinyl sponge model of connective tissue growth. Histoligic and biochemical studies in the rabbit. Quantitative histopathologic and biochemical comparisons were made between polyvinyl sponge capsular and sponge tissue in the rabbit on different days after subcutaneous implantation. Up to 9 days the predominant cell type in the capsular tissue is the fibroblast and in the sponge it is the neutrophil. During this time period the sponge tissue shows lower rates of (14C) proline and (14C) cytidine incorporation and lower rates of total (14C) collagen synthesis than the surrounding capsule. Different gel electrophoretic patterns of isolated radioactive proteins are found in sponge and capsule at 6 days. These biochemical differences appear to be related to the small number of fibroblasts, relative to granulocytes present in sponges during the first 9 days after implantation. It is suggested that future biochemical investigations of the early phase of connective tissue reactions (first 9 days) in this model utilize sponge capsular tissue within 1 cm of the sponge edge instead of the sponge and its contents."}
{"id": "PMID:126136", "title": "Age related changes in the synthesis of connective tissues in the rabbit.", "content": "The synthesis of collagen and non-collagen proteins was studied in rapidly growing male New Zealand rabbits. Animals were divided into sexually immature (i.e. 4 and 8 week old) and mature (i.e. 15 and 26 week old) groups. Comparisons of aorta, lung, and liver protein synthesis and accumulation were made to determine the effect of aging on both collagen and non-collagen proteins. In all tissues there appeared to be an age-related decrease in the relative percent of collagen synthesized. In the lung and liver the relative decrease in percent collagen synthesis resulted from an age-related increase in the synthesis rate of non-collagen proteins. In the aorta the decrease in percent collagen synthesis was primarily a result of a dete of accumulation of tissue proteins correlates more directly with the growth and degree of differentiation of a tissue than with direct animal age.", "contents": "Age related changes in the synthesis of connective tissues in the rabbit. The synthesis of collagen and non-collagen proteins was studied in rapidly growing male New Zealand rabbits. Animals were divided into sexually immature (i.e. 4 and 8 week old) and mature (i.e. 15 and 26 week old) groups. Comparisons of aorta, lung, and liver protein synthesis and accumulation were made to determine the effect of aging on both collagen and non-collagen proteins. In all tissues there appeared to be an age-related decrease in the relative percent of collagen synthesized. In the lung and liver the relative decrease in percent collagen synthesis resulted from an age-related increase in the synthesis rate of non-collagen proteins. In the aorta the decrease in percent collagen synthesis was primarily a result of a dete of accumulation of tissue proteins correlates more directly with the growth and degree of differentiation of a tissue than with direct animal age."}
{"id": "PMID:126137", "title": "Collagen and mechanical strength in various organs of rats treated with D-penicillamine or amino-acetonitrile.", "content": "After oral treatment with D-penicillamine (D-Pc) or with aminoacetonitrile (AAn) for 10 days, mechanical and chemical parameters were studied simultaneously in various organs of Sprague Dawley rats. Tensile strength of skin strips and of tail tendons, breaking strength of femur bones and tensile strength of granuloma tissue (induced by implanted glass rods) were measured and calculated. In the same tissue the soluble collagen fractions and the insoluble collagen were determined. Total collagen and the ratio insoluble vs. soluble collagen were calculated. Tensile strength of skin, tendon and granuloma tissue were greatly reduced by D-Pc treatment but only minimally influenced by AAN treatment. On the other hand only AAN significantly reduced the breaking strength of bone. All these changes were closely correlated with the content of insoluble collagen in the respective tissues. The correlation coefficients to total collagen were similar but lower. The correlation coefficients between strength and the ratio insoluble vs. soluble collagen were generally still lower. Earlier findings in aged and corticoid treated rats, proving that insoluble collagen content determines mechanical strength of connnective and supporting tissue thus could be confirmed.", "contents": "Collagen and mechanical strength in various organs of rats treated with D-penicillamine or amino-acetonitrile. After oral treatment with D-penicillamine (D-Pc) or with aminoacetonitrile (AAn) for 10 days, mechanical and chemical parameters were studied simultaneously in various organs of Sprague Dawley rats. Tensile strength of skin strips and of tail tendons, breaking strength of femur bones and tensile strength of granuloma tissue (induced by implanted glass rods) were measured and calculated. In the same tissue the soluble collagen fractions and the insoluble collagen were determined. Total collagen and the ratio insoluble vs. soluble collagen were calculated. Tensile strength of skin, tendon and granuloma tissue were greatly reduced by D-Pc treatment but only minimally influenced by AAN treatment. On the other hand only AAN significantly reduced the breaking strength of bone. All these changes were closely correlated with the content of insoluble collagen in the respective tissues. The correlation coefficients to total collagen were similar but lower. The correlation coefficients between strength and the ratio insoluble vs. soluble collagen were generally still lower. Earlier findings in aged and corticoid treated rats, proving that insoluble collagen content determines mechanical strength of connnective and supporting tissue thus could be confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:126138", "title": "Extent and topography of the acetylation of calcified chicken-bone collagen.", "content": "Acetic anhydride in anhydrous acetone-triethylamine reacts with decalcified bone collagen in two ways. It completely acetylates the e-amino groups of lysine and hydroxylysine and causes a progressive change in the protein matrix, such that increasing amounts of degraded peptides become soluble in alkaline phosphate solution. The peptides produced have molecular weights ranging from 100,000 to less than 2,000 daltons. The number of peptides obtained indicates that there are about 10 bonds cleaved per chain. Ball-mill grinding, particle size of the decalcified bone fragments, and age of the chicken do not affect the fraction of collagen that can be solubilized. The appearance of peptides begins at the point where 90% of the e-amino groups are modified. Both the phosphate-soluble and phosphate-insoluble fractions were essentially completely N-acetylated. Calcified bone under the same conditions is rapidly acetylated to only 45% of the total e-amino groups. With further additions of reagent, the degree of modification of the phosphate-insoluble matrix stabilizes at 50 +/- 4%. At the same time, progressively larger amounts of peptides, soluble in alkaline phosphate solution, are produced. The peptides, which approach 100% N-acetylation, have a distribution of molecular weight from 2000 to 75,000 daltons, indicating 10-15 disrupted peptide bonds per chain. The peptides are initially derived from the more accessible regions of the matrix and subsequently are produced from increasingly inaccessible regions. Chromatography of samples of calcified bone collagen, which were acetylated nearly to completion, indicate that the lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues which are most difficult to modify in the calcified bone are located along continuous regions of the collagen chains. Chromatography of partially acetylated samples also show that all regions of the chains are not uniformly accessible to modification, and further, no single region of every alpha chain is exposed to an identical environment.", "contents": "Extent and topography of the acetylation of calcified chicken-bone collagen. Acetic anhydride in anhydrous acetone-triethylamine reacts with decalcified bone collagen in two ways. It completely acetylates the e-amino groups of lysine and hydroxylysine and causes a progressive change in the protein matrix, such that increasing amounts of degraded peptides become soluble in alkaline phosphate solution. The peptides produced have molecular weights ranging from 100,000 to less than 2,000 daltons. The number of peptides obtained indicates that there are about 10 bonds cleaved per chain. Ball-mill grinding, particle size of the decalcified bone fragments, and age of the chicken do not affect the fraction of collagen that can be solubilized. The appearance of peptides begins at the point where 90% of the e-amino groups are modified. Both the phosphate-soluble and phosphate-insoluble fractions were essentially completely N-acetylated. Calcified bone under the same conditions is rapidly acetylated to only 45% of the total e-amino groups. With further additions of reagent, the degree of modification of the phosphate-insoluble matrix stabilizes at 50 +/- 4%. At the same time, progressively larger amounts of peptides, soluble in alkaline phosphate solution, are produced. The peptides, which approach 100% N-acetylation, have a distribution of molecular weight from 2000 to 75,000 daltons, indicating 10-15 disrupted peptide bonds per chain. The peptides are initially derived from the more accessible regions of the matrix and subsequently are produced from increasingly inaccessible regions. Chromatography of samples of calcified bone collagen, which were acetylated nearly to completion, indicate that the lysyl and hydroxylysyl residues which are most difficult to modify in the calcified bone are located along continuous regions of the collagen chains. Chromatography of partially acetylated samples also show that all regions of the chains are not uniformly accessible to modification, and further, no single region of every alpha chain is exposed to an identical environment."}
{"id": "PMID:126140", "title": "Chemosterilant (apholate)-induced ultrastructural changes during oogenesis in Aedes aegypti.", "content": "The effect of chemosterilant, apholate, on-oogenesis has been studied in Aedes aegypti. Treatment of larvae to 20 ppm of the chemical induced ultrastural changes in the presumptive and primary follicles of the adult ovary. These changes comprised condensation of chromatin, disruption of nuclear envelope and extensive degeneration as evidenced by numerous myelin figures and residual bodies. In some primary follicles, where cellular degeneration was restricted to epithelial cells, no arrest in development was observed. However, in comparison with controls, these follicles also were retarded. Larval treatment with 30 ppm apholate completely supressed ovariolar development. High incidence of autophagy was observed in tissues at both dose levels.", "contents": "Chemosterilant (apholate)-induced ultrastructural changes during oogenesis in Aedes aegypti. The effect of chemosterilant, apholate, on-oogenesis has been studied in Aedes aegypti. Treatment of larvae to 20 ppm of the chemical induced ultrastural changes in the presumptive and primary follicles of the adult ovary. These changes comprised condensation of chromatin, disruption of nuclear envelope and extensive degeneration as evidenced by numerous myelin figures and residual bodies. In some primary follicles, where cellular degeneration was restricted to epithelial cells, no arrest in development was observed. However, in comparison with controls, these follicles also were retarded. Larval treatment with 30 ppm apholate completely supressed ovariolar development. High incidence of autophagy was observed in tissues at both dose levels."}
{"id": "PMID:126145", "title": "[The reasons for the resistance to treatment in childhood. Presentation of the problem based on a 2 1/2-year patient study with 65 treatment-resisting children, aged 3 to 14 years].", "content": "On the basis of the experience gained with 65 children trying to resist dental treatment, the problems causing and influencing this behavior of children having an aversion against the dentist are presented. Apart from factors resulting from specific situations or specific ages, factors were found that are due to parental education, social environment, and serious psychical disturbances of the child.", "contents": "[The reasons for the resistance to treatment in childhood. Presentation of the problem based on a 2 1/2-year patient study with 65 treatment-resisting children, aged 3 to 14 years]. On the basis of the experience gained with 65 children trying to resist dental treatment, the problems causing and influencing this behavior of children having an aversion against the dentist are presented. Apart from factors resulting from specific situations or specific ages, factors were found that are due to parental education, social environment, and serious psychical disturbances of the child."}
{"id": "PMID:126146", "title": "Depressed duodenal calcium absorption in the diabetic rat: restoration by Solanum malacoxylon.", "content": "Duodenal calcium absorption is depressed in alloxan and streptozotocin diabetic rats taking normal amounts to dietary vitamin D. Depression of absorption appears to be at least in part the result of altered metabolism of vitamin D with failure to form 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), the vitamin D metabolite that acts directly on duodenum to stimulate calcium absorption. The South American plant Solanum malacoxylon causes extensive soft tissue calcification when ingested by cattle. An extract of this plant restores calcium absorption depressed by dietary strontium blockage of 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation in chicks. We gave an aqueous extract of S. malacoxylon to diabetic rats and restored duodenal calcium absorption to normal. These findings provide further evidence of the ability of a factor in the S. malacoxylon extract to mimic the actions of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on duodenal calcium transport and reinforce the hypothesis that abnormal vitamin D metabolism is an important determinant of depressed duodenal calcium absorption in diabetes.", "contents": "Depressed duodenal calcium absorption in the diabetic rat: restoration by Solanum malacoxylon. Duodenal calcium absorption is depressed in alloxan and streptozotocin diabetic rats taking normal amounts to dietary vitamin D. Depression of absorption appears to be at least in part the result of altered metabolism of vitamin D with failure to form 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-(OH)2D3), the vitamin D metabolite that acts directly on duodenum to stimulate calcium absorption. The South American plant Solanum malacoxylon causes extensive soft tissue calcification when ingested by cattle. An extract of this plant restores calcium absorption depressed by dietary strontium blockage of 1,25-(OH)2D3 formation in chicks. We gave an aqueous extract of S. malacoxylon to diabetic rats and restored duodenal calcium absorption to normal. These findings provide further evidence of the ability of a factor in the S. malacoxylon extract to mimic the actions of 1,25-(OH)2D3 on duodenal calcium transport and reinforce the hypothesis that abnormal vitamin D metabolism is an important determinant of depressed duodenal calcium absorption in diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:126147", "title": "Steroid metabolism of foetal tissues. I. Metabolism of pregnenolone-4-14C by human foetal ovaries.", "content": "The metabolism of pregnenolone-4-14C of ovaries from human foetuses ranging in age from the 14th through the 42th week of gestation was studied by a double isotope method in vitro. Progesterone was found as the main metabolite. The rate of conversion is correlated with histochemical findings of the same material and comparison with the FSH- and LH-concentration in human foetal pituitaries is made. As further metabolites only 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone were isolated. For comparison tissue from a polycystic ovary was investigated with the same method.", "contents": "Steroid metabolism of foetal tissues. I. Metabolism of pregnenolone-4-14C by human foetal ovaries. The metabolism of pregnenolone-4-14C of ovaries from human foetuses ranging in age from the 14th through the 42th week of gestation was studied by a double isotope method in vitro. Progesterone was found as the main metabolite. The rate of conversion is correlated with histochemical findings of the same material and comparison with the FSH- and LH-concentration in human foetal pituitaries is made. As further metabolites only 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone were isolated. For comparison tissue from a polycystic ovary was investigated with the same method."}
{"id": "PMID:126148", "title": "Steroids in umbilical cord plasma from normal term deliveries.", "content": "Quantitation of nine steroids in 36 cord plasma samples and four plasma pools is reported and an attempt to isolate and quantitate oestetrol is described. A wide range of values was found, which did not show correlations to the weight of the newborn or of the placenta. Comparison with data from the literature are made and correlations among the steroid levels according to the sex of the foetus are looked for. The possible relationship of difference in HCG and steroid concentration according to the sex of the foetus is discussed.", "contents": "Steroids in umbilical cord plasma from normal term deliveries. Quantitation of nine steroids in 36 cord plasma samples and four plasma pools is reported and an attempt to isolate and quantitate oestetrol is described. A wide range of values was found, which did not show correlations to the weight of the newborn or of the placenta. Comparison with data from the literature are made and correlations among the steroid levels according to the sex of the foetus are looked for. The possible relationship of difference in HCG and steroid concentration according to the sex of the foetus is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126149", "title": "Toxicology of octabromobiphenyl and decabromodiphenyl oxide.", "content": "Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO) and octabromobiphenyl (OBBP) perform well as fire-retardant additives for thermoplastics. Both compounds have low acute oral toxicity and low skin absorption toxicity. They are neither primary skin irritants or skin sensitizers and are only mildly irritating to the eyes. A 30-day dietary feeding study in rats established 8 mg DBDPO/kg-day as an unequivocal no-effect level and 80 mg/kg-day as a marginal effect level. A no-effect level was not established for OBBP in a comparative study. A 2-yr rat study providing 0.1 mg DBDPO/kg-day in the diet revealed the bromine concentration reached a plateau in the liver within 30 days, while the concentration in adipose tissue slowly increased. A comparable OBBP study revealed bromine concentration in the liver and adipose tissue increased steadily and rapidly with no attainment of a plateau during 180 days of the study. Neither compound produced an accumulation of bromine in other tissues. After administration of 14C DBDPO, all 14C activity was eliminated via the feces within 2 days. After administration of 14C OBBP, 62% was eliminated with a half-life of less than 24 hr; the half-life for the remainder was greater than 16 days. In a teratology study, 10, 100, or 1000 mg DBDPO/kg-day had no effect in rats. Reproductive capacity of rats was not effected at 3, 30, or 100 mg DBDPO/kg-day. No effects were observed on cytogenetic examination of bone marrow cells of parents and weanlings from the reproduction study.", "contents": "Toxicology of octabromobiphenyl and decabromodiphenyl oxide. Decabromodiphenyl oxide (DBDPO) and octabromobiphenyl (OBBP) perform well as fire-retardant additives for thermoplastics. Both compounds have low acute oral toxicity and low skin absorption toxicity. They are neither primary skin irritants or skin sensitizers and are only mildly irritating to the eyes. A 30-day dietary feeding study in rats established 8 mg DBDPO/kg-day as an unequivocal no-effect level and 80 mg/kg-day as a marginal effect level. A no-effect level was not established for OBBP in a comparative study. A 2-yr rat study providing 0.1 mg DBDPO/kg-day in the diet revealed the bromine concentration reached a plateau in the liver within 30 days, while the concentration in adipose tissue slowly increased. A comparable OBBP study revealed bromine concentration in the liver and adipose tissue increased steadily and rapidly with no attainment of a plateau during 180 days of the study. Neither compound produced an accumulation of bromine in other tissues. After administration of 14C DBDPO, all 14C activity was eliminated via the feces within 2 days. After administration of 14C OBBP, 62% was eliminated with a half-life of less than 24 hr; the half-life for the remainder was greater than 16 days. In a teratology study, 10, 100, or 1000 mg DBDPO/kg-day had no effect in rats. Reproductive capacity of rats was not effected at 3, 30, or 100 mg DBDPO/kg-day. No effects were observed on cytogenetic examination of bone marrow cells of parents and weanlings from the reproduction study."}
{"id": "PMID:126150", "title": "Polymers in contact with the body.", "content": "The clinical use of polymeric materials in the body to repair and restore damaged or diseased tissues and organs is substantially increasing on an annual basis. Concomitant with this use is an increase in materials related research on medically used polymers. Information on the historical and current clinical use of polymeric materials is provided in order to establish a basis for the philosophy and problems encountered in assessing the acceptability of various polymers in the biological system. The requisite properties which must be demonstrated by a polymer in contact with the body are discussed from two viewpoints, i.e., the effects of the material on the stability of the host and the effects of the host on the stability of the material. In addition, the effects of synthesis, processing, storage, sterilization, implantation, and possible degradation of polymers are discussed, poly(ethylene terephthalate) being used as an example.", "contents": "Polymers in contact with the body. The clinical use of polymeric materials in the body to repair and restore damaged or diseased tissues and organs is substantially increasing on an annual basis. Concomitant with this use is an increase in materials related research on medically used polymers. Information on the historical and current clinical use of polymeric materials is provided in order to establish a basis for the philosophy and problems encountered in assessing the acceptability of various polymers in the biological system. The requisite properties which must be demonstrated by a polymer in contact with the body are discussed from two viewpoints, i.e., the effects of the material on the stability of the host and the effects of the host on the stability of the material. In addition, the effects of synthesis, processing, storage, sterilization, implantation, and possible degradation of polymers are discussed, poly(ethylene terephthalate) being used as an example."}
{"id": "PMID:126151", "title": "Regulation of muscle contraction: bindings of troponin and its components to actin and tropomyosin.", "content": "The bindings of troponin components to actin and tropomyosin has been studied by cosedimentation with actin and affinity chromatography. It is shown that troponin binds to actin and tropomyosin in the presence and absence of calcium but the binding to actin is sensitive to ionic strength. Troponin-I + C binds to actin-tropomyosin in the absence of calcium but not to actin or tropomyosin alone. Troponin-I binds to actin and the binding is improved in the presence of tropomyosin even though troponin-I does not bind to tropomyosin alone. Troponin-C does not bind to actin or tropomyosin. The results suggest that the binding of troponin by actin is influenced by tropomyosin. A model of regulation by troponin is proposed.", "contents": "Regulation of muscle contraction: bindings of troponin and its components to actin and tropomyosin. The bindings of troponin components to actin and tropomyosin has been studied by cosedimentation with actin and affinity chromatography. It is shown that troponin binds to actin and tropomyosin in the presence and absence of calcium but the binding to actin is sensitive to ionic strength. Troponin-I + C binds to actin-tropomyosin in the absence of calcium but not to actin or tropomyosin alone. Troponin-I binds to actin and the binding is improved in the presence of tropomyosin even though troponin-I does not bind to tropomyosin alone. Troponin-C does not bind to actin or tropomyosin. The results suggest that the binding of troponin by actin is influenced by tropomyosin. A model of regulation by troponin is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:126152", "title": "Lipophilic proteins encoded by mitochondrial and nuclear genes in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Mitochondrial proteins soluble in neutral chloroform-methanol (2:1) were separated from lipids by ether precipitation and resolved by Sephadex G-200 filtration in the presence of dodecylsulfate into two major fractions eluting in the excluded region (peak I) and in a region of an apparent molecular weight 8000 (peak II). Residual phospholipids are found only in peak II. Peak I consists of several aggregated small polypeptides of molecular weights around 8000, which can be disaggregated by mild oxidation with performic acid. Cycloheximide stimulates almost two-fold incorporation of radioactive phenylalanine into peak I proteins but inhibits labelling of peak II proteins by 95%. Chloramphenicol and ethidium bromide inhibit the synthesis of peak I proteins by 70% and 95% respectively, but do not affect labelling of peak II proteins. At least 30% of the translation products of mitochondrial DNA in vitro behave like peak I proteins: they are soluble in organic solvents, they aggregate in dodecylsulfate buffer after removal of phospholipids and they contain species of molecular weights around 8000 that disaggregate upon oxidation. The data strongly suggest that the proteins of peak I are encoded by mitochondrial genes and synthesized on mitochondrial ribosomes, whereas the proteins of peak II are encoded by nuclear genes and synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes. Both groups of lipophilic proteins are very similar in their molecular weights, but the mitochondrially coded peak I proteins have the unique property of forming large heat-stable aggregates in the presence of dodecylsulfate.", "contents": "Lipophilic proteins encoded by mitochondrial and nuclear genes in Neurospora crassa. Mitochondrial proteins soluble in neutral chloroform-methanol (2:1) were separated from lipids by ether precipitation and resolved by Sephadex G-200 filtration in the presence of dodecylsulfate into two major fractions eluting in the excluded region (peak I) and in a region of an apparent molecular weight 8000 (peak II). Residual phospholipids are found only in peak II. Peak I consists of several aggregated small polypeptides of molecular weights around 8000, which can be disaggregated by mild oxidation with performic acid. Cycloheximide stimulates almost two-fold incorporation of radioactive phenylalanine into peak I proteins but inhibits labelling of peak II proteins by 95%. Chloramphenicol and ethidium bromide inhibit the synthesis of peak I proteins by 70% and 95% respectively, but do not affect labelling of peak II proteins. At least 30% of the translation products of mitochondrial DNA in vitro behave like peak I proteins: they are soluble in organic solvents, they aggregate in dodecylsulfate buffer after removal of phospholipids and they contain species of molecular weights around 8000 that disaggregate upon oxidation. The data strongly suggest that the proteins of peak I are encoded by mitochondrial genes and synthesized on mitochondrial ribosomes, whereas the proteins of peak II are encoded by nuclear genes and synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes. Both groups of lipophilic proteins are very similar in their molecular weights, but the mitochondrially coded peak I proteins have the unique property of forming large heat-stable aggregates in the presence of dodecylsulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:126153", "title": "Biogenesis of mitochondrial membranes in Neurospora crassa. Mitochondrial protein synthesis during conidial germination.", "content": "The conidia of Neurospora crassa entered logarithmic growth after a 1-h lag period at 30 degrees C. Although [14C]leucine is incorporated quickly early in growth, cellular protein data indicated that no net protein synthesis occurred until after 2 h of growth. Neurospora is known to produce ethanol during germination even though respiratory enzymes are present. Also, Neurospora mitochondria isolated from cells less than 3-h old are uncoupled. Since oxygen uptake increased during germination, was largely cyanide-sensitive, and reached a maximum at 3 h, it is hypothesized that during early germination the uncoupled electron transport chain merely functions to dispose of reducing equivalents generated by substrate level ATP production. The rate of protein synthesis in vitro by mitochondria isolated from 0-8-h-old cells increased as did cell age. Mitochondrial protein synthesis in vivo, assayed in the presence of 100 mug cycloheximide/ml, increased from low levels in the cinidia to peak levels at 3-4 h of age and then slowly decreased. The rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis in vivo was linear for at least 90 min in 0-4-h-old cells, but declined after 15 min of incorporation in 6 and 8-h-old cells. The products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in vivo were analyzed with dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Early in germination 80% of the synthesis was of two small proteins (molecular weights 7200 and 9000). At 8 h 85% of the radioactivity was in 10 larger proteins (12 200 to 80 000). Within the high-molecular-weight class, proteins of between 12 000 and 21 500 molecular weight were preferentially lavelled early in germination, whereas after 8 h of growth proteins of 27 500 to 80 000 molecular weight were preferentially labelled. It is hypothesized that the 7200 and 9000-molecular-weight products of mitochondrial protein synthesis combine with other proteins to form the larger proteins found later in growth. The availability of these other proteins in cells of different ages could affect the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis in vivo.", "contents": "Biogenesis of mitochondrial membranes in Neurospora crassa. Mitochondrial protein synthesis during conidial germination. The conidia of Neurospora crassa entered logarithmic growth after a 1-h lag period at 30 degrees C. Although [14C]leucine is incorporated quickly early in growth, cellular protein data indicated that no net protein synthesis occurred until after 2 h of growth. Neurospora is known to produce ethanol during germination even though respiratory enzymes are present. Also, Neurospora mitochondria isolated from cells less than 3-h old are uncoupled. Since oxygen uptake increased during germination, was largely cyanide-sensitive, and reached a maximum at 3 h, it is hypothesized that during early germination the uncoupled electron transport chain merely functions to dispose of reducing equivalents generated by substrate level ATP production. The rate of protein synthesis in vitro by mitochondria isolated from 0-8-h-old cells increased as did cell age. Mitochondrial protein synthesis in vivo, assayed in the presence of 100 mug cycloheximide/ml, increased from low levels in the cinidia to peak levels at 3-4 h of age and then slowly decreased. The rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis in vivo was linear for at least 90 min in 0-4-h-old cells, but declined after 15 min of incorporation in 6 and 8-h-old cells. The products of mitochondrial protein synthesis in vivo were analyzed with dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. Early in germination 80% of the synthesis was of two small proteins (molecular weights 7200 and 9000). At 8 h 85% of the radioactivity was in 10 larger proteins (12 200 to 80 000). Within the high-molecular-weight class, proteins of between 12 000 and 21 500 molecular weight were preferentially lavelled early in germination, whereas after 8 h of growth proteins of 27 500 to 80 000 molecular weight were preferentially labelled. It is hypothesized that the 7200 and 9000-molecular-weight products of mitochondrial protein synthesis combine with other proteins to form the larger proteins found later in growth. The availability of these other proteins in cells of different ages could affect the rate of mitochondrial protein synthesis in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:126154", "title": "Morphogenesis of the membrane-bound electron-transport system in sporulating Bacillus megaterium KM.", "content": "The properties of electron transport systems present in soluble and particulate fractions of spores of Bacillus megaterium KM?HAVE BEEN COMPARED WIth those of similar fractions prepared from exponential-phase vegetative cells of this organism. The timing and localization of modifications of the electron transport system occurring during sporulation have been investigated by using a system for separating forespores from mother cells at all stages during development [8]. Spore membranes contained cytochromes a + a3, and o at lower concentrations than in vegetative membranes, and in addition cytochrome c, which was not found in exponential-phase vegetative membranes. An NADH oxidase activity of similar specific activity was found in both spore and vegetative membranes but DL-glycerol 3-phosphate and L-malate oxidase activities were found only in vegetative membranes. A soluble NADH oxidase of low specific activity was found in spores and vegetative cells which probably involves a flavoprotein reaction with oxygen because the activity was stimulated by FAD or FMN and difference spectra of concentrated soluble fractions showed spectra typical of a flavoprotein. Particulate NADH oxidase was sensitive to all classical inhibitors of electron transport tested whereas soluble NADH oxidase was insensitive to many of these inhibitors. Cytochrome c was formed between stage I and II of sporulation and this coincided with a five-fold increase in NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity. Forespore membranes had lower contents of cytochromes than sporangial cell membranes but similar levels of NADH and L-malate oxidases; DL-glycerol 3-phosphate oxidase activity could not be detected in either membranes by stage III of sporulation. This characterization of spore electron transport systems provides a basis for suggestions concerning initial metabolic events during spore germination and the effect of a number of germination inhibitors.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of the membrane-bound electron-transport system in sporulating Bacillus megaterium KM. The properties of electron transport systems present in soluble and particulate fractions of spores of Bacillus megaterium KM?HAVE BEEN COMPARED WIth those of similar fractions prepared from exponential-phase vegetative cells of this organism. The timing and localization of modifications of the electron transport system occurring during sporulation have been investigated by using a system for separating forespores from mother cells at all stages during development [8]. Spore membranes contained cytochromes a + a3, and o at lower concentrations than in vegetative membranes, and in addition cytochrome c, which was not found in exponential-phase vegetative membranes. An NADH oxidase activity of similar specific activity was found in both spore and vegetative membranes but DL-glycerol 3-phosphate and L-malate oxidase activities were found only in vegetative membranes. A soluble NADH oxidase of low specific activity was found in spores and vegetative cells which probably involves a flavoprotein reaction with oxygen because the activity was stimulated by FAD or FMN and difference spectra of concentrated soluble fractions showed spectra typical of a flavoprotein. Particulate NADH oxidase was sensitive to all classical inhibitors of electron transport tested whereas soluble NADH oxidase was insensitive to many of these inhibitors. Cytochrome c was formed between stage I and II of sporulation and this coincided with a five-fold increase in NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity. Forespore membranes had lower contents of cytochromes than sporangial cell membranes but similar levels of NADH and L-malate oxidases; DL-glycerol 3-phosphate oxidase activity could not be detected in either membranes by stage III of sporulation. This characterization of spore electron transport systems provides a basis for suggestions concerning initial metabolic events during spore germination and the effect of a number of germination inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:126155", "title": "Preparation and properties of vertebrate smooth-muscle myofibrils and actomyosin.", "content": "A new technique for obtaining a myofibril-like preparation from vertebrate smooth muscle has been developed. An actomyosin can be readily extracted from these myofibrils at low ionic strength and in yields 20 times as high as previously reported. The protein composition of all preparations has been monitored using dodecylsulfate-gel electrophoresis. By this method smooth muscle actomyosin showed primarily only the major proteins, myosin, actin and tropomyosin, while the myofibrils contained, additionally, three new proteins not previously described with polypeptide chain weights of 60000, 110000 and 130000. The ATPase activities of both the myofibrils and actomyosin preparations are considerably higher than previously described for vertebrate smooth muscle. They are sensitive to micromolar Ca2+ ion concentrations to the same degree as comparable skeletal and cardiac muscle preparations, even though troponin-like proteins could not be identified in these smooth muscle preparations. From the latter observation and the presence of Ca2+-sensitivity in tropomyosin-free actomyosin it is suggested that this calcium sensitivity is, as in some invertebrate muscles, a property of the myosin molecule.", "contents": "Preparation and properties of vertebrate smooth-muscle myofibrils and actomyosin. A new technique for obtaining a myofibril-like preparation from vertebrate smooth muscle has been developed. An actomyosin can be readily extracted from these myofibrils at low ionic strength and in yields 20 times as high as previously reported. The protein composition of all preparations has been monitored using dodecylsulfate-gel electrophoresis. By this method smooth muscle actomyosin showed primarily only the major proteins, myosin, actin and tropomyosin, while the myofibrils contained, additionally, three new proteins not previously described with polypeptide chain weights of 60000, 110000 and 130000. The ATPase activities of both the myofibrils and actomyosin preparations are considerably higher than previously described for vertebrate smooth muscle. They are sensitive to micromolar Ca2+ ion concentrations to the same degree as comparable skeletal and cardiac muscle preparations, even though troponin-like proteins could not be identified in these smooth muscle preparations. From the latter observation and the presence of Ca2+-sensitivity in tropomyosin-free actomyosin it is suggested that this calcium sensitivity is, as in some invertebrate muscles, a property of the myosin molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:126156", "title": "Changes in the structure, composition and function of sarcoplasmic-reticulum membrane during development.", "content": "The structure, chemical composition and function of the microsomal fraction, isolated by differential centrifugation and purified on sucrose gradients, from muscle of fetal, newborn and young rabbits were characterized and compared with those of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from adult muscle. Negative staining shows that the microsomal vesicles isolated from muscles of embryos and newborn animals are smooth, in contrast to vesicles obtained from adult muscle which contain 4-nm particles on their surface. The particles appear first in the microsomal vesicles from muscles of 5--8-day-old rabbits. Their number increases with the age of the animals. Ca2+-pump protein, with molecular weight about 100000, accounts for 10% of the total protein content in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, isolated at the earliest stages of development analysed. Its amount increases continuously with the rabbit's age to the adult value of about 70% of total sarcoplasmic reticulum protein. The low amount of 100000-dalton protein and lack of 4-nm surface particles in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles obtained from fetal and newborn rabbits are strictly correlated with the low activity of Ca2+-dependent ATPase and the ability to take up Ca2+. These activities rise in parallel with the age of the rabbits. On the other hand, Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity is very high at the early stages of development and declines continuously to a low value in sarcoplasmic reticulum from adult muscle. The sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane from fetal and newborn rabbits contains a higher amount of lipids as compared with the membrane present in the muscle of adult animals. The ratio of both phospholipid to protein and neutral lipid to protein decreases with the age of the rabbits. The composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum phospholipids also changes during development.", "contents": "Changes in the structure, composition and function of sarcoplasmic-reticulum membrane during development. The structure, chemical composition and function of the microsomal fraction, isolated by differential centrifugation and purified on sucrose gradients, from muscle of fetal, newborn and young rabbits were characterized and compared with those of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from adult muscle. Negative staining shows that the microsomal vesicles isolated from muscles of embryos and newborn animals are smooth, in contrast to vesicles obtained from adult muscle which contain 4-nm particles on their surface. The particles appear first in the microsomal vesicles from muscles of 5--8-day-old rabbits. Their number increases with the age of the animals. Ca2+-pump protein, with molecular weight about 100000, accounts for 10% of the total protein content in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, isolated at the earliest stages of development analysed. Its amount increases continuously with the rabbit's age to the adult value of about 70% of total sarcoplasmic reticulum protein. The low amount of 100000-dalton protein and lack of 4-nm surface particles in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles obtained from fetal and newborn rabbits are strictly correlated with the low activity of Ca2+-dependent ATPase and the ability to take up Ca2+. These activities rise in parallel with the age of the rabbits. On the other hand, Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity is very high at the early stages of development and declines continuously to a low value in sarcoplasmic reticulum from adult muscle. The sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane from fetal and newborn rabbits contains a higher amount of lipids as compared with the membrane present in the muscle of adult animals. The ratio of both phospholipid to protein and neutral lipid to protein decreases with the age of the rabbits. The composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum phospholipids also changes during development."}
{"id": "PMID:126157", "title": "Studies of energy transport in heart cells. Mitochondrial isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase: kinetic properties and regulatory action of Mg2+ ions.", "content": "1. The kinetic properties of mitochondrial creatine phosphokinase (Km for all substrates and maximal rates of the forward and reverse reaction) have been studied. Since (a) Km value for MgADP- (0.05 mM) and creatine phosphate (0.5 mM) are significantly lower than Km for MgATP2- (0.7 mM) and creatine (5.0 mM) and (b) maximal rate of the reverse reaction (creatine phosphate + ADP leads to ATP + creatine) equal to 3.5 mumol times min-1 times mg-1 is essentially higher than maximal rate of the forward reaction (0.8 mumol times min-1 times mg-1), ATP synthesis from ADP and creatine phosphate is kinetically preferable over the forward reaction. 2. A possible regulatory role of Mg2+ ions in the creatine phosphokinase reaction has been tested. It has been shown that in the presence of all substrates and products of the reaction the ratio of the rates of forward and reverse reactions can be effectively regulated by the concentration of Mg2+ ions. At limited Mg2+ concentrations creatine phosphate is preferably synthesized while at high Mg2+ concentrations (more ATP in the reaction medium) ATP synthesis takes place. 3. The kinetic (mathematical) model of the mitochondrial creatine phosphokinase reaction has been developed. This model accounts for the existence of a variety of molecular forms of adenine nucleotides in solution and the formation of their complexes with magnesium. It is based on the assumption that the mitochondrial creatine phosphokinase reactions mechanism is analogous to that for soluble isoenzymes. 4. The dependence of the overall rate of the creatine phosphokinase reaction on the concentration of total Mg2+ ions calculated from the kinetic model quantitatively correlates with the experimentally determined dependence through a wide range of substrates (ATP, ADP, creatine and creatine phosphate) concentration. The analysis of the kinetic model demonstrates that the observed regulatory effect of Mg2+ on the overall reaction rate can be expained by (a) the sigmoidal variation in the concentration of the MgADP- complex resulting from the competition between ATP AND ADP for Mg2+ and (b) the high affinity of the enzyme to MgADP-. 5. The results predicted by the model for the behavior of mitochondrial creatine phosphokinase under conditions of oxidative phosphorylation point to an intimate functional interaction of mitochondrial creatine phosphokinase and ATP-ADP translocase.", "contents": "Studies of energy transport in heart cells. Mitochondrial isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase: kinetic properties and regulatory action of Mg2+ ions. 1. The kinetic properties of mitochondrial creatine phosphokinase (Km for all substrates and maximal rates of the forward and reverse reaction) have been studied. Since (a) Km value for MgADP- (0.05 mM) and creatine phosphate (0.5 mM) are significantly lower than Km for MgATP2- (0.7 mM) and creatine (5.0 mM) and (b) maximal rate of the reverse reaction (creatine phosphate + ADP leads to ATP + creatine) equal to 3.5 mumol times min-1 times mg-1 is essentially higher than maximal rate of the forward reaction (0.8 mumol times min-1 times mg-1), ATP synthesis from ADP and creatine phosphate is kinetically preferable over the forward reaction. 2. A possible regulatory role of Mg2+ ions in the creatine phosphokinase reaction has been tested. It has been shown that in the presence of all substrates and products of the reaction the ratio of the rates of forward and reverse reactions can be effectively regulated by the concentration of Mg2+ ions. At limited Mg2+ concentrations creatine phosphate is preferably synthesized while at high Mg2+ concentrations (more ATP in the reaction medium) ATP synthesis takes place. 3. The kinetic (mathematical) model of the mitochondrial creatine phosphokinase reaction has been developed. This model accounts for the existence of a variety of molecular forms of adenine nucleotides in solution and the formation of their complexes with magnesium. It is based on the assumption that the mitochondrial creatine phosphokinase reactions mechanism is analogous to that for soluble isoenzymes. 4. The dependence of the overall rate of the creatine phosphokinase reaction on the concentration of total Mg2+ ions calculated from the kinetic model quantitatively correlates with the experimentally determined dependence through a wide range of substrates (ATP, ADP, creatine and creatine phosphate) concentration. The analysis of the kinetic model demonstrates that the observed regulatory effect of Mg2+ on the overall reaction rate can be expained by (a) the sigmoidal variation in the concentration of the MgADP- complex resulting from the competition between ATP AND ADP for Mg2+ and (b) the high affinity of the enzyme to MgADP-. 5. The results predicted by the model for the behavior of mitochondrial creatine phosphokinase under conditions of oxidative phosphorylation point to an intimate functional interaction of mitochondrial creatine phosphokinase and ATP-ADP translocase."}
{"id": "PMID:126158", "title": "On the primary structure of human plasminogen and plasmin. Purification and characterization of cyanogen-bromide fragments.", "content": "Most of the cyanogen bromide fragments obtained from human plasminogen and plasmin have been purified using combinations of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified fragments have been characterized by molecular weight determination (dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis), amino acid analysis, carbohydrate analysis and direct NH2-terminal amino acid sequence determination. Since some of the purified fragments were compounds with uncompletely cleaved methionyl bonds it was possible to clarify the organization of most of the cyanogen bromide fragments in the plasminogen molecule. The fragment containing the arginyl-valyl bond cleaved during the second step of the activation process is further identified. It is also shown that the microheterogeneity that normally exists in human plasminogen probably has its origin in several sites. One such site is situated in the light (B) chain of plasmin, while another is situated in the carboxyterminal part of the heavy (A) chain. Neither of these sites seems to contain sialic acid.", "contents": "On the primary structure of human plasminogen and plasmin. Purification and characterization of cyanogen-bromide fragments. Most of the cyanogen bromide fragments obtained from human plasminogen and plasmin have been purified using combinations of gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified fragments have been characterized by molecular weight determination (dodecyl sulphate electrophoresis), amino acid analysis, carbohydrate analysis and direct NH2-terminal amino acid sequence determination. Since some of the purified fragments were compounds with uncompletely cleaved methionyl bonds it was possible to clarify the organization of most of the cyanogen bromide fragments in the plasminogen molecule. The fragment containing the arginyl-valyl bond cleaved during the second step of the activation process is further identified. It is also shown that the microheterogeneity that normally exists in human plasminogen probably has its origin in several sites. One such site is situated in the light (B) chain of plasmin, while another is situated in the carboxyterminal part of the heavy (A) chain. Neither of these sites seems to contain sialic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:126159", "title": "Proteoglycans of guinea-pig coastal cartilage. Fractionation and characterization.", "content": "Proteoglycans were extracted, in a yield of about 90%, from costal cartilage of young, growing guinea-pigs. Three solvents were used in sequence: 0.4 M guanidine - HCl, pH 5.8, 4 M guanidine - HCl, pH 5.8, and 4 M guanidine - HCl/0.1 M EDTA, pH 5.8. The proteoglycans were purified and fractionated by cesium chloride density gradient ultracentrifugation under associative and dissociative conditions. Gel chromatography on Sepharose 2 B of proteoglycan fractions from associative centrifugations showed the presence of both aggregated and monomer proteoglycans. The ratio of aggregates to monomers was higher in the second extract than in the other two extracts. Dissociative gradient centrifugation gave a similar distribution for proteoglycans from all three extracts. Thus, with decreasing buoyant density there were decreasing ratios of polysaccharide to protein, and of chondroitin sulfate to keratan sulfate. In addition, there was with decreasing density an increasing ratio of chondroitin 4-sulfate to chondroitin 6-sulfate. Amino acid analyses of dissociative fractions were inaccordance with previously published results. On comparing proteoglycan monomers of the three extracts, significant differences were found. Proteoglycans, extracted at low ionic strength, contained lower proportions of protein, keratan sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate and basic amino acids than those of the second extract. The proteoglycans of the third extract also differed from those of the other extracts. The results indicate that the proteoglycans of guinea-pig costal cartilage exist as a very polydisperse and heterogenous population of molecules, exhibiting variations in aggregation capacity, molecular size, composition of protein core, degree of substitution of the protein core, as well as variability in the type of polysaccharides substituted.", "contents": "Proteoglycans of guinea-pig coastal cartilage. Fractionation and characterization. Proteoglycans were extracted, in a yield of about 90%, from costal cartilage of young, growing guinea-pigs. Three solvents were used in sequence: 0.4 M guanidine - HCl, pH 5.8, 4 M guanidine - HCl, pH 5.8, and 4 M guanidine - HCl/0.1 M EDTA, pH 5.8. The proteoglycans were purified and fractionated by cesium chloride density gradient ultracentrifugation under associative and dissociative conditions. Gel chromatography on Sepharose 2 B of proteoglycan fractions from associative centrifugations showed the presence of both aggregated and monomer proteoglycans. The ratio of aggregates to monomers was higher in the second extract than in the other two extracts. Dissociative gradient centrifugation gave a similar distribution for proteoglycans from all three extracts. Thus, with decreasing buoyant density there were decreasing ratios of polysaccharide to protein, and of chondroitin sulfate to keratan sulfate. In addition, there was with decreasing density an increasing ratio of chondroitin 4-sulfate to chondroitin 6-sulfate. Amino acid analyses of dissociative fractions were inaccordance with previously published results. On comparing proteoglycan monomers of the three extracts, significant differences were found. Proteoglycans, extracted at low ionic strength, contained lower proportions of protein, keratan sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate and basic amino acids than those of the second extract. The proteoglycans of the third extract also differed from those of the other extracts. The results indicate that the proteoglycans of guinea-pig costal cartilage exist as a very polydisperse and heterogenous population of molecules, exhibiting variations in aggregation capacity, molecular size, composition of protein core, degree of substitution of the protein core, as well as variability in the type of polysaccharides substituted."}
{"id": "PMID:126165", "title": "Transport ATPases of cardiac sarcolemma in 20,25-diazacholesterol induced myopathy.", "content": "20,25-Diazacholesterol, known to induce myotonia in skeletal muscle, also affects cardiac muscle as can be concluded from the development of cardiomegaly. At the same time (Na+, K+) ATPase of cardiac sarcolemmal membranes of the 20,25-diazacholesterol treated rats showed an increased activity as compared with control animals (91 percent and 46 percent stimulation respectively). The Ca++ stimulated ATPase showed the same tendency (96 percent and 64 percent stimulation). In the plasma of the treated rats creatine phosphokinase activity was found to be elevated whereas the amount of protein-bound iodine was decreased, a finding that is common in myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "Transport ATPases of cardiac sarcolemma in 20,25-diazacholesterol induced myopathy. 20,25-Diazacholesterol, known to induce myotonia in skeletal muscle, also affects cardiac muscle as can be concluded from the development of cardiomegaly. At the same time (Na+, K+) ATPase of cardiac sarcolemmal membranes of the 20,25-diazacholesterol treated rats showed an increased activity as compared with control animals (91 percent and 46 percent stimulation respectively). The Ca++ stimulated ATPase showed the same tendency (96 percent and 64 percent stimulation). In the plasma of the treated rats creatine phosphokinase activity was found to be elevated whereas the amount of protein-bound iodine was decreased, a finding that is common in myotonic dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:126166", "title": "Reversible and irreversible phases of serotonin depletion by 4-chloroamphetamine.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with an agent that inhibits uptake into serotoninergic neurons [Lilly 110140: 3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-N-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine hydrochloride] prevented the depletion of brain serotonin by 4-chloroamphetamine, presumably by preventing the entry of 4-chloroamphetamine into the serotonin neuron. When the uptake inhibitor was given after 4-chloroamphetamine, the lowering of both serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase levels in brain was reversed. Serotonin levels returned to normal after 110140 administration to 4-chloroamphetamine-treated rats at a rate similar to the calculated rate of serotonin turnover in rats treated with 110140 alone. Progressively less reversibility of the 4-chloroamphetamine effect occurred when 110140 was injected at 8, 16 and 24 hr after 4-chloroamphetamine, and no reversibility was observed when 110140 was injected at 32 or 48 hr after 4-chloroamphetamine. These findings indicate that the depletion of brain serotonin by 4-chloroamphetamine is initially reversible but that there is a gradual transition into an irreversible effect between 24 and 48 hr after 4-chloroamphetamine injection. Apparently the prolonged presence of 4-chloroamphetamine inside the serotonin neuron produced by continual reuptake of 4-chloroamphetamine is required for the semi-permanent depletion of brain serotonin stores.", "contents": "Reversible and irreversible phases of serotonin depletion by 4-chloroamphetamine. Pretreatment of rats with an agent that inhibits uptake into serotoninergic neurons [Lilly 110140: 3-(p-trifluoromethylphenoxy)-N-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine hydrochloride] prevented the depletion of brain serotonin by 4-chloroamphetamine, presumably by preventing the entry of 4-chloroamphetamine into the serotonin neuron. When the uptake inhibitor was given after 4-chloroamphetamine, the lowering of both serotonin and tryptophan hydroxylase levels in brain was reversed. Serotonin levels returned to normal after 110140 administration to 4-chloroamphetamine-treated rats at a rate similar to the calculated rate of serotonin turnover in rats treated with 110140 alone. Progressively less reversibility of the 4-chloroamphetamine effect occurred when 110140 was injected at 8, 16 and 24 hr after 4-chloroamphetamine, and no reversibility was observed when 110140 was injected at 32 or 48 hr after 4-chloroamphetamine. These findings indicate that the depletion of brain serotonin by 4-chloroamphetamine is initially reversible but that there is a gradual transition into an irreversible effect between 24 and 48 hr after 4-chloroamphetamine injection. Apparently the prolonged presence of 4-chloroamphetamine inside the serotonin neuron produced by continual reuptake of 4-chloroamphetamine is required for the semi-permanent depletion of brain serotonin stores."}
{"id": "PMID:126167", "title": "Noradrenaline stimulation of a membrane pump in frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "Resting membrane potentials were recorded from the frog sartorius before and during exposure to noradrenaline (NA; 10(-2) M) in the presence or absence of ouabain (10(-3) M) and during manipulation of the extracellular potassium concentration. In potassium-free Ringer, NA produced no significant change in the resting membrane potential. With the extracellular potassium concentration at 2.5 or 5mM, NA caused a hyperpolarization. This reversed to a depolarization when extracellular K+ was greater than 7 mM. In all cases NA-induced changes were blocked by ouabain. These effects suggest that NA stimulates a membrane cation pump, the Na : K coupling ratio of which is affected by the available ion concentrations.", "contents": "Noradrenaline stimulation of a membrane pump in frog skeletal muscle. Resting membrane potentials were recorded from the frog sartorius before and during exposure to noradrenaline (NA; 10(-2) M) in the presence or absence of ouabain (10(-3) M) and during manipulation of the extracellular potassium concentration. In potassium-free Ringer, NA produced no significant change in the resting membrane potential. With the extracellular potassium concentration at 2.5 or 5mM, NA caused a hyperpolarization. This reversed to a depolarization when extracellular K+ was greater than 7 mM. In all cases NA-induced changes were blocked by ouabain. These effects suggest that NA stimulates a membrane cation pump, the Na : K coupling ratio of which is affected by the available ion concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:126168", "title": "Reversible inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with a cardiac glycoside.", "content": "The effect of a semisynthetic cardiac glycoside, Actinogen (Ay22241), on Na+ + K+ - ATPase was studied. Ay22241 was found to be as an effective inhibitor of the enzyme as ouabain, Ay22241 inhibition was a time dependent process and was completely reversible. While ouabain inhibition was also time dependent, it was only partially reversible. This reversibility with Ay22241 should make it a useful tool in studying the mode of action of cardiac glycosides.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with a cardiac glycoside. The effect of a semisynthetic cardiac glycoside, Actinogen (Ay22241), on Na+ + K+ - ATPase was studied. Ay22241 was found to be as an effective inhibitor of the enzyme as ouabain, Ay22241 inhibition was a time dependent process and was completely reversible. While ouabain inhibition was also time dependent, it was only partially reversible. This reversibility with Ay22241 should make it a useful tool in studying the mode of action of cardiac glycosides."}
{"id": "PMID:126169", "title": "Influence of drugs on striatal and limbic homovanillic acid concentration in the rat brain.", "content": "Homovanillic acid (HVA) was measured in the corpus striatum aan the limbic structures nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle of the rat, under normal conditions and after different drug treatments. Clozapine, thioridazine, morphine and physostigmine induced a similar percentage HVA increase in the three brain structures studied. Haloperidol and pimozide induced a higher percentage increase of HVA in the corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens when compared with the olfactory tubercle. Oxotremorine induced the highest HVA levels in the nucleus accumbens. Probenecid induced a significantly higher percentage accumulation of HVA in the limbic structures, especially in the olfactory tubercle. The HVA rise seen after haloperidol was suppressed by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine or amino-oxyacetic acid in all structures studied. After atropine or trihexylphenidyl treatment the HVA rise induced by haloperidol was slightly suppressed in the limbic structures only. Our results suggest that not only under normal conditions but also after treatment with various types of drugs, dopamine metabolism as reflected by the HVA levels, is closely related in the different rat brain structures.", "contents": "Influence of drugs on striatal and limbic homovanillic acid concentration in the rat brain. Homovanillic acid (HVA) was measured in the corpus striatum aan the limbic structures nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle of the rat, under normal conditions and after different drug treatments. Clozapine, thioridazine, morphine and physostigmine induced a similar percentage HVA increase in the three brain structures studied. Haloperidol and pimozide induced a higher percentage increase of HVA in the corpus striatum and nucleus accumbens when compared with the olfactory tubercle. Oxotremorine induced the highest HVA levels in the nucleus accumbens. Probenecid induced a significantly higher percentage accumulation of HVA in the limbic structures, especially in the olfactory tubercle. The HVA rise seen after haloperidol was suppressed by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine or amino-oxyacetic acid in all structures studied. After atropine or trihexylphenidyl treatment the HVA rise induced by haloperidol was slightly suppressed in the limbic structures only. Our results suggest that not only under normal conditions but also after treatment with various types of drugs, dopamine metabolism as reflected by the HVA levels, is closely related in the different rat brain structures."}
{"id": "PMID:126170", "title": "Interaction of leukocytes and endotoxin with the plasmin and kinin systems.", "content": "Leukocytes can generate a substance that, when added to some partially purified human kininogen, is capable of forming kinins. The addition of endotoxin or polystyrene latex particles to the incubated leukocytes doubled the amount of kinin generated. Certain preparations of kininogen, however, failed to allow kinin formation by the leukocytes. No evidence could be found that an activator of prekallikrein or a kallikrein was present in the granulocyte preparations. However, the addition of highly purified plasminogen to inactive kininogen preparations restored their ability to generate kinins in the presence of leukocytes. All the kininogen preparations that allowed kinin formation when incubated with leukocytes contained plasminogen. These data suggest that a plasminogen activator is present on the leukocyte surface. This activator activates plasminogen to form plasmin which in turn acts on kininogen to release a kinin and thus provides a mechanism for the formation of kinins in inflammatory exudates and during endotoxemia.", "contents": "Interaction of leukocytes and endotoxin with the plasmin and kinin systems. Leukocytes can generate a substance that, when added to some partially purified human kininogen, is capable of forming kinins. The addition of endotoxin or polystyrene latex particles to the incubated leukocytes doubled the amount of kinin generated. Certain preparations of kininogen, however, failed to allow kinin formation by the leukocytes. No evidence could be found that an activator of prekallikrein or a kallikrein was present in the granulocyte preparations. However, the addition of highly purified plasminogen to inactive kininogen preparations restored their ability to generate kinins in the presence of leukocytes. All the kininogen preparations that allowed kinin formation when incubated with leukocytes contained plasminogen. These data suggest that a plasminogen activator is present on the leukocyte surface. This activator activates plasminogen to form plasmin which in turn acts on kininogen to release a kinin and thus provides a mechanism for the formation of kinins in inflammatory exudates and during endotoxemia."}
{"id": "PMID:126171", "title": "Stimulation of vitamin D-dependent Ca-ATPase and of intestinal caldium absorption by diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "The effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and ouabain were studied in vitro on Mg-ATPase, Ca-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase (AlPase) in isolated brush borders from rat jejunum, and in vivo on intestinal calcium absorption. Vitamin D-deficient, -repleted and normal rats were used in this study. Repletion of deficient animals with vitamin D restored Ca-ATPase activity and AlPase activity partly. Ca-absorption was normalized by repletion with the vitamin. DPH greatly stimulated Ca-ATPase activity in vitro and Ca-absorption in vivo, but it inhibited AlPase activity. Mg-ATPase was not affected by vitamin D, nor by DPH. Ouabain had no consistent effect on any of the parameters studied. It was concluded that Ca-ATPase, and not AlPase, is involved in the transport of calcium through the jejunal microvillous membrane, and that DPH enhances Ca-absorption by activation of Ca-ATPase.", "contents": "Stimulation of vitamin D-dependent Ca-ATPase and of intestinal caldium absorption by diphenylhydantoin. The effects of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) and ouabain were studied in vitro on Mg-ATPase, Ca-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase (AlPase) in isolated brush borders from rat jejunum, and in vivo on intestinal calcium absorption. Vitamin D-deficient, -repleted and normal rats were used in this study. Repletion of deficient animals with vitamin D restored Ca-ATPase activity and AlPase activity partly. Ca-absorption was normalized by repletion with the vitamin. DPH greatly stimulated Ca-ATPase activity in vitro and Ca-absorption in vivo, but it inhibited AlPase activity. Mg-ATPase was not affected by vitamin D, nor by DPH. Ouabain had no consistent effect on any of the parameters studied. It was concluded that Ca-ATPase, and not AlPase, is involved in the transport of calcium through the jejunal microvillous membrane, and that DPH enhances Ca-absorption by activation of Ca-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:126172", "title": "Studies of the hemopoietic microenvironment. IV. In vivo microscopic and histochemical study of allografts of bone marrow in the hamster cheek pouch chamber.", "content": "Within a transparent chamber enclosing subcutaneous tissue of the hamster cheek pouch, allogeneic femoral marrow was grafted. This permitted in vivo microscopic study of the grafts for 14 days. Five to seven days after grafting, blood flow was established within sinusoids arranged in interconnecting polygonal networks, a pattern characteristic of marrow. All vessels appeared to have a complete and continuous endothelial lining. The graft contained foci of erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, and megakaryocytopoiesis, but no osteogenic activity. Degeneration of the grafts began to occur between days 9 and 13 after implantation. Generally, this was preceded by infection within the chamber, fibroblastic proliferation, and an accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharide in the stroma. The concomitant loss of hemopoiesis and accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides was consistent with our hypothesis reported previously that excessive concentrations of acid mucopolysaccharide in the hemopoietic microenvironment are not conducive to supporting hemopoiesis, especially erythropoiesis. Degeneration of the grafts probably was the result of infection since there was no evidence of an immunologic response to the graft, and in chambers not containing grafts, similar infections and changes in the connective tissue were observed. The technique of grafting marrow into the hamster cheek pouch chamber provides a model for long-term, in vivo microscopic study of bone marrow. However, methodologic improvements, especially in the control of infections, are needed.", "contents": "Studies of the hemopoietic microenvironment. IV. In vivo microscopic and histochemical study of allografts of bone marrow in the hamster cheek pouch chamber. Within a transparent chamber enclosing subcutaneous tissue of the hamster cheek pouch, allogeneic femoral marrow was grafted. This permitted in vivo microscopic study of the grafts for 14 days. Five to seven days after grafting, blood flow was established within sinusoids arranged in interconnecting polygonal networks, a pattern characteristic of marrow. All vessels appeared to have a complete and continuous endothelial lining. The graft contained foci of erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, and megakaryocytopoiesis, but no osteogenic activity. Degeneration of the grafts began to occur between days 9 and 13 after implantation. Generally, this was preceded by infection within the chamber, fibroblastic proliferation, and an accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharide in the stroma. The concomitant loss of hemopoiesis and accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides was consistent with our hypothesis reported previously that excessive concentrations of acid mucopolysaccharide in the hemopoietic microenvironment are not conducive to supporting hemopoiesis, especially erythropoiesis. Degeneration of the grafts probably was the result of infection since there was no evidence of an immunologic response to the graft, and in chambers not containing grafts, similar infections and changes in the connective tissue were observed. The technique of grafting marrow into the hamster cheek pouch chamber provides a model for long-term, in vivo microscopic study of bone marrow. However, methodologic improvements, especially in the control of infections, are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:126173", "title": "Chalone regulation of the epidermal cell cycle.", "content": "Purified epidermal G2 chalone does not inhibit DNA synthesis or influx of S-phase cells and is therefore cell cycle phase-specific, inhibiting only the flow of cells into M-phase.", "contents": "Chalone regulation of the epidermal cell cycle. Purified epidermal G2 chalone does not inhibit DNA synthesis or influx of S-phase cells and is therefore cell cycle phase-specific, inhibiting only the flow of cells into M-phase."}
{"id": "PMID:126174", "title": "Effect of albumin on uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by chinoform in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Addition of serum albumin diminished the uncoupling effect of chinoform on oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria. Upon increasing the concentration of magnesium ions in the medium, the action of serum albumin was diminished. These results indicate that serum albumin combines with chinoform in competition with magnesium ions.", "contents": "Effect of albumin on uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation by chinoform in rat liver mitochondria. Addition of serum albumin diminished the uncoupling effect of chinoform on oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria. Upon increasing the concentration of magnesium ions in the medium, the action of serum albumin was diminished. These results indicate that serum albumin combines with chinoform in competition with magnesium ions."}
{"id": "PMID:126179", "title": "The effects of glycosaminoglycans on surface-mediated interactions of lymphoid cells.", "content": "The effect of chondroitin sulphate (CS) was studied in two cell surface-mediated interactions, the complement-independent contact reaction and antibody-induced capping of H-2 antigens. CS inhibited contact cytotoxicity when present in the reaction medium, but preincubation in CS of either killer cells or target cells had no effect. The capacity of CS-pretreated target cells to absorb H-2 antibodies was not reduced. However, a similar pretreatment resulted in an increased readiness to capping as induced by H-2 antibody followed by an anti-mouse immunoglobulin; in control cells time taken for the same percentage of caps to be formed was considerably longer than in CS-pretreated cells. A possible mechanism of this CS effect and the general biological role of glycosaminoglycans (particularly in immune interactions) is discussed.", "contents": "The effects of glycosaminoglycans on surface-mediated interactions of lymphoid cells. The effect of chondroitin sulphate (CS) was studied in two cell surface-mediated interactions, the complement-independent contact reaction and antibody-induced capping of H-2 antigens. CS inhibited contact cytotoxicity when present in the reaction medium, but preincubation in CS of either killer cells or target cells had no effect. The capacity of CS-pretreated target cells to absorb H-2 antibodies was not reduced. However, a similar pretreatment resulted in an increased readiness to capping as induced by H-2 antibody followed by an anti-mouse immunoglobulin; in control cells time taken for the same percentage of caps to be formed was considerably longer than in CS-pretreated cells. A possible mechanism of this CS effect and the general biological role of glycosaminoglycans (particularly in immune interactions) is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126184", "title": "Glucose turnover in the exercising dog with chemically induced diabetes and the effect of methylprednisolone.", "content": "Dogs with indwelling polyethylene arterial and venous catheters ran on a treadmill (slope 15 per cent, speed 100 m./min.). Diabetes was produced by alloxan or by a combination of alloxan and streptozotocin. Glucose turnover was measured according to the primed constant-rate infusion technics with 2-3H-glucose as tracer. In resting diabetic dogs plasma glucose varied between 200 and 650 mg./100 ml. There was a direct linear correlation between the hepatic glucose output (Ra) and the plasma glucose level. Exercise increased both Ra and the clearance rate (CR) of glucose; however, Ra could not match the rate of disappearance (=renal loss plus glucose uptake of the muscle), causing the plasma glucose to decline more rapidly than in the running control dogs. Two to three days' treatment with methylprednisolone (MP, 3-3.2 mg./kg./day) caused a higher resting glucose level and a higher Ra. Exercise greatly increased the plasma glucose concentration, partly because MP enhanced the hepatic response but mainly because it essentially prevented the rise of CR. It is concluded that (a) in chemically induced diabetes, the variable glucose level is the result of a variable rate of hepatic glucose output; (b) the increase of Ra by MP treatment does not increase the plasma glucose in the normal dog but significantly aggravates the alloxan diabetes, (c) diabetes reduces the effect of exercise on the glucose uptake of the muscle, and this effect is potentiated by the inhibitory action of the glucocorticoid. This latter becomes unmasked only when the insulin secretion is impaired.", "contents": "Glucose turnover in the exercising dog with chemically induced diabetes and the effect of methylprednisolone. Dogs with indwelling polyethylene arterial and venous catheters ran on a treadmill (slope 15 per cent, speed 100 m./min.). Diabetes was produced by alloxan or by a combination of alloxan and streptozotocin. Glucose turnover was measured according to the primed constant-rate infusion technics with 2-3H-glucose as tracer. In resting diabetic dogs plasma glucose varied between 200 and 650 mg./100 ml. There was a direct linear correlation between the hepatic glucose output (Ra) and the plasma glucose level. Exercise increased both Ra and the clearance rate (CR) of glucose; however, Ra could not match the rate of disappearance (=renal loss plus glucose uptake of the muscle), causing the plasma glucose to decline more rapidly than in the running control dogs. Two to three days' treatment with methylprednisolone (MP, 3-3.2 mg./kg./day) caused a higher resting glucose level and a higher Ra. Exercise greatly increased the plasma glucose concentration, partly because MP enhanced the hepatic response but mainly because it essentially prevented the rise of CR. It is concluded that (a) in chemically induced diabetes, the variable glucose level is the result of a variable rate of hepatic glucose output; (b) the increase of Ra by MP treatment does not increase the plasma glucose in the normal dog but significantly aggravates the alloxan diabetes, (c) diabetes reduces the effect of exercise on the glucose uptake of the muscle, and this effect is potentiated by the inhibitory action of the glucocorticoid. This latter becomes unmasked only when the insulin secretion is impaired."}
{"id": "PMID:126185", "title": "Barbituates and biliary function.", "content": "This paper reviews the principal effects of phenobarbital on biliary function. Phenobarbital administration is followed by an increase in bile flow. This is mainly due to an increase in the bile salt-independent fraction of canalicular bile flow possibly through an increase in canilicular Na+-K+ ATPase activity. In addition, bile salt excretion may be increased. This effect of barbiturates on choleresis appears to be independent of microsomal enzyme induction. Barbiturates increase the uptake, storage and excretion of various dyes, for example sulfobromophthalein. Phenobarbital increases bilirubin clearance by the liver; it enhances bilirubin-UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity; whether the influence on bilirubin clearance is related to the effect on the enzyme is unknown. The influence of phenobarbital on biliary lipids is markedly different from one species to the other. In the rhesus monkey and in the rat, the relative concentration of cholesterol is decreased; in the hamster it is increased, and in man it appears largely unaffected. These effects of phenobarbital have been utilized in the treatment of chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and of certain cholestatic syndromes. Phenobarbital alone has been useful, so far, in the treatment of cholesterol gallstones.", "contents": "Barbituates and biliary function. This paper reviews the principal effects of phenobarbital on biliary function. Phenobarbital administration is followed by an increase in bile flow. This is mainly due to an increase in the bile salt-independent fraction of canalicular bile flow possibly through an increase in canilicular Na+-K+ ATPase activity. In addition, bile salt excretion may be increased. This effect of barbiturates on choleresis appears to be independent of microsomal enzyme induction. Barbiturates increase the uptake, storage and excretion of various dyes, for example sulfobromophthalein. Phenobarbital increases bilirubin clearance by the liver; it enhances bilirubin-UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity; whether the influence on bilirubin clearance is related to the effect on the enzyme is unknown. The influence of phenobarbital on biliary lipids is markedly different from one species to the other. In the rhesus monkey and in the rat, the relative concentration of cholesterol is decreased; in the hamster it is increased, and in man it appears largely unaffected. These effects of phenobarbital have been utilized in the treatment of chronic unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and of certain cholestatic syndromes. Phenobarbital alone has been useful, so far, in the treatment of cholesterol gallstones."}
{"id": "PMID:126207", "title": "Three chromosome abnormalities (trisomy 21, XXY, and a de nova reciprocal translocation) in a child with 48, XXY, + 21,T(6;10)(P22-24;P12).", "content": "An infant with chromosomally normal parents was found to have double aneuploidy and a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes number 6 and 10. This cooccurrence may represent a very rare coincidence or may indicate that primary nondisjunction and chromosome rearrangements may be more than coincidentally related.", "contents": "Three chromosome abnormalities (trisomy 21, XXY, and a de nova reciprocal translocation) in a child with 48, XXY, + 21,T(6;10)(P22-24;P12). An infant with chromosomally normal parents was found to have double aneuploidy and a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes number 6 and 10. This cooccurrence may represent a very rare coincidence or may indicate that primary nondisjunction and chromosome rearrangements may be more than coincidentally related."}
{"id": "PMID:126208", "title": "Studies on the polymorphism of C3, Tf and Bg in Down's syndrome and other diseases.", "content": "The distribution of phenotypes C3, Ff and Bg was investigated in sera of patients with Down's syndrome, oligophrenia, Wilson's disease and heart infarct. Quantitative determination of the concentration of C3 and C4 components of human complement was also carried out in these patients. The results are compared to healthy controls and are discussed with already reported data from other authors. Despite differences in the percentage distribution of various phenotypes in the patients' sera as compared to that of the controls, no statistically significant association could be established.", "contents": "Studies on the polymorphism of C3, Tf and Bg in Down's syndrome and other diseases. The distribution of phenotypes C3, Ff and Bg was investigated in sera of patients with Down's syndrome, oligophrenia, Wilson's disease and heart infarct. Quantitative determination of the concentration of C3 and C4 components of human complement was also carried out in these patients. The results are compared to healthy controls and are discussed with already reported data from other authors. Despite differences in the percentage distribution of various phenotypes in the patients' sera as compared to that of the controls, no statistically significant association could be established."}
{"id": "PMID:126209", "title": "Types of enzymatic overdosing in trisomy 21: erythrocytic superoxide dismutase-AJ and phosphoglucomutase.", "content": "A comparative study was carried out on the hemolysates of 6 trisomic 21 and 6 normal subjects, by electrophoresis in starch gel, determining by a combined staining method both SOD-A (former IPO-dimer) and PGM activity. The enzymes were found statistically to be in a hyperactive status, the ratio of trisomic to normal values being approximately equalt to 1.4. SOD-A supraactivation is the effect of a genic dose, as demonstrated in earlier works (Sichitiu, 1973; Sichitiu et al., 1974; Sinet et al., 1974), whereas PGM hyperactivity appears to be modified secondarily, the same as the activity of other cellular enzymes in Down's disease.", "contents": "Types of enzymatic overdosing in trisomy 21: erythrocytic superoxide dismutase-AJ and phosphoglucomutase. A comparative study was carried out on the hemolysates of 6 trisomic 21 and 6 normal subjects, by electrophoresis in starch gel, determining by a combined staining method both SOD-A (former IPO-dimer) and PGM activity. The enzymes were found statistically to be in a hyperactive status, the ratio of trisomic to normal values being approximately equalt to 1.4. SOD-A supraactivation is the effect of a genic dose, as demonstrated in earlier works (Sichitiu, 1973; Sichitiu et al., 1974; Sinet et al., 1974), whereas PGM hyperactivity appears to be modified secondarily, the same as the activity of other cellular enzymes in Down's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:126210", "title": "Familial translocation t(3p-;21q+) associated with both Down's and Sturge-Weber's syndrome in unbalanced state.", "content": "A boy with both Down's and Sturge-Weber's syndrome was found to have a partial trisomy 21 as a consequence of a familial translocation t(3p-;21q+) which is not reciprocal. Judging from the structure of the involved chromosomes studied by banding and photometrical techniques, the loss of relatively large material of 21q is to be suggested. The meiotic segregation appears to depend on the involved 3p segment and not on the involved centromere of No. 21 as actually expected. The pedigree of the family shows 6 balanced carriers through 3 generations in addition to the propositus. The risk of having offspring with Down's syndrome obviously concerns female carriers in the first place, whereas the male carriers rather produce balanced carriers. Of the additional Sturge-Weber's syndrome there was no cytogenetical cause as expected.", "contents": "Familial translocation t(3p-;21q+) associated with both Down's and Sturge-Weber's syndrome in unbalanced state. A boy with both Down's and Sturge-Weber's syndrome was found to have a partial trisomy 21 as a consequence of a familial translocation t(3p-;21q+) which is not reciprocal. Judging from the structure of the involved chromosomes studied by banding and photometrical techniques, the loss of relatively large material of 21q is to be suggested. The meiotic segregation appears to depend on the involved 3p segment and not on the involved centromere of No. 21 as actually expected. The pedigree of the family shows 6 balanced carriers through 3 generations in addition to the propositus. The risk of having offspring with Down's syndrome obviously concerns female carriers in the first place, whereas the male carriers rather produce balanced carriers. Of the additional Sturge-Weber's syndrome there was no cytogenetical cause as expected."}
{"id": "PMID:126212", "title": "A radioisotopic method to measure delayed type hypersensitivity in the mouse. II. Cell transfer studies.", "content": "Sensitized lymphoid cells could transfer to normal non-sensitized (naive) mice by 24-48 h after antigen challenge in the ear, the capacity to incorporate, at the site of antigen deposition, 5-iodo-2'deoxyuridine-125I in amounts significantly above those obtained in control mice. This was associated with a mononuclear cell infiltration in the pinna. In contrast to lymphoid cells, serum antibodies were unable to transfer a 24- or 48 hour ear reaction. The cells responsible were T lymphocytes as demonstrated by successful transfer following enrichment for T lymphocytes, and abrogation of transfer following treatment with anti-theta serum and complement. Transfer was achieved whether the naive recipients were normal, T-cell deprived, pretreated with cyclophosphamide, or lightly irradiated but not when they were heavily irradiated. Adoptive transfer of the 24-hour ear response was demonstrated with three different antigenic systems. The time-response curves were different with each system although peak reactions were obtained 5 days after sensitization of the donors in all cases. The specificity patterns of the 24-hour ear reaction on transfer were similar to those obtained in the sensitized donors. The results of these studies indicate that the radioisotopic ear method can, under defined conditions, demonstrate the existence of a state of delayed type hypersensitivity in the donors.", "contents": "A radioisotopic method to measure delayed type hypersensitivity in the mouse. II. Cell transfer studies. Sensitized lymphoid cells could transfer to normal non-sensitized (naive) mice by 24-48 h after antigen challenge in the ear, the capacity to incorporate, at the site of antigen deposition, 5-iodo-2'deoxyuridine-125I in amounts significantly above those obtained in control mice. This was associated with a mononuclear cell infiltration in the pinna. In contrast to lymphoid cells, serum antibodies were unable to transfer a 24- or 48 hour ear reaction. The cells responsible were T lymphocytes as demonstrated by successful transfer following enrichment for T lymphocytes, and abrogation of transfer following treatment with anti-theta serum and complement. Transfer was achieved whether the naive recipients were normal, T-cell deprived, pretreated with cyclophosphamide, or lightly irradiated but not when they were heavily irradiated. Adoptive transfer of the 24-hour ear response was demonstrated with three different antigenic systems. The time-response curves were different with each system although peak reactions were obtained 5 days after sensitization of the donors in all cases. The specificity patterns of the 24-hour ear reaction on transfer were similar to those obtained in the sensitized donors. The results of these studies indicate that the radioisotopic ear method can, under defined conditions, demonstrate the existence of a state of delayed type hypersensitivity in the donors."}
{"id": "PMID:126213", "title": "Experimental results to immunomesenchymal suppression.", "content": "Wet weight of cotton-pellet granuloma and 35SO4-uptake in the acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) of granulation tissue of rats and the number of plaque forming cells (PFC) of mice were investigated after the treatment with antilymphocyte globulin, prednisolone, cyclophosphamide and azathioprine. In this way, the effect of these substances could be observed in a mesenchymal reaction and in an immune reaction. The substances are mesenchymosuppressive as well as immunosuppressive, but the present results show that the effective dosage is higher for mesenchymal suppression than for immunosuppression. Antilymphocyte globulin did not cause an alteration of the 35SO4-uptake in AMPS. These experimental findings confirm the clinical experience in the treatment of the so-called autoimmunological diseases which are primary localized in connective tissue. These diseases need a higher dosage of cytostatic substances, glucocorticoids and antilymphocyte globulin in times of acute inflammatory exacerbation than in the chronic phase.", "contents": "Experimental results to immunomesenchymal suppression. Wet weight of cotton-pellet granuloma and 35SO4-uptake in the acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) of granulation tissue of rats and the number of plaque forming cells (PFC) of mice were investigated after the treatment with antilymphocyte globulin, prednisolone, cyclophosphamide and azathioprine. In this way, the effect of these substances could be observed in a mesenchymal reaction and in an immune reaction. The substances are mesenchymosuppressive as well as immunosuppressive, but the present results show that the effective dosage is higher for mesenchymal suppression than for immunosuppression. Antilymphocyte globulin did not cause an alteration of the 35SO4-uptake in AMPS. These experimental findings confirm the clinical experience in the treatment of the so-called autoimmunological diseases which are primary localized in connective tissue. These diseases need a higher dosage of cytostatic substances, glucocorticoids and antilymphocyte globulin in times of acute inflammatory exacerbation than in the chronic phase."}
{"id": "PMID:126214", "title": "Alteration of membrane integrity by delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "Delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol was found to be a potent inhibitor of some membrane-bound enzymes, such as Mg-ATPase, Na-K-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase. At a given concentration, the degree of inhibition varied for each enzyme; the inhibition was more pronounced for the enzymes that are parts of the membranes. As the kinetic parameters of these enzymes are functions of the membrane composition and organization, these parameters were studied in vitro in the presence of THC. Although the Mg-ATPase was inhibited by THC, there was no change in the allosteric behaviour of the enzyme, indicating that the alterations caused by THC did not affect the enzymatic structure. The Na-K-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase had a different allosteric behaviour as compared to controls; these modifications were like the alterations caused by the decrease in membrane fluidity. These results suggest the fact that THC is incorporated in the membranes and causes alterations in the physical organization of the membranes.", "contents": "Alteration of membrane integrity by delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol. Delta1-tetrahydrocannabinol was found to be a potent inhibitor of some membrane-bound enzymes, such as Mg-ATPase, Na-K-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase. At a given concentration, the degree of inhibition varied for each enzyme; the inhibition was more pronounced for the enzymes that are parts of the membranes. As the kinetic parameters of these enzymes are functions of the membrane composition and organization, these parameters were studied in vitro in the presence of THC. Although the Mg-ATPase was inhibited by THC, there was no change in the allosteric behaviour of the enzyme, indicating that the alterations caused by THC did not affect the enzymatic structure. The Na-K-ATPase and acetylcholinesterase had a different allosteric behaviour as compared to controls; these modifications were like the alterations caused by the decrease in membrane fluidity. These results suggest the fact that THC is incorporated in the membranes and causes alterations in the physical organization of the membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:126216", "title": "[Systemic changes in occupational vitiligo].", "content": "In three patients with occupational vitiligo caused by paratertiary butylphenol--the first cases observed in the BRD--a functional disorder of the liver was found. In two of these patients splenomegaly was seen. The laboratory findings, the laparoscopic examination and the result of the liver-biopsy are described. It is assumed that these changes as well as the depigmentation and a functional disorder of the thyroid (described elsewhere) are caused by the systemic action of inhaled paratertiary butylphenol.", "contents": "[Systemic changes in occupational vitiligo]. In three patients with occupational vitiligo caused by paratertiary butylphenol--the first cases observed in the BRD--a functional disorder of the liver was found. In two of these patients splenomegaly was seen. The laboratory findings, the laparoscopic examination and the result of the liver-biopsy are described. It is assumed that these changes as well as the depigmentation and a functional disorder of the thyroid (described elsewhere) are caused by the systemic action of inhaled paratertiary butylphenol."}
{"id": "PMID:126217", "title": "Malformation of the canine mitral valve complex.", "content": "Twenty-nine dogs, including 13 Great Danes and 5 German Shepherd Dogs and averaging 7.3 months age, were diagnosed clinically and radiographically as having mitral regurgitation. Alterations of the mitral valve complex included enlarged anulus; short thick leaflets, with an occasional cleft; short and stout or long and thin chordae tendineae; upward malposition of atrophic or hypertrophic papillary muscles; insertion of one papillary muscle directly into one or both leaflets; and diffuse endocardial fibrosis, occasionally with jet lesions in te left atrium. Other cardiac anomalies included dysplasia of the tricuspid valve (5 dogs), patent ductus afteriosus (2 dogs), aortic stenosis (2 dogs), and ventricular septal defect (1 dog).", "contents": "Malformation of the canine mitral valve complex. Twenty-nine dogs, including 13 Great Danes and 5 German Shepherd Dogs and averaging 7.3 months age, were diagnosed clinically and radiographically as having mitral regurgitation. Alterations of the mitral valve complex included enlarged anulus; short thick leaflets, with an occasional cleft; short and stout or long and thin chordae tendineae; upward malposition of atrophic or hypertrophic papillary muscles; insertion of one papillary muscle directly into one or both leaflets; and diffuse endocardial fibrosis, occasionally with jet lesions in te left atrium. Other cardiac anomalies included dysplasia of the tricuspid valve (5 dogs), patent ductus afteriosus (2 dogs), aortic stenosis (2 dogs), and ventricular septal defect (1 dog)."}
{"id": "PMID:126218", "title": "Disseminated oesophagostomiasis in the rhesus monkey.", "content": "Disseminated oesophagostomiasis was diagnosed at necropsy of 5 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Nodular lesions were in visceral organs as well as in the colon and mesentery. Lesions varied greatly with respect to degree of organ involvement and damage due to parasite invasion. In 2 monkeys, nodular lesions were in the colon, mesentery, liver, kidneys, abdominal wall, urinary bladder, and uterus; in 1 of these 2 monkeys, a nodular lesion inhabited by a parasite was in a lung. The ectopic nodules in the less severely affected monkeys were scattered in the liver, kidneys, and abdominal wall.", "contents": "Disseminated oesophagostomiasis in the rhesus monkey. Disseminated oesophagostomiasis was diagnosed at necropsy of 5 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Nodular lesions were in visceral organs as well as in the colon and mesentery. Lesions varied greatly with respect to degree of organ involvement and damage due to parasite invasion. In 2 monkeys, nodular lesions were in the colon, mesentery, liver, kidneys, abdominal wall, urinary bladder, and uterus; in 1 of these 2 monkeys, a nodular lesion inhabited by a parasite was in a lung. The ectopic nodules in the less severely affected monkeys were scattered in the liver, kidneys, and abdominal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:126221", "title": "A multichannel implantable telemetry system for flow, pressure, and ECG measurements.", "content": "The design of telemetry systems for chronic implantation within the body have progressed from simple single-channel devices to complex multichannel systems over the last 15 yr. Although chronic measurements of temperature, ECG, and pressure have been reported with good results, measurements such as dimension and blood flow have been difficult because of heavy power requirements. The design to be described is a multiplex system that will measure up to eight individual parameters simultaneously, including blood flow. Flow is measured using an electromagnetic transducer, and by special design, the normal high power requirements of the electromagnetic technique have been reduced to a few hundred milliwatts. The system is powered by two NiCad, rechargeable batteries which are periodically recharged through the intact skin by induction at 250 kHz to an implanted pickup coil. The presently constructed units have been configured to measure ECG, two pressures, temperature and ascending aortic flow.", "contents": "A multichannel implantable telemetry system for flow, pressure, and ECG measurements. The design of telemetry systems for chronic implantation within the body have progressed from simple single-channel devices to complex multichannel systems over the last 15 yr. Although chronic measurements of temperature, ECG, and pressure have been reported with good results, measurements such as dimension and blood flow have been difficult because of heavy power requirements. The design to be described is a multiplex system that will measure up to eight individual parameters simultaneously, including blood flow. Flow is measured using an electromagnetic transducer, and by special design, the normal high power requirements of the electromagnetic technique have been reduced to a few hundred milliwatts. The system is powered by two NiCad, rechargeable batteries which are periodically recharged through the intact skin by induction at 250 kHz to an implanted pickup coil. The presently constructed units have been configured to measure ECG, two pressures, temperature and ascending aortic flow."}
{"id": "PMID:126222", "title": "Control of depth and frequency of breathing during baroreceptor stimulation in cats.", "content": "In 10 tracheotomized anesthetized cats during steady-state inhalation of various concentrations of CO2 and O2, the acute respiratory response to baroreceptor stimulation produced by transient inflation of a balloon placed in the descending aorta was studied. The latter induced a sudden rise in mean arterial pressure, ranging from 62 to 95 mmHg. At all PACO2 levels above 30 mmHg, elevation in arterial pressure was accompanied by an immediate drop in tidal volume (VT) and prolongation of the durations of inspiration (Ti) and total breath (Ttot). Breaths obtained during baroreceptor stimulation fell along the same VT vs. Ti and VT vs. Ttot relationships obtained in the normotensive state, suggesting that the lung volume-related vagal control of Ti and Ttot is unaffected by changes in arterial pressure. Since, for a given change in arterial pressure, a constant reduction in VT was obtained at all PACO2 levels above 30 mmHg, it can be concluded that the interaction between PACO2 and arterial pressure is additive. In three cats, at PACO2 levels below 30 mmHg, aortic obstruction resulted in brief periods of apnea. Following apnea, the control of Ti and Ttot was transiently offset, describing hysteresis pathways on the VT vs. Ti and VT vs. Ttot relationships.", "contents": "Control of depth and frequency of breathing during baroreceptor stimulation in cats. In 10 tracheotomized anesthetized cats during steady-state inhalation of various concentrations of CO2 and O2, the acute respiratory response to baroreceptor stimulation produced by transient inflation of a balloon placed in the descending aorta was studied. The latter induced a sudden rise in mean arterial pressure, ranging from 62 to 95 mmHg. At all PACO2 levels above 30 mmHg, elevation in arterial pressure was accompanied by an immediate drop in tidal volume (VT) and prolongation of the durations of inspiration (Ti) and total breath (Ttot). Breaths obtained during baroreceptor stimulation fell along the same VT vs. Ti and VT vs. Ttot relationships obtained in the normotensive state, suggesting that the lung volume-related vagal control of Ti and Ttot is unaffected by changes in arterial pressure. Since, for a given change in arterial pressure, a constant reduction in VT was obtained at all PACO2 levels above 30 mmHg, it can be concluded that the interaction between PACO2 and arterial pressure is additive. In three cats, at PACO2 levels below 30 mmHg, aortic obstruction resulted in brief periods of apnea. Following apnea, the control of Ti and Ttot was transiently offset, describing hysteresis pathways on the VT vs. Ti and VT vs. Ttot relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:126223", "title": "Diaphragmatic activity and lung liquid flow in the unanesthetized fetal sheep.", "content": "For some time it has been suggested that breathing movements are made \"in utero\" and recently measurements of tracheal pressure and lung liquid flow in chronic fetal preparations have led to the hypothesis that rapid changes in these parameters are the result of respiratory muscle activity. To test this hypothesis diaphragmatic electrical activity was measured in seven chronic unanesthetized fetal sheep preparations and correlated with lung liquid flow and tracheal pressure. Diaphragmatic activity led to a fall of tracheal pressure and movement of a small volume of lung liquid into the lung. After the activity ceased, tracheal pressure returned to normal and flow diminished to zero or was directed out of the lung. The breathing pattern was unassociated with the net movement of lung liquid out of the lung. A histogram of the interval between breaths revealed a changing pattern of activity throughout gestation. The pattern was significantly altered after premature delivery of one animal with a respiratory problem. These observations provide evidence that respiratory muscles are active \"in utero\" and that the pattern of activity changes throughout gestation.", "contents": "Diaphragmatic activity and lung liquid flow in the unanesthetized fetal sheep. For some time it has been suggested that breathing movements are made \"in utero\" and recently measurements of tracheal pressure and lung liquid flow in chronic fetal preparations have led to the hypothesis that rapid changes in these parameters are the result of respiratory muscle activity. To test this hypothesis diaphragmatic electrical activity was measured in seven chronic unanesthetized fetal sheep preparations and correlated with lung liquid flow and tracheal pressure. Diaphragmatic activity led to a fall of tracheal pressure and movement of a small volume of lung liquid into the lung. After the activity ceased, tracheal pressure returned to normal and flow diminished to zero or was directed out of the lung. The breathing pattern was unassociated with the net movement of lung liquid out of the lung. A histogram of the interval between breaths revealed a changing pattern of activity throughout gestation. The pattern was significantly altered after premature delivery of one animal with a respiratory problem. These observations provide evidence that respiratory muscles are active \"in utero\" and that the pattern of activity changes throughout gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:126224", "title": "Mu-induced polarity in the Escherichia coli K-12 ent gene cluster: evidence for a gene (entG) involved in the biosynthesis of enterochelin.", "content": "A strain of Escherichia coli K-12 has been isolated that carries a Mu bacteriophage-induced mutation in the ent gene cluster. Nutritional tests together with examination of the compounds accumulated by the mutant strain indicated that the mutant was blocked both in the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroxy-benzoate and its subsequent conversion into enterochelin. Enzymic complementation assays of the mutant with several mutants each affected in one of the ent genes showed that the Mu-induced mutant was entA-, entB-, entC+, entD+, entE+, and entF+. Since the mutant produced the entD, entE, and entF gene products but was unable to produce enterochelin from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, it must therefore be affected in an additional protein concerned with this conversion. It is therefore postulated that the Mu-induced mutation affects a previously unrecognized gene, entG. Genetic experiments indicate that the mutation in strain AN462 which affects the three ent genes is the result of a single insertion of Mu in the ent gene cluster. This polarity mutant therefore provides evidence that three of the ent genes are part of an operon.", "contents": "Mu-induced polarity in the Escherichia coli K-12 ent gene cluster: evidence for a gene (entG) involved in the biosynthesis of enterochelin. A strain of Escherichia coli K-12 has been isolated that carries a Mu bacteriophage-induced mutation in the ent gene cluster. Nutritional tests together with examination of the compounds accumulated by the mutant strain indicated that the mutant was blocked both in the synthesis of 2,3-dihydroxy-benzoate and its subsequent conversion into enterochelin. Enzymic complementation assays of the mutant with several mutants each affected in one of the ent genes showed that the Mu-induced mutant was entA-, entB-, entC+, entD+, entE+, and entF+. Since the mutant produced the entD, entE, and entF gene products but was unable to produce enterochelin from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, it must therefore be affected in an additional protein concerned with this conversion. It is therefore postulated that the Mu-induced mutation affects a previously unrecognized gene, entG. Genetic experiments indicate that the mutation in strain AN462 which affects the three ent genes is the result of a single insertion of Mu in the ent gene cluster. This polarity mutant therefore provides evidence that three of the ent genes are part of an operon."}
{"id": "PMID:126225", "title": "Purine base transport in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Observations presented in this paper point to the presence of dual transport mechanisms for the base adenine in Neurospora crassa. Competition for transport, as well as growth inhibition studies using an ad-1 auxotroph, show that the purine bases adenine, guanine, and hypoxanthine share at least one transport mechanism which is insensitive to adenosine, cytosine, and a variety of other purine base analogues. On the other hand, uptake of adenine by an ad-8 mutant strain unable to transport [8-14C]hypoxanthine at any concentration was not inhibited by guanine or hypoxanthine. This observation demonstrates the existence of an adenine-specific transport system which was also found to be insensitive to inhibition by other purine base analogues, adenosine or cytosine. Recombination analysis of ad-8 by wild-type crosses showed that the inability to transport [8-14C]hypoxanthine was a consequence of the ad-8 lesion or a closely linked mutation. Saturation plots of each system gave intermediary plateaus and nonlinear reciprocal plots which, based on comparison with pure enzyme kinetic analysis, suggest that either each system consists of two or more uptake systems, at least one of which exhibits cooperativity, or that each system is a single uptake mechanism which possesses more than two binding sites where the relative affinity for the purine base first decreases and then increases as the sites are filled.", "contents": "Purine base transport in Neurospora crassa. Observations presented in this paper point to the presence of dual transport mechanisms for the base adenine in Neurospora crassa. Competition for transport, as well as growth inhibition studies using an ad-1 auxotroph, show that the purine bases adenine, guanine, and hypoxanthine share at least one transport mechanism which is insensitive to adenosine, cytosine, and a variety of other purine base analogues. On the other hand, uptake of adenine by an ad-8 mutant strain unable to transport [8-14C]hypoxanthine at any concentration was not inhibited by guanine or hypoxanthine. This observation demonstrates the existence of an adenine-specific transport system which was also found to be insensitive to inhibition by other purine base analogues, adenosine or cytosine. Recombination analysis of ad-8 by wild-type crosses showed that the inability to transport [8-14C]hypoxanthine was a consequence of the ad-8 lesion or a closely linked mutation. Saturation plots of each system gave intermediary plateaus and nonlinear reciprocal plots which, based on comparison with pure enzyme kinetic analysis, suggest that either each system consists of two or more uptake systems, at least one of which exhibits cooperativity, or that each system is a single uptake mechanism which possesses more than two binding sites where the relative affinity for the purine base first decreases and then increases as the sites are filled."}
{"id": "PMID:126226", "title": "Effect of mutations in the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa on the enzyme catabolic dehydroquinase.", "content": "Catabolic dehydroquinase, which functions in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa, has been purified from wild type (74-A) and three mutants in the qa gene cluster. The mutant strains were: 105c, a temperature-sensitive constitutive mutant in the qa-1 regulatory locus; M-16, a qa-3 mutant deficient in quinate dehydrogenase activity; and 237, a leaky qa-2 mutant which possess very low levels of catabolic dehydroquinase activity. The enzymes purified from strains 74-A, 105c, and M-16 are identical with respect to behavior during purification, specific activity, electrophoretic behavior, stability, molecular weight, subunit structure, immunological cross-reactivity, and amino acid content. The mutant enzyme from strain 237 is 1,500-fold less active and appears to have a slightly different amino acid content. It is identical by a number of the other criteria listed above and is presumed to be a mutant at or near the enzyme active site. These data demonstrate that the qa-1 gene product is not involved in the posttranslational expression of enzyme activity. The biochemical identity of catabolic dehydroquinase isolated from strains 105c and M-16 with that from wild type also demonstrates that neither the inducer, quinic acid, nor other enzymes encoded in the qa gene cluster are necessary for the expression of activity. Therefore the combined genetic and biochemical data on the qa system continue to support the hypothesis that the qa-1 regulatory protein acts as a positive initiator of qa enzyme synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of mutations in the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa on the enzyme catabolic dehydroquinase. Catabolic dehydroquinase, which functions in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa, has been purified from wild type (74-A) and three mutants in the qa gene cluster. The mutant strains were: 105c, a temperature-sensitive constitutive mutant in the qa-1 regulatory locus; M-16, a qa-3 mutant deficient in quinate dehydrogenase activity; and 237, a leaky qa-2 mutant which possess very low levels of catabolic dehydroquinase activity. The enzymes purified from strains 74-A, 105c, and M-16 are identical with respect to behavior during purification, specific activity, electrophoretic behavior, stability, molecular weight, subunit structure, immunological cross-reactivity, and amino acid content. The mutant enzyme from strain 237 is 1,500-fold less active and appears to have a slightly different amino acid content. It is identical by a number of the other criteria listed above and is presumed to be a mutant at or near the enzyme active site. These data demonstrate that the qa-1 gene product is not involved in the posttranslational expression of enzyme activity. The biochemical identity of catabolic dehydroquinase isolated from strains 105c and M-16 with that from wild type also demonstrates that neither the inducer, quinic acid, nor other enzymes encoded in the qa gene cluster are necessary for the expression of activity. Therefore the combined genetic and biochemical data on the qa system continue to support the hypothesis that the qa-1 regulatory protein acts as a positive initiator of qa enzyme synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:126227", "title": "Characteristics of a glycerol utilization mutant of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "A mutant of Neurospora crassa able to grow on liquid minimal glycerol medium without evidence of conidiation and with high cell yields has been isolated and shown to be allelic to ff-1. The glycerol-specific induction of glycerokinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was similar in both wild-type and mutant cells, although higher specific activities as well as higher glycerokinase cross-reacting material levels were found in fully induced mutant cells. After growth in minimal glycerol medium there is a significant reduction in wild-type cells of the activities of both pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl transacetylase. This evidence indicates a relationship between the conditional acetate requirement by wild-type cells grown on glycerol medium and the levels of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex.", "contents": "Characteristics of a glycerol utilization mutant of Neurospora crassa. A mutant of Neurospora crassa able to grow on liquid minimal glycerol medium without evidence of conidiation and with high cell yields has been isolated and shown to be allelic to ff-1. The glycerol-specific induction of glycerokinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was similar in both wild-type and mutant cells, although higher specific activities as well as higher glycerokinase cross-reacting material levels were found in fully induced mutant cells. After growth in minimal glycerol medium there is a significant reduction in wild-type cells of the activities of both pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl transacetylase. This evidence indicates a relationship between the conditional acetate requirement by wild-type cells grown on glycerol medium and the levels of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex."}
{"id": "PMID:126228", "title": "Purification and properties of the fatty acids synthetase complex from Neurospora crassa, and the nature of the fas-mutation.", "content": "A procedure is described for the purification of the fatty acid synthetase complex (FAS) from Neurospora crassa. The enzyme complex has a molecular weight of 2.3 times 10(6), contains 6 mol of 4'-phosphopantetheine per mol, and on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate gives a single band, or a closely spaced doublet, which comigrates with standard myosin (molecular weight, 2 times 10(5)). Since the slightly retarded component in the doublet accounts for all protein-bound 4'-phosphopantetheine, the complex appears to be made up of 11 to 12 equally sized subunits, 6 of which carry the acyl carrier protein function. In this unusual arrangement, notably the lack of the low-molecular-weight acyl carrier protein component seen in other FAS systems, as well as in its enzymatic properties, the Neurospora FAS complex is quite similar to the yeast enzyme. The FAS complex of a saturated fatty acid-requiring mutant, previously disignated cel-, contains less than 2% of the 4'-phosphopantetheine prosthetic groups found in the wild-type complex. The leaky phenotype of this mutant, here designated fas-, is accounted for by a residual fatty acid synthesizing activity in its FAS complex, which is several-fold higher than expected from its residual content of 4'-phosphopanthetheine.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the fatty acids synthetase complex from Neurospora crassa, and the nature of the fas-mutation. A procedure is described for the purification of the fatty acid synthetase complex (FAS) from Neurospora crassa. The enzyme complex has a molecular weight of 2.3 times 10(6), contains 6 mol of 4'-phosphopantetheine per mol, and on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate gives a single band, or a closely spaced doublet, which comigrates with standard myosin (molecular weight, 2 times 10(5)). Since the slightly retarded component in the doublet accounts for all protein-bound 4'-phosphopantetheine, the complex appears to be made up of 11 to 12 equally sized subunits, 6 of which carry the acyl carrier protein function. In this unusual arrangement, notably the lack of the low-molecular-weight acyl carrier protein component seen in other FAS systems, as well as in its enzymatic properties, the Neurospora FAS complex is quite similar to the yeast enzyme. The FAS complex of a saturated fatty acid-requiring mutant, previously disignated cel-, contains less than 2% of the 4'-phosphopantetheine prosthetic groups found in the wild-type complex. The leaky phenotype of this mutant, here designated fas-, is accounted for by a residual fatty acid synthesizing activity in its FAS complex, which is several-fold higher than expected from its residual content of 4'-phosphopanthetheine."}
{"id": "PMID:126229", "title": "Effect of histidine on purine nucleotide synthesis and utilization in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Histidine affects de novo purine nucleotide synthesis and purine nucleotide pool utilization in Neurospora crassa. The former effect was assessed qualitatively by the presence or absence of purple pigment production in ad3B and ad3A mutants. Tryptophan also affected the de novo purine nucleotide synthesis. The effect of histidine on purine nucleotide pool utilization resulted in stimulated germination of ad8 and ad4 mutant conidia in adenine-deficient medium. Increased germination was correlated with increased net levels of nucleic acids in these strains. Possible mechanisms for the dual action of histidine are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of histidine on purine nucleotide synthesis and utilization in Neurospora crassa. Histidine affects de novo purine nucleotide synthesis and purine nucleotide pool utilization in Neurospora crassa. The former effect was assessed qualitatively by the presence or absence of purple pigment production in ad3B and ad3A mutants. Tryptophan also affected the de novo purine nucleotide synthesis. The effect of histidine on purine nucleotide pool utilization resulted in stimulated germination of ad8 and ad4 mutant conidia in adenine-deficient medium. Increased germination was correlated with increased net levels of nucleic acids in these strains. Possible mechanisms for the dual action of histidine are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126231", "title": "Glycerophospholipid variation in choline and inositol auxotrophs of Neurospora crassa. Internal compensation among zwitterionic and anionic species.", "content": "The glycerophospholipids of cultures of Neurospora crassa were extracted, deacylated, and analyzed. In addition to a wild-type strain, several auxotrophic mutant strains were examined: chol-1 (defective S-adenosylmethionine: phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase), chol-2 (defective S-adenosyl methionine:phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (dimethylethanolamine) methyltransferase), and inos (defective myoinositol-1-phosphate phosphatase). In addition, a double mutant strain, chol-1;chol-2, was constructed. Cultures of the mutant strains grown with concentrations of supplement(s) just adequate to support growth had bizarre phospholipid compositions. By appropriate choice of mutant and supplement(s), it was possible to vary the relative level of every phospholipid of the organism, with the exception of cardiolipin. The maximum ranges encountered for the zwitterionic species, expressed as per cent of total phospholipid phosphorus, were lecithin (0.9 to 53.1%), phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (0.0 to 55.5%), phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (0.0 to 53.9%), and phosphatidylethanolamine (9.8 to 43.3%). For the anionic species, the ranges were phosphatidylserine (1.7 to 10.4%) and phosphatidylinositol (3.6 to 25.1%). Despite the wide variation of the relative proportions of the individual phospholipid species, five quantities remained constant: the cardiolipin content, the total phospholipid content, the total content of the zwitterionic species, the total content of the anionic species, and the ratio of the zwitterionic to anionic totals. The data suggest the existence of an internal compensation mechanism, the net effect of which is maintenance of a fairly constant contribution by the phospholipid components to the over-all membrane charge.", "contents": "Glycerophospholipid variation in choline and inositol auxotrophs of Neurospora crassa. Internal compensation among zwitterionic and anionic species. The glycerophospholipids of cultures of Neurospora crassa were extracted, deacylated, and analyzed. In addition to a wild-type strain, several auxotrophic mutant strains were examined: chol-1 (defective S-adenosylmethionine: phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase), chol-2 (defective S-adenosyl methionine:phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (dimethylethanolamine) methyltransferase), and inos (defective myoinositol-1-phosphate phosphatase). In addition, a double mutant strain, chol-1;chol-2, was constructed. Cultures of the mutant strains grown with concentrations of supplement(s) just adequate to support growth had bizarre phospholipid compositions. By appropriate choice of mutant and supplement(s), it was possible to vary the relative level of every phospholipid of the organism, with the exception of cardiolipin. The maximum ranges encountered for the zwitterionic species, expressed as per cent of total phospholipid phosphorus, were lecithin (0.9 to 53.1%), phosphatidyldimethylethanolamine (0.0 to 55.5%), phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine (0.0 to 53.9%), and phosphatidylethanolamine (9.8 to 43.3%). For the anionic species, the ranges were phosphatidylserine (1.7 to 10.4%) and phosphatidylinositol (3.6 to 25.1%). Despite the wide variation of the relative proportions of the individual phospholipid species, five quantities remained constant: the cardiolipin content, the total phospholipid content, the total content of the zwitterionic species, the total content of the anionic species, and the ratio of the zwitterionic to anionic totals. The data suggest the existence of an internal compensation mechanism, the net effect of which is maintenance of a fairly constant contribution by the phospholipid components to the over-all membrane charge."}
{"id": "PMID:126232", "title": "A re-examination of the cleavage of fibrinogen and fibrin by plasmin.", "content": "Three Fragment D species (D1, D2, D3) were isolated with time from a plasmin digest of fibrinogen and had molecular weights of 92,999, 86,000 and 82,000 by summation of subunit molecular weights from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their molecular weights by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation were 94,000 t87,000, 88,000 to 82, 000, and 76,000 to 70,000 depending on the values calculated for the partial specific volumes. Each of the Fragment D species contained three disulfide-linked subunits derived from the Aalpha, Bbeta, and gamma chains of fibrinogen and differed only in the extent of COOH-terminal degradation of their gamma chain derivatives. Plasmin cleaved Fragment D1 to release the cross-link sites from its gamma' subunit of 38,000 molecular weight; however, the beta'' subunit of 42,000 molecular weight and the alpha'' subunit of 12,000 molecular weight were resistant to further digestion by plasmin. Fragment D isolated from highly cross-linked fibrin had a dimeric structure due to cross-link formation between the gamma' subunits of two fibrinogen Fragment D species. The molecular weight of fibrin Fragment D was 184,000 by summation of subunit molecular weights and 190,000 to 175,000 by sedimentation equilibrium. Cross-linking the gamma chain, as well as incorporating the site-specific fluorescent label monodansyl cadaverine into the gamma chain cross-link acceptor site, prevented its COOH-terminal degradation by plasmin. Therefore, only one species of fibrin Fragment D, as well as only one species of monodansyl cadaverine-labeled fibrin Fragment D monomer, was generated during plasmin digestion. These results show unequivocally that each fibrinogen Fragment D contains only three subunit chains and therefore the digestion of fibrinogen by plasmin must result in the production of two Fragment D molecules from each fibrinogen molecule. The recently proposed model of fibrinogen cleavage that postulates the generation of a single Fragment D with three pairs of subunit chains from each fibrinogen molecule is incorrect. Incorporation of monodansyl cadaverine into the cross-link acceptor sites of the alpha chain did not alter its cleavage by plasmin detectably. A series of monodansyl cadaverine-labeled peptides, which ranged in molecular weight from 40,000 to 23,000, were cleaved from the alpha chain of monodansyl cadaverine-labeled fibrin monomer during the early stages of plasmin digestion. These peptides were degraded progressively to a brightly fluorescent plasmin-resistant peptide of 21,000 molecular weight and a weakly fluorescent peptide of 2,500 molecular weight. Thus both alpha chain cross-link acceptor sites are contained within a peptide segment of 23,000 molecular weight.", "contents": "A re-examination of the cleavage of fibrinogen and fibrin by plasmin. Three Fragment D species (D1, D2, D3) were isolated with time from a plasmin digest of fibrinogen and had molecular weights of 92,999, 86,000 and 82,000 by summation of subunit molecular weights from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Their molecular weights by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation were 94,000 t87,000, 88,000 to 82, 000, and 76,000 to 70,000 depending on the values calculated for the partial specific volumes. Each of the Fragment D species contained three disulfide-linked subunits derived from the Aalpha, Bbeta, and gamma chains of fibrinogen and differed only in the extent of COOH-terminal degradation of their gamma chain derivatives. Plasmin cleaved Fragment D1 to release the cross-link sites from its gamma' subunit of 38,000 molecular weight; however, the beta'' subunit of 42,000 molecular weight and the alpha'' subunit of 12,000 molecular weight were resistant to further digestion by plasmin. Fragment D isolated from highly cross-linked fibrin had a dimeric structure due to cross-link formation between the gamma' subunits of two fibrinogen Fragment D species. The molecular weight of fibrin Fragment D was 184,000 by summation of subunit molecular weights and 190,000 to 175,000 by sedimentation equilibrium. Cross-linking the gamma chain, as well as incorporating the site-specific fluorescent label monodansyl cadaverine into the gamma chain cross-link acceptor site, prevented its COOH-terminal degradation by plasmin. Therefore, only one species of fibrin Fragment D, as well as only one species of monodansyl cadaverine-labeled fibrin Fragment D monomer, was generated during plasmin digestion. These results show unequivocally that each fibrinogen Fragment D contains only three subunit chains and therefore the digestion of fibrinogen by plasmin must result in the production of two Fragment D molecules from each fibrinogen molecule. The recently proposed model of fibrinogen cleavage that postulates the generation of a single Fragment D with three pairs of subunit chains from each fibrinogen molecule is incorrect. Incorporation of monodansyl cadaverine into the cross-link acceptor sites of the alpha chain did not alter its cleavage by plasmin detectably. A series of monodansyl cadaverine-labeled peptides, which ranged in molecular weight from 40,000 to 23,000, were cleaved from the alpha chain of monodansyl cadaverine-labeled fibrin monomer during the early stages of plasmin digestion. These peptides were degraded progressively to a brightly fluorescent plasmin-resistant peptide of 21,000 molecular weight and a weakly fluorescent peptide of 2,500 molecular weight. Thus both alpha chain cross-link acceptor sites are contained within a peptide segment of 23,000 molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:126233", "title": "Transport and inhibitory Ca2+ binding sites on the ATPase enzyme isolated from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Ca2+ binding sites located on the Ca2+-dependent ATPase purified from the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ikemoto, N (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 649) have been further studied. At 0 degrees there are three classes of binding sites denoted as alpha (K congruent to 3 times 10(61 M-1), beta(K congruent to 5 times 10(4) M-1), and gamma (K congruent to 1 times 10(3) M-1) sites. At 22 degrees there is no beta site but there are about two alpha sites per 10(5) daltons, while at 0 degrees there is one alpha and one beta site. The change is reversible. The parallelism between the temperature-induced changes in the alpha site and the reported (Sumida, M., and Tonomura, Y. (1974) J. Biochem. 75, 283) temperature dependence of the ratio of Ca2+ transport and ATP cleavage (deltaCa2+/deltaATP is 2 at 22 degrees and 1 at 0 degrees) suggests the involvement of the alpha site in transport. Studies at a low ATP to enzyme ratio (0.5 to 2.5 mol of ATP/10(5) g of ATPase unit) permitting the separate investigation of the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation process show that concomitantly with the formation of the phosphorylated enzyme (E approximately P) bound calcium is released from, and concomitantly with the dephosphorylation it is rebound to, the alpha site. Binding of Ca2+ to the E approximately P moiety inhibits the liberation of Pi. Analysis by use of a Hill plot of the Ca2+ dependence of the inhibition suggests the involvement of two sites with an average affinity of approximately 10(3) M-1. These have tentatively been identified as alpha (low affinity form) and gamma sites.", "contents": "Transport and inhibitory Ca2+ binding sites on the ATPase enzyme isolated from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca2+ binding sites located on the Ca2+-dependent ATPase purified from the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ikemoto, N (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 649) have been further studied. At 0 degrees there are three classes of binding sites denoted as alpha (K congruent to 3 times 10(61 M-1), beta(K congruent to 5 times 10(4) M-1), and gamma (K congruent to 1 times 10(3) M-1) sites. At 22 degrees there is no beta site but there are about two alpha sites per 10(5) daltons, while at 0 degrees there is one alpha and one beta site. The change is reversible. The parallelism between the temperature-induced changes in the alpha site and the reported (Sumida, M., and Tonomura, Y. (1974) J. Biochem. 75, 283) temperature dependence of the ratio of Ca2+ transport and ATP cleavage (deltaCa2+/deltaATP is 2 at 22 degrees and 1 at 0 degrees) suggests the involvement of the alpha site in transport. Studies at a low ATP to enzyme ratio (0.5 to 2.5 mol of ATP/10(5) g of ATPase unit) permitting the separate investigation of the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation process show that concomitantly with the formation of the phosphorylated enzyme (E approximately P) bound calcium is released from, and concomitantly with the dephosphorylation it is rebound to, the alpha site. Binding of Ca2+ to the E approximately P moiety inhibits the liberation of Pi. Analysis by use of a Hill plot of the Ca2+ dependence of the inhibition suggests the involvement of two sites with an average affinity of approximately 10(3) M-1. These have tentatively been identified as alpha (low affinity form) and gamma sites."}
{"id": "PMID:126234", "title": "Variable nature of cartilage proteoglycans.", "content": "Cartilage proteoglycan aggregates are separated from collagen and other non-proteoglycan protein by preparative rate zonal sedimentation under associative conditions. Dissociative rate zonal sedimentation produces sedimented proteoglycan of lower protein content with a corresponding increase in the amount of less sedimentable protein-rich proteoglycan. An extensive number of sequential rate zonal sedimentations discloses that the proceess of disaggregation involves the separation of proteoglycans varying continuously in composition with no apparent discontinuities in distribution to indicate the presence of distinctively different macromolecules. The variations encompass proteoglycans of low protein content containing less than 2% keratan sulfate and proteoglycans with keratan sulfate as the predominant polysaccharide (present in concentrations greater than 2-fold that of the chondroitin sulfate) and more than a 10-fold increase in protein content.", "contents": "Variable nature of cartilage proteoglycans. Cartilage proteoglycan aggregates are separated from collagen and other non-proteoglycan protein by preparative rate zonal sedimentation under associative conditions. Dissociative rate zonal sedimentation produces sedimented proteoglycan of lower protein content with a corresponding increase in the amount of less sedimentable protein-rich proteoglycan. An extensive number of sequential rate zonal sedimentations discloses that the proceess of disaggregation involves the separation of proteoglycans varying continuously in composition with no apparent discontinuities in distribution to indicate the presence of distinctively different macromolecules. The variations encompass proteoglycans of low protein content containing less than 2% keratan sulfate and proteoglycans with keratan sulfate as the predominant polysaccharide (present in concentrations greater than 2-fold that of the chondroitin sulfate) and more than a 10-fold increase in protein content."}
{"id": "PMID:126235", "title": "Antigenic differences in (Na+, K+)-ATPase preparations isolated from various organs and species.", "content": "Antisera to purified (Na+, K+)-ATPase raised in rabbits and in sheep were purified by an absorption procedure employing purified canine kidney (Na+, K+)-ATPase. The antibodies were fractionated into two components, one which inhibited catalytic activity, and a second which inhibited ouabain binding. Under certain conditions, the fraction that inhibited ouabain binding also inhibited catalytic activity, and the effectiveness of both was dependent to some extent on the ligands present in the incubation medium. Thus, both antibody fractions appeared to detect conformations of the enzyme that depended upon ligand-induced perturbations. When the antibody raised against catalytic activity was incubated with erythrocyte membrane fragments, an inhibition of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase occurred, but only minimal or no effect on potassium influx or on digoxin-induced inhibition of potassium flux in intact erythrocytes was noted. In a similar experiment, however, the antibody against ouabain binding significantly inhibited potassium influx, suggesting specificity in terms of the macromolecular surfaces of the pump which were exposed to the external medium. We concluded that there may be organ and species differences among (Na+, K+)-ATPase preparations. Antibodies prepared in rabbits and sheep were fractionated by absorption to dog brain enzyme. Both the antibody fraction which bound to the brain enzyme and that which did not bind inhibited the dog kidney (Na+, K+)-ATPase, but only the former inhibited dog brain (Na+, K+)-ATPase. When the two fractions were recombined, inhibition was restored to the extent of the unfractionated antibody.", "contents": "Antigenic differences in (Na+, K+)-ATPase preparations isolated from various organs and species. Antisera to purified (Na+, K+)-ATPase raised in rabbits and in sheep were purified by an absorption procedure employing purified canine kidney (Na+, K+)-ATPase. The antibodies were fractionated into two components, one which inhibited catalytic activity, and a second which inhibited ouabain binding. Under certain conditions, the fraction that inhibited ouabain binding also inhibited catalytic activity, and the effectiveness of both was dependent to some extent on the ligands present in the incubation medium. Thus, both antibody fractions appeared to detect conformations of the enzyme that depended upon ligand-induced perturbations. When the antibody raised against catalytic activity was incubated with erythrocyte membrane fragments, an inhibition of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase occurred, but only minimal or no effect on potassium influx or on digoxin-induced inhibition of potassium flux in intact erythrocytes was noted. In a similar experiment, however, the antibody against ouabain binding significantly inhibited potassium influx, suggesting specificity in terms of the macromolecular surfaces of the pump which were exposed to the external medium. We concluded that there may be organ and species differences among (Na+, K+)-ATPase preparations. Antibodies prepared in rabbits and sheep were fractionated by absorption to dog brain enzyme. Both the antibody fraction which bound to the brain enzyme and that which did not bind inhibited the dog kidney (Na+, K+)-ATPase, but only the former inhibited dog brain (Na+, K+)-ATPase. When the two fractions were recombined, inhibition was restored to the extent of the unfractionated antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:126236", "title": "The gamma protein specified by bacteriophage gamma. Structure and inhibitory activity for the recBC enzyme of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The protein encoded by the gam gene of bacteriophage lambda (\"gamma protein\") is a specific inhibitor of the recBC enzyme of Escherichia coli. The lambda protein has been purified approximately 2,000-fold, and its structure and inhibitory activity have been characterized. It appears to be composed of two identical subunits of 16,500 daltons, inhibits all of the catalytic activities of the recBC enzyme with apparently equal efficiency, but has no effect upon any other E. coli or lambda-DNase tested. Inhibition does not occur unless recBC enzyme is exposed to gamma protein prior to reaction of the enzyme with DNA. The inhibitory activity is independent of temperature, and no catalytic activity has been detected that might fulfill the inhibitory function. It appears instead that the inhibition involves a stoichiometric, rather than a catalytic interaction between gamma protein and the enzyme. Reaction kinetics for the recBC enzyme inhibited by gamma protein show no anomalous protein--only a depressed rate. Inhibition is not competitive and does not appear to affect the enzyme's affinity for DNA. The enzyme remains inhibited after it is separated from \"excess\" gamma protein by gel filtration or sedimentation in a glycerol gradient, and inhibited enzyme has a reduced electrophoretic mobility compared to that of uninhibited enzyme. Gamma Protein inhibits recBC enzyme which has been reconstituted from cell-free extracts by complementation in vitro, but at least one of the complementing factors present in extracts from recB- cells does not by itself form a complex with gamma protein. The mechanism of inhibition and the implications of these results from gamma replication and recombination are discussed.", "contents": "The gamma protein specified by bacteriophage gamma. Structure and inhibitory activity for the recBC enzyme of Escherichia coli. The protein encoded by the gam gene of bacteriophage lambda (\"gamma protein\") is a specific inhibitor of the recBC enzyme of Escherichia coli. The lambda protein has been purified approximately 2,000-fold, and its structure and inhibitory activity have been characterized. It appears to be composed of two identical subunits of 16,500 daltons, inhibits all of the catalytic activities of the recBC enzyme with apparently equal efficiency, but has no effect upon any other E. coli or lambda-DNase tested. Inhibition does not occur unless recBC enzyme is exposed to gamma protein prior to reaction of the enzyme with DNA. The inhibitory activity is independent of temperature, and no catalytic activity has been detected that might fulfill the inhibitory function. It appears instead that the inhibition involves a stoichiometric, rather than a catalytic interaction between gamma protein and the enzyme. Reaction kinetics for the recBC enzyme inhibited by gamma protein show no anomalous protein--only a depressed rate. Inhibition is not competitive and does not appear to affect the enzyme's affinity for DNA. The enzyme remains inhibited after it is separated from \"excess\" gamma protein by gel filtration or sedimentation in a glycerol gradient, and inhibited enzyme has a reduced electrophoretic mobility compared to that of uninhibited enzyme. Gamma Protein inhibits recBC enzyme which has been reconstituted from cell-free extracts by complementation in vitro, but at least one of the complementing factors present in extracts from recB- cells does not by itself form a complex with gamma protein. The mechanism of inhibition and the implications of these results from gamma replication and recombination are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126237", "title": "Structural studies of sodium and potassium ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase. The relationship between molecular structure and the mechanism of active transport.", "content": "Sodium and potassium ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase is the enzyme responsible for the active transport of sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane. Strophanthidin, from the external surface of the membrane, and an antibody, from the cytoplasmic surface, bind simultaneously to the large polypeptide subunit of the enzyme. These results demonstrate that this polypeptide chain must span the plasma membrane, having different surfaces exposed on each side. When (Na+ + K+)-ATPase is incubated in the presence of cupric phenanthroline, a reagent which catalyzes the oxidation of cysteine residues to form intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide bonds, a covalent dimer of the larger chains is formed. Several characteristics of this dimerization reaction are consistent with the proposal that at least a noncovalent dimer of large chains exists in the native enzyme. These conclusions are discussed in the context of a specific description for the molecular mechanism of active transport.", "contents": "Structural studies of sodium and potassium ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase. The relationship between molecular structure and the mechanism of active transport. Sodium and potassium ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase is the enzyme responsible for the active transport of sodium and potassium across the plasma membrane. Strophanthidin, from the external surface of the membrane, and an antibody, from the cytoplasmic surface, bind simultaneously to the large polypeptide subunit of the enzyme. These results demonstrate that this polypeptide chain must span the plasma membrane, having different surfaces exposed on each side. When (Na+ + K+)-ATPase is incubated in the presence of cupric phenanthroline, a reagent which catalyzes the oxidation of cysteine residues to form intermolecular and intramolecular disulfide bonds, a covalent dimer of the larger chains is formed. Several characteristics of this dimerization reaction are consistent with the proposal that at least a noncovalent dimer of large chains exists in the native enzyme. These conclusions are discussed in the context of a specific description for the molecular mechanism of active transport."}
{"id": "PMID:126238", "title": "Effect of the purified (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-activated ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum upon the passive Ca2+ permeability and ultrastructure of phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "The passive Ca2+ permeability of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes is 10(4) to 10(61 times greater than that of liposomes prepared from natural or synthetic phospholipids. The contribution of membrane proteins to the Ca2+ permeability was studied by incorporating the purified [Ca2+ + Mg2+]-activated ATPase into bilayer membranes prepared from different phospholipids. The incorporation of the Ca2+ transport ATPase into the lipid phase increased its Ca2+ permeability to levels approaching that of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. The permeability change may arise from a reordering of the structure of the lipid phase in the environment of the protein or could represent a specific property of the protein itself. The calcium-binding protein of sarcoplasmic reticulum did not produce a similar effect. The increased rate of Ca2+ release from reconstituted ATPase vesicles is not a carrier-mediated process as indicated by the linear dependence of the Ca2+ efflux upon the gradient of Ca2+ concentration and by the absence of competition and countertransport between Ca2+ and other divalent metal ions. The increased Ca2+ permeability upon incorporation of the transport ATPase into the lipid phase is accompanied by similar increase in the permeability of the vesicles for sucrose, Na+, choline, and SO42- indicating that the transport ATPase does not act as a specific Ca2+ channel. Native sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes are asymmetric structures and the 75-A particles seen by freeze-etch electron microscopy are located primarily in the outer fracture face. In reconstituted ATPase vesicles the distribution of the particles between the two fracture faces is even, indicating that complete structural reconstitution was not achieved. The Ca2+ transport activity of reconstituted ATPase vesicles is also much less than that of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. The density of the 40-A surface particles visible after negative staining of native or reconstituted vesicles is greater than that of the intramembranous particles and the relationship between these two structures remains to be established.", "contents": "Effect of the purified (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-activated ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum upon the passive Ca2+ permeability and ultrastructure of phospholipid vesicles. The passive Ca2+ permeability of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes is 10(4) to 10(61 times greater than that of liposomes prepared from natural or synthetic phospholipids. The contribution of membrane proteins to the Ca2+ permeability was studied by incorporating the purified [Ca2+ + Mg2+]-activated ATPase into bilayer membranes prepared from different phospholipids. The incorporation of the Ca2+ transport ATPase into the lipid phase increased its Ca2+ permeability to levels approaching that of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. The permeability change may arise from a reordering of the structure of the lipid phase in the environment of the protein or could represent a specific property of the protein itself. The calcium-binding protein of sarcoplasmic reticulum did not produce a similar effect. The increased rate of Ca2+ release from reconstituted ATPase vesicles is not a carrier-mediated process as indicated by the linear dependence of the Ca2+ efflux upon the gradient of Ca2+ concentration and by the absence of competition and countertransport between Ca2+ and other divalent metal ions. The increased Ca2+ permeability upon incorporation of the transport ATPase into the lipid phase is accompanied by similar increase in the permeability of the vesicles for sucrose, Na+, choline, and SO42- indicating that the transport ATPase does not act as a specific Ca2+ channel. Native sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes are asymmetric structures and the 75-A particles seen by freeze-etch electron microscopy are located primarily in the outer fracture face. In reconstituted ATPase vesicles the distribution of the particles between the two fracture faces is even, indicating that complete structural reconstitution was not achieved. The Ca2+ transport activity of reconstituted ATPase vesicles is also much less than that of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. The density of the 40-A surface particles visible after negative staining of native or reconstituted vesicles is greater than that of the intramembranous particles and the relationship between these two structures remains to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:126239", "title": "A coupling factor from sarcoplasmic reticulum required for the translocation of Ca2+ ions in a reconstituted Ca2+ATPase pump.", "content": "1. During purification of the Ca2+ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit muscle, different fractions with similar Ca2+ATPase activity were found to vary greatly in their ability to catalyze 45Ca2+ translocation in reconstituted liposomal systems. 2. A heat-stable fraction isolated from the fraction most active in Ca2+ translocation enhanced several-fold the Ca2+ translocation rate of the least active fraction. It also increased the ratio of Ca2+ translocation to ATP hydrolysis over 5-fold. The properties of the coupling factor resemble those of the proteolipid previously described by MacLennan et al. (MACLENNAN, D.H., YIP, C. C., ILES, G. H., and SEAMAN, P. (1972) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 37, 469-478). 3. When the heat-stable factor was added to either sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments or to liposomes after, rather than before, reconstitution, it acted as an ionophore abolishing Ca2+ translocation.", "contents": "A coupling factor from sarcoplasmic reticulum required for the translocation of Ca2+ ions in a reconstituted Ca2+ATPase pump. 1. During purification of the Ca2+ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit muscle, different fractions with similar Ca2+ATPase activity were found to vary greatly in their ability to catalyze 45Ca2+ translocation in reconstituted liposomal systems. 2. A heat-stable fraction isolated from the fraction most active in Ca2+ translocation enhanced several-fold the Ca2+ translocation rate of the least active fraction. It also increased the ratio of Ca2+ translocation to ATP hydrolysis over 5-fold. The properties of the coupling factor resemble those of the proteolipid previously described by MacLennan et al. (MACLENNAN, D.H., YIP, C. C., ILES, G. H., and SEAMAN, P. (1972) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 37, 469-478). 3. When the heat-stable factor was added to either sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments or to liposomes after, rather than before, reconstitution, it acted as an ionophore abolishing Ca2+ translocation."}
{"id": "PMID:126240", "title": "Use of diazido ethidium bromide as a specific probe for mitochondrial functions.", "content": "The diazido derivative of ethidium bromide has been synthesized as a potential photoaffinity label and shown to be at least as effective as a mitochondrial mutagen as the parent compound, with a similar mode of action. Exposure of mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the compound, followed by ultraviolet-irradiation, which converts it to the highly reactive dinitrene, results in its specific binding to a single component which has been tentatively identified as the smallest polypeptide (subunit 9) of the membrane-bound ATPase. An analogus reaction is also obtained with the soluble, oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex but not with the F1-ATPase itself. The reaction with the ATPase complex can also be monitored by fluorescence enhancement and by this attribute, as well as by other criteria, diazido-ethidium bromide, ethidium bromide itself, euflavine, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2-azido-4-nitrophenol all appear to compete for the same, lipophilic, binding site. A mitochondrial mutation (73/1) (see Flury, U., Feldman, F., and Mahler, H.R. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 6630-6637) produces a photoaffinity product with an altered electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight.", "contents": "Use of diazido ethidium bromide as a specific probe for mitochondrial functions. The diazido derivative of ethidium bromide has been synthesized as a potential photoaffinity label and shown to be at least as effective as a mitochondrial mutagen as the parent compound, with a similar mode of action. Exposure of mitochondria of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the compound, followed by ultraviolet-irradiation, which converts it to the highly reactive dinitrene, results in its specific binding to a single component which has been tentatively identified as the smallest polypeptide (subunit 9) of the membrane-bound ATPase. An analogus reaction is also obtained with the soluble, oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex but not with the F1-ATPase itself. The reaction with the ATPase complex can also be monitored by fluorescence enhancement and by this attribute, as well as by other criteria, diazido-ethidium bromide, ethidium bromide itself, euflavine, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, 2,4-dinitrophenol, and 2-azido-4-nitrophenol all appear to compete for the same, lipophilic, binding site. A mitochondrial mutation (73/1) (see Flury, U., Feldman, F., and Mahler, H.R. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 6630-6637) produces a photoaffinity product with an altered electrophoretic mobility and molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:126241", "title": "Kinetic studies on rat liver and beef heart mitochondrial ATPase. Evidence for nucleotide binding at separate regulatory and catalytic sites.", "content": "Mitochondrial ATPases from rat liver and beef heart were used to study the effects of guanylylimidodiphosphate (GMP-P(NH)P) and adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP-P(NH)P) on the kinetics of MgATP, MgITP, and MgGTP hydrolysis. AMP-P(NH)P was a noncompetitive inhibitor of hydrolysis of all substrates with the rat liver enzyme, whether activating anions were present or not. Also with the liver enzyme, AMP-P(NH)P caused only MgATP hydrolysis to appear to have positive cooperativity. With the beef heart enzyme, AMP-P(NH)P was a competitive inhibitor of ATPase activity and caused positive cooperativity; it gave noncompetitive patterns with GTP or ITP as substrates. In both enzyme systems, GMP-P(NH)P gave complex inhibition patterns with MgATP as the substrate, but was a competitive inhibitor of MgITP and MgGTP hydrolysis. These results are interpreted as indicating the existence of two types of nucleotide binding sites, with varying degrees of specificity and interaction on the ATPase molecules from both sources. It is postulated that MgATP and AMP-P(NH)P bind to regulatory site while MgATP, MgGTP, Mgitp, and GMP-P(NH)P bind to the catalytic site.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on rat liver and beef heart mitochondrial ATPase. Evidence for nucleotide binding at separate regulatory and catalytic sites. Mitochondrial ATPases from rat liver and beef heart were used to study the effects of guanylylimidodiphosphate (GMP-P(NH)P) and adenylylimidodiphosphate (AMP-P(NH)P) on the kinetics of MgATP, MgITP, and MgGTP hydrolysis. AMP-P(NH)P was a noncompetitive inhibitor of hydrolysis of all substrates with the rat liver enzyme, whether activating anions were present or not. Also with the liver enzyme, AMP-P(NH)P caused only MgATP hydrolysis to appear to have positive cooperativity. With the beef heart enzyme, AMP-P(NH)P was a competitive inhibitor of ATPase activity and caused positive cooperativity; it gave noncompetitive patterns with GTP or ITP as substrates. In both enzyme systems, GMP-P(NH)P gave complex inhibition patterns with MgATP as the substrate, but was a competitive inhibitor of MgITP and MgGTP hydrolysis. These results are interpreted as indicating the existence of two types of nucleotide binding sites, with varying degrees of specificity and interaction on the ATPase molecules from both sources. It is postulated that MgATP and AMP-P(NH)P bind to regulatory site while MgATP, MgGTP, Mgitp, and GMP-P(NH)P bind to the catalytic site."}
{"id": "PMID:126242", "title": "Effect of F-actin upon the binding of ADP to myosin and its fragments.", "content": "The effect of F-actin upon the binding of ADP to rabbit skeletal muscle myosin, heavy meromyosin, and subfragment 1 was studied by equilibrium dialysis, ultracentrifuge transport, and light scattering techniques. Both myosin and H-meromyosin (HMM) bind a maximum of approximately 1.6 mol of ADP/mol of protein, while S-1 binds approximately 0.9 mol of ADP/mol of protein. The affinity for ADP of all three preparations was similar at a given ionic strength (approximately 10(6) M-1 at 0.05 M KCl) and decreased with increasing ionic strength. Under conditions similar to those used for the measurement of ADP binding, the binding sites of myosin, HMM, and subfragment 1 (S-1) are saturated with actin at molar ratios of 2, 2, and 1 mol of actin monomer/mol of protein, respectively, as determined by light scattering, ultracentrifuge transport, and in the case of myosin by ATPase measurements. F-actin was found to inhibit ADP binding, but even at an actin concentration at least twice that required for saturation of myosin, HMM, or S-1, significant ADP binding remained. This ADP binding was inhibited by 10(-4) M pyrophosphate. The observations are consistent with the formation of an actomyosin-ADP complex in which actin and ADP are bound to myosin at distinct but interacting sites.", "contents": "Effect of F-actin upon the binding of ADP to myosin and its fragments. The effect of F-actin upon the binding of ADP to rabbit skeletal muscle myosin, heavy meromyosin, and subfragment 1 was studied by equilibrium dialysis, ultracentrifuge transport, and light scattering techniques. Both myosin and H-meromyosin (HMM) bind a maximum of approximately 1.6 mol of ADP/mol of protein, while S-1 binds approximately 0.9 mol of ADP/mol of protein. The affinity for ADP of all three preparations was similar at a given ionic strength (approximately 10(6) M-1 at 0.05 M KCl) and decreased with increasing ionic strength. Under conditions similar to those used for the measurement of ADP binding, the binding sites of myosin, HMM, and subfragment 1 (S-1) are saturated with actin at molar ratios of 2, 2, and 1 mol of actin monomer/mol of protein, respectively, as determined by light scattering, ultracentrifuge transport, and in the case of myosin by ATPase measurements. F-actin was found to inhibit ADP binding, but even at an actin concentration at least twice that required for saturation of myosin, HMM, or S-1, significant ADP binding remained. This ADP binding was inhibited by 10(-4) M pyrophosphate. The observations are consistent with the formation of an actomyosin-ADP complex in which actin and ADP are bound to myosin at distinct but interacting sites."}
{"id": "PMID:126243", "title": "Mechanism of action of \"ruthenium red\" compounds on Ca2+ ionophore from sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ + Mg2+)- adenosine triphosphatase and lipid bilayer.", "content": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase was previously shown to have Ca2+-dependent and -selective ionophoric activity when tested in oxidized cholesterol lipid bilayer membranes (Shamoo, A. E., and MacLennan, D. H. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 71, 3522). ruthenium red, a known inhibitor of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase, is found to inhibit the Ca2+-ionophoric activity associated with (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. Furthermore, ruthenium red alone acts as an anion-selective ionophore in lipid bilayers with the the following selectivity sequence for anions: l- greater than Cl-, Br- greater than F- greater than NO3-. The PCl-/PNa+ ratio was approximately 4/l. The presence of ruthenium red in excess of Ca2+ ionophore in lipid bilayer experiments converts the cation selectivity of the bilayer due to Ca2+ ionophore into anion selectivity.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of \"ruthenium red\" compounds on Ca2+ ionophore from sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ + Mg2+)- adenosine triphosphatase and lipid bilayer. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase was previously shown to have Ca2+-dependent and -selective ionophoric activity when tested in oxidized cholesterol lipid bilayer membranes (Shamoo, A. E., and MacLennan, D. H. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 71, 3522). ruthenium red, a known inhibitor of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase, is found to inhibit the Ca2+-ionophoric activity associated with (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. Furthermore, ruthenium red alone acts as an anion-selective ionophore in lipid bilayers with the the following selectivity sequence for anions: l- greater than Cl-, Br- greater than F- greater than NO3-. The PCl-/PNa+ ratio was approximately 4/l. The presence of ruthenium red in excess of Ca2+ ionophore in lipid bilayer experiments converts the cation selectivity of the bilayer due to Ca2+ ionophore into anion selectivity."}
{"id": "PMID:126244", "title": "Porous hydrophilic polymer: good and bad news in the orthopedic application of cruciate ligament substitution.", "content": "In the configuration used, the Hydron sponge did not enhance the ingrowth of bone into the Dacron for prosthesis anchorage. In fact, the presence of the Hydron seemed to retard such ingrowth, even though there was bony incorporation of portions of the Hydron polymer. Fixation was more rigid when Dacron was implanted bare. Hydron sponge does not appear to remain intact within a joint. It would not seem suitable for intra-articular protection of a prosthesis or local delivery of antibiotics here. We did not search further for the polymer in the regional lymph nodes. Hydron sponge is capable of eleciting an unusual phenomenon of woven bone formation. This is \"good news\" for its potential, but realization of such potential will certainly require additional study. Double and triple interval fluorochrome labelling would be especially helpful in further studying the localization and rate of this bone formation.", "contents": "Porous hydrophilic polymer: good and bad news in the orthopedic application of cruciate ligament substitution. In the configuration used, the Hydron sponge did not enhance the ingrowth of bone into the Dacron for prosthesis anchorage. In fact, the presence of the Hydron seemed to retard such ingrowth, even though there was bony incorporation of portions of the Hydron polymer. Fixation was more rigid when Dacron was implanted bare. Hydron sponge does not appear to remain intact within a joint. It would not seem suitable for intra-articular protection of a prosthesis or local delivery of antibiotics here. We did not search further for the polymer in the regional lymph nodes. Hydron sponge is capable of eleciting an unusual phenomenon of woven bone formation. This is \"good news\" for its potential, but realization of such potential will certainly require additional study. Double and triple interval fluorochrome labelling would be especially helpful in further studying the localization and rate of this bone formation."}
{"id": "PMID:126245", "title": "Design and fabrication of two types of artificial tendons for evaluation of surgical techniques.", "content": "Double-loop tendons of fixed and adjustable lengths, and tendons with inner porous tapes both for anastomosis to tendon stumps have been made from readily available materials. By using stainless steel wire and polymer fibers, breakloads have been obtained that range from 20 to 100 lb and elongations have been reduced to less than 2%. Pore sizes up to 50 times 250 mu2 were achieved by using woven, knitted, and braided polyester tapes. For all tendons, Silastic was used to isolate inner fibers and to effect smooth gliding. Preliminary evaluation of these devices, after being implanted in the feet of chickens for 4 weeks, indicates that anastomotic strength of unions formed by use of loops is about 1000 g compared to more than 2000 for unions formed by tissue ingrowth.", "contents": "Design and fabrication of two types of artificial tendons for evaluation of surgical techniques. Double-loop tendons of fixed and adjustable lengths, and tendons with inner porous tapes both for anastomosis to tendon stumps have been made from readily available materials. By using stainless steel wire and polymer fibers, breakloads have been obtained that range from 20 to 100 lb and elongations have been reduced to less than 2%. Pore sizes up to 50 times 250 mu2 were achieved by using woven, knitted, and braided polyester tapes. For all tendons, Silastic was used to isolate inner fibers and to effect smooth gliding. Preliminary evaluation of these devices, after being implanted in the feet of chickens for 4 weeks, indicates that anastomotic strength of unions formed by use of loops is about 1000 g compared to more than 2000 for unions formed by tissue ingrowth."}
{"id": "PMID:126247", "title": "[Comparative study of 4 types of polyester arterial prostheses].", "content": "The authors report a comparative study of 4 types of arterial prosthesis made of polyester. After implantation in the dog, the superiority of unfolded Rhodergon velvet prostheses was shown. They have excellent qualities for tissue reconstruction owing to presence of histological structures characteristic of large caliber arteries and absence of histological changes and hemorrhagic suffusion after the 12 th month following insertion.", "contents": "[Comparative study of 4 types of polyester arterial prostheses]. The authors report a comparative study of 4 types of arterial prosthesis made of polyester. After implantation in the dog, the superiority of unfolded Rhodergon velvet prostheses was shown. They have excellent qualities for tissue reconstruction owing to presence of histological structures characteristic of large caliber arteries and absence of histological changes and hemorrhagic suffusion after the 12 th month following insertion."}
{"id": "PMID:126248", "title": "Simple amidase test for identification of mycobacteria.", "content": "A modified amidase test for differentiation of mycobacteria is described. A total of 224 atypical mycobacteria, 154 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and 26 M. bovis strains were classified by this procedure. Of the 404 strains of various species studied, 400 exhibited an amidase spectrum identical to the established pattern. The simplicity of this method may promote its application in routine examinations.", "contents": "Simple amidase test for identification of mycobacteria. A modified amidase test for differentiation of mycobacteria is described. A total of 224 atypical mycobacteria, 154 Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and 26 M. bovis strains were classified by this procedure. Of the 404 strains of various species studied, 400 exhibited an amidase spectrum identical to the established pattern. The simplicity of this method may promote its application in routine examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:126249", "title": "Experiences and observations with the typing of Staphylococcus aureus phage 94.", "content": "During a 28-month period, 5,078 cultures from a variety of anatomical sites were received for staphylococcal phage typing. Of these, 503 (10%) were not suitable for the procedure requested. Of the 4,575 viable cultures, 1,030 (23%) of the microorganisms were nontypable at both the routine test dilution (RTD) and at 100 times RTD. Of the 3,545 typable organisms, 3,061 (86%) were lysed at RTD, whereas 484 (14%) were typed only at 100 times RTD. Observations pertaining to the typing efficacy of staphylococcal phage 94 indicate that 651 (18%) of the typable microorganisms were lysed only by phage 94 at RTD or at 100 times RTD. Without the addition of this new phage to the international basic set, the number of nontypable strains (1,030 or 23%) would have been 1,681 (39%). Data regarding the geographic distribution of Staphylococcus aureus phage 94 point to the occurrence of the host strain in 13 (68%) of 19 states and 18 (62%) of the 29 hospitals submitting specimens to this laboratory. The assumed origin and speculated mode of dissemination of this microorganism are discussed.", "contents": "Experiences and observations with the typing of Staphylococcus aureus phage 94. During a 28-month period, 5,078 cultures from a variety of anatomical sites were received for staphylococcal phage typing. Of these, 503 (10%) were not suitable for the procedure requested. Of the 4,575 viable cultures, 1,030 (23%) of the microorganisms were nontypable at both the routine test dilution (RTD) and at 100 times RTD. Of the 3,545 typable organisms, 3,061 (86%) were lysed at RTD, whereas 484 (14%) were typed only at 100 times RTD. Observations pertaining to the typing efficacy of staphylococcal phage 94 indicate that 651 (18%) of the typable microorganisms were lysed only by phage 94 at RTD or at 100 times RTD. Without the addition of this new phage to the international basic set, the number of nontypable strains (1,030 or 23%) would have been 1,681 (39%). Data regarding the geographic distribution of Staphylococcus aureus phage 94 point to the occurrence of the host strain in 13 (68%) of 19 states and 18 (62%) of the 29 hospitals submitting specimens to this laboratory. The assumed origin and speculated mode of dissemination of this microorganism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126250", "title": "Two serotypes of exfoliatin and their distribution in staphylococcal strains isolated from patients with scalded skin syndrome.", "content": "Two serotypes of exfoliatin, A and B, previously reported by Kondo et al. (1974) were examined for their presence in 43 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, most of which were isolated from patients with Ritter's disease and impetigo. The tested strains consisted of 24 strains of phage group II and 19 strains not of phage group II. Twenty-four strains were found to produce an exfoliatin of either type A or type B, but 16 strains produced both types and 3 strains produced neither. No relationship was found between the serotype of an exfoliatin and the phage type of the exfoliative strain, although the single producers of exfoliatin A were all found to belong to phage group II and those of exfoliatin B to the other phage group.", "contents": "Two serotypes of exfoliatin and their distribution in staphylococcal strains isolated from patients with scalded skin syndrome. Two serotypes of exfoliatin, A and B, previously reported by Kondo et al. (1974) were examined for their presence in 43 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, most of which were isolated from patients with Ritter's disease and impetigo. The tested strains consisted of 24 strains of phage group II and 19 strains not of phage group II. Twenty-four strains were found to produce an exfoliatin of either type A or type B, but 16 strains produced both types and 3 strains produced neither. No relationship was found between the serotype of an exfoliatin and the phage type of the exfoliative strain, although the single producers of exfoliatin A were all found to belong to phage group II and those of exfoliatin B to the other phage group."}
{"id": "PMID:126252", "title": "Alteration of T cell function in healthy persons with a history of thymic x-irradiation.", "content": "The possible late effects of x-irradiation to the infantile thymus were investigated by studying immune functions in 12 healthy persons with a history of thymic x-irradiation and healthy control subjects. No differences were found in serum immunoglobulin values, humoral antibody levels, lymphocyte counts, and lymphocyte reactivity to phytochemagglutinin, vaccinia virus, purified protein derivative (PPD), and allogeneic cells. The irradiation group exhibited cellular hyperresponsiveness to streptoskinase-streptodornase (SK-SD). In contrast, mean skin and in vitro lymphocyte responses to Candida albicans were depressed in the patients with thymic irradiation. A dissociation of these two Candida responses was found in only 1 of 14 healthy control subjects but in 7 of 12 irradiated individuals. While thymic irradiation did not result in impaired immunologic defenses leading to clinical disease, it caused alterations in T cell responses similar to those reported in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis.", "contents": "Alteration of T cell function in healthy persons with a history of thymic x-irradiation. The possible late effects of x-irradiation to the infantile thymus were investigated by studying immune functions in 12 healthy persons with a history of thymic x-irradiation and healthy control subjects. No differences were found in serum immunoglobulin values, humoral antibody levels, lymphocyte counts, and lymphocyte reactivity to phytochemagglutinin, vaccinia virus, purified protein derivative (PPD), and allogeneic cells. The irradiation group exhibited cellular hyperresponsiveness to streptoskinase-streptodornase (SK-SD). In contrast, mean skin and in vitro lymphocyte responses to Candida albicans were depressed in the patients with thymic irradiation. A dissociation of these two Candida responses was found in only 1 of 14 healthy control subjects but in 7 of 12 irradiated individuals. While thymic irradiation did not result in impaired immunologic defenses leading to clinical disease, it caused alterations in T cell responses similar to those reported in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:126256", "title": "Enzymes of the cholinergic system in islets of Langerhans.", "content": "Quantitative radiometric assays were employed to measure activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in freeze-dried pieces of islets of Langerhans and exocrine tissue from rat pancreas. The activities of both enzymes were about an order of magnitude higher in islets than in exocrine tissue. This difference in activity was found in rats made diabetic with streptozotocin as well as in the controls. Although the enzyme activities in islets from diabetic rats averaged about 30-40% higher than those in islets from control rats, the differences were statistically only marginally significant. Since the islets of diabetic rats are probably much smaller than those of control rats, it is suggested that cholinergic elements associated with pancreatic islets are lost following induction of streptozotocin diabetes.", "contents": "Enzymes of the cholinergic system in islets of Langerhans. Quantitative radiometric assays were employed to measure activities of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in freeze-dried pieces of islets of Langerhans and exocrine tissue from rat pancreas. The activities of both enzymes were about an order of magnitude higher in islets than in exocrine tissue. This difference in activity was found in rats made diabetic with streptozotocin as well as in the controls. Although the enzyme activities in islets from diabetic rats averaged about 30-40% higher than those in islets from control rats, the differences were statistically only marginally significant. Since the islets of diabetic rats are probably much smaller than those of control rats, it is suggested that cholinergic elements associated with pancreatic islets are lost following induction of streptozotocin diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:126257", "title": "In vitro human reactivity to staphylococcal phage lysate.", "content": "The cell-mediated reactivity of normal individuals to staphylococcal phage lysate (SPL) were tested in vitro in the lymphocyte stimulation (LS) and leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assays. There were 95% positive responses in LS (stimulation ratio larger than or equal to 3 with p less than 0.01) and 67% positive responses in LMI (migration index less than or equal to 0.80). Enriched subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes were prepared with rosette formation and density gradient centrifugation. SPL stimulated lymphoproliferative responses in both T and B cell subpopulations whereas phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated only the T cell subpopulation. Cord blood leukocytes were tested in the LS assay and 41% gave positive responses to SPL, 81% to PHA, and 17% with SLO. SPL appears to be a useful reagent for the in vitro study of cell-mediated reactivity, and may provide somewhat different information from that obtained with other mitogens or antigens.", "contents": "In vitro human reactivity to staphylococcal phage lysate. The cell-mediated reactivity of normal individuals to staphylococcal phage lysate (SPL) were tested in vitro in the lymphocyte stimulation (LS) and leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assays. There were 95% positive responses in LS (stimulation ratio larger than or equal to 3 with p less than 0.01) and 67% positive responses in LMI (migration index less than or equal to 0.80). Enriched subpopulations of T and B lymphocytes were prepared with rosette formation and density gradient centrifugation. SPL stimulated lymphoproliferative responses in both T and B cell subpopulations whereas phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulated only the T cell subpopulation. Cord blood leukocytes were tested in the LS assay and 41% gave positive responses to SPL, 81% to PHA, and 17% with SLO. SPL appears to be a useful reagent for the in vitro study of cell-mediated reactivity, and may provide somewhat different information from that obtained with other mitogens or antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:126258", "title": "Genetically controlled autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis in rats.", "content": "A study was conducted on the disease susceptibility of inbred strains of rats to experimental autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis (AIC). Three strains representing two different H-1-haploytpes developed severe glomerulonephritis within 3 months in response to a single injection with equal doses of an autologous primary tubular epithelial fraction and complete Freund's adjuvant (Lewis, AS (H-11)) and Lew.BDV (H-1d)).By contrast, two strains of the H-1 haplotype H-1n (BN and Lew.BN) showed no proteinuria and no immunohistologic findings during that time. Hybrids of Lew.BN and Lewis, subjected to the same immunizing procedure, showed a later onset of the disease as compared to the responder parent. The possible relationship between responder status and the major histocampatibility complex is discussed.", "contents": "Genetically controlled autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis in rats. A study was conducted on the disease susceptibility of inbred strains of rats to experimental autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis (AIC). Three strains representing two different H-1-haploytpes developed severe glomerulonephritis within 3 months in response to a single injection with equal doses of an autologous primary tubular epithelial fraction and complete Freund's adjuvant (Lewis, AS (H-11)) and Lew.BDV (H-1d)).By contrast, two strains of the H-1 haplotype H-1n (BN and Lew.BN) showed no proteinuria and no immunohistologic findings during that time. Hybrids of Lew.BN and Lewis, subjected to the same immunizing procedure, showed a later onset of the disease as compared to the responder parent. The possible relationship between responder status and the major histocampatibility complex is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126259", "title": "Lymphoid cell subpopulations. II. Characterization of cell populations responsible for syngery in the mixed lymphocyte interaction.", "content": "Mixtures of isogeneic lymph node cells (LNC) and thymocytes (TC) exhibit far greater responsiveness in the murine MLI, as measured by proliferation and development of cytotoxic effector cells, than either cell type cultured alone. Pretreatment of either lnc or TC with mitomycin-C or ultraviolet irradiation completely abolished their synergistic interaction. Administration of cortisone acetate to cell donors 20 hr before sacrifice reduced the capacity of LNC and enhanced the capacity of TC to synergize. The LNC and TC populations participating in synergy, were found to be thymus dependent. LNC were shown to be responsible for the bulk of proliferative and effector activity observed in synergizing cultures, whereas TC appeared to amplify the activation of LNC. These findings provide the basis for a three cell model of MLI responsiveness.", "contents": "Lymphoid cell subpopulations. II. Characterization of cell populations responsible for syngery in the mixed lymphocyte interaction. Mixtures of isogeneic lymph node cells (LNC) and thymocytes (TC) exhibit far greater responsiveness in the murine MLI, as measured by proliferation and development of cytotoxic effector cells, than either cell type cultured alone. Pretreatment of either lnc or TC with mitomycin-C or ultraviolet irradiation completely abolished their synergistic interaction. Administration of cortisone acetate to cell donors 20 hr before sacrifice reduced the capacity of LNC and enhanced the capacity of TC to synergize. The LNC and TC populations participating in synergy, were found to be thymus dependent. LNC were shown to be responsible for the bulk of proliferative and effector activity observed in synergizing cultures, whereas TC appeared to amplify the activation of LNC. These findings provide the basis for a three cell model of MLI responsiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:126260", "title": "Human chorionic gonadotropin: effects of crude and purified preparations on lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin and allogenenic stimulation.", "content": "The factors that prevent maternal immunologic rejection of the histoincompatible fetus are not understood. High levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) are present in the placenta, and several reports have noted suppresion of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation when cultures were supplemented with crude preparations of HCG. Purified HCG and multiple lots of crude HCG obtained from different suppliers were examined for their ability to suppress lymphocyte transformation produced by phytohemallutinin (PHA) or allogeneic stimulation. Crude preparations of HCG produced suppression of the lymphocyte stimulation induced by low doses of PHA, but the suppression could be overcome completely by increasing the PHA dose. The purified preparations of HCG produced no suppression of lymphocyte  responses, even at the lower PHA dose. Purified HCG did not give a dose-related suppression of allogeneic lymphocyte responses, and crude lots of HCG gave highly variable results. One lot of crude HCG produced spontaneous stimulation of lymphocytes. Isoelectric focusing of HCG preparations demonstrated multiple bands, and lymphocyte suppression may be secondary to these additional unidentified proteins. The failure of pruified HCG to suppress lymphocyte responses makes it unlikely that the absence of maternal rejection of the fetus is due to high placental levels of HCG.", "contents": "Human chorionic gonadotropin: effects of crude and purified preparations on lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin and allogenenic stimulation. The factors that prevent maternal immunologic rejection of the histoincompatible fetus are not understood. High levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) are present in the placenta, and several reports have noted suppresion of mitogen-induced lymphocyte transformation when cultures were supplemented with crude preparations of HCG. Purified HCG and multiple lots of crude HCG obtained from different suppliers were examined for their ability to suppress lymphocyte transformation produced by phytohemallutinin (PHA) or allogeneic stimulation. Crude preparations of HCG produced suppression of the lymphocyte stimulation induced by low doses of PHA, but the suppression could be overcome completely by increasing the PHA dose. The purified preparations of HCG produced no suppression of lymphocyte  responses, even at the lower PHA dose. Purified HCG did not give a dose-related suppression of allogeneic lymphocyte responses, and crude lots of HCG gave highly variable results. One lot of crude HCG produced spontaneous stimulation of lymphocytes. Isoelectric focusing of HCG preparations demonstrated multiple bands, and lymphocyte suppression may be secondary to these additional unidentified proteins. The failure of pruified HCG to suppress lymphocyte responses makes it unlikely that the absence of maternal rejection of the fetus is due to high placental levels of HCG."}
{"id": "PMID:126261", "title": "Functional activities of rosette separated human peripheral blood leukocytes.", "content": "Subpopulations of human peripheral blood leukocytes were isolated by rosette formation and tested for functional activity. E -rosette-forming cells (E-RFC) and EAC-RFC were separated from non-resetting cells by sedimentation on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients. The efficiency of the method and the purity of the resulting subpopulations were high. E-RFC responded to PHA Con A, allogeneic leukocytes, and PPD, with higher levels of proliferative reactivity than the unseparated lymphocytes while E-RFC depleted, EAC-RFC, and null cells showed only low levels of reactivity. Reactivity to PWM and tetanus toxoid was also restricted to the E-RFC subpopulation, but was lower than that of unseparated cells. A staphylococcal antigen preparation triggered lymphoproliferative reactivity in the E-RFC, E-RFC depleted, EAC-RFC, and the null cell subpopulations. 51Cr release lymphocyte cytotoxicity against a human lymphoblast target cell line was found in the E-RFC and null cell fractions but was not observed with the EAC-RFC subpopulation.", "contents": "Functional activities of rosette separated human peripheral blood leukocytes. Subpopulations of human peripheral blood leukocytes were isolated by rosette formation and tested for functional activity. E -rosette-forming cells (E-RFC) and EAC-RFC were separated from non-resetting cells by sedimentation on Ficoll-Hypaque gradients. The efficiency of the method and the purity of the resulting subpopulations were high. E-RFC responded to PHA Con A, allogeneic leukocytes, and PPD, with higher levels of proliferative reactivity than the unseparated lymphocytes while E-RFC depleted, EAC-RFC, and null cells showed only low levels of reactivity. Reactivity to PWM and tetanus toxoid was also restricted to the E-RFC subpopulation, but was lower than that of unseparated cells. A staphylococcal antigen preparation triggered lymphoproliferative reactivity in the E-RFC, E-RFC depleted, EAC-RFC, and the null cell subpopulations. 51Cr release lymphocyte cytotoxicity against a human lymphoblast target cell line was found in the E-RFC and null cell fractions but was not observed with the EAC-RFC subpopulation."}
{"id": "PMID:126263", "title": "Propionibacterium levels in patients with and without acne vulgaris.", "content": "Propionibacterium species were quantified on the foreheads and cheeks of persons with and without acne in three age groups: 11 to 15, 16 to 20, and 21 to 25. Propionibacteria were virtually absent in the pubertal non-acne group compared to a geometric mean density of 114,800 per sq cm in the acne group. A similar sharp difference existed between the acne subjects and normals in the age range of 16 to 20 years: 85,800 organisms per sq cm compared to 588 per sq cm. Patients with acne and normal subjects over age 21 showed no difference in Propionibacterium levels. In acne patients, while there was a trend for lower levels, no significant difference was seen as the severity of inflammation increased.", "contents": "Propionibacterium levels in patients with and without acne vulgaris. Propionibacterium species were quantified on the foreheads and cheeks of persons with and without acne in three age groups: 11 to 15, 16 to 20, and 21 to 25. Propionibacteria were virtually absent in the pubertal non-acne group compared to a geometric mean density of 114,800 per sq cm in the acne group. A similar sharp difference existed between the acne subjects and normals in the age range of 16 to 20 years: 85,800 organisms per sq cm compared to 588 per sq cm. Patients with acne and normal subjects over age 21 showed no difference in Propionibacterium levels. In acne patients, while there was a trend for lower levels, no significant difference was seen as the severity of inflammation increased."}
{"id": "PMID:126267", "title": "Persistent atrial standstill, report of three cases.", "content": "Three cases, of which two are brothers, of persistent atrial standstill are reported. The diagnosis was made by the lack of P wave in routine 12 leads and right atrial cavity lead, no response of atrium to electrical stimulation and absence of \"a\" wave in right atrial pressure curve.", "contents": "Persistent atrial standstill, report of three cases. Three cases, of which two are brothers, of persistent atrial standstill are reported. The diagnosis was made by the lack of P wave in routine 12 leads and right atrial cavity lead, no response of atrium to electrical stimulation and absence of \"a\" wave in right atrial pressure curve."}
{"id": "PMID:126268", "title": "Synthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate by the human adrenal.", "content": "The role of pregnenolone sulphate in adrenal steroid biosynthesis and the ability of the human adrenal gland to synthesize and secrete dehydroepiandrosterone (DNA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHA sulphate) was investigated. The presence of pregnenolone sulphate and DHA sulphate was demonstrated by measuring their concentrations in human adrenal tissue. Pregnenolone sulphate was metabolized in vitro mainly to free steroids, including DHA and cortisol, as well as directly to DHA sulphate in some cases. Similar results were obtained upon perfusion of the adrenal gland in situ with [14C]pregnenolone and [13H]prenenolone sulphate as the substrates and isolating the metabolites from the adrenal venous blood. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate was derived mainly from the sulphation of free DHA. The hydrolysis of DHA sulphate did not appear to make a significant contribution to the amounts of DHA synthesized under these conditions. The adrenal secretion of DHA and DHA sulphate by eight patients undergoing adrenal-ectomy was determined by measuring the concentrations of these compounds in samples of adrenal and peripheral venous blood taken simultaneously. In one patient secretion of DHA and DHA sulphate was equivalent whilst in the remainder there was much greater secretion of DHA.", "contents": "Synthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate by the human adrenal. The role of pregnenolone sulphate in adrenal steroid biosynthesis and the ability of the human adrenal gland to synthesize and secrete dehydroepiandrosterone (DNA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHA sulphate) was investigated. The presence of pregnenolone sulphate and DHA sulphate was demonstrated by measuring their concentrations in human adrenal tissue. Pregnenolone sulphate was metabolized in vitro mainly to free steroids, including DHA and cortisol, as well as directly to DHA sulphate in some cases. Similar results were obtained upon perfusion of the adrenal gland in situ with [14C]pregnenolone and [13H]prenenolone sulphate as the substrates and isolating the metabolites from the adrenal venous blood. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate was derived mainly from the sulphation of free DHA. The hydrolysis of DHA sulphate did not appear to make a significant contribution to the amounts of DHA synthesized under these conditions. The adrenal secretion of DHA and DHA sulphate by eight patients undergoing adrenal-ectomy was determined by measuring the concentrations of these compounds in samples of adrenal and peripheral venous blood taken simultaneously. In one patient secretion of DHA and DHA sulphate was equivalent whilst in the remainder there was much greater secretion of DHA."}
{"id": "PMID:126270", "title": "Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. IV. Functional activation of memory cells in the absence of DNA synthesis.", "content": "Re-exposure of day 14 mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) cells to the original stimulating alloantigens (secondary response) has previously been shown to result in significant proliferation and in rapid reappearance of high levels of cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity within the next 4 days. Moreover, evidence has been presented that CTL precursor cells in day 14 MLC populations, while they derived from cells were large at peak of the primary response (day 4) were themselves small lymphocytes which developed into large CTL after restimulation. In this study, inhibition of DNA synthesis by cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) was used to investigate whether CTL formation could be dissociated from proliferation during the secondary response. It was found that within the first 24 h after restimulation (a) CTL activity increased 6-to-20-fold, (b) 60-70% of the small T lymphocytes became medium- to large-sized cells, and (c) both events were independent of DNA synthesis. By using two successive cell separations by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity, before and after stimulation of day 14 MLC cells for 24 h in the presence or absence of ARA-C, direct evidence was obtained that small CTL precursor cells developed into large CTL, irrespective of DNA synthesis. The presence of ARA-C for periods longer than 24 h inhibited any further increase in CTL activity, in contrast to a parallel increase in lytic activity and cell number from day 1 to day 4 in control restimulated cultures. Taken together with the finding that 90% of the medium- and large-sized lymphoid cells in control restimulated cultures underwent DNA synthesis within 24 h, these results thus suggest that during a secondary MLC response there is initially a differentiation step leading to the formation of CTL which, although it can be clearly dissociated from DNA synthesis, is under normal conditions followed by proliferation of these effector cells.", "contents": "Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. IV. Functional activation of memory cells in the absence of DNA synthesis. Re-exposure of day 14 mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) cells to the original stimulating alloantigens (secondary response) has previously been shown to result in significant proliferation and in rapid reappearance of high levels of cytolytic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity within the next 4 days. Moreover, evidence has been presented that CTL precursor cells in day 14 MLC populations, while they derived from cells were large at peak of the primary response (day 4) were themselves small lymphocytes which developed into large CTL after restimulation. In this study, inhibition of DNA synthesis by cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C) was used to investigate whether CTL formation could be dissociated from proliferation during the secondary response. It was found that within the first 24 h after restimulation (a) CTL activity increased 6-to-20-fold, (b) 60-70% of the small T lymphocytes became medium- to large-sized cells, and (c) both events were independent of DNA synthesis. By using two successive cell separations by velocity sedimentation at unit gravity, before and after stimulation of day 14 MLC cells for 24 h in the presence or absence of ARA-C, direct evidence was obtained that small CTL precursor cells developed into large CTL, irrespective of DNA synthesis. The presence of ARA-C for periods longer than 24 h inhibited any further increase in CTL activity, in contrast to a parallel increase in lytic activity and cell number from day 1 to day 4 in control restimulated cultures. Taken together with the finding that 90% of the medium- and large-sized lymphoid cells in control restimulated cultures underwent DNA synthesis within 24 h, these results thus suggest that during a secondary MLC response there is initially a differentiation step leading to the formation of CTL which, although it can be clearly dissociated from DNA synthesis, is under normal conditions followed by proliferation of these effector cells."}
{"id": "PMID:126271", "title": "Measles infection of human mononuclear cells. I. Acute infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes.", "content": "A study of the susceptibility of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to measles virus infection and replication is reported. Resting lymphocytes obtained from adults showed very low levels of infection and virus replication while lymphocytes activated by plant mitogens or allogenic lymphocytes supported mononuclear cells obtained from the umbilical cord of healthy neonates were more susceptible to measles virus infection than those of adults; however, activated cord lymphocytes supported viral replication in the range observed with adult activated lymphocytes. Monocytes obtained from adults were relatively resistant to measles virus infection and replication while neonatal cord blood monocytes supported viral replication to the degree observed with activated lymphocytes. It is hypothesized that infection of acitivated lymphocytes may explain the depression of cell-mediated immunity seen during acute measles virus infection. The significance of the finding that neonatal monocytes are more susceptible to viral infection and replication than adult monocytes is discussed.", "contents": "Measles infection of human mononuclear cells. I. Acute infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes and monocytes. A study of the susceptibility of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to measles virus infection and replication is reported. Resting lymphocytes obtained from adults showed very low levels of infection and virus replication while lymphocytes activated by plant mitogens or allogenic lymphocytes supported mononuclear cells obtained from the umbilical cord of healthy neonates were more susceptible to measles virus infection than those of adults; however, activated cord lymphocytes supported viral replication in the range observed with adult activated lymphocytes. Monocytes obtained from adults were relatively resistant to measles virus infection and replication while neonatal cord blood monocytes supported viral replication to the degree observed with activated lymphocytes. It is hypothesized that infection of acitivated lymphocytes may explain the depression of cell-mediated immunity seen during acute measles virus infection. The significance of the finding that neonatal monocytes are more susceptible to viral infection and replication than adult monocytes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126272", "title": "Heterogeneity in the development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro revealed by sensitivity to hydrocortisone.", "content": "In the present study we used hydrocortisone (HC) treatment in vivo as a probe to analyze two different in vitro systems for the regeneration of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), namely the antifibroblast reaction (AFR) and the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) system. We found that cells remaining in the thymus after HC treatment had increased reactivity in these two systems. However, the same treatment in the spleen severely depressed the MLC reactivity in both the proliferative and the cytolytic phases, while markedly increasing the AFR reactivity. These findings demonstrate heterogeneity of CTL precursors and/or their pathways of differentiation into effector cells. In addition, MLC-reactive cells in the thymus appear to be distinct from such cells in the spleen, as judged from their differential sensitivity to HC.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in the development of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro revealed by sensitivity to hydrocortisone. In the present study we used hydrocortisone (HC) treatment in vivo as a probe to analyze two different in vitro systems for the regeneration of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), namely the antifibroblast reaction (AFR) and the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) system. We found that cells remaining in the thymus after HC treatment had increased reactivity in these two systems. However, the same treatment in the spleen severely depressed the MLC reactivity in both the proliferative and the cytolytic phases, while markedly increasing the AFR reactivity. These findings demonstrate heterogeneity of CTL precursors and/or their pathways of differentiation into effector cells. In addition, MLC-reactive cells in the thymus appear to be distinct from such cells in the spleen, as judged from their differential sensitivity to HC."}
{"id": "PMID:126301", "title": "Relation of Na-K-ATPase to acute changes in renal tubular sodium and potassium transport.", "content": "Renal Na-K-ATPase activity changes adaptively in response to chronic alterations in sodium reabsorption or potassium secretion, but the role of this enzyme in rapid adjustments of renal tubular Na and K transport is not known. To evaluate this question, microsomal Na-K-ATPase specific activity and kinetics were determined in the rat and guinea pig kidney after massive but short-term (3 h) sodium or potassium loading. In other experiments renal sodium handling was evaluated in hydropenic and saline-loaded rats in which enzyme synthesis was prevented by the concurrent administration of actinomycin D or cycloheximide. Saline loading increased net sodium reabsorption in both rats and guinea pigs, but microsomal Na-K-ATPase from the outer medulla (where the reabsorptive increment is greatest) did not change significantly in either species. In vitro [3H]ouabain bidint to guinea pig microsomes and apparent Km for sodium of rat microsomal Na-K-ATPase, both from outer medulla, were also unaltered. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide failed to increase sodium excretion and microsomal Na-K-ATPase remained unchanged. KCL loading resulted in a 10-fold increase in K excretion but again Na-K-ATPase specific activity (in cortex, outer medulla, and papilla), and its apparent Km for potassium were not affected. Taken together these results suggest that rapid adjustments in remal tubular Na or K transport are mediated by mechanisms that do not involve the Na-K-ATPase enzyme system.", "contents": "Relation of Na-K-ATPase to acute changes in renal tubular sodium and potassium transport. Renal Na-K-ATPase activity changes adaptively in response to chronic alterations in sodium reabsorption or potassium secretion, but the role of this enzyme in rapid adjustments of renal tubular Na and K transport is not known. To evaluate this question, microsomal Na-K-ATPase specific activity and kinetics were determined in the rat and guinea pig kidney after massive but short-term (3 h) sodium or potassium loading. In other experiments renal sodium handling was evaluated in hydropenic and saline-loaded rats in which enzyme synthesis was prevented by the concurrent administration of actinomycin D or cycloheximide. Saline loading increased net sodium reabsorption in both rats and guinea pigs, but microsomal Na-K-ATPase from the outer medulla (where the reabsorptive increment is greatest) did not change significantly in either species. In vitro [3H]ouabain bidint to guinea pig microsomes and apparent Km for sodium of rat microsomal Na-K-ATPase, both from outer medulla, were also unaltered. Actinomycin D and cycloheximide failed to increase sodium excretion and microsomal Na-K-ATPase remained unchanged. KCL loading resulted in a 10-fold increase in K excretion but again Na-K-ATPase specific activity (in cortex, outer medulla, and papilla), and its apparent Km for potassium were not affected. Taken together these results suggest that rapid adjustments in remal tubular Na or K transport are mediated by mechanisms that do not involve the Na-K-ATPase enzyme system."}
{"id": "PMID:126302", "title": "Patterns of neuropsychological test performance in Huntington's disease.", "content": "Neuropsychological test performance of Huntington's disease (HD) and a mixed brain-damaged group were compared. Wechsler patterns in the present samples were compared to those of HD patients in the study of Boll et. al (1), and some correspondence specific to HD is suggested. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories (MMPIs) were found not to differ between the HD and mixed brain-damaged groups.", "contents": "Patterns of neuropsychological test performance in Huntington's disease. Neuropsychological test performance of Huntington's disease (HD) and a mixed brain-damaged group were compared. Wechsler patterns in the present samples were compared to those of HD patients in the study of Boll et. al (1), and some correspondence specific to HD is suggested. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories (MMPIs) were found not to differ between the HD and mixed brain-damaged groups."}
{"id": "PMID:126303", "title": "Histochemical and histopathological changes in skeletal muscle in late-onset hereditary distal myopathy (Welander).", "content": "Histochemical and histopathological staining methods were applied to muscle biopsy material from 13 patients with distal myopathy of late onset. Six cases showed slight to moderate histopathological changes and the normal distinction between Type I and Type II muscle fibres, based on their staining characteristics for myofibrillar ATPase, was well preserved. A selective Type I atrophy and an irregular distribution of oxidative enzyme and fat staining in Type I fibres were evident. In the other 7 cases, with moderate to advanced histopathological changes, there was a marked blurring of the normal difference observed in ATPase activity between Type I and TYpe II fibres. Thus, both types of fibre exhibited a high intensity of staining for myofibrillar ATPase at pH 9.4 without inhibition by acid preincubation (pH 4.3). These changes in phosphatase activity were found not only in atrophic fibres but also in normal-sized fibres without other signs of degeneration. Nuclear proliferation in chains and \"ring fibres\" were found. The early histopathological and histochemical changes in distal myopathy are strikingly similar to those of myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "Histochemical and histopathological changes in skeletal muscle in late-onset hereditary distal myopathy (Welander). Histochemical and histopathological staining methods were applied to muscle biopsy material from 13 patients with distal myopathy of late onset. Six cases showed slight to moderate histopathological changes and the normal distinction between Type I and Type II muscle fibres, based on their staining characteristics for myofibrillar ATPase, was well preserved. A selective Type I atrophy and an irregular distribution of oxidative enzyme and fat staining in Type I fibres were evident. In the other 7 cases, with moderate to advanced histopathological changes, there was a marked blurring of the normal difference observed in ATPase activity between Type I and TYpe II fibres. Thus, both types of fibre exhibited a high intensity of staining for myofibrillar ATPase at pH 9.4 without inhibition by acid preincubation (pH 4.3). These changes in phosphatase activity were found not only in atrophic fibres but also in normal-sized fibres without other signs of degeneration. Nuclear proliferation in chains and \"ring fibres\" were found. The early histopathological and histochemical changes in distal myopathy are strikingly similar to those of myotonic dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:126304", "title": "Growth of diseased human muscle in combined cultures with normal mouse embryonic spinal cord.", "content": "Normal and diseased human muscle cells have been grown in combined cultures with 12-14 day embryonic mouse spinal cord explants. Nerve endings on myotubes were found by light and scanning electron microscopy, and motor end-plates were identified by a histochemical reaction for acetylcholinesterase. Contracting myotubes, never observed in cultures of human muscle alone, were found in a culture from normal muscle. Histochemical studies demonstrated the presence of strongly and weakly reacting myotubes for both ATPase pH 9.4 and NADH-TR, but could not be related to the development of fibre types. No differences in morphology or histochemical reactions were found between normal and diseased muscle cells in these combined cultures.", "contents": "Growth of diseased human muscle in combined cultures with normal mouse embryonic spinal cord. Normal and diseased human muscle cells have been grown in combined cultures with 12-14 day embryonic mouse spinal cord explants. Nerve endings on myotubes were found by light and scanning electron microscopy, and motor end-plates were identified by a histochemical reaction for acetylcholinesterase. Contracting myotubes, never observed in cultures of human muscle alone, were found in a culture from normal muscle. Histochemical studies demonstrated the presence of strongly and weakly reacting myotubes for both ATPase pH 9.4 and NADH-TR, but could not be related to the development of fibre types. No differences in morphology or histochemical reactions were found between normal and diseased muscle cells in these combined cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:126305", "title": "Patch testing of coolant fractions.", "content": "Dermatitis among machine operators, and others who are consistently exposed to cutting and grinding liquids, has presented the industrial physician with the problems of how to protect the machinist from the cause of his dermatitis and how to detect irritants that may be responsible for the skin problem. In order to examine the various components of machine coolant that might be responsible for causing a dermatitis reaction, 13 suspensions were prepared. They consisted of various combinations of New Codol\u00bf (coolant base), biocides, masking agent, tramp oil, used coolant and metal fragments. Patch test techniques were used to examine these suspensions for their potential to cause a localized skin irritation on plant employees. Two hundred and six New Process Gear employees were tested over a ten-month period. The participants were management, general salaried employees and hourly labor employees. There was not a single positive reaction in any one of the 206 individuals who completed their skin testing. Of the 206 tested, 29 persons were tested and retested a total of 62 times over a period of one to 25 weeks after the initial testing. In neither the testing nor the retesting was a positive patch test reaction -- irritant or allergic -- obtained.", "contents": "Patch testing of coolant fractions. Dermatitis among machine operators, and others who are consistently exposed to cutting and grinding liquids, has presented the industrial physician with the problems of how to protect the machinist from the cause of his dermatitis and how to detect irritants that may be responsible for the skin problem. In order to examine the various components of machine coolant that might be responsible for causing a dermatitis reaction, 13 suspensions were prepared. They consisted of various combinations of New Codol\u00bf (coolant base), biocides, masking agent, tramp oil, used coolant and metal fragments. Patch test techniques were used to examine these suspensions for their potential to cause a localized skin irritation on plant employees. Two hundred and six New Process Gear employees were tested over a ten-month period. The participants were management, general salaried employees and hourly labor employees. There was not a single positive reaction in any one of the 206 individuals who completed their skin testing. Of the 206 tested, 29 persons were tested and retested a total of 62 times over a period of one to 25 weeks after the initial testing. In neither the testing nor the retesting was a positive patch test reaction -- irritant or allergic -- obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:126306", "title": "Ultrastructure of the oral epithelium in leukoplakia associated with tylosis and esophageal carcinoma.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies have been carried out on epithelium taken from the oral lesions of tylosis-related leukoplakia and preleukoplakia in a group of patients known to be at high risk for esophageal carcinoma. Several structural abnormalities are described; in particular, the presence of intranuclear electron dense particles 90 nm in diameter. Similar particles have been found in the nuclei of epithelial cells from an esophageal carcinoma developing in one of the patients under study.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the oral epithelium in leukoplakia associated with tylosis and esophageal carcinoma. Ultrastructural studies have been carried out on epithelium taken from the oral lesions of tylosis-related leukoplakia and preleukoplakia in a group of patients known to be at high risk for esophageal carcinoma. Several structural abnormalities are described; in particular, the presence of intranuclear electron dense particles 90 nm in diameter. Similar particles have been found in the nuclei of epithelial cells from an esophageal carcinoma developing in one of the patients under study."}
{"id": "PMID:126309", "title": "Prognostic implications of left ventricular function in endomyocardial disease in infants and children.", "content": "Hemodynamic factors measured at cardiac catheterization in 40 infants and children with chronic endomyocardial disease were analyzed in regard to subsequent clinical condition. The patients were followed for periods ranging from 2 months to 11 years (average 4.3 years) after initial cardiac catheterization. There were no statistically significant differences in left ventricular end-diastolic volume among survivors with no symptoms, survivors with persistent congestive heart failure, and nonsurvivors. Ejection fractions were depressed in about four fifths of patients with chronic endomyocardial disease and were significantly lower in the group of patients who died subsequently. LVEDP in patients who did not survive was significantly higher than in asymptomatic survivors, but there was too much overlapping of individual values to be of prognostic value. Left ventricular pressure-volume loops appeared to offer an improved, although more tedious, method of assessing LV function. In addition to offering information on LVEDV, LVEDP, and EjF, LV stroke work may easily be estimated from pressure-volume loops. There was generally good correlation between hemodynamic status assessed from pressure-volume loops and subsequent clinical outcome.", "contents": "Prognostic implications of left ventricular function in endomyocardial disease in infants and children. Hemodynamic factors measured at cardiac catheterization in 40 infants and children with chronic endomyocardial disease were analyzed in regard to subsequent clinical condition. The patients were followed for periods ranging from 2 months to 11 years (average 4.3 years) after initial cardiac catheterization. There were no statistically significant differences in left ventricular end-diastolic volume among survivors with no symptoms, survivors with persistent congestive heart failure, and nonsurvivors. Ejection fractions were depressed in about four fifths of patients with chronic endomyocardial disease and were significantly lower in the group of patients who died subsequently. LVEDP in patients who did not survive was significantly higher than in asymptomatic survivors, but there was too much overlapping of individual values to be of prognostic value. Left ventricular pressure-volume loops appeared to offer an improved, although more tedious, method of assessing LV function. In addition to offering information on LVEDV, LVEDP, and EjF, LV stroke work may easily be estimated from pressure-volume loops. There was generally good correlation between hemodynamic status assessed from pressure-volume loops and subsequent clinical outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:126317", "title": "The response to stretch of human intercostal muscle spindles studied in vitro.", "content": "1. The discharge properties of human muscle spindles have been studied in vitro in a preparation based on the biopsied external intercostal muscle. 2. The static and dynamic responsiveness of thirty-six endings in twenty visualized and histologically identified spindles have been investigated using amplitudes and velocities of stretch likely to encompass those occurring in vivo. 3. The dynamic index, measured at a stretch velocity of 3 mm/sec, ranged from 3 to 40 impulses/sec and was distributed bimodally, consitent with the presence of primary and secondary endings. 4. The relationship between the dynamic index and the velocity of stretch was approximately linear both for primary and secondary endings up to the maximum velocity tested (10 mm/sec). 5. The frequency/extension relationship was approximately linear for both primary and secondary endings. The mean values of the slope for primary and secondary endings were 16-1 +/- 8-3 S.D. of the observation and 12-1 +/- 6-5 impulses/sec per five per cent extension. 6. The slopes of the frequency/extension relationship for endings lying in the same spindle were positively correlated, significant at the 10% level. 7. It was estimated from the results in vitro that the position sensitivity of human intercostal spindles in vivo ranges from 2 to 21 impulses/sec per millimetre.", "contents": "The response to stretch of human intercostal muscle spindles studied in vitro. 1. The discharge properties of human muscle spindles have been studied in vitro in a preparation based on the biopsied external intercostal muscle. 2. The static and dynamic responsiveness of thirty-six endings in twenty visualized and histologically identified spindles have been investigated using amplitudes and velocities of stretch likely to encompass those occurring in vivo. 3. The dynamic index, measured at a stretch velocity of 3 mm/sec, ranged from 3 to 40 impulses/sec and was distributed bimodally, consitent with the presence of primary and secondary endings. 4. The relationship between the dynamic index and the velocity of stretch was approximately linear both for primary and secondary endings up to the maximum velocity tested (10 mm/sec). 5. The frequency/extension relationship was approximately linear for both primary and secondary endings. The mean values of the slope for primary and secondary endings were 16-1 +/- 8-3 S.D. of the observation and 12-1 +/- 6-5 impulses/sec per five per cent extension. 6. The slopes of the frequency/extension relationship for endings lying in the same spindle were positively correlated, significant at the 10% level. 7. It was estimated from the results in vitro that the position sensitivity of human intercostal spindles in vivo ranges from 2 to 21 impulses/sec per millimetre."}
{"id": "PMID:126322", "title": "General practitioners and social help for the handicapped.", "content": "A study was undertaken by the Greater London Association for the Disabled in consultation with the Royal College of General Practitioners, to explore the depth of knowledge of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act and statutory and voluntary social provision, of 22 general practitioners in 16 practices served by one area social services office in a London borough.The doctors were mainly middle-aged, of British or Irish birth and training and had no language barrier. The majority lived in or near their practices. Half the practices were groups or partnerships, half were singlehanded. Only in three groups was there any attached district nursing staff and in only one was there an attached health visitor. More than half the general practitioners had reception staff only during surgery hours. Four practices had no reception staff during National Health Service surgery hours, two of which had no reception staff at all. In no practice was there any privately employed nursing staff. All the practices had private patients.Nine of the 22 doctors in the study had never heard of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act, and a further five had not mentioned the Act to their patients. Fifty per cent had no knowledge of the extent of functional disability in their practice. More than half the doctors knew no more of the social services than that home helps and meals-on-wheels were available, while six doctors knew of no provision at all. Knowledge and use of the voluntary services was almost non-existent. No meetings with team members were held, other than in the group practices with attached staff, and the team members were largely unknown to most of the doctors.Attempts were made through various channels to extend the knowledge of the general practitioners of the services provided by both statutory and voluntary agencies, and to introduce them and their receptionists to their team, but little use was made of the opportunity.", "contents": "General practitioners and social help for the handicapped. A study was undertaken by the Greater London Association for the Disabled in consultation with the Royal College of General Practitioners, to explore the depth of knowledge of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act and statutory and voluntary social provision, of 22 general practitioners in 16 practices served by one area social services office in a London borough.The doctors were mainly middle-aged, of British or Irish birth and training and had no language barrier. The majority lived in or near their practices. Half the practices were groups or partnerships, half were singlehanded. Only in three groups was there any attached district nursing staff and in only one was there an attached health visitor. More than half the general practitioners had reception staff only during surgery hours. Four practices had no reception staff during National Health Service surgery hours, two of which had no reception staff at all. In no practice was there any privately employed nursing staff. All the practices had private patients.Nine of the 22 doctors in the study had never heard of the Chronically Sick and Disabled Persons Act, and a further five had not mentioned the Act to their patients. Fifty per cent had no knowledge of the extent of functional disability in their practice. More than half the doctors knew no more of the social services than that home helps and meals-on-wheels were available, while six doctors knew of no provision at all. Knowledge and use of the voluntary services was almost non-existent. No meetings with team members were held, other than in the group practices with attached staff, and the team members were largely unknown to most of the doctors.Attempts were made through various channels to extend the knowledge of the general practitioners of the services provided by both statutory and voluntary agencies, and to introduce them and their receptionists to their team, but little use was made of the opportunity."}
{"id": "PMID:126324", "title": "Synthesis of a bifunctional coordination complex of osmium with curariform activity.", "content": "Based on the known curariform action of tris(bipyridyl)iron(II) sulfate and other complex ions, two series of bifunctional ligands designed to hold transition metal ions at approximately the same distance apart as the interquaternary ammonium distance in the potent neuromuscular block agents were synthesized. In the first series two 1,10-phenanthrolines (R1) were joined at the 2 position to form four compounds: R1CO-c-N(CH2CH2)2N-COR1, R1CONH-1,2-C6H10-NHCOR1, R1CONH-1,2-C6H4-NHCOR1, and R1CON(CH3)(CH2)2N(CH3)COR1. In the second series two terpyridines (R1) were joined by different chains to give R2(CH2)2CH=CH(CH2)2R2, R2CH2C(CH3)(OH)(CH2)2C(CH23)(OH)CH2R2, R2CH2C(CH3)(OH)C(CH3)(OH)CH2R2, and R2CH2(OH)-1,4-C6H10-(OH)CH2R2. Three other ligands in which the terpyridines were joined by 5-, 60, and 7-methylene groups were also made. The ligands were converted to nickel(II) complexes and the coordination of each nickel ion was completed by adding terpyridine. These were assayed by the intravenous mouse LD50 method. The most potent ligand, the di-hydroxy compound R2CH2(OH)-1,4-C6H10-(OH)CH2R2 was then converted to the bis(pyridinebipyridine)diosmium-(II) coordinated complex and assayed by the iv mouse LD50 method and by the ED50 isolated guinea-pig diaphragm method. By the iv mouse LD50 method, it was about twice as potent as d-tubocurarine and by the isolated diaphragm method, it was 16 times more potent. The compound has been called dihydroxyosmarine tetrachloride or DHO for short. The term \"transarine\" ions is proposed for transition metal coordination complexes having curariform action. The position of the transarine ions is discussed in the classification of cholinergic ligands, in structure-action relationships, and in relation to some current ideas on receptor mechanisms.", "contents": "Synthesis of a bifunctional coordination complex of osmium with curariform activity. Based on the known curariform action of tris(bipyridyl)iron(II) sulfate and other complex ions, two series of bifunctional ligands designed to hold transition metal ions at approximately the same distance apart as the interquaternary ammonium distance in the potent neuromuscular block agents were synthesized. In the first series two 1,10-phenanthrolines (R1) were joined at the 2 position to form four compounds: R1CO-c-N(CH2CH2)2N-COR1, R1CONH-1,2-C6H10-NHCOR1, R1CONH-1,2-C6H4-NHCOR1, and R1CON(CH3)(CH2)2N(CH3)COR1. In the second series two terpyridines (R1) were joined by different chains to give R2(CH2)2CH=CH(CH2)2R2, R2CH2C(CH3)(OH)(CH2)2C(CH23)(OH)CH2R2, R2CH2C(CH3)(OH)C(CH3)(OH)CH2R2, and R2CH2(OH)-1,4-C6H10-(OH)CH2R2. Three other ligands in which the terpyridines were joined by 5-, 60, and 7-methylene groups were also made. The ligands were converted to nickel(II) complexes and the coordination of each nickel ion was completed by adding terpyridine. These were assayed by the intravenous mouse LD50 method. The most potent ligand, the di-hydroxy compound R2CH2(OH)-1,4-C6H10-(OH)CH2R2 was then converted to the bis(pyridinebipyridine)diosmium-(II) coordinated complex and assayed by the iv mouse LD50 method and by the ED50 isolated guinea-pig diaphragm method. By the iv mouse LD50 method, it was about twice as potent as d-tubocurarine and by the isolated diaphragm method, it was 16 times more potent. The compound has been called dihydroxyosmarine tetrachloride or DHO for short. The term \"transarine\" ions is proposed for transition metal coordination complexes having curariform action. The position of the transarine ions is discussed in the classification of cholinergic ligands, in structure-action relationships, and in relation to some current ideas on receptor mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:126325", "title": "Attitudes of patients and their relatives to Huntington's disease.", "content": "Reaction to medical, social, and genetic implications of Huntington's disease was evaluated by means of a questionnaire mailed to members of a lay organization concerned with this disease in the United States. One thousand and sixty-five of the approximately 2600 members chose to respond. Patients and those at high risk found physical disabilities most disturbing while mental deterioration and personality change were the most disturbing to spouses of patients. The best source of information regarding the disease for 46% was the lay organization itself. Medical specialists or genetic counsellors were cited as the best source of information by 18%. The transmission risk in Huntington's disease was correctly stated to be one-half by 92% of all respondents including 94% of those who indicated the lay organization as best source and 91% of those who indicated medical specialists and genetic ounsellors as best source. If at risk for Huntington's disease, 86% of respondents would modify their family size; desire for limitation was greatest among those affected but lowest among young adults at high risk. If a screening test were available, 23% at high risk might refuse it.", "contents": "Attitudes of patients and their relatives to Huntington's disease. Reaction to medical, social, and genetic implications of Huntington's disease was evaluated by means of a questionnaire mailed to members of a lay organization concerned with this disease in the United States. One thousand and sixty-five of the approximately 2600 members chose to respond. Patients and those at high risk found physical disabilities most disturbing while mental deterioration and personality change were the most disturbing to spouses of patients. The best source of information regarding the disease for 46% was the lay organization itself. Medical specialists or genetic counsellors were cited as the best source of information by 18%. The transmission risk in Huntington's disease was correctly stated to be one-half by 92% of all respondents including 94% of those who indicated the lay organization as best source and 91% of those who indicated medical specialists and genetic ounsellors as best source. If at risk for Huntington's disease, 86% of respondents would modify their family size; desire for limitation was greatest among those affected but lowest among young adults at high risk. If a screening test were available, 23% at high risk might refuse it."}
{"id": "PMID:126326", "title": "Oscillations of an electrogenic pump in the plasma membrane of Neurospora.", "content": "The presence of the poky mutation in Neurospora crassa produces mitochondria which are defective in cytochromes b and aa3 but which compensate by means of an alternate, cyanide-insensitive oxidase. As previously reported (Slayman, Rees, Orchard & Slayman, J. Biol. Chem., 250:396, 1975) cyanide blockade of the poky strain carrying the partial suppressor f results in a metabolic downshift of only 56%, compared with a downshift of 98% in wild-type Neurospora; the downshift is accompanied by exponential decay of ATP in the wild type, but by an undershoot and monotonic recovery of ATP in poky f. Whereas the membrane potential declines with ATP in wild-type Neurospora, it oscillates near the resting level (ca. -- 185 mV) in poky f. Oscillations begin with a depolarizing swing of 30--100 mV, followed by slight hyperpolarization, then by 2--4 damped cycles having a frequency near 1/min. Similar oscillations arise with antimycin, salicyl hydroxamic acid, and several uncoupling agents, and depend on partial maintenance of respiration through either the defective cytochrome chain or the alternate oxidase. Small oscillations (maximally +/- 30% of the control value) in membrane conductance also occur, roughly in phase with the oscillations of membrane potential. The amplitude of these, in comparison with the nonlinearity of the normal current-voltage relationship for the membrane, strongly suggests that they arise as a secondary consequence of the voltage changes. Therefore, since it has previously been argued (Slayman, Long & Lu, J. Membrane Biol. 14:305, 1973) that most of the resting membrane potential in the organism arises from active extrusion of H+ ions, the simolest interpretation of the cyanide-induced voltage oscillations is that current through the H+ pump is modulated cyclically. The ultimate mechanism for this modulation is unresolved, but could plausible involve a metabolic feedback system, oscillations of intracellular pH, or both. In many respects the observed voltage oscillations resemble the well-known oscillations of mitochondrial H+ flux which are produced by sudden metabolic shifts.", "contents": "Oscillations of an electrogenic pump in the plasma membrane of Neurospora. The presence of the poky mutation in Neurospora crassa produces mitochondria which are defective in cytochromes b and aa3 but which compensate by means of an alternate, cyanide-insensitive oxidase. As previously reported (Slayman, Rees, Orchard & Slayman, J. Biol. Chem., 250:396, 1975) cyanide blockade of the poky strain carrying the partial suppressor f results in a metabolic downshift of only 56%, compared with a downshift of 98% in wild-type Neurospora; the downshift is accompanied by exponential decay of ATP in the wild type, but by an undershoot and monotonic recovery of ATP in poky f. Whereas the membrane potential declines with ATP in wild-type Neurospora, it oscillates near the resting level (ca. -- 185 mV) in poky f. Oscillations begin with a depolarizing swing of 30--100 mV, followed by slight hyperpolarization, then by 2--4 damped cycles having a frequency near 1/min. Similar oscillations arise with antimycin, salicyl hydroxamic acid, and several uncoupling agents, and depend on partial maintenance of respiration through either the defective cytochrome chain or the alternate oxidase. Small oscillations (maximally +/- 30% of the control value) in membrane conductance also occur, roughly in phase with the oscillations of membrane potential. The amplitude of these, in comparison with the nonlinearity of the normal current-voltage relationship for the membrane, strongly suggests that they arise as a secondary consequence of the voltage changes. Therefore, since it has previously been argued (Slayman, Long & Lu, J. Membrane Biol. 14:305, 1973) that most of the resting membrane potential in the organism arises from active extrusion of H+ ions, the simolest interpretation of the cyanide-induced voltage oscillations is that current through the H+ pump is modulated cyclically. The ultimate mechanism for this modulation is unresolved, but could plausible involve a metabolic feedback system, oscillations of intracellular pH, or both. In many respects the observed voltage oscillations resemble the well-known oscillations of mitochondrial H+ flux which are produced by sudden metabolic shifts."}
{"id": "PMID:126328", "title": "Iatrogenic muscle fibrosis. Arm levitation as an initial sign.", "content": "Three patients had iatrogenic muscle fibrosis, without weakness or sensory loss. Deltoid muscle fibrosis produced the unique clinical sign of gradual, involuntary, and irreducible arm levitation. The third patient had both levitated arms and levitated legs, a result of injections in the rectus femoris muscles. Repeated intramuscular injections apparently resulted in muscle fibrosis and intramuscular nerve-twig damage. Pentazocine (Talwin) is a particularly offending agent. One patient showed an unusual tissue reaction to foreign material, which may have played a role in her muscle fibrosis. Nevertheless, dramatic recovery of muscle function followed surgical sectioning of the fibrous deltoid bands.", "contents": "Iatrogenic muscle fibrosis. Arm levitation as an initial sign. Three patients had iatrogenic muscle fibrosis, without weakness or sensory loss. Deltoid muscle fibrosis produced the unique clinical sign of gradual, involuntary, and irreducible arm levitation. The third patient had both levitated arms and levitated legs, a result of injections in the rectus femoris muscles. Repeated intramuscular injections apparently resulted in muscle fibrosis and intramuscular nerve-twig damage. Pentazocine (Talwin) is a particularly offending agent. One patient showed an unusual tissue reaction to foreign material, which may have played a role in her muscle fibrosis. Nevertheless, dramatic recovery of muscle function followed surgical sectioning of the fibrous deltoid bands."}
{"id": "PMID:126330", "title": "Failure of heparin to affect two types of experimental glomerulonephritis in rabbits.", "content": "Anticoagulation has been reported to ameliorate antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis (anti-GBM-GN) while its effect on chronic immune complex glomerulonephritis (IC-GN) as studied in the NZB mouse is unclear. Chronic serum sickness IC-GN was induced in rabbits by injecting bovine serum albumin (BSA) daily. Anti-GBM-GN was induced by i.v. injection of a known amount of heterologous anti-GBM antibody. Heparin was administered beginning at two to six weeks after the first BSA injections or before the administration of anti-GBM antibody, on various schedules from 5000 U every 12 hr to 8000 U every 8 hr. With this dosage the partial thromboplastin time remained greater than 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 times the control at the time of the subsequent heparin injection. Heparinized and nonheparinized groups were matched according to duration of disease, maximum anti-BSA concentrations or anti-GBM antibody dosage--and no significant differences were found in proteinuria; severity of the glomerular histologic lesions; or immunofluorescence patterns of immunoglobulin G (IgG), third component of complement (C3), BSA or fibrinogen-related antigen(s) (FRA). Crescent formation was not prevented. This study shows that heparin in the maximum permissible dosage is ineffective in preventing glomerular FRA deposition or altering the progression of experimental IC-GN or anti-GBM-GN in rabbits.", "contents": "Failure of heparin to affect two types of experimental glomerulonephritis in rabbits. Anticoagulation has been reported to ameliorate antiglomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis (anti-GBM-GN) while its effect on chronic immune complex glomerulonephritis (IC-GN) as studied in the NZB mouse is unclear. Chronic serum sickness IC-GN was induced in rabbits by injecting bovine serum albumin (BSA) daily. Anti-GBM-GN was induced by i.v. injection of a known amount of heterologous anti-GBM antibody. Heparin was administered beginning at two to six weeks after the first BSA injections or before the administration of anti-GBM antibody, on various schedules from 5000 U every 12 hr to 8000 U every 8 hr. With this dosage the partial thromboplastin time remained greater than 1-1/2 to 2-1/2 times the control at the time of the subsequent heparin injection. Heparinized and nonheparinized groups were matched according to duration of disease, maximum anti-BSA concentrations or anti-GBM antibody dosage--and no significant differences were found in proteinuria; severity of the glomerular histologic lesions; or immunofluorescence patterns of immunoglobulin G (IgG), third component of complement (C3), BSA or fibrinogen-related antigen(s) (FRA). Crescent formation was not prevented. This study shows that heparin in the maximum permissible dosage is ineffective in preventing glomerular FRA deposition or altering the progression of experimental IC-GN or anti-GBM-GN in rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:126331", "title": "[The chronically ill and disabled child: a psychologic task of paediatrics. Part I: General problems (author's transl)].", "content": "This first out of three articles reviews general psychological aspects and problems of the child with chronic illness and handicap and of his parents and healthy siblings.", "contents": "[The chronically ill and disabled child: a psychologic task of paediatrics. Part I: General problems (author's transl)]. This first out of three articles reviews general psychological aspects and problems of the child with chronic illness and handicap and of his parents and healthy siblings."}
{"id": "PMID:126332", "title": "[The chronically ill and disabled child: a psychologic task of paediatrics. Part II: Special problems of various diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "This second out of three articles deals with some specific psychological problems of chronic illness and handicap in childhood, i.e. epilepsy, physical handicap, diabetes mellitus, congenital heartdisease, hemophilia, dwarfism, hemodialysis and renal transplantation, and malignant disease.", "contents": "[The chronically ill and disabled child: a psychologic task of paediatrics. Part II: Special problems of various diseases (author's transl)]. This second out of three articles deals with some specific psychological problems of chronic illness and handicap in childhood, i.e. epilepsy, physical handicap, diabetes mellitus, congenital heartdisease, hemophilia, dwarfism, hemodialysis and renal transplantation, and malignant disease."}
{"id": "PMID:126333", "title": "[The chronically ill and disabled child: a psychologic task of paediatrics. Part III: Psychologic treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "This third and last paper on psychological aspects of chronic illness is childhood discusses tasks of the physician and the parents as well as aspects of social medicine.", "contents": "[The chronically ill and disabled child: a psychologic task of paediatrics. Part III: Psychologic treatment (author's transl)]. This third and last paper on psychological aspects of chronic illness is childhood discusses tasks of the physician and the parents as well as aspects of social medicine."}
{"id": "PMID:126334", "title": "[Syncopal attacks and sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation -- a variant of the Jervell or Lange-Nielsen syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Syncopal attacks due to ventricular fibrillation or -- flutter with elongation of QT in the ECG and deafness are signs of a congenital condition described by Jervell and Lange-Nielsen 18 years ago. Since then we have learned that the range of variation of symptoms is very wide. There are differences genetically and in age-groups. A boy aged 15 years with supposedly cerebral fits is reported on. Since the right diagnosis was missed he had been treated with anticonvulsants for years. But these were syncopal attacks, Effort produced a tendency to bigeminus. -- A knee-bending exercise repeated 13 times lead to his death from ventricular fibrillation. Post-mortem examination showed no pathologic findings except mild left hypertrophy of the ventricle. His sister also had similar attacks without spasms after excitement or mild physical effort. She too had no extension of the QT interval. Their mother and grandmother also had syncopal attacks and died at the ages of 31 and 24 years. A girl-cousin died suddenly at the age of 15. In addition we have seen a neonate with a mild cardiac murmur on whom an ECG was done on the 16th day. The QT interval was significantly prolonged. There were numerous extrasystoles. He died suddenly 2 days later. Post mortem showed no cardiac pathology. One should now be able to explain some cases of unexpected natural death. But ignorance of the pathogenesis does not yet permit definition of the clinical pictures.", "contents": "[Syncopal attacks and sudden death due to ventricular fibrillation -- a variant of the Jervell or Lange-Nielsen syndrome (author's transl)]. Syncopal attacks due to ventricular fibrillation or -- flutter with elongation of QT in the ECG and deafness are signs of a congenital condition described by Jervell and Lange-Nielsen 18 years ago. Since then we have learned that the range of variation of symptoms is very wide. There are differences genetically and in age-groups. A boy aged 15 years with supposedly cerebral fits is reported on. Since the right diagnosis was missed he had been treated with anticonvulsants for years. But these were syncopal attacks, Effort produced a tendency to bigeminus. -- A knee-bending exercise repeated 13 times lead to his death from ventricular fibrillation. Post-mortem examination showed no pathologic findings except mild left hypertrophy of the ventricle. His sister also had similar attacks without spasms after excitement or mild physical effort. She too had no extension of the QT interval. Their mother and grandmother also had syncopal attacks and died at the ages of 31 and 24 years. A girl-cousin died suddenly at the age of 15. In addition we have seen a neonate with a mild cardiac murmur on whom an ECG was done on the 16th day. The QT interval was significantly prolonged. There were numerous extrasystoles. He died suddenly 2 days later. Post mortem showed no cardiac pathology. One should now be able to explain some cases of unexpected natural death. But ignorance of the pathogenesis does not yet permit definition of the clinical pictures."}
{"id": "PMID:126336", "title": "Homologous dura mater cardiac valves. Structural aspects of eight implanted valves.", "content": "We studied eight homologous dura mater valves removed 1 to 35 months after implantation. Five dura mater valves were placed in the mitral position and three in the aortic position. Two of the valves were obtained after deaths not related to the valve itself and six after reoperations due to immediate or late incompetence. In 2 cases the dura mater valves were entirely normal, both macroscopically and microscopically. In 2 other cases the leaflets were caught by stitches related to the struts, a technical error that caused laceration of the leaflets. Not withstanding this fact, the dura mater was normal on histologic examination. In 3 cases, and probably in 1 other, one or two leaflets were detached partially from the suture line, probably because of a technical error in the manufacture of the valve. These studies demonstrated satisfactory evolution of the homologous dura mater valves until 35 months after implantation. No signs of rejection or degeneration of the dura mater were observed in the present series.", "contents": "Homologous dura mater cardiac valves. Structural aspects of eight implanted valves. We studied eight homologous dura mater valves removed 1 to 35 months after implantation. Five dura mater valves were placed in the mitral position and three in the aortic position. Two of the valves were obtained after deaths not related to the valve itself and six after reoperations due to immediate or late incompetence. In 2 cases the dura mater valves were entirely normal, both macroscopically and microscopically. In 2 other cases the leaflets were caught by stitches related to the struts, a technical error that caused laceration of the leaflets. Not withstanding this fact, the dura mater was normal on histologic examination. In 3 cases, and probably in 1 other, one or two leaflets were detached partially from the suture line, probably because of a technical error in the manufacture of the valve. These studies demonstrated satisfactory evolution of the homologous dura mater valves until 35 months after implantation. No signs of rejection or degeneration of the dura mater were observed in the present series."}
{"id": "PMID:126337", "title": "Prosthetic replacement of the esophagus.", "content": "A tubular prosthesis was initially made of silicone rubber, spot-bonded on the inside and outside to a layer of knitted Dacron. This was covered on the outside by a loose layer of knitted Dacron, attached to the rubber only at the two ends, to allow incorporation by fibrous tissue and fixation of the prosthesis. Anastomoses were made with one layer of continuous sutures. There was initial incorporation of the graft. After 29 to 44 days the tube became loose and migrated, leaving a stricture. The prosthesis was redesigned with two loose layers of wider mesh. Incorporation occurred early with abundant fibrous reaction. Separation of the tube started at 40 days and was complete within 72 to 152 days. When the sutures became disengaged, bacteria entered the space between rubber and incorporated fabric, resulting in collagen lysis and separation of the tube. There were no anastomotic leaks in the entire series.", "contents": "Prosthetic replacement of the esophagus. A tubular prosthesis was initially made of silicone rubber, spot-bonded on the inside and outside to a layer of knitted Dacron. This was covered on the outside by a loose layer of knitted Dacron, attached to the rubber only at the two ends, to allow incorporation by fibrous tissue and fixation of the prosthesis. Anastomoses were made with one layer of continuous sutures. There was initial incorporation of the graft. After 29 to 44 days the tube became loose and migrated, leaving a stricture. The prosthesis was redesigned with two loose layers of wider mesh. Incorporation occurred early with abundant fibrous reaction. Separation of the tube started at 40 days and was complete within 72 to 152 days. When the sutures became disengaged, bacteria entered the space between rubber and incorporated fabric, resulting in collagen lysis and separation of the tube. There were no anastomotic leaks in the entire series."}
{"id": "PMID:126349", "title": "[Characteristics of filamentous phototrophic bacteria from freshwater lakes].", "content": "Filamentous phototrophic bacteria were isolated in pure cultures from fresh-water stratified lakes, and identified as chlorobacteria. The photosynthesizing apparatus of these bacteria is chlorobium-vesicules, the main pigment is bacteriochlorophyll c. The bacteria do not require reduced compounds of sulphur; they are capable of anaerobic photosynthesis on organic compounds or grow under aerobic conditions in the light or in the darkness. They are mesophilic (optimum temperature is 25 degrees C); the optimum of pH is 7.0. A possibility to class these microorganisms as a new species of the genus Chloroflexus is discussed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of filamentous phototrophic bacteria from freshwater lakes]. Filamentous phototrophic bacteria were isolated in pure cultures from fresh-water stratified lakes, and identified as chlorobacteria. The photosynthesizing apparatus of these bacteria is chlorobium-vesicules, the main pigment is bacteriochlorophyll c. The bacteria do not require reduced compounds of sulphur; they are capable of anaerobic photosynthesis on organic compounds or grow under aerobic conditions in the light or in the darkness. They are mesophilic (optimum temperature is 25 degrees C); the optimum of pH is 7.0. A possibility to class these microorganisms as a new species of the genus Chloroflexus is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126362", "title": "Indirect induction of a Staphylococcus aureus prophage by P11de a plasmid phage hybrid.", "content": "The ability to mediate indirect induction of staphylococcal prophages was found to be a property of the cryptic high frequency transducing phage P11de but not of three other phages tested. P11de is the product of a recombination between a P11 phage and a gamma plasmid. Irradiated P11de preparations could not induce prophage development in strains which contained either a P11 prophage or a gamma plasmid. The establishment of P11de in a strain was not, however, inhibited by the presence of a P11 prophage. It is inferred that the inhibition of indirect induction exerted by the resident P11 prophage occurs at a stage other than the establishment of the P11de replicon.", "contents": "Indirect induction of a Staphylococcus aureus prophage by P11de a plasmid phage hybrid. The ability to mediate indirect induction of staphylococcal prophages was found to be a property of the cryptic high frequency transducing phage P11de but not of three other phages tested. P11de is the product of a recombination between a P11 phage and a gamma plasmid. Irradiated P11de preparations could not induce prophage development in strains which contained either a P11 prophage or a gamma plasmid. The establishment of P11de in a strain was not, however, inhibited by the presence of a P11 prophage. It is inferred that the inhibition of indirect induction exerted by the resident P11 prophage occurs at a stage other than the establishment of the P11de replicon."}
{"id": "PMID:126363", "title": "Genetic and metabolic control of the purine catabolic enzymes of Neurospora crasse.", "content": "Neurospora crassa can utilize various purine bases such as xanthine or uric acid and their catabolic products as a nitrogen source. Four classes of mutants which affect the purine degradative pathway were isolated and studied. Mutants of the aln-1 class specifically lack allantoinase, while alc-1 mutants lack allantoicase. Mutants designated as xdh-1 cannot utilize hypoxanthine as a nitrogen source and are presumed to be deficient in xanthine dehydrogenase activity. A regulatory mutant, amr, was found to have only very low, uninduced levels of uricase, allantoinase, and allantoicase. None of these genes are closely linked to each other. The three initial enzymes involved in the catabolism of uric acid are controlled in a complex manner by both induction and repression. Several lines of evidence indicate that the true inducer of uricase and allantoicase is uric acid. The use of the newly isolated mutant strains made it possible to demonstrate that neither allantoin nor allantoic acid could act as inducers. Furthermore, hypoxanthine itself was shown to be ineffective as an inducer although it can be metabolized to form an inducer. A non-metabolizable analogue of uric acid, 8-azaxanthine, is a gratuitous inducer of these enzymes. Uricase and allantoicase were found to be synthesized coordinately, but they were not coordinately regulated with allantoinase. Both uricase and allantoicase are stable enzymes and do not undergo turnover; nor are they subject to feedback inhibition by ammonia. Allantoinase, however, is quite labile both in vivo and in vitro. This enzyme was found to turnover in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide with a half-life of approximately 20 minutes. The amr (for ammonia regulation) mutant cannot utilize a wide range of compounds, including purines, nitrate, and many amino acids as a nitrogen source and also displays a multiple enzyme loss. The amr gene appears to play a major role in the control of nitrogen metabolism. It is postulated that the amr locus encodes a regulatory protein which is required to activate transcription of the structural genes for a group of related enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism.", "contents": "Genetic and metabolic control of the purine catabolic enzymes of Neurospora crasse. Neurospora crassa can utilize various purine bases such as xanthine or uric acid and their catabolic products as a nitrogen source. Four classes of mutants which affect the purine degradative pathway were isolated and studied. Mutants of the aln-1 class specifically lack allantoinase, while alc-1 mutants lack allantoicase. Mutants designated as xdh-1 cannot utilize hypoxanthine as a nitrogen source and are presumed to be deficient in xanthine dehydrogenase activity. A regulatory mutant, amr, was found to have only very low, uninduced levels of uricase, allantoinase, and allantoicase. None of these genes are closely linked to each other. The three initial enzymes involved in the catabolism of uric acid are controlled in a complex manner by both induction and repression. Several lines of evidence indicate that the true inducer of uricase and allantoicase is uric acid. The use of the newly isolated mutant strains made it possible to demonstrate that neither allantoin nor allantoic acid could act as inducers. Furthermore, hypoxanthine itself was shown to be ineffective as an inducer although it can be metabolized to form an inducer. A non-metabolizable analogue of uric acid, 8-azaxanthine, is a gratuitous inducer of these enzymes. Uricase and allantoicase were found to be synthesized coordinately, but they were not coordinately regulated with allantoinase. Both uricase and allantoicase are stable enzymes and do not undergo turnover; nor are they subject to feedback inhibition by ammonia. Allantoinase, however, is quite labile both in vivo and in vitro. This enzyme was found to turnover in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide with a half-life of approximately 20 minutes. The amr (for ammonia regulation) mutant cannot utilize a wide range of compounds, including purines, nitrate, and many amino acids as a nitrogen source and also displays a multiple enzyme loss. The amr gene appears to play a major role in the control of nitrogen metabolism. It is postulated that the amr locus encodes a regulatory protein which is required to activate transcription of the structural genes for a group of related enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:126374", "title": "[ECG evaluation by the computer using the USPHS program (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficiency of ECG evaluation by the computer has definitely increased owing to the current improvement of the program. Applying the USPHS program in our material, a wrong diagnosis was made in 14% of the pathological tracings and in 25% of the normal tracings under investigation. These results are certainly encouraging, considering that dissimilar diagnoses are established by different cardiologists in about 20% of the cases. However, we deem the number of wrong diagnoses both in pathological and in normal cases still too high and, therefore, further improvement should be made before applying ECG diagnosis by the computer in practice.", "contents": "[ECG evaluation by the computer using the USPHS program (author's transl)]. The efficiency of ECG evaluation by the computer has definitely increased owing to the current improvement of the program. Applying the USPHS program in our material, a wrong diagnosis was made in 14% of the pathological tracings and in 25% of the normal tracings under investigation. These results are certainly encouraging, considering that dissimilar diagnoses are established by different cardiologists in about 20% of the cases. However, we deem the number of wrong diagnoses both in pathological and in normal cases still too high and, therefore, further improvement should be made before applying ECG diagnosis by the computer in practice."}
{"id": "PMID:126377", "title": "[Pharmacotherapy of hypertension and its significance for the function of the salivary glands (author's transl)].", "content": "The secretion mechanism of the large salivary glands at the level of the acinus cells is presented to explain the side effects \"dryness of the mouth and initial parotid pain on chewing\". The importance of adrenergic alpha- and beta-receptors and a cholinergic receptor in the acinus cell membrane is discussed in connection with the action of antihypertensives on the autonomic nervous system. Experiments on rat salivary glands after treatment with clonidine, guanoxan and propranolol serve as a basis for this.", "contents": "[Pharmacotherapy of hypertension and its significance for the function of the salivary glands (author's transl)]. The secretion mechanism of the large salivary glands at the level of the acinus cells is presented to explain the side effects \"dryness of the mouth and initial parotid pain on chewing\". The importance of adrenergic alpha- and beta-receptors and a cholinergic receptor in the acinus cell membrane is discussed in connection with the action of antihypertensives on the autonomic nervous system. Experiments on rat salivary glands after treatment with clonidine, guanoxan and propranolol serve as a basis for this."}
{"id": "PMID:126378", "title": "[Colon diverticulosis and complicating diverticulitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Dietary habits in the civilised countries of the West with foods low in bulk and cellulose are blamed as causes of the increase in colon diverticulosis and the complicating diverticulitis in recent times. Of all sections of the colon, the sigmoid is most frequently involved, older patients above the 5th decade being principally affected. While uncomplicated diverticulosis of the colon usually remains symptomless, complicated diverticulitis often shows very uncharacteristic symptoms. For prophylaxis and the treatment of slight complaints, conservative treatment with administration of bulky foods (bran etc.) is indicated. Threatening hemorrhages and perforative peritonitis demand emergency operations. In closed abscess formation, internal or external fistulae and incipient scarring stenosis with imminent ileus, resection of the affected part of the intestine is indicated.", "contents": "[Colon diverticulosis and complicating diverticulitis (author's transl)]. Dietary habits in the civilised countries of the West with foods low in bulk and cellulose are blamed as causes of the increase in colon diverticulosis and the complicating diverticulitis in recent times. Of all sections of the colon, the sigmoid is most frequently involved, older patients above the 5th decade being principally affected. While uncomplicated diverticulosis of the colon usually remains symptomless, complicated diverticulitis often shows very uncharacteristic symptoms. For prophylaxis and the treatment of slight complaints, conservative treatment with administration of bulky foods (bran etc.) is indicated. Threatening hemorrhages and perforative peritonitis demand emergency operations. In closed abscess formation, internal or external fistulae and incipient scarring stenosis with imminent ileus, resection of the affected part of the intestine is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:126379", "title": "[Repair of prenatally ruptured omphalocele and the paraumbilical abdominal wall defect with the infant's own fetal membranes (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1971, 35 children with prenatally ruptured omphalocele and paraumbilical abdominal wall defects were operated on in the surgical clinic of the Cologne Children's Hospital. 45.7% of them survived compared with 29.2% in earlier years. This improved chance of survival is attributed the use of the child's own fetal membranes.", "contents": "[Repair of prenatally ruptured omphalocele and the paraumbilical abdominal wall defect with the infant's own fetal membranes (author's transl)]. Since 1971, 35 children with prenatally ruptured omphalocele and paraumbilical abdominal wall defects were operated on in the surgical clinic of the Cologne Children's Hospital. 45.7% of them survived compared with 29.2% in earlier years. This improved chance of survival is attributed the use of the child's own fetal membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:126380", "title": "Striking prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in \"healthy\" w27 positive males and females.", "content": "Ankylosing spondylitis is diagnosed once or twice in each 1000 males and one tenth as frequently in females, but the true prevalence is unknown. Indentification of genetic marker, HL-A W27, for susceptible persons has provided a tool facilitating epidemiologic studies and allowing identification of \"control\" populations without the marker. Evaluation by postal questionnaires, and pelvic radiography of 78 HL-A 27W-positive blood donors selected from a group of apparently healthy subjects revealed 14 who satisfied the criteria for definite ankylosing spondylitis. The prevalence was similar in both sexes. One hundred and twenty-six W27-negative controls matched for race, sex, and age failed to yield a single case. For a person of either sex with HL-A W27, there appears to be about a 20 per cent chance that ankylosing spondylitis will develop, suggesting a prevalence of 10 to 15 per thousand. Hitherto accepted figures may underestimate the frequency by a factor of 10 to 20.", "contents": "Striking prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis in \"healthy\" w27 positive males and females. Ankylosing spondylitis is diagnosed once or twice in each 1000 males and one tenth as frequently in females, but the true prevalence is unknown. Indentification of genetic marker, HL-A W27, for susceptible persons has provided a tool facilitating epidemiologic studies and allowing identification of \"control\" populations without the marker. Evaluation by postal questionnaires, and pelvic radiography of 78 HL-A 27W-positive blood donors selected from a group of apparently healthy subjects revealed 14 who satisfied the criteria for definite ankylosing spondylitis. The prevalence was similar in both sexes. One hundred and twenty-six W27-negative controls matched for race, sex, and age failed to yield a single case. For a person of either sex with HL-A W27, there appears to be about a 20 per cent chance that ankylosing spondylitis will develop, suggesting a prevalence of 10 to 15 per thousand. Hitherto accepted figures may underestimate the frequency by a factor of 10 to 20."}
{"id": "PMID:126387", "title": "An improved method for examination of cerebrospinal fluid cells.", "content": "A new collection technique allows cytologic examination up to 2 weeks after lumbar puncture without loss of cells or morphologic detail. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was allowed to flow directly from a lumbar puncture needle into a solution of Carbowax in ethanol and was then processed with a cytocentrifuge. Two groups of patients were studied -- those undergoing spinal anesthesia and those having myelography for low back pain. Lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and ependymal cells were regularly found in the CSF; a definite difference was found in the quantity and cell types in the two patient populations. The proposed method may be sensitive enough to aid in the identification of other neurologic diseases with low cell counts.", "contents": "An improved method for examination of cerebrospinal fluid cells. A new collection technique allows cytologic examination up to 2 weeks after lumbar puncture without loss of cells or morphologic detail. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was allowed to flow directly from a lumbar puncture needle into a solution of Carbowax in ethanol and was then processed with a cytocentrifuge. Two groups of patients were studied -- those undergoing spinal anesthesia and those having myelography for low back pain. Lymphocytes, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, and ependymal cells were regularly found in the CSF; a definite difference was found in the quantity and cell types in the two patient populations. The proposed method may be sensitive enough to aid in the identification of other neurologic diseases with low cell counts."}
{"id": "PMID:126391", "title": "Extraperitoneal para-aortic node dissection through an upper abdominal incision.", "content": "A surgical technique for para-aortic lymph node evaluation for metastatic tumor by the extraperitoneal approach is described. The procedure is devised to avoid gastrointestinal complications frequently found after transperitoneal evaluation of the para-aortic area followed by extended field irradiation. The surgical procedure was performed in 20 patients. Nine patients treated with 6000 rads extended field irradiation remained without gastrointestinal complications after 3 to 16 months of follow-up.", "contents": "Extraperitoneal para-aortic node dissection through an upper abdominal incision. A surgical technique for para-aortic lymph node evaluation for metastatic tumor by the extraperitoneal approach is described. The procedure is devised to avoid gastrointestinal complications frequently found after transperitoneal evaluation of the para-aortic area followed by extended field irradiation. The surgical procedure was performed in 20 patients. Nine patients treated with 6000 rads extended field irradiation remained without gastrointestinal complications after 3 to 16 months of follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:126392", "title": "The applications of steroid hormone radioimmunoassays to clinical obstetrics.", "content": "This is a selective survey of recent publications dealing with theoretical and established applications of steroid hormone radioimmunoassay procedures applied to clinical obstetric investigation. This subject is reviewed in three sections: first, basic principles of steroid hormone radioimmunoassay methodology; second, steroidogenesis in normal pregnancy and its relation to patterns of steroid hormones measured in maternal and fetal circulations; third, applied steroid radioimmunoassay technology as it is being used in established and potential clinical applications. It is concluded that steroid hormone radioimmunoassay procedures have been and will continue to be a highly productive technology applied to clinical obstetric investigation.", "contents": "The applications of steroid hormone radioimmunoassays to clinical obstetrics. This is a selective survey of recent publications dealing with theoretical and established applications of steroid hormone radioimmunoassay procedures applied to clinical obstetric investigation. This subject is reviewed in three sections: first, basic principles of steroid hormone radioimmunoassay methodology; second, steroidogenesis in normal pregnancy and its relation to patterns of steroid hormones measured in maternal and fetal circulations; third, applied steroid radioimmunoassay technology as it is being used in established and potential clinical applications. It is concluded that steroid hormone radioimmunoassay procedures have been and will continue to be a highly productive technology applied to clinical obstetric investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:126414", "title": "[Dyskinetic lesions of the left ventricle wall. Electrocardiographic data].", "content": "The study of the electrocardiogram in 87 cases of dyskinetic lesions of the left ventricule, including ventricular aneurysms and plaques of post-infarction dyskinesia, all of which underwent surgery, showed a correlation between the size of the dyskinetic lesion and the number of ST elevations in the electrocardiogram which is closer than the correlation between this size and the height of ST elevation.", "contents": "[Dyskinetic lesions of the left ventricle wall. Electrocardiographic data]. The study of the electrocardiogram in 87 cases of dyskinetic lesions of the left ventricule, including ventricular aneurysms and plaques of post-infarction dyskinesia, all of which underwent surgery, showed a correlation between the size of the dyskinetic lesion and the number of ST elevations in the electrocardiogram which is closer than the correlation between this size and the height of ST elevation."}
{"id": "PMID:126417", "title": "[Transient malabsorption of Vitamin B12 bound to intrinsic factor in pernicious anemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In six patients with pernicious anemia, absorption of vitamin B12 bound to intrinsic factor was low as measured by the Schilling's test. Collection of urine was complete and the activity of intrinsic factor used was checked in other pernicious anemia patients. Nutritional deficiency, drug induced malabsorption, ileal or pancreatic diseases were excluded by clinical, radiological and biological investigations. This vitamin B12 malabsorption was selective and reversible within a few months after treatment with parenteral vitamin B12. Mechanisms of this ileal dysfunction are discussed.", "contents": "[Transient malabsorption of Vitamin B12 bound to intrinsic factor in pernicious anemia (author's transl)]. In six patients with pernicious anemia, absorption of vitamin B12 bound to intrinsic factor was low as measured by the Schilling's test. Collection of urine was complete and the activity of intrinsic factor used was checked in other pernicious anemia patients. Nutritional deficiency, drug induced malabsorption, ileal or pancreatic diseases were excluded by clinical, radiological and biological investigations. This vitamin B12 malabsorption was selective and reversible within a few months after treatment with parenteral vitamin B12. Mechanisms of this ileal dysfunction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126418", "title": "[Isolation of erythroblastic islands. Study by optical and scanning electron microscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "1. A simple technique is described for isolation and estimation of number of erythroblastic islands (EBI) in rat bone marrow. The number of EBI decreases during hypertransfusion polycythemia, and increases during experimentally-induced hemolytic anemia. It has also been possible to maintain EBI in vitro, under culture conditions, for up to 36 hours. 2. Each EBI contains a central cell having the character of a macrophage-histiocyte which adheres to glass and spreads, while still retaining its connections with the erythroblasts. 3. In an EBI the erythroblasts are arranged in the form of concentric rings, with the outer cells being more mature than the inner. The outermost layer is frequently made up of reticulocytes even in the isolated island. The erythroblasts of a single ring appear to be at the same stage of maturation which suggests that they are derived from the same stem cell. 4. Using a coordinate reference system, studies of nuclear expulsion were made, by both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "[Isolation of erythroblastic islands. Study by optical and scanning electron microscopy (author's transl)]. 1. A simple technique is described for isolation and estimation of number of erythroblastic islands (EBI) in rat bone marrow. The number of EBI decreases during hypertransfusion polycythemia, and increases during experimentally-induced hemolytic anemia. It has also been possible to maintain EBI in vitro, under culture conditions, for up to 36 hours. 2. Each EBI contains a central cell having the character of a macrophage-histiocyte which adheres to glass and spreads, while still retaining its connections with the erythroblasts. 3. In an EBI the erythroblasts are arranged in the form of concentric rings, with the outer cells being more mature than the inner. The outermost layer is frequently made up of reticulocytes even in the isolated island. The erythroblasts of a single ring appear to be at the same stage of maturation which suggests that they are derived from the same stem cell. 4. Using a coordinate reference system, studies of nuclear expulsion were made, by both optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:126419", "title": "Origin of stress macroreticulocytes from macronormoblasts.", "content": "Stress erythropoiesis was induced in rats and guinea-pigs by graded amounts of bleeding and phenyl-hydrazine administration. Hemoglobin and DNA content was measured by microspectrophometry of single erythroblasts in the process of nuclear extrusion. DNA content was always 2 C. Hemoglobin content was in all cases superior to the normal value, occasionally reaching a value of almost twice normal.", "contents": "Origin of stress macroreticulocytes from macronormoblasts. Stress erythropoiesis was induced in rats and guinea-pigs by graded amounts of bleeding and phenyl-hydrazine administration. Hemoglobin and DNA content was measured by microspectrophometry of single erythroblasts in the process of nuclear extrusion. DNA content was always 2 C. Hemoglobin content was in all cases superior to the normal value, occasionally reaching a value of almost twice normal."}
{"id": "PMID:126420", "title": "[The in vitro effect of oxidative and analgesic agents on the erythrocyte membrane protein electropheretic pattern (author's transl)].", "content": "The in vitro effect of oxidative agents, b-naphthol, p-aminophenol, phenylhydrazine, hydroxylamine, methylene blue, hydroquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone and of analgesics, acetylsalicylic acid, sodium salicylate and dipyrone, on the electrophoretic pattern of the red cell membrane proteins, is described. The electrophoresis was effected in acid urea-starch gel vertical system. All the agents studied altered the red cell membrane protein electrophoretic pattern, causing a total loss of certain protein bands or a loss of some bands and the diminution of others simultaneously.", "contents": "[The in vitro effect of oxidative and analgesic agents on the erythrocyte membrane protein electropheretic pattern (author's transl)]. The in vitro effect of oxidative agents, b-naphthol, p-aminophenol, phenylhydrazine, hydroxylamine, methylene blue, hydroquinone and 1,4-naphthoquinone and of analgesics, acetylsalicylic acid, sodium salicylate and dipyrone, on the electrophoretic pattern of the red cell membrane proteins, is described. The electrophoresis was effected in acid urea-starch gel vertical system. All the agents studied altered the red cell membrane protein electrophoretic pattern, causing a total loss of certain protein bands or a loss of some bands and the diminution of others simultaneously."}
{"id": "PMID:126421", "title": "[Treatment of hemophilia by self-infusion: clinical and psychological approach (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-seven hemophiliacs between the ages of 12 and 17 volunteered in a self-infusion training program. An attempt was made to define a teaching method. It consisted of teaching them about the disease so as they would be able to recognise the site of their bleeding and the limitations of self-treatment. They also acquired dexterity in infusing themselves with various antihemophilic factor concentrates. Systematic clinical and psychological studies were undertaken and showed that this method of treatment gave a considerable improvement of the overall disability. At the same time the number of transfusions almost doubled. Self-treatment has been found successful among children over 13 years of age who are strongly motivated, intelligent, sensitive, and able to adapt themselves to concrete situations. This training has failed in 30% of the children in whom psychological disturbances have been found. In spite of this failure, a psychological improvement was noted.", "contents": "[Treatment of hemophilia by self-infusion: clinical and psychological approach (author's transl)]. Twenty-seven hemophiliacs between the ages of 12 and 17 volunteered in a self-infusion training program. An attempt was made to define a teaching method. It consisted of teaching them about the disease so as they would be able to recognise the site of their bleeding and the limitations of self-treatment. They also acquired dexterity in infusing themselves with various antihemophilic factor concentrates. Systematic clinical and psychological studies were undertaken and showed that this method of treatment gave a considerable improvement of the overall disability. At the same time the number of transfusions almost doubled. Self-treatment has been found successful among children over 13 years of age who are strongly motivated, intelligent, sensitive, and able to adapt themselves to concrete situations. This training has failed in 30% of the children in whom psychological disturbances have been found. In spite of this failure, a psychological improvement was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:126422", "title": "[In vitro incorporation of tritiated thymidine in acute leukemia and response to chemotheraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "The incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) has been assessed in 52 cases of adult acute leukemia, during the first phase of the disease, before and after 48 hours of chemotherapy. Two methods were utilized simultaneously: the measurement of the incorporation of 3H-TdR by liquid scintillation counting and the labeling index by autoradiography. These two data allowed to appreciate the mean incorporation per labeled blast cell. A significant correlation has been found between liquid scintillation counting and labeling index on the one hand, between mean incorporation per labeled blast cell and mean grain count on the other hand. The prognostic value of these different data was significant, at least if one consider the chance to get a complemente remission with the various drugs which were utilized. The responders are characterized, on the average, by a high rate of incorporation of 3H-TdR before therapy, with a higher labeling index than the non-responders. The measurement of the variations of incorporation of 3H-TdR, 48 hours after starting chemotherapy and before any morphological change, allows an early evaluation of the therapeutic effect: in the responders there is generally a decrease of the 3H-TdR incorporation and of the labeling index. On the apposite in the non-responders there is an increase of the mean incorporation per labeled blast cell, even if the labeling index decreases. The measurement of the incorporation of 3H-TdR by liquid scintillation counting which gives an earlier response than autoradiography, may be considered as a useful prognostic tool in acute leukemia, mainly in the non-lymphoblastic types and during the first phase of the disease.", "contents": "[In vitro incorporation of tritiated thymidine in acute leukemia and response to chemotheraphy (author's transl)]. The incorporation of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR) has been assessed in 52 cases of adult acute leukemia, during the first phase of the disease, before and after 48 hours of chemotherapy. Two methods were utilized simultaneously: the measurement of the incorporation of 3H-TdR by liquid scintillation counting and the labeling index by autoradiography. These two data allowed to appreciate the mean incorporation per labeled blast cell. A significant correlation has been found between liquid scintillation counting and labeling index on the one hand, between mean incorporation per labeled blast cell and mean grain count on the other hand. The prognostic value of these different data was significant, at least if one consider the chance to get a complemente remission with the various drugs which were utilized. The responders are characterized, on the average, by a high rate of incorporation of 3H-TdR before therapy, with a higher labeling index than the non-responders. The measurement of the variations of incorporation of 3H-TdR, 48 hours after starting chemotherapy and before any morphological change, allows an early evaluation of the therapeutic effect: in the responders there is generally a decrease of the 3H-TdR incorporation and of the labeling index. On the apposite in the non-responders there is an increase of the mean incorporation per labeled blast cell, even if the labeling index decreases. The measurement of the incorporation of 3H-TdR by liquid scintillation counting which gives an earlier response than autoradiography, may be considered as a useful prognostic tool in acute leukemia, mainly in the non-lymphoblastic types and during the first phase of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:126423", "title": "[Granulopoiesis: comparison of several methods for studying production and bone marrow cellularity (author's transl)].", "content": "Several methods measuring the granulocyte production have been compared in normal subjects, hypoplastic granulopenia, chronic leucopenia and acute leukemia: the granulocyte turnover-rate after injection of in vitro 51Cr labelled autologous granulocytes, the efficiency of 75Se-selenothionine in vivo labelling, the flow-out of the myelocyte compartment after in vitro flash-labelling with 3H-thymidine. The two first methods are correlated and measure the global effective production of granulocytes. The third method is a fractional measure of the bone marrow production and is not correlated with the former ones. The ratio between the granulocyte turnover-rate and the flow-out of the bone marrow proliferative pool is a measure of the bone marrow cellularity. Discrepancies between this measure and the granulocyte turnover-rate has been found only in leukaemic patients.", "contents": "[Granulopoiesis: comparison of several methods for studying production and bone marrow cellularity (author's transl)]. Several methods measuring the granulocyte production have been compared in normal subjects, hypoplastic granulopenia, chronic leucopenia and acute leukemia: the granulocyte turnover-rate after injection of in vitro 51Cr labelled autologous granulocytes, the efficiency of 75Se-selenothionine in vivo labelling, the flow-out of the myelocyte compartment after in vitro flash-labelling with 3H-thymidine. The two first methods are correlated and measure the global effective production of granulocytes. The third method is a fractional measure of the bone marrow production and is not correlated with the former ones. The ratio between the granulocyte turnover-rate and the flow-out of the bone marrow proliferative pool is a measure of the bone marrow cellularity. Discrepancies between this measure and the granulocyte turnover-rate has been found only in leukaemic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:126424", "title": "[Editorial: Discrepancies in granulocyte survival time (author's transl)].", "content": "Important discrepancies between the renewal rate of mature granulocytes measured by in vitro labelling with DF 32P and with sodium chromate 51Cr are observed. The possible explanations are reviewed: errors made in the drawing of the experimental curve of the radioactivity disappearance; labelling of long-living lymphocytes with chromium; elution of 32P; toxicity of DFP for the tagged cells. If the renewal-rate measured by using 51Cr is the real one, as it seems to be, currently accepted models of granulopoiesis will need reappraisal.", "contents": "[Editorial: Discrepancies in granulocyte survival time (author's transl)]. Important discrepancies between the renewal rate of mature granulocytes measured by in vitro labelling with DF 32P and with sodium chromate 51Cr are observed. The possible explanations are reviewed: errors made in the drawing of the experimental curve of the radioactivity disappearance; labelling of long-living lymphocytes with chromium; elution of 32P; toxicity of DFP for the tagged cells. If the renewal-rate measured by using 51Cr is the real one, as it seems to be, currently accepted models of granulopoiesis will need reappraisal."}
{"id": "PMID:126427", "title": "[Myeloid leukemia with myelofibrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Myelofibrosis is observed in 1/5 of the cases of C.M.L. It consists of reticulin fibers with few collagen and no osteosclerosis. It involves signs which usually indicate the extension of the myelosis to other organs and other types of cells: hepatosplenomegaly, erythroblastosis, thrombocytemia. Its prognosis is always bad. In one third of the cases, myelofibrosis develops early, and in two third it is late. Chimiotherapy is not responsible for it. These forms of C.M.L. with myelofibrosis appear as a special type of myeloproliferative disorder apart from the true C.M.L. and the true osteomyelofibrosis.", "contents": "[Myeloid leukemia with myelofibrosis (author's transl)]. Myelofibrosis is observed in 1/5 of the cases of C.M.L. It consists of reticulin fibers with few collagen and no osteosclerosis. It involves signs which usually indicate the extension of the myelosis to other organs and other types of cells: hepatosplenomegaly, erythroblastosis, thrombocytemia. Its prognosis is always bad. In one third of the cases, myelofibrosis develops early, and in two third it is late. Chimiotherapy is not responsible for it. These forms of C.M.L. with myelofibrosis appear as a special type of myeloproliferative disorder apart from the true C.M.L. and the true osteomyelofibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:126428", "title": "[Study of chronic myeloid leukemia by marrow culture in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique of bone marrow cultures in vitro on semi solid agar medium has been applied to the study of 24 cases of chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase and/or in acute blastic crisis. At the chronic phase of the disease the colony forming capacity is normal or above the normal range. In blastic crisis the number of colonies is very low. In the same time clusters are prominent.", "contents": "[Study of chronic myeloid leukemia by marrow culture in vitro (author's transl)]. The technique of bone marrow cultures in vitro on semi solid agar medium has been applied to the study of 24 cases of chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase and/or in acute blastic crisis. At the chronic phase of the disease the colony forming capacity is normal or above the normal range. In blastic crisis the number of colonies is very low. In the same time clusters are prominent."}
{"id": "PMID:126425", "title": "[Androgens and prolonged complete remissions in acute non lymphoblastic leukemias. Results of a systematic treatment with stanozolol associated with chemotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "An androgen (stanozolol: 0,15 mg/kg/d) was systematically associated to the treatment of acute non lymphoblastic leukemias, since the beginning of induction therapy (vincristin, daunorubicin, prednisone) and throughout the maintenance period (6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate). Thirty-six patients less than 60 years old (median age: 44 years) presenting with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia were entered to the study. Sixteen achieved complete remission (C.R.), i.e. 44% of the whole and 53% of treated patients. Out of 16 patients with complete remission, 4 relapsed during the observation period which lasted 4-1/2 years. The stability of the hematologic equilibrium in patients in C.R. is the main finding of the present study. The actuarial curve of the duration of the first complete remission reaches a \"plateau\"; after the 8th month only one relapse was observed in 9 patients. The rate of C.R. at 2 years is 76 +/- 23%. As compared to the results from other schedules of treatment, this rate appears significantly better, specially in the case of immunotherapy (p less than 0,001). A prospective randomized study is now suggested as to confirm this result; its therapeutic and theoretical basis and perspectives are discussed.", "contents": "[Androgens and prolonged complete remissions in acute non lymphoblastic leukemias. Results of a systematic treatment with stanozolol associated with chemotherapy (author's transl)]. An androgen (stanozolol: 0,15 mg/kg/d) was systematically associated to the treatment of acute non lymphoblastic leukemias, since the beginning of induction therapy (vincristin, daunorubicin, prednisone) and throughout the maintenance period (6-mercaptopurine and methotrexate). Thirty-six patients less than 60 years old (median age: 44 years) presenting with acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia were entered to the study. Sixteen achieved complete remission (C.R.), i.e. 44% of the whole and 53% of treated patients. Out of 16 patients with complete remission, 4 relapsed during the observation period which lasted 4-1/2 years. The stability of the hematologic equilibrium in patients in C.R. is the main finding of the present study. The actuarial curve of the duration of the first complete remission reaches a \"plateau\"; after the 8th month only one relapse was observed in 9 patients. The rate of C.R. at 2 years is 76 +/- 23%. As compared to the results from other schedules of treatment, this rate appears significantly better, specially in the case of immunotherapy (p less than 0,001). A prospective randomized study is now suggested as to confirm this result; its therapeutic and theoretical basis and perspectives are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126429", "title": "[Hereditary hypogranular thrombocytopathic thrombocytopenia. Ultrastructural study of a megakaryocytopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of megakaryocytes and blood platelets has been studied in 3 members of a Swiss family, in which a haemorrhagic diathesis of varying degree occurred in at least three generations. Blood platelets show an extremely low number of dense granules, slightly increased mean diameter and irregular distribution of glycogen in unusually large clusters. The number of megakaryocytes in bone marrow is normal. Electron microscopy shows asynchronous development of their structural components: a severe defect in maturation of specific granules is followed by retardation and irregularity in the demarcation of the \"platelet prospective fields\", Golgi membranes have few vesicles, glycogen occurs partly in huge clusters and megakaryocytes with mature platelet fields are very rare. The ultrastructural picture of platelet formation in megakaryocytes indicates that this haemorrhagic syndrome may be understood as a megakaryocytopathy. The results of functional and biochemical analyses performed on blood platelets show a defect in both phases of aggregation and in PF 3 availability, normal survival, decreased total sialic acid content, and absence of the heaviest platelet population (\"D\") isolated by discontinuous sucrose gradient. The autosomal dominant transmission of this together with its concomitance with blood group O suggest its relationship with the familial thrombopathic thrombocytopenia described in 1968 by Kurstjens and al. in a Dutch family [13].", "contents": "[Hereditary hypogranular thrombocytopathic thrombocytopenia. Ultrastructural study of a megakaryocytopathy (author's transl)]. The ultrastructure of megakaryocytes and blood platelets has been studied in 3 members of a Swiss family, in which a haemorrhagic diathesis of varying degree occurred in at least three generations. Blood platelets show an extremely low number of dense granules, slightly increased mean diameter and irregular distribution of glycogen in unusually large clusters. The number of megakaryocytes in bone marrow is normal. Electron microscopy shows asynchronous development of their structural components: a severe defect in maturation of specific granules is followed by retardation and irregularity in the demarcation of the \"platelet prospective fields\", Golgi membranes have few vesicles, glycogen occurs partly in huge clusters and megakaryocytes with mature platelet fields are very rare. The ultrastructural picture of platelet formation in megakaryocytes indicates that this haemorrhagic syndrome may be understood as a megakaryocytopathy. The results of functional and biochemical analyses performed on blood platelets show a defect in both phases of aggregation and in PF 3 availability, normal survival, decreased total sialic acid content, and absence of the heaviest platelet population (\"D\") isolated by discontinuous sucrose gradient. The autosomal dominant transmission of this together with its concomitance with blood group O suggest its relationship with the familial thrombopathic thrombocytopenia described in 1968 by Kurstjens and al. in a Dutch family [13]."}
{"id": "PMID:126426", "title": "Necrotaxis: a scanning and transmission electron microscopy study.", "content": "This paper describes an easy method to determine a \"necrotactic rosette forming index (NRI) of leucocytes\" after destruction of a red cell by a laser beam. Among the drugs tested, only cytochalasin B (0.5 mug/ml) is found to significantly lower NRI. The lectins PHA and CON-A did not have any effect on the NRI. Patients with infections are found to have increased NRI. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy have permitted the study of fine structurale details of the entire phenomenon.", "contents": "Necrotaxis: a scanning and transmission electron microscopy study. This paper describes an easy method to determine a \"necrotactic rosette forming index (NRI) of leucocytes\" after destruction of a red cell by a laser beam. Among the drugs tested, only cytochalasin B (0.5 mug/ml) is found to significantly lower NRI. The lectins PHA and CON-A did not have any effect on the NRI. Patients with infections are found to have increased NRI. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy have permitted the study of fine structurale details of the entire phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:126430", "title": "[Effects of various adsorbants on coagulation factors (author's transl)].", "content": "Adsorption of clotting factors by various adsorbants is studied (tricalcium phosphate, baryum sulfate or carbonate or citrate, calcium oxalate, aluminium hydroxyde and several silicate such as: kaolin, celite, bentonite, attapulgite, beidellite, asbestos). The main properties of each adsorbant are listed as well as several applications such as: selective adsorption of fibrinogen, separation between fibrinogen and factor VIII, separation of factor II from the other components of the prothrombin complex. Activation of factors XII and XI by the various silicates, as well as the activation of factor V by attapulgite are studied. Finally, the action of such adsorbants on the fibrinolytic system is summarized.", "contents": "[Effects of various adsorbants on coagulation factors (author's transl)]. Adsorption of clotting factors by various adsorbants is studied (tricalcium phosphate, baryum sulfate or carbonate or citrate, calcium oxalate, aluminium hydroxyde and several silicate such as: kaolin, celite, bentonite, attapulgite, beidellite, asbestos). The main properties of each adsorbant are listed as well as several applications such as: selective adsorption of fibrinogen, separation between fibrinogen and factor VIII, separation of factor II from the other components of the prothrombin complex. Activation of factors XII and XI by the various silicates, as well as the activation of factor V by attapulgite are studied. Finally, the action of such adsorbants on the fibrinolytic system is summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:126449", "title": "Oxygen exchange in the gamma-phosphoryl group of protein-bound ATP during Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of myosin.", "content": "When ATP binds to myosin in the presence of Mg2+ there follows a rapid cleavage reaction to yield a myosin-product complex whose breakdown is rate-limiting in the overall adenosine triphosphatase reaction at 21 degrees and pH 8.0. Recent kinetic studies on this system have led to the proposal that the cleavage of ATP bound to myosin is reversible. This conclusion is based in part on the observation that when ATP is mixed with an excess of myosin active sites a small amount of tightly bound ATP exists whose life-time coincides with that of the myosin-product complex and implies these two species are in equilibrium during their decay. Previous oxygen exchange studies have shown that phosphate released as free product contains more than one oxygen atom from water. A rapid equilibration between myosin-bound ATP and a myosin-products complex can account for the extra water oxygen incorporation of the product phosphate. Such a model requires that the gamma-phosphoryl group of the bound ATP also exchanges its oxygen atoms with water. Results presented in this paper show that protein-bound ATP labeled in the three terminal oxygen atoms of the gamma-phosphoryl group with 18O exchanges about 75% of its label within 2 s of binding to the active site of myosin. This result provides chemical evidence for a model in which bound ATP undergoes a reversible reaction with water. Incomplete exchange may arise from kinetic and/or structural restraints on the mechanism and plausible models are discussed.", "contents": "Oxygen exchange in the gamma-phosphoryl group of protein-bound ATP during Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of myosin. When ATP binds to myosin in the presence of Mg2+ there follows a rapid cleavage reaction to yield a myosin-product complex whose breakdown is rate-limiting in the overall adenosine triphosphatase reaction at 21 degrees and pH 8.0. Recent kinetic studies on this system have led to the proposal that the cleavage of ATP bound to myosin is reversible. This conclusion is based in part on the observation that when ATP is mixed with an excess of myosin active sites a small amount of tightly bound ATP exists whose life-time coincides with that of the myosin-product complex and implies these two species are in equilibrium during their decay. Previous oxygen exchange studies have shown that phosphate released as free product contains more than one oxygen atom from water. A rapid equilibration between myosin-bound ATP and a myosin-products complex can account for the extra water oxygen incorporation of the product phosphate. Such a model requires that the gamma-phosphoryl group of the bound ATP also exchanges its oxygen atoms with water. Results presented in this paper show that protein-bound ATP labeled in the three terminal oxygen atoms of the gamma-phosphoryl group with 18O exchanges about 75% of its label within 2 s of binding to the active site of myosin. This result provides chemical evidence for a model in which bound ATP undergoes a reversible reaction with water. Incomplete exchange may arise from kinetic and/or structural restraints on the mechanism and plausible models are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126447", "title": "The effect of apomorphine on serotonin neurons in dorsal raphe nucleus and catecholamine nerve terminals in paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Histofluorescence studies.", "content": "Histofluorescent method was employed to study the intensity of serotonin (5-HT) fluorescence in nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR) and catecholamine (CA) fluorescence in nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami (PVH). Apomorphine (APO, 20 mg/kg) induced, after 30 min, the increase in intensity of 5-HT fluorescence in DR and CA fluorescence in PVH. This increase was prevented by the previous dopamine receptor blockade by spiroperidol (2 mg/kg), administered 1 hr prior to APO. After alpha-methyl-tyrosine (alpha-MT) (2 X 400 mg/kg)-induced decrease in CA level, simultaneous intensification in 5-HT fluorescence was observed in DR. APO administered to those rats decreased the intensity of 5-HT fluorescence in DR, down to the level observed in the controls. This decrease in fluorescence was also prevented by pretreatment with spiroperidol. p-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced inhibition in 5-HT synthesis decreased the intensity of 5-HT fluorescence and this decrease was considerably intensified by APO. The obtained results support the following concepts: 1) the effect of apomorphine on 5-HT in DR and on CA in PVH seems, to be indirect, namely through dopamine receptor stimulation, 2) the changes in 5-HT fluorescence in DR are probably connected with the acceleration in this amine turnover.", "contents": "The effect of apomorphine on serotonin neurons in dorsal raphe nucleus and catecholamine nerve terminals in paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. Histofluorescence studies. Histofluorescent method was employed to study the intensity of serotonin (5-HT) fluorescence in nucleus raphe dorsalis (DR) and catecholamine (CA) fluorescence in nucleus paraventricularis hypothalami (PVH). Apomorphine (APO, 20 mg/kg) induced, after 30 min, the increase in intensity of 5-HT fluorescence in DR and CA fluorescence in PVH. This increase was prevented by the previous dopamine receptor blockade by spiroperidol (2 mg/kg), administered 1 hr prior to APO. After alpha-methyl-tyrosine (alpha-MT) (2 X 400 mg/kg)-induced decrease in CA level, simultaneous intensification in 5-HT fluorescence was observed in DR. APO administered to those rats decreased the intensity of 5-HT fluorescence in DR, down to the level observed in the controls. This decrease in fluorescence was also prevented by pretreatment with spiroperidol. p-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-induced inhibition in 5-HT synthesis decreased the intensity of 5-HT fluorescence and this decrease was considerably intensified by APO. The obtained results support the following concepts: 1) the effect of apomorphine on 5-HT in DR and on CA in PVH seems, to be indirect, namely through dopamine receptor stimulation, 2) the changes in 5-HT fluorescence in DR are probably connected with the acceleration in this amine turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:126452", "title": "Ethidium bromide inhibits mitochondrial phosphorylating oxidation.", "content": "Ethidium bromide, in addition to combination with mitochondrial nucleic acids, is a phosphorylation inhibitor during glutamate and succinate respiration by mitochondria. Exhaustive washing of ethidium bromide-treated mitochondria did not relieve the inhibition nor significantly decrease the amount of bound dye. Dialysis against a cation exchange resin at 3 degrees for 17 hr removed about 97% of bound dye. This restored phosphorylating capacity to that of untreated mitochondria which had also been dialyzed against the resin. Since state 3 respiration was diminished and state 4 was unaffected by the presence of the acridine dye, and since neither swelling of mitochondria nor release of latent ATPase was observed, then ethidium bromide was not an electron transport inhibitor nor an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibition of metabolic processes by ethidium bromide may be due in part to depressed generation of mitochondrial ATP.", "contents": "Ethidium bromide inhibits mitochondrial phosphorylating oxidation. Ethidium bromide, in addition to combination with mitochondrial nucleic acids, is a phosphorylation inhibitor during glutamate and succinate respiration by mitochondria. Exhaustive washing of ethidium bromide-treated mitochondria did not relieve the inhibition nor significantly decrease the amount of bound dye. Dialysis against a cation exchange resin at 3 degrees for 17 hr removed about 97% of bound dye. This restored phosphorylating capacity to that of untreated mitochondria which had also been dialyzed against the resin. Since state 3 respiration was diminished and state 4 was unaffected by the presence of the acridine dye, and since neither swelling of mitochondria nor release of latent ATPase was observed, then ethidium bromide was not an electron transport inhibitor nor an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibition of metabolic processes by ethidium bromide may be due in part to depressed generation of mitochondrial ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:126464", "title": "[Staphylococcus aureus phage induction by and sensitivity to ultraviolet rays].", "content": "The main characteristics of the phiD convertant phage of Staphylococcus aureus have been studied, including the quantitative study of the induction of BSS (phiD) strain by U.V., of the multiplication of the inducted phage, and of its sensitivity to the U.V. irradiation.", "contents": "[Staphylococcus aureus phage induction by and sensitivity to ultraviolet rays]. The main characteristics of the phiD convertant phage of Staphylococcus aureus have been studied, including the quantitative study of the induction of BSS (phiD) strain by U.V., of the multiplication of the inducted phage, and of its sensitivity to the U.V. irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:126489", "title": "Long-term maintenance in vitro of human T cells by repeated exposure to the same stimulator cells. Differences when using repeated stimulation in allogeneic mixed leukocyte culture and when using stimulation with autologous lymphoblastoid cells.", "content": "Cells from one-way human mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) which had reverted to small lymphocytes after 2 weeks' incubation responded with accelerated kinetics and higher thymidine incorporation on restimulation with lymphocytes or lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) cells having relevant antigens. In contrast to fresh lymphocytes, they did not respond to autologous LCL cells. Cultures could be restimulated every second week with relevant allogeneic lymphocytes and could thus be maintained for periods of up to 4 months. Almost all these cultured cells had T-cell characteristics, during stimulation as well as in their reverted phase. The response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) successively disappeared with repeated allogeneic restimulation, whereas the response to the relevant lymphocytes and cells of related donors was maintained. When lymphocytes had been stimulated with autologous LCL cells, the restimulation response was accelerated, although lower than after the primary stimulation. Restimulated cultures could not be maintained by further restimulation. Allogeneic and autologous LCL were equally efficient restumulators. A low level of stimulation was also achieved with allogeneic lymphocytes. The PHA response was usually reduced.", "contents": "Long-term maintenance in vitro of human T cells by repeated exposure to the same stimulator cells. Differences when using repeated stimulation in allogeneic mixed leukocyte culture and when using stimulation with autologous lymphoblastoid cells. Cells from one-way human mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) which had reverted to small lymphocytes after 2 weeks' incubation responded with accelerated kinetics and higher thymidine incorporation on restimulation with lymphocytes or lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) cells having relevant antigens. In contrast to fresh lymphocytes, they did not respond to autologous LCL cells. Cultures could be restimulated every second week with relevant allogeneic lymphocytes and could thus be maintained for periods of up to 4 months. Almost all these cultured cells had T-cell characteristics, during stimulation as well as in their reverted phase. The response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) successively disappeared with repeated allogeneic restimulation, whereas the response to the relevant lymphocytes and cells of related donors was maintained. When lymphocytes had been stimulated with autologous LCL cells, the restimulation response was accelerated, although lower than after the primary stimulation. Restimulated cultures could not be maintained by further restimulation. Allogeneic and autologous LCL were equally efficient restumulators. A low level of stimulation was also achieved with allogeneic lymphocytes. The PHA response was usually reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:126490", "title": "Role of B cells in the expression of the PPD response of human lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "Human blood lymphocytes were tested for their proliferative response to purified protein derivative (PPD) in vitro. Purified T cells showed a lower response than the orginial purified lymphocyte suspension. Purified B cells were unresponsive to PPD. Mixtures of preparations of T and B cells were stimulated to a greater extent by this antigen than anticipated by adding the responses of the two cell types tested separately. This cell synergy could largely be explained by soluble factors released by PPD-stimulated T cells, which were found to be mitogenic for B cells.", "contents": "Role of B cells in the expression of the PPD response of human lymphocytes in vitro. Human blood lymphocytes were tested for their proliferative response to purified protein derivative (PPD) in vitro. Purified T cells showed a lower response than the orginial purified lymphocyte suspension. Purified B cells were unresponsive to PPD. Mixtures of preparations of T and B cells were stimulated to a greater extent by this antigen than anticipated by adding the responses of the two cell types tested separately. This cell synergy could largely be explained by soluble factors released by PPD-stimulated T cells, which were found to be mitogenic for B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:126491", "title": "Back pain and isometric back muscle strength of workers in a Danish factory.", "content": "105 factory workers (38 females and 67 males) have been questioned about their frequency of back pain. 60% of the females and 61% of the males have previously experienced episodes of back pain. 21% of the females and 37% of the males have been absent from work due to back pain. The incidence of back pain is not related to age, height, sort of work, or isometric muscle strength of the back (IS). For the males the incidence rises with increasing weight, i.e. combination of height and obesity, but is not related to any two single factors. For the females there is no correlation between the incidence of pain and weight. IS is correlated to height and age in the males but not in the females. Standards for IS are presented and suggested as a guide to evaluation of the working capabilities of individual subjects with back pain.", "contents": "Back pain and isometric back muscle strength of workers in a Danish factory. 105 factory workers (38 females and 67 males) have been questioned about their frequency of back pain. 60% of the females and 61% of the males have previously experienced episodes of back pain. 21% of the females and 37% of the males have been absent from work due to back pain. The incidence of back pain is not related to age, height, sort of work, or isometric muscle strength of the back (IS). For the males the incidence rises with increasing weight, i.e. combination of height and obesity, but is not related to any two single factors. For the females there is no correlation between the incidence of pain and weight. IS is correlated to height and age in the males but not in the females. Standards for IS are presented and suggested as a guide to evaluation of the working capabilities of individual subjects with back pain."}
{"id": "PMID:126493", "title": "Epidemiological features of dengue and chikungunya infections in Burma.", "content": "A serological survey for antibody to dengue and chikungunya was carried out in all 14 divisions and states and 2 border towns in Burma during 1973-74. Dengue HI antibody prevalence rate of less than 10% was observed in Arakan and Shan States, 10 to 30% in the Irrawaddy, Pegu, Mandalay Divisions and Kachin, Mon and Karen States, 31 to 60% in Sagaing Division, and over 60% in Rangoon, Magwe and Tenasserim Divisions. Similarly, chikungunya HI antibody prevalence rate of less than 10% was observed in Arakan State, 10 to 30% in the Irrawaddy, Pegu, Mandalay and Sagaing Divisions and Kachin State, 31 to 60% in Rangoon Division and Mon State. Both dengue and chikungunya antibodies were detected where Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were prevalent but the antibody prevalent rates were not directly proportional to the premises index. No HI antibody to dengue nor chikungunya was detected in Aedes aegypti free hilly areas, Chin and Kayah States, but was detected in the Shan State, Dengue and chikungunya infections were observed both in rural and urban populations. Dengue and chikungunya infections affected all socioeconomic classes in Rangoon equally but in Mandalay high socioeconomic class was nearly 3 times less affected than lower socioeconomic class. The infrequencies of dengue and chikungunya infections were observed to be 2 to 3 times higher in residents of Rangoon City than those of other towns. In Rangoon the antibody prevalence rates to dengue increased progressively with age while in other towns no appreciable increase in rates with age was observed. Both sexes were equally affected. This study provides strong circumstantial evidence that dengue and chikungunya viruses are highly and widely distributed throughout Burma, and that new outbreaks of haemorrhagic fever could occur in previously free areas following introduction of dengue viruses into populations previously exposed to one type of dengue.", "contents": "Epidemiological features of dengue and chikungunya infections in Burma. A serological survey for antibody to dengue and chikungunya was carried out in all 14 divisions and states and 2 border towns in Burma during 1973-74. Dengue HI antibody prevalence rate of less than 10% was observed in Arakan and Shan States, 10 to 30% in the Irrawaddy, Pegu, Mandalay Divisions and Kachin, Mon and Karen States, 31 to 60% in Sagaing Division, and over 60% in Rangoon, Magwe and Tenasserim Divisions. Similarly, chikungunya HI antibody prevalence rate of less than 10% was observed in Arakan State, 10 to 30% in the Irrawaddy, Pegu, Mandalay and Sagaing Divisions and Kachin State, 31 to 60% in Rangoon Division and Mon State. Both dengue and chikungunya antibodies were detected where Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were prevalent but the antibody prevalent rates were not directly proportional to the premises index. No HI antibody to dengue nor chikungunya was detected in Aedes aegypti free hilly areas, Chin and Kayah States, but was detected in the Shan State, Dengue and chikungunya infections were observed both in rural and urban populations. Dengue and chikungunya infections affected all socioeconomic classes in Rangoon equally but in Mandalay high socioeconomic class was nearly 3 times less affected than lower socioeconomic class. The infrequencies of dengue and chikungunya infections were observed to be 2 to 3 times higher in residents of Rangoon City than those of other towns. In Rangoon the antibody prevalence rates to dengue increased progressively with age while in other towns no appreciable increase in rates with age was observed. Both sexes were equally affected. This study provides strong circumstantial evidence that dengue and chikungunya viruses are highly and widely distributed throughout Burma, and that new outbreaks of haemorrhagic fever could occur in previously free areas following introduction of dengue viruses into populations previously exposed to one type of dengue."}
{"id": "PMID:126495", "title": "The effects of free fatty acid infusion on glucose metabolism in normal and streptozotocin-treated dogs.", "content": "By means of a novel technique for direct intravenous infusion of free fatty acids (FFA) into conscious dogs, it was found that the elevation of FFA levels in normal animals leads to a marked increase in insulin release and to a decrease in plasma glucose concentration. Dogs with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were used for FFA infusion in order to test whether peripheral glucose utilisation would be suppressed by FFA in the absence of the usual insulin response. Diabetic dogs receiving a constant infusion of intravenous glucose were given infusions of oleic acid after control periods of 2-3 hours. Constant intravenous infusion of U-14C-glucose into the diabetic dogs indicated that FFA infusion caused an average transient drop of 36,8% in glucose flux. After 1 1/2 hours of FFA infusion the flux returned to the former rates. Because no change in plasma glucose levels was found during FFA infusion our results can be explained only by a drop in hepatic glucose production concomitant with an equal drop in peripheral glucose utilisation.", "contents": "The effects of free fatty acid infusion on glucose metabolism in normal and streptozotocin-treated dogs. By means of a novel technique for direct intravenous infusion of free fatty acids (FFA) into conscious dogs, it was found that the elevation of FFA levels in normal animals leads to a marked increase in insulin release and to a decrease in plasma glucose concentration. Dogs with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were used for FFA infusion in order to test whether peripheral glucose utilisation would be suppressed by FFA in the absence of the usual insulin response. Diabetic dogs receiving a constant infusion of intravenous glucose were given infusions of oleic acid after control periods of 2-3 hours. Constant intravenous infusion of U-14C-glucose into the diabetic dogs indicated that FFA infusion caused an average transient drop of 36,8% in glucose flux. After 1 1/2 hours of FFA infusion the flux returned to the former rates. Because no change in plasma glucose levels was found during FFA infusion our results can be explained only by a drop in hepatic glucose production concomitant with an equal drop in peripheral glucose utilisation."}
{"id": "PMID:126498", "title": "Stimulation of the posterior columns of the spinal cord for relief of intractable pain.", "content": "Sixty-nine patients with chronically incapacitating pain were treated with an implantable stimulator over the posterior columns of the spinal cord. Evaluations at 24, 30 and 34 months showed a progressive decrease in the number of patients considered to have an excellent result. Evaluation of 60 patients with pain of benign origin after implantation of the stimulating device showed only ten patients who could be considered to have an excellent result on the basis of their own report of pain relief. The most common failure of the stimulating devices was failure of stimulation into a painful part.", "contents": "Stimulation of the posterior columns of the spinal cord for relief of intractable pain. Sixty-nine patients with chronically incapacitating pain were treated with an implantable stimulator over the posterior columns of the spinal cord. Evaluations at 24, 30 and 34 months showed a progressive decrease in the number of patients considered to have an excellent result. Evaluation of 60 patients with pain of benign origin after implantation of the stimulating device showed only ten patients who could be considered to have an excellent result on the basis of their own report of pain relief. The most common failure of the stimulating devices was failure of stimulation into a painful part."}
{"id": "PMID:126499", "title": "Electrical stimulation of the ventral and dorsal columns of the spinal cord for relief of chronic intractable pain: preliminary report.", "content": "Serious questions are raised as to whether electrical control of pain is related to stimulation of the dorsal columns per se or the conduction of the electrical impulse via the cerebrospinal fluid to the ventrolateral columns. Percutaneous on-surface spinal cord stimulation is advocated as an accurate screening method before implantation. Of 27 patients who underwent dorsal column stimulator implants, the last three patients also underwent ventral column stimulator implants. Results in the patients with both implants tend to predict much better results with the possibility that ventral column stimulation alone is sufficient.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation of the ventral and dorsal columns of the spinal cord for relief of chronic intractable pain: preliminary report. Serious questions are raised as to whether electrical control of pain is related to stimulation of the dorsal columns per se or the conduction of the electrical impulse via the cerebrospinal fluid to the ventrolateral columns. Percutaneous on-surface spinal cord stimulation is advocated as an accurate screening method before implantation. Of 27 patients who underwent dorsal column stimulator implants, the last three patients also underwent ventral column stimulator implants. Results in the patients with both implants tend to predict much better results with the possibility that ventral column stimulation alone is sufficient."}
{"id": "PMID:126500", "title": "Abdominal wall replacement with plastic mesh in ablative cancer surgery.", "content": "Planned excisions of tumors involving the abdominal or chest wall should not be compromised because of lack of tissue for wound closure. Reconstruction with an inert polypropylene mesh provides a strong and stable covering for the defect. Mobilization of adjacent skin flaps to provide covering for the mesh is desirable and results in reduced morbidity. When this is not possible the mesh may be left to granulate and later be grafted. Nine illustrative cases are presented.", "contents": "Abdominal wall replacement with plastic mesh in ablative cancer surgery. Planned excisions of tumors involving the abdominal or chest wall should not be compromised because of lack of tissue for wound closure. Reconstruction with an inert polypropylene mesh provides a strong and stable covering for the defect. Mobilization of adjacent skin flaps to provide covering for the mesh is desirable and results in reduced morbidity. When this is not possible the mesh may be left to granulate and later be grafted. Nine illustrative cases are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:126501", "title": "The effects of small-bowel resection or bypass on the rat skeleton.", "content": "The bones of adult rats became progressively osteopenic 1 to 5 weeks following jejunoileal bypass or resection. These changes were accompanied by increased levels of metaphyseal enzyme activities as well as by loss of histochemically identifiable osteoid. Osteoid tissue and the ability to mineralize skeletal collagen were recovered more rapidly and fully in the resection group than in the bypass group. Metaphyseal alkaline phosphatase concentrations increased in both groups coincident with the elevated lysosomal enzymes levels, and the skeletons showed a calcium deficit (low Ca/HOPr ratio) within the first 3 weeks. In resected rats the osteopenia and bone blood chemistry were consistent with hyperparathyroidism secondary to impared Ca absorption. In bypassed rats the results suggest that the osteopenia might be related to the release of a \"resorptive factor\" from the excluded intestinal segment.", "contents": "The effects of small-bowel resection or bypass on the rat skeleton. The bones of adult rats became progressively osteopenic 1 to 5 weeks following jejunoileal bypass or resection. These changes were accompanied by increased levels of metaphyseal enzyme activities as well as by loss of histochemically identifiable osteoid. Osteoid tissue and the ability to mineralize skeletal collagen were recovered more rapidly and fully in the resection group than in the bypass group. Metaphyseal alkaline phosphatase concentrations increased in both groups coincident with the elevated lysosomal enzymes levels, and the skeletons showed a calcium deficit (low Ca/HOPr ratio) within the first 3 weeks. In resected rats the osteopenia and bone blood chemistry were consistent with hyperparathyroidism secondary to impared Ca absorption. In bypassed rats the results suggest that the osteopenia might be related to the release of a \"resorptive factor\" from the excluded intestinal segment."}
{"id": "PMID:126502", "title": "A pulmonary hypertension-producing plant from Tanzania.", "content": "An African youth who had died from primary pulmonary hypertension was suspected of having ingested a herbal remedy containing the seeds of the local plant Crotalaria laburnoides. Consequently powdered seeds of this plant were fed to 20 Wistar albino rats for 60 dyas to see if this would induce ventricular hypertrophy and associated hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease. At the end of the experimental period right ventricular hypertrophy, medial hypertrophy of the pulmonary trunk and 'muscular pulmonary arteries', and muscularization of the pulmonary arterioles had developed in a proportion of the test animals. These are the morbid anatomical features pathognomonic of a raised pulmonary arterial pressure and show that the seeds of Crotalaria laburnoides contain an agent capable of inducing pulmonary hypertension in rats. This study suggests the value of seeking a history of ingestion of herbal remedies and drugs in cases of unexplained pulmonary hypertension in man.", "contents": "A pulmonary hypertension-producing plant from Tanzania. An African youth who had died from primary pulmonary hypertension was suspected of having ingested a herbal remedy containing the seeds of the local plant Crotalaria laburnoides. Consequently powdered seeds of this plant were fed to 20 Wistar albino rats for 60 dyas to see if this would induce ventricular hypertrophy and associated hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease. At the end of the experimental period right ventricular hypertrophy, medial hypertrophy of the pulmonary trunk and 'muscular pulmonary arteries', and muscularization of the pulmonary arterioles had developed in a proportion of the test animals. These are the morbid anatomical features pathognomonic of a raised pulmonary arterial pressure and show that the seeds of Crotalaria laburnoides contain an agent capable of inducing pulmonary hypertension in rats. This study suggests the value of seeking a history of ingestion of herbal remedies and drugs in cases of unexplained pulmonary hypertension in man."}
{"id": "PMID:126506", "title": "The in vitro synthesis of 7-hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone by human mammary tissues.", "content": "Normal and tumorous human mammary tissues were incubated in vitro with [7alpha-3H] dehydroepiandrosterone and [7alpha-3H] dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate. Tritium-labelled 7alpha-hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone was identified as a principal metabolite from four of the five studies with normal tissue and all seven studies with tumorous tissue.", "contents": "The in vitro synthesis of 7-hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone by human mammary tissues. Normal and tumorous human mammary tissues were incubated in vitro with [7alpha-3H] dehydroepiandrosterone and [7alpha-3H] dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate. Tritium-labelled 7alpha-hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone was identified as a principal metabolite from four of the five studies with normal tissue and all seven studies with tumorous tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:126507", "title": "Biotransformation of pregnenolone - 7alpha-3H, progesterone - 7alpha-3H and dehydroepiandrosterone - 7alpha-3H by porcine fetal and maternal adrenal homogenate preparations.", "content": "The biotransformation of pregnenolone-7alpha-3H and of progesterone-7alpha-3H by porcine fetal and maternal adrenal homogenates at 56 and 112 days of pregnancy and of dehydroepiandrosterone-7alpha-3H by fetal adrenal homogenates has been investigated in vitro. Both pregnenolone-7alpha-3H and progesterone-7alpha-3H were metabolized extensively by maternal adrenal preparations, the principal radioactive metabolites isolated being cortisol, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, deoxycorticosterone, 11beta-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione. In addition, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone and cortisone were formed from both substrates and 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and progesterone were formed from pregnenolone. Although essentially the same radioactive metabolites were isolated after incubation of fetal adrenal glands with pregnenolone-7alpha-3H or progesterone-7alpha-3H, a greater proportion of the radioactivity was associated with corticosteroids at 112 days of pregnancy than at 56 days. 11beta-Hydroxyandrostenedione and androstenedione were isolated and identified together with an unknown polar metabolite, after incubation of fetal adrenal tissue with dehydroepiandrosterone-7alpha-3H. These results are discussed in relation to feto-placental steroid biosynthesis and metabolism and the role of the fetal adrenal in the initiation of parturition in the pig.", "contents": "Biotransformation of pregnenolone - 7alpha-3H, progesterone - 7alpha-3H and dehydroepiandrosterone - 7alpha-3H by porcine fetal and maternal adrenal homogenate preparations. The biotransformation of pregnenolone-7alpha-3H and of progesterone-7alpha-3H by porcine fetal and maternal adrenal homogenates at 56 and 112 days of pregnancy and of dehydroepiandrosterone-7alpha-3H by fetal adrenal homogenates has been investigated in vitro. Both pregnenolone-7alpha-3H and progesterone-7alpha-3H were metabolized extensively by maternal adrenal preparations, the principal radioactive metabolites isolated being cortisol, corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, deoxycorticosterone, 11beta-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione. In addition, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone and cortisone were formed from both substrates and 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and progesterone were formed from pregnenolone. Although essentially the same radioactive metabolites were isolated after incubation of fetal adrenal glands with pregnenolone-7alpha-3H or progesterone-7alpha-3H, a greater proportion of the radioactivity was associated with corticosteroids at 112 days of pregnancy than at 56 days. 11beta-Hydroxyandrostenedione and androstenedione were isolated and identified together with an unknown polar metabolite, after incubation of fetal adrenal tissue with dehydroepiandrosterone-7alpha-3H. These results are discussed in relation to feto-placental steroid biosynthesis and metabolism and the role of the fetal adrenal in the initiation of parturition in the pig."}
{"id": "PMID:126509", "title": "[Medical-dental specialty regulations and the educational progrm for \"Specialist in Pedodontics\"].", "content": "The Central Professional Committee for Paedodontics provides the instructors and the dentists specializing in paedodontics with an interpretation of the regulations for the diploma of specialist physician/specialist dentist of May 23, 1974, and of the educational program. Advice and recommendations are given for the fulfilment of the training program and also for the course and methods of the training for a dental speciality.", "contents": "[Medical-dental specialty regulations and the educational progrm for \"Specialist in Pedodontics\"]. The Central Professional Committee for Paedodontics provides the instructors and the dentists specializing in paedodontics with an interpretation of the regulations for the diploma of specialist physician/specialist dentist of May 23, 1974, and of the educational program. Advice and recommendations are given for the fulfilment of the training program and also for the course and methods of the training for a dental speciality."}
{"id": "PMID:126510", "title": "New mixed lymphocyte microculture test harvested by a simple device developed for this purpose.", "content": "The methodology of the conventional mixed lymphocyte culture test has been simplified and miniaturized by developing a micromethod employing Terasaki trays with a final culture volume of 20 mul containing between 10,000 and 20,000 responding and stimulating cells each/culture. This represents one-tenth the cell concentration of the conventional mixed lymphocyte culture. For this new test, a special microharvester has been designed and developed. The test allows accurate and reproducible results giving a high level of discrimination between the different levels of response.", "contents": "New mixed lymphocyte microculture test harvested by a simple device developed for this purpose. The methodology of the conventional mixed lymphocyte culture test has been simplified and miniaturized by developing a micromethod employing Terasaki trays with a final culture volume of 20 mul containing between 10,000 and 20,000 responding and stimulating cells each/culture. This represents one-tenth the cell concentration of the conventional mixed lymphocyte culture. For this new test, a special microharvester has been designed and developed. The test allows accurate and reproducible results giving a high level of discrimination between the different levels of response."}
{"id": "PMID:126511", "title": "Blocking versus cytotoxic antibody in HL-A- and mixed lymphocyte culture-identical and nonidentical human renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Blocking antibody directed against donor responding cells has been found to develop in HL-A-mixed lymphocyte culture-identical donor-recipient combinations after renal transplantation in which splenectomy was not performed. Cytotoxic antibody associated with rejection episodes and detected only by the discriminatory mixed lymphocyte culture developed in other HL-A-mixed lymphocyte culture-identical combinations as well. It disappeared as blocking antibody appeared and the post-transplant course became uneventful. In addition, both cytotoxic and blocking activity were shown to develop and coexist in a patient who received two successive renal transplants: cytotoxic against donor 1 (kidney rejected), and blocking against donor 2 (kidney accepted). These findings are taken to be strong evidence in favor of qualitatively demonstrable separate antibody molecules dealing with two separate functions, i.e., cytotoxicity versus enhancement or immunoregulation.", "contents": "Blocking versus cytotoxic antibody in HL-A- and mixed lymphocyte culture-identical and nonidentical human renal transplant recipients. Blocking antibody directed against donor responding cells has been found to develop in HL-A-mixed lymphocyte culture-identical donor-recipient combinations after renal transplantation in which splenectomy was not performed. Cytotoxic antibody associated with rejection episodes and detected only by the discriminatory mixed lymphocyte culture developed in other HL-A-mixed lymphocyte culture-identical combinations as well. It disappeared as blocking antibody appeared and the post-transplant course became uneventful. In addition, both cytotoxic and blocking activity were shown to develop and coexist in a patient who received two successive renal transplants: cytotoxic against donor 1 (kidney rejected), and blocking against donor 2 (kidney accepted). These findings are taken to be strong evidence in favor of qualitatively demonstrable separate antibody molecules dealing with two separate functions, i.e., cytotoxicity versus enhancement or immunoregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:126513", "title": "An evaluation of the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction in marmosets.", "content": "Marmosets are unique in that all members may be considered to be natural blood chimeras because of the high frequency of fraternal twinning and placental vascular anastomoses between the fetuses. The mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction utilizing blood lymphocytes was evaluated to determine whether this in vitro test could detect histocompatibility differences among related and unrelated marmosets. It was found that the responses could be correlated with the probable immunogenetic relationships of these animals. Thus, an allogeneic MLC reaction in which the responding (R) and stimulating (S) cells were obtained from unrelated animals within one subspecies of marmosets (Saquinus fuscicollis illigeri) yielded a lower response than a semi-xenogeneic reaction involving R and S cells from two different subspecies of marmosets (S.f. illigeri (R) versus S.f. lagonotus (S). In contrast, MLC reactions between cells from chimeric marmoset co-twins were essentially negative, indicating specific immune tolerance. Under certain experimental conditions, however, it was suggested that the dual lymphocyte cell population from a chimeric marmoset could undergo \"autostimulation\" as measured by label incorporation studies. The necessity of further experiments was recognized before the data could be truly accepted as reflecting an in vitro manifestation of incompatibility between the two different genetic populations of blood lymphocytes from a chimera.", "contents": "An evaluation of the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction in marmosets. Marmosets are unique in that all members may be considered to be natural blood chimeras because of the high frequency of fraternal twinning and placental vascular anastomoses between the fetuses. The mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction utilizing blood lymphocytes was evaluated to determine whether this in vitro test could detect histocompatibility differences among related and unrelated marmosets. It was found that the responses could be correlated with the probable immunogenetic relationships of these animals. Thus, an allogeneic MLC reaction in which the responding (R) and stimulating (S) cells were obtained from unrelated animals within one subspecies of marmosets (Saquinus fuscicollis illigeri) yielded a lower response than a semi-xenogeneic reaction involving R and S cells from two different subspecies of marmosets (S.f. illigeri (R) versus S.f. lagonotus (S). In contrast, MLC reactions between cells from chimeric marmoset co-twins were essentially negative, indicating specific immune tolerance. Under certain experimental conditions, however, it was suggested that the dual lymphocyte cell population from a chimeric marmoset could undergo \"autostimulation\" as measured by label incorporation studies. The necessity of further experiments was recognized before the data could be truly accepted as reflecting an in vitro manifestation of incompatibility between the two different genetic populations of blood lymphocytes from a chimera."}
{"id": "PMID:126518", "title": "Glycogen synthesis by two Ehrlich ascites tumour cell strains in vitro.", "content": "Cells of two closely related strains of the Ehrlich mouse ascites tumour synthesize glycogen in vitro. The glycogen is mainly deposited intranuclearly.", "contents": "Glycogen synthesis by two Ehrlich ascites tumour cell strains in vitro. Cells of two closely related strains of the Ehrlich mouse ascites tumour synthesize glycogen in vitro. The glycogen is mainly deposited intranuclearly."}
{"id": "PMID:126519", "title": "Light and electron microscopic observations on the carotid bodies of rats following adaptation to high altitude.", "content": "The carotid bodies of rats were investigated by light and electron microscopy following adaptation to a simulated altitude of 7000 m. Some animals were studied immediately after readaptation to sea-level, other groups up to 41 days later. The animals of the first group show enlarged glomera with dilated capillaries as reported earlier. The type-I-cells are large with a light staining cytoplasm. The lobular configuration of the glomus is lost and intracapillary platelet thrombosis are frequently found. Under these thrombi there is usually a chief cell degeneration with edema and vacuolisation. There is also a noticeable decrease in so-called catecholamine bodies and the remaining ones are usually arranged along the cell borders. Electron microscopically the intercapillary tissue reveals an increase in collagen material partially replanning lost chief cells. Essentially unaltered sustentacular cells frequently enclose with their processes only collagen bundles and nerve fibres. During 41 days following the readaptation there is a narrowing of capillaries and vacuolisation, swelling and thromboses are no longer observed. The amount of collagen, however, remains the same. Dense cored vesicles again increase in number and the chief cells show a prominent interdigitation. Light microscopically the restoration to normal appears to be almost complete. Fine structural analysis, however, shows an appearently permanent distortion in the composition and cellular arrangement of the glomus.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic observations on the carotid bodies of rats following adaptation to high altitude. The carotid bodies of rats were investigated by light and electron microscopy following adaptation to a simulated altitude of 7000 m. Some animals were studied immediately after readaptation to sea-level, other groups up to 41 days later. The animals of the first group show enlarged glomera with dilated capillaries as reported earlier. The type-I-cells are large with a light staining cytoplasm. The lobular configuration of the glomus is lost and intracapillary platelet thrombosis are frequently found. Under these thrombi there is usually a chief cell degeneration with edema and vacuolisation. There is also a noticeable decrease in so-called catecholamine bodies and the remaining ones are usually arranged along the cell borders. Electron microscopically the intercapillary tissue reveals an increase in collagen material partially replanning lost chief cells. Essentially unaltered sustentacular cells frequently enclose with their processes only collagen bundles and nerve fibres. During 41 days following the readaptation there is a narrowing of capillaries and vacuolisation, swelling and thromboses are no longer observed. The amount of collagen, however, remains the same. Dense cored vesicles again increase in number and the chief cells show a prominent interdigitation. Light microscopically the restoration to normal appears to be almost complete. Fine structural analysis, however, shows an appearently permanent distortion in the composition and cellular arrangement of the glomus."}
{"id": "PMID:126520", "title": "Tissue specificity of the epidermal chalones.", "content": "An increasing body of evidence indicates that the rate of cell renewal in labile and stable cell populations is regulated according to a negative feedback principle. Water extracts of such tissues contain mitosis-inhibiting substances (chalones) that probably represent the chemical signals in these cell populations. Tissue specificity is one of the theoretical prereguisites of the chalones but has not been proven in many cases. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the tissue specificity of some chalones, with special emphasis on the chalones found in keratinizing epithelium of the forestomach, and the epithelium of the crypts of jejunum and colon were chosen since they represent stady state systems with a well defined proliferating ppol...", "contents": "Tissue specificity of the epidermal chalones. An increasing body of evidence indicates that the rate of cell renewal in labile and stable cell populations is regulated according to a negative feedback principle. Water extracts of such tissues contain mitosis-inhibiting substances (chalones) that probably represent the chemical signals in these cell populations. Tissue specificity is one of the theoretical prereguisites of the chalones but has not been proven in many cases. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the tissue specificity of some chalones, with special emphasis on the chalones found in keratinizing epithelium of the forestomach, and the epithelium of the crypts of jejunum and colon were chosen since they represent stady state systems with a well defined proliferating ppol..."}
{"id": "PMID:126521", "title": "The interaction between Walker tumour cells and mucosa cells in the lamina propria of gastric mucosa in rats. The tumour behaviour in previously X-irradiated mucosa compared to normal mucosa.", "content": "One series of 12 rats was exposed to X-irradiation (1500 R) of the stomach 19 days before implantation of Walker tumour cells in the gastric mucosa, and the frequency of tumour take and the extent of tumour growth after 10 days were compared with a second series with the same tumour implantation, but without X-ray exposure. In a third series simple gastric ulcers without tumour were produced by clamping the gastric wall with a heated (80 degrees) surgical needle holder, and the animals were killed 5-7 day later. All the rats were given injections of vinblastine sulfate 3 hours and of 3H-TDR 1 hour before sacrifice. In viewfields with diameter 180 mu the vinblastine-arrested mitoses and labelled cells on the tumour side of the tumour/mucosa border were calculated as percentages of all tumour cells. In the mucosa the total number of proliferating cells was counted at various distances from the border of the tumour or ulcer. No clear differences in the frequency of tumour take and the extent of tumour growth were found between the X-irradiated and the normal rat stomachs, and it is concluded that the X-ray exposure 3 weeks prior to tumour implantation did not reduce the normal mucosal resistance to tumour growth. The percentage of arrested mitoses and labelled cells in the tumour decreased one view field away from the mucosal border, and the number of proliferating cells in the mucosa bordering on the tumours showed a gradual fall with increasing distance up to 0.8-1.0 mm from the tumour border; within these distances, however, the numbers were much higher than at corresponding distances from edges of the ulcers. The Walker tumour thus seems to stimulate cell proliferation in mucosa to a much greater extent than a simple ulcer does. The causes of this phenomenon and the possible roles of \"chalones\" or \"anti-chalones\" are discussed.", "contents": "The interaction between Walker tumour cells and mucosa cells in the lamina propria of gastric mucosa in rats. The tumour behaviour in previously X-irradiated mucosa compared to normal mucosa. One series of 12 rats was exposed to X-irradiation (1500 R) of the stomach 19 days before implantation of Walker tumour cells in the gastric mucosa, and the frequency of tumour take and the extent of tumour growth after 10 days were compared with a second series with the same tumour implantation, but without X-ray exposure. In a third series simple gastric ulcers without tumour were produced by clamping the gastric wall with a heated (80 degrees) surgical needle holder, and the animals were killed 5-7 day later. All the rats were given injections of vinblastine sulfate 3 hours and of 3H-TDR 1 hour before sacrifice. In viewfields with diameter 180 mu the vinblastine-arrested mitoses and labelled cells on the tumour side of the tumour/mucosa border were calculated as percentages of all tumour cells. In the mucosa the total number of proliferating cells was counted at various distances from the border of the tumour or ulcer. No clear differences in the frequency of tumour take and the extent of tumour growth were found between the X-irradiated and the normal rat stomachs, and it is concluded that the X-ray exposure 3 weeks prior to tumour implantation did not reduce the normal mucosal resistance to tumour growth. The percentage of arrested mitoses and labelled cells in the tumour decreased one view field away from the mucosal border, and the number of proliferating cells in the mucosa bordering on the tumours showed a gradual fall with increasing distance up to 0.8-1.0 mm from the tumour border; within these distances, however, the numbers were much higher than at corresponding distances from edges of the ulcers. The Walker tumour thus seems to stimulate cell proliferation in mucosa to a much greater extent than a simple ulcer does. The causes of this phenomenon and the possible roles of \"chalones\" or \"anti-chalones\" are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126533", "title": "Generalized gangliosidosis type II (juvenile GM1 gangliosidosis). A pathological, histochemical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Pathological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies on 3 siblings with GM1 gangliosidosis type II are reported. These studies support a biochemical defect with profound deficiency of beta-galactosidases which results in widespread accumulation of the GM1 ganglioside and its asialo derivative in brain and to a lesser extent in viscera, as well as in storage of a keratan sulphate-like mucopolysaccharide. Striking valvular changes in the heart without myocardial involvement were seen in all cases. The histochemical and ultrastructural changes are similar to those seen in GM1 gangliosidosis type I, though less severe. Autosomal recessive inheritance without apparent ethnic predilection seems likely.", "contents": "Generalized gangliosidosis type II (juvenile GM1 gangliosidosis). A pathological, histochemical and ultrastructural study. Pathological, histochemical and ultrastructural studies on 3 siblings with GM1 gangliosidosis type II are reported. These studies support a biochemical defect with profound deficiency of beta-galactosidases which results in widespread accumulation of the GM1 ganglioside and its asialo derivative in brain and to a lesser extent in viscera, as well as in storage of a keratan sulphate-like mucopolysaccharide. Striking valvular changes in the heart without myocardial involvement were seen in all cases. The histochemical and ultrastructural changes are similar to those seen in GM1 gangliosidosis type I, though less severe. Autosomal recessive inheritance without apparent ethnic predilection seems likely."}
{"id": "PMID:126542", "title": "[Phagocytosis of group A haemolytic streptococci by mouse macrophages. Comparison of preliminary infection of animals and degree of virulence of the strain (author's transl)].", "content": "With the aim of studying immunological reactions associated with experimental streptococcal diseases, we have developed an in vitro technique for following phagocytosis of streptococci by peritoneal macrophages of mice. By this means we have been able to show that the rate of phagocytosis of streptococci by \"normal\" macrophages is inversely correlated to the degree of virulence of the strain. On the other hand, the rate of phagocytosis of the virulent strain is increased 10 times when the macrophages come from mice having previously been injected with this virulent strain.", "contents": "[Phagocytosis of group A haemolytic streptococci by mouse macrophages. Comparison of preliminary infection of animals and degree of virulence of the strain (author's transl)]. With the aim of studying immunological reactions associated with experimental streptococcal diseases, we have developed an in vitro technique for following phagocytosis of streptococci by peritoneal macrophages of mice. By this means we have been able to show that the rate of phagocytosis of streptococci by \"normal\" macrophages is inversely correlated to the degree of virulence of the strain. On the other hand, the rate of phagocytosis of the virulent strain is increased 10 times when the macrophages come from mice having previously been injected with this virulent strain."}
{"id": "PMID:126543", "title": "Serum IgD and IgE in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulins IgD and IgE have been determined by a single radial immunodiffusion technique and a radioimmunoassay method in serum samples from 95 rheumatoid patients, 5 subjects with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and 50 healthy controls, and compared with levels of IgG, IgM and IgA fractions measured in the same subjects. The IgD and IgE serum content resulted similar in the rheumatoid, Sj\u00f6gren's and control sera. No correlation of IgD and IgE values with changes of other immunoglobulins or with the activity and the duration of the rheumatoid disease was observed.", "contents": "Serum IgD and IgE in rheumatoid arthritis. Serum immunoglobulins IgD and IgE have been determined by a single radial immunodiffusion technique and a radioimmunoassay method in serum samples from 95 rheumatoid patients, 5 subjects with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome and 50 healthy controls, and compared with levels of IgG, IgM and IgA fractions measured in the same subjects. The IgD and IgE serum content resulted similar in the rheumatoid, Sj\u00f6gren's and control sera. No correlation of IgD and IgE values with changes of other immunoglobulins or with the activity and the duration of the rheumatoid disease was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:126544", "title": "[Calculation of the plausibility of paternity, using the results of blood grouping tests in cases in which the fatherhood of a man to twins and siblings is disputed. III. Practical experience with the method used for calculation of some cases concerning twins and siblings (author's transl)].", "content": "In 129 two-children cases, including 84 twin cases and 45 brother and sister cases, the probability of paternity of one or several men was calculated, applying the method of Hummel and Schulte-M\u00f6nting. With this method the whole information, given by the blood group results, is used. Because of this, the achieved values of probability in most of the cases are higher than the values achieved using the Essen-M\u00f6ller formula, in which the relation between the children is not taken into account.", "contents": "[Calculation of the plausibility of paternity, using the results of blood grouping tests in cases in which the fatherhood of a man to twins and siblings is disputed. III. Practical experience with the method used for calculation of some cases concerning twins and siblings (author's transl)]. In 129 two-children cases, including 84 twin cases and 45 brother and sister cases, the probability of paternity of one or several men was calculated, applying the method of Hummel and Schulte-M\u00f6nting. With this method the whole information, given by the blood group results, is used. Because of this, the achieved values of probability in most of the cases are higher than the values achieved using the Essen-M\u00f6ller formula, in which the relation between the children is not taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:126545", "title": "Virus infections in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "534 serum samples from 73 renal transplant recipients, 41 haemodialysis patients, and 99 blood and organ donors were examined serologically for antibodies against Cytomegalo, H. simplex (types 1 and 2), Varicella-zoster, Epstein-Barr, Adeno, Influenza, Parainfluenza, Respiratory syncytial, Measles, Picorna- and human Polyoma- Viruses. Serum specimens were stored in the lyophilized state until examined thus enabling a simultaneous testing of all samples belonging to one patient. All antigens, complement, and control antisera were prepared, lyophilized, and standardized in this laboratory. This has enabled the use of single batches of any preparation throughout the study. Serologic results with antigens of the Herpesvirus group (CMV, HSV and VZV) compared favourably with previous results showing that infections with these agents, especially with CMV, can frequently be encountered among transplant recipients. Our results have indicated a moderately increased incidence of infections with some Herpesviruses in haemodialysis patients as well. Infections with VZV, for instance, were as frequently demonstrated in these patients, as in transplant patients although the former received no immunosuppressive therapy. Serologic results with non-Herpesvirus antigens indicated an increased incidence of infections with Polyomavirus, Myxoviruses (Influenza, Parainfluenza and RS) and Picornaviruses among transplant recipients. The incidence of acute infections with RS virus among adults was unusually high and there is no evidence so far to indicate such a high frequency of RS infections in any other group of adults. We were unable to demonstrate acute infections with non-Herpesviruses among haemodialysis patients, even though most of the patients were followed over a period of more than 2 years. Virus isolation attempts were performed with samples of urines and biopsy or autopsy samples. 23 out of 28 cytopathic agents recovered from urines, throat-swabs and/or from organs of transplant recipients were identified as CMV. Two HSV type 1, 1 HSV type 2, and 2 Coxsackie B type 3 viruses were also isolated. No viruses were isolated from a series of 31 kidneys randomly selected among autopsy cases.", "contents": "Virus infections in renal transplant recipients. 534 serum samples from 73 renal transplant recipients, 41 haemodialysis patients, and 99 blood and organ donors were examined serologically for antibodies against Cytomegalo, H. simplex (types 1 and 2), Varicella-zoster, Epstein-Barr, Adeno, Influenza, Parainfluenza, Respiratory syncytial, Measles, Picorna- and human Polyoma- Viruses. Serum specimens were stored in the lyophilized state until examined thus enabling a simultaneous testing of all samples belonging to one patient. All antigens, complement, and control antisera were prepared, lyophilized, and standardized in this laboratory. This has enabled the use of single batches of any preparation throughout the study. Serologic results with antigens of the Herpesvirus group (CMV, HSV and VZV) compared favourably with previous results showing that infections with these agents, especially with CMV, can frequently be encountered among transplant recipients. Our results have indicated a moderately increased incidence of infections with some Herpesviruses in haemodialysis patients as well. Infections with VZV, for instance, were as frequently demonstrated in these patients, as in transplant patients although the former received no immunosuppressive therapy. Serologic results with non-Herpesvirus antigens indicated an increased incidence of infections with Polyomavirus, Myxoviruses (Influenza, Parainfluenza and RS) and Picornaviruses among transplant recipients. The incidence of acute infections with RS virus among adults was unusually high and there is no evidence so far to indicate such a high frequency of RS infections in any other group of adults. We were unable to demonstrate acute infections with non-Herpesviruses among haemodialysis patients, even though most of the patients were followed over a period of more than 2 years. Virus isolation attempts were performed with samples of urines and biopsy or autopsy samples. 23 out of 28 cytopathic agents recovered from urines, throat-swabs and/or from organs of transplant recipients were identified as CMV. Two HSV type 1, 1 HSV type 2, and 2 Coxsackie B type 3 viruses were also isolated. No viruses were isolated from a series of 31 kidneys randomly selected among autopsy cases."}
{"id": "PMID:126546", "title": "Immunoglobulins under the influence of nonspecific factors II. The influence of work-stress on levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) of miners in uranium mines.", "content": "In 2 groups of 22 miners each, exposed 5.4 and 10.8 years respectively to the environment of uranium mines, the serum levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM were measured before and after one workshift. In the group longer exposed the work-stress resulted in a significant decrease of all 3 classes of Ig. In the group exposed for a shorter time only the IgG decreased significantly. In the group longer exposed the initial levels of IgG were considerably lower in comparison with the group exposed for a shorter time.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins under the influence of nonspecific factors II. The influence of work-stress on levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) of miners in uranium mines. In 2 groups of 22 miners each, exposed 5.4 and 10.8 years respectively to the environment of uranium mines, the serum levels of IgG, IgA, and IgM were measured before and after one workshift. In the group longer exposed the work-stress resulted in a significant decrease of all 3 classes of Ig. In the group exposed for a shorter time only the IgG decreased significantly. In the group longer exposed the initial levels of IgG were considerably lower in comparison with the group exposed for a shorter time."}
{"id": "PMID:126547", "title": "Chemical structure of the peptidoglycan, its modifiability and relation to the biological activity.", "content": "The peptidoglycan is a heteropolymer composed of polysaccharide chains which are cross-linked through short peptides. The polysaccharide moiety (glycan) is made up of beta-1,4 glycosidically linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acylmuramic acid residues. The carboxyl group of muramic acid is usually substituted by a peptide which consists of alternating L- and D-amino acids. These peptide subunits are cross-linked between the diamino acid in position 3 and the C-terminal D-alanine in position 4 of an adjacent peptide subunit either in a direct way or via an interpeptide bridge (Group A). In some coryneform bacteria the cross-linkage extends from the alpha-carboxyl group of D-glutamic acid in position 2 to D-alanine of a neighbouring peptide subunit (Group B). In the latter case a diamino acid is always found in the interpeptide bridge. A chemical modification of the peptidoglycan may occur in some bacteria due to growth in a quite unbalanced medium. The influence of glycine-rich and glycine-deficient growth medium on the chemical structure of the peptidoglycan of S. aureus will be discussed. Inhibiting concentrations of penicillin, glycine or D-amino acids can also modify the peptidoglycan. Further modification can occur through different extraction procedures which are used to obtain a clean peptidoglycan free of non-peptidoglycan cell wall material. Little is known about the molecular basis of the biological activity. The chemical composition is at least important for the antigenic determinants. The lysozyme susceptibility and the size of the preparation may be other crucial points for the biological activity of the peptidoglycan.", "contents": "Chemical structure of the peptidoglycan, its modifiability and relation to the biological activity. The peptidoglycan is a heteropolymer composed of polysaccharide chains which are cross-linked through short peptides. The polysaccharide moiety (glycan) is made up of beta-1,4 glycosidically linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acylmuramic acid residues. The carboxyl group of muramic acid is usually substituted by a peptide which consists of alternating L- and D-amino acids. These peptide subunits are cross-linked between the diamino acid in position 3 and the C-terminal D-alanine in position 4 of an adjacent peptide subunit either in a direct way or via an interpeptide bridge (Group A). In some coryneform bacteria the cross-linkage extends from the alpha-carboxyl group of D-glutamic acid in position 2 to D-alanine of a neighbouring peptide subunit (Group B). In the latter case a diamino acid is always found in the interpeptide bridge. A chemical modification of the peptidoglycan may occur in some bacteria due to growth in a quite unbalanced medium. The influence of glycine-rich and glycine-deficient growth medium on the chemical structure of the peptidoglycan of S. aureus will be discussed. Inhibiting concentrations of penicillin, glycine or D-amino acids can also modify the peptidoglycan. Further modification can occur through different extraction procedures which are used to obtain a clean peptidoglycan free of non-peptidoglycan cell wall material. Little is known about the molecular basis of the biological activity. The chemical composition is at least important for the antigenic determinants. The lysozyme susceptibility and the size of the preparation may be other crucial points for the biological activity of the peptidoglycan."}
{"id": "PMID:126548", "title": "Chemical structure of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis, strain BCG.", "content": "BCG cell walls contain approximately 30% free lipids like other mycobacterial cell walls. The insoluble skeleton of the cell wall is made up of two covalently linked polymers, a peptidoglycan and an arabinogalactan mycolate, with which are associated non peptidoglycan amino acids and a glucan. We present data on two structural features: 1. The \"non peptidoglycan\" amino acids; they form two kinds of compounds: peptide chains which can be solubilized by proteolytic enzymes and a trypsin-chymotrypsin insensitive poly-alpha-L-glutamic acid. 2. Presence of meso-DAP-meso-DAP1) interpeptide linkages in the peptidoglycan: this new type represents at least 50% of the interpeptide linkages of the cell wall of the BCG strain.", "contents": "Chemical structure of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis var. bovis, strain BCG. BCG cell walls contain approximately 30% free lipids like other mycobacterial cell walls. The insoluble skeleton of the cell wall is made up of two covalently linked polymers, a peptidoglycan and an arabinogalactan mycolate, with which are associated non peptidoglycan amino acids and a glucan. We present data on two structural features: 1. The \"non peptidoglycan\" amino acids; they form two kinds of compounds: peptide chains which can be solubilized by proteolytic enzymes and a trypsin-chymotrypsin insensitive poly-alpha-L-glutamic acid. 2. Presence of meso-DAP-meso-DAP1) interpeptide linkages in the peptidoglycan: this new type represents at least 50% of the interpeptide linkages of the cell wall of the BCG strain."}
{"id": "PMID:126549", "title": "Estimates of the porosity of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis cell walls.", "content": "The maximum porosity of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis cell walls was estimated by two independent and relatively simple methods. Peptidoglycan was isolated from Bacillus subtilis cell wall preparations and used as an insoluble support for exclusion chromatography of dextrans of known average molecular size. In an alternative approach the leakage of radioactively labelled proteins from Bacillus licheniformis cells incubated in butanol-saline mixtures was measured and their size estimated by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100. Under these conditions the permeability barrier of the cytoplasmic membrane was destroyed with preservation of the structural integrity of the outer cell wall. The apparent exclusion threshold of the cell wall of either organism as determined by these means corresponded to molecules with a diffusional radius of not more than 2.5 nm.", "contents": "Estimates of the porosity of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis cell walls. The maximum porosity of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis cell walls was estimated by two independent and relatively simple methods. Peptidoglycan was isolated from Bacillus subtilis cell wall preparations and used as an insoluble support for exclusion chromatography of dextrans of known average molecular size. In an alternative approach the leakage of radioactively labelled proteins from Bacillus licheniformis cells incubated in butanol-saline mixtures was measured and their size estimated by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-100. Under these conditions the permeability barrier of the cytoplasmic membrane was destroyed with preservation of the structural integrity of the outer cell wall. The apparent exclusion threshold of the cell wall of either organism as determined by these means corresponded to molecules with a diffusional radius of not more than 2.5 nm."}
{"id": "PMID:126550", "title": "Immunochemical studies with synthetic immunogens chemically related to peptidoglycan.", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with synthetic immunogens HSA-(Gly-L-Ala-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)39 and HSA-(Gly-gamma-D-Glu-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)40, respectively. Antibodies against HSA-(Gly-L-Ala-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)39 showed a strong precipitin reaction with the homologous antigen, with HSA-(Gly-gamma-D-Glu-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)40 and with solubilized peptidoglycan containing peptide subunits with C-terminal D-alanyl-D-alanine. The albumin-peptide conjugates also cross-reacted with rabbit antisera to Streptococcus A-variant, which contain antibodies directed against the peptide moiety of peptidoglycan. The proof for identical determinant groups of peptidoglycan of Streptococcus A-variant and HSA-(Gly-L-Ala-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)39 was furnished by Ouchterlony gel diffusion studies and by the appropriate inhibition tests of the quantitative precipitin reaction. Immunization of rabbits with HSA-(Gly-gamma-D-Glu-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)40 yielded antisera which, besides the specificity of antisera to HSA-(Gly-L-Ala-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)39, showed an additional specificity.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies with synthetic immunogens chemically related to peptidoglycan. Rabbits were immunized with synthetic immunogens HSA-(Gly-L-Ala-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)39 and HSA-(Gly-gamma-D-Glu-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)40, respectively. Antibodies against HSA-(Gly-L-Ala-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)39 showed a strong precipitin reaction with the homologous antigen, with HSA-(Gly-gamma-D-Glu-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)40 and with solubilized peptidoglycan containing peptide subunits with C-terminal D-alanyl-D-alanine. The albumin-peptide conjugates also cross-reacted with rabbit antisera to Streptococcus A-variant, which contain antibodies directed against the peptide moiety of peptidoglycan. The proof for identical determinant groups of peptidoglycan of Streptococcus A-variant and HSA-(Gly-L-Ala-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)39 was furnished by Ouchterlony gel diffusion studies and by the appropriate inhibition tests of the quantitative precipitin reaction. Immunization of rabbits with HSA-(Gly-gamma-D-Glu-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)40 yielded antisera which, besides the specificity of antisera to HSA-(Gly-L-Ala-L-Ala-D-Ala-D-Ala)39, showed an additional specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:126551", "title": "Estimation of peptidoglycan antibodies by an immunoperoxidase technique.", "content": "An immunoperoxidase technique developed for the detection and measurement of anti-peptidoglycan antibodies is described. The technique is based on the Mancini single radial immunodiffusion test with the addition of a reaction step with peroxidase-labelled anti-immunoglobulins. The dark-brown colour produced by the enzyme and a H2O2-diaminobenzidine solution increased the sensitivity considerably. The test was found to be highly specific and valuable both for the screening of total amounts of anti-peptidoglycan antibodies in sera as well as in studies of antibody specificity.", "contents": "Estimation of peptidoglycan antibodies by an immunoperoxidase technique. An immunoperoxidase technique developed for the detection and measurement of anti-peptidoglycan antibodies is described. The technique is based on the Mancini single radial immunodiffusion test with the addition of a reaction step with peroxidase-labelled anti-immunoglobulins. The dark-brown colour produced by the enzyme and a H2O2-diaminobenzidine solution increased the sensitivity considerably. The test was found to be highly specific and valuable both for the screening of total amounts of anti-peptidoglycan antibodies in sera as well as in studies of antibody specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:126552", "title": "Antibodies to peptidoglycan in the sera from population surveys.", "content": "A recently described latex agglutination test was used to determine peptidoglycan antibody titers in sera from healthy human subjects and in sera from patients with a history of streptococcal infections or rheumatoid arthritis. Using latex particles coated with group A streptococcal peptidoglycan 32.8% of the sera from 961 healthy donors reacted positively with titers ranging from 1 : 5 to 1 : 320. Peptidoglycan antibodies were more frequently present in the younger population (45.1% in the 20-29 years old) and considerably decreased in advanced age (15.7% in the 70 years or older). Sera from 82 patients with elevated ASO-titers showed detectable peptidoglycan antibody levels in 40.2%; a statistically significant correlation between ASO and peptidoglycan antibody titers could not be substantiated. Sera from 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis gave a high incidence (56-92%) of positive results. However there was evidence that this may be due to the action of rheumatoid factor present in such sera.", "contents": "Antibodies to peptidoglycan in the sera from population surveys. A recently described latex agglutination test was used to determine peptidoglycan antibody titers in sera from healthy human subjects and in sera from patients with a history of streptococcal infections or rheumatoid arthritis. Using latex particles coated with group A streptococcal peptidoglycan 32.8% of the sera from 961 healthy donors reacted positively with titers ranging from 1 : 5 to 1 : 320. Peptidoglycan antibodies were more frequently present in the younger population (45.1% in the 20-29 years old) and considerably decreased in advanced age (15.7% in the 70 years or older). Sera from 82 patients with elevated ASO-titers showed detectable peptidoglycan antibody levels in 40.2%; a statistically significant correlation between ASO and peptidoglycan antibody titers could not be substantiated. Sera from 25 patients with rheumatoid arthritis gave a high incidence (56-92%) of positive results. However there was evidence that this may be due to the action of rheumatoid factor present in such sera."}
{"id": "PMID:126553", "title": "Rheumatoid factor appearance in Micrococcus lysodeikticus immunization and its interference with allotype specific reactions.", "content": "Rabbits hyperimmunized with Micrococcus lysodeikticus produce, in addition to anti-cell wall antibodies, considerable amounts of anti-immunoglobulins or rheumatoid factors which can interfere with immune reactions. In particular, in immunodiffusion, they can reveal non precipitating systems for which the immunodiffusion typing sera are usually not tested. In our hands, rabbit allotypes d12 and A8 give rise to visible immunodiffusion reactions in presence of rheumatoid factors. Inhibition of this reaction can be used to type for these markers in sera which do not contain the rheumatoid factors.", "contents": "Rheumatoid factor appearance in Micrococcus lysodeikticus immunization and its interference with allotype specific reactions. Rabbits hyperimmunized with Micrococcus lysodeikticus produce, in addition to anti-cell wall antibodies, considerable amounts of anti-immunoglobulins or rheumatoid factors which can interfere with immune reactions. In particular, in immunodiffusion, they can reveal non precipitating systems for which the immunodiffusion typing sera are usually not tested. In our hands, rabbit allotypes d12 and A8 give rise to visible immunodiffusion reactions in presence of rheumatoid factors. Inhibition of this reaction can be used to type for these markers in sera which do not contain the rheumatoid factors."}
{"id": "PMID:126554", "title": "Chemical structure of lipopolysaccharides and endotoxin immunity.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) of gram-negative bacteria consist of 2 components with distinct physico-chemical character: a heteropolysaccharide and a covalently linked lipid, termed lipid A. The chemical structure of lipid A, which represents the toxic center of lipopolysaccharides, is discussed. Evidence is presented that lipid A antiserum suppresses the pyrogenic effect of lipid A and lipopolysaccharides in rabbits. The protective power of lipid A antiserum, however, is only expressed in animals which have been pretreated with lipid A or lipopolysaccharide indicating that other than humoral factors, perhaps cellular, also participate in endotoxin fever (cross) immunity. The fever resistance mediated by lipid A antiserum seems to be endotoxin-specific with regard to both the preparative and the challenging injection. Lipid A antiserum therefore may serve as a tool to discriminate between fever caused by endotoxins and that induced by other pyrogens.", "contents": "Chemical structure of lipopolysaccharides and endotoxin immunity. Lipopolysaccharides (endotoxins) of gram-negative bacteria consist of 2 components with distinct physico-chemical character: a heteropolysaccharide and a covalently linked lipid, termed lipid A. The chemical structure of lipid A, which represents the toxic center of lipopolysaccharides, is discussed. Evidence is presented that lipid A antiserum suppresses the pyrogenic effect of lipid A and lipopolysaccharides in rabbits. The protective power of lipid A antiserum, however, is only expressed in animals which have been pretreated with lipid A or lipopolysaccharide indicating that other than humoral factors, perhaps cellular, also participate in endotoxin fever (cross) immunity. The fever resistance mediated by lipid A antiserum seems to be endotoxin-specific with regard to both the preparative and the challenging injection. Lipid A antiserum therefore may serve as a tool to discriminate between fever caused by endotoxins and that induced by other pyrogens."}
{"id": "PMID:126555", "title": "Physical state and biological activity of lipopolysaccharides. Toxicity and immunogenicity of the lipid A component.", "content": "Bacterial lipopolysaccharides are negatively charged macromolecules due to the presence of phosphate, pyrophosphate and carboxyl groups. When isolated from bacteria, they are obtained in salt form with metal cations and basic amines. Removal of these ionically bound substances by electrodialysis leads to acidic lipopolysaccharides which on neutralizing with different bases, preparations are obtained which show distinct differences in their physico-chemical properties and in their biological activity. Soluble lipopolysaccharides interact with complement leading to loss of hemolytic activity. This property is embedded in the lipid A part of the molecule and is expressed only when the lipopolysaccharide is present in a favourable particle size. Nevertheless, a number of lipopolysaccharides exists, which, regardless of their particle size do not interact with complement. Lipid A is the part of the molecule responsible for endotoxicity. This was demonstrated by employing solubilized lipid A in complex form with BSA. Soluble lipid A/BSA complexes proved highly toxic for mice and pyrogenic in rabbits, and express many biological activities exhibited by intact lipopolysaccharides. Lipid A, when exposed on the bacterial cell-surface acts as a powerful immunogen, giving rise to the production of specific anti-lipid A antibodies that interact with the lipid A obtained from lipopolysaccharides that are otherwise distinct in their O-serological specificity. Anti-lipid A antibodies occur naturally in the serum of many animals and humans. The biological significance of anti-lipid A antibodies is discussed.", "contents": "Physical state and biological activity of lipopolysaccharides. Toxicity and immunogenicity of the lipid A component. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides are negatively charged macromolecules due to the presence of phosphate, pyrophosphate and carboxyl groups. When isolated from bacteria, they are obtained in salt form with metal cations and basic amines. Removal of these ionically bound substances by electrodialysis leads to acidic lipopolysaccharides which on neutralizing with different bases, preparations are obtained which show distinct differences in their physico-chemical properties and in their biological activity. Soluble lipopolysaccharides interact with complement leading to loss of hemolytic activity. This property is embedded in the lipid A part of the molecule and is expressed only when the lipopolysaccharide is present in a favourable particle size. Nevertheless, a number of lipopolysaccharides exists, which, regardless of their particle size do not interact with complement. Lipid A is the part of the molecule responsible for endotoxicity. This was demonstrated by employing solubilized lipid A in complex form with BSA. Soluble lipid A/BSA complexes proved highly toxic for mice and pyrogenic in rabbits, and express many biological activities exhibited by intact lipopolysaccharides. Lipid A, when exposed on the bacterial cell-surface acts as a powerful immunogen, giving rise to the production of specific anti-lipid A antibodies that interact with the lipid A obtained from lipopolysaccharides that are otherwise distinct in their O-serological specificity. Anti-lipid A antibodies occur naturally in the serum of many animals and humans. The biological significance of anti-lipid A antibodies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126556", "title": "Endotoxin-like properties of the peptidoglycan.", "content": "Peptidoglycan is responsible for the endotoxin-like properties of the streptococcus cell wall. The pyrogenic response of rabbit to group A streptococcus peptidoglycan prepared by hot formamide or TCA is dose-dependent and is increased if the material is ultrasonically solubilized. The pyrogenicity can be eliminated by the antiserum to the peptidoglycan or by the degradation of the material by lysozyme. Peptidoglycans prepared from cell walls of group B and L streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae produce fever effects comparable to the response after group A streptococcus peptidoglycan. Spirillum serpens and Escherichia coli contain in addition to endotoxin the peptidoglycan which is also pyrogenic. Repeated injections of bacterial peptidoglycan to rabbit result in tolerance to the fever effect. Cross-tolerance was recorded only exceptionally. Rabbits tolerant to endotoxin respond with a lower fever to S. aureus and group A streptococcus peptidoglycans. Intravenous administration of peptidoglycan to rabbit causes extensive alterations in the heart characterized by various stages of the degenerative and necrotic process. Local Shwartzman reaction can be elicited in rabbit by peptidoglycan used either as a preparative or as a provocative dose in combination with endotoxin, or it can be used for both doses. The results obtained with peptidoglycans prepared from various bacteria are fully comparable. Non-specific resistance of mice to infection induced by streptococcus cell walls was found to be dependent on the peptidoglycan activity; cell wall proteins and polysaccharide are inactive. These properties of peptidoglycan resemble those known from endotoxin studies. The data presented suggest the role of peptidoglycan in pathological reactions resulting from host-parasite interaction.", "contents": "Endotoxin-like properties of the peptidoglycan. Peptidoglycan is responsible for the endotoxin-like properties of the streptococcus cell wall. The pyrogenic response of rabbit to group A streptococcus peptidoglycan prepared by hot formamide or TCA is dose-dependent and is increased if the material is ultrasonically solubilized. The pyrogenicity can be eliminated by the antiserum to the peptidoglycan or by the degradation of the material by lysozyme. Peptidoglycans prepared from cell walls of group B and L streptococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae produce fever effects comparable to the response after group A streptococcus peptidoglycan. Spirillum serpens and Escherichia coli contain in addition to endotoxin the peptidoglycan which is also pyrogenic. Repeated injections of bacterial peptidoglycan to rabbit result in tolerance to the fever effect. Cross-tolerance was recorded only exceptionally. Rabbits tolerant to endotoxin respond with a lower fever to S. aureus and group A streptococcus peptidoglycans. Intravenous administration of peptidoglycan to rabbit causes extensive alterations in the heart characterized by various stages of the degenerative and necrotic process. Local Shwartzman reaction can be elicited in rabbit by peptidoglycan used either as a preparative or as a provocative dose in combination with endotoxin, or it can be used for both doses. The results obtained with peptidoglycans prepared from various bacteria are fully comparable. Non-specific resistance of mice to infection induced by streptococcus cell walls was found to be dependent on the peptidoglycan activity; cell wall proteins and polysaccharide are inactive. These properties of peptidoglycan resemble those known from endotoxin studies. The data presented suggest the role of peptidoglycan in pathological reactions resulting from host-parasite interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:126557", "title": "Biological properties of the peptidoglycan.", "content": "This review deals with those biological activities of peptidoglycan that are not directly analogous to the properties of gram-negative bacterial endotoxin. The report is divided into 3 major parts: 1. A survey of peptidoglycan activities such as the induction of inflammatory skin reactions, lesion-enhancing activity (virulence factor), inhibition of phagocytosis of bacteria, inhibition of cell migration, cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, potentiation of the humoral and cellular immune response (adjuvant activity) and enhancement of tumor defense in experimental animals. 2. A presentation of factors which may influence these biological activities of peptidoglycan. 3. A brief discussion of the potential mechanisms of action of peptidoglycan.", "contents": "Biological properties of the peptidoglycan. This review deals with those biological activities of peptidoglycan that are not directly analogous to the properties of gram-negative bacterial endotoxin. The report is divided into 3 major parts: 1. A survey of peptidoglycan activities such as the induction of inflammatory skin reactions, lesion-enhancing activity (virulence factor), inhibition of phagocytosis of bacteria, inhibition of cell migration, cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, potentiation of the humoral and cellular immune response (adjuvant activity) and enhancement of tumor defense in experimental animals. 2. A presentation of factors which may influence these biological activities of peptidoglycan. 3. A brief discussion of the potential mechanisms of action of peptidoglycan."}
{"id": "PMID:126558", "title": "Use of limulus assay to compare the biological activity of peptidoglycan and endotoxin.", "content": "The gelation of a lysate prepared from the amebocytes of Limulus polyphemus, the horseshoe crab, has been used to detect endotoxin-like material in clinical studies and in \"in vitro\" experiments. The investigation of blood samples from 54 hospitalized patients suspected of having endotoxemia, revealed a positive limulus test in 14. Infections due to gram-positive organisms were not associated with positive assays. These results were in agreement with the observation that living gram-positive microorganisms - in contrast to gram-negative bacteria - did not initiate lysate gelation when studied \"in vitro\". Only very high concentrations of peptidoglycan, isolated from the cell walls of various gram-positive bacteria, induced the reaction. Therefore, these findings support the view, that the limulus test is relatively specific for the detection of gram-negative bacterial endotoxin and endotoxemia.", "contents": "Use of limulus assay to compare the biological activity of peptidoglycan and endotoxin. The gelation of a lysate prepared from the amebocytes of Limulus polyphemus, the horseshoe crab, has been used to detect endotoxin-like material in clinical studies and in \"in vitro\" experiments. The investigation of blood samples from 54 hospitalized patients suspected of having endotoxemia, revealed a positive limulus test in 14. Infections due to gram-positive organisms were not associated with positive assays. These results were in agreement with the observation that living gram-positive microorganisms - in contrast to gram-negative bacteria - did not initiate lysate gelation when studied \"in vitro\". Only very high concentrations of peptidoglycan, isolated from the cell walls of various gram-positive bacteria, induced the reaction. Therefore, these findings support the view, that the limulus test is relatively specific for the detection of gram-negative bacterial endotoxin and endotoxemia."}
{"id": "PMID:126559", "title": "The thrombocytolytic activity of bacterial peptidoglycans.", "content": "The peptidoglycan of group A Streptococcus prepared by hot formamide or TCA extraction has an expressive ability to lyse rabbit blood platelets in vitro. Initial changes in the ultrastructure of platelets can be observed after 10 minutes incubation of rabbit platelets with 0.1 mug of Streptococcus peptidoglycan per ml. The submicroscopic alterations are characterized by changes of the shape and damage of the limiting membrane of the platelets. Larger amounts of peptidoglycan (10 mug/ml and more) cause total destruction of platelets; only remainders of the limiting membrane and free granulomers can be seen. Peptidoglycans of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus exhibit a comparable effect on rabbit platelets. There are substantial differences in the sensitivity of blood platelets of different animal species to the streptococcal peptidoglycan. Rat platelets exhibit a similar thrombocytolytic effect after the Streptococcus peptidoglycan treatment as rabbit ones; however, the development of comparable changes in their submicroscopic structure needs a dose of peptidoglycan 10(2)-10(3) times higher. Platelets of guinea-pig, dog, cat, calf and human appear to be quite resistant under analogous conditions to as such a high dose of Streptococcus peptidoglycan as 500 mug/ml.", "contents": "The thrombocytolytic activity of bacterial peptidoglycans. The peptidoglycan of group A Streptococcus prepared by hot formamide or TCA extraction has an expressive ability to lyse rabbit blood platelets in vitro. Initial changes in the ultrastructure of platelets can be observed after 10 minutes incubation of rabbit platelets with 0.1 mug of Streptococcus peptidoglycan per ml. The submicroscopic alterations are characterized by changes of the shape and damage of the limiting membrane of the platelets. Larger amounts of peptidoglycan (10 mug/ml and more) cause total destruction of platelets; only remainders of the limiting membrane and free granulomers can be seen. Peptidoglycans of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus exhibit a comparable effect on rabbit platelets. There are substantial differences in the sensitivity of blood platelets of different animal species to the streptococcal peptidoglycan. Rat platelets exhibit a similar thrombocytolytic effect after the Streptococcus peptidoglycan treatment as rabbit ones; however, the development of comparable changes in their submicroscopic structure needs a dose of peptidoglycan 10(2)-10(3) times higher. Platelets of guinea-pig, dog, cat, calf and human appear to be quite resistant under analogous conditions to as such a high dose of Streptococcus peptidoglycan as 500 mug/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:126560", "title": "The effect of some bacterial products on temperature and sleep in rat.", "content": "The lipopolysaccharides from P. aeruginosa, S. minnesota and mucopeptide from Streptococcus group A injected intravenously into rats induce a dose-dependent changes of temperature. Simultaneously, a profound disturbance of sleep occurs. The administration of salicylate, which markedly suppressed the fever does not influence the mucopeptide-caused sleep disturbance. The most prominent change in the sleep pattern is a marked decrease of the total time of paradoxical sleep. The measurement of turnover rates of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) in hypothalamus and midbrain, areas involved in temperature and sleep control, after injection of streptococcal mucopeptide demonstrated a significant increase of 5-HT turnover in both areas during fever and paradoxical sleep deprivation. Small electrolytic lesions of the dorsal raphe nuclei which are the largest collection of neural cells containing 5-HT completely eliminated the pyrogenic potency of mucopeptide. The findings suggest that some bacterial products might increase the body temperature through the interference with activity of 5-HT-containing neurons of the raphe complex.", "contents": "The effect of some bacterial products on temperature and sleep in rat. The lipopolysaccharides from P. aeruginosa, S. minnesota and mucopeptide from Streptococcus group A injected intravenously into rats induce a dose-dependent changes of temperature. Simultaneously, a profound disturbance of sleep occurs. The administration of salicylate, which markedly suppressed the fever does not influence the mucopeptide-caused sleep disturbance. The most prominent change in the sleep pattern is a marked decrease of the total time of paradoxical sleep. The measurement of turnover rates of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and noradrenaline (NA) in hypothalamus and midbrain, areas involved in temperature and sleep control, after injection of streptococcal mucopeptide demonstrated a significant increase of 5-HT turnover in both areas during fever and paradoxical sleep deprivation. Small electrolytic lesions of the dorsal raphe nuclei which are the largest collection of neural cells containing 5-HT completely eliminated the pyrogenic potency of mucopeptide. The findings suggest that some bacterial products might increase the body temperature through the interference with activity of 5-HT-containing neurons of the raphe complex."}
{"id": "PMID:126561", "title": "Interaction of bacterial cell wall polymers and rat macrophages.", "content": "Processing of group A and group D streptococcal cell wall was measured after phagocytosis by normal rat peritoneal cells in tissue culture. Group A cell wall was practically non-biodegradable in contrast to group D, which was over 80% degraded by 4-8 days in culture. There was no difference in elimination or degradation of mucopeptide or polysaccharide of group A cell walls. Neither antiserum or sensitized lymphocytes affected persistence. Macrophages from Fisher rats (susceptible to group A cell wall-induced polyarthritis) became cytotoxic for target L-cells 6-7 days after ingestion of group A cell walls. Phagocytosis of group D cell walls induced less cytotoxicity. Macrophages from Buffalo rats (resistant to polyarthritis) were less cytotoxic after phagocytosis of group A cell walls than Fisher macrophages. Soluble cytotoxins could not be detected in macrophage culture media.", "contents": "Interaction of bacterial cell wall polymers and rat macrophages. Processing of group A and group D streptococcal cell wall was measured after phagocytosis by normal rat peritoneal cells in tissue culture. Group A cell wall was practically non-biodegradable in contrast to group D, which was over 80% degraded by 4-8 days in culture. There was no difference in elimination or degradation of mucopeptide or polysaccharide of group A cell walls. Neither antiserum or sensitized lymphocytes affected persistence. Macrophages from Fisher rats (susceptible to group A cell wall-induced polyarthritis) became cytotoxic for target L-cells 6-7 days after ingestion of group A cell walls. Phagocytosis of group D cell walls induced less cytotoxicity. Macrophages from Buffalo rats (resistant to polyarthritis) were less cytotoxic after phagocytosis of group A cell walls than Fisher macrophages. Soluble cytotoxins could not be detected in macrophage culture media."}
{"id": "PMID:126562", "title": "Migration inhibition of peritoneal macrophages by peptidoglycan.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that peptidoglycans from group A and B streptococci inhibit the migration of peritoneal exudate cells from non-sensitized rats and guinea pigs. In the present studies peptidoglycans from S. aureus and S. epidermidis were found to inhibit the migration of cells to the same extent as group A streptococcal peptidoglycan. In contrast, HSA-pentapeptide, an immunologically active synthetic analog of the peptide moiety of peptidoglycan which is free of the intrinsic toxicity of naturally occurring peptidoglycans, did not induce migration inhibition of peritoneal exudate cells from non-sensitized guinea pigs. Sensitization of animals with 200 mug HSA-pentapeptide emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of streptococcal and staphylococcal peptidoglycan; HSA-pentapeptide again showed no activity. However, when HSA-pentapeptide was tested against cells from animals sensitized with 200 mug HSA-pentapeptide incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant, a strong inhibition of migration was evident. Skin tests performed in these animals, in contrast to the dermonecrotic reaction elicited by streptococcal or staphylococcal peptidoglycan, revealed a characteristic delay hypersensitivity to HSA-pentapeptide.", "contents": "Migration inhibition of peritoneal macrophages by peptidoglycan. Previous studies have shown that peptidoglycans from group A and B streptococci inhibit the migration of peritoneal exudate cells from non-sensitized rats and guinea pigs. In the present studies peptidoglycans from S. aureus and S. epidermidis were found to inhibit the migration of cells to the same extent as group A streptococcal peptidoglycan. In contrast, HSA-pentapeptide, an immunologically active synthetic analog of the peptide moiety of peptidoglycan which is free of the intrinsic toxicity of naturally occurring peptidoglycans, did not induce migration inhibition of peritoneal exudate cells from non-sensitized guinea pigs. Sensitization of animals with 200 mug HSA-pentapeptide emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant significantly reduced the inhibitory effect of streptococcal and staphylococcal peptidoglycan; HSA-pentapeptide again showed no activity. However, when HSA-pentapeptide was tested against cells from animals sensitized with 200 mug HSA-pentapeptide incorporated in complete Freund's adjuvant, a strong inhibition of migration was evident. Skin tests performed in these animals, in contrast to the dermonecrotic reaction elicited by streptococcal or staphylococcal peptidoglycan, revealed a characteristic delay hypersensitivity to HSA-pentapeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:126563", "title": "Cell-mediated immune reactions in vitro to cell walls and peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Migration inhibition factor (MIF) was produced by peritoneal exudate (PE) cells from guinea pigs sensitized with heat-killed cells of Staphylococcus aureus cultured in vitro with staphylococcal cell walls or defined subunits of the cell walls. MIF activity was assayed by inhibition of migration of alveolar macrophages from lungs of normal guinea pigs. Specificity of inhibition was established using PE cells from tuberculin sensitive guinea pigs and tuberculin as appropriate controls. Staphylococcal cell walls, their peptidoglycan complex, and teichoic acid-peptidoglycan fragments stimulated MIF production by staphylococcus sensitive PE cells. Peptidoglycan fragments and teichoic acid were ineffective antigens.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune reactions in vitro to cell walls and peptidoglycan from Staphylococcus aureus. Migration inhibition factor (MIF) was produced by peritoneal exudate (PE) cells from guinea pigs sensitized with heat-killed cells of Staphylococcus aureus cultured in vitro with staphylococcal cell walls or defined subunits of the cell walls. MIF activity was assayed by inhibition of migration of alveolar macrophages from lungs of normal guinea pigs. Specificity of inhibition was established using PE cells from tuberculin sensitive guinea pigs and tuberculin as appropriate controls. Staphylococcal cell walls, their peptidoglycan complex, and teichoic acid-peptidoglycan fragments stimulated MIF production by staphylococcus sensitive PE cells. Peptidoglycan fragments and teichoic acid were ineffective antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:126564", "title": "Immunoadjuvant activities of cell walls, their water-soluble fractions and peptidoglycan subunits, prepared from various gram-positive bacteria, and of synthetic n-acetylmuramyl peptides.", "content": "1. The cell walls from some 20 species of gram-positive bacteria, with only few exceptions, were found to be definitely adjuvant-active in both stimulation of increased serum antibody levels and induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin when administered to guinea pigs in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion. 2. By the use of various cell wall lytic enzymes, the immunoadjuvant principles were solubilized with the full retention of adjuvant activities observed with the cell walls of S. aureus, Str. pyogenes, Str. mutans, L. plantarum, C. diphtheriae, Myc. smegmatis and A. viscosus. N-acetylmuramyl peptide monomers (either L-Lys or meso-Dap type) were shown to be the unit chemical structure responsible for the manifestation of adjuvant activities to stimulate both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses. 3. Several N-Acetylmuramyl peptides were prepared by condensation of benzyl N-acetyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-muramide with each peptide benzyl ester by means of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-N-hydroxysuccinimide method and removal of the protecting groups by hydrogenolysis. N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine was identified as the minimum structural entity essential for the immunoadjuvant activities characteristic of bacterial cell walls. Neither synthetic N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine nor L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-lysyl-D-alanin was found to be active.", "contents": "Immunoadjuvant activities of cell walls, their water-soluble fractions and peptidoglycan subunits, prepared from various gram-positive bacteria, and of synthetic n-acetylmuramyl peptides. 1. The cell walls from some 20 species of gram-positive bacteria, with only few exceptions, were found to be definitely adjuvant-active in both stimulation of increased serum antibody levels and induction of delayed-type hypersensitivity to ovalbumin when administered to guinea pigs in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion. 2. By the use of various cell wall lytic enzymes, the immunoadjuvant principles were solubilized with the full retention of adjuvant activities observed with the cell walls of S. aureus, Str. pyogenes, Str. mutans, L. plantarum, C. diphtheriae, Myc. smegmatis and A. viscosus. N-acetylmuramyl peptide monomers (either L-Lys or meso-Dap type) were shown to be the unit chemical structure responsible for the manifestation of adjuvant activities to stimulate both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses. 3. Several N-Acetylmuramyl peptides were prepared by condensation of benzyl N-acetyl-4,6-O-benzylidene-alpha-muramide with each peptide benzyl ester by means of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-N-hydroxysuccinimide method and removal of the protecting groups by hydrogenolysis. N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine was identified as the minimum structural entity essential for the immunoadjuvant activities characteristic of bacterial cell walls. Neither synthetic N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanine nor L-alanyl-D-isoglutaminyl-L-lysyl-D-alanin was found to be active."}
{"id": "PMID:126565", "title": "Interaction of peptidoglycans with anti-IgGs and with complement.", "content": "This report describes the interaction of peptidoglycan (Streptococcus group A, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus lysodeikticus) with 2 serum mediator systems, namely with the anti-IgG system and with complement. The observation that the majority of rabbits hyperimmunized with A-variant streptococcal vaccine produced anti-group carbohydrate antisera containing anti-IgGs and antibodies directed to peptidoglycan suggested that the production of these 2 latter antibodies was related. This view was supported by the finding of a monoclonal 7S anti-IgG with antibody specificity for the pentapeptide of peptidoglycan as evidenced by inhibition of the coprecipitation of 7S anti-IgG with antigen-antibody complexes by the pentapeptide. Inhibition of the anti-idiotype reaction by the pentapeptide provided further evidence for the antibody specificity of 7S anti-IgG for peptidoglycan. When added to normal human sera all peptidoglycan preparations inhibited the hemolytic activity of the sera. Consumption of C3 in C2 deficient serum and consumption of C2 in normal serum indicated the activation of both known complement pathways. Activation of the classical pathway of complement was more efficient since 50 mug of peptidoglycan consumed approximately 70% of C2 per ml normal serum whereas more than 2 mg of the same preparations was required to inactivate 17-24% of C3 in C2 deficient sera. Each of the different peptidoglycan preparations consumed similar amounts of complement in all 20 sera tested. This finding suggested that activation of the classical complement pathway by peptidoglycan was not mediated by anti-peptidoglycan antibodies present in only 20-40% of normal human sera.", "contents": "Interaction of peptidoglycans with anti-IgGs and with complement. This report describes the interaction of peptidoglycan (Streptococcus group A, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus lysodeikticus) with 2 serum mediator systems, namely with the anti-IgG system and with complement. The observation that the majority of rabbits hyperimmunized with A-variant streptococcal vaccine produced anti-group carbohydrate antisera containing anti-IgGs and antibodies directed to peptidoglycan suggested that the production of these 2 latter antibodies was related. This view was supported by the finding of a monoclonal 7S anti-IgG with antibody specificity for the pentapeptide of peptidoglycan as evidenced by inhibition of the coprecipitation of 7S anti-IgG with antigen-antibody complexes by the pentapeptide. Inhibition of the anti-idiotype reaction by the pentapeptide provided further evidence for the antibody specificity of 7S anti-IgG for peptidoglycan. When added to normal human sera all peptidoglycan preparations inhibited the hemolytic activity of the sera. Consumption of C3 in C2 deficient serum and consumption of C2 in normal serum indicated the activation of both known complement pathways. Activation of the classical pathway of complement was more efficient since 50 mug of peptidoglycan consumed approximately 70% of C2 per ml normal serum whereas more than 2 mg of the same preparations was required to inactivate 17-24% of C3 in C2 deficient sera. Each of the different peptidoglycan preparations consumed similar amounts of complement in all 20 sera tested. This finding suggested that activation of the classical complement pathway by peptidoglycan was not mediated by anti-peptidoglycan antibodies present in only 20-40% of normal human sera."}
{"id": "PMID:126566", "title": "Peptidoglycan adjuvants: minimal structure required for activity.", "content": "The chemical structure of the adjuvant active fraction of mycobacterial cell walls has been investigated. It had been shown previously that soluble peptidoglycan fragments obtained from cell walls of Mycobacteria by lysozyme digestion or by other treatments act as adjuvants for increasing both humoral and cellular immunity. We then found that even the monomer subunit of the peptidoglycan of Mycobacteria (i.e. a disaccharide-tetrapeptide) is adjuvant active; then, similar compounds from other strains of bacteria were tested; the monomeric subunits of meso-diaminopimelic acid as well as L-lysine containing peptidoglycans were found to be adjuvant active. The smallest active compound studied so far is N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine synthesized for us by SINAY et al. (1975).", "contents": "Peptidoglycan adjuvants: minimal structure required for activity. The chemical structure of the adjuvant active fraction of mycobacterial cell walls has been investigated. It had been shown previously that soluble peptidoglycan fragments obtained from cell walls of Mycobacteria by lysozyme digestion or by other treatments act as adjuvants for increasing both humoral and cellular immunity. We then found that even the monomer subunit of the peptidoglycan of Mycobacteria (i.e. a disaccharide-tetrapeptide) is adjuvant active; then, similar compounds from other strains of bacteria were tested; the monomeric subunits of meso-diaminopimelic acid as well as L-lysine containing peptidoglycans were found to be adjuvant active. The smallest active compound studied so far is N-acetyl-muramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine synthesized for us by SINAY et al. (1975)."}
{"id": "PMID:126567", "title": "Adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycans.", "content": "Purified peptidoglycans isolated from various Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria can substitute for Mycobacteria in Freund's adjuvant. Monomeric subunits possess the same adjuvant activity. This activity seems to be related to the peptidic fraction.", "contents": "Adjuvant activity of bacterial peptidoglycans. Purified peptidoglycans isolated from various Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria can substitute for Mycobacteria in Freund's adjuvant. Monomeric subunits possess the same adjuvant activity. This activity seems to be related to the peptidic fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:126568", "title": "[The preparation and characterization of transfer factor (author's transl)].", "content": "A transfer factor (TF) was prepared and characterized from the leucocytes of Mantoux-positiv donors using a variety of techniques. The results allowed the following conclusions: Whilst extraction by dialysis and phenol (without precipitation) led to nearly the same positiv immunological activities, when assayed in the MEM-test, phenol extracts subjected to RNA-precipitation lost considerable activity. The residual activity was associated with the lower molecular fractions, and RNA itself has shown no activity. Residues after leucocyte dialysation have also shown considerable TF-activity when extracted by phenol. It was found that phenol extraction followed by gel filtration allowed recovery of considerable quantities of active TF, confined to several specific filtration fractions. Combination of active and inactive gel filtration fractions suggested that there existed an inhibitory factor within the extracted leucocyte preparations. This modified preparation and purification procedure may allow the preparation of TF for therapeutic purposes.", "contents": "[The preparation and characterization of transfer factor (author's transl)]. A transfer factor (TF) was prepared and characterized from the leucocytes of Mantoux-positiv donors using a variety of techniques. The results allowed the following conclusions: Whilst extraction by dialysis and phenol (without precipitation) led to nearly the same positiv immunological activities, when assayed in the MEM-test, phenol extracts subjected to RNA-precipitation lost considerable activity. The residual activity was associated with the lower molecular fractions, and RNA itself has shown no activity. Residues after leucocyte dialysation have also shown considerable TF-activity when extracted by phenol. It was found that phenol extraction followed by gel filtration allowed recovery of considerable quantities of active TF, confined to several specific filtration fractions. Combination of active and inactive gel filtration fractions suggested that there existed an inhibitory factor within the extracted leucocyte preparations. This modified preparation and purification procedure may allow the preparation of TF for therapeutic purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:126569", "title": "Fractionation of antigen reactive cells from immunized mice on columns coated with antigen or anti-immunoglobulin sera.", "content": "Immunocompetent cells obtained from NIP-RGG immunized mice were fractionated on bead columns coated with antigen or anti-immunoglobulin serum. The separated cell fractions were examined for their capacity to be stimulated by the antigen in short term culture, to produce antigen specific antibodies in the plaque assay and to bind radioactive labeled antigen. Cells which produce hapten specific antibodies or bind radioactive labeled hapten are removed from the cell population passed through a hapten-carrier complex coated column. Cells stimulated by the antigen to an increased DNA-synthesis are also retained by columns coated with the hapten-carrier-complex or the carrier alone; the fractionation seems to be carrier specific. The fractionation of cells is blocked by free antigen in the columnar fluid. However, the fractionation patterns of cells passed through anti-Ig-serum coated columns are different when antibody producing cells and cells stimulated by the antigen are compared. Whereas antibody producing cells and antigen binding cells are almost completely retained by anti-Ig-serum coated columns the cells which are stimulated by the hapten carrier complex are not removed from the passed cells. Studies to characterize the fractionated cell populations according to their sensitivity to anti-theta-serum, to the presence of Ig-receptors and to the phytohemagglutinin stimulation indicate that the antibody producing cells and the antigen binding cells have to be attributed to B-cells whereas the question whether the antigen stimulated cells are T- or B-cells cannot be definitely answered.", "contents": "Fractionation of antigen reactive cells from immunized mice on columns coated with antigen or anti-immunoglobulin sera. Immunocompetent cells obtained from NIP-RGG immunized mice were fractionated on bead columns coated with antigen or anti-immunoglobulin serum. The separated cell fractions were examined for their capacity to be stimulated by the antigen in short term culture, to produce antigen specific antibodies in the plaque assay and to bind radioactive labeled antigen. Cells which produce hapten specific antibodies or bind radioactive labeled hapten are removed from the cell population passed through a hapten-carrier complex coated column. Cells stimulated by the antigen to an increased DNA-synthesis are also retained by columns coated with the hapten-carrier-complex or the carrier alone; the fractionation seems to be carrier specific. The fractionation of cells is blocked by free antigen in the columnar fluid. However, the fractionation patterns of cells passed through anti-Ig-serum coated columns are different when antibody producing cells and cells stimulated by the antigen are compared. Whereas antibody producing cells and antigen binding cells are almost completely retained by anti-Ig-serum coated columns the cells which are stimulated by the hapten carrier complex are not removed from the passed cells. Studies to characterize the fractionated cell populations according to their sensitivity to anti-theta-serum, to the presence of Ig-receptors and to the phytohemagglutinin stimulation indicate that the antibody producing cells and the antigen binding cells have to be attributed to B-cells whereas the question whether the antigen stimulated cells are T- or B-cells cannot be definitely answered."}
{"id": "PMID:126570", "title": "Interactions of the third component of complement (C3) with cross-linked dextran. III. Isolation and characterization of interacting components after enzymatic digestion of complement coated cross-linked dextran.", "content": "In previous investigations we could show that incubation of cross-linked dextran (Sephadex) with normal human and normal guinea pig serum results in the binding of C3 to Sephadex. This binding was found to be due to activation of C3 via an alternate pathway. In this paper data are presented which show that components bound to Sephadex can be recovered after enzymatic digestion of serum-reacted Sephadex beads. The digests were characterized with immuno-electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion techniques. It could be shown that the main component present in the digest was converted C3. Apart from C3 under our test conditions only minute amounts of C3A but no other serum proteins were detectable. The observation that almost exclusively C3 is bound to Sephadex is further supported by the finding that immunization of rabbits with serum-reacted Sephadex beads results in the exclusive formation of anti C3 antibodies. Implications from these findings and possible applications are discussed.", "contents": "Interactions of the third component of complement (C3) with cross-linked dextran. III. Isolation and characterization of interacting components after enzymatic digestion of complement coated cross-linked dextran. In previous investigations we could show that incubation of cross-linked dextran (Sephadex) with normal human and normal guinea pig serum results in the binding of C3 to Sephadex. This binding was found to be due to activation of C3 via an alternate pathway. In this paper data are presented which show that components bound to Sephadex can be recovered after enzymatic digestion of serum-reacted Sephadex beads. The digests were characterized with immuno-electrophoresis and double immunodiffusion techniques. It could be shown that the main component present in the digest was converted C3. Apart from C3 under our test conditions only minute amounts of C3A but no other serum proteins were detectable. The observation that almost exclusively C3 is bound to Sephadex is further supported by the finding that immunization of rabbits with serum-reacted Sephadex beads results in the exclusive formation of anti C3 antibodies. Implications from these findings and possible applications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126571", "title": "Characterization of a stimulating factor released by immunosuppression.", "content": "To get more information about the mechanism of stimulation of the immune response during immunosuppression under certain conditions, stimulating factor (SF) was collected 48 hours after treatment of NMRI-mice with cyclophosphamide. SF was characterized by different steps of separation using centrifugation, dialysis and salt-fractionation. For demonstration of the SF animals were sensitized with SRBC and given different substrates separately. The stimulation of the antibody-production was demonstrated on the cellular level using the plaque-technique. SF was detected by comparing the counts of plaque-forming cells in the spleen of treated mice compared with controls merely sensitized or given the same substrate of normal animals. In this way it was shown that the SF is a soluble factor in the serum with a molecular weight of more than 20,000, but that it is no immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Characterization of a stimulating factor released by immunosuppression. To get more information about the mechanism of stimulation of the immune response during immunosuppression under certain conditions, stimulating factor (SF) was collected 48 hours after treatment of NMRI-mice with cyclophosphamide. SF was characterized by different steps of separation using centrifugation, dialysis and salt-fractionation. For demonstration of the SF animals were sensitized with SRBC and given different substrates separately. The stimulation of the antibody-production was demonstrated on the cellular level using the plaque-technique. SF was detected by comparing the counts of plaque-forming cells in the spleen of treated mice compared with controls merely sensitized or given the same substrate of normal animals. In this way it was shown that the SF is a soluble factor in the serum with a molecular weight of more than 20,000, but that it is no immunoglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:126572", "title": "[A method to calculate the plausibility of paternity using blood group results of any relatives (author's transl)].", "content": "A calculation program is described by means of which the frequency of any type of relationship in cases of disputable descent (questionable partenity, maternity, parenthood, brother- and sisterhood) using blood group results, can be calculated. Within the scope of forensical practice, the program is above all important in cases in which the alleged father and/or mother of the child is deceased, where however, blood group results of other relatives are at disposal, and also in cases of suspected incest - when the alleged father of the child is at the same time father or brother of the child's mother, and, finally, in cases where two men who are related to one another are considered as possible fathers. The program can also be applied to search cases.", "contents": "[A method to calculate the plausibility of paternity using blood group results of any relatives (author's transl)]. A calculation program is described by means of which the frequency of any type of relationship in cases of disputable descent (questionable partenity, maternity, parenthood, brother- and sisterhood) using blood group results, can be calculated. Within the scope of forensical practice, the program is above all important in cases in which the alleged father and/or mother of the child is deceased, where however, blood group results of other relatives are at disposal, and also in cases of suspected incest - when the alleged father of the child is at the same time father or brother of the child's mother, and, finally, in cases where two men who are related to one another are considered as possible fathers. The program can also be applied to search cases."}
{"id": "PMID:126573", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity to cell wall antigens of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. II. The production of chemotactic factor by guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate cells from sensitized guinea pigs were incubated in culture with staphylococcal cell walls. Filtered supernatant fluids from the cultures were chemotactic for horse leukocytes. Maximum chemotactic activity was observed in supernatant fluids of cultures incubated 1.5 hours. Activity disappeared after 4.5 and 18 hours additional incubation.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity to cell wall antigens of Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. II. The production of chemotactic factor by guinea pig peritoneal exudate cells. Peritoneal exudate cells from sensitized guinea pigs were incubated in culture with staphylococcal cell walls. Filtered supernatant fluids from the cultures were chemotactic for horse leukocytes. Maximum chemotactic activity was observed in supernatant fluids of cultures incubated 1.5 hours. Activity disappeared after 4.5 and 18 hours additional incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:126574", "title": "HL-A antigens in idiopathic Addison's disease.", "content": "The frequencies of 36 HL-A antigens of the SD-1, SD-2 and SD-3 locus have been determined in 20 patients with idiopathic Addison's disease and compared with those of 450 controls. No significantly different HL-A antigen frequencies could be observed in both groups. These findings are in contradiction to data reported by a Copenhagen group. Possible mechanisms which might have led to this discrepancy are discussed.", "contents": "HL-A antigens in idiopathic Addison's disease. The frequencies of 36 HL-A antigens of the SD-1, SD-2 and SD-3 locus have been determined in 20 patients with idiopathic Addison's disease and compared with those of 450 controls. No significantly different HL-A antigen frequencies could be observed in both groups. These findings are in contradiction to data reported by a Copenhagen group. Possible mechanisms which might have led to this discrepancy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126575", "title": "Interactions of the third component of complement (C3) with cross-linked dextran. IV. Adherence of lymphocytes to C3 coated dextran gel particles.", "content": "In previous studies we could show that the third component of complement (C3) is bound from normal serum to cross-linked dextran (Sephadex) after activation via an alternate pathway. Data presented in this paper demonstrate that a subpopulation of human lymphocytes adheries to C3 coated Sephadex particles. The adhering subpopulation of lymphocytes is identical with or overlaps extensively with lymphocytes bearing easily detectable membrane Ig. This phenomenon can be used for the fractionation of lymphocyte subpopulations. After a single passage of tonsillar lymphocytes through C3 coated Sephadex bead columns, no membrane Ig positive lymphocytes were detectable in the effluent. 97-100% of effluent cells formed rosettes with untreated sheep red blood cells, thus resembling pure T cells. Apart from that, the use of C3 coated dextran gel particles allows also the recovery of adherent cells after dextranase digestion of the dextran gel particles. An investigation of retained cells showed enrichment of B cells, but also T cells were demonstrable. The retention of these T cells is probably due to nonspecific interactions.", "contents": "Interactions of the third component of complement (C3) with cross-linked dextran. IV. Adherence of lymphocytes to C3 coated dextran gel particles. In previous studies we could show that the third component of complement (C3) is bound from normal serum to cross-linked dextran (Sephadex) after activation via an alternate pathway. Data presented in this paper demonstrate that a subpopulation of human lymphocytes adheries to C3 coated Sephadex particles. The adhering subpopulation of lymphocytes is identical with or overlaps extensively with lymphocytes bearing easily detectable membrane Ig. This phenomenon can be used for the fractionation of lymphocyte subpopulations. After a single passage of tonsillar lymphocytes through C3 coated Sephadex bead columns, no membrane Ig positive lymphocytes were detectable in the effluent. 97-100% of effluent cells formed rosettes with untreated sheep red blood cells, thus resembling pure T cells. Apart from that, the use of C3 coated dextran gel particles allows also the recovery of adherent cells after dextranase digestion of the dextran gel particles. An investigation of retained cells showed enrichment of B cells, but also T cells were demonstrable. The retention of these T cells is probably due to nonspecific interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:126576", "title": "Formation and composition of the C3 activating enzyme complex of the properdin system. Sequential assembly of its components on solid-phase trypsin-agarose.", "content": "An active C3 cleaving enzyme is generated when properdin factor B (glycine-rich beta-glycoprotein, GBG) is activated (GBG is cleaved) by factor D in the presence of C3b and Mg++. Factor D can be replaced by trypsin in this reaction but even then C3b and Mg++ are required. In the absence of C3b and/or Mg++ trypsin does not generate C3 cleaving activity from GBG although it cleaves GBG and releases its GGG fragment (B) under these conditions as well. Addition of C3b to GGG immediately after its release does not yield a C3 cleaving enzyme. These findings indicate that C3b, GBG and Mg++ interact, and that only in association with C3b can GBG be cleaved in a way that its enzyme activity, residing in a C3b, GGG complex, is expressed. The complex is labile (half-life at 20 degrees C: 9 minutes); Mg++ does not affect its stability nor is it essential for the activity. It was possible to sequentially fix on agarose the essential components of the C3 cleaving enzyme and thus to elucidate the single steps and the order of its formation. C3 was activated and the resulting C3b fragment fixed on agarose by incubating C3 with trypsin covalently bound to the agarose. The agarose-C3b intermediate was capable of binding GBG provided Mg++ was present. GBG could then be cleaved by factor D or trypsin added in solution; the solid-phase-fixed complex obtained had C3 cleaving activity, in the presence as well as absence of Mg++. Omission of any of these steps or components, or changes in the sequence did not give rise to an active enzyme. Mixtures of C3b, GBG and Mg++ have weak C3 cleaving activity by themselves. C3 cleavage in such incubation mixtures proceeds slowly for hours and is not accompanied by cleavage of GBG. There is thus complete analogy between the CVF-dependent and C3b-dependent C3 cleaving systems. C3b and CVF act in the same way, they form a reversible, weakly active C3 cleaving complex with GBG and Mg++, the activity of which is markedly enhanced but becomes subject to decay when GBG is cleaved by trypsin-like enzymes while bound to CVF or C3b.", "contents": "Formation and composition of the C3 activating enzyme complex of the properdin system. Sequential assembly of its components on solid-phase trypsin-agarose. An active C3 cleaving enzyme is generated when properdin factor B (glycine-rich beta-glycoprotein, GBG) is activated (GBG is cleaved) by factor D in the presence of C3b and Mg++. Factor D can be replaced by trypsin in this reaction but even then C3b and Mg++ are required. In the absence of C3b and/or Mg++ trypsin does not generate C3 cleaving activity from GBG although it cleaves GBG and releases its GGG fragment (B) under these conditions as well. Addition of C3b to GGG immediately after its release does not yield a C3 cleaving enzyme. These findings indicate that C3b, GBG and Mg++ interact, and that only in association with C3b can GBG be cleaved in a way that its enzyme activity, residing in a C3b, GGG complex, is expressed. The complex is labile (half-life at 20 degrees C: 9 minutes); Mg++ does not affect its stability nor is it essential for the activity. It was possible to sequentially fix on agarose the essential components of the C3 cleaving enzyme and thus to elucidate the single steps and the order of its formation. C3 was activated and the resulting C3b fragment fixed on agarose by incubating C3 with trypsin covalently bound to the agarose. The agarose-C3b intermediate was capable of binding GBG provided Mg++ was present. GBG could then be cleaved by factor D or trypsin added in solution; the solid-phase-fixed complex obtained had C3 cleaving activity, in the presence as well as absence of Mg++. Omission of any of these steps or components, or changes in the sequence did not give rise to an active enzyme. Mixtures of C3b, GBG and Mg++ have weak C3 cleaving activity by themselves. C3 cleavage in such incubation mixtures proceeds slowly for hours and is not accompanied by cleavage of GBG. There is thus complete analogy between the CVF-dependent and C3b-dependent C3 cleaving systems. C3b and CVF act in the same way, they form a reversible, weakly active C3 cleaving complex with GBG and Mg++, the activity of which is markedly enhanced but becomes subject to decay when GBG is cleaved by trypsin-like enzymes while bound to CVF or C3b."}
{"id": "PMID:126577", "title": "[Blood group opinion and judicial judgement 1. 250 paternity cases 1965-1970 (author's transl)].", "content": "In 250 paternity actions (one-man one-child affairs 1965-1970) without exclusion by blood group opinion, which include 48 cases involving persons from abroad, 41 men acknowledged the paternity or withdrew the suit during the process. 32 cases were judged by default. 174 men were judged of child support according to the former 1717 BGB, 13 of these after an anthropological expertise. In 2 cases the anthropological opinion gave an indication of nonpaternity; accordingly, the court dismissed the action. In 157 cases the plausibility of paternity according to Essen-M\u00f6ller's formula was calculated by the expert and dealt with in the blood group opinion. It appears, however, that the W values had no remarkable influence on the decision of the court.", "contents": "[Blood group opinion and judicial judgement 1. 250 paternity cases 1965-1970 (author's transl)]. In 250 paternity actions (one-man one-child affairs 1965-1970) without exclusion by blood group opinion, which include 48 cases involving persons from abroad, 41 men acknowledged the paternity or withdrew the suit during the process. 32 cases were judged by default. 174 men were judged of child support according to the former 1717 BGB, 13 of these after an anthropological expertise. In 2 cases the anthropological opinion gave an indication of nonpaternity; accordingly, the court dismissed the action. In 157 cases the plausibility of paternity according to Essen-M\u00f6ller's formula was calculated by the expert and dealt with in the blood group opinion. It appears, however, that the W values had no remarkable influence on the decision of the court."}
{"id": "PMID:126578", "title": "Peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes in men in different age groups.", "content": "Peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes were determined in normal humans at different ages. Spontaneous rosette formation with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was used as a marker for T cells. B cells were detected by immunofluorescent staining of membrane-bound immunoglobulins. Blood samples from old individuals contained significantly lower T lymphocyte numbers than those from children. This diminution of circulating T cells caused a reduction of the total lymphocyte count in the elderly persons. No significant differences were between the T cell values of young and old adults. Whereas the percentages of B cells indicated an increase of this lymphocyte population in old humans, the absolute numbers of B lymphocytes remained almost unchanged during aging.", "contents": "Peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes in men in different age groups. Peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes were determined in normal humans at different ages. Spontaneous rosette formation with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was used as a marker for T cells. B cells were detected by immunofluorescent staining of membrane-bound immunoglobulins. Blood samples from old individuals contained significantly lower T lymphocyte numbers than those from children. This diminution of circulating T cells caused a reduction of the total lymphocyte count in the elderly persons. No significant differences were between the T cell values of young and old adults. Whereas the percentages of B cells indicated an increase of this lymphocyte population in old humans, the absolute numbers of B lymphocytes remained almost unchanged during aging."}
{"id": "PMID:126581", "title": "Chemical syntheses and properties of hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A derivatives.", "content": "Acyl-CoA derivatives of several hydroxylated cinnamic acids have been synthesized in 30 to 50% yield via a. acyl phenyl thiol esters, b. acyl N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, and c. glucocinnamoyl derivatives. Properties of the intermediates have been determined. The cinnamyol-CoA thiol esters were characterized by their chromatographic behaviour and UV spectra. The molar extinction coefficients of these important intermediates in plant phenylpropane metabolism have been unequivocally determined. Recently published values 13 for the molar extinction coefficients of these derivatives are incorrect; the methodological reason for this error has been established.", "contents": "Chemical syntheses and properties of hydroxycinnamoyl-coenzyme A derivatives. Acyl-CoA derivatives of several hydroxylated cinnamic acids have been synthesized in 30 to 50% yield via a. acyl phenyl thiol esters, b. acyl N-hydroxysuccinimide esters, and c. glucocinnamoyl derivatives. Properties of the intermediates have been determined. The cinnamyol-CoA thiol esters were characterized by their chromatographic behaviour and UV spectra. The molar extinction coefficients of these important intermediates in plant phenylpropane metabolism have been unequivocally determined. Recently published values 13 for the molar extinction coefficients of these derivatives are incorrect; the methodological reason for this error has been established."}
{"id": "PMID:126580", "title": "On the origin of protein biosynthesis.", "content": "There is a very close steric relationship between the codon-anticodon site which accounts for the genetic code dictionary and a polynucleotide replicase site. Protein biosynthesis must therefore have arisen out of a primaeval polynucleotide replicase system.", "contents": "On the origin of protein biosynthesis. There is a very close steric relationship between the codon-anticodon site which accounts for the genetic code dictionary and a polynucleotide replicase site. Protein biosynthesis must therefore have arisen out of a primaeval polynucleotide replicase system."}
{"id": "PMID:126582", "title": "ATPase activity and light scattering of acto-heavy meromyosin: dependence on ATP concentration and on ionic strength.", "content": "1. The dependence on ATP concentration of ATPase activity and light scattering decrease of acto-HMM could be described at very low ionic strength by one hyperbolic adsorption isotherm with a dissociation constant of 3 X 10(-6)M. Hence the increase of ATP ase activity was paralleled by a decrease in light scattering. At higher values of ionic strength ATPase activity stopped rising before HMM was completely saturated with ATP. Higher ionic strength prevented ATPase activity from further increasing when the rigor links (links between actin and nucleotide-free myosin), which have formerly protected the ATPase against the suppressing action of higher ionic strength have fallen below a certain amount. This protecting influence of rigor links did not require tropomyosin-troponin. 2. For complete activation of ATPase activity by actin less actin was needed when HMM was incompletely saturated with ATP than when it was completely saturated with ATP. 3. The apparent affinity of ATP to regulated acto-HMM (which contained tropomyosin-troponin) was lower than to unregulated acto-HMM (which was devoid of tropomyosin-troponin). In the presence of rigor complexes (indicated by an incomplete decrease of light scattering) the ATPase activity of regulated acto-HMM was higher than that of unregulated acto-HMM. At increasing ATP concentrations the ATPase activity of regulated acto-HMM stopped rising at a similar degree of saturation with ATP as the ATPase activity of unregulated acto-HMM at the same ionic strength.", "contents": "ATPase activity and light scattering of acto-heavy meromyosin: dependence on ATP concentration and on ionic strength. 1. The dependence on ATP concentration of ATPase activity and light scattering decrease of acto-HMM could be described at very low ionic strength by one hyperbolic adsorption isotherm with a dissociation constant of 3 X 10(-6)M. Hence the increase of ATP ase activity was paralleled by a decrease in light scattering. At higher values of ionic strength ATPase activity stopped rising before HMM was completely saturated with ATP. Higher ionic strength prevented ATPase activity from further increasing when the rigor links (links between actin and nucleotide-free myosin), which have formerly protected the ATPase against the suppressing action of higher ionic strength have fallen below a certain amount. This protecting influence of rigor links did not require tropomyosin-troponin. 2. For complete activation of ATPase activity by actin less actin was needed when HMM was incompletely saturated with ATP than when it was completely saturated with ATP. 3. The apparent affinity of ATP to regulated acto-HMM (which contained tropomyosin-troponin) was lower than to unregulated acto-HMM (which was devoid of tropomyosin-troponin). In the presence of rigor complexes (indicated by an incomplete decrease of light scattering) the ATPase activity of regulated acto-HMM was higher than that of unregulated acto-HMM. At increasing ATP concentrations the ATPase activity of regulated acto-HMM stopped rising at a similar degree of saturation with ATP as the ATPase activity of unregulated acto-HMM at the same ionic strength."}
{"id": "PMID:126583", "title": "Inhibition of excision repair without influence upon UV-sensitivity and UV-mutability in Escherichia coli B/r Hcr+.", "content": "Pre-irradiation starvation of exponentially growing Escherichia coli B/r Hcr+ thy-try- strain for thymine and tryptophan causes inhibition of pyrimidine dimer excision from ultraviolet damaged cells DNA. This inhibition of excision repair has not resulted in increasing ultraviolet sensitivity nor in increasing frequency of ultraviolet induced tryptophan revertants. The possible mechanisms of the non-excision repair in the prestarved cells, which is at least as accurate and effective as the whole dark repair in exponentially growing cells, are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of excision repair without influence upon UV-sensitivity and UV-mutability in Escherichia coli B/r Hcr+. Pre-irradiation starvation of exponentially growing Escherichia coli B/r Hcr+ thy-try- strain for thymine and tryptophan causes inhibition of pyrimidine dimer excision from ultraviolet damaged cells DNA. This inhibition of excision repair has not resulted in increasing ultraviolet sensitivity nor in increasing frequency of ultraviolet induced tryptophan revertants. The possible mechanisms of the non-excision repair in the prestarved cells, which is at least as accurate and effective as the whole dark repair in exponentially growing cells, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126584", "title": "Activation and inhibition of the Mg-Ca-ATPase from E. coli by Mg2+ and Ca2+.", "content": "MgATP of CaATP is the substrate of the Mg-Ca-ATPase. At low Mg2+- or Ca2+-concentrations the ATPase is activated by Mg2+ or Ca2+, the activator being essential for activity. At higher Mg2+- or Ca2+-concentrations the Mg-Ca-ATPase is inhibited competitively. Thus the real Km is smaller than reported in the literature. H+ competes with Mg2+ or Ca2+ for the metal binding sites.", "contents": "Activation and inhibition of the Mg-Ca-ATPase from E. coli by Mg2+ and Ca2+. MgATP of CaATP is the substrate of the Mg-Ca-ATPase. At low Mg2+- or Ca2+-concentrations the ATPase is activated by Mg2+ or Ca2+, the activator being essential for activity. At higher Mg2+- or Ca2+-concentrations the Mg-Ca-ATPase is inhibited competitively. Thus the real Km is smaller than reported in the literature. H+ competes with Mg2+ or Ca2+ for the metal binding sites."}
{"id": "PMID:126585", "title": "Poncimarin, a new coumarin from Poncirus trifoliata L.", "content": "A new coumarinic derivative (Poncimarin; C19H22O5; m.p. 140 C degrees) was isolated from unripe fruits of Poncircus trifoliata L. which from spectroscopic evidences was formulated as 7-(2,3-epoxy-3-methyl butyloxy)-8-(2,3-epoxy-3-methyl butyl) coumarin.", "contents": "Poncimarin, a new coumarin from Poncirus trifoliata L. A new coumarinic derivative (Poncimarin; C19H22O5; m.p. 140 C degrees) was isolated from unripe fruits of Poncircus trifoliata L. which from spectroscopic evidences was formulated as 7-(2,3-epoxy-3-methyl butyloxy)-8-(2,3-epoxy-3-methyl butyl) coumarin."}
{"id": "PMID:126586", "title": "Over-production of porphyrins and heme in heterotrophic bacteria.", "content": "In Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Achromobacter metalcaligenes gamma-aminolevulinic acid synthase and gamma-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase appear to be the rate limiting enzymes of porphyrin and heme biosynthesis. Bypassing of these enzymes by addition of gamma-aminolevulinic acid or porphobilinogen results in overproduction of tetrapyrroles.", "contents": "Over-production of porphyrins and heme in heterotrophic bacteria. In Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Achromobacter metalcaligenes gamma-aminolevulinic acid synthase and gamma-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase appear to be the rate limiting enzymes of porphyrin and heme biosynthesis. Bypassing of these enzymes by addition of gamma-aminolevulinic acid or porphobilinogen results in overproduction of tetrapyrroles."}
{"id": "PMID:126587", "title": "Effect of zinc and cadmium on delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase of red blood cells in protecting against enzyme losses during storage.", "content": "The effect of zinc and cadmium on delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase of bovine erythrocytes stored at -30 degrees C for different times was determined. The results show a. storage of erythrocytes leads to an enhancement of the enzyme activity, which after six weeks is 165% (500 muM ZnCl2) respectively 220% (100 muM CdCl2) for red blood cells of calves, and after four weeks in 420% respectively 450% (same concentrations) for red blood cells of adult cattle, b. the older the samples are, the higher is the metal concentrations, needed for activation.", "contents": "Effect of zinc and cadmium on delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase of red blood cells in protecting against enzyme losses during storage. The effect of zinc and cadmium on delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase of bovine erythrocytes stored at -30 degrees C for different times was determined. The results show a. storage of erythrocytes leads to an enhancement of the enzyme activity, which after six weeks is 165% (500 muM ZnCl2) respectively 220% (100 muM CdCl2) for red blood cells of calves, and after four weeks in 420% respectively 450% (same concentrations) for red blood cells of adult cattle, b. the older the samples are, the higher is the metal concentrations, needed for activation."}
{"id": "PMID:126588", "title": "[Partial synthesis of adenosylcorrinoids and of 1,N6-etheno-adenosylcobalamin with a fluorescent nucleoside (author's transl].", "content": "Adenosylcobalamin and several analogs of this corrinoid are prepared by an improved method and separated by an one-step-chromatography on columns of carboxymethylcellulose. Pure water is the eluting agent. The same method is suitable for the preparation of 1,N6-ethenoadenosylcobalamin, a corrinoid with fluorescent nucleoside.", "contents": "[Partial synthesis of adenosylcorrinoids and of 1,N6-etheno-adenosylcobalamin with a fluorescent nucleoside (author's transl]. Adenosylcobalamin and several analogs of this corrinoid are prepared by an improved method and separated by an one-step-chromatography on columns of carboxymethylcellulose. Pure water is the eluting agent. The same method is suitable for the preparation of 1,N6-ethenoadenosylcobalamin, a corrinoid with fluorescent nucleoside."}
{"id": "PMID:126589", "title": "Gamma-radiolysis of aqueous solution of proline.", "content": "Gamma-radiolysis of 0.05 M neutral proline solution was investigated. As the main reaction of proline radiolysis in oxygenated solutions, the hydroxylation reactions leading to hydroxyproline formation and the reactions leading to the total destruction of the pyrrolidine ring were shown. In oxygen-free solutions the yield of these reactions decreased; in this medium combination reactions giving rise to higher molecular weight combination products (up to approx. 1500) belong to the most important ones. In addition to radiation-decarboxylation reactions the products of radiation-carboxylation reactions were also detected in the irradiated solution of proline free of oxygen.", "contents": "Gamma-radiolysis of aqueous solution of proline. Gamma-radiolysis of 0.05 M neutral proline solution was investigated. As the main reaction of proline radiolysis in oxygenated solutions, the hydroxylation reactions leading to hydroxyproline formation and the reactions leading to the total destruction of the pyrrolidine ring were shown. In oxygen-free solutions the yield of these reactions decreased; in this medium combination reactions giving rise to higher molecular weight combination products (up to approx. 1500) belong to the most important ones. In addition to radiation-decarboxylation reactions the products of radiation-carboxylation reactions were also detected in the irradiated solution of proline free of oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:126590", "title": "Interactions between retinal and phospholipids in monomolecular films at acid pH.", "content": "The surface properties of mixed monomolecular films of retinal and phospholipids (p. lipids) are measured as a function of mole fraction at a nitrogen-water interface. An acid pH of 6.0 is maintained in the aqueous phase. Before irradiation the surface potential deltaV for 9-cis retinal, 11-cis retinal, phosphatidyl serine (PS) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), at pi=12 dyn/cm, are 490 mV, 645 mV, respectively. Before irradiation, A0 for 9-cis and 11-cis are 58 A2 and 48 A2, respectively. Experimentally measured isotherms are compared with theoretically calculated isotherms. In case of mixed films of retinal and PS the experimental isotherms are greater than theoretical, while mixed films of retinal and PE are smaller than theoretical. A maximum value for the difference between theoretical and experimental areas are obtained at (retinal)/(p. lipid)=0.1. Retinal and p. lipid do not appear to form a Schiff base, charge transfer or any other type of complex at pH 6. A eutectic type mixture between retinal and p. lipid may occur on the surface. A light induced change in deltaV of -130 mV is observed in the case of 11-cis and PE. The significance of these findings with respect to visual excitation is considered.", "contents": "Interactions between retinal and phospholipids in monomolecular films at acid pH. The surface properties of mixed monomolecular films of retinal and phospholipids (p. lipids) are measured as a function of mole fraction at a nitrogen-water interface. An acid pH of 6.0 is maintained in the aqueous phase. Before irradiation the surface potential deltaV for 9-cis retinal, 11-cis retinal, phosphatidyl serine (PS) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), at pi=12 dyn/cm, are 490 mV, 645 mV, respectively. Before irradiation, A0 for 9-cis and 11-cis are 58 A2 and 48 A2, respectively. Experimentally measured isotherms are compared with theoretically calculated isotherms. In case of mixed films of retinal and PS the experimental isotherms are greater than theoretical, while mixed films of retinal and PE are smaller than theoretical. A maximum value for the difference between theoretical and experimental areas are obtained at (retinal)/(p. lipid)=0.1. Retinal and p. lipid do not appear to form a Schiff base, charge transfer or any other type of complex at pH 6. A eutectic type mixture between retinal and p. lipid may occur on the surface. A light induced change in deltaV of -130 mV is observed in the case of 11-cis and PE. The significance of these findings with respect to visual excitation is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:126591", "title": "Binding of antibodies onto the thylakoid membrane. I. Maximal antibody binding and adsorption of antibodies to lipids.", "content": "The binding of antibodies onto the lamellar system of Antirrhinum majus was determined in dependence on the serum addition. The unspecific adsorption of serum proteins was taken into account or eliminated. The binding of antibodies as a function of the amount of serum added is seem from a saturation curve. From an antiserum obtained by hyperimmunization with stroma-freed chloroplasts, the chloroplasts bind maximally 1 gram antibodies per gram stroma-freed chloroplasts. From an antiserum to the proteins of the thylakoid membrane prepared in the same way an equal amount of antibodies is adsorbed. It is assumed that with this amount the surfaces of the lamellar system accessible to antibodies is completely covered by antibodies. For an antiserum to monogalactosyl diglyceride a maximal antibody binding of 0.16 g, for sulphoquinovosyl diglyceride 0.12 g and for phosphatidyl glycerol 0.13 of antibodies per gram stroma-freed chloroplasts are obtained. The significance of these results with respect to the molecular surface structure of the thylakoid membrane is discussed.", "contents": "Binding of antibodies onto the thylakoid membrane. I. Maximal antibody binding and adsorption of antibodies to lipids. The binding of antibodies onto the lamellar system of Antirrhinum majus was determined in dependence on the serum addition. The unspecific adsorption of serum proteins was taken into account or eliminated. The binding of antibodies as a function of the amount of serum added is seem from a saturation curve. From an antiserum obtained by hyperimmunization with stroma-freed chloroplasts, the chloroplasts bind maximally 1 gram antibodies per gram stroma-freed chloroplasts. From an antiserum to the proteins of the thylakoid membrane prepared in the same way an equal amount of antibodies is adsorbed. It is assumed that with this amount the surfaces of the lamellar system accessible to antibodies is completely covered by antibodies. For an antiserum to monogalactosyl diglyceride a maximal antibody binding of 0.16 g, for sulphoquinovosyl diglyceride 0.12 g and for phosphatidyl glycerol 0.13 of antibodies per gram stroma-freed chloroplasts are obtained. The significance of these results with respect to the molecular surface structure of the thylakoid membrane is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126592", "title": "[Mode of action and structure-acitivity-relationships of the aminotriazinone herbicide Metribuzin. Inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport in chloroplasts by Metribuzin (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of the aminotriazinone herbicide Metribuzin on photosynthetic reactions of isolated chloroplasts is investigated. Metribuzin inhibits all Hill-reactions when water is the electron donor, but not photoreductions by photosystem I at the expense of an artifical electron donor. The PI59-value is 6.7. Cyclic photophosphorylation is not affected by Metribuzin. Measurements of the prompt and delayed fluorescence of the photosynthetically active chlorophyll support the notion, that Metribuzin inhibits photosynthetic electron flow between the primary and seondary electron acceptor of photosystem II (Q and plastoquinone). The relationship of inhibitory potency to chemical structure is investigated by comparing a number of related aminotriazinones. The effect of various substituents is discussed.", "contents": "[Mode of action and structure-acitivity-relationships of the aminotriazinone herbicide Metribuzin. Inhibition of photosynthetic electron transport in chloroplasts by Metribuzin (author's transl)]. The influence of the aminotriazinone herbicide Metribuzin on photosynthetic reactions of isolated chloroplasts is investigated. Metribuzin inhibits all Hill-reactions when water is the electron donor, but not photoreductions by photosystem I at the expense of an artifical electron donor. The PI59-value is 6.7. Cyclic photophosphorylation is not affected by Metribuzin. Measurements of the prompt and delayed fluorescence of the photosynthetically active chlorophyll support the notion, that Metribuzin inhibits photosynthetic electron flow between the primary and seondary electron acceptor of photosystem II (Q and plastoquinone). The relationship of inhibitory potency to chemical structure is investigated by comparing a number of related aminotriazinones. The effect of various substituents is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126593", "title": "[Characterization of messenger ribonucleoproteins from yeasts (author's transl)].", "content": "A method to produce in 15 min stable sphaeroplasts from yeast of the early log-phase is described. This method was used to isolate polysomes, after specific radioactive labelling of mRNA. The mRNP *-particles, isolated from polysomes, have sedimentation-coefficients from 10 to 80S and a density of 1.4 g/cm3, the polysomes a density of 1.58 g/cm3 and the ribosomes a density of 1.6. g/cm3.", "contents": "[Characterization of messenger ribonucleoproteins from yeasts (author's transl)]. A method to produce in 15 min stable sphaeroplasts from yeast of the early log-phase is described. This method was used to isolate polysomes, after specific radioactive labelling of mRNA. The mRNP *-particles, isolated from polysomes, have sedimentation-coefficients from 10 to 80S and a density of 1.4 g/cm3, the polysomes a density of 1.58 g/cm3 and the ribosomes a density of 1.6. g/cm3."}
{"id": "PMID:126594", "title": "Sensitivity of Escherichia coli to viral nucleic acid, X. Ba2+-induced competence for transfecting DNA.", "content": "Effect of alkaline earth metal ions on induction of the competence for DNA transfection was investigated. Unlike spheroplasts, the bulk of the bacteria treated with these ions retains colony-forming ability. The order of effectiveness for transfection of phiA replicative-form DNA has been found to be Ba2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Mg2+. The competence of Ba2+-treated cells is 3 to 5 times higher that that of Ca2+-treated bacteria and about 40 times higher than that of lysozyme-EDTA spheroplasts. The Ba2+-dependent transfection is cryophilic and formation of the infective complex occurs very rapidly at 0 degrees C, But not at 37 degrees C.", "contents": "Sensitivity of Escherichia coli to viral nucleic acid, X. Ba2+-induced competence for transfecting DNA. Effect of alkaline earth metal ions on induction of the competence for DNA transfection was investigated. Unlike spheroplasts, the bulk of the bacteria treated with these ions retains colony-forming ability. The order of effectiveness for transfection of phiA replicative-form DNA has been found to be Ba2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Mg2+. The competence of Ba2+-treated cells is 3 to 5 times higher that that of Ca2+-treated bacteria and about 40 times higher than that of lysozyme-EDTA spheroplasts. The Ba2+-dependent transfection is cryophilic and formation of the infective complex occurs very rapidly at 0 degrees C, But not at 37 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:126596", "title": "[Sequence variation on an antibiotically active tripeptide (author's transl)].", "content": "Seven tripeptides with the sequence L-Arg-D,L-X-L-Phe were synthesised. Three of these peptides showed antibiotical activity on fungi. The amino- and the carboxylic terminus of the peptide L-Arg-D,L-Phe-L-Phe, which showed antibiotical activity, were changed to give the sequences L-X-D,L-Phe-L-Phe or L-Arg-D,L-Phe-L-X respectively. The resulting tripeptides showed no antibiotical activity.", "contents": "[Sequence variation on an antibiotically active tripeptide (author's transl)]. Seven tripeptides with the sequence L-Arg-D,L-X-L-Phe were synthesised. Three of these peptides showed antibiotical activity on fungi. The amino- and the carboxylic terminus of the peptide L-Arg-D,L-Phe-L-Phe, which showed antibiotical activity, were changed to give the sequences L-X-D,L-Phe-L-Phe or L-Arg-D,L-Phe-L-X respectively. The resulting tripeptides showed no antibiotical activity."}
{"id": "PMID:126600", "title": "[Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase and ATP-ase in cyst stages of Sarcocystis tenella (Sporozoa, Coccidia) parasitic in the esophagus of sheep (author's transl)].", "content": "The activity of adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase was investigated at the fine structural level in the cyst stages of Sarcocystis tenella parasitic in the esophagus of sheep. Alkaline phosphatase reaction was observed along the outer membrane of the parasite's pellicle. The enzymatic activity was much higher on the surface of metrocytes than that of zoites, which proved to be infectious. No reaction was noted in the interior of the parasites. However, a significant amount of alkaline phosphatase activity occurred along the inner surface of the 25 nm thick primary layer of the cyst wall. No evidence of the reaction of this enzyme was seen in the secondary cyst wall, which consisted of degenerated host cells. ATP-ase activity was found in a considerable degree along the primary cyst wall (=directly limiting the cyst's interior), whereas the ground-substance of the cyst, surrounding the parasites, is free of deposits. In the parasites ATP-ase was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, in the perinuclear space, and between the two inner membranes of the three-layered pellicle. Only rarely a slight reaction was seen in the mitochondria of the metrocytes, which are the reproductive cells. The other organelles typical for S. tenella were free of ATP-ase. The results indicate that the enzymes studied participate in the growing process of the cysts, in which finally the infectious zoites remain in a more or less inactive state. The localizations of the enzymes corresponded with the results known from metazoa.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase and ATP-ase in cyst stages of Sarcocystis tenella (Sporozoa, Coccidia) parasitic in the esophagus of sheep (author's transl)]. The activity of adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase was investigated at the fine structural level in the cyst stages of Sarcocystis tenella parasitic in the esophagus of sheep. Alkaline phosphatase reaction was observed along the outer membrane of the parasite's pellicle. The enzymatic activity was much higher on the surface of metrocytes than that of zoites, which proved to be infectious. No reaction was noted in the interior of the parasites. However, a significant amount of alkaline phosphatase activity occurred along the inner surface of the 25 nm thick primary layer of the cyst wall. No evidence of the reaction of this enzyme was seen in the secondary cyst wall, which consisted of degenerated host cells. ATP-ase activity was found in a considerable degree along the primary cyst wall (=directly limiting the cyst's interior), whereas the ground-substance of the cyst, surrounding the parasites, is free of deposits. In the parasites ATP-ase was localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, in the perinuclear space, and between the two inner membranes of the three-layered pellicle. Only rarely a slight reaction was seen in the mitochondria of the metrocytes, which are the reproductive cells. The other organelles typical for S. tenella were free of ATP-ase. The results indicate that the enzymes studied participate in the growing process of the cysts, in which finally the infectious zoites remain in a more or less inactive state. The localizations of the enzymes corresponded with the results known from metazoa."}
{"id": "PMID:126597", "title": "[Resin linked puromycin (author's transl)].", "content": "A biospecific resin for the retardation of ribosomal peptodyltransferase by affinity chromatography was prepared by condensing the alpha-amino group of puromycin with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of CH-Sepharose 4B to yield the resin-linked puromycin derivative 4.", "contents": "[Resin linked puromycin (author's transl)]. A biospecific resin for the retardation of ribosomal peptodyltransferase by affinity chromatography was prepared by condensing the alpha-amino group of puromycin with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of CH-Sepharose 4B to yield the resin-linked puromycin derivative 4."}
{"id": "PMID:126598", "title": "[Affinity chromatography with 125I-labeled RNA].", "content": "Iodination of RNA with carrier-free 125J changes the affinity to cellulose and polyuridylic acid. Because part of the radioactive RNA is tenaciously bound to the respective matrix [125J[RNA cannot be used for affinity chromatography.", "contents": "[Affinity chromatography with 125I-labeled RNA]. Iodination of RNA with carrier-free 125J changes the affinity to cellulose and polyuridylic acid. Because part of the radioactive RNA is tenaciously bound to the respective matrix [125J[RNA cannot be used for affinity chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:126599", "title": "Neuraminidase treatment enhances the lysolecithin induced intercellular adhesion of amoeba proteus.", "content": "Egg lysolecithin induces intercellular adhesion of Amoeba proteus. Pre-treatment of cells with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) increases the adhesive property of cells as was evidenced in their formation of larger cell aggregates than controls. A possible role of VCN exposed receptor sites in cellular adhesion is suggested.", "contents": "Neuraminidase treatment enhances the lysolecithin induced intercellular adhesion of amoeba proteus. Egg lysolecithin induces intercellular adhesion of Amoeba proteus. Pre-treatment of cells with Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN) increases the adhesive property of cells as was evidenced in their formation of larger cell aggregates than controls. A possible role of VCN exposed receptor sites in cellular adhesion is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:126595", "title": "[The pCO2-/pO2-optode: a new probe for measurement of pCO2 or pO in fluids and gases (authors transl)].", "content": "To measure pO2 or pCO2 in gases or fluids the fluorescence indicators pyrene butyric acid or beta-methylumbelliferon were used, which were separated from a measuring medium by a gas-permeable membrane. For pCO2 the pH changes in NaHCO3 solution were monitored by methylumbelliferon. Changes in its fluorescence signal, S, were measured at lambda (emmission) = 445 nm. Excitation was brought about by light of wavelength lambda1 = 318 nm (fluorescence signal S1), and lambda2 - 357 nm fluorescence signal S2). Drawing lg(S2/S1) against lg(pCO2-1), one obtains a straight line between a pCO2 of 10 and 70 Torr. The response time is about 3 to 4s (90%). For pO2, pyrene butyric acid is used (lambda(excitation) = 342 nm; lambda(emission) =395 nm). A linear increase in pO2 between 0 and 300 Torr yields a linear increase in the reciprocal fluorescence signal. The response time is about 3 s (90%).", "contents": "[The pCO2-/pO2-optode: a new probe for measurement of pCO2 or pO in fluids and gases (authors transl)]. To measure pO2 or pCO2 in gases or fluids the fluorescence indicators pyrene butyric acid or beta-methylumbelliferon were used, which were separated from a measuring medium by a gas-permeable membrane. For pCO2 the pH changes in NaHCO3 solution were monitored by methylumbelliferon. Changes in its fluorescence signal, S, were measured at lambda (emmission) = 445 nm. Excitation was brought about by light of wavelength lambda1 = 318 nm (fluorescence signal S1), and lambda2 - 357 nm fluorescence signal S2). Drawing lg(S2/S1) against lg(pCO2-1), one obtains a straight line between a pCO2 of 10 and 70 Torr. The response time is about 3 to 4s (90%). For pO2, pyrene butyric acid is used (lambda(excitation) = 342 nm; lambda(emission) =395 nm). A linear increase in pO2 between 0 and 300 Torr yields a linear increase in the reciprocal fluorescence signal. The response time is about 3 s (90%)."}
{"id": "PMID:126610", "title": "[The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the blood circulation in the pulp].", "content": "The physiological and pathological regulatory mechanism of the endodontal blood circulation are demonstrated by means of vital microscopy with special respect to the specific vasoactivity of the DMSO. The authors' evaluation of the results includes discussion of the potentially utilizable effects of DMSO, but also the negative sequelae of the carrier effect.", "contents": "[The effect of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) on the blood circulation in the pulp]. The physiological and pathological regulatory mechanism of the endodontal blood circulation are demonstrated by means of vital microscopy with special respect to the specific vasoactivity of the DMSO. The authors' evaluation of the results includes discussion of the potentially utilizable effects of DMSO, but also the negative sequelae of the carrier effect."}
{"id": "PMID:126611", "title": "[The enamel-dentin membrane in the scanning electron microscope].", "content": "In the scanning electron microscope in detailed structure of the dentino-enamel membrane can be investigated. This membrane is mineralized. After partial demineralization it covers the bottom of prism margins and enables their firm anchoring on the surface of dentin. Here the prism bundles are anchored in dishlike formations, on the bottom of which a network of fibers is found, covered by the dentin-enamel membrane. Through artificial fissures in the membrane the above mentioned network of fibers can be seen.", "contents": "[The enamel-dentin membrane in the scanning electron microscope]. In the scanning electron microscope in detailed structure of the dentino-enamel membrane can be investigated. This membrane is mineralized. After partial demineralization it covers the bottom of prism margins and enables their firm anchoring on the surface of dentin. Here the prism bundles are anchored in dishlike formations, on the bottom of which a network of fibers is found, covered by the dentin-enamel membrane. Through artificial fissures in the membrane the above mentioned network of fibers can be seen."}
{"id": "PMID:126612", "title": "[The simultaneous surgical correction of lip and nose in unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate].", "content": "The advantages of correction of the lip with the method by MILLARD and the own mode of procedure by correction of the nose at patients with unilateral cleft lip is sketched. The possibility of combination of these both operations in one session is demonstrated. It is following the discussion of the superiority of the combined correction of cleft lip and nose.", "contents": "[The simultaneous surgical correction of lip and nose in unilateral cleft lip and cleft palate]. The advantages of correction of the lip with the method by MILLARD and the own mode of procedure by correction of the nose at patients with unilateral cleft lip is sketched. The possibility of combination of these both operations in one session is demonstrated. It is following the discussion of the superiority of the combined correction of cleft lip and nose."}
{"id": "PMID:126613", "title": "[Chemical and radioisotope studies of the metabolism in mineralized tissues following use of calcium-, phosphate-, and fluoride-containing toothpastes].", "content": "During experimental research work carried out on animals with a view to clearing up the caries-forming processes, metabolic disturbances could be detected in the hard tissues of teeth after administering a cariogenic diet. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of tooth-pastes with calcium, phosphate and fluoride content upon changes in metabolic processes, and thus to clarify the mechanism of the anti-cariogenic effect exerted by fluoride tooth-pastes.", "contents": "[Chemical and radioisotope studies of the metabolism in mineralized tissues following use of calcium-, phosphate-, and fluoride-containing toothpastes]. During experimental research work carried out on animals with a view to clearing up the caries-forming processes, metabolic disturbances could be detected in the hard tissues of teeth after administering a cariogenic diet. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effects of tooth-pastes with calcium, phosphate and fluoride content upon changes in metabolic processes, and thus to clarify the mechanism of the anti-cariogenic effect exerted by fluoride tooth-pastes."}
{"id": "PMID:126614", "title": "[Microbiological characteristics in rats given cariogenic diet following the application of fluoride containing toothpastes].", "content": "The paper deals with experimental research work carried out on Wistar rats, regarding the effect of fluoride tooth-pastes in varying compounds on microflora in the oral cavity. The findings show that the most favourable effect on the microbial situation in the Cavum oris is exerted by fluoride tooth-pastes prepared on a calcium-free basis.", "contents": "[Microbiological characteristics in rats given cariogenic diet following the application of fluoride containing toothpastes]. The paper deals with experimental research work carried out on Wistar rats, regarding the effect of fluoride tooth-pastes in varying compounds on microflora in the oral cavity. The findings show that the most favourable effect on the microbial situation in the Cavum oris is exerted by fluoride tooth-pastes prepared on a calcium-free basis."}
{"id": "PMID:126615", "title": "[The fluoride content in the crowns of molars following application of fluoride-containing toothpastes].", "content": "The paper describes chemical-analytical research into the fluorine content in the coronal parts of molars of rats after fluoride tooth-pastes made up of differing ingredients were used. On the basis of the findings, recommendations are made as to ways of clinically testing the tooth-pastes.", "contents": "[The fluoride content in the crowns of molars following application of fluoride-containing toothpastes]. The paper describes chemical-analytical research into the fluorine content in the coronal parts of molars of rats after fluoride tooth-pastes made up of differing ingredients were used. On the basis of the findings, recommendations are made as to ways of clinically testing the tooth-pastes."}
{"id": "PMID:126622", "title": "[Sulphated glycosaminoglycans as virus inhibitors. 3rd communication: therapy of viral diseases by means of glycoasaminoglycanpolysulphates. Establishment of fundamentals in experiments with laboratory animals (author's transl)].", "content": "Following the in vitro and in vivo demonstration of their inhibitory effect upon 17 D yellow fever virus (Comm. I and II) it has been tried to demonstrate the therapeutic effect of three GAGPS (L1, L5, L8)1 in experimental animals. It had been found that L1 possessed the strongest inhibitory action and L5 the lowest toxicity. L8 served as control substance with different chemical structure. Mice that had been intracerebrally infected with 50 to 100 LD50 yellow fever virus were subsequently treated with L1, L5 and L8 by i.v., i.p., i.m., and oral routes. At first it was found by cytophotometric measurements that the i.c. applicated substances accumulated in the nerve cells of the hippocampus major, the cerebellum (Purkinje cells) and the cortex; the uptake was nearly doubled if a mixture with virus was used (Table 1). Following preliminary experiments to determine the adequate quantity of virus, five experiments were performed in the order mentioned. In the first series were treated groups of 30 animals after intracerebral infection with 100 mug/0.02 ml L1 by the i.m. and i.p. routes respectively, beginning from the first day p.i. for a period of seven days (Table 2). A certain difference of the rate of deaths and surfivals was seen between the treated and untreated groups. Among the treated mice delayed death was a prominent occurrence (Fig. 1). A second experiment involving a double dose of L1a (200 mug/0.02 ml) from another batch of GAGPS showed no better effect (Table 3). An explanation was given by the fact that L1a demonstrated a moderate toxicity with high doses about 5000 mug/ml in the i.c. control (Table 4 and 5). A graphic representation of both experiments can be found in Figs. 2a and 2b. The relative low virus input in the third series as shown in the virus control impedes additionly clearcut results. In the fourth experiment the infected mice were treated with GAGPS doses between 250 and 2500 mug/ml; L1 was administered by the oral, L5 and L8 by the intraveneous route. The death rate of the animals treated with low doses of L1 (250-1000 mug/ml) is diminished clearly and there was a significant difference between treated and untreated mice when L5 and L8 were applied (Table 6). Fig. 3 shows the graphic representation of experiment four. The good results of treatment were confirmed by histopathological findings (Table 7). There was a clear difference in the kind and quantal distribution of cerebral lesions in treated and untreated mice. In the last series L1 was administered by the i.v., L5 and L8 by the oral route (Table 8). Although the virus dose given in this series was rather low a protective effect was seen with low doses of L1 (312 mug/ml) and L5 )500 and 1000 mug/ml). Also these results were confirmed by histopathological examination. In summary, the GAGPS L1, L5 and L8 were found to have a clear therapeutic effect upon the experimental encephalitis of mice caused by infection with 17 D yellow fever virus, in the case of experiment four with statistical significance.", "contents": "[Sulphated glycosaminoglycans as virus inhibitors. 3rd communication: therapy of viral diseases by means of glycoasaminoglycanpolysulphates. Establishment of fundamentals in experiments with laboratory animals (author's transl)]. Following the in vitro and in vivo demonstration of their inhibitory effect upon 17 D yellow fever virus (Comm. I and II) it has been tried to demonstrate the therapeutic effect of three GAGPS (L1, L5, L8)1 in experimental animals. It had been found that L1 possessed the strongest inhibitory action and L5 the lowest toxicity. L8 served as control substance with different chemical structure. Mice that had been intracerebrally infected with 50 to 100 LD50 yellow fever virus were subsequently treated with L1, L5 and L8 by i.v., i.p., i.m., and oral routes. At first it was found by cytophotometric measurements that the i.c. applicated substances accumulated in the nerve cells of the hippocampus major, the cerebellum (Purkinje cells) and the cortex; the uptake was nearly doubled if a mixture with virus was used (Table 1). Following preliminary experiments to determine the adequate quantity of virus, five experiments were performed in the order mentioned. In the first series were treated groups of 30 animals after intracerebral infection with 100 mug/0.02 ml L1 by the i.m. and i.p. routes respectively, beginning from the first day p.i. for a period of seven days (Table 2). A certain difference of the rate of deaths and surfivals was seen between the treated and untreated groups. Among the treated mice delayed death was a prominent occurrence (Fig. 1). A second experiment involving a double dose of L1a (200 mug/0.02 ml) from another batch of GAGPS showed no better effect (Table 3). An explanation was given by the fact that L1a demonstrated a moderate toxicity with high doses about 5000 mug/ml in the i.c. control (Table 4 and 5). A graphic representation of both experiments can be found in Figs. 2a and 2b. The relative low virus input in the third series as shown in the virus control impedes additionly clearcut results. In the fourth experiment the infected mice were treated with GAGPS doses between 250 and 2500 mug/ml; L1 was administered by the oral, L5 and L8 by the intraveneous route. The death rate of the animals treated with low doses of L1 (250-1000 mug/ml) is diminished clearly and there was a significant difference between treated and untreated mice when L5 and L8 were applied (Table 6). Fig. 3 shows the graphic representation of experiment four. The good results of treatment were confirmed by histopathological findings (Table 7). There was a clear difference in the kind and quantal distribution of cerebral lesions in treated and untreated mice. In the last series L1 was administered by the i.v., L5 and L8 by the oral route (Table 8). Although the virus dose given in this series was rather low a protective effect was seen with low doses of L1 (312 mug/ml) and L5 )500 and 1000 mug/ml). Also these results were confirmed by histopathological examination. In summary, the GAGPS L1, L5 and L8 were found to have a clear therapeutic effect upon the experimental encephalitis of mice caused by infection with 17 D yellow fever virus, in the case of experiment four with statistical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:126623", "title": "[Use of euphyllin and adrenaline electrophoresis in the sanatorium-health resort treatment of hypothalamic syndromes].", "content": "The authors propose a comprehensive treatment of patients with hypothalamic syndromes (vegetative-visceral vascular forms) by a differentiated use of electrophoresis of euphellin. This method was efficacious in expressed headaches with increased blood pressure and cerebral vessels tone, crises of a sypmathico-adrenal character. Electrophoresis of adrenalin was mainly indicated in symptoms of sympatho-adrenal insufficiency and crises of a vago-insular structure.", "contents": "[Use of euphyllin and adrenaline electrophoresis in the sanatorium-health resort treatment of hypothalamic syndromes]. The authors propose a comprehensive treatment of patients with hypothalamic syndromes (vegetative-visceral vascular forms) by a differentiated use of electrophoresis of euphellin. This method was efficacious in expressed headaches with increased blood pressure and cerebral vessels tone, crises of a sypmathico-adrenal character. Electrophoresis of adrenalin was mainly indicated in symptoms of sympatho-adrenal insufficiency and crises of a vago-insular structure."}
{"id": "PMID:126625", "title": "[Computer analysis of ventricular pressure recordings: evaluation of myocardial contractility on the dog heart in situ].", "content": "The contractile indices Vmax (maximum shortening velocity of the contractile element) and ARPD (power averaged rate of power  density generation) which have been shown to be unaffected by alterations in preload and afterload were computed from isovolumic left ventricular pressure data of dogs. The two indices were tested for their ability to detect changes in contractility induced by a positive inotropic drug (Isoprenalin). Whereas a good correlation was found between ARPD and Vmax (coefficient of correlation 0,895) the index ARPD was more sensitive to augmentation of myocardial contractility; also because it is simpler to obtain computationally and more appropriate for the intact heart from a theoretical point of view. ARPD should be useful especially for quantification of acute changes in myocardial contractility.", "contents": "[Computer analysis of ventricular pressure recordings: evaluation of myocardial contractility on the dog heart in situ]. The contractile indices Vmax (maximum shortening velocity of the contractile element) and ARPD (power averaged rate of power  density generation) which have been shown to be unaffected by alterations in preload and afterload were computed from isovolumic left ventricular pressure data of dogs. The two indices were tested for their ability to detect changes in contractility induced by a positive inotropic drug (Isoprenalin). Whereas a good correlation was found between ARPD and Vmax (coefficient of correlation 0,895) the index ARPD was more sensitive to augmentation of myocardial contractility; also because it is simpler to obtain computationally and more appropriate for the intact heart from a theoretical point of view. ARPD should be useful especially for quantification of acute changes in myocardial contractility."}
{"id": "PMID:126626", "title": "[Mechanism of synaptosomal degradation of ATP in connection with involvement of adenosine in the transmission process].", "content": "In the present paper the mechanism of the adenosine formation by a mixture of nerve ending and transmitter granula fractions was invesitgated. The adenosine formation in vivo is only possible via the whole degradation chain ATP - ADP - AMP - adenosine. The enzymes involved are ATPases, adenylate kinase and 5'-nucleotidase. The ATPase and adenylate kinase effectors Ca++ and Mg++ can be regarded as trigger ions switching on and off the degradation chain. The adenylate kinase represents a key enzyme within the whole chain. In the ion-activated state a non-inhibited adenosine formation was observed, when the initial ATP concentration amounted to less than 0,1 muMol per mg synaptosomal membrane protein. Under these conditions the whole chain velocity is mainly dependent on the 5'-nucleotidase concentration, because ATPases and adenylate kinase remove the nucleotidase inhibitors ATP and ADP spontanously. The conditions for the optimal velocity of the adenosine formation at the synaptic membrane in vivo in all probability are present. A hypothesis for the mechanism of the synaptic adenosine formation in vivo was developed. The importance of this process in respect to the synaptic transmission was discussed.", "contents": "[Mechanism of synaptosomal degradation of ATP in connection with involvement of adenosine in the transmission process]. In the present paper the mechanism of the adenosine formation by a mixture of nerve ending and transmitter granula fractions was invesitgated. The adenosine formation in vivo is only possible via the whole degradation chain ATP - ADP - AMP - adenosine. The enzymes involved are ATPases, adenylate kinase and 5'-nucleotidase. The ATPase and adenylate kinase effectors Ca++ and Mg++ can be regarded as trigger ions switching on and off the degradation chain. The adenylate kinase represents a key enzyme within the whole chain. In the ion-activated state a non-inhibited adenosine formation was observed, when the initial ATP concentration amounted to less than 0,1 muMol per mg synaptosomal membrane protein. Under these conditions the whole chain velocity is mainly dependent on the 5'-nucleotidase concentration, because ATPases and adenylate kinase remove the nucleotidase inhibitors ATP and ADP spontanously. The conditions for the optimal velocity of the adenosine formation at the synaptic membrane in vivo in all probability are present. A hypothesis for the mechanism of the synaptic adenosine formation in vivo was developed. The importance of this process in respect to the synaptic transmission was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126627", "title": "Demonstration of a Mg-ATPase and a Na,K-ATPase from the arteria carotis communis of the sheep.", "content": "Besides the Mg-ATPase, a Na,K-ATPase can be demonstrated in different fractions of smooth muscles of the A. carotis communis of the sheep. The highest activity of Mg-ATPase is observed in the heavy microsomal fraction. The Ca-ion may act as a complete substitute for the Mg-ion in the Mg-ATPase. The proportion of Na,K-ATPase is between 10 and 40%, depending on the preparative conditions used in the individual fractions. Fractionated salt treatment (LiBr, KC1, KBr) improved the assay of Na,K-ATPase but increased strength of the Tris-HC1-buffer considerably reduced its activity.", "contents": "Demonstration of a Mg-ATPase and a Na,K-ATPase from the arteria carotis communis of the sheep. Besides the Mg-ATPase, a Na,K-ATPase can be demonstrated in different fractions of smooth muscles of the A. carotis communis of the sheep. The highest activity of Mg-ATPase is observed in the heavy microsomal fraction. The Ca-ion may act as a complete substitute for the Mg-ion in the Mg-ATPase. The proportion of Na,K-ATPase is between 10 and 40%, depending on the preparative conditions used in the individual fractions. Fractionated salt treatment (LiBr, KC1, KBr) improved the assay of Na,K-ATPase but increased strength of the Tris-HC1-buffer considerably reduced its activity."}
{"id": "PMID:126628", "title": "Changes in rat adrenal medulla following delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment. A histochemical study.", "content": "The effects of acute (10 mg/kg) and chronic 10 mg/kg for 30 days) administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) have been studied histochemically in the rat adrenal medulla, which include total catecholamines, noradrenaline, histometric measurements of adrenal medullary areas, calcium content of the medullary cells along with adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) activities. Acute delta9-THC treatment reduced the total catecholamine content (including noradrenaline) of the gland, was accompanied by increased ATP-ase, AChE, BChE activities and increased calcium distribution in the gland. Chronic delta9-THC treatment caused significant hypertrophy of the chromaffin tissue, with decreased total catecholamine content, although noradrenaline containing areas exhibited no notable change. The calcium content and ATPase activity were increased along with a concomitant increase in AChE and BChE activities. Although the changes in adrenal medullary enzyme activities following both acute and chronic delta9-THC treatment are qualitatively similar, marked quantitative increase is noted in the chronically treated groups. The results indicate an increased total catecholamine releasing activity of the adrenal medulla following acute delta9-THC treatment, while chronic delta9-THC administration produces a preferential release of adrenaline.", "contents": "Changes in rat adrenal medulla following delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol treatment. A histochemical study. The effects of acute (10 mg/kg) and chronic 10 mg/kg for 30 days) administration of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta9-THC) have been studied histochemically in the rat adrenal medulla, which include total catecholamines, noradrenaline, histometric measurements of adrenal medullary areas, calcium content of the medullary cells along with adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) activities. Acute delta9-THC treatment reduced the total catecholamine content (including noradrenaline) of the gland, was accompanied by increased ATP-ase, AChE, BChE activities and increased calcium distribution in the gland. Chronic delta9-THC treatment caused significant hypertrophy of the chromaffin tissue, with decreased total catecholamine content, although noradrenaline containing areas exhibited no notable change. The calcium content and ATPase activity were increased along with a concomitant increase in AChE and BChE activities. Although the changes in adrenal medullary enzyme activities following both acute and chronic delta9-THC treatment are qualitatively similar, marked quantitative increase is noted in the chronically treated groups. The results indicate an increased total catecholamine releasing activity of the adrenal medulla following acute delta9-THC treatment, while chronic delta9-THC administration produces a preferential release of adrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:126630", "title": "[Histochemical studies of mucopolysaccharides in the urethral glands of newborns (glands of Littre) (author's transl)].", "content": "Histochemical study of urethral glands (Littre's glands) at birth shows, from that time, a notable secretion of mucopolysaccharides. It appears that the properties of the prosecretion are, in part, different from those described in the adult. In fact, in addition to the acid mucins which loose their affinity for Alcian dyes after digestion by neuraminidase and acid hydrolysis, there is an important elaboration of neutral mucosubstances which reacts positively with PAS even if the latter is combined with Alican Blue staining.", "contents": "[Histochemical studies of mucopolysaccharides in the urethral glands of newborns (glands of Littre) (author's transl)]. Histochemical study of urethral glands (Littre's glands) at birth shows, from that time, a notable secretion of mucopolysaccharides. It appears that the properties of the prosecretion are, in part, different from those described in the adult. In fact, in addition to the acid mucins which loose their affinity for Alcian dyes after digestion by neuraminidase and acid hydrolysis, there is an important elaboration of neutral mucosubstances which reacts positively with PAS even if the latter is combined with Alican Blue staining."}
{"id": "PMID:126631", "title": "Electronmicroscopic study of the effect of 6-an on the sciatic nerve in newborn rats.", "content": "12 hrs, 1, 2, and 4 days after i.p. administration of 2, 3 or 5 mg/kg 6-AN (6-Aminonicotinamide) on postnatal day 5, the following findings were made in the sciatic nerve of the newborn rat. In the myelin-forming fibres a swelling between the axolemm and the first inner intraperiod-line of the Schwann cell develops with displacement of the otherwise intact axon. The myelin formation is not impeded. During the 4 days of control after administration of 6-AN there is continual growth of the myelin sheath with an orderly lamellar structure. Using any dose there is no demonstrable alteration in the Schwann cells--with the exception of the inner cytoplasmic tongue--either in the foetal promyelin and mature nonmyelinated fibres. These findings are discussed and compared with the known glia alterations of the spinal ganglia and dorsal radix after the application of 6-AN.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopic study of the effect of 6-an on the sciatic nerve in newborn rats. 12 hrs, 1, 2, and 4 days after i.p. administration of 2, 3 or 5 mg/kg 6-AN (6-Aminonicotinamide) on postnatal day 5, the following findings were made in the sciatic nerve of the newborn rat. In the myelin-forming fibres a swelling between the axolemm and the first inner intraperiod-line of the Schwann cell develops with displacement of the otherwise intact axon. The myelin formation is not impeded. During the 4 days of control after administration of 6-AN there is continual growth of the myelin sheath with an orderly lamellar structure. Using any dose there is no demonstrable alteration in the Schwann cells--with the exception of the inner cytoplasmic tongue--either in the foetal promyelin and mature nonmyelinated fibres. These findings are discussed and compared with the known glia alterations of the spinal ganglia and dorsal radix after the application of 6-AN."}
{"id": "PMID:126632", "title": "Relationship between heart weight and the cross sectional area of the coronary ostia.", "content": "Sex variation in the area of the coronary ostia was studied in hearts with a normal weight (heart weight less than 400 g) and hypertrophic hearts (heart weight greater than or equal to 400 g). Also studied was a possible sex difference in the correlation between heart weight and the area of the coronary ostia. The study was performed on 379 post mortem hearts. In the group of hearts with a normal weight the area of the left coronary ostium in both sexes was greater than the right but the difference was statistically insignificant. There was no sex difference in the area of the left coronary ostium, whereas the area of the right coronary ostium was statistically significantly less in women. In the group of hyperthopic hearts the left coronary ostium increased in area with increasing heart weight. The difference in the area of the left coronary ostium between hearts with normal weight and hypertrophic hearts was stastically significant in men, but not in women. The right coronary ostium showed minimal increase in size with increasing heart weight and the difference in both sexes between the two groups was statistically insignificant. In the group of hypertrophic hearts the heart weight was best correlated to the area of the left coronary ostium in both sexes, but the values did not reach statistically significance. On the basis of this study the area of the right coronary ostium appears to be a bottleneck with regard to an adequate blood supply to a hypertrophic myocardium.", "contents": "Relationship between heart weight and the cross sectional area of the coronary ostia. Sex variation in the area of the coronary ostia was studied in hearts with a normal weight (heart weight less than 400 g) and hypertrophic hearts (heart weight greater than or equal to 400 g). Also studied was a possible sex difference in the correlation between heart weight and the area of the coronary ostia. The study was performed on 379 post mortem hearts. In the group of hearts with a normal weight the area of the left coronary ostium in both sexes was greater than the right but the difference was statistically insignificant. There was no sex difference in the area of the left coronary ostium, whereas the area of the right coronary ostium was statistically significantly less in women. In the group of hyperthopic hearts the left coronary ostium increased in area with increasing heart weight. The difference in the area of the left coronary ostium between hearts with normal weight and hypertrophic hearts was stastically significant in men, but not in women. The right coronary ostium showed minimal increase in size with increasing heart weight and the difference in both sexes between the two groups was statistically insignificant. In the group of hypertrophic hearts the heart weight was best correlated to the area of the left coronary ostium in both sexes, but the values did not reach statistically significance. On the basis of this study the area of the right coronary ostium appears to be a bottleneck with regard to an adequate blood supply to a hypertrophic myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:126633", "title": "Studies elucidating the importance of thymus on the degree of increased blood pressure and vascular disease in renal hypertensive mice. A comparison of the disease in nude and haired littermates.", "content": "The degree of round cell infiltration around hypertensively damaged heart arteries in one kidney Goldblatt hypertensive mice is more pronounced in haired mice with normal thymus function than in their nude littermates with genetic aplasia of the thymus. The level of hypertension and the prognoses for the hypertensive mice are, however, not influenced by the presence of thymus and thymus derived T cells. The results give evidence that delayed type immune reactions are involved in the hypertensive vascular disease in mice, but fail to support the assumption that they have pathogenic importance for either the level of hypertension or the prognoses of the one kidney Goldblatt hypertensive mice.", "contents": "Studies elucidating the importance of thymus on the degree of increased blood pressure and vascular disease in renal hypertensive mice. A comparison of the disease in nude and haired littermates. The degree of round cell infiltration around hypertensively damaged heart arteries in one kidney Goldblatt hypertensive mice is more pronounced in haired mice with normal thymus function than in their nude littermates with genetic aplasia of the thymus. The level of hypertension and the prognoses for the hypertensive mice are, however, not influenced by the presence of thymus and thymus derived T cells. The results give evidence that delayed type immune reactions are involved in the hypertensive vascular disease in mice, but fail to support the assumption that they have pathogenic importance for either the level of hypertension or the prognoses of the one kidney Goldblatt hypertensive mice."}
{"id": "PMID:126637", "title": "Ethanol-induced changes in cation-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity and lipid-proteolipid labeling of brain microsomes.", "content": "The experiments described are based on the hypothesis that prolongation of the depressant action of ethanol leads to compensatory changes in neuronal membrane structures involved in impulse conduction and transmission, and that these become manifest as increased tolerance and withdrawal hyperexcitability. Behavioral tolerance was tested by means of the tilted plane test in rats consuming 9-10 g ethanol/kg/day in a liquid diet fed ad lib., or given 5 g/kg every other day by stomach tube, or doses rising from 6 to 9 g/kg/day maintaining continuous intoxication. All treatments were continued for about three or four weeks before testing. Rats consuming ethanol at a self-regulated rate did not develop tolerance, evidently because sufficient alcohol levels were not built up. Prolonged intoxication induced a high degree of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms, whereas intoxication every other day induced an intermediate degree of tolerance. When no definite abstinence symptoms were associated with the behavioral tolerance, cation stimulated ATPase activity of the brain microsomal fraction was not changed. With increasing withdrawal excitability, there was a relative increase in Na+, K+-stimulated ATPase and an decrease in Mg2+-stimulated ATPase whereas total activity of the enzyme system was not altered. 14C-serine was used as a precursor in order to detect changes in the metabolism of membrane components. So far, only acute experiments have been carried out in vivo. Heavy intoxication (6 g ethanol/kg by stomach tube) inhibited labeling of brain microsomal lipids and proteolipids. In \"hangover\", proteolipid labeling had returned to the control level whereas lipid labeling was still depressed. Cerebral cortex slices from rats in a withdrawal state after prolonged intoxication, and from control rats, were incubated in vitro with 14C-serine. Unstimulated tissue showed no effect of the prior treatment. When electrical stimulation was applied, much more activity was recovered in microsomal lipids of slices from withdrawal animals than from controls.", "contents": "Ethanol-induced changes in cation-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity and lipid-proteolipid labeling of brain microsomes. The experiments described are based on the hypothesis that prolongation of the depressant action of ethanol leads to compensatory changes in neuronal membrane structures involved in impulse conduction and transmission, and that these become manifest as increased tolerance and withdrawal hyperexcitability. Behavioral tolerance was tested by means of the tilted plane test in rats consuming 9-10 g ethanol/kg/day in a liquid diet fed ad lib., or given 5 g/kg every other day by stomach tube, or doses rising from 6 to 9 g/kg/day maintaining continuous intoxication. All treatments were continued for about three or four weeks before testing. Rats consuming ethanol at a self-regulated rate did not develop tolerance, evidently because sufficient alcohol levels were not built up. Prolonged intoxication induced a high degree of tolerance and withdrawal symptoms, whereas intoxication every other day induced an intermediate degree of tolerance. When no definite abstinence symptoms were associated with the behavioral tolerance, cation stimulated ATPase activity of the brain microsomal fraction was not changed. With increasing withdrawal excitability, there was a relative increase in Na+, K+-stimulated ATPase and an decrease in Mg2+-stimulated ATPase whereas total activity of the enzyme system was not altered. 14C-serine was used as a precursor in order to detect changes in the metabolism of membrane components. So far, only acute experiments have been carried out in vivo. Heavy intoxication (6 g ethanol/kg by stomach tube) inhibited labeling of brain microsomal lipids and proteolipids. In \"hangover\", proteolipid labeling had returned to the control level whereas lipid labeling was still depressed. Cerebral cortex slices from rats in a withdrawal state after prolonged intoxication, and from control rats, were incubated in vitro with 14C-serine. Unstimulated tissue showed no effect of the prior treatment. When electrical stimulation was applied, much more activity was recovered in microsomal lipids of slices from withdrawal animals than from controls."}
{"id": "PMID:126639", "title": "Use of the reversed passive Arthus reaction as a test for anti-inflammatory agents.", "content": "The immune complex-induced reversed passive Arthus (RPA) reaction in the rabbit has been investigated as a screening test for detecting anti-inflammatory agents potentially more effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis than those presently available. RPA lesions, characterized by edema, erythema, and hemorrhage, were elicited by intravenous injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA) followed by intradermal injections of rabbit anti-BSA antiserum. The anti-edema activities of compounds (mg quantities required for testing) were evaluated after their administration by the intradermal route (compounds admixed with antiserum) as well as by the intraperitoneal route. Of 14 reference anti-inflammatory agents tested by the intradermal screening procedure, only aurothioglucose and chloroquine were inactive. Other pharmacologically active compounds (e.g. antihistamines, anti-complement agents, cytotoxic-immunosuppressives) were also evaluated after their intradermal administration. Protoporphyrin, phloretin, and hexadimethrine bromide (Polybrene) were active. When whole antiserum, or the antibody fraction of the serum, was used to eliminate nonspecific edema, intraperitoneally administered reference agents were found to be effective in the RPA test.", "contents": "Use of the reversed passive Arthus reaction as a test for anti-inflammatory agents. The immune complex-induced reversed passive Arthus (RPA) reaction in the rabbit has been investigated as a screening test for detecting anti-inflammatory agents potentially more effective in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis than those presently available. RPA lesions, characterized by edema, erythema, and hemorrhage, were elicited by intravenous injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA) followed by intradermal injections of rabbit anti-BSA antiserum. The anti-edema activities of compounds (mg quantities required for testing) were evaluated after their administration by the intradermal route (compounds admixed with antiserum) as well as by the intraperitoneal route. Of 14 reference anti-inflammatory agents tested by the intradermal screening procedure, only aurothioglucose and chloroquine were inactive. Other pharmacologically active compounds (e.g. antihistamines, anti-complement agents, cytotoxic-immunosuppressives) were also evaluated after their intradermal administration. Protoporphyrin, phloretin, and hexadimethrine bromide (Polybrene) were active. When whole antiserum, or the antibody fraction of the serum, was used to eliminate nonspecific edema, intraperitoneally administered reference agents were found to be effective in the RPA test."}
{"id": "PMID:126635", "title": "Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans in malignant diseases of the haemopoietic and lymphatic tissues.", "content": "A study has been made of the urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in 50 patients with malignancies, including 6 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), 11 with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), 10 with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL), 10 with multiple myeloma (MM), 7 with Hodgkin's disease and 6 with mycosis fungoides (MF). The total urinary GAG were isolated by precipitation with cetyltrimethyl-ammoniumbromide (CTAB), and assayed in terms of their hexuronic acid content. A statistically highly significant increase in the excretion of total GAG was observed in all the disorders studied, except Hodgkin's disease, the highest value being seen in myeloid leukaemia (ML). Constant amounts of non-dialysable urinary GAG were electrophoresed in 0.5 M lithium acetate on cellulose acetate strips, and stained with alcian blue. The densitometric tracing derived from the electrophoresis strips were analysed with a Du Pont Curve Resolver. The electrophoretic data suggested the existence of a qualitative deviation in GAG excretion in CLL and in MF, in that patients with these diseases excreted on an average larger than normal amounts of slowly migrating GAG fractions. Pooled crude urinary GAG material from patients with CLL, MF, AML and CML and from control subjects was further purified and subjected to analytical studies. These indicated that a similar qualitative urinary GAG distribution exists in ML and in controls, whereas the urinary GAG in CLL and MF patients contained relatively more dermatan sulphate (DS, in terms of iduronate) than those of the controls.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans in malignant diseases of the haemopoietic and lymphatic tissues. A study has been made of the urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in 50 patients with malignancies, including 6 patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), 11 with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), 10 with chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL), 10 with multiple myeloma (MM), 7 with Hodgkin's disease and 6 with mycosis fungoides (MF). The total urinary GAG were isolated by precipitation with cetyltrimethyl-ammoniumbromide (CTAB), and assayed in terms of their hexuronic acid content. A statistically highly significant increase in the excretion of total GAG was observed in all the disorders studied, except Hodgkin's disease, the highest value being seen in myeloid leukaemia (ML). Constant amounts of non-dialysable urinary GAG were electrophoresed in 0.5 M lithium acetate on cellulose acetate strips, and stained with alcian blue. The densitometric tracing derived from the electrophoresis strips were analysed with a Du Pont Curve Resolver. The electrophoretic data suggested the existence of a qualitative deviation in GAG excretion in CLL and in MF, in that patients with these diseases excreted on an average larger than normal amounts of slowly migrating GAG fractions. Pooled crude urinary GAG material from patients with CLL, MF, AML and CML and from control subjects was further purified and subjected to analytical studies. These indicated that a similar qualitative urinary GAG distribution exists in ML and in controls, whereas the urinary GAG in CLL and MF patients contained relatively more dermatan sulphate (DS, in terms of iduronate) than those of the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:126642", "title": "The coronary arteries in Marfan's syndrome. A morphologic study.", "content": "The coronary arteries of five hearts of patients known to have had Marfan's syndrome were studied microscopically. In four of the five cases the extramural coronary arteries showed structural changes consisting of accumulations of acid mucopolysaccharides and a concomitant disruption of the connective tissue elements. These changes closely resembled the changes that frequently occur in the aorta and that are generally described as \"cystic medial necrosis\". They are considered to be an important expression of wall weakening. In one case a laceration, probably traumatic, of a coronary artery led to formation of an \"incomplete dissecting aneurysm.\" \"Cystic medial necrosis\" was found once in the proximal segment of the sinus nodal artery and once in the musculoelastic layer of a coronary artery that reached the atrioventricular node from the ventricular septum by perforating the anulus fibrosus. However, in contrast to findings in a previous report, the intramural coronary arteries were otherwise unaffected. The clinical significance of these data is as yet unknown particularly since these alterations are intramural and initially do not cause narrowing of the lumen. Nevertheless, the possibility of coronary arterial involvement by the metabolic disorder of Marfan's syndrome should always be considered during clinical assessment of this lesion.", "contents": "The coronary arteries in Marfan's syndrome. A morphologic study. The coronary arteries of five hearts of patients known to have had Marfan's syndrome were studied microscopically. In four of the five cases the extramural coronary arteries showed structural changes consisting of accumulations of acid mucopolysaccharides and a concomitant disruption of the connective tissue elements. These changes closely resembled the changes that frequently occur in the aorta and that are generally described as \"cystic medial necrosis\". They are considered to be an important expression of wall weakening. In one case a laceration, probably traumatic, of a coronary artery led to formation of an \"incomplete dissecting aneurysm.\" \"Cystic medial necrosis\" was found once in the proximal segment of the sinus nodal artery and once in the musculoelastic layer of a coronary artery that reached the atrioventricular node from the ventricular septum by perforating the anulus fibrosus. However, in contrast to findings in a previous report, the intramural coronary arteries were otherwise unaffected. The clinical significance of these data is as yet unknown particularly since these alterations are intramural and initially do not cause narrowing of the lumen. Nevertheless, the possibility of coronary arterial involvement by the metabolic disorder of Marfan's syndrome should always be considered during clinical assessment of this lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:126643", "title": "Labelling of murine epidermal Langerhans cells with H3-thymidine.", "content": "Epidermal Langerhans cells may be identified by light microscopy by their strongly positive reaction following incubation for ATPase activity. Intact sheets of epidermis from mice killed at various time intervals following a single pulse label of H3-thymidine were incubated to demonstrate ATPase activity and subsequently processed for autoradiography. In specimens taken one hour after labelling, many basal keratinocytes were labelled but very few ATPase-positive dendritic cells. At subsequent time periods a few pairs of labelled ATPase-positive cells were found but individually labelled cells were not observed. The findings suggest that epidermal Langerhans cells form a very stable (labelling index less than 0.01%) self-replicating population which divides to maintain cell spacing during growth. No evidence was found for migration and interchange of Langerhans cells with the connective tissue, or for an origin of Langerhans cells by transformation of another cell type.", "contents": "Labelling of murine epidermal Langerhans cells with H3-thymidine. Epidermal Langerhans cells may be identified by light microscopy by their strongly positive reaction following incubation for ATPase activity. Intact sheets of epidermis from mice killed at various time intervals following a single pulse label of H3-thymidine were incubated to demonstrate ATPase activity and subsequently processed for autoradiography. In specimens taken one hour after labelling, many basal keratinocytes were labelled but very few ATPase-positive dendritic cells. At subsequent time periods a few pairs of labelled ATPase-positive cells were found but individually labelled cells were not observed. The findings suggest that epidermal Langerhans cells form a very stable (labelling index less than 0.01%) self-replicating population which divides to maintain cell spacing during growth. No evidence was found for migration and interchange of Langerhans cells with the connective tissue, or for an origin of Langerhans cells by transformation of another cell type."}
{"id": "PMID:126641", "title": "[Contact dermatitis in children].", "content": "After reviewing the frequency differences between the two great eczema varieties in child, in which atopic eczema develops in early childhood and contact dermatitis at age six, this work includes a total of 37 cases of atopic dermatitis observed within a period of three years in a \"Pediatric Dermatology Service\". Orto-ergic dermatitis (10 cases): Predominance in small children. Provoked by irritating drugs, hygiene products and synthetic clothing. Allergic dermatitis (27 cases): Most frequent at age six. Due to various sensitizing agents, drugs, sulphamids, antibiotics, phenotiazins, clothing, detergent and wild plants. There was a total of 27 cases of atopic dermatitis, divided in two groups in order to facilitate the diagnosis with patch tests. The first group included a total of 12 positives; the most common allergens were plastic materials, drugs, paraphenilendiamine and wild plants. Most of the group corresponded to drug induced dermatitis. A total of 15 cases were considered in the second group yielding doubtful results. In this group and causative agents most commonly involved were drugs and clothing (mainly shoewear).", "contents": "[Contact dermatitis in children]. After reviewing the frequency differences between the two great eczema varieties in child, in which atopic eczema develops in early childhood and contact dermatitis at age six, this work includes a total of 37 cases of atopic dermatitis observed within a period of three years in a \"Pediatric Dermatology Service\". Orto-ergic dermatitis (10 cases): Predominance in small children. Provoked by irritating drugs, hygiene products and synthetic clothing. Allergic dermatitis (27 cases): Most frequent at age six. Due to various sensitizing agents, drugs, sulphamids, antibiotics, phenotiazins, clothing, detergent and wild plants. There was a total of 27 cases of atopic dermatitis, divided in two groups in order to facilitate the diagnosis with patch tests. The first group included a total of 12 positives; the most common allergens were plastic materials, drugs, paraphenilendiamine and wild plants. Most of the group corresponded to drug induced dermatitis. A total of 15 cases were considered in the second group yielding doubtful results. In this group and causative agents most commonly involved were drugs and clothing (mainly shoewear)."}
{"id": "PMID:126644", "title": "The hypertensive diseases. Evidence that systemic hypertension is a greater risk factor to the development of other cardiovascular diseases than previously suspected.", "content": "This report summarizes the clinical frequencies of systemic hypertension and necropsy evidence of cardiomegaly in various cardiovascular conditions (Table I), termed \"the hypertensive diseases\" because of their frequent association with systemic hypertension. Although long recognized as a major risk factor, systemic hypertension appears to be an even greater risk factor to the development of various cardiovascular conditions than previously appreciated. Hypertension by itself appears to be the sole underlying factor in most cases of nontraumatic cerebral arterial or aortic (dissection = partial rupture) rupture. In association with hyperlipidemia, hypertension clearly accelerates atherosclerosis and its devastating consequences.", "contents": "The hypertensive diseases. Evidence that systemic hypertension is a greater risk factor to the development of other cardiovascular diseases than previously suspected. This report summarizes the clinical frequencies of systemic hypertension and necropsy evidence of cardiomegaly in various cardiovascular conditions (Table I), termed \"the hypertensive diseases\" because of their frequent association with systemic hypertension. Although long recognized as a major risk factor, systemic hypertension appears to be an even greater risk factor to the development of various cardiovascular conditions than previously appreciated. Hypertension by itself appears to be the sole underlying factor in most cases of nontraumatic cerebral arterial or aortic (dissection = partial rupture) rupture. In association with hyperlipidemia, hypertension clearly accelerates atherosclerosis and its devastating consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:126645", "title": "Epidemiology of severe mental retardation in children: community studies.", "content": "Twenty-seven community studies of severe mental retardation, defined as IQ less than 50, were reviewed. The prevalence rate of this condition was about 4 per 1000 in older children; the rate was somewhat higher in males but did not vary by social class. About one-half of severely retarded children had significant associated handicaps. The cause of most cases of severe mental retardation is not known, but Down's syndrome accounted for one-sixth to one-third of cases and a small percentage were due to other chromosomal abnormalities, metabolic diseases, or infection.", "contents": "Epidemiology of severe mental retardation in children: community studies. Twenty-seven community studies of severe mental retardation, defined as IQ less than 50, were reviewed. The prevalence rate of this condition was about 4 per 1000 in older children; the rate was somewhat higher in males but did not vary by social class. About one-half of severely retarded children had significant associated handicaps. The cause of most cases of severe mental retardation is not known, but Down's syndrome accounted for one-sixth to one-third of cases and a small percentage were due to other chromosomal abnormalities, metabolic diseases, or infection."}
{"id": "PMID:126649", "title": "Mechanical performance of surgical sutures.", "content": "A comprehensive analysis of the mechanical performance of sutures has been made to provide information concerning the reliability and security of knotted sutures. The tests utilized in this analysis were designed to be easily reproduced by other investigators. The construction of the knot and the knot performance analysis were undertaken utilizing an Instron Tensile Tester. The mechanical reliability of each knotted suture was determined by measuring the number of throws to reach knot break, the expected slippage of the knot when it reaches knot break, and the maximal holding force at knot break. On the basis of these measurements, recommendations are made for the use of a suture at operation.", "contents": "Mechanical performance of surgical sutures. A comprehensive analysis of the mechanical performance of sutures has been made to provide information concerning the reliability and security of knotted sutures. The tests utilized in this analysis were designed to be easily reproduced by other investigators. The construction of the knot and the knot performance analysis were undertaken utilizing an Instron Tensile Tester. The mechanical reliability of each knotted suture was determined by measuring the number of throws to reach knot break, the expected slippage of the knot when it reaches knot break, and the maximal holding force at knot break. On the basis of these measurements, recommendations are made for the use of a suture at operation."}
{"id": "PMID:126650", "title": "Regneration in free grafts of normal and denervated muscles in the rat: morphology and histochemistry.", "content": "Intact soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles in the rat were freely grafted to the contralateral leg after either no preliminary treatment or 14 days prior denervation. Normal muscle grafts during the first week were characterized by a central zone of degenerating original muscle fibers (disappearing by 7-9 days) and a peripheral zone, containing regenerating muscle as well as small numbers of surviving original muscle fibers. A radial gradient of regeneration was establihed, with more mature muscle at the periphery and less mature muscle toward the center. Denervated grafts were characterized by rapid degeneration (within 2-3 days) of original muscle fibers in the central area, rapid appearance of regenerating muscle fibers (e.g. cross striations by 5 days) with uniform levels of differentiation throughout the graft and larger numbers of surviving original muscle fibers at the periphery. During the first week, stages of muscle differentiation in denervated grafts were attained 1-2 days earlier than comparable stages in normal grafts. Later stages of muscle differentiation were similar in both types of grafts. Histochemical studies revealed a loss of enzyme activity (phosphorylase, ATPase and SDH) in the center of early (2-4-day) normal and denervated grafts. Denervated grafts, however, possessed a thicker peripheral rim of enzymatically active surviving muscle fibers than normal grafts. In both types of grafts the old muscle fibers in the center were replaced by enzymatically active regenerating muscle fibers which stained uniformaly (ATPase) until 30 days. By 60 days a mixed fiber pattern had developed. Muscle spindles were found within the grafts.", "contents": "Regneration in free grafts of normal and denervated muscles in the rat: morphology and histochemistry. Intact soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles in the rat were freely grafted to the contralateral leg after either no preliminary treatment or 14 days prior denervation. Normal muscle grafts during the first week were characterized by a central zone of degenerating original muscle fibers (disappearing by 7-9 days) and a peripheral zone, containing regenerating muscle as well as small numbers of surviving original muscle fibers. A radial gradient of regeneration was establihed, with more mature muscle at the periphery and less mature muscle toward the center. Denervated grafts were characterized by rapid degeneration (within 2-3 days) of original muscle fibers in the central area, rapid appearance of regenerating muscle fibers (e.g. cross striations by 5 days) with uniform levels of differentiation throughout the graft and larger numbers of surviving original muscle fibers at the periphery. During the first week, stages of muscle differentiation in denervated grafts were attained 1-2 days earlier than comparable stages in normal grafts. Later stages of muscle differentiation were similar in both types of grafts. Histochemical studies revealed a loss of enzyme activity (phosphorylase, ATPase and SDH) in the center of early (2-4-day) normal and denervated grafts. Denervated grafts, however, possessed a thicker peripheral rim of enzymatically active surviving muscle fibers than normal grafts. In both types of grafts the old muscle fibers in the center were replaced by enzymatically active regenerating muscle fibers which stained uniformaly (ATPase) until 30 days. By 60 days a mixed fiber pattern had developed. Muscle spindles were found within the grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:126652", "title": "[(Na+ -K+) dependent adenosine triphosphate of the small intestine: determination and properties in the rat].", "content": "A method to assay (Na+-K+) dependent ATPase is described. ADP produced is determined by the pyruvate kinase -- lactate deshydrogenase system. The method is adapted on an LKB 8,600 apparatus. This method is more reproducible, more sensitive and less time consuming than Baginski's procedure. The results given by the two methods have been compared. The stimulation by NH4+, inhibiting capacity and kinetic of inhibition by different cardiotonics have been determined on intestinal brush borders.", "contents": "[(Na+ -K+) dependent adenosine triphosphate of the small intestine: determination and properties in the rat]. A method to assay (Na+-K+) dependent ATPase is described. ADP produced is determined by the pyruvate kinase -- lactate deshydrogenase system. The method is adapted on an LKB 8,600 apparatus. This method is more reproducible, more sensitive and less time consuming than Baginski's procedure. The results given by the two methods have been compared. The stimulation by NH4+, inhibiting capacity and kinetic of inhibition by different cardiotonics have been determined on intestinal brush borders."}
{"id": "PMID:126653", "title": "Complications with the mandril-grown (Sparks) dacron arterial graft.", "content": "Mandril-grown dacron grafts were successful (22-35 months patency in the iliofemoral position. Because of the tendency of the mandril-grown dacron graft to become aneurysmal (4 of 17 grafts), its use is probably contraindicated in the hypertensive patient. Overall patency is 41 per cent (7 of 17 grafts) at three years. Patency below the inguinal ligament is 18 per cent (2 of 11 grafts) at 29 months. A minimum waiting period of six weeks is required. No infections occurred in this seeries.", "contents": "Complications with the mandril-grown (Sparks) dacron arterial graft. Mandril-grown dacron grafts were successful (22-35 months patency in the iliofemoral position. Because of the tendency of the mandril-grown dacron graft to become aneurysmal (4 of 17 grafts), its use is probably contraindicated in the hypertensive patient. Overall patency is 41 per cent (7 of 17 grafts) at three years. Patency below the inguinal ligament is 18 per cent (2 of 11 grafts) at 29 months. A minimum waiting period of six weeks is required. No infections occurred in this seeries."}
{"id": "PMID:126651", "title": "Potential clinical uses of short-acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agents as predicted from animal experiments.", "content": "It is readily evident that a short-acting nondepolarizing agent suitable for clinical use would be of value in anesthesiology. The most commonly used short-acting relaxant, succinylcholine, is a depolarizing drug, with all the side effects inherent in such agents. The authors have investigated the actions of several short-acting nondepolarizing ester neuromuscular-blocking drug in comparison with succinylcholine, and theri interactions with d-tubocurarine, and inhibitors of true and plasma cholinesterase. Two experimental agents, HH-85 and JJ-142, are examples. Tests in animals suggest areas of extrapolation to  human use.", "contents": "Potential clinical uses of short-acting nondepolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agents as predicted from animal experiments. It is readily evident that a short-acting nondepolarizing agent suitable for clinical use would be of value in anesthesiology. The most commonly used short-acting relaxant, succinylcholine, is a depolarizing drug, with all the side effects inherent in such agents. The authors have investigated the actions of several short-acting nondepolarizing ester neuromuscular-blocking drug in comparison with succinylcholine, and theri interactions with d-tubocurarine, and inhibitors of true and plasma cholinesterase. Two experimental agents, HH-85 and JJ-142, are examples. Tests in animals suggest areas of extrapolation to  human use."}
{"id": "PMID:126654", "title": "Back pain and vertebral crush fractures: an unemphasized mode of presentation for primary hyperparathyroidism.", "content": "During a 3-year period, 14 of 319 patients (4.4%) with surgically proved primary hyperparathyroidism had spinal rarefaction with vertebral crush fractures but no unequivocal roentgenographic evidence of osteitis fibrosa generalisata. All complained of back pain, and this was the presenting complaint in 9 of the 14 patients. This incidence was significantly higher (P less than 0.001 for women; P less than than 0.01 for men) than the incidence of similar roentgenographic findings among patients of the same age undergoing operation for protruded intervertebral disks during this same time period. Although tradition equates roentgenographically evident bone disease in primary hyperparathyroidism with the classis findings of osteitis fibrosa generalisata, our observations emphasize that patients with primary hyperparathyroidism occasionally may present in a manner that is indistinguishable symptomatically and roentgenographically from that of postmenopausal or senile osteoporosis.", "contents": "Back pain and vertebral crush fractures: an unemphasized mode of presentation for primary hyperparathyroidism. During a 3-year period, 14 of 319 patients (4.4%) with surgically proved primary hyperparathyroidism had spinal rarefaction with vertebral crush fractures but no unequivocal roentgenographic evidence of osteitis fibrosa generalisata. All complained of back pain, and this was the presenting complaint in 9 of the 14 patients. This incidence was significantly higher (P less than 0.001 for women; P less than than 0.01 for men) than the incidence of similar roentgenographic findings among patients of the same age undergoing operation for protruded intervertebral disks during this same time period. Although tradition equates roentgenographically evident bone disease in primary hyperparathyroidism with the classis findings of osteitis fibrosa generalisata, our observations emphasize that patients with primary hyperparathyroidism occasionally may present in a manner that is indistinguishable symptomatically and roentgenographically from that of postmenopausal or senile osteoporosis."}
{"id": "PMID:126656", "title": "Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: the S\u00e9zary syndrome, mycosis fungoides, and related disorders.", "content": "Substantial evidence has accumulated to indicate not only that mycosis fungoides and the  S\u00e9zary syndrome are closely related malignancies, but to suggest that they are part of a larger spectrum of cutaneous lymphomas. The neoplastic cells of these disorders have membrane features of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes, a characteristic tissue distribution (skin infiltration, marrow sparing, localization in T-cell regions of lymphoid tissue), and distinctive morphology. For these reasons, we suggest that these lymphoproliferative disorders be grouped together as \"cutaneous T-cell lymphomas\". The anergy noted in patients of this group with leukemia probably is related to both decreased percentages of normal T cells and presence in the serum of macrophage migration inhibitory activity. Leukapheresis has been particularly effective in the management of selected patients. The homogeneous T-cell populations in the patients with leukemia also provide important opportunities to study many aspects of lymphocyte physiology that are of broad biologic significance.", "contents": "Cutaneous T-cell lymphomas: the S\u00e9zary syndrome, mycosis fungoides, and related disorders. Substantial evidence has accumulated to indicate not only that mycosis fungoides and the  S\u00e9zary syndrome are closely related malignancies, but to suggest that they are part of a larger spectrum of cutaneous lymphomas. The neoplastic cells of these disorders have membrane features of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes, a characteristic tissue distribution (skin infiltration, marrow sparing, localization in T-cell regions of lymphoid tissue), and distinctive morphology. For these reasons, we suggest that these lymphoproliferative disorders be grouped together as \"cutaneous T-cell lymphomas\". The anergy noted in patients of this group with leukemia probably is related to both decreased percentages of normal T cells and presence in the serum of macrophage migration inhibitory activity. Leukapheresis has been particularly effective in the management of selected patients. The homogeneous T-cell populations in the patients with leukemia also provide important opportunities to study many aspects of lymphocyte physiology that are of broad biologic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:126666", "title": "Treatment of corns by injectable silicone.", "content": "Corns and calluses are the most frequently encountered foot complaints. The choices of care range from self trimming and application of over-the-counter remedies to professional treatment, which may include tendon, skin, and bone surgery. A technique using fluid silicone injected subdermally to cushion corns is described. Twenty-nine patients with 71 digital pressure keratoses were injected between 1965 and 1970. Results of treatment of 77% of the corns were rated good to excellent after an average follow-up period of six years, and no serious reactions have been observed. The procedure offers an effective, nondisabling method of treatment, as opposed to lifelong palliation or surgical intervention.", "contents": "Treatment of corns by injectable silicone. Corns and calluses are the most frequently encountered foot complaints. The choices of care range from self trimming and application of over-the-counter remedies to professional treatment, which may include tendon, skin, and bone surgery. A technique using fluid silicone injected subdermally to cushion corns is described. Twenty-nine patients with 71 digital pressure keratoses were injected between 1965 and 1970. Results of treatment of 77% of the corns were rated good to excellent after an average follow-up period of six years, and no serious reactions have been observed. The procedure offers an effective, nondisabling method of treatment, as opposed to lifelong palliation or surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:126667", "title": "Simultaneous occurrence of diabetes, liver cirrhosis, and 47, XX,21 +/46, XX chromosomal pattern.", "content": "A girl with juvenile diabetes, liver cirrhosis, and 47,XX,21 +/46,XX chromosomal mosaicism is described. The immunoglobulin pattern suggested an autoimmune process. After prednisolone treatment the IgG level and liver function tests became normal and the liver histology improved.", "contents": "Simultaneous occurrence of diabetes, liver cirrhosis, and 47, XX,21 +/46, XX chromosomal pattern. A girl with juvenile diabetes, liver cirrhosis, and 47,XX,21 +/46,XX chromosomal mosaicism is described. The immunoglobulin pattern suggested an autoimmune process. After prednisolone treatment the IgG level and liver function tests became normal and the liver histology improved."}
{"id": "PMID:126668", "title": "Statewide hospital infection surveillance. Use of workmen's compensation claims to detect nosocomial infection.", "content": "Workmen's Compensation claims from 193 licensed Florida hospitals were reviewed for 1970 to 1972, to seek possible nosocomial infection, and 55 claims for infection were found. This is a rate of 0.51/1,000 estimated employees in the three-year period. Hepatitis accounted for 44 claims and represented an aggregate expenditure of $83,142. Twenty-eight hepatitis claims arose from six hospitals that have chronic dialysis centers. The rate per 1,000 estimated employees was 1.67 in hospitals with dialysis facilities and 0.17 in hospitals without. A disproportionately large number of hepatitis claims from Dade County was attributed to the location there of eight of 11 Florida hospitals with chronic dialysis centers. Workmen's Compensation claims can be used to develop information about hospital-acquired infection and detect high-risk hospitals.", "contents": "Statewide hospital infection surveillance. Use of workmen's compensation claims to detect nosocomial infection. Workmen's Compensation claims from 193 licensed Florida hospitals were reviewed for 1970 to 1972, to seek possible nosocomial infection, and 55 claims for infection were found. This is a rate of 0.51/1,000 estimated employees in the three-year period. Hepatitis accounted for 44 claims and represented an aggregate expenditure of $83,142. Twenty-eight hepatitis claims arose from six hospitals that have chronic dialysis centers. The rate per 1,000 estimated employees was 1.67 in hospitals with dialysis facilities and 0.17 in hospitals without. A disproportionately large number of hepatitis claims from Dade County was attributed to the location there of eight of 11 Florida hospitals with chronic dialysis centers. Workmen's Compensation claims can be used to develop information about hospital-acquired infection and detect high-risk hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:126669", "title": "Comparison of long-term results of 364 femoropopliteal or femorotibial bypasses for revascularization of severely ischemic lower extremities.", "content": "Successful revascularization of the severely ischemic lower extremity can be achieved by femorotibial as well as femoropopliteal bypass. The incidence of delayed graft occlusion after salvage of the severely ischemic lower extremity is low in patients with femorotibial or femoropopliteal bypass. Femorotibial bypass was performed in over one-third of patients undergoing bypass. Tibial bypasses resulted in effective prolonged revascularization of the severely ischemic lower extremity. An aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach to revascularization of the severely ischemic lower extremity can result in prolonged limb salvage by tibial or popliteal bypasses in lieu of primary amputation.", "contents": "Comparison of long-term results of 364 femoropopliteal or femorotibial bypasses for revascularization of severely ischemic lower extremities. Successful revascularization of the severely ischemic lower extremity can be achieved by femorotibial as well as femoropopliteal bypass. The incidence of delayed graft occlusion after salvage of the severely ischemic lower extremity is low in patients with femorotibial or femoropopliteal bypass. Femorotibial bypass was performed in over one-third of patients undergoing bypass. Tibial bypasses resulted in effective prolonged revascularization of the severely ischemic lower extremity. An aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic approach to revascularization of the severely ischemic lower extremity can result in prolonged limb salvage by tibial or popliteal bypasses in lieu of primary amputation."}
{"id": "PMID:126670", "title": "[Echocardiographic evaluation of the significance of shunt in secondary communications and in partial abnormal pulmonary venous returns].", "content": "Although echocardiography has been useful in diagnosing significant left-to-right shunts at the atrial level, few studies using this technique to quantitate shunt size have been performed. Echocardiograms and hemodynamic data from 28 patients, ages 15 to 58 (mean : 30 years) were reviewed. Twenty patients had isolated atrial septal defects (ASD), 6 patients has associated partial pulmonary venous returns (PPVR) and 2 patients had isolated PPVR. Echocardiograms in the supine position were performed within 24 hours preceding cardiac catheterization. The presence or absence of paradoxical septal motion was noted and right ventricular diameter index (RVDE : right ventricular diameter/body surface area) was calculated. Hemodynamic parameters studied included pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) determined by oxymetry, right ventricular pressure (RVP) and pulmonary resistance (PR). One patient with a Qp/Qs of 1.3 had normal septal motion. Type A paradoxical septal motion was noted in 22 cases, type B in 5 cases. For these 27 patients, the average RVDI was 2.42 (range 1.45 to 3.7), Qp/Qs ranged from 1.5 to 5 (mean : 2.45), RVP from 23 to 71 mmHg (mean : 39) and PR from 0.6 to 4 units (mean : 1.79). A very strons correlation between RVDI and Qp/Qs was observed from equation Qp/Qs : 1.19 RVDI-0.43 with a standard error of 0.4. This relationship was not altered by either RVP or PR values, which also had no apparent correlation with RVDI. This study indicates that echocardiographic measurement of RVDI is a reliable and non-invasive method of evaluating the size of left to right shunts at the atrial level.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic evaluation of the significance of shunt in secondary communications and in partial abnormal pulmonary venous returns]. Although echocardiography has been useful in diagnosing significant left-to-right shunts at the atrial level, few studies using this technique to quantitate shunt size have been performed. Echocardiograms and hemodynamic data from 28 patients, ages 15 to 58 (mean : 30 years) were reviewed. Twenty patients had isolated atrial septal defects (ASD), 6 patients has associated partial pulmonary venous returns (PPVR) and 2 patients had isolated PPVR. Echocardiograms in the supine position were performed within 24 hours preceding cardiac catheterization. The presence or absence of paradoxical septal motion was noted and right ventricular diameter index (RVDE : right ventricular diameter/body surface area) was calculated. Hemodynamic parameters studied included pulmonary to systemic flow ratio (Qp/Qs) determined by oxymetry, right ventricular pressure (RVP) and pulmonary resistance (PR). One patient with a Qp/Qs of 1.3 had normal septal motion. Type A paradoxical septal motion was noted in 22 cases, type B in 5 cases. For these 27 patients, the average RVDI was 2.42 (range 1.45 to 3.7), Qp/Qs ranged from 1.5 to 5 (mean : 2.45), RVP from 23 to 71 mmHg (mean : 39) and PR from 0.6 to 4 units (mean : 1.79). A very strons correlation between RVDI and Qp/Qs was observed from equation Qp/Qs : 1.19 RVDI-0.43 with a standard error of 0.4. This relationship was not altered by either RVP or PR values, which also had no apparent correlation with RVDI. This study indicates that echocardiographic measurement of RVDI is a reliable and non-invasive method of evaluating the size of left to right shunts at the atrial level."}
{"id": "PMID:126671", "title": "[Type IV truncus arteriousus in a 50-year-old woman].", "content": "Report of the case of a 50-year woman with a cyanotoc congential heart disease, relatively well tolerated up to the age of 49. The diagnosis was made at autopsy only. No case published in the literature till now had exceeded the age of 45 years, although the types of truncus arteriosus.", "contents": "[Type IV truncus arteriousus in a 50-year-old woman]. Report of the case of a 50-year woman with a cyanotoc congential heart disease, relatively well tolerated up to the age of 49. The diagnosis was made at autopsy only. No case published in the literature till now had exceeded the age of 45 years, although the types of truncus arteriosus."}
{"id": "PMID:126672", "title": "[Papyraceous right ventricle of the adult. apropos of an anatom-clinical case observed in a man suffering from spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia].", "content": "Anatomical study of a complete form of papyraceous right ventricle in a young adult hospitalized at the terminal. This is the fifth case with an autopsy examination, but the peculiar fact lies in the combination with a spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia.", "contents": "[Papyraceous right ventricle of the adult. apropos of an anatom-clinical case observed in a man suffering from spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia]. Anatomical study of a complete form of papyraceous right ventricle in a young adult hospitalized at the terminal. This is the fifth case with an autopsy examination, but the peculiar fact lies in the combination with a spondylo-epiphyseal dysplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:126673", "title": "[Some regularities of the regeneration of the musculature of internal organs].", "content": "The paper summarizes the data of the author and his co-workers on regulation of the musculature of vessels, digestive tract, uterus, ureters and urinary bladder. The smooth muscle cells have different degrees of differentiation. The muscular tissue of the vessels is most differentiated. The uterus musculature is very plastical. After injury mature myocytes are the first to undergo destruction. The intermedial substance is more stable. Myoblasts, young elements of the fibroblast row and the subendothelial layer cells are the origin of muscular regeneration. Figures of mitosis and amitosis are noted. Mature myocytes and intercellular substance are formed in the process of differentiation of the regeneration. The content of RNP in the regeneration cells is high, but in the process of differentiation of its elements it becomes lower. The DNP level has inconsiderable fluctuations. In early experiments PAS-positive substances are revealed in greater degree than in later ones. The content of acid mucopolysaccharides decreases in the process of fibrillogenesis. In all internal organs under study the muscular tissue regenerated. The degree of differentiation, severity of the lesion and functional peculiarities of the organ determine the completeness of the tissue reparation. The musculature of the intestinal tract and vessels regenerates more completely. Mighty layers of connective tissue with de novo formed blood vessels are disposed among the bundles of the repaired muscular tissue of the uterus and urine bladder wall. Simultaneously a part of regeneration cells are destroyed. These are two sides of a single process of development.", "contents": "[Some regularities of the regeneration of the musculature of internal organs]. The paper summarizes the data of the author and his co-workers on regulation of the musculature of vessels, digestive tract, uterus, ureters and urinary bladder. The smooth muscle cells have different degrees of differentiation. The muscular tissue of the vessels is most differentiated. The uterus musculature is very plastical. After injury mature myocytes are the first to undergo destruction. The intermedial substance is more stable. Myoblasts, young elements of the fibroblast row and the subendothelial layer cells are the origin of muscular regeneration. Figures of mitosis and amitosis are noted. Mature myocytes and intercellular substance are formed in the process of differentiation of the regeneration. The content of RNP in the regeneration cells is high, but in the process of differentiation of its elements it becomes lower. The DNP level has inconsiderable fluctuations. In early experiments PAS-positive substances are revealed in greater degree than in later ones. The content of acid mucopolysaccharides decreases in the process of fibrillogenesis. In all internal organs under study the muscular tissue regenerated. The degree of differentiation, severity of the lesion and functional peculiarities of the organ determine the completeness of the tissue reparation. The musculature of the intestinal tract and vessels regenerates more completely. Mighty layers of connective tissue with de novo formed blood vessels are disposed among the bundles of the repaired muscular tissue of the uterus and urine bladder wall. Simultaneously a part of regeneration cells are destroyed. These are two sides of a single process of development."}
{"id": "PMID:126674", "title": "[Generalization of the experience of programmed control of the knowledge of students in normal anatomy].", "content": "Due to increasing significance of application of programmed control of knowledge in the process of teaching students the development and use of such method has been undertaken at the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Pavlov First Medical Institute since 1968 for examining students of the first and second year. The method was used in combination with a usual traditional form of examining. Rapid \"selection\" of students satisfactorily prepared for further talk at the examination, objectivity of the mark and determination of questions which should be paid special attention at the second half of the examination are positive sides of the method. The article presents tables with results of programmed control of knowledge in anatomy of students of the first and second years of medical and stomatological faculties for the last 3 years.", "contents": "[Generalization of the experience of programmed control of the knowledge of students in normal anatomy]. Due to increasing significance of application of programmed control of knowledge in the process of teaching students the development and use of such method has been undertaken at the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Pavlov First Medical Institute since 1968 for examining students of the first and second year. The method was used in combination with a usual traditional form of examining. Rapid \"selection\" of students satisfactorily prepared for further talk at the examination, objectivity of the mark and determination of questions which should be paid special attention at the second half of the examination are positive sides of the method. The article presents tables with results of programmed control of knowledge in anatomy of students of the first and second years of medical and stomatological faculties for the last 3 years."}
{"id": "PMID:126675", "title": "[Compensatory-adaptive changes in the endocardium in functional overload of the heart].", "content": "In experiments on 46 dogs a structural rearrangement of the endocardium of the left atrium in the process of development of the chronic compensated cardial insufficiency was studied. Dynamics of changes, caused by hypertrophy of the subendothelial layer of the endocardium and its subsequent differentiation, which led to hyperelastosis of the endocardium, as well as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the smooth-muscle elements of the endocardium were revealed. Analysis of the data obtained, from the functional point of view, enabled the authors to consider the described rearrangement of the endocardium as one of the mechanisms of cardiac compensation.", "contents": "[Compensatory-adaptive changes in the endocardium in functional overload of the heart]. In experiments on 46 dogs a structural rearrangement of the endocardium of the left atrium in the process of development of the chronic compensated cardial insufficiency was studied. Dynamics of changes, caused by hypertrophy of the subendothelial layer of the endocardium and its subsequent differentiation, which led to hyperelastosis of the endocardium, as well as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the smooth-muscle elements of the endocardium were revealed. Analysis of the data obtained, from the functional point of view, enabled the authors to consider the described rearrangement of the endocardium as one of the mechanisms of cardiac compensation."}
{"id": "PMID:126676", "title": "[Vascular and immunological processes in the pathogenesis of meningococcal infection].", "content": "A pathomorphological investigation of 115 lethal cases of various forms of meningococcal infection was carried out. Meningococcemia, its instantaneous forms in particular, are characterized by acute decompensation of the lymphoid system and generalized microangiopathy with the thrombohaemorrhagic syndrome. Haemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenals and damage of the hypophysis represented manifestations of the acute decompensation of the hormonal regulation. Inflammatory changes in meningococcemia were observed not in all the cases (they were absent in 1/4 of the deceased). In meningitis (meningoencephalitis) without sepsis no generalized angiopathy was noted, immunomorphological changes were of a proliferative character. Previous sensibilization of the macroorganism was an important prerequisite for the development of meningococcal infection.", "contents": "[Vascular and immunological processes in the pathogenesis of meningococcal infection]. A pathomorphological investigation of 115 lethal cases of various forms of meningococcal infection was carried out. Meningococcemia, its instantaneous forms in particular, are characterized by acute decompensation of the lymphoid system and generalized microangiopathy with the thrombohaemorrhagic syndrome. Haemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenals and damage of the hypophysis represented manifestations of the acute decompensation of the hormonal regulation. Inflammatory changes in meningococcemia were observed not in all the cases (they were absent in 1/4 of the deceased). In meningitis (meningoencephalitis) without sepsis no generalized angiopathy was noted, immunomorphological changes were of a proliferative character. Previous sensibilization of the macroorganism was an important prerequisite for the development of meningococcal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:126677", "title": "[Diabetic feto- and embryopathies].", "content": "The present article gives an analysis of available literature and the authors' own findings. Perinatal mortality of progeny of mothers suffering from diabetes mellitus may be caused both by embryopathy and antenatal fetopathy. The authors did not observe diabetic gameto- and blastopathies and no indications to their existance was found in literature, although some investigators admit the possibility of genetic implication in the pathology of progeny of parents with diabetes mellitus. In the progeny of mothers suffering from diabetes mellitus among congenital malformations which allow further intrauterine development and even extrauterine life, according to literature data most often there were observed malformations of the skeleton (37%), cardiovascular system malformations (24%) and those of the nervous system (14%). In all observations of the authors there were found congenital malformations of the bone system not infrequently in combination with other congenital defects. The main features of diabetic fetopathy appear in the last third of pregnancy, and therefore it may be considered as late antenatal fetopathy. The term \"diabetic children\" applied by some authors to children with diabetic fetopathy should be avoided since it may be erroneously understood as diabetes mellitus. In the majority of cases quite different mechanisms underlie these conditions: hypofunction of the islet apparatus of the pancreas in diabetes mellitus, and its hypofunction in diabetic fetopathy. Diagnosis of diabetic feto- and embryopathies is always based on both clinical and morphological data.", "contents": "[Diabetic feto- and embryopathies]. The present article gives an analysis of available literature and the authors' own findings. Perinatal mortality of progeny of mothers suffering from diabetes mellitus may be caused both by embryopathy and antenatal fetopathy. The authors did not observe diabetic gameto- and blastopathies and no indications to their existance was found in literature, although some investigators admit the possibility of genetic implication in the pathology of progeny of parents with diabetes mellitus. In the progeny of mothers suffering from diabetes mellitus among congenital malformations which allow further intrauterine development and even extrauterine life, according to literature data most often there were observed malformations of the skeleton (37%), cardiovascular system malformations (24%) and those of the nervous system (14%). In all observations of the authors there were found congenital malformations of the bone system not infrequently in combination with other congenital defects. The main features of diabetic fetopathy appear in the last third of pregnancy, and therefore it may be considered as late antenatal fetopathy. The term \"diabetic children\" applied by some authors to children with diabetic fetopathy should be avoided since it may be erroneously understood as diabetes mellitus. In the majority of cases quite different mechanisms underlie these conditions: hypofunction of the islet apparatus of the pancreas in diabetes mellitus, and its hypofunction in diabetic fetopathy. Diagnosis of diabetic feto- and embryopathies is always based on both clinical and morphological data."}
{"id": "PMID:126678", "title": "Starvation and seizures. Observation on the electroconvulsive threshold and cerebral metabolism of the starved adult rat.", "content": "Acute starvation of adult rats resulted in a rise in the electroconvulsive threshold at 48 hours (P less than .10) and at 72 hours (P less than .01), but not at 24 hours. Biochemical correlates included (1) ketonemia and mild hypoglycemia in the blood; (2) a significant rise in the brain cytoplasmic phosphorylation potential and in the energy charge potential; (3) a shift in the brain cytoplasmic oxidation-reduction potential to a more oxidized state; (4) probable partial inhibitions in brain phosphofructokinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase; and (5) relatively small increases in brain sodium (4.1%), potassium (2.4%), and chloride (4.3%). No major differences were seen in brain water content or adenosine triphosphatase activity. The observed cerebral biochemical alterations are believed to be the consequence of increased ketone body utilization, although the precise relationship to the alteration in the electroconvulsive threshold remains unclear.", "contents": "Starvation and seizures. Observation on the electroconvulsive threshold and cerebral metabolism of the starved adult rat. Acute starvation of adult rats resulted in a rise in the electroconvulsive threshold at 48 hours (P less than .10) and at 72 hours (P less than .01), but not at 24 hours. Biochemical correlates included (1) ketonemia and mild hypoglycemia in the blood; (2) a significant rise in the brain cytoplasmic phosphorylation potential and in the energy charge potential; (3) a shift in the brain cytoplasmic oxidation-reduction potential to a more oxidized state; (4) probable partial inhibitions in brain phosphofructokinase and pyruvate dehydrogenase; and (5) relatively small increases in brain sodium (4.1%), potassium (2.4%), and chloride (4.3%). No major differences were seen in brain water content or adenosine triphosphatase activity. The observed cerebral biochemical alterations are believed to be the consequence of increased ketone body utilization, although the precise relationship to the alteration in the electroconvulsive threshold remains unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:126679", "title": "Penumoencephalographic findings in parkinsonism.", "content": "Pneumoencephalograms of 19 patients with unilateral parkinsonism, and of 26 patients with symptoms of generalized parkinsonism were studied. Cortical atrophy was found in 46.7% (21), while central (ventricular) atrophy occurred in 77.8% (35) of the patients. The percentage of patients with cortical atrophy, or with enlargement of ventricular body span (VBS) and septum-caudate distance (S-C), was smaller in the hemiparkinsonism group. No substantial correlation was found between enlargement of frontal horn width (FH), S-C and third ventricle width (3V), and the duration of illness. Likewise, no noteworthy correlation could be seen between the degree of central atrophy and the severity of the clinical symptoms. The FH/S-C ratio of the group of unilateral parkinsonism patients was higher than in the generalized parkinsonism group. The FH/S-C ratios in parkinsonism and in Huntington chorea patients varied. A ratio of greater than 1.40 was found in 73.3% of the patients with parkinsonism, and in an earlier study, it was found that 96.4% of the patients with Huntington chorea had a ratio less than 1.40. It is suggested that a FH/S-C ratio less than or equal to 1.40 is compatible with the diagnosis of Huntington chorea, although 26.7% (12) patients with parkinsonism have a ratio less than or equal to 1.40.", "contents": "Penumoencephalographic findings in parkinsonism. Pneumoencephalograms of 19 patients with unilateral parkinsonism, and of 26 patients with symptoms of generalized parkinsonism were studied. Cortical atrophy was found in 46.7% (21), while central (ventricular) atrophy occurred in 77.8% (35) of the patients. The percentage of patients with cortical atrophy, or with enlargement of ventricular body span (VBS) and septum-caudate distance (S-C), was smaller in the hemiparkinsonism group. No substantial correlation was found between enlargement of frontal horn width (FH), S-C and third ventricle width (3V), and the duration of illness. Likewise, no noteworthy correlation could be seen between the degree of central atrophy and the severity of the clinical symptoms. The FH/S-C ratio of the group of unilateral parkinsonism patients was higher than in the generalized parkinsonism group. The FH/S-C ratios in parkinsonism and in Huntington chorea patients varied. A ratio of greater than 1.40 was found in 73.3% of the patients with parkinsonism, and in an earlier study, it was found that 96.4% of the patients with Huntington chorea had a ratio less than 1.40. It is suggested that a FH/S-C ratio less than or equal to 1.40 is compatible with the diagnosis of Huntington chorea, although 26.7% (12) patients with parkinsonism have a ratio less than or equal to 1.40."}
{"id": "PMID:126680", "title": "Occurrence in wild strains of Neurospora crassa of genes controlling genetic recombination.", "content": "Each of the main laboratory wild stocks of N. crassa carries one of two alleles at the rec-1 and rec-2 loci and one of three at the rec-3 locus. The constitutions of the stocks are given in Fig. 1. Some of those conserved are evidently not the originals. The third rec-3 gene (rec-3L), found in Lindegren A, controls recombination at the am-1 locus to a level between that of rec-3+ and rec-3, the relative levels being 1 : 8 : 25. At the his-2 locus rec-3L is indistinguishable from rec-3+ in its level of control. This proves that there are minor differences between the control (con) genes, near to am-1 and his-2, which recognize products of rec-3 genes. Further, this is the first clear evidence, though indirect, that the binding sites for products of rec genes are situated in the chromosome regions where recombination is modulated.", "contents": "Occurrence in wild strains of Neurospora crassa of genes controlling genetic recombination. Each of the main laboratory wild stocks of N. crassa carries one of two alleles at the rec-1 and rec-2 loci and one of three at the rec-3 locus. The constitutions of the stocks are given in Fig. 1. Some of those conserved are evidently not the originals. The third rec-3 gene (rec-3L), found in Lindegren A, controls recombination at the am-1 locus to a level between that of rec-3+ and rec-3, the relative levels being 1 : 8 : 25. At the his-2 locus rec-3L is indistinguishable from rec-3+ in its level of control. This proves that there are minor differences between the control (con) genes, near to am-1 and his-2, which recognize products of rec-3 genes. Further, this is the first clear evidence, though indirect, that the binding sites for products of rec genes are situated in the chromosome regions where recombination is modulated."}
{"id": "PMID:126681", "title": "The effect of experimental anaemia on the levels of glutathione and glycolytic enzymes of the erythrocytes of normal and glutathione-deficient Merino sheep.", "content": "The effects of experimental anaemia on the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activity of glycolytic enzymes in the erythrocytes of normal and GSH-deficient Merino sheep were investigated. There was a rise in red cell GSH levels in both groups of sheep; the magnitude of this response was, however, quite different. When expressed as a percentage of the initial value, the rise in GSH level was 18% in normal and 263% in GSH-deficient animals. There was also an increase in the activities of various enzymes following phlebotomy but this increase was similar in the two groups of sheep.", "contents": "The effect of experimental anaemia on the levels of glutathione and glycolytic enzymes of the erythrocytes of normal and glutathione-deficient Merino sheep. The effects of experimental anaemia on the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activity of glycolytic enzymes in the erythrocytes of normal and GSH-deficient Merino sheep were investigated. There was a rise in red cell GSH levels in both groups of sheep; the magnitude of this response was, however, quite different. When expressed as a percentage of the initial value, the rise in GSH level was 18% in normal and 263% in GSH-deficient animals. There was also an increase in the activities of various enzymes following phlebotomy but this increase was similar in the two groups of sheep."}
{"id": "PMID:126682", "title": "Pseudomyxoma peritonei diagnosed by peritoneoscopy.", "content": "A case of pseudomyxoma peritonei diagnosed by peritoneoscopy is reported. The rarity of the tumour and the unfamiliarity of the surgeon with the vagaries of this condition often lead to a pessimistic diagnosis of advanced metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma. It is suggested that peritoneoscopy may be of help both in the early diagnosis of pseudomyxoma peritonei, thus sparing patients from unnecessary investigations, and in their follow up, especially when the aggressive policy of multiple repeated resections of the recurrent or persistent lesions is to be adopted.", "contents": "Pseudomyxoma peritonei diagnosed by peritoneoscopy. A case of pseudomyxoma peritonei diagnosed by peritoneoscopy is reported. The rarity of the tumour and the unfamiliarity of the surgeon with the vagaries of this condition often lead to a pessimistic diagnosis of advanced metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma. It is suggested that peritoneoscopy may be of help both in the early diagnosis of pseudomyxoma peritonei, thus sparing patients from unnecessary investigations, and in their follow up, especially when the aggressive policy of multiple repeated resections of the recurrent or persistent lesions is to be adopted."}
{"id": "PMID:126683", "title": "Biochemical genetic studies of cycloheximide resistance in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Genetic analysis of a number of cycloheximide-resistant mutants of Neurospora crassa has shown that resistance is controlled by several genes. Two of these appear to be located on linkage group V. Resistance to the antibiotic is dominant in wild-type-mutant heterokaryons. Two types of cycloheximide-resistant mutants were isolated: one type exhibited colonial morphology only when grown in the presence of cycloheximide and the other type maintained normal morphology even at high concentrations of the antibiotic. Reconstitution experiments with supernatant solutions and 80S monosomes prepared from wild-type and resistant mutant strains indicated that the property of cycloheximide resistance most likely is associated with the ribosomes. No electrophoretic or serological differences were found between the ribosomal proteins of the wild-type and resistant mutants.", "contents": "Biochemical genetic studies of cycloheximide resistance in Neurospora crassa. Genetic analysis of a number of cycloheximide-resistant mutants of Neurospora crassa has shown that resistance is controlled by several genes. Two of these appear to be located on linkage group V. Resistance to the antibiotic is dominant in wild-type-mutant heterokaryons. Two types of cycloheximide-resistant mutants were isolated: one type exhibited colonial morphology only when grown in the presence of cycloheximide and the other type maintained normal morphology even at high concentrations of the antibiotic. Reconstitution experiments with supernatant solutions and 80S monosomes prepared from wild-type and resistant mutant strains indicated that the property of cycloheximide resistance most likely is associated with the ribosomes. No electrophoretic or serological differences were found between the ribosomal proteins of the wild-type and resistant mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:126684", "title": "Activation of membrane-bound high-affinity calcium ion-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase of human erythrocytes by bivalent metal ions.", "content": "The Ca2+-sensitive ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) of human erythrocyte membranes is activated, not only by Ca2+ ions, but also by a series of other bivalent metal ions including Sr2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+. The degree of activation is dependent on the radius of the ion rather than on its nature, in contrast with the dissociation constant of the enzyme--metal ion complex.", "contents": "Activation of membrane-bound high-affinity calcium ion-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase of human erythrocytes by bivalent metal ions. The Ca2+-sensitive ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) of human erythrocyte membranes is activated, not only by Ca2+ ions, but also by a series of other bivalent metal ions including Sr2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+. The degree of activation is dependent on the radius of the ion rather than on its nature, in contrast with the dissociation constant of the enzyme--metal ion complex."}
{"id": "PMID:126685", "title": "Glycogen synthesis in the perfused liver of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.", "content": "1. Net glycogen accumulation was measured in sequentially removed samples during perfusion of the liver of starved streptozotocin-diabetic rats, and shown to be significantly impaired, compared with rates in normal (starved) rats. 2. In perfusions of normal livers with glucose plus C3 substrates, there was an increase in the proportion of glycogen synthetase 'a', compared with that in the absence of substrates. This response to substrates, followed in sequential synthesis and enzymic sensitivity in the perfused liver of diabetic rats were reversed by pretreatment in vivo with glucose plus fructose, or insulin. Glucose alone did not produce this effect. 4. Glucose, fructose, insulin or cortisol added to e perfusion medium (in the absence of pretreatment in vivo) did not stimulate glycogen synthesis in diabetic rats. 5. In intact diabetic rats, there was a decline in rates of net hepatic glycogen accumulation, and the response of glycogen synthetase to substrates. The most rapid rates of synthesis were obtained after fructose administration. 6. These results demonstrate that there is a marked inherent impairment in hepatic glycogen synthesis in starved diabetic rats, which can be rapidly reversed in vivo but no in perfusion. Thus hepatic glycogen synthesis does not appear to be sensitive to either the short-term direct action of insulin (added alone to perfusions) of to long-term insulin deprivation in vivo. The regulatory roles of substrates, insulin and glycogen synthetase in hepatic glycogen accumulation are discussed.", "contents": "Glycogen synthesis in the perfused liver of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 1. Net glycogen accumulation was measured in sequentially removed samples during perfusion of the liver of starved streptozotocin-diabetic rats, and shown to be significantly impaired, compared with rates in normal (starved) rats. 2. In perfusions of normal livers with glucose plus C3 substrates, there was an increase in the proportion of glycogen synthetase 'a', compared with that in the absence of substrates. This response to substrates, followed in sequential synthesis and enzymic sensitivity in the perfused liver of diabetic rats were reversed by pretreatment in vivo with glucose plus fructose, or insulin. Glucose alone did not produce this effect. 4. Glucose, fructose, insulin or cortisol added to e perfusion medium (in the absence of pretreatment in vivo) did not stimulate glycogen synthesis in diabetic rats. 5. In intact diabetic rats, there was a decline in rates of net hepatic glycogen accumulation, and the response of glycogen synthetase to substrates. The most rapid rates of synthesis were obtained after fructose administration. 6. These results demonstrate that there is a marked inherent impairment in hepatic glycogen synthesis in starved diabetic rats, which can be rapidly reversed in vivo but no in perfusion. Thus hepatic glycogen synthesis does not appear to be sensitive to either the short-term direct action of insulin (added alone to perfusions) of to long-term insulin deprivation in vivo. The regulatory roles of substrates, insulin and glycogen synthetase in hepatic glycogen accumulation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126687", "title": "K+, MG2+-aspartate (KMg-ASP)--mediated prevention of isoproterenol(ISO)-induced metabolic changes in the myocardium.", "content": "Isoproterenol (ISO) in a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg b.w. i.v was found to produce alterations of cardiac metabolism in dogs. After 2 h, high energy phosphate stores and glycogen were reduced, whereas the levels of lactate, pyruvate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio and myofibrillar ATPase activity were elevated. Ca2+ -accumulation by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and mitochondria were increased (P less than 0.01). After 24 h, a partial recovery in the parameters followed could be observed. Only myofibrillar ATPase activity and the Ca2+ -uptake by SR and mitochondria were lowered. When K,Mg-ASP was administered, i.v. concurrently with ISO, myofibrillar ATPase and Ca2+ -accumulation by SR did not differ from controls 2 h after ISO application. Also the other parameters exhibited a tendency to improve (P less than 0.01), but did not reach control levels. 24 h after ISO application we could observe a similar effect of K,Mg-ASP in the prevention of Ca2+ -overload accompanying metabolic changes.", "contents": "K+, MG2+-aspartate (KMg-ASP)--mediated prevention of isoproterenol(ISO)-induced metabolic changes in the myocardium. Isoproterenol (ISO) in a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg b.w. i.v was found to produce alterations of cardiac metabolism in dogs. After 2 h, high energy phosphate stores and glycogen were reduced, whereas the levels of lactate, pyruvate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio and myofibrillar ATPase activity were elevated. Ca2+ -accumulation by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and mitochondria were increased (P less than 0.01). After 24 h, a partial recovery in the parameters followed could be observed. Only myofibrillar ATPase activity and the Ca2+ -uptake by SR and mitochondria were lowered. When K,Mg-ASP was administered, i.v. concurrently with ISO, myofibrillar ATPase and Ca2+ -accumulation by SR did not differ from controls 2 h after ISO application. Also the other parameters exhibited a tendency to improve (P less than 0.01), but did not reach control levels. 24 h after ISO application we could observe a similar effect of K,Mg-ASP in the prevention of Ca2+ -overload accompanying metabolic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:126688", "title": "Staphylococcal micrococcins. I. Isolation of antibiotic-producing strains.", "content": "Seven strains belonging to the family Micrococcaceae and possessing strong antagonistic properties against Staph. aureus and several other Gram-positive bacteria, have been isolated. The strains were characterized and identified, phage typed, tested for antibiotic-sensitivity and antagonistic activities. Two patients of inhibition were noted.", "contents": "Staphylococcal micrococcins. I. Isolation of antibiotic-producing strains. Seven strains belonging to the family Micrococcaceae and possessing strong antagonistic properties against Staph. aureus and several other Gram-positive bacteria, have been isolated. The strains were characterized and identified, phage typed, tested for antibiotic-sensitivity and antagonistic activities. Two patients of inhibition were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:126693", "title": "Percutaneous liver biopsy, peritoneoscopy and laparotomy: an assessment of relative merits in the lymphomata.", "content": "The relative merits of percutaneous liver biopsy, peritoneoscopy directed liver biopsy and wedge liver biopsy during laparotomy were examined in a series of 100 consecutive untreated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Sixteen of 77 patients had positive findings on percutaneous liver biopsy specimens, with the best yield in patients with nodular (21%) and diffuse (33%) poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. Forty-nine of the 61 patients having negative percutaneous biopsies were subjected to peritoneoscopy and 9 additional positive biopsies were obtained. Thirty-two of the 40 patients having negative percutaneous and peritoneoscopy findings underwent laparotomy and wedge biopsy of the liver, and 8 specimens (25%) were positive for liver involvement; all but one of these were in patients with nodular or diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. This study indicates that over two-thirds of untreated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can be shown to have Stage IV disease without undergoing laparotomy, and that in the remaining patients, laparotomy proved of consistent value only in patients with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma.", "contents": "Percutaneous liver biopsy, peritoneoscopy and laparotomy: an assessment of relative merits in the lymphomata. The relative merits of percutaneous liver biopsy, peritoneoscopy directed liver biopsy and wedge liver biopsy during laparotomy were examined in a series of 100 consecutive untreated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Sixteen of 77 patients had positive findings on percutaneous liver biopsy specimens, with the best yield in patients with nodular (21%) and diffuse (33%) poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. Forty-nine of the 61 patients having negative percutaneous biopsies were subjected to peritoneoscopy and 9 additional positive biopsies were obtained. Thirty-two of the 40 patients having negative percutaneous and peritoneoscopy findings underwent laparotomy and wedge biopsy of the liver, and 8 specimens (25%) were positive for liver involvement; all but one of these were in patients with nodular or diffuse poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma. This study indicates that over two-thirds of untreated patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can be shown to have Stage IV disease without undergoing laparotomy, and that in the remaining patients, laparotomy proved of consistent value only in patients with poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:126694", "title": "Assessment of placental function in normal and pathological pregnancies by estimation of plasma oestradiol levels after injection of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate.", "content": "A test of placental function was assessed by measurement of plasma oestradiol levels in 32 patients after intravenous injection of 50 mg dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS). Every pregnant patient showed a rise in plasma oestradiol after DHAS; two puerperal patients showed no rise. It was not possible to distinguish the variable response in normal pregnancy from that in patients with severe hypertension and proteinuria or with retarded intrauterine fetal growth. The test was of no value in one hypertensive patient as a predictor of fetal death eight days later or, in another, to confirm fetal death of two days duration. Our results do not suggest that this test is a useful addition to currently available tests of placental endocrine function.", "contents": "Assessment of placental function in normal and pathological pregnancies by estimation of plasma oestradiol levels after injection of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate. A test of placental function was assessed by measurement of plasma oestradiol levels in 32 patients after intravenous injection of 50 mg dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS). Every pregnant patient showed a rise in plasma oestradiol after DHAS; two puerperal patients showed no rise. It was not possible to distinguish the variable response in normal pregnancy from that in patients with severe hypertension and proteinuria or with retarded intrauterine fetal growth. The test was of no value in one hypertensive patient as a predictor of fetal death eight days later or, in another, to confirm fetal death of two days duration. Our results do not suggest that this test is a useful addition to currently available tests of placental endocrine function."}
{"id": "PMID:126695", "title": "Distribution and metabolism of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans in subcellular fractions of brain.", "content": "The distribution, carbohydrate composition, and metabolism of glycoproteins have been studied in mitochondria, microsomes, axons, and whole rat brain, as well as in various synaptosomal subfractions, including the soluble protein, mitochondria, and synaptic membranes. Approximately 90% of the brain glycoproteins occur in the particulate fraction, and they are present in particularly high amounts in synaptic and microsomal membranes, where the concentration of glycoprotein carbohydrate is 2-3% of the lipid-free dry weight. Treatment of purified synaptic membranes with 0.2% Triton X-100 extracted 70% of the glycoprotein carbohydrate but only 35% of the lipid-free protein residue, and the resulting synaptic membrane subfractions differed significantly in carbohydrate composition. The glycoproteins which are not extracted by Triton X-100 also have a more rapid turnover, as indicated by the 80-155% higher specific activity of hexosamine and sialic acid 1 day after labeling with [3H]glucosamine in vivo. The specific activity of sialic acid in the synaptosomal soluble glycoproteins 2 hr after labeling was greater than 100 times that of the synaptosomal particulate fraction, whereas the difference in hexosamine specific activity in these two fractions was only twofold, and by 22 hr there was little or no difference in the specific activities of sialic acid and hexosamine in synaptosomal soluble as compared to membrane glycoproteins. These data indicate that sialic acid may be added locally to synaptosomal soluble glycoproteins before there is significant labeling of nerve ending glycoproteins by axoplasmic transport. Fifty to sixty percent of the hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate of brain is located in the various membranes comprising the microsomal fraction, whereas half of the chondroitin sulfate is soluble and only one-third is in microsomal membranes. When microsomes are subfractionated on a discontinuous density gradient over half of the hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate are found in membranes with a density less than that of 0.5 M sucrose (representing a six- to sevenfold enrichment over their concentrations in the membranes applied to the gradient), whereas half of the heparan sulfate is present in membranes with a density greater than that of 0.8 M.", "contents": "Distribution and metabolism of glycoproteins and glycosaminoglycans in subcellular fractions of brain. The distribution, carbohydrate composition, and metabolism of glycoproteins have been studied in mitochondria, microsomes, axons, and whole rat brain, as well as in various synaptosomal subfractions, including the soluble protein, mitochondria, and synaptic membranes. Approximately 90% of the brain glycoproteins occur in the particulate fraction, and they are present in particularly high amounts in synaptic and microsomal membranes, where the concentration of glycoprotein carbohydrate is 2-3% of the lipid-free dry weight. Treatment of purified synaptic membranes with 0.2% Triton X-100 extracted 70% of the glycoprotein carbohydrate but only 35% of the lipid-free protein residue, and the resulting synaptic membrane subfractions differed significantly in carbohydrate composition. The glycoproteins which are not extracted by Triton X-100 also have a more rapid turnover, as indicated by the 80-155% higher specific activity of hexosamine and sialic acid 1 day after labeling with [3H]glucosamine in vivo. The specific activity of sialic acid in the synaptosomal soluble glycoproteins 2 hr after labeling was greater than 100 times that of the synaptosomal particulate fraction, whereas the difference in hexosamine specific activity in these two fractions was only twofold, and by 22 hr there was little or no difference in the specific activities of sialic acid and hexosamine in synaptosomal soluble as compared to membrane glycoproteins. These data indicate that sialic acid may be added locally to synaptosomal soluble glycoproteins before there is significant labeling of nerve ending glycoproteins by axoplasmic transport. Fifty to sixty percent of the hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate of brain is located in the various membranes comprising the microsomal fraction, whereas half of the chondroitin sulfate is soluble and only one-third is in microsomal membranes. When microsomes are subfractionated on a discontinuous density gradient over half of the hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate are found in membranes with a density less than that of 0.5 M sucrose (representing a six- to sevenfold enrichment over their concentrations in the membranes applied to the gradient), whereas half of the heparan sulfate is present in membranes with a density greater than that of 0.8 M."}
{"id": "PMID:126696", "title": "A kinetic study of thymine 7-hydroxylase from neurospora crassa.", "content": "The steady-state kinetics of thymine 7-hydroxylase (thymine, 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase, EC 1.14.11.6) has been investigated. Initial velocity plots were all found to be linear and intersecting. Variation in concentration of two of the substrates, when the third substrate was at a constant high or low concentration, gave initial velocity plots that conform to an ordered sequential mechanism, where thymine is the second substrate to add. With 5-carboxyuracil, which is the end product in the sequential oxygenation of thymine, a competitive inhibition pattern was observed when 2-ketoglutarate was the variable substrate. When either thymine or oxygen was the variable substrate a noncompetitive inhibition pattern was obtained. When either 2-ketoglutarate or thymine was the variable substrate the inhibition patterns observed with bicarbonate were noncompetitive. With succinate noncompetitive inhibition patterns with hyperbolic intercept replots were obtained. These results are consistent with an ordered sequential kinetic mechanism, where 2-ketoglutarate is added first, followed by thymine and oxygen, and the products are released in the order: bicarbonate, succinate, and 5-hydroxymethyluracil. The order of the two last mentioned products, however, is changed in the presence of succinate.", "contents": "A kinetic study of thymine 7-hydroxylase from neurospora crassa. The steady-state kinetics of thymine 7-hydroxylase (thymine, 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase, EC 1.14.11.6) has been investigated. Initial velocity plots were all found to be linear and intersecting. Variation in concentration of two of the substrates, when the third substrate was at a constant high or low concentration, gave initial velocity plots that conform to an ordered sequential mechanism, where thymine is the second substrate to add. With 5-carboxyuracil, which is the end product in the sequential oxygenation of thymine, a competitive inhibition pattern was observed when 2-ketoglutarate was the variable substrate. When either thymine or oxygen was the variable substrate a noncompetitive inhibition pattern was obtained. When either 2-ketoglutarate or thymine was the variable substrate the inhibition patterns observed with bicarbonate were noncompetitive. With succinate noncompetitive inhibition patterns with hyperbolic intercept replots were obtained. These results are consistent with an ordered sequential kinetic mechanism, where 2-ketoglutarate is added first, followed by thymine and oxygen, and the products are released in the order: bicarbonate, succinate, and 5-hydroxymethyluracil. The order of the two last mentioned products, however, is changed in the presence of succinate."}
{"id": "PMID:126697", "title": "On hepatic and extrahepatic postheparin serum lipase activities and the influence of experimental hypercortisolism and diabetes on these activities.", "content": "This paper shows that the palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity of postheparin serum of the rat is mainly derived from the liver. The identity of this activity with the heparin-releasable hepatic triacylglycerol hydrolase activity is established. The consequences of the different substrate specificities of the hepatic and extrahepatic enzymes for the measurement of the overall postheparin serum lipase activity are discussed. Treatment of the rats with either a corticosteroid or with streptozotocin was found to lower the lipolytic activity from the liver and to enhance the extrahepatic activity. Also in human postheparin serum, palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity is shown to behave identical with hepatic triacylglycerol hydrolase activity. The possible function of the liver in the serum triacylglycerol metabolism is discussed in connection with the proposed mechanism for the role of extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase in atherogenesis.", "contents": "On hepatic and extrahepatic postheparin serum lipase activities and the influence of experimental hypercortisolism and diabetes on these activities. This paper shows that the palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity of postheparin serum of the rat is mainly derived from the liver. The identity of this activity with the heparin-releasable hepatic triacylglycerol hydrolase activity is established. The consequences of the different substrate specificities of the hepatic and extrahepatic enzymes for the measurement of the overall postheparin serum lipase activity are discussed. Treatment of the rats with either a corticosteroid or with streptozotocin was found to lower the lipolytic activity from the liver and to enhance the extrahepatic activity. Also in human postheparin serum, palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase activity is shown to behave identical with hepatic triacylglycerol hydrolase activity. The possible function of the liver in the serum triacylglycerol metabolism is discussed in connection with the proposed mechanism for the role of extrahepatic lipoprotein lipase in atherogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:126698", "title": "Purification and characterization of (Na+, K+)-ATPase. V. Conformational changes in the enzyme Transitions between the Na-form and the K-form studied with tryptic digestion as a tool.", "content": "1. Purified (Na+, K+)-ATPase consisting of membrane fragments was digested with trypsin. The time course of enzyme inactivation was related to the electrophoretic pattern of native and cleaved proteins remaining in the membrane. 2. Differences in both the inactivation kinetics and the cleavage of the large chain (mol. wt 98 000) allow distinction of two patterns of tryptic digestion of (Na+, K+)-ATPase seen with Na+ or K+ in the medium. 3. With K+, the inactivation of (Na+, K+)-ATPase is linear with time in semilogarithmic plots and the activity is lost in parallel with cleavage of the large chain to fragments with molecular weights 58 000 and 48 000. 4. With Na+, the inactivation curves are biphasic. In the initial phase of rapid inactivation, 50% of the activity is lost with minor changes in the composition of the large chain. In the final phase, the large chain is cleaved at a low rate to a fragment with a molecular weight of 78 000. 5. It is concluded that the regions of the large chain exposed in the presence of K+ are distinct from the regions exposed in presence of Na+ and that two conformations of (Na+, K+)-ATPase can be sensed with trypsin, a (t)K-form and a (t)Na-form. 6. Reaction of the (t)K-form with ATP cause transition to the (t)Na-form. Relatively high concentrations of ATP are required and Mg2+ is not necessary. Phosphorylation of (Na+, K+)-ATPase is accompanied by transition from the (t)Na-form to the (t)K-form. Previous kinetic data suggest that these conformational changes are accompanied by shifts in the affinities of the enzyme for Na+ and K+.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of (Na+, K+)-ATPase. V. Conformational changes in the enzyme Transitions between the Na-form and the K-form studied with tryptic digestion as a tool. 1. Purified (Na+, K+)-ATPase consisting of membrane fragments was digested with trypsin. The time course of enzyme inactivation was related to the electrophoretic pattern of native and cleaved proteins remaining in the membrane. 2. Differences in both the inactivation kinetics and the cleavage of the large chain (mol. wt 98 000) allow distinction of two patterns of tryptic digestion of (Na+, K+)-ATPase seen with Na+ or K+ in the medium. 3. With K+, the inactivation of (Na+, K+)-ATPase is linear with time in semilogarithmic plots and the activity is lost in parallel with cleavage of the large chain to fragments with molecular weights 58 000 and 48 000. 4. With Na+, the inactivation curves are biphasic. In the initial phase of rapid inactivation, 50% of the activity is lost with minor changes in the composition of the large chain. In the final phase, the large chain is cleaved at a low rate to a fragment with a molecular weight of 78 000. 5. It is concluded that the regions of the large chain exposed in the presence of K+ are distinct from the regions exposed in presence of Na+ and that two conformations of (Na+, K+)-ATPase can be sensed with trypsin, a (t)K-form and a (t)Na-form. 6. Reaction of the (t)K-form with ATP cause transition to the (t)Na-form. Relatively high concentrations of ATP are required and Mg2+ is not necessary. Phosphorylation of (Na+, K+)-ATPase is accompanied by transition from the (t)Na-form to the (t)K-form. Previous kinetic data suggest that these conformational changes are accompanied by shifts in the affinities of the enzyme for Na+ and K+."}
{"id": "PMID:126699", "title": "Disulfide of thionosine triphosphate, an ATP-analog inactivating (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.", "content": "(Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase in beef brain microsomes is inactivated by the disulfide of thionosine tri[gamma-32P]phosphate, an ATP analog. The inactivation of the enzyme, which is accompanied by an incorporation of radioactivity into the membrane protein, is abolished by ATP or dithiothreitol. Since dithiothreitol restores the activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, which had previously been inactivated by this ATP analog, it is concluded that thionosine triphosphate disulfide reacts with a sulfhydryl group in the ATP binding site of (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase.", "contents": "Disulfide of thionosine triphosphate, an ATP-analog inactivating (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase in beef brain microsomes is inactivated by the disulfide of thionosine tri[gamma-32P]phosphate, an ATP analog. The inactivation of the enzyme, which is accompanied by an incorporation of radioactivity into the membrane protein, is abolished by ATP or dithiothreitol. Since dithiothreitol restores the activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, which had previously been inactivated by this ATP analog, it is concluded that thionosine triphosphate disulfide reacts with a sulfhydryl group in the ATP binding site of (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:126700", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans and acidic glycoproteins in rabbit uterus under estrogenic conditions.", "content": "Uterine slices obtained from the estrogen-treated rabbits were digested with pronase. Glycosaminoglycans and acidic glycopeptides were then isolated by Dowex 1 column chromatography and preparative electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane (Separax), in succession. Each subfraction thus obtained was identified by the mobility on Separax electrophoresis and the digestibility with mucopolysaccharidases (Streptomyces hyaluronidase, testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase AC, chondroitinase ABC and heparinase). The resulting data showed that each complex saccharide (hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, chondroitin sulfate C, dermatan sulfate, sulfated glycopeptide and sialoglycopeptide) was separated into 2-5 fractions, indicating charge and/or molecular heterogeneity of each complex saccharide.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans and acidic glycoproteins in rabbit uterus under estrogenic conditions. Uterine slices obtained from the estrogen-treated rabbits were digested with pronase. Glycosaminoglycans and acidic glycopeptides were then isolated by Dowex 1 column chromatography and preparative electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane (Separax), in succession. Each subfraction thus obtained was identified by the mobility on Separax electrophoresis and the digestibility with mucopolysaccharidases (Streptomyces hyaluronidase, testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase AC, chondroitinase ABC and heparinase). The resulting data showed that each complex saccharide (hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, chondroitin sulfate C, dermatan sulfate, sulfated glycopeptide and sialoglycopeptide) was separated into 2-5 fractions, indicating charge and/or molecular heterogeneity of each complex saccharide."}
{"id": "PMID:126701", "title": "Fractionation of mucopolysaccharides by countercurrent distribution in aqueous polymer two-phase systems.", "content": "A new procedure for the fractionation of mucopolysaccharides based upon differences in their partition behavior in aqueous polymer two-phase systems has been devised. Systems containing dextran, poly(ethylene glycol), trimethylamino-poly(ethylene glycol), potassium bromide and sodium phosphate buffer were employed. Countercurrent distributions were performed with a miniature countercurrent distribution device designed especially for use with aqueous polymer two-phase systems. An advantage over the widely used procedures involving precipitation of mucopolysaccharides as their quaternary ammonium detergent complexes is that the countercurrent distribution pattern of a particular mucopolysaccharide is not affected by the simultaneous presence of other mucopolysaccharides. Preliminary distributions of labelled mucopolysaccharides isolated from the cells and culture medium of monolayer cultures of rat tumor cells demonstrate that the procedure is particularly well suited for the fractionation of very minute quantities of mucopolysaccharides.", "contents": "Fractionation of mucopolysaccharides by countercurrent distribution in aqueous polymer two-phase systems. A new procedure for the fractionation of mucopolysaccharides based upon differences in their partition behavior in aqueous polymer two-phase systems has been devised. Systems containing dextran, poly(ethylene glycol), trimethylamino-poly(ethylene glycol), potassium bromide and sodium phosphate buffer were employed. Countercurrent distributions were performed with a miniature countercurrent distribution device designed especially for use with aqueous polymer two-phase systems. An advantage over the widely used procedures involving precipitation of mucopolysaccharides as their quaternary ammonium detergent complexes is that the countercurrent distribution pattern of a particular mucopolysaccharide is not affected by the simultaneous presence of other mucopolysaccharides. Preliminary distributions of labelled mucopolysaccharides isolated from the cells and culture medium of monolayer cultures of rat tumor cells demonstrate that the procedure is particularly well suited for the fractionation of very minute quantities of mucopolysaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:126702", "title": "Membrane transport during development in animals.", "content": "This brief and necessarily incomplete survey of available evidence on the development of transport systems in animal cells reveals a primitive state of knowledge full of interesting possibilities for future development. The assembly of membrane-bound transport systems during embryonic development provides unique opportunities for approaching questions relating to gene expression, the synthesis and insertion of membrane proteins into phospholipid layers, the composition and structure of transport systems and the conditions required for their functioning. It seems plausible to assume that the growth and differentiation of animal cells is regulated, in part at least, by the rate of transport of metabolites and ions across the cell membranes. Therefore the sequence of the expression of transport systems is likely to have a profound effect on subsequent stages of growth and differentiation. Feedback regulation of the synthesis of transport proteins by changes in the intracellular or extracellular concentrations of the transported metabolites or ions [52, 53, 85-87] may be a key element in the regulation of the rate of transport processes during development.", "contents": "Membrane transport during development in animals. This brief and necessarily incomplete survey of available evidence on the development of transport systems in animal cells reveals a primitive state of knowledge full of interesting possibilities for future development. The assembly of membrane-bound transport systems during embryonic development provides unique opportunities for approaching questions relating to gene expression, the synthesis and insertion of membrane proteins into phospholipid layers, the composition and structure of transport systems and the conditions required for their functioning. It seems plausible to assume that the growth and differentiation of animal cells is regulated, in part at least, by the rate of transport of metabolites and ions across the cell membranes. Therefore the sequence of the expression of transport systems is likely to have a profound effect on subsequent stages of growth and differentiation. Feedback regulation of the synthesis of transport proteins by changes in the intracellular or extracellular concentrations of the transported metabolites or ions [52, 53, 85-87] may be a key element in the regulation of the rate of transport processes during development."}
{"id": "PMID:126703", "title": "Studies on steroids in urine of the male newborn.", "content": "Four different methods of isolation and purification were utilized to study steroids in urine of male newborns which was collected during the first 5 days of life. These methods included celite column, ion exchange column and thin-layer chromatography, solvolysis and enzyme hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and aryl sulfatase. Procedural losses were evaluated by using radioactive internal standards. Final quantitation of each steroid was achieved by comparison of its chromatographic and quantitative behavior with the respective standard steroids on various gas-liquid chromatography systems, either as parent compound or as trimethylsilyl ether derivative. The following steroids were found in the amounts indicated: progesterone, 2.1 mug/1 (pool I), 4.6 mug/1 (pool III); pregnanediol, 625.0 mug/1 (pool IIa), 605.0 mug/1 (pool IIb glucuronide), 25.4 mug/1 (pool IIb sulfate), 4.2 mug/1 (pool IIb free), 729.0 mug/1 (pool III); 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 713.0 mug/1 (pool III), 16alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, 14,000.0 mug/1 (pool III); 16alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 2,350.0 mug/1 (pool III); 16-dehydroprogesterone, 155.0 mug/1 (pool I), 21.2 mug/1 (pool IIb glucuronide), 97.5 mug/1 (pool IIb sulfate), 5.3 mug/1 (pool III); 16-dehydropregnenolone, 382.0 mug/1 (pool I), 1,380 mug/1 (pool IIb glucuronide), 172.0 mug/1 (pool IIb sulfate), 174.0 mug/1 (pool III); 16-dehydropregnanolone, 8.3 mug/1 (pool I), 239.0 mug/1 (pool IIb sulfate). Pregnenolone, pregnanolone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone could not be detected. The results support the concept that the steroid patterns of urine of the newborn and amniotic fluid are very similar and that the amniotic fluid steroid content is mainly dependent on fetal urinary steroid excretion. The data on delta16-C21-steroids are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on steroids in urine of the male newborn. Four different methods of isolation and purification were utilized to study steroids in urine of male newborns which was collected during the first 5 days of life. These methods included celite column, ion exchange column and thin-layer chromatography, solvolysis and enzyme hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase and aryl sulfatase. Procedural losses were evaluated by using radioactive internal standards. Final quantitation of each steroid was achieved by comparison of its chromatographic and quantitative behavior with the respective standard steroids on various gas-liquid chromatography systems, either as parent compound or as trimethylsilyl ether derivative. The following steroids were found in the amounts indicated: progesterone, 2.1 mug/1 (pool I), 4.6 mug/1 (pool III); pregnanediol, 625.0 mug/1 (pool IIa), 605.0 mug/1 (pool IIb glucuronide), 25.4 mug/1 (pool IIb sulfate), 4.2 mug/1 (pool IIb free), 729.0 mug/1 (pool III); 16alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, 713.0 mug/1 (pool III), 16alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, 14,000.0 mug/1 (pool III); 16alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 2,350.0 mug/1 (pool III); 16-dehydroprogesterone, 155.0 mug/1 (pool I), 21.2 mug/1 (pool IIb glucuronide), 97.5 mug/1 (pool IIb sulfate), 5.3 mug/1 (pool III); 16-dehydropregnenolone, 382.0 mug/1 (pool I), 1,380 mug/1 (pool IIb glucuronide), 172.0 mug/1 (pool IIb sulfate), 174.0 mug/1 (pool III); 16-dehydropregnanolone, 8.3 mug/1 (pool I), 239.0 mug/1 (pool IIb sulfate). Pregnenolone, pregnanolone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone could not be detected. The results support the concept that the steroid patterns of urine of the newborn and amniotic fluid are very similar and that the amniotic fluid steroid content is mainly dependent on fetal urinary steroid excretion. The data on delta16-C21-steroids are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126704", "title": "The manufacture of moulded supportive seating for the handicapped.", "content": "The wheelchair-bound population often have difficulty in obtaining a correct or comfortable posture in their chairs and sometimes develop pressure sores from long-duration sitting. This problem is being solved by manufacturing personalised, contoured seats which support the patient over the maximum area possible thereby reducing the pressure on the body and the incidence of pressure sores. A cast is obtained of the patient in a comfortable, medically correct posture and from this cast the seat is vacuum formed in thermoplastic materials or hand layed up in glass fibre reinforced resin. Some correction of deformity may be achieved. It is also possible to use the moulded seat in a vehicle.", "contents": "The manufacture of moulded supportive seating for the handicapped. The wheelchair-bound population often have difficulty in obtaining a correct or comfortable posture in their chairs and sometimes develop pressure sores from long-duration sitting. This problem is being solved by manufacturing personalised, contoured seats which support the patient over the maximum area possible thereby reducing the pressure on the body and the incidence of pressure sores. A cast is obtained of the patient in a comfortable, medically correct posture and from this cast the seat is vacuum formed in thermoplastic materials or hand layed up in glass fibre reinforced resin. Some correction of deformity may be achieved. It is also possible to use the moulded seat in a vehicle."}
{"id": "PMID:126706", "title": "[Na+--K+-adenosine triphosphatase and some oxidoreductases in the kidney of rats with spontaneous hypertension].", "content": "The activities of the Na+--K+-ATPase, succinic dehydrogenase (SDH/, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH/ and glucose-6-phosphat dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH/ were studied in the cortex outer and inner medulla of the kidneys of rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR) and were compared with those of control normotensive Wistar rats. The SHR aged 6--8 weeks had durint the prehypertensive and the early hypertensive stage the same enzymatic activities as control rats. Rats with a steady SH aged 16-22 weeks had low specific activity of the, Na+--K+-ATPase, SDH and LDH in the outer medulla. The latter can be associated with decreased intensity of the energy metabolism and a reduction of the active sodium transport in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the SHR rats and cold cause the phenomenon of exaggerated natriuresis characteristic of hypertension.", "contents": "[Na+--K+-adenosine triphosphatase and some oxidoreductases in the kidney of rats with spontaneous hypertension]. The activities of the Na+--K+-ATPase, succinic dehydrogenase (SDH/, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH/ and glucose-6-phosphat dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH/ were studied in the cortex outer and inner medulla of the kidneys of rats with spontaneous hypertension (SHR) and were compared with those of control normotensive Wistar rats. The SHR aged 6--8 weeks had durint the prehypertensive and the early hypertensive stage the same enzymatic activities as control rats. Rats with a steady SH aged 16-22 weeks had low specific activity of the, Na+--K+-ATPase, SDH and LDH in the outer medulla. The latter can be associated with decreased intensity of the energy metabolism and a reduction of the active sodium transport in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle in the SHR rats and cold cause the phenomenon of exaggerated natriuresis characteristic of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:126717", "title": "[Immunocyte adherence and leukocyte migration inhibition tests in dogs infested with Leishmania donovani. Importance of lymphocyte conservation in liquid nitrogen].", "content": "A method of canine lymphocytes isolation and storage in liquid azote with DMSO is described. It was possible to use these lymphocytes in the immunocytoadherence and leucocytes migration inhibition tests in dogs infected with Leishmania donovani. The sensitisation was made with a soluble antigen from promastigotes of L. donovani braid by ultrasounds. The dogs with Leishmaniasis gave positive results. The controls without Leishmaniasis were negative. The tests with conserved lymphocytes were as satisfactory as the same tests with fresh lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Immunocyte adherence and leukocyte migration inhibition tests in dogs infested with Leishmania donovani. Importance of lymphocyte conservation in liquid nitrogen]. A method of canine lymphocytes isolation and storage in liquid azote with DMSO is described. It was possible to use these lymphocytes in the immunocytoadherence and leucocytes migration inhibition tests in dogs infected with Leishmania donovani. The sensitisation was made with a soluble antigen from promastigotes of L. donovani braid by ultrasounds. The dogs with Leishmaniasis gave positive results. The controls without Leishmaniasis were negative. The tests with conserved lymphocytes were as satisfactory as the same tests with fresh lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:126718", "title": "[Comparison of topographical locations of reticular cells with 5'-nucleotidase activity in spleen white pulp and lymph nodes in man and rat].", "content": "The cells connections occuring in thymus-dependent areas of the splenic white pulp of rat between 5'nucleotidasic reticular cells and small lymphocytes allowed to research this same associated cells in the rat lymph node and the human splenic white pulp and lymph node. The locations of the thymus- dependent areas seem different in man and rat.", "contents": "[Comparison of topographical locations of reticular cells with 5'-nucleotidase activity in spleen white pulp and lymph nodes in man and rat]. The cells connections occuring in thymus-dependent areas of the splenic white pulp of rat between 5'nucleotidasic reticular cells and small lymphocytes allowed to research this same associated cells in the rat lymph node and the human splenic white pulp and lymph node. The locations of the thymus- dependent areas seem different in man and rat."}
{"id": "PMID:126719", "title": "[Effects of combination alfaxalone and alfadolone, anesthetic derivatives of pregnanedione, on cerebral hemodynamics in cats].", "content": "Intravenous injection of CT 1341 (a mixture of alphaxalone and alphadolone dissolved in cremophor el) induced a decrease in cerebral blood flow (CBF) measured by 133Xe clearance in cats with artificial respiration (the mean reduction in CBF was 2 ml/100 g/mn for 1,2 mg/kg or CT 1341. So, CBF was decreased by 22% when CT 1341 (7,2 mg/kg) was intravenously injected, (mean Pa CO2 equals 30 mm Hg). Changes in CBF following CT 1341 intravenous injection seems to be caused by cerebral vascular constriction evidenced by the direct observation of pial vessels. Following intravenous injection of CT 1341 (from 7, 2 mg/kg to 19,2 mg/kg), the cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia or hypocapnia was not affected, but autoregulation of cerebral blood flow was transiently abolished. In animals with free respiration, CBF was increased in relation with the elevation in Pa CO2 caused by the depression of respiration.", "contents": "[Effects of combination alfaxalone and alfadolone, anesthetic derivatives of pregnanedione, on cerebral hemodynamics in cats]. Intravenous injection of CT 1341 (a mixture of alphaxalone and alphadolone dissolved in cremophor el) induced a decrease in cerebral blood flow (CBF) measured by 133Xe clearance in cats with artificial respiration (the mean reduction in CBF was 2 ml/100 g/mn for 1,2 mg/kg or CT 1341. So, CBF was decreased by 22% when CT 1341 (7,2 mg/kg) was intravenously injected, (mean Pa CO2 equals 30 mm Hg). Changes in CBF following CT 1341 intravenous injection seems to be caused by cerebral vascular constriction evidenced by the direct observation of pial vessels. Following intravenous injection of CT 1341 (from 7, 2 mg/kg to 19,2 mg/kg), the cerebrovascular reactivity to hypercapnia or hypocapnia was not affected, but autoregulation of cerebral blood flow was transiently abolished. In animals with free respiration, CBF was increased in relation with the elevation in Pa CO2 caused by the depression of respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:126720", "title": "[Morphometric data on pineal gland of loir (Glis glis) and lerot (Elioyms quercinus) during the annual cycle].", "content": "The important involution of the pineal gland of Glis glis and Eliomys quercinus during the months of july and august belongs to a polyglandular involution (anterior lobe of the hypophysis, male and female genital glands) characteristic of estivation.", "contents": "[Morphometric data on pineal gland of loir (Glis glis) and lerot (Elioyms quercinus) during the annual cycle]. The important involution of the pineal gland of Glis glis and Eliomys quercinus during the months of july and august belongs to a polyglandular involution (anterior lobe of the hypophysis, male and female genital glands) characteristic of estivation."}
{"id": "PMID:126721", "title": "[Blood lactic acid level changes during acidosis induced by hydrochloric acid perfusion].", "content": "An increase in H+ ions concentration by infusion of hydrochloric acid produces a reduction in lactacidemia. This phenomenon is a result of the inhibitory effect of acidosis on phosphofructokinase producing a diminution of intracellular glycolysis.", "contents": "[Blood lactic acid level changes during acidosis induced by hydrochloric acid perfusion]. An increase in H+ ions concentration by infusion of hydrochloric acid produces a reduction in lactacidemia. This phenomenon is a result of the inhibitory effect of acidosis on phosphofructokinase producing a diminution of intracellular glycolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:126722", "title": "[An invariant of plasma viscosity].", "content": "Determination of \"m\" invariant cannot lead to an absolute measurement of plasmatic viscosity, because \"m\" increases with temperature. It allows however to compare data determined in various conditions.", "contents": "[An invariant of plasma viscosity]. Determination of \"m\" invariant cannot lead to an absolute measurement of plasmatic viscosity, because \"m\" increases with temperature. It allows however to compare data determined in various conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:126724", "title": "[Immunoreactive vasopressin in the supra-chiasmatic nucleus. Preliminary data in rats].", "content": "The immunohistochemical technique for the vasopressin localisation shows the presence of this hormone in neurons of the rat supra-chiasmatic nucleus. Different experimental conditions induce modifications of the supra-chiasmatic vasopressin, and, in the same time, the storage of immunoreactive peptide in the fibres terminating in the external zone of the median eminence. However, the supra-chiasmatic, supraoptic and paraventricular changes are not obligatory similar.", "contents": "[Immunoreactive vasopressin in the supra-chiasmatic nucleus. Preliminary data in rats]. The immunohistochemical technique for the vasopressin localisation shows the presence of this hormone in neurons of the rat supra-chiasmatic nucleus. Different experimental conditions induce modifications of the supra-chiasmatic vasopressin, and, in the same time, the storage of immunoreactive peptide in the fibres terminating in the external zone of the median eminence. However, the supra-chiasmatic, supraoptic and paraventricular changes are not obligatory similar."}
{"id": "PMID:126725", "title": "[Changes in rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system after repeated ethanol administration].", "content": "The histochemical, immunohistological and histoenzymatic study of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat shows that chronic ethanol administration induces: a temporary blockage of vasopressin synthesis, a vasoconstriction of the neurohypophysial capillaries, a dendritic storage of immunoreactive vasopressin. In our experimental conditions, a long ethanol treatment disturbs the balance between vasopressin synthesis and release.", "contents": "[Changes in rat hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal system after repeated ethanol administration]. The histochemical, immunohistological and histoenzymatic study of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system of the rat shows that chronic ethanol administration induces: a temporary blockage of vasopressin synthesis, a vasoconstriction of the neurohypophysial capillaries, a dendritic storage of immunoreactive vasopressin. In our experimental conditions, a long ethanol treatment disturbs the balance between vasopressin synthesis and release."}
{"id": "PMID:126726", "title": "[Influence of interfering stimuli on contingent negative variation].", "content": "The aim of this study was to examine the influence of interfering stimuli on subjects' C.N.V. With a labyrinthic stimulation before association S1-S2 and arithmetic calculation task between S1 and S2, the C.N.V. showed a statistically significant variation (P less than 0.025): it became prolonged after the response to S2. Provocation of a prolonged C.N.V. could be used as criterion to determine an individual threshold of stress.", "contents": "[Influence of interfering stimuli on contingent negative variation]. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of interfering stimuli on subjects' C.N.V. With a labyrinthic stimulation before association S1-S2 and arithmetic calculation task between S1 and S2, the C.N.V. showed a statistically significant variation (P less than 0.025): it became prolonged after the response to S2. Provocation of a prolonged C.N.V. could be used as criterion to determine an individual threshold of stress."}
{"id": "PMID:126727", "title": "[Changes in reactivity of rat visual system during wake-sleep cycle].", "content": "The changes in amplitude of primary responses evoked at cortical level by paired pulses delivered into the optic nerve, have been statistically compared during seven stages of sleep and wakefulness. Results are in agreement with changes in reactivity observed by other authors in the cat; an unexpected but significant decrease in reactivity has however been obtained during eyemovements when compared with other periods of paradoxical sleep.", "contents": "[Changes in reactivity of rat visual system during wake-sleep cycle]. The changes in amplitude of primary responses evoked at cortical level by paired pulses delivered into the optic nerve, have been statistically compared during seven stages of sleep and wakefulness. Results are in agreement with changes in reactivity observed by other authors in the cat; an unexpected but significant decrease in reactivity has however been obtained during eyemovements when compared with other periods of paradoxical sleep."}
{"id": "PMID:126728", "title": "[Double central projection of VIIIth cranial nerve in the frog (Rana esculenta L.)].", "content": "In the frog we have cut the anterior or the posterior root of the VIIIth nerve between Scarpa's ganglion and the medulla oblongata. The degenerations show that both roots project onto the ventral and the dorsal vestibular nuclei.", "contents": "[Double central projection of VIIIth cranial nerve in the frog (Rana esculenta L.)]. In the frog we have cut the anterior or the posterior root of the VIIIth nerve between Scarpa's ganglion and the medulla oblongata. The degenerations show that both roots project onto the ventral and the dorsal vestibular nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:126729", "title": "[Changes in ventilatory patterns before and after vagotomy in rabbits].", "content": "Ventilatory pattern have been investigated during rebreathing experiments. Before vagotomy, a linear relation has been found between increasing tidal volume and decreasing inspiratory and expiratory durations. After vagotomy, these relations existed but expiratory duration remained almost constant.", "contents": "[Changes in ventilatory patterns before and after vagotomy in rabbits]. Ventilatory pattern have been investigated during rebreathing experiments. Before vagotomy, a linear relation has been found between increasing tidal volume and decreasing inspiratory and expiratory durations. After vagotomy, these relations existed but expiratory duration remained almost constant."}
{"id": "PMID:126730", "title": "[Effect of L-dopa combined with benserazide on hemodynamics and motor activity in hypoxic rats].", "content": "Pretreatment by benserazide (50 mg/kg) and L.dopa (100 mg/kg) reduces functionnal deficiency produced by hypoxic hypoxia in rats reduces hemodynamic modifications in relation to it (rheoencephalogram) without any effect on ventilation.", "contents": "[Effect of L-dopa combined with benserazide on hemodynamics and motor activity in hypoxic rats]. Pretreatment by benserazide (50 mg/kg) and L.dopa (100 mg/kg) reduces functionnal deficiency produced by hypoxic hypoxia in rats reduces hemodynamic modifications in relation to it (rheoencephalogram) without any effect on ventilation."}
{"id": "PMID:126731", "title": "[Influence of the saccule in vestibular tilting reaction in frogs (Rana occipitalis)].", "content": "In blinded frogs we have cut the saccular nerve on both sides. This results in decreasing the amplitude of the tilting reactions (which are elicited by stimulation of the utriculi). The saccular facilitation of tilting reactions is more or less great according to the frogs.", "contents": "[Influence of the saccule in vestibular tilting reaction in frogs (Rana occipitalis)]. In blinded frogs we have cut the saccular nerve on both sides. This results in decreasing the amplitude of the tilting reactions (which are elicited by stimulation of the utriculi). The saccular facilitation of tilting reactions is more or less great according to the frogs."}
{"id": "PMID:126732", "title": "[Characteristics of guinea pig anti-bovine parathormone antiserum used in radioimmunologic determination of human parathormone].", "content": "The cross-reaction for hPTH radioimmunoassay and the multiple forms of hPTH circulating, pose several problems in interpreting results. This communication reports a sensitive radioimmunoassay for hPTH utilising a guineapig antiserum which is reactive with the amino-terminal region retaining biological activity, and which cross-reacts completely with hPTH, indicating levels of hPTH expressed as bovine PTH equivalent that would be correct.", "contents": "[Characteristics of guinea pig anti-bovine parathormone antiserum used in radioimmunologic determination of human parathormone]. The cross-reaction for hPTH radioimmunoassay and the multiple forms of hPTH circulating, pose several problems in interpreting results. This communication reports a sensitive radioimmunoassay for hPTH utilising a guineapig antiserum which is reactive with the amino-terminal region retaining biological activity, and which cross-reacts completely with hPTH, indicating levels of hPTH expressed as bovine PTH equivalent that would be correct."}
{"id": "PMID:126733", "title": "[Effect of some antibiotics on semi-circular canal activity in the frog (Rana esculenta)].", "content": "We have studied the action of two ototoxic antibiotics (streptomycin and gentamycin) on the activity of the horizontal semicircular canal in comparison with those of penicillin and 7 g/1 NaCl solution, all of them being injected into the labyrinthic cavity. Only streptomycin and gentamycin have a specific action, and the one of streptomycin is much more important than the one of gentamycin.", "contents": "[Effect of some antibiotics on semi-circular canal activity in the frog (Rana esculenta)]. We have studied the action of two ototoxic antibiotics (streptomycin and gentamycin) on the activity of the horizontal semicircular canal in comparison with those of penicillin and 7 g/1 NaCl solution, all of them being injected into the labyrinthic cavity. Only streptomycin and gentamycin have a specific action, and the one of streptomycin is much more important than the one of gentamycin."}
{"id": "PMID:126734", "title": "[Effect of adrenaline, glucagon and insulin on glucose metabolism in carp: influence of temperature].", "content": "In carps living since 4 months at 6, 20 or 30 degrees C, epinephrine or glucagon injections produce increase in plasma glucose but affect only slightly liver glycogen: lower is the temperature, slower and longer are the effect. Insulin injection induces more or less delayed hypoglycaemia according to temperature acclimatization; decrease in blood glucose is accompanied by a slight increase of glycogen in all tissues at 6 degrees C and on the contrary by a very strong depletion of this polysaccharide in liver and even heart at 20 and 30 degrees C.", "contents": "[Effect of adrenaline, glucagon and insulin on glucose metabolism in carp: influence of temperature]. In carps living since 4 months at 6, 20 or 30 degrees C, epinephrine or glucagon injections produce increase in plasma glucose but affect only slightly liver glycogen: lower is the temperature, slower and longer are the effect. Insulin injection induces more or less delayed hypoglycaemia according to temperature acclimatization; decrease in blood glucose is accompanied by a slight increase of glycogen in all tissues at 6 degrees C and on the contrary by a very strong depletion of this polysaccharide in liver and even heart at 20 and 30 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:126735", "title": "[Influence of genital hormones on guinea pig thymus gland cytology].", "content": "The changes of the thymic cytologia under the action of genital hormones were studied in giunea pigs. The conclusion of the experiments was: the oestrogens are the only hormones to induce a fast and complete involution of the thymic tissue with appearance of Foa-Kurloff cells'. The cell seems to have all the necessary characters to be the morphologic substratum of an eventual cytocrine secretion of the thymus.", "contents": "[Influence of genital hormones on guinea pig thymus gland cytology]. The changes of the thymic cytologia under the action of genital hormones were studied in giunea pigs. The conclusion of the experiments was: the oestrogens are the only hormones to induce a fast and complete involution of the thymic tissue with appearance of Foa-Kurloff cells'. The cell seems to have all the necessary characters to be the morphologic substratum of an eventual cytocrine secretion of the thymus."}
{"id": "PMID:126736", "title": "[Catalase activity in Paramecium aurelia].", "content": "The catalase activity of Paramecium aurelia was determined by the procedure of Sinha after bacteria elimination from culture medium. A significant level of catalase activity was shown, higher than in other cell kinds. The role of catalase activity in Paramecium sensitivity to low doses of ionizing radiations is discuted.", "contents": "[Catalase activity in Paramecium aurelia]. The catalase activity of Paramecium aurelia was determined by the procedure of Sinha after bacteria elimination from culture medium. A significant level of catalase activity was shown, higher than in other cell kinds. The role of catalase activity in Paramecium sensitivity to low doses of ionizing radiations is discuted."}
{"id": "PMID:126737", "title": "[Influence of x-rays on depolymerization of lathyric collagen fibers reconstituted in vitro].", "content": "Irradiation of native collagen from lathyric rats in solution reduces the depolymerisation speed in the cold of fibres formed by gelification at 37 degrees C, rendering it thus comparable to the speed observed with normal collagen. In our test this normalisation does not appear if the collagen is irradiated in the state of gel. These observations and the absence of specific modifications induced by irradiation in the presence of reagents of the aldehydes speak in favour of the interference, on irradiation, of chemical groups different from the physiological aldehyde groups.", "contents": "[Influence of x-rays on depolymerization of lathyric collagen fibers reconstituted in vitro]. Irradiation of native collagen from lathyric rats in solution reduces the depolymerisation speed in the cold of fibres formed by gelification at 37 degrees C, rendering it thus comparable to the speed observed with normal collagen. In our test this normalisation does not appear if the collagen is irradiated in the state of gel. These observations and the absence of specific modifications induced by irradiation in the presence of reagents of the aldehydes speak in favour of the interference, on irradiation, of chemical groups different from the physiological aldehyde groups."}
{"id": "PMID:126738", "title": "[Argentaffin cells in human adenohypophysis].", "content": "Appropriate techniques such as Bodian's method demonstrate numerous argyrophilic cells in the adenohypophysis of man. These cells were shown by subsequent staining methods to be chromophobe cells. Furthermore, beta cells may also be impregnated by the method of Bodian, but display a much less intense argyrophilia than the first mentioned cell type. Both cellular forms react positively to diazotation techniques used to demonstrate indol radicals. This findings should be related, for instance, with the demonstration of indolamines in beta cells by the technique of induced fluorescence.", "contents": "[Argentaffin cells in human adenohypophysis]. Appropriate techniques such as Bodian's method demonstrate numerous argyrophilic cells in the adenohypophysis of man. These cells were shown by subsequent staining methods to be chromophobe cells. Furthermore, beta cells may also be impregnated by the method of Bodian, but display a much less intense argyrophilia than the first mentioned cell type. Both cellular forms react positively to diazotation techniques used to demonstrate indol radicals. This findings should be related, for instance, with the demonstration of indolamines in beta cells by the technique of induced fluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:126739", "title": "[Influence of muscular exercise on blood catecholamine levels in rats].", "content": "Lactacidemia, catecholaminemia and blood pressure have been measured in normal rats submitted to a swimming exercise. They are overloaded (6% body weight). Lactacidemia is increased after 15 minutes swimming. Adrenalinemia and noradrenalinemia are also statisticaly increased. Blood pressure falls during the exercice period. Hypotension is prevented by beta adrenergic blockade.", "contents": "[Influence of muscular exercise on blood catecholamine levels in rats]. Lactacidemia, catecholaminemia and blood pressure have been measured in normal rats submitted to a swimming exercise. They are overloaded (6% body weight). Lactacidemia is increased after 15 minutes swimming. Adrenalinemia and noradrenalinemia are also statisticaly increased. Blood pressure falls during the exercice period. Hypotension is prevented by beta adrenergic blockade."}
{"id": "PMID:126740", "title": "[Effect of superior cervical ganglionectomy on Harder (rat and rabbit) and Loewenthal (rat) glands].", "content": "An unilateral superior gangliectomy induce morphological changes in the way of an hypersecretory activity of the harderian gland. If the unmyelinised nervous system is not notably affected, some specific cytological aspects are undoubted. (In rats as in rabbits). On \"harderised\" spots in the outer orbital glands of rats, the same changes occur in the same delay (27 to 130 days).", "contents": "[Effect of superior cervical ganglionectomy on Harder (rat and rabbit) and Loewenthal (rat) glands]. An unilateral superior gangliectomy induce morphological changes in the way of an hypersecretory activity of the harderian gland. If the unmyelinised nervous system is not notably affected, some specific cytological aspects are undoubted. (In rats as in rabbits). On \"harderised\" spots in the outer orbital glands of rats, the same changes occur in the same delay (27 to 130 days)."}
{"id": "PMID:126741", "title": "[Depigmentizing effect of a glucocorticoid applied topically to black giunea pig skin].", "content": "A 33 p. cent triamcinolone acetonide in DMSO is applied on the skin of black guinea-pig to ascertain its depigmenting potency. Its action is characterised by a marked, but incomplete, reduction of melanocytes in the epidermis and in the hair. A comparison is made with an other previously experimented corticosteroid.", "contents": "[Depigmentizing effect of a glucocorticoid applied topically to black giunea pig skin]. A 33 p. cent triamcinolone acetonide in DMSO is applied on the skin of black guinea-pig to ascertain its depigmenting potency. Its action is characterised by a marked, but incomplete, reduction of melanocytes in the epidermis and in the hair. A comparison is made with an other previously experimented corticosteroid."}
{"id": "PMID:126742", "title": "[Effect of cannabis on learning in the cynocephalic monkey (Papio Papio)].", "content": "Chronic treatment of monkeys with Cannabis reduce the speed of acquisition of learned behavior, yet, learning is nevertheless possible. After acquisition, Cannabis administration disturb the responses in the learning test. In this two experimental procedures, tolerance occurs to the effects of Cannabis.", "contents": "[Effect of cannabis on learning in the cynocephalic monkey (Papio Papio)]. Chronic treatment of monkeys with Cannabis reduce the speed of acquisition of learned behavior, yet, learning is nevertheless possible. After acquisition, Cannabis administration disturb the responses in the learning test. In this two experimental procedures, tolerance occurs to the effects of Cannabis."}
{"id": "PMID:126743", "title": "[Polychromatism in eggshell of domestic quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). III. Variability and mechanism of phenotype transmission of the dominant form].", "content": "The study of the transmission of egg shell color and pattern in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) indicates a polygenic inheritance modality, determined by the female sex.", "contents": "[Polychromatism in eggshell of domestic quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). III. Variability and mechanism of phenotype transmission of the dominant form]. The study of the transmission of egg shell color and pattern in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) indicates a polygenic inheritance modality, determined by the female sex."}
{"id": "PMID:126744", "title": "[Polychromatism in eggshell or domestic quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). IV. Porphyrin biosynthesis in uteri of phenotypes belonging to the dominant form].", "content": "With the introduction of delta-aminolevulinic acid, uterin extracts, in vitro, can synthesize porphyrins (uroporphyrin, 62%; coproporphyrin, 27%; and protoporphyrin, 11%). At the stage where the uterus contains a white egg, various phenotypes in the dominant form are capable of synthesizing with the introduction of delta-aminolevulinic acid, the same quantity of porphyrins. These results are interpreted, assuming the existence of differences in the activity of the enzymes involved during the laying cycle.", "contents": "[Polychromatism in eggshell or domestic quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). IV. Porphyrin biosynthesis in uteri of phenotypes belonging to the dominant form]. With the introduction of delta-aminolevulinic acid, uterin extracts, in vitro, can synthesize porphyrins (uroporphyrin, 62%; coproporphyrin, 27%; and protoporphyrin, 11%). At the stage where the uterus contains a white egg, various phenotypes in the dominant form are capable of synthesizing with the introduction of delta-aminolevulinic acid, the same quantity of porphyrins. These results are interpreted, assuming the existence of differences in the activity of the enzymes involved during the laying cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:126745", "title": "[Effect of L-adrenaline on extracellular space in rabbit aorta and pulmonary artery].", "content": "Adrenaline causes an increase of extra-cellular fluid space in aorta and pulmonary artery of the rabbit. The effect is parallel in both tissues and the relative increase is about 20% of the normal value. The results confirm the oedematous reaction of the arterial wall to adrenaline; this action of adrenaline appears to be very long.", "contents": "[Effect of L-adrenaline on extracellular space in rabbit aorta and pulmonary artery]. Adrenaline causes an increase of extra-cellular fluid space in aorta and pulmonary artery of the rabbit. The effect is parallel in both tissues and the relative increase is about 20% of the normal value. The results confirm the oedematous reaction of the arterial wall to adrenaline; this action of adrenaline appears to be very long."}
{"id": "PMID:126746", "title": "[Change in DNA synthesis during compensatory hypertrophy in rat kidney. Stimulating factor in serum].", "content": "DNA synthesis by the kidneys was studied in young rats by incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Peak of DNA synthesis was observed as soon as 24 hr after uninephrectomy. No significative difference was observed between control rats and those receiving various doses of serum obtained from uninephrectomized or sham operated rats. Serum of uninephrectomized rats did not increase DNA synthesis in kidney slices in vitro.", "contents": "[Change in DNA synthesis during compensatory hypertrophy in rat kidney. Stimulating factor in serum]. DNA synthesis by the kidneys was studied in young rats by incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Peak of DNA synthesis was observed as soon as 24 hr after uninephrectomy. No significative difference was observed between control rats and those receiving various doses of serum obtained from uninephrectomized or sham operated rats. Serum of uninephrectomized rats did not increase DNA synthesis in kidney slices in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:126747", "title": "[Unit activities of the salmon Salmo salar preoptic nucleus in Parr, Parr-Smolt and Smolt stadia].", "content": "The olfactory and gustatory stimulations with NaCl (10(-5)-10(-2) M/1) bring about certain typical modifications of the preoptic cells activity in the case of \"Parr\" and \"Parr smolt\". The \"on\" or \"off\" or \"on and off\" effects are very marked. Unlike the \"Smolt\" stage is accompanied by an important decrease of the preoptic cells activity, sometimes until complete silence of the nucleus. sequential analysis and statistical analysis. The activities recorded on a magnetic tape are feld to a mini computer.", "contents": "[Unit activities of the salmon Salmo salar preoptic nucleus in Parr, Parr-Smolt and Smolt stadia]. The olfactory and gustatory stimulations with NaCl (10(-5)-10(-2) M/1) bring about certain typical modifications of the preoptic cells activity in the case of \"Parr\" and \"Parr smolt\". The \"on\" or \"off\" or \"on and off\" effects are very marked. Unlike the \"Smolt\" stage is accompanied by an important decrease of the preoptic cells activity, sometimes until complete silence of the nucleus. sequential analysis and statistical analysis. The activities recorded on a magnetic tape are feld to a mini computer."}
{"id": "PMID:126748", "title": "[Iodoamino acid composition of rat thyroglobulin of varying total iodine concentration and fractions isolated by isopycnic ultracentrifugation].", "content": "Iodoaminoacid content (iodothyronines, T3 and T4, and iodotyrosines, MIT and DIT) has been determined in enzymatic hydrolysates of thyroglobulin Tg 19S of different iodine content (0.3-0.9%) isolated from equilibrium labeled rats. Preparative equilibrium centrifugation in RbCl density gradients of pure thyroglobulin was used to obtain protein fractions of largely different iodine content (0.2-1.2% I). Thin layer chromatography of total hydrolysates demonstrated that the distribution of iodoaminoacids depends on the total iodine content of each fraction. It is concluded, in agreement with previous results, that the native structure of Tg is an important factor in the regulation of hormone biosynthesis and that even at low iodination levels of Tg. T3 and T4 are synthesized.", "contents": "[Iodoamino acid composition of rat thyroglobulin of varying total iodine concentration and fractions isolated by isopycnic ultracentrifugation]. Iodoaminoacid content (iodothyronines, T3 and T4, and iodotyrosines, MIT and DIT) has been determined in enzymatic hydrolysates of thyroglobulin Tg 19S of different iodine content (0.3-0.9%) isolated from equilibrium labeled rats. Preparative equilibrium centrifugation in RbCl density gradients of pure thyroglobulin was used to obtain protein fractions of largely different iodine content (0.2-1.2% I). Thin layer chromatography of total hydrolysates demonstrated that the distribution of iodoaminoacids depends on the total iodine content of each fraction. It is concluded, in agreement with previous results, that the native structure of Tg is an important factor in the regulation of hormone biosynthesis and that even at low iodination levels of Tg. T3 and T4 are synthesized."}
{"id": "PMID:126749", "title": "[Effect of attenuated Listeria monocytogenes cultures on the development of a sarcoma graft, mouse mammary epitheliomas and a dog carcinoma].", "content": "The injection of attenuated Listeria monocytogenes culture together with BP8 sarcoma cells into C3H mice prevented the taking of the graft. Moreover, the intratumoral injection of attenuated Listeria doubled the survival time of the animals and, in one case a regression of the tumour was observed. After intratumoral injection, in three out of five mice, the mammary carcinoma disappeared, and the course of a gingival carcinoma in a dog was slowed down.", "contents": "[Effect of attenuated Listeria monocytogenes cultures on the development of a sarcoma graft, mouse mammary epitheliomas and a dog carcinoma]. The injection of attenuated Listeria monocytogenes culture together with BP8 sarcoma cells into C3H mice prevented the taking of the graft. Moreover, the intratumoral injection of attenuated Listeria doubled the survival time of the animals and, in one case a regression of the tumour was observed. After intratumoral injection, in three out of five mice, the mammary carcinoma disappeared, and the course of a gingival carcinoma in a dog was slowed down."}
{"id": "PMID:126750", "title": "[Comparative study of neurophysiological effects of unsubstituted phenol ethers of alpha mono- and diglycerides].", "content": "The addition of a second alpha-glyceryl to alpha-phenoxypropanediol strongly modifies the inhibitor actions on the synaptic transmission. These new di-ethers do not show solubility nor effect on the water superficial tension and simultaneously do not provoke any neurophysiological inhibitor effect. The ability of cellular penetration by lipidic solubility seems a necessary condition for pharmacological effect of alpha-glyceric ethers.", "contents": "[Comparative study of neurophysiological effects of unsubstituted phenol ethers of alpha mono- and diglycerides]. The addition of a second alpha-glyceryl to alpha-phenoxypropanediol strongly modifies the inhibitor actions on the synaptic transmission. These new di-ethers do not show solubility nor effect on the water superficial tension and simultaneously do not provoke any neurophysiological inhibitor effect. The ability of cellular penetration by lipidic solubility seems a necessary condition for pharmacological effect of alpha-glyceric ethers."}
{"id": "PMID:126751", "title": "[Effect of phenoxybenzamine, propranolol and guanethidine after repeated administration on nutritional blood flow in rats].", "content": "In anesthetized rats, after i.p. treatment during 4 days: phenoxybenzamine and guanethidine were hypotensive and increased nutritional blood flow in squeletal muscles; propranolol had a poor hypotensive effect and decreased nutritional circulation in heart, skin and intestine.", "contents": "[Effect of phenoxybenzamine, propranolol and guanethidine after repeated administration on nutritional blood flow in rats]. In anesthetized rats, after i.p. treatment during 4 days: phenoxybenzamine and guanethidine were hypotensive and increased nutritional blood flow in squeletal muscles; propranolol had a poor hypotensive effect and decreased nutritional circulation in heart, skin and intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:126752", "title": "[Rates of endogenous noradrenaline release in rat brain, heart and intestines: comparison of results obtained after biosynthesis inhibition and 3H-tyrosine labeling].", "content": "After labelling of noradrenaline stores with tyrosine 3H, the rate constant of NA efflux was calculated from the change of the NA-3H and TY-3H specific activities. The biological half-life of NA was 2,2 h in the brain, 24 h in the heart and 3,3 h in the intestine. These values were similar to those obtained after inhibition of NA synthesis by alpha-methylparatyrosine.", "contents": "[Rates of endogenous noradrenaline release in rat brain, heart and intestines: comparison of results obtained after biosynthesis inhibition and 3H-tyrosine labeling]. After labelling of noradrenaline stores with tyrosine 3H, the rate constant of NA efflux was calculated from the change of the NA-3H and TY-3H specific activities. The biological half-life of NA was 2,2 h in the brain, 24 h in the heart and 3,3 h in the intestine. These values were similar to those obtained after inhibition of NA synthesis by alpha-methylparatyrosine."}
{"id": "PMID:126754", "title": "[Preliminary data on the origin of splanchnic nerve afferent fibers with respiratory influence].", "content": "Electrical stimulation of threshold branches beyond the celiac ganglion in lightly anesthetized cats results in phrenic nerve responses of two kinds. The anterior branches are inhibitory. The inferior branches are excitatory. The significance of the results are discussed in relation with visceral afferent nerve pathways.", "contents": "[Preliminary data on the origin of splanchnic nerve afferent fibers with respiratory influence]. Electrical stimulation of threshold branches beyond the celiac ganglion in lightly anesthetized cats results in phrenic nerve responses of two kinds. The anterior branches are inhibitory. The inferior branches are excitatory. The significance of the results are discussed in relation with visceral afferent nerve pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:126755", "title": "[Meiogenic function of follicular fluid. Gonadotropins and labeling with Na2 35SO4 in follicular cells and ovocytes in immature mice].", "content": "The injection in immature mouse of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) with Na2 35SO4 in a strict equilibrium allowed us to show the concentration of 35S in the follicular fluid (meiogenic function) and around maturating oocytes (meiosis). This result allow new cytological progress in the field of vertebrates oogenesis.", "contents": "[Meiogenic function of follicular fluid. Gonadotropins and labeling with Na2 35SO4 in follicular cells and ovocytes in immature mice]. The injection in immature mouse of pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) with Na2 35SO4 in a strict equilibrium allowed us to show the concentration of 35S in the follicular fluid (meiogenic function) and around maturating oocytes (meiosis). This result allow new cytological progress in the field of vertebrates oogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:126756", "title": "[Clinical, anatomical and biophysical data on a case of encephalopathy with aluminum deposits].", "content": "A man presented at 27 years of age, the first signs of a progressive neurological and mental deterioration which eventually lead to his death at 37, from an intercurrent pulmonary infection. He was a severe alcoholic. The pathological examination of the brain revealed patchy demyelination and deposits of crystalline material, resembling so called calcifications. The biophysical examination showed the presence in the brain and other organs, of aluminum and phosphorus in all deposits, sometimes associated with iron, sulfur and calcium. Nothing in his past history suggests any contact with aluminum. Presumably this is a case of \"generalized aluminosis\", with the main clinical and pathological features manifesting in the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Clinical, anatomical and biophysical data on a case of encephalopathy with aluminum deposits]. A man presented at 27 years of age, the first signs of a progressive neurological and mental deterioration which eventually lead to his death at 37, from an intercurrent pulmonary infection. He was a severe alcoholic. The pathological examination of the brain revealed patchy demyelination and deposits of crystalline material, resembling so called calcifications. The biophysical examination showed the presence in the brain and other organs, of aluminum and phosphorus in all deposits, sometimes associated with iron, sulfur and calcium. Nothing in his past history suggests any contact with aluminum. Presumably this is a case of \"generalized aluminosis\", with the main clinical and pathological features manifesting in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:126757", "title": "[Influence of intra-uterine growth retardation on plasma and adrenal corticosterone levels during development in rats].", "content": "The evolution of plasma and adrenals corticosterone was followed in normal rats, sham rats, IUGR rats and their controls, during the foetal and post-natal development. Adrenals weight was significantly reduced in IUGR rats. Corticosterone plasma levels were lower in IUGR rats up to 24 hours after birth.", "contents": "[Influence of intra-uterine growth retardation on plasma and adrenal corticosterone levels during development in rats]. The evolution of plasma and adrenals corticosterone was followed in normal rats, sham rats, IUGR rats and their controls, during the foetal and post-natal development. Adrenals weight was significantly reduced in IUGR rats. Corticosterone plasma levels were lower in IUGR rats up to 24 hours after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:126758", "title": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in cerebral cortex of young rats undernourished since birth].", "content": "The developmental profile of the isoenzymes of lacticodehydrogenase of cerebral cortex, investigated by starch gel electrophoresis, is not retarded during neo and post-natal undernutrition, although hypothyroidism is known to do so.", "contents": "[Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in cerebral cortex of young rats undernourished since birth]. The developmental profile of the isoenzymes of lacticodehydrogenase of cerebral cortex, investigated by starch gel electrophoresis, is not retarded during neo and post-natal undernutrition, although hypothyroidism is known to do so."}
{"id": "PMID:126759", "title": "[In vitro study of buffer capacity of blood as a function of hemoglobin concentration in rabbits].", "content": "Rabbit blood samples with different hemoglobin contents were equilibrated with 3,5 and 7% of CO2 in air permetting buffer line determination. Normal buffer line was --24.5 +/- 1.45 Slyke (M +/- 1 SE). The buffer line/hemoglobin concentration calculated regression line was beta = 2.46 [Hb] + 6.56. These data are compared with results obtained in human blood.", "contents": "[In vitro study of buffer capacity of blood as a function of hemoglobin concentration in rabbits]. Rabbit blood samples with different hemoglobin contents were equilibrated with 3,5 and 7% of CO2 in air permetting buffer line determination. Normal buffer line was --24.5 +/- 1.45 Slyke (M +/- 1 SE). The buffer line/hemoglobin concentration calculated regression line was beta = 2.46 [Hb] + 6.56. These data are compared with results obtained in human blood."}
{"id": "PMID:126760", "title": "[Utilization of rubidium 86 for humoral cytotoxicity tracing of sarcoma 180].", "content": "86Rb has been used as a tracer for Sarcoma 180 ascitic cells in a humoral cytotoxicity system, and compared with the trypan blue dye exclusion method. In as little as five minutes after contact with antiserum and complement, about 90 p. cent of the isotope has gone from the cells, with a significant difference between controls and experimentals. There is a good correlation between 86Rb and trypan blue dye exclusion results. The only pitfall is a relative fragility of cells during the centrifugation stages of the two washings.", "contents": "[Utilization of rubidium 86 for humoral cytotoxicity tracing of sarcoma 180]. 86Rb has been used as a tracer for Sarcoma 180 ascitic cells in a humoral cytotoxicity system, and compared with the trypan blue dye exclusion method. In as little as five minutes after contact with antiserum and complement, about 90 p. cent of the isotope has gone from the cells, with a significant difference between controls and experimentals. There is a good correlation between 86Rb and trypan blue dye exclusion results. The only pitfall is a relative fragility of cells during the centrifugation stages of the two washings."}
{"id": "PMID:126761", "title": "[Effect of dl-propranolol and l-and d-alprenolol on arterial pressure in awake or anesthesized, normo- or hypertensive rats].", "content": "Intravenous administration of dl-propranolol, l-and d-alpr\u00e9nolol in normotensive and spontaneous, renal or neurogen hypertensive rats induced decrease of blood pressure in anaesthetized animals. In awake animals hypotensive activity was irregular and lower.", "contents": "[Effect of dl-propranolol and l-and d-alprenolol on arterial pressure in awake or anesthesized, normo- or hypertensive rats]. Intravenous administration of dl-propranolol, l-and d-alpr\u00e9nolol in normotensive and spontaneous, renal or neurogen hypertensive rats induced decrease of blood pressure in anaesthetized animals. In awake animals hypotensive activity was irregular and lower."}
{"id": "PMID:126762", "title": "[Immunological study of gonadotropic and prolactin cells in adenohypophysis of the Barbary duck (Cairina moschata L.)].", "content": "In both lobes of the pars distalis of the Barbary duck the basophile, alcian-blue positive and PAS negative cells no affected by thyroxine treatment are revealed by anti-HCG-immunserum; they are certainly gonadotropic cells previously named delta-cells in the Pekin duck. In the cephalic lobe only one type of PAS positive cells, is revealed by antiprolactin antiserum; they are abundant and very active in the broody duck.", "contents": "[Immunological study of gonadotropic and prolactin cells in adenohypophysis of the Barbary duck (Cairina moschata L.)]. In both lobes of the pars distalis of the Barbary duck the basophile, alcian-blue positive and PAS negative cells no affected by thyroxine treatment are revealed by anti-HCG-immunserum; they are certainly gonadotropic cells previously named delta-cells in the Pekin duck. In the cephalic lobe only one type of PAS positive cells, is revealed by antiprolactin antiserum; they are abundant and very active in the broody duck."}
{"id": "PMID:126763", "title": "[Strontium and calcium metabolism. Interaction of strontium and vitamin D].", "content": "Oral administration of strontium to calcium wellfed rats blocks the intestinal absorption of calcium. When high doses of vitamine D are given over long period, the inhibition of calcium intestinal absorption disapears. Under these conditions the absorption of strontium is increased. It is suggested that there is only one absorption mechanism for these two cations. An overdose of the vitamine D increases the renal elimination of strontium but under these conditions the plasma concentration of the strontium is unchanged. Vitamine D brings about the some action on the bone fixation of the strontium as it does on the bone fixation of calcium. The bone fixation is increased with low dosages. The bone fixation is decreased with high dosages.", "contents": "[Strontium and calcium metabolism. Interaction of strontium and vitamin D]. Oral administration of strontium to calcium wellfed rats blocks the intestinal absorption of calcium. When high doses of vitamine D are given over long period, the inhibition of calcium intestinal absorption disapears. Under these conditions the absorption of strontium is increased. It is suggested that there is only one absorption mechanism for these two cations. An overdose of the vitamine D increases the renal elimination of strontium but under these conditions the plasma concentration of the strontium is unchanged. Vitamine D brings about the some action on the bone fixation of the strontium as it does on the bone fixation of calcium. The bone fixation is increased with low dosages. The bone fixation is decreased with high dosages."}
{"id": "PMID:126764", "title": "[Mathematical study of estrogen-progesterone antagonisms in the golden hamster].", "content": "By the test of experimental deciduomata in the golden Hamster we have built a curve of hormonal antagonism between estradiol benzoate, and progesterone for growthing doses. The mathematical treatment of this curve allows a comparison with the figure of an enzymatic inhibition reaction.", "contents": "[Mathematical study of estrogen-progesterone antagonisms in the golden hamster]. By the test of experimental deciduomata in the golden Hamster we have built a curve of hormonal antagonism between estradiol benzoate, and progesterone for growthing doses. The mathematical treatment of this curve allows a comparison with the figure of an enzymatic inhibition reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:126765", "title": "[Optical microscopic study of the effect of the hypothalamic hormone T.R.H. on certain cell types of rat anterior hypophysis].", "content": "A cytological and optical microscopic study of the anterior lobe of hypohysis in the Wistar adult rat 10, 30 or 60 minutes after intravenous injection of 50 mug of synthetic TRH discloses modifications of thyrotropic cells and prolactin cells. It's possible to recognize a quick degranulation of the prolactin cells (with a maximum at the 10th minute) and a slower degranulation of the thyrotropic cells (perceptible at the 10th minute and very pronounced at the 60th minute). The somatrotopic cells did not show any modification.", "contents": "[Optical microscopic study of the effect of the hypothalamic hormone T.R.H. on certain cell types of rat anterior hypophysis]. A cytological and optical microscopic study of the anterior lobe of hypohysis in the Wistar adult rat 10, 30 or 60 minutes after intravenous injection of 50 mug of synthetic TRH discloses modifications of thyrotropic cells and prolactin cells. It's possible to recognize a quick degranulation of the prolactin cells (with a maximum at the 10th minute) and a slower degranulation of the thyrotropic cells (perceptible at the 10th minute and very pronounced at the 60th minute). The somatrotopic cells did not show any modification."}
{"id": "PMID:126766", "title": "[Effect of temperature changes of the intestinal wall on the digestive motility in wakeful dogs].", "content": "The effect of intestinal wall temperature variations on the digestive motility has been studied in the non anaesthetized dog. The results show the presence of a linear relation between the basic electrical rythm frequency and the intestinal wall temperature; the frequence of spikes potentials emission is an exponentiel function of intestinal wall temperature.", "contents": "[Effect of temperature changes of the intestinal wall on the digestive motility in wakeful dogs]. The effect of intestinal wall temperature variations on the digestive motility has been studied in the non anaesthetized dog. The results show the presence of a linear relation between the basic electrical rythm frequency and the intestinal wall temperature; the frequence of spikes potentials emission is an exponentiel function of intestinal wall temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:126767", "title": "[Study of sodium pump in erythrocytes with 22Na and 42K. I. Technics and results in normal people].", "content": "An isotopic technique enabling the study of sodium and potassium flux rates in human red cells is reported. Nine normal patients have been studied for both isotopes. The results obtained are compared with those published in the literature.", "contents": "[Study of sodium pump in erythrocytes with 22Na and 42K. I. Technics and results in normal people]. An isotopic technique enabling the study of sodium and potassium flux rates in human red cells is reported. Nine normal patients have been studied for both isotopes. The results obtained are compared with those published in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:126768", "title": "[Protection by oral vaccination of mice with an avirulent live strain of Salmonella typhimurium].", "content": "Before determining the quantity of mouse intestinal secretory IgA after oral vaccination, we have tried to find the best conditions of immunization with an avirulent S. typhimurium strain given by oral route. The results show the superiority of the live vaccin with respect to the heat-killed one.", "contents": "[Protection by oral vaccination of mice with an avirulent live strain of Salmonella typhimurium]. Before determining the quantity of mouse intestinal secretory IgA after oral vaccination, we have tried to find the best conditions of immunization with an avirulent S. typhimurium strain given by oral route. The results show the superiority of the live vaccin with respect to the heat-killed one."}
{"id": "PMID:126769", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay without extraction of L-triiodothyronine in human serum].", "content": "A radio-immunoassay of L-triiodothyronin is described. Blinding of T3 to TBG is prevented by salicylate (1%--w/v). The rabbit antiserum obtained by injection of a complexe T3-bovine serum albumin is diluted between 1/10000 and 1/20000. Bound and free hormone are separated by polyethylene glycol (17%--w/v). Serum T3-concentration in normal subjects averaged 132 +/- 29 ng/dl (SD). In hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients, these values were respectively 351 +/- 118 ng/dl and 68 +/- 21 ng/dl.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay without extraction of L-triiodothyronine in human serum]. A radio-immunoassay of L-triiodothyronin is described. Blinding of T3 to TBG is prevented by salicylate (1%--w/v). The rabbit antiserum obtained by injection of a complexe T3-bovine serum albumin is diluted between 1/10000 and 1/20000. Bound and free hormone are separated by polyethylene glycol (17%--w/v). Serum T3-concentration in normal subjects averaged 132 +/- 29 ng/dl (SD). In hyperthyroid and hypothyroid patients, these values were respectively 351 +/- 118 ng/dl and 68 +/- 21 ng/dl."}
{"id": "PMID:126770", "title": "[Correlation between uterine weight and endometrial development in rabbits treated with progesterone].", "content": "Progesterone induced effect on rabbit uterus follows a log dosis endometrial glandular changes linear relationship and log dosis-organ weight one. It appears a strong correlation between endometrial changes and organ weight. Thus organ weight may be looked like a pseudogestative activity test, histological investigation remaining the actual proof of specific activity. Besides these relations bring direct informations on the quality of new progestatives.", "contents": "[Correlation between uterine weight and endometrial development in rabbits treated with progesterone]. Progesterone induced effect on rabbit uterus follows a log dosis endometrial glandular changes linear relationship and log dosis-organ weight one. It appears a strong correlation between endometrial changes and organ weight. Thus organ weight may be looked like a pseudogestative activity test, histological investigation remaining the actual proof of specific activity. Besides these relations bring direct informations on the quality of new progestatives."}
{"id": "PMID:126771", "title": "[Identification of chromosome aberrations observed in human cancerous cells by labeling of R bands].", "content": "A precise identification of chromosome abnormalities observed in cancerous human cells may be demonstrated by chromosome banding. The types of newly formed chromosomes seem to indicate the possibility of a correlation between chromosome rearrangements and regions of heterochromatin. The evolution of neoplastic cells would be due to a balance between an increase in the level of chromosome mutation and stable changes.", "contents": "[Identification of chromosome aberrations observed in human cancerous cells by labeling of R bands]. A precise identification of chromosome abnormalities observed in cancerous human cells may be demonstrated by chromosome banding. The types of newly formed chromosomes seem to indicate the possibility of a correlation between chromosome rearrangements and regions of heterochromatin. The evolution of neoplastic cells would be due to a balance between an increase in the level of chromosome mutation and stable changes."}
{"id": "PMID:126772", "title": "[Electrofocusing of hydrolases in rat brush border enterocytes].", "content": "Different hydrolases (cellobiase, enterokinase, lactase, leucine aminopeptidase, alcaline phosphatase and trehalase) of the brush border's enterocytes of the rat have been studied by electrofocusing. Every hydrolase is focused in a single peak, the pI of which is given.", "contents": "[Electrofocusing of hydrolases in rat brush border enterocytes]. Different hydrolases (cellobiase, enterokinase, lactase, leucine aminopeptidase, alcaline phosphatase and trehalase) of the brush border's enterocytes of the rat have been studied by electrofocusing. Every hydrolase is focused in a single peak, the pI of which is given."}
{"id": "PMID:126773", "title": "[Distribution of ubiquinones (coenzyme Q) in Gram negative bacillae].", "content": "The coenzyme Q system was examined on 55 strains of Gram negative aerobic or facultatively anaerobic rods. No bacteria contain Co-Q7 nor Co-Q10. Ubiquinone Q8 predominates in Flavobacterium and in Enterobacteriaceae; Q9 was the only homolog found in the Pseudomonas, and predominates in the Acinetobacter.", "contents": "[Distribution of ubiquinones (coenzyme Q) in Gram negative bacillae]. The coenzyme Q system was examined on 55 strains of Gram negative aerobic or facultatively anaerobic rods. No bacteria contain Co-Q7 nor Co-Q10. Ubiquinone Q8 predominates in Flavobacterium and in Enterobacteriaceae; Q9 was the only homolog found in the Pseudomonas, and predominates in the Acinetobacter."}
{"id": "PMID:126774", "title": "[Effects of ethinyl estradiol compared with norethisterone (pure or contaminated) on vaginal keratinization of castrated rats].", "content": "Norethisterone samples are often contaminated by estrogen traces which can be measured by mass spectrometry and which invest the progestative with estrogenic properties in the Allen and Doisy test. Therefore, one had better, in pharmacodynamic experimenting, use samples that have been purified by chromatography or that are pure out of synthesis. However, one will not forget these are not without some estrogenicity, a fact which seems linked to the very nature of the norethisterone molecule.", "contents": "[Effects of ethinyl estradiol compared with norethisterone (pure or contaminated) on vaginal keratinization of castrated rats]. Norethisterone samples are often contaminated by estrogen traces which can be measured by mass spectrometry and which invest the progestative with estrogenic properties in the Allen and Doisy test. Therefore, one had better, in pharmacodynamic experimenting, use samples that have been purified by chromatography or that are pure out of synthesis. However, one will not forget these are not without some estrogenicity, a fact which seems linked to the very nature of the norethisterone molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:126775", "title": "[Genic and antigenic frequencies of ABO, Rhesus(D) systems and HLA in Ille et Vilaine].", "content": "The study of the genic and antigenic frequencies of the ABO and Rhesus systems amidst a population of 16559 subjects, reveals are very good correlation as regards the various autors. Considering the HLA typing of 481 subjects, one will point out the lowering of the HLA2 antigen.", "contents": "[Genic and antigenic frequencies of ABO, Rhesus(D) systems and HLA in Ille et Vilaine]. The study of the genic and antigenic frequencies of the ABO and Rhesus systems amidst a population of 16559 subjects, reveals are very good correlation as regards the various autors. Considering the HLA typing of 481 subjects, one will point out the lowering of the HLA2 antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:126776", "title": "[Plasma transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3H. I. Nature and classification of indole derivatives after injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3H].", "content": "After a single i.p. injection of tritiated-5-hydroxytryptamine to young, old or stressed rats, the blood plasma was filtered through Sephadex-G 25 column. Two peaks of radioactivity were obtained. One was excluded from the column and eluted together with plasma proteins, the other was retained on the column and eluted as free indoles. The radioactivity bound to plasma proteins was identified as 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. The free radioactivity was identified as 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "contents": "[Plasma transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3H. I. Nature and classification of indole derivatives after injection of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3H]. After a single i.p. injection of tritiated-5-hydroxytryptamine to young, old or stressed rats, the blood plasma was filtered through Sephadex-G 25 column. Two peaks of radioactivity were obtained. One was excluded from the column and eluted together with plasma proteins, the other was retained on the column and eluted as free indoles. The radioactivity bound to plasma proteins was identified as 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. The free radioactivity was identified as 5-hydroxytryptamine."}
{"id": "PMID:126777", "title": "[Plasma transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3H. II. Identification of the carrier protein of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid].", "content": "In the first note, we have demonstrated a 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid binding to plasma proteins. By gel filtration on Sephadex G 200 and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid carrier protein was identified to serum-albumin.", "contents": "[Plasma transport of 5-hydroxytryptamine-3H. II. Identification of the carrier protein of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid]. In the first note, we have demonstrated a 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid binding to plasma proteins. By gel filtration on Sephadex G 200 and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid carrier protein was identified to serum-albumin."}
{"id": "PMID:126778", "title": "[Effect of a beryllium complex on growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens (types R and S). I. Influence on the lag phase].", "content": "The toxicity of beryllium for Pseudomonas fluorescens is studied with the aid of an anionic complex of the element which is stable in peptone medium at pH 6 during the period of investigation. The toxic effect is characterized by an increase in the lag phase which is proportional to the square of the beryllium concentration. Further, a process of progressive adaptation is observed when the concentration of the beryllium complex is gradually increased.", "contents": "[Effect of a beryllium complex on growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens (types R and S). I. Influence on the lag phase]. The toxicity of beryllium for Pseudomonas fluorescens is studied with the aid of an anionic complex of the element which is stable in peptone medium at pH 6 during the period of investigation. The toxic effect is characterized by an increase in the lag phase which is proportional to the square of the beryllium concentration. Further, a process of progressive adaptation is observed when the concentration of the beryllium complex is gradually increased."}
{"id": "PMID:126779", "title": "[Effect of a beryllium complex on growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens (types R and S). II. Competition with magnesium].", "content": "A study of the inhibitory action of beryllium on the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens reveals that the observed effect can be partly explained by competition between beryllium and magnesium in various processes which are indispensable to cellular metabolism. In addition, an \"adaptation\" phenomenon is observed which appears to be based on the selection of cells which are more highly resistant towards the inhibitor.", "contents": "[Effect of a beryllium complex on growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens (types R and S). II. Competition with magnesium]. A study of the inhibitory action of beryllium on the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescens reveals that the observed effect can be partly explained by competition between beryllium and magnesium in various processes which are indispensable to cellular metabolism. In addition, an \"adaptation\" phenomenon is observed which appears to be based on the selection of cells which are more highly resistant towards the inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:126780", "title": "[Influence of cosmic radiation at high altitude on duration of the cell cycle].", "content": "Paramecia cultures placed at 3800 meter altitude, show a proliferating activity acceleration if we compared them to control cultures placed at low altitude under the same environment conditions. These results confirm the cosmic irradiation influence upon the activating effect produced by the natural ionizing radiations on living organisms.", "contents": "[Influence of cosmic radiation at high altitude on duration of the cell cycle]. Paramecia cultures placed at 3800 meter altitude, show a proliferating activity acceleration if we compared them to control cultures placed at low altitude under the same environment conditions. These results confirm the cosmic irradiation influence upon the activating effect produced by the natural ionizing radiations on living organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:126781", "title": "[Effect of insulin on electric activity of sheep jejunum].", "content": "The effect of insulin on the electrical activity of the small intestine was studied in both normal and alloxan induced diabetic sheep. In normal animals the migrating myoelectric complexes recur at intervals of about 90 min. In the diabetic sheep, the complexes recur at only 2 hourly intervals and administration of insulin restored the pattern to normal. Since in normal sheep, insulin slightly increases the activity and volatile fatty acids, which release insulin do likewise, one may conclude that insulin may control the activity of the gut.", "contents": "[Effect of insulin on electric activity of sheep jejunum]. The effect of insulin on the electrical activity of the small intestine was studied in both normal and alloxan induced diabetic sheep. In normal animals the migrating myoelectric complexes recur at intervals of about 90 min. In the diabetic sheep, the complexes recur at only 2 hourly intervals and administration of insulin restored the pattern to normal. Since in normal sheep, insulin slightly increases the activity and volatile fatty acids, which release insulin do likewise, one may conclude that insulin may control the activity of the gut."}
{"id": "PMID:126782", "title": "[Insulin secretion and intestinal motility].", "content": "In dogs after feeding increased plasma insulin concentration is positively related in converting the \"fasted\" pattern of electrical activity into the \"fed\" pattern. In sheep, the release of insulin induced by a perfusion of volatile fatty acids is accompanied by similar changes in the pattern of electrical activity. The results indicate that insulin release induced by nutrients plays a major role in the control of intestinal motility in both species.", "contents": "[Insulin secretion and intestinal motility]. In dogs after feeding increased plasma insulin concentration is positively related in converting the \"fasted\" pattern of electrical activity into the \"fed\" pattern. In sheep, the release of insulin induced by a perfusion of volatile fatty acids is accompanied by similar changes in the pattern of electrical activity. The results indicate that insulin release induced by nutrients plays a major role in the control of intestinal motility in both species."}
{"id": "PMID:126783", "title": "[Influence of radiation on plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in rats].", "content": "Plasma cholesterol and lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase activity are studied in irradiated rats. Ionizing radiations cause an increase of cholesterol levels in plasma, concerning mainly ester fraction. Lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase activity in plasma of irradiated rats is diminued 48 hours after exposure. This decreased rate of LCAT is probably the consequence of the post-irradiation hypercholesterolemia.", "contents": "[Influence of radiation on plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase in rats]. Plasma cholesterol and lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase activity are studied in irradiated rats. Ionizing radiations cause an increase of cholesterol levels in plasma, concerning mainly ester fraction. Lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase activity in plasma of irradiated rats is diminued 48 hours after exposure. This decreased rate of LCAT is probably the consequence of the post-irradiation hypercholesterolemia."}
{"id": "PMID:126784", "title": "[Effect of some antidiuretic agents on the polyuria-polydipsia provoked by alcohol].", "content": "The authors have studied in the dog--normal or diabetic insipidus after hypothalamic lesion--submitted to oral ingestion of ethanol the effects of a few antidiuretic drug: chlorpropamid, atromid-S, carbamazepin and carisoprodol. The carisoprodol only can reduce the diuresis and the drinking provoked by ethanol.", "contents": "[Effect of some antidiuretic agents on the polyuria-polydipsia provoked by alcohol]. The authors have studied in the dog--normal or diabetic insipidus after hypothalamic lesion--submitted to oral ingestion of ethanol the effects of a few antidiuretic drug: chlorpropamid, atromid-S, carbamazepin and carisoprodol. The carisoprodol only can reduce the diuresis and the drinking provoked by ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:126785", "title": "[Influence of oxygen concentration in the gas phase on cultures of mouse and rat ova].", "content": "Two cell mouse and rat embryos are cultivated in vitro in the conditions described by Whitten, reducing the oxygen concentration in the gaseous phase at 5%. The first ones can become blastocysts while the second ones are stopped in their development.", "contents": "[Influence of oxygen concentration in the gas phase on cultures of mouse and rat ova]. Two cell mouse and rat embryos are cultivated in vitro in the conditions described by Whitten, reducing the oxygen concentration in the gaseous phase at 5%. The first ones can become blastocysts while the second ones are stopped in their development."}
{"id": "PMID:126786", "title": "[Glycogen levels of rat ova during cleavage].", "content": "Cytophotometric measurements of PAS positive material in isolated rat eggs leads to a good evaluation of their glycogen content. Amounts of this polysaccharide in these eggs were found relatively constant during cleavage.", "contents": "[Glycogen levels of rat ova during cleavage]. Cytophotometric measurements of PAS positive material in isolated rat eggs leads to a good evaluation of their glycogen content. Amounts of this polysaccharide in these eggs were found relatively constant during cleavage."}
{"id": "PMID:126787", "title": "[Changes of lymphoid cell cytotoxicity, shown in vitro, of mice bearing a syngeneic tumor after injection of killed tumor cells].", "content": "Lymphoid cells from mice bearing a syngeneic tumour show a cytotoxic activity in vitro, occuring in two succesive waves. Normally inactive during the second week after grafting, lymphoid cells have a marked killing ability during this period when heavily irradiated tumour cells have been injected on the 6th day. On the contrary, the cytotoxicity due to the graft, which is important from the 20th to the 30th day, is inhibited by injection of killed tumour cells 15 days before the test. Quantitative variations of the tumour antigen liberated in the animal may be responsible for those effects.", "contents": "[Changes of lymphoid cell cytotoxicity, shown in vitro, of mice bearing a syngeneic tumor after injection of killed tumor cells]. Lymphoid cells from mice bearing a syngeneic tumour show a cytotoxic activity in vitro, occuring in two succesive waves. Normally inactive during the second week after grafting, lymphoid cells have a marked killing ability during this period when heavily irradiated tumour cells have been injected on the 6th day. On the contrary, the cytotoxicity due to the graft, which is important from the 20th to the 30th day, is inhibited by injection of killed tumour cells 15 days before the test. Quantitative variations of the tumour antigen liberated in the animal may be responsible for those effects."}
{"id": "PMID:126788", "title": "[Immuno-cyto-adhesion and sublethal irradiation].", "content": "1. In sublethally irradiated CBA mice, the relative and absolute numbers of spontaneous rosetts forming cells against sheep erythrocytes are markedly decreased in bone marrow. 2. The decrease of the absolute number of spontaneous RFC is also important in the spleen in spite of an increase of the RFC relative number above the normal values between the 8th and 12th day after irradiation. 3. The graft of normal bone marrow cells immediately after irradiation of the shielding of a medullary area during irradiation promotes the recovery of the immunocytoadherence capacity of the bone marrow cells but not of the spleen cells.", "contents": "[Immuno-cyto-adhesion and sublethal irradiation]. 1. In sublethally irradiated CBA mice, the relative and absolute numbers of spontaneous rosetts forming cells against sheep erythrocytes are markedly decreased in bone marrow. 2. The decrease of the absolute number of spontaneous RFC is also important in the spleen in spite of an increase of the RFC relative number above the normal values between the 8th and 12th day after irradiation. 3. The graft of normal bone marrow cells immediately after irradiation of the shielding of a medullary area during irradiation promotes the recovery of the immunocytoadherence capacity of the bone marrow cells but not of the spleen cells."}
{"id": "PMID:126789", "title": "[Chromosome study in leukemic C57Bl mice].", "content": "Whereas the incidence of spontaneous leukemias is extremely low in the C57Bl mice, the exposure of young animals to fractionnated X-ray doses can induce up to 85% of lymphosarcomas. The i.p. injection to isologous mice of acellular extract of spleen or lymphnodes from such leukemic animals results in the apparition of reticulosarcoma in the treated animals. Most of them die within three to four months. Our cytological observations performed at different intervals of time after i.p. of RadLV failed to demonstrate the presence of numerical or structural chromosome aberration in the leukemic animals.", "contents": "[Chromosome study in leukemic C57Bl mice]. Whereas the incidence of spontaneous leukemias is extremely low in the C57Bl mice, the exposure of young animals to fractionnated X-ray doses can induce up to 85% of lymphosarcomas. The i.p. injection to isologous mice of acellular extract of spleen or lymphnodes from such leukemic animals results in the apparition of reticulosarcoma in the treated animals. Most of them die within three to four months. Our cytological observations performed at different intervals of time after i.p. of RadLV failed to demonstrate the presence of numerical or structural chromosome aberration in the leukemic animals."}
{"id": "PMID:126790", "title": "[Incapacity of 5-hydroxytryptophan to act against the depression of tumor-resisting power of host animal which is induced by whole body x-irradiation].", "content": "The effect of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) against the depression of tumor-resisting power in host animal, which is induced by a whole body x-irradiation of 500 R, was studied. Host animal and tumor cell used were LAF, hybrid mouse and mastocytoma cell, respectively. The i.p. injected dose of L-5-HTP was 6.25 mg per mouse, which is most effective for protecting mice from radiation-induced hematopoietic death. In the experimental conditions, the agent was not effective to prevent the radiation-induced depression of tumor-resisting power of the animal.", "contents": "[Incapacity of 5-hydroxytryptophan to act against the depression of tumor-resisting power of host animal which is induced by whole body x-irradiation]. The effect of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP) against the depression of tumor-resisting power in host animal, which is induced by a whole body x-irradiation of 500 R, was studied. Host animal and tumor cell used were LAF, hybrid mouse and mastocytoma cell, respectively. The i.p. injected dose of L-5-HTP was 6.25 mg per mouse, which is most effective for protecting mice from radiation-induced hematopoietic death. In the experimental conditions, the agent was not effective to prevent the radiation-induced depression of tumor-resisting power of the animal."}
{"id": "PMID:126791", "title": "[Local Schwartzman phenomenon in axenic rabbits].", "content": "Local Schwartzman phenomenon was produced by coli-endotoxin in all the germfree rabbits tested (11 in all) at the age of 102 to 135 days. Any kinds of natural antibodies were not detected in sera of the rabbits, which in fact were found to be agammaglobulinaemic in most cases, as revealed by immunoelectrophoresis. These facts suggested that the germfree rabbits utilized here had not been sensitized to bacterial endotoxins. From the results obtained here, it may be concluded that the existence of hypersensitivity to endotoxin is not necessary to the production of local Schwartzman phenomenon by bacterial endotoxin.", "contents": "[Local Schwartzman phenomenon in axenic rabbits]. Local Schwartzman phenomenon was produced by coli-endotoxin in all the germfree rabbits tested (11 in all) at the age of 102 to 135 days. Any kinds of natural antibodies were not detected in sera of the rabbits, which in fact were found to be agammaglobulinaemic in most cases, as revealed by immunoelectrophoresis. These facts suggested that the germfree rabbits utilized here had not been sensitized to bacterial endotoxins. From the results obtained here, it may be concluded that the existence of hypersensitivity to endotoxin is not necessary to the production of local Schwartzman phenomenon by bacterial endotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:126792", "title": "[Ultrastructural histogenesis of chicken myocardium].", "content": "The structure of the ventricular myocardium of the chick embryo was studied from the 4th day of incubation until one day after hatching. Special attention was paid to the differenciation of myofibrils, their branching at the level of stria Z and their relations with desmosomes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural histogenesis of chicken myocardium]. The structure of the ventricular myocardium of the chick embryo was studied from the 4th day of incubation until one day after hatching. Special attention was paid to the differenciation of myofibrils, their branching at the level of stria Z and their relations with desmosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:126793", "title": "The isolation and characterization of the plasma membrane of cultured chinese hamster ovary cells.", "content": "Plasma membranes were prepared from cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells utilizing a two-phase polymer system and were characterized by enzymatic and chemical assay, and by electron microscopy. The usual degree of purification of presumptive membrane markers such as Na+-K+ ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) ranged from three-to eightfold. Gel electrophoresis in SDS revealed several polypeptides and two glycopeptides which were enriched in the plasma membrane fraction.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of the plasma membrane of cultured chinese hamster ovary cells. Plasma membranes were prepared from cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells utilizing a two-phase polymer system and were characterized by enzymatic and chemical assay, and by electron microscopy. The usual degree of purification of presumptive membrane markers such as Na+-K+ ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) ranged from three-to eightfold. Gel electrophoresis in SDS revealed several polypeptides and two glycopeptides which were enriched in the plasma membrane fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:126794", "title": "Growth patterns of adenine-3B; supersuppressor strains of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The interaction between several suppressible ad-3B alleles and several supersuppressor genes had been examined both quantitatively and qualitatively in a tetrad analysis. Quantitatively, there is a good deal of variation in mean growth rates of cultures showing supersuppression: part of this variation can be attributed to variation in the suppressibility of ad-3B alleles, part to variation of suppression efficiency of ssu alleles, and part to the action of modifying genes. Qualitatively, ad-3B; ssu cultures nearly always show cyclic stop-start growth patterns. Escape from stop-start growth to wild-type growth is common.", "contents": "Growth patterns of adenine-3B; supersuppressor strains of Neurospora crassa. The interaction between several suppressible ad-3B alleles and several supersuppressor genes had been examined both quantitatively and qualitatively in a tetrad analysis. Quantitatively, there is a good deal of variation in mean growth rates of cultures showing supersuppression: part of this variation can be attributed to variation in the suppressibility of ad-3B alleles, part to variation of suppression efficiency of ssu alleles, and part to the action of modifying genes. Qualitatively, ad-3B; ssu cultures nearly always show cyclic stop-start growth patterns. Escape from stop-start growth to wild-type growth is common."}
{"id": "PMID:126795", "title": "The interactive effect of ultraviolet irradiation and 5-bromouracil at the rib-1 locus in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "5-Bromouracil (5-BU) was shown to enhance reverse mutation rates when added to conidia of a rib-1 strain of Neurospora crassa previously irradiated with ultraviolet light. A comparison is presented between various incubation intervals in the presence and absence of 5-BU while varying the UV dose. An increase in mutation frequency ranging from 0.028 - 2.05 X 10(2) times greater than the spontaneous frequency, UV frequency alone or 5-BU frequency alone was observed when UV irradiation and 5-BU were combined.", "contents": "The interactive effect of ultraviolet irradiation and 5-bromouracil at the rib-1 locus in Neurospora crassa. 5-Bromouracil (5-BU) was shown to enhance reverse mutation rates when added to conidia of a rib-1 strain of Neurospora crassa previously irradiated with ultraviolet light. A comparison is presented between various incubation intervals in the presence and absence of 5-BU while varying the UV dose. An increase in mutation frequency ranging from 0.028 - 2.05 X 10(2) times greater than the spontaneous frequency, UV frequency alone or 5-BU frequency alone was observed when UV irradiation and 5-BU were combined."}
{"id": "PMID:126797", "title": "Radiation carcinogenesis.", "content": "Accidental or therapeutic exposure to radiation may induce tumors of various histologic types in human beings as well as in animals. Two tumors in this report arose in the organs which had been included in the field of radiation 32 and 8 years before, respectively. The author briefly reviews the literature, which abounds with references to radiation carcinogenesis.", "contents": "Radiation carcinogenesis. Accidental or therapeutic exposure to radiation may induce tumors of various histologic types in human beings as well as in animals. Two tumors in this report arose in the organs which had been included in the field of radiation 32 and 8 years before, respectively. The author briefly reviews the literature, which abounds with references to radiation carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:126798", "title": "The role of adenosine triphosphate, chalones, and specific proteins in controlling tumor growth fraction.", "content": "During growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo, the proportion of cells in the S phase of the proliferative cell cycle decreases in a manner analogous to the decreasing growth fraction often associated with the growth of solid tumors. An examination of biochemical parameters that might regulate the growth fraction of Ehrlich ascites tumors by causing accumulation of cells in G1-G0 shows that (a) the tumor progresses from an aerobic to an anerobic state as it approaches the plateau phase of growth, as indicated by lactate dehydrogenase content, but cellular adenosine triphosphate content remains constant; (b) tumor-specific growth inhibitors (chalones) are not detectable in cell-free ascites fluid from plateau-phase tumors; (c) electrophoretically identifiable soluble proteins isolated from tumor cells that have been exposed to labeled amino acids in vivo are qualitatively identical during early and late tumor growth; and (d) ornithine decarboxylase activity increases in a bimodal fashion in the first 10 hr after transplantation of 10(7) cells and then declines rapidly during the first few days of growth. The second (and larger) of the two ornithine decarboxylase increases coincides with the surge of cells from G1-G0 into S phase, suggesting that this enzyme, or the polyamines that it synthesizes, may play a role in controlling the growth fraction of this cell population.", "contents": "The role of adenosine triphosphate, chalones, and specific proteins in controlling tumor growth fraction. During growth of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo, the proportion of cells in the S phase of the proliferative cell cycle decreases in a manner analogous to the decreasing growth fraction often associated with the growth of solid tumors. An examination of biochemical parameters that might regulate the growth fraction of Ehrlich ascites tumors by causing accumulation of cells in G1-G0 shows that (a) the tumor progresses from an aerobic to an anerobic state as it approaches the plateau phase of growth, as indicated by lactate dehydrogenase content, but cellular adenosine triphosphate content remains constant; (b) tumor-specific growth inhibitors (chalones) are not detectable in cell-free ascites fluid from plateau-phase tumors; (c) electrophoretically identifiable soluble proteins isolated from tumor cells that have been exposed to labeled amino acids in vivo are qualitatively identical during early and late tumor growth; and (d) ornithine decarboxylase activity increases in a bimodal fashion in the first 10 hr after transplantation of 10(7) cells and then declines rapidly during the first few days of growth. The second (and larger) of the two ornithine decarboxylase increases coincides with the surge of cells from G1-G0 into S phase, suggesting that this enzyme, or the polyamines that it synthesizes, may play a role in controlling the growth fraction of this cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:126800", "title": "Dose response in vivo to digoxin in normo-and hyperkalaemia: associated biochemical changes.", "content": "The effect of digoxin, at two different inotropic levels, was examined in normo- and hyperkalaemic dogs. For similar inotropic responses, normo- and hyperkalaemic dogs had similar levels of (Na+, K+)-ATPase inhibition and microsomal-bound digoxin.", "contents": "Dose response in vivo to digoxin in normo-and hyperkalaemia: associated biochemical changes. The effect of digoxin, at two different inotropic levels, was examined in normo- and hyperkalaemic dogs. For similar inotropic responses, normo- and hyperkalaemic dogs had similar levels of (Na+, K+)-ATPase inhibition and microsomal-bound digoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:126801", "title": "A model for the assessment of left ventricular compliance: effect of hypertrophy and infarction.", "content": "Non-linear elastic theory was applied to the problem of diastolic filling of the left ventricle, which was treated as a thick-walled sphere. The mathematical model was used to predict pressure-volume relationships for ventricles with various initial dimensions and myocardial elasticity constants. A resonable agreement was obtained with data reported in the literature. The results may provide a basis for the use of empirical compliance indices.", "contents": "A model for the assessment of left ventricular compliance: effect of hypertrophy and infarction. Non-linear elastic theory was applied to the problem of diastolic filling of the left ventricle, which was treated as a thick-walled sphere. The mathematical model was used to predict pressure-volume relationships for ventricles with various initial dimensions and myocardial elasticity constants. A resonable agreement was obtained with data reported in the literature. The results may provide a basis for the use of empirical compliance indices."}
{"id": "PMID:126804", "title": "Rate and time of DNA synthesis of individual Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "The duration of DNA synthesis of a diploid cell line of Chinese hamster fibroblasts was determined in a comparative study by the FLM technique, and also by a new technique for measuring the rate of DNA synthesis of individual cells. These methods produced comparable results when applied during exponential growth of the cells. The rate of DNA synthesis was measured by means of quantitative autoradiography following a short-term incubation of the cells with 5 X 10(-6) M FUdR and 10(-5) M 14C-TdR. The choice of the medium for this purpose did not seem to be critical. The autoradiographic silver grains over cells and 14C-standard sources are counted by microphotometry using incident light bright-field. The direct measurements of DNA synthesis rate are 'compartment' statistics which have been converted into 'flux' parameters for comparison with the FLM method and applicability in cell-kinetic calculations. Frequency distributions of the rate of DNA synthesis of individual cells thus obtained may resemble normal distributions quite closely. They result from several factors: differences in the rate of synthesis in different parts of the S-phase, the density distribution of cells within the S-phase, the variation in the time of DNA synthesis among individual cells, and the experimental error. In the case of a pronounced partial synchronization as probably has been present in one experiment performed in the lag phase, an incorrect time of DNA synthesis may result from the rate values. Due to the variation in DNA synthesis rate in different parts of the S-phase it is not possible to determine the duration of DNA synthesis of an individual cell. However, the mean values of DNA synthesis time are reliable. The new method will be preferentially applied for determining the duration of DNA synthesis of human cells in as far as difficulties are encountered with the classical methods. In addition, it may be used to advantage for studying cells which make up low percentages in mixed populations. It finally permits a safer morphological classification of the cells under study than is possible with the classical methods.", "contents": "Rate and time of DNA synthesis of individual Chinese hamster cells. The duration of DNA synthesis of a diploid cell line of Chinese hamster fibroblasts was determined in a comparative study by the FLM technique, and also by a new technique for measuring the rate of DNA synthesis of individual cells. These methods produced comparable results when applied during exponential growth of the cells. The rate of DNA synthesis was measured by means of quantitative autoradiography following a short-term incubation of the cells with 5 X 10(-6) M FUdR and 10(-5) M 14C-TdR. The choice of the medium for this purpose did not seem to be critical. The autoradiographic silver grains over cells and 14C-standard sources are counted by microphotometry using incident light bright-field. The direct measurements of DNA synthesis rate are 'compartment' statistics which have been converted into 'flux' parameters for comparison with the FLM method and applicability in cell-kinetic calculations. Frequency distributions of the rate of DNA synthesis of individual cells thus obtained may resemble normal distributions quite closely. They result from several factors: differences in the rate of synthesis in different parts of the S-phase, the density distribution of cells within the S-phase, the variation in the time of DNA synthesis among individual cells, and the experimental error. In the case of a pronounced partial synchronization as probably has been present in one experiment performed in the lag phase, an incorrect time of DNA synthesis may result from the rate values. Due to the variation in DNA synthesis rate in different parts of the S-phase it is not possible to determine the duration of DNA synthesis of an individual cell. However, the mean values of DNA synthesis time are reliable. The new method will be preferentially applied for determining the duration of DNA synthesis of human cells in as far as difficulties are encountered with the classical methods. In addition, it may be used to advantage for studying cells which make up low percentages in mixed populations. It finally permits a safer morphological classification of the cells under study than is possible with the classical methods."}
{"id": "PMID:126805", "title": "Fine structure of the spermatheca of the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor L.).", "content": "The spermatheca of the female mealworm beetle is an inflorescence of branching cuticular ducts which is connected to the bursa copulatrix via a cuticular neck surrounded by a muscular coat. The infolded bursal cuticle consists of a distinct outer epicuticle, inner epicuticle, procuticle, and a subcuticular zone; the latter is rich in mucopolysaccharides. The cuticle of the neck lacks a distinct procuticle. The cuticle of the spermatheca itself is mostly inner epicuticle with two thin underlying lamellae of procuticle. The cells of the bursa are loosely coupled to the procuticle, whereas cuticular projections bind the epithelia of the \"neck\" and the spermatheca proper to the underlying epithelia. The apical plasma membranes of the spermathecal epithelium are sinuous and much infolded; we believe that this epithelium controls the micro-environment within the cuticular ducts.", "contents": "Fine structure of the spermatheca of the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor L.). The spermatheca of the female mealworm beetle is an inflorescence of branching cuticular ducts which is connected to the bursa copulatrix via a cuticular neck surrounded by a muscular coat. The infolded bursal cuticle consists of a distinct outer epicuticle, inner epicuticle, procuticle, and a subcuticular zone; the latter is rich in mucopolysaccharides. The cuticle of the neck lacks a distinct procuticle. The cuticle of the spermatheca itself is mostly inner epicuticle with two thin underlying lamellae of procuticle. The cells of the bursa are loosely coupled to the procuticle, whereas cuticular projections bind the epithelia of the \"neck\" and the spermatheca proper to the underlying epithelia. The apical plasma membranes of the spermathecal epithelium are sinuous and much infolded; we believe that this epithelium controls the micro-environment within the cuticular ducts."}
{"id": "PMID:126806", "title": "Histochemical properties of skeletal muscle fibers in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.", "content": "The response of rat gastrocnemius muscle fibers to chronic streptozotocindiabetes was studied. Transverse sections of this muscle from normal and diabetic rats were histochemically assayed for reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide-diaphorase, myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase, mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities. Cross-sectional areas of the fiber types were measured, and fiber capillarization and populations estimated. Chemically-induced diabetes appeared to have little effect on the metabolic or morphological properties of slow-twitch fibers. However, a general dedifferentiation occurred in the 2 fast-twitch fiber populations. There was a loss of oxidative potential in the fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic fibers, and a significant decrease in size in the fast-twitch-glycolytic fibers. No change in the proportions of slow- and fast-twitch fibers in the muscles of diabetic rats occurred. It is concluded that hypoinsulinism has differential effects on the 3 fiber types in heterogeneous rat skeletal muscle, and that slow-twitch fibers are least affected by the diabetic condition.", "contents": "Histochemical properties of skeletal muscle fibers in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The response of rat gastrocnemius muscle fibers to chronic streptozotocindiabetes was studied. Transverse sections of this muscle from normal and diabetic rats were histochemically assayed for reduced diphosphopyridine nucleotide-diaphorase, myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase, mitochondrial alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, and alkaline phosphatase activities. Cross-sectional areas of the fiber types were measured, and fiber capillarization and populations estimated. Chemically-induced diabetes appeared to have little effect on the metabolic or morphological properties of slow-twitch fibers. However, a general dedifferentiation occurred in the 2 fast-twitch fiber populations. There was a loss of oxidative potential in the fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic fibers, and a significant decrease in size in the fast-twitch-glycolytic fibers. No change in the proportions of slow- and fast-twitch fibers in the muscles of diabetic rats occurred. It is concluded that hypoinsulinism has differential effects on the 3 fiber types in heterogeneous rat skeletal muscle, and that slow-twitch fibers are least affected by the diabetic condition."}
{"id": "PMID:126807", "title": "Comparative ultrastructure and blood-brain barrier in diapause and nondiapause larvae of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (H\u00fcbner).", "content": "Ultrastructural examination of diapause and nondiapause larval brains of the European corn borer disclosed anatomical differences that may be related to the insect's \"blood-barrier\". The perineurial type I cells are quite closely appressed in the diapause brain, but thrown into extensive folds with large intercellular spaces in the nondiapause brain. The perineurial type II cells of diapause and nondiapause larvae are basically similar in general ultrastructure, and most likely form the basis for the \"blood-brain barrier.\" Horseradish peroxidase penetration studies indicated that the outer margin of the perineurial type II cells constitute the limits of infiltration into the brain. An enzymatic component of the \"blood-brain barrier\" is postulated in this insect. The localization of ATPase in the perineurial type II cells indicates that energy-requiring regulatory mechanisms may be localized here. Metabolic studies with isolated brains, coupled with recent evidence from mammalian systems, suggest that glial cells may be of importance in an enzymatic \"blood-brain barrier.\"", "contents": "Comparative ultrastructure and blood-brain barrier in diapause and nondiapause larvae of the European corn borer Ostrinia nubilalis (H\u00fcbner). Ultrastructural examination of diapause and nondiapause larval brains of the European corn borer disclosed anatomical differences that may be related to the insect's \"blood-barrier\". The perineurial type I cells are quite closely appressed in the diapause brain, but thrown into extensive folds with large intercellular spaces in the nondiapause brain. The perineurial type II cells of diapause and nondiapause larvae are basically similar in general ultrastructure, and most likely form the basis for the \"blood-brain barrier.\" Horseradish peroxidase penetration studies indicated that the outer margin of the perineurial type II cells constitute the limits of infiltration into the brain. An enzymatic component of the \"blood-brain barrier\" is postulated in this insect. The localization of ATPase in the perineurial type II cells indicates that energy-requiring regulatory mechanisms may be localized here. Metabolic studies with isolated brains, coupled with recent evidence from mammalian systems, suggest that glial cells may be of importance in an enzymatic \"blood-brain barrier.\""}
{"id": "PMID:126821", "title": "Aortic stenosis surgery in infancy.", "content": "During the past 14 years, 28 infants (23 males) underwent valvotomy for severe aortic stenosis at the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston. The median age was two months and the oldest patient was six months old. Congestive heart failure was present in all but two babies. Preoperatively, the electrocardiogram was abnormal in all, with left ventricular hypertrophy and a strain pattern being present in 19. At cardiac catheterization, the peak systolic ejection gradient (PSEG) ranged from 35-130 mm Hg (median 90 mm Hg). Associated cardiac lesions were present in 39%. Twenty-four infants underwent valvotomy with inflow occlusion. Four patients were operated upon using cardiopulmonary bypass. There were eight early and two late deaths. The 18 survivors have been followed from six months to 11 years (median five years). Only four are symptomatic. Mild aortic regurgitation developed postoperatively in six patients, moderate in one and severe enough to require valve replacement in another one. The electrocardiogram improved postoperatively in 15 patients, but became entirely normal only in one. Five children required a repeat valvotomy for residual stenosis 1-10 years after the original procedure (median four years). At this second operation, the majority of the valves were flexible and noncalcified, and valvotomy was accomplished without difficulty. One child who underwent valve replacement for aortic regurgitation at age two years is well seven years later.", "contents": "Aortic stenosis surgery in infancy. During the past 14 years, 28 infants (23 males) underwent valvotomy for severe aortic stenosis at the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston. The median age was two months and the oldest patient was six months old. Congestive heart failure was present in all but two babies. Preoperatively, the electrocardiogram was abnormal in all, with left ventricular hypertrophy and a strain pattern being present in 19. At cardiac catheterization, the peak systolic ejection gradient (PSEG) ranged from 35-130 mm Hg (median 90 mm Hg). Associated cardiac lesions were present in 39%. Twenty-four infants underwent valvotomy with inflow occlusion. Four patients were operated upon using cardiopulmonary bypass. There were eight early and two late deaths. The 18 survivors have been followed from six months to 11 years (median five years). Only four are symptomatic. Mild aortic regurgitation developed postoperatively in six patients, moderate in one and severe enough to require valve replacement in another one. The electrocardiogram improved postoperatively in 15 patients, but became entirely normal only in one. Five children required a repeat valvotomy for residual stenosis 1-10 years after the original procedure (median four years). At this second operation, the majority of the valves were flexible and noncalcified, and valvotomy was accomplished without difficulty. One child who underwent valve replacement for aortic regurgitation at age two years is well seven years later."}
{"id": "PMID:126822", "title": "Hemodynamics and annuloplasty in isolated mitral regurgitation in children.", "content": "Isolated mitral insufficiency in children is quantitated angiographically by comparing the stroke volumes of the right ventricle and left ventricle. The disease results in greater enlargement of the left atrium than of the left ventricle and is accompanied by a significant increase in left atrial \"distensibility.\" Right and left heart pressures may be normal or may be increased; they tend to be elevated in the group with regurgitant fractions of over 50%. Annuloplasty results in marked clinical and hemodynamic improvement and may even be corrective.", "contents": "Hemodynamics and annuloplasty in isolated mitral regurgitation in children. Isolated mitral insufficiency in children is quantitated angiographically by comparing the stroke volumes of the right ventricle and left ventricle. The disease results in greater enlargement of the left atrium than of the left ventricle and is accompanied by a significant increase in left atrial \"distensibility.\" Right and left heart pressures may be normal or may be increased; they tend to be elevated in the group with regurgitant fractions of over 50%. Annuloplasty results in marked clinical and hemodynamic improvement and may even be corrective."}
{"id": "PMID:126823", "title": "Rapidly progressive obstructive cardiomyopathy in infants with Noonan's syndrome. Report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and Noonan's syndrome are presented. Both patients were found at postmortem examination to have gross malformation of the mitral valve and obliteration of the left ventricle due to muscle hypertrophy. Each case demonstrated similar clinical, echocardiographic, and angiographic findings. The poor response to medical and surgical therapy are noted.", "contents": "Rapidly progressive obstructive cardiomyopathy in infants with Noonan's syndrome. Report of two cases. Two patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and Noonan's syndrome are presented. Both patients were found at postmortem examination to have gross malformation of the mitral valve and obliteration of the left ventricle due to muscle hypertrophy. Each case demonstrated similar clinical, echocardiographic, and angiographic findings. The poor response to medical and surgical therapy are noted."}
{"id": "PMID:126824", "title": "Effect of alpha receptor blocking drug, thymoxamine, on allergen induced bronchoconstriction in extrinsic asthma.", "content": "In ten patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma, allergen provoked bronchospasm was significantly inhibited by the alpha receptor blocking drug thymoxamine given intravenously. In two of these patients thymoxamine by inhalation also effectively inhibited allergen induced bronchoconstriction. It is suggested that thymoxamine may be acting either by increasing intracellular levels of cyclic AMP and thus inhibiting mediator release following allergen challenge or by modifying the airways response to these mediators by altering the bronchomotor tone. The variable responses recorded after allergen challenge in presence of alpha blockade with thymoxamine suggests that the dominant effect is on the bronchomotor tone rather than the mediator release.", "contents": "Effect of alpha receptor blocking drug, thymoxamine, on allergen induced bronchoconstriction in extrinsic asthma. In ten patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma, allergen provoked bronchospasm was significantly inhibited by the alpha receptor blocking drug thymoxamine given intravenously. In two of these patients thymoxamine by inhalation also effectively inhibited allergen induced bronchoconstriction. It is suggested that thymoxamine may be acting either by increasing intracellular levels of cyclic AMP and thus inhibiting mediator release following allergen challenge or by modifying the airways response to these mediators by altering the bronchomotor tone. The variable responses recorded after allergen challenge in presence of alpha blockade with thymoxamine suggests that the dominant effect is on the bronchomotor tone rather than the mediator release."}
{"id": "PMID:126826", "title": "Accumulation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid in ketoacidosis.", "content": "1. Urine and serum samples from patients with ketoacidosis of varying degree and etiology have been examined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. 2. In addition to 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid, relatively high concentrations of two analogous hydroxy acids, 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid and 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid, were found in the urine. 3. There were highly significant positive correlations between the excreted amounts of the three acids. 4. Experiments on rats with isotope-labelled compounds revealed that the acids were formed by the degradation of leucine, isoleucine and valine. 5. The accumulation of the hydroxy acids during ketoacidosis is probably caused by a similar derangement of the metabolism of all three branched-chain amino acids.", "contents": "Accumulation of 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid, 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid and 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid in ketoacidosis. 1. Urine and serum samples from patients with ketoacidosis of varying degree and etiology have been examined by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. 2. In addition to 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid, relatively high concentrations of two analogous hydroxy acids, 3-hydroxyisobutyric acid and 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid, were found in the urine. 3. There were highly significant positive correlations between the excreted amounts of the three acids. 4. Experiments on rats with isotope-labelled compounds revealed that the acids were formed by the degradation of leucine, isoleucine and valine. 5. The accumulation of the hydroxy acids during ketoacidosis is probably caused by a similar derangement of the metabolism of all three branched-chain amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:126827", "title": "Enzymatic pattern of glucose metabolic pathways in pyruvate kinase-deficient erythrocytes.", "content": "It has been shown that in some cases of congenital non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia (CNSHA) with pyruvate kinase deficiency, the primary defect may be related to diminished magnesium-stimulated ATPase activity, followed by elevation of the erythrocyte ATP level. ATP as the end product of glycolysis inhibits by negative feedback control the activities of key glycolytic enzymes involved in energy production, i.e. pyruvate kinase (PK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK). Erythrocyte-deficient PK, however, is insensitive to the stimulating effect of fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP), which is normally a positive effector of PK. Both competing effectors, i.e. ATP and FDP, seem to show specific interaction. PK, inactive in the presence of high concentrations of ATP, seems to lose its sensitivity to FDP. This effect persists until ATP molecules are present in excess. In vitro incubation of deficient PK with ATPase resulted in increased PK activity as well as in recovery of its sensitivity to the stimulating effect of FDP. The same effects were obtained in vivo by administering magnesium levulinate intravenously to CNSHA patients with PK deficiency. This may indicate that magnesium ions stimulate deficient ATPase activity and lead to diminution of ATP as a negative effector for other regulatory enzymes.", "contents": "Enzymatic pattern of glucose metabolic pathways in pyruvate kinase-deficient erythrocytes. It has been shown that in some cases of congenital non-spherocytic haemolytic anaemia (CNSHA) with pyruvate kinase deficiency, the primary defect may be related to diminished magnesium-stimulated ATPase activity, followed by elevation of the erythrocyte ATP level. ATP as the end product of glycolysis inhibits by negative feedback control the activities of key glycolytic enzymes involved in energy production, i.e. pyruvate kinase (PK) and phosphofructokinase (PFK). Erythrocyte-deficient PK, however, is insensitive to the stimulating effect of fructose 1,6-diphosphate (FDP), which is normally a positive effector of PK. Both competing effectors, i.e. ATP and FDP, seem to show specific interaction. PK, inactive in the presence of high concentrations of ATP, seems to lose its sensitivity to FDP. This effect persists until ATP molecules are present in excess. In vitro incubation of deficient PK with ATPase resulted in increased PK activity as well as in recovery of its sensitivity to the stimulating effect of FDP. The same effects were obtained in vivo by administering magnesium levulinate intravenously to CNSHA patients with PK deficiency. This may indicate that magnesium ions stimulate deficient ATPase activity and lead to diminution of ATP as a negative effector for other regulatory enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:126828", "title": "Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone in pregnant and nonpregnant women.", "content": "From 157 plasma samples taken randomly throughout normal pregnancy and from 42 plasma samples of nonpregnant women, total plasma dehydroepiandrosterone was measured by a method using Amberlite XAD-2 column chromatography at 45degreesC, enzyme hydrolysis, radioactive internal standard, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography after trimethylsilyl ether derivative formation. The following values for dehydroepiandrosterone were obtained: from individual, nonpregnant samples, (n = 25) 69.6 +/- 10.6 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); from the pool of nonpregnant samples (n = 17) 67.7 mug/100 ml; from individual samples, 6-12 weeks of gestation (n = 32) 48.5 +/- 5.7 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); from individual samples, 13-18 weeks of gestation (n = 13) 45.9 +/- 7.7 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); from individual samples, 19-24 weeks of gestation (n = 20) 42.9 +/- 6.9 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); from individual samples, 25-30 weeks of gestation (n = 22) 41.7 +/- 6.8 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); from individual samples, 31-36 weeks of gestation (n = 31) 39.5 +/- 6.1 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); from individual samples, 37-43 weeks of gestation (n = 29) 37.6 +/- 3.6 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); and from the pool sample, 37-43 weeks of gestation (n = 10) 25.4 mug/100 ml. This study demonstrates a significant decrease of total plasma dehydroepiandrosterone throughout the course of normal pregnancy in individual and pooled plasma samples, thus confirming previous reports. These plasma hormone changes are discussed in relation to production and utilization of this steroid in pregnancy.", "contents": "Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone in pregnant and nonpregnant women. From 157 plasma samples taken randomly throughout normal pregnancy and from 42 plasma samples of nonpregnant women, total plasma dehydroepiandrosterone was measured by a method using Amberlite XAD-2 column chromatography at 45degreesC, enzyme hydrolysis, radioactive internal standard, thin-layer chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography after trimethylsilyl ether derivative formation. The following values for dehydroepiandrosterone were obtained: from individual, nonpregnant samples, (n = 25) 69.6 +/- 10.6 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); from the pool of nonpregnant samples (n = 17) 67.7 mug/100 ml; from individual samples, 6-12 weeks of gestation (n = 32) 48.5 +/- 5.7 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); from individual samples, 13-18 weeks of gestation (n = 13) 45.9 +/- 7.7 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); from individual samples, 19-24 weeks of gestation (n = 20) 42.9 +/- 6.9 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); from individual samples, 25-30 weeks of gestation (n = 22) 41.7 +/- 6.8 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); from individual samples, 31-36 weeks of gestation (n = 31) 39.5 +/- 6.1 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); from individual samples, 37-43 weeks of gestation (n = 29) 37.6 +/- 3.6 mug/100 ml (S.E.M.); and from the pool sample, 37-43 weeks of gestation (n = 10) 25.4 mug/100 ml. This study demonstrates a significant decrease of total plasma dehydroepiandrosterone throughout the course of normal pregnancy in individual and pooled plasma samples, thus confirming previous reports. These plasma hormone changes are discussed in relation to production and utilization of this steroid in pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:126829", "title": "Intra-erythrocytary enzymes before and after splenectomy.", "content": "The activity of the intraerythrocytary enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, glutathione reductase and ATPase was measured before and after splenectomy in 13 patients with congenital hemolytic anemia and 3 patients suffering from chronic thrombocytopenia. All patients were treated successfully, as reflected by clinical and basal hematological parameters. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase were significantly depressed after splenectomy. It was not possible to set up prognostic criteria of splenectomy from the intraerythrocytary enzymes.", "contents": "Intra-erythrocytary enzymes before and after splenectomy. The activity of the intraerythrocytary enzymes glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, glutathione reductase and ATPase was measured before and after splenectomy in 13 patients with congenital hemolytic anemia and 3 patients suffering from chronic thrombocytopenia. All patients were treated successfully, as reflected by clinical and basal hematological parameters. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and pyruvate kinase were significantly depressed after splenectomy. It was not possible to set up prognostic criteria of splenectomy from the intraerythrocytary enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:126830", "title": "The role of low affinity antibody in immune complex disease. The quantity of anti-DNA antibodies in NZB/W F1 hybrid mice.", "content": "The level and avidity of anti-DNA antibody in the serum of New Zealand Black/White (NZB/W F1) hybrid mice has been determined. The results show that there is an age and sex-related variation in the avidity of this antibody. In mice of both sexes, the avidity of circulating anti-DNA antibody increases up to 5 months of age; thereafter the avidity falls with increasing age. These variations are more marked in males, but female mice consistently have lower avidity anti-DNA antibody than males. Thus the time of onset, time course and severity of the murine lupus syndrome in NZB/W F1 mice are associated with the presence of increasing levels of low avidity anti-DNA antibody in the serum. These results are discussed in the context of the possible role of low avidity antibody in immune complex disease.", "contents": "The role of low affinity antibody in immune complex disease. The quantity of anti-DNA antibodies in NZB/W F1 hybrid mice. The level and avidity of anti-DNA antibody in the serum of New Zealand Black/White (NZB/W F1) hybrid mice has been determined. The results show that there is an age and sex-related variation in the avidity of this antibody. In mice of both sexes, the avidity of circulating anti-DNA antibody increases up to 5 months of age; thereafter the avidity falls with increasing age. These variations are more marked in males, but female mice consistently have lower avidity anti-DNA antibody than males. Thus the time of onset, time course and severity of the murine lupus syndrome in NZB/W F1 mice are associated with the presence of increasing levels of low avidity anti-DNA antibody in the serum. These results are discussed in the context of the possible role of low avidity antibody in immune complex disease."}
{"id": "PMID:126831", "title": "In vitro reactivity of lymphocytes obtained from uraemic patients maintained by heamodialysis.", "content": "Lymphocytes obtained from uraemic patients maintained on intermittent haemodialysis had a normal ability to respond to and stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes obtained from normal subjects in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction. The response of these uraemic lymphocytes to PHA and pokeweed mitogen (PWN) was also normal. Uraemic plasma from eight out of twenty-six patients studied, however, possessed blocking factor activity which suppressed the MLC reactivity of normal random donors and also the mitogenic response of allogeneic lymphocytes but not of autologous uraemic lymphocytes. The blocking factor activity was attributed to a non-dialysable factor present in the plasma of the patients investigated.", "contents": "In vitro reactivity of lymphocytes obtained from uraemic patients maintained by heamodialysis. Lymphocytes obtained from uraemic patients maintained on intermittent haemodialysis had a normal ability to respond to and stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes obtained from normal subjects in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction. The response of these uraemic lymphocytes to PHA and pokeweed mitogen (PWN) was also normal. Uraemic plasma from eight out of twenty-six patients studied, however, possessed blocking factor activity which suppressed the MLC reactivity of normal random donors and also the mitogenic response of allogeneic lymphocytes but not of autologous uraemic lymphocytes. The blocking factor activity was attributed to a non-dialysable factor present in the plasma of the patients investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:126834", "title": "Drug-induced haemolytic anemia.", "content": "Drug administration causes 16 to 18 per cent of cases of acquired immune haemolytic anaemia. The pathogenesis of erythrocyte sensitisation by drug-related antibody with or without fixation of complement is variable and there is a relationship between the responsible drug, the mechanism of red cell sensitisation, clinical manifestations, and laboratory methods of diagnosis. Drugs such as phenacetin and quinidine form a complex with the antidrug antibody, and the immune complex attaches to red cells usually fixing complement and causing acute intravascular haemolysis. Other drugs (e.g. penicillins) when given in high doses coat normal red cells in vivo and some patients develop a high titre IgG antidrug antibody which reacts with the coated cells. Haemolytic anaemia may develop, with red cell destruction being primarily extravascular. Cephalosporins cause positive direct antiglobulin tests in a small percentage of patients either by the same mechanism as penicillins or by modification of the red cell membrane leading to non-immunological absorption of serum proteins. Haemolytic anaemia has been reported only rarely. A few drugs (notably alpha-methyldopa) cause the development of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. A knowledge of clinical manifestations and laboratory aids to diagnosis are necessary to distinguish immunohaematological abnormalities caused by drugs fron other causes. Drugs may also cause haemolytic anaemia by nonimmunologic mechanisms as a result of oxidative denaturation of haemoglobin. Factors which make red cells particularly susceptible to the effects of oxidant drugs are intraerythrocytic metabolic abnormalities or the presence of unstable haemoglobins.", "contents": "Drug-induced haemolytic anemia. Drug administration causes 16 to 18 per cent of cases of acquired immune haemolytic anaemia. The pathogenesis of erythrocyte sensitisation by drug-related antibody with or without fixation of complement is variable and there is a relationship between the responsible drug, the mechanism of red cell sensitisation, clinical manifestations, and laboratory methods of diagnosis. Drugs such as phenacetin and quinidine form a complex with the antidrug antibody, and the immune complex attaches to red cells usually fixing complement and causing acute intravascular haemolysis. Other drugs (e.g. penicillins) when given in high doses coat normal red cells in vivo and some patients develop a high titre IgG antidrug antibody which reacts with the coated cells. Haemolytic anaemia may develop, with red cell destruction being primarily extravascular. Cephalosporins cause positive direct antiglobulin tests in a small percentage of patients either by the same mechanism as penicillins or by modification of the red cell membrane leading to non-immunological absorption of serum proteins. Haemolytic anaemia has been reported only rarely. A few drugs (notably alpha-methyldopa) cause the development of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. A knowledge of clinical manifestations and laboratory aids to diagnosis are necessary to distinguish immunohaematological abnormalities caused by drugs fron other causes. Drugs may also cause haemolytic anaemia by nonimmunologic mechanisms as a result of oxidative denaturation of haemoglobin. Factors which make red cells particularly susceptible to the effects of oxidant drugs are intraerythrocytic metabolic abnormalities or the presence of unstable haemoglobins."}
{"id": "PMID:126838", "title": "Stimulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan production by chondrocytes in monolayer.", "content": "Chondrocytes in monolayer undergo morphological and biochemical changes which culminate in the establishment of cartilage nodules in vitro. Chondroitin sulfate or heparin, added to the culture media of these cells, stimulates the production of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan over the entire period of culture with a maximum effect during the log phase of growth. In addition, a lag of 2-3 hours is required before an increase in sulfate incorporation into polysaccharide is observed. The responsiveness of chondrocytes is influenced by several factors, such as cell density, conditioned media and enzyme treatment. Furthermore, puromycin abolishes the endogenous as well as the stimulated synthesis, demonstrating the necessity for core protein synthesis in both synthetic processes. Addition of beta-D-xylosides (which presumably act as initiators of chondroitin sulfate polysaccharide synthesis) and chondroitin sulfate, concurrently, stimulate sulfate incorporation to levels higher than either agent alone, indicating that these compounds act by different mechanisms.", "contents": "Stimulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan production by chondrocytes in monolayer. Chondrocytes in monolayer undergo morphological and biochemical changes which culminate in the establishment of cartilage nodules in vitro. Chondroitin sulfate or heparin, added to the culture media of these cells, stimulates the production of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan over the entire period of culture with a maximum effect during the log phase of growth. In addition, a lag of 2-3 hours is required before an increase in sulfate incorporation into polysaccharide is observed. The responsiveness of chondrocytes is influenced by several factors, such as cell density, conditioned media and enzyme treatment. Furthermore, puromycin abolishes the endogenous as well as the stimulated synthesis, demonstrating the necessity for core protein synthesis in both synthetic processes. Addition of beta-D-xylosides (which presumably act as initiators of chondroitin sulfate polysaccharide synthesis) and chondroitin sulfate, concurrently, stimulate sulfate incorporation to levels higher than either agent alone, indicating that these compounds act by different mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:126839", "title": "The linkage region in the polypeptide of pig costal cartilage proteoglycan.", "content": "Proteoglycan from pig costal cartilage and fragments obtained by proteolytic digestion were characterized by equilibrium ultracentrifugation and amino acid analysis. The proteoglycan extractable in 4 M guanidinium chloride yielded, after proteolytic digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin, a chondroitin sulfate peptide containing four chains of polysaccharide. The unextractable residue yielded chondroitin sulfate peptide containing only two chains. The amino acid composition indicated a fairly uniform spacing between all four chains with an average of eight amino acid residues between the serine residues involved in linkage. Following the alkaline sulfite elimination-addition reaction, free peptide was isolated and found to contain one unsubstituted serine residue for every two linked glycosidically. Glycine and glutamic acid were the only two amino acids sufficiently abundant to be part of an invariant sequence near to serine residues destined to be glycosylated. The linkage region of the polypeptide also contains some substituted serine residues which do not carry a full chondroitin sulfate chain.", "contents": "The linkage region in the polypeptide of pig costal cartilage proteoglycan. Proteoglycan from pig costal cartilage and fragments obtained by proteolytic digestion were characterized by equilibrium ultracentrifugation and amino acid analysis. The proteoglycan extractable in 4 M guanidinium chloride yielded, after proteolytic digestion with trypsin and chymotrypsin, a chondroitin sulfate peptide containing four chains of polysaccharide. The unextractable residue yielded chondroitin sulfate peptide containing only two chains. The amino acid composition indicated a fairly uniform spacing between all four chains with an average of eight amino acid residues between the serine residues involved in linkage. Following the alkaline sulfite elimination-addition reaction, free peptide was isolated and found to contain one unsubstituted serine residue for every two linked glycosidically. Glycine and glutamic acid were the only two amino acids sufficiently abundant to be part of an invariant sequence near to serine residues destined to be glycosylated. The linkage region of the polypeptide also contains some substituted serine residues which do not carry a full chondroitin sulfate chain."}
{"id": "PMID:126840", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of hyaluronate lyase action.", "content": "Hyaluronate lyase from streptococci group A was purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and on Biogel P-150, thereby enriching it about 1,000-fold and separating it into two enzyme fractions with the same amino acid composition. The photooxidation of hyaluronate lyase in the presence of methylene blue results in rapid inactivation of the enzyme. The histidine content of the enzyme is decreased considerably, but also the content of methionine, tyrosine, and lysine is lowered. The enzyme is inhibited, but incompletely so, by N-tosyl-L-phenyl-alanine-chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK). Hyaluronic acid methyl ester, prepared form hyaluronic acid and diazomethane, is not split by hyaluronate lyase (EC 4.2.2.1.). Hyaluronic acid methyl ester is not a competitive inhibitor of hyaluronate lyase. For the mechanism of the enzymatic elimination reaction a proton transfer between histidine of the enzyme and the carboxylate group of hyaluronate is proposed.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of hyaluronate lyase action. Hyaluronate lyase from streptococci group A was purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and on Biogel P-150, thereby enriching it about 1,000-fold and separating it into two enzyme fractions with the same amino acid composition. The photooxidation of hyaluronate lyase in the presence of methylene blue results in rapid inactivation of the enzyme. The histidine content of the enzyme is decreased considerably, but also the content of methionine, tyrosine, and lysine is lowered. The enzyme is inhibited, but incompletely so, by N-tosyl-L-phenyl-alanine-chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) and N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK). Hyaluronic acid methyl ester, prepared form hyaluronic acid and diazomethane, is not split by hyaluronate lyase (EC 4.2.2.1.). Hyaluronic acid methyl ester is not a competitive inhibitor of hyaluronate lyase. For the mechanism of the enzymatic elimination reaction a proton transfer between histidine of the enzyme and the carboxylate group of hyaluronate is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:126841", "title": "Content and composition of glycosaminoglycans in human knee joint cartilage. Variation with site and age in adults.", "content": "The content and composition of the matrix of human articular cartilage from two sites - the condylar summits and the upper, posterior surfaces of both lateral and medial sides - of the lower femoral epiphysis of 12 autopsy cases (age 18-46 years) were analyzed. A significantly higher content of both chondroitin sulphate and especially of keratan sulphate was found in cartilage of the condylar summits. The solubility profile of keratan sulphate showed changes indicating a difference between the metabolism of cartilage of the two sites. No significant change with side (medial or lateral) was found. A small decrease in the chondroitin sulphate to keratan sulphate ratio without change in the total amount of hexosamines with age was found on the caudal condylar summits in these adult individuals below the age of 50.", "contents": "Content and composition of glycosaminoglycans in human knee joint cartilage. Variation with site and age in adults. The content and composition of the matrix of human articular cartilage from two sites - the condylar summits and the upper, posterior surfaces of both lateral and medial sides - of the lower femoral epiphysis of 12 autopsy cases (age 18-46 years) were analyzed. A significantly higher content of both chondroitin sulphate and especially of keratan sulphate was found in cartilage of the condylar summits. The solubility profile of keratan sulphate showed changes indicating a difference between the metabolism of cartilage of the two sites. No significant change with side (medial or lateral) was found. A small decrease in the chondroitin sulphate to keratan sulphate ratio without change in the total amount of hexosamines with age was found on the caudal condylar summits in these adult individuals below the age of 50."}
{"id": "PMID:126842", "title": "The linkage of corneal keratan sulfate to protein.", "content": "The linkage of corneal keratan sulfate to protein has been investigated. After exhaustive digestion of bovine corneas with papain and pronase, a product was obtained in which aspartic acid was the predominant amino acid and constituted 59% of the total amino acids. A carbohydrate-protein linkage fragment was isolated from this preparation by a relatively simple procedure involving the following steps: (1) partial acid hydrolysis, adsorption of glycopeptides and other cationic material on Dowex 50-X2 (H+) and elution with 0.25 M HCl: (2) paper electrophoresis of the eluted fraction at pH 6.5 and pH 1.9; (3) paper chromatography; and (4) final purification by column chromatography on Aminex A\"-5 resin. The structure of the linkage fragment was established as 2-acetamido-1-(L-beta-aspartamido)-1,2-dideoxy-beta-D-glucose (Asn-GlcNAc). Evidence for this structure was obtained from qualitative and quantitative analyses as well as from the migration characteristics in several chromatographic anc electrophoretic systems. Further support for the identity of the isolated compound was provided by treatment with beta-aspartyl N-acetylglucosyl-amine amidohydrolase which specifically cleaves Asn-GlcNAc or asparaginyl-oligosaccharides. It is concluded that corneal keratan sulfate is bound to protein via a N-glycosylamine linkage between N-acetylglucosamine and asparagine: this type of linkage is common to many glycoproteins.", "contents": "The linkage of corneal keratan sulfate to protein. The linkage of corneal keratan sulfate to protein has been investigated. After exhaustive digestion of bovine corneas with papain and pronase, a product was obtained in which aspartic acid was the predominant amino acid and constituted 59% of the total amino acids. A carbohydrate-protein linkage fragment was isolated from this preparation by a relatively simple procedure involving the following steps: (1) partial acid hydrolysis, adsorption of glycopeptides and other cationic material on Dowex 50-X2 (H+) and elution with 0.25 M HCl: (2) paper electrophoresis of the eluted fraction at pH 6.5 and pH 1.9; (3) paper chromatography; and (4) final purification by column chromatography on Aminex A\"-5 resin. The structure of the linkage fragment was established as 2-acetamido-1-(L-beta-aspartamido)-1,2-dideoxy-beta-D-glucose (Asn-GlcNAc). Evidence for this structure was obtained from qualitative and quantitative analyses as well as from the migration characteristics in several chromatographic anc electrophoretic systems. Further support for the identity of the isolated compound was provided by treatment with beta-aspartyl N-acetylglucosyl-amine amidohydrolase which specifically cleaves Asn-GlcNAc or asparaginyl-oligosaccharides. It is concluded that corneal keratan sulfate is bound to protein via a N-glycosylamine linkage between N-acetylglucosamine and asparagine: this type of linkage is common to many glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:126843", "title": "The recovery and characterization of acid glycosaminoglycans in normal human urine. Influence of a circadian rhythm.", "content": "A method is described for the recovery of acid GAG (AGAG) as solid Ba salts from relatively small volumes (100+/-50 ml) of normal adult human urine. It is pointed out that (a) the amount recovered, (b) the molecular characteristics (i.e. molecular weight and charge density), (c) the ionic strength at which the AGAG are recovered and (d) the \"critical electrolyte concentrations\" of the AGAG-precipitating reagent (or anion exchanger) are inseparably linked, and that different fractions are obtained by variations in any parameter. Our product is defined as that fraction of heterodisperse material precipitated at room temperature by cetyl trimethylammonium bromide from urine diluted with 3 volumes of 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer pH 5.7, in the presence of asbestos powder. It is less degraded than other AGAG remaining in the urine supernatant. The product contained three electrophoretically separa0le components, characterized by susceptibility to pronase digestion, infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy, hexosamine identification, tests for uronic and sialic acids, and the \"critical electrolyte concentrations\" of their Alcian blue complexes, as \"chondroitin sulphate\", \"heparan sulphate\" and acid glycoprotein. The method is simple, rapid and suita0le for use on multiple samples. The product is directly usable in electrophoretic analyses, etc. Using this method AGAG was recovered from the urine of nine males and five females, aged 25-43, collected during a 24-hr cycle, in six 4-hr aliquots. The ratios of \"chondroitin sulphate\" to \"heparan sulphate\" quantitated from the electrophoretic strip, showed a marked peak in every subject at 18-22 hrs.", "contents": "The recovery and characterization of acid glycosaminoglycans in normal human urine. Influence of a circadian rhythm. A method is described for the recovery of acid GAG (AGAG) as solid Ba salts from relatively small volumes (100+/-50 ml) of normal adult human urine. It is pointed out that (a) the amount recovered, (b) the molecular characteristics (i.e. molecular weight and charge density), (c) the ionic strength at which the AGAG are recovered and (d) the \"critical electrolyte concentrations\" of the AGAG-precipitating reagent (or anion exchanger) are inseparably linked, and that different fractions are obtained by variations in any parameter. Our product is defined as that fraction of heterodisperse material precipitated at room temperature by cetyl trimethylammonium bromide from urine diluted with 3 volumes of 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer pH 5.7, in the presence of asbestos powder. It is less degraded than other AGAG remaining in the urine supernatant. The product contained three electrophoretically separa0le components, characterized by susceptibility to pronase digestion, infrared and ultraviolet spectroscopy, hexosamine identification, tests for uronic and sialic acids, and the \"critical electrolyte concentrations\" of their Alcian blue complexes, as \"chondroitin sulphate\", \"heparan sulphate\" and acid glycoprotein. The method is simple, rapid and suita0le for use on multiple samples. The product is directly usable in electrophoretic analyses, etc. Using this method AGAG was recovered from the urine of nine males and five females, aged 25-43, collected during a 24-hr cycle, in six 4-hr aliquots. The ratios of \"chondroitin sulphate\" to \"heparan sulphate\" quantitated from the electrophoretic strip, showed a marked peak in every subject at 18-22 hrs."}
{"id": "PMID:126844", "title": "Characterisation of the major CNBr-Derived peptides of porcine type II collagen.", "content": "As part of a general study on the matrix macromolecules of pig cartilage, the CNBr-derived peptides of porcine type II collagen have been isolated from laryngeal cartilage and characterized. Type II was the only molecular type of collagen detected in laryngeal cartilage from 6-9 month old pigs. The major CNBr-peptides of this collagen were prepared by ion exchange and molecular sieve chromatography and characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. Six peptides were recovered in high yield and were shown to be closely homologous to similar peptides previously recovered from bovine and human type II collagens. The largest peptide alpha1(II)CB10 appeared by SDS-disc electrophoresis to be slightly larger than previously reported. The amino acid composition of alpha1(II)CB10 supported this finding of a higher molecular weight.", "contents": "Characterisation of the major CNBr-Derived peptides of porcine type II collagen. As part of a general study on the matrix macromolecules of pig cartilage, the CNBr-derived peptides of porcine type II collagen have been isolated from laryngeal cartilage and characterized. Type II was the only molecular type of collagen detected in laryngeal cartilage from 6-9 month old pigs. The major CNBr-peptides of this collagen were prepared by ion exchange and molecular sieve chromatography and characterized by SDS-polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. Six peptides were recovered in high yield and were shown to be closely homologous to similar peptides previously recovered from bovine and human type II collagens. The largest peptide alpha1(II)CB10 appeared by SDS-disc electrophoresis to be slightly larger than previously reported. The amino acid composition of alpha1(II)CB10 supported this finding of a higher molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:126845", "title": "The behavior of (14C)-D-penicillamine in collagen metabolism.", "content": "The most important effect of penicillamine on collagen metabolism is the reduction of collagen crosslinking. However, even after long time application of penicillamine, collagen is crosslinked to a certain degree. After intravenous injection of a trace dose of (14C) labelled D-penicillamine it can be determined that this substance is rapidly bound to neutral salt soluble, acetic acid soluble and urea soluble collagen fractions and to a lesser extent to insoluble collagen as well. The amount of penicillamine which binds to any of the collagen fractions depends on the turnover rate. When different tissues are compared, penicillamine seems to have the greatest affinity to tissues with a high collagen turnover. Further studies of neutral salt soluble collagen by CM-cellulose chromatography revealed a stable linkage of penicillamine to collagen alpha chains.", "contents": "The behavior of (14C)-D-penicillamine in collagen metabolism. The most important effect of penicillamine on collagen metabolism is the reduction of collagen crosslinking. However, even after long time application of penicillamine, collagen is crosslinked to a certain degree. After intravenous injection of a trace dose of (14C) labelled D-penicillamine it can be determined that this substance is rapidly bound to neutral salt soluble, acetic acid soluble and urea soluble collagen fractions and to a lesser extent to insoluble collagen as well. The amount of penicillamine which binds to any of the collagen fractions depends on the turnover rate. When different tissues are compared, penicillamine seems to have the greatest affinity to tissues with a high collagen turnover. Further studies of neutral salt soluble collagen by CM-cellulose chromatography revealed a stable linkage of penicillamine to collagen alpha chains."}
{"id": "PMID:126846", "title": "Distribution studies of proteoglycan aggregates by ultracentrifugation.", "content": "The tendency forcartilage proteoglycans to aggregate or disperse in ultracentrifugation at high ionic strength is influenced by cations. Guanidinum, Li+ and Ca++ promote disaggregation and Na+, K+ and Cs+ support aggregation. The process of disaggregation is fundamentally the separation of low density from high density proteoglycans, the density being an inverse function of the protein content. PPL 5 pellet formation is a packing or aggregation phenomenon occurring well below the isopycnic density of proteoglycan which accounts for its difference from the isopycnic density equilibrated complex. Cations which promote disaggregation result in shifts in distribution of the proteoglycans on equilibrated density gradients. Comparisons of the desulfated products of the high density aggregated and disaggregated complexes and of more selective high and low density proteoglycan fractions clearly show the heterogeneity of proteoglycans related to protein content. It is suggested that the nature of the variable population of proteoglycan macromolecules permits its existence as a self aggregating system.", "contents": "Distribution studies of proteoglycan aggregates by ultracentrifugation. The tendency forcartilage proteoglycans to aggregate or disperse in ultracentrifugation at high ionic strength is influenced by cations. Guanidinum, Li+ and Ca++ promote disaggregation and Na+, K+ and Cs+ support aggregation. The process of disaggregation is fundamentally the separation of low density from high density proteoglycans, the density being an inverse function of the protein content. PPL 5 pellet formation is a packing or aggregation phenomenon occurring well below the isopycnic density of proteoglycan which accounts for its difference from the isopycnic density equilibrated complex. Cations which promote disaggregation result in shifts in distribution of the proteoglycans on equilibrated density gradients. Comparisons of the desulfated products of the high density aggregated and disaggregated complexes and of more selective high and low density proteoglycan fractions clearly show the heterogeneity of proteoglycans related to protein content. It is suggested that the nature of the variable population of proteoglycan macromolecules permits its existence as a self aggregating system."}
{"id": "PMID:126847", "title": "The effect of calcium on the macromolecular properties of heparan sulfate.", "content": "Heparan sulfate from human aorta has been subjected to a physico-chemical analysis in buffers of physiological ionic strength containing either sodium chloride or calcium chloride. A molecular weight of 50,000 was obtained both in sodium and calcium solutions by sedimentation equilibrium and from sedimentation and diffusion coefficients. The values obtained for So20,w in sodium and calcium chloride solutions were 2.28 X 10(-13) and 2.70 X 10(-13) sec, respectively, and the corresponding values for Dl20,w were 2.7 X 10(-7) and 3.1 X 10(-7) cm2/sec, respectively. Diffusion coefficients calculated from data obtained by gel chromatography were in excellent agreement with those determined by conventional techniques. The results indicated that the molecule contracts in the presence of calcium, presumably due to an increased binding of counter-ions with a concomitant decrease in charge density. Circular dichroism spectra above 200 nm, where the substituted amino group contributes to the absorption, gave no indication of a conformational change in the polysaccharide upon transformation from the sodium to the calcium salt. When the polysaccharide was dissolved in a salt solution, physiological both in ionic strength and in sodium to calcium ratio, it sedimented as the sodium salt. The sedimentation coefficient, the diffusion coefficient and the apparent molecular weight all displayed a concentration dependence. This dependence was much less in calcium chloride than in sodium chloride in determinations of molecular weight. Therefore there are advantages in performing molecular weight determinations of glycosaminoglycans in calcium solutions.", "contents": "The effect of calcium on the macromolecular properties of heparan sulfate. Heparan sulfate from human aorta has been subjected to a physico-chemical analysis in buffers of physiological ionic strength containing either sodium chloride or calcium chloride. A molecular weight of 50,000 was obtained both in sodium and calcium solutions by sedimentation equilibrium and from sedimentation and diffusion coefficients. The values obtained for So20,w in sodium and calcium chloride solutions were 2.28 X 10(-13) and 2.70 X 10(-13) sec, respectively, and the corresponding values for Dl20,w were 2.7 X 10(-7) and 3.1 X 10(-7) cm2/sec, respectively. Diffusion coefficients calculated from data obtained by gel chromatography were in excellent agreement with those determined by conventional techniques. The results indicated that the molecule contracts in the presence of calcium, presumably due to an increased binding of counter-ions with a concomitant decrease in charge density. Circular dichroism spectra above 200 nm, where the substituted amino group contributes to the absorption, gave no indication of a conformational change in the polysaccharide upon transformation from the sodium to the calcium salt. When the polysaccharide was dissolved in a salt solution, physiological both in ionic strength and in sodium to calcium ratio, it sedimented as the sodium salt. The sedimentation coefficient, the diffusion coefficient and the apparent molecular weight all displayed a concentration dependence. This dependence was much less in calcium chloride than in sodium chloride in determinations of molecular weight. Therefore there are advantages in performing molecular weight determinations of glycosaminoglycans in calcium solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:126848", "title": "A comparative trial of azapropazone and ketoprofen in the treatment of acute backache.", "content": "A double-blind trial of azapropazone (300 mg. 4-times daily) and ketoprofen (50 mg. 4-times daily) was carried out in 50 patients with acute backache sufficiently severe to necessitate hospital admission. Of 39 patients who completed the full 3-weeks' study period, 18 preferred azapropazone therapy, 10 preferred ketoprofen, and 11 showed either preference for the intermediate placebo period or no preference at all. Ten patients suffered from sufficiently severe side-effects with ketoprofen to necessitate their withdrawal from the trial. There were no similar episodes of withdrawal occurring during the azapropazone period.", "contents": "A comparative trial of azapropazone and ketoprofen in the treatment of acute backache. A double-blind trial of azapropazone (300 mg. 4-times daily) and ketoprofen (50 mg. 4-times daily) was carried out in 50 patients with acute backache sufficiently severe to necessitate hospital admission. Of 39 patients who completed the full 3-weeks' study period, 18 preferred azapropazone therapy, 10 preferred ketoprofen, and 11 showed either preference for the intermediate placebo period or no preference at all. Ten patients suffered from sufficiently severe side-effects with ketoprofen to necessitate their withdrawal from the trial. There were no similar episodes of withdrawal occurring during the azapropazone period."}
{"id": "PMID:126850", "title": "Inhibition of mitosis and tritiated DNA precursor uptake in human leucocyte cultures by rat lymph node extract.", "content": "A water soluble extract was prepared from the lymph nodes of rats of different age groups. This extract, when added to human peripheral blood leucocyte cultures, inhibits DNA synthesis and mitosis when added in different concentrations for varying lengths of time in culture. Also, it was observed that the extract from old rats was not as effective as that from younger animals.", "contents": "Inhibition of mitosis and tritiated DNA precursor uptake in human leucocyte cultures by rat lymph node extract. A water soluble extract was prepared from the lymph nodes of rats of different age groups. This extract, when added to human peripheral blood leucocyte cultures, inhibits DNA synthesis and mitosis when added in different concentrations for varying lengths of time in culture. Also, it was observed that the extract from old rats was not as effective as that from younger animals."}
{"id": "PMID:126851", "title": "Familial transmission of a (21q22q) translocation.", "content": "A large family is described in which a (21q22q) Robertsonian translocation is segregating through three generations. The assessment of the risk of a translocation carrier producing an offspring with Down's syndrome is calculated from the data in this family and eight others reported in the literature. The risk when the translocation carrier is a female is approximately 6 in 100, or 0.06. For the male translocation carrier the risk can only be guessed, since the patients with Down's syndrome born to these parents were probands. The risk for Down's syndrome from the combined data of male and female translocation carriers in 3 is 100, or 0.03.", "contents": "Familial transmission of a (21q22q) translocation. A large family is described in which a (21q22q) Robertsonian translocation is segregating through three generations. The assessment of the risk of a translocation carrier producing an offspring with Down's syndrome is calculated from the data in this family and eight others reported in the literature. The risk when the translocation carrier is a female is approximately 6 in 100, or 0.06. For the male translocation carrier the risk can only be guessed, since the patients with Down's syndrome born to these parents were probands. The risk for Down's syndrome from the combined data of male and female translocation carriers in 3 is 100, or 0.03."}
{"id": "PMID:126858", "title": "Method for the quantitation of steroids in umbilical cord plasma.", "content": "A method for simultaneous quantitation of nine steroids in cord plasma is described which consists of Amberlite XAD-2-column chromatography at constant temperature of 45 degrees C, enzyme hydrolysis with beta-glucoronidase/aryl sulfatase, addition of five radioactive internal standards, ethyl acetate extraction, thin layer chromatography and quantitation by gas-liquid chromatography after trimethylsilyl ether derivative formation. Reliability criteria are established and the following steroid concentrations found: progesterone, 132.1 +/- 102.5 mug/100 ml; pregnenolone, 57.3 +/- 45.7 mug/100 ml; dehydroepiandrosterone, 46.5 +/- 29.4 mug/100 ml; pregnanediol, 67.5 +/- 46.6 mug/100 ml; 16-ketoandrostenediol 19.8 +/- 13.7 mug/100 ml; 16 alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 126.3 +/- 86.9 mug/100 ml; 16 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, 78.2 +/- 56.5 mug/100 ml; androstenetriol, 22.2 +/- 17.5 mug/100 ml and oestriol, 127.7 +/- 116.9 mug/100.", "contents": "Method for the quantitation of steroids in umbilical cord plasma. A method for simultaneous quantitation of nine steroids in cord plasma is described which consists of Amberlite XAD-2-column chromatography at constant temperature of 45 degrees C, enzyme hydrolysis with beta-glucoronidase/aryl sulfatase, addition of five radioactive internal standards, ethyl acetate extraction, thin layer chromatography and quantitation by gas-liquid chromatography after trimethylsilyl ether derivative formation. Reliability criteria are established and the following steroid concentrations found: progesterone, 132.1 +/- 102.5 mug/100 ml; pregnenolone, 57.3 +/- 45.7 mug/100 ml; dehydroepiandrosterone, 46.5 +/- 29.4 mug/100 ml; pregnanediol, 67.5 +/- 46.6 mug/100 ml; 16-ketoandrostenediol 19.8 +/- 13.7 mug/100 ml; 16 alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 126.3 +/- 86.9 mug/100 ml; 16 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, 78.2 +/- 56.5 mug/100 ml; androstenetriol, 22.2 +/- 17.5 mug/100 ml and oestriol, 127.7 +/- 116.9 mug/100."}
{"id": "PMID:126859", "title": "Metabolism of 14C-dehydroepiandrosterone in female adipose tissue and venous blood.", "content": "The metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone in female adipose tissue and venous blood in 11 patients was studied by a double isotope method which is described in detail. The main metabolite isolated, identified and quantitated was androstenediol. The conversion rate of dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenediol for adipose tissue ranged between 3.32-14.28% (X = 7.47 +/- 3.34 SD) and for venous blood between 2.88-9.60% (X = 5.84 +/- 1.80 SD). The values found for androstenedione and testostrone did not differ from the control experiments. Oestrone and oestradiol could not be detected. The contribution of the peripheral steroid metabolism to the pool of androgenic steroids is discussed.", "contents": "Metabolism of 14C-dehydroepiandrosterone in female adipose tissue and venous blood. The metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone in female adipose tissue and venous blood in 11 patients was studied by a double isotope method which is described in detail. The main metabolite isolated, identified and quantitated was androstenediol. The conversion rate of dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenediol for adipose tissue ranged between 3.32-14.28% (X = 7.47 +/- 3.34 SD) and for venous blood between 2.88-9.60% (X = 5.84 +/- 1.80 SD). The values found for androstenedione and testostrone did not differ from the control experiments. Oestrone and oestradiol could not be detected. The contribution of the peripheral steroid metabolism to the pool of androgenic steroids is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126860", "title": "Effect of methysergide, a blocker of serotonin receptors, on plasma prolactin levels in lactating and ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The effect of methysergide (MES, 2.5 mg/100 g body wt), a serotonin antagonist, on prolactin release has been studied in lactating and ovariectomized rats. MES caused significant increases in prolactin release in both animals. Studies in ovariectomized, hypophysectomized rats indicate that this effect is not due to a decrease in the peripheral metabolism of prolactin. In vitro incubations of anterior pituitary fragments with MES failed to demonstrate any increase in prolactin release, suggesting that MES does not act directly on the anterior pituitary. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA; 32 mg/100 g body wt) decreased brain serotonin levels in ovariectomized rats 5, 24, and 70 h after its administration, yet did not alter plasma prolactin levels. L-tryptophan (6.3 mg/100 g body wt) given 1 and 1 1/2 h prior to sacrifice increased brain serotonin levels, yet did not affect plasma prolactin levels. Neither PCPA nor L-tryptophan altered MES-induced prolactin release. In lactating rats, suckling caused marked increases in plasma prolactin levels, an effect completely abolished by the administration of MES to the mother rats 3 1/4 h prior to suckling. However, MES-induced prolactin release was not altered by prior treatment with MES, either in lactating or ovariectomized rats. Others have shown that suckling releases prolactin through an excitatory serotonergic mechanism. Therefore, the failure of suckling to release prolactin in MES-pretreated rats suggests that MES can block brain serotonin receptors. However, the ability of methysergide to release prolactin in rats with serotonin receptors presumably blocked, suggests that the serotonin receptor-blocking and the prolactin-releasing actions of MES are not related.", "contents": "Effect of methysergide, a blocker of serotonin receptors, on plasma prolactin levels in lactating and ovariectomized rats. The effect of methysergide (MES, 2.5 mg/100 g body wt), a serotonin antagonist, on prolactin release has been studied in lactating and ovariectomized rats. MES caused significant increases in prolactin release in both animals. Studies in ovariectomized, hypophysectomized rats indicate that this effect is not due to a decrease in the peripheral metabolism of prolactin. In vitro incubations of anterior pituitary fragments with MES failed to demonstrate any increase in prolactin release, suggesting that MES does not act directly on the anterior pituitary. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA; 32 mg/100 g body wt) decreased brain serotonin levels in ovariectomized rats 5, 24, and 70 h after its administration, yet did not alter plasma prolactin levels. L-tryptophan (6.3 mg/100 g body wt) given 1 and 1 1/2 h prior to sacrifice increased brain serotonin levels, yet did not affect plasma prolactin levels. Neither PCPA nor L-tryptophan altered MES-induced prolactin release. In lactating rats, suckling caused marked increases in plasma prolactin levels, an effect completely abolished by the administration of MES to the mother rats 3 1/4 h prior to suckling. However, MES-induced prolactin release was not altered by prior treatment with MES, either in lactating or ovariectomized rats. Others have shown that suckling releases prolactin through an excitatory serotonergic mechanism. Therefore, the failure of suckling to release prolactin in MES-pretreated rats suggests that MES can block brain serotonin receptors. However, the ability of methysergide to release prolactin in rats with serotonin receptors presumably blocked, suggests that the serotonin receptor-blocking and the prolactin-releasing actions of MES are not related."}
{"id": "PMID:126861", "title": "Influence of adrenalectomy, castration, and light cycle on steroid hydroxylase activity in the adult male rat liver.", "content": "The contribution of the adrenals, the testes, and a light/dark cycle to the regulation of hepatic steroid hydroxylases was studied in vitro by measuring transformation rates (nmol/mg protein/min) of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA). Normal and adrenalectomized male rats were kept in 12 h light:12 h dark (12L:12D) or in constant light (CL) for 1 week. Normal and castrated rats were kept in 12L:12D for 3 weeks. Rats were killed at 4-h intervals over a 36-h period, hepatic microsomal fractions were incubated with [4-14C]DHA, and C-7 and C-16-oxygenated products were quantitated. The overall mean rate of 7alpha-hydroxylation decreased in normal rats exposed to CL. Rates of both 7alpha- and 16alpha-hydroxylation were significantly greater in normal rats than in the respective group of treated rats, except for the 7alpha-hydroxylase in castrated rats. These results indicate that 16alpha-hydroxylase activity is both gonadal- and adrenal-dependent, whereas 7alpha-hydroxylase activity is adrenal-dependent only. Both enzymes are sensitive to light/dark modulations, although a circadian rhythm could not be conclusively established.", "contents": "Influence of adrenalectomy, castration, and light cycle on steroid hydroxylase activity in the adult male rat liver. The contribution of the adrenals, the testes, and a light/dark cycle to the regulation of hepatic steroid hydroxylases was studied in vitro by measuring transformation rates (nmol/mg protein/min) of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA). Normal and adrenalectomized male rats were kept in 12 h light:12 h dark (12L:12D) or in constant light (CL) for 1 week. Normal and castrated rats were kept in 12L:12D for 3 weeks. Rats were killed at 4-h intervals over a 36-h period, hepatic microsomal fractions were incubated with [4-14C]DHA, and C-7 and C-16-oxygenated products were quantitated. The overall mean rate of 7alpha-hydroxylation decreased in normal rats exposed to CL. Rates of both 7alpha- and 16alpha-hydroxylation were significantly greater in normal rats than in the respective group of treated rats, except for the 7alpha-hydroxylase in castrated rats. These results indicate that 16alpha-hydroxylase activity is both gonadal- and adrenal-dependent, whereas 7alpha-hydroxylase activity is adrenal-dependent only. Both enzymes are sensitive to light/dark modulations, although a circadian rhythm could not be conclusively established."}
{"id": "PMID:126862", "title": "Poly(A) synthesis in T2L phage-infected Escherichia coli. A combination of polynucleotide phosphorylase and ATPase.", "content": "In crude extracts of T2L phage-infected Escherichia coli cells an enzyme activity was found that produced poly(A) from ATP as substrate. Purification of the extract led to the isolation of two enzymes, a polynucleotide phosphorylase and an ATPase. The polynucleotide phosphorylase possessed the same properties as the well-known enzyme from uninfected cells and its molecular weight was about 265 000. The ATPase was purified to over 90% purity; its molecular weight was estimated to be about 165 000 with three subunits of 55 000. The characterization of this enzyme showed that it was different from any ATPase known so far. Mg2+ cannot be replaced by Ca2+, as it can from the membrane-bound ATPases. The only product yielded by the enzyme was ADP; it was very specific for ATP, other ribonucleotide triphosphates being practically unaffected. The rate of ATP splitting was found to be very high, the turnover number being 2.51 X 10(4) min-1 at 37 degrees C. Even at 0 degree C the enzyme was still active. The optimal assay conditions for ATPase turned out to be very similar to those of polynucleotide phosphorylase. Thus the combination of the two enzymes very efficiently produced poly(A) from ATP. In this combination the polynucleotide phosphorylase was the rate-limiting enzyme, since its turnover number was about 40 times lower than that of the ATPase. The evaluation of a variety of properties of the poly(A)-synthesizing constituent found in the crude extracts led us to conclude that this activity arises from the combined action of ATPase and polynucleotide phosphorylase, and is not due to a poly(A) polymerase.", "contents": "Poly(A) synthesis in T2L phage-infected Escherichia coli. A combination of polynucleotide phosphorylase and ATPase. In crude extracts of T2L phage-infected Escherichia coli cells an enzyme activity was found that produced poly(A) from ATP as substrate. Purification of the extract led to the isolation of two enzymes, a polynucleotide phosphorylase and an ATPase. The polynucleotide phosphorylase possessed the same properties as the well-known enzyme from uninfected cells and its molecular weight was about 265 000. The ATPase was purified to over 90% purity; its molecular weight was estimated to be about 165 000 with three subunits of 55 000. The characterization of this enzyme showed that it was different from any ATPase known so far. Mg2+ cannot be replaced by Ca2+, as it can from the membrane-bound ATPases. The only product yielded by the enzyme was ADP; it was very specific for ATP, other ribonucleotide triphosphates being practically unaffected. The rate of ATP splitting was found to be very high, the turnover number being 2.51 X 10(4) min-1 at 37 degrees C. Even at 0 degree C the enzyme was still active. The optimal assay conditions for ATPase turned out to be very similar to those of polynucleotide phosphorylase. Thus the combination of the two enzymes very efficiently produced poly(A) from ATP. In this combination the polynucleotide phosphorylase was the rate-limiting enzyme, since its turnover number was about 40 times lower than that of the ATPase. The evaluation of a variety of properties of the poly(A)-synthesizing constituent found in the crude extracts led us to conclude that this activity arises from the combined action of ATPase and polynucleotide phosphorylase, and is not due to a poly(A) polymerase."}
{"id": "PMID:126863", "title": "Amino-acid sequence of the cyanogen-bromide fragment from human plasminogen that forms the linkage between the plasmin chains.", "content": "The complete amino acid sequence of a cyanogen bromide fragment (122 residues) obtained from plasminogen is described. This fragment forms the overlap between heavy (A) and light (B) chains of human plasmin. The particular arginyl-valyl bond cleaved in the second step of the activation process is shown to be Arg98-Val99 in this fragment. This site is not very similar to the one in the NH2-terminal part of the molecule (Arg68-Met69). Remarkable homologies with the 'triple loops' ('kringle structures') found in the non-thrombin part of prothrombin are demonstrated. Homologies occurred during evolution of this chain.", "contents": "Amino-acid sequence of the cyanogen-bromide fragment from human plasminogen that forms the linkage between the plasmin chains. The complete amino acid sequence of a cyanogen bromide fragment (122 residues) obtained from plasminogen is described. This fragment forms the overlap between heavy (A) and light (B) chains of human plasmin. The particular arginyl-valyl bond cleaved in the second step of the activation process is shown to be Arg98-Val99 in this fragment. This site is not very similar to the one in the NH2-terminal part of the molecule (Arg68-Met69). Remarkable homologies with the 'triple loops' ('kringle structures') found in the non-thrombin part of prothrombin are demonstrated. Homologies occurred during evolution of this chain."}
{"id": "PMID:126864", "title": "Tightness and orientation of vesicles from guinea-pig kidney estimated from reactions of adenosine triphosphatase dependent on sodium and potassium ions.", "content": "In order to study the \"sidedness\" of the ligands of the Na+, K+-ATPase in the phosphorylation from [32P]ATP, tight vesicles were prepared from guinea pig kidney and partially purified by a two-stage sucrose and Ficoll gradient centrifugation procedure. These vesicles were derived presumably from plasma membrane fragments resealed after the initial disruption of the cells during homogenization. Tightness of the vesicles was estimated according to activation by the nonionic detergent, Triton X-100. Treatment with Triton X-100 increased both the activity of the Na+, K+-ATPase and its Na+-dependent phosphorylation from [32P]ATP at least three-fold. Activation of both functions also appeared when the vesicles were shocked osmotically. These results suggest that the preparation contains a major population of tight normal vesicles (approximately 75%) in which the phosphorylation site faces the intravesicular solution. In the response to ouabain breakdown of the phosphoenzyme was inhibited in vesicles treated with Triton X-100 but not in intact ones as if ouabain could not get to its binding site. Correspondingly in phosphorylation from ATP pretreatment with ouabain in the presence of inorganic phosphate produced less inhibition in intact vesicles than in those disrupted with Triton X-100 beforehand. These data suggest the presence of an everted vesicle fraction in the preparation (approximately 20%). Apparently only a small fraction of the vesicles was leaky. In the everted vesicles the action of K+ on the phosphoenzyme was slow. In order to accelerate the dephosphorylation in intact vesicles as effectively as in disrupted ones, K+ had to be added before the start of phosphorylation. This supports the view that K+ was acting from the side of the membrane opposite to that where the gamma-phosphoryl group was accepted from ATP.", "contents": "Tightness and orientation of vesicles from guinea-pig kidney estimated from reactions of adenosine triphosphatase dependent on sodium and potassium ions. In order to study the \"sidedness\" of the ligands of the Na+, K+-ATPase in the phosphorylation from [32P]ATP, tight vesicles were prepared from guinea pig kidney and partially purified by a two-stage sucrose and Ficoll gradient centrifugation procedure. These vesicles were derived presumably from plasma membrane fragments resealed after the initial disruption of the cells during homogenization. Tightness of the vesicles was estimated according to activation by the nonionic detergent, Triton X-100. Treatment with Triton X-100 increased both the activity of the Na+, K+-ATPase and its Na+-dependent phosphorylation from [32P]ATP at least three-fold. Activation of both functions also appeared when the vesicles were shocked osmotically. These results suggest that the preparation contains a major population of tight normal vesicles (approximately 75%) in which the phosphorylation site faces the intravesicular solution. In the response to ouabain breakdown of the phosphoenzyme was inhibited in vesicles treated with Triton X-100 but not in intact ones as if ouabain could not get to its binding site. Correspondingly in phosphorylation from ATP pretreatment with ouabain in the presence of inorganic phosphate produced less inhibition in intact vesicles than in those disrupted with Triton X-100 beforehand. These data suggest the presence of an everted vesicle fraction in the preparation (approximately 20%). Apparently only a small fraction of the vesicles was leaky. In the everted vesicles the action of K+ on the phosphoenzyme was slow. In order to accelerate the dephosphorylation in intact vesicles as effectively as in disrupted ones, K+ had to be added before the start of phosphorylation. This supports the view that K+ was acting from the side of the membrane opposite to that where the gamma-phosphoryl group was accepted from ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:126865", "title": "A theory concerning the course of events in angina and myocardial infarction.", "content": "Evidence is discussed which suggests that coronary arterial thrombosis need not be the primary event in myocardial infarction. If this is so, it is necessary to consider the initial changes which might occur in the myocardium rather than the effects of experiments in which the coronary arterial supply has been suddenly cut off. Results of recent investigations on patients suggest that, during the anginal attack, there is an inability of the affected myocardium to relax and a diminution in the flow of blood to the region. The former implies an increased myofibrillar concentration of calcium ions, the latter may be explained by the mechanical compression of small intramyocardial blood vessels. It is argued that these two factors may initiate vicious circles which could lead to the death of myocardial cells and thus to myocardial infarction.", "contents": "A theory concerning the course of events in angina and myocardial infarction. Evidence is discussed which suggests that coronary arterial thrombosis need not be the primary event in myocardial infarction. If this is so, it is necessary to consider the initial changes which might occur in the myocardium rather than the effects of experiments in which the coronary arterial supply has been suddenly cut off. Results of recent investigations on patients suggest that, during the anginal attack, there is an inability of the affected myocardium to relax and a diminution in the flow of blood to the region. The former implies an increased myofibrillar concentration of calcium ions, the latter may be explained by the mechanical compression of small intramyocardial blood vessels. It is argued that these two factors may initiate vicious circles which could lead to the death of myocardial cells and thus to myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:126871", "title": "Influence of 1,3-butanediol on blood glucose concentration and pancreatic insulin content of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.", "content": "Male rats were made diabetic by intravenous administration of 75 mg/kg of streptozotocin and were fed, via a pair-feeding regimen, high-fat diets +/- 1,3-butanediol (BD) at 13.5 and 27% of the dietary calories for 30 days and 31 days, respectively. 1,3-Butanediol was added to the diets primarily as a replacement for fat. Food consumption and rat weight were recorded daily. Whole blood glucose concentrations were determined weekly. At sacrifice, liver, pancreas and epididymal fat pads were excised and blood samples were collected. Liver was analyzed for protein and lipid; pancreas was weighed and analyzed for insulin; fat pads were weighed and discarded; and blood was analyzed for glucose and lipid. The 13.5% BD diet increased the beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and cholesterol concentrations, decreased the glucose concentration in blood, and increased the insulin content of the pancreas. The BD diets did not affect the concentrations of phospholipid, triglyceride, cholesterol and fatty acid in the liver; fatty acid concentrations in the blood; or the epididymal fat pad weight. The results suggest that BD produced a slight amelioration of the diabetic condition, which may have resulted from an increased capacity of the pancreas to synthesize insulin. In addition, the data provide further evidence suggesting that in the rat BD is oxidized to the ketone bodies, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate.", "contents": "Influence of 1,3-butanediol on blood glucose concentration and pancreatic insulin content of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Male rats were made diabetic by intravenous administration of 75 mg/kg of streptozotocin and were fed, via a pair-feeding regimen, high-fat diets +/- 1,3-butanediol (BD) at 13.5 and 27% of the dietary calories for 30 days and 31 days, respectively. 1,3-Butanediol was added to the diets primarily as a replacement for fat. Food consumption and rat weight were recorded daily. Whole blood glucose concentrations were determined weekly. At sacrifice, liver, pancreas and epididymal fat pads were excised and blood samples were collected. Liver was analyzed for protein and lipid; pancreas was weighed and analyzed for insulin; fat pads were weighed and discarded; and blood was analyzed for glucose and lipid. The 13.5% BD diet increased the beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate and cholesterol concentrations, decreased the glucose concentration in blood, and increased the insulin content of the pancreas. The BD diets did not affect the concentrations of phospholipid, triglyceride, cholesterol and fatty acid in the liver; fatty acid concentrations in the blood; or the epididymal fat pad weight. The results suggest that BD produced a slight amelioration of the diabetic condition, which may have resulted from an increased capacity of the pancreas to synthesize insulin. In addition, the data provide further evidence suggesting that in the rat BD is oxidized to the ketone bodies, beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate."}
{"id": "PMID:126872", "title": "Ovarian delta-5-3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in aging rats.", "content": "Ovaries of rats 1, 2, 4, and 18 months old revealed significant delta-5-3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-OHSD) activity when dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), pregnenolone, and 16-dehydropregnenolone served as substrates. No enzyme activity was evident in ovaries 4 and 18 months of age when the substrates 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were used. A marked increase in enzyme activity occurred in the granulosae of mature vesicular follicles at 18 months of age. DHA, pregnenolone, and 16-dehydropregnenolone provided similar activities. On the other hand, interstitial enzyme activity exhibited an aging decline with DHA and 16-dehydropregnenolone but increased with pregnenolone. Corpora lutea were less evident in aging ovaries but did exhibit strong 3beta-OHSD activity when DHA was used. Pregnenolone use by corpora lutea was sharply increased in aging rats but no change occurred with 16-dehydropregnenolone. Thus aging was associated with changes in 3beta-OHSD distribution and use of steroid substrate; a change in function is suggested.", "contents": "Ovarian delta-5-3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in aging rats. Ovaries of rats 1, 2, 4, and 18 months old revealed significant delta-5-3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-OHSD) activity when dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), pregnenolone, and 16-dehydropregnenolone served as substrates. No enzyme activity was evident in ovaries 4 and 18 months of age when the substrates 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were used. A marked increase in enzyme activity occurred in the granulosae of mature vesicular follicles at 18 months of age. DHA, pregnenolone, and 16-dehydropregnenolone provided similar activities. On the other hand, interstitial enzyme activity exhibited an aging decline with DHA and 16-dehydropregnenolone but increased with pregnenolone. Corpora lutea were less evident in aging ovaries but did exhibit strong 3beta-OHSD activity when DHA was used. Pregnenolone use by corpora lutea was sharply increased in aging rats but no change occurred with 16-dehydropregnenolone. Thus aging was associated with changes in 3beta-OHSD distribution and use of steroid substrate; a change in function is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:126873", "title": "Spring clip tubal occlusion: a report of the first 400 cases.", "content": "Between September 1972 and March 1974, laparoscopic tubal sterilization was performed on 394 patients with the use of a spring-loaded plastic clip under local analgesia and on an outpatient basis. Intravenous fentanyl and infra-umbilical infiltration and tubal spray with 1% lidocaine were found to be very acceptable and effective forms of analgesia. The average time spent by a patient in the hospital was 4 hours, 26 minutes. There was no major immediate complications apart from vasovagal reactions in 34 patients. Up to June 30, 1974, six patients in the series had become pregnant, not as a failure of the clip per se, but as a result of improper application of the clips. This seems to be a safe, simple, and effective method of female sterilization with great potentials of reversibility.", "contents": "Spring clip tubal occlusion: a report of the first 400 cases. Between September 1972 and March 1974, laparoscopic tubal sterilization was performed on 394 patients with the use of a spring-loaded plastic clip under local analgesia and on an outpatient basis. Intravenous fentanyl and infra-umbilical infiltration and tubal spray with 1% lidocaine were found to be very acceptable and effective forms of analgesia. The average time spent by a patient in the hospital was 4 hours, 26 minutes. There was no major immediate complications apart from vasovagal reactions in 34 patients. Up to June 30, 1974, six patients in the series had become pregnant, not as a failure of the clip per se, but as a result of improper application of the clips. This seems to be a safe, simple, and effective method of female sterilization with great potentials of reversibility."}
{"id": "PMID:126874", "title": "Sterilization by spring clip: a report of 1000 cases with a 6-month follow-up.", "content": "In September 1972, clinical trials of a spring-loaded clip for laparoscopic sterilization were begun and extended to a number of centers in the United States and overseas. As of March 1974, more than 1000 patients had undergone the procedure, usually performed under local anesthesia in an outpatient setting, with no fixed contraindications. Complications and pregnancy rates based on a preliminary 6-month follow-up are presented. Complications due to application of the clip appeared to be limited to postoperative cramps lasting 24 to 48 hours (26% of the patients). No ectopic pregnancies were reported. Pregnancies, when corrected for unsuspected pregnancies and misapplication of the clip, occurred in 2 of these first 1000 patients. The difficulties and relative contraindications learned from this unselected series and the advantages over electrocagulation  techniques are discussed.", "contents": "Sterilization by spring clip: a report of 1000 cases with a 6-month follow-up. In September 1972, clinical trials of a spring-loaded clip for laparoscopic sterilization were begun and extended to a number of centers in the United States and overseas. As of March 1974, more than 1000 patients had undergone the procedure, usually performed under local anesthesia in an outpatient setting, with no fixed contraindications. Complications and pregnancy rates based on a preliminary 6-month follow-up are presented. Complications due to application of the clip appeared to be limited to postoperative cramps lasting 24 to 48 hours (26% of the patients). No ectopic pregnancies were reported. Pregnancies, when corrected for unsuspected pregnancies and misapplication of the clip, occurred in 2 of these first 1000 patients. The difficulties and relative contraindications learned from this unselected series and the advantages over electrocagulation  techniques are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126875", "title": "Peripheral, ovarian, and adrenal vein steroids in hirsute women: acute effects of human chorionic gonadotropin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone.", "content": "In an attempt to localize the source of excessive andogens in hirsute women, various steroids were determined in peripheral blood, left ovarian venous blood, and left adrenal venous blood, using radioimmunoassay techniques developed in our laboratory. Peripheral serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, progesterone, and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were elevated in several hirsute patients, compared with those of a group of normal, cycling women of the same age. There was direct evidence to show that the ovaries and/or adrenals were secreting androgens in these hirsute patients. Saline infusion brought about minor changes in peripheral and left ovarian vein steroid levels; however, episodic fluctuations occurred in the adrenal vein samples. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone infusion brought about dramatic increases in adrenal vein steroid concentrations, while ovarian vein concentrations were unaffected, compared with peripheral steroid levels. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) infusion brought about increases in left ovarian vein steroids in some patients; however, those patients with corpus luteum on the right ovary or under chronic ovarian suppression did not respond to HCG. HCG was ineffective in altering adrenal steroid secretion. It was concluded that selective venous cannulation may be of some use when the ovary is the site of excessive androgen secretion. However, care must be taken in interpreting results when a corpus luteum is present in the contralateral ovary. Interpretation is difficult when the adrenal is suspect, because of the pulsatile nature of adrenal secretion or the possibility of stress-induced secretion.", "contents": "Peripheral, ovarian, and adrenal vein steroids in hirsute women: acute effects of human chorionic gonadotropin and adrenocorticotrophic hormone. In an attempt to localize the source of excessive andogens in hirsute women, various steroids were determined in peripheral blood, left ovarian venous blood, and left adrenal venous blood, using radioimmunoassay techniques developed in our laboratory. Peripheral serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, testosterone, progesterone, and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were elevated in several hirsute patients, compared with those of a group of normal, cycling women of the same age. There was direct evidence to show that the ovaries and/or adrenals were secreting androgens in these hirsute patients. Saline infusion brought about minor changes in peripheral and left ovarian vein steroid levels; however, episodic fluctuations occurred in the adrenal vein samples. Adrenocorticotrophic hormone infusion brought about dramatic increases in adrenal vein steroid concentrations, while ovarian vein concentrations were unaffected, compared with peripheral steroid levels. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) infusion brought about increases in left ovarian vein steroids in some patients; however, those patients with corpus luteum on the right ovary or under chronic ovarian suppression did not respond to HCG. HCG was ineffective in altering adrenal steroid secretion. It was concluded that selective venous cannulation may be of some use when the ovary is the site of excessive androgen secretion. However, care must be taken in interpreting results when a corpus luteum is present in the contralateral ovary. Interpretation is difficult when the adrenal is suspect, because of the pulsatile nature of adrenal secretion or the possibility of stress-induced secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:126876", "title": "Elementary particles in isolated rat liver and spleen nuclear membranes.", "content": "Elementary spherical particles similar to those described in the mitochondria are found in isolated rat liver and spleen nuclear membranes. The particles are characterized by electron microscopy of sections and preparations negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid or with the ATPase histochemical reaction product. The particles exhibit adenosine triphosphatase activity and have a mushroom-like shape with a sphere about 85-90 angstrom in diameter attached to inner face of the inner nuclear membrane by a stalk about 50 angstrom in length and 35 angstrom in diameter. It is supposed that these particles, just as analogous particles localized at the inner mitochondrial membrane, are involved in the coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in the nuclear envelope.", "contents": "Elementary particles in isolated rat liver and spleen nuclear membranes. Elementary spherical particles similar to those described in the mitochondria are found in isolated rat liver and spleen nuclear membranes. The particles are characterized by electron microscopy of sections and preparations negatively stained with phosphotungstic acid or with the ATPase histochemical reaction product. The particles exhibit adenosine triphosphatase activity and have a mushroom-like shape with a sphere about 85-90 angstrom in diameter attached to inner face of the inner nuclear membrane by a stalk about 50 angstrom in length and 35 angstrom in diameter. It is supposed that these particles, just as analogous particles localized at the inner mitochondrial membrane, are involved in the coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation in the nuclear envelope."}
{"id": "PMID:126885", "title": "Psychological disorders in crippled children. A comparative study of children with and without brain damage.", "content": "A detailed standardised study was made of all crippled children aged between five and 15 years and of normal intelligence on the local-authority lists of handicapped children in three London boroughs. Psychiatric disorder was twice as common in children whose crippling was due to cerebral disease or damage rather than some peripheral lesion. As the groups were well matched in terms of physical incapacity and social background, it was concluded that brain damage was responsible for the children's increased vulnerability to emotional problems. Brain damage was also associated with a marked increase in reading difficulties and a lowering of intelligence within the normal range. Psychiatric disorder was found to be related not only to cerebral injury but also to various types of family disturbance. It is concluded that emotional and behavioural disturbance stemmed from both an increased biological vulnerability and psychosocial hazards.", "contents": "Psychological disorders in crippled children. A comparative study of children with and without brain damage. A detailed standardised study was made of all crippled children aged between five and 15 years and of normal intelligence on the local-authority lists of handicapped children in three London boroughs. Psychiatric disorder was twice as common in children whose crippling was due to cerebral disease or damage rather than some peripheral lesion. As the groups were well matched in terms of physical incapacity and social background, it was concluded that brain damage was responsible for the children's increased vulnerability to emotional problems. Brain damage was also associated with a marked increase in reading difficulties and a lowering of intelligence within the normal range. Psychiatric disorder was found to be related not only to cerebral injury but also to various types of family disturbance. It is concluded that emotional and behavioural disturbance stemmed from both an increased biological vulnerability and psychosocial hazards."}
{"id": "PMID:126886", "title": "Adoption and foster care of handicapped children in the United States.", "content": "This paper reviews the current policies and programs of adoption and foster care of handicapped and other \"hard-to-place\" children in the United States. The results of a survey of 42 States revealed a variety of approaches and attitudes towards recruitment of parents and placement of handicapped children. It is concluded that successful programmes related directly to careful selection of families, to educating the parents and to adequate staff support.", "contents": "Adoption and foster care of handicapped children in the United States. This paper reviews the current policies and programs of adoption and foster care of handicapped and other \"hard-to-place\" children in the United States. The results of a survey of 42 States revealed a variety of approaches and attitudes towards recruitment of parents and placement of handicapped children. It is concluded that successful programmes related directly to careful selection of families, to educating the parents and to adequate staff support."}
{"id": "PMID:126887", "title": "The effects of thymidine and its analogues on the differentiation of antibody-forming cells.", "content": "Thymidine (Tdr) and its analogues 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdr) and 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdr) inhibited the development of antibody-producing cells (PFC) in cultures of explants of rabbit spleen stimulated with sheep red cells in vitro. They were effective in this respect, even at concentrations too low to inhibit cell division. The results indicated that Tdr had produced its effects by a selective action on DNA and RNA synthesis. In view of what is known about the mechanisms of action of Tdr and its analogues to interfere with DNA-dependent events in cells, these results supported the idea that DNA synthesis, unrelated to the needs for cell division, was required for the development of antibody-producing capacity by PFC in these cultures.", "contents": "The effects of thymidine and its analogues on the differentiation of antibody-forming cells. Thymidine (Tdr) and its analogues 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdr) and 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdr) inhibited the development of antibody-producing cells (PFC) in cultures of explants of rabbit spleen stimulated with sheep red cells in vitro. They were effective in this respect, even at concentrations too low to inhibit cell division. The results indicated that Tdr had produced its effects by a selective action on DNA and RNA synthesis. In view of what is known about the mechanisms of action of Tdr and its analogues to interfere with DNA-dependent events in cells, these results supported the idea that DNA synthesis, unrelated to the needs for cell division, was required for the development of antibody-producing capacity by PFC in these cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:126889", "title": "[Isolated tricuspid insufficiency of traumatic type. Report of a case and revision of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of isolated tricuspid insufficiency is reported. The lesion, that at surgery resulted to be an anterior valve leaflet detachment, was well tolerated for a long time. After 23 years from the trauma the patient was successfully treated by surgical correction. The clinical features, compared to the 33 cases reported in the literature, demonstrated that the clinical course was more dramatic in patients with papillary muscle rupture than in those where the lesion was located on the chordae tendineae and/or the valves. The physical findings are characteristic but not specific of the traumatic type of tricuspidal insufficiency. However, when these symptoms are found in a patient where a trauma has previously occurred, the correct diagnosis should consider this possibility. The ECG usually shows incomplete bundle branch block, and the chest roentgenogram reveals cardiomegaly. Furthermore, the blood pressure levels in the right chambers are nearly normal. Surgery is often indicated and seems to give very good results. Our patient markedly improved after surgical treatment. Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic evidence of right atrial and ventricular hypertrophy was reduced as well as the roentgenographic pattern.", "contents": "[Isolated tricuspid insufficiency of traumatic type. Report of a case and revision of the literature (author's transl)]. A case of isolated tricuspid insufficiency is reported. The lesion, that at surgery resulted to be an anterior valve leaflet detachment, was well tolerated for a long time. After 23 years from the trauma the patient was successfully treated by surgical correction. The clinical features, compared to the 33 cases reported in the literature, demonstrated that the clinical course was more dramatic in patients with papillary muscle rupture than in those where the lesion was located on the chordae tendineae and/or the valves. The physical findings are characteristic but not specific of the traumatic type of tricuspidal insufficiency. However, when these symptoms are found in a patient where a trauma has previously occurred, the correct diagnosis should consider this possibility. The ECG usually shows incomplete bundle branch block, and the chest roentgenogram reveals cardiomegaly. Furthermore, the blood pressure levels in the right chambers are nearly normal. Surgery is often indicated and seems to give very good results. Our patient markedly improved after surgical treatment. Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic evidence of right atrial and ventricular hypertrophy was reduced as well as the roentgenographic pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:126890", "title": "The program of the cooperative study of the Veterans Administration.", "content": "A computer program for the automatic analysis of the electrocardiogram is described with details about wave recognition, measurements, and the calculation of the posterior probabilities of each diagnosis. The advantages and disadvantages of this multivariate statistical procedure are discussed. Classification statements result from separate analysis of the QRS-T complex, P wave, and ST segment. Criteria for inclusion of the patients forming the data base are given, with tables of measurements, means and standard deviation, as well as investigation of agreement between calculated and observed probabilities. Estimated error rates are given in the form of misclassification matrices, computed from large numbers of tracings collected by a Veteran Administration Cooperative Study, where the correct diagnoses are taken from clinical, laboratory, and autopsy information.", "contents": "The program of the cooperative study of the Veterans Administration. A computer program for the automatic analysis of the electrocardiogram is described with details about wave recognition, measurements, and the calculation of the posterior probabilities of each diagnosis. The advantages and disadvantages of this multivariate statistical procedure are discussed. Classification statements result from separate analysis of the QRS-T complex, P wave, and ST segment. Criteria for inclusion of the patients forming the data base are given, with tables of measurements, means and standard deviation, as well as investigation of agreement between calculated and observed probabilities. Estimated error rates are given in the form of misclassification matrices, computed from large numbers of tracings collected by a Veteran Administration Cooperative Study, where the correct diagnoses are taken from clinical, laboratory, and autopsy information."}
{"id": "PMID:126891", "title": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes treated with neocarzinostatin.", "content": "In an attempt to quantitate DNA repair induced by Neocarzinostatin, the incorporation of labeled thymidine into the human peripheral lymphocytes after exposure to the agent was studied by autoradiography. The exposure of lymphocytes to Neocarzinostatin for 60 min at the concentrations as low as 0.05 mug/ml caused a significant increase in the number of grains per cell within 2 hr of incubation with 10 muCi/ml of 3H-thymidine in the presence of 2mM of hydroxyurea. The number of grains increased with the increasing dose of the agent up to the concentration of around 2.5 mug/ml and then fell at higher concentrations. The extent of maximum incorporation induced by Neocarzinostatin was found to be almost comparable to that induced by 100 erg/mm2 of UV irradiation. Hydroxyurea or caffeine in the labeling medium showed little or no effect on the grain count, but acriflavine at 0.1 mM reduced the grain count by a factor of about 6. These results indicate that relatively high level of repair synthesis occurred in human lymphocytes after exposure to Neocarzinostatin and provide further evidence for the direct damage of cellular DNA induced by the antibiotic.", "contents": "Unscheduled DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes treated with neocarzinostatin. In an attempt to quantitate DNA repair induced by Neocarzinostatin, the incorporation of labeled thymidine into the human peripheral lymphocytes after exposure to the agent was studied by autoradiography. The exposure of lymphocytes to Neocarzinostatin for 60 min at the concentrations as low as 0.05 mug/ml caused a significant increase in the number of grains per cell within 2 hr of incubation with 10 muCi/ml of 3H-thymidine in the presence of 2mM of hydroxyurea. The number of grains increased with the increasing dose of the agent up to the concentration of around 2.5 mug/ml and then fell at higher concentrations. The extent of maximum incorporation induced by Neocarzinostatin was found to be almost comparable to that induced by 100 erg/mm2 of UV irradiation. Hydroxyurea or caffeine in the labeling medium showed little or no effect on the grain count, but acriflavine at 0.1 mM reduced the grain count by a factor of about 6. These results indicate that relatively high level of repair synthesis occurred in human lymphocytes after exposure to Neocarzinostatin and provide further evidence for the direct damage of cellular DNA induced by the antibiotic."}
{"id": "PMID:126893", "title": "[Gynaecological laparoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The double puncture laparoscopy was abandoned in our department in favor of the single puncture technique. 187 diagnostic laparoscopies and 617 laparoscopic tubal ligations are reviewed. In 46% of the diagnostic laparoscopies, the findings were confirmed. In 40% of the diagnostic laparoscopies, normal findings were seen and in 11%, a different abnormal finding than suspected was found. In 3% of women, the findings could not be elucidated by laparoscopy. None of the 617 patients who underwent laparoscopic tubal sterilization have become pregnant. In 5% of the patients (0.6%) complications occurred. In 3 cases a laparotomy became necessary. In 2 cases there was bleeding from the fallopian tube or the greater omentum and in 1 case there was a trauma to the intestine. Laparoscopic tubal sterilization by the single puncture technique and coagulation without division of the tube only, is considered to be the lowest risk method of the laparoscopic tubal sterilizations.", "contents": "[Gynaecological laparoscopy (author's transl)]. The double puncture laparoscopy was abandoned in our department in favor of the single puncture technique. 187 diagnostic laparoscopies and 617 laparoscopic tubal ligations are reviewed. In 46% of the diagnostic laparoscopies, the findings were confirmed. In 40% of the diagnostic laparoscopies, normal findings were seen and in 11%, a different abnormal finding than suspected was found. In 3% of women, the findings could not be elucidated by laparoscopy. None of the 617 patients who underwent laparoscopic tubal sterilization have become pregnant. In 5% of the patients (0.6%) complications occurred. In 3 cases a laparotomy became necessary. In 2 cases there was bleeding from the fallopian tube or the greater omentum and in 1 case there was a trauma to the intestine. Laparoscopic tubal sterilization by the single puncture technique and coagulation without division of the tube only, is considered to be the lowest risk method of the laparoscopic tubal sterilizations."}
{"id": "PMID:126895", "title": "[Metastasising carcinoma of the renal pelvis after Thorotrast pyelography].", "content": "A carcinoma of the renal pelvis was diagnosed in a female patient 42 years after a retrograde Thorotrast pyelogram. The patient died as a result of the carcinoma at the age of 60. The literature is reviewed. As a result of this case, the need is stressed for early recognition of Thorotrast depositis in the kidney. In this case it was demonstrated by autoradiography. Appropriate treatment is discussed.", "contents": "[Metastasising carcinoma of the renal pelvis after Thorotrast pyelography]. A carcinoma of the renal pelvis was diagnosed in a female patient 42 years after a retrograde Thorotrast pyelogram. The patient died as a result of the carcinoma at the age of 60. The literature is reviewed. As a result of this case, the need is stressed for early recognition of Thorotrast depositis in the kidney. In this case it was demonstrated by autoradiography. Appropriate treatment is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126896", "title": "[Catheter embolisation of a bleeding renal hamartoma, with a contribution to its angiographic diagnosis].", "content": "Hamartomas of the kidney, often associated with tuberous sclerosis, have a typical angiographic appearance. Despite the similarity of the angiographic signs with malignant renal tumours, it is possible to differentiate these, as was shown in two patients which we have documented. If there is massive bleeding, fibrin embolisation carried out at the end of a diagnostic angiogram may lead to occlusion of the vessels and stop the bleeding. This was demonstrated in one of our patients.", "contents": "[Catheter embolisation of a bleeding renal hamartoma, with a contribution to its angiographic diagnosis]. Hamartomas of the kidney, often associated with tuberous sclerosis, have a typical angiographic appearance. Despite the similarity of the angiographic signs with malignant renal tumours, it is possible to differentiate these, as was shown in two patients which we have documented. If there is massive bleeding, fibrin embolisation carried out at the end of a diagnostic angiogram may lead to occlusion of the vessels and stop the bleeding. This was demonstrated in one of our patients."}
{"id": "PMID:126897", "title": "[Spontaneous peri-renal haematoma as a complication of chronic pyelonephritis].", "content": "Three cases with spontaneous peri-renal haematomas, a rare complication of chronic pyelonephritis, are described. The clinical features and diagnosis of this condition are discussed with reference to these cases and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "[Spontaneous peri-renal haematoma as a complication of chronic pyelonephritis]. Three cases with spontaneous peri-renal haematomas, a rare complication of chronic pyelonephritis, are described. The clinical features and diagnosis of this condition are discussed with reference to these cases and the literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:126898", "title": "[Calcium \"milk\" in the kidney. (Five cases with hydronephrotic kidney)].", "content": "A study of the literature has revealed 11 cases of calcium \"milk\" in hydronephroses. We have been able to observe five further cases in a period of 14 months. The criteria annunciated by Murray are stressed, since they will raise a suspicion of the presence of calcium \"milk\" on views taken with a vertical x-ray beam. In three patients, the cause of the hydronephrosis was a stone in the pelvi-ureteric junction. In the other two cases, there was a stenosis below the pelvis. Murray's criteria permitting identification of calcium \"milk\" with a vertical beam were analysed. Not all his criteria were found to be reliable.", "contents": "[Calcium \"milk\" in the kidney. (Five cases with hydronephrotic kidney)]. A study of the literature has revealed 11 cases of calcium \"milk\" in hydronephroses. We have been able to observe five further cases in a period of 14 months. The criteria annunciated by Murray are stressed, since they will raise a suspicion of the presence of calcium \"milk\" on views taken with a vertical x-ray beam. In three patients, the cause of the hydronephrosis was a stone in the pelvi-ureteric junction. In the other two cases, there was a stenosis below the pelvis. Murray's criteria permitting identification of calcium \"milk\" with a vertical beam were analysed. Not all his criteria were found to be reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:126899", "title": "[Renal scintigraphy with 99mTc-penicillamine].", "content": "By application of 99mTc-Penicillamine in renal scintigraphy excellent scintigraphies of the kidneys, especially by using the gamma-camera, can be obtained, even in case of damaged renal function, up to an increase of creatinine in serum of about 7 mg %.", "contents": "[Renal scintigraphy with 99mTc-penicillamine]. By application of 99mTc-Penicillamine in renal scintigraphy excellent scintigraphies of the kidneys, especially by using the gamma-camera, can be obtained, even in case of damaged renal function, up to an increase of creatinine in serum of about 7 mg %."}
{"id": "PMID:126900", "title": "[An approximation for improving the accuracy of compartmental analysis after intravenous 133Xe].", "content": "Perfusion of transplanted kidneys is studied in our clinic by intravenous injection of 133Xe with subsequent graphic compartmental analysis of time-activity curves. Where there is poor perfusion of the renal cortex, it is not possible to obtain a half-value time for the first compartment--which is the significant measure for specific blood flow -- since few points are available for the tail end of the curve. A correction is described which produces an approximation to a bolus, based on the time-activity curve of the expired air. If this is applied to the proximal part of the time-activity curve, with respect to background activity, compartmental analysis can be performed with a higher degree of accuracy in the calculation of renal perfusion.", "contents": "[An approximation for improving the accuracy of compartmental analysis after intravenous 133Xe]. Perfusion of transplanted kidneys is studied in our clinic by intravenous injection of 133Xe with subsequent graphic compartmental analysis of time-activity curves. Where there is poor perfusion of the renal cortex, it is not possible to obtain a half-value time for the first compartment--which is the significant measure for specific blood flow -- since few points are available for the tail end of the curve. A correction is described which produces an approximation to a bolus, based on the time-activity curve of the expired air. If this is applied to the proximal part of the time-activity curve, with respect to background activity, compartmental analysis can be performed with a higher degree of accuracy in the calculation of renal perfusion."}
{"id": "PMID:126901", "title": "[Scintigraphic findings in splenic vein thrombosis].", "content": "After a brief review of the literature concerning scintigraphy of the spleen, its vascular system is described. The presence of numerous anastomoses makes it likely that occlusion of the splenic vein will usually not lead it any parenchymal damage. In five patients with angiographically confirmed spenic vein thrombosis it was shown that radio-colloid scans always demonstrate an enlarged spleen. Poor colloid uptake was thought to be due to a venous reflex mechanism leading to a reduction in the arterial blood supply. The statement found in the literature, that the spleen cannot be shown scintigraphically if the vein is thrombosed, has not been confirmed by us. We tend to the view that the apparent absence of a splenic scan was due to geometric causes.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic findings in splenic vein thrombosis]. After a brief review of the literature concerning scintigraphy of the spleen, its vascular system is described. The presence of numerous anastomoses makes it likely that occlusion of the splenic vein will usually not lead it any parenchymal damage. In five patients with angiographically confirmed spenic vein thrombosis it was shown that radio-colloid scans always demonstrate an enlarged spleen. Poor colloid uptake was thought to be due to a venous reflex mechanism leading to a reduction in the arterial blood supply. The statement found in the literature, that the spleen cannot be shown scintigraphically if the vein is thrombosed, has not been confirmed by us. We tend to the view that the apparent absence of a splenic scan was due to geometric causes."}
{"id": "PMID:126902", "title": "[Changes in vascular topography after surgery in the upper abdomen].", "content": "In 20 patients who had had upper abdominal surgery (18 gastric resections, one removal of spleen and one chole-dochoduodenostomy), it was necessary to perform abdominal angiography. Changes in the coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery due to the surgery were analysed. Displacement of vessels and changes in calibre were the most common findings. These changes must be kept in mind, particularly in the diagnosis of tumours.", "contents": "[Changes in vascular topography after surgery in the upper abdomen]. In 20 patients who had had upper abdominal surgery (18 gastric resections, one removal of spleen and one chole-dochoduodenostomy), it was necessary to perform abdominal angiography. Changes in the coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery due to the surgery were analysed. Displacement of vessels and changes in calibre were the most common findings. These changes must be kept in mind, particularly in the diagnosis of tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:126903", "title": "[Changes in serum osmolarity after high contrast doses during angiography].", "content": "Analysis of changes in osmolarity of the serum after various doses of hypertonic radiographic contrast media, following a single injection, showed an initial rise of about 35 m/mosm/1, followed by a rapid fall in osmolarity with a subsequent short hypo-osmolar phase. With repeated injections, similar changes are found if the intervals between the injections are long enough. Following repeated injections over a short interval, there may be a more prolonged phase of hyperosmolarity. In this phase of delayed dehydration, there may be clinical complications. Possible forms of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in serum osmolarity after high contrast doses during angiography]. Analysis of changes in osmolarity of the serum after various doses of hypertonic radiographic contrast media, following a single injection, showed an initial rise of about 35 m/mosm/1, followed by a rapid fall in osmolarity with a subsequent short hypo-osmolar phase. With repeated injections, similar changes are found if the intervals between the injections are long enough. Following repeated injections over a short interval, there may be a more prolonged phase of hyperosmolarity. In this phase of delayed dehydration, there may be clinical complications. Possible forms of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126904", "title": "[Slow infusion cholangiography in jaundice. An experimental study in the dog].", "content": "56 intravenous cholangiograms were performed in eleven dogs with either advanced hepatic damage or complete common bile duct obstruction. If radiographic visualization of the biliary system did not occur within 8 hours after a 30 minute infusion with 0.6 ml/kg iodipamide 52%, the result could not be improved by just extending the infusion time to 2 and 6 hours. However, a slight improvement was obtained, when the iodipamide dose was increased up to 1.8 ml/kg. Nevertheless we do not recommend a massive increase of the dose in the icteric patient, because it is likely that the risk of toxic side effects increases with an increasing iodipamide dose.", "contents": "[Slow infusion cholangiography in jaundice. An experimental study in the dog]. 56 intravenous cholangiograms were performed in eleven dogs with either advanced hepatic damage or complete common bile duct obstruction. If radiographic visualization of the biliary system did not occur within 8 hours after a 30 minute infusion with 0.6 ml/kg iodipamide 52%, the result could not be improved by just extending the infusion time to 2 and 6 hours. However, a slight improvement was obtained, when the iodipamide dose was increased up to 1.8 ml/kg. Nevertheless we do not recommend a massive increase of the dose in the icteric patient, because it is likely that the risk of toxic side effects increases with an increasing iodipamide dose."}
{"id": "PMID:126905", "title": "[Slow infusion cholangiography in patients with jaundice].", "content": "Thirty patients with jaundice and serum bilirubins above 4 mg.% were examined by slow infusion cholangiography (40 ml. (20 g.) Ioglycamid in 500 ml. 0.9% NaC1 in ten hours). Diagnostic results were achieved in 38%; in 15 patients with extra-hepatic obstruction, the success rate was 13%, whereas in disease of the liver parenchyma, the success rate was 60%.", "contents": "[Slow infusion cholangiography in patients with jaundice]. Thirty patients with jaundice and serum bilirubins above 4 mg.% were examined by slow infusion cholangiography (40 ml. (20 g.) Ioglycamid in 500 ml. 0.9% NaC1 in ten hours). Diagnostic results were achieved in 38%; in 15 patients with extra-hepatic obstruction, the success rate was 13%, whereas in disease of the liver parenchyma, the success rate was 60%."}
{"id": "PMID:126906", "title": "[Radiological aspects of esophageal intramural diverticulosis].", "content": "The 9th observation of esophageal intramural diverticulosis is reported. The findings are compared with those of former publications. Clinically dysphagia is a leading symptom. Suction biopsy proved diverticulosis being the correct interpretation for radiological findings. The etiology is discussed. The change between symptom-free intervals with diverticulosis only and episods of dysphagia by secondary inflammation (reflux esophagitis, moniliasis, stenosis) stresses the importance of such secondary complications. These inflammations can hide the real diagnosis for a long time. The radiological findings are the key for diagnosis, however, they can be very small for years. During this period a diagnosis can only be achieved by knowledge of the disease and the skilful search for early symptoms.", "contents": "[Radiological aspects of esophageal intramural diverticulosis]. The 9th observation of esophageal intramural diverticulosis is reported. The findings are compared with those of former publications. Clinically dysphagia is a leading symptom. Suction biopsy proved diverticulosis being the correct interpretation for radiological findings. The etiology is discussed. The change between symptom-free intervals with diverticulosis only and episods of dysphagia by secondary inflammation (reflux esophagitis, moniliasis, stenosis) stresses the importance of such secondary complications. These inflammations can hide the real diagnosis for a long time. The radiological findings are the key for diagnosis, however, they can be very small for years. During this period a diagnosis can only be achieved by knowledge of the disease and the skilful search for early symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:126907", "title": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (Bochdaleck) with special reference to the prognostic influence of congenital cardiac and gastro-intestinal anomalies.", "content": "Of 29 patients with hernia Bochdaleck there were 11 in the non surgical group and 18 in the surgical group. 14 were operated in the first 24 hours of life, and 4 patients after that time. No patients in the non-surgical group survived. In patients who were operated upon in the first 24 hours of life, 5 survived, and after that time 3. In all cases the transthoracic approach was used. The investigation did not permit any safe judgement of the preoperative treatment. On these conditions multiple anomalies combined with prematurity and intrauterine asphyxia had some influence on, whether a patient lived so long, that an operation could take place. Gastro-intestinal anomalies had a certain prognostic significance in the postoperative period. In cured patients the severity of a complicating cardiac failure could be of some importance.", "contents": "Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (Bochdaleck) with special reference to the prognostic influence of congenital cardiac and gastro-intestinal anomalies. Of 29 patients with hernia Bochdaleck there were 11 in the non surgical group and 18 in the surgical group. 14 were operated in the first 24 hours of life, and 4 patients after that time. No patients in the non-surgical group survived. In patients who were operated upon in the first 24 hours of life, 5 survived, and after that time 3. In all cases the transthoracic approach was used. The investigation did not permit any safe judgement of the preoperative treatment. On these conditions multiple anomalies combined with prematurity and intrauterine asphyxia had some influence on, whether a patient lived so long, that an operation could take place. Gastro-intestinal anomalies had a certain prognostic significance in the postoperative period. In cured patients the severity of a complicating cardiac failure could be of some importance."}
{"id": "PMID:126908", "title": "[Radiological and clinical aspects of resection of the cardia].", "content": "Following resection of the cardia, problems may arise during two phases; in these, clinical and radiological examination may be required. Immediately after the operation one is concerned particularly with checking the incision or the extent and localisation of suture abnormalities. In the late post-operative period the problems are different. In addition to a description of the anatomy at the proximal and distal ends of the stomach, it is necessary to estimate functional conditions, such as passage through the anastomosis and the pylorus, the reservoir function of the gastric remnant and gastro-oesophageal reflux. An important task is to demonstrate tumour recurrence. For this purpose endoscopic, biopsy and cytological examinations are required.", "contents": "[Radiological and clinical aspects of resection of the cardia]. Following resection of the cardia, problems may arise during two phases; in these, clinical and radiological examination may be required. Immediately after the operation one is concerned particularly with checking the incision or the extent and localisation of suture abnormalities. In the late post-operative period the problems are different. In addition to a description of the anatomy at the proximal and distal ends of the stomach, it is necessary to estimate functional conditions, such as passage through the anastomosis and the pylorus, the reservoir function of the gastric remnant and gastro-oesophageal reflux. An important task is to demonstrate tumour recurrence. For this purpose endoscopic, biopsy and cytological examinations are required."}
{"id": "PMID:126909", "title": "[Neuromas and myomas of the stomach].", "content": "Seven non-epithelial benign tumours of the stomach are described. The clinical and radiological features are compared with those described in the literature. Since it is not always possible to be certain of the benign nature of the lesion, and since they may give rise to life-threatening bleeding, resection is indicated in every case. High position of the tumour tends to indicate a benign lesion.", "contents": "[Neuromas and myomas of the stomach]. Seven non-epithelial benign tumours of the stomach are described. The clinical and radiological features are compared with those described in the literature. Since it is not always possible to be certain of the benign nature of the lesion, and since they may give rise to life-threatening bleeding, resection is indicated in every case. High position of the tumour tends to indicate a benign lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:126910", "title": "[Roentgen kymographic investigations of gastric peristalsis after intravenous injection of caerulein].", "content": "Caerulein is a decapeptide which combines the effects of gastrin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. It was injected intravenously in doses of 10 to 40 nanoponds caerulein per kilopond bodyweight in 37 patients and roentgen kymography of the stomach carried out before and after the injection. In 89% of the 36 cases which could be evaluated, it increased antral peristalsis. Amplitude and frequency were increased and the periodicity decreased correspondingly. The effect was more marked than that of pentogastrin, presumably because caerulein dose not affect duodenal acidity. The changes in motility therefore correspond with those produced by serotonin and cholecystokinin-pancreoxymin. Control examinations carried out under identical conditions, but without caerulein, showed no change in antral peristalsis.", "contents": "[Roentgen kymographic investigations of gastric peristalsis after intravenous injection of caerulein]. Caerulein is a decapeptide which combines the effects of gastrin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin. It was injected intravenously in doses of 10 to 40 nanoponds caerulein per kilopond bodyweight in 37 patients and roentgen kymography of the stomach carried out before and after the injection. In 89% of the 36 cases which could be evaluated, it increased antral peristalsis. Amplitude and frequency were increased and the periodicity decreased correspondingly. The effect was more marked than that of pentogastrin, presumably because caerulein dose not affect duodenal acidity. The changes in motility therefore correspond with those produced by serotonin and cholecystokinin-pancreoxymin. Control examinations carried out under identical conditions, but without caerulein, showed no change in antral peristalsis."}
{"id": "PMID:126919", "title": "[The value and limitations of ultra sound in the follow-up of patients with urological tumors].", "content": "The application of ultrasonic diagnosis in the care of patients suffering from tumors of the urogenital tract is discussed. The indication for demonstration of enlarged paraortic and lumbar lymphnodes is emphasized. Of special value is this new diagnostic tool for X-ray treatment planning and for the evaluation of the therapeutic success.", "contents": "[The value and limitations of ultra sound in the follow-up of patients with urological tumors]. The application of ultrasonic diagnosis in the care of patients suffering from tumors of the urogenital tract is discussed. The indication for demonstration of enlarged paraortic and lumbar lymphnodes is emphasized. Of special value is this new diagnostic tool for X-ray treatment planning and for the evaluation of the therapeutic success."}
{"id": "PMID:126920", "title": "[The value of sonography in the diagnosis of renal space-occupying lesions].", "content": "1. Sonography achieves an accuracy of 93% (n = 55/59) in the localisation of space-occupying lesions in the kidney. Since the method is somewhat laborious, ultra sound, in the form of a slow B-scan, cannot be regarded as an alternative to radiology with an accuracy of 97% (n = 57/59). 2. For a pathological diagnosis, particularly in the distinction between tumours and cysts, sonography, with an accuracy of 98% (n = 54/55) is markedly better than radiology with an accuracy of 50% (n = 21/42). Sonography is approximately equal to angiography, which has an accuracy of 97% (n = 69/71). 3. Sonography is useful and is indicated for: a) the investigation of non-functioning kidneys, b) patients in whom radiographic contrast media are contra-indicated, and c) for puncture of renal cysts. (F. St.).", "contents": "[The value of sonography in the diagnosis of renal space-occupying lesions]. 1. Sonography achieves an accuracy of 93% (n = 55/59) in the localisation of space-occupying lesions in the kidney. Since the method is somewhat laborious, ultra sound, in the form of a slow B-scan, cannot be regarded as an alternative to radiology with an accuracy of 97% (n = 57/59). 2. For a pathological diagnosis, particularly in the distinction between tumours and cysts, sonography, with an accuracy of 98% (n = 54/55) is markedly better than radiology with an accuracy of 50% (n = 21/42). Sonography is approximately equal to angiography, which has an accuracy of 97% (n = 69/71). 3. Sonography is useful and is indicated for: a) the investigation of non-functioning kidneys, b) patients in whom radiographic contrast media are contra-indicated, and c) for puncture of renal cysts. (F. St.)."}
{"id": "PMID:126921", "title": "[The value and use of percutaneous trans-thoracic needle biopsy in the diagnosis of intra-thoracic disease. Technique, indications, results and complications].", "content": "Between 1961 and 1974, 5,300 percutaneous, trans-thoracic needle biopsies under image intensifier control were carried out in the Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm. These involved, 2,726 patients with localised intrathoracic disease. The indications, results and complications are discussed. Approximately 15% of cases were suspected of malignancy and showed peripheral infiltrates varying from 0.04 to 2 cm. diameter. Needle biopsy proved to be technically simple and relatively safe; it permits early diagnosis of bronchial carcinomas and solitary metastases with a high degree of accuracy and with few complications. It is assumed that, as a result, the prognosis in a large group of patients with bronchial carcinomas in the pre-clinical stage may be markedly improved.", "contents": "[The value and use of percutaneous trans-thoracic needle biopsy in the diagnosis of intra-thoracic disease. Technique, indications, results and complications]. Between 1961 and 1974, 5,300 percutaneous, trans-thoracic needle biopsies under image intensifier control were carried out in the Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm. These involved, 2,726 patients with localised intrathoracic disease. The indications, results and complications are discussed. Approximately 15% of cases were suspected of malignancy and showed peripheral infiltrates varying from 0.04 to 2 cm. diameter. Needle biopsy proved to be technically simple and relatively safe; it permits early diagnosis of bronchial carcinomas and solitary metastases with a high degree of accuracy and with few complications. It is assumed that, as a result, the prognosis in a large group of patients with bronchial carcinomas in the pre-clinical stage may be markedly improved."}
{"id": "PMID:126922", "title": "[Endobronchial brush biopsy].", "content": "Bronchial brushing under fluoroscopy control is used in the diagnosis of pulmonary lesions which are beyond reach of the bronchoscope. A small nylon or steel brush is passed through a bronchial catheter and tissue material from the lesion is taken for cytologic and bacteriologic studies. The technique described is easy to learn, relatively safe, is well tolerated by patients and gives good diagnostic results.", "contents": "[Endobronchial brush biopsy]. Bronchial brushing under fluoroscopy control is used in the diagnosis of pulmonary lesions which are beyond reach of the bronchoscope. A small nylon or steel brush is passed through a bronchial catheter and tissue material from the lesion is taken for cytologic and bacteriologic studies. The technique described is easy to learn, relatively safe, is well tolerated by patients and gives good diagnostic results."}
{"id": "PMID:126923", "title": "[Sequential scintigraphy of four different 99mTc human albumen preparations used for lung scanning].", "content": "The biological behaviour of four 99mTc-marked human albumen preparations, prepared by different methods, were studied by serial scintigraphy and excretion measurements. Three preparations consisted of particles of irregular albumen macroaggregates, the fourth was in the form of spherical albumen particles (microspheres). Forty-five patients with various pulmonary abnormalities were examined. The following parameters were used for comparison: half-life of pulmonary activity, changes in activity in liver and spleen as a measure for the formation of Tc-containing particle fragments, uptake in the thyroid and stomach and urinary excretion as an indication of the stability of the nucleid fixation. Despite marked differences in their biological behaviour, all four substances provide comparable information and lack of toxicity and are suitable for lung scintigraphy. Because of the rapid initial decline in activity in the lung, microspheres are more suitable for use with a gamma camera, whereas the other three preparations, in view of their long persistence in the lung can be conveniently used for the slower examinations with a conventional scanner.", "contents": "[Sequential scintigraphy of four different 99mTc human albumen preparations used for lung scanning]. The biological behaviour of four 99mTc-marked human albumen preparations, prepared by different methods, were studied by serial scintigraphy and excretion measurements. Three preparations consisted of particles of irregular albumen macroaggregates, the fourth was in the form of spherical albumen particles (microspheres). Forty-five patients with various pulmonary abnormalities were examined. The following parameters were used for comparison: half-life of pulmonary activity, changes in activity in liver and spleen as a measure for the formation of Tc-containing particle fragments, uptake in the thyroid and stomach and urinary excretion as an indication of the stability of the nucleid fixation. Despite marked differences in their biological behaviour, all four substances provide comparable information and lack of toxicity and are suitable for lung scintigraphy. Because of the rapid initial decline in activity in the lung, microspheres are more suitable for use with a gamma camera, whereas the other three preparations, in view of their long persistence in the lung can be conveniently used for the slower examinations with a conventional scanner."}
{"id": "PMID:126924", "title": "Single ventricle: a new angiographic classification.", "content": "The authors recommend that the \"single ventricle\" be differentiated into two types. There are single ventricles of the left ventricular type, and others of the primitive type; in other words, the chamber is typically left ventricular or cannot be differentiated into left or right. In the latter case we are dealing with a primitive chamber. In addition there may be variations of the large vessels. Of 40 patients with a single ventricle of the left ventricular type, ten showed normal topography of the major vessels, 13 had a d-transposition and 17 an 1-transposition. In the d-transposition, the outflow track of the ventricle was anterior and to the right and the aorta arises in front of the pulmonary artery; in the 1-transposition and sub-aortic portion is anterior and to the left, the aorta is ventral and to the left of the pulmonary artery. In the discussion it is pointed out that the \"single ventricle\" must be included in the differential diagnosis of cyanotic, congenital heart disease. Angiographic confirmation of the \"single ventricle\" depends on the demonstration of an absent ventricular septum and of two separate atrio-ventricular valves.", "contents": "Single ventricle: a new angiographic classification. The authors recommend that the \"single ventricle\" be differentiated into two types. There are single ventricles of the left ventricular type, and others of the primitive type; in other words, the chamber is typically left ventricular or cannot be differentiated into left or right. In the latter case we are dealing with a primitive chamber. In addition there may be variations of the large vessels. Of 40 patients with a single ventricle of the left ventricular type, ten showed normal topography of the major vessels, 13 had a d-transposition and 17 an 1-transposition. In the d-transposition, the outflow track of the ventricle was anterior and to the right and the aorta arises in front of the pulmonary artery; in the 1-transposition and sub-aortic portion is anterior and to the left, the aorta is ventral and to the left of the pulmonary artery. In the discussion it is pointed out that the \"single ventricle\" must be included in the differential diagnosis of cyanotic, congenital heart disease. Angiographic confirmation of the \"single ventricle\" depends on the demonstration of an absent ventricular septum and of two separate atrio-ventricular valves."}
{"id": "PMID:126925", "title": "[Complications of selective coronary angiography and the choice of contrast media].", "content": "The incidence of side effects of two contrast media containing different amounts of sodium (Urografin 76 and Conray 70) is compared in two groups of patients (totalling 133) under-going diagnostic examination by means of a cardiac catheter and selective angiocardiography. The following results were obtained: 1. Transient ischaemic reactions were observed in 4 patients of the Urografin group. Cerebral circulation was temporarily restricted in 2 patients, but there were no sequelae. One patient with a history of repeated cardiac infarction in whom the examination was the last hope with a view to coronary surgery died immediately after the angiocardiography. 2. In the Conray 70 group, ventricular fibrillation occurred 32 times in 22 patients after a total of 155 injections. Protracted asystole was observed in 2 patients. The explanation offered for the divergent findings from the use of the two contrast media is not the different anions--the iodine hosts--, but rather the difference in the amount of sodium contained in the preparations. It is concluded from the studies that contrast media which deviate to any great extent in their sodium content from the physiological range of the blood sodium concentration are unsuitable for angiocardiography.", "contents": "[Complications of selective coronary angiography and the choice of contrast media]. The incidence of side effects of two contrast media containing different amounts of sodium (Urografin 76 and Conray 70) is compared in two groups of patients (totalling 133) under-going diagnostic examination by means of a cardiac catheter and selective angiocardiography. The following results were obtained: 1. Transient ischaemic reactions were observed in 4 patients of the Urografin group. Cerebral circulation was temporarily restricted in 2 patients, but there were no sequelae. One patient with a history of repeated cardiac infarction in whom the examination was the last hope with a view to coronary surgery died immediately after the angiocardiography. 2. In the Conray 70 group, ventricular fibrillation occurred 32 times in 22 patients after a total of 155 injections. Protracted asystole was observed in 2 patients. The explanation offered for the divergent findings from the use of the two contrast media is not the different anions--the iodine hosts--, but rather the difference in the amount of sodium contained in the preparations. It is concluded from the studies that contrast media which deviate to any great extent in their sodium content from the physiological range of the blood sodium concentration are unsuitable for angiocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:126926", "title": "[Laevo-cardiography for estimating the function of the left ventricle. II Mitral insufficiency].", "content": "1. The normal left ventricle is characterised by the relationship between end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction. (Reduction in the lateral projectional area by 50--60% during systole, as compared with the end-diastolic projectional area.)--2. The functionally sufficient left ventricle in the presence of haemodynamically significant mitral insufficiency shows and increasing end-diastolic measurement with increasing volume.--3. End-diastolic projectional area, up to 85 cm.2, and end-diastolic filling pressure, up to 20 mHg are associated, apart from odd exceptions, with normal contraction indeces, i.e. a normal ejection fraction. --4. Within these magnitudes of area and pressure, there is a demonstrable relationship between area/pressure quotient and contracture index. --5. Insufficiency of muscular contraction of the left ventricle in mitral insufficiency is characterised, with reduced normal or enlarged, end-diastolic areas and normal, or increased, end-diastolic filling pressure by an abnormal relationship between ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume (contraction index less than 50%). --6. In mitral insufficiency which is haemodynamically significant, some of the residual blood may be used as a supplement for ventricular filling.", "contents": "[Laevo-cardiography for estimating the function of the left ventricle. II Mitral insufficiency]. 1. The normal left ventricle is characterised by the relationship between end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction. (Reduction in the lateral projectional area by 50--60% during systole, as compared with the end-diastolic projectional area.)--2. The functionally sufficient left ventricle in the presence of haemodynamically significant mitral insufficiency shows and increasing end-diastolic measurement with increasing volume.--3. End-diastolic projectional area, up to 85 cm.2, and end-diastolic filling pressure, up to 20 mHg are associated, apart from odd exceptions, with normal contraction indeces, i.e. a normal ejection fraction. --4. Within these magnitudes of area and pressure, there is a demonstrable relationship between area/pressure quotient and contracture index. --5. Insufficiency of muscular contraction of the left ventricle in mitral insufficiency is characterised, with reduced normal or enlarged, end-diastolic areas and normal, or increased, end-diastolic filling pressure by an abnormal relationship between ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume (contraction index less than 50%). --6. In mitral insufficiency which is haemodynamically significant, some of the residual blood may be used as a supplement for ventricular filling."}
{"id": "PMID:126927", "title": "[A modification of the Roher-Kahlstorf method for estimating rapid changes in cardiac volume].", "content": "A simple roentgenological procedure is described, by which it is possible to measure the heart volume and its alteration during early orthostatic adaptation.--Long distance films are taken in the p.a.-projection using a 70-mm-camera with a frequency of 2 to 4 exposures per second. The length and width and there by the plane of the heart are determined from these films. The mean horizontal depth diameter, that is necessary to calculate the volume of the heart can be gained by indirect means. There is no statistically significant difference between the heart volumes, that have been determined in 12 test persons by the method described, and the commonly used method. -- The alteration of the heart volume in 10 test persons were investigated during acute orthostatic stress. The heart volume, which was 693 +/- 24,8 ml before the orthostatic stress, decreased within 6,9 +/- 1,6 sec statistically significant by 16,5% An influence of the movements of the diaphragm on the heart volume determination could be excluded.", "contents": "[A modification of the Roher-Kahlstorf method for estimating rapid changes in cardiac volume]. A simple roentgenological procedure is described, by which it is possible to measure the heart volume and its alteration during early orthostatic adaptation.--Long distance films are taken in the p.a.-projection using a 70-mm-camera with a frequency of 2 to 4 exposures per second. The length and width and there by the plane of the heart are determined from these films. The mean horizontal depth diameter, that is necessary to calculate the volume of the heart can be gained by indirect means. There is no statistically significant difference between the heart volumes, that have been determined in 12 test persons by the method described, and the commonly used method. -- The alteration of the heart volume in 10 test persons were investigated during acute orthostatic stress. The heart volume, which was 693 +/- 24,8 ml before the orthostatic stress, decreased within 6,9 +/- 1,6 sec statistically significant by 16,5% An influence of the movements of the diaphragm on the heart volume determination could be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:126928", "title": "[Idiopathic, muscular, hypertrophic, sub-aortic stenosis].", "content": "The authors have seen 14 cases of idiopathic, hypertrophic, subaortic stenosis and they describe the pathology, the clinical and radiological diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of this condition. Their own findings are compared with those in the literature and substantial agreement is found. Some uncharacteristic clinical and radiological findings are associated with typical pressure curves in the left ventricle and marked abnormalities in the laevocardiogram. Variations in ventricular filling due to the difference in severity of the disease are discussed. The importance of a correct diagnosis is stressed, since the use of inotropic substance is this condition is contra-indicated.", "contents": "[Idiopathic, muscular, hypertrophic, sub-aortic stenosis]. The authors have seen 14 cases of idiopathic, hypertrophic, subaortic stenosis and they describe the pathology, the clinical and radiological diagnosis and the differential diagnosis of this condition. Their own findings are compared with those in the literature and substantial agreement is found. Some uncharacteristic clinical and radiological findings are associated with typical pressure curves in the left ventricle and marked abnormalities in the laevocardiogram. Variations in ventricular filling due to the difference in severity of the disease are discussed. The importance of a correct diagnosis is stressed, since the use of inotropic substance is this condition is contra-indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:126929", "title": "[Deformities of the spine and ribs in embryologically related malformations of the heart with cyanosis].", "content": "Three cases of severe costovertebral deformities together with embryologically related cardiac malformations (Fallots Tetralogy and Truncus arteriosus communis) are presented. Two patients died because of their thoracic deformities and limited respiratory function. Relationships to similar bizarre veretebral anomalies are discussed. The cause is probably a teratogenic agent, acting between the fifth to eight embryologic week.", "contents": "[Deformities of the spine and ribs in embryologically related malformations of the heart with cyanosis]. Three cases of severe costovertebral deformities together with embryologically related cardiac malformations (Fallots Tetralogy and Truncus arteriosus communis) are presented. Two patients died because of their thoracic deformities and limited respiratory function. Relationships to similar bizarre veretebral anomalies are discussed. The cause is probably a teratogenic agent, acting between the fifth to eight embryologic week."}
{"id": "PMID:126930", "title": "[The pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media with special reference to the extra-vascular spaces. Fundamental studies on dog for the characterisation of angiographic media. I The pharmaco-kinetics of various contrast media under conditions of constant infusion (balanced flow)].", "content": "The pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media in the extra-vascular space, which are largely unknown, were investigated experimentally in dogs. As part of a basic study, using radio-active contrast media, it was possible to determine the concentration and rate of elimination in practically all organs and tissues. Measurements were carried out first after prolonged infusion of the contrast under conditions of balanced flow, and secondly six hours after the end of the infusion. It was therefore possible to determine the inflow and loss of contrast medium in various organs, or organs systems. The most commonly used angiographic contrast media  in Germany were investigated. Their kinetic behaviour is largely identical, their pattern of distribution and elimination depended principally on the organ or tissue. A comprehensive discussion of the results of all the experiments will be given in the third article.", "contents": "[The pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media with special reference to the extra-vascular spaces. Fundamental studies on dog for the characterisation of angiographic media. I The pharmaco-kinetics of various contrast media under conditions of constant infusion (balanced flow)]. The pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media in the extra-vascular space, which are largely unknown, were investigated experimentally in dogs. As part of a basic study, using radio-active contrast media, it was possible to determine the concentration and rate of elimination in practically all organs and tissues. Measurements were carried out first after prolonged infusion of the contrast under conditions of balanced flow, and secondly six hours after the end of the infusion. It was therefore possible to determine the inflow and loss of contrast medium in various organs, or organs systems. The most commonly used angiographic contrast media  in Germany were investigated. Their kinetic behaviour is largely identical, their pattern of distribution and elimination depended principally on the organ or tissue. A comprehensive discussion of the results of all the experiments will be given in the third article."}
{"id": "PMID:126931", "title": "[How effective are tests for avoiding contrast reactions].", "content": "The frequency of known severe and fatal reactions after intravenous injections of biligrafin forte were compared during two periods. During the first period test ampules were provided; during the second period, the test ampules were no longer made. It was shown that the failure to perform tests did not result in any increase in the complication rate when compared with the period when test ampules were available. The problems arising from this comparison are discussed.", "contents": "[How effective are tests for avoiding contrast reactions]. The frequency of known severe and fatal reactions after intravenous injections of biligrafin forte were compared during two periods. During the first period test ampules were provided; during the second period, the test ampules were no longer made. It was shown that the failure to perform tests did not result in any increase in the complication rate when compared with the period when test ampules were available. The problems arising from this comparison are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:126932", "title": "[Indirect (arterial) splenoportography and portography in intraphepatic block].", "content": "Morphology and flow dynamics in the lieno-mesentericoportal territory were investigated in 15 normal persons and 199 patients with pre/intra and intra-hepatic blocks. Indirect (arterial) splenoportography with selective catherization of the splenic artery provided angiograms varying between good and diagnostically useful in 98% of cases. With injection into the truncus coeliacus, this figure falls to 77%. The various types of collateral circulation are stated and discussed. The scope and limits of the methods are shown by comparative surveys between direct splenoportography and indirect splenoportography and portography, using 16 patients. As far as the chronological sequence of angiographical diagnostics in the intrahepatic block is concerned, the indirect method shall precede direct splenoportography, which shall only be employed if the indirect method of examination does not provide sufficient information, the patient has shunt capacity and an operation is to be performed immediately.", "contents": "[Indirect (arterial) splenoportography and portography in intraphepatic block]. Morphology and flow dynamics in the lieno-mesentericoportal territory were investigated in 15 normal persons and 199 patients with pre/intra and intra-hepatic blocks. Indirect (arterial) splenoportography with selective catherization of the splenic artery provided angiograms varying between good and diagnostically useful in 98% of cases. With injection into the truncus coeliacus, this figure falls to 77%. The various types of collateral circulation are stated and discussed. The scope and limits of the methods are shown by comparative surveys between direct splenoportography and indirect splenoportography and portography, using 16 patients. As far as the chronological sequence of angiographical diagnostics in the intrahepatic block is concerned, the indirect method shall precede direct splenoportography, which shall only be employed if the indirect method of examination does not provide sufficient information, the patient has shunt capacity and an operation is to be performed immediately."}
{"id": "PMID:126933", "title": "[Experimental investigations into dissolution of size of detail and contrast in the angiotomograms].", "content": "A comparative investigation on the resolution of angio-tomography and cut-film changer technique, standard views and direct geometrical radiographic magnification were carried out, using a phantom. Catheters of varying calibre and contrast were tested. The most significant result was the finding that lower concentrations of contrast were necessary to demonstrate small vessels or catheters when using angio-tomography or magnification, than with conventional techniques. It was also shown that angio-tomography and a magnification technique are able to show smaller and less contrasty vessels.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations into dissolution of size of detail and contrast in the angiotomograms]. A comparative investigation on the resolution of angio-tomography and cut-film changer technique, standard views and direct geometrical radiographic magnification were carried out, using a phantom. Catheters of varying calibre and contrast were tested. The most significant result was the finding that lower concentrations of contrast were necessary to demonstrate small vessels or catheters when using angio-tomography or magnification, than with conventional techniques. It was also shown that angio-tomography and a magnification technique are able to show smaller and less contrasty vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:126934", "title": "[New bases and theories from improving angio-cine-densitometry. II Improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio by the quotient method in cine densitometry].", "content": "In radio-cine-densitometry, random variations can be smoothed and reduced in two ways: temporal (frame to frame) and spatial (each frame). Both methods may, however, alter the signal measurements. The advantage of quotient cine-densitometry depends on the elimination of interference or random variations without changing the signal. Elimination of the variations occurs during signal recording. Amongst others the following are eliminated: variations in mains voltage, uneven development, absorption by other tissues and organs. A more suitable signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained. If an artery or a vein are opacified simultaneously it is possible, by means of quotient cine densitometry, to distinguish the arterial and venous phase and to analyse these separately from the overlying tissues.", "contents": "[New bases and theories from improving angio-cine-densitometry. II Improvements in the signal-to-noise ratio by the quotient method in cine densitometry]. In radio-cine-densitometry, random variations can be smoothed and reduced in two ways: temporal (frame to frame) and spatial (each frame). Both methods may, however, alter the signal measurements. The advantage of quotient cine-densitometry depends on the elimination of interference or random variations without changing the signal. Elimination of the variations occurs during signal recording. Amongst others the following are eliminated: variations in mains voltage, uneven development, absorption by other tissues and organs. A more suitable signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained. If an artery or a vein are opacified simultaneously it is possible, by means of quotient cine densitometry, to distinguish the arterial and venous phase and to analyse these separately from the overlying tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:126941", "title": "Conformational differences in myosin, IV.[1-3] Radioactive labeling of specific thiol groups as influenced by ligand binding.", "content": "Changes in the mono- and divalentcation-stimulated ATPase activities of myosin progressively labeled with N-ethyl-[2,3-14C2]-maleimide were used to classify the readily reacting thiol groups into 3 types. The results show that one thiol-1 and one thiol-2 group are associated with each of the 2 active sites of myosin. Concentrations of KCl higher than 0.4M and/or temperatures above 10 degrees C lead to exposure of a variable number of thiol groups of a third class not affecting the enzymic properties. Although modification of thiol groups itself results in changes in structure and function of the protein, the patterns of incorporation of N-ethyl-[14C2]-malemide under various conditions of temperature, ionic strength and ligands bound to the protein revealed 9 different conformations of intact myosin. These were distinguished on the basis of the relative reactivity of the 3 different classes of thiol groups. The sequence of blockage of thiol groups reveals that cooperativity between the 2 active sites is induced by binding of a magnesium nucleotide complex to the protein. In the conformation of the long-lived myosin-product intermediate occuring during hydrolysis of Mg-ATP at 25 degrees C, 4 thiol groups of the third class react as well as or even more readily than those of the first and second classes.", "contents": "Conformational differences in myosin, IV.[1-3] Radioactive labeling of specific thiol groups as influenced by ligand binding. Changes in the mono- and divalentcation-stimulated ATPase activities of myosin progressively labeled with N-ethyl-[2,3-14C2]-maleimide were used to classify the readily reacting thiol groups into 3 types. The results show that one thiol-1 and one thiol-2 group are associated with each of the 2 active sites of myosin. Concentrations of KCl higher than 0.4M and/or temperatures above 10 degrees C lead to exposure of a variable number of thiol groups of a third class not affecting the enzymic properties. Although modification of thiol groups itself results in changes in structure and function of the protein, the patterns of incorporation of N-ethyl-[14C2]-malemide under various conditions of temperature, ionic strength and ligands bound to the protein revealed 9 different conformations of intact myosin. These were distinguished on the basis of the relative reactivity of the 3 different classes of thiol groups. The sequence of blockage of thiol groups reveals that cooperativity between the 2 active sites is induced by binding of a magnesium nucleotide complex to the protein. In the conformation of the long-lived myosin-product intermediate occuring during hydrolysis of Mg-ATP at 25 degrees C, 4 thiol groups of the third class react as well as or even more readily than those of the first and second classes."}
{"id": "PMID:126942", "title": "Metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cultivated bovine arterial cells. I. Characterization of different pools of sulfated glycosaminoglycans.", "content": "\"Fibroblast-like\" cells from the intimal layer of bovine aorta were grown in culture. The formation, composition, molecular weight and turnover rate of different pools of glycosaminoglycans were investigated in cultures incubated in the presence [35S]sulfate or [14C]glucosamine. The newly synthesized glycosaminoglycans are distributed into an extracellular pool (37 - 58%), a cell-membrane associated or pericellular pool (23 - 33%), and an intracellular pool (19 - 30%), each pool exhibiting a characteristic distribution pattern of chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and hyaluronate. The distribution pattern of the extracellular glycosaminoglycans resembles closely that found in bovine aorta. A small subfraction of the pericellular pool - tentatively named \"undercellular\" pool--has been characterized by its high heparan sulfate content. The intracellular and pericellular [35S]glycosaminoglycan pools reach a constant radioactivity after 8-12 h and 24 h, respectively, whereas the extracellular [35S]glycosaminoglycans are secreted into the medium at a linear rate over a period of at least 6 days. The intracellular glycosaminoglycans are mainly in the process of degradation, as indicated by their low molecular weight and by their half-life of 7 h, but intracellular dermatan sulfate is degraded more rapidly (half-life 4-5 h) than intracellular chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate (half-life 7-8 h). Glycosaminoglycans leave the pericellular pool with a half-life of 12-14 h by 2 different routes: about 60% disappear as macromolecules into the culture medium, and the remainder is pinocytosed and degraded to a large extent. Extracellular and at least a part of the pericellular glycosaminoglycans are proteoglycans. Even under dissociative conditions (4M guanidinium chloride) their hydrodynamic volume is sufficient for partial exclusion from Sepharose 4B gel. The existence of topographically distinct glycosaminoglycan pools with varying metabolic characteristics and differing accessibility for degradation requiresa reconsideration and a more reserved interpretation of results concerning the turnover rates of glycosaminoglycans as determined in arterial tissue.", "contents": "Metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cultivated bovine arterial cells. I. Characterization of different pools of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. \"Fibroblast-like\" cells from the intimal layer of bovine aorta were grown in culture. The formation, composition, molecular weight and turnover rate of different pools of glycosaminoglycans were investigated in cultures incubated in the presence [35S]sulfate or [14C]glucosamine. The newly synthesized glycosaminoglycans are distributed into an extracellular pool (37 - 58%), a cell-membrane associated or pericellular pool (23 - 33%), and an intracellular pool (19 - 30%), each pool exhibiting a characteristic distribution pattern of chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate and hyaluronate. The distribution pattern of the extracellular glycosaminoglycans resembles closely that found in bovine aorta. A small subfraction of the pericellular pool - tentatively named \"undercellular\" pool--has been characterized by its high heparan sulfate content. The intracellular and pericellular [35S]glycosaminoglycan pools reach a constant radioactivity after 8-12 h and 24 h, respectively, whereas the extracellular [35S]glycosaminoglycans are secreted into the medium at a linear rate over a period of at least 6 days. The intracellular glycosaminoglycans are mainly in the process of degradation, as indicated by their low molecular weight and by their half-life of 7 h, but intracellular dermatan sulfate is degraded more rapidly (half-life 4-5 h) than intracellular chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate (half-life 7-8 h). Glycosaminoglycans leave the pericellular pool with a half-life of 12-14 h by 2 different routes: about 60% disappear as macromolecules into the culture medium, and the remainder is pinocytosed and degraded to a large extent. Extracellular and at least a part of the pericellular glycosaminoglycans are proteoglycans. Even under dissociative conditions (4M guanidinium chloride) their hydrodynamic volume is sufficient for partial exclusion from Sepharose 4B gel. The existence of topographically distinct glycosaminoglycan pools with varying metabolic characteristics and differing accessibility for degradation requiresa reconsideration and a more reserved interpretation of results concerning the turnover rates of glycosaminoglycans as determined in arterial tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:126943", "title": "Metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cultivated bovine arterial cells. II. Quantitative studies on the uptake of 35SO4-labeled proteoglycans.", "content": "Cultured arterial fibroblasts were used for a quantitative study on adsorption, uptake and degradation of [35S]proteoglycans derived from secretions of cultured arterial or skin fibroblasts. The following results were obtained: 1) Proteoglycans added to the culture medium are integrated into the pool of cell membrane-associated (trypsin-removable) glycosaminoglycans by a saturable process, which depends on time and temperature. 2) Up to 17% of the added proteoglycans are taken up by the cells within 24 h. The uptake exhibits saturation kinetics, characteristic for adsorptive pinocytosis. Proteoglycan concentrations required for half-maximum uptake are higher than for half-maximum saturation of the glycosaminoglycan pool associated with the cell membrane. 3) After a lag phase, inorganic 35SO4 appears in the culture medium as a degradation product of the internalized proteoglycans. Pinocytosed proteoglycans are catabolized more rapidly than proteoglycans which remain inside the cell after their biosynthesis. 4) Pinocytosis exhibits specificity, the individual proteoglycans being internalized at different rates. The highest rate of uptake was measured for a dermatan-sulfate-rich proteoglycan. No competition of uptake between a dermatan-sulfate-rich and a heparan-sulfate-rich proteoglycan was observed. 5) Optimum pinocytosis requires an intact protein moiety and, presumably, undegraded carbohydrate chains of the proteoglycans.", "contents": "Metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cultivated bovine arterial cells. II. Quantitative studies on the uptake of 35SO4-labeled proteoglycans. Cultured arterial fibroblasts were used for a quantitative study on adsorption, uptake and degradation of [35S]proteoglycans derived from secretions of cultured arterial or skin fibroblasts. The following results were obtained: 1) Proteoglycans added to the culture medium are integrated into the pool of cell membrane-associated (trypsin-removable) glycosaminoglycans by a saturable process, which depends on time and temperature. 2) Up to 17% of the added proteoglycans are taken up by the cells within 24 h. The uptake exhibits saturation kinetics, characteristic for adsorptive pinocytosis. Proteoglycan concentrations required for half-maximum uptake are higher than for half-maximum saturation of the glycosaminoglycan pool associated with the cell membrane. 3) After a lag phase, inorganic 35SO4 appears in the culture medium as a degradation product of the internalized proteoglycans. Pinocytosed proteoglycans are catabolized more rapidly than proteoglycans which remain inside the cell after their biosynthesis. 4) Pinocytosis exhibits specificity, the individual proteoglycans being internalized at different rates. The highest rate of uptake was measured for a dermatan-sulfate-rich proteoglycan. No competition of uptake between a dermatan-sulfate-rich and a heparan-sulfate-rich proteoglycan was observed. 5) Optimum pinocytosis requires an intact protein moiety and, presumably, undegraded carbohydrate chains of the proteoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:126945", "title": "Genetics of acheiropodia (the handless and footless families of Brazil). IX. Genetic counseling.", "content": "Acheiropodia offers no special problem of a counseling nature. The genetic risk can be easily estimated since the anomaly is due to a rare autosomal recessive gene with complete penetrance and little variation in expression. However, considering that acheiropod individuals have a tremendous handicap (they are born without both hands and feet), it is remarkable how they overcome this difficulty and lead an almost 'normal' life. Several examples are given in this paper. The 'philosophy' of genetic counseling is briefly discussed; emphasis is placed upon the necessity for the geneticist to present the good perspectives, while preparing the consultand for the worst. Even in this last possibility, however, not everything is necessarily lost as the example of the acheiropods attests.", "contents": "Genetics of acheiropodia (the handless and footless families of Brazil). IX. Genetic counseling. Acheiropodia offers no special problem of a counseling nature. The genetic risk can be easily estimated since the anomaly is due to a rare autosomal recessive gene with complete penetrance and little variation in expression. However, considering that acheiropod individuals have a tremendous handicap (they are born without both hands and feet), it is remarkable how they overcome this difficulty and lead an almost 'normal' life. Several examples are given in this paper. The 'philosophy' of genetic counseling is briefly discussed; emphasis is placed upon the necessity for the geneticist to present the good perspectives, while preparing the consultand for the worst. Even in this last possibility, however, not everything is necessarily lost as the example of the acheiropods attests."}
{"id": "PMID:126947", "title": "[Clinical importance of hepatitis B antigen (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical importance of the hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) is based mainly on the differentiation between different courses of inflammatory liver diseases and/or nonvirus induced diseases of the liver. Epidemiologic studies have shown that beside a parenteral inoculation there is a possibility of a non-parenteral inoculation. Furthermore, there is evidence that the sporadic hepatitis is more commonly hepatitis B. Epidemiologic investigations revealed that clinically healthy HBsAg carriers, the \"carrier\" status in immunodeficiency syndromes and the natural circulation of the hepatitis B virus are of major interest. The demonstration of HBsAg enables us to characterize some diseases which show associations to hepatitis B virus, but where the pathogenic role of HBsAg/Ab immunocomplexes is questionable. Furthermore, it was possible by the detection of HBsAg to establish newer therapeutic and preventive interventions of virus B hepatitis.", "contents": "[Clinical importance of hepatitis B antigen (author's transl)]. The clinical importance of the hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) is based mainly on the differentiation between different courses of inflammatory liver diseases and/or nonvirus induced diseases of the liver. Epidemiologic studies have shown that beside a parenteral inoculation there is a possibility of a non-parenteral inoculation. Furthermore, there is evidence that the sporadic hepatitis is more commonly hepatitis B. Epidemiologic investigations revealed that clinically healthy HBsAg carriers, the \"carrier\" status in immunodeficiency syndromes and the natural circulation of the hepatitis B virus are of major interest. The demonstration of HBsAg enables us to characterize some diseases which show associations to hepatitis B virus, but where the pathogenic role of HBsAg/Ab immunocomplexes is questionable. Furthermore, it was possible by the detection of HBsAg to establish newer therapeutic and preventive interventions of virus B hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:126946", "title": "Calf articular cartilage in organ culture in a chemically defined medium. 2. Concentrations of glycosaminoglycans and [35S]-sulfate incorporation at different oxygen tensions.", "content": "Articular cartilage from 6-month-old calves was maintained in organ culture in Eagle's minimum essential medium at different oxygen tensions between 20 and 50%. When well standardized cartilage pieces of about 1 mm thickness were used the results showed a high degree of reproducibility. The glycosaminoglycans were studied using the cetylpyridinium chloride cellulose and epichlorohydrin triethanolamine (ECTEOLA) column techniques on a microscale. In some experiments the cartilage was labelled with [35S]sulfate. Small alterations of the concentrations and distribution of different glycosaminoglycans were found and were not affected by various oxygen tensions for up to 4 weeks. A small increase was found in the fractions containing low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate. Devitalized cartilage, maintained under identical conditions, remained largely unaltered during the 4 weeks. The [35S]sulfate activity calculated per mole of hexosamine showed a general decrease during culture maintenance. High specific activities in the fractions containing low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate were found between 1 and 3 weeks of maintenance in 20% oxygen. Maintenance in 50% oxygen resulted in severely disturbed synthesis of glycoaminoglycans. The results are interpreted as showing that the synthesis pattern of glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage can be altered by other factors and without the prior loss of glycosaminoglycans.", "contents": "Calf articular cartilage in organ culture in a chemically defined medium. 2. Concentrations of glycosaminoglycans and [35S]-sulfate incorporation at different oxygen tensions. Articular cartilage from 6-month-old calves was maintained in organ culture in Eagle's minimum essential medium at different oxygen tensions between 20 and 50%. When well standardized cartilage pieces of about 1 mm thickness were used the results showed a high degree of reproducibility. The glycosaminoglycans were studied using the cetylpyridinium chloride cellulose and epichlorohydrin triethanolamine (ECTEOLA) column techniques on a microscale. In some experiments the cartilage was labelled with [35S]sulfate. Small alterations of the concentrations and distribution of different glycosaminoglycans were found and were not affected by various oxygen tensions for up to 4 weeks. A small increase was found in the fractions containing low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate. Devitalized cartilage, maintained under identical conditions, remained largely unaltered during the 4 weeks. The [35S]sulfate activity calculated per mole of hexosamine showed a general decrease during culture maintenance. High specific activities in the fractions containing low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate were found between 1 and 3 weeks of maintenance in 20% oxygen. Maintenance in 50% oxygen resulted in severely disturbed synthesis of glycoaminoglycans. The results are interpreted as showing that the synthesis pattern of glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage can be altered by other factors and without the prior loss of glycosaminoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:126969", "title": "The inactivator of the first component of human complement (C1INA): the complex formation with plasmin.", "content": "The reaction of C1INA with plasmin was followed by the stoichiometric inactivation of both activities. On acrylamide gel electrophoresis, the reaction mixture revealed 3 new substances. One formed a precipitin band against anti-C1INA and its molecular weight was 103,000 daltons, 14,000 less than that of C1INA, indicating that a portion of C1INA was partially cleaved by the proteolytic activity of plasmin. Each of the other two substances formed precipitin bands against anti-C1INA as well as against anti-plasminogen. Molecular weights of these two substances were 200,000 and 179,000 daltons, whereas the molecular weights of C1INA and plasmin are 117,000 and 82,000 daltons, respectively. From these results, it was concluded that a portion of C1INA in the reaction mixture was partially cleaved by plasmin, and the partially cleaved C1INA as well as the native C1INA form 1:1 molecular complexes with plasmin, leading to inactivation of these activities.", "contents": "The inactivator of the first component of human complement (C1INA): the complex formation with plasmin. The reaction of C1INA with plasmin was followed by the stoichiometric inactivation of both activities. On acrylamide gel electrophoresis, the reaction mixture revealed 3 new substances. One formed a precipitin band against anti-C1INA and its molecular weight was 103,000 daltons, 14,000 less than that of C1INA, indicating that a portion of C1INA was partially cleaved by the proteolytic activity of plasmin. Each of the other two substances formed precipitin bands against anti-C1INA as well as against anti-plasminogen. Molecular weights of these two substances were 200,000 and 179,000 daltons, whereas the molecular weights of C1INA and plasmin are 117,000 and 82,000 daltons, respectively. From these results, it was concluded that a portion of C1INA in the reaction mixture was partially cleaved by plasmin, and the partially cleaved C1INA as well as the native C1INA form 1:1 molecular complexes with plasmin, leading to inactivation of these activities."}
{"id": "PMID:126972", "title": "The effect of vitamin E deficiency on androgen and corticosterone synthesis.", "content": "The incorporation of 14C-cholesterol into total androgens by testis homogenates and into total androgens and corticosterone by adrenal homogenates was measured in tissues taken from rats deficient in vitamin E, and from rats given vitamin E, from weaning to a maximum of 293 days. The peak of incorporation of 14C into adrenal steroids, androgens and corticosterone, were delayed in the rats deficient in vitamin E, which might suggest a delayed or prolonged period of puberty in vitamin E deficiency. After this period of increased steroidogenesis the deficient rats incorporated consistently less 14C into adrenal steroids and testicular androgens than did the control rats, although the differences were not statistically significant in the experiments described.", "contents": "The effect of vitamin E deficiency on androgen and corticosterone synthesis. The incorporation of 14C-cholesterol into total androgens by testis homogenates and into total androgens and corticosterone by adrenal homogenates was measured in tissues taken from rats deficient in vitamin E, and from rats given vitamin E, from weaning to a maximum of 293 days. The peak of incorporation of 14C into adrenal steroids, androgens and corticosterone, were delayed in the rats deficient in vitamin E, which might suggest a delayed or prolonged period of puberty in vitamin E deficiency. After this period of increased steroidogenesis the deficient rats incorporated consistently less 14C into adrenal steroids and testicular androgens than did the control rats, although the differences were not statistically significant in the experiments described."}
{"id": "PMID:126970", "title": "Hospitals harbor hazards ignored in fight for life.", "content": "Conventional images of the hospital create two two misconceptions in the minds of people having sporadic or casual contact with it: First, that it's not really a workplace, like a factory; and second that since the function of the hospital is to promote health and wellbeing, it's a healthy and safe place for those in it, whatever their capacity there. Both are far from the truth, as hospital administrators and the medical and operational staffs are beginning to realize and discuss with increasing intensity. Government agenicies at the state and federal level also are turning their scrutiny to the country's 7,000-plus hospitals and even-larger number of private and semi-private clinics. They employ several million people, and more millions are cared for-plus visitors and vendors who every day enter the hospital's doors, walk its corridors and are exposed to a variety of environmental conditions. In short, occupational health and safety is coming to the hospital. The hospital has many of the hazards of any workplace, such as electrical deficiencies in equipment, toxic gases in the atmosphere, noise and weights to lift. But it has countless more hazards that are unique to it: bacterial infection, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, 24-hour-a-day, seven-days-a-week work schedules, and the fight for life in an intensive-care unit.", "contents": "Hospitals harbor hazards ignored in fight for life. Conventional images of the hospital create two two misconceptions in the minds of people having sporadic or casual contact with it: First, that it's not really a workplace, like a factory; and second that since the function of the hospital is to promote health and wellbeing, it's a healthy and safe place for those in it, whatever their capacity there. Both are far from the truth, as hospital administrators and the medical and operational staffs are beginning to realize and discuss with increasing intensity. Government agenicies at the state and federal level also are turning their scrutiny to the country's 7,000-plus hospitals and even-larger number of private and semi-private clinics. They employ several million people, and more millions are cared for-plus visitors and vendors who every day enter the hospital's doors, walk its corridors and are exposed to a variety of environmental conditions. In short, occupational health and safety is coming to the hospital. The hospital has many of the hazards of any workplace, such as electrical deficiencies in equipment, toxic gases in the atmosphere, noise and weights to lift. But it has countless more hazards that are unique to it: bacterial infection, ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, 24-hour-a-day, seven-days-a-week work schedules, and the fight for life in an intensive-care unit."}
{"id": "PMID:126975", "title": "[Treatment of acne vulgaris using vitamin A acid].", "content": "Vitamin A acid represents the most effective therapeutic agent available for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. This is also borne out by the results obtained in 152 patients over a two-year period. Clinical improvement is striking, long lasting remissions can be maintained by continuous treatment, and there appears to be an acceleration of the natural course to spontaneous remission of disease activity. Patients beyond their teens are more likely to remain symptom-free after adequate treatment than younger patients who may require prolonged maintenance treatment. Special attention is given to the appropriate care for Vitamin A acid treated skin and the general management of these patients is outlined. It is stressed that the patient be instructed, in detail, about the course of treatment and the necessity of staying under observation by an experienced dermatologist.", "contents": "[Treatment of acne vulgaris using vitamin A acid]. Vitamin A acid represents the most effective therapeutic agent available for the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. This is also borne out by the results obtained in 152 patients over a two-year period. Clinical improvement is striking, long lasting remissions can be maintained by continuous treatment, and there appears to be an acceleration of the natural course to spontaneous remission of disease activity. Patients beyond their teens are more likely to remain symptom-free after adequate treatment than younger patients who may require prolonged maintenance treatment. Special attention is given to the appropriate care for Vitamin A acid treated skin and the general management of these patients is outlined. It is stressed that the patient be instructed, in detail, about the course of treatment and the necessity of staying under observation by an experienced dermatologist."}
{"id": "PMID:126976", "title": "[The bullous variant of erythema annulare centrifugum Darier in Candida albicans infections].", "content": "A 15-year old male patient with Down-Syndrome suffering from a unusual vesicular type of erythema annular centrifugum Darier and a concurrent intestinal infection with candida albicans is described. Histology, immunhistological assay, and clinical observation allowed to differentiate Erythema annulare centrifugum from erythema exsudativum multiforme as well as dermatitis herpetiformis. On the basis of immunological findings and the clinical course, a hypersensitivity to candida albicans like a so-called \"id-reaction\" is assumed to be the main etiological factor in this case.", "contents": "[The bullous variant of erythema annulare centrifugum Darier in Candida albicans infections]. A 15-year old male patient with Down-Syndrome suffering from a unusual vesicular type of erythema annular centrifugum Darier and a concurrent intestinal infection with candida albicans is described. Histology, immunhistological assay, and clinical observation allowed to differentiate Erythema annulare centrifugum from erythema exsudativum multiforme as well as dermatitis herpetiformis. On the basis of immunological findings and the clinical course, a hypersensitivity to candida albicans like a so-called \"id-reaction\" is assumed to be the main etiological factor in this case."}
{"id": "PMID:126977", "title": "[Localization of solitary dermatophytic lesions in man].", "content": "The occurrence of three causative organisms of the so called intertriginous dermatophytoses--Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale and T. rubrum--was compared according to the localization of the lesions. The differentiation of invasion into solitary and combined sites showed a prevalence of E. floccosum in solitary lesions and T. rubrum in combined lesions. In T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, the frequency of occurrence of both types of the lesions was approximately the same. The differences found suggest various adaptation-ability of dermatophytes to different parts of the body. The study of localization of solitary lesions is important from the epidemiological point of view because it assists in revealing the sources of dermatophytic infection and the ways of transmission.", "contents": "[Localization of solitary dermatophytic lesions in man]. The occurrence of three causative organisms of the so called intertriginous dermatophytoses--Epidermophyton floccosum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes var. interdigitale and T. rubrum--was compared according to the localization of the lesions. The differentiation of invasion into solitary and combined sites showed a prevalence of E. floccosum in solitary lesions and T. rubrum in combined lesions. In T. mentagrophytes var. interdigitale, the frequency of occurrence of both types of the lesions was approximately the same. The differences found suggest various adaptation-ability of dermatophytes to different parts of the body. The study of localization of solitary lesions is important from the epidemiological point of view because it assists in revealing the sources of dermatophytic infection and the ways of transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:126974", "title": "Inhibition of adenosine triphosphatase and carbonic anhydrase by contrast media.", "content": "In vitro inhibition of adenosine triphosphatase and carbonic anhydrase by several radiographic contrast media and other compounds was measured. The concentrations required for 50% inhibition were, in general, similar to those obtained for other enzymes. The effect of methylglucamine could not be determined for either enzyme because of interference with the assays.", "contents": "Inhibition of adenosine triphosphatase and carbonic anhydrase by contrast media. In vitro inhibition of adenosine triphosphatase and carbonic anhydrase by several radiographic contrast media and other compounds was measured. The concentrations required for 50% inhibition were, in general, similar to those obtained for other enzymes. The effect of methylglucamine could not be determined for either enzyme because of interference with the assays."}
{"id": "PMID:126980", "title": "[Inhibition and stimulation of ATPase activity and the nonenzymatic hydrolysis of ATP in electron histochemistry (author's transl)].", "content": "In rat liver, homogenized and fractionated, ATPase activity was studied both histochemically and biochemically in the presence of lead ions and with addition of cysteine, EDTA, 2,4-DNP, sodium cyanide, sodium fluoride and p-chloromercuribenzoate. None of the inhibitors concerned permitted to obtain a complete inhibition of ATP hydrolysis. A practically complete inhibition of ATPase was possible only through heat inactivation or after double prefixation with formaldehyde and ethanol. Nonenzymatic ATP hydrolysis plays a negligible role in ATPase histochemistry since phosphate yield taking place due to lead action is insignificant against enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP.", "contents": "[Inhibition and stimulation of ATPase activity and the nonenzymatic hydrolysis of ATP in electron histochemistry (author's transl)]. In rat liver, homogenized and fractionated, ATPase activity was studied both histochemically and biochemically in the presence of lead ions and with addition of cysteine, EDTA, 2,4-DNP, sodium cyanide, sodium fluoride and p-chloromercuribenzoate. None of the inhibitors concerned permitted to obtain a complete inhibition of ATP hydrolysis. A practically complete inhibition of ATPase was possible only through heat inactivation or after double prefixation with formaldehyde and ethanol. Nonenzymatic ATP hydrolysis plays a negligible role in ATPase histochemistry since phosphate yield taking place due to lead action is insignificant against enzymatic hydrolysis of ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:126981", "title": "An ultrastructural study of neuromuscular spindles in normal mice: with reference to mice and man infected with Mycobacterium leprae.", "content": "Mycobacterium leprae have been found within muscle spindles in mice, using electron microscopy, and in man, using light microscopy. Their mode of entry clearly is important. It may be via capsular cells, capillaries or nerves. For this reason muscle spindles from normal mice were studied by electron microscopy with special reference to the capsule and the relationship of it with capillaries and nerves, as well as details of the intrafusal fibres and capsular space. A fenestrated capillary was found between the capsular cell layers and outside the capsule in one spindle and in another spindle both a fenestrated and a continuous type of a capillary were found between the capsular cells; this may be of interest for pharmacological studies. However, the muscle spindles of the mouse were in the main similar to muscle spindles studied by other workers in man and other mammals.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of neuromuscular spindles in normal mice: with reference to mice and man infected with Mycobacterium leprae. Mycobacterium leprae have been found within muscle spindles in mice, using electron microscopy, and in man, using light microscopy. Their mode of entry clearly is important. It may be via capsular cells, capillaries or nerves. For this reason muscle spindles from normal mice were studied by electron microscopy with special reference to the capsule and the relationship of it with capillaries and nerves, as well as details of the intrafusal fibres and capsular space. A fenestrated capillary was found between the capsular cell layers and outside the capsule in one spindle and in another spindle both a fenestrated and a continuous type of a capillary were found between the capsular cells; this may be of interest for pharmacological studies. However, the muscle spindles of the mouse were in the main similar to muscle spindles studied by other workers in man and other mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:126982", "title": "The disturbance of oxidative phosphorylation by N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene, a model ultimate carcinogen.", "content": "Currently N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene is favored by many investigators to be a model of the ultimate electrophilic carcinogenic agent derived metabolically from the carcinogen N-acetyl-2-aminofluprene. The model induced in vitro a delayed ATP energized increase in mitochondrial volume as indicated by the decrease in absorbancy at 520 nm. The ATP energized decrease in absorbancy was inhibited by rutamycin, 2,4-dinitrophenol and a high level of antimycin known to induce ATPase activity. The known to inhibit respiration without inducing ATPase activity. Malate or potassium ion did not affect the phenomenon, however, sulfate ion which has been implicated in liver carcinogenesis shortened the induction period. Showdomycin stimulated the phenomenon. N-Acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene interacts with the machinery of oxidative phosphorylation. N-Acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene was enzymically converted by the mitochondria to N-hydroxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. These findings extend the experimental confluence of oxidative phosphorylation with carcinogenesis.", "contents": "The disturbance of oxidative phosphorylation by N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene, a model ultimate carcinogen. Currently N-acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene is favored by many investigators to be a model of the ultimate electrophilic carcinogenic agent derived metabolically from the carcinogen N-acetyl-2-aminofluprene. The model induced in vitro a delayed ATP energized increase in mitochondrial volume as indicated by the decrease in absorbancy at 520 nm. The ATP energized decrease in absorbancy was inhibited by rutamycin, 2,4-dinitrophenol and a high level of antimycin known to induce ATPase activity. The known to inhibit respiration without inducing ATPase activity. Malate or potassium ion did not affect the phenomenon, however, sulfate ion which has been implicated in liver carcinogenesis shortened the induction period. Showdomycin stimulated the phenomenon. N-Acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene interacts with the machinery of oxidative phosphorylation. N-Acetoxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene was enzymically converted by the mitochondria to N-hydroxy-N-acetyl-2-aminofluorene. These findings extend the experimental confluence of oxidative phosphorylation with carcinogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:126983", "title": "Design of living environments for nursing-home residents: increasing participation in recreation activities.", "content": "Nursing-home residents have frequently been characterized as unoccupied and disengaged. At the outset of the present study, most residents were to be found in their own rooms, not exhibiting gross motor behavior or social interaction, and not participating in appropriate activities. To modify residents' levels of participation with the environment, a manipulative area was provided in the lounge. Participation in the lounge averaged 20% on days when the activity was not available, but increased to a mean of 74% on days when equipment and materials were given and residents were prompted to participate. When prompts were withdrawn and materials were available only by request, mean participation fell to 25%. The findings demonstrate that manipulative activities can support a high level of participation with the environment, if residents are prompted to use equipment and materials.", "contents": "Design of living environments for nursing-home residents: increasing participation in recreation activities. Nursing-home residents have frequently been characterized as unoccupied and disengaged. At the outset of the present study, most residents were to be found in their own rooms, not exhibiting gross motor behavior or social interaction, and not participating in appropriate activities. To modify residents' levels of participation with the environment, a manipulative area was provided in the lounge. Participation in the lounge averaged 20% on days when the activity was not available, but increased to a mean of 74% on days when equipment and materials were given and residents were prompted to participate. When prompts were withdrawn and materials were available only by request, mean participation fell to 25%. The findings demonstrate that manipulative activities can support a high level of participation with the environment, if residents are prompted to use equipment and materials."}
{"id": "PMID:126991", "title": "Relationship between the tonB locus and iron transport in Escherichia coli.", "content": "When a strain (arcB-) of Escherichia coli, unable to synthesize the iron transport compound enterochelin, was transduced to tonB-, it became resistant to phage phi80 and simultaneously lost the growth response to enterochelin and the ability to transport its iron complex. However, enterochelin precursors (shikimate and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate) still supported growth, via the synthesis of enterochelin. Dihydroxybenzoate was a better growth factor at a low concentration than it was at higher levels. The evidence suggests that tonB- strains lack an outer membrane component necessary both for the uptake of ferric-enterochelin and for the adsorption of phage phi80. Thus, although ferric-enterochelin cannot penetrate the cell surface from outside, the complex that is formed within the envelope is transported normally into the cell. The aroB-, tonB- mutant also lacked growth reponses to citrate and various hydroxamate siderochromes, which supported growth in the tonB+ parent strain via inducible transport systems for their ferric complexes. The aroB-, tonB- mutant was unable to transport iron in the presence of citrate, but the low-affinity uptake of uncomplexed iron and the transport of amino acids and phosphate were unimpaired. The tonB locus, thus, affects all the known active transport systems for iron, possibly indicating that they share some common outer membrane component.", "contents": "Relationship between the tonB locus and iron transport in Escherichia coli. When a strain (arcB-) of Escherichia coli, unable to synthesize the iron transport compound enterochelin, was transduced to tonB-, it became resistant to phage phi80 and simultaneously lost the growth response to enterochelin and the ability to transport its iron complex. However, enterochelin precursors (shikimate and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate) still supported growth, via the synthesis of enterochelin. Dihydroxybenzoate was a better growth factor at a low concentration than it was at higher levels. The evidence suggests that tonB- strains lack an outer membrane component necessary both for the uptake of ferric-enterochelin and for the adsorption of phage phi80. Thus, although ferric-enterochelin cannot penetrate the cell surface from outside, the complex that is formed within the envelope is transported normally into the cell. The aroB-, tonB- mutant also lacked growth reponses to citrate and various hydroxamate siderochromes, which supported growth in the tonB+ parent strain via inducible transport systems for their ferric complexes. The aroB-, tonB- mutant was unable to transport iron in the presence of citrate, but the low-affinity uptake of uncomplexed iron and the transport of amino acids and phosphate were unimpaired. The tonB locus, thus, affects all the known active transport systems for iron, possibly indicating that they share some common outer membrane component."}
{"id": "PMID:126992", "title": "Bacteriophage-typable revertants from pleiotropic staphylococcal mutants.", "content": "Cell walls were physically purified from bacteriophage-typable revertants that had been isolated from modified cell wall pleiotropic strains derived from Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8511. The quantitative amino acid, amino sugar, and phosphorus contents of these cell walls are reported. Among the revertants were some whose walls possessed elevated serine and one strain whose walls contained the novel amino sugar galactosamine. The similarities in bacteriophage typing patterns between the revertants and the original parental strain lead to the conclusion that the previously described pleiotropic strains are mutants of NCTC 8511.", "contents": "Bacteriophage-typable revertants from pleiotropic staphylococcal mutants. Cell walls were physically purified from bacteriophage-typable revertants that had been isolated from modified cell wall pleiotropic strains derived from Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 8511. The quantitative amino acid, amino sugar, and phosphorus contents of these cell walls are reported. Among the revertants were some whose walls possessed elevated serine and one strain whose walls contained the novel amino sugar galactosamine. The similarities in bacteriophage typing patterns between the revertants and the original parental strain lead to the conclusion that the previously described pleiotropic strains are mutants of NCTC 8511."}
{"id": "PMID:126993", "title": "Characterization of 5.8S ribosomal ribonucleic acid in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Neurospora crassa ribosomes contain a species of ribonucleic acid (RNA) of molecular weight 54,000, similar to 5.8S ribosomal RNA previously described for other eukaryotic organisms. The 5.8S RNA from N. crassa was found to be released by heat treatment at 60 C from 25S ribosomal RNA but not from 18S ribosomal RNA. The base composition of N. crassa 5.8S RNA was similar to that of 5.8S RNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but differed from animal 5.8S RNA. During the course of this study, it was discovered that N. crassa 25S ribosomal RNA had a number of internal cleavages that may exist in vivo.", "contents": "Characterization of 5.8S ribosomal ribonucleic acid in Neurospora crassa. Neurospora crassa ribosomes contain a species of ribonucleic acid (RNA) of molecular weight 54,000, similar to 5.8S ribosomal RNA previously described for other eukaryotic organisms. The 5.8S RNA from N. crassa was found to be released by heat treatment at 60 C from 25S ribosomal RNA but not from 18S ribosomal RNA. The base composition of N. crassa 5.8S RNA was similar to that of 5.8S RNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but differed from animal 5.8S RNA. During the course of this study, it was discovered that N. crassa 25S ribosomal RNA had a number of internal cleavages that may exist in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:126995", "title": "Siroheme: a prosthetic group of the Neurospora crassa assimilatory nitrite reductase.", "content": "The Neurospora crassa assimilatory nitrite reductase (EC 1.6.6.4) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of nitrite to ammonia, a 6-electron transfer reaction. Highly purified preparations of this enzyme exhibit absorption spectra which suggest the presence of a heme component (wavelength maxima for oxidized senzyme: 390 and 578 nm). There is a close correspondence between nitrite reductase activity and absorbance at 400 nm when partially purified nitrite reductase preparations are subjected to sucrose gradient centrifugation. In addition, a role for an iron component in the formation of active nitrite reductase is indicated by the fact that nitrate-induced production of nitrite reductase activity in Neurospora mycelia in vivo requires the presence of iron in the induction medium. The heme chromophore present in Neurospora nitrite reductase preparations is reducible by NADPH. Complete reduction, however, requires the presence of added FAD. The NADPH-nitrite reductase activity of the enzyme is also dependent upon addition of FAD. A spectrally unique complex is formed between the heme chromophore and nitrite (or a reduction product thereof) when nitrite is added to NADPH-reducted enzyme. Carbon monoxide forms a complex with the heme chromophore of nitrite reductase with an intense alpha-band maximum at 590 nm and a beta-band of lower intensity at 550 nm. CO is an inhibitor of NADPH-nitrite reductase activity. Spectrophotometrically detectable CO complex formation and Co inhibition of enzyme activity share the following properties...", "contents": "Siroheme: a prosthetic group of the Neurospora crassa assimilatory nitrite reductase. The Neurospora crassa assimilatory nitrite reductase (EC 1.6.6.4) catalyzes the NADPH-dependent reduction of nitrite to ammonia, a 6-electron transfer reaction. Highly purified preparations of this enzyme exhibit absorption spectra which suggest the presence of a heme component (wavelength maxima for oxidized senzyme: 390 and 578 nm). There is a close correspondence between nitrite reductase activity and absorbance at 400 nm when partially purified nitrite reductase preparations are subjected to sucrose gradient centrifugation. In addition, a role for an iron component in the formation of active nitrite reductase is indicated by the fact that nitrate-induced production of nitrite reductase activity in Neurospora mycelia in vivo requires the presence of iron in the induction medium. The heme chromophore present in Neurospora nitrite reductase preparations is reducible by NADPH. Complete reduction, however, requires the presence of added FAD. The NADPH-nitrite reductase activity of the enzyme is also dependent upon addition of FAD. A spectrally unique complex is formed between the heme chromophore and nitrite (or a reduction product thereof) when nitrite is added to NADPH-reducted enzyme. Carbon monoxide forms a complex with the heme chromophore of nitrite reductase with an intense alpha-band maximum at 590 nm and a beta-band of lower intensity at 550 nm. CO is an inhibitor of NADPH-nitrite reductase activity. Spectrophotometrically detectable CO complex formation and Co inhibition of enzyme activity share the following properties..."}
{"id": "PMID:126994", "title": "Identification of the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-reactive protein component of the adenosine 5'-triphosphate energy-transducing system of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Membranes of Escherichia coli contain an adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) energy-transducing system that is inhibited by treatment with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). The carbodiimide-reactive protein component of this system has been identified after treatment with [14C]DCCD. This protein has an apparent molecular weight of 9,000 as judged from acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and is extracted from the membrane with chloroform-methanol (2:1). These properties are similar to the analogous protein previously identified in mitochondria (Cattell et al., 1971). A mutant strain, RF-7, has been isolated which derives energy from oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of 5 mM DCCD. The ATP hydrolase activity of the membraned system in the mutant was considerably less sensitive to inhibition by DCCD than that in the wild type. The carbodiimide-reactive protein, which was easily labeled by [14C]DCCD in the wild type, was labeled much less rapidly in the carbodiimide-resistant mutant. It is thus concluded that the reaction of DCCD with this specific protein leads to inhibition of the ATP energy-transducing reactions. The mutation causing carbodiimide resistance in strain RF-7 was mapped. It is cotransduced with the uncA gene at a frequency exceeding 90%. The mutationally altered protein causing the carbodiimide resistance was not conclusively identified. However, reconstitution experiments indicate that the altered protein is not one of the subunits of the soluble ATP hydrolase activity, which can be removed from the membrane by washing with 1 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer lacking Mg2+. The carbodiimide-reactive protein remains with the membrane residue after removal of the soluble ATP hydrolase and is thus distinct from these subunits as well.", "contents": "Identification of the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-reactive protein component of the adenosine 5'-triphosphate energy-transducing system of Escherichia coli. Membranes of Escherichia coli contain an adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) energy-transducing system that is inhibited by treatment with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). The carbodiimide-reactive protein component of this system has been identified after treatment with [14C]DCCD. This protein has an apparent molecular weight of 9,000 as judged from acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and is extracted from the membrane with chloroform-methanol (2:1). These properties are similar to the analogous protein previously identified in mitochondria (Cattell et al., 1971). A mutant strain, RF-7, has been isolated which derives energy from oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of 5 mM DCCD. The ATP hydrolase activity of the membraned system in the mutant was considerably less sensitive to inhibition by DCCD than that in the wild type. The carbodiimide-reactive protein, which was easily labeled by [14C]DCCD in the wild type, was labeled much less rapidly in the carbodiimide-resistant mutant. It is thus concluded that the reaction of DCCD with this specific protein leads to inhibition of the ATP energy-transducing reactions. The mutation causing carbodiimide resistance in strain RF-7 was mapped. It is cotransduced with the uncA gene at a frequency exceeding 90%. The mutationally altered protein causing the carbodiimide resistance was not conclusively identified. However, reconstitution experiments indicate that the altered protein is not one of the subunits of the soluble ATP hydrolase activity, which can be removed from the membrane by washing with 1 mM tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer lacking Mg2+. The carbodiimide-reactive protein remains with the membrane residue after removal of the soluble ATP hydrolase and is thus distinct from these subunits as well."}
{"id": "PMID:126996", "title": "Effects of urinary proteins from certain leukemics upon macromolecular synthesis and enzyme levels in bone marrow cultures.", "content": "Urinary proteins from human leukemic patients have been found to alter quantitatively macromolecular synthesis in primary mouse bone marrow cultures. Urinary protein-stimulated incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA was found after 1 day of culture. Increased levels of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and lysozyme were demonstrable at 3 and 5 days, respectively, with urinary protein-supplemented cultures. The incorporation of 3H-labeled deoxynucleosides into DNA was higher in the presence of urinary proteins after 2 days of culture. The rate of incorporation of [3H]deoxyuridine into DNA was strongly inhibited by 10(-5) M Methotrexate and 10(-6) M 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, however, the effect of urinary proteins on incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA and lysozyme accumulation were not inhibited. Urinary proteins also stimulated the formation of \"colonies\" (groups of at least 30 cells) in media containing methylcellulose. This latter phenomenon was also not inhibited by 10(-5) M Methotrexate or 10(-6) M 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. The results of these studies are consistent with the postulate that in the presence of human urinary proteins, mouse bone marrow cells in culture proceed to a phenotype characteristic of circulating peripheral white cells.", "contents": "Effects of urinary proteins from certain leukemics upon macromolecular synthesis and enzyme levels in bone marrow cultures. Urinary proteins from human leukemic patients have been found to alter quantitatively macromolecular synthesis in primary mouse bone marrow cultures. Urinary protein-stimulated incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA was found after 1 day of culture. Increased levels of adenine phosphoribosyltransferase and lysozyme were demonstrable at 3 and 5 days, respectively, with urinary protein-supplemented cultures. The incorporation of 3H-labeled deoxynucleosides into DNA was higher in the presence of urinary proteins after 2 days of culture. The rate of incorporation of [3H]deoxyuridine into DNA was strongly inhibited by 10(-5) M Methotrexate and 10(-6) M 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, however, the effect of urinary proteins on incorporation of [3H]uridine into RNA and lysozyme accumulation were not inhibited. Urinary proteins also stimulated the formation of \"colonies\" (groups of at least 30 cells) in media containing methylcellulose. This latter phenomenon was also not inhibited by 10(-5) M Methotrexate or 10(-6) M 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. The results of these studies are consistent with the postulate that in the presence of human urinary proteins, mouse bone marrow cells in culture proceed to a phenotype characteristic of circulating peripheral white cells."}
{"id": "PMID:127000", "title": "High-resolution biomedical gas chromatography. Determination of human urinary steroid metabolites using glass open tubular capillary columns.", "content": "Recently developed analytical procedures for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of human urine for major and minor steroid metabolites are described. Steroid profile samples were obtained by enzymic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase  and sulfatase. Methoxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of steroid metabolites were prepared; the recommended procedure converts all ketone groups (except the 11-one group) into methoxime groups and all hydroxyl groups into trimethylsily ether groups. These derivatives are thermally stable, readily volatilized, not subject to dehydration or adsorption on gas chromatographic columns, and suitable for both quanlitative and quantitative analytical studies. Thermostable glass open tubular capillary columns, coated with the non-polar phase SE-30, and containing dispersed particles of silanized silicic acid, were used for the gas chromatographic separation. Illustrations of profiles for normal female and male subjects, and patients with a testosterone-secreting ovarian tumor, congenital adrenal insufficiency and a dehydroepiandrosterone-secreting adrenal tumor are included.", "contents": "High-resolution biomedical gas chromatography. Determination of human urinary steroid metabolites using glass open tubular capillary columns. Recently developed analytical procedures for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of human urine for major and minor steroid metabolites are described. Steroid profile samples were obtained by enzymic hydrolysis with beta-glucuronidase  and sulfatase. Methoxime-trimethylsilyl ether derivatives of steroid metabolites were prepared; the recommended procedure converts all ketone groups (except the 11-one group) into methoxime groups and all hydroxyl groups into trimethylsily ether groups. These derivatives are thermally stable, readily volatilized, not subject to dehydration or adsorption on gas chromatographic columns, and suitable for both quanlitative and quantitative analytical studies. Thermostable glass open tubular capillary columns, coated with the non-polar phase SE-30, and containing dispersed particles of silanized silicic acid, were used for the gas chromatographic separation. Illustrations of profiles for normal female and male subjects, and patients with a testosterone-secreting ovarian tumor, congenital adrenal insufficiency and a dehydroepiandrosterone-secreting adrenal tumor are included."}
{"id": "PMID:127001", "title": "Studies on steroids. III. A new type of derivative for electron capture-gas chromatography of ketosteroids.", "content": "Pentafluorobenzyloxyamine is presented as a new derivatizing agent for gas chromatography of ketones using electron capture detection. The typical 17-ketosteroid was readily transformed into the O-pentafluorobenzyloxime which on usual trimethylsilylation led to a 3-trimethylsilyl ether derivative exhibiting good gas chromatographic properties. The derivatization procedure was applied to the determination of dehydroepiandrosterone in human plasma by electron capture-gas chromatography employing an internal standard method and in consequence satisfactory results were obtained.", "contents": "Studies on steroids. III. A new type of derivative for electron capture-gas chromatography of ketosteroids. Pentafluorobenzyloxyamine is presented as a new derivatizing agent for gas chromatography of ketones using electron capture detection. The typical 17-ketosteroid was readily transformed into the O-pentafluorobenzyloxime which on usual trimethylsilylation led to a 3-trimethylsilyl ether derivative exhibiting good gas chromatographic properties. The derivatization procedure was applied to the determination of dehydroepiandrosterone in human plasma by electron capture-gas chromatography employing an internal standard method and in consequence satisfactory results were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:126999", "title": "Treatment of aortic arch aneurysms with deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest.", "content": "A patient with an aneurysm of the aortic arch is presented. The patient underwent successful surgical correction using deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest and preserving an aortic cuff including the supra-aortic trunks to facilitate the anastomosis with the prosthesis. Technical and tactical detail are also discussed.", "contents": "Treatment of aortic arch aneurysms with deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. A patient with an aneurysm of the aortic arch is presented. The patient underwent successful surgical correction using deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest and preserving an aortic cuff including the supra-aortic trunks to facilitate the anastomosis with the prosthesis. Technical and tactical detail are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127002", "title": "Hormonal changes in puberty III: Correlation of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, FSH, and LH with stages of puberty and bone age in normal boys and girls and in patients with Addison's disease or hypogonadism or with premature or late adrenarche.", "content": "In 104 normal boys, aged 7 to 14 years (bone ages 5 to 15 years), plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) rose from 52.7 at 7 years, to 112.0 ng/100 ml at 10 years. A further rise occurred at 12 years (188 ng/100 ml). In relation to the bone age, DHEA increased from a mean plasma level of 31.1 at a bone age of 5 years to 77.1 ng/100 ml at one of 7 years. Further increases were observed with mean values of 163.2 at a bone age of 11 years, and of 221.2 at a bone age of 12 years, with a maximum of 333.4 ng/100 ml at bone ages of 14-15 years. The first significant increase of plasma testosterone (T) was noted at a bone age of 12 years (54.8 ng/100 ml). The major rise of T was preceded by the rise of plasma LH and was accompanied by the rise of plasma FSH. Plasma DHEA and T were also measured in 123 normal girls, ages 6 to 13 years (bone ages 5 to 15 years). DHEA rose significantly from a mean level of 44.7 at 6 years, to 80.9 ng/100 ml at 8 years, with further increases between 9 and 10 years and between 10 and 11 years. In relation to bone age, DHEA increased significantly from a mean plasma concentration of 30.9 at a bone age of 5 years, to that of 58.6 ng/100 ml at 7 years. Further increases were observed with values of 191.1 at a bone age of 10 years and 485.6 ng/100 ml at a bone age of 13 years. The first significant rise of testosterone (T) occurred at 10 years of both chronological and bone age. DHEA rose before the increase of gonadotropins. The major rise of T at a bone age of 10 years occurred concurrently with increases in plasma FSH and LH. Low levels of DHEA were observed in Addison's disease. In hypogonadotropin hypogonadism and in anorchia, DHEA levels were normal, suggesting that DHEA is produced primarily in the adrenal gland. In seven girls with early adrenarche, plasma concentrations of DHEA were in the upper range of normal values, whereas T levels were within the normal range. Conversely in girls with late adrenarche, plasms DHEA was lower than normal but T was within the normal limits. The elevation of DHEA prior to the first signs of puberty suggests that DHEA may play a role in the maturation of the hypothalamic-hypophysealgonadal axis. However, the mechanism that triggers the secretion of DHEA is not known.", "contents": "Hormonal changes in puberty III: Correlation of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, FSH, and LH with stages of puberty and bone age in normal boys and girls and in patients with Addison's disease or hypogonadism or with premature or late adrenarche. In 104 normal boys, aged 7 to 14 years (bone ages 5 to 15 years), plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) rose from 52.7 at 7 years, to 112.0 ng/100 ml at 10 years. A further rise occurred at 12 years (188 ng/100 ml). In relation to the bone age, DHEA increased from a mean plasma level of 31.1 at a bone age of 5 years to 77.1 ng/100 ml at one of 7 years. Further increases were observed with mean values of 163.2 at a bone age of 11 years, and of 221.2 at a bone age of 12 years, with a maximum of 333.4 ng/100 ml at bone ages of 14-15 years. The first significant increase of plasma testosterone (T) was noted at a bone age of 12 years (54.8 ng/100 ml). The major rise of T was preceded by the rise of plasma LH and was accompanied by the rise of plasma FSH. Plasma DHEA and T were also measured in 123 normal girls, ages 6 to 13 years (bone ages 5 to 15 years). DHEA rose significantly from a mean level of 44.7 at 6 years, to 80.9 ng/100 ml at 8 years, with further increases between 9 and 10 years and between 10 and 11 years. In relation to bone age, DHEA increased significantly from a mean plasma concentration of 30.9 at a bone age of 5 years, to that of 58.6 ng/100 ml at 7 years. Further increases were observed with values of 191.1 at a bone age of 10 years and 485.6 ng/100 ml at a bone age of 13 years. The first significant rise of testosterone (T) occurred at 10 years of both chronological and bone age. DHEA rose before the increase of gonadotropins. The major rise of T at a bone age of 10 years occurred concurrently with increases in plasma FSH and LH. Low levels of DHEA were observed in Addison's disease. In hypogonadotropin hypogonadism and in anorchia, DHEA levels were normal, suggesting that DHEA is produced primarily in the adrenal gland. In seven girls with early adrenarche, plasma concentrations of DHEA were in the upper range of normal values, whereas T levels were within the normal range. Conversely in girls with late adrenarche, plasms DHEA was lower than normal but T was within the normal limits. The elevation of DHEA prior to the first signs of puberty suggests that DHEA may play a role in the maturation of the hypothalamic-hypophysealgonadal axis. However, the mechanism that triggers the secretion of DHEA is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:127003", "title": "Efficacy of phage typing epidemiologically related Staphylococcus epidermidis strains.", "content": "A total of 118 epidemiologically related Staphylococcus epidermidis strains from hospital patients, staff, and fomites were examined with a provisional set of 18 typing phages. Seventy (59.3%) of these strains were typed using phage concentrations of 100 times routine test dilution. The remainder were nontypable. Thirty-six (30.5%) of the strains were of related phage types, 71/108/275A/459 and 71/108/275A. These latter strains were associated with clinical S. epidermidis endocarditis in patients with prosthetic valve replacements. Ninety-eight strains were characterized by the Baird-Parket biotyping schema. Eighty-three (84.7%) were biotype 1, and the majority (68.4%) of these were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, methicillin, cephalothin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Type 71, 71/108/275A/459, 71/108/275A and 71/108/275/459 strains were generally resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and methicillin, whereas a less consistent resistance pattern was noted among miscellaneous and nontypable strains.", "contents": "Efficacy of phage typing epidemiologically related Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. A total of 118 epidemiologically related Staphylococcus epidermidis strains from hospital patients, staff, and fomites were examined with a provisional set of 18 typing phages. Seventy (59.3%) of these strains were typed using phage concentrations of 100 times routine test dilution. The remainder were nontypable. Thirty-six (30.5%) of the strains were of related phage types, 71/108/275A/459 and 71/108/275A. These latter strains were associated with clinical S. epidermidis endocarditis in patients with prosthetic valve replacements. Ninety-eight strains were characterized by the Baird-Parket biotyping schema. Eighty-three (84.7%) were biotype 1, and the majority (68.4%) of these were resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, methicillin, cephalothin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Type 71, 71/108/275A/459, 71/108/275A and 71/108/275/459 strains were generally resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, and methicillin, whereas a less consistent resistance pattern was noted among miscellaneous and nontypable strains."}
{"id": "PMID:127004", "title": "Content and synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in the developing lung.", "content": "The function of lung is fundamentally linked to the connective tissue composition of the alveolar interstitium. The composition and synthesis of one class of interstitial connective tissue components, the glycosaminoglycans (GAG), was determined in lung parenchyma of rabbits at different stages of development. Parenchymal GAG content ranged between 0.2 and 0.4% (wt/wt) of dry weight, with highest concentration in adult lung. There were significant changes in types of GAG present at different ages. Fetal lungs contained a relatively high proportion of chondroitin 4-sulfate while the GAG in lung parenchyma of older animals was predominantly dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and heparin. Methods were developed for the study of rates of synthesis of GAG by incorporation of [1-14C]glucosamine into lung explants. The rate of synthesis of total GAG per cell increased with development to a maximum in lung from weanling rabbits and fell to low rates of synthesis in mature rabbits. Fetal rabbit lung parenchyma synthesized mostly hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate, while in weanling rabbit parenchyma hyaluronic acid and chondroitin 4/6-sulfate synthesis was greatest. In mature animals, the rates of synthesis of all types of GAG were relatively low but there was a relatively greater emphasis on synthesis of dermatan sulfate and heparin. These results may have significance in changes in lung function during development and in effects on other connective tissue components.", "contents": "Content and synthesis of glycosaminoglycans in the developing lung. The function of lung is fundamentally linked to the connective tissue composition of the alveolar interstitium. The composition and synthesis of one class of interstitial connective tissue components, the glycosaminoglycans (GAG), was determined in lung parenchyma of rabbits at different stages of development. Parenchymal GAG content ranged between 0.2 and 0.4% (wt/wt) of dry weight, with highest concentration in adult lung. There were significant changes in types of GAG present at different ages. Fetal lungs contained a relatively high proportion of chondroitin 4-sulfate while the GAG in lung parenchyma of older animals was predominantly dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfate, and heparin. Methods were developed for the study of rates of synthesis of GAG by incorporation of [1-14C]glucosamine into lung explants. The rate of synthesis of total GAG per cell increased with development to a maximum in lung from weanling rabbits and fell to low rates of synthesis in mature rabbits. Fetal rabbit lung parenchyma synthesized mostly hyaluronic acid and heparan sulfate, while in weanling rabbit parenchyma hyaluronic acid and chondroitin 4/6-sulfate synthesis was greatest. In mature animals, the rates of synthesis of all types of GAG were relatively low but there was a relatively greater emphasis on synthesis of dermatan sulfate and heparin. These results may have significance in changes in lung function during development and in effects on other connective tissue components."}
{"id": "PMID:127006", "title": "Immediate-type hypersensitivity to a bean lectin source with commentary on occupational allergy in allergy-immunology laboratory and research workers.", "content": "A case of acute, severe allergic conjunctivitis is reported in a biochemist who had been grinding Bandeiraea simplicifolia, the source of an anti-B lectin. A crude extract of these beans produced immediate-type skin test reactivity, and reaginic antibodies were demonstrated in her serum. Several other examples of occupationally induced allergy in laboratory and research workers in the field of allergy-immunology are briefly cited. Exposure to potential allergens in a dry, powdered form seems particularly hazardous.", "contents": "Immediate-type hypersensitivity to a bean lectin source with commentary on occupational allergy in allergy-immunology laboratory and research workers. A case of acute, severe allergic conjunctivitis is reported in a biochemist who had been grinding Bandeiraea simplicifolia, the source of an anti-B lectin. A crude extract of these beans produced immediate-type skin test reactivity, and reaginic antibodies were demonstrated in her serum. Several other examples of occupationally induced allergy in laboratory and research workers in the field of allergy-immunology are briefly cited. Exposure to potential allergens in a dry, powdered form seems particularly hazardous."}
{"id": "PMID:127007", "title": "Effects of age on renal function and enzyme activity in male C57BL/6 mice.", "content": "The activities of renal lactate and malate dehydrogenases, glutaminase, and Na-K-ATPase were determined in aging male C57BL/6 mice. Urine concentrating ability in these mice and renal response to metabolic acidosis were also studied. Total enzyme activities were measured in vitro in tissue homogenates from mice that were 120, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 days old. Urine concentrating ability was determined in these mice prior to sacrifice. Lactate and malate dehydrogenase activities decreased between 120 and 700 days with only male dehydrogenase activity increasing between 700 and 800 days. Age did not affect glutaminase or Na-K-ATPase activities and urine concentrating ability was decreased only at 700 days. Both urine ammonia excretion and renal glutaminase activity increased at 120 and 600 days in response to metabolic acidosis. However, only 5 of 12 animals tested at 600 days survived the acid stress for a full 7 days.", "contents": "Effects of age on renal function and enzyme activity in male C57BL/6 mice. The activities of renal lactate and malate dehydrogenases, glutaminase, and Na-K-ATPase were determined in aging male C57BL/6 mice. Urine concentrating ability in these mice and renal response to metabolic acidosis were also studied. Total enzyme activities were measured in vitro in tissue homogenates from mice that were 120, 400, 500, 600, 700, and 800 days old. Urine concentrating ability was determined in these mice prior to sacrifice. Lactate and malate dehydrogenase activities decreased between 120 and 700 days with only male dehydrogenase activity increasing between 700 and 800 days. Age did not affect glutaminase or Na-K-ATPase activities and urine concentrating ability was decreased only at 700 days. Both urine ammonia excretion and renal glutaminase activity increased at 120 and 600 days in response to metabolic acidosis. However, only 5 of 12 animals tested at 600 days survived the acid stress for a full 7 days."}
{"id": "PMID:127008", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses in vitro. III. Elimination of specific cytotoxic lymphocyte responses by 3H-thymidine suicide.", "content": "The role of cellular proliferation in the development of cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL) responses in one-way mixed lymphocyte reactions was investigated by using tritiated thymidine of high specific activity to kill proliferating cells. To develop maximum CL responses, responding lymphoid cells must proliferate for approximately 72 hr; thereafter, precursors of CL appear to differentiate into active CL without further proliferation. Different alloantigen-sensitive precursor cell populations participate in the CL responses to each of two sets of stimulating alloantigens. When cells responding to one set of alloantigens were selectively destroyed after incorporating the hot thymidine, the surviving cells retained the capacity to develop a normal CL response to the second set of alloantigens.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses in vitro. III. Elimination of specific cytotoxic lymphocyte responses by 3H-thymidine suicide. The role of cellular proliferation in the development of cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL) responses in one-way mixed lymphocyte reactions was investigated by using tritiated thymidine of high specific activity to kill proliferating cells. To develop maximum CL responses, responding lymphoid cells must proliferate for approximately 72 hr; thereafter, precursors of CL appear to differentiate into active CL without further proliferation. Different alloantigen-sensitive precursor cell populations participate in the CL responses to each of two sets of stimulating alloantigens. When cells responding to one set of alloantigens were selectively destroyed after incorporating the hot thymidine, the surviving cells retained the capacity to develop a normal CL response to the second set of alloantigens."}
{"id": "PMID:127009", "title": "Augmentation of proliferation and in vitro production of cytotoxic cells by 2-ME in the rat.", "content": "Low concentrations (10(-5) to 10(-8) M) of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) greatly enhance the proliferation of allogeneic cells in the rat mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Studies were undertaken to determine the mode of action of 2-ME. MLC proliferation can occur in the absence of serum proteins (fetal calf serum, FCS) only if 2-ME is present; however, a synergistic effect is present with FCS plus 2-ME, with a 3-fold increase in 3HTdR incorporation with FCS concentrations as low as 0.1%. Kinetic studies show no shift in the peak of proliferation (92 hr) when comparing cultures with and without 2-ME; however, 2-ME-supplemented cultures have significant 3HTdR uptake at 24 hr, and the peak amount of uptake at 92 hr is two to four times higher. Delayed addition of 2-ME until 92 and 166 hr produces a further increase in 3HTdR uptake, indicating that the entire effect is not expressed at the time of allogeneic recognition. L-ascorbic acid, another reducing agent which lacks sulfhydryl groups, elicits a much lower effect on DNA synthesis than does 2-ME. The cytotoxicity of cells harvested from MLC supplemented with 2-ME is increased without loss of target specificity, whereas the same concentration of 2-ME has no direct effect upon the cytotoxicity assay except at higher concentrations where 2-ME suppresses cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Augmentation of proliferation and in vitro production of cytotoxic cells by 2-ME in the rat. Low concentrations (10(-5) to 10(-8) M) of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) greatly enhance the proliferation of allogeneic cells in the rat mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Studies were undertaken to determine the mode of action of 2-ME. MLC proliferation can occur in the absence of serum proteins (fetal calf serum, FCS) only if 2-ME is present; however, a synergistic effect is present with FCS plus 2-ME, with a 3-fold increase in 3HTdR incorporation with FCS concentrations as low as 0.1%. Kinetic studies show no shift in the peak of proliferation (92 hr) when comparing cultures with and without 2-ME; however, 2-ME-supplemented cultures have significant 3HTdR uptake at 24 hr, and the peak amount of uptake at 92 hr is two to four times higher. Delayed addition of 2-ME until 92 and 166 hr produces a further increase in 3HTdR uptake, indicating that the entire effect is not expressed at the time of allogeneic recognition. L-ascorbic acid, another reducing agent which lacks sulfhydryl groups, elicits a much lower effect on DNA synthesis than does 2-ME. The cytotoxicity of cells harvested from MLC supplemented with 2-ME is increased without loss of target specificity, whereas the same concentration of 2-ME has no direct effect upon the cytotoxicity assay except at higher concentrations where 2-ME suppresses cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:127010", "title": "Cytotoxic T cell activity is strain-specific in outbred mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "The cytotoxic T cell response in outbred mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is strain specific. The same is true for adoptive transfer of fatal LCM disease. The response of individuals within an outbred strain is completely cross-reactive, as shown by using immune lymphocytes and virus-infected macrophage targets from individual mice. Reciprocal exclusion of cytotoxic T cell activity between inbred and outbred mouse strains is the rule, the exception being one strain (H) known to have some C57BL ancestry. Immune T cells from one of 7 H mice specifically lysed LCMV-infected C57BL macrophages. Experiments with inbred mice have shown that only one allele need be shared at either the H-2K or H-2D locus for cytotoxic T cell activity to be manifest. Adoptive transfer protocols may thus be considered in outbred situations, providing that T cells are effective before allograft rejection occurs. Also, the LCMV cytotoxic T cell assay may be useful for determining the degree of H-2 variability in wild mouse populations, as novel H-2 types can be detected and mice need not be congenic.", "contents": "Cytotoxic T cell activity is strain-specific in outbred mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. The cytotoxic T cell response in outbred mice infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is strain specific. The same is true for adoptive transfer of fatal LCM disease. The response of individuals within an outbred strain is completely cross-reactive, as shown by using immune lymphocytes and virus-infected macrophage targets from individual mice. Reciprocal exclusion of cytotoxic T cell activity between inbred and outbred mouse strains is the rule, the exception being one strain (H) known to have some C57BL ancestry. Immune T cells from one of 7 H mice specifically lysed LCMV-infected C57BL macrophages. Experiments with inbred mice have shown that only one allele need be shared at either the H-2K or H-2D locus for cytotoxic T cell activity to be manifest. Adoptive transfer protocols may thus be considered in outbred situations, providing that T cells are effective before allograft rejection occurs. Also, the LCMV cytotoxic T cell assay may be useful for determining the degree of H-2 variability in wild mouse populations, as novel H-2 types can be detected and mice need not be congenic."}
{"id": "PMID:127011", "title": "Suppression of lymphocyte activation by a factor produced by Mycoplasma arginini.", "content": "Mycoplasma arginini, when grown in broth or in cultures of human lymphoblast cell lines, inhibits activation of lymphocytes by allogeneic cells of mitogens. This inhibition can also be produced by cell free media obtained after the growth of this organism. Inhibition is not species specific and inhibits both B and T cell activation in the mouse.  The inhibitory factor is required during the first 3 days of the mixed leukocyte culture, but has no effect on the latter phase of this reaction when thymidine uptake is greatest. The factor is stable to treatment at 60 degrees, but not 90 degrees, for 30 min.", "contents": "Suppression of lymphocyte activation by a factor produced by Mycoplasma arginini. Mycoplasma arginini, when grown in broth or in cultures of human lymphoblast cell lines, inhibits activation of lymphocytes by allogeneic cells of mitogens. This inhibition can also be produced by cell free media obtained after the growth of this organism. Inhibition is not species specific and inhibits both B and T cell activation in the mouse.  The inhibitory factor is required during the first 3 days of the mixed leukocyte culture, but has no effect on the latter phase of this reaction when thymidine uptake is greatest. The factor is stable to treatment at 60 degrees, but not 90 degrees, for 30 min."}
{"id": "PMID:127012", "title": "Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. VI. Effect of cell density on response in mixed leukocyte cultures.", "content": "Reexposure of day 14 murine mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) populations to the original irradiated allogeneic stimulating spleen cells has previously been found to result in the ratpid generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) associated with a net increase in cultured cell number. Under the experimental conditions used, day 5 MLC cells appeared unable to respond to the allogeneic stimulus. In order to characterize further the development of the potential for anamnestic reactivity during the course of MLC, C57BL/6 spleen cells were incubated with irradiated (1000 rads) DBA/2 spleen cells (primary MLC) for up to 3 weeks. At various time intervals after the onset of the primary MLC, the surviving cells were collected and reexposed, at varying cell concentrations, to irradiated DBA/2 spleen cells (secondary MLC). At daily intervals thereafter, CTL activity was assessed using a quantitative 51Cr-release assay system. A paradoxic effect of responding cell concentration on generation of CTL activity was observed; relatively greater increase in CTL activity was observed as the concentration of responding cells was decreased over a 100-fold range. This effect was more pronounced with responding cells reexposed to antigen after primary MLC for 20 days, but was observed even with normal cells. The apparent unresponsiveness of day 5 MLC cells to alloantigen restimulation could be overcome by simple dilution of responding cells. Cytotoxic activity at the time of restimulation with antigen seems to be a major factor determining the magnitude of the secondary response. Since intact cells bearing alloantigens are required for the generation of CTL in MLC, residual cytotoxic cells reduce the effective antigenic stimulus by destroying stimulating cells. This effect of concentration of responding cells on generation of CTL in MLC complicates interpretation of experiments investigating the role of \"inhibitor\" and \"helper\" cell in cell-mediated immune responses occurring in vitro. Under optimal conditions, the highest CTL activity and the largest increase in total cell number was observed 4 days after restimulation of day 10 MLC cells. On a per cell basis, the lytic activity was up to 4 times greater than that observed at the peak of a primary response, and the number of viable cells recovered was nearly 20 times higher than that at the onset. Such secondary MLC are thus a convenient source of lymphoid cells selected primarily on the basis of proliferation induced by alloantigens.", "contents": "Generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vitro. VI. Effect of cell density on response in mixed leukocyte cultures. Reexposure of day 14 murine mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) populations to the original irradiated allogeneic stimulating spleen cells has previously been found to result in the ratpid generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) associated with a net increase in cultured cell number. Under the experimental conditions used, day 5 MLC cells appeared unable to respond to the allogeneic stimulus. In order to characterize further the development of the potential for anamnestic reactivity during the course of MLC, C57BL/6 spleen cells were incubated with irradiated (1000 rads) DBA/2 spleen cells (primary MLC) for up to 3 weeks. At various time intervals after the onset of the primary MLC, the surviving cells were collected and reexposed, at varying cell concentrations, to irradiated DBA/2 spleen cells (secondary MLC). At daily intervals thereafter, CTL activity was assessed using a quantitative 51Cr-release assay system. A paradoxic effect of responding cell concentration on generation of CTL activity was observed; relatively greater increase in CTL activity was observed as the concentration of responding cells was decreased over a 100-fold range. This effect was more pronounced with responding cells reexposed to antigen after primary MLC for 20 days, but was observed even with normal cells. The apparent unresponsiveness of day 5 MLC cells to alloantigen restimulation could be overcome by simple dilution of responding cells. Cytotoxic activity at the time of restimulation with antigen seems to be a major factor determining the magnitude of the secondary response. Since intact cells bearing alloantigens are required for the generation of CTL in MLC, residual cytotoxic cells reduce the effective antigenic stimulus by destroying stimulating cells. This effect of concentration of responding cells on generation of CTL in MLC complicates interpretation of experiments investigating the role of \"inhibitor\" and \"helper\" cell in cell-mediated immune responses occurring in vitro. Under optimal conditions, the highest CTL activity and the largest increase in total cell number was observed 4 days after restimulation of day 10 MLC cells. On a per cell basis, the lytic activity was up to 4 times greater than that observed at the peak of a primary response, and the number of viable cells recovered was nearly 20 times higher than that at the onset. Such secondary MLC are thus a convenient source of lymphoid cells selected primarily on the basis of proliferation induced by alloantigens."}
{"id": "PMID:127015", "title": "New bacteriophages of Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "Fifty-six phages designated the U-series and 34 phages designated the Ph-series were carefully examined. The spectrum of activity was established for 183 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis from different countries and for 258 strains of Staphylococcus aureus. All 90 phages were active against strains of both species, but some differences in sensitivity were noted. Sixteen of the 90 phages were selected for phage typing of S. epidermidis. With use of a routine test dilution of phage (the highest dilution that yields confluent lysis of the propagation strain), 71.6% of 183 coagulase-negative staphylococci tested were sensitive to the phages; 42 phage patterns were observed. The results indicate that phage typing of S. epidermidis can be recommended for epidemiological and ecological purposes.", "contents": "New bacteriophages of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Fifty-six phages designated the U-series and 34 phages designated the Ph-series were carefully examined. The spectrum of activity was established for 183 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis from different countries and for 258 strains of Staphylococcus aureus. All 90 phages were active against strains of both species, but some differences in sensitivity were noted. Sixteen of the 90 phages were selected for phage typing of S. epidermidis. With use of a routine test dilution of phage (the highest dilution that yields confluent lysis of the propagation strain), 71.6% of 183 coagulase-negative staphylococci tested were sensitive to the phages; 42 phage patterns were observed. The results indicate that phage typing of S. epidermidis can be recommended for epidemiological and ecological purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:127016", "title": "Ultrastructural identification of extracellular matrix and cell surface components during limb morphogenesis in man.", "content": "Development of the human hand plate (stages 16-17) has been analyzed with emphasis on differentiation of elements within the extracellular  matrix and the composition of the mesenchymal cell surface. The epithelial-mesenchymal interface contains a basal lamina and a sublaminar matrix exhibiting: (a) collagen fibrils with characteristic 63-64 nm banding: (b) non-banded filaments, 10-15 nm in diameter; (c) ruthenium red-positive particles, 12-15 nm in diameter; and (d) attenuated threads, 3-5-5-0 nm in diameter which inter-connect particles, fibrils, filaments and the basal lamina. Processes of mesenchymal cells penetrate this matrix network. In addition to staining with ruthenium red, components of basal laminae bind to ferritin-conjugated Concanavalin A, greatest binding being localized on the mesenchymal surface of the lamina. Asymmetry of binding is removed by incubation of exposed laminae with trypsin (5 mug/ml). Regional differences in these staining and binding characteristics within the subepithelial matrix have not been observed in the hand plate. However, precartilaginous extracellular zones deep within the plate are notably unstructured in comparison to the sublaminar region. Ruthenium red-positive materials at mesenchymal cell surfaces display sensitivity to testicular hyaluronidase, Pronase and trypsin but resist removal with neuraminidase and EDTA. These features of the substrate in situ may be important in the regulation of mesenchymal cell behavior during limb morphogenesis in man.", "contents": "Ultrastructural identification of extracellular matrix and cell surface components during limb morphogenesis in man. Development of the human hand plate (stages 16-17) has been analyzed with emphasis on differentiation of elements within the extracellular  matrix and the composition of the mesenchymal cell surface. The epithelial-mesenchymal interface contains a basal lamina and a sublaminar matrix exhibiting: (a) collagen fibrils with characteristic 63-64 nm banding: (b) non-banded filaments, 10-15 nm in diameter; (c) ruthenium red-positive particles, 12-15 nm in diameter; and (d) attenuated threads, 3-5-5-0 nm in diameter which inter-connect particles, fibrils, filaments and the basal lamina. Processes of mesenchymal cells penetrate this matrix network. In addition to staining with ruthenium red, components of basal laminae bind to ferritin-conjugated Concanavalin A, greatest binding being localized on the mesenchymal surface of the lamina. Asymmetry of binding is removed by incubation of exposed laminae with trypsin (5 mug/ml). Regional differences in these staining and binding characteristics within the subepithelial matrix have not been observed in the hand plate. However, precartilaginous extracellular zones deep within the plate are notably unstructured in comparison to the sublaminar region. Ruthenium red-positive materials at mesenchymal cell surfaces display sensitivity to testicular hyaluronidase, Pronase and trypsin but resist removal with neuraminidase and EDTA. These features of the substrate in situ may be important in the regulation of mesenchymal cell behavior during limb morphogenesis in man."}
{"id": "PMID:127017", "title": "The requirement for DNA synthesis and gene expression in the generation of cytotoxicity in vitro.", "content": "The requirement for cell division and expression of new genes was examined in the primary and secondary mouse mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). Hydroxyurea (HU) was used to block DNA synthesis and cell division, and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) was used to probe for the expression of new cell-specific genes. In the primary MLC, inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell division by HU almost totally suppressed the generation of initial, target-specific cytotoxicity. When HU was washed out of the cultures, cytotoxicity was generated after a lag time approximately equal to the period of treatment with  HU. The rate of development and maximal value of cytotoxicity in HU-reversed cultures was identical to untreated controls, suggesting that the inhibition was not due to a nonspecific lethal effect of the drug. Development of initial cytotoxicity in primary MLC was similarly suppressed by levels of BUdR 25 to 75-fold below the levels of this drug having nonspecific mutagenic effects in lymphocytes, indicating that development of cytotoxicity was also dependent on the expression of a new genetic program. In the secondary MLC, regeneration of both DNA synthesis and cytotoxicity was apparent 12-15 h after re-exposure to initial stimulating antigen. In this reaction, however, generation of cytotoxicity was insensitive to both HU and BUdR. Thus, the cytotoxic program developed in the primary MLC appears to be genetically stable through the production of effector memory cells, and into regeneration of fully cytotoxic memory cells in secondary MLC.", "contents": "The requirement for DNA synthesis and gene expression in the generation of cytotoxicity in vitro. The requirement for cell division and expression of new genes was examined in the primary and secondary mouse mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). Hydroxyurea (HU) was used to block DNA synthesis and cell division, and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) was used to probe for the expression of new cell-specific genes. In the primary MLC, inhibition of DNA synthesis and cell division by HU almost totally suppressed the generation of initial, target-specific cytotoxicity. When HU was washed out of the cultures, cytotoxicity was generated after a lag time approximately equal to the period of treatment with  HU. The rate of development and maximal value of cytotoxicity in HU-reversed cultures was identical to untreated controls, suggesting that the inhibition was not due to a nonspecific lethal effect of the drug. Development of initial cytotoxicity in primary MLC was similarly suppressed by levels of BUdR 25 to 75-fold below the levels of this drug having nonspecific mutagenic effects in lymphocytes, indicating that development of cytotoxicity was also dependent on the expression of a new genetic program. In the secondary MLC, regeneration of both DNA synthesis and cytotoxicity was apparent 12-15 h after re-exposure to initial stimulating antigen. In this reaction, however, generation of cytotoxicity was insensitive to both HU and BUdR. Thus, the cytotoxic program developed in the primary MLC appears to be genetically stable through the production of effector memory cells, and into regeneration of fully cytotoxic memory cells in secondary MLC."}
{"id": "PMID:127018", "title": "Intercostal muscle biopsy in human neuromuscular disease. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies.", "content": "External intercostal muscle biopsies were examined histochemically and by electron microscopy. The use of this muscle allowed correlation with physiological and pharmacological studies on the same specimens. Changes observed in musclar dystrophy and motor neurone disease resembled those previously described in biopsied limb muscle and underline the particular usefulness of this preparation in the study of human neuromuscular disease.", "contents": "Intercostal muscle biopsy in human neuromuscular disease. Histochemical and electron microscopic studies. External intercostal muscle biopsies were examined histochemically and by electron microscopy. The use of this muscle allowed correlation with physiological and pharmacological studies on the same specimens. Changes observed in musclar dystrophy and motor neurone disease resembled those previously described in biopsied limb muscle and underline the particular usefulness of this preparation in the study of human neuromuscular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:127019", "title": "Sensory system involvement in infantile spinal muscular atrophy.", "content": "Nine cases of infantile spinal muscular atrophy were studied post-mortem. Their ages at death ranged from 5 months to 10 years. In all cases severe loss of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord and neurogenic muscular atrophy were characteristic of this disease. In 6 cases there was also loss of myelin in the posterior columns particularly affecting the lumbar contribution. Sensory ganglia, especially from the lumbar region, contained nodules of Nageotte, indicating sensory neuron degeneration. These sensory abnormalities were more severe in the longer surviving cases. It seems possible that sensory neuron degeneration occurs more commonly in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease than has previously been supposed but that it is less severe and develops more slowly than motor neuron degeneration.", "contents": "Sensory system involvement in infantile spinal muscular atrophy. Nine cases of infantile spinal muscular atrophy were studied post-mortem. Their ages at death ranged from 5 months to 10 years. In all cases severe loss of anterior horn cells in the spinal cord and neurogenic muscular atrophy were characteristic of this disease. In 6 cases there was also loss of myelin in the posterior columns particularly affecting the lumbar contribution. Sensory ganglia, especially from the lumbar region, contained nodules of Nageotte, indicating sensory neuron degeneration. These sensory abnormalities were more severe in the longer surviving cases. It seems possible that sensory neuron degeneration occurs more commonly in Werdnig-Hoffmann disease than has previously been supposed but that it is less severe and develops more slowly than motor neuron degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:127020", "title": "Parabiotic reinnervation in normal and dystrophic mice. Part 2. Morphological studies.", "content": "The technique of parabiotic reinnervation has been used to test directly the neurogenic theory of the aetiology of muscular dystrophy in mice. Dystrophic muscles contain significantly fewer muscle fibres than their normal controls; they also have a much broader spectrum of fibre size because of a much higher proportion of very small fibres and are poorly differentiated into histochemical fibre types. These criteria were used to assess whether there was any amelioration of the dystrophic process in response to the introduction of a normal nerve supply, or whether dystrophic changes were induced in normal muscle reinnervated with a dystrophic nerve. Self-reinnervated normal and dystrophic TA and EDL muscles contained the same numbers of fibres as unoperated controls. The process of parabiosis alone resulted in no changes in normal or dystrophic muscles. In the process of parabiotic reinnervation, the efficiency of the reinnervation process was not affected by the parabiotic state. The parabiotic reinnervation of dystrophic muscle by normal nerve resulted in no significant increase in fibre numbers and the spectrum of fibre sizes was essentially the same as in unoperated dystrophic muscle. The parabiotic reinnervation of normal muscle by dystrophic nerve resulted in a reduction of fibre numbers in only some of the muscles examined. However, the spectrum of fibre diameters remained essentially normal, and the differentiation of the fibres into histochemical fibre types was characteristic of reinnervated normal muscle. There was a marked absence of necrosis or of other histological signs of dystrophy in these muscles. Since there was no positive evidence to show that conversion of normal to dystrophic, or dystrophic to normal muscle occurred under the influence of parabiotic nerve transposition, two alternative conclusions were admissible. Firstly, the influence of dystrophic nerve upon muscle may be operative in fetal or neonatal life and may be irreversible by means of the subsequent introduction of a normal nerve supply. Secondly, the dystrophic state in muscle may be determined by genetic factors independent of nerve supply.", "contents": "Parabiotic reinnervation in normal and dystrophic mice. Part 2. Morphological studies. The technique of parabiotic reinnervation has been used to test directly the neurogenic theory of the aetiology of muscular dystrophy in mice. Dystrophic muscles contain significantly fewer muscle fibres than their normal controls; they also have a much broader spectrum of fibre size because of a much higher proportion of very small fibres and are poorly differentiated into histochemical fibre types. These criteria were used to assess whether there was any amelioration of the dystrophic process in response to the introduction of a normal nerve supply, or whether dystrophic changes were induced in normal muscle reinnervated with a dystrophic nerve. Self-reinnervated normal and dystrophic TA and EDL muscles contained the same numbers of fibres as unoperated controls. The process of parabiosis alone resulted in no changes in normal or dystrophic muscles. In the process of parabiotic reinnervation, the efficiency of the reinnervation process was not affected by the parabiotic state. The parabiotic reinnervation of dystrophic muscle by normal nerve resulted in no significant increase in fibre numbers and the spectrum of fibre sizes was essentially the same as in unoperated dystrophic muscle. The parabiotic reinnervation of normal muscle by dystrophic nerve resulted in a reduction of fibre numbers in only some of the muscles examined. However, the spectrum of fibre diameters remained essentially normal, and the differentiation of the fibres into histochemical fibre types was characteristic of reinnervated normal muscle. There was a marked absence of necrosis or of other histological signs of dystrophy in these muscles. Since there was no positive evidence to show that conversion of normal to dystrophic, or dystrophic to normal muscle occurred under the influence of parabiotic nerve transposition, two alternative conclusions were admissible. Firstly, the influence of dystrophic nerve upon muscle may be operative in fetal or neonatal life and may be irreversible by means of the subsequent introduction of a normal nerve supply. Secondly, the dystrophic state in muscle may be determined by genetic factors independent of nerve supply."}
{"id": "PMID:127022", "title": "Intraoperative use of Doppler to detect successful obliteration of carotid-cavernous fistulas. Technical note.", "content": "The authors describe their use of a Doppler flow detector in the treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas to monitor the ocular bruit, the clinical sign usually used to detect obliteration of the fistula. In seven procedures the Doppler ultrasonic flow detector has yielded satisfactory proof that the flow sounds were no longer audible, and that the surgery was successful.", "contents": "Intraoperative use of Doppler to detect successful obliteration of carotid-cavernous fistulas. Technical note. The authors describe their use of a Doppler flow detector in the treatment of carotid-cavernous fistulas to monitor the ocular bruit, the clinical sign usually used to detect obliteration of the fistula. In seven procedures the Doppler ultrasonic flow detector has yielded satisfactory proof that the flow sounds were no longer audible, and that the surgery was successful."}
{"id": "PMID:127036", "title": "The responses of muscle spindles in sheep extraocular muscles.", "content": "1. Responses from de-efferented muscle spindles in sheep extraocular muscles have been recorded in the Gasserian ganglion using glass microelectrodes. 2. The afferent fibre conduction velocities ranged from 32 to 106 m/sec and most were intermediate. The distribution was unimodal. 3. The afferent responses to ramp stretches and longitudinal vibration of the muscle could not be divided into two groups, but both the dynamic indices and vibration sensitivities of the afferents increased with their conduction velocities. 4. Injection of suxamethonium did not help to classify afferents with intermediate conduction velocity. 5. It is concluded that the afferents from sheep extraocular muscle spindles form a single population whose properties are correlated with their nerve fibre diameters.", "contents": "The responses of muscle spindles in sheep extraocular muscles. 1. Responses from de-efferented muscle spindles in sheep extraocular muscles have been recorded in the Gasserian ganglion using glass microelectrodes. 2. The afferent fibre conduction velocities ranged from 32 to 106 m/sec and most were intermediate. The distribution was unimodal. 3. The afferent responses to ramp stretches and longitudinal vibration of the muscle could not be divided into two groups, but both the dynamic indices and vibration sensitivities of the afferents increased with their conduction velocities. 4. Injection of suxamethonium did not help to classify afferents with intermediate conduction velocity. 5. It is concluded that the afferents from sheep extraocular muscle spindles form a single population whose properties are correlated with their nerve fibre diameters."}
{"id": "PMID:127037", "title": "Quantitative aspects of ouabain binding to human erythrocyte and cardiac membranes.", "content": "1. [3H]ouabain binding to human erythrocyte membranes is a time- and temperature-dependent process. The association of ouabain to the membrane-bound receptor follows second-order kinetics, while the dissociation is a monomolecular reaction. An association rate constant of 4-6 x 10(4) M-1 sec-1 and a dissociation rate constant of 1-4 x 10(-4) sec-1 were measured at 37 degrees C. The dissociation constant calculated from these data agrees with that determined from equilibrium binding experiments. There is only one type of ouabain binding sites with high affinity for the drug as reflected by the low dissociation constant of 0-28 x 10(-8) M. 2. The dissociation constants of the ouabain-receptor complexes from human erythrocyte and cardiac membranes are identical. 3. The maximal number of membrane-bound ouabain binding sites was measured from equilibrium binding experiments as 288 +/- 28 per single erythrocyte. Thus one receptor site corresponds to less than 1 mum2 of the membrane, provided the receptors are diffusely distributed on the surface of the membrane. 4. Neither the maximal number of ouabain receptors nor the affinity for the drug changes with the age or sex of the blood donor. 5. A maximal transport capacity for sodium of 5-6 m-equiv/hr.1. is calculated from the number of receptor sites per erythrocyte and from the turn-over number of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of ouabain binding to human erythrocyte and cardiac membranes. 1. [3H]ouabain binding to human erythrocyte membranes is a time- and temperature-dependent process. The association of ouabain to the membrane-bound receptor follows second-order kinetics, while the dissociation is a monomolecular reaction. An association rate constant of 4-6 x 10(4) M-1 sec-1 and a dissociation rate constant of 1-4 x 10(-4) sec-1 were measured at 37 degrees C. The dissociation constant calculated from these data agrees with that determined from equilibrium binding experiments. There is only one type of ouabain binding sites with high affinity for the drug as reflected by the low dissociation constant of 0-28 x 10(-8) M. 2. The dissociation constants of the ouabain-receptor complexes from human erythrocyte and cardiac membranes are identical. 3. The maximal number of membrane-bound ouabain binding sites was measured from equilibrium binding experiments as 288 +/- 28 per single erythrocyte. Thus one receptor site corresponds to less than 1 mum2 of the membrane, provided the receptors are diffusely distributed on the surface of the membrane. 4. Neither the maximal number of ouabain receptors nor the affinity for the drug changes with the age or sex of the blood donor. 5. A maximal transport capacity for sodium of 5-6 m-equiv/hr.1. is calculated from the number of receptor sites per erythrocyte and from the turn-over number of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:127038", "title": "Responses of neurones in motor cortex and in area 3A to controlled stretches of forelimb muscles in cebus monkeys.", "content": "1. The experiments were designed to investigate the effects of longitudinal muscle displacements on neurones of the motor cortex of anaesthetized Cebus monkeys and thus test the hypothesis that signals from muscle spindles may modify motor cortical output. The effects of sinusoidal stretching of the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) at frequencies varying from 6 to 300 Hz and of step and rhomboidal stretches were studied in neurones of the motor cortex. For comparison, neurones of the primary receiving area for low-threshold muscle afferents, cortical area 3a, were also included in this study. Neurones of the motor cortex were subdivided into corticospinal (PT) neurones and non-corticospinal (non-PT) neurones. 2. Threshold stretch amplitudes were clearly higher for neurones of area 4 (PT and non-PT) than for 3a neurones. However, a conspicuous fall in threshold stretch amplitude was observed for all three neurone populations when the frequency of sinusoidal stretching was increased (highest frequency: 300 Hz). A small number of non-PT and PT neurones responded to vibration amplitudes of less than 100 mum and some of these low-threshold cells of area 4 also responded to rhomboidal stretches of 8 mm/sec ramp velocity and 80 mum plateau amplitude. Increasing the stretch amplitude to twice threshold nearly doubled the output magnitude in all three cell types. Neurones of area 3a and non-PT neurones of area 4 had similar latencies, and these were significantly shorter than the latencies of PT neurones tested with trains of high frequency vibration. Dynamic response patterns were observed in all three cell types, but most frequently in 3a neurones. 3. It is concluded that, in Cebus monkeys, signals from both primary and secondary muscle spindle endings from forelimb muscles reach the motor cortex. Under the present experimental conditions, the input from the primaries to the motor cortex was effective only if these spindle receptors were driven maximally by vibratory stimuli. The particularly low probability of stretch-evoked discharges of cortico-spinal neurones in the anaesthetized preparation may be explained by a low gain in transmission from input to output cells of the motor cortex.", "contents": "Responses of neurones in motor cortex and in area 3A to controlled stretches of forelimb muscles in cebus monkeys. 1. The experiments were designed to investigate the effects of longitudinal muscle displacements on neurones of the motor cortex of anaesthetized Cebus monkeys and thus test the hypothesis that signals from muscle spindles may modify motor cortical output. The effects of sinusoidal stretching of the extensor digitorum communis (EDC) at frequencies varying from 6 to 300 Hz and of step and rhomboidal stretches were studied in neurones of the motor cortex. For comparison, neurones of the primary receiving area for low-threshold muscle afferents, cortical area 3a, were also included in this study. Neurones of the motor cortex were subdivided into corticospinal (PT) neurones and non-corticospinal (non-PT) neurones. 2. Threshold stretch amplitudes were clearly higher for neurones of area 4 (PT and non-PT) than for 3a neurones. However, a conspicuous fall in threshold stretch amplitude was observed for all three neurone populations when the frequency of sinusoidal stretching was increased (highest frequency: 300 Hz). A small number of non-PT and PT neurones responded to vibration amplitudes of less than 100 mum and some of these low-threshold cells of area 4 also responded to rhomboidal stretches of 8 mm/sec ramp velocity and 80 mum plateau amplitude. Increasing the stretch amplitude to twice threshold nearly doubled the output magnitude in all three cell types. Neurones of area 3a and non-PT neurones of area 4 had similar latencies, and these were significantly shorter than the latencies of PT neurones tested with trains of high frequency vibration. Dynamic response patterns were observed in all three cell types, but most frequently in 3a neurones. 3. It is concluded that, in Cebus monkeys, signals from both primary and secondary muscle spindle endings from forelimb muscles reach the motor cortex. Under the present experimental conditions, the input from the primaries to the motor cortex was effective only if these spindle receptors were driven maximally by vibratory stimuli. The particularly low probability of stretch-evoked discharges of cortico-spinal neurones in the anaesthetized preparation may be explained by a low gain in transmission from input to output cells of the motor cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:127040", "title": "A study of subcutaneous rhizolysis in the treatment of chronic backache.", "content": "Subcutaneous rhizolysis is defined as cutting the nerves to the posterior intervertebral joints. Although a blind procedure, it has proved safe in several centres and provides relief of pain in about two thirds of those who suffer from intractable, persistent backache. Some conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis and previous spinal fusion are clinically unsuitable, but this technique, which is described, is recommended for consideration before all major surgical procedures for back pain are undertaken.", "contents": "A study of subcutaneous rhizolysis in the treatment of chronic backache. Subcutaneous rhizolysis is defined as cutting the nerves to the posterior intervertebral joints. Although a blind procedure, it has proved safe in several centres and provides relief of pain in about two thirds of those who suffer from intractable, persistent backache. Some conditions such as ankylosing spondylitis and previous spinal fusion are clinically unsuitable, but this technique, which is described, is recommended for consideration before all major surgical procedures for back pain are undertaken."}
{"id": "PMID:127041", "title": "The morphology of follicular development and ovulation in non-human primates.", "content": "A colony of Macaca fascicularis have been under continuous observation for the past 4 years to ascertain the follicular morphological changes that occur prior to ovulation and during the development of the corpus luteum. Of 609 experimental cycles, laparoscopy was performed at least once in 44-5% of the cycles. Of the 104 cycles where the ovulatory status was definitely known, 89-4% were deemed ovulatory and 10-6% anovulatory. The presence or absence of ovulation in the previous cycle did not have an effect on the cycle length either for the total cycles or when analysing only cycles over 28 days. Similarly, the occurrence of two consecutive ovulations (in consecutive cycles) on the same vs. opposite ovaries did not have a significant effect on the cycle length. Neither laparoscopic stress or anaesthesia effected the normal cyclicity of the animals. The characteristic changes in follicular morphology are most clearly defined in M. fascicularis. In this species the 24 of 36 hr prior to ovulation are accompanied by discrete changes which occur in a fixed sequence, allowing one to predict the time of ovulation with reasonable accuracy. In S. sciureus ovulation is preceded by extensive bulging at the follicular apex and haemorrhaging at the base of the follicle. Due to this haemorrhaging post-ovulatory follicles in S. sciureus are generally more easily discernible than in fascicularis. The formation of clear areas (stigma) is not as evident in either S. sciureus or G. senegalensis as in the macaque. Actual ovulation has been observed four times in M. fascicularis and twice in S. sciureus.", "contents": "The morphology of follicular development and ovulation in non-human primates. A colony of Macaca fascicularis have been under continuous observation for the past 4 years to ascertain the follicular morphological changes that occur prior to ovulation and during the development of the corpus luteum. Of 609 experimental cycles, laparoscopy was performed at least once in 44-5% of the cycles. Of the 104 cycles where the ovulatory status was definitely known, 89-4% were deemed ovulatory and 10-6% anovulatory. The presence or absence of ovulation in the previous cycle did not have an effect on the cycle length either for the total cycles or when analysing only cycles over 28 days. Similarly, the occurrence of two consecutive ovulations (in consecutive cycles) on the same vs. opposite ovaries did not have a significant effect on the cycle length. Neither laparoscopic stress or anaesthesia effected the normal cyclicity of the animals. The characteristic changes in follicular morphology are most clearly defined in M. fascicularis. In this species the 24 of 36 hr prior to ovulation are accompanied by discrete changes which occur in a fixed sequence, allowing one to predict the time of ovulation with reasonable accuracy. In S. sciureus ovulation is preceded by extensive bulging at the follicular apex and haemorrhaging at the base of the follicle. Due to this haemorrhaging post-ovulatory follicles in S. sciureus are generally more easily discernible than in fascicularis. The formation of clear areas (stigma) is not as evident in either S. sciureus or G. senegalensis as in the macaque. Actual ovulation has been observed four times in M. fascicularis and twice in S. sciureus."}
{"id": "PMID:127042", "title": "Reinstitution of gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis after mucocutaneous reactions.", "content": "Gold therapy was successfully reinstituted in 28 of 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had previously developed toxic, mucocutaneous reactions. At least six weeks after the reactions had completely cleared, patients were given 1 to 10 mg of gold sodium thiomalate (Myochrysine). This dose was increased every two to four weeks. An initial dose of 1 or 2 mg, with an interval of at least three weeks between injections, increasing not more than5 mg at each injection, is recommended.", "contents": "Reinstitution of gold therapy in rheumatoid arthritis after mucocutaneous reactions. Gold therapy was successfully reinstituted in 28 of 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis who had previously developed toxic, mucocutaneous reactions. At least six weeks after the reactions had completely cleared, patients were given 1 to 10 mg of gold sodium thiomalate (Myochrysine). This dose was increased every two to four weeks. An initial dose of 1 or 2 mg, with an interval of at least three weeks between injections, increasing not more than5 mg at each injection, is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:127043", "title": "Investigation of sacroiliac disease: Comparative evaluation of radiological and radionuclide techniques.", "content": "An attempt has been made to improve diagnostic precision in a group of diseases associated with inflammation of the sacroiliac joints, by using a 99mTechnetium stannous pyrophosphate bone scan. Inflammation of these joints is associated with osteoblastic activity and is reflected by an increase in the uptake of radionuclide, which can be precisely quantitated. The uptake was markedly above the range of normal in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and also in a number of patients with possible AS, psoriasis, and Reiter's syndrome. However, patients with Grade 4 radiological changes of the sacroiliac joints frequently had normal scans. This technique may be useful in the early diagnosis of sacroiliitis, and the nosological implications of the changes in patients with Reiter's syndrome and psoriasis are of interest.", "contents": "Investigation of sacroiliac disease: Comparative evaluation of radiological and radionuclide techniques. An attempt has been made to improve diagnostic precision in a group of diseases associated with inflammation of the sacroiliac joints, by using a 99mTechnetium stannous pyrophosphate bone scan. Inflammation of these joints is associated with osteoblastic activity and is reflected by an increase in the uptake of radionuclide, which can be precisely quantitated. The uptake was markedly above the range of normal in patients with active ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and also in a number of patients with possible AS, psoriasis, and Reiter's syndrome. However, patients with Grade 4 radiological changes of the sacroiliac joints frequently had normal scans. This technique may be useful in the early diagnosis of sacroiliitis, and the nosological implications of the changes in patients with Reiter's syndrome and psoriasis are of interest."}
{"id": "PMID:127044", "title": "Organ culture of adult human articular cartilage. I. The effect of hyperoxia on synthesis of glycosaminoglycan.", "content": "Adult human articular cartilage was maintained in organ culture for eight days in 20 per cent and 95 per cent oxygen. The higher oxygen tension proved to be lethal to the cartilage, whereas the mean number of surviving chondrocytes in 20 per cent oxygen was 91 per cent of the total. Specimens were cultured  with radioactive sulfate (Na235SO4) for two days and the uptake of sulfate (DPM) at 95 per cent oxygen was significantly lower than at 20 per cent oxygen. There was a positive correlation between DPM and uronic acid, and between DPM and DNA (p less than 0.001), but not between DPM and dry weight.", "contents": "Organ culture of adult human articular cartilage. I. The effect of hyperoxia on synthesis of glycosaminoglycan. Adult human articular cartilage was maintained in organ culture for eight days in 20 per cent and 95 per cent oxygen. The higher oxygen tension proved to be lethal to the cartilage, whereas the mean number of surviving chondrocytes in 20 per cent oxygen was 91 per cent of the total. Specimens were cultured  with radioactive sulfate (Na235SO4) for two days and the uptake of sulfate (DPM) at 95 per cent oxygen was significantly lower than at 20 per cent oxygen. There was a positive correlation between DPM and uronic acid, and between DPM and DNA (p less than 0.001), but not between DPM and dry weight."}
{"id": "PMID:127045", "title": "Organ culture of adult human articular cartilage. II. The differential rate of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in layers of articular cartilage matrix.", "content": "Adult human articular cartilage was maintained in culture for three days and labelled with 35SO4 for the first 48 hours. The explants were sectioned horizontally on the cryostat, and the sections from the top, middle, and deep layers analyzed  separately. Autoradiographs were prepared from every twentieth section. The DNA content in each of the three layers was of the same order, but the sulfate uptake and uronic acid content were considerably reduced at the surface. It is suggested that the chondrocytes synthesize matrix appropriate to the layer in which they lie.", "contents": "Organ culture of adult human articular cartilage. II. The differential rate of glycosaminoglycan synthesis in layers of articular cartilage matrix. Adult human articular cartilage was maintained in culture for three days and labelled with 35SO4 for the first 48 hours. The explants were sectioned horizontally on the cryostat, and the sections from the top, middle, and deep layers analyzed  separately. Autoradiographs were prepared from every twentieth section. The DNA content in each of the three layers was of the same order, but the sulfate uptake and uronic acid content were considerably reduced at the surface. It is suggested that the chondrocytes synthesize matrix appropriate to the layer in which they lie."}
{"id": "PMID:127051", "title": "Partial purification and properties of a bacteriophage T7 inhibitor of the host exonuclease V activity.", "content": "Infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophage T7 results in an inhibition of the host exonuclease V (recB, C DNase) activity. This inhibition is not observed when cells are infected in the presence of chloramphenicol or with a gene 1 mutant. The protein responsible for the inhibition of exonuclease V has been partially purified from T7-infected cells. The protein which does not possess nuclease or ATPase activity can inhibit all nucleolytic activities associated with exonuclease V. The protein does not, however, inhibit the DNA-dependent ATPase activity associated with exonuclease V. The inhibitory protein has a molecular weight of about 12,000, as determined from sedimentation analysis in glycerol gradients.", "contents": "Partial purification and properties of a bacteriophage T7 inhibitor of the host exonuclease V activity. Infection of Escherichia coli with bacteriophage T7 results in an inhibition of the host exonuclease V (recB, C DNase) activity. This inhibition is not observed when cells are infected in the presence of chloramphenicol or with a gene 1 mutant. The protein responsible for the inhibition of exonuclease V has been partially purified from T7-infected cells. The protein which does not possess nuclease or ATPase activity can inhibit all nucleolytic activities associated with exonuclease V. The protein does not, however, inhibit the DNA-dependent ATPase activity associated with exonuclease V. The inhibitory protein has a molecular weight of about 12,000, as determined from sedimentation analysis in glycerol gradients."}
{"id": "PMID:127053", "title": "Turner-mongolism polysyndrome. Review of the first eight known cases.", "content": "To date, a total of eight cases of the Turner-mongolism polysyndrome have been recognized. The clinical manifestations included retarded growth (resulting in a small and infantile appearance), with shield-like chest, poorly developed breasts, absent body hair, brachycephaly, short neck with foldings and low hairline, oblique eyes with epicanthal folds, squat nose, scrotal or normal tongue, abnormal hard palate (high or cleft), short hands and feet, frequent cubitis valgus, normal clitoris (may be either hypoplastic or peniform), mental retardation, and the XO/G+ karyotype, mosaic for XO in most instances. At this time, a single cause for all cases of the double aneuploidy is not known.", "contents": "Turner-mongolism polysyndrome. Review of the first eight known cases. To date, a total of eight cases of the Turner-mongolism polysyndrome have been recognized. The clinical manifestations included retarded growth (resulting in a small and infantile appearance), with shield-like chest, poorly developed breasts, absent body hair, brachycephaly, short neck with foldings and low hairline, oblique eyes with epicanthal folds, squat nose, scrotal or normal tongue, abnormal hard palate (high or cleft), short hands and feet, frequent cubitis valgus, normal clitoris (may be either hypoplastic or peniform), mental retardation, and the XO/G+ karyotype, mosaic for XO in most instances. At this time, a single cause for all cases of the double aneuploidy is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:127054", "title": "Magnetorheography; calculation of blood flow from surface induced potentials.", "content": "This research is an attempt to measure blood flow without doing any hurt to the body. When the body is placed in a high magnetic field the blood-flow-induced electromotive force (EMF) can be detected with the surface electrodes using the same principle as an electromagnetic flow-meter. This blood flow measurement is named magnetorheography (its recording: MRG). A theoretical analysis of the potential in the tissue shows that blood flow can be calculated from the surface-induced EMF (MRG) without measuring the radius and the depth of the vessel from the skin surface, when the surface is fairly flat in the vicinity of the vessel. A model experiment verified the theory. In order to apply the theory to the measurement in an in situ situation, a structural coefficient was introduced which is related to the external shape, internal tissue compositions and their impedance of the body. Using such a coefficient the flow calculated from MRG, by an equation including the coefficient, agreed with the flow actually recorded. In experiments on the thighs of 8 dogs weighing 7 to 17 Kg, MRG proved to be proportional to arterial flow and the coefficients were approximately constant. These results indicate that blood flow may possibly be estimated by the calculation from MRG.", "contents": "Magnetorheography; calculation of blood flow from surface induced potentials. This research is an attempt to measure blood flow without doing any hurt to the body. When the body is placed in a high magnetic field the blood-flow-induced electromotive force (EMF) can be detected with the surface electrodes using the same principle as an electromagnetic flow-meter. This blood flow measurement is named magnetorheography (its recording: MRG). A theoretical analysis of the potential in the tissue shows that blood flow can be calculated from the surface-induced EMF (MRG) without measuring the radius and the depth of the vessel from the skin surface, when the surface is fairly flat in the vicinity of the vessel. A model experiment verified the theory. In order to apply the theory to the measurement in an in situ situation, a structural coefficient was introduced which is related to the external shape, internal tissue compositions and their impedance of the body. Using such a coefficient the flow calculated from MRG, by an equation including the coefficient, agreed with the flow actually recorded. In experiments on the thighs of 8 dogs weighing 7 to 17 Kg, MRG proved to be proportional to arterial flow and the coefficients were approximately constant. These results indicate that blood flow may possibly be estimated by the calculation from MRG."}
{"id": "PMID:127057", "title": "Effect of diuretics on ion transport of kidney cortex mitochondria. III. Species difference in calcium accumulation and in ethacrynic acid effect.", "content": "Effect of inorganic phosphate (4 X 10(-3) M) on Ca++-accumulation was examined in kidney cortex mitochondria. Ca++-accumulation of rat kidney cortex mitochondria was slightly influenced by inorganic phosphate. On the other hand, dog kidney cortex mitochondria did not accumulate calcium from the incubation medium until the inorganic phosphate had been added. Ca++-accumulation of rabbit kidney cortex mitochondria was markedly stimulated by inorganic phosphate. When ethacrynic acid was added to the reaction medium in the absence of inorganic phosphate, Ca++-accumulation of rat kidney cortex mitochondria was depressed and the decrease in calcium content of rabbit and dog kidney cortex mitochondria was enhanced. In the presence of inorganic phosphate, the inhibition of Ca++-accumulation by ethacrynic acid was observed only on dog kidney cortex mitochondria. Subsequently, the effect of inorganic phosphate (4 X 10(-4) M) and ethacrynic acid (1 X 10(-4) M on Ca++-ATPase was examined in kidney cortex mitochondria. The low concentration of inorganic phosphate (4 X 10(-4) M) activated Ca++-ATPase of kidney cortex mitochondria in all animal species. The greatest activation of Ca++-ATPase occurred in rabbits, but the activity of the enzyme was lower than that in rats and dogs. Inhibition of Ca++-ATPase by ethacrynic acid was depressed by the addition of inorganic phosphate in kidney cortex mitochondria of experimental animals. Ca++-accumulation may be regulated through the stimulating effect of inorganic phosphate and the inhibitory effect of ethacrynic acid on Ca++-ATPase in kidney cortex mitochondria. Species difference in ethacrynic acid effect on Ca++-accumulation in kidney cortex mitochondria of rats, rabbits and dogs is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of diuretics on ion transport of kidney cortex mitochondria. III. Species difference in calcium accumulation and in ethacrynic acid effect. Effect of inorganic phosphate (4 X 10(-3) M) on Ca++-accumulation was examined in kidney cortex mitochondria. Ca++-accumulation of rat kidney cortex mitochondria was slightly influenced by inorganic phosphate. On the other hand, dog kidney cortex mitochondria did not accumulate calcium from the incubation medium until the inorganic phosphate had been added. Ca++-accumulation of rabbit kidney cortex mitochondria was markedly stimulated by inorganic phosphate. When ethacrynic acid was added to the reaction medium in the absence of inorganic phosphate, Ca++-accumulation of rat kidney cortex mitochondria was depressed and the decrease in calcium content of rabbit and dog kidney cortex mitochondria was enhanced. In the presence of inorganic phosphate, the inhibition of Ca++-accumulation by ethacrynic acid was observed only on dog kidney cortex mitochondria. Subsequently, the effect of inorganic phosphate (4 X 10(-4) M) and ethacrynic acid (1 X 10(-4) M on Ca++-ATPase was examined in kidney cortex mitochondria. The low concentration of inorganic phosphate (4 X 10(-4) M) activated Ca++-ATPase of kidney cortex mitochondria in all animal species. The greatest activation of Ca++-ATPase occurred in rabbits, but the activity of the enzyme was lower than that in rats and dogs. Inhibition of Ca++-ATPase by ethacrynic acid was depressed by the addition of inorganic phosphate in kidney cortex mitochondria of experimental animals. Ca++-accumulation may be regulated through the stimulating effect of inorganic phosphate and the inhibitory effect of ethacrynic acid on Ca++-ATPase in kidney cortex mitochondria. Species difference in ethacrynic acid effect on Ca++-accumulation in kidney cortex mitochondria of rats, rabbits and dogs is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127058", "title": "Effects of various drugs on serum free and total tryptophan levels and brain tryptophan metabolism in rats.", "content": "Various drugs known to bind to serum albumin were examined to determine whether or not they influenced the level of free tryptophan in serum in vitro and in vivo. Possible relationships between the serum free tryptophan level and serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in the brain and the hypothermic effects of these drugs were investigated. Of the drugs examined, sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate and indomethacin caused a significant increase in the concentration of serum free tryptophan and stimulated the synthesis of 5-HT in the brain. Hypothermia induced by salicylate and indomethacin was potentiated by pretreatment with pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Administration of benzoate did not cause any change in body temperature, but after pargyline a hypothermia did occur. However, pretreatment with parachlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis, did not influence the hypothermia induced by salicylate and indomethacin. Relationship between the hypothermic effect and the increase of 5-HT synthesis in the brain after a large dose of salicylate and indomethacin is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of various drugs on serum free and total tryptophan levels and brain tryptophan metabolism in rats. Various drugs known to bind to serum albumin were examined to determine whether or not they influenced the level of free tryptophan in serum in vitro and in vivo. Possible relationships between the serum free tryptophan level and serotonin (5-HT) synthesis in the brain and the hypothermic effects of these drugs were investigated. Of the drugs examined, sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate and indomethacin caused a significant increase in the concentration of serum free tryptophan and stimulated the synthesis of 5-HT in the brain. Hypothermia induced by salicylate and indomethacin was potentiated by pretreatment with pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Administration of benzoate did not cause any change in body temperature, but after pargyline a hypothermia did occur. However, pretreatment with parachlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis, did not influence the hypothermia induced by salicylate and indomethacin. Relationship between the hypothermic effect and the increase of 5-HT synthesis in the brain after a large dose of salicylate and indomethacin is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127063", "title": "[Angiocardiographic evaluation of left atrial volume in patients with mitral valve defect].", "content": "The cine- and angiocardiographic method permits a quantitative evaluation of the left atrial volume. The maximum volume of the left atrium was found to increase along with the enhancement of mitral regurgitation. Mitral insufficiency is not always accompanied by a \"systolic expansion\" of the left atrium. The size of the left atrium chamber is mainly determined by the state of the myocardium, and does not much depend on the elevation of the intra-atrial pressure. In cases of mitral defects the increase of the left atrial volume and the changes in the pulse gradient of the left atrial volumes are a compensatory mechanism in the work of the left atrium.", "contents": "[Angiocardiographic evaluation of left atrial volume in patients with mitral valve defect]. The cine- and angiocardiographic method permits a quantitative evaluation of the left atrial volume. The maximum volume of the left atrium was found to increase along with the enhancement of mitral regurgitation. Mitral insufficiency is not always accompanied by a \"systolic expansion\" of the left atrium. The size of the left atrium chamber is mainly determined by the state of the myocardium, and does not much depend on the elevation of the intra-atrial pressure. In cases of mitral defects the increase of the left atrial volume and the changes in the pulse gradient of the left atrial volumes are a compensatory mechanism in the work of the left atrium."}
{"id": "PMID:127064", "title": "[Effect of sensitization on the characteristics of development of experimental atherosclerosis].", "content": "Tests were set up on 99 rabbits to study the influence of sensitization with the vascular \"atherosclerotic\" antigen on the features specific for the development of experimental atherosclerosis. The results obtained bear witness to a variable effect of sensitization that depends upon the timing of the latter. Sensitization practised concurrently and right from the beginning of feeding the rabbits on cholesterol introduced some elements of prophylaxis of the experimental atherosclerosis. On the other hand, sensitization instituted 3 months after starting the cholesterol feeding of the rabbits resulted in the aggravation of the disease, manifesting itself not in the extension of the area of the atherosclerotic lesion of the aorta, but in an increased incidence of myocardial infarctions.", "contents": "[Effect of sensitization on the characteristics of development of experimental atherosclerosis]. Tests were set up on 99 rabbits to study the influence of sensitization with the vascular \"atherosclerotic\" antigen on the features specific for the development of experimental atherosclerosis. The results obtained bear witness to a variable effect of sensitization that depends upon the timing of the latter. Sensitization practised concurrently and right from the beginning of feeding the rabbits on cholesterol introduced some elements of prophylaxis of the experimental atherosclerosis. On the other hand, sensitization instituted 3 months after starting the cholesterol feeding of the rabbits resulted in the aggravation of the disease, manifesting itself not in the extension of the area of the atherosclerotic lesion of the aorta, but in an increased incidence of myocardial infarctions."}
{"id": "PMID:127065", "title": "[Early electrocardiographic signs of chronic pulmonary heart disease].", "content": "Early electrocardiographic diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale was attempted in the study of 312 patients with chronic pneumonia and in 251 normal individuals. In comparing the mean values of several ECG indices in chronic pneumonia, Stage 1, some signs with significant differences were revealed (amplitude of the PaVF wave, ratio of the hight of the PII and TII Waves, are of the PII wave). These signs appeared to be most informative. The following groups were singled out: 38 patients with chronic pneumonia, Stages 1 and 2 with signs of bronchospasm, and 53 persons with the same stages of the disease, but free of bronchial patency disorders. The ECG of these groups of patients was evaluated by means of the tables of electrocardiographic diagnosis of right atrial hypertrophy. The signs of overloading of the right atrium were revealed with statistical significance more often in patients with bronchospasm. The possibility of using this table for revealing early electrocardiographic signs of chronic cor pulmonale was also established; these signs include the amplitude of the PII wave greater than 2 mm and PaVF 1.5 mm, ratio of the hight of the PII and TII waves less than 0.75, the are of the PII wave greater than 0.09.", "contents": "[Early electrocardiographic signs of chronic pulmonary heart disease]. Early electrocardiographic diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale was attempted in the study of 312 patients with chronic pneumonia and in 251 normal individuals. In comparing the mean values of several ECG indices in chronic pneumonia, Stage 1, some signs with significant differences were revealed (amplitude of the PaVF wave, ratio of the hight of the PII and TII Waves, are of the PII wave). These signs appeared to be most informative. The following groups were singled out: 38 patients with chronic pneumonia, Stages 1 and 2 with signs of bronchospasm, and 53 persons with the same stages of the disease, but free of bronchial patency disorders. The ECG of these groups of patients was evaluated by means of the tables of electrocardiographic diagnosis of right atrial hypertrophy. The signs of overloading of the right atrium were revealed with statistical significance more often in patients with bronchospasm. The possibility of using this table for revealing early electrocardiographic signs of chronic cor pulmonale was also established; these signs include the amplitude of the PII wave greater than 2 mm and PaVF 1.5 mm, ratio of the hight of the PII and TII waves less than 0.75, the are of the PII wave greater than 0.09."}
{"id": "PMID:127066", "title": "[Electro- and phonocardiographic changes in cases of a common arterial trunk].", "content": "Analysing the data of the examination of 27 patients with a common arterial duct the authors studied the phono- and electrocardiographic changes observed in this cardiac defect. The probable phono- and electrocardiographic signs of this pathology are described the criteria that permit to suspect the presence of a common arterial duct are presented.", "contents": "[Electro- and phonocardiographic changes in cases of a common arterial trunk]. Analysing the data of the examination of 27 patients with a common arterial duct the authors studied the phono- and electrocardiographic changes observed in this cardiac defect. The probable phono- and electrocardiographic signs of this pathology are described the criteria that permit to suspect the presence of a common arterial duct are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:127073", "title": "Efficacy of lincomycin and spectinomycin on canine pathogens.", "content": "Lincomycin (L), spectinomycin (S), and both (L-S) were evaluated in vitro and vivo against canine pathogens. In vitro, a wider spectrum of antimicrobial activity was achieved with L-S than with either L or S. The therapeutic effects of the antibiotics were investigated in 36 dogs inoculated with a mixture of the microbal agents. Tonsillitis, conjunctivitis, laryngitis, abscess formation, and necropsy findings were measured. The L-S combination was effective for the treatment of tonsillitis, conjunctivitis, laryngitis, and pneumonia in dogs.", "contents": "Efficacy of lincomycin and spectinomycin on canine pathogens. Lincomycin (L), spectinomycin (S), and both (L-S) were evaluated in vitro and vivo against canine pathogens. In vitro, a wider spectrum of antimicrobial activity was achieved with L-S than with either L or S. The therapeutic effects of the antibiotics were investigated in 36 dogs inoculated with a mixture of the microbal agents. Tonsillitis, conjunctivitis, laryngitis, abscess formation, and necropsy findings were measured. The L-S combination was effective for the treatment of tonsillitis, conjunctivitis, laryngitis, and pneumonia in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:127074", "title": "Selective decontamination of the digestive tract of pregnant rabbits: a method for producing Enterobacteriaceae-free rabbits.", "content": "Selective elimination of the Enterobacteriaceae species from the microflora of pregnant rabbits was achieved by the use of nalidixic acid and cotrimoxazole. Animals born under Enterobacteriaceae-free conditions remained so as long as adequate isolation conditions were maintained.", "contents": "Selective decontamination of the digestive tract of pregnant rabbits: a method for producing Enterobacteriaceae-free rabbits. Selective elimination of the Enterobacteriaceae species from the microflora of pregnant rabbits was achieved by the use of nalidixic acid and cotrimoxazole. Animals born under Enterobacteriaceae-free conditions remained so as long as adequate isolation conditions were maintained."}
{"id": "PMID:127075", "title": "Mesangial lesions and focal glomerular sclerosis in the aging rat.", "content": "The pathogenesis of focal glomerular sclerosis (FGS) and its relation to proteinuria and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome are unknown. Urine protein excretion in Sprague-Dawley rats increased with age. Fifty per cent of 12-month and 90 per cent of 24-month-old animals were proteinuric (greater than 20 mg. per day). Heavily proteinuric old rats manifested biochemical changes characteristic of nephrotic syndrome without significant loss of renal function. Three-month, 6-month, and nonproteinuric 12-month-old animals had mesangial deposits of IgM in occasional lobules of some glomeruli and slight mesangial hyperplasia. Four proteinuric 12-month-old rats had diffuse 4+ deposits of IgM in the mesangium of most glomeruli, basement membrane thickening and epithelial cell foot process fusion without FGS. The mesangial IgM deposits eluted in acid buffer and did not fix complement. Six proteinuric 12-month-old rats had focal and segmental areas of glomerular sclerosis with adhesions to Bowman's capsule, foamy cells, intraluminal eosinophilic deposits and capillary wall wrinkling and collapse. These lesions were more advanced in 24-month-old animals. Nonproteinuric 24-month-old rats did not have detectable FGS. Mesangial uptake of colloidal carbon was normal in proteinuric and nonproteinuric animals without FGS. Mesangial uptake of colloidal carbon was normal in proteinuric and nonproteinuric animals without FGS and reduced in proteinuric animals with FGS. In the aging rat the development of proteinuria and mesangial IgM deposition apparently precede development of a focal sclerotic glomerular lesion with histologic and ultrastructural features similar to FGS in man. The generalized impairment of mesangial phagocytic function in proteinuric rats with FGS suggests that this lesion may result from mesangial overload and dysfunction consequent to the persistent increase in glomerular permeability and proteinuria.", "contents": "Mesangial lesions and focal glomerular sclerosis in the aging rat. The pathogenesis of focal glomerular sclerosis (FGS) and its relation to proteinuria and idiopathic nephrotic syndrome are unknown. Urine protein excretion in Sprague-Dawley rats increased with age. Fifty per cent of 12-month and 90 per cent of 24-month-old animals were proteinuric (greater than 20 mg. per day). Heavily proteinuric old rats manifested biochemical changes characteristic of nephrotic syndrome without significant loss of renal function. Three-month, 6-month, and nonproteinuric 12-month-old animals had mesangial deposits of IgM in occasional lobules of some glomeruli and slight mesangial hyperplasia. Four proteinuric 12-month-old rats had diffuse 4+ deposits of IgM in the mesangium of most glomeruli, basement membrane thickening and epithelial cell foot process fusion without FGS. The mesangial IgM deposits eluted in acid buffer and did not fix complement. Six proteinuric 12-month-old rats had focal and segmental areas of glomerular sclerosis with adhesions to Bowman's capsule, foamy cells, intraluminal eosinophilic deposits and capillary wall wrinkling and collapse. These lesions were more advanced in 24-month-old animals. Nonproteinuric 24-month-old rats did not have detectable FGS. Mesangial uptake of colloidal carbon was normal in proteinuric and nonproteinuric animals without FGS. Mesangial uptake of colloidal carbon was normal in proteinuric and nonproteinuric animals without FGS and reduced in proteinuric animals with FGS. In the aging rat the development of proteinuria and mesangial IgM deposition apparently precede development of a focal sclerotic glomerular lesion with histologic and ultrastructural features similar to FGS in man. The generalized impairment of mesangial phagocytic function in proteinuric rats with FGS suggests that this lesion may result from mesangial overload and dysfunction consequent to the persistent increase in glomerular permeability and proteinuria."}
{"id": "PMID:127084", "title": "Exploring sites on mitochondrial ATPase for catalysis, regulation, and inhibition.", "content": "Evidence is presented that mitochondrial ATPase has two types of sites that bind adenine nucleotides. The catalytic site, C, binds the substrates ATP, GTP, or ITP and the inhibitor guanylyl imidodiphosphate (GMP-PNP). A second type of site, R, binds ATP, ADP, adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), and the chromium complexes of ATP or ADP. All of these substances binding to the R site inhibit the hydrolysis of ATP in a competitive manner; their inhibition of hydrolysis of ITP and GTP is noncompetitive. GMP-PNP inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in submitochondrial particles but AMP-PNP does not. The localization on mitochondrial membranes of sites for the binding of various antibiotics that inhibit oxidative phosphorylation is discussed.", "contents": "Exploring sites on mitochondrial ATPase for catalysis, regulation, and inhibition. Evidence is presented that mitochondrial ATPase has two types of sites that bind adenine nucleotides. The catalytic site, C, binds the substrates ATP, GTP, or ITP and the inhibitor guanylyl imidodiphosphate (GMP-PNP). A second type of site, R, binds ATP, ADP, adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), and the chromium complexes of ATP or ADP. All of these substances binding to the R site inhibit the hydrolysis of ATP in a competitive manner; their inhibition of hydrolysis of ITP and GTP is noncompetitive. GMP-PNP inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in submitochondrial particles but AMP-PNP does not. The localization on mitochondrial membranes of sites for the binding of various antibiotics that inhibit oxidative phosphorylation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127085", "title": "Interaction of homogeneous mitochondrial ATPase from rat liver with adenine nucleotides and inorganic phosphate.", "content": "Mitochondrial ATPase from rat liver mitochondria contains multiple nucleotide binding sites. At low concentrations ADP binds with high affinity (1 mole/mole ATPase, KD = 1-2 muM). At high concentrations, ADP inhibits ATP hydrolysis presumably by competing with ATP for the active site (KI = 240-300 muM). As isolated, mitochondrial ATPase contains between 0.6 and 2.5 moles ATP/mole ATPase. This \"tightly bound\" ATP can be removed by repeated precipitations with ammonium sulfate without altering hydrolytic activity of the enzyme. However, the ATP-depleted enzyme must be redissolved in high concentrations of phosphate to retain activity. AMP-PNP (adenylyl imidodiphosphate) replaces tightly bound ATP removed from the enzyme and inhibits ATP hydrolysis. AMP-PNP has little effect on high affinity binding of ADP. Kinetics studies of ATP hydrolysis reveal hyperbolic velocity vs. ATP plots, provided assays are done in bicarbonate buffer or buffers containing high concentrations of phosphate. Taken together, these studies indicate that sites on the enzyme not directly associated with ATP hydrolysis bind ATP or ADP, and that in the absence of bound nucleotide, Pi can maintain the active form of the enzyme.", "contents": "Interaction of homogeneous mitochondrial ATPase from rat liver with adenine nucleotides and inorganic phosphate. Mitochondrial ATPase from rat liver mitochondria contains multiple nucleotide binding sites. At low concentrations ADP binds with high affinity (1 mole/mole ATPase, KD = 1-2 muM). At high concentrations, ADP inhibits ATP hydrolysis presumably by competing with ATP for the active site (KI = 240-300 muM). As isolated, mitochondrial ATPase contains between 0.6 and 2.5 moles ATP/mole ATPase. This \"tightly bound\" ATP can be removed by repeated precipitations with ammonium sulfate without altering hydrolytic activity of the enzyme. However, the ATP-depleted enzyme must be redissolved in high concentrations of phosphate to retain activity. AMP-PNP (adenylyl imidodiphosphate) replaces tightly bound ATP removed from the enzyme and inhibits ATP hydrolysis. AMP-PNP has little effect on high affinity binding of ADP. Kinetics studies of ATP hydrolysis reveal hyperbolic velocity vs. ATP plots, provided assays are done in bicarbonate buffer or buffers containing high concentrations of phosphate. Taken together, these studies indicate that sites on the enzyme not directly associated with ATP hydrolysis bind ATP or ADP, and that in the absence of bound nucleotide, Pi can maintain the active form of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:127086", "title": "Purification and properties of membrane-bound coupling factor-latent ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei.", "content": "The membrane bound coupling factor-latent ATPase was solubilized from the membrane vesicles of Mycobacterium phlei by using 0.25 M sucrose or low ionic strength buffer. Purification of the solubilized enzyme by use of Sepharose-ADP conjugate gel yielded a homogenous preparation of latent ATPase which was purified about 216-fold in a single step with an 84% yield. The enzyme exhibits a specific activity of 39 mumoles of ATP hydrolyzed per min per mg protein. The purified enzyme exhibits coupling factor activity. Electrophoresis in two dissociating solvent systems indicates that the enzyme contains at least three major polypeptides of molecular weights 56,000, 51,000, and 46,000 daltons, and two minor polypeptides of 30,000 and 17,000 daltons. Equilibrium binding studies of ADP with purified coupling factor-latent ATPase reveal the presence of two nucleotide binding sites per molecule with an apparent Ka of 8.1 X 10(-5) M. By use of affinity chromatography, another latent ATPase has been isolated from the solubilized enzyme, which does not exhibit coupling factor activity.", "contents": "Purification and properties of membrane-bound coupling factor-latent ATPase from Mycobacterium phlei. The membrane bound coupling factor-latent ATPase was solubilized from the membrane vesicles of Mycobacterium phlei by using 0.25 M sucrose or low ionic strength buffer. Purification of the solubilized enzyme by use of Sepharose-ADP conjugate gel yielded a homogenous preparation of latent ATPase which was purified about 216-fold in a single step with an 84% yield. The enzyme exhibits a specific activity of 39 mumoles of ATP hydrolyzed per min per mg protein. The purified enzyme exhibits coupling factor activity. Electrophoresis in two dissociating solvent systems indicates that the enzyme contains at least three major polypeptides of molecular weights 56,000, 51,000, and 46,000 daltons, and two minor polypeptides of 30,000 and 17,000 daltons. Equilibrium binding studies of ADP with purified coupling factor-latent ATPase reveal the presence of two nucleotide binding sites per molecule with an apparent Ka of 8.1 X 10(-5) M. By use of affinity chromatography, another latent ATPase has been isolated from the solubilized enzyme, which does not exhibit coupling factor activity."}
{"id": "PMID:127087", "title": "Partial purification of active delta and epsilon subunits of the membrane ATPase from escherichia coli.", "content": "We have partially purified active delta and epsilon subunits of the E. coli membrane-bound Mg2+-ATPase (ECF1). Treating purified ECF1 with 50% pyridine precipitates the major subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma) of the enzyme, but the two minor subunits (delta and epsilon), which are present in relatively small amounts, remain in solution. The delta and epsilon subunits were then resolved from one another by anion exchange chromatography. The partially purified epsilon strongly inhibits the hydrolytic activity of ECF1. The epsilon fraction inhibits both the highly purified five-subunit ATPase and the enzyme deficient in the delta subunit. The latter result indicates that the delta subunit is not required for inhibition by epsilon. By contrast, two-subunit enzyme, consisting chiefly of the alpha and beta subunits, was insensitive to the ATPase inhibitor, suggesting that the gamma subunit may be required for inhibition by epsilon. The partially purified delta subunit restored the capacity of ATPase deficient in delta to recombine with ATPase-depleted membranes and to reconstitute ATP-dependent transhydrogenase. Previously we reported (Biochem, Biophys. Res. Commun. 62:764 [1975]) that a fraction containing both the delta and epsilon subunits of ECF1 restored the capacity of ATPase missing delta to recombine with depleted membranes and to function as a coupling factor in oxidative phosphorylation and for the energized transhydrogenase. These reconstitution experiments using isolated subunits provide rather substantial evidence that the delta subunit is essential for attaching the ATPase to the membrane and that the epsilon subunit has a regulatory function as an inhibitor of the ATPase activity of ECF1.", "contents": "Partial purification of active delta and epsilon subunits of the membrane ATPase from escherichia coli. We have partially purified active delta and epsilon subunits of the E. coli membrane-bound Mg2+-ATPase (ECF1). Treating purified ECF1 with 50% pyridine precipitates the major subunits (alpha, beta, and gamma) of the enzyme, but the two minor subunits (delta and epsilon), which are present in relatively small amounts, remain in solution. The delta and epsilon subunits were then resolved from one another by anion exchange chromatography. The partially purified epsilon strongly inhibits the hydrolytic activity of ECF1. The epsilon fraction inhibits both the highly purified five-subunit ATPase and the enzyme deficient in the delta subunit. The latter result indicates that the delta subunit is not required for inhibition by epsilon. By contrast, two-subunit enzyme, consisting chiefly of the alpha and beta subunits, was insensitive to the ATPase inhibitor, suggesting that the gamma subunit may be required for inhibition by epsilon. The partially purified delta subunit restored the capacity of ATPase deficient in delta to recombine with ATPase-depleted membranes and to reconstitute ATP-dependent transhydrogenase. Previously we reported (Biochem, Biophys. Res. Commun. 62:764 [1975]) that a fraction containing both the delta and epsilon subunits of ECF1 restored the capacity of ATPase missing delta to recombine with depleted membranes and to function as a coupling factor in oxidative phosphorylation and for the energized transhydrogenase. These reconstitution experiments using isolated subunits provide rather substantial evidence that the delta subunit is essential for attaching the ATPase to the membrane and that the epsilon subunit has a regulatory function as an inhibitor of the ATPase activity of ECF1."}
{"id": "PMID:127088", "title": "Studies of substructure and tightly bound nucleotide in bacterial membrane ATPase.", "content": "Highly purified preparations of Streptococcus faecalis ATPase contain a similar but inactive protein detected by prolonged polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The inactive protein appears to arise by proteolytic cleavage of the major subunits in the enzyme. By use of a new technique, subunit analysis in SDS gels was performed on the enzyme band and the inactive protein band excised from a polyacrylamide gel after electrophoresis. The results indicated that the ATPase has the composition alpha3beta3gamma in which alpha = 60,000, beta = 55,000, and gamma = 37,000 daltons. The inactive protein appears to have the composition (f)6 in which f = 49,000 daltons. There is also evidence that the enzyme band contains some slightly modified forms of the ATPase, such as alpha3beta2 (f)gamma. The inactive protein lacks the capacity for tight nucleotide binding. Our experiments show that the tight ATPase-nucleotide complex formed in S. faecalis cells (the endogenous complex) behaves differently from the tight complex formed in vitro (the exogenous complex). We prepared a doubly labeled complex containing endogenous 32P-labeled ADP and ATP and exogenous 3H-labeled ADP. We observed that the addition of free nucelotide to the doubly labeled ATPase displaced the exogenous bound ligand from the enzyme but not the endogenous bound nucleotide. We suggest that the displaceable and nondisplaceable forms of the tight ATPase-nucleotide complex correspond to two different conformational states of the enzyme.", "contents": "Studies of substructure and tightly bound nucleotide in bacterial membrane ATPase. Highly purified preparations of Streptococcus faecalis ATPase contain a similar but inactive protein detected by prolonged polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The inactive protein appears to arise by proteolytic cleavage of the major subunits in the enzyme. By use of a new technique, subunit analysis in SDS gels was performed on the enzyme band and the inactive protein band excised from a polyacrylamide gel after electrophoresis. The results indicated that the ATPase has the composition alpha3beta3gamma in which alpha = 60,000, beta = 55,000, and gamma = 37,000 daltons. The inactive protein appears to have the composition (f)6 in which f = 49,000 daltons. There is also evidence that the enzyme band contains some slightly modified forms of the ATPase, such as alpha3beta2 (f)gamma. The inactive protein lacks the capacity for tight nucleotide binding. Our experiments show that the tight ATPase-nucleotide complex formed in S. faecalis cells (the endogenous complex) behaves differently from the tight complex formed in vitro (the exogenous complex). We prepared a doubly labeled complex containing endogenous 32P-labeled ADP and ATP and exogenous 3H-labeled ADP. We observed that the addition of free nucelotide to the doubly labeled ATPase displaced the exogenous bound ligand from the enzyme but not the endogenous bound nucleotide. We suggest that the displaceable and nondisplaceable forms of the tight ATPase-nucleotide complex correspond to two different conformational states of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:127089", "title": "The possible role of tightly bound adenine nucleotides in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation.", "content": "The tightly bound nucleotides of the beff-heart mitochondrial ATPase are released during cold inactivation followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation. During incubation at 0 degrees C the sedimentation coefficient (S20W) of the ATPase first declines from 12.1S to 9S. Prolonged incubation or precipitation with ammonium sulfate leads to dissociation of the 9S component into subunits with S20W of 3.5S. The 9S component still bears bound nucleotides which exchange more extensively and rapidly with added nucleotides than those bound to the active 12.1S component. The bound nucleotides are lost when the 9S form dissociates into the smaller subunits. Thus, firm binding of nucleotides is a property of the quarternary structure of the enzyme. The exchangeability of the nucleotides bound to the ATPase of chloroplast membranes is greatly increased in membranes illuminated in the presence of pyocyanine. Pi can exchange into both the beta and gamma positions of the bound nucleotides when the membranes are energized in the presence of Mg2+. The exchange of the nucleotides and the incorporation of Pi are insensitive to the inhibitor Dio-9 but are inhibited by the uncoupler S13. This inhibition by S13 parallels that of the inhibition of photosynthetic phosphorylation. These findings are discussed with regard to our hypothesis that electron transfer causes release of preformed tightly bound ATP from the ATPase by inducing a conformational change.", "contents": "The possible role of tightly bound adenine nucleotides in oxidative and photosynthetic phosphorylation. The tightly bound nucleotides of the beff-heart mitochondrial ATPase are released during cold inactivation followed by ammonium sulfate precipitation. During incubation at 0 degrees C the sedimentation coefficient (S20W) of the ATPase first declines from 12.1S to 9S. Prolonged incubation or precipitation with ammonium sulfate leads to dissociation of the 9S component into subunits with S20W of 3.5S. The 9S component still bears bound nucleotides which exchange more extensively and rapidly with added nucleotides than those bound to the active 12.1S component. The bound nucleotides are lost when the 9S form dissociates into the smaller subunits. Thus, firm binding of nucleotides is a property of the quarternary structure of the enzyme. The exchangeability of the nucleotides bound to the ATPase of chloroplast membranes is greatly increased in membranes illuminated in the presence of pyocyanine. Pi can exchange into both the beta and gamma positions of the bound nucleotides when the membranes are energized in the presence of Mg2+. The exchange of the nucleotides and the incorporation of Pi are insensitive to the inhibitor Dio-9 but are inhibited by the uncoupler S13. This inhibition by S13 parallels that of the inhibition of photosynthetic phosphorylation. These findings are discussed with regard to our hypothesis that electron transfer causes release of preformed tightly bound ATP from the ATPase by inducing a conformational change."}
{"id": "PMID:127090", "title": "Crosslinking studies on the Ca2+, Mg2+-activated ATPase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Crosslinking of membrane proteins of Escherichia coli with dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate) (DSP) resulted in loss of several enzyme activities including the Ca2+, Mg2+-activated ATPase. This enzyme was crosslinked by DSP to the membrane and was not released by dialysis at low ionic strength in the absence of dithiothreitol which could cleave the crosslinking group. DSP inactivated both phosphohydrolase and coupling activities of the solubilized ATPase. Loss of hydrolytic activity could be correlated with the extent of reaction of the alpha and/or beta subunits of the enzyme. The loss of coupling activity appeared to be associated with modification of the gamma and/or delta subunits.", "contents": "Crosslinking studies on the Ca2+, Mg2+-activated ATPase of Escherichia coli. Crosslinking of membrane proteins of Escherichia coli with dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate) (DSP) resulted in loss of several enzyme activities including the Ca2+, Mg2+-activated ATPase. This enzyme was crosslinked by DSP to the membrane and was not released by dialysis at low ionic strength in the absence of dithiothreitol which could cleave the crosslinking group. DSP inactivated both phosphohydrolase and coupling activities of the solubilized ATPase. Loss of hydrolytic activity could be correlated with the extent of reaction of the alpha and/or beta subunits of the enzyme. The loss of coupling activity appeared to be associated with modification of the gamma and/or delta subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:127091", "title": "Impaired cell-mediated immunity in patients with cancer.", "content": "The ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond in vitro to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and to allogeneic cells in mixed leukocyte reaction (MLC) was studied in 85 patients with cancer and in 50 healthy controls. The effect produced by sera from cancer patients on in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis was tested on autologous cells and on homologous cells from a constant panel of 10 normal volunteers. Patients with cancer showed a distinct deficiency of cellular immune responsiveness reflected in a stage-related impairment of PHA and MLC reactivity. This deficiency seems at least partially attributable to the presence of lymphocyte depressive factors in cancer sera, since such sera reduced the reactivity of both autologous and normal homologous lymphocytes to a level that was significantly lower than that found in the presence of pooled normal serum. The inhibitory activity of cancer sera was directly related to the extent of the neoplasia.", "contents": "Impaired cell-mediated immunity in patients with cancer. The ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond in vitro to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and to allogeneic cells in mixed leukocyte reaction (MLC) was studied in 85 patients with cancer and in 50 healthy controls. The effect produced by sera from cancer patients on in vitro lymphocyte blastogenesis was tested on autologous cells and on homologous cells from a constant panel of 10 normal volunteers. Patients with cancer showed a distinct deficiency of cellular immune responsiveness reflected in a stage-related impairment of PHA and MLC reactivity. This deficiency seems at least partially attributable to the presence of lymphocyte depressive factors in cancer sera, since such sera reduced the reactivity of both autologous and normal homologous lymphocytes to a level that was significantly lower than that found in the presence of pooled normal serum. The inhibitory activity of cancer sera was directly related to the extent of the neoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:127092", "title": "The significance of coronary arterial stenosis during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "Myocardial infarction may develop during an uneventful open-heart operation. In order to better understand this complication, we undertook an experimental study. The left circumflex coronary artery of 20 dogs was narrowed to 50 per cent of its area by a metal screw clamp to produce a localized coronary stenosis. Regional myocardial perfusion in the distribution of both the stenotic circumflex and normal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries was measured by injection of a radioactive-labeled microsphere (15 +/- 5 mu). Circumflex coronary artery flow was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe. An epicardial electrogram was recorded in the distribution of the left circumflex. Measurements of regional myocardial perfusion, circumflex flow, and the epicardial electrogram were performed in each animal during the control (prebypass) state and during cardiopulmonary bypass with a beating and fibrillating ventricle. Half the animals had cardiopulmonary bypass performed at 50 mm. Hg perfusion pressure and half at 100 mm. Hg. The animals were put to death at the end of the study, and the hearts were sectioned, weighed, and counted. A cast was made of the stenotic circumflex coronary artery, the degree of stenosis is measured, and the per cent area stenosis calculated. The study showed that the effect of a 50 per cent coronary stenosis in reducing distal flow is apparent only during cardiopulmonary bypass at reduced pressure. The mechanism whereby a myocardial infarction develops during cardiopulmonary bypass could evolve from the development of a \"critical\" stenosis out of a mild-moderate one at a reduced perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "The significance of coronary arterial stenosis during cardiopulmonary bypass. Myocardial infarction may develop during an uneventful open-heart operation. In order to better understand this complication, we undertook an experimental study. The left circumflex coronary artery of 20 dogs was narrowed to 50 per cent of its area by a metal screw clamp to produce a localized coronary stenosis. Regional myocardial perfusion in the distribution of both the stenotic circumflex and normal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary arteries was measured by injection of a radioactive-labeled microsphere (15 +/- 5 mu). Circumflex coronary artery flow was measured with an electromagnetic flow probe. An epicardial electrogram was recorded in the distribution of the left circumflex. Measurements of regional myocardial perfusion, circumflex flow, and the epicardial electrogram were performed in each animal during the control (prebypass) state and during cardiopulmonary bypass with a beating and fibrillating ventricle. Half the animals had cardiopulmonary bypass performed at 50 mm. Hg perfusion pressure and half at 100 mm. Hg. The animals were put to death at the end of the study, and the hearts were sectioned, weighed, and counted. A cast was made of the stenotic circumflex coronary artery, the degree of stenosis is measured, and the per cent area stenosis calculated. The study showed that the effect of a 50 per cent coronary stenosis in reducing distal flow is apparent only during cardiopulmonary bypass at reduced pressure. The mechanism whereby a myocardial infarction develops during cardiopulmonary bypass could evolve from the development of a \"critical\" stenosis out of a mild-moderate one at a reduced perfusion pressure during cardiopulmonary bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:127093", "title": "A new method for temporary left ventricular bypass. Preclinical appraisal.", "content": "Surgical patients who cannot be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass during operation or who develop balloon-dependent left ventricular failure postoperatively are now considered unsavable. However, in those with potentially reversible ventricular dysfunction, recovery might be possible if an improved means of temporary circulatory support were available. Towards this end, a pneumatically actuated, left ventricular assist pump was developed and evaluated in 20 consecutive calf experiments. The device, containing a flexible polyurethane pumping chamber, was positioned on the chest wall and connected to the left ventricular apex and descending thoracic aorta by two Dacron valved conduits (xenograft valves). All animals survived a 14 to 30 day pumping interval, and 7 underwent successful removal of the device by division of the Dacron conduits below skin level. As a prelude to human investigation, pumps were implanted during a series of routine autopsies through midline sternotomy incison. The device was positioned on the right anterolateral chest wall, with two valved conduits traversing the mediastinum to connect the pump to the left ventricular apex and ascending aorta.", "contents": "A new method for temporary left ventricular bypass. Preclinical appraisal. Surgical patients who cannot be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass during operation or who develop balloon-dependent left ventricular failure postoperatively are now considered unsavable. However, in those with potentially reversible ventricular dysfunction, recovery might be possible if an improved means of temporary circulatory support were available. Towards this end, a pneumatically actuated, left ventricular assist pump was developed and evaluated in 20 consecutive calf experiments. The device, containing a flexible polyurethane pumping chamber, was positioned on the chest wall and connected to the left ventricular apex and descending thoracic aorta by two Dacron valved conduits (xenograft valves). All animals survived a 14 to 30 day pumping interval, and 7 underwent successful removal of the device by division of the Dacron conduits below skin level. As a prelude to human investigation, pumps were implanted during a series of routine autopsies through midline sternotomy incison. The device was positioned on the right anterolateral chest wall, with two valved conduits traversing the mediastinum to connect the pump to the left ventricular apex and ascending aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:127094", "title": "A new method for prosthetic valve replacement in congenital aortic stenosis associated with hypoplasia of the aortic valve ring.", "content": "The smallest commercially available prosthetic valve has an external diameter of 17 mm. Therefore, prosthetic valve replacement has been unfeasible in cases in which the diameter of the aortic valve ring is smaller than this size. A new operative method was used on 2 patients with congenital aortic valve lesions associated with hypoplasia of the valve ring. The procedure consists of a longitudinal incision in the aortic septum placed in the midportion of the two coronary ostia, a vertical incision in the outflow tract of the right ventricle to join the septal incision, prosthetic aortic valve replacement, and patch reconstruction of the outflow tracts of both ventricles by means of two layers of a fusiform Dacron patch. A 23-year-old woman with congenital aortic stenosis associated with hypoplattic aortic valve ring underwent prosthetic placement of the aortic valve and is well 1 year after the operation. Our other patient, a 3-month-old infant with congenital aortic regurgitation, died on the first postoperative day because of postperfusion lung. However, her hemodynamic status had been good in the immediate postoperative period.", "contents": "A new method for prosthetic valve replacement in congenital aortic stenosis associated with hypoplasia of the aortic valve ring. The smallest commercially available prosthetic valve has an external diameter of 17 mm. Therefore, prosthetic valve replacement has been unfeasible in cases in which the diameter of the aortic valve ring is smaller than this size. A new operative method was used on 2 patients with congenital aortic valve lesions associated with hypoplasia of the valve ring. The procedure consists of a longitudinal incision in the aortic septum placed in the midportion of the two coronary ostia, a vertical incision in the outflow tract of the right ventricle to join the septal incision, prosthetic aortic valve replacement, and patch reconstruction of the outflow tracts of both ventricles by means of two layers of a fusiform Dacron patch. A 23-year-old woman with congenital aortic stenosis associated with hypoplattic aortic valve ring underwent prosthetic placement of the aortic valve and is well 1 year after the operation. Our other patient, a 3-month-old infant with congenital aortic regurgitation, died on the first postoperative day because of postperfusion lung. However, her hemodynamic status had been good in the immediate postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:127097", "title": "[SISI-Test and functional hearing loss (author's transl)].", "content": "The original SISI test (Jerger, Shedd and Harford) is described in German language. Modifications of various authors are cited. The results of SISI test with 16 persons demanding monetary compensation for hearing loss are tabulated. 18 ears seemed free from non-organic overlay. 12 of those ears gave SISI scores more than 70%. Functional discrepancies wer observed in 13 ears. Only in one of them a maximum SISI score of 25% was presented. All other non-organic ears gave lower ratings, 0% in most cases. Increments of 5 dB were not responded with 5 ears. In one case of unilateral non-organic loss SISI scores were high in the normal and low in the aggravating ear. It is suggested therefore, that low SISI ratings should arise suspicion of non-organic problems, besides of retrocochlear site.", "contents": "[SISI-Test and functional hearing loss (author's transl)]. The original SISI test (Jerger, Shedd and Harford) is described in German language. Modifications of various authors are cited. The results of SISI test with 16 persons demanding monetary compensation for hearing loss are tabulated. 18 ears seemed free from non-organic overlay. 12 of those ears gave SISI scores more than 70%. Functional discrepancies wer observed in 13 ears. Only in one of them a maximum SISI score of 25% was presented. All other non-organic ears gave lower ratings, 0% in most cases. Increments of 5 dB were not responded with 5 ears. In one case of unilateral non-organic loss SISI scores were high in the normal and low in the aggravating ear. It is suggested therefore, that low SISI ratings should arise suspicion of non-organic problems, besides of retrocochlear site."}
{"id": "PMID:127098", "title": "[The diagnosis of conductive hearing loss by tympanometry (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of electronic impedance measuring instruments to determine the acoustic impedance of the ear drum is very helpful in the diagnosis of middle ear diseases. Fluid filled middle ear spaces, otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis can be differentiated easily. In addition tube and facial nerve testing is possible. All tests can be done in less than 10 minutes for both ears.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of conductive hearing loss by tympanometry (author's transl)]. The use of electronic impedance measuring instruments to determine the acoustic impedance of the ear drum is very helpful in the diagnosis of middle ear diseases. Fluid filled middle ear spaces, otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis can be differentiated easily. In addition tube and facial nerve testing is possible. All tests can be done in less than 10 minutes for both ears."}
{"id": "PMID:127099", "title": "[Unilateral reversible high-tone loss after rubella in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a patient age 18 in whom on the eighth day after a new, seriologically proved rubella infection a unilateral transitory, mediobasal laesio auris internae occurred without any vestibular irritation. Reference is made to the importance of carrying out an examination for a possibly viral genesis as soon as possible after the occurence, by which any type of sudden deafness is understood. Discussion on the development of the hearing defect on the basis of the available literature, whereby an endolymphatic labyrinthitis may be assumed.", "contents": "[Unilateral reversible high-tone loss after rubella in adults (author's transl)]. Report on a patient age 18 in whom on the eighth day after a new, seriologically proved rubella infection a unilateral transitory, mediobasal laesio auris internae occurred without any vestibular irritation. Reference is made to the importance of carrying out an examination for a possibly viral genesis as soon as possible after the occurence, by which any type of sudden deafness is understood. Discussion on the development of the hearing defect on the basis of the available literature, whereby an endolymphatic labyrinthitis may be assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:127100", "title": "[Different forms of deafness in Treacher - Collins-Syndrome, shown on a family over three generations (author's transl)].", "content": "A Treacher Collins-syndrome has been followed up in a family over 3 generations. We found a change in deafness from grand parents- and parents-generation to the third one. The first two showed an inner ear deafness, the latter the well-known conduction deafness. The phenotype becomes more and more extensive in the following generations. Simultaneous with this development the deafness becomes more typical. In theory the inner ear deafness could either be explained as the final stage of a long standing conductive deafness or it is part of an incomplete developed syndrome.", "contents": "[Different forms of deafness in Treacher - Collins-Syndrome, shown on a family over three generations (author's transl)]. A Treacher Collins-syndrome has been followed up in a family over 3 generations. We found a change in deafness from grand parents- and parents-generation to the third one. The first two showed an inner ear deafness, the latter the well-known conduction deafness. The phenotype becomes more and more extensive in the following generations. Simultaneous with this development the deafness becomes more typical. In theory the inner ear deafness could either be explained as the final stage of a long standing conductive deafness or it is part of an incomplete developed syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:127101", "title": "[Objective tinnitus caused by arteriovenous malformations in the region of transverse and signoid sinus (author's transl)].", "content": "Surgical problems concerning the treatment of objective tinnitus caused by arteriovenous malformations of the posterior fossa are discussed. Angiographies and clinical signs of seven patients are reported. In two cases the operative procedure of Hugosson and Bergstro\u00f6m was sucessful. In principle the transverse and sigmoid sinus are exposed and separated from the arterial shunts.", "contents": "[Objective tinnitus caused by arteriovenous malformations in the region of transverse and signoid sinus (author's transl)]. Surgical problems concerning the treatment of objective tinnitus caused by arteriovenous malformations of the posterior fossa are discussed. Angiographies and clinical signs of seven patients are reported. In two cases the operative procedure of Hugosson and Bergstro\u00f6m was sucessful. In principle the transverse and sigmoid sinus are exposed and separated from the arterial shunts."}
{"id": "PMID:127102", "title": "[The difference between the noise deafness of the pitmans and the typical noise-induced hearing loss of the worker in metals (author's transl)].", "content": "Reffering to 92 expert evidences on the noise-deafness the signs are shown, in which the mining noise-deafness differs from the typical noise deafness in the metallurgical industry. In more than 80% of the cases a slope of the curve could be observed in the audiogram beginning at 125 cps. Therefore the hearing loss early impairs the ability to understand conversational speech. Only every second patient shows a positive result at the SISI-test; this is the reason, that the mining noise deafness frequently is misinterpreted. In these cases the cochlear hearing loss will be surely proved by the Langenbeck-audiogram and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy-audiogram. A secondary finding was the typical \"mining ear-drum\". These ear drums are bilaterally whitish, without reflex and thickened; they don't show any air-bone gap in the audiogram. The differences between the mining noise-deafness and the typical noise-induced hearing loss are explained by an additional baro-trauma which occurs, when the pitmans work at a depth of about 2000 feet.", "contents": "[The difference between the noise deafness of the pitmans and the typical noise-induced hearing loss of the worker in metals (author's transl)]. Reffering to 92 expert evidences on the noise-deafness the signs are shown, in which the mining noise-deafness differs from the typical noise deafness in the metallurgical industry. In more than 80% of the cases a slope of the curve could be observed in the audiogram beginning at 125 cps. Therefore the hearing loss early impairs the ability to understand conversational speech. Only every second patient shows a positive result at the SISI-test; this is the reason, that the mining noise deafness frequently is misinterpreted. In these cases the cochlear hearing loss will be surely proved by the Langenbeck-audiogram and B\u00e9k\u00e9sy-audiogram. A secondary finding was the typical \"mining ear-drum\". These ear drums are bilaterally whitish, without reflex and thickened; they don't show any air-bone gap in the audiogram. The differences between the mining noise-deafness and the typical noise-induced hearing loss are explained by an additional baro-trauma which occurs, when the pitmans work at a depth of about 2000 feet."}
{"id": "PMID:127104", "title": "[Evoked response audiometry of the guinea pig before and after drop in hearing induced by furosemid (author's transl)].", "content": "Using particular surface electrodes evoked response audiometry (ERA) can be applied to small laboratory animals without any sedation or anaesthesia. In addition to other methods we have studied in this way the influence of extreme doses of Furosemid on the guinea pig inner ear. 6-20 mg Furosemid per 100 g of bodyweight (about 100 times the human therapy dose) were applicated i.v. within 5 min resulting in a drop of hearing immediately. For the anaesthesized animal the cochlear microphonic potentials (CM) decrease simultaneously, indicating Furosemid to act at the inner ear itself. By both methods recovery of inner ear function is seen to start about 10 min later according to the little biological half life of Furosemid. As being restricted in respect of time for the CM-measurements we are sure about reversibility only by the ERA-method.", "contents": "[Evoked response audiometry of the guinea pig before and after drop in hearing induced by furosemid (author's transl)]. Using particular surface electrodes evoked response audiometry (ERA) can be applied to small laboratory animals without any sedation or anaesthesia. In addition to other methods we have studied in this way the influence of extreme doses of Furosemid on the guinea pig inner ear. 6-20 mg Furosemid per 100 g of bodyweight (about 100 times the human therapy dose) were applicated i.v. within 5 min resulting in a drop of hearing immediately. For the anaesthesized animal the cochlear microphonic potentials (CM) decrease simultaneously, indicating Furosemid to act at the inner ear itself. By both methods recovery of inner ear function is seen to start about 10 min later according to the little biological half life of Furosemid. As being restricted in respect of time for the CM-measurements we are sure about reversibility only by the ERA-method."}
{"id": "PMID:127105", "title": "[Karyometric studies of the ventral cochlear nucleus in kanamycin treated guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "The aim of these investigations was to study the effect of kanamycin on the nucleus ventralis cochleae in guinea pigs. The evaluation of the results was based on the karyometric method which is a very sensitive criterion of the cell activity. In the same animals, the microphonic potential (PM) and the nerve action potential (AP) were measured in order to detect changes in the peripheral auditory system. The results were statistically analysed. The studies showed that despite marked changes in the PM and AP values, there were no changes in the cell volume in the nucleus ventralis cochleae. The findings indicate that the injuries induced by kanamycin are localized peripherally and the later central morphological changes reported in the literature can be assumed to be secondary resulting from the damage to the peripheral auditory system by kanamycin.", "contents": "[Karyometric studies of the ventral cochlear nucleus in kanamycin treated guinea pigs (author's transl)]. The aim of these investigations was to study the effect of kanamycin on the nucleus ventralis cochleae in guinea pigs. The evaluation of the results was based on the karyometric method which is a very sensitive criterion of the cell activity. In the same animals, the microphonic potential (PM) and the nerve action potential (AP) were measured in order to detect changes in the peripheral auditory system. The results were statistically analysed. The studies showed that despite marked changes in the PM and AP values, there were no changes in the cell volume in the nucleus ventralis cochleae. The findings indicate that the injuries induced by kanamycin are localized peripherally and the later central morphological changes reported in the literature can be assumed to be secondary resulting from the damage to the peripheral auditory system by kanamycin."}
{"id": "PMID:127106", "title": "[Modern methods of partial nasal reconstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of selected examples on the possibilities of partial reconstruction of the nose with special regard to cosmetically advantageous reconstructive methods is reported. Our preference is given to the frontotemporal flap following Schmid, which is performed in several operation stages and varied in dependence upon the position and largeness of nasal defects. However, for older patients the nasolabial flap is recommended, because it is an one-stage operation technique.", "contents": "[Modern methods of partial nasal reconstruction (author's transl)]. On the basis of selected examples on the possibilities of partial reconstruction of the nose with special regard to cosmetically advantageous reconstructive methods is reported. Our preference is given to the frontotemporal flap following Schmid, which is performed in several operation stages and varied in dependence upon the position and largeness of nasal defects. However, for older patients the nasolabial flap is recommended, because it is an one-stage operation technique."}
{"id": "PMID:127107", "title": "[The free dermis fat transplantation as adjunct in the surgery of the parotid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to overcome the short comings of a total parotidectomy in reference to appearance and the possible Frey syndrom, the author proposes the free dermis fat transplant directly after the extirpation of the gland. This diminishes the formation of serous fluid in the operated area. Long term observations showed no signs of the Frey syndrome. Further experimental research and clinincal observations will determine if the free fat transplantation is a workable method to prevent the Frey syndrom.", "contents": "[The free dermis fat transplantation as adjunct in the surgery of the parotid gland (author's transl)]. In order to overcome the short comings of a total parotidectomy in reference to appearance and the possible Frey syndrom, the author proposes the free dermis fat transplant directly after the extirpation of the gland. This diminishes the formation of serous fluid in the operated area. Long term observations showed no signs of the Frey syndrome. Further experimental research and clinincal observations will determine if the free fat transplantation is a workable method to prevent the Frey syndrom."}
{"id": "PMID:127108", "title": "An unusual presentation of systemic organophosphate poisoning.", "content": "A man presenting with an acute skin reaction to a pesticide was found to have severe systemic organophosphate poisoning.", "contents": "An unusual presentation of systemic organophosphate poisoning. A man presenting with an acute skin reaction to a pesticide was found to have severe systemic organophosphate poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:127112", "title": "Antibiotic-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis conditional for sporulation.", "content": "Among spontaneously occurring antibiotic-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 we have identified a sub-class that is conditionally sporulative. Mutants in this sub-class are resistant to antibiotic during vegetative growth but are sensitive during sporulation. Mutants conditionally-resistant to erythromycin, kanamycin, spectinomycin, and streptomycin have been isolated and characterized by phase contrast microscopy and with respect to their ability to synthesize heat-resistant endospores or the sporulation-associated enzyme alkaline phosphatase. The results suggest that several entirely different genetic lesions may result in this single phenotype. This group includes mutants whose properties suggest that both th 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits may be altered concomitant with early spore specific metabolism. The blockage imposed by antibiotic may be at or near Stage 2 of sporulation.", "contents": "Antibiotic-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis conditional for sporulation. Among spontaneously occurring antibiotic-resistant mutants of Bacillus subtilis 168 we have identified a sub-class that is conditionally sporulative. Mutants in this sub-class are resistant to antibiotic during vegetative growth but are sensitive during sporulation. Mutants conditionally-resistant to erythromycin, kanamycin, spectinomycin, and streptomycin have been isolated and characterized by phase contrast microscopy and with respect to their ability to synthesize heat-resistant endospores or the sporulation-associated enzyme alkaline phosphatase. The results suggest that several entirely different genetic lesions may result in this single phenotype. This group includes mutants whose properties suggest that both th 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits may be altered concomitant with early spore specific metabolism. The blockage imposed by antibiotic may be at or near Stage 2 of sporulation."}
{"id": "PMID:127113", "title": "Effects of some antibiotics on the stringent control of RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Effects of neomycin, spectinomycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol on the stringent control RNA synthesis and on ppGpp synthesis in the rel+-cells of Escherichia coli having a temperature-sensitive valyl-tRNA synthetase were examined. Without antibiotics, ppGpp began to accumulate and both RNA and protein syntheses were inhibited by transferring the exponentially growing cells from 30 degrees C (permissive temp.) to 40 degrees C (non-permissive temp.). Tetracycline or chloramphenicol, when added after the temperature shift, caused a resumption of RNA synthesis and decay of the accumulated ppGpp, while neomycin or spectinomycin had little effect both on RNA synthesis and the level of ppGpp. When the cells were treated with these antibiotics at permissive temperature, the shift of the temperature to 40 degrees C caused neither inhibition of RNA synthesis nor an accumulation of ppGpp. When neomycin or spectinomycin was added at the beginning of the temperature shift, RNA synthesis continued with an accumulation of ppGpp. Tetracycline or chloramphenicol had no such effect under the same conditions; RNA synthesis continued without an accumulation of ppGpp.", "contents": "Effects of some antibiotics on the stringent control of RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli. Effects of neomycin, spectinomycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol on the stringent control RNA synthesis and on ppGpp synthesis in the rel+-cells of Escherichia coli having a temperature-sensitive valyl-tRNA synthetase were examined. Without antibiotics, ppGpp began to accumulate and both RNA and protein syntheses were inhibited by transferring the exponentially growing cells from 30 degrees C (permissive temp.) to 40 degrees C (non-permissive temp.). Tetracycline or chloramphenicol, when added after the temperature shift, caused a resumption of RNA synthesis and decay of the accumulated ppGpp, while neomycin or spectinomycin had little effect both on RNA synthesis and the level of ppGpp. When the cells were treated with these antibiotics at permissive temperature, the shift of the temperature to 40 degrees C caused neither inhibition of RNA synthesis nor an accumulation of ppGpp. When neomycin or spectinomycin was added at the beginning of the temperature shift, RNA synthesis continued with an accumulation of ppGpp. Tetracycline or chloramphenicol had no such effect under the same conditions; RNA synthesis continued without an accumulation of ppGpp."}
{"id": "PMID:127114", "title": "Mobilization of plasmid-borne drug resistance determinants for transfer from Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Escherichia coli.", "content": "RSU2, a plasmid transmissible between strains of P. aeruginosa but not to Escherichia coli can be mobilized by R751. Conjugatants receive a single plasmid composed of DNA from both R751 and RSU2 which has the compatibility properties of a member of group P (like R751). Study of this fusion plasmid suggests that the failure of RSU2 to transfer into enterobacteria is due to an inability to replicate in these bacteria. The fusion plasmid replicates using the genes of R751.", "contents": "Mobilization of plasmid-borne drug resistance determinants for transfer from Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Escherichia coli. RSU2, a plasmid transmissible between strains of P. aeruginosa but not to Escherichia coli can be mobilized by R751. Conjugatants receive a single plasmid composed of DNA from both R751 and RSU2 which has the compatibility properties of a member of group P (like R751). Study of this fusion plasmid suggests that the failure of RSU2 to transfer into enterobacteria is due to an inability to replicate in these bacteria. The fusion plasmid replicates using the genes of R751."}
{"id": "PMID:127120", "title": "[The mechanism of the acute action of insulin (author's transl)].", "content": "All the known acute actions of insulin are based on the reaction of insulin with specific insulin receptors in the cell membranes of the insulin-sensitive organs. The reaction of insulin with these receptors leads, through changes in the membrane structure, to changes in the permeability of the cell membrane, the activity of the normal membrane K+/Na+ATPase and adenyl cyclase. From this results the multiplicity of acute insulin effects on numerous metabolic quantities, following a kind of intensifier system. Under physiological conditions, the effect of insulin on the liver metabolism plays the central role for the maintenance of blood sugar homeostasis.", "contents": "[The mechanism of the acute action of insulin (author's transl)]. All the known acute actions of insulin are based on the reaction of insulin with specific insulin receptors in the cell membranes of the insulin-sensitive organs. The reaction of insulin with these receptors leads, through changes in the membrane structure, to changes in the permeability of the cell membrane, the activity of the normal membrane K+/Na+ATPase and adenyl cyclase. From this results the multiplicity of acute insulin effects on numerous metabolic quantities, following a kind of intensifier system. Under physiological conditions, the effect of insulin on the liver metabolism plays the central role for the maintenance of blood sugar homeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:127121", "title": "Evaluation of carotid stenosis by phonoangiography.", "content": "Quantitative spectral (frequency) analyses were performed on 60 carotid bruits in 48 patients with suspected carotid stenosis. The technic was totally noninvasive. Bruits were recorded at the skin surface, analyzed by a minicomputer, and the degree of arterial stenosis estimated using a recently derived theory of sound production by turbulent blood flow. This method has been named phonoangiography. Fifty of the 60 bruits (83 per cent) had spectrums characteristic of turbulent blood flow, and a residual lumen diameter could be calculated. Results from the noninvasvie technic compared well with data obtained from radiographic carotid arteriograms in the 50 bruits with internal carotid artery stenosis. The residual lumen diameter estimated from phonoangiography differed from the radiographic value by less than 1 mm in 83 per cent and less than 1.5 mm in 92 per cent of the studies. Phonoangiography appears to be a useful method for assessment of carotid artery stenosis.", "contents": "Evaluation of carotid stenosis by phonoangiography. Quantitative spectral (frequency) analyses were performed on 60 carotid bruits in 48 patients with suspected carotid stenosis. The technic was totally noninvasive. Bruits were recorded at the skin surface, analyzed by a minicomputer, and the degree of arterial stenosis estimated using a recently derived theory of sound production by turbulent blood flow. This method has been named phonoangiography. Fifty of the 60 bruits (83 per cent) had spectrums characteristic of turbulent blood flow, and a residual lumen diameter could be calculated. Results from the noninvasvie technic compared well with data obtained from radiographic carotid arteriograms in the 50 bruits with internal carotid artery stenosis. The residual lumen diameter estimated from phonoangiography differed from the radiographic value by less than 1 mm in 83 per cent and less than 1.5 mm in 92 per cent of the studies. Phonoangiography appears to be a useful method for assessment of carotid artery stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:127123", "title": "Fibroblasts in Huntington's disease.", "content": "We investigated the growth of skin fibroblasts in tissue culture from 10 patients with Huntington's disease and eight healthy, unrelated controls. The patients' ages ranged from 34 to 56 years (mean 48.5), and the mean duration of their clinical illness was 12.4 years. The controls' ages ranged from 32 to 64 years (mean, 42.3). No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in out-growth of cells from the biopsies nor during subsequent routine culturing of fibroblasts. This contradicts the finding of earlier investigators that skin fibroblasts from patients with Huntington's disease grow poorly in tissue culture. Matched pairs of Huntington's disease and control cultures grew at the same rate, but Huntington's disease cells grew to a significantly higher maximal density (P less than 0.02). This may indicate a genetically determined change in the cell surface or metabolic difference in Huntington's disease.", "contents": "Fibroblasts in Huntington's disease. We investigated the growth of skin fibroblasts in tissue culture from 10 patients with Huntington's disease and eight healthy, unrelated controls. The patients' ages ranged from 34 to 56 years (mean 48.5), and the mean duration of their clinical illness was 12.4 years. The controls' ages ranged from 32 to 64 years (mean, 42.3). No statistically significant differences were observed between the two groups in out-growth of cells from the biopsies nor during subsequent routine culturing of fibroblasts. This contradicts the finding of earlier investigators that skin fibroblasts from patients with Huntington's disease grow poorly in tissue culture. Matched pairs of Huntington's disease and control cultures grew at the same rate, but Huntington's disease cells grew to a significantly higher maximal density (P less than 0.02). This may indicate a genetically determined change in the cell surface or metabolic difference in Huntington's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:127126", "title": "Effects of monovalent cations on cardiac  Na+, K+-ATPase activity and on contractile force.", "content": "The relationship between Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition by monovalent cations and their inotropic effect was studied in guinea pig hearts. The activity of partially purified cardiac enzyme was assayed in the presence of 5.8 mM KC1 and either 20 or 150 mM NaCl. Rb+ and Tl+ inhibited Na+, K+-ATPase activity, the magnitude of the inhibition by these cations being greater in the assay media containing lower Na+ concentrations.  Tl+ produced a dose-dependent inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the presence of 20 mM Na+ and 75 mM K+, a cationic condition  similar to that of intracellular fluid. Other monovalent cations such as K+, Cs+, NH4+, Na or Li+ produced essentially no effect on the Na+, K+-ATPase activity or slightly stimulated it. In left atrial strips stimulated with field electrodes and bathed in Krebs-Henseleit solution (5.8 mM K+ and 145 mM Na+), addition of Cs+ failed to alter the isometric contractile force significantly. NH4+ and K+ caused a transient positive inotropic effect which was partially blocked by propranolol. The positive inotropic response to K+ was followed by a negative inotropic response. Rb+ produced a sustained, dose-dependent inotropic response reaching a plateau at 1-2 min, whereas Tl+ produced a dose=dependent positive inotropic effect which developed slowly over a 30-min period. The positive inotropic effects produced by Rb+ and Tl+ were insensitive to propranolol pretreatment. Concentrations of Tl+ and cardiac glycosides which produce similar inotropic effects appear to cause the same degree of Na+-pump inhibition. The onset of the positive inotropic response to Rb+ or Tl+ was not dependent on the number of contractions which is in contrast to the cardiac glycoside-induced inotropic response. Substitution of 20 mM LiCl for an equimolar amount of NaCl in Krebs-Henseleit solution produced a significantly greater inotropic response than that observed when sucrose was substituted for NaCl. It appears that, among monovalent cations, only sodium pump inhibitors produce a sustained positive inotropic response.", "contents": "Effects of monovalent cations on cardiac  Na+, K+-ATPase activity and on contractile force. The relationship between Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition by monovalent cations and their inotropic effect was studied in guinea pig hearts. The activity of partially purified cardiac enzyme was assayed in the presence of 5.8 mM KC1 and either 20 or 150 mM NaCl. Rb+ and Tl+ inhibited Na+, K+-ATPase activity, the magnitude of the inhibition by these cations being greater in the assay media containing lower Na+ concentrations.  Tl+ produced a dose-dependent inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the presence of 20 mM Na+ and 75 mM K+, a cationic condition  similar to that of intracellular fluid. Other monovalent cations such as K+, Cs+, NH4+, Na or Li+ produced essentially no effect on the Na+, K+-ATPase activity or slightly stimulated it. In left atrial strips stimulated with field electrodes and bathed in Krebs-Henseleit solution (5.8 mM K+ and 145 mM Na+), addition of Cs+ failed to alter the isometric contractile force significantly. NH4+ and K+ caused a transient positive inotropic effect which was partially blocked by propranolol. The positive inotropic response to K+ was followed by a negative inotropic response. Rb+ produced a sustained, dose-dependent inotropic response reaching a plateau at 1-2 min, whereas Tl+ produced a dose=dependent positive inotropic effect which developed slowly over a 30-min period. The positive inotropic effects produced by Rb+ and Tl+ were insensitive to propranolol pretreatment. Concentrations of Tl+ and cardiac glycosides which produce similar inotropic effects appear to cause the same degree of Na+-pump inhibition. The onset of the positive inotropic response to Rb+ or Tl+ was not dependent on the number of contractions which is in contrast to the cardiac glycoside-induced inotropic response. Substitution of 20 mM LiCl for an equimolar amount of NaCl in Krebs-Henseleit solution produced a significantly greater inotropic response than that observed when sucrose was substituted for NaCl. It appears that, among monovalent cations, only sodium pump inhibitors produce a sustained positive inotropic response."}
{"id": "PMID:127127", "title": "Decreased glycolytic flux rate in the isolated perfused rat brain after pretreatment with 6-aminonicotinamide.", "content": "Cerebral energy metabolism was studied in the isolated perfused rat brain after 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN; 35 mg/kg i.p.) administered to the intact animals 7 hrs before perfusion was started. The metabolic alterations in the isolated rat brains were such as reported for rat and mouse brain in vivo: Inhibition of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was followed by an accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate, leading to a decreased activity of glucosephosphate isomerse. This was reflected by increased levels of glucose and glucose 6-phosphate and decreased levels of fructose 6-phosphate, pyruvate and lactate. Since the concentration of lactate in the perfusate of the isolated brain was also lowered, 6-AN must have reduced the glycolytic flux rate.", "contents": "Decreased glycolytic flux rate in the isolated perfused rat brain after pretreatment with 6-aminonicotinamide. Cerebral energy metabolism was studied in the isolated perfused rat brain after 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN; 35 mg/kg i.p.) administered to the intact animals 7 hrs before perfusion was started. The metabolic alterations in the isolated rat brains were such as reported for rat and mouse brain in vivo: Inhibition of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was followed by an accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate, leading to a decreased activity of glucosephosphate isomerse. This was reflected by increased levels of glucose and glucose 6-phosphate and decreased levels of fructose 6-phosphate, pyruvate and lactate. Since the concentration of lactate in the perfusate of the isolated brain was also lowered, 6-AN must have reduced the glycolytic flux rate."}
{"id": "PMID:127145", "title": "[The chromosomal syndromes (author's transl)].", "content": "Considering the results of modern cytogenetics in the area of chromosomal abberation, we can adopt without restriction two demands formulated by G. Koch (1971). First, further systematic research on mentally subnormal children should be carried out to clarify whether forms of chromosomal-genetic abnormality based on previously unknown structural alterations in one or several chromosomes can be discovered among those labelled \"mentally subnormal\". Second, the chromosomal-genetic forms of mental subnormality should be differentiated psychologically in close cooperation with child and adolescent psychologists and psychiatrists.", "contents": "[The chromosomal syndromes (author's transl)]. Considering the results of modern cytogenetics in the area of chromosomal abberation, we can adopt without restriction two demands formulated by G. Koch (1971). First, further systematic research on mentally subnormal children should be carried out to clarify whether forms of chromosomal-genetic abnormality based on previously unknown structural alterations in one or several chromosomes can be discovered among those labelled \"mentally subnormal\". Second, the chromosomal-genetic forms of mental subnormality should be differentiated psychologically in close cooperation with child and adolescent psychologists and psychiatrists."}
{"id": "PMID:127146", "title": "[Clinical aspects of chromosomal aberrations - problems of semiotics and nosography].", "content": "Despite intense clinical and cytogenetic research for more than 15 years we are far from knowing any definite relations between karyotype and phenotype. Both cytogeneticists and clinicians are working on the methodological improvements which are still necessary. In the methods of clinical recording there is still very great weakness of exact documentation of findings. Above all there is a lack of reproducible qualitative, and especially quantitative standards which constitute the basis of any practicable nosography. Some procedures for quantifying dysplastic facial features which have hardly been described so far (graphic statistics) are reported briefly. Also the summation of symptoms, a method currently used in the field of chromosomopathy syndromes, is subject to critical consideration. In this group of diseases a total list of symptoms of about 250 items can be obtained which includes multilocular minor stigmata, dysplasias, errors of differentiation and gross malformations of organs. An extraordinarily high degree of overlapping of symptoms is characteristic of these syndromes and makes accurate diagnosis difficult. However, for the trisomy-syndromes we succeeded in working out a diagnostic guideline by differentiating between an unspecified basic symptomatology concerning all trisomias and a pattern-forming additional symptomatology of each single syndrome. Thereby the diverse total symptomatology is reduced to the crucial and the recognition of patterns in daily practice is facilitated considerably. The comparatively specific additional symptomatologies of trisomy 13 -- 14 (Patau), trisomy 17 -- 18 (EDWARDS), and trisomy 21 (DOWN) are demonstrated in graphic views.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects of chromosomal aberrations - problems of semiotics and nosography]. Despite intense clinical and cytogenetic research for more than 15 years we are far from knowing any definite relations between karyotype and phenotype. Both cytogeneticists and clinicians are working on the methodological improvements which are still necessary. In the methods of clinical recording there is still very great weakness of exact documentation of findings. Above all there is a lack of reproducible qualitative, and especially quantitative standards which constitute the basis of any practicable nosography. Some procedures for quantifying dysplastic facial features which have hardly been described so far (graphic statistics) are reported briefly. Also the summation of symptoms, a method currently used in the field of chromosomopathy syndromes, is subject to critical consideration. In this group of diseases a total list of symptoms of about 250 items can be obtained which includes multilocular minor stigmata, dysplasias, errors of differentiation and gross malformations of organs. An extraordinarily high degree of overlapping of symptoms is characteristic of these syndromes and makes accurate diagnosis difficult. However, for the trisomy-syndromes we succeeded in working out a diagnostic guideline by differentiating between an unspecified basic symptomatology concerning all trisomias and a pattern-forming additional symptomatology of each single syndrome. Thereby the diverse total symptomatology is reduced to the crucial and the recognition of patterns in daily practice is facilitated considerably. The comparatively specific additional symptomatologies of trisomy 13 -- 14 (Patau), trisomy 17 -- 18 (EDWARDS), and trisomy 21 (DOWN) are demonstrated in graphic views."}
{"id": "PMID:127147", "title": "[Clinical psychological studies on adolescent and adult mongols (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of 20 mongol adolescents and adults with an average age of 19 years was strictly parallelized with a group of 20 brain-damaged adolescents and adults of other diagnostic groups with respect to age and intelligence level (average age 19 and average intelligence 50.65--52.90). The hypothesis of a possible deterioration of performance and personality was checked with the following battery of tests: Hamburg-Wechsler intelligence test for adults, the motoricity test according to Walther and the Rorschach experiment. The average difference in the sub-tests of HAWIE primarily emphasize the psycho-organic disturbance in visual-motor coordination, which is seen to a much greater extent in mongols than in non-mongols. The significant difference in completing pictures indicates an intensification of psycho-organicity. In agreement with the observations of WUNDERLICH, the psychomotoricity of the mongols is significantly slower and less adroit than the psychomotoricity of non-mongol oligophrenias. Non-significant differences in the psycho-organic sign (P%, F+%) in disfavor the mongols were seen in the Rorschach experiment. Factorial analysis distinguished the two groups very clearly. In the three most important factors, the mongol group showed stronger signs of psycho-organicity and weak mental performance associated with an intensified neuroticism factor compared with the brain-damage oligophrenia group of other diagnostic origin.", "contents": "[Clinical psychological studies on adolescent and adult mongols (author's transl)]. A group of 20 mongol adolescents and adults with an average age of 19 years was strictly parallelized with a group of 20 brain-damaged adolescents and adults of other diagnostic groups with respect to age and intelligence level (average age 19 and average intelligence 50.65--52.90). The hypothesis of a possible deterioration of performance and personality was checked with the following battery of tests: Hamburg-Wechsler intelligence test for adults, the motoricity test according to Walther and the Rorschach experiment. The average difference in the sub-tests of HAWIE primarily emphasize the psycho-organic disturbance in visual-motor coordination, which is seen to a much greater extent in mongols than in non-mongols. The significant difference in completing pictures indicates an intensification of psycho-organicity. In agreement with the observations of WUNDERLICH, the psychomotoricity of the mongols is significantly slower and less adroit than the psychomotoricity of non-mongol oligophrenias. Non-significant differences in the psycho-organic sign (P%, F+%) in disfavor the mongols were seen in the Rorschach experiment. Factorial analysis distinguished the two groups very clearly. In the three most important factors, the mongol group showed stronger signs of psycho-organicity and weak mental performance associated with an intensified neuroticism factor compared with the brain-damage oligophrenia group of other diagnostic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:127148", "title": "[Social behavior, musicality and visual perception in monogloid children (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-nine mongoloid and 48 non-mongol test persons of equivalent age and intelligence were selected and studied with respect to social behavior, speech disorders (observation of behavior), musicality and visual perception. There were significant differences in favor of the mongols with respect to social adaption. Speech disorders of all kinds occurred significantly more frequently in mongol children; stuttering was significantly more frequent in the boys. The mongol group did significantly better in the musicality test; the difference in the rhythmical part was highly significant. The average differences in the capacity for visual discrimination of colors, geometrical forms and the spatial relationship of geometrical forms were not significant.", "contents": "[Social behavior, musicality and visual perception in monogloid children (author's transl)]. Forty-nine mongoloid and 48 non-mongol test persons of equivalent age and intelligence were selected and studied with respect to social behavior, speech disorders (observation of behavior), musicality and visual perception. There were significant differences in favor of the mongols with respect to social adaption. Speech disorders of all kinds occurred significantly more frequently in mongol children; stuttering was significantly more frequent in the boys. The mongol group did significantly better in the musicality test; the difference in the rhythmical part was highly significant. The average differences in the capacity for visual discrimination of colors, geometrical forms and the spatial relationship of geometrical forms were not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:127149", "title": "[On the mental structure of mongolism (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-nine mongol and 48 non-mongol test persons of equivalent age and intelligence were selected and investigated with respect to intelligence components (S-I-T), motoricity (LOS), fine motoricity (KP), memorizing capacity (BA), working tempo (BS) and organization of the perceptual field (MZT). There were significant differences in S-I-T in favor of non-mongols in verbal tasks and in the LOS in favor of the mongoloids in rhythmic tasks. There was a tendency for the mongoloids to have poorer results for working tempo and fine motoricity. The differences in capacity to memorize and organization of perception were not significant.", "contents": "[On the mental structure of mongolism (author's transl)]. Forty-nine mongol and 48 non-mongol test persons of equivalent age and intelligence were selected and investigated with respect to intelligence components (S-I-T), motoricity (LOS), fine motoricity (KP), memorizing capacity (BA), working tempo (BS) and organization of the perceptual field (MZT). There were significant differences in S-I-T in favor of non-mongols in verbal tasks and in the LOS in favor of the mongoloids in rhythmic tasks. There was a tendency for the mongoloids to have poorer results for working tempo and fine motoricity. The differences in capacity to memorize and organization of perception were not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:127150", "title": "[The mongol who becomes older (author's transl)].", "content": "The intensive concern of society, pedagogics and medicine for the child with disturbed development places Down's syndrome in the center of a new and gratifying interest. People from the most diverse disciplines are now concerned with mongoloid children, many simply following the trend of the times. Whoever has the care not only of the mongoloid child, however, but also of adolescents and adults, is very well aware that there are a series of processes in the physical, spiritual and mental development of the child through to adulthood in which an apparently dynamic characteristic is inherent. Alone and concurrently with several factors they produce impairment of family life with which the relatives are no longer able to deal. The question as to the motive for handing over the mongol concerned to an institution or home often cannot be answered. There are numerous reasons which may apply alone or in combination. As the mongol becomes older, his relatives are also becoming older giving rise to further difficulties. The present study shows that the furture of the mongol child, i.e. his puberty, his adolescence and adulthood must be planned carefully and principally require pedagogical, therapeutic, sociological and organizational consideration and measures. At present the future of the patients under our care does not seem by any means secure and ordered. The euphoria which is obligatory in many places is not justified.", "contents": "[The mongol who becomes older (author's transl)]. The intensive concern of society, pedagogics and medicine for the child with disturbed development places Down's syndrome in the center of a new and gratifying interest. People from the most diverse disciplines are now concerned with mongoloid children, many simply following the trend of the times. Whoever has the care not only of the mongoloid child, however, but also of adolescents and adults, is very well aware that there are a series of processes in the physical, spiritual and mental development of the child through to adulthood in which an apparently dynamic characteristic is inherent. Alone and concurrently with several factors they produce impairment of family life with which the relatives are no longer able to deal. The question as to the motive for handing over the mongol concerned to an institution or home often cannot be answered. There are numerous reasons which may apply alone or in combination. As the mongol becomes older, his relatives are also becoming older giving rise to further difficulties. The present study shows that the furture of the mongol child, i.e. his puberty, his adolescence and adulthood must be planned carefully and principally require pedagogical, therapeutic, sociological and organizational consideration and measures. At present the future of the patients under our care does not seem by any means secure and ordered. The euphoria which is obligatory in many places is not justified."}
{"id": "PMID:127151", "title": "[Investigations of erythrocyte metabolism in trisomy 21 (author's transl)].", "content": "Although the present studies were carried out in a large number of patients, it is not possible to say wether (and what kind of) enzymes are genetically fixed on chromosome 21. It is to be hoped that further studies on the question of enzyme localization, particularly of phosphofructokinase, will afford some clarification.", "contents": "[Investigations of erythrocyte metabolism in trisomy 21 (author's transl)]. Although the present studies were carried out in a large number of patients, it is not possible to say wether (and what kind of) enzymes are genetically fixed on chromosome 21. It is to be hoped that further studies on the question of enzyme localization, particularly of phosphofructokinase, will afford some clarification."}
{"id": "PMID:127155", "title": "Eimeria falciformis (Eimer, 1870) in specific pathogen free and gnotobiotic mice.", "content": "The endogenous and exogenous stages of a species of murine Eimeria were examined and compared with descriptions of other species isolated from Mus musculus. Developing stages of the parasite were found in the epithelial cells of the caecum and colon. Three asexual generations were observed, the third becoming apparent on the fourth day concurrently with gametogeny. The total length of the prepatent period was 5 days. Oocysts of the coccidian, identified as Eimeria falciformis, were administered to a group of germfree mice. Despite a dose level of 1 x 10(6), the coccidium was not established. Histological examination indicated the failure of the sporozoite to penetrate its host epithelium. The possible causes of this phenomenon were discussed.", "contents": "Eimeria falciformis (Eimer, 1870) in specific pathogen free and gnotobiotic mice. The endogenous and exogenous stages of a species of murine Eimeria were examined and compared with descriptions of other species isolated from Mus musculus. Developing stages of the parasite were found in the epithelial cells of the caecum and colon. Three asexual generations were observed, the third becoming apparent on the fourth day concurrently with gametogeny. The total length of the prepatent period was 5 days. Oocysts of the coccidian, identified as Eimeria falciformis, were administered to a group of germfree mice. Despite a dose level of 1 x 10(6), the coccidium was not established. Histological examination indicated the failure of the sporozoite to penetrate its host epithelium. The possible causes of this phenomenon were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127152", "title": "[Role of photoperiodism and temperature in the induction of diapause in the egg phase of Aedes caspius caspius Pall. (Diptera, Culicidae)].", "content": "The influence of two photoperiods (12 and 20 hours of light per day) and different constant (25, 20, 15.5, 12.5 and 4 degrees) and fluctuating temperatures on the hatching of the larvae of Ae. caspius caspius from Bairam-Ali (Turkmenia) has been studied experimentally. The induction of winter egg diapause has been established to be under photoperiodic and temperature control. In eggs laid by short-day treated females the tendency to enter diapause is more expressed (55.9%) as compared with those laid by long-day exposed females (1.6%); in this case the eggs were kept at 12.5 degrees and in shortday regime. The low temperature 4 degrees increases only slightly the number of diapausing eggs (13.9%). The temperature which fluctuate during twenty-four hours being combined with short-day regime is more effective (the action of low temperature coincides with the scotophase). Even in the progeny of long-day exposed females the termorhythms 13--21, 8--20 and 4--20 degrees induce to enter diapause correspondigly 27.4, 22.8 and 59.9 per cent of the eggs.", "contents": "[Role of photoperiodism and temperature in the induction of diapause in the egg phase of Aedes caspius caspius Pall. (Diptera, Culicidae)]. The influence of two photoperiods (12 and 20 hours of light per day) and different constant (25, 20, 15.5, 12.5 and 4 degrees) and fluctuating temperatures on the hatching of the larvae of Ae. caspius caspius from Bairam-Ali (Turkmenia) has been studied experimentally. The induction of winter egg diapause has been established to be under photoperiodic and temperature control. In eggs laid by short-day treated females the tendency to enter diapause is more expressed (55.9%) as compared with those laid by long-day exposed females (1.6%); in this case the eggs were kept at 12.5 degrees and in shortday regime. The low temperature 4 degrees increases only slightly the number of diapausing eggs (13.9%). The temperature which fluctuate during twenty-four hours being combined with short-day regime is more effective (the action of low temperature coincides with the scotophase). Even in the progeny of long-day exposed females the termorhythms 13--21, 8--20 and 4--20 degrees induce to enter diapause correspondigly 27.4, 22.8 and 59.9 per cent of the eggs."}
{"id": "PMID:127154", "title": "[Experience in the control of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus Forsk. In Leningrad].", "content": "Systematic control of mosquitoes (C. p. molestus) has begun in Leningrad since 1968 when undertaken inspections revealed mosquitoes and their aquatic stages in 21.8% of basements. All hatching sites of mosquitoes were registered and sanitary, hydrotechnical and destroying measures were carried out there. During the period of 1968 to 1973 the basements were cleaned, in 509 of them hydroisolation was made and many were dried. Anually chemical treatment of basements was undertaken and for 6 years the treated area amounted to 6.00000 m2. As a result, the percentage of flooded basements decreased from 25.8 to 7.1% and the hatching sites of mosquitoes--from 21.8% to 9.1%. The total population of mosquitoes decreased 43 fold.", "contents": "[Experience in the control of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus Forsk. In Leningrad]. Systematic control of mosquitoes (C. p. molestus) has begun in Leningrad since 1968 when undertaken inspections revealed mosquitoes and their aquatic stages in 21.8% of basements. All hatching sites of mosquitoes were registered and sanitary, hydrotechnical and destroying measures were carried out there. During the period of 1968 to 1973 the basements were cleaned, in 509 of them hydroisolation was made and many were dried. Anually chemical treatment of basements was undertaken and for 6 years the treated area amounted to 6.00000 m2. As a result, the percentage of flooded basements decreased from 25.8 to 7.1% and the hatching sites of mosquitoes--from 21.8% to 9.1%. The total population of mosquitoes decreased 43 fold."}
{"id": "PMID:127159", "title": "Inhibition of ouabain-sensitive ATPase by the saliva of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.", "content": "A study has been made of the effect of saliva from children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CFP) on various components of the ATP hydrolyzing enzyme system. The ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity of erythrocyte membranes prepared from intact erythrocytes preincubated with CFP saliva was 35 +/- 4 nmol Pi/mg fry wt membrane suspension/hr, compared with 48 +/- 7 nmol Pi/mg dry wt membrane suspension/hr when the erythrocytes were preincubated with control saliva. A calcium-activated component of ATPase was decreased from 202 +/- 30 nmol Pi/mg dry wt membrane suspension/hr in erythrocytes preincubated with control saliva, to 151 +/- 17 nmol Pi/mg dry wt membrane suspension/hr when the incubation was carried out with CFP saliva. In a second series of experiments, ultrafiltered saliva was added directly to an ATPase assay. The saliva from children with CFP brought about a mean decrease in ouabain-sensitive ATPase of 16% compared with control saliva.", "contents": "Inhibition of ouabain-sensitive ATPase by the saliva of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. A study has been made of the effect of saliva from children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas (CFP) on various components of the ATP hydrolyzing enzyme system. The ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity of erythrocyte membranes prepared from intact erythrocytes preincubated with CFP saliva was 35 +/- 4 nmol Pi/mg fry wt membrane suspension/hr, compared with 48 +/- 7 nmol Pi/mg dry wt membrane suspension/hr when the erythrocytes were preincubated with control saliva. A calcium-activated component of ATPase was decreased from 202 +/- 30 nmol Pi/mg dry wt membrane suspension/hr in erythrocytes preincubated with control saliva, to 151 +/- 17 nmol Pi/mg dry wt membrane suspension/hr when the incubation was carried out with CFP saliva. In a second series of experiments, ultrafiltered saliva was added directly to an ATPase assay. The saliva from children with CFP brought about a mean decrease in ouabain-sensitive ATPase of 16% compared with control saliva."}
{"id": "PMID:127160", "title": "Gel electrophoretic studies on proteoglycans and collagen of abnormal human growth cartilage: proteoglycan abnormalities in pseudoachondroplasia and in Kniest's disease.", "content": "The microchemical study of growth cartilage biopsies may improve the classification and the genetic advice of some types of growth disturbances and contribute to the understanding of biochemical defects. Small tibial growth cartilage biopsies were performed during orthopedic surgery in cases with achondroplasia, pseudoachondroplasis (three cases), Kniest's disease (two cases), diastrophic dwarfism (two cases), parastrematic dwarfism, pycnodysos tosis, mucolipidosis type III, Blount's disease, and in three normal growing children. Five human fetal cartilages were also studied. The proteoglycans were extracted with 4 M guanidinium chloride. After dialysis against 8 M urea at pH 7, the proteoglycans were obtained by ion chromatography in urea on DEAE-cellulose and submitted to gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide-agarose gels. The gel electrophoresis of the proteoglycans of growth cartilage of normal growing children gave two metachromatic bands situated close one to another. The proteoglycans extracted from fetal growth cartilage gave a single band with a slightly slower migration. An abnormal gel electrophoretic pattern was found in pseudoachondroplasia and in Kniest's disease. In pseudoachondroplasia a single wide band was found; in overcharged tubes several thin, more rapid bands appeared in addition to the main band. In Kniest's disease three bands were found. In all of the other syndromes studied two normally or almost normally situated bands were present. Small differences in the width and intensity of the bands observed in several cases were difficult to assess. In all cases except mucolipidosis III and Kniest's disease the collagen was extracted by using limited cleavage and solubilization with pepsin, purified and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A type of collagen with a single alpha band was found.", "contents": "Gel electrophoretic studies on proteoglycans and collagen of abnormal human growth cartilage: proteoglycan abnormalities in pseudoachondroplasia and in Kniest's disease. The microchemical study of growth cartilage biopsies may improve the classification and the genetic advice of some types of growth disturbances and contribute to the understanding of biochemical defects. Small tibial growth cartilage biopsies were performed during orthopedic surgery in cases with achondroplasia, pseudoachondroplasis (three cases), Kniest's disease (two cases), diastrophic dwarfism (two cases), parastrematic dwarfism, pycnodysos tosis, mucolipidosis type III, Blount's disease, and in three normal growing children. Five human fetal cartilages were also studied. The proteoglycans were extracted with 4 M guanidinium chloride. After dialysis against 8 M urea at pH 7, the proteoglycans were obtained by ion chromatography in urea on DEAE-cellulose and submitted to gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide-agarose gels. The gel electrophoresis of the proteoglycans of growth cartilage of normal growing children gave two metachromatic bands situated close one to another. The proteoglycans extracted from fetal growth cartilage gave a single band with a slightly slower migration. An abnormal gel electrophoretic pattern was found in pseudoachondroplasia and in Kniest's disease. In pseudoachondroplasia a single wide band was found; in overcharged tubes several thin, more rapid bands appeared in addition to the main band. In Kniest's disease three bands were found. In all of the other syndromes studied two normally or almost normally situated bands were present. Small differences in the width and intensity of the bands observed in several cases were difficult to assess. In all cases except mucolipidosis III and Kniest's disease the collagen was extracted by using limited cleavage and solubilization with pepsin, purified and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A type of collagen with a single alpha band was found."}
{"id": "PMID:127163", "title": "Determination of diffusivity of oxygen and carbon dioxide in respiring tissue: results in rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "Gas transfer rates for O2 and CO2 through freshly excised respiring rat abdominal muscle were measured. The tissue separated as a thin membrane two chambers, one of which was ventilated with a constant gas mixture. The other chamber was closed and the time course of changes of PO2 and PCO2, initially set at varied levels, was followed by electrodes. A plot of rate of change of PO2 and PCO2 in the closed chamber against the partial pressure difference across the tissue yielded both Krogh's diffusion constant, KO2 and KCO2, and metabolic rate of tissue, i.e. specific O2 consumption and CO2 production, mo2 and mco2. The mean values at 37 degrees C, KO2 = 1.31 x 10(-9) mMol-cm-1-min-1-torr-1 and KCO2 = 28.0 x 10(-9) mMol-cm-1-min-1-torr-1, did not differ significantly from values determined by other authors in various tissue preparations in which metabolism had been suppressed. Average O2 consumption, mo2 = 0.87 mMol-min-1-L-1, was not different from the values obtained in the same tissue by the Warbung manometric method, 0.74 mMol-min-1-L-1. The mean respiratory quotient, calculated as the ratio of mean CO2 production and mean O2 consumption, was 0.85.", "contents": "Determination of diffusivity of oxygen and carbon dioxide in respiring tissue: results in rat skeletal muscle. Gas transfer rates for O2 and CO2 through freshly excised respiring rat abdominal muscle were measured. The tissue separated as a thin membrane two chambers, one of which was ventilated with a constant gas mixture. The other chamber was closed and the time course of changes of PO2 and PCO2, initially set at varied levels, was followed by electrodes. A plot of rate of change of PO2 and PCO2 in the closed chamber against the partial pressure difference across the tissue yielded both Krogh's diffusion constant, KO2 and KCO2, and metabolic rate of tissue, i.e. specific O2 consumption and CO2 production, mo2 and mco2. The mean values at 37 degrees C, KO2 = 1.31 x 10(-9) mMol-cm-1-min-1-torr-1 and KCO2 = 28.0 x 10(-9) mMol-cm-1-min-1-torr-1, did not differ significantly from values determined by other authors in various tissue preparations in which metabolism had been suppressed. Average O2 consumption, mo2 = 0.87 mMol-min-1-L-1, was not different from the values obtained in the same tissue by the Warbung manometric method, 0.74 mMol-min-1-L-1. The mean respiratory quotient, calculated as the ratio of mean CO2 production and mean O2 consumption, was 0.85."}
{"id": "PMID:127164", "title": "The onset and progress of transformation of avian slow into fast muscles under neural influence.", "content": "The slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscles of newly hatched chickens were transposed and cross0innervated by the mixed, predominantly fast superior brachialis nerve, and investigated 2 to 15 months after the operation. Two months after the operation, myosin ATPase activity of the cross-innervated ALD muscles was still as low as in the control ALD, although the ultrastructure and the histochemical ATPase activity already showed a mixed fibre-type pattern with a predominance of fast -type fibres around the site of nerve implantation. The change of myosin properties of thw whole cross-innervated ALD did not occur until the third month after the operation. At that time, the myosin ATPase activity increased about 2.5 times and light chains of myosin of the fast type appeared in the electrophoretic pattern. The myosin ATPase activity attained 62% of the activity found in the control fast posterior latissimus dorsi muscles at three months; subsequently it remained at about this level reaching 68% 18 months after the operation. The results indicate that approximately two thirds of the cross-innervated ALD muscle fibres became changed towards the fast type under neural influence, whereas about one third remained slow, being re-innervated by the slow-type motor fibres of the implanted nerve.", "contents": "The onset and progress of transformation of avian slow into fast muscles under neural influence. The slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscles of newly hatched chickens were transposed and cross0innervated by the mixed, predominantly fast superior brachialis nerve, and investigated 2 to 15 months after the operation. Two months after the operation, myosin ATPase activity of the cross-innervated ALD muscles was still as low as in the control ALD, although the ultrastructure and the histochemical ATPase activity already showed a mixed fibre-type pattern with a predominance of fast -type fibres around the site of nerve implantation. The change of myosin properties of thw whole cross-innervated ALD did not occur until the third month after the operation. At that time, the myosin ATPase activity increased about 2.5 times and light chains of myosin of the fast type appeared in the electrophoretic pattern. The myosin ATPase activity attained 62% of the activity found in the control fast posterior latissimus dorsi muscles at three months; subsequently it remained at about this level reaching 68% 18 months after the operation. The results indicate that approximately two thirds of the cross-innervated ALD muscle fibres became changed towards the fast type under neural influence, whereas about one third remained slow, being re-innervated by the slow-type motor fibres of the implanted nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:127165", "title": "Studies on the biological role of DNA methylation: inhibition of methylation and maturation of the bacteriophage phichi174 by nicotinamide.", "content": "Nicotinamide was found to be a potent inhibitor of DNA methylation in vivo without interfering with protein or DNA synthesis. The inhibition of DNA methylation in a phage-infected cell resulted in a parallel decrease in the production of viable virus particles. In vitro experiments revealed that nicotinamide inhibits DNA methylase activity in a competitive fashion with respect to S-adenosylmethionine and non-competitively with respect to DNA. These results were interpreted to mean that DNA methylation is an essential step in the process of maturation of the bacteriophage phichi174.", "contents": "Studies on the biological role of DNA methylation: inhibition of methylation and maturation of the bacteriophage phichi174 by nicotinamide. Nicotinamide was found to be a potent inhibitor of DNA methylation in vivo without interfering with protein or DNA synthesis. The inhibition of DNA methylation in a phage-infected cell resulted in a parallel decrease in the production of viable virus particles. In vitro experiments revealed that nicotinamide inhibits DNA methylase activity in a competitive fashion with respect to S-adenosylmethionine and non-competitively with respect to DNA. These results were interpreted to mean that DNA methylation is an essential step in the process of maturation of the bacteriophage phichi174."}
{"id": "PMID:127169", "title": "Proteoglycans of soluble fraction of mouse mastocytoma.", "content": "Proteoglycans have been isolated from a high speed supernatant fraction of a mouse mastocytoma by procedures which should minimize alteration of the native protein-polysaccharide molecule. The methods used include in vivo labeling proteoglycans with 35S-sulfate, 3H-leucine and 3H-lysine, centrifugation of the tumor homogenate at 105,000 g, cetylpyridinium fractionation of the supernatant, and further purification of some of the fractions obtained by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, gel filtration on Sepharose 4B and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Two major sulfated proteoglycans were obtained, one containing keratan sulfate-like material (KSP-S), the other a heparin-like polymer (HP-S). The presence in HP-S of a compound similar to heparin was confirmed by its digestibility with flavobacterium heparinase. HP-S contained about 4 per cent protein. Glycine was the predominant amino acid, and serine did not appear to be involved in the peptide-carbohydrate linkage. The proteoglycan present in HP-S appeared to be homogeneous when examined using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. KSP-S was found to contain sialic acid and its protein content was significantly higher than that of HP-S. Glutamic and aspartic acids were the most abundant amino acids in KSP-S.", "contents": "Proteoglycans of soluble fraction of mouse mastocytoma. Proteoglycans have been isolated from a high speed supernatant fraction of a mouse mastocytoma by procedures which should minimize alteration of the native protein-polysaccharide molecule. The methods used include in vivo labeling proteoglycans with 35S-sulfate, 3H-leucine and 3H-lysine, centrifugation of the tumor homogenate at 105,000 g, cetylpyridinium fractionation of the supernatant, and further purification of some of the fractions obtained by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, gel filtration on Sepharose 4B and cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Two major sulfated proteoglycans were obtained, one containing keratan sulfate-like material (KSP-S), the other a heparin-like polymer (HP-S). The presence in HP-S of a compound similar to heparin was confirmed by its digestibility with flavobacterium heparinase. HP-S contained about 4 per cent protein. Glycine was the predominant amino acid, and serine did not appear to be involved in the peptide-carbohydrate linkage. The proteoglycan present in HP-S appeared to be homogeneous when examined using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. KSP-S was found to contain sialic acid and its protein content was significantly higher than that of HP-S. Glutamic and aspartic acids were the most abundant amino acids in KSP-S."}
{"id": "PMID:127172", "title": "DNA polyintercalating drugs: DNA binding of diacridine derivatives.", "content": "As a first step in the synthesis and the study of DNA polyintercalating drugs, dimers of acridines have been prepared. Their DNA binding properties have been studied. It has been determined that when the chain separating the two aromatic rings is longer than a critic\u00e5l distance, bisintercalation is actually observed and that the DNA binding affinity becomes quite large (greater than 10(8)-10(9) M-1). It is shown also that the optical characteristics of these molecules are dependent on the sequences of DNA. The fluorescence intensity of one of these dimers when bound to DNA varies as the fourth power of its A+T content. This derivative could be used as a fluorescent probe of DNA sequence.", "contents": "DNA polyintercalating drugs: DNA binding of diacridine derivatives. As a first step in the synthesis and the study of DNA polyintercalating drugs, dimers of acridines have been prepared. Their DNA binding properties have been studied. It has been determined that when the chain separating the two aromatic rings is longer than a critic\u00e5l distance, bisintercalation is actually observed and that the DNA binding affinity becomes quite large (greater than 10(8)-10(9) M-1). It is shown also that the optical characteristics of these molecules are dependent on the sequences of DNA. The fluorescence intensity of one of these dimers when bound to DNA varies as the fourth power of its A+T content. This derivative could be used as a fluorescent probe of DNA sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:127173", "title": "Arrangement of sequences in the inverted terminal repetition of adenovirus 18 DNA.", "content": "In contrast to the single-stranded circular molecules produced with denatured DNA from other adenoviruses, there was associated with nearly all circular molecules of adenovirus type 18 a visible, duplex projection. These projections had a mean contour length of 0.31 +/- 0.12 mum, equivalent to approximately 3% of genome length. Individual projections ranged in size from 0.1 to 2 mum. Alkaline sucrose gradient purification of single-stranded molecules did not affect formation of these projections, and treatment of a preparation of circular molecules with Neurospora crassa single-strand specific nucleases yielded 0.34 +/- 0.09 mum duplex fragments. Single-stranded circles did not form if a limited number of nucleotides were removed from the 3' ends of native molecules by Escherichia coli exonuclease III digestion prior to denaturation and annealing. In addition, preformed single-stranded circles could be converted to linear molecules by similar treatment. Based on the formation of specific heteroduplex structures when preparations of native DNA were denatured and reannealed and the absence of branches on linear, single-stranded molecules, we conclude that projections are generated by unusually long, inverted terminal repetitions. The repetitious sequences occur in place of rather than in addition to regular sequences. These data provide direct, visual evidence for the arrangement of bases in the inverted terminal repetition of adenovirus DNA.", "contents": "Arrangement of sequences in the inverted terminal repetition of adenovirus 18 DNA. In contrast to the single-stranded circular molecules produced with denatured DNA from other adenoviruses, there was associated with nearly all circular molecules of adenovirus type 18 a visible, duplex projection. These projections had a mean contour length of 0.31 +/- 0.12 mum, equivalent to approximately 3% of genome length. Individual projections ranged in size from 0.1 to 2 mum. Alkaline sucrose gradient purification of single-stranded molecules did not affect formation of these projections, and treatment of a preparation of circular molecules with Neurospora crassa single-strand specific nucleases yielded 0.34 +/- 0.09 mum duplex fragments. Single-stranded circles did not form if a limited number of nucleotides were removed from the 3' ends of native molecules by Escherichia coli exonuclease III digestion prior to denaturation and annealing. In addition, preformed single-stranded circles could be converted to linear molecules by similar treatment. Based on the formation of specific heteroduplex structures when preparations of native DNA were denatured and reannealed and the absence of branches on linear, single-stranded molecules, we conclude that projections are generated by unusually long, inverted terminal repetitions. The repetitious sequences occur in place of rather than in addition to regular sequences. These data provide direct, visual evidence for the arrangement of bases in the inverted terminal repetition of adenovirus DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:127174", "title": "Electron microscope study of native and crosslinked rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase.", "content": "Electron microscopy of native and dimethyl-suberimidate crosslinked rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11; ATP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase) has been carried out using negative staining with sodium phosphotungstate. The results obtained suggest the protomer of molecular weight 80,000 can be approximated as a prolate ellipsoid with axes of 67 A and 25 A. The dimer, which is the fundamental unit for polymerization, is formed by association along the 25 A axis and has approximately dimensions of 67 A X 55 A X 25 A. The tetramer appears to be formed by an end-to-end aggregation of dimers, and the octamer is a sheet-like structure made up of a side-to-side aggregation of tetramers. Higher crosslinked aggregates and long crosslinked filaments also are seen. The filaments have a constant width of about 250 A, are about 0.5 mum in length, and appear to involve tetramers as a fundamental structural unit. The functional significance of the filament structure is not known.", "contents": "Electron microscope study of native and crosslinked rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase. Electron microscopy of native and dimethyl-suberimidate crosslinked rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11; ATP:D-fructose-6-phosphate 1-phosphotransferase) has been carried out using negative staining with sodium phosphotungstate. The results obtained suggest the protomer of molecular weight 80,000 can be approximated as a prolate ellipsoid with axes of 67 A and 25 A. The dimer, which is the fundamental unit for polymerization, is formed by association along the 25 A axis and has approximately dimensions of 67 A X 55 A X 25 A. The tetramer appears to be formed by an end-to-end aggregation of dimers, and the octamer is a sheet-like structure made up of a side-to-side aggregation of tetramers. Higher crosslinked aggregates and long crosslinked filaments also are seen. The filaments have a constant width of about 250 A, are about 0.5 mum in length, and appear to involve tetramers as a fundamental structural unit. The functional significance of the filament structure is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:127175", "title": "Association of phiX174 DNA-dependent ATPase activity with an Escherichia coli protein, replication factor Y, required for in vitro synthesis of phiX174 DNA.", "content": "phiX174 DNA-dependent DNA synthesis is catalyzed in vitro by the combination of at least 11 purified protein fractions: dnaB, dnaC(D), and dnaG gene products, DNA polymerase III, DNA elongation factors I and II, DNA binding protein, and replication factors W, X, Y, and Z. The reaction requires ATP, 4 dNTPs, and Mg+2 and is specific for phiX174 (or phiXahb) DNA. Purified replication factor Y contains phiX174 (or phiXahb) DNA-dependent ATPase (or dATPase) activity. The ATPase activity is poorly stimulated by other single-stranded DNA, by double-stranded DNA, or by RNA. The products of the phiX174 DNA-dependent ATPase activity of factor Y are Pi and ADP (or dADP). The association of phiX174 DNA-dependent ATPase activity with factor Y was shown in the following ways: (a) the two activities copurified with a constant ratio; (b) they comigrated on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; (c) both activities were heat-inactivated at the same rate; and (d) both showed identical patterns of N-ethylmaleimide sensitivity.", "contents": "Association of phiX174 DNA-dependent ATPase activity with an Escherichia coli protein, replication factor Y, required for in vitro synthesis of phiX174 DNA. phiX174 DNA-dependent DNA synthesis is catalyzed in vitro by the combination of at least 11 purified protein fractions: dnaB, dnaC(D), and dnaG gene products, DNA polymerase III, DNA elongation factors I and II, DNA binding protein, and replication factors W, X, Y, and Z. The reaction requires ATP, 4 dNTPs, and Mg+2 and is specific for phiX174 (or phiXahb) DNA. Purified replication factor Y contains phiX174 (or phiXahb) DNA-dependent ATPase (or dATPase) activity. The ATPase activity is poorly stimulated by other single-stranded DNA, by double-stranded DNA, or by RNA. The products of the phiX174 DNA-dependent ATPase activity of factor Y are Pi and ADP (or dADP). The association of phiX174 DNA-dependent ATPase activity with factor Y was shown in the following ways: (a) the two activities copurified with a constant ratio; (b) they comigrated on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; (c) both activities were heat-inactivated at the same rate; and (d) both showed identical patterns of N-ethylmaleimide sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:127176", "title": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of chondroitin 4-sulfate in the proteoglycan of bovine nasal cartilage.", "content": "The Fourier transform 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan subunit and complex and whole bovine nasal cartilage were obtained and compared with that of chondroitin 4-sulfate. The spectrum of chondroitin 4-sulfate in solution revealed multiple resolvable resonances with linewidths that are consistent with considerable segmental motion in the polysaccharide chain. The spectra of proteoglycan subunit and complex in solution and that of whole cartilage were very similar to that of free chondroitin 4-sulfate chains. This indicates that the linkage of multiple chondroitin sulfate chains to proteoglycan core protein and the association of proteoglycan with collagen and other constituents of cartilage matrix does not significantly alter the structure and motions of these chains.", "contents": "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance study of chondroitin 4-sulfate in the proteoglycan of bovine nasal cartilage. The Fourier transform 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan subunit and complex and whole bovine nasal cartilage were obtained and compared with that of chondroitin 4-sulfate. The spectrum of chondroitin 4-sulfate in solution revealed multiple resolvable resonances with linewidths that are consistent with considerable segmental motion in the polysaccharide chain. The spectra of proteoglycan subunit and complex in solution and that of whole cartilage were very similar to that of free chondroitin 4-sulfate chains. This indicates that the linkage of multiple chondroitin sulfate chains to proteoglycan core protein and the association of proteoglycan with collagen and other constituents of cartilage matrix does not significantly alter the structure and motions of these chains."}
{"id": "PMID:127177", "title": "Antigenic and enzymatic architecture of Micrococcus lysodeikticus membranes established by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "By crossed immunoelectrophoresis with membrane antiserum, 17 antigens have been detected in fractions from plasma membranes of M. lysodeikticus solubilized with Triton X-100. Absorption tests with protoplasts have demonstrated that eight of the antigens are expressed on the surface. Of these antigens the major one has been identified as a succinylated mannan. Five of the principal immunoprecipitates unaffected by absorption with protoplasts were shown by zymograms to possess the following enzymic activites: succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3), NADH dehyrogenase (EC 1.6.99.3)(two separate components), and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37). These enzymes or enzyme-complexes are, therefore, not expressed on the outer surface of the protoplast membrane.", "contents": "Antigenic and enzymatic architecture of Micrococcus lysodeikticus membranes established by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. By crossed immunoelectrophoresis with membrane antiserum, 17 antigens have been detected in fractions from plasma membranes of M. lysodeikticus solubilized with Triton X-100. Absorption tests with protoplasts have demonstrated that eight of the antigens are expressed on the surface. Of these antigens the major one has been identified as a succinylated mannan. Five of the principal immunoprecipitates unaffected by absorption with protoplasts were shown by zymograms to possess the following enzymic activites: succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3), NADH dehyrogenase (EC 1.6.99.3)(two separate components), and malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37). These enzymes or enzyme-complexes are, therefore, not expressed on the outer surface of the protoplast membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:127180", "title": "The Hurler syndrome: treatment of cultured Hurler fibroblasts with normal human serum.", "content": "Prolonged replacement of fetal calf serum by normal human serum for the enrichment of medium during tissue culture of Hurler fibroblasts resulted in increased acid mucopolysaccharides in the cells and in the medium. The predominant intracellular mucopolysaccharide had the characteristics of dermatan sulfate when Hurler cells were treated with either serum. Normal human serum contains a nonspecific coreective factor capable of augmenting the loss of 35SO4-AMPS from Hurler cells, but not from normal cells. Fetal calf serum and Hurler serum have similar corrective factor activity for labeled Hurler cells. The corrective factor activity of all three sera was recovered from reconstituted dialyzed ammonium sulfate precipitates. The corrective factor of normal human serum did not increase degradation of mucopolysaccharide, but increased secretion of macromolecular and large oligosaccharide components. Failure of the corrective factor of normal human serum to effectively decrease the dermatan sulfate content of Hurler cells during prolonged exposure may be a quantitative phenomenon due partly to the brief duration of corrective factor activity and partly to increased synthesis of mucopolysaccharide.", "contents": "The Hurler syndrome: treatment of cultured Hurler fibroblasts with normal human serum. Prolonged replacement of fetal calf serum by normal human serum for the enrichment of medium during tissue culture of Hurler fibroblasts resulted in increased acid mucopolysaccharides in the cells and in the medium. The predominant intracellular mucopolysaccharide had the characteristics of dermatan sulfate when Hurler cells were treated with either serum. Normal human serum contains a nonspecific coreective factor capable of augmenting the loss of 35SO4-AMPS from Hurler cells, but not from normal cells. Fetal calf serum and Hurler serum have similar corrective factor activity for labeled Hurler cells. The corrective factor activity of all three sera was recovered from reconstituted dialyzed ammonium sulfate precipitates. The corrective factor of normal human serum did not increase degradation of mucopolysaccharide, but increased secretion of macromolecular and large oligosaccharide components. Failure of the corrective factor of normal human serum to effectively decrease the dermatan sulfate content of Hurler cells during prolonged exposure may be a quantitative phenomenon due partly to the brief duration of corrective factor activity and partly to increased synthesis of mucopolysaccharide."}
{"id": "PMID:127182", "title": "A comparative study of the effect of some steroid hormones on the response of rats to other drugs.", "content": "The effect of a series of steroid hormones on the pentetrazol convulsing action, hexobarbital narcotic action and hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activities was determined in rats. All steroid compounds used antagonized the pentetrazol effect: the most potent was cortisone and the least potent testosterone. Glucocorticoids and androgens shortened the hexobarbital sleeping time and increased the hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activity. Estradiol exhibited the opposite effect, whereas progesterone and desoxycorticosterone did not affect these two parameters.", "contents": "A comparative study of the effect of some steroid hormones on the response of rats to other drugs. The effect of a series of steroid hormones on the pentetrazol convulsing action, hexobarbital narcotic action and hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activities was determined in rats. All steroid compounds used antagonized the pentetrazol effect: the most potent was cortisone and the least potent testosterone. Glucocorticoids and androgens shortened the hexobarbital sleeping time and increased the hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activity. Estradiol exhibited the opposite effect, whereas progesterone and desoxycorticosterone did not affect these two parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:127184", "title": "Radiochromatography of 5-3H-uridine derivatives found in trichloracetic and soluble fractions of mouse brain, liver, muscle and blood.", "content": "Trichloracetic acid soluble fractions from the mouse brain, liver, muscle and blood were chromatographed in three solvent systems after a subcutaneous injection of 5-3H-uridine (boric acid -- ethanol -- water -- ammonium hydroxide; n-butanol -- acetic acid -- water; IM ammonium acetate -- 95% ethanol). The amount of uridine converted to uracil in the brain and blood highly prevailed over that phosphorylated to UMP. On the contrary, the amount of 3H-;uracil was small in the LIVER AND MUSCLe, the majority of 3H-uridine being converted to UMP.", "contents": "Radiochromatography of 5-3H-uridine derivatives found in trichloracetic and soluble fractions of mouse brain, liver, muscle and blood. Trichloracetic acid soluble fractions from the mouse brain, liver, muscle and blood were chromatographed in three solvent systems after a subcutaneous injection of 5-3H-uridine (boric acid -- ethanol -- water -- ammonium hydroxide; n-butanol -- acetic acid -- water; IM ammonium acetate -- 95% ethanol). The amount of uridine converted to uracil in the brain and blood highly prevailed over that phosphorylated to UMP. On the contrary, the amount of 3H-;uracil was small in the LIVER AND MUSCLe, the majority of 3H-uridine being converted to UMP."}
{"id": "PMID:127185", "title": "The infraslow potential oscillations in developing chick embryo brain. Correlations with neuronal activity.", "content": "The correlations between infraslow potential oscillations [ISPO] and EEG activity were studied in the brain hemispheres and optic lobes of chick embryos from the 15th to 21st day of incubation. 1. The ISPO of the optic lobes remained unchanged during and after peripheral optic stimulation -- not only in 17-day-old embryos (the prefunctional stage), but also in 19- and 21-day-old embryos, in which optic evoked activity in the optic tectum is already well developed. 2. The intracerebral administration of strychnine, GABA and sodium glutamate had no effect on the ISPO of the brain hemispheres in 15-day-old embryos. 3. The effect of these neurotropic drugs in 20-day-old embryos varied. Strychnine evoked concomitant activation of ISPO and the EEG, sodium glutamate simultaneously depressed both activities, while GABA inhibited EEG activity without affecting ISPO patterns. 4. These results supported our conclusion that neuronal activity plays a secondary role in the ISPO generation process in developing brain tissue.", "contents": "The infraslow potential oscillations in developing chick embryo brain. Correlations with neuronal activity. The correlations between infraslow potential oscillations [ISPO] and EEG activity were studied in the brain hemispheres and optic lobes of chick embryos from the 15th to 21st day of incubation. 1. The ISPO of the optic lobes remained unchanged during and after peripheral optic stimulation -- not only in 17-day-old embryos (the prefunctional stage), but also in 19- and 21-day-old embryos, in which optic evoked activity in the optic tectum is already well developed. 2. The intracerebral administration of strychnine, GABA and sodium glutamate had no effect on the ISPO of the brain hemispheres in 15-day-old embryos. 3. The effect of these neurotropic drugs in 20-day-old embryos varied. Strychnine evoked concomitant activation of ISPO and the EEG, sodium glutamate simultaneously depressed both activities, while GABA inhibited EEG activity without affecting ISPO patterns. 4. These results supported our conclusion that neuronal activity plays a secondary role in the ISPO generation process in developing brain tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:127186", "title": "Rat liver homogenate hydrolases splitting N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester.", "content": "Using gel filtration on Sephadex G 200, three fractions splitting N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEE), termed I, S and II, were found in rat liver homogenate. In molecular size, electrophoretic mobility and thermolability, fractions I and II correspond to the ATEE-splitting enzymes contained in rat serum. The liver fraction S had a different surface electric charge and was relatively stable at high temperatures. Apart from ATEE, it splits certain ester and amide bonds of synthetic substrates. Purified fraction S increased vascular permeability in guinea pigs. Differential centrifugation of liver homogenate showed that fraction S and fractions I and II were localized differently in the subcellular particles.", "contents": "Rat liver homogenate hydrolases splitting N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester. Using gel filtration on Sephadex G 200, three fractions splitting N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester (ATEE), termed I, S and II, were found in rat liver homogenate. In molecular size, electrophoretic mobility and thermolability, fractions I and II correspond to the ATEE-splitting enzymes contained in rat serum. The liver fraction S had a different surface electric charge and was relatively stable at high temperatures. Apart from ATEE, it splits certain ester and amide bonds of synthetic substrates. Purified fraction S increased vascular permeability in guinea pigs. Differential centrifugation of liver homogenate showed that fraction S and fractions I and II were localized differently in the subcellular particles."}
{"id": "PMID:127187", "title": "Blood volume in inbred strain BALB/c, CBA/J and C57BL/10 mice determined by means of 59Fe-labelled red cells and 59Fe bound to transferrin.", "content": "Circulating red blood cell (RBC) and plasma volume was determined in male inbred strain BALB/c, CBA/J and C57BL/10 mice by parallel use of the 59Fe-labelled RBC dilution and the dilution of 59Fe bound to transferrin. The whole blood volumes values derived from the venous haematocrit and plasma volume were about double the values calculated from the venous haematocrit and circulating RBC volume. Comparison of the two methods thus explains the marked differences in different studies of blood volume in mice and shows that correct values can be obtained only by parallel measurements of RBC and plasma volume by separate methods, or by correcting the venous haematocrit to whole body haematocrit. Combination of the labelled RBC method and the 59Fe-transferrin method showed the blood volume values in the above strains of mice to be 10.35 +/- 0.16, 7.32 +/- 0.10 and 7.94 +/- 0.15 ml/g b.w. respectively. The ratio of whole body to venous haematocrit in these strains was was 57.3 +/- 1.6%, 68.0 +/- 1.8% and 69.5 +/- 2.2%. Significant interstrain differences were demonstrated in RBC, plasma and blood volume and in the venous and whole body haematocrit and their ratio.", "contents": "Blood volume in inbred strain BALB/c, CBA/J and C57BL/10 mice determined by means of 59Fe-labelled red cells and 59Fe bound to transferrin. Circulating red blood cell (RBC) and plasma volume was determined in male inbred strain BALB/c, CBA/J and C57BL/10 mice by parallel use of the 59Fe-labelled RBC dilution and the dilution of 59Fe bound to transferrin. The whole blood volumes values derived from the venous haematocrit and plasma volume were about double the values calculated from the venous haematocrit and circulating RBC volume. Comparison of the two methods thus explains the marked differences in different studies of blood volume in mice and shows that correct values can be obtained only by parallel measurements of RBC and plasma volume by separate methods, or by correcting the venous haematocrit to whole body haematocrit. Combination of the labelled RBC method and the 59Fe-transferrin method showed the blood volume values in the above strains of mice to be 10.35 +/- 0.16, 7.32 +/- 0.10 and 7.94 +/- 0.15 ml/g b.w. respectively. The ratio of whole body to venous haematocrit in these strains was was 57.3 +/- 1.6%, 68.0 +/- 1.8% and 69.5 +/- 2.2%. Significant interstrain differences were demonstrated in RBC, plasma and blood volume and in the venous and whole body haematocrit and their ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:127188", "title": "Specific dynamic action of a high-protein diet and its significance for thermoregulation in the golden hamster.", "content": "As a result of the specific dynamic action of a high-protein diet the resting metabolism of golden hamsters within the zone of thermoneutrality is increased on a average by 40%. The specific dynamic action diminishes markedly, with declining environmental temperature. It is concluded from this results that part of the heat produced by the specific dynamic action of a high-protein diet leads to a rise in the lower critical temperature in the zone of thermoneutrality by 2 degrees C.", "contents": "Specific dynamic action of a high-protein diet and its significance for thermoregulation in the golden hamster. As a result of the specific dynamic action of a high-protein diet the resting metabolism of golden hamsters within the zone of thermoneutrality is increased on a average by 40%. The specific dynamic action diminishes markedly, with declining environmental temperature. It is concluded from this results that part of the heat produced by the specific dynamic action of a high-protein diet leads to a rise in the lower critical temperature in the zone of thermoneutrality by 2 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:127189", "title": "Involvement of biogenic amines in drug-induced aggressive pecking in chicks.", "content": "Pairs of neonate chicks were administered psychoactive agents and pecks against each other were recorded during 4-hr test sessions. The first experiment assessed where drug-induced aggressive pecking could serve as a useful anti-depressant screening model. Although pecking was induced by tricyclics, d-amphetamine, and L-Dopa, ineffective agents included a MAO inhibitor (pargline) and a tricyclic indole antidepressant (iprindole). These data cast doubt on the validity of the chick pecking model as a specific antidepressant tests. A second experiment attempted to determine where different amines were involved in pecking induced by an antidepressant and a CNS stimulant. Pairs of chicks were pretreated with various doses of amine antagonists, and a standard dose of imipramine (IMI) or d-amphetamine (AMP) was administered. Haloperidol completely antagonized AMP but not IMI pecking, while phentolamine and propranolol did not modify AMP pecking, suggesting involvement of dopamine. Pecking induced by IMI was partially antagonized by a dose of methysergide ineffective in modifying AMP pecking. Neither phentolamine nor propranolol blocked IMI pecking. Serotonin was further implicated in IMI pecking in a third experiment, whether chronic PCPA pretreatment significantly decreased IMI, but not AMP pecking. These data suggest that aggressive pecking induced by AMP and IMI may be mediated by different amine systems.", "contents": "Involvement of biogenic amines in drug-induced aggressive pecking in chicks. Pairs of neonate chicks were administered psychoactive agents and pecks against each other were recorded during 4-hr test sessions. The first experiment assessed where drug-induced aggressive pecking could serve as a useful anti-depressant screening model. Although pecking was induced by tricyclics, d-amphetamine, and L-Dopa, ineffective agents included a MAO inhibitor (pargline) and a tricyclic indole antidepressant (iprindole). These data cast doubt on the validity of the chick pecking model as a specific antidepressant tests. A second experiment attempted to determine where different amines were involved in pecking induced by an antidepressant and a CNS stimulant. Pairs of chicks were pretreated with various doses of amine antagonists, and a standard dose of imipramine (IMI) or d-amphetamine (AMP) was administered. Haloperidol completely antagonized AMP but not IMI pecking, while phentolamine and propranolol did not modify AMP pecking, suggesting involvement of dopamine. Pecking induced by IMI was partially antagonized by a dose of methysergide ineffective in modifying AMP pecking. Neither phentolamine nor propranolol blocked IMI pecking. Serotonin was further implicated in IMI pecking in a third experiment, whether chronic PCPA pretreatment significantly decreased IMI, but not AMP pecking. These data suggest that aggressive pecking induced by AMP and IMI may be mediated by different amine systems."}
{"id": "PMID:127192", "title": "[Segmental angiography of the liver with laparoscopy and electro-coagulation. Selective hepatography (author's transl)].", "content": "Segmental angiography of the liver with laparoscopy and electro-coagulation has high diagnostic value. The circulatory systems of the liver may be studied selectively or in various combinations. Morphologic lesions as well as functional disturbances of liver arteries and veins, the portal vein and to a certain degree lymph vessels can be visualized precisely. An improved indication for shunt operations and a more reliable prognosis may be achieved by direct transhepatic pressure measurements, especially within the hepatic artery and portal vein. An early diagnosis of the Budd-Chiari-Syndrome is enabled by the combined segmental veno- and portography which could not be achieved by the known techniques so far. Complications are rarely seen. In 1070 examinations there was one suspicion for bilihemia, one case of hemobilia, and one case of a subcapsular hematoma. Twice a liver lobe was perforated. There was never a permanent damage to the patient. Biochemical and nuclear medicine studies are suggested.", "contents": "[Segmental angiography of the liver with laparoscopy and electro-coagulation. Selective hepatography (author's transl)]. Segmental angiography of the liver with laparoscopy and electro-coagulation has high diagnostic value. The circulatory systems of the liver may be studied selectively or in various combinations. Morphologic lesions as well as functional disturbances of liver arteries and veins, the portal vein and to a certain degree lymph vessels can be visualized precisely. An improved indication for shunt operations and a more reliable prognosis may be achieved by direct transhepatic pressure measurements, especially within the hepatic artery and portal vein. An early diagnosis of the Budd-Chiari-Syndrome is enabled by the combined segmental veno- and portography which could not be achieved by the known techniques so far. Complications are rarely seen. In 1070 examinations there was one suspicion for bilihemia, one case of hemobilia, and one case of a subcapsular hematoma. Twice a liver lobe was perforated. There was never a permanent damage to the patient. Biochemical and nuclear medicine studies are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:127194", "title": "[37 tumors of the jejuno-ileum].", "content": "The present paper reports on 37 primary tumours of the jejunoileum, of which 19 malignant and 18 benign. The authors emphasize the difficulty of establishing a diagnosis before the onset of one of the dramatic complications in the evolution of tumours of the small intestine. The patients were admitted for the following complications: occlusive syndrome -- 28 cases (72.9%), peritoneal syndrome -- 6 cases (16.2%) and hemorrhagic syndrome -- 3 cases (8.1%). All the patients with a peritoneal and hemorrhagic syndrome had malignant tumours.", "contents": "[37 tumors of the jejuno-ileum]. The present paper reports on 37 primary tumours of the jejunoileum, of which 19 malignant and 18 benign. The authors emphasize the difficulty of establishing a diagnosis before the onset of one of the dramatic complications in the evolution of tumours of the small intestine. The patients were admitted for the following complications: occlusive syndrome -- 28 cases (72.9%), peritoneal syndrome -- 6 cases (16.2%) and hemorrhagic syndrome -- 3 cases (8.1%). All the patients with a peritoneal and hemorrhagic syndrome had malignant tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:127196", "title": "[Use of the excluded jejunal loop for resolution of some accidents in surgery of ulcers and the biliary tract].", "content": "The specific risks of certain procedures applied in surgery of the bile ducts and duodenal ulcers are discussed (Lehey catheterism, retrograde cholecystectomy with primary severing of the cystic duct for cholangiography). Three accidental lesions of the common bile duct were successfully solved by anastomosis of the left hepatic, right hepatic and respectively commen hepatic duct with the excluded jejunal loop by the Roux-Y method. The importance of intraoperative cholangiohepatography for established immediately the biliary areas that have to be shunted into the excluded loop, is emphasized.", "contents": "[Use of the excluded jejunal loop for resolution of some accidents in surgery of ulcers and the biliary tract]. The specific risks of certain procedures applied in surgery of the bile ducts and duodenal ulcers are discussed (Lehey catheterism, retrograde cholecystectomy with primary severing of the cystic duct for cholangiography). Three accidental lesions of the common bile duct were successfully solved by anastomosis of the left hepatic, right hepatic and respectively commen hepatic duct with the excluded jejunal loop by the Roux-Y method. The importance of intraoperative cholangiohepatography for established immediately the biliary areas that have to be shunted into the excluded loop, is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:127197", "title": "[Surgical treatment of atresia of the small intestine].", "content": "Three cases of atresia of the intestine, one of which with multiple atresia of the small intestine, are reported. All three cases recovered. The surgical procedures applied for correcting atresia are discussed. In all the cases end-to-back anastomosis in an extramucous layer was performed, extramucous suture being considered as sufficiently resistant and having the advantage of not stenozing the intestinal luman. This type of suture proved efficient not only in the case of multiple atresia but also in the presence of peritonitis lesions.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of atresia of the small intestine]. Three cases of atresia of the intestine, one of which with multiple atresia of the small intestine, are reported. All three cases recovered. The surgical procedures applied for correcting atresia are discussed. In all the cases end-to-back anastomosis in an extramucous layer was performed, extramucous suture being considered as sufficiently resistant and having the advantage of not stenozing the intestinal luman. This type of suture proved efficient not only in the case of multiple atresia but also in the presence of peritonitis lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:127199", "title": "[The role of continuous extension in the appearance and prevention of joint stiffness].", "content": "Based upon a six years' experience the author uphold that continuos extension with an articular suprajacent point of fixation creates a static, reciprocal pressure between the articular surfaces and exposes to articular rigidity. Continuous extension with an articular subjacent point of fixation and gradual flexion of the knee is a preventive method of great clinical value, ensuring consolidation of the fracture focus within a short interval and maintenance of the articular function.", "contents": "[The role of continuous extension in the appearance and prevention of joint stiffness]. Based upon a six years' experience the author uphold that continuos extension with an articular suprajacent point of fixation creates a static, reciprocal pressure between the articular surfaces and exposes to articular rigidity. Continuous extension with an articular subjacent point of fixation and gradual flexion of the knee is a preventive method of great clinical value, ensuring consolidation of the fracture focus within a short interval and maintenance of the articular function."}
{"id": "PMID:127195", "title": "[Our experience in the treatment of pseudarthrosis of the carpal schaphoid bone].", "content": "The present paper reports on 20 cases of old fractures and pseudoarthrosis of the carpal scaphoid operated in the Clinic of Ortopaedics and Traumatology of the \"Br\u00eencovenesc\" Hospital and followed up over an 8 year period (1965--1972). The treatment, exclusively surgical, consisted in: osteosynthesis with corticospongious graft, combined with styloidectomy (9 cases); excision of the necrosed fragment and styloidectomy (7 cases); and one case each of osteosynthesis with aid of a screw, simple styloidectomy, explorative arthrotomy and arthrodesis of the wrist. The best result were obtained after osteosynthesis with styloidectomy, performed for various forms of pseudoarthrosis with moderate ischemia, and after partial scaphoidectomy for necrosis with a small proximal fragment.", "contents": "[Our experience in the treatment of pseudarthrosis of the carpal schaphoid bone]. The present paper reports on 20 cases of old fractures and pseudoarthrosis of the carpal scaphoid operated in the Clinic of Ortopaedics and Traumatology of the \"Br\u00eencovenesc\" Hospital and followed up over an 8 year period (1965--1972). The treatment, exclusively surgical, consisted in: osteosynthesis with corticospongious graft, combined with styloidectomy (9 cases); excision of the necrosed fragment and styloidectomy (7 cases); and one case each of osteosynthesis with aid of a screw, simple styloidectomy, explorative arthrotomy and arthrodesis of the wrist. The best result were obtained after osteosynthesis with styloidectomy, performed for various forms of pseudoarthrosis with moderate ischemia, and after partial scaphoidectomy for necrosis with a small proximal fragment."}
{"id": "PMID:127203", "title": "[Role and value of the footprint in evaluation of the development of congenital talipes equinovarus].", "content": "The author points out the importance of the plantogram in appraising the evolution of the principal component deformities in congenital equinovarus tailipes, under treatment or not. There are two kinds of pantograms, \"contact\" plantogram orientative in the redressment of supination, and \"necessarily contact\" plantogram for the redressment of adduction.", "contents": "[Role and value of the footprint in evaluation of the development of congenital talipes equinovarus]. The author points out the importance of the plantogram in appraising the evolution of the principal component deformities in congenital equinovarus tailipes, under treatment or not. There are two kinds of pantograms, \"contact\" plantogram orientative in the redressment of supination, and \"necessarily contact\" plantogram for the redressment of adduction."}
{"id": "PMID:127204", "title": "[Limits of hemodilution in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock].", "content": "Clinical analysis of 168 cases of hemorrhagic shock of the 230 cases of hemorrhage and injuries admitted to the 2nd Surgical Clinic of Timisora between 1970 and 1973, showed that the administration of blood substitutes (crystalloid and colloid solutions) may be extended with good results in the management of hemorrhagic shock up to a hematocrit of 20%, respectively 7 g Hb. This treatment implies a careful selection of the cases, based upon objective criteria (listed in the text), so that the none administration of blood should not involve any risks. Even in the cases in which blood tranfusion is indispensable, hemodilution reduces to a great extent the amount of blood required.", "contents": "[Limits of hemodilution in the treatment of hemorrhagic shock]. Clinical analysis of 168 cases of hemorrhagic shock of the 230 cases of hemorrhage and injuries admitted to the 2nd Surgical Clinic of Timisora between 1970 and 1973, showed that the administration of blood substitutes (crystalloid and colloid solutions) may be extended with good results in the management of hemorrhagic shock up to a hematocrit of 20%, respectively 7 g Hb. This treatment implies a careful selection of the cases, based upon objective criteria (listed in the text), so that the none administration of blood should not involve any risks. Even in the cases in which blood tranfusion is indispensable, hemodilution reduces to a great extent the amount of blood required."}
{"id": "PMID:127205", "title": "[41 hepatic resections].", "content": "Clinical and therapeutical aspects are discussed with reference to 41 cases of malignant and benign tumours of the liver for which various types of hepatic resections were performed. The high mortality rate (22%) and short postoperative survival (less than a year) in malignant tumours of the liver plead for limited hepatic exeresis in cancer. Hepatic exeresis in benign tumoural pathology gave better, but nevertheless restricted, immediate and late results. Hepatic scintigraphy with colloidal 198Au and 131I rose bengal proved to be useful both preoperatively for determining the quality and quantity of the intact hepatic parenchyma and for late, postoperative follow up of the hepatic regeneration process. Moderate intraoperative hypothermia was used as an adjuvant method, allowing for the approach of broader hepatic exeresis by scissural access and longer clamping of the hepatic pedicles and inferior vena cava.", "contents": "[41 hepatic resections]. Clinical and therapeutical aspects are discussed with reference to 41 cases of malignant and benign tumours of the liver for which various types of hepatic resections were performed. The high mortality rate (22%) and short postoperative survival (less than a year) in malignant tumours of the liver plead for limited hepatic exeresis in cancer. Hepatic exeresis in benign tumoural pathology gave better, but nevertheless restricted, immediate and late results. Hepatic scintigraphy with colloidal 198Au and 131I rose bengal proved to be useful both preoperatively for determining the quality and quantity of the intact hepatic parenchyma and for late, postoperative follow up of the hepatic regeneration process. Moderate intraoperative hypothermia was used as an adjuvant method, allowing for the approach of broader hepatic exeresis by scissural access and longer clamping of the hepatic pedicles and inferior vena cava."}
{"id": "PMID:127207", "title": "[Post-caustic gastric stenosis].", "content": "Two cases of postcaustic antropyloric stenosis are reported. The lesions developed 3 and respectively 5 weeks after ingestion of the caustic substance and surgery for complete stenosis was performed 35 and 56 days after the initial accident. In both cases antropylorectomy with gastroduodenoanastomosis of the P\u00e9an-Billroth type I, in two layers, was performed. Integrity of the esophagus and good function of the anastomotic mouth, appraised by the clinical symptomatology and evolution of the radiologic aspect, showed that at least in some cases it is possible to apply the curative intervention 5-6 weeks after the accident, without a previous shunt being necessary.", "contents": "[Post-caustic gastric stenosis]. Two cases of postcaustic antropyloric stenosis are reported. The lesions developed 3 and respectively 5 weeks after ingestion of the caustic substance and surgery for complete stenosis was performed 35 and 56 days after the initial accident. In both cases antropylorectomy with gastroduodenoanastomosis of the P\u00e9an-Billroth type I, in two layers, was performed. Integrity of the esophagus and good function of the anastomotic mouth, appraised by the clinical symptomatology and evolution of the radiologic aspect, showed that at least in some cases it is possible to apply the curative intervention 5-6 weeks after the accident, without a previous shunt being necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:127208", "title": "[Radioclinical and morphological comparisons in non-lithiasic gallbladder diseases].", "content": "Confrontation of the clinical, radiologic and morphologic data in a lot of 274 patients operated for non-lithiasic cholecystopathies during the 1966-1972 period, led to the following conclusions: - the painful choleic syndrome whose duration and frequency increase progressively, refractory to the conservative treatment, is a basic criterion in establishing the surgical treatment; - any change in the radiologic image of the gallbladder, especially those evoking a partial or totally inefficient contractile effort are of diagnostic value, suggesting the necessity of the operation, when confirmed by a similar clinical context; - the morphologic substrate consists in inflammatory lesions (infiltrations, atrophy of the mucosa, sclerosis), or degenerative lesions (cholecystoses) due to the reaction of the gallbladder walls to the irritative-chemical action of the bile hyperconcentrated by intermittent stasis caused by an incomplete cystic obstacle; - both types of lesions may determine with time obstruction of the cystic duct (acute cholecystitis), changes in the choledochoduodenal confluence (odditis), co-affection of the pancreas and liver (cholecystopancreatitis, chronic reactive hepatitis); - the late results lend support to the surgical treatment in such circumstances.", "contents": "[Radioclinical and morphological comparisons in non-lithiasic gallbladder diseases]. Confrontation of the clinical, radiologic and morphologic data in a lot of 274 patients operated for non-lithiasic cholecystopathies during the 1966-1972 period, led to the following conclusions: - the painful choleic syndrome whose duration and frequency increase progressively, refractory to the conservative treatment, is a basic criterion in establishing the surgical treatment; - any change in the radiologic image of the gallbladder, especially those evoking a partial or totally inefficient contractile effort are of diagnostic value, suggesting the necessity of the operation, when confirmed by a similar clinical context; - the morphologic substrate consists in inflammatory lesions (infiltrations, atrophy of the mucosa, sclerosis), or degenerative lesions (cholecystoses) due to the reaction of the gallbladder walls to the irritative-chemical action of the bile hyperconcentrated by intermittent stasis caused by an incomplete cystic obstacle; - both types of lesions may determine with time obstruction of the cystic duct (acute cholecystitis), changes in the choledochoduodenal confluence (odditis), co-affection of the pancreas and liver (cholecystopancreatitis, chronic reactive hepatitis); - the late results lend support to the surgical treatment in such circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:127212", "title": "[Apparatus for hourly determination of diuresis].", "content": "The description is given of an apparatus with a clock-like mechanism imparting to a disk a 45 degrees rotation every 60 minutes in order to transfer the end of a vesical catheter from one graduate cylinder to another. This apparatus offers the possiblity of an hourly collection of urine for a continuous follow up of the clinical and therapeutical evolution, facilitating survey of the patient especially in acute renal insufficiency of varied etiology and in diabetic coma. The hourly diuresis diagram, including the qualitative data of the samples collected, furnishes basic information for research in intensive therapy. The apparatus built with local resources, is cheap and runs silently by means of intermittent electric impulses (220 V), is easily maintained in good conditions and guaranteed against corosion and clogging of the mechanisms.", "contents": "[Apparatus for hourly determination of diuresis]. The description is given of an apparatus with a clock-like mechanism imparting to a disk a 45 degrees rotation every 60 minutes in order to transfer the end of a vesical catheter from one graduate cylinder to another. This apparatus offers the possiblity of an hourly collection of urine for a continuous follow up of the clinical and therapeutical evolution, facilitating survey of the patient especially in acute renal insufficiency of varied etiology and in diabetic coma. The hourly diuresis diagram, including the qualitative data of the samples collected, furnishes basic information for research in intensive therapy. The apparatus built with local resources, is cheap and runs silently by means of intermittent electric impulses (220 V), is easily maintained in good conditions and guaranteed against corosion and clogging of the mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:127211", "title": "[Angiographic study of the colonic vessels with a view to esophagoplasty].", "content": "Variants of the colic vessels were studied angiographically in 34 cadavers, drawing up an original classification of the colic arteries arising from the lower mesenteric artery. Sixteen variants of the left colic artery were found, which were grouped into five main types, the classical type being encountered in only 22.6% of the cases. In one case the lower mesenteric artery was absent. In coloesophagoplasty better results were obtained with the isoperistaltic transverse colon than with the upper ileocolon in 64% of the cases and similar results in 20%; in 16% of the cases the latter operation was preferable.", "contents": "[Angiographic study of the colonic vessels with a view to esophagoplasty]. Variants of the colic vessels were studied angiographically in 34 cadavers, drawing up an original classification of the colic arteries arising from the lower mesenteric artery. Sixteen variants of the left colic artery were found, which were grouped into five main types, the classical type being encountered in only 22.6% of the cases. In one case the lower mesenteric artery was absent. In coloesophagoplasty better results were obtained with the isoperistaltic transverse colon than with the upper ileocolon in 64% of the cases and similar results in 20%; in 16% of the cases the latter operation was preferable."}
{"id": "PMID:127217", "title": "[Postbulbar duodenal ulcer].", "content": "In a total of 1430 patients with gastro-duodenal ulcerative disease that have been operated the authors recorded 102 cases of duodenal ulcer in the posterior area of the bulb (7%), of which 63 also had various types of complications such as: penetration (36), stenosis (14), perforation (7), hemorrhage (4), hemorrhage and perforation (2). Six differentiated surgical techniques were employed: Reichel-Polya resection and extirpation of the lesion (30), Reichel-Polya resection with extirpation of the lesion, ligature of the duodenal stump without plugging and with epiploonoplasty (34), Reichel-Polya resection with exclusion of the ulcer (35), excision-suture with gastro-entero-anastomosis (1), excesion-suture with canula draining (1), transfixiant ligatures for hemastosis (1). A total of 23 postoperative complications were recorded with 6 deaths. By making an early diagnosis and by carrying out surgery in post-bulbar ulcers with intricated attacks, resisting medical treatment, in the pre-complication stage, these conditions being possible to achieve by a narrow cooperation with internists and by an individualization of the technique, the risks and the difficulties will be reduced with regard to closure and the morbidity, as well as the lethality following surgery will be reduced.", "contents": "[Postbulbar duodenal ulcer]. In a total of 1430 patients with gastro-duodenal ulcerative disease that have been operated the authors recorded 102 cases of duodenal ulcer in the posterior area of the bulb (7%), of which 63 also had various types of complications such as: penetration (36), stenosis (14), perforation (7), hemorrhage (4), hemorrhage and perforation (2). Six differentiated surgical techniques were employed: Reichel-Polya resection and extirpation of the lesion (30), Reichel-Polya resection with extirpation of the lesion, ligature of the duodenal stump without plugging and with epiploonoplasty (34), Reichel-Polya resection with exclusion of the ulcer (35), excision-suture with gastro-entero-anastomosis (1), excesion-suture with canula draining (1), transfixiant ligatures for hemastosis (1). A total of 23 postoperative complications were recorded with 6 deaths. By making an early diagnosis and by carrying out surgery in post-bulbar ulcers with intricated attacks, resisting medical treatment, in the pre-complication stage, these conditions being possible to achieve by a narrow cooperation with internists and by an individualization of the technique, the risks and the difficulties will be reduced with regard to closure and the morbidity, as well as the lethality following surgery will be reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:127216", "title": "[Bilateral pulmonary resections for bilateral bronchiectasis].", "content": "The present paper reports on 6 cases of bilateral bronchiectasis in patients aged 11 to 63 years, treated by simultaneous bilateral pulmonary resection and 1 case of bilateral bronchiectasis in which 14 segments were resected successively. Surgery by simultaneous bilateral approach and associated resection of the affected areas is a procedure that should be indicated, in the authors' opinion, only in carefully selected cases in which not more than 13 segments have to be resected. The indications and contraindications of surgery in bilateral bronchiectasis are discussed, preference being given to the simultaneous approach. In the cases reported at most 11 1/2 segments of the four pulmonary lobes affected were resected in a single stage; in 1 case 14 segments were resected successively, the resection exceeding in amplitude all similar one published until now. The immediate and late postoperative evolution (lesional and functional) were favourable, which pleads for a reconsideration of the approach to bilateral bronchiectasis and the application of the surgical treatment recommended, within the limits described.", "contents": "[Bilateral pulmonary resections for bilateral bronchiectasis]. The present paper reports on 6 cases of bilateral bronchiectasis in patients aged 11 to 63 years, treated by simultaneous bilateral pulmonary resection and 1 case of bilateral bronchiectasis in which 14 segments were resected successively. Surgery by simultaneous bilateral approach and associated resection of the affected areas is a procedure that should be indicated, in the authors' opinion, only in carefully selected cases in which not more than 13 segments have to be resected. The indications and contraindications of surgery in bilateral bronchiectasis are discussed, preference being given to the simultaneous approach. In the cases reported at most 11 1/2 segments of the four pulmonary lobes affected were resected in a single stage; in 1 case 14 segments were resected successively, the resection exceeding in amplitude all similar one published until now. The immediate and late postoperative evolution (lesional and functional) were favourable, which pleads for a reconsideration of the approach to bilateral bronchiectasis and the application of the surgical treatment recommended, within the limits described."}
{"id": "PMID:127220", "title": "[Patch with ileum in continuity for duodenal parietal defect after extended nephrectomy and right hemicolectomy (invasive renal cancer)].", "content": "An observation is presented of a patient with right renal cancer that invaded the caecum and the ascendant colon, as well as the descending duodenum. Enlarged nephrectomy was performed and right hemi-colectomy and resection of the antero-lateral wall of the duodenum. Termino-terminal ileo-transversostomy was performed and the duodenal defect was \"patched\" with the last ileal loop and its serosa.", "contents": "[Patch with ileum in continuity for duodenal parietal defect after extended nephrectomy and right hemicolectomy (invasive renal cancer)]. An observation is presented of a patient with right renal cancer that invaded the caecum and the ascendant colon, as well as the descending duodenum. Enlarged nephrectomy was performed and right hemi-colectomy and resection of the antero-lateral wall of the duodenum. Termino-terminal ileo-transversostomy was performed and the duodenal defect was \"patched\" with the last ileal loop and its serosa."}
{"id": "PMID:127221", "title": "[Surgical or isotopic synovectomy?].", "content": "A total of 40 patients were treated, suffering with chronic rheumatic arthropathies of the knee, by synoviorthesis with 198Au. The patients were followed for more than 3 years. Good results were obtained in 90% of the cases. The advantages are considered of the isotopic synovectomy (synoviorthesis with 198Au), as compared with surgical synovectomy. Isotopic synoviorthesis is a non-surgical procedure of destruction-reconstruction of the pathological synovial. The method has a local and a general immuno-depressing effect (reduction of the abnormal protein generation, of the chondrolytic activity of the synovial and of the permeability disturbances from various chronic exsudates in the knee articulation). The knee articulation is particularly well suited for the use of these therapeutical method. The secondary effects and the organism irradiation are minimal.", "contents": "[Surgical or isotopic synovectomy?]. A total of 40 patients were treated, suffering with chronic rheumatic arthropathies of the knee, by synoviorthesis with 198Au. The patients were followed for more than 3 years. Good results were obtained in 90% of the cases. The advantages are considered of the isotopic synovectomy (synoviorthesis with 198Au), as compared with surgical synovectomy. Isotopic synoviorthesis is a non-surgical procedure of destruction-reconstruction of the pathological synovial. The method has a local and a general immuno-depressing effect (reduction of the abnormal protein generation, of the chondrolytic activity of the synovial and of the permeability disturbances from various chronic exsudates in the knee articulation). The knee articulation is particularly well suited for the use of these therapeutical method. The secondary effects and the organism irradiation are minimal."}
{"id": "PMID:127222", "title": "[A method of osteosynthesis in supracondylar transverse fracture of the humerus in children].", "content": "A new surgical technique is described for the osteosynthesis of the supra-condylar transversal fracture of the humerus in children with an unique central transolecranian and transcondylar brooch. Intra-operative radiography is indispensable. The position for immobilization is very important. Temporary perforation of the diarthrodial cartilage and of the conjugation cartilage does not lead to functional or osteogenesis disturbances.", "contents": "[A method of osteosynthesis in supracondylar transverse fracture of the humerus in children]. A new surgical technique is described for the osteosynthesis of the supra-condylar transversal fracture of the humerus in children with an unique central transolecranian and transcondylar brooch. Intra-operative radiography is indispensable. The position for immobilization is very important. Temporary perforation of the diarthrodial cartilage and of the conjugation cartilage does not lead to functional or osteogenesis disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:127226", "title": "[Test for evaluation of the effectiveness of hormone treatment in carcinoma of the prostate].", "content": "Cytological examination of superficial epithelial cells systematically sampled at the level of the navicular fossa of the urethra in 61 patients with prosthatic carcinoma that had underwent surgery or that had not been operated, in whom longterm treatment with oestrogens was applied led to the conclusion that the caryopyknotic index shows variable increases, in some cases attaining more than 30-40%, in direct connection with the amount and the duration of administration of the oestrogen substances. The results obtained are encouraging and suggest the possibility to apply an objective test in the application and the evaluation of the efficiency of a hormonal treatment.", "contents": "[Test for evaluation of the effectiveness of hormone treatment in carcinoma of the prostate]. Cytological examination of superficial epithelial cells systematically sampled at the level of the navicular fossa of the urethra in 61 patients with prosthatic carcinoma that had underwent surgery or that had not been operated, in whom longterm treatment with oestrogens was applied led to the conclusion that the caryopyknotic index shows variable increases, in some cases attaining more than 30-40%, in direct connection with the amount and the duration of administration of the oestrogen substances. The results obtained are encouraging and suggest the possibility to apply an objective test in the application and the evaluation of the efficiency of a hormonal treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:127227", "title": "[Atypical postoperative peritonitis].", "content": "In the present conditions of development of the medical sciences the wide and varied use of pre- and postoperative antibiotherapy, to which is added the complex therapy carried out in the intensive-care unit, have changed the course of the dramatic postoperative peritonitis that at present do not develop any more according to the classical symptomatology. The key to success in these cases is the discovery as rapidly as possible of the moment when peritoneal infection has started to develop in view of applying the only correct treatment--reintervention. The present study makes an analysis of 32 cases and stresses the atypical evolution of postoperative peritonitis: contracture, pain, high fever and hyperleukocytosis cannot be considered any more as constant and certain signs. Meteorism and gastric stasis that is prolonged or that developes after 4-8 days following surgery are the most frequently encountered of the signs and are considered to be the most important. Exploratory laparotomy is the most correct attitude in dubious cases.", "contents": "[Atypical postoperative peritonitis]. In the present conditions of development of the medical sciences the wide and varied use of pre- and postoperative antibiotherapy, to which is added the complex therapy carried out in the intensive-care unit, have changed the course of the dramatic postoperative peritonitis that at present do not develop any more according to the classical symptomatology. The key to success in these cases is the discovery as rapidly as possible of the moment when peritoneal infection has started to develop in view of applying the only correct treatment--reintervention. The present study makes an analysis of 32 cases and stresses the atypical evolution of postoperative peritonitis: contracture, pain, high fever and hyperleukocytosis cannot be considered any more as constant and certain signs. Meteorism and gastric stasis that is prolonged or that developes after 4-8 days following surgery are the most frequently encountered of the signs and are considered to be the most important. Exploratory laparotomy is the most correct attitude in dubious cases."}
{"id": "PMID:127229", "title": "[Uremigenic cholangitis].", "content": "The treatment is presented, applied in a case of severe angiocholitis complicated by acute renal failure, known in the literature under the name of uremigenic angiocholitis. After three emergency hospitalizations, two interventions consisting in surgical drainage, de-shocking procedures, treatment of the hepato-renal failure and applications of wide-range antibiotics for the treatment of infection the angiocholitic phenomena disappeared and the hepato-renal failure is on the way to recovery. At this moment of the evolution the patient developed atrial fibrillation that was improved by Narcotan anesthesia. The efficiency is remarked of the treatment with large amounts of Furosemid in the anuric period, as a means to avoid extra-renal depuration.", "contents": "[Uremigenic cholangitis]. The treatment is presented, applied in a case of severe angiocholitis complicated by acute renal failure, known in the literature under the name of uremigenic angiocholitis. After three emergency hospitalizations, two interventions consisting in surgical drainage, de-shocking procedures, treatment of the hepato-renal failure and applications of wide-range antibiotics for the treatment of infection the angiocholitic phenomena disappeared and the hepato-renal failure is on the way to recovery. At this moment of the evolution the patient developed atrial fibrillation that was improved by Narcotan anesthesia. The efficiency is remarked of the treatment with large amounts of Furosemid in the anuric period, as a means to avoid extra-renal depuration."}
{"id": "PMID:127231", "title": "[Complications of splenectomy].", "content": "The present study is an analysis of complications developing after a total of 200 splenectomies carried out for various indications: primary hypersplenism (83), secondary hypersplenism following portal hypertension (72), diseases of the hemopoietic system (24), parasitic and infectious splenomegalies (13), rupture of the spleen or of splenic artery aneurisma (8). A number of 68 patients (34%) had a total of 73 complications following surgery. Of these 60 have recovered (30%) while 8 (representing 4% of the total), died. A total of 22 local or general septic complications were noted, as well as 20 complications generated by disturbances of the balance of fluids and/or of the coagulation system, 19 pleuro-pulmonary complications, 6 complications that were not specific for splenectomy, 5 pancreatic complications and 5 cases of hepatic failure.", "contents": "[Complications of splenectomy]. The present study is an analysis of complications developing after a total of 200 splenectomies carried out for various indications: primary hypersplenism (83), secondary hypersplenism following portal hypertension (72), diseases of the hemopoietic system (24), parasitic and infectious splenomegalies (13), rupture of the spleen or of splenic artery aneurisma (8). A number of 68 patients (34%) had a total of 73 complications following surgery. Of these 60 have recovered (30%) while 8 (representing 4% of the total), died. A total of 22 local or general septic complications were noted, as well as 20 complications generated by disturbances of the balance of fluids and/or of the coagulation system, 19 pleuro-pulmonary complications, 6 complications that were not specific for splenectomy, 5 pancreatic complications and 5 cases of hepatic failure."}
{"id": "PMID:127228", "title": "[Muscular clearance after administration of phenoxybenzamine in shock].", "content": "The authors made an experimental investigation in the dog concerning the evolution of the muscular clearance of phenoxybenzamine in the course of de-shocking procedures. The animals were shocked by hemorrhage and were treated by perfusion of volemic mass and administration of phenoxybenzamine. This substance was flowed in paralell with the hemodynamic parameters and the rhythm of the diuresis. It was noted that the direction and the amplitude of changes concerning the half-life of Na131I do not depend on the blood pressure.", "contents": "[Muscular clearance after administration of phenoxybenzamine in shock]. The authors made an experimental investigation in the dog concerning the evolution of the muscular clearance of phenoxybenzamine in the course of de-shocking procedures. The animals were shocked by hemorrhage and were treated by perfusion of volemic mass and administration of phenoxybenzamine. This substance was flowed in paralell with the hemodynamic parameters and the rhythm of the diuresis. It was noted that the direction and the amplitude of changes concerning the half-life of Na131I do not depend on the blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:127234", "title": "[Difficulties in diagnosis and surgical treatment of subacute and chronic thyroiditis].", "content": "Out of a total number of 875 cases of thyroid affections of various origins, hospitalized in the two surgical clinics of T\u00eergu-Mure\u015f, the authors selected 16 cases of subacute and chronic thyroiditis. They indicate the difficulties encountered in establishing the diagnosis before surgery, a fact that determined wide excisions in extremely difficult local conditions. They suggest, as a first therapeutic attitude, a conservative treatment with steroid drugs, antibiotics and roentgentherapy (when necessary), and, if such treatments fail, or when malignancies are suspected, as well as compression phenomena have developed, surgical treatment preceded by an extemporaneous anatomo-pathological examination. When thyroiditis is diagnosed surgery should be limited to decompressing incisions.", "contents": "[Difficulties in diagnosis and surgical treatment of subacute and chronic thyroiditis]. Out of a total number of 875 cases of thyroid affections of various origins, hospitalized in the two surgical clinics of T\u00eergu-Mure\u015f, the authors selected 16 cases of subacute and chronic thyroiditis. They indicate the difficulties encountered in establishing the diagnosis before surgery, a fact that determined wide excisions in extremely difficult local conditions. They suggest, as a first therapeutic attitude, a conservative treatment with steroid drugs, antibiotics and roentgentherapy (when necessary), and, if such treatments fail, or when malignancies are suspected, as well as compression phenomena have developed, surgical treatment preceded by an extemporaneous anatomo-pathological examination. When thyroiditis is diagnosed surgery should be limited to decompressing incisions."}
{"id": "PMID:127230", "title": "[Involvement of the thyroid gland in clinical shock (anti-shock action of propylthiouracil)].", "content": "Propylthyouracil, a synthetic anti-thyroid drug, was given intravenously in ten patients in a severe shock condition and its action was followed on the blood cathecholamines. This was assessed in venous blood according to a modified colorimetric method by Manuhin, before and 30 minutes after the substance was perfused. Although statistically non-significantly the two amines show a tendency to fall after the administration of the drug. In line with a series of previous studies carried out in various institutes of chemical and pharmaceutical research the drug was given for the first time in humans in shock conditions. Discussing the results obtained the administration of propylthyouracil is recommended, as an adjuvant therapy in severe shock.", "contents": "[Involvement of the thyroid gland in clinical shock (anti-shock action of propylthiouracil)]. Propylthyouracil, a synthetic anti-thyroid drug, was given intravenously in ten patients in a severe shock condition and its action was followed on the blood cathecholamines. This was assessed in venous blood according to a modified colorimetric method by Manuhin, before and 30 minutes after the substance was perfused. Although statistically non-significantly the two amines show a tendency to fall after the administration of the drug. In line with a series of previous studies carried out in various institutes of chemical and pharmaceutical research the drug was given for the first time in humans in shock conditions. Discussing the results obtained the administration of propylthyouracil is recommended, as an adjuvant therapy in severe shock."}
{"id": "PMID:127236", "title": "[Pleuropulmonary diffusion in some subdiaphragmatic suppurations].", "content": "Two cases are presented of subphrenic suppurations (right perinephretic phlegmon and suppurated hepatic hydatic cyst), that developed fistulae in the lung and the pleura. The evolutive modalities are discussed the diagnostic difficulties and the corresponding therapeutic attitudes.", "contents": "[Pleuropulmonary diffusion in some subdiaphragmatic suppurations]. Two cases are presented of subphrenic suppurations (right perinephretic phlegmon and suppurated hepatic hydatic cyst), that developed fistulae in the lung and the pleura. The evolutive modalities are discussed the diagnostic difficulties and the corresponding therapeutic attitudes."}
{"id": "PMID:127238", "title": "[Upper digestive hemorrhages of ulcerous nature (management and experience)].", "content": "A number of 135 cases were examined, presenting with superior digestive hemorrhage of ulcerative origin. The analysis of the cases was made by two comparable groups. In the first one of the groups the volemic re-equillibration was based on the administration of blood and surgery was carried out, in principle, on a \"cold\" condition. In the second group volemic re-equillibration was achieved exclusively with isotonic non-colloidal volemic solutions that were administered before, during and after surgery (0.9% NaCl solution and 5 g% glucose solution in equal amounts). Surgery was performed as an emergency and vagotomy was made, as well as surgical hemostasis. The results obtained have allowed for the conclusion that, by providing efficient surgical hemostasis and volemic re-equillibration with isotonic non-colloidal solutions blood transfusion and its untoward side-effects can be avoided.", "contents": "[Upper digestive hemorrhages of ulcerous nature (management and experience)]. A number of 135 cases were examined, presenting with superior digestive hemorrhage of ulcerative origin. The analysis of the cases was made by two comparable groups. In the first one of the groups the volemic re-equillibration was based on the administration of blood and surgery was carried out, in principle, on a \"cold\" condition. In the second group volemic re-equillibration was achieved exclusively with isotonic non-colloidal volemic solutions that were administered before, during and after surgery (0.9% NaCl solution and 5 g% glucose solution in equal amounts). Surgery was performed as an emergency and vagotomy was made, as well as surgical hemostasis. The results obtained have allowed for the conclusion that, by providing efficient surgical hemostasis and volemic re-equillibration with isotonic non-colloidal solutions blood transfusion and its untoward side-effects can be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:127240", "title": "[Serum cholinesterase in anesthesia and surgical shock].", "content": "The evaluation of the serum cholinesterase activity in various experimental conditions (anesthesized dogs, operated on or not, in shock intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride) indicated various degrees of inhibition of this enzyme, peaking in imbalances that developed during shock or in the carbon tetrachloride intoxication of the animals.", "contents": "[Serum cholinesterase in anesthesia and surgical shock]. The evaluation of the serum cholinesterase activity in various experimental conditions (anesthesized dogs, operated on or not, in shock intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride) indicated various degrees of inhibition of this enzyme, peaking in imbalances that developed during shock or in the carbon tetrachloride intoxication of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:127344", "title": "[Major scoliosis, over 100 degrees, in adults. 183 surgically treated cases].", "content": "Most severe scoliosis and kyphoscoliosis are not unfrequent in European countries. The purpose of their treatment is not only cosmetic but, often, vital. Patients are hypotrophic and their vital capacities usually very poor. Since 1952, the authors have treated (partial, reduction and fusion) 183 patients: with curves above 100 degrees (101 degrees-203 degrees). Reduction was obtained by distraction cast or halo-traction. Surgical treatment (one or two stages) used Harrington rods and fusion with a large amount of iliac bone. These procedures are dangerous for the medullary function. Controls must be performed during the operative distraction. Follow up studies demonstrated the stability of the obtained reductions.", "contents": "[Major scoliosis, over 100 degrees, in adults. 183 surgically treated cases]. Most severe scoliosis and kyphoscoliosis are not unfrequent in European countries. The purpose of their treatment is not only cosmetic but, often, vital. Patients are hypotrophic and their vital capacities usually very poor. Since 1952, the authors have treated (partial, reduction and fusion) 183 patients: with curves above 100 degrees (101 degrees-203 degrees). Reduction was obtained by distraction cast or halo-traction. Surgical treatment (one or two stages) used Harrington rods and fusion with a large amount of iliac bone. These procedures are dangerous for the medullary function. Controls must be performed during the operative distraction. Follow up studies demonstrated the stability of the obtained reductions."}
{"id": "PMID:127345", "title": "[Orthopedic reduction of scoliosis by Maguelone's technic. Indications and first results].", "content": "The authors describe an original technique for rapid closed reduction of scoliosis (Maguelone technique). It is based on mild distraction in suspension associated with derotation without pressure points. It is painless and efficient. In 50 cases it was followed by a conservative treatment using plaster casts. In 15 other cases it was the first stage of a surgical treatment of the deformity.", "contents": "[Orthopedic reduction of scoliosis by Maguelone's technic. Indications and first results]. The authors describe an original technique for rapid closed reduction of scoliosis (Maguelone technique). It is based on mild distraction in suspension associated with derotation without pressure points. It is painless and efficient. In 50 cases it was followed by a conservative treatment using plaster casts. In 15 other cases it was the first stage of a surgical treatment of the deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:127346", "title": "[Treatment of severe recurvation of the knee in poliomyelitis. Role of olecranization of the patella].", "content": "The authors have treated two cases of severe genu-recurvatum after poliomyelitis by a locking operation. They fused the patella to the tibia by grafting, realising an anterior shelf-operation. Full flexion was preserved, hyper-extension was decreased. The indications of this operation are discussed and compared with these of tibial osteotomies and capsulorraphies.", "contents": "[Treatment of severe recurvation of the knee in poliomyelitis. Role of olecranization of the patella]. The authors have treated two cases of severe genu-recurvatum after poliomyelitis by a locking operation. They fused the patella to the tibia by grafting, realising an anterior shelf-operation. Full flexion was preserved, hyper-extension was decreased. The indications of this operation are discussed and compared with these of tibial osteotomies and capsulorraphies."}
{"id": "PMID:127347", "title": "[Treatment of post-traumatic cubitus varus in children. A propos of 32 cases].", "content": "The authors have reviewed 32 cases of severe varus deformity following supra-condylar fractures in childhood. The sequellae were mainly cosmetic, the function being preserved. All cases were treated by supra-condylar osteotomy fixed by screwing. The technique is described. The results were satisfactory in 20 cases.", "contents": "[Treatment of post-traumatic cubitus varus in children. A propos of 32 cases]. The authors have reviewed 32 cases of severe varus deformity following supra-condylar fractures in childhood. The sequellae were mainly cosmetic, the function being preserved. All cases were treated by supra-condylar osteotomy fixed by screwing. The technique is described. The results were satisfactory in 20 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:127348", "title": "[Inguinal tumor due to synovial cysts of the hip].", "content": "The authors operated on a tumorlike synovial cyst of the hip, associated with an idiopathic osteonecrosis of femoral head. So far, about fifty cases have been reported in the medical litterature with various names, and association with hip joint disease. The problems of diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Inguinal tumor due to synovial cysts of the hip]. The authors operated on a tumorlike synovial cyst of the hip, associated with an idiopathic osteonecrosis of femoral head. So far, about fifty cases have been reported in the medical litterature with various names, and association with hip joint disease. The problems of diagnosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127349", "title": "[Lumbrical plus syndrome].", "content": "A rare case of paradoxical extension of the medius finger - the so-called lumbrical plus finger syndrome-is described. At operation was found a fibrous adherence of the third lumbrical at the sheath of the flexor digitorum profundus. Some of pathological mechanisms are discussed. A satisfactory result was obtained after the resection of the tendon of the second lumbrical.", "contents": "[Lumbrical plus syndrome]. A rare case of paradoxical extension of the medius finger - the so-called lumbrical plus finger syndrome-is described. At operation was found a fibrous adherence of the third lumbrical at the sheath of the flexor digitorum profundus. Some of pathological mechanisms are discussed. A satisfactory result was obtained after the resection of the tendon of the second lumbrical."}
{"id": "PMID:127350", "title": "[Surgical repair of chronic instabilities of the cruciate ligaments of the knee].", "content": "The authors have developped a technique aiming at replacing the anterior cruciate ligament by the tendon of gracilis muscle derouted through the intercondylar region and acting as an active transplant in 32 cases. In 20 other cases replacement of the posterior cruciate ligament was obtained by the use of the tendon of semi tendinosus muscle acting as a passive neo-ligament. The follow-up study demonstrated 87 p. 100 of good results after isolated tears of the anterior ligament and 83 p. 100 after isolated tears of the posterior ligament. 21 times an additional plasty of the medial ligament had to be performed. In these combined lesions results were less favourable.", "contents": "[Surgical repair of chronic instabilities of the cruciate ligaments of the knee]. The authors have developped a technique aiming at replacing the anterior cruciate ligament by the tendon of gracilis muscle derouted through the intercondylar region and acting as an active transplant in 32 cases. In 20 other cases replacement of the posterior cruciate ligament was obtained by the use of the tendon of semi tendinosus muscle acting as a passive neo-ligament. The follow-up study demonstrated 87 p. 100 of good results after isolated tears of the anterior ligament and 83 p. 100 after isolated tears of the posterior ligament. 21 times an additional plasty of the medial ligament had to be performed. In these combined lesions results were less favourable."}
{"id": "PMID:127351", "title": "Phospholamban: a regulatory protein of the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Accelerated calcium transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of the heart may mediate the inotropic actions of agents that act to increase adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) within the cell. Studies in our laboratory have shown that ATP-dependent Ca uptake by cardiac microsomes rich in SR is enhanced by pretreatment with bovine cardiac cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cyclic AMP-PK). Ca2+-activated ATPase is increased concomitantly with Ca uptake, stoichiometric coupling of 2 moles of Ca2+ taken up per mole of ATP hydrolyzed remaining constant. The steady state level of Ca binding is not increased by cyclic AMP-PK pretreatment, suggesting that the turnover rate of the transport system rather than the number of transport sites is increased. Phosphorylation of the SR by protein kinase is half-maximal at approximately 10(-7) M cyclic AMP, a value similar to that which gives half-maximal stimulation of both Ca uptake and Ca2+-activated ATPase. Over 80 percent of the 32P associated with membrane protein is identifiable as phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. The 32P is incorporated into a 22,000-dalton protein as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein, which we have tentatively named phospholamban (lambda alpha mu beta alpha psi usilon epsilon omega = to receive) appears to particiapte in the regulation of calcium transport by the heart's SR and may play a role in the inotropic actions of drugs, such as epinephrine, which act upon the cyclic AMP-PK system.", "contents": "Phospholamban: a regulatory protein of the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. Accelerated calcium transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of the heart may mediate the inotropic actions of agents that act to increase adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) within the cell. Studies in our laboratory have shown that ATP-dependent Ca uptake by cardiac microsomes rich in SR is enhanced by pretreatment with bovine cardiac cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase (cyclic AMP-PK). Ca2+-activated ATPase is increased concomitantly with Ca uptake, stoichiometric coupling of 2 moles of Ca2+ taken up per mole of ATP hydrolyzed remaining constant. The steady state level of Ca binding is not increased by cyclic AMP-PK pretreatment, suggesting that the turnover rate of the transport system rather than the number of transport sites is increased. Phosphorylation of the SR by protein kinase is half-maximal at approximately 10(-7) M cyclic AMP, a value similar to that which gives half-maximal stimulation of both Ca uptake and Ca2+-activated ATPase. Over 80 percent of the 32P associated with membrane protein is identifiable as phosphoserine and phosphothreonine. The 32P is incorporated into a 22,000-dalton protein as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein, which we have tentatively named phospholamban (lambda alpha mu beta alpha psi usilon epsilon omega = to receive) appears to particiapte in the regulation of calcium transport by the heart's SR and may play a role in the inotropic actions of drugs, such as epinephrine, which act upon the cyclic AMP-PK system."}
{"id": "PMID:127352", "title": "A possible explanation for the peculiar contractile behavior displayed by rat heart muscle.", "content": "Because it is generally agreed that the sarcoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in regulating the intracellular availability of Ca2+, the ability of rat microsomal fractions to accumulate Ca2+ was compared with that of microsomal fractions similarly prepared from guinea pig heart muscle. Despite a relatively high level of basic ATPase enzyme activity (19.2 +/- 2.6 muM Pi/mg of microsomal protein/10 min) rat microsomal fractions consistently accumulated significantly (p less than 0.001) less Ca2+ than did the guinea pig preparations, irrespective of whether the incubation medium contained oxalate. The microsomal yield obtained from the rat hearts was not significantly different (p less than 0.8) from that obtained for guinea pig heart muscle. Rat mitochondria similarly accumulated significantly less Ca2+ than did the guinea pig mitochondria. These observations substantiate a general hypothesis that rat heart cells may possess a relatively high intracellular concentration of free Ca.", "contents": "A possible explanation for the peculiar contractile behavior displayed by rat heart muscle. Because it is generally agreed that the sarcoplasmic reticulum plays an important role in regulating the intracellular availability of Ca2+, the ability of rat microsomal fractions to accumulate Ca2+ was compared with that of microsomal fractions similarly prepared from guinea pig heart muscle. Despite a relatively high level of basic ATPase enzyme activity (19.2 +/- 2.6 muM Pi/mg of microsomal protein/10 min) rat microsomal fractions consistently accumulated significantly (p less than 0.001) less Ca2+ than did the guinea pig preparations, irrespective of whether the incubation medium contained oxalate. The microsomal yield obtained from the rat hearts was not significantly different (p less than 0.8) from that obtained for guinea pig heart muscle. Rat mitochondria similarly accumulated significantly less Ca2+ than did the guinea pig mitochondria. These observations substantiate a general hypothesis that rat heart cells may possess a relatively high intracellular concentration of free Ca."}
{"id": "PMID:127353", "title": "Calcium uptake and ATPase activity of microsomes from heterotopically transplanted rabbit heart.", "content": "Heterotopic cardiac transplantation was performed in rabbits. The calcium uptake and ATPase activities of microsomal fraction were studied in three groups (group I, normal controls; group II, early transplants; group III, late transplants) during severe rejection as characterized histologically and electrocardiographically. Group III showed a significant decrease in calcium uptake but no difference in ATPase activity compared with groups I or II. The results demonstrate that in the rejecting transplanted hearts there is an uncoupling of microsomal calcium uptake from this ATP splitting function.", "contents": "Calcium uptake and ATPase activity of microsomes from heterotopically transplanted rabbit heart. Heterotopic cardiac transplantation was performed in rabbits. The calcium uptake and ATPase activities of microsomal fraction were studied in three groups (group I, normal controls; group II, early transplants; group III, late transplants) during severe rejection as characterized histologically and electrocardiographically. Group III showed a significant decrease in calcium uptake but no difference in ATPase activity compared with groups I or II. The results demonstrate that in the rejecting transplanted hearts there is an uncoupling of microsomal calcium uptake from this ATP splitting function."}
{"id": "PMID:127354", "title": "Role of mitochondrial calcium metabolism in the altered contractility of pressure-hypertrophied right ventricular myocardium.", "content": "Pressure-hypertrophied right ventricular myocardium (RVH) demonstrates paradoxically increased oxygen consumption (MVO2) related to increase- in vitro energy-linked mitochondrial calcium flux. The present experiments were designed to measure mitochondrial Ca retention in intact RVH and relate changes in mitochondrial Ca metabolism to altered RVH contractility and relaxation. Sixteen cats were pulmonary artery banded and their hearts plus paired controls were perfused with 45Ca-labeled Krebs-Henseleit (30 degrees C) at 120 beats/min for 10 min. Papillary muscles from both right ventricles were studied in a muscle bath. Mitochondria were isolated from the right ventricles and retained 45Ca measured. At the length at which active tension is developed (Lmax) papillary muscle abnormalities were, for reduced active tension, 6.9 gm/mm2 +/- 0.6 SE for control, 4.0 +/- 0.6 for RVH, p less than 0.001; for slower contraction rate, 40.8 gm/mm2/sec +/- 6.3 control, 16.9 +/- 2.8 RVH, p less than 0.001; for slower relaxation rate, 22.0 gm/mm2/sec \"/0 1.5 control, 11.1+/- 1.6 RVH, p less than 0.001; for greater time to peak tension, 317 msec +/- 7 control, 408 +/- 13 RVH, p less than 0.001; for greater relaxation time, 590 msec +/- 29 control, 800 +/- 39 RVH, p less than 0.001. Retained 45Ca of mitochondria was increased from 16.75 +/- 0.96 nM/mg of protein for control, to 20.82 +/- 0.98 for RVH, p less than 0.005. This increase in mitochondrial 45Ca retention correlated (r = 0.93, p less than 0.001) with the decreased rate of papillary muscle relaxation. These data show an increased 45Ca retention of mitochondria in pressure-induced RVH and relate this biochemical abnormality to a decreased myocardial relaxation in this state.", "contents": "Role of mitochondrial calcium metabolism in the altered contractility of pressure-hypertrophied right ventricular myocardium. Pressure-hypertrophied right ventricular myocardium (RVH) demonstrates paradoxically increased oxygen consumption (MVO2) related to increase- in vitro energy-linked mitochondrial calcium flux. The present experiments were designed to measure mitochondrial Ca retention in intact RVH and relate changes in mitochondrial Ca metabolism to altered RVH contractility and relaxation. Sixteen cats were pulmonary artery banded and their hearts plus paired controls were perfused with 45Ca-labeled Krebs-Henseleit (30 degrees C) at 120 beats/min for 10 min. Papillary muscles from both right ventricles were studied in a muscle bath. Mitochondria were isolated from the right ventricles and retained 45Ca measured. At the length at which active tension is developed (Lmax) papillary muscle abnormalities were, for reduced active tension, 6.9 gm/mm2 +/- 0.6 SE for control, 4.0 +/- 0.6 for RVH, p less than 0.001; for slower contraction rate, 40.8 gm/mm2/sec +/- 6.3 control, 16.9 +/- 2.8 RVH, p less than 0.001; for slower relaxation rate, 22.0 gm/mm2/sec \"/0 1.5 control, 11.1+/- 1.6 RVH, p less than 0.001; for greater time to peak tension, 317 msec +/- 7 control, 408 +/- 13 RVH, p less than 0.001; for greater relaxation time, 590 msec +/- 29 control, 800 +/- 39 RVH, p less than 0.001. Retained 45Ca of mitochondria was increased from 16.75 +/- 0.96 nM/mg of protein for control, to 20.82 +/- 0.98 for RVH, p less than 0.005. This increase in mitochondrial 45Ca retention correlated (r = 0.93, p less than 0.001) with the decreased rate of papillary muscle relaxation. These data show an increased 45Ca retention of mitochondria in pressure-induced RVH and relate this biochemical abnormality to a decreased myocardial relaxation in this state."}
{"id": "PMID:127355", "title": "Effects of hemodynamic overload on canine myocardial myosin.", "content": "After mild banding of pulmonary artery in dogs there was a rapid elevation in protein and RNA synthesis, followed by an elevation in myosin content and myosin ATPase activity. There was an increase in myosin ATPase activity when K+ or Ca++ was used as activator effector but not with the cations, Mn++ or NH4+. Concomitant with an increase in myosin ATPase activity there was a decrease in one of the C1 light chain components, previously named C1d.", "contents": "Effects of hemodynamic overload on canine myocardial myosin. After mild banding of pulmonary artery in dogs there was a rapid elevation in protein and RNA synthesis, followed by an elevation in myosin content and myosin ATPase activity. There was an increase in myosin ATPase activity when K+ or Ca++ was used as activator effector but not with the cations, Mn++ or NH4+. Concomitant with an increase in myosin ATPase activity there was a decrease in one of the C1 light chain components, previously named C1d."}
{"id": "PMID:127356", "title": "Cardiac myosin: preparation, ATPase in chronic heart hypertrophy.", "content": "A low myofibrillar ATPase seems to be established definitely in several experimental models of chronic heart hypertrophy as well as in humans, but the biochemical pathogenesis of this defect is still unclear. Three different preparations of myosin were studied. Their purity was estimated by measuring MgATPase or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The first preparation was highly contaminated by actin and tropomyosin; the second was rather pure, and the third (chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex) was pure but slightly denaturated. Heart myosin CaATPase (ionic strength 0.6 or 0.06) was decreased in chronic aortic insufficiency in the rabbits (CAI) when all three preparations were tested. Two (molecular weight 18,000 and 26,000), sometimes three light subunits were found in heart myosin. Their charge and molecular weight are normal in CAI. The third subunit (molecular weight 15,500) was found in control as well as in CAI. Search for an inhibitor was unsuccessful since the two myosin ATPases are additive. The nucleoprotein peak separated from myosin during chromatography was identical in control and CAI. Therefore, myosin seems to be abnormal in CAI.", "contents": "Cardiac myosin: preparation, ATPase in chronic heart hypertrophy. A low myofibrillar ATPase seems to be established definitely in several experimental models of chronic heart hypertrophy as well as in humans, but the biochemical pathogenesis of this defect is still unclear. Three different preparations of myosin were studied. Their purity was estimated by measuring MgATPase or by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The first preparation was highly contaminated by actin and tropomyosin; the second was rather pure, and the third (chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex) was pure but slightly denaturated. Heart myosin CaATPase (ionic strength 0.6 or 0.06) was decreased in chronic aortic insufficiency in the rabbits (CAI) when all three preparations were tested. Two (molecular weight 18,000 and 26,000), sometimes three light subunits were found in heart myosin. Their charge and molecular weight are normal in CAI. The third subunit (molecular weight 15,500) was found in control as well as in CAI. Search for an inhibitor was unsuccessful since the two myosin ATPases are additive. The nucleoprotein peak separated from myosin during chromatography was identical in control and CAI. Therefore, myosin seems to be abnormal in CAI."}
{"id": "PMID:127357", "title": "Cardiac glycoside receptor in potassium depletion.", "content": "Ouabain binding capacity of cell membranes is directly related to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. The extent of ouabain inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase is a measure of ouabain receptor sites occupied. Dissociation constants of the ouabain-receptor complexes are identical in all organs in a single species but vary among different species. K+ decreases the association rate constant of the ouabain receptor interaction without altering the dissociation rate constants. Titration of digoxin-inhibited (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from guinea pig heart with digoxin antibodies shows a reversal of the inhibition at lower antibody concentrations in the presence of K+ than in the absence of K+. It is concluded that digitalis intolerance in acute hypokalemia reflects the increased affinity of the cardiac glycoside receptor under these conditions.", "contents": "Cardiac glycoside receptor in potassium depletion. Ouabain binding capacity of cell membranes is directly related to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. The extent of ouabain inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase is a measure of ouabain receptor sites occupied. Dissociation constants of the ouabain-receptor complexes are identical in all organs in a single species but vary among different species. K+ decreases the association rate constant of the ouabain receptor interaction without altering the dissociation rate constants. Titration of digoxin-inhibited (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from guinea pig heart with digoxin antibodies shows a reversal of the inhibition at lower antibody concentrations in the presence of K+ than in the absence of K+. It is concluded that digitalis intolerance in acute hypokalemia reflects the increased affinity of the cardiac glycoside receptor under these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:127358", "title": "Cardiac effects of ethacrynic acid, a Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitor.", "content": "To test hypotheses relating positive inotropic effects of cardiac glycosides (CG) to inhibitory effects on Na,K-ATPase, cardiac actions of other inhibitors were examined. Ethacrynic acid was studied using microelectrode recordings of dog Purkinje fibers (DP) and cat papillary muscle (CP), and isometric recordings of CP at Lmax stimulated at 1/sec (36.5 degrees C). Results with all doses (20-200 gamma/ml) were similar, differing only in latency. Actions of ethacrynic acid on electrical activity of DP and CP were, chronologically: increase in duration of the action potential (AP), and decrease in dV/dt, overshoot, and resting potential. In CP an initial increase (2-5 min) in contractility (10-15 percent) was followed by decreased in active tension and dP/dt with parallel increases in resting tension and duration of contraction. ATP levels were unchanged, eliminating the possibility of ethacrynic acid acting as a metabolic poison. Simultaneous recording of contractions and AP in CP showed that the positive inotropic effect was always associated with a lengthening of the AP. In a series of CP, ouabain (2 gamma/ml) always increased contractility when ethacrynic acid had already reduced it by 75 percent. These results suggest that Na,K-ATPase inhibition is not responsible for the inotropic effects of CG.", "contents": "Cardiac effects of ethacrynic acid, a Na+, K+-ATPase inhibitor. To test hypotheses relating positive inotropic effects of cardiac glycosides (CG) to inhibitory effects on Na,K-ATPase, cardiac actions of other inhibitors were examined. Ethacrynic acid was studied using microelectrode recordings of dog Purkinje fibers (DP) and cat papillary muscle (CP), and isometric recordings of CP at Lmax stimulated at 1/sec (36.5 degrees C). Results with all doses (20-200 gamma/ml) were similar, differing only in latency. Actions of ethacrynic acid on electrical activity of DP and CP were, chronologically: increase in duration of the action potential (AP), and decrease in dV/dt, overshoot, and resting potential. In CP an initial increase (2-5 min) in contractility (10-15 percent) was followed by decreased in active tension and dP/dt with parallel increases in resting tension and duration of contraction. ATP levels were unchanged, eliminating the possibility of ethacrynic acid acting as a metabolic poison. Simultaneous recording of contractions and AP in CP showed that the positive inotropic effect was always associated with a lengthening of the AP. In a series of CP, ouabain (2 gamma/ml) always increased contractility when ethacrynic acid had already reduced it by 75 percent. These results suggest that Na,K-ATPase inhibition is not responsible for the inotropic effects of CG."}
{"id": "PMID:127359", "title": "Kinetic studies on inhibition of dog heart Na+,K+-dependent ATPase by K+,Mg2+-aspartate: comparison with ouabain.", "content": "Both K+,Mg+-dependent D,L-aspartate and D,L-aspartic acid are noncompetitive inhibitors of dog heart Na+,K+-ATPase acting at the overlapping site as does ouabain. For the Na+,K+-ATPase, the salient effects of K+,Mg+-D,L-aspartate and/or D,L-asartic acid were: 1) decrease in maximal velocity (V) for ATP as substrate with unchanged Km; 2) for sodium as an allosteric modifier of Na+,K+-ATPase activity, a decrease in V without any alteration in n as measure of cooperativity between activating sites; 3) for potassium, a decrease in V and n as well as an increase in K0.5 values. Thus, for enzyme activity in the presence of sodium and ATP, a high affinity to potassium was reduced by D,L-aspartic acid.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on inhibition of dog heart Na+,K+-dependent ATPase by K+,Mg2+-aspartate: comparison with ouabain. Both K+,Mg+-dependent D,L-aspartate and D,L-aspartic acid are noncompetitive inhibitors of dog heart Na+,K+-ATPase acting at the overlapping site as does ouabain. For the Na+,K+-ATPase, the salient effects of K+,Mg+-D,L-aspartate and/or D,L-asartic acid were: 1) decrease in maximal velocity (V) for ATP as substrate with unchanged Km; 2) for sodium as an allosteric modifier of Na+,K+-ATPase activity, a decrease in V without any alteration in n as measure of cooperativity between activating sites; 3) for potassium, a decrease in V and n as well as an increase in K0.5 values. Thus, for enzyme activity in the presence of sodium and ATP, a high affinity to potassium was reduced by D,L-aspartic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:127360", "title": "Halothane decreases actomyosin ATPase activity: a possible mechanism of the negative inotropic effect.", "content": "Like all inhalation anesthetics, halothane (CF3CHBrCl) has a dose-dependent negative inotropic effect on cardiac muscle. The mechanism of the action has not been determined, although effects on glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration and calcium kinetics, and sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase activity have been suggested. Previous studies of the effect of halothane on the ATPase of contractile protein suffered from design and dosing defects. We have measured ATP splitting by canine cardiac natural actomyosin using extraction and equilibration procedures described previously (Honig, C. R. and Reddy, Y. C. 1973, J. Pharmacol. 184: 330-338). Drug dosing calculations were facilitated by measurement of the partition coefficient of halothane in protein. Halothane shifted the Ca++ concentration effect curve for actomyosin ATPase activity to the right. The maximum depression occurred at pCa 7.0 or 6.5. The effect was dose dependent with less than 10 percent depression at threshold and 50-60 percent depression at peak. Enzyme inhibition was antagonized by high Ca++ concentration, and was reversed by removing halothane from the reaction mixture. We suggest that inhibition of ATP utilization by the contractile system may be a mechanism of the in vivo myocardial depression produced by halothane.", "contents": "Halothane decreases actomyosin ATPase activity: a possible mechanism of the negative inotropic effect. Like all inhalation anesthetics, halothane (CF3CHBrCl) has a dose-dependent negative inotropic effect on cardiac muscle. The mechanism of the action has not been determined, although effects on glycolysis, mitochondrial respiration and calcium kinetics, and sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase activity have been suggested. Previous studies of the effect of halothane on the ATPase of contractile protein suffered from design and dosing defects. We have measured ATP splitting by canine cardiac natural actomyosin using extraction and equilibration procedures described previously (Honig, C. R. and Reddy, Y. C. 1973, J. Pharmacol. 184: 330-338). Drug dosing calculations were facilitated by measurement of the partition coefficient of halothane in protein. Halothane shifted the Ca++ concentration effect curve for actomyosin ATPase activity to the right. The maximum depression occurred at pCa 7.0 or 6.5. The effect was dose dependent with less than 10 percent depression at threshold and 50-60 percent depression at peak. Enzyme inhibition was antagonized by high Ca++ concentration, and was reversed by removing halothane from the reaction mixture. We suggest that inhibition of ATP utilization by the contractile system may be a mechanism of the in vivo myocardial depression produced by halothane."}
{"id": "PMID:127361", "title": "Myocardial mechanics at various stages of the cardiac hypertrophy induced by a transitory work load in the rat.", "content": "Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in rats by abdominal aortic constriction lasting 5-28 days. In other rats, release of aortic constriction after 5 or 15 days led to hypertrophy regression, which was completed within 15 days. Left ventricular papillary muscle study during cardiac hypertrophy demonstrated an early but transitory decrease of tension development and shortening velocity, a prolonged contraction duration, a slowed relaxation, and a reduced response to changes in the stimulation rate. After hypertrophy regression, the prolongation of contraction persisted; mechanical performance was similar to control, except for increased peak isometric tension in early released animals. These findings indicated that anomalous excitation-contraction coupling may be related to the hypertrophy process itself and that prolonged contraction could act as a compensatory mechanism.", "contents": "Myocardial mechanics at various stages of the cardiac hypertrophy induced by a transitory work load in the rat. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in rats by abdominal aortic constriction lasting 5-28 days. In other rats, release of aortic constriction after 5 or 15 days led to hypertrophy regression, which was completed within 15 days. Left ventricular papillary muscle study during cardiac hypertrophy demonstrated an early but transitory decrease of tension development and shortening velocity, a prolonged contraction duration, a slowed relaxation, and a reduced response to changes in the stimulation rate. After hypertrophy regression, the prolongation of contraction persisted; mechanical performance was similar to control, except for increased peak isometric tension in early released animals. These findings indicated that anomalous excitation-contraction coupling may be related to the hypertrophy process itself and that prolonged contraction could act as a compensatory mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:127362", "title": "Cardiac hypertrophy due to physical exercise--an example of hypertrophy without decrease of contractility: unreliability of conventional estimation of contractility by simple parameters.", "content": "In 100 young, male Sprague-Dawley rats, a long term swimming training (2 hr/day for 8-12 weeks) produced an increase in heart weight of 10 percent, and an increase of about 15 percent in the relation of heart weight to body weight compared with control rats of the same age and initial weight. In examinations of the mechanical properties of the whole ventricle as well as of trabecular preparations, there was no evidence of impaired myocardial contractile ability because of the swimming training. Some parameters for the estimation of \"contractility\" increased, whereas others decreased. At a muscle length near lmax, the developed force and the maximal rate of force development were slightly augmented. The results reveal the limited value of some indices of contractility. Alterations in the shape of the contraction curve must to be considered adequately in order to avoid misinterpretations.", "contents": "Cardiac hypertrophy due to physical exercise--an example of hypertrophy without decrease of contractility: unreliability of conventional estimation of contractility by simple parameters. In 100 young, male Sprague-Dawley rats, a long term swimming training (2 hr/day for 8-12 weeks) produced an increase in heart weight of 10 percent, and an increase of about 15 percent in the relation of heart weight to body weight compared with control rats of the same age and initial weight. In examinations of the mechanical properties of the whole ventricle as well as of trabecular preparations, there was no evidence of impaired myocardial contractile ability because of the swimming training. Some parameters for the estimation of \"contractility\" increased, whereas others decreased. At a muscle length near lmax, the developed force and the maximal rate of force development were slightly augmented. The results reveal the limited value of some indices of contractility. Alterations in the shape of the contraction curve must to be considered adequately in order to avoid misinterpretations."}
{"id": "PMID:127363", "title": "The composition of connective tissue macromolecules from bovine respiratory system.", "content": "Connective tissue macromolecules, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, collagen, and elastin were isolated from different parts of the respiratory system and characterized. The materials included bronchiolar tissue, gas-exchange tissue, lung pleura, and tracheal mucosa. The similarity of the macromolecular composition of lung pleura and tracheal mucosa suggests a common cellular component in these structures. The high concentration of GAG and collagen in bronchiolar tissue is consistent with the cartilagenous nature of this tissue. Particularly interesting is the high content of heparin in all pulmonary structures, a relatively greater content of hyaluronic acid in gas-exchange tissue, and a high content of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate in vascular tissues. Elastin also occurs as a major fibrous structure. Although the biologic role of these connective tissue macromolecules has not been established, certain functional relationships are inferred.", "contents": "The composition of connective tissue macromolecules from bovine respiratory system. Connective tissue macromolecules, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, collagen, and elastin were isolated from different parts of the respiratory system and characterized. The materials included bronchiolar tissue, gas-exchange tissue, lung pleura, and tracheal mucosa. The similarity of the macromolecular composition of lung pleura and tracheal mucosa suggests a common cellular component in these structures. The high concentration of GAG and collagen in bronchiolar tissue is consistent with the cartilagenous nature of this tissue. Particularly interesting is the high content of heparin in all pulmonary structures, a relatively greater content of hyaluronic acid in gas-exchange tissue, and a high content of heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate in vascular tissues. Elastin also occurs as a major fibrous structure. Although the biologic role of these connective tissue macromolecules has not been established, certain functional relationships are inferred."}
{"id": "PMID:127378", "title": "Lymphocyte ATP-ase activity in treated cases of Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The ATP-ase activity was determined in lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood in 41 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 50 healthy controls. All patients were previously treated with irradiation or cytostatic drugs and 17 patients were under maintenance therapy at the time of investigation. A significantly increased ATP-ase activity was found in lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease. The individual activities were unrelated to the clinical stage of the disease, but correlated to the histological classification of the lymphatic tissue. Significantly lower lymphocyte ATP-ase activity was found in patients under maintenance treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, especially if the patients had previously been irradiated. It is suggested that the ATP-ase activity of circulating lymphocytes is related to the immunological activity against the presence of the malignant cells in Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Lymphocyte ATP-ase activity in treated cases of Hodgkin's disease. The ATP-ase activity was determined in lymphocytes isolated from peripheral blood in 41 patients with Hodgkin's disease and 50 healthy controls. All patients were previously treated with irradiation or cytostatic drugs and 17 patients were under maintenance therapy at the time of investigation. A significantly increased ATP-ase activity was found in lymphocytes from patients with Hodgkin's disease. The individual activities were unrelated to the clinical stage of the disease, but correlated to the histological classification of the lymphatic tissue. Significantly lower lymphocyte ATP-ase activity was found in patients under maintenance treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, especially if the patients had previously been irradiated. It is suggested that the ATP-ase activity of circulating lymphocytes is related to the immunological activity against the presence of the malignant cells in Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:127380", "title": "Induced transfer of higher plant chloroplasts into fungal protoplasts.", "content": "Chloroplasts isolated from spinach leaves have been transferred in large numbers into protoplasts of Neurospora crassa with the help of polyethylene glycol. The chloroplasts show high photosynthetic activity--at least until the time of uptake--and the protoplasts continue to show active cytoplasmic streaming after chloroplast uptake.", "contents": "Induced transfer of higher plant chloroplasts into fungal protoplasts. Chloroplasts isolated from spinach leaves have been transferred in large numbers into protoplasts of Neurospora crassa with the help of polyethylene glycol. The chloroplasts show high photosynthetic activity--at least until the time of uptake--and the protoplasts continue to show active cytoplasmic streaming after chloroplast uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:127387", "title": "Another look at Pereyra's stint urethropexy.", "content": "Twenty-five women with stress incontinence had stint urethropexy as described by Pereyra. Unqualified success was achieved in only 53%. These cases are analyzed and criteria suggested for selecting patients suitable for stint urethropexy.", "contents": "Another look at Pereyra's stint urethropexy. Twenty-five women with stress incontinence had stint urethropexy as described by Pereyra. Unqualified success was achieved in only 53%. These cases are analyzed and criteria suggested for selecting patients suitable for stint urethropexy."}
{"id": "PMID:127393", "title": "An endoscopic technique for removal of suture bound surgical drains.", "content": "The simplicity and low invasive nature of the endoscopic method make it worthy of trial for the removal of surgical drains inadvertently sutured to structures of the abdominal wall.", "contents": "An endoscopic technique for removal of suture bound surgical drains. The simplicity and low invasive nature of the endoscopic method make it worthy of trial for the removal of surgical drains inadvertently sutured to structures of the abdominal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:127396", "title": "Anti-inflammatory activity of thiabendazole and its relation to parasitic disease.", "content": "In 6 differnet animal assays in the laboratory, thiabendazole had clear anti-inflammatory effect, though it was less potent than aspirin in all assays. These findings add support to clinical suggestions that the drug may have anti-inflammatory properties in man. Such properties may contribute to the clinical response observed following the use of thiabendazole in cases of trichinosis, cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, dracunculosis and scabies. In parasitic infections in which corticosteroids are commonly used in clinical management, notably trichinosis, the fact that thiabendazole does not appear to have immunosuppressive activity may confer an added clinical advantage.", "contents": "Anti-inflammatory activity of thiabendazole and its relation to parasitic disease. In 6 differnet animal assays in the laboratory, thiabendazole had clear anti-inflammatory effect, though it was less potent than aspirin in all assays. These findings add support to clinical suggestions that the drug may have anti-inflammatory properties in man. Such properties may contribute to the clinical response observed following the use of thiabendazole in cases of trichinosis, cutaneous larva migrans, visceral larva migrans, dracunculosis and scabies. In parasitic infections in which corticosteroids are commonly used in clinical management, notably trichinosis, the fact that thiabendazole does not appear to have immunosuppressive activity may confer an added clinical advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:127398", "title": "A standard for human plasmin.", "content": "An international collaborative study involving ten laboratories was undertaken to assess the suitability of a preparation of human plasmin in 50% glycerol to serve as a single standard for the bioassay of plasmin activity. The study included examination of the stability of the proposed standard and comparisons between assay methods. The results suggest that the human plasmin preparation coded 72/379 is suitable to serve as a standard. It is sufficiently stable to define the unit of plasmin activity for several years at or below 4 degrees C and for short periods at about 20 degrees C. The preparation has been assigned a potency of 8 units per ml. The International Committee on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (Basle, 1974) has recommended the use of this material as a standard.", "contents": "A standard for human plasmin. An international collaborative study involving ten laboratories was undertaken to assess the suitability of a preparation of human plasmin in 50% glycerol to serve as a single standard for the bioassay of plasmin activity. The study included examination of the stability of the proposed standard and comparisons between assay methods. The results suggest that the human plasmin preparation coded 72/379 is suitable to serve as a standard. It is sufficiently stable to define the unit of plasmin activity for several years at or below 4 degrees C and for short periods at about 20 degrees C. The preparation has been assigned a potency of 8 units per ml. The International Committee on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (Basle, 1974) has recommended the use of this material as a standard."}
{"id": "PMID:127405", "title": "Influence of norepinephrine and exercise on lipolysis in adipose tissue of diabetic rats.", "content": "The lipolytic effect of norepinephrine (NE) in adipose tissue in vitro was studied before and after exercise in non-fasted rats with severe, untreated streptozotocin diabetes. It was observed that: 1. NE in increasing concentrations stimulated glycerol release in vitro to an equal extent from the adipose tissue of nondiabetic and diabetic rats. However, the re-esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) in adipose tissue in vitro was decreased by NE in diabetic rats as compared to normal rats. 2. During exercise NE further decreased the re-esterification of FFA in vitro in adipose tissue of diabetic rats. 3. Exercise did not change NE-induced glycerol release in vitro in the adipose tissue of diabetic rats. 4. In diabetic animals the increase in plasma glycerol and FFA during exercise was correlated inversely with the NE-induced release of glycerol and FFA from the adipose tissue of the same animals after exercise. The lipolytic effect of NE is not significantly different in adipose tissue of diabetic and nondiabetic rats. By decreasing the re-esterification of FFA in vitro, NE is probably responsible for the observed increase in the release of FFA in vivo, a likely energy source in severely diabetic animals.", "contents": "Influence of norepinephrine and exercise on lipolysis in adipose tissue of diabetic rats. The lipolytic effect of norepinephrine (NE) in adipose tissue in vitro was studied before and after exercise in non-fasted rats with severe, untreated streptozotocin diabetes. It was observed that: 1. NE in increasing concentrations stimulated glycerol release in vitro to an equal extent from the adipose tissue of nondiabetic and diabetic rats. However, the re-esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) in adipose tissue in vitro was decreased by NE in diabetic rats as compared to normal rats. 2. During exercise NE further decreased the re-esterification of FFA in vitro in adipose tissue of diabetic rats. 3. Exercise did not change NE-induced glycerol release in vitro in the adipose tissue of diabetic rats. 4. In diabetic animals the increase in plasma glycerol and FFA during exercise was correlated inversely with the NE-induced release of glycerol and FFA from the adipose tissue of the same animals after exercise. The lipolytic effect of NE is not significantly different in adipose tissue of diabetic and nondiabetic rats. By decreasing the re-esterification of FFA in vitro, NE is probably responsible for the observed increase in the release of FFA in vivo, a likely energy source in severely diabetic animals."}
{"id": "PMID:127407", "title": "[Studies on the effect of radiation on electrolyte changes and metabolism of the myocardium. V. Changes in enzyme activities and glycolysis metabloites due to radiation].", "content": "The behavior of enzyme activities, substrates and metabolites of glycosis as well as of the pentose phosphate shunt following local irradiation (250 to 6000 R surface dose) is biochemically investigated in the guinea-pig's myocardium. During irradiation, an activation of phosphorylase-a is going on while the total phosphorylase content remains unchanged. Enzyme activities of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase are increased in dependence on dosage as well as time. The glycogen content is being reduced; tissular concentration of the metabolites glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, glycerol-3-phosphate, and pyruvate increases following irradiation; the content of fructose-1,6-diphosphate, dihydroxyacetonephosphate, and lactate is decreased. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenas is slightly inhibited, whereas 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase remains unaffected.", "contents": "[Studies on the effect of radiation on electrolyte changes and metabolism of the myocardium. V. Changes in enzyme activities and glycolysis metabloites due to radiation]. The behavior of enzyme activities, substrates and metabolites of glycosis as well as of the pentose phosphate shunt following local irradiation (250 to 6000 R surface dose) is biochemically investigated in the guinea-pig's myocardium. During irradiation, an activation of phosphorylase-a is going on while the total phosphorylase content remains unchanged. Enzyme activities of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase are increased in dependence on dosage as well as time. The glycogen content is being reduced; tissular concentration of the metabolites glucose-1-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, glycerol-3-phosphate, and pyruvate increases following irradiation; the content of fructose-1,6-diphosphate, dihydroxyacetonephosphate, and lactate is decreased. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenas is slightly inhibited, whereas 6-phosphogluconate-dehydrogenase remains unaffected."}
{"id": "PMID:127408", "title": "Initial events in radiation-induced atheromatosis I. Activation of lysosomal enzymes.", "content": "Local irradiation of the carotid artery of the hypercholesterolemic rabbit with 2000 rd of X-rays gives rise to infiltration of lipid droplets in the intima and media, becoming visible 3 days after the irradiation. At the same time, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase become activated. These enhanced activities are localized in different cells of the arterial wall. Acid phosphatase activity is localized in the intima, while the beta-glucuronidase activation is found preferentially in the media. A functional heterogeneity of the lysosomal content of the different cells is suggested. A model for the development of the radiation-induced atheromatosis is presented.", "contents": "Initial events in radiation-induced atheromatosis I. Activation of lysosomal enzymes. Local irradiation of the carotid artery of the hypercholesterolemic rabbit with 2000 rd of X-rays gives rise to infiltration of lipid droplets in the intima and media, becoming visible 3 days after the irradiation. At the same time, acid phosphatase and beta-glucuronidase become activated. These enhanced activities are localized in different cells of the arterial wall. Acid phosphatase activity is localized in the intima, while the beta-glucuronidase activation is found preferentially in the media. A functional heterogeneity of the lysosomal content of the different cells is suggested. A model for the development of the radiation-induced atheromatosis is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:127409", "title": "The synthesis of testosterone and estradiol-17beta by the gonads of neonatal rats in vitro.", "content": "The rate of synthesis of estradiol-17beta by the ovary, and of testosterone by the testis of the newborn rat have been studied in vitro using tissue homogenates. Quantitative estimation of these steroids has shown a peak of activity in the ovary between 8 and 12 days post partum of 63 pg/mg tissue/hr, compared with 6 pg/mg/hr at day 6, and 19 pg/mg/hr at day 14. Testosterone synthesis in the testis is most active on day 1 (3.1 ng/mg/hr), declining steadily to 1.1 ng/mg/hr on day 11. Adult testicular tissue under the same conditions synthesised 0.5 - 1.0 ng testosterone/mg/hr. These results are consistent with other observations which have suggested a transient period of active steroidogenesis immediately after birth in the rat, but the time during which steroid synthesis is elevated has been more clearly defined. The methods described here provide a model system for the study of synthetic steroids and other drugs which may affect the sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus by altering gonadal steroidogenesis.", "contents": "The synthesis of testosterone and estradiol-17beta by the gonads of neonatal rats in vitro. The rate of synthesis of estradiol-17beta by the ovary, and of testosterone by the testis of the newborn rat have been studied in vitro using tissue homogenates. Quantitative estimation of these steroids has shown a peak of activity in the ovary between 8 and 12 days post partum of 63 pg/mg tissue/hr, compared with 6 pg/mg/hr at day 6, and 19 pg/mg/hr at day 14. Testosterone synthesis in the testis is most active on day 1 (3.1 ng/mg/hr), declining steadily to 1.1 ng/mg/hr on day 11. Adult testicular tissue under the same conditions synthesised 0.5 - 1.0 ng testosterone/mg/hr. These results are consistent with other observations which have suggested a transient period of active steroidogenesis immediately after birth in the rat, but the time during which steroid synthesis is elevated has been more clearly defined. The methods described here provide a model system for the study of synthetic steroids and other drugs which may affect the sexual differentiation of the hypothalamus by altering gonadal steroidogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:127412", "title": "[Pseudomonas aeruginosa--the causative agent of infection in birds].", "content": "Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the viscera of diseased and dead birds (young and adult chickens) as well as from 9 poultry houses on seven farms. Its typing was performed on the basis of the blue-green coloration of the cultures, their hemolytic activity, the pleasant odour of lime-tree, the growth in culturing at 42 degrees C, the presence of the pyocianin pigment, and the positive results of the cytochromoxidase test after Gaby and Hadley and the biochemical test after Kovacs. The pathogenicity of the agent was demonstrated through the experimental parenteral infection of chicks, albino mice, and guinea pigs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures showed weak sensitivity and good resistance to the various drugs tested. Most active proved streptomycin, kanamycin, and spectam.", "contents": "[Pseudomonas aeruginosa--the causative agent of infection in birds]. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from the viscera of diseased and dead birds (young and adult chickens) as well as from 9 poultry houses on seven farms. Its typing was performed on the basis of the blue-green coloration of the cultures, their hemolytic activity, the pleasant odour of lime-tree, the growth in culturing at 42 degrees C, the presence of the pyocianin pigment, and the positive results of the cytochromoxidase test after Gaby and Hadley and the biochemical test after Kovacs. The pathogenicity of the agent was demonstrated through the experimental parenteral infection of chicks, albino mice, and guinea pigs. Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures showed weak sensitivity and good resistance to the various drugs tested. Most active proved streptomycin, kanamycin, and spectam."}
{"id": "PMID:127413", "title": "The malformations of the urinary system in autosomal disorders.", "content": "Data from the world literature about the pathology of the urinary system in autosomal chromosomal disorders are analyzed and compared with our own morphological investigations of this system in 63 cases of chromosomal disorders (Patau's, Edwards', Down's, Orbeli's, Wolf-Hirschhorn's syndromes, partial trisomy B and inversion of chromosome 2). The urinary system is most frequently involved in \"cat-eye\", triploidy, Orbeli's, Patau's and Edwards' syndromes. All known malformations of the urinary system are observed in children with chromosomal diseases, except infantile polycystic kidney and medullary \"sponge\" kidney. The authors recognize specific and nonspecific abnormalities of the urinary system. Nonspecific abnormalities, as simple renal dysgenesis, may be observed in all chromosomal disorders. Specific abnormalities are found only in certain chromosomal diseases. These malformations are an excess of embryonal lobulation of the kidney with the increase of its weight and cystic changes (Patau's syndrome), crossed renal ectopy with fusion and horseshoe kidney (Edwards' syndrome), unilateral renal agenesis (Orbeli's syndrome), hypospadia (Wolf-Hirschhorn's syndrome). A possible pathogenesis of malformations of the urinary system in chromosomal disorders is discussed.", "contents": "The malformations of the urinary system in autosomal disorders. Data from the world literature about the pathology of the urinary system in autosomal chromosomal disorders are analyzed and compared with our own morphological investigations of this system in 63 cases of chromosomal disorders (Patau's, Edwards', Down's, Orbeli's, Wolf-Hirschhorn's syndromes, partial trisomy B and inversion of chromosome 2). The urinary system is most frequently involved in \"cat-eye\", triploidy, Orbeli's, Patau's and Edwards' syndromes. All known malformations of the urinary system are observed in children with chromosomal diseases, except infantile polycystic kidney and medullary \"sponge\" kidney. The authors recognize specific and nonspecific abnormalities of the urinary system. Nonspecific abnormalities, as simple renal dysgenesis, may be observed in all chromosomal disorders. Specific abnormalities are found only in certain chromosomal diseases. These malformations are an excess of embryonal lobulation of the kidney with the increase of its weight and cystic changes (Patau's syndrome), crossed renal ectopy with fusion and horseshoe kidney (Edwards' syndrome), unilateral renal agenesis (Orbeli's syndrome), hypospadia (Wolf-Hirschhorn's syndrome). A possible pathogenesis of malformations of the urinary system in chromosomal disorders is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127414", "title": "Early glomerular changes in streptozotocin diabetes of the guinea pig.", "content": "This work was to study--using morphometric methods--whether glomerular alterations are demonstrable in the guinea pig kidney even in streptozotocin diabetes of only short duration. In 25, 50, 100 and 150-days diabetes was investigated the blood sugar, the glucose tolerance test, histological and morphometric studies. Storage of glycogen in the kidney was to be found in numerous treated animals whereby it was evident that the cells of the macula densa showed no storage. The morphometric studies performed under blind conditions have shown that with a duration of diabetes of 50 and 100  days the number of cells in the mesangium is increased and that an increase of the mesangial matrix is demonstrable. Hence the mesangium is in the foreground of the initial alterations in diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Early glomerular changes in streptozotocin diabetes of the guinea pig. This work was to study--using morphometric methods--whether glomerular alterations are demonstrable in the guinea pig kidney even in streptozotocin diabetes of only short duration. In 25, 50, 100 and 150-days diabetes was investigated the blood sugar, the glucose tolerance test, histological and morphometric studies. Storage of glycogen in the kidney was to be found in numerous treated animals whereby it was evident that the cells of the macula densa showed no storage. The morphometric studies performed under blind conditions have shown that with a duration of diabetes of 50 and 100  days the number of cells in the mesangium is increased and that an increase of the mesangial matrix is demonstrable. Hence the mesangium is in the foreground of the initial alterations in diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:127415", "title": "Employment of synchronized cells and flow microfluorometry in investigations on the JB-1 ascites tumour chalones.", "content": "In most experimental ascites tumours the growth rate decreases with increasing age and cell number. This decrease is caused by a prolongation of the cell cycle and an increasing accumulation of non-cycling cells in resting (or quiescent) G1 and G2 compartments. In cell-free ascitic fluid from the JB-1 ascites tumour in the plateau phase of growth lowmolecular-weight substances have been found which reversibly and specifically arrest JB-1 cells in G1 and G2. The present paper describes an in-vitro model for testing the effect of the humoral growth inhibitors contained in the ascitic fluid. The test system is based on synchronized JB-1 cells analysed by flow-through cytofluorometry. Addition to the synchronous cells of a ultrafiltrate (less than 50000 Daltons) of the JB-1 ascitic fluid was found to induce a complete, but temporary arrest of the cells at the G1-S border.", "contents": "Employment of synchronized cells and flow microfluorometry in investigations on the JB-1 ascites tumour chalones. In most experimental ascites tumours the growth rate decreases with increasing age and cell number. This decrease is caused by a prolongation of the cell cycle and an increasing accumulation of non-cycling cells in resting (or quiescent) G1 and G2 compartments. In cell-free ascitic fluid from the JB-1 ascites tumour in the plateau phase of growth lowmolecular-weight substances have been found which reversibly and specifically arrest JB-1 cells in G1 and G2. The present paper describes an in-vitro model for testing the effect of the humoral growth inhibitors contained in the ascitic fluid. The test system is based on synchronized JB-1 cells analysed by flow-through cytofluorometry. Addition to the synchronous cells of a ultrafiltrate (less than 50000 Daltons) of the JB-1 ascitic fluid was found to induce a complete, but temporary arrest of the cells at the G1-S border."}
{"id": "PMID:127420", "title": "[Clinical assessment of 2 methods of radiotherapy of breast cancer].", "content": "The results of treatment in 324 patients with breast cancer are analysed. 159 females prior to surgery were subjected to irradiation of the mammary gland and axillary lymph nodes. Supra-subclavicular and parasternal zones were treated after radical mastectomy. The mammary gland and all regional zones of lymph outflow were irradiated prior to surgery in 165 patients. In stage 1, 3 and 5-year results of treatment were found to be identical in both series (88%). In stage II 62% of females in the first group and 77% in the second group survived for 3 years and 60% and 75% -- for 5 years, accordingly. In stage III a 3-year survival made 51% and 65% and a 5-year survival -- 25% and 49%, correspondingly. The rationality of preoperative irradiation of the mammary gland and all zones of lymph outflow is emphasized.", "contents": "[Clinical assessment of 2 methods of radiotherapy of breast cancer]. The results of treatment in 324 patients with breast cancer are analysed. 159 females prior to surgery were subjected to irradiation of the mammary gland and axillary lymph nodes. Supra-subclavicular and parasternal zones were treated after radical mastectomy. The mammary gland and all regional zones of lymph outflow were irradiated prior to surgery in 165 patients. In stage 1, 3 and 5-year results of treatment were found to be identical in both series (88%). In stage II 62% of females in the first group and 77% in the second group survived for 3 years and 60% and 75% -- for 5 years, accordingly. In stage III a 3-year survival made 51% and 65% and a 5-year survival -- 25% and 49%, correspondingly. The rationality of preoperative irradiation of the mammary gland and all zones of lymph outflow is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:127421", "title": "[Colposcopic and cytological studies in pretumorous and malignant changes in the cervix uteri].", "content": "814 patients with various pathological changes in the uterine neck were subjected to the complex investigation, taking into consideration the fact that all specialists should be equally competent in their fields. Diagnostic errors were analysed in each method of investigation in relation to a histological conclusion in every series of patients. The diagnosis of preinvasive cancer proved to be most difficult. The number of errors was less in microcarcinoma. The organization of large colpocytological centres in big cities is advocated.", "contents": "[Colposcopic and cytological studies in pretumorous and malignant changes in the cervix uteri]. 814 patients with various pathological changes in the uterine neck were subjected to the complex investigation, taking into consideration the fact that all specialists should be equally competent in their fields. Diagnostic errors were analysed in each method of investigation in relation to a histological conclusion in every series of patients. The diagnosis of preinvasive cancer proved to be most difficult. The number of errors was less in microcarcinoma. The organization of large colpocytological centres in big cities is advocated."}
{"id": "PMID:127422", "title": "[Diagnosis of malignant neoplasms in ambulatory practice (based on data from a random examination)].", "content": "The ambulatory-polyclinic network is the first step of the patient's address and investigation for basic forms of malignant tumors. As a result of the analysis of 2361 ambulatory case reports, it was found that in 70.7% of cases the correct diagnosis was established not by medical specialists of the outpatient clinics but in oncological institution where these patients were directed for a consultation.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of malignant neoplasms in ambulatory practice (based on data from a random examination)]. The ambulatory-polyclinic network is the first step of the patient's address and investigation for basic forms of malignant tumors. As a result of the analysis of 2361 ambulatory case reports, it was found that in 70.7% of cases the correct diagnosis was established not by medical specialists of the outpatient clinics but in oncological institution where these patients were directed for a consultation."}
{"id": "PMID:127423", "title": "[Some epidemiological factors in the incidence of female genital cancer in the Azerbaijan SSR].", "content": "In the structure of cancer morbidity of the female genitalia in Azerbaijan SSR within a ten-year period (1957-1966) cervical cancer occupies the first place--86.6%, it is observed more frequently among Russian female population (46.4 per 100 000 wives) and more rarely among aboriginal female population (7.1 per 100 000 wives). Of 2488 patients with cervical cancer 24.5% showed previous lesions against which background cancer would arise. Patients with cervical ruptures, advanced erosions, polyps should be identified as high-risk groups of cervical cancer.", "contents": "[Some epidemiological factors in the incidence of female genital cancer in the Azerbaijan SSR]. In the structure of cancer morbidity of the female genitalia in Azerbaijan SSR within a ten-year period (1957-1966) cervical cancer occupies the first place--86.6%, it is observed more frequently among Russian female population (46.4 per 100 000 wives) and more rarely among aboriginal female population (7.1 per 100 000 wives). Of 2488 patients with cervical cancer 24.5% showed previous lesions against which background cancer would arise. Patients with cervical ruptures, advanced erosions, polyps should be identified as high-risk groups of cervical cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:127426", "title": "[Clinical picture and therapy of gastroschisis (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of operative treatment of gastroschisis have been improving in recent years. The survival rate is now between 50 and 60 p.c. It is very important to perform primary repair as soon as possible after birth. According to our own experiences resection of the bowel should be avoided as it gives a poor prognosis. Combined malformations of gastroschisis are very rare and their treatment should be tired since there is no other alternative. An own successfully treated case of combined malformations of gastroschisis with atresia of the small bowel is presented. Stenosis of the duodenum and tubular duplication are described", "contents": "[Clinical picture and therapy of gastroschisis (author's transl)]. The results of operative treatment of gastroschisis have been improving in recent years. The survival rate is now between 50 and 60 p.c. It is very important to perform primary repair as soon as possible after birth. According to our own experiences resection of the bowel should be avoided as it gives a poor prognosis. Combined malformations of gastroschisis are very rare and their treatment should be tired since there is no other alternative. An own successfully treated case of combined malformations of gastroschisis with atresia of the small bowel is presented. Stenosis of the duodenum and tubular duplication are described"}
{"id": "PMID:127427", "title": "Microbial oxidation of dehydroepiandrosterone and related compounds.", "content": "The oxidation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 4-androstene-3, 17-dione, and estrone with Streptomyces roseochromogenes NRRL B-1233 was studied. The oxidation products were isolated and identified as as 16alpha-hydroxy-DHEA, 16alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone. The yields of these three products were 85%, 41% and 18%, respectively. This indicates the substrate stereospecificity of 16alpha-hydroxylase of the organism. An interrelationship between cell growth and the formation of 16alpha-hydroxylated steroid was observed in any case. For formation of 16alpha-hydroxy-DHEA, 16alpha-hydroxylase showed good activity at DHEA concentration of 3.47 x 10(-4)M. In the case of DHEA, 16alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione and 5-androstene-3beta, 16alpha, 17beta-triol were obtained after the yield of 16alpha-hydroxy-DHEA reached the maximum yield for about 30 hr. The oxidation pathway of DHEA is discussed.", "contents": "Microbial oxidation of dehydroepiandrosterone and related compounds. The oxidation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), 4-androstene-3, 17-dione, and estrone with Streptomyces roseochromogenes NRRL B-1233 was studied. The oxidation products were isolated and identified as as 16alpha-hydroxy-DHEA, 16alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione and 16alpha-hydroxyestrone. The yields of these three products were 85%, 41% and 18%, respectively. This indicates the substrate stereospecificity of 16alpha-hydroxylase of the organism. An interrelationship between cell growth and the formation of 16alpha-hydroxylated steroid was observed in any case. For formation of 16alpha-hydroxy-DHEA, 16alpha-hydroxylase showed good activity at DHEA concentration of 3.47 x 10(-4)M. In the case of DHEA, 16alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione and 5-androstene-3beta, 16alpha, 17beta-triol were obtained after the yield of 16alpha-hydroxy-DHEA reached the maximum yield for about 30 hr. The oxidation pathway of DHEA is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127428", "title": "Biosynthesis of [7-3H]16 alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone having high specific activity.", "content": "Biosynthesis of [7-3H]16alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone in high specific activity has been studied. [7-3H] dehydroepiandrosterone (13.9 C/mM) in trace quantity was oxidized by Streptomyces roseochromogenes (NRRLB-1233) for 5 min at 27 degrees C. The radioactive products were chromatographically separated, identified and their radiochemical purity established by isotopic dilution analysis. [7-3H]16alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone (2.5 x 10(7) dpm) was obtained by microbial hydroxylation of substrate (1.9 X 10(9) dpm). In some cases [7-3H])5-androstene-3beta, 16alpha, 17beta-triol in a small amount of radioactivity could be found at the prolonged reaction for 30 hr.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of [7-3H]16 alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone having high specific activity. Biosynthesis of [7-3H]16alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone in high specific activity has been studied. [7-3H] dehydroepiandrosterone (13.9 C/mM) in trace quantity was oxidized by Streptomyces roseochromogenes (NRRLB-1233) for 5 min at 27 degrees C. The radioactive products were chromatographically separated, identified and their radiochemical purity established by isotopic dilution analysis. [7-3H]16alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone (2.5 x 10(7) dpm) was obtained by microbial hydroxylation of substrate (1.9 X 10(9) dpm). In some cases [7-3H])5-androstene-3beta, 16alpha, 17beta-triol in a small amount of radioactivity could be found at the prolonged reaction for 30 hr."}
{"id": "PMID:127430", "title": "[Repression of urease biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa by ammonium ions].", "content": "The regulation of the synthesis of the enzyme urease (urea amido hydrolase E.C. 3.5.1.5.) in Neurospora crassa was investigated. The biosynthesis of urease is repressed by ammonium ions. Under ammonium excess conditions the specific activity of urease decreases from 0.980 to 0.180 mumoles NH3/min/mg protein. By addition of cycloheximide it was shown that ammonia influences the synthesis of this enzyme. Enzyme induction by the substrate could be excluded. Even under the conditions of highest repression a specific activity of urease of 0.180 mumoles NH3/min/mg protein was measured. Possible causes of this constitutive enzyme level are discussed.", "contents": "[Repression of urease biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa by ammonium ions]. The regulation of the synthesis of the enzyme urease (urea amido hydrolase E.C. 3.5.1.5.) in Neurospora crassa was investigated. The biosynthesis of urease is repressed by ammonium ions. Under ammonium excess conditions the specific activity of urease decreases from 0.980 to 0.180 mumoles NH3/min/mg protein. By addition of cycloheximide it was shown that ammonia influences the synthesis of this enzyme. Enzyme induction by the substrate could be excluded. Even under the conditions of highest repression a specific activity of urease of 0.180 mumoles NH3/min/mg protein was measured. Possible causes of this constitutive enzyme level are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127431", "title": "[Influence of overweight on the load-capacity of the supporting and locomotion system in women].", "content": "119 50-year-old women were examined with regard to connections between apparatus of locomotion and overweight. Middle-aged women with overweight compared with women with normal weight more frequently complain of podalgias and of by Schober's signs objectifyable sacrodynias. Compared with women with normal weight in them a more frequent hyperlordosis can be established. The percentage of the degenerative spondylopathies of 61% and of the densitometrically established osteoporosis of 25.4% in the total material corresponds with literary data. There are no differences between women with normal weight and overweight. In contrast to persons with normal weight persons with overweight have only somewhat more frequently the combination of hyperlordosis with degenerative processes of the lumbar vertebral column. The biconcavity index established at the lumbar vertebral bodies is in the lower region in persons with overweight as well as in persons with normal weight. Osteoporotic lumbar vertebral bodies show a decreased frequently of spondylosis. There is no correlation between the radiological parameters established at the lumbar vertebral column and the objectified by Schober's signs decrease of the function of the lumbar vertebral column. A decreased height of the plantar arch and a correlating with this bredth of the step plane of the foot in adipose persons compared with normal persons we regarded as an expression of the increased load of the foot, also in such cases where a connection with the more frequent foot-complaints could not be ascertained. Perhaps it corresponds with that fact that only the developing flat-foot causes complaints. In general a positive correlation is to be found between the frequency of sacrodynias and podalgias.", "contents": "[Influence of overweight on the load-capacity of the supporting and locomotion system in women]. 119 50-year-old women were examined with regard to connections between apparatus of locomotion and overweight. Middle-aged women with overweight compared with women with normal weight more frequently complain of podalgias and of by Schober's signs objectifyable sacrodynias. Compared with women with normal weight in them a more frequent hyperlordosis can be established. The percentage of the degenerative spondylopathies of 61% and of the densitometrically established osteoporosis of 25.4% in the total material corresponds with literary data. There are no differences between women with normal weight and overweight. In contrast to persons with normal weight persons with overweight have only somewhat more frequently the combination of hyperlordosis with degenerative processes of the lumbar vertebral column. The biconcavity index established at the lumbar vertebral bodies is in the lower region in persons with overweight as well as in persons with normal weight. Osteoporotic lumbar vertebral bodies show a decreased frequently of spondylosis. There is no correlation between the radiological parameters established at the lumbar vertebral column and the objectified by Schober's signs decrease of the function of the lumbar vertebral column. A decreased height of the plantar arch and a correlating with this bredth of the step plane of the foot in adipose persons compared with normal persons we regarded as an expression of the increased load of the foot, also in such cases where a connection with the more frequent foot-complaints could not be ascertained. Perhaps it corresponds with that fact that only the developing flat-foot causes complaints. In general a positive correlation is to be found between the frequency of sacrodynias and podalgias."}
{"id": "PMID:127432", "title": "[Catabolic processes in the rectal mucosa. Light and electron microscopic studies].", "content": "The phagocytosing activity of macrophages and fibrocytes of the lamina propria was examined by means of light and electron microscopy; the material had been obtained through 121 biopsies performed on patients ranging in age from 3 weeks to 43 years (113 taken from the rectum, 8 from the small intestine). The phagocytosing activity of the stroma has been known since the studies of v. M\u00f6llendorf, Clara, Patzelt, Maximov, Malatzkaya carried out on guinea pigs, rats, birds and a few human embryos. In recent years this problem has been raised again by some American authors. Our studies close the gap existing for the age group ranging from birth to the 16th year. It was demonstrated that the rate of this activity is much higher than hitherto assumed by Askar, Ekuan and Hill, Azzopardi and Evans. The authors discuss the reasons for these discrepancies in the finding, and the origin and composition of the substances ingested.", "contents": "[Catabolic processes in the rectal mucosa. Light and electron microscopic studies]. The phagocytosing activity of macrophages and fibrocytes of the lamina propria was examined by means of light and electron microscopy; the material had been obtained through 121 biopsies performed on patients ranging in age from 3 weeks to 43 years (113 taken from the rectum, 8 from the small intestine). The phagocytosing activity of the stroma has been known since the studies of v. M\u00f6llendorf, Clara, Patzelt, Maximov, Malatzkaya carried out on guinea pigs, rats, birds and a few human embryos. In recent years this problem has been raised again by some American authors. Our studies close the gap existing for the age group ranging from birth to the 16th year. It was demonstrated that the rate of this activity is much higher than hitherto assumed by Askar, Ekuan and Hill, Azzopardi and Evans. The authors discuss the reasons for these discrepancies in the finding, and the origin and composition of the substances ingested."}
{"id": "PMID:127437", "title": "Extramedullary manifestation of the blastic phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia: A chromosome study.", "content": "Two patients with extramedullary manifestation of the blastic phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) are reported. 100% of the metaphases derived from extranedullary sites were aneuploid. Despite the absence of blastic changes in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood, a significant proportion of the metaphases derived from these tissues also showed aneuploidy. It is suggested that maturation and differentiation of aneuploid myeloblasts are influenced by their environment.", "contents": "Extramedullary manifestation of the blastic phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia: A chromosome study. Two patients with extramedullary manifestation of the blastic phase of chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) are reported. 100% of the metaphases derived from extranedullary sites were aneuploid. Despite the absence of blastic changes in the bone marrow and the peripheral blood, a significant proportion of the metaphases derived from these tissues also showed aneuploidy. It is suggested that maturation and differentiation of aneuploid myeloblasts are influenced by their environment."}
{"id": "PMID:127438", "title": "[Examinations of the possibilities to nitrosate nicotine and nornicotine and of the formation of N-nitrosonornicotine in the stomach of smokers (author's transl)].", "content": "It was examined how easily the tobacco-smoke constituents, nornicotine, and nicotine, are nitrosated in an acidic aqueous medium, and if a formation of nitrosamines in the stomach of smokers is possible after swallowing amine-containing saliva. More than 10% of the nornicotine present in tobacco-smoke is dissolved in saliva during smoking. While from the tertiary amine, nicotine, only a small yield of N-nitrosonornicotine was obtained, from nornicotine an about 50 times higher yield of nitrosocompound was formed than from N-methylbenzylamine, a secondary amine of moderate basicity and hence of moderate reactivity toward the nitrosating agents. The amounts of nitrite in the neutral stomach contents varied between 15 and 250 ppm; in the acidic stomach contents no nitrite was detected. No increase was observed during cigarette smoking. In 61 gastric juice of volunteers who smoked a total number of 280 cigarettes no nitrosonornicotine and no nitrosopyrrolidine (pyrrolidine is present in tobacco-smoke in similar amounts as nornicotine) was detected (detection limit: 5 ppb).", "contents": "[Examinations of the possibilities to nitrosate nicotine and nornicotine and of the formation of N-nitrosonornicotine in the stomach of smokers (author's transl)]. It was examined how easily the tobacco-smoke constituents, nornicotine, and nicotine, are nitrosated in an acidic aqueous medium, and if a formation of nitrosamines in the stomach of smokers is possible after swallowing amine-containing saliva. More than 10% of the nornicotine present in tobacco-smoke is dissolved in saliva during smoking. While from the tertiary amine, nicotine, only a small yield of N-nitrosonornicotine was obtained, from nornicotine an about 50 times higher yield of nitrosocompound was formed than from N-methylbenzylamine, a secondary amine of moderate basicity and hence of moderate reactivity toward the nitrosating agents. The amounts of nitrite in the neutral stomach contents varied between 15 and 250 ppm; in the acidic stomach contents no nitrite was detected. No increase was observed during cigarette smoking. In 61 gastric juice of volunteers who smoked a total number of 280 cigarettes no nitrosonornicotine and no nitrosopyrrolidine (pyrrolidine is present in tobacco-smoke in similar amounts as nornicotine) was detected (detection limit: 5 ppb)."}
{"id": "PMID:127439", "title": "[Light and electron microscopic studies for classification of pituitary adenomas (author's transl)].", "content": "85 surgically removed pituitary adenomas were studied by light and electron microscopical and in part immunohistochemical methods. The tumors were histogically classified and reexamined by the ultrastructure. Histochemically the adenomas could be differentiated in acidophil adenomas (1. group, 41%), mucoid cell adenomas (2. group, 6%), and chromophobe adenomas (3. group, 37%) whereas oncocytic adenomas (4. group, 16%) could be identified only in plastic-embedded sections. About half of the acidophil adenomas were highly differentiated and showed structures which correspond to those of normal STH cells (subgroup 1.1). 1 adenoma consisted of cells of prolactin type (subgroup 1.2). The other acidophil adenomas were differentiated to a lower degree and showed no resemblance to the structures of normal acidophil cells. The 5 mucoid cell adenomas were proved to be with all methods highly differentiated adenomas of ACTH-cell type (subgroup 2.1). TSH-cell adenomas (subgroup 2.2) and lower differentiated mucoid cell adenomas (subgroup 2.0) were lacking in our collection. More than one third of the chromophobe adenomas showed well developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. The other had little and small organellas that resemblances to immature stem cells were evident. The oncocytic adenomas were identified in plastic-embedded sections by their fine-granular structures which were based ultrastructurally not on small secretory granules but on closely arranged mitochondrias.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopic studies for classification of pituitary adenomas (author's transl)]. 85 surgically removed pituitary adenomas were studied by light and electron microscopical and in part immunohistochemical methods. The tumors were histogically classified and reexamined by the ultrastructure. Histochemically the adenomas could be differentiated in acidophil adenomas (1. group, 41%), mucoid cell adenomas (2. group, 6%), and chromophobe adenomas (3. group, 37%) whereas oncocytic adenomas (4. group, 16%) could be identified only in plastic-embedded sections. About half of the acidophil adenomas were highly differentiated and showed structures which correspond to those of normal STH cells (subgroup 1.1). 1 adenoma consisted of cells of prolactin type (subgroup 1.2). The other acidophil adenomas were differentiated to a lower degree and showed no resemblance to the structures of normal acidophil cells. The 5 mucoid cell adenomas were proved to be with all methods highly differentiated adenomas of ACTH-cell type (subgroup 2.1). TSH-cell adenomas (subgroup 2.2) and lower differentiated mucoid cell adenomas (subgroup 2.0) were lacking in our collection. More than one third of the chromophobe adenomas showed well developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complexes. The other had little and small organellas that resemblances to immature stem cells were evident. The oncocytic adenomas were identified in plastic-embedded sections by their fine-granular structures which were based ultrastructurally not on small secretory granules but on closely arranged mitochondrias."}
{"id": "PMID:127440", "title": "Variation of stemline karyotype in a HeLa cell line.", "content": "100 karyotypes of a HeLa cell line (modal number 69) were studied in details. It was observed that the stemline cells of this \"triploid\" somatic cell population showed high degree of chromosomal polymorphism. It has been discussed that the stemline cells have number of extra chromosomes (or parts of chromosomes) which are not essential for the genetic integrity of this cell population. A loss of some of these chromosomes (or their parts) does not induce any appreciable change in the genetic make-up of these cells. The broken chromosomes lose their identity and are grouped together with the non-homologues, when the Denver system of classification is followed. However, it has been argued that in absence of any other acceptable system for classification, the Denver system can still be employed for analyzing human chromosomes both at diploid and abnormal heteroploid level. It has been held in contrast to the pseudo-stemline concept that these cells in general, have the essential genes in common and are responsible for the genetic make-up of this cell line and constitute together the stemline of this somatic cell population.", "contents": "Variation of stemline karyotype in a HeLa cell line. 100 karyotypes of a HeLa cell line (modal number 69) were studied in details. It was observed that the stemline cells of this \"triploid\" somatic cell population showed high degree of chromosomal polymorphism. It has been discussed that the stemline cells have number of extra chromosomes (or parts of chromosomes) which are not essential for the genetic integrity of this cell population. A loss of some of these chromosomes (or their parts) does not induce any appreciable change in the genetic make-up of these cells. The broken chromosomes lose their identity and are grouped together with the non-homologues, when the Denver system of classification is followed. However, it has been argued that in absence of any other acceptable system for classification, the Denver system can still be employed for analyzing human chromosomes both at diploid and abnormal heteroploid level. It has been held in contrast to the pseudo-stemline concept that these cells in general, have the essential genes in common and are responsible for the genetic make-up of this cell line and constitute together the stemline of this somatic cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:127441", "title": "Long term effects of a single dose of dimethylnitrosamine on the rat liver.", "content": "A single injection of DMNA induces in hepatocytes different lesions which are revealed by the mitoses following a partial hepatectomy. The inhibition of mitotic activity, the appearance of micronuclei and the development of hyperplastic nodules were investigated. The results show that the delay between the DMNA treatment and the induction of mitotic activity influences differently the evolution of these changes. The lesions reponsible for the inhibition of mitotic activity and the production of micronuclei are produced when DMNA is given before hepatectomy. They remain unchanged for a long period and are still present five weeks after the injection of the carcinogen. They have disappeared after 10 weeks. On the contrary, the lesions leading to the formation of hyperplastic nodules are at their greatest when DMNA is given at the time of the DNA synthesis following hepatectomy. The data of the present work are compared with previous results obtained by combining X irradiation and hepatectomy.", "contents": "Long term effects of a single dose of dimethylnitrosamine on the rat liver. A single injection of DMNA induces in hepatocytes different lesions which are revealed by the mitoses following a partial hepatectomy. The inhibition of mitotic activity, the appearance of micronuclei and the development of hyperplastic nodules were investigated. The results show that the delay between the DMNA treatment and the induction of mitotic activity influences differently the evolution of these changes. The lesions reponsible for the inhibition of mitotic activity and the production of micronuclei are produced when DMNA is given before hepatectomy. They remain unchanged for a long period and are still present five weeks after the injection of the carcinogen. They have disappeared after 10 weeks. On the contrary, the lesions leading to the formation of hyperplastic nodules are at their greatest when DMNA is given at the time of the DNA synthesis following hepatectomy. The data of the present work are compared with previous results obtained by combining X irradiation and hepatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:127442", "title": "Focal loss of alkaline phosphatase and increase of proliferation in preneoplastic areas of the rat urothelium after administration of n-butyl-n-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine and n-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide.", "content": "Development of tumours of the urinarY bladder was studied in 59 Male and female Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats with combined enzyme-histochemical and autoradiographic methods after oral application of n-butyl-n-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) and n-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT). as the first carcinogenic lesion detectable by light-microscopy a focal, sharply defined irreversible loss of alkaline phosphatase activity was consistently demonstrated in the urothelium, which appeared normal histologically and cytologically. In about 2/3 of the cases, NADH-diaphorase activity was markedly reduced in identical regions. The enzyme-deficient areas are to be considered as preneoplastic, because papillomas and carcinomas developed from them through different stages of hyperplasia. As a rule, these also were characterized by total loss of alkaline phosphatase activity and attenuation of the NADH-diaphorase in all parts or circumscribed areas. Autoradiographically 3H-thymidine-labelling index revealed a 43.2-fold (BBN) and 22.6-fold (FANFT) increase, respectively, in the enzyme-deficient areas, as compared with the surrounding emzyme-containing urothelium. After 54 hrs of continous labelling, there was a mean 3H-thymidine-labelling index of 54.9% in the enzyme-negative regions. The physiological mode of regeneration was no longer maintained in the areas of enzyme deficiency as there was an increased proliferation of suprabasal cells. Areas of papillomas that showed a marked attention of NADH-diaphorase had a 3H-thymidine-labelling index 4.5 (BBN) and 3.1 (FANFT) greater than the surrounding areas with preserved enzyme activity. Since loss of alkaline phosphatase activity occurs regulary and consistently after application of carcinogens with chemically different structures it appears to indicate the initial phase of tumor development in the urinary bladder of the rat.", "contents": "Focal loss of alkaline phosphatase and increase of proliferation in preneoplastic areas of the rat urothelium after administration of n-butyl-n-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine and n-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] formamide. Development of tumours of the urinarY bladder was studied in 59 Male and female Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats with combined enzyme-histochemical and autoradiographic methods after oral application of n-butyl-n-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine (BBN) and n-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT). as the first carcinogenic lesion detectable by light-microscopy a focal, sharply defined irreversible loss of alkaline phosphatase activity was consistently demonstrated in the urothelium, which appeared normal histologically and cytologically. In about 2/3 of the cases, NADH-diaphorase activity was markedly reduced in identical regions. The enzyme-deficient areas are to be considered as preneoplastic, because papillomas and carcinomas developed from them through different stages of hyperplasia. As a rule, these also were characterized by total loss of alkaline phosphatase activity and attenuation of the NADH-diaphorase in all parts or circumscribed areas. Autoradiographically 3H-thymidine-labelling index revealed a 43.2-fold (BBN) and 22.6-fold (FANFT) increase, respectively, in the enzyme-deficient areas, as compared with the surrounding emzyme-containing urothelium. After 54 hrs of continous labelling, there was a mean 3H-thymidine-labelling index of 54.9% in the enzyme-negative regions. The physiological mode of regeneration was no longer maintained in the areas of enzyme deficiency as there was an increased proliferation of suprabasal cells. Areas of papillomas that showed a marked attention of NADH-diaphorase had a 3H-thymidine-labelling index 4.5 (BBN) and 3.1 (FANFT) greater than the surrounding areas with preserved enzyme activity. Since loss of alkaline phosphatase activity occurs regulary and consistently after application of carcinogens with chemically different structures it appears to indicate the initial phase of tumor development in the urinary bladder of the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:127443", "title": "[Experiments and theoretical cell kinetic calculations on the problem of in vivo synchronization with vincristine in L 1210 ascites tumor cells and crypt cells of the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments are described on synchronizing L 1210 ascites tumor cells and jejunal crypt cells of the mouse with vincristine. In both cases the percentage of mitoses increases to a peak value 4 hrs after application of vincristine and decreases during the following 8 hrs (\"releasing time\") to the level of the normal mitotic index. Following this first mitotic peak no futher peak of neither the mitotic nor the labeling index was observed during 48 hrs in L 1210 ascites tumor cells and during 38 hrs in crypt epithelia. Thus, in both cell types it was not possible to obtain a synchronizing effect by applying vincristine. Based on cell kinetic considerations it was examined whether peaks of the mitotic as well as the labeling index can be expected at all under the given circumstances. The results show that the theoretical course of the mitotic index coincides with the measured values. This means that no peak of the mitotic index can be expected from the theoretical point of view. In calculating the time course of the labeling index the theoretical curve proved to depend to a high degree on the variations of the cycle time which are not known in detail, especially not after application of vincristine. However, the theoretical conditions show that also in the case of the labeling index no peak can be expected. This agrees with the experimental results. The general significance of a long \"releasing time\" of 8 hrs or more for the lack of a synchronizing effect is discussed.", "contents": "[Experiments and theoretical cell kinetic calculations on the problem of in vivo synchronization with vincristine in L 1210 ascites tumor cells and crypt cells of the mouse (author's transl)]. Experiments are described on synchronizing L 1210 ascites tumor cells and jejunal crypt cells of the mouse with vincristine. In both cases the percentage of mitoses increases to a peak value 4 hrs after application of vincristine and decreases during the following 8 hrs (\"releasing time\") to the level of the normal mitotic index. Following this first mitotic peak no futher peak of neither the mitotic nor the labeling index was observed during 48 hrs in L 1210 ascites tumor cells and during 38 hrs in crypt epithelia. Thus, in both cell types it was not possible to obtain a synchronizing effect by applying vincristine. Based on cell kinetic considerations it was examined whether peaks of the mitotic as well as the labeling index can be expected at all under the given circumstances. The results show that the theoretical course of the mitotic index coincides with the measured values. This means that no peak of the mitotic index can be expected from the theoretical point of view. In calculating the time course of the labeling index the theoretical curve proved to depend to a high degree on the variations of the cycle time which are not known in detail, especially not after application of vincristine. However, the theoretical conditions show that also in the case of the labeling index no peak can be expected. This agrees with the experimental results. The general significance of a long \"releasing time\" of 8 hrs or more for the lack of a synchronizing effect is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127444", "title": "Transplacental induction of neurogenic tumors in BD IX rats by intragastric administration of ethylnitrosourea precursors.", "content": "The concurrent daily intragastric administration of ethylurea at two dose levels (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg bodyweight) together with one dose level of sodium nitrite (50 mg/kg bodyweight) by a stomach tube to pregnant BD IX rats from day 15 to day 22 of gestation resulted in the induction of neurogenic tumors in all offspring. Since both ENU-precursors alone do not produce neurogenic tumors, these results are evidence of ENU formation from its precursors under the influence of gastric juice. Differences in the survival time and the incidence of tumors at both dose levels were not significant. The amount of ethylnitrosourea synthesized in the animals was very close at both dose levels, and was dependent on the amount of sodium nitrite applied. The experimental results are consistent with the conclusion, that the rat fetuses had been exposed to a total amount of about 60 mg/kg ethylnitrosourea. Neurogenic tumors dominated with 98% incidence over the non-neurogenic. The incidence of neurogenic tumors per rat was high (6.0 for Group I and 6.7 for Group II). Neurogenic tumors were equally distributed among the central and peripheral nervous systems. The neurogenic tumors induced with the precursors of ethylnitrosourea were morphologically similar in all aspects to those induced with the carcinogen itself and could be classified as oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma, mixed glioma, anaplastic glioma, glioependymoma, ependymoma, and neurinoma. Three unusual tumors were found: one early anaplastic \"septum ependymoma\" in the dorsal column of the spinal cord, and two special mixed tumors of the cranial nerves, i.e. a neurinoma with portions of an oligodendroglioma and a neurinoma with parts of an invasive ependymoma.", "contents": "Transplacental induction of neurogenic tumors in BD IX rats by intragastric administration of ethylnitrosourea precursors. The concurrent daily intragastric administration of ethylurea at two dose levels (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg bodyweight) together with one dose level of sodium nitrite (50 mg/kg bodyweight) by a stomach tube to pregnant BD IX rats from day 15 to day 22 of gestation resulted in the induction of neurogenic tumors in all offspring. Since both ENU-precursors alone do not produce neurogenic tumors, these results are evidence of ENU formation from its precursors under the influence of gastric juice. Differences in the survival time and the incidence of tumors at both dose levels were not significant. The amount of ethylnitrosourea synthesized in the animals was very close at both dose levels, and was dependent on the amount of sodium nitrite applied. The experimental results are consistent with the conclusion, that the rat fetuses had been exposed to a total amount of about 60 mg/kg ethylnitrosourea. Neurogenic tumors dominated with 98% incidence over the non-neurogenic. The incidence of neurogenic tumors per rat was high (6.0 for Group I and 6.7 for Group II). Neurogenic tumors were equally distributed among the central and peripheral nervous systems. The neurogenic tumors induced with the precursors of ethylnitrosourea were morphologically similar in all aspects to those induced with the carcinogen itself and could be classified as oligodendroglioma, astrocytoma, mixed glioma, anaplastic glioma, glioependymoma, ependymoma, and neurinoma. Three unusual tumors were found: one early anaplastic \"septum ependymoma\" in the dorsal column of the spinal cord, and two special mixed tumors of the cranial nerves, i.e. a neurinoma with portions of an oligodendroglioma and a neurinoma with parts of an invasive ependymoma."}
{"id": "PMID:127445", "title": "Ultrastructure of primary lymphosarcoma of testis.", "content": "A case of primary lymphosarcoma of testis was studied by light and electron microscopy. The fine structure of the lymphosarcoma cells was simple and monotonous. The cytoplasm was scanty and contained normal-looking organelles. Free ribosomes were abundant and the Golgi apparatus was well developed. The nuclei were large and irregular in shape with prominent nucleoli. \"Nuclear pockets\" enclosing material similar to the cytoplasmic ground substance were found infrequently. Remnants of disintegrating cells were also encountered.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of primary lymphosarcoma of testis. A case of primary lymphosarcoma of testis was studied by light and electron microscopy. The fine structure of the lymphosarcoma cells was simple and monotonous. The cytoplasm was scanty and contained normal-looking organelles. Free ribosomes were abundant and the Golgi apparatus was well developed. The nuclei were large and irregular in shape with prominent nucleoli. \"Nuclear pockets\" enclosing material similar to the cytoplasmic ground substance were found infrequently. Remnants of disintegrating cells were also encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:127446", "title": "In vitro growth of neoplastic rat glial cells.", "content": "An ependymoma was induced in the brain of a BD-IX rat by repeated doses of MNU. In vitro grown cells of the tumor were fibroblasts and stellate cells considered to be glial. Reimplantation of these cells into the brain of another BD-IX rat resulted a tumor growing in the meninges. This tumor was then repeatedly transplanted over several passages. Its gross morphology resembled that of a sarcoma; however, glial in cells could be demonstrated with silver methods. A cell line derived from the first transplanted tumor group proved to contain S-100 protein in traces in the first passages in vitro. Explanted cells of the primary ependymoma were cloned. Two clones were established, RGL 1 and RGL 2. The cells of both clones resembled morphologically the stellate elements of the primary explant. RGL 1 contained S-100 protein. It was cloned again in the 16th subpassage. Four clones were established. Only 1 contained S-100 protein in traces. The clone RGL 1 had a subdiploid karyotype with a modal number of 39 and a large submetacentric marker. It was subcloned in the 25th passage with two clones, both having a karyotype of 41 chromosomes.", "contents": "In vitro growth of neoplastic rat glial cells. An ependymoma was induced in the brain of a BD-IX rat by repeated doses of MNU. In vitro grown cells of the tumor were fibroblasts and stellate cells considered to be glial. Reimplantation of these cells into the brain of another BD-IX rat resulted a tumor growing in the meninges. This tumor was then repeatedly transplanted over several passages. Its gross morphology resembled that of a sarcoma; however, glial in cells could be demonstrated with silver methods. A cell line derived from the first transplanted tumor group proved to contain S-100 protein in traces in the first passages in vitro. Explanted cells of the primary ependymoma were cloned. Two clones were established, RGL 1 and RGL 2. The cells of both clones resembled morphologically the stellate elements of the primary explant. RGL 1 contained S-100 protein. It was cloned again in the 16th subpassage. Four clones were established. Only 1 contained S-100 protein in traces. The clone RGL 1 had a subdiploid karyotype with a modal number of 39 and a large submetacentric marker. It was subcloned in the 25th passage with two clones, both having a karyotype of 41 chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:127447", "title": "[Skin transplantation in the study of chemical carcinogenesis. III. Reduced papilloma-formation after initiation during epidermal hyperplasia induced by skin grafting or by a single application of the cocarcinogen TPA].", "content": "Skin autografting or a single painting with the cocarcinogen TPA was used to induce epidermal hyperplasia in the back skin of C3H mice. Initiation by intragastric application of the carcinogen DMBA during this state of hyperplasia and subsequent promotion by repeated application of the cocarcinogen TPA led to decreased papilloma-formation, as compared to mice of a control group which had not been pretreated before initiation. Reports by others referring to increased susceptibility of replicating epidermal cells to the effect of initiation thus cannot be confirmed. The reduction of papilloma-formation can most probably be ascribed to effects of local inflammation, either preferentially but unspecifically damaging initiated cells, or facilitating a specific immune response against tumor-associated transplantation antigens of prospective tumor cells.", "contents": "[Skin transplantation in the study of chemical carcinogenesis. III. Reduced papilloma-formation after initiation during epidermal hyperplasia induced by skin grafting or by a single application of the cocarcinogen TPA]. Skin autografting or a single painting with the cocarcinogen TPA was used to induce epidermal hyperplasia in the back skin of C3H mice. Initiation by intragastric application of the carcinogen DMBA during this state of hyperplasia and subsequent promotion by repeated application of the cocarcinogen TPA led to decreased papilloma-formation, as compared to mice of a control group which had not been pretreated before initiation. Reports by others referring to increased susceptibility of replicating epidermal cells to the effect of initiation thus cannot be confirmed. The reduction of papilloma-formation can most probably be ascribed to effects of local inflammation, either preferentially but unspecifically damaging initiated cells, or facilitating a specific immune response against tumor-associated transplantation antigens of prospective tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:127449", "title": "Cellular- and permeability-changes in the peritoneal cavity of mice after injection of endotoxon.", "content": "Injection of endotoxin into the peritoneal cavity of mice causes an early emigration of PMN-leucocytes and therafter a decrease in macrophage count. The number of lymphocytes shows only a transient increase. One and 2 injections of endotoxin rise the fibrinogen and protein level of the peritoneal fluid. A simple test for measuring the change in permeability (and lymph circulation) was described (\"congo red elimination's test\"). Changes in permeability occur after a latent period of 2 hours following endotoxin administration, culminate during the 1st day and last about 3-4 days. The possible mechanisms of the above phenomena are discussed.", "contents": "Cellular- and permeability-changes in the peritoneal cavity of mice after injection of endotoxon. Injection of endotoxin into the peritoneal cavity of mice causes an early emigration of PMN-leucocytes and therafter a decrease in macrophage count. The number of lymphocytes shows only a transient increase. One and 2 injections of endotoxin rise the fibrinogen and protein level of the peritoneal fluid. A simple test for measuring the change in permeability (and lymph circulation) was described (\"congo red elimination's test\"). Changes in permeability occur after a latent period of 2 hours following endotoxin administration, culminate during the 1st day and last about 3-4 days. The possible mechanisms of the above phenomena are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127450", "title": "Adjuvancy of streptococcal nucleic acids.", "content": "A study was performed to find out whether or not RNA and DNA isolated from Group A streptococcal cytoplasm does possess adjuvant activity. The findings obtained indicate that the adjuvancy of streptococcal RNA is very similar to that of poly I:C. The adjuvant activity of poly I:C is characterized by its capacity to increase the number of pre-existing hemolysin-producing spleen cells and by its ability to increase the development of 19S and 7S producers early in the 12-day-period of primary immune response. The adjuvancy of streptococcal DNA was considerably less pronounced than that of RNA. Neither poly I:C nor streptococcal RNA and DNA were found to be capable of increasing the process of priming for the secondary immune response.", "contents": "Adjuvancy of streptococcal nucleic acids. A study was performed to find out whether or not RNA and DNA isolated from Group A streptococcal cytoplasm does possess adjuvant activity. The findings obtained indicate that the adjuvancy of streptococcal RNA is very similar to that of poly I:C. The adjuvant activity of poly I:C is characterized by its capacity to increase the number of pre-existing hemolysin-producing spleen cells and by its ability to increase the development of 19S and 7S producers early in the 12-day-period of primary immune response. The adjuvancy of streptococcal DNA was considerably less pronounced than that of RNA. Neither poly I:C nor streptococcal RNA and DNA were found to be capable of increasing the process of priming for the secondary immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:127451", "title": "[Studies on the in vitro formation of antibodies. III. Induction of primary and secondary immune response in vitro].", "content": "Peritoneal cells from normal, unimmunized mice (female NMRI, 28-32 gr) produced in vitro primary and secondary immune response after induction with the bacteriophage T2 6 hours or 7 day resp. after establishing the cultures. We confirmed the induction of a primary and secondary immunological response in vitro in the very same culture by the following data: 1. In vivo the donor animals were not in contact with the antigen used. We found neither the phage nor its host E. coli B in the gut of 97 mice investigated and no humoral antibodies against T2. The kinetics of humoral antibody production in vivo by different doses of T2 also showed that there are no related or identical antigen structures incorporated in our animals. 2. The T2 neutralizing activity in the culture medium after the first induction had the sedimentation constant of 19.7 +/- 2.3 S (n = 9) but the activity found after the second induction sedimented with 8.1 +/- 0.7 S (n = 10). 3. The primary activity was more sensitive to mercaptoethanol than the secondary. 4. Complement was bound by the complex T2 + neutralizing activity.", "contents": "[Studies on the in vitro formation of antibodies. III. Induction of primary and secondary immune response in vitro]. Peritoneal cells from normal, unimmunized mice (female NMRI, 28-32 gr) produced in vitro primary and secondary immune response after induction with the bacteriophage T2 6 hours or 7 day resp. after establishing the cultures. We confirmed the induction of a primary and secondary immunological response in vitro in the very same culture by the following data: 1. In vivo the donor animals were not in contact with the antigen used. We found neither the phage nor its host E. coli B in the gut of 97 mice investigated and no humoral antibodies against T2. The kinetics of humoral antibody production in vivo by different doses of T2 also showed that there are no related or identical antigen structures incorporated in our animals. 2. The T2 neutralizing activity in the culture medium after the first induction had the sedimentation constant of 19.7 +/- 2.3 S (n = 9) but the activity found after the second induction sedimented with 8.1 +/- 0.7 S (n = 10). 3. The primary activity was more sensitive to mercaptoethanol than the secondary. 4. Complement was bound by the complex T2 + neutralizing activity."}
{"id": "PMID:127452", "title": "Cytochemical studies of rosette-forming cells.", "content": "Two types of rosette-forming cells were identified: rosette-forming cells with membrane-bound receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E-RFC) and rosette-forming cells with Fc receptors (EA-RFC). In both types of lymphocytes the activity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, non-specific esterase and the content of glycogen were studied. A significant difference was established between E-RFC and EA-RFC lymphocytes as concerns acid phosphatase activity; corresponding mean values being 72.4 +/- 7.5 respectively 44.4 +/- 4.5 (p less than 0.01). As oppose to the acid phosphatase activity the glycogen was significantly higher in EA-RFC lymphocytes (mean 67.2 +/- 6.9), as compared with E-RFC (mean 41.6 +/- 9.2). It seems to us that estimations of acid phosphatase activity may be of value in differentiating 2 populations of lymphocytes.", "contents": "Cytochemical studies of rosette-forming cells. Two types of rosette-forming cells were identified: rosette-forming cells with membrane-bound receptors for sheep erythrocytes (E-RFC) and rosette-forming cells with Fc receptors (EA-RFC). In both types of lymphocytes the activity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, non-specific esterase and the content of glycogen were studied. A significant difference was established between E-RFC and EA-RFC lymphocytes as concerns acid phosphatase activity; corresponding mean values being 72.4 +/- 7.5 respectively 44.4 +/- 4.5 (p less than 0.01). As oppose to the acid phosphatase activity the glycogen was significantly higher in EA-RFC lymphocytes (mean 67.2 +/- 6.9), as compared with E-RFC (mean 41.6 +/- 9.2). It seems to us that estimations of acid phosphatase activity may be of value in differentiating 2 populations of lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:127453", "title": "[Study of anti-T-agglutinins in active and inactivated human sera (author's transl)].", "content": "Anti-T-agglutinins were found in 252 of 283 human sera investigated applying the two-step neuraminidase test and using an RDE-preparation of czechoslovakian origin. Storage and heating of the sera was followed by a reduction or loss of T-agglutination dependent on the time of incubation at 4 degrees C and 56 degrees C. This was proved to be caused by the inactivation of the anti-T-agglutinins and not by the loss of complement. T-transformed erythrocytes absorb anti-T-agglutinins completely. However, they are rarely found in eluates of anti-T-sensitized erythrocytes. The two-step neuraminidase test is a simple and reliable method for the detection of anti-T-agglutinins in human sera.", "contents": "[Study of anti-T-agglutinins in active and inactivated human sera (author's transl)]. Anti-T-agglutinins were found in 252 of 283 human sera investigated applying the two-step neuraminidase test and using an RDE-preparation of czechoslovakian origin. Storage and heating of the sera was followed by a reduction or loss of T-agglutination dependent on the time of incubation at 4 degrees C and 56 degrees C. This was proved to be caused by the inactivation of the anti-T-agglutinins and not by the loss of complement. T-transformed erythrocytes absorb anti-T-agglutinins completely. However, they are rarely found in eluates of anti-T-sensitized erythrocytes. The two-step neuraminidase test is a simple and reliable method for the detection of anti-T-agglutinins in human sera."}
{"id": "PMID:127454", "title": "Immunosuppressive activity of heterologous antimacrophage sera.", "content": "Antisera against rat macrophages were raised in rabbits and tested individually, serologically and in vivo, by injecting 1.5 ml/100 g into LEW rats 1 and 4 days following a graft of CDF rat skin. 1. Erythrocyte absorption reduced the mean lymphocytotoxic titer of antimacrophage sera from 1:16 to 1:1, but yielded strongly immunosuppressive sera. They extended the graft survival time from the normal rate of 11-14 days up to 217 days. 2. Additional absorption with lymphocytes reduced this activity significantly, but still yielded very active sera (graft survival up to 83 days). 3. After the procedure for serologically exhaustive absorption was repeated, an in vivo control for exhaustive absorption of anti-lymphocyte antibodies was performed. The results showed that the double-absorbed sera did not exhibit reduced immunosuppressive activity. 4. The above activity was found in 9/16 antisera. Seven antisera were inactive in vivo, though they showed similar in vitro activity with respect to their toxic titers against macrophages. These results confirm and extend our earlier functional and morphological studies on AMS. They are discussed in relationship to the controversial data from literature.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive activity of heterologous antimacrophage sera. Antisera against rat macrophages were raised in rabbits and tested individually, serologically and in vivo, by injecting 1.5 ml/100 g into LEW rats 1 and 4 days following a graft of CDF rat skin. 1. Erythrocyte absorption reduced the mean lymphocytotoxic titer of antimacrophage sera from 1:16 to 1:1, but yielded strongly immunosuppressive sera. They extended the graft survival time from the normal rate of 11-14 days up to 217 days. 2. Additional absorption with lymphocytes reduced this activity significantly, but still yielded very active sera (graft survival up to 83 days). 3. After the procedure for serologically exhaustive absorption was repeated, an in vivo control for exhaustive absorption of anti-lymphocyte antibodies was performed. The results showed that the double-absorbed sera did not exhibit reduced immunosuppressive activity. 4. The above activity was found in 9/16 antisera. Seven antisera were inactive in vivo, though they showed similar in vitro activity with respect to their toxic titers against macrophages. These results confirm and extend our earlier functional and morphological studies on AMS. They are discussed in relationship to the controversial data from literature."}
{"id": "PMID:127455", "title": "Antiglobulin test for titration of antilymphocyte globulin.", "content": "An antiglobulin assay, derived from the indirect Coombs' reaction has been adapted to the titration of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG). Ten different ALG preparations have been investigated by this test and titres obtained are satisfactorily correlated with skin allograft survival in monkeys, rosette inhibition and mixed lymphocyte reaction inhibition. The antiglobulin test has also proved to be valuable for the monitoring of ALG-therapy in patients as well as for studying the mode of action of this potent immunosuppressive agent.", "contents": "Antiglobulin test for titration of antilymphocyte globulin. An antiglobulin assay, derived from the indirect Coombs' reaction has been adapted to the titration of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG). Ten different ALG preparations have been investigated by this test and titres obtained are satisfactorily correlated with skin allograft survival in monkeys, rosette inhibition and mixed lymphocyte reaction inhibition. The antiglobulin test has also proved to be valuable for the monitoring of ALG-therapy in patients as well as for studying the mode of action of this potent immunosuppressive agent."}
{"id": "PMID:127456", "title": "The effect of ethyl alcohol and beta-propiolactone inactivated vaccinia virus on the development of skin immunity and the production of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies in guinea pigs, rabbits and monkeys.", "content": "The efficacy of hemagglutinin containing preparations of vaccinia virus in eliciting skin immunity and hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies has been studied in guinea pigs, rabbits and monkeys. The preparations, grown on chorioallantoic membranes from chick embryos, have been tested both in the form of live vaccine and after inactivation with ethyl alcohol and beta-propiolactone. Statistical analysis of the results, comprising data from 200 guinea pigs, 80 rabbits and 100 monkeys, shows that there is a strong correlation between hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies and skin resistance, both when the anti-hemagglutinin is produced in response to live as well as inactivated vaccinia virus.", "contents": "The effect of ethyl alcohol and beta-propiolactone inactivated vaccinia virus on the development of skin immunity and the production of hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies in guinea pigs, rabbits and monkeys. The efficacy of hemagglutinin containing preparations of vaccinia virus in eliciting skin immunity and hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies has been studied in guinea pigs, rabbits and monkeys. The preparations, grown on chorioallantoic membranes from chick embryos, have been tested both in the form of live vaccine and after inactivation with ethyl alcohol and beta-propiolactone. Statistical analysis of the results, comprising data from 200 guinea pigs, 80 rabbits and 100 monkeys, shows that there is a strong correlation between hemagglutination inhibiting antibodies and skin resistance, both when the anti-hemagglutinin is produced in response to live as well as inactivated vaccinia virus."}
{"id": "PMID:127457", "title": "Heteroagglutinins and spontaneous rosette-forming cells in obese strain (OS) chickens.", "content": "Sera of OS chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) and of normal white Leghorn (NWL) controls, aged 4-20 weeks, were studied for the presence of heteroagglutinins to sheep (SRBC) and rabbit red blood cells (RRBC). Significantly higher frequency and titers of SRBC- and RRBC-agglutinins were found in OS as compared to NWL birds, the difference being more accentuated with RRBC. The number of spontaneously rosette-forming peripheral blood lymphocytes (RFC) with SRBC and RRBC was determined in 20-week-old OS and NWL chickens. The number of RRBC-RFC was found to be significantly elevated in the OS. The value of RFC did not correlate with the individual heteroagglutinin titers. RFC and heteroagglutinin secreting cells are considered to be nonidentical. These results are discussed in the light of the previously established hyperreactivity of the B-dependent portion of the immune system in OS chickens.", "contents": "Heteroagglutinins and spontaneous rosette-forming cells in obese strain (OS) chickens. Sera of OS chickens with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT) and of normal white Leghorn (NWL) controls, aged 4-20 weeks, were studied for the presence of heteroagglutinins to sheep (SRBC) and rabbit red blood cells (RRBC). Significantly higher frequency and titers of SRBC- and RRBC-agglutinins were found in OS as compared to NWL birds, the difference being more accentuated with RRBC. The number of spontaneously rosette-forming peripheral blood lymphocytes (RFC) with SRBC and RRBC was determined in 20-week-old OS and NWL chickens. The number of RRBC-RFC was found to be significantly elevated in the OS. The value of RFC did not correlate with the individual heteroagglutinin titers. RFC and heteroagglutinin secreting cells are considered to be nonidentical. These results are discussed in the light of the previously established hyperreactivity of the B-dependent portion of the immune system in OS chickens."}
{"id": "PMID:127458", "title": "Interactions of the third component of complement (C3) with cross-linked dextran. II. Demonstration of an alternate pathway activation as binding mechanism of C3 to cross-linked dextran.", "content": "In previous investigations we could show that incubation of cross-linked dextran (Sephadex) with normal human serum results in the binding of the third component of complement to the Sephadex beads. In this paper, data are presented which demonstrate that not only human but also guinea pig C3 reacts with Sephadex and that this binding is due to an alternate pathway of C3 activation. This conclusion was drawn, since a) C3 is bound also from guinea pig serum with total deficiency of C4, b) the reaction can be completely blocked by EDTA but only diminished by EGTA and c) the reaction turned out to be temperature dependent with an optimum at 37 degrees C and could be abolished by diluting the serum more than 1:16. The ability of cross-linked dextran to activate C3 via the alternate pathway seems to be due to conformational changes, since in our experiments soluble dextran of the same source was found to be ineffective in this respect. Implications from these findings and possible applications are discussed.", "contents": "Interactions of the third component of complement (C3) with cross-linked dextran. II. Demonstration of an alternate pathway activation as binding mechanism of C3 to cross-linked dextran. In previous investigations we could show that incubation of cross-linked dextran (Sephadex) with normal human serum results in the binding of the third component of complement to the Sephadex beads. In this paper, data are presented which demonstrate that not only human but also guinea pig C3 reacts with Sephadex and that this binding is due to an alternate pathway of C3 activation. This conclusion was drawn, since a) C3 is bound also from guinea pig serum with total deficiency of C4, b) the reaction can be completely blocked by EDTA but only diminished by EGTA and c) the reaction turned out to be temperature dependent with an optimum at 37 degrees C and could be abolished by diluting the serum more than 1:16. The ability of cross-linked dextran to activate C3 via the alternate pathway seems to be due to conformational changes, since in our experiments soluble dextran of the same source was found to be ineffective in this respect. Implications from these findings and possible applications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127459", "title": "The effect of antibody and complement on perfused hearts: a model for the study of xenograft rejection phenomenon.", "content": "An in vitro heart perfusion system was developed to study the effect of antibody and complement on hearts in vitro, as a model to quantitatively evaluate factors involved in xenograft rejection. Both guinea pig and rabbit hearts were tested with various reagents. Perfusion of hearts with normal autologous or \"homologous\" sera did not induce rejection, while \"heterologous\" sera, normal or immune, arrested cardiac function. Either the inactivation of certain complement components or the absence of antibodies against heart tissue prevented rejection as determined by lack of change in electrocardiogram and alterations in ultrastructure. Antibody alone had no effect. A lethal effect of C6-deficient rabbit serum on guinea pig hearts was prevented by 2 antihistamines, Chlortripolon and Benadryl.", "contents": "The effect of antibody and complement on perfused hearts: a model for the study of xenograft rejection phenomenon. An in vitro heart perfusion system was developed to study the effect of antibody and complement on hearts in vitro, as a model to quantitatively evaluate factors involved in xenograft rejection. Both guinea pig and rabbit hearts were tested with various reagents. Perfusion of hearts with normal autologous or \"homologous\" sera did not induce rejection, while \"heterologous\" sera, normal or immune, arrested cardiac function. Either the inactivation of certain complement components or the absence of antibodies against heart tissue prevented rejection as determined by lack of change in electrocardiogram and alterations in ultrastructure. Antibody alone had no effect. A lethal effect of C6-deficient rabbit serum on guinea pig hearts was prevented by 2 antihistamines, Chlortripolon and Benadryl."}
{"id": "PMID:127460", "title": "Determination of the antigen binding capacity of antisera to collagen by gel filtration.", "content": "Significant differences in the antigen binding capacity of different antisera to collagen of identical haemagglutination titres were demonstrated by using gel filtration for the isolation of collagen-anticollagen immune-complexes. A partially degraded collagen was used as the antigen. The influence of antigen concentration on antigen binding capacity was investigated with 2 antisera of different avidity. The distribution of antibody-bound antigen among IgM- and IgG- peaks indicates the participation of both immunoglobulin classes in the formation of collagen-anticollagen immune-complexes.", "contents": "Determination of the antigen binding capacity of antisera to collagen by gel filtration. Significant differences in the antigen binding capacity of different antisera to collagen of identical haemagglutination titres were demonstrated by using gel filtration for the isolation of collagen-anticollagen immune-complexes. A partially degraded collagen was used as the antigen. The influence of antigen concentration on antigen binding capacity was investigated with 2 antisera of different avidity. The distribution of antibody-bound antigen among IgM- and IgG- peaks indicates the participation of both immunoglobulin classes in the formation of collagen-anticollagen immune-complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:127461", "title": "Cytological changes and antigen capture in chicken spleen during the secondary immune response to homologous and cross-reacting antigens.", "content": "It was demonstrated by autoradiography using 125I-labeled antigens that in the secondary response to bovine serum albumin (BSA), a considerable amount of antigen is localizing in the germinal centers (GC) of chicken spleen prior to the onset of antibody production. A similar early antigen capture, although of a lesser degree, was also noted when birds originally immunized with BSA were injected with human serum albumin (HSA) on a second occasion. Early antigen localization in GCs was scarcely demonstrable in the primary response. Since antigen capture requires specific antibodies, it was concluded that the antigen binding cells correspond with B lymphocytes of GCs formed during the primary immune response or with their descendants. On antigenic stimulus, these cells transform to antibody producing cells after one or more mitoses. GCs can therefore be regarded as memory units composed of cells committed to one and the same antigen. Cells of the thymus-system probably play a cooperative role in the antigen-induced formation of GCs.", "contents": "Cytological changes and antigen capture in chicken spleen during the secondary immune response to homologous and cross-reacting antigens. It was demonstrated by autoradiography using 125I-labeled antigens that in the secondary response to bovine serum albumin (BSA), a considerable amount of antigen is localizing in the germinal centers (GC) of chicken spleen prior to the onset of antibody production. A similar early antigen capture, although of a lesser degree, was also noted when birds originally immunized with BSA were injected with human serum albumin (HSA) on a second occasion. Early antigen localization in GCs was scarcely demonstrable in the primary response. Since antigen capture requires specific antibodies, it was concluded that the antigen binding cells correspond with B lymphocytes of GCs formed during the primary immune response or with their descendants. On antigenic stimulus, these cells transform to antibody producing cells after one or more mitoses. GCs can therefore be regarded as memory units composed of cells committed to one and the same antigen. Cells of the thymus-system probably play a cooperative role in the antigen-induced formation of GCs."}
{"id": "PMID:127462", "title": "Correlation between the results of the migration inhibitory factor production test with DNA and the severity of the disease in the systemic lupus erythematosus patients.", "content": "A correlation was made between the severity of clinical symptoms of SLE and the results of the migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production test. For this purpose 10 patients with various manifestations of SLE were examined by MIF production test before and after the immunosuppressive therapy. A good correlation between the actual clinical stage and the results of the MIF production test was found. The successful immunosuppressive therapy turned the positive MIF production into the negative one in most of the observed patients. The MIF production test is therefore recommended as a good complementary test for the estimation of the actual state of the SLE.", "contents": "Correlation between the results of the migration inhibitory factor production test with DNA and the severity of the disease in the systemic lupus erythematosus patients. A correlation was made between the severity of clinical symptoms of SLE and the results of the migration inhibitory factor (MIF) production test. For this purpose 10 patients with various manifestations of SLE were examined by MIF production test before and after the immunosuppressive therapy. A good correlation between the actual clinical stage and the results of the MIF production test was found. The successful immunosuppressive therapy turned the positive MIF production into the negative one in most of the observed patients. The MIF production test is therefore recommended as a good complementary test for the estimation of the actual state of the SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:127463", "title": "Lymphokines in sensitized rats (II). Skin reacting factors and lymphnode activating substances originating from thymocytes.", "content": "In vivo activity upon draining popliteal lymphnodes of lymphokine-containing thymic cell culture supernatants from rats sensitized to PPD was studied after subcutaneous injection into footpads of normal recipients. Also inflammatory skin responses after intradermal injection of the same supernatants into the same untreated animals were studied. It appeared that only concentrated culture supernatants from antigen-stimulated thymic cell cultures were able to cause paracortical changes in draining lymphnodes after subcutaneous injection, and inflammatory skin reactions after intradermal injection in untreated animals in contrast to control supernatants. The results confirm the hypothesis that a population of cells must be present in the thymus of the sensitized rat which is able to produce lymphokines after contact with specific antigen.", "contents": "Lymphokines in sensitized rats (II). Skin reacting factors and lymphnode activating substances originating from thymocytes. In vivo activity upon draining popliteal lymphnodes of lymphokine-containing thymic cell culture supernatants from rats sensitized to PPD was studied after subcutaneous injection into footpads of normal recipients. Also inflammatory skin responses after intradermal injection of the same supernatants into the same untreated animals were studied. It appeared that only concentrated culture supernatants from antigen-stimulated thymic cell cultures were able to cause paracortical changes in draining lymphnodes after subcutaneous injection, and inflammatory skin reactions after intradermal injection in untreated animals in contrast to control supernatants. The results confirm the hypothesis that a population of cells must be present in the thymus of the sensitized rat which is able to produce lymphokines after contact with specific antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:127464", "title": "The postnatal development of the white pulp in the rat spleen and the onset of immunocompetence against a thymus-independent and a thymus-dependent antigen.", "content": "The spleen of the rat contains 5 well delineated compartments: a central and peripheral part of the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS), the marginal zone and the follicle with centre and corona. A study was made on the development of these compartments in correlation with the onset of immunocompetence of the spleen. The spleens of animals in the age range from 1-40 days were studied with the light and electron microscopes. Immunocompetence was assessed by measuring serum antibody levels 5 days after intravenous antigen administration. Comparable doses of paratyphoid vaccin (PTV) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were used: PTV as a thymus-independent, SRBC as a thymus-dependent antigen. At the first day of life few lymphocytes are present around small arterioles. The marginal zone is first present at 9 days of age. At 14 days of age the typical thymus-dependent area develops. Interdigitating cells, which seem to develop from monocytes, and lymphocytes are present in close apposition. Primary follicles were first seen on 20 days of age, follicle centres at 25 or 30 days of age. The appearance of \"typical\" dendritic cells coincided with the appearance of follicle centres. The first titre against PTV was seen after antigen administration at 9 days after birth, against SRBC after injection in 14 days old animals. As PTV is a thymus-independent antigen it needs only B-cells for a primary IgM response. The appearance of functional B-cells in sufficient numbers to give a measurable response therefore coincides with the appearance of the marginal zone. Although T-cells are present from birth, the response against SRBC is delayed until the thymus-dependent area has developed. Thus, in the first 2 weeks of life, T-cells are either immature, or they are not able to react, because their microenvironment is not yet adequate.", "contents": "The postnatal development of the white pulp in the rat spleen and the onset of immunocompetence against a thymus-independent and a thymus-dependent antigen. The spleen of the rat contains 5 well delineated compartments: a central and peripheral part of the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath (PALS), the marginal zone and the follicle with centre and corona. A study was made on the development of these compartments in correlation with the onset of immunocompetence of the spleen. The spleens of animals in the age range from 1-40 days were studied with the light and electron microscopes. Immunocompetence was assessed by measuring serum antibody levels 5 days after intravenous antigen administration. Comparable doses of paratyphoid vaccin (PTV) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were used: PTV as a thymus-independent, SRBC as a thymus-dependent antigen. At the first day of life few lymphocytes are present around small arterioles. The marginal zone is first present at 9 days of age. At 14 days of age the typical thymus-dependent area develops. Interdigitating cells, which seem to develop from monocytes, and lymphocytes are present in close apposition. Primary follicles were first seen on 20 days of age, follicle centres at 25 or 30 days of age. The appearance of \"typical\" dendritic cells coincided with the appearance of follicle centres. The first titre against PTV was seen after antigen administration at 9 days after birth, against SRBC after injection in 14 days old animals. As PTV is a thymus-independent antigen it needs only B-cells for a primary IgM response. The appearance of functional B-cells in sufficient numbers to give a measurable response therefore coincides with the appearance of the marginal zone. Although T-cells are present from birth, the response against SRBC is delayed until the thymus-dependent area has developed. Thus, in the first 2 weeks of life, T-cells are either immature, or they are not able to react, because their microenvironment is not yet adequate."}
{"id": "PMID:127465", "title": "Separation of human lymphoid cells by preparative cell electrophoresis.", "content": "By means of free-flow electrophoresis a preparative separation of cells according to their surface charge is achieved. The method has been applied to human lymphocytes of blood and of tonsils. Technical details are described and discussed with respect to optimal separation conditions, reproducibility of results and viability of the separated cells. Unseparated cells, pooled separated cells and cells corresponding to different electrophoretic mobilities are compared for stimulation in response to PHA, determination of cells bearing membrane immunoglobulins, colony growth of hemopoietic stem cells and DNA syntheses in vitro. It is concluded that reproducible results can be obtained, that the biological activities of the cells after separation are unaltered and that a separation or at least an enrichment of cells with certain properties can be achieved.", "contents": "Separation of human lymphoid cells by preparative cell electrophoresis. By means of free-flow electrophoresis a preparative separation of cells according to their surface charge is achieved. The method has been applied to human lymphocytes of blood and of tonsils. Technical details are described and discussed with respect to optimal separation conditions, reproducibility of results and viability of the separated cells. Unseparated cells, pooled separated cells and cells corresponding to different electrophoretic mobilities are compared for stimulation in response to PHA, determination of cells bearing membrane immunoglobulins, colony growth of hemopoietic stem cells and DNA syntheses in vitro. It is concluded that reproducible results can be obtained, that the biological activities of the cells after separation are unaltered and that a separation or at least an enrichment of cells with certain properties can be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:127466", "title": "The cytotoxic activity of mouse T lymphocytes against allogeneic cytotoxic T cells.", "content": "Using a 51Cr cytotoxicity assay, the sensitivity of murine cytotoxic T cells to T cell mediated cytotoxicity has been tested. Two experimental approaches have been used. First, cytotoxic T-blast-lymphocytes (CTBL), enriched by the velocity sedimentation at 1 g were used both as cytotoxic effector cells and as 51Cr-labelled target cells. It was found that murine CTBL are capable to lyse directly and specifically allogeneic CTBL within 200 minutes. The second approach used was to incubate CTBL together with CTBL, the cytotoxic activity of which was directed against the transplantation antigens of the added allogeneic CTBL population. After 10 hours, the residual cytotoxic activity was tested. Again it was found that CTBL were capable of functionally inactivating allogeneic CTBL. Therefore the results obtained are incompatible with the concept that target cell lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by a non specific \"lymphotoxin\", secreted by activated T cells after the antigen-recognition phase in the confined space between T cells and target cells.", "contents": "The cytotoxic activity of mouse T lymphocytes against allogeneic cytotoxic T cells. Using a 51Cr cytotoxicity assay, the sensitivity of murine cytotoxic T cells to T cell mediated cytotoxicity has been tested. Two experimental approaches have been used. First, cytotoxic T-blast-lymphocytes (CTBL), enriched by the velocity sedimentation at 1 g were used both as cytotoxic effector cells and as 51Cr-labelled target cells. It was found that murine CTBL are capable to lyse directly and specifically allogeneic CTBL within 200 minutes. The second approach used was to incubate CTBL together with CTBL, the cytotoxic activity of which was directed against the transplantation antigens of the added allogeneic CTBL population. After 10 hours, the residual cytotoxic activity was tested. Again it was found that CTBL were capable of functionally inactivating allogeneic CTBL. Therefore the results obtained are incompatible with the concept that target cell lysis by cytotoxic T lymphocytes is mediated by a non specific \"lymphotoxin\", secreted by activated T cells after the antigen-recognition phase in the confined space between T cells and target cells."}
{"id": "PMID:127467", "title": "Gilbert's syndrome and HL-A. Preliminary report.", "content": "HL-A antigens were determined in 18 unrelated patients with Gilbert's syndrome and 3 families where this condition occurred in 2 generations. The data obtained do not point out an association between HL-A antigens and Gilbert's syndrome.", "contents": "Gilbert's syndrome and HL-A. Preliminary report. HL-A antigens were determined in 18 unrelated patients with Gilbert's syndrome and 3 families where this condition occurred in 2 generations. The data obtained do not point out an association between HL-A antigens and Gilbert's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:127468", "title": "[Histocompatibility-antigens in hay fever (author's transl)].", "content": "HL-A antigens have been determined in 110 not related Caucasian patients from southwest Germany suffering from hay fever and in 353 blood donors from the same area. Gene-frequencies and haplotype-frequencies of these 2 groups were compared, deviations within various specific allergy groups were investigated taking into consideration associated diseases. Patients suffering from hay fever showed a significant increase in frequency of W 19 and a significant decrease in HL-A8. Increase of W 19 was most evident in persons who became sick before the 16th year of age and in those who showed asthmatic symptoms in addition to those of hay fever. HL-A8 is significantly decreased only in persons who became sick after the 16th year of age. Found differences in haplotype-frequencies need further confirmation in larger studies. A relationship between changes of HL-A frequencies in hay fever due to special pollen allergies could not be determined.", "contents": "[Histocompatibility-antigens in hay fever (author's transl)]. HL-A antigens have been determined in 110 not related Caucasian patients from southwest Germany suffering from hay fever and in 353 blood donors from the same area. Gene-frequencies and haplotype-frequencies of these 2 groups were compared, deviations within various specific allergy groups were investigated taking into consideration associated diseases. Patients suffering from hay fever showed a significant increase in frequency of W 19 and a significant decrease in HL-A8. Increase of W 19 was most evident in persons who became sick before the 16th year of age and in those who showed asthmatic symptoms in addition to those of hay fever. HL-A8 is significantly decreased only in persons who became sick after the 16th year of age. Found differences in haplotype-frequencies need further confirmation in larger studies. A relationship between changes of HL-A frequencies in hay fever due to special pollen allergies could not be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:127469", "title": "Biologic activity of soluble collagen-anticollagen immune complexes as demonstrated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis.", "content": "Collagen-anticollagen immune complexes were prepared by gel filtration. Complex formation was chemically and serologically demonstrated. Complexes eluting in gammaM- and gammaG-peaks of antigen-antiserum mixture showed strong positive reactions in PCA experiments performed with 20 guinea pigs. Control preparations of gammaM- and gammaG-peaks of antiserum devoid of antigen gave significantly lower PCA-response. The positive reaction of control preparations can be explained in part by a certain degree of cross-reactivity of anticollagen-antibodies with guinea pig collagen.", "contents": "Biologic activity of soluble collagen-anticollagen immune complexes as demonstrated by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Collagen-anticollagen immune complexes were prepared by gel filtration. Complex formation was chemically and serologically demonstrated. Complexes eluting in gammaM- and gammaG-peaks of antigen-antiserum mixture showed strong positive reactions in PCA experiments performed with 20 guinea pigs. Control preparations of gammaM- and gammaG-peaks of antiserum devoid of antigen gave significantly lower PCA-response. The positive reaction of control preparations can be explained in part by a certain degree of cross-reactivity of anticollagen-antibodies with guinea pig collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:127470", "title": "[The typing of group A haemolytic streptococci. V. Communication: type differentiation within the T-complexes 3, 13, B3264 by means of monospecific T-antisera (author's transl)].", "content": "Monospecifically reacting T-antisera can be prepared by the absorption technique of Takizawa, Akiyama and Miyamoto for the Streptococcus pyogenes types 3, 13, B3264 and by conventional techniques for the types 41 and 56. The findings were confirmed by correlation of the T-type with the M-type. This method to a large extent enables typing of group A-streptococcal strains with the T-complex 3, 13, B3264. M-precipitation allows this to a far lesser degree, since M-antigens are produced by only a fairly small percentage of these types. Approximately 90 percent of the 1132 strains agglutinating with T 3, 13, B3264-complex antiserum could be assigned to one of these 3 types by use of monospecifically reacting T-antisera. The epidemiological analysis is considerably improved by this system. The results of the T-typing are in agreement with the outcome of the serum opacity reaction (SOR). Strains belonging to types 3, 41 and 56 react negatively in the SOR, strains of type 13 and B3264 show a positive SOR. The types 33, 43, 52 and 53 possess an identical T-antigen, so that monospecifically reacting T-antisera could not be prepared for these types.", "contents": "[The typing of group A haemolytic streptococci. V. Communication: type differentiation within the T-complexes 3, 13, B3264 by means of monospecific T-antisera (author's transl)]. Monospecifically reacting T-antisera can be prepared by the absorption technique of Takizawa, Akiyama and Miyamoto for the Streptococcus pyogenes types 3, 13, B3264 and by conventional techniques for the types 41 and 56. The findings were confirmed by correlation of the T-type with the M-type. This method to a large extent enables typing of group A-streptococcal strains with the T-complex 3, 13, B3264. M-precipitation allows this to a far lesser degree, since M-antigens are produced by only a fairly small percentage of these types. Approximately 90 percent of the 1132 strains agglutinating with T 3, 13, B3264-complex antiserum could be assigned to one of these 3 types by use of monospecifically reacting T-antisera. The epidemiological analysis is considerably improved by this system. The results of the T-typing are in agreement with the outcome of the serum opacity reaction (SOR). Strains belonging to types 3, 41 and 56 react negatively in the SOR, strains of type 13 and B3264 show a positive SOR. The types 33, 43, 52 and 53 possess an identical T-antigen, so that monospecifically reacting T-antisera could not be prepared for these types."}
{"id": "PMID:127471", "title": "Clinical trial of Ro 6-0787, a monovalent specific hapten inhibitor of penicillin allergy.", "content": "A second clinical trial of the compound Ro 6-0787, which is a specific monovalent penicilloyl hapten inhibitor of allergic reactions to penicillin has been conducted by investigators from 9 different European groups in 90 patients allergic to penicillin. The effect of a combined Ro 6-0787-penicillin therapy was considered as clinically successful in the large majority of cases, since treatment with penicillin could be pursued or resumed without allergic manifestation in 42 from 46 cases (91 percent). The effect of Ro 6-0787 alone on acute allergic manifestations after interruption of penicillin therapy was more difficult to evaluate but was nevertheless considered satisfactory in 17 from 26 patients (65 percent). A depression of skin hypersensitivity to PPL and/or penicillin and penicillin derivatives sometimes persisting for weeks and months was obvious in numerous allergic patients submitted to combined Ro 6-0787-penicillin treatment. A depressing effect on antipenicillin antibody titers detected by passive hemaglutination was also manifest in some patients. Failure to suppress allergic manifestations was reported in 11 cases, among which some may have been due to insufficient dosage of inhibiting hapten. The overall tolerance of Ro 6-0787 in allergic patients has been very good. Nevertheless, the major obstacle to a wider general use of Ro 6-0787 at the present time appears to be the occurrence of positive skin reactions to that compound in approximately 5 percent of patients allergic to penicillin. It is not yet ascertained whether the occasional positive skin reactions and urticaria to Ro 6-0787 may have been due to aggregation, or incomplete dissolution of the compound or whether it reflects hypersensitivity to another antigenic determinant. With the reservation that patients with positive skin test to Ro 6-0787 have for the time being to be excluded from combined treatment, this monovalent hapten certainly offers a new possibility to resume and/or pursue penicillin therapy in patients demonstrably allergic to that drug.", "contents": "Clinical trial of Ro 6-0787, a monovalent specific hapten inhibitor of penicillin allergy. A second clinical trial of the compound Ro 6-0787, which is a specific monovalent penicilloyl hapten inhibitor of allergic reactions to penicillin has been conducted by investigators from 9 different European groups in 90 patients allergic to penicillin. The effect of a combined Ro 6-0787-penicillin therapy was considered as clinically successful in the large majority of cases, since treatment with penicillin could be pursued or resumed without allergic manifestation in 42 from 46 cases (91 percent). The effect of Ro 6-0787 alone on acute allergic manifestations after interruption of penicillin therapy was more difficult to evaluate but was nevertheless considered satisfactory in 17 from 26 patients (65 percent). A depression of skin hypersensitivity to PPL and/or penicillin and penicillin derivatives sometimes persisting for weeks and months was obvious in numerous allergic patients submitted to combined Ro 6-0787-penicillin treatment. A depressing effect on antipenicillin antibody titers detected by passive hemaglutination was also manifest in some patients. Failure to suppress allergic manifestations was reported in 11 cases, among which some may have been due to insufficient dosage of inhibiting hapten. The overall tolerance of Ro 6-0787 in allergic patients has been very good. Nevertheless, the major obstacle to a wider general use of Ro 6-0787 at the present time appears to be the occurrence of positive skin reactions to that compound in approximately 5 percent of patients allergic to penicillin. It is not yet ascertained whether the occasional positive skin reactions and urticaria to Ro 6-0787 may have been due to aggregation, or incomplete dissolution of the compound or whether it reflects hypersensitivity to another antigenic determinant. With the reservation that patients with positive skin test to Ro 6-0787 have for the time being to be excluded from combined treatment, this monovalent hapten certainly offers a new possibility to resume and/or pursue penicillin therapy in patients demonstrably allergic to that drug."}
{"id": "PMID:127472", "title": "[Proteinase-inhibitors and enzyme-active proteins from fish eggs. Fibrinagarelectrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Saline extracts from eggs and homogenized spermaplasma from 2 fresh water fishes and 2 sea-fishes were investigated using fibrin-agar-electrophoresis and the immunoelectrophoretic analysis. Many polyvalent proteinase-inhibitors with different inhibition spectra, lipoproteins and esterase active proteins which split beta-naphthylacetate as substrate were detected and designated according to a proposed nomenclature. Fresh water fishes contained more inhibitors than sea-fishes. The proteinase-inhibitor PI-Sg3 antigen-antibody complex was esterase active; the active complex designated PI-Sg4 could not yet be exactly coordinated in respect to another proteinase-inhibitor from Salmo gairdneri. The separation of pseudo- and euglobuline fractions permitted a significant concentration of proteinase-inhibitors and the elimination of large parts of strong antigenic proteins. A good antiserum could be prepared which showed 3-5 precipitation lines against proteinase-inhibitors from trout eggs. By means of cross reactions it could be demonstrated the nonspecificity of several proteins in respect to species, genus and sex. This concernes also some aspects of immunesera absorptions with heterologous protein mixtures. Cross reactions with proteinase-inhibitors couldn't be detected, suggesting that they are genus-specific. This is also confirmed by their variable number and inhibition-spectra in extracts of different origin.", "contents": "[Proteinase-inhibitors and enzyme-active proteins from fish eggs. Fibrinagarelectrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic studies (author's transl)]. Saline extracts from eggs and homogenized spermaplasma from 2 fresh water fishes and 2 sea-fishes were investigated using fibrin-agar-electrophoresis and the immunoelectrophoretic analysis. Many polyvalent proteinase-inhibitors with different inhibition spectra, lipoproteins and esterase active proteins which split beta-naphthylacetate as substrate were detected and designated according to a proposed nomenclature. Fresh water fishes contained more inhibitors than sea-fishes. The proteinase-inhibitor PI-Sg3 antigen-antibody complex was esterase active; the active complex designated PI-Sg4 could not yet be exactly coordinated in respect to another proteinase-inhibitor from Salmo gairdneri. The separation of pseudo- and euglobuline fractions permitted a significant concentration of proteinase-inhibitors and the elimination of large parts of strong antigenic proteins. A good antiserum could be prepared which showed 3-5 precipitation lines against proteinase-inhibitors from trout eggs. By means of cross reactions it could be demonstrated the nonspecificity of several proteins in respect to species, genus and sex. This concernes also some aspects of immunesera absorptions with heterologous protein mixtures. Cross reactions with proteinase-inhibitors couldn't be detected, suggesting that they are genus-specific. This is also confirmed by their variable number and inhibition-spectra in extracts of different origin."}
{"id": "PMID:127473", "title": "[Pathogenesis of neural lesions in Marek's disease. I. Allergic skin reaction against myelin of the peripheral nerves (author's transl)].", "content": "23 chickens affected with Marek's disease were tested by the allergic skin reaction for delayed hypersensitivity against myelin and myelin preparations of peripheral nerves. 19 animals proofed to be positive in the skin test, yet there was no correlation with the intensity of the nerve affections. 4 animals with severe mononuclear neural infiltrations didn't show any allergic skin reaction. It could be demonstrated that in Marek's disease lymphocytes are sensitized against components of the peripheral myelin. Thereafter, Marek's disease stands in analogy to the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome of man, as well as to experimental allergic neuritis.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of neural lesions in Marek's disease. I. Allergic skin reaction against myelin of the peripheral nerves (author's transl)]. 23 chickens affected with Marek's disease were tested by the allergic skin reaction for delayed hypersensitivity against myelin and myelin preparations of peripheral nerves. 19 animals proofed to be positive in the skin test, yet there was no correlation with the intensity of the nerve affections. 4 animals with severe mononuclear neural infiltrations didn't show any allergic skin reaction. It could be demonstrated that in Marek's disease lymphocytes are sensitized against components of the peripheral myelin. Thereafter, Marek's disease stands in analogy to the Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome of man, as well as to experimental allergic neuritis."}
{"id": "PMID:127474", "title": "[Immunglobulin G-, M- and A-levels after 3 and 6 days intravenous treatment by D-penicillamin (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 patients with lung fibrosis the serum levels of immunglobulins G, A and M were determined before and after a 3 days-treatment by D-Penicillamine (1.0 g/die i.v.) by the radialimmunodiffusion method of Mancini. There is a fall in the immunglobulins IgG and IgM, the levels of IgA are not lowered. Continuing the treatment with 2 times 1.00 g D-Penicillamine per day for 3 further days does not lower the levels of IgM and IgG further.", "contents": "[Immunglobulin G-, M- and A-levels after 3 and 6 days intravenous treatment by D-penicillamin (author's transl)]. In 10 patients with lung fibrosis the serum levels of immunglobulins G, A and M were determined before and after a 3 days-treatment by D-Penicillamine (1.0 g/die i.v.) by the radialimmunodiffusion method of Mancini. There is a fall in the immunglobulins IgG and IgM, the levels of IgA are not lowered. Continuing the treatment with 2 times 1.00 g D-Penicillamine per day for 3 further days does not lower the levels of IgM and IgG further."}
{"id": "PMID:127475", "title": "[Examinations of the behaviour of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM in comparison to the immunoserological reactions in human chronic brucellosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors determined the levels of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM in the serum of 70 patients with chronical brucellosis which was diagnosed on the basis of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory examinations. The Ig-levels were compared with immunoserological reactions of brucellosis as Wright, Coombs, Burnet, complement fixation tests. A significant increase of immunoglobulin G without a positive correlation with the values of immunoserological reactions was found.", "contents": "[Examinations of the behaviour of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM in comparison to the immunoserological reactions in human chronic brucellosis (author's transl)]. The authors determined the levels of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM in the serum of 70 patients with chronical brucellosis which was diagnosed on the basis of epidemiological, clinical and laboratory examinations. The Ig-levels were compared with immunoserological reactions of brucellosis as Wright, Coombs, Burnet, complement fixation tests. A significant increase of immunoglobulin G without a positive correlation with the values of immunoserological reactions was found."}
{"id": "PMID:127476", "title": "[Change of the prevalent subtype of hepatitis B antigen in acute hepatitis B infections (author's transl)].", "content": "Subtyping of hepatitis B antigen (HBs Ag) in patients with acute hepatitis B revealed subtype ay in 75 percent while subtype ad was much more common in chronic hepatitis B infections: 81 percent of HBs Ag positive blood donors and 76 percent of patients with HBs Ag positive chronic aggressive hepatitis revealed subtype ad. In contrast to blood donors and chronic hepatitis patients, a change of the prevalent subtype was noted in acute hepatitis patients between 1970 and 1974. Before May 1972, subtype ad was found in 67 percent of patients, whereas later subtype ay dominated in 93 percent. An unequal distribution of subtypes between acute and chronic forms of hepatitis B infections has been explained by differences in the virulence of virus strains. Our results suggest that the higher prevalence of subtype ad in longterm carriers may be due to infection during an earlier time when subtype ad was also common in acute infections. The change of the prevalent subtype in acute infections may be attributed to differences in contagiosity rather than differences in virulence of virus strains.", "contents": "[Change of the prevalent subtype of hepatitis B antigen in acute hepatitis B infections (author's transl)]. Subtyping of hepatitis B antigen (HBs Ag) in patients with acute hepatitis B revealed subtype ay in 75 percent while subtype ad was much more common in chronic hepatitis B infections: 81 percent of HBs Ag positive blood donors and 76 percent of patients with HBs Ag positive chronic aggressive hepatitis revealed subtype ad. In contrast to blood donors and chronic hepatitis patients, a change of the prevalent subtype was noted in acute hepatitis patients between 1970 and 1974. Before May 1972, subtype ad was found in 67 percent of patients, whereas later subtype ay dominated in 93 percent. An unequal distribution of subtypes between acute and chronic forms of hepatitis B infections has been explained by differences in the virulence of virus strains. Our results suggest that the higher prevalence of subtype ad in longterm carriers may be due to infection during an earlier time when subtype ad was also common in acute infections. The change of the prevalent subtype in acute infections may be attributed to differences in contagiosity rather than differences in virulence of virus strains."}
{"id": "PMID:127477", "title": "[The importance of phosphatidylcholine in the binding of anti-D to human erythrocyte ghost membrane (author's transl)].", "content": "Incubation of Rh positive ghosts with phospholipase A2 and C abolished the adsorption of Rh antibodies on the ghosts; incubation with phospholipase D, however, did not affect their adsorption and none of these phospholipases affected the adsorption of antibodies of the ABO system. The impairment of antigen-antibody-reaction in Rh positive ghosts treated with phospholipase corresponds to the absence of the antigen-antibody reaction with the membrane protein associated with Rh characteristics in the Schultz-Dale-Test. The chromatogram of the phospholipids extracted from those stromata treated with various phospholipases and those not treated showed different patterns. After incubation with phospholipase-A2 the lecithin and cephalin streaks were reduced and in addition lysophosphatide and fatty acid streaks were detected. In the case of phospholipase C the lecithin and cephalin streaks were further reduced while diglyceride streaks made their appearance. The phospholipid extracts from those stromata treated with phospholipase D and those not treated were identical. Phospholipase C reduced the values of lipid phosphorus more than did phospholipase A2, while phospholipase D did not reduce them at all. This study supports the results of other investigators who have postulated that the Rh antigens are located in a lipoprotein on the membrane of the human erythrocyte. The antigen-antibody-reaction seems to require a precise protein-phospholipid interaction.", "contents": "[The importance of phosphatidylcholine in the binding of anti-D to human erythrocyte ghost membrane (author's transl)]. Incubation of Rh positive ghosts with phospholipase A2 and C abolished the adsorption of Rh antibodies on the ghosts; incubation with phospholipase D, however, did not affect their adsorption and none of these phospholipases affected the adsorption of antibodies of the ABO system. The impairment of antigen-antibody-reaction in Rh positive ghosts treated with phospholipase corresponds to the absence of the antigen-antibody reaction with the membrane protein associated with Rh characteristics in the Schultz-Dale-Test. The chromatogram of the phospholipids extracted from those stromata treated with various phospholipases and those not treated showed different patterns. After incubation with phospholipase-A2 the lecithin and cephalin streaks were reduced and in addition lysophosphatide and fatty acid streaks were detected. In the case of phospholipase C the lecithin and cephalin streaks were further reduced while diglyceride streaks made their appearance. The phospholipid extracts from those stromata treated with phospholipase D and those not treated were identical. Phospholipase C reduced the values of lipid phosphorus more than did phospholipase A2, while phospholipase D did not reduce them at all. This study supports the results of other investigators who have postulated that the Rh antigens are located in a lipoprotein on the membrane of the human erythrocyte. The antigen-antibody-reaction seems to require a precise protein-phospholipid interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:127478", "title": "The serum immunoglobulin levels in Down's syndrome and other diseases associated with mental disorder.", "content": "The serum levels of IgA, IgM, IgG and IgD were determined in patients with Down's syndrome (69 cases), Oligophrenia (101 cases) and Morbus Wilson (18 cases). In sera from Down's syndrome patients a significant increase in the levels of IgA, IgG and IgD were found. IgM levels were identical to those of healthy controls. The immunoglobulin levels in both the oligophrenia and Wilson's disease patients were not different from those of controls.", "contents": "The serum immunoglobulin levels in Down's syndrome and other diseases associated with mental disorder. The serum levels of IgA, IgM, IgG and IgD were determined in patients with Down's syndrome (69 cases), Oligophrenia (101 cases) and Morbus Wilson (18 cases). In sera from Down's syndrome patients a significant increase in the levels of IgA, IgG and IgD were found. IgM levels were identical to those of healthy controls. The immunoglobulin levels in both the oligophrenia and Wilson's disease patients were not different from those of controls."}
{"id": "PMID:127487", "title": "[The influence of experimental diabetes on the distribution of LDH-isoenzymes in rat skeletal muscle (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution of LDH-isoenzymes from homogenate-supernatant of M. soleus of normal and streptozotocin-diabetic male rats was investigated by agargel-electrophoresis. Five LDH-isoenzymes could be detected in the M. soleus of normal rats; the average proportion of H-subunits was 69.1% (age 3-4 month) resp. 69.6% (age 13 month) from the total value. In male rats of the same age a mild diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of 65 mg streptozotocin per kg body weight. In the M. soleus of these animals also 5 LDH-isoenzymes were detected. After 1-2 month duration of diabetes the LDH1 is decreased from 30.3% of controls to 18.2% and the LDH4 is increased from 11.1% of controls to 20.1%. The H-subunit value decreased to 61.9% from the total value. In long term diabetes (11 month) the values of single fractions and the H-subunit value did not differ from those of controls. The findings are discussed considering the composition of M. soleus on different fiber types and the influence of diabetic conditions.", "contents": "[The influence of experimental diabetes on the distribution of LDH-isoenzymes in rat skeletal muscle (author's transl)]. The distribution of LDH-isoenzymes from homogenate-supernatant of M. soleus of normal and streptozotocin-diabetic male rats was investigated by agargel-electrophoresis. Five LDH-isoenzymes could be detected in the M. soleus of normal rats; the average proportion of H-subunits was 69.1% (age 3-4 month) resp. 69.6% (age 13 month) from the total value. In male rats of the same age a mild diabetes was induced by intravenous injection of 65 mg streptozotocin per kg body weight. In the M. soleus of these animals also 5 LDH-isoenzymes were detected. After 1-2 month duration of diabetes the LDH1 is decreased from 30.3% of controls to 18.2% and the LDH4 is increased from 11.1% of controls to 20.1%. The H-subunit value decreased to 61.9% from the total value. In long term diabetes (11 month) the values of single fractions and the H-subunit value did not differ from those of controls. The findings are discussed considering the composition of M. soleus on different fiber types and the influence of diabetic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:127488", "title": "[Experimental foreign serum pancreatitis. Histologic and histochemical findings in the exocrine pancreas of the mouse after repeated intraperitoneal injections of serum of other species (author's transl)].", "content": "Adult white mice were continually treated by intraperitoneal injections of normal serum of various species (neat, horse, man, rabbit, mouse) for 3 hours up to 16 days. Control animals received injections of physiological saline under the same conditions. In the mouse pancreas, the repeated intraperitoneal injections of foreign serum conformably resulted in an interstitial edema, a first granulocytic and histiocytic, later on markedly lymphoplasmactyic interstitial inflammation with single dystrophic acinar cells as well as in a mild intersitial fibrosis after 8 or 16, resp., days of serum application. Histochemically, the exocrine pancreas cells showed a moderate increase in activity of adenosintriphosphatase, nonspecif esterase as well as acid and acaline phosphatase. All the changes described were most considerably pronounced after treatment with bovine serum. The interstitial pancreatitis after continual foreign serum applications regarded as the morphologie expression of a pathogenic immune phenomenon of the serum sickness type in case of a serum sickness reaction taking place preferably in the peritoneal cavity.", "contents": "[Experimental foreign serum pancreatitis. Histologic and histochemical findings in the exocrine pancreas of the mouse after repeated intraperitoneal injections of serum of other species (author's transl)]. Adult white mice were continually treated by intraperitoneal injections of normal serum of various species (neat, horse, man, rabbit, mouse) for 3 hours up to 16 days. Control animals received injections of physiological saline under the same conditions. In the mouse pancreas, the repeated intraperitoneal injections of foreign serum conformably resulted in an interstitial edema, a first granulocytic and histiocytic, later on markedly lymphoplasmactyic interstitial inflammation with single dystrophic acinar cells as well as in a mild intersitial fibrosis after 8 or 16, resp., days of serum application. Histochemically, the exocrine pancreas cells showed a moderate increase in activity of adenosintriphosphatase, nonspecif esterase as well as acid and acaline phosphatase. All the changes described were most considerably pronounced after treatment with bovine serum. The interstitial pancreatitis after continual foreign serum applications regarded as the morphologie expression of a pathogenic immune phenomenon of the serum sickness type in case of a serum sickness reaction taking place preferably in the peritoneal cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:127490", "title": "[Relationship between morphometric placental studies and clinical biochemical findings in EPH-gestosis].", "content": "The relative fetal vascular surface established morphometrically in 22 gestosis placentas was clearly decreased compared to normal placentas. An accordance between the result of the DHEA-S-tolerance test and the relative fetal vascular surface was demonstrable in parts only. On the other hand, we, too, are able to confirm the results described in the literature that the restrictions of the fetal vascular surface correlate with the increase of the gestosis index.", "contents": "[Relationship between morphometric placental studies and clinical biochemical findings in EPH-gestosis]. The relative fetal vascular surface established morphometrically in 22 gestosis placentas was clearly decreased compared to normal placentas. An accordance between the result of the DHEA-S-tolerance test and the relative fetal vascular surface was demonstrable in parts only. On the other hand, we, too, are able to confirm the results described in the literature that the restrictions of the fetal vascular surface correlate with the increase of the gestosis index."}
{"id": "PMID:127491", "title": "[Experiences with the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate test at the end of pregnancy].", "content": "Results of DHAS-tests are calculated according to 4 methods (recovery of injected DHAS as total oestrogens measured in 24 hour urine specimens; changes of oestrogen excretion peaks measured in two hour intervals; recovery of injected DHAS as total oestrogens measured in 2 hour urine specimens; classification according to a scheme of oestrogen excretion pattern measured in two hour intervals). The results are critically compared with the general development of pregnancy and with the condition of the newborn. The discrepancies observed show that the DHAS-test is of little practical value.", "contents": "[Experiences with the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate test at the end of pregnancy]. Results of DHAS-tests are calculated according to 4 methods (recovery of injected DHAS as total oestrogens measured in 24 hour urine specimens; changes of oestrogen excretion peaks measured in two hour intervals; recovery of injected DHAS as total oestrogens measured in 2 hour urine specimens; classification according to a scheme of oestrogen excretion pattern measured in two hour intervals). The results are critically compared with the general development of pregnancy and with the condition of the newborn. The discrepancies observed show that the DHAS-test is of little practical value."}
{"id": "PMID:127492", "title": "Identification of the ouabain-binding peptide of (nak)-atpase).", "content": "The [3H]-ouabain-(NaK)-ATPase complex when treated in the cold with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) dissociates into a larger and smaller peptide called alpha and beta, resp.. Analysis of the released peptides by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that [3H]-ouabain co-migrates with the alpha-peptide only, being apparently identic with the ouabain receptor molecule. The percentage occupancy of the receptor peptide with [3H]-ouabain can be increased up to 90% evidencing the stabilization of the [3H]-ouabain-alpha-peptide complex by SDS-exposure and release from the oligomeric enzyme. A hypothetic explanation for the seemingly paradoxical stabilising effect of SDS on the complex is offered.", "contents": "Identification of the ouabain-binding peptide of (nak)-atpase). The [3H]-ouabain-(NaK)-ATPase complex when treated in the cold with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) dissociates into a larger and smaller peptide called alpha and beta, resp.. Analysis of the released peptides by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals that [3H]-ouabain co-migrates with the alpha-peptide only, being apparently identic with the ouabain receptor molecule. The percentage occupancy of the receptor peptide with [3H]-ouabain can be increased up to 90% evidencing the stabilization of the [3H]-ouabain-alpha-peptide complex by SDS-exposure and release from the oligomeric enzyme. A hypothetic explanation for the seemingly paradoxical stabilising effect of SDS on the complex is offered."}
{"id": "PMID:127493", "title": "Reaction of yeast phosphofructokinase with succinic and maleic anhydride.", "content": "Modification of yeast phosphofructokinase by succinic and maleic anhydride influences the catalytic activity and the allosteric behaviour of the enzyme. Depending on the degree of succinylation and maleinylation a decrease of maximum activity, an increase of the apparent affinity for fructose-6-phosphate, a decrease of the Hill-coefficient and a diminution of ATP-inhibition are observed. Up to about 40% of the lysyl residues could be succinylated without dissociation of the hexameric protein, however with a decrease of the enzyme activity. More extensive succinylation or maleinylation causes a dissociation into subunits. The sedimentation coefficient is lowered from 20 S to about 3 S. The molecular weight of the smallest dissociation product was determined to 50 000 (+/- 10 000) by the sedimentation equilibrium method. The number of bound succinyl groups, as determined from radioactivity incorporation, exceeds the content of lysyl groups of the enzyme, indicating that the modifying reagent is also reacting with other amino acid residues.", "contents": "Reaction of yeast phosphofructokinase with succinic and maleic anhydride. Modification of yeast phosphofructokinase by succinic and maleic anhydride influences the catalytic activity and the allosteric behaviour of the enzyme. Depending on the degree of succinylation and maleinylation a decrease of maximum activity, an increase of the apparent affinity for fructose-6-phosphate, a decrease of the Hill-coefficient and a diminution of ATP-inhibition are observed. Up to about 40% of the lysyl residues could be succinylated without dissociation of the hexameric protein, however with a decrease of the enzyme activity. More extensive succinylation or maleinylation causes a dissociation into subunits. The sedimentation coefficient is lowered from 20 S to about 3 S. The molecular weight of the smallest dissociation product was determined to 50 000 (+/- 10 000) by the sedimentation equilibrium method. The number of bound succinyl groups, as determined from radioactivity incorporation, exceeds the content of lysyl groups of the enzyme, indicating that the modifying reagent is also reacting with other amino acid residues."}
{"id": "PMID:127495", "title": "Femoropopliteal and femorotibial arterial reconstructive surgery. Special reference to the autogenous venous bypass procedure using unreversed vein after eversion valvectomy.", "content": "The outcome of 127 femoropopliteal and 23 femorotibial arterial reconstructions carried out between January 1960 and December 1972 has been reviewed. The operative method was autogenous saphenous vein bypass in 109 cases, 82 of which were performed using unreversed vein with eversion valvectomy. The indication for reconstruction was advanced ischemia in 39%. Two patients died primarily and 23 late deaths have occurred subsequently. 19 grafts or reconstructed segments became occluded primarily. Most of them were femorotibial reconstructions of Dacron bypass reconstructions. Most of the failures occurred within 1 year of surgery. Using eversion valvectomy technique, the 1- and 5-year patency rates were 57 and 50% respectively. In femorotibial reconstructions the 1-year patency rate was 36%. There was a distinct difference in patency between the cases with excellent of good outflow and those with fiar or poor outflow. The difference was less distinct between patients with claudication and those with advanced ischemia. Eight limbs needed major amputation.", "contents": "Femoropopliteal and femorotibial arterial reconstructive surgery. Special reference to the autogenous venous bypass procedure using unreversed vein after eversion valvectomy. The outcome of 127 femoropopliteal and 23 femorotibial arterial reconstructions carried out between January 1960 and December 1972 has been reviewed. The operative method was autogenous saphenous vein bypass in 109 cases, 82 of which were performed using unreversed vein with eversion valvectomy. The indication for reconstruction was advanced ischemia in 39%. Two patients died primarily and 23 late deaths have occurred subsequently. 19 grafts or reconstructed segments became occluded primarily. Most of them were femorotibial reconstructions of Dacron bypass reconstructions. Most of the failures occurred within 1 year of surgery. Using eversion valvectomy technique, the 1- and 5-year patency rates were 57 and 50% respectively. In femorotibial reconstructions the 1-year patency rate was 36%. There was a distinct difference in patency between the cases with excellent of good outflow and those with fiar or poor outflow. The difference was less distinct between patients with claudication and those with advanced ischemia. Eight limbs needed major amputation."}
{"id": "PMID:127496", "title": "Electromagnetic measurement of the arterial blood flow in the femoropopliteal region.", "content": "To determine the blood flow in healthy femoral arteries electromagnetic measurements were made on common femoral, superficial femoral and profunda femoris artery in 20 patients during operation for varicose veins. The values obtained were 239 ml/min, 134 ml/min, and 104 ml/min respectively. These registrations were compared with those achieved during reconstructive arterial surgery. It was found that the average basal flow values from corresponding arteries were rather similar. The flow values registered from femoropopliteal bypass grafts were identical with the flow values from the superficial femoral artery of varicose patients. The papaverine response of the common femoral artery flow was tested in 7 varicose patients. The average increase was 250%. None of the average responses from various arteries during arterial reconstructive surgery reached this value. The papaverine responses in femoropopliteal bypass grafts were closely correlated with the arteriographically estimated outflow potential. The flow values both at rest and during vasodilatation showed a great range in all vessels measured.", "contents": "Electromagnetic measurement of the arterial blood flow in the femoropopliteal region. To determine the blood flow in healthy femoral arteries electromagnetic measurements were made on common femoral, superficial femoral and profunda femoris artery in 20 patients during operation for varicose veins. The values obtained were 239 ml/min, 134 ml/min, and 104 ml/min respectively. These registrations were compared with those achieved during reconstructive arterial surgery. It was found that the average basal flow values from corresponding arteries were rather similar. The flow values registered from femoropopliteal bypass grafts were identical with the flow values from the superficial femoral artery of varicose patients. The papaverine response of the common femoral artery flow was tested in 7 varicose patients. The average increase was 250%. None of the average responses from various arteries during arterial reconstructive surgery reached this value. The papaverine responses in femoropopliteal bypass grafts were closely correlated with the arteriographically estimated outflow potential. The flow values both at rest and during vasodilatation showed a great range in all vessels measured."}
{"id": "PMID:127497", "title": "[Cyproterone acetate - ethinylestradiol treatment of hirsutism, acne, seborrhea and alopecia].", "content": "Twenty-five female patients, aged 14 to 49, and suffering from syptoms of virilization (hirsutism, acne, seborrhea and alopecia) were treated with an estrogen-progestogen combinantion, i.e. cyproterone acetate and ethinylestradiol, having antiandrogenic and antiovulatory action. Patients were submitted to monitoring by means of a series of laboratory tests in order to detect any toxic or hormonal effects that might occur. In most cases symptoms of virilization were significantly reduced, while untoward side effects were not noted.", "contents": "[Cyproterone acetate - ethinylestradiol treatment of hirsutism, acne, seborrhea and alopecia]. Twenty-five female patients, aged 14 to 49, and suffering from syptoms of virilization (hirsutism, acne, seborrhea and alopecia) were treated with an estrogen-progestogen combinantion, i.e. cyproterone acetate and ethinylestradiol, having antiandrogenic and antiovulatory action. Patients were submitted to monitoring by means of a series of laboratory tests in order to detect any toxic or hormonal effects that might occur. In most cases symptoms of virilization were significantly reduced, while untoward side effects were not noted."}
{"id": "PMID:127498", "title": "Histochemical studies of pedicellaria of an echinoid, Salmacis bicolor.", "content": "The tridentate pedicellaria of Salmacis bicolor consists of calcareous head and stalk, connected by a muscular neck regions. Head, neck and stalk are covered by a thin cuticle, which is non-mineralized and soft. Both the cuticle and the organic fraction of the calcareous region are resistant to acids and alkalis. Histochemical studies reveal that both the cuticle and the organic matrix of the calcified head and stalk contain protein, polysaccharide and lipids. The lipid content of the organic fraction of the mineralized matrix recalls the spicules of Pluteus larva reported in an earlier study. The protein component of the cuticle and that of the organic matrix slightly differ in that the former is rich in aromatic amino acids, namely tyrosine and tryptophane. Both cuticle protein and the protein of the organic matrix lack sulphur containing aminoacids. Another feature of similarity between the cuticle and the organic matrix is that both contain acid mucopolysaccharide and neutral mucopolysaccharide components. The role of acid mucopolysaccharide in calcification is discussed. The neutral mucopolysaccharide has been suggested to be similar to chitin, and its significance is discussed. Unlike the skeletal elements of other invertebrates, the cuticle and the organic matrix of pedicellariae are devoid of any phenolic compounds.", "contents": "Histochemical studies of pedicellaria of an echinoid, Salmacis bicolor. The tridentate pedicellaria of Salmacis bicolor consists of calcareous head and stalk, connected by a muscular neck regions. Head, neck and stalk are covered by a thin cuticle, which is non-mineralized and soft. Both the cuticle and the organic fraction of the calcareous region are resistant to acids and alkalis. Histochemical studies reveal that both the cuticle and the organic matrix of the calcified head and stalk contain protein, polysaccharide and lipids. The lipid content of the organic fraction of the mineralized matrix recalls the spicules of Pluteus larva reported in an earlier study. The protein component of the cuticle and that of the organic matrix slightly differ in that the former is rich in aromatic amino acids, namely tyrosine and tryptophane. Both cuticle protein and the protein of the organic matrix lack sulphur containing aminoacids. Another feature of similarity between the cuticle and the organic matrix is that both contain acid mucopolysaccharide and neutral mucopolysaccharide components. The role of acid mucopolysaccharide in calcification is discussed. The neutral mucopolysaccharide has been suggested to be similar to chitin, and its significance is discussed. Unlike the skeletal elements of other invertebrates, the cuticle and the organic matrix of pedicellariae are devoid of any phenolic compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:127500", "title": "Histochemical studies in stomatal apparatus of Phaseolus mungo Linn. I. Localization of enzymes and structural material.", "content": "In the present investigations, the localization of several enzymes (Acid Phosphatase, Peroxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, Phosphorylase, alkaline phosphatase, ATP-ase) and other substances in the guard and subsidiary cells as well as trichomes of the leaves of Phaseolus mungo, was carried out. Attempts were also made to follow the sequence of developmental stages starting with meristemoids and culminating in differentiated structures. The basic information thus obtained is used in interpreting the developmental physiology of stomatal differentiation as well as their cellular organisation. Histochemical observations made in the present studies are compared with the electron microscopical observations of Whatley (1972). It is proposed that mitochondria played a basic role in the functioning of the guard cells. The present studies also demonstrated activity of acid phosphatase in the guard cells and was localized in spherosomes. The latter varied in the activity for acid phosphatase and was dependent on the turgid level of the cell. Interestingly, enough localization of phosphatase could only be observed in spherosomes when the osmotic pressure in the cell was relatively low, once the osmotic pressure increased, the activity disappeared.", "contents": "Histochemical studies in stomatal apparatus of Phaseolus mungo Linn. I. Localization of enzymes and structural material. In the present investigations, the localization of several enzymes (Acid Phosphatase, Peroxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, Phosphorylase, alkaline phosphatase, ATP-ase) and other substances in the guard and subsidiary cells as well as trichomes of the leaves of Phaseolus mungo, was carried out. Attempts were also made to follow the sequence of developmental stages starting with meristemoids and culminating in differentiated structures. The basic information thus obtained is used in interpreting the developmental physiology of stomatal differentiation as well as their cellular organisation. Histochemical observations made in the present studies are compared with the electron microscopical observations of Whatley (1972). It is proposed that mitochondria played a basic role in the functioning of the guard cells. The present studies also demonstrated activity of acid phosphatase in the guard cells and was localized in spherosomes. The latter varied in the activity for acid phosphatase and was dependent on the turgid level of the cell. Interestingly, enough localization of phosphatase could only be observed in spherosomes when the osmotic pressure in the cell was relatively low, once the osmotic pressure increased, the activity disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:127501", "title": "Histochemical studies in stomatal apparatus of Phaseolus mungo linn. IV. Mechanism of stomatal action.", "content": "The histochemical studies were carried out in the open and closed stomata of Phaseolus mungo leaves. Several enzymes like, Acid phospatase peroxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, phosphorylase, alkaline phosphatase, ATP-ase etc. were localized in the guard and subsidiary cells of epidermal peel. On the basis of cytochemical localization, enzyme activity was precisely interpreted. In the light of fluctuations in the localization, activities of different enzymes, an attempt is made to provide the functional interpretation of stomatal mechanism. We have attempted to correlat our observations in relation to diurnal metabolisms. Our studies suggest that starch-sugar inter-changes played a vital role in the stomatal regulation. We are also inclined to believe that besides guard cells, subsidiary cells also influenced the turgid conditions. A model based on available facts in collaboration with our own studies is presented which tends to explain the stomatal regulation.", "contents": "Histochemical studies in stomatal apparatus of Phaseolus mungo linn. IV. Mechanism of stomatal action. The histochemical studies were carried out in the open and closed stomata of Phaseolus mungo leaves. Several enzymes like, Acid phospatase peroxidase, succinic dehydrogenase, phosphorylase, alkaline phosphatase, ATP-ase etc. were localized in the guard and subsidiary cells of epidermal peel. On the basis of cytochemical localization, enzyme activity was precisely interpreted. In the light of fluctuations in the localization, activities of different enzymes, an attempt is made to provide the functional interpretation of stomatal mechanism. We have attempted to correlat our observations in relation to diurnal metabolisms. Our studies suggest that starch-sugar inter-changes played a vital role in the stomatal regulation. We are also inclined to believe that besides guard cells, subsidiary cells also influenced the turgid conditions. A model based on available facts in collaboration with our own studies is presented which tends to explain the stomatal regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:127502", "title": "A cytochemical study of the \"chloride cells\" in the skin of a fresh-water teleost (Channa striata (Bl.) Channidae, Pisces).", "content": "The chloride cells in the skin of Channa striata have been described. The cytoplasm of these cells is filled with acidophilic, osmiophilic and sudanophilic granules. The sudanophila is due to phospholipids. These cells give positive reaction for chloride ions and exhibit the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides. The cytoplasm of these cells is packed with numerous mitochondria and exhibit high succinic dehydrogenase activity which may provide the energy needed for the active transportation of ions. Alkaline phosphatase activity could not be demonstrated in these cells. The presence of chloride cells in comparatively large numbers in the regions where the epidermis is thin is correlated as an adaptation for the increased efficiency of these cells for the transportation of ions so as to maintain the osmotic concentration of its body fluid which is higher than that of the surrounding medium.", "contents": "A cytochemical study of the \"chloride cells\" in the skin of a fresh-water teleost (Channa striata (Bl.) Channidae, Pisces). The chloride cells in the skin of Channa striata have been described. The cytoplasm of these cells is filled with acidophilic, osmiophilic and sudanophilic granules. The sudanophila is due to phospholipids. These cells give positive reaction for chloride ions and exhibit the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides. The cytoplasm of these cells is packed with numerous mitochondria and exhibit high succinic dehydrogenase activity which may provide the energy needed for the active transportation of ions. Alkaline phosphatase activity could not be demonstrated in these cells. The presence of chloride cells in comparatively large numbers in the regions where the epidermis is thin is correlated as an adaptation for the increased efficiency of these cells for the transportation of ions so as to maintain the osmotic concentration of its body fluid which is higher than that of the surrounding medium."}
{"id": "PMID:127503", "title": "Nutrition effect on liver and lysosomes. VIII. The undernourishment role in a following short-term starvation.", "content": "91 male, albino rats, Wistar strain, with body weight 150 +/- 10 g, subdivided into 2 series were investigated. The 1rst series animals (E) were fed on single daily meals in the course of 20 days, only 2 h in 24 h and after that period were subjected to complete starvation and investigated on the 24th, 48th, 72th and 96th h resp. after the ceasing of food supply. A 2nd animal series (C) serves as a control, which in the course of 20 days, were on a all-round diet and later put in identical conditions of complete starvation and also investigated on the 24th, 48th, 72th and 96th h. The liver histological, histo-enzymatical (AP, BG, AlkP and ATP) and electron microscopic changes followed up, as well as certain physiological, biochemical and morphometric indices. The dynamics of the alterations in complete starvation and the confrontation of the data between the 2 animal series with different preceding nutritional regimes show that: 1) single daily meals leads to real undernourishment; 2) the undernourishment predetermines a more severe course of the following period of complete starvation; 3) 3 phases are established during the complete starvation: adaptive, alterative-restorative and alterative. Each phase bears a definite subcellular characteristics where the lysosomes apparatus plays an essential role.", "contents": "Nutrition effect on liver and lysosomes. VIII. The undernourishment role in a following short-term starvation. 91 male, albino rats, Wistar strain, with body weight 150 +/- 10 g, subdivided into 2 series were investigated. The 1rst series animals (E) were fed on single daily meals in the course of 20 days, only 2 h in 24 h and after that period were subjected to complete starvation and investigated on the 24th, 48th, 72th and 96th h resp. after the ceasing of food supply. A 2nd animal series (C) serves as a control, which in the course of 20 days, were on a all-round diet and later put in identical conditions of complete starvation and also investigated on the 24th, 48th, 72th and 96th h. The liver histological, histo-enzymatical (AP, BG, AlkP and ATP) and electron microscopic changes followed up, as well as certain physiological, biochemical and morphometric indices. The dynamics of the alterations in complete starvation and the confrontation of the data between the 2 animal series with different preceding nutritional regimes show that: 1) single daily meals leads to real undernourishment; 2) the undernourishment predetermines a more severe course of the following period of complete starvation; 3) 3 phases are established during the complete starvation: adaptive, alterative-restorative and alterative. Each phase bears a definite subcellular characteristics where the lysosomes apparatus plays an essential role."}
{"id": "PMID:127504", "title": "Histochemical localization of adenosine triphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase in the digestive system of a teleost fish, Ophiocephalus punctatus.", "content": "The localization of ATPase and thiamine pyrophosphatase in the digestive system of Ophiocephalus punctatus has been studied. In stomach ATPase is found in the free border of the mucosa, gastric glands, submucosal connective tissue nuclei and muscularis. Thiamine pyrophosphatase is localized only in the mucosa and gastric gland cells. In the intestine, pyloric caeca and rectum, ATPase is distributed along the brush border of the columnar epithelial cells, their nuclei and cytoplasm. Mild activity is also found in the nuclei of submucosa and muscularis. The activity is stronger in the intestine than in the other portions. Thiamine pyrophosphatase activity in these portions is restircted only to the goblet cells. In the liver ATPase activity is associated both with the cytoplasm and nucleus of the hepatic cells. Thiamine pyrophosphatase activity is maximum in the centro-lobular portion.", "contents": "Histochemical localization of adenosine triphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase in the digestive system of a teleost fish, Ophiocephalus punctatus. The localization of ATPase and thiamine pyrophosphatase in the digestive system of Ophiocephalus punctatus has been studied. In stomach ATPase is found in the free border of the mucosa, gastric glands, submucosal connective tissue nuclei and muscularis. Thiamine pyrophosphatase is localized only in the mucosa and gastric gland cells. In the intestine, pyloric caeca and rectum, ATPase is distributed along the brush border of the columnar epithelial cells, their nuclei and cytoplasm. Mild activity is also found in the nuclei of submucosa and muscularis. The activity is stronger in the intestine than in the other portions. Thiamine pyrophosphatase activity in these portions is restircted only to the goblet cells. In the liver ATPase activity is associated both with the cytoplasm and nucleus of the hepatic cells. Thiamine pyrophosphatase activity is maximum in the centro-lobular portion."}
{"id": "PMID:127505", "title": "Postnatal study on the histochemistry of epididymis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).", "content": "The histochemical localisation and development of carbohydrates, acid mucopolysaccharides, lipids and desoxyribonucleic acid has been determined in the head, body and tail segments of buffalo epididymis at different stages of postnatal development from 3-76 weeks of age. The cytoplasm contains numerous Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant granules which are abundant in the apical region of the epithelial cells at 3-52 weeks. They decrease in number at 72-76 weeks and instead, a diffuse Schiff-positive material is observed in the cytoplasm of the cells, particularly in regions III-VI of the epididymis. In all the stages of development, the basement membrane and the luminal border of the epithelial cells have strong PAS-positive reaction. The intertubular connective tissue is mildly PAS-reactive, with moderate activity on the endothelial lining and smooth muscles of blood vessels. The capsule shows an intense Schiff-positive material in the fibers while the stereocilia are mildly reactive. PAS activity is less in region I and greater in regions V-VI as compared with the other regions of the epididymis. A moderate quantity of lipids is present in the epithelial cells and smooth muscles of the tubules. Sudanophilia is more pronounced in the tail region as compared with the head and body regions of the epididymis. Acid mucopolysaccharides are present, minutely, in the epithelial cell cytoplasm, with moderate activity on the stereocilia of the tubules. The Feulgen reaction is deep in region I and light to moderate in the other regions of the epididymis.", "contents": "Postnatal study on the histochemistry of epididymis in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). The histochemical localisation and development of carbohydrates, acid mucopolysaccharides, lipids and desoxyribonucleic acid has been determined in the head, body and tail segments of buffalo epididymis at different stages of postnatal development from 3-76 weeks of age. The cytoplasm contains numerous Schiff-positive, diastase-resistant granules which are abundant in the apical region of the epithelial cells at 3-52 weeks. They decrease in number at 72-76 weeks and instead, a diffuse Schiff-positive material is observed in the cytoplasm of the cells, particularly in regions III-VI of the epididymis. In all the stages of development, the basement membrane and the luminal border of the epithelial cells have strong PAS-positive reaction. The intertubular connective tissue is mildly PAS-reactive, with moderate activity on the endothelial lining and smooth muscles of blood vessels. The capsule shows an intense Schiff-positive material in the fibers while the stereocilia are mildly reactive. PAS activity is less in region I and greater in regions V-VI as compared with the other regions of the epididymis. A moderate quantity of lipids is present in the epithelial cells and smooth muscles of the tubules. Sudanophilia is more pronounced in the tail region as compared with the head and body regions of the epididymis. Acid mucopolysaccharides are present, minutely, in the epithelial cell cytoplasm, with moderate activity on the stereocilia of the tubules. The Feulgen reaction is deep in region I and light to moderate in the other regions of the epididymis."}
{"id": "PMID:127507", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia in a family. The neurophysiological and light microscopical study of muscle biopsies of healthy members.", "content": "12 healthy persons--close relatives to two children who died of malignant hyperthermia--volunteered for biopsies of striated muscle and skin, electromyography and electroencephalography. The investigations of muscle biopsies comprised material for enzyme histochemistry and ordinary light microscopy including visualization of the intramuscular nerves. Out of 12 clinically healthy persons 9 revealed abnormalities of the muscle fibres, 11 showed degenerative and regenerative alterations in the intramuscular nerves, in EMG 7 turned out to produce slight neuropathy, and 7 displayed abnormal EEG tracings. These findings support the idea that the etiological key (or keys) in the peculiar pathophysiological entity of malignant hyperthermia may even be found outside the striated muscle cell.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia in a family. The neurophysiological and light microscopical study of muscle biopsies of healthy members. 12 healthy persons--close relatives to two children who died of malignant hyperthermia--volunteered for biopsies of striated muscle and skin, electromyography and electroencephalography. The investigations of muscle biopsies comprised material for enzyme histochemistry and ordinary light microscopy including visualization of the intramuscular nerves. Out of 12 clinically healthy persons 9 revealed abnormalities of the muscle fibres, 11 showed degenerative and regenerative alterations in the intramuscular nerves, in EMG 7 turned out to produce slight neuropathy, and 7 displayed abnormal EEG tracings. These findings support the idea that the etiological key (or keys) in the peculiar pathophysiological entity of malignant hyperthermia may even be found outside the striated muscle cell."}
{"id": "PMID:127509", "title": "Effects of hypoxia of 10-45 seconds duration on energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex of unanesthetized and anesthetized rats.", "content": "Glycolytic and citric acid cycle intermediates, as well as organic phosphates, were measured in the cerebral cortex of unanesthetized rats following arterial hypoxia (administration of 6-8% O2) of 10 and 20 s duration. There were decreases in glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate, and increases in fructose-1,6-diphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate, even before pyruvate accumulated. Since measurements of the lactate concentration showed that there was an increased glycolytic rate, the results demonstrate that phosphofructokinase was activated. The glycolytic changes were accompanied by, and probably due to, minor changes in phosphocreatine, ATP, ADP and AMP. Experiments of anesthetized animals showed that hypoxia for 45 s was accompanied by signs of phosphofructokinase activation, even if tissue PCO2 was kept constant. It is concluded that, irrespective of the tissue CO2 tension, hypoxia is accompanied by activation of phosphofructokinase which, at least initially, is responsible for the increased glycolytic rate.", "contents": "Effects of hypoxia of 10-45 seconds duration on energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex of unanesthetized and anesthetized rats. Glycolytic and citric acid cycle intermediates, as well as organic phosphates, were measured in the cerebral cortex of unanesthetized rats following arterial hypoxia (administration of 6-8% O2) of 10 and 20 s duration. There were decreases in glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate, and increases in fructose-1,6-diphosphate, dihydroxyacetone phosphate and 3-phosphoglycerate, even before pyruvate accumulated. Since measurements of the lactate concentration showed that there was an increased glycolytic rate, the results demonstrate that phosphofructokinase was activated. The glycolytic changes were accompanied by, and probably due to, minor changes in phosphocreatine, ATP, ADP and AMP. Experiments of anesthetized animals showed that hypoxia for 45 s was accompanied by signs of phosphofructokinase activation, even if tissue PCO2 was kept constant. It is concluded that, irrespective of the tissue CO2 tension, hypoxia is accompanied by activation of phosphofructokinase which, at least initially, is responsible for the increased glycolytic rate."}
{"id": "PMID:127510", "title": "A study on the nuclear extrusion of mammalian erythroblast.", "content": "A study was carried out to clarify the mechanism of nuclear extrusion of mammalian erythroid cells by observing erythroblasts of rabbit under various conditions in vitro. The animals were made anemic by phenylhydrazine injection and erythroblasts were obtained from the peripheral blood and observed morphologically after a certain time of incubation. After two hour incubation at 37 degrees C, about 50% of erythroblasts were denucleated. The nuclear extrusion was remarkably suppressed by the inhibitor for electron transport system or by uncouplers for oxidative phosphorylation. It was also arrested by the inhibitor of cell movement, like cytochalasin B. In contrast, monoiodo-acetic acid, ouabain and colchicine hardly inhibited the nuclear extrusion. The observations indicated that the nuclear extrusion of mammalian erythroblast is an energy-dependent process in connection with the function of contractile microfilamentous system susceptible to cytochalasin B.", "contents": "A study on the nuclear extrusion of mammalian erythroblast. A study was carried out to clarify the mechanism of nuclear extrusion of mammalian erythroid cells by observing erythroblasts of rabbit under various conditions in vitro. The animals were made anemic by phenylhydrazine injection and erythroblasts were obtained from the peripheral blood and observed morphologically after a certain time of incubation. After two hour incubation at 37 degrees C, about 50% of erythroblasts were denucleated. The nuclear extrusion was remarkably suppressed by the inhibitor for electron transport system or by uncouplers for oxidative phosphorylation. It was also arrested by the inhibitor of cell movement, like cytochalasin B. In contrast, monoiodo-acetic acid, ouabain and colchicine hardly inhibited the nuclear extrusion. The observations indicated that the nuclear extrusion of mammalian erythroblast is an energy-dependent process in connection with the function of contractile microfilamentous system susceptible to cytochalasin B."}
{"id": "PMID:127511", "title": "Energy dependency on the salt-resistance of Staphylococcus aureus: Effects of various inhibitors on the growth in high salinity condition.", "content": "It has previously been shown that the barrier system for high environmental salinity is closely related to the salt-resistance of Staphyloccus aureus. The present investigation was undertaken to clarify the energy dependency for the maintenance of intracellular univalent cation contents in cells grown on high concentration of salt containing medium. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The growth of 10% NaCl-Staph which was grown in the 10% NaCl containing nutrient broth was more sensitive to NaN3 than Normal-Staph which was grown only on nutrient broth. The anaerobic conditions in both media demonstrated a more powerful effect on growth inhibition of 10% NaCl-Staph than Normal-Staph. Therefore, 10% NaCl-Staph must have a higher energy dependency than Normal-Staph. (2) The high sensitivity to uncouplers, such as DNP and FCCP in 10% NaCl-Staph, also suggested an energy dependency which was probably related to respiration and not to anaerobic glycolysis. (3) The intracellular Na+ contents of Normal-Staph and 10% NaCl-Staph were 12.0 and 152.9 mmoles per Kg wet weight of cells respectively, and the content of K+ in 10% NaCl-Staph (90.2 mmoles per Kg wet weight) was lower than that of Normal-Staph (215.8 mmoles per Kg wet weight). These intracellular Na+ and K+ contents were strongly affected by the addition of various inhibitors to the medium. The measurements of intracellular univalent cation contents indicated the existance of an adaptively developed barrier system in 10% NaCl-Staph and the existence of energy-dependent transport mechanisms for efflux of Na+ in Normal-Staph and for the influx of K+ in 10% NaCl-Staph.", "contents": "Energy dependency on the salt-resistance of Staphylococcus aureus: Effects of various inhibitors on the growth in high salinity condition. It has previously been shown that the barrier system for high environmental salinity is closely related to the salt-resistance of Staphyloccus aureus. The present investigation was undertaken to clarify the energy dependency for the maintenance of intracellular univalent cation contents in cells grown on high concentration of salt containing medium. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The growth of 10% NaCl-Staph which was grown in the 10% NaCl containing nutrient broth was more sensitive to NaN3 than Normal-Staph which was grown only on nutrient broth. The anaerobic conditions in both media demonstrated a more powerful effect on growth inhibition of 10% NaCl-Staph than Normal-Staph. Therefore, 10% NaCl-Staph must have a higher energy dependency than Normal-Staph. (2) The high sensitivity to uncouplers, such as DNP and FCCP in 10% NaCl-Staph, also suggested an energy dependency which was probably related to respiration and not to anaerobic glycolysis. (3) The intracellular Na+ contents of Normal-Staph and 10% NaCl-Staph were 12.0 and 152.9 mmoles per Kg wet weight of cells respectively, and the content of K+ in 10% NaCl-Staph (90.2 mmoles per Kg wet weight) was lower than that of Normal-Staph (215.8 mmoles per Kg wet weight). These intracellular Na+ and K+ contents were strongly affected by the addition of various inhibitors to the medium. The measurements of intracellular univalent cation contents indicated the existance of an adaptively developed barrier system in 10% NaCl-Staph and the existence of energy-dependent transport mechanisms for efflux of Na+ in Normal-Staph and for the influx of K+ in 10% NaCl-Staph."}
{"id": "PMID:127512", "title": "Allogeneic inhibitory activity of regional lymph node cells in the mouse isografted with methylcholanthrene-induced tumor.", "content": "In mouse bearing progressive cancer a decrease was present in the allogeneic inhibitory activity of T-lymphocytes, which constitutes the core of immunological surveillance system in mammalians. For tests, methylcholanthrene-induced tumor (MC-tumor) was isografted subcutaneously on the back between scapulae of C3H mice, and the lymphocytes were prepared from the regional axillary lymph nodes removed from these mice at 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks after grafting. These lymph nodes cells were cultured together with 40-fold numbers of allogeneic JTC-11 cells derived from Ehrlich cancer cells in a culture medium containing 2.0% (v/v) PHA for 24 or 48 hours. The proliferation rate of JTC-11 cells (increased numbers) at weekly interval was considered the allogeneic inhibitory activity of lymph node cells. As a result it was demonstrated that in the early stage after tumor transplantation, i.e., in the first or second week, regional lymph node cells showed a strong allogeneic inhibitory activity, as in the case with lymph-node cells from normal mice, but at progressive stage of cancer, i.e., the third or fourth week when tumors were larger, such activity was completely lost. It seems that mice with progressive cancer showed a decrease of allogeneic inhibitory activity, i.e., a disruption of homeostasis was present.", "contents": "Allogeneic inhibitory activity of regional lymph node cells in the mouse isografted with methylcholanthrene-induced tumor. In mouse bearing progressive cancer a decrease was present in the allogeneic inhibitory activity of T-lymphocytes, which constitutes the core of immunological surveillance system in mammalians. For tests, methylcholanthrene-induced tumor (MC-tumor) was isografted subcutaneously on the back between scapulae of C3H mice, and the lymphocytes were prepared from the regional axillary lymph nodes removed from these mice at 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks after grafting. These lymph nodes cells were cultured together with 40-fold numbers of allogeneic JTC-11 cells derived from Ehrlich cancer cells in a culture medium containing 2.0% (v/v) PHA for 24 or 48 hours. The proliferation rate of JTC-11 cells (increased numbers) at weekly interval was considered the allogeneic inhibitory activity of lymph node cells. As a result it was demonstrated that in the early stage after tumor transplantation, i.e., in the first or second week, regional lymph node cells showed a strong allogeneic inhibitory activity, as in the case with lymph-node cells from normal mice, but at progressive stage of cancer, i.e., the third or fourth week when tumors were larger, such activity was completely lost. It seems that mice with progressive cancer showed a decrease of allogeneic inhibitory activity, i.e., a disruption of homeostasis was present."}
{"id": "PMID:127513", "title": "Chimeric analysis of hemopoietic cells after cross-sex parabiosis.", "content": "Anemia or polycythemia was induced in male rats. These males were conjugated with healthy, untreated female litter mates by FANG'S method of aortic parabiosis that resulted in complete cross circulation of blood between the two animals. The sex chromosomes of cells in erythropoiesis in various hemopoietic organs were examined in the treated male animals. The anemic parabionts indicated sharp increases in chimerical rates with erythroid marrows being evident. Polycythemic parabionts indicated marked decreases in chimerical rates with evidence of myeloid marrows. These findings suggested that the so-called stem cells in peripheral blood of the female parabiont migrated to the bone marrow of the male partner and that these migrating cells differentiated to erythroblast. The possible relationships between erythropoiesis and other cell proliferations in the hemopoietic organs are discussed.", "contents": "Chimeric analysis of hemopoietic cells after cross-sex parabiosis. Anemia or polycythemia was induced in male rats. These males were conjugated with healthy, untreated female litter mates by FANG'S method of aortic parabiosis that resulted in complete cross circulation of blood between the two animals. The sex chromosomes of cells in erythropoiesis in various hemopoietic organs were examined in the treated male animals. The anemic parabionts indicated sharp increases in chimerical rates with erythroid marrows being evident. Polycythemic parabionts indicated marked decreases in chimerical rates with evidence of myeloid marrows. These findings suggested that the so-called stem cells in peripheral blood of the female parabiont migrated to the bone marrow of the male partner and that these migrating cells differentiated to erythroblast. The possible relationships between erythropoiesis and other cell proliferations in the hemopoietic organs are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127514", "title": "Further studies on an eleventh case of heavy (Hgamma1) chain disease--clinical studies.", "content": "An eleventh case of heavy (Hgamma1) chain disease (Yok), surviving for more than 10 years and still living showed clinical and pathological findings similar to cases described in the past. The patient was given only glucocorticosteroids, ACTH, antibiotics and gamma globulin, as specific drugs. Precipitation arcs besides the major ones formed by albumin and Fc fragment were disclosed by immunoelectrophoresis. The existence of these minor components were confirmed with antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. They did not form precipitation arcs with the other antigens available and they appeared in the same fractions of IgG on gel filtration suggesting their having higher molecular weight than the major ones. In addition to these findings, the clinical course of the patient is described.", "contents": "Further studies on an eleventh case of heavy (Hgamma1) chain disease--clinical studies. An eleventh case of heavy (Hgamma1) chain disease (Yok), surviving for more than 10 years and still living showed clinical and pathological findings similar to cases described in the past. The patient was given only glucocorticosteroids, ACTH, antibiotics and gamma globulin, as specific drugs. Precipitation arcs besides the major ones formed by albumin and Fc fragment were disclosed by immunoelectrophoresis. The existence of these minor components were confirmed with antigen-antibody crossed electrophoresis and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration. They did not form precipitation arcs with the other antigens available and they appeared in the same fractions of IgG on gel filtration suggesting their having higher molecular weight than the major ones. In addition to these findings, the clinical course of the patient is described."}
{"id": "PMID:127515", "title": "Further studies on an eleventh case of heavy (Hgamma1) chain disease--physico-chemical studies.", "content": "An abnormal protein with similar antigenic properties to Fc fragments of IgG, was found in the serum and urine of an eleventh case of heavy (Hgamma1) chain disease (Yok). This protein was purified with ammonium sulfate precipitation and by column chromatography of DEAE cellulose, CM cellulose and Sephadex G-200. The purity of the protein obtained was 98.5%. It was crystallized easily, forming thin hexagonal plates of various sizes. The chemical compositions and physical properties of the protein including viscosity, partial specific volume, diffusion constant, sedimentation constant, frictional ratio, extinction coefficient and iso-ionic point are reported.", "contents": "Further studies on an eleventh case of heavy (Hgamma1) chain disease--physico-chemical studies. An abnormal protein with similar antigenic properties to Fc fragments of IgG, was found in the serum and urine of an eleventh case of heavy (Hgamma1) chain disease (Yok). This protein was purified with ammonium sulfate precipitation and by column chromatography of DEAE cellulose, CM cellulose and Sephadex G-200. The purity of the protein obtained was 98.5%. It was crystallized easily, forming thin hexagonal plates of various sizes. The chemical compositions and physical properties of the protein including viscosity, partial specific volume, diffusion constant, sedimentation constant, frictional ratio, extinction coefficient and iso-ionic point are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:127516", "title": "Further studies on an eleventh case of heavy (Hgamma1) chain disease--biosynthetic studies.", "content": "In vitro quantitative biosynthetic studies were carried out on bone marrow cells obtained from an eleventh case with gamma heavy chain disease. The findings indicate that neither cytoplasmic nor extracellular degradation was responsible for the presence of the gamma heavy chain fragment in serum. The absence of a covalent-bound light chain was also confirmed.", "contents": "Further studies on an eleventh case of heavy (Hgamma1) chain disease--biosynthetic studies. In vitro quantitative biosynthetic studies were carried out on bone marrow cells obtained from an eleventh case with gamma heavy chain disease. The findings indicate that neither cytoplasmic nor extracellular degradation was responsible for the presence of the gamma heavy chain fragment in serum. The absence of a covalent-bound light chain was also confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:127517", "title": "[A case of hypocholinesterasemia induced by trichlorfon].", "content": "A case of hypocholinesterasemia induced by ingestion of trichlorfon is presented. A female patient took 20 gm of this insecticide for the purpose of the suicide. She was brought to the hospital one hour later, and her life was saved by gastric lavage. Cyanosis on lips and nails, pupils with sluggish light reaction and fibrillary muscle twitch were observed upon arrival. Laboratory examination performed on the admission disclosed a serum cholinesterase activity of 0.3deltapH per hour. The enzyme activity was depressed to 0.05 deltapH per hour on the second day of hospitalization. The enzyme activity then increased gradually in the two subsequent weeks and the patient recovered.", "contents": "[A case of hypocholinesterasemia induced by trichlorfon]. A case of hypocholinesterasemia induced by ingestion of trichlorfon is presented. A female patient took 20 gm of this insecticide for the purpose of the suicide. She was brought to the hospital one hour later, and her life was saved by gastric lavage. Cyanosis on lips and nails, pupils with sluggish light reaction and fibrillary muscle twitch were observed upon arrival. Laboratory examination performed on the admission disclosed a serum cholinesterase activity of 0.3deltapH per hour. The enzyme activity was depressed to 0.05 deltapH per hour on the second day of hospitalization. The enzyme activity then increased gradually in the two subsequent weeks and the patient recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:127523", "title": "The management of high-output intestinal fistulas.", "content": "A high-output gastrointestinal fistula is a surgical catastrophe of the first order of magnitude. Previously associated with an extraordinarily high mortality, the advent of parentaeral nutrition has markedly altered the management of these fistulas. Malnutrition and electrolyte imbalance formerly were the causes of death in the majority of patients. At the present time the mortality rate has decreased from approximately 40-60% to 6-20%, depending on the series. a suggested plan of therapy for high-output gastrointestinal fistulas is outlined. Good local care, sump drainage and nutritional support with or without the use of appropriate antibiotics, depending on the circumstances, are the keystones of management. Radiologic definition of the fistula is of primary importance. Certain criteria by which one may predict fistula closure aare outlined. The emphasis in this chapter is on an attempt at spontaneous closure with parenteral nutrition. In the event that this in not achieved, complete exclusion of the fistula from the gastrointestinal tract, either by excision or by total bypass, is mandatory to achieve satisfactory results. Causes of death remain sepsis and peritonitis related to the fistula, but an occasional patient will succumb to massive bleeding. Catheter-related sepsis and complications of hyperalimentation are largely preventable, and steps to prevent such complications are outlined.", "contents": "The management of high-output intestinal fistulas. A high-output gastrointestinal fistula is a surgical catastrophe of the first order of magnitude. Previously associated with an extraordinarily high mortality, the advent of parentaeral nutrition has markedly altered the management of these fistulas. Malnutrition and electrolyte imbalance formerly were the causes of death in the majority of patients. At the present time the mortality rate has decreased from approximately 40-60% to 6-20%, depending on the series. a suggested plan of therapy for high-output gastrointestinal fistulas is outlined. Good local care, sump drainage and nutritional support with or without the use of appropriate antibiotics, depending on the circumstances, are the keystones of management. Radiologic definition of the fistula is of primary importance. Certain criteria by which one may predict fistula closure aare outlined. The emphasis in this chapter is on an attempt at spontaneous closure with parenteral nutrition. In the event that this in not achieved, complete exclusion of the fistula from the gastrointestinal tract, either by excision or by total bypass, is mandatory to achieve satisfactory results. Causes of death remain sepsis and peritonitis related to the fistula, but an occasional patient will succumb to massive bleeding. Catheter-related sepsis and complications of hyperalimentation are largely preventable, and steps to prevent such complications are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:127525", "title": "Sedation of active acupuncture loci in the management of low back pain.", "content": "From 1971 to 1973 twenty-three consecutive patients with low back pain of undetermined etiology and two patients with arachnoiditis were treated by the sedation of active acupuncture loci located in the low back area. Sedation was accomplished by means of one to six injections of one-half milliliter of a local anesthetic at weekly intervals. Nineteen patients obtained complete relief and four patients were improved. The two patients with arachnoiditis showed no improvement.", "contents": "Sedation of active acupuncture loci in the management of low back pain. From 1971 to 1973 twenty-three consecutive patients with low back pain of undetermined etiology and two patients with arachnoiditis were treated by the sedation of active acupuncture loci located in the low back area. Sedation was accomplished by means of one to six injections of one-half milliliter of a local anesthetic at weekly intervals. Nineteen patients obtained complete relief and four patients were improved. The two patients with arachnoiditis showed no improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:127526", "title": "Fibrin powder turbidity measurement for rapid assessment of antiplasmins.", "content": "Fibrinolytic activity was determined from the rate of disappearance of turbidity in a suspension of heat-treated fibrin powder. Using this method for estimating residual fibrinolytic activity in mixtures of serum and plasmin, antiplasmin behaviors of specimens from patients with various clinical disorders were determined after long and short preincubation times. Slow-acting antiplasmins were found to be increased in a variety of conditions among these patients, while immediate acting antiplasmins were generally decreased, compared with those in specimens from a large pool of normal, healthy vounteers. Normal women taking oral contraceptives had consitently high levels of slow antiplasmins. Tests in vitro showed that the antifibrinolytic agents epsilon-aminocaproic acid, Trasylol and soybean trypsin inhibitor act only as fast antiplasmins.", "contents": "Fibrin powder turbidity measurement for rapid assessment of antiplasmins. Fibrinolytic activity was determined from the rate of disappearance of turbidity in a suspension of heat-treated fibrin powder. Using this method for estimating residual fibrinolytic activity in mixtures of serum and plasmin, antiplasmin behaviors of specimens from patients with various clinical disorders were determined after long and short preincubation times. Slow-acting antiplasmins were found to be increased in a variety of conditions among these patients, while immediate acting antiplasmins were generally decreased, compared with those in specimens from a large pool of normal, healthy vounteers. Normal women taking oral contraceptives had consitently high levels of slow antiplasmins. Tests in vitro showed that the antifibrinolytic agents epsilon-aminocaproic acid, Trasylol and soybean trypsin inhibitor act only as fast antiplasmins."}
{"id": "PMID:127527", "title": "Congenital defects of the gastrointestinal tract and abdominal wall. A three-year review.", "content": "One hundred forty-four infants with anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract and abdominal wall were treated at Children's Memorial Hospital between July 1970 and July 1973. The overall mortality, including unoperated infants and those dying from other causes up to six months later, was 17%. Associated defects, particularly of the heart and CNS, were the most common causes for death. Many infants were premature; however, this factor alone did not contribute to mortality. Differences in surgical technique did not affect mortality in patients with esophageal atresia, but one baby with total aganglionosis of his colon and two with gastroschisis may have survived with different modes of therapy. Although previous advances in pediatric surgery contributed to the overall good results in these infants, parenteral alimentation emerged as the single most important factor in improved survival during this study period.", "contents": "Congenital defects of the gastrointestinal tract and abdominal wall. A three-year review. One hundred forty-four infants with anomalies of the gastrointestinal tract and abdominal wall were treated at Children's Memorial Hospital between July 1970 and July 1973. The overall mortality, including unoperated infants and those dying from other causes up to six months later, was 17%. Associated defects, particularly of the heart and CNS, were the most common causes for death. Many infants were premature; however, this factor alone did not contribute to mortality. Differences in surgical technique did not affect mortality in patients with esophageal atresia, but one baby with total aganglionosis of his colon and two with gastroschisis may have survived with different modes of therapy. Although previous advances in pediatric surgery contributed to the overall good results in these infants, parenteral alimentation emerged as the single most important factor in improved survival during this study period."}
{"id": "PMID:127528", "title": "Double aneuploidy. Turner-Down syndrome.", "content": "Double aneuploidy involving Down and Turner syndromes is a rare occurrence. Of the six patients reported to have combined Down and Turner syndromes, four fundamentally different forms of chromosome mosaicism have been noted and all have been mosaic with respect to monosomy X. Reported here is the first example of a Turner-Down patient in whom there is no X mosaicism. The different forms of the double aneuploidy cannot be explained by any single combination of nondisjunctional errors. The clinical findings in these patients and the several mechanisms of nondisjunctional error that may account for the observed forms of aneuploidy are reviewed and discussed.", "contents": "Double aneuploidy. Turner-Down syndrome. Double aneuploidy involving Down and Turner syndromes is a rare occurrence. Of the six patients reported to have combined Down and Turner syndromes, four fundamentally different forms of chromosome mosaicism have been noted and all have been mosaic with respect to monosomy X. Reported here is the first example of a Turner-Down patient in whom there is no X mosaicism. The different forms of the double aneuploidy cannot be explained by any single combination of nondisjunctional errors. The clinical findings in these patients and the several mechanisms of nondisjunctional error that may account for the observed forms of aneuploidy are reviewed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127529", "title": "Recognition and reproduction of words by Down's syndrome and non-Down's syndrome retarded children.", "content": "Children with Down's syndrome were compared with other severely retarded children on tests of recognition and reproduction of real and nonsense words after 0-, 15-, and 30-seconds delay. The results indicated that Down's syndrome children performed better on the recognition task, but worse on the reproduction task after delay, as compared with the other retarded children. It was hypothesized that the articulatory deficit in the Down's syndrome group is part of a general motor disability due to a difficulty in preprogramming sequences of movements.", "contents": "Recognition and reproduction of words by Down's syndrome and non-Down's syndrome retarded children. Children with Down's syndrome were compared with other severely retarded children on tests of recognition and reproduction of real and nonsense words after 0-, 15-, and 30-seconds delay. The results indicated that Down's syndrome children performed better on the recognition task, but worse on the reproduction task after delay, as compared with the other retarded children. It was hypothesized that the articulatory deficit in the Down's syndrome group is part of a general motor disability due to a difficulty in preprogramming sequences of movements."}
{"id": "PMID:127530", "title": "Dentition of monozygotic twins concordant for Down's syndrome: a case report.", "content": "Examination of the dental casts of Down's syndrome twins showed a high percentage of concordance and mirror-imaging relative to crown morphology and static occlusion. These supplemental dental findings supported an earlier diagnosis of monozygosity determined by other clinical means. Reduction of mesiodistal dimension of the dental crowns and deviations in their morphology is consistent with Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Dentition of monozygotic twins concordant for Down's syndrome: a case report. Examination of the dental casts of Down's syndrome twins showed a high percentage of concordance and mirror-imaging relative to crown morphology and static occlusion. These supplemental dental findings supported an earlier diagnosis of monozygosity determined by other clinical means. Reduction of mesiodistal dimension of the dental crowns and deviations in their morphology is consistent with Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:127532", "title": "Psychodynamics of the young handicapped person.", "content": "Psychodynamics of personality and ego development are related to motor development. The body image concept, important for normal psychologic performance is often impaired by somatic or cerebral defects. Adolescents are particularly depressed by loss of self-esteem and thwarting of future career goals. Sexuality is an important consideration for the handicapped.", "contents": "Psychodynamics of the young handicapped person. Psychodynamics of personality and ego development are related to motor development. The body image concept, important for normal psychologic performance is often impaired by somatic or cerebral defects. Adolescents are particularly depressed by loss of self-esteem and thwarting of future career goals. Sexuality is an important consideration for the handicapped."}
{"id": "PMID:127537", "title": "[Method of rapid separation of free, sulfoconjugated and glucuronoconjugated fractions of plasma steroids].", "content": "A method for the separation of serum conjugated steroids, sulfates and glucuronides, is described. It is based on the fact that methylene blue forms complexes with ester-sulfates which can be quantitatively and specifically extracted by chloroform from aqueous phase. The quantitative determination of the conjugated fractions thus obtained can be done after solvolysis followed by hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase from Helix pomatia.", "contents": "[Method of rapid separation of free, sulfoconjugated and glucuronoconjugated fractions of plasma steroids]. A method for the separation of serum conjugated steroids, sulfates and glucuronides, is described. It is based on the fact that methylene blue forms complexes with ester-sulfates which can be quantitatively and specifically extracted by chloroform from aqueous phase. The quantitative determination of the conjugated fractions thus obtained can be done after solvolysis followed by hydrolysis by beta-glucuronidase from Helix pomatia."}
{"id": "PMID:127538", "title": "Survey of helminth infections in Maine dairy cattle.", "content": "The survey was done to determine the incidence and seasonal prevalence of the gastrointestinal helminths infecting Maine dairy cattle. Approximately equal groups of calves, heifers, and cows from 13 dairy farms, managerially and geographically representative of dairying in the state, were sampled at regular 2-month intervals over the period of a year. On the basis of fecal egg counts and identification of cultured larvae, the following results were obtained: Of the 94 adult cows, 78 heifers, and 91 calves sampled continuously in the course of the survey, 95.7%, 98.7%, and 96.7%, respectively, were strongylorid positive (infected with Ostertagia, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus, and Oesophagostomun), with an overall incidence of 97%. Strongyloides papillosus eggs were in 64.6% of the cattle, Bunostomum in 40.3%, Nematodirus in 27.8%, Trichuris in 27.0%, Capillaria in 9.5%, Moniezia in 25.1%, and Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae in 2.7%. Worm burdens, as reflected by mean nematode egg production per gram of feces, varied. The greatest worm burdens were in the calves, followed by the heifers and the cows. A marked variation in egg production related to season was observed, particularly with the strongylorid worms. Peak strongylorid egg production was observed in the May-June sampling period. After the peak period, worm burdens decreased in all groups of cattle to their lowest point during the winter period of January-February. This pattern of egg production was similar to that reported by workers in other parts of the world. Farm management practices were shown to be related to the degree of parasitism existing in these herds. Those herds classed as poorly managed had significantly higher levels of parasitism in young animals than those classed as having fair or good management.", "contents": "Survey of helminth infections in Maine dairy cattle. The survey was done to determine the incidence and seasonal prevalence of the gastrointestinal helminths infecting Maine dairy cattle. Approximately equal groups of calves, heifers, and cows from 13 dairy farms, managerially and geographically representative of dairying in the state, were sampled at regular 2-month intervals over the period of a year. On the basis of fecal egg counts and identification of cultured larvae, the following results were obtained: Of the 94 adult cows, 78 heifers, and 91 calves sampled continuously in the course of the survey, 95.7%, 98.7%, and 96.7%, respectively, were strongylorid positive (infected with Ostertagia, Cooperia, Trichostrongylus, Haemonchus, and Oesophagostomun), with an overall incidence of 97%. Strongyloides papillosus eggs were in 64.6% of the cattle, Bunostomum in 40.3%, Nematodirus in 27.8%, Trichuris in 27.0%, Capillaria in 9.5%, Moniezia in 25.1%, and Dictyocaulus viviparus larvae in 2.7%. Worm burdens, as reflected by mean nematode egg production per gram of feces, varied. The greatest worm burdens were in the calves, followed by the heifers and the cows. A marked variation in egg production related to season was observed, particularly with the strongylorid worms. Peak strongylorid egg production was observed in the May-June sampling period. After the peak period, worm burdens decreased in all groups of cattle to their lowest point during the winter period of January-February. This pattern of egg production was similar to that reported by workers in other parts of the world. Farm management practices were shown to be related to the degree of parasitism existing in these herds. Those herds classed as poorly managed had significantly higher levels of parasitism in young animals than those classed as having fair or good management."}
{"id": "PMID:127540", "title": "Clinical and experimental studies on adenine, various nucleosides and their analogs in hematology.", "content": "In red blood cells as well as in platelets there appears to be a decrease in adenine nucleotides during storage under blood bank conditions. This can be decreased by use of anticoagulant preservatives with higher phosphate content than the standard ACD solution, through the addition of adenine and inosine. Maintenance of higher ATP levels appears to be related to longer circulating life span after transfusion into patients in the case of red blood cells but not platelets. Inosine and more alkaline preservative medium also contribute to the maintenance of 2,3-DPG levels in red blood cells, and with it to the maintenance of normal hemoglobin dissociation curves and thus oxygen-carrying capacity. Certain nucleoside analogs may contribute to the preservation of platelets and of whole blood by their platelet-aggregation inhibitory activity. Platelet-aggregation inhibitors may also be useful in preventing thromboembolic episodes with potentially greater safety than anticoagulants.", "contents": "Clinical and experimental studies on adenine, various nucleosides and their analogs in hematology. In red blood cells as well as in platelets there appears to be a decrease in adenine nucleotides during storage under blood bank conditions. This can be decreased by use of anticoagulant preservatives with higher phosphate content than the standard ACD solution, through the addition of adenine and inosine. Maintenance of higher ATP levels appears to be related to longer circulating life span after transfusion into patients in the case of red blood cells but not platelets. Inosine and more alkaline preservative medium also contribute to the maintenance of 2,3-DPG levels in red blood cells, and with it to the maintenance of normal hemoglobin dissociation curves and thus oxygen-carrying capacity. Certain nucleoside analogs may contribute to the preservation of platelets and of whole blood by their platelet-aggregation inhibitory activity. Platelet-aggregation inhibitors may also be useful in preventing thromboembolic episodes with potentially greater safety than anticoagulants."}
{"id": "PMID:127545", "title": "A family with three sibs carrying trisomy 21.", "content": "A family with three sibs, including a pair of dizygotic twins, all affected by Down's syndrome with regular trisomy 21, is described. The chromosome counts carried out on prolonged fibroblasts cultures of the mother, revealed the presence of the trisomy 21 in 6 out of 688 scored mitoses. The cytological findings give support to the hypothesis of a chromosome mosaicism in one of the normal parents, as a cause of the recurrence of the trisomy 21.", "contents": "A family with three sibs carrying trisomy 21. A family with three sibs, including a pair of dizygotic twins, all affected by Down's syndrome with regular trisomy 21, is described. The chromosome counts carried out on prolonged fibroblasts cultures of the mother, revealed the presence of the trisomy 21 in 6 out of 688 scored mitoses. The cytological findings give support to the hypothesis of a chromosome mosaicism in one of the normal parents, as a cause of the recurrence of the trisomy 21."}
{"id": "PMID:127542", "title": "[Proceedings: Therapeutic possibilities of deshydroepiandrosterone in faetal hypotrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "The therapeutic effect of DHEA-S has been studied in 15 cases of intra-uterine growth retardation. This double-blind study has not been able to demonstrate any difference between the effect DHEA-S and of NaCl on oestriol excretion, HPL values, and biparietal diameter. Only the uterine growth seems to be affected by DHEA-S. Thus it can be concluded that DHEA-S has no therapeutic effect on placental insufficiency.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Therapeutic possibilities of deshydroepiandrosterone in faetal hypotrophy (author's transl)]. The therapeutic effect of DHEA-S has been studied in 15 cases of intra-uterine growth retardation. This double-blind study has not been able to demonstrate any difference between the effect DHEA-S and of NaCl on oestriol excretion, HPL values, and biparietal diameter. Only the uterine growth seems to be affected by DHEA-S. Thus it can be concluded that DHEA-S has no therapeutic effect on placental insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:127546", "title": "Amplified developmental instability in Down's syndrome.", "content": "It is suggested that the extra chromosome in Down's syndrome (DS) results in a generalized decrease in canalization of development. Three palatal dimensions - height, width and anteroposterior length - were measured in moreal twins and in DS subjects. Twin analyses showed that the relative contribution of environmental factors to variability was greatest for palatal length. Of the three dimensions, palatal length was the most abmoreal in DS. Similarly, the maximum atd angle, which is more susceptible to environmental variation than the finger-tip ridge count, is much more deviant from the normal in DS. In both systems the less-stable trait in moreal populations in norm abnormal in DS. These data are consistent with a generalized amplified instability of development in DS.", "contents": "Amplified developmental instability in Down's syndrome. It is suggested that the extra chromosome in Down's syndrome (DS) results in a generalized decrease in canalization of development. Three palatal dimensions - height, width and anteroposterior length - were measured in moreal twins and in DS subjects. Twin analyses showed that the relative contribution of environmental factors to variability was greatest for palatal length. Of the three dimensions, palatal length was the most abmoreal in DS. Similarly, the maximum atd angle, which is more susceptible to environmental variation than the finger-tip ridge count, is much more deviant from the normal in DS. In both systems the less-stable trait in moreal populations in norm abnormal in DS. These data are consistent with a generalized amplified instability of development in DS."}
{"id": "PMID:127543", "title": "[Proceedings: Male pseudohermaphroditism due to testicular 17 beta hydroxysteroid deshydrogenase deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of 17 beta hydroxysteroid deshydrogenase deficiency is reported. In venous blood, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) level is normal, but the level of basal testosterone (T) is low, and delta 4 androstenedione (delta 4 A) is ten times higher than the normal level. The increase of delta4AT is characteristic after chorionic gonadotropin stimulation and over more in spermatic venous blood. Estrone (E1) produced from delta 4 A is high but estradiol (E2) level is equally low in systemic circulation and spermatic venous blood. This increase of plasmatic E2 is the witness of disturbance of E1 conversion into E2 as well as delta 4 conversion into T. It is an explantation of the lack of gynecomastia in this case. Serum gonadotropins LH and FSH are increased. This report contrast with other cases of 17 beta hydroxysteroid deshydrogenase deficiency and with the testicular feminization in which E2 and FSH levels are normal. This underline the importance of T in the LH regulation and the one of E2 in FSH control.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Male pseudohermaphroditism due to testicular 17 beta hydroxysteroid deshydrogenase deficiency (author's transl)]. A new case of 17 beta hydroxysteroid deshydrogenase deficiency is reported. In venous blood, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) level is normal, but the level of basal testosterone (T) is low, and delta 4 androstenedione (delta 4 A) is ten times higher than the normal level. The increase of delta4AT is characteristic after chorionic gonadotropin stimulation and over more in spermatic venous blood. Estrone (E1) produced from delta 4 A is high but estradiol (E2) level is equally low in systemic circulation and spermatic venous blood. This increase of plasmatic E2 is the witness of disturbance of E1 conversion into E2 as well as delta 4 conversion into T. It is an explantation of the lack of gynecomastia in this case. Serum gonadotropins LH and FSH are increased. This report contrast with other cases of 17 beta hydroxysteroid deshydrogenase deficiency and with the testicular feminization in which E2 and FSH levels are normal. This underline the importance of T in the LH regulation and the one of E2 in FSH control."}
{"id": "PMID:127544", "title": "[Effect of cerebral serotonin on cyclic LH release in rats].", "content": "An experimental increase in serotonin (5-HT) induced shortly before the \"critical period\" of ovulation control blocks the release of LH. Administration of a synthesis inhibitor of the amine p-chlorophenylalanine, (pCP) is ineffective when given during the critical period. However, pCP given in the evening of dioestrus II (18 to 24 hours before the \"critical period\") blocks ovulation. That 5-HT is specifically involved in this delayed effect of the drug is shown by the ability of increasing doses of 5-hydroxytryptophane (5-HTP) to induce with pCP a graded restoration of LH release when given together. This result, obtained in immature rats, has been confirmed in cyclic ones. A positive, permissive effect of 5-HT containing neurons on neural processes leading to LH release and ovulation is thus postulated. This action affects early stages of the LH release regulating mechanisms, in contrast to the classically described inhibiting effect of the amine, which blocks the actual release of LH-RH at the median eminence level during the critical period.", "contents": "[Effect of cerebral serotonin on cyclic LH release in rats]. An experimental increase in serotonin (5-HT) induced shortly before the \"critical period\" of ovulation control blocks the release of LH. Administration of a synthesis inhibitor of the amine p-chlorophenylalanine, (pCP) is ineffective when given during the critical period. However, pCP given in the evening of dioestrus II (18 to 24 hours before the \"critical period\") blocks ovulation. That 5-HT is specifically involved in this delayed effect of the drug is shown by the ability of increasing doses of 5-hydroxytryptophane (5-HTP) to induce with pCP a graded restoration of LH release when given together. This result, obtained in immature rats, has been confirmed in cyclic ones. A positive, permissive effect of 5-HT containing neurons on neural processes leading to LH release and ovulation is thus postulated. This action affects early stages of the LH release regulating mechanisms, in contrast to the classically described inhibiting effect of the amine, which blocks the actual release of LH-RH at the median eminence level during the critical period."}
{"id": "PMID:127541", "title": "[Proceedings: Effects of metopirone on plasma androgens variations in women (author's transl)].", "content": "Blood testosterone (T), androstenedione (A) and dehydroisoandrosterone (DHA) were simultaneously measured, using radioimmunoassay, in six healthy (control) females and eight various subjects, before (J1), during (J2) and after (J3) metopirone administration. The variation pattern of each androgen is different during the test. The mean value of each androgen at each time, point and the percentage decrease between J2 and J3 related to J2 are considered. Each step of the test (increase and decrease) is discussed with reference to published data and variations of response obeserved in the eight non control subjects.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Effects of metopirone on plasma androgens variations in women (author's transl)]. Blood testosterone (T), androstenedione (A) and dehydroisoandrosterone (DHA) were simultaneously measured, using radioimmunoassay, in six healthy (control) females and eight various subjects, before (J1), during (J2) and after (J3) metopirone administration. The variation pattern of each androgen is different during the test. The mean value of each androgen at each time, point and the percentage decrease between J2 and J3 related to J2 are considered. Each step of the test (increase and decrease) is discussed with reference to published data and variations of response obeserved in the eight non control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:127552", "title": "Benefits to Down's syndrome children through training their mothers.", "content": "This study investigated the hypothesis that training of mothers with Down's syndrome children would be beneficial both to the child and parents. The mothers were taught behaviour modification techniques based on learning theory and were given group discussions on dealing with their family or personal problems. The subjects were 16 mothers with a Down's syndrome child, divided into two groups on the basis of their child's sex and chronological and mental ages. The Griffiths Scale was used for assessment. The mothers in the treatment group received 12 sessions of training and group counseling over a 6-month period, whereas the control mothers received no additional attention except the usual routine from the general practitioner and health visitor. The result show clear gains to both the child and mother in the treatment group. The child improved, especially in language development as well as in the other areas, and the mother-gained more confidence and competence in her daily management of the child.", "contents": "Benefits to Down's syndrome children through training their mothers. This study investigated the hypothesis that training of mothers with Down's syndrome children would be beneficial both to the child and parents. The mothers were taught behaviour modification techniques based on learning theory and were given group discussions on dealing with their family or personal problems. The subjects were 16 mothers with a Down's syndrome child, divided into two groups on the basis of their child's sex and chronological and mental ages. The Griffiths Scale was used for assessment. The mothers in the treatment group received 12 sessions of training and group counseling over a 6-month period, whereas the control mothers received no additional attention except the usual routine from the general practitioner and health visitor. The result show clear gains to both the child and mother in the treatment group. The child improved, especially in language development as well as in the other areas, and the mother-gained more confidence and competence in her daily management of the child."}
{"id": "PMID:127553", "title": "Infrared spectroscopy for tracing of topically applied ointment vehicles and active substances on healthy skin.", "content": "Infrared spectroscopy was used to trace active substances and ointment vehicles applied on the skin. Vaseline and lanoline could be traced after 8 hrs but not olive oil. From the active substances, ethyl-4-amino-benzoate (5 per cent), clioquinol (5 per cent), parabenes (15 per cent), 5,7-dichlor-8-hydroxy-2-methyl-chinolin (5 per cent), balsam of Peru (25 per cent) and pyroleum pini (12 per cent) could be traced 1 hr after application but had disappeared after 8 hrs. Ethylenediamine (1 per cent), chlorcresol (1 per cent), pyroleum lithantracis (5 per cent), were not traceable after 1 hr, and curiously neither neomycine sulphate in spite of its high concentration (20 per cent). The reaction of the skin surface lipids, after application of different substances, was deduced from the spectra. Clioquinol and pyroleum lithantracis seem to give rise to hydrolysis of the triglycerides, the free fatty acids being clearly identifiable. It is felt that infrared spectroscopy can be used as an effective method to trace different substances such as potent allergens on healthy or diseased skin.", "contents": "Infrared spectroscopy for tracing of topically applied ointment vehicles and active substances on healthy skin. Infrared spectroscopy was used to trace active substances and ointment vehicles applied on the skin. Vaseline and lanoline could be traced after 8 hrs but not olive oil. From the active substances, ethyl-4-amino-benzoate (5 per cent), clioquinol (5 per cent), parabenes (15 per cent), 5,7-dichlor-8-hydroxy-2-methyl-chinolin (5 per cent), balsam of Peru (25 per cent) and pyroleum pini (12 per cent) could be traced 1 hr after application but had disappeared after 8 hrs. Ethylenediamine (1 per cent), chlorcresol (1 per cent), pyroleum lithantracis (5 per cent), were not traceable after 1 hr, and curiously neither neomycine sulphate in spite of its high concentration (20 per cent). The reaction of the skin surface lipids, after application of different substances, was deduced from the spectra. Clioquinol and pyroleum lithantracis seem to give rise to hydrolysis of the triglycerides, the free fatty acids being clearly identifiable. It is felt that infrared spectroscopy can be used as an effective method to trace different substances such as potent allergens on healthy or diseased skin."}
{"id": "PMID:127554", "title": "[Kinetics of cell proliferation in normal epidermis before and after application of 1 per cent vitamin A-acid solution (author's transl)].", "content": "A 1 per cent Vitamin A-acid solution was applied externally for 2 weeks on normal epidermis. The result was an acute dermatitis, characterized by hyperproliferation and shortened phases of cell cycle. There was no increase in the proliferative activity of lymphoid cells in the moderate dermal infiltrate.", "contents": "[Kinetics of cell proliferation in normal epidermis before and after application of 1 per cent vitamin A-acid solution (author's transl)]. A 1 per cent Vitamin A-acid solution was applied externally for 2 weeks on normal epidermis. The result was an acute dermatitis, characterized by hyperproliferation and shortened phases of cell cycle. There was no increase in the proliferative activity of lymphoid cells in the moderate dermal infiltrate."}
{"id": "PMID:127555", "title": "Breakdown of proteoglycan and collagen induced in pig articular cartilage in organ culture.", "content": "Explants of articular cartilage from young pigs were maintained in organ culture for 10--16 days, and degradation of matrix was induced by retinol or complement-sufficient antiserum. The percentage breakdown of proteoglycan and collagen (as hydroxyproline release) was measured. The response of the cartilage depended on whether or not the explants were cut so as to include some of the invading marrow ('invasion zone'). In media containing retinol, cartilage lost up to three-quarters of its proteoglycan whether the invasion zone was present or not, but very little of its collagen unless this region was included. In the presence of complement-sufficient anti-serum, however, cartilage without the invasion zone was virtually unaffected, but both proteoglycan and hydroxyproline were released when invasion zone was included; here proteoglycan release began almost immediately, but there was a time-lag of 6--8 days before a substantial amount of hydroxyproline appeared in the medium. Histological examination of sample explants from the experiments supported the biochemical findings. The possible significance of the results in relation to rheumatoid arthritis is discussed.", "contents": "Breakdown of proteoglycan and collagen induced in pig articular cartilage in organ culture. Explants of articular cartilage from young pigs were maintained in organ culture for 10--16 days, and degradation of matrix was induced by retinol or complement-sufficient antiserum. The percentage breakdown of proteoglycan and collagen (as hydroxyproline release) was measured. The response of the cartilage depended on whether or not the explants were cut so as to include some of the invading marrow ('invasion zone'). In media containing retinol, cartilage lost up to three-quarters of its proteoglycan whether the invasion zone was present or not, but very little of its collagen unless this region was included. In the presence of complement-sufficient anti-serum, however, cartilage without the invasion zone was virtually unaffected, but both proteoglycan and hydroxyproline were released when invasion zone was included; here proteoglycan release began almost immediately, but there was a time-lag of 6--8 days before a substantial amount of hydroxyproline appeared in the medium. Histological examination of sample explants from the experiments supported the biochemical findings. The possible significance of the results in relation to rheumatoid arthritis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127556", "title": "Presence of endothelium in an axillary-femoral graft of knitted Dacron with an external velour surface.", "content": "An axillary-bilateral common femoral graft of knitted Dacron with an external velour surface was examined within one hour after the patient's death from non-graft-related causes. The prothesis, implanted for 20 months, was patent and was completely healed over 32% of the flow surface--that is, full wall fibrous tissue encapsulation of the graft had occurred, and 32% of the flow surface was endothelialized. The remaining flow surface was formed of fibrin, but fibrous tissue healing had reached the inner surface of the graft material, and the fibrin overlay was very thin. The healed protions of the graft included not only the areas adjacent to the anastomoses, but were scattered throughout the 45 cm length of the prosthesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of complete healing (fibrous tissue encapsulation and endothelialization) documented at points beyond the plannus ingrowth at the prosthesis-artery anastomosis.", "contents": "Presence of endothelium in an axillary-femoral graft of knitted Dacron with an external velour surface. An axillary-bilateral common femoral graft of knitted Dacron with an external velour surface was examined within one hour after the patient's death from non-graft-related causes. The prothesis, implanted for 20 months, was patent and was completely healed over 32% of the flow surface--that is, full wall fibrous tissue encapsulation of the graft had occurred, and 32% of the flow surface was endothelialized. The remaining flow surface was formed of fibrin, but fibrous tissue healing had reached the inner surface of the graft material, and the fibrin overlay was very thin. The healed protions of the graft included not only the areas adjacent to the anastomoses, but were scattered throughout the 45 cm length of the prosthesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of complete healing (fibrous tissue encapsulation and endothelialization) documented at points beyond the plannus ingrowth at the prosthesis-artery anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:127557", "title": "Bypass grafts for recurrent or complex coarctations of the aorta.", "content": "Twenty-three patients aged 5 to 53 years with recurrent or complex coarctations of the aorta were successfully operated upon using bypass grafts. This technique of repair was selected for 5 patients with recurrent coarctation, 11 with long-segment coarctation with or without hypoplasia of the transverse aortic arch, and 7 with inadequate collateral circulation. Nineteen patients had bypass grafts from the left subclavian artery to the distal descending thoracic aorta. The other 4 had a combined approach through a left thoractomy and median sternotomy with grafts between the ascending and descending thoracic aorta. All patients survived the operative procedure. One patient were reexplored for a hemothorax and 5 developed transient postoperative hypertension. There were no instances of abdominal vasculitis or lower extremity paralysis. These patients have been followed from 3 months to 11 years postoperatively, and all but 1 are alive and well. Twenty-two are normotensive, and none have the sequelae of hypertensive disease. Gradients up to only 15 mm Hg exist between upper and lower extremity blood pressures. Five patients have undergone postoperative catheterization and aortography, and all have patent grafts. This procedure is a useful and adjunct in difficult coarctations of the aorta and can be safely performed with excellent reproducible long-term results.", "contents": "Bypass grafts for recurrent or complex coarctations of the aorta. Twenty-three patients aged 5 to 53 years with recurrent or complex coarctations of the aorta were successfully operated upon using bypass grafts. This technique of repair was selected for 5 patients with recurrent coarctation, 11 with long-segment coarctation with or without hypoplasia of the transverse aortic arch, and 7 with inadequate collateral circulation. Nineteen patients had bypass grafts from the left subclavian artery to the distal descending thoracic aorta. The other 4 had a combined approach through a left thoractomy and median sternotomy with grafts between the ascending and descending thoracic aorta. All patients survived the operative procedure. One patient were reexplored for a hemothorax and 5 developed transient postoperative hypertension. There were no instances of abdominal vasculitis or lower extremity paralysis. These patients have been followed from 3 months to 11 years postoperatively, and all but 1 are alive and well. Twenty-two are normotensive, and none have the sequelae of hypertensive disease. Gradients up to only 15 mm Hg exist between upper and lower extremity blood pressures. Five patients have undergone postoperative catheterization and aortography, and all have patent grafts. This procedure is a useful and adjunct in difficult coarctations of the aorta and can be safely performed with excellent reproducible long-term results."}
{"id": "PMID:127558", "title": "A method for rapid tailoring of the intraatrial baffle in transposition of the great vessels.", "content": "Numerous reports have described successful use of the Brom \"trouser-shaped\" baffle in the Mustard procedure. A simple technique to fashion the baffle accurately by use of a prefashioned template is described.", "contents": "A method for rapid tailoring of the intraatrial baffle in transposition of the great vessels. Numerous reports have described successful use of the Brom \"trouser-shaped\" baffle in the Mustard procedure. A simple technique to fashion the baffle accurately by use of a prefashioned template is described."}
{"id": "PMID:127559", "title": "A comparison of drug-induced rotation in rats lesioned in the medial forebrain bundle with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or 6-hydroxydopamine.", "content": "Drug-induced rotational behaviour was studied in two groups of rats with differing chemical lesion of the right medial forebrain bundle (MFB). 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA), 3.5 mug, injected in one group, induced a marked lowering of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) in the right hemiforebrain. 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-HT), 10 mug, injected in a second group, produced a profound and long-lasting depletion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and DA, but not of NA. Rotational behaviour induced in both groups by DA receptor agonists (apomorphine, piribedil, L-DOPA, ergometrine, ergocornine, 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, ergocristine, methylergometrine) and agents releasing DA (d-methamphetamine, methylphenidate) were qualitatively identical and quantitatively very similar, suggesting a minor role of 5-HT striatal terminals in these experimental conditions. LSD induced contralateral rotation by direct stimulation of the DA receptor, while L-5-hydroxy-tryptophan (L-5HTP) was inactive.", "contents": "A comparison of drug-induced rotation in rats lesioned in the medial forebrain bundle with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or 6-hydroxydopamine. Drug-induced rotational behaviour was studied in two groups of rats with differing chemical lesion of the right medial forebrain bundle (MFB). 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA), 3.5 mug, injected in one group, induced a marked lowering of dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) in the right hemiforebrain. 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-HT), 10 mug, injected in a second group, produced a profound and long-lasting depletion of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and DA, but not of NA. Rotational behaviour induced in both groups by DA receptor agonists (apomorphine, piribedil, L-DOPA, ergometrine, ergocornine, 2-bromo-alpha-ergocryptine, ergocristine, methylergometrine) and agents releasing DA (d-methamphetamine, methylphenidate) were qualitatively identical and quantitatively very similar, suggesting a minor role of 5-HT striatal terminals in these experimental conditions. LSD induced contralateral rotation by direct stimulation of the DA receptor, while L-5-hydroxy-tryptophan (L-5HTP) was inactive."}
{"id": "PMID:127560", "title": "Antagonism of d-lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline by 1-methyl-1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydropyridine-N, N-diethyl-carboxamide (THPC).", "content": "Contractions of sheep umbilical vasculature induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine, mescaline and d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were antagonized by 1-methyl-1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydropyridine-N, N-diethyl-carboxamide (THPC) 5 X 10(-4)M. THPC did not block contractile responses to angiotensin. The data are interpreted to support our previous suggestions that certain chemical entities representing portions of the LSD molecule may be effectively studied as antagonists to the hallucinogens. The present data indicate that THPC is a weak 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist.", "contents": "Antagonism of d-lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline by 1-methyl-1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydropyridine-N, N-diethyl-carboxamide (THPC). Contractions of sheep umbilical vasculature induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine, mescaline and d-lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) were antagonized by 1-methyl-1, 2, 5, 6-tetrahydropyridine-N, N-diethyl-carboxamide (THPC) 5 X 10(-4)M. THPC did not block contractile responses to angiotensin. The data are interpreted to support our previous suggestions that certain chemical entities representing portions of the LSD molecule may be effectively studied as antagonists to the hallucinogens. The present data indicate that THPC is a weak 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist."}
{"id": "PMID:127561", "title": "Catabolism of D-fructose and D-ribose by Pseudomonas doudoroffii. I. Physiological studies and mutant analysis.", "content": "Pseudomonas doudoroffii, a strict aerobe of marine origin, was able to utilize fructose and ribose but not glucose, gluconate, or other hexoses, pentoses, or sugar alcohols as sole sources of carbon and energy. Evidence was presented indicating that in this organism fructose was utilized via an inducible P-enolpyruvate: fructose phosphotransferase system (FPTS) which catalyzed the phosphorylation of fructose in the 1 position. The resulting fructose-1-P (F-1-P) was converted to fructose-1,6-P2 (FDP) by means of an inducible 1-P-fructokinase (1-PFK). The subsequent conversion of FDP to pyruvate involved enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP) which, with the exception of glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase (G3PDH), were constitutive. Two G3PDH activities were detected, one of which was inducible and NAD-dependent while the other was constitutive and NADP-dependent. Cell-free extracts of P. doudoroffii also contained enzymes of the methylglyoxal pathway (MGP) which converted dihydroxyacetone-P to pyruvate. The low specific activities of enzymes of this pathway as compared to the EMP suggested that the major route of FDP catabolism was via the latter pathway. 2. Ribose catabolism appeared to involve an inducible uptake system and an inducible ribokinase, the resulting ribose-5-P being converted to glyceraldehyde-3-P and fructose-6-P (F-6-P) by means of constitutive activities of the pentose-P pathway. The F-6-P formed as a result of these reactions was converted to FDP by means of a constitutive 6-P-fructokinase (6-PFK). Since no activity converting fructose or F-1-P to F-6-P could be detected in cell-free extracts of P. doudoroffii, the results suggested that fructose and ribose were catabolized via 1-PFK and 6-PFK, respectively, the two pathways converging at the level of FDP. Further evidence for this suggestion was obtained from a mutant which lacked an NAD-dependent G3PDH, accumulated FDP from both fructose and ribose, and was not able to grow on either of these compounds. 3. Ribose grown cells had increased amounts of the fructose uptake system and 1-PFK suggesting that a compound (or compounds) common to the catabolism of both fructose and ribose acted as the inducer(s) of these activities. Evidence was presented suggesting that the probable inducer(s) of 1-PFK and FPTS could be FDP, glyceraldehyde-3-P, or dihydroxyacetone-P. 4. A mutant unable to grow on fructose was characterized and found to lack FPTS while retaining 1-PFK and other enzyme activities of the EMP and MGP, indicating that a functional FPTS was essential for growth on fructose and suggesting that all or most of this sugar was catabolized via F-1-P.", "contents": "Catabolism of D-fructose and D-ribose by Pseudomonas doudoroffii. I. Physiological studies and mutant analysis. Pseudomonas doudoroffii, a strict aerobe of marine origin, was able to utilize fructose and ribose but not glucose, gluconate, or other hexoses, pentoses, or sugar alcohols as sole sources of carbon and energy. Evidence was presented indicating that in this organism fructose was utilized via an inducible P-enolpyruvate: fructose phosphotransferase system (FPTS) which catalyzed the phosphorylation of fructose in the 1 position. The resulting fructose-1-P (F-1-P) was converted to fructose-1,6-P2 (FDP) by means of an inducible 1-P-fructokinase (1-PFK). The subsequent conversion of FDP to pyruvate involved enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway (EMP) which, with the exception of glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase (G3PDH), were constitutive. Two G3PDH activities were detected, one of which was inducible and NAD-dependent while the other was constitutive and NADP-dependent. Cell-free extracts of P. doudoroffii also contained enzymes of the methylglyoxal pathway (MGP) which converted dihydroxyacetone-P to pyruvate. The low specific activities of enzymes of this pathway as compared to the EMP suggested that the major route of FDP catabolism was via the latter pathway. 2. Ribose catabolism appeared to involve an inducible uptake system and an inducible ribokinase, the resulting ribose-5-P being converted to glyceraldehyde-3-P and fructose-6-P (F-6-P) by means of constitutive activities of the pentose-P pathway. The F-6-P formed as a result of these reactions was converted to FDP by means of a constitutive 6-P-fructokinase (6-PFK). Since no activity converting fructose or F-1-P to F-6-P could be detected in cell-free extracts of P. doudoroffii, the results suggested that fructose and ribose were catabolized via 1-PFK and 6-PFK, respectively, the two pathways converging at the level of FDP. Further evidence for this suggestion was obtained from a mutant which lacked an NAD-dependent G3PDH, accumulated FDP from both fructose and ribose, and was not able to grow on either of these compounds. 3. Ribose grown cells had increased amounts of the fructose uptake system and 1-PFK suggesting that a compound (or compounds) common to the catabolism of both fructose and ribose acted as the inducer(s) of these activities. Evidence was presented suggesting that the probable inducer(s) of 1-PFK and FPTS could be FDP, glyceraldehyde-3-P, or dihydroxyacetone-P. 4. A mutant unable to grow on fructose was characterized and found to lack FPTS while retaining 1-PFK and other enzyme activities of the EMP and MGP, indicating that a functional FPTS was essential for growth on fructose and suggesting that all or most of this sugar was catabolized via F-1-P."}
{"id": "PMID:127562", "title": "[Corticosuprarenaloma in children].", "content": "Thirty-four cases of corticosurrenaloma with clinical onset before 15 years of age have been studied. Higher frequency in girls (65 percent of the cases) and in young age (80 percent before 5 years of age, 43 percent before 2 years), association with personal or familial other tumors and malformations, are noticeable features. Virilism is the major manifestation in children (83 percent of the cases), either isolated or associated with hypercortisolism and/or feminization. Hormonal assays are of little value, and the dynamic adrenal tests are of some help only in small tumors or isolated hypercortisolism. Radiological diagnosis by urography with cavography, arteriography, is easy in most cases. Evaluation of prognosis is very difficult. Clinical and biological data are not significant, histological data are often of little help. Only a very large mass, and occurrence of metastases (liver, lungs) evidence malignancy. This series does not allow to assess definitely the best therapeutic regimen. Surgery has to be performed as soon as possible. The effects of radiations have not yet been ascertained. High doses of op'DDD have led to a sustained remission of the tumor or metastases in 2 patients, and perhaps to a longer survival in 4 others.", "contents": "[Corticosuprarenaloma in children]. Thirty-four cases of corticosurrenaloma with clinical onset before 15 years of age have been studied. Higher frequency in girls (65 percent of the cases) and in young age (80 percent before 5 years of age, 43 percent before 2 years), association with personal or familial other tumors and malformations, are noticeable features. Virilism is the major manifestation in children (83 percent of the cases), either isolated or associated with hypercortisolism and/or feminization. Hormonal assays are of little value, and the dynamic adrenal tests are of some help only in small tumors or isolated hypercortisolism. Radiological diagnosis by urography with cavography, arteriography, is easy in most cases. Evaluation of prognosis is very difficult. Clinical and biological data are not significant, histological data are often of little help. Only a very large mass, and occurrence of metastases (liver, lungs) evidence malignancy. This series does not allow to assess definitely the best therapeutic regimen. Surgery has to be performed as soon as possible. The effects of radiations have not yet been ascertained. High doses of op'DDD have led to a sustained remission of the tumor or metastases in 2 patients, and perhaps to a longer survival in 4 others."}
{"id": "PMID:127563", "title": "The representability of laparoscopic ovarian biopsies for the cellular structure and function of the ovaries.", "content": "Model biopsy specimens from 100 surgically removed ovaries were studied. They were matched in respect of size, dimensions and examination technique to 110 ovarian biopsy specimens obtained during laparoscopy from 60 amenorrhoeic patients. It was found that ovarian biopsy specimens with an all-round edge length of 4 to 5 mm permit usable conclusions in respect of the structure and hence also of the function of normal ovaries.", "contents": "The representability of laparoscopic ovarian biopsies for the cellular structure and function of the ovaries. Model biopsy specimens from 100 surgically removed ovaries were studied. They were matched in respect of size, dimensions and examination technique to 110 ovarian biopsy specimens obtained during laparoscopy from 60 amenorrhoeic patients. It was found that ovarian biopsy specimens with an all-round edge length of 4 to 5 mm permit usable conclusions in respect of the structure and hence also of the function of normal ovaries."}
{"id": "PMID:127564", "title": "Crossover femorofemoral grafts followed up five years or more. An analysis.", "content": "Crossover femorofemoral grafts continue to provide satisfactory long-term patency with low morbidity and mortality in the treatment of unilateral atherosclerotic iliac artery occlusion. In our series of patients, early failures were primarily a result of the inability to provide adequate runoff for the graft, and late failures were due to progressive atherosclerotic involvement of runoff vessels. Clear-cut progression of the atherosclerotic process in the donor iliac artery segment has not been observed in this series. In fact, there is evidence that suggests that this process may have been retarded when compared with other types of reconstructive procedures. There is a noticeably late mortality (33%) due to other disease processes and associated cardiovascular disorders. These facts continue to support the application of crossover femorofemoral grafts in the surgical treatment of unilateral atherosclerotic illiac artery occlusions.", "contents": "Crossover femorofemoral grafts followed up five years or more. An analysis. Crossover femorofemoral grafts continue to provide satisfactory long-term patency with low morbidity and mortality in the treatment of unilateral atherosclerotic iliac artery occlusion. In our series of patients, early failures were primarily a result of the inability to provide adequate runoff for the graft, and late failures were due to progressive atherosclerotic involvement of runoff vessels. Clear-cut progression of the atherosclerotic process in the donor iliac artery segment has not been observed in this series. In fact, there is evidence that suggests that this process may have been retarded when compared with other types of reconstructive procedures. There is a noticeably late mortality (33%) due to other disease processes and associated cardiovascular disorders. These facts continue to support the application of crossover femorofemoral grafts in the surgical treatment of unilateral atherosclerotic illiac artery occlusions."}
{"id": "PMID:127565", "title": "The natural history of bilateral aortofemoral bypass grafts for ischemia of the lower extremities.", "content": "Analysis of the immediate and long-term results in 180 patients undergoing aortofemoral bypass grafts for occlusive disease of the lower extremities showed the immediate graft limb patency in 360 graft limbs to be 99.2%. The cumulative ten-year graft limb patency was 66%. Factors associated with thrombosis of the graft limb revealed correlations for localized atherosclerotic disease of either the profunda femoris artery or the tibial trifurcation vessels. The highest correlation for graft limb thrombosis was with simultaneous lesions involving both the profunda femoris artery and tibial trifurcation vessels. The acute lower extremity salvage rate was 94%, and the ten-year cumulative extremity salvage for legs at risk of amputation was 85%. Postoperative symtpoms correlated well with patency. Overall operative mortality was five patients out of 180 (2.5%).", "contents": "The natural history of bilateral aortofemoral bypass grafts for ischemia of the lower extremities. Analysis of the immediate and long-term results in 180 patients undergoing aortofemoral bypass grafts for occlusive disease of the lower extremities showed the immediate graft limb patency in 360 graft limbs to be 99.2%. The cumulative ten-year graft limb patency was 66%. Factors associated with thrombosis of the graft limb revealed correlations for localized atherosclerotic disease of either the profunda femoris artery or the tibial trifurcation vessels. The highest correlation for graft limb thrombosis was with simultaneous lesions involving both the profunda femoris artery and tibial trifurcation vessels. The acute lower extremity salvage rate was 94%, and the ten-year cumulative extremity salvage for legs at risk of amputation was 85%. Postoperative symtpoms correlated well with patency. Overall operative mortality was five patients out of 180 (2.5%)."}
{"id": "PMID:127566", "title": "New apparatus and method for the toxicological investigation of metered aerosols in rats.", "content": "A new apparatus and method for the toxicological investigation of metered aerosols in rats, which is also suitable for tests in other small laboratory animals, is described. It permits: 1. simultaneous treatment of 5 or more animals, 2. administration of metered aerosol doses to individual animals, 3. ventilation of the cages, 4. mechanical tilting of the metered aerosol packs to ensure thorough mixing of the content, and 5. continuous automatic tilting, administration and ventilatied under different ventilation conditions. Blood gases and fluorinated chlorohydrocarbons (abbreviation: fluorocarbons) in the arterial blood were also determined. In tests with spontaneous ventilation of the animal chambers without positive pressure, significant acidosis and hypoxia occurred after 40 puffs of metered aerosol. Where ventilation of the chambers was insufficient, the fluorocarbons led to dose-dependent toxic and lethal effects. The substance and the additives contained in the metered aerosol did not interfere with these effects. After active ventilation with 0.5 atm no symptoms of acidosis or hypoxia were observed. Up to 160 puffs of metered aerosol, no indications of toxic effects were established in the rats. Half-life of the fluorocarbons in the arterial blood after one puff of metered aerosol was 69 to 80 sec for fluorocarbon 11 and 57 to 67 sec for fluorocarbon 12.", "contents": "New apparatus and method for the toxicological investigation of metered aerosols in rats. A new apparatus and method for the toxicological investigation of metered aerosols in rats, which is also suitable for tests in other small laboratory animals, is described. It permits: 1. simultaneous treatment of 5 or more animals, 2. administration of metered aerosol doses to individual animals, 3. ventilation of the cages, 4. mechanical tilting of the metered aerosol packs to ensure thorough mixing of the content, and 5. continuous automatic tilting, administration and ventilatied under different ventilation conditions. Blood gases and fluorinated chlorohydrocarbons (abbreviation: fluorocarbons) in the arterial blood were also determined. In tests with spontaneous ventilation of the animal chambers without positive pressure, significant acidosis and hypoxia occurred after 40 puffs of metered aerosol. Where ventilation of the chambers was insufficient, the fluorocarbons led to dose-dependent toxic and lethal effects. The substance and the additives contained in the metered aerosol did not interfere with these effects. After active ventilation with 0.5 atm no symptoms of acidosis or hypoxia were observed. Up to 160 puffs of metered aerosol, no indications of toxic effects were established in the rats. Half-life of the fluorocarbons in the arterial blood after one puff of metered aerosol was 69 to 80 sec for fluorocarbon 11 and 57 to 67 sec for fluorocarbon 12."}
{"id": "PMID:127567", "title": "[Sex and type peculiarities of the topography of the anterior abdominal wall in adult persons of various ages].", "content": "In men and in \"masculine\" shape of the abdomen as compared with women and \"feminine\" shape of the abdomen the following features of the topography of the anterior-lateral abdominal wall were revealed: a narrower white line, wider straight muscles of the abdomen in their medial and upper parts, less square surface of the lateral muscle-free portions. The inguinal region of men and the \"musculine\" type of the abdomen are characterized by great dimensions of the superficial and profound rings, weaker aponeurosis of the external oblique abdominal muscle in formation of the anterior wall of the inguinal canal. In elderly and senile age there occur dilatation of the white line, the increase of the amount of chinks and apertures in it as well as of the length of aponeuroses. The superficial inguinal ring expands.", "contents": "[Sex and type peculiarities of the topography of the anterior abdominal wall in adult persons of various ages]. In men and in \"masculine\" shape of the abdomen as compared with women and \"feminine\" shape of the abdomen the following features of the topography of the anterior-lateral abdominal wall were revealed: a narrower white line, wider straight muscles of the abdomen in their medial and upper parts, less square surface of the lateral muscle-free portions. The inguinal region of men and the \"musculine\" type of the abdomen are characterized by great dimensions of the superficial and profound rings, weaker aponeurosis of the external oblique abdominal muscle in formation of the anterior wall of the inguinal canal. In elderly and senile age there occur dilatation of the white line, the increase of the amount of chinks and apertures in it as well as of the length of aponeuroses. The superficial inguinal ring expands."}
{"id": "PMID:127568", "title": "[Formalin-free method of preserving endocrine glands of the branchiogenous group (thyroid, parathyroid and thymus)].", "content": "The authors propose a conservation method developed at the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Pavlov First Medical Institute. The conservation is performed by simultaneous using of chemicals upon which the method is based: conservant and latex. The conservant is a mixture of glycerine, potassium acetate and water in proportion 45% : 10% : 45%. The latex is industrial artifical rubber.", "contents": "[Formalin-free method of preserving endocrine glands of the branchiogenous group (thyroid, parathyroid and thymus)]. The authors propose a conservation method developed at the Department of Normal Anatomy of the Pavlov First Medical Institute. The conservation is performed by simultaneous using of chemicals upon which the method is based: conservant and latex. The conservant is a mixture of glycerine, potassium acetate and water in proportion 45% : 10% : 45%. The latex is industrial artifical rubber."}
{"id": "PMID:127570", "title": "[Morphological changes in triploidy in human ontogeny].", "content": "Cytological and morphological data of 187 spontaneous abortuses, 25 fetuses and infants with triploidy described in literature and 6 proper triploid abortuses were analyzed. It was established that in spite of polymorphism of phenotypical manifestations of triploidy in ontogenesis there are a number of permanent, often combining morphological changes (asymmetry of the body, syndactylism of the III--IV fingers and toes, anomalies in the nervous and genito-urinary system). These features in addition Institute of Medical Genetics, USSR Acad. Med. Sci., and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ministry of Health, USSR. To dysplasias present in other chromosomal disorders, allow establishing the syndrom of triploidy in man and to diagnose the disease with great probability. Hydropic and cystose degeneration of the chorion villi met in 85% of cases of triploidy has but external resemblance with true vesicular mole which has normal karyotype. Cytogenetical and morphofunctional differences between them were noted.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in triploidy in human ontogeny]. Cytological and morphological data of 187 spontaneous abortuses, 25 fetuses and infants with triploidy described in literature and 6 proper triploid abortuses were analyzed. It was established that in spite of polymorphism of phenotypical manifestations of triploidy in ontogenesis there are a number of permanent, often combining morphological changes (asymmetry of the body, syndactylism of the III--IV fingers and toes, anomalies in the nervous and genito-urinary system). These features in addition Institute of Medical Genetics, USSR Acad. Med. Sci., and Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ministry of Health, USSR. To dysplasias present in other chromosomal disorders, allow establishing the syndrom of triploidy in man and to diagnose the disease with great probability. Hydropic and cystose degeneration of the chorion villi met in 85% of cases of triploidy has but external resemblance with true vesicular mole which has normal karyotype. Cytogenetical and morphofunctional differences between them were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:127574", "title": "The left ventricle in anomalous pulmonary venous return. Morphometric analysis of 36 fatal cases in infancy.", "content": "The mass of the left ventricle is normal in infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous return, but the ventricular cavity is compromised by leftward displacement of the interventricular septum due to the combined pressure-volume overload of the right side of the heart. Severe septal displacement is associated with distorted myocardial architecture in the region of the septal attachments of the left ventricular free wall. Abnormalities of septal motion are frequently detected in echocardiograms. Left ventricular output is low, as judged by arrested development of the aortic valve circumference, and is probably compromised both by the left to right shunt and by septal displacement. Successful correction of the anomaly may depend on intervention before the changes in septal position, structure, and function have become irreversible.", "contents": "The left ventricle in anomalous pulmonary venous return. Morphometric analysis of 36 fatal cases in infancy. The mass of the left ventricle is normal in infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous return, but the ventricular cavity is compromised by leftward displacement of the interventricular septum due to the combined pressure-volume overload of the right side of the heart. Severe septal displacement is associated with distorted myocardial architecture in the region of the septal attachments of the left ventricular free wall. Abnormalities of septal motion are frequently detected in echocardiograms. Left ventricular output is low, as judged by arrested development of the aortic valve circumference, and is probably compromised both by the left to right shunt and by septal displacement. Successful correction of the anomaly may depend on intervention before the changes in septal position, structure, and function have become irreversible."}
{"id": "PMID:127578", "title": "Enzymes of Neurospora crassa which attack UV-irradiated DNA.", "content": "Two excision-deficient mutants of Neurospora crassa contain normal levels of two enzymes, a single-strand-specific exonuclease and a single-strand specific endonuclease, which attack UV-irradiated DNA. Mutants of N. crassa have been obtained in which the activity of the latter enzyme as well as an activity with native DNA are simultaneously affected. These activities are also apparently low in excision-proficient uvs3 strain of N. crassa which has many of the characteristics of the recA mutants of E. coli.", "contents": "Enzymes of Neurospora crassa which attack UV-irradiated DNA. Two excision-deficient mutants of Neurospora crassa contain normal levels of two enzymes, a single-strand-specific exonuclease and a single-strand specific endonuclease, which attack UV-irradiated DNA. Mutants of N. crassa have been obtained in which the activity of the latter enzyme as well as an activity with native DNA are simultaneously affected. These activities are also apparently low in excision-proficient uvs3 strain of N. crassa which has many of the characteristics of the recA mutants of E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:127579", "title": "Faulty DNA repair following ultraviolet irradiation in Fanconi's anemia.", "content": "Fibroblasts from a patient with Fanconi's anemia were deficient in their ability to excise UV-induced pyrimidine dimers from their DNA but were capable of single-strand break production and unscheduled DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Faulty DNA repair following ultraviolet irradiation in Fanconi's anemia. Fibroblasts from a patient with Fanconi's anemia were deficient in their ability to excise UV-induced pyrimidine dimers from their DNA but were capable of single-strand break production and unscheduled DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:127581", "title": "Macromolecular properties and end-group analysis of heparin isolated from bovine liver capsule.", "content": "Glycosaminoglycans were extracted from bovine liver capsule with 4 M-guanidinium chloride, resulting in solubilization of approx. 90% of the total uronic acid-containing polysaccharide of the tissue. The extracted polysaccharide was purified and fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, density-gradient ultracentrifugation in CsCl and finally gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B. By using these procedures, the two major polysaccharide components, dermatan sulphate and heparin, which constituted 55 and 30% respectively of the total glycosaminoglycan content of the tissue, were separated from each other. Analysis of the macromolecular properties of the two polysaccharides showed that heparin existed exclusively as single polysaccharide chains, whereas dermatan sulphate occurred largely as a proteoglycan (protein content, 74% dry wt.). The purified heparin preparation was subjected to sedimentation-equilibrium ultracentrifugation, indicating a molecular weight of 8800. Analysis for neutral sugars (by g.l.c.) showed 0.1 residue of xylose and 0.2 residue of galactose/polysaccharide chain; serine amounted to 0.3 residue/polysaccharide chain. Reduction of the heparin with NaB3H4 resulted in incorporation of 3H, approximately corresponding to one reducible group/polysaccharide chain. The 3H-labelled sugar residue was liberated by a combination of acid hydrolysis and deaminative cleavage of the polysaccharide with HNO2; it was subsequently identified as an aldonic acid by paper electrophoresis. Most of the heparin chains thus contained a uronic acid residue in reducing position. It is suggested that heparin isolated from bovine liver capsule is a degradation product released from larger molecules by an endo-glycuronidase.", "contents": "Macromolecular properties and end-group analysis of heparin isolated from bovine liver capsule. Glycosaminoglycans were extracted from bovine liver capsule with 4 M-guanidinium chloride, resulting in solubilization of approx. 90% of the total uronic acid-containing polysaccharide of the tissue. The extracted polysaccharide was purified and fractionated by anion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, density-gradient ultracentrifugation in CsCl and finally gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B. By using these procedures, the two major polysaccharide components, dermatan sulphate and heparin, which constituted 55 and 30% respectively of the total glycosaminoglycan content of the tissue, were separated from each other. Analysis of the macromolecular properties of the two polysaccharides showed that heparin existed exclusively as single polysaccharide chains, whereas dermatan sulphate occurred largely as a proteoglycan (protein content, 74% dry wt.). The purified heparin preparation was subjected to sedimentation-equilibrium ultracentrifugation, indicating a molecular weight of 8800. Analysis for neutral sugars (by g.l.c.) showed 0.1 residue of xylose and 0.2 residue of galactose/polysaccharide chain; serine amounted to 0.3 residue/polysaccharide chain. Reduction of the heparin with NaB3H4 resulted in incorporation of 3H, approximately corresponding to one reducible group/polysaccharide chain. The 3H-labelled sugar residue was liberated by a combination of acid hydrolysis and deaminative cleavage of the polysaccharide with HNO2; it was subsequently identified as an aldonic acid by paper electrophoresis. Most of the heparin chains thus contained a uronic acid residue in reducing position. It is suggested that heparin isolated from bovine liver capsule is a degradation product released from larger molecules by an endo-glycuronidase."}
{"id": "PMID:127587", "title": "Mechanism of action of colchicine. III. Antiinflammatory effects of colchicine compared with phenylbutazone and indomethacin.", "content": "Colchicine suppresses the development of carrageenan-induced edema in the rat with a minimum effective oral dose of 6.0 mg/kg. The slope of the dose-response regression line for colchicine differs significantly from that of indomethacin and phenylbutazone. Based on the dosages required to achieve a 50% suppression of this inflammation, colchicine is 0.6 and 1.5 times as potent as indomethacin and phenylbutazone, respectively. In the reversed passive Arthus reaction in the rat, the suppressive activity of colchicine is at least 50 times that of indomethacin and 100 times that of phenylbutazone. The possible significance of these results with regard to the unique effectiveness of colchicine in the treatment of gout is discussed.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of colchicine. III. Antiinflammatory effects of colchicine compared with phenylbutazone and indomethacin. Colchicine suppresses the development of carrageenan-induced edema in the rat with a minimum effective oral dose of 6.0 mg/kg. The slope of the dose-response regression line for colchicine differs significantly from that of indomethacin and phenylbutazone. Based on the dosages required to achieve a 50% suppression of this inflammation, colchicine is 0.6 and 1.5 times as potent as indomethacin and phenylbutazone, respectively. In the reversed passive Arthus reaction in the rat, the suppressive activity of colchicine is at least 50 times that of indomethacin and 100 times that of phenylbutazone. The possible significance of these results with regard to the unique effectiveness of colchicine in the treatment of gout is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127594", "title": "Factors predisposing to postural hypotensive symptoms in the treatment of high blood pressure.", "content": "Symptoms due to orthostatic and exertional hypotension occurred in 23-4 per cent of 448 hypertensive patients treated with guanethidine, debrisoquine, or bethanidine. Symptoms were significantly more frequent in patients treated with guanethidine than in those treated with bethanidine or debrisoquine. Women rather than men and patients with radiological evidence of cardiomegaly, electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, or ST/T wave changes, developed these symptoms significantly more often than other patients. A raised blood urea was found more frequently in patients with postural hypotensive symptoms. Characteristically guanethidine produced early morning postural hypotensive symptoms, wheras hypotensive symptoms caused by bethanidine and debrisoquine occurred at other times of the day and particularly one to two hours after tablet ingestion. Debrisoquine and guanethidine had a significantly greater negative chronotropic effect than bethanidine. It is suggested that negative chronotropic effects of these drugs may potentiate hypotensive symptoms in patients with cardiovascular, renal, or cerebrovascular disease. It should be possible to minimize symptoms of postural hypotension by attention to predisposing factors and selection of treatment accordingly.", "contents": "Factors predisposing to postural hypotensive symptoms in the treatment of high blood pressure. Symptoms due to orthostatic and exertional hypotension occurred in 23-4 per cent of 448 hypertensive patients treated with guanethidine, debrisoquine, or bethanidine. Symptoms were significantly more frequent in patients treated with guanethidine than in those treated with bethanidine or debrisoquine. Women rather than men and patients with radiological evidence of cardiomegaly, electrocardiographic evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy, or ST/T wave changes, developed these symptoms significantly more often than other patients. A raised blood urea was found more frequently in patients with postural hypotensive symptoms. Characteristically guanethidine produced early morning postural hypotensive symptoms, wheras hypotensive symptoms caused by bethanidine and debrisoquine occurred at other times of the day and particularly one to two hours after tablet ingestion. Debrisoquine and guanethidine had a significantly greater negative chronotropic effect than bethanidine. It is suggested that negative chronotropic effects of these drugs may potentiate hypotensive symptoms in patients with cardiovascular, renal, or cerebrovascular disease. It should be possible to minimize symptoms of postural hypotension by attention to predisposing factors and selection of treatment accordingly."}
{"id": "PMID:127595", "title": "Heredity in primary endocardial fibroelastosis.", "content": "Twenty-six cases of endocardial fibroelastosis were collected from three hospitals in Manchester over a ten-year period. Nine cases occurred in 4 families and these are discussed in detail. X-linked recessive inheritance seems likely in one family in which two probable female carriers had subarachnoid haemorrhages. In a second family an apparently normal man produced two children with endocardial fibroelastosis by different mothers suggesting autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Autosomal recessive inheritance may be involved in the remaining two families but this was not associated with consanguinity. Genetic heterogeneity is evident in endocardial fibroelastosis and the majority of cases occur sporadically. An accurate family history is therefore necessary but it is difficult to give precise recurrence risks in sporadic cases.", "contents": "Heredity in primary endocardial fibroelastosis. Twenty-six cases of endocardial fibroelastosis were collected from three hospitals in Manchester over a ten-year period. Nine cases occurred in 4 families and these are discussed in detail. X-linked recessive inheritance seems likely in one family in which two probable female carriers had subarachnoid haemorrhages. In a second family an apparently normal man produced two children with endocardial fibroelastosis by different mothers suggesting autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance. Autosomal recessive inheritance may be involved in the remaining two families but this was not associated with consanguinity. Genetic heterogeneity is evident in endocardial fibroelastosis and the majority of cases occur sporadically. An accurate family history is therefore necessary but it is difficult to give precise recurrence risks in sporadic cases."}
{"id": "PMID:127596", "title": "Premature opening of aortic valve in severe aortic regurgitation.", "content": "Premature opening of the aortic valve in late diastole has been demonstrated by echocardiography in a patient with severe aortic regurgitation. Valve opening coincided with the end of the diastolic murmur and equalization of aortic and left ventricular diastolic pressures. Echocardiography of the aortic valve in severe aortic reflux may, therefore, provide valuable information about the underlying haemodynamic disturbance.", "contents": "Premature opening of aortic valve in severe aortic regurgitation. Premature opening of the aortic valve in late diastole has been demonstrated by echocardiography in a patient with severe aortic regurgitation. Valve opening coincided with the end of the diastolic murmur and equalization of aortic and left ventricular diastolic pressures. Echocardiography of the aortic valve in severe aortic reflux may, therefore, provide valuable information about the underlying haemodynamic disturbance."}
{"id": "PMID:127597", "title": "Serial studies of pulmonary stenosis in infancy and childhood.", "content": "Thirty-five children with pulmonary stenosis were catheterized from 1 day to 9 years of age and recatheterized after 2 weeks to 15 years. Right ventricular systolic pressure rose in 24 and the increase was greater in those under than over 5 years old. Pulmonary valve orifice area per square metre of body surface area increased in 12, but did not change in 3, and fell in 17; absolute decrease in calculated orifice area was usually associated with infundibular hypertrophy. Increase in right ventricular systolic pressure with age was thus caused by failure of the valve orifice to grow fast enough to keep pace with the increase of stroke volume. In the whole group, increasingly severe pulmonary stenosis was matched by increasing electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy. However, in individual patients the electrocardiogram could suggest that right ventricular pressure had decreased when in fact it had risen considerably.", "contents": "Serial studies of pulmonary stenosis in infancy and childhood. Thirty-five children with pulmonary stenosis were catheterized from 1 day to 9 years of age and recatheterized after 2 weeks to 15 years. Right ventricular systolic pressure rose in 24 and the increase was greater in those under than over 5 years old. Pulmonary valve orifice area per square metre of body surface area increased in 12, but did not change in 3, and fell in 17; absolute decrease in calculated orifice area was usually associated with infundibular hypertrophy. Increase in right ventricular systolic pressure with age was thus caused by failure of the valve orifice to grow fast enough to keep pace with the increase of stroke volume. In the whole group, increasingly severe pulmonary stenosis was matched by increasing electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy. However, in individual patients the electrocardiogram could suggest that right ventricular pressure had decreased when in fact it had risen considerably."}
{"id": "PMID:127598", "title": "Heart disease caused by Coxsackie virus B infection.", "content": "A study of 55 patients with heart disease suspected of being viral in origin was carried out a Medical College Hospital, Nagpur, over a period of 2 years. Virus studies as well as other routine tests were carried out on all patients. In 19 patients a virus aetiology of the heart disease was proved by isolation of one of the subtypes of Coxsackie B virus and/or on the basis of fourfold rise in neutralizing antibody titre in paired sera. Of these patients, 5 had acute myocarditis and 5 had acute myopericarditis; 3 had acute pericarditis; 3 had congestive cardiac failure of obscure aetiology; 2 had pleuropericarditis, and the remaining 1 developed post-partum heart failure with cardiogenic shock. All had electrocardiographic abnormalities. Thirteen had cardiomegaly; 1 had a right-sided pleural effusion and 2 had pericardial effusion. Virus could not be isolated from pericardial fluid or pleural fluid in these 3 patients. Follow-up studies up to 10 weeks from discharge revealed that 8 patients were clinically normal but 4 of these 8 had persisting ST-T wave changes, and in 4 the electrocardiogram had returned to normal. Of the remaining 11 patients, 3 had persistent chronic heart failure, 3 had vague symptoms of praecordial pain but no abnormal signs, and 5 patients were lost to follow-up.", "contents": "Heart disease caused by Coxsackie virus B infection. A study of 55 patients with heart disease suspected of being viral in origin was carried out a Medical College Hospital, Nagpur, over a period of 2 years. Virus studies as well as other routine tests were carried out on all patients. In 19 patients a virus aetiology of the heart disease was proved by isolation of one of the subtypes of Coxsackie B virus and/or on the basis of fourfold rise in neutralizing antibody titre in paired sera. Of these patients, 5 had acute myocarditis and 5 had acute myopericarditis; 3 had acute pericarditis; 3 had congestive cardiac failure of obscure aetiology; 2 had pleuropericarditis, and the remaining 1 developed post-partum heart failure with cardiogenic shock. All had electrocardiographic abnormalities. Thirteen had cardiomegaly; 1 had a right-sided pleural effusion and 2 had pericardial effusion. Virus could not be isolated from pericardial fluid or pleural fluid in these 3 patients. Follow-up studies up to 10 weeks from discharge revealed that 8 patients were clinically normal but 4 of these 8 had persisting ST-T wave changes, and in 4 the electrocardiogram had returned to normal. Of the remaining 11 patients, 3 had persistent chronic heart failure, 3 had vague symptoms of praecordial pain but no abnormal signs, and 5 patients were lost to follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:127599", "title": "Localized left ventricular myocardial defect leading to fatal cerebral embolism.", "content": "The case of a previously health 17-year-old youth who presented a fatal cerebral infarct is described. A localized defect in the anterior left ventricular myocardium with overlying thrombus, and left ventricular hypertrophy were found at necropsy. An old infarct was found in the left kidney. There were no signs of ischaemic or inflammatory heart disease. The possible origins of the lesion are discussed.", "contents": "Localized left ventricular myocardial defect leading to fatal cerebral embolism. The case of a previously health 17-year-old youth who presented a fatal cerebral infarct is described. A localized defect in the anterior left ventricular myocardium with overlying thrombus, and left ventricular hypertrophy were found at necropsy. An old infarct was found in the left kidney. There were no signs of ischaemic or inflammatory heart disease. The possible origins of the lesion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127600", "title": "Coarctation of aorta with right aortic arch. Report of surgical correction in 2 cases: one with associated anomalous origin of left circumflex coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery.", "content": "Two patients with right aortic arch, anomalous left subclavian artery, and coarctation of theaorta, have been operations for the relief of coarctation, successful in one but only partially successful in the other: in one case, a 'dacron' patch was inserted into the narrowed segment, but a mild recurrence of coarctation was found a year later; in the other, the proximal segment of the anomalous left subclavian artery was used for the repair, with complete relief of the coarctation, both immediately and at late follow-up. The first case had multiple associated congenital abnormalities, including anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery, which was also corrected surgically: this anomaly has only been recorded once hitherto. The second had facial haemangiomata and a small ventricular septal defect. Four previously reported cases of coarctation and right arch are reviewed. These 6 cases are considered in the light of current views on the development and classification of aortic arch anomalies.", "contents": "Coarctation of aorta with right aortic arch. Report of surgical correction in 2 cases: one with associated anomalous origin of left circumflex coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery. Two patients with right aortic arch, anomalous left subclavian artery, and coarctation of theaorta, have been operations for the relief of coarctation, successful in one but only partially successful in the other: in one case, a 'dacron' patch was inserted into the narrowed segment, but a mild recurrence of coarctation was found a year later; in the other, the proximal segment of the anomalous left subclavian artery was used for the repair, with complete relief of the coarctation, both immediately and at late follow-up. The first case had multiple associated congenital abnormalities, including anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery, which was also corrected surgically: this anomaly has only been recorded once hitherto. The second had facial haemangiomata and a small ventricular septal defect. Four previously reported cases of coarctation and right arch are reviewed. These 6 cases are considered in the light of current views on the development and classification of aortic arch anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:127601", "title": "Echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions in pressure and volume overload. Their use in assessing aortic stenosis.", "content": "Left ventricular 'relative wall thickness', determined from the ratio between echocardiographic measurements of end-systolic wall thickness and cavity transverse dimension, was related to peak systolic intraventricular pressure in 15 normal subjects, in 15 patients with left ventricular volume or pressure overload without aortic stenosis, and in 23 patients with aortic stenosis. All these patients had a mean rate of circumferential fibre shortening greater than 1.0 circumference per second and were regarded as having good ventricular function. Relative wall thickness was found to be normal in cases of volume overload and to be increased in pressure overload, being proportional to the systolic intraventricular pressure. Values for the ratio of systolic intraventricular pressure to relative wall thickness in the normal subjects and patients without aortic stenosis were similar (mean 30 +/- 2.5). Based on this relation, estimates of peak systolic intraventricular pressure were made in the cases of aortic stenosis using the formula: systolic intraventricular pressure (kPa) equals 30 x wall thicknes divided by transverse dimension. Peak systolic aortic value gradients derived by subtracting brachial artery systolic pressure, measured by sphygmomanometer, from the echocardiographic estimates of intraventricular pressure compared favourably with the gradients measured at left heart catheterization (r equals 0.87, P less than 0.001). Aortic value orifice areas, derived from echocardiographic estimates of stroke volume, ejection time, and value gradient, ranged from 0.21 to 3.16 cm2 and appeared to correlate with the severity of aortic stenosis. All patients with aortic stenosis, with or without coexistent mild aortic regurgitation, who were recommended for aortic valve surgery, had estimated valve orifice areas of less than 0.8 cm2. A further 10 patients with pressure or volume overload had mean rates of circumferential fibre shortening of less than 1.0 circumference per second and were regarded as having poor ventricular function. In these cases values for relative wall thickness were lower than in those with good ventricular function and were not proportional to systolic intraventricular pressure. In patients with good left ventricular function systolic intraventricular pressure is proportional to, and can be estimated from, echocardiographic measurement of relative wall thickness.", "contents": "Echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions in pressure and volume overload. Their use in assessing aortic stenosis. Left ventricular 'relative wall thickness', determined from the ratio between echocardiographic measurements of end-systolic wall thickness and cavity transverse dimension, was related to peak systolic intraventricular pressure in 15 normal subjects, in 15 patients with left ventricular volume or pressure overload without aortic stenosis, and in 23 patients with aortic stenosis. All these patients had a mean rate of circumferential fibre shortening greater than 1.0 circumference per second and were regarded as having good ventricular function. Relative wall thickness was found to be normal in cases of volume overload and to be increased in pressure overload, being proportional to the systolic intraventricular pressure. Values for the ratio of systolic intraventricular pressure to relative wall thickness in the normal subjects and patients without aortic stenosis were similar (mean 30 +/- 2.5). Based on this relation, estimates of peak systolic intraventricular pressure were made in the cases of aortic stenosis using the formula: systolic intraventricular pressure (kPa) equals 30 x wall thicknes divided by transverse dimension. Peak systolic aortic value gradients derived by subtracting brachial artery systolic pressure, measured by sphygmomanometer, from the echocardiographic estimates of intraventricular pressure compared favourably with the gradients measured at left heart catheterization (r equals 0.87, P less than 0.001). Aortic value orifice areas, derived from echocardiographic estimates of stroke volume, ejection time, and value gradient, ranged from 0.21 to 3.16 cm2 and appeared to correlate with the severity of aortic stenosis. All patients with aortic stenosis, with or without coexistent mild aortic regurgitation, who were recommended for aortic valve surgery, had estimated valve orifice areas of less than 0.8 cm2. A further 10 patients with pressure or volume overload had mean rates of circumferential fibre shortening of less than 1.0 circumference per second and were regarded as having poor ventricular function. In these cases values for relative wall thickness were lower than in those with good ventricular function and were not proportional to systolic intraventricular pressure. In patients with good left ventricular function systolic intraventricular pressure is proportional to, and can be estimated from, echocardiographic measurement of relative wall thickness."}
{"id": "PMID:127602", "title": "Induction of an autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis in the rat by intravenous injection of heterologous anti-rat kidney tubular antibody. III. Long-term effects.", "content": "The long-term effects of a single intravenous injection of anti-rat kidney fraction 3 antibody were studied in rats. At the end of the experiment at one year the kidneys had deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli staining for autologous IgG and C-3. The number and size of the deposits did not appear to increase during the experiment although proteinuria eventually developed in most test animals. Control rats injected with normal rabbit serum had no immune complexes in their kidneys.", "contents": "Induction of an autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis in the rat by intravenous injection of heterologous anti-rat kidney tubular antibody. III. Long-term effects. The long-term effects of a single intravenous injection of anti-rat kidney fraction 3 antibody were studied in rats. At the end of the experiment at one year the kidneys had deposition of immune complexes in the glomeruli staining for autologous IgG and C-3. The number and size of the deposits did not appear to increase during the experiment although proteinuria eventually developed in most test animals. Control rats injected with normal rabbit serum had no immune complexes in their kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:127603", "title": "Prealbumin bearing lymphocytes as an indicator of hapten protein carrier in certain varieties of dermatitis.", "content": "Patients with dermatoses where the antigen is a hapten, such as those with contact eczema and drug allergy, had high mean values of lymphocytes with membrane bound prealbumin detected by immunofluorescence methods. These results support the hypothesis that lymphocytes bind prealbumin. We speculate that this was haptenized prealbumin.", "contents": "Prealbumin bearing lymphocytes as an indicator of hapten protein carrier in certain varieties of dermatitis. Patients with dermatoses where the antigen is a hapten, such as those with contact eczema and drug allergy, had high mean values of lymphocytes with membrane bound prealbumin detected by immunofluorescence methods. These results support the hypothesis that lymphocytes bind prealbumin. We speculate that this was haptenized prealbumin."}
{"id": "PMID:127604", "title": "Rosacea of common male baldness.", "content": "Four patients are described in whom rosacea occurred on the face, and on the scalp in patches of baldness. Histopathological examination of the specimens taken from the scalp showed changes of rosacea and basophilic degeneration of collagen. In two patients direct immunofluorescence studies were performed; in one of these the presence of IgG deposits at the dermo-epidermal junction was demonstrated. These observations confirm the influence of external factors in the pathogenesis of rosacea.", "contents": "Rosacea of common male baldness. Four patients are described in whom rosacea occurred on the face, and on the scalp in patches of baldness. Histopathological examination of the specimens taken from the scalp showed changes of rosacea and basophilic degeneration of collagen. In two patients direct immunofluorescence studies were performed; in one of these the presence of IgG deposits at the dermo-epidermal junction was demonstrated. These observations confirm the influence of external factors in the pathogenesis of rosacea."}
{"id": "PMID:127605", "title": "The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) skin test in systemic lupus erythematosus. 2. Histological findings.", "content": "A total of fifty-five biopsies from fifty-two intradermal DNA skin tests were studied. The biopsies were taken, 6, 8-10, 24 or 48 h after the injection of the DNA material. Necrosis of the vessel wall was taken to be the main characteristic of a specific reaction. In forty of the fifty-two tests the results of the histological evaluation closely matched the clinical results. In five of the fifteen cases with discrepancies, the histological evaluation ruled out clinically false positive test results. In three cases of SLE on corticosteroid treatment, the histological examination gave a positive result despite a clinically negative result. In seven of the fifteen cases the discrepancies occurred in borderline cases with reactions of 5 to 6 mm diameter. The amount of inflammatory cells in positive as well as in negative reactions was also recorded. The number of polymorphonuclear cells in positive reactions increased with the age of the reaction. The number of lymphocytes was not found to increase in the positive reactions, thus differing from the delayed hypersensitivity type of reactions. Rather, the reaction was characterized by an Arthus type of hypersensitivity. On the basis of the present study it may be concluded that clinically positive tests at 6 or 8 h may merely be expressions of nonspecific vascular alterations. On the other hand, in late reactions, even in patients on systemic treatment, histological examination revealed clinically negative results to be positive. By using the histological picture of hypersensitivity angiitis as the main diagnostic criterion the specificity of the clinical reactions may be established.", "contents": "The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) skin test in systemic lupus erythematosus. 2. Histological findings. A total of fifty-five biopsies from fifty-two intradermal DNA skin tests were studied. The biopsies were taken, 6, 8-10, 24 or 48 h after the injection of the DNA material. Necrosis of the vessel wall was taken to be the main characteristic of a specific reaction. In forty of the fifty-two tests the results of the histological evaluation closely matched the clinical results. In five of the fifteen cases with discrepancies, the histological evaluation ruled out clinically false positive test results. In three cases of SLE on corticosteroid treatment, the histological examination gave a positive result despite a clinically negative result. In seven of the fifteen cases the discrepancies occurred in borderline cases with reactions of 5 to 6 mm diameter. The amount of inflammatory cells in positive as well as in negative reactions was also recorded. The number of polymorphonuclear cells in positive reactions increased with the age of the reaction. The number of lymphocytes was not found to increase in the positive reactions, thus differing from the delayed hypersensitivity type of reactions. Rather, the reaction was characterized by an Arthus type of hypersensitivity. On the basis of the present study it may be concluded that clinically positive tests at 6 or 8 h may merely be expressions of nonspecific vascular alterations. On the other hand, in late reactions, even in patients on systemic treatment, histological examination revealed clinically negative results to be positive. By using the histological picture of hypersensitivity angiitis as the main diagnostic criterion the specificity of the clinical reactions may be established."}
{"id": "PMID:127607", "title": "Isolation and properties of a low molecular weight antiplasmin of human blood platelets and serum.", "content": "A low molecular weight antiplasmin has been detected in human blood platelets. The antiplasmin is dialysable and a similar material is present in normal plasma. A simple method for rapid isolation of the antiplasmin based on ultrafiltration is described. The inhibition of plasmin by these materials under different conditions has been studied. In the ultracentrifuge, both antiplasmins showed a single broad peak with an approximate sedimentation coefficient of 0.5S. Paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis indicated the isolated material to be heterogeneous. The individual components were isolated by paper chromatography and the antiplasmin activity was measured by the fibrin plate method. Preliminary studies on the fraction with maximal antiplasmin activity suggest that the inhibitory effect might be due to enzyme-inhibitor complex formation. Based on the present data, it is concluded that the platelet antiplasmin and the serum antiplasmin are very similar. This antiplasmin material may be useful in fibrinolytic therapy.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of a low molecular weight antiplasmin of human blood platelets and serum. A low molecular weight antiplasmin has been detected in human blood platelets. The antiplasmin is dialysable and a similar material is present in normal plasma. A simple method for rapid isolation of the antiplasmin based on ultrafiltration is described. The inhibition of plasmin by these materials under different conditions has been studied. In the ultracentrifuge, both antiplasmins showed a single broad peak with an approximate sedimentation coefficient of 0.5S. Paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis indicated the isolated material to be heterogeneous. The individual components were isolated by paper chromatography and the antiplasmin activity was measured by the fibrin plate method. Preliminary studies on the fraction with maximal antiplasmin activity suggest that the inhibitory effect might be due to enzyme-inhibitor complex formation. Based on the present data, it is concluded that the platelet antiplasmin and the serum antiplasmin are very similar. This antiplasmin material may be useful in fibrinolytic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:127608", "title": "A solid-phase radioassay for the quantitative determination of antiplasmin activity in human plasma.", "content": "The caseinolytic activity of one CTA (Committe on Thrombolytic Agents) unit of human plasmin is inhibited by a series of plasma dilutions containing antiplasmin. Then neutralization of the standard plasmin by increasing amounts of antiplasmin shows a steeper linear decrease of plasmin activity betwwen 1.0 and 0.5 CTA units and a much smaller further inactivation below 0.5 CTA units. It is thought that the standard plasmin is partially damaged at the antiplasmin combining site during the purification procedrue and might be responsible for the differences in plasmin-antiplasmin neutralization in the standard curve. Using the steeper slope of the plasmin neutralization curve, an average of 8.6 +/- 1.0 CTA units plasmin neutralizing activity per ml human plasma was found in 36 healthy donors. The difficulty of obtaining 'native' standard plasmin with full antiplasmin combining capacity represents the main problem of a reproducible reliable antiplasmin assay.", "contents": "A solid-phase radioassay for the quantitative determination of antiplasmin activity in human plasma. The caseinolytic activity of one CTA (Committe on Thrombolytic Agents) unit of human plasmin is inhibited by a series of plasma dilutions containing antiplasmin. Then neutralization of the standard plasmin by increasing amounts of antiplasmin shows a steeper linear decrease of plasmin activity betwwen 1.0 and 0.5 CTA units and a much smaller further inactivation below 0.5 CTA units. It is thought that the standard plasmin is partially damaged at the antiplasmin combining site during the purification procedrue and might be responsible for the differences in plasmin-antiplasmin neutralization in the standard curve. Using the steeper slope of the plasmin neutralization curve, an average of 8.6 +/- 1.0 CTA units plasmin neutralizing activity per ml human plasma was found in 36 healthy donors. The difficulty of obtaining 'native' standard plasmin with full antiplasmin combining capacity represents the main problem of a reproducible reliable antiplasmin assay."}
{"id": "PMID:127610", "title": "Canine cyclic haematopoiesis: marrow transplantation between littermates.", "content": "Dogs affected with cyclic haematopoiesis (CH) and experiencing recurrent 12-day cycles of neutropenia were supralethally irradiated and transplanted with marrow from their normal littermates. Following transplantation of the normal marrow, dogs with CH experienced no further cycles of neutropenia. Platelet and reticulocyte numbers also ceased to fluctuate cyclically in these dogs. The marrows of dogs with CH were transplanted into unaffected supralethally irradiated littermates. Prompt engraftment occurred in the recipient dogs with subsequent cyclic rises and falls of the numbers of platelets, reticulocytes and neutrophils. In the post-transplant period, immunosuppressant drugs were not used in three of the recipients and the fourth received only a single 5 mg dose of methotrexate.", "contents": "Canine cyclic haematopoiesis: marrow transplantation between littermates. Dogs affected with cyclic haematopoiesis (CH) and experiencing recurrent 12-day cycles of neutropenia were supralethally irradiated and transplanted with marrow from their normal littermates. Following transplantation of the normal marrow, dogs with CH experienced no further cycles of neutropenia. Platelet and reticulocyte numbers also ceased to fluctuate cyclically in these dogs. The marrows of dogs with CH were transplanted into unaffected supralethally irradiated littermates. Prompt engraftment occurred in the recipient dogs with subsequent cyclic rises and falls of the numbers of platelets, reticulocytes and neutrophils. In the post-transplant period, immunosuppressant drugs were not used in three of the recipients and the fourth received only a single 5 mg dose of methotrexate."}
{"id": "PMID:127612", "title": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Location of four plasmin attack points and a covalent cross-linking site.", "content": "The amino acid sequence of a 38-residue midsection piece of the alpha chain of human fibrinogen has been determined using a combination of plasmin-derived peptides and cyanogen bromide fragments. The segment contains several important features, including four early plasmin attack points, one of the two alpha-chain cross-linking acceptor sites, and a peptide homologous to one isolated from plasmin digests of bovine fibrinogen, and reported to have anticoagulant activity. The segment is sequentially adjacent to and overlapping with a large molecular weight (20000-25000) fragment released during plasminolysis. This latter material is very rich in glycine and serine and deficient in nonpolar amino acids. It also contains the other alpha-chain cross-linking acceptor site.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Location of four plasmin attack points and a covalent cross-linking site. The amino acid sequence of a 38-residue midsection piece of the alpha chain of human fibrinogen has been determined using a combination of plasmin-derived peptides and cyanogen bromide fragments. The segment contains several important features, including four early plasmin attack points, one of the two alpha-chain cross-linking acceptor sites, and a peptide homologous to one isolated from plasmin digests of bovine fibrinogen, and reported to have anticoagulant activity. The segment is sequentially adjacent to and overlapping with a large molecular weight (20000-25000) fragment released during plasminolysis. This latter material is very rich in glycine and serine and deficient in nonpolar amino acids. It also contains the other alpha-chain cross-linking acceptor site."}
{"id": "PMID:127613", "title": "The covalent modification of myosin's proteolytic fragments by a purine disulfide analog of adenosine triphosphate. Reaction at a binding site other than the active site.", "content": "A purine disulfide analog of ATP, 6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl imidodiphosphate), forms mixed disulfide bonds between the 6 thiol group on the purine ring and certain key cysteines on myosin, heavy meromyosin, and subfragment one. The EDTA ATPase activities of myosin and heavy meromyosin were completely inactivated when 4 mol of thiopurine nucleotide was bound. When similarly inactivated, subfragment one, depending on its method of preparation, incorporated either 1 or 2 mol of thiopurine nucleotide. Modification of a single cysteine on subfragment one resulted in an inhibition of both the Ca2+ and the EDTA ATPase activities, but the latter always to a greater extent. Modification of two cysteines per head of heavy meromyosin had the same effect suggesting that the active sites were not blocked by the thiopurine nucleotides. Direct evidence for this suggestion was provided by equilibrium dialysis experiments. Heavy meromyosin and subfragment one bound 1.9 and 0.8 mol of [8-3H]adenylyl imidodiphosphate per mol of enzyme, respectively, with an average dissociation constant of 5 X 10(-7) M. Heavy meromyosin with four thiopurine nucleotides bound or subfragment one with two thiopurine nucleotides bound retained 65-80% of these tight adenylyl imidodiphosphate binding sites confirming the above suggestion. Thus previous work assuming reaction of thiopurine nucleotide analogs at the active site of myosin must be reevaluated. Ultracentrifugation studies showed that heavy meromyosin which had incorporated four thiopurine nucleotides did not bind to F-actin while subfragment one with one thiopurine nucleotide bound interacted only very weakly with F-actin. Thus reaction of 6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl imidodiphosphate) at nucleotide binding sites other than the active sites reduces the rate of ATP hydrolysis and inhibits actin binding. It is suggested that these second sites may function as regulatory sites on myosin.", "contents": "The covalent modification of myosin's proteolytic fragments by a purine disulfide analog of adenosine triphosphate. Reaction at a binding site other than the active site. A purine disulfide analog of ATP, 6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl imidodiphosphate), forms mixed disulfide bonds between the 6 thiol group on the purine ring and certain key cysteines on myosin, heavy meromyosin, and subfragment one. The EDTA ATPase activities of myosin and heavy meromyosin were completely inactivated when 4 mol of thiopurine nucleotide was bound. When similarly inactivated, subfragment one, depending on its method of preparation, incorporated either 1 or 2 mol of thiopurine nucleotide. Modification of a single cysteine on subfragment one resulted in an inhibition of both the Ca2+ and the EDTA ATPase activities, but the latter always to a greater extent. Modification of two cysteines per head of heavy meromyosin had the same effect suggesting that the active sites were not blocked by the thiopurine nucleotides. Direct evidence for this suggestion was provided by equilibrium dialysis experiments. Heavy meromyosin and subfragment one bound 1.9 and 0.8 mol of [8-3H]adenylyl imidodiphosphate per mol of enzyme, respectively, with an average dissociation constant of 5 X 10(-7) M. Heavy meromyosin with four thiopurine nucleotides bound or subfragment one with two thiopurine nucleotides bound retained 65-80% of these tight adenylyl imidodiphosphate binding sites confirming the above suggestion. Thus previous work assuming reaction of thiopurine nucleotide analogs at the active site of myosin must be reevaluated. Ultracentrifugation studies showed that heavy meromyosin which had incorporated four thiopurine nucleotides did not bind to F-actin while subfragment one with one thiopurine nucleotide bound interacted only very weakly with F-actin. Thus reaction of 6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl imidodiphosphate) at nucleotide binding sites other than the active sites reduces the rate of ATP hydrolysis and inhibits actin binding. It is suggested that these second sites may function as regulatory sites on myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:127614", "title": "Immunological studies of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan \"link proteins\".", "content": "Bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan aggregates are dissociated and separated by density gradient centrifugation in 4 M guanidine into proteoglycan subunit (PGS) and glycoprotein link (GPL) fractions, the latter containing hyaluronic acid and \"link proteins\" responsible for aggregate formation. It was previously concluded on the basis of immunodiffusion studies that GPL has two antigenic components, one in common with PGS and one specific for the link proteins. However, in the present study it was found that antisera to PGS, which should lack link proteins, reacted with both \"subunit\" and \"link\" components of GPL, and antisera to fragments of PGS derived from the hyaluronic acid-binding portion of the molecule reacted preferentially with the link component. Reduction and alkylation of GPL led to modification of the reactions of both anti-GPL and anti-PGS sera with its link component. These immunodiffusion results indicate that the proteoglycan subunit and the link proteins are immunologically related and suggest that the link proteins may be identical with and derived from the hyaluronic acid binding portion of the proteoglycan subunit.", "contents": "Immunological studies of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan \"link proteins\". Bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan aggregates are dissociated and separated by density gradient centrifugation in 4 M guanidine into proteoglycan subunit (PGS) and glycoprotein link (GPL) fractions, the latter containing hyaluronic acid and \"link proteins\" responsible for aggregate formation. It was previously concluded on the basis of immunodiffusion studies that GPL has two antigenic components, one in common with PGS and one specific for the link proteins. However, in the present study it was found that antisera to PGS, which should lack link proteins, reacted with both \"subunit\" and \"link\" components of GPL, and antisera to fragments of PGS derived from the hyaluronic acid-binding portion of the molecule reacted preferentially with the link component. Reduction and alkylation of GPL led to modification of the reactions of both anti-GPL and anti-PGS sera with its link component. These immunodiffusion results indicate that the proteoglycan subunit and the link proteins are immunologically related and suggest that the link proteins may be identical with and derived from the hyaluronic acid binding portion of the proteoglycan subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:127615", "title": "The role of phospholipid acyl chains in the activation of mitochondrial ATPase complex.", "content": "1. The role of length and unsaturation of phospholipid acyl chains in the activation of ATPase complex was studied with synthetic phosphatidylcholines and a phospholipid-dependent preparation obtained after cholate-extraction of submitochondrial particles (Kagawa, Y. and Racker, E. (1966) J. Biol. Chem. 241, 2467--2474). 2. Micelle-forming, short-chain phosphatidylcholines produced activation only at critical micellar concentration. The reactivated complex was cold-stable but the oligomycin sensitivity was low. 3. Bilayer-forming saturated phosphatidylcholines produced activation which was maximal at 9 carbon atoms in each chain but decreased sharply as the chain-length was increased and essentially disappeared at 14 carbon atoms. By contrast the oligomycin-sensitivity increased with the increase in chain length. 4. Activation of ATPase complex reappeared when bilayers were formed with long-chain unsaturated phosphatidylcholines. The activity was oligomycin sensitive. Significant inhibition of activity was observed also after incorporation of cholesterol into the bilayers. 5. By contrast the activation induced by negatively charged liposomes of diacylphosphatidylglycerol was independent on acyl-chain composition and occurred at very low amounts of phospholipid. 6. The discontinuity in the Arrhenius plot of activity of the ATPase complex reactivated with saturated phospholipids was found at temperatures close to the gel-to-liquid crystalline transition of the lipid showing that the activity of ATPase complex was sensitive to the physical state of membrane phospholipids. 7. It is concluded that (a) reactivation of ATPase complex by isoelectric phospholipids is an interfacial activation, the minimum requirement for the lipid effect being micelle formation. (b) In order to gain the properties of the native complex a stable lamellar phase is needed. Both activity and oligomycin sensitivity are regulated by the chain length and degree of unsaturation of phospholipid acyl chains.", "contents": "The role of phospholipid acyl chains in the activation of mitochondrial ATPase complex. 1. The role of length and unsaturation of phospholipid acyl chains in the activation of ATPase complex was studied with synthetic phosphatidylcholines and a phospholipid-dependent preparation obtained after cholate-extraction of submitochondrial particles (Kagawa, Y. and Racker, E. (1966) J. Biol. Chem. 241, 2467--2474). 2. Micelle-forming, short-chain phosphatidylcholines produced activation only at critical micellar concentration. The reactivated complex was cold-stable but the oligomycin sensitivity was low. 3. Bilayer-forming saturated phosphatidylcholines produced activation which was maximal at 9 carbon atoms in each chain but decreased sharply as the chain-length was increased and essentially disappeared at 14 carbon atoms. By contrast the oligomycin-sensitivity increased with the increase in chain length. 4. Activation of ATPase complex reappeared when bilayers were formed with long-chain unsaturated phosphatidylcholines. The activity was oligomycin sensitive. Significant inhibition of activity was observed also after incorporation of cholesterol into the bilayers. 5. By contrast the activation induced by negatively charged liposomes of diacylphosphatidylglycerol was independent on acyl-chain composition and occurred at very low amounts of phospholipid. 6. The discontinuity in the Arrhenius plot of activity of the ATPase complex reactivated with saturated phospholipids was found at temperatures close to the gel-to-liquid crystalline transition of the lipid showing that the activity of ATPase complex was sensitive to the physical state of membrane phospholipids. 7. It is concluded that (a) reactivation of ATPase complex by isoelectric phospholipids is an interfacial activation, the minimum requirement for the lipid effect being micelle formation. (b) In order to gain the properties of the native complex a stable lamellar phase is needed. Both activity and oligomycin sensitivity are regulated by the chain length and degree of unsaturation of phospholipid acyl chains."}
{"id": "PMID:127616", "title": "Comparative structural studies of urinary glycosaminoglycans in the Hurler and Hunter syndromes.", "content": "Some hitherto undetected differences in chemical and macromolecular structure between both dermatan sulphates and heparan sulphates excreted in the Hurler and Hunter syndromes are demonstrated. 1. Of Hunter dermatan sulphate, 37-43% is resistant to periodate oxidation, as opposed to 25% of the corresponding Hurler material. It is likely that the resistance is conferred by the presence of sulphate groups on carbon atoms 2 or 3 of the iduronate residues, correlating with the recently established deficiency of a sulphoiduronate sulphatase in Hunter fibroblasts. 2. Two distinct electrophoretic species of dermatan sulphate are found in Hunter urine, but only one in Hurler preparations. 3. Ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration reveal that Hurler dermatan sulphate is more heterogeneous with respect to molecular weight distribution than the other. The dermatan sulphates were degraded by hyaluronidase to a limited extent. 4. Hurler heparan sulphate contains a higher proportion of sulphoamino-glucose than material from Hunter urine. Similar high levels in Sanfilippo patients, representing 65-78% of the total glucosamine suggest a direct correlation with mental deficiency.", "contents": "Comparative structural studies of urinary glycosaminoglycans in the Hurler and Hunter syndromes. Some hitherto undetected differences in chemical and macromolecular structure between both dermatan sulphates and heparan sulphates excreted in the Hurler and Hunter syndromes are demonstrated. 1. Of Hunter dermatan sulphate, 37-43% is resistant to periodate oxidation, as opposed to 25% of the corresponding Hurler material. It is likely that the resistance is conferred by the presence of sulphate groups on carbon atoms 2 or 3 of the iduronate residues, correlating with the recently established deficiency of a sulphoiduronate sulphatase in Hunter fibroblasts. 2. Two distinct electrophoretic species of dermatan sulphate are found in Hunter urine, but only one in Hurler preparations. 3. Ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration reveal that Hurler dermatan sulphate is more heterogeneous with respect to molecular weight distribution than the other. The dermatan sulphates were degraded by hyaluronidase to a limited extent. 4. Hurler heparan sulphate contains a higher proportion of sulphoamino-glucose than material from Hunter urine. Similar high levels in Sanfilippo patients, representing 65-78% of the total glucosamine suggest a direct correlation with mental deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:127617", "title": "The immunological specificity of myosins from cross-striated muscles as revealed by quantitative microcomplement fixation and enzyme inhibition by antisera.", "content": "The immunological properties of myosins, especially their muscle-type, class and species specificity, are still controversial. It is the opinion of the authors that the lack of agreement might at least in part be due to the use of contaminated myosins as immunogens and inappropriate methods. We, therefore, purified myosins to a very high degree (approximately 99%) and induced antisera in guinea-pigs. Studies of quantitative microcomplement fixation and enzyme-inhibition by antisera yielded the following results: myosins of cross-striated muscle have an absolute class, a very pronounced muscle-type and a low species specificity. It can be shown that even a very small contamination of myosins with other proteins could seriously hamper the experiments and that the results obtained depend significantly on the immunological methods employed.", "contents": "The immunological specificity of myosins from cross-striated muscles as revealed by quantitative microcomplement fixation and enzyme inhibition by antisera. The immunological properties of myosins, especially their muscle-type, class and species specificity, are still controversial. It is the opinion of the authors that the lack of agreement might at least in part be due to the use of contaminated myosins as immunogens and inappropriate methods. We, therefore, purified myosins to a very high degree (approximately 99%) and induced antisera in guinea-pigs. Studies of quantitative microcomplement fixation and enzyme-inhibition by antisera yielded the following results: myosins of cross-striated muscle have an absolute class, a very pronounced muscle-type and a low species specificity. It can be shown that even a very small contamination of myosins with other proteins could seriously hamper the experiments and that the results obtained depend significantly on the immunological methods employed."}
{"id": "PMID:127618", "title": "Studies on the subunits of myosin from muscle layer of Ascaris lumbricoides suum.", "content": "1. A purified preparation of Ascaris myosin was obtained from the muscle layer of Ascaris lumbricoides suum, using gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. 2. Ascaris myosin whether purified or unpurified, had almost the same ability for ATP-splitting and superprecipitation. 3. Ascaris myosin and rabbit skeletal myosin were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A significant difference in the number of light chains between both myosins was found. Ascaris myosin was found to have one heavy chain and two distinct light chain components (LC1-A and LC2-A), having molecular weights of 18000 and 16000, respectively. These light chains correspond in molecular weight to the light chain 2 (LC2-S) and light chain 3 (LC3-S) in rabbit skeletal myosin. 4. LC1-A could be liberated from the Ascaris myosin molecule reacted with 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nirobenzoic acid( Nbs2) with recovery of ATPase activity by addition of dithiothreitol. These properties are equivalent to those of the LC2-S in rabbit skeletal myosin, although Ascaris myosin when treated with Nbs2-urea lost its ATPase activity.", "contents": "Studies on the subunits of myosin from muscle layer of Ascaris lumbricoides suum. 1. A purified preparation of Ascaris myosin was obtained from the muscle layer of Ascaris lumbricoides suum, using gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. 2. Ascaris myosin whether purified or unpurified, had almost the same ability for ATP-splitting and superprecipitation. 3. Ascaris myosin and rabbit skeletal myosin were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A significant difference in the number of light chains between both myosins was found. Ascaris myosin was found to have one heavy chain and two distinct light chain components (LC1-A and LC2-A), having molecular weights of 18000 and 16000, respectively. These light chains correspond in molecular weight to the light chain 2 (LC2-S) and light chain 3 (LC3-S) in rabbit skeletal myosin. 4. LC1-A could be liberated from the Ascaris myosin molecule reacted with 5,5'-dithio-bis(2-nirobenzoic acid( Nbs2) with recovery of ATPase activity by addition of dithiothreitol. These properties are equivalent to those of the LC2-S in rabbit skeletal myosin, although Ascaris myosin when treated with Nbs2-urea lost its ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:127619", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a mutant of Neurospora crassa deficient in general amino acid permease activity.", "content": "A mutant of Neurospora crassa (pm-nbg27) was isolated on the basis of its resistance of p-fluoro-phenylalanine on ammonium-deficient Vogel's medium. This mutant was found to be devoid of both conidial and post-conidial (after 180 min of preincubation) transport activity of all amino acids. Genetic analysis of pm-nbg27 by crossing it to wild-type (74A) resulted in the predicted segregants exhibiting transport characteristics of pm-n, pm-b, pm-g, pm-nb, pm-ng, pm-bg and parental types. The above observations confirm the postulated general amino acid permease system as well as a single genetic locus control of that activity.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a mutant of Neurospora crassa deficient in general amino acid permease activity. A mutant of Neurospora crassa (pm-nbg27) was isolated on the basis of its resistance of p-fluoro-phenylalanine on ammonium-deficient Vogel's medium. This mutant was found to be devoid of both conidial and post-conidial (after 180 min of preincubation) transport activity of all amino acids. Genetic analysis of pm-nbg27 by crossing it to wild-type (74A) resulted in the predicted segregants exhibiting transport characteristics of pm-n, pm-b, pm-g, pm-nb, pm-ng, pm-bg and parental types. The above observations confirm the postulated general amino acid permease system as well as a single genetic locus control of that activity."}
{"id": "PMID:127620", "title": "Asymmetric membrane expansion and modification of active and passive cation permeability of human red cells by the fluorescent probe 1-anilino-8-napththalene sulfonate.", "content": "1. The membrane perturbations induced by the interaction of the fluorescent probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) with human red blood cells were studied. 2. ANS below 0.5 mM inhibits partially (20% maximum) the ouabain-insensitive Na+ and K+ influx and efflux. Above 0.5 mM ANS increases both Na+ and K+ leak fluxes. The increased cation leaks are larger for Na+ than K+. 3. The (Na+ +K+)-ATPase and ouabain-sensitive Na+ and K+ fluxes are inhibited by ANS. Ouabain-insensitive, Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity of ghosts is stimulated by [ANS] less than 0.3 mM and inhibited by [ANS] greater than 0.3 mM. 4. ANS also inhibits the Na+-dependent, ouabain-insensitive K+ influx that is inhibited by ethacrynic acid and furosemide. 5. Red cells become crenated with [ANS] less than 1 mM and sphere at [ANS]  greater than 1 mM. In the former conditions hypotonic hemolysis is decreased whereas the latter increase osmotic fragility. 6. It is suggested that ANS expands the membrane asymmetrically by binding preferentially to the external membrane surface. 7. It is concluded that ANS is a general inhibitor of ion transport, particularly of those processes thought to involve facilitated-diffusion mechanisms. The increased cation leaks observed at high ANS concentrations may be related to prehemolytic membrane disruption. 8. The membrane perturbations caused by ANS are compared to those caused by other reversible inhibitors of anion exchange in red blood cells. Their possible modes of action are discussed.", "contents": "Asymmetric membrane expansion and modification of active and passive cation permeability of human red cells by the fluorescent probe 1-anilino-8-napththalene sulfonate. 1. The membrane perturbations induced by the interaction of the fluorescent probe 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) with human red blood cells were studied. 2. ANS below 0.5 mM inhibits partially (20% maximum) the ouabain-insensitive Na+ and K+ influx and efflux. Above 0.5 mM ANS increases both Na+ and K+ leak fluxes. The increased cation leaks are larger for Na+ than K+. 3. The (Na+ +K+)-ATPase and ouabain-sensitive Na+ and K+ fluxes are inhibited by ANS. Ouabain-insensitive, Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity of ghosts is stimulated by [ANS] less than 0.3 mM and inhibited by [ANS] greater than 0.3 mM. 4. ANS also inhibits the Na+-dependent, ouabain-insensitive K+ influx that is inhibited by ethacrynic acid and furosemide. 5. Red cells become crenated with [ANS] less than 1 mM and sphere at [ANS]  greater than 1 mM. In the former conditions hypotonic hemolysis is decreased whereas the latter increase osmotic fragility. 6. It is suggested that ANS expands the membrane asymmetrically by binding preferentially to the external membrane surface. 7. It is concluded that ANS is a general inhibitor of ion transport, particularly of those processes thought to involve facilitated-diffusion mechanisms. The increased cation leaks observed at high ANS concentrations may be related to prehemolytic membrane disruption. 8. The membrane perturbations caused by ANS are compared to those caused by other reversible inhibitors of anion exchange in red blood cells. Their possible modes of action are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127621", "title": "Genetic regulation of phosphate transport system II in Neurospora.", "content": "Phosphate transport system II, previously shown to be responsible for high-affinity phosphate uptake under conditions of phosphorus starvation, is regulated by at least three genes: pcon-nuc-2, preg, and nuc-1. nuc-1 and nuc-2 mutants cannot be derepressed for phosphate transport system II, while pconc and pregc mutants are partially constitutive.", "contents": "Genetic regulation of phosphate transport system II in Neurospora. Phosphate transport system II, previously shown to be responsible for high-affinity phosphate uptake under conditions of phosphorus starvation, is regulated by at least three genes: pcon-nuc-2, preg, and nuc-1. nuc-1 and nuc-2 mutants cannot be derepressed for phosphate transport system II, while pconc and pregc mutants are partially constitutive."}
{"id": "PMID:127622", "title": "Hydrolysis of exogenous ATP by isolated frog gastric mucosa.", "content": "ATP, added to the solution bathing the nutrient (serosal) surface of isolated frog gastric mucosa, was found to break down rapidly to ADP, inorganic phosphate and other products. This activity is due to an ectoenzyme, i.e. to an enzyme system easily accessible to the bathing solution. This conclusion follows from experiments which showed that penetration of ATP into the mucosal cells occurred at a much slower rate: leakage of inorganic phosphate and adenine nucleotides from mucosal cells was also minor. The surface ATPase may reflect the operation of a mechanism at the nutrient surface involved in acid secretion.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of exogenous ATP by isolated frog gastric mucosa. ATP, added to the solution bathing the nutrient (serosal) surface of isolated frog gastric mucosa, was found to break down rapidly to ADP, inorganic phosphate and other products. This activity is due to an ectoenzyme, i.e. to an enzyme system easily accessible to the bathing solution. This conclusion follows from experiments which showed that penetration of ATP into the mucosal cells occurred at a much slower rate: leakage of inorganic phosphate and adenine nucleotides from mucosal cells was also minor. The surface ATPase may reflect the operation of a mechanism at the nutrient surface involved in acid secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:127623", "title": "Acetylcholine-binding substance extracted by using organic solvent and acetylcholine receptor of electric organ of Narke japonica.", "content": "1. Proteolipid was extracted from the electric organ of Narke japonica by using chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v). This extract was separated into acetylcholine-binding and non-binding substances by column chromatography. However, acetylcholine-binding substances did not show the characteristic properties of protein. 2. The membrane fragments of the electric organ were separated into three main parts by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. From the heaviest, the fractions were acetylcholine receptor rich, ATPase rich, and acetylcholinesterase rich. 3. The membrane fraction having acetylcholine receptor showed the excitability, the increase of Na+ permeability by the application of cholinergic agonists. However, the acetylcholine binding substance extracted by the organic solvent was richer in the lighter fraction. This substance differed from the true acetylcholine receptor.", "contents": "Acetylcholine-binding substance extracted by using organic solvent and acetylcholine receptor of electric organ of Narke japonica. 1. Proteolipid was extracted from the electric organ of Narke japonica by using chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v). This extract was separated into acetylcholine-binding and non-binding substances by column chromatography. However, acetylcholine-binding substances did not show the characteristic properties of protein. 2. The membrane fragments of the electric organ were separated into three main parts by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. From the heaviest, the fractions were acetylcholine receptor rich, ATPase rich, and acetylcholinesterase rich. 3. The membrane fraction having acetylcholine receptor showed the excitability, the increase of Na+ permeability by the application of cholinergic agonists. However, the acetylcholine binding substance extracted by the organic solvent was richer in the lighter fraction. This substance differed from the true acetylcholine receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:127624", "title": "Mechanisms by which Li+ stimulates the (Na+ and K+)-dependent ATPase.", "content": "The addition of LiCl stimulated the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase activity of a rat brain enzyme preparation. Stimulation was greatest in high Na+/low K+ media and at low Mg-ATP concentrations. Apparent affinities for Li+ were estimated at the alpha-sites (moderate-affinity sites for K+ demonstrable in terms of activation of the associated K+-dependent phosphatase reaction), at the beta-sites (high-affinity sites for K+ demonstrable in terms of activation of the overall ATPase reaction), and at the Na+ sites for activation. The relative efficacy of Li+ was estimated in terms of the apparent maximal velocity of the phosphatase and ATPase reactions when Li+ was substituted for K+, and also in terms of the relative effect of Li+ on the apparent Km for Mg-ATP. With these data, and previously determined values for the apparent affinities of K+ and Na+ at these same sites, quantitative kinetic models for the stimulation were examined. A composite model is required in which Li+ stimulates by relieving inhibition due to K+ and Na+ (i) by competing with K+ for the alpha-sites on the enzyme through which K+ decreases the apparent affinity for Mg-ATP and (ii) by competing with Na+ at low-affinity inhibitory sites, which may represent the external sites at which Na+ is discharged by the membrane Na+/K pump that this enzyme represents. Both these sites of action for Li+ would thus lie, in vivo, on the cell exterior.", "contents": "Mechanisms by which Li+ stimulates the (Na+ and K+)-dependent ATPase. The addition of LiCl stimulated the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase activity of a rat brain enzyme preparation. Stimulation was greatest in high Na+/low K+ media and at low Mg-ATP concentrations. Apparent affinities for Li+ were estimated at the alpha-sites (moderate-affinity sites for K+ demonstrable in terms of activation of the associated K+-dependent phosphatase reaction), at the beta-sites (high-affinity sites for K+ demonstrable in terms of activation of the overall ATPase reaction), and at the Na+ sites for activation. The relative efficacy of Li+ was estimated in terms of the apparent maximal velocity of the phosphatase and ATPase reactions when Li+ was substituted for K+, and also in terms of the relative effect of Li+ on the apparent Km for Mg-ATP. With these data, and previously determined values for the apparent affinities of K+ and Na+ at these same sites, quantitative kinetic models for the stimulation were examined. A composite model is required in which Li+ stimulates by relieving inhibition due to K+ and Na+ (i) by competing with K+ for the alpha-sites on the enzyme through which K+ decreases the apparent affinity for Mg-ATP and (ii) by competing with Na+ at low-affinity inhibitory sites, which may represent the external sites at which Na+ is discharged by the membrane Na+/K pump that this enzyme represents. Both these sites of action for Li+ would thus lie, in vivo, on the cell exterior."}
{"id": "PMID:127627", "title": "XC-cell fusion induced by murine plasmocytoma cells. II. Cytological and ultrastructural study.", "content": "The MF2 strain, a mouse myeloma derived cell line, was found to induce the mixed culture cytopathogenicity test when cocultured with XC cells. Only one MF2 cell was present per syncytium, as shown by autoradiography. Pretreatment of cells with inhibitors of DNA, RNA or protein synthesis suggested that a normal RNA synthesis was required to obtain optimal polykaryon growth. Immunoelectron microscopy using a syngenic mouse MF2 cell antiserum and peroxydase labeling revealed a complete mixing and redistribution of the respective plasma membrane sites of MF2 and XC cells on polykaryon surface.", "contents": "XC-cell fusion induced by murine plasmocytoma cells. II. Cytological and ultrastructural study. The MF2 strain, a mouse myeloma derived cell line, was found to induce the mixed culture cytopathogenicity test when cocultured with XC cells. Only one MF2 cell was present per syncytium, as shown by autoradiography. Pretreatment of cells with inhibitors of DNA, RNA or protein synthesis suggested that a normal RNA synthesis was required to obtain optimal polykaryon growth. Immunoelectron microscopy using a syngenic mouse MF2 cell antiserum and peroxydase labeling revealed a complete mixing and redistribution of the respective plasma membrane sites of MF2 and XC cells on polykaryon surface."}
{"id": "PMID:127625", "title": "[Energy conversion of the phosphate bond in the actomyosin-ATP system, accompanied by acceleration of myosin adenosine triphospatase].", "content": "A possible mechanism of the active motion (\"tilt\") of the actin-bound myosin head in ATP hydrolysis reaction is considered. This motion is considered. This motion can be goverened by actinmyosin affinity changes at two sites located on the head. Such an affinity change is assumed to take place already in the macroergic myosin (M) -products (P) complex MP. Then at a contact with actin a tilting force is generated, and the M energy liberation, coupled with the head ratation, goes on with a concomitant potential barrier lowering and corresponding acceleration of the MP destruction. In this way a destruction. In this way a decrease of free energy with a change of the head orientation is equivalent to the energy liberated, which amounts to 9 kcal.mol-1.", "contents": "[Energy conversion of the phosphate bond in the actomyosin-ATP system, accompanied by acceleration of myosin adenosine triphospatase]. A possible mechanism of the active motion (\"tilt\") of the actin-bound myosin head in ATP hydrolysis reaction is considered. This motion is considered. This motion can be goverened by actinmyosin affinity changes at two sites located on the head. Such an affinity change is assumed to take place already in the macroergic myosin (M) -products (P) complex MP. Then at a contact with actin a tilting force is generated, and the M energy liberation, coupled with the head ratation, goes on with a concomitant potential barrier lowering and corresponding acceleration of the MP destruction. In this way a destruction. In this way a decrease of free energy with a change of the head orientation is equivalent to the energy liberated, which amounts to 9 kcal.mol-1."}
{"id": "PMID:127630", "title": "Sandhoff disease: impaired catabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "Fibroblasts cultured from the skin of patients with Sandhoff disease accumulate excessive amounts of sulfated glycosaminoglycans because of degradative inadequacy. Only a slight such abnormality in the metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans was seen in fibroblasts from patients with Tay-Sachs disease. The defective glycosaminoglycan catabolism in Sandhoff fibroblasts is specifically corrected by intracellular replacement of beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase. Both beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase A and B are effective in bringing about such correction, although there seem to be differences in specificity. Our findings suggest that in Sandhoff disease there is an impaired catabolism of glycosaminoglycans in addition to the defect in the degradation of glycosphingolipids.", "contents": "Sandhoff disease: impaired catabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in cultured fibroblasts. Fibroblasts cultured from the skin of patients with Sandhoff disease accumulate excessive amounts of sulfated glycosaminoglycans because of degradative inadequacy. Only a slight such abnormality in the metabolism of sulfated glycosaminoglycans was seen in fibroblasts from patients with Tay-Sachs disease. The defective glycosaminoglycan catabolism in Sandhoff fibroblasts is specifically corrected by intracellular replacement of beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase. Both beta-N-acetyl-hexosaminidase A and B are effective in bringing about such correction, although there seem to be differences in specificity. Our findings suggest that in Sandhoff disease there is an impaired catabolism of glycosaminoglycans in addition to the defect in the degradation of glycosphingolipids."}
{"id": "PMID:127638", "title": "Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and clioquinol. An epidemiological case-history for diagnosis.", "content": "Between about 1955 and 1970, some 100,000 Japanese were diagnosed as having subacute myelooptic neuropathy (SMON), a new disease characterized by abdominal and neurological manifestations, the former nearly always preceding the latter. Circumstantial evidence obtained in 1969-70 suggested that SMON might have been caused by clioquinol (CQL), a gastrointestinal disinfectant, and led to the suspension of further sales of CQL in Japan. However, several inconsistencies for the CQL theory of SMON have now emerged; first, CQL had been widely used in Japan for nearly 20 years before SMON occurred. Secondly, the SMON epidemic began to subside several months before CQL sales were suspended. Thirdly, a large proportion of SMON patients--probably about one-third and possibly more--had not taken CQL within six months of the onset of the disease (the modal interval between first taking CQL and the onset of SMON being about three weeks, and more than 100 days in only 4% of SMON patients); of the remaining two-thirds or so, many had taken CQL as part of the treatment of the first (that is, abdominal) symptoms of SMON itself. Fourthly, there was no dose-response relationship. Finally, SMON rarely, if ever, occurred outside Japan. CQL could, however, have been involved in the causation of SMON as an optional enhancer of some other necessary cause; the history of post-war environmental pollution in Japan is compatible with this hypothesis. Over-readiness to accept postulated toxic effects of medicines and chemicals as proven is likely to do at least as much harm as good to individual and community health.", "contents": "Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and clioquinol. An epidemiological case-history for diagnosis. Between about 1955 and 1970, some 100,000 Japanese were diagnosed as having subacute myelooptic neuropathy (SMON), a new disease characterized by abdominal and neurological manifestations, the former nearly always preceding the latter. Circumstantial evidence obtained in 1969-70 suggested that SMON might have been caused by clioquinol (CQL), a gastrointestinal disinfectant, and led to the suspension of further sales of CQL in Japan. However, several inconsistencies for the CQL theory of SMON have now emerged; first, CQL had been widely used in Japan for nearly 20 years before SMON occurred. Secondly, the SMON epidemic began to subside several months before CQL sales were suspended. Thirdly, a large proportion of SMON patients--probably about one-third and possibly more--had not taken CQL within six months of the onset of the disease (the modal interval between first taking CQL and the onset of SMON being about three weeks, and more than 100 days in only 4% of SMON patients); of the remaining two-thirds or so, many had taken CQL as part of the treatment of the first (that is, abdominal) symptoms of SMON itself. Fourthly, there was no dose-response relationship. Finally, SMON rarely, if ever, occurred outside Japan. CQL could, however, have been involved in the causation of SMON as an optional enhancer of some other necessary cause; the history of post-war environmental pollution in Japan is compatible with this hypothesis. Over-readiness to accept postulated toxic effects of medicines and chemicals as proven is likely to do at least as much harm as good to individual and community health."}
{"id": "PMID:127645", "title": "H-rosette formation in T-cell-proliferative diseases.", "content": "In health up to 6% of human lymphocytes will form rosettes with homologous group O rhesus-negative erythrocytes (H rosettes). Increased numbers of H rosettes were found in T-cell-proliferative diseases-- namely, infectious mononucleosis, S\u00e9zary's syndrome, and T-cell leukaemia. H-rosette formation is thus a marker for a subpopulation of T lymphocytes, and this easily performed test of T-cell activation may have clinical value in characterising changes in blood lymphocyte populations in disease.", "contents": "H-rosette formation in T-cell-proliferative diseases. In health up to 6% of human lymphocytes will form rosettes with homologous group O rhesus-negative erythrocytes (H rosettes). Increased numbers of H rosettes were found in T-cell-proliferative diseases-- namely, infectious mononucleosis, S\u00e9zary's syndrome, and T-cell leukaemia. H-rosette formation is thus a marker for a subpopulation of T lymphocytes, and this easily performed test of T-cell activation may have clinical value in characterising changes in blood lymphocyte populations in disease."}
{"id": "PMID:127646", "title": "Effect of spectinomycin on T. pallidum in incubating experimental syphilis.", "content": "Animal experiments were performed to determine if a single-dose treatment for acute gonorrhoea with 2 g. spectinomycin could cure a simultaneously acquired syphilis at a very early stage of incubation. 300 treponemes (Nichols stain T. pallidum) were inoculated intratesticularly and 3 days later spectinomycin was administered in a dose which produced spectinomycin serum levels similar to those in patients who had received a single oral dose of 2 g. This dosage of spectinomycin did not prevent the development of syphilitic orchitis or reactivity to the FTA-ABS test, but it prolonged the subclinical incubation period.", "contents": "Effect of spectinomycin on T. pallidum in incubating experimental syphilis. Animal experiments were performed to determine if a single-dose treatment for acute gonorrhoea with 2 g. spectinomycin could cure a simultaneously acquired syphilis at a very early stage of incubation. 300 treponemes (Nichols stain T. pallidum) were inoculated intratesticularly and 3 days later spectinomycin was administered in a dose which produced spectinomycin serum levels similar to those in patients who had received a single oral dose of 2 g. This dosage of spectinomycin did not prevent the development of syphilitic orchitis or reactivity to the FTA-ABS test, but it prolonged the subclinical incubation period."}
{"id": "PMID:127652", "title": "The isolation and characterization of the ATPase inhibitory protein (TN-I) from bovine cardiac muscle.", "content": "The inhibitory component of the troponin complex (TN-I) was purified from bovine cardiac muscle, using a combination of ion exchange and molecular exclusion chromatographies in the presence of urea. It has the ability to inhibit the Mg2+-activated APTase (EC 3.6.1.3) of a synthetic cardiac actomyosin preparation and this inhibition is reversed by the addition of cardiac calcium binding component of troponin (TN-C). Conventional sedimentation equilibrium experiments suggest a molecular weight for cardiac TN-I of 22 900 +/- 500. However, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels indicate a molecular weight of 27 000 +/- 1000. The mobility of TN-I on SDS gels may be anomalous due to the high proportion of basic amino acid residues in the protein. Cardiac TN-I and TN-C interact to form a tight complex, even in the presence of 6 M urea. The results of this study invite direct comparison with results published for rabbit skeletal TN-I.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of the ATPase inhibitory protein (TN-I) from bovine cardiac muscle. The inhibitory component of the troponin complex (TN-I) was purified from bovine cardiac muscle, using a combination of ion exchange and molecular exclusion chromatographies in the presence of urea. It has the ability to inhibit the Mg2+-activated APTase (EC 3.6.1.3) of a synthetic cardiac actomyosin preparation and this inhibition is reversed by the addition of cardiac calcium binding component of troponin (TN-C). Conventional sedimentation equilibrium experiments suggest a molecular weight for cardiac TN-I of 22 900 +/- 500. However, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels indicate a molecular weight of 27 000 +/- 1000. The mobility of TN-I on SDS gels may be anomalous due to the high proportion of basic amino acid residues in the protein. Cardiac TN-I and TN-C interact to form a tight complex, even in the presence of 6 M urea. The results of this study invite direct comparison with results published for rabbit skeletal TN-I."}
{"id": "PMID:127655", "title": "A clinical trial of chemotherapy and RAJI immunotherapy in advanced acute lymphatic leukemia.", "content": "Patients in remission with advanced acute lymphatic leukemia were randomly assigned to receive chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy plus immunotherapy with a Burkitt lymphoma tissue culture cell line (RAJI). Remission duration in both groups were identical. Complement-dependent cytotoxic antibody was seen in 5 of 8 immunized patients and 0 of 8 controls. This antibody reacted with RAJI and both allogeneic and autologous acute leukemia cells. Antibody titers began to rise after 2 months, peaked at 4 months, and then declined prior to relapse in all patients. The time course of the increase in mixed-leukocyte culture response to RAJI was similar to immunized patients. An increased in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin was seen during drug administration in all patients. Although no clinical benefit was seen in this small number of patients with the RAJI injections, these in vitro responses are encouraging and new immunization schedules will be investigated.", "contents": "A clinical trial of chemotherapy and RAJI immunotherapy in advanced acute lymphatic leukemia. Patients in remission with advanced acute lymphatic leukemia were randomly assigned to receive chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy plus immunotherapy with a Burkitt lymphoma tissue culture cell line (RAJI). Remission duration in both groups were identical. Complement-dependent cytotoxic antibody was seen in 5 of 8 immunized patients and 0 of 8 controls. This antibody reacted with RAJI and both allogeneic and autologous acute leukemia cells. Antibody titers began to rise after 2 months, peaked at 4 months, and then declined prior to relapse in all patients. The time course of the increase in mixed-leukocyte culture response to RAJI was similar to immunized patients. An increased in vitro response to phytohemagglutinin was seen during drug administration in all patients. Although no clinical benefit was seen in this small number of patients with the RAJI injections, these in vitro responses are encouraging and new immunization schedules will be investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:127656", "title": "Effects of chronic graded ethanol consumption on the metabolism, ultrastructure, and mechanical function of the rat heart.", "content": "Three sequential sets of ethanolic rats (E) and their matched controls (C) were fed regular chow containing standard vitamins with the ethanol group in each series also receiving a progressively greater alcohol intake for 3 to 6 months: E1 5%, E2 10%, and E3 25% ethanol. Electron microscopy showed swelling of mitochondria, transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum, dehiscence of intercalated discs and disintegration of myofibrils scattered throughout the ventricular myocardium in E1 and E2 as early as 7 wk after beginning 5% ethanol; in addition, there were clumping of mitochondria and supercontraction of myofibrils in E3. Concomitant with substructural abnormalities in E3, there were slight but significant depressions of cardiac myofibrillar ATPase activity and mitochondrial function. Cardiac catecholamines, hydroxyproline, and total bound glycerol were unchanged. Alteration of isometric contraction of isolated, supported left ventricular papillary muscles occurred initially in E2 and was clearly evident in E3 by significant reduction of duration of systolic active state (time from onset to peak tension), while total tension generated and peak rate of tension rise were not yet disturbed. Extra vitamin supplementation in additional rats drinking 25% ethanol minimally lessened decline in myofibrillar ATPase activity, but otherwise provided no protection. Thus, chronic daily ingestion of graded quantities of ethanol representing 10 to 30% of total calories in well-nourished animals exerted toxic effects on microstructure, metabolism and mechanics of the ventricle. These alterations are postulated to be pertinent to early pathogenesis of clinical alcoholic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Effects of chronic graded ethanol consumption on the metabolism, ultrastructure, and mechanical function of the rat heart. Three sequential sets of ethanolic rats (E) and their matched controls (C) were fed regular chow containing standard vitamins with the ethanol group in each series also receiving a progressively greater alcohol intake for 3 to 6 months: E1 5%, E2 10%, and E3 25% ethanol. Electron microscopy showed swelling of mitochondria, transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum, dehiscence of intercalated discs and disintegration of myofibrils scattered throughout the ventricular myocardium in E1 and E2 as early as 7 wk after beginning 5% ethanol; in addition, there were clumping of mitochondria and supercontraction of myofibrils in E3. Concomitant with substructural abnormalities in E3, there were slight but significant depressions of cardiac myofibrillar ATPase activity and mitochondrial function. Cardiac catecholamines, hydroxyproline, and total bound glycerol were unchanged. Alteration of isometric contraction of isolated, supported left ventricular papillary muscles occurred initially in E2 and was clearly evident in E3 by significant reduction of duration of systolic active state (time from onset to peak tension), while total tension generated and peak rate of tension rise were not yet disturbed. Extra vitamin supplementation in additional rats drinking 25% ethanol minimally lessened decline in myofibrillar ATPase activity, but otherwise provided no protection. Thus, chronic daily ingestion of graded quantities of ethanol representing 10 to 30% of total calories in well-nourished animals exerted toxic effects on microstructure, metabolism and mechanics of the ventricle. These alterations are postulated to be pertinent to early pathogenesis of clinical alcoholic cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:127658", "title": "Evaluation of the specificity of a lymphoid chalone.", "content": "An extract from calf spleens, injected into mice, was found to inhibit their lymphocyte proliferative response to PHA-M and PWM in vitro. Despite the ability of the spleen extract to inhibit the response of lymphocytes to stimuli in vitro, no effect was observed on the repopulation of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of sublethally irradiated mice. The data suggest that the spleen extract acts as a specific inhibitor of the innume competent cells since neither the precursors of lymphocytes nor other haematopoietic cells were affected.", "contents": "Evaluation of the specificity of a lymphoid chalone. An extract from calf spleens, injected into mice, was found to inhibit their lymphocyte proliferative response to PHA-M and PWM in vitro. Despite the ability of the spleen extract to inhibit the response of lymphocytes to stimuli in vitro, no effect was observed on the repopulation of lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of sublethally irradiated mice. The data suggest that the spleen extract acts as a specific inhibitor of the innume competent cells since neither the precursors of lymphocytes nor other haematopoietic cells were affected."}
{"id": "PMID:127672", "title": "Studies on plasma membranes. XXIII. Hormone-like action of concanavalin A on liver plasma membranes: inhibition of (Na+-K+)ATPase.", "content": "Concanavalin A inhibits the (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity of isolated rat-liver plasma membranes, while leaving the Mg2+-ATPase unaffected. Glucagon and cyclic AMP act supplementary to the lectin in the inhibition. The lectin effect is counteracted by insulin and L-epinephrine, and is completely abolished by the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol. Results are discussed on the basis of the known interactions of concanavalin A with plasma membrane components, including its hormone-like action.", "contents": "Studies on plasma membranes. XXIII. Hormone-like action of concanavalin A on liver plasma membranes: inhibition of (Na+-K+)ATPase. Concanavalin A inhibits the (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity of isolated rat-liver plasma membranes, while leaving the Mg2+-ATPase unaffected. Glucagon and cyclic AMP act supplementary to the lectin in the inhibition. The lectin effect is counteracted by insulin and L-epinephrine, and is completely abolished by the beta-adrenergic blocking agent propranolol. Results are discussed on the basis of the known interactions of concanavalin A with plasma membrane components, including its hormone-like action."}
{"id": "PMID:127673", "title": "Calcium-accumulating properties of subcellular fractions of bovine vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "This study examined the calcium transport properties of two subcellular fractions of bovine aorta obtained by differential centrifugation. The vesicular fraction had a high-affinity (Km = 1.05 X 10(-6)M) calcium transport mechanism which could be potentiated by using the calcium-precipitating anion, oxalate. The mitochondria-enriched fraction's calcium transport system had a lower affinity for calcium than did that of the vesicular fraction. The calcium capacity of the vesicular fraction was determined by comparing the steady-state calcium uptake in the presence of oxalate in the whole homogenate with the same uptake by the vesicular fraction alone. A calcium capacity of about 100 mumoles Ca2+/kg aorta was obtained. It is concluded that the vesicular fraction has  all of the properties of a major site of subcellular calcium regulation in vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "Calcium-accumulating properties of subcellular fractions of bovine vascular smooth muscle. This study examined the calcium transport properties of two subcellular fractions of bovine aorta obtained by differential centrifugation. The vesicular fraction had a high-affinity (Km = 1.05 X 10(-6)M) calcium transport mechanism which could be potentiated by using the calcium-precipitating anion, oxalate. The mitochondria-enriched fraction's calcium transport system had a lower affinity for calcium than did that of the vesicular fraction. The calcium capacity of the vesicular fraction was determined by comparing the steady-state calcium uptake in the presence of oxalate in the whole homogenate with the same uptake by the vesicular fraction alone. A calcium capacity of about 100 mumoles Ca2+/kg aorta was obtained. It is concluded that the vesicular fraction has  all of the properties of a major site of subcellular calcium regulation in vascular smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:127674", "title": "Body position, electrode level, and respiration effects on the Frank lead electrocardiogram.", "content": "Frank lead ECG/VCG changes with deep inspiration, expiration, and body position were investigated in 194 patients, 100 with an old myocardial infarction and the remaining 94 chosen as a representative sample of catheterization laboratory patients with a variety of cardiac conditions. In a subgroup of 144 of the patients, Frank lead records were made both at the fifth and the fourth intercostal space. Diagnostic interpretation was performed using the VA-Pipberger ECG Program. The results indicate that, in general, body position and electrode level influence on mean intervals and orientation angles is negligible. There was a highly significant decrease in the R and Q wave amplitudes in leads X and Z and in the maximum spatial magnitude of QRS when electrodes were shifted from the fifth to the fourth interspace. The most pronounced decrease in ECG/VCG amplitudes took place in deep inspiration while mean orientation angles changed little, with the exception of QRS elevation. However, while mean changes with body position and electrode level were rather small, substantial orientation and magnitude changes took place in many patients. Diagnostic interpretation of the records changed in 12.5% with electrode level change, in 11.9% with the transition of body position, and in 16.8% with deep inspiration. Strict standardization of electrode positions and recording procedure is suggested, particularly when serial comparison of Frank lead records is planned.", "contents": "Body position, electrode level, and respiration effects on the Frank lead electrocardiogram. Frank lead ECG/VCG changes with deep inspiration, expiration, and body position were investigated in 194 patients, 100 with an old myocardial infarction and the remaining 94 chosen as a representative sample of catheterization laboratory patients with a variety of cardiac conditions. In a subgroup of 144 of the patients, Frank lead records were made both at the fifth and the fourth intercostal space. Diagnostic interpretation was performed using the VA-Pipberger ECG Program. The results indicate that, in general, body position and electrode level influence on mean intervals and orientation angles is negligible. There was a highly significant decrease in the R and Q wave amplitudes in leads X and Z and in the maximum spatial magnitude of QRS when electrodes were shifted from the fifth to the fourth interspace. The most pronounced decrease in ECG/VCG amplitudes took place in deep inspiration while mean orientation angles changed little, with the exception of QRS elevation. However, while mean changes with body position and electrode level were rather small, substantial orientation and magnitude changes took place in many patients. Diagnostic interpretation of the records changed in 12.5% with electrode level change, in 11.9% with the transition of body position, and in 16.8% with deep inspiration. Strict standardization of electrode positions and recording procedure is suggested, particularly when serial comparison of Frank lead records is planned."}
{"id": "PMID:127675", "title": "Echocardiography in congenital and acquired absence of the pericardium. An echocardiographic mimic of right ventricular volume overload.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to investigate the echocardiographic effects of absence of the pericardium. Five patients with congenital complete absence of the left pericardium were studied. All had typical chest X-rays, four had cardiac catheterization which excluded any intracardiac shunts, and one had diagnostic pneumothorax. All five had an enlarged right ventricular dimension (RVD): 1.9 +/- 0.1 cm/m2 (normal: less than 1.3 cm/m2) and abnormal interventricular septal (IVS) motion (three Type A, two Type B). Sixteen additional patients were studied after pericardial stripping for a variety of conditions. In none was cardiopulmonary bypass used. Eight of these patients had preoperative echocardiograms; all showed normal IVS motion. After surgery RVD was large in all 16 patients, increasing from 1.0 +/- 0.2 cm/m2 preoperatively to 1.7 +/- 0.1 cm/m2 postoperatively, P less than 0.01. Fourteen of the 16 patients had abnormal IVS motion, nine Type A, and five Type B. We conclude that absence of the pericardium results in echocardiographic abnormalities which mimic those seen in right ventricular volume overload. This may be due to altered cardiac position and motion within the thorax resulting from loss of normal pericardial restraint.", "contents": "Echocardiography in congenital and acquired absence of the pericardium. An echocardiographic mimic of right ventricular volume overload. The purpose of this study was to investigate the echocardiographic effects of absence of the pericardium. Five patients with congenital complete absence of the left pericardium were studied. All had typical chest X-rays, four had cardiac catheterization which excluded any intracardiac shunts, and one had diagnostic pneumothorax. All five had an enlarged right ventricular dimension (RVD): 1.9 +/- 0.1 cm/m2 (normal: less than 1.3 cm/m2) and abnormal interventricular septal (IVS) motion (three Type A, two Type B). Sixteen additional patients were studied after pericardial stripping for a variety of conditions. In none was cardiopulmonary bypass used. Eight of these patients had preoperative echocardiograms; all showed normal IVS motion. After surgery RVD was large in all 16 patients, increasing from 1.0 +/- 0.2 cm/m2 preoperatively to 1.7 +/- 0.1 cm/m2 postoperatively, P less than 0.01. Fourteen of the 16 patients had abnormal IVS motion, nine Type A, and five Type B. We conclude that absence of the pericardium results in echocardiographic abnormalities which mimic those seen in right ventricular volume overload. This may be due to altered cardiac position and motion within the thorax resulting from loss of normal pericardial restraint."}
{"id": "PMID:127677", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for the estimation of serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in normal and pathological sera.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in serum. The method requires 0.1 ml of serum that needs no purification other than a single ether extraction. It is both rapid and economical, procedural losses are small and precision and accuracy are acceptable for both normal and pathological sera. Normal values have been established for children and adults which show a relationship to chronological age, values rising steadily as puberty intevenes, peak values occurring between 20 and 27 years, with a decline thereafter. An empirical curve was fitted to the data and approximate normal limits were obtained. The mean value for pregnanat women in the age range 20-40 years, was statistically significantly lower than in non-pregnant, premenopausal women. The levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in cord and newborn blood, were higher than at any other time during childhood until signs of puberty were demonstrable. Elevated levels are reported in six patients with untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia and in one patient with a tumour of the adrenal cortex. It is suggested that this assay provides a useful and precise index of adrenal androgen secretion.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for the estimation of serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in normal and pathological sera. A radioimmunoassay is described for the measurement of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in serum. The method requires 0.1 ml of serum that needs no purification other than a single ether extraction. It is both rapid and economical, procedural losses are small and precision and accuracy are acceptable for both normal and pathological sera. Normal values have been established for children and adults which show a relationship to chronological age, values rising steadily as puberty intevenes, peak values occurring between 20 and 27 years, with a decline thereafter. An empirical curve was fitted to the data and approximate normal limits were obtained. The mean value for pregnanat women in the age range 20-40 years, was statistically significantly lower than in non-pregnant, premenopausal women. The levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in cord and newborn blood, were higher than at any other time during childhood until signs of puberty were demonstrable. Elevated levels are reported in six patients with untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia and in one patient with a tumour of the adrenal cortex. It is suggested that this assay provides a useful and precise index of adrenal androgen secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:127683", "title": "Hepatitis-associated (Australia) antigen and Down's syndrome.", "content": "Hepatitis-Associated (Australia) Antigen (HAA) was detected in 13 (5.8%) of 223 patients with Down's syndrome and in 14 (3.7%) of 378 patients with other forms of mental retardation. The frequency of HAA was 2.4 per cent in 127 noninstitutionalized patients with Down's syndrome, and 10.4 per cent in 96 institutionalized patients. The frequency of HAA with Down's syndrome was lower on the average in Japan than in the United States or Germany. HAA was detected in one (1.3%) of 78 mothers of infants with Down's syndrome. Our study suggests that maternal exposure to HAA, as reflected by the presence of either HAA or anti-HAA, was not associated with the subsequent birth of an infant with Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Hepatitis-associated (Australia) antigen and Down's syndrome. Hepatitis-Associated (Australia) Antigen (HAA) was detected in 13 (5.8%) of 223 patients with Down's syndrome and in 14 (3.7%) of 378 patients with other forms of mental retardation. The frequency of HAA was 2.4 per cent in 127 noninstitutionalized patients with Down's syndrome, and 10.4 per cent in 96 institutionalized patients. The frequency of HAA with Down's syndrome was lower on the average in Japan than in the United States or Germany. HAA was detected in one (1.3%) of 78 mothers of infants with Down's syndrome. Our study suggests that maternal exposure to HAA, as reflected by the presence of either HAA or anti-HAA, was not associated with the subsequent birth of an infant with Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:127681", "title": "Scattered mitoses in mature joint cartilage in rabbits after local trauma. A chalone effect?", "content": "This is a demonstration of local traumatization of articular cartilage inducing mitoses in parts of a joint other than the site of inquiry. Parts of one of the patellar cartilages of the full-grown rabbit were scored while the other knee was subjected only to arthrotomy. Radioactive thymidine and autoradiographic technique demonstrated that labeled chondrocytes appeared not only around the score in the patella but also scattered in the tibia and femoral condyles. Whether the mechanism of regional mitotic stimulation is a reduction of the concentration of the normal cell specific inhibitors of mitosis, or so-called chalones is not known and requires further investigation.", "contents": "Scattered mitoses in mature joint cartilage in rabbits after local trauma. A chalone effect? This is a demonstration of local traumatization of articular cartilage inducing mitoses in parts of a joint other than the site of inquiry. Parts of one of the patellar cartilages of the full-grown rabbit were scored while the other knee was subjected only to arthrotomy. Radioactive thymidine and autoradiographic technique demonstrated that labeled chondrocytes appeared not only around the score in the patella but also scattered in the tibia and femoral condyles. Whether the mechanism of regional mitotic stimulation is a reduction of the concentration of the normal cell specific inhibitors of mitosis, or so-called chalones is not known and requires further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:127686", "title": "Defective membrane systems in dystrophic skeletal muscle of the UM-X7.1 strain of genetically myopathic hamster.", "content": "1. The function of mitochondria, sarcotubular membranes (heavy microsomes), sarcolemma and myofibrils from the hind-leg skeletal muscle of about 60- and 150-day-old normal and myopathic (UM-X7.1) hamsters was examined. 2. The mitochondrial calcium uptake as well as mitochondrial phosphorylation and respiratory rates were lower in 60-day-old myopathic skeletal muscle, unlike 150-day-old myopathic animals, when pyruvate-malate and glutamate-malate were used as substrates. However, mitochondria from 150-day-old myopathic animals showed depressed glutamate-dependent respiratory and phosphorylation rates and succinate-supported initial rate of calcium uptake. 3. The microsomal calcium-uptake, but not calcium-binding, and Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the 150-day-old myopathic skeletal muscle were lower than the control values. Although microsomal calcium-binding, calcium-uptake and ATPase activities of the 60-day-old myopathic muscle were not depressed significantly, the initial rate of calcium uptake was less than the control. 4. The sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase, but not Mg2+-ATPase or Na+ +K+-ATPase, activity was higher in 60-day-old myopathic muscle whereas the activities of all these enzymes from 150-day-old myopathic animals were higher than the control. On the other hand, the Na+ +K+-ATPase activities from 60- and 150-day-old myopathic animals were inhibited by ouabain to a lesser extent in comparison with the respective control values. 5. The myofibrillar Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities as well as inhibition of Mg2+-ATPase due to Na+ and K+ in myopathic muscle were no different from the control values. 6. The results reported here give further support to the view that different membrane systems of the dystrophic muscle are defective.", "contents": "Defective membrane systems in dystrophic skeletal muscle of the UM-X7.1 strain of genetically myopathic hamster. 1. The function of mitochondria, sarcotubular membranes (heavy microsomes), sarcolemma and myofibrils from the hind-leg skeletal muscle of about 60- and 150-day-old normal and myopathic (UM-X7.1) hamsters was examined. 2. The mitochondrial calcium uptake as well as mitochondrial phosphorylation and respiratory rates were lower in 60-day-old myopathic skeletal muscle, unlike 150-day-old myopathic animals, when pyruvate-malate and glutamate-malate were used as substrates. However, mitochondria from 150-day-old myopathic animals showed depressed glutamate-dependent respiratory and phosphorylation rates and succinate-supported initial rate of calcium uptake. 3. The microsomal calcium-uptake, but not calcium-binding, and Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the 150-day-old myopathic skeletal muscle were lower than the control values. Although microsomal calcium-binding, calcium-uptake and ATPase activities of the 60-day-old myopathic muscle were not depressed significantly, the initial rate of calcium uptake was less than the control. 4. The sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase, but not Mg2+-ATPase or Na+ +K+-ATPase, activity was higher in 60-day-old myopathic muscle whereas the activities of all these enzymes from 150-day-old myopathic animals were higher than the control. On the other hand, the Na+ +K+-ATPase activities from 60- and 150-day-old myopathic animals were inhibited by ouabain to a lesser extent in comparison with the respective control values. 5. The myofibrillar Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities as well as inhibition of Mg2+-ATPase due to Na+ and K+ in myopathic muscle were no different from the control values. 6. The results reported here give further support to the view that different membrane systems of the dystrophic muscle are defective."}
{"id": "PMID:127688", "title": "Cadmium-induced experimental Fanconi syndrome.", "content": "We have demonstrated that repetitive injections of cadmium into rats leads to the abrupt development of Fanconi syndrome after the renal cortical concentration of cadmium has increased approximately eighty-fold. The syndrome is temporally associated with a fall in both Na-K-ATPase activity and ATP levels, suggesting a possible causal relationship between altered proximal tubular transport and inhibition of the ATP-Na-K-ATPase transport system.", "contents": "Cadmium-induced experimental Fanconi syndrome. We have demonstrated that repetitive injections of cadmium into rats leads to the abrupt development of Fanconi syndrome after the renal cortical concentration of cadmium has increased approximately eighty-fold. The syndrome is temporally associated with a fall in both Na-K-ATPase activity and ATP levels, suggesting a possible causal relationship between altered proximal tubular transport and inhibition of the ATP-Na-K-ATPase transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:127691", "title": "Substrate oxidation and inhibition of sodium transport in the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "The relationship between the oxidative substrate-turnover-rate and the active Na+-transport was investigated. Our special interest was directed to the possible dependence of the oxidative turnover-rate of one selected substrate from the mode of reduction of the Na+-transport. The following methods were used: 1. Blocking the active Na+-transport by the addition of ouabain to the perfusion medium (0, 5 mg/ml); 2. Reduction of the sodium concentration in the perfusion medium to 100mM substituting NaCl by Tris/HCl; 3. Reduction of the perfusion pressure resulting in a low GFR and a low tubular Na+-load. The perfusion medium contained the following substrates in normal plasma concentrations: Na-palmitate, Na-oleate, Na-propionate, Na-acetate, D-glucose, Na-pyruvate, Na-L-lactate and Na-glutamate. The substrate in question was uniformly 14C-labelled; its amount oxidized per unit time was calculated on the basis of the 14CO2 formed. The following substrates were studied; Na-acetate, Na-pyruvate and Na-L-lactate. There were no significant differences between the results of the three methods described.", "contents": "Substrate oxidation and inhibition of sodium transport in the isolated perfused rat kidney. The relationship between the oxidative substrate-turnover-rate and the active Na+-transport was investigated. Our special interest was directed to the possible dependence of the oxidative turnover-rate of one selected substrate from the mode of reduction of the Na+-transport. The following methods were used: 1. Blocking the active Na+-transport by the addition of ouabain to the perfusion medium (0, 5 mg/ml); 2. Reduction of the sodium concentration in the perfusion medium to 100mM substituting NaCl by Tris/HCl; 3. Reduction of the perfusion pressure resulting in a low GFR and a low tubular Na+-load. The perfusion medium contained the following substrates in normal plasma concentrations: Na-palmitate, Na-oleate, Na-propionate, Na-acetate, D-glucose, Na-pyruvate, Na-L-lactate and Na-glutamate. The substrate in question was uniformly 14C-labelled; its amount oxidized per unit time was calculated on the basis of the 14CO2 formed. The following substrates were studied; Na-acetate, Na-pyruvate and Na-L-lactate. There were no significant differences between the results of the three methods described."}
{"id": "PMID:127692", "title": "Hormonal effects on Na-K-ATPase of various parts of the rat nephron.", "content": "Aldosterone reactivates the impaired Na-K-ATPase very rapidly along the course of the distal tubule and in the proximal convolution. Surprisingly the latent period before enzyme induction parallels with the latent period before the restoration of active sodium reabsorption after a physiological dose of aldosterone [7]. Induction of Na-K-ATPase can be prevented by cycloheximide or actinomycin D, inhibitors of protein synthesis; this proves that protein synthesis is necessary for the induction of Na-K-ATPase. Although this kind of data can be interpreted as due to de-novo-synthesis for the induced enzyme this conclusion is not proved by such data. Another way of aldosterone action could exist in demasking inactive enzyme molecules which are already present in the membrane. Because of the very short latent period between aldosterone application and restoration of Na-K-ATPase we cannot exclude this possibility. The most important finding of our study is the rapid reactivation of the impaired Na-K-ATPase in the proximal and distal tubule after a single dose of aldosterone.", "contents": "Hormonal effects on Na-K-ATPase of various parts of the rat nephron. Aldosterone reactivates the impaired Na-K-ATPase very rapidly along the course of the distal tubule and in the proximal convolution. Surprisingly the latent period before enzyme induction parallels with the latent period before the restoration of active sodium reabsorption after a physiological dose of aldosterone [7]. Induction of Na-K-ATPase can be prevented by cycloheximide or actinomycin D, inhibitors of protein synthesis; this proves that protein synthesis is necessary for the induction of Na-K-ATPase. Although this kind of data can be interpreted as due to de-novo-synthesis for the induced enzyme this conclusion is not proved by such data. Another way of aldosterone action could exist in demasking inactive enzyme molecules which are already present in the membrane. Because of the very short latent period between aldosterone application and restoration of Na-K-ATPase we cannot exclude this possibility. The most important finding of our study is the rapid reactivation of the impaired Na-K-ATPase in the proximal and distal tubule after a single dose of aldosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:127696", "title": "A group training program in behavior modification for mothers of children with birth defects: an exploratory study.", "content": "This paper explores the impact of a group approach to teaching behavior modification principles and techniques to mothers of physically handicapped children. Five sessions involving presentations, discussions, and application of operant reinforcement techniques were followed by five sessions focusing on the importance of communication about the handicap, and applying the previously learned operant tecniques to opening communication in this sensitive, secretive area. Clinical and statistical findings suggest that this approach can effectively train mothers to apply the techniques, and increase their attempts to communicate with their handicapped children. Moreover, mothers' participation appeared to facilitate their children's readiness to communicate, as well as improve their children's self-esteem, enthusiasm, and likability.", "contents": "A group training program in behavior modification for mothers of children with birth defects: an exploratory study. This paper explores the impact of a group approach to teaching behavior modification principles and techniques to mothers of physically handicapped children. Five sessions involving presentations, discussions, and application of operant reinforcement techniques were followed by five sessions focusing on the importance of communication about the handicap, and applying the previously learned operant tecniques to opening communication in this sensitive, secretive area. Clinical and statistical findings suggest that this approach can effectively train mothers to apply the techniques, and increase their attempts to communicate with their handicapped children. Moreover, mothers' participation appeared to facilitate their children's readiness to communicate, as well as improve their children's self-esteem, enthusiasm, and likability."}
{"id": "PMID:127698", "title": "[Androgen metabolism and Leydig-cell function in acute and chronic liver disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Diurnal variations of plasma testosterone and urinary excretion rates of testosterone-, androsterone-, aetiocholanolone-, and DHA-glucuronide, as well as DHA-sulphate were measured before and after selective Leydig-cell stimulation (with 3 X 5000 IU human gonadotrophin) in eight patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, ten with acute hepatitis and four with haemochromatosis. The circadian variation of plasma testosterone and the maximal testosterone concentration after human gonadotrophin stimulation were decreased in patients with cirrhosis and haemochromatosis, while in those with acute hepatitis the diurnal variations were evened out, whereas individual values were within the normal range. Urinary excretion of free testosterone and testosterone glucuronide was significantly reduced in those with cirrhosis and haemochromatosis before and after stimulation. The urinary pattern of C19 steroid metabolites was markedly changed in favour of the 5 alpha-steroids in acute heaptitis, cirrhosis, and haemochromatosis.", "contents": "[Androgen metabolism and Leydig-cell function in acute and chronic liver disease (author's transl)]. Diurnal variations of plasma testosterone and urinary excretion rates of testosterone-, androsterone-, aetiocholanolone-, and DHA-glucuronide, as well as DHA-sulphate were measured before and after selective Leydig-cell stimulation (with 3 X 5000 IU human gonadotrophin) in eight patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, ten with acute hepatitis and four with haemochromatosis. The circadian variation of plasma testosterone and the maximal testosterone concentration after human gonadotrophin stimulation were decreased in patients with cirrhosis and haemochromatosis, while in those with acute hepatitis the diurnal variations were evened out, whereas individual values were within the normal range. Urinary excretion of free testosterone and testosterone glucuronide was significantly reduced in those with cirrhosis and haemochromatosis before and after stimulation. The urinary pattern of C19 steroid metabolites was markedly changed in favour of the 5 alpha-steroids in acute heaptitis, cirrhosis, and haemochromatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:127699", "title": "[Oxyphenisatin-induced liver disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a period of 18 months the development of hepatitis after intake of oxyphenisatin, a laxative, was established in 14 patients by re-exposure to the drug. The characteristic feature was nonspecific upper abdominal pain up to colic-like pain, lact of appetite, nausea or vomiting, and pruritus. The biochemical changes were those of chronic hepatitis with varying severity of biliary stasis and abnormal immunofluorescence. On re-exposure there was a particularly remarkable rise in GLDH activity. The histological picture showed acute inflammatory changes in the biliary passages on re-exposure, while the liver cells were clearly involved only secondarily. At a latter point the histological picture became non-specific. At laparoscopy there were different stages of minor periportal hepatic fibrosis to marked postnecrotic liver scars with portal hypertension and decompensation. Early diagnosis is difficult but crucial to the patient's fate, because this form of hepatitis regresses completely after oxyphenisatin has been stopped. Laxatives containing this drug should be withdrawn from the market.", "contents": "[Oxyphenisatin-induced liver disease (author's transl)]. Over a period of 18 months the development of hepatitis after intake of oxyphenisatin, a laxative, was established in 14 patients by re-exposure to the drug. The characteristic feature was nonspecific upper abdominal pain up to colic-like pain, lact of appetite, nausea or vomiting, and pruritus. The biochemical changes were those of chronic hepatitis with varying severity of biliary stasis and abnormal immunofluorescence. On re-exposure there was a particularly remarkable rise in GLDH activity. The histological picture showed acute inflammatory changes in the biliary passages on re-exposure, while the liver cells were clearly involved only secondarily. At a latter point the histological picture became non-specific. At laparoscopy there were different stages of minor periportal hepatic fibrosis to marked postnecrotic liver scars with portal hypertension and decompensation. Early diagnosis is difficult but crucial to the patient's fate, because this form of hepatitis regresses completely after oxyphenisatin has been stopped. Laxatives containing this drug should be withdrawn from the market."}
{"id": "PMID:127700", "title": "[Diagnostic value of cytological investigations in metastatic tumours of the liver: comparison of laparoscopy, histology, and cytology (author's transl)].", "content": "Fine needle aspiration biopsy is generally a harmless method if contraindications are considered and provides sufficient tissue for cytological evaluation. The diagnostic value is very high: in 27 cases of metastatic tumours of the liver diagnosed by laparoscopy the diagnosis was confirmed in 26 cases and revised in one case. In a control group of 200 patients with various diffuse liver diseases or morphologically normal findings no false positive results were found. In no case were post-biopsy haemorrhage or other complications observed. Needle biopsy and cytological evaluation should be used with an increased frequency when a malignant tumour of the liver is suspected clinically. After primary localization of suspicious areas by ultrasound or scanning the pick-up rate is high. Laparoscopy with precisely aimed fine needle biopsy is the method for verifying the diagnosis in cases with cytologically negative results which is up to 100% accurate.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of cytological investigations in metastatic tumours of the liver: comparison of laparoscopy, histology, and cytology (author's transl)]. Fine needle aspiration biopsy is generally a harmless method if contraindications are considered and provides sufficient tissue for cytological evaluation. The diagnostic value is very high: in 27 cases of metastatic tumours of the liver diagnosed by laparoscopy the diagnosis was confirmed in 26 cases and revised in one case. In a control group of 200 patients with various diffuse liver diseases or morphologically normal findings no false positive results were found. In no case were post-biopsy haemorrhage or other complications observed. Needle biopsy and cytological evaluation should be used with an increased frequency when a malignant tumour of the liver is suspected clinically. After primary localization of suspicious areas by ultrasound or scanning the pick-up rate is high. Laparoscopy with precisely aimed fine needle biopsy is the method for verifying the diagnosis in cases with cytologically negative results which is up to 100% accurate."}
{"id": "PMID:127701", "title": "Inhibition of renal gluconeogenesis by guinolinate and hydrazine in diabetic rats.", "content": "Renal as well as hepatic gluconeogenesis is inappropriately accelerated in the diabetic state when plasma glucose levels are elevated. Known regulatory mechanisms influence gluconeogenesis in both organs. However, under certain circumstances gluconeogenesis may be affected in one organ and not the other. Recent studies with the tryptophan metabolite, quinolinate, suggest that hepatic gluconeogenesis in the diabetic is unaffected by this agent, whereas gluconeogenesis is blocked in the normal liver. These experiments have been interpreted as providing evidence for the lack of a specific physiologic repressor for gluconeogenesis in diabetic liver. In the present study quinolinate and hydrazine are shown to be effective inhibitors of the accelerated gluconeogenesis in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. Thus, the renal gluconeogenic mechanism in diabetics retains the capacity to recognize quinolinate as an inhibitor, but may be influenced by the depressed conversion of tryptophan to quinolinate in the intact diabetic organism.", "contents": "Inhibition of renal gluconeogenesis by guinolinate and hydrazine in diabetic rats. Renal as well as hepatic gluconeogenesis is inappropriately accelerated in the diabetic state when plasma glucose levels are elevated. Known regulatory mechanisms influence gluconeogenesis in both organs. However, under certain circumstances gluconeogenesis may be affected in one organ and not the other. Recent studies with the tryptophan metabolite, quinolinate, suggest that hepatic gluconeogenesis in the diabetic is unaffected by this agent, whereas gluconeogenesis is blocked in the normal liver. These experiments have been interpreted as providing evidence for the lack of a specific physiologic repressor for gluconeogenesis in diabetic liver. In the present study quinolinate and hydrazine are shown to be effective inhibitors of the accelerated gluconeogenesis in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. Thus, the renal gluconeogenic mechanism in diabetics retains the capacity to recognize quinolinate as an inhibitor, but may be influenced by the depressed conversion of tryptophan to quinolinate in the intact diabetic organism."}
{"id": "PMID:127702", "title": "Differential changes in the 5-hydroxytryptamine and insulin content of guinea-pig B-cells.", "content": "In the guinea-pig pancreas, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT) occurs in the B-cells as well as in enterochromaffin cells scattered in the exocrine parenchyma. In the present study we examined the effects on the pancreatic 5-HT and insulin content of drugs known to affect the B-cells. For this purpose a radioimmunoassay of guinea-pig insulin was developed. Streptozotocin reduced the number of detectable B-cells and partially degranulated those that remained. It also lowered the insulin content of the pancreas and the 5-HT content of the B-cells but did not affect the 5-HT content of the enterochromaffin cells. Reserpine lowered the 5-HT content of both B-cells and enterochromaffin cells. The number and ultrastructure of the B-cells and the pancreatic insulin content was not affected. Streptozotocin + reserpine seemed to have additive effects of B-cell 5-HT. The results with these 2 drugs indicate that roughly 50% of pancreatic 5-HT is contained in the B-cells. Diazoxide markedly increased the pancreatic insulin content without affecting pancreatic 5-HT. Despite the fact that 5-HT and insulin are stored together in the cytoplasmic granules of the B-cells, 5-HT was differentially depleted from this store by reserpine. A marked disproportionality between 5-HT and insulin content was also induced by diazoxide.", "contents": "Differential changes in the 5-hydroxytryptamine and insulin content of guinea-pig B-cells. In the guinea-pig pancreas, 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (5-HT) occurs in the B-cells as well as in enterochromaffin cells scattered in the exocrine parenchyma. In the present study we examined the effects on the pancreatic 5-HT and insulin content of drugs known to affect the B-cells. For this purpose a radioimmunoassay of guinea-pig insulin was developed. Streptozotocin reduced the number of detectable B-cells and partially degranulated those that remained. It also lowered the insulin content of the pancreas and the 5-HT content of the B-cells but did not affect the 5-HT content of the enterochromaffin cells. Reserpine lowered the 5-HT content of both B-cells and enterochromaffin cells. The number and ultrastructure of the B-cells and the pancreatic insulin content was not affected. Streptozotocin + reserpine seemed to have additive effects of B-cell 5-HT. The results with these 2 drugs indicate that roughly 50% of pancreatic 5-HT is contained in the B-cells. Diazoxide markedly increased the pancreatic insulin content without affecting pancreatic 5-HT. Despite the fact that 5-HT and insulin are stored together in the cytoplasmic granules of the B-cells, 5-HT was differentially depleted from this store by reserpine. A marked disproportionality between 5-HT and insulin content was also induced by diazoxide."}
{"id": "PMID:127703", "title": "Steroid hormone formation in bovine ovarian follicles.", "content": "In an attempt to assess histophysiological implication of the follicular compartment of the bovine ovary in steroid hormone formation and the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in vitro on follicular steroidogenesis, minces of follicular tissues from non-gravid bovine ovaries were incubated with radioactive testosterone or acetate in the presence and absence of hCG. Significant amounts of estrone and estradiol-17beta were formed on incubation with testosterone-4-14C; hCG decreased the conversion approximately by 30%. The major radioactive products formed from acetate-l-14C were androstenedione and testosterone with lesser amounts of dehydroepiandrosterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. In addition, small amounts of progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, estrone and estradiol-17beta were formed. Histology of the dissected follicle specimens was characterized by dominant theca cells undergoing luteinization with small amounts of granulosa cells, which showed neither proliferation nor luteinization. The pattern of distribution of radioactivity among the steroids formed from acetate-14C was considered to represent steroidogenic profile of bovine atretic follicles. The addition of hCG in vitro increased the overall incorporation of radioactive acetate into the steroids approximately by 50%, although the range of increase was not uniform in the individual steroids under the exprimental conditions.", "contents": "Steroid hormone formation in bovine ovarian follicles. In an attempt to assess histophysiological implication of the follicular compartment of the bovine ovary in steroid hormone formation and the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in vitro on follicular steroidogenesis, minces of follicular tissues from non-gravid bovine ovaries were incubated with radioactive testosterone or acetate in the presence and absence of hCG. Significant amounts of estrone and estradiol-17beta were formed on incubation with testosterone-4-14C; hCG decreased the conversion approximately by 30%. The major radioactive products formed from acetate-l-14C were androstenedione and testosterone with lesser amounts of dehydroepiandrosterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone. In addition, small amounts of progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, estrone and estradiol-17beta were formed. Histology of the dissected follicle specimens was characterized by dominant theca cells undergoing luteinization with small amounts of granulosa cells, which showed neither proliferation nor luteinization. The pattern of distribution of radioactivity among the steroids formed from acetate-14C was considered to represent steroidogenic profile of bovine atretic follicles. The addition of hCG in vitro increased the overall incorporation of radioactive acetate into the steroids approximately by 50%, although the range of increase was not uniform in the individual steroids under the exprimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:127704", "title": "[Transfer characteristic of the motor system of the hand obtained by electrical stimulation and its bearing on force tremor (author's transl)].", "content": "Pulse duration modulated signals were used to stimulate the extensor muscles of the hand. From this and from the isometric tension responses the frequency response of the human motor system was obtained. From the transfer characteristics of the components of the motor system which were taken from literature the frequency response of a closed-loop circuit model could be calculated. The theoretical frequency response was compared to the observed data. With increasing loop gain the model would show the characteristics of a filter tuned to the frequency of force-tremors.", "contents": "[Transfer characteristic of the motor system of the hand obtained by electrical stimulation and its bearing on force tremor (author's transl)]. Pulse duration modulated signals were used to stimulate the extensor muscles of the hand. From this and from the isometric tension responses the frequency response of the human motor system was obtained. From the transfer characteristics of the components of the motor system which were taken from literature the frequency response of a closed-loop circuit model could be calculated. The theoretical frequency response was compared to the observed data. With increasing loop gain the model would show the characteristics of a filter tuned to the frequency of force-tremors."}
{"id": "PMID:127724", "title": "The fibrous structure of human chromosomes in relation to rearrangements and aberrations; a theoretical consideration.", "content": "Human chromosomes as a type-sample for mammalian chromosomes consist of 200-A fibers, folded to chromomeres, which are interconnected by about a dozen longitudinal fibers. The average fiber at both interphase and metaphase contains 28.3 lengths of one double helix of DNA per length of fiber. The orientation of DNA imparts polarity to the fiber and thus to the chromosome and is an important constraint in concepts of chromosomal aberrations and rearrangements, some of which are being interpreted on the basis of fiber-fiber exchanges. Chromosomal rearrangements discernible by light microscopy are not likely to be fully synonymous with change in gene sequence. Chromosomes are considered to possess a plane of symmetry originating from semiconservative replication. Implications for chromosomal structure, centromeric function, and chromatid cohesion are discussed. Fibers connecting one chromosome to others are discussed in light of the proposal that fiber regions of repeated nucleotide sequences exist that facilitate fiber-fiber exchanges. No free fiber or DNA ends are thought to occur at any time in the nucleus.", "contents": "The fibrous structure of human chromosomes in relation to rearrangements and aberrations; a theoretical consideration. Human chromosomes as a type-sample for mammalian chromosomes consist of 200-A fibers, folded to chromomeres, which are interconnected by about a dozen longitudinal fibers. The average fiber at both interphase and metaphase contains 28.3 lengths of one double helix of DNA per length of fiber. The orientation of DNA imparts polarity to the fiber and thus to the chromosome and is an important constraint in concepts of chromosomal aberrations and rearrangements, some of which are being interpreted on the basis of fiber-fiber exchanges. Chromosomal rearrangements discernible by light microscopy are not likely to be fully synonymous with change in gene sequence. Chromosomes are considered to possess a plane of symmetry originating from semiconservative replication. Implications for chromosomal structure, centromeric function, and chromatid cohesion are discussed. Fibers connecting one chromosome to others are discussed in light of the proposal that fiber regions of repeated nucleotide sequences exist that facilitate fiber-fiber exchanges. No free fiber or DNA ends are thought to occur at any time in the nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:127727", "title": "Initial change of glycosaminoglycans in systemic scleroderma.", "content": "7 clinically uninvolved as well as 8 involved (6 moderately, 2 markedly) back or forearm skin specimens from 12 patients with systemic scleroderma were subjected to quantitative evaluation and to qualitative analysis of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) by one-dimensional and two-dimensional cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Skin specimens from the back, clinically uninvolved but histologically demonstrating the initial change, revealed increased amounts of hyaluronidase, chondroitinase-resistant GAG of varying electrophoretic mobilities, and one of them was chemically confirmed to be heparan sulfate variant, whereas involved skin specimens showed hardly this increase.", "contents": "Initial change of glycosaminoglycans in systemic scleroderma. 7 clinically uninvolved as well as 8 involved (6 moderately, 2 markedly) back or forearm skin specimens from 12 patients with systemic scleroderma were subjected to quantitative evaluation and to qualitative analysis of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) by one-dimensional and two-dimensional cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Skin specimens from the back, clinically uninvolved but histologically demonstrating the initial change, revealed increased amounts of hyaluronidase, chondroitinase-resistant GAG of varying electrophoretic mobilities, and one of them was chemically confirmed to be heparan sulfate variant, whereas involved skin specimens showed hardly this increase."}
{"id": "PMID:127735", "title": "Sex variation in the activities of mucosal hydrolytic enzymes in the small intestine of the rat.", "content": "Mucosal response of alkaline phosphatase, ATPase and disaccharidase (lactase, maltase and trehalase) activities to sex hormones were studied by comparing male and female rats and castrated males and by injecting testosterone into castrated males. Alkaline phosphatase showed a very steep gradient in the small intestine from the oral to the aboral end, whereas ATPase activity in the ileum was still about 50% of that in the duodenum. Both enzymes showed only minor sex variations and weal response to castration. Lactase and maltase had peak activities in the jejunum, but trehalase activity was nearly equally high in the duodenal mucosa as in the jejunum. Jejunal lactase activity was about 50% lower in female than in male rats and castration decreased activity in males to the same low level as found in females. The administration of testosterone to castrated male rats did not enhance activity. Maltase activity showed similar sex variation, although castration was not able to decrease activity during the test period. Trehalase activity was lower in female than in male rats. The administration of testosterone enhance activity in castrated males.", "contents": "Sex variation in the activities of mucosal hydrolytic enzymes in the small intestine of the rat. Mucosal response of alkaline phosphatase, ATPase and disaccharidase (lactase, maltase and trehalase) activities to sex hormones were studied by comparing male and female rats and castrated males and by injecting testosterone into castrated males. Alkaline phosphatase showed a very steep gradient in the small intestine from the oral to the aboral end, whereas ATPase activity in the ileum was still about 50% of that in the duodenum. Both enzymes showed only minor sex variations and weal response to castration. Lactase and maltase had peak activities in the jejunum, but trehalase activity was nearly equally high in the duodenal mucosa as in the jejunum. Jejunal lactase activity was about 50% lower in female than in male rats and castration decreased activity in males to the same low level as found in females. The administration of testosterone to castrated male rats did not enhance activity. Maltase activity showed similar sex variation, although castration was not able to decrease activity during the test period. Trehalase activity was lower in female than in male rats. The administration of testosterone enhance activity in castrated males."}
{"id": "PMID:127736", "title": "Treatment with glucagon-binding antibodies alters the intestinal response to starvation in the rat.", "content": "Everted intestinal rings from partially starved rats accumulate the nonmetabolized amino acid 1-amino-cyclopentane-5-carboxylic acid (ACPC) at an enhanced rate. Plasma glucagon concentrations were found to be markedly elevated in these partially starved rats as well as in rats with experimentally induced diabetes, a condition previously shown to be associated with augmented intestinal uptake of amino acid. Treatment of partially starved rats with repeated injections of glucagon-binding antiserum prevented increased ACPC uptake of intestinal rings. Chronically elevated plasma glucagon levels may participate in the mechanism of the functional changes in the intestine in partial starvation.", "contents": "Treatment with glucagon-binding antibodies alters the intestinal response to starvation in the rat. Everted intestinal rings from partially starved rats accumulate the nonmetabolized amino acid 1-amino-cyclopentane-5-carboxylic acid (ACPC) at an enhanced rate. Plasma glucagon concentrations were found to be markedly elevated in these partially starved rats as well as in rats with experimentally induced diabetes, a condition previously shown to be associated with augmented intestinal uptake of amino acid. Treatment of partially starved rats with repeated injections of glucagon-binding antiserum prevented increased ACPC uptake of intestinal rings. Chronically elevated plasma glucagon levels may participate in the mechanism of the functional changes in the intestine in partial starvation."}
{"id": "PMID:127739", "title": "Transport properties of membrane vesicles from Acholeplasma laidlawii. I. Isolation and general characteristics.", "content": "A new procedure for the isolation of membrane vesicles from Acholeplasma laidlawii cells is described. The membrane vesicles are completely free from contaminations of whole cells and cell debris and represent a homogeneous fraction as shown by electron microscopy, Ficoll density-gradient centrifugation, and titration on agar plate. Absence of cytoplasmic contaminations was confirmed by double-labelling of membranes with 3H-oleic acid and 14C-uridine, as well as by distribution of specific marker enzymes of membranes and cytoplasm. On the basis of light-scattering and electron microscopy, the vesicular nature of these membranes was established. The vesicles had the same orientation as intact cells (absence on membrane vesicles of ATPase and NADH dehydrogenase activities, localized in the inner surface of membrane). The respiratory activity of the membrane vesicles was low and was not stimulated by exogenous substrates, the respiratory chain of the vesicles being reduced and terminated by flavoproteins. The ability of membrane vesicles to take up carbohydrates was shown.", "contents": "Transport properties of membrane vesicles from Acholeplasma laidlawii. I. Isolation and general characteristics. A new procedure for the isolation of membrane vesicles from Acholeplasma laidlawii cells is described. The membrane vesicles are completely free from contaminations of whole cells and cell debris and represent a homogeneous fraction as shown by electron microscopy, Ficoll density-gradient centrifugation, and titration on agar plate. Absence of cytoplasmic contaminations was confirmed by double-labelling of membranes with 3H-oleic acid and 14C-uridine, as well as by distribution of specific marker enzymes of membranes and cytoplasm. On the basis of light-scattering and electron microscopy, the vesicular nature of these membranes was established. The vesicles had the same orientation as intact cells (absence on membrane vesicles of ATPase and NADH dehydrogenase activities, localized in the inner surface of membrane). The respiratory activity of the membrane vesicles was low and was not stimulated by exogenous substrates, the respiratory chain of the vesicles being reduced and terminated by flavoproteins. The ability of membrane vesicles to take up carbohydrates was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:127740", "title": "[Influence of long-term swimming training on the structure and enzyme activity of myosin in the rat myocardium (author's transl)].", "content": "Intermittent hemodynamic loading of the rat myocardium due to swimming training for several weeks leads to a significant increase in the specific ATPase activity of myosin. This enzymatic alteration of the myosin molecule is accompanied by changes in the stoichiometry of its light chains which are of great significance for the ATPase activity. The maximum shortening velocity of the unloaded myocardium (Vmax), estimated on the basis of afterloaded contractions, shows a slight increase as a result of the physical training. Since, on the other hand, the increase is not significant using the quick release technique, a close relationship between the specific ATPase activity and the augmented cross-sectional contractile capability cannot be proved in our experiments.", "contents": "[Influence of long-term swimming training on the structure and enzyme activity of myosin in the rat myocardium (author's transl)]. Intermittent hemodynamic loading of the rat myocardium due to swimming training for several weeks leads to a significant increase in the specific ATPase activity of myosin. This enzymatic alteration of the myosin molecule is accompanied by changes in the stoichiometry of its light chains which are of great significance for the ATPase activity. The maximum shortening velocity of the unloaded myocardium (Vmax), estimated on the basis of afterloaded contractions, shows a slight increase as a result of the physical training. Since, on the other hand, the increase is not significant using the quick release technique, a close relationship between the specific ATPase activity and the augmented cross-sectional contractile capability cannot be proved in our experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:127743", "title": "A membrane permeability test for the detection of cell surface antigens.", "content": "A convenient microtest is described which utilizes antibody-mediated release of [14C]nicotinamide ([14C]NA) from target cells for the detection of cell surface antigens. This test is considerably more sensitive and faster than the widely used 51Cr release test because most of the [14C]NA is rapidly released from the target cells in the initial phase of membrane permeability changes induced by activated complement, as distinct from the colloid osmotic phase of complement-mediated cytolysis.", "contents": "A membrane permeability test for the detection of cell surface antigens. A convenient microtest is described which utilizes antibody-mediated release of [14C]nicotinamide ([14C]NA) from target cells for the detection of cell surface antigens. This test is considerably more sensitive and faster than the widely used 51Cr release test because most of the [14C]NA is rapidly released from the target cells in the initial phase of membrane permeability changes induced by activated complement, as distinct from the colloid osmotic phase of complement-mediated cytolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:127744", "title": "In vitro proliferative response of BALB/c mouse spleen cells stimulated with trinitrophenylated syngeneic spleen cells.", "content": "Spleen cells from normal BALB/c mice showed in vitro proliferative response against hapten-conjugated syngeneic spleen cells. Trinitrophenylated (TNP) spleen cells were prepared by treating normal spleen cells with sodium 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonate (TNBS). Four-day cultures of TNP-labelled spleen cells incorporated 2.5-7.4 times more [3H]thymidine than similar cultures of untreated spleen cells. An obviously positive mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) by normal spleen cells against mitomycin C (MC) treated TNP-labeled syngeneic spleen cells was observed after 4 days of culture. The MLR to TNP-labelled syngeneic cells was inhibited in the presence of epsilon-TNP-L-lysine by 23-37%. The spleen cells from the mice injected intraperitoneally with TNP-labelled syngeneic spleen cells showed a higher MLR against TNP-labelled spleen cells than normal spleen cells. The sensitized spleen cells also showed an increased response to MC-treated spleen cells. These results suggest that normal spleen cells include cells which can recognize the hapten and new antigenic determinants introduced into syngeneic spleen by chemical modification.", "contents": "In vitro proliferative response of BALB/c mouse spleen cells stimulated with trinitrophenylated syngeneic spleen cells. Spleen cells from normal BALB/c mice showed in vitro proliferative response against hapten-conjugated syngeneic spleen cells. Trinitrophenylated (TNP) spleen cells were prepared by treating normal spleen cells with sodium 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonate (TNBS). Four-day cultures of TNP-labelled spleen cells incorporated 2.5-7.4 times more [3H]thymidine than similar cultures of untreated spleen cells. An obviously positive mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) by normal spleen cells against mitomycin C (MC) treated TNP-labeled syngeneic spleen cells was observed after 4 days of culture. The MLR to TNP-labelled syngeneic cells was inhibited in the presence of epsilon-TNP-L-lysine by 23-37%. The spleen cells from the mice injected intraperitoneally with TNP-labelled syngeneic spleen cells showed a higher MLR against TNP-labelled spleen cells than normal spleen cells. The sensitized spleen cells also showed an increased response to MC-treated spleen cells. These results suggest that normal spleen cells include cells which can recognize the hapten and new antigenic determinants introduced into syngeneic spleen by chemical modification."}
{"id": "PMID:127749", "title": "Case detection rates for Central Burma (1962-1972).", "content": "A short description of the leprosy control program in Burmpa is given and the decrease of the case detection rates during thhe period 1962-1972 are presented to show the effects of control measures in the program emphasizing the importance of early case detection through annual examination of household contacts and school children, regular treatment and health education.", "contents": "Case detection rates for Central Burma (1962-1972). A short description of the leprosy control program in Burmpa is given and the decrease of the case detection rates during thhe period 1962-1972 are presented to show the effects of control measures in the program emphasizing the importance of early case detection through annual examination of household contacts and school children, regular treatment and health education."}
{"id": "PMID:127758", "title": "[Severe forms of acne with unusual clinical courses].", "content": "In two cases we could demonstrate the complications, which might appear in the clinical course of severe forms of juvenile acne. Our first case deals with a young male patient with leukaemic reaction in his peripheral blood and bone-marrow (sternal puncture) and excessively raised erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate, who developed bilateral ileo-sacral-fusion arthritis. The second case dealt with a young female patient with spondylitis and an enormously raised erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate.", "contents": "[Severe forms of acne with unusual clinical courses]. In two cases we could demonstrate the complications, which might appear in the clinical course of severe forms of juvenile acne. Our first case deals with a young male patient with leukaemic reaction in his peripheral blood and bone-marrow (sternal puncture) and excessively raised erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate, who developed bilateral ileo-sacral-fusion arthritis. The second case dealt with a young female patient with spondylitis and an enormously raised erythrocyte-sedimentation-rate."}
{"id": "PMID:127769", "title": "[Cytochemical observations of hemocytes in decapod brachyuran crustacea (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemocytes from two species of crabs, Eriocheir sinensis and Carcinus maenas, have been submitted to different cytochemical reactions in order to bring out the nature of granules' content, either by specific coloration or be enzymatic digestion. Light as well as electron microscopy has been used. The granules appeared to be made essentially of basic proteins, rich in arginin and disulfide bridges but poor in tyrosin. These proteins are linked with nonglycogenic carbohydrates. Glycogen deposits of varied size are restricted to the cytoplasm in all the different cell-types but have never been detected inside the granules themselves. Lipids are poorly represented. The bulk of the granule material is made of neutral mucopolysaccharides although minute amounts of acid mucosubstances could be found in some instances.", "contents": "[Cytochemical observations of hemocytes in decapod brachyuran crustacea (author's transl)]. Hemocytes from two species of crabs, Eriocheir sinensis and Carcinus maenas, have been submitted to different cytochemical reactions in order to bring out the nature of granules' content, either by specific coloration or be enzymatic digestion. Light as well as electron microscopy has been used. The granules appeared to be made essentially of basic proteins, rich in arginin and disulfide bridges but poor in tyrosin. These proteins are linked with nonglycogenic carbohydrates. Glycogen deposits of varied size are restricted to the cytoplasm in all the different cell-types but have never been detected inside the granules themselves. Lipids are poorly represented. The bulk of the granule material is made of neutral mucopolysaccharides although minute amounts of acid mucosubstances could be found in some instances."}
{"id": "PMID:127770", "title": "[Applied phoniatry. III. Juvenile and hormonal dysphonias (author's transl)].", "content": "Juvenile and hormonal dysphonias are classified according to organic and functional etiologies. The clinical characteristics of each are described by emphasizing differential diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.", "contents": "[Applied phoniatry. III. Juvenile and hormonal dysphonias (author's transl)]. Juvenile and hormonal dysphonias are classified according to organic and functional etiologies. The clinical characteristics of each are described by emphasizing differential diagnostic and therapeutic aspects."}
{"id": "PMID:127784", "title": "Physiological suppression of a transport defect in Escherichia coli mutants deficient in Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Transport properties of membrane vesicles isolated from two adenosine triphosphatase-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli, NR70 and DL54, were compared with those of vesicles prepared from the corresponding parental strains. As reported previously (Rosen, 1973; Altendorf et al., 1974), vesicles prepared from these mutants grown under aerobic conditions exhibited defective amino acid transport, and activity was restored after treatment with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. In sharp contrast, however, vesicles isolated from the same mutants grown anaerobically in the presence of nitrate exhibited completely normal transport activity when assayed under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions. Suppression of the transport defect was not due to the manner by which the vesicles were prepared, and the adenosine triphosphatase deficiency was not ameliorated by anaerobic growth in the presence of nitrite. Finally, the transport activity of vesicles prepared from the mutants grown under aerobic conditions was relatively resistant to the effect of 1.0 M guanidine hydrochloride extraction, whereas the activity of vesicles prepared from mutants grown anaerobically was totally refractory to the effect of the chaotrope.", "contents": "Physiological suppression of a transport defect in Escherichia coli mutants deficient in Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. Transport properties of membrane vesicles isolated from two adenosine triphosphatase-deficient mutants of Escherichia coli, NR70 and DL54, were compared with those of vesicles prepared from the corresponding parental strains. As reported previously (Rosen, 1973; Altendorf et al., 1974), vesicles prepared from these mutants grown under aerobic conditions exhibited defective amino acid transport, and activity was restored after treatment with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. In sharp contrast, however, vesicles isolated from the same mutants grown anaerobically in the presence of nitrate exhibited completely normal transport activity when assayed under either anaerobic or aerobic conditions. Suppression of the transport defect was not due to the manner by which the vesicles were prepared, and the adenosine triphosphatase deficiency was not ameliorated by anaerobic growth in the presence of nitrite. Finally, the transport activity of vesicles prepared from the mutants grown under aerobic conditions was relatively resistant to the effect of 1.0 M guanidine hydrochloride extraction, whereas the activity of vesicles prepared from mutants grown anaerobically was totally refractory to the effect of the chaotrope."}
{"id": "PMID:127785", "title": "Anaerobic energy-yielding reaction associated with transhydrogenation from glycerol 3-phosphate to fumarate by an Escherichia coli system.", "content": "A particulate subcellular fraction from Escherichia coli K-12 induced in anaerobic sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase can catalyze under anaerobic conditions the transfer of hydrogens from G3P to fumarate, with attendant generation of high-energy phosphate. The phsophorylation process is more sensitive than the transhydrogenation process to inhibition by the detergent Triton X-100. The same is true with respect to sensitivity to sodium azide, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Such a preparation derived from cells with beta-galactoside permease can accumulate thiomethyl beta-D-galactoside anaerobically, and the accumulation can be stimulated twofold by adding G3P and fumarate. Mutants lacking the membrane-associated Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase cannot grow anaerobically on glycerol with fumarate as the hydrogen acceptor, although they can grow aerobically on glycerol alone.", "contents": "Anaerobic energy-yielding reaction associated with transhydrogenation from glycerol 3-phosphate to fumarate by an Escherichia coli system. A particulate subcellular fraction from Escherichia coli K-12 induced in anaerobic sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase and fumarate reductase can catalyze under anaerobic conditions the transfer of hydrogens from G3P to fumarate, with attendant generation of high-energy phosphate. The phsophorylation process is more sensitive than the transhydrogenation process to inhibition by the detergent Triton X-100. The same is true with respect to sensitivity to sodium azide, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Such a preparation derived from cells with beta-galactoside permease can accumulate thiomethyl beta-D-galactoside anaerobically, and the accumulation can be stimulated twofold by adding G3P and fumarate. Mutants lacking the membrane-associated Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase cannot grow anaerobically on glycerol with fumarate as the hydrogen acceptor, although they can grow aerobically on glycerol alone."}
{"id": "PMID:127786", "title": "Electron transport chain from glycerol 3-phosphate to nitrate in Escherichia coli.", "content": "It is known that in Escherichia coli two dehydrogenases of the flavoprotein kind can participate in the transfer of hydrogens from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) to nitrate and that possession of either enzyme is sufficient to permit anaerobic growth on glycerol as carbon source and nitrate as hydrogen acceptor. Results from this study show that under such a growth condition a protein with light-absorption characteristics of cytochrome b1 is induced. If G3P, nitrate, and adenosine diphosphate are added anaerobically to a particulate fraction prepared from these cells, four reactions can be detected: (i) the reduction of the cytochrome b1-like protein, (ii) the formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), (iii) the formation of nitrite, and (iv) the generation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). The anaerobic G3P dehydrogenase system can yield an ATP-DHAP (or ATP-nitrite) molar ratio of about 0.2, whereas the aerobic G3P dehydrogenase system can yield a corresponding ratio of about 0.3. The hydrogen transfer activity is sensitive to respiratory inhibitors such as cyanide, Rotenone, and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide.", "contents": "Electron transport chain from glycerol 3-phosphate to nitrate in Escherichia coli. It is known that in Escherichia coli two dehydrogenases of the flavoprotein kind can participate in the transfer of hydrogens from sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (G3P) to nitrate and that possession of either enzyme is sufficient to permit anaerobic growth on glycerol as carbon source and nitrate as hydrogen acceptor. Results from this study show that under such a growth condition a protein with light-absorption characteristics of cytochrome b1 is induced. If G3P, nitrate, and adenosine diphosphate are added anaerobically to a particulate fraction prepared from these cells, four reactions can be detected: (i) the reduction of the cytochrome b1-like protein, (ii) the formation of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), (iii) the formation of nitrite, and (iv) the generation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). The anaerobic G3P dehydrogenase system can yield an ATP-DHAP (or ATP-nitrite) molar ratio of about 0.2, whereas the aerobic G3P dehydrogenase system can yield a corresponding ratio of about 0.3. The hydrogen transfer activity is sensitive to respiratory inhibitors such as cyanide, Rotenone, and 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide."}
{"id": "PMID:127787", "title": "Linkage of six genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the construction of linkage test strains.", "content": "Linkage relationships were determined for six genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: pyr, act, can-la, ey, y-1, and nic-7. Four of these were combined with five other genes to form linkage test strains.", "contents": "Linkage of six genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and the construction of linkage test strains. Linkage relationships were determined for six genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: pyr, act, can-la, ey, y-1, and nic-7. Four of these were combined with five other genes to form linkage test strains."}
{"id": "PMID:127788", "title": "Transport of sugars and amino acids in bacteria. XIV. Preferential inhibition of oxidase activities and active transport reactions for amino acids by azidebenzenes.", "content": "4-Methylazidebenzene and various azidebenzene derivatives were prepared, and the effects of these compounds on oxidase activities and active transport reactions for amino acids in Escherichia coli cells were studied. Azidebenzenes inhibited succinate oxidation by intact cells preferentially to  glycerol oxidation. However, the azidebenzenes could not inhibit succinate oxidation which was not coupled to phosphorylation. The compounds inhibited succinate driven proline uptake much more strongly than isoleucine uptake. Unlike sodium azide and diphenyl phosphorazidate, azidebenzenes did not inhibit membrane-bound, Mg2+-requiring ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] of E. coli. Reactivities of various azide compounds in the mechanism of inhibition for energy transducing and energy transforming reactions were discussed briefly.", "contents": "Transport of sugars and amino acids in bacteria. XIV. Preferential inhibition of oxidase activities and active transport reactions for amino acids by azidebenzenes. 4-Methylazidebenzene and various azidebenzene derivatives were prepared, and the effects of these compounds on oxidase activities and active transport reactions for amino acids in Escherichia coli cells were studied. Azidebenzenes inhibited succinate oxidation by intact cells preferentially to  glycerol oxidation. However, the azidebenzenes could not inhibit succinate oxidation which was not coupled to phosphorylation. The compounds inhibited succinate driven proline uptake much more strongly than isoleucine uptake. Unlike sodium azide and diphenyl phosphorazidate, azidebenzenes did not inhibit membrane-bound, Mg2+-requiring ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] of E. coli. Reactivities of various azide compounds in the mechanism of inhibition for energy transducing and energy transforming reactions were discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:127789", "title": "The amounts of adenosine di- and triphosphates bound to H-meromyosin and the adenosinetriphosphatase activity of the H-meromyosin-F-actin-relaxing protein system in the presence and absence of calcium ions. The physiological functions of the two routes of myosin adenosinetriphosphatase in muscle contraction.", "content": "The rates of the ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] reaction of the H-meromyosin-F-actin-relaxing protein system were measured in 2 mM MgCl2, 50mM KC1, and 10mM Tris-HC1 at pH 7.8 and 20 degrees in the presence and absence of 0.05-0.1 mM Ca2+ ions. The concentrations of H-meromyosin (HMM) and the F-actin-relaxing protein (F-A-PR) complex were 3.4 and 3 mg/ml, respectively, and the ATPase reaction was coupled with 4 mg/ml of pyruvate kinase [EC 2.7.1.40] and 1 or 20 mM phosphoenolpyruvate to regenerate ATP. The amount of ADP bound to HMM during the ATPase reaction was determined by measuring the amount of ADP remaining in the reaction mixture. The amount of ATP bound to HMM was determined by subtracting the amount of bound ADP from the total amount of nucleotides bound to HMM, which was measured by a rapid flow-dialysis method. The following results were obtained. 1. The ATPase activity of the HMM-F-A-RP system increased linearly with increase in the amount of ATP added, and was independent of the presence of 0.05 mM Ca2+, when the amount of ATP added was less than 1 mole/mole of HMM. In the presence of 0.05 mM Ca2+, the ATPase activity reached a maximal level when 1.2-1.5 mole of ATP was added per mole of HMM, and maintained this level even at 3 moles of added ATP/mole of HMM. In the presence of 3mM EGTA, the ATPase activity decreased with increase in the amount of ATP added, from 1.5 to 3 moles of ATP/mole of HMM, and reached the level of the HMM ATPase reaction at 3 moles of added ATP/mole of HMM. Similar results were observed when the concentration of HMM was maintained at 3.4 mg/ml and the concentration of the F-A-RP complex was decreased from 3 to 1 or 0.5 mg/ml.", "contents": "The amounts of adenosine di- and triphosphates bound to H-meromyosin and the adenosinetriphosphatase activity of the H-meromyosin-F-actin-relaxing protein system in the presence and absence of calcium ions. The physiological functions of the two routes of myosin adenosinetriphosphatase in muscle contraction. The rates of the ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] reaction of the H-meromyosin-F-actin-relaxing protein system were measured in 2 mM MgCl2, 50mM KC1, and 10mM Tris-HC1 at pH 7.8 and 20 degrees in the presence and absence of 0.05-0.1 mM Ca2+ ions. The concentrations of H-meromyosin (HMM) and the F-actin-relaxing protein (F-A-PR) complex were 3.4 and 3 mg/ml, respectively, and the ATPase reaction was coupled with 4 mg/ml of pyruvate kinase [EC 2.7.1.40] and 1 or 20 mM phosphoenolpyruvate to regenerate ATP. The amount of ADP bound to HMM during the ATPase reaction was determined by measuring the amount of ADP remaining in the reaction mixture. The amount of ATP bound to HMM was determined by subtracting the amount of bound ADP from the total amount of nucleotides bound to HMM, which was measured by a rapid flow-dialysis method. The following results were obtained. 1. The ATPase activity of the HMM-F-A-RP system increased linearly with increase in the amount of ATP added, and was independent of the presence of 0.05 mM Ca2+, when the amount of ATP added was less than 1 mole/mole of HMM. In the presence of 0.05 mM Ca2+, the ATPase activity reached a maximal level when 1.2-1.5 mole of ATP was added per mole of HMM, and maintained this level even at 3 moles of added ATP/mole of HMM. In the presence of 3mM EGTA, the ATPase activity decreased with increase in the amount of ATP added, from 1.5 to 3 moles of ATP/mole of HMM, and reached the level of the HMM ATPase reaction at 3 moles of added ATP/mole of HMM. Similar results were observed when the concentration of HMM was maintained at 3.4 mg/ml and the concentration of the F-A-RP complex was decreased from 3 to 1 or 0.5 mg/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:127790", "title": "ATPase activity and filament formation of partially purified myosin from leucocytes.", "content": "Myosin was isolated from leucocytes in horse arterial blood by the same procedures used for the isolation of myosin from skeletal muscle. The Ca2+-, EDTA-, and Mg2+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activities of the protein was 0.148, 0.147, and 0.001 mumoles/min/mg, respectively, in 0.5 M KCl at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees. The Ca2+-ATPase activity decreased with decrease in the ionic strength. No difference was found between leucocyte myosin and skeletal myosin in the pH profiles of Ca2+- and EDTA-ATPases. The rate and amount of the initial burst of Pi liberation of leucocyte myosin were 0.002 mumoles/min/mg and 0.83 moles/4.8 X 10(5)g,  respectively. Leucocyte myosin aggregated into filaments of 0.3 mum length and 150 A diameter, which had a bare shaft and irregular projections. At high ionic strength, the protein bound to skeletal muscle F-actin to form a complex with the characteristic arrowhead structure.", "contents": "ATPase activity and filament formation of partially purified myosin from leucocytes. Myosin was isolated from leucocytes in horse arterial blood by the same procedures used for the isolation of myosin from skeletal muscle. The Ca2+-, EDTA-, and Mg2+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activities of the protein was 0.148, 0.147, and 0.001 mumoles/min/mg, respectively, in 0.5 M KCl at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees. The Ca2+-ATPase activity decreased with decrease in the ionic strength. No difference was found between leucocyte myosin and skeletal myosin in the pH profiles of Ca2+- and EDTA-ATPases. The rate and amount of the initial burst of Pi liberation of leucocyte myosin were 0.002 mumoles/min/mg and 0.83 moles/4.8 X 10(5)g,  respectively. Leucocyte myosin aggregated into filaments of 0.3 mum length and 150 A diameter, which had a bare shaft and irregular projections. At high ionic strength, the protein bound to skeletal muscle F-actin to form a complex with the characteristic arrowhead structure."}
{"id": "PMID:127791", "title": "Energy transduction in Escherichia coli. The role of the Mg2+ATPase.", "content": "Inverted membrane vesicles from strain 7, a wild type Escherichia coli K12 strain, actively transport calcium with energy supplied either by respiration or by ATP. These vesicles also have energy-linked quenching of quinacrine fluorescence. Membranes of strain 7, depleted of Mg2+ATPase by EDTA treatment, lack both activities. Membrane vesicles from strain NR70, a mutant lacking the Mg2+ATPase, show neither calcium transport nor energy-linked fluorescence quenching. Neither EDTA treatment nor genetic loss of the Mg2+atpase causes a reduction in respiration. Purified Mg2+ATPase from strain 7 can bind to EDTA-treated membrane vesicles from either strain 7 or NR70. This binding restored both calcium transport and fluorescence quenching, driven either by respiration or by ATP. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide treatment mimics the effect of the Mg2+ATPase in the case of respiration-driven reactions. Treatment with EDTA, while not essential for the binding of the Mg2+ATPase to membrane vesicles of NR70, produced better restoration of both activities. The rate of restoration of fluorescence quenching showed a time lag which may indicate that binding of the Mg2+ATPase is a relatively slow process. Antiserum prepared against the Mg2+ATPase inhibited the quenching of quinacrine fluorescence when driven by ATP but not when driven by respiration. Addition of antiserum prior to addition of Mg2+ATPase prevented the restoration of fluorescence quenching, whether driven by respiration or ATP. These results clearly show that MG2+ATPase has an important role not only in catalyzing ATP synthesis and hydrolysis but also in maintaining the energized membrane state.", "contents": "Energy transduction in Escherichia coli. The role of the Mg2+ATPase. Inverted membrane vesicles from strain 7, a wild type Escherichia coli K12 strain, actively transport calcium with energy supplied either by respiration or by ATP. These vesicles also have energy-linked quenching of quinacrine fluorescence. Membranes of strain 7, depleted of Mg2+ATPase by EDTA treatment, lack both activities. Membrane vesicles from strain NR70, a mutant lacking the Mg2+ATPase, show neither calcium transport nor energy-linked fluorescence quenching. Neither EDTA treatment nor genetic loss of the Mg2+atpase causes a reduction in respiration. Purified Mg2+ATPase from strain 7 can bind to EDTA-treated membrane vesicles from either strain 7 or NR70. This binding restored both calcium transport and fluorescence quenching, driven either by respiration or by ATP. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide treatment mimics the effect of the Mg2+ATPase in the case of respiration-driven reactions. Treatment with EDTA, while not essential for the binding of the Mg2+ATPase to membrane vesicles of NR70, produced better restoration of both activities. The rate of restoration of fluorescence quenching showed a time lag which may indicate that binding of the Mg2+ATPase is a relatively slow process. Antiserum prepared against the Mg2+ATPase inhibited the quenching of quinacrine fluorescence when driven by ATP but not when driven by respiration. Addition of antiserum prior to addition of Mg2+ATPase prevented the restoration of fluorescence quenching, whether driven by respiration or ATP. These results clearly show that MG2+ATPase has an important role not only in catalyzing ATP synthesis and hydrolysis but also in maintaining the energized membrane state."}
{"id": "PMID:127792", "title": "Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis: enzymatic changes in cytochrome-deficient yeast mutants requiring delta-aminolevulinic acid.", "content": "Yeast cells almost completely deficient in all cytochromes were obtained by introducing two defective nuclear genes, cyd1 and cyc4, into the same haploid strain. The action of the two mutant genes is synergistic, since either gene acting singly results in only partial cytochrome deficiency. Normal synthesis of all cytochromes can be restored in the double mutant by adding delta-aminolevulinic acid to the growth medium. The optimum concentration of delta-aminolevulinate for restoration of cytochrome synthesis is about 40 muM; when higher concentrations are used, synthesis of cytochromes is partially suppressed, particularly that of cytochrome a.a3. Growth yield of the double mutant is stimulated by ergosterol and Tween 80, a source of unsaturated fatty acid. Methionine stimulates further. None of these nutrients is required for growth when sufficient delta-aminolevulinic acid is present in the growth medium. With respect to nutritional responses, the single-gene, cytochrome-deficient mutant, ole3, behaves like the double mutant. The frequency of the p-mutation in the double mutant grown in the absence of ergosterol, Tween 80, and delta-aminolevulinic acid is at least 15%. The frequency can be reduced to less than 1% by either delta-aminolevulinic acid or Tween 80. Ergosterol alone does not decrease the p- frequency. The ole3 mutant does not exhibit increased p-frequency under similar conditions of unsaturated fatty acid deficiency.", "contents": "Regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis: enzymatic changes in cytochrome-deficient yeast mutants requiring delta-aminolevulinic acid. Yeast cells almost completely deficient in all cytochromes were obtained by introducing two defective nuclear genes, cyd1 and cyc4, into the same haploid strain. The action of the two mutant genes is synergistic, since either gene acting singly results in only partial cytochrome deficiency. Normal synthesis of all cytochromes can be restored in the double mutant by adding delta-aminolevulinic acid to the growth medium. The optimum concentration of delta-aminolevulinate for restoration of cytochrome synthesis is about 40 muM; when higher concentrations are used, synthesis of cytochromes is partially suppressed, particularly that of cytochrome a.a3. Growth yield of the double mutant is stimulated by ergosterol and Tween 80, a source of unsaturated fatty acid. Methionine stimulates further. None of these nutrients is required for growth when sufficient delta-aminolevulinic acid is present in the growth medium. With respect to nutritional responses, the single-gene, cytochrome-deficient mutant, ole3, behaves like the double mutant. The frequency of the p-mutation in the double mutant grown in the absence of ergosterol, Tween 80, and delta-aminolevulinic acid is at least 15%. The frequency can be reduced to less than 1% by either delta-aminolevulinic acid or Tween 80. Ergosterol alone does not decrease the p- frequency. The ole3 mutant does not exhibit increased p-frequency under similar conditions of unsaturated fatty acid deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:127793", "title": "Studies of asymmetry in the three-dimensional structure of lobster D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.", "content": "An improved electron density map of lobster holo-D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase has been computed to 2.9 A resolution based on two heavy atom isomorphous derivatives. This has been averaged only over the Q molecular 2-fold axis, which is known to be exact in the human holoenzyme. The map showed possible asymmetry between the subunits in which the active centers are closely related across the R axis (that is, between the red and green or between the yellow and blue subunits). A difference map between the electron density of citrate and sulfate-soaked crystals gave further evidence for possible asymmetry. The major differences of electron density between R axis-related subunits appear around the active center and suggest the following interpretations. 1. The conformation of the adenine about the glycosidic bond is the more frequently observed anti with a C-2' endo conformation for the ribose ring in the red and yellow subunits, but is probably syn with a C-3' endo conformation in the green and blue subunits.2. The adenine ribose has its 3'-hydroxyl group hydrogen-bonded to a main chain carbonyl group in the red and yellow subunits but not in the green and blue subunits, as a consequence of the differing ribose conformations. 3. Cysteine-149 is more closely associated with histidine-176 in the green and blue subunits, and appears nearer the nicotinamide in the red and yellow subunits.", "contents": "Studies of asymmetry in the three-dimensional structure of lobster D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. An improved electron density map of lobster holo-D-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase has been computed to 2.9 A resolution based on two heavy atom isomorphous derivatives. This has been averaged only over the Q molecular 2-fold axis, which is known to be exact in the human holoenzyme. The map showed possible asymmetry between the subunits in which the active centers are closely related across the R axis (that is, between the red and green or between the yellow and blue subunits). A difference map between the electron density of citrate and sulfate-soaked crystals gave further evidence for possible asymmetry. The major differences of electron density between R axis-related subunits appear around the active center and suggest the following interpretations. 1. The conformation of the adenine about the glycosidic bond is the more frequently observed anti with a C-2' endo conformation for the ribose ring in the red and yellow subunits, but is probably syn with a C-3' endo conformation in the green and blue subunits.2. The adenine ribose has its 3'-hydroxyl group hydrogen-bonded to a main chain carbonyl group in the red and yellow subunits but not in the green and blue subunits, as a consequence of the differing ribose conformations. 3. Cysteine-149 is more closely associated with histidine-176 in the green and blue subunits, and appears nearer the nicotinamide in the red and yellow subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:127794", "title": "Increase in dissociation rate constants of cardiotonic steroid-brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase complexes by reduction of the unsaturated lactone.", "content": "Several cardiotonic steroids have been modified by reduction of the unsaturated lactone and their interactions with the sodium- and potassium-activated ATPase ((Na+ + K+)-ATPase) have been investigated. Reduction of the unsaturated lactone results in a decrease in binding affinity due primarily to an increase in the dissociation rate constant concomitant with a decrease in the activation free energy of dissociation. This decrease in activation free energy is about 2 to 4 kcal, which is approximately equal to the energy of one hydrogen bond. It is suggested that the increase in dissociation rate due to reduction of the unsaturated lactone may make possible the use of these compounds as affinity ligands for purification of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase or an ouabain-binding fragment.", "contents": "Increase in dissociation rate constants of cardiotonic steroid-brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase complexes by reduction of the unsaturated lactone. Several cardiotonic steroids have been modified by reduction of the unsaturated lactone and their interactions with the sodium- and potassium-activated ATPase ((Na+ + K+)-ATPase) have been investigated. Reduction of the unsaturated lactone results in a decrease in binding affinity due primarily to an increase in the dissociation rate constant concomitant with a decrease in the activation free energy of dissociation. This decrease in activation free energy is about 2 to 4 kcal, which is approximately equal to the energy of one hydrogen bond. It is suggested that the increase in dissociation rate due to reduction of the unsaturated lactone may make possible the use of these compounds as affinity ligands for purification of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase or an ouabain-binding fragment."}
{"id": "PMID:127795", "title": "Interaction of inhibitors with muscle phosphofructokinase.", "content": "The interaction of several inhibitors with muscle phosphofructokinase has been studied by both equilibrium binding measurements and kinetic analysis. At low concentrations of citrate a maximum of 1 mol is bound per mol of enzyme protomer. Tight binding requires MgATP and very weak binding is observed in the absence of either magnesium ion or ATP. ITP at low concentrations cannot replace ATP. In the presence of MgATP and at pH 7.0, the dissociation constant for the enzyme-citrate complex is 20 muM. At 50 muM citrate and excess magnesium ion, the concentration of ATP required to give half-maximal binding of citrate is approximately 3 muM . Both P-enolpyruvate and 3-P-glycerate compete for the binding of citrate and the estimated Ki values are 480 and 52 muM, respectively. Creatine-P, another inhibitor of muscle phosphofructokinase, does not compete with the binding of citrate. Measurement of the equilibrium binding of ATP shows that citrate, 3-P-glycerate, P-enolpyruvate, and creatine-P all increase the affinity of enzyme for MgATP with the concentration required to give an effect increasing in the order given. In kinetic studies, citrate, 3-P-glycerate and P-enolpyruvate each act synergistically with ATP to inhibit the phosphofructokinase reaction. This is indicated by the observation that the three metabolites do not inhibit the enzyme with ITP as the phosphoryl donor and that they inhibit at ATP concentrations that are not themselves inhibitory. Furthermore, the sensitivity to the inhibitors increases with increasing ATP concentrations. Striking differences in the extent of inhibition can be seen by varying the order of addition of assay components. Preincubation of the enzyme with ATP and citrate, 3-P-glycerate, or P-enolpyruvate results in greater inhibition than when the inhibitor is added after the reaction is started with fructose-6-P. Furthermore, the inhibition is reversed partially 10 to 15 min after the addition of fructose-6-P. This phenomenon is particularly striking with creatine-P as the inhibitor. Very high concentrations of this inhibitor are required to show any effect if the inhibitor is added after fructose-6-P. These effects are interpreted as reflecting slow conformational changes between an active form with high affinity for fructose-6-P and an inactive, or less active, conformation that binds the inhibitors. Citrate, 3-P-glycerate, P-enolpyruvate, and creatine-P increase the rate of the phosphofructokinase at subsaturating concentrations of MgITP. The results indicate a common binding site on the enzyme for citrate, 3-P-glycerate, and P-enolpyruvate that is distinct from the ATP inhibitory site. An additional site (or sites) for creatine-P is indicated. All four inhibitors act synergistically with ATP by increasing the affinity of the enzyme for MgATP at an inhibitory site. The inhibitors appear also to increase the affinity of the catalytic nucleoside triphosphate site for substrate.", "contents": "Interaction of inhibitors with muscle phosphofructokinase. The interaction of several inhibitors with muscle phosphofructokinase has been studied by both equilibrium binding measurements and kinetic analysis. At low concentrations of citrate a maximum of 1 mol is bound per mol of enzyme protomer. Tight binding requires MgATP and very weak binding is observed in the absence of either magnesium ion or ATP. ITP at low concentrations cannot replace ATP. In the presence of MgATP and at pH 7.0, the dissociation constant for the enzyme-citrate complex is 20 muM. At 50 muM citrate and excess magnesium ion, the concentration of ATP required to give half-maximal binding of citrate is approximately 3 muM . Both P-enolpyruvate and 3-P-glycerate compete for the binding of citrate and the estimated Ki values are 480 and 52 muM, respectively. Creatine-P, another inhibitor of muscle phosphofructokinase, does not compete with the binding of citrate. Measurement of the equilibrium binding of ATP shows that citrate, 3-P-glycerate, P-enolpyruvate, and creatine-P all increase the affinity of enzyme for MgATP with the concentration required to give an effect increasing in the order given. In kinetic studies, citrate, 3-P-glycerate and P-enolpyruvate each act synergistically with ATP to inhibit the phosphofructokinase reaction. This is indicated by the observation that the three metabolites do not inhibit the enzyme with ITP as the phosphoryl donor and that they inhibit at ATP concentrations that are not themselves inhibitory. Furthermore, the sensitivity to the inhibitors increases with increasing ATP concentrations. Striking differences in the extent of inhibition can be seen by varying the order of addition of assay components. Preincubation of the enzyme with ATP and citrate, 3-P-glycerate, or P-enolpyruvate results in greater inhibition than when the inhibitor is added after the reaction is started with fructose-6-P. Furthermore, the inhibition is reversed partially 10 to 15 min after the addition of fructose-6-P. This phenomenon is particularly striking with creatine-P as the inhibitor. Very high concentrations of this inhibitor are required to show any effect if the inhibitor is added after fructose-6-P. These effects are interpreted as reflecting slow conformational changes between an active form with high affinity for fructose-6-P and an inactive, or less active, conformation that binds the inhibitors. Citrate, 3-P-glycerate, P-enolpyruvate, and creatine-P increase the rate of the phosphofructokinase at subsaturating concentrations of MgITP. The results indicate a common binding site on the enzyme for citrate, 3-P-glycerate, and P-enolpyruvate that is distinct from the ATP inhibitory site. An additional site (or sites) for creatine-P is indicated. All four inhibitors act synergistically with ATP by increasing the affinity of the enzyme for MgATP at an inhibitory site. The inhibitors appear also to increase the affinity of the catalytic nucleoside triphosphate site for substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:127796", "title": "Energy transduction in Escherichia coli. Genetic alteration of a membrane polypeptide of the (Ca2+,Mg2+)-ATPase.", "content": "Recent genetic analyses of the membrane components involved in energy transduction in Escherichia coli have concentrated on the (Ca2+, Mg2+)-ATPase complex (EC 3.6.1.3). Many mutants have been described with altered biochemical properties and defects in energy-requiring processes such as oxidative phosphorylation, transhydrogenase activity, and active transport of several solutes. This report describes the isolation of a mutant strain of E. coli that is defective in several energy-requiring processes. The strain BG-31 was obtained by \"localized mutagenesis\" using phage P1c1. The mutation maps at approximately 73.5 min on the E. coli chromosome. Reversion and suppression analyses indicate that the defect is the result of a single amber mutation. This strain is unable to utilize succinate, D-lactate, or malate for growth. Mutant cells are unable to couple the energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to the active transport of proline, although coupling of energy derived from electron transport to solute transport appears normal when examined in both cells and isolated membrane vesicles. Isolated membranes of the mutant are unable to couple the energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to transhydrogenase activity while they can utilize the energy generated from electron transport to drive transhydrogenase activity. Extracts of strain BG-31 have normal levels of (Ca2+, Mg2+)-ATPase activity. The ATPase portion of the complex, bacterial F1 (BF1), is poorly attached to the membrane portion of the complex. In vitro reconstitution of transhydrogenase activity with stripped membrane fractions and crude preparations of BF1 localize the defect in strain BG-31 to the membrane portion of the complex. Analysis of membranes of the strain BG-31 by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate demonstrate the absence of a single polypeptide of molecular weight about 54,000 and the appearance of a new polypeptide of lower molecular weight, about 25,000. Analysis of a spontaneous revertant of BG-31 shows complete restoration of the parental phenotype including the gel patterns. The characterization of this mutant provides the first demonstration of the consequences of a structural gene mutation on a polypeptide in the membrane portion of the complex and represents the initial stages in what we hope will be the biochemical definition and functional characterization of this important energy-transducing system.", "contents": "Energy transduction in Escherichia coli. Genetic alteration of a membrane polypeptide of the (Ca2+,Mg2+)-ATPase. Recent genetic analyses of the membrane components involved in energy transduction in Escherichia coli have concentrated on the (Ca2+, Mg2+)-ATPase complex (EC 3.6.1.3). Many mutants have been described with altered biochemical properties and defects in energy-requiring processes such as oxidative phosphorylation, transhydrogenase activity, and active transport of several solutes. This report describes the isolation of a mutant strain of E. coli that is defective in several energy-requiring processes. The strain BG-31 was obtained by \"localized mutagenesis\" using phage P1c1. The mutation maps at approximately 73.5 min on the E. coli chromosome. Reversion and suppression analyses indicate that the defect is the result of a single amber mutation. This strain is unable to utilize succinate, D-lactate, or malate for growth. Mutant cells are unable to couple the energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to the active transport of proline, although coupling of energy derived from electron transport to solute transport appears normal when examined in both cells and isolated membrane vesicles. Isolated membranes of the mutant are unable to couple the energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to transhydrogenase activity while they can utilize the energy generated from electron transport to drive transhydrogenase activity. Extracts of strain BG-31 have normal levels of (Ca2+, Mg2+)-ATPase activity. The ATPase portion of the complex, bacterial F1 (BF1), is poorly attached to the membrane portion of the complex. In vitro reconstitution of transhydrogenase activity with stripped membrane fractions and crude preparations of BF1 localize the defect in strain BG-31 to the membrane portion of the complex. Analysis of membranes of the strain BG-31 by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate demonstrate the absence of a single polypeptide of molecular weight about 54,000 and the appearance of a new polypeptide of lower molecular weight, about 25,000. Analysis of a spontaneous revertant of BG-31 shows complete restoration of the parental phenotype including the gel patterns. The characterization of this mutant provides the first demonstration of the consequences of a structural gene mutation on a polypeptide in the membrane portion of the complex and represents the initial stages in what we hope will be the biochemical definition and functional characterization of this important energy-transducing system."}
{"id": "PMID:127797", "title": "Studies on the fatty acid inactivation of phosphofructokinase.", "content": "Investigation of phosphofructokinase in normal and regenerating livers led to the discovery of an inactivating factor in the extracts of these livers. The inactivating factor was found to be a mixture of free fatty acids. The fatty acid compositions of the normal and regenerating livers are the same, but the concentrations of most of the fatty acids are at least 3 to 4 times higher in the latter. Inactivation of phosphofructokinase by palmitate and oleate was investigated using purified rabbit muscle enzyme. Incubation of the enzyme with palmitate (250 muM) or oleate (50 muM) resulted in rapid inactivation of the enzyme with biphasic curves. The concentrations of oleate and palmitate required to produce 50% inactivation of the enzyme were 35 muM and 75 muM, respectively. Fructose-6-P (0.5 mM), MgATP, (1 mM), fructose-1,6-P2 (1 mM), AMP (1 mM), and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (20 muM) protected the enzyme against inactivation when these metabolites were incubated with the enzyme before the addition of fatty acid. Bovine serum albumin (100 muM) and beta-cyclodextrin (0.25 mM) also protected the enzyme against the inactivation. However, if the enzyme was inactivated by fatty acid, subsequent addition of the above metabolites or bovine serum albumin did not reactivate the enzyme. Binding studies with [3H]oleate revealed at least three types of binding sites. The first site binds 2 to 4 mol of oleate/mol of enzyme. Oleate binding to this site did not seem to affect the enzyme activity. The second binding site binds 5 to 15 mol of oleate/mol of enzyme resulting in complete loss of the activity. This is followed by an increase in oleate binding to the third site of the enzyme. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of oleate-inactivated enzyme indicated that the enzyme dissociated to the dimeric form. Similarly, centrifugation of [3H]oleate-treated enzyme revealed that all polymeric forms of phosphofructokinase bound approximately 6 to 8 mol of oleate/mol of enzyme. In the presence of fructose-6-P, oleate is bound to the polymers to a lesser degree and therefore protects against the fatty acid inactivation. Various polymers which are cross-linked with dimethylsuberimidate are also inhibited by oleate.", "contents": "Studies on the fatty acid inactivation of phosphofructokinase. Investigation of phosphofructokinase in normal and regenerating livers led to the discovery of an inactivating factor in the extracts of these livers. The inactivating factor was found to be a mixture of free fatty acids. The fatty acid compositions of the normal and regenerating livers are the same, but the concentrations of most of the fatty acids are at least 3 to 4 times higher in the latter. Inactivation of phosphofructokinase by palmitate and oleate was investigated using purified rabbit muscle enzyme. Incubation of the enzyme with palmitate (250 muM) or oleate (50 muM) resulted in rapid inactivation of the enzyme with biphasic curves. The concentrations of oleate and palmitate required to produce 50% inactivation of the enzyme were 35 muM and 75 muM, respectively. Fructose-6-P (0.5 mM), MgATP, (1 mM), fructose-1,6-P2 (1 mM), AMP (1 mM), and cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (20 muM) protected the enzyme against inactivation when these metabolites were incubated with the enzyme before the addition of fatty acid. Bovine serum albumin (100 muM) and beta-cyclodextrin (0.25 mM) also protected the enzyme against the inactivation. However, if the enzyme was inactivated by fatty acid, subsequent addition of the above metabolites or bovine serum albumin did not reactivate the enzyme. Binding studies with [3H]oleate revealed at least three types of binding sites. The first site binds 2 to 4 mol of oleate/mol of enzyme. Oleate binding to this site did not seem to affect the enzyme activity. The second binding site binds 5 to 15 mol of oleate/mol of enzyme resulting in complete loss of the activity. This is followed by an increase in oleate binding to the third site of the enzyme. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation of oleate-inactivated enzyme indicated that the enzyme dissociated to the dimeric form. Similarly, centrifugation of [3H]oleate-treated enzyme revealed that all polymeric forms of phosphofructokinase bound approximately 6 to 8 mol of oleate/mol of enzyme. In the presence of fructose-6-P, oleate is bound to the polymers to a lesser degree and therefore protects against the fatty acid inactivation. Various polymers which are cross-linked with dimethylsuberimidate are also inhibited by oleate."}
{"id": "PMID:127801", "title": "Synthesis of myosin heavy and light chains in muscle cultures.", "content": "The weight ratio of myosin/actin, the myosin heavy chain content as the percentage of total protein (wt/wt), and the kinds of myosin light chains were determined in (a) standard muscle cultures, (b) pure myotube cultures, and (c) fibroblast cultures. Cells for these cultures were obtained from the breast of 11-day chick embryos. Standard cultures contain, in addition to myotubes, large numbers of replicating mononucleated cells. By killing these replicating cells with cytosine arabinoside, pure myotube cultures were obtained. The myosin/actin ratio (wt/wt) for pure myotube, standard muscle, and fibroblast cultures average 3.1, 1.9, and 1.1 respectively. By day 7, myosin in myotube cultures represents a minimum of 7% of the total protein, but about 3% in standard cultures and less than 1.5% in fibroblasts cultures. Myosin from standard cultures contains light chain LC1, LC2, and LC3, with a relative stoichiometry of the molarity of 1.0:1.9:0.5 and mol wt of 25,000, 18,000 and 16,000 daltons, identical to those in adult fast muscle. Myosin from pure myotubes exhibits light chains LC1 and LC2, with a molar ratio of 1.5:1.6. Myosin from fibroblast cultures possesses two light chains with a stoichiometry of 1.8:1.8 and mol wt of 20,000 and 16,000 daltons. Clearly, the faster migrating light chain, LC3, found in standard cultures is synthesized not by the myotubes but ty the mononucleated cells. In myotubes, both the assembly of the sarcomeres and the interaction between thick and thin filaments required for spontaneous contraction occur in the absence of light chain LC3. One set of structural genes for the myosin light and heavy chains appears to be active in mononucleated cells, whereas another set appears to be active in multinucleated myotubes.", "contents": "Synthesis of myosin heavy and light chains in muscle cultures. The weight ratio of myosin/actin, the myosin heavy chain content as the percentage of total protein (wt/wt), and the kinds of myosin light chains were determined in (a) standard muscle cultures, (b) pure myotube cultures, and (c) fibroblast cultures. Cells for these cultures were obtained from the breast of 11-day chick embryos. Standard cultures contain, in addition to myotubes, large numbers of replicating mononucleated cells. By killing these replicating cells with cytosine arabinoside, pure myotube cultures were obtained. The myosin/actin ratio (wt/wt) for pure myotube, standard muscle, and fibroblast cultures average 3.1, 1.9, and 1.1 respectively. By day 7, myosin in myotube cultures represents a minimum of 7% of the total protein, but about 3% in standard cultures and less than 1.5% in fibroblasts cultures. Myosin from standard cultures contains light chain LC1, LC2, and LC3, with a relative stoichiometry of the molarity of 1.0:1.9:0.5 and mol wt of 25,000, 18,000 and 16,000 daltons, identical to those in adult fast muscle. Myosin from pure myotubes exhibits light chains LC1 and LC2, with a molar ratio of 1.5:1.6. Myosin from fibroblast cultures possesses two light chains with a stoichiometry of 1.8:1.8 and mol wt of 20,000 and 16,000 daltons. Clearly, the faster migrating light chain, LC3, found in standard cultures is synthesized not by the myotubes but ty the mononucleated cells. In myotubes, both the assembly of the sarcomeres and the interaction between thick and thin filaments required for spontaneous contraction occur in the absence of light chain LC3. One set of structural genes for the myosin light and heavy chains appears to be active in mononucleated cells, whereas another set appears to be active in multinucleated myotubes."}
{"id": "PMID:127799", "title": "Uninfected anastomotic false aneurysms following arterial reconstruction with prosthetic grafts.", "content": "Thirteen men, aged 49 to 76 years, average 60, were treated at the Little Rock, Arkansas Veterans Administration Hospital between January 1, 1969 and January 1, 1974 for 1-3 false aneurysms, a total of 18, following prosthetic arterial grafting. Most (ten patients, 15 aneurysms) had aorto-femoral bifurcation grafts for Leriche syndrome. Dacron prostheses were employed in ten, Teflon in three. The interval between the initial operation and the appearance of the aneurysms averaged six years. The end-to-side femoral anastomosis broke down in all ten patients with Leriche syndrome. Six of the eight unilateral aneurysms were on the right side, two had bilateral aneurysms and one patient had three. Five patients died some months or years after repair from vascular accidents. Three other patients required amputations sometime later because their grafts clotted. Silk sutures were employed in only two patients. Plastic sutures in the others were found to have pulled out of the recipient vessels. The aneurysms were all uninfected and were repaired by local stitching in four and the addition of further plastic grafting in nine. We conclude that false aneurysms occur with plastic sutures and they relate primarily to disruption of the end-to-side femoral artery attachment from the stresses of movement at the hip joint.", "contents": "Uninfected anastomotic false aneurysms following arterial reconstruction with prosthetic grafts. Thirteen men, aged 49 to 76 years, average 60, were treated at the Little Rock, Arkansas Veterans Administration Hospital between January 1, 1969 and January 1, 1974 for 1-3 false aneurysms, a total of 18, following prosthetic arterial grafting. Most (ten patients, 15 aneurysms) had aorto-femoral bifurcation grafts for Leriche syndrome. Dacron prostheses were employed in ten, Teflon in three. The interval between the initial operation and the appearance of the aneurysms averaged six years. The end-to-side femoral anastomosis broke down in all ten patients with Leriche syndrome. Six of the eight unilateral aneurysms were on the right side, two had bilateral aneurysms and one patient had three. Five patients died some months or years after repair from vascular accidents. Three other patients required amputations sometime later because their grafts clotted. Silk sutures were employed in only two patients. Plastic sutures in the others were found to have pulled out of the recipient vessels. The aneurysms were all uninfected and were repaired by local stitching in four and the addition of further plastic grafting in nine. We conclude that false aneurysms occur with plastic sutures and they relate primarily to disruption of the end-to-side femoral artery attachment from the stresses of movement at the hip joint."}
{"id": "PMID:127802", "title": "Proteoglycans in primate arteries. II. Synthesis and secretion of glycosaminoglycans by arterial smooth muscle cells in culture.", "content": "Glycosaminoglycan synthesis and secretion by primate arterial smooth muscle have been examined in cell culture. Mass cultures of diploid primate arterial smooth muscle cells were either double labeled with [35S]sulfate and [3H]acetate or single labeled with [3H]glucosamine for 24 h and glycosaminoglycans were extracted and isolated from the culture medium. Incorporation of labeled precursors into glycosaminoglycan was maximal during stationary phase of smooth muscle cell growth in culture and reduced, but not eliminated during logarithmic growth. The glycosaminoglycans synthesized and secreted into the culture medium were characterized by differential susceptibility to glycosaminoglycan-degradative enzymes and by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Both assay procedures indicate that cultured primate arterial smooth muscle cells synthesize principally dermatan sulfate (60%-80% of total), chondroitin sulfate A and/or C (10%-20%of total) and little or no hyaluronic acid (0%-5% of total). This pattern of glycosaminoglycan formation differed significantly from that exhibited by isologous skin fibroblasts cultured under identical conditions. Dermal fibroblasts synthesize and secrete primarily hyaluronic acid (50%-60% of total) with lesser amounts of dermatan sulfate (10%-20% of total) and chondroitin sulfate A and/or C (10%-20% of total). These results indicate that differences exist in proteoglycan metabolism between these two connective tissue-producing cells in vitro, and suggest that the observed pattern of in vitro glycosaminoglycan synthesis by primate arterial smooth muscle cells may be characteristic for this cell type and not a general response to conditions of cell culture.", "contents": "Proteoglycans in primate arteries. II. Synthesis and secretion of glycosaminoglycans by arterial smooth muscle cells in culture. Glycosaminoglycan synthesis and secretion by primate arterial smooth muscle have been examined in cell culture. Mass cultures of diploid primate arterial smooth muscle cells were either double labeled with [35S]sulfate and [3H]acetate or single labeled with [3H]glucosamine for 24 h and glycosaminoglycans were extracted and isolated from the culture medium. Incorporation of labeled precursors into glycosaminoglycan was maximal during stationary phase of smooth muscle cell growth in culture and reduced, but not eliminated during logarithmic growth. The glycosaminoglycans synthesized and secreted into the culture medium were characterized by differential susceptibility to glycosaminoglycan-degradative enzymes and by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Both assay procedures indicate that cultured primate arterial smooth muscle cells synthesize principally dermatan sulfate (60%-80% of total), chondroitin sulfate A and/or C (10%-20%of total) and little or no hyaluronic acid (0%-5% of total). This pattern of glycosaminoglycan formation differed significantly from that exhibited by isologous skin fibroblasts cultured under identical conditions. Dermal fibroblasts synthesize and secrete primarily hyaluronic acid (50%-60% of total) with lesser amounts of dermatan sulfate (10%-20% of total) and chondroitin sulfate A and/or C (10%-20% of total). These results indicate that differences exist in proteoglycan metabolism between these two connective tissue-producing cells in vitro, and suggest that the observed pattern of in vitro glycosaminoglycan synthesis by primate arterial smooth muscle cells may be characteristic for this cell type and not a general response to conditions of cell culture."}
{"id": "PMID:127803", "title": "Incorporation of thymidine and iodeoxyuridine in mammalian cells in vitro.", "content": "The incorporation of labelled thymidine (dT) and iododeoxyuridine (IdU) into DNA was studied with tissue culture cells and with normal mouse cells in vitro. The rates of incorporation and the ratio dT/IdU incorporation both varied from one type of cell to another and from one suspending medium to another. Despite the known complexity of the regulation of DNA synthesis, the data for incorporation of exogenous dT and IdU could be fitted reasonably well by a model for single-step enzymic process. Deviations from the theoretical predictions were minimal in the presence of fluorodeoxyuridine.", "contents": "Incorporation of thymidine and iodeoxyuridine in mammalian cells in vitro. The incorporation of labelled thymidine (dT) and iododeoxyuridine (IdU) into DNA was studied with tissue culture cells and with normal mouse cells in vitro. The rates of incorporation and the ratio dT/IdU incorporation both varied from one type of cell to another and from one suspending medium to another. Despite the known complexity of the regulation of DNA synthesis, the data for incorporation of exogenous dT and IdU could be fitted reasonably well by a model for single-step enzymic process. Deviations from the theoretical predictions were minimal in the presence of fluorodeoxyuridine."}
{"id": "PMID:127800", "title": "The diagnosis of aorto-iliac stenosis: a comparison of thigh pressure measurement and femoral artery flow velocity profile.", "content": "Patients with vascular disease of the legs were studied by indirectly measuring thigh and ankle systolic pressures and recording the femoral artery flow profile before and after exercise with the aim of identifying those patients in whom significant aortoiliac stenosis may not have been diagnosed by angiography. A group of patients with aortoiliac stenosis or occlusion has been compared with a group with superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusion and apparently normal controls. Resting thigh pressures were reduced in the group of patients with aortoiliac disease and with SFA occlusion. There was no significant change in thigh pressure with exercise in any group but ankle pressure fell with exercise in the patients with aortoiliac disease and with SFA occlusion. Femoral artery flow profiles provided better discrimination between the groups but six of the forty-two patients with SFA occlusions had abnormal tracings and a low thigh pressure suggesting they may have significant proximal disease.", "contents": "The diagnosis of aorto-iliac stenosis: a comparison of thigh pressure measurement and femoral artery flow velocity profile. Patients with vascular disease of the legs were studied by indirectly measuring thigh and ankle systolic pressures and recording the femoral artery flow profile before and after exercise with the aim of identifying those patients in whom significant aortoiliac stenosis may not have been diagnosed by angiography. A group of patients with aortoiliac stenosis or occlusion has been compared with a group with superficial femoral artery (SFA) occlusion and apparently normal controls. Resting thigh pressures were reduced in the group of patients with aortoiliac disease and with SFA occlusion. There was no significant change in thigh pressure with exercise in any group but ankle pressure fell with exercise in the patients with aortoiliac disease and with SFA occlusion. Femoral artery flow profiles provided better discrimination between the groups but six of the forty-two patients with SFA occlusions had abnormal tracings and a low thigh pressure suggesting they may have significant proximal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:127805", "title": "Flaujeac trait. Deficiency of human plasma kininogen.", "content": "Flaujeac trait plasma resembled Hageman trait or Fletcher trait, in that the intrinsic coagulation pathway, plasma fibinolytic pathway, kinin-forming system, permeability factor of dilution (PF/dil) phenomenon were abnormal. The defect in each assay was reconstituted by afactor separable from Hageman factor or Fletcher factor. This substance was an alpha-globulin with an approximate mol wt of 170,000. Flaujeac plasma did not release a kinin upon incubation with kallikrein and was deficient in total kininogen antigen. Antiserum to kininogen inhibited the activity of the factor in solution. Flaufeac factor was identified as a kininogen of high molecular weight (HMW-kininogen). The mean total kininogen antigen in four children of the proposita was 51% (range 34-62%) of normal. A functional coagulation assay of HMW-kininogen in the children was 34% (range 23-55%). The results were consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. The plasma pathways of intrinsic coagulation, fibrinolysis, kinin formation, and PF/dil generation are dependent upon HMW-kininogen. We believe this is the first demonstration of biological function for a kininogen apart from its role as a substrate for kallikreins.", "contents": "Flaujeac trait. Deficiency of human plasma kininogen. Flaujeac trait plasma resembled Hageman trait or Fletcher trait, in that the intrinsic coagulation pathway, plasma fibinolytic pathway, kinin-forming system, permeability factor of dilution (PF/dil) phenomenon were abnormal. The defect in each assay was reconstituted by afactor separable from Hageman factor or Fletcher factor. This substance was an alpha-globulin with an approximate mol wt of 170,000. Flaujeac plasma did not release a kinin upon incubation with kallikrein and was deficient in total kininogen antigen. Antiserum to kininogen inhibited the activity of the factor in solution. Flaufeac factor was identified as a kininogen of high molecular weight (HMW-kininogen). The mean total kininogen antigen in four children of the proposita was 51% (range 34-62%) of normal. A functional coagulation assay of HMW-kininogen in the children was 34% (range 23-55%). The results were consistent with autosomal recessive inheritance. The plasma pathways of intrinsic coagulation, fibrinolysis, kinin formation, and PF/dil generation are dependent upon HMW-kininogen. We believe this is the first demonstration of biological function for a kininogen apart from its role as a substrate for kallikreins."}
{"id": "PMID:127806", "title": "Model phenylketonuria (PKU) in the albino rat: behaviroal, biochemical, and neuroanatomical effects.", "content": "Model phenylketonuria was induced in albino rats by injecting (at 1-20 days of age) and feeding (at 21-80 days) L-phenylalanine and D-L-para-chloro-phenylalanine. Behavioral testing on an eight-item battery occurred twice: first, whil the animals were either receiving the excess phenylalanines or not (original); and second, following a 90-day drug-free recovery period (retention). Results indicated drug-dependent deficits in learning and activity on both original and retention tests. Serum phenylalanine, serum tryptophan, and liver phenylalanine hydroxylase activity levels were positively correlated with the behavioral deficit. Clumped dense material in some myelin sheaths and associated degeneration of axons were found in experimental subjects.", "contents": "Model phenylketonuria (PKU) in the albino rat: behaviroal, biochemical, and neuroanatomical effects. Model phenylketonuria was induced in albino rats by injecting (at 1-20 days of age) and feeding (at 21-80 days) L-phenylalanine and D-L-para-chloro-phenylalanine. Behavioral testing on an eight-item battery occurred twice: first, whil the animals were either receiving the excess phenylalanines or not (original); and second, following a 90-day drug-free recovery period (retention). Results indicated drug-dependent deficits in learning and activity on both original and retention tests. Serum phenylalanine, serum tryptophan, and liver phenylalanine hydroxylase activity levels were positively correlated with the behavioral deficit. Clumped dense material in some myelin sheaths and associated degeneration of axons were found in experimental subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:127807", "title": "Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in human epidermal tumors. 3. Enzymes between glucose and triose-phosphate.", "content": "The activities of five enzymes were determined by fluorometric micromethods in epidermal tumors (basal and squamous cell epithelioma, verruca seborrhoica and keratocanthoma) and compared to the activities in the adjoining, apparently normal epidermis. Most activities were higher in the tumoral tissues.", "contents": "Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in human epidermal tumors. 3. Enzymes between glucose and triose-phosphate. The activities of five enzymes were determined by fluorometric micromethods in epidermal tumors (basal and squamous cell epithelioma, verruca seborrhoica and keratocanthoma) and compared to the activities in the adjoining, apparently normal epidermis. Most activities were higher in the tumoral tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:127809", "title": "Denervation and reinnervation of fast and slow muscles. A histochemical study in rats.", "content": "A histochemical study, using myosin-adenosine triphosphatase activity at pH 9.4, was conducted in soleus and plantaris muscles of adult rats, after bilateral crushing of the sciatic nerve at the sciatic notch. The changes in fiber diameter and per cent composition of type I and type II fibers plus muscle weights were evaluated along the course of denervation-reinnervation curve at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks postnerve crush. The study revealed that in the early denervation phase (up to 2 weeks postcrush) both the slow and fast muscles, soleus and plantaris, resepctively, atrophied similarly in muscle mass. Soleus increased in the number of type II fibers, which may be attributed to \"disuse\" effect. During the same period, the type I fibers of soleus atrophied as much or slightly more than the type II fibers; whereas the type II fibers of plantaris atrophied significantly more than the type I fibers, reflecting that the process of denervation, in its early stages, may affect the two fiber types differentially in the slow and fast muscles. It was deduced that the type I fibers of plantaris may be essentially different in the slow (soleus) and fast (plantaris) muscles under study. The onset of reinnervation, as determined by the increase in muscle weight and fiber diameter of the major fiber type, occurred in soleus and plantaris at 2 and 3 weeks postcrush, respectively, which confirms the earlier hypotheses that the slow muscles are reinnervated sooner than the fast muscles. It is suggested that the reinnervation of muscle after crush injury may be specific to the muscle type or its predominant fiber type.", "contents": "Denervation and reinnervation of fast and slow muscles. A histochemical study in rats. A histochemical study, using myosin-adenosine triphosphatase activity at pH 9.4, was conducted in soleus and plantaris muscles of adult rats, after bilateral crushing of the sciatic nerve at the sciatic notch. The changes in fiber diameter and per cent composition of type I and type II fibers plus muscle weights were evaluated along the course of denervation-reinnervation curve at 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 weeks postnerve crush. The study revealed that in the early denervation phase (up to 2 weeks postcrush) both the slow and fast muscles, soleus and plantaris, resepctively, atrophied similarly in muscle mass. Soleus increased in the number of type II fibers, which may be attributed to \"disuse\" effect. During the same period, the type I fibers of soleus atrophied as much or slightly more than the type II fibers; whereas the type II fibers of plantaris atrophied significantly more than the type I fibers, reflecting that the process of denervation, in its early stages, may affect the two fiber types differentially in the slow and fast muscles. It was deduced that the type I fibers of plantaris may be essentially different in the slow (soleus) and fast (plantaris) muscles under study. The onset of reinnervation, as determined by the increase in muscle weight and fiber diameter of the major fiber type, occurred in soleus and plantaris at 2 and 3 weeks postcrush, respectively, which confirms the earlier hypotheses that the slow muscles are reinnervated sooner than the fast muscles. It is suggested that the reinnervation of muscle after crush injury may be specific to the muscle type or its predominant fiber type."}
{"id": "PMID:127810", "title": "Renal sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase. Optical localization and x-ray microanalysis.", "content": "The distribution of sodium-potassium adenosine triposphatase (Na-K-ATPase) activity in kidney sections has been studied by a method based on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate in alkaline medium containing dimethyl sulfoxide. The products at each stage in the reaction sequence have been subjected to electron probe microanalysis. The initial product was identified as a mixture of KMgPO4 and Mg(PO4)2, and sequential analysis demonstrated the linearity of conversion of this product to a visible form. In human, rabbit and rat kidneys the distribution of activity was found to be essentially identical, with highest levels located in thick ascending limbs and distal convoluted tubules. The initial reaction was completely potassium dependent and was inhibited by ouabain in concentrations reflecting the relative sensitivity of microsomal Na-K-ATPase in each species. Measurement of initial product phosphorus by means of the electron probe is presented as a practical technique for direct quantitation of Na-K-ATPase activity in identified tubule segments.", "contents": "Renal sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase. Optical localization and x-ray microanalysis. The distribution of sodium-potassium adenosine triposphatase (Na-K-ATPase) activity in kidney sections has been studied by a method based on the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate in alkaline medium containing dimethyl sulfoxide. The products at each stage in the reaction sequence have been subjected to electron probe microanalysis. The initial product was identified as a mixture of KMgPO4 and Mg(PO4)2, and sequential analysis demonstrated the linearity of conversion of this product to a visible form. In human, rabbit and rat kidneys the distribution of activity was found to be essentially identical, with highest levels located in thick ascending limbs and distal convoluted tubules. The initial reaction was completely potassium dependent and was inhibited by ouabain in concentrations reflecting the relative sensitivity of microsomal Na-K-ATPase in each species. Measurement of initial product phosphorus by means of the electron probe is presented as a practical technique for direct quantitation of Na-K-ATPase activity in identified tubule segments."}
{"id": "PMID:127811", "title": "Light microscopic localization of cytochemical reactions in epoxy-embedded material for electron microscopy.", "content": "Tissues from mice were fixed in 1.5% glutaraldehyde, treated for the ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase or Mg++-dependent adenosine triphosphatase, post-fixed in osmium tetroxide, dehydrated and embedded in plastic for electron microscopy. The sites of reaction were visualized in 1-mu plastic sections counterstained with toluidine blue, using a phase contrast microscope. The data show a close correlation between the sites of reaction observed with the phase contrast microscope and the sites studied with the electron microscope. The use of this technique for the study of these phosphatases in normal and pathologic tissues is recommended in order to achieve a high degree of accuracy in selecting a portion of the tissue sample for electron microscopy and to obtain greater resolution in the localization of these enzymes with the light microscope.", "contents": "Light microscopic localization of cytochemical reactions in epoxy-embedded material for electron microscopy. Tissues from mice were fixed in 1.5% glutaraldehyde, treated for the ultrastructural localization of alkaline phosphatase or Mg++-dependent adenosine triphosphatase, post-fixed in osmium tetroxide, dehydrated and embedded in plastic for electron microscopy. The sites of reaction were visualized in 1-mu plastic sections counterstained with toluidine blue, using a phase contrast microscope. The data show a close correlation between the sites of reaction observed with the phase contrast microscope and the sites studied with the electron microscope. The use of this technique for the study of these phosphatases in normal and pathologic tissues is recommended in order to achieve a high degree of accuracy in selecting a portion of the tissue sample for electron microscopy and to obtain greater resolution in the localization of these enzymes with the light microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:127812", "title": "Evaluation of the lymphocyte blastogenic response by rapid flow analysis.", "content": "The data presented show that the blastogenic response of human peripheral lymphocytes to mitogens and specific antigens can be easily evaluated with rapid flow analysis of mithramycin stained cells. The precision, reproducibility and rapidity of the method make it highly suitable to study lymphocyte response to antigens in patient populations.", "contents": "Evaluation of the lymphocyte blastogenic response by rapid flow analysis. The data presented show that the blastogenic response of human peripheral lymphocytes to mitogens and specific antigens can be easily evaluated with rapid flow analysis of mithramycin stained cells. The precision, reproducibility and rapidity of the method make it highly suitable to study lymphocyte response to antigens in patient populations."}
{"id": "PMID:127813", "title": "Lentigo senilis and its evolutions.", "content": "Histologic studies have shown the evolution of lentigo senilis and have established the relationship between lentigo senilis, solitary lichen planus-like keratosis, and the reticulated form of seborrheic verruca. Histologic differentiation can be made between lentigo senilis and the early light-brown stage of lentigo maligna.", "contents": "Lentigo senilis and its evolutions. Histologic studies have shown the evolution of lentigo senilis and have established the relationship between lentigo senilis, solitary lichen planus-like keratosis, and the reticulated form of seborrheic verruca. Histologic differentiation can be made between lentigo senilis and the early light-brown stage of lentigo maligna."}
{"id": "PMID:127814", "title": "Quantification of bacteria in isolated pilosebaceous follicles in normal skin.", "content": "A technique for quantitating bacteria in isolated pilosebaceous follicles is described. This involves microdissection of the follicles from biopsies of skin, using the method of chemical pretreatment of skin to facilitate the separation of the epidermis and epidermal appendages from the dermis. The aerobic cocci and anaerobic diphtheroids in pilosebaceous follicles in 66 biopsies of scalp and 48 biopsies of skin of the upper back were quantitated using this technique. On the back, aerobic staphylococci were very sparse in normal follicles, indicating that their primary habitat on the skin must be on the skin surface rather than within follicles. Of 138 isolated follicles from skin of the upper back, 94 contained no aerobic cocci. Anaerobic organisms were present in high numbers within normal follicles. The geometric mean density of anaerobes in 138 isolated follicles from skin of the upper back was 3.8 X 10(4) diphtheroids per follicle. Eighty-eight follicles contained more than 10(4) anaerobic diphtheroids. Using data from scalp biopsies we found that there was a correlation between the weight of sebaceous glands and the density of anaerobes within the follicles attached to these glands (coefficient of correlation = 0.6).", "contents": "Quantification of bacteria in isolated pilosebaceous follicles in normal skin. A technique for quantitating bacteria in isolated pilosebaceous follicles is described. This involves microdissection of the follicles from biopsies of skin, using the method of chemical pretreatment of skin to facilitate the separation of the epidermis and epidermal appendages from the dermis. The aerobic cocci and anaerobic diphtheroids in pilosebaceous follicles in 66 biopsies of scalp and 48 biopsies of skin of the upper back were quantitated using this technique. On the back, aerobic staphylococci were very sparse in normal follicles, indicating that their primary habitat on the skin must be on the skin surface rather than within follicles. Of 138 isolated follicles from skin of the upper back, 94 contained no aerobic cocci. Anaerobic organisms were present in high numbers within normal follicles. The geometric mean density of anaerobes in 138 isolated follicles from skin of the upper back was 3.8 X 10(4) diphtheroids per follicle. Eighty-eight follicles contained more than 10(4) anaerobic diphtheroids. Using data from scalp biopsies we found that there was a correlation between the weight of sebaceous glands and the density of anaerobes within the follicles attached to these glands (coefficient of correlation = 0.6)."}
{"id": "PMID:127815", "title": "Comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin in therapy of chloramphenicol-resistant and chloramphenicol-sensitive typhoid fever.", "content": "The efficacy of orally administered trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was compared with that of oral amoxicillin in therapy of typhoid fever due to both epidemic chloramphenicol-resistant and endemic chloramphenicol-sensitive Salmonella typhi. Both drug regimens were effective and of comparable value in treatment of chloramphenicol-resistant infections, as measured by duration of fever (124 hr and 115 hr, respectively) and duration of bacteremia (1.0 and 0.4 days, respectively). Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy of infections due to chloramphenicol-sensitive S. typhi resulted in more rapid lysis of fever than did amoxicillin therapy. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were not synergistic in vitro against the chloramphenicol-resistant strain of S. typhi, and the role of sulfamethoxazole in treatment of such infections appears to be minimal. Oral administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is effective therapy of chloramphenicol-resistant, and probably of ampicillin-amoxicillin-resistant, typhoid fever.", "contents": "Comparison of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and amoxicillin in therapy of chloramphenicol-resistant and chloramphenicol-sensitive typhoid fever. The efficacy of orally administered trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was compared with that of oral amoxicillin in therapy of typhoid fever due to both epidemic chloramphenicol-resistant and endemic chloramphenicol-sensitive Salmonella typhi. Both drug regimens were effective and of comparable value in treatment of chloramphenicol-resistant infections, as measured by duration of fever (124 hr and 115 hr, respectively) and duration of bacteremia (1.0 and 0.4 days, respectively). Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy of infections due to chloramphenicol-sensitive S. typhi resulted in more rapid lysis of fever than did amoxicillin therapy. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole were not synergistic in vitro against the chloramphenicol-resistant strain of S. typhi, and the role of sulfamethoxazole in treatment of such infections appears to be minimal. Oral administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is effective therapy of chloramphenicol-resistant, and probably of ampicillin-amoxicillin-resistant, typhoid fever."}
{"id": "PMID:127818", "title": "Effects on cancer patients of leukapheresis with the continuous-flow blood cell separator. II. Immunologic parameters in vitro.", "content": "The immunologic effects of leukapheresis on cancer patients and three other groups of donors using the continuous-flow blood cell separator are presented according to the protocol described in the preceding article. Transient declines were noted in per cent T-lymphocytes of some, but not all, leukapheresed normal donors and cancer patients. These declines were comparable to the small declines observed in sham donors and the fluctuations in per cent T-lymphocytes noted in individuals who did not undergo leukapheresis. There were no changes in lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to a melanoma cell line in 2 of 4 melanoma patients, while values in 2 patients fell by about one-half within 4 hours and returned to preleukapheresis levels by 24 hours. Release of macrophage migration inhibition factor by lymphocytes from all 4 cancer patients and 4 normal donors, in whom this parameter was studied, fell transiently and returned to preleukaphresis levels within 24 hours. Blastogenic responses of lymphocytes from cancer patients and normal donors to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and in one way mixed lymphocyte reactions increased in several individuals and decreased slightly in others. There appears to be no significant immunosuppressive effects (within the parameters studied) of a single leukapheresis for lymphocytes on the blood cell separator, since changes in lymphocyte parameters were relatively minor, transient, and variable and, where studied, paralleled fluctuations observed in sham donors and individuals not undergoing leukapheresis.", "contents": "Effects on cancer patients of leukapheresis with the continuous-flow blood cell separator. II. Immunologic parameters in vitro. The immunologic effects of leukapheresis on cancer patients and three other groups of donors using the continuous-flow blood cell separator are presented according to the protocol described in the preceding article. Transient declines were noted in per cent T-lymphocytes of some, but not all, leukapheresed normal donors and cancer patients. These declines were comparable to the small declines observed in sham donors and the fluctuations in per cent T-lymphocytes noted in individuals who did not undergo leukapheresis. There were no changes in lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity to a melanoma cell line in 2 of 4 melanoma patients, while values in 2 patients fell by about one-half within 4 hours and returned to preleukapheresis levels by 24 hours. Release of macrophage migration inhibition factor by lymphocytes from all 4 cancer patients and 4 normal donors, in whom this parameter was studied, fell transiently and returned to preleukaphresis levels within 24 hours. Blastogenic responses of lymphocytes from cancer patients and normal donors to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and in one way mixed lymphocyte reactions increased in several individuals and decreased slightly in others. There appears to be no significant immunosuppressive effects (within the parameters studied) of a single leukapheresis for lymphocytes on the blood cell separator, since changes in lymphocyte parameters were relatively minor, transient, and variable and, where studied, paralleled fluctuations observed in sham donors and individuals not undergoing leukapheresis."}
{"id": "PMID:127823", "title": "Dehydroepiandrosterone-induced thyrotrophin release during heat stress in rats.", "content": "Six groups each of 12 male albino rats were reared from day 21 of life at temperatures of 23, 34 or 37 degrees C. While the rats survived for unlimited periods at 23 and 34 degrees C, the animals reared at 37 degrees C succumbed within 5 days to heat stress. The latter group, when injected s.c. or i.p. with 50 mg dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA)/kg/day were no longer affected by the heat. During this treatment thyroid epithelial cell height doubled, colloid decreased by 20%, connective tissue did not change, the basic metabolic rate decreased by 10% and rectal temperatures of the treated rats increased with the ambient temperatures. Body weight increased only slightly, pituitary TSH decreased by 25%, serum TSH increased by over 50%, thyroxine and 125I uptake increased by 200%. The survival of the DHA-treated rats was apparently secured by blocking the hypothalamic thermoreceptors.", "contents": "Dehydroepiandrosterone-induced thyrotrophin release during heat stress in rats. Six groups each of 12 male albino rats were reared from day 21 of life at temperatures of 23, 34 or 37 degrees C. While the rats survived for unlimited periods at 23 and 34 degrees C, the animals reared at 37 degrees C succumbed within 5 days to heat stress. The latter group, when injected s.c. or i.p. with 50 mg dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA)/kg/day were no longer affected by the heat. During this treatment thyroid epithelial cell height doubled, colloid decreased by 20%, connective tissue did not change, the basic metabolic rate decreased by 10% and rectal temperatures of the treated rats increased with the ambient temperatures. Body weight increased only slightly, pituitary TSH decreased by 25%, serum TSH increased by over 50%, thyroxine and 125I uptake increased by 200%. The survival of the DHA-treated rats was apparently secured by blocking the hypothalamic thermoreceptors."}
{"id": "PMID:127824", "title": "'Immobile' (im), a recessive lethal mutation of Xenopus laevis tadpoles.", "content": "'Immobile' (im) is a recessive lethal mutation discovered in the F3 of a Xenopus (Xenopus laevis laevis) originating from a mesodermal nucleus of a neurula transplanted into an enucleated egg. The im embryos do not contract after mechanical stimulation nor do they present any spontaneous contraction from the neurula stage onwards. Development proceeds normally during the first days after which deformation of the lower jaw and tail are observed. The im tadpoles die when normal controls are at the feeding stage. Nevous and muscular tissues are histologically normal in the mutant tadpoles; at advanced stages, however, an irregularity in the path of the myofibrils is observed which is especially conspicuous in the electron microscope. Cholinesterases and ATPase are present in the mutant muscles. Parabiosis and chimerae experiments have shown that parabionts and grafts behave according to their own genotype. Cultures of presumptive axial systems with or without ectoderm lead to the conclusion that, first of all, the abnormality is situated in the mesodermal cells and secondly that the first muscular contractions in normal Xenopus laevis are of myogenic origin. The banding pattern of the myofibrils is normal as was shown by obtaining contractions of glycerol extracted in myoblasts with ATP. It seems therefore that in this mutation, the abnormality is situated in the membraneous system of the muscular cell, sarcoplasmic reticulum and/or tubular system as is probably the case in the mdg mutation of the mouse.", "contents": "'Immobile' (im), a recessive lethal mutation of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. 'Immobile' (im) is a recessive lethal mutation discovered in the F3 of a Xenopus (Xenopus laevis laevis) originating from a mesodermal nucleus of a neurula transplanted into an enucleated egg. The im embryos do not contract after mechanical stimulation nor do they present any spontaneous contraction from the neurula stage onwards. Development proceeds normally during the first days after which deformation of the lower jaw and tail are observed. The im tadpoles die when normal controls are at the feeding stage. Nevous and muscular tissues are histologically normal in the mutant tadpoles; at advanced stages, however, an irregularity in the path of the myofibrils is observed which is especially conspicuous in the electron microscope. Cholinesterases and ATPase are present in the mutant muscles. Parabiosis and chimerae experiments have shown that parabionts and grafts behave according to their own genotype. Cultures of presumptive axial systems with or without ectoderm lead to the conclusion that, first of all, the abnormality is situated in the mesodermal cells and secondly that the first muscular contractions in normal Xenopus laevis are of myogenic origin. The banding pattern of the myofibrils is normal as was shown by obtaining contractions of glycerol extracted in myoblasts with ATP. It seems therefore that in this mutation, the abnormality is situated in the membraneous system of the muscular cell, sarcoplasmic reticulum and/or tubular system as is probably the case in the mdg mutation of the mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:127825", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity: differential maturation of mixed leukocyte reaction and cell-mediated lympholysis.", "content": "While spleen cells from neonatal B10 (H-2b) are reactive (proliferate) in one-way mixed leukocyte culture, cell-mediated lympholysis reactivity does not arise until 7 days of age. When B10 cells are sensitized to B10.D2 (H-2d), cross-killing of third-party B10.BR (H-2k) target is always lower than the specific killing of B10.D2 targets and is not demonstrable until 27 days after birth.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity: differential maturation of mixed leukocyte reaction and cell-mediated lympholysis. While spleen cells from neonatal B10 (H-2b) are reactive (proliferate) in one-way mixed leukocyte culture, cell-mediated lympholysis reactivity does not arise until 7 days of age. When B10 cells are sensitized to B10.D2 (H-2d), cross-killing of third-party B10.BR (H-2k) target is always lower than the specific killing of B10.D2 targets and is not demonstrable until 27 days after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:127826", "title": "Autologous stimulation of human lymphocyte subpopulation.", "content": "The background stimulation universally seen when lymphocytes are cultured in vitro has been shown to be markedly lowered by reducing the proportion of B lymphocytes. B-rich fractions of lymphocytes had extremely high background stimulation. It is concluded that stimulation of T cells, probably by autologous B cells, provides the most probable explanation for the findings described.", "contents": "Autologous stimulation of human lymphocyte subpopulation. The background stimulation universally seen when lymphocytes are cultured in vitro has been shown to be markedly lowered by reducing the proportion of B lymphocytes. B-rich fractions of lymphocytes had extremely high background stimulation. It is concluded that stimulation of T cells, probably by autologous B cells, provides the most probable explanation for the findings described."}
{"id": "PMID:127827", "title": "Pre-emption of human cell-mediated lympholysis by a suppressive mechanism activated in mixed lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "The regulation of B-cell and T-cell immune responses has been extensively examined and in the experimental animal appears to involve regulatory or \"suppressor\" T cells (1-4). The limitations of in vitro experimentation have made comparable study of nonpathological human suppression quite difficult (5). We report here an in vitro method that generates and quantitates suppressor activity in man after antigen-specific activation in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). The one-way MLC induces both a proliferative response (6) and the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) (7). Both of these responses are mediated by antigen-specific T-cell subpopulations (8,9) and have been correlated with recognitive and destructive phases of allograft rejection. Recent reports have examined the antigen reactivity of mouse (10,11), rat (12), or human (13,14) lymphocytes obtained after proliferation in MLC. In all cases, after the primary MLC proliferative peak, the recovered lymphocytes rapidly differentiate upon re-exposure to the initial stimulating population, but do so only weakly when exposed to a presumably noncross-reactive third-party stimulating population. Velocity sedimentation separation studies have shown that the blast cells produced in a primary MLC revert to small lymphocytes that rapidly differentiate into proliferating and/or cytotoxic T lymphocytes upon restimulation with the initial antigen (15). These findings demonstrate that positive selection for the responding population in primary MLC does exist and may account for at least part of the specificity of the secondary response. However, this positive selection does not preclude possible involvement of a suppressor mechanism. In fact we have detected suppressor activity in primary MLC sensitization cultures at a time when the proliferation responsible for positive selection does not preclude possible involvement of a suppressor mechanism. In fact we have detected suppressor activity in primary MLC sensitization cultures at a time when the proliferation responsible for positive selection in not yet significant, suggesting that suppression may be overriding importance in the specificity of MLC-activated secondary responses.", "contents": "Pre-emption of human cell-mediated lympholysis by a suppressive mechanism activated in mixed lymphocyte cultures. The regulation of B-cell and T-cell immune responses has been extensively examined and in the experimental animal appears to involve regulatory or \"suppressor\" T cells (1-4). The limitations of in vitro experimentation have made comparable study of nonpathological human suppression quite difficult (5). We report here an in vitro method that generates and quantitates suppressor activity in man after antigen-specific activation in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). The one-way MLC induces both a proliferative response (6) and the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) (7). Both of these responses are mediated by antigen-specific T-cell subpopulations (8,9) and have been correlated with recognitive and destructive phases of allograft rejection. Recent reports have examined the antigen reactivity of mouse (10,11), rat (12), or human (13,14) lymphocytes obtained after proliferation in MLC. In all cases, after the primary MLC proliferative peak, the recovered lymphocytes rapidly differentiate upon re-exposure to the initial stimulating population, but do so only weakly when exposed to a presumably noncross-reactive third-party stimulating population. Velocity sedimentation separation studies have shown that the blast cells produced in a primary MLC revert to small lymphocytes that rapidly differentiate into proliferating and/or cytotoxic T lymphocytes upon restimulation with the initial antigen (15). These findings demonstrate that positive selection for the responding population in primary MLC does exist and may account for at least part of the specificity of the secondary response. However, this positive selection does not preclude possible involvement of a suppressor mechanism. In fact we have detected suppressor activity in primary MLC sensitization cultures at a time when the proliferation responsible for positive selection does not preclude possible involvement of a suppressor mechanism. In fact we have detected suppressor activity in primary MLC sensitization cultures at a time when the proliferation responsible for positive selection in not yet significant, suggesting that suppression may be overriding importance in the specificity of MLC-activated secondary responses."}
{"id": "PMID:127828", "title": "Concanavalin A potentiates syngeneic response in murine lymphocytes.", "content": "In an attempt to modulate the recognition processes that occur on lymphocyte membranes in mixed lymphocyte culture, responding cortisone resistant thymocytes or stimulating spleen cells (treated with mitomycin C) were pretreated with native concanavalin A (N-Con A) or succinyl-Con A (S-Con A). Highly significant cell proliferation was observed in syngeneic combinations when either the responding cells or the stimulating cells were so treated with Con A, although Con A pretreatment alone was never mitogenic. In allogeneic combinations the proliferative response with Con A pretreatment of either partner on day 3 was five to seven times higher than in the normal mixed lymphocyte reactions. The triggering of proliferation was dependent on two factors: (a) The presence of spleen cells as the stimulating cells (thymocytes were much less effective). (b) The binding of Con A molecules to either one of the partners, the effect being abrogated by the specific inhibitor of Con A, alpha-mannopyranoside. The optimal concentration of S-Con A was about twice that of N-Con A. Even more striking was the observation that cultures in which either one of the partners was pretreated with Con A in allogeneic combinations showed a strong suppression (60-80% inhibition) in the subsequent generation of the cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL). The Con A concentration required to trigger a proliferative response corresponded to that for suppressing the generation of CL. Con A pretreatment did not result in a cytotoxic activity toward syngeneic tumor cells.", "contents": "Concanavalin A potentiates syngeneic response in murine lymphocytes. In an attempt to modulate the recognition processes that occur on lymphocyte membranes in mixed lymphocyte culture, responding cortisone resistant thymocytes or stimulating spleen cells (treated with mitomycin C) were pretreated with native concanavalin A (N-Con A) or succinyl-Con A (S-Con A). Highly significant cell proliferation was observed in syngeneic combinations when either the responding cells or the stimulating cells were so treated with Con A, although Con A pretreatment alone was never mitogenic. In allogeneic combinations the proliferative response with Con A pretreatment of either partner on day 3 was five to seven times higher than in the normal mixed lymphocyte reactions. The triggering of proliferation was dependent on two factors: (a) The presence of spleen cells as the stimulating cells (thymocytes were much less effective). (b) The binding of Con A molecules to either one of the partners, the effect being abrogated by the specific inhibitor of Con A, alpha-mannopyranoside. The optimal concentration of S-Con A was about twice that of N-Con A. Even more striking was the observation that cultures in which either one of the partners was pretreated with Con A in allogeneic combinations showed a strong suppression (60-80% inhibition) in the subsequent generation of the cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL). The Con A concentration required to trigger a proliferative response corresponded to that for suppressing the generation of CL. Con A pretreatment did not result in a cytotoxic activity toward syngeneic tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:127829", "title": "Purification and molecular properties of the (sodium + potassium)-adenosinetriphosphatase and reconstitution of coupled sodium and potassium transport in phospholipid vesicles containing purified enzyme.", "content": "Recent work in our laboratory on the purification and characterization of the (sodium + potassium)-activated adenosinetriphosphatase (NaK ATPase) has been reviewed. Two enzymes have been purified, that from the rectal salt gland of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias and that from the electric organ of the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus. The enzyme appears to consist of two catalytic subunits of molecular weight of about 95,000 and one glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 50,000. The amino acid composition, N-terminal amino acids, and the carbohydrate composition of these subunits have been determined. The phospholipid composition of the holoenzyme has also been determined. The protein component shows very little variation with evolution, but the carbohydrate and phospholipid components show considerable variation. It has been possible to form vesicles from the purified enzyme from Squalus acanthias and to demonstrate the ATP-dependent, ouabain inhibitable, coupled uphill transports of Na+ and K+. The properties of these transports are very similar to those observed previously in intact erythrocytes or resealed erythrocyte ghosts with respect to asymmetries of binding sites, stoichiometries of Na+ and K+ transported, Na+-Na+ exchange, and K+-K+ exchange. It is concluded that the NaK ATPase is the molecular machine for effecting Na+ and K+ transport in the intact cell membrane.", "contents": "Purification and molecular properties of the (sodium + potassium)-adenosinetriphosphatase and reconstitution of coupled sodium and potassium transport in phospholipid vesicles containing purified enzyme. Recent work in our laboratory on the purification and characterization of the (sodium + potassium)-activated adenosinetriphosphatase (NaK ATPase) has been reviewed. Two enzymes have been purified, that from the rectal salt gland of the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias and that from the electric organ of the electric eel, Electrophorus electricus. The enzyme appears to consist of two catalytic subunits of molecular weight of about 95,000 and one glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 50,000. The amino acid composition, N-terminal amino acids, and the carbohydrate composition of these subunits have been determined. The phospholipid composition of the holoenzyme has also been determined. The protein component shows very little variation with evolution, but the carbohydrate and phospholipid components show considerable variation. It has been possible to form vesicles from the purified enzyme from Squalus acanthias and to demonstrate the ATP-dependent, ouabain inhibitable, coupled uphill transports of Na+ and K+. The properties of these transports are very similar to those observed previously in intact erythrocytes or resealed erythrocyte ghosts with respect to asymmetries of binding sites, stoichiometries of Na+ and K+ transported, Na+-Na+ exchange, and K+-K+ exchange. It is concluded that the NaK ATPase is the molecular machine for effecting Na+ and K+ transport in the intact cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:127830", "title": "Hepatic morphology in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "Liver biopsy specimens from six patients with Huntington's chorea were examined locally and referred with clinical information to three colleagues abroad experienced in the interpretation of liver biopsy specimens. The minor and inconsistent abnormalities reported upon were of non-specific character. The suggested interrelation between damage to cerebral neurones and hepatocytes in Huntington's chorea was not substantiated by this study.", "contents": "Hepatic morphology in Huntington's chorea. Liver biopsy specimens from six patients with Huntington's chorea were examined locally and referred with clinical information to three colleagues abroad experienced in the interpretation of liver biopsy specimens. The minor and inconsistent abnormalities reported upon were of non-specific character. The suggested interrelation between damage to cerebral neurones and hepatocytes in Huntington's chorea was not substantiated by this study."}
{"id": "PMID:127831", "title": "Human muscle spindles: fine structure of the primary sensory ending.", "content": "The primary sensory innervation of muscle spindles obtained by muscle biopsy of normal human volunteers was studied with the light and electron microscopes. The parent IA sensory fibre branched 4-6 times, became unmyelinated for 25-30 mum, then formed sensory terminals on each nuclear bag and chain intrafusal muscle fibre. The first 4--5 mum of the unmyelinated segment is believed to be an encoder zone because the plasmalemma was undercoated by a dense granular layer similar to that under other membranes where action potentials originate. A reconstruction from micrographs of serial longitudinal sections showed that the primary sensory ending on a nuclear bag fibre is an irregular coil with branches and varicose swellings. The terminals contain central aggregates of microfilaments often surrounded by mitochondria, small numbers of vesicles, cisterns and tubular profiles. The latter merge with the plasma membrane. Junctional complexes between the plasma membranes of the terminals and intrafusal muscle resemble fascia adherns and are postulated to act as attachment plaques. These could contribute to the transduction process by incresing the degree of distortion of the terminal's membrane when stretch is applied to the spindle. A mechanism is described which could account for some of the differences in sensitivity of the primary and secondary sensory endings.", "contents": "Human muscle spindles: fine structure of the primary sensory ending. The primary sensory innervation of muscle spindles obtained by muscle biopsy of normal human volunteers was studied with the light and electron microscopes. The parent IA sensory fibre branched 4-6 times, became unmyelinated for 25-30 mum, then formed sensory terminals on each nuclear bag and chain intrafusal muscle fibre. The first 4--5 mum of the unmyelinated segment is believed to be an encoder zone because the plasmalemma was undercoated by a dense granular layer similar to that under other membranes where action potentials originate. A reconstruction from micrographs of serial longitudinal sections showed that the primary sensory ending on a nuclear bag fibre is an irregular coil with branches and varicose swellings. The terminals contain central aggregates of microfilaments often surrounded by mitochondria, small numbers of vesicles, cisterns and tubular profiles. The latter merge with the plasma membrane. Junctional complexes between the plasma membranes of the terminals and intrafusal muscle resemble fascia adherns and are postulated to act as attachment plaques. These could contribute to the transduction process by incresing the degree of distortion of the terminal's membrane when stretch is applied to the spindle. A mechanism is described which could account for some of the differences in sensitivity of the primary and secondary sensory endings."}
{"id": "PMID:127832", "title": "Remyelination by Schwann cells of axons demyelinated by intraspinal injection of 6-aminonicotinamide in the rat.", "content": "Focal areas of primary demyelination were produced in the spinal cords of rats by means of local injections of 6-aminonicotinamide. Both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes underwent degeneration in the demyelinated area. Nearly all the demyelinated axons were remyelinated by Schwann cells; only a very small number of axons located adjacent to normally myelinated axons were remyelinated by oligodendrocytes. The glial limiting membrane was reconstituted around the ecge of the area remyelinated by Schwann cells. This experiment offers further evidence for an important role of astrocytes in controlling Schwann cell invasion of the central nervous system, and in addition suggests that astrocytes are also needed for oligodendrocyte remyelination to take place.", "contents": "Remyelination by Schwann cells of axons demyelinated by intraspinal injection of 6-aminonicotinamide in the rat. Focal areas of primary demyelination were produced in the spinal cords of rats by means of local injections of 6-aminonicotinamide. Both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes underwent degeneration in the demyelinated area. Nearly all the demyelinated axons were remyelinated by Schwann cells; only a very small number of axons located adjacent to normally myelinated axons were remyelinated by oligodendrocytes. The glial limiting membrane was reconstituted around the ecge of the area remyelinated by Schwann cells. This experiment offers further evidence for an important role of astrocytes in controlling Schwann cell invasion of the central nervous system, and in addition suggests that astrocytes are also needed for oligodendrocyte remyelination to take place."}
{"id": "PMID:127833", "title": "The selective in vivo incorporation and metabolism of radioactive putrescine in the adult male rat.", "content": "Putrescine (1,4, diaminobutane), a known precursor of the polyamines, spermine, and spermidine, was studied as a possible vehicle for a radioisotope scan of the prostate and other tissues rich in polyamines. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intravenous injections (2.3 muCi/100 gm) of 3H putrescine dihydrochloride (specific activity, 107 muCi/muM). One hour after injection the ventral prostate and pancreas showed uptake of radioactivity that was three and four times greater than that of the liver, respectively. The ratio of the amount of radioactivity in the ventral prostate compared with that of abdominal wall musculature was 8:1. The pancreas-to-muscle ratio was 10:1. At 1 hr the ventral prostate contained 0.6% (0.9%/gm wet wt) of the total injected radioactivity and the pancreas, 0.5% (1.2%/gm wet wt) of the injected dose. More than 90% of the radioactivity in the rat ventral prostate, 6 hr after intravenous injection of 14C-putrescine dihydrochloride, was found to be in the form of spermine and spermidine, thus confirming previous in vitro biosynthetic studies.", "contents": "The selective in vivo incorporation and metabolism of radioactive putrescine in the adult male rat. Putrescine (1,4, diaminobutane), a known precursor of the polyamines, spermine, and spermidine, was studied as a possible vehicle for a radioisotope scan of the prostate and other tissues rich in polyamines. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received intravenous injections (2.3 muCi/100 gm) of 3H putrescine dihydrochloride (specific activity, 107 muCi/muM). One hour after injection the ventral prostate and pancreas showed uptake of radioactivity that was three and four times greater than that of the liver, respectively. The ratio of the amount of radioactivity in the ventral prostate compared with that of abdominal wall musculature was 8:1. The pancreas-to-muscle ratio was 10:1. At 1 hr the ventral prostate contained 0.6% (0.9%/gm wet wt) of the total injected radioactivity and the pancreas, 0.5% (1.2%/gm wet wt) of the injected dose. More than 90% of the radioactivity in the rat ventral prostate, 6 hr after intravenous injection of 14C-putrescine dihydrochloride, was found to be in the form of spermine and spermidine, thus confirming previous in vitro biosynthetic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:127835", "title": "Impulse activity and receptor potential of primary and secondary endings of isolated mammalian muscle spindles.", "content": "1. An isolated muscle spindle preparation from a tail muscle of cat is described. The afferent response to a ramp-and-hold stretch was recorded in individual axons from identified primary and secondary endings. 2. Primary endings exhibit a prominent dynamic response, including an initial burst. They also show a well-maintained static discharge. Secondary endings also show a well-sustained static discharge but generally have a much lower dynamic sensitivity. The response of primary and secondary endings of the isolated spindle are similar to the typical responses seen in vivo in groups Ia or group II afferent fibres respectively. 3. Following  impulse blockade by tetrodotoxin, the receptor potential was recorded from primary and from secondary endings in response to ramp-and-hold stretch. 4. During the dynamic phase the receptor potential of primary endings consists of a depolarization which has two components. (a) An initial component occurs early during ramp stretch, depends in rate of rise and amplitude on velocity of stretch and is reduced on repetitive stretch; it appears to be responsible for the initial burst. (b) A late dynamic component, which follows, is also dependent on stretch velocity and produces the late dynamic discharge. At the end of ramp stretch the receptor potential falls, and may undershoot, the static level. There is a subsequent adaptive fall during hold stretch, then a maintained static level of receptor potential. On release from stretch the membrane is hyperpolarized. 5. Secondary endings usually show a smaller dynamic response, lacking the initial component seen in primary endings. They also generally lack an undershoot following the ramp and have less of a post-release hyperpolarization. 6. Static levels of receptor potential in both primary and secondary endings are related to amplitude of stretch. 7. The receptor potentials of primary and secondary endings account for the major features of the impulse responses of these endings to ramp-and-hold stretch. In primary endings the dynamic frequencies may also depend upon a sensitivity of the impulse initiating site to rate of change of receptor current.", "contents": "Impulse activity and receptor potential of primary and secondary endings of isolated mammalian muscle spindles. 1. An isolated muscle spindle preparation from a tail muscle of cat is described. The afferent response to a ramp-and-hold stretch was recorded in individual axons from identified primary and secondary endings. 2. Primary endings exhibit a prominent dynamic response, including an initial burst. They also show a well-maintained static discharge. Secondary endings also show a well-sustained static discharge but generally have a much lower dynamic sensitivity. The response of primary and secondary endings of the isolated spindle are similar to the typical responses seen in vivo in groups Ia or group II afferent fibres respectively. 3. Following  impulse blockade by tetrodotoxin, the receptor potential was recorded from primary and from secondary endings in response to ramp-and-hold stretch. 4. During the dynamic phase the receptor potential of primary endings consists of a depolarization which has two components. (a) An initial component occurs early during ramp stretch, depends in rate of rise and amplitude on velocity of stretch and is reduced on repetitive stretch; it appears to be responsible for the initial burst. (b) A late dynamic component, which follows, is also dependent on stretch velocity and produces the late dynamic discharge. At the end of ramp stretch the receptor potential falls, and may undershoot, the static level. There is a subsequent adaptive fall during hold stretch, then a maintained static level of receptor potential. On release from stretch the membrane is hyperpolarized. 5. Secondary endings usually show a smaller dynamic response, lacking the initial component seen in primary endings. They also generally lack an undershoot following the ramp and have less of a post-release hyperpolarization. 6. Static levels of receptor potential in both primary and secondary endings are related to amplitude of stretch. 7. The receptor potentials of primary and secondary endings account for the major features of the impulse responses of these endings to ramp-and-hold stretch. In primary endings the dynamic frequencies may also depend upon a sensitivity of the impulse initiating site to rate of change of receptor current."}
{"id": "PMID:127836", "title": "Effect of insulin upon membrane-bound (Na+ + K+)-ATPase extracted from frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. Insulin stimulates the activity of membrane-bound ATPase isolated from frog skeletal muscle and from rat brain. The increase in activity of the membrane-bound ATPase system isolated from frog ranged from 9-8 to 53% at concentrations of Na+ (25 mM), K+ (10 mM), and ATP (2 mM) similar to those in in vivo experiments conducted previously (Moore, 1973). The increased activity of the membrane-bound ATPase is, therefore, at least as great as the insulin-induced increase in Na efflux (10-38%) from intact cells (Moore, 1973). If the concentration of Na+ is lowered to 4 mM and that of ATP lowered to 0-5 mM albumin, and 10(6) M, the increase in ouabain-inhibitable ATPase activity can reach as high as 400%. 2. Ouabain, at a concentration (10(-3) M) sufficient to inhibit stimulation of the frog ATPase by increasing Na from 4 to 25 mM, completely blocked the stimulation of ATPase activity due to insulin. 3. At 2 mM-ATP, 100 mM-Na+, and 20 mM-K+, conditions which maximally activate the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, insulin did not increase the ATPase, activity. Stimulation was consistently seen at 10 mM-K+, 0-5 mM-ATP, and either 4 mM or 25 mM-Na+. 4. The finding that insulin does not stimulate the ATPase activity in conditions in which the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase component is maximally activated and especially the fact that ouabain can reproducibly inhibit insulin stimulation of the membrane-bound ATPase activity strongly suggest that interaction of insulin with its receptor upon the plasma membrane somehow stimulates the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase system (ouabain sensitive; ATP phosphohydrolase, EC (3.6.1.3). These results are consistent with previous studies of the effect of insulin upon Na efflux from intact cells (Moore, 1973) and support the previous conclusion that the component of Na efflux stimulated by insulin is active. The evidence suggests that insulin probably does not affect Vmax of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase system, but may increase the affinity of the enzyme system to one or more effectors, most likely Na+, ATP, and perhaps K+. 5. Oxidized glutathione (2-7 X 10(-6) M), 10(-6) M, 10(-7) M, and 10(-8) M cyclic AMP did not affect the ATPase activity 10(-6)Malbumin, and . 6. The results are consistent with the view that the Na pump, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, is intimately involved with the physiological action of insulin and may be transducer between the binding of insulin to its receptor on the plasma membrane and the cellular actions of insulin.", "contents": "Effect of insulin upon membrane-bound (Na+ + K+)-ATPase extracted from frog skeletal muscle. 1. Insulin stimulates the activity of membrane-bound ATPase isolated from frog skeletal muscle and from rat brain. The increase in activity of the membrane-bound ATPase system isolated from frog ranged from 9-8 to 53% at concentrations of Na+ (25 mM), K+ (10 mM), and ATP (2 mM) similar to those in in vivo experiments conducted previously (Moore, 1973). The increased activity of the membrane-bound ATPase is, therefore, at least as great as the insulin-induced increase in Na efflux (10-38%) from intact cells (Moore, 1973). If the concentration of Na+ is lowered to 4 mM and that of ATP lowered to 0-5 mM albumin, and 10(6) M, the increase in ouabain-inhibitable ATPase activity can reach as high as 400%. 2. Ouabain, at a concentration (10(-3) M) sufficient to inhibit stimulation of the frog ATPase by increasing Na from 4 to 25 mM, completely blocked the stimulation of ATPase activity due to insulin. 3. At 2 mM-ATP, 100 mM-Na+, and 20 mM-K+, conditions which maximally activate the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, insulin did not increase the ATPase, activity. Stimulation was consistently seen at 10 mM-K+, 0-5 mM-ATP, and either 4 mM or 25 mM-Na+. 4. The finding that insulin does not stimulate the ATPase activity in conditions in which the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase component is maximally activated and especially the fact that ouabain can reproducibly inhibit insulin stimulation of the membrane-bound ATPase activity strongly suggest that interaction of insulin with its receptor upon the plasma membrane somehow stimulates the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase system (ouabain sensitive; ATP phosphohydrolase, EC (3.6.1.3). These results are consistent with previous studies of the effect of insulin upon Na efflux from intact cells (Moore, 1973) and support the previous conclusion that the component of Na efflux stimulated by insulin is active. The evidence suggests that insulin probably does not affect Vmax of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase system, but may increase the affinity of the enzyme system to one or more effectors, most likely Na+, ATP, and perhaps K+. 5. Oxidized glutathione (2-7 X 10(-6) M), 10(-6) M, 10(-7) M, and 10(-8) M cyclic AMP did not affect the ATPase activity 10(-6)Malbumin, and . 6. The results are consistent with the view that the Na pump, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, is intimately involved with the physiological action of insulin and may be transducer between the binding of insulin to its receptor on the plasma membrane and the cellular actions of insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:127837", "title": "Mouth-operated devices for handicapped persons.", "content": "A mouth-operated device designed for paralyzed persons was described. This device enables invalid persons to perform simple, everyday actions. The uses and advantages of the instrument as compared to other types were discussed.", "contents": "Mouth-operated devices for handicapped persons. A mouth-operated device designed for paralyzed persons was described. This device enables invalid persons to perform simple, everyday actions. The uses and advantages of the instrument as compared to other types were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127838", "title": "The lives of patients before presentation with pain in the neck or back.", "content": "More significant events occurred in the lives of patients during the three months before presentation in general practice with pain in the neck or back than in a control group of symptomless patients.These findings were obtained by the completion by patients of a short questionnaire and their significance is discussed.", "contents": "The lives of patients before presentation with pain in the neck or back. More significant events occurred in the lives of patients during the three months before presentation in general practice with pain in the neck or back than in a control group of symptomless patients.These findings were obtained by the completion by patients of a short questionnaire and their significance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127839", "title": "Genetic and endocrine studies of the pregnancy-blocking pheromone of mice.", "content": "Secretion of the pregnancy-blocking pheromone was stimulated by injection of depo-testosterone cypionate into females and males of inbred strains of mice which do not normally secrete the pheromone. Testosterone treatment of SJL males altered pheromone secretion so that pregnancies were blocked when the stud male was of the same inbred strain; an event that does not normally occur. Injection of epiandrosterone, androstenedione, androsterone or testosterone significantly increased pheromone secretion in SJL females, but progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were ineffective. Kidney weights were significantly increased by administration of androgen metabolites and the possibility of the kidney being the site of pheromone synthesis is discussed. The preputial gland can be excluded as the site of pheromone synthesis since males which are hemizygous for the Tabby-J gene and have no preputial glands blocked pregnancies as effectively as their normal littermates. Preliminary results are also presented concerning the isolation of the pregnancy-blocking pheromone from urine. Urine was analysed by gas chromatography and a peak was observed whose concentration could be correlated with secretion of the pheromone, although the compound(s) has not been identified or tested for biological activity.", "contents": "Genetic and endocrine studies of the pregnancy-blocking pheromone of mice. Secretion of the pregnancy-blocking pheromone was stimulated by injection of depo-testosterone cypionate into females and males of inbred strains of mice which do not normally secrete the pheromone. Testosterone treatment of SJL males altered pheromone secretion so that pregnancies were blocked when the stud male was of the same inbred strain; an event that does not normally occur. Injection of epiandrosterone, androstenedione, androsterone or testosterone significantly increased pheromone secretion in SJL females, but progesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were ineffective. Kidney weights were significantly increased by administration of androgen metabolites and the possibility of the kidney being the site of pheromone synthesis is discussed. The preputial gland can be excluded as the site of pheromone synthesis since males which are hemizygous for the Tabby-J gene and have no preputial glands blocked pregnancies as effectively as their normal littermates. Preliminary results are also presented concerning the isolation of the pregnancy-blocking pheromone from urine. Urine was analysed by gas chromatography and a peak was observed whose concentration could be correlated with secretion of the pheromone, although the compound(s) has not been identified or tested for biological activity."}
{"id": "PMID:127840", "title": "Excess electrical noise during current flow through porous membranes separating ionic solutions.", "content": "Spectral analysis of electrical noise from various artificial membrane systems suggests that excess noise of an f-n spectral form, where n is approximately unity, is not primarily a bulk phenomenon simply dependent on the number of charge carriers. Measurements from aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytic resistors, comprised of several different ionic species, show only flat power density spectra under applied currents, even at extreme dilutions. Excess noise of f-n form is observed under applied d-c current in single pore membranes, as previously reported, but is also seen in multipore and polymer mesh membranes. Calculations based on single pore membrane noise data are in significant variance with the bulk charge carrier model proposed by Hooge. These observations suggest that such excess noise occurs in conjunction with anisotropic constraints to ion flow.", "contents": "Excess electrical noise during current flow through porous membranes separating ionic solutions. Spectral analysis of electrical noise from various artificial membrane systems suggests that excess noise of an f-n spectral form, where n is approximately unity, is not primarily a bulk phenomenon simply dependent on the number of charge carriers. Measurements from aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytic resistors, comprised of several different ionic species, show only flat power density spectra under applied currents, even at extreme dilutions. Excess noise of f-n form is observed under applied d-c current in single pore membranes, as previously reported, but is also seen in multipore and polymer mesh membranes. Calculations based on single pore membrane noise data are in significant variance with the bulk charge carrier model proposed by Hooge. These observations suggest that such excess noise occurs in conjunction with anisotropic constraints to ion flow."}
{"id": "PMID:127841", "title": "The use of a registry case load survey in predicting trends in rehabilitative needs for the handicapped.", "content": "A special follow-up study of handicapped children was carried out to determine the level of residual disability in the caseload of the British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry. A total of 10,689 cases, aged seven or fourteen years were surveyed. Sixty-eight per cent of seven-year-olds and sixty-five per cent of fourteen-year-olds had a residual handicap. Of 3,131 seven-year-olds with a residual handicap, four per cent were not attending a school of any kind. Three per cent of the 4,094 fourteen-year-olds with a residual handicap were not attending school. These figures, along with prevalence statistics obtained through other Registry procedures provide useful minimal data for planning rehabilitative facilities for handicapped persons.", "contents": "The use of a registry case load survey in predicting trends in rehabilitative needs for the handicapped. A special follow-up study of handicapped children was carried out to determine the level of residual disability in the caseload of the British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry. A total of 10,689 cases, aged seven or fourteen years were surveyed. Sixty-eight per cent of seven-year-olds and sixty-five per cent of fourteen-year-olds had a residual handicap. Of 3,131 seven-year-olds with a residual handicap, four per cent were not attending a school of any kind. Three per cent of the 4,094 fourteen-year-olds with a residual handicap were not attending school. These figures, along with prevalence statistics obtained through other Registry procedures provide useful minimal data for planning rehabilitative facilities for handicapped persons."}
{"id": "PMID:127842", "title": "Banding identification of chromosomal abnormalities in four patients: ring (6), translocation (2q-;15q+), translocation (21q;21q) and deletion (22q-).", "content": "Four children with mental deficiency and different chromosomal errors, previously reported, have been restudied with the use of the G-banding technique. The errors include ring-6, t(2q-; 15+), t(21q;21q) and 22q-.", "contents": "Banding identification of chromosomal abnormalities in four patients: ring (6), translocation (2q-;15q+), translocation (21q;21q) and deletion (22q-). Four children with mental deficiency and different chromosomal errors, previously reported, have been restudied with the use of the G-banding technique. The errors include ring-6, t(2q-; 15+), t(21q;21q) and 22q-."}
{"id": "PMID:127843", "title": "The nature of the colour retention deficit in Down's syndrome.", "content": "In Sinson and Wetherick (1973) the authors reported evidence that Down's syndrome children show a deficit in short-term retention of colour information not shown by matched S.S.N. controls. The experiments were conducted in good daylight illumination. Repetition in blue weak artificial light showed that retention of green, red and purple was much improved but that the other colours were not affected. Implications of the finding are considered for theories of colour vision and short-term retention and for educational technology.", "contents": "The nature of the colour retention deficit in Down's syndrome. In Sinson and Wetherick (1973) the authors reported evidence that Down's syndrome children show a deficit in short-term retention of colour information not shown by matched S.S.N. controls. The experiments were conducted in good daylight illumination. Repetition in blue weak artificial light showed that retention of green, red and purple was much improved but that the other colours were not affected. Implications of the finding are considered for theories of colour vision and short-term retention and for educational technology."}
{"id": "PMID:127846", "title": "Thymineless bacteriophage induction in Staphylococcus aureus. I. High-frequency transduction with lysates containing a bacteriophage related to bacteriophage phi 11.", "content": "A thymine-requiring mutant of Staphylococcus aureus, strain 8325 (PI258)thy, undergoes prophage induction and lysis after thymine starvation. Four different phages were isolated from the lysate in low titers, among which was a phage designated phi 14, which differs from phage phi 11 in its immunity locus. The thymineless induced lysates of strain 8325(PI258)thy transduce the penicillinase plasmid at high frequency (10(-1), whereas transduction of chromosomal markers is inefficient. A plasmic-cured derivative of strain 8325(PI258)thy is also lysed by thymine starvation and be used for high-frequency transduction of other plasmids. Reconstitution of a strain of S. aureus that responds to thymine starvation was only partially successful, but this system can effectively be used to transduce plasmids or plasmid derivatives.", "contents": "Thymineless bacteriophage induction in Staphylococcus aureus. I. High-frequency transduction with lysates containing a bacteriophage related to bacteriophage phi 11. A thymine-requiring mutant of Staphylococcus aureus, strain 8325 (PI258)thy, undergoes prophage induction and lysis after thymine starvation. Four different phages were isolated from the lysate in low titers, among which was a phage designated phi 14, which differs from phage phi 11 in its immunity locus. The thymineless induced lysates of strain 8325(PI258)thy transduce the penicillinase plasmid at high frequency (10(-1), whereas transduction of chromosomal markers is inefficient. A plasmic-cured derivative of strain 8325(PI258)thy is also lysed by thymine starvation and be used for high-frequency transduction of other plasmids. Reconstitution of a strain of S. aureus that responds to thymine starvation was only partially successful, but this system can effectively be used to transduce plasmids or plasmid derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:127847", "title": "Thymineless bacteriophage induction in Staphylococcus aureus. II. Specific transduction of constitutive and inducible erythromycin resistance.", "content": "Specific transduction of inducible (eroA) and constitutive (eroB) erythromycin resistance is mediated by thymineless induced lysates from derivatives of Staphylococcus aureus strain 8325(N)thy. Both loci can coexist in the same cell but segregate by transduction or transformation. The gene(s) is probably integrated in the recipient chromosome and excised at thymine starvation.", "contents": "Thymineless bacteriophage induction in Staphylococcus aureus. II. Specific transduction of constitutive and inducible erythromycin resistance. Specific transduction of inducible (eroA) and constitutive (eroB) erythromycin resistance is mediated by thymineless induced lysates from derivatives of Staphylococcus aureus strain 8325(N)thy. Both loci can coexist in the same cell but segregate by transduction or transformation. The gene(s) is probably integrated in the recipient chromosome and excised at thymine starvation."}
{"id": "PMID:127848", "title": "Observations on epizootiology and distribution of Elaeophora schneideri in Montana ruminants.", "content": "Seventy-four moose, 111 elk, 20 mule deer, 8 white-tailed deer, 26 prong-horn antelope, 42 domestic sheep and 3 bighorn sheep from Montana or northwestern Wyoming were examined post-mortem for evidence of Elaeophora schneideri infection in 1973-74. Fifteen percent of the mule deer and four percent of the moose were positive for adult arterial worms. This constitutes the first report of E. schneideri in mule deer in Montana. No gross signs of blindness or other neurologic disorder were evident in the infected animals. Potential horsefly intermediate hosts collected in the enzootic area included Hybomitra rhombica osburni, H. tetrica, H. metabola, Chrysops noctifer pertinax and Atylotus incisuralis.", "contents": "Observations on epizootiology and distribution of Elaeophora schneideri in Montana ruminants. Seventy-four moose, 111 elk, 20 mule deer, 8 white-tailed deer, 26 prong-horn antelope, 42 domestic sheep and 3 bighorn sheep from Montana or northwestern Wyoming were examined post-mortem for evidence of Elaeophora schneideri infection in 1973-74. Fifteen percent of the mule deer and four percent of the moose were positive for adult arterial worms. This constitutes the first report of E. schneideri in mule deer in Montana. No gross signs of blindness or other neurologic disorder were evident in the infected animals. Potential horsefly intermediate hosts collected in the enzootic area included Hybomitra rhombica osburni, H. tetrica, H. metabola, Chrysops noctifer pertinax and Atylotus incisuralis."}
{"id": "PMID:127850", "title": "Echocardiographic observations in hypertension.", "content": "Ultrasoundcardiograms (UCG) and radiocardiograms (RCG) were obtained from 50 patients with essential hypertension. They were classified into four groups according to the severity index of Veterans Administration Hospital. These echocardiograms were compared with those obtained from 20 normal individuals. Of the 50 patients with hypertension, ten had abnormal patterns of mitral valve echogram: two had shoulder formation of the A wave (A-A'), three had increased amplitude of the A wave (A greater than E), and five had systolic anterior movement (SAM) of the anterior mitral leaflet toward the ventricular septum. The former two groups were considered to have impairment of left ventricular (LV) function proven by UCG and RCG, however, the SAM group was considered to have hyperfunction with concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle with thickened ventricular septum simulating that of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). This was supported by the fact that SAM increased after inhalation of amyl nitrite and decreased after injection of propranolol. The descent rate of the anterior mitral valve decreased and the thickness of the ventricular septum increased with the severity of hypertension, indicating the LV compliance decreases as the severity of hypertension advances. A significant positive correlation was noted between stroke index (SI) obtained by UCG and RCG. There were no significant differences of LV dimensions and function indices measured by UCG and RCG among the groups classified according to the severity index of hypertension. This suggests that such factors as myocardial ischemia might play an important role in LV function as well as the grade of afterload due to hypertension.", "contents": "Echocardiographic observations in hypertension. Ultrasoundcardiograms (UCG) and radiocardiograms (RCG) were obtained from 50 patients with essential hypertension. They were classified into four groups according to the severity index of Veterans Administration Hospital. These echocardiograms were compared with those obtained from 20 normal individuals. Of the 50 patients with hypertension, ten had abnormal patterns of mitral valve echogram: two had shoulder formation of the A wave (A-A'), three had increased amplitude of the A wave (A greater than E), and five had systolic anterior movement (SAM) of the anterior mitral leaflet toward the ventricular septum. The former two groups were considered to have impairment of left ventricular (LV) function proven by UCG and RCG, however, the SAM group was considered to have hyperfunction with concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle with thickened ventricular septum simulating that of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). This was supported by the fact that SAM increased after inhalation of amyl nitrite and decreased after injection of propranolol. The descent rate of the anterior mitral valve decreased and the thickness of the ventricular septum increased with the severity of hypertension, indicating the LV compliance decreases as the severity of hypertension advances. A significant positive correlation was noted between stroke index (SI) obtained by UCG and RCG. There were no significant differences of LV dimensions and function indices measured by UCG and RCG among the groups classified according to the severity index of hypertension. This suggests that such factors as myocardial ischemia might play an important role in LV function as well as the grade of afterload due to hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:127876", "title": "[Contractile myocardial proteins in patients with acquired heart defects].", "content": "The ATP-ase activity of myosin; the level of SH-groups and the concentration of myosin were studied in various clinical groups of patients with mitral, mitral-aortic and mitral-aortic-tricuspid valve defects. Proceeding from the duration of the history of the disease, the mitral cases were grouped in the following way: Group 1 -- heart disease of under 10-years duration; Group 2 -- under 20 years; Group 3 -- over 20 years; Group 4 -- three patients with combined heart diseases; Group 5 -- four lethal cases due to postoperative cardiovascular failure. The papillary muscle was taken for biochemical tests in all surgical procedures for mitral valve replacement. The conducted investigations demonstrated that the ATP-ase activity of myosin was the lowest in those dying after surgery of cardiovascular failure. The earliest sign of the deteriorating structure of the contractile proteins in lasting mitral heart disease is the growing content of thiol compounds of myosin.", "contents": "[Contractile myocardial proteins in patients with acquired heart defects]. The ATP-ase activity of myosin; the level of SH-groups and the concentration of myosin were studied in various clinical groups of patients with mitral, mitral-aortic and mitral-aortic-tricuspid valve defects. Proceeding from the duration of the history of the disease, the mitral cases were grouped in the following way: Group 1 -- heart disease of under 10-years duration; Group 2 -- under 20 years; Group 3 -- over 20 years; Group 4 -- three patients with combined heart diseases; Group 5 -- four lethal cases due to postoperative cardiovascular failure. The papillary muscle was taken for biochemical tests in all surgical procedures for mitral valve replacement. The conducted investigations demonstrated that the ATP-ase activity of myosin was the lowest in those dying after surgery of cardiovascular failure. The earliest sign of the deteriorating structure of the contractile proteins in lasting mitral heart disease is the growing content of thiol compounds of myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:127878", "title": "[Certain changes in the water-electrolyte metabolism in desoxycorticosterone acetate salt hypertension in rats adapted to high altitude hypoxia].", "content": "In the course of the development of desoxycorticosterone-acetate-salt hypertension the animals were noted to display high appetite of sodium chloride, a considerable increase of the weight of the heart, kidneys and adrenal glands, of the diameter of the glomeruli and the surface of the cortical and medullar zones of the kidneys, a decrease of the sodium and potassium gradient in the renal tissue. Adaptation to hypoxy is noted so cause a decrease in the interventricular factor, in the width of the glomerular zone of the adrenal glands, in the sodium concentration in the erythrocytes, an increase in the mass of the medullar layer of the kidneys, and an increase in the sodium and potassium gradients. When adaptation to hypoxy is combined with the effect of desoxycorticosterone-acetate-salt, hypertension develops to a lower degree than in non-adapted animals.", "contents": "[Certain changes in the water-electrolyte metabolism in desoxycorticosterone acetate salt hypertension in rats adapted to high altitude hypoxia]. In the course of the development of desoxycorticosterone-acetate-salt hypertension the animals were noted to display high appetite of sodium chloride, a considerable increase of the weight of the heart, kidneys and adrenal glands, of the diameter of the glomeruli and the surface of the cortical and medullar zones of the kidneys, a decrease of the sodium and potassium gradient in the renal tissue. Adaptation to hypoxy is noted so cause a decrease in the interventricular factor, in the width of the glomerular zone of the adrenal glands, in the sodium concentration in the erythrocytes, an increase in the mass of the medullar layer of the kidneys, and an increase in the sodium and potassium gradients. When adaptation to hypoxy is combined with the effect of desoxycorticosterone-acetate-salt, hypertension develops to a lower degree than in non-adapted animals."}
{"id": "PMID:127882", "title": "An activation mechanism for ATP cleavage in muscle.", "content": "Evidence for a proposed activation mechanism is summarized. The low rate of ATP cleavage in the resting state of muscle is considered to result from the formation of a stable ring structure involving the two essential sulfhydryl groups on each myosin head and MgATP. Activation is thought to occur by interaction of actin in the vicinity of one of the essential sulfhydryl groups. Thus opening the stable ring leading to rapid dissociation of split products. This idea is consistent with the kinetic scheme of ATP cleavage developed recently by other workers and allows a prediction of the shift in population of intermediate states with changes in solvent conditions. It is also supported by our recent studies on the spatial geometry of the ring. The possibility that other nucleophilic groups may replace the sulfhydryl groups in other contractile systems is considered. The relevance of the ring structure to the tension generating event is discussed on the basis of recent measurements of the rate of contraction of modified (SH1-blocked) actomyosin threads. Results indicate the ability to form the ring structure is an essential requirement of the contractile process in these systems, and, moreover, that single, modified heads of myosin can act independently to produce the same rate of contraction as native myosin. This latter finding suggests that the myosin duplex exhibits some type of negative cooperativity in the contractile process.", "contents": "An activation mechanism for ATP cleavage in muscle. Evidence for a proposed activation mechanism is summarized. The low rate of ATP cleavage in the resting state of muscle is considered to result from the formation of a stable ring structure involving the two essential sulfhydryl groups on each myosin head and MgATP. Activation is thought to occur by interaction of actin in the vicinity of one of the essential sulfhydryl groups. Thus opening the stable ring leading to rapid dissociation of split products. This idea is consistent with the kinetic scheme of ATP cleavage developed recently by other workers and allows a prediction of the shift in population of intermediate states with changes in solvent conditions. It is also supported by our recent studies on the spatial geometry of the ring. The possibility that other nucleophilic groups may replace the sulfhydryl groups in other contractile systems is considered. The relevance of the ring structure to the tension generating event is discussed on the basis of recent measurements of the rate of contraction of modified (SH1-blocked) actomyosin threads. Results indicate the ability to form the ring structure is an essential requirement of the contractile process in these systems, and, moreover, that single, modified heads of myosin can act independently to produce the same rate of contraction as native myosin. This latter finding suggests that the myosin duplex exhibits some type of negative cooperativity in the contractile process."}
{"id": "PMID:127883", "title": "Structural changes in myosin during contraction and the state of ATP in the intact frog muscle.", "content": "The reactivity of myosin to [14C]-labeled N-ethylmaleimide ([14C]NEM) or to tritium was determined in functionally different frog muscles. The incorporation of [14C]NEM into myosin decreased during isotonic or isometric contractions, as compared to resting muscle. The cysteine residues which were protected during contraction were not involved in the ATPase activity or the actin-binding ability of myosin. Peptide mapping revealed that several residues were protected simultaneously. The incorporation of tritium into the peptide N-H groups of myosin was also decreased during muscle activity. These data support the idea that activation and subsequent contraction of muscle are correlated with structural changes in the myosin molecule. The reactivity of myosin to [14C]NEM was increased when the muscle was stretched to 140% rest length and treated with iodoacetate to deplete ATP. Based on in vitro experiments and on literature data, it is suggested that in the resting muscle myosin contains bound MgATP which decreases the rate of incorporation of [14C]NEM into myosin and that upon the irreversible loss of ATP the rate increases. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance signals from a number of phosphates were detected in the intact frog muscle. The data indicated that the minimum concentration of ATP in the muscle is 3 mM, a value which agrees with that of chemical determination. The characteristic chemical shifts, coupling constants, and line widths of ATP in the muscle were considerably altered from that of either free ATP in aqueous solutions or ATP in perchloric acid extracts of muscle.", "contents": "Structural changes in myosin during contraction and the state of ATP in the intact frog muscle. The reactivity of myosin to [14C]-labeled N-ethylmaleimide ([14C]NEM) or to tritium was determined in functionally different frog muscles. The incorporation of [14C]NEM into myosin decreased during isotonic or isometric contractions, as compared to resting muscle. The cysteine residues which were protected during contraction were not involved in the ATPase activity or the actin-binding ability of myosin. Peptide mapping revealed that several residues were protected simultaneously. The incorporation of tritium into the peptide N-H groups of myosin was also decreased during muscle activity. These data support the idea that activation and subsequent contraction of muscle are correlated with structural changes in the myosin molecule. The reactivity of myosin to [14C]NEM was increased when the muscle was stretched to 140% rest length and treated with iodoacetate to deplete ATP. Based on in vitro experiments and on literature data, it is suggested that in the resting muscle myosin contains bound MgATP which decreases the rate of incorporation of [14C]NEM into myosin and that upon the irreversible loss of ATP the rate increases. 31P nuclear magnetic resonance signals from a number of phosphates were detected in the intact frog muscle. The data indicated that the minimum concentration of ATP in the muscle is 3 mM, a value which agrees with that of chemical determination. The characteristic chemical shifts, coupling constants, and line widths of ATP in the muscle were considerably altered from that of either free ATP in aqueous solutions or ATP in perchloric acid extracts of muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:127884", "title": "The bound nucleotide of actin.", "content": "The extent of actin polymerization has been studied for samples in which the bound nucleotide of the actin was ATP, ADP, or an analog of ATP that was not split (AMPPNP). The equilibrium constants for the addition of a monomer to a polymer end were determined from the concentration of monomer coexisting with the polymer. An analysis of these results concludes that the bound ATP on G-actin provides little energy to promote the polymerization of the actin. AMPPNP was incorporated into F-actin and the interaction of F-actin - AMPPNP with  myosin was studied. F-actin - AMPPNP activated the ATPase of myosin to the same extent as did F-actin - ADP. However, the rate of superprecipitation was slower in the case of F-actin - AMPPNP than in the control.", "contents": "The bound nucleotide of actin. The extent of actin polymerization has been studied for samples in which the bound nucleotide of the actin was ATP, ADP, or an analog of ATP that was not split (AMPPNP). The equilibrium constants for the addition of a monomer to a polymer end were determined from the concentration of monomer coexisting with the polymer. An analysis of these results concludes that the bound ATP on G-actin provides little energy to promote the polymerization of the actin. AMPPNP was incorporated into F-actin and the interaction of F-actin - AMPPNP with  myosin was studied. F-actin - AMPPNP activated the ATPase of myosin to the same extent as did F-actin - ADP. However, the rate of superprecipitation was slower in the case of F-actin - AMPPNP than in the control."}
{"id": "PMID:127885", "title": "Isotopic probes of catalytic steps of myosin adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "A new approach to the direct estimation of the value of the off constant for dissociation of ATP from myosin subfragment 1 (S1) has been developed. From measurements of the extremely slow rate of release of [32P] - ATP formed from 32P(i) by S1 catalysis and the amount of rapidly formed [32P] - ATP tightly bound to S1, the value of the off constant is approximately 2.8 X 10(-4) sec -1 at pH 7.4. The concentration dependencies for P(i) in equilibrium H18 OH exchange and for (32)P(j) incorporation into myosin-bound ATP give direct measurements of the dissociation constant of P(i) from S1. Both approaches show that the enzyme has a very low affinity for P(i), with an apparent K(d) of greater than 400 mM. Measurement of the average number of water oxygens incorporated into P(i) released from ATP by S1-catalyzed hydrolysis in the presence of Mg2+ suggests that the hydrolytic step reverses an average of at least 5.5 times for each ATP cleaved. With the Ca2+ -activated hydrolysis, less than one oxygen from water appears in each P(i) released. This finding is indicative of a possible isotope effect in the attack of water on the terminal phosphoryl group of ATP.", "contents": "Isotopic probes of catalytic steps of myosin adenosine triphosphatase. A new approach to the direct estimation of the value of the off constant for dissociation of ATP from myosin subfragment 1 (S1) has been developed. From measurements of the extremely slow rate of release of [32P] - ATP formed from 32P(i) by S1 catalysis and the amount of rapidly formed [32P] - ATP tightly bound to S1, the value of the off constant is approximately 2.8 X 10(-4) sec -1 at pH 7.4. The concentration dependencies for P(i) in equilibrium H18 OH exchange and for (32)P(j) incorporation into myosin-bound ATP give direct measurements of the dissociation constant of P(i) from S1. Both approaches show that the enzyme has a very low affinity for P(i), with an apparent K(d) of greater than 400 mM. Measurement of the average number of water oxygens incorporated into P(i) released from ATP by S1-catalyzed hydrolysis in the presence of Mg2+ suggests that the hydrolytic step reverses an average of at least 5.5 times for each ATP cleaved. With the Ca2+ -activated hydrolysis, less than one oxygen from water appears in each P(i) released. This finding is indicative of a possible isotope effect in the attack of water on the terminal phosphoryl group of ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:127886", "title": "Time-dependent fluorescence depolarization and lifetime studies of myosin subfragment-one in the presence of nucleotide and actin.", "content": "Time-dependent fluorescence depolarization and lifetime studies have been made on myosin subfragment 1 to obtain information about mobility changes and dye environment changes when different nucleotides are added. Data are reported for static and actively hydrolyzing systems containing G- and F-actin. Preliminary data indicate that myosin labeled with the fluorophore 1, 5 IAEDANS and treated with DTT preserves its actin-activated Vmax. S1 prepared in this manner gives lifetime changes which are nearly identical for all systems studied. S1 labeling without DTT addition gives a pattern of lifetimes similar, though not identical to ESR work. Either type of labeling produces no observable change in the polarization decay, and we set an upper limit of 15% length change for the elongate S1. An unusually long fluorescence decay lifetime for the S1-Mg++ ATP-G-actin system is found which may indicate a new acto-S1 state stabilized by G-actin. The method for obtaining the bound fraction of S1's in the presence of actin is presented and applied to the S1-F-actin-Mg++ ATP system. Qualitative agreement is obtained with other methods.", "contents": "Time-dependent fluorescence depolarization and lifetime studies of myosin subfragment-one in the presence of nucleotide and actin. Time-dependent fluorescence depolarization and lifetime studies have been made on myosin subfragment 1 to obtain information about mobility changes and dye environment changes when different nucleotides are added. Data are reported for static and actively hydrolyzing systems containing G- and F-actin. Preliminary data indicate that myosin labeled with the fluorophore 1, 5 IAEDANS and treated with DTT preserves its actin-activated Vmax. S1 prepared in this manner gives lifetime changes which are nearly identical for all systems studied. S1 labeling without DTT addition gives a pattern of lifetimes similar, though not identical to ESR work. Either type of labeling produces no observable change in the polarization decay, and we set an upper limit of 15% length change for the elongate S1. An unusually long fluorescence decay lifetime for the S1-Mg++ ATP-G-actin system is found which may indicate a new acto-S1 state stabilized by G-actin. The method for obtaining the bound fraction of S1's in the presence of actin is presented and applied to the S1-F-actin-Mg++ ATP system. Qualitative agreement is obtained with other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:127887", "title": "The binding of Mn2+ and ADP to myosin.", "content": "The metal ion requirement of myosin-ADP binding was investigated by use of Mn2+. Mn2+ binds to two sets of noninteracting sites on myosin which are characterized by affinity constants of 10(6) and 10(3), M(-1) at 0.016 M KCl concentration. The maximum number of sites is 2 for the high affinity and 20-25 for the low affinity set. Binding of Mn2+ to the high affinity sites increases the affinity of ADP binding to myosin. F-actin inhibits ADP binding (Kiely, B., and Martonosi, A., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 172: 158-170 [1969]), but even at F-actin concentrations much higher than that required to saturate the actin binding sites of myosin or its proteolytic fragments, significant ADP binding remained. The actin insensitive portion of ADP binding was inhibited by 10(-4) M inorganic pyrophosphate or ATP. The results are discussed on the basis of a model in which actin and ADP bind to myosin at distinct but interacting sites.", "contents": "The binding of Mn2+ and ADP to myosin. The metal ion requirement of myosin-ADP binding was investigated by use of Mn2+. Mn2+ binds to two sets of noninteracting sites on myosin which are characterized by affinity constants of 10(6) and 10(3), M(-1) at 0.016 M KCl concentration. The maximum number of sites is 2 for the high affinity and 20-25 for the low affinity set. Binding of Mn2+ to the high affinity sites increases the affinity of ADP binding to myosin. F-actin inhibits ADP binding (Kiely, B., and Martonosi, A., Biochim. Biophys. Acta 172: 158-170 [1969]), but even at F-actin concentrations much higher than that required to saturate the actin binding sites of myosin or its proteolytic fragments, significant ADP binding remained. The actin insensitive portion of ADP binding was inhibited by 10(-4) M inorganic pyrophosphate or ATP. The results are discussed on the basis of a model in which actin and ADP bind to myosin at distinct but interacting sites."}
{"id": "PMID:127890", "title": "Interaction of myosin and paramyosin.", "content": "The interaction of myosin and paramyosin was investigated by enzymological and ultrastructural techniques. The actin-activated Mg+2 ATPase of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin can be inhibited by clam adductor paramyosin. Both proteins must be rapidly coprecipitated to form filaments for this inhibition. Slowly formed cofilaments are fully activatable by F-actin. In both cases, the cofilaments possess unique structural characteristics when compared to homofilaments. The mode of inhibition appears to be competitive when different concentrations of paramyosin and F-actin are compared. The apparent affinity of the myosin heads for actin is reduced by the presence of paramyosin within rapidly reconstituted thick filaments. These results suggest that paramyosin may serve as part of a relaxing mechanism within invertebrate muscles. It is unlikely that paramyosin plays a role in the initiation and maintenance of catch within specialized molluscan muscles.", "contents": "Interaction of myosin and paramyosin. The interaction of myosin and paramyosin was investigated by enzymological and ultrastructural techniques. The actin-activated Mg+2 ATPase of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin can be inhibited by clam adductor paramyosin. Both proteins must be rapidly coprecipitated to form filaments for this inhibition. Slowly formed cofilaments are fully activatable by F-actin. In both cases, the cofilaments possess unique structural characteristics when compared to homofilaments. The mode of inhibition appears to be competitive when different concentrations of paramyosin and F-actin are compared. The apparent affinity of the myosin heads for actin is reduced by the presence of paramyosin within rapidly reconstituted thick filaments. These results suggest that paramyosin may serve as part of a relaxing mechanism within invertebrate muscles. It is unlikely that paramyosin plays a role in the initiation and maintenance of catch within specialized molluscan muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:127891", "title": "Calcium regulation of cardiac myofibrillar activation: effects of MgATP.", "content": "In 2 mM MgATP, 0.08 ionic strength and 1 mM free Mg++ cardiac myofibrils bound 3.5 nmoles Ca/mg protein at maximal ATPase activation. Significant amounts of Ca were also bound to cardiac myosin with these same conditions. By subtraction of this myosin-bound Ca we obtained an estimate of 4 moles Ca bound per mole of myofibrillar troponin at maximal ATPase. We found, however, that Ca activation of myofibrillar ATPase could be estimated assuming that only two of troponin's Ca-binding sites are engaged in regulation of crossbridge activity. Increases in MgMTP from 0.3 to 5.0 mM raised the free Ca, giving half-maximal isomteric tension or ATPase. Although part of this shift is most probably due to changes in the number of rigor (nucleotide-free) actin-myosin linkages, the rightward shift of the free Ca++-activation relation with increase in MgATP from 2 to 5 mM appears to be due to effects of active (nucleotide-containing) actin-myosin linkages.", "contents": "Calcium regulation of cardiac myofibrillar activation: effects of MgATP. In 2 mM MgATP, 0.08 ionic strength and 1 mM free Mg++ cardiac myofibrils bound 3.5 nmoles Ca/mg protein at maximal ATPase activation. Significant amounts of Ca were also bound to cardiac myosin with these same conditions. By subtraction of this myosin-bound Ca we obtained an estimate of 4 moles Ca bound per mole of myofibrillar troponin at maximal ATPase. We found, however, that Ca activation of myofibrillar ATPase could be estimated assuming that only two of troponin's Ca-binding sites are engaged in regulation of crossbridge activity. Increases in MgMTP from 0.3 to 5.0 mM raised the free Ca, giving half-maximal isomteric tension or ATPase. Although part of this shift is most probably due to changes in the number of rigor (nucleotide-free) actin-myosin linkages, the rightward shift of the free Ca++-activation relation with increase in MgATP from 2 to 5 mM appears to be due to effects of active (nucleotide-containing) actin-myosin linkages."}
{"id": "PMID:127894", "title": "Effect of essential phospholipids on the properties of ATPases of isolated rat liver plasma membranes of young and old animals.", "content": "\"Essential\" phospholipids (EPL), rich in dilinoleyl-phosphatidylcholine were given orally to young and 780-800 day-old rats. The double-labelled (14C/32P) dilinoleyl-phosphatidylcholine was incorporated in plasma membranes and the amounts incorporated into different organs investigated. Old animals incorporated higher radioactivity than young. The 14C/32P ratio however decreased in comparison with the substance administered. The amount of (Na+-K+)-ATPase in rat liver plasma membranes of old animals increased after pretreatment with EPL. The thermostability of ATPases was increased in plasma membranes of EPL treated old animals. In old animals EPL significantly lowered the cholesterol content. The membrane fluidity increased. The role of EPl in structural and functional properties of aged plasma membranes is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of essential phospholipids on the properties of ATPases of isolated rat liver plasma membranes of young and old animals. \"Essential\" phospholipids (EPL), rich in dilinoleyl-phosphatidylcholine were given orally to young and 780-800 day-old rats. The double-labelled (14C/32P) dilinoleyl-phosphatidylcholine was incorporated in plasma membranes and the amounts incorporated into different organs investigated. Old animals incorporated higher radioactivity than young. The 14C/32P ratio however decreased in comparison with the substance administered. The amount of (Na+-K+)-ATPase in rat liver plasma membranes of old animals increased after pretreatment with EPL. The thermostability of ATPases was increased in plasma membranes of EPL treated old animals. In old animals EPL significantly lowered the cholesterol content. The membrane fluidity increased. The role of EPl in structural and functional properties of aged plasma membranes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127895", "title": "Characterization of age-associated kidney disease in Wistar rats.", "content": "Kidney disease was studied patho-histologically, electron microscopically and immunologically in Wistar rats ranging in age from 2 weeks to 24 months. Glomerular lesions characterized by adhesion of podocyte foot processes were first detected at 3 months of age. The kidney lesions became more pronounced with age, as manifested by an increase of mesangial matrix, basement membrane thickening, crescent formation and hyalinization of glomeruli, and tubular degeneration. Evidence for the deposition of immune complexes in the kidney was obtained by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, as well as by immuno-electrophoretic analysis of kidney elutions. Tests with antiserum reagent against Moloney leukemia virus antigen revealed its presence in some but not all glomeruli. The presence of other viruses in Moloney leukemia virus negative glomeruli was not ruled out. Serum autoantibody against an array of rat tissues could not be detected. Therefore, it would appear that autoimmune mechanism may not be the primary underlying cause of pathogenesis of the disease. Accordingly, the disease could be referred to as chronic immune complex glomerulonephropathy with nephrotic syndrome, but sources of the antigens in the complex were mostly unknown, althougn virus could be one portion of them. The possibility that diet antigens may also be present in the complex seems unlikely because attempts to demonstrate serum antibodies against diet pellet in old rats were unsuccessful.", "contents": "Characterization of age-associated kidney disease in Wistar rats. Kidney disease was studied patho-histologically, electron microscopically and immunologically in Wistar rats ranging in age from 2 weeks to 24 months. Glomerular lesions characterized by adhesion of podocyte foot processes were first detected at 3 months of age. The kidney lesions became more pronounced with age, as manifested by an increase of mesangial matrix, basement membrane thickening, crescent formation and hyalinization of glomeruli, and tubular degeneration. Evidence for the deposition of immune complexes in the kidney was obtained by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, as well as by immuno-electrophoretic analysis of kidney elutions. Tests with antiserum reagent against Moloney leukemia virus antigen revealed its presence in some but not all glomeruli. The presence of other viruses in Moloney leukemia virus negative glomeruli was not ruled out. Serum autoantibody against an array of rat tissues could not be detected. Therefore, it would appear that autoimmune mechanism may not be the primary underlying cause of pathogenesis of the disease. Accordingly, the disease could be referred to as chronic immune complex glomerulonephropathy with nephrotic syndrome, but sources of the antigens in the complex were mostly unknown, althougn virus could be one portion of them. The possibility that diet antigens may also be present in the complex seems unlikely because attempts to demonstrate serum antibodies against diet pellet in old rats were unsuccessful."}
{"id": "PMID:127902", "title": "[Echography in sinus diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "With high frequency echography (8 MHz) rhinogenic processes can be examined after they have penetrated the bony wall. Thus extension and form of bony defects can be determined and the degree of soft tissue involvement in the orbit can be evaluated. A scan echography provides tissue differentiation; it is a safe method bearing no risk for the patient and can be repeated any time. Whenever orbital involvement in cases of sinusitis is suspected, a scan echography of the orbit and adjacent sinuses is recommended.", "contents": "[Echography in sinus diseases (author's transl)]. With high frequency echography (8 MHz) rhinogenic processes can be examined after they have penetrated the bony wall. Thus extension and form of bony defects can be determined and the degree of soft tissue involvement in the orbit can be evaluated. A scan echography provides tissue differentiation; it is a safe method bearing no risk for the patient and can be repeated any time. Whenever orbital involvement in cases of sinusitis is suspected, a scan echography of the orbit and adjacent sinuses is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:127903", "title": "[X-Ray and clinical study of the nose, sinuses and maxilla in patients with severe iron deficiency disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A definite relation between ozaena and iron deficiency disease could not be verified. However, the examination of 88 patients with severe iron deficiency disease, mostly of juvenile age, revealed that X-ray pictures of the nose and the paranasal sinuses showed abnormal alterations indicating the existence of a non-inflammatory process. There were few symptoms from the nose and the neighbouring structures as well as insignificant clinical findings by inspection of these structures. The increased opacity of the maxillary sinuses on the roentgenograms and some other changes are considered to be partially due to the insufficient pneumatisation which is related to the retarded development and maturation of juvenile patients with iron deficiency disease. Furthermore, it is caused by the enlargement and thickening of the facial bones resulting from the expansive growth of the hyperplastic and hypertrophic red marrow filling completely the cancelous substance. The space of the maxillary sinuses is narrowed in many cases, the penetration power of the X-ray diminished and the clearing effect of the air containing cavities decreased.", "contents": "[X-Ray and clinical study of the nose, sinuses and maxilla in patients with severe iron deficiency disease (author's transl)]. A definite relation between ozaena and iron deficiency disease could not be verified. However, the examination of 88 patients with severe iron deficiency disease, mostly of juvenile age, revealed that X-ray pictures of the nose and the paranasal sinuses showed abnormal alterations indicating the existence of a non-inflammatory process. There were few symptoms from the nose and the neighbouring structures as well as insignificant clinical findings by inspection of these structures. The increased opacity of the maxillary sinuses on the roentgenograms and some other changes are considered to be partially due to the insufficient pneumatisation which is related to the retarded development and maturation of juvenile patients with iron deficiency disease. Furthermore, it is caused by the enlargement and thickening of the facial bones resulting from the expansive growth of the hyperplastic and hypertrophic red marrow filling completely the cancelous substance. The space of the maxillary sinuses is narrowed in many cases, the penetration power of the X-ray diminished and the clearing effect of the air containing cavities decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:127904", "title": "ATP-atp.", "content": "It has been known for some years that intra-arterial application of ATP as well as the only treatment with hyperbaric Oxygen is able to influence favorably a sudden hearing loss. In this study the combined application of both agents was used optimally. Up to now only few cases could be treated. The three above mentioned patients have shown remarkable results. A patient with a long lasting sensorineural hearing loss is especially interesting and this is the reason why we now publish the results gathered up to now.", "contents": "ATP-atp. It has been known for some years that intra-arterial application of ATP as well as the only treatment with hyperbaric Oxygen is able to influence favorably a sudden hearing loss. In this study the combined application of both agents was used optimally. Up to now only few cases could be treated. The three above mentioned patients have shown remarkable results. A patient with a long lasting sensorineural hearing loss is especially interesting and this is the reason why we now publish the results gathered up to now."}
{"id": "PMID:127905", "title": "[Varicositiy formation in the parotid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "First known case report of the a single large varicosity formation in the parotid gland. Assuming a benign tumer, a parotidectomy was performed and the diagnosis made histologically.", "contents": "[Varicositiy formation in the parotid gland (author's transl)]. First known case report of the a single large varicosity formation in the parotid gland. Assuming a benign tumer, a parotidectomy was performed and the diagnosis made histologically."}
{"id": "PMID:127906", "title": "[Lymphogranulomatosis of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported the case of a 50 year old man with Hodgkin's disease. The first symptom was growing dyspnea and histological problems of Hodgkin's disease in the larynx are discussed.", "contents": "[Lymphogranulomatosis of the larynx (author's transl)]. It is reported the case of a 50 year old man with Hodgkin's disease. The first symptom was growing dyspnea and histological problems of Hodgkin's disease in the larynx are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:127907", "title": "[A \"hairy polyp\" of the throat causes larynx occlusion in a newborn (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of \"polyp with hair\" in the throat is reported. It's occurence is extremely seldom. It is the simplest form of an epignathus. The birth defect is considered as an uncomplete dual formation, it is more often found in female than in male newborns. The left palate is the preferred place of occurence. Because it is anchored with a pedicle, the tumor may change it's position resulting in an occlusion of the larynx, as it was in this case. Recurrence after surgery is not known.", "contents": "[A \"hairy polyp\" of the throat causes larynx occlusion in a newborn (author's transl)]. A case of \"polyp with hair\" in the throat is reported. It's occurence is extremely seldom. It is the simplest form of an epignathus. The birth defect is considered as an uncomplete dual formation, it is more often found in female than in male newborns. The left palate is the preferred place of occurence. Because it is anchored with a pedicle, the tumor may change it's position resulting in an occlusion of the larynx, as it was in this case. Recurrence after surgery is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:127908", "title": "[\"Central Recruitment\" with unilateral conductive deafness (author's transl)].", "content": "Feldmann described a recruitment with conductive deafness using simultaneous tones for loudness-balancing. On 20 patients with unilateral conductive deafness a loudness-balance-test was performed in 4 different ways. The results were strongly method-influenced: 1 There was a substantial hysteresis between ascending and descending loudness-balancing. 2 The choice of the reference ear, i.e. the ear on which the intensity steps are fixed, appeared to be very important. Different results were obtained when the intensity steps were fixed on the good ear (and thus adapting for equal loudness on the bad ear) compared to the results when the intensity steps were fixed on the other ear.- With continuous tones, and when fixing the intensities on the good ear, a recruitment can be measured with conductive deafness, but it is only method-depending. For a reliable recruitment-diagnosis with the Fowler-test strictly defined test-conditions, considering method-depending influences, are necessary.", "contents": "[\"Central Recruitment\" with unilateral conductive deafness (author's transl)]. Feldmann described a recruitment with conductive deafness using simultaneous tones for loudness-balancing. On 20 patients with unilateral conductive deafness a loudness-balance-test was performed in 4 different ways. The results were strongly method-influenced: 1 There was a substantial hysteresis between ascending and descending loudness-balancing. 2 The choice of the reference ear, i.e. the ear on which the intensity steps are fixed, appeared to be very important. Different results were obtained when the intensity steps were fixed on the good ear (and thus adapting for equal loudness on the bad ear) compared to the results when the intensity steps were fixed on the other ear.- With continuous tones, and when fixing the intensities on the good ear, a recruitment can be measured with conductive deafness, but it is only method-depending. For a reliable recruitment-diagnosis with the Fowler-test strictly defined test-conditions, considering method-depending influences, are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:127909", "title": "[The behaviour of the post-stimulatory acoustic response trigger threshold during experiments and with noise workers (author's transl)].", "content": "The findings on impedance jump responses after experimental and professional exposure to noise are presented and discussed. It can be shown that the trigger threshold of the impedance jump is raised only slightly by the development of a temporary shift of the threshold of audibility (TTS). By sealing the acoustic duct with ear-plugs (made of cotton and wax) however, the trigger threshold shifts by the same amount in decibel which originated through the sound attenuation itself. Furthermore, the impedance jump can be triggered more and more rarely with increasing exposure to noise during the working years under noise of noise workers. This can be explained by the additional increasing degeneration of the ganglion cells and the auditory nerve.", "contents": "[The behaviour of the post-stimulatory acoustic response trigger threshold during experiments and with noise workers (author's transl)]. The findings on impedance jump responses after experimental and professional exposure to noise are presented and discussed. It can be shown that the trigger threshold of the impedance jump is raised only slightly by the development of a temporary shift of the threshold of audibility (TTS). By sealing the acoustic duct with ear-plugs (made of cotton and wax) however, the trigger threshold shifts by the same amount in decibel which originated through the sound attenuation itself. Furthermore, the impedance jump can be triggered more and more rarely with increasing exposure to noise during the working years under noise of noise workers. This can be explained by the additional increasing degeneration of the ganglion cells and the auditory nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:127910", "title": "[The fowler test (author's transl)].", "content": "On 20 patients with unilateral recruitment-positive deafness (Morbus Meniere) 4 variations of the loudness-balancing test were performed: A. Two methods with alternate tones:1st method (Jerger): alternate tones, affected ear as reference ear. Loudness on the good ear was adapted for loudness balancing(= \"affected ear fixed\"), 2nd method (Hood): alternate tones, \"good ear fixed\". B. Two methods with continuous tones: 3rd method: continuous tones on both ears, \"affected ear fixed\", 4th method: continuous tones on both ears, \"good ear fixed\". Results were compared with the corresponding data obtained with recruitment-negative patients. Statistical analysis showed that separation between recruitment-positive and negative patients was equally excellent with both methods with alternate tones. With Jerger's method (method 1) the tendency to recruitment is less pronounced. Overrecruitment does practically not exist. Under our testing conditions the standard values for positive, and also for negative recruitment (reference point 110 dB lower with method 1 (Jerger) as compared to method 2 (Hood). The different values with method 1 and method 2 were due to the choice of the affected or good ear as \"fixed ear\" (reference ear). Method 1 (Jerger) can be recommended for clinical use as there is less overrecruitment (unfavourable testing technique) and as an audiometer with 5 dB intensity-steps can be used.", "contents": "[The fowler test (author's transl)]. On 20 patients with unilateral recruitment-positive deafness (Morbus Meniere) 4 variations of the loudness-balancing test were performed: A. Two methods with alternate tones:1st method (Jerger): alternate tones, affected ear as reference ear. Loudness on the good ear was adapted for loudness balancing(= \"affected ear fixed\"), 2nd method (Hood): alternate tones, \"good ear fixed\". B. Two methods with continuous tones: 3rd method: continuous tones on both ears, \"affected ear fixed\", 4th method: continuous tones on both ears, \"good ear fixed\". Results were compared with the corresponding data obtained with recruitment-negative patients. Statistical analysis showed that separation between recruitment-positive and negative patients was equally excellent with both methods with alternate tones. With Jerger's method (method 1) the tendency to recruitment is less pronounced. Overrecruitment does practically not exist. Under our testing conditions the standard values for positive, and also for negative recruitment (reference point 110 dB lower with method 1 (Jerger) as compared to method 2 (Hood). The different values with method 1 and method 2 were due to the choice of the affected or good ear as \"fixed ear\" (reference ear). Method 1 (Jerger) can be recommended for clinical use as there is less overrecruitment (unfavourable testing technique) and as an audiometer with 5 dB intensity-steps can be used."}
{"id": "PMID:127915", "title": "Lipogenesis by intact hepatocytes from normal and diabetic rats.", "content": "Intact hepatocytes isolated from livers of diabetic rats demonstrate the characteristic decreased lipogenic capacities as compared to normal. Administration of insulin to diabetic rats restores these capacities to near normal levels. The results emphasize the potential that the hepatocyte system has for the study of hormonal regulation of lipogenesis.", "contents": "Lipogenesis by intact hepatocytes from normal and diabetic rats. Intact hepatocytes isolated from livers of diabetic rats demonstrate the characteristic decreased lipogenic capacities as compared to normal. Administration of insulin to diabetic rats restores these capacities to near normal levels. The results emphasize the potential that the hepatocyte system has for the study of hormonal regulation of lipogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:127924", "title": "Faucial bonorrhoea.", "content": "Nine hundred patients (250 females and 650 males) attending the Clinic for the Treatment of Venereal Diseases had throat swabs taken as a routine; 1-1% (1-6% of females and 0-92% of males) were found to have faucial gonorrhoea. This figure appears to be similar to that found by Odegaard and Gunderson (1973) in Norway. The treatment regime used in the clinic in Perth appeared to be satisfactory, as there were no failures. It is stressed that all patients suspected of suffering from venereal disease should have their throats swabbed as a routine. Information as to whether or not oral sex is practised should be obtained.", "contents": "Faucial bonorrhoea. Nine hundred patients (250 females and 650 males) attending the Clinic for the Treatment of Venereal Diseases had throat swabs taken as a routine; 1-1% (1-6% of females and 0-92% of males) were found to have faucial gonorrhoea. This figure appears to be similar to that found by Odegaard and Gunderson (1973) in Norway. The treatment regime used in the clinic in Perth appeared to be satisfactory, as there were no failures. It is stressed that all patients suspected of suffering from venereal disease should have their throats swabbed as a routine. Information as to whether or not oral sex is practised should be obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:127929", "title": "Pyrimidine biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans. Isolation and characterisation of mutants resistant to fluoropyrimidines.", "content": "Mutants resistant to 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluorouridine and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine have been selected in Aspergillus nidulans. Growth tests combined with genetic analysis showed that mutations conferring resistance to fluoropyrimidines could occur in at least seven genes. Three of these fulE, fulF and furA were concerned with either the uptake of pyrimidines or their conversion to uridine monophosphate. The other four genes did not affect these functions. Mutations in fulA probably confer resistance by lowering ornithine transcarbamoylase, thereby making the normally arginine-specific carbamoyl phosphate pool available for increased uracil synthesis. Mutations in fulD may make the arginine-specific carbamoyl phosphate synthetase insensitive to inhibition or repression by arginine, and so lead to increased carbamoyl phosphate pool sizes, and increased uracil synthesis. Both fulA and fulD mutants suppress pyrA mutants which lack the uracil-specific carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. Mutations in fulB and fulC do not suppress pyrA, and so may act more directly to increase uracil synthesis. The synthesis of aspartate carbamoyl transferase in fulB7 strains is not repressed by uracil. fulC mutants are closely linked to the pyrA, B, C, N region which codes for the first two enzymes of pyrimidine biosynthesis, and may result in these enzymes being less sensitive to inhibition by uracil.", "contents": "Pyrimidine biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans. Isolation and characterisation of mutants resistant to fluoropyrimidines. Mutants resistant to 5-fluorouracil, 5-fluorouridine and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine have been selected in Aspergillus nidulans. Growth tests combined with genetic analysis showed that mutations conferring resistance to fluoropyrimidines could occur in at least seven genes. Three of these fulE, fulF and furA were concerned with either the uptake of pyrimidines or their conversion to uridine monophosphate. The other four genes did not affect these functions. Mutations in fulA probably confer resistance by lowering ornithine transcarbamoylase, thereby making the normally arginine-specific carbamoyl phosphate pool available for increased uracil synthesis. Mutations in fulD may make the arginine-specific carbamoyl phosphate synthetase insensitive to inhibition or repression by arginine, and so lead to increased carbamoyl phosphate pool sizes, and increased uracil synthesis. Both fulA and fulD mutants suppress pyrA mutants which lack the uracil-specific carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. Mutations in fulB and fulC do not suppress pyrA, and so may act more directly to increase uracil synthesis. The synthesis of aspartate carbamoyl transferase in fulB7 strains is not repressed by uracil. fulC mutants are closely linked to the pyrA, B, C, N region which codes for the first two enzymes of pyrimidine biosynthesis, and may result in these enzymes being less sensitive to inhibition by uracil."}
{"id": "PMID:127930", "title": "Membrane bound and soluble adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli K 12. Kinetic properties of the basal and trypsin-stimulated activities.", "content": "Basal and trypsin-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activities of Escherichia coli K 12 have been characterized at pH 7.5 in the membrane-bound state and in a soluble form of the enzyme. The saturation curve for Mg2+/ATP = 1/2 was hyperbolic with the membrane-bound enzyme and sigmoidal with the soluble enzyme. Trypsin did not modify the shape of the curves. The kinetic parameters were for the membrane-bound ATPase: apparent Km = 2.5 mM, Vmax (minus trypsin) = 1.6 mumol-min-1-mg protein-1, Vmax (plus trypsin) = 2.44 mumol-min-1-mg protein-1; for the soluble ATPase: [S0.5] = 1.2 mM, Vmax (-trypsin) = 4 mumol-min-1-mg protein-1; Vmax (+ trypsin) = 6.6 mumol-min-1-mg protein-1. Hill plot analysis showed a single slope for the membrane-bound ATPase (n = 0.92) but two slopes were obtained for the soluble enzyme (n = 0.98 and 1.87). It may suggest the existence of an initial positive cooperativity at low substrate concentrations followed by a lack of cooperativity at high ATP concentrations. Excess of free ATP and Mg2+ inhibited the ATPase but excess of Mg/ATP (1/2) did not. Saturation for ATP at constant Mg2+ concentration (4 mM) showed two sites (groups) with different Kms: at low ATP the values were 0.38 and 1.4 mM for the membrane-bound and soluble enzyme; at high ATP concentrations they were 17 and 20 mM, respectively. Mg2+ saturation at constant ATP (8 mM) revealed michealian kinetics for the membrane-bound ATPase and sigmoid one for the protein in soluble state. When the ATPase was assayed in presence of trypsin we obtained higher Km values for Mg2+. These results might suggest that trypsin stimulates E. coli ATPase by acting on some site(s) involved in Mg2+ binding. Adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate (Pi) act as competitive inhibitors of Escherichia coli ATPase. The Ki values for Pi were 1.6 +/- 0.1 mM for the membrane-bound ATPase and 1.3 +/- 0.1 mM for the enzyme in soluble form, the Ki values for ADP being 1.7 mM and 0.75 mM for the membrane-bound and soluble ATPase, respectively. Hill plots of the activity of the soluble enzyme in presence of ADP showed that ADP decreased the interaction coefficient at ATP concentrations below its Km value. Trypsin did not modify the mechanism of inhibition or the inhibition constants. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (0.4 mM) inhibited the membrane-bound enzyme by 60-70% but concentrations 100 times higher did not affect the residual activity nor the soluble ATPase. This inhibition was independent of trypsin. Sodium azide (20 muM) inhibited both states of E. coli ATPase by 50%. Concentrations 25-fold higher were required for complete inhibition. Ouabain, atebrin and oligomycin did not affect the bacterial ATPase.", "contents": "Membrane bound and soluble adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli K 12. Kinetic properties of the basal and trypsin-stimulated activities. Basal and trypsin-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activities of Escherichia coli K 12 have been characterized at pH 7.5 in the membrane-bound state and in a soluble form of the enzyme. The saturation curve for Mg2+/ATP = 1/2 was hyperbolic with the membrane-bound enzyme and sigmoidal with the soluble enzyme. Trypsin did not modify the shape of the curves. The kinetic parameters were for the membrane-bound ATPase: apparent Km = 2.5 mM, Vmax (minus trypsin) = 1.6 mumol-min-1-mg protein-1, Vmax (plus trypsin) = 2.44 mumol-min-1-mg protein-1; for the soluble ATPase: [S0.5] = 1.2 mM, Vmax (-trypsin) = 4 mumol-min-1-mg protein-1; Vmax (+ trypsin) = 6.6 mumol-min-1-mg protein-1. Hill plot analysis showed a single slope for the membrane-bound ATPase (n = 0.92) but two slopes were obtained for the soluble enzyme (n = 0.98 and 1.87). It may suggest the existence of an initial positive cooperativity at low substrate concentrations followed by a lack of cooperativity at high ATP concentrations. Excess of free ATP and Mg2+ inhibited the ATPase but excess of Mg/ATP (1/2) did not. Saturation for ATP at constant Mg2+ concentration (4 mM) showed two sites (groups) with different Kms: at low ATP the values were 0.38 and 1.4 mM for the membrane-bound and soluble enzyme; at high ATP concentrations they were 17 and 20 mM, respectively. Mg2+ saturation at constant ATP (8 mM) revealed michealian kinetics for the membrane-bound ATPase and sigmoid one for the protein in soluble state. When the ATPase was assayed in presence of trypsin we obtained higher Km values for Mg2+. These results might suggest that trypsin stimulates E. coli ATPase by acting on some site(s) involved in Mg2+ binding. Adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate (Pi) act as competitive inhibitors of Escherichia coli ATPase. The Ki values for Pi were 1.6 +/- 0.1 mM for the membrane-bound ATPase and 1.3 +/- 0.1 mM for the enzyme in soluble form, the Ki values for ADP being 1.7 mM and 0.75 mM for the membrane-bound and soluble ATPase, respectively. Hill plots of the activity of the soluble enzyme in presence of ADP showed that ADP decreased the interaction coefficient at ATP concentrations below its Km value. Trypsin did not modify the mechanism of inhibition or the inhibition constants. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (0.4 mM) inhibited the membrane-bound enzyme by 60-70% but concentrations 100 times higher did not affect the residual activity nor the soluble ATPase. This inhibition was independent of trypsin. Sodium azide (20 muM) inhibited both states of E. coli ATPase by 50%. Concentrations 25-fold higher were required for complete inhibition. Ouabain, atebrin and oligomycin did not affect the bacterial ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:127934", "title": "The cervical locking mechanism. Its contribution to the cervical spine stability and to the vertebral artery and spinal cord safety. An anatomical study.", "content": "Investigations were conducted with macerated cervical vertebrae and human cadavers. During extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of the neck, the cervical transverse process engages to the top of the upper articular process of the subjacent vertebra, thus embodying the locking mechanism which plays an important role in the stabilization of the cervical spine and the protection of the integrity of vertebral arteries, spinal cord, and nerve roots. A deficiency of this locking mechanism may cause a vertebrobasilar insufficiency or a cervical myelopathy.", "contents": "The cervical locking mechanism. Its contribution to the cervical spine stability and to the vertebral artery and spinal cord safety. An anatomical study. Investigations were conducted with macerated cervical vertebrae and human cadavers. During extension, lateral flexion, and rotation of the neck, the cervical transverse process engages to the top of the upper articular process of the subjacent vertebra, thus embodying the locking mechanism which plays an important role in the stabilization of the cervical spine and the protection of the integrity of vertebral arteries, spinal cord, and nerve roots. A deficiency of this locking mechanism may cause a vertebrobasilar insufficiency or a cervical myelopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:127935", "title": "Osteomyelosclerosis. A histopathological study of osteomedullary lesions on 32 cases.", "content": "The pathological features of the osteomyleoproliferative syndrome development were studied by trephine biopsy on 32 cases out of which 28, lesionally characterized by myeloproliferation, reticulin hyperplasia, intravascular hematopoiesis, myelofibrosis, myeloslerosis, and osteosclerosis, were interpreted as primary osteomyelosclerosis. Dynamic relationships between the myelogenous tissue and the osteogenous one are emphasized in the development of disease.", "contents": "Osteomyelosclerosis. A histopathological study of osteomedullary lesions on 32 cases. The pathological features of the osteomyleoproliferative syndrome development were studied by trephine biopsy on 32 cases out of which 28, lesionally characterized by myeloproliferation, reticulin hyperplasia, intravascular hematopoiesis, myelofibrosis, myeloslerosis, and osteosclerosis, were interpreted as primary osteomyelosclerosis. Dynamic relationships between the myelogenous tissue and the osteogenous one are emphasized in the development of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:127936", "title": "Cardiac tumour in infant.", "content": "A case of an eighteen-month-old-infant who died in narcosis following an aortic obstruction by myxomatous tumour of the left ventricle is reported. Since his birth the infant exhibited cyanosis fits and cerebral manifestations due to an intermittent occlusion of the aorta. The result of the post-mortem examination pleads for including the cardiac myxoma amongst the true tumours.", "contents": "Cardiac tumour in infant. A case of an eighteen-month-old-infant who died in narcosis following an aortic obstruction by myxomatous tumour of the left ventricle is reported. Since his birth the infant exhibited cyanosis fits and cerebral manifestations due to an intermittent occlusion of the aorta. The result of the post-mortem examination pleads for including the cardiac myxoma amongst the true tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:127938", "title": "A comparative study of allogenic \"first set\" and \"second set\" skin rejection in mice.", "content": "In our case, where the difference between donor WHT/Ht(H--2d) and recipient C57B1/6 (H--2b) was at the H--2 locus of histocompatibility, the FSg rejection occurred between the 6th and the 10th day, while the SSg rejection was two days earlier. The morphological study emphasized that the cellular infiltrate in the FSg is predominantly lymphocytic, while in the SSg it is predominantly granulocytic. The vascularization settles on the second day postgrafting in the FSg as well as in the SSg, but is scarce and quickly destroyed in the SSg, thus being explained the scanty supply of lymphocytes in the latter graft type. The histochemical reactions demonstrated an increase of the NMPS in skin allograft from the moment of settling till the end of the rejection and a decrease of AMPS, till the complete disappearance, in the rejected graft. Little morphological differences were found between colateral draining nodes and contralateral ones during the reaction to the graft. An important feature described is the presence at the bed graft level of some cells morphologically identical to the IB encountered in great number in the TDA of lymph nodes in the allograft-bearing mice.", "contents": "A comparative study of allogenic \"first set\" and \"second set\" skin rejection in mice. In our case, where the difference between donor WHT/Ht(H--2d) and recipient C57B1/6 (H--2b) was at the H--2 locus of histocompatibility, the FSg rejection occurred between the 6th and the 10th day, while the SSg rejection was two days earlier. The morphological study emphasized that the cellular infiltrate in the FSg is predominantly lymphocytic, while in the SSg it is predominantly granulocytic. The vascularization settles on the second day postgrafting in the FSg as well as in the SSg, but is scarce and quickly destroyed in the SSg, thus being explained the scanty supply of lymphocytes in the latter graft type. The histochemical reactions demonstrated an increase of the NMPS in skin allograft from the moment of settling till the end of the rejection and a decrease of AMPS, till the complete disappearance, in the rejected graft. Little morphological differences were found between colateral draining nodes and contralateral ones during the reaction to the graft. An important feature described is the presence at the bed graft level of some cells morphologically identical to the IB encountered in great number in the TDA of lymph nodes in the allograft-bearing mice."}
{"id": "PMID:127939", "title": "Ultrastructural investigations on the lysosomal system of lymph node lymphocytes in transplantation immunity.", "content": "Activation of the lysosomal system in T lymphocytes is demonstrated in connexion with immune stimulation, by electron microscopic study of the lymph nodes draining skin allografts. The development of primary lysosomes from enlarged Golgi apparatus, their fusion with autophagic and secretory vacuoles forming secondary lysosomes, of the cytolysome and crinophagosome type, were identified by the ultrahistochemical acid phosphatase reaction, suggesting the involvement of these organelles either in blastic transformation or in the effector function of lymphocytes, in connexion with the elaboration of active factors and cytotoxic events.", "contents": "Ultrastructural investigations on the lysosomal system of lymph node lymphocytes in transplantation immunity. Activation of the lysosomal system in T lymphocytes is demonstrated in connexion with immune stimulation, by electron microscopic study of the lymph nodes draining skin allografts. The development of primary lysosomes from enlarged Golgi apparatus, their fusion with autophagic and secretory vacuoles forming secondary lysosomes, of the cytolysome and crinophagosome type, were identified by the ultrahistochemical acid phosphatase reaction, suggesting the involvement of these organelles either in blastic transformation or in the effector function of lymphocytes, in connexion with the elaboration of active factors and cytotoxic events."}
{"id": "PMID:127940", "title": "Morphogenesis and pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases. vii. Kinetics of alkaline phosphatase active cells during the development of experimental lung granulomas.", "content": "The circulating cells arriving at the formation site of the experimentally induced lung granuloma were quantitatively and qualitatively determined during their development by estimation of alkaline phosphatase active free cells. These represent 32 per cent the 2nd day and 27 per cent the 4th, of all the lung granuloma cells, and rapidly decrease to 8 per cent the 8th day, to 4 per cent the 11th and to only 1.5 per cent the 15th day. The participation of alkaline phosphatase circulating cells appears to be important only the first days, the process becoming by proliferation and differentiation a histiocytic, epithelioidic, and lympho-plasmocytic structure under the influence of antigenic and non-antigenic components of the used immunologic adjuvant.", "contents": "Morphogenesis and pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases. vii. Kinetics of alkaline phosphatase active cells during the development of experimental lung granulomas. The circulating cells arriving at the formation site of the experimentally induced lung granuloma were quantitatively and qualitatively determined during their development by estimation of alkaline phosphatase active free cells. These represent 32 per cent the 2nd day and 27 per cent the 4th, of all the lung granuloma cells, and rapidly decrease to 8 per cent the 8th day, to 4 per cent the 11th and to only 1.5 per cent the 15th day. The participation of alkaline phosphatase circulating cells appears to be important only the first days, the process becoming by proliferation and differentiation a histiocytic, epithelioidic, and lympho-plasmocytic structure under the influence of antigenic and non-antigenic components of the used immunologic adjuvant."}
{"id": "PMID:127941", "title": "Microautoradiographic study of cell proliferation in compensatory renal growth.", "content": "DNA synthesis in the renal parenchyma was studied by electron microscopic autoradiography 48 and 72 hours after unilateral nephrectomy in mice and weanling rats. The proportion of labelled nuclei belonging to the epithelium, endothelium, interstitial areas, or circulating cells was evaluated. Most of cells showing DNA synthesis were epithelial but many belonged to stroma. All the nephron segments were found to participate in compensatory hyperplasia, with a greater contribution, however, of the proximal convoluted tubules. DNA synthesis by the capillary endothelial cells occurred later than the peak epithelial mitotic activity. The site of DNA synthesis in nuclei was the euchromatin, the silver grains being uniformly distributed throughout the nuclear areas with condensed chromatin, and more seldom in the nuclear envelope areas or that of the perinucleolar satellites.", "contents": "Microautoradiographic study of cell proliferation in compensatory renal growth. DNA synthesis in the renal parenchyma was studied by electron microscopic autoradiography 48 and 72 hours after unilateral nephrectomy in mice and weanling rats. The proportion of labelled nuclei belonging to the epithelium, endothelium, interstitial areas, or circulating cells was evaluated. Most of cells showing DNA synthesis were epithelial but many belonged to stroma. All the nephron segments were found to participate in compensatory hyperplasia, with a greater contribution, however, of the proximal convoluted tubules. DNA synthesis by the capillary endothelial cells occurred later than the peak epithelial mitotic activity. The site of DNA synthesis in nuclei was the euchromatin, the silver grains being uniformly distributed throughout the nuclear areas with condensed chromatin, and more seldom in the nuclear envelope areas or that of the perinucleolar satellites."}
{"id": "PMID:127945", "title": "National gonorrhea therapy monitoring study: treatment results.", "content": "To monitor the efficacy of the 1972 United States Public Health Service recommended treatment regimens for uncomplicated gonorrhea, we studied 9008 patients who were randomly assigned either to aqueous procaine penicillin G, 4.8 million units intramuscularly plus 1 g of oral probenecid, or to one of the three other recommended regimens. Among the 3871 patients re-examined within three to seven days after therapy, the penicillin-probenecid regimen was successful in 96.8 per cent, whereas the cure rates of the ampicillin-probenecid, tetracycline, and spectinomycin regimens were 92.8, 96.2, and 94.8 per cent, respectively. In clinics comparing the regimens, penicillin G-probenecid was as effective as tetracycline, but more effective than ampicillin-probenecid (P less than 0.05) and spectinomycin (P less than 0.01). However, in patients re-examined three to 14 days after treatment, only the ampicillin-probenecid regimen was significantly less effective than penicillin probenecid (P less than 0.01). Despite these differences in results, all four regimens recommended by the Public Health Service provided effective therapy for uncomplicated gonorrhea.", "contents": "National gonorrhea therapy monitoring study: treatment results. To monitor the efficacy of the 1972 United States Public Health Service recommended treatment regimens for uncomplicated gonorrhea, we studied 9008 patients who were randomly assigned either to aqueous procaine penicillin G, 4.8 million units intramuscularly plus 1 g of oral probenecid, or to one of the three other recommended regimens. Among the 3871 patients re-examined within three to seven days after therapy, the penicillin-probenecid regimen was successful in 96.8 per cent, whereas the cure rates of the ampicillin-probenecid, tetracycline, and spectinomycin regimens were 92.8, 96.2, and 94.8 per cent, respectively. In clinics comparing the regimens, penicillin G-probenecid was as effective as tetracycline, but more effective than ampicillin-probenecid (P less than 0.05) and spectinomycin (P less than 0.01). However, in patients re-examined three to 14 days after treatment, only the ampicillin-probenecid regimen was significantly less effective than penicillin probenecid (P less than 0.01). Despite these differences in results, all four regimens recommended by the Public Health Service provided effective therapy for uncomplicated gonorrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:127947", "title": "National gonorrhea therapy monitoring study: in vitro antibiotic susceptibility and its correlation with treatment results.", "content": "To monitor temporal trends and regional differences in antibiotic susceptibility, we measured the minimum inhibitory concentrations for penicillin G, ampicillin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin of 4405 pre-treatment gonococcal isolates from patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea. As compared to isolates studied in 1970-1971, recent United States isolates appeared equally sensitive to penicillin G and more sensitive to tetracycline. Relatively resistant strains were found throughout the country. We also studied 1974 patients, treated for uncomplicated gonorrhea according to the 1972 regimens recommended by the United States Public Health Service, to determine the relation between pretreatment minimum inhibitory concentrations and treatment results. For patients receiving the procaine penicillin-probenecid and ampicillin-probenecid regimens, minimum inhibitory concentrations to the treatment drugs were significantly higher in patients not cured than in those cured (P less than 0.01 fr penicillin and P less than 0.05 for ampicillin). In contrast, spectinomycin-treatment results appeared to be independent of the isolate's susceptibility to spectinomycin and other antibiotics.", "contents": "National gonorrhea therapy monitoring study: in vitro antibiotic susceptibility and its correlation with treatment results. To monitor temporal trends and regional differences in antibiotic susceptibility, we measured the minimum inhibitory concentrations for penicillin G, ampicillin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin of 4405 pre-treatment gonococcal isolates from patients with uncomplicated gonorrhea. As compared to isolates studied in 1970-1971, recent United States isolates appeared equally sensitive to penicillin G and more sensitive to tetracycline. Relatively resistant strains were found throughout the country. We also studied 1974 patients, treated for uncomplicated gonorrhea according to the 1972 regimens recommended by the United States Public Health Service, to determine the relation between pretreatment minimum inhibitory concentrations and treatment results. For patients receiving the procaine penicillin-probenecid and ampicillin-probenecid regimens, minimum inhibitory concentrations to the treatment drugs were significantly higher in patients not cured than in those cured (P less than 0.01 fr penicillin and P less than 0.05 for ampicillin). In contrast, spectinomycin-treatment results appeared to be independent of the isolate's susceptibility to spectinomycin and other antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:127949", "title": "Renal gluconate excretion after 6-aminonicotinamide.", "content": "After application of 6-aminonicotinamide, an increasing amount of gluconate was found in the urine. No correlation with the renal excretion of electrolytes could be established.", "contents": "Renal gluconate excretion after 6-aminonicotinamide. After application of 6-aminonicotinamide, an increasing amount of gluconate was found in the urine. No correlation with the renal excretion of electrolytes could be established."}
{"id": "PMID:127951", "title": "Monozygotic twins with Huntington's disease in a family expressing the rigid variant.", "content": "A set of male monozygotic twins concordant for Huntington's disease is described. The monozygosity of the twins and the diagnosis of Huntington's disease are well established. The twins are now age 30, and although the severity of their chorea differs, they have a similar degree of mental deficit. This family is of additional interest because the daughter of one of the twins has childhood Huntington's disease, and the mother of the twins had the adult-onset rigid variant of the disease. Such unusual families afford some insight into the variability of the clinical manifestations of this hereditary disease.", "contents": "Monozygotic twins with Huntington's disease in a family expressing the rigid variant. A set of male monozygotic twins concordant for Huntington's disease is described. The monozygosity of the twins and the diagnosis of Huntington's disease are well established. The twins are now age 30, and although the severity of their chorea differs, they have a similar degree of mental deficit. This family is of additional interest because the daughter of one of the twins has childhood Huntington's disease, and the mother of the twins had the adult-onset rigid variant of the disease. Such unusual families afford some insight into the variability of the clinical manifestations of this hereditary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:127952", "title": "[Akinetic zones of the left ventricle in aortic insufficiency. Treatment].", "content": "22 cases of aortic valvular insufficiency treated by prosthesis and in which the acinetic areas of the left ventricle were eliminated at the same time are reported. Only one postoperative death (ventricular fibrillation) was encountered; one after 1 year (emboly as a result of endocarditis) and one as a result of an unknown cause. Emphasis is laid upon the frequency of this associated complication, its seriously negative incidence on ventricular haemodynamics, the need for surgical treatment, and its favourable immediate and long-term results.", "contents": "[Akinetic zones of the left ventricle in aortic insufficiency. Treatment]. 22 cases of aortic valvular insufficiency treated by prosthesis and in which the acinetic areas of the left ventricle were eliminated at the same time are reported. Only one postoperative death (ventricular fibrillation) was encountered; one after 1 year (emboly as a result of endocarditis) and one as a result of an unknown cause. Emphasis is laid upon the frequency of this associated complication, its seriously negative incidence on ventricular haemodynamics, the need for surgical treatment, and its favourable immediate and long-term results."}
{"id": "PMID:127953", "title": "[Value of the esophageal ECG].", "content": "The Authors examined 20 patients suffering from anginose symdrome, whose standard ECG did not show remarkable alterations. In the same patients, oesophagus ECG did show clear signs of sub-epicardium lesion as well as necrosis, which interested the upper part of left ventricle's posterior wall; such zone is not explorable by traditional ECG. Hemodynamic poligraphic examinations were made as well, and thus also a reduction of cardiac inotropism was found out.", "contents": "[Value of the esophageal ECG]. The Authors examined 20 patients suffering from anginose symdrome, whose standard ECG did not show remarkable alterations. In the same patients, oesophagus ECG did show clear signs of sub-epicardium lesion as well as necrosis, which interested the upper part of left ventricle's posterior wall; such zone is not explorable by traditional ECG. Hemodynamic poligraphic examinations were made as well, and thus also a reduction of cardiac inotropism was found out."}
{"id": "PMID:127954", "title": "Sjogren's syndrome and drug reaction to practalol.", "content": "A case is reported of a patient who developed exfoliative dermatitis while being treated with practalol for angina pectoris. The patient also had trigeminal neuropathy, renal impairment and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The antinuclear factor was diffusely positive but other antibodies were negative. At post mortem the patient was found to have acute pancreatitis, and peritonitis. It is postulated that the patient has antecedent Sjogren's syndrome and on introduction of practalol therapy developed a drug reaction with a generalised exfoliative dermatitis and exacerbation of keratoconjunctivitis sicca leading to bilateral corneal ulceration. The association of similar conditions in patients receiving practalol therapy is reviewed.", "contents": "Sjogren's syndrome and drug reaction to practalol. A case is reported of a patient who developed exfoliative dermatitis while being treated with practalol for angina pectoris. The patient also had trigeminal neuropathy, renal impairment and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. The antinuclear factor was diffusely positive but other antibodies were negative. At post mortem the patient was found to have acute pancreatitis, and peritonitis. It is postulated that the patient has antecedent Sjogren's syndrome and on introduction of practalol therapy developed a drug reaction with a generalised exfoliative dermatitis and exacerbation of keratoconjunctivitis sicca leading to bilateral corneal ulceration. The association of similar conditions in patients receiving practalol therapy is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:127950", "title": "[Analysis of a \"movement epilepsy\" bearing a rolandic focus in a monkey].", "content": "Several observations in Man as well as in animals have stressed the importance of specific afferents in triggering some focal cortical fits. The authors report an analysis of the role of various afferents on the activity of a precentral focus in the monkey. The chronic focus was created on one adult female monkey by subpial injection of alumina cream in the motor area of the left foot. Typical seizures were clonic and local. The most striking feature was that movement or, more generally, proprioceptive afferents from the concerned leg could elicit and maintain these motor fits. This assumption was verified by curaryzing the animal with succinyl-choline. In this condition, the number of attacks was strongly reduced. Since there was no lowering of excitability at the central level, as shown by direct stimulation of the perifocal area, this decrease seems to result from the lack of triggering mechanisms. If this is the case, one should be able to elicit seizures by proprioceptive afferent volleys coming from the concerned leg. In fact, although passive motion was not very effective (the reason probably being the decrease of the back-ground activity of stretch receptors under curare), direct electrical intramuscular stimulation was always followed by an attack. Similar stimulation of the opposite leg was ineffective. These results are discussed. The role of the \"motor cortex proprioceptive feedback\" in jacksonian progression of motor seizures is debated. The same concept is applied to \"startle epilepsy\", for which a physiological hypothesis is purposed.", "contents": "[Analysis of a \"movement epilepsy\" bearing a rolandic focus in a monkey]. Several observations in Man as well as in animals have stressed the importance of specific afferents in triggering some focal cortical fits. The authors report an analysis of the role of various afferents on the activity of a precentral focus in the monkey. The chronic focus was created on one adult female monkey by subpial injection of alumina cream in the motor area of the left foot. Typical seizures were clonic and local. The most striking feature was that movement or, more generally, proprioceptive afferents from the concerned leg could elicit and maintain these motor fits. This assumption was verified by curaryzing the animal with succinyl-choline. In this condition, the number of attacks was strongly reduced. Since there was no lowering of excitability at the central level, as shown by direct stimulation of the perifocal area, this decrease seems to result from the lack of triggering mechanisms. If this is the case, one should be able to elicit seizures by proprioceptive afferent volleys coming from the concerned leg. In fact, although passive motion was not very effective (the reason probably being the decrease of the back-ground activity of stretch receptors under curare), direct electrical intramuscular stimulation was always followed by an attack. Similar stimulation of the opposite leg was ineffective. These results are discussed. The role of the \"motor cortex proprioceptive feedback\" in jacksonian progression of motor seizures is debated. The same concept is applied to \"startle epilepsy\", for which a physiological hypothesis is purposed."}
{"id": "PMID:127956", "title": "Peripheral steroid levels in a patient with virilizing adrenal adenoma.", "content": "The peripheral levels of pregnenolone (delta5-P), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-delta5-P), progesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P), testosterone (T), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), its sulfate (DHEA-S), estrone (E1), estradiol-17beta (E2), and cortisol (F) were measured prior to and 1 1/2 and 9 months after removal of a right adrenal \"compact cell\" adenoma in an amenorrheic patient with a virilizing adrenal adenoma, under the following conditions: 1) control for 2 days, 2) dexamethasone, 0.5 mg, every 6 hours for 2 days, and 3) dexamethasone, 2 mg, every 6 hours for 2 days. Except for E1, E2, and F, the control levels of all steroids measured were elevated, markedly so for delta5-P, 17-delta5-P, DHEA, A, and DHEA-S. Dexamethasone treatment had no detectable effect on the steroid levels. Following removal of the adrenal adenoma, the levels of all steroids returned to normal. The patient became eumenorrheic, with marked improvement of her hirsutism and virilization.", "contents": "Peripheral steroid levels in a patient with virilizing adrenal adenoma. The peripheral levels of pregnenolone (delta5-P), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-delta5-P), progesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P), testosterone (T), 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), its sulfate (DHEA-S), estrone (E1), estradiol-17beta (E2), and cortisol (F) were measured prior to and 1 1/2 and 9 months after removal of a right adrenal \"compact cell\" adenoma in an amenorrheic patient with a virilizing adrenal adenoma, under the following conditions: 1) control for 2 days, 2) dexamethasone, 0.5 mg, every 6 hours for 2 days, and 3) dexamethasone, 2 mg, every 6 hours for 2 days. Except for E1, E2, and F, the control levels of all steroids measured were elevated, markedly so for delta5-P, 17-delta5-P, DHEA, A, and DHEA-S. Dexamethasone treatment had no detectable effect on the steroid levels. Following removal of the adrenal adenoma, the levels of all steroids returned to normal. The patient became eumenorrheic, with marked improvement of her hirsutism and virilization."}
{"id": "PMID:127957", "title": "Peripheral arterial and venous concentrations of various androgens in patients with and without hirsutism.", "content": "The mean peripheral arteriovenous difference for dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), 5ALPHA-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P) has been calculated in 7 nonhirsute and 9 hirsute women. No significant difference was found between peripheral artery and vein concentrations for all steroids measured in both groups of women studied. Since steroid concentrations in peripheral arterial samples are not expected to differ from those from ovarian and adrenal arteries, it is concluded that peripheral venous steroid levels adequately represent the steroid concentrations of arterial blood delivered to steroid-producing tissue.", "contents": "Peripheral arterial and venous concentrations of various androgens in patients with and without hirsutism. The mean peripheral arteriovenous difference for dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), 5ALPHA-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P) has been calculated in 7 nonhirsute and 9 hirsute women. No significant difference was found between peripheral artery and vein concentrations for all steroids measured in both groups of women studied. Since steroid concentrations in peripheral arterial samples are not expected to differ from those from ovarian and adrenal arteries, it is concluded that peripheral venous steroid levels adequately represent the steroid concentrations of arterial blood delivered to steroid-producing tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:127958", "title": "Hysteroscopic removal of occult intrauterine contraceptive device.", "content": "Dilatation and curettage or hooking an occult intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) may fail to recover the device on occasion. Theoretically, endoscopic observation should enable the controlled removal of this type of device. Of 200 patients who underwent hysteroscopic examination, 10 had an occult IUD. In 8 cases, the device was visible through the hysteroscope, and in 6 patients a successful removal was accomplished with this endoscopic technic. Failures and problems are discussed, and the importance of adequate preoperative study is stressed. Hysteroscopy is an effective procedure in the recovery of the occult intrauterine contraceptive device in selected nonpregnant patients.", "contents": "Hysteroscopic removal of occult intrauterine contraceptive device. Dilatation and curettage or hooking an occult intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) may fail to recover the device on occasion. Theoretically, endoscopic observation should enable the controlled removal of this type of device. Of 200 patients who underwent hysteroscopic examination, 10 had an occult IUD. In 8 cases, the device was visible through the hysteroscope, and in 6 patients a successful removal was accomplished with this endoscopic technic. Failures and problems are discussed, and the importance of adequate preoperative study is stressed. Hysteroscopy is an effective procedure in the recovery of the occult intrauterine contraceptive device in selected nonpregnant patients."}
{"id": "PMID:127968", "title": "Comparison of lymphocyte reactivity in patients with cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus and renal allografts.", "content": "The PHA and MLC reactivity of lymphocytes from patients with cancer, SLE or renal allografts was comparatively tested in the presence of autologous and of normal homologous serum. Sera from patients with advanced cancer, active SLE or chronic allograft rejection strongly inhibited the MLC reactivity of autologous lymphocytes. It is suggested that serum inhibitory factors might be antibodies which are directed against modified antigenic determinants of the major histocompatibility complex, and are capable of blocking T lymphocyte receptors.", "contents": "Comparison of lymphocyte reactivity in patients with cancer, systemic lupus erythematosus and renal allografts. The PHA and MLC reactivity of lymphocytes from patients with cancer, SLE or renal allografts was comparatively tested in the presence of autologous and of normal homologous serum. Sera from patients with advanced cancer, active SLE or chronic allograft rejection strongly inhibited the MLC reactivity of autologous lymphocytes. It is suggested that serum inhibitory factors might be antibodies which are directed against modified antigenic determinants of the major histocompatibility complex, and are capable of blocking T lymphocyte receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:127973", "title": "Effect of 2-methylcitrate on citrate metabolism: implications for the management of patients with propionic acidemia and methylmalonic aciduria.", "content": "2-Methylcitrate was tested in vitro on enzymes which interact with citrate and isocitrate. It was found to inhibit citrate synthase, aconitase, the NAD+- and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase. This inhibition was competitive in nature except in the case of aconitase, and the Ki for all the enzymes was in the range of 1.5-7.6 mM. Phosphofructokinase was also inhibited by 2-methylcitrate with 50% inhibition achieved at 1 mM. ATP-citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were not inhibited by this compound. 2-Methylcitrate was not a substrate for ATP-citrate lyase. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase was activated by 2-methylcitrate with a Ka of 2.8 mM. The apparent Km (3.3 mM) for 2-methylcitrate for the mitochondrial citrate transporter was about 10-fold higher than the apparent Km (0.26 mM) for citrate. The tricarboxylase carrier can also be inhibited by low concentrations (0.2 mM) of 2-methylcitrate when the concentration of citrate is close to the apparent Km. Accumulation of 2-methylcitrate inside the mitochondrion, therefore, might lead to inhibition of enzymes in the citric acid cycle and thereby contribute to the ketogenesis and hypoglycemia seen under these conditions.", "contents": "Effect of 2-methylcitrate on citrate metabolism: implications for the management of patients with propionic acidemia and methylmalonic aciduria. 2-Methylcitrate was tested in vitro on enzymes which interact with citrate and isocitrate. It was found to inhibit citrate synthase, aconitase, the NAD+- and NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase. This inhibition was competitive in nature except in the case of aconitase, and the Ki for all the enzymes was in the range of 1.5-7.6 mM. Phosphofructokinase was also inhibited by 2-methylcitrate with 50% inhibition achieved at 1 mM. ATP-citrate lyase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase were not inhibited by this compound. 2-Methylcitrate was not a substrate for ATP-citrate lyase. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase was activated by 2-methylcitrate with a Ka of 2.8 mM. The apparent Km (3.3 mM) for 2-methylcitrate for the mitochondrial citrate transporter was about 10-fold higher than the apparent Km (0.26 mM) for citrate. The tricarboxylase carrier can also be inhibited by low concentrations (0.2 mM) of 2-methylcitrate when the concentration of citrate is close to the apparent Km. Accumulation of 2-methylcitrate inside the mitochondrion, therefore, might lead to inhibition of enzymes in the citric acid cycle and thereby contribute to the ketogenesis and hypoglycemia seen under these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:127971", "title": "[Monogenea and fishes of some fresh water reservoirs of the Kol'sk peninsula].", "content": "25 species of Monogenea were found in the basins of the Ponoi, Pjalitsa and Varzuga rivers. The belonging to faunistic complexes is indicated for 29 species of monogeneans known at present for water bodies of the Kola peninsula. On the basis of the distribution of Monogenea in the Ponoi and due to its hydrological regime and geological past the introduction of freshwater fauna into this water body via the Varzuga river is suggeste.", "contents": "[Monogenea and fishes of some fresh water reservoirs of the Kol'sk peninsula]. 25 species of Monogenea were found in the basins of the Ponoi, Pjalitsa and Varzuga rivers. The belonging to faunistic complexes is indicated for 29 species of monogeneans known at present for water bodies of the Kola peninsula. On the basis of the distribution of Monogenea in the Ponoi and due to its hydrological regime and geological past the introduction of freshwater fauna into this water body via the Varzuga river is suggeste."}
{"id": "PMID:127974", "title": "Increased erythrocyte Ca2+ content in hereditary spherocytosis.", "content": "The Ca2+ content of red blood cells (RBC) appears to correlate inversely with the Ca2+-ATPase activity of the red cell membrane (Fig. 1). When hereditary spherocytosis (HS) cells and normal control erythrocytes are compared, the dependence of Ca2+ content upon ATPase activity is similar. The Ca2+ content of HS red cells is increased compared with appropriate control erythrocytes matched for cell age (Fig. 2). Splenectomy has a different effect upon HS cells than upon normal cells (Fig. 2). Erythrocytes of splenectomized patients with HS seem to contain less Ca2+ than do those of presplenectomy patients with HS, whereas the reverse appears to pertain in normal subjects.", "contents": "Increased erythrocyte Ca2+ content in hereditary spherocytosis. The Ca2+ content of red blood cells (RBC) appears to correlate inversely with the Ca2+-ATPase activity of the red cell membrane (Fig. 1). When hereditary spherocytosis (HS) cells and normal control erythrocytes are compared, the dependence of Ca2+ content upon ATPase activity is similar. The Ca2+ content of HS red cells is increased compared with appropriate control erythrocytes matched for cell age (Fig. 2). Splenectomy has a different effect upon HS cells than upon normal cells (Fig. 2). Erythrocytes of splenectomized patients with HS seem to contain less Ca2+ than do those of presplenectomy patients with HS, whereas the reverse appears to pertain in normal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:127975", "title": "Complex saccharide metabolism in cystic fibrosis fibroblasts.", "content": "There are several reports of secretory and other abnormalities present in cultured fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We have, therefore, investigated aspects of complex saccharide synthesis and secretion by such cells compared with fibroblasts derived from heterozygous (HZ) parents and from normal (N) children. The main glycosaminoglycans produced by skin fibroblasts  during in vitro culture were hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfates, and dermatan sulfate-like materials. Using double-label experiments with D-[3H]- or [14c]glucosamine and analyzing the products by ion exchange chromatography, it was shown for five CF, two HZ, and four N lines that these polysaccharides were secreted into the medium in approximately similar proportions to each other. Moreover, experiments in which three CF, nine HZ, and three N lines were grown in log phase for up to 5 days in the presence of [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine indicate that, during such a period, CF fibroblasts do not secrete complex carbohydrates at rates significantly different from N or HZ cells. Neither do such cells shown an abnormal intracellular accumulation of complex carbohydrates. The latter observation was further confirmed by preparing whole cell autoradiographs during growth of six CF, two HZ, and three N lines in the presence of D-[3H]glucosamine and, subsequently, after addition of unlabeled medium.", "contents": "Complex saccharide metabolism in cystic fibrosis fibroblasts. There are several reports of secretory and other abnormalities present in cultured fibroblasts from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). We have, therefore, investigated aspects of complex saccharide synthesis and secretion by such cells compared with fibroblasts derived from heterozygous (HZ) parents and from normal (N) children. The main glycosaminoglycans produced by skin fibroblasts  during in vitro culture were hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfates, and dermatan sulfate-like materials. Using double-label experiments with D-[3H]- or [14c]glucosamine and analyzing the products by ion exchange chromatography, it was shown for five CF, two HZ, and four N lines that these polysaccharides were secreted into the medium in approximately similar proportions to each other. Moreover, experiments in which three CF, nine HZ, and three N lines were grown in log phase for up to 5 days in the presence of [35S]sulfate and [3H]glucosamine indicate that, during such a period, CF fibroblasts do not secrete complex carbohydrates at rates significantly different from N or HZ cells. Neither do such cells shown an abnormal intracellular accumulation of complex carbohydrates. The latter observation was further confirmed by preparing whole cell autoradiographs during growth of six CF, two HZ, and three N lines in the presence of D-[3H]glucosamine and, subsequently, after addition of unlabeled medium."}
{"id": "PMID:127986", "title": "Renal proximal tubular buffer-(glycodiazine) transport. Inhomogeneity of local transport rate, dependence on sodium, effect of inhibitors and chronic adaptation.", "content": "Using the stop flow microperfusion technique with simultaneous capillary perfusion the secretory rate of H+ ions in the proximal tubule was evaluated by measuring the level flow reabsorption as well as the static head concentration difference of 3H labeled glycodiazine. At ambient glycodiazine concentration of 21 mmol/l the level flow reabsorption is in the same range as that of bicarbonate. In the early proximal loops the reabsorption is 20% greater than in the late proximal loops. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitors acetazolamide and 3,4-methylene-dioxyphenyl-sulfonamide (both 10(-4) M) as well as furosemide (10 (-3) M) inhibit the glycodiazine reabsorption 43%, 27% and 22% respectively. Thiocyanate (2-10(-2) M), however, exerted only an insignificant inhibition (12%). When Na+ in the ambient perfusion solutions was replaced by Li+ or choline+ the glycodiazine transport was strongly reduced. Ouabain (5-10(-2) M) inhibited too, but amiloride (10(-3) M) had no effect on glycodiazine transport. The glycodiazine transport was 28% reduced in metabolic alkalosis and to a smaller although significant extent (17%) in metabolic acidosis; it was unchanged in chronic hypercapnia. In chronic K+ depletion the glycodiazine reabsorption was accelerated by 12% only in the early proximal loops. Chronic parathyroidectomy as well as acute substitution with parathyroid hormone had no effect on the glycodiazine absorption. The main conclusions are: Proximal H+ transport proceeds with suitable buffers. Although independent of HCO3- and carbonic anhydrase, it could be partially inhibited by CA inhibitors. H+ transport is supposed to proceed as countertransport with Na+ ions. In chronic alkalosis the H+ transport is reduced.", "contents": "Renal proximal tubular buffer-(glycodiazine) transport. Inhomogeneity of local transport rate, dependence on sodium, effect of inhibitors and chronic adaptation. Using the stop flow microperfusion technique with simultaneous capillary perfusion the secretory rate of H+ ions in the proximal tubule was evaluated by measuring the level flow reabsorption as well as the static head concentration difference of 3H labeled glycodiazine. At ambient glycodiazine concentration of 21 mmol/l the level flow reabsorption is in the same range as that of bicarbonate. In the early proximal loops the reabsorption is 20% greater than in the late proximal loops. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitors acetazolamide and 3,4-methylene-dioxyphenyl-sulfonamide (both 10(-4) M) as well as furosemide (10 (-3) M) inhibit the glycodiazine reabsorption 43%, 27% and 22% respectively. Thiocyanate (2-10(-2) M), however, exerted only an insignificant inhibition (12%). When Na+ in the ambient perfusion solutions was replaced by Li+ or choline+ the glycodiazine transport was strongly reduced. Ouabain (5-10(-2) M) inhibited too, but amiloride (10(-3) M) had no effect on glycodiazine transport. The glycodiazine transport was 28% reduced in metabolic alkalosis and to a smaller although significant extent (17%) in metabolic acidosis; it was unchanged in chronic hypercapnia. In chronic K+ depletion the glycodiazine reabsorption was accelerated by 12% only in the early proximal loops. Chronic parathyroidectomy as well as acute substitution with parathyroid hormone had no effect on the glycodiazine absorption. The main conclusions are: Proximal H+ transport proceeds with suitable buffers. Although independent of HCO3- and carbonic anhydrase, it could be partially inhibited by CA inhibitors. H+ transport is supposed to proceed as countertransport with Na+ ions. In chronic alkalosis the H+ transport is reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:127988", "title": "[Round-table discussion on the weak back problem. Misunderstood backache patients, a challenge to medical care].", "content": "\"Pain in the back\" is one of the most common reasons for consultations, sick-leaves, and invalid pensions. In the Nordic countries, back trouble costs thousands of millions of kronor each year in terms of lost working days alone. Yet, the information to the doctors on problems connected with this disorder is generally sparse, and the primary doctors give too little time to the backache patients. The latter are often misunderstood - but most of those who seek medical advice for \"pain in the back\" really suffer pain. The failing care of backache patients was discussed at a round-table conference held by Nordisk Medicin in Oslo in October, 1975. A programme of action was outlined.", "contents": "[Round-table discussion on the weak back problem. Misunderstood backache patients, a challenge to medical care]. \"Pain in the back\" is one of the most common reasons for consultations, sick-leaves, and invalid pensions. In the Nordic countries, back trouble costs thousands of millions of kronor each year in terms of lost working days alone. Yet, the information to the doctors on problems connected with this disorder is generally sparse, and the primary doctors give too little time to the backache patients. The latter are often misunderstood - but most of those who seek medical advice for \"pain in the back\" really suffer pain. The failing care of backache patients was discussed at a round-table conference held by Nordisk Medicin in Oslo in October, 1975. A programme of action was outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:127997", "title": "Counseling parents of infants with Down's syndrome.", "content": "The primary objective in counseling parents of a child with Down's syndrome is to secure realistic goals and an accepted place in the family for the child. A nurturing environment gives the child the best chance to reach full potential.", "contents": "Counseling parents of infants with Down's syndrome. The primary objective in counseling parents of a child with Down's syndrome is to secure realistic goals and an accepted place in the family for the child. A nurturing environment gives the child the best chance to reach full potential."}
{"id": "PMID:128000", "title": "Changes of renal ATPase enzymes in different types of kidney preservation.", "content": "After 24-hr storage of canine kidneys with extracellular or intracellular (Ursol) solutions, the cortical and medullary renal ATPase enzymes (total Na+ + K+ and Mg-ATPase, Na+ + K+ -ATPase, and Mg-ATPase) were examined. It was found that storage with extracellular solution decreased all cortical enzymes. This was not the case with intracellular solution or in kidneys cooled and stored without any solution. A decrease in the potassium concentration of the Ursol solution decreased cortical (Na+ + K+)-ATPase enzymatic activity. The medullary enzymatic changes were similar in the different groups, and lower than in unstored controls. It appears that the changes on the level of the ATPase enzyme system which is related to the cation transport system might play a significant role in explaining the different results seen in clinical or experimental renal preservation systems. These changes can be related to the injury of preservation due to environmental effects of the cation concentrations and to a lesser degree to the damage of the enzyme system which provides the energy for cation transport.", "contents": "Changes of renal ATPase enzymes in different types of kidney preservation. After 24-hr storage of canine kidneys with extracellular or intracellular (Ursol) solutions, the cortical and medullary renal ATPase enzymes (total Na+ + K+ and Mg-ATPase, Na+ + K+ -ATPase, and Mg-ATPase) were examined. It was found that storage with extracellular solution decreased all cortical enzymes. This was not the case with intracellular solution or in kidneys cooled and stored without any solution. A decrease in the potassium concentration of the Ursol solution decreased cortical (Na+ + K+)-ATPase enzymatic activity. The medullary enzymatic changes were similar in the different groups, and lower than in unstored controls. It appears that the changes on the level of the ATPase enzyme system which is related to the cation transport system might play a significant role in explaining the different results seen in clinical or experimental renal preservation systems. These changes can be related to the injury of preservation due to environmental effects of the cation concentrations and to a lesser degree to the damage of the enzyme system which provides the energy for cation transport."}
{"id": "PMID:128001", "title": "Influence of an aggregated multienzyme system on transient time: kinetic evidence for compartmentation by an aromatic-amino-acid synthesizing complex of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The aromatic complex of Neurospora crassa is an aggregated multienzyme system which catalyzes five consecutive reactions in the central pathway leading to the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids. In an attempt to understand the physiological importance of this complex in particular, as well as the importance of cellular organization of enzyme systems in general, we have isolated the complex and have begun to characterize its catalytic properties. Optimum conditions for the assay of the overall 5-step reaction catalyzed by the partially purified complex have been determined. An analog computer was programmed to represent an unaggregated system of five enzymes with rate constants identical to those found for the constituent enzymes of the complex. By direct comparison, it was shown that the lags (transient times) obtained for the overall reaction were 10-15 times longer for the hypothetical unaggregated system than for the complex. We conclude from these data that the aggregated multienzyme system compartmentalizes intermediate substrates during the course of the overall reaction. We suggest that, in addition to \"channeling\" intermediates of competing pathways, reduction of the transient time may be an important consequence of the containment of intermediates within a physically associated enzyme sequence. The fact that the aromatic complex exhibits a second catalytic property unique to aggregated enzyme systems, \"coordinate activation\" [Welch, G.R. & Gaertner, F.H. (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., in press] indicates that the physical association of these enzymes may have more than one physiological function.", "contents": "Influence of an aggregated multienzyme system on transient time: kinetic evidence for compartmentation by an aromatic-amino-acid synthesizing complex of Neurospora crassa. The aromatic complex of Neurospora crassa is an aggregated multienzyme system which catalyzes five consecutive reactions in the central pathway leading to the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids. In an attempt to understand the physiological importance of this complex in particular, as well as the importance of cellular organization of enzyme systems in general, we have isolated the complex and have begun to characterize its catalytic properties. Optimum conditions for the assay of the overall 5-step reaction catalyzed by the partially purified complex have been determined. An analog computer was programmed to represent an unaggregated system of five enzymes with rate constants identical to those found for the constituent enzymes of the complex. By direct comparison, it was shown that the lags (transient times) obtained for the overall reaction were 10-15 times longer for the hypothetical unaggregated system than for the complex. We conclude from these data that the aggregated multienzyme system compartmentalizes intermediate substrates during the course of the overall reaction. We suggest that, in addition to \"channeling\" intermediates of competing pathways, reduction of the transient time may be an important consequence of the containment of intermediates within a physically associated enzyme sequence. The fact that the aromatic complex exhibits a second catalytic property unique to aggregated enzyme systems, \"coordinate activation\" [Welch, G.R. & Gaertner, F.H. (1975) Arch. Biochem. Biophys., in press] indicates that the physical association of these enzymes may have more than one physiological function."}
{"id": "PMID:128002", "title": "Viability of Escherichia coli treated with colicin K.", "content": "Conditions permitting survival (colony formation) of E. coli after treatment with colicin K have been found. Survival required K+ and Mg2+ at concentrations high enough to replace the intracellular ions lost from colicintreated cells. Either glucose minimal medium or broth could support survival. Survival was still observed after colicin-promoted efflux of Rb+ and decline in ATP levels had occurred, and after the period during which treatment with trypsin could rescue the cells on media containing low concentrations of K+. In an adenosinetriphosphate (ATP phohsphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) deficient (uncA) mutant, survival after colicin treatment was observed at lower Mg2+ concentrations than those required by the wild type, and Rb+ could replace K+. Cells treated with colicin E1 (but not with colicin I2, E3, or Ib) also survived under conditions permitting survival of colicin K.", "contents": "Viability of Escherichia coli treated with colicin K. Conditions permitting survival (colony formation) of E. coli after treatment with colicin K have been found. Survival required K+ and Mg2+ at concentrations high enough to replace the intracellular ions lost from colicintreated cells. Either glucose minimal medium or broth could support survival. Survival was still observed after colicin-promoted efflux of Rb+ and decline in ATP levels had occurred, and after the period during which treatment with trypsin could rescue the cells on media containing low concentrations of K+. In an adenosinetriphosphate (ATP phohsphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) deficient (uncA) mutant, survival after colicin treatment was observed at lower Mg2+ concentrations than those required by the wild type, and Rb+ could replace K+. Cells treated with colicin E1 (but not with colicin I2, E3, or Ib) also survived under conditions permitting survival of colicin K."}
{"id": "PMID:128006", "title": "Effect of trinitrophenylation on the correlation between ATPase activity and superprecipitation of skeletal actomyosins.", "content": "The results of this work have shown that the actin-induced increase of the presteadystate extraphosphate production is depressed in the case of the trinitrophenylated myosin A. At the same time the onset of superprecipitation is delayed and the rate of turbidity change of the trinitrophenylated synthetic actomyosins is depressed significanylt. The results of these experiments failed to demonstrate any correlation between the steadystate ATPase activity of myosin A or actomyosin enzyme and the onset and rate of the superpricipitation reactions. The results of this study seem to indicate that the time resolution of the instruments used to monitor the turbidity changes during the superprecipitation reaction may be an important factor in the proper evaluation of the experimental results.", "contents": "Effect of trinitrophenylation on the correlation between ATPase activity and superprecipitation of skeletal actomyosins. The results of this work have shown that the actin-induced increase of the presteadystate extraphosphate production is depressed in the case of the trinitrophenylated myosin A. At the same time the onset of superprecipitation is delayed and the rate of turbidity change of the trinitrophenylated synthetic actomyosins is depressed significanylt. The results of these experiments failed to demonstrate any correlation between the steadystate ATPase activity of myosin A or actomyosin enzyme and the onset and rate of the superpricipitation reactions. The results of this study seem to indicate that the time resolution of the instruments used to monitor the turbidity changes during the superprecipitation reaction may be an important factor in the proper evaluation of the experimental results."}
{"id": "PMID:128008", "title": "Vectorcardiographic analysis of the QRS loop in hypertensive heart disease.", "content": "The authors made a quantitative and qualitative vectorcardiographic analysis (Frank lead system) in 47 patients with hypertensive heart disease compared with a control group of 16 normal subjects. The magnitude and the angle of the maximum QRS vector, the sense of rotation of the QRS loop, the magnitude of the maximum posterior deflection (Sz), of the anterior maximum one (Rz), of the maximum leftward one (Rx), and of the maximum rightward one (Qx), the length (L) and the width W) of the QRS loop, as well as the angle of the maximum T vector were measured. A significant difference, in all planes of the maximum QRS magnitude between the normals and the AHT was found, while the maximum QRS angle was not significantly different. The quantitative analysis of the veg made in the horizontal plane revealed significant differences for the Sz, Rx, L, and the relation Rz/Sz. The quantitative analysis made according to Varriale et al. (1966) revealed a prevalence of the cases of type I A (72.3%) and I B (21.3%).", "contents": "Vectorcardiographic analysis of the QRS loop in hypertensive heart disease. The authors made a quantitative and qualitative vectorcardiographic analysis (Frank lead system) in 47 patients with hypertensive heart disease compared with a control group of 16 normal subjects. The magnitude and the angle of the maximum QRS vector, the sense of rotation of the QRS loop, the magnitude of the maximum posterior deflection (Sz), of the anterior maximum one (Rz), of the maximum leftward one (Rx), and of the maximum rightward one (Qx), the length (L) and the width W) of the QRS loop, as well as the angle of the maximum T vector were measured. A significant difference, in all planes of the maximum QRS magnitude between the normals and the AHT was found, while the maximum QRS angle was not significantly different. The quantitative analysis of the veg made in the horizontal plane revealed significant differences for the Sz, Rx, L, and the relation Rz/Sz. The quantitative analysis made according to Varriale et al. (1966) revealed a prevalence of the cases of type I A (72.3%) and I B (21.3%)."}
{"id": "PMID:128009", "title": "Monoaminergic mechanisms in aversive brain stimulation.", "content": "In these experiments we have examined the role of brain monoamines in the fearlike aversive responses produced by the electrical stimulation of the dorsal midbrain tegmentum (DMT). Chronic bipolar stimulating  electrodes were bilaterally implanted into the DMT of 77 rats. Electrical stimulation via 34 of these electrodes produced fearlike, escape seeking responses. These animals were then trained for stable stimulus escape using a decremental bar pressing paradigm. In this paradigm, each bar press reduced the stimulation current by a predetermined fraction (5 percent) of the initial current level. Perceived aversive strength of the initial stimulus current was thereby represented by an increasing function of the number of bar presses to escape. Administration  of the catecholamine depleting drug alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine yielded no change in bar pressing relative to saline-injected controls. However, the serotonin depleting drub para-chlorophenylalanine produced a marked increase in decremental bar pressing compared to saline-injected controls. These results suggest that fearlike responses to DMT stimulation may be dependent upon brain serotonin levels and relatively insensitive to levels of brain catecholamines.", "contents": "Monoaminergic mechanisms in aversive brain stimulation. In these experiments we have examined the role of brain monoamines in the fearlike aversive responses produced by the electrical stimulation of the dorsal midbrain tegmentum (DMT). Chronic bipolar stimulating  electrodes were bilaterally implanted into the DMT of 77 rats. Electrical stimulation via 34 of these electrodes produced fearlike, escape seeking responses. These animals were then trained for stable stimulus escape using a decremental bar pressing paradigm. In this paradigm, each bar press reduced the stimulation current by a predetermined fraction (5 percent) of the initial current level. Perceived aversive strength of the initial stimulus current was thereby represented by an increasing function of the number of bar presses to escape. Administration  of the catecholamine depleting drug alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine yielded no change in bar pressing relative to saline-injected controls. However, the serotonin depleting drub para-chlorophenylalanine produced a marked increase in decremental bar pressing compared to saline-injected controls. These results suggest that fearlike responses to DMT stimulation may be dependent upon brain serotonin levels and relatively insensitive to levels of brain catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:128010", "title": "Influence of age on orthostatic changes in plasma renin activity and urinary catecholamines in man.", "content": "The authors studied plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine excretion and their mutual relationships in 54 healthy subjects under basal (recumbent) conditions and age-related orthostatic changes in these parameters. The test subjects were divided into six 10-years groups, according to their year of birth (1901-1910 to 1951-1960). In the oldest groups (1901-1910 and 1911-1920), both basal PRA values and norephrine and epinephrine excretion and their postural increase were smaller than in younger subjects. Conversely, urinary dopamine excretion and the dopamine/norepinephrine and epinephrine ratio rose with advancing age. There were no significant differences between the plasma sodium and potassium concentrations in the various groups. Urinary aldosterone excretion was slightly higher in the oldest group than in the others, but was still within the control value limits. The intravenous administration of  Inderal reduced both resting PRA values and the orthostatic increase in the youngest age groups, so that their PRA approached the values in older subjects. Higher norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion and the lower dopamine/norepinephrine and epinephrine in young subjects may play a role in their higher PRA, especially in the orthostatic reaction. Diminution of sympathetic activity, with lower norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion and relatively high dopamine excretion, may have a direct bearing on the lower PRA values in older subjects. The diminished capacity of older subjects for catecholamine mobilization and raised renin secretion during an orthostatis stress may be related to the higher incidence of orthostatic forms of hypotension in old age.", "contents": "Influence of age on orthostatic changes in plasma renin activity and urinary catecholamines in man. The authors studied plasma renin activity (PRA), urinary epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine excretion and their mutual relationships in 54 healthy subjects under basal (recumbent) conditions and age-related orthostatic changes in these parameters. The test subjects were divided into six 10-years groups, according to their year of birth (1901-1910 to 1951-1960). In the oldest groups (1901-1910 and 1911-1920), both basal PRA values and norephrine and epinephrine excretion and their postural increase were smaller than in younger subjects. Conversely, urinary dopamine excretion and the dopamine/norepinephrine and epinephrine ratio rose with advancing age. There were no significant differences between the plasma sodium and potassium concentrations in the various groups. Urinary aldosterone excretion was slightly higher in the oldest group than in the others, but was still within the control value limits. The intravenous administration of  Inderal reduced both resting PRA values and the orthostatic increase in the youngest age groups, so that their PRA approached the values in older subjects. Higher norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion and the lower dopamine/norepinephrine and epinephrine in young subjects may play a role in their higher PRA, especially in the orthostatic reaction. Diminution of sympathetic activity, with lower norepinephrine and epinephrine excretion and relatively high dopamine excretion, may have a direct bearing on the lower PRA values in older subjects. The diminished capacity of older subjects for catecholamine mobilization and raised renin secretion during an orthostatis stress may be related to the higher incidence of orthostatic forms of hypotension in old age."}
{"id": "PMID:128011", "title": "Effect of thyroxine administration to the mother on postnatal radioiodine uptake by the thyroid of partially thyroidectomized rats.", "content": "The experiment was carried out on 35 litters of infant rats aged 4-17 days. The animals in each litter were always divided into two groups: control (sham operation) and experimental (hemithyroidectomy). Starting with the day on which the young were operated on, the mothers received daily subcutaneous injections of either saline or of thyroxine in doses of 50, 100 or 200 mug. At the end of the experiment, the young were injected intraperitoneally with 1 muCi 131I. One hour later they were decapitated and the radioactivity in their thyroid was expressed as the percentage of the administered dose per mg thyroid. The following age groups were used, according to the interval between thyroidectomy and decapitation: 4 to 8, 9 to 13, 13 to 15 and 15 to 17 days. 131I uptake by the residue of the thyroid in partially thyroidectomized animals was always compared with the values in the animals from the same litter subjected to sham operation. The results showed that partial thyroidectomy significantly stimulated 131I uptake in all age groups in which the mother was only given saline. In the 4- to 8-day-old group, the administration of 50 or 100 mug thyroxine to the mother inhibited this compensatory increase. In the 9- to 13-day-old group, inhibition occurred only after a dose of 100 mug thyroxine. In animals with an interval from the 13th to the 15th days old the dose of thyroxine administered to the mother had to be raised to 200 mug/day to achieve an inhibitory effect. In the last group (interval 15th to 17th day), not even administration of the maximum thyroxine dose to the mother from the 13th postnatal day succeeded in inhibiting the significant increase in 131I uptake. These results show that thyroxine administered to lactating female rats can be transmitted via the milk to the organism of the young in amounts which can be demonstrated in a physiological tests.", "contents": "Effect of thyroxine administration to the mother on postnatal radioiodine uptake by the thyroid of partially thyroidectomized rats. The experiment was carried out on 35 litters of infant rats aged 4-17 days. The animals in each litter were always divided into two groups: control (sham operation) and experimental (hemithyroidectomy). Starting with the day on which the young were operated on, the mothers received daily subcutaneous injections of either saline or of thyroxine in doses of 50, 100 or 200 mug. At the end of the experiment, the young were injected intraperitoneally with 1 muCi 131I. One hour later they were decapitated and the radioactivity in their thyroid was expressed as the percentage of the administered dose per mg thyroid. The following age groups were used, according to the interval between thyroidectomy and decapitation: 4 to 8, 9 to 13, 13 to 15 and 15 to 17 days. 131I uptake by the residue of the thyroid in partially thyroidectomized animals was always compared with the values in the animals from the same litter subjected to sham operation. The results showed that partial thyroidectomy significantly stimulated 131I uptake in all age groups in which the mother was only given saline. In the 4- to 8-day-old group, the administration of 50 or 100 mug thyroxine to the mother inhibited this compensatory increase. In the 9- to 13-day-old group, inhibition occurred only after a dose of 100 mug thyroxine. In animals with an interval from the 13th to the 15th days old the dose of thyroxine administered to the mother had to be raised to 200 mug/day to achieve an inhibitory effect. In the last group (interval 15th to 17th day), not even administration of the maximum thyroxine dose to the mother from the 13th postnatal day succeeded in inhibiting the significant increase in 131I uptake. These results show that thyroxine administered to lactating female rats can be transmitted via the milk to the organism of the young in amounts which can be demonstrated in a physiological tests."}
{"id": "PMID:128012", "title": "The effect of constant light and chemical sympathectomy on the development of serotonin, n-acetyltransferase and monoamine oxidase activities in the rat epiphyses.", "content": "The daytime activity of N-acetyltransferase per mg epiphysis decreased to 1/10 the newborn level by the age of 13 days, and subsequently remained unchanged. The night activity was equal to the day activity at the age of 3 days, was higher at the age of 6 days and was 20 X that of the day level at the age of 40 days. Keeping animals in constant light after birth depressed the development of these diurnal differences in N-acetyltransferase activity and slowed down the decrease in enzyme activity after birth. Sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine after birth abolished the development of the diurnal rhythm in N-acetyltransferase in 12-day-old rats in two experiments out of five and only decreased the night activity without abolishing the rhythm in three experiments. Monoamine oxidase activity (MAO) per mg epiphysis, which is the same in newly born and in adult animals, decreased to half the original value for 6 days after birth and then increased again. Constant light after birth did not influence MAO activity, but sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine decreased activity in the epiphysis in 12-day-old animals.", "contents": "The effect of constant light and chemical sympathectomy on the development of serotonin, n-acetyltransferase and monoamine oxidase activities in the rat epiphyses. The daytime activity of N-acetyltransferase per mg epiphysis decreased to 1/10 the newborn level by the age of 13 days, and subsequently remained unchanged. The night activity was equal to the day activity at the age of 3 days, was higher at the age of 6 days and was 20 X that of the day level at the age of 40 days. Keeping animals in constant light after birth depressed the development of these diurnal differences in N-acetyltransferase activity and slowed down the decrease in enzyme activity after birth. Sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine after birth abolished the development of the diurnal rhythm in N-acetyltransferase in 12-day-old rats in two experiments out of five and only decreased the night activity without abolishing the rhythm in three experiments. Monoamine oxidase activity (MAO) per mg epiphysis, which is the same in newly born and in adult animals, decreased to half the original value for 6 days after birth and then increased again. Constant light after birth did not influence MAO activity, but sympathectomy with 6-hydroxydopamine decreased activity in the epiphysis in 12-day-old animals."}
{"id": "PMID:128013", "title": "Glycogen metabolism in white and red muscle or normal and diabetic rats. The glycogen concentration and glycogen synthesis from glucose.", "content": "The amount of glycogen and its synthesis from glucose was studied in white muscle (extensor digitorum longus -- EDL) and red muscle (soleus -- SOL) of normal rats and rats with alloxan diabetes by the anthrone method. The amount of glycogen was higher in the white muscle of normal rats, both after a 24 hours' fast (0.37+/-0.02 mg/g as against 0.29+/-0.01 mg/g in the SOL) and with feeding ad libitium (0.72+/-0.05 mg/g as against 0.58+/-0.03 mg/g in the SOL). After a 24 hours' fast, the glycogen content of both muscles was non-significantly higher in alloxan-diabetic rats than in normal animals, whereas in diabetic animals fed ad libitum it was significantly lower than in normal rats fed in the same manner (0.54+/-0.07 mg/g in the EDL and 0.33+/-0.03 mg/g in the SOL). The difference between the glycogen content of the white and red muscle of diabetic rats was also in favour of the white muscle. Muscle glycogenesis from intragastrically administered glucose was higher in the red muscle in all the experimental groups. In normal fed ad libitum the glycogen content of the EDL did not change after glucose administration, but in the SOL it rose from 0.58+/-0.03 to 0.83+/-0.05 mg/g. In fasting (24 hours) normal rats it rose sharply in both muscles, from 0.037+/-0.02 to 0.57+/-0.03 mg/g in the EDL and from 0.29+/-0.01 to 0.87+/-0.06 mg/g in the SOL. In fasting (24 hours) diabetic animals, the glycogen content rose after glucose in the SOL only, from 0.36+/-0.01 to 0.66+/-0.06 mg/g. The differences found in glycogen synthesis in the white and red muscle of normal and diabetic rats are discussed mainly from the aspect of the existence of a relationship between the glycogen concentration and glycogen synthetase activity.", "contents": "Glycogen metabolism in white and red muscle or normal and diabetic rats. The glycogen concentration and glycogen synthesis from glucose. The amount of glycogen and its synthesis from glucose was studied in white muscle (extensor digitorum longus -- EDL) and red muscle (soleus -- SOL) of normal rats and rats with alloxan diabetes by the anthrone method. The amount of glycogen was higher in the white muscle of normal rats, both after a 24 hours' fast (0.37+/-0.02 mg/g as against 0.29+/-0.01 mg/g in the SOL) and with feeding ad libitium (0.72+/-0.05 mg/g as against 0.58+/-0.03 mg/g in the SOL). After a 24 hours' fast, the glycogen content of both muscles was non-significantly higher in alloxan-diabetic rats than in normal animals, whereas in diabetic animals fed ad libitum it was significantly lower than in normal rats fed in the same manner (0.54+/-0.07 mg/g in the EDL and 0.33+/-0.03 mg/g in the SOL). The difference between the glycogen content of the white and red muscle of diabetic rats was also in favour of the white muscle. Muscle glycogenesis from intragastrically administered glucose was higher in the red muscle in all the experimental groups. In normal fed ad libitum the glycogen content of the EDL did not change after glucose administration, but in the SOL it rose from 0.58+/-0.03 to 0.83+/-0.05 mg/g. In fasting (24 hours) normal rats it rose sharply in both muscles, from 0.037+/-0.02 to 0.57+/-0.03 mg/g in the EDL and from 0.29+/-0.01 to 0.87+/-0.06 mg/g in the SOL. In fasting (24 hours) diabetic animals, the glycogen content rose after glucose in the SOL only, from 0.36+/-0.01 to 0.66+/-0.06 mg/g. The differences found in glycogen synthesis in the white and red muscle of normal and diabetic rats are discussed mainly from the aspect of the existence of a relationship between the glycogen concentration and glycogen synthetase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:128014", "title": "Glycogen metabolism in white and red muscle or normal and diabetic rats. Degradation of glycogen by adrenaline.", "content": "The author studied the effect of adrenaline (500 mug/kg s.c.) on the glycogen content of white (extensor digitorum longus -- EDL) and red (soleus -- SOL) muscle of normal and alloxan-diabetic rats. In normal rats, whose nutritional state varied at the time of adrenaline administration (after a 24 hours' fast, fed ad libitum or given 5 g glucose/kg as a 20% solution intragastrically 2 hours before injecting adrenaline), no marked post-adrenaline differences were found between the size of the decrease in the amount of glycogen in white and red muscle. In addition, no significant differences were found between the three groups of animals in glycogen concentration in the EDL (0.3+/-0.05, 0.35+/-0.03 and 0.26+/-0.02 mg/g) or in the SOL, apart from one exception (0.23+/-0.02, 0.2+/-0.01, and 0.51+/-0.03 mg/g), after adrenaline. The glycogen concentration in the white and red muscle of diabetic rats fed ad libitum fell to values similar to those in normal rats after adrenaline (0.32+/-0.05 mg/g in the EDL and 0.18+/-0.02 mg/g in the SOL). These results supoort the view of authors who hold that glycogenolysis is possible without pre-activation of phosphorylase; they also support the idea, expressed by Krebs, of the existence of a reciprocal relationship between phosphorylase activity and the glycogen concentration, according to which glycogen itself may influence its own degradation.", "contents": "Glycogen metabolism in white and red muscle or normal and diabetic rats. Degradation of glycogen by adrenaline. The author studied the effect of adrenaline (500 mug/kg s.c.) on the glycogen content of white (extensor digitorum longus -- EDL) and red (soleus -- SOL) muscle of normal and alloxan-diabetic rats. In normal rats, whose nutritional state varied at the time of adrenaline administration (after a 24 hours' fast, fed ad libitum or given 5 g glucose/kg as a 20% solution intragastrically 2 hours before injecting adrenaline), no marked post-adrenaline differences were found between the size of the decrease in the amount of glycogen in white and red muscle. In addition, no significant differences were found between the three groups of animals in glycogen concentration in the EDL (0.3+/-0.05, 0.35+/-0.03 and 0.26+/-0.02 mg/g) or in the SOL, apart from one exception (0.23+/-0.02, 0.2+/-0.01, and 0.51+/-0.03 mg/g), after adrenaline. The glycogen concentration in the white and red muscle of diabetic rats fed ad libitum fell to values similar to those in normal rats after adrenaline (0.32+/-0.05 mg/g in the EDL and 0.18+/-0.02 mg/g in the SOL). These results supoort the view of authors who hold that glycogenolysis is possible without pre-activation of phosphorylase; they also support the idea, expressed by Krebs, of the existence of a reciprocal relationship between phosphorylase activity and the glycogen concentration, according to which glycogen itself may influence its own degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:128015", "title": "Effect of pyruvate and oleate on respiration of frog skeletal and heart muscle.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of pyruvate and oleate on O2 consumption of the frog sartorius and heart ventricle. 10 mM pyruvate raised O2 consumption of both tissues by over 100%, but only in the winter. Raised O2 consumption was only partly associated with glycogen synthesis from pyruvate. 0.1 mM oleate reduced O2 consumption in both tissues. A marked drop in O2 consumption was observed in the ventricle (up to 50%). Lecithin had a similar effect on O2 consumption. The addition of pyruvate plus oleate led to an 8-fold increase in O2 consumption of the ventricle, i.e. to maximum oxidation capacity of the tissue, but the addition of lecithin inhibited the pyruvate-induced increase in O2 consumption. It is assumed that both pyruvate and oleate influence resting metabolism in a specific manner which cannot be attributed solely to raised availability of substrate for resting energy metabolism requirements.", "contents": "Effect of pyruvate and oleate on respiration of frog skeletal and heart muscle. The authors studied the effect of pyruvate and oleate on O2 consumption of the frog sartorius and heart ventricle. 10 mM pyruvate raised O2 consumption of both tissues by over 100%, but only in the winter. Raised O2 consumption was only partly associated with glycogen synthesis from pyruvate. 0.1 mM oleate reduced O2 consumption in both tissues. A marked drop in O2 consumption was observed in the ventricle (up to 50%). Lecithin had a similar effect on O2 consumption. The addition of pyruvate plus oleate led to an 8-fold increase in O2 consumption of the ventricle, i.e. to maximum oxidation capacity of the tissue, but the addition of lecithin inhibited the pyruvate-induced increase in O2 consumption. It is assumed that both pyruvate and oleate influence resting metabolism in a specific manner which cannot be attributed solely to raised availability of substrate for resting energy metabolism requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:128016", "title": "Effect of glucagon on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in goats.", "content": "Adult goats of a white breed were injected i.v. with glucagon in doses of 6.25--25 mug/kg. The blood sugar curve rose relatively slowly after the injection after the injection and the maximum increase, which attained 360--400% of the resting value was usually recorded 20-30 min after glucagon administration. The non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) level rose immediately after injecting glucose. Within 10 min it returned to the initial value and then fell abruptly. No concentration correlation was found between the glucagon dose and the size of the metabolic response.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon on glucose and fatty acid metabolism in goats. Adult goats of a white breed were injected i.v. with glucagon in doses of 6.25--25 mug/kg. The blood sugar curve rose relatively slowly after the injection after the injection and the maximum increase, which attained 360--400% of the resting value was usually recorded 20-30 min after glucagon administration. The non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) level rose immediately after injecting glucose. Within 10 min it returned to the initial value and then fell abruptly. No concentration correlation was found between the glucagon dose and the size of the metabolic response."}
{"id": "PMID:128017", "title": "Ontogenetic patterns of frequency-power spectra elicited by flickering light in children: a comparative study of evoked and background EEGs.", "content": "Frequency-power spectra of the EEG evoked by repeptitive photic stimulation and of the background EEG were studied during childhood in 43 awake subjects aged between 2 months and 14 years. EEG activity was recorded from the middle parieto-occipital region with the aid of a 1-channel analyzer Lysograf-Alvar, analysing 16 frequencies in the range from 2 to 28 c/sec. The responsiveness of the central nervous system to flickering light improved in the course of childhood in parallel with the significant decline of delta activity and with the prominent increase of alpha intensity in the resting EEG. The 4th month of life appeared to be a marked turning point in the development of evoked and background EEGs. From that age, the bioelectric power at the flash rate corresponding to photic \"driving\" began to increase together with the highest and optimal driving frequencies. The flash rate, at which evoked potentials changed into the \"driven\" rhythm, also shifted towards higher frequencies. Subsequently, the amount of energy in the resting EEG increased significantly within the theta, alpha and beta bands and, on the contrary, a prominent decline was observed in the delta range. Marked ontogenetic changes at this age closely coincided with the rapid development of exogenous fibres in the occipital cortex, including the thalamo-cortical conncetions, and fibres of the neuropil in cortical layer I, which might play an important role in the genesis of background and \"driven\" in the occipital region.", "contents": "Ontogenetic patterns of frequency-power spectra elicited by flickering light in children: a comparative study of evoked and background EEGs. Frequency-power spectra of the EEG evoked by repeptitive photic stimulation and of the background EEG were studied during childhood in 43 awake subjects aged between 2 months and 14 years. EEG activity was recorded from the middle parieto-occipital region with the aid of a 1-channel analyzer Lysograf-Alvar, analysing 16 frequencies in the range from 2 to 28 c/sec. The responsiveness of the central nervous system to flickering light improved in the course of childhood in parallel with the significant decline of delta activity and with the prominent increase of alpha intensity in the resting EEG. The 4th month of life appeared to be a marked turning point in the development of evoked and background EEGs. From that age, the bioelectric power at the flash rate corresponding to photic \"driving\" began to increase together with the highest and optimal driving frequencies. The flash rate, at which evoked potentials changed into the \"driven\" rhythm, also shifted towards higher frequencies. Subsequently, the amount of energy in the resting EEG increased significantly within the theta, alpha and beta bands and, on the contrary, a prominent decline was observed in the delta range. Marked ontogenetic changes at this age closely coincided with the rapid development of exogenous fibres in the occipital cortex, including the thalamo-cortical conncetions, and fibres of the neuropil in cortical layer I, which might play an important role in the genesis of background and \"driven\" in the occipital region."}
{"id": "PMID:128018", "title": "A quantitative model of venous stasis thrombosis in rats.", "content": "A quantitative model of stasis-type of venous thrombosis in rats is described. The ligated bowel loop was used after provocation by an injection of kaolin. The mesenteric vessels of the loop were cut in a dish filled with distilled water and the extinction of escaped haemoglobin was measured photometrically. Heparin was highly effective in this model. Vessel wall lesion may be used or inducing thrombosis instead of kaolin.", "contents": "A quantitative model of venous stasis thrombosis in rats. A quantitative model of stasis-type of venous thrombosis in rats is described. The ligated bowel loop was used after provocation by an injection of kaolin. The mesenteric vessels of the loop were cut in a dish filled with distilled water and the extinction of escaped haemoglobin was measured photometrically. Heparin was highly effective in this model. Vessel wall lesion may be used or inducing thrombosis instead of kaolin."}
{"id": "PMID:128019", "title": "Adjuvant arthritis in Lewis and AVN inbred strain of rats.", "content": "The authors analysed the manifestations of adjuvant arthritis in inbred Lewis and AVN rats and in subsequent generations (F1, F2, B1, B2), using a subjective (scoring system) and an objective criterion (paw volume). The results obtained were in good correlation. Marked variability of the systemic symptoms of the disease was found not only in the parent generation but also in the subsequent generations.", "contents": "Adjuvant arthritis in Lewis and AVN inbred strain of rats. The authors analysed the manifestations of adjuvant arthritis in inbred Lewis and AVN rats and in subsequent generations (F1, F2, B1, B2), using a subjective (scoring system) and an objective criterion (paw volume). The results obtained were in good correlation. Marked variability of the systemic symptoms of the disease was found not only in the parent generation but also in the subsequent generations."}
{"id": "PMID:128020", "title": "Lung function in acute paraquat intoxication.", "content": "Functional and morphological examination of the lungs was performed in rats 48 hours after intratracheal injection of 0.5 mg/kg of the herbicide paraquat. Pronounced tachypnoea was observed (235+/-20 c/min), which also persisted under urethane anaesthesia (210+/-18 c/min). In control rats the mean breathing rate was 115+/-11 and 90+/-9 c/min in wake and anaesthetized rats respectively. The rate of breathing decreased to comparable values in experimental and control rats after bilateral cervical vagotomy. The functional residual lung capacity was significantly increased in experimental rats. After vagotomy also this increase of functional residual capacity became normalized. Histologically the disease was characterized by focal formation of hyaline membranes and oedema with occasional haemorrhages and signs of inflammation. The significant role fo vagal function in lung pathology is demonstrated.", "contents": "Lung function in acute paraquat intoxication. Functional and morphological examination of the lungs was performed in rats 48 hours after intratracheal injection of 0.5 mg/kg of the herbicide paraquat. Pronounced tachypnoea was observed (235+/-20 c/min), which also persisted under urethane anaesthesia (210+/-18 c/min). In control rats the mean breathing rate was 115+/-11 and 90+/-9 c/min in wake and anaesthetized rats respectively. The rate of breathing decreased to comparable values in experimental and control rats after bilateral cervical vagotomy. The functional residual lung capacity was significantly increased in experimental rats. After vagotomy also this increase of functional residual capacity became normalized. Histologically the disease was characterized by focal formation of hyaline membranes and oedema with occasional haemorrhages and signs of inflammation. The significant role fo vagal function in lung pathology is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:128021", "title": "Dynamic characteristics of a metabolic reaction of mice with different responses to irradiation.", "content": "The course of the reaction of mice placed in a metabolic chamber and afterwards irradiated with an exposure dose of 610 R was studied by assessing total oxygen consumption and the size of its fluctuation. Fluctuation was greater in non-survivors than in survivors in the initial phase of the metabolic reaction only (P is less than 0.05), while the mean oxygen consumption values for the two groups were the same, In the distribution of the individual values there were more non-survivors in the frequency class with a high fluctuation level and, conversely, more survivors in the low level class (P is less than 0.01). Fluctuation during the studied reaction was more variable in survivors, despite its lower level, than in non-survivors. The reciprocal relationship between the size and fluctuation of oxygen consumption, determined for the whole series of experimental mice at given stages of the metabolic reaction, is linear. Attention is drawn to the association between changes measured in the metabolic rate and motor activity and to the possibility that it is determined by the individual's type of nervous activity.", "contents": "Dynamic characteristics of a metabolic reaction of mice with different responses to irradiation. The course of the reaction of mice placed in a metabolic chamber and afterwards irradiated with an exposure dose of 610 R was studied by assessing total oxygen consumption and the size of its fluctuation. Fluctuation was greater in non-survivors than in survivors in the initial phase of the metabolic reaction only (P is less than 0.05), while the mean oxygen consumption values for the two groups were the same, In the distribution of the individual values there were more non-survivors in the frequency class with a high fluctuation level and, conversely, more survivors in the low level class (P is less than 0.01). Fluctuation during the studied reaction was more variable in survivors, despite its lower level, than in non-survivors. The reciprocal relationship between the size and fluctuation of oxygen consumption, determined for the whole series of experimental mice at given stages of the metabolic reaction, is linear. Attention is drawn to the association between changes measured in the metabolic rate and motor activity and to the possibility that it is determined by the individual's type of nervous activity."}
{"id": "PMID:128025", "title": "[Parameters of digitally averaged potentials of individual motor units].", "content": "Of sixty normal subjects of different age six different muscles each were examined electromyographically. The activity pattern was recorded for moderate voluntary innervation and superposed digitally. The parameters of digitally averaged summation action potentials were compared with those of manually assessed potentials. The two methods gave identical results: The duration of potentials was between 5 and 10 ms. It increased in the younger and older age groups and showed only slight changes in middle-aged persons. Only minor differences were found between the muscles of one age group, an exception being the orbicularis oris muscle. The results obtained are compared with values reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Parameters of digitally averaged potentials of individual motor units]. Of sixty normal subjects of different age six different muscles each were examined electromyographically. The activity pattern was recorded for moderate voluntary innervation and superposed digitally. The parameters of digitally averaged summation action potentials were compared with those of manually assessed potentials. The two methods gave identical results: The duration of potentials was between 5 and 10 ms. It increased in the younger and older age groups and showed only slight changes in middle-aged persons. Only minor differences were found between the muscles of one age group, an exception being the orbicularis oris muscle. The results obtained are compared with values reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:128026", "title": "Involvement of brain monoamines in the stimulant and paradoxical inhibitory effects of methylphenidate.", "content": "The significance of central noradrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neural systems for the locomotor stimulant effects of methylphenidate was investigated in the rat. In order to study the role of brain catecholamines, rats were pretreated with reserpine (2.5 mg/kg) followed 24 hrs later by treatment with alpha-methyltyrosine (25 mg/kg) or U-14,624 (75 mg/kg), a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. In these experiments, methylphenidate stimulated motor activity was antagonized by alpha-methyltyrosine and enhanced after treatment with U-14,624, suggesting that release of newly synthesized dopamine is important to a locomotor stimulant action of methylphenidate. Evidence implicating brain serotonin in the actions of methylphenidate was obtained in rats pretreated with pargyline or p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Administration of pargyline 1 hr prior to methylphenidate was found to reduce the locomotor activity induced by methylphenidate and this was antagonized by pretreatment with low doses of PCPA. Higher doses of PCPA caused a significant elevation of methylphenidate induced activity which could be reduced by 5-hydroxytryptophan. Destruction of serotonergic neurons with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine also potentiated methylphenidate induced locomotion. These latter findings suggest that serotonergic fibers have an inhibitory function in brain. These results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanism by which methylphenidate may act in hyperkinesis.", "contents": "Involvement of brain monoamines in the stimulant and paradoxical inhibitory effects of methylphenidate. The significance of central noradrenergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic neural systems for the locomotor stimulant effects of methylphenidate was investigated in the rat. In order to study the role of brain catecholamines, rats were pretreated with reserpine (2.5 mg/kg) followed 24 hrs later by treatment with alpha-methyltyrosine (25 mg/kg) or U-14,624 (75 mg/kg), a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor. In these experiments, methylphenidate stimulated motor activity was antagonized by alpha-methyltyrosine and enhanced after treatment with U-14,624, suggesting that release of newly synthesized dopamine is important to a locomotor stimulant action of methylphenidate. Evidence implicating brain serotonin in the actions of methylphenidate was obtained in rats pretreated with pargyline or p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Administration of pargyline 1 hr prior to methylphenidate was found to reduce the locomotor activity induced by methylphenidate and this was antagonized by pretreatment with low doses of PCPA. Higher doses of PCPA caused a significant elevation of methylphenidate induced activity which could be reduced by 5-hydroxytryptophan. Destruction of serotonergic neurons with 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine also potentiated methylphenidate induced locomotion. These latter findings suggest that serotonergic fibers have an inhibitory function in brain. These results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanism by which methylphenidate may act in hyperkinesis."}
{"id": "PMID:128034", "title": "Afterload mismatch and preload reserve: a conceptual framework for the analysis of ventricular function.", "content": "A two-dimensional framework can be used for considering the characteristics of left ventricular ejection in terms of the appropriateness of the matching between afterload and the level of inotropic state, as modulated by the preload reserve. An afterload mismatch (reduced velocity and extent of shortening) can be induced acutely in the normal heart under controlled conditions if the preload is not allowed to compensate for an increased afterload, or if the limit of preload (Frank-Starling) reserve has been reached. In the intact circulation the normal heart is sensitive to some degree to acute changes in afterload, perhaps due to impaired venous return; but under basal resting conditions the ejection phase measures (such as the ejection fraction and the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening or VCF, corrected for heart size) encompass a relatively narrow range. This finding, and the lack of change in ejection phase measures after the normal heart has adapted to a chronic pressure or volume overload, provides justification for the use of ejection phase indices for detecting depressed inotropic state under basal conditions. When there is mild depression of myocardial inotropic state, with or without accompanying mechanical overload, enhanced preload may allow full compensation, but acute pressure loading may allow early detection of a less than normal preload reserve. When the inotropic state is substantially reduced, however, a mismatch between afterload and contractility (a reduction in mean VCF) will become evident even in the basal state (venous return being presumed to be adequate under these conditions). The concept of afterload mismatch with limited preload reserve provides an explanation for the value of ejection phase indices compared to isovolunic phase measures in assessing the basal level of inotropic state: the former may be more reliable because they are sensitive to afterload. The effects and implications of therapeutic afterload reduction as modulated by the preload also are understood within this framework.", "contents": "Afterload mismatch and preload reserve: a conceptual framework for the analysis of ventricular function. A two-dimensional framework can be used for considering the characteristics of left ventricular ejection in terms of the appropriateness of the matching between afterload and the level of inotropic state, as modulated by the preload reserve. An afterload mismatch (reduced velocity and extent of shortening) can be induced acutely in the normal heart under controlled conditions if the preload is not allowed to compensate for an increased afterload, or if the limit of preload (Frank-Starling) reserve has been reached. In the intact circulation the normal heart is sensitive to some degree to acute changes in afterload, perhaps due to impaired venous return; but under basal resting conditions the ejection phase measures (such as the ejection fraction and the mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening or VCF, corrected for heart size) encompass a relatively narrow range. This finding, and the lack of change in ejection phase measures after the normal heart has adapted to a chronic pressure or volume overload, provides justification for the use of ejection phase indices for detecting depressed inotropic state under basal conditions. When there is mild depression of myocardial inotropic state, with or without accompanying mechanical overload, enhanced preload may allow full compensation, but acute pressure loading may allow early detection of a less than normal preload reserve. When the inotropic state is substantially reduced, however, a mismatch between afterload and contractility (a reduction in mean VCF) will become evident even in the basal state (venous return being presumed to be adequate under these conditions). The concept of afterload mismatch with limited preload reserve provides an explanation for the value of ejection phase indices compared to isovolunic phase measures in assessing the basal level of inotropic state: the former may be more reliable because they are sensitive to afterload. The effects and implications of therapeutic afterload reduction as modulated by the preload also are understood within this framework."}
{"id": "PMID:128048", "title": "[Sarcomas occurring on fibrous dysplasia of bone. Apropos of a complex hemimelic form, with a review of the literature].", "content": "Bone formation by the sarcoma is exclusive, without any cartilaginous component; the pattern of the tumour being sometimes quite similar to dysplasia lesional tissue. It seems to be a tissular transformation rather than an unicellular sarcomatous change. Among the etiological factors, except the part of the radiotherapy, periostal changes enhanced by a surgical procedure with acrylic cement in the femoral shaft are perhaps contributing to the development of a sarcoma whose pattern is quite particular.", "contents": "[Sarcomas occurring on fibrous dysplasia of bone. Apropos of a complex hemimelic form, with a review of the literature]. Bone formation by the sarcoma is exclusive, without any cartilaginous component; the pattern of the tumour being sometimes quite similar to dysplasia lesional tissue. It seems to be a tissular transformation rather than an unicellular sarcomatous change. Among the etiological factors, except the part of the radiotherapy, periostal changes enhanced by a surgical procedure with acrylic cement in the femoral shaft are perhaps contributing to the development of a sarcoma whose pattern is quite particular."}
{"id": "PMID:128049", "title": "[Recent fractures of the humeral diaphysis. Apropos of a continuous series of 200 cases, of which 107 were treated with a hanging cast alone. (Arterial intra-osseous vascularization of the humerus)].", "content": "Were reviewed 200 fractures of humeral diaphysis, two cases have been excluded because they were incomplete; 175 patients out of 200 have been reexamined a long time after; 23 have not been reexamined but held a sufficient follow up. Most of the transversal fracture were met among young adults (56 per 100 traffic accidents). The intraosseous vascularisation was studied elucidating partly the greatest frequency of pseudarthrosis in the part 1/3 middle-1/3 inferior especially after exaggerated periostal elevation. Among 107 cases treated by hanging cast were noted 4 pseudarthrosis, 12 shoulder's stiffnesses. Traction or external fixation were rarely useful (comminuted fractures, burns). Surgical procedures were rarely necessary because this type of fracture usually united with good result after conservative treatment. The outcomes of 40 osteosynthesis were examined and non-unions were noted. Vascular (4 out of 200) and nervous (29 out of 200) complications were also noted.", "contents": "[Recent fractures of the humeral diaphysis. Apropos of a continuous series of 200 cases, of which 107 were treated with a hanging cast alone. (Arterial intra-osseous vascularization of the humerus)]. Were reviewed 200 fractures of humeral diaphysis, two cases have been excluded because they were incomplete; 175 patients out of 200 have been reexamined a long time after; 23 have not been reexamined but held a sufficient follow up. Most of the transversal fracture were met among young adults (56 per 100 traffic accidents). The intraosseous vascularisation was studied elucidating partly the greatest frequency of pseudarthrosis in the part 1/3 middle-1/3 inferior especially after exaggerated periostal elevation. Among 107 cases treated by hanging cast were noted 4 pseudarthrosis, 12 shoulder's stiffnesses. Traction or external fixation were rarely useful (comminuted fractures, burns). Surgical procedures were rarely necessary because this type of fracture usually united with good result after conservative treatment. The outcomes of 40 osteosynthesis were examined and non-unions were noted. Vascular (4 out of 200) and nervous (29 out of 200) complications were also noted."}
{"id": "PMID:128047", "title": "[Formation of the skeleton - growth of a long bone. Growth of the 3d metatarsal bone in the rat].", "content": "The authors have studied the longitudinal growth of the third metatarsal bone of the rat. This bone has only one epiphyseal plate at its distal extremity and none at its proximal one. Nevertheless it was demonstrated that the proximal extremity was responsible for 16% of the total longitudinal bone growth.", "contents": "[Formation of the skeleton - growth of a long bone. Growth of the 3d metatarsal bone in the rat]. The authors have studied the longitudinal growth of the third metatarsal bone of the rat. This bone has only one epiphyseal plate at its distal extremity and none at its proximal one. Nevertheless it was demonstrated that the proximal extremity was responsible for 16% of the total longitudinal bone growth."}
{"id": "PMID:128051", "title": "[Essential bone cysts of the upper end of the femur in children. Our experience with 12 cases].", "content": "The authors have operated on 12 children with solitary unicameral bone cysts of the upper femoral extremity. They opened the cysts widely, resecting one third of the bone circumference, reinforcing the bone solidity by a nail plate and filling the cavity with autogenous bone grafts. 11 cysts healed, 1 recurred. Some residual deformities were noted (coxa valga or vara).", "contents": "[Essential bone cysts of the upper end of the femur in children. Our experience with 12 cases]. The authors have operated on 12 children with solitary unicameral bone cysts of the upper femoral extremity. They opened the cysts widely, resecting one third of the bone circumference, reinforcing the bone solidity by a nail plate and filling the cavity with autogenous bone grafts. 11 cysts healed, 1 recurred. Some residual deformities were noted (coxa valga or vara)."}
{"id": "PMID:128054", "title": "[Severely slipped femoral epiphyses treated by the D. Dunn open reduction method].", "content": "The authors describe the Dunn's technique that they have followed in 19 cases of severely displaces slipped upper femoral epiphysis. The approach was posterior, subperiosteal for preserving vascularity. The results were good in 15 cases, poor in 4 cases. The indications are detailed.", "contents": "[Severely slipped femoral epiphyses treated by the D. Dunn open reduction method]. The authors describe the Dunn's technique that they have followed in 19 cases of severely displaces slipped upper femoral epiphysis. The approach was posterior, subperiosteal for preserving vascularity. The results were good in 15 cases, poor in 4 cases. The indications are detailed."}
{"id": "PMID:128052", "title": "[Articular fractures of the calcaneum. Therapeutic indications based on a series of 105 cases].", "content": "The authors have treated 105 articular fractures of the calcaneum. Three methods were tested: open reduction and fixation, conservative treatment with early mobilization, primary subtalar arthrodesis. The final results were satisfactory in 85% of the cases. However the three above groups were hardly comparable. Details on the radiological study of these fractures are given. The authors conclude that when osteosynthesis obtained a perfect anatomical reduction, functional results were good. But perfect reduction was rarely obtained. Final results could be improved by a better selection of the surgical cases and a better surgical technique.", "contents": "[Articular fractures of the calcaneum. Therapeutic indications based on a series of 105 cases]. The authors have treated 105 articular fractures of the calcaneum. Three methods were tested: open reduction and fixation, conservative treatment with early mobilization, primary subtalar arthrodesis. The final results were satisfactory in 85% of the cases. However the three above groups were hardly comparable. Details on the radiological study of these fractures are given. The authors conclude that when osteosynthesis obtained a perfect anatomical reduction, functional results were good. But perfect reduction was rarely obtained. Final results could be improved by a better selection of the surgical cases and a better surgical technique."}
{"id": "PMID:128055", "title": "[Associated homolateral fractures of the neck and shaft of the femur].", "content": "The authors have reviewed 25 cases of associated fractures of neck and shaft of the same femur. Some were treated conservatively, others were operated on. They conclude that the best treatment should be surgical on both foci. They recommend nailing of the shaft, the nail being introduced in the anterior aspect of the greater trochanter, and screwing of the neck, the screws being located behind the nail. In cases of low diaphyseal fractures plating was used. However a high rate of non-unions was noted in such cases.", "contents": "[Associated homolateral fractures of the neck and shaft of the femur]. The authors have reviewed 25 cases of associated fractures of neck and shaft of the same femur. Some were treated conservatively, others were operated on. They conclude that the best treatment should be surgical on both foci. They recommend nailing of the shaft, the nail being introduced in the anterior aspect of the greater trochanter, and screwing of the neck, the screws being located behind the nail. In cases of low diaphyseal fractures plating was used. However a high rate of non-unions was noted in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:128050", "title": "[Traumatic dislocations of the hip with fracture of the femur head. Apropos of 28 cases].", "content": "Having reviewed 28 cases of fractures of the femoral head complicating traumatic dislocation of the hip the authors point out that the problems to be solved are the reduction of the dislocation (close or surgical) and the fate of the femoral head fragment. Close reduction succeeded in 12 cases, failed in 12 other cases, was not attempted 4 times. Open reduction was performed 16 times. When the femoral fragment was small, close reduction was attempted and the femoral head fragment neglected (10 cases). In three cases close reduction was attempted despite a big femoral fragment. These cases were complicated by a secondary femoral neck fracture. After open reduction the femoral head fragment should be neglected if small, screwed if important. Eight times a rather big fragment was removed but final results were unsatisfactory.", "contents": "[Traumatic dislocations of the hip with fracture of the femur head. Apropos of 28 cases]. Having reviewed 28 cases of fractures of the femoral head complicating traumatic dislocation of the hip the authors point out that the problems to be solved are the reduction of the dislocation (close or surgical) and the fate of the femoral head fragment. Close reduction succeeded in 12 cases, failed in 12 other cases, was not attempted 4 times. Open reduction was performed 16 times. When the femoral fragment was small, close reduction was attempted and the femoral head fragment neglected (10 cases). In three cases close reduction was attempted despite a big femoral fragment. These cases were complicated by a secondary femoral neck fracture. After open reduction the femoral head fragment should be neglected if small, screwed if important. Eight times a rather big fragment was removed but final results were unsatisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:128053", "title": "[Pseudarthrosis of the dorso-lumbar vertebrae].", "content": "The authors have observed three cases of fractures at the thoraco-lumbar level which did not unite after ten to twelve months - Dynamic X-rays demonstrated persisting mobility of about 20 degrees. The fracture line of the vertebral bodies was situated in a frontal plane and fragments were separated by the antero-inferior edge of the above vertebral body. The authors conclude that such fractions ought to be treated by internal fixation when recent, internal fixation and grafting when ancient.", "contents": "[Pseudarthrosis of the dorso-lumbar vertebrae]. The authors have observed three cases of fractures at the thoraco-lumbar level which did not unite after ten to twelve months - Dynamic X-rays demonstrated persisting mobility of about 20 degrees. The fracture line of the vertebral bodies was situated in a frontal plane and fragments were separated by the antero-inferior edge of the above vertebral body. The authors conclude that such fractions ought to be treated by internal fixation when recent, internal fixation and grafting when ancient."}
{"id": "PMID:128056", "title": "[Sequelae of acetabulum fractures treated by total hip prosthesis].", "content": "The authors have treated by total prosthesis 39 cases of fractures of the acetabulum, at the stage of severe sequellae. 21 of them had been initially treated conservatively, and 18 had been previously operated on. 23 times they used conventional prosthesis anchored with cement. 8 cases became loose and had to be re-operated on. 16 times an original prosthesis made of highly porous metal was used with no complication at the present time.", "contents": "[Sequelae of acetabulum fractures treated by total hip prosthesis]. The authors have treated by total prosthesis 39 cases of fractures of the acetabulum, at the stage of severe sequellae. 21 of them had been initially treated conservatively, and 18 had been previously operated on. 23 times they used conventional prosthesis anchored with cement. 8 cases became loose and had to be re-operated on. 16 times an original prosthesis made of highly porous metal was used with no complication at the present time."}
{"id": "PMID:128057", "title": "[Gonalgia following meniscectomy. Arthrographic fingings. Review of 200 case records and radio-clinical comparison].", "content": "The authors have examined by arthrography two hundred knees which had remained painful after meniscectomy. In 170 cases this examination revealed a possible explanation for the pain; residual pathological posterior horn, lesion of the other meniscus, degenerative changes of the cartilages, lesions of the ligaments. 91 patients sustained a second surgical procedure. In 81 cases the arthrographic findings were confirmed, in 10 cases surgical exploration found more lesions than expected.", "contents": "[Gonalgia following meniscectomy. Arthrographic fingings. Review of 200 case records and radio-clinical comparison]. The authors have examined by arthrography two hundred knees which had remained painful after meniscectomy. In 170 cases this examination revealed a possible explanation for the pain; residual pathological posterior horn, lesion of the other meniscus, degenerative changes of the cartilages, lesions of the ligaments. 91 patients sustained a second surgical procedure. In 81 cases the arthrographic findings were confirmed, in 10 cases surgical exploration found more lesions than expected."}
{"id": "PMID:128058", "title": "[Valgus fixation of trochanteric fractures in elderly patients. Early weight-bearing walking. Apropos of 25 cases].", "content": "The authors have treated 25 unstable trochanteric fractures in old people by valgus osteotomy and nail-plate fixation. In 6 cases a medial translation was added. Walking with weight bearing was started 7 to 14 days after the operation. The results were satisfactory in only 14 cases. The authors think that this type of fixation is logical on a bio-mechanical standpoint. However they conclude that the procedure is not fiable enough.", "contents": "[Valgus fixation of trochanteric fractures in elderly patients. Early weight-bearing walking. Apropos of 25 cases]. The authors have treated 25 unstable trochanteric fractures in old people by valgus osteotomy and nail-plate fixation. In 6 cases a medial translation was added. Walking with weight bearing was started 7 to 14 days after the operation. The results were satisfactory in only 14 cases. The authors think that this type of fixation is logical on a bio-mechanical standpoint. However they conclude that the procedure is not fiable enough."}
{"id": "PMID:128059", "title": "[Controlled orthopedic reduction of spinal fractures].", "content": "The authors estimation is that malunions are poorly tolerated at the spine level. Therefore they advocate a systematic reduction of fractures at any level of the spine after a review of 100 cases. They describe the closed procedure they used in 63 cases for obtaining reduction without anesthesia, under radiologic and manometric control. Then, in 53 cases, a plaster cast was applied. In 10 other cases, closed reduction was completed by a surgical procedure, either by an anterior or a posterior approach. 15 fractures were surgically reduced and fixed, and 22 cases were treated by rehabilitation only without reduction. An original classification was set up for a precise description of the initial lesions, and the measurement of sequellae and final results.", "contents": "[Controlled orthopedic reduction of spinal fractures]. The authors estimation is that malunions are poorly tolerated at the spine level. Therefore they advocate a systematic reduction of fractures at any level of the spine after a review of 100 cases. They describe the closed procedure they used in 63 cases for obtaining reduction without anesthesia, under radiologic and manometric control. Then, in 53 cases, a plaster cast was applied. In 10 other cases, closed reduction was completed by a surgical procedure, either by an anterior or a posterior approach. 15 fractures were surgically reduced and fixed, and 22 cases were treated by rehabilitation only without reduction. An original classification was set up for a precise description of the initial lesions, and the measurement of sequellae and final results."}
{"id": "PMID:128062", "title": "[Anatomopathological aspects of giant cell tumors of the bone].", "content": "The morphological study of Giant Cell Tumors of Bone collected at the Orthopaedic Department of C.H.U. Cochin, with high resolution radiography of macroscopical samples added to topographical cytology allows to report the following facts: --Mononuclear cells have cytonuclear criteria between histiocyte and fibroblast cells, quite apart from Chondroblastoma and Chondromyxoid fibroma. Cytological transitions are observed between mononuclear and giant cells. --Osteoid formation is usually connected with the lysis or the blow-up of the neighbouring cortex. Without secondary changes, collagenisation is reduced. --A vascular network is appearing between the cortex and the tumor, factor of some radiological evolutions, those aspects being nearly similar to aneurysmal bone cyst. --The grading of the tumour has no valuable architectural support ; mitotic activity is equally of no value for the assesment of a recurrence. Nuclear analysis with granular clumping of chromatin, thickening of the nuclear rim and increase in size and number of nucleoli was only a help to identify sarcomas. The latter are primary-associated with quiescent-appearing lesions or merging on multiple tumoral sampling. Giant cell sarcoma, except fibroblastic-like forms, can keep a differenciated cytology with frequent amitosis. --Tumor polymorphism is warrant of some histological pitfalls ; the most rewarding territories for the analysis are in the long bones the upper epiphyseal areas. Whereas, the frequency of secondary changes enhance the additional value of topographical inprint cytology for a correct morphological appraisal.", "contents": "[Anatomopathological aspects of giant cell tumors of the bone]. The morphological study of Giant Cell Tumors of Bone collected at the Orthopaedic Department of C.H.U. Cochin, with high resolution radiography of macroscopical samples added to topographical cytology allows to report the following facts: --Mononuclear cells have cytonuclear criteria between histiocyte and fibroblast cells, quite apart from Chondroblastoma and Chondromyxoid fibroma. Cytological transitions are observed between mononuclear and giant cells. --Osteoid formation is usually connected with the lysis or the blow-up of the neighbouring cortex. Without secondary changes, collagenisation is reduced. --A vascular network is appearing between the cortex and the tumor, factor of some radiological evolutions, those aspects being nearly similar to aneurysmal bone cyst. --The grading of the tumour has no valuable architectural support ; mitotic activity is equally of no value for the assesment of a recurrence. Nuclear analysis with granular clumping of chromatin, thickening of the nuclear rim and increase in size and number of nucleoli was only a help to identify sarcomas. The latter are primary-associated with quiescent-appearing lesions or merging on multiple tumoral sampling. Giant cell sarcoma, except fibroblastic-like forms, can keep a differenciated cytology with frequent amitosis. --Tumor polymorphism is warrant of some histological pitfalls ; the most rewarding territories for the analysis are in the long bones the upper epiphyseal areas. Whereas, the frequency of secondary changes enhance the additional value of topographical inprint cytology for a correct morphological appraisal."}
{"id": "PMID:128063", "title": "[Cytologic study of giant cell tumors. Electron microscopy. Cyto-enzymology].", "content": "A cyto-enzymologic study of giant cells tumor revealed a high acid phosphatase activity in multi-nuclear cells (as in osteoclasts) and a very low alcaline phosphatase and peroxydase activity. Acid phosphatase was located in lysosom which were concentrated in definite cytoplasmic areas. The blood rate of this enzyme should be raised if it were excreted by the cells. Therefore a study of acid phosphatase blood rate could reinforce a diagnosis based on X-rays and a raising rate after surgery could help for early detection of recurrences.", "contents": "[Cytologic study of giant cell tumors. Electron microscopy. Cyto-enzymology]. A cyto-enzymologic study of giant cells tumor revealed a high acid phosphatase activity in multi-nuclear cells (as in osteoclasts) and a very low alcaline phosphatase and peroxydase activity. Acid phosphatase was located in lysosom which were concentrated in definite cytoplasmic areas. The blood rate of this enzyme should be raised if it were excreted by the cells. Therefore a study of acid phosphatase blood rate could reinforce a diagnosis based on X-rays and a raising rate after surgery could help for early detection of recurrences."}
{"id": "PMID:128064", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of giant cell tumors of the bone. Preliminary results].", "content": "2 giant cells tumors were examined under electron microscope. The study confirmed that basic cellular population was mononuclear cells which demonstrated a tendancy toward phagocytosis and fibrillar material production. These cells had some appearance of macrophages or fibroblasts.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of giant cell tumors of the bone. Preliminary results]. 2 giant cells tumors were examined under electron microscope. The study confirmed that basic cellular population was mononuclear cells which demonstrated a tendancy toward phagocytosis and fibrillar material production. These cells had some appearance of macrophages or fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:128065", "title": "[Giant cell tumors. Follow-up of 85 cases. Clinical experiences of the Department of Orthopedics at the Cochin Hospital].", "content": "The results of a series of 86 cases with a follow-up of 2 to 23 years are presented. Treatment was surgical in all cases except in spine and pelvis. 24 cases were treated by curetage, 51 by resection in some cases after curetage. Block resection nearly suppresses the recurrences and, when used as the first treatment, may avoid secondary malignant degeneration.", "contents": "[Giant cell tumors. Follow-up of 85 cases. Clinical experiences of the Department of Orthopedics at the Cochin Hospital]. The results of a series of 86 cases with a follow-up of 2 to 23 years are presented. Treatment was surgical in all cases except in spine and pelvis. 24 cases were treated by curetage, 51 by resection in some cases after curetage. Block resection nearly suppresses the recurrences and, when used as the first treatment, may avoid secondary malignant degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:128066", "title": "[Evolution of myeloplaxic tumors. Apropos of 21 cases].", "content": "21 cases of giant cells tumors were observed. Two were malignant primarily. Twelve cases treated by curetage produced 7 recurrences, one being malignant. Seven cases treated by resection produced no recurrence. The authors believe that the prognosis and the indications are based more on clinical and radiological features than on histologic grading studies.", "contents": "[Evolution of myeloplaxic tumors. Apropos of 21 cases]. 21 cases of giant cells tumors were observed. Two were malignant primarily. Twelve cases treated by curetage produced 7 recurrences, one being malignant. Seven cases treated by resection produced no recurrence. The authors believe that the prognosis and the indications are based more on clinical and radiological features than on histologic grading studies."}
{"id": "PMID:128068", "title": "[Giant cell tumors of the long bones. Curettage-filling].", "content": "13 cases of G.C.T. were treated by curetage with only 3 benign and 1 malignant recurrences. The authors are in favour of curetage as a routine treatment provided it is performed at the right time.", "contents": "[Giant cell tumors of the long bones. Curettage-filling]. 13 cases of G.C.T. were treated by curetage with only 3 benign and 1 malignant recurrences. The authors are in favour of curetage as a routine treatment provided it is performed at the right time."}
{"id": "PMID:128067", "title": "[Giant cell tumors. Course and treatment].", "content": "32 cases of Giant cells tumors. 17 treated by curetage with 6 recurrences, 1 malignant. 9 treated by resection with 9 successes. 7 treated by radiotherapy with 6 recurrences 2 of which were malignant; 2 amputations.", "contents": "[Giant cell tumors. Course and treatment]. 32 cases of Giant cells tumors. 17 treated by curetage with 6 recurrences, 1 malignant. 9 treated by resection with 9 successes. 7 treated by radiotherapy with 6 recurrences 2 of which were malignant; 2 amputations."}
{"id": "PMID:128069", "title": "[Recurrence in soft tissues of a giant cell tumor of the femoral condyle].", "content": "A case of recurrence with osteogenesis only in the soft tissues of a giant cell tumour is reported.", "contents": "[Recurrence in soft tissues of a giant cell tumor of the femoral condyle]. A case of recurrence with osteogenesis only in the soft tissues of a giant cell tumour is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:128070", "title": "[Treatment of giant cell tumors. Resection-unicondyle reconstruction].", "content": "The authors report 4 cases, 3 involving a femoral condyle one the lower extremity of the humerus treated by resection followed by massive grafting.", "contents": "[Treatment of giant cell tumors. Resection-unicondyle reconstruction]. The authors report 4 cases, 3 involving a femoral condyle one the lower extremity of the humerus treated by resection followed by massive grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:128071", "title": "[Unusual pulmonary metastases of giant cell tumors].", "content": "A case of giant cells tumour treated by curetage recurred locally together with pulmonary metastasis. Amputation and lobectomy disclosed no malignancy. In spite of incomplete removal of pulmonary tumours. X rays picture and general status are normal 4 years later. 5 comparable published cases are reported.", "contents": "[Unusual pulmonary metastases of giant cell tumors]. A case of giant cells tumour treated by curetage recurred locally together with pulmonary metastasis. Amputation and lobectomy disclosed no malignancy. In spite of incomplete removal of pulmonary tumours. X rays picture and general status are normal 4 years later. 5 comparable published cases are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:128076", "title": "Improvement by chlorine of the intestinal absorption of inorganic and organic Mg compounds and of their protective effect against adrenergic cardiopathy.", "content": "Comparative studies on the therapeutic effects of MgSO4, MgCl2, Mg aspartate, and Mg aspartate hydrochloride were carried out in Sprague-Dawlwy rats. In general, the intestinal absorption of Mg and its uptake into bone were improved after oral or intraduodenal administration of the two compounds containing chlorine; however, in these animals, gain in body weight was reduced, especially after MgCl2. Treatment with 9-alpha-fluorocortisol plus epinephrine resulted in cardiac hypertrophy and necroses. All Mg compounds fed in amounts leading to marked hypermagnesemia prevented hypertrophy; as regards the incidence and severity of necroses, however, MgSO4 and Mg aspartate proved ineffective. Significant protective effects were observed only after MgCl2 and Mg aspartate hydrochloride, indicating the central pathogenic role of extracellular hypochloremic alkalosis in metabolic heart necroses.", "contents": "Improvement by chlorine of the intestinal absorption of inorganic and organic Mg compounds and of their protective effect against adrenergic cardiopathy. Comparative studies on the therapeutic effects of MgSO4, MgCl2, Mg aspartate, and Mg aspartate hydrochloride were carried out in Sprague-Dawlwy rats. In general, the intestinal absorption of Mg and its uptake into bone were improved after oral or intraduodenal administration of the two compounds containing chlorine; however, in these animals, gain in body weight was reduced, especially after MgCl2. Treatment with 9-alpha-fluorocortisol plus epinephrine resulted in cardiac hypertrophy and necroses. All Mg compounds fed in amounts leading to marked hypermagnesemia prevented hypertrophy; as regards the incidence and severity of necroses, however, MgSO4 and Mg aspartate proved ineffective. Significant protective effects were observed only after MgCl2 and Mg aspartate hydrochloride, indicating the central pathogenic role of extracellular hypochloremic alkalosis in metabolic heart necroses."}
{"id": "PMID:128072", "title": "[Treatment of giant cell tumors of the sacrum. Apropos of an observed case].", "content": "A case of giant cells tumor of the sacrum, invading a large part of the sacral body, the buttock is reported. The sacro-rectal space and the sacral canal with the cauda equina were compressed. Complete avulsion was performed, each nerve being closely dissected. Clinical recovery with roentgenographic aspect of bone healing is still present, three years and a half post-operatively.", "contents": "[Treatment of giant cell tumors of the sacrum. Apropos of an observed case]. A case of giant cells tumor of the sacrum, invading a large part of the sacral body, the buttock is reported. The sacro-rectal space and the sacral canal with the cauda equina were compressed. Complete avulsion was performed, each nerve being closely dissected. Clinical recovery with roentgenographic aspect of bone healing is still present, three years and a half post-operatively."}
{"id": "PMID:128077", "title": "Membrane alteration in failing hearts of cardiomyopathic hamsters.", "content": "Cardiomyopathic hamsters (UM-X7.1) show clinical signs of congestive heart failure and an abnormal EKG pattern. The sarcolemmal fraction obtained from the failing hearts at advanced stages of myopathy exhibited no change in the basal adenylate cyclase activity; however, the activity of this enzyme in the presence of catecholamines or NaF was lower in the failing heart sarcolemma than that in the control. The activities of Ca2+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, and Na+-K+-ATPase in the failing heart sarcolemma were also less than the control values. These results suggest an association of membrane defect with heart failure.", "contents": "Membrane alteration in failing hearts of cardiomyopathic hamsters. Cardiomyopathic hamsters (UM-X7.1) show clinical signs of congestive heart failure and an abnormal EKG pattern. The sarcolemmal fraction obtained from the failing hearts at advanced stages of myopathy exhibited no change in the basal adenylate cyclase activity; however, the activity of this enzyme in the presence of catecholamines or NaF was lower in the failing heart sarcolemma than that in the control. The activities of Ca2+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, and Na+-K+-ATPase in the failing heart sarcolemma were also less than the control values. These results suggest an association of membrane defect with heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:128078", "title": "Cellular changes and damage in mechanically overloaded hearts.", "content": "The electron microscopic aspects of myocardial cells in several types of mechanically overloaded heart are reviewed. Alterations which may be interpreted as degenerative changes are all the more frequent as the load is more severe. They seem to be the cause of the interstitial fibrosis which often accompanies hypertrophy. Their mechanism is dubious: swelling of mitochondria and intracellular lipidosis, which could signify cellular hypoxia, are rarely present. Other changes are characteristic of an increase of proteosynthesis and of the active growth of the main structures of the cell: myofibrils, mitochondria, T- and L-tubules. Some pictures of myofibrillar growth are not always easily distinguished from those of myofibrillar lesions. The mitochondria/myofibril ratio may be modified or not. The apparent volume of the mitochondria may remain normal while their density increases, which implies a decrease of their average size. In severe and long-lasting overloads, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the Golgi apparatus and multiplication of granules of the auricular type evoke a regression of the cell toward its fetal type.", "contents": "Cellular changes and damage in mechanically overloaded hearts. The electron microscopic aspects of myocardial cells in several types of mechanically overloaded heart are reviewed. Alterations which may be interpreted as degenerative changes are all the more frequent as the load is more severe. They seem to be the cause of the interstitial fibrosis which often accompanies hypertrophy. Their mechanism is dubious: swelling of mitochondria and intracellular lipidosis, which could signify cellular hypoxia, are rarely present. Other changes are characteristic of an increase of proteosynthesis and of the active growth of the main structures of the cell: myofibrils, mitochondria, T- and L-tubules. Some pictures of myofibrillar growth are not always easily distinguished from those of myofibrillar lesions. The mitochondria/myofibril ratio may be modified or not. The apparent volume of the mitochondria may remain normal while their density increases, which implies a decrease of their average size. In severe and long-lasting overloads, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the Golgi apparatus and multiplication of granules of the auricular type evoke a regression of the cell toward its fetal type."}
{"id": "PMID:128079", "title": "Ultrastructural study of nuclear pores in hypertrophied heart cells.", "content": "Nuclear pores were consistently found in both spontaneous and experimentally induced hypertrophy. The structure of nuclear pores in hypertrophied hamster, guinea pig, and rabbit heart cells was similar. The morphology of nuclear pores was similar to that previously seen in normal cardiac cells and in other cell types. Each pore complex was composed of a pore sometimes containing a central granule, a pore margin having an octagonal shape, and two rings of annular granules lying upon the pore margin.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of nuclear pores in hypertrophied heart cells. Nuclear pores were consistently found in both spontaneous and experimentally induced hypertrophy. The structure of nuclear pores in hypertrophied hamster, guinea pig, and rabbit heart cells was similar. The morphology of nuclear pores was similar to that previously seen in normal cardiac cells and in other cell types. Each pore complex was composed of a pore sometimes containing a central granule, a pore margin having an octagonal shape, and two rings of annular granules lying upon the pore margin."}
{"id": "PMID:128080", "title": "Cell number in human heart in atrophy, hypertrophy, and under the influence of cytostatics.", "content": "The DNA content was determined in 30 human hearts from different age groups and of different weight classes. Among these cases were included 4 hearts of children and 5 hearts of adults who had been treated with cytostatics. The total DNA content was determined biochemically and the nuclear DNA content was measured by means of Feulgen cytophotometry. By combining both methods, the total number of heart muscle cells was determined. We obtained the following results: (1) The DNA concentration remained the same in all the hearts, while the total amount of DNA rose up to three-fold with increasing heart weights. (2) Cytophotometric DNA measurements revealed that, in hearts of infants up to the age of 7, a diploid DNA content is found in 80% of the muscle nuclei. In children of higher ages and in adults, 60% of the muscle nuclei are tetraploid. In hypertrophied hearts, there occurs an increased polyploidization of the muscle nuclei, with up to 8% of 32-ploid nuclei. Thus, polyploidisation is caused by chronic hyperfunction of the heart. In atrophic hearts, on the other hand, no regression of polyploidisation was observed. (3) The number of connective tissue cells in a given heart increases from 1 x 10(9) just after birth to 5 x 10(9) in adults, reaching its maximum of 10 x 10(9) in extremely hypertrophied hearts. The number of heart muscle cells is 2 x 10(9) in normal hearts of children and adults, and may rise to 4 x 10(9) in excessively hypertrophied hearts. (4) During treatment with cytostatics, the DNA content of the myocardium is reduced only in hearts of children; in adult hearts, no decrease of DNA is observed. Cytostatics prevent polyploidisation of the heart muscle nuclei and exhibit no other influence upon the DNA content of the heart muscle cell nuclei. (5) Cytostatics cause a decrease in the number of connective tissue and heart muscle cells of up to 57% of the original value in hearts of children. The cell number of adult hearts remains the same under cytostatic treatment.", "contents": "Cell number in human heart in atrophy, hypertrophy, and under the influence of cytostatics. The DNA content was determined in 30 human hearts from different age groups and of different weight classes. Among these cases were included 4 hearts of children and 5 hearts of adults who had been treated with cytostatics. The total DNA content was determined biochemically and the nuclear DNA content was measured by means of Feulgen cytophotometry. By combining both methods, the total number of heart muscle cells was determined. We obtained the following results: (1) The DNA concentration remained the same in all the hearts, while the total amount of DNA rose up to three-fold with increasing heart weights. (2) Cytophotometric DNA measurements revealed that, in hearts of infants up to the age of 7, a diploid DNA content is found in 80% of the muscle nuclei. In children of higher ages and in adults, 60% of the muscle nuclei are tetraploid. In hypertrophied hearts, there occurs an increased polyploidization of the muscle nuclei, with up to 8% of 32-ploid nuclei. Thus, polyploidisation is caused by chronic hyperfunction of the heart. In atrophic hearts, on the other hand, no regression of polyploidisation was observed. (3) The number of connective tissue cells in a given heart increases from 1 x 10(9) just after birth to 5 x 10(9) in adults, reaching its maximum of 10 x 10(9) in extremely hypertrophied hearts. The number of heart muscle cells is 2 x 10(9) in normal hearts of children and adults, and may rise to 4 x 10(9) in excessively hypertrophied hearts. (4) During treatment with cytostatics, the DNA content of the myocardium is reduced only in hearts of children; in adult hearts, no decrease of DNA is observed. Cytostatics prevent polyploidisation of the heart muscle nuclei and exhibit no other influence upon the DNA content of the heart muscle cell nuclei. (5) Cytostatics cause a decrease in the number of connective tissue and heart muscle cells of up to 57% of the original value in hearts of children. The cell number of adult hearts remains the same under cytostatic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:128081", "title": "Human heart aneurysm: biochemical and morphological characteristics.", "content": "The microscopic structure of left ventricular wall aneurysms and akinetic zones differs markedly. In samples obtained from akinetic zones, dystrophic changes and marked hypertrophy of muscle cells were observed with dispersed  myofibrosis. In 1 case of left ventricular wall aneurysm, a pronounced nonspecific inflammatory reaction in the subepicardial layer was present. In all samples investigated, there were marked morphological signs of activated proteosynthesis, mainly aggregations of ribosomes, both in the muscle cells and in the fibroblasts. Utilization of glucose-14C was highest in samples with a predominant content of muscle cells. Pentose-phosphate shunt activity was highest in samples consisting mainly of fibrous scar tissue. The ability of the tissue homogenate to incorporate glycine-14C into the trichloracetic acid-precipitated protein was higher in samples containing predominantly connective tissue. The highest activity of the pentose-phosphate shunt, together with the highest rate of proteosynthesis, was observed in the sample from the left ventricular wall aneurysm with marked inflammatory infiltration of the tissue.", "contents": "Human heart aneurysm: biochemical and morphological characteristics. The microscopic structure of left ventricular wall aneurysms and akinetic zones differs markedly. In samples obtained from akinetic zones, dystrophic changes and marked hypertrophy of muscle cells were observed with dispersed  myofibrosis. In 1 case of left ventricular wall aneurysm, a pronounced nonspecific inflammatory reaction in the subepicardial layer was present. In all samples investigated, there were marked morphological signs of activated proteosynthesis, mainly aggregations of ribosomes, both in the muscle cells and in the fibroblasts. Utilization of glucose-14C was highest in samples with a predominant content of muscle cells. Pentose-phosphate shunt activity was highest in samples consisting mainly of fibrous scar tissue. The ability of the tissue homogenate to incorporate glycine-14C into the trichloracetic acid-precipitated protein was higher in samples containing predominantly connective tissue. The highest activity of the pentose-phosphate shunt, together with the highest rate of proteosynthesis, was observed in the sample from the left ventricular wall aneurysm with marked inflammatory infiltration of the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:128082", "title": "Cardiomyopathy in crowded rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits were crowded 4 to a cage for 2 weeks, then released for 1 week, crowded again for 2 weeks, and so on. Of 44 rabbits subjected to intermittent crowding, only 9 survived for longer than 10 months, 20 died during the 1st month, and 15 died between the 2nd and 9th month of the experiment. Histological sections of the myocardium showed myocytolysis, intersititial edema, and an increased amount of acid mucopoly saccharides in rabbits surviving for 2 weeks and more. The accumulations of acid mucopolysaccharides were apparently unrelated to necrotic foci. Long-term survivors frequently showed myocardial fibrosis and endocardial fibroelastosis, as well as basophilic degeneration of myocardial fibers. The lesions observed were similar to those described in idiopathic endomyocardiopathy in Southern Africa. Therefore, the rabbit may be of some value for research in cardiomyopathies.", "contents": "Cardiomyopathy in crowded rabbits. Rabbits were crowded 4 to a cage for 2 weeks, then released for 1 week, crowded again for 2 weeks, and so on. Of 44 rabbits subjected to intermittent crowding, only 9 survived for longer than 10 months, 20 died during the 1st month, and 15 died between the 2nd and 9th month of the experiment. Histological sections of the myocardium showed myocytolysis, intersititial edema, and an increased amount of acid mucopoly saccharides in rabbits surviving for 2 weeks and more. The accumulations of acid mucopolysaccharides were apparently unrelated to necrotic foci. Long-term survivors frequently showed myocardial fibrosis and endocardial fibroelastosis, as well as basophilic degeneration of myocardial fibers. The lesions observed were similar to those described in idiopathic endomyocardiopathy in Southern Africa. Therefore, the rabbit may be of some value for research in cardiomyopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:128083", "title": "Prevention by K+, Mg2+-aspartate of isoproterenol-induced metabolic changes in the myocardium.", "content": "Isoproterenol ISO), in a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg body weight, was found to produce alterations of cardiac metabolism in dogs. After 2 hours, high energy phosphate stores and glycogen were reduced, whereas the levels of lactate and pyruvate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio, and myofibrillar ATPase activity were elevated. Ca2+ accumulation by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and mitochondria were increased (p less than 0.01). After 24 hours, a partial recovery in the parameters studied could be observed. Only myofibrillar ATPase activity and the Ca2+ uptake by SR and mitochondria were lowered. When K+, Mg2+-aspartate (K,Mg-ASP) was administered concurrently with ISO, myofibrillar ATPase and Ca2+ accumulation by SR did not differ from controls 2 hours after ISO application; also, the other parameters exhibited a tendency to improve (p less than 0.01), but did not reach control levels. At 24 hours after ISO application, we could observe a similar effect of K,Mg-ASP in the prevention of Ca2+ overload accompanying metabolic changes.", "contents": "Prevention by K+, Mg2+-aspartate of isoproterenol-induced metabolic changes in the myocardium. Isoproterenol ISO), in a single dose of 7.5 mg/kg body weight, was found to produce alterations of cardiac metabolism in dogs. After 2 hours, high energy phosphate stores and glycogen were reduced, whereas the levels of lactate and pyruvate, the lactate/pyruvate ratio, and myofibrillar ATPase activity were elevated. Ca2+ accumulation by sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and mitochondria were increased (p less than 0.01). After 24 hours, a partial recovery in the parameters studied could be observed. Only myofibrillar ATPase activity and the Ca2+ uptake by SR and mitochondria were lowered. When K+, Mg2+-aspartate (K,Mg-ASP) was administered concurrently with ISO, myofibrillar ATPase and Ca2+ accumulation by SR did not differ from controls 2 hours after ISO application; also, the other parameters exhibited a tendency to improve (p less than 0.01), but did not reach control levels. At 24 hours after ISO application, we could observe a similar effect of K,Mg-ASP in the prevention of Ca2+ overload accompanying metabolic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:128088", "title": "[Epidemiological aspects in the evolution of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis (ECSM) in the city of Bucharest in the period 1951-1973].", "content": "Analysis of the evolution of the main epidemiologic indices showed that epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis evolved during the last two decades in our country according to the general evolution of this disease in most of the developed countries in the temperate zone, however with certain particular elements revealed by the data obtained in the country and in Bucharest. Details are given for the town in Bucharest, during the 1951-1973 period, concerning the general trends of the frequency and gravity indices of the cases, the structure per age groups of the morbidity, the forms of manifestation of the epidemiologic process. Stress is laid on the seasonal character (winter-spring) of the increase in the number of cases and the periodicity of the epidemic waves.", "contents": "[Epidemiological aspects in the evolution of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis (ECSM) in the city of Bucharest in the period 1951-1973]. Analysis of the evolution of the main epidemiologic indices showed that epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis evolved during the last two decades in our country according to the general evolution of this disease in most of the developed countries in the temperate zone, however with certain particular elements revealed by the data obtained in the country and in Bucharest. Details are given for the town in Bucharest, during the 1951-1973 period, concerning the general trends of the frequency and gravity indices of the cases, the structure per age groups of the morbidity, the forms of manifestation of the epidemiologic process. Stress is laid on the seasonal character (winter-spring) of the increase in the number of cases and the periodicity of the epidemic waves."}
{"id": "PMID:128089", "title": "[Characteristics of the course of the last epidemic of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis (ECSM) in the city of Bucharest].", "content": "Active survey of the epidemiologic potential of cerebrospinal meningitis, in Bucharest, starting in 1967, made it possible to carry out a complex study of the last epidemic wave in 1968-1972. Details are given concerning the results of the complex epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory investigations, which revealed the particularities of this epidemic episode, including the frequency and gravity of the cases, territorial distribution, prevalent affection of certain age groups and children's communities, the prevalence of certain clinical forms, antigenic structure of the pathogenic agent and its sensitivity to antibiotics, comparative efficiency of the different methods of laboratory diagnosis, real and apparent contagiousness, etc. The authors discuss the efficiency of present methods applied in the prevention and control of meningococcal infections in general and of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in particular.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the course of the last epidemic of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis (ECSM) in the city of Bucharest]. Active survey of the epidemiologic potential of cerebrospinal meningitis, in Bucharest, starting in 1967, made it possible to carry out a complex study of the last epidemic wave in 1968-1972. Details are given concerning the results of the complex epidemiologic, clinical and laboratory investigations, which revealed the particularities of this epidemic episode, including the frequency and gravity of the cases, territorial distribution, prevalent affection of certain age groups and children's communities, the prevalence of certain clinical forms, antigenic structure of the pathogenic agent and its sensitivity to antibiotics, comparative efficiency of the different methods of laboratory diagnosis, real and apparent contagiousness, etc. The authors discuss the efficiency of present methods applied in the prevention and control of meningococcal infections in general and of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:128090", "title": "[Clinical and therapeutic observations on 34 cases of meningococcic meningitis].", "content": "The present paper reports on 34 cases of meningococcal meningitis admitted during the last three years to the Clinic of Communicable Diseases of Cluj. The incidence was higher in adolescents and young adults (76%). The clinical form was severe in 10 cases, medium in 19 cases and mild in 5 cases. All the patients recovered, with a mean duration of the disease of 9-12 days. No sequelae or relapses were recorded. The treatment was based upon penicillin G, 15 million U/day. In 17 cases sulfonamides were associated and in 5 cases chloramphenicol and ampicillin. In 29 cases intravenous, intramuscular or oral cortisone was administered and in 5 cases intrathecally. The results obtained in the cases treated only with penicillin were identical to those obtained by an associated therapy. Worthy of note was the decrease of the sensitivity of meningococci to sulfonamides and chloramphenicol and their increased resistance to tetracyclin and erythromycin.", "contents": "[Clinical and therapeutic observations on 34 cases of meningococcic meningitis]. The present paper reports on 34 cases of meningococcal meningitis admitted during the last three years to the Clinic of Communicable Diseases of Cluj. The incidence was higher in adolescents and young adults (76%). The clinical form was severe in 10 cases, medium in 19 cases and mild in 5 cases. All the patients recovered, with a mean duration of the disease of 9-12 days. No sequelae or relapses were recorded. The treatment was based upon penicillin G, 15 million U/day. In 17 cases sulfonamides were associated and in 5 cases chloramphenicol and ampicillin. In 29 cases intravenous, intramuscular or oral cortisone was administered and in 5 cases intrathecally. The results obtained in the cases treated only with penicillin were identical to those obtained by an associated therapy. Worthy of note was the decrease of the sensitivity of meningococci to sulfonamides and chloramphenicol and their increased resistance to tetracyclin and erythromycin."}
{"id": "PMID:128091", "title": "[Data on the use of serological tests for differentiation of exanthematous typhus primary infection from that of recurrences in native cases of Brill-Zinsser disease].", "content": "A group of sera from autochtonous cases of Brill-Zinsser's disease, in the early acute phase, were examined by the tests of Murray et al. and Voronova, in the course of a study on the characteristics of the immune response in primary and secondary stimulation with Rickettsia prowazeki. The results obtained both with these sera and those of primary typhus cases from other countries, suggest the possibility of establishing a serologic diagnosis of Brill-Zinsser's disease, with certainty, by identifying the secondary nature of the disease according to the presence of antibodies type 7 S. The authors recommend complement fixation with increasing soluble R. prowazeki antigen concentrations as a method of electron for routine diagnosis.", "contents": "[Data on the use of serological tests for differentiation of exanthematous typhus primary infection from that of recurrences in native cases of Brill-Zinsser disease]. A group of sera from autochtonous cases of Brill-Zinsser's disease, in the early acute phase, were examined by the tests of Murray et al. and Voronova, in the course of a study on the characteristics of the immune response in primary and secondary stimulation with Rickettsia prowazeki. The results obtained both with these sera and those of primary typhus cases from other countries, suggest the possibility of establishing a serologic diagnosis of Brill-Zinsser's disease, with certainty, by identifying the secondary nature of the disease according to the presence of antibodies type 7 S. The authors recommend complement fixation with increasing soluble R. prowazeki antigen concentrations as a method of electron for routine diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:128093", "title": "[Studies of immunoglobulins G in newborn infants, using the immunodiffusion method].", "content": "Immunoglobulins G (IgG) were determined in the neonate using immunodiffusion in Hyland Travenol agar gel. IgG values were tested in the umbilical cord and perpheral blood, establishing their relationship with various parameters. Hypogammaglobulinemia does not appear to be so rare in the neonate (4.91%).", "contents": "[Studies of immunoglobulins G in newborn infants, using the immunodiffusion method]. Immunoglobulins G (IgG) were determined in the neonate using immunodiffusion in Hyland Travenol agar gel. IgG values were tested in the umbilical cord and perpheral blood, establishing their relationship with various parameters. Hypogammaglobulinemia does not appear to be so rare in the neonate (4.91%)."}
{"id": "PMID:128092", "title": "[Simple method for production of conditions of general anaerobiosis].", "content": "The description is given of a modified method starting from the alkaline pyrogalol technique, described by B\u00e9erens and Tahon-Castel, for obtaining anaerobiosis in Petri dishes. The modification consists in: sealing the dishes with paraffin, adding of talcum in the reducing mixture instead of silica, and use of the ready prepared mixture ovar a period of at most 6 months. The method was tested against the reference method using suspensions of C. Oedematiens (species demanding strictly anaerobiosis conditions), C. histolyticum (somewhat less exigent) and C. perfringens spores (mean esigence), seeding on the surface of dishes with Willis-Hobbs medium. The comparative experiment, counting 30,941 colonies on 408 Petri dishes proved the value of the method proposed. The procedure was just as efficient in surface cultures of nonsporulate anaerobic germs.", "contents": "[Simple method for production of conditions of general anaerobiosis]. The description is given of a modified method starting from the alkaline pyrogalol technique, described by B\u00e9erens and Tahon-Castel, for obtaining anaerobiosis in Petri dishes. The modification consists in: sealing the dishes with paraffin, adding of talcum in the reducing mixture instead of silica, and use of the ready prepared mixture ovar a period of at most 6 months. The method was tested against the reference method using suspensions of C. Oedematiens (species demanding strictly anaerobiosis conditions), C. histolyticum (somewhat less exigent) and C. perfringens spores (mean esigence), seeding on the surface of dishes with Willis-Hobbs medium. The comparative experiment, counting 30,941 colonies on 408 Petri dishes proved the value of the method proposed. The procedure was just as efficient in surface cultures of nonsporulate anaerobic germs."}
{"id": "PMID:128094", "title": "[Interference of chloramphenicol with some cytoplasmatic enzyme systems].", "content": "The activity of alkaline phosphatase was determined in a lot of Wistar white rats which had received during 8 days therapeutical doses of chloramphenicol hemisuccinate, the enzyme being investigated in the circulating granulocytes and the liver. In the neutrophil granulocytes evidence was found of a marked decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity (40% presented a positive activity in the injected animals as against 70% in the controls). In the liver the histochemical test used did not allow for a discrimination between the experimental and control animals. The biochemical test, however, showed depression of alkaline phosphatase activity in the liver of rats receiving chloramphenicol (216.72 muM PO4 mean value as against 267.36 muM PO4).", "contents": "[Interference of chloramphenicol with some cytoplasmatic enzyme systems]. The activity of alkaline phosphatase was determined in a lot of Wistar white rats which had received during 8 days therapeutical doses of chloramphenicol hemisuccinate, the enzyme being investigated in the circulating granulocytes and the liver. In the neutrophil granulocytes evidence was found of a marked decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity (40% presented a positive activity in the injected animals as against 70% in the controls). In the liver the histochemical test used did not allow for a discrimination between the experimental and control animals. The biochemical test, however, showed depression of alkaline phosphatase activity in the liver of rats receiving chloramphenicol (216.72 muM PO4 mean value as against 267.36 muM PO4)."}
{"id": "PMID:128095", "title": "[Fluorescent antibody method in the study of an antiviral agent: 5-sulfamido--isatin-thiosemicarbazone].", "content": "Direct immunofluorescence supplied evidence of the antiviral action of a new synthetic derivative (5-sulfamido-ITSC) against vaccina virus in HeLa cell cultures. The antiviral potential of the new derivative is expressed by a 10-18 delay in the appearance of the viral antigen and by the quantitative reduction of synthesis. Administered in a single dose of 40 uM/ml, after infection of the HeLa cells, 5-sulfamido-ITSC does not arrest the infection and bring about elimination of the virus from the cell, in the course of a single viral multiplication cycle. Direct immunofluorescence is a rapid, specific method for detection of the in vitro antiviral action of synthetic derivatives.", "contents": "[Fluorescent antibody method in the study of an antiviral agent: 5-sulfamido--isatin-thiosemicarbazone]. Direct immunofluorescence supplied evidence of the antiviral action of a new synthetic derivative (5-sulfamido-ITSC) against vaccina virus in HeLa cell cultures. The antiviral potential of the new derivative is expressed by a 10-18 delay in the appearance of the viral antigen and by the quantitative reduction of synthesis. Administered in a single dose of 40 uM/ml, after infection of the HeLa cells, 5-sulfamido-ITSC does not arrest the infection and bring about elimination of the virus from the cell, in the course of a single viral multiplication cycle. Direct immunofluorescence is a rapid, specific method for detection of the in vitro antiviral action of synthetic derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:128098", "title": "[Serological typing in the study of the transport of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the hospital environment].", "content": "Bacteriologic investigations in an operation theatre in the surgical department of an older hospital building in Bucharest detected 14 Ps. aeruginosa strains (10 strains were isolated on the floor of the operation theatre, from the sterile room and wash basins, two strains from the wheels of stretchers and two from the footwear used during the transport of patients). Serologic typing identified the routes of transport of the Ps. aeruginosa species, making it possible to take the necessary control measures.", "contents": "[Serological typing in the study of the transport of strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the hospital environment]. Bacteriologic investigations in an operation theatre in the surgical department of an older hospital building in Bucharest detected 14 Ps. aeruginosa strains (10 strains were isolated on the floor of the operation theatre, from the sterile room and wash basins, two strains from the wheels of stretchers and two from the footwear used during the transport of patients). Serologic typing identified the routes of transport of the Ps. aeruginosa species, making it possible to take the necessary control measures."}
{"id": "PMID:128099", "title": "[Gastrointestinal disorders caused by non-agglutinable (NAG) vibrios].", "content": "In August-October 1973 several NAG vibrio strains were isolated for the first time in our country from clinical cases of acute intestinal disturbances. The patients were admitted to hospital being clinically suspect of dysenteric syndrome or alimentary toxiinfection (nausea, vomiting, abdominal colics, tenesms, mucosanguinolent stools, aqeous stools from 4-5 up to 20 in 24 hours, with signs of dehydration). NAG vibrios were isolated from all the cultures in, practically, pure cultures. Epidemiologic survey in the village of B resulted in isolation of the same NAG vibrio strains from the samples collected from the direct contacts and drinking water sources. Therefore, NAG vibrios can unquestionably cause a diarrheic disease and it will be necessary to extend the bacteriologic diangosis also in this direction in all cases of diarrhea of \"unknown etiology\".", "contents": "[Gastrointestinal disorders caused by non-agglutinable (NAG) vibrios]. In August-October 1973 several NAG vibrio strains were isolated for the first time in our country from clinical cases of acute intestinal disturbances. The patients were admitted to hospital being clinically suspect of dysenteric syndrome or alimentary toxiinfection (nausea, vomiting, abdominal colics, tenesms, mucosanguinolent stools, aqeous stools from 4-5 up to 20 in 24 hours, with signs of dehydration). NAG vibrios were isolated from all the cultures in, practically, pure cultures. Epidemiologic survey in the village of B resulted in isolation of the same NAG vibrio strains from the samples collected from the direct contacts and drinking water sources. Therefore, NAG vibrios can unquestionably cause a diarrheic disease and it will be necessary to extend the bacteriologic diangosis also in this direction in all cases of diarrhea of \"unknown etiology\"."}
{"id": "PMID:128100", "title": "[Altered morphopathological aspects of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia].", "content": "The present paper reports a study on 27 children who died of interstitial pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii in the clinics of pediatrics, Cluj, in the course of 3 years (1971-1973). The incidence was 10% of the children who died from acute pneumonia. The authors show the morphopathologic possibilities of identifying the pictures modified by plasmocytic pneumonia due to association of the disease with bacterial and viral infections. These cases represent a quarter of the authors' cases. The importance of being acquainted with these altered pictures, illustrated in the text, is emphasized.", "contents": "[Altered morphopathological aspects of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]. The present paper reports a study on 27 children who died of interstitial pneumonia due to Pneumocystis carinii in the clinics of pediatrics, Cluj, in the course of 3 years (1971-1973). The incidence was 10% of the children who died from acute pneumonia. The authors show the morphopathologic possibilities of identifying the pictures modified by plasmocytic pneumonia due to association of the disease with bacterial and viral infections. These cases represent a quarter of the authors' cases. The importance of being acquainted with these altered pictures, illustrated in the text, is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:128101", "title": "[Vaccination strategy in influenza].", "content": "The present paper deals with the conditions that influenza vaccines must comply with, their efficiency in terms of the route of administration, the major antigenic changes of influenza viruses, that has to be known from beforehand, a basic problem for the efficient control of a pandemic. Vaccination must have in view reduction of the mortality and morbidity rate, a major criterion in establishing a programme for the prevention of influenza by vaccination.", "contents": "[Vaccination strategy in influenza]. The present paper deals with the conditions that influenza vaccines must comply with, their efficiency in terms of the route of administration, the major antigenic changes of influenza viruses, that has to be known from beforehand, a basic problem for the efficient control of a pandemic. Vaccination must have in view reduction of the mortality and morbidity rate, a major criterion in establishing a programme for the prevention of influenza by vaccination."}
{"id": "PMID:128102", "title": "[Characteristics of immunity in influenza].", "content": "Immunity in influenza is a complex phenomenon that depends upon numerous factors whose importance is not yet sufficiently known. The following mechanisms of defence are triggered by infection with the influenza virus: (a) The immune secretory system: -- IgA antibodies, --immune response in terms of the vaccinating dose, previous immunologic experience and time (appraised according to the moment in which infection started). (b) Serum antibodies: -- to the soluble antigen, -- to surface particulate antigens (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase), --antihemagglutinin and antineuraminidase antibodies, indicating the degree of protection. (c) Cellular immunity: -- influenza virus inducing the proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro and activating the inhibitory factor of mononuclear migration, -- mediated immunity. These problems of immunity have not yet been fully elucidated.", "contents": "[Characteristics of immunity in influenza]. Immunity in influenza is a complex phenomenon that depends upon numerous factors whose importance is not yet sufficiently known. The following mechanisms of defence are triggered by infection with the influenza virus: (a) The immune secretory system: -- IgA antibodies, --immune response in terms of the vaccinating dose, previous immunologic experience and time (appraised according to the moment in which infection started). (b) Serum antibodies: -- to the soluble antigen, -- to surface particulate antigens (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase), --antihemagglutinin and antineuraminidase antibodies, indicating the degree of protection. (c) Cellular immunity: -- influenza virus inducing the proliferation of lymphocytes in vitro and activating the inhibitory factor of mononuclear migration, -- mediated immunity. These problems of immunity have not yet been fully elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:128103", "title": "[Studies of the influenza epidemic of January-March, 1974].", "content": "In an epidemiologic, clinical and viral study of several influenza foci in some urban districts of Romania during January-March 1974, 23 influenza virus B Hong-Kong 8/73 strains were isolated. The dynamics of HAI serum antibodies confirmed the viral diagnosis. The epidemic ran a slow course, affecting especially the 14-25 years age group and had an evident benign clinical aspect.", "contents": "[Studies of the influenza epidemic of January-March, 1974]. In an epidemiologic, clinical and viral study of several influenza foci in some urban districts of Romania during January-March 1974, 23 influenza virus B Hong-Kong 8/73 strains were isolated. The dynamics of HAI serum antibodies confirmed the viral diagnosis. The epidemic ran a slow course, affecting especially the 14-25 years age group and had an evident benign clinical aspect."}
{"id": "PMID:128104", "title": "[Details of the evolution of the influenza epidemic process in the city of Bucharest in 1974].", "content": "The present paper reports on the results of a complex epidemiologic survey of the epidemiologic potential of influenza in Bucharest in 1974, conducted on the basis of a complete, unitary methodology including; (a) Dynamic survey of the morbidity and mortality from influenza, with statistical-mathematical processing of the data per age group and total population; (b) Monthly sero-epidemiologic survey of the antiinfluenza immunologic profile of the population, determined in lots of 540 sera (annual total 7020 serum samples), with statistical-mathematical processing of the serograms; (c) Serodynamic determinations of 67 paired serum smaples collected from patients presenting influenza syndromes during ascension of the epidemic morbidity from influenza; (d) Complex epidemiologic surveys in representative influenza foci in children, adolescent and adult communities. Based upon the result obtained the authors discuss the evolutive particularities of the epidemiologic process in Bucharest, particularly during the epidemic ascension of the first trimester of 1974, caused by the intensified circulation of influenza virus type B. The orientative value of certain elements for the epidemiologic prognosis is emphasized, such as: the immunologic profile of the population per age group with regard to the circulating influenza virus strains (autochtonous or imported strains), active control of the incidence of influenza in communities (technical schools etc.) or enterprises with a large number of employees, laboratory etiologic determinations in cases of a clinical diagnosis of influenza in a preepidemic season. The authors' ten years experience in the active survey of the active epidemiologic potential of influenza in the town of Bucharest shows that the methodology applied was efficient both for scientific assessing of the epidemiologic situation and for an orientation in the choice of preventive and  control measures.", "contents": "[Details of the evolution of the influenza epidemic process in the city of Bucharest in 1974]. The present paper reports on the results of a complex epidemiologic survey of the epidemiologic potential of influenza in Bucharest in 1974, conducted on the basis of a complete, unitary methodology including; (a) Dynamic survey of the morbidity and mortality from influenza, with statistical-mathematical processing of the data per age group and total population; (b) Monthly sero-epidemiologic survey of the antiinfluenza immunologic profile of the population, determined in lots of 540 sera (annual total 7020 serum samples), with statistical-mathematical processing of the serograms; (c) Serodynamic determinations of 67 paired serum smaples collected from patients presenting influenza syndromes during ascension of the epidemic morbidity from influenza; (d) Complex epidemiologic surveys in representative influenza foci in children, adolescent and adult communities. Based upon the result obtained the authors discuss the evolutive particularities of the epidemiologic process in Bucharest, particularly during the epidemic ascension of the first trimester of 1974, caused by the intensified circulation of influenza virus type B. The orientative value of certain elements for the epidemiologic prognosis is emphasized, such as: the immunologic profile of the population per age group with regard to the circulating influenza virus strains (autochtonous or imported strains), active control of the incidence of influenza in communities (technical schools etc.) or enterprises with a large number of employees, laboratory etiologic determinations in cases of a clinical diagnosis of influenza in a preepidemic season. The authors' ten years experience in the active survey of the active epidemiologic potential of influenza in the town of Bucharest shows that the methodology applied was efficient both for scientific assessing of the epidemiologic situation and for an orientation in the choice of preventive and  control measures."}
{"id": "PMID:128109", "title": "Abnormalities of peripheral blood lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from some rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients show a reduced response to PHA when stimulated directly after isolation from blood. Cells which have been preincubated in medium with normal serum for 22 h before exposure to PHA show a relatively enhanced response, which approximates the normal. These findings could be compatible either with the blocking of surface PHA receptors of circulating RA lymphocytes, or with progressive maturation of these cells in vitro. Preincubation does not enhance the relatively reduced response of RA lymphocytes to allogeneic RA lymphocytes in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures. An increased reduction in response to PHA following irradiation of RA lymphocytes suggests an increased radiosensitivity of the PHA-responsive subpopulation. This abnormally reduced response was not seen if the cells were preincubated in vitro prior to irradiation.", "contents": "Abnormalities of peripheral blood lymphocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from some rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients show a reduced response to PHA when stimulated directly after isolation from blood. Cells which have been preincubated in medium with normal serum for 22 h before exposure to PHA show a relatively enhanced response, which approximates the normal. These findings could be compatible either with the blocking of surface PHA receptors of circulating RA lymphocytes, or with progressive maturation of these cells in vitro. Preincubation does not enhance the relatively reduced response of RA lymphocytes to allogeneic RA lymphocytes in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures. An increased reduction in response to PHA following irradiation of RA lymphocytes suggests an increased radiosensitivity of the PHA-responsive subpopulation. This abnormally reduced response was not seen if the cells were preincubated in vitro prior to irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:128110", "title": "Arthritis in the rabbit knee joint: a quantitated model.", "content": "The knee joint in rabbits has been used as an arthritis model for the study of acute immunologic injury. Histologic examination of synovium plus a standardized procedure for irrigating inflammatory exudate from the joint allowed study of damage due to immune complexes, urate crystals, and Arthus type vascular lesions by multiple parameters. With this model Arthus lesions could be abolished with neutrophil depletion and reconstituted with intra-articular injection of neutrophil suspension. The rate and degree of injury could also be diminished by depletion of complement components.", "contents": "Arthritis in the rabbit knee joint: a quantitated model. The knee joint in rabbits has been used as an arthritis model for the study of acute immunologic injury. Histologic examination of synovium plus a standardized procedure for irrigating inflammatory exudate from the joint allowed study of damage due to immune complexes, urate crystals, and Arthus type vascular lesions by multiple parameters. With this model Arthus lesions could be abolished with neutrophil depletion and reconstituted with intra-articular injection of neutrophil suspension. The rate and degree of injury could also be diminished by depletion of complement components."}
{"id": "PMID:128107", "title": "[The use of hemagglutination inhibition tests and complement fixation tests for evaluation of immunity states and diagnosis of recent rubella infections].", "content": "Comparative HAI and CF study of German measles antibodies in 575 sera collected from subjects of different age gave positive HAI reactions in 87% of the cases and positive CF reactions in 55% of the cases. The greater sensitivity of HAI and the longer presence of these antibodies justifies the use of this test for investigating the state of immunity in German measles. The combined use of the two tests for the diagnosis of the disease is very useful especially when the first serum sample is collected some time after the onset when the increase in serum antibody titers can only be demonstrated by CF, as HAI antibodies reach a high titer soon after the onset.", "contents": "[The use of hemagglutination inhibition tests and complement fixation tests for evaluation of immunity states and diagnosis of recent rubella infections]. Comparative HAI and CF study of German measles antibodies in 575 sera collected from subjects of different age gave positive HAI reactions in 87% of the cases and positive CF reactions in 55% of the cases. The greater sensitivity of HAI and the longer presence of these antibodies justifies the use of this test for investigating the state of immunity in German measles. The combined use of the two tests for the diagnosis of the disease is very useful especially when the first serum sample is collected some time after the onset when the increase in serum antibody titers can only be demonstrated by CF, as HAI antibodies reach a high titer soon after the onset."}
{"id": "PMID:128111", "title": "The mechanism of trapping of immune complexes in experimental antigen-induced arthritis.", "content": "The role of acute inflammation and of specific antibody in the retention of antigen in joint collagenous tissues of immunized rabbits was examined. The role of the acute synovitis occurring immediately after IA antigen injection in the retention of immune complexes was investigated by the concomitant IA injection of trace amounts of 1258-BSA and mono-sodium urate crystals and by the production of an acute Arthus reaction using an unrelated antigen in doubly immunized rabbits. In neither case was more 125I-BSA retained in the inflamed joint tissues compared to the contralateral noninflamed joints 7 days after antigen injection. In addition, immunized rabbits depleted of ciruclating polymorphonuclear leukocytes by previous treatment with nitrogen mustard retained 2.7 times more antigen than control, nonimmune animals. In another experiment, antigen retention in joint collagenous tissues was greatest 30 min after IA injection, before the appearance of acute inflammatory synovitis. These findings suggest that acute inflammation is not a major factor in the retention of antigen in collagenous tissues. To investigate the role of antibody in the retention of antigen, nonimmune rabbits were injected i.v. with purified anti-BSA antibody three days prior to the intraarticular injection of BSA. Over 20 times more antigen was retained irreversibly in collagenous tissues obtained from the injected joints of passively immunized animals as compared to similar tissues of control rabbits. When rabbits were injected i.v. with purified anti-BSA antibody and either killed 20 min or 3 days later, in vitro binding of antigen by joint collagenous tissues was seen only in animals where antibody was allowed to equilibrate with the extravascular space for 3 days. These findings indicate that retention of antigen depends on the presence of extravascular antibody. It is concluded that the trapping of immune complexes in collagenous joint tissues of immunized animals depends on: (1) the presence of antibody in the extravascular space; (2) the diffusion of antigen or soluble complexes into this space; (3) the interaction of antigen or soluble complexes with extravascular antibody with subsequent formation of larger and more insoluble complexes, and (4) the trapping of these complexes in the collagen fiber meshwork.", "contents": "The mechanism of trapping of immune complexes in experimental antigen-induced arthritis. The role of acute inflammation and of specific antibody in the retention of antigen in joint collagenous tissues of immunized rabbits was examined. The role of the acute synovitis occurring immediately after IA antigen injection in the retention of immune complexes was investigated by the concomitant IA injection of trace amounts of 1258-BSA and mono-sodium urate crystals and by the production of an acute Arthus reaction using an unrelated antigen in doubly immunized rabbits. In neither case was more 125I-BSA retained in the inflamed joint tissues compared to the contralateral noninflamed joints 7 days after antigen injection. In addition, immunized rabbits depleted of ciruclating polymorphonuclear leukocytes by previous treatment with nitrogen mustard retained 2.7 times more antigen than control, nonimmune animals. In another experiment, antigen retention in joint collagenous tissues was greatest 30 min after IA injection, before the appearance of acute inflammatory synovitis. These findings suggest that acute inflammation is not a major factor in the retention of antigen in collagenous tissues. To investigate the role of antibody in the retention of antigen, nonimmune rabbits were injected i.v. with purified anti-BSA antibody three days prior to the intraarticular injection of BSA. Over 20 times more antigen was retained irreversibly in collagenous tissues obtained from the injected joints of passively immunized animals as compared to similar tissues of control rabbits. When rabbits were injected i.v. with purified anti-BSA antibody and either killed 20 min or 3 days later, in vitro binding of antigen by joint collagenous tissues was seen only in animals where antibody was allowed to equilibrate with the extravascular space for 3 days. These findings indicate that retention of antigen depends on the presence of extravascular antibody. It is concluded that the trapping of immune complexes in collagenous joint tissues of immunized animals depends on: (1) the presence of antibody in the extravascular space; (2) the diffusion of antigen or soluble complexes into this space; (3) the interaction of antigen or soluble complexes with extravascular antibody with subsequent formation of larger and more insoluble complexes, and (4) the trapping of these complexes in the collagen fiber meshwork."}
{"id": "PMID:128112", "title": "Physiopathological aspect of Glynn's type of experimental arthritis.", "content": "Knee joint arthritis is induced among rabbits previously immunized by intradermal injection with egg albumin (EA) emulsified in adjuvant containing either M. tuberculosis or M. butyricum, then by intra-articular injection with EA. Arthritis evolution involves two phases, an early one during the first 2 months and a late one from 3 months to 1 year. During the early phase, arthritis intensities are similar no matter which Mycobacterium is used. However, during the late phase, only rabbits immunized with M. tuberculosis develop self-perpetuating arthritis. Among more than 50% of arthritic rabbits, immunological lesions of aortic artery and cardiac valvules are found. Among the rabbits immunized with M. tuberculosis, the humoral anti-EA antibody level remains constant during the whole arthritis evolution; but, among the rabbits immunized with M. butyricum, the arthritis intensity decreases from 3 months of evolution. The correlation between arthritis index (AI) and humoral antibody level is only significant among the rabbits with early arthritis. The intradermally immunized rabbits show a positive skin test with EA and tuberculin. The more intense the cutaneous reactions, the greater the chances of developing self-perpetuating arthritis after the EA intra-articular injection. The fluorescent anit-EA antibodies in the synovia and spleen are found only among the early arthritis. After 2 months of evolution, fluorescent antibodies disappear whatever the immunization may be. Among the immunized rabbits, it is probable that antigenic EA does not persist in the synovia. Indeed, the autologous inflamed synovia transplantation, from the donor-challenged knee joint, does not develop an inflammatory reaction in the non-challenged knee joint. The fluorescent immunoglobulins IgG and IgM in the synovium of arthritic rabbits are found with the same percentages as fluorescent anti-EA antibodies. The lymphocyte response to EA, PHA and PWM are positive whatever the immunization and arthritis evolution may be. There is no correlation between AIs and lymphocyte responses to specific and nonspecific mitogens. It is probable that self-perpetuation depends closely on M. tuberculosis whose adjuvant power is much superior than M. butyricum and not on antigenic EA whose essential role would be to trigger the inflammatory process.", "contents": "Physiopathological aspect of Glynn's type of experimental arthritis. Knee joint arthritis is induced among rabbits previously immunized by intradermal injection with egg albumin (EA) emulsified in adjuvant containing either M. tuberculosis or M. butyricum, then by intra-articular injection with EA. Arthritis evolution involves two phases, an early one during the first 2 months and a late one from 3 months to 1 year. During the early phase, arthritis intensities are similar no matter which Mycobacterium is used. However, during the late phase, only rabbits immunized with M. tuberculosis develop self-perpetuating arthritis. Among more than 50% of arthritic rabbits, immunological lesions of aortic artery and cardiac valvules are found. Among the rabbits immunized with M. tuberculosis, the humoral anti-EA antibody level remains constant during the whole arthritis evolution; but, among the rabbits immunized with M. butyricum, the arthritis intensity decreases from 3 months of evolution. The correlation between arthritis index (AI) and humoral antibody level is only significant among the rabbits with early arthritis. The intradermally immunized rabbits show a positive skin test with EA and tuberculin. The more intense the cutaneous reactions, the greater the chances of developing self-perpetuating arthritis after the EA intra-articular injection. The fluorescent anit-EA antibodies in the synovia and spleen are found only among the early arthritis. After 2 months of evolution, fluorescent antibodies disappear whatever the immunization may be. Among the immunized rabbits, it is probable that antigenic EA does not persist in the synovia. Indeed, the autologous inflamed synovia transplantation, from the donor-challenged knee joint, does not develop an inflammatory reaction in the non-challenged knee joint. The fluorescent immunoglobulins IgG and IgM in the synovium of arthritic rabbits are found with the same percentages as fluorescent anti-EA antibodies. The lymphocyte response to EA, PHA and PWM are positive whatever the immunization and arthritis evolution may be. There is no correlation between AIs and lymphocyte responses to specific and nonspecific mitogens. It is probable that self-perpetuation depends closely on M. tuberculosis whose adjuvant power is much superior than M. butyricum and not on antigenic EA whose essential role would be to trigger the inflammatory process."}
{"id": "PMID:128105", "title": "[Supplementary data on the theory concerning the cyclic evolution of influenza viruses].", "content": "The distribution per age groups of antibodies to influenza viruses A/Hong Kong/1/68, A/England/837/69 and A/England/42/72 in the sera collected in 1970 demonstrates that antigenically similar strains also dominated the epidemiologic picture of influenza in the past century. The results suggest that the pandemic of 1893 and infection in persons born before 1885 were caused by a strain similar to A/Hong Kong/1/68 and in those born in 1895-1897 by the antigenic variant A/England/42/72. The anamnestic response to the A/England/69 variant, following upon vaccination with the Hong Kong strain shows that the primary infection in persons born before 1900 was caused by a strain antigenically similar to the first variant. The data obtained lend support to the hypothesis of antigenic recycling of influenza virus and of the finite character of the antigenic variation of influenza viruses.", "contents": "[Supplementary data on the theory concerning the cyclic evolution of influenza viruses]. The distribution per age groups of antibodies to influenza viruses A/Hong Kong/1/68, A/England/837/69 and A/England/42/72 in the sera collected in 1970 demonstrates that antigenically similar strains also dominated the epidemiologic picture of influenza in the past century. The results suggest that the pandemic of 1893 and infection in persons born before 1885 were caused by a strain similar to A/Hong Kong/1/68 and in those born in 1895-1897 by the antigenic variant A/England/42/72. The anamnestic response to the A/England/69 variant, following upon vaccination with the Hong Kong strain shows that the primary infection in persons born before 1900 was caused by a strain antigenically similar to the first variant. The data obtained lend support to the hypothesis of antigenic recycling of influenza virus and of the finite character of the antigenic variation of influenza viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:128106", "title": "[Relations between the principal classes of serum immunoglobulins and serodiagnostic tests in viroses. I. Influenza infection].", "content": "The relationship between the main serum immunoglobulin classes (IgM, IgG) and the positive diagnostic serologic tests (hemagglutination-inhibition and complement fixation) followed up in 30 paired serum samples from patients in the course of a primary influenza infection with B virus strain, before and after treatment with 2-ME, showed actual participation of the IgM molecules sensitive to 2-ME in the CF test. HI with the serum fractions of patients and convalescents of influenza B, in the presence of virus strains A and B, that had circulated earlier in the area, showed anamnestic responses by the presence of IgG and IgA antibodies in the patients' sera; HI and CF with the same serum fractions in the presence of virus B/Ia\u015fi/74 of the epidemic, showed the presence of IgM, IgG and IgA in the convalescent sera, as also demonstrated by immunoprecipitation in agar gel with specific IgM, and IgA antisera and by treatment with 2-ME. Separation of these sera on a Sephadex G-200 column revealed filtration of IgM antibodies at the same peak as the IgG and IgA antibodies, possessing a closely resembling molecular weight (7S) and probably being IgM subunits with an immunologic behaviour similar to that of the intact molecule sensitive to 2-ME.", "contents": "[Relations between the principal classes of serum immunoglobulins and serodiagnostic tests in viroses. I. Influenza infection]. The relationship between the main serum immunoglobulin classes (IgM, IgG) and the positive diagnostic serologic tests (hemagglutination-inhibition and complement fixation) followed up in 30 paired serum samples from patients in the course of a primary influenza infection with B virus strain, before and after treatment with 2-ME, showed actual participation of the IgM molecules sensitive to 2-ME in the CF test. HI with the serum fractions of patients and convalescents of influenza B, in the presence of virus strains A and B, that had circulated earlier in the area, showed anamnestic responses by the presence of IgG and IgA antibodies in the patients' sera; HI and CF with the same serum fractions in the presence of virus B/Ia\u015fi/74 of the epidemic, showed the presence of IgM, IgG and IgA in the convalescent sera, as also demonstrated by immunoprecipitation in agar gel with specific IgM, and IgA antisera and by treatment with 2-ME. Separation of these sera on a Sephadex G-200 column revealed filtration of IgM antibodies at the same peak as the IgG and IgA antibodies, possessing a closely resembling molecular weight (7S) and probably being IgM subunits with an immunologic behaviour similar to that of the intact molecule sensitive to 2-ME."}
{"id": "PMID:128120", "title": "Decreased (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase activity in erythrocyte membranes from polycythemia vera patients.", "content": "Erythrocytes were hemolyzed in hypotonic phospate buffer containing 0.5 mmol/l Ca2+ and the membranes subsequently washed twice in hypotonic tris buffer. The centrifugation was performed in a continuous flow system, which was necessary to obtain maximal ATPase activity. The Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity of 14 patients with polycythemia vera was only 67 per cent (P less than 0.001) of the activity of a control material consisting of 10 donors and 11 bank blood specimens. Five patients with secondary polycythemia and four patients with an increased erythrocyte fraction did not differ significantly from the controls. The polycythemia vera patients with the highest leukocyte count showed the lowest ATPase activity. The apparent calcium dissociation constant of the ATPase in polycythemia vera was about 10(-6) mol/l, as in controls. The relation between the reduced ATPase activity and the abnormal hemopoiesis of polycythemia vera patients is discussed.", "contents": "Decreased (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase activity in erythrocyte membranes from polycythemia vera patients. Erythrocytes were hemolyzed in hypotonic phospate buffer containing 0.5 mmol/l Ca2+ and the membranes subsequently washed twice in hypotonic tris buffer. The centrifugation was performed in a continuous flow system, which was necessary to obtain maximal ATPase activity. The Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity of 14 patients with polycythemia vera was only 67 per cent (P less than 0.001) of the activity of a control material consisting of 10 donors and 11 bank blood specimens. Five patients with secondary polycythemia and four patients with an increased erythrocyte fraction did not differ significantly from the controls. The polycythemia vera patients with the highest leukocyte count showed the lowest ATPase activity. The apparent calcium dissociation constant of the ATPase in polycythemia vera was about 10(-6) mol/l, as in controls. The relation between the reduced ATPase activity and the abnormal hemopoiesis of polycythemia vera patients is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128121", "title": "Congenital stomatocytosis and chronic haemolytic anaemia.", "content": "A new case of congenital stomatocytosis associated with haemolytic anaemia, increased autohaemolysis, abnormalities in the erythrocyte metabolism, increased osmotic fragility and shortened erythrocyte survival is described. Intracellular cation concentrations are abnormal: Red cell sodium is high, and potassium is low. The pump rate for monovalent cations is increased.", "contents": "Congenital stomatocytosis and chronic haemolytic anaemia. A new case of congenital stomatocytosis associated with haemolytic anaemia, increased autohaemolysis, abnormalities in the erythrocyte metabolism, increased osmotic fragility and shortened erythrocyte survival is described. Intracellular cation concentrations are abnormal: Red cell sodium is high, and potassium is low. The pump rate for monovalent cations is increased."}
{"id": "PMID:128123", "title": "Inferior olive: its role in motor learing.", "content": "Specific chemical lesion of the rat inferior olive by intraperitoneal administration of 3-acetylpyridine prevents recuperation from motor abnormalities generated by unilateral labyrinthine lesion. Moreover, in animals that have recuperated from the balyrinthine lesion, 3-acetylpyridine produces a reversal of the symptoms within 2 hours of administration. These results indicate that the integrity of the olivo-cerebellar system is necessary for the acquisition and retention of this form of motor learning, but that the cerebellum itself is not the seat of such learning.", "contents": "Inferior olive: its role in motor learing. Specific chemical lesion of the rat inferior olive by intraperitoneal administration of 3-acetylpyridine prevents recuperation from motor abnormalities generated by unilateral labyrinthine lesion. Moreover, in animals that have recuperated from the balyrinthine lesion, 3-acetylpyridine produces a reversal of the symptoms within 2 hours of administration. These results indicate that the integrity of the olivo-cerebellar system is necessary for the acquisition and retention of this form of motor learning, but that the cerebellum itself is not the seat of such learning."}
{"id": "PMID:128125", "title": "Infertility diagnosed by laparoscopy: review of 324 cases.", "content": "Reproductive biology has developed into a major subspecialty in gynecology. This study is a retrospective analysis of a private patient population in which the major presenting complaint was infertility. The 324 cases reviewed are divided into three groups: group1-congenital lesions (subdivided into anatomic defects and endocrine disorders); group 2-infectious disorders and genital neoplasias; and group 3-iatrogenic causes of anovulation. Direct visualization of the internal genitalia combined with a hysterogram gives positive proof of tubal patency and allows the surgeon to develop a plan of therapy. By visualizing the ovaries, he obtains the information necessary for the proper choice of ovulatory stimulating agents. Laparoscopy is not a new procedure but has been used increasingly in modern medicine. Better optic resolution and new operative instrumentation have been a great help to the fertility specialist. The laparoscope spans the gap between palpation and exploratory laparotomy.", "contents": "Infertility diagnosed by laparoscopy: review of 324 cases. Reproductive biology has developed into a major subspecialty in gynecology. This study is a retrospective analysis of a private patient population in which the major presenting complaint was infertility. The 324 cases reviewed are divided into three groups: group1-congenital lesions (subdivided into anatomic defects and endocrine disorders); group 2-infectious disorders and genital neoplasias; and group 3-iatrogenic causes of anovulation. Direct visualization of the internal genitalia combined with a hysterogram gives positive proof of tubal patency and allows the surgeon to develop a plan of therapy. By visualizing the ovaries, he obtains the information necessary for the proper choice of ovulatory stimulating agents. Laparoscopy is not a new procedure but has been used increasingly in modern medicine. Better optic resolution and new operative instrumentation have been a great help to the fertility specialist. The laparoscope spans the gap between palpation and exploratory laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:128126", "title": "Clinical and electromyographic evaluation after chemonucleolysis for lumbar disk disease.", "content": "Results in 200 patients with lumbar disk disease who had chemonucleolysis were evaluated by two means. First, the surgeon evaluated the patients clinically from 6 to 30 months after chemonucleolysis by rating each case as excellent, good, fair, or unimproved. Results were judged excellent or good in 91% of the 153 \"clean\" cases (without previous operation) and in 53% of the 36 with previous operation; 11 patients were lost to follow-up. No patients were clinically worse than before treatment. Scond, a physiatrist did a repeat electromyogram three months or longer after chemonucleolysis. He judged a patient improved if there was a decrease or disappearance of the positive waves and/or fibrillation potentials noted on initial electromyogram. Based on these objective findings, 90.5% of \"clean\" cases and 85.4% overall showed improvement. Surgeons' clinical evaluations and the independent physiatrical evaluations based on objective electromyographic findings thus correlated closely.", "contents": "Clinical and electromyographic evaluation after chemonucleolysis for lumbar disk disease. Results in 200 patients with lumbar disk disease who had chemonucleolysis were evaluated by two means. First, the surgeon evaluated the patients clinically from 6 to 30 months after chemonucleolysis by rating each case as excellent, good, fair, or unimproved. Results were judged excellent or good in 91% of the 153 \"clean\" cases (without previous operation) and in 53% of the 36 with previous operation; 11 patients were lost to follow-up. No patients were clinically worse than before treatment. Scond, a physiatrist did a repeat electromyogram three months or longer after chemonucleolysis. He judged a patient improved if there was a decrease or disappearance of the positive waves and/or fibrillation potentials noted on initial electromyogram. Based on these objective findings, 90.5% of \"clean\" cases and 85.4% overall showed improvement. Surgeons' clinical evaluations and the independent physiatrical evaluations based on objective electromyographic findings thus correlated closely."}
{"id": "PMID:128140", "title": "In vitro fertilisation of human o\u00f6cytes.", "content": "This paper describes attempts to cure infertility due to irremediable Fallopian tube lesions by the laparoscopic recovery of pre-ovulatory ovarian o\u00f6cytes, their fertilisation in vitro, and their subsequent reimplantation into the uterine cavity.", "contents": "In vitro fertilisation of human o\u00f6cytes. This paper describes attempts to cure infertility due to irremediable Fallopian tube lesions by the laparoscopic recovery of pre-ovulatory ovarian o\u00f6cytes, their fertilisation in vitro, and their subsequent reimplantation into the uterine cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:128141", "title": "Advances in laparoscopic sterilisation techniques.", "content": "Sterilisation by laparoscopic surgical interruption or occlusion of the Fallopian tubes is briefly reviewed. Fourteen cases of an experimental technique for reversible sterilisation by the insertion, either laparoscopically, at laparotomy, or by the vaginal approach, of a Silastic rod into each oviduct, are described.", "contents": "Advances in laparoscopic sterilisation techniques. Sterilisation by laparoscopic surgical interruption or occlusion of the Fallopian tubes is briefly reviewed. Fourteen cases of an experimental technique for reversible sterilisation by the insertion, either laparoscopically, at laparotomy, or by the vaginal approach, of a Silastic rod into each oviduct, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:128143", "title": "Primary mesenteric venous occlusive disease.", "content": "Primary mesenteric venous occlusive disease is a highly lethal disease. The only way to improve survival is early diagnosis and immediate laparotomy. The disease occurs in the older age group with a higher incidence in women and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of serious abdominal distress. The most helpful diagnostic tests are paracentesis and peritoneoscopy, but above all, the most important diagnostic tool is a high index of suspicion on the part of the examining physician.", "contents": "Primary mesenteric venous occlusive disease. Primary mesenteric venous occlusive disease is a highly lethal disease. The only way to improve survival is early diagnosis and immediate laparotomy. The disease occurs in the older age group with a higher incidence in women and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of serious abdominal distress. The most helpful diagnostic tests are paracentesis and peritoneoscopy, but above all, the most important diagnostic tool is a high index of suspicion on the part of the examining physician."}
{"id": "PMID:128144", "title": "Immunologic evaluation of patients with cancer by delayed hypersensitivity reactions.", "content": "Testing of delayed hypersensitivity responses to recall antigens, newly encountered antigens and tumor antigens has contributed to the understanding of several immunologic factors in human neoplasia. Patients with Hodgkin's disease tend to have depressed responses to both newly encountered and recall antigens. Patients with solid tumors are more likely to be deficient only in the response to newly encountered antigens. In patients who have intact response to recall antigens, reactivity to antigen preparations from tumor and control tissue may be studied. Tumor-associated or organ-associated antigens have been demonstrated by delayed hypersensitivity responses in leukemia, Burkitt's lymphoma, malignant melanoma and carcinoma of the lung, breast, cervix uteri and intestine. Approaches to a definition of the specificity of these reactions are described. The results with these tumor antigen tests correlate strongly with the clinical course. This is a promising technique for monitoring immunotherapy. The results from tests with recall and newly encountered antigens also correlate with the clinical status and perhaps with prognosis. Various possible interpretations of these changes are discussed. Further work should be directed toward an exact definition of immunologic defects in patients with cancer and toward the use of this understanding for a rational program of immunotherapy.", "contents": "Immunologic evaluation of patients with cancer by delayed hypersensitivity reactions. Testing of delayed hypersensitivity responses to recall antigens, newly encountered antigens and tumor antigens has contributed to the understanding of several immunologic factors in human neoplasia. Patients with Hodgkin's disease tend to have depressed responses to both newly encountered and recall antigens. Patients with solid tumors are more likely to be deficient only in the response to newly encountered antigens. In patients who have intact response to recall antigens, reactivity to antigen preparations from tumor and control tissue may be studied. Tumor-associated or organ-associated antigens have been demonstrated by delayed hypersensitivity responses in leukemia, Burkitt's lymphoma, malignant melanoma and carcinoma of the lung, breast, cervix uteri and intestine. Approaches to a definition of the specificity of these reactions are described. The results with these tumor antigen tests correlate strongly with the clinical course. This is a promising technique for monitoring immunotherapy. The results from tests with recall and newly encountered antigens also correlate with the clinical status and perhaps with prognosis. Various possible interpretations of these changes are discussed. Further work should be directed toward an exact definition of immunologic defects in patients with cancer and toward the use of this understanding for a rational program of immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:128147", "title": "Inhibition of ATP synthesis associated with 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) teratogenesis in rat embryos.", "content": "Pregnant rats were injected ip with 6 mg/kg 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) at day 12 of gestation. Embryos removed between 1 and 48 h later had reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations, of about 50% of control values. All fetuses examined near term were malformed. Nicotinamide (NAM, 100 mg/kg) given ip 1 h after 6-AN afforded protection: malformations occurred in only 15% of the survivors; and there was minimal ATP reduction, 15% below control values. NAM given 2 and 4 h after 6-AN produced intermediate ATP concentrations and malformation frequencies. Thus, there was a relation between the embryotoxic and ATP-depressant actions of 6-AN in day 12 rat embryos.", "contents": "Inhibition of ATP synthesis associated with 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) teratogenesis in rat embryos. Pregnant rats were injected ip with 6 mg/kg 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) at day 12 of gestation. Embryos removed between 1 and 48 h later had reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations, of about 50% of control values. All fetuses examined near term were malformed. Nicotinamide (NAM, 100 mg/kg) given ip 1 h after 6-AN afforded protection: malformations occurred in only 15% of the survivors; and there was minimal ATP reduction, 15% below control values. NAM given 2 and 4 h after 6-AN produced intermediate ATP concentrations and malformation frequencies. Thus, there was a relation between the embryotoxic and ATP-depressant actions of 6-AN in day 12 rat embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:128155", "title": "[Experiences with the Sparks-prosthesis in the periphery (author's transl)].", "content": "According to our own experiences it is not advisable to implant the Sparks-Mandril in an extremity which gangrene. The ideal case for implantation is the patient with short walking distance and an unsuitable vena saphena magna. The prothesis is useful for the femoro-crural bypass procedure. The thrombogenicity of the Mandril can be neglected by heparinization of the patient or after careful perfusion of the prothesis.", "contents": "[Experiences with the Sparks-prosthesis in the periphery (author's transl)]. According to our own experiences it is not advisable to implant the Sparks-Mandril in an extremity which gangrene. The ideal case for implantation is the patient with short walking distance and an unsuitable vena saphena magna. The prothesis is useful for the femoro-crural bypass procedure. The thrombogenicity of the Mandril can be neglected by heparinization of the patient or after careful perfusion of the prothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:128157", "title": "Muscle fiber orientation in normal and hypertrophied hearts.", "content": "Muscle fiber orientation in the left ventricular myocardial layer was histometrically estimated in normal, concentric and eccentric hypertrophied hearts. The angle of inclination of muscle fibers from coronal section was largest in the innermost and outermost zones and was progressively diminished toward the middle layer in all the hearts. In the inner layer, the inclination was depressed in eccentric hypertrophy, while there was no difference in fiber orientation in the outer layer. Concentric hypertrophy proved to be an intermediate stage between the normal heart and eccentric hypertrophy, and no opposite behavior was found in the arrangement of heart muscle fibers. The results supported the following view on the mechanism in the activity of hypertrophied hearts. Cardiac hypertrophy is a common accommodation process to increased load, regardless of the difference in the macroscopical shape. In hypertrophy, the ventricular cavity is inevitably enlarged. Consequently, the tension exerted on the ventricular wall on account of intraventricular pressure increases, and the contractile force required from a unit thickness of the ventricular wall is enhanced. The muscle fibers meet this increased demand by starting contraction from an over-stretched state and by ceasing its activity after smaller shortening than in the normal heart.", "contents": "Muscle fiber orientation in normal and hypertrophied hearts. Muscle fiber orientation in the left ventricular myocardial layer was histometrically estimated in normal, concentric and eccentric hypertrophied hearts. The angle of inclination of muscle fibers from coronal section was largest in the innermost and outermost zones and was progressively diminished toward the middle layer in all the hearts. In the inner layer, the inclination was depressed in eccentric hypertrophy, while there was no difference in fiber orientation in the outer layer. Concentric hypertrophy proved to be an intermediate stage between the normal heart and eccentric hypertrophy, and no opposite behavior was found in the arrangement of heart muscle fibers. The results supported the following view on the mechanism in the activity of hypertrophied hearts. Cardiac hypertrophy is a common accommodation process to increased load, regardless of the difference in the macroscopical shape. In hypertrophy, the ventricular cavity is inevitably enlarged. Consequently, the tension exerted on the ventricular wall on account of intraventricular pressure increases, and the contractile force required from a unit thickness of the ventricular wall is enhanced. The muscle fibers meet this increased demand by starting contraction from an over-stretched state and by ceasing its activity after smaller shortening than in the normal heart."}
{"id": "PMID:128160", "title": "The measurement of cerebral blood flow in the rat.", "content": "Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was determined in the rat under 70% nitrous oxide anesthesia and pentobarbital anesthesia. The application of the Fick principle technique of Kety et al. was modified utilizing 133Xe infused intravenously steadily for 30 seconds, at which time the animal was decapitated and the head frozen in liquid nitrogen. A prior femoral artery to femoral vein shunt was led through a polyethylene catheter of 0.13 ml volume. This catheter passed as a coil in a NaI crystal well-counter with the arterial 133Xe concentration curve recorded by a ratemeter-recorder system. The results of the hemispheric blood flow (HBF) were: under 70% nitrous oxide anesthesia in normocapnia (Paco2 38 mm Hg), 86 +/- 15 ml/100 gm per minute; with hypocapnia (Paco2 20 mm Hg), 40 +/- 5 ml/100 gm per minute; with hypercapnia (Paco2 63 mm Hg), 187 +/- 10 ml/100 gm per minute; and with pentobarbital anesthesia (Paco2 38 mm Hg), 41 +/- 8 ml/100 gm per minute.", "contents": "The measurement of cerebral blood flow in the rat. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) was determined in the rat under 70% nitrous oxide anesthesia and pentobarbital anesthesia. The application of the Fick principle technique of Kety et al. was modified utilizing 133Xe infused intravenously steadily for 30 seconds, at which time the animal was decapitated and the head frozen in liquid nitrogen. A prior femoral artery to femoral vein shunt was led through a polyethylene catheter of 0.13 ml volume. This catheter passed as a coil in a NaI crystal well-counter with the arterial 133Xe concentration curve recorded by a ratemeter-recorder system. The results of the hemispheric blood flow (HBF) were: under 70% nitrous oxide anesthesia in normocapnia (Paco2 38 mm Hg), 86 +/- 15 ml/100 gm per minute; with hypocapnia (Paco2 20 mm Hg), 40 +/- 5 ml/100 gm per minute; with hypercapnia (Paco2 63 mm Hg), 187 +/- 10 ml/100 gm per minute; and with pentobarbital anesthesia (Paco2 38 mm Hg), 41 +/- 8 ml/100 gm per minute."}
{"id": "PMID:128161", "title": "Coagulation defects in rabbits after infusion of dispersed fluorochemicals.", "content": "Coagulation parameters were studied in rabbits during and after intravenous infusion of suspensions of dispersed fluorochemicals. Blood samples from rabbits given dispersed perfluorobutyltetrahydrofurane or perfluorotributylamine showed thrombocytopenia, prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time, and decreases in Factors X and XI. The possible presence of an inhibitor of coagulation was suggested by the prolongation of prothrombin time when measured with serial dilutions of thromboplastin reagent. These abnormalities were not found in whole blood or platelet-rich plasma after incubation in vitro with dispersed fluorochemical.", "contents": "Coagulation defects in rabbits after infusion of dispersed fluorochemicals. Coagulation parameters were studied in rabbits during and after intravenous infusion of suspensions of dispersed fluorochemicals. Blood samples from rabbits given dispersed perfluorobutyltetrahydrofurane or perfluorotributylamine showed thrombocytopenia, prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time, and decreases in Factors X and XI. The possible presence of an inhibitor of coagulation was suggested by the prolongation of prothrombin time when measured with serial dilutions of thromboplastin reagent. These abnormalities were not found in whole blood or platelet-rich plasma after incubation in vitro with dispersed fluorochemical."}
{"id": "PMID:128165", "title": "In vitro effect of methylprednisolone on protein synthesis of activated canine thymus-derived lymphocytes.", "content": "Technics of studying the protein synthesis of canine thymus-derived lymphocytes in vitro have been developed. Activation of these cells by PHA or MLC increases protein synthesis. Methylprednisolone decreases the stimulation of protein synthesis of these activated lymphocytes. The decrease in protein synthesis is not caused by lympholysis. In this respect, the dog, like man, can be considered a steroid-resistant animal. It is postulated that this effect of methylprednisolone contributes to its immunosuppressive action by inhibiting the afferent limb of the immune response.", "contents": "In vitro effect of methylprednisolone on protein synthesis of activated canine thymus-derived lymphocytes. Technics of studying the protein synthesis of canine thymus-derived lymphocytes in vitro have been developed. Activation of these cells by PHA or MLC increases protein synthesis. Methylprednisolone decreases the stimulation of protein synthesis of these activated lymphocytes. The decrease in protein synthesis is not caused by lympholysis. In this respect, the dog, like man, can be considered a steroid-resistant animal. It is postulated that this effect of methylprednisolone contributes to its immunosuppressive action by inhibiting the afferent limb of the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:128167", "title": "[Some properties of preparations of Na+ and k+-ATPase treated with deoxycholate].", "content": "The treatment of membrane suspension from the guinea pig kidney cortex possessing Na+, + K+ -ATPase activity with 0.20% sodium deoxycholate (DOX : protein equals 12 : 1) leads to lowering of their enzymatic activity. DOX-treated preparation can be divided into two fractions by centrigugation (1 hr - 22 000 g). The pellet has 1.5-fold higher enzymatic activity than the initial preparation and cannot be activated by small amounts of histones. The supernatant has 2-fold lower enzymatic activity than the initial preparation but in presence of small amounts of histones this activity rises to the level of the initial preparation activity. The action of DOX treatment on the membrane structure of Na+ + K+ -ATPase preparations is discussed.", "contents": "[Some properties of preparations of Na+ and k+-ATPase treated with deoxycholate]. The treatment of membrane suspension from the guinea pig kidney cortex possessing Na+, + K+ -ATPase activity with 0.20% sodium deoxycholate (DOX : protein equals 12 : 1) leads to lowering of their enzymatic activity. DOX-treated preparation can be divided into two fractions by centrigugation (1 hr - 22 000 g). The pellet has 1.5-fold higher enzymatic activity than the initial preparation and cannot be activated by small amounts of histones. The supernatant has 2-fold lower enzymatic activity than the initial preparation but in presence of small amounts of histones this activity rises to the level of the initial preparation activity. The action of DOX treatment on the membrane structure of Na+ + K+ -ATPase preparations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128168", "title": "Normal and aberrant neuronal development in the cerebral cortex of human fetus and young infant.", "content": "Several approaches utilized in ontogenetic investigations in laboratory animals have been explored in preliminary studies of morphogenetic events in the human cerebral cortex. 1. Golgi studies of dendritic growth cones, filopodia, and other developmental processes have permitted specification of the maximal phase of dendritic growth and differentiation of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. This period spans the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of fetal development. 2. Studies of the temporal pattern of appearance of the axonal plexus of the stratum pyramidale suggest that axosomatic synaptic pathways in the hippocampus develop relatively late in respect to the appearance of axospinodendritic inputs. 3. Dendritic spine development is evident at 26 weeks g.a. in the hippocampus but not in the visual cortex. Most hippocampal pyramidal neurons have acquired a full complement of spines by 6 months postnatally. The presence of severe metabolic and cardiorespiratory disturbances and/or chromosomal abnormalities significantly influences dendritic spine morphology and development. 4. The general morphological features of several varieties of neurons in the cisual cortes of a 32-week-old preterm infant are considered in respect to the electrographic characteristics of this infant's visual evoked responses. The observations in this and other cases illustrate the manner in which ontogenetic problems susceptible to inquiry in laboratory animals can serve to guide similar morphophysiological studies of normal and aberrant developmental events in human brain.", "contents": "Normal and aberrant neuronal development in the cerebral cortex of human fetus and young infant. Several approaches utilized in ontogenetic investigations in laboratory animals have been explored in preliminary studies of morphogenetic events in the human cerebral cortex. 1. Golgi studies of dendritic growth cones, filopodia, and other developmental processes have permitted specification of the maximal phase of dendritic growth and differentiation of pyramidal neurons in the hippocampus. This period spans the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of fetal development. 2. Studies of the temporal pattern of appearance of the axonal plexus of the stratum pyramidale suggest that axosomatic synaptic pathways in the hippocampus develop relatively late in respect to the appearance of axospinodendritic inputs. 3. Dendritic spine development is evident at 26 weeks g.a. in the hippocampus but not in the visual cortex. Most hippocampal pyramidal neurons have acquired a full complement of spines by 6 months postnatally. The presence of severe metabolic and cardiorespiratory disturbances and/or chromosomal abnormalities significantly influences dendritic spine morphology and development. 4. The general morphological features of several varieties of neurons in the cisual cortes of a 32-week-old preterm infant are considered in respect to the electrographic characteristics of this infant's visual evoked responses. The observations in this and other cases illustrate the manner in which ontogenetic problems susceptible to inquiry in laboratory animals can serve to guide similar morphophysiological studies of normal and aberrant developmental events in human brain."}
{"id": "PMID:128169", "title": "[Availability of Mg2+, Na+, and K+-ATPase in the nuclei of the skeletal muscles of rabbits normally and during experimental muscular dystrophy].", "content": "A  comparative study was carried out in the properties of ATPase system of the skeletal muscle nuclei in the rabbits in norm and with experimental muscular dystrophy conditioned by E-avitaminosis. It is shown that in the system, containing 1.5 mM of MgCl2, ATPase system of the nuclei is activated by sodium and potassium ions. In norm maximum activation is observed with their presence in the medium, the concentration being 80 and 70 mM, respectively. With experimental muscular dystrophy maximum activating concentrations decrease and are equal for both cations - 30 mM. Activation of the enzymatic system by these ions is specific because the introduction of equimolar quantities of cholin-chloride or lithium, cesium ions instead of sodium ions into the incubation medium evokes no activation of the ATPase system of the rabbit skeletal muscles both in norm and with experimental muscular dystrophy. A simultaneous presence of sodium and potassium ions in optimum concentrations in the incubation medium makes for an increase of ATPase activity to the same extent as the presence of one of these cations. Oubain, a specific inhibitor of Mg2+, Na+, K+- ATPase, taken in the concentrations of 10(-4) and 10(-3) M did not decrease the intensity of ATP hydrolysis and its activation conditioned by the presence of sodium or potassium. A conclusion is made that Mg2+, Na+, K+-ATPase taking part in the work of \"sodium pump\" is absent in the nuclei of skeletal muscles.", "contents": "[Availability of Mg2+, Na+, and K+-ATPase in the nuclei of the skeletal muscles of rabbits normally and during experimental muscular dystrophy]. A  comparative study was carried out in the properties of ATPase system of the skeletal muscle nuclei in the rabbits in norm and with experimental muscular dystrophy conditioned by E-avitaminosis. It is shown that in the system, containing 1.5 mM of MgCl2, ATPase system of the nuclei is activated by sodium and potassium ions. In norm maximum activation is observed with their presence in the medium, the concentration being 80 and 70 mM, respectively. With experimental muscular dystrophy maximum activating concentrations decrease and are equal for both cations - 30 mM. Activation of the enzymatic system by these ions is specific because the introduction of equimolar quantities of cholin-chloride or lithium, cesium ions instead of sodium ions into the incubation medium evokes no activation of the ATPase system of the rabbit skeletal muscles both in norm and with experimental muscular dystrophy. A simultaneous presence of sodium and potassium ions in optimum concentrations in the incubation medium makes for an increase of ATPase activity to the same extent as the presence of one of these cations. Oubain, a specific inhibitor of Mg2+, Na+, K+- ATPase, taken in the concentrations of 10(-4) and 10(-3) M did not decrease the intensity of ATP hydrolysis and its activation conditioned by the presence of sodium or potassium. A conclusion is made that Mg2+, Na+, K+-ATPase taking part in the work of \"sodium pump\" is absent in the nuclei of skeletal muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:128170", "title": "[SH-group and Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-activated ATPase activity of the microsome fraction of the brain].", "content": "Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-activated ATPase of microsoma fraction from the grey matter of cerebral great hemispheres determined after the preliminary treatment of the preparation with 0.1% digitonin, while preserved in the medium with 10 mM mercaptoethanol for seven days at a temperature of 4-6 degrees C is inactivated by 10-15% and approximately by 50% while preserved without mercaptoethanol. Mercaptoethanol does not make reactivating effect. SH-reagents at definite concentrations completely inhibit the activity of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase. Half-maximum inhibition of the enzyme is reached with the salirgan, p-CMB and NEM concentrations of 5-10(-6) M, 5-10(-6) M and 5-10(-3) M, respectively. Mg2+-ATPase is not suppressed completely, and at high concentrations of SH-reagents the residual activity is 1.3 muM of Pi per 1 mg of protein in 1 hr. ATP in the concentrations optimal for manifestation of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase (3 mM) efficiently protects the enzyme from the inactivating effect of NEM. This gives reasons to suppose that the active centre of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase contains an SH-group. The quantity of SH-groups readily accessible of the Ellman reactive in the initial preparation of the brain microsomes is 45 + 2.0 nM per 1 mg of protein and in the preparation dissolved in 2.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate, 110 + 7.8 nmM per 1 mg of protein. In the presence of 0.1% digitonin the quantity of SH-groups of the preparation is 55 + 3.5 nM per 1 mg of protein, simultaneously such treatment of detergent results in manifestation of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activity. An inactivating effect of SH-reagents and the protective effect of ATP indicate similarity of the enzyme under study to Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmatic reticulum.", "contents": "[SH-group and Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-activated ATPase activity of the microsome fraction of the brain]. Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-activated ATPase of microsoma fraction from the grey matter of cerebral great hemispheres determined after the preliminary treatment of the preparation with 0.1% digitonin, while preserved in the medium with 10 mM mercaptoethanol for seven days at a temperature of 4-6 degrees C is inactivated by 10-15% and approximately by 50% while preserved without mercaptoethanol. Mercaptoethanol does not make reactivating effect. SH-reagents at definite concentrations completely inhibit the activity of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase. Half-maximum inhibition of the enzyme is reached with the salirgan, p-CMB and NEM concentrations of 5-10(-6) M, 5-10(-6) M and 5-10(-3) M, respectively. Mg2+-ATPase is not suppressed completely, and at high concentrations of SH-reagents the residual activity is 1.3 muM of Pi per 1 mg of protein in 1 hr. ATP in the concentrations optimal for manifestation of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase (3 mM) efficiently protects the enzyme from the inactivating effect of NEM. This gives reasons to suppose that the active centre of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase contains an SH-group. The quantity of SH-groups readily accessible of the Ellman reactive in the initial preparation of the brain microsomes is 45 + 2.0 nM per 1 mg of protein and in the preparation dissolved in 2.5% sodium dodecyl sulphate, 110 + 7.8 nmM per 1 mg of protein. In the presence of 0.1% digitonin the quantity of SH-groups of the preparation is 55 + 3.5 nM per 1 mg of protein, simultaneously such treatment of detergent results in manifestation of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activity. An inactivating effect of SH-reagents and the protective effect of ATP indicate similarity of the enzyme under study to Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmatic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:128171", "title": "[Solubility of the Mg2+-dependant Ca2+-activated ATPase fraction of the plasma membranes of synaptosomes].", "content": "Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-activated ATPase (Mg2+,Ca2+-atpase, EC 3.61.4) in the fraction of synaptosome plasmatic membranes is activated with 0.05-0.08% solutions of digitonin and sodium deoxycholate. At higher concentrations of digitonin the activating effect lowers, sodium deoxycholate in the increasing concentrations inactivates the enzyme. 0.08% digitonin activates Mg2+,Ca2+-ATPase of synaptosome membranes, without demanding for its transition into solubilized state. Separation of non-active 0.08% digitonin extract from the deposit results in a decrease in the enzymatic activity of the latter and addition of the extract to the deposit activates the enzyme. At least two components separable from each other are likely to be necessary for the enzyme activity manifestation. A solubilized preparation of Mg2+,Ca2+-ATPase with the maximum activity and the ratio of total ATPase to Mg2+-ATPase equal to 3.5-4.0 may be obtained by extraction with 0.15-0.20% digitonin solution. Maximum quantily of protein is extracted by means of digitonin in the same concentrations. The extracted protein is divided in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel into eight-ten electrophoretic zones.", "contents": "[Solubility of the Mg2+-dependant Ca2+-activated ATPase fraction of the plasma membranes of synaptosomes]. Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-activated ATPase (Mg2+,Ca2+-atpase, EC 3.61.4) in the fraction of synaptosome plasmatic membranes is activated with 0.05-0.08% solutions of digitonin and sodium deoxycholate. At higher concentrations of digitonin the activating effect lowers, sodium deoxycholate in the increasing concentrations inactivates the enzyme. 0.08% digitonin activates Mg2+,Ca2+-ATPase of synaptosome membranes, without demanding for its transition into solubilized state. Separation of non-active 0.08% digitonin extract from the deposit results in a decrease in the enzymatic activity of the latter and addition of the extract to the deposit activates the enzyme. At least two components separable from each other are likely to be necessary for the enzyme activity manifestation. A solubilized preparation of Mg2+,Ca2+-ATPase with the maximum activity and the ratio of total ATPase to Mg2+-ATPase equal to 3.5-4.0 may be obtained by extraction with 0.15-0.20% digitonin solution. Maximum quantily of protein is extracted by means of digitonin in the same concentrations. The extracted protein is divided in 7.5% polyacrylamide gel into eight-ten electrophoretic zones."}
{"id": "PMID:128172", "title": "[Role of calcium ions and fatty acids in the inhibition of Mg2+, Na+ and K+-ATPases by means of the \"direct\" hemolysin and phospholipase A of cobra venom].", "content": "The influence of calcium ions and fatty acids in the action of direct hemolytic factor and phospholipase A on Mg2+ and Na+, K+-ATPases was investigated. It was established that calcium activates greatly phospholipase A and to a less extent--the direct hemolytic factor. The activity of ATPases is inhibited most effectively by the system consisting of phospholipase A, direct hemolytic factor and Ca2+. Fatty acids can participate in the mechanism of membrane ATPases inhibition.", "contents": "[Role of calcium ions and fatty acids in the inhibition of Mg2+, Na+ and K+-ATPases by means of the \"direct\" hemolysin and phospholipase A of cobra venom]. The influence of calcium ions and fatty acids in the action of direct hemolytic factor and phospholipase A on Mg2+ and Na+, K+-ATPases was investigated. It was established that calcium activates greatly phospholipase A and to a less extent--the direct hemolytic factor. The activity of ATPases is inhibited most effectively by the system consisting of phospholipase A, direct hemolytic factor and Ca2+. Fatty acids can participate in the mechanism of membrane ATPases inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:128177", "title": "An ultrasonic fluctuation velocimeter.", "content": "A novel ultrasonic velocimeter is described and evaluated with a view to measuring blood flow in vivo. The device is not based on the Doppler principle but operates by analysing the random fluctuations of the echo backscattered by blood. The rate at which the amplitude of the reflected signal passes through its mean level is related (by the dimensions of the resolution cell) to the velocity of the scatterers. Experimental trials in vitro validate the concept although there is a factor of two disagreement with predictions. The device is compared with the conventional Doppler volocimeter and problems on operation in vivo are discussed.", "contents": "An ultrasonic fluctuation velocimeter. A novel ultrasonic velocimeter is described and evaluated with a view to measuring blood flow in vivo. The device is not based on the Doppler principle but operates by analysing the random fluctuations of the echo backscattered by blood. The rate at which the amplitude of the reflected signal passes through its mean level is related (by the dimensions of the resolution cell) to the velocity of the scatterers. Experimental trials in vitro validate the concept although there is a factor of two disagreement with predictions. The device is compared with the conventional Doppler volocimeter and problems on operation in vivo are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128178", "title": "Diagnosis of testicular torsion using Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with intrascrotal disease process have been studied with the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter to determine if testicular torsion can be differentiated from acute epididymitis when clinical characteristics are ambivalent. In all instances of proved torsion there was a loss of blood flow in the involved testes, whereas in acute epididymitis or other epididymal and gonadal diseases blood flow ranged from normal to hyperemic.", "contents": "Diagnosis of testicular torsion using Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter. Thirty-one patients with intrascrotal disease process have been studied with the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter to determine if testicular torsion can be differentiated from acute epididymitis when clinical characteristics are ambivalent. In all instances of proved torsion there was a loss of blood flow in the involved testes, whereas in acute epididymitis or other epididymal and gonadal diseases blood flow ranged from normal to hyperemic."}
{"id": "PMID:128173", "title": "[Heterogeneity of protein metabolism and activities of certain enzymes in functionally different structures of nerve tissue].", "content": "The article deals with a review of the results of studies conducted at the department which evidence for inhomogeneity of localization, composition and different intensity of intravital renewal of proteins as well as for different activity of some enzymes most important for the nervous system functions in the macro- and microstructural formation of the nerve tissue. On the basis of the experimental data concerning the presence in the nerve tissue of a wide range of rates for intravital renewal of proteins in the structures of different functions as well as of those concerning subcellular and suborganoid localization of intracellular peptid-hydrolases, a conclusion is drawn that catabolism of the protein molecules occurs mainly on the cell membrane structures. The effect of acid peptide-hydrolases is chiefly manifested in the died and damaged cells and neutral ones in the intact functioning cells. As among the proteins most important functionally for the nervous activity ATP-hydrolyzing enzymes occupy a special place, the article provides basic data of studies in the ATPase activity in the nervous tissue, intracellular localization of the enzyme, its sensitivity to uni- and bivalent ions, as well as in the mechanism of interaction with ouabain--specific inhibitor and with melipramine--neurotropic substance.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of protein metabolism and activities of certain enzymes in functionally different structures of nerve tissue]. The article deals with a review of the results of studies conducted at the department which evidence for inhomogeneity of localization, composition and different intensity of intravital renewal of proteins as well as for different activity of some enzymes most important for the nervous system functions in the macro- and microstructural formation of the nerve tissue. On the basis of the experimental data concerning the presence in the nerve tissue of a wide range of rates for intravital renewal of proteins in the structures of different functions as well as of those concerning subcellular and suborganoid localization of intracellular peptid-hydrolases, a conclusion is drawn that catabolism of the protein molecules occurs mainly on the cell membrane structures. The effect of acid peptide-hydrolases is chiefly manifested in the died and damaged cells and neutral ones in the intact functioning cells. As among the proteins most important functionally for the nervous activity ATP-hydrolyzing enzymes occupy a special place, the article provides basic data of studies in the ATPase activity in the nervous tissue, intracellular localization of the enzyme, its sensitivity to uni- and bivalent ions, as well as in the mechanism of interaction with ouabain--specific inhibitor and with melipramine--neurotropic substance."}
{"id": "PMID:128174", "title": "[Enzymatic properties in muscle membranes].", "content": "A study in the enzymatic properties of muscle membranes established that sarcolemma of the rabbit skeletal muscles contains the Ca2+-ATPase system which does not require Mg2+ for manifestation of ions activity. By some kinetic properties it differs from ATPase of myosin. The complex Ca-ATP2+ is a substrate of Ca2+-ATPase. Ions of a series of bivalent metals inhibit the latter as well as the passive transport of Ca2+, that may evidence for a definite relation of Ca2+-ATPase with Ca+2 transport in skeletal muscles. Acetyl cholinesterase and AMP-aminohydrolase are strongly bound with the sarcolemma. The sarcolemma structural organization is shown to play a certain role in manifestation of their activity. On the basis of the data obtained when studying the activity in the ATPase systems and dynamics of formation and decay of the intermediate phosphorylated product in the microsomal fraction of cow and rabbit myometrium certain peculiarities are established for the active mechanisms of Ca2+ transport in smooth muscles. A problem is under discussion on the possible active participation of sarcolemma in regulation of Ca2+ concentration in the smooth muscle cells. Two ATPase systems, Mg2+-dependent and Mg2+-dependent Ca2+ activated are found in nuclei; the role of lipids of the skeletal muscles in manifestation of their activity is studied. AMP-amino hydrolase properties are characterized for different areas of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum membranes. The model of E-avitaminous muscular distrophy was used to show disturbances in the structure of sarcolemma and membranes of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum which are accompanied by changes in their ATPase and Ca2+-transporting properties.", "contents": "[Enzymatic properties in muscle membranes]. A study in the enzymatic properties of muscle membranes established that sarcolemma of the rabbit skeletal muscles contains the Ca2+-ATPase system which does not require Mg2+ for manifestation of ions activity. By some kinetic properties it differs from ATPase of myosin. The complex Ca-ATP2+ is a substrate of Ca2+-ATPase. Ions of a series of bivalent metals inhibit the latter as well as the passive transport of Ca2+, that may evidence for a definite relation of Ca2+-ATPase with Ca+2 transport in skeletal muscles. Acetyl cholinesterase and AMP-aminohydrolase are strongly bound with the sarcolemma. The sarcolemma structural organization is shown to play a certain role in manifestation of their activity. On the basis of the data obtained when studying the activity in the ATPase systems and dynamics of formation and decay of the intermediate phosphorylated product in the microsomal fraction of cow and rabbit myometrium certain peculiarities are established for the active mechanisms of Ca2+ transport in smooth muscles. A problem is under discussion on the possible active participation of sarcolemma in regulation of Ca2+ concentration in the smooth muscle cells. Two ATPase systems, Mg2+-dependent and Mg2+-dependent Ca2+ activated are found in nuclei; the role of lipids of the skeletal muscles in manifestation of their activity is studied. AMP-amino hydrolase properties are characterized for different areas of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum membranes. The model of E-avitaminous muscular distrophy was used to show disturbances in the structure of sarcolemma and membranes of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum which are accompanied by changes in their ATPase and Ca2+-transporting properties."}
{"id": "PMID:128176", "title": "[Solubilization of Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-activated ATPase of brain microsome fraction].", "content": "Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-activated ATPase (Mg2+, Ca2+-ATP-ase) of microsome fraction from grey matter of great cerebral hemispheres of cattle is activated by 0.1% solution of digitonin. Simultaneously 30-60% of initial fraction protein is extracted, respectively, with 0.1-0.3% concentrations of digitonin. The Mg2+- and Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activities manifest in solubilized protein. The maximal solubilization of both enzymes is reached when treating the fraction of brain microsomes with 0.3% solution of digitonin, the Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activity is not manifested in the 0.2% digitonin extract of this fraction. The Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activity is not always manifested in the 0.4% digitonin extract of the sediment which was obtained after extracting the initial fraction with 0.2% solution of digitonin. Addition of 0.2% extract to it causes manifestation or increase of the Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activity. Thus, minimum two components which are extracted by detergent in different concentrations or one of the extracted components which is an activator of solubilized Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase may be necessary for manifestation of this activity in the solubilized components of the fraction of brain microsomes. The membrane components extracted with digitonin possess evidently a small molecular weight as they compose 7.5% polyacrylamide gel in which 0.4% digitonin extract of the brain microsome fraction is divided into 7-8 electrophoretic zones.", "contents": "[Solubilization of Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-activated ATPase of brain microsome fraction]. Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-activated ATPase (Mg2+, Ca2+-ATP-ase) of microsome fraction from grey matter of great cerebral hemispheres of cattle is activated by 0.1% solution of digitonin. Simultaneously 30-60% of initial fraction protein is extracted, respectively, with 0.1-0.3% concentrations of digitonin. The Mg2+- and Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activities manifest in solubilized protein. The maximal solubilization of both enzymes is reached when treating the fraction of brain microsomes with 0.3% solution of digitonin, the Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activity is not manifested in the 0.2% digitonin extract of this fraction. The Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activity is not always manifested in the 0.4% digitonin extract of the sediment which was obtained after extracting the initial fraction with 0.2% solution of digitonin. Addition of 0.2% extract to it causes manifestation or increase of the Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activity. Thus, minimum two components which are extracted by detergent in different concentrations or one of the extracted components which is an activator of solubilized Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase may be necessary for manifestation of this activity in the solubilized components of the fraction of brain microsomes. The membrane components extracted with digitonin possess evidently a small molecular weight as they compose 7.5% polyacrylamide gel in which 0.4% digitonin extract of the brain microsome fraction is divided into 7-8 electrophoretic zones."}
{"id": "PMID:128175", "title": "[Heterogeneous and kinetic analysis of certain properties of Ca2+-ATPase in sarcolemma of rabbit skeletal muscles].", "content": "Kinetic properties of Ca2+-ATPase were studied by means of the continuous potentiometric method. On the basis of heterogenous and kinetic ideas it is shown that the experimental data on the effect of ions CA2+ on the Ca2+-ATPase activity may be explained, assuming the chelate complex Ca-ATP2- to be a substrate of the enzyme. The results obtained show that if the chelate complex formed in the aqueous stage is a substrate, then, a competition for adsorption at the active centre is possible between Ca-ATP2- and ATP4- but not between Ca-ATP2 and Ca2+. If the substrate is the chelate complex formed directly at the active centre, then ATP4- and the enzyme must combine through ion Ca2+ according to the scheme: enzyme - Ca2+ - ATP4-.", "contents": "[Heterogeneous and kinetic analysis of certain properties of Ca2+-ATPase in sarcolemma of rabbit skeletal muscles]. Kinetic properties of Ca2+-ATPase were studied by means of the continuous potentiometric method. On the basis of heterogenous and kinetic ideas it is shown that the experimental data on the effect of ions CA2+ on the Ca2+-ATPase activity may be explained, assuming the chelate complex Ca-ATP2- to be a substrate of the enzyme. The results obtained show that if the chelate complex formed in the aqueous stage is a substrate, then, a competition for adsorption at the active centre is possible between Ca-ATP2- and ATP4- but not between Ca-ATP2 and Ca2+. If the substrate is the chelate complex formed directly at the active centre, then ATP4- and the enzyme must combine through ion Ca2+ according to the scheme: enzyme - Ca2+ - ATP4-."}
{"id": "PMID:128183", "title": "[Closed complete dislocations of the crus and the result of their treatment].", "content": "Based on the analysis of treatment of 22 patients with complete closed crural dislocations, it is emphasized that this trauma is associated with extensive and specific injuries to the articular elements. Concomitant injuries of popliteal vessels were found in 4 (of 22) cases. Timely performed operative restoration of the arterial integrity yielded favourable late results in 2 patients. Two patients admitted in later terms were subjected to a high amputation of the leg. In 15 patients the knee joint instability developed due to ligamental rupture in crural dislocation. Eleven patients from this group were operated upon, plastic reconstruction of ruptured lateral and crucial ligaments and the removal of injured meniscuses being accomplished in them. Persistant good and satisfactory functional results were gained in 10 cases. Only one poor issue was noted.", "contents": "[Closed complete dislocations of the crus and the result of their treatment]. Based on the analysis of treatment of 22 patients with complete closed crural dislocations, it is emphasized that this trauma is associated with extensive and specific injuries to the articular elements. Concomitant injuries of popliteal vessels were found in 4 (of 22) cases. Timely performed operative restoration of the arterial integrity yielded favourable late results in 2 patients. Two patients admitted in later terms were subjected to a high amputation of the leg. In 15 patients the knee joint instability developed due to ligamental rupture in crural dislocation. Eleven patients from this group were operated upon, plastic reconstruction of ruptured lateral and crucial ligaments and the removal of injured meniscuses being accomplished in them. Persistant good and satisfactory functional results were gained in 10 cases. Only one poor issue was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:128184", "title": "[Conservative treatment of cicatricial stenosis of the esophagus].", "content": "One hundred and eight five patients with an esophageal burn were treated clinically, 53 of them showed already developed strictures. In 31 cases the narrowing could be passed by a bougie 12-14. In 28 of them the esophagus was dilated by means of a routine dilation; in 3 there was perforation of the esophagus necessitating jugular mediastinotomy in the first, transdiaphragmatic mediastinotomy in the second, and resection of the thoracic esophagus in the third, the results being favourable in all of them. In 5 cases dilation was accomplished via an esophagoscope, but in 9 gastrostomized patients a successful retrograde dilation was performed. Eight subjects having nonviable strictures were amenable to surgical therapy.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of cicatricial stenosis of the esophagus]. One hundred and eight five patients with an esophageal burn were treated clinically, 53 of them showed already developed strictures. In 31 cases the narrowing could be passed by a bougie 12-14. In 28 of them the esophagus was dilated by means of a routine dilation; in 3 there was perforation of the esophagus necessitating jugular mediastinotomy in the first, transdiaphragmatic mediastinotomy in the second, and resection of the thoracic esophagus in the third, the results being favourable in all of them. In 5 cases dilation was accomplished via an esophagoscope, but in 9 gastrostomized patients a successful retrograde dilation was performed. Eight subjects having nonviable strictures were amenable to surgical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:128185", "title": "[External drainage and suture of the bile ducts following choledochotomy].", "content": "The authors report their experience with the use of a T-shape drainage in 258 choledochotomies, accomplished in 248 patients, and suturing of the common bile duct in 77 patients. The technic of preparation of a T-shape drainage, its fixation in the common bile duct and the postoperative management of patients with such drainages are described. The complications developed while using a T-shape drainage are analysed. Late sequelae of application of the drainage were taken into account after 219 operations, whereas in 163 patients intravenous cholangiography was performed after such drainage of bile ducts, the terms being longer than 3 years in 140 cases.", "contents": "[External drainage and suture of the bile ducts following choledochotomy]. The authors report their experience with the use of a T-shape drainage in 258 choledochotomies, accomplished in 248 patients, and suturing of the common bile duct in 77 patients. The technic of preparation of a T-shape drainage, its fixation in the common bile duct and the postoperative management of patients with such drainages are described. The complications developed while using a T-shape drainage are analysed. Late sequelae of application of the drainage were taken into account after 219 operations, whereas in 163 patients intravenous cholangiography was performed after such drainage of bile ducts, the terms being longer than 3 years in 140 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:128186", "title": "[Intestinal plastic surgery in stomach resection].", "content": "It is the author's opinion that a primary gastrointestinal plasty in resection of the stomach, performed nowdays by some specialists in reconstructive procedures for late postgastrectomy complications, should be considered to be erroneous, since late complications arising after gastric resection result from somewhat different causes. It is believed that, as a rule, these are the result of various errors and drawbacks of improper gastric resection, the liquidation of which would necessitate a special operative intervention, but not the routine surgery, especially if this operation is as complicated as reconstructive gastrointestinal plasty.", "contents": "[Intestinal plastic surgery in stomach resection]. It is the author's opinion that a primary gastrointestinal plasty in resection of the stomach, performed nowdays by some specialists in reconstructive procedures for late postgastrectomy complications, should be considered to be erroneous, since late complications arising after gastric resection result from somewhat different causes. It is believed that, as a rule, these are the result of various errors and drawbacks of improper gastric resection, the liquidation of which would necessitate a special operative intervention, but not the routine surgery, especially if this operation is as complicated as reconstructive gastrointestinal plasty."}
{"id": "PMID:128187", "title": "[Dispensary treatment and surgical actions in goiter].", "content": "An efficacy of antistruma measures in the Mordovian ASSR was estimated. It is noted that prophylactic surveys of the population for recognition of struma patients would contribute to their early dispensarization, provide the conditions for a timely conducted drug therapy and enhance surgical activity in this affection.", "contents": "[Dispensary treatment and surgical actions in goiter]. An efficacy of antistruma measures in the Mordovian ASSR was estimated. It is noted that prophylactic surveys of the population for recognition of struma patients would contribute to their early dispensarization, provide the conditions for a timely conducted drug therapy and enhance surgical activity in this affection."}
{"id": "PMID:128188", "title": "[Effect of coagulated hemothorax and early fibrinothorax on the state of patients after pneumonectomy].", "content": "An estimation of the postoperative course after pneumonectomy in 328 patients, depending on the character and rate of distinguishing the pleural fluid, is given. The development of collapsed hemothorax and early (during the first week) fibrinothorax is predominantly related with separation of massive pleural adhesions, it aggravates the postoperative period and predisposes to the development of pleural empyema. Rethoracotomy with the removal of clots especially in later terms fail to prevent this complication. Intrapleural injections of fibrinolytic drugs is found to offer more perspectives.", "contents": "[Effect of coagulated hemothorax and early fibrinothorax on the state of patients after pneumonectomy]. An estimation of the postoperative course after pneumonectomy in 328 patients, depending on the character and rate of distinguishing the pleural fluid, is given. The development of collapsed hemothorax and early (during the first week) fibrinothorax is predominantly related with separation of massive pleural adhesions, it aggravates the postoperative period and predisposes to the development of pleural empyema. Rethoracotomy with the removal of clots especially in later terms fail to prevent this complication. Intrapleural injections of fibrinolytic drugs is found to offer more perspectives."}
{"id": "PMID:128189", "title": "[Experience in treating staphylococcal destruction of the lungs in children].", "content": "An experience with treatment of 278 patients having various forms of staphylococcic destruction of the lung is discussed. Patients with a pneumopleural form of SLD were predominating. The treatment in such patients should be initiated with draining of the pleural cavity in combination with an intensive therapy. Radical treatment should be conducted only on strict indications. An early diagnosis and timely therapy are felt to be of great importance.", "contents": "[Experience in treating staphylococcal destruction of the lungs in children]. An experience with treatment of 278 patients having various forms of staphylococcic destruction of the lung is discussed. Patients with a pneumopleural form of SLD were predominating. The treatment in such patients should be initiated with draining of the pleural cavity in combination with an intensive therapy. Radical treatment should be conducted only on strict indications. An early diagnosis and timely therapy are felt to be of great importance."}
{"id": "PMID:128191", "title": "[Hermetic closure of liplike fistulas during laparoscopic gastrostomy and jejunostomy].", "content": "The author has elaborated the method of additional hermetical closing of labioid fistulas of the stomach and jejunum on the basis of creation of a fibrous ring in edges of an exterior fistular orifice. In case of impaired hermeticity this ring allows permanent bearing of a cannula and hermetic closure of the fistula again. Doubling of the methods of hermetical closure of fistulas provided an opportunity to facilitate the technic of their creation up to a simple bringing out of the visceral wall into the abdominal wall puncture. Thus, 26 fistulas were established in laparotomy, and 60 operations were performed without a wide exposure of the abdominal cavity, using laparoscopy.", "contents": "[Hermetic closure of liplike fistulas during laparoscopic gastrostomy and jejunostomy]. The author has elaborated the method of additional hermetical closing of labioid fistulas of the stomach and jejunum on the basis of creation of a fibrous ring in edges of an exterior fistular orifice. In case of impaired hermeticity this ring allows permanent bearing of a cannula and hermetic closure of the fistula again. Doubling of the methods of hermetical closure of fistulas provided an opportunity to facilitate the technic of their creation up to a simple bringing out of the visceral wall into the abdominal wall puncture. Thus, 26 fistulas were established in laparotomy, and 60 operations were performed without a wide exposure of the abdominal cavity, using laparoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:128194", "title": "[Instrumental method of examination in diagnosis of closed abdominal injury].", "content": "70 instrumental investigations were performed (18 laparoscopies and 52 laparocenteses) in closed traumas of the abdomen. Both methods are believed to be of a great diagnostic precision, making 96%. A hazard of damaging internal organs during the investigation seems to be rather exaggerated. The characteristics of both methods are described comparatively.", "contents": "[Instrumental method of examination in diagnosis of closed abdominal injury]. 70 instrumental investigations were performed (18 laparoscopies and 52 laparocenteses) in closed traumas of the abdomen. Both methods are believed to be of a great diagnostic precision, making 96%. A hazard of damaging internal organs during the investigation seems to be rather exaggerated. The characteristics of both methods are described comparatively."}
{"id": "PMID:128201", "title": "[Prolonged spasm of the arteries of the base of the brain during experimental fibrinolysis in the subarachnoid space].", "content": "An ex tempore mixture of fibrinogen (1%--4 ml) and 0.2 ml thrombin solutions forming a compact clot of fibrin in the subarachnoid space was introduced into the cisterna magna of dogs. To dissolve the fibrin clot 2 ml of a fibrinolysin solution with an activity of 400 units were introduced into the same cisterna 10--15 minutes thereafter. A total of 26 experiments were set up, of which 13 were served as controls with separate introduction of the mixture ingredients. Through serial vertebral angiography with a 50 per cent urotrast solution it was found that following introduction of the fibrinogen and thrombin mixture the lumen of the basilar artery and of its branches contracts on the average up to 89.2 +/- 1 per cent. After introduction of fibrinolysis the diameter of the artery initially increases up to 116.3 +/- 2.5 per cent. In 3 hours time a pronounced spasm of the basilar artery and of its branches is seen to develop up to 80.9 +/- 3.6 per cent and after 24 hours -- up to 73.9 +/- 2.1 per cent. The spasm persists for up to 10 days, but its intensity gradually declines. During subsequent 11--18 days the diameter of the brain base arteries returns back to normal. In control experiments no development of protracted spasm was demonstrated. Hence, it is established that the appearance of fibrinolysis products formed in the spinal fluid consequent upon dissolution of a clot of fibrin containing no blood cells is attended by the development of a protracted spasm involving major arteries of the brain.", "contents": "[Prolonged spasm of the arteries of the base of the brain during experimental fibrinolysis in the subarachnoid space]. An ex tempore mixture of fibrinogen (1%--4 ml) and 0.2 ml thrombin solutions forming a compact clot of fibrin in the subarachnoid space was introduced into the cisterna magna of dogs. To dissolve the fibrin clot 2 ml of a fibrinolysin solution with an activity of 400 units were introduced into the same cisterna 10--15 minutes thereafter. A total of 26 experiments were set up, of which 13 were served as controls with separate introduction of the mixture ingredients. Through serial vertebral angiography with a 50 per cent urotrast solution it was found that following introduction of the fibrinogen and thrombin mixture the lumen of the basilar artery and of its branches contracts on the average up to 89.2 +/- 1 per cent. After introduction of fibrinolysis the diameter of the artery initially increases up to 116.3 +/- 2.5 per cent. In 3 hours time a pronounced spasm of the basilar artery and of its branches is seen to develop up to 80.9 +/- 3.6 per cent and after 24 hours -- up to 73.9 +/- 2.1 per cent. The spasm persists for up to 10 days, but its intensity gradually declines. During subsequent 11--18 days the diameter of the brain base arteries returns back to normal. In control experiments no development of protracted spasm was demonstrated. Hence, it is established that the appearance of fibrinolysis products formed in the spinal fluid consequent upon dissolution of a clot of fibrin containing no blood cells is attended by the development of a protracted spasm involving major arteries of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:128202", "title": "[Histological, histoenzymatic and biochemical study of the liver and small intestine of rats during short periods of starvation].", "content": "The structure and the activity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, alkaline phosphatase and ATP-ase in the liver and small intestine of rats receiving for 20 days a one-time, fixed at a certain time (2 o'clock) feeding was studied morphologically in dynamics in 2, 6, 24 and 48 hours after the last feeding. Furthermore, parallel with this the activity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-glucosidase and beta-acetylglucosaminidase was determined in homogenates by biochemical methods. Alongside the total activity free activity of beta-acetylglucosaminidase and the activity of this enzyme in the blood plasma was defined. It is shown that during fasting, especially by the 48th hour, there takes place a significant activation of lysosomal enzymes both in the liver and in the small intestine (in the cells of the cylindrical epithelium). A significantly increased permeability of lysosomal membranes (mounting free activity of beta-acetylglucosaminidase) in the liver and of plasmic hepatocytes membranes (higher activity of the enzyme in the blood plasma) was also ascertained. The activation of the lysosomal enzymes is considered to be an adaptive reaction of the organism in fasting.", "contents": "[Histological, histoenzymatic and biochemical study of the liver and small intestine of rats during short periods of starvation]. The structure and the activity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, alkaline phosphatase and ATP-ase in the liver and small intestine of rats receiving for 20 days a one-time, fixed at a certain time (2 o'clock) feeding was studied morphologically in dynamics in 2, 6, 24 and 48 hours after the last feeding. Furthermore, parallel with this the activity of acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, alpha-glucosidase and beta-acetylglucosaminidase was determined in homogenates by biochemical methods. Alongside the total activity free activity of beta-acetylglucosaminidase and the activity of this enzyme in the blood plasma was defined. It is shown that during fasting, especially by the 48th hour, there takes place a significant activation of lysosomal enzymes both in the liver and in the small intestine (in the cells of the cylindrical epithelium). A significantly increased permeability of lysosomal membranes (mounting free activity of beta-acetylglucosaminidase) in the liver and of plasmic hepatocytes membranes (higher activity of the enzyme in the blood plasma) was also ascertained. The activation of the lysosomal enzymes is considered to be an adaptive reaction of the organism in fasting."}
{"id": "PMID:128215", "title": "[New protease-inhibitors with broad specificity in the polychaet Sabellastarte indica (Savingny), I (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper we describe new and so far unknown protease inhibitors present in the tentacles of the annelid Sabellastarte indica Savingny. At least five different isoinhibitors with inhibitory activity towards trypsin, plasmin, chymotrypsin and kallikrein can be separated electrophoretically. Our protease inhibitor active material differs from the other well known protease inhibitors found in invertebrates in its high molecular weight, in that it is heat-labile and in the occurrence of the isoelectric point in the weakly acid region. On the other hand, the new protease inhibitors have some similarities to the soybean inhibitor described by Kunitz, and to ovomucoid. We also discuss the possibility that these inhibitors may influence the fibrinolytic system.", "contents": "[New protease-inhibitors with broad specificity in the polychaet Sabellastarte indica (Savingny), I (author's transl)]. In this paper we describe new and so far unknown protease inhibitors present in the tentacles of the annelid Sabellastarte indica Savingny. At least five different isoinhibitors with inhibitory activity towards trypsin, plasmin, chymotrypsin and kallikrein can be separated electrophoretically. Our protease inhibitor active material differs from the other well known protease inhibitors found in invertebrates in its high molecular weight, in that it is heat-labile and in the occurrence of the isoelectric point in the weakly acid region. On the other hand, the new protease inhibitors have some similarities to the soybean inhibitor described by Kunitz, and to ovomucoid. We also discuss the possibility that these inhibitors may influence the fibrinolytic system."}
{"id": "PMID:128216", "title": "The effect of hormone induced stress upon the extent of alkylation of rat liver nucleic acids by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea.", "content": "An examination was made of the effect of treatment with methylating agents of varying carcinogenic potency and with stress inducing hormones upon DNA synthesis in the resting liver of the rat. With the methylating agents an early stimulation of DNA synthesis was observed, but this was depressed below the control levels at later times and with higher doses; hormone administration also resulted in a depression of DNA synthesis but, without any initial stimulation at the dosage employed. Under conditions of induced stress it was found that the extent of reaction of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea with cellular macromolecules was enhanced. This appeared to be a general effect upon the liver cell since both DNA and rRNA were affected in a similar manner.", "contents": "The effect of hormone induced stress upon the extent of alkylation of rat liver nucleic acids by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. An examination was made of the effect of treatment with methylating agents of varying carcinogenic potency and with stress inducing hormones upon DNA synthesis in the resting liver of the rat. With the methylating agents an early stimulation of DNA synthesis was observed, but this was depressed below the control levels at later times and with higher doses; hormone administration also resulted in a depression of DNA synthesis but, without any initial stimulation at the dosage employed. Under conditions of induced stress it was found that the extent of reaction of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea with cellular macromolecules was enhanced. This appeared to be a general effect upon the liver cell since both DNA and rRNA were affected in a similar manner."}
{"id": "PMID:128217", "title": "Strand breakage in rat brain DNA and its repair induced by ethylnitrosourea in vivo.", "content": "The damage and repair of rat brain DNA was studied in vivo after a single carcinogenic dose of ethylnitrosourea. Fragmentation of the brain DNA produced by this carcinogen was demonstrated on alkaline sucrose gradients. By the 24th hrs after treatment with ethylnitrosourea the single-strand damage to DNA was not completely repaired. As the highly differentiated cells of the central nervous system do not proliferate, it is possible that during brain carcinogenesis delayed repair of DNA of primitive cells might be needed for the formation of tumor anlage.", "contents": "Strand breakage in rat brain DNA and its repair induced by ethylnitrosourea in vivo. The damage and repair of rat brain DNA was studied in vivo after a single carcinogenic dose of ethylnitrosourea. Fragmentation of the brain DNA produced by this carcinogen was demonstrated on alkaline sucrose gradients. By the 24th hrs after treatment with ethylnitrosourea the single-strand damage to DNA was not completely repaired. As the highly differentiated cells of the central nervous system do not proliferate, it is possible that during brain carcinogenesis delayed repair of DNA of primitive cells might be needed for the formation of tumor anlage."}
{"id": "PMID:128218", "title": "[Colonization of the mouse liver by transplanted virogenic leukemia cells. Electron microscopic investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "Cells of a virogenic, immature myelogenic leukemia were injected in i.p. in one week old mice, strain NMRI, each animal receiving 10(5), 10(6) or 13(7) cells respectively in 0.2 ml Hanks' BSS. Mice were sacrificed at different times between 10 hrs and 21 days p.i. and liver specimens were prepared for electronmicroscopic studies. 10 hrs p.i. the leukemic cells are found in the sinusoids of the liver and after 30 hrs in the periportal fields. The leukemia cells migrate into the Disse spaces from the sinusoids. The leukemic cells penetrate with cytoplasmic digitations between connected endothelial cells. There is no lytic disintegration of the endothelial cells. The leukemic cells multiply by mitotic division of the Disse spaces, thereby compressing the liver cells. The cell membranes of both cell-types remain intact. Electronmicroscopically no evidence is found of a secretion of enzymes from the leukemia cells that destroy liver cells. Destruction of the liver cells is the consequence of the growth-pressure exerted by the dividing leukemic cells. Within the liver of the recipients the leukemic cells produce RNA-viruses. In the cytoplasm - frequently in the area of the Golgi-field - groups of immature A-particles are formed. In the virus fields the ribosomes disappear. The immature A-particles consist of two concentric electron dense shells. On the surface of the liver cells budding particles and immature C-particles develop. Extracellular mature C-particles with a homogeneous nucleoid and an irregular outer shell may be seen. The formation of viruses is found to be independent of the stage of the leukemia.", "contents": "[Colonization of the mouse liver by transplanted virogenic leukemia cells. Electron microscopic investigations (author's transl)]. Cells of a virogenic, immature myelogenic leukemia were injected in i.p. in one week old mice, strain NMRI, each animal receiving 10(5), 10(6) or 13(7) cells respectively in 0.2 ml Hanks' BSS. Mice were sacrificed at different times between 10 hrs and 21 days p.i. and liver specimens were prepared for electronmicroscopic studies. 10 hrs p.i. the leukemic cells are found in the sinusoids of the liver and after 30 hrs in the periportal fields. The leukemia cells migrate into the Disse spaces from the sinusoids. The leukemic cells penetrate with cytoplasmic digitations between connected endothelial cells. There is no lytic disintegration of the endothelial cells. The leukemic cells multiply by mitotic division of the Disse spaces, thereby compressing the liver cells. The cell membranes of both cell-types remain intact. Electronmicroscopically no evidence is found of a secretion of enzymes from the leukemia cells that destroy liver cells. Destruction of the liver cells is the consequence of the growth-pressure exerted by the dividing leukemic cells. Within the liver of the recipients the leukemic cells produce RNA-viruses. In the cytoplasm - frequently in the area of the Golgi-field - groups of immature A-particles are formed. In the virus fields the ribosomes disappear. The immature A-particles consist of two concentric electron dense shells. On the surface of the liver cells budding particles and immature C-particles develop. Extracellular mature C-particles with a homogeneous nucleoid and an irregular outer shell may be seen. The formation of viruses is found to be independent of the stage of the leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:128219", "title": "[Tumour inhibitory N-(bis--(2-chlorethyl)-aminomethyl)-urethanes (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis of N-[bis-(2-chlorethyl)-aminomethyl]-urethanes (I-VI) and N,N'-di[bis-(2-chlorethyl)-aminomethyl]-urea (VII) and their evaluation on the Yoshida sarcoma of the rat and on the sarcoma 180 of the mouse are described. The antitumor activity of I-VI is based on a reaction mechanism analogous to that of aromatic N-lost-derivatives.", "contents": "[Tumour inhibitory N-(bis--(2-chlorethyl)-aminomethyl)-urethanes (author's transl)]. The synthesis of N-[bis-(2-chlorethyl)-aminomethyl]-urethanes (I-VI) and N,N'-di[bis-(2-chlorethyl)-aminomethyl]-urea (VII) and their evaluation on the Yoshida sarcoma of the rat and on the sarcoma 180 of the mouse are described. The antitumor activity of I-VI is based on a reaction mechanism analogous to that of aromatic N-lost-derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:128220", "title": "Effect of urethan on the synthesis of nucleic acids in thymus, spleen, and bone marrow.", "content": "Urethan, in a single dose of 1 mg/g body weight, exerts a strong inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis in lymphoid organs and bone marrow of rat. The inhibition observed in spleen and thymus is longer lasting than that exerted on bone marrow or regenerating liver, demonstrating a marked sensitivity of lymphoid cells to the drug. This effect can explain the rapid reduction of weight and cell number in thymus and spleen under urethan treatment, in absence of any lymphocytolytic action. The different effect of urethan on the different subpopulations of lymphoid cells therefore appears to be due to their kinetics rather than to a specific sensitivity of some of them.", "contents": "Effect of urethan on the synthesis of nucleic acids in thymus, spleen, and bone marrow. Urethan, in a single dose of 1 mg/g body weight, exerts a strong inhibitory effect on DNA synthesis in lymphoid organs and bone marrow of rat. The inhibition observed in spleen and thymus is longer lasting than that exerted on bone marrow or regenerating liver, demonstrating a marked sensitivity of lymphoid cells to the drug. This effect can explain the rapid reduction of weight and cell number in thymus and spleen under urethan treatment, in absence of any lymphocytolytic action. The different effect of urethan on the different subpopulations of lymphoid cells therefore appears to be due to their kinetics rather than to a specific sensitivity of some of them."}
{"id": "PMID:128221", "title": "On the active principles of the spurge family. III. Skin irritant and cocarcinogenic factors from the caper spurge.", "content": "The toxic and irritant principles of the seed oil and of the latex of the caper spurge (Euphorbia lathyris L.) were isolated together with several non irritants of similar chemical structure. From the seed oil two irritant Euphorbia factors L5 and L6 and from the latex a mixture of irritant Euphorbia factors were obtained. Euphorbia factor L5 was identified as 3-hexadecanoate of the new tetracyclic, poly-functional diterpene parent alcohol ingenol. Euphorbia factor L6 most probably is the 3-tetradeca-2,4,6,8,10-penta-enoic acid ester of ingenol. The mixture of Euphorbia factors was shown to contain esters of ingenol and of 16-hydroxy-ingenol, respectively, each containing a long chain unsaturated fatty acid, most probably in 3-position. The non irritants from the seed oil comprise ingenol-20-hexadecanoate (compound L4) and several esters of macrocyclic diterpenes of the new lathyrol type (compounds L1-L3, L8, and possibly L7). Compound L4 is a positional isomer of Euphorbia factor L5 and most probably an artefact formed during the isolation procedure. The macrocyclic diterpenes are of interest as possible intermediates in the biogenesis of tetracyclic diterpene parents of cocarcinogenic esters. The parent alcohols ingenol and 16-hydroxy-ingenol are inactive irritants. As compared to croton oil factor A1 (TPA), Euphorbia factor L5 exhibits about 1/10 of its irritant activity on the ear and about 1/10 of its cocarcinogenic activity on the back skin of mice. As an irritant Euphorbia factor L6 shows about 1/5 of the activity of A1. Structure/activity relationships of ingenol and phorbol esters and the possible role of cocarcinogens of plant origin as second order carcinogenic risk factors are discussed.", "contents": "On the active principles of the spurge family. III. Skin irritant and cocarcinogenic factors from the caper spurge. The toxic and irritant principles of the seed oil and of the latex of the caper spurge (Euphorbia lathyris L.) were isolated together with several non irritants of similar chemical structure. From the seed oil two irritant Euphorbia factors L5 and L6 and from the latex a mixture of irritant Euphorbia factors were obtained. Euphorbia factor L5 was identified as 3-hexadecanoate of the new tetracyclic, poly-functional diterpene parent alcohol ingenol. Euphorbia factor L6 most probably is the 3-tetradeca-2,4,6,8,10-penta-enoic acid ester of ingenol. The mixture of Euphorbia factors was shown to contain esters of ingenol and of 16-hydroxy-ingenol, respectively, each containing a long chain unsaturated fatty acid, most probably in 3-position. The non irritants from the seed oil comprise ingenol-20-hexadecanoate (compound L4) and several esters of macrocyclic diterpenes of the new lathyrol type (compounds L1-L3, L8, and possibly L7). Compound L4 is a positional isomer of Euphorbia factor L5 and most probably an artefact formed during the isolation procedure. The macrocyclic diterpenes are of interest as possible intermediates in the biogenesis of tetracyclic diterpene parents of cocarcinogenic esters. The parent alcohols ingenol and 16-hydroxy-ingenol are inactive irritants. As compared to croton oil factor A1 (TPA), Euphorbia factor L5 exhibits about 1/10 of its irritant activity on the ear and about 1/10 of its cocarcinogenic activity on the back skin of mice. As an irritant Euphorbia factor L6 shows about 1/5 of the activity of A1. Structure/activity relationships of ingenol and phorbol esters and the possible role of cocarcinogens of plant origin as second order carcinogenic risk factors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128222", "title": "[On the relation between lobular angiomatosis and angiosarcomas of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "A 38 year old woman showed first a lobular angiomatosis of the breast with regular neoplastic capillaries. After about one year multiple nodules of an agniosarcoma appeared. Their origin from the angiomatosis is suggested by the sequence of the lesions and for topical and histogenetic reasons.", "contents": "[On the relation between lobular angiomatosis and angiosarcomas of the breast (author's transl)]. A 38 year old woman showed first a lobular angiomatosis of the breast with regular neoplastic capillaries. After about one year multiple nodules of an agniosarcoma appeared. Their origin from the angiomatosis is suggested by the sequence of the lesions and for topical and histogenetic reasons."}
{"id": "PMID:128247", "title": "[Malalignment of lumbar spine with lumbar PID (author's transl)].", "content": "In 322 cases of lumbar PID proved by myelography the radiologically recognizeable malalignment of the lumbar spine was related to site and direction of the prolaps. Scoliosis towards the side of the prolapse was seen in about 70 per cent. Scoliosis convex towards the normal side was significantly more common with right-sided than with left-sided prolapses. Scoliosis was the more pronounced the higher the site of prolapse. The degree of lumbar lordosis, too, appeared to depend on the level of prolapse. The lower the prolapse the less the lordosis. In the individual case one cannot draw any conclusions as to site or direction of a prolapse from radiologically detectable malalignment.", "contents": "[Malalignment of lumbar spine with lumbar PID (author's transl)]. In 322 cases of lumbar PID proved by myelography the radiologically recognizeable malalignment of the lumbar spine was related to site and direction of the prolaps. Scoliosis towards the side of the prolapse was seen in about 70 per cent. Scoliosis convex towards the normal side was significantly more common with right-sided than with left-sided prolapses. Scoliosis was the more pronounced the higher the site of prolapse. The degree of lumbar lordosis, too, appeared to depend on the level of prolapse. The lower the prolapse the less the lordosis. In the individual case one cannot draw any conclusions as to site or direction of a prolapse from radiologically detectable malalignment."}
{"id": "PMID:128248", "title": "[Local vitamin A acid therapy in palmar/plantar hyperkeratoses (authors transl)].", "content": "Up to date, the treatment of palmar/plantar hyperkeratoses presents a therapeutic problem. The known therapeutic procedures result in short-term improvement only, if any at all. In these investigations involving 68 patients suffering from palmar/plantar hyperkeratoses of different etiology, small doses of vitamin A acid locally applied, produced a striking improvement in hypertrophic lichen planus of palms or soles: the regression was complete and in most cases permanent. The skin texture of patients with genetic keratoses and callosities became normal within a few weeks: but this condition remained free of symptoms only as long as vitamin A acid was used as a maintenance dose once or twice weekly. In hyperkeratotic eczema, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and verrucae plantaris vitamin A acid locally applied was found to be unsuitable for treatment. The possible side effects of this treatment are mentioned. Several possibilities regarding the way of action of vitamin A acid are discussed.", "contents": "[Local vitamin A acid therapy in palmar/plantar hyperkeratoses (authors transl)]. Up to date, the treatment of palmar/plantar hyperkeratoses presents a therapeutic problem. The known therapeutic procedures result in short-term improvement only, if any at all. In these investigations involving 68 patients suffering from palmar/plantar hyperkeratoses of different etiology, small doses of vitamin A acid locally applied, produced a striking improvement in hypertrophic lichen planus of palms or soles: the regression was complete and in most cases permanent. The skin texture of patients with genetic keratoses and callosities became normal within a few weeks: but this condition remained free of symptoms only as long as vitamin A acid was used as a maintenance dose once or twice weekly. In hyperkeratotic eczema, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and verrucae plantaris vitamin A acid locally applied was found to be unsuitable for treatment. The possible side effects of this treatment are mentioned. Several possibilities regarding the way of action of vitamin A acid are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128266", "title": "Bacteriophage P13234mo-mediated intra- and intergroup transduction of antibiotic resistance among streptococci.", "content": "Numerous streptococcal strains representing serogroups A, C, and G were tested for transducibility to antibiotic resistance by the temperate Group A streptococcal phage P13234mo. The resistance markers carried by Group A donor strains included the ERL1 factor determining inducible resistance to erythromycin, lincomycin and streptogramin-B type antibiotics as well as chromosomally located mutations for streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance. ERL1, presumably of plasmid nature, was transduced to each of the 36 Group A strains, 10 of the 16 Group C strains, and 1 of the 10 Group G strains tested. Transduction of streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance occurred at lower frequencies than ERL1 transduction, the percentage of transducible Group A strains was lower for these markers than for ERL1, and intergroup transduction was not observed. The effective in-vitro dissemination of resistance factors such as ERL1 by broad host range phages like P13234mo may have some bearing on the marked increase of the incidence of erythromycin and lincomycin resistant streptococci of several serogroups in clinical specimens.", "contents": "Bacteriophage P13234mo-mediated intra- and intergroup transduction of antibiotic resistance among streptococci. Numerous streptococcal strains representing serogroups A, C, and G were tested for transducibility to antibiotic resistance by the temperate Group A streptococcal phage P13234mo. The resistance markers carried by Group A donor strains included the ERL1 factor determining inducible resistance to erythromycin, lincomycin and streptogramin-B type antibiotics as well as chromosomally located mutations for streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance. ERL1, presumably of plasmid nature, was transduced to each of the 36 Group A strains, 10 of the 16 Group C strains, and 1 of the 10 Group G strains tested. Transduction of streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance occurred at lower frequencies than ERL1 transduction, the percentage of transducible Group A strains was lower for these markers than for ERL1, and intergroup transduction was not observed. The effective in-vitro dissemination of resistance factors such as ERL1 by broad host range phages like P13234mo may have some bearing on the marked increase of the incidence of erythromycin and lincomycin resistant streptococci of several serogroups in clinical specimens."}
{"id": "PMID:128269", "title": "[Interrelationships between serum and secretory antibodies in immunization with live influenza vaccine].", "content": "A study was made of the accumulation of antibodies in the blood serum and the secretions of the respiratory tracts of persons immunized with the living influenza vaccine. The duration of inductive phase and the dynamics of the antibody accumulation in the secretions occurred irrespective of their initial level in the blood sera, this pointing to the autonomic character of the local immunity system. On the other hand the functional condition of the system of local immunity influenced the intensity of the antibody formation in the system of the general immunity. If before the immunization the antibody titre in the secretions were 1:4 and greater, the antibody accumulation in the blood sera took place less intensively. An analogous phenomenon was also observed when the antibodies were absent in the secretions before the immunization, but their formation took place as soon as the first week after it. The mechanism of this peculiar \"competition for the antigen\" of the systems of local and general immunity consisted in the neutralization of the influenza virus in the area of the porta of infection.", "contents": "[Interrelationships between serum and secretory antibodies in immunization with live influenza vaccine]. A study was made of the accumulation of antibodies in the blood serum and the secretions of the respiratory tracts of persons immunized with the living influenza vaccine. The duration of inductive phase and the dynamics of the antibody accumulation in the secretions occurred irrespective of their initial level in the blood sera, this pointing to the autonomic character of the local immunity system. On the other hand the functional condition of the system of local immunity influenced the intensity of the antibody formation in the system of the general immunity. If before the immunization the antibody titre in the secretions were 1:4 and greater, the antibody accumulation in the blood sera took place less intensively. An analogous phenomenon was also observed when the antibodies were absent in the secretions before the immunization, but their formation took place as soon as the first week after it. The mechanism of this peculiar \"competition for the antigen\" of the systems of local and general immunity consisted in the neutralization of the influenza virus in the area of the porta of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:128270", "title": "[Antibodies to the lipoproteinase of group A hemolytic streptococci in the blood of healthy and ill persons].", "content": "In examining 170 samples of blood sera of healthy and sick individuals it was shown that with the aid of a simple and express antilipoproteinase test it was possible not only to reveal, but also to determine the titre of specific antibodies to the lipoproteinases of various serological M-types (2, 4, 22/12, 22 and 49) of a hemolytic streptoccus, group A. The antibodies to the enzymes were frequently revealed in the sera of adults and older children. The results obtained were still inadequate for the epidemiological or clinico-immunological analysis, but pointed to the principal possibility of using the antilipoproteinase test for the mentioned purpose.", "contents": "[Antibodies to the lipoproteinase of group A hemolytic streptococci in the blood of healthy and ill persons]. In examining 170 samples of blood sera of healthy and sick individuals it was shown that with the aid of a simple and express antilipoproteinase test it was possible not only to reveal, but also to determine the titre of specific antibodies to the lipoproteinases of various serological M-types (2, 4, 22/12, 22 and 49) of a hemolytic streptoccus, group A. The antibodies to the enzymes were frequently revealed in the sera of adults and older children. The results obtained were still inadequate for the epidemiological or clinico-immunological analysis, but pointed to the principal possibility of using the antilipoproteinase test for the mentioned purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:128272", "title": "[Immunoprophylaxis of epidemic parotitis].", "content": "Specific prophylaxis against epidemic parotitis is considered to be necessary. It is epidemiologically justifyable at first to conduct selective immunization with the monovaccine of children aged over one year (in creches and kindergartens) and schoolchildren (and 10-year-olds inclusively) who had had no epidemic parotitis, and later to vaccinate children over one year newly-admitted to the creches, kindergartens and schools. In order to bring to the minimum the risk of supervention of the living parotitis vaccine on the asymptomatic infectious process it is necessary to conduct the vaccination at the period between the end and the beginning of the stable seasonal rise, which in Leningrad falls on the period between the second decades of August and October.", "contents": "[Immunoprophylaxis of epidemic parotitis]. Specific prophylaxis against epidemic parotitis is considered to be necessary. It is epidemiologically justifyable at first to conduct selective immunization with the monovaccine of children aged over one year (in creches and kindergartens) and schoolchildren (and 10-year-olds inclusively) who had had no epidemic parotitis, and later to vaccinate children over one year newly-admitted to the creches, kindergartens and schools. In order to bring to the minimum the risk of supervention of the living parotitis vaccine on the asymptomatic infectious process it is necessary to conduct the vaccination at the period between the end and the beginning of the stable seasonal rise, which in Leningrad falls on the period between the second decades of August and October."}
{"id": "PMID:128274", "title": "A technique for monitoring endometrial or decidual blood flow with an intra-uterine thermistor probe.", "content": "A technique is described for studying endometrial or decidual blood flow by introducing a thermistor, mounted in a flexible catheter, into the uterus. The technique was first tested in model experiments and in the pregnant rabbit and was then used to study the blood flow of the human uterus. In pregnant women, the thermistor was introduced between the decidua and fetal membranes, and in non-pregnant women, it was applied to the endometrium of the fundus. Intra-uterine pressure was recorded simultaneously. No complications were encountered in either pregnant or non-pregnant patients. Decidual or endometrial blood flow remained steady over long periods. There were transient fluctuations about the mean level, usually associated with myometrial contractions, but these could easily be distinguished from changes in the level of blood flow evoked by administration of vasoactive drugs.", "contents": "A technique for monitoring endometrial or decidual blood flow with an intra-uterine thermistor probe. A technique is described for studying endometrial or decidual blood flow by introducing a thermistor, mounted in a flexible catheter, into the uterus. The technique was first tested in model experiments and in the pregnant rabbit and was then used to study the blood flow of the human uterus. In pregnant women, the thermistor was introduced between the decidua and fetal membranes, and in non-pregnant women, it was applied to the endometrium of the fundus. Intra-uterine pressure was recorded simultaneously. No complications were encountered in either pregnant or non-pregnant patients. Decidual or endometrial blood flow remained steady over long periods. There were transient fluctuations about the mean level, usually associated with myometrial contractions, but these could easily be distinguished from changes in the level of blood flow evoked by administration of vasoactive drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:128276", "title": "A case of disseminated hemangiomatosis with cutaneous, hepatic and skeletal manifestations and increased urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans.", "content": "A case of disseminated hemangiomatosis with cutaneous hepatic and extensive skeletal manifestations is reported. The diagnosis was established by means of bone X-ray, hepatic angiography, and skin and bone biopsies. A moderately increased urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was found. The main GAG fraction excreted was tentatively identified as a heparan sulphate.", "contents": "A case of disseminated hemangiomatosis with cutaneous, hepatic and skeletal manifestations and increased urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans. A case of disseminated hemangiomatosis with cutaneous hepatic and extensive skeletal manifestations is reported. The diagnosis was established by means of bone X-ray, hepatic angiography, and skin and bone biopsies. A moderately increased urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) was found. The main GAG fraction excreted was tentatively identified as a heparan sulphate."}
{"id": "PMID:128275", "title": "Increased lymphocyte ATP-ase activity in patients with carcinomas of the oral cavity and larynx.", "content": "Increased mitochondrial ATP-ase activity was found in circulating lymphocytes from 5 out of 8 patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx and from 5 out of 10 patients with carcinoma of the larynx. In a majority of these cases changes in the ATP-ase activity after treatment paralled to the clinical result of treatment. It is suggested that determination of ATP-ase activity of circulating lymphocytes is of diagnostic value in patients with oral, oropharyngeal and laryngeal carcinomas as well as prognostic value after treatment of the patients.", "contents": "Increased lymphocyte ATP-ase activity in patients with carcinomas of the oral cavity and larynx. Increased mitochondrial ATP-ase activity was found in circulating lymphocytes from 5 out of 8 patients with carcinoma of the oral cavity or oropharynx and from 5 out of 10 patients with carcinoma of the larynx. In a majority of these cases changes in the ATP-ase activity after treatment paralled to the clinical result of treatment. It is suggested that determination of ATP-ase activity of circulating lymphocytes is of diagnostic value in patients with oral, oropharyngeal and laryngeal carcinomas as well as prognostic value after treatment of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:128282", "title": "Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic correlations in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "The ECG and Frank VCG were compared to the hemodynamic findings in 33 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in whom cardiac catheterization had excluded concomitant valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, or occlusive coronary artery disease. The patients were divided into two groups according to the absence (Group I) or presence (Group II) of left ventricular hypertrophy on the ECG and/or VCG. The 11 patients in Group I were found to have neither mitral insufficiency nor a resting left intraventricular gradient, and only six patients in whom mitral valve movement was visualized demonstrated systolic anterior movement of the anterior leaflet. The papillary muscles and left ventricular wall were either normal or only mildly hypertrophied in 10 of 11 Group I patients. Group II (22 patients) demonstrated either a resting left intraventricular gradient and/or mitral insufficiency in 18 patients. Twenty-one of the 22 patients showed systolic anterior movement of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve on a cineangiogram and the papillary muscles and left ventricular wall were moderately to severely hypertrophied in 18 patients. These data suggest that specific hemodynamic and anatomic characteristics of hypertrophic subaortic stenosis may be predicted with reasonable accuracy from the ECG and VCG.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic and hemodynamic correlations in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. The ECG and Frank VCG were compared to the hemodynamic findings in 33 patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in whom cardiac catheterization had excluded concomitant valvular heart disease, congenital heart disease, or occlusive coronary artery disease. The patients were divided into two groups according to the absence (Group I) or presence (Group II) of left ventricular hypertrophy on the ECG and/or VCG. The 11 patients in Group I were found to have neither mitral insufficiency nor a resting left intraventricular gradient, and only six patients in whom mitral valve movement was visualized demonstrated systolic anterior movement of the anterior leaflet. The papillary muscles and left ventricular wall were either normal or only mildly hypertrophied in 10 of 11 Group I patients. Group II (22 patients) demonstrated either a resting left intraventricular gradient and/or mitral insufficiency in 18 patients. Twenty-one of the 22 patients showed systolic anterior movement of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve on a cineangiogram and the papillary muscles and left ventricular wall were moderately to severely hypertrophied in 18 patients. These data suggest that specific hemodynamic and anatomic characteristics of hypertrophic subaortic stenosis may be predicted with reasonable accuracy from the ECG and VCG."}
{"id": "PMID:128283", "title": "Correlation of heart size with clinical and hemodynamic findings in patients with coronary artery disease.", "content": "The clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic findings were correlated with the heart size in 207 patients with proved coronary artery disease. Cardiomegaly was noted in 34 patients and normal heart size in 173. In these two groups, the patients' age range, duration of disease, and history of myocardial infarction were similar. There was no statistical difference in incidence of shortness of breath, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, or abnormal glucose tolerance. Patients with cardiomegaly had a significantly higher incidence of congestive heart failure (26 per cent) as compared to patients with normal heart size (2.9 per cent) (P less than 0.001). Patients with enlarged heart presented a high incidence of anterior wall or multiple myocardial infarction (73 per cent) (P less than 0.001). The cardiomegaly group had a high incidence of elevated end-diastolic volumes, elevated end-diastolic pressures, and diminished ejection fractions when compared to patients with normal heart size (P less than 0.01). Double and triple coronary artery disease was more frequent in patients with cardiomegaly and total coronary score was also higher in this group (P less than 0.005). Asynergy was present in 55 per cent of patients with normal heart size but in 82 per cent of those with enlarged hearts (P less than 0.01). The group of patients with cardiomegaly and documented congestive heart failure had ejection fractions less than 0.30. Cardiac catheterization is probably not advisable in these patients in the absence of associated significant mitral regurgitation, ventricular septal defect, or ventricular aneurysm.", "contents": "Correlation of heart size with clinical and hemodynamic findings in patients with coronary artery disease. The clinical, hemodynamic, and angiographic findings were correlated with the heart size in 207 patients with proved coronary artery disease. Cardiomegaly was noted in 34 patients and normal heart size in 173. In these two groups, the patients' age range, duration of disease, and history of myocardial infarction were similar. There was no statistical difference in incidence of shortness of breath, hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy, or abnormal glucose tolerance. Patients with cardiomegaly had a significantly higher incidence of congestive heart failure (26 per cent) as compared to patients with normal heart size (2.9 per cent) (P less than 0.001). Patients with enlarged heart presented a high incidence of anterior wall or multiple myocardial infarction (73 per cent) (P less than 0.001). The cardiomegaly group had a high incidence of elevated end-diastolic volumes, elevated end-diastolic pressures, and diminished ejection fractions when compared to patients with normal heart size (P less than 0.01). Double and triple coronary artery disease was more frequent in patients with cardiomegaly and total coronary score was also higher in this group (P less than 0.005). Asynergy was present in 55 per cent of patients with normal heart size but in 82 per cent of those with enlarged hearts (P less than 0.01). The group of patients with cardiomegaly and documented congestive heart failure had ejection fractions less than 0.30. Cardiac catheterization is probably not advisable in these patients in the absence of associated significant mitral regurgitation, ventricular septal defect, or ventricular aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:128284", "title": "High reliability rates of spatial pattern analysis by vectorcardiogram in assessing the severity of eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "In 33 patients, including 12 control subjects and 21 with eccentric LVH, LV mass determined by angiocardiogram was correlated to 26 VCG measurements (Frank system) calculated from the scalar X, Y, and Z leads. The results demonstrated that the most reliable indices of VCG in assessing the severity of eccentric LVH determined by angiocardiogram were the magnitude of the spatial mean QRS vector and the time of the spatial maximal QRS vector (\"spatial VAT\"), of which correlation coefficients were 0.93 and 0.93, respectively. Such high correlation coefficients have never been obtained with the usual ECG analysis. These findings strongly suggest that (1) increased QRS voltage and usual prolonged QRS duration in eccentric LVH are due to an increase in LV mass, and (2) prolonged VAT observed in eccentric LVH is closely related to an anatomic alteration, namely, the greater distance of intra-ventricular conducting pathways as the result of LV dilatation, as an increase in LV mass is usually paralleled by the grade of the chamber enlargement in this type of LVH. Regarding the T loop, correlations between the LV mass and the VCG measurements were less as compared to those of the QRS loop. In general, T changes in moderate or severe LVH may be also related to a certain altered cardiac muscle state, in addition to an increase in LV mass. Angiocardiographic and light microscopic findings of a patient with eccentric LVH in whom a widened QRS-T angle was demonstrated to an extent much more than that expected with an increase in LV mass are presented and discussed. The spatial pattern analysis by VCG is very useful and reliable in assessing the severity of eccentric LVH.", "contents": "High reliability rates of spatial pattern analysis by vectorcardiogram in assessing the severity of eccentric left ventricular hypertrophy. In 33 patients, including 12 control subjects and 21 with eccentric LVH, LV mass determined by angiocardiogram was correlated to 26 VCG measurements (Frank system) calculated from the scalar X, Y, and Z leads. The results demonstrated that the most reliable indices of VCG in assessing the severity of eccentric LVH determined by angiocardiogram were the magnitude of the spatial mean QRS vector and the time of the spatial maximal QRS vector (\"spatial VAT\"), of which correlation coefficients were 0.93 and 0.93, respectively. Such high correlation coefficients have never been obtained with the usual ECG analysis. These findings strongly suggest that (1) increased QRS voltage and usual prolonged QRS duration in eccentric LVH are due to an increase in LV mass, and (2) prolonged VAT observed in eccentric LVH is closely related to an anatomic alteration, namely, the greater distance of intra-ventricular conducting pathways as the result of LV dilatation, as an increase in LV mass is usually paralleled by the grade of the chamber enlargement in this type of LVH. Regarding the T loop, correlations between the LV mass and the VCG measurements were less as compared to those of the QRS loop. In general, T changes in moderate or severe LVH may be also related to a certain altered cardiac muscle state, in addition to an increase in LV mass. Angiocardiographic and light microscopic findings of a patient with eccentric LVH in whom a widened QRS-T angle was demonstrated to an extent much more than that expected with an increase in LV mass are presented and discussed. The spatial pattern analysis by VCG is very useful and reliable in assessing the severity of eccentric LVH."}
{"id": "PMID:128285", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "The echocardiographic features of tetralogy of Fallot were defined in 25 patients with this malformation proved by cardiac catheterization. The echocardiographic characteristic that was present in all patients and that was most sensitive was the abrupt ending of the interventricular septal echoes with the aorta overriding the ventricular septal defect. The following additional echocardiographic features were frequently demonstrated in these 25 patients: right ventricular enlargement (20 patients), hypertrophy of the interventricular septum (20 patients), diminution of the right ventricular outflow tract (21 patients) and widening of the aorta (24 patients). The suggestion is made that the most specific echocardiographic pattern of tetralogy of Fallot is the finding of several echocardiographic abnormalities rather than the single feature of aortic overriding. Recognition of the altered anatomic relation coupled with a complete echocardiographic evaluation of all cardiac structures is a reliable means of diagnosing tetralogy of Fallot.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of tetralogy of Fallot. The echocardiographic features of tetralogy of Fallot were defined in 25 patients with this malformation proved by cardiac catheterization. The echocardiographic characteristic that was present in all patients and that was most sensitive was the abrupt ending of the interventricular septal echoes with the aorta overriding the ventricular septal defect. The following additional echocardiographic features were frequently demonstrated in these 25 patients: right ventricular enlargement (20 patients), hypertrophy of the interventricular septum (20 patients), diminution of the right ventricular outflow tract (21 patients) and widening of the aorta (24 patients). The suggestion is made that the most specific echocardiographic pattern of tetralogy of Fallot is the finding of several echocardiographic abnormalities rather than the single feature of aortic overriding. Recognition of the altered anatomic relation coupled with a complete echocardiographic evaluation of all cardiac structures is a reliable means of diagnosing tetralogy of Fallot."}
{"id": "PMID:128286", "title": "Severe alcoholic cardiomyopathy reversed with abstention from alcohol.", "content": "In a chronic alcoholic with a severe congestive cardiomyopathy the angiographic and hemodynamic evidence of left ventricular dysfunction was completely reversed after 1 year of abstinence. At the time of initial presentation two of the traditional hallmarks of a poor prognosis were present, namely, a long exposure to alcohol before the onset of symptoms and severe diffuse left ventricular dilation and hypokinesis (ejection fraction 14.9 percent). Yet, today, 18 months later he is asymptomatic, receiving no medications and has normal left ventricular function. A reexamination of prognostic factors in alcoholic cardiomyopathy may be indicated.", "contents": "Severe alcoholic cardiomyopathy reversed with abstention from alcohol. In a chronic alcoholic with a severe congestive cardiomyopathy the angiographic and hemodynamic evidence of left ventricular dysfunction was completely reversed after 1 year of abstinence. At the time of initial presentation two of the traditional hallmarks of a poor prognosis were present, namely, a long exposure to alcohol before the onset of symptoms and severe diffuse left ventricular dilation and hypokinesis (ejection fraction 14.9 percent). Yet, today, 18 months later he is asymptomatic, receiving no medications and has normal left ventricular function. A reexamination of prognostic factors in alcoholic cardiomyopathy may be indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:128287", "title": "Clinical evaluation of a new measles-mumps-rubella trivalent vaccine.", "content": "In a series of clinical studies of a combined measles (Schwarz strain), mumps (Jeryl Lynn strain), and rubella (Cendehill strain) vaccine, 1,481 children received the vaccine or a placebo. The vaccine did not cause any significant reactions. The frequencies of mild, transient fever or rash or both in triple-susceptible vaccinees were similar to those that follow use of Schwarz strain measles vaccine alone. Measles, mumps, and rubella seroconversion rates in triple-susceptible vaccinees ranged from 95% to 100%. Geometric mean antibody titers were as high as those that usually result from use of these same virus strains as monovalent vaccines.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of a new measles-mumps-rubella trivalent vaccine. In a series of clinical studies of a combined measles (Schwarz strain), mumps (Jeryl Lynn strain), and rubella (Cendehill strain) vaccine, 1,481 children received the vaccine or a placebo. The vaccine did not cause any significant reactions. The frequencies of mild, transient fever or rash or both in triple-susceptible vaccinees were similar to those that follow use of Schwarz strain measles vaccine alone. Measles, mumps, and rubella seroconversion rates in triple-susceptible vaccinees ranged from 95% to 100%. Geometric mean antibody titers were as high as those that usually result from use of these same virus strains as monovalent vaccines."}
{"id": "PMID:128288", "title": "Echocardiographic studies of left ventricular disease in Ullrich-Noonan syndrome.", "content": "Echocardiography has been used for cardiovascular evaluation of individuals and families with Ullrich-Noonan syndrome. Previously undiagnosed left ventricular disease has been found as a discrete lesion or in association with other cardiac abnormalities. This raises the estimated frequency of heart disease in the Ullrich-Noonan syndrome to about 50%. Since left ventricular disease in this syndrome may not be entirely typical of asymmetric septal hypertrophy, caution should be exercised in the echocardiographic diagnosis. To date, one notable difference between the echocardiograms in these patients and other patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy is the absence of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. Since the most common cardiac lesion the the Ullrich-Noonan syndrome is pulmonary stenosis, the potential for septal thickening produced by severe pulmonary stenosis must also be taken into account.", "contents": "Echocardiographic studies of left ventricular disease in Ullrich-Noonan syndrome. Echocardiography has been used for cardiovascular evaluation of individuals and families with Ullrich-Noonan syndrome. Previously undiagnosed left ventricular disease has been found as a discrete lesion or in association with other cardiac abnormalities. This raises the estimated frequency of heart disease in the Ullrich-Noonan syndrome to about 50%. Since left ventricular disease in this syndrome may not be entirely typical of asymmetric septal hypertrophy, caution should be exercised in the echocardiographic diagnosis. To date, one notable difference between the echocardiograms in these patients and other patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy is the absence of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. Since the most common cardiac lesion the the Ullrich-Noonan syndrome is pulmonary stenosis, the potential for septal thickening produced by severe pulmonary stenosis must also be taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:128289", "title": "Paraprosthetic-enteric fistula. Role of Preoperative endoscopy.", "content": "A case of paraprosthetic-enteric fistula occurring after aortic aneurysectomy and Dacron graft placement is reported. Two and one-half years after aneurysectomy, the patient presented with the problems of fever of obscure origin, arthralgias, and anemia. The diagnosis of paraprosthetic-enteric fistula was made preoperatively by endoscopy. The role of endoscopy in the evaluation of postaneurysectomy complications is emphasized.", "contents": "Paraprosthetic-enteric fistula. Role of Preoperative endoscopy. A case of paraprosthetic-enteric fistula occurring after aortic aneurysectomy and Dacron graft placement is reported. Two and one-half years after aneurysectomy, the patient presented with the problems of fever of obscure origin, arthralgias, and anemia. The diagnosis of paraprosthetic-enteric fistula was made preoperatively by endoscopy. The role of endoscopy in the evaluation of postaneurysectomy complications is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:128290", "title": "The role of additives in allergic vasculitis during intravenous hyperalimentation.", "content": "A 39-year-old woman who had previously undergone a jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity was receiving intravenous hyperalimentation. The patient developed allergic vasculitis while receiving fluid which contained a multi-vitamin solution. Rechallenge with this preparation resulted in an exacerbation of her skin lesions. The possible role of such additives in the development of unusual hypersensitivity reactions is discussed.", "contents": "The role of additives in allergic vasculitis during intravenous hyperalimentation. A 39-year-old woman who had previously undergone a jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity was receiving intravenous hyperalimentation. The patient developed allergic vasculitis while receiving fluid which contained a multi-vitamin solution. Rechallenge with this preparation resulted in an exacerbation of her skin lesions. The possible role of such additives in the development of unusual hypersensitivity reactions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128291", "title": "Kniest syndrome with dominant inheritance and mucopolysacchariduria.", "content": "A mother and daughter with clinical and radiographic findings typical of the Kniest syndrome are reported. It is apparent that this syndrome is dominantly inherited and that sporadic cases may represent fresh mutations. Abnormally high keratan sulfate excretion was found, indicating that the Kniest syndrome is a mucopolysacchariduria.", "contents": "Kniest syndrome with dominant inheritance and mucopolysacchariduria. A mother and daughter with clinical and radiographic findings typical of the Kniest syndrome are reported. It is apparent that this syndrome is dominantly inherited and that sporadic cases may represent fresh mutations. Abnormally high keratan sulfate excretion was found, indicating that the Kniest syndrome is a mucopolysacchariduria."}
{"id": "PMID:128292", "title": "Nephropathy associated with sickle cell anemia: an autologous immune complex nephritis. II. Clinicopathologic study of seven patients.", "content": "A variety of renal structural and functional abnormalities have been associated with sickle cell disease. To define the relationship between the hemoglobinopathy and glomerular disease, clinicopathologic correlations, renal morphologic, ultrastructural immunohistologic and functional studies were performed on seven patients with clinical and laboratory evidence of glomerular disease. In addition, immunologic studies including isolation and characterization of cryoprecipitable immune complexes, and determination of immunoglobulin, total complement and complement component levels, and antibody titers to several antigens were performed in an attempt to define the etiologic and pathogenic mechanisms of the renal disease and its relationship to sickle cell anemia. Proteinuria was presnet in all patients. The nephrotic syndrome, hypertension, hematuria and renal insufficiency were found in more than one half the patients. All patients had membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis of varying degree; glomerular basement membrane splitting, electron dense deposits in the glomerulus; interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and hemosiderin deposits were frequent. Immunoglobulin complement components (classif complement pathway) and renal tubular epithelial antigen were distributed in a granular pattern along the glomerular basement membranes of all patients studied by these methods. Cyroprecipitable complexes of renal tubular epithelial antigen-antibody to renal tubular epithelial antigen as well as antibody to renal epithelial antigen were detected in the circulation of some patients. There was no serologic evidence of activation of the alternate complement pathway. These studies demonstrated an immune deposit normocomplementemic nephritis associated with sickle cell anemia; they further support our hypothesis that the relationship is more then coincidental, and is mediated by glomerular deposition of immune complexes of renal tubular epithelial antigen-antibody to renal tubular epithelial antigen, the antigen possibly released after tubular damage secondary to oxygenation and hemodynamic alterations related to sickle cell disease.", "contents": "Nephropathy associated with sickle cell anemia: an autologous immune complex nephritis. II. Clinicopathologic study of seven patients. A variety of renal structural and functional abnormalities have been associated with sickle cell disease. To define the relationship between the hemoglobinopathy and glomerular disease, clinicopathologic correlations, renal morphologic, ultrastructural immunohistologic and functional studies were performed on seven patients with clinical and laboratory evidence of glomerular disease. In addition, immunologic studies including isolation and characterization of cryoprecipitable immune complexes, and determination of immunoglobulin, total complement and complement component levels, and antibody titers to several antigens were performed in an attempt to define the etiologic and pathogenic mechanisms of the renal disease and its relationship to sickle cell anemia. Proteinuria was presnet in all patients. The nephrotic syndrome, hypertension, hematuria and renal insufficiency were found in more than one half the patients. All patients had membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis of varying degree; glomerular basement membrane splitting, electron dense deposits in the glomerulus; interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and hemosiderin deposits were frequent. Immunoglobulin complement components (classif complement pathway) and renal tubular epithelial antigen were distributed in a granular pattern along the glomerular basement membranes of all patients studied by these methods. Cyroprecipitable complexes of renal tubular epithelial antigen-antibody to renal tubular epithelial antigen as well as antibody to renal epithelial antigen were detected in the circulation of some patients. There was no serologic evidence of activation of the alternate complement pathway. These studies demonstrated an immune deposit normocomplementemic nephritis associated with sickle cell anemia; they further support our hypothesis that the relationship is more then coincidental, and is mediated by glomerular deposition of immune complexes of renal tubular epithelial antigen-antibody to renal tubular epithelial antigen, the antigen possibly released after tubular damage secondary to oxygenation and hemodynamic alterations related to sickle cell disease."}
{"id": "PMID:128296", "title": "An inexpensive laparoscopy system for female sterilization.", "content": "Laparoscopy has become an established procedure for female sterilization. The cost of the equipment remains excessively high, thereby reducing its availability to all physicians and patients who desire and need it. We have described an inexpensive--but highly effective--female sterilization system utilizing equipment that should cost in the range of $400.00.", "contents": "An inexpensive laparoscopy system for female sterilization. Laparoscopy has become an established procedure for female sterilization. The cost of the equipment remains excessively high, thereby reducing its availability to all physicians and patients who desire and need it. We have described an inexpensive--but highly effective--female sterilization system utilizing equipment that should cost in the range of $400.00."}
{"id": "PMID:128297", "title": "Mechanism of ethacrynic acid-induced choleresis in the rat.", "content": "Ethacrynic acid (EA) was injected to rats with functional nephrectomy after a control period of steady-state bile flow sustained by taurocholate infusion. Biliary clearance of [14C]mannitol was measured in order to estimate canalicular bile flow and bile salt-independent fraction (BSIF). After EA infusion, bile flow increased by 56%; bile salt excretion rate decreased by 10%; electrolyte excretion rates all increased, principally Na+ and K+. Mannitol clearance increased in parallel with bile flow. The BSIF increased. EA was excreted into bile as a metabolite identified as the cysteine adduct of EA; its excretion rate was linearly correlated with the increment in bile flow. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the biliary excretion of an EA derivative results in an osmotic water flow increasing the canalicular BSIF. Since EA ia a Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitor, it is necessary to reconsider the relationship between secretion of canalicular BSIF and active Na+ transport mediated by the Na+-K+-ATPase system.", "contents": "Mechanism of ethacrynic acid-induced choleresis in the rat. Ethacrynic acid (EA) was injected to rats with functional nephrectomy after a control period of steady-state bile flow sustained by taurocholate infusion. Biliary clearance of [14C]mannitol was measured in order to estimate canalicular bile flow and bile salt-independent fraction (BSIF). After EA infusion, bile flow increased by 56%; bile salt excretion rate decreased by 10%; electrolyte excretion rates all increased, principally Na+ and K+. Mannitol clearance increased in parallel with bile flow. The BSIF increased. EA was excreted into bile as a metabolite identified as the cysteine adduct of EA; its excretion rate was linearly correlated with the increment in bile flow. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that the biliary excretion of an EA derivative results in an osmotic water flow increasing the canalicular BSIF. Since EA ia a Na+-K+-ATPase inhibitor, it is necessary to reconsider the relationship between secretion of canalicular BSIF and active Na+ transport mediated by the Na+-K+-ATPase system."}
{"id": "PMID:128298", "title": "Vitamin D-dependent, particulate calcium-binding activity and intestinal calcium transport.", "content": "A vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding activity of relatively high molecular weight has been identified in the particulate fraction of rat small intestinal mucosa. The Ca-binding activity is sedimented at 140,000 X g after treatment of the mucosal particulate fraction with Triton X-114. Intestinal brush-border suspensions can also be used as starting material. The Ca-binding component is inactivated by heat and repeated freeze-thawing and consists of one or more protein complexes in the range of 0.5-1.0 million mol wt as indicated by gel filtration. The Ca-binding activity correlates positively with known features of the intestinal Ca transport mechanism, as demonstrated by studies of the distribution in the small intestine and the effects of vitamin D, dietary Ca, cycloheximide treatment, and rat age. It is suggested that the component might function in the transit of Ca across the brush-border surface to the cytosol of intestinal mucosal cells.", "contents": "Vitamin D-dependent, particulate calcium-binding activity and intestinal calcium transport. A vitamin D-dependent calcium-binding activity of relatively high molecular weight has been identified in the particulate fraction of rat small intestinal mucosa. The Ca-binding activity is sedimented at 140,000 X g after treatment of the mucosal particulate fraction with Triton X-114. Intestinal brush-border suspensions can also be used as starting material. The Ca-binding component is inactivated by heat and repeated freeze-thawing and consists of one or more protein complexes in the range of 0.5-1.0 million mol wt as indicated by gel filtration. The Ca-binding activity correlates positively with known features of the intestinal Ca transport mechanism, as demonstrated by studies of the distribution in the small intestine and the effects of vitamin D, dietary Ca, cycloheximide treatment, and rat age. It is suggested that the component might function in the transit of Ca across the brush-border surface to the cytosol of intestinal mucosal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:128299", "title": "A group experience with chronically disabled adolescents.", "content": "The author describes his experiences as the leader of a therapy group for adolescents with muscular dystrophy. The group progressed through discernible stages of dependence-flight, independence, regression, interdependence, disenchantment, and resolution. By the end of the experience, the group had developed more meaningful communication and interrelationships than they had exhibited previously. The author suggests that such groups could be helpful for other chronically disabled adolescents.", "contents": "A group experience with chronically disabled adolescents. The author describes his experiences as the leader of a therapy group for adolescents with muscular dystrophy. The group progressed through discernible stages of dependence-flight, independence, regression, interdependence, disenchantment, and resolution. By the end of the experience, the group had developed more meaningful communication and interrelationships than they had exhibited previously. The author suggests that such groups could be helpful for other chronically disabled adolescents."}
{"id": "PMID:128300", "title": "Skeletal abnormalities in the Kniest syndrome with mucopolysacchariduria.", "content": "The roentgenographic and clinical findings are described in a mother and daughter with the Kniest syndrome associated with urinary keratan sulfate excretion. Osteoporosis, kyphoscoliosis, vertebral irregularity, pelvic deformity, flat femoral heads and enlargement of the ends of the long bones were the main roentgen findings. Irregularity of ossification on both sides of the growth plate was observed in the daughter, and marked degenerative changes were superimposed on several of the mother's abnormal joints. Abnormal mucopolysacchariduria, observed in both patients, and cataracts, fusion of the symphysis pubis, and deficiency of carpal bones, seen in the mother, have not been described previously.", "contents": "Skeletal abnormalities in the Kniest syndrome with mucopolysacchariduria. The roentgenographic and clinical findings are described in a mother and daughter with the Kniest syndrome associated with urinary keratan sulfate excretion. Osteoporosis, kyphoscoliosis, vertebral irregularity, pelvic deformity, flat femoral heads and enlargement of the ends of the long bones were the main roentgen findings. Irregularity of ossification on both sides of the growth plate was observed in the daughter, and marked degenerative changes were superimposed on several of the mother's abnormal joints. Abnormal mucopolysacchariduria, observed in both patients, and cataracts, fusion of the symphysis pubis, and deficiency of carpal bones, seen in the mother, have not been described previously."}
{"id": "PMID:128301", "title": "Repair of massive septic abdominal wall defects with Marlex mesh.", "content": "Marlex mesh was used to close the abdominal wall defect in six patients with septic wound dehiscence and intra-abdominal infection. The mesh was implanted under local anesthesia and served as a protective covering for the bowel and allowed early ambulation, including prone positioning of the patient for easier wound care. In four surviving patients, the Marlex mesh was covered by full thickness skin flaps after granulation tissue had covered the material. No patients had infected sinus tract formation or extrusion. Two patients had incisional hernias develop when the Marlex mesh was not sutured to the abdominal wall permanently. The use of Marlex mesh to cover infected defects in the abdominal wall when primary closure cannot be accomplished is suggested by our experience.", "contents": "Repair of massive septic abdominal wall defects with Marlex mesh. Marlex mesh was used to close the abdominal wall defect in six patients with septic wound dehiscence and intra-abdominal infection. The mesh was implanted under local anesthesia and served as a protective covering for the bowel and allowed early ambulation, including prone positioning of the patient for easier wound care. In four surviving patients, the Marlex mesh was covered by full thickness skin flaps after granulation tissue had covered the material. No patients had infected sinus tract formation or extrusion. Two patients had incisional hernias develop when the Marlex mesh was not sutured to the abdominal wall permanently. The use of Marlex mesh to cover infected defects in the abdominal wall when primary closure cannot be accomplished is suggested by our experience."}
{"id": "PMID:128302", "title": "Peritoneoscopy: A valuable technic for surgeons.", "content": "1. Modern peritoneoscopy which uses advanced optics and instrumentation now available is a valuable technic that can and should be learned by surgeons. 2. Peritoneoscopy is a safe procedure with a high diagnostic yield and minimal discomfort and inconvenience to the patient. 3. Earlier and more frequent use of peritoneoscopy will enable the surgeon to give appropriate surgical treatment more promptly and avoid unnecessary exploratory celiotomy. 4. The value of this technic in seventy-five consecutive cases is reported. There was no mortality and negligible morbidity. The over-all diagnostic accuracy was 91 per cent. An accurate peritoneoscopic diagnosis avoided surgical exploration in forty-five patients, and in fifteen patients the peritoneoscopic diagnosis provided indications for prompt abdominal surgery.", "contents": "Peritoneoscopy: A valuable technic for surgeons. 1. Modern peritoneoscopy which uses advanced optics and instrumentation now available is a valuable technic that can and should be learned by surgeons. 2. Peritoneoscopy is a safe procedure with a high diagnostic yield and minimal discomfort and inconvenience to the patient. 3. Earlier and more frequent use of peritoneoscopy will enable the surgeon to give appropriate surgical treatment more promptly and avoid unnecessary exploratory celiotomy. 4. The value of this technic in seventy-five consecutive cases is reported. There was no mortality and negligible morbidity. The over-all diagnostic accuracy was 91 per cent. An accurate peritoneoscopic diagnosis avoided surgical exploration in forty-five patients, and in fifteen patients the peritoneoscopic diagnosis provided indications for prompt abdominal surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:128304", "title": "Temperature dependence of brain ATPases in immature and adult rats.", "content": "In immature rats the temperature dependence of Na+-K+ ATPase of a crude homogenate of brain shows a compex curve with two activity maxima. When EDTA was present in the homogenization medium the curve obtained was of simpler, curvilinear type showing an increased activity at temperatures above 20 degrees C. The Na+-K+ ATPase activity in similar preparation from adult brain were not complex but curvilinear whether EDTA was used or not; however, EDTA increased the activity at temperatures above 20 degrees C. When such chelating agents as EDTA or histidine were used in preparation of microsomes from immature rat brain, the temperature dependence curve of Na+-K+ ATPase in this membrane fraction was changed to a steeper and simpler curve with increased activity especially at temperatures above 20 degrees. These agents, however, did not eliminate totally the complex shape of curve found in microsomes prepared without the presence of any chelating agents. When microsomes were prepared by using NaI-technique the temperature dependence of this enzyme was linear between temperatures 15-14 degrees, the activity being 4-5-fold higher than in the ordinary microsomal preparation. A stimulation of the Mg2+ ATPase by Na+ ions (100mM) was found at temperatures below 30 degrees but an inhibition by the same concentration of Na+ at upper temperatures. This effect together with the lowered activity due to bivalent metal ions (e.g. Ca2+, Cu2+) in 'crude' preparations was thought to be reasons for the complex shape of temperature dependence curve of Na+-K+ ATPase activity.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of brain ATPases in immature and adult rats. In immature rats the temperature dependence of Na+-K+ ATPase of a crude homogenate of brain shows a compex curve with two activity maxima. When EDTA was present in the homogenization medium the curve obtained was of simpler, curvilinear type showing an increased activity at temperatures above 20 degrees C. The Na+-K+ ATPase activity in similar preparation from adult brain were not complex but curvilinear whether EDTA was used or not; however, EDTA increased the activity at temperatures above 20 degrees C. When such chelating agents as EDTA or histidine were used in preparation of microsomes from immature rat brain, the temperature dependence curve of Na+-K+ ATPase in this membrane fraction was changed to a steeper and simpler curve with increased activity especially at temperatures above 20 degrees. These agents, however, did not eliminate totally the complex shape of curve found in microsomes prepared without the presence of any chelating agents. When microsomes were prepared by using NaI-technique the temperature dependence of this enzyme was linear between temperatures 15-14 degrees, the activity being 4-5-fold higher than in the ordinary microsomal preparation. A stimulation of the Mg2+ ATPase by Na+ ions (100mM) was found at temperatures below 30 degrees but an inhibition by the same concentration of Na+ at upper temperatures. This effect together with the lowered activity due to bivalent metal ions (e.g. Ca2+, Cu2+) in 'crude' preparations was thought to be reasons for the complex shape of temperature dependence curve of Na+-K+ ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:128305", "title": "Brain and spinal cord lesions in pigs inoculated with swine vesicular disease (UKG strain) virus and coxsackievirus B5.", "content": "Pigs inoculated intravenously with swine vesicular disease virus (UKG strain), those inoculated with coxsackievirus B5, and other pigs exposed by pen contact to the same viruses developed diffuse encephalomyelitis. Perivascular cuffing, with lymphocytes and formation of neuroglia cell foci, were most prominent in telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. Encephalitis was of mild to severe intensity. Severity of lesions was more extensive and severe in the pigs exposed to swine vesicular disease virus. Pen contact exposure to either of the 2 viruses caused a more severe central nervous system reaction than did intravenous inoculation. The type and the distribution of lesions produced by the 2 viruses indicate that they may be related.", "contents": "Brain and spinal cord lesions in pigs inoculated with swine vesicular disease (UKG strain) virus and coxsackievirus B5. Pigs inoculated intravenously with swine vesicular disease virus (UKG strain), those inoculated with coxsackievirus B5, and other pigs exposed by pen contact to the same viruses developed diffuse encephalomyelitis. Perivascular cuffing, with lymphocytes and formation of neuroglia cell foci, were most prominent in telencephalon, diencephalon, and mesencephalon. Encephalitis was of mild to severe intensity. Severity of lesions was more extensive and severe in the pigs exposed to swine vesicular disease virus. Pen contact exposure to either of the 2 viruses caused a more severe central nervous system reaction than did intravenous inoculation. The type and the distribution of lesions produced by the 2 viruses indicate that they may be related."}
{"id": "PMID:128306", "title": "Sch 1000: a new anticholinergic bronchodilator.", "content": "Sch 1000 is a derivative of atropine with equivalent bronchodilator activity. A double blind controlled study of Sch 1000 administered to asthmatic subjects by inhalation in 4 doses from 10 mug to 80 mug was conducted. The onset of action was between 15 and 30 min, compared to 5 min for isoproterenol, but persisted for 4 hours compared to 1 hour for isoproterenol. The maximal level of bronchodilatation produced by Sch 1000 was comparable to but not as great as that after isoproterenol. Dose-response data suggested that maximal bronchodilatation may be achieved by 10 to 20 mug of Sch 1000; larger doses did not result in significantly greater increases in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec or maximal mid-expiratory flow. The Sch 1000-mediated increase in maximal mid-expiratory flow was significantly greater than that of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec. Fewer side effects were encountered after Sch 1000 than after isoproterenol and no atropine-like effects could be attributed to Sch 1000 in the doses studied.", "contents": "Sch 1000: a new anticholinergic bronchodilator. Sch 1000 is a derivative of atropine with equivalent bronchodilator activity. A double blind controlled study of Sch 1000 administered to asthmatic subjects by inhalation in 4 doses from 10 mug to 80 mug was conducted. The onset of action was between 15 and 30 min, compared to 5 min for isoproterenol, but persisted for 4 hours compared to 1 hour for isoproterenol. The maximal level of bronchodilatation produced by Sch 1000 was comparable to but not as great as that after isoproterenol. Dose-response data suggested that maximal bronchodilatation may be achieved by 10 to 20 mug of Sch 1000; larger doses did not result in significantly greater increases in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec or maximal mid-expiratory flow. The Sch 1000-mediated increase in maximal mid-expiratory flow was significantly greater than that of forced expiratory volume in 1 sec. Fewer side effects were encountered after Sch 1000 than after isoproterenol and no atropine-like effects could be attributed to Sch 1000 in the doses studied."}
{"id": "PMID:128307", "title": "Mithramycin in the treatment of systemic mastocytosis.", "content": "A patient had systemic mastocytosis of 16 years' duration, with urticaria pigmentosa, osteopetrosis with severe bone pain, mastocytosis of the bone marrow with myeloid metaplasia, gastrointestinal malabsorption, and Cushingold features associated with prolonged usage of corticosteroids. Treatment with a single dose of mithramycin resulted in an abrupt disappearance of the patient's generalized bone pain, but it had little effect on his histamine release-type symptomatology.", "contents": "Mithramycin in the treatment of systemic mastocytosis. A patient had systemic mastocytosis of 16 years' duration, with urticaria pigmentosa, osteopetrosis with severe bone pain, mastocytosis of the bone marrow with myeloid metaplasia, gastrointestinal malabsorption, and Cushingold features associated with prolonged usage of corticosteroids. Treatment with a single dose of mithramycin resulted in an abrupt disappearance of the patient's generalized bone pain, but it had little effect on his histamine release-type symptomatology."}
{"id": "PMID:128308", "title": "Levodopa.", "content": "Levodopa administered alone or in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor is at present the best means available for the control of Parkinson symptoms. It has proved particularly effective in Parkinson's disease and postencephalitic parkinsonism. In these disorders its continued administration for periods that now exceed five years has resulted in sustained therapeutic responses and a significant decrease in mortality rate. Levodopa has been shown to be a safe pharmacologic agent even after long-term usage. However, its potential for inducing side effects makes it essential that patients be carefully screened before use and monitored throughout the period of administration. Though not fully established and lacking FDA approval at this time, levodopa appears to be useful in reversing the symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy and as a diagnostic aid in assessing pituitary disorders as well as uncovering presymptomatic Huntington's chorea.", "contents": "Levodopa. Levodopa administered alone or in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor is at present the best means available for the control of Parkinson symptoms. It has proved particularly effective in Parkinson's disease and postencephalitic parkinsonism. In these disorders its continued administration for periods that now exceed five years has resulted in sustained therapeutic responses and a significant decrease in mortality rate. Levodopa has been shown to be a safe pharmacologic agent even after long-term usage. However, its potential for inducing side effects makes it essential that patients be carefully screened before use and monitored throughout the period of administration. Though not fully established and lacking FDA approval at this time, levodopa appears to be useful in reversing the symptoms of hepatic encephalopathy and as a diagnostic aid in assessing pituitary disorders as well as uncovering presymptomatic Huntington's chorea."}
{"id": "PMID:128309", "title": "Essential fatty acid deficiency in human adults during total parenteral nutrition.", "content": "Three patients undergoing prolonged total parenteral nutrition at home developed skin lesions, characterized by dryness and scaly appearance, initially confined to the folds but becoming subsequently generalized. Fatty acid measurements in plasma of these patients showed a markedly abnormal lipid pattern: accumulation of 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3omega9) and a high 20:3omega9-to-20:4omega6 ratio. When parenteral fat (Intralipid) was administered, 500 ml/day, serial measurements of fatty acids showed a progressive normalization of the abnormal pattern and a dramatic improvement in the skin lesions. It appears that the daily requirement for linoleic acid in the adult, particularly during the period of rapid anabolism, has not been clearly established. Because more and more patients are becoming partly or totally dependent on parenteral nutrition for prolonged periods of time, the availability of parenteral fat preparations is urgently needed.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid deficiency in human adults during total parenteral nutrition. Three patients undergoing prolonged total parenteral nutrition at home developed skin lesions, characterized by dryness and scaly appearance, initially confined to the folds but becoming subsequently generalized. Fatty acid measurements in plasma of these patients showed a markedly abnormal lipid pattern: accumulation of 5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid (20:3omega9) and a high 20:3omega9-to-20:4omega6 ratio. When parenteral fat (Intralipid) was administered, 500 ml/day, serial measurements of fatty acids showed a progressive normalization of the abnormal pattern and a dramatic improvement in the skin lesions. It appears that the daily requirement for linoleic acid in the adult, particularly during the period of rapid anabolism, has not been clearly established. Because more and more patients are becoming partly or totally dependent on parenteral nutrition for prolonged periods of time, the availability of parenteral fat preparations is urgently needed."}
{"id": "PMID:128316", "title": "Carbohydrate catabolism of selected strains in the genus Agrobacterium.", "content": "Radiorespirometric and enzyme analyses were used to reveal the glucose-catabolizing mechanisms functioning in single strains of seven presumed Agrobacterium species. The Entner-Doudoroff and pentose cycle pathways functioned in A. radiobacter, A. tumefaciens, A. rubi, and A. rhizogenes. Whereas both catabolic pathways were utilized to an almost equal degree in the A. radiobacter and A. tumefaciens strains, use of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway predominated in the A. rubi and A. rhizogenes strains. A stellulatum catabolized glucose almost solely through the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. In A. pseudotsugae and A. gypsophilae, glucose was metabolized mainly through the Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway; the pentose phosphate pathway was also utilized.", "contents": "Carbohydrate catabolism of selected strains in the genus Agrobacterium. Radiorespirometric and enzyme analyses were used to reveal the glucose-catabolizing mechanisms functioning in single strains of seven presumed Agrobacterium species. The Entner-Doudoroff and pentose cycle pathways functioned in A. radiobacter, A. tumefaciens, A. rubi, and A. rhizogenes. Whereas both catabolic pathways were utilized to an almost equal degree in the A. radiobacter and A. tumefaciens strains, use of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway predominated in the A. rubi and A. rhizogenes strains. A stellulatum catabolized glucose almost solely through the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. In A. pseudotsugae and A. gypsophilae, glucose was metabolized mainly through the Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway; the pentose phosphate pathway was also utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:128321", "title": "Quinidine photosensitivity.", "content": "Photodermatitis occurring in three patients taking oral quinidine sulfate cleared when the drug was discontinued and recurred when it was readministered. The dermatitis was experimentally reproduced with long-wave ultraviolet light (UV-A, 320-400 nm) in these three patients, who also exhibited a decreased minimal erythema dose (MED) to hot quartz irradiation. Patients taking quinidine who had no dermatitis exhibited normal MEDs and normal response to UV-A. Normal subjects injected intradermally with quinidine and irradiated with UV-A showed no reaction. These observations indicate that the photosensitive dermatitis to quinidine that occurred in the three patients is idiosyncratic and that the UV-A is at least partially responsible for the development of the dermatitis that correlates with the absorption of quinidine in the UV-A range. Quinidine must be considered among the drugs that can produce photosensitive dermatitis.", "contents": "Quinidine photosensitivity. Photodermatitis occurring in three patients taking oral quinidine sulfate cleared when the drug was discontinued and recurred when it was readministered. The dermatitis was experimentally reproduced with long-wave ultraviolet light (UV-A, 320-400 nm) in these three patients, who also exhibited a decreased minimal erythema dose (MED) to hot quartz irradiation. Patients taking quinidine who had no dermatitis exhibited normal MEDs and normal response to UV-A. Normal subjects injected intradermally with quinidine and irradiated with UV-A showed no reaction. These observations indicate that the photosensitive dermatitis to quinidine that occurred in the three patients is idiosyncratic and that the UV-A is at least partially responsible for the development of the dermatitis that correlates with the absorption of quinidine in the UV-A range. Quinidine must be considered among the drugs that can produce photosensitive dermatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:128322", "title": "Chlorpromazine photoallergy. Coexistence of immediate and delayed type.", "content": "A 54-year-old woman had a recurrent pruritic eruption in light-exposed areas. She had a combination of three types of hypersensitivity to chlorpromazine, ie, allergic contact dermatitis, photocontact dermatitis, and immediate allergic photosensitivity. Immediate wheal reactions were found after long-wave ultraviolet light irradiation at photopatch test and intradermal injection sites with chlorpromazine. These responses were differentiated from phototoxic reactions. A positive passive transfer reaction was also observed. To my knowledge, chlorpromazine photosensitivity of the immediate type has not been previously described.", "contents": "Chlorpromazine photoallergy. Coexistence of immediate and delayed type. A 54-year-old woman had a recurrent pruritic eruption in light-exposed areas. She had a combination of three types of hypersensitivity to chlorpromazine, ie, allergic contact dermatitis, photocontact dermatitis, and immediate allergic photosensitivity. Immediate wheal reactions were found after long-wave ultraviolet light irradiation at photopatch test and intradermal injection sites with chlorpromazine. These responses were differentiated from phototoxic reactions. A positive passive transfer reaction was also observed. To my knowledge, chlorpromazine photosensitivity of the immediate type has not been previously described."}
{"id": "PMID:128323", "title": "Testosterone metabolism in the skin. A review of its function in androgenetic alopecia, acne vulgaris, and idiopathic hirsutism including recent studies with antiandrogens.", "content": "Current concepts of testosterone metabolism in the human skin are reviewed, and the role of dihydrotestosterone in the pathophysiology of androgenetic alopecia, acne vulgaris, and idiopathic hirsutism is discussed. The hypothesis is submitted that a temporary, increased dihydrotestosterone formation at specific skin target sites at different ages causes the normal development of certain sexual characteristics, as well as the androgen-dependent skin disorders. Future treatment of these conditions is discussed in light of recent studies with antiandrogens.", "contents": "Testosterone metabolism in the skin. A review of its function in androgenetic alopecia, acne vulgaris, and idiopathic hirsutism including recent studies with antiandrogens. Current concepts of testosterone metabolism in the human skin are reviewed, and the role of dihydrotestosterone in the pathophysiology of androgenetic alopecia, acne vulgaris, and idiopathic hirsutism is discussed. The hypothesis is submitted that a temporary, increased dihydrotestosterone formation at specific skin target sites at different ages causes the normal development of certain sexual characteristics, as well as the androgen-dependent skin disorders. Future treatment of these conditions is discussed in light of recent studies with antiandrogens."}
{"id": "PMID:128325", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis caused by idoxuridine. Patterns of cross reactivity with other pyrimidine analogues.", "content": "Idoxuridine has been used for many years in the treatment of herpex simplex infections of the eye. Use of the drug for herpes simplex infection of the skin is increasing. Ophthalmologists have noted occasional conjunctival and corneal irritant reactions, but no true delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity has been verified. We report four cases of allergic contact dermatitis from idoxuridine, sensitized by both eye and skin applications. Cross reactivity to brominated and chlorinated, but not fluorinated, pyrimidine analogues is noted. Extensive patch testing indicates the general relationship between the structure of pyrimidine compounds and their antigenic cross reactivity.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis caused by idoxuridine. Patterns of cross reactivity with other pyrimidine analogues. Idoxuridine has been used for many years in the treatment of herpex simplex infections of the eye. Use of the drug for herpes simplex infection of the skin is increasing. Ophthalmologists have noted occasional conjunctival and corneal irritant reactions, but no true delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity has been verified. We report four cases of allergic contact dermatitis from idoxuridine, sensitized by both eye and skin applications. Cross reactivity to brominated and chlorinated, but not fluorinated, pyrimidine analogues is noted. Extensive patch testing indicates the general relationship between the structure of pyrimidine compounds and their antigenic cross reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:128328", "title": "(+)-catechin effects on x-rays irradiated skin of rats.", "content": "The effect of (+)-catechin on the skin of rats previously irradiated was a net decrease of AMPS content and a partial recovery of the insoluble collagen-loss due to X-Rays.", "contents": "(+)-catechin effects on x-rays irradiated skin of rats. The effect of (+)-catechin on the skin of rats previously irradiated was a net decrease of AMPS content and a partial recovery of the insoluble collagen-loss due to X-Rays."}
{"id": "PMID:128329", "title": "[A contribution to the classification of seborrheic keratoses (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinico-statistical study is reported, basing on a material of 639 excised tumours which were defined histologically as seborrheic keratoses. All statements concerning clinical diagnoses and differential diagnoses, localization, development, age and sex of patients were transferred to punch cards. By means of a suitable EDA program, basic counts and a multidimensional analysis of conditioned frequencies [14] were performed. The results indicate, that the different clinical forms of seborrheic warts, often discriminated in the literature, are variants of the same entity.", "contents": "[A contribution to the classification of seborrheic keratoses (author's transl)]. A clinico-statistical study is reported, basing on a material of 639 excised tumours which were defined histologically as seborrheic keratoses. All statements concerning clinical diagnoses and differential diagnoses, localization, development, age and sex of patients were transferred to punch cards. By means of a suitable EDA program, basic counts and a multidimensional analysis of conditioned frequencies [14] were performed. The results indicate, that the different clinical forms of seborrheic warts, often discriminated in the literature, are variants of the same entity."}
{"id": "PMID:128330", "title": "Airway disease caused by phenolic (phenol-formaldehyde) resin exposure.", "content": "A standardized respiratory questionnaire and pulmonary function tests, including measurement of forced vital capacity (FVC), one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0), and maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% FVC (MEF50%), were administered to five groups of employees in a filter-manufacturing plant to determine the acute and chronic effects of exposure to phenolic resin fumes. Employees exposed for more than five years had lower FEV1.0/FVC and MEF50%/FVC ratios than a group that had smoked more but that had never been consistently exposed to resin fumes. The existence of chronic airway obstruction was also evident by a slight excess of chronic cough and sputum production in the exposed groups. However, in spite of the high proportions of subjects reporting acute respiratory symptoms, we found only small decreased in pulmonary function during the workday and workweek.", "contents": "Airway disease caused by phenolic (phenol-formaldehyde) resin exposure. A standardized respiratory questionnaire and pulmonary function tests, including measurement of forced vital capacity (FVC), one-second forced expiratory volume (FEV1.0), and maximum expiratory flow rate at 50% FVC (MEF50%), were administered to five groups of employees in a filter-manufacturing plant to determine the acute and chronic effects of exposure to phenolic resin fumes. Employees exposed for more than five years had lower FEV1.0/FVC and MEF50%/FVC ratios than a group that had smoked more but that had never been consistently exposed to resin fumes. The existence of chronic airway obstruction was also evident by a slight excess of chronic cough and sputum production in the exposed groups. However, in spite of the high proportions of subjects reporting acute respiratory symptoms, we found only small decreased in pulmonary function during the workday and workweek."}
{"id": "PMID:128333", "title": "[Hemodynamic aspect of infundibular hypertrophy of pulmonary valve stenosis].", "content": "Reactional infundibular hypertrophy in pulmonary valve stenosis is usually assessed on the catheterization curves obtained in the infundibulum and in the inflow tract of the right ventricle. It is usually indicated by a peculiar pattern of the infundibular curve: its descending branch is more rapid than in the inflow tract and is slightly curvilinear. This deformity is the more marked the more intense the hypertrophy. Simultaneously a mid-late systolic murmur is recorded into the infundibulum the more intense and high-pitched the more marked the hypertrophy. Comparison with the angiocardiographic data and the operative findings showed a good correlation.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic aspect of infundibular hypertrophy of pulmonary valve stenosis]. Reactional infundibular hypertrophy in pulmonary valve stenosis is usually assessed on the catheterization curves obtained in the infundibulum and in the inflow tract of the right ventricle. It is usually indicated by a peculiar pattern of the infundibular curve: its descending branch is more rapid than in the inflow tract and is slightly curvilinear. This deformity is the more marked the more intense the hypertrophy. Simultaneously a mid-late systolic murmur is recorded into the infundibulum the more intense and high-pitched the more marked the hypertrophy. Comparison with the angiocardiographic data and the operative findings showed a good correlation."}
{"id": "PMID:128334", "title": "[Rupture of the tricuspid cordae simulating a right intraventricular tumor].", "content": "Ruptured chordae tendinae of the tricuspid valve is exceptional. It results in an intense valvular incompetence through systolic eversion of one leaflet. In fact, this is not always the case, and in patient reported, the clinical picture suggested an obstacle to right ventricular ejection with paroxysmal phenomena of the faintness type, indicating the temporary obstruction of the pulmonary pathway. Right cine-angiocardiography demonstrated a mobile intraventricular neoformationreaching in systole the pulmonary sub-valvar area. No tumour was found on operation. The patient died in the post-operative period. On post-mortem examination there was a rupture of tricuspid chordae tendinae and a raise of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve into the pulmonary infundibulum. Rupture could be related to a severe thoracic trauma which had occurred 17 years previously.", "contents": "[Rupture of the tricuspid cordae simulating a right intraventricular tumor]. Ruptured chordae tendinae of the tricuspid valve is exceptional. It results in an intense valvular incompetence through systolic eversion of one leaflet. In fact, this is not always the case, and in patient reported, the clinical picture suggested an obstacle to right ventricular ejection with paroxysmal phenomena of the faintness type, indicating the temporary obstruction of the pulmonary pathway. Right cine-angiocardiography demonstrated a mobile intraventricular neoformationreaching in systole the pulmonary sub-valvar area. No tumour was found on operation. The patient died in the post-operative period. On post-mortem examination there was a rupture of tricuspid chordae tendinae and a raise of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve into the pulmonary infundibulum. Rupture could be related to a severe thoracic trauma which had occurred 17 years previously."}
{"id": "PMID:128331", "title": "Effect of protective agent against lipid-solvent-induced damages. Ultrastructural and scanning electron microscopical study of human epidermis.", "content": "The ultrastructural and relief (cyto-architectural) changes of human epidermis following exposure to a protective gel and acetone or kerosene were studied in healthy volunteers. Topical applications of acetone and kerosene on unprotected skin produced cell damage and a disorganized pattern in the upper layers of epidermis. The ultrastructural changes following acetone consisted of large paranuclear vacuoles, swollen mitochondria, and clumped tonofilaments. Severe disorganization with intense cytolysis and enlarged intercellular spaces occurred after exposure to kerosene. Scanning electron microscopy revealed edematous connified cells (corneocytes) following acetone exposure, whereas kerosene induced the occurrence of large lacunae in the swollen corneocytes. The application of a protective agent prior to solvent exposure substantially reduced the ultrastructural and relief changes of epidermal cells.", "contents": "Effect of protective agent against lipid-solvent-induced damages. Ultrastructural and scanning electron microscopical study of human epidermis. The ultrastructural and relief (cyto-architectural) changes of human epidermis following exposure to a protective gel and acetone or kerosene were studied in healthy volunteers. Topical applications of acetone and kerosene on unprotected skin produced cell damage and a disorganized pattern in the upper layers of epidermis. The ultrastructural changes following acetone consisted of large paranuclear vacuoles, swollen mitochondria, and clumped tonofilaments. Severe disorganization with intense cytolysis and enlarged intercellular spaces occurred after exposure to kerosene. Scanning electron microscopy revealed edematous connified cells (corneocytes) following acetone exposure, whereas kerosene induced the occurrence of large lacunae in the swollen corneocytes. The application of a protective agent prior to solvent exposure substantially reduced the ultrastructural and relief changes of epidermal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:128336", "title": "Evaluation of endarterectomy for aortoiliac and aortoiliofemoral occlusive disease.", "content": "During the past 11 years, 180 patients with aortoiliac and aortoiliofemoral occlusive disease were treated exclusively by endarterectomy. There were 59 patients in the former group and 121 patients in the latter group. A standard method of aortoiliac endarterectomy was applied to all patients. However, when disease extended to the external iliac and common femoral arteries, the eversion endarterectomy proved to be an invaluable technical aid. Cumulative patency rates to 11 years for the aortoiliac group was 85.7%, and for the aortoiliofemoral group it was 90.6%. Our results suggest that endarterectomy is the procedure of choice for the management of obilterative disease in the aorta, iliac, and femoral arteries.", "contents": "Evaluation of endarterectomy for aortoiliac and aortoiliofemoral occlusive disease. During the past 11 years, 180 patients with aortoiliac and aortoiliofemoral occlusive disease were treated exclusively by endarterectomy. There were 59 patients in the former group and 121 patients in the latter group. A standard method of aortoiliac endarterectomy was applied to all patients. However, when disease extended to the external iliac and common femoral arteries, the eversion endarterectomy proved to be an invaluable technical aid. Cumulative patency rates to 11 years for the aortoiliac group was 85.7%, and for the aortoiliofemoral group it was 90.6%. Our results suggest that endarterectomy is the procedure of choice for the management of obilterative disease in the aorta, iliac, and femoral arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:128337", "title": "Host response to implanted dacron grafts. A comparison between mesh and velour.", "content": "Segments of open Dacron mesh grafts were subcutaneously implanted in rats and harvested for a period of up to 12 weeks after operation at serial intervals. The gross and histologic events of the host response to the external surface were compared to that of segments of low-porosity Dacron velour implanted in a similar fashion. Mature collagen, generously vascularized with new capillaries, was noted throughout the mesh within three to four weeks, while a tightly bonded inner fibrous layer had formed from the surrounding tissues. Major segments of velour floated in amorphous caseous material for up to five weeks. These pools of debris with their concomitant inflammatory response slowly resolved during a ten-week period. This prolonged healing may contribute to eventual graft closure by progressive fibrosis and extrinsic contracture.", "contents": "Host response to implanted dacron grafts. A comparison between mesh and velour. Segments of open Dacron mesh grafts were subcutaneously implanted in rats and harvested for a period of up to 12 weeks after operation at serial intervals. The gross and histologic events of the host response to the external surface were compared to that of segments of low-porosity Dacron velour implanted in a similar fashion. Mature collagen, generously vascularized with new capillaries, was noted throughout the mesh within three to four weeks, while a tightly bonded inner fibrous layer had formed from the surrounding tissues. Major segments of velour floated in amorphous caseous material for up to five weeks. These pools of debris with their concomitant inflammatory response slowly resolved during a ten-week period. This prolonged healing may contribute to eventual graft closure by progressive fibrosis and extrinsic contracture."}
{"id": "PMID:128338", "title": "Injury to the ureter during laparoscopic tubal sterilization.", "content": "As the use of laparoscopy and laparoscopic tubal sterilization has increased, a number of serious complications have been reported. A case is described in which the ureter was damaged during laparoscopic sterilization. The majority of serious complications associated with laparoscopic sterilization have been burn injuries resulting from the use of cautery instruments. Thermal injuries are likely to occur when the operator is inexperienced, and when cautery instruments of the high-energy type are used. Meticulous technique is required in the performance of laparoscopic sterilization and low-energy \"cold cautery\" units should be used in this procedure.", "contents": "Injury to the ureter during laparoscopic tubal sterilization. As the use of laparoscopy and laparoscopic tubal sterilization has increased, a number of serious complications have been reported. A case is described in which the ureter was damaged during laparoscopic sterilization. The majority of serious complications associated with laparoscopic sterilization have been burn injuries resulting from the use of cautery instruments. Thermal injuries are likely to occur when the operator is inexperienced, and when cautery instruments of the high-energy type are used. Meticulous technique is required in the performance of laparoscopic sterilization and low-energy \"cold cautery\" units should be used in this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:128339", "title": "Using celioscopy to determine stages of intra-abdominal malignant neoplasms.", "content": "From January 1973 through June 1974, 23 patients underwent celloscopy to assess the extent of intra-abdominal malignancy. Of the 23 patients in the study, eight were spared a needless exploratory procedure. Three patients had potentially curative surgery after intrahepatic neoplasm suggested by liver scintiscan was excluded by celloscopy. The therapies of eight patients were greatly altered after the extent of hepatic or peritoneal disease was de-ermined. Four patients had no change in treatment as a result of celloscopy. Three additional patients underwent celloscopy to determine the cause of an intra-abdominal mass. No complications occurred in these patients. We conclude that celloscopy prior to a major operative procedure may assist in determining the stage of intra-abdominal malignant disease and may lead to notable changes in patient management.", "contents": "Using celioscopy to determine stages of intra-abdominal malignant neoplasms. From January 1973 through June 1974, 23 patients underwent celloscopy to assess the extent of intra-abdominal malignancy. Of the 23 patients in the study, eight were spared a needless exploratory procedure. Three patients had potentially curative surgery after intrahepatic neoplasm suggested by liver scintiscan was excluded by celloscopy. The therapies of eight patients were greatly altered after the extent of hepatic or peritoneal disease was de-ermined. Four patients had no change in treatment as a result of celloscopy. Three additional patients underwent celloscopy to determine the cause of an intra-abdominal mass. No complications occurred in these patients. We conclude that celloscopy prior to a major operative procedure may assist in determining the stage of intra-abdominal malignant disease and may lead to notable changes in patient management."}
{"id": "PMID:128340", "title": "Filtration characteristics of polyester mesh (Pall) micropore blood transfusion filter.", "content": "Stored human blood of varying age was passed through polyester mesh (Pall) micropore blood transfusion (pore size, 40 mu). Passage through the filter resulted in decreased screen filtration pressure (SFP) of the blood and increased filter weight. Mumerous microaggregates were removed, but SFP did not return to normal after filtration. On the basis of this research, we conclude that polyester mesh micropore blood transfusion filters are not as effective as Dacron wool (Swank) transfusion filters in removal of micro-aggregates from stored human blood. If a polyester mesh filter must be used, it is recommended that once occlusion of the filter has occurred, the filter should then be discarded and another inserted.", "contents": "Filtration characteristics of polyester mesh (Pall) micropore blood transfusion filter. Stored human blood of varying age was passed through polyester mesh (Pall) micropore blood transfusion (pore size, 40 mu). Passage through the filter resulted in decreased screen filtration pressure (SFP) of the blood and increased filter weight. Mumerous microaggregates were removed, but SFP did not return to normal after filtration. On the basis of this research, we conclude that polyester mesh micropore blood transfusion filters are not as effective as Dacron wool (Swank) transfusion filters in removal of micro-aggregates from stored human blood. If a polyester mesh filter must be used, it is recommended that once occlusion of the filter has occurred, the filter should then be discarded and another inserted."}
{"id": "PMID:128341", "title": "[Changes in the lungs and the mass of the right ventricle of the heart in chronic hypoxia (experimental-morphological study)].", "content": "In experiments on 105 white rats using histological, histochemical, and morphometric methods the state of the lungs following daily \"rises\" in a pressure chamber to the \"hight\" of 5000--9000 m at verious time intervals--from 1 day to 9 weeks was studied. In 18 animals \"ascents\" were preceded by sinistral pulmonectomy. In parallel, the heart was investigated by the method of separate weighing. At initial stages changes in the lungs were characterized predominantly by impairment of the blood- and lymphocirculation. Subsequently, disorders of the microcirculation were observed to diminish and compensatory-hypertrophic changes in the lung tissue and vessels were noted. As the effect of hypoxia continued, sclerotic processes appeared, and extensive focal emphysema developed. These changes were manifested in a greater degree and appeared sooner with an increase in the extent of rarification of the atmosphere. Possibilities for adaptation to hypoxia in animals with the one lung were considerably lower as compared with normal ones. Hypercapnia produced an effect similar to that of hypoxia, making its influence on the structural elements of the lungs graver. Prolonged hypoxia led to hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart; the main factor in development of which the authors considered the elevation of the tonus and subsequent structural rearrangement of small vessels in the form of myoelastosis and myoelastofibrosis of the walls with narrowing of the lumen.", "contents": "[Changes in the lungs and the mass of the right ventricle of the heart in chronic hypoxia (experimental-morphological study)]. In experiments on 105 white rats using histological, histochemical, and morphometric methods the state of the lungs following daily \"rises\" in a pressure chamber to the \"hight\" of 5000--9000 m at verious time intervals--from 1 day to 9 weeks was studied. In 18 animals \"ascents\" were preceded by sinistral pulmonectomy. In parallel, the heart was investigated by the method of separate weighing. At initial stages changes in the lungs were characterized predominantly by impairment of the blood- and lymphocirculation. Subsequently, disorders of the microcirculation were observed to diminish and compensatory-hypertrophic changes in the lung tissue and vessels were noted. As the effect of hypoxia continued, sclerotic processes appeared, and extensive focal emphysema developed. These changes were manifested in a greater degree and appeared sooner with an increase in the extent of rarification of the atmosphere. Possibilities for adaptation to hypoxia in animals with the one lung were considerably lower as compared with normal ones. Hypercapnia produced an effect similar to that of hypoxia, making its influence on the structural elements of the lungs graver. Prolonged hypoxia led to hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart; the main factor in development of which the authors considered the elevation of the tonus and subsequent structural rearrangement of small vessels in the form of myoelastosis and myoelastofibrosis of the walls with narrowing of the lumen."}
{"id": "PMID:128349", "title": "Skin irritancy and sensitivity to laundry detergents containing proteolytic enzymes. Part II.", "content": "The late type contact sensitizing effect of alkaline protease enzymes (PE) on the intact human skin has been investigated in the present study. The immune process of sensitisation was induced with \"Tenzym prilled\" (TP, Grindstedvoerket) and with \"Maxatase\" (M, Gist-Brocades) protease enzymes in the epicutaneous test (ET), using concentration series and various durations of application. The ETs were made on the intact (symptom-free) skin, as well as under conditions promoting the subcorneal penetration of PE. Challenge was carried out at 21 to 30 days following induction of 2092 subjects, and at 2 to 5 months on 1624 subjects. Despite the large number of subjects tested, contact sensitisation developed in none of the cases, although the inducing exposure took place under conditions promoting the immune process of sensitisation. In 60 individuals suffereing from occupational dermatitis on regular contact with PE and having no symptoms of early type inhalative allergy (mucous membrane changes, bronchial asthma-like symptoms) were challenged also by the intradermal test. No reaction was noted in any of them at 10 and 30 minutes, as well as at 24 and 48 hours following the test. Next the influence of PE is analysed in the induction or increased severity of the irritation caused by bioactive laundry detergents. The studies involved the use of serial dilutions of \"Biopon\" (Bn) laundry detergent containing TP or M, or not containing PE, respectively, by means of the ET. A total of 740 series (5220 tests) of the three variants were applied in dilution series to intact skin surface, as well as to pathologically and arteficially lsioned skin areas. The Bn variants containing and not containing PE increased the number of irratative reactions in essentially the same degree. This suggests that the irritative effect is not due to the presence of PE, but to the laundry-active detergents (WAS) of Bn in the first place, and to a lesser extent to its other ingredients.", "contents": "Skin irritancy and sensitivity to laundry detergents containing proteolytic enzymes. Part II. The late type contact sensitizing effect of alkaline protease enzymes (PE) on the intact human skin has been investigated in the present study. The immune process of sensitisation was induced with \"Tenzym prilled\" (TP, Grindstedvoerket) and with \"Maxatase\" (M, Gist-Brocades) protease enzymes in the epicutaneous test (ET), using concentration series and various durations of application. The ETs were made on the intact (symptom-free) skin, as well as under conditions promoting the subcorneal penetration of PE. Challenge was carried out at 21 to 30 days following induction of 2092 subjects, and at 2 to 5 months on 1624 subjects. Despite the large number of subjects tested, contact sensitisation developed in none of the cases, although the inducing exposure took place under conditions promoting the immune process of sensitisation. In 60 individuals suffereing from occupational dermatitis on regular contact with PE and having no symptoms of early type inhalative allergy (mucous membrane changes, bronchial asthma-like symptoms) were challenged also by the intradermal test. No reaction was noted in any of them at 10 and 30 minutes, as well as at 24 and 48 hours following the test. Next the influence of PE is analysed in the induction or increased severity of the irritation caused by bioactive laundry detergents. The studies involved the use of serial dilutions of \"Biopon\" (Bn) laundry detergent containing TP or M, or not containing PE, respectively, by means of the ET. A total of 740 series (5220 tests) of the three variants were applied in dilution series to intact skin surface, as well as to pathologically and arteficially lsioned skin areas. The Bn variants containing and not containing PE increased the number of irratative reactions in essentially the same degree. This suggests that the irritative effect is not due to the presence of PE, but to the laundry-active detergents (WAS) of Bn in the first place, and to a lesser extent to its other ingredients."}
{"id": "PMID:128345", "title": "Using the HmL1 strain of Histomonas meleagridis in evaluating chemotherapeutants in chicks.", "content": "Ten-day-old White Leghorn cockerels were inoculated per cloaca with 500,000 culture forms of the HmL1 strain of Histomonas meleagridis. Birds dying on the 6th and 7th days and birds necropsied 7 days postinoculation had prominent cecal and liver lesions indicative of severe histomoniasis. Dose responses were obtained with three 1,2-disubstituted 5-nitroimidazoles blended into the feed at various concentrations, demonstrating the utility of this virulent strain in chemotherapy studies.", "contents": "Using the HmL1 strain of Histomonas meleagridis in evaluating chemotherapeutants in chicks. Ten-day-old White Leghorn cockerels were inoculated per cloaca with 500,000 culture forms of the HmL1 strain of Histomonas meleagridis. Birds dying on the 6th and 7th days and birds necropsied 7 days postinoculation had prominent cecal and liver lesions indicative of severe histomoniasis. Dose responses were obtained with three 1,2-disubstituted 5-nitroimidazoles blended into the feed at various concentrations, demonstrating the utility of this virulent strain in chemotherapy studies."}
{"id": "PMID:128350", "title": "Gene topography and function. I. Gene expression in germinating conidia of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "In an attempt to find clues for the significance of the gene ordering along the eukaryotic chromosome, a system consisting of germinating conida of Neurospora crassa was studied. Thirteen enzyme activities corresponding to genes widely distributed on five chromosomes were determined in dormant and in germinating conidia. Ten of these enzymes showed lower activities in the resting state, and the time patterns of their increase were determined during germination. The results obtained do not support a scheme of sequential expression of genes during the emergence from dormancy as a counterpart of the sequence of the corresponding genes along the chromosome. Two of the loci studied were analyzed both in the normal (wild-type) ordering and in a translocated position in which the two genes are located in an inverted order respective to the centromere and farther apart from it. The altered order of the genes did not influence significantly the time and pattern of increase in the activities of the corresponding enzymes.", "contents": "Gene topography and function. I. Gene expression in germinating conidia of Neurospora crassa. In an attempt to find clues for the significance of the gene ordering along the eukaryotic chromosome, a system consisting of germinating conida of Neurospora crassa was studied. Thirteen enzyme activities corresponding to genes widely distributed on five chromosomes were determined in dormant and in germinating conidia. Ten of these enzymes showed lower activities in the resting state, and the time patterns of their increase were determined during germination. The results obtained do not support a scheme of sequential expression of genes during the emergence from dormancy as a counterpart of the sequence of the corresponding genes along the chromosome. Two of the loci studied were analyzed both in the normal (wild-type) ordering and in a translocated position in which the two genes are located in an inverted order respective to the centromere and farther apart from it. The altered order of the genes did not influence significantly the time and pattern of increase in the activities of the corresponding enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:128347", "title": "Mechanics of the isolated ventricular myocardium of rats conditioned by physical training.", "content": "Force-velocity relations from after-loaded contractions, from isometric and isotonic QR experiments, resting-tension curves and biochemical analyses were conducted on sixteen trabecular muscles (SH) from hearts of rats conditioned by eight weeks of swimming training (increase in heart weight 8%), and compared to a control (CH) of eighteen trabecular muscles. (SH) showed increased tension development (p less than 0.01), whereas the diastolic properties remained almost unchanged. Analysis of the amount of hydroxyproline did not prove any variation. Vmax of (SH) was only slightly increase when there was a singificnat rise in actomyosin and myosin ATPase activity, while PO of the force-velocity relations of (SH) on the x axis (tension) shifted clearly to the right (p less than 0.01). Consequently, the maximum instantaneous power of (SH), expressed by the maximum rectangular plane under the force-velocity curve, increased considerably (p less than 0.01) in comparison with (CH). The experiments show that haemodynamic load induced by training does not alter the passive properties of the myocardium, but does bring about an increase in the contractile capabiltiy.", "contents": "Mechanics of the isolated ventricular myocardium of rats conditioned by physical training. Force-velocity relations from after-loaded contractions, from isometric and isotonic QR experiments, resting-tension curves and biochemical analyses were conducted on sixteen trabecular muscles (SH) from hearts of rats conditioned by eight weeks of swimming training (increase in heart weight 8%), and compared to a control (CH) of eighteen trabecular muscles. (SH) showed increased tension development (p less than 0.01), whereas the diastolic properties remained almost unchanged. Analysis of the amount of hydroxyproline did not prove any variation. Vmax of (SH) was only slightly increase when there was a singificnat rise in actomyosin and myosin ATPase activity, while PO of the force-velocity relations of (SH) on the x axis (tension) shifted clearly to the right (p less than 0.01). Consequently, the maximum instantaneous power of (SH), expressed by the maximum rectangular plane under the force-velocity curve, increased considerably (p less than 0.01) in comparison with (CH). The experiments show that haemodynamic load induced by training does not alter the passive properties of the myocardium, but does bring about an increase in the contractile capabiltiy."}
{"id": "PMID:128346", "title": "Editorial: Subunits of myosin. Relations to ATPase activity and mechanical function of muscle.", "content": "Under certain conditions the specific ATPase activity of myosin of a given muscle can be altered. The cause of this alteration can only lie in the myosin molecule itself. To produce an enzymatic activity of myosin, an interaction between their light and heavy chains is necessary. However, the specific activity appears to be determined mainly by light chains. Hence, one ought also to look for a basis of the changed activity in changes of the subunits of myosin. There are strong indications that the alterations in specific activity are accompanied by changes in the relative stoichiometry of the essential light chains of the respective myosin preparation. They differ in their pattern of subunits. The specific activity of a given kind of myosin seems to be determined by the combination of their light chains. Thus, a close correlation exists between these two properties of myosin (ATPase activity and structure of its molecule). There are sufficient indications, that these two properties of myosin correlate also with the mechanical capabiltiy of the corresponding muscle. Particularly the results of cross innervation studies demonstrate a close correlation between these three properties in skeletal muscle. The single subunits of myosin are produced and degraded independently and at heterogenous rates. The synthetis of these subunits is significantly accelerated in response to work overload. Thus, it is quite likely that the individual chains are non-coordinately synthesized, giving rise to variations in the relationship of different molecule types of myosin with different specific ATPase activity. Hence, the control mechanism to synthesize the individual subunits could also be the regulative mechanism to produce a myosin of the specific ATPase activity appropriate to the activity pattern of tissue.", "contents": "Editorial: Subunits of myosin. Relations to ATPase activity and mechanical function of muscle. Under certain conditions the specific ATPase activity of myosin of a given muscle can be altered. The cause of this alteration can only lie in the myosin molecule itself. To produce an enzymatic activity of myosin, an interaction between their light and heavy chains is necessary. However, the specific activity appears to be determined mainly by light chains. Hence, one ought also to look for a basis of the changed activity in changes of the subunits of myosin. There are strong indications that the alterations in specific activity are accompanied by changes in the relative stoichiometry of the essential light chains of the respective myosin preparation. They differ in their pattern of subunits. The specific activity of a given kind of myosin seems to be determined by the combination of their light chains. Thus, a close correlation exists between these two properties of myosin (ATPase activity and structure of its molecule). There are sufficient indications, that these two properties of myosin correlate also with the mechanical capabiltiy of the corresponding muscle. Particularly the results of cross innervation studies demonstrate a close correlation between these three properties in skeletal muscle. The single subunits of myosin are produced and degraded independently and at heterogenous rates. The synthetis of these subunits is significantly accelerated in response to work overload. Thus, it is quite likely that the individual chains are non-coordinately synthesized, giving rise to variations in the relationship of different molecule types of myosin with different specific ATPase activity. Hence, the control mechanism to synthesize the individual subunits could also be the regulative mechanism to produce a myosin of the specific ATPase activity appropriate to the activity pattern of tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:128348", "title": "Quantitative measurement of local blood flow with heat clearance.", "content": "Measurements of the local blood flow through organs by means of heated thermistor-probes enable one to perform continuous recordings of flow. The principle is based on the measurement between a heated and an unheated probe, both implanted in the tissue or placed on the superficial layer of the organ. The flow-measure for this type of blood flow recording is the heat transported from the heated site of the tissue. It is measured in cal-cm(-1)-sec(-1)-degree C(-1). This is the dimension of the heat conductance. Quantification of continuous blood flow measurements in ml flow/g tissue-min has been carried out with combinations of gas clearance and heat transport. It has now become possible to measure blood flow in ml blood-ml(-1) tissue-min(-1) solely with the aid implanted thermistors. Two types of local blood flow measurements are described. 1. Measurements with \"slug heating\" by which a thermistor is heated for a very short time and the temperature change is subsequently recorded. 2. The measurement of flow by sudden introduction of heat, if a heating coil around a micro-thermistor is switched on or off and the course of the tissue temperature is subsequently followed. It is proven, that the temperature of a point-shaped micro-thermistor in nonperfused tissue and in homogeneous perfused tissue differs only by an exponential factor (see article) where uslug is the temperature field after a slug injection of heat dependent on location, time, blood flow (phi) and partition coefficient for heat (lambda) and where index 0 = unperfused tissue. If the heater is not heated in the form of a delta function but is switched on and the temperature is subsequently recorded or if the heater, after a period of constant temperature, is switched off, the derivatives in respect to time differ only by an exponential factor and can be used as a measure of flow. The evaluation of blood flow is described in detail. The measurements show the following advantages, compared with former techniques: 1. Heat clearance and continuous blood flow measurements by means of heat transport measurements are both possible at the same site. 2. No other operation and procedures are necessary except implantation of the thermistor. 3. Turning on the heater does not affect the tissue and does not cause emotional reactions. As examples the measurements of local blood flow in brain tissue and in the myocardium of conscious animals are described.", "contents": "Quantitative measurement of local blood flow with heat clearance. Measurements of the local blood flow through organs by means of heated thermistor-probes enable one to perform continuous recordings of flow. The principle is based on the measurement between a heated and an unheated probe, both implanted in the tissue or placed on the superficial layer of the organ. The flow-measure for this type of blood flow recording is the heat transported from the heated site of the tissue. It is measured in cal-cm(-1)-sec(-1)-degree C(-1). This is the dimension of the heat conductance. Quantification of continuous blood flow measurements in ml flow/g tissue-min has been carried out with combinations of gas clearance and heat transport. It has now become possible to measure blood flow in ml blood-ml(-1) tissue-min(-1) solely with the aid implanted thermistors. Two types of local blood flow measurements are described. 1. Measurements with \"slug heating\" by which a thermistor is heated for a very short time and the temperature change is subsequently recorded. 2. The measurement of flow by sudden introduction of heat, if a heating coil around a micro-thermistor is switched on or off and the course of the tissue temperature is subsequently followed. It is proven, that the temperature of a point-shaped micro-thermistor in nonperfused tissue and in homogeneous perfused tissue differs only by an exponential factor (see article) where uslug is the temperature field after a slug injection of heat dependent on location, time, blood flow (phi) and partition coefficient for heat (lambda) and where index 0 = unperfused tissue. If the heater is not heated in the form of a delta function but is switched on and the temperature is subsequently recorded or if the heater, after a period of constant temperature, is switched off, the derivatives in respect to time differ only by an exponential factor and can be used as a measure of flow. The evaluation of blood flow is described in detail. The measurements show the following advantages, compared with former techniques: 1. Heat clearance and continuous blood flow measurements by means of heat transport measurements are both possible at the same site. 2. No other operation and procedures are necessary except implantation of the thermistor. 3. Turning on the heater does not affect the tissue and does not cause emotional reactions. As examples the measurements of local blood flow in brain tissue and in the myocardium of conscious animals are described."}
{"id": "PMID:128351", "title": "The effects of inhibition of gluconeogenesis on ketogenesis in starved and diabetic rats.", "content": "Experiments were performed in which the effects of inhibiting gluconeogenesis on ketone-body formation were examined in vivo in starved and severely streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The infusion of 3-mercaptopicolinate, an inhibitor of gluconeogenesis (DiTullio et al., 1974), caused decreases in blood [glucose] and increases in blood [lactate] and [pyruvate] in both normal and ketoacidotic rats. Patterns of liver gluconeogenic intermediates after 3-mercaptopicolinate infusion suggested inhibition at the level of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. This was confirmed by measurement of hepatic oxaloacetate concentrations which were increased 5-fold after 3-mercaptopicolinate administration. The infusion of 3-mercaptopicolinate caused a decrease in total ketone-body concentrations of 30% in starved rats and 73% in the diabetic animals. Blood glycerol and hepatic triglyceride concentrations remained unchanged. The decreases in ketone-body concentrations were associated with increases in the calculated hepatic cytosolic and mitochondrial [NADH]/[NAD+] ratios. The decrease in ketogenesis seen after inhibition of gluconeogenesis may have resulted from an inhibition of hepatic fatty acid oxidation by the more reduced mitochondrial redox state. It was concluded that gluconeogenesis may stimulate ketogenesis by as much as 30% in severe diabetic ketoacidosis.", "contents": "The effects of inhibition of gluconeogenesis on ketogenesis in starved and diabetic rats. Experiments were performed in which the effects of inhibiting gluconeogenesis on ketone-body formation were examined in vivo in starved and severely streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The infusion of 3-mercaptopicolinate, an inhibitor of gluconeogenesis (DiTullio et al., 1974), caused decreases in blood [glucose] and increases in blood [lactate] and [pyruvate] in both normal and ketoacidotic rats. Patterns of liver gluconeogenic intermediates after 3-mercaptopicolinate infusion suggested inhibition at the level of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. This was confirmed by measurement of hepatic oxaloacetate concentrations which were increased 5-fold after 3-mercaptopicolinate administration. The infusion of 3-mercaptopicolinate caused a decrease in total ketone-body concentrations of 30% in starved rats and 73% in the diabetic animals. Blood glycerol and hepatic triglyceride concentrations remained unchanged. The decreases in ketone-body concentrations were associated with increases in the calculated hepatic cytosolic and mitochondrial [NADH]/[NAD+] ratios. The decrease in ketogenesis seen after inhibition of gluconeogenesis may have resulted from an inhibition of hepatic fatty acid oxidation by the more reduced mitochondrial redox state. It was concluded that gluconeogenesis may stimulate ketogenesis by as much as 30% in severe diabetic ketoacidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:128352", "title": "The effect of butacaine on adenine nucleotide binding and translocation in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The effect of the local anaesthetic, butacaine, on adenine nucleotide binding and translocation in rat liver mitochondria partially depleted of their adenine nucleotide content was investigated. The range of butacaine concentrations that inhibit adenine nucleotide translocation and the extent of the inhibition are similar to the values obtained for native mitochondria. Butacaine does not alter either the total number of atractyloside-sensitive binding sites of depleted mitochondria, or the affinity of these sites for ADP or ATP under conditions where a partial inhibition of the rate of adenine nucleotide translocation is observed. The data are consistent with an effect of butacaine on the process by which adenine nucleotides are transported across the mitochondrial inner membrane rather than on the binding of adenine nucleotides to sites on the adenine nucleotide carrier. The results are briefly discussed in relation to the use of local anaesthetics in investigations of the mechanism of adenine nucleotide translocation.", "contents": "The effect of butacaine on adenine nucleotide binding and translocation in rat liver mitochondria. The effect of the local anaesthetic, butacaine, on adenine nucleotide binding and translocation in rat liver mitochondria partially depleted of their adenine nucleotide content was investigated. The range of butacaine concentrations that inhibit adenine nucleotide translocation and the extent of the inhibition are similar to the values obtained for native mitochondria. Butacaine does not alter either the total number of atractyloside-sensitive binding sites of depleted mitochondria, or the affinity of these sites for ADP or ATP under conditions where a partial inhibition of the rate of adenine nucleotide translocation is observed. The data are consistent with an effect of butacaine on the process by which adenine nucleotides are transported across the mitochondrial inner membrane rather than on the binding of adenine nucleotides to sites on the adenine nucleotide carrier. The results are briefly discussed in relation to the use of local anaesthetics in investigations of the mechanism of adenine nucleotide translocation."}
{"id": "PMID:128353", "title": "A simple and rapid method for the preparation of adenosine triphosphatase from submitochondrial particles.", "content": "An almost pure form of the bovine heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) is released from the membrane by shaking submitochondrial particles with chloroform. Analyses on polyacrylamide gels and by electron microscopy, and also sensitivity to inhibitors, show that the chloroform-released enzyme is similar to other ATPase preparations from bovine heart mitochondria.", "contents": "A simple and rapid method for the preparation of adenosine triphosphatase from submitochondrial particles. An almost pure form of the bovine heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) is released from the membrane by shaking submitochondrial particles with chloroform. Analyses on polyacrylamide gels and by electron microscopy, and also sensitivity to inhibitors, show that the chloroform-released enzyme is similar to other ATPase preparations from bovine heart mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:128354", "title": "Studies on the linkage between teichoic acid and peptidoglycan in a bacteriophage-resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus H.", "content": "1. In addition to poly(ribitol phosphate) the walls of a bacteriophage-resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus H contain glycerol phosphate residues that are not removed on digestion with trypsin or extraction with phenol. 2. The glycerol phosphate is present in a chain, containing three or four glycerol phosphate residues, which is covalently attached to the peptidoglycan through a phosphodiester linkage to muramic acid; this linkage is readily hydrolysed by dilute alkali. 3. The degradative studies described suggest that the poly(ribitol phosphate) chains of the wall teichoic acid may be attached to the wall by linkage to this glycerol phosphate oligomer.", "contents": "Studies on the linkage between teichoic acid and peptidoglycan in a bacteriophage-resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus H. 1. In addition to poly(ribitol phosphate) the walls of a bacteriophage-resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus H contain glycerol phosphate residues that are not removed on digestion with trypsin or extraction with phenol. 2. The glycerol phosphate is present in a chain, containing three or four glycerol phosphate residues, which is covalently attached to the peptidoglycan through a phosphodiester linkage to muramic acid; this linkage is readily hydrolysed by dilute alkali. 3. The degradative studies described suggest that the poly(ribitol phosphate) chains of the wall teichoic acid may be attached to the wall by linkage to this glycerol phosphate oligomer."}
{"id": "PMID:128355", "title": "The nature of the protein moieties of cartilage proteoglycans of pig and ox.", "content": "Proteoglycans extracted with 4M-guanidinium chloride from pig laryngeal cartilage and bovine nasal septum were purified by density-gradient centrifugation in CsCl under 'associative' followed by 'dissociative' conditions [Hascall & Sajdera (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 2384-2396]. Proteoglycans were then digested exhaustively with testicular hyaluronidase, which removed about 80% of the chondroitin sulphate. The hyaluronidase was purified until no proteolytic activity was detectable under the conditions used for digestion. The resulting 'core' proteins of both species were fractionated by a sequence of gel-chromatographic procedures which gave four major fractions of decreasing hydrodynamic size. Those that on electrophoresis penetrated 5.6% (w/v) polyacrylamide gels migrated as discrete bands whose mobility increased with decreasing hydrodynamic size. The unfractionated 'core' proteins had the same N-terminal amino acids as the intact proteoglycan, suggesting that no peptide bonds had been cleaved during hyaluronidase digestion. Alanine predominated as the N-terminal residue in all the fractions of both species. Fractions were analysed for amino acid, amino sugar, uronic acid and neutral sugar compositions. In pig 'core' proteins, the glutamic acid content increased significantly with hydrodynamic size, but in bovine 'core' proteins this trend was less marked. Significant differences in amino acid composition between fractions suggested that in each species there was more than one variety of proteoglycan. The molar proportions of xylose to serine destroyed on alkaline beta-elimination were equivalent in most fractions, indicating that the serine residues destroyed were attached to the terminal xylose of chondroitin sulphate chains. The ratio of serine residues to threonine residues destroyed on beta-elimination, was similar in all fractions of both species. Since the fractions of smallest hydrodynamic size contained less keratan sulphate than those of larger size, it implies that in the former the keratan sulphate chains were shorter than in the latter.", "contents": "The nature of the protein moieties of cartilage proteoglycans of pig and ox. Proteoglycans extracted with 4M-guanidinium chloride from pig laryngeal cartilage and bovine nasal septum were purified by density-gradient centrifugation in CsCl under 'associative' followed by 'dissociative' conditions [Hascall & Sajdera (1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 2384-2396]. Proteoglycans were then digested exhaustively with testicular hyaluronidase, which removed about 80% of the chondroitin sulphate. The hyaluronidase was purified until no proteolytic activity was detectable under the conditions used for digestion. The resulting 'core' proteins of both species were fractionated by a sequence of gel-chromatographic procedures which gave four major fractions of decreasing hydrodynamic size. Those that on electrophoresis penetrated 5.6% (w/v) polyacrylamide gels migrated as discrete bands whose mobility increased with decreasing hydrodynamic size. The unfractionated 'core' proteins had the same N-terminal amino acids as the intact proteoglycan, suggesting that no peptide bonds had been cleaved during hyaluronidase digestion. Alanine predominated as the N-terminal residue in all the fractions of both species. Fractions were analysed for amino acid, amino sugar, uronic acid and neutral sugar compositions. In pig 'core' proteins, the glutamic acid content increased significantly with hydrodynamic size, but in bovine 'core' proteins this trend was less marked. Significant differences in amino acid composition between fractions suggested that in each species there was more than one variety of proteoglycan. The molar proportions of xylose to serine destroyed on alkaline beta-elimination were equivalent in most fractions, indicating that the serine residues destroyed were attached to the terminal xylose of chondroitin sulphate chains. The ratio of serine residues to threonine residues destroyed on beta-elimination, was similar in all fractions of both species. Since the fractions of smallest hydrodynamic size contained less keratan sulphate than those of larger size, it implies that in the former the keratan sulphate chains were shorter than in the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:128356", "title": "The effects of ammonium, inorganic phosphate and potassium ions on the activity of phosphofructokinases from muscle and nervous tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates.", "content": "1. The effect of NH4+, Pi and K+ on phosphofructokinase from muscle and nervous tissues of a large number of animals was investigated. The activation of the enzyme from lobster abdominal muscle by NH4+ was increased synergistically by the presence of Pi or SO4(2-). In the absence of K+, NH4+ plus Pi markedly activated phosphofructokinase from all tissues studied. In the presence of 100 mM-K+, NH4+ plus Pi activated phosphofructokinase from nervous tissue and muscle of invertebrates and the enzyme from brain of vertebrates, but there was no effect of NH4+ plus Pi on the enzyme from the muscles of vertebrates. Nonetheless, NH4+ plus Pi increased the activity of vertebrate muscle phosphofructokinase in the presence of 50 mM-K+ at inhibitory concentrations of ATP, i.e. these ions de-inhibited the enzyme. In the absence of NH4+ plus Pi, K+ activated phosphofructokinase from vertebrate tissues at non-inhibitory ATP concentrations, but the effect was less marked with the enzyme from invertebrate tissues. Indeed, high concentrations of K+ (greater than 50 mM) caused inhibition of invertebrate tissue phosphofructokinase. Of the other alkali-metal ions tested, only Rb+ activated phosphofructokinase from lobster abdominal muscle and rat heart muscle. 2. The properties of lobster abdominal-muscle phosphofructokinase were studied in detail. This muscle was chosen as representative of invertebrate muscle because large quantities of tissue could be obtained from one animal and the enzyme was considerably more stable in tissue extracts than in extracts of insect flight muscle. In general, the properties of the enzyme from this tissue were similar to those of the enzyme from many other tissues: ATP concentrations above an optimum value inhibited the enzyme and this inhibition was decreased by raising the fructose 6-phosphate or the AMP concentration. In particular, NH4+ plus Pi activated the enzyme at noninhibitory concentrations of ATP and they also relieved ATP inhibition (see above). 3. It is suggested that increases in the concentration of NH4+ and Pi, under conditions of increased ATP utilization in certain muscles and/or nervous tissue, may play a part in the stimulation of glycolysis through the effects on phosphofructokinase (the effect may be a direct activation and/or a relief of ATP inhibition). Changes in the concentration of NH4+ and Pi are consistent with this theory in nervous tissue and the anaerobic type of muscles. The role of AMP deaminase in production of NH4+ from AMP in these tissues is discussed in relation to the control of glycolysis.", "contents": "The effects of ammonium, inorganic phosphate and potassium ions on the activity of phosphofructokinases from muscle and nervous tissues of vertebrates and invertebrates. 1. The effect of NH4+, Pi and K+ on phosphofructokinase from muscle and nervous tissues of a large number of animals was investigated. The activation of the enzyme from lobster abdominal muscle by NH4+ was increased synergistically by the presence of Pi or SO4(2-). In the absence of K+, NH4+ plus Pi markedly activated phosphofructokinase from all tissues studied. In the presence of 100 mM-K+, NH4+ plus Pi activated phosphofructokinase from nervous tissue and muscle of invertebrates and the enzyme from brain of vertebrates, but there was no effect of NH4+ plus Pi on the enzyme from the muscles of vertebrates. Nonetheless, NH4+ plus Pi increased the activity of vertebrate muscle phosphofructokinase in the presence of 50 mM-K+ at inhibitory concentrations of ATP, i.e. these ions de-inhibited the enzyme. In the absence of NH4+ plus Pi, K+ activated phosphofructokinase from vertebrate tissues at non-inhibitory ATP concentrations, but the effect was less marked with the enzyme from invertebrate tissues. Indeed, high concentrations of K+ (greater than 50 mM) caused inhibition of invertebrate tissue phosphofructokinase. Of the other alkali-metal ions tested, only Rb+ activated phosphofructokinase from lobster abdominal muscle and rat heart muscle. 2. The properties of lobster abdominal-muscle phosphofructokinase were studied in detail. This muscle was chosen as representative of invertebrate muscle because large quantities of tissue could be obtained from one animal and the enzyme was considerably more stable in tissue extracts than in extracts of insect flight muscle. In general, the properties of the enzyme from this tissue were similar to those of the enzyme from many other tissues: ATP concentrations above an optimum value inhibited the enzyme and this inhibition was decreased by raising the fructose 6-phosphate or the AMP concentration. In particular, NH4+ plus Pi activated the enzyme at noninhibitory concentrations of ATP and they also relieved ATP inhibition (see above). 3. It is suggested that increases in the concentration of NH4+ and Pi, under conditions of increased ATP utilization in certain muscles and/or nervous tissue, may play a part in the stimulation of glycolysis through the effects on phosphofructokinase (the effect may be a direct activation and/or a relief of ATP inhibition). Changes in the concentration of NH4+ and Pi are consistent with this theory in nervous tissue and the anaerobic type of muscles. The role of AMP deaminase in production of NH4+ from AMP in these tissues is discussed in relation to the control of glycolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:128357", "title": "Salmonella typhimurium HfrA, a mutant in which adenosine triphosphate can drive amino acid transport but not energy-dependent nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenation.", "content": "In contrast with wild-type Salmonella typhimurium LT2, strain HfrA did not have ATP-driven energy-dependent transhydrogenase activity, although ATP-dependent quenching of atebrin fluorescence was normal. Respiration-dependent and energy-independent transhydrogenase, and Ca2+-activated ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) activities were similar in both strains. Purified ATPases from the two strains had similar specific activities, similar subunit polypeptides, and were equally effective in restoring energy-dependent transhydrogenase activities to membrane particles of strain LT2 from which the ATPase had been stripped. The purified ATPases from both strains could restore respiration-dependent but not ATP-dependent transhydrogenation to stripped particles of strain HfrA. Both strains grew aerobically equally well on salts media containing glucose, malate, succinate, citrate, acetate, pyruvate, fumarate, lactate or aspartate as substrates. Growth on glucose under anaerobic conditions was similar. Strains LT2 and HfrA were equally effective in the accumulation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions of the amino acids proline, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, isoleucine and aspartic acid. Inhibition of amino acid accumulation by KCN and dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide occurred to the same extent in both strains. The complete inhibition by dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide of amino acid uptake under anaerobic conditions suggested that ATP could drive amino acid uptake in both strains. The ability of strain HfrA to carry out ATP-dependent transport or quenching of atebrin fluorescence but not ATP-dependent transhydrogenation is different from the wild-type strain and from any previously described energy-coupling mutant. It is difficult to reconcile the properties of this mutant with the chemiosmotic hypothesis.", "contents": "Salmonella typhimurium HfrA, a mutant in which adenosine triphosphate can drive amino acid transport but not energy-dependent nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenation. In contrast with wild-type Salmonella typhimurium LT2, strain HfrA did not have ATP-driven energy-dependent transhydrogenase activity, although ATP-dependent quenching of atebrin fluorescence was normal. Respiration-dependent and energy-independent transhydrogenase, and Ca2+-activated ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) activities were similar in both strains. Purified ATPases from the two strains had similar specific activities, similar subunit polypeptides, and were equally effective in restoring energy-dependent transhydrogenase activities to membrane particles of strain LT2 from which the ATPase had been stripped. The purified ATPases from both strains could restore respiration-dependent but not ATP-dependent transhydrogenation to stripped particles of strain HfrA. Both strains grew aerobically equally well on salts media containing glucose, malate, succinate, citrate, acetate, pyruvate, fumarate, lactate or aspartate as substrates. Growth on glucose under anaerobic conditions was similar. Strains LT2 and HfrA were equally effective in the accumulation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions of the amino acids proline, phenylalanine, histidine, lysine, isoleucine and aspartic acid. Inhibition of amino acid accumulation by KCN and dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide occurred to the same extent in both strains. The complete inhibition by dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide of amino acid uptake under anaerobic conditions suggested that ATP could drive amino acid uptake in both strains. The ability of strain HfrA to carry out ATP-dependent transport or quenching of atebrin fluorescence but not ATP-dependent transhydrogenation is different from the wild-type strain and from any previously described energy-coupling mutant. It is difficult to reconcile the properties of this mutant with the chemiosmotic hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:128366", "title": "Fenfluramine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Part 2: Involvement of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine in the anorectic activity of fenfluramine.", "content": "As it is well-known, fenfluramine produces anorexia and decrease in brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). As it has been suggested that the anorectic effect of fenfluramine may be due to a release of brain 5-HT, we have examined the influence of several drugs active on 5-HT mechanisms and metabolism, on the anorexigenic activity of fenfluramine. These studies were made in relationship with the depletion of 5-HT levels and the concentration of brain fenfluramine or m-trifluoromethyl-isopropylamine. The results have confirmed the involvement of a tryptaminergic mechanism in fenfluramine anorexia and suggest the hypothesis that fenfluramine itself can interfere with the serotoninergic system in the brain (stimulation of tryptaminergic neurons directly).", "contents": "Fenfluramine and 5-hydroxytryptamine. Part 2: Involvement of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine in the anorectic activity of fenfluramine. As it is well-known, fenfluramine produces anorexia and decrease in brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT). As it has been suggested that the anorectic effect of fenfluramine may be due to a release of brain 5-HT, we have examined the influence of several drugs active on 5-HT mechanisms and metabolism, on the anorexigenic activity of fenfluramine. These studies were made in relationship with the depletion of 5-HT levels and the concentration of brain fenfluramine or m-trifluoromethyl-isopropylamine. The results have confirmed the involvement of a tryptaminergic mechanism in fenfluramine anorexia and suggest the hypothesis that fenfluramine itself can interfere with the serotoninergic system in the brain (stimulation of tryptaminergic neurons directly)."}
{"id": "PMID:128363", "title": "Relapsing polychondritis. Electron microscopic study of ear cartilage.", "content": "Light microscopic and for the first time electron microscopic (EM) studies of involved elastic ear cartilage in a patient with relapsing polychondritis confirm the superficial location of the inflammatory reaction. EM studies of deep cartilage were identical to those on controls except for a rare necrotic cell. Superficial cartilage showed a finely granular electron-dense material. This material, which may be protein, possibly of enzyme or immunoglobulin origin, also surrounded some elastic fibrils. Findings of predominantly superficial changes and the multisystem disease in the present patient and in many others suggest that the cartilage destruction is part of a systemic inflammatory disease.", "contents": "Relapsing polychondritis. Electron microscopic study of ear cartilage. Light microscopic and for the first time electron microscopic (EM) studies of involved elastic ear cartilage in a patient with relapsing polychondritis confirm the superficial location of the inflammatory reaction. EM studies of deep cartilage were identical to those on controls except for a rare necrotic cell. Superficial cartilage showed a finely granular electron-dense material. This material, which may be protein, possibly of enzyme or immunoglobulin origin, also surrounded some elastic fibrils. Findings of predominantly superficial changes and the multisystem disease in the present patient and in many others suggest that the cartilage destruction is part of a systemic inflammatory disease."}
{"id": "PMID:128373", "title": "Predictive tests for malignant hyperpyrexia.", "content": "Four carriers of the abnormal trait for malignant hyperpyrexia have been studied to determine the value of the various methods of carrier detection. Tests included enzyme estimations, histochemistry, electronmicroscopy, biochemistry and in vitro exposure of muscle strips to halothane. By combining these procedures it is possible to detect all the asymptomatic carriers of this disease.", "contents": "Predictive tests for malignant hyperpyrexia. Four carriers of the abnormal trait for malignant hyperpyrexia have been studied to determine the value of the various methods of carrier detection. Tests included enzyme estimations, histochemistry, electronmicroscopy, biochemistry and in vitro exposure of muscle strips to halothane. By combining these procedures it is possible to detect all the asymptomatic carriers of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:128374", "title": "Bronchial carcinoma with eosinophilia and cardiomegaly.", "content": "A patient with a giant cell carcinoma of the bronchus presented with headache and flushing attacks and a blood eosinophilia. He developed a right bundle branch block and later congestive cardiac failure. At post mortem he was found to have the appearance of Loeffler's endocarditis. A tentative mechanism for these events is proposed.", "contents": "Bronchial carcinoma with eosinophilia and cardiomegaly. A patient with a giant cell carcinoma of the bronchus presented with headache and flushing attacks and a blood eosinophilia. He developed a right bundle branch block and later congestive cardiac failure. At post mortem he was found to have the appearance of Loeffler's endocarditis. A tentative mechanism for these events is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:128367", "title": "Ascorbic acid and glycosaminoglycan and lipid metabolism in guinea pigs fed normal and atherogenic diets.", "content": "The effect of low and high doses of ascorbic acid on glycosaminoglycan and lipid metabolism was studied in guinea pigs fed both normal and atherogenic diets. The high dose of ascorbic acid (25 mg/100 g body weight/day) decreased the cholesterol level in the liver and aorta but not in the serum in animals fed the normal diet in comparison with those fed the low dose of ascorbic acid (0.1 mg/100 g body weight/day). In animals fed the atherogenic diet, cholesterol decreased in the serum and liver, but not in the aorta. Serum triglycerides were not affected by the dose of ascorbic acid in the group on the normal diet, but in the animals receiving the atherogenic diet, the high dose of ascorbic acid caused serum triglycerides to decrease when compared with the low dose. Hepatic and aortic triglycerides decreased in groups on normal and atherogenic diets receiving the high dose of ascorbic acid. Lipoprotein lipase activity was not affected in the aorta by the dose of ascorbic acid either in the normal or atherogenic diet group. It was increased in the liver and heart in both the groups receiving the low dose of ascorbic acid but decreased in the high dose group. The concentration of all the glycosaminoglycans significantly increased in the aorta of animals on normal diet receiving the high dose of ascorbic acid when compared with the low dose group. In the group on the atherogenic diet, hyaluronic acid was not affected, but all the sulphated glycosaminoglycans increased in the animals receiving the high dose when compared with those receiving the low dose. In the liver all the sulphated glycosaminoglycans increased while hyaluronic acid decreased in both the normal and atherogenic diet groups receiving the high rather than the low dose of ascorbic acid. L-Glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase and UDPG dehydrogenase, two key enzymes in the biosynthesis of precursors of glycosaminoglycans, were studied in relation to the dose of ascorbic acid. Hepatic aminotransferase activity was higher both in the normal and atherogenic diet groups when receiving the high rather than the low dose of ascorbic acid. UDPG dehydrogenase was not affected by the dose of ascorbic acid. The activities of the degrading enzymes -- hyaluronidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-hexosaminidase and aryl sulphatase -- significantly increased both in the normal and atherogenic diet groups when receiving the low rather than the high dose of ascorbic acid. The concentration of PAPS, sulphate activity and sulphotransferase activity were all increased in both the normal and atherogenic diet groups receiving the high dose of ascorbic acid.", "contents": "Ascorbic acid and glycosaminoglycan and lipid metabolism in guinea pigs fed normal and atherogenic diets. The effect of low and high doses of ascorbic acid on glycosaminoglycan and lipid metabolism was studied in guinea pigs fed both normal and atherogenic diets. The high dose of ascorbic acid (25 mg/100 g body weight/day) decreased the cholesterol level in the liver and aorta but not in the serum in animals fed the normal diet in comparison with those fed the low dose of ascorbic acid (0.1 mg/100 g body weight/day). In animals fed the atherogenic diet, cholesterol decreased in the serum and liver, but not in the aorta. Serum triglycerides were not affected by the dose of ascorbic acid in the group on the normal diet, but in the animals receiving the atherogenic diet, the high dose of ascorbic acid caused serum triglycerides to decrease when compared with the low dose. Hepatic and aortic triglycerides decreased in groups on normal and atherogenic diets receiving the high dose of ascorbic acid. Lipoprotein lipase activity was not affected in the aorta by the dose of ascorbic acid either in the normal or atherogenic diet group. It was increased in the liver and heart in both the groups receiving the low dose of ascorbic acid but decreased in the high dose group. The concentration of all the glycosaminoglycans significantly increased in the aorta of animals on normal diet receiving the high dose of ascorbic acid when compared with the low dose group. In the group on the atherogenic diet, hyaluronic acid was not affected, but all the sulphated glycosaminoglycans increased in the animals receiving the high dose when compared with those receiving the low dose. In the liver all the sulphated glycosaminoglycans increased while hyaluronic acid decreased in both the normal and atherogenic diet groups receiving the high rather than the low dose of ascorbic acid. L-Glutamine:D-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase and UDPG dehydrogenase, two key enzymes in the biosynthesis of precursors of glycosaminoglycans, were studied in relation to the dose of ascorbic acid. Hepatic aminotransferase activity was higher both in the normal and atherogenic diet groups when receiving the high rather than the low dose of ascorbic acid. UDPG dehydrogenase was not affected by the dose of ascorbic acid. The activities of the degrading enzymes -- hyaluronidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-hexosaminidase and aryl sulphatase -- significantly increased both in the normal and atherogenic diet groups when receiving the low rather than the high dose of ascorbic acid. The concentration of PAPS, sulphate activity and sulphotransferase activity were all increased in both the normal and atherogenic diet groups receiving the high dose of ascorbic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:128375", "title": "Specific and nonspecific channels leading to proteolysis in antibody preparations.", "content": "Current ways of fractionating immune sera give rise in the guinea-pig species to an active plasmin that contaminates antibody preparations. The enzyme appears as a free molecule separable from the immunoglobulin. In contrast, when a purified antibody has been obtained through the immunoabsorption process, plasmin activated during the contact between antibody and polymer binds firmly to the immunoglobulin. This phenomenon occurs separately and indistinctly with IgG1 and IgG2. Moreover, the alternate pathway of complement activation could be a tributary to the plasmin system.", "contents": "Specific and nonspecific channels leading to proteolysis in antibody preparations. Current ways of fractionating immune sera give rise in the guinea-pig species to an active plasmin that contaminates antibody preparations. The enzyme appears as a free molecule separable from the immunoglobulin. In contrast, when a purified antibody has been obtained through the immunoabsorption process, plasmin activated during the contact between antibody and polymer binds firmly to the immunoglobulin. This phenomenon occurs separately and indistinctly with IgG1 and IgG2. Moreover, the alternate pathway of complement activation could be a tributary to the plasmin system."}
{"id": "PMID:128376", "title": "A follow-up of tetracycline-treated rosacea. With special reference to rosacea keratitis.", "content": "Seventy patients with rosacea were treated with systemic tetracycline for 6 months. Sixty-eight of them cleared with treatment. After withdrawal of the drug seventeen relapsed immediately and the overall relapse rate over 4 years was 69%. The serum tetracycline levels were not significantly different in two patients who failed to respond. Six patients had rosacea keratitis and responded dramatically within 1 month. Symptoms recurred as the drug was withdrawn. It is suggested that rosacea patients with keratitis should receive early and prolonged tetracycline medication.", "contents": "A follow-up of tetracycline-treated rosacea. With special reference to rosacea keratitis. Seventy patients with rosacea were treated with systemic tetracycline for 6 months. Sixty-eight of them cleared with treatment. After withdrawal of the drug seventeen relapsed immediately and the overall relapse rate over 4 years was 69%. The serum tetracycline levels were not significantly different in two patients who failed to respond. Six patients had rosacea keratitis and responded dramatically within 1 month. Symptoms recurred as the drug was withdrawn. It is suggested that rosacea patients with keratitis should receive early and prolonged tetracycline medication."}
{"id": "PMID:128377", "title": "Structural and enzymatic properties of adenine 1-oxide nucleotides.", "content": "We decribed the preparation of adenine 1-oxide nucleotides by oxidation of the natural compounds with monopermaleic acid in aqueous solutions at neutral pH, with an overall yield after chromatographic purification between 75 and 80%. If irradiated, the adenine 1-oxide nucleotides undergo a photochemical rearrangement reaction, the main photoproducts in aqueous solution at alkaline pH being the corresponding isoguanine nucleotides. The modified ring vibration pattern of the 1-oxide analogues as well as the 13C chemical shift indicate a loss of aromaticity as compared to the natural compounds. Coupling constant measurements show that the dihedral angle between the 31POC and OC13C planes is around 180degree, i.e., trans, as in the natural adenine nucleotides. The modified adenine nucleotides were tested as potential substrates and/or inhibitors of mitochondrial processes, as substrates of varous phosphotransferases from mitochondria or cytosol, and as allosteric effectors in the reactions catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase. Although the adenine 1-oxide nucleotides are not recognized by the translocase system of the inner mitochondrial membrane, they are good substrates for mitochondrial phosphotransferases located in the intermembrane space. Similarly, they participate in the phosphoryl group transfer reactions catalyzed by pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, and hexokinase. As allosteric effectors, the modified nucleotides are less active than the natural compounds, probably because of a lower binding capacity to the allosteric sites of the regulatory enzymes.", "contents": "Structural and enzymatic properties of adenine 1-oxide nucleotides. We decribed the preparation of adenine 1-oxide nucleotides by oxidation of the natural compounds with monopermaleic acid in aqueous solutions at neutral pH, with an overall yield after chromatographic purification between 75 and 80%. If irradiated, the adenine 1-oxide nucleotides undergo a photochemical rearrangement reaction, the main photoproducts in aqueous solution at alkaline pH being the corresponding isoguanine nucleotides. The modified ring vibration pattern of the 1-oxide analogues as well as the 13C chemical shift indicate a loss of aromaticity as compared to the natural compounds. Coupling constant measurements show that the dihedral angle between the 31POC and OC13C planes is around 180degree, i.e., trans, as in the natural adenine nucleotides. The modified adenine nucleotides were tested as potential substrates and/or inhibitors of mitochondrial processes, as substrates of varous phosphotransferases from mitochondria or cytosol, and as allosteric effectors in the reactions catalyzed by glutamate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase. Although the adenine 1-oxide nucleotides are not recognized by the translocase system of the inner mitochondrial membrane, they are good substrates for mitochondrial phosphotransferases located in the intermembrane space. Similarly, they participate in the phosphoryl group transfer reactions catalyzed by pyruvate kinase, phosphofructokinase, and hexokinase. As allosteric effectors, the modified nucleotides are less active than the natural compounds, probably because of a lower binding capacity to the allosteric sites of the regulatory enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:128379", "title": "Studies on (Na+ plus K+)-activated ATPase. XXXVII. Stabilization by cations of the enzyme-ouabain complex formed with Mg1+ and inorganic phosphate.", "content": "Dissociation of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase ouabain complex, formed in the presence of Mg2+ and inorganic phosphate (Complex II), is inhibited by Mg2+ (21-45%) and the alkali cations Na+ (25-59%) and K+ (27-75%) when kidney cortex tissue (bovine, rabbit, guinea pig) is the enzyme source. Choline chloride at 200 mM, equivalent to the highest concentration of NaCl tested, does not inhibit. Dissociation of Complex II from brain cortex (bovine, rat, rabbit) or heart muscle (rabbit) is much less inhibited: 0-11% by Na+ and 11-19% by K+. The degree of inhibition is not directly related to the size of the dissociation rate constant (k-) of the various complexes, but rather to the extent of interaction between the cation and ouabain binding sites for these tissues. Inhibition curves for Na+ and K+ are sigmoidal. Half-maximal inhibition for rabbit brain and kidney cortex is at 30-40 mM Na+ and 6-10 mM K+, and the maximally inhibitory concentrations are 50-150 and 15-20 mM, respectively. Maximal inhibition by Na+ or K+ for these tissues is the same. For guinea pig kidney cortex Na+ and K+ are almost equally effective, but 150 mM K+ or 200 mM Na+ are still not saturating, and inhibition curves indicate high- and low-affinity binding sites for the alkali cations. The inhibition curve for Mg2+ is not sigmoidal. In the kidney preparations Mg2+ inhibits half-maximally at 0.4-0.5 mM, maximally at 1-3 mM. Maximal inhibition by Mg2+ is higher than by Na+ or K+ for rabbit kidney cortex and lower for guinea pig kidney cortex. There is no competition or additivity among the cations, indicating the existence of different binding sites for Mg2+ and the alkali cations. Complex II differs in stability in the extent of inhibition, in the dependence of inhibition on the cation concentration and in the absence of antagonism between Na+ and K+, from the ouabain complex formed via phosphorylation by ATP (Complex I). This indicates that the phosphorylation states for the complexes are clearly different.", "contents": "Studies on (Na+ plus K+)-activated ATPase. XXXVII. Stabilization by cations of the enzyme-ouabain complex formed with Mg1+ and inorganic phosphate. Dissociation of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase ouabain complex, formed in the presence of Mg2+ and inorganic phosphate (Complex II), is inhibited by Mg2+ (21-45%) and the alkali cations Na+ (25-59%) and K+ (27-75%) when kidney cortex tissue (bovine, rabbit, guinea pig) is the enzyme source. Choline chloride at 200 mM, equivalent to the highest concentration of NaCl tested, does not inhibit. Dissociation of Complex II from brain cortex (bovine, rat, rabbit) or heart muscle (rabbit) is much less inhibited: 0-11% by Na+ and 11-19% by K+. The degree of inhibition is not directly related to the size of the dissociation rate constant (k-) of the various complexes, but rather to the extent of interaction between the cation and ouabain binding sites for these tissues. Inhibition curves for Na+ and K+ are sigmoidal. Half-maximal inhibition for rabbit brain and kidney cortex is at 30-40 mM Na+ and 6-10 mM K+, and the maximally inhibitory concentrations are 50-150 and 15-20 mM, respectively. Maximal inhibition by Na+ or K+ for these tissues is the same. For guinea pig kidney cortex Na+ and K+ are almost equally effective, but 150 mM K+ or 200 mM Na+ are still not saturating, and inhibition curves indicate high- and low-affinity binding sites for the alkali cations. The inhibition curve for Mg2+ is not sigmoidal. In the kidney preparations Mg2+ inhibits half-maximally at 0.4-0.5 mM, maximally at 1-3 mM. Maximal inhibition by Mg2+ is higher than by Na+ or K+ for rabbit kidney cortex and lower for guinea pig kidney cortex. There is no competition or additivity among the cations, indicating the existence of different binding sites for Mg2+ and the alkali cations. Complex II differs in stability in the extent of inhibition, in the dependence of inhibition on the cation concentration and in the absence of antagonism between Na+ and K+, from the ouabain complex formed via phosphorylation by ATP (Complex I). This indicates that the phosphorylation states for the complexes are clearly different."}
{"id": "PMID:128380", "title": "Induction of the catalytic protein of (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase in the salt gland of the duck.", "content": "The (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase activities in salt gland homogenates increased 3- to 4-fold after saline treatment of ducks for 3 weeks. The ATPase was purified to a specific activity of 460 and 1015 mumol Pi/mg protein per h, respectively, in control and saline-treated ducks. The catalytic protein was identified on polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels by phosphorylating the enzyme with (32P)ATP. The molecular weight of the protein was estimated to be 98 000. The amount of catalytic unit increased commensurately with the enzyme activity after saline treatment. It is therefore concluded that the increased enzyme activity is due to a de novo enzyme synthesis and is not an activation effect. Phospholipid concentration in the salt gland tissue increased 1.7-fold after the saline treatment. Significant increases occurred in the percentage of the total phospholipids as phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin. In the partially purified (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase preparation, the percentage composition of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine increased after saline treatment.", "contents": "Induction of the catalytic protein of (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase in the salt gland of the duck. The (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase activities in salt gland homogenates increased 3- to 4-fold after saline treatment of ducks for 3 weeks. The ATPase was purified to a specific activity of 460 and 1015 mumol Pi/mg protein per h, respectively, in control and saline-treated ducks. The catalytic protein was identified on polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels by phosphorylating the enzyme with (32P)ATP. The molecular weight of the protein was estimated to be 98 000. The amount of catalytic unit increased commensurately with the enzyme activity after saline treatment. It is therefore concluded that the increased enzyme activity is due to a de novo enzyme synthesis and is not an activation effect. Phospholipid concentration in the salt gland tissue increased 1.7-fold after the saline treatment. Significant increases occurred in the percentage of the total phospholipids as phosphatidylserine and sphingomyelin. In the partially purified (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase preparation, the percentage composition of phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine increased after saline treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:128381", "title": "Observations on the (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPase activator found in various mammalian erythrocytes.", "content": "1. A soluble activator of membrane (Ca2+ plus Mg2)-ATPase is present in hemolysates of the newborn calf and cow, the new born and adult pig as well as human erythrocytes. 2. The activator is also found in reticulocytes of the adult pig. 3. The activator obtained from any of the above species is capable of stimulating the membrane (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPases of the other species, regardless of the age of the animals. 4. The results obtained from density fractionation of human erythrocytes revealed that the soluble factor has little simulatory effect on membranes of young erythrocytes from which it is derived but caused a marked stimulation on (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPase activity of the intermediate aged and old erythrocyte membranes. 5. The above observations support the following conclusions: (a) the extremely low levels of (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPase in cow erythrocytes is not due to the lack of a (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPase activator; (b) the distribution of (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-atpase activator is not species specific and the differences in the level of membrane (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPase activity in various species of cells is an inherent property of that particular membrane (c) the (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPase activator is present at least from the time of reticulocyte formation and remain during tthe life span of the erythrocyte.", "contents": "Observations on the (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPase activator found in various mammalian erythrocytes. 1. A soluble activator of membrane (Ca2+ plus Mg2)-ATPase is present in hemolysates of the newborn calf and cow, the new born and adult pig as well as human erythrocytes. 2. The activator is also found in reticulocytes of the adult pig. 3. The activator obtained from any of the above species is capable of stimulating the membrane (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPases of the other species, regardless of the age of the animals. 4. The results obtained from density fractionation of human erythrocytes revealed that the soluble factor has little simulatory effect on membranes of young erythrocytes from which it is derived but caused a marked stimulation on (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPase activity of the intermediate aged and old erythrocyte membranes. 5. The above observations support the following conclusions: (a) the extremely low levels of (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPase in cow erythrocytes is not due to the lack of a (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPase activator; (b) the distribution of (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-atpase activator is not species specific and the differences in the level of membrane (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPase activity in various species of cells is an inherent property of that particular membrane (c) the (Ca2+ plus Mg2+)-ATPase activator is present at least from the time of reticulocyte formation and remain during tthe life span of the erythrocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:128382", "title": "Evidence for electronogenic sodium pumping in the ductal epithelium of rabbit salivary gland and its relationship with (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase.", "content": "The temperature dependence of the transepithelial potential difference (PD) of the main duct of the submaxillary gland has been measured during in vitro perfusion studies. The magnitude of the PD depends strongly on the anion composition of the perfusing and bathing fluids. The following combinations of perfusion and bathing fluids respectively were used: (1) Na2SO4/NaCl, (2) Na2SO4, (3) NaCl/-NaCl, (4) NaCl/Na2SO4. The mean transepithelial potential differences at 35 degrees C with these four sets of conditions were respectively: 144, 148, 10 and - 15 mV, serosal side positive with respect to lumen. From the data obtained it was possible to construct Arrhenius plots of temperature dependence of the PD for the four sets of experimental conditions. They all show a breakpoint between 16 and 19 degrees C. The apparent activation energies in the four situations above the breakpoint are 4.2, 1.4, 12.0 and 10.6 kcal/mol, respectively. Below the breakpoint they are 29.9, 37.5, 29.0 and 31.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The rapid change in the PD as a function of temperature (which can also be achieved by the addition of ouabain), the effects of the removal of K+ on the  serosal side on the PD, the decrease in the PD after the addition of ouabain or CN-, and the activation energies and breakpoints all lead to the conclusion that a large part of the PD is caused by an electrogenic sodium pump which is very probably the enzyme (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase. When the duct is perfused with Na2SO4 we find, above the breakpoint in the Arrhenius plots, a lower activation energy than is found when perfusing with NaCl.", "contents": "Evidence for electronogenic sodium pumping in the ductal epithelium of rabbit salivary gland and its relationship with (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase. The temperature dependence of the transepithelial potential difference (PD) of the main duct of the submaxillary gland has been measured during in vitro perfusion studies. The magnitude of the PD depends strongly on the anion composition of the perfusing and bathing fluids. The following combinations of perfusion and bathing fluids respectively were used: (1) Na2SO4/NaCl, (2) Na2SO4, (3) NaCl/-NaCl, (4) NaCl/Na2SO4. The mean transepithelial potential differences at 35 degrees C with these four sets of conditions were respectively: 144, 148, 10 and - 15 mV, serosal side positive with respect to lumen. From the data obtained it was possible to construct Arrhenius plots of temperature dependence of the PD for the four sets of experimental conditions. They all show a breakpoint between 16 and 19 degrees C. The apparent activation energies in the four situations above the breakpoint are 4.2, 1.4, 12.0 and 10.6 kcal/mol, respectively. Below the breakpoint they are 29.9, 37.5, 29.0 and 31.3 kcal/mol, respectively. The rapid change in the PD as a function of temperature (which can also be achieved by the addition of ouabain), the effects of the removal of K+ on the  serosal side on the PD, the decrease in the PD after the addition of ouabain or CN-, and the activation energies and breakpoints all lead to the conclusion that a large part of the PD is caused by an electrogenic sodium pump which is very probably the enzyme (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase. When the duct is perfused with Na2SO4 we find, above the breakpoint in the Arrhenius plots, a lower activation energy than is found when perfusing with NaCl."}
{"id": "PMID:128384", "title": "[Tryptophan fluorescence of Na+,K+-ATPase preparations].", "content": "On the strength of the study of tryptophan fluorescence of Na+, K+-ATPase preparation a conclusion about conformational changes of the enzume molecule at the level of its tertiary structure is made. The largest changes of intensity and position of fluorescence spectrum consequently the macromolecule structure are discovered at the formation of Mg-ATP-enzyme complex.", "contents": "[Tryptophan fluorescence of Na+,K+-ATPase preparations]. On the strength of the study of tryptophan fluorescence of Na+, K+-ATPase preparation a conclusion about conformational changes of the enzume molecule at the level of its tertiary structure is made. The largest changes of intensity and position of fluorescence spectrum consequently the macromolecule structure are discovered at the formation of Mg-ATP-enzyme complex."}
{"id": "PMID:128386", "title": "[Effect of hexammine cobaltchloride on the transport of bivalent cations in liver mitochondria].", "content": "It is found that hexammine cobaltichloride (HAC) which interacts with anionic groups of sulphate-containing glycosamine glycanes, is a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial transport of Ca2+ (semi-maximal inhibition in the presence of 6 nmoles HAC/mg of protein) and Sr2+ (semi-maximal inhibition in the presence of 30 nmoles HAC/mg of protein). Mn2+ translocation was inhibited by considerably higher HAC concentrations, 4-fold increase in the transport rate being observed in the presence of 15 nmoles/mg of protein. Inhibition of Ca2+ translocation is competitive, and its inhibition constant is 6-10(-6) M. HAC (3-120 muM) does not affect respiration, oxidative phosphorylation and DNP-stimulated ATPase activity of liver mitochondria, but at the concentration of 15 muM it decreases markedly the activity of \"detergent\" ATPase from liver mitochondria. It is suggested that the effect of HAC is due to its interaction with anionic groups of mitochondrial glycoproteins.", "contents": "[Effect of hexammine cobaltchloride on the transport of bivalent cations in liver mitochondria]. It is found that hexammine cobaltichloride (HAC) which interacts with anionic groups of sulphate-containing glycosamine glycanes, is a specific inhibitor of mitochondrial transport of Ca2+ (semi-maximal inhibition in the presence of 6 nmoles HAC/mg of protein) and Sr2+ (semi-maximal inhibition in the presence of 30 nmoles HAC/mg of protein). Mn2+ translocation was inhibited by considerably higher HAC concentrations, 4-fold increase in the transport rate being observed in the presence of 15 nmoles/mg of protein. Inhibition of Ca2+ translocation is competitive, and its inhibition constant is 6-10(-6) M. HAC (3-120 muM) does not affect respiration, oxidative phosphorylation and DNP-stimulated ATPase activity of liver mitochondria, but at the concentration of 15 muM it decreases markedly the activity of \"detergent\" ATPase from liver mitochondria. It is suggested that the effect of HAC is due to its interaction with anionic groups of mitochondrial glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:128387", "title": "[Properties of artificial vesicles from biological membranes].", "content": "Ultrasonic treatment of microsome fraction or the preparation of partially purified Na+, K+-ATPase from cattle brain resulted in the formation of closed structures which immobilized rubidium and sodium ions and were easily discovered in electron microscope. Gradual release of bound rubidium ions was observed under the incubation of ultrasonic-treated membrane preparation in salt solutions. This process was activated by ATP. ATP-activated release of rubidium was observed only in the presence of sodium and was inhibited by ouabain. A hypothesis on the participation of sodium pump in the ion transport through membranes of artificial vesicles is discussed.", "contents": "[Properties of artificial vesicles from biological membranes]. Ultrasonic treatment of microsome fraction or the preparation of partially purified Na+, K+-ATPase from cattle brain resulted in the formation of closed structures which immobilized rubidium and sodium ions and were easily discovered in electron microscope. Gradual release of bound rubidium ions was observed under the incubation of ultrasonic-treated membrane preparation in salt solutions. This process was activated by ATP. ATP-activated release of rubidium was observed only in the presence of sodium and was inhibited by ouabain. A hypothesis on the participation of sodium pump in the ion transport through membranes of artificial vesicles is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128393", "title": "Absence of one component of spectrin adenosine triphosphatase in hereditary spherocytosis.", "content": "The stimulation by calcium and magnesium of ATPase activity of isolated ghosts, of water-soluble protein (spectrin), and of residual vesicles, derived from normal erythrocytes and from hereditary spherocytes (H.S.), has been measured. The ATPase activity found in normal water-soluble protein (WSP) at low levels of calcium (0.1-2.0 mM) is essentially absent in H.S. water-soluble protein, but the ATPase activity with magnesium and with high levels of calcium (60-100 mM) is the same in H.S. and normal WSP. Compared to normal, H.S. ghosts have increased Mg2+-stimulated activity. This increased activity is retained by the sedimentable vesicles (\"residue\") after extraction of the ghosts with 0.025 mM EDTA. The Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase associated with the calcium pump is not significantly different in H.S.", "contents": "Absence of one component of spectrin adenosine triphosphatase in hereditary spherocytosis. The stimulation by calcium and magnesium of ATPase activity of isolated ghosts, of water-soluble protein (spectrin), and of residual vesicles, derived from normal erythrocytes and from hereditary spherocytes (H.S.), has been measured. The ATPase activity found in normal water-soluble protein (WSP) at low levels of calcium (0.1-2.0 mM) is essentially absent in H.S. water-soluble protein, but the ATPase activity with magnesium and with high levels of calcium (60-100 mM) is the same in H.S. and normal WSP. Compared to normal, H.S. ghosts have increased Mg2+-stimulated activity. This increased activity is retained by the sedimentable vesicles (\"residue\") after extraction of the ghosts with 0.025 mM EDTA. The Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase associated with the calcium pump is not significantly different in H.S."}
{"id": "PMID:128389", "title": "[HCO3-sensitive adenosinetriphosphatase from ascites tumour cells].", "content": "HCO3--sensitive ATPase was found in nuclear and plasma membrane fractions of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells and lymphoma NK cells. HCO3--ATPase was not sensitive to monovalent cations and to ouabain (10(-4) M). The 60 mM HCO3- is the concentration of maximal activation of the HCO3--sensitive ATPase. The HCO3--sensitive ATPase was inhibited by anions in the sequence: SCN- greater than F- greater than ClO4- greater J-. The anions Br-, NO3-, HSO3- were not effective.", "contents": "[HCO3-sensitive adenosinetriphosphatase from ascites tumour cells]. HCO3--sensitive ATPase was found in nuclear and plasma membrane fractions of Ehrlich ascites tumour cells and lymphoma NK cells. HCO3--ATPase was not sensitive to monovalent cations and to ouabain (10(-4) M). The 60 mM HCO3- is the concentration of maximal activation of the HCO3--sensitive ATPase. The HCO3--sensitive ATPase was inhibited by anions in the sequence: SCN- greater than F- greater than ClO4- greater J-. The anions Br-, NO3-, HSO3- were not effective."}
{"id": "PMID:128390", "title": "[Distribution of Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg+-ATPase in different subfractions of rod outer segments].", "content": "Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg++-ATPase are shown to be distributed non-uniformely in different subfractions of the rod outer segments (ROS) of bovine retina. Distribution of the enzymes differs significantly from that of rhodopsin. Predominant portion of Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg++-ATPase is concentrated within the subfractions with the lowest rhodopsin content. The most purified subfractions ROS containing the main amount of rhodopsin lack Na+, K+-ATPase at all, the activity of Mg++-ATPase does not exceed 0,4 plus or minus 0,05 mumoles Pi/mg protein-hour. Distribution of the succinic dehydrogenase is similar to this Na+, K+-ATPase. The data show that Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the ROS fraction is due to the contamination by the inner segment membranes, and that this enzyme is absent in the photoreceptive membranes of ROS.", "contents": "[Distribution of Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg+-ATPase in different subfractions of rod outer segments]. Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg++-ATPase are shown to be distributed non-uniformely in different subfractions of the rod outer segments (ROS) of bovine retina. Distribution of the enzymes differs significantly from that of rhodopsin. Predominant portion of Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg++-ATPase is concentrated within the subfractions with the lowest rhodopsin content. The most purified subfractions ROS containing the main amount of rhodopsin lack Na+, K+-ATPase at all, the activity of Mg++-ATPase does not exceed 0,4 plus or minus 0,05 mumoles Pi/mg protein-hour. Distribution of the succinic dehydrogenase is similar to this Na+, K+-ATPase. The data show that Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the ROS fraction is due to the contamination by the inner segment membranes, and that this enzyme is absent in the photoreceptive membranes of ROS."}
{"id": "PMID:128388", "title": "[Infra-red spectra and ATPase activity of cardiac sarcoplasmatic reticulum under extreme conditions].", "content": "The study of infra-red spectra of cardiac microsomal fraction revealed the changes in the membrane structure, induced by acute hypoxia and hypothermia in one's lifetime. These changes affect alpha- and beta-conformations of protein, phospholipid part of sarcoplasmic reticulum and are accompanied by the change in the activity of membrane-bound ATPases.", "contents": "[Infra-red spectra and ATPase activity of cardiac sarcoplasmatic reticulum under extreme conditions]. The study of infra-red spectra of cardiac microsomal fraction revealed the changes in the membrane structure, induced by acute hypoxia and hypothermia in one's lifetime. These changes affect alpha- and beta-conformations of protein, phospholipid part of sarcoplasmic reticulum and are accompanied by the change in the activity of membrane-bound ATPases."}
{"id": "PMID:128399", "title": "Laparoscopy and laparotomy combined with bone marrow biopsy in staging Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "The relative merits of laparoscopy with liver and spleen biopsy and staging laparotomy were studied in 91 unselected patients with Hodgkin's disease. Laparoscopy with liver and spleen biopsy were combined with needle biopsy of the bone marrow and laparotomy was combined with open bone marrow biopsy. In 65 untreated patients six out of seven with liver or marrow disease, or both, were shown to have extranodal lymphomas in these sites by laparoscopy plus needle marrow biopsy. Among 26 patients who had been treated this finding occurred in six out of 10 patients. Spleen biopsies during laparoscopy detected infiltration by lymphoma in 14 out of 37 (38%) patients with diseases spleens. Morbidity was higher after laparotomy than after laparoscopy. Laparoscopy produced abdominal bleeding secondary to splenic biopsy in two patients. All patients with Hodgkin's disease should be subjected to laparoscopy plus needle marrow biopsy before undergoing laparotomy.", "contents": "Laparoscopy and laparotomy combined with bone marrow biopsy in staging Hodgkin's disease. The relative merits of laparoscopy with liver and spleen biopsy and staging laparotomy were studied in 91 unselected patients with Hodgkin's disease. Laparoscopy with liver and spleen biopsy were combined with needle biopsy of the bone marrow and laparotomy was combined with open bone marrow biopsy. In 65 untreated patients six out of seven with liver or marrow disease, or both, were shown to have extranodal lymphomas in these sites by laparoscopy plus needle marrow biopsy. Among 26 patients who had been treated this finding occurred in six out of 10 patients. Spleen biopsies during laparoscopy detected infiltration by lymphoma in 14 out of 37 (38%) patients with diseases spleens. Morbidity was higher after laparotomy than after laparoscopy. Laparoscopy produced abdominal bleeding secondary to splenic biopsy in two patients. All patients with Hodgkin's disease should be subjected to laparoscopy plus needle marrow biopsy before undergoing laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:128400", "title": "Drug-induced rhythmical activity in the inferior olivary complex of the rat.", "content": "Experiments have been performed on pentobarbitone anesthetized or decerebrated rats. The nature of the synchronous rhythmical activity which occurs in the inferior olive following the electrophoretic or systemic administration of harmaline, harmine, dihydro-beta-erythroidine and various other compounds, is described. Harmine was shown to reduce the late phase of biphasic unitary action potentials and to evoke massed synchronous rhythmical activity on which the units were superimposed. The beta-carboline was more effective than ACh or DL-homocysteate (DLH) in increasing cell discharge rates. Synchronized rhythmical activity was recorded more than 500 mum from the site of ejection of the rhythm-inducing drugs. Developed rhythmical activity reduced the size of antidromic field potentials, but antidromic invasion could reset the rhythm of submaximal rhythmical activity. The effects of ACh and DLH, glycine, GABA, NA, DA and 5-HT were tested on established rhythmical activity. Of these, 5-HT was the only compound which almost invariably antagonized the rhythm. A number of tryptamine derivatives and reported 5-HT antagonists, as well as parachlorophenylalanine, have been tested, but the results were largely inconclusive. The hypothesis is advanced that the drug-induced rhythm results from the inhibition of a tonic inhibitory serotonergic input. This antagonism releases an innate tendency of olivary cells to discharge both rhythmically and synchronously.", "contents": "Drug-induced rhythmical activity in the inferior olivary complex of the rat. Experiments have been performed on pentobarbitone anesthetized or decerebrated rats. The nature of the synchronous rhythmical activity which occurs in the inferior olive following the electrophoretic or systemic administration of harmaline, harmine, dihydro-beta-erythroidine and various other compounds, is described. Harmine was shown to reduce the late phase of biphasic unitary action potentials and to evoke massed synchronous rhythmical activity on which the units were superimposed. The beta-carboline was more effective than ACh or DL-homocysteate (DLH) in increasing cell discharge rates. Synchronized rhythmical activity was recorded more than 500 mum from the site of ejection of the rhythm-inducing drugs. Developed rhythmical activity reduced the size of antidromic field potentials, but antidromic invasion could reset the rhythm of submaximal rhythmical activity. The effects of ACh and DLH, glycine, GABA, NA, DA and 5-HT were tested on established rhythmical activity. Of these, 5-HT was the only compound which almost invariably antagonized the rhythm. A number of tryptamine derivatives and reported 5-HT antagonists, as well as parachlorophenylalanine, have been tested, but the results were largely inconclusive. The hypothesis is advanced that the drug-induced rhythm results from the inhibition of a tonic inhibitory serotonergic input. This antagonism releases an innate tendency of olivary cells to discharge both rhythmically and synchronously."}
{"id": "PMID:128406", "title": "Chondrocyte metabolism as affected by vitamin A.", "content": "Chondrocytes from 13-day-old embryonic chick sterna were cultured for 6 days in the presence of vitamin A (10 I.U./ml). Vitamin A treated chondrocytes became flattened and stellate within the first 24 hours of culture. After 6 days of culture, the treated cells contained 59% less DNA than the untreated controls. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis was inhibited 84%, and a greater percentage of GAG was secreted into the medium (90%) than in control cultures (78%). Vitamin A inhibited cell proliferation, and to varying degrees, RNA and protein synthesis, and these effects are dose dependent.", "contents": "Chondrocyte metabolism as affected by vitamin A. Chondrocytes from 13-day-old embryonic chick sterna were cultured for 6 days in the presence of vitamin A (10 I.U./ml). Vitamin A treated chondrocytes became flattened and stellate within the first 24 hours of culture. After 6 days of culture, the treated cells contained 59% less DNA than the untreated controls. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan synthesis was inhibited 84%, and a greater percentage of GAG was secreted into the medium (90%) than in control cultures (78%). Vitamin A inhibited cell proliferation, and to varying degrees, RNA and protein synthesis, and these effects are dose dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:128407", "title": "Escape from mating-type incompatibility in bisexual (A + a) Neurospora heterokaryons.", "content": "In Neurospora crassa, strains of opposite mating type generally do not form stable heterokaryons because the mating type locus acts as a heterokaryon incompatibility locus. However, when one A and one a strain, having complementing auxotrophic mutants, are placed together on minimal medium, growth may occur, although the growth is generally slow. In this study, escape from such slow growth to that at a wild type or near-wild type rate was observed. The escape cultures are stable heterokaryons, mostly having lost the mating type allele function from one component nucleus, so that the nuclear types are heterokaryon compatible. Either A or a mating type can be lost. This loss of function has been attributed to deletion since only one nuclear type could be recovered in all heterokaryons except one, but deletion spanning adjacent loci has been directly demonstrated in a minority of cases. Alternatively when one component strain is tol and the other tol+ (tol being a recessive mutant suppressing the heterokaryon incompatibility associated with mating type), escape may occur by the deletion or mutation of tol+, also resulting in heterokaryon compatibility. An induction mechanism for escape is speculated upon.", "contents": "Escape from mating-type incompatibility in bisexual (A + a) Neurospora heterokaryons. In Neurospora crassa, strains of opposite mating type generally do not form stable heterokaryons because the mating type locus acts as a heterokaryon incompatibility locus. However, when one A and one a strain, having complementing auxotrophic mutants, are placed together on minimal medium, growth may occur, although the growth is generally slow. In this study, escape from such slow growth to that at a wild type or near-wild type rate was observed. The escape cultures are stable heterokaryons, mostly having lost the mating type allele function from one component nucleus, so that the nuclear types are heterokaryon compatible. Either A or a mating type can be lost. This loss of function has been attributed to deletion since only one nuclear type could be recovered in all heterokaryons except one, but deletion spanning adjacent loci has been directly demonstrated in a minority of cases. Alternatively when one component strain is tol and the other tol+ (tol being a recessive mutant suppressing the heterokaryon incompatibility associated with mating type), escape may occur by the deletion or mutation of tol+, also resulting in heterokaryon compatibility. An induction mechanism for escape is speculated upon."}
{"id": "PMID:128408", "title": "High dose cyclophosphamide therapy in solid tumors. Therapeutic, toxic, and immunosuppressive effects.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide (CY) in a total dose of 120 mg/kg was given over 2 days on one to three occasions to 12 patients with a variety of nonlymphoid solid tumors. Two of 10 patients with measurable disease had a partial response. One had embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and the other had ovarian carcinoma. In the 20 treatment courses, the mean leukocyte count was less than 1,000/mm for 7 days. Thrombocytopenia was variable with a mean nadir of 87,000/mm on day 12. There were four instances of local infection, one of bacteremia, and 11 of fever of undetermined origin. Weight gain of 2 or more kg occurred after 12, and EKG changes compatible with cardiotoxicity after six courses of CY. Serial skin testing with recall antigens revealed a frequent transient loss, and in three patients a later overall gain, in responsiveness. All patients were immunized with Vi antigen before CY, and with Vi and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) after CY. Specific immune tolerance to Vi, with a satisfactory response to SRBC, was found in six of 12 patients. Patients' responses to the lymphocytes of 2 ABO compatible normal subjects were measured in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) before and after CY. Patients were given 500 ml of whole blood from one of the subjects prior to CY. Following CY, the patients' responses to the blood donors' cells were not significantly lower than their responses to non-donor cells. Thus, tolerance to HL-A antigens was not demonstrable in MLC. Three patients had an increase from subnormal to normal reactivity to non-donor cells in MLC.", "contents": "High dose cyclophosphamide therapy in solid tumors. Therapeutic, toxic, and immunosuppressive effects. Cyclophosphamide (CY) in a total dose of 120 mg/kg was given over 2 days on one to three occasions to 12 patients with a variety of nonlymphoid solid tumors. Two of 10 patients with measurable disease had a partial response. One had embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and the other had ovarian carcinoma. In the 20 treatment courses, the mean leukocyte count was less than 1,000/mm for 7 days. Thrombocytopenia was variable with a mean nadir of 87,000/mm on day 12. There were four instances of local infection, one of bacteremia, and 11 of fever of undetermined origin. Weight gain of 2 or more kg occurred after 12, and EKG changes compatible with cardiotoxicity after six courses of CY. Serial skin testing with recall antigens revealed a frequent transient loss, and in three patients a later overall gain, in responsiveness. All patients were immunized with Vi antigen before CY, and with Vi and sheep red blood cells (SRBC) after CY. Specific immune tolerance to Vi, with a satisfactory response to SRBC, was found in six of 12 patients. Patients' responses to the lymphocytes of 2 ABO compatible normal subjects were measured in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) before and after CY. Patients were given 500 ml of whole blood from one of the subjects prior to CY. Following CY, the patients' responses to the blood donors' cells were not significantly lower than their responses to non-donor cells. Thus, tolerance to HL-A antigens was not demonstrable in MLC. Three patients had an increase from subnormal to normal reactivity to non-donor cells in MLC."}
{"id": "PMID:128409", "title": "Effect of levamisole (NSC-177023) on DNA synthesis by lymphocytes from immunosuppressed C57BL mice.", "content": "The effect of in vivo treatment of C57BL mice with BCNU and/or levamisole on the in vitro DNA synthetic capacity of their spleen cells was studied as a measure of cell-mediated immune function. BCNU treatment was suppressive to spleen cell DNA synthesis; conversely, treatment with levamisole was stimulatory. Levamisole treatment 5-8 days after BCNU treatment resulted in significant recovery of DNA synthetic capacity. Multiple doses of levamisole were not more effective than single doses. Allogeneic stimulation of BCNU-suppressed lymphocytes was not consistently increased by levamisole treatment.", "contents": "Effect of levamisole (NSC-177023) on DNA synthesis by lymphocytes from immunosuppressed C57BL mice. The effect of in vivo treatment of C57BL mice with BCNU and/or levamisole on the in vitro DNA synthetic capacity of their spleen cells was studied as a measure of cell-mediated immune function. BCNU treatment was suppressive to spleen cell DNA synthesis; conversely, treatment with levamisole was stimulatory. Levamisole treatment 5-8 days after BCNU treatment resulted in significant recovery of DNA synthetic capacity. Multiple doses of levamisole were not more effective than single doses. Allogeneic stimulation of BCNU-suppressed lymphocytes was not consistently increased by levamisole treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:128410", "title": "Fate of streptozotocin (NSC-85998)in patients with advanced cancer.", "content": "We have investigated the distribution, biotranformation, and excretion of streptozotocin and its 14C- and 3H-labeled metabolities in 15 patients with advanced cancer. Streptozotocin was detected in the plasma during the first 3 hours after administration while radioactive products were present for longer than 24 hours. No unchanged streptozotocin was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); however, 14C-labeled metabolites were detected in the 2-hour CSF sample in a concentration equivalent to the 2-hour plasma level. H activity is the CSF was not detected at this time period. Radioactivity measured in biopsied tissues indicated that streptozotocin labeled with 14C and 3H or its metabolites penetrated tumor tissue. 14C tissue levels were found to approximate plasma levels; however, 3H levels were found to be greater than the corresponding plasma levels. Fifteen percent of the total dose of streptozotocin administered was recovered in the urine. 3H-labeled metabolites were recovered in excess of 60% in the urine, and approximately 30% of the 14C-labeled metabolites were recovered in the urine during a similar interval. Less than 1% of the administered 14C and 3H was recovered in the feces. 14C-labeled CO2 was also recovered, although quantitative recovery was not attained. At least three major metabolites of streptozotocin were detected in the urine by radiochromatography. Two metabolites contained only 3H and one metabolite contained both 14C and 3H in the same ratio as administered.", "contents": "Fate of streptozotocin (NSC-85998)in patients with advanced cancer. We have investigated the distribution, biotranformation, and excretion of streptozotocin and its 14C- and 3H-labeled metabolities in 15 patients with advanced cancer. Streptozotocin was detected in the plasma during the first 3 hours after administration while radioactive products were present for longer than 24 hours. No unchanged streptozotocin was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); however, 14C-labeled metabolites were detected in the 2-hour CSF sample in a concentration equivalent to the 2-hour plasma level. H activity is the CSF was not detected at this time period. Radioactivity measured in biopsied tissues indicated that streptozotocin labeled with 14C and 3H or its metabolites penetrated tumor tissue. 14C tissue levels were found to approximate plasma levels; however, 3H levels were found to be greater than the corresponding plasma levels. Fifteen percent of the total dose of streptozotocin administered was recovered in the urine. 3H-labeled metabolites were recovered in excess of 60% in the urine, and approximately 30% of the 14C-labeled metabolites were recovered in the urine during a similar interval. Less than 1% of the administered 14C and 3H was recovered in the feces. 14C-labeled CO2 was also recovered, although quantitative recovery was not attained. At least three major metabolites of streptozotocin were detected in the urine by radiochromatography. Two metabolites contained only 3H and one metabolite contained both 14C and 3H in the same ratio as administered."}
{"id": "PMID:128414", "title": "Quantitation of isoprenaline-induced changes in the ventricular myocardium.", "content": "Small doses of isoprenaline sulphate given intermittently produce a characteristic cardiopathy consisting of subendocardial scarring and myocardial hypertrophy. A morphometric technique was successfully applied to the quantitation of these changes. This technique improves the use of the isoprenaline model for the study of cardiac necrosis as statistical analysis can be applied and objective comparisons made. No hypertrophy was seen in the absence of myocardial necrosis which suggests that it is at least in part compensatory.", "contents": "Quantitation of isoprenaline-induced changes in the ventricular myocardium. Small doses of isoprenaline sulphate given intermittently produce a characteristic cardiopathy consisting of subendocardial scarring and myocardial hypertrophy. A morphometric technique was successfully applied to the quantitation of these changes. This technique improves the use of the isoprenaline model for the study of cardiac necrosis as statistical analysis can be applied and objective comparisons made. No hypertrophy was seen in the absence of myocardial necrosis which suggests that it is at least in part compensatory."}
{"id": "PMID:128411", "title": "Phase I study of thalicarpine (NAC-68075), a plant alkaloid of noval structure.", "content": "An initial clinical trial of daily and weekly X 6 ihtravenous infusions of thalicarpine, a plant alkaloid of novel structure, was carried out in 36 patients. Twenty-eight patients received 33 courses of single-dose administration at doses of 200-1900 mg/m2. At the maximum tolerable dose of 1400 mg/m2, toxic effects included arm pain (nine or ten), central nervous system depression (seven of ten), nausea and vomiting (two of ten), hypotension (two of ten), hypertension (two of ten), arrhythmia (premature ventricular contractions) (one of ten), and electrocardiographic changes (mainly T-wave flattening) (five of ten). At the maximum tolerable dose for weekly administration, 1100 mg/m2/week X 6, arm pain was seen in seven of eight, central nervous system depression in three of eight, hypotension in one of eight, and electrocardiographic changes in three of eight. The recommended dose for phase II trials is 1100 mg/m2/week by a 2-hour intravenous infusion.", "contents": "Phase I study of thalicarpine (NAC-68075), a plant alkaloid of noval structure. An initial clinical trial of daily and weekly X 6 ihtravenous infusions of thalicarpine, a plant alkaloid of novel structure, was carried out in 36 patients. Twenty-eight patients received 33 courses of single-dose administration at doses of 200-1900 mg/m2. At the maximum tolerable dose of 1400 mg/m2, toxic effects included arm pain (nine or ten), central nervous system depression (seven of ten), nausea and vomiting (two of ten), hypotension (two of ten), hypertension (two of ten), arrhythmia (premature ventricular contractions) (one of ten), and electrocardiographic changes (mainly T-wave flattening) (five of ten). At the maximum tolerable dose for weekly administration, 1100 mg/m2/week X 6, arm pain was seen in seven of eight, central nervous system depression in three of eight, hypotension in one of eight, and electrocardiographic changes in three of eight. The recommended dose for phase II trials is 1100 mg/m2/week by a 2-hour intravenous infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:128416", "title": "5-HT nerve terminals in the fourth ventricle of the rat brain: their identification and distribution studied by fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy.", "content": "The occurrence and distribution of supra-ependymal nerve terminals storing serotonin (5-HT) are described for the fourth ventricle of the rat brain. The nerve terminals were identified as monoaminergic 1) fluorescence-histochemically, by the presence of a varicose, formaldehyde-induced  fluorescence (FIF) on the free surface of the ependyma, 2) electron microscopically, by the presence of electron dense (chromaffin) cores in small (50nm) and large (100 nm) vesicles found within the varicose regions of supra-ependymal nerve fibres, and 3) by the absence of both the FIF and chromaffin dense cores after treatment with reserpine. Moreover, the serotonergic nature of these nerve fibres could be concluded from 1) the yellow colour of the FIF, 2) the increased FIF after treatment with nialamide or reserpine+nialamide, 3) the diminished FIF and absence of chromaffin dense cores after treatment with p-CPA, and finally 4) the persistence of the FIF anc chromafin dense cores after treatment with alpha-MPT. A high density of 5-HT nerve terminals occurred throughout the floor of the fourth ventricle and on the floor and roof of the lateral recess. Few 5-HT nerve terminals occurred only on the roof of the fourth ventricle (velum medullare, lamina epithelialis of the tela chorioidea), and the surface of the choroid plexus epithelia was devoid of such nerves. Virtually all nerve terminals in the fourth ventricle appear to be serotonergic.", "contents": "5-HT nerve terminals in the fourth ventricle of the rat brain: their identification and distribution studied by fluorescence histochemistry and electron microscopy. The occurrence and distribution of supra-ependymal nerve terminals storing serotonin (5-HT) are described for the fourth ventricle of the rat brain. The nerve terminals were identified as monoaminergic 1) fluorescence-histochemically, by the presence of a varicose, formaldehyde-induced  fluorescence (FIF) on the free surface of the ependyma, 2) electron microscopically, by the presence of electron dense (chromaffin) cores in small (50nm) and large (100 nm) vesicles found within the varicose regions of supra-ependymal nerve fibres, and 3) by the absence of both the FIF and chromaffin dense cores after treatment with reserpine. Moreover, the serotonergic nature of these nerve fibres could be concluded from 1) the yellow colour of the FIF, 2) the increased FIF after treatment with nialamide or reserpine+nialamide, 3) the diminished FIF and absence of chromaffin dense cores after treatment with p-CPA, and finally 4) the persistence of the FIF anc chromafin dense cores after treatment with alpha-MPT. A high density of 5-HT nerve terminals occurred throughout the floor of the fourth ventricle and on the floor and roof of the lateral recess. Few 5-HT nerve terminals occurred only on the roof of the fourth ventricle (velum medullare, lamina epithelialis of the tela chorioidea), and the surface of the choroid plexus epithelia was devoid of such nerves. Virtually all nerve terminals in the fourth ventricle appear to be serotonergic."}
{"id": "PMID:128417", "title": "The effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on chick embryo limb bud mesenchyme in organ culture.", "content": "The thymidine analogue 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) prevents chondrogenesis in organ cultures of limb bud mesenchyme of 3 1/2 day chick embryos. The biologically active levels of BrdU inhibit both DNA and RNA synthesis, but the synthesis of methylated RNA is inhibited less than that of unmethylated RNA. If cell division is partially synchronized the ratio of incorporation of BrdU to thymidine is greater during the first few minutes of the S period than for unsynchronized cells. The results suggest that BrdU may be preferntially incorporated into the starting points of replicons and that this may affect subsequent transcription necessary for chondrogenesis.", "contents": "The effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on chick embryo limb bud mesenchyme in organ culture. The thymidine analogue 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) prevents chondrogenesis in organ cultures of limb bud mesenchyme of 3 1/2 day chick embryos. The biologically active levels of BrdU inhibit both DNA and RNA synthesis, but the synthesis of methylated RNA is inhibited less than that of unmethylated RNA. If cell division is partially synchronized the ratio of incorporation of BrdU to thymidine is greater during the first few minutes of the S period than for unsynchronized cells. The results suggest that BrdU may be preferntially incorporated into the starting points of replicons and that this may affect subsequent transcription necessary for chondrogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:128422", "title": "Evaluation of vectorcardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "Vectorcardiograms (VCG) from a consecutive group of 77 patients with significant aortic valve disease were analyzed. All of the patients had complete left and right heart catheterization with normal coronary arteriograms and normal left ventricular contraction. Thirty-five (46%) patients met VCG criteria for anterior myocardial infarction (AMI-35%) and/or inferior myocardial infarction (IMI-14%). This was a significant increase in false positive diagnosis for both criteria compared to a group of 200 normal volunteers under age 30 and 100 patients with normal hearts by cardiac catheterization (P less than 0.01). It was found that if the VCG diagnosis of myocardial infarction was deferred when the maximal transverse plane magnitude was greater than 1.9 mV, the incidence of AMI false positive diagnosis decreased to 3% and the incidence of IMI false positive diagnosis decreased to 1%. The same rule was applied to the aortic valve disease cohort, a group of 124 patients with documented AMI and a group of 158 patients with IMI. This decreased the sensitivity of the AMI criteria from 93 to 83% and of the IMI criteria from 85 to 77%. The increase in average performance was statistically significant fro the AMI criteria (P less than 0.05) but not for the IMI criteria.", "contents": "Evaluation of vectorcardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy. Vectorcardiograms (VCG) from a consecutive group of 77 patients with significant aortic valve disease were analyzed. All of the patients had complete left and right heart catheterization with normal coronary arteriograms and normal left ventricular contraction. Thirty-five (46%) patients met VCG criteria for anterior myocardial infarction (AMI-35%) and/or inferior myocardial infarction (IMI-14%). This was a significant increase in false positive diagnosis for both criteria compared to a group of 200 normal volunteers under age 30 and 100 patients with normal hearts by cardiac catheterization (P less than 0.01). It was found that if the VCG diagnosis of myocardial infarction was deferred when the maximal transverse plane magnitude was greater than 1.9 mV, the incidence of AMI false positive diagnosis decreased to 3% and the incidence of IMI false positive diagnosis decreased to 1%. The same rule was applied to the aortic valve disease cohort, a group of 124 patients with documented AMI and a group of 158 patients with IMI. This decreased the sensitivity of the AMI criteria from 93 to 83% and of the IMI criteria from 85 to 77%. The increase in average performance was statistically significant fro the AMI criteria (P less than 0.05) but not for the IMI criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:128423", "title": "Relation between echocardiographically determined left atrial size and atrial fibrillation.", "content": "In an attempt to define quantitatively the relation between left atrial size and atrial fibrillation, echocardiography was used to study 85 patients with isolated mitral valve disease, 50 patients with isolated aortic valve disease, and 130 patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy. In all three groups of patients, atrial fibrillation was rare when left atrial dimension was below 44 mm (3 of 117 or 3%) but common when this dimension exceeded 40 mm (80 of 148 or 54%). In addition, when left atrial dimension exceeds 45 mm, cardioversion, while initially successful, is unlikely to produce sinus rhythm that can be maintained at least six months. These data suggest that left atrial size is an important factor in the development of atrial fibrillation and in determining the long term result of cardioversion. The pathophysiologic mechansim most consistent with this is that a chronic hemodynamic burden initially produces left atrial enlargement which in turn predisposes to atrial fibrillation. Only prospective studies will determine definitively whether these observations will be useful in decisions concerning prophylactic anticoagulation and elective cardioversion.", "contents": "Relation between echocardiographically determined left atrial size and atrial fibrillation. In an attempt to define quantitatively the relation between left atrial size and atrial fibrillation, echocardiography was used to study 85 patients with isolated mitral valve disease, 50 patients with isolated aortic valve disease, and 130 patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy. In all three groups of patients, atrial fibrillation was rare when left atrial dimension was below 44 mm (3 of 117 or 3%) but common when this dimension exceeded 40 mm (80 of 148 or 54%). In addition, when left atrial dimension exceeds 45 mm, cardioversion, while initially successful, is unlikely to produce sinus rhythm that can be maintained at least six months. These data suggest that left atrial size is an important factor in the development of atrial fibrillation and in determining the long term result of cardioversion. The pathophysiologic mechansim most consistent with this is that a chronic hemodynamic burden initially produces left atrial enlargement which in turn predisposes to atrial fibrillation. Only prospective studies will determine definitively whether these observations will be useful in decisions concerning prophylactic anticoagulation and elective cardioversion."}
{"id": "PMID:128424", "title": "Noninvasive evaluation of ventricular hypertrophy in professional athletes.", "content": "Athletes often exhibit ECG findings which are considered to be abnormal. Therefore, we used noninvasive graphic methods to study 42 active professional male basketball players, ranging in age from 21 to 31 years, without clinically evident heart disease. Of the 42, 11 (25%) met the Romhilt-Estes ECG voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy, and 12 (29%) satisfied VCG criteria for left ventricular enlargement; nine (21%) had left ventricular hypertrophy by both methods. In 33 subjects (79%) the 0.04 sec vector in the horizontal plane was anterior, and 29 of these exhibited one or more standard criteria for right ventricular enlargement; the ECG and VCG were concordant for right ventricular hypertrophy in 16 subjects (38%). Submaximal treadmill exercise tests (Bruce protocol) were normal in eight athletes, while in one subject ventricular premature beats occurred during the test. In 24 of 25 athletes (96%) from whom phonocardiograms were obtained a third heart sound was recorded, while in 14 (56%), a fourth heart sound was present. Of the 14 athletes who had a fourth heart sound, 12 (86%) had either ECG or VCG evidence of ventricular hypertrophy. Only four of 23 athletes had an increased cardiothoracic ratio (greater than .50) on routine chest X-ray. Ten athletes and ten control subjects matched for height, weight and body surface area had echocardiograms satisfactory for analysis. The left ventricular end-diastolic dimension in the athletes averaged 53.7 +/- 1.3 (SE) mm compared with a value of 49.9 +/- 0.7 mm in the control subjects (P less than 0.02), and was increased (greater than or equal to 56 mm) in four. Left ventricular posterior wall thickness averaged 11.1 +/- 0.6 mm, compared with a value of 9.8 +/- 0.5 mm in the control subjects (P less than 0.05), and was increased (greater than or equal to 11 mm) in six athletes. The right ventricular end-diastolic dimension averaged 20.8 +/- 1.1 mm compared with a value of 12.9 +/- 2.2 mm in the controls (P less than 0.004), and was increased (greater than or equal to 23 mm) in four athletes. No athlete or control subject exhibited paradoxical septal motion. In the athletes, ejection fraction (cube method) averaged 79 +/- 2.0% and mean Vcf averaged 1.13 +/- 0.04 circ/sec; these values did not differ from those of the control subjects. Thus, both right and left ventricular enlargement (\"physiological hypertrophy\") are often present in the well-trained athlete, but left ventricular performance remains normal in the basal state in such individuals. We condlude that these individuals represent a selected subgroup of subjects who are variants of normal.", "contents": "Noninvasive evaluation of ventricular hypertrophy in professional athletes. Athletes often exhibit ECG findings which are considered to be abnormal. Therefore, we used noninvasive graphic methods to study 42 active professional male basketball players, ranging in age from 21 to 31 years, without clinically evident heart disease. Of the 42, 11 (25%) met the Romhilt-Estes ECG voltage criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy, and 12 (29%) satisfied VCG criteria for left ventricular enlargement; nine (21%) had left ventricular hypertrophy by both methods. In 33 subjects (79%) the 0.04 sec vector in the horizontal plane was anterior, and 29 of these exhibited one or more standard criteria for right ventricular enlargement; the ECG and VCG were concordant for right ventricular hypertrophy in 16 subjects (38%). Submaximal treadmill exercise tests (Bruce protocol) were normal in eight athletes, while in one subject ventricular premature beats occurred during the test. In 24 of 25 athletes (96%) from whom phonocardiograms were obtained a third heart sound was recorded, while in 14 (56%), a fourth heart sound was present. Of the 14 athletes who had a fourth heart sound, 12 (86%) had either ECG or VCG evidence of ventricular hypertrophy. Only four of 23 athletes had an increased cardiothoracic ratio (greater than .50) on routine chest X-ray. Ten athletes and ten control subjects matched for height, weight and body surface area had echocardiograms satisfactory for analysis. The left ventricular end-diastolic dimension in the athletes averaged 53.7 +/- 1.3 (SE) mm compared with a value of 49.9 +/- 0.7 mm in the control subjects (P less than 0.02), and was increased (greater than or equal to 56 mm) in four. Left ventricular posterior wall thickness averaged 11.1 +/- 0.6 mm, compared with a value of 9.8 +/- 0.5 mm in the control subjects (P less than 0.05), and was increased (greater than or equal to 11 mm) in six athletes. The right ventricular end-diastolic dimension averaged 20.8 +/- 1.1 mm compared with a value of 12.9 +/- 2.2 mm in the controls (P less than 0.004), and was increased (greater than or equal to 23 mm) in four athletes. No athlete or control subject exhibited paradoxical septal motion. In the athletes, ejection fraction (cube method) averaged 79 +/- 2.0% and mean Vcf averaged 1.13 +/- 0.04 circ/sec; these values did not differ from those of the control subjects. Thus, both right and left ventricular enlargement (\"physiological hypertrophy\") are often present in the well-trained athlete, but left ventricular performance remains normal in the basal state in such individuals. We condlude that these individuals represent a selected subgroup of subjects who are variants of normal."}
{"id": "PMID:128425", "title": "Satellite association: Giemsa banding studies in parents of Down's syndrome patients.", "content": "Association patterns of acrocentric chromosomes in 3032 cells from chromosomally normal parents of regular mongols (nondisjunctional trisomy 21) and normal controls were studied by the Giemsa banding technique. In each group, chromosome No. 21 was found to be involved in satellite association more frequently than other acrocentric chromosomes. The most frequently seen association was between No. 21 and 22. However, no difference was shown between the parental test group and the normal controls in regard to these frequencies. These results render less tenable the proposed linkage between satellite association and the etiology of mongolism.", "contents": "Satellite association: Giemsa banding studies in parents of Down's syndrome patients. Association patterns of acrocentric chromosomes in 3032 cells from chromosomally normal parents of regular mongols (nondisjunctional trisomy 21) and normal controls were studied by the Giemsa banding technique. In each group, chromosome No. 21 was found to be involved in satellite association more frequently than other acrocentric chromosomes. The most frequently seen association was between No. 21 and 22. However, no difference was shown between the parental test group and the normal controls in regard to these frequencies. These results render less tenable the proposed linkage between satellite association and the etiology of mongolism."}
{"id": "PMID:128426", "title": "Mixed lymphocyte culture stimulatory and responding capacity of lymphocytes from patients with lymphoproliferative diseases.", "content": "Lymphocyte reactivity in vitro was studied in patients with Hodgkin's disease, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphosarcoma. The responding capacity to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was markedly depressed and delayed in all three groups of patients  compared with the PHA response observed in lymphocyte cultures from normal individuals. In one-way mixed lymphocyte culture experiments a significant decrease in responding capacity of the patients' lymphocytes to lymphocytes from normal donors could be demonstrated. In contrast, the stimulatory capacity of the patients' lymphocytes was found to be intact, or only slightly reduced.", "contents": "Mixed lymphocyte culture stimulatory and responding capacity of lymphocytes from patients with lymphoproliferative diseases. Lymphocyte reactivity in vitro was studied in patients with Hodgkin's disease, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and lymphosarcoma. The responding capacity to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) was markedly depressed and delayed in all three groups of patients  compared with the PHA response observed in lymphocyte cultures from normal individuals. In one-way mixed lymphocyte culture experiments a significant decrease in responding capacity of the patients' lymphocytes to lymphocytes from normal donors could be demonstrated. In contrast, the stimulatory capacity of the patients' lymphocytes was found to be intact, or only slightly reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:128427", "title": "The role of vitamin B 12 and its transport globulins in the production of antibodies.", "content": "Immunological functions were repeatedly tested in a patient with hereditary deficiency of transcobalamin II (TC II): he was unable to synthesize immunoglobulins and specific antibodies, but was able to do so normally after injection of high doses of vitamin B 12 (1000 mug per week). Lymphocytes (B and T) were present in normal numbers prior to therapy, thus indicating normal differentiation of stem cells. In contrast, clonal expansion, necessary for immunoglobulin production, was possible only after vitamin B 12 administration. These observations, as well as the well known disturbances in haemopoiesis, indicate that vitamin B 12 is indispensable to rapidly replicating tissues, and that a severe deficiency of this vitamin in the cells can result from the absence of TC II.", "contents": "The role of vitamin B 12 and its transport globulins in the production of antibodies. Immunological functions were repeatedly tested in a patient with hereditary deficiency of transcobalamin II (TC II): he was unable to synthesize immunoglobulins and specific antibodies, but was able to do so normally after injection of high doses of vitamin B 12 (1000 mug per week). Lymphocytes (B and T) were present in normal numbers prior to therapy, thus indicating normal differentiation of stem cells. In contrast, clonal expansion, necessary for immunoglobulin production, was possible only after vitamin B 12 administration. These observations, as well as the well known disturbances in haemopoiesis, indicate that vitamin B 12 is indispensable to rapidly replicating tissues, and that a severe deficiency of this vitamin in the cells can result from the absence of TC II."}
{"id": "PMID:128428", "title": "Cell-mediated lympholysis in vitro. Independence of mixed lymphocyte reactions and T-cell mitogen responses from the in vitro generation of cytotoxic effectors in primary immunodeficiency diseases.", "content": "Cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) in eighteen patients suffering from primary immune deficiencies was studied. Fourteen of these patients had the variable type. Mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) and CML were clearly found to be independent: as well as two groups of patients in whom the two functions were either both normal or both deficient, two other groups were found in whom they were definitely separate. In one group MLR and T-cell mitogen responses were normal but no CML occurred against allogenic lymphocytes, and in the other cytotoxic effectors were generated normally but MLR and T-cell mitogen responses were very much lower than normal. These results show that the functions are independent, and are compatible with the theory that more than one subpopulation of T cells is involved. Neither the MLR or T-cell mitogen responses of these patients can predict their ability to generate cytotoxic effectors.", "contents": "Cell-mediated lympholysis in vitro. Independence of mixed lymphocyte reactions and T-cell mitogen responses from the in vitro generation of cytotoxic effectors in primary immunodeficiency diseases. Cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) in eighteen patients suffering from primary immune deficiencies was studied. Fourteen of these patients had the variable type. Mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) and CML were clearly found to be independent: as well as two groups of patients in whom the two functions were either both normal or both deficient, two other groups were found in whom they were definitely separate. In one group MLR and T-cell mitogen responses were normal but no CML occurred against allogenic lymphocytes, and in the other cytotoxic effectors were generated normally but MLR and T-cell mitogen responses were very much lower than normal. These results show that the functions are independent, and are compatible with the theory that more than one subpopulation of T cells is involved. Neither the MLR or T-cell mitogen responses of these patients can predict their ability to generate cytotoxic effectors."}
{"id": "PMID:128429", "title": "Immunological responsiveness of frozen-thawed human lymphocytes.", "content": "Mononuclear cells (10--20 X 10(6)) obtained from human peripheral blood by a standard Ficoll-Hypaque technique were suspended in RPMI 1640 media at 4 degrees C containing 10% foetal calf serum and 7-5% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). Two-millilitre aliquots were cooled at -1 degree C/min in a Cryoson BV-4 programmed freezing system to -30 degrees C, then -5 degrees C/min to -80 degrees C and stored in liquid nitrogen vapor. On the day of testing, cell suspensions were thawed rapidly in a 37 degree C water bath. DMSO was diluted slowly out of the sample and cells resuspended in fresh RPMI 1640. It was found that frozen stored human lymphocytes (FSHL) demonstrated all the characteristics of fresh unfrozen cells. These included their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes ('E' rosettes) and sheep erythrocyte--antibody--complement rosettes ('EAC' rosettes). The presence of surface immunoglobulins and Fc receptors were shown by membrane immunofluorescence to be comparable. In addition, the results show that FSHL respond to mitogens, specific antigens; act as both stimulators and responders in the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction; and exhibit cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity following in vitro sensitization, or against antibody-coated target cells.", "contents": "Immunological responsiveness of frozen-thawed human lymphocytes. Mononuclear cells (10--20 X 10(6)) obtained from human peripheral blood by a standard Ficoll-Hypaque technique were suspended in RPMI 1640 media at 4 degrees C containing 10% foetal calf serum and 7-5% dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO). Two-millilitre aliquots were cooled at -1 degree C/min in a Cryoson BV-4 programmed freezing system to -30 degrees C, then -5 degrees C/min to -80 degrees C and stored in liquid nitrogen vapor. On the day of testing, cell suspensions were thawed rapidly in a 37 degree C water bath. DMSO was diluted slowly out of the sample and cells resuspended in fresh RPMI 1640. It was found that frozen stored human lymphocytes (FSHL) demonstrated all the characteristics of fresh unfrozen cells. These included their ability to form spontaneous rosettes with sheep erythrocytes ('E' rosettes) and sheep erythrocyte--antibody--complement rosettes ('EAC' rosettes). The presence of surface immunoglobulins and Fc receptors were shown by membrane immunofluorescence to be comparable. In addition, the results show that FSHL respond to mitogens, specific antigens; act as both stimulators and responders in the mixed lymphocyte culture reaction; and exhibit cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity following in vitro sensitization, or against antibody-coated target cells."}
{"id": "PMID:128439", "title": "Mechanism of cardiotonic action of monoethanolamine and its activity in experimental myocardial hypertrophy.", "content": "The authors investigated the cardiotonic effect of monoethanolamine (MEA) and its influence on experimental cardiac hypertrophy in albino rats. In isolated hearts, myocardial cells, and glycerinized fibres as well as in the whole organism of the animals, a distinct cardiotonic effect on MEA was observed, which was most marked in pathological states of the organism. In rats with experimental coarctation of the aorta, MEA dosed 10 mg/kg stimulated, and dosed 60 mg/kg, inhibited the development of myocardial hypertrophy, while the myocardial contractility remained sufficiently preserved. The mechanism of cardiotonic action and the inhibitory effect on the development of myocardial hypertrophy at the dosage of 60 mg/kg are apparently connected with the participation of MEA in tissue metabolic processes contributing to a normalization of tissue respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, and activation of phosphatide-generating reactions, especially to the formation of phospholipids containing ethanolamine, which represent one of the most important membrane formations and components of numerous enzymic systems.", "contents": "Mechanism of cardiotonic action of monoethanolamine and its activity in experimental myocardial hypertrophy. The authors investigated the cardiotonic effect of monoethanolamine (MEA) and its influence on experimental cardiac hypertrophy in albino rats. In isolated hearts, myocardial cells, and glycerinized fibres as well as in the whole organism of the animals, a distinct cardiotonic effect on MEA was observed, which was most marked in pathological states of the organism. In rats with experimental coarctation of the aorta, MEA dosed 10 mg/kg stimulated, and dosed 60 mg/kg, inhibited the development of myocardial hypertrophy, while the myocardial contractility remained sufficiently preserved. The mechanism of cardiotonic action and the inhibitory effect on the development of myocardial hypertrophy at the dosage of 60 mg/kg are apparently connected with the participation of MEA in tissue metabolic processes contributing to a normalization of tissue respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, and activation of phosphatide-generating reactions, especially to the formation of phospholipids containing ethanolamine, which represent one of the most important membrane formations and components of numerous enzymic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:128440", "title": "Radiation response of multicell spheroids--an in vitro tumour model.", "content": "Multicell spheroids provide an in vitro tumour model of intermediate complexity between tumours and standard cell cultures. Spheroids of several varieties of normal and tumour cells have been grown and Chinese hamster V79-171b cells have been studied in detail. Spheroids simulate conditions in those solid tumours which contain nodular areas with necrosis at a distance from blood vessels and show a decrease in growth fraction as they increase in size. They contain radiation resistant chronically hypoxic cells which develop spontaneously as the spheroids grow, and exist in a tumour-like environment, yet retain their growth potential. Several assays have been developed or adapted for use in spheroid experiments to study cell properties and responses to treatment. These include many of the techniques used in tumour biology to determine the net response of the tumour, such as volume changes, histology, and net cell survival as well as more direct assays involving separation of subpopulations of cells. Methods were also developed to study in situ repair and repopulation processes after ionizing radiation or other cytotoxic agents.", "contents": "Radiation response of multicell spheroids--an in vitro tumour model. Multicell spheroids provide an in vitro tumour model of intermediate complexity between tumours and standard cell cultures. Spheroids of several varieties of normal and tumour cells have been grown and Chinese hamster V79-171b cells have been studied in detail. Spheroids simulate conditions in those solid tumours which contain nodular areas with necrosis at a distance from blood vessels and show a decrease in growth fraction as they increase in size. They contain radiation resistant chronically hypoxic cells which develop spontaneously as the spheroids grow, and exist in a tumour-like environment, yet retain their growth potential. Several assays have been developed or adapted for use in spheroid experiments to study cell properties and responses to treatment. These include many of the techniques used in tumour biology to determine the net response of the tumour, such as volume changes, histology, and net cell survival as well as more direct assays involving separation of subpopulations of cells. Methods were also developed to study in situ repair and repopulation processes after ionizing radiation or other cytotoxic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:128451", "title": "Separation and characterisation of tryptic fragments from the adenosine triphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The two halves of the ATPase, M, 115,000, from sarcoplasmic reticulum produ-ed by limited trypsin treatment have been purified in sodium dodecylsulphate. The fragment of Mr60,000 has been purified by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate slabs and that of Mr 55,000 by gel filtration. The two halves of the 60,000 Mr fragment (Mr33,000 and 24,000) produced by more extensive trypsin treatment have also been purified by gel filtration in sodium dodecylsulphate. The sum of the amino acid analyses of the constituent tryptic fragments is in good agreement with that for the whole ATPase. The amino acid compositions of the two halves of the ATPase were strikingly similar. N-terminal analysis shows that the ATPase and its constituent tryptic polypeptides all possess a single N-terminal alanine implying no further cleavage of the polypeptide by trypsin. Attempts to solubilize selectively the tryptic fragments from the membrane by a variety of denaturing and solubilising agents under a variety of conditions have proved unsuccessful, suggesting that the interaction between the tryptic polypeptides is stronger than between the lipid and the protein. The possibility that the interaction  between the tryptic polypeptides includes disulphide bonding has been eliminated.", "contents": "Separation and characterisation of tryptic fragments from the adenosine triphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. The two halves of the ATPase, M, 115,000, from sarcoplasmic reticulum produ-ed by limited trypsin treatment have been purified in sodium dodecylsulphate. The fragment of Mr60,000 has been purified by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate slabs and that of Mr 55,000 by gel filtration. The two halves of the 60,000 Mr fragment (Mr33,000 and 24,000) produced by more extensive trypsin treatment have also been purified by gel filtration in sodium dodecylsulphate. The sum of the amino acid analyses of the constituent tryptic fragments is in good agreement with that for the whole ATPase. The amino acid compositions of the two halves of the ATPase were strikingly similar. N-terminal analysis shows that the ATPase and its constituent tryptic polypeptides all possess a single N-terminal alanine implying no further cleavage of the polypeptide by trypsin. Attempts to solubilize selectively the tryptic fragments from the membrane by a variety of denaturing and solubilising agents under a variety of conditions have proved unsuccessful, suggesting that the interaction between the tryptic polypeptides is stronger than between the lipid and the protein. The possibility that the interaction  between the tryptic polypeptides includes disulphide bonding has been eliminated."}
{"id": "PMID:128452", "title": "Limited proteolysis of yeast phosphofructokinase by subtilisin. Alterations in enzyme activity, subunit composition, and hydrodynamic properties.", "content": "Yeast phosphofructokinase having a molecular weight of 750000--800000 (20 S) has been subjected to limited proteolysis by subtilisin and yeast proteases. Two steps of proteolytic degradation could be distinguished: in the first step, which is accompanied by an increase in molecular activity, the subunits alpha and beta (Mr 120000) are converted to alpha' and beta' (Mr approximately 900000), and in the second step, accompanied by a decrease in enzyme activity, alpha' is converted to alpha'' (Mr 80000) and two further fragments having Mr 45000 and 35000 become detectable. In the course of the conversion the sedimentation value of the undissociated enzyme drops from 20 S to about 17 S. The two substrates fructose 6-phosphate and ATP exhibit characteristic protective effects on enzyme activity and on subunit degradation. Whereas the first step is not strongly influenced by the substrates, fructose, 6-phosphate inhibits significantly the degradation of alpha' and beta', whereas ATP prevents only degradation of beta'. When in presence of ATP alpha' is degraded to alpha'', the quaternary structure of the 17-S enzyme is no longer stable and a dissociation of the molecule occurs to a 12-S form which is enzymically active and ATP-sensitive and in which the ratio of alpha'' to beta'' is one-to-one.", "contents": "Limited proteolysis of yeast phosphofructokinase by subtilisin. Alterations in enzyme activity, subunit composition, and hydrodynamic properties. Yeast phosphofructokinase having a molecular weight of 750000--800000 (20 S) has been subjected to limited proteolysis by subtilisin and yeast proteases. Two steps of proteolytic degradation could be distinguished: in the first step, which is accompanied by an increase in molecular activity, the subunits alpha and beta (Mr 120000) are converted to alpha' and beta' (Mr approximately 900000), and in the second step, accompanied by a decrease in enzyme activity, alpha' is converted to alpha'' (Mr 80000) and two further fragments having Mr 45000 and 35000 become detectable. In the course of the conversion the sedimentation value of the undissociated enzyme drops from 20 S to about 17 S. The two substrates fructose 6-phosphate and ATP exhibit characteristic protective effects on enzyme activity and on subunit degradation. Whereas the first step is not strongly influenced by the substrates, fructose, 6-phosphate inhibits significantly the degradation of alpha' and beta', whereas ATP prevents only degradation of beta'. When in presence of ATP alpha' is degraded to alpha'', the quaternary structure of the 17-S enzyme is no longer stable and a dissociation of the molecule occurs to a 12-S form which is enzymically active and ATP-sensitive and in which the ratio of alpha'' to beta'' is one-to-one."}
{"id": "PMID:128453", "title": "Immunochemical studies on tyrosinase induction in Neurospora.", "content": "An immunoassay for tyrosinase, using the modified bacteriophage technique, was developed: Tyrosinase of Neurospora was conjugated to bacteriophage T4 using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. The conjugated phage that survived the coupling process could be inactivated by antiserum raised in rabbits against pure tyrosinase, but not by normal serum. This inactivation was specifically inhibited by pure Neurospora tyrosinase, and the degree of inhibition was proportional to the concentration of tyrosinase within the range of 30-150 ng/ml. Crude mycelial extract possessing tyrosinase activity could similarly inhibit the inactivation of the conjugated phage by the antiserum. To evaluate the tyrosinase content of crude extracts their inhibitory capacity was compared to that of known amounts of pure tyrosinase, and the amounts thus calculated agreed with those predicted from an enzymatic assay. The tyrosinase-bacteriophage immunoassay was used for the quantitation of tyrosinase-antigen in crude extracts of Neurospora cultures that had been induced to form tyrosinase by the addition of ethionine. Enzymatic activity appeared after a lag of several hours, increased for 2-3days and then declined. Immunological assays of these cultures showed: (a) serologically reactive protein started to accumulate upon culture starvation and was evident during the lag period; (b) specific activity (units per mg antigen) was constant throughout induction; (c) at the phase of decrease in mycelial enzyme content, increasing amounts of serologically reactive protein were detected in the medium, indicating that some enzyme was eventually excreted. These results show that the lag is not a qualitatively distinct period, and support the previously forwarded notion that tyrosinase is synthesized de novo upon induction.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on tyrosinase induction in Neurospora. An immunoassay for tyrosinase, using the modified bacteriophage technique, was developed: Tyrosinase of Neurospora was conjugated to bacteriophage T4 using glutaraldehyde as a cross-linking agent. The conjugated phage that survived the coupling process could be inactivated by antiserum raised in rabbits against pure tyrosinase, but not by normal serum. This inactivation was specifically inhibited by pure Neurospora tyrosinase, and the degree of inhibition was proportional to the concentration of tyrosinase within the range of 30-150 ng/ml. Crude mycelial extract possessing tyrosinase activity could similarly inhibit the inactivation of the conjugated phage by the antiserum. To evaluate the tyrosinase content of crude extracts their inhibitory capacity was compared to that of known amounts of pure tyrosinase, and the amounts thus calculated agreed with those predicted from an enzymatic assay. The tyrosinase-bacteriophage immunoassay was used for the quantitation of tyrosinase-antigen in crude extracts of Neurospora cultures that had been induced to form tyrosinase by the addition of ethionine. Enzymatic activity appeared after a lag of several hours, increased for 2-3days and then declined. Immunological assays of these cultures showed: (a) serologically reactive protein started to accumulate upon culture starvation and was evident during the lag period; (b) specific activity (units per mg antigen) was constant throughout induction; (c) at the phase of decrease in mycelial enzyme content, increasing amounts of serologically reactive protein were detected in the medium, indicating that some enzyme was eventually excreted. These results show that the lag is not a qualitatively distinct period, and support the previously forwarded notion that tyrosinase is synthesized de novo upon induction."}
{"id": "PMID:128454", "title": "A new method of isolation and some properties of the heavy chain of human plasmin.", "content": "A method is described by which the heavy chain of human plasmin, obtained by partial reduction of urokinase-activated plasminogen with 2-mercaptoethanol, is adsorbed on lysine coupled to polyacrylamide. The heavy chain is recovered from the adsorbent by elution with 6-aminohexanoic acid (yield 60-65%). Sulfhydryl titrations of the heavy chain showed that the partial reduction involved primarily the cleavage of the sole interchain disulfide bridge of plasmin. Dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gave essentially a single band corresponding to a component of about 60000 molecular weight. The NH2-terminal amino acid was predominantly threonine. 6-Aminohexanoic acid at different concentrations caused significant variations of the sedimentation and diffusion constants of the heavy chain indicating inhibitor-induced conformational alterations of the protein. The present results suggest that in plasmin only the heavy chain is capable of interacting with 6-aminohexanoic acid, and it appears that it is primarily this chain which plays an important role in the inhibition of the enzyme by 6-aminohexanoic acid.", "contents": "A new method of isolation and some properties of the heavy chain of human plasmin. A method is described by which the heavy chain of human plasmin, obtained by partial reduction of urokinase-activated plasminogen with 2-mercaptoethanol, is adsorbed on lysine coupled to polyacrylamide. The heavy chain is recovered from the adsorbent by elution with 6-aminohexanoic acid (yield 60-65%). Sulfhydryl titrations of the heavy chain showed that the partial reduction involved primarily the cleavage of the sole interchain disulfide bridge of plasmin. Dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gave essentially a single band corresponding to a component of about 60000 molecular weight. The NH2-terminal amino acid was predominantly threonine. 6-Aminohexanoic acid at different concentrations caused significant variations of the sedimentation and diffusion constants of the heavy chain indicating inhibitor-induced conformational alterations of the protein. The present results suggest that in plasmin only the heavy chain is capable of interacting with 6-aminohexanoic acid, and it appears that it is primarily this chain which plays an important role in the inhibition of the enzyme by 6-aminohexanoic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:128455", "title": "On the mechanism of protein-synthesis inhibition by abrin and ricin. Inhibition of the GTP-hydrolysis site on the 60-S ribosomal subunit.", "content": "The mechanism of protein synthesis inhibition by the toxic lectins, abrin and ricin, has been studied in crude and in purified cell-free systems from rabbit reticulocytes and Krebs II ascites cells. In crude systems abrin and ricin strongly inhibited protein synthesis from added aminoacyl-tRNA, demonstrating that the toxins act at some point after the charging of tRNA. Supernatant factors and polysomes washed free of elongation factors were treated separately with the toxins and then neutralizing amounts of anti-toxins were added. Recombination experiments between toxin-treated ribosomes and untreated supernatant factors and vice versa showed that the toxin-treated ribosomes had lost most of their ability to support polyphenylalanine synthesis, whereas treatment of the supernatant factors with the toxins did not inhibit polypeptide synthesis. Recombination experiments between toxin-treated isolated 40-S subunits and untreated 60-S subunits and vice versa showed that only when the 60-S subunits had been treated with the toxins was protein synthesis inhibited in the reconstituted system. The incorporation of [3H]puromycin into nascent peptide chains was unaffected by the toxins, indicating that the peptidyl transferase is not inhibited. Both the EF-1-catalyzed and the EF-2-catalyzed ability of the ribosomes to hydrolyze [gamma-32P]GTP was inhibited by abrin and ricin. An 8-S complex released from the 60-S subunit by EDTA treatment possessed both GTPase and ATPase activity, while the particle remaining after the EDTA treatment had lost most of its GTPase activity. Both enzyme activities of the 8-S complex were inhibited by abrin and ricin. The present data indicate that there is a common site on the 60-S subunits for EF-1- and EF-2- stimulated GTPase activity and they suggest that abrin and ricin inhibit protein synthesis by modifying this site.", "contents": "On the mechanism of protein-synthesis inhibition by abrin and ricin. Inhibition of the GTP-hydrolysis site on the 60-S ribosomal subunit. The mechanism of protein synthesis inhibition by the toxic lectins, abrin and ricin, has been studied in crude and in purified cell-free systems from rabbit reticulocytes and Krebs II ascites cells. In crude systems abrin and ricin strongly inhibited protein synthesis from added aminoacyl-tRNA, demonstrating that the toxins act at some point after the charging of tRNA. Supernatant factors and polysomes washed free of elongation factors were treated separately with the toxins and then neutralizing amounts of anti-toxins were added. Recombination experiments between toxin-treated ribosomes and untreated supernatant factors and vice versa showed that the toxin-treated ribosomes had lost most of their ability to support polyphenylalanine synthesis, whereas treatment of the supernatant factors with the toxins did not inhibit polypeptide synthesis. Recombination experiments between toxin-treated isolated 40-S subunits and untreated 60-S subunits and vice versa showed that only when the 60-S subunits had been treated with the toxins was protein synthesis inhibited in the reconstituted system. The incorporation of [3H]puromycin into nascent peptide chains was unaffected by the toxins, indicating that the peptidyl transferase is not inhibited. Both the EF-1-catalyzed and the EF-2-catalyzed ability of the ribosomes to hydrolyze [gamma-32P]GTP was inhibited by abrin and ricin. An 8-S complex released from the 60-S subunit by EDTA treatment possessed both GTPase and ATPase activity, while the particle remaining after the EDTA treatment had lost most of its GTPase activity. Both enzyme activities of the 8-S complex were inhibited by abrin and ricin. The present data indicate that there is a common site on the 60-S subunits for EF-1- and EF-2- stimulated GTPase activity and they suggest that abrin and ricin inhibit protein synthesis by modifying this site."}
{"id": "PMID:128456", "title": "Adenylate cyclase from rat-liver plasma membrane: inhibition by mersalyl and other mercurial derivatives.", "content": "The adenylate cyclase activity from a rat liver plasma membrane preparation was inhibited by low concentrations (1-10 muM) of the mercurial diuretic mersalyl. Complete inhibition was obtained with 0.1 mM mersalyl. Similar effects were observed whether the adenylate cyclase preparation was assayed in the presence of 10 muM GTP, 0.1 muM glucagon, 10 mM NaF or without any addition. The effect of mersalyl was not due to inhibition of the regenerating system present in the incubation medium, since the effect of mersalyl was preserved and even enhanced in its absence. The inhibition brought about by mersalyl was due to both a decrease of the maximal velocity of the reaction and of the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. It was immediate, and irreversible spontaneously, but it was reversed by the simultaneous additions of 2-mercaptoethanol, in a dose-dependent fashion. Other -SH reagents were found to have an effect equal to, or lower than, that of mersalyl. Mersalyl had no effect upon Mg2+-ATPase, although it inhibited the (Na+-K+) activated ATPase. Since mersalyl is known to be a 'non-penetrant' reagent, it is postulated that a catalytically important, mercurial-sensitive, part of adenylate cyclase is at the surface of the plasma membrane. This view is supported by the following facts: (a) mersalyl acted with a similar dose-response curve upon an intact as well as a detergent-dispersed cyclase preparation while no effect was observed upon a solubilized Mg2+-ATPase preparation; (b) a covalent p-chloromercuribenzoate-Sephadex preparation (but not its supernatant) inhibited the cyclase from intact membranes. It is proposed that mercurial derivatives, by their relative specificity of action (no effect on Mg2+-ATPase), can serve as useful probes in the elucidation of the multicomponent structure of the cyclase system.", "contents": "Adenylate cyclase from rat-liver plasma membrane: inhibition by mersalyl and other mercurial derivatives. The adenylate cyclase activity from a rat liver plasma membrane preparation was inhibited by low concentrations (1-10 muM) of the mercurial diuretic mersalyl. Complete inhibition was obtained with 0.1 mM mersalyl. Similar effects were observed whether the adenylate cyclase preparation was assayed in the presence of 10 muM GTP, 0.1 muM glucagon, 10 mM NaF or without any addition. The effect of mersalyl was not due to inhibition of the regenerating system present in the incubation medium, since the effect of mersalyl was preserved and even enhanced in its absence. The inhibition brought about by mersalyl was due to both a decrease of the maximal velocity of the reaction and of the affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. It was immediate, and irreversible spontaneously, but it was reversed by the simultaneous additions of 2-mercaptoethanol, in a dose-dependent fashion. Other -SH reagents were found to have an effect equal to, or lower than, that of mersalyl. Mersalyl had no effect upon Mg2+-ATPase, although it inhibited the (Na+-K+) activated ATPase. Since mersalyl is known to be a 'non-penetrant' reagent, it is postulated that a catalytically important, mercurial-sensitive, part of adenylate cyclase is at the surface of the plasma membrane. This view is supported by the following facts: (a) mersalyl acted with a similar dose-response curve upon an intact as well as a detergent-dispersed cyclase preparation while no effect was observed upon a solubilized Mg2+-ATPase preparation; (b) a covalent p-chloromercuribenzoate-Sephadex preparation (but not its supernatant) inhibited the cyclase from intact membranes. It is proposed that mercurial derivatives, by their relative specificity of action (no effect on Mg2+-ATPase), can serve as useful probes in the elucidation of the multicomponent structure of the cyclase system."}
{"id": "PMID:128457", "title": "The effects of fusimotor stimulation during small amplitude stretching on the frequency-response of the primary ending of the mammalian muscle spindle.", "content": "Single fusimotor fibres to the de-efferented soleus of the anaesthetized cat were stimulated repetitively while recording the response of single primary afferents to small amplitude sinusoidal stretching at frequencies of 0-5--500 HZ. The response of the ending was determined by averaging its firing for many cycles to construct a 'cycle histogram'. When small enough, the stretching modulated the firing sinusoidally; as the frequency increased the requisite amplitude fell to a fraction of a micron. The amplitude of the modulation (in impulses/sec) divided by be amplitude of stretchin (in mm) gave the sensitivity of the ending for the particular frequency in question. 2. The passive frequency--response curve obtained in the absence of fusimotor stimulation agreed with those obtained before...", "contents": "The effects of fusimotor stimulation during small amplitude stretching on the frequency-response of the primary ending of the mammalian muscle spindle. Single fusimotor fibres to the de-efferented soleus of the anaesthetized cat were stimulated repetitively while recording the response of single primary afferents to small amplitude sinusoidal stretching at frequencies of 0-5--500 HZ. The response of the ending was determined by averaging its firing for many cycles to construct a 'cycle histogram'. When small enough, the stretching modulated the firing sinusoidally; as the frequency increased the requisite amplitude fell to a fraction of a micron. The amplitude of the modulation (in impulses/sec) divided by be amplitude of stretchin (in mm) gave the sensitivity of the ending for the particular frequency in question. 2. The passive frequency--response curve obtained in the absence of fusimotor stimulation agreed with those obtained before..."}
{"id": "PMID:128459", "title": "Effects of specific chemical modification of actin.", "content": "G-actin has been nitrated with tetranitromethane in conditions that lead to the modification of one tyrosine residue. The reactive residue was found by earlier workers to be Tyr-69. The nitrated actin is conformationally similar to native G-actin, as judged by sedimentation velocity and circular dichroism analysis. A small proportion only is in the form of covalently linked dimers and trimers. The nitrated G-actin will polymerise to form filaments, indistinguishable in the electron microscope from those of native F-actin, but the polymerisation process is slower. Reduction of the nitrophenol group to the corresponding aminophenol leaves the properties of the protein in respect of polymerisation unchanged. When a dansyl group is introduced at the same point, however, the ability of the actin to polymerise is lost. The nitrated actin and its reduced counterpart will also bind heavy meromyosin, and the characteristic arrowhead formation of the bound molecules along the filaments can be seen in the electron microscope. Neither of the modified F-actins, however, significantly activates or inhibits the myosin ATPase activity. The fluorescence of nitrated actin is strongly quenched through the presence of the nitrophenol chromophore. In soluble complexes with heavy meromyosin the fluorescence is indistinguishable from the sum of the separate contributions of the two protein components. There is thus no measurable excitation transfer between any tryptophan residues on the myosin heads, such as that inferred to be present in the ATPase site, and the nitrotyrosine in position 69 of the actin sequence. Implications of this observation are considered in relation to the different interaction sites in myosin and in actin. The activation of heavy meromyosin ATPase by copolymers containing actin and nitroactin in different proportions has been measured, and is not proportional to the fraction of native actin. The results are consistent with the view that the function of actomyosin depends on the interaction of the myosin heads with more than one actin subunit.", "contents": "Effects of specific chemical modification of actin. G-actin has been nitrated with tetranitromethane in conditions that lead to the modification of one tyrosine residue. The reactive residue was found by earlier workers to be Tyr-69. The nitrated actin is conformationally similar to native G-actin, as judged by sedimentation velocity and circular dichroism analysis. A small proportion only is in the form of covalently linked dimers and trimers. The nitrated G-actin will polymerise to form filaments, indistinguishable in the electron microscope from those of native F-actin, but the polymerisation process is slower. Reduction of the nitrophenol group to the corresponding aminophenol leaves the properties of the protein in respect of polymerisation unchanged. When a dansyl group is introduced at the same point, however, the ability of the actin to polymerise is lost. The nitrated actin and its reduced counterpart will also bind heavy meromyosin, and the characteristic arrowhead formation of the bound molecules along the filaments can be seen in the electron microscope. Neither of the modified F-actins, however, significantly activates or inhibits the myosin ATPase activity. The fluorescence of nitrated actin is strongly quenched through the presence of the nitrophenol chromophore. In soluble complexes with heavy meromyosin the fluorescence is indistinguishable from the sum of the separate contributions of the two protein components. There is thus no measurable excitation transfer between any tryptophan residues on the myosin heads, such as that inferred to be present in the ATPase site, and the nitrotyrosine in position 69 of the actin sequence. Implications of this observation are considered in relation to the different interaction sites in myosin and in actin. The activation of heavy meromyosin ATPase by copolymers containing actin and nitroactin in different proportions has been measured, and is not proportional to the fraction of native actin. The results are consistent with the view that the function of actomyosin depends on the interaction of the myosin heads with more than one actin subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:128460", "title": "Recycling of glucose by rat hepatocytes.", "content": "1. The metabolism of glucose labeled uniformly with 14C, and in positions 2, 3 and 5 with tritium by hepatocytes from fed and fasted rats were studied. Cells were incubated with glucose as sole substrate, or with glucose and a variety of glucose precursors, and uptake or production of glucose, and the utilization of the isotopes was determined. 2. There was no uptake of glucose at concentration of up to 15 mM, and net glucose synthesis in the presence of precursors. 14C was however recovered in CO2, lactate and amino acids, and tritium in water. Considerable incorporation into glycogen from 14C and 3H-labeled glucose occurred at high (above 20 mM) glucose concentrations. 3. The yield in water always exceeded that in 14C-labeled products. The yield in 3HOH from [2-3H] glucose exceeded that from [5-3H] glucose, and the latter was greater than from [3-3H] glucose. 4. Utilization of labeled glucose does not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The fractional rate of uptake of 14C and tritium-labeled glucose increases with glucose concentration with a maximum at about 15 mM and then declines. 5. The effect of numerous gluconeogenic substrates on the isotope utilization and the 3H/14C ratio in glycogen was studied. The uptake of 14C was always depressed. Addition of lactate and dihydroxyacetone has little effect on the detritiation of [2-3H] glucose, but it is depressed by other substrates. The detritiation of [3-3H]-and[5-3H]glucose is depressed in gluconeogenesis, that from [3-3H]glucose usually more than from [5-3H]glucose. In the presence of lactate detritiation of [3-3H]glucose is about half that from [5-3H]glucose. 6. Equations to calculate the phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate in the presence of futile cycling between glucose and glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate were derived. 7. The estimate of glucose phosphorylation requires determination of the specific activity of glucose 6-phosphate from [2-3H]glucose. It appears that futile cycling between glucose and glucose 6-phosphate is extensive in cells with a high glycogen content, but is low in cells from starved rats and nearly absent in those from diabetic animals. 8. The estimation of the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate in the presence of cycling requires knowledge of the specific activities of fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate from [3-3H]glucose. At present there are no adqquate data to calculate phosphorylation and recycling of fructose 6-phosphate, but under some conditions the rate may be quite high.", "contents": "Recycling of glucose by rat hepatocytes. 1. The metabolism of glucose labeled uniformly with 14C, and in positions 2, 3 and 5 with tritium by hepatocytes from fed and fasted rats were studied. Cells were incubated with glucose as sole substrate, or with glucose and a variety of glucose precursors, and uptake or production of glucose, and the utilization of the isotopes was determined. 2. There was no uptake of glucose at concentration of up to 15 mM, and net glucose synthesis in the presence of precursors. 14C was however recovered in CO2, lactate and amino acids, and tritium in water. Considerable incorporation into glycogen from 14C and 3H-labeled glucose occurred at high (above 20 mM) glucose concentrations. 3. The yield in water always exceeded that in 14C-labeled products. The yield in 3HOH from [2-3H] glucose exceeded that from [5-3H] glucose, and the latter was greater than from [3-3H] glucose. 4. Utilization of labeled glucose does not follow Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The fractional rate of uptake of 14C and tritium-labeled glucose increases with glucose concentration with a maximum at about 15 mM and then declines. 5. The effect of numerous gluconeogenic substrates on the isotope utilization and the 3H/14C ratio in glycogen was studied. The uptake of 14C was always depressed. Addition of lactate and dihydroxyacetone has little effect on the detritiation of [2-3H] glucose, but it is depressed by other substrates. The detritiation of [3-3H]-and[5-3H]glucose is depressed in gluconeogenesis, that from [3-3H]glucose usually more than from [5-3H]glucose. In the presence of lactate detritiation of [3-3H]glucose is about half that from [5-3H]glucose. 6. Equations to calculate the phosphorylation of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate in the presence of futile cycling between glucose and glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate were derived. 7. The estimate of glucose phosphorylation requires determination of the specific activity of glucose 6-phosphate from [2-3H]glucose. It appears that futile cycling between glucose and glucose 6-phosphate is extensive in cells with a high glycogen content, but is low in cells from starved rats and nearly absent in those from diabetic animals. 8. The estimation of the phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate in the presence of cycling requires knowledge of the specific activities of fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate from [3-3H]glucose. At present there are no adqquate data to calculate phosphorylation and recycling of fructose 6-phosphate, but under some conditions the rate may be quite high."}
{"id": "PMID:128461", "title": "Self-association of human erythrocyte phosphofructokinase. Kinetic behaviour in dependence on enzyme concentration and mode of association.", "content": "The kinetic behaviour of human erythrocyte phosphofructokinase has been analyzed over a relative wide range of enzyme concentration (0.01 -- 1.7 mug/ml). The kinetic cooperativity which becomes apparent when the enzymic reaction rate is plotted versus the fructose 6-phosphate concentration decreases with increasing enzyme concentration. Simultaneously, a decrease of the half-saturation concentration for fructose 6-phosphate [S]0.5 is observed. Maximum velocity passes through a maximum at increasing enzyme concentrations. Sets of curves representing specific enzymic activity of phosphofructokinase versus enzyme concentration obtained at various fixed concentrations of fructose 6-phosphate and ATP are analyzed. The shapes of these curves are interpreted in terms of an association model of human erythrocyte phosphofructokinase, in which an inactive dimer (Mr 190000) and active multimers of the dimeric form are involved. The conclusion is drawn that the sigmoidal shape of the plots of the enzymic reaction rate versus fructose 6-phosphate concentration is partially caused by a displacement of the equilibrium between different states of association of phosphofructokinase to multimers by this substrate. On the other hand, the inhibition of the enzyme by high concentrations of ATP may be partially caused by a shift of this equilibrium to the state of the inactive dimer.", "contents": "Self-association of human erythrocyte phosphofructokinase. Kinetic behaviour in dependence on enzyme concentration and mode of association. The kinetic behaviour of human erythrocyte phosphofructokinase has been analyzed over a relative wide range of enzyme concentration (0.01 -- 1.7 mug/ml). The kinetic cooperativity which becomes apparent when the enzymic reaction rate is plotted versus the fructose 6-phosphate concentration decreases with increasing enzyme concentration. Simultaneously, a decrease of the half-saturation concentration for fructose 6-phosphate [S]0.5 is observed. Maximum velocity passes through a maximum at increasing enzyme concentrations. Sets of curves representing specific enzymic activity of phosphofructokinase versus enzyme concentration obtained at various fixed concentrations of fructose 6-phosphate and ATP are analyzed. The shapes of these curves are interpreted in terms of an association model of human erythrocyte phosphofructokinase, in which an inactive dimer (Mr 190000) and active multimers of the dimeric form are involved. The conclusion is drawn that the sigmoidal shape of the plots of the enzymic reaction rate versus fructose 6-phosphate concentration is partially caused by a displacement of the equilibrium between different states of association of phosphofructokinase to multimers by this substrate. On the other hand, the inhibition of the enzyme by high concentrations of ATP may be partially caused by a shift of this equilibrium to the state of the inactive dimer."}
{"id": "PMID:128462", "title": "Active Ca transport of sacroplasmic reticulum during experimental uremia. Changes in kinetics and lipid composition.", "content": "The Ca-transport system of sarcoplasmic vesicles of rabbits is altered by experimental uremia. 1. The influx rate constant of the experimental membranes decrease with a resulting decrease of the calcium influx rate. 2. The experimental membranes transport a smaller amount of Ca2+ per mol of ATP split than the controls, i.e. their transport ratio is discussed. 3. The calcium permeability of the experimental membranes increases with a resulting decreased concentrating ability. 4. The phosphatide content but not the cholesterol content of the experimental membranes decreases with a consequent increase of the cholesterol/phosphatide ratio. 5. The fatty acid pattern of total phosphatides of the experimental membranes changes. A relative decrease of palmitic acid and oleic acid occurs and a relative increase of stearic, arachidonic and higher unsaturated fatty acids. 6. The altered lipid composition of the membranes does not change the temperature dependence of the kinetics.", "contents": "Active Ca transport of sacroplasmic reticulum during experimental uremia. Changes in kinetics and lipid composition. The Ca-transport system of sarcoplasmic vesicles of rabbits is altered by experimental uremia. 1. The influx rate constant of the experimental membranes decrease with a resulting decrease of the calcium influx rate. 2. The experimental membranes transport a smaller amount of Ca2+ per mol of ATP split than the controls, i.e. their transport ratio is discussed. 3. The calcium permeability of the experimental membranes increases with a resulting decreased concentrating ability. 4. The phosphatide content but not the cholesterol content of the experimental membranes decreases with a consequent increase of the cholesterol/phosphatide ratio. 5. The fatty acid pattern of total phosphatides of the experimental membranes changes. A relative decrease of palmitic acid and oleic acid occurs and a relative increase of stearic, arachidonic and higher unsaturated fatty acids. 6. The altered lipid composition of the membranes does not change the temperature dependence of the kinetics."}
{"id": "PMID:128467", "title": "Postnatal decline of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-activated membrane ATPase in cattle red cells.", "content": "Acitivity of membrane bound (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase, associated with Ca2+ outward transport, in calf red cells is high at birth and declines with a rate constant of 0.041 d-1 after the 3rd week. The decline parallels the disappearance of fetal hemoglobin.", "contents": "Postnatal decline of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-activated membrane ATPase in cattle red cells. Acitivity of membrane bound (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase, associated with Ca2+ outward transport, in calf red cells is high at birth and declines with a rate constant of 0.041 d-1 after the 3rd week. The decline parallels the disappearance of fetal hemoglobin."}
{"id": "PMID:128468", "title": "The solubility properties of granulopoiesis inhibiting factor.", "content": "The solubility of granulopoiesis inhibiting factor (GIF) in various aqueous and organic solvents was investigated. GIF is soluble in water, 10% acetic acid, and 10% pyridine. It is not extractable by 1-butanol at low and high pH. A high solubility was found in polar organic solvents (ethanol-acetone 9:1, and chloroform-methanol 1:1), whereas GIF seems to be insoluble in pure chloroform.", "contents": "The solubility properties of granulopoiesis inhibiting factor. The solubility of granulopoiesis inhibiting factor (GIF) in various aqueous and organic solvents was investigated. GIF is soluble in water, 10% acetic acid, and 10% pyridine. It is not extractable by 1-butanol at low and high pH. A high solubility was found in polar organic solvents (ethanol-acetone 9:1, and chloroform-methanol 1:1), whereas GIF seems to be insoluble in pure chloroform."}
{"id": "PMID:128473", "title": "Effect of anti-Ia sera on mixed lymphocyte reaction in mice.", "content": "Anti-I-region associated (Ia) antigen sera specificially supress the stimulation reaction in unidirectional mouse MLR. No effect on the response was observed with these antisera. In addition, anti-H-2 sera did not affect stimulation, however, in some cases diminished the response. The data indicate that Ia antigens and LAD might be identical. Stimulation in mixed lymphocyte culture reaction (MLR) or graft vs host reaction has been shown to be governed by genes located in the I-region (immune response region) of the H-2 complex in mice (Bach et al. 1972 and Klein and Park 1973) and it appears that the H-2K and H-2D regions play only a minor role in that reaction. Recently, antigens have been described (Hauptfeld et. al. 1973, G\u00f6tze et al. 1973, David et al. 1973) which are controlled by the I-region, so-called I-region associated equals Ia antigens. If these antigens are related to determinants important for the MLR, then one might predict inhibition of the MLR. Abbasi et al (1974) reported that poly-specific anti-H-2 alloantisera inhibited the H-2 complex controlled stimulation in MLR. Using antisera produced in I-region congenic strains, we have been able to show complete and specific inhibition of the stimulation in MLR, without affection of the response, thus indicating that Ia antigens and lymphocyte activating determinants might be identical.", "contents": "Effect of anti-Ia sera on mixed lymphocyte reaction in mice. Anti-I-region associated (Ia) antigen sera specificially supress the stimulation reaction in unidirectional mouse MLR. No effect on the response was observed with these antisera. In addition, anti-H-2 sera did not affect stimulation, however, in some cases diminished the response. The data indicate that Ia antigens and LAD might be identical. Stimulation in mixed lymphocyte culture reaction (MLR) or graft vs host reaction has been shown to be governed by genes located in the I-region (immune response region) of the H-2 complex in mice (Bach et al. 1972 and Klein and Park 1973) and it appears that the H-2K and H-2D regions play only a minor role in that reaction. Recently, antigens have been described (Hauptfeld et. al. 1973, G\u00f6tze et al. 1973, David et al. 1973) which are controlled by the I-region, so-called I-region associated equals Ia antigens. If these antigens are related to determinants important for the MLR, then one might predict inhibition of the MLR. Abbasi et al (1974) reported that poly-specific anti-H-2 alloantisera inhibited the H-2 complex controlled stimulation in MLR. Using antisera produced in I-region congenic strains, we have been able to show complete and specific inhibition of the stimulation in MLR, without affection of the response, thus indicating that Ia antigens and lymphocyte activating determinants might be identical."}
{"id": "PMID:128475", "title": "Antimicrobial effectiveness of Locacorten-Vioform cream in Secondary infections of common dermatoses.", "content": "In a double-blind study involving 430 patients, Locacorten (0.02%)-Vioform (3%) cream was found to be highly effective in the treatment of dermatological conditions complicated by secondary bacterial involvement. Themicrobiological conversion and clinical improvement in patients treated with Locacorten-Vioform combinations were markedly greater than those achieved in the groups medicated with (1) Vioform 3%, (2) Locacorten 0.02%, and (3) placebo cream. Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent organism isolated from the skin lesions. All strains were sensitive to Vioform, as compared to 62% found to be resistant to other antimicrobials.", "contents": "Antimicrobial effectiveness of Locacorten-Vioform cream in Secondary infections of common dermatoses. In a double-blind study involving 430 patients, Locacorten (0.02%)-Vioform (3%) cream was found to be highly effective in the treatment of dermatological conditions complicated by secondary bacterial involvement. Themicrobiological conversion and clinical improvement in patients treated with Locacorten-Vioform combinations were markedly greater than those achieved in the groups medicated with (1) Vioform 3%, (2) Locacorten 0.02%, and (3) placebo cream. Staphylococcus aureus was the most prevalent organism isolated from the skin lesions. All strains were sensitive to Vioform, as compared to 62% found to be resistant to other antimicrobials."}
{"id": "PMID:128476", "title": "Occupational cobalt and chromium dermatitis in an offset printing factory.", "content": "A case history of three offset printers and the atomic absorption analysis of their contact materials is described. Though the factory direction and personnel felt strongly about cooperating in order to combat the disease, it became apparent that the prescribed measures had not been effectively carried out. The chemical analysis of the materials proved to be a necessary supplement to the patch testing procedure.", "contents": "Occupational cobalt and chromium dermatitis in an offset printing factory. A case history of three offset printers and the atomic absorption analysis of their contact materials is described. Though the factory direction and personnel felt strongly about cooperating in order to combat the disease, it became apparent that the prescribed measures had not been effectively carried out. The chemical analysis of the materials proved to be a necessary supplement to the patch testing procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:128480", "title": "Increased hemoglobin AIc in diabetic mice.", "content": "The minor hemoglobins AIa, AIb, and AIc were studied in mice with either genetic or chemically induced diabetes. Hemoglobin AIc was elevated approximately twofold in all the phenotypically diabetic mice studied (C57BL/KsJ-db/db, C57BL/KsJ-ob/ob, C57BL/6J-db/db, and alloxan- and streptozotocin-treated mice). Elevation of the hemoglobin AIc in C57BL/6J-db/db mice was of short duration, reflecting the transitory diabetes characteristic of these mice. The degree of increase of hemoglobin AIc levels was unrelated to severity of hyperglycemia, duration of diabetes, age of mouse, or body weight. It is not known what factor(s) dictates the steady-state concentration of hemoglobin AIc.", "contents": "Increased hemoglobin AIc in diabetic mice. The minor hemoglobins AIa, AIb, and AIc were studied in mice with either genetic or chemically induced diabetes. Hemoglobin AIc was elevated approximately twofold in all the phenotypically diabetic mice studied (C57BL/KsJ-db/db, C57BL/KsJ-ob/ob, C57BL/6J-db/db, and alloxan- and streptozotocin-treated mice). Elevation of the hemoglobin AIc in C57BL/6J-db/db mice was of short duration, reflecting the transitory diabetes characteristic of these mice. The degree of increase of hemoglobin AIc levels was unrelated to severity of hyperglycemia, duration of diabetes, age of mouse, or body weight. It is not known what factor(s) dictates the steady-state concentration of hemoglobin AIc."}
{"id": "PMID:128481", "title": "Fetal pancreas transplantation for reversal of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats.", "content": "Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats was completely reversed by transplantation of syngeneic fetal pancreases placed beneath the kidney capsule. To accomplish complete reversal of diabetes, four or more pancreases were necessary; three resulted in partial reversal, and two produced a slight but significant effect in some recipients. Removal of the transplants resulted in the prompt return of diabetes. The islets of Langerhans in the transplants functioned homeostatically; this was indicated by regular normal blood glucose values, in addition to normal findings in blood IRI response and glucose disappearance rate after glucose injection. Disappearance of exocrine elements, with only ducts and fibrous tissue remaining, resulted in a pure endocrine organ. The advantages of this technie, such as ease of accessibility for placement, observation, and removal, are of great importance for possible application to humans.", "contents": "Fetal pancreas transplantation for reversal of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats was completely reversed by transplantation of syngeneic fetal pancreases placed beneath the kidney capsule. To accomplish complete reversal of diabetes, four or more pancreases were necessary; three resulted in partial reversal, and two produced a slight but significant effect in some recipients. Removal of the transplants resulted in the prompt return of diabetes. The islets of Langerhans in the transplants functioned homeostatically; this was indicated by regular normal blood glucose values, in addition to normal findings in blood IRI response and glucose disappearance rate after glucose injection. Disappearance of exocrine elements, with only ducts and fibrous tissue remaining, resulted in a pure endocrine organ. The advantages of this technie, such as ease of accessibility for placement, observation, and removal, are of great importance for possible application to humans."}
{"id": "PMID:128483", "title": "Secretion of hydrochloric acid in Ghosh-Lai rat preparation following stimulation with histamine and pentagastrin and inhibition by gastrone and atropine.", "content": "In this study of 48 successfully operated rats, we evaluated the applicability of the Ghosh-Lai stomach preparation to the quantitation of the HCl output following stimulation with histamine and pentagastrin and inhibition with gastrone and atropine. The usefulness of this rat preparation was well demonstrated and good duplication of results was obtained with various doses of histamine and pentagastrin. In this rat preparation, the HCl output following an optimal pentagastrin dose of 6 mug/kg/30 min i.v. was almost twice higher than that after an optimal histamine dose - for this rat preparation - of 0.2 mg/kg/30 min i.v. The inhibitory effect of gastrone B on histamine-stimulated HCl output has been confirmed in this rat preparation and shown to extend also on the pentagastrin-stimulated HCl secretion. The comparison of the atropine and gastrone inhibition of the pentagastrin-stimulated HCl output in the Ghosh-Lai preparation indicates that the inhibitory effect of 40 mug gastrone i.v. is similar in rat to that of 0.4 mg atropine sulfate i.v. under these conditions.", "contents": "Secretion of hydrochloric acid in Ghosh-Lai rat preparation following stimulation with histamine and pentagastrin and inhibition by gastrone and atropine. In this study of 48 successfully operated rats, we evaluated the applicability of the Ghosh-Lai stomach preparation to the quantitation of the HCl output following stimulation with histamine and pentagastrin and inhibition with gastrone and atropine. The usefulness of this rat preparation was well demonstrated and good duplication of results was obtained with various doses of histamine and pentagastrin. In this rat preparation, the HCl output following an optimal pentagastrin dose of 6 mug/kg/30 min i.v. was almost twice higher than that after an optimal histamine dose - for this rat preparation - of 0.2 mg/kg/30 min i.v. The inhibitory effect of gastrone B on histamine-stimulated HCl output has been confirmed in this rat preparation and shown to extend also on the pentagastrin-stimulated HCl secretion. The comparison of the atropine and gastrone inhibition of the pentagastrin-stimulated HCl output in the Ghosh-Lai preparation indicates that the inhibitory effect of 40 mug gastrone i.v. is similar in rat to that of 0.4 mg atropine sulfate i.v. under these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:128484", "title": "Lymphocyte function in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Lymphocyte functions in vitro were tested in patients with Hodgkin's disease. The PHA-induced lymphocyte stimulation and the responding capacity in the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture reaction was found to be severely depressed. In contrast, the PHA-induced production of a human mononuclear leukocyte chemotactic factor was not significantly impaired.", "contents": "Lymphocyte function in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Lymphocyte functions in vitro were tested in patients with Hodgkin's disease. The PHA-induced lymphocyte stimulation and the responding capacity in the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture reaction was found to be severely depressed. In contrast, the PHA-induced production of a human mononuclear leukocyte chemotactic factor was not significantly impaired."}
{"id": "PMID:128487", "title": "Adaptive significance of vegetative incompatibility in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Certain features reminiscent of sexuality occur in the vegetative life cycle of some filamentous fungi such as Neurospora crassa. Hyphal fusions can occur between genetically different individuals, thereby endowing the new composite mycelium, a heterokaryon, with some of the advantages of heterozygosity usually associated with diploid organisms. In N. crassa, however, there are a number of incompatibility loci which prevent formation of heterokaryons unless the alleles at the incompatibility loci are identical in the two mycelia. The selection pressures that maintain incompatibility polymorphisms are not known. We suggest here that they are maintained because they prevent a kind of exploitation of heterokaryons by nuclei that are nonadaptive in homokaryons but that enjoy a proliferative advantage over other nuclei in heterokaryons. A mathematical model that abstracts the major features of the vegetative life cycle of Neurosopra crassa has been developed, and the action of selection in this model and various extensions of it is such as to maintain polymorphisms of vegetative incompatibility factors.", "contents": "Adaptive significance of vegetative incompatibility in Neurospora crassa. Certain features reminiscent of sexuality occur in the vegetative life cycle of some filamentous fungi such as Neurospora crassa. Hyphal fusions can occur between genetically different individuals, thereby endowing the new composite mycelium, a heterokaryon, with some of the advantages of heterozygosity usually associated with diploid organisms. In N. crassa, however, there are a number of incompatibility loci which prevent formation of heterokaryons unless the alleles at the incompatibility loci are identical in the two mycelia. The selection pressures that maintain incompatibility polymorphisms are not known. We suggest here that they are maintained because they prevent a kind of exploitation of heterokaryons by nuclei that are nonadaptive in homokaryons but that enjoy a proliferative advantage over other nuclei in heterokaryons. A mathematical model that abstracts the major features of the vegetative life cycle of Neurosopra crassa has been developed, and the action of selection in this model and various extensions of it is such as to maintain polymorphisms of vegetative incompatibility factors."}
{"id": "PMID:128495", "title": "[Demonstration of a post-traumatic, transdiaphragmatic liver prolapse by combined hepatic and lung scans (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of right-sided traumatic diaphragmatic rupture with transdiaphragmatic liver prolapse is reported. The situation could be clarified by combined hepatic and lung scans. The advantages of isotope examinations, particularly in patients with multiple trauma, are stressed.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a post-traumatic, transdiaphragmatic liver prolapse by combined hepatic and lung scans (author's transl)]. A case of right-sided traumatic diaphragmatic rupture with transdiaphragmatic liver prolapse is reported. The situation could be clarified by combined hepatic and lung scans. The advantages of isotope examinations, particularly in patients with multiple trauma, are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:128496", "title": "[Angiography, scintigraphy and ultra sound in the diagnosis of splenic or hepatic disease in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The combined use of selective angiography, scintigraphy and ultra-sound is not reliable enough for the certain exclusion of visceral involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Since this is of importance in the planning of treatment, it confirms the recommendation made by Wagenknechts, Glatsteins and others that a diagnostic splenectomy be carried out in order to determine the presence of visceral involvement.", "contents": "[Angiography, scintigraphy and ultra sound in the diagnosis of splenic or hepatic disease in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. The combined use of selective angiography, scintigraphy and ultra-sound is not reliable enough for the certain exclusion of visceral involvement in Hodgkin's disease. Since this is of importance in the planning of treatment, it confirms the recommendation made by Wagenknechts, Glatsteins and others that a diagnostic splenectomy be carried out in order to determine the presence of visceral involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:128497", "title": "[Hypotonic oesophagography using propanthelin bromide (Pro-Banthine) (author's transl)].", "content": "Hypotonic oesophagography was performed in 149 patients after the intravenous injection of propanthelin bromide (Pro-Banthine). An injection of 0.25-0.50 mug/kg body weight led to hypotonia of the oesophagus in 96% of cases. During hypotonia, it was possible to demonstrate oesophageal varices in 24 out of 27 patients, and small hiatus hernias in 10 out of 23 patients. Conventional examination demonstrated oesophageal varices in only 13 of the 27 cases and hiatus hernias in four out of the 23 cases. Hypotonic oesophagography thus leads to an improvement in the accuracy in the diagnosis of oesophageal varices and small hiatus hernias. Following injections of Pro-Banthine, transient side effects were observed consisting of tachycardia, difficulties in accomodation, reduction in salivary excretion and difficulties in micturition. Pro-Banthine is contra-indicated in the presence of glaucoma, severe cardiac and circulatory diseases and urinary obstruction.", "contents": "[Hypotonic oesophagography using propanthelin bromide (Pro-Banthine) (author's transl)]. Hypotonic oesophagography was performed in 149 patients after the intravenous injection of propanthelin bromide (Pro-Banthine). An injection of 0.25-0.50 mug/kg body weight led to hypotonia of the oesophagus in 96% of cases. During hypotonia, it was possible to demonstrate oesophageal varices in 24 out of 27 patients, and small hiatus hernias in 10 out of 23 patients. Conventional examination demonstrated oesophageal varices in only 13 of the 27 cases and hiatus hernias in four out of the 23 cases. Hypotonic oesophagography thus leads to an improvement in the accuracy in the diagnosis of oesophageal varices and small hiatus hernias. Following injections of Pro-Banthine, transient side effects were observed consisting of tachycardia, difficulties in accomodation, reduction in salivary excretion and difficulties in micturition. Pro-Banthine is contra-indicated in the presence of glaucoma, severe cardiac and circulatory diseases and urinary obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:128498", "title": "[Intravenous cholegraphy with Chologram (a double blind comparison with Bilivistan) (author's transl)].", "content": "A double blind comparison between Ioglycamid (Bilivistan) and the new I-V cholegraphic medium Iotroxamid (proposed trade name Chologram) is reported. Chologram produces better pictures and it is better tolerated. Pharmaco-kinetic data are published for the first time.", "contents": "[Intravenous cholegraphy with Chologram (a double blind comparison with Bilivistan) (author's transl)]. A double blind comparison between Ioglycamid (Bilivistan) and the new I-V cholegraphic medium Iotroxamid (proposed trade name Chologram) is reported. Chologram produces better pictures and it is better tolerated. Pharmaco-kinetic data are published for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:128499", "title": "[Thyroid phlebography and selective venous sampling for parathormone estimations in primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "Selective venous sampling for parathormone estimations has become an important method in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism and, together with thyroid phlebography, is an accurate means for localising hormone active parathyroid tissue. Thirty-three patients were examined by this technique and in 25 of these an exploration was carried out subsequently. Twenty-one had primary hyperparathyroidism. In one case hormone analysis lead to a false positive finding. In 18 of these 21 patients, the hormone-active parathyroid tissue was correctly localised. Phlebography showed evidence of an adenoma in five patients, but is of most use for localising the source of the hormone.", "contents": "[Thyroid phlebography and selective venous sampling for parathormone estimations in primary hyperparathyroidism (author's transl)]. Selective venous sampling for parathormone estimations has become an important method in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism and, together with thyroid phlebography, is an accurate means for localising hormone active parathyroid tissue. Thirty-three patients were examined by this technique and in 25 of these an exploration was carried out subsequently. Twenty-one had primary hyperparathyroidism. In one case hormone analysis lead to a false positive finding. In 18 of these 21 patients, the hormone-active parathyroid tissue was correctly localised. Phlebography showed evidence of an adenoma in five patients, but is of most use for localising the source of the hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:128500", "title": "[Radiological findings following post-traumatic bleeding into porencephalic cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "Six operatively treated patients are described who had sustained post-traumatic bleeds into a porencephalic cyst. The plain films of the skull showed asymmetries of the sphenoidal wings, bulging of the middle temporal fossae, circumscribed protrusions in the temporal region and unilateral enlargement of the paranasal sinuses. These changes are pathognomonic of a cystic malformation. Angiography shows an almost vertical origin of the middle group of vessels and a paucity of vessels in the area of the cyst. An accurate radiological diagnosis can be made pre-operatively, subdural haematomas and hygromas, arachnoid cysts and tumours entering into the differential diagnosis. Clinical evidence of raised intracranial pressure is an indication for performing burr holes; a porencephalic malformation does not in itself require surgical treatment.", "contents": "[Radiological findings following post-traumatic bleeding into porencephalic cysts (author's transl)]. Six operatively treated patients are described who had sustained post-traumatic bleeds into a porencephalic cyst. The plain films of the skull showed asymmetries of the sphenoidal wings, bulging of the middle temporal fossae, circumscribed protrusions in the temporal region and unilateral enlargement of the paranasal sinuses. These changes are pathognomonic of a cystic malformation. Angiography shows an almost vertical origin of the middle group of vessels and a paucity of vessels in the area of the cyst. An accurate radiological diagnosis can be made pre-operatively, subdural haematomas and hygromas, arachnoid cysts and tumours entering into the differential diagnosis. Clinical evidence of raised intracranial pressure is an indication for performing burr holes; a porencephalic malformation does not in itself require surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:128501", "title": "[Radiculo-tomography for lumbosacral myelography (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of tomography can increase the value of lumbosacral myelography in certain circumstances. Post mortem studies have resulted in standardisation of the examination, which will combine optimal diagnostic information with the least amount of effort and with an acceptable amount of stress on the patient. 110 tomographic examinations were performed amongst 680 lumbosacral myelograms (Dimer X). On the basis of this experience, the value of this procedure is illustrated from various points of view and its indications are discussed.", "contents": "[Radiculo-tomography for lumbosacral myelography (author's transl)]. The use of tomography can increase the value of lumbosacral myelography in certain circumstances. Post mortem studies have resulted in standardisation of the examination, which will combine optimal diagnostic information with the least amount of effort and with an acceptable amount of stress on the patient. 110 tomographic examinations were performed amongst 680 lumbosacral myelograms (Dimer X). On the basis of this experience, the value of this procedure is illustrated from various points of view and its indications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128502", "title": "[The effect of haemodynamic factors on tomograms during angio-tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemodynamic factors may influence the appearance of the tomograms during the performance of angio-tomography. Model experiments have shown that the thickness of section able to demonstrate vessels may depend on the relationship between vessel opacification and the timing of the cut. The clinical relevance of this is illustrated by tomographic studies of the renal and cerebral circulations.", "contents": "[The effect of haemodynamic factors on tomograms during angio-tomography (author's transl)]. Haemodynamic factors may influence the appearance of the tomograms during the performance of angio-tomography. Model experiments have shown that the thickness of section able to demonstrate vessels may depend on the relationship between vessel opacification and the timing of the cut. The clinical relevance of this is illustrated by tomographic studies of the renal and cerebral circulations."}
{"id": "PMID:128503", "title": "[Sterno-costo-clavicular hyperostosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case is described in which bilateral subclavian vein occlusion was caused by fusiform expansion of the clavicle with hyperostosis, ankylosis of the sterno-clavicular joint, widening and thickening of the sternum and ossification of the costal cartilage of the first ribs. Histologically this proved to be due to an hyperostotic spongiosclerosis.", "contents": "[Sterno-costo-clavicular hyperostosis (author's transl)]. A case is described in which bilateral subclavian vein occlusion was caused by fusiform expansion of the clavicle with hyperostosis, ankylosis of the sterno-clavicular joint, widening and thickening of the sternum and ossification of the costal cartilage of the first ribs. Histologically this proved to be due to an hyperostotic spongiosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:128504", "title": "[Mesomelic dwarfism (author's transl)].", "content": "Mesomelic dwarfism of the Langer type is described. This is characterised by shortening and bending of the middle portions of the extremities. This is compared with three cases of \"mesomelic\" changes in the forearm. The classification of this condition is discussed.", "contents": "[Mesomelic dwarfism (author's transl)]. Mesomelic dwarfism of the Langer type is described. This is characterised by shortening and bending of the middle portions of the extremities. This is compared with three cases of \"mesomelic\" changes in the forearm. The classification of this condition is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128505", "title": "[False aneurysms and bone deterioration (author's transl)].", "content": "Two comparable cases of false aneurysm were studied. The different reaction of the adjacent bone is compared with experimental studies of constant and oscillating pressure effects to the bone.", "contents": "[False aneurysms and bone deterioration (author's transl)]. Two comparable cases of false aneurysm were studied. The different reaction of the adjacent bone is compared with experimental studies of constant and oscillating pressure effects to the bone."}
{"id": "PMID:128506", "title": "[The intraosseus ganglion (author's transl)].", "content": "The intraosseous ganglion is a not very well-known cystic benign bone lesion, which has to be included in the differential diagnosis of benign bone tumors. The ganglion's pathogenesis is still uncertain. Radiologically it presents all signs of a benign epiphyseal cystic tumor and can be easily differentiated from malignant changes. The characteristic X-ray signs, together with the typical location, and especially when situated in the distal medial epiphysis of the tibia, will allow a preoperative diagnosis.", "contents": "[The intraosseus ganglion (author's transl)]. The intraosseous ganglion is a not very well-known cystic benign bone lesion, which has to be included in the differential diagnosis of benign bone tumors. The ganglion's pathogenesis is still uncertain. Radiologically it presents all signs of a benign epiphyseal cystic tumor and can be easily differentiated from malignant changes. The characteristic X-ray signs, together with the typical location, and especially when situated in the distal medial epiphysis of the tibia, will allow a preoperative diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:128507", "title": "[Comparative investigations concerning osteotropic radiopharmaceuticals. III. Scanning with 18F and 99mTc-malignant diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Total body scans under identical conditions and using 18F and 99mTc-EHDP were carried out in patients with known, or subsequently proven, metastases. There was no statistical evidence for any difference in the number of scintigraphically demonstrable lesions. Patients with internal prostheses who developed infections of the prosthesis show no significant difference in the uptake of either nucleid. Soft tissue lesions showed a significantly higher uptake of 99mTc-EHDP than of 18F. 18F can be replaced for nearly all problems by 99mTc-EHDP without loss of diagnostic information.", "contents": "[Comparative investigations concerning osteotropic radiopharmaceuticals. III. Scanning with 18F and 99mTc-malignant diseases (author's transl)]. Total body scans under identical conditions and using 18F and 99mTc-EHDP were carried out in patients with known, or subsequently proven, metastases. There was no statistical evidence for any difference in the number of scintigraphically demonstrable lesions. Patients with internal prostheses who developed infections of the prosthesis show no significant difference in the uptake of either nucleid. Soft tissue lesions showed a significantly higher uptake of 99mTc-EHDP than of 18F. 18F can be replaced for nearly all problems by 99mTc-EHDP without loss of diagnostic information."}
{"id": "PMID:128508", "title": "[New basic considerations and theories for improving angio-cine-densitometry. IV. The effect of discontinuous, pulsatile flow on angio-cine-densitometric measurements (author's transl)].", "content": "Various expressions of the speed of flow of blood in arteries are discussed, such as instantaneous speed, integral speed, pulse wave speed (phase speed) and velocity of a moving front. The flow profile of the abdominal aorta was obtained by cine-densitometry, bearing in mind the above considerations, and the densitometric curves have been analysed. Differences of the flow velocities in different persons have been interpreted as a result of these theoretical considerations. The effects of the point of measurement, the distance over which the measurement was carried out and the pulse wave length on velocity were examined. In order to obtain a median blood stream velocity by angio-cine-densitometry, repeated injections of small volumes of contrast medium (random sampling method) are recommended.", "contents": "[New basic considerations and theories for improving angio-cine-densitometry. IV. The effect of discontinuous, pulsatile flow on angio-cine-densitometric measurements (author's transl)]. Various expressions of the speed of flow of blood in arteries are discussed, such as instantaneous speed, integral speed, pulse wave speed (phase speed) and velocity of a moving front. The flow profile of the abdominal aorta was obtained by cine-densitometry, bearing in mind the above considerations, and the densitometric curves have been analysed. Differences of the flow velocities in different persons have been interpreted as a result of these theoretical considerations. The effects of the point of measurement, the distance over which the measurement was carried out and the pulse wave length on velocity were examined. In order to obtain a median blood stream velocity by angio-cine-densitometry, repeated injections of small volumes of contrast medium (random sampling method) are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:128509", "title": "Cellular survival and isoeffect formulae: a study in applied radiobiology.", "content": "The Ellis formula for the sterilization of tumors is compared with isoeffect curves for sterilizing doses as a function of the fractionation number N. Using cell parameters from human kidney cells irradiated in cell cultures we get a good agreement over a wide range of N values. The exponents obtained from the calculations are 0,26-0,30 and 0,36 for 200 keV X-rays, Co-60 rays and high energy electrons respectively. A reduction of tumor cells to 10(-8) seems sufficient for tumor sterilization. For normal tissue Ellis has proposed another formula (for X-rays) where a time factor T0,11 concerns homeostatic repair and proliferation of normal alls. The Ellis formula can be simplified when we assume that all treatment schemes be given with the same weekly dose-rate, i.e. have the same \"hardness\". Cell survivals according to this formula have been calculated and tolerance doses for other radiations giving the same effect computed. Only for electrons do the tolerance doses exceed the sterilizing doses. The Ellis formula does not represent isoeffects and can only be regarded as an approximation. Tolerance doses can be calculated giving the same cell survivals for all N-values, i.e. isoeffects, and a comparison with sterilizing doses shows a good agreement with clinical experience. However, the influence of the overall-dose rate still is an unsolved problem which can only be solved experimentally.", "contents": "Cellular survival and isoeffect formulae: a study in applied radiobiology. The Ellis formula for the sterilization of tumors is compared with isoeffect curves for sterilizing doses as a function of the fractionation number N. Using cell parameters from human kidney cells irradiated in cell cultures we get a good agreement over a wide range of N values. The exponents obtained from the calculations are 0,26-0,30 and 0,36 for 200 keV X-rays, Co-60 rays and high energy electrons respectively. A reduction of tumor cells to 10(-8) seems sufficient for tumor sterilization. For normal tissue Ellis has proposed another formula (for X-rays) where a time factor T0,11 concerns homeostatic repair and proliferation of normal alls. The Ellis formula can be simplified when we assume that all treatment schemes be given with the same weekly dose-rate, i.e. have the same \"hardness\". Cell survivals according to this formula have been calculated and tolerance doses for other radiations giving the same effect computed. Only for electrons do the tolerance doses exceed the sterilizing doses. The Ellis formula does not represent isoeffects and can only be regarded as an approximation. Tolerance doses can be calculated giving the same cell survivals for all N-values, i.e. isoeffects, and a comparison with sterilizing doses shows a good agreement with clinical experience. However, the influence of the overall-dose rate still is an unsolved problem which can only be solved experimentally."}
{"id": "PMID:128516", "title": "Subunit structure of 6-phosphofructokinase from brewers' yeast.", "content": "An analysis of 6-phosphofructokinase from brewers' yeast in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate reveals the occurrence of four components with the following molecular weights: alpha = 140000, beta = 130000, and alpha' = 92000, beta' = 87000. It was found that the alpha- and beta-components can be converted to the alpha' and beta' components by treatment of the native preparation with hyaluronidase. A comparison of the molecular weight obtained by ultracentrifugation and gel filtration with the results obtained by dodecylsulfate electrophoresis after treatment with hyaluronidase reveals that the alpha' and beta' components are the smallest molecular structures obtained upon dissociation of the native enzyme. The mechanism of action of hyaluronidase suggests a desensitization of the alpha and beta components of the enzyme towards dodecylsulfate. Thus, in the absence of hyaluronidase treatment; only an apparent molecular weight for the alpha and beta component is obtained. The analysis indicates that the native enzyme might be composed of four different subunits with an alpha, beta, alpha' and beta' configuration. It is not excluded that the native enzyme consists only of alpha- and beta-chains.", "contents": "Subunit structure of 6-phosphofructokinase from brewers' yeast. An analysis of 6-phosphofructokinase from brewers' yeast in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate reveals the occurrence of four components with the following molecular weights: alpha = 140000, beta = 130000, and alpha' = 92000, beta' = 87000. It was found that the alpha- and beta-components can be converted to the alpha' and beta' components by treatment of the native preparation with hyaluronidase. A comparison of the molecular weight obtained by ultracentrifugation and gel filtration with the results obtained by dodecylsulfate electrophoresis after treatment with hyaluronidase reveals that the alpha' and beta' components are the smallest molecular structures obtained upon dissociation of the native enzyme. The mechanism of action of hyaluronidase suggests a desensitization of the alpha and beta components of the enzyme towards dodecylsulfate. Thus, in the absence of hyaluronidase treatment; only an apparent molecular weight for the alpha and beta component is obtained. The analysis indicates that the native enzyme might be composed of four different subunits with an alpha, beta, alpha' and beta' configuration. It is not excluded that the native enzyme consists only of alpha- and beta-chains."}
{"id": "PMID:128520", "title": "Ca2+-ATPase activity and lipid composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum of the gastrocnemius muscle of denervated frog.", "content": "Abnormalities have been noticed in the phospholipid and cholesterol composition of the atrophied gastrocnemius muscle of frog denervated for 1 month. Cholesterol : phospholipid molar ratios in the muscle increased on denervation. Sphingomyelin and cardiolipin fractions increased in contrast to phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of denervated muscle. Na-azide sensitive Ca2+ ATPase activity of the mitochondria did not alter whereas that of SR decreased on denervation. Phospholipase C digestion impaired the organelle Ca2+-ATPase activity. The above abnormalities in enzyme activities have been correlated to the changes in the lipid composition of the denervated muscle. On the basis of these changes it is discussed that the primary change in the muscle due to denervation is the change in the permeability of the membrane.", "contents": "Ca2+-ATPase activity and lipid composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum of the gastrocnemius muscle of denervated frog. Abnormalities have been noticed in the phospholipid and cholesterol composition of the atrophied gastrocnemius muscle of frog denervated for 1 month. Cholesterol : phospholipid molar ratios in the muscle increased on denervation. Sphingomyelin and cardiolipin fractions increased in contrast to phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine and phosphatidyl ethanolamine in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of denervated muscle. Na-azide sensitive Ca2+ ATPase activity of the mitochondria did not alter whereas that of SR decreased on denervation. Phospholipase C digestion impaired the organelle Ca2+-ATPase activity. The above abnormalities in enzyme activities have been correlated to the changes in the lipid composition of the denervated muscle. On the basis of these changes it is discussed that the primary change in the muscle due to denervation is the change in the permeability of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:128528", "title": "Assessment of cost related characteristics and conditions of long-term care patients.", "content": "The present federal policy that requires a cost differential to be imposed between intermediate and skilled care residents/patients is based on a number of unproven assumptions that need to be tested. Are there groupings of cost related characteristics and conditions that allow appropriate distinctions between intermediate and skilled nursing care? If so, is the difference in the cost of care greater than the cost of collecting the data? Do the intangible costs exceed the benefits, especially if forced transfer of residents/patients is involved? If groupings do exist, will facilities reimbursed for high-cost patients be encouraged to maintain them in a state of dependence? Further, can the decisions be made reliably, even in communities where a spectrum of alternative resources is not available? Are there political reasons why objective decisions would not be acceptable to state administrators trying to balance their budgets? At the least, it appears that further research is needed in all of these areas. Before the results are in, perhaps a careful, judicious interpretation of the law is needed in order to positively affect the quality of life available to the persons consuming nursing home services.", "contents": "Assessment of cost related characteristics and conditions of long-term care patients. The present federal policy that requires a cost differential to be imposed between intermediate and skilled care residents/patients is based on a number of unproven assumptions that need to be tested. Are there groupings of cost related characteristics and conditions that allow appropriate distinctions between intermediate and skilled nursing care? If so, is the difference in the cost of care greater than the cost of collecting the data? Do the intangible costs exceed the benefits, especially if forced transfer of residents/patients is involved? If groupings do exist, will facilities reimbursed for high-cost patients be encouraged to maintain them in a state of dependence? Further, can the decisions be made reliably, even in communities where a spectrum of alternative resources is not available? Are there political reasons why objective decisions would not be acceptable to state administrators trying to balance their budgets? At the least, it appears that further research is needed in all of these areas. Before the results are in, perhaps a careful, judicious interpretation of the law is needed in order to positively affect the quality of life available to the persons consuming nursing home services."}
{"id": "PMID:128530", "title": "Inactivator of the first component of human complement (C1INA). Enhancement of C1INA activity against C1s by acidic mucopolysaccharides.", "content": "Acidic mucopolysaccharides enhanced C1INA activity against C1s. The presence of heparin in the reaction mixture of C1INA and C1s markedly enhanced the inactivation of C1s by potentiating C1INA activity. Treatment of serum with C1s resulted in the inactivation of C4 hemolytic activity, but this inactivation of C4 by C1s was prevented by the presence of heparin presumably due to the enhancement of C1INA activity normally present in serum. The other acidic mucopolysaccharides, chondroitin sulfates A, B and C, were also effective on potentiating C1INA activity against C1s, but they were less active than heparin. The enhancement of C1INA activity by heparin was not observed in the reaction between C1INA and plasmin.", "contents": "Inactivator of the first component of human complement (C1INA). Enhancement of C1INA activity against C1s by acidic mucopolysaccharides. Acidic mucopolysaccharides enhanced C1INA activity against C1s. The presence of heparin in the reaction mixture of C1INA and C1s markedly enhanced the inactivation of C1s by potentiating C1INA activity. Treatment of serum with C1s resulted in the inactivation of C4 hemolytic activity, but this inactivation of C4 by C1s was prevented by the presence of heparin presumably due to the enhancement of C1INA activity normally present in serum. The other acidic mucopolysaccharides, chondroitin sulfates A, B and C, were also effective on potentiating C1INA activity against C1s, but they were less active than heparin. The enhancement of C1INA activity by heparin was not observed in the reaction between C1INA and plasmin."}
{"id": "PMID:128531", "title": "American and Soviet medical manpower: growth and evolution, 1910-1970.", "content": "Between 1910 and 1970 the number of physicians in the United States increased 2.5 times, in Soviet Russia almost 25 times. The number of physicians per constant unit of population remained fairly stable in the United States, rising slightly in the last few years. In the U.S.S.R. that number increased 16 to 18 times, and now stands about 50 per cent higher than in the United States. About 10 per cent of American physicians are women; in the U.S.S.R. it is about 70 per cent. Neither society has resolved the problem of deploying physicians to the rural areas. American physicians are more specialized than their Soviet colleagues. The article concludes with general remarks about the two health systems, pointing out resemblances and divergences. The hypothesis of a possible \"convergence\" is entertained.", "contents": "American and Soviet medical manpower: growth and evolution, 1910-1970. Between 1910 and 1970 the number of physicians in the United States increased 2.5 times, in Soviet Russia almost 25 times. The number of physicians per constant unit of population remained fairly stable in the United States, rising slightly in the last few years. In the U.S.S.R. that number increased 16 to 18 times, and now stands about 50 per cent higher than in the United States. About 10 per cent of American physicians are women; in the U.S.S.R. it is about 70 per cent. Neither society has resolved the problem of deploying physicians to the rural areas. American physicians are more specialized than their Soviet colleagues. The article concludes with general remarks about the two health systems, pointing out resemblances and divergences. The hypothesis of a possible \"convergence\" is entertained."}
{"id": "PMID:128533", "title": "Experimental immune complex glomerulopathy: immunomorphological aspects and correlations with human disease.", "content": "Thirteen rabbits received parenteral injections of human serum albumin (HSA) in regular doses and intervals during 6-32 seeks. The antigen load elicited immune responses of variable degree, giving a good correlation with the extent and quality of immune complex (IMC) deposition, as shown by immunological methods, electron and fluorescence microscopy and by histoautoradiography. Morphology of immune deposits (IMD) depended on the composition of the IMC and produced a continuous scale of glomerular involvement, ranging from minimal and focal to massive and diffuse deposition. Probable rudimentary traces of IMD were apparent in the ultrastructure even in animals with negative results of both immunological and immunfluorescence examinations. The relationships are discussed between experimental IMC-induced glomerulopathy on the one hand, and some problems of development and bioptic evaluation of human glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Experimental immune complex glomerulopathy: immunomorphological aspects and correlations with human disease. Thirteen rabbits received parenteral injections of human serum albumin (HSA) in regular doses and intervals during 6-32 seeks. The antigen load elicited immune responses of variable degree, giving a good correlation with the extent and quality of immune complex (IMC) deposition, as shown by immunological methods, electron and fluorescence microscopy and by histoautoradiography. Morphology of immune deposits (IMD) depended on the composition of the IMC and produced a continuous scale of glomerular involvement, ranging from minimal and focal to massive and diffuse deposition. Probable rudimentary traces of IMD were apparent in the ultrastructure even in animals with negative results of both immunological and immunfluorescence examinations. The relationships are discussed between experimental IMC-induced glomerulopathy on the one hand, and some problems of development and bioptic evaluation of human glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:128534", "title": "Biosynthesis and metabolism of androgenic hormones in cancer of the prostate.", "content": "The conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate into testosterone, delta4-androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone has been measured in minced prostatic adenocarcinoma tissue from three untreated patients, two patients treated with diethylstilbestrol, and one treated with cyproterone acetate. The results obtained show that in both treated and untreated patients the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is actively transformed into dehydroepiandrosterone. The subsequent conversion into testosterone and dihydrotestosterone is less evident and inconstant in untreated patients and is inhibited in patients treated with diethylstilbestrol or cyproterone acetate. No formation of delta4-androstenedione was demonstrated in either treated or untreated patients.", "contents": "Biosynthesis and metabolism of androgenic hormones in cancer of the prostate. The conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate into testosterone, delta4-androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone has been measured in minced prostatic adenocarcinoma tissue from three untreated patients, two patients treated with diethylstilbestrol, and one treated with cyproterone acetate. The results obtained show that in both treated and untreated patients the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is actively transformed into dehydroepiandrosterone. The subsequent conversion into testosterone and dihydrotestosterone is less evident and inconstant in untreated patients and is inhibited in patients treated with diethylstilbestrol or cyproterone acetate. No formation of delta4-androstenedione was demonstrated in either treated or untreated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:128546", "title": "Natural remission of nephrotic syndrome in a dog with immune-complex glomerular disease.", "content": "A nephrotic syndrome caused by immune-complex glomerular disease was diagnosed in a 4-year-old male Great Dane. The syndrome was characterized by proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, and subcutaneous edema. Renal biopsy revealed segmental membranous glomerular disease. The edema underwent complete remission 18 days after admission. Two months after admission, there was no clinical or laboratory evidence of glomerular disease. Periodic reevaluation of the dog during the next 2 years revealed recurrence of proteinuria, but no other clinical or laboratory abnormalities. Serial renal biopsies revealed persistence, but no appreciable increase, in the severity of the segmental membranous glomerular disease. The natural course of the nephrotic syndrome and immune-complex glomerular disease has been associated with unpredictable variability. It was concluded that the widespread use of corticosteroid or immunosuppressant therapy in dogs with immune complex glomerular disease should be withheld until the natural course of the disease has been evaluated in a significant number of patients and until the results of well-controlled clinical studies confirm or deny their therapeutic value.", "contents": "Natural remission of nephrotic syndrome in a dog with immune-complex glomerular disease. A nephrotic syndrome caused by immune-complex glomerular disease was diagnosed in a 4-year-old male Great Dane. The syndrome was characterized by proteinuria, hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, and subcutaneous edema. Renal biopsy revealed segmental membranous glomerular disease. The edema underwent complete remission 18 days after admission. Two months after admission, there was no clinical or laboratory evidence of glomerular disease. Periodic reevaluation of the dog during the next 2 years revealed recurrence of proteinuria, but no other clinical or laboratory abnormalities. Serial renal biopsies revealed persistence, but no appreciable increase, in the severity of the segmental membranous glomerular disease. The natural course of the nephrotic syndrome and immune-complex glomerular disease has been associated with unpredictable variability. It was concluded that the widespread use of corticosteroid or immunosuppressant therapy in dogs with immune complex glomerular disease should be withheld until the natural course of the disease has been evaluated in a significant number of patients and until the results of well-controlled clinical studies confirm or deny their therapeutic value."}
{"id": "PMID:128547", "title": "Spectinomycin modification. I 7-EPI-9-deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin.", "content": "7-EPI-9-deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin (10) had been prepared and its structure firmly established by complete analysis of its pmr spectrum. This analog of spectinomycin is devoid of antibiotic activity.", "contents": "Spectinomycin modification. I 7-EPI-9-deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin. 7-EPI-9-deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin (10) had been prepared and its structure firmly established by complete analysis of its pmr spectrum. This analog of spectinomycin is devoid of antibiotic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:128548", "title": "Spectinomycin modification. II. 7-EPI-sectinomycin.", "content": "7-Epi-spectinomycin (9) and 7-epi-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin (10) have been prepared and their structure firmly established by proton magnetic resonance. Both of these spectinomycin analogs are devoid of antibiotic activity.", "contents": "Spectinomycin modification. II. 7-EPI-sectinomycin. 7-Epi-spectinomycin (9) and 7-epi-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin (10) have been prepared and their structure firmly established by proton magnetic resonance. Both of these spectinomycin analogs are devoid of antibiotic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:128550", "title": "Sucrose-dependent spectinomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Spectinomycin-resistant (Spcr) mutants of Escherichia coli were isolated from nutrient agar plates containing 20% sucrose and 100 mug of spectinomycin per ml. About one-third of the Spcr mutants thus obtained were sucrose dependent (Sucd) and were classified into two types: I, those unable to grow on sucrose-free medium in the presence of spectinomycin; and II, those unable to grow on sucrose-free medium irrespective of the presence of spectinomycin. Most of these mutants were hypersensitive to antibiotics, dyes, and detergents and were abnormal in cell morphology, suggesting changes in cell envelopes. Reversion experiments indicated that the sucrose-dependent spectinomycin resistance and hypersensitivity to various chemicals were not independently induced properties. The Sucd-Spcr mutations of type I mutants were transducible by phage P1 and were mapped at the strA-aroE region.", "contents": "Sucrose-dependent spectinomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli. Spectinomycin-resistant (Spcr) mutants of Escherichia coli were isolated from nutrient agar plates containing 20% sucrose and 100 mug of spectinomycin per ml. About one-third of the Spcr mutants thus obtained were sucrose dependent (Sucd) and were classified into two types: I, those unable to grow on sucrose-free medium in the presence of spectinomycin; and II, those unable to grow on sucrose-free medium irrespective of the presence of spectinomycin. Most of these mutants were hypersensitive to antibiotics, dyes, and detergents and were abnormal in cell morphology, suggesting changes in cell envelopes. Reversion experiments indicated that the sucrose-dependent spectinomycin resistance and hypersensitivity to various chemicals were not independently induced properties. The Sucd-Spcr mutations of type I mutants were transducible by phage P1 and were mapped at the strA-aroE region."}
{"id": "PMID:128551", "title": "Synthesis of polyadenylic acid-containing ribonucleic acid during the germination of Neurospora crassa conidia.", "content": "Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesized during the first 1 h of conidial germination (15 to 20, 25 to 30, and 55 to 60 min) has been characterized by sucrose-sodium dodecyl sulfate gradient centrifugation, binding to polyuridylic acid filters, and oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. At all labeling periods examined, polyadenylic acid-containing RNA is synthesized, processed, and incorporated into polysomes. Approximately 40% of the labeled RNA sedimenting between 5 and 17S binds to polyuridylic acid filters. RNA which binds to oligo(dT)-cellulose displays a heterogeneous distribution in sucrose-sodium dodecyl sulfate gradients with a major, broad peak at 10-16S. In addition, some polyadenylic acid-containing RNA sediments beyond the 25S marker. Approximately 3% of the [3H]adenosine in pulse-labeled polysomal RNA is in polyadenylic acid segments resistant to pancreatic and T1 ribonucleases.", "contents": "Synthesis of polyadenylic acid-containing ribonucleic acid during the germination of Neurospora crassa conidia. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) synthesized during the first 1 h of conidial germination (15 to 20, 25 to 30, and 55 to 60 min) has been characterized by sucrose-sodium dodecyl sulfate gradient centrifugation, binding to polyuridylic acid filters, and oligo(dT)-cellulose chromatography. At all labeling periods examined, polyadenylic acid-containing RNA is synthesized, processed, and incorporated into polysomes. Approximately 40% of the labeled RNA sedimenting between 5 and 17S binds to polyuridylic acid filters. RNA which binds to oligo(dT)-cellulose displays a heterogeneous distribution in sucrose-sodium dodecyl sulfate gradients with a major, broad peak at 10-16S. In addition, some polyadenylic acid-containing RNA sediments beyond the 25S marker. Approximately 3% of the [3H]adenosine in pulse-labeled polysomal RNA is in polyadenylic acid segments resistant to pancreatic and T1 ribonucleases."}
{"id": "PMID:128552", "title": "Energy coupling in the active transport of amino acids by bacteriohodopsin-containing cells of Halobacterium holobium.", "content": "Growth of Halobacterium halobium under illumination with limiting aeration induces bacteriorhodopsin formation and renders the cells capable of photophosphorylation. Cells depleted of endogenous reserves by a starvation treatment were used to investigate the means by which energy is coupled to the active transport of [14C]proline, -leucine, and -histidine. Proline was readily accumulated by irradiated cells under anaerobiosis even when the photophosphorylation was abolished by the adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodimiide (DCCD). The uptake of proline in the dark was limited except when the cells were allowed to accumulate adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) by prior light exposure or by the oxidation of glycerol. DCCD inhibited this dark uptake. These findings essentially support Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory of active transport. The driving force is apparently the proton-motive force developed when protons are extruded from irradiated bacteriorhodopsin or by the dydrolysis of ATP by membrane adenosine triphosphatase. Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), a proton permeant known to abolish membrane potential, was a strong inhibitor of proline uptake. Leucine transport was also apparently driven by proton-motive force, although its kinetic properties differed from the proline system. Histidine transport is apparently not a chemiosmotic system. Dark- or light-exposed cells show comparable initial rats of histidine uptake, and these processes were only partially inhibited by DCCD or CCCP. The histidine system apparently does not utilize ATP per se since comparable rates of uptake were exhibited by cells of differing intracellular ATP levels. Irradiated cells did effect a greater total accumulation of histidine than dark-exposed cells. These findings suggest that ATP is needed for sustained transport.", "contents": "Energy coupling in the active transport of amino acids by bacteriohodopsin-containing cells of Halobacterium holobium. Growth of Halobacterium halobium under illumination with limiting aeration induces bacteriorhodopsin formation and renders the cells capable of photophosphorylation. Cells depleted of endogenous reserves by a starvation treatment were used to investigate the means by which energy is coupled to the active transport of [14C]proline, -leucine, and -histidine. Proline was readily accumulated by irradiated cells under anaerobiosis even when the photophosphorylation was abolished by the adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodimiide (DCCD). The uptake of proline in the dark was limited except when the cells were allowed to accumulate adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) by prior light exposure or by the oxidation of glycerol. DCCD inhibited this dark uptake. These findings essentially support Mitchell's chemiosmotic theory of active transport. The driving force is apparently the proton-motive force developed when protons are extruded from irradiated bacteriorhodopsin or by the dydrolysis of ATP by membrane adenosine triphosphatase. Carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), a proton permeant known to abolish membrane potential, was a strong inhibitor of proline uptake. Leucine transport was also apparently driven by proton-motive force, although its kinetic properties differed from the proline system. Histidine transport is apparently not a chemiosmotic system. Dark- or light-exposed cells show comparable initial rats of histidine uptake, and these processes were only partially inhibited by DCCD or CCCP. The histidine system apparently does not utilize ATP per se since comparable rates of uptake were exhibited by cells of differing intracellular ATP levels. Irradiated cells did effect a greater total accumulation of histidine than dark-exposed cells. These findings suggest that ATP is needed for sustained transport."}
{"id": "PMID:128553", "title": "Nature of the energy requirement for the irreversible adsorption of bacteriophages T1 and phi80 to Escherichia coli.", "content": "The nature of the energy requirement for irreversible adsorption of phages T1 and phi80 was studied by using various specific energy inhibitors and mutants lacking either the Ca2+, Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase or the ability to produce cytochromes in the absence of added 5-aminolaevulinic acid. It was found that irreversible adsorption could be energized both through the electron transport chain and from adenosine 5'-triphosphate via the Ca2+, Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase, indicating the involvement of the energized membrane state. These results and the discovery that phages T1 and phi80 adsorb reversibly to the isolated tonA gene product are discussed in terms of the possible involvement of functions expressed by the tonB gene region in irreversible adsorption and the relationship to iron transport.", "contents": "Nature of the energy requirement for the irreversible adsorption of bacteriophages T1 and phi80 to Escherichia coli. The nature of the energy requirement for irreversible adsorption of phages T1 and phi80 was studied by using various specific energy inhibitors and mutants lacking either the Ca2+, Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase or the ability to produce cytochromes in the absence of added 5-aminolaevulinic acid. It was found that irreversible adsorption could be energized both through the electron transport chain and from adenosine 5'-triphosphate via the Ca2+, Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase, indicating the involvement of the energized membrane state. These results and the discovery that phages T1 and phi80 adsorb reversibly to the isolated tonA gene product are discussed in terms of the possible involvement of functions expressed by the tonB gene region in irreversible adsorption and the relationship to iron transport."}
{"id": "PMID:128554", "title": "Mutant of Escherichia coli defective in response to colicin K and in active transport.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli has been isolated that grows poorly on succinate and exhibits a markedly reduced sensitivity to colicin K. This mutant is also deficient in the respiration-linked transport of proline and thiomethyl-beta-D-galactoside but appears normal for the adenosine triphosphate-dependent transport of glutamine and arginine. A temperature-conditional revertant of the mutant grows on succinate and is sensitive to colicin K at 27 C, but fails to grow on succinate and is insensitive to colicin K at 42 C. Proline transport in the temperature-conditional revertant is reduced at 42 C when either glucose or succinate is used as energy source. Glutamine transport, on the other hand, is normal at 42 C with glucose as energy source, but is reduced with succinate, although not to the same extent as is proline transport. The lack of growth on succinate and the deficiencies in transport at 42 C are not due to a temperature-dependent lesion in either the electron transport chain or in Ca2+, Mg2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity. Membrane vesicles prepared from the temperature-conditional revertant are impaired in proline transport at both 27 and 42 C. These findings suggest the existence in the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli cells of a component, presumably protein, that is required for colicin K action and that functions in respiration-linked and, to a lesser degree, in adenosine triphosphate-dependent active transport systems. This protein may serve as the primary target of colicin K action.", "contents": "Mutant of Escherichia coli defective in response to colicin K and in active transport. A mutant of Escherichia coli has been isolated that grows poorly on succinate and exhibits a markedly reduced sensitivity to colicin K. This mutant is also deficient in the respiration-linked transport of proline and thiomethyl-beta-D-galactoside but appears normal for the adenosine triphosphate-dependent transport of glutamine and arginine. A temperature-conditional revertant of the mutant grows on succinate and is sensitive to colicin K at 27 C, but fails to grow on succinate and is insensitive to colicin K at 42 C. Proline transport in the temperature-conditional revertant is reduced at 42 C when either glucose or succinate is used as energy source. Glutamine transport, on the other hand, is normal at 42 C with glucose as energy source, but is reduced with succinate, although not to the same extent as is proline transport. The lack of growth on succinate and the deficiencies in transport at 42 C are not due to a temperature-dependent lesion in either the electron transport chain or in Ca2+, Mg2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity. Membrane vesicles prepared from the temperature-conditional revertant are impaired in proline transport at both 27 and 42 C. These findings suggest the existence in the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli cells of a component, presumably protein, that is required for colicin K action and that functions in respiration-linked and, to a lesser degree, in adenosine triphosphate-dependent active transport systems. This protein may serve as the primary target of colicin K action."}
{"id": "PMID:128555", "title": "Coordinated alterations in ribosomes and cytoplasmic membrane in sucrose-dependent, spectinomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Alterations in cytoplasmic membrane and ribosomes from sucrose-dependent spectinomycin-resistant (Sucd-Spcr) mutants of Escherichia coli, mutants that are resistant to spectinomycin in the presence of 20% sucrose but sensitive in the absence of sucrose, were studied. The protein composition of cytoplasmic membrane was analyzed by gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel containing 8 M urea and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate, which assured the reproducible separation of 28 protein bands. A major protein band, I-19, was missing in all cytoplasmic membrane preparations from 10 Sucd-Spcr mutants. Besides protein I-19, proteins I-13 and I-24 were missing in some mutants. On the other hand, the protein composition of cytoplasmic membrane from a sucrose-independent spectinomycin-resistant mutant was indistinguishable from that from the wild-type strain. The polypeptide synthetic activity of ribosomes from Sucd-Spcr mutants was resistant to spectinomycin. Studies on a revertant obtained from one of these mutants without any selection for sensitivity to spectinomycin revealed that a single mutation was responsible for both the ribosomal alteration, i.e., spectinomycin resistance, and the lack of protein I-19 in the cytoplasmic membrane. Studies on a transductant obtained with a Sucd-SPcr mutant as the donor also confirmed the single-mutation concept. It was concluded that in Sucd-SPcr mutants an alteration in the ribosomes caused the deletion of protein I-19 from cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Coordinated alterations in ribosomes and cytoplasmic membrane in sucrose-dependent, spectinomycin-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli. Alterations in cytoplasmic membrane and ribosomes from sucrose-dependent spectinomycin-resistant (Sucd-Spcr) mutants of Escherichia coli, mutants that are resistant to spectinomycin in the presence of 20% sucrose but sensitive in the absence of sucrose, were studied. The protein composition of cytoplasmic membrane was analyzed by gel electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel containing 8 M urea and 0.5% sodium dodecyl sulfate, which assured the reproducible separation of 28 protein bands. A major protein band, I-19, was missing in all cytoplasmic membrane preparations from 10 Sucd-Spcr mutants. Besides protein I-19, proteins I-13 and I-24 were missing in some mutants. On the other hand, the protein composition of cytoplasmic membrane from a sucrose-independent spectinomycin-resistant mutant was indistinguishable from that from the wild-type strain. The polypeptide synthetic activity of ribosomes from Sucd-Spcr mutants was resistant to spectinomycin. Studies on a revertant obtained from one of these mutants without any selection for sensitivity to spectinomycin revealed that a single mutation was responsible for both the ribosomal alteration, i.e., spectinomycin resistance, and the lack of protein I-19 in the cytoplasmic membrane. Studies on a transductant obtained with a Sucd-SPcr mutant as the donor also confirmed the single-mutation concept. It was concluded that in Sucd-SPcr mutants an alteration in the ribosomes caused the deletion of protein I-19 from cytoplasmic membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:128556", "title": "Inactivation of carotenoid-producing and albino strains of Neurospora crassa by visible light, blacklight, and ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "Suspensions of Neurospora crassa conidia were inactivated by blacklight (BL) radiation (300 to 425 nm) in the absence of exogenous photosensitizing compounds. Carotenoid-containing wild-type conidia were less sensitive to BL radiation than albino conidia, showing a dose enhancement factor (DEF) of 1.2 for dose levels resulting in less than 10% survival. The same strains were about equally sensitive to shortwave ultraviolet (UV) inactivation. The kinetics of BL inactivation are similar to those of photodynamic inactivation by visible light in the presence of a photosensitizing dye (methylene blue). Only limited inactivation by visible light in the absence of exogenous photosensitizers was observed. BL and UV inactivations are probably caused by different mechanisms since wild-type conidia are only slightly more resistant to BL radiation (DEF = 1.2 at 1.0% survival) than are conidia from a UV-sensitive strain (upr-1, uvs-3). The BL-induced lethal lesions are probably no cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers since BL-inactivated Haemophilus influenzae transforming deoxyribonucleic acid is not photoreactivated by N. crassa wild-type enzyme extracts, whereas UV-inactivated transforming deoxyribonucleic acid is photoreactivable with this treatment.", "contents": "Inactivation of carotenoid-producing and albino strains of Neurospora crassa by visible light, blacklight, and ultraviolet radiation. Suspensions of Neurospora crassa conidia were inactivated by blacklight (BL) radiation (300 to 425 nm) in the absence of exogenous photosensitizing compounds. Carotenoid-containing wild-type conidia were less sensitive to BL radiation than albino conidia, showing a dose enhancement factor (DEF) of 1.2 for dose levels resulting in less than 10% survival. The same strains were about equally sensitive to shortwave ultraviolet (UV) inactivation. The kinetics of BL inactivation are similar to those of photodynamic inactivation by visible light in the presence of a photosensitizing dye (methylene blue). Only limited inactivation by visible light in the absence of exogenous photosensitizers was observed. BL and UV inactivations are probably caused by different mechanisms since wild-type conidia are only slightly more resistant to BL radiation (DEF = 1.2 at 1.0% survival) than are conidia from a UV-sensitive strain (upr-1, uvs-3). The BL-induced lethal lesions are probably no cyclobutyl pyrimidine dimers since BL-inactivated Haemophilus influenzae transforming deoxyribonucleic acid is not photoreactivated by N. crassa wild-type enzyme extracts, whereas UV-inactivated transforming deoxyribonucleic acid is photoreactivable with this treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:128557", "title": "Immunoferritin determination of the distribution of (Na+ + K+) ATPase over the plasma membranes of renal convoluted tubules. I. Distal segment.", "content": "The distribution of (Na+ + K+) ATPase over the plasma membranes of distal convoluted tubules from canine kidney has been determined. This enzyme is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na+ and K+ across animal cell membranes. Ultrathin frozen sections were cut from fragments of renal cortex and specifically stained with antibodies, which recognize antigenic sites on the enzyme, and ferritin-conjugated goat antirabbit gamma-globulins. It is demonstrated that (Na+ + K+) ATPase is distributed uniformly and at high concentration over the plasma membranes which form the intercellular spaces of this epithelium. The enzyme is located on the luminal surface of the tubules as well but at a much lower concentration. These results, in combination with those of previous determinations of the cation fluxes across this epithelium, can be used to formulate a complete description of the cation movements through this tissue.", "contents": "Immunoferritin determination of the distribution of (Na+ + K+) ATPase over the plasma membranes of renal convoluted tubules. I. Distal segment. The distribution of (Na+ + K+) ATPase over the plasma membranes of distal convoluted tubules from canine kidney has been determined. This enzyme is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na+ and K+ across animal cell membranes. Ultrathin frozen sections were cut from fragments of renal cortex and specifically stained with antibodies, which recognize antigenic sites on the enzyme, and ferritin-conjugated goat antirabbit gamma-globulins. It is demonstrated that (Na+ + K+) ATPase is distributed uniformly and at high concentration over the plasma membranes which form the intercellular spaces of this epithelium. The enzyme is located on the luminal surface of the tubules as well but at a much lower concentration. These results, in combination with those of previous determinations of the cation fluxes across this epithelium, can be used to formulate a complete description of the cation movements through this tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:128558", "title": "Immunoferritin determination of the distribution of (Na+ + K+) ATPase over the plasma membranes of renal convoluted tubules. II. Proximal segment.", "content": "The distribution of (Na+ + K+) ATPase over the plasma membranes of the proximal convoluted tubule from canine renal cortex has been determined. Ultrathin frozen sections of this tissue were stained with rabbit antibodies to this enzyme and ferritin-conjugated goat antirabbit gamma-globulin. It is demonstrated that high concentrations of this enzyme uniformly line the intercellular spaces of this epithelium. The consequences of this observation are discussed in terms of the low resistant tight junctions of these tubules and the isotonic fluid transport which they support. Furthermore, antibodies to (Na+ + K+) ATPase recognize an antigen on the luminal surfaces of the tubules within the brush border. It is proposed that the enzyme is present in this region of the plasma membrane as well, although at much lower concentration. To further substantiate this conclusion, a brush border fraction has been purified from rabbit kidney and been shown to contain significant (Na+ + K+) ATPase. These results contradict earlier conclusions about the location of (Na+ + K+) ATPase in this tissue.", "contents": "Immunoferritin determination of the distribution of (Na+ + K+) ATPase over the plasma membranes of renal convoluted tubules. II. Proximal segment. The distribution of (Na+ + K+) ATPase over the plasma membranes of the proximal convoluted tubule from canine renal cortex has been determined. Ultrathin frozen sections of this tissue were stained with rabbit antibodies to this enzyme and ferritin-conjugated goat antirabbit gamma-globulin. It is demonstrated that high concentrations of this enzyme uniformly line the intercellular spaces of this epithelium. The consequences of this observation are discussed in terms of the low resistant tight junctions of these tubules and the isotonic fluid transport which they support. Furthermore, antibodies to (Na+ + K+) ATPase recognize an antigen on the luminal surfaces of the tubules within the brush border. It is proposed that the enzyme is present in this region of the plasma membrane as well, although at much lower concentration. To further substantiate this conclusion, a brush border fraction has been purified from rabbit kidney and been shown to contain significant (Na+ + K+) ATPase. These results contradict earlier conclusions about the location of (Na+ + K+) ATPase in this tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:128559", "title": "Pyrolysis gas chromatography as an aid to the identification of Penicillium species.", "content": "Using pyrolysis gas chromatography it was possible to identify each of a series of eleven Penicillium species and the related species Aspergillus niger CMI 31821 and Neurospora crassa CMI 75723, based on relative peak heights and retention times of the most reproducible peaks in each pyrogram.", "contents": "Pyrolysis gas chromatography as an aid to the identification of Penicillium species. Using pyrolysis gas chromatography it was possible to identify each of a series of eleven Penicillium species and the related species Aspergillus niger CMI 31821 and Neurospora crassa CMI 75723, based on relative peak heights and retention times of the most reproducible peaks in each pyrogram."}
{"id": "PMID:128560", "title": "Method for the measurement of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection.", "content": "A method is described for the measurement of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone, as the iodomethyldimethylsilyl ether derivative, by gas-liquid chromatography and electron capture detection using the relatively new and highly stable stationary phase Dexsil 300. Preliminary purification of the plasma extract was required and alumina column chromatography was utilised, both before and after derivatization of the steroid extract. Specificity, precision, sensitivity and accuracy were all satisfactory. The method was used to study the relationship between age and the level of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone in a group of normal women. A significant negative correlation was observed.", "contents": "Method for the measurement of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone by gas-liquid chromatography with electron capture detection. A method is described for the measurement of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone, as the iodomethyldimethylsilyl ether derivative, by gas-liquid chromatography and electron capture detection using the relatively new and highly stable stationary phase Dexsil 300. Preliminary purification of the plasma extract was required and alumina column chromatography was utilised, both before and after derivatization of the steroid extract. Specificity, precision, sensitivity and accuracy were all satisfactory. The method was used to study the relationship between age and the level of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone in a group of normal women. A significant negative correlation was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:128561", "title": "In vitro steroid metabolic studies in testicular 17 beta-reduction deficiency.", "content": "In order to document testicular 17beta-reduction deficiency (17RD) and to search for additional metabolic aberrations possibly associated with this disorder, the metabolism of 14C-labeled pregnenolone (delta5P), 17-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE (17OHP), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T) and estrone (E1) was studied in testicular minces from a 46-year-old male pseudohermaphrodite (MPH) with highly elevated testicular A and minimal T secretion but normal extragonadal conversion of A to T. Testicular minces from a 20-year-old MPH with apparently normal testicular T biosynthesis served as a control. The results of this investigation show that the 17RD testes metabolized delta5P along delta5- and delta4- pathways but, in contrast to the control, converted more 17OHP, metabolizing it predominantly to A rather than T, failed to reduce DHEA to androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol, metabolized DHEA very efficiently to A and produced little T, and converted only minimal quantities of A and E1 to their 17beta-reduced counterparts. 17beta-Reduction increased slightly but was far from being restored to control levels upon addition of NADH plus NADPH. However, oxidation of T to A by 17RD testicular minces, with and without additional NAD plus NADP, was comparable to that by the control. These results document 17RD for A, DHEA and E1 and suggest that the lack of elevated 17OHP and DHEA secretion by the 17RD testes was due to increased 17, 20-lyase and perhaps elevated 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and/or isomerase activity. The observation that 17beta-reduction was only slightly increased upon addition of NADH plus NADPH, but that oxidation of T to A was normal, is consistent with the assumption that more than one 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase may be involved in testicular 17beta-reduction and/or 17-oxidation, and that the 17RD testes studied either lacked the enzyme which acts predominantly as 17beta-reductase or that the affinity of this 17beta-reductase for reduced cofactor(s) and/or substrates was abnormal.", "contents": "In vitro steroid metabolic studies in testicular 17 beta-reduction deficiency. In order to document testicular 17beta-reduction deficiency (17RD) and to search for additional metabolic aberrations possibly associated with this disorder, the metabolism of 14C-labeled pregnenolone (delta5P), 17-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE (17OHP), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T) and estrone (E1) was studied in testicular minces from a 46-year-old male pseudohermaphrodite (MPH) with highly elevated testicular A and minimal T secretion but normal extragonadal conversion of A to T. Testicular minces from a 20-year-old MPH with apparently normal testicular T biosynthesis served as a control. The results of this investigation show that the 17RD testes metabolized delta5P along delta5- and delta4- pathways but, in contrast to the control, converted more 17OHP, metabolizing it predominantly to A rather than T, failed to reduce DHEA to androst-5-ene-3beta,17beta-diol, metabolized DHEA very efficiently to A and produced little T, and converted only minimal quantities of A and E1 to their 17beta-reduced counterparts. 17beta-Reduction increased slightly but was far from being restored to control levels upon addition of NADH plus NADPH. However, oxidation of T to A by 17RD testicular minces, with and without additional NAD plus NADP, was comparable to that by the control. These results document 17RD for A, DHEA and E1 and suggest that the lack of elevated 17OHP and DHEA secretion by the 17RD testes was due to increased 17, 20-lyase and perhaps elevated 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and/or isomerase activity. The observation that 17beta-reduction was only slightly increased upon addition of NADH plus NADPH, but that oxidation of T to A was normal, is consistent with the assumption that more than one 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase may be involved in testicular 17beta-reduction and/or 17-oxidation, and that the 17RD testes studied either lacked the enzyme which acts predominantly as 17beta-reductase or that the affinity of this 17beta-reductase for reduced cofactor(s) and/or substrates was abnormal."}
{"id": "PMID:128562", "title": "The Raji cell  radioimmune assay for detecting immune complexes in human sera.", "content": "A sensitivie and simple procedure for the detection and quantitation of soluble complement (C)- fixing immune complexes in sera of patients with various disease states has been developed by utilizing C receptors on Raji cells. These cells lack membrane-bound immunoglobulin but have receptors for IgG Fc, C3b, C3d, and possibly with other C proteins. Uptake experiments showed that both aggregated human gamma globulin (AHG) and 7S IgG bound to receptors for IgG Fc; however, AHG reacted with C bound to cells only via receptors for C and this binding was much more efficient than via IgG Fc receptors. AHG was used as an in vitro model of human immune complexes and its uptake by Raji cells was quantitated by 125I-radiolabeled antihuman IgG. The limit of sensitivity of this test was 6 mug  AHG/ml serum. The ability of Raji cells to detect AHG in serum depended on the amount of radioactive antibody used and the size of aggregates. The presence of an excess of C somewhat inhibited binding of AHG containing C to Raji cells. The efficient binding of AHG by receptors for C on Raji cells was used for the detection and quantitation of immune complexes in human sera. Raji cells were incubated with sera to be tested and then reacted with excess radiolabeled antihuman IgG; the amount of radioactivity bound to the washed cells was determined and referred to a standard curve of radioactive antibody uptake by cells previously incubated with increasing amounts of AHG in serum. Thereby immune complexes were detected and quantitated in serum hepatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and malignancies.", "contents": "The Raji cell  radioimmune assay for detecting immune complexes in human sera. A sensitivie and simple procedure for the detection and quantitation of soluble complement (C)- fixing immune complexes in sera of patients with various disease states has been developed by utilizing C receptors on Raji cells. These cells lack membrane-bound immunoglobulin but have receptors for IgG Fc, C3b, C3d, and possibly with other C proteins. Uptake experiments showed that both aggregated human gamma globulin (AHG) and 7S IgG bound to receptors for IgG Fc; however, AHG reacted with C bound to cells only via receptors for C and this binding was much more efficient than via IgG Fc receptors. AHG was used as an in vitro model of human immune complexes and its uptake by Raji cells was quantitated by 125I-radiolabeled antihuman IgG. The limit of sensitivity of this test was 6 mug  AHG/ml serum. The ability of Raji cells to detect AHG in serum depended on the amount of radioactive antibody used and the size of aggregates. The presence of an excess of C somewhat inhibited binding of AHG containing C to Raji cells. The efficient binding of AHG by receptors for C on Raji cells was used for the detection and quantitation of immune complexes in human sera. Raji cells were incubated with sera to be tested and then reacted with excess radiolabeled antihuman IgG; the amount of radioactivity bound to the washed cells was determined and referred to a standard curve of radioactive antibody uptake by cells previously incubated with increasing amounts of AHG in serum. Thereby immune complexes were detected and quantitated in serum hepatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, vasculitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, dengue hemorrhagic fever, and malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:128566", "title": "Light and immunofluorescent study of the Arthus reaction in the rabbit lung.", "content": "A localized Arthus reaction was produced in the lung of sensitized rabbits by delivery of antigen into a lower lobe bronchus using a method of selective bronchial catheterization under fluoroscopy. The rabbits were sensitized with bovine immunoglobulin G (B-IgG) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) to produce precipitating antibody without classic delayed hypersensitivity. Pulmonary histopathology was studied at intervals following antigen challenge, using light and immunofluorescent microscopy. Gross lesions peripheral to the lower lobe bronchus receiving antigen were found within 12 hr. Subsequent necrosis resulted in a dense scar by 6 wk. Microscopically, early lesions were typified by localized bronchitis, bronchiolitis, alveolitis, and vasculitis with exuberant exudates containing predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Extensive focal necrosis was present by 72 hr. Immunofluorescent studies revealed the presence of B-IgG, rabbit IgG, and complement (C3) in and around bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and vessels. No granulomatous lesions were found, and proliferation of alveolar lining cells was not detected in these studies. Thus, the lung can participate in an acute Arthus reaction following local antigen challenge in systemically sensitized animals. The pathology more closely resembles a necrotizing bacterial pneumonia than an interstitial or hypersensitivity pneumonitis under the conditions of this experimental system. Implications for human disease are speculative.", "contents": "Light and immunofluorescent study of the Arthus reaction in the rabbit lung. A localized Arthus reaction was produced in the lung of sensitized rabbits by delivery of antigen into a lower lobe bronchus using a method of selective bronchial catheterization under fluoroscopy. The rabbits were sensitized with bovine immunoglobulin G (B-IgG) in incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) to produce precipitating antibody without classic delayed hypersensitivity. Pulmonary histopathology was studied at intervals following antigen challenge, using light and immunofluorescent microscopy. Gross lesions peripheral to the lower lobe bronchus receiving antigen were found within 12 hr. Subsequent necrosis resulted in a dense scar by 6 wk. Microscopically, early lesions were typified by localized bronchitis, bronchiolitis, alveolitis, and vasculitis with exuberant exudates containing predominantly polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Extensive focal necrosis was present by 72 hr. Immunofluorescent studies revealed the presence of B-IgG, rabbit IgG, and complement (C3) in and around bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, and vessels. No granulomatous lesions were found, and proliferation of alveolar lining cells was not detected in these studies. Thus, the lung can participate in an acute Arthus reaction following local antigen challenge in systemically sensitized animals. The pathology more closely resembles a necrotizing bacterial pneumonia than an interstitial or hypersensitivity pneumonitis under the conditions of this experimental system. Implications for human disease are speculative."}
{"id": "PMID:128570", "title": "In vitro generation of suppressor cell activity: suppression of in vitro induction if cell-mediated cytotoxicity.", "content": "It was observed that when normal mouse spleen cells were cultured alone in vitro (precultured) for 3 to 7 days, these cells lost the ability to generate cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CML) during subsequent in vitro sensitization with allogeneic spleen cells, trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic spleen cells, or syngeneic tumor cells. These precultured cells, which were themselves unable to generate CML, were also shown in mixing experiments to suppress, actively, the generation of CML by freshly explanted spleen cells. Suppression occurred at the sensitization phase of CML, and not at the effector level; supernatants from suppressive precultured cells were not suppressive. Suppression was totally abrogated by the treatment of spleen cells with a T cell-specific rabbit anti-mouse brain serum and complement (RalphaMB+C) either before or after preculturing, suggesting that a T cell eas essential both to the generation of suppressor activity and to its expression. Suppressor activity was entirely absent in precultured nylon wool column-nonadherent spleen cells, a T cell-enriched population containing most of the RalphaMB+C-sensitive cells in the spleen. Precultured nylon column-adherent cells (T cell-depleted) did have suppressive activity, and a mixture of nylon-adherent and nylon-non-adherent cells was a suppressive after preculture as the precultured unseparated spleen. Moreover, the ability of nylon-adherent spleen cells to generate suppressive activity during preculturing was abrogated by treatment with RalphaMB+C. Thus, the \"spontaneous\" generation of CML-suppressive activity was dependent upon a limited subpopulation of splenic T cells isolated in the nylon column-adherent fraction. The relationship of these data to a previously described synergy between subpopulations of normal spleen in the generation of CML is discussed, and the findings related to other suppressor systems described in the literature.", "contents": "In vitro generation of suppressor cell activity: suppression of in vitro induction if cell-mediated cytotoxicity. It was observed that when normal mouse spleen cells were cultured alone in vitro (precultured) for 3 to 7 days, these cells lost the ability to generate cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CML) during subsequent in vitro sensitization with allogeneic spleen cells, trinitrophenyl (TNP)-modified syngeneic spleen cells, or syngeneic tumor cells. These precultured cells, which were themselves unable to generate CML, were also shown in mixing experiments to suppress, actively, the generation of CML by freshly explanted spleen cells. Suppression occurred at the sensitization phase of CML, and not at the effector level; supernatants from suppressive precultured cells were not suppressive. Suppression was totally abrogated by the treatment of spleen cells with a T cell-specific rabbit anti-mouse brain serum and complement (RalphaMB+C) either before or after preculturing, suggesting that a T cell eas essential both to the generation of suppressor activity and to its expression. Suppressor activity was entirely absent in precultured nylon wool column-nonadherent spleen cells, a T cell-enriched population containing most of the RalphaMB+C-sensitive cells in the spleen. Precultured nylon column-adherent cells (T cell-depleted) did have suppressive activity, and a mixture of nylon-adherent and nylon-non-adherent cells was a suppressive after preculture as the precultured unseparated spleen. Moreover, the ability of nylon-adherent spleen cells to generate suppressive activity during preculturing was abrogated by treatment with RalphaMB+C. Thus, the \"spontaneous\" generation of CML-suppressive activity was dependent upon a limited subpopulation of splenic T cells isolated in the nylon column-adherent fraction. The relationship of these data to a previously described synergy between subpopulations of normal spleen in the generation of CML is discussed, and the findings related to other suppressor systems described in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:128571", "title": "Stimulation of lymphoid cells from normal and immune mice by syngeneic BALB/c plasma cell tumors.", "content": "Lymphoid cells from normal and immunized BALB/c mice could be stimulated in vitro by syngeneic PCT contrasted with an absence of response to a number of other tumors. Maximal responses of normal cells to PCT were found to occur 5 days after the initiation of the cultures at an optimal responding:stimulation cell ratio of 1:2. MLTI activity of normal cells could not be blocked or enhanced by PCT myeloma protein products indicating that MLTI reactivity was directed against non-idiotypec cell surface determinants. Lymphoid cells from immunized mice demonstrated increased MLTI responses to cells of the immunizing tumor but not to other PCT, indicating that the post-immunization MLTI responses were primarily to individual rather than shared tumor cell surface antigens. Activity of both normal and immunized spleen cells was found to involve thymus-derived lymphocytes. The persistence of residual MLTI activity after treatment with anti-theta serum and complement, however, implicated participation of non-theta antigen-bearing cells in MLTI reactivity. From these data, we conclude that lymphoid cells from un-immunized mice are capable of T cell-dependent reactivity to syngeneic PCT-associated antigens and that elevations in these reactivities after immunization may reflect specific cellular immune responses.", "contents": "Stimulation of lymphoid cells from normal and immune mice by syngeneic BALB/c plasma cell tumors. Lymphoid cells from normal and immunized BALB/c mice could be stimulated in vitro by syngeneic PCT contrasted with an absence of response to a number of other tumors. Maximal responses of normal cells to PCT were found to occur 5 days after the initiation of the cultures at an optimal responding:stimulation cell ratio of 1:2. MLTI activity of normal cells could not be blocked or enhanced by PCT myeloma protein products indicating that MLTI reactivity was directed against non-idiotypec cell surface determinants. Lymphoid cells from immunized mice demonstrated increased MLTI responses to cells of the immunizing tumor but not to other PCT, indicating that the post-immunization MLTI responses were primarily to individual rather than shared tumor cell surface antigens. Activity of both normal and immunized spleen cells was found to involve thymus-derived lymphocytes. The persistence of residual MLTI activity after treatment with anti-theta serum and complement, however, implicated participation of non-theta antigen-bearing cells in MLTI reactivity. From these data, we conclude that lymphoid cells from un-immunized mice are capable of T cell-dependent reactivity to syngeneic PCT-associated antigens and that elevations in these reactivities after immunization may reflect specific cellular immune responses."}
{"id": "PMID:128572", "title": "The effects of cell density, incubation temperature, syngeneic serum, and syngeneic red blood cells on mouse lymphocyte responses in vitro.", "content": "Various parameters affecting the quantitative assessment of mouse mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) in microplates were investigated. In agreement with the findings of others cell density was found to be particularly critical, maximal proliferative efficiency occurring at 3 X 10(6) viable cells/cm2. Slight reduction in the degree of viable cell--cell interaction caused by either reduction in cell density or insertion of irradiated cells into the cultures greatly reduced the efficiency of the proliferation. An incubation temperature of 33-34 degrees C was found to have distinct advantages over 37 degrees C, there being improved cell survival and reproducibility at this lower temperature. Transformation of mouse lymphocytes was strongly inhibited by low concentrations of normal syngeneic serum, the degree of inhibition depending on the concentration of foetal calf serum (FCS) in culture and on the method of preparation of serum. Inhibition of mouse cell responses was also caused by syngeneic red blood cells (RBC), in contrast to the pronounced enhancement of guinea pig lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in the presence of syngeneic RBC.", "contents": "The effects of cell density, incubation temperature, syngeneic serum, and syngeneic red blood cells on mouse lymphocyte responses in vitro. Various parameters affecting the quantitative assessment of mouse mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) in microplates were investigated. In agreement with the findings of others cell density was found to be particularly critical, maximal proliferative efficiency occurring at 3 X 10(6) viable cells/cm2. Slight reduction in the degree of viable cell--cell interaction caused by either reduction in cell density or insertion of irradiated cells into the cultures greatly reduced the efficiency of the proliferation. An incubation temperature of 33-34 degrees C was found to have distinct advantages over 37 degrees C, there being improved cell survival and reproducibility at this lower temperature. Transformation of mouse lymphocytes was strongly inhibited by low concentrations of normal syngeneic serum, the degree of inhibition depending on the concentration of foetal calf serum (FCS) in culture and on the method of preparation of serum. Inhibition of mouse cell responses was also caused by syngeneic red blood cells (RBC), in contrast to the pronounced enhancement of guinea pig lymphocyte responses to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in the presence of syngeneic RBC."}
{"id": "PMID:128575", "title": "Single and multiple drug therapy in autologous immune complex nephritis in rats.", "content": "Autologous immune complex (AIC) nephritis is a form of chronic renal disease with remarkable similarities to idiopathic membranous nephropathy occurring in man. AIC nephritis was induced in 160 gram Lewis rats with a single footpad injection of tubular brush-border antigen (FxIA) in complete Freund's adjuvant. When killed at 8 weeks, 85 per cent of the rats demonstrated typical diffuse glomerular deposits of immunoglobulin G and B1C (C1/3 component of complement) by immunofluorescent microscopy, and subepithelial electron-dense deposits by electron microscopy. Both immune complex disease and significant proteinuria occurred in two-thirds of these animals. An attempt to modify the natural course of established AIC nephritis using large doses of potent glucocorticoids (methyl-prednisolone), anti-inflammatory agents (acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacin, and cyproheptadine), and immunosuppressive drugs (cyclophosphamide, azathioprine) was begun 4 weeks after initial immunization and continued for 4 more weeks. None of the single drug nor multiple drug protocols employed was of demonstrable benefit in ameliorating the immune events operating in AIC nephritis. Cyclophosphamide and indomethacin, when used singly, were associated with significant mortality in the animals studied. All combined drug protocols involving glucocorticoids and antimetabolites were associated with unacceptable mortality as well. Of interest, immune complexes could not be demonstrated in the vascular choroid plexus of any rat with AIC nephritis. This failure to modify the course of established renal disease (AIC) in an experimental animal with generally available pharmacologic agents, is similar to the usual results of such treatment in chronic renal disease (idiopathic membranous nephropathy) in man. It is possible that new and more potent anti-inflammatory agents employed singly or in various combinations, will permit more successful manipulation of the host's immunologic system to prevent or modify immune injury of the renal glomerulus.", "contents": "Single and multiple drug therapy in autologous immune complex nephritis in rats. Autologous immune complex (AIC) nephritis is a form of chronic renal disease with remarkable similarities to idiopathic membranous nephropathy occurring in man. AIC nephritis was induced in 160 gram Lewis rats with a single footpad injection of tubular brush-border antigen (FxIA) in complete Freund's adjuvant. When killed at 8 weeks, 85 per cent of the rats demonstrated typical diffuse glomerular deposits of immunoglobulin G and B1C (C1/3 component of complement) by immunofluorescent microscopy, and subepithelial electron-dense deposits by electron microscopy. Both immune complex disease and significant proteinuria occurred in two-thirds of these animals. An attempt to modify the natural course of established AIC nephritis using large doses of potent glucocorticoids (methyl-prednisolone), anti-inflammatory agents (acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacin, and cyproheptadine), and immunosuppressive drugs (cyclophosphamide, azathioprine) was begun 4 weeks after initial immunization and continued for 4 more weeks. None of the single drug nor multiple drug protocols employed was of demonstrable benefit in ameliorating the immune events operating in AIC nephritis. Cyclophosphamide and indomethacin, when used singly, were associated with significant mortality in the animals studied. All combined drug protocols involving glucocorticoids and antimetabolites were associated with unacceptable mortality as well. Of interest, immune complexes could not be demonstrated in the vascular choroid plexus of any rat with AIC nephritis. This failure to modify the course of established renal disease (AIC) in an experimental animal with generally available pharmacologic agents, is similar to the usual results of such treatment in chronic renal disease (idiopathic membranous nephropathy) in man. It is possible that new and more potent anti-inflammatory agents employed singly or in various combinations, will permit more successful manipulation of the host's immunologic system to prevent or modify immune injury of the renal glomerulus."}
{"id": "PMID:128577", "title": "Electrocardiogram during experimental coronary thrombolysis.", "content": "The electrocardiogram (ECG) was analyzed before and after enzymatic lysis of an intracoronary thrombus in six closed-chest dogs, and in a control group of five dogs without a thrombus. Thrombolysin (18,000 to 50,000 Merck units in 250 ml of 5% dextrose in water) was infused directly into the anterior descending coronary artery in both groups under the same conditions. Complete recanalization of the obstructed artery was achieved in all cases after development of an occluding thrombus and signs of myocardial infarction. In the experimental group, statistically significant differences were found in the mean HR and the R-R,QRS, Q-T and Q-Tc intervals. Changer in the mean values for these parameters were also observed in the control groups without coronary thrombosis but were not significant. Sinus rhythm was maintained in both groups. Histologic findings of the affected myocardium following Thrombolysin infusion was compatible with those seen in acute myocardial infarction. No evidence of necrosis, hemorrhage or inflammation was observed in the control hearts. Infusing Thrombolysin directly into the anterior descending artery had no adverse effect on the myocardium.", "contents": "Electrocardiogram during experimental coronary thrombolysis. The electrocardiogram (ECG) was analyzed before and after enzymatic lysis of an intracoronary thrombus in six closed-chest dogs, and in a control group of five dogs without a thrombus. Thrombolysin (18,000 to 50,000 Merck units in 250 ml of 5% dextrose in water) was infused directly into the anterior descending coronary artery in both groups under the same conditions. Complete recanalization of the obstructed artery was achieved in all cases after development of an occluding thrombus and signs of myocardial infarction. In the experimental group, statistically significant differences were found in the mean HR and the R-R,QRS, Q-T and Q-Tc intervals. Changer in the mean values for these parameters were also observed in the control groups without coronary thrombosis but were not significant. Sinus rhythm was maintained in both groups. Histologic findings of the affected myocardium following Thrombolysin infusion was compatible with those seen in acute myocardial infarction. No evidence of necrosis, hemorrhage or inflammation was observed in the control hearts. Infusing Thrombolysin directly into the anterior descending artery had no adverse effect on the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:128612", "title": "Hyphal wall growth in Neurospora crassa and Geotrichum candidum.", "content": "Growth of the walls of hyphae of Neurospora crassa and Geotrichum candidum was studied using longitudinal and serial transverse sectioning methods. Rigidification of the hyphal wall below the extension zone did not appear to involve the gross formation of a secondary wall since the transition from extensible to non-extensible wall was not associated with an increase in thickness. However, behind the extension zone the walls leading hyphae of N. crassa increased in thickness until eventually they attained a thickness which was up to five times that of the tip wall. A hypothesis of hyphal wall growth is proposed.", "contents": "Hyphal wall growth in Neurospora crassa and Geotrichum candidum. Growth of the walls of hyphae of Neurospora crassa and Geotrichum candidum was studied using longitudinal and serial transverse sectioning methods. Rigidification of the hyphal wall below the extension zone did not appear to involve the gross formation of a secondary wall since the transition from extensible to non-extensible wall was not associated with an increase in thickness. However, behind the extension zone the walls leading hyphae of N. crassa increased in thickness until eventually they attained a thickness which was up to five times that of the tip wall. A hypothesis of hyphal wall growth is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:128613", "title": "Morphology and growth kinetics of hyphae of differentiated and undifferentiated mycelia of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "A comparison was made of the morphology and growth kinetics of hyphae of differentiated and undifferentiated mycelia of Neurospora crassa. Undifferentiated mycelia were formed during exponential growth on solid media or submerged culture. Hyphae at the margin of differentiated mycelia (colonies) differed from undifferentiated mycelia in diameter, extension rate, extension zone length, and intercalary and apical compartment length. The mean hyphal extension rate (E) of an undifferentiated mycelium was a function of the length of the mycelium's hyphal growth unit (G) and the organism's specific growth rate (alpha). Thus, E=Galpha.", "contents": "Morphology and growth kinetics of hyphae of differentiated and undifferentiated mycelia of Neurospora crassa. A comparison was made of the morphology and growth kinetics of hyphae of differentiated and undifferentiated mycelia of Neurospora crassa. Undifferentiated mycelia were formed during exponential growth on solid media or submerged culture. Hyphae at the margin of differentiated mycelia (colonies) differed from undifferentiated mycelia in diameter, extension rate, extension zone length, and intercalary and apical compartment length. The mean hyphal extension rate (E) of an undifferentiated mycelium was a function of the length of the mycelium's hyphal growth unit (G) and the organism's specific growth rate (alpha). Thus, E=Galpha."}
{"id": "PMID:128614", "title": "Biogenesis of mitochondrial membranes in Neurospora crassa during cellular differentiation: changes in oxidative phosphorylation and synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids.", "content": "Changes in the capacity of mitochondria to carry out oxidative phosphorylation and in the rate of synthesis and incorporation of phospholipids into mitochondria were measured during the germination of conidiospores of Neurospora crassa. The competence of isolated mitochondria to carry out coupled respiration was very low during the first 3 h growth, but it increased rapidly, reaching maximal levels at 5 to 6 h growth. Changes in mitochondrial function were the same in cells grown in 2% sucrose- or 15% glucose-supplemented medium. The rate of synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids was very low during the first 2 h growth and increased to maximal levels between 3 and 5 h. The rate of synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids was approximately three times higher in cells grown in 15% glucose than in those grown in 2% sucrose. The maximal rate of synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids occurred during spore germination and preceded attainment of full competence for oxidative phosphorylation. The lipid-rich condition of the mitochondrial resulting from the high rate of synthesis of phospholipids in glucose-grown cells is postulated to be related to the whorled inclusions observed in thin sections of Neurospora cells.", "contents": "Biogenesis of mitochondrial membranes in Neurospora crassa during cellular differentiation: changes in oxidative phosphorylation and synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids. Changes in the capacity of mitochondria to carry out oxidative phosphorylation and in the rate of synthesis and incorporation of phospholipids into mitochondria were measured during the germination of conidiospores of Neurospora crassa. The competence of isolated mitochondria to carry out coupled respiration was very low during the first 3 h growth, but it increased rapidly, reaching maximal levels at 5 to 6 h growth. Changes in mitochondrial function were the same in cells grown in 2% sucrose- or 15% glucose-supplemented medium. The rate of synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids was very low during the first 2 h growth and increased to maximal levels between 3 and 5 h. The rate of synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids was approximately three times higher in cells grown in 15% glucose than in those grown in 2% sucrose. The maximal rate of synthesis of mitochondrial phospholipids occurred during spore germination and preceded attainment of full competence for oxidative phosphorylation. The lipid-rich condition of the mitochondrial resulting from the high rate of synthesis of phospholipids in glucose-grown cells is postulated to be related to the whorled inclusions observed in thin sections of Neurospora cells."}
{"id": "PMID:128615", "title": "Biogenesis of mitochondrial membranes in Neurospora crassa during cellular differentiation: ultrastructural changes accompanying differentiation.", "content": "The ultrastructural characteristics of Neurospora cells during dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of conidiospores into vegetative cells have been determined. This germination process occurs between 2 and 5 h after inoculation; by 3-5 h, approximately 50% of the cells have germinated. The cells enter the exponential phase of dry-weight gain between 4 and 5 h after inoculation. Several unusual structures are observed in Neurospora cells during germination. Whorled structures are frequently seen in the cytoplasm during germination, and occasionally at other times. They appear to be derived from the cytoplasmic membrane. Whorled structures of different appearance were observed in the mitochondria between 2 and 4 h after inoculation. Their number was related to the level of metabolizable carbohydrate, and was higher in 15% glucose-than in 2% sucrose-supplemented medium, and very low in medium containing 15% mannitol, or 2% sucrose+13% 2-deoxyglucose, or no added carbohydrate. The mitochondrial inclusions were osmiophilic and could be removed by treatment with 90% aqueous acetone in the cold, indicating that they were composed at least in part of lipid. The strong dependence of the number of mitochondrial inclusions on time and on carbohydrate supplementation, suggests that there is a physiological basis for these structures and that they reflect changes occurring in the mitochondria at times significant to cellular differentiation.", "contents": "Biogenesis of mitochondrial membranes in Neurospora crassa during cellular differentiation: ultrastructural changes accompanying differentiation. The ultrastructural characteristics of Neurospora cells during dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of conidiospores into vegetative cells have been determined. This germination process occurs between 2 and 5 h after inoculation; by 3-5 h, approximately 50% of the cells have germinated. The cells enter the exponential phase of dry-weight gain between 4 and 5 h after inoculation. Several unusual structures are observed in Neurospora cells during germination. Whorled structures are frequently seen in the cytoplasm during germination, and occasionally at other times. They appear to be derived from the cytoplasmic membrane. Whorled structures of different appearance were observed in the mitochondria between 2 and 4 h after inoculation. Their number was related to the level of metabolizable carbohydrate, and was higher in 15% glucose-than in 2% sucrose-supplemented medium, and very low in medium containing 15% mannitol, or 2% sucrose+13% 2-deoxyglucose, or no added carbohydrate. The mitochondrial inclusions were osmiophilic and could be removed by treatment with 90% aqueous acetone in the cold, indicating that they were composed at least in part of lipid. The strong dependence of the number of mitochondrial inclusions on time and on carbohydrate supplementation, suggests that there is a physiological basis for these structures and that they reflect changes occurring in the mitochondria at times significant to cellular differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:128616", "title": "Biogenesis of mitochondrial membranes Neurospora crassa during cellular differentiation: ultrastructural changes accompanying differentiation.", "content": "The ultrastructural characteristics of Neurospora cells during dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of conidiospores into vegetative cells have been determined. This germination process occurs between 2 and 5 h after inoculation; by 3-5 h, approximately 50% of the cells have germinated. The cells enter the exponential phase of dry-weight gain between 4 and 5 after inoculation. Several unusual structures are observed in Neurospora cells during germination. Whorled structures are frequently seen in the cytoplasm during germination, and occasionally at other times. They appear to be derived from the cytoplasmic membrane. Whorled structures of different appearance were observed in the mitochondria between 2 and 4 h after inoculation. Their number was related to the level of metabolizable carbohydrate, and was higher in 15% glucose-than in 2% sucrose-supplemented medium, and very low in medium containing 15% mannitol, or 2% sucrose +13% 2-deoxyglucose, or no added carbohydrate. The mitochondrial inclusions were osmiophilic and could be removed by treatment with 90% aqueous acetone in the cold, indicating that they were composed at least in part of lipid. The strong dependence of the number of mitochondrial inclusions on time and on carbohydrate supplementation, suggests that there is a physiological basis for these structures and that they reflect changes occurring in the mitochondria at times significant to cellular differentiation.", "contents": "Biogenesis of mitochondrial membranes Neurospora crassa during cellular differentiation: ultrastructural changes accompanying differentiation. The ultrastructural characteristics of Neurospora cells during dedifferentiation and redifferentiation of conidiospores into vegetative cells have been determined. This germination process occurs between 2 and 5 h after inoculation; by 3-5 h, approximately 50% of the cells have germinated. The cells enter the exponential phase of dry-weight gain between 4 and 5 after inoculation. Several unusual structures are observed in Neurospora cells during germination. Whorled structures are frequently seen in the cytoplasm during germination, and occasionally at other times. They appear to be derived from the cytoplasmic membrane. Whorled structures of different appearance were observed in the mitochondria between 2 and 4 h after inoculation. Their number was related to the level of metabolizable carbohydrate, and was higher in 15% glucose-than in 2% sucrose-supplemented medium, and very low in medium containing 15% mannitol, or 2% sucrose +13% 2-deoxyglucose, or no added carbohydrate. The mitochondrial inclusions were osmiophilic and could be removed by treatment with 90% aqueous acetone in the cold, indicating that they were composed at least in part of lipid. The strong dependence of the number of mitochondrial inclusions on time and on carbohydrate supplementation, suggests that there is a physiological basis for these structures and that they reflect changes occurring in the mitochondria at times significant to cellular differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:128617", "title": "The effect of canaline on some events in vaccinia virus replication.", "content": "Canaline, a pyridoxal phosphate antagonist, is shown to inhibit two distinct events in the replication of vaccinia virus in HeLa cells. Initial events proceed in the presence of the inhibitor leading to the formation of DNA-containing, cytoplasmic inclusions. However, further DNA synthesis is required for the subsequent production of infectious progeny following the reversal of canaline inhibition by pyridoxal phosphate. Inhibition of a separate, maturation event is shown by the delayed addition of canaline resulting in the failure to coat virus-specific DNA synthesized previously in the absence of the inhibitor. Thus, the replication of vaccinia virus is sensitive to inhibition by canaline at an early and a late stage in the replication cycle. Reversal is accomplished alternatively by the addition of 'non-essential' amino acids suggesting that the effects of canaline result from inhibition of specific protein functions.", "contents": "The effect of canaline on some events in vaccinia virus replication. Canaline, a pyridoxal phosphate antagonist, is shown to inhibit two distinct events in the replication of vaccinia virus in HeLa cells. Initial events proceed in the presence of the inhibitor leading to the formation of DNA-containing, cytoplasmic inclusions. However, further DNA synthesis is required for the subsequent production of infectious progeny following the reversal of canaline inhibition by pyridoxal phosphate. Inhibition of a separate, maturation event is shown by the delayed addition of canaline resulting in the failure to coat virus-specific DNA synthesized previously in the absence of the inhibitor. Thus, the replication of vaccinia virus is sensitive to inhibition by canaline at an early and a late stage in the replication cycle. Reversal is accomplished alternatively by the addition of 'non-essential' amino acids suggesting that the effects of canaline result from inhibition of specific protein functions."}
{"id": "PMID:128619", "title": "Ragged-red fibers. A biochemical and morphological study.", "content": "Histochemical, ultrastructural and biochemical studies were performed on muscle biopsy specimens from a 30-year-old man with proximal limb weakness. Modified Gomori trichome stains of anterior tibial muscle revealed accumulations of red-staining material in the subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar regions of virtually every fiber (ragged-red fibers); these accumulations were rich in oxidative enzymes. Electron microscopy of this muscle showed that the red-staining areas consisted of large collections of abnormal-appearing mitochondria. Mitochondria isolated from the quadriceps muscle showed lack of respiratory control with alpha-glycerophosphate as substrate. However, the lack of respiratory control with alpha-glycerophosphate must be interpreted with caution since the quadriceps muscle was severely degenerated, and biochemical alterations of mitochondria may occur secondary to muscle degeneration itself. Nevertheless, this is the second reported case of lack of respiratory control with alpha-glycerophosphate in a patient with ragged-red fibers. Further interpretation of this defect and its significance must await more studies to determine whether this muscle mitochondrial abnormality is a common finding in the disorders in which ragged-red fibers are encountered.", "contents": "Ragged-red fibers. A biochemical and morphological study. Histochemical, ultrastructural and biochemical studies were performed on muscle biopsy specimens from a 30-year-old man with proximal limb weakness. Modified Gomori trichome stains of anterior tibial muscle revealed accumulations of red-staining material in the subsarcolemmal and intermyofibrillar regions of virtually every fiber (ragged-red fibers); these accumulations were rich in oxidative enzymes. Electron microscopy of this muscle showed that the red-staining areas consisted of large collections of abnormal-appearing mitochondria. Mitochondria isolated from the quadriceps muscle showed lack of respiratory control with alpha-glycerophosphate as substrate. However, the lack of respiratory control with alpha-glycerophosphate must be interpreted with caution since the quadriceps muscle was severely degenerated, and biochemical alterations of mitochondria may occur secondary to muscle degeneration itself. Nevertheless, this is the second reported case of lack of respiratory control with alpha-glycerophosphate in a patient with ragged-red fibers. Further interpretation of this defect and its significance must await more studies to determine whether this muscle mitochondrial abnormality is a common finding in the disorders in which ragged-red fibers are encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:128620", "title": "A new approach to the surgical treatment of lumbar spondylosis.", "content": "The authors discuss routine removal of inferior articular processes and their facets during laminectomy, with wide visualization of the lumbar nerve roots, which has proven to be most successful in relief of the symptoms of lumbar spondylosis. No instance of postoperative vertebral instability has been found. In a consecutive series of 70 patients averaging 58.3 years of age, 91% of patients adequately followed did well. Of six patients who did poorly, three had apparent explanations and, presumably, such errors are avoidable. Despite the generally advanced age of this series (12 patients aged over 70 years) there was no mortality or undue morbidity. Patients previously operated on for disc herniation, as a group, were somewhat younger and the spondylosis tended to be more localized (to the area of previous surgery) than in patients operated on for the first time.", "contents": "A new approach to the surgical treatment of lumbar spondylosis. The authors discuss routine removal of inferior articular processes and their facets during laminectomy, with wide visualization of the lumbar nerve roots, which has proven to be most successful in relief of the symptoms of lumbar spondylosis. No instance of postoperative vertebral instability has been found. In a consecutive series of 70 patients averaging 58.3 years of age, 91% of patients adequately followed did well. Of six patients who did poorly, three had apparent explanations and, presumably, such errors are avoidable. Despite the generally advanced age of this series (12 patients aged over 70 years) there was no mortality or undue morbidity. Patients previously operated on for disc herniation, as a group, were somewhat younger and the spondylosis tended to be more localized (to the area of previous surgery) than in patients operated on for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:128625", "title": "Cinematographic analysis of contractile events produced in intrafusal muscle fibres by stimulation of static and dynamic fusimotor axons.", "content": "1. Muscle spindles with an intact blood supply and uninterrupted connexions with ventral and dorsal spinal roots (Bessou & Pag\u00e9s, 1967, 1972) have been prepared in cat's tenuissimus muscles with the aim of cinephotographically recording intrafusal movements induced by the stimulation of single static or dynamic gamma axons; the time cours of these movements and the morphological kind of activated intrafusal muscle fibres have been established. 2. Displacements of spindle guiding marks in the equatorial region elicited by stimulating single static gamma axons are 4-20 times greater in amplitude than the ones elicited by stimulating dynamic gamma axons at the same frequency. 3. The dynamic gamma axons induced a contraction only in nuclear bag fibres which, in addition, never received any static gamma innervation. The static gamma axons evoked contractions either in nuclear bag fibres alone, or in nuclear chain fibres alone, or in both types of intrafusal fibres. Two thirds of static gamma axons supplied nuclear bag fibres. For various reasons, one half only of static gamma axons innervating nuclear bag fibres could be shown to simultaneously innervate nuclear chain fibres. Consequently, about one third of static gamma axons supplied both nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres, but it is highly probable that this latter figure is an underestimate. One third of static gamma axons produced contraction in nuclear chain fibres only. In this work, the distribution of fusimotor axons has been established in only one muscle spindle of the cluster of muscle spindles that each fusimotor axon is generally innervating. 4. Generally speaking, a static gamma axon elicits contraction of several intrafusal fibres whereas a dynamic gamma axon innervates only one intrafusal fibre and frequently only one pole of the fibre. 5. One third of static gamma axons evoked contractions in nuclear chain fibres that seemed to involve the whole pole. The other static gamma axons and all dynamic gamma axons produced, in the intrafusal fibres that they supplied, one or several foci of localized contractions. 6. The nuclear chain fibres contract and relax faster than nuclear bag fibres. The contractions of nuclear bag fibres supplied by static gamma axons are stronger and faster than those of nuclear bag fibres innervated by dynamic gamma axons. Nearly all nuclear bag fibres innervated by static gamma axons, like the nuclear chain fibres, show transient contractions at each pulse of a stimulation at low frequency (2-20/sec). 7. The results are discussed taking into account the available anatomical and physiological data on the muscle spindle. Their consequences with regard to intrafusal working are briefly considered.", "contents": "Cinematographic analysis of contractile events produced in intrafusal muscle fibres by stimulation of static and dynamic fusimotor axons. 1. Muscle spindles with an intact blood supply and uninterrupted connexions with ventral and dorsal spinal roots (Bessou & Pag\u00e9s, 1967, 1972) have been prepared in cat's tenuissimus muscles with the aim of cinephotographically recording intrafusal movements induced by the stimulation of single static or dynamic gamma axons; the time cours of these movements and the morphological kind of activated intrafusal muscle fibres have been established. 2. Displacements of spindle guiding marks in the equatorial region elicited by stimulating single static gamma axons are 4-20 times greater in amplitude than the ones elicited by stimulating dynamic gamma axons at the same frequency. 3. The dynamic gamma axons induced a contraction only in nuclear bag fibres which, in addition, never received any static gamma innervation. The static gamma axons evoked contractions either in nuclear bag fibres alone, or in nuclear chain fibres alone, or in both types of intrafusal fibres. Two thirds of static gamma axons supplied nuclear bag fibres. For various reasons, one half only of static gamma axons innervating nuclear bag fibres could be shown to simultaneously innervate nuclear chain fibres. Consequently, about one third of static gamma axons supplied both nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres, but it is highly probable that this latter figure is an underestimate. One third of static gamma axons produced contraction in nuclear chain fibres only. In this work, the distribution of fusimotor axons has been established in only one muscle spindle of the cluster of muscle spindles that each fusimotor axon is generally innervating. 4. Generally speaking, a static gamma axon elicits contraction of several intrafusal fibres whereas a dynamic gamma axon innervates only one intrafusal fibre and frequently only one pole of the fibre. 5. One third of static gamma axons evoked contractions in nuclear chain fibres that seemed to involve the whole pole. The other static gamma axons and all dynamic gamma axons produced, in the intrafusal fibres that they supplied, one or several foci of localized contractions. 6. The nuclear chain fibres contract and relax faster than nuclear bag fibres. The contractions of nuclear bag fibres supplied by static gamma axons are stronger and faster than those of nuclear bag fibres innervated by dynamic gamma axons. Nearly all nuclear bag fibres innervated by static gamma axons, like the nuclear chain fibres, show transient contractions at each pulse of a stimulation at low frequency (2-20/sec). 7. The results are discussed taking into account the available anatomical and physiological data on the muscle spindle. Their consequences with regard to intrafusal working are briefly considered."}
{"id": "PMID:128627", "title": "Load compensation in human masseter muscles.", "content": "The reaction of masseter and digastric muscles to changes in the load applied during a movement was studied in human volunteers. 2. Rapid stretch of the jaw-closing muscles evoked a monosynaptic jaw-jerk reflex response in the masseteric electromyogram (e.m.g.) after a delay of 6-8 msec. 3. The averaged integrated e.m.g. activity of the masseter was increased 5-10 msec after the rapid application of a load during voluntary closure of the jaw. It was not necessary to stretch the muscle to obtain this apparently monosynaptic response. 4. A compensatory increase in the velocity of movement followed 6-10 msec after the e.m.g. peak. 5. Unloading the masseter muscle during contraction was followed by a fall in e.m.g. activity, beginning after a latency of 6-5--1 msec, with later phases of depression beginning 27--36 and 60--70 msec after unloading. 6. The spindle-poor digastric muscles were not monosynaptically activated during loading, but responded with a latency of 24--34 msec. 7. It is concluded that monosynaptic e.m.g. changes are a prominent feature of the load compensation system in human jaw-closing muscles but not in jaw-opening muscles.", "contents": "Load compensation in human masseter muscles. The reaction of masseter and digastric muscles to changes in the load applied during a movement was studied in human volunteers. 2. Rapid stretch of the jaw-closing muscles evoked a monosynaptic jaw-jerk reflex response in the masseteric electromyogram (e.m.g.) after a delay of 6-8 msec. 3. The averaged integrated e.m.g. activity of the masseter was increased 5-10 msec after the rapid application of a load during voluntary closure of the jaw. It was not necessary to stretch the muscle to obtain this apparently monosynaptic response. 4. A compensatory increase in the velocity of movement followed 6-10 msec after the e.m.g. peak. 5. Unloading the masseter muscle during contraction was followed by a fall in e.m.g. activity, beginning after a latency of 6-5--1 msec, with later phases of depression beginning 27--36 and 60--70 msec after unloading. 6. The spindle-poor digastric muscles were not monosynaptically activated during loading, but responded with a latency of 24--34 msec. 7. It is concluded that monosynaptic e.m.g. changes are a prominent feature of the load compensation system in human jaw-closing muscles but not in jaw-opening muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:128628", "title": "The use of IQ as a measure of problem solving ability with mongoloid and nonmongoloid retarded children.", "content": "A major purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of MA and IQ to learning a task, among retardates, involving conceptualization. Such tasks are considered by Jensen, in his theory on mental abilities, to test Level II abilities as opposed to Level I abilities which involve rote learning and primary memory. The theoretical basis for this part of the experiment are the opposing hypotheses of Weir and Zigler concerning the use of IQ or MA as the best measure of learning rate. Specifically, a dimension-abstracted oddity task was presented to 40 mongoloids and 40 nonmongoloids. The results supported Weir's hypothesis, as IQ was found to determine the rate of learning the task. A second major finding was that the nonmongoloids learned the task faster than the mongoloid Ss.", "contents": "The use of IQ as a measure of problem solving ability with mongoloid and nonmongoloid retarded children. A major purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of MA and IQ to learning a task, among retardates, involving conceptualization. Such tasks are considered by Jensen, in his theory on mental abilities, to test Level II abilities as opposed to Level I abilities which involve rote learning and primary memory. The theoretical basis for this part of the experiment are the opposing hypotheses of Weir and Zigler concerning the use of IQ or MA as the best measure of learning rate. Specifically, a dimension-abstracted oddity task was presented to 40 mongoloids and 40 nonmongoloids. The results supported Weir's hypothesis, as IQ was found to determine the rate of learning the task. A second major finding was that the nonmongoloids learned the task faster than the mongoloid Ss."}
{"id": "PMID:128629", "title": "Social and play behaviors of institutionalized mongoloid and nonmongoloid retarded children.", "content": "A total of 24 institutionalized retarded children, 12 mongoloid (Down's syndrome) and 12 nonmongoloid, were observed in dyadic interaction with peers in a free-play situation, and a number of specific peer-social and non-social behaviors were recorded as they occurred. Differences between mongoloid and nonmongoloid Ss were most apparent on several social behavior categories which support the stereotypic conception of mongoloids as more sociable, gregarious, etc. Differences were most apparent for the mongoloid boys. The possible influence of tranquilizer drugs and cottage placements on the observed differences was discussed.", "contents": "Social and play behaviors of institutionalized mongoloid and nonmongoloid retarded children. A total of 24 institutionalized retarded children, 12 mongoloid (Down's syndrome) and 12 nonmongoloid, were observed in dyadic interaction with peers in a free-play situation, and a number of specific peer-social and non-social behaviors were recorded as they occurred. Differences between mongoloid and nonmongoloid Ss were most apparent on several social behavior categories which support the stereotypic conception of mongoloids as more sociable, gregarious, etc. Differences were most apparent for the mongoloid boys. The possible influence of tranquilizer drugs and cottage placements on the observed differences was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128630", "title": "Follicular growth: the basic event in the mouse and human ovary.", "content": "Follicular growth is described as a continuum. It goes on at all times, at all ages, uninterrupted by pregnancy or other periods of non-ovulation. A distinction is made between the continuum at the beginning of follicular growth and events concerning the cyclicity at the end of follicular growth, i.e. ovulation. Follicles grow sequentially. Also large follicles continue to grow until they become atretic or ovulate. No evidence for a pool of large follicles held in reserve could be found. Examination of the effect of PMSG on the growth of large follicles showed that this hormone provented the degeneration of large follicles, thus allowing more follicles to grow further. As in the mouse, follicular growth occurs during human infancy and is the normal event during childhood. Ovaries without signs of follicular growth are uncommin in the child and are apparently connected with certain systemic diseases.", "contents": "Follicular growth: the basic event in the mouse and human ovary. Follicular growth is described as a continuum. It goes on at all times, at all ages, uninterrupted by pregnancy or other periods of non-ovulation. A distinction is made between the continuum at the beginning of follicular growth and events concerning the cyclicity at the end of follicular growth, i.e. ovulation. Follicles grow sequentially. Also large follicles continue to grow until they become atretic or ovulate. No evidence for a pool of large follicles held in reserve could be found. Examination of the effect of PMSG on the growth of large follicles showed that this hormone provented the degeneration of large follicles, thus allowing more follicles to grow further. As in the mouse, follicular growth occurs during human infancy and is the normal event during childhood. Ovaries without signs of follicular growth are uncommin in the child and are apparently connected with certain systemic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:128631", "title": "The fine structure of the glycocalyx of equine spermatozoa: a high-resolution cytochemical study.", "content": "Equine spermatozoa were obtained from ejaculates of young stallions. The seminal plasma was removed and the sperm pellets washed three times with 0-15 M-NaCl solution before final centrifugation at 4500 g for 15 min. The pellets were fixed in a mixture of 2-5% glutaraldehyde in 0-1 M-cacodylate buffer, pH 7-4, with 0-5% Alcian blue and post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide with 1% lanthanum nitrate; other samples were treated with ruthenium red. All samples were dehydrated in ascending concentrations of ethanol, embedded in araldite and thin sections examined in an electron microscope. Electron dense deposits of lanthanum were present on the surface plasmalemma of the head, mid-piece and tail of 70% of mature spermatozoa, and similar deposits were seen in ruthenium red-treated samples. No glycocalyx was observed in untreated spermatozoa.", "contents": "The fine structure of the glycocalyx of equine spermatozoa: a high-resolution cytochemical study. Equine spermatozoa were obtained from ejaculates of young stallions. The seminal plasma was removed and the sperm pellets washed three times with 0-15 M-NaCl solution before final centrifugation at 4500 g for 15 min. The pellets were fixed in a mixture of 2-5% glutaraldehyde in 0-1 M-cacodylate buffer, pH 7-4, with 0-5% Alcian blue and post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide with 1% lanthanum nitrate; other samples were treated with ruthenium red. All samples were dehydrated in ascending concentrations of ethanol, embedded in araldite and thin sections examined in an electron microscope. Electron dense deposits of lanthanum were present on the surface plasmalemma of the head, mid-piece and tail of 70% of mature spermatozoa, and similar deposits were seen in ruthenium red-treated samples. No glycocalyx was observed in untreated spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:128632", "title": "An autoregulatory role for prostaglandins in placental hemodynamics: their possible influence on blood pressure in pregnancy.", "content": "This review asserts that prostaglandins of the E family play a vital regulatory role in uteroplacental blood flow. This role appears to be similar to activity within other organs, especially the kidney, in a process referred to as autoregulation of blood flow. This mechanism may serve as a system for ehmodynamic homeostasis in pregnancy. Moreover, hypertension in pregnancy (toxemia) may be due to a specific or generalized abnormality in this system.", "contents": "An autoregulatory role for prostaglandins in placental hemodynamics: their possible influence on blood pressure in pregnancy. This review asserts that prostaglandins of the E family play a vital regulatory role in uteroplacental blood flow. This role appears to be similar to activity within other organs, especially the kidney, in a process referred to as autoregulation of blood flow. This mechanism may serve as a system for ehmodynamic homeostasis in pregnancy. Moreover, hypertension in pregnancy (toxemia) may be due to a specific or generalized abnormality in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:128637", "title": "Mutagenic evaluation of antischistosomal drugs and their derivatives in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The mutagenic activities of lucanthone, hycanthone, niridazole, and the indazole analogs of lucanthone (IA-3 and IA-5) or hycanthone (IA-4 and IA-6) were studied by assaying for the induction of specific locus mutations in the ad-3 region of N. crassa. The results show that lucanthone, hycanthone, and their indazole analogs (IA-3 through IA-6) are all mutagenic in N. crassa when conidia are treated with any of these compounds. On a per mole basis, hycanthone is the least toxic and mutagenic, whereas IA-3 is the most toxic and mutagenic compound among the six closely related agents. In general, compounds with a methyl group at the C-4 position are more mutagenic than compounds with a methanol group; 6-chloroindazole analogs are more mutagenic and more toxic than nonchlorinated analogs. Niridazole is not mutagenic when conidial suspensions are treated. However, the mutation frequency increased more than 50-fold when niridazole was added to the medium used to grow vegetative cultures. Thus, it appears that the mutagenic activity of this latter compound requires metabolic activation.", "contents": "Mutagenic evaluation of antischistosomal drugs and their derivatives in Neurospora crassa. The mutagenic activities of lucanthone, hycanthone, niridazole, and the indazole analogs of lucanthone (IA-3 and IA-5) or hycanthone (IA-4 and IA-6) were studied by assaying for the induction of specific locus mutations in the ad-3 region of N. crassa. The results show that lucanthone, hycanthone, and their indazole analogs (IA-3 through IA-6) are all mutagenic in N. crassa when conidia are treated with any of these compounds. On a per mole basis, hycanthone is the least toxic and mutagenic, whereas IA-3 is the most toxic and mutagenic compound among the six closely related agents. In general, compounds with a methyl group at the C-4 position are more mutagenic than compounds with a methanol group; 6-chloroindazole analogs are more mutagenic and more toxic than nonchlorinated analogs. Niridazole is not mutagenic when conidial suspensions are treated. However, the mutation frequency increased more than 50-fold when niridazole was added to the medium used to grow vegetative cultures. Thus, it appears that the mutagenic activity of this latter compound requires metabolic activation."}
{"id": "PMID:128638", "title": "Chloroquine-resistant malaria in Burma.", "content": "Two field trials to detect chloroquine-resistant malaria were conducted according to WHO recommendations in a malaria free area near Rangoon. Peripheral blood smears were examined for asexual forms of P. falciparum on day one through to day seven, on day 14, 21, and 28 after a standard dose of 1500 mg. of chloroquine base. Haskins test to detect chloroquine in urine was done on all cases and plasma chloroquine levels were measured in some. Out of 105 patients tested RI resistance was detected in 66, RII in 19 and RIII in three. Subsequent trials with other anti-malarial drugs indicated that the chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum were also resistant to one day therapy with pyrimethamine 50 mg. or sulphamethoxypyridazine 1 G given singly; and resistant to one day therapy with combinations of pyrimethamine 50 mg. plus sulphamethoxy pyridazine 1 G, pyrimethamine 13 mg. plus dapsone 100 mg., and trimethoprim 320 mg. plus sulphamethoxazole 1600 mg. All those tested were sensitive to quinine sulphate, 0-6 G given three times a day for 10 days, and were also sensitive to one day therapy with combinations of trimethoprim 500 mg. plus sulphalene 1 G, and pyrimethamine 50 mg. plus sulphamethoxine 1 G. Pyrimethamine 12-5 mg. plus dapsone 100 mg. in weekly doses was shown to be an effective chemoprophylaxis. Quinine was tested on 38 subjects while other drug schedule were tested on six to eight subjects.", "contents": "Chloroquine-resistant malaria in Burma. Two field trials to detect chloroquine-resistant malaria were conducted according to WHO recommendations in a malaria free area near Rangoon. Peripheral blood smears were examined for asexual forms of P. falciparum on day one through to day seven, on day 14, 21, and 28 after a standard dose of 1500 mg. of chloroquine base. Haskins test to detect chloroquine in urine was done on all cases and plasma chloroquine levels were measured in some. Out of 105 patients tested RI resistance was detected in 66, RII in 19 and RIII in three. Subsequent trials with other anti-malarial drugs indicated that the chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum were also resistant to one day therapy with pyrimethamine 50 mg. or sulphamethoxypyridazine 1 G given singly; and resistant to one day therapy with combinations of pyrimethamine 50 mg. plus sulphamethoxy pyridazine 1 G, pyrimethamine 13 mg. plus dapsone 100 mg., and trimethoprim 320 mg. plus sulphamethoxazole 1600 mg. All those tested were sensitive to quinine sulphate, 0-6 G given three times a day for 10 days, and were also sensitive to one day therapy with combinations of trimethoprim 500 mg. plus sulphalene 1 G, and pyrimethamine 50 mg. plus sulphamethoxine 1 G. Pyrimethamine 12-5 mg. plus dapsone 100 mg. in weekly doses was shown to be an effective chemoprophylaxis. Quinine was tested on 38 subjects while other drug schedule were tested on six to eight subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:128639", "title": "Renal transplantation in prune belly syndrome.", "content": "The first reported case of renal transplantation in a patient with prune belly syndrome is presented. Transplanatation should be considered for patients with this syndrome in whom renal failure develops despite appropriate urologic reconstruction. A thorough preoperative evaluation ascertaining the status of the lower urinary tract is especially important in these patients.", "contents": "Renal transplantation in prune belly syndrome. The first reported case of renal transplantation in a patient with prune belly syndrome is presented. Transplanatation should be considered for patients with this syndrome in whom renal failure develops despite appropriate urologic reconstruction. A thorough preoperative evaluation ascertaining the status of the lower urinary tract is especially important in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:128640", "title": "Chlorpropamide-induced granulomas. A probable hypersensitivity reaction in liver and bone marrow.", "content": "Anicteric hepatitis, associated with fever and exfoliative dermatitis, developed in a diabetic patient two weeks after intake of a long-acting sulfonylurea, chlorpropamide (Diabinese). Granulomas showing heavy infiltration with eosinophils were found in the liver and bone marrow. These were interpreted as manifestations of an allergic reaction. The clinical signs, abnormal laboratory findings, and hepatic lesions subsided spontaneously on withdrawal of the drug. Bone marrow changes, however, persisted seven months after cessation of the drug. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with liver and bone marrow inflammation characterized by granulomas with eosinophilic infiltration following intake of chlorpropamide.", "contents": "Chlorpropamide-induced granulomas. A probable hypersensitivity reaction in liver and bone marrow. Anicteric hepatitis, associated with fever and exfoliative dermatitis, developed in a diabetic patient two weeks after intake of a long-acting sulfonylurea, chlorpropamide (Diabinese). Granulomas showing heavy infiltration with eosinophils were found in the liver and bone marrow. These were interpreted as manifestations of an allergic reaction. The clinical signs, abnormal laboratory findings, and hepatic lesions subsided spontaneously on withdrawal of the drug. Bone marrow changes, however, persisted seven months after cessation of the drug. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient with liver and bone marrow inflammation characterized by granulomas with eosinophilic infiltration following intake of chlorpropamide."}
{"id": "PMID:128641", "title": "Rates of cutaneous reactions to drugs. A report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program.", "content": "Rates of allergic skin reactions to commonly used drugs were estimated from data obtained on 22,227 consecutively monitored medical inpatients. A total of 57 drugs were implicated with skin reactions. Five or more reactions were attributed to each of 22 drugs (or drug groups). Many commonly used drugs did not appear to cause any allergic reactions. The study provides the practicing physician with drug-specific quantitative data that can be used to evaluate the causes of drug-induced rash, itching, or hives.", "contents": "Rates of cutaneous reactions to drugs. A report from the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program. Rates of allergic skin reactions to commonly used drugs were estimated from data obtained on 22,227 consecutively monitored medical inpatients. A total of 57 drugs were implicated with skin reactions. Five or more reactions were attributed to each of 22 drugs (or drug groups). Many commonly used drugs did not appear to cause any allergic reactions. The study provides the practicing physician with drug-specific quantitative data that can be used to evaluate the causes of drug-induced rash, itching, or hives."}
{"id": "PMID:128642", "title": "Endoscopic complications. Results of the 1974 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Survey.", "content": "Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (211,410 examinations) had a complication rate of 1.3/1,000 cases. Duodenoscopy with cannulation was performed 3,884 times and had a complication rate of 21.6/1,000 examinations. Diagnostic coloscopy (25,298 examinations) had a complication rate of 3.4/1,000. Polypectomies during coloscopy (6,124 cases) had a complication rate of 23.3/1,000 cases. Esophageal dilations (13,139 cases) had a complication rate of 4.25 with mercury bougies, and in 9,431 cases metal olives produced a complication rate of 6.1/1,000 treatments. Dilation for achalasia in 1,224 patients produced a complication rate of 18.4/1,000 procedures. Peritoneoscopy (4,404 examinations) produced a complication rate of 5.4/1,000 patients. The value of these diagnostic and therapeutic procedures is now well established but must be weighed against a potential risk of complications.", "contents": "Endoscopic complications. Results of the 1974 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Survey. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (211,410 examinations) had a complication rate of 1.3/1,000 cases. Duodenoscopy with cannulation was performed 3,884 times and had a complication rate of 21.6/1,000 examinations. Diagnostic coloscopy (25,298 examinations) had a complication rate of 3.4/1,000. Polypectomies during coloscopy (6,124 cases) had a complication rate of 23.3/1,000 cases. Esophageal dilations (13,139 cases) had a complication rate of 4.25 with mercury bougies, and in 9,431 cases metal olives produced a complication rate of 6.1/1,000 treatments. Dilation for achalasia in 1,224 patients produced a complication rate of 18.4/1,000 procedures. Peritoneoscopy (4,404 examinations) produced a complication rate of 5.4/1,000 patients. The value of these diagnostic and therapeutic procedures is now well established but must be weighed against a potential risk of complications."}
{"id": "PMID:128648", "title": "Effects upon spindle discharges of electrical stimulation of static fusimotor fibers with concomitant application of muscle vibration.", "content": "Discharges of single afferent fibers from the primary endings of the soleus muscle spindles were recorded from thin dorsal root filaments in cats anesthetized with urethane and chloralose. The distal cut end of the ventral root was split into fine filaments to obtain functionally single fusimotor fibers. The fusimotor fibers obtained in this study were of the static type. The soleus muscle was sinusoidally stretched at 70 Hz with various amplitude concurrently with 100 Hz electric stimulation of fusimotor fiber. The spindle afferent discharges were analysed by compiling inter-spike interval histograms and cross-correlograms between the afferent spikes and the stimulus pulses applied to the fusimotor fiber. The same analysis was also made between the afferent spikes and peak extensions of muscle yielded by vibratory stimulation. One-third of the fusimotor fibers were capable of driving the spindle afferents. The driving of fusimotor stimulation was replaced by driving by muscle dibration of more than 10 mum amplitude applied concurrently with fusimotor stimulation. The remaining two-thirds of the fusimotor fibers could not drive the spindle afferents. In this case, the driving by muscle vibration was obtained when vibration of more than 5 mum amplitude was applied concurrently with fusimotor stimulation. It was suggested that fusimotor fibers which produced driving of the spindle afferents would terminate on nuclear chain fibers and those not producing driving on nuclear bag fibers, or the latter would terminate relatively distant from the primary ending as compared with the former.", "contents": "Effects upon spindle discharges of electrical stimulation of static fusimotor fibers with concomitant application of muscle vibration. Discharges of single afferent fibers from the primary endings of the soleus muscle spindles were recorded from thin dorsal root filaments in cats anesthetized with urethane and chloralose. The distal cut end of the ventral root was split into fine filaments to obtain functionally single fusimotor fibers. The fusimotor fibers obtained in this study were of the static type. The soleus muscle was sinusoidally stretched at 70 Hz with various amplitude concurrently with 100 Hz electric stimulation of fusimotor fiber. The spindle afferent discharges were analysed by compiling inter-spike interval histograms and cross-correlograms between the afferent spikes and the stimulus pulses applied to the fusimotor fiber. The same analysis was also made between the afferent spikes and peak extensions of muscle yielded by vibratory stimulation. One-third of the fusimotor fibers were capable of driving the spindle afferents. The driving of fusimotor stimulation was replaced by driving by muscle dibration of more than 10 mum amplitude applied concurrently with fusimotor stimulation. The remaining two-thirds of the fusimotor fibers could not drive the spindle afferents. In this case, the driving by muscle vibration was obtained when vibration of more than 5 mum amplitude was applied concurrently with fusimotor stimulation. It was suggested that fusimotor fibers which produced driving of the spindle afferents would terminate on nuclear chain fibers and those not producing driving on nuclear bag fibers, or the latter would terminate relatively distant from the primary ending as compared with the former."}
{"id": "PMID:128655", "title": "[The ultrastructive of spotty corneal dystrophy (Groenouw II) (author's transl)].", "content": "Examination of the ultrastructure of cases of spotty corneal dystrophy (Groenouw II) showed polymorphous results in various layers of the cornea. Inclusions of acidic mucopolysaccharides occur in membrane surrounded storage granules and also in the free state. The results from sections of the central and peripheral regions are extraordinarily variable. The present investigations showed for the first time, that numerous vesicular inclusions can occur also in the boundary region between the stroma and Descemet's membrane.", "contents": "[The ultrastructive of spotty corneal dystrophy (Groenouw II) (author's transl)]. Examination of the ultrastructure of cases of spotty corneal dystrophy (Groenouw II) showed polymorphous results in various layers of the cornea. Inclusions of acidic mucopolysaccharides occur in membrane surrounded storage granules and also in the free state. The results from sections of the central and peripheral regions are extraordinarily variable. The present investigations showed for the first time, that numerous vesicular inclusions can occur also in the boundary region between the stroma and Descemet's membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:128659", "title": "Calcium and magnesium ATPases of the spectrin fraction of human erythrocytes.", "content": "Using a rapid method of preparation, spectrin has been isolated from human erythrocytes and its ATPase activity investigated. The ATPase activity with calcium has two distinct components, one with optimal activity when calcium and ATP are of equal concentration (low-Ca-ATPase) and another which is activated above 1 mM CaCl2 and is maximal at 100 mM CaCl2. There is also a Mg-ATPase with maximal activity at 10 mM MgCl2. The high-Ca-ATPase of spectrin, but not the low-Ca-ATPase, is inhibited by magnesium, while the Mg-ATPase is inhibited by Ca in excess of ATP. None of these activities exhibits the calcium-stimulated magnesium-dependent activity characteristic of the red cell calcium pump.", "contents": "Calcium and magnesium ATPases of the spectrin fraction of human erythrocytes. Using a rapid method of preparation, spectrin has been isolated from human erythrocytes and its ATPase activity investigated. The ATPase activity with calcium has two distinct components, one with optimal activity when calcium and ATP are of equal concentration (low-Ca-ATPase) and another which is activated above 1 mM CaCl2 and is maximal at 100 mM CaCl2. There is also a Mg-ATPase with maximal activity at 10 mM MgCl2. The high-Ca-ATPase of spectrin, but not the low-Ca-ATPase, is inhibited by magnesium, while the Mg-ATPase is inhibited by Ca in excess of ATP. None of these activities exhibits the calcium-stimulated magnesium-dependent activity characteristic of the red cell calcium pump."}
{"id": "PMID:128660", "title": "The use of aryl azido ATP analogs as photoaffinity labels for myosin ATPase.", "content": "The synthesis of ATP analogs containing a photoactive aryl azido grouping coupled to the 3' hydroxyl of ATP is described. The potential effectiveness of these analogs in the investigation of nucleotide-binding regions is outlined and this effectiveness demonstrated by their photodependent inhibition of subfragment 1 ATPase. The use of 14C-labeled azido ATP demonstrates an almost stoichiometric covalent binding of the analog. Because of their potential application to other systems, a number of reactions describing the reactivity of the 3' hydroxyl of the nucleotide ribose are outlined in an Appendix.", "contents": "The use of aryl azido ATP analogs as photoaffinity labels for myosin ATPase. The synthesis of ATP analogs containing a photoactive aryl azido grouping coupled to the 3' hydroxyl of ATP is described. The potential effectiveness of these analogs in the investigation of nucleotide-binding regions is outlined and this effectiveness demonstrated by their photodependent inhibition of subfragment 1 ATPase. The use of 14C-labeled azido ATP demonstrates an almost stoichiometric covalent binding of the analog. Because of their potential application to other systems, a number of reactions describing the reactivity of the 3' hydroxyl of the nucleotide ribose are outlined in an Appendix."}
{"id": "PMID:128661", "title": "Physical and enzymatic properties of nucleotide-depleted beef heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Tightly bound adenine nucleotides are removed from multiple binding sites on beef heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) by chromatography on columns of Sephadex equilibrated with 50% glycerol. Release of nucleotides from the enzyme is associated with large decreases in sedimentation velocity (from 11.9 S to 8.4 S) which may be observed in concentrated solutions of polyols. Polyol-induced conformational changes are reversed when the enzyme is returned to dilute buffers. The nucleotide-depleted enzyme restores oxidative phosphorylation in F1-deficient submitochondrial particles. Reconstitution of nucleotide-depleted F1 with the ATP analog (adenylyl-imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), almost 5 moles of AMP-PNP per mole of enzyme, results in preparations with substantially inhibited ATPase activity which nevertheless restores oxidative phosphorylation and the 32Pi-ATP exchange reaction in F1-deficient submitochondrial particles. Incubation of the analog-labeled enzyme with ATP and Mg++ results in partial displacement of the analog and a time-dependent recovery of ATPase activity.", "contents": "Physical and enzymatic properties of nucleotide-depleted beef heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase. Tightly bound adenine nucleotides are removed from multiple binding sites on beef heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) by chromatography on columns of Sephadex equilibrated with 50% glycerol. Release of nucleotides from the enzyme is associated with large decreases in sedimentation velocity (from 11.9 S to 8.4 S) which may be observed in concentrated solutions of polyols. Polyol-induced conformational changes are reversed when the enzyme is returned to dilute buffers. The nucleotide-depleted enzyme restores oxidative phosphorylation in F1-deficient submitochondrial particles. Reconstitution of nucleotide-depleted F1 with the ATP analog (adenylyl-imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), almost 5 moles of AMP-PNP per mole of enzyme, results in preparations with substantially inhibited ATPase activity which nevertheless restores oxidative phosphorylation and the 32Pi-ATP exchange reaction in F1-deficient submitochondrial particles. Incubation of the analog-labeled enzyme with ATP and Mg++ results in partial displacement of the analog and a time-dependent recovery of ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:128663", "title": "Hemolysis following correction of double-outlet right ventricle.", "content": "A 41/2-year-old child developed a severe degree of intravascular hemolysis within 24 hours after intraventricular correction of double-outlet right ventricle with a Dacron patch. The child developed jaundice, with a serum bilirubin of 4.3 mg. per cent. The hematocrit value fell from 47 to 25 per cent and the reticulocyte count rose to 22 per cent. The hemolysis diminished after 3 weeks and completely disappeared after 6 weeks. We presume that the hemolysis was due to turbulence caused by a long, curved patch and that its disappearance coincided with the endothelialization of the patch. The child is well 3 years after the operation.", "contents": "Hemolysis following correction of double-outlet right ventricle. A 41/2-year-old child developed a severe degree of intravascular hemolysis within 24 hours after intraventricular correction of double-outlet right ventricle with a Dacron patch. The child developed jaundice, with a serum bilirubin of 4.3 mg. per cent. The hematocrit value fell from 47 to 25 per cent and the reticulocyte count rose to 22 per cent. The hemolysis diminished after 3 weeks and completely disappeared after 6 weeks. We presume that the hemolysis was due to turbulence caused by a long, curved patch and that its disappearance coincided with the endothelialization of the patch. The child is well 3 years after the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:128665", "title": "[SLA-testing and MCL-reaction in swine and their reaction to rejection of skin and liver transplants].", "content": "After porcine skin allografts there is a regular rejection within 6 - 12 days with a characteristic pattern of humoral antibodies corresponding to the histocompatibility testing. The rejection of skin allografts may be due to weak histocompatibility antigens which are not measured by the SL-A and MLC typing. A porcine liver allograft induces an immunological reaction of moderate degree. This state of hyporeactivity i. e. partial tolerance could be induced and maintained by the release of tolerogenic antigens from the porcine liver.", "contents": "[SLA-testing and MCL-reaction in swine and their reaction to rejection of skin and liver transplants]. After porcine skin allografts there is a regular rejection within 6 - 12 days with a characteristic pattern of humoral antibodies corresponding to the histocompatibility testing. The rejection of skin allografts may be due to weak histocompatibility antigens which are not measured by the SL-A and MLC typing. A porcine liver allograft induces an immunological reaction of moderate degree. This state of hyporeactivity i. e. partial tolerance could be induced and maintained by the release of tolerogenic antigens from the porcine liver."}
{"id": "PMID:128666", "title": "[Carcinoma of the pancreas: clinical signs and diagnostic procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "The patients seen at the medical clinic of a community hospital over 6 years included 291 with diseases of the pancreas, 52 of whom had carcinoma of the pancreas. Their signs and symptoms are listed. The triad of weight loss, icterus, and abdominal pain was the commonest symptom cluster. In one third of the cases the serum lipase was raised though the blood level of amylase was normal. Laparoscopy led to exploratory laparotomy in 94 percent of cases, which was performed an average of 14 days later. The future will show whether ERCP (+cytology) and CEA will improve the possibility of early diagnosis.", "contents": "[Carcinoma of the pancreas: clinical signs and diagnostic procedures (author's transl)]. The patients seen at the medical clinic of a community hospital over 6 years included 291 with diseases of the pancreas, 52 of whom had carcinoma of the pancreas. Their signs and symptoms are listed. The triad of weight loss, icterus, and abdominal pain was the commonest symptom cluster. In one third of the cases the serum lipase was raised though the blood level of amylase was normal. Laparoscopy led to exploratory laparotomy in 94 percent of cases, which was performed an average of 14 days later. The future will show whether ERCP (+cytology) and CEA will improve the possibility of early diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:128667", "title": "[Regional neck lymph nodes and primary tumors. 2. The reactive neck lymph node lesion].", "content": "Topographic classification of lymphatic nodes with reactive changes and with metastasis makes evident, that the regional lymph nodes have not only changes, caused by inflammation but also by growth of tumor. Thus, the lymph nodes are accomodation of defense and in the second place as an accommodation of discharge. The regional lymph nodes respond independent of the extent of the primary tumor. The regional metastasis are nearly always localized in the center of lymph nodes with reactiv changes. Lymph nodes with follicular lymphatic hyperplasia are situated in the immediate environment of the metastasis. Lymph nodes with sinus-reaction are extended before the metastasis, in direction of lymph discharge. By super imposed projection of the results of histological evaluation of cervical glands with metastasis in the neck, one obtains to some extent an impression of the defense activity by the lymph nodes at the time of the operation.", "contents": "[Regional neck lymph nodes and primary tumors. 2. The reactive neck lymph node lesion]. Topographic classification of lymphatic nodes with reactive changes and with metastasis makes evident, that the regional lymph nodes have not only changes, caused by inflammation but also by growth of tumor. Thus, the lymph nodes are accomodation of defense and in the second place as an accommodation of discharge. The regional lymph nodes respond independent of the extent of the primary tumor. The regional metastasis are nearly always localized in the center of lymph nodes with reactiv changes. Lymph nodes with follicular lymphatic hyperplasia are situated in the immediate environment of the metastasis. Lymph nodes with sinus-reaction are extended before the metastasis, in direction of lymph discharge. By super imposed projection of the results of histological evaluation of cervical glands with metastasis in the neck, one obtains to some extent an impression of the defense activity by the lymph nodes at the time of the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:128668", "title": "[Schwannoma in otorhinolaryngology].", "content": "In this study 4 cases of Schwannoma are reported. The primary localisation of the tumor in the first case was thought to be near the foreamen lacerum with large areas of bone destruction in the base of the skull. Moreover the internal carotid artery was trophic and thinwalled. In the second patient the onset of the disease must have taken place in childhood as a chronic otitis media. Also in this case the tumor was not diagnosed until it reached a considerable size. The primary localisation was the nervus petrosus superficialis major. In the third patient the neurinoma was located in the facial nerve between the two lobes of the parotid gland. In the fourth case a pedunculated neurinoma of the epipharynx was found. Symptomatology, treatment and differential diagnosis of the Schwannoma are discussed.", "contents": "[Schwannoma in otorhinolaryngology]. In this study 4 cases of Schwannoma are reported. The primary localisation of the tumor in the first case was thought to be near the foreamen lacerum with large areas of bone destruction in the base of the skull. Moreover the internal carotid artery was trophic and thinwalled. In the second patient the onset of the disease must have taken place in childhood as a chronic otitis media. Also in this case the tumor was not diagnosed until it reached a considerable size. The primary localisation was the nervus petrosus superficialis major. In the third patient the neurinoma was located in the facial nerve between the two lobes of the parotid gland. In the fourth case a pedunculated neurinoma of the epipharynx was found. Symptomatology, treatment and differential diagnosis of the Schwannoma are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128669", "title": "[The possibilities of a sub-standard miniature camera on an operating microscope and in endoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports on a simple method of photographic documentation when using a Minox camera on the operating microscope and for endoscopic examinations. The advantages pointed out are: no additional microscopic or endoscopic equipment is required, simple handling, possibility of clear and room-saving documentation.", "contents": "[The possibilities of a sub-standard miniature camera on an operating microscope and in endoscopy (author's transl)]. The article reports on a simple method of photographic documentation when using a Minox camera on the operating microscope and for endoscopic examinations. The advantages pointed out are: no additional microscopic or endoscopic equipment is required, simple handling, possibility of clear and room-saving documentation."}
{"id": "PMID:128670", "title": "[The objective frequency decrement test (OFDT): a new objective EEG-test for determination of the difference limen for frequencies (author's transl)].", "content": "Subjective methods measuring the difference limen for frequencies (DLF) take a lot of time and are not reliable. You can find this fact not only while testing normal subjects, but also while testing patients with hearing loss combined with tinnitus. Therefore this new objective DLF-test has been developed. Apart from the testing function for clinical purpose, the different results of other studies can also be controlled. After 1080 msec a pure tone is changed to a lower frequency for a period of 670 msec. Immediately after the tone is finished a picture is presented. As a control pure tones of unvarying pitch are offered. This stimulus sequence is repeated for several times. The expectancies to the change of pitch and to the picture produce a negative slow potential shift (Walter's CNV) in the EEG. The perception of frequency change yields to a late evoked potential and to a DC-shift; as a result of the optimum conditions of the expectancy-situation and the appropriate recording-technique only 5-10 sweeps must be summed up to obtain a potential, sometimes it even can be seen in the \"raw-EEG\". The test makes a differentiation between a just believed and a real perception possible. A sample of subjects with normal hearing and a subgroup (musicians) were selected for the standardization. Because of objectivity, reliability and economy the test can be used for clinical application.", "contents": "[The objective frequency decrement test (OFDT): a new objective EEG-test for determination of the difference limen for frequencies (author's transl)]. Subjective methods measuring the difference limen for frequencies (DLF) take a lot of time and are not reliable. You can find this fact not only while testing normal subjects, but also while testing patients with hearing loss combined with tinnitus. Therefore this new objective DLF-test has been developed. Apart from the testing function for clinical purpose, the different results of other studies can also be controlled. After 1080 msec a pure tone is changed to a lower frequency for a period of 670 msec. Immediately after the tone is finished a picture is presented. As a control pure tones of unvarying pitch are offered. This stimulus sequence is repeated for several times. The expectancies to the change of pitch and to the picture produce a negative slow potential shift (Walter's CNV) in the EEG. The perception of frequency change yields to a late evoked potential and to a DC-shift; as a result of the optimum conditions of the expectancy-situation and the appropriate recording-technique only 5-10 sweeps must be summed up to obtain a potential, sometimes it even can be seen in the \"raw-EEG\". The test makes a differentiation between a just believed and a real perception possible. A sample of subjects with normal hearing and a subgroup (musicians) were selected for the standardization. Because of objectivity, reliability and economy the test can be used for clinical application."}
{"id": "PMID:128672", "title": "[Otosclerosis like bone in osteogenesis imperfecta tarda].", "content": "Bone like in otosclerosis from a 34-years-old man, from 33 years and 22 years old women, suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta tarda, with hardness of hearing in both ears were removed with chisel from the lower border of the oval window. After that a stapedectomy was accomplished. The stapedial crura have been genetically interrupted or broken, the footplate attached to the oval window. The bone from the border of the oval window was prepared for the histological examination. The specimens were coloured with Hematoxylin-Eosin and corresponding to Gom\u00f6ri. In the bone similar cartilage osteoclasia and osteogenesis are rare. There are in the chondroosseous bone rooms filled with connective tissue. The diseased osseous labyrinth in osteo genesis imperfecta tarda must be regarded as a special morphogenetic formation of osteopsathyrosis.", "contents": "[Otosclerosis like bone in osteogenesis imperfecta tarda]. Bone like in otosclerosis from a 34-years-old man, from 33 years and 22 years old women, suffering from osteogenesis imperfecta tarda, with hardness of hearing in both ears were removed with chisel from the lower border of the oval window. After that a stapedectomy was accomplished. The stapedial crura have been genetically interrupted or broken, the footplate attached to the oval window. The bone from the border of the oval window was prepared for the histological examination. The specimens were coloured with Hematoxylin-Eosin and corresponding to Gom\u00f6ri. In the bone similar cartilage osteoclasia and osteogenesis are rare. There are in the chondroosseous bone rooms filled with connective tissue. The diseased osseous labyrinth in osteo genesis imperfecta tarda must be regarded as a special morphogenetic formation of osteopsathyrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:128673", "title": "[The rat as a suitable experimental animal in rhinology. Electronmicroscopic study of the nasal mucosa and its innervation].", "content": "The fine morphology and nerve supply of the nasal respiratory mucosa of six rats was investigated electron microscopically in osmium and permanganate fixed material. It was found that the subepithelial zone of the nasal lining contained a network of fenestrated capillaries which apparently was involved in the humidification mechanism of the inhaled air. The blood vessels that constituted the cavernous tissues were characterized by the porosity of their endothelial basement membranes and by their dual autonomic nerve supply. The nasal glands and the smooth muscle cells associated with the acini only received parasympathetic innervation. These and other characteristics of the rat's nose match those of man. Therefore, the rat should be a suitable animal for experimental rhinologic work.", "contents": "[The rat as a suitable experimental animal in rhinology. Electronmicroscopic study of the nasal mucosa and its innervation]. The fine morphology and nerve supply of the nasal respiratory mucosa of six rats was investigated electron microscopically in osmium and permanganate fixed material. It was found that the subepithelial zone of the nasal lining contained a network of fenestrated capillaries which apparently was involved in the humidification mechanism of the inhaled air. The blood vessels that constituted the cavernous tissues were characterized by the porosity of their endothelial basement membranes and by their dual autonomic nerve supply. The nasal glands and the smooth muscle cells associated with the acini only received parasympathetic innervation. These and other characteristics of the rat's nose match those of man. Therefore, the rat should be a suitable animal for experimental rhinologic work."}
{"id": "PMID:128674", "title": "[The surface of nasal polyps in the scanning electron microscope].", "content": "23 specimens with endonasal polyposis are examined scanning-electron-microscopically. There is a domination of kinocilia-free epithelium. The latter is bulging out in a dome-shaped manner, extensively loosened, showing transitional forms from cylindrical epithelium to more cube-like and finally squamous epithelium. The cylindrical epithelium is partly closely joined, showing ballon-like bulgings, cytoplasmatic protuberances, filled beaker cells with reduced or missing microvilly and partially granulating surface as well as emptying beaker cells with a thin microvilly edge. The covered surface shows partially normal lawn- and/or bundle-like, long and most parallel kinociliae, and short thin kinociliae in small bundles. All of them have a coordinated direction and a morphologically evident function-phase. In addition there is a network of kinociliae without function-phase and coordinated direction, which may or may not be covered by mucous, as well as damage and reproliferation of kinociliae. By reason of the morphological findings one can come to the conclusion that there is an extensive decrease in function of the mucociliar system in case of polyposis and as a consequence of this bacterial and viral infections might be favoured.", "contents": "[The surface of nasal polyps in the scanning electron microscope]. 23 specimens with endonasal polyposis are examined scanning-electron-microscopically. There is a domination of kinocilia-free epithelium. The latter is bulging out in a dome-shaped manner, extensively loosened, showing transitional forms from cylindrical epithelium to more cube-like and finally squamous epithelium. The cylindrical epithelium is partly closely joined, showing ballon-like bulgings, cytoplasmatic protuberances, filled beaker cells with reduced or missing microvilly and partially granulating surface as well as emptying beaker cells with a thin microvilly edge. The covered surface shows partially normal lawn- and/or bundle-like, long and most parallel kinociliae, and short thin kinociliae in small bundles. All of them have a coordinated direction and a morphologically evident function-phase. In addition there is a network of kinociliae without function-phase and coordinated direction, which may or may not be covered by mucous, as well as damage and reproliferation of kinociliae. By reason of the morphological findings one can come to the conclusion that there is an extensive decrease in function of the mucociliar system in case of polyposis and as a consequence of this bacterial and viral infections might be favoured."}
{"id": "PMID:128675", "title": "[The normal distribution of human parotid salivary proteins according to disc electrophoresis in alkaline and acidic gel systems].", "content": "Discelectrophoresis from 67 stimulated human parotid saliva samples was carried out in acidic and alkaline polyacrylamide gel-systems. Characteristical standard disc-electropherograms were obtained by means of quantitative densitometry and following statistical analysis. Application of standardized parotid discelectropherograms for diagnostics was discussed.", "contents": "[The normal distribution of human parotid salivary proteins according to disc electrophoresis in alkaline and acidic gel systems]. Discelectrophoresis from 67 stimulated human parotid saliva samples was carried out in acidic and alkaline polyacrylamide gel-systems. Characteristical standard disc-electropherograms were obtained by means of quantitative densitometry and following statistical analysis. Application of standardized parotid discelectropherograms for diagnostics was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128676", "title": "[Objective measurements of airway resistance in recurrent nerve paralysis and hypotonic dysphonia].", "content": "Respiratory obstructions of the glottis may be reliably diagnosed at any time with a body plethysmograph used in pulmonary function testing. While respiratory resistance at 27.1 mm H2O/l and sec was only slightly increased in 35 patients with unilateral recurrent nerve paralysis and not even perceived by most of them, considerably increased resistance was found in 65 patients with bilateral paralysis. Critical lifeendangering obstructions of the respiratory system were not observed. Intra- and extralaryngeal lateral fixations of the vocal cord were carried out in 29 subjects. We observed unrestricted breathing and alveolar ventilation with respiratory resistance of 25 to 44 mm H2O/l and sec even under physical strain. Additional optimal phoniatric results and speech function is present in this range. 14 patients operated according to the endolaryngeal method of Thornell 1948 showed the best functional results. In cases of unilateral recurrent paralysis and hypotonic dysphonia we were able to measure the glottic resistance during phonation by using the modified interruption technique. The values were clearly subnormal at a median of 65 to 79 mm H2O/l and sec. In 43 cases treated with teflon injections a 50% increase of the airway resistance during phonation was observed. These findings correlate with the positive subjective experiences of the patients.", "contents": "[Objective measurements of airway resistance in recurrent nerve paralysis and hypotonic dysphonia]. Respiratory obstructions of the glottis may be reliably diagnosed at any time with a body plethysmograph used in pulmonary function testing. While respiratory resistance at 27.1 mm H2O/l and sec was only slightly increased in 35 patients with unilateral recurrent nerve paralysis and not even perceived by most of them, considerably increased resistance was found in 65 patients with bilateral paralysis. Critical lifeendangering obstructions of the respiratory system were not observed. Intra- and extralaryngeal lateral fixations of the vocal cord were carried out in 29 subjects. We observed unrestricted breathing and alveolar ventilation with respiratory resistance of 25 to 44 mm H2O/l and sec even under physical strain. Additional optimal phoniatric results and speech function is present in this range. 14 patients operated according to the endolaryngeal method of Thornell 1948 showed the best functional results. In cases of unilateral recurrent paralysis and hypotonic dysphonia we were able to measure the glottic resistance during phonation by using the modified interruption technique. The values were clearly subnormal at a median of 65 to 79 mm H2O/l and sec. In 43 cases treated with teflon injections a 50% increase of the airway resistance during phonation was observed. These findings correlate with the positive subjective experiences of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:128677", "title": "[The Cogan syndrome].", "content": "Exactly 30 years ago D. C. Cogan reported 4 cases of \"nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis associated with vestibulo-auditory symptoms\". Report of 57 of these cases have come to our attention. They mostly concern relatively young people, although the age range is now 4-1/2 to 63 years. The etiology of Cogan's syndrome is unknown. It very frequently has been associated with some generalized vascular diseases. In our first case, a 13 year old boy, we found the symptoms of a serous meningitis with pathological signs in the EEG. No vascular changes were encountered. During 4 weeks the rapidly progressive hearing loss was accompanied by tinnitus and vertigo and an interstitial keratitis. The recession of vestibular symptoms is followed by the loss of function of the endorgans. The voice seemed high-pitched and monotonous. In our patient the eye condition improved, but the cochleo-vestibular disturbances did not. The second case, a 27 year old woman, could be observed over a period of 19 years. The ocular symptoms disappeared nearly completely after 1 year, but the cochleo-vestibular disturbances remained. The audition shows even after 19 years some fluctuations.", "contents": "[The Cogan syndrome]. Exactly 30 years ago D. C. Cogan reported 4 cases of \"nonsyphilitic interstitial keratitis associated with vestibulo-auditory symptoms\". Report of 57 of these cases have come to our attention. They mostly concern relatively young people, although the age range is now 4-1/2 to 63 years. The etiology of Cogan's syndrome is unknown. It very frequently has been associated with some generalized vascular diseases. In our first case, a 13 year old boy, we found the symptoms of a serous meningitis with pathological signs in the EEG. No vascular changes were encountered. During 4 weeks the rapidly progressive hearing loss was accompanied by tinnitus and vertigo and an interstitial keratitis. The recession of vestibular symptoms is followed by the loss of function of the endorgans. The voice seemed high-pitched and monotonous. In our patient the eye condition improved, but the cochleo-vestibular disturbances did not. The second case, a 27 year old woman, could be observed over a period of 19 years. The ocular symptoms disappeared nearly completely after 1 year, but the cochleo-vestibular disturbances remained. The audition shows even after 19 years some fluctuations."}
{"id": "PMID:128678", "title": "[Electrophysiological studies on the prognosis in idiopathic facial paralysis].", "content": "The literature on electrophysiological techniques used so far for the prognostication of idiopathic facial palsies contains reports on 31 patients with idiopathic facial palsy, in whom - after electric stimulation of the nervus facialis at the point where it exits from the foramen stylomastoideum - the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential of the M. orbicularis oris was measured. The extent of the SPA's decline was related to the progress of the disease. In those cases where the SPA declined by at least 75-100 per cent, the palsy regressed either in an unsatisfactory manner or not at all. However, where the decline amounted to at most 67 per cent a restitutio ad integrum took place or residual symptoms which do not disturb the patients were found. The prognosis can be made between the 5th and 10th day after the palsy has developed. If in cases of idiopathic palsy the diagnosis is made at an early date, this method is more reliable than any other technique.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological studies on the prognosis in idiopathic facial paralysis]. The literature on electrophysiological techniques used so far for the prognostication of idiopathic facial palsies contains reports on 31 patients with idiopathic facial palsy, in whom - after electric stimulation of the nervus facialis at the point where it exits from the foramen stylomastoideum - the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential of the M. orbicularis oris was measured. The extent of the SPA's decline was related to the progress of the disease. In those cases where the SPA declined by at least 75-100 per cent, the palsy regressed either in an unsatisfactory manner or not at all. However, where the decline amounted to at most 67 per cent a restitutio ad integrum took place or residual symptoms which do not disturb the patients were found. The prognosis can be made between the 5th and 10th day after the palsy has developed. If in cases of idiopathic palsy the diagnosis is made at an early date, this method is more reliable than any other technique."}
{"id": "PMID:128679", "title": "[Regional neck lymph nodes and primary tumors. 1. Neck lymph node metastases].", "content": "The metastasis are situated in the primary regional lymphnodes. Preoperative palpation of the neck gives unreliable results. The extent of the primary tumor has no correlation to the occurence of metastasis. When the tumor is localized in the supraglottic, transglottic or in the tongue base region the frequency of metastasis in lymph nodes is approximately equal; more than half of them have metastasis. When the tumor is localised in sinus piriformis or in the marginal region a still higher frequency of metastasis is found.", "contents": "[Regional neck lymph nodes and primary tumors. 1. Neck lymph node metastases]. The metastasis are situated in the primary regional lymphnodes. Preoperative palpation of the neck gives unreliable results. The extent of the primary tumor has no correlation to the occurence of metastasis. When the tumor is localized in the supraglottic, transglottic or in the tongue base region the frequency of metastasis in lymph nodes is approximately equal; more than half of them have metastasis. When the tumor is localised in sinus piriformis or in the marginal region a still higher frequency of metastasis is found."}
{"id": "PMID:128681", "title": "Mechanism of work-induced hypertrophy of skeletal muscle.", "content": "Skeletal muscle can undergo rapid growth in response to a sudden increase in work load. For example, the rat soleus muscle increases in weight by 40% within six days after the tendon of the synergistic gastrocnemius is sectioned. Such growth of the overworked muscle involves an enlargement of muscle fibers and occasional longitudinal splitting. Hypertrophy leads to greater maximal tension development, although decreased contraction time and reduced contractility have also been reported. Unlike normal developmental growth, work-induced hypertrophy can be induced in hypophysectomized or diabetic animals. This process thus appears independent of growth hormone and insulin as well as testosterone and thyroid hormones. Hypertrophy of the soleus can also be induced in fasting animals, in which there is a generalized muscle wasting. Thus muscular activity takes precedence over endocrine influences on muscle size. The increase in muscle weight reflects an increase in protein, especially sarcoplasmic protein, and results from greater protein synthesis and reduced protein breakdown. Within several hours after operation, the hypertrophying soleus shows more rapid uptake of certain amino acids and synthesis of phosphatidyl-inositol. By 8 hours, protein synthesis is enhanced. RNA synthesis also increases, and hypertrophy can be prevented with actinomycin D. Nuclear DNA synthesis also increases on the second day after operation and leads to a greater DNA content. The significance of the increased RNA and DNA synthesis is not clear, since most of it occurs in interstitial and satellite cells. The proliferation of the non-muscle cells seems linked to the growth of the muscle fibers; in addition, factors causing muscle atrophy (e.g. denervation) decrease DNA synthesis by such cells. In order to define more precisely the early events in hypertrophy, the effects of contractile activity were studied in rat muscles in vitro. Electrical stimulation enhanced active transport of certain amino acids within an hour, and the magnitude of this effect depended on the amount of contractile activity. Stimulation or passive stretch of the soleus or diaphragm also retarded protein degradation. Presumably these effects of mechanical activity contribute to the changes occuring during hypertrophy in vivo. However, under the same conditions, or even after more prolonged stimulation, no change in rates of protein synthesis was detected. These findings with passive tension in vitro are particularly interesting, since passive stretch has been reported to retard atrophy or to induce hypertrophy of denervated muscle in vivo. It is suggested that increased tension development (either passive or active) is the critical event in initiating compensatory growth.", "contents": "Mechanism of work-induced hypertrophy of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle can undergo rapid growth in response to a sudden increase in work load. For example, the rat soleus muscle increases in weight by 40% within six days after the tendon of the synergistic gastrocnemius is sectioned. Such growth of the overworked muscle involves an enlargement of muscle fibers and occasional longitudinal splitting. Hypertrophy leads to greater maximal tension development, although decreased contraction time and reduced contractility have also been reported. Unlike normal developmental growth, work-induced hypertrophy can be induced in hypophysectomized or diabetic animals. This process thus appears independent of growth hormone and insulin as well as testosterone and thyroid hormones. Hypertrophy of the soleus can also be induced in fasting animals, in which there is a generalized muscle wasting. Thus muscular activity takes precedence over endocrine influences on muscle size. The increase in muscle weight reflects an increase in protein, especially sarcoplasmic protein, and results from greater protein synthesis and reduced protein breakdown. Within several hours after operation, the hypertrophying soleus shows more rapid uptake of certain amino acids and synthesis of phosphatidyl-inositol. By 8 hours, protein synthesis is enhanced. RNA synthesis also increases, and hypertrophy can be prevented with actinomycin D. Nuclear DNA synthesis also increases on the second day after operation and leads to a greater DNA content. The significance of the increased RNA and DNA synthesis is not clear, since most of it occurs in interstitial and satellite cells. The proliferation of the non-muscle cells seems linked to the growth of the muscle fibers; in addition, factors causing muscle atrophy (e.g. denervation) decrease DNA synthesis by such cells. In order to define more precisely the early events in hypertrophy, the effects of contractile activity were studied in rat muscles in vitro. Electrical stimulation enhanced active transport of certain amino acids within an hour, and the magnitude of this effect depended on the amount of contractile activity. Stimulation or passive stretch of the soleus or diaphragm also retarded protein degradation. Presumably these effects of mechanical activity contribute to the changes occuring during hypertrophy in vivo. However, under the same conditions, or even after more prolonged stimulation, no change in rates of protein synthesis was detected. These findings with passive tension in vitro are particularly interesting, since passive stretch has been reported to retard atrophy or to induce hypertrophy of denervated muscle in vivo. It is suggested that increased tension development (either passive or active) is the critical event in initiating compensatory growth."}
{"id": "PMID:128688", "title": "Environmental dermatitis: chrome cripples.", "content": "The problem of the workman disabled by allergic contact dermatitis from chromium or chromate salts which are widely distributed throughout industry is discussed and illustrated by a few representative cases. The Workers' Compensation Act as constituted in South Australia and the prolonged legal arguments which may occur over the rights of the disabled workman adversely affect his rehabilitation.", "contents": "Environmental dermatitis: chrome cripples. The problem of the workman disabled by allergic contact dermatitis from chromium or chromate salts which are widely distributed throughout industry is discussed and illustrated by a few representative cases. The Workers' Compensation Act as constituted in South Australia and the prolonged legal arguments which may occur over the rights of the disabled workman adversely affect his rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:128689", "title": "Chloroplast genes in Chlamydomonas affecting organelle ribosomes. Genetic and biochemical analysis of analysis of antibiotic-resistant mutants at several gene loci.", "content": "Six chloroplast gene mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii resistant to spectinomycin, erythromycin, or streptomycin have been assessed for antibiotic resistance of their chloroplast ribosomes. Four of these mutations clearly confer high levels of antibiotic resistance on the chloroplast ribosomes both in vivo. Although one mutant resistant to streptomycin and one resistant to spectinomycin have chloroplast ribosomes as sensitive to antibiotics as those of wild type in vivo, these mutations can be shown to alter the wildtype sensitivity of chloroplast ribosomes in polynucleotide-directed amino acid incorporation in vitro. Genetic analysis of these six chloroplast mutants and three similar mutants (Sager, 1972), two of which have been shown to affect chloroplast ribosomes (Mets and Bogorad, 1972; Schlanger and Sager, 1974), indicates that in Chlamydomonas at least three chloroplast gene loci can affect streptomycin resistance of chloroplast ribosomes and that two can affect erythromycin resistance. The three spectinomycin-resistant mutants examined appear to be alleles at a single chloroplast gene locus, but may represent mutations at two different sites within the same gene. Unlike wild type, the streptomycin and spectinomycin resistant mutants which have chloroplast ribosomes sensitive to antibiotics in vivo, grow well in the presence of antibiotic by respiring exogenously supplied acetate as a carbon source, and have normal levels of cytochrome oxidase activity and cyanide-sensitive respiration. We conclude that mitochondrial protein synthesis in these mutants is resistant to these antibiotics, whereas in wild type it is sensitive. To explain the behavior of these two chloroplast gene mutants as well as other one-step mutants which are resistant both photosynthetically and when respiring acetate in the dark, we have postulated that a mutation in a single chloroplast gene may result in alteration of both chloroplast and mitochondrial ribosomes. Mitochondrial resistance would appear to be the minimal necessary condition for survival of all such mutants, and antibiotic-resistant chloroplast ribosomes would be necessary for survival only under photosynthetic conditions.", "contents": "Chloroplast genes in Chlamydomonas affecting organelle ribosomes. Genetic and biochemical analysis of analysis of antibiotic-resistant mutants at several gene loci. Six chloroplast gene mutants of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii resistant to spectinomycin, erythromycin, or streptomycin have been assessed for antibiotic resistance of their chloroplast ribosomes. Four of these mutations clearly confer high levels of antibiotic resistance on the chloroplast ribosomes both in vivo. Although one mutant resistant to streptomycin and one resistant to spectinomycin have chloroplast ribosomes as sensitive to antibiotics as those of wild type in vivo, these mutations can be shown to alter the wildtype sensitivity of chloroplast ribosomes in polynucleotide-directed amino acid incorporation in vitro. Genetic analysis of these six chloroplast mutants and three similar mutants (Sager, 1972), two of which have been shown to affect chloroplast ribosomes (Mets and Bogorad, 1972; Schlanger and Sager, 1974), indicates that in Chlamydomonas at least three chloroplast gene loci can affect streptomycin resistance of chloroplast ribosomes and that two can affect erythromycin resistance. The three spectinomycin-resistant mutants examined appear to be alleles at a single chloroplast gene locus, but may represent mutations at two different sites within the same gene. Unlike wild type, the streptomycin and spectinomycin resistant mutants which have chloroplast ribosomes sensitive to antibiotics in vivo, grow well in the presence of antibiotic by respiring exogenously supplied acetate as a carbon source, and have normal levels of cytochrome oxidase activity and cyanide-sensitive respiration. We conclude that mitochondrial protein synthesis in these mutants is resistant to these antibiotics, whereas in wild type it is sensitive. To explain the behavior of these two chloroplast gene mutants as well as other one-step mutants which are resistant both photosynthetically and when respiring acetate in the dark, we have postulated that a mutation in a single chloroplast gene may result in alteration of both chloroplast and mitochondrial ribosomes. Mitochondrial resistance would appear to be the minimal necessary condition for survival of all such mutants, and antibiotic-resistant chloroplast ribosomes would be necessary for survival only under photosynthetic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:128687", "title": "[Distribution of highly thermophilic, nonsporulating bacteria in the hot springs of Tadzhikistan].", "content": "Extreme-thermophilic non-sporeforming bacteria belonging to the Thermus genus are widely distributed in hot springs (40-90 degrees C) of Tadzhikistan. Their content was highest (1.8-10(4)--6.0-10(4) cells per gram of ooze) in springs with the temperature of water of 50-60 degrees C, and decreased (to 8.0-10(2)--4.0-10(3) cells per gram of ooze) in springs with the same temperature of water but with a low content of ooze. The number of the cells was even less (5.0-10(2)--4.0-10(3) per gram of ooze) in the surface layers of heated soil, especially at a depth of 2 cm. The lowest number of the cells (0.5-4.0 cells per 1 ml) was found in water at the surface of soil, with the temperature of 96, 93, and 65 degrees C.", "contents": "[Distribution of highly thermophilic, nonsporulating bacteria in the hot springs of Tadzhikistan]. Extreme-thermophilic non-sporeforming bacteria belonging to the Thermus genus are widely distributed in hot springs (40-90 degrees C) of Tadzhikistan. Their content was highest (1.8-10(4)--6.0-10(4) cells per gram of ooze) in springs with the temperature of water of 50-60 degrees C, and decreased (to 8.0-10(2)--4.0-10(3) cells per gram of ooze) in springs with the same temperature of water but with a low content of ooze. The number of the cells was even less (5.0-10(2)--4.0-10(3) per gram of ooze) in the surface layers of heated soil, especially at a depth of 2 cm. The lowest number of the cells (0.5-4.0 cells per 1 ml) was found in water at the surface of soil, with the temperature of 96, 93, and 65 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:128693", "title": "[Pyruvate kinase deficiency. I. Clinical and hematological observations (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical and hematological studies were performed on ten homozygous and seven heterozytous individuals with pyruvate kinase deficiency, aged between 2 and 71 years. Five of the homozygotes were splenectomized. With the exception of a decreased enzyme activity between 41 and 55 per cent and minor changes in their red cell metabolism the heterozygotes showed no abnormal results. In the homozygotes the following results could be demonstrated: 1. Pyruvate kinase activity was decreased to 11 to 35 per cent of normal enzyme activity. 2. There is no relation between the severity of hemolysis and the degree of the enzyme defect. 3. The reticulocyte counts correlated inversely with the hemoglobin concentrations. 4. There is a close correlation between the activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamate oxalacetate transaminase on the one side and reticulocyte counts on the other. 5. Adenosine triphosphate or adenosine reduced the increased autohemolysis in all cases. 6. Following splenectomy, anemia was less pronounced than before. Splenectomized patients did not need further transfusions, though hemolysis persisted.", "contents": "[Pyruvate kinase deficiency. I. Clinical and hematological observations (author's transl)]. Clinical and hematological studies were performed on ten homozygous and seven heterozytous individuals with pyruvate kinase deficiency, aged between 2 and 71 years. Five of the homozygotes were splenectomized. With the exception of a decreased enzyme activity between 41 and 55 per cent and minor changes in their red cell metabolism the heterozygotes showed no abnormal results. In the homozygotes the following results could be demonstrated: 1. Pyruvate kinase activity was decreased to 11 to 35 per cent of normal enzyme activity. 2. There is no relation between the severity of hemolysis and the degree of the enzyme defect. 3. The reticulocyte counts correlated inversely with the hemoglobin concentrations. 4. There is a close correlation between the activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glutamate oxalacetate transaminase on the one side and reticulocyte counts on the other. 5. Adenosine triphosphate or adenosine reduced the increased autohemolysis in all cases. 6. Following splenectomy, anemia was less pronounced than before. Splenectomized patients did not need further transfusions, though hemolysis persisted."}
{"id": "PMID:128694", "title": "[Experience in the care of a pregnant woman known to be carrying a mongoloid fetus (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report on a 43-year-old woman in whom a mongoloid fetus could be diagnosed at the 26th week of pregnancy, following amniocentesis in the 23rd week. The interruption of pregnancy at first desired was later refused by the patient for reasons of conscience and the pregnancy carried to term. The lessons and conclusions to be drawn from this case are discussed.", "contents": "[Experience in the care of a pregnant woman known to be carrying a mongoloid fetus (author's transl)]. This is a report on a 43-year-old woman in whom a mongoloid fetus could be diagnosed at the 26th week of pregnancy, following amniocentesis in the 23rd week. The interruption of pregnancy at first desired was later refused by the patient for reasons of conscience and the pregnancy carried to term. The lessons and conclusions to be drawn from this case are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128698", "title": "Clinical trial with clotrimazole cream (Bay b 5097) in dermatophytosis and onychomycosis.", "content": "Locally applied clotrimazole (Canesten) proved to be effective in the treatment of dermatophytosis. It was also effective but to a lesser degree in cases of onychomycosis mostly due to Candida albicans. The drug was well tolerated.", "contents": "Clinical trial with clotrimazole cream (Bay b 5097) in dermatophytosis and onychomycosis. Locally applied clotrimazole (Canesten) proved to be effective in the treatment of dermatophytosis. It was also effective but to a lesser degree in cases of onychomycosis mostly due to Candida albicans. The drug was well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:128705", "title": "[The role of active ion transport in the generation of the receptor potential of isolated frog muscle spindles].", "content": "Effects of lithium ions and ouabain on the receptor potential were studied in an isolated frog muscle spindle. Lithium ions and ouabain caused a reduction and rapid disappearance of the hyperpolarization phase of the receptor potential. The dynamic and static phases of the response were less reduced. The rate of rise of the receptor potential in the Ringer lithium solution decreased. There were no changes in the characteristic deviation of the response from the dynamic peak to the static level in the Ringer solution with ouabain and in the lithium Ringer solution. The results show that fast adaptation in the isolated frog muscle spindle is not due to the activity of an electrogenic sodium pump.", "contents": "[The role of active ion transport in the generation of the receptor potential of isolated frog muscle spindles]. Effects of lithium ions and ouabain on the receptor potential were studied in an isolated frog muscle spindle. Lithium ions and ouabain caused a reduction and rapid disappearance of the hyperpolarization phase of the receptor potential. The dynamic and static phases of the response were less reduced. The rate of rise of the receptor potential in the Ringer lithium solution decreased. There were no changes in the characteristic deviation of the response from the dynamic peak to the static level in the Ringer solution with ouabain and in the lithium Ringer solution. The results show that fast adaptation in the isolated frog muscle spindle is not due to the activity of an electrogenic sodium pump."}
{"id": "PMID:128706", "title": "Dissociated cultures of newborn mouse brain. I. Metabolism of sulfated lipids and mucopolysaccharides.", "content": "The metabolism of 35SO4-sulfated lipids and mucopolysaccharides was studied in dissociated brain cell cultures from newborn albino mouse brains. The cultures were maintained under an atmosphere of 40% O2 and 5% CO2 in apparent good health up to 30 days. Early morphological examination of the dissociated cells demonstrated an initial partial reaggregation of the cells, which later settled and became confluent bilayered cultures. Cell proliferation measured by DNA and protein determination, morphological differentiation and biochemical differentiation took place in the dissociated brain cell cultures analogous in some respects to the in vivo situation. A timed increase in the synthesis of a myelin precursor, cerebroside 35SO4, was observed after 6 to 8 days in culture (DIC). A peak of cerebroside sulfate was evident at 17 DIC. No stable sulfatide was observed at any time. Protein-bound macromolecular 35SO4-MPS was synthetized and secreted from the cells into the culture medium. Maximal synthesis and secretion occurred at 8 DIC. This culture system proves to be a useful model for studying some aspects of differentiation of brain cells under controlled external conditions.", "contents": "Dissociated cultures of newborn mouse brain. I. Metabolism of sulfated lipids and mucopolysaccharides. The metabolism of 35SO4-sulfated lipids and mucopolysaccharides was studied in dissociated brain cell cultures from newborn albino mouse brains. The cultures were maintained under an atmosphere of 40% O2 and 5% CO2 in apparent good health up to 30 days. Early morphological examination of the dissociated cells demonstrated an initial partial reaggregation of the cells, which later settled and became confluent bilayered cultures. Cell proliferation measured by DNA and protein determination, morphological differentiation and biochemical differentiation took place in the dissociated brain cell cultures analogous in some respects to the in vivo situation. A timed increase in the synthesis of a myelin precursor, cerebroside 35SO4, was observed after 6 to 8 days in culture (DIC). A peak of cerebroside sulfate was evident at 17 DIC. No stable sulfatide was observed at any time. Protein-bound macromolecular 35SO4-MPS was synthetized and secreted from the cells into the culture medium. Maximal synthesis and secretion occurred at 8 DIC. This culture system proves to be a useful model for studying some aspects of differentiation of brain cells under controlled external conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:128707", "title": "Huntington's disease: treatment with dipropylacetic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid.", "content": "Dipropylacetic acid (DPA), and anticonvulsant known to raise brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was administered orally to eight patients with Huntington's disease. Both alone and in combination with high oral doses of GAGA, DPA failed to ameliorate and motor signs of this disorder. At maximum dose levels, combined DPA and GABA treatment led to an apparent increase in the central turnover of both dopamine and serotonin, as estimated by the oral probenecid-loading test. These latter observations may indicate a close functional interrelation between monoaminergic and GABAnergic neural pathways in the central nervous system of man.", "contents": "Huntington's disease: treatment with dipropylacetic acid and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Dipropylacetic acid (DPA), and anticonvulsant known to raise brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), was administered orally to eight patients with Huntington's disease. Both alone and in combination with high oral doses of GAGA, DPA failed to ameliorate and motor signs of this disorder. At maximum dose levels, combined DPA and GABA treatment led to an apparent increase in the central turnover of both dopamine and serotonin, as estimated by the oral probenecid-loading test. These latter observations may indicate a close functional interrelation between monoaminergic and GABAnergic neural pathways in the central nervous system of man."}
{"id": "PMID:128708", "title": "Neuropathology of Huntington's chorea. Studies of the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus.", "content": "In seven cases of Huntington's chorea, the ventrolateral thalamus was studied by quantitative cytometry. A selective 50 percent atrophy of microneurons (internuncial cells) was found while the macroneurons did not show significant atrophy. Thalamic microneurons might be presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibitory cells. Their specific atrophy in Huntington's chorea thus could be related to the known decrease of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in Huntington's chorea.", "contents": "Neuropathology of Huntington's chorea. Studies of the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus. In seven cases of Huntington's chorea, the ventrolateral thalamus was studied by quantitative cytometry. A selective 50 percent atrophy of microneurons (internuncial cells) was found while the macroneurons did not show significant atrophy. Thalamic microneurons might be presynaptic and postsynaptic inhibitory cells. Their specific atrophy in Huntington's chorea thus could be related to the known decrease of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in Huntington's chorea."}
{"id": "PMID:128710", "title": "[2 cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis or Lyell's syndrome].", "content": "Two cases of Lyell's syndrome (toxic necrolysis of the epidermis) are reported on account of their rarity. The differential diagnosis of this form and its aetiopathogenesis and treatment are described.", "contents": "[2 cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis or Lyell's syndrome]. Two cases of Lyell's syndrome (toxic necrolysis of the epidermis) are reported on account of their rarity. The differential diagnosis of this form and its aetiopathogenesis and treatment are described."}
{"id": "PMID:128713", "title": "Survey of HBag hepatitis infection in a semi-closed community.", "content": "The presentation of one individual with HBAg-positive hepatitis in a semi-closed community led to the testing of 262 intellectually-handicapped persons and staff-members and to the detection of 12 others who were HBAg-positive. Only the presenting case and one other became unwell with hepatitis. Three other HBAg-positive individuals became negative within three months, none showing clinical or biochemical evidence of hepatitis. The remaining eight persons were still HBAg-positive six months later. Four of these had biochemical abnormalities suggesting they had suffered anicteric hepatitis while the remainder, three of whom had Down's syndrome, had no such changes and are therefore considered to be carriers of the infective agent.", "contents": "Survey of HBag hepatitis infection in a semi-closed community. The presentation of one individual with HBAg-positive hepatitis in a semi-closed community led to the testing of 262 intellectually-handicapped persons and staff-members and to the detection of 12 others who were HBAg-positive. Only the presenting case and one other became unwell with hepatitis. Three other HBAg-positive individuals became negative within three months, none showing clinical or biochemical evidence of hepatitis. The remaining eight persons were still HBAg-positive six months later. Four of these had biochemical abnormalities suggesting they had suffered anicteric hepatitis while the remainder, three of whom had Down's syndrome, had no such changes and are therefore considered to be carriers of the infective agent."}
{"id": "PMID:128716", "title": "Gastric perforation during pelvic laparoscopy.", "content": "Gastric perforation is one of the recognized hazards of pelvic laparoscopy. Two such instances of perforation are presented and the role of gastric distention in causing this complication is examined. This article also reviews the literature and outlines the measures which can be taken to prevent and treat this complication.", "contents": "Gastric perforation during pelvic laparoscopy. Gastric perforation is one of the recognized hazards of pelvic laparoscopy. Two such instances of perforation are presented and the role of gastric distention in causing this complication is examined. This article also reviews the literature and outlines the measures which can be taken to prevent and treat this complication."}
{"id": "PMID:128726", "title": "Inhibition by 2,4-dinitrophenol of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene carcinogenesis in the hamster cheek pouch.", "content": "After topical treatment of cheek pouches of 10 hamsters with 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene and 2,4-dinitrophenol for 10 weeks no carcinomas developed in any of the animals. After treatment of 10 animals with the carcinogen only, there were 49 carcinomas in the 8 survivors. Inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis by dinitrophenol was tentatively attributed to suppression of ATP synthesis and to activation of ATPase by dinitrophenol.", "contents": "Inhibition by 2,4-dinitrophenol of 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene carcinogenesis in the hamster cheek pouch. After topical treatment of cheek pouches of 10 hamsters with 9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene and 2,4-dinitrophenol for 10 weeks no carcinomas developed in any of the animals. After treatment of 10 animals with the carcinogen only, there were 49 carcinomas in the 8 survivors. Inhibition of chemical carcinogenesis by dinitrophenol was tentatively attributed to suppression of ATP synthesis and to activation of ATPase by dinitrophenol."}
{"id": "PMID:128729", "title": "[Specificity and mechanism of action of the granulocyte chalon and its role in the regulatory system of granulopoiesis].", "content": "An inhibitor of granulopoiesis is described which, on the basis of its cellular origin and its specificity of action, can be identified as the granulocytic chalone. A control system is discussed which is based on the interplay of leukocytosis inducing factors, colony stimulating factors and the granulocytic chalone. The granulocytic chalone inhibits all immature myeloid cells of the bone marrow by interacting with specific receptor sites on the cell membrane.", "contents": "[Specificity and mechanism of action of the granulocyte chalon and its role in the regulatory system of granulopoiesis]. An inhibitor of granulopoiesis is described which, on the basis of its cellular origin and its specificity of action, can be identified as the granulocytic chalone. A control system is discussed which is based on the interplay of leukocytosis inducing factors, colony stimulating factors and the granulocytic chalone. The granulocytic chalone inhibits all immature myeloid cells of the bone marrow by interacting with specific receptor sites on the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:128730", "title": "Determination and characterization of ciliary ATPase in the presence of serum from cystic fibrosis patients.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (1) to identify and characterize the enzymatic ATP hydrolysis system of epithelial cilia, and (2) to develop a quantitative, biochemical test for the ciliotoxic cystic fibrosis (CF) factor based on inhibition of ATP utilization by ciliary preparations. Our rationale for selecting this system for CF factor analysis relates to the tight and essential mechanochemical coupling of functioning cilia. Using rabbit tracheal epithelium as the source, a high molecular weight (greater than 200,000) ATPase was identified, partially purified, and extensively characterized. The properties of this protein were similar to those observed in previous studies of others with flagellar and ciliary dynein (the motility-associated ATPase) isolated from microorganisms. Analysis of the pH profile revealed a broad range of high enzymatic activity between 6.5 and 9. Studies with potential cation activators showed that the enzyme is activated equally by either Ca2+ or Mg2+ in equimolar concentrations. No activation occurred in the presence of Zn2+, Na+, H+, or Na+ plus K+ and the effect of Mg2+ or Ca2+ was not inhibited by Na+, K+, or Na+ plus K+. The enzyme hydrolyzed Mg2+-containing solutions of UTP, CTP, and ADP at 51-54% the rate of ATP dephosphorylation, whereas Mg-deoxy-ATP was hydrolyzed 79% as effectively as ATP. Using a newly devised, analytical technique with [gamma-32P]ATP as the substrate, the ATP hydrolysis of various ciliary preparations from rabbit trachea and oyster gill (including motile suspensions) was monitored in the presence of sera from CF homo- and heterozygotes. Reproducible rates of ATP dephosphorylation averaging 27 nmol/min/mg protein were demonstrable with homogenates of ciliated epithelium. None of the test systems evaluated, however, were capable of demonstrating CF-related differences in ATPase activity or ATP utilization. Although these attemps have been unsuccessful thus far, the approach described in this report provides an example of an objective, quantitative, biochemical assessment of ciliary function.", "contents": "Determination and characterization of ciliary ATPase in the presence of serum from cystic fibrosis patients. The purpose of this investigation was twofold: (1) to identify and characterize the enzymatic ATP hydrolysis system of epithelial cilia, and (2) to develop a quantitative, biochemical test for the ciliotoxic cystic fibrosis (CF) factor based on inhibition of ATP utilization by ciliary preparations. Our rationale for selecting this system for CF factor analysis relates to the tight and essential mechanochemical coupling of functioning cilia. Using rabbit tracheal epithelium as the source, a high molecular weight (greater than 200,000) ATPase was identified, partially purified, and extensively characterized. The properties of this protein were similar to those observed in previous studies of others with flagellar and ciliary dynein (the motility-associated ATPase) isolated from microorganisms. Analysis of the pH profile revealed a broad range of high enzymatic activity between 6.5 and 9. Studies with potential cation activators showed that the enzyme is activated equally by either Ca2+ or Mg2+ in equimolar concentrations. No activation occurred in the presence of Zn2+, Na+, H+, or Na+ plus K+ and the effect of Mg2+ or Ca2+ was not inhibited by Na+, K+, or Na+ plus K+. The enzyme hydrolyzed Mg2+-containing solutions of UTP, CTP, and ADP at 51-54% the rate of ATP dephosphorylation, whereas Mg-deoxy-ATP was hydrolyzed 79% as effectively as ATP. Using a newly devised, analytical technique with [gamma-32P]ATP as the substrate, the ATP hydrolysis of various ciliary preparations from rabbit trachea and oyster gill (including motile suspensions) was monitored in the presence of sera from CF homo- and heterozygotes. Reproducible rates of ATP dephosphorylation averaging 27 nmol/min/mg protein were demonstrable with homogenates of ciliated epithelium. None of the test systems evaluated, however, were capable of demonstrating CF-related differences in ATPase activity or ATP utilization. Although these attemps have been unsuccessful thus far, the approach described in this report provides an example of an objective, quantitative, biochemical assessment of ciliary function."}
{"id": "PMID:128732", "title": "Diet and growth in congenital heart disease.", "content": "To assess the relationship between diet and growth in congenital heart disease we studied nutrient intake, body measurements, and cardiac status in 568 affected ambulatory patients less than 11 years of age. Most had mild heart disease, 104 were cyanotic, and only 10 were in congestive heart failure. Major disturbances of growth were uncommon. For the entire group body weight was below normal but only in those studied before 2 years of age; rate of growth and weight gain were normal over the period preceding the dietary study. There was no statistically significant relationship between intake of calories, protein, or other nutrients and growth or gain, analyzing the entire group, or analyzing patients subgrouped according to age,  severity of heart disease, or severity of growth retardation. Body size and growth were diminished in cyanosed compared with noncyanosed children but cardiac status had no effect on nutrient intake. We conclude that in children with growth failure associated with congenital heart disease, nutrient intake is not an important factor limiting their growth.", "contents": "Diet and growth in congenital heart disease. To assess the relationship between diet and growth in congenital heart disease we studied nutrient intake, body measurements, and cardiac status in 568 affected ambulatory patients less than 11 years of age. Most had mild heart disease, 104 were cyanotic, and only 10 were in congestive heart failure. Major disturbances of growth were uncommon. For the entire group body weight was below normal but only in those studied before 2 years of age; rate of growth and weight gain were normal over the period preceding the dietary study. There was no statistically significant relationship between intake of calories, protein, or other nutrients and growth or gain, analyzing the entire group, or analyzing patients subgrouped according to age,  severity of heart disease, or severity of growth retardation. Body size and growth were diminished in cyanosed compared with noncyanosed children but cardiac status had no effect on nutrient intake. We conclude that in children with growth failure associated with congenital heart disease, nutrient intake is not an important factor limiting their growth."}
{"id": "PMID:128733", "title": "Influence of intermittent long-term stimulation on contractile, histochemical and metabolic properties of fibre populations in fast and slow rabbit muscles.", "content": "Slow (m.soleus) and fast (m.tibialis anterior) muscles of the rabbit were subjected to indirect long-term intermittent stimulation (3 weeks, 8 hrs daily) with a frequency pattern of 10 imp/sec. Whereas no changes were observed in case of the slow muscle, stimulation induced profound changes in the fast tibialis anterior muscle. These consisted in a rearrangement of the enzyme activity pattern of energy-supplying metabolism, e.g. decrease in glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzyme activities and severalfold increase in key enzymes of aerobic endoxidation of substrates in beta-oxidation and the citric acid cycle. Concomitant with the increase in aerobic oxidative capacity, there was an increased resistance to fatigue. Histochemical studies revealed a strong increase in mitochondria of all fibres. The bimodal distribution of fibre cross-sectional area in the normal tibialis anterior muscle was changed by stimulation into a more homogeneous population of fibres with a smaller cross-sectional area. Despite a 50% increase in time to peak of isometric twitch contraction no changes were observed in the fibre population with regard to myofibrillar ATPase reaction in quantitative evaluation of whole cross-sections of the muscles. The percentage of fibres histochemically classified as slow amounted to 2.8% and 3.1% in control and stimulated tibialis anterior muscle. Nevertheless the data suggest a transformation of the fibre population under the influence of long-term intermittent stimulation.", "contents": "Influence of intermittent long-term stimulation on contractile, histochemical and metabolic properties of fibre populations in fast and slow rabbit muscles. Slow (m.soleus) and fast (m.tibialis anterior) muscles of the rabbit were subjected to indirect long-term intermittent stimulation (3 weeks, 8 hrs daily) with a frequency pattern of 10 imp/sec. Whereas no changes were observed in case of the slow muscle, stimulation induced profound changes in the fast tibialis anterior muscle. These consisted in a rearrangement of the enzyme activity pattern of energy-supplying metabolism, e.g. decrease in glycogenolytic and glycolytic enzyme activities and severalfold increase in key enzymes of aerobic endoxidation of substrates in beta-oxidation and the citric acid cycle. Concomitant with the increase in aerobic oxidative capacity, there was an increased resistance to fatigue. Histochemical studies revealed a strong increase in mitochondria of all fibres. The bimodal distribution of fibre cross-sectional area in the normal tibialis anterior muscle was changed by stimulation into a more homogeneous population of fibres with a smaller cross-sectional area. Despite a 50% increase in time to peak of isometric twitch contraction no changes were observed in the fibre population with regard to myofibrillar ATPase reaction in quantitative evaluation of whole cross-sections of the muscles. The percentage of fibres histochemically classified as slow amounted to 2.8% and 3.1% in control and stimulated tibialis anterior muscle. Nevertheless the data suggest a transformation of the fibre population under the influence of long-term intermittent stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:128734", "title": "[Hemoglobin J. Broussais alpha-2 90 Lys leads to Asn beta-2A (FG2) discovered in a Martinique family. Comparison of several analytical technics].", "content": "We report a new case of hemoglobin J. Broussais, present in its heterozygote form in a seven year old child from Martinque. The structural characteristics of this abnormal hemoglobin have been compared by three methods: 1. By analytical and preparative finger-printing on silica gel thin layer plates after tryptic digestion. 2. By a programmed separation of tryptic peptides on various ion exchange resins. 3. And by automatic sequencing of the peptides obtained following CNBr cleavage and separation by gel filtration chromatography. The functional behaviour of this hemoglobin was not modified by the substitution of an Asn for a Lys residue at position 90, although its presence induced slight hematological disorders in the patient. Abnormal hemoglobins which have been identified in Martinique and Guadeloupe are reviewed.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin J. Broussais alpha-2 90 Lys leads to Asn beta-2A (FG2) discovered in a Martinique family. Comparison of several analytical technics]. We report a new case of hemoglobin J. Broussais, present in its heterozygote form in a seven year old child from Martinque. The structural characteristics of this abnormal hemoglobin have been compared by three methods: 1. By analytical and preparative finger-printing on silica gel thin layer plates after tryptic digestion. 2. By a programmed separation of tryptic peptides on various ion exchange resins. 3. And by automatic sequencing of the peptides obtained following CNBr cleavage and separation by gel filtration chromatography. The functional behaviour of this hemoglobin was not modified by the substitution of an Asn for a Lys residue at position 90, although its presence induced slight hematological disorders in the patient. Abnormal hemoglobins which have been identified in Martinique and Guadeloupe are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:128735", "title": "[Hemoglobin C -- beta-thalassemia disease and homozygous beta-thalassemia in a black African family (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of a Malian family has allowed to prove existence of two types of beta-thalassemia genes: the beta0 gene which suppresses the synthesis of the beta chain into cis position and the beta+ gene which slows down only partially this synthesis. The difference between this two genes has been possible owing to the hemoglobin C found in this family and induced by the betaC mutated gene. The segregation of the four genes betaA, betaC, beta0 thal, and beta+ thal. has allowed to compare all the possible phenotypes deriving from the combinations by two of these allelic genes.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin C -- beta-thalassemia disease and homozygous beta-thalassemia in a black African family (author's transl)]. The study of a Malian family has allowed to prove existence of two types of beta-thalassemia genes: the beta0 gene which suppresses the synthesis of the beta chain into cis position and the beta+ gene which slows down only partially this synthesis. The difference between this two genes has been possible owing to the hemoglobin C found in this family and induced by the betaC mutated gene. The segregation of the four genes betaA, betaC, beta0 thal, and beta+ thal. has allowed to compare all the possible phenotypes deriving from the combinations by two of these allelic genes."}
{"id": "PMID:128736", "title": "[Medullary microcirculation in human primary and secondary myeloscloroses].", "content": "There are histological and experimental evidence for bone marrow microcirculation to play a role in histogenesis of myelosclerosis. Human sternal bone marrow microcirculation was studied after death using ink injection in two cases of primary myelofibrosis, two cases of secondary meylofibrosis (Hodgkin's disease) an one case of osteomyelosclerosis. Control material consisted of 30 previously studied normal human sternums. In all cases interadipocytic sinusoidal network has completely disappeared. Medullary vascularization is anarchic with a vascular and hypervascular areas. The significance of these modifications is discussed.", "contents": "[Medullary microcirculation in human primary and secondary myeloscloroses]. There are histological and experimental evidence for bone marrow microcirculation to play a role in histogenesis of myelosclerosis. Human sternal bone marrow microcirculation was studied after death using ink injection in two cases of primary myelofibrosis, two cases of secondary meylofibrosis (Hodgkin's disease) an one case of osteomyelosclerosis. Control material consisted of 30 previously studied normal human sternums. In all cases interadipocytic sinusoidal network has completely disappeared. Medullary vascularization is anarchic with a vascular and hypervascular areas. The significance of these modifications is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128737", "title": "[Study of colony forming cells and aggregates (CFCA) in vitro in blood and bone marrow of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: simplified bovine serum albumin gradient centrifugation].", "content": "In untreated CML patients (at diagnosis or in relapse) we find about the same number of CFC per 1.10(6) nucleated cells in the blood and bone marrow (sometimes, slightly greater in the blood than in the marrow). Application of density-cut separation shows normal number of CFC in the low density fraction (Ldf-CFC) of bone marrow cells from patients in remission. In 7 untreated patients (at diagnosis or in relapse), we have always found a greater number of Ldf-CFC in the blood than in the marrow, when the study is performed on the same day and in the same technical conditions. This difference is observed even if the leukocytes count is elevated and thence, the contamination of bone marrow cells by blood cells is presumably important. The percentage of peripheral blood Ldf-CFC seems to be positively correlated with the number of peripheral blood leukocytes. The highest percentage of Ldf-CFC (greater than 60%) have been found in 5 patients in relapse. Two of these have entered into the blastic phase of CML and the three others relapse repeatedly in the chronic form of the disease.", "contents": "[Study of colony forming cells and aggregates (CFCA) in vitro in blood and bone marrow of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia: simplified bovine serum albumin gradient centrifugation]. In untreated CML patients (at diagnosis or in relapse) we find about the same number of CFC per 1.10(6) nucleated cells in the blood and bone marrow (sometimes, slightly greater in the blood than in the marrow). Application of density-cut separation shows normal number of CFC in the low density fraction (Ldf-CFC) of bone marrow cells from patients in remission. In 7 untreated patients (at diagnosis or in relapse), we have always found a greater number of Ldf-CFC in the blood than in the marrow, when the study is performed on the same day and in the same technical conditions. This difference is observed even if the leukocytes count is elevated and thence, the contamination of bone marrow cells by blood cells is presumably important. The percentage of peripheral blood Ldf-CFC seems to be positively correlated with the number of peripheral blood leukocytes. The highest percentage of Ldf-CFC (greater than 60%) have been found in 5 patients in relapse. Two of these have entered into the blastic phase of CML and the three others relapse repeatedly in the chronic form of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:128738", "title": "[Approaches to the immunological problems of leukocyte transfusions].", "content": "51 leukocyte transfusions from healthy donors and 3 from chronic myelogenous leukemia were given to 16 patients with acute leukemia and 4 with aplasia. During 14 transfusions we have observed clinicals reactions which are of immunological origin. The part of the transfusions and of the pregnancies in the presence of antibodies is argued. The necessity of utilisation of HL-A compatible donors during leukocyte transfusions is asserted.", "contents": "[Approaches to the immunological problems of leukocyte transfusions]. 51 leukocyte transfusions from healthy donors and 3 from chronic myelogenous leukemia were given to 16 patients with acute leukemia and 4 with aplasia. During 14 transfusions we have observed clinicals reactions which are of immunological origin. The part of the transfusions and of the pregnancies in the presence of antibodies is argued. The necessity of utilisation of HL-A compatible donors during leukocyte transfusions is asserted."}
{"id": "PMID:128744", "title": "The role of 5-HT in the mechanism of amphetamine action.", "content": "AM stereotypy-inducing action was potentiated in rats in proportion to the previously administered doses of pCPA (3 X 100, 3 X 150 or 3 X 200 mg/kg); however, the dose of 3 X 300 mg/kg pCPA brought about the decrease in stereotypy. Reserpinized rats exhibited also increased AM stereotypy but of shorter duration. AM hyperactivity in mice was potentiated also by the pretreatment with pCPA but this action occurred within a further phase of observation (30 min after the injection). It seems then that 5-HT may be a factor suppressing the stimulating action of AM.", "contents": "The role of 5-HT in the mechanism of amphetamine action. AM stereotypy-inducing action was potentiated in rats in proportion to the previously administered doses of pCPA (3 X 100, 3 X 150 or 3 X 200 mg/kg); however, the dose of 3 X 300 mg/kg pCPA brought about the decrease in stereotypy. Reserpinized rats exhibited also increased AM stereotypy but of shorter duration. AM hyperactivity in mice was potentiated also by the pretreatment with pCPA but this action occurred within a further phase of observation (30 min after the injection). It seems then that 5-HT may be a factor suppressing the stimulating action of AM."}
{"id": "PMID:128745", "title": "Serotonin content in the central nervous system of rats and cholinergic tremor.", "content": "Oxotremorine did not alter the level of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in different brain regions. The content of 5-HT in the striatum was diminished by electrolytic lesions of the raphe system, by microinjection of the selective depletor 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine into the raphe system and inhibition of synthesis by pCPA or pCAM. The intensity of oxotremorine-induced tremor was reduced only in some experimental groups without clear-cut correlation to the decreased 5-HT levels. In pCPA-pretreated animals resoring of 5-HT concentration by intrastriatal microinjection of 5-HT and ip administration of 5-HT did not reestablish tremor intensity. There is no evidence that cholinergic tremor is triggered indirectly and depends upon an intact 5-HT system.", "contents": "Serotonin content in the central nervous system of rats and cholinergic tremor. Oxotremorine did not alter the level of 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in different brain regions. The content of 5-HT in the striatum was diminished by electrolytic lesions of the raphe system, by microinjection of the selective depletor 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine into the raphe system and inhibition of synthesis by pCPA or pCAM. The intensity of oxotremorine-induced tremor was reduced only in some experimental groups without clear-cut correlation to the decreased 5-HT levels. In pCPA-pretreated animals resoring of 5-HT concentration by intrastriatal microinjection of 5-HT and ip administration of 5-HT did not reestablish tremor intensity. There is no evidence that cholinergic tremor is triggered indirectly and depends upon an intact 5-HT system."}
{"id": "PMID:128741", "title": "[Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Study of lymphocyte transformation stimulated by phytohemaglutinin (PHA)].", "content": "The reactivity to PHA stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from a child with a Chediak-Higashi syndrome was studied. Lymphocyte transformation was assayed by tritiated-thymidine incorporation. Patient lymphocytes reacted to much lower concentrations of PHA than normal controls. With an optimal dose of PHA the peak of thymidine uptake occurred on day 2 of incubation instead of day 4 as observed in normals.", "contents": "[Chediak-Higashi syndrome. Study of lymphocyte transformation stimulated by phytohemaglutinin (PHA)]. The reactivity to PHA stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes from a child with a Chediak-Higashi syndrome was studied. Lymphocyte transformation was assayed by tritiated-thymidine incorporation. Patient lymphocytes reacted to much lower concentrations of PHA than normal controls. With an optimal dose of PHA the peak of thymidine uptake occurred on day 2 of incubation instead of day 4 as observed in normals."}
{"id": "PMID:128746", "title": "Interspecies aggressiveness of rats towards mice after the application of p-chlorophenylalanine.", "content": "The administration of pCPA (400 mg/kg) induces in 30% of Wistar rats the potentiation of interspecies aggressiveness and develops in them the instinct to kill mice. It can be supposed that 5-HT system inhibits aggressive behaviour in this type of aggressiveness. Applying mouse killing test it has been stated that cholinergic receptor blockers (atropine, scopolamine) suppress the predatory instinct towards mice in killer rats and the pilocarpine, the cholinomimetic, develops such instinct in rats which previously did not kill mice. The results of the mouse killing test indicate that cholinergic system affects this type of aggressiveness in rats. For the time being, it is difficult to state the correlation between 5-HT and cholinergic system in this type of aggressive behaviour in rats.", "contents": "Interspecies aggressiveness of rats towards mice after the application of p-chlorophenylalanine. The administration of pCPA (400 mg/kg) induces in 30% of Wistar rats the potentiation of interspecies aggressiveness and develops in them the instinct to kill mice. It can be supposed that 5-HT system inhibits aggressive behaviour in this type of aggressiveness. Applying mouse killing test it has been stated that cholinergic receptor blockers (atropine, scopolamine) suppress the predatory instinct towards mice in killer rats and the pilocarpine, the cholinomimetic, develops such instinct in rats which previously did not kill mice. The results of the mouse killing test indicate that cholinergic system affects this type of aggressiveness in rats. For the time being, it is difficult to state the correlation between 5-HT and cholinergic system in this type of aggressive behaviour in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:128749", "title": "The role af amines in sexual activity of rats deprived of pineal gland.", "content": "The studies were performed on rat's males 4--5 months of age in which pineal glands had been destroyed by electrocaogulation when they were 20--25 days old. These males, submitted to the action of both pCPA and DOPA had stronger reaction to these compounds than the shame operated animals. The administration of pCPA together with COPA was followed by the occurence of very high sexual activity which was accompanied by the decrease in the levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA and the increase in DA level. DOPA together with Ro-4-4602 did not stimulate sexual behaviour although repeated administration resulted in the increase in DA level and the simulatneous decrease in 5-HT content. In these males, the observed increase in locomotor activity might be responsible for the reduced interest in females accompanying them. It seems that all the three amines play some role in sexual activity since the administration of compounds blocking respective receptors (pimozide-dopamine r., phentolamine-alpha-noradrenergic r., LSD 5-HT system antagonist) to males pretreated with DOPA and showing high sexual activity inhibited sexual activity.", "contents": "The role af amines in sexual activity of rats deprived of pineal gland. The studies were performed on rat's males 4--5 months of age in which pineal glands had been destroyed by electrocaogulation when they were 20--25 days old. These males, submitted to the action of both pCPA and DOPA had stronger reaction to these compounds than the shame operated animals. The administration of pCPA together with COPA was followed by the occurence of very high sexual activity which was accompanied by the decrease in the levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA and the increase in DA level. DOPA together with Ro-4-4602 did not stimulate sexual behaviour although repeated administration resulted in the increase in DA level and the simulatneous decrease in 5-HT content. In these males, the observed increase in locomotor activity might be responsible for the reduced interest in females accompanying them. It seems that all the three amines play some role in sexual activity since the administration of compounds blocking respective receptors (pimozide-dopamine r., phentolamine-alpha-noradrenergic r., LSD 5-HT system antagonist) to males pretreated with DOPA and showing high sexual activity inhibited sexual activity."}
{"id": "PMID:128755", "title": "Free energy levels and entropy production associated with biochemical kinetic diagrams.", "content": "\"Basic\" and \"gross\" free energy levels are defined for the discrete states of a macromolecular biochemical kinetic system such as a free energy transducing enzyme (e.g., myosin or Na,K-ATPase). Basic free energy level differences are related to the first-order rate constants for transitions between states while gross free energy differences, along with the corresponding fluxes, determine the rate of entropy production in the system. In muscle contraction the analysis is complicated by the possibility of the system doing external mechanical work. The question of the sign of the flux or of the gross free energy level change in a given transition is examined for both single-cycle and multi-cycle models. More definite statements can be made in single-cycle cases. Some numerical examples are included. The more complicated cases are reserved for a subsequent paper.", "contents": "Free energy levels and entropy production associated with biochemical kinetic diagrams. \"Basic\" and \"gross\" free energy levels are defined for the discrete states of a macromolecular biochemical kinetic system such as a free energy transducing enzyme (e.g., myosin or Na,K-ATPase). Basic free energy level differences are related to the first-order rate constants for transitions between states while gross free energy differences, along with the corresponding fluxes, determine the rate of entropy production in the system. In muscle contraction the analysis is complicated by the possibility of the system doing external mechanical work. The question of the sign of the flux or of the gross free energy level change in a given transition is examined for both single-cycle and multi-cycle models. More definite statements can be made in single-cycle cases. Some numerical examples are included. The more complicated cases are reserved for a subsequent paper."}
{"id": "PMID:128756", "title": "Free energy levels and entropy production in muscle contraction and in related solution systems.", "content": "\"Basic\" and \"gross\" free energy levels of a macromolecule such as myosin or Na,K-ATPase, defined in a previous publication, are discussed here for two relatively complicated cases: a six-state kinetic diagram of the sort that could be used to describe the actin activation of myosin-ATPase in solution; and muscle contraction, where a similar kinetic diagram is needed for each value of a positional variable X.", "contents": "Free energy levels and entropy production in muscle contraction and in related solution systems. \"Basic\" and \"gross\" free energy levels of a macromolecule such as myosin or Na,K-ATPase, defined in a previous publication, are discussed here for two relatively complicated cases: a six-state kinetic diagram of the sort that could be used to describe the actin activation of myosin-ATPase in solution; and muscle contraction, where a similar kinetic diagram is needed for each value of a positional variable X."}
{"id": "PMID:128759", "title": "Actomyosin isolated from bovine tracheal smooth muscle.", "content": "A contractile protein (actomyosin) was isolated from bovine tracheal smooth muscle by the use of \"classical\" procedures. The protein was considered to be actomyosin because it demonstrated: ATPase activity; superprecipitation upon the addition of ATP, and the solubility and extraction characteristics of actomyosin. The ATPase and superprecipitation reactions were not inhibited by EGTA, and did not require calcium. Lack of an effect of either calcium or EGTA could not be reversed by the addition of active bovine skeletal muscle troponin and tropomyosin. No troponin-tropomyosin like activities could be demonstrated in various tracheal muscle fractions.", "contents": "Actomyosin isolated from bovine tracheal smooth muscle. A contractile protein (actomyosin) was isolated from bovine tracheal smooth muscle by the use of \"classical\" procedures. The protein was considered to be actomyosin because it demonstrated: ATPase activity; superprecipitation upon the addition of ATP, and the solubility and extraction characteristics of actomyosin. The ATPase and superprecipitation reactions were not inhibited by EGTA, and did not require calcium. Lack of an effect of either calcium or EGTA could not be reversed by the addition of active bovine skeletal muscle troponin and tropomyosin. No troponin-tropomyosin like activities could be demonstrated in various tracheal muscle fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:128760", "title": "Inhibition of sodium intestinal transport and mucosal (Na+-K+)-ATPase in experimental Fanconi syndrome.", "content": "The administration of 1.5 or 9.0 mmoles/kg ip of maleate to rats induced, in addition to renal alterations similar to those occurring in the Fanconi syndrome, a decline in the intestinal mucosa (Na+-K+)-ATPase with a simultaneous decrease in sodium intestinal transport and an increase in potassium absorption. Further differences in the behavior of the two electrolytes were observed when the concentration of sodium in the perfusates was altered. No changes occurred in amino acid or glucose transport in experimental animals.", "contents": "Inhibition of sodium intestinal transport and mucosal (Na+-K+)-ATPase in experimental Fanconi syndrome. The administration of 1.5 or 9.0 mmoles/kg ip of maleate to rats induced, in addition to renal alterations similar to those occurring in the Fanconi syndrome, a decline in the intestinal mucosa (Na+-K+)-ATPase with a simultaneous decrease in sodium intestinal transport and an increase in potassium absorption. Further differences in the behavior of the two electrolytes were observed when the concentration of sodium in the perfusates was altered. No changes occurred in amino acid or glucose transport in experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:128761", "title": "Electrical resistance and ATPase levels in the cecal wall of germ free and conventional rats.", "content": "(a) Electrical resistance across the cecal wall of germfree rats is higher than in conventional controls when the luminal fluid is a physiological solution. Transmural resistance of the cecum increases both in germfree and conventional rats when the supernatant from cecal contents of germfree rats is used as luminal fluid. These phenomena might be due to an effect of germfree intestinal contents on the ionic composition and/or on the dimensions of intercellular pathways within the intestinal epithelium. (b) Total and Na+ and K+ stimulated ATPase show higher levels in mucosal scrapings from the ileum and cecum of germfree rats than in conventional controls. This characteristic of the germ-free lower bowel may be associated with the greater \"absorptive efficiency\" which it was found to display when relieved from luminal inhibitory substances.", "contents": "Electrical resistance and ATPase levels in the cecal wall of germ free and conventional rats. (a) Electrical resistance across the cecal wall of germfree rats is higher than in conventional controls when the luminal fluid is a physiological solution. Transmural resistance of the cecum increases both in germfree and conventional rats when the supernatant from cecal contents of germfree rats is used as luminal fluid. These phenomena might be due to an effect of germfree intestinal contents on the ionic composition and/or on the dimensions of intercellular pathways within the intestinal epithelium. (b) Total and Na+ and K+ stimulated ATPase show higher levels in mucosal scrapings from the ileum and cecum of germfree rats than in conventional controls. This characteristic of the germ-free lower bowel may be associated with the greater \"absorptive efficiency\" which it was found to display when relieved from luminal inhibitory substances."}
{"id": "PMID:128762", "title": "Role of adrenergic mechanisms in the development of cardiac hypertrophy.", "content": "This experiment was designed to study the role of cardiac beta-adrenergic mechanisms in the development of hypertrophy in rats. The suprarenal abdominal aorta was banded, resulting in an increase in cardiac wt-body wt ratio. A group of rats received a sham operation. Half of the banded rats were treated with practolol, 2.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally every 12 hr for the 6 days after banding. The effectiveness of cardiac beta-adrenergic blockade was confirmed by absence of an increase in heart rate following intravenous isoproterenol at various times between practolol injections. Practolol did not affect the gradient in the banded groups. Six animals in each banded group were sacrificed daily for 6 days. The right and left ventricles were dissected separately and weighed. RV-body weight ratios increased similarly in both banded groups. LV-body weight ratio (g/kg) was 2.17 +/- 0.043 in sham rats, and it attained maximal levels of 3.03 +/- 0.10 within 6 days in banded untreated rats and 2.96 +/- 0.14 in banded rats receiving practolol. Therefore, beta-adrenergic mechanisms were not involved in the development of hypertrophy due to increased afterload. Also, these findings are not consistent with the Meerson hypothesis, since hypertrophy occurred despite the reduction in myocardial O2 consumption due to practolol.", "contents": "Role of adrenergic mechanisms in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. This experiment was designed to study the role of cardiac beta-adrenergic mechanisms in the development of hypertrophy in rats. The suprarenal abdominal aorta was banded, resulting in an increase in cardiac wt-body wt ratio. A group of rats received a sham operation. Half of the banded rats were treated with practolol, 2.0 mg/kg intraperitoneally every 12 hr for the 6 days after banding. The effectiveness of cardiac beta-adrenergic blockade was confirmed by absence of an increase in heart rate following intravenous isoproterenol at various times between practolol injections. Practolol did not affect the gradient in the banded groups. Six animals in each banded group were sacrificed daily for 6 days. The right and left ventricles were dissected separately and weighed. RV-body weight ratios increased similarly in both banded groups. LV-body weight ratio (g/kg) was 2.17 +/- 0.043 in sham rats, and it attained maximal levels of 3.03 +/- 0.10 within 6 days in banded untreated rats and 2.96 +/- 0.14 in banded rats receiving practolol. Therefore, beta-adrenergic mechanisms were not involved in the development of hypertrophy due to increased afterload. Also, these findings are not consistent with the Meerson hypothesis, since hypertrophy occurred despite the reduction in myocardial O2 consumption due to practolol."}
{"id": "PMID:128763", "title": "Interdisciplinary early intervention program.", "content": "Developmental data were obtained on 40 children with Down's syndrome by an interdisciplinary team during an ongoing early intervention program. Interventive methods are described. Results are compared with available data on children with Down's syndrome who were not in early intervention programs. Comparisons of developmental progress are also made of children begun in the early intervention program before six months of age with those begun after six months of age. Conclusions from the study indicate that early intervention helps the child in earlier attainment of many developmental tasks and enhances functioning of the family unit.", "contents": "Interdisciplinary early intervention program. Developmental data were obtained on 40 children with Down's syndrome by an interdisciplinary team during an ongoing early intervention program. Interventive methods are described. Results are compared with available data on children with Down's syndrome who were not in early intervention programs. Comparisons of developmental progress are also made of children begun in the early intervention program before six months of age with those begun after six months of age. Conclusions from the study indicate that early intervention helps the child in earlier attainment of many developmental tasks and enhances functioning of the family unit."}
{"id": "PMID:128764", "title": "Methods of measurement in Soviet gait analysis research, 1963-1974.", "content": "A description of several of the methods of measurement used by gait researchers in the Soviet Union from 1963 to 1974 is provided. The discussion encompasses seven major categories of measurement: 1) methods of measuring the rotatory position or angular displacements of the joints of the lower extremities, 2) the phase durations and their temporal relations, 3) support reactions, 4) the rotatory position of the pelvis and vertebral column, 5) step length, stride length, and other linear displacements of components of gait phase activity, 6) muscular activity, and 7) miscellaneous types of analysis. The incorporation of Soviet findings and methods of gait analysis into the design and operation of future investigations of human walking is recommended.", "contents": "Methods of measurement in Soviet gait analysis research, 1963-1974. A description of several of the methods of measurement used by gait researchers in the Soviet Union from 1963 to 1974 is provided. The discussion encompasses seven major categories of measurement: 1) methods of measuring the rotatory position or angular displacements of the joints of the lower extremities, 2) the phase durations and their temporal relations, 3) support reactions, 4) the rotatory position of the pelvis and vertebral column, 5) step length, stride length, and other linear displacements of components of gait phase activity, 6) muscular activity, and 7) miscellaneous types of analysis. The incorporation of Soviet findings and methods of gait analysis into the design and operation of future investigations of human walking is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:128765", "title": "Meal patterning in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat.", "content": "The free feeding behavior of 5 streptozotocin-diabetic rats and 5 sham injected rats was monitored both prior to and after the induction of diabetes. After streptozotocin injection, there was a marked increase in total intake resulting from the ingestion of large meals of long durations. Neither the postprandial relationship nor the circadian intake cycle were altered during diabetes. The results were interpreted as supporting the glucostatic theory of food intake regulation and suggest that the principal influence of insulin on feeding behavior is to promote the termination of feeding bouts.", "contents": "Meal patterning in the streptozotocin-diabetic rat. The free feeding behavior of 5 streptozotocin-diabetic rats and 5 sham injected rats was monitored both prior to and after the induction of diabetes. After streptozotocin injection, there was a marked increase in total intake resulting from the ingestion of large meals of long durations. Neither the postprandial relationship nor the circadian intake cycle were altered during diabetes. The results were interpreted as supporting the glucostatic theory of food intake regulation and suggest that the principal influence of insulin on feeding behavior is to promote the termination of feeding bouts."}
{"id": "PMID:128766", "title": "Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on the acquisition of tolerance to ethanol and pentobarbital.", "content": "Rats were rendered tolerant to ethanol or pentobarbital by daily oral administration. Motor impairments after test doses of ethanol or pentobarbital were measured prior to and at various times during chronic treatment in order to assess the degree of tolerance development. Chronic administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) in a dosage regimen which produced and maintained approximately 95% depletion of brain serotonin (5-HT) did not alter motor impairment after initial acute administration of ethanol or pentobarbital. However, the rate of tolerance development to the motor-impairing effects of both drugs was slowed down in p-CPA-treated rats, p-CPA did not appear to exert this effect by altering the disposition of ethanol or pentobarbital, since blood levels determined 20 min after administration of the test doses were similar in animals treated with p-CPA and in controls. These findings suggest that brain 5-HT may have a role in tolerance development to ethanol and pentobarbital.", "contents": "Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on the acquisition of tolerance to ethanol and pentobarbital. Rats were rendered tolerant to ethanol or pentobarbital by daily oral administration. Motor impairments after test doses of ethanol or pentobarbital were measured prior to and at various times during chronic treatment in order to assess the degree of tolerance development. Chronic administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) in a dosage regimen which produced and maintained approximately 95% depletion of brain serotonin (5-HT) did not alter motor impairment after initial acute administration of ethanol or pentobarbital. However, the rate of tolerance development to the motor-impairing effects of both drugs was slowed down in p-CPA-treated rats, p-CPA did not appear to exert this effect by altering the disposition of ethanol or pentobarbital, since blood levels determined 20 min after administration of the test doses were similar in animals treated with p-CPA and in controls. These findings suggest that brain 5-HT may have a role in tolerance development to ethanol and pentobarbital."}
{"id": "PMID:128792", "title": "Effects of ischemia on adenine nucleotide metabolism and coronary flow during cardiac hypertrophy.", "content": "The effects of ischemia on myocardial adenine nucleotide metabolism and coronary flow during cardiac hypertrophy were studied in 140 rats and 20 guinea pigs, respectively. During increased periods of ischemia, the initially lower ATP contents decreased significantly as did the initially elevated ADP levels, whereas AMP, adenosine, and inosine, and hypoxanthine showed a continually rising elevation compared with the normal hearts. The sum of ATP, ADP, AMP, and their degradation products in the hypertrophied myocardial tissues started to decline after 5 min of ischemia. The remainder was found in the 0.9% NaCl solution in which the rat hearts were incubated, in the form of hypoxanthine, which was the largest fraction, followed by inosine and adenosine, which was the lowest fraction. In normal hearts, these changes occurred only after 60 min of ischemia. The coronary flow of the isolated guinea pig hearts increased significantly with decreasing content of the oxygen gas phase in the Krebs-Henseleit perfusion medium. These changes were more significant in normal than in hypertropheid hearts despite the clear initial elevations of the coronary flow in these hearts at 95% oxygen saturated perfusion, as well as the essential increases of the adenosine content in the myocardial tissues and in the perfusates during the development of the hypoxemia. Consequently, these results significantly demonstrate the curtailed compensation possibilities of hypertrophied hearts for the maintenance of their functions during the development of ischemia in comparison with normal hearts, a factor obviously caused by the ineffecient utilization of their energy supply even without ischemia.", "contents": "Effects of ischemia on adenine nucleotide metabolism and coronary flow during cardiac hypertrophy. The effects of ischemia on myocardial adenine nucleotide metabolism and coronary flow during cardiac hypertrophy were studied in 140 rats and 20 guinea pigs, respectively. During increased periods of ischemia, the initially lower ATP contents decreased significantly as did the initially elevated ADP levels, whereas AMP, adenosine, and inosine, and hypoxanthine showed a continually rising elevation compared with the normal hearts. The sum of ATP, ADP, AMP, and their degradation products in the hypertrophied myocardial tissues started to decline after 5 min of ischemia. The remainder was found in the 0.9% NaCl solution in which the rat hearts were incubated, in the form of hypoxanthine, which was the largest fraction, followed by inosine and adenosine, which was the lowest fraction. In normal hearts, these changes occurred only after 60 min of ischemia. The coronary flow of the isolated guinea pig hearts increased significantly with decreasing content of the oxygen gas phase in the Krebs-Henseleit perfusion medium. These changes were more significant in normal than in hypertropheid hearts despite the clear initial elevations of the coronary flow in these hearts at 95% oxygen saturated perfusion, as well as the essential increases of the adenosine content in the myocardial tissues and in the perfusates during the development of the hypoxemia. Consequently, these results significantly demonstrate the curtailed compensation possibilities of hypertrophied hearts for the maintenance of their functions during the development of ischemia in comparison with normal hearts, a factor obviously caused by the ineffecient utilization of their energy supply even without ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:128793", "title": "Feline cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Cardiology was diagnosed by means of clinical, radiographic, electrocardiographic phonocardiographic, angiocardiographic, and pathological findings in 271 or 3,745 cats necropsied from January 1962 to April 1974. The affected cats can be divided into three groups on the basis of the gross and microscopic pathological lesions: 1)endocarditis and myocarditis in 20 young cats; 2)endomyocardial fibrosis and left ventricular hypertrophy in 182 cats; and 3)myocardial degeneration and biventricular dilatation in 69 cats. Of 271 affected cats, thromboembolus was observed in the aorta, and in the carotid, femoral, iliac, renal, pulmonary, and hepatic arteries in 104 instances. The important aspects of cardiomyopathy in cats appears to be the reduced diastolic compliance of the thick left ventricle, resulting in poor fillin. Resistance to ventricular inflow raises the diastolic pressure and causes compensatory left atrial enlargement. A pathogenesis for the onset of clinical signs at any stages as the cause of the heart disease is postulated on the basis of stress causing tachycardia and poor left ventricular filling. Acute left-sided failure with pulmonary edema may be precipitated. Approximately one-fourth of the cats have enlargement of all cardiac chambers, typical of congestive cardiomyopathy. On the basis of the close similarily to cardiomyopathy in man, the cat could serve as a suitable animal model for a conservation of time and effort in the attack against this disorder. There is a need for coordinated research programs for utilizing the multiple avenues of approach such as: epidemiological, clinical, biochemical, pathological, ultrastructural, virological, and immunological.", "contents": "Feline cardiomyopathy. Cardiology was diagnosed by means of clinical, radiographic, electrocardiographic phonocardiographic, angiocardiographic, and pathological findings in 271 or 3,745 cats necropsied from January 1962 to April 1974. The affected cats can be divided into three groups on the basis of the gross and microscopic pathological lesions: 1)endocarditis and myocarditis in 20 young cats; 2)endomyocardial fibrosis and left ventricular hypertrophy in 182 cats; and 3)myocardial degeneration and biventricular dilatation in 69 cats. Of 271 affected cats, thromboembolus was observed in the aorta, and in the carotid, femoral, iliac, renal, pulmonary, and hepatic arteries in 104 instances. The important aspects of cardiomyopathy in cats appears to be the reduced diastolic compliance of the thick left ventricle, resulting in poor fillin. Resistance to ventricular inflow raises the diastolic pressure and causes compensatory left atrial enlargement. A pathogenesis for the onset of clinical signs at any stages as the cause of the heart disease is postulated on the basis of stress causing tachycardia and poor left ventricular filling. Acute left-sided failure with pulmonary edema may be precipitated. Approximately one-fourth of the cats have enlargement of all cardiac chambers, typical of congestive cardiomyopathy. On the basis of the close similarily to cardiomyopathy in man, the cat could serve as a suitable animal model for a conservation of time and effort in the attack against this disorder. There is a need for coordinated research programs for utilizing the multiple avenues of approach such as: epidemiological, clinical, biochemical, pathological, ultrastructural, virological, and immunological."}
{"id": "PMID:128794", "title": "Cardiomyopathy in the dog.", "content": "Medical records of 12 dogs determined at necropsy as having had cardiomyopathy and of 5 live dogs with clinical, electrocardiographic and radiographic evidence of the disease were reviewed. Congestive cardiomyopathy was the most common form of the disease, affecting 15 of the 17 dogs. The dogs were primarily of large breeds and ranged in age from 2 to 8 years. Clinical findings included right and left congestive heart failure presenting as pulmonary congestion and edema, pleural effusion, hepatomegaly, and ascites. Thoracic radiographs showed moderate severe enlargement of all cardiac chambers and evidence of congestive heart failure. Atrial fibrillation was the predominant rhythmn; ventricular premature contractions and left ventricular hypertrophy were sometimes noted. At necropsy, biventricular dilation including dilation of the atrioventricular annular rings and accompanying massive atrial dilation was observed. Myocardial contractility was poor and had resulted in dilation of the heart chambers with minimal hypertrophic responses. The atrioventricular valve leaflets and chordae tendinae were usually near normal. Medical treatment included rest, digoxin, and diuretics, Medical or electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm was also attempted. Prognosis for congestive cardiomyopathy is very poor. The average survival time after onset of signs is 6-12 months; 1 dog in our study survived for 20 months. In contrast to congestive cardiomyopathy, the hypertrophic form is rare in the dog. Only two of the dogs studied had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; one case was diagnosed at necropsy and one by angiocardiography. Both had features of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) as reported in man.", "contents": "Cardiomyopathy in the dog. Medical records of 12 dogs determined at necropsy as having had cardiomyopathy and of 5 live dogs with clinical, electrocardiographic and radiographic evidence of the disease were reviewed. Congestive cardiomyopathy was the most common form of the disease, affecting 15 of the 17 dogs. The dogs were primarily of large breeds and ranged in age from 2 to 8 years. Clinical findings included right and left congestive heart failure presenting as pulmonary congestion and edema, pleural effusion, hepatomegaly, and ascites. Thoracic radiographs showed moderate severe enlargement of all cardiac chambers and evidence of congestive heart failure. Atrial fibrillation was the predominant rhythmn; ventricular premature contractions and left ventricular hypertrophy were sometimes noted. At necropsy, biventricular dilation including dilation of the atrioventricular annular rings and accompanying massive atrial dilation was observed. Myocardial contractility was poor and had resulted in dilation of the heart chambers with minimal hypertrophic responses. The atrioventricular valve leaflets and chordae tendinae were usually near normal. Medical treatment included rest, digoxin, and diuretics, Medical or electrical cardioversion of atrial fibrillation to normal sinus rhythm was also attempted. Prognosis for congestive cardiomyopathy is very poor. The average survival time after onset of signs is 6-12 months; 1 dog in our study survived for 20 months. In contrast to congestive cardiomyopathy, the hypertrophic form is rare in the dog. Only two of the dogs studied had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; one case was diagnosed at necropsy and one by angiocardiography. Both had features of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) as reported in man."}
{"id": "PMID:128795", "title": "Myocardial hypertrophy, myocarditis, and myocardial fibrosis in a long term experiment.", "content": "In a long term experiment, a systematic analysis was made of the cellular reaction of the myocardium and the lymphatic system to application of antigenic substances. Several groups of mice received single or repeated injections of human serum, serum from rabbits with antiheart antibodies, mouse spleen cells immunized to myocardium, and human or mouse cardiac homogenate with and without incomplete or complete Freund's adjuvant. After injection of human and mouse heart homogenate, hypertrophy of myocardial cells was the first alteration seen; then followed focal myocarditis and after 10 months, interstitial fibrosis. Simultaneously, in the lymphorecticular tissue, there was marked proliferation of reticulum cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, as well as an enlargement of secondary follicles. All the animals produced antibodies to the injected antigens. Following injection of human serum or serum from rabbits with cardiac specific antibodies or spleen cells, no morphological changes were seen in the hearts.", "contents": "Myocardial hypertrophy, myocarditis, and myocardial fibrosis in a long term experiment. In a long term experiment, a systematic analysis was made of the cellular reaction of the myocardium and the lymphatic system to application of antigenic substances. Several groups of mice received single or repeated injections of human serum, serum from rabbits with antiheart antibodies, mouse spleen cells immunized to myocardium, and human or mouse cardiac homogenate with and without incomplete or complete Freund's adjuvant. After injection of human and mouse heart homogenate, hypertrophy of myocardial cells was the first alteration seen; then followed focal myocarditis and after 10 months, interstitial fibrosis. Simultaneously, in the lymphorecticular tissue, there was marked proliferation of reticulum cells, lymphocytes, and plasma cells, as well as an enlargement of secondary follicles. All the animals produced antibodies to the injected antigens. Following injection of human serum or serum from rabbits with cardiac specific antibodies or spleen cells, no morphological changes were seen in the hearts."}
{"id": "PMID:128798", "title": "[Major objectives of pathogenic therapy of septicemia].", "content": "On the bases of the published data and their own experience the authors outline the context of the functional biochemical alterations that give an orientation in the choice of the major objectives of pathogenic therapy in the course of septicemias. Analysis of the frequency and intensity of these alterations make it possible to establish therapeutical priorities. In this sense it is demonstrated that hyperazotemia, hyperalbuminemia, low alkaline reserve, elevated serum lactate and a decrease in the plasma Na+/K+ ratio are characteristic of septicemia with a state of toxiinfectious shock.", "contents": "[Major objectives of pathogenic therapy of septicemia]. On the bases of the published data and their own experience the authors outline the context of the functional biochemical alterations that give an orientation in the choice of the major objectives of pathogenic therapy in the course of septicemias. Analysis of the frequency and intensity of these alterations make it possible to establish therapeutical priorities. In this sense it is demonstrated that hyperazotemia, hyperalbuminemia, low alkaline reserve, elevated serum lactate and a decrease in the plasma Na+/K+ ratio are characteristic of septicemia with a state of toxiinfectious shock."}
{"id": "PMID:128800", "title": "[Clinical and biological aspects of chronic brucellosis].", "content": "The present study refers to 53 cases of chronic brucellosis admitted to the clinic or followed up in an out-patient unit for ten years (1962-1971). There was a total of 946 days in hospital and 1688 days of occupational disability, about 40% of the patients necessitating repeated hospitalization because of the relapsing course of the disease. This group of cases presented the classical dominant features of an occupational anthropozoonoses (90.5%). Elements of visceral and tissular pathology, obviously conditioned in their structure by the stage of the disease, were found in cardiovascular, hepatic, nervous, osteoarticular, orchitic, ocular, cutaneous localizations, etc. Their associated character particularize the polyvisceral forms. The immunopathology of chronic brucellosis is marked by its dynamics and frequently dissociated character of the sero-allergic diagnostic reactions. Blood proteins behave unequally (hypoalbuminemia, hyperalpha1-, hyperalpha2- and hypergammaglobulinemia). There is still debate about the terapeutic attempts, although sigmamycin associated with cortisone derivatives reduce or temporize the relapsing evolution, opening up new therapeutical perspectives.", "contents": "[Clinical and biological aspects of chronic brucellosis]. The present study refers to 53 cases of chronic brucellosis admitted to the clinic or followed up in an out-patient unit for ten years (1962-1971). There was a total of 946 days in hospital and 1688 days of occupational disability, about 40% of the patients necessitating repeated hospitalization because of the relapsing course of the disease. This group of cases presented the classical dominant features of an occupational anthropozoonoses (90.5%). Elements of visceral and tissular pathology, obviously conditioned in their structure by the stage of the disease, were found in cardiovascular, hepatic, nervous, osteoarticular, orchitic, ocular, cutaneous localizations, etc. Their associated character particularize the polyvisceral forms. The immunopathology of chronic brucellosis is marked by its dynamics and frequently dissociated character of the sero-allergic diagnostic reactions. Blood proteins behave unequally (hypoalbuminemia, hyperalpha1-, hyperalpha2- and hypergammaglobulinemia). There is still debate about the terapeutic attempts, although sigmamycin associated with cortisone derivatives reduce or temporize the relapsing evolution, opening up new therapeutical perspectives."}
{"id": "PMID:128802", "title": "[Studies of oral microbiocenosis. I. Incidence and properties of staphylocci in young persons].", "content": "The study of staphylococci in the buccodental washings of 117 second year students at the Faculty of Stomatology, all healthy youths aged 20-25 years, gave the following results: (I) stapphylococci were present in 90% of the students; (II) 50.66% were oral carriers of pathogenic staphylococcal strains; (III) in 23 cases two or more staphylococcal strains were found with different metabolic and biologic properties; (IV) part of the bucal lysozyme was of microbial origin since 95% of the coagulasopositive strains and 88% of the coagulasonegative strains produce lysozymes; (V) 35.23% of the strains yield staphylococcal active with regard to M. lysodeicticus; (VI) 56.19% of the staphylococcal strains were resistant to penicillin and/or tetracyclin, and 5 coagulopositive strains developed in media with a penicillin concentration of 800 u/ml; (VII) 85% of the coagulopositive staphylococci were sensitive to human anti-staphylococcal bacteriophages, the most frequent being phage type 77 of group III.", "contents": "[Studies of oral microbiocenosis. I. Incidence and properties of staphylocci in young persons]. The study of staphylococci in the buccodental washings of 117 second year students at the Faculty of Stomatology, all healthy youths aged 20-25 years, gave the following results: (I) stapphylococci were present in 90% of the students; (II) 50.66% were oral carriers of pathogenic staphylococcal strains; (III) in 23 cases two or more staphylococcal strains were found with different metabolic and biologic properties; (IV) part of the bucal lysozyme was of microbial origin since 95% of the coagulasopositive strains and 88% of the coagulasonegative strains produce lysozymes; (V) 35.23% of the strains yield staphylococcal active with regard to M. lysodeicticus; (VI) 56.19% of the staphylococcal strains were resistant to penicillin and/or tetracyclin, and 5 coagulopositive strains developed in media with a penicillin concentration of 800 u/ml; (VII) 85% of the coagulopositive staphylococci were sensitive to human anti-staphylococcal bacteriophages, the most frequent being phage type 77 of group III."}
{"id": "PMID:128799", "title": "[The disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome and infection].", "content": "The disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (1) Definition. History. (2) Etiopathogeny of the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. (3) The clinical and laboratory diagnosis of the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. (4) The principal infections in which the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome has been described: bacterial, viral, rickettsial, parasitic, mycotic. (5) Treatment of the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome.", "contents": "[The disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome and infection]. The disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (1) Definition. History. (2) Etiopathogeny of the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. (3) The clinical and laboratory diagnosis of the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome. (4) The principal infections in which the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome has been described: bacterial, viral, rickettsial, parasitic, mycotic. (5) Treatment of the disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:128803", "title": "[Increased incidence of some strains of Klebsiella aerogenes].", "content": "Study of the incidence of Klebsiella aerogenes strains in neonates and infants with acute enterocolitis in the Maternity and Pediatric Departments gave the following results: - bacteriologic investigations were carried out in 1831 subjects, isolating 138 Klebsiella aerogenes strains; - the proportion of Klebsiella isolations increased from 4.6% in 1973 to 11.1% in 1974; - the maximum receptivity to Klebsiella aerogenes was noted in the 0-2 years age group, in a proportion of 23%; - in the 0-6 months age group Klebsiella aerogenes was the evident causal agent of enterocolitis, being isolated in pure cultures or as predominant germ in 70-80% of the cases. Worthy of note was the increased resistance to antibiotics in terms of the rising age-group scale. The predominance of a single serotype (K 15), the similar sensitivity of the strains to phage 32 and to antibiotics plead for an epidemic evolution of the cases studied.", "contents": "[Increased incidence of some strains of Klebsiella aerogenes]. Study of the incidence of Klebsiella aerogenes strains in neonates and infants with acute enterocolitis in the Maternity and Pediatric Departments gave the following results: - bacteriologic investigations were carried out in 1831 subjects, isolating 138 Klebsiella aerogenes strains; - the proportion of Klebsiella isolations increased from 4.6% in 1973 to 11.1% in 1974; - the maximum receptivity to Klebsiella aerogenes was noted in the 0-2 years age group, in a proportion of 23%; - in the 0-6 months age group Klebsiella aerogenes was the evident causal agent of enterocolitis, being isolated in pure cultures or as predominant germ in 70-80% of the cases. Worthy of note was the increased resistance to antibiotics in terms of the rising age-group scale. The predominance of a single serotype (K 15), the similar sensitivity of the strains to phage 32 and to antibiotics plead for an epidemic evolution of the cases studied."}
{"id": "PMID:128801", "title": "[Sero-epidemiological surveillance, a method of prevention of complications of streptococcal infections].", "content": "In order to find methods for the prevention and control of streptococcal infections of 711 day schoolchildren and boarders, aged 7 to 14 years, were followed up during the 1969-1973 period. The clinical and epidemiologic investigations revealed a great number of acute infections with varied clinical manifestations and high proportions of the acute articular rheumatism (3.1%) in the boarding schools as compared to the day schools (0.5%). The bacteriologic examinations confirmed and established the etiology of the cases, revealing moreover the role of carriers in maintaining and spreading the infection. The ASLO test showed persistent and high gammaglobulin titers in the children of the boarding schools, pointing to a state of hypersensitivity consequent to repeated streptococcal infections.", "contents": "[Sero-epidemiological surveillance, a method of prevention of complications of streptococcal infections]. In order to find methods for the prevention and control of streptococcal infections of 711 day schoolchildren and boarders, aged 7 to 14 years, were followed up during the 1969-1973 period. The clinical and epidemiologic investigations revealed a great number of acute infections with varied clinical manifestations and high proportions of the acute articular rheumatism (3.1%) in the boarding schools as compared to the day schools (0.5%). The bacteriologic examinations confirmed and established the etiology of the cases, revealing moreover the role of carriers in maintaining and spreading the infection. The ASLO test showed persistent and high gammaglobulin titers in the children of the boarding schools, pointing to a state of hypersensitivity consequent to repeated streptococcal infections."}
{"id": "PMID:128804", "title": "[Protein changes in the jejunal juice and endointestinal exudation of albumin-I 131 in acute infectious enterocolitis].", "content": "The phenomenon of endointestinal protein exudation in acute infectious enterocolitis is studied. Total proteins were determined in 30 cases of acute enterocolitis and 50 of bacillary dysentery in the acute stages of the disease and convalescence. The proteinogram of the jejunal juice was performed in the acute stage and convalescence in 20 patients. In 16 patients and 5 controls endointestinal albumin elimination was determined quantitatively by means of 131I labeled albumin. The results showed increase in the total protein content in the jejunal juice in the course of acute infectious enterocolitis and bacillary dysentery and a return to normal values in convalescence. Electrophoresis of the jejunal juice in acute infectious enterocolitis showed the absence of fraction III with alpha1-globulin migration, and increased fractions I, II and IV probably due to the loss of endointestinal albumin, also confirmed by quantitative albumin determinations with 131I labeled albumin. In conclusion, patients with acute infectious enterocolitis present a marked loss of endointestinal albumins in the acute stage of the disease, with a return to normal values in convalescence.", "contents": "[Protein changes in the jejunal juice and endointestinal exudation of albumin-I 131 in acute infectious enterocolitis]. The phenomenon of endointestinal protein exudation in acute infectious enterocolitis is studied. Total proteins were determined in 30 cases of acute enterocolitis and 50 of bacillary dysentery in the acute stages of the disease and convalescence. The proteinogram of the jejunal juice was performed in the acute stage and convalescence in 20 patients. In 16 patients and 5 controls endointestinal albumin elimination was determined quantitatively by means of 131I labeled albumin. The results showed increase in the total protein content in the jejunal juice in the course of acute infectious enterocolitis and bacillary dysentery and a return to normal values in convalescence. Electrophoresis of the jejunal juice in acute infectious enterocolitis showed the absence of fraction III with alpha1-globulin migration, and increased fractions I, II and IV probably due to the loss of endointestinal albumin, also confirmed by quantitative albumin determinations with 131I labeled albumin. In conclusion, patients with acute infectious enterocolitis present a marked loss of endointestinal albumins in the acute stage of the disease, with a return to normal values in convalescence."}
{"id": "PMID:128812", "title": "Investigations on the changes of the blood coagulation-fibrinolysis system as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. I. Prevalence of the changes in the blood coagulation-fibrinolysis system in a middle aged male population.", "content": "Platelet count and adhesivity, availability of platelet factor 3, fibrinogen concentration and plasma antiplasmin activity were studied in 2,000 men aged 40 to 60 years. The results were estimated in comparison with the data obtained in 100 young apparently healthy subjects. Platelet count was within normal limits in 90% of the cases but with an increased prevalence of upper normal values. Platelet adhesivity to glass, expressed as adhesivity index, varied widely in both directions : a low index was found in 20.23% of the cases ; the high adhesivity index varied with age from 12.27% in subjects aged 40, to 26.5% in aged 56-60. Availability of platelet factor 3 was clearly increased in a large number of middle-aged men. Fibrinogen concentration correlated with age. Antiplasmin activity was significantly higher in the elderly subjects than in the young controls.", "contents": "Investigations on the changes of the blood coagulation-fibrinolysis system as a risk factor for coronary heart disease. I. Prevalence of the changes in the blood coagulation-fibrinolysis system in a middle aged male population. Platelet count and adhesivity, availability of platelet factor 3, fibrinogen concentration and plasma antiplasmin activity were studied in 2,000 men aged 40 to 60 years. The results were estimated in comparison with the data obtained in 100 young apparently healthy subjects. Platelet count was within normal limits in 90% of the cases but with an increased prevalence of upper normal values. Platelet adhesivity to glass, expressed as adhesivity index, varied widely in both directions : a low index was found in 20.23% of the cases ; the high adhesivity index varied with age from 12.27% in subjects aged 40, to 26.5% in aged 56-60. Availability of platelet factor 3 was clearly increased in a large number of middle-aged men. Fibrinogen concentration correlated with age. Antiplasmin activity was significantly higher in the elderly subjects than in the young controls."}
{"id": "PMID:128815", "title": "[Pedodontics, a new teaching and examination specialty].", "content": "Since 1969, pedodontia has become an official part of dental education in this country. In the study and examination plan, the requirements are accurately defined. The build up and scope of the pedodontic plan of instruction at the dental school of the University of Zurich during the last 3 years is described.", "contents": "[Pedodontics, a new teaching and examination specialty]. Since 1969, pedodontia has become an official part of dental education in this country. In the study and examination plan, the requirements are accurately defined. The build up and scope of the pedodontic plan of instruction at the dental school of the University of Zurich during the last 3 years is described."}
{"id": "PMID:128818", "title": "Mixed cultures of sperm and leukocytes as a measure of histcompatibility in man.", "content": "Human peripheral blood leukocyte cultures containing varying numbers of washed fresh sperm were cultured for 4 days. [3H] Thymidine incorporation was used as a measure of lymphocyte transformation. Human sperm cells induce a 4- to 250-fold increase in [3H] thymidine incorporation in allogeneic leuocyte cultures, but no increase was demonstrated in autologous leukocyte cultures. The response was dose-dependent with maximum stimulation obtained at 2 x 10(6) sperm per milliliter of culture. Seminal plasma was inhibitory in a dose-dependent fashion and as little as 0.2 microliter per 200 microliters of culture was inhibitory. The data indicate that tissues other than leukocytes can express the portion of the major histocompatibility complex responsibile for allospecific lymphocyte transformation, and thus have application in transplantation and reproductive biology.", "contents": "Mixed cultures of sperm and leukocytes as a measure of histcompatibility in man. Human peripheral blood leukocyte cultures containing varying numbers of washed fresh sperm were cultured for 4 days. [3H] Thymidine incorporation was used as a measure of lymphocyte transformation. Human sperm cells induce a 4- to 250-fold increase in [3H] thymidine incorporation in allogeneic leuocyte cultures, but no increase was demonstrated in autologous leukocyte cultures. The response was dose-dependent with maximum stimulation obtained at 2 x 10(6) sperm per milliliter of culture. Seminal plasma was inhibitory in a dose-dependent fashion and as little as 0.2 microliter per 200 microliters of culture was inhibitory. The data indicate that tissues other than leukocytes can express the portion of the major histocompatibility complex responsibile for allospecific lymphocyte transformation, and thus have application in transplantation and reproductive biology."}
{"id": "PMID:128819", "title": "Crossbridge attachment, resistance to stretch, and viscoelasticity in resting mammalian smooth muscle.", "content": "There exist a calcium-dependent resistance to stretch in resting mammalian smooth muscle that is not caused by depolarization of the cell membrane or release of calcium from intracellulr sites. The similarity of the resistance to stretch in the resting state to that in rigor suggests that most, if not all, crossbridges are attached and thus able to resist stretch in noncontracting smooth muscles. When the muscle is stretched the breaking and subsequent reformation of links in nonstrained positions accounts for most of the so-called viscoelasticity, except at extreme lengths.", "contents": "Crossbridge attachment, resistance to stretch, and viscoelasticity in resting mammalian smooth muscle. There exist a calcium-dependent resistance to stretch in resting mammalian smooth muscle that is not caused by depolarization of the cell membrane or release of calcium from intracellulr sites. The similarity of the resistance to stretch in the resting state to that in rigor suggests that most, if not all, crossbridges are attached and thus able to resist stretch in noncontracting smooth muscles. When the muscle is stretched the breaking and subsequent reformation of links in nonstrained positions accounts for most of the so-called viscoelasticity, except at extreme lengths."}
{"id": "PMID:128820", "title": "Cyclic stretching stimulates synthesis of matrix components by arterial smooth muscle cells in vitro.", "content": "Rabbit aortic medial cells were grown on purified elastin membranes, which were then subjected to repeated elongation and relaxation or to agitation without stretching. Cells remained attached to the membranes, and cyclic stretching resulted in a two- to fourfold increase in rates of collagen, hyaluronate, and chondroitin 6-sulfate synthesis over those in agitated or stationary preparations. Synthesis of types I and III collagen was increased to the same degree. Stretching did not increase rates of chondroitin 4-sulfate or dermatan sulfate synthesis. Differences were not attributable to differences in cell number, for DNA synthetic rates were not increased by stretching. The model system devised to demonstrate these effects provides a means for relating various modes of mechanical stimulation to cell metabolism.", "contents": "Cyclic stretching stimulates synthesis of matrix components by arterial smooth muscle cells in vitro. Rabbit aortic medial cells were grown on purified elastin membranes, which were then subjected to repeated elongation and relaxation or to agitation without stretching. Cells remained attached to the membranes, and cyclic stretching resulted in a two- to fourfold increase in rates of collagen, hyaluronate, and chondroitin 6-sulfate synthesis over those in agitated or stationary preparations. Synthesis of types I and III collagen was increased to the same degree. Stretching did not increase rates of chondroitin 4-sulfate or dermatan sulfate synthesis. Differences were not attributable to differences in cell number, for DNA synthetic rates were not increased by stretching. The model system devised to demonstrate these effects provides a means for relating various modes of mechanical stimulation to cell metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:128821", "title": "Applications of diagnostic ultrasound and radionuclides to cardiovascular diagnosis. Part I. Acquired cardiovascular disease in the adult.", "content": "Noninvasive methods have become an important part of the diagnostic process for evaluation of cardiovascular anatomy and function in adults and in the young. Because there is a multiplicity of noninvasive methods presently available, in some cases with overlapping capabilities, there has been some confusion as to which constitutes the method of choice in a given clinical circumstance. The reviews that follow outline some of the practical strengths and limitations of two methods (echocardiography and radionuclide cardiography), hopefully thereby providing some rationale for choosing the more appropriate technique in the approach to specific clinical problems. We have found that the information available from radionuclide and from ultrasound studies frequently is complementary and that the most optimal diagnostic results often are obtained when they are combined. Since advances in technique and improvements in instrumentation are occurring continually in both of these areas, we have tried to provide only an overview. Further investigations and clinical experience will help to define the specificity, sensitivity, and capabilities of these methods in terms of present and future applications.", "contents": "Applications of diagnostic ultrasound and radionuclides to cardiovascular diagnosis. Part I. Acquired cardiovascular disease in the adult. Noninvasive methods have become an important part of the diagnostic process for evaluation of cardiovascular anatomy and function in adults and in the young. Because there is a multiplicity of noninvasive methods presently available, in some cases with overlapping capabilities, there has been some confusion as to which constitutes the method of choice in a given clinical circumstance. The reviews that follow outline some of the practical strengths and limitations of two methods (echocardiography and radionuclide cardiography), hopefully thereby providing some rationale for choosing the more appropriate technique in the approach to specific clinical problems. We have found that the information available from radionuclide and from ultrasound studies frequently is complementary and that the most optimal diagnostic results often are obtained when they are combined. Since advances in technique and improvements in instrumentation are occurring continually in both of these areas, we have tried to provide only an overview. Further investigations and clinical experience will help to define the specificity, sensitivity, and capabilities of these methods in terms of present and future applications."}
{"id": "PMID:128822", "title": "Jaundice and rash associated with the use of phenobarbital and hydrochlorothiazide.", "content": "Rash, lymphadenopaty, splenomegaly, periorbital edema, and hepatitis occurred in an 18-year-old woman who was taking phenobarbital and hydrochlorothiazide. Tests for fluorescent antinuclear antibody and hepatitis-associated antigen and antibody were negative. Liver biopsy was not characteristic of viral hepatitis. Clinical recovery occurred within two weeks. Treatment consisted of withdrawal of the above drugs plus the administration of methylprednisolone and diphenhydramine.", "contents": "Jaundice and rash associated with the use of phenobarbital and hydrochlorothiazide. Rash, lymphadenopaty, splenomegaly, periorbital edema, and hepatitis occurred in an 18-year-old woman who was taking phenobarbital and hydrochlorothiazide. Tests for fluorescent antinuclear antibody and hepatitis-associated antigen and antibody were negative. Liver biopsy was not characteristic of viral hepatitis. Clinical recovery occurred within two weeks. Treatment consisted of withdrawal of the above drugs plus the administration of methylprednisolone and diphenhydramine."}
{"id": "PMID:128824", "title": "Neurotic rachialgia.", "content": "After a discussion of the term \"benign dorsalgia,\" and a description of the clinical picture of the syndrome, the term \"neurotic rachialgia\" is proposed as being more exact. In fact, pain is not always referred to the dorsal tract of the spine but to other areas as well. Furthermore, the syndrome is an expression of a neurotic condition. Diagnosis is based on exclusion: no clinical or radiologic signs are demonstrable. The utility of \"relaxation therapy\" is described by several technics.", "contents": "Neurotic rachialgia. After a discussion of the term \"benign dorsalgia,\" and a description of the clinical picture of the syndrome, the term \"neurotic rachialgia\" is proposed as being more exact. In fact, pain is not always referred to the dorsal tract of the spine but to other areas as well. Furthermore, the syndrome is an expression of a neurotic condition. Diagnosis is based on exclusion: no clinical or radiologic signs are demonstrable. The utility of \"relaxation therapy\" is described by several technics."}
{"id": "PMID:128837", "title": "Early complications of sterilization in women not recently pregnant.", "content": "This study was conducted to evaluate the complications occurring during operation and from the time of operation until the follow-up vist at one to eight weeks after operation, for patients sterilized by culdoscopy, colpotomy, laparoscopy, or laparotomy. Surgeons were unable to perform the elected procedure in less than 1 per cent of the patients, independent of the method of approach. With endoscopic techniques, the most common operative difficulty was in obtaining an adequate view of the tubes. Excessive blood loss appeared more frequent with both vaginal techniques. Postoperatively, pelvic infections were more frequent with both the vaginal techniques, while incisional complications were more frequent with both the abdominal techniques. Operative and hospitalization times were significantly shorter, and the proportion of women resuming normal activities within four weeks of sterilization was higher with the endoscopic methods. Laparoscopy appeared to be the preferable procedure. While technical difficulties, operative complications, surgical and hospitalization times, and the time until the patient resumed normal work activities were similar with laparoscopy and culdoscopy; infection of the pelvis was more frequent after culdoscopy.", "contents": "Early complications of sterilization in women not recently pregnant. This study was conducted to evaluate the complications occurring during operation and from the time of operation until the follow-up vist at one to eight weeks after operation, for patients sterilized by culdoscopy, colpotomy, laparoscopy, or laparotomy. Surgeons were unable to perform the elected procedure in less than 1 per cent of the patients, independent of the method of approach. With endoscopic techniques, the most common operative difficulty was in obtaining an adequate view of the tubes. Excessive blood loss appeared more frequent with both vaginal techniques. Postoperatively, pelvic infections were more frequent with both the vaginal techniques, while incisional complications were more frequent with both the abdominal techniques. Operative and hospitalization times were significantly shorter, and the proportion of women resuming normal activities within four weeks of sterilization was higher with the endoscopic methods. Laparoscopy appeared to be the preferable procedure. While technical difficulties, operative complications, surgical and hospitalization times, and the time until the patient resumed normal work activities were similar with laparoscopy and culdoscopy; infection of the pelvis was more frequent after culdoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:128838", "title": "Pancreatic islet isografts, allografts, and xenografts: comparison of morphology and function.", "content": "Neonatal rat pancreatic islets were transplanted intraperitoneally into adult streptozotocin-diabetic rats and mice. Isologous pancreatic islet recipients (12 of 12) showed consistent and permanent reconstitution of normoglycemia and normal weight gain as well as readjustment to normal of intake of water, urine volume, and glucose excretion for greater than 10 months when compared to age-matched normal (ten) and diabetic (20) controls. Revascularized isologous islet grafts were found to be adherent to both visceral and parietal peritoneum. Pancreatic islet allografts (ten) and allografts and xenografts did not appear to differ markedly; both were characterized by dense round-cell infiltration within 5 days after transplantation.", "contents": "Pancreatic islet isografts, allografts, and xenografts: comparison of morphology and function. Neonatal rat pancreatic islets were transplanted intraperitoneally into adult streptozotocin-diabetic rats and mice. Isologous pancreatic islet recipients (12 of 12) showed consistent and permanent reconstitution of normoglycemia and normal weight gain as well as readjustment to normal of intake of water, urine volume, and glucose excretion for greater than 10 months when compared to age-matched normal (ten) and diabetic (20) controls. Revascularized isologous islet grafts were found to be adherent to both visceral and parietal peritoneum. Pancreatic islet allografts (ten) and allografts and xenografts did not appear to differ markedly; both were characterized by dense round-cell infiltration within 5 days after transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:128839", "title": "Permanent in-series cardiac assistance with the dynamic aortic patch: Blood-prosthesis interaction in long-term canine experiments.", "content": "The blood-prosthesis interaction of the dynamic aortic patch (DAP), an in-series assist device for permanent circulatory support which is implanted in the descending thoracic aorta, was studied in 65 long-term experiments. Periods of postoperative observation with the device inactive or activated ranged from 2 weeks to 22 months. The intravascular surface of the DAP, fabricated of Dacron velour backed by bioelectric polyurethane, displayed various degrees of organization, ranging from a thin fibrin layer to a well organized pseudointima. Activation of the system did not prevent the development of an organized pseudointima. Changes in free-plasma hemoglobin were minimal; platelet count per square millimeter and state of reactivity remained within normal limits. Evidence of renal embolization, attributable to activation of the device, was found in five animals. Frequent lethal complications were aortic rupture and infections of the thoracic cavity originating at the implantation site. Further improvement of the DAP and the techniques of implantation is indicated to insure its efficacy during long-term implantation and activation.", "contents": "Permanent in-series cardiac assistance with the dynamic aortic patch: Blood-prosthesis interaction in long-term canine experiments. The blood-prosthesis interaction of the dynamic aortic patch (DAP), an in-series assist device for permanent circulatory support which is implanted in the descending thoracic aorta, was studied in 65 long-term experiments. Periods of postoperative observation with the device inactive or activated ranged from 2 weeks to 22 months. The intravascular surface of the DAP, fabricated of Dacron velour backed by bioelectric polyurethane, displayed various degrees of organization, ranging from a thin fibrin layer to a well organized pseudointima. Activation of the system did not prevent the development of an organized pseudointima. Changes in free-plasma hemoglobin were minimal; platelet count per square millimeter and state of reactivity remained within normal limits. Evidence of renal embolization, attributable to activation of the device, was found in five animals. Frequent lethal complications were aortic rupture and infections of the thoracic cavity originating at the implantation site. Further improvement of the DAP and the techniques of implantation is indicated to insure its efficacy during long-term implantation and activation."}
{"id": "PMID:128840", "title": "Desmoid tumor: musculoaponeurotic fibrosis of the abdominal wall.", "content": "A 26-year-old woman developed a desmoid tumor of the lower abdominal wall shortly after the birth of her fourth child. It measured 15 by 17 cm. and involved most of the lower abdominal wall of this small-framed woman. Operative removal would have been mutilating and almost surely doomed to failure. No treatment was given. Over a 5 year period, the tumor regressed and has disappeared almost completely. It was and has remained entirely asymptomatic. Desmoid tumors of the abdominal wall never metastasize, are asymptomatic, and may regress spontaneously. Since surgical treatment so often fails, it is felt that extensive or mutilating operations are not justified.", "contents": "Desmoid tumor: musculoaponeurotic fibrosis of the abdominal wall. A 26-year-old woman developed a desmoid tumor of the lower abdominal wall shortly after the birth of her fourth child. It measured 15 by 17 cm. and involved most of the lower abdominal wall of this small-framed woman. Operative removal would have been mutilating and almost surely doomed to failure. No treatment was given. Over a 5 year period, the tumor regressed and has disappeared almost completely. It was and has remained entirely asymptomatic. Desmoid tumors of the abdominal wall never metastasize, are asymptomatic, and may regress spontaneously. Since surgical treatment so often fails, it is felt that extensive or mutilating operations are not justified."}
{"id": "PMID:128842", "title": "Effects of operation on immune response in cancer patients: sequential evaluation of in vitro lymphocyte function.", "content": "The effect of operation on in vitro lymphocyte function in 35 cancer patients was studied. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), poke-weed mitogen (PWM), and concanavalin A (Con A) were measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Sheep red blood cell (SRBC) rosette formation also was quantitated. These tests were performed preoperatively and at 24 hours, one week, and 4 weeks postoperatively. Intra-abdominal and intrathoracic procedures, transfusions, and longer operating times depressed the lymphocyte proliferative response. However, an increased lymphocyte proliferative response was noted in sarcoma patients 24 hours postoperatively, possibly as a result of lowered tumor burden. Several of these changes still were evident 4 weeks after operation. Rosette formation also decreased significantly 24 hours postoperatively in patients who had intrathoracic or intra-abdominal procedures, but returned to preoperative levels after one week. In general, operation appears to cause transient depression of lymphocyte function in some cancer patients. However, lymphocyte function returns to normal by the fourth postoperative week in most patients.", "contents": "Effects of operation on immune response in cancer patients: sequential evaluation of in vitro lymphocyte function. The effect of operation on in vitro lymphocyte function in 35 cancer patients was studied. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), poke-weed mitogen (PWM), and concanavalin A (Con A) were measured by 3H-thymidine incorporation. Sheep red blood cell (SRBC) rosette formation also was quantitated. These tests were performed preoperatively and at 24 hours, one week, and 4 weeks postoperatively. Intra-abdominal and intrathoracic procedures, transfusions, and longer operating times depressed the lymphocyte proliferative response. However, an increased lymphocyte proliferative response was noted in sarcoma patients 24 hours postoperatively, possibly as a result of lowered tumor burden. Several of these changes still were evident 4 weeks after operation. Rosette formation also decreased significantly 24 hours postoperatively in patients who had intrathoracic or intra-abdominal procedures, but returned to preoperative levels after one week. In general, operation appears to cause transient depression of lymphocyte function in some cancer patients. However, lymphocyte function returns to normal by the fourth postoperative week in most patients."}
{"id": "PMID:128843", "title": "Revascularization of the kidney after occlusion of the aorta and both renal arteries.", "content": "A patient who developed acute renal artery thrombosis as a complication of distal abdominal aortic occlusion is described. Because of the presence of an extensive collateral arterial supply, the right kidney survived and revascularization was accomplished successfully with a saphenous vein graft interposed between the superior mesenteric and the right renal arteries. Criteria for revascularization of renal artery occlusion are presented, with emphasis on the importance of collateral circulation and the elective correction of distal aortic thrombosis.", "contents": "Revascularization of the kidney after occlusion of the aorta and both renal arteries. A patient who developed acute renal artery thrombosis as a complication of distal abdominal aortic occlusion is described. Because of the presence of an extensive collateral arterial supply, the right kidney survived and revascularization was accomplished successfully with a saphenous vein graft interposed between the superior mesenteric and the right renal arteries. Criteria for revascularization of renal artery occlusion are presented, with emphasis on the importance of collateral circulation and the elective correction of distal aortic thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:128853", "title": "The human splenic suppressor cell.", "content": "Studies of human spleen cell suspensions show that they contain a population of cells which can inhibit the mixed lymphocyte reaction. The cells appear to be able to suppress the patient's own response to an antigenic challenge in slightly greater degree than their ability to suppress a nonspecific mixed lymphocyte culture. The suppressive effect is dependent on cell dose and is linearly related to the log of cell concentration. At low dose these cells have no suppressive effect and, in fact, behave as stimulators. Exposure of these cells to an environment containing immunosuppressive drug abrogates their suppressor activity. Manipulation of these cells may prove to be of value in the control of graft rejection.", "contents": "The human splenic suppressor cell. Studies of human spleen cell suspensions show that they contain a population of cells which can inhibit the mixed lymphocyte reaction. The cells appear to be able to suppress the patient's own response to an antigenic challenge in slightly greater degree than their ability to suppress a nonspecific mixed lymphocyte culture. The suppressive effect is dependent on cell dose and is linearly related to the log of cell concentration. At low dose these cells have no suppressive effect and, in fact, behave as stimulators. Exposure of these cells to an environment containing immunosuppressive drug abrogates their suppressor activity. Manipulation of these cells may prove to be of value in the control of graft rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:128855", "title": "Immunosuppression by embryonic liver cells.", "content": "Liver cells from embryonic and newborn mice were found to interfere with mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions measuring either cytotoxicity by 51Cr release from target cells or 3H-thymidine incorporation. In both experimental systems a suppression was noted when the stimulator cells were syngeneic or unrelated to the liver donor. In addition, 18-day embryonic and neonatal liver cells were found to interfere with production of antibodies to alpha-dinitrophenyl-poly-L-lysine (alpha-DNP-PLL) in vitro. These findings conform with the hypothesis that embryonic cells can actively suppress immune reactions and thereby prevent a possible response to self.", "contents": "Immunosuppression by embryonic liver cells. Liver cells from embryonic and newborn mice were found to interfere with mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions measuring either cytotoxicity by 51Cr release from target cells or 3H-thymidine incorporation. In both experimental systems a suppression was noted when the stimulator cells were syngeneic or unrelated to the liver donor. In addition, 18-day embryonic and neonatal liver cells were found to interfere with production of antibodies to alpha-dinitrophenyl-poly-L-lysine (alpha-DNP-PLL) in vitro. These findings conform with the hypothesis that embryonic cells can actively suppress immune reactions and thereby prevent a possible response to self."}
{"id": "PMID:128856", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation induced by human granulocytes.", "content": "Contrary to previous reports, human granulocytes are capable of causing transformation of allogeneic lymphocytes. Pretreatment of granulocytes with mitomycin C results in nonstimulation, but untreated granulocytes are capable of stimulating lymphocytes. Nonstimulation with mitomycin C-treated granulocytes may result from the reduced viability of the cells. It is concluded that granulocytes possess alloantigens that stimulate lymphocytes in vitro.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation induced by human granulocytes. Contrary to previous reports, human granulocytes are capable of causing transformation of allogeneic lymphocytes. Pretreatment of granulocytes with mitomycin C results in nonstimulation, but untreated granulocytes are capable of stimulating lymphocytes. Nonstimulation with mitomycin C-treated granulocytes may result from the reduced viability of the cells. It is concluded that granulocytes possess alloantigens that stimulate lymphocytes in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:128857", "title": "The immunosuppressive mechanism of azathioprine. I. In vitro effect on lymphocyte function in the baboon.", "content": "The effect of azathioprine on in vitro baboon lymphocyte function tests was evaluated using the mitogen stimulation test, the mixed lymphocyte culture test, the migration inhibition factor test, the cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity test and the antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity test. It was found that azathioprine inhibited phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin A stimulation at lower concentrations than those required to inhibit pokeweed mitogen stimulation. It inhibited the MLC reaction with as little as 0.2 mug/culture in the microculture system. Azathioprine had no effect on (a) the release of migration inhibition factor, (b) the cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity assay if presensitized cells were used, and (c) the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. However, azathioprine inhibited CML if it was added during in vitro sensitization and induction of killer cells. These in vitro results suggest that azathioprine inhibits those reactions which require cellular division.", "contents": "The immunosuppressive mechanism of azathioprine. I. In vitro effect on lymphocyte function in the baboon. The effect of azathioprine on in vitro baboon lymphocyte function tests was evaluated using the mitogen stimulation test, the mixed lymphocyte culture test, the migration inhibition factor test, the cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity test and the antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity test. It was found that azathioprine inhibited phytohemagglutinin and Concanavalin A stimulation at lower concentrations than those required to inhibit pokeweed mitogen stimulation. It inhibited the MLC reaction with as little as 0.2 mug/culture in the microculture system. Azathioprine had no effect on (a) the release of migration inhibition factor, (b) the cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity assay if presensitized cells were used, and (c) the antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay. However, azathioprine inhibited CML if it was added during in vitro sensitization and induction of killer cells. These in vitro results suggest that azathioprine inhibits those reactions which require cellular division."}
{"id": "PMID:128859", "title": "[Genetic bases for the selection of microorganisms using analogs].", "content": "The main mechanisms are considered for biosynthesis processes regulation by means of repression and inhibition with final products. On the basis of these mechanisms the state and prospects of the directed alteration of various stages in regulating the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites, using breeding selection of mutants resistant to analogues are discussed. The main regularities are presented for using analogues of primary metabolites in the breeding strains with overproduction of various biologically active compounds.", "contents": "[Genetic bases for the selection of microorganisms using analogs]. The main mechanisms are considered for biosynthesis processes regulation by means of repression and inhibition with final products. On the basis of these mechanisms the state and prospects of the directed alteration of various stages in regulating the synthesis of primary and secondary metabolites, using breeding selection of mutants resistant to analogues are discussed. The main regularities are presented for using analogues of primary metabolites in the breeding strains with overproduction of various biologically active compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:128860", "title": "[The action of chemotherapy on cicatrization processes].", "content": "The increasing use of chemotherapy in association with surgery has prompted the suggestion that cancer chemotherapeutic drugs may interfer with the healing process. To test this hypothesis 30 Wistar rats were subjected to laparotomy and colonic resection and treated with 5-Fluorouracil or Mitomycin C. The bursting strength of the abdominal scars and the colonic anastomotic bursting pressure revealed some interference in the rats treated with 5-Fluorouracil (Student's t test P less than 0.05) but none in the case of Mitomycin C. This preliminary study deserves to be followed up.", "contents": "[The action of chemotherapy on cicatrization processes]. The increasing use of chemotherapy in association with surgery has prompted the suggestion that cancer chemotherapeutic drugs may interfer with the healing process. To test this hypothesis 30 Wistar rats were subjected to laparotomy and colonic resection and treated with 5-Fluorouracil or Mitomycin C. The bursting strength of the abdominal scars and the colonic anastomotic bursting pressure revealed some interference in the rats treated with 5-Fluorouracil (Student's t test P less than 0.05) but none in the case of Mitomycin C. This preliminary study deserves to be followed up."}
{"id": "PMID:128867", "title": "Studies on cerebrovascular stroke. III. Long-term prognosis and clinical findings in a follow-up study of a stroke material.", "content": "The present paper reports the third part of an investigation of first-time cerebrovascular strokes occurring in people under the age of 70. The long-term prognosis for 214 patients discharged alive from hospital after the acute phase of the stroke is presented. The clinical and laboratory findings for 114 patients alive at the time of a follow-up examination 32 months after the stroke are discussed. The long-term prognosis could be predicted best by a score, calculated from the neurological findings on admission after the acute stroke. Recurrence of stroke was associated with a very high mortality. Forty-five per cent of the patients who survived the first month had died by the time of follow-up. About 15% were able to return to normal life or go back to work. There was a trend among patients originally severely handicapped to improve their performance ability. Factors influencing the chances for rehabilitation are discussed. Among the survivors there was a strikingly high percentage of patients with overt diabetes or decreased glucose tolerance, of patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease and patients with elevated serum triglyceride levels. These findings are discussed.", "contents": "Studies on cerebrovascular stroke. III. Long-term prognosis and clinical findings in a follow-up study of a stroke material. The present paper reports the third part of an investigation of first-time cerebrovascular strokes occurring in people under the age of 70. The long-term prognosis for 214 patients discharged alive from hospital after the acute phase of the stroke is presented. The clinical and laboratory findings for 114 patients alive at the time of a follow-up examination 32 months after the stroke are discussed. The long-term prognosis could be predicted best by a score, calculated from the neurological findings on admission after the acute stroke. Recurrence of stroke was associated with a very high mortality. Forty-five per cent of the patients who survived the first month had died by the time of follow-up. About 15% were able to return to normal life or go back to work. There was a trend among patients originally severely handicapped to improve their performance ability. Factors influencing the chances for rehabilitation are discussed. Among the survivors there was a strikingly high percentage of patients with overt diabetes or decreased glucose tolerance, of patients with arteriosclerotic heart disease and patients with elevated serum triglyceride levels. These findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128861", "title": "[Mg 2+, Ca 2+-ATPase of skeletal muscle nuclei in normal rabbits and in rabbits with experimental muscular dystrophy].", "content": "The total ATPase activity of the rabbit skeletal muscle nuclei was established to be a sum of activities of two ATPases--Mg2+ and Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPases. The latter composes 50% of total ATPase activity for skeletal muscles nuclei of the normal rabbits and 30% for skeletal muscles nuclei of the rabbits with muscular dystrophy. Mg+, Ca2+-ATPase of the skeletal muscle nuclei is activated by calcium ions within a range of 10(-6)--10(-4) M and is inhibited with its concentration of 0.5-10(-3) M and higher. Sodium and potassium ions activate Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase. Inhibition of Mg2+-ATPase is observed for the skeletal muscle nuclei of the rabbits in norm with the presence of 80 mM of Na+ and 70 mM of K+ in the incubation medium. Under experimental muscular dystrophy such an effect is not observed in connection with the fact that the concentration of monovalent cations in the incubation medium does not exceed 60 mM. The ATPase activity in nuclei of the rabbit skeletal muscles may be also manifested in the presence of Mn2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Ba2+. A problem is under discussion as to substitution of ions Mg2+ by ions Mn2+, Ca2+, Ba2+ in manifestation of the Mg2+ATPase activity for the skeletal muscle nuclei of the normal rabbits and of those with experimental dystrophy.", "contents": "[Mg 2+, Ca 2+-ATPase of skeletal muscle nuclei in normal rabbits and in rabbits with experimental muscular dystrophy]. The total ATPase activity of the rabbit skeletal muscle nuclei was established to be a sum of activities of two ATPases--Mg2+ and Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPases. The latter composes 50% of total ATPase activity for skeletal muscles nuclei of the normal rabbits and 30% for skeletal muscles nuclei of the rabbits with muscular dystrophy. Mg+, Ca2+-ATPase of the skeletal muscle nuclei is activated by calcium ions within a range of 10(-6)--10(-4) M and is inhibited with its concentration of 0.5-10(-3) M and higher. Sodium and potassium ions activate Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase. Inhibition of Mg2+-ATPase is observed for the skeletal muscle nuclei of the rabbits in norm with the presence of 80 mM of Na+ and 70 mM of K+ in the incubation medium. Under experimental muscular dystrophy such an effect is not observed in connection with the fact that the concentration of monovalent cations in the incubation medium does not exceed 60 mM. The ATPase activity in nuclei of the rabbit skeletal muscles may be also manifested in the presence of Mn2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Ba2+. A problem is under discussion as to substitution of ions Mg2+ by ions Mn2+, Ca2+, Ba2+ in manifestation of the Mg2+ATPase activity for the skeletal muscle nuclei of the normal rabbits and of those with experimental dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:128862", "title": "[Morphological changes in the structure of liver cell nuclei in rats with PP anitaminosis following injection of nicotinic acid].", "content": "The injection of the surplus quantities of nicotinic acid (150 mg/kg of body weight) to PP-deficient rats causes morphological changes in the structure of hepatocyte nuclei 3-6 h after the injection. These changes reach maximum by 9h, and the liver returns to its normal state by 24 h after administration. This time coincides with that of intensified new-formation of nicotinamide coenzymes (9h) and normalization of NAD content 24h in the rat liver after injection of the mentioned dose of nicotinic acid that evidence for a definite linkage of the biosynthesis processes with structures of the cell nucleus.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the structure of liver cell nuclei in rats with PP anitaminosis following injection of nicotinic acid]. The injection of the surplus quantities of nicotinic acid (150 mg/kg of body weight) to PP-deficient rats causes morphological changes in the structure of hepatocyte nuclei 3-6 h after the injection. These changes reach maximum by 9h, and the liver returns to its normal state by 24 h after administration. This time coincides with that of intensified new-formation of nicotinamide coenzymes (9h) and normalization of NAD content 24h in the rat liver after injection of the mentioned dose of nicotinic acid that evidence for a definite linkage of the biosynthesis processes with structures of the cell nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:128863", "title": "[Disulphide bond in rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase].", "content": "A comparative study was performed for rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) from normal and atherosclerotic animals. The diagonal electrophoretic technique was used for cysteic acid containing peptides separation. On performic acid oxidation among the tryptic peptides of PFK the disulphide containing peptide was found. Its electrophoretic mobility, compared to that of cysteic acid, gives ground for intrasubunit disulphied bond existence.", "contents": "[Disulphide bond in rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase]. A comparative study was performed for rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) from normal and atherosclerotic animals. The diagonal electrophoretic technique was used for cysteic acid containing peptides separation. On performic acid oxidation among the tryptic peptides of PFK the disulphide containing peptide was found. Its electrophoretic mobility, compared to that of cysteic acid, gives ground for intrasubunit disulphied bond existence."}
{"id": "PMID:128864", "title": "[Distribution of the action of creatine kinase, AMP-aminohydrolase and ATPase,and absorption of Ca+n microsomal fractions of skeletal muscles].", "content": "The microsomal fraction of the rabbit skeletal muscles contains structures which absorb Ca2+ and where ATPase-aminohydrolase activities are pronounced. Electrophoresis of this fraction in the saccharose density gradient results in separation of a considerable amount of soluble proteins including creatine kinase, as a high ATPase activity and absorbing Ca2+ to an inconsiderable extent. The activity of creatine kinase in the microsomal fraction of the rabbit and rat skeletal muscles is not so high to provide for ATP regeneration from creatine phosphate in the amount sufficient for any considerable transport of Ca2+. In the microsomal fraction of the myocardium, as distinct from the skeletal muscles creatine kinase is strongly bound with its structural components and is not separated by electrophoresis.", "contents": "[Distribution of the action of creatine kinase, AMP-aminohydrolase and ATPase,and absorption of Ca+n microsomal fractions of skeletal muscles]. The microsomal fraction of the rabbit skeletal muscles contains structures which absorb Ca2+ and where ATPase-aminohydrolase activities are pronounced. Electrophoresis of this fraction in the saccharose density gradient results in separation of a considerable amount of soluble proteins including creatine kinase, as a high ATPase activity and absorbing Ca2+ to an inconsiderable extent. The activity of creatine kinase in the microsomal fraction of the rabbit and rat skeletal muscles is not so high to provide for ATP regeneration from creatine phosphate in the amount sufficient for any considerable transport of Ca2+. In the microsomal fraction of the myocardium, as distinct from the skeletal muscles creatine kinase is strongly bound with its structural components and is not separated by electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:128865", "title": "[Enzymes of glycolysis and pentosephosphate shunt during early embryogenesis of the loach and the effect of glucose, lactate and fumarate on fertilized oocytes].", "content": "The regularities for changes were established in activity of hexokinase, glucokinase, glucosephosphate-isomerase, phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenaseduring the early development of loach (Misgurnus fossilis). It was found that a 30-minute incubation of fertilized loach eggs in the lactate or fumarate solutions decreases the glucokinase activity in the embryos of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 24 hours of their development, while the inhibitory effect of glucose on the enzyme activity is pronounced only after 18 and 24 hours of the development. A significant increase in the hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities under the above-mentioned conditions is observed only under the effect of glucose 9 and 6 and 9 hours, respectively, after fertilization. The glucose phosphate isomerase and phosphofructokinase activites under the effect of used compounds undergo no changes during the primary stages of embryogenesis.", "contents": "[Enzymes of glycolysis and pentosephosphate shunt during early embryogenesis of the loach and the effect of glucose, lactate and fumarate on fertilized oocytes]. The regularities for changes were established in activity of hexokinase, glucokinase, glucosephosphate-isomerase, phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenaseduring the early development of loach (Misgurnus fossilis). It was found that a 30-minute incubation of fertilized loach eggs in the lactate or fumarate solutions decreases the glucokinase activity in the embryos of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 24 hours of their development, while the inhibitory effect of glucose on the enzyme activity is pronounced only after 18 and 24 hours of the development. A significant increase in the hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities under the above-mentioned conditions is observed only under the effect of glucose 9 and 6 and 9 hours, respectively, after fertilization. The glucose phosphate isomerase and phosphofructokinase activites under the effect of used compounds undergo no changes during the primary stages of embryogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:128866", "title": "[Isolation of active preparation of Na+, K+-ATPase from cattle brain and study of the role of carboxyl, sulfhydryl and hydroxyl groups].", "content": "A method is presented for obtaining the preparation of N+, K+-ATPase from the cattle brain. The specific activity of the preparation is 5 units (mu mole Pi per 1 min) per 1 mg of protein. A water-soluble derivate of carbodiimide is shown to inhibit reversibly both Na+, K+-ATPase and K+-phosphatase. ATP, Na+ and K+ manifest a protective effect against inhibition, and Na+ and K+ revealed a competition with the inhibitor for the enzyme. p-Chloromercuribenzoate inhibits irreversibly Na+, K+-ATPase and K+-phosphatase activities. The substrates ATP and p-nitrophenylphosphate protected these activities against inhibition. The phosphororganic compound O-n-butyl-S-(beta-ethyl-mercaptoethyl)-methyl thiophosphate has no significant effect on the Na+, K+-ATPase and K+-phosphatase activities.", "contents": "[Isolation of active preparation of Na+, K+-ATPase from cattle brain and study of the role of carboxyl, sulfhydryl and hydroxyl groups]. A method is presented for obtaining the preparation of N+, K+-ATPase from the cattle brain. The specific activity of the preparation is 5 units (mu mole Pi per 1 min) per 1 mg of protein. A water-soluble derivate of carbodiimide is shown to inhibit reversibly both Na+, K+-ATPase and K+-phosphatase. ATP, Na+ and K+ manifest a protective effect against inhibition, and Na+ and K+ revealed a competition with the inhibitor for the enzyme. p-Chloromercuribenzoate inhibits irreversibly Na+, K+-ATPase and K+-phosphatase activities. The substrates ATP and p-nitrophenylphosphate protected these activities against inhibition. The phosphororganic compound O-n-butyl-S-(beta-ethyl-mercaptoethyl)-methyl thiophosphate has no significant effect on the Na+, K+-ATPase and K+-phosphatase activities."}
{"id": "PMID:128875", "title": "[Phage typization of Staphylococcus aureus strains from staphylococcic mastitis of dairy cows].", "content": "Of 62 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from milk samples of dairy-cows with staphylococcic mastitis from five agricultural enterprises, 68 p. c. could be typified as bacteriophages. In 42 typified strains, altogether 17 different phage pictures were found, in which case, in the different agricultural enterprises, the number of phage picture fluctuated between 1 and 8. Phage picture 42 D was found and dominated in all the agricultural enterprises. Of the typified strains, 76% could be ranked only into one phage group and 24% in the \"M\" group (= miscellaneous). Of 32 typified strains, 56.3% belonged to phage group IV, 25% to group III, 12.5% to group I, and 6.2% to group II.", "contents": "[Phage typization of Staphylococcus aureus strains from staphylococcic mastitis of dairy cows]. Of 62 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from milk samples of dairy-cows with staphylococcic mastitis from five agricultural enterprises, 68 p. c. could be typified as bacteriophages. In 42 typified strains, altogether 17 different phage pictures were found, in which case, in the different agricultural enterprises, the number of phage picture fluctuated between 1 and 8. Phage picture 42 D was found and dominated in all the agricultural enterprises. Of the typified strains, 76% could be ranked only into one phage group and 24% in the \"M\" group (= miscellaneous). Of 32 typified strains, 56.3% belonged to phage group IV, 25% to group III, 12.5% to group I, and 6.2% to group II."}
{"id": "PMID:128891", "title": "[Possible synergic action of some drug combinations against Mycoplasma gallisepticum].", "content": "Yamamoto and Adler's method (1956), making use of the modified medium of Edward, was employed to determine the minimal concentrations of gentamicin (GMC), erytrhomycin (ERM), oleandomycin (OMC) spectinomycin (SPM), tetracycline (TC), tylosin (TLS), and chloramphenicol (CA), all of them showing bactericidal effects on Mycoplasma gallisepticum-S6, applied alone or in combination. In vitro studies showed that relatively most effective were TLS, GMC, and SPM, when used alone. Combining the antibiotics by two in the most cases led to a pronounced synergic effect. Comparatively most effective were the combinations of TLS+ERM; TLS+TC; CA+TC; CA+OMC; TLS+CA; TLS+OMC; SPM+TC; and SPM+CA. Lowest absolute concentrations of the individual components showed the combinations of TLS+GMC; TLS+TC; TLS+ERM; TLS+CA; TLS+SPM; TLS+OMC; SPM+TC; and SPM+CA.", "contents": "[Possible synergic action of some drug combinations against Mycoplasma gallisepticum]. Yamamoto and Adler's method (1956), making use of the modified medium of Edward, was employed to determine the minimal concentrations of gentamicin (GMC), erytrhomycin (ERM), oleandomycin (OMC) spectinomycin (SPM), tetracycline (TC), tylosin (TLS), and chloramphenicol (CA), all of them showing bactericidal effects on Mycoplasma gallisepticum-S6, applied alone or in combination. In vitro studies showed that relatively most effective were TLS, GMC, and SPM, when used alone. Combining the antibiotics by two in the most cases led to a pronounced synergic effect. Comparatively most effective were the combinations of TLS+ERM; TLS+TC; CA+TC; CA+OMC; TLS+CA; TLS+OMC; SPM+TC; and SPM+CA. Lowest absolute concentrations of the individual components showed the combinations of TLS+GMC; TLS+TC; TLS+ERM; TLS+CA; TLS+SPM; TLS+OMC; SPM+TC; and SPM+CA."}
{"id": "PMID:128892", "title": "The subcutaneous fascial analogue of myositis proliferans: electron microscopic examination of two cases and comparison with myositis ossificans localisata.", "content": "Two cases of the so-called fascial analogue of myositis proliferans were investigated by histological and electron microscopic methods. It was found that the structure of the fascial variant corresponds almost completely to the true myositis proliferans localized within the musculature. The electron microscopic observations show a preponderantly histiocytic differentiation of the cells and strongly activated proliferating capillaries, and exclude a myogenic origin of the characteristic ganglion-like giant cells. Ultrastructurally a traumatic genesis appears possibly, the cells of the lesion could derive from multipotent cells of the microvasculature. The relations to myositis ossificans and fascitis nodularis are discussed.", "contents": "The subcutaneous fascial analogue of myositis proliferans: electron microscopic examination of two cases and comparison with myositis ossificans localisata. Two cases of the so-called fascial analogue of myositis proliferans were investigated by histological and electron microscopic methods. It was found that the structure of the fascial variant corresponds almost completely to the true myositis proliferans localized within the musculature. The electron microscopic observations show a preponderantly histiocytic differentiation of the cells and strongly activated proliferating capillaries, and exclude a myogenic origin of the characteristic ganglion-like giant cells. Ultrastructurally a traumatic genesis appears possibly, the cells of the lesion could derive from multipotent cells of the microvasculature. The relations to myositis ossificans and fascitis nodularis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128895", "title": "[The epidemiology of cancer in Central Asia].", "content": "The author reports the data characterizing the incidence of cancer, as a whole, and its main localizations in the Republics of Central Asia. According to these findings the cancer incidence indices the Central Asia are more low, as compared with the All-Union data and the data from other Socialist Republics. The main localizations of cancer, except esophageal cancer, are recorded more seldom than in other Republics. Especially low indices of the morbidity were noted in relation to cancer of the skin, lower lip, mammary gland, uterine cervix. In some Republics of Central Asia (Uzbek SSR, Turkmen SSR) the incidence of esophageal cancer was found to be high, exceeding several times the corresponding indices in the USSR and other Socialist Republics.", "contents": "[The epidemiology of cancer in Central Asia]. The author reports the data characterizing the incidence of cancer, as a whole, and its main localizations in the Republics of Central Asia. According to these findings the cancer incidence indices the Central Asia are more low, as compared with the All-Union data and the data from other Socialist Republics. The main localizations of cancer, except esophageal cancer, are recorded more seldom than in other Republics. Especially low indices of the morbidity were noted in relation to cancer of the skin, lower lip, mammary gland, uterine cervix. In some Republics of Central Asia (Uzbek SSR, Turkmen SSR) the incidence of esophageal cancer was found to be high, exceeding several times the corresponding indices in the USSR and other Socialist Republics."}
{"id": "PMID:128893", "title": "[Activities of coagulation factor and fibrinolysin in muscles before and after exertion].", "content": "Frog muscles were shown to contain thromboplastin, antiheparin factor and activators of fibrinolysis. The thromboplastin activity was distinctly increased in exhausted muscles. At the same time the activity of fibrinolytic agents was increased less significantly. It was proposed that stimulation of cell structures was related to liberation of thromboplastin from membranes both into an extracellular environment and into the cell. The latter effect caused structural alteration in protoplasm, which resembled blood coagulation. The exhaustion is considered as a result of absence of suitable \"spreading out\" of protoplasm or as a process caused by decrease in content of structural biopolymers.", "contents": "[Activities of coagulation factor and fibrinolysin in muscles before and after exertion]. Frog muscles were shown to contain thromboplastin, antiheparin factor and activators of fibrinolysis. The thromboplastin activity was distinctly increased in exhausted muscles. At the same time the activity of fibrinolytic agents was increased less significantly. It was proposed that stimulation of cell structures was related to liberation of thromboplastin from membranes both into an extracellular environment and into the cell. The latter effect caused structural alteration in protoplasm, which resembled blood coagulation. The exhaustion is considered as a result of absence of suitable \"spreading out\" of protoplasm or as a process caused by decrease in content of structural biopolymers."}
{"id": "PMID:128894", "title": "[Study of proteins of rat skeletal muscles in experimental rickets].", "content": "In dynamics of experimental rickets proteins of rat sceletal muscles were studied after and before physical exercises. Occurrence of rickets was estimated by following concentration of inorganic phosphorus and calcium in blood and by X-ray examination of knee joint. An increase in total amount of sarcoplasmic proteins was observed within the first week of development of the disease. After physical exercices the effect was noticed also within the second week of the development of rickets. Content of fractions of the sarcoplasmic proteins was similar in all animals and within all the periods studied. Within four weeks content of myofibrillar proteins was decreased in rickety rats, which were not subjected to physical exercices. In rats of the both experimental groups the ATPase activity of actomyosin was not distinctly altered within all the periods studied.", "contents": "[Study of proteins of rat skeletal muscles in experimental rickets]. In dynamics of experimental rickets proteins of rat sceletal muscles were studied after and before physical exercises. Occurrence of rickets was estimated by following concentration of inorganic phosphorus and calcium in blood and by X-ray examination of knee joint. An increase in total amount of sarcoplasmic proteins was observed within the first week of development of the disease. After physical exercices the effect was noticed also within the second week of the development of rickets. Content of fractions of the sarcoplasmic proteins was similar in all animals and within all the periods studied. Within four weeks content of myofibrillar proteins was decreased in rickety rats, which were not subjected to physical exercices. In rats of the both experimental groups the ATPase activity of actomyosin was not distinctly altered within all the periods studied."}
{"id": "PMID:128901", "title": "An association of hepatitis B (Australia) antigen with platelets.", "content": "Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, Australia antigen) was detected by radioimmunoassay in freeze-thaw lysates of washed platelets from HBsAg carriers. Incubation of platelets from an HBsAg-negative person with medium containing HBsAg resulted in the platelets becoming positive for HBsAg. We suggest that platelets may phagocytize HBsAg-coated particles, and this may be an important transport mechanism for the hepatitis B agent.", "contents": "An association of hepatitis B (Australia) antigen with platelets. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg, Australia antigen) was detected by radioimmunoassay in freeze-thaw lysates of washed platelets from HBsAg carriers. Incubation of platelets from an HBsAg-negative person with medium containing HBsAg resulted in the platelets becoming positive for HBsAg. We suggest that platelets may phagocytize HBsAg-coated particles, and this may be an important transport mechanism for the hepatitis B agent."}
{"id": "PMID:128899", "title": "[Activity of phosphofructokinase in some organs of guinea pigs with different ascorbic acid levels].", "content": "Changes of the phosphofructokinase (PFK; KF.2.7.I.II) activity in the skeletal and heart muscle, in the liver and skin of guinea pigs with different ascorbic acid allowances of their organism were studied. In animals receiving physiological and high vitamin \"C\" doses no changes in the activity of the tissues under study were observed. In cases of acute C-hypovitaminosis the activity of the enzyme in the skin fell by 26 per cent, in scurvy it declined in the liver by 28 per cent and in the skin -- by 46 per cent. In these conditions the PFK activity in the skeletal and heart muscles remained invariable. In one group of the animals chronic latent C-hypovitaminosis was simulated it attended by a diminishing fermentative activity in the heart by 24 and in the skin -- by 20 per cent. No changed activity in the liver was revealed.", "contents": "[Activity of phosphofructokinase in some organs of guinea pigs with different ascorbic acid levels]. Changes of the phosphofructokinase (PFK; KF.2.7.I.II) activity in the skeletal and heart muscle, in the liver and skin of guinea pigs with different ascorbic acid allowances of their organism were studied. In animals receiving physiological and high vitamin \"C\" doses no changes in the activity of the tissues under study were observed. In cases of acute C-hypovitaminosis the activity of the enzyme in the skin fell by 26 per cent, in scurvy it declined in the liver by 28 per cent and in the skin -- by 46 per cent. In these conditions the PFK activity in the skeletal and heart muscles remained invariable. In one group of the animals chronic latent C-hypovitaminosis was simulated it attended by a diminishing fermentative activity in the heart by 24 and in the skin -- by 20 per cent. No changed activity in the liver was revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:128907", "title": "Nurse-protocol management of low back pain. Outcomes, patient satisfaction and efficiency of primary care.", "content": "To test the validity of a nurse-administered protocol for low back pain, a prospective trial of 419 patients was undertaken in a walk-in clinic. In all, 222 patients were randomly allocated to a \"nurse-protocol group\" in which they were evaluated by one of five nurses using the protocol; the nurses independently managed 53 percent of the patients and referred to a physician patients with potentially complex conditions. In addition, 197 patients in a randomly allocated control group were managed by one of 32 physicians. Care in the experimental and control groups was compared by follow-up telephone contact and by a four-month chart review. There was no significant difference in symptomatic relief or the development of serious disease in the two groups. Nurse-protocol patients expressed greater satisfaction with the care they had received; patient satisfaction correlated positively with symptom relief. In over 95 percent of the patients, there were noncomplex, nonserious, nonchronic conditions as the cause of back pain. We conclude that nurse-protocol management of this generally benign condition in a primary care setting is both effective and efficient.", "contents": "Nurse-protocol management of low back pain. Outcomes, patient satisfaction and efficiency of primary care. To test the validity of a nurse-administered protocol for low back pain, a prospective trial of 419 patients was undertaken in a walk-in clinic. In all, 222 patients were randomly allocated to a \"nurse-protocol group\" in which they were evaluated by one of five nurses using the protocol; the nurses independently managed 53 percent of the patients and referred to a physician patients with potentially complex conditions. In addition, 197 patients in a randomly allocated control group were managed by one of 32 physicians. Care in the experimental and control groups was compared by follow-up telephone contact and by a four-month chart review. There was no significant difference in symptomatic relief or the development of serious disease in the two groups. Nurse-protocol patients expressed greater satisfaction with the care they had received; patient satisfaction correlated positively with symptom relief. In over 95 percent of the patients, there were noncomplex, nonserious, nonchronic conditions as the cause of back pain. We conclude that nurse-protocol management of this generally benign condition in a primary care setting is both effective and efficient."}
{"id": "PMID:128906", "title": "[Results of identifying ornithosis strains isolated in Tajikistan (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies were carried out aimed at isolation of the causative agent of ornithosis from the organs of pigeons and budgerigars. The present study was based on the results of a serological survey which had revealed a high rate of infection with ornithosis in pigeons as well as a case of ornithosis in an owner of budgerigars. The isolates were identified, their pathogenicity for some animal species was determined; morphological studies were carried out in cell culture; antigens and immune sera were prepared. The results of identification permited allocation of the isolated strains to the agent of ornithosis and confirmed the role of pigeons and parrots in spread of this infection in Tajikistan.", "contents": "[Results of identifying ornithosis strains isolated in Tajikistan (author's transl)]. Studies were carried out aimed at isolation of the causative agent of ornithosis from the organs of pigeons and budgerigars. The present study was based on the results of a serological survey which had revealed a high rate of infection with ornithosis in pigeons as well as a case of ornithosis in an owner of budgerigars. The isolates were identified, their pathogenicity for some animal species was determined; morphological studies were carried out in cell culture; antigens and immune sera were prepared. The results of identification permited allocation of the isolated strains to the agent of ornithosis and confirmed the role of pigeons and parrots in spread of this infection in Tajikistan."}
{"id": "PMID:128911", "title": "Clinical aspects of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: a contrast with cirrhosis.", "content": "The clinical picture of liver disease in endemic areas of Schistosomiasis mansoni differs in many ways from that observed in alcoholic and other types of cirrhosis. In hepatosplenic schistosomiasis there is predominance of the clinical manifestations of portal hypertension, e.g., bleeding esophageal varices, while ascites, jaundice, and hepatic precoma or coma are much less common. Ammonia tolerance is usually normal and helps explain the low mortality rate during bleeding. Of special interest is the observation of a high incidence of persistent hepatitis B surface antigenemia among patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, suggesting increased susceptibility of such patients to the development of virus-induced chronic active hepatitis.", "contents": "Clinical aspects of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis: a contrast with cirrhosis. The clinical picture of liver disease in endemic areas of Schistosomiasis mansoni differs in many ways from that observed in alcoholic and other types of cirrhosis. In hepatosplenic schistosomiasis there is predominance of the clinical manifestations of portal hypertension, e.g., bleeding esophageal varices, while ascites, jaundice, and hepatic precoma or coma are much less common. Ammonia tolerance is usually normal and helps explain the low mortality rate during bleeding. Of special interest is the observation of a high incidence of persistent hepatitis B surface antigenemia among patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis, suggesting increased susceptibility of such patients to the development of virus-induced chronic active hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:128918", "title": "[Early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases in younger patients].", "content": "In 114 persons with an average age of 30 years who were found out during an X-ray examination on account of pathological findings of the heart clinical examinations were carried out and the findings were compared with those of a control group of the same age which had normal fluorographic findings. Among the patients with radiologically provable enlargement of the heart were 29% of active sportsmen who in the majority of cases had no other findings. Moreover, the enlargement of the heart correlated with overweight, increased values of blood pressure, vitia cordis and with subjective heart complaints. The effectivity of the primary screening is confirmed by the establishment that 66% of patients free of symptoms could be established.", "contents": "[Early diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases in younger patients]. In 114 persons with an average age of 30 years who were found out during an X-ray examination on account of pathological findings of the heart clinical examinations were carried out and the findings were compared with those of a control group of the same age which had normal fluorographic findings. Among the patients with radiologically provable enlargement of the heart were 29% of active sportsmen who in the majority of cases had no other findings. Moreover, the enlargement of the heart correlated with overweight, increased values of blood pressure, vitia cordis and with subjective heart complaints. The effectivity of the primary screening is confirmed by the establishment that 66% of patients free of symptoms could be established."}
{"id": "PMID:128919", "title": "[Problems of the clinical diagnosis of myocarditis].", "content": "Anamnesis, clinical findings, changes of the ECG, findings of X-ray examinations and biological reactions in 39 patients with myocarditis are discussed. For the diagnosis of myocarditis are discussed. For the diagnosis of myocarditis changes of the ECG, enlargement of the heart, cardiac insufficiency and disturbances of rhythm are of greatest importance. Changes in the ST-T-segment are non-specific. An exact anamnesis and a comparison with previous findings (X-ray serial examination, ECG) may give decisive hints. Biological reactions are often unreliable in making the diagnosis. There are no typical symptoms and findings for the diagnosis of the inflammatory disease of the myocardium. In the individual case the diagnosis of a myocarditis may be a tentative or excluded diagnosis.", "contents": "[Problems of the clinical diagnosis of myocarditis]. Anamnesis, clinical findings, changes of the ECG, findings of X-ray examinations and biological reactions in 39 patients with myocarditis are discussed. For the diagnosis of myocarditis are discussed. For the diagnosis of myocarditis changes of the ECG, enlargement of the heart, cardiac insufficiency and disturbances of rhythm are of greatest importance. Changes in the ST-T-segment are non-specific. An exact anamnesis and a comparison with previous findings (X-ray serial examination, ECG) may give decisive hints. Biological reactions are often unreliable in making the diagnosis. There are no typical symptoms and findings for the diagnosis of the inflammatory disease of the myocardium. In the individual case the diagnosis of a myocarditis may be a tentative or excluded diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:128920", "title": "[Cardiomypathies].", "content": "Heart insufficiency, cardiomegaly and pathological changes of the ECG after exclusion of coronary heart disease, congenital or acquired vitia cordis and hypertension of the greater or lesser circulatory system result in the diagnosis cardiomyopathy with the liability of further differential-diagnostic demarcation. If causes of a secondary cardiomyopathy can be detected, a causal therapy is often possible, as to the remaining group of the idiopathic cardiomyopathies one must for the time being limit to an exclusively symptomatic treatment (protective therapy, limitation of the fluid supply, glycosides, diuretics, medicamentous and electric therapy of disturbances of the rhythm).", "contents": "[Cardiomypathies]. Heart insufficiency, cardiomegaly and pathological changes of the ECG after exclusion of coronary heart disease, congenital or acquired vitia cordis and hypertension of the greater or lesser circulatory system result in the diagnosis cardiomyopathy with the liability of further differential-diagnostic demarcation. If causes of a secondary cardiomyopathy can be detected, a causal therapy is often possible, as to the remaining group of the idiopathic cardiomyopathies one must for the time being limit to an exclusively symptomatic treatment (protective therapy, limitation of the fluid supply, glycosides, diuretics, medicamentous and electric therapy of disturbances of the rhythm)."}
{"id": "PMID:128921", "title": "[Treatment of bradycardia with an atropine ester].", "content": "In view of the unsatisfying drug treatment of bradycardias in most cases, clinical studies with new compounds seem to be urgent. A report is given on experiences with a derivative of atropine (gen. Ipratropiumpromid) in 34 cases suffering from various types of bradycardias. Comparing heart rate following intravenous injections of 0.5 to 1.0 mg, the new drug proved to be definitely more effective than atropine sulfate. Side effects were limited to diminution of salivary glands function.", "contents": "[Treatment of bradycardia with an atropine ester]. In view of the unsatisfying drug treatment of bradycardias in most cases, clinical studies with new compounds seem to be urgent. A report is given on experiences with a derivative of atropine (gen. Ipratropiumpromid) in 34 cases suffering from various types of bradycardias. Comparing heart rate following intravenous injections of 0.5 to 1.0 mg, the new drug proved to be definitely more effective than atropine sulfate. Side effects were limited to diminution of salivary glands function."}
{"id": "PMID:128922", "title": "[Clinical-pathological findings in a case of obstructive myocardiopathy].", "content": "Extensive description of familial obstructive myocardiopathy by means of clinical observations and autopsy findings from a 26 year old made suffering from sudden unexpected death. Striking was the rare fact, that clinical and morphological findings were precisely corresponding and independently lead to the correct diagnosis. By means of Ecg, Pcg, carotid-sphygmogram and radiological findings, pathogenesis, pathophysiology as well as the morphological basis of this disease is illustrated. 3 siblings of the patient have similar symptoms, which progressing slowly suggest analogous disease.", "contents": "[Clinical-pathological findings in a case of obstructive myocardiopathy]. Extensive description of familial obstructive myocardiopathy by means of clinical observations and autopsy findings from a 26 year old made suffering from sudden unexpected death. Striking was the rare fact, that clinical and morphological findings were precisely corresponding and independently lead to the correct diagnosis. By means of Ecg, Pcg, carotid-sphygmogram and radiological findings, pathogenesis, pathophysiology as well as the morphological basis of this disease is illustrated. 3 siblings of the patient have similar symptoms, which progressing slowly suggest analogous disease."}
{"id": "PMID:128935", "title": "Identifying Reiters disease in Papau New Guinea.", "content": "Seven cases of non-supportive polyarthritis are reported from the Madang General Hospital over a 12 month period from June 1972. The distribution of diagnostic categories is similar to that reported by Maddocks in Port Moresby, with Reiter's disease featuring prominently. One case of Reiter's disease was associated with a haemolytic anaemia, considered to be auto-immune in origin.", "contents": "Identifying Reiters disease in Papau New Guinea. Seven cases of non-supportive polyarthritis are reported from the Madang General Hospital over a 12 month period from June 1972. The distribution of diagnostic categories is similar to that reported by Maddocks in Port Moresby, with Reiter's disease featuring prominently. One case of Reiter's disease was associated with a haemolytic anaemia, considered to be auto-immune in origin."}
{"id": "PMID:128938", "title": "[General factors in the pathogenesis of parodontosis and chronic recurring aphthous stomatitis].", "content": "Parodontosis and aphthous stomatitis form a nosological entity which may be considered to be due to a pathological condition of exchange functions within the matrix of the connective tissue. As final products of the catabolism of collagen, there may be found peptid fragments containing both oxyproline and free amino acids. A large number of series of tests were made on a total of 164 patients in order to determine the various products of decomposition of collagen in the urine and their accumulation in the plasma.", "contents": "[General factors in the pathogenesis of parodontosis and chronic recurring aphthous stomatitis]. Parodontosis and aphthous stomatitis form a nosological entity which may be considered to be due to a pathological condition of exchange functions within the matrix of the connective tissue. As final products of the catabolism of collagen, there may be found peptid fragments containing both oxyproline and free amino acids. A large number of series of tests were made on a total of 164 patients in order to determine the various products of decomposition of collagen in the urine and their accumulation in the plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:128939", "title": "[Comparative studies on the shape of the interproximal surfaces].", "content": "Studies on the shape of interproximal contact in the lower side teeth region were performed in 203 persons and 73 models. In 74,9% of cases a spheric-plane and in 25,1% a more punctuous-plane contact was registered. These findings are compared with observations of the interproximal abrasion of the lower premolars and molars in roe.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the shape of the interproximal surfaces]. Studies on the shape of interproximal contact in the lower side teeth region were performed in 203 persons and 73 models. In 74,9% of cases a spheric-plane and in 25,1% a more punctuous-plane contact was registered. These findings are compared with observations of the interproximal abrasion of the lower premolars and molars in roe."}
{"id": "PMID:128940", "title": "[The behavior of the lower front teeth after systematic extraction of the upper premolars].", "content": "Narrowly spaced frontal teeth in the lower jaw have been the object of repeated discussions in the orthodontic literature. There are a number of factors which either directly or indirectly cause the space between frontal teeth in the lower jaw to become narrower and narrower in the course of life. The purpose of the present work was to find out whether orthodontically indicated extraction of premolare in the upper jaw may, in the case of distal occlusion, result in the space between front teeth in the lower jaw becoming narrower and narrower.", "contents": "[The behavior of the lower front teeth after systematic extraction of the upper premolars]. Narrowly spaced frontal teeth in the lower jaw have been the object of repeated discussions in the orthodontic literature. There are a number of factors which either directly or indirectly cause the space between frontal teeth in the lower jaw to become narrower and narrower in the course of life. The purpose of the present work was to find out whether orthodontically indicated extraction of premolare in the upper jaw may, in the case of distal occlusion, result in the space between front teeth in the lower jaw becoming narrower and narrower."}
{"id": "PMID:128934", "title": "[Participation of the serotoninergic system of the brain in regulation of emotional reactivity].", "content": "Vocalization and aggressiveness reactions were evoked in experiments on male Wistar rats by means of electric shock stimulation. The influence of serotonin- and dopaminergic drugs was studied in parallel on emotional reactivity and serotonin metabolism. It has been found that l-tryptophane depresses while l-Dopa intensifies emotional reactivity and aggressiveness, the latter lowering the level of endogenous serotonin and enhancing its catabolism. L-Dopa, dl-amphetamine, alpha-methyl-Dopa, parachlorophenylalanine and serotonino-blockators--deseryl and lysergide--eliminate the tranquilizing action of tryptophane on emotional reactivity, decreasing serotonin accumulation and intensifying the formation of 5-oxyindolacetic acid.", "contents": "[Participation of the serotoninergic system of the brain in regulation of emotional reactivity]. Vocalization and aggressiveness reactions were evoked in experiments on male Wistar rats by means of electric shock stimulation. The influence of serotonin- and dopaminergic drugs was studied in parallel on emotional reactivity and serotonin metabolism. It has been found that l-tryptophane depresses while l-Dopa intensifies emotional reactivity and aggressiveness, the latter lowering the level of endogenous serotonin and enhancing its catabolism. L-Dopa, dl-amphetamine, alpha-methyl-Dopa, parachlorophenylalanine and serotonino-blockators--deseryl and lysergide--eliminate the tranquilizing action of tryptophane on emotional reactivity, decreasing serotonin accumulation and intensifying the formation of 5-oxyindolacetic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:128936", "title": "An unusual side effect on the skin under high dose D-penicillamin treatment.", "content": "An unusual side effect on the skin after one year's high dosage (3,0 g/die) of D-Penicillamin-treatment is reported. The skin showed double-pin-sized vesicles and laceration after minor injuries. After reduction of the dosage to 1,8 g/die and bathing the hands three times/day for 2 minutes in 1% Tannin solution the skin lesions and wounds healed eventually.", "contents": "An unusual side effect on the skin under high dose D-penicillamin treatment. An unusual side effect on the skin after one year's high dosage (3,0 g/die) of D-Penicillamin-treatment is reported. The skin showed double-pin-sized vesicles and laceration after minor injuries. After reduction of the dosage to 1,8 g/die and bathing the hands three times/day for 2 minutes in 1% Tannin solution the skin lesions and wounds healed eventually."}
{"id": "PMID:128941", "title": "[The width and longitudinal development of the deciduous dentition in children with unilateral total cleft lip and palate].", "content": "This paper recommends that the development of deciduous teeth in patients with extensive unilateral clefts should be studied by reference to jaw models and compared with results obtained by Heckmann in a series of investigations of regular sets of deciduous teeth and that such studies should be made on the model of those which were conducted, in recent years, by workers at the Rostock Department of Orthopedic Stomatology and which were concerned with questions associated with the normal development of dentures.", "contents": "[The width and longitudinal development of the deciduous dentition in children with unilateral total cleft lip and palate]. This paper recommends that the development of deciduous teeth in patients with extensive unilateral clefts should be studied by reference to jaw models and compared with results obtained by Heckmann in a series of investigations of regular sets of deciduous teeth and that such studies should be made on the model of those which were conducted, in recent years, by workers at the Rostock Department of Orthopedic Stomatology and which were concerned with questions associated with the normal development of dentures."}
{"id": "PMID:128937", "title": "Phenylbutazone in treatment of acute lumbago-sciatica.", "content": "In a double-bind investigation of the effect phenylbutazone (initially injected + Butazolidin Alka p.o.) was compared with that of placebo in 36 patients with acute lumbago-sciatica without root involvement in the form of paresis. The investigation showed that the effect of phenylbutazone was significantly better than that of placebo. The side-effects of the drug were mild.", "contents": "Phenylbutazone in treatment of acute lumbago-sciatica. In a double-bind investigation of the effect phenylbutazone (initially injected + Butazolidin Alka p.o.) was compared with that of placebo in 36 patients with acute lumbago-sciatica without root involvement in the form of paresis. The investigation showed that the effect of phenylbutazone was significantly better than that of placebo. The side-effects of the drug were mild."}
{"id": "PMID:128942", "title": "[Results of therapy of lip neoplasms from a radiotherapeutic point of view].", "content": "The increasing use, in recent years, of surgical methods for the treatment of labial carcinomata caused us to review the results of treatment by means of irradiation. The different methods of radiotherapy are described, and a comparison is made between the results of radiotherapy and surgical treatment. Also, cases are described in which it is indicated to use either surgical treatment or radiotherapy or a combination of the two methods.", "contents": "[Results of therapy of lip neoplasms from a radiotherapeutic point of view]. The increasing use, in recent years, of surgical methods for the treatment of labial carcinomata caused us to review the results of treatment by means of irradiation. The different methods of radiotherapy are described, and a comparison is made between the results of radiotherapy and surgical treatment. Also, cases are described in which it is indicated to use either surgical treatment or radiotherapy or a combination of the two methods."}
{"id": "PMID:128943", "title": "[Characterization and determination of residual monomer content of implantation materials from polymethacrylic acid methylester].", "content": "Cold polymerizates \"Kallocryl K\" and \"Palacos\" were characterized by means of physico-chemical methods of examination. The residual monomer content of the polymerizates, which is of major toxicological interest, was also determined quantitatively. It was possible to show that the residual monomer content decreases exponentially as a function of the duration of polymerization. \"Palacos\" polymerizates had much higher residual monomer contents than \"Kallocryl K\" polymerizates when the same time of polymerization was used. Also discussed in this paper are possible methods of reducing the residual monomer content prior to implantation of the plastic materials.", "contents": "[Characterization and determination of residual monomer content of implantation materials from polymethacrylic acid methylester]. Cold polymerizates \"Kallocryl K\" and \"Palacos\" were characterized by means of physico-chemical methods of examination. The residual monomer content of the polymerizates, which is of major toxicological interest, was also determined quantitatively. It was possible to show that the residual monomer content decreases exponentially as a function of the duration of polymerization. \"Palacos\" polymerizates had much higher residual monomer contents than \"Kallocryl K\" polymerizates when the same time of polymerization was used. Also discussed in this paper are possible methods of reducing the residual monomer content prior to implantation of the plastic materials."}
{"id": "PMID:128948", "title": "[Studies on the diffusion of the remaining monomers from implantation plastics of polymethacylic acid methylester].", "content": "Positive clinical results were obtained using implanted cold polymerizates, and these were compared with the negative results of experiments made on animals. The observed local pathophysiological processes are considered to be due to the effects produced by the methacrylic methyl ester. The absolute content of residual monomers in the implants does not allow to make any definite conclusions as to the rate of diffusion into the organism. Therefore, the diffusion of residual monomers into an aqueous medium was titrimetrically measured for three weeks by the pyridine sulfate dibromide method. After a description of the method of titration and the results obtained, a discussion is given of the causes of the different rates of diffusion of residual monomers from Kallokryl K and Palacos samples, which are dependent upon the duration of polymerization in air.", "contents": "[Studies on the diffusion of the remaining monomers from implantation plastics of polymethacylic acid methylester]. Positive clinical results were obtained using implanted cold polymerizates, and these were compared with the negative results of experiments made on animals. The observed local pathophysiological processes are considered to be due to the effects produced by the methacrylic methyl ester. The absolute content of residual monomers in the implants does not allow to make any definite conclusions as to the rate of diffusion into the organism. Therefore, the diffusion of residual monomers into an aqueous medium was titrimetrically measured for three weeks by the pyridine sulfate dibromide method. After a description of the method of titration and the results obtained, a discussion is given of the causes of the different rates of diffusion of residual monomers from Kallokryl K and Palacos samples, which are dependent upon the duration of polymerization in air."}
{"id": "PMID:128949", "title": "[Neoplastic degeneration of odontogenic cysts. A contribution to the problem of early diagnosis].", "content": "This report is dealing with 3 cases of odontogenic cysts which developed carcinomatous changes. It is recommendable to look always carefully for epithelial atypias and to keep marsupialised cysts in control by clinical, radiological and cytological examinations. The excision and histological examination of tissue proliferations in cysts is to advise in any case.", "contents": "[Neoplastic degeneration of odontogenic cysts. A contribution to the problem of early diagnosis]. This report is dealing with 3 cases of odontogenic cysts which developed carcinomatous changes. It is recommendable to look always carefully for epithelial atypias and to keep marsupialised cysts in control by clinical, radiological and cytological examinations. The excision and histological examination of tissue proliferations in cysts is to advise in any case."}
{"id": "PMID:128959", "title": "[Sensitivity to polyvalent therapeutic staphylococcal bacteriophage as a supplementary criterion of staphylococcal pathogenicity].", "content": "It is recommended to use the capacity of pathogenic staphylococci to be lysed by polyvalent therapeutic staphylococcal bacteriophage in the capacity of an additional simple and accessible criterion of staphylococcus pathogenicity. Of 147 strains of the pathogenic plasmacoagulating staphylococci 101 were lysed by the phage and of 166 nonplasmocoagulating nonpathogenic strains--only 6. This test correlated with the other signs of staphylococcus (lecithinase and hemolytic activity). The simplicity and sufficient specificity of this test permits to use it in any practical laboratory. Polyvalent diagnostic phage can be used on the basis of therapeutic bacteriophage by its additional adaptation to the pathogenic strains of staphylococcus.", "contents": "[Sensitivity to polyvalent therapeutic staphylococcal bacteriophage as a supplementary criterion of staphylococcal pathogenicity]. It is recommended to use the capacity of pathogenic staphylococci to be lysed by polyvalent therapeutic staphylococcal bacteriophage in the capacity of an additional simple and accessible criterion of staphylococcus pathogenicity. Of 147 strains of the pathogenic plasmacoagulating staphylococci 101 were lysed by the phage and of 166 nonplasmocoagulating nonpathogenic strains--only 6. This test correlated with the other signs of staphylococcus (lecithinase and hemolytic activity). The simplicity and sufficient specificity of this test permits to use it in any practical laboratory. Polyvalent diagnostic phage can be used on the basis of therapeutic bacteriophage by its additional adaptation to the pathogenic strains of staphylococcus."}
{"id": "PMID:128960", "title": "[Study of the functional activity of the macrophages of animals immunized with staphylococcal alpha-anatoxin].", "content": "A study was made by histochemical methods of the activity of the enzymatic systems of macrophages from normal rabbits and those immunized with staphylococcus alpha-toxoid per se and infected with the strains of staphylococcus--producers of alpha-toxin or leukocydin. Immunization of rabbits was accompanied by a reduction in macrophages of the activity of the group of lysosomal enzymes and by an increase in the activity of the redox enzymes. In infection of \"immune\" macrophages with the living culture of the alpha-toxigenic strains the mentioned changes were more pronounced; no such changes were found after the infection with the leukocydin-active strain. The data obtained suggested that the lysosomal enzymes played a definite role in the process of phagocytosis.", "contents": "[Study of the functional activity of the macrophages of animals immunized with staphylococcal alpha-anatoxin]. A study was made by histochemical methods of the activity of the enzymatic systems of macrophages from normal rabbits and those immunized with staphylococcus alpha-toxoid per se and infected with the strains of staphylococcus--producers of alpha-toxin or leukocydin. Immunization of rabbits was accompanied by a reduction in macrophages of the activity of the group of lysosomal enzymes and by an increase in the activity of the redox enzymes. In infection of \"immune\" macrophages with the living culture of the alpha-toxigenic strains the mentioned changes were more pronounced; no such changes were found after the infection with the leukocydin-active strain. The data obtained suggested that the lysosomal enzymes played a definite role in the process of phagocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:128964", "title": "[Differential traits and antigenic properties of the S- and R-forms of Neisseria meningitidis].", "content": "The authors demonstrated a marked dissociation of the Neisseria meningitis cultures and the capacity to their rapid change from S- to R-forms. Differential signs of the S- and R-forms are described. Differences in the degree of dissociation of the cultures depending on their origin were shown: strains isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood of patients with meningitis proved to be less dissociated, and those isolated from carriers--more dissociated. Transfers from media to media and adaptation of cultures to artificial nutrient media produced the greatest influence on dissociation of the freshly isolated strains.", "contents": "[Differential traits and antigenic properties of the S- and R-forms of Neisseria meningitidis]. The authors demonstrated a marked dissociation of the Neisseria meningitis cultures and the capacity to their rapid change from S- to R-forms. Differential signs of the S- and R-forms are described. Differences in the degree of dissociation of the cultures depending on their origin were shown: strains isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid and the blood of patients with meningitis proved to be less dissociated, and those isolated from carriers--more dissociated. Transfers from media to media and adaptation of cultures to artificial nutrient media produced the greatest influence on dissociation of the freshly isolated strains."}
{"id": "PMID:128965", "title": "[Clinical characteristics of the mosaic variant of Down's disease].", "content": "The authors studied the clinical features in 19 patients with the mosaic variety of Down's disease and 63 patients with trisomia in relation to the 21st chromosome. It was demonstrated that mild forms of mental retardation are mainly seen in mosaicism rather than in the trisome variety, although severe forms of retardation may be seen in the first group as well. A full correlation between the severity of mental retardation and the % of the aneuploid cell content in the peripheral blood was not always observed.", "contents": "[Clinical characteristics of the mosaic variant of Down's disease]. The authors studied the clinical features in 19 patients with the mosaic variety of Down's disease and 63 patients with trisomia in relation to the 21st chromosome. It was demonstrated that mild forms of mental retardation are mainly seen in mosaicism rather than in the trisome variety, although severe forms of retardation may be seen in the first group as well. A full correlation between the severity of mental retardation and the % of the aneuploid cell content in the peripheral blood was not always observed."}
{"id": "PMID:128966", "title": "[Morphohistochemical changes in cerebral vascular plexi in connective tissue diseases].", "content": "The vascular brain plexi were studied in 40 cases of rheumatism, 18 cases of systemic lupus vulgaris, 12 cases of nodus periarthritis and 5 cases of sclerodermia. In all cases there were phenomena of a desorganization of the connective tissue in the stroma and vascular walls accompanied by a significant accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides, panvasculitis, thrombovasculitis, necrobiotic changes of the chorioid epithelium and nervous filaments. The authors report of special traits of structural changes inherent in each disease.", "contents": "[Morphohistochemical changes in cerebral vascular plexi in connective tissue diseases]. The vascular brain plexi were studied in 40 cases of rheumatism, 18 cases of systemic lupus vulgaris, 12 cases of nodus periarthritis and 5 cases of sclerodermia. In all cases there were phenomena of a desorganization of the connective tissue in the stroma and vascular walls accompanied by a significant accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides, panvasculitis, thrombovasculitis, necrobiotic changes of the chorioid epithelium and nervous filaments. The authors report of special traits of structural changes inherent in each disease."}
{"id": "PMID:128967", "title": "Subcellular localization of (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase in the brush border membrane of the mucosal cell of the rat small intestine.", "content": "The localization of (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase was investigated in isolated brush borders of rat small intestinal mucosa. The purity of the fractions has been checked by morphological and enzymatic criteria. The brush borders were found to contain a significant quantity of (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase. Separation of isolated brush borders into their substructures suggests that (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase is localized deeper within the brush border region than invertase. These findings are discussed in relation to active monosaccharide transport in the intestine.", "contents": "Subcellular localization of (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase in the brush border membrane of the mucosal cell of the rat small intestine. The localization of (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase was investigated in isolated brush borders of rat small intestinal mucosa. The purity of the fractions has been checked by morphological and enzymatic criteria. The brush borders were found to contain a significant quantity of (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase. Separation of isolated brush borders into their substructures suggests that (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase is localized deeper within the brush border region than invertase. These findings are discussed in relation to active monosaccharide transport in the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:128968", "title": "Reactive hyperaemia in the hind limbs of the rabbits. III. The effect of hypervolemia and venous congestion.", "content": "The effect of increased circulatory fluid volume and local venous congestion on reactive hyperaemia was studied in the hind limbs of rabbits. Compared with controls, hypervolemia reduced maximal flow significantly after all occlusion times. Percentual repayment decreased after 10 second occlusions, increased above control level after 60 second occlusions, and otherwise was similar to controls. Hypervolemia increased recovery time significantly after occlusions longer than 10 seconds. It is possible that decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood due to decreased haematocrit after infusion can explain the increased repayment observed during hypervolemia. Furthermore, oedema formation may to some extent prolong the wash-out of metabolites in the postischaemic period. During venous congestion, maximal flow, percentual repayment as well as recovery time were significantly reduced after all occlusion times. Venous congestion may represent an increased resistance against blood arriving from the arterial side after release of the arterial occlusion, thereby reducing the initial part of reactive hyperaemia and perhaps a major part of the hyperaemia after short occlusions. In addition the congested blood may represent an increased amount of oxygen made available for the tissue, and finally venoarterial reflexes may contribute to the reduction of reactive hyperaemia during venous congestion. These results show that factors such as circulatory blood volume and venous pressure and blood volume of the local vascular bed affect reactive hyperaemia significantly.", "contents": "Reactive hyperaemia in the hind limbs of the rabbits. III. The effect of hypervolemia and venous congestion. The effect of increased circulatory fluid volume and local venous congestion on reactive hyperaemia was studied in the hind limbs of rabbits. Compared with controls, hypervolemia reduced maximal flow significantly after all occlusion times. Percentual repayment decreased after 10 second occlusions, increased above control level after 60 second occlusions, and otherwise was similar to controls. Hypervolemia increased recovery time significantly after occlusions longer than 10 seconds. It is possible that decreased oxygen carrying capacity of the blood due to decreased haematocrit after infusion can explain the increased repayment observed during hypervolemia. Furthermore, oedema formation may to some extent prolong the wash-out of metabolites in the postischaemic period. During venous congestion, maximal flow, percentual repayment as well as recovery time were significantly reduced after all occlusion times. Venous congestion may represent an increased resistance against blood arriving from the arterial side after release of the arterial occlusion, thereby reducing the initial part of reactive hyperaemia and perhaps a major part of the hyperaemia after short occlusions. In addition the congested blood may represent an increased amount of oxygen made available for the tissue, and finally venoarterial reflexes may contribute to the reduction of reactive hyperaemia during venous congestion. These results show that factors such as circulatory blood volume and venous pressure and blood volume of the local vascular bed affect reactive hyperaemia significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:128969", "title": "Studies on the pattern of circulating steroids in the normal menstrual cycle. I. Simultaneous assays of progesterone, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, oestradiol and oestrone.", "content": "In an attempt to analyze the multiple changes and interactions in circulating steroid levels in the peri-ovulatory and peri-menstrual periods, the plasma levels of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone and unconjugated pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, oestradiol and oestrone were assayed daily during a complete cycle in 17 normally menstruating women. In 14 of the 17 subjects studied androstenedione and unconjugated dihydrotestosterone were also estimated. The day of the LH-peak and the first day of menstruation, respectively, were used to synchronize the peri-ovulatory and peri-menstrual plasma levels of the various steroids. With the exception of dehydroepiandrosterone and dihydrotestosterone, the plasma levels of all steroids exhibited significant, but different changes during the cycle. Testosterone levels showed a slight but significant increase around the LH-peak, whereas the levels of pregnenolone and androstenedione were higher in the post-ovulatory than in the pre-ovulation periods. The levels of oestradiol and oestrone, as well as the ratios of oestradiol to oestrone gradually increased from the low values observed in the early proliferative phase to pre-ovulatory peak values. The relationship between peaks of oestradiol and oestrone and that of LH exhibited great individual variation. The same was true for the individual oestradiol to oestrone ratios. The combination of several steroidal signals did not improve the predictive value of the analyses. However, an increase of individual progesterone values by at least 0.35 ng/ml from the day preceding the LH-peak to the day of the LH-peak was observed in 13 of the 17 subjects. It is suggested that for the early detection of the LH surge and prediction of the subsequent ovulation daily assays of plasma progesterone are of more value than the assay of the other steroids investigated.", "contents": "Studies on the pattern of circulating steroids in the normal menstrual cycle. I. Simultaneous assays of progesterone, pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, oestradiol and oestrone. In an attempt to analyze the multiple changes and interactions in circulating steroid levels in the peri-ovulatory and peri-menstrual periods, the plasma levels of immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone and unconjugated pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, testosterone, oestradiol and oestrone were assayed daily during a complete cycle in 17 normally menstruating women. In 14 of the 17 subjects studied androstenedione and unconjugated dihydrotestosterone were also estimated. The day of the LH-peak and the first day of menstruation, respectively, were used to synchronize the peri-ovulatory and peri-menstrual plasma levels of the various steroids. With the exception of dehydroepiandrosterone and dihydrotestosterone, the plasma levels of all steroids exhibited significant, but different changes during the cycle. Testosterone levels showed a slight but significant increase around the LH-peak, whereas the levels of pregnenolone and androstenedione were higher in the post-ovulatory than in the pre-ovulation periods. The levels of oestradiol and oestrone, as well as the ratios of oestradiol to oestrone gradually increased from the low values observed in the early proliferative phase to pre-ovulatory peak values. The relationship between peaks of oestradiol and oestrone and that of LH exhibited great individual variation. The same was true for the individual oestradiol to oestrone ratios. The combination of several steroidal signals did not improve the predictive value of the analyses. However, an increase of individual progesterone values by at least 0.35 ng/ml from the day preceding the LH-peak to the day of the LH-peak was observed in 13 of the 17 subjects. It is suggested that for the early detection of the LH surge and prediction of the subsequent ovulation daily assays of plasma progesterone are of more value than the assay of the other steroids investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:128970", "title": "Pathways of testosterone synthesis in decapsulated testes of mice.", "content": "In order to study the temporal relations in the biogenesis of testosterone, decapsulated testes of adult mice were incubated with carbon-14-labelled sodium acetate and attempts were made to isolate the most likely intermediates. Considerable quantities of radiochemically homogeneous squalene, lanosterol, cholesterol, testosterone and androstenedione, but no pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenoline, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone sulphate or dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate were isolated. The same pattern of incorporation was found when gradually increasing amounts of non-labelled pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregenenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate or testosterone were added to the system as \"trapping agents\" or when Leydig cell preparations rather than decapsulated testes were used. The presence of 10 mIU of HCG greatly enhanced the de novo formation of testosterone, androstenedione and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone but did not change the pattern of acetate incorporation. Radioimmunoassays of the incubation medium with or without added HCG, and carried out at different periods of time indicated the presence of gradually increasing amounts of testosterone and androstenedione together with some 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, whereas only trace amounts of pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were present. An analysis of the incubated testes revealed that the addition of HCG significantly enhanced the content of testosterone, androstenedione and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Little or no increase was observed as far as pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone were concerned. It is concluded that decapsulated testes of mice synthesize de novo testosterone from sodium acetate under conditions in which the formation of pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, pregnenolone sulphate and 17-hydroxypregnenolone sulphate cannot be demonstrated.", "contents": "Pathways of testosterone synthesis in decapsulated testes of mice. In order to study the temporal relations in the biogenesis of testosterone, decapsulated testes of adult mice were incubated with carbon-14-labelled sodium acetate and attempts were made to isolate the most likely intermediates. Considerable quantities of radiochemically homogeneous squalene, lanosterol, cholesterol, testosterone and androstenedione, but no pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenoline, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, pregnenolone sulphate or dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate were isolated. The same pattern of incorporation was found when gradually increasing amounts of non-labelled pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregenenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate or testosterone were added to the system as \"trapping agents\" or when Leydig cell preparations rather than decapsulated testes were used. The presence of 10 mIU of HCG greatly enhanced the de novo formation of testosterone, androstenedione and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone but did not change the pattern of acetate incorporation. Radioimmunoassays of the incubation medium with or without added HCG, and carried out at different periods of time indicated the presence of gradually increasing amounts of testosterone and androstenedione together with some 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, whereas only trace amounts of pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and dehydroepiandrosterone were present. An analysis of the incubated testes revealed that the addition of HCG significantly enhanced the content of testosterone, androstenedione and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Little or no increase was observed as far as pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone were concerned. It is concluded that decapsulated testes of mice synthesize de novo testosterone from sodium acetate under conditions in which the formation of pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, pregnenolone sulphate and 17-hydroxypregnenolone sulphate cannot be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:128972", "title": "Tubal sterilization via laparoscopy and hysteroscopy.", "content": "The combination of a growing need for improved contraceptive technology, plus the new advances in endoscopic equipment, have resulted in widespread use of laparoscopic sterilization throughout the world. Recent developments have succeeded in making hysteroscopy a reliable technique and it too has been quickly evaluated for a new, simpler female sterilization method. This work is still in progress and no reliable clinical method is yet available. However, the use of a chemical, such as methyl cyanoacrylate, delivered by hysteroscope, or possibily by a blind method, does seem to be most promising as a new clinical technique shortly.", "contents": "Tubal sterilization via laparoscopy and hysteroscopy. The combination of a growing need for improved contraceptive technology, plus the new advances in endoscopic equipment, have resulted in widespread use of laparoscopic sterilization throughout the world. Recent developments have succeeded in making hysteroscopy a reliable technique and it too has been quickly evaluated for a new, simpler female sterilization method. This work is still in progress and no reliable clinical method is yet available. However, the use of a chemical, such as methyl cyanoacrylate, delivered by hysteroscope, or possibily by a blind method, does seem to be most promising as a new clinical technique shortly."}
{"id": "PMID:128974", "title": "Studies on the integument of cestodes. VI. Histochemical studies on the fate of structural polysaccharide in the integument of gravid proglottides of Taenia hydatigena.", "content": "Histochemical study of the structural polysaccharide in the integument of gravid proglottides revealed that the main cuticle is only feebly positive to PAS reaction when compared with that of other regions of the cestode body. The significance of such change in the PAS reaction has been discussed. It was observed that there is no change in the acid mucopolysaccharide of the outer layer of the integument.", "contents": "Studies on the integument of cestodes. VI. Histochemical studies on the fate of structural polysaccharide in the integument of gravid proglottides of Taenia hydatigena. Histochemical study of the structural polysaccharide in the integument of gravid proglottides revealed that the main cuticle is only feebly positive to PAS reaction when compared with that of other regions of the cestode body. The significance of such change in the PAS reaction has been discussed. It was observed that there is no change in the acid mucopolysaccharide of the outer layer of the integument."}
{"id": "PMID:128975", "title": "Histochemical studies on the mucosubstances in the ovotestis of a hermaphrodite land pulmonate Semperula maculata in seasonal breeding-aestivation cycle.", "content": "With a view to augment the cytochemical localization characterization and, probable functional significance of mucosubstances in the ovotestis in the reproductive physiology of land pulmonates, the mucosubstances were investigated in the ovotestis of a land snail, Semperula maculata (Stylommatophora) in the seasonal breeding-aestivation cycle. Widely accepted, recent and well-established histochemical techniques were emoloyed. The results showed that the cells in the germinal epithelium of the follicular wall, were endowed with a capacity of synthesis of neutral muco-substances. They also contained glycogen. The nurse cells contained neutral mucosubstances and glycogen in them, while maturing ovum contained hyaluronic acid and protein. Among all the male germ cell stages, only matured sperms showed sialoglycoprotein in their heads and glycogen in the tails. The seasonal variations in the mucosubstances showed that the synthesis of the mucosubstances in the male germ cells of the ovotestis was initiated at the end of the breeding season and attained a maximum in the post-breeding season. Most strikingly the presence of the sperm in the follicular cavity was a permanent feature throughout the seasonal breeding-aestivation cycle of the snails. The synthesis of the mucosubstances in the ovum and the nurse cells was initiated somewhat earlier in the post-breeding season and attained a peak prior to the active breeding season. The importance of the mucosubstances synthesised by the different cells of the ovotestis, is discussed with reference to the reproductive physiology of the snails.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on the mucosubstances in the ovotestis of a hermaphrodite land pulmonate Semperula maculata in seasonal breeding-aestivation cycle. With a view to augment the cytochemical localization characterization and, probable functional significance of mucosubstances in the ovotestis in the reproductive physiology of land pulmonates, the mucosubstances were investigated in the ovotestis of a land snail, Semperula maculata (Stylommatophora) in the seasonal breeding-aestivation cycle. Widely accepted, recent and well-established histochemical techniques were emoloyed. The results showed that the cells in the germinal epithelium of the follicular wall, were endowed with a capacity of synthesis of neutral muco-substances. They also contained glycogen. The nurse cells contained neutral mucosubstances and glycogen in them, while maturing ovum contained hyaluronic acid and protein. Among all the male germ cell stages, only matured sperms showed sialoglycoprotein in their heads and glycogen in the tails. The seasonal variations in the mucosubstances showed that the synthesis of the mucosubstances in the male germ cells of the ovotestis was initiated at the end of the breeding season and attained a maximum in the post-breeding season. Most strikingly the presence of the sperm in the follicular cavity was a permanent feature throughout the seasonal breeding-aestivation cycle of the snails. The synthesis of the mucosubstances in the ovum and the nurse cells was initiated somewhat earlier in the post-breeding season and attained a peak prior to the active breeding season. The importance of the mucosubstances synthesised by the different cells of the ovotestis, is discussed with reference to the reproductive physiology of the snails."}
{"id": "PMID:128976", "title": "Studies on the mucosubstances elaborated by female duct of a land pulmonate Semperula maculata in seasonal breeding-aestivation cycle.", "content": "With a view to augmenting the understanding of the mucosubstances elaborated by the epithelial gland cells in the female duct of stylommatophoran pulmonate snail in general and finding out the seasonal variations in them during the breeding seasonal cycle of the snails in particular, the female duct mucosubstances were investigated in detail employing recent well-established histochemical techniques. The results showed that the gland cells in the female duct elaborated mucosubstances consisting of neutral mucins, glycogen, weakly sulfated sulfomucins, strongly sulfated sulfomucins and sialomucins. The study of cellular sites of mucosubstance elaboration showed that there are five different types of cells, the first type elaborated neutral mucins, the second weakly sulfated sulfomucins, the third strongly sulfated sulfomucins, the fourth sialomucins and the fifth glycogen. The seasonal variations in the mucosubstances showed that the acidic mucosubstance elaboration begins just before the post-breeding period and reaches a maximum in the pre-breeding season. Cyclic variations not only in the amount of the different mucosubstances but also in the number of cells elaborating them were witnessed in seasonal breeding-aestivation cycle. Since the results appear to indicate that the stages in the maturation of female sex cells in the ovotestis and uterus are closely related to the secretory process of the glandular cells in the female duct in the seasonal reproductive cycle of these snails, the importance of the mucosubstances secreted by the gland cells in the female duct is discussed with reference to the reproductive physiology of the snails.", "contents": "Studies on the mucosubstances elaborated by female duct of a land pulmonate Semperula maculata in seasonal breeding-aestivation cycle. With a view to augmenting the understanding of the mucosubstances elaborated by the epithelial gland cells in the female duct of stylommatophoran pulmonate snail in general and finding out the seasonal variations in them during the breeding seasonal cycle of the snails in particular, the female duct mucosubstances were investigated in detail employing recent well-established histochemical techniques. The results showed that the gland cells in the female duct elaborated mucosubstances consisting of neutral mucins, glycogen, weakly sulfated sulfomucins, strongly sulfated sulfomucins and sialomucins. The study of cellular sites of mucosubstance elaboration showed that there are five different types of cells, the first type elaborated neutral mucins, the second weakly sulfated sulfomucins, the third strongly sulfated sulfomucins, the fourth sialomucins and the fifth glycogen. The seasonal variations in the mucosubstances showed that the acidic mucosubstance elaboration begins just before the post-breeding period and reaches a maximum in the pre-breeding season. Cyclic variations not only in the amount of the different mucosubstances but also in the number of cells elaborating them were witnessed in seasonal breeding-aestivation cycle. Since the results appear to indicate that the stages in the maturation of female sex cells in the ovotestis and uterus are closely related to the secretory process of the glandular cells in the female duct in the seasonal reproductive cycle of these snails, the importance of the mucosubstances secreted by the gland cells in the female duct is discussed with reference to the reproductive physiology of the snails."}
{"id": "PMID:128977", "title": "Demonstration of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis in the enamel organ of the mouse incisor.", "content": "The hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate in the mandibular enamel organ demonstrated that the Mg++-activated ATPase was destroyed by pre-treatment with either heat or alcohol, substrate specific for ATP, stimulated by the addition of glutathione or dinitrophenol, and inhibited by oligomycin. The distribution of reaction product was the same with Mg++, Mn++ or Zn++ as the activating cation. Omission of Mg++ from the incubation medium, or replacement with Ca++ or Sr++ resulted in marked hydrolysis of ATP in the cells associated with enamel matrix formation, with loss of enzyme activity in the cells of the zone of enamel matrix maturation. Hydrolysis of ATP by the cells of the stratum intermedium, stellate reticulum and papillary layer was dependent upon Mg++, Mn++, or Zn++.", "contents": "Demonstration of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis in the enamel organ of the mouse incisor. The hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate in the mandibular enamel organ demonstrated that the Mg++-activated ATPase was destroyed by pre-treatment with either heat or alcohol, substrate specific for ATP, stimulated by the addition of glutathione or dinitrophenol, and inhibited by oligomycin. The distribution of reaction product was the same with Mg++, Mn++ or Zn++ as the activating cation. Omission of Mg++ from the incubation medium, or replacement with Ca++ or Sr++ resulted in marked hydrolysis of ATP in the cells associated with enamel matrix formation, with loss of enzyme activity in the cells of the zone of enamel matrix maturation. Hydrolysis of ATP by the cells of the stratum intermedium, stellate reticulum and papillary layer was dependent upon Mg++, Mn++, or Zn++."}
{"id": "PMID:128978", "title": "[Histotopochemical investigations on elastic membranes of blood vessels with special regard to diabetes mellitus. I. Proteins (author's transl)].", "content": "Histochemical investigations on elastic membranes of vessels under normally and diabetic conditions have been accomplished. These studies were made on man (diabetic and non-diabetic subjects) and on rats with streptozotocin-diabetes. The results are comparable among one another. The amino acids histidine, tyrosine and tryptophan were not demonstrable. The detection of primary NH2-groups (ninhydrin-Schiff-method and o-diacetylbenzen-reaction) was positive however. The results of the reactions in healthy men and animals were more distinct than in diabetic human subjects and animals. In healthy children the intensities of the histochemically reactions were higher than in adults.", "contents": "[Histotopochemical investigations on elastic membranes of blood vessels with special regard to diabetes mellitus. I. Proteins (author's transl)]. Histochemical investigations on elastic membranes of vessels under normally and diabetic conditions have been accomplished. These studies were made on man (diabetic and non-diabetic subjects) and on rats with streptozotocin-diabetes. The results are comparable among one another. The amino acids histidine, tyrosine and tryptophan were not demonstrable. The detection of primary NH2-groups (ninhydrin-Schiff-method and o-diacetylbenzen-reaction) was positive however. The results of the reactions in healthy men and animals were more distinct than in diabetic human subjects and animals. In healthy children the intensities of the histochemically reactions were higher than in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:128979", "title": "A histochemical study on the respiratory epithelium of an eel fish - Amphipnous cuchia (Ham).", "content": "The respiratory epithelium of the air sac and that of the buccal cavity resemble each other in having high vascularization, very small air/blood pathway (below 1 mum), phospholipid, ascorbic acid content and having two morphologically distinct mucous cells. The larger mucous cells appear to secrete strongly acidic sulfated mucopolysaccharides while the smaller ones are responsible for secreting sialic acid containing glycoproteins. Elongated mucous cells with foamy cytoplasm and tapering apex of the vascularised buccal epithelium are similar in histochemical properties to the same type of mucous cells reported in the epidermis of the skin. These cells secrete weakly acid mucopolysaccharides. Negligible number of mucous cells are present along the margin of the fused gill filaments of the gill. Presence of large amount of scattered phospholipid globules in the respiratory epithelium appears to be true of all the air breathing fishes utilising oxygen from air. Foreceful water or air breathing for nearly 5 1/2 h by the fish does not indicate change of phospholipid content of the respiratory epithelium but prevention of surfacing a continuous flow of water system resulted in 35% increase in blood ascorbic acid and more concentration of vitamin C granules along the respiratory epithelium.", "contents": "A histochemical study on the respiratory epithelium of an eel fish - Amphipnous cuchia (Ham). The respiratory epithelium of the air sac and that of the buccal cavity resemble each other in having high vascularization, very small air/blood pathway (below 1 mum), phospholipid, ascorbic acid content and having two morphologically distinct mucous cells. The larger mucous cells appear to secrete strongly acidic sulfated mucopolysaccharides while the smaller ones are responsible for secreting sialic acid containing glycoproteins. Elongated mucous cells with foamy cytoplasm and tapering apex of the vascularised buccal epithelium are similar in histochemical properties to the same type of mucous cells reported in the epidermis of the skin. These cells secrete weakly acid mucopolysaccharides. Negligible number of mucous cells are present along the margin of the fused gill filaments of the gill. Presence of large amount of scattered phospholipid globules in the respiratory epithelium appears to be true of all the air breathing fishes utilising oxygen from air. Foreceful water or air breathing for nearly 5 1/2 h by the fish does not indicate change of phospholipid content of the respiratory epithelium but prevention of surfacing a continuous flow of water system resulted in 35% increase in blood ascorbic acid and more concentration of vitamin C granules along the respiratory epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:128980", "title": "The cytology of the testaceous rhizopod Lesquereusia spiralis (Ehrenberg) Penard. I. Cytochemistry.", "content": "The cytology of the testaceous ameba, Lesquereusia spiralis (EHRENBERG) PENARD, has been described using a broad spectrum of cytochemical methods. Most cytological characteristics lie within the range of variability reported for free living non-shelled amebas. The shell of L. spiralis is complex, being composed of siliceous platelets positioned in an organic matrix. This interplatelet matrix is composed of sulfomucin complexed with basic protein. The matrix contains a complex of pore-like structures. The structure and possible origins and function of this matrix complex are discussed.", "contents": "The cytology of the testaceous rhizopod Lesquereusia spiralis (Ehrenberg) Penard. I. Cytochemistry. The cytology of the testaceous ameba, Lesquereusia spiralis (EHRENBERG) PENARD, has been described using a broad spectrum of cytochemical methods. Most cytological characteristics lie within the range of variability reported for free living non-shelled amebas. The shell of L. spiralis is complex, being composed of siliceous platelets positioned in an organic matrix. This interplatelet matrix is composed of sulfomucin complexed with basic protein. The matrix contains a complex of pore-like structures. The structure and possible origins and function of this matrix complex are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:128981", "title": "Metabolic changes in the cerebral cortex of the rat induced by intravenous pentothalsodium.", "content": "The effects of thiopental on cerebral metabolism were evaluated by means of measurements of cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) and of tissue levels of organic phosphates, glycolytic substrates, citric acid cycle intermediated and selected amino acids. Shortly after the beginning of thiopental administration, CMRO2 was reduced to half the normal value, and there were signs of retardation of glycolytic flux at the phosphofructokinase step. Inhibition at this regulatory enzymatic step could be related to an increase in phosphocreatine and a fall in inorganic phosphate concentration. The rise in phosphocreatine, and the unchanged levels of ATP, ADP and AMP demonstrate that induction of anaesthesia with thiopental is unrelated to energy failure. Changes in citric acid intermediated included a fall in malate, and probably also in citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate and fumarate, with a tendency towards reduction in the pool of citric acid cycle intermediates; and the amino acid changes were dominated by a progressive rise in aspartate. It is suggested that these changes are secondary to a reduced rate of pyruvate delivery, and to a decrease in malate/oxaloacetate ratio.", "contents": "Metabolic changes in the cerebral cortex of the rat induced by intravenous pentothalsodium. The effects of thiopental on cerebral metabolism were evaluated by means of measurements of cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) and of tissue levels of organic phosphates, glycolytic substrates, citric acid cycle intermediated and selected amino acids. Shortly after the beginning of thiopental administration, CMRO2 was reduced to half the normal value, and there were signs of retardation of glycolytic flux at the phosphofructokinase step. Inhibition at this regulatory enzymatic step could be related to an increase in phosphocreatine and a fall in inorganic phosphate concentration. The rise in phosphocreatine, and the unchanged levels of ATP, ADP and AMP demonstrate that induction of anaesthesia with thiopental is unrelated to energy failure. Changes in citric acid intermediated included a fall in malate, and probably also in citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate and fumarate, with a tendency towards reduction in the pool of citric acid cycle intermediates; and the amino acid changes were dominated by a progressive rise in aspartate. It is suggested that these changes are secondary to a reduced rate of pyruvate delivery, and to a decrease in malate/oxaloacetate ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:128982", "title": "[Ultrastructural reaction of the multipotential glia in the cerebellum of the rat after treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide].", "content": "6-Aminonicotinamide (6-AN), an antimetabolite of nicotinamide, damages the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes through a blockade of the pentose phosphate pathway. Both types of glia cells become hydropic. A third type of glia cell, described by VAUGHN and PETERS, the multipotential glia, is affected to a lesser extent. These cells phagocytize and form pseudopodia after treatment with 6-AN. Thus the multipotential glia cells are 'marked' by the action of 6-AN, since they are obviously less dependent on the pentose phosphate pathway in the carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural reaction of the multipotential glia in the cerebellum of the rat after treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide]. 6-Aminonicotinamide (6-AN), an antimetabolite of nicotinamide, damages the astrocytes and oligodendrocytes through a blockade of the pentose phosphate pathway. Both types of glia cells become hydropic. A third type of glia cell, described by VAUGHN and PETERS, the multipotential glia, is affected to a lesser extent. These cells phagocytize and form pseudopodia after treatment with 6-AN. Thus the multipotential glia cells are 'marked' by the action of 6-AN, since they are obviously less dependent on the pentose phosphate pathway in the carbohydrate metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:128983", "title": "Autoradiographic study of chick limb cartilage in vivo and in vitro and its response to mitomycin C (MMC).", "content": "Effect of mitomycin C on mucopolysaccharide synthesis by the cartilage cells of chick limb bud (5-9 days old) was investigated both in vivo and in vitro by the uptake study of 35S. Control specimens (both in vivo and in vitro) showed higher concentration of silver grains, mostly intercellular, in the initial stages. Hypertrophy of cartilage cells at later stages reduced the matrix, leading to a corresponding decrease in the accumulation of silver grains. In the treated groups, both in vivo and in vitro, the silver grains were found to be less in number during the initial stage of growth than in the corresponding controls, due to the suppressive effect of the mitomycin C. However, during the later period of growth, uptake of 35S was more in the matrix of treated specimens, which was apparently not reduced due to lack of hypertrophy of cartilage cells. The mechanism of the suppressive effect of mitomycin C seems similar in vivo and in vitro.", "contents": "Autoradiographic study of chick limb cartilage in vivo and in vitro and its response to mitomycin C (MMC). Effect of mitomycin C on mucopolysaccharide synthesis by the cartilage cells of chick limb bud (5-9 days old) was investigated both in vivo and in vitro by the uptake study of 35S. Control specimens (both in vivo and in vitro) showed higher concentration of silver grains, mostly intercellular, in the initial stages. Hypertrophy of cartilage cells at later stages reduced the matrix, leading to a corresponding decrease in the accumulation of silver grains. In the treated groups, both in vivo and in vitro, the silver grains were found to be less in number during the initial stage of growth than in the corresponding controls, due to the suppressive effect of the mitomycin C. However, during the later period of growth, uptake of 35S was more in the matrix of treated specimens, which was apparently not reduced due to lack of hypertrophy of cartilage cells. The mechanism of the suppressive effect of mitomycin C seems similar in vivo and in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:128984", "title": "[Animal experiment histological-histochemical studies on the development of hearing disorders related to hypothyroidism].", "content": "It has been known for a long time that hearing deficits may coexist in patients with thyroid disease, but without definite morphologic evidence present to correlate gland dysfunction with hearing disturbances. To clarify this relationship between thyroid dysfunction and hearing disturbances, the guinea pig was employed as an experimental model. 70 animals were thyroidectomized, and maintained in a hypothyroid state for varying periods of time. The animals were then sacrificed, and various histochemical studies then performed. These studies included analysis for glycosidase (beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, n-acetyl-beta-glucosamide), non-specific esterases, sulfatases, sulghydryl groups as well as mucous substances within the cochlea and saccus endolymphaticus of the experimental animals. Results indicated that hyaluronidase-sensitive mucous substances were increased in the scala of the inner ear. As a consequence of increased deposition of acid mucopolysaccharides, the relationship of potassium to sodium in endolymph and perilymph was found markedly altered. Marked swelling of the chambers of the inner ear was noted, and believed to represent hydropic induction by acid mucopolysaccharide-with consequent alteration of electrolyte relationships (\"Electrochemical Theory\").", "contents": "[Animal experiment histological-histochemical studies on the development of hearing disorders related to hypothyroidism]. It has been known for a long time that hearing deficits may coexist in patients with thyroid disease, but without definite morphologic evidence present to correlate gland dysfunction with hearing disturbances. To clarify this relationship between thyroid dysfunction and hearing disturbances, the guinea pig was employed as an experimental model. 70 animals were thyroidectomized, and maintained in a hypothyroid state for varying periods of time. The animals were then sacrificed, and various histochemical studies then performed. These studies included analysis for glycosidase (beta-galactosidase, beta-glucuronidase, n-acetyl-beta-glucosamide), non-specific esterases, sulfatases, sulghydryl groups as well as mucous substances within the cochlea and saccus endolymphaticus of the experimental animals. Results indicated that hyaluronidase-sensitive mucous substances were increased in the scala of the inner ear. As a consequence of increased deposition of acid mucopolysaccharides, the relationship of potassium to sodium in endolymph and perilymph was found markedly altered. Marked swelling of the chambers of the inner ear was noted, and believed to represent hydropic induction by acid mucopolysaccharide-with consequent alteration of electrolyte relationships (\"Electrochemical Theory\")."}
{"id": "PMID:128986", "title": "On the possible involvement of sulphomucopolysaccharides in the storage of catecholamines within the central nervous system.", "content": "Rats treated at birth with 6-OH DA were sacrificed in adult age 24 h after an injection of 3H-NA. Synaptosomes were isolated from the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, the pons-medulla region and the cerebellum. The similar distribution pattern of 3H-NA and 35S on gradient centrifugation of the synaptosome preparations, the similar effect of 6-OHDA on the uptake of 3H-NA into slices of brain tissue in vitro and on their 35S content as well as the identification of chondroitin and heparan sulphate in the synaptosome fractions are observations which indicate a possible function of SMPSs in the storage of NA in adrenergic terminals.", "contents": "On the possible involvement of sulphomucopolysaccharides in the storage of catecholamines within the central nervous system. Rats treated at birth with 6-OH DA were sacrificed in adult age 24 h after an injection of 3H-NA. Synaptosomes were isolated from the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, the pons-medulla region and the cerebellum. The similar distribution pattern of 3H-NA and 35S on gradient centrifugation of the synaptosome preparations, the similar effect of 6-OHDA on the uptake of 3H-NA into slices of brain tissue in vitro and on their 35S content as well as the identification of chondroitin and heparan sulphate in the synaptosome fractions are observations which indicate a possible function of SMPSs in the storage of NA in adrenergic terminals."}
{"id": "PMID:128987", "title": "Comparison of the effects of physical exercise, cold acclimation  and repeated injections of isoprenaline on rat muscle enzymes.", "content": "The metabolic effects on rat cardiac and skeletal muscle of a strenous program of swimming, of cold acclimation and of isoprenaline treatment (0.3 mg/kg daily for 5 five-day weeks) were compared. Exercised and cold-exposed rats gained less body weight than did controls or isoprenaline-treated rats. In all treated groups the heart and the intercapular brown adipose tissue hypertrophied. The size of the adrenals increased only in isoprenaline-treated animals. Cold-acclimation and physical training increased and isoprenaline treatment reduced or did not affect the activities of succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase of cardiac muscle. In the skeletal muscle all treatments resulted in increased activities of these enzymes. Of the anaerobic enzymes analysed, only the activity of hexokinase increased in response to the treatements used. This increase was the same in cardiac as in skeletal muscle, but it was significantly greater with isoprenaline-treatment than with training or with cold-acclimation. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase did not differ significantly. All treatments improved cold resistance, but only swimming exercise and cold acclimation significantly increased tolerance to exercise. It is concluded that prolonged stimulation of adrenergic beta-receptors by catecholamines is responsible for the metabolic changes observed.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of physical exercise, cold acclimation  and repeated injections of isoprenaline on rat muscle enzymes. The metabolic effects on rat cardiac and skeletal muscle of a strenous program of swimming, of cold acclimation and of isoprenaline treatment (0.3 mg/kg daily for 5 five-day weeks) were compared. Exercised and cold-exposed rats gained less body weight than did controls or isoprenaline-treated rats. In all treated groups the heart and the intercapular brown adipose tissue hypertrophied. The size of the adrenals increased only in isoprenaline-treated animals. Cold-acclimation and physical training increased and isoprenaline treatment reduced or did not affect the activities of succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase of cardiac muscle. In the skeletal muscle all treatments resulted in increased activities of these enzymes. Of the anaerobic enzymes analysed, only the activity of hexokinase increased in response to the treatements used. This increase was the same in cardiac as in skeletal muscle, but it was significantly greater with isoprenaline-treatment than with training or with cold-acclimation. The activities of lactate dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase did not differ significantly. All treatments improved cold resistance, but only swimming exercise and cold acclimation significantly increased tolerance to exercise. It is concluded that prolonged stimulation of adrenergic beta-receptors by catecholamines is responsible for the metabolic changes observed."}
{"id": "PMID:128988", "title": "Studies on the metabolism of beta-hydroxy- aspartic acid.", "content": "The content of beta-hydroxyaspartic acid was measured in the urine of man and several species of animals. The configuration of urinary beta-hydroxyaspartic acid was deduced to be L-erythro in form by chromatographic comparisons with authentic samples. An increased excretion of urinary beta-hydroxyaspartic acid was observed in cats when serine or thiamine was administered with glycine. Glycine-1-14C administered to rats was incorporated into the urinary beta-hydroxyaspartic acid. The formation of beta-hydroxyaspartic acid in pig-liver homogenate increased in the presence of glutamate and thiamine pyrophosphate. These results were discussed in relation to the author's working hypothesis on the biosynthesis of beta-hydroxyaspartic acid.", "contents": "Studies on the metabolism of beta-hydroxy- aspartic acid. The content of beta-hydroxyaspartic acid was measured in the urine of man and several species of animals. The configuration of urinary beta-hydroxyaspartic acid was deduced to be L-erythro in form by chromatographic comparisons with authentic samples. An increased excretion of urinary beta-hydroxyaspartic acid was observed in cats when serine or thiamine was administered with glycine. Glycine-1-14C administered to rats was incorporated into the urinary beta-hydroxyaspartic acid. The formation of beta-hydroxyaspartic acid in pig-liver homogenate increased in the presence of glutamate and thiamine pyrophosphate. These results were discussed in relation to the author's working hypothesis on the biosynthesis of beta-hydroxyaspartic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:128989", "title": "Electrical and mechanical activities of longitudinal muscle contraction elicited by transmural electric stimulation.", "content": "Intracellular electrical and mechanical activities were simultaneously recorded from the longitudinal muscle of isolated guinea-pig jejunum when the preparation was stimulated transmurally by square pulses of 1 msec, 10 Hz, 10-40 V. Transmural stimulation of more than 30 V induced co-ordinated peristaltic waves under intraluminal pressure at levels subthreshold for the peristaltic reflex. Transmural stimulation of less than 30 V induced various types of mechanical responses. After termination of stimulation, rebound excitation was observed. Electrical activities of the longitudinal muscle were compared with various mechanical responses. Slow depolarization without spike potential was recorded when the longitudinal muscle contracted without circular muscle contraction. However, spike potential was recorded from the longitudinal muscle when circular muscle contraction was present as a response. Hyperpolarization was observed soon after the beginning of stimulation. This hyperpolarization was persistent to atropine at 10(-6) g/ml. These electrical and mechanical responses to transmural stimulation disappeared when the preparation was treated with tetrodotoxin at 2 X 10(-7) g/ml.", "contents": "Electrical and mechanical activities of longitudinal muscle contraction elicited by transmural electric stimulation. Intracellular electrical and mechanical activities were simultaneously recorded from the longitudinal muscle of isolated guinea-pig jejunum when the preparation was stimulated transmurally by square pulses of 1 msec, 10 Hz, 10-40 V. Transmural stimulation of more than 30 V induced co-ordinated peristaltic waves under intraluminal pressure at levels subthreshold for the peristaltic reflex. Transmural stimulation of less than 30 V induced various types of mechanical responses. After termination of stimulation, rebound excitation was observed. Electrical activities of the longitudinal muscle were compared with various mechanical responses. Slow depolarization without spike potential was recorded when the longitudinal muscle contracted without circular muscle contraction. However, spike potential was recorded from the longitudinal muscle when circular muscle contraction was present as a response. Hyperpolarization was observed soon after the beginning of stimulation. This hyperpolarization was persistent to atropine at 10(-6) g/ml. These electrical and mechanical responses to transmural stimulation disappeared when the preparation was treated with tetrodotoxin at 2 X 10(-7) g/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:128990", "title": "A method for microdetermination of major neutral lipids and an application of the procedure to tissue lipids.", "content": "Cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, triglycerides and fatty acids as major neutral lipids and phospholipids were examined in quantitative analysis. The method consisted of three steps: (1) separation of lipids by one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on silica gel plates; (2) elution of neutral lipids from scraped silica gel with chloroform-methanol (4:1); and (3) colorimetric determination of individual neutral lipids in eluates and phospholipids in silica gel. The conditions were modified for chromotropic acid reaction for determining triglycerides. Laurell's method for determining fatty acids was also modified to apply to quantitative thin-layer chromatography. The accuracy of the modified methods was well-defined as the absorbance values were on a linear curve. A quantitative study was made of the recovery of triglycerides and fatty acids after chromatography. Combining these modified methods and colorimetry for determination of cholesterol cholesteryl esters and phospholipids, the author established a micromethod for determining the major neutral lipids and phospholipids by thin-layer  chromatography. Lipids from HeLa, S-3 cells were analyzed to examine the applicability of this method to tissues. The results indicated that the new method permitted a reliable estimation of the major neutral lipids and phospholipids from small amounts of tissues.", "contents": "A method for microdetermination of major neutral lipids and an application of the procedure to tissue lipids. Cholesterol, cholesteryl esters, triglycerides and fatty acids as major neutral lipids and phospholipids were examined in quantitative analysis. The method consisted of three steps: (1) separation of lipids by one-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on silica gel plates; (2) elution of neutral lipids from scraped silica gel with chloroform-methanol (4:1); and (3) colorimetric determination of individual neutral lipids in eluates and phospholipids in silica gel. The conditions were modified for chromotropic acid reaction for determining triglycerides. Laurell's method for determining fatty acids was also modified to apply to quantitative thin-layer chromatography. The accuracy of the modified methods was well-defined as the absorbance values were on a linear curve. A quantitative study was made of the recovery of triglycerides and fatty acids after chromatography. Combining these modified methods and colorimetry for determination of cholesterol cholesteryl esters and phospholipids, the author established a micromethod for determining the major neutral lipids and phospholipids by thin-layer  chromatography. Lipids from HeLa, S-3 cells were analyzed to examine the applicability of this method to tissues. The results indicated that the new method permitted a reliable estimation of the major neutral lipids and phospholipids from small amounts of tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:128991", "title": "The maturation of reticulocytes. I. Following introduction of reticulocytes into polycythemic and normocythemic animals.", "content": "Investigations were conducted on the life-span of \"stress\" reticulocytes and the fate of the early denucleated large-sized reticulocytes in  circulating blood. Reticulocyte disappearance was examined after reticulocyte introduction into the vein and into the peritoneal cavity of polycythemic and normocythemic animals. The results indicated that these introduced reticulocytes matured to red cells by about 36 hours after injection under both the polycythemic and normocytehmic conditions. The large-sized reticulocytes disappeared by about 4 to 12 hours after introduction. The maturation of reticulocytes was largely arrested when the cells were introduced into the peritoneal cavity.", "contents": "The maturation of reticulocytes. I. Following introduction of reticulocytes into polycythemic and normocythemic animals. Investigations were conducted on the life-span of \"stress\" reticulocytes and the fate of the early denucleated large-sized reticulocytes in  circulating blood. Reticulocyte disappearance was examined after reticulocyte introduction into the vein and into the peritoneal cavity of polycythemic and normocythemic animals. The results indicated that these introduced reticulocytes matured to red cells by about 36 hours after injection under both the polycythemic and normocytehmic conditions. The large-sized reticulocytes disappeared by about 4 to 12 hours after introduction. The maturation of reticulocytes was largely arrested when the cells were introduced into the peritoneal cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:128992", "title": "The maturation of reticulocytes. II. Life-span of red cells originating from stress reticulocytes.", "content": "Life-spans of macroreticuloytes and macrocytic red cells were studied. Rabbits were made anemic by injecting phenylhydrazine. Peripheral blood rich in reticulocytes was drawn, labeled with 3H-amino acids, and injected back into the anemic animal. Autoradiographic observation on circulating red cells revealed that macroreticulocytes matured at nearly the same time as normal-sized reticulocytes but that the macrocytic red cells had a short life-span compared to normal-sized red cells.", "contents": "The maturation of reticulocytes. II. Life-span of red cells originating from stress reticulocytes. Life-spans of macroreticuloytes and macrocytic red cells were studied. Rabbits were made anemic by injecting phenylhydrazine. Peripheral blood rich in reticulocytes was drawn, labeled with 3H-amino acids, and injected back into the anemic animal. Autoradiographic observation on circulating red cells revealed that macroreticulocytes matured at nearly the same time as normal-sized reticulocytes but that the macrocytic red cells had a short life-span compared to normal-sized red cells."}
{"id": "PMID:128993", "title": "Large round cell granulomas induced by murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) in mouse brains.", "content": "The effect of murine sarcoma virus of Moloney strain on central nervous system was examined morphologically in Swiss mice of different age. A single intracranial inoculation of cell-free virus solution resulted in the induction of characteristic intracerebral granulomas in 82.8% of the newborn to 5 day-old group, in 71.4% of the 6 to 10 day-old group, and in 68.0% of the 11 to 20 day-old group. The mean latency periods to tumor recognition were 16.5, 21.1, and 33.5 days, respectively. The granuloma consisted of inflammatory cell infilrations, reactive gliosis, and richly developed blood vessels. The lesions consistently contained numerous characteristic large round cells. In cases of long-survival, the findings included reparative changes, such as extensive gliosis, withdrawal of inflammation, and a decrease in the numbers of large round cells and blood vessels. These lesions were tentatively designated as \"large round cell granuloma.\" The early foci of the granoloma were composed of proliferating glial cells and large round cells at the subependymal regions. Electron microscopically these large round cells had abundant intracytoplasmic fibrils quite similar to gliofibrils. Numerous C-type virus particles were present in the intercellular nad perivascular spaces, and occasionally budded from cell membranes of the large round cells and vascular endothelia. The large round cells were considered to be reactive astrocytes activated by biral infection. It was conclided that MSV-M was not a sarcomogenic but a granulomogenic virus in mice. Control animals showed no pathological changes.", "contents": "Large round cell granulomas induced by murine sarcoma virus (Moloney) in mouse brains. The effect of murine sarcoma virus of Moloney strain on central nervous system was examined morphologically in Swiss mice of different age. A single intracranial inoculation of cell-free virus solution resulted in the induction of characteristic intracerebral granulomas in 82.8% of the newborn to 5 day-old group, in 71.4% of the 6 to 10 day-old group, and in 68.0% of the 11 to 20 day-old group. The mean latency periods to tumor recognition were 16.5, 21.1, and 33.5 days, respectively. The granuloma consisted of inflammatory cell infilrations, reactive gliosis, and richly developed blood vessels. The lesions consistently contained numerous characteristic large round cells. In cases of long-survival, the findings included reparative changes, such as extensive gliosis, withdrawal of inflammation, and a decrease in the numbers of large round cells and blood vessels. These lesions were tentatively designated as \"large round cell granuloma.\" The early foci of the granoloma were composed of proliferating glial cells and large round cells at the subependymal regions. Electron microscopically these large round cells had abundant intracytoplasmic fibrils quite similar to gliofibrils. Numerous C-type virus particles were present in the intercellular nad perivascular spaces, and occasionally budded from cell membranes of the large round cells and vascular endothelia. The large round cells were considered to be reactive astrocytes activated by biral infection. It was conclided that MSV-M was not a sarcomogenic but a granulomogenic virus in mice. Control animals showed no pathological changes."}
{"id": "PMID:129000", "title": "Cyanotic congenital heart disease.", "content": "This review describes the evolving concepts of diagnosis and management of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Early palliative surgical procedures were followed by reparative operations and are now to a large extent replaced by these operations which are designed to relieve the problem. Collaboration of the team of cardiologists, surgeons, radiologists, anesthesiologists and nurses has made the many developments possible. The teamwork has not only widened the scope of what can be accomplished but has also extended the opportunities for beneficial reparative surgery down to the first weeks and months of life. Precise diagnosis and meticulous operative and perioperative care by the team are essential elements of success. Long-term follow-up and regular analyses of results have led to continuing improvements. Although these patients were born to be blue, their color and their outlook have been changed during these last 3 decades to something close to rosy.", "contents": "Cyanotic congenital heart disease. This review describes the evolving concepts of diagnosis and management of patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Early palliative surgical procedures were followed by reparative operations and are now to a large extent replaced by these operations which are designed to relieve the problem. Collaboration of the team of cardiologists, surgeons, radiologists, anesthesiologists and nurses has made the many developments possible. The teamwork has not only widened the scope of what can be accomplished but has also extended the opportunities for beneficial reparative surgery down to the first weeks and months of life. Precise diagnosis and meticulous operative and perioperative care by the team are essential elements of success. Long-term follow-up and regular analyses of results have led to continuing improvements. Although these patients were born to be blue, their color and their outlook have been changed during these last 3 decades to something close to rosy."}
{"id": "PMID:129001", "title": "Differentiation of normal human mammary epithelial cells in culture: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "An ultrastructural and cytochemical study of normal human mammary epithelial cells cultured from post-weaning breast fluids is described. Cells were examined at the time of plating and at intervals up to 28 days in culture. Three different stages in the morphological differentiation of these cells in vitro were observed: (1) the first stage was the formation of a monolayer of single cells, which occurred between days 1 and 10 in culture. The cells in this stage were not interconnected by junctional complexes and lacked Mg++- dependent ATPase activity in the plasma membranes, but did contain a large quantity of lipid and exhibited some secretory characteristics. (2) The second stage, occurring at 10 to 16 days in culture, was characterized by the formation of junctional complexes, the appearance of Mg++-dependent ATPase in the plasma membrane and a decrease in the number of dense bodies with peroxidase activity. (3) The third stage, occurring at 16 to 28 days in culture, was characterized by the formation of stratified layers of epithelial cells, which were interconnected by a larger number of desmosomes with numerous pleomorphic microfilaments. The Mg++-dependent ATPase activity in the plasma membrane was retained and the dense bodies with peroxidase activity were rarely observed at this stage. During the last seven days were prominent in the cells of the stratified layer. After 28 days in the culture, the cells began to round up and slough off the culture plate.", "contents": "Differentiation of normal human mammary epithelial cells in culture: an ultrastructural study. An ultrastructural and cytochemical study of normal human mammary epithelial cells cultured from post-weaning breast fluids is described. Cells were examined at the time of plating and at intervals up to 28 days in culture. Three different stages in the morphological differentiation of these cells in vitro were observed: (1) the first stage was the formation of a monolayer of single cells, which occurred between days 1 and 10 in culture. The cells in this stage were not interconnected by junctional complexes and lacked Mg++- dependent ATPase activity in the plasma membranes, but did contain a large quantity of lipid and exhibited some secretory characteristics. (2) The second stage, occurring at 10 to 16 days in culture, was characterized by the formation of junctional complexes, the appearance of Mg++-dependent ATPase in the plasma membrane and a decrease in the number of dense bodies with peroxidase activity. (3) The third stage, occurring at 16 to 28 days in culture, was characterized by the formation of stratified layers of epithelial cells, which were interconnected by a larger number of desmosomes with numerous pleomorphic microfilaments. The Mg++-dependent ATPase activity in the plasma membrane was retained and the dense bodies with peroxidase activity were rarely observed at this stage. During the last seven days were prominent in the cells of the stratified layer. After 28 days in the culture, the cells began to round up and slough off the culture plate."}
{"id": "PMID:129004", "title": "Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in an institution for mentally retarded persons.", "content": "Sera from patients and employees of the Lynchburg Training School and Hospital were tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen by complement fixation test and antibody against Hepatitis B surface antigen by radioimmunoprecipitation test. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 20% of the Down's syndrome patients and 7 percent of the matched other retarded patients. Antibody against Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 40% of the Down's syndrome and 57% of the matched other retarded patients. Hepatitis B virus infection as measured by presence of either Hepatitis B surface antigen or antibody was similar in the Down's syndrome patients (59%) and the matched other retarded patients (63%). Male patients had a higher frequency of Hepatitis B surface antigen chronic carriers and a lower frequency of antibodies to Hepatitis B surface antigen than the female patients. No relationship between age at time of first institutionalization and prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection was demonstrated. However, it was observed that patients institutionalized at an earlier age were more likely to be housed in wards with a high frequency of Hepatitis B surface antigen. Increased length of institutionalization was associated with increased prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection. Antibody to Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 33% of the employees. Employees who worked on wards with a high frequency of Hepatitis B virus infection had a high frequency of Hepatitis B surface antibody (50%) whereas those working on wards with a low frequency of infection had a low frequency of Hepatitis B surface antibody (9%).", "contents": "Epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in an institution for mentally retarded persons. Sera from patients and employees of the Lynchburg Training School and Hospital were tested for Hepatitis B surface antigen by complement fixation test and antibody against Hepatitis B surface antigen by radioimmunoprecipitation test. Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 20% of the Down's syndrome patients and 7 percent of the matched other retarded patients. Antibody against Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 40% of the Down's syndrome and 57% of the matched other retarded patients. Hepatitis B virus infection as measured by presence of either Hepatitis B surface antigen or antibody was similar in the Down's syndrome patients (59%) and the matched other retarded patients (63%). Male patients had a higher frequency of Hepatitis B surface antigen chronic carriers and a lower frequency of antibodies to Hepatitis B surface antigen than the female patients. No relationship between age at time of first institutionalization and prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection was demonstrated. However, it was observed that patients institutionalized at an earlier age were more likely to be housed in wards with a high frequency of Hepatitis B surface antigen. Increased length of institutionalization was associated with increased prevalence of Hepatitis B virus infection. Antibody to Hepatitis B surface antigen was detected in 33% of the employees. Employees who worked on wards with a high frequency of Hepatitis B virus infection had a high frequency of Hepatitis B surface antibody (50%) whereas those working on wards with a low frequency of infection had a low frequency of Hepatitis B surface antibody (9%)."}
{"id": "PMID:129005", "title": "Hepatitis and Down's syndrome.", "content": "Data obtained concerning Hepatitis B as a possible couse of Down's syndrome, neonatal hepatitis, and the occurrence of Hepatitis A and B in institutionalized Down's syndrome and matched non-Down's syndrome retarded patients was summarized. The results of our studies indicated that Hepatitis B infection during pregnancy was not related to the genetic changes associated with Down's syndrome. It was further indicated that in institutionalized patients the incidence of Hepatitis B infection in both Down's syndrome and other mentally retarded patients was similar. Within the institition we studied, the incidence of Hepatitis B varied among wards. This ward variation seemed to be related to age at time of institutionalization and degree of mental retardation. Those patients with most retardation and those institutionalized at an early age were placed on wards with highest incidence of Hepatitis B antigenemia.", "contents": "Hepatitis and Down's syndrome. Data obtained concerning Hepatitis B as a possible couse of Down's syndrome, neonatal hepatitis, and the occurrence of Hepatitis A and B in institutionalized Down's syndrome and matched non-Down's syndrome retarded patients was summarized. The results of our studies indicated that Hepatitis B infection during pregnancy was not related to the genetic changes associated with Down's syndrome. It was further indicated that in institutionalized patients the incidence of Hepatitis B infection in both Down's syndrome and other mentally retarded patients was similar. Within the institition we studied, the incidence of Hepatitis B varied among wards. This ward variation seemed to be related to age at time of institutionalization and degree of mental retardation. Those patients with most retardation and those institutionalized at an early age were placed on wards with highest incidence of Hepatitis B antigenemia."}
{"id": "PMID:129006", "title": "Mental retardation and stress on the parents: a contrast between Down's syndrome and childhood autism.", "content": "Mothers of autistic, Down's syndrome, and outpatient psychiatric clinic children completed a questionnaire about their attitudes toward the identified child and the effects of the child on themselves and their families. A canonical correlation between the 15 questionnaire scales and three groups revealed a general retardation/social dependency factor separating the mothers of the two retarded groups from the clinic sample. The autism group was differentiated from the Down's syndrome group by scales measuring severity of the child's handicap and family integration problems more than by scales measuring stress on the mother. The hypothesis that mothers of autistic children would report more problems than both other groups was supported; the hypothesis that mothers of Down's syndrome children would report more problems than mothers of outpatient clinic children was not.", "contents": "Mental retardation and stress on the parents: a contrast between Down's syndrome and childhood autism. Mothers of autistic, Down's syndrome, and outpatient psychiatric clinic children completed a questionnaire about their attitudes toward the identified child and the effects of the child on themselves and their families. A canonical correlation between the 15 questionnaire scales and three groups revealed a general retardation/social dependency factor separating the mothers of the two retarded groups from the clinic sample. The autism group was differentiated from the Down's syndrome group by scales measuring severity of the child's handicap and family integration problems more than by scales measuring stress on the mother. The hypothesis that mothers of autistic children would report more problems than both other groups was supported; the hypothesis that mothers of Down's syndrome children would report more problems than mothers of outpatient clinic children was not."}
{"id": "PMID:129002", "title": "Long-term treatment of hyperkinetic heart syndrome with propranolol.", "content": "Twelve men suffering from the primary hyperkinetic heart syndrome (PHHS) displayed palpitation, rapid and forceful heart action, increased pulsations of the large arteries, cardiac systolic murmur, and the following circulatory values (averages): systolic arterial pressure (SAP) =154 mm Hg; heart rate (HR)=91 b/min; cardiac index (Ci) =5494 ml/min/m2; left ventricular mean systolic ejection rate index (SMEJR) =227 ml/min/m2; left ventricular mean pre-ejection delta P/delta t (delta P/delta t) = 1.32 mm Hg/msec. A two-year followup during which propranolol was administered (80-160 mg/day) revealed good subjective improvement and disappearance of signs of circulatory hyperkinesis. At the end of this period the hemodynamic functions were as follows: SAP=134; HR=69; Cl=3489; MSEJR=171; delta P/delta t=0.89. Substitution of placebo for the active drug caused prompt reappearance of symptoms of cardiac overactivity in each patient, and brought the circulatory functions back to these levels: SAP=157; HR=96; Cl=5530; MSEJR=245; delta P/delta t=1.33. These findings lend further credence to the concept that the PHHS is, indeed, a definable disease entity; they also document that propranolol ameliorates the symptoms of the disease but is ineffective for the underlying disorder.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of hyperkinetic heart syndrome with propranolol. Twelve men suffering from the primary hyperkinetic heart syndrome (PHHS) displayed palpitation, rapid and forceful heart action, increased pulsations of the large arteries, cardiac systolic murmur, and the following circulatory values (averages): systolic arterial pressure (SAP) =154 mm Hg; heart rate (HR)=91 b/min; cardiac index (Ci) =5494 ml/min/m2; left ventricular mean systolic ejection rate index (SMEJR) =227 ml/min/m2; left ventricular mean pre-ejection delta P/delta t (delta P/delta t) = 1.32 mm Hg/msec. A two-year followup during which propranolol was administered (80-160 mg/day) revealed good subjective improvement and disappearance of signs of circulatory hyperkinesis. At the end of this period the hemodynamic functions were as follows: SAP=134; HR=69; Cl=3489; MSEJR=171; delta P/delta t=0.89. Substitution of placebo for the active drug caused prompt reappearance of symptoms of cardiac overactivity in each patient, and brought the circulatory functions back to these levels: SAP=157; HR=96; Cl=5530; MSEJR=245; delta P/delta t=1.33. These findings lend further credence to the concept that the PHHS is, indeed, a definable disease entity; they also document that propranolol ameliorates the symptoms of the disease but is ineffective for the underlying disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:129003", "title": "Heart in Friedreich's ataxia.", "content": "Most articles on Friedreich's ataxia report that cardiac complications are almost universal in patients with this disease. However, the present study of 30 cases, observed for two to ten years, seems to belie the experience of other writers in the field. Only six (20 per cent) of these patients showed electrocardiographic abnormalities. Only one patient had cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure. One other patient had paroxysmal tachycardia. Seventy-four family members were also studied and the results were similar. It is suggested that this impressive difference may be a racial one and indeed very few reports on Friedreich's ataxia have come from India. Further study of this group of patients is in progress. The author also includes a review of the literature of neuromyopathic diseases and their relationship to myocardial involvement.", "contents": "Heart in Friedreich's ataxia. Most articles on Friedreich's ataxia report that cardiac complications are almost universal in patients with this disease. However, the present study of 30 cases, observed for two to ten years, seems to belie the experience of other writers in the field. Only six (20 per cent) of these patients showed electrocardiographic abnormalities. Only one patient had cardiac enlargement and congestive heart failure. One other patient had paroxysmal tachycardia. Seventy-four family members were also studied and the results were similar. It is suggested that this impressive difference may be a racial one and indeed very few reports on Friedreich's ataxia have come from India. Further study of this group of patients is in progress. The author also includes a review of the literature of neuromyopathic diseases and their relationship to myocardial involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:129007", "title": "Birth weight of children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "The difference in birth weight between children with Down's syndrome and their siblings was estimated to be in the interval from .18 to .37 kg with 90 percent confidence, the Down's syndrome infants having the smaller mean birth weights. When we adjusted their birth weight, using a multiple linear regression analysis, to take into account several factors known to affect it, the difference in birth weight was only slightly less than the unadjusted difference. The data support the hypothesis that an extra chromosome No. 21 results in a smaller than expected birth weight.", "contents": "Birth weight of children with Down's syndrome. The difference in birth weight between children with Down's syndrome and their siblings was estimated to be in the interval from .18 to .37 kg with 90 percent confidence, the Down's syndrome infants having the smaller mean birth weights. When we adjusted their birth weight, using a multiple linear regression analysis, to take into account several factors known to affect it, the difference in birth weight was only slightly less than the unadjusted difference. The data support the hypothesis that an extra chromosome No. 21 results in a smaller than expected birth weight."}
{"id": "PMID:129008", "title": "The metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. IV. Acute effects of induced hypertension, hypotension, and naturesis in normal and hypertensive pregnancies.", "content": "In the present study, the metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (MCRDS) decreased in normotensive gravidas during short-term studies utilizing angiotensin II-induced elevation of blood pressure. Therapy with hydralazine hydrochloride in chronic hypertensive gravidas resulted in a decrease in blood pressure and an accompanying decrease in the MCRDS. A variable response was observed in the apparent volume of distribution of DS (AVDDS) during therapy with hydralazine hydrochloride. Decreases in MCRDS also occurred in chronic hypertensive gravidas following therapy with 40 mg. of intravenously administered furosemide despite a failure of blood pressure to be altered. The AVDDS increased in four of five patients receiving furosemide, suggesting a possible direct action of furosemide upon vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "The metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. IV. Acute effects of induced hypertension, hypotension, and naturesis in normal and hypertensive pregnancies. In the present study, the metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (MCRDS) decreased in normotensive gravidas during short-term studies utilizing angiotensin II-induced elevation of blood pressure. Therapy with hydralazine hydrochloride in chronic hypertensive gravidas resulted in a decrease in blood pressure and an accompanying decrease in the MCRDS. A variable response was observed in the apparent volume of distribution of DS (AVDDS) during therapy with hydralazine hydrochloride. Decreases in MCRDS also occurred in chronic hypertensive gravidas following therapy with 40 mg. of intravenously administered furosemide despite a failure of blood pressure to be altered. The AVDDS increased in four of five patients receiving furosemide, suggesting a possible direct action of furosemide upon vascular smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:129009", "title": "Maternal mortality rates in eclampsia.", "content": "This study evaluates the dominant factors that influence the course of eclampsia toward a lethal outcome by means of statistical analysis of various clinical, laboratory, and morphologic data of 365 cases of toxemia with convulsions, that included 49 deaths and 33 autopsies, registered during a 9 year period. This communication suggests that the death of eclamptic patients resulted from a combination of several factors that showed a very wide individual variation. Since advancing age of the mother was associated with a high incidence of coincidental renal and vascular diseases, this was the most clearly influential factor. The presence of twins, delay in hospitalization, under haste in deciding upon cesarean delivery, and underestimation of the initial clinical condition were all influential factors, although without statistical significance. Cesarean section, performed in 141 instances of ante- and intrapartum eclasmpsia (40.4 per cent), was not associated with a higher maternal mortality rate.", "contents": "Maternal mortality rates in eclampsia. This study evaluates the dominant factors that influence the course of eclampsia toward a lethal outcome by means of statistical analysis of various clinical, laboratory, and morphologic data of 365 cases of toxemia with convulsions, that included 49 deaths and 33 autopsies, registered during a 9 year period. This communication suggests that the death of eclamptic patients resulted from a combination of several factors that showed a very wide individual variation. Since advancing age of the mother was associated with a high incidence of coincidental renal and vascular diseases, this was the most clearly influential factor. The presence of twins, delay in hospitalization, under haste in deciding upon cesarean delivery, and underestimation of the initial clinical condition were all influential factors, although without statistical significance. Cesarean section, performed in 141 instances of ante- and intrapartum eclasmpsia (40.4 per cent), was not associated with a higher maternal mortality rate."}
{"id": "PMID:129010", "title": "Cardiac output in the fetal lamb: the effects of spontaneous and induced changes of heart rate on right and left ventricular output.", "content": "Right and left ventricular outputs were measured continuously in fetal lambs in utero for 2 to 21 days after implantation of electromagnetic flow tranducers around the main pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta. Surface pacing electrodes were implanted on the left and right atria. The intact cervical vagus nerve was stimulated by electrodes implanted around the nerve. Spontaneous increased in fetal heart rate were associated with increases in both right and left ventricular outputs and spontaneous falls in heart rate with reduction in both  outputs. There was a linear relationship between fetal heart rate and ventricular outputs. Vagal stimulation reduced fetal heart rate with a consistent and linear fall in ventricular output. Left atrial pacing increased right ventricular output by 15 to 20 per cent but produced a variable response, ususally a fall, in left ventricular output. Right atrial pacing resulted in increases in both outputs but the increase in right ventricular output was less than during left atrial pacing at the same rate. The difference in response of ventricular outputs to induced as compared to spontaneous heart rate changes relates to the effects on left and right atrial phasic pressure relationships. These changes probably alter blood flow patterns across the foramen ovale.", "contents": "Cardiac output in the fetal lamb: the effects of spontaneous and induced changes of heart rate on right and left ventricular output. Right and left ventricular outputs were measured continuously in fetal lambs in utero for 2 to 21 days after implantation of electromagnetic flow tranducers around the main pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta. Surface pacing electrodes were implanted on the left and right atria. The intact cervical vagus nerve was stimulated by electrodes implanted around the nerve. Spontaneous increased in fetal heart rate were associated with increases in both right and left ventricular outputs and spontaneous falls in heart rate with reduction in both  outputs. There was a linear relationship between fetal heart rate and ventricular outputs. Vagal stimulation reduced fetal heart rate with a consistent and linear fall in ventricular output. Left atrial pacing increased right ventricular output by 15 to 20 per cent but produced a variable response, ususally a fall, in left ventricular output. Right atrial pacing resulted in increases in both outputs but the increase in right ventricular output was less than during left atrial pacing at the same rate. The difference in response of ventricular outputs to induced as compared to spontaneous heart rate changes relates to the effects on left and right atrial phasic pressure relationships. These changes probably alter blood flow patterns across the foramen ovale."}
{"id": "PMID:129012", "title": "Thiocyanate inhibition of ATPase and its relationship to anion transport.", "content": "Adenosine triphosphatase activity not dependent on sodium or potassium but inhibited by thiocyanate is present in broken-cell homogenates of eel gill and rat kidney. This enzymatic property is predominantly associated with mitochondria, although thiocyanate-inhibited ATPase can also be detected in microsomes with little or no mitochondrial contamination as measured by the activity of the mitochondrial marker enzyme succinic dehydrogenase. When eels are transferred from fresh to salf water, thus increasing active outward transport of chloride across the gill, the thiocyanate-inhibited ATPase of gill microsomes does not change, though the activities of succinic dehydrogenase and Na-K-ATPase in gill homogenates are augmented. The thiocyanate-inhibited ATPase of homogenates of outer renal medulla does not differ from that of renal cortex, in contrast to Na-k-atpase which is higher in renal medulla than in cortex. The data do not support a role for thiocyanate-inhibited ATPase in active chloride transport by epithelial tissues.", "contents": "Thiocyanate inhibition of ATPase and its relationship to anion transport. Adenosine triphosphatase activity not dependent on sodium or potassium but inhibited by thiocyanate is present in broken-cell homogenates of eel gill and rat kidney. This enzymatic property is predominantly associated with mitochondria, although thiocyanate-inhibited ATPase can also be detected in microsomes with little or no mitochondrial contamination as measured by the activity of the mitochondrial marker enzyme succinic dehydrogenase. When eels are transferred from fresh to salf water, thus increasing active outward transport of chloride across the gill, the thiocyanate-inhibited ATPase of gill microsomes does not change, though the activities of succinic dehydrogenase and Na-K-ATPase in gill homogenates are augmented. The thiocyanate-inhibited ATPase of homogenates of outer renal medulla does not differ from that of renal cortex, in contrast to Na-k-atpase which is higher in renal medulla than in cortex. The data do not support a role for thiocyanate-inhibited ATPase in active chloride transport by epithelial tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:129013", "title": "Myocardial transcapillary exchange in the hypertrophied heart of the dog.", "content": "Myocardial transcapillary exchange was investigated in control hearts and in two types of hypertrophied hearts: exercise hypertrophy and pathological hypertrophy due to tricuspid insufficiency. Using the single-injection indicator diffusion method (6, 28), myocardial extractions (E), capillary clearances (C), and permeability surface area products (PS) of urea, sucrose, and inulin were measured in intact, pump-perfused, working hearts of anesthetized dogs. Both types of cardiac hypertrophy were associated with a decreased coronary vascular resistance. Myocardial E, C, and PS values from the exercised group were not significantly different from control. Dogs with pathological hypertrophy exhibited increased central venous pressures, RVEDP's, and heart rates which were greater than control values. The E, C, and PS values from the pathologically hypertrophied hearts were significantly greater than control. These increases in myocardial transcapillary exchange can be explained either by increasing the equivalent pore radius of myocardial capillary membranes from a control value of 70 to 100 A or by assuming that pathologically hypertrophied hearts have a myocardial capillary surface area available for exchange which is twice that of control hearts.", "contents": "Myocardial transcapillary exchange in the hypertrophied heart of the dog. Myocardial transcapillary exchange was investigated in control hearts and in two types of hypertrophied hearts: exercise hypertrophy and pathological hypertrophy due to tricuspid insufficiency. Using the single-injection indicator diffusion method (6, 28), myocardial extractions (E), capillary clearances (C), and permeability surface area products (PS) of urea, sucrose, and inulin were measured in intact, pump-perfused, working hearts of anesthetized dogs. Both types of cardiac hypertrophy were associated with a decreased coronary vascular resistance. Myocardial E, C, and PS values from the exercised group were not significantly different from control. Dogs with pathological hypertrophy exhibited increased central venous pressures, RVEDP's, and heart rates which were greater than control values. The E, C, and PS values from the pathologically hypertrophied hearts were significantly greater than control. These increases in myocardial transcapillary exchange can be explained either by increasing the equivalent pore radius of myocardial capillary membranes from a control value of 70 to 100 A or by assuming that pathologically hypertrophied hearts have a myocardial capillary surface area available for exchange which is twice that of control hearts."}
{"id": "PMID:129014", "title": "Potassium adaptation and Na-K-ATPase activity in mucosa of colon.", "content": "The specific activity of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase in the mucosa of the colon rises when the dietary load of potassium is increased. The change in enzymatic activity depends on the presence of intact adrenal glands, since adrenalectomy abolishes the response of Na-K-ATPase to potassium loading. The increased secretory rate of aldosterone normally evoked by potassium loading appears to mediate at least in part of the effect of potassium loading, since aldosterone induces a discernible increase in the specific activity of Na-K-ATPase in the colon of adrenalectomized rats.", "contents": "Potassium adaptation and Na-K-ATPase activity in mucosa of colon. The specific activity of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase in the mucosa of the colon rises when the dietary load of potassium is increased. The change in enzymatic activity depends on the presence of intact adrenal glands, since adrenalectomy abolishes the response of Na-K-ATPase to potassium loading. The increased secretory rate of aldosterone normally evoked by potassium loading appears to mediate at least in part of the effect of potassium loading, since aldosterone induces a discernible increase in the specific activity of Na-K-ATPase in the colon of adrenalectomized rats."}
{"id": "PMID:129018", "title": "Embryo transfer in pigs: a method for introducing genetic material into primary specific-pathogen-free herds.", "content": "Fifty-five embryos were transferred from 4 Duroc donor sows into 4 crossbred recipient gilts. The embryo survival rate was 66%; 53% of eggs ovulated by donors were represented by live pigs at term. Three of the litters were obtained by hysterectomy of the recipients and introduced into a primary specific-pathogen-free herd, thereby saving the donor sows for subsequent use. Embryo transfer provided a method for exploiting the genetic potential of superior females.", "contents": "Embryo transfer in pigs: a method for introducing genetic material into primary specific-pathogen-free herds. Fifty-five embryos were transferred from 4 Duroc donor sows into 4 crossbred recipient gilts. The embryo survival rate was 66%; 53% of eggs ovulated by donors were represented by live pigs at term. Three of the litters were obtained by hysterectomy of the recipients and introduced into a primary specific-pathogen-free herd, thereby saving the donor sows for subsequent use. Embryo transfer provided a method for exploiting the genetic potential of superior females."}
{"id": "PMID:129017", "title": "Some gas machine hazards and their elimination.", "content": "Constant improvement in anesthetic gas machines has been the objective mutually of anesthesiologists, manufacturers, and engineers. Yet the literature continues to report mishaps, sometimes fatal to the patient, due to machine design or function or to \"human error.\" The author reviews some of these hazards and describes proposals for their elimination. He points out that initiative on the part of anesthesiologists is vital in spurring needed changes by manufacturers.", "contents": "Some gas machine hazards and their elimination. Constant improvement in anesthetic gas machines has been the objective mutually of anesthesiologists, manufacturers, and engineers. Yet the literature continues to report mishaps, sometimes fatal to the patient, due to machine design or function or to \"human error.\" The author reviews some of these hazards and describes proposals for their elimination. He points out that initiative on the part of anesthesiologists is vital in spurring needed changes by manufacturers."}
{"id": "PMID:129020", "title": "A gentamycin resistance plasmid in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is frequently mediated by non-chromosomal DNA molecules referred to as R plasmids. So far, resistance to aminosidic antibiotics was observed with streptomycin [8] and kanamycin-neomycin [3]. Resistance to gentamycin has not been reported in a recent survey by Lacey [7]. In this paper, we describe a strain of S. aureus resistant to gentamycin-kanamycin-tobramycin-sisomycin, and experiments which suggest that the genetic determinant of these resistance characters is plasmid borne.", "contents": "A gentamycin resistance plasmid in Staphylococcus aureus. Drug resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is frequently mediated by non-chromosomal DNA molecules referred to as R plasmids. So far, resistance to aminosidic antibiotics was observed with streptomycin [8] and kanamycin-neomycin [3]. Resistance to gentamycin has not been reported in a recent survey by Lacey [7]. In this paper, we describe a strain of S. aureus resistant to gentamycin-kanamycin-tobramycin-sisomycin, and experiments which suggest that the genetic determinant of these resistance characters is plasmid borne."}
{"id": "PMID:129026", "title": "[Skin pigmentation after amiodarone administration. Histogenetic problems].", "content": "The authors present a pathological study of the skin in a 62 year-old man with facial pigmentation due to amiodarone. They found under the light microscope, cells resembling histiocytes filled with pigment. They were less numerous than usually reported, but were found associated with a pericapillary and periglandular lymphocytic infiltration, which raises the problem of iatrogenic lupus or Jessner-Kanoff's disease. Examination under the electron microscope, permitted identification of 5 groups of granulations, three of which had already been observed by Mrs. Fagola. These pigments correspond to lipofuscins, melanin, but also yet unidentified substances, may be metabolites of amiodarone.", "contents": "[Skin pigmentation after amiodarone administration. Histogenetic problems]. The authors present a pathological study of the skin in a 62 year-old man with facial pigmentation due to amiodarone. They found under the light microscope, cells resembling histiocytes filled with pigment. They were less numerous than usually reported, but were found associated with a pericapillary and periglandular lymphocytic infiltration, which raises the problem of iatrogenic lupus or Jessner-Kanoff's disease. Examination under the electron microscope, permitted identification of 5 groups of granulations, three of which had already been observed by Mrs. Fagola. These pigments correspond to lipofuscins, melanin, but also yet unidentified substances, may be metabolites of amiodarone."}
{"id": "PMID:129025", "title": "Pathogenesis of subacute spongiform encephalopathies.", "content": "The subacute spongiform encephalopathies include scrapie of sheep, transmissible mink encephalopathy, and kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of man. These diseases are caused by filterable infectious agents with unique physical properties. The usual sources of infection in nature are not completely known. Epidemiological evidence suggests that the agents may enter the body through breaks in the skin and mucous membranes. Experimental studies of scrapie after subcutaneous inoculation demonstrated early replication of the agent in lymphoid tissues and later appearance in other organs; as the amount of agent in the central nervous system (CNS) increased, it decreased in or disappeared from lymphoid tissues. In preliminary studies of kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the infectious agents were regularly recovered from the brains of clinically-ill patients and experimental animals but only occasionally from organs outside the CNS. It remains to be seen if early events in the pathogenesis of the two human diseases, before the appearance of clinical signs, are similar to those in scrapie.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of subacute spongiform encephalopathies. The subacute spongiform encephalopathies include scrapie of sheep, transmissible mink encephalopathy, and kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease of man. These diseases are caused by filterable infectious agents with unique physical properties. The usual sources of infection in nature are not completely known. Epidemiological evidence suggests that the agents may enter the body through breaks in the skin and mucous membranes. Experimental studies of scrapie after subcutaneous inoculation demonstrated early replication of the agent in lymphoid tissues and later appearance in other organs; as the amount of agent in the central nervous system (CNS) increased, it decreased in or disappeared from lymphoid tissues. In preliminary studies of kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, the infectious agents were regularly recovered from the brains of clinically-ill patients and experimental animals but only occasionally from organs outside the CNS. It remains to be seen if early events in the pathogenesis of the two human diseases, before the appearance of clinical signs, are similar to those in scrapie."}
{"id": "PMID:129031", "title": "[Comparative study of the biological activity of tetracycline hydrochloride and morphocycline by using reverse turbidimetry].", "content": "The method of back turbidimetry was used for determination of the biological activity of the antibiotics, since high turbidity of the nutrient medium with Staph. aureus as the testculture prevented from direct measurements. Broth containing phosphate buffer, Staph. aureus and definite concentrations of the antibiotic was used as the reference solution. The experiments showed that the differences in the biological activities of tetracycline hydrochloride and morphocycline may be found with the method of back turbidimetry 6-8 hours after the microbe cultivation on media with the antibiotics.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the biological activity of tetracycline hydrochloride and morphocycline by using reverse turbidimetry]. The method of back turbidimetry was used for determination of the biological activity of the antibiotics, since high turbidity of the nutrient medium with Staph. aureus as the testculture prevented from direct measurements. Broth containing phosphate buffer, Staph. aureus and definite concentrations of the antibiotic was used as the reference solution. The experiments showed that the differences in the biological activities of tetracycline hydrochloride and morphocycline may be found with the method of back turbidimetry 6-8 hours after the microbe cultivation on media with the antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:129032", "title": "Results of treatment of incisional hernias with extractable prostheses.", "content": "A series of 80 patients with an incisional ventral hernia were treated with an extractable prosthesis in the period 1 January 1965--1 January 1974. The results are discussed. After a description of the advantages of an extractable prosthesis, attention is given to a number of factors which are possibly of importance in the development of such a hernia. This is most probably a multifactorial process, in which suturing technique, wound infection, obesity and postoperative rise of intra-abdominal pressure may play a part. The technique of inserting the extractable prosthesis is accurately described and illustrated with drawings and photographs. Success was ultimately obtained in 86.25% of the cases. The failure rate was 13.75%. In comparison with the data from the literature, this is a low percentage, the more so because the author's series consisted mainly of large incisional hernias. Recurrences can be treated successfully several times with an extractable prosthesis. This is, in general, easy in view of the smaller dimensions of the hernial orifices. The extractable prosthesis is recommended both for the treatment and prevention of incisional ventral hernia.", "contents": "Results of treatment of incisional hernias with extractable prostheses. A series of 80 patients with an incisional ventral hernia were treated with an extractable prosthesis in the period 1 January 1965--1 January 1974. The results are discussed. After a description of the advantages of an extractable prosthesis, attention is given to a number of factors which are possibly of importance in the development of such a hernia. This is most probably a multifactorial process, in which suturing technique, wound infection, obesity and postoperative rise of intra-abdominal pressure may play a part. The technique of inserting the extractable prosthesis is accurately described and illustrated with drawings and photographs. Success was ultimately obtained in 86.25% of the cases. The failure rate was 13.75%. In comparison with the data from the literature, this is a low percentage, the more so because the author's series consisted mainly of large incisional hernias. Recurrences can be treated successfully several times with an extractable prosthesis. This is, in general, easy in view of the smaller dimensions of the hernial orifices. The extractable prosthesis is recommended both for the treatment and prevention of incisional ventral hernia."}
{"id": "PMID:129033", "title": "Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity in chronic dermatophytosis.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to seven common antigens was examined in 38 men with chronic dermatophyte infections and in 20 controls. A similar percentage of the infected and the control groups reacted to four antigens. In addition to showing a low frequency of DH to trichophytin, the infected group also showed a significant reduction in their reactions to intradermal mumps skin test antigen and to a Rhus oleoresin patch test. Two members (5%) of the infected group were anergic to all tests. Patients with chronic dermatophytosis appear to have a relatively specific defect in DH to trichophytin, but their cell-mediated responses to other antigens may also be somewhat decreased. The subjects studied did not appear to suffer excessive morbidity from infectious diseases, other than dermatophytosis.", "contents": "Immediate and delayed hypersensitivity in chronic dermatophytosis. Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) to seven common antigens was examined in 38 men with chronic dermatophyte infections and in 20 controls. A similar percentage of the infected and the control groups reacted to four antigens. In addition to showing a low frequency of DH to trichophytin, the infected group also showed a significant reduction in their reactions to intradermal mumps skin test antigen and to a Rhus oleoresin patch test. Two members (5%) of the infected group were anergic to all tests. Patients with chronic dermatophytosis appear to have a relatively specific defect in DH to trichophytin, but their cell-mediated responses to other antigens may also be somewhat decreased. The subjects studied did not appear to suffer excessive morbidity from infectious diseases, other than dermatophytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:129034", "title": "The safety of long-term clindamycin therapy for acne.", "content": "Sixty patients with severe pustular and cystic acne were treated for prolonged periods with clindamycin (150 mg to 300 mg daily). The average duration of therapy was five months, with 18 patients being treated for more than six months. Only two (3.4%) patients developed mild diarrhea, which was rapidly reversible on discontinuance of the drug. No other adverse reactions were observed. These data suggest that long-term, low-dose clindamycin therapy may be safe for severe pustular of cystic acne.", "contents": "The safety of long-term clindamycin therapy for acne. Sixty patients with severe pustular and cystic acne were treated for prolonged periods with clindamycin (150 mg to 300 mg daily). The average duration of therapy was five months, with 18 patients being treated for more than six months. Only two (3.4%) patients developed mild diarrhea, which was rapidly reversible on discontinuance of the drug. No other adverse reactions were observed. These data suggest that long-term, low-dose clindamycin therapy may be safe for severe pustular of cystic acne."}
{"id": "PMID:129035", "title": "Topically applied niacinamide in isoniazid-induced pellagra.", "content": "A patient with tuberculous meningitis developed a pellagra-like skin eruption after treatment with isoniazid. Administration of the drug was continued, and a topical preparation of niacinamide (nico-tinamide) was applied to one half of the face and the back of one hand. The areas treated responded rapidly, and subsequently all affected areas of the patient were treated, with almost complete resolution of the rash. At the same time, there was noticeable improvement in the patient's depression and apathy. We suggest that all of these changes could be due to percutaneous absorption of niacinamide.", "contents": "Topically applied niacinamide in isoniazid-induced pellagra. A patient with tuberculous meningitis developed a pellagra-like skin eruption after treatment with isoniazid. Administration of the drug was continued, and a topical preparation of niacinamide (nico-tinamide) was applied to one half of the face and the back of one hand. The areas treated responded rapidly, and subsequently all affected areas of the patient were treated, with almost complete resolution of the rash. At the same time, there was noticeable improvement in the patient's depression and apathy. We suggest that all of these changes could be due to percutaneous absorption of niacinamide."}
{"id": "PMID:129036", "title": "Generalized seborrhoeic dermatitis. Clinical and therapeutic data of 25 patients.", "content": "Twenty-five infants with generalized seborrhoeic dermatitis have been studied with reference to the provision of optimum treatment. Leucocyte counts and chest x-ray examination are recommended in every case. Irrespective of clinical findings, antibiotics should be given to patients with overt bacterial infection and those with leucocytosis, shift to the left, and toxic granulation. One group of infants was treated with vitamin B complex plus biotin given slowly intravenously over 24 hours; a second group was given only biotin intravenously over 2-3 hours; and a third group only biotin over 1-2 minutes. A fourth group was treated with both biotin and antibiotics for confirmed or suspected superimposed bacterial infection. The results were excellent in all groups. Skin lesions improved within 4-8 days and cleared completely within 15-30 days. Intravenous administration of biotin is recommended as less painful and less dangerous than multiple intramuscular injections.", "contents": "Generalized seborrhoeic dermatitis. Clinical and therapeutic data of 25 patients. Twenty-five infants with generalized seborrhoeic dermatitis have been studied with reference to the provision of optimum treatment. Leucocyte counts and chest x-ray examination are recommended in every case. Irrespective of clinical findings, antibiotics should be given to patients with overt bacterial infection and those with leucocytosis, shift to the left, and toxic granulation. One group of infants was treated with vitamin B complex plus biotin given slowly intravenously over 24 hours; a second group was given only biotin intravenously over 2-3 hours; and a third group only biotin over 1-2 minutes. A fourth group was treated with both biotin and antibiotics for confirmed or suspected superimposed bacterial infection. The results were excellent in all groups. Skin lesions improved within 4-8 days and cleared completely within 15-30 days. Intravenous administration of biotin is recommended as less painful and less dangerous than multiple intramuscular injections."}
{"id": "PMID:129037", "title": "Comedo formation in acne.", "content": "Comedones contain a considerable quantity of water. In some cases a water content of more than 40% can be detected. The comedo consists of two parts, an inner nucleus built up to unorganized materials and a capsule with concentrically arranged shells. The material of the nucleus contains small scales produced by normal keratinization. The materials of the capsule consists of larger scales, which result from hyperkeratosis. The nucleus of the comedo seems to be identical with the early comedo. A similar structure can be formed in vitro by adding water to sebum. Microorganisms have optimal growth conditions in the early comedo.", "contents": "Comedo formation in acne. Comedones contain a considerable quantity of water. In some cases a water content of more than 40% can be detected. The comedo consists of two parts, an inner nucleus built up to unorganized materials and a capsule with concentrically arranged shells. The material of the nucleus contains small scales produced by normal keratinization. The materials of the capsule consists of larger scales, which result from hyperkeratosis. The nucleus of the comedo seems to be identical with the early comedo. A similar structure can be formed in vitro by adding water to sebum. Microorganisms have optimal growth conditions in the early comedo."}
{"id": "PMID:129038", "title": "[Electrocardiography of the hypertensive patient: correlations with hemodynamic parameters].", "content": "A comparative study between electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy and haemodynamic parameters is performed in 184 permanent hypertensive patients. They are divided into 3 groups taking into account the level of electrocardiographic changes. Patients with a normal electrocardiogram have a slight increase in arterial pressure, an increase in cardiac index (P is less than 0.01) and total peripheral resistances (P is less than 0.001) and a reduction of plasma volume (P is less than 0.001). Patients with a moderate change in their electrocardiogram have normal cardiac output, high peripheral resistances (P is less than 0.001) and a slight decrease in plasma volume (P is less than 0.05). Patients with a left major ventricular hypertrophy have a reduced cardiac output (P is less than 0.01), increased peripheral resistances (P is less than 0.001) and a normal plasma volume. The significance of such facts, especially concerning the hemodynamic response in upright position, is discussed.", "contents": "[Electrocardiography of the hypertensive patient: correlations with hemodynamic parameters]. A comparative study between electrocardiographic signs of left ventricular hypertrophy and haemodynamic parameters is performed in 184 permanent hypertensive patients. They are divided into 3 groups taking into account the level of electrocardiographic changes. Patients with a normal electrocardiogram have a slight increase in arterial pressure, an increase in cardiac index (P is less than 0.01) and total peripheral resistances (P is less than 0.001) and a reduction of plasma volume (P is less than 0.001). Patients with a moderate change in their electrocardiogram have normal cardiac output, high peripheral resistances (P is less than 0.001) and a slight decrease in plasma volume (P is less than 0.05). Patients with a left major ventricular hypertrophy have a reduced cardiac output (P is less than 0.01), increased peripheral resistances (P is less than 0.001) and a normal plasma volume. The significance of such facts, especially concerning the hemodynamic response in upright position, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129040", "title": "Laparoscopic ovarian biopsy in seventy-one amenorrhoeic patients.", "content": "During laparoscopy we performed 132 ovarian punch biopsies in seventy one amenorrhoeic patients. With increasing experience, laparoscopic ovarian biopsy is a valuable element in the examination of amenorrhoeic patients. Biopsy specimens with an edge length of 4-5 mm for surface and depth can be obtained during laparoscopy under general anaesthesia without any great risk or difficulty. When performed bilaterally, it provides a representative picture of the cellular structure and function of the ovaries and thus makes a contribution to the prognosis of a disturbance in the endocrine regulating-circuit of ovarian function. In addition, the ovarian biopsy provides information about the basic gonadotrophic situation of the patient as a longitudinal section. It should be included in the synopsis of all endocrine and genetic parameters of a patient, particularly in clinic in which the morphological substrate of disturbed functions and apparent diseases is still examined.", "contents": "Laparoscopic ovarian biopsy in seventy-one amenorrhoeic patients. During laparoscopy we performed 132 ovarian punch biopsies in seventy one amenorrhoeic patients. With increasing experience, laparoscopic ovarian biopsy is a valuable element in the examination of amenorrhoeic patients. Biopsy specimens with an edge length of 4-5 mm for surface and depth can be obtained during laparoscopy under general anaesthesia without any great risk or difficulty. When performed bilaterally, it provides a representative picture of the cellular structure and function of the ovaries and thus makes a contribution to the prognosis of a disturbance in the endocrine regulating-circuit of ovarian function. In addition, the ovarian biopsy provides information about the basic gonadotrophic situation of the patient as a longitudinal section. It should be included in the synopsis of all endocrine and genetic parameters of a patient, particularly in clinic in which the morphological substrate of disturbed functions and apparent diseases is still examined."}
{"id": "PMID:129041", "title": "Investigation of 17-ketosteriod excretion in mastopathia and premenopausal breast cancer.", "content": "Measurement of the excretion of total 17-ketosteroids, androsterone, etiocholanolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone demonstrate in contrast to the well known age dependency of normal women in cases of both mastopathia and breast cancer the following results: 1. the age dependence of the 17-ketosteriod excretion is not marked; 2. the total 17-ketosteroid excretion is lower than that of normal controls, 3. the values of the etiocholanolone excretions and that of the dehydroepiandrosterone excretions are similarly lower.", "contents": "Investigation of 17-ketosteriod excretion in mastopathia and premenopausal breast cancer. Measurement of the excretion of total 17-ketosteroids, androsterone, etiocholanolone, and dehydroepiandrosterone demonstrate in contrast to the well known age dependency of normal women in cases of both mastopathia and breast cancer the following results: 1. the age dependence of the 17-ketosteriod excretion is not marked; 2. the total 17-ketosteroid excretion is lower than that of normal controls, 3. the values of the etiocholanolone excretions and that of the dehydroepiandrosterone excretions are similarly lower."}
{"id": "PMID:129042", "title": "Urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids in patients suffering from mammary cancer.", "content": "1. The excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone is lower in patients suffering from mammary cancer than in healthy women. 2. There doesn't exist any relation between the 17-ketosteroid excretion and the age of postmenopausal women. 3. Patients with mammary tumors in stages III and IV are characterized by a lower excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone in percental parts than patients in stages I and II. 4. In patients with mammary tumors in stages III and IV and in patients with recurrences independently from the tumor stages we find higher extrem values for aetiocholanolone and smaller ones for dehydroepiandrosterone than in the other stages. 5. The quotient of percental parts of excreted aetiocholanolone to dehydroepiandrosterone shows significantly higher values for patients with recurrences than without them. 6. The quotient of aetiocholanolone to dehydroepiandrosterone is not a valid factor for a postoperative control of recurrences of the disease.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids in patients suffering from mammary cancer. 1. The excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone is lower in patients suffering from mammary cancer than in healthy women. 2. There doesn't exist any relation between the 17-ketosteroid excretion and the age of postmenopausal women. 3. Patients with mammary tumors in stages III and IV are characterized by a lower excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone in percental parts than patients in stages I and II. 4. In patients with mammary tumors in stages III and IV and in patients with recurrences independently from the tumor stages we find higher extrem values for aetiocholanolone and smaller ones for dehydroepiandrosterone than in the other stages. 5. The quotient of percental parts of excreted aetiocholanolone to dehydroepiandrosterone shows significantly higher values for patients with recurrences than without them. 6. The quotient of aetiocholanolone to dehydroepiandrosterone is not a valid factor for a postoperative control of recurrences of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:129043", "title": "Content analysis of verbal communication between spinal cord injured and nondisabled male college students.", "content": "Does the interaction between a disabled person and a nondisabled person differ in content and climate from the interaction between two nondisabled persons? The purpose of this study was to compare dyadic interaction behavior of traumatically disabled and nondisabled men paired in homogeneous or mixed dyads. Forty-five disabled and 45 nondisabled men, assigned to dyads consisting either of two disabled students, two nondisabled students, or one disabled and one nondisabled student, discussed a low, medium and high intimacy topic. A group of trials analysis of variance was used to assess the effects of dyad composition and topic intimacy on self-disclosure. Dyads consisting of two nondisabled partners exhibited the least self-disclosure at all levels of topic intimacy. Dyads in which both partners were disabled exhibited the most self-disclosure on low and medium intimacy topics and had the greatest frequency of disability related responses. The mixed dyads exhibited the most self-disclosure on the high intimacy topic. Disabled subjects in homogeneous dyads exhibited greater depth of self-disclosure than nondisabled subjects in homogeneous dyads. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of facilitating the acquisition of interaction skills for traumatically disabled persons, evaluating patient-staff communication and the role of peer counseling in rehabilitation settings.", "contents": "Content analysis of verbal communication between spinal cord injured and nondisabled male college students. Does the interaction between a disabled person and a nondisabled person differ in content and climate from the interaction between two nondisabled persons? The purpose of this study was to compare dyadic interaction behavior of traumatically disabled and nondisabled men paired in homogeneous or mixed dyads. Forty-five disabled and 45 nondisabled men, assigned to dyads consisting either of two disabled students, two nondisabled students, or one disabled and one nondisabled student, discussed a low, medium and high intimacy topic. A group of trials analysis of variance was used to assess the effects of dyad composition and topic intimacy on self-disclosure. Dyads consisting of two nondisabled partners exhibited the least self-disclosure at all levels of topic intimacy. Dyads in which both partners were disabled exhibited the most self-disclosure on low and medium intimacy topics and had the greatest frequency of disability related responses. The mixed dyads exhibited the most self-disclosure on the high intimacy topic. Disabled subjects in homogeneous dyads exhibited greater depth of self-disclosure than nondisabled subjects in homogeneous dyads. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of facilitating the acquisition of interaction skills for traumatically disabled persons, evaluating patient-staff communication and the role of peer counseling in rehabilitation settings."}
{"id": "PMID:129046", "title": "[Vessels of the heart and lung in some experimental defects].", "content": "Under study were changes of intraorganic blood vessels of the heart and lungs in some experimental defects (open arterial defect, coarctation of the aorta, simultaneous existence of these two defects, stenosis of the pulmonary trunk, defect of the interatrial septum, triad of Fallot, syndrom of Lutembachet). Morphological data correlated with blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation and cardiac chambers. The complex of compensatory-adaptational mechanisms consisting of comparatively active and passive zones is formed in the heart and lungs. In most cases the changes develop in the vessels already existing. In hypertrophy of the myocardium when there is hypertension and hypervolemia in coronary vessels, sinusoids perform the function of blood reservoir, to a certain degree balancing the blood pressure, and luminar ducts relieve the muscle from excessive blood. The changes in the vascular system of the lung are directly dependent upon the pressure in the pulmonary circulation and the duration of observation. The closing arteries are the most active link in the chain of compensatory-adaptational mechanisms.", "contents": "[Vessels of the heart and lung in some experimental defects]. Under study were changes of intraorganic blood vessels of the heart and lungs in some experimental defects (open arterial defect, coarctation of the aorta, simultaneous existence of these two defects, stenosis of the pulmonary trunk, defect of the interatrial septum, triad of Fallot, syndrom of Lutembachet). Morphological data correlated with blood pressure in the pulmonary circulation and cardiac chambers. The complex of compensatory-adaptational mechanisms consisting of comparatively active and passive zones is formed in the heart and lungs. In most cases the changes develop in the vessels already existing. In hypertrophy of the myocardium when there is hypertension and hypervolemia in coronary vessels, sinusoids perform the function of blood reservoir, to a certain degree balancing the blood pressure, and luminar ducts relieve the muscle from excessive blood. The changes in the vascular system of the lung are directly dependent upon the pressure in the pulmonary circulation and the duration of observation. The closing arteries are the most active link in the chain of compensatory-adaptational mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:129047", "title": "[Secretion of the intercalated cells of the fibrillar epithelium of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus].", "content": "Cytological and histochemical methods were used in order to establish that the intercalated cells of the ciliated epithelium of the rabbit's maxillary sinus mucosa performed gland function giving secretion formed in the shape of granules and represented by neutral mucopolysaccharides. Analysis of the morphology of intercalated cells, the amount of secretion in them, the shape and disposition of the Golgi apparatus and the nucleus allowed establishing 4 successive phases in their secretory cycle: the phase of synthesis, accumulation, aquosity and sectering. Under normal conditions of life the secretory activity of intercalated cells was asynchronous. In experiments with synchronization of the secretory activity by administration of pilocarpine it was established that the duration of the intercalated cells secretory cycle was 16-18 hours. Active participation of alkali phosphatase in the synthesis of secretion in the ciliated epithelium was noted.", "contents": "[Secretion of the intercalated cells of the fibrillar epithelium of the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus]. Cytological and histochemical methods were used in order to establish that the intercalated cells of the ciliated epithelium of the rabbit's maxillary sinus mucosa performed gland function giving secretion formed in the shape of granules and represented by neutral mucopolysaccharides. Analysis of the morphology of intercalated cells, the amount of secretion in them, the shape and disposition of the Golgi apparatus and the nucleus allowed establishing 4 successive phases in their secretory cycle: the phase of synthesis, accumulation, aquosity and sectering. Under normal conditions of life the secretory activity of intercalated cells was asynchronous. In experiments with synchronization of the secretory activity by administration of pilocarpine it was established that the duration of the intercalated cells secretory cycle was 16-18 hours. Active participation of alkali phosphatase in the synthesis of secretion in the ciliated epithelium was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:129049", "title": "Dental treatment for handicapped patients. 1. The efficacy of a preventive programme for children. 11. Economics of dental treatment-a cost benefit analysis.", "content": "A comprehensive programme of treatment and home care was shown to be effective in greatly reducing dental caries, improving oral cleanliness and controlling gingivitis in handicapped patients. Maintenance required less than half the time and approximately one-third of the cost of initial restoration.", "contents": "Dental treatment for handicapped patients. 1. The efficacy of a preventive programme for children. 11. Economics of dental treatment-a cost benefit analysis. A comprehensive programme of treatment and home care was shown to be effective in greatly reducing dental caries, improving oral cleanliness and controlling gingivitis in handicapped patients. Maintenance required less than half the time and approximately one-third of the cost of initial restoration."}
{"id": "PMID:129054", "title": "[Occupational skin allergy to alerc (Fitzroya cupressoides)].", "content": "The authors report a case of skin allergy to Fitzroya cupressoides (Alerce), and describe the phytochemical classification of that tropical tree. The method of detection of this skin allergy is detailed.", "contents": "[Occupational skin allergy to alerc (Fitzroya cupressoides)]. The authors report a case of skin allergy to Fitzroya cupressoides (Alerce), and describe the phytochemical classification of that tropical tree. The method of detection of this skin allergy is detailed."}
{"id": "PMID:129055", "title": "27 Years of occupational dermatology in Finland.", "content": "A survey is given of the actual causes of occupational dermatoses and the variation in their incidence in a series of 4,529 patients seen at the out-patient clinic for skin diseases in the Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, and its precursor, during the 27-year period from 1946 to 1972. The overall incidence was highest for alkalis and detergents, cement, oil of turpentine and other solvents. Due to the increased use of synthetic resins in recent years a rise was seen in the frequency of eczema caused by these substances. Nevertheless, eczema due to rubber chemicals has also increased. The decreased incidence of turpentine eczema reflects its reduced use. In 45% of the cases the diagnosis was verified by positive epicutaneous tests. Of the 8,057 patients admitted because of a suspected occupational skin disorder, a non-occupational skin disease was diagnosed or the occupational origin remained unproved in 3,528 cases. The most important differential diagnoses and the differences in the location of the skin changes in the non-occupational as compared with the occupational group are discussed.", "contents": "27 Years of occupational dermatology in Finland. A survey is given of the actual causes of occupational dermatoses and the variation in their incidence in a series of 4,529 patients seen at the out-patient clinic for skin diseases in the Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, and its precursor, during the 27-year period from 1946 to 1972. The overall incidence was highest for alkalis and detergents, cement, oil of turpentine and other solvents. Due to the increased use of synthetic resins in recent years a rise was seen in the frequency of eczema caused by these substances. Nevertheless, eczema due to rubber chemicals has also increased. The decreased incidence of turpentine eczema reflects its reduced use. In 45% of the cases the diagnosis was verified by positive epicutaneous tests. Of the 8,057 patients admitted because of a suspected occupational skin disorder, a non-occupational skin disease was diagnosed or the occupational origin remained unproved in 3,528 cases. The most important differential diagnoses and the differences in the location of the skin changes in the non-occupational as compared with the occupational group are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129056", "title": "[Double blind test with a protective ointment (Ivosin) on the hands of cement workers].", "content": "56 builder's labourers manipulating lime cement applied a protective cream on their hands and 57 used a placebo in a double blind test of two months' duration. The labourers, the doctors who surveyed the condition of their hands, and the statistician who analyzed the results knew only that one cream had a blue label, and the other a green one. Before and after the test, the presence or the absence of certain symptoms on the hands were objectively examined, while the subjective opinion of the labourers was registered at the end of the test. As usual in tests of that kind, the great majority of the labourers (more than 75%) were satisfied, 62% of them acknowledged an improvement. That percentage justified a comparative double-blind study that revealed a much higher quota (86% of the test persons) of satisfaction among the labourers treated with Ivosin than in the placebo group (66%). That difference was statistically significant. On the other hand, no objective difference could be revealed between the two groups. It was impossible to discover among the symptoms studied, any objective cause of that subjective difference.", "contents": "[Double blind test with a protective ointment (Ivosin) on the hands of cement workers]. 56 builder's labourers manipulating lime cement applied a protective cream on their hands and 57 used a placebo in a double blind test of two months' duration. The labourers, the doctors who surveyed the condition of their hands, and the statistician who analyzed the results knew only that one cream had a blue label, and the other a green one. Before and after the test, the presence or the absence of certain symptoms on the hands were objectively examined, while the subjective opinion of the labourers was registered at the end of the test. As usual in tests of that kind, the great majority of the labourers (more than 75%) were satisfied, 62% of them acknowledged an improvement. That percentage justified a comparative double-blind study that revealed a much higher quota (86% of the test persons) of satisfaction among the labourers treated with Ivosin than in the placebo group (66%). That difference was statistically significant. On the other hand, no objective difference could be revealed between the two groups. It was impossible to discover among the symptoms studied, any objective cause of that subjective difference."}
{"id": "PMID:129058", "title": "Basolateral plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells. Identification by lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination and isolation after density perturbation with digitonin.", "content": "Lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination was used to label intestinal epithelial cell sheets with 125I. The iodination was carried out under conditions that allowed little penetration of lactoperoxidase into the cells and membrane-bound 125I therefore provided an effective marker for following plasma-membrane fragments through subcellular-fractionation procedures. 2. After homogenization and isopycnic zonal centrifugation through sucrose gradients two peaks of membrane-bound 125I were detected. One coincided with brush border enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, disaccharidases and L-leucine B-naphthylamidase, whereas the other was coincident with the major peak of (Na++K+)-stimulated ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase), which has been thought to be concentrated in the basolateral plasma membranes of these cells. Neither peak of 125I reflected the distribution of any marker for an intracellular organelle. 3. A larger proportion of the (Na++K+)-stimulated ATPase, and thus of the basolateral plasma-membrane material, was found in a crude 'mitochondrial' fraction. It was not readiily separated from mitochondria by conventional techniques of subcellular fractionation. 4. Treatment of the 'mitochondrial' fraction with digitonin increased the density of basolateral plasma membrane but had little effect on mitochondrial density. A purified preparation of digitonin-loaded basolateral plasma membranes was isolated at a density of 1.20-1.22 by isopycnic centrifugation. 5. The enzymic composition of this preparation of basolateral plasma membranes is compared with previous preparations isolated from intestinal mucosal 'scrape' materials and from isolated cells.", "contents": "Basolateral plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells. Identification by lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination and isolation after density perturbation with digitonin. Lactoperoxidase-catalysed iodination was used to label intestinal epithelial cell sheets with 125I. The iodination was carried out under conditions that allowed little penetration of lactoperoxidase into the cells and membrane-bound 125I therefore provided an effective marker for following plasma-membrane fragments through subcellular-fractionation procedures. 2. After homogenization and isopycnic zonal centrifugation through sucrose gradients two peaks of membrane-bound 125I were detected. One coincided with brush border enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase, disaccharidases and L-leucine B-naphthylamidase, whereas the other was coincident with the major peak of (Na++K+)-stimulated ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase), which has been thought to be concentrated in the basolateral plasma membranes of these cells. Neither peak of 125I reflected the distribution of any marker for an intracellular organelle. 3. A larger proportion of the (Na++K+)-stimulated ATPase, and thus of the basolateral plasma-membrane material, was found in a crude 'mitochondrial' fraction. It was not readiily separated from mitochondria by conventional techniques of subcellular fractionation. 4. Treatment of the 'mitochondrial' fraction with digitonin increased the density of basolateral plasma membrane but had little effect on mitochondrial density. A purified preparation of digitonin-loaded basolateral plasma membranes was isolated at a density of 1.20-1.22 by isopycnic centrifugation. 5. The enzymic composition of this preparation of basolateral plasma membranes is compared with previous preparations isolated from intestinal mucosal 'scrape' materials and from isolated cells."}
{"id": "PMID:129152", "title": "Characterization of sulfhydryl groups on chloroplast coupling factor 1 exposed by heat activation.", "content": "Two sulfhydryl groups in the gamma subunit of solubilized chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) are exposed by heat activating the enzyme. These two groups have been selectively labeled with [3H]-N-ethylmaleimide, N-[p-(2-benzoxazolyl)phenyl]maleimide (NBPM), and N-(4-dimethylamino-3,5-dinitrophenyl)maleimide (DDPM). Modifying these groups did not appreciably effect Ca2+-ATPase activity, the ability of the enzyme to bind quercetin and 1,N6-ethenoadenosine diphosphate (epsilonADP), or the ability of the enzyme to react with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-C1). Fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used to measure the distance from the sulfhydryl groups on the gamma subunit to the quercetin sites, the NBD-C1 reactive sites, and the tight nucleotide sites on CF1 using the donor-acceptor pairs NBPM-quercetin, NBPM-NBD, and epsilonADP-DDPM, respectively. The distance from the sulfhydryl groups to the quercetin sites was found to be less than 30 A, the distance to the NBD-C1 reactive was 34-41 A, and the distance to the tight nucleotide sites as greater than 40 A. A three-dimensional symmetrical model is proposed for the relative positions of sites on CF1.", "contents": "Characterization of sulfhydryl groups on chloroplast coupling factor 1 exposed by heat activation. Two sulfhydryl groups in the gamma subunit of solubilized chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) are exposed by heat activating the enzyme. These two groups have been selectively labeled with [3H]-N-ethylmaleimide, N-[p-(2-benzoxazolyl)phenyl]maleimide (NBPM), and N-(4-dimethylamino-3,5-dinitrophenyl)maleimide (DDPM). Modifying these groups did not appreciably effect Ca2+-ATPase activity, the ability of the enzyme to bind quercetin and 1,N6-ethenoadenosine diphosphate (epsilonADP), or the ability of the enzyme to react with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-C1). Fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used to measure the distance from the sulfhydryl groups on the gamma subunit to the quercetin sites, the NBD-C1 reactive sites, and the tight nucleotide sites on CF1 using the donor-acceptor pairs NBPM-quercetin, NBPM-NBD, and epsilonADP-DDPM, respectively. The distance from the sulfhydryl groups to the quercetin sites was found to be less than 30 A, the distance to the NBD-C1 reactive was 34-41 A, and the distance to the tight nucleotide sites as greater than 40 A. A three-dimensional symmetrical model is proposed for the relative positions of sites on CF1."}
{"id": "PMID:129153", "title": "The isolation and partial characterization of diphosphoglycerate mutase from human erythrocytes.", "content": "Diphosphoglycerate mutase has been purified to homogeneity from outdated human erythrocytes. The native enzyme has a molecular weight of 57 000 as determined by equilibrium centrifugation and exclusion chromatography. Disc gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate yields a single protein band with a molecular weight of about 26 500, indicating that diphosphoglycerate mutase is comprised of two subunits of similar mass. The enzyme exhibits the following intrinsic activities: diphosphoglyceratemutase, monophosphoglycerate mutase, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate phosphatase. The latter activity is enhanced in the presence of either organic or inorganic anions. Glycolate-2-P, particularly, has a profound activating effect. Nonspecific phosphatase and enolase activities are absent. The enzyme has an extinction coefficient at 280 nm of 1.65 cm2/mg. The amino acid composition of the homogeneous protein has been determined.", "contents": "The isolation and partial characterization of diphosphoglycerate mutase from human erythrocytes. Diphosphoglycerate mutase has been purified to homogeneity from outdated human erythrocytes. The native enzyme has a molecular weight of 57 000 as determined by equilibrium centrifugation and exclusion chromatography. Disc gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate yields a single protein band with a molecular weight of about 26 500, indicating that diphosphoglycerate mutase is comprised of two subunits of similar mass. The enzyme exhibits the following intrinsic activities: diphosphoglyceratemutase, monophosphoglycerate mutase, and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate phosphatase. The latter activity is enhanced in the presence of either organic or inorganic anions. Glycolate-2-P, particularly, has a profound activating effect. Nonspecific phosphatase and enolase activities are absent. The enzyme has an extinction coefficient at 280 nm of 1.65 cm2/mg. The amino acid composition of the homogeneous protein has been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:129154", "title": "A kinetic study of the subunit dissociation and reassembly of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase.", "content": "The kinetics of dissociation and reassembly of rabbit skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase has been studied using fluorescence, stopped-flow fluorescence and enzyme activity measurements. The dissociation of the fully active tetramer in 0.8 M guanidine hydrochloride (0.1 M potassium phosphate, pH 8.0) occurs in three kinetic phases as measured by changes in the protein fluorescence emission intensity: dissociation of tetramer to dimer with a relaxation time of a few milliseconds; dissociation of dimer to monomer with a relaxation time of a few seconds; and a conformational change of the monomer with a relaxation time of a few minutes. All three phases exhibit first-order kinetics; ATP (0.05 mM) retards the second step but does not influence the rate of the other two processes. The rate of the second process increases with decreasing temperature; this may be due to the involvement of hydrophobic interactions in the stabilization of the dimeric enzyme. A further unfolding of the monomer polypeptide chain occurs at higher guanidine concentrations, and the relaxation time associated with this process was found to be 83 ms in 2.5 M guanidine, 0.1 M potassium phosphate (pH 8.0) at 23 degrees C. The phosphofructokinase monomers were reassembled from 0.8 M guanidine chloride by 1:10 dilution of the guanidine hydrochloride concentration and yielded a protein with 70-94% of the original activity, depending on the protein concentration. The reactivation process follows second-order kinetics; ATP (5 mM) increases the rate of reactivation without altering the reaction order, while fructose 6-phosphate does not influence the rate of reaction. The rate-determining step is probably the association of monomers to form the dimer.", "contents": "A kinetic study of the subunit dissociation and reassembly of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase. The kinetics of dissociation and reassembly of rabbit skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase has been studied using fluorescence, stopped-flow fluorescence and enzyme activity measurements. The dissociation of the fully active tetramer in 0.8 M guanidine hydrochloride (0.1 M potassium phosphate, pH 8.0) occurs in three kinetic phases as measured by changes in the protein fluorescence emission intensity: dissociation of tetramer to dimer with a relaxation time of a few milliseconds; dissociation of dimer to monomer with a relaxation time of a few seconds; and a conformational change of the monomer with a relaxation time of a few minutes. All three phases exhibit first-order kinetics; ATP (0.05 mM) retards the second step but does not influence the rate of the other two processes. The rate of the second process increases with decreasing temperature; this may be due to the involvement of hydrophobic interactions in the stabilization of the dimeric enzyme. A further unfolding of the monomer polypeptide chain occurs at higher guanidine concentrations, and the relaxation time associated with this process was found to be 83 ms in 2.5 M guanidine, 0.1 M potassium phosphate (pH 8.0) at 23 degrees C. The phosphofructokinase monomers were reassembled from 0.8 M guanidine chloride by 1:10 dilution of the guanidine hydrochloride concentration and yielded a protein with 70-94% of the original activity, depending on the protein concentration. The reactivation process follows second-order kinetics; ATP (5 mM) increases the rate of reactivation without altering the reaction order, while fructose 6-phosphate does not influence the rate of reaction. The rate-determining step is probably the association of monomers to form the dimer."}
{"id": "PMID:129155", "title": "Changes in (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells produced by alteration of membrane fatty acid composition.", "content": "The fatty acid composition of plasma membrane derived from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was altered in vivo by changing the dietary lipid of the tumor-bearing mice. The activity of (sodium + potassium)-adenosinetriphosphatase ((Na+ + K+ATPase), in partially purified plasma membranes, was measured ass a function of temperature. Arrhenius plots of the data were biphasic. Striking differences, dependent on the membrane fatty acid composition, were observed in the transition temperature and in the energies of activation below the transition temperature. The transition temperatures for the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of plasma membrane derived from tumor cells grown in mice fed a regular chow diet containing a mixture of fatty acids (PMC), a 16% sunflower oil diet (PMSU), or a 4% tristearin diet (PMTS) were 20, 21, and 13.5 degrees C, respectively...", "contents": "Changes in (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells produced by alteration of membrane fatty acid composition. The fatty acid composition of plasma membrane derived from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was altered in vivo by changing the dietary lipid of the tumor-bearing mice. The activity of (sodium + potassium)-adenosinetriphosphatase ((Na+ + K+ATPase), in partially purified plasma membranes, was measured ass a function of temperature. Arrhenius plots of the data were biphasic. Striking differences, dependent on the membrane fatty acid composition, were observed in the transition temperature and in the energies of activation below the transition temperature. The transition temperatures for the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of plasma membrane derived from tumor cells grown in mice fed a regular chow diet containing a mixture of fatty acids (PMC), a 16% sunflower oil diet (PMSU), or a 4% tristearin diet (PMTS) were 20, 21, and 13.5 degrees C, respectively..."}
{"id": "PMID:129156", "title": "Biochemical characterization of density-separated human erythrocytes.", "content": "A simple, reproducible method for the separation of human erythrocytes, described recently (Murphy, J. R. (1973) J. Lab. Clin. Med. 82, 334-341) has been utilized for the purpose of obtaining a wide range of biochemical data on these cells. Using phthalate ester density centrifugation of the fractions obtained by Murphy's method, we established that the cells were separated exclusively on the basis of their densities. Data on a wide range of biochemical and hematological parameters, when compared with previously reported density separation procedures showed that this simple technique can be used to fractionate the cells according to their densities (age) in their own plasma. Cells of increasing density consistently and reproducibly exhibited an increase in hemoglobin concentration, a moderate elevation in Na+ and a decrease in the following: K+, acetylcholinesterase, sialic acid, membrane protein, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, ATP, cholesterol, phospholipid, mean corpuscular volume and critical hemolytic volume, However, no change in mean corpuscular hemoglobin was evident. The observed differences were not artifacts of the centrifugation process. This was determined in recentrifuged top fractions from which new top and bottom cells were obtained. The latter cells resembled the top fraction from which they were obtained, rather than the original bottom fraction. Whereas the parameters mentioned above exhibited consistency and reproducibility, such was not the case with the ATPase values. Depending on the cell density group examined and/or buffer as well as other conditions, significant variability in the activity levels of the ouabain sensitive, as well as the Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase, was observed. Use of these enzyme activities as indicators of cell age must be viewed with caution.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of density-separated human erythrocytes. A simple, reproducible method for the separation of human erythrocytes, described recently (Murphy, J. R. (1973) J. Lab. Clin. Med. 82, 334-341) has been utilized for the purpose of obtaining a wide range of biochemical data on these cells. Using phthalate ester density centrifugation of the fractions obtained by Murphy's method, we established that the cells were separated exclusively on the basis of their densities. Data on a wide range of biochemical and hematological parameters, when compared with previously reported density separation procedures showed that this simple technique can be used to fractionate the cells according to their densities (age) in their own plasma. Cells of increasing density consistently and reproducibly exhibited an increase in hemoglobin concentration, a moderate elevation in Na+ and a decrease in the following: K+, acetylcholinesterase, sialic acid, membrane protein, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, ATP, cholesterol, phospholipid, mean corpuscular volume and critical hemolytic volume, However, no change in mean corpuscular hemoglobin was evident. The observed differences were not artifacts of the centrifugation process. This was determined in recentrifuged top fractions from which new top and bottom cells were obtained. The latter cells resembled the top fraction from which they were obtained, rather than the original bottom fraction. Whereas the parameters mentioned above exhibited consistency and reproducibility, such was not the case with the ATPase values. Depending on the cell density group examined and/or buffer as well as other conditions, significant variability in the activity levels of the ouabain sensitive, as well as the Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase, was observed. Use of these enzyme activities as indicators of cell age must be viewed with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:129157", "title": "Effects of 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2-disulfonic stilbene on ion transport in turtle bladders.", "content": "The disulfonic stilbene (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene) is found to be more potent than acetazolamide as an anion transport inhibitor in the turtle bladder, but less potent than acetazolamide as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. The anion-dependent (HCO-3,Cl-) moiety of the short-circuiting current is eliminated by 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene, but only after its addition to the serosal bathing fluid. Whereas 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene has no effect on Na+ transport across the bladder, it is more potent than ouabain as an inhibitor of microsomal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of both turtle bladder and eel electric organ.", "contents": "Effects of 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2-disulfonic stilbene on ion transport in turtle bladders. The disulfonic stilbene (4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene) is found to be more potent than acetazolamide as an anion transport inhibitor in the turtle bladder, but less potent than acetazolamide as a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. The anion-dependent (HCO-3,Cl-) moiety of the short-circuiting current is eliminated by 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene, but only after its addition to the serosal bathing fluid. Whereas 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyano-2,2'-disulfonic stilbene has no effect on Na+ transport across the bladder, it is more potent than ouabain as an inhibitor of microsomal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of both turtle bladder and eel electric organ."}
{"id": "PMID:129159", "title": "Differential inhibition of branching enzyme in a morphological mutant and in wild type Neurospora. Influence of carbon source in the growth medium.", "content": "1. A morphological mutant of Neurospora crassa, smco 9, (R2508) that exhibits colonial morphology when grown on sucrose or on maltose, showed a partial reversal of this morphology toward that of the wild type when it was grown on potato starch or on isomaltose. 2. A common feature of both potato starch and isomaltose is the presence of alpha-1, 6 glucosidic linkages. This suggested that these morphological effects might be due to differences in alpha-1,4 glucan: alpha-1,4 glucan 6 glycosyltransferase, (EC 2.4.1.18) commonly known as \"the branching enzyme\". 3. The branching enzyme was purified from wild type, Neurospora crassa, and from the semicolonial mutant, R2508, both grown on sucrose or on potato starch. It has a molecular weight of 140,000 as estimated by gel filtration on a Bio Gel A 1.5 m column. This enzyme plus phosphorylase a in an unprimed reaction catalyzes the synthesis of a branched polysaccharide in vitro. 4. No branching enzyme activity was apparent in extracts of the mutant R2508, grown on potato starch until a thermolabile inhibitor was removed by fractionation on a DEAE column. 5. This inhibitor has a molecular weight greater than 100,000 as estimated on a P-100 polyacrylamide gel column. The specificity of the inhibitor is not absolute in that it inhibits glycogen synthetase in addition to the branching enzyme in Neurospora.", "contents": "Differential inhibition of branching enzyme in a morphological mutant and in wild type Neurospora. Influence of carbon source in the growth medium. 1. A morphological mutant of Neurospora crassa, smco 9, (R2508) that exhibits colonial morphology when grown on sucrose or on maltose, showed a partial reversal of this morphology toward that of the wild type when it was grown on potato starch or on isomaltose. 2. A common feature of both potato starch and isomaltose is the presence of alpha-1, 6 glucosidic linkages. This suggested that these morphological effects might be due to differences in alpha-1,4 glucan: alpha-1,4 glucan 6 glycosyltransferase, (EC 2.4.1.18) commonly known as \"the branching enzyme\". 3. The branching enzyme was purified from wild type, Neurospora crassa, and from the semicolonial mutant, R2508, both grown on sucrose or on potato starch. It has a molecular weight of 140,000 as estimated by gel filtration on a Bio Gel A 1.5 m column. This enzyme plus phosphorylase a in an unprimed reaction catalyzes the synthesis of a branched polysaccharide in vitro. 4. No branching enzyme activity was apparent in extracts of the mutant R2508, grown on potato starch until a thermolabile inhibitor was removed by fractionation on a DEAE column. 5. This inhibitor has a molecular weight greater than 100,000 as estimated on a P-100 polyacrylamide gel column. The specificity of the inhibitor is not absolute in that it inhibits glycogen synthetase in addition to the branching enzyme in Neurospora."}
{"id": "PMID:129160", "title": "Accelerated turnover of blood glucose in pertussis-sensitized rats due to combined actions of endogenous insulin and adrenergic beta-stimulation.", "content": "1. Epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia was attenuated by the treatment of rats with pertussis vaccine, but this attenuation was abolished when endogenous insulin was suppressed by streptozotocin or anti-insulin serum. It was concluded that epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia was counterbalanced by the hypoglycemic action of insulin, the secretion of which was markedly potentiated in pertussis-sensitized rats. 2. Without epinephrine, no hypoglycemia developed in pertussis-sensitized rats despite the higher blood level of insulin. Tracer experiments with [14C,3H] glucose or [14C]bicarbaonate showed that, in pertussis-sensitized rats, more glucose was liberated into the blood from hepatic gluconeogenesis at the expense of hepatic glycogenesis, thereby accelerating the turnover of blood glucose. 3. Since this activation of hepatic glucose production was reduced by propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, it is very likely that adrenergic beta-stimulation is, at least partly, responsible for the metabolic alterations observed in pertussis-sensitized rats.", "contents": "Accelerated turnover of blood glucose in pertussis-sensitized rats due to combined actions of endogenous insulin and adrenergic beta-stimulation. 1. Epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia was attenuated by the treatment of rats with pertussis vaccine, but this attenuation was abolished when endogenous insulin was suppressed by streptozotocin or anti-insulin serum. It was concluded that epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia was counterbalanced by the hypoglycemic action of insulin, the secretion of which was markedly potentiated in pertussis-sensitized rats. 2. Without epinephrine, no hypoglycemia developed in pertussis-sensitized rats despite the higher blood level of insulin. Tracer experiments with [14C,3H] glucose or [14C]bicarbaonate showed that, in pertussis-sensitized rats, more glucose was liberated into the blood from hepatic gluconeogenesis at the expense of hepatic glycogenesis, thereby accelerating the turnover of blood glucose. 3. Since this activation of hepatic glucose production was reduced by propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocking agent, it is very likely that adrenergic beta-stimulation is, at least partly, responsible for the metabolic alterations observed in pertussis-sensitized rats."}
{"id": "PMID:129161", "title": "Inhibition of axoneme and dynein ATPase from sea urchin sperm by free ATP.", "content": "Sea urchin sperm flagellar ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) has magnesium-ATP as an effective substrate and is inhibited by free ATP. The inhibition is prevented by high concentration of KCl or NaCl. 0.4 M KCl extracts 48% of ATPase activity from axoneme. The 0.4 M KCl extract and 0.4 M KCl-treated axoneme are also inhibited by free ATP and this inhibition is reversed by KCl. Dynein purified twice by sucrose density gradient centrifugation is also inhibited by free ATP; this inhibition is also reversed by KCl.", "contents": "Inhibition of axoneme and dynein ATPase from sea urchin sperm by free ATP. Sea urchin sperm flagellar ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) has magnesium-ATP as an effective substrate and is inhibited by free ATP. The inhibition is prevented by high concentration of KCl or NaCl. 0.4 M KCl extracts 48% of ATPase activity from axoneme. The 0.4 M KCl extract and 0.4 M KCl-treated axoneme are also inhibited by free ATP and this inhibition is reversed by KCl. Dynein purified twice by sucrose density gradient centrifugation is also inhibited by free ATP; this inhibition is also reversed by KCl."}
{"id": "PMID:129162", "title": "Increase of enzyme activities in Neurospora crassa during incubation at low temperatures.", "content": "The effect of lowering the incubation temperature of sucrose-grown cultures of Neurospora crassa on the level of various enzyme activities was investigated. Of twelve inducible/derepressible activities studied, three, in addition to glycerol kinase, were found to increase during 48 h of incubation at 4-6 degrees C: trehalase (increase in specific activity of 3-10-fold), beta-glucosidase (6-12-fold) and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (4 to 6-fold). The maximum increases occurred at 6 degrees C and no increases took place in mycelia incubated at 0 degrees C. The kinetics of the changes in activity were markedly different from those observed previously with glycerol kinase. The increases were inhibited by cycloheximide. Trehalase, beta-glucosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities were not rapidly lost when cultures incubated at 6 degrees C were returned to 26 degrees C.", "contents": "Increase of enzyme activities in Neurospora crassa during incubation at low temperatures. The effect of lowering the incubation temperature of sucrose-grown cultures of Neurospora crassa on the level of various enzyme activities was investigated. Of twelve inducible/derepressible activities studied, three, in addition to glycerol kinase, were found to increase during 48 h of incubation at 4-6 degrees C: trehalase (increase in specific activity of 3-10-fold), beta-glucosidase (6-12-fold) and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (4 to 6-fold). The maximum increases occurred at 6 degrees C and no increases took place in mycelia incubated at 0 degrees C. The kinetics of the changes in activity were markedly different from those observed previously with glycerol kinase. The increases were inhibited by cycloheximide. Trehalase, beta-glucosidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities were not rapidly lost when cultures incubated at 6 degrees C were returned to 26 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:129163", "title": "Binding of antibody to the active site of the adenosine triphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "1. The thiol group of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum that is protected from reaction with N-ethylmaleimide by 1 mM ATP was labelled with N-ethyl-[2,3-14C2] maleimide. Autoradiography after electrophoresis of this material on dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gels showed that this group is located on the polypeptide chain of the ATPase. 2. The ATP-protected thiol group of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum has been labelled by treatment with either 1-(2,4,-dinitrophenylamino), 6-(N-maleimido) hexane or N, N'-bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-cystine. The total dinitrophenyl contents of the dinitrophenyl-vesicle conjugates found by spectrophotometry were in good agreement with the ATP-protected thiol content, especially in the case of the N,N'-bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-cystine-treated vesicles. Fluorescence-quenching titrations of anti-dinitrophenyl-antibody tryptophyl fluorescence with the dinitrophenyl-vesicle conjugates showed that not all the dinitrophenyl groups were available for combination with antibody. 3. Phospholipase C(EC 3.1.4.3) digestion of ATP-protected, N-ethylmaleimide-treated vesicles, labelled with dinitrophenyl groups using N,N'-bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-cystine, caused the dinitrophenyl groups to become completely inaccessible to anti-dinitrophenyl-antibody, although no dinitrophenyl groups were lost during the incubation. This indicates a possible crowding together of the ATPase molecules as the effective membrane area was reduced.", "contents": "Binding of antibody to the active site of the adenosine triphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. 1. The thiol group of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum that is protected from reaction with N-ethylmaleimide by 1 mM ATP was labelled with N-ethyl-[2,3-14C2] maleimide. Autoradiography after electrophoresis of this material on dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gels showed that this group is located on the polypeptide chain of the ATPase. 2. The ATP-protected thiol group of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum has been labelled by treatment with either 1-(2,4,-dinitrophenylamino), 6-(N-maleimido) hexane or N, N'-bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-cystine. The total dinitrophenyl contents of the dinitrophenyl-vesicle conjugates found by spectrophotometry were in good agreement with the ATP-protected thiol content, especially in the case of the N,N'-bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-cystine-treated vesicles. Fluorescence-quenching titrations of anti-dinitrophenyl-antibody tryptophyl fluorescence with the dinitrophenyl-vesicle conjugates showed that not all the dinitrophenyl groups were available for combination with antibody. 3. Phospholipase C(EC 3.1.4.3) digestion of ATP-protected, N-ethylmaleimide-treated vesicles, labelled with dinitrophenyl groups using N,N'-bis(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-L-cystine, caused the dinitrophenyl groups to become completely inaccessible to anti-dinitrophenyl-antibody, although no dinitrophenyl groups were lost during the incubation. This indicates a possible crowding together of the ATPase molecules as the effective membrane area was reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:129164", "title": "Ouabain-binding and phosphorylation of (Na+ + K+) ATPase treated with N-ethylmaleimide or oligomycin.", "content": "Ouabain-binding and phosphorylation of (Na+ mk+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of the plasma membranes from kidney were investigated after treatment with N-ethylmaleimide or oligomycin. Either of these inhibitors brought about the following changes: the phosphoenzyme, formed in the presence of Na+, Mg2+ and ATP became essentially insensitive to splitting by K+ but was split by ADP. One mole of this ADP-sensitive phosphoenzyme bound one mole of ouabain but the enzyme-ouabain complex was less stable than in the native enzyme primarily because the rate of its dissociation increased. Ouabain was bound to the ADP-sensitive phosphoenzyme in the presence of Mg2+ alone and addition of inorganic phosphate enhanced both the rate of formation and the steady-state level of the enzyme-ouabain complex. The inhibitors did not affect the properties of this second type of complex. Both in the native enzyme and in the enzyme treated with the two inhibitors inorganic phosphate enhanced ouabain binding by phosphorylating the active center of the enzyme as shown (a) by mapping the labeled peptides from the enzyme after peptic digestion, (b) by inhibition of this phosphorylation with Na+ and (c) by the 1:1 stoichiometric relation between this phosphorylation and the amount of bound ouabain. Unlike the phosphoenzyme, the binding of ouabain remained sensitive to K+ in the enzyme treated with the inhibitors. K+ slowed ouabain-binding either in the presence of Na+, Mg2+ and ATP or of Mg2+ and inorganic phosphate. A higher concentration of K+ was needed to slow ouabain-binding either in the presence of Na+, Mg2+ and ATP or of Mg2+ and inorganic phosphate. A higher concentration of K+ was needed to slow ouabain-binding than to stimulate dephosphorylation. This finding is interpreted as being an indication of separate sites for K+ on the enzyme: a site(s) with high K+-affinity which stimulates dephosphorylation, another site(s) with moderate K+-affinity which inhibits ouabain-binding. Inhibitors may enhance formation of the ADP-sensitive phosphoenzyme by blocking interaction between K+ and the site(s) with high affinity.", "contents": "Ouabain-binding and phosphorylation of (Na+ + K+) ATPase treated with N-ethylmaleimide or oligomycin. Ouabain-binding and phosphorylation of (Na+ mk+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of the plasma membranes from kidney were investigated after treatment with N-ethylmaleimide or oligomycin. Either of these inhibitors brought about the following changes: the phosphoenzyme, formed in the presence of Na+, Mg2+ and ATP became essentially insensitive to splitting by K+ but was split by ADP. One mole of this ADP-sensitive phosphoenzyme bound one mole of ouabain but the enzyme-ouabain complex was less stable than in the native enzyme primarily because the rate of its dissociation increased. Ouabain was bound to the ADP-sensitive phosphoenzyme in the presence of Mg2+ alone and addition of inorganic phosphate enhanced both the rate of formation and the steady-state level of the enzyme-ouabain complex. The inhibitors did not affect the properties of this second type of complex. Both in the native enzyme and in the enzyme treated with the two inhibitors inorganic phosphate enhanced ouabain binding by phosphorylating the active center of the enzyme as shown (a) by mapping the labeled peptides from the enzyme after peptic digestion, (b) by inhibition of this phosphorylation with Na+ and (c) by the 1:1 stoichiometric relation between this phosphorylation and the amount of bound ouabain. Unlike the phosphoenzyme, the binding of ouabain remained sensitive to K+ in the enzyme treated with the inhibitors. K+ slowed ouabain-binding either in the presence of Na+, Mg2+ and ATP or of Mg2+ and inorganic phosphate. A higher concentration of K+ was needed to slow ouabain-binding either in the presence of Na+, Mg2+ and ATP or of Mg2+ and inorganic phosphate. A higher concentration of K+ was needed to slow ouabain-binding than to stimulate dephosphorylation. This finding is interpreted as being an indication of separate sites for K+ on the enzyme: a site(s) with high K+-affinity which stimulates dephosphorylation, another site(s) with moderate K+-affinity which inhibits ouabain-binding. Inhibitors may enhance formation of the ADP-sensitive phosphoenzyme by blocking interaction between K+ and the site(s) with high affinity."}
{"id": "PMID:129165", "title": "On the nature of the energised state of submitochondrial particles; investigations with N-aryl naphthalene sulphonate probes.", "content": "1. A further investigation has been made of the way in which the fluorescent probes 1-anilino-naphthalene-8-sulphonate and 2-(N-methyl-anilino) naphthalene-6-sulphonate report on the energised state of bovine heart submitochondrial particles. 2. A comparison of the probe responses to energisation with ATP or to a potassium diffusion potential has been made. The fluorescence enhancements seen in these two cases have different characteristics, and in view of this it is questioned whether a substrate generated energised state of a submitochondrial particle can be equated with a trans-membrane potassium diffusion potential. 3. Substitution of ITP for ATP reduces the rate at which either of the probes respond to energisation. In contrast reducing the ATPase activity of the particles by treatment with the covalent ATPase inhibitors 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan or N,N'-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide has no effect on this rate. This finding that the rate of the fluorescence changes is directly sensitive to events at the level of the ATPase, but not to the total ATPase activity, suggests that this rate may not be controlled by a delocalised energised state. Reduction of ATPase activity decreases the extent of the fluorescence enhancement and a relationship between the change in probe fluorescence and ATPase activity is given. 4. The results in this paper are discussed in the context of the mechanisms which have been proposed to account for the fluorescence enhancements of N-aryl naphthalene sulphonate probes upon energisation of submitochondrial particles.", "contents": "On the nature of the energised state of submitochondrial particles; investigations with N-aryl naphthalene sulphonate probes. 1. A further investigation has been made of the way in which the fluorescent probes 1-anilino-naphthalene-8-sulphonate and 2-(N-methyl-anilino) naphthalene-6-sulphonate report on the energised state of bovine heart submitochondrial particles. 2. A comparison of the probe responses to energisation with ATP or to a potassium diffusion potential has been made. The fluorescence enhancements seen in these two cases have different characteristics, and in view of this it is questioned whether a substrate generated energised state of a submitochondrial particle can be equated with a trans-membrane potassium diffusion potential. 3. Substitution of ITP for ATP reduces the rate at which either of the probes respond to energisation. In contrast reducing the ATPase activity of the particles by treatment with the covalent ATPase inhibitors 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan or N,N'-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide has no effect on this rate. This finding that the rate of the fluorescence changes is directly sensitive to events at the level of the ATPase, but not to the total ATPase activity, suggests that this rate may not be controlled by a delocalised energised state. Reduction of ATPase activity decreases the extent of the fluorescence enhancement and a relationship between the change in probe fluorescence and ATPase activity is given. 4. The results in this paper are discussed in the context of the mechanisms which have been proposed to account for the fluorescence enhancements of N-aryl naphthalene sulphonate probes upon energisation of submitochondrial particles."}
{"id": "PMID:129166", "title": "[Several features of the oligomycin effect on phosphorylating oxidation of mitochondria at various states].", "content": "Effect of oligomycin on the oxygen uptake at the 4th state of the respiration chain in mitochondria with the stable coupling of respiration and phosphorylation is studied. Oligomycin is shown to inhibit the respiration in the absence of exogenous phosphorylation substrate. The inhibition curve at the 4th state is hyperbolic, at the 3d state-it is S-form. The antibiotic inhibited the oxidation of beta-hydroxybutric acid at the 4th state more intensively, than succinate oxidation. It is suggested that ATP-synthetase acts for the expense of endogenous ADP at the 4th state of the respiration chain.", "contents": "[Several features of the oligomycin effect on phosphorylating oxidation of mitochondria at various states]. Effect of oligomycin on the oxygen uptake at the 4th state of the respiration chain in mitochondria with the stable coupling of respiration and phosphorylation is studied. Oligomycin is shown to inhibit the respiration in the absence of exogenous phosphorylation substrate. The inhibition curve at the 4th state is hyperbolic, at the 3d state-it is S-form. The antibiotic inhibited the oxidation of beta-hydroxybutric acid at the 4th state more intensively, than succinate oxidation. It is suggested that ATP-synthetase acts for the expense of endogenous ADP at the 4th state of the respiration chain."}
{"id": "PMID:129168", "title": "[Effect of acetylcholine on Na, K-ATPase of synaptasomes].", "content": "Effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on Na, K-ATPase system has a complex character. ACh concentration, as well as the type of membrane are responsible for the increase or decrease of Na, K-ATPase activity. The inhibition and activation capacity is not constant in different subcellular fractions. The maximal effect is observed in subcellular fractions rich in junctional complexes, whereas minimal effect is in microsomes. There is no effect in mitochondria and myelin at all. EGTA and EDTA removes the inhibition, but the activation remains unchanged. ACh is supposed to release from membrane structure Ca2+, which subsequently inhibits Na, K-ATPase. On the other hand, activation by ACh is the result of its direct effect. The inhibition prevails over the activation at high (2-10 mM) concentration of ACh, whereas at low (2mM) concentration it might be vice versa. Thus the effect of ACh on Na K-ATPase is the result of two different processes having opposite effects.", "contents": "[Effect of acetylcholine on Na, K-ATPase of synaptasomes]. Effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on Na, K-ATPase system has a complex character. ACh concentration, as well as the type of membrane are responsible for the increase or decrease of Na, K-ATPase activity. The inhibition and activation capacity is not constant in different subcellular fractions. The maximal effect is observed in subcellular fractions rich in junctional complexes, whereas minimal effect is in microsomes. There is no effect in mitochondria and myelin at all. EGTA and EDTA removes the inhibition, but the activation remains unchanged. ACh is supposed to release from membrane structure Ca2+, which subsequently inhibits Na, K-ATPase. On the other hand, activation by ACh is the result of its direct effect. The inhibition prevails over the activation at high (2-10 mM) concentration of ACh, whereas at low (2mM) concentration it might be vice versa. Thus the effect of ACh on Na K-ATPase is the result of two different processes having opposite effects."}
{"id": "PMID:129167", "title": "[Mechanism of the inhibitory effect of acetylcholine and its analogs on sarcolemma Na, K-ATPase].", "content": "Effect of acetylcholine on Na, K-ATPase from cardiac and skeletal rabbit muscles is studied. The inhibition of the enzyme by acetylcholine was shown to depend on the Na+/K+ ratio and Mg2+ concentration in the incubation medium. The sensitivity of Na, K-ATPase to acetylcholine and its analogues decreased as follows: acetylcholine, propionylcholine butyrylcholine, arecoline, carbacholine, choline. Muscle denervation resulted in 20-fold increase of the enzyme sensitivity to acetylcholine. Preparations of Na, K-ATPase from different muscles have the increasing sensitivity to acetylcholine in the following order: white, mixed, cardiac, denervated muscles.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the inhibitory effect of acetylcholine and its analogs on sarcolemma Na, K-ATPase]. Effect of acetylcholine on Na, K-ATPase from cardiac and skeletal rabbit muscles is studied. The inhibition of the enzyme by acetylcholine was shown to depend on the Na+/K+ ratio and Mg2+ concentration in the incubation medium. The sensitivity of Na, K-ATPase to acetylcholine and its analogues decreased as follows: acetylcholine, propionylcholine butyrylcholine, arecoline, carbacholine, choline. Muscle denervation resulted in 20-fold increase of the enzyme sensitivity to acetylcholine. Preparations of Na, K-ATPase from different muscles have the increasing sensitivity to acetylcholine in the following order: white, mixed, cardiac, denervated muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:129169", "title": "[Effects of magnesium, manganese and cobalt ions on the activity of Ca2+-dependent ATPase of skeletal muscle plasma membranes].", "content": "Bivalent cations (Mn and Co) are found to activate ATPase activity of sarcolemma in the same degree, as Mg and Ca. The increase of the activity of Ca2+-dependent ATPase under the certain conditions of treatment of sarcolemma with KCl-Triton X-100 solution is not accompanied by the increase of ATPase  activity in the presence of Mn and Co ions. ATPase activities in the presence of these ions correlate with the activity of Mg2+-dependent ATPase. Bivalent cations Mg, Mn and Co are competitive inhibitors for Ca2+-dependent ATPase. The apparent inhibition constants are determined to be 3,5-10(-5) M for Mg, 0,7-10(-3) M for Co and 1,5-10(-3) M for Mn. It is supposed that Ca2+-dependent ATPase has similar selectivity to bivalent cations as calcium influx that follows depolartization of plasma membrane.", "contents": "[Effects of magnesium, manganese and cobalt ions on the activity of Ca2+-dependent ATPase of skeletal muscle plasma membranes]. Bivalent cations (Mn and Co) are found to activate ATPase activity of sarcolemma in the same degree, as Mg and Ca. The increase of the activity of Ca2+-dependent ATPase under the certain conditions of treatment of sarcolemma with KCl-Triton X-100 solution is not accompanied by the increase of ATPase  activity in the presence of Mn and Co ions. ATPase activities in the presence of these ions correlate with the activity of Mg2+-dependent ATPase. Bivalent cations Mg, Mn and Co are competitive inhibitors for Ca2+-dependent ATPase. The apparent inhibition constants are determined to be 3,5-10(-5) M for Mg, 0,7-10(-3) M for Co and 1,5-10(-3) M for Mn. It is supposed that Ca2+-dependent ATPase has similar selectivity to bivalent cations as calcium influx that follows depolartization of plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:129170", "title": "[HCO3-stimulated ATPase from rat tissue homogenates].", "content": "Light fractions of homogenates of rat heart, diaphragm, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, muscle, brain, gastric mucosa and of red blood cell membranes contained HCO3-stimulated ATPase. ATPase activity was increased by 15-77% by adding 25 mM HCO-3.", "contents": "[HCO3-stimulated ATPase from rat tissue homogenates]. Light fractions of homogenates of rat heart, diaphragm, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, muscle, brain, gastric mucosa and of red blood cell membranes contained HCO3-stimulated ATPase. ATPase activity was increased by 15-77% by adding 25 mM HCO-3."}
{"id": "PMID:129171", "title": "[Respiration toxins as inhibitors of ion transport, supported by ATP hydrolysis, in mitochondria].", "content": "Effect of respiration toxins is studied on some properties of mitochondrial membranes and functions connected with ion transport for the expence of ATP energy. The combination of three respiration inhibitors (cyanide, antimycin and rotenone) was shown to develope the following effects: 1) the inhibition of K+ accumulation by mitochondria at the presence of ATP and valinomycin; 2) the decrease in acidification of non-mitochondrial space, accompanying to the K+ transport; 3) the activation of latent mitochondrial ATPase; 4) the inhibition of DNP-stimulated ATPase; 5) the inhibition of mitochondria swelling, caused by K+, Ca2+, or dimethyldibenzylammonium (DDA+) at the presence of ATP+phopshate (or acetate); 6) the stimulation of passive mitochondria swelling in 0.1 MNH4NO3; 7) the inhibition of ATP-induced contraction of mitochondria, swelling in NH4NO3. The data obtained are discussed in a wiev of the conception, which suggests that the attaching of inhibitors to respiration enzymes changes the configuration of the latters, thus disturbing natural structural bond of these enzymes with other protein components of the membrane. The latter can result in the impair of electroisolating membrane properties, in the increase of its conductivity for H+ and other ions, and in the decrease of Vm values of some enzymatic reaction, which are not directly connected with the respiration chain (such as ATPase reaction).", "contents": "[Respiration toxins as inhibitors of ion transport, supported by ATP hydrolysis, in mitochondria]. Effect of respiration toxins is studied on some properties of mitochondrial membranes and functions connected with ion transport for the expence of ATP energy. The combination of three respiration inhibitors (cyanide, antimycin and rotenone) was shown to develope the following effects: 1) the inhibition of K+ accumulation by mitochondria at the presence of ATP and valinomycin; 2) the decrease in acidification of non-mitochondrial space, accompanying to the K+ transport; 3) the activation of latent mitochondrial ATPase; 4) the inhibition of DNP-stimulated ATPase; 5) the inhibition of mitochondria swelling, caused by K+, Ca2+, or dimethyldibenzylammonium (DDA+) at the presence of ATP+phopshate (or acetate); 6) the stimulation of passive mitochondria swelling in 0.1 MNH4NO3; 7) the inhibition of ATP-induced contraction of mitochondria, swelling in NH4NO3. The data obtained are discussed in a wiev of the conception, which suggests that the attaching of inhibitors to respiration enzymes changes the configuration of the latters, thus disturbing natural structural bond of these enzymes with other protein components of the membrane. The latter can result in the impair of electroisolating membrane properties, in the increase of its conductivity for H+ and other ions, and in the decrease of Vm values of some enzymatic reaction, which are not directly connected with the respiration chain (such as ATPase reaction)."}
{"id": "PMID:129176", "title": "In vitro metabolism of red blood cells from newborn and adult goats.", "content": "The erythrocytes of newborn and adult goats were studied with respect to GSH stability, GSH regeneration, levels of ATP and 2, 3-DPG, glucose consumption and activities of nine different enzymes of Embden-Meyerhof and pentose phosphate pathways of glucose metabolism. Red cells from newborn goats had significantly higher levels of ATP and 2, 3-DPG. The activities of all the enzymes measured were also significantly greater in the newborn. It is suggested that newborn goats possess red blood cells that are metabolically more active than those of adult goats.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of red blood cells from newborn and adult goats. The erythrocytes of newborn and adult goats were studied with respect to GSH stability, GSH regeneration, levels of ATP and 2, 3-DPG, glucose consumption and activities of nine different enzymes of Embden-Meyerhof and pentose phosphate pathways of glucose metabolism. Red cells from newborn goats had significantly higher levels of ATP and 2, 3-DPG. The activities of all the enzymes measured were also significantly greater in the newborn. It is suggested that newborn goats possess red blood cells that are metabolically more active than those of adult goats."}
{"id": "PMID:129173", "title": "[Physico-chemical and enzymatic properties of contractile protein of rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "Some properties of the contractile protein of mitochondria in rat liver (mito-AM) and actomyosin (AM) have been comparatively studied. Mito-AM revealed the viscosity change as well as the precipitation test when ATP was added. The precipitation test rate proved to be higher in some cases than in case of AM. The characteristic feature for both enzymes was the inhibition of the enzymatic activity due to substrate abundance and the reaction product. According to their activating eff on ATP-ase of mito-AM, divalent cations can be placed in the following way: Ca2+ greater than greater than Mg2+greater than Mn2+greater than Zn2+. A similarity in the effect of p-chlormercuribenzoate, amitale and ouabain on mito-AM and AM is revealed. Spectrum analysis data (absorption and fluorescent spectra, fluorescence polarization) as well as different substrate specificity indicate the presence of certain differences in proteins studied. Purified mito-AM revealed a number of components with mollecular meights ranging from 12,500 to 87,000 under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecul sulphate. The 44,000 mollecular weight polypeptide chain was of muscle actin origin. The results obtained are discussed from the view point of protein functional characteristics.", "contents": "[Physico-chemical and enzymatic properties of contractile protein of rat liver mitochondria]. Some properties of the contractile protein of mitochondria in rat liver (mito-AM) and actomyosin (AM) have been comparatively studied. Mito-AM revealed the viscosity change as well as the precipitation test when ATP was added. The precipitation test rate proved to be higher in some cases than in case of AM. The characteristic feature for both enzymes was the inhibition of the enzymatic activity due to substrate abundance and the reaction product. According to their activating eff on ATP-ase of mito-AM, divalent cations can be placed in the following way: Ca2+ greater than greater than Mg2+greater than Mn2+greater than Zn2+. A similarity in the effect of p-chlormercuribenzoate, amitale and ouabain on mito-AM and AM is revealed. Spectrum analysis data (absorption and fluorescent spectra, fluorescence polarization) as well as different substrate specificity indicate the presence of certain differences in proteins studied. Purified mito-AM revealed a number of components with mollecular meights ranging from 12,500 to 87,000 under polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecul sulphate. The 44,000 mollecular weight polypeptide chain was of muscle actin origin. The results obtained are discussed from the view point of protein functional characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:129172", "title": "[Adenosine triphosphatase from the membrane of Micrococcus lysodeikticus].", "content": "A preparation of ATPase with a high specific activity was isolated from the membrane of M. lysodeikticus. The enzyme was studied using UV-spectroscopy and circular dichroism. The homogeneity of the protein preparation was shown by gel electrophoresis. The catalytic properties of the enzyme were studied using steady state kinetic methods. The values of Km app. and kcat were determined to be 6-10(-4) and 6 mumoles/mg/min respectively. It is shown that ADP is an effective inhibitor of the ATPase reaction, and the inhibition activity increases in the presence of an excess of Ca2+. The nature of the rate dependence of the ATPase reaction on the concentration of the substrate and on Ca-ADP corresponds to a competitive type of inhibition with binding several molecules of Ca-ADP in the active site of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Adenosine triphosphatase from the membrane of Micrococcus lysodeikticus]. A preparation of ATPase with a high specific activity was isolated from the membrane of M. lysodeikticus. The enzyme was studied using UV-spectroscopy and circular dichroism. The homogeneity of the protein preparation was shown by gel electrophoresis. The catalytic properties of the enzyme were studied using steady state kinetic methods. The values of Km app. and kcat were determined to be 6-10(-4) and 6 mumoles/mg/min respectively. It is shown that ADP is an effective inhibitor of the ATPase reaction, and the inhibition activity increases in the presence of an excess of Ca2+. The nature of the rate dependence of the ATPase reaction on the concentration of the substrate and on Ca-ADP corresponds to a competitive type of inhibition with binding several molecules of Ca-ADP in the active site of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:129177", "title": "Preclotting and thrombosis of a dacron prosthesis. A scanning electron microscope study.", "content": "The authors report eht study of preclotting made on a knitted Dacron prostheses before implantation into a patient. Within 24 h of implantation, clotting occurred. The patient had to be reoperated, and a second preclotting followed. Specimens were removed at different times and fixed in a Rembaum solution before being dried and studied by scanning electron microscopy.", "contents": "Preclotting and thrombosis of a dacron prosthesis. A scanning electron microscope study. The authors report eht study of preclotting made on a knitted Dacron prostheses before implantation into a patient. Within 24 h of implantation, clotting occurred. The patient had to be reoperated, and a second preclotting followed. Specimens were removed at different times and fixed in a Rembaum solution before being dried and studied by scanning electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:129174", "title": "[Spontaneous activation of prothrombin under citraconilation].", "content": "N-acylation with citraconic anhydride of purified bovine prothrombine preparations stimulated its spontaneous activation up to intermediate activation products.", "contents": "[Spontaneous activation of prothrombin under citraconilation]. N-acylation with citraconic anhydride of purified bovine prothrombine preparations stimulated its spontaneous activation up to intermediate activation products."}
{"id": "PMID:129178", "title": "[The effect of psychotropic substances on synaptosomal uptake of gamma-aminobutyric H3-acid and the activity of Na,K-ATPase].", "content": "The centrally acting drugs belonging to different groups--fluphenazine, trifluperidol, phthoracyzine, imipramine, diazepam, apomorphine, fentanyl, diphneylhydantoin, nonachlazine displayed in vitro an inhibitory effect on the uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid by rat brain synaptosomes. A decrease in the activity of synaptosomal Na,K-ATPase was found in most cases. Drugs that failed to alter GABA uptake were as a rule found to be ineffective in relation to the enzyme activity (carbidine, morphine). GABA uptake was not affected by certain drugs inhibiting the Na,K-ATPase activity (azabuperon, tetrabenazine). It is supposed that the drugs used had at least two possible sites of action - Na,K-ATPase itself and hypothetic GABA transmembrane carrier.", "contents": "[The effect of psychotropic substances on synaptosomal uptake of gamma-aminobutyric H3-acid and the activity of Na,K-ATPase]. The centrally acting drugs belonging to different groups--fluphenazine, trifluperidol, phthoracyzine, imipramine, diazepam, apomorphine, fentanyl, diphneylhydantoin, nonachlazine displayed in vitro an inhibitory effect on the uptake of gamma-aminobutyric acid by rat brain synaptosomes. A decrease in the activity of synaptosomal Na,K-ATPase was found in most cases. Drugs that failed to alter GABA uptake were as a rule found to be ineffective in relation to the enzyme activity (carbidine, morphine). GABA uptake was not affected by certain drugs inhibiting the Na,K-ATPase activity (azabuperon, tetrabenazine). It is supposed that the drugs used had at least two possible sites of action - Na,K-ATPase itself and hypothetic GABA transmembrane carrier."}
{"id": "PMID:129180", "title": "Dental anomalies in mental patients.", "content": "Fifty-three patients were examined for dental abnormalities at an institution specializing in care of the mentally deficient in Bauru, S\u00e3o Paulo State. The incidence of teeth with abnormal morphology, mainly second molars with an abnormal number of cusps, was extremely high. Enamel hypoplasia was frequently found in anterior teeth, and the percentage of fractured maxillary incisors was significantly higher than that observed in normal individuals.", "contents": "Dental anomalies in mental patients. Fifty-three patients were examined for dental abnormalities at an institution specializing in care of the mentally deficient in Bauru, S\u00e3o Paulo State. The incidence of teeth with abnormal morphology, mainly second molars with an abnormal number of cusps, was extremely high. Enamel hypoplasia was frequently found in anterior teeth, and the percentage of fractured maxillary incisors was significantly higher than that observed in normal individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:129182", "title": "Furazolidone-pethidine interaction in rabbits.", "content": "1 The intravenous injection of pethidine in rabbits pretreated with furazolidone administered orally but not systemically resulted in severe interaction and fatal hyperpyrexia. 2 Treatment with rho-chlorophenylalanine, chloropromazine of cyproheptadine protected the rabbits against the furazolidone-pethidine interaction, while alpha-methyl-rho-tyrosine was ineffective. 3 5-Hydroxytryptophan produced a fatal hyperpyrexia in furazolidone pretreated rabbits. 4 Pretreatment of rabbits with 1,1,1-trichloro-2, 2-bis(rho-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) accelerated and enhanced the furazolidone-pethidine interaction, while oxytetracycline pretreatment completely prevented the interaction. 5 It is concluded that furazolidone-pethidine interaction might depend mainly on potentiation of the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the CNS and that the transformation of furazolidone into an active monoamine oxidase inhibitor metabolite might occur mainly in the gut microflora in the gut lumen.", "contents": "Furazolidone-pethidine interaction in rabbits. 1 The intravenous injection of pethidine in rabbits pretreated with furazolidone administered orally but not systemically resulted in severe interaction and fatal hyperpyrexia. 2 Treatment with rho-chlorophenylalanine, chloropromazine of cyproheptadine protected the rabbits against the furazolidone-pethidine interaction, while alpha-methyl-rho-tyrosine was ineffective. 3 5-Hydroxytryptophan produced a fatal hyperpyrexia in furazolidone pretreated rabbits. 4 Pretreatment of rabbits with 1,1,1-trichloro-2, 2-bis(rho-chlorophenyl)ethane (DDT) accelerated and enhanced the furazolidone-pethidine interaction, while oxytetracycline pretreatment completely prevented the interaction. 5 It is concluded that furazolidone-pethidine interaction might depend mainly on potentiation of the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the CNS and that the transformation of furazolidone into an active monoamine oxidase inhibitor metabolite might occur mainly in the gut microflora in the gut lumen."}
{"id": "PMID:129187", "title": "Autologous immune complex nephritis associated with sickle cell trait: diagnosis of the haemoglobinopathy after renal structural and immunological studies.", "content": "A renal tubular epithelial antigen (RTE)--anti-RTE autologous immune complex nephritis associated with sickle cell anaemia (SS) has been reported, but immune complex nephritis has never been described in patients with sickle cell trait (SA). During investigation of a child with \"asymptomatic proteinuria\" cryoprecipitable complexes of RTE-anti-RTE were detected in the serum and granular deposits of RTE, immunoglobulins, and complement localised on the glomerular basement membranes. Morphological and ultrastructural studies showed increased mesangial matrix, sickled red blood cells in the glomeruli and vessels, and tubular and interstitial abnormalities. These findings prompted haemoglobin electrophoretic studies, which showed previously undiagnosed haemoglobin SA in this patient and her family. These observations suggest that nephritis mediated by similar immunopathogenic mechanisms may be associated with SS and SA haemoglobinopathy. Under some conditions patients with sickle cell trait may experience haemodynamic and oxygenation abnormalities, which may be aetiological factors in the immune complex nephritis associated with SS disease.", "contents": "Autologous immune complex nephritis associated with sickle cell trait: diagnosis of the haemoglobinopathy after renal structural and immunological studies. A renal tubular epithelial antigen (RTE)--anti-RTE autologous immune complex nephritis associated with sickle cell anaemia (SS) has been reported, but immune complex nephritis has never been described in patients with sickle cell trait (SA). During investigation of a child with \"asymptomatic proteinuria\" cryoprecipitable complexes of RTE-anti-RTE were detected in the serum and granular deposits of RTE, immunoglobulins, and complement localised on the glomerular basement membranes. Morphological and ultrastructural studies showed increased mesangial matrix, sickled red blood cells in the glomeruli and vessels, and tubular and interstitial abnormalities. These findings prompted haemoglobin electrophoretic studies, which showed previously undiagnosed haemoglobin SA in this patient and her family. These observations suggest that nephritis mediated by similar immunopathogenic mechanisms may be associated with SS and SA haemoglobinopathy. Under some conditions patients with sickle cell trait may experience haemodynamic and oxygenation abnormalities, which may be aetiological factors in the immune complex nephritis associated with SS disease."}
{"id": "PMID:129191", "title": "[Trial prevention of the embryolethal properties of suramin in the mouse by adjuvant progesterone].", "content": "Suramine, a trypanocidal drug, has an embryo-lethal and teratogenic action in Rodents. Like Triton W.R. 1339 suramine modifies the lysosomes of the visceral yolk sac. In the mouse the attempts to correct the embryolethal action by a simultaneous progesterone treatment failed while the hormonal treatment is capable to suppress the embryolethality in Triton W.R. 1339 treated mice.", "contents": "[Trial prevention of the embryolethal properties of suramin in the mouse by adjuvant progesterone]. Suramine, a trypanocidal drug, has an embryo-lethal and teratogenic action in Rodents. Like Triton W.R. 1339 suramine modifies the lysosomes of the visceral yolk sac. In the mouse the attempts to correct the embryolethal action by a simultaneous progesterone treatment failed while the hormonal treatment is capable to suppress the embryolethality in Triton W.R. 1339 treated mice."}
{"id": "PMID:129192", "title": "[Effect of a microsomal system on the toxicity and on the interactions of various polycyclic carconogenic hydrocarbons with cells in culture].", "content": "The addition of a liver microsomal system (extracted from phenobarbital pretreated hamster livers) to hamster embryo cell cultures, together with a carcinogenic hydrocarbon, reduces the hydrocarbon toxicity and increases the velocity of hydrocarbon uptake by cells.", "contents": "[Effect of a microsomal system on the toxicity and on the interactions of various polycyclic carconogenic hydrocarbons with cells in culture]. The addition of a liver microsomal system (extracted from phenobarbital pretreated hamster livers) to hamster embryo cell cultures, together with a carcinogenic hydrocarbon, reduces the hydrocarbon toxicity and increases the velocity of hydrocarbon uptake by cells."}
{"id": "PMID:129193", "title": "[Radioprotective action of N-acetyl p. aminophenol in the mouse].", "content": "N-acetyl p. amino phenol given intraperitonealy to mice (20 or 40 mg kilo) before irradiation by 1000 or 500 rad has a radioprotective effect with a reduction in death rate and, after an initial fall, a quicker increase of the number of white blood cells in the treated group.", "contents": "[Radioprotective action of N-acetyl p. aminophenol in the mouse]. N-acetyl p. amino phenol given intraperitonealy to mice (20 or 40 mg kilo) before irradiation by 1000 or 500 rad has a radioprotective effect with a reduction in death rate and, after an initial fall, a quicker increase of the number of white blood cells in the treated group."}
{"id": "PMID:129194", "title": "[Survival of paraganglionic cells of the \"SIF cells\" type of the superior cervical ganglion of the rat].", "content": "A previous organotypic culture of rat's superior ganglion is propitious to the survey of grafts. Neurons keep their own structure for 15 to 18 months. A methodical study of grafts find rather rare or exceptionally frequent paraganglionary cells. These cells (S.I.F. Cells type) can keep their ultrastructural aspect in superior cervical ganglion graft for 15 months and even more.", "contents": "[Survival of paraganglionic cells of the \"SIF cells\" type of the superior cervical ganglion of the rat]. A previous organotypic culture of rat's superior ganglion is propitious to the survey of grafts. Neurons keep their own structure for 15 to 18 months. A methodical study of grafts find rather rare or exceptionally frequent paraganglionary cells. These cells (S.I.F. Cells type) can keep their ultrastructural aspect in superior cervical ganglion graft for 15 months and even more."}
{"id": "PMID:129195", "title": "[Histochemical correlations of vascular permeability and enzyme activity in the choroid plexus in man].", "content": "The choroid plexuses are characterized by the absence of alcaline phosphatase activity as well as the absence of any vascular barrier for proteins as revealed by fluorescein tracer observation. This correlation is interpreted as supporting the hypothesis of enzymatic control, via alcaline phosphatase, of the blood-brain barrier. Adenosine mono and triphosphatase activity, on the contrary, is identical in choroid plexus vessels and in vessels where the blood-brain barrier phenomena may be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Histochemical correlations of vascular permeability and enzyme activity in the choroid plexus in man]. The choroid plexuses are characterized by the absence of alcaline phosphatase activity as well as the absence of any vascular barrier for proteins as revealed by fluorescein tracer observation. This correlation is interpreted as supporting the hypothesis of enzymatic control, via alcaline phosphatase, of the blood-brain barrier. Adenosine mono and triphosphatase activity, on the contrary, is identical in choroid plexus vessels and in vessels where the blood-brain barrier phenomena may be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:129196", "title": "[Effect of anoxia on the evoked somesthesic response during rabbit maturation].", "content": "The resistance to anoxy of the somesthetic evoked response (S.E.R.) has been studied on the young rabbit from birth to ten days. An obvious decrease of this resistance is being observed from the eighth day. The authors drew a parallel from their results and the well known modifications of the oxydative metabolism of the C.N.S. during maturation.", "contents": "[Effect of anoxia on the evoked somesthesic response during rabbit maturation]. The resistance to anoxy of the somesthetic evoked response (S.E.R.) has been studied on the young rabbit from birth to ten days. An obvious decrease of this resistance is being observed from the eighth day. The authors drew a parallel from their results and the well known modifications of the oxydative metabolism of the C.N.S. during maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:129197", "title": "[Late perturbations of the central nervous system compatible with life. 5. Study of learning aptitude of the offspring after administration of anticerebroside serum to pregnant female and newborn rats].", "content": "Rabbits are injected with cerebrosids, cholesterol and albumen. Their serum, titrated for anticerebrosids antibodies, was injected into female rats on the 18th, 19th and 20th days of gestation and into the offspring aged 5, 9 and 14 days. The learning ability of the little rats was explored at the age of 1-1/2, 3, 4-1/2 and 6 months. Only the offspring of non-treated mothers and treated themselves present an important alteration of their learning ability, particularly if the injection is on the 5th post-natal day. These results are discussed.", "contents": "[Late perturbations of the central nervous system compatible with life. 5. Study of learning aptitude of the offspring after administration of anticerebroside serum to pregnant female and newborn rats]. Rabbits are injected with cerebrosids, cholesterol and albumen. Their serum, titrated for anticerebrosids antibodies, was injected into female rats on the 18th, 19th and 20th days of gestation and into the offspring aged 5, 9 and 14 days. The learning ability of the little rats was explored at the age of 1-1/2, 3, 4-1/2 and 6 months. Only the offspring of non-treated mothers and treated themselves present an important alteration of their learning ability, particularly if the injection is on the 5th post-natal day. These results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129198", "title": "[Instrumental reconditioning at an ambient temperature of 35 +/- 1 degrees C after suppression of the reward in growing rat].", "content": "By shortening to 5 seconds the burst of \"fresh air\" delivered by one level-pressing in 6 or 3 20 minutes sessions of operant conditioning at the ambient temperature of 35 +/- 1 degrees C brings 7 and 3 growing rats up to the maximal value of instrumental acquisition in 2 and 1 sessions. The experiment is going on with 40 minutes sessions in which the first 15 minutes belongs to the reward suppression. In spite of this inhibitory factor there is through the stimulus presence reconditioning which leads to instrumental adaptation at the ambient hyperthermia of 38.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C. At this temperature the instrumental activity level is the same as at 35 +/- 1 degrees C, in 20 minutes and the rectal temperature is rising up to provide compensatory work (+ 2.39 degrees C. instead of + 1.34 degrees C. at 35 +/- degrees C.).", "contents": "[Instrumental reconditioning at an ambient temperature of 35 +/- 1 degrees C after suppression of the reward in growing rat]. By shortening to 5 seconds the burst of \"fresh air\" delivered by one level-pressing in 6 or 3 20 minutes sessions of operant conditioning at the ambient temperature of 35 +/- 1 degrees C brings 7 and 3 growing rats up to the maximal value of instrumental acquisition in 2 and 1 sessions. The experiment is going on with 40 minutes sessions in which the first 15 minutes belongs to the reward suppression. In spite of this inhibitory factor there is through the stimulus presence reconditioning which leads to instrumental adaptation at the ambient hyperthermia of 38.5 +/- 0.5 degrees C. At this temperature the instrumental activity level is the same as at 35 +/- 1 degrees C, in 20 minutes and the rectal temperature is rising up to provide compensatory work (+ 2.39 degrees C. instead of + 1.34 degrees C. at 35 +/- degrees C.)."}
{"id": "PMID:129199", "title": "[Influence of an antiandrogen, cyproteron acetate, on the morphogenesis of the epididymis in the chick].", "content": "Morphogenesis of the epididymis, which takes place in the chick, during the two months after hatching, is inhibited by the antiandrogenic drug, cyproteron acetate, which acts as strongly as castration. This fact is a good argument for our conception of sexual differentiation after which epididymis is induced by testosterone.", "contents": "[Influence of an antiandrogen, cyproteron acetate, on the morphogenesis of the epididymis in the chick]. Morphogenesis of the epididymis, which takes place in the chick, during the two months after hatching, is inhibited by the antiandrogenic drug, cyproteron acetate, which acts as strongly as castration. This fact is a good argument for our conception of sexual differentiation after which epididymis is induced by testosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:129200", "title": "[Ultrastructural observations of the effect of nitrogen mustard on human chromosomes].", "content": "The authors observed in electronic microscopy the methyl-bis-beta chlorethylamine action (nitrogen mustard) on normal human chromosomes. The effects were obtained in vitro after colchicine blocking and on grids after fixation. The action is remarkable on the fiber and on the chromatid's structure.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural observations of the effect of nitrogen mustard on human chromosomes]. The authors observed in electronic microscopy the methyl-bis-beta chlorethylamine action (nitrogen mustard) on normal human chromosomes. The effects were obtained in vitro after colchicine blocking and on grids after fixation. The action is remarkable on the fiber and on the chromatid's structure."}
{"id": "PMID:129201", "title": "[Study of the germ cell migration to the gonad buds of quail embryo after the action of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid].", "content": "At stages 16 and 18, the germ cells counts, in the quail embryos' gonads from control and 2,4,5-T treated eggs, show no significative difference. On the contrary, at stage 20, the gonocyte numbers of the treated embryos are strongly decreased. Actually, this mechanism cannot be stage precisely.", "contents": "[Study of the germ cell migration to the gonad buds of quail embryo after the action of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid]. At stages 16 and 18, the germ cells counts, in the quail embryos' gonads from control and 2,4,5-T treated eggs, show no significative difference. On the contrary, at stage 20, the gonocyte numbers of the treated embryos are strongly decreased. Actually, this mechanism cannot be stage precisely."}
{"id": "PMID:129202", "title": "[Biological assay of hypophyseal gonadotropins in the male rat (statistical study)].", "content": "The reproductibility, the experimental and statistical procedures of FSH and LH bioassays are studied. The estrogen pretreatment of animals increases, considerably the responsiveness and reliability of the LH bioassays. FSH levels have been determined, by the methods for parallel line assays, in the pituitary gland of normal rats and three days or seventeen days orchiectomized rats.", "contents": "[Biological assay of hypophyseal gonadotropins in the male rat (statistical study)]. The reproductibility, the experimental and statistical procedures of FSH and LH bioassays are studied. The estrogen pretreatment of animals increases, considerably the responsiveness and reliability of the LH bioassays. FSH levels have been determined, by the methods for parallel line assays, in the pituitary gland of normal rats and three days or seventeen days orchiectomized rats."}
{"id": "PMID:129203", "title": "[Action of an ovulation stimulator on the genital function of the female rat].", "content": "Effect of cyclofenil on genital function implied organs, is studied in cyclic female rats injected s. cut: 0.5, 5 or 50 mg/kg/day, during 12 days. The treatment increases pituitary, adrenal and uterine weights, decreases ovarian weight, adrenal and ovarien cholesterol. These data suggest that cyclofenil acts directly or undirectly at different levels of hypothalamo-pituitary-genital axis with central inhibition and light peripheral stimulation.", "contents": "[Action of an ovulation stimulator on the genital function of the female rat]. Effect of cyclofenil on genital function implied organs, is studied in cyclic female rats injected s. cut: 0.5, 5 or 50 mg/kg/day, during 12 days. The treatment increases pituitary, adrenal and uterine weights, decreases ovarian weight, adrenal and ovarien cholesterol. These data suggest that cyclofenil acts directly or undirectly at different levels of hypothalamo-pituitary-genital axis with central inhibition and light peripheral stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:129204", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the enamel of various mammal species].", "content": "The dental enamel of various diet types mammalians was scrutinized through scanning electron microscope. The arrangement of prismes, their form and ultrastructure were successively investigated. The picture we got showed a great diversity in the enamel disposition.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the enamel of various mammal species]. The dental enamel of various diet types mammalians was scrutinized through scanning electron microscope. The arrangement of prismes, their form and ultrastructure were successively investigated. The picture we got showed a great diversity in the enamel disposition."}
{"id": "PMID:129205", "title": "[Creation, in the dog, of a denervated antral pouche, associated with a Heindenhain's pouche: technical considerations relative to surgical time and postoperative complications].", "content": "Overall assessment following the creation of denervated antral and fundic pouches, in 64 mongrel dogs, leads to the recommendation of certain important technical options: surgical intervention carried out in 1 stage; respecting of precise operative timetable; reestablishement of digestive continuity by gastro-jejunostomy with large anastomosis mouth; inutility of scraping the walls of vessels irrigating the pouches.", "contents": "[Creation, in the dog, of a denervated antral pouche, associated with a Heindenhain's pouche: technical considerations relative to surgical time and postoperative complications]. Overall assessment following the creation of denervated antral and fundic pouches, in 64 mongrel dogs, leads to the recommendation of certain important technical options: surgical intervention carried out in 1 stage; respecting of precise operative timetable; reestablishement of digestive continuity by gastro-jejunostomy with large anastomosis mouth; inutility of scraping the walls of vessels irrigating the pouches."}
{"id": "PMID:129206", "title": "[Effect of glucose and of insulin on the fast induced decrease of insulin response to glucose of the in vitro perfused rat pancreas].", "content": "A 24 hours fast decreases by 50% the first and second phases of insulin response to glucose by the isolated and perfused rat pancreas, while the response to tolbutamide remains unchanged. Intra peritoneal administration of low doses of glucose (0.3 g), four times during fasting restored the insulin response. Administration of insulin (0.25 U x 4). Tolbutamide (1.25 mg x 4) or L-leucine (0.1 g x 4), did not. These results show that an exogenous or endogenous insulin impregnation is not the factor responsible for the maintenance of the B cell gluco-receptor during fasting.", "contents": "[Effect of glucose and of insulin on the fast induced decrease of insulin response to glucose of the in vitro perfused rat pancreas]. A 24 hours fast decreases by 50% the first and second phases of insulin response to glucose by the isolated and perfused rat pancreas, while the response to tolbutamide remains unchanged. Intra peritoneal administration of low doses of glucose (0.3 g), four times during fasting restored the insulin response. Administration of insulin (0.25 U x 4). Tolbutamide (1.25 mg x 4) or L-leucine (0.1 g x 4), did not. These results show that an exogenous or endogenous insulin impregnation is not the factor responsible for the maintenance of the B cell gluco-receptor during fasting."}
{"id": "PMID:129207", "title": "[Histochemical study of the facial nerve and of several muscles in Papio papio suffering from facial spasm].", "content": "Facial nerve neurectomy were performed in the baboon (Papio papio). Histochemical investigations showed usual criteria of such lesions. Therefore a loose of glycogene within the Type I muscular fibers was observed in animals with a former facial spasm.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of the facial nerve and of several muscles in Papio papio suffering from facial spasm]. Facial nerve neurectomy were performed in the baboon (Papio papio). Histochemical investigations showed usual criteria of such lesions. Therefore a loose of glycogene within the Type I muscular fibers was observed in animals with a former facial spasm."}
{"id": "PMID:129208", "title": "[Multiunit activity of the inferior olive during a conditioned motor sequence].", "content": "Multinuit activity from the inferior olive was recorded in chronic cats during a learned motor task. The animals were trained to perform a succession of rapid flexion-extension arm movements alternating with two maintained postures. No significant differences were observed in the olivary activity during maintained postures. However an increase of activity occurred before the beginning of the flexion detected on the biceps EMG recordings. The first modifications of olivary activity occurred in synchrony with postural reorganization preceding the flexion. This latter involved primarily the triceps. The increase of activity took place during the execution of movement and ended after the reaching of the target.", "contents": "[Multiunit activity of the inferior olive during a conditioned motor sequence]. Multinuit activity from the inferior olive was recorded in chronic cats during a learned motor task. The animals were trained to perform a succession of rapid flexion-extension arm movements alternating with two maintained postures. No significant differences were observed in the olivary activity during maintained postures. However an increase of activity occurred before the beginning of the flexion detected on the biceps EMG recordings. The first modifications of olivary activity occurred in synchrony with postural reorganization preceding the flexion. This latter involved primarily the triceps. The increase of activity took place during the execution of movement and ended after the reaching of the target."}
{"id": "PMID:129209", "title": "[Effect of hypoxia and of anoxia on the posterior pituitary gland of the rat].", "content": "The results of the effect of hypoxia or anoxia upon the rat neurohypophysis shows a decrease of the neurosecretory granules and the rise of the small vesicles.", "contents": "[Effect of hypoxia and of anoxia on the posterior pituitary gland of the rat]. The results of the effect of hypoxia or anoxia upon the rat neurohypophysis shows a decrease of the neurosecretory granules and the rise of the small vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:129210", "title": "[Hyperbaric oxygen: effect of sodium dipropylacetate and dipropylacetamine on convulsion seizures and pulmonary lesions in the mouse].", "content": "It was shown that oxygen at high pressure (OHP) induced epileptic seizures and pulmonary damages on mice. Dipropylacetate protected mice against nervous syndrome better than did dipropylacetamide. No significant pulmonary protection was observed with both drugs.", "contents": "[Hyperbaric oxygen: effect of sodium dipropylacetate and dipropylacetamine on convulsion seizures and pulmonary lesions in the mouse]. It was shown that oxygen at high pressure (OHP) induced epileptic seizures and pulmonary damages on mice. Dipropylacetate protected mice against nervous syndrome better than did dipropylacetamide. No significant pulmonary protection was observed with both drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:129211", "title": "[Early teratogen effect of neutral desoxyribonuclase on young chick embryo].", "content": "Neutral DNA-ase acts as a general teratogen when given to young chicken blastoderms. The rate of the differents abnormalities varies according to the dose given and the embryos' stage. The frequency of the different defects reaches a maximum value with increasing doses it falls generally down with more important doses. DMSO added to the enzyme solution changes the susceptibility of the embryos.", "contents": "[Early teratogen effect of neutral desoxyribonuclase on young chick embryo]. Neutral DNA-ase acts as a general teratogen when given to young chicken blastoderms. The rate of the differents abnormalities varies according to the dose given and the embryos' stage. The frequency of the different defects reaches a maximum value with increasing doses it falls generally down with more important doses. DMSO added to the enzyme solution changes the susceptibility of the embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:129212", "title": "[Experimental value of the biliary excretion of the conjugated form of SBP by the in vivo liver and by the isolated and perfused liver].", "content": "We first studied the uptake and excretion of the dye BSP by the isolated and perfused rat liver and by the rat liver in vivo. We then studied BSP-glutathion conjugation with these same methods. We found that benziodarone which induces a marked decrease of conjugation is able to inhibit in vitro the combination BSP-glutathion.", "contents": "[Experimental value of the biliary excretion of the conjugated form of SBP by the in vivo liver and by the isolated and perfused liver]. We first studied the uptake and excretion of the dye BSP by the isolated and perfused rat liver and by the rat liver in vivo. We then studied BSP-glutathion conjugation with these same methods. We found that benziodarone which induces a marked decrease of conjugation is able to inhibit in vitro the combination BSP-glutathion."}
{"id": "PMID:129213", "title": "[Potentialization of antibiotics by lytic enzymes].", "content": "Few lytic enzymes, specially papaine and lysozyme, acting on the membrane and cell wall structures facilitate effects of bacitracine, streptomycine and other antibiotics. Streptomycino resistant strains became sensibles to this antibiotic after contact with papaine and lysozyme. The results of tests in physiological suspensions concern only the lytic activity of enzymes. The results on nutrient medium concern together lytic, and antibiotic activities.", "contents": "[Potentialization of antibiotics by lytic enzymes]. Few lytic enzymes, specially papaine and lysozyme, acting on the membrane and cell wall structures facilitate effects of bacitracine, streptomycine and other antibiotics. Streptomycino resistant strains became sensibles to this antibiotic after contact with papaine and lysozyme. The results of tests in physiological suspensions concern only the lytic activity of enzymes. The results on nutrient medium concern together lytic, and antibiotic activities."}
{"id": "PMID:129214", "title": "[Action of the fluorocarbons, 12 (difluorodichloromethane) and 11 (monofluorotrichloromethane), on smooth muscle].", "content": "We have studied the action of difluorodichloromethane (F12) and monofluorotrichloromethane (F11) on the rat isolated uterine muscle and the rabbit isolated duodenum. Both gases in the nutritive solution after the functioning of these organs in a way which is, moreover, non identical. On the uterus both gases show an inhibitory effect against the spontaneous contractions. On the duodenum, both gases inhibit the phasic contractions but the basal tonus is strongly increased by F12, and on the contrary reduced by F11. The action is a musculotrop one and quite reversible in every case. Both gases do not modify the action of acetylcholin, epinephrin and histamin.", "contents": "[Action of the fluorocarbons, 12 (difluorodichloromethane) and 11 (monofluorotrichloromethane), on smooth muscle]. We have studied the action of difluorodichloromethane (F12) and monofluorotrichloromethane (F11) on the rat isolated uterine muscle and the rabbit isolated duodenum. Both gases in the nutritive solution after the functioning of these organs in a way which is, moreover, non identical. On the uterus both gases show an inhibitory effect against the spontaneous contractions. On the duodenum, both gases inhibit the phasic contractions but the basal tonus is strongly increased by F12, and on the contrary reduced by F11. The action is a musculotrop one and quite reversible in every case. Both gases do not modify the action of acetylcholin, epinephrin and histamin."}
{"id": "PMID:129215", "title": "[Heart noradrenaline and dopamine during acute poisoning of rat by an anticholinesterasic pesticide: parathion].", "content": "Noradrenaline level in rat heart decreased after intoxication by parathion. The pharmacological investigations appeared to prove that this decrease results from the storage of acetylcholine, which provoked likewise a slowing of the cardiac rythm. The role of atropine is discussed.", "contents": "[Heart noradrenaline and dopamine during acute poisoning of rat by an anticholinesterasic pesticide: parathion]. Noradrenaline level in rat heart decreased after intoxication by parathion. The pharmacological investigations appeared to prove that this decrease results from the storage of acetylcholine, which provoked likewise a slowing of the cardiac rythm. The role of atropine is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129216", "title": "[Action of L-azetidine-2 carboxylic acid on the development of the secondary palate in the mouse].", "content": "L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid was administered to pregnant mice. This analogue of proline was shown to be a significant cleft palate teratogen.", "contents": "[Action of L-azetidine-2 carboxylic acid on the development of the secondary palate in the mouse]. L-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid was administered to pregnant mice. This analogue of proline was shown to be a significant cleft palate teratogen."}
{"id": "PMID:129217", "title": "[Effect of thyroidectomy on the growth of the adult rat and on weight recovery after fasting].", "content": "After thyroidectomy, the growth of adult male rats is almost completely arrested. Body weight regulation is still present, but its decreased: actually, after fasting, thyroidectomized animals do not increase their daily food intake.", "contents": "[Effect of thyroidectomy on the growth of the adult rat and on weight recovery after fasting]. After thyroidectomy, the growth of adult male rats is almost completely arrested. Body weight regulation is still present, but its decreased: actually, after fasting, thyroidectomized animals do not increase their daily food intake."}
{"id": "PMID:129218", "title": "[Trypsin-induced polyseritis: action of di-iso-propyl-fluorophosphate; evolution of the proteas activity of effusion; comparison with elastase].", "content": "1. Whereas the injections of trypsin in the peritoneum of the rat cause every time a polyseritis (ascites and pleuritis) the trypsin inactivated by di-iso-propyl-fluoro-phosphate remains without effect; this fact proves therefore that the proteasic properties of the trypsin are responsible of this exsudative effect on peritoneum and pleura. 2. The intra-peritoneal injections of elastase cause also a polyseritis in the rat, but it is complicated by shock. 3. The dosage of the proteasic activity in the effusions caused by the trypsin and the elastase, shows a progressive reduction of this activity. At the beginning there is more protease in the ascites than in pleural serositis and the volume of the ascites is greater; later, the findings about the proteases are opposite and the protease content becomes greater in the pleural effusion. This evolution is a new proof of the transdiaphragmatic propagation of the proteasic polyseritis.", "contents": "[Trypsin-induced polyseritis: action of di-iso-propyl-fluorophosphate; evolution of the proteas activity of effusion; comparison with elastase]. 1. Whereas the injections of trypsin in the peritoneum of the rat cause every time a polyseritis (ascites and pleuritis) the trypsin inactivated by di-iso-propyl-fluoro-phosphate remains without effect; this fact proves therefore that the proteasic properties of the trypsin are responsible of this exsudative effect on peritoneum and pleura. 2. The intra-peritoneal injections of elastase cause also a polyseritis in the rat, but it is complicated by shock. 3. The dosage of the proteasic activity in the effusions caused by the trypsin and the elastase, shows a progressive reduction of this activity. At the beginning there is more protease in the ascites than in pleural serositis and the volume of the ascites is greater; later, the findings about the proteases are opposite and the protease content becomes greater in the pleural effusion. This evolution is a new proof of the transdiaphragmatic propagation of the proteasic polyseritis."}
{"id": "PMID:129219", "title": "[Adrenosympathetic system and thermoregulation in a prosimian Perodicticus potto].", "content": "The urinary excretion of catecholamines in Perodicticus potto (1.76-2.94 mug/kg 24 h) is in the same range as in other mammals and the activity of the adrenosympathetic system does not account for the low metabolic rate in this species. The adrenals contain 1.140 +/- 0.14 mug A + NA/mg fresh tissue, of which adrenaline constitutes 94.5 per cent and are thus practically identical to those in Macaca irus. In a cold environment the daily urinary excretion of catecholamines of the tropical but cold hardy potto is only moderately increased.", "contents": "[Adrenosympathetic system and thermoregulation in a prosimian Perodicticus potto]. The urinary excretion of catecholamines in Perodicticus potto (1.76-2.94 mug/kg 24 h) is in the same range as in other mammals and the activity of the adrenosympathetic system does not account for the low metabolic rate in this species. The adrenals contain 1.140 +/- 0.14 mug A + NA/mg fresh tissue, of which adrenaline constitutes 94.5 per cent and are thus practically identical to those in Macaca irus. In a cold environment the daily urinary excretion of catecholamines of the tropical but cold hardy potto is only moderately increased."}
{"id": "PMID:129220", "title": "[Relationship between the level of mineralocorticoid arterial hypertension and calcium metabolism in the rat].", "content": "In mineralocorticoid hypertension in the rat, calcium metabolism was disturbed. A positive correlation was found during the onset of hypertension between, urinary calcium and arterial pressure. After several weeks, when hypertension was sustained, calcium parameters returned to control values.", "contents": "[Relationship between the level of mineralocorticoid arterial hypertension and calcium metabolism in the rat]. In mineralocorticoid hypertension in the rat, calcium metabolism was disturbed. A positive correlation was found during the onset of hypertension between, urinary calcium and arterial pressure. After several weeks, when hypertension was sustained, calcium parameters returned to control values."}
{"id": "PMID:129221", "title": "[Effect of an enzyme, thrombic type, defibrase, on the formation of the white intra-arterial thrombus].", "content": "The effect of intravenously administered defibrase was studied on the white intra-arterial thrombus. The administration resulted in all experimented animals in a statistically significant decrease of the thrombus formation.", "contents": "[Effect of an enzyme, thrombic type, defibrase, on the formation of the white intra-arterial thrombus]. The effect of intravenously administered defibrase was studied on the white intra-arterial thrombus. The administration resulted in all experimented animals in a statistically significant decrease of the thrombus formation."}
{"id": "PMID:129222", "title": "[Wallerian degeneration of the rat sciatic nerve. Lack of effect of cycloheximide and of actinomycin D on the increase of radiophosphate incorporation in acid soluble phosphates observed after section of the nerve].", "content": "Plasma inorganic phosphate incorporation into inorganic and organic acid-soluble phosphate fractions of the rat sciatic nerve increases markedly during Wallerian degeneration. Administration of cycloheximide and actinomycin D remains without effect on this specific increase which appears thus independent of cytoplasmic protein neosynthesis.", "contents": "[Wallerian degeneration of the rat sciatic nerve. Lack of effect of cycloheximide and of actinomycin D on the increase of radiophosphate incorporation in acid soluble phosphates observed after section of the nerve]. Plasma inorganic phosphate incorporation into inorganic and organic acid-soluble phosphate fractions of the rat sciatic nerve increases markedly during Wallerian degeneration. Administration of cycloheximide and actinomycin D remains without effect on this specific increase which appears thus independent of cytoplasmic protein neosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:129223", "title": "[Influence of a sublethal irradiation on the immune response of the mouse to sheep erythrocytes].", "content": "In the CBA mice, the immunological response of the spleen cells (RFC and PFC direct and indirect) against the sheep erythrocytes is highly depressed by a 400 R dose of X rays. The recovery is not complete at the 30th day after irradiation. The response of the bone marrow cells either irradiated or unirradiated to the antigenic stimulation is very low.", "contents": "[Influence of a sublethal irradiation on the immune response of the mouse to sheep erythrocytes]. In the CBA mice, the immunological response of the spleen cells (RFC and PFC direct and indirect) against the sheep erythrocytes is highly depressed by a 400 R dose of X rays. The recovery is not complete at the 30th day after irradiation. The response of the bone marrow cells either irradiated or unirradiated to the antigenic stimulation is very low."}
{"id": "PMID:129224", "title": "[In vitro comparison of 2 expressions of cellular immunity induced by a cutaneous allograft in the mouse].", "content": "A short-term test (5 h) has been compared to a long-term test (48 h) for evaluation of the cellular cytotoxic response which is induced in recipients of allografts. Spleen cells from mice recipients of skin allografts were tested. We have shown that the cellular cytotoxicity expressed in a short-term test is itself expressed during a short period whereas the cytotoxicity expressed in a long-term test is still detectable for months after a first skin graft. Moreover, the lytic activity of the spleen cells is much higher when it is expressed in a long-term test. The fact that we could get, in vitro, in two days, a low primary cellular cytotoxic response against alloantigens, makes likely that during the long-term test, the anamnestic response which can develop is especially responsible for the cellular cytotoxic response.", "contents": "[In vitro comparison of 2 expressions of cellular immunity induced by a cutaneous allograft in the mouse]. A short-term test (5 h) has been compared to a long-term test (48 h) for evaluation of the cellular cytotoxic response which is induced in recipients of allografts. Spleen cells from mice recipients of skin allografts were tested. We have shown that the cellular cytotoxicity expressed in a short-term test is itself expressed during a short period whereas the cytotoxicity expressed in a long-term test is still detectable for months after a first skin graft. Moreover, the lytic activity of the spleen cells is much higher when it is expressed in a long-term test. The fact that we could get, in vitro, in two days, a low primary cellular cytotoxic response against alloantigens, makes likely that during the long-term test, the anamnestic response which can develop is especially responsible for the cellular cytotoxic response."}
{"id": "PMID:129225", "title": "[In vitro distinction between primary and secondary cellular response to alloantigens by means of a subcellular antigenic preparation].", "content": "Living spleen cells and a subcellular product of spleen cells have been compared, in mice, for their ability to elicit, for a long term culture (4-5 days), a cellular cytotoxic response against alloantigens. Contrary to living spleen cells which could induce the same high level of cytotoxic activity in a primary or in a secondary response, the antigenic preparation was only able to mount a very low primary response while it could render highly cytotoxic a lymphoid population proved to be able to mount in vitro an anamnestic response.", "contents": "[In vitro distinction between primary and secondary cellular response to alloantigens by means of a subcellular antigenic preparation]. Living spleen cells and a subcellular product of spleen cells have been compared, in mice, for their ability to elicit, for a long term culture (4-5 days), a cellular cytotoxic response against alloantigens. Contrary to living spleen cells which could induce the same high level of cytotoxic activity in a primary or in a secondary response, the antigenic preparation was only able to mount a very low primary response while it could render highly cytotoxic a lymphoid population proved to be able to mount in vitro an anamnestic response."}
{"id": "PMID:129226", "title": "[Trial of purification and serological characterization of human and murine transplantation antigens].", "content": "Human and murine antigens are purified by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their purification stage checked by analytical methods. The study of antigenic preparations consists of electrofocusing, molecular weight estimation and chemical determinations. A cytotoxicity inhibition test with specific alloantisera reveals the antigenic potency. A microtest using 51Cr labelled tumoral cells has been achieved for the analysis of murine preparations.", "contents": "[Trial of purification and serological characterization of human and murine transplantation antigens]. Human and murine antigens are purified by exclusion chromatography on Sephadex and preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their purification stage checked by analytical methods. The study of antigenic preparations consists of electrofocusing, molecular weight estimation and chemical determinations. A cytotoxicity inhibition test with specific alloantisera reveals the antigenic potency. A microtest using 51Cr labelled tumoral cells has been achieved for the analysis of murine preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:129227", "title": "[Isoprenaline, propranolol and in vivo phosphorus metabolism of the rat salivary gland].", "content": "Chronic treatment with isoprenaline causes hypersecretion and a marked enlargement of submaxillary glands. Isoprenaline, given to normal rats or treated animals with hypertrophied salivary glands, increases the incorporation of 32P in tissue inorganic and organic phosphates and phospholipids. Propranolol given alone is inactive on phosphorus metabolism, but inhibits the effect of isoprenaline. The phospholipid effect is probably related to the increase of membranes in hypertrophied acinar cells; a correlation with the hypersecretion induced by isoprenaline needs further study. The results show that in experimental sialadenosis and hypersialorrhea induced by isoprenaline in the whole rat stimulation of glandular beta-adrenoreceptors and phosphorus metabolism are involved.", "contents": "[Isoprenaline, propranolol and in vivo phosphorus metabolism of the rat salivary gland]. Chronic treatment with isoprenaline causes hypersecretion and a marked enlargement of submaxillary glands. Isoprenaline, given to normal rats or treated animals with hypertrophied salivary glands, increases the incorporation of 32P in tissue inorganic and organic phosphates and phospholipids. Propranolol given alone is inactive on phosphorus metabolism, but inhibits the effect of isoprenaline. The phospholipid effect is probably related to the increase of membranes in hypertrophied acinar cells; a correlation with the hypersecretion induced by isoprenaline needs further study. The results show that in experimental sialadenosis and hypersialorrhea induced by isoprenaline in the whole rat stimulation of glandular beta-adrenoreceptors and phosphorus metabolism are involved."}
{"id": "PMID:129228", "title": "[Pentose phosphate pathway and nucleic acid synthesis in human funicular tissue. In vitro studies].", "content": "Umbilical cord slices were incubated with either 1- or 6-14C-glucose, the radioactivities of which were measured in CO2 evolved. The ratio, 1 CO2/6 CO2 was low, being comprised between 1 and 2. Furthermore, this incubation of cord slices with tritiated uridine or thymidine resulted in very low incorporations, especially for the latter. Therefore, both the pentose phosphate pathway and the synthesis of nucleic acid have a low activity in the cord tissue: these might be signs of senescence in this otherwise fetal organ.", "contents": "[Pentose phosphate pathway and nucleic acid synthesis in human funicular tissue. In vitro studies]. Umbilical cord slices were incubated with either 1- or 6-14C-glucose, the radioactivities of which were measured in CO2 evolved. The ratio, 1 CO2/6 CO2 was low, being comprised between 1 and 2. Furthermore, this incubation of cord slices with tritiated uridine or thymidine resulted in very low incorporations, especially for the latter. Therefore, both the pentose phosphate pathway and the synthesis of nucleic acid have a low activity in the cord tissue: these might be signs of senescence in this otherwise fetal organ."}
{"id": "PMID:129229", "title": "[Effects of colchicine and of emetine on capillary permeability].", "content": "Colchicine and emetine administered locally in the hind paw of the rats increased markedly the capillar permeability. The action may be strongly inhibited by methysergide (0.2 mug). Mepyramine (0.5 mug) is not so active and indomethacine (1 mg/kg per os), even less. As some prostaglandines release serotonine and histamine (8) it is possible that some liberation of these mediators may be attribuable to a previous release of prostaglandines, but the experiments suggest also the possibility of a direct and concomitant release of those two mediators by the alkaloids assayed.", "contents": "[Effects of colchicine and of emetine on capillary permeability]. Colchicine and emetine administered locally in the hind paw of the rats increased markedly the capillar permeability. The action may be strongly inhibited by methysergide (0.2 mug). Mepyramine (0.5 mug) is not so active and indomethacine (1 mg/kg per os), even less. As some prostaglandines release serotonine and histamine (8) it is possible that some liberation of these mediators may be attribuable to a previous release of prostaglandines, but the experiments suggest also the possibility of a direct and concomitant release of those two mediators by the alkaloids assayed."}
{"id": "PMID:129230", "title": "[Respiratory effects of electric stimulation of pancreatic afferents in lightly anesthetized cats].", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the pancreatic anterior part produces a respiratory arrest followed by a short polypnea. In some cases (20%) the same effects are obtained by electrical stimulation of the afferent nerves. The afferent fibres involved in this phenomena are situated in the great splanchnic nerves.", "contents": "[Respiratory effects of electric stimulation of pancreatic afferents in lightly anesthetized cats]. Electrical stimulation of the pancreatic anterior part produces a respiratory arrest followed by a short polypnea. In some cases (20%) the same effects are obtained by electrical stimulation of the afferent nerves. The afferent fibres involved in this phenomena are situated in the great splanchnic nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:129231", "title": "[Classification of pain in clinical pancreatic symptomology].", "content": "Correspondances analysis dealing with four hundred items of pain in patients suffering of various digestive diseases showed relations between the localisations and temporal evolution of pain. A critical study of results with regard to different diagnoses has been performed.", "contents": "[Classification of pain in clinical pancreatic symptomology]. Correspondances analysis dealing with four hundred items of pain in patients suffering of various digestive diseases showed relations between the localisations and temporal evolution of pain. A critical study of results with regard to different diagnoses has been performed."}
{"id": "PMID:129232", "title": "[Local and metastatic growth of Lewis lung carcinoma as a function of its transplantation site. Application to the study of the pharmacology of sulphadiazine triazene].", "content": "The presence of a local tumour and pulmonary metastases is studied after the administration of the Lewis Lung Carcinoma at different sites of transplantation. The intravenous administration routes, in the tail vein and in the portal vein, injections in the liver and in the muscle of the left hindleg are used. The injection in the tail vein induces pulmonary \"metastases\". The injection in the portal vein is followed by multiple tumours in the whole liver and pulmonary metastases. An unilobar hepatic tumour and early pulmonary metastases appear after transplantation in the liver. Intra-muscular injection gives a local tumour which can be weighed after amputation of the leg and pulmonary metastases. A test of treatment by Sulphadiazine Triazene points out a weak action on the primary tumour and a larger one on the metastases.", "contents": "[Local and metastatic growth of Lewis lung carcinoma as a function of its transplantation site. Application to the study of the pharmacology of sulphadiazine triazene]. The presence of a local tumour and pulmonary metastases is studied after the administration of the Lewis Lung Carcinoma at different sites of transplantation. The intravenous administration routes, in the tail vein and in the portal vein, injections in the liver and in the muscle of the left hindleg are used. The injection in the tail vein induces pulmonary \"metastases\". The injection in the portal vein is followed by multiple tumours in the whole liver and pulmonary metastases. An unilobar hepatic tumour and early pulmonary metastases appear after transplantation in the liver. Intra-muscular injection gives a local tumour which can be weighed after amputation of the leg and pulmonary metastases. A test of treatment by Sulphadiazine Triazene points out a weak action on the primary tumour and a larger one on the metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:129233", "title": "[Quantitative study of serotonin-containing cells in fetal rabbit duodenum].", "content": "In order to attempt identification in vitro of parameters involved in the cellular differenciation, it was necessary to possess a standard material with identical content and distribution of serotonin cells; these two properties are investigated in this paper. Falck's technic is the only sensitive and specific method in demonstrating serotonin young cells devoid of argentaffinity. From 21, 22, 23 and 25 days old rabbit foetuses, 10 mm length duodenal pieces were treated according to Falck and sections serially cut at 8 microns. Some of these specimens were divided prior to Falck treatment in two pieces 3 mm away from the pylorus and in each piece 200 paraffin sections were cut at 8 microns beginning by adjacent ends and progressing in opposite direction. The number of EC sections in 400 whole transverse sections were determined for each foetus. Great variations were observed from one foetus to another, along the intestine, with weight and age. The Student-Fisher test applied to two consecutive pieces of the same duodenum gathering foetuses in groups of 5 animals did not show significative differences from a group to another. Thus, this material can be employed for comparisons under experimental conditions.", "contents": "[Quantitative study of serotonin-containing cells in fetal rabbit duodenum]. In order to attempt identification in vitro of parameters involved in the cellular differenciation, it was necessary to possess a standard material with identical content and distribution of serotonin cells; these two properties are investigated in this paper. Falck's technic is the only sensitive and specific method in demonstrating serotonin young cells devoid of argentaffinity. From 21, 22, 23 and 25 days old rabbit foetuses, 10 mm length duodenal pieces were treated according to Falck and sections serially cut at 8 microns. Some of these specimens were divided prior to Falck treatment in two pieces 3 mm away from the pylorus and in each piece 200 paraffin sections were cut at 8 microns beginning by adjacent ends and progressing in opposite direction. The number of EC sections in 400 whole transverse sections were determined for each foetus. Great variations were observed from one foetus to another, along the intestine, with weight and age. The Student-Fisher test applied to two consecutive pieces of the same duodenum gathering foetuses in groups of 5 animals did not show significative differences from a group to another. Thus, this material can be employed for comparisons under experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:129234", "title": "[Ultrastructure of cellular features permitting the regulation of human cerebral cortex microcirculation].", "content": "Microglia-like cells and endothelial cells may influence capillary blood output. 1) Microglia-like cells are sometimes interposed between two endothelial processes with which they are nexus-linked. In this position, they protude in vascular lumen which is considerably reduced. 2) Endothelial cells present no contractile filaments but their nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm may protude in vascular lumen, constituting a \"coussinet-like\" structure. Thus, regulation by specialized structures observed by Legait in brain arteries seems to occur even in the smallest ramifications of brain cortical vessels.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of cellular features permitting the regulation of human cerebral cortex microcirculation]. Microglia-like cells and endothelial cells may influence capillary blood output. 1) Microglia-like cells are sometimes interposed between two endothelial processes with which they are nexus-linked. In this position, they protude in vascular lumen which is considerably reduced. 2) Endothelial cells present no contractile filaments but their nucleus and surrounding cytoplasm may protude in vascular lumen, constituting a \"coussinet-like\" structure. Thus, regulation by specialized structures observed by Legait in brain arteries seems to occur even in the smallest ramifications of brain cortical vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:129235", "title": "[Determination of LD7a structures on human lymphocytes].", "content": "The non-stimulation of DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes in the one way mixed lymphocyte culture conditions allows the typing for LD determinants. The authors describe their technique together with their cryo-preservation procedure and the results obtained in 24 control population and 26 multiple sclerosis patients tested for the presence of the LD7a determinant.", "contents": "[Determination of LD7a structures on human lymphocytes]. The non-stimulation of DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes in the one way mixed lymphocyte culture conditions allows the typing for LD determinants. The authors describe their technique together with their cryo-preservation procedure and the results obtained in 24 control population and 26 multiple sclerosis patients tested for the presence of the LD7a determinant."}
{"id": "PMID:129236", "title": "[The effect of difluorodichloromethane (FC 12) on isolated rat and rabbit heart].", "content": "We have tried to determine if dichlorodifluoromethane (F.C. 12) might have an effect in vitro on the isolated rat and rabbit hearts. The direct action of F.C. 12 on the heart in vitro is similar in both rats and rabbits. It occurs at doses such as 20 +/- 10 mug/ml (rat) and 35 +/- 5 mug/ml (rabbit). F.C. 12 depresses the strength of the myocardial contractions; the effect is reversible at low concentration (less than 60 mug/ml) but irreversible at high concentration (greater than or equal to 120 mug/ml). It also causes a slight bradycardia, but no significant effect on the basal tonus. At high concentration, F.C. 12 may produce arrhythmia : this action occurs more readily in the rat heart than in the rabbit heart.", "contents": "[The effect of difluorodichloromethane (FC 12) on isolated rat and rabbit heart]. We have tried to determine if dichlorodifluoromethane (F.C. 12) might have an effect in vitro on the isolated rat and rabbit hearts. The direct action of F.C. 12 on the heart in vitro is similar in both rats and rabbits. It occurs at doses such as 20 +/- 10 mug/ml (rat) and 35 +/- 5 mug/ml (rabbit). F.C. 12 depresses the strength of the myocardial contractions; the effect is reversible at low concentration (less than 60 mug/ml) but irreversible at high concentration (greater than or equal to 120 mug/ml). It also causes a slight bradycardia, but no significant effect on the basal tonus. At high concentration, F.C. 12 may produce arrhythmia : this action occurs more readily in the rat heart than in the rabbit heart."}
{"id": "PMID:129237", "title": "[Fluorescence in Thelohania apodemi Doby, Jeann\u00e8s and Rault, 1963, a microsporidian parasite of the brain of the fieldmouse, Apodemus sylvaticus].", "content": "Colonies of Thelohania apodemi in fresh preparations of the brain of the field mouse show an intense fluorescence with ultra violet radiation. This phenomenon is undoubtedly due to the presence of chitin in the spore envelope. It is to our knowledge the first time that such a phenomenon of fluorescence has been described in the Microsporida.", "contents": "[Fluorescence in Thelohania apodemi Doby, Jeann\u00e8s and Rault, 1963, a microsporidian parasite of the brain of the fieldmouse, Apodemus sylvaticus]. Colonies of Thelohania apodemi in fresh preparations of the brain of the field mouse show an intense fluorescence with ultra violet radiation. This phenomenon is undoubtedly due to the presence of chitin in the spore envelope. It is to our knowledge the first time that such a phenomenon of fluorescence has been described in the Microsporida."}
{"id": "PMID:129238", "title": "[In vitro formation of adiospores in 10 strains of Emmonsia cresens, the fungal agent of adiospiromycosis].", "content": "Emmonsia crescens Emmons and Jellison 1960 is a dimorphic fungus responsible for pulmonary mycoses in animals and man. Temperature was the essential factor influencing the development of the parasitic phase : the adiaspores, which formed better at 37 degrees than at 40 degrees. Certain media (medium with blood, with egg, Sabouraud...) also favoured the growth of adiaspores. The amount of CO2 in the ambiant atmosphere had no effect on the formation of adiaspore phase. On the other hand, the liquid medium Sabouraud was not suitable for certain strains wich were not able to develop adiaspores in semianaerobic media neither at 37 degrees nor at 40 degrees.", "contents": "[In vitro formation of adiospores in 10 strains of Emmonsia cresens, the fungal agent of adiospiromycosis]. Emmonsia crescens Emmons and Jellison 1960 is a dimorphic fungus responsible for pulmonary mycoses in animals and man. Temperature was the essential factor influencing the development of the parasitic phase : the adiaspores, which formed better at 37 degrees than at 40 degrees. Certain media (medium with blood, with egg, Sabouraud...) also favoured the growth of adiaspores. The amount of CO2 in the ambiant atmosphere had no effect on the formation of adiaspore phase. On the other hand, the liquid medium Sabouraud was not suitable for certain strains wich were not able to develop adiaspores in semianaerobic media neither at 37 degrees nor at 40 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:129239", "title": "[Response of efferent vestibular fibers to horizontal rotation in frogs (Rana esculenta L.)].", "content": "The activity of efferent vestibular fibres has been recorded on the nerve of the left vertical anterior semicircular canal detached from its ampulla during rotations in the horizontal plane. Different types of responses have been found; they are noted in table I and pictured on fig. 2.", "contents": "[Response of efferent vestibular fibers to horizontal rotation in frogs (Rana esculenta L.)]. The activity of efferent vestibular fibres has been recorded on the nerve of the left vertical anterior semicircular canal detached from its ampulla during rotations in the horizontal plane. Different types of responses have been found; they are noted in table I and pictured on fig. 2."}
{"id": "PMID:129240", "title": "[Response of the saccule to the direct vibratory stimulation of the macula in frogs].", "content": "Direct stimulation of the frog's saccular macula shows that the saccular fibers are sensitive to vibrations between 10(-1) (at least) and 8.10(3) Hz and that their response depends on 1) the frequency of the vibration, 2) the origin of the fiber in the macula.", "contents": "[Response of the saccule to the direct vibratory stimulation of the macula in frogs]. Direct stimulation of the frog's saccular macula shows that the saccular fibers are sensitive to vibrations between 10(-1) (at least) and 8.10(3) Hz and that their response depends on 1) the frequency of the vibration, 2) the origin of the fiber in the macula."}
{"id": "PMID:129241", "title": "[Oxidative metabolism of funicular tissue. I. Effect of exogenous substrates on oxygen consumption of funicular tissue in vitro].", "content": "Umbilical cord slices were incubated with various concentrations of either glucose, pyruvate or succinate. Furthermore the conversion of pyruvate to AcCoA and the oxidation of the latter were assessed respectively by measuring labelled CO2 evolved from 14C-pyruvate labelled on C1 or C2. The results suggest that 1) ADP stores are low since glucose induces a Crabtree effect; 2) the \"succinoxidase\" complex is far from being saturated and cannot account for the low oxidations observed under basal conditions; and 3) that the limiting step should be looked for either in Krebs' cycle or at the level of Complex I of the electron transport chain.", "contents": "[Oxidative metabolism of funicular tissue. I. Effect of exogenous substrates on oxygen consumption of funicular tissue in vitro]. Umbilical cord slices were incubated with various concentrations of either glucose, pyruvate or succinate. Furthermore the conversion of pyruvate to AcCoA and the oxidation of the latter were assessed respectively by measuring labelled CO2 evolved from 14C-pyruvate labelled on C1 or C2. The results suggest that 1) ADP stores are low since glucose induces a Crabtree effect; 2) the \"succinoxidase\" complex is far from being saturated and cannot account for the low oxidations observed under basal conditions; and 3) that the limiting step should be looked for either in Krebs' cycle or at the level of Complex I of the electron transport chain."}
{"id": "PMID:129242", "title": "[The annual glucido-lipid cycle in a varanid of Senegal].", "content": "Lipid and carbohydrate storage depots on one hand, blood lipids and glucose on the other hand, were measured every month in Varanus exanthematicus exanthematicus, the annual cycle of which is correlated to the characteristic succession of one dry and one wet season in the Sahel area. The large cyclic variations of these figures are discussed as a function of the animal behaviour and what is known about its endocrine cycle.", "contents": "[The annual glucido-lipid cycle in a varanid of Senegal]. Lipid and carbohydrate storage depots on one hand, blood lipids and glucose on the other hand, were measured every month in Varanus exanthematicus exanthematicus, the annual cycle of which is correlated to the characteristic succession of one dry and one wet season in the Sahel area. The large cyclic variations of these figures are discussed as a function of the animal behaviour and what is known about its endocrine cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:129243", "title": "[Gel diffusion tests in malaria. Validity according to different techniques of extracting soluble antigens. Sensitivity compared with indirect immunofluorescence].", "content": "The value of the gel diffusion test in human malaria varied considerably, depending on the different methods tested to obtain soluble antigens. With one of these antigens, a saponin lysate of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes, the test proved as sensitive and specific as the IFA test with the homologous antigen.", "contents": "[Gel diffusion tests in malaria. Validity according to different techniques of extracting soluble antigens. Sensitivity compared with indirect immunofluorescence]. The value of the gel diffusion test in human malaria varied considerably, depending on the different methods tested to obtain soluble antigens. With one of these antigens, a saponin lysate of Plasmodium falciparum infected erythrocytes, the test proved as sensitive and specific as the IFA test with the homologous antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:129244", "title": "[A hypothesis about the organogenesis of the digestive tract].", "content": "Our experimental analysis in organogenesis of digestive tract in embryonic chick leads to a following hypothesis. In early embryonic stages, undifferentiated endodermal epithelium is roughly determined and has an autodifferentiation potency. Cytodifferentiation but not morphogenesis like gland formation can take place in vitro in some extent in the absence of the splanchnic mesoderm. The mesoderm of the embryonic digestive tract, however, exerts its regionally specific action on the cytodifferentiation as well as morphogenesis of an indifferent epithelium.", "contents": "[A hypothesis about the organogenesis of the digestive tract]. Our experimental analysis in organogenesis of digestive tract in embryonic chick leads to a following hypothesis. In early embryonic stages, undifferentiated endodermal epithelium is roughly determined and has an autodifferentiation potency. Cytodifferentiation but not morphogenesis like gland formation can take place in vitro in some extent in the absence of the splanchnic mesoderm. The mesoderm of the embryonic digestive tract, however, exerts its regionally specific action on the cytodifferentiation as well as morphogenesis of an indifferent epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:129245", "title": "[Catecholamines in the sub-esophageal ganglia and the hemolymph of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac) determined by gas chromatography].", "content": "The content of three catecholamines (dopamine, L-norepinephrine and L-epinephrine) in the subesophageal ganglia and the hemolymph of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac was measured by a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector. The dopamine content of the ganglia was 4.3 +/- 0.9 mug/g. L-Norepinephrine and L-epinephrine in the ganglia were not detected. The three catecholamines in the hemolymph were also not detected.", "contents": "[Catecholamines in the sub-esophageal ganglia and the hemolymph of the giant African snail (Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac) determined by gas chromatography]. The content of three catecholamines (dopamine, L-norepinephrine and L-epinephrine) in the subesophageal ganglia and the hemolymph of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac was measured by a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector. The dopamine content of the ganglia was 4.3 +/- 0.9 mug/g. L-Norepinephrine and L-epinephrine in the ganglia were not detected. The three catecholamines in the hemolymph were also not detected."}
{"id": "PMID:129246", "title": "[Hepatotropism of Tyzzer bacteria in experimentally infected chick embryos].", "content": "Tyzzer's organism from mice propagated more remarkably in hepatocytes than in yolk-sac epithelial cells producing confluent necrosis of the liver after intravenous as well as intravitelline inoculation. Some lesions with bacterial growth were also produced in the heart muscles and kidneys. The organisms from mouse, rat, hamster and kitten were shown to be equally pathogenic for chick embryos.", "contents": "[Hepatotropism of Tyzzer bacteria in experimentally infected chick embryos]. Tyzzer's organism from mice propagated more remarkably in hepatocytes than in yolk-sac epithelial cells producing confluent necrosis of the liver after intravenous as well as intravitelline inoculation. Some lesions with bacterial growth were also produced in the heart muscles and kidneys. The organisms from mouse, rat, hamster and kitten were shown to be equally pathogenic for chick embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:129247", "title": "[Adsorption of lymphocytes by cells infected by vaccinia virus].", "content": "The interaction of chicken lymphocytes with vaccinia-infected cells was examined HEp-2 cells infected with the virus adsorbed chicken lymphocytes. The phenomenon was inhibited by anti-vaccinia serum. Lymphocytes prepared from a chicken possessing red blood cells insensible to the hemagglutinin of vaccinia virus were also adsorbed. Lymphocytes were adsorbed in similar degree at 37 degrees C and at room temperature.", "contents": "[Adsorption of lymphocytes by cells infected by vaccinia virus]. The interaction of chicken lymphocytes with vaccinia-infected cells was examined HEp-2 cells infected with the virus adsorbed chicken lymphocytes. The phenomenon was inhibited by anti-vaccinia serum. Lymphocytes prepared from a chicken possessing red blood cells insensible to the hemagglutinin of vaccinia virus were also adsorbed. Lymphocytes were adsorbed in similar degree at 37 degrees C and at room temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:129248", "title": "[Relationship between current and voltage in neuromembranes measured by a generator of long-term triangular current].", "content": "A generator of triangular current of long duration was constructed to measure the current-voltage relationship (I-V curve) of neuromembranes. Using this instrument, we observed the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the I-V curve of an identified giant neurone (PON) of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac. When two I-V curves (measured in the physiological state and under the 5-HT application) were superimposed by using the firing level as the common standard point, a concordance of two I-V curves in wide range of membrane polarization was observed.", "contents": "[Relationship between current and voltage in neuromembranes measured by a generator of long-term triangular current]. A generator of triangular current of long duration was constructed to measure the current-voltage relationship (I-V curve) of neuromembranes. Using this instrument, we observed the effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the I-V curve of an identified giant neurone (PON) of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac. When two I-V curves (measured in the physiological state and under the 5-HT application) were superimposed by using the firing level as the common standard point, a concordance of two I-V curves in wide range of membrane polarization was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:129251", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the larval pancreas of an anuran amphibian, Alytes obstetricans L, in organ culture].", "content": "Different techniques have been used to realise organ culture of larval pancreas of Alytes obstetricans Laur. Some methods allow to get satisfaction results. The general aspect of the explant is described, as also the ultrastructure of the different parts of the pancreas. The results allow to consider the experimental study of the in vitro metamorphosis under the influence of thyroxine.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the larval pancreas of an anuran amphibian, Alytes obstetricans L, in organ culture]. Different techniques have been used to realise organ culture of larval pancreas of Alytes obstetricans Laur. Some methods allow to get satisfaction results. The general aspect of the explant is described, as also the ultrastructure of the different parts of the pancreas. The results allow to consider the experimental study of the in vitro metamorphosis under the influence of thyroxine."}
{"id": "PMID:129252", "title": "[Autoradiographic study of the incorporation of tritiated leucine into mouse neurons and glial cells].", "content": "The renewal of labeled proteins in neuronal and glial cells was investigated by means of quantitative light microscope radioautography. Adult and young mice were sacrificed at long intervals after one tritiated leucine injection. Results shpwed the persistance of an increased quantity of label in the young glial cells. For both adult and young, the relative rate of labeled protein breakdown was higher in oligodendrocytes than in astrocytes.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic study of the incorporation of tritiated leucine into mouse neurons and glial cells]. The renewal of labeled proteins in neuronal and glial cells was investigated by means of quantitative light microscope radioautography. Adult and young mice were sacrificed at long intervals after one tritiated leucine injection. Results shpwed the persistance of an increased quantity of label in the young glial cells. For both adult and young, the relative rate of labeled protein breakdown was higher in oligodendrocytes than in astrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:129253", "title": "[The effect of castration on the mast cells of the ventral gland of male gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus, Gerbillidae)].", "content": "The number of labrocytes increases in male gerbil ventral gland connective tissue, as castration makes epithelial structures enter a resting stage. Inversely, labrocytes number decreases when testosterone injection to castrate males initiates epithelial activity. These variations of mast cells number are not a consequence of changes in gland volume, which only act upon epithelial tissues and do not modify \"connective tissue compartment\".", "contents": "[The effect of castration on the mast cells of the ventral gland of male gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus, Gerbillidae)]. The number of labrocytes increases in male gerbil ventral gland connective tissue, as castration makes epithelial structures enter a resting stage. Inversely, labrocytes number decreases when testosterone injection to castrate males initiates epithelial activity. These variations of mast cells number are not a consequence of changes in gland volume, which only act upon epithelial tissues and do not modify \"connective tissue compartment\"."}
{"id": "PMID:129254", "title": "[The effect of freezing on the electrophoretic separation of hemolymph proteins of several arthropods].", "content": "Electrophoresis in 6% or gradient polyacrylamide gel were realised with fresh and stored hemolymphs. The experiments state that there are variations in relation to storage duration, in the separation pattern of hemocyanin fractions in Astacus leptodactylus, Palinurus vulgaris and Carcinus mediterraneus. Moreover, important changements in the supplementary factor of crayfish plasma are revealed.", "contents": "[The effect of freezing on the electrophoretic separation of hemolymph proteins of several arthropods]. Electrophoresis in 6% or gradient polyacrylamide gel were realised with fresh and stored hemolymphs. The experiments state that there are variations in relation to storage duration, in the separation pattern of hemocyanin fractions in Astacus leptodactylus, Palinurus vulgaris and Carcinus mediterraneus. Moreover, important changements in the supplementary factor of crayfish plasma are revealed."}
{"id": "PMID:129255", "title": "[Mouse auditory sensitivity as measured by averaged evoked potentials].", "content": "The audition of four strains of mice was determined with summated auditory evoked potentials at the inferior colliculus level. One of these strains was completely deaf. For the 3 others a specific auditory sensitivity was found with statistically different thresholds. But, for these, the best sensitivity is around 16 kHz. Two of them show a flattening of the curve between 32 and 64 kHz. This range corresponds to the ultrasounds emitted by the pups.", "contents": "[Mouse auditory sensitivity as measured by averaged evoked potentials]. The audition of four strains of mice was determined with summated auditory evoked potentials at the inferior colliculus level. One of these strains was completely deaf. For the 3 others a specific auditory sensitivity was found with statistically different thresholds. But, for these, the best sensitivity is around 16 kHz. Two of them show a flattening of the curve between 32 and 64 kHz. This range corresponds to the ultrasounds emitted by the pups."}
{"id": "PMID:129256", "title": "[A model of sweating during muscular exercise].", "content": "From a practical viewpoint, thermal sweating during exercise can be described by an exponential equation. The errors from this mathematical model are of few importance. Nevertheless, metrologic and physiological factors can complicate theoretically the model.", "contents": "[A model of sweating during muscular exercise]. From a practical viewpoint, thermal sweating during exercise can be described by an exponential equation. The errors from this mathematical model are of few importance. Nevertheless, metrologic and physiological factors can complicate theoretically the model."}
{"id": "PMID:129257", "title": "[The effect of 4-aminopyridine of the synaptic activity in the last abdominal ganglion of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana)].", "content": "Synaptic action of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) has been studied in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach. Our results show that 4-AP has a strong excitatory effect on the ganglion and its seems that it depolarizes as well the pre and postsynaptic membranes. The threshold concentration is about 10(-5) M.", "contents": "[The effect of 4-aminopyridine of the synaptic activity in the last abdominal ganglion of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana)]. Synaptic action of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) has been studied in the sixth abdominal ganglion of the cockroach. Our results show that 4-AP has a strong excitatory effect on the ganglion and its seems that it depolarizes as well the pre and postsynaptic membranes. The threshold concentration is about 10(-5) M."}
{"id": "PMID:129258", "title": "[Purification of rat brain succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase and study of its inhibition by branched chain fatty acids].", "content": "Rat brain succinic semialdehyde deshydrogenase has been purified 1300 fold. This enzyme is inhibited non competitively by the same branched chain fatty acids which inhibit GABA-transaminase competitively with respect to GABA. The respective activities of GABA-T and SSADH found in rat brain indicate that at anticonvulsant doses, the acids dipropylacetic and 2-methyl 2-ethyl caproic preferentially inhibit GABA-transaminase thus inducing a rise in cerebral GABA level. This increase is therefore not due to metabolism of the succinic semialdehyde by GABA-T.", "contents": "[Purification of rat brain succinate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase and study of its inhibition by branched chain fatty acids]. Rat brain succinic semialdehyde deshydrogenase has been purified 1300 fold. This enzyme is inhibited non competitively by the same branched chain fatty acids which inhibit GABA-transaminase competitively with respect to GABA. The respective activities of GABA-T and SSADH found in rat brain indicate that at anticonvulsant doses, the acids dipropylacetic and 2-methyl 2-ethyl caproic preferentially inhibit GABA-transaminase thus inducing a rise in cerebral GABA level. This increase is therefore not due to metabolism of the succinic semialdehyde by GABA-T."}
{"id": "PMID:129259", "title": "[Polymorphism of serum esterases of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)].", "content": "Polymorphism of plasma esterases in quail is very important. Phenotypic frequences of genetic variants of three esterases are examined and they show a high proportion of heterozygotes. The maintenance of this polymorphism is supposed to be due to the organophosphorus pesticides.", "contents": "[Polymorphism of serum esterases of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)]. Polymorphism of plasma esterases in quail is very important. Phenotypic frequences of genetic variants of three esterases are examined and they show a high proportion of heterozygotes. The maintenance of this polymorphism is supposed to be due to the organophosphorus pesticides."}
{"id": "PMID:129260", "title": "[Alcohol intoxication via the lung in rats].", "content": "1. The technique of chronic alcohol intoxication by inhalation of alcohol vapor was developed in rats. 2. The blood alcohol level value of rats staying in an alcohol-containing atmosphere increases (from 0 to 4 mg/l) in terms of the atmospheric alcohol level (from 0 to 20 mg/l). 3. The mean blood alcohol level of a group of animals maintained during 20 days in an atmosphere containing 15 mg/l of air, increases regularly during 7 days, and then decreases slowly. 4. Animals that are staying in an atmosphere with a regularly increasing alcohol level can breathe an air containing 20 mg/l of alcohol. This dose is early lethal when used in other animals from the beginning of treatment, what confirms the metabolic tolerance. 5. Withdrawal signs characterized by a central nervous system hyperexcitability are shown by animals which had a high blood alcohol level during 4 or 5 days, when they are back into the ambient atmosphere.", "contents": "[Alcohol intoxication via the lung in rats]. 1. The technique of chronic alcohol intoxication by inhalation of alcohol vapor was developed in rats. 2. The blood alcohol level value of rats staying in an alcohol-containing atmosphere increases (from 0 to 4 mg/l) in terms of the atmospheric alcohol level (from 0 to 20 mg/l). 3. The mean blood alcohol level of a group of animals maintained during 20 days in an atmosphere containing 15 mg/l of air, increases regularly during 7 days, and then decreases slowly. 4. Animals that are staying in an atmosphere with a regularly increasing alcohol level can breathe an air containing 20 mg/l of alcohol. This dose is early lethal when used in other animals from the beginning of treatment, what confirms the metabolic tolerance. 5. Withdrawal signs characterized by a central nervous system hyperexcitability are shown by animals which had a high blood alcohol level during 4 or 5 days, when they are back into the ambient atmosphere."}
{"id": "PMID:129261", "title": "[Use of ethanol naturally enriched in carbon 13 for metabolic studies].", "content": "The ratio of carbon 13 to carbon 12 is higher in organic substances which originate from corn or cane, as compared to most higher plants. Cane alcohol or corn alcohol are enriched in carbon 13 as compared to common European foods. This discovery provided a new technique for alcohol metabolism studies with animals or men. The ratio of carbon 13 to carbon 12 is measured by mass spectrometry in the carbon dioxide expired after administration of cane or corn alcohol. This ratio increases significantly and reaches a maximum when the blood alcohol level has decreased considerably.", "contents": "[Use of ethanol naturally enriched in carbon 13 for metabolic studies]. The ratio of carbon 13 to carbon 12 is higher in organic substances which originate from corn or cane, as compared to most higher plants. Cane alcohol or corn alcohol are enriched in carbon 13 as compared to common European foods. This discovery provided a new technique for alcohol metabolism studies with animals or men. The ratio of carbon 13 to carbon 12 is measured by mass spectrometry in the carbon dioxide expired after administration of cane or corn alcohol. This ratio increases significantly and reaches a maximum when the blood alcohol level has decreased considerably."}
{"id": "PMID:129262", "title": "[Association in organ culture of the hypophysis and glandular tissue of the testis of Gobius niger L].", "content": "Pituitaries of Gobium niger are previously cultured separately for periods of time varying from 6 to 20 days. Therafter, their gonadotropic potency is tested by associating them during three days with explants of glandular tissue from testis as effectors: in each case, a new fish gives a controll pituitary and three testicular explants. The latter are distributed into (1) controll explant, (2) explant associated with controll pituitary, (3) explant associated with a previously cultured pituitary. The results indicate that a gonadotropic potency subsists in the pituitary even after 20 days of isolated culture.", "contents": "[Association in organ culture of the hypophysis and glandular tissue of the testis of Gobius niger L]. Pituitaries of Gobium niger are previously cultured separately for periods of time varying from 6 to 20 days. Therafter, their gonadotropic potency is tested by associating them during three days with explants of glandular tissue from testis as effectors: in each case, a new fish gives a controll pituitary and three testicular explants. The latter are distributed into (1) controll explant, (2) explant associated with controll pituitary, (3) explant associated with a previously cultured pituitary. The results indicate that a gonadotropic potency subsists in the pituitary even after 20 days of isolated culture."}
{"id": "PMID:129263", "title": "[Hypothalamo-hypophyseal relationships in the chick embryo].", "content": "When a chick embryo, deprived of its hypothalamo-pituitary complex by partial decapitation, is bearing a grafted hypophysis, this gland is unable to induce a normal development of the thyroid. The volume of this gland is reduced and, consequently, the fixation of iodine is decreased from the age of 16 days. Some authors think that there are no hypothalamo-pituitary correlations in the chick embryo. On the contrary, these observations lead to admit their appearance towards the end of the incubation.", "contents": "[Hypothalamo-hypophyseal relationships in the chick embryo]. When a chick embryo, deprived of its hypothalamo-pituitary complex by partial decapitation, is bearing a grafted hypophysis, this gland is unable to induce a normal development of the thyroid. The volume of this gland is reduced and, consequently, the fixation of iodine is decreased from the age of 16 days. Some authors think that there are no hypothalamo-pituitary correlations in the chick embryo. On the contrary, these observations lead to admit their appearance towards the end of the incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:129264", "title": "[The effect of the testicular mullerian-inhibiting hormone on ovarian development in the chick embryo].", "content": "In female chick embryos grafted with embryonic testis, it is a correlation between the effects of the graft on the mullerian ducts and on the ovary. Indeed, when the graft causes retrogression of the ducts, it induces an ovarian atrophy also. These facts lead to think that these two activities are due to the same substance, the mullerian inhibiting hormone of the testis.", "contents": "[The effect of the testicular mullerian-inhibiting hormone on ovarian development in the chick embryo]. In female chick embryos grafted with embryonic testis, it is a correlation between the effects of the graft on the mullerian ducts and on the ovary. Indeed, when the graft causes retrogression of the ducts, it induces an ovarian atrophy also. These facts lead to think that these two activities are due to the same substance, the mullerian inhibiting hormone of the testis."}
{"id": "PMID:129265", "title": "[Cytophotometric determination of the relative amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid in the nuclei of blastocysts during normal and retarded implantation in the rat].", "content": "Cytophotometrics measures of DNA-Feulgen were realized in normal and delayed implantation blastocysts of the rat. During afternoon of the 5th day of progestation, blastocysts were of two types: those nuclei of which were in G1 gap and those nuclei of which were synthetising DNA. In delayed implantation, blastocyst nuclei were in G1 or G2 gap. Mitosis were rarely seen. After oestrogen injection DNA-synthesis started again. Cell kinetics before ovoimplantation is discussed.", "contents": "[Cytophotometric determination of the relative amounts of deoxyribonucleic acid in the nuclei of blastocysts during normal and retarded implantation in the rat]. Cytophotometrics measures of DNA-Feulgen were realized in normal and delayed implantation blastocysts of the rat. During afternoon of the 5th day of progestation, blastocysts were of two types: those nuclei of which were in G1 gap and those nuclei of which were synthetising DNA. In delayed implantation, blastocyst nuclei were in G1 or G2 gap. Mitosis were rarely seen. After oestrogen injection DNA-synthesis started again. Cell kinetics before ovoimplantation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129266", "title": "[Cytophotometric study of deoxyribonucleic acid in mesometral cells of experimental deciduoma in unilaterally pregnant rats].", "content": "Ploidy level of mesometral cells in experimentaly induced deciduomata is determinated by DNA-Feulgen cytophotometric measures. This tissue shown the first evolutive stages leading to polyplo\u00efdy (mono-binucleated cells) it was unable to reach a plo\u00efdy level higher than 4 n.", "contents": "[Cytophotometric study of deoxyribonucleic acid in mesometral cells of experimental deciduoma in unilaterally pregnant rats]. Ploidy level of mesometral cells in experimentaly induced deciduomata is determinated by DNA-Feulgen cytophotometric measures. This tissue shown the first evolutive stages leading to polyplo\u00efdy (mono-binucleated cells) it was unable to reach a plo\u00efdy level higher than 4 n."}
{"id": "PMID:129267", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of dysgeneic ovaries of rats, resulting from Misulban administration during fetal life].", "content": "She-rats have been treated at the 15th day of gestation with Misulban. The she-rats born from the former ones present an ovarian dysgenesis due to a precocious destruction of the germinal cells by the radiomimetic. These dysgeneses are characterized by the presence of cordal epithelial structures and of stroma. Cells whose cytoplasmic infrastructure is characteristic of a steroidogenesis have been searched on ovaries taken of between 15 days and 6 months. In the absence of follicular organization, they appear only from puberty and are localized particularly, between the epithelial structures, in the conjonctive stroma.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of dysgeneic ovaries of rats, resulting from Misulban administration during fetal life]. She-rats have been treated at the 15th day of gestation with Misulban. The she-rats born from the former ones present an ovarian dysgenesis due to a precocious destruction of the germinal cells by the radiomimetic. These dysgeneses are characterized by the presence of cordal epithelial structures and of stroma. Cells whose cytoplasmic infrastructure is characteristic of a steroidogenesis have been searched on ovaries taken of between 15 days and 6 months. In the absence of follicular organization, they appear only from puberty and are localized particularly, between the epithelial structures, in the conjonctive stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:129268", "title": "[The pathways of glucose catabolism in Tenebrio molitor: the effects of fasting and the injection of the corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex].", "content": "In the adult of Tenebrio molitor (Coleopterous) the pentose cycle is greatly used for the glucose degradation: starvation or injection of corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex alter this metabolic orientation : the pentose pathway is decreased and the glucose itself is less utilized.", "contents": "[The pathways of glucose catabolism in Tenebrio molitor: the effects of fasting and the injection of the corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex]. In the adult of Tenebrio molitor (Coleopterous) the pentose cycle is greatly used for the glucose degradation: starvation or injection of corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum complex alter this metabolic orientation : the pentose pathway is decreased and the glucose itself is less utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:129269", "title": "[Plasma Ca, Na, and K levels during the hibernation of hedgehogs, common dormice, and garden dormice].", "content": "The plasmatic rate of Ca, Na and K are nearly constant during the deep lethargy of hedgehogs, common dormice and garden dormice and little differ from those measured in the active animals at 22 degrees C. Only the kaliemies of the hibernating common dormice and garden dormice are very low. The evolution of the three parameters during the alternance lethargy and periodic arousal has been analysed in terms of the metabolic and endocrinian changes which occur at those moments.", "contents": "[Plasma Ca, Na, and K levels during the hibernation of hedgehogs, common dormice, and garden dormice]. The plasmatic rate of Ca, Na and K are nearly constant during the deep lethargy of hedgehogs, common dormice and garden dormice and little differ from those measured in the active animals at 22 degrees C. Only the kaliemies of the hibernating common dormice and garden dormice are very low. The evolution of the three parameters during the alternance lethargy and periodic arousal has been analysed in terms of the metabolic and endocrinian changes which occur at those moments."}
{"id": "PMID:129270", "title": "[Relationship between changes in respiratory metabolism and usage of the pentose cycle in Bombyx mori L. exposed to different temperatures].", "content": "By means of injection of labelled glucose (1(14)C, 6(14)C) we compared the importance of the utilization of the different pathways of the glucose degradation in terms of the temperature imposed on the animals at different stages.", "contents": "[Relationship between changes in respiratory metabolism and usage of the pentose cycle in Bombyx mori L. exposed to different temperatures]. By means of injection of labelled glucose (1(14)C, 6(14)C) we compared the importance of the utilization of the different pathways of the glucose degradation in terms of the temperature imposed on the animals at different stages."}
{"id": "PMID:129271", "title": "[Subcellular distribution of Mn2+ and its effects on the respiration of rat liver mitochondria in different thyroid states].", "content": "Manganese concentration has been measured in the different subcellular fractions of live cells of normal and thyroidectomized rats. Results show that the quantity of Mn2+ taken up is smaller in the mitochondria and larger in the nuclei of the hypothyroid animals. When manganese is added to isolated mitochondria, an activation of mitochondrial respiration occurs and this activation is greater in thyroidectomized animals.", "contents": "[Subcellular distribution of Mn2+ and its effects on the respiration of rat liver mitochondria in different thyroid states]. Manganese concentration has been measured in the different subcellular fractions of live cells of normal and thyroidectomized rats. Results show that the quantity of Mn2+ taken up is smaller in the mitochondria and larger in the nuclei of the hypothyroid animals. When manganese is added to isolated mitochondria, an activation of mitochondrial respiration occurs and this activation is greater in thyroidectomized animals."}
{"id": "PMID:129272", "title": "[Short term effects of docosenoic acid-containing oils on rat cardiac lipids: colza oil and partially hydrogenated herring oil].", "content": "Partially hydrogenated herring oils induce a cardiac lipidosis after a few days of feeding in the Rat. The level of C 22 : 1 in the oil, its chemical structure (erucic acid or isomers) as well as the presence of linoleic acid seem to have an effect upon the intensity of the phenomenon.", "contents": "[Short term effects of docosenoic acid-containing oils on rat cardiac lipids: colza oil and partially hydrogenated herring oil]. Partially hydrogenated herring oils induce a cardiac lipidosis after a few days of feeding in the Rat. The level of C 22 : 1 in the oil, its chemical structure (erucic acid or isomers) as well as the presence of linoleic acid seem to have an effect upon the intensity of the phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:129273", "title": "[Effect of tannic acid on liver levels of vitamin A in rats maintained on balanced diets or deprived of this vitamin].", "content": "A 6 month study in rats fed a balanced diet containing 3,2 p. 100 tannic acid resulted in a marked decrease of the hepatic concentration of vitamin A. In an other study, rats were fed vitamin A deficient diets containing 0, 0,8, 1,6 and 3,2 p. 100 tannic acid. There was no effect of tannic acid on the hepatic concentrations of vitamin A determined on days 20, 40 and 60.", "contents": "[Effect of tannic acid on liver levels of vitamin A in rats maintained on balanced diets or deprived of this vitamin]. A 6 month study in rats fed a balanced diet containing 3,2 p. 100 tannic acid resulted in a marked decrease of the hepatic concentration of vitamin A. In an other study, rats were fed vitamin A deficient diets containing 0, 0,8, 1,6 and 3,2 p. 100 tannic acid. There was no effect of tannic acid on the hepatic concentrations of vitamin A determined on days 20, 40 and 60."}
{"id": "PMID:129274", "title": "[Technique for isolation and purification of metaphase chromosomes of KB cells].", "content": "Metaphase chromosomes were isolated from KB cells according to Salzman and Mendelsohn's method. Whole-mount electronic microscopic preparations of chromosomes in situ, after isolation and after purification showed that the morphological patterns of this material are preserved in spite of physical and chemical treatments (pH 3).", "contents": "[Technique for isolation and purification of metaphase chromosomes of KB cells]. Metaphase chromosomes were isolated from KB cells according to Salzman and Mendelsohn's method. Whole-mount electronic microscopic preparations of chromosomes in situ, after isolation and after purification showed that the morphological patterns of this material are preserved in spite of physical and chemical treatments (pH 3)."}
{"id": "PMID:129275", "title": "[Biliary transport of sodium and chloride. Excretion of large amounts of NaCl in hypothermia].", "content": "Hypothermia inhibits the (Na+ K+) ATPase but does not decrease the concentrations of Na in bile when NaCl is added to the perfusate. With ouaba\u00efne, another inhibitor of (Na+ K+) ATPase, we had previously seen decrease of sodium excretion. This discrepancy might be the result of an increase excretion in bile acids during hypothermia.", "contents": "[Biliary transport of sodium and chloride. Excretion of large amounts of NaCl in hypothermia]. Hypothermia inhibits the (Na+ K+) ATPase but does not decrease the concentrations of Na in bile when NaCl is added to the perfusate. With ouaba\u00efne, another inhibitor of (Na+ K+) ATPase, we had previously seen decrease of sodium excretion. This discrepancy might be the result of an increase excretion in bile acids during hypothermia."}
{"id": "PMID:129276", "title": "[Atomic absorption spectrophotometry of rubidium levels in several biological media. Technical problems and preliminary results].", "content": "The mean of Rubidium rates in human plasma is found in the range of 0,1 mg/l with poor fluctuations; it is significantly less in woman than in man. There is a good linear correlation between rates in plasma and in red cell, rates which are in the same relation than potassium ones. Mean urinary clearance of rubidium is 16 ml/mm but there are large variations.", "contents": "[Atomic absorption spectrophotometry of rubidium levels in several biological media. Technical problems and preliminary results]. The mean of Rubidium rates in human plasma is found in the range of 0,1 mg/l with poor fluctuations; it is significantly less in woman than in man. There is a good linear correlation between rates in plasma and in red cell, rates which are in the same relation than potassium ones. Mean urinary clearance of rubidium is 16 ml/mm but there are large variations."}
{"id": "PMID:129277", "title": "[Folliculo-stellate cells of the anterior hypophyses of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L.)].", "content": "The anterior lobe of the hedgehog pituitary possess folliculo-stellate cells. These agranular (or few granular) cells, connected together by juctional complexes in relation with mitochondria, limit small cavities; at the luminar surfaces, microvillosities projecting in the lumen are seen. The lumina of cavities contain, or not, an electron dense substance, but not remnants of glandular cells. Long slender cytoplasmic processes, extended between adjacent granular cells, takes contact with the basement parenchymatous membrane, where they form a so-called \"vascular foot\". The cytoplasm of these cells contains a variety of organelles; their development is variable and appears in relation with the functional activity of the cell.", "contents": "[Folliculo-stellate cells of the anterior hypophyses of the hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus L.)]. The anterior lobe of the hedgehog pituitary possess folliculo-stellate cells. These agranular (or few granular) cells, connected together by juctional complexes in relation with mitochondria, limit small cavities; at the luminar surfaces, microvillosities projecting in the lumen are seen. The lumina of cavities contain, or not, an electron dense substance, but not remnants of glandular cells. Long slender cytoplasmic processes, extended between adjacent granular cells, takes contact with the basement parenchymatous membrane, where they form a so-called \"vascular foot\". The cytoplasm of these cells contains a variety of organelles; their development is variable and appears in relation with the functional activity of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:129278", "title": "Ultrastructure of the so-called \"chordoid sarcoma\". Evidence supporting cartilagenous differentiation.", "content": "A rare, distinctive neoplasm occurring in the soft tissue of the extremities and resembling chordoma has been recently described and variously termed \"chordoid sarcoma,\" \"chordoid tumor,\" and \"parachordoma.\" An example of this tumor occurring in the flank is presented. The tumor lacks the ultrastructural features associated with chordomas. Moreover, the tumor appears to be elaborating an abundant matrix of sulfated acid mucopolysaccharide interspersed with collagen fibers in varying stages of maturation. These features suggest that the tumor is exhibiting chondroid, rather than chordoid, differentiation. Previous reports of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma bear a striking light microscopic and electron microscopic similarity to the \"chordoid sarcoma,\" suggesting that the latter is a variant of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the so-called \"chordoid sarcoma\". Evidence supporting cartilagenous differentiation. A rare, distinctive neoplasm occurring in the soft tissue of the extremities and resembling chordoma has been recently described and variously termed \"chordoid sarcoma,\" \"chordoid tumor,\" and \"parachordoma.\" An example of this tumor occurring in the flank is presented. The tumor lacks the ultrastructural features associated with chordomas. Moreover, the tumor appears to be elaborating an abundant matrix of sulfated acid mucopolysaccharide interspersed with collagen fibers in varying stages of maturation. These features suggest that the tumor is exhibiting chondroid, rather than chordoid, differentiation. Previous reports of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma bear a striking light microscopic and electron microscopic similarity to the \"chordoid sarcoma,\" suggesting that the latter is a variant of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma."}
{"id": "PMID:129280", "title": "Oncogenic transformation of C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 mouse embryo cells by halogenated pyrimidine nucleosides.", "content": "Oncogenic transformation has been induced in vitro in the C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 line of mouse cells by exposure to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR) or 5-fluorouracil. This transformation is both dose and time dependent and can be markedly decreased by simultaneous exposure of the cells to thymidine. The transformation induced by 5-fluorouracil is probably due to its intracellular conversion to FUdR or its monophosphate. Transformation by FUdR was found to be cell cycle dependent with maximum sensitivity to transformation occurring in early S phase. Cell lines that produced sarcomas in antithymocyte-treated syngeneic mice were isolated from FUdR-transformed cultures. Trifluorothymidine, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine induced no transformed foci in the C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 cell line. Thus, not all mutagens produce oncogenic transformation nor does the lack of mutagenicity, as classically measured, completely exclude the possibility that a given agent is oncogenic. Also, there was no evidence of the \"switch on\" of oncornaviral information in the FUdR-transformed cell lines.", "contents": "Oncogenic transformation of C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 mouse embryo cells by halogenated pyrimidine nucleosides. Oncogenic transformation has been induced in vitro in the C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 line of mouse cells by exposure to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR) or 5-fluorouracil. This transformation is both dose and time dependent and can be markedly decreased by simultaneous exposure of the cells to thymidine. The transformation induced by 5-fluorouracil is probably due to its intracellular conversion to FUdR or its monophosphate. Transformation by FUdR was found to be cell cycle dependent with maximum sensitivity to transformation occurring in early S phase. Cell lines that produced sarcomas in antithymocyte-treated syngeneic mice were isolated from FUdR-transformed cultures. Trifluorothymidine, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, and 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine induced no transformed foci in the C3H/10T1/2 clone 8 cell line. Thus, not all mutagens produce oncogenic transformation nor does the lack of mutagenicity, as classically measured, completely exclude the possibility that a given agent is oncogenic. Also, there was no evidence of the \"switch on\" of oncornaviral information in the FUdR-transformed cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:129281", "title": "Conformational analysis of the glycosaminoglycans. II. Bond-angle studies, torsional potential, and steric map for the beta-D-(1leads to 3) linkage.", "content": "The geometry of the glycosidic valence-bond angle for both the beta-D-(1linked to4) and beta-D-(1linked to 3) linkages has been investigated by using CNDO and PCILO molecularorbital techniques on model compounds. In each case, the glycosidic valence-bond angle of minimum energy was about 111 degrees, corresponding to the value observed in ether analogs. A secondary energy-minimum was found near 116 degrees, which is the value experimentally observed for saccharides. It was concluded that long-range intra-and/or inter-molecular interactions are responsible for overall preference for the 116 degrees value of the valence-bond angle. The force constants predicted from the shapes of the 116 degrees bond-angle minima gave poor agreement with the experimental values found for ethers and employed in normal coordinate analyses of saccharides. The results did suggest that the beta-D-(1linked to3) bond angle should be 115.6 degrees, which is smaller than the corresponding beta-D-(1linked to4) bond angle. An intrinsic torsional potential-function and general steric map were also determined for the torsion-angle rotations of the beta-D-(1linked to3) linkage.", "contents": "Conformational analysis of the glycosaminoglycans. II. Bond-angle studies, torsional potential, and steric map for the beta-D-(1leads to 3) linkage. The geometry of the glycosidic valence-bond angle for both the beta-D-(1linked to4) and beta-D-(1linked to 3) linkages has been investigated by using CNDO and PCILO molecularorbital techniques on model compounds. In each case, the glycosidic valence-bond angle of minimum energy was about 111 degrees, corresponding to the value observed in ether analogs. A secondary energy-minimum was found near 116 degrees, which is the value experimentally observed for saccharides. It was concluded that long-range intra-and/or inter-molecular interactions are responsible for overall preference for the 116 degrees value of the valence-bond angle. The force constants predicted from the shapes of the 116 degrees bond-angle minima gave poor agreement with the experimental values found for ethers and employed in normal coordinate analyses of saccharides. The results did suggest that the beta-D-(1linked to3) bond angle should be 115.6 degrees, which is smaller than the corresponding beta-D-(1linked to4) bond angle. An intrinsic torsional potential-function and general steric map were also determined for the torsion-angle rotations of the beta-D-(1linked to3) linkage."}
{"id": "PMID:129283", "title": "Stretch receptors in urodele limb muscles.", "content": "Non-encapsulated, fine beaded nerve endings were found histologically on some muscle fibres in a number of limb muscles in newts and axolotls. They were present in newt muscles that had been chronically de-efferented, and in which no efferent activity survived, and were therefore likely to be sensory. They were located only on muscle fibres on or near the outside surface of the muscle. These small-diameter muscle fibres were characterised histochemically by low lipid, SDH and phosphorylase content; ultrastructurally by low glycogen content, and relatively large myofilaments poorly delimited by a sparse SR. There were many of this type (Type 1) that did not support sensory endings. A few endings occurred on another larger-diameter type of fibre (Type 2) whose properties were opposite to those listed above for Type 1. There was virtually no specialization of muscle fibre structure beneath the sensory endings. Physiological experiments involving ramp-and-hold and sinusoidal stretch applied to the muscle whilst recording single-unit afferent responses in m.ext. dig. III of axolotls showed unit responses very similar to those known from muscle spindles, particularly those of the frog.", "contents": "Stretch receptors in urodele limb muscles. Non-encapsulated, fine beaded nerve endings were found histologically on some muscle fibres in a number of limb muscles in newts and axolotls. They were present in newt muscles that had been chronically de-efferented, and in which no efferent activity survived, and were therefore likely to be sensory. They were located only on muscle fibres on or near the outside surface of the muscle. These small-diameter muscle fibres were characterised histochemically by low lipid, SDH and phosphorylase content; ultrastructurally by low glycogen content, and relatively large myofilaments poorly delimited by a sparse SR. There were many of this type (Type 1) that did not support sensory endings. A few endings occurred on another larger-diameter type of fibre (Type 2) whose properties were opposite to those listed above for Type 1. There was virtually no specialization of muscle fibre structure beneath the sensory endings. Physiological experiments involving ramp-and-hold and sinusoidal stretch applied to the muscle whilst recording single-unit afferent responses in m.ext. dig. III of axolotls showed unit responses very similar to those known from muscle spindles, particularly those of the frog."}
{"id": "PMID:129284", "title": "Light and drug induced changes of epiphysial synaptic ribbons.", "content": "In the present investigation experiments were carried out to determine whether the functionally obscure synaptic rebbons of mammalian pinealocytes can be affected by acute changes in environmental lighting and which chemical processes may be involved in their regulation. Experiments carried out in male guinea-pigs have shown that the amounts of synaptic ribbons are immediately affected by changes in the lighting pattern. Extension of the light period reduced the normally occurring increase, whereas extension of the dark period inhibited the normally occurring decrease in the amount of synaptic ribbons. Results following injections of a number of drugs known to influence pineal function (noradrenaline, L-DOPA, propranolol, reserpine and p-chlorophenylalanine, respectively) suggest that synaptic ribbons may be directly or indirectly regulated by beta-adrenergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Light and drug induced changes of epiphysial synaptic ribbons. In the present investigation experiments were carried out to determine whether the functionally obscure synaptic rebbons of mammalian pinealocytes can be affected by acute changes in environmental lighting and which chemical processes may be involved in their regulation. Experiments carried out in male guinea-pigs have shown that the amounts of synaptic ribbons are immediately affected by changes in the lighting pattern. Extension of the light period reduced the normally occurring increase, whereas extension of the dark period inhibited the normally occurring decrease in the amount of synaptic ribbons. Results following injections of a number of drugs known to influence pineal function (noradrenaline, L-DOPA, propranolol, reserpine and p-chlorophenylalanine, respectively) suggest that synaptic ribbons may be directly or indirectly regulated by beta-adrenergic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:129302", "title": "Differential effects of mercurial compounds on excitable tissues.", "content": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), Ca2+ plus Mg2+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ionophore were obtained from white rabbit skeletal muscles. Methylmercury inhibited the Ca2+ plus Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-transport but had no effect on the Ca2+-ionophore. Mercuric chloride inhibited all three functions (i.e., ATPase, transport and ionophoric activity). The mechanism of HgCl2 inhibition of the Ca2+-ionophore was by competition with Ca2+ for Ca2+-ionophoric site whereas its inhibition of the enzyme and Ca2+-transport was due to the blockage of essential sulfhydryl (--SH) groups. Ca2+ plus Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-transport were more sensitive to methylmercury than to HgCl2. Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) was obtained for the electric organ of T. californica. Methylmercury inhibited the ACh binding to AChR WITH Ki = 5.7 - 10(-6) M. This effect was not due to mercuric ion alone since mercuric chloride up to 10(-4) M did not affect ACh binding to AChR. It is concluded that: the Ca2+ plus Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-transport contain --SH groups essential for their activity, and that the two functions are tightly coupled; the Ca2+-ionophore contains no --SH groups essential for its activity; CH3HgCl inhibition of Ca2+ plus Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-transport is partly due to its reactivity with --SH groups in hydrophobic environment; the Ca2+-transport is inhibited by HgCl2 through two processes, one which is the blockage of --SH groups and another which is the inhibition of the Ca2+-ionophoric site; and the inhibition of ACh binding to AChR is due to the blockage of --SH groups in hydrophobic environment, which is inaccessible to Hg2+. Our data present for the first time a molecular basis for the myopathy associated with mercurial compounds toxicity.", "contents": "Differential effects of mercurial compounds on excitable tissues. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), Ca2+ plus Mg2+-ATPase, and Ca2+-ionophore were obtained from white rabbit skeletal muscles. Methylmercury inhibited the Ca2+ plus Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-transport but had no effect on the Ca2+-ionophore. Mercuric chloride inhibited all three functions (i.e., ATPase, transport and ionophoric activity). The mechanism of HgCl2 inhibition of the Ca2+-ionophore was by competition with Ca2+ for Ca2+-ionophoric site whereas its inhibition of the enzyme and Ca2+-transport was due to the blockage of essential sulfhydryl (--SH) groups. Ca2+ plus Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-transport were more sensitive to methylmercury than to HgCl2. Acetylcholine receptor (AChR) was obtained for the electric organ of T. californica. Methylmercury inhibited the ACh binding to AChR WITH Ki = 5.7 - 10(-6) M. This effect was not due to mercuric ion alone since mercuric chloride up to 10(-4) M did not affect ACh binding to AChR. It is concluded that: the Ca2+ plus Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-transport contain --SH groups essential for their activity, and that the two functions are tightly coupled; the Ca2+-ionophore contains no --SH groups essential for its activity; CH3HgCl inhibition of Ca2+ plus Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-transport is partly due to its reactivity with --SH groups in hydrophobic environment; the Ca2+-transport is inhibited by HgCl2 through two processes, one which is the blockage of --SH groups and another which is the inhibition of the Ca2+-ionophoric site; and the inhibition of ACh binding to AChR is due to the blockage of --SH groups in hydrophobic environment, which is inaccessible to Hg2+. Our data present for the first time a molecular basis for the myopathy associated with mercurial compounds toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:129303", "title": "Sensitivity to tuberculin and to a nonmammalian sensitin in Mandalay District, Burma.", "content": "Delayed hypersensitivity that can be demonstrated with either a strong dose of tuberculin or a conventional dose of a sensitin prepared from certain nonmammalian mycobacteria (mycobacteria of Runyon Groups II and III, e.g., Mycobacterium avium), is known to be highly prevalent in most tropical and many subtropical areas and rare in many temperate zones. Whether such sensitivity interacts significantly with tuberculosis or with leprosy is not known.A study of reactions to tuberculin (PPD-S) and to a sensitin prepared from M. intracellulare (PPD-B) was carried out in villages close to an area in which a clinical trial of the preventive effect of BCG against leprosy was being conducted. The population had not been vaccinated with BCG. Some of the villages were in river valleys that become flooded every year for a long period during the rainy season; others were on slopes above the area subject to floods. The findings showed that sensitivity to the nonmammalian sensitin was prevalent in the area, and thus confirmed previous findings of low-grade tuberculin sensitivity in Burma and neighbouring countries. No difference in this prevalence was found between flooded and nonflooded villages.", "contents": "Sensitivity to tuberculin and to a nonmammalian sensitin in Mandalay District, Burma. Delayed hypersensitivity that can be demonstrated with either a strong dose of tuberculin or a conventional dose of a sensitin prepared from certain nonmammalian mycobacteria (mycobacteria of Runyon Groups II and III, e.g., Mycobacterium avium), is known to be highly prevalent in most tropical and many subtropical areas and rare in many temperate zones. Whether such sensitivity interacts significantly with tuberculosis or with leprosy is not known.A study of reactions to tuberculin (PPD-S) and to a sensitin prepared from M. intracellulare (PPD-B) was carried out in villages close to an area in which a clinical trial of the preventive effect of BCG against leprosy was being conducted. The population had not been vaccinated with BCG. Some of the villages were in river valleys that become flooded every year for a long period during the rainy season; others were on slopes above the area subject to floods. The findings showed that sensitivity to the nonmammalian sensitin was prevalent in the area, and thus confirmed previous findings of low-grade tuberculin sensitivity in Burma and neighbouring countries. No difference in this prevalence was found between flooded and nonflooded villages."}
{"id": "PMID:129304", "title": "Adaptations of the left ventricle to chronic pressure overload.", "content": "Left ventricular (LV) function during the adaptation to chronic pressure overload produced by an ascending aortic constriction was analyzed in conscious dogs, instrumented with intraventricular micromanometers and pairs of ultrasonic crystals for measurement of LV wall thickness (WTh) and internal LV chamber diameter. During inflation of the cuff to produce LV pressures averaging 220 mg Hg, calculated peak wall stress (WSt) increased by 55% above control while percent shortening decreased by 24% and mean circumferential shortening velocity (VCF) decreased by 39% from control. By 9 days (mean) after aortic constriction, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the LV wall increased by 10% and peak WSt fell to 37% above control. End-diastolic diameter (EDD) increased to 4% above control, while percent shortening and mean VCF remained reduced at -12% and -20% of control, respectively. During the phase of concentric hypertrophy (mean 2 1/2 weeks), CSA increased further to 15% above control and WSt fell to 22% above control, while EDD and percent shortening returned to control and mean VCF increased to -7% of control (not significant). At 24 hours after release of the cuff WSt, percent shortening, mean VCF, and peak velocity of LV pressure rise (peak dP/dt) were not significantly different from control. Rapid, partial regression of hypertrophy was observed in some dogs. Thus, the left ventricle responds to chronically elevated pressure by initial dilation with increased WSt followed by gradual wall thickening and consequent reduction of WSt to near normal. After successful adaptation to the pressure overload, hypertrophy per se did not produce intrinsic depression of the myocardial inotropic state.", "contents": "Adaptations of the left ventricle to chronic pressure overload. Left ventricular (LV) function during the adaptation to chronic pressure overload produced by an ascending aortic constriction was analyzed in conscious dogs, instrumented with intraventricular micromanometers and pairs of ultrasonic crystals for measurement of LV wall thickness (WTh) and internal LV chamber diameter. During inflation of the cuff to produce LV pressures averaging 220 mg Hg, calculated peak wall stress (WSt) increased by 55% above control while percent shortening decreased by 24% and mean circumferential shortening velocity (VCF) decreased by 39% from control. By 9 days (mean) after aortic constriction, the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the LV wall increased by 10% and peak WSt fell to 37% above control. End-diastolic diameter (EDD) increased to 4% above control, while percent shortening and mean VCF remained reduced at -12% and -20% of control, respectively. During the phase of concentric hypertrophy (mean 2 1/2 weeks), CSA increased further to 15% above control and WSt fell to 22% above control, while EDD and percent shortening returned to control and mean VCF increased to -7% of control (not significant). At 24 hours after release of the cuff WSt, percent shortening, mean VCF, and peak velocity of LV pressure rise (peak dP/dt) were not significantly different from control. Rapid, partial regression of hypertrophy was observed in some dogs. Thus, the left ventricle responds to chronically elevated pressure by initial dilation with increased WSt followed by gradual wall thickening and consequent reduction of WSt to near normal. After successful adaptation to the pressure overload, hypertrophy per se did not produce intrinsic depression of the myocardial inotropic state."}
{"id": "PMID:129305", "title": "Micromethod for fractionation of acid mucopolysaccharides.", "content": "A new micromethod for fractionation of acid mucopolysaccharides based upon the use of different concentrations of HC1 to separate the complex of CPC with non-sulphated, monosulphated and polysulphated acid mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) is presented. The method utilizes the different binding of the anionic macromolecules to the cationic compound cetyl pyridinium chloride. The method is simple and reproducible. The use of HC1 as eluent allows the exclusion of some steps required when salts are used for elution. Hexuronic acids are determined on the eluents.", "contents": "Micromethod for fractionation of acid mucopolysaccharides. A new micromethod for fractionation of acid mucopolysaccharides based upon the use of different concentrations of HC1 to separate the complex of CPC with non-sulphated, monosulphated and polysulphated acid mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) is presented. The method utilizes the different binding of the anionic macromolecules to the cationic compound cetyl pyridinium chloride. The method is simple and reproducible. The use of HC1 as eluent allows the exclusion of some steps required when salts are used for elution. Hexuronic acids are determined on the eluents."}
{"id": "PMID:129307", "title": "Determination of urinary dehydroepiandrosterone using 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "content": "A method for the determination of urinary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) using 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is described. The method includes extraction with ethylacetate, solvolysis, and color development using 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. A study of comparison with gas-liquid chromatography method and recovery test was made, and results were sufficient for routine tests.", "contents": "Determination of urinary dehydroepiandrosterone using 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. A method for the determination of urinary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) using 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase is described. The method includes extraction with ethylacetate, solvolysis, and color development using 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. A study of comparison with gas-liquid chromatography method and recovery test was made, and results were sufficient for routine tests."}
{"id": "PMID:129310", "title": "Lymphocytotoxins and mixed leucocyte culture blocking factor activity in the plasma of uraemic patients undergoing haemodialysis.", "content": "Mixed leucocyte culture blocking factor activity (MLC-BFA) in the plasma of haemodialysis patients appears as a result of recent blood transfusions and is concentrated in IgG fractions of the blocking serum. Four patients neither developed lymphocytotoxins nor MLC-BFA in spite of having received multiple blood transfusions. Such 'unresponsive' recipients had an excellent clinical course upon receiving an allograft.", "contents": "Lymphocytotoxins and mixed leucocyte culture blocking factor activity in the plasma of uraemic patients undergoing haemodialysis. Mixed leucocyte culture blocking factor activity (MLC-BFA) in the plasma of haemodialysis patients appears as a result of recent blood transfusions and is concentrated in IgG fractions of the blocking serum. Four patients neither developed lymphocytotoxins nor MLC-BFA in spite of having received multiple blood transfusions. Such 'unresponsive' recipients had an excellent clinical course upon receiving an allograft."}
{"id": "PMID:129319", "title": "Determinants of cardiac performance in severe aortic stenosis.", "content": "Left ventricular (LV) myocardial function and the influence on LV pump performance of associated coronary arterial disease, of outflow obstruction and its consequences, and of altered ventricular pressure-volume characteristics were examined in a representative group of 28 adult patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (valvular orifice area less than 0.50 sq cm/sq m). Eighteen patients (64%) exhibited depressed LV pump performance with levels of ejection fraction less than 0.50. In seven patients, coronary arterial disease documented by either arteriographic studies or postmortem analyses was associated with a segmental (i.e., nonhomogeneous) LV contractile disorder consistent with previous myocardial infarction. In the remaining 11 patients a homogeneous LV contractile disorder was the result of chronic outflow obstruction and its consequences. The possibility that reduced ventricular performance might be accounted for by increased afterload could not be supported by significant correlation between LV contractile characteristics (estimated from the ejection fraction and the mean circumferential fiber shortening rate) and indices of afterload (including LV systolic pressure, aortic valvular orifice area, and mean systolic wall tension). This observation suggested that myocardial hypertrophy and other consequences of longstanding obstruction to outflow played a primary role in depression of LV performance in these patients. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was abnormal in all but three patients with depressed LV function; this increase was accompanied by a disproportionately greater increment in end-diastolic pressure, suggesting that reduced distensibility limited the ability of the ventricle to compensate for reduced contractile performance by means of the Starling mechanism.", "contents": "Determinants of cardiac performance in severe aortic stenosis. Left ventricular (LV) myocardial function and the influence on LV pump performance of associated coronary arterial disease, of outflow obstruction and its consequences, and of altered ventricular pressure-volume characteristics were examined in a representative group of 28 adult patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis (valvular orifice area less than 0.50 sq cm/sq m). Eighteen patients (64%) exhibited depressed LV pump performance with levels of ejection fraction less than 0.50. In seven patients, coronary arterial disease documented by either arteriographic studies or postmortem analyses was associated with a segmental (i.e., nonhomogeneous) LV contractile disorder consistent with previous myocardial infarction. In the remaining 11 patients a homogeneous LV contractile disorder was the result of chronic outflow obstruction and its consequences. The possibility that reduced ventricular performance might be accounted for by increased afterload could not be supported by significant correlation between LV contractile characteristics (estimated from the ejection fraction and the mean circumferential fiber shortening rate) and indices of afterload (including LV systolic pressure, aortic valvular orifice area, and mean systolic wall tension). This observation suggested that myocardial hypertrophy and other consequences of longstanding obstruction to outflow played a primary role in depression of LV performance in these patients. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume was abnormal in all but three patients with depressed LV function; this increase was accompanied by a disproportionately greater increment in end-diastolic pressure, suggesting that reduced distensibility limited the ability of the ventricle to compensate for reduced contractile performance by means of the Starling mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:129321", "title": "The new look into the gastrointestinal tract.", "content": "Esophagogastroduodenoscopy has proved to be the most accurate method of diagnosing disese of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopic technics already are being employed for the treatment of gastric polyps. Experimental work on endoscopic treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding is under way in several medical centers. A variety of methods are being tested: laser photocoagulation, suture clip placement and the use of bioco+mpatible tissue glues. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography now is established as a useful technic in the diagnosis of biliary tract disease. Its diagnostic usefulness in the pancreas is confined to certain diseases in which it is desirable to determine the need for operative intervention. The initial success of endoscopic papillotomy and stone extraction promises further future therapeutic uses for ERCP. Colonoscopy may well prove to be the most useful of the gastrointestinal endoscopic methods. It is particularly helpful in diagnosing colonic cancer, in determining the source of occult colonic bleeding and in providing information regarding idiopathic colonic inflammatory disease. The success of polypectomy indicates the possibility of substituting endoscopic treatment for invasive surgery. Laparoscopy in conscious patients is a well-established technic that is useful in gastroenterology, hepatology, oncology and gynecology. Its usefulness has long been appreciated in other countries and the method merits wide use in the United States. Endoscopy is a rapidly changing and evolving field. This monograph has attempted to outline the current state of the art, but many changes are expected in the next 5-10 years.", "contents": "The new look into the gastrointestinal tract. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy has proved to be the most accurate method of diagnosing disese of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Endoscopic technics already are being employed for the treatment of gastric polyps. Experimental work on endoscopic treatment of upper gastrointestinal bleeding is under way in several medical centers. A variety of methods are being tested: laser photocoagulation, suture clip placement and the use of bioco+mpatible tissue glues. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography now is established as a useful technic in the diagnosis of biliary tract disease. Its diagnostic usefulness in the pancreas is confined to certain diseases in which it is desirable to determine the need for operative intervention. The initial success of endoscopic papillotomy and stone extraction promises further future therapeutic uses for ERCP. Colonoscopy may well prove to be the most useful of the gastrointestinal endoscopic methods. It is particularly helpful in diagnosing colonic cancer, in determining the source of occult colonic bleeding and in providing information regarding idiopathic colonic inflammatory disease. The success of polypectomy indicates the possibility of substituting endoscopic treatment for invasive surgery. Laparoscopy in conscious patients is a well-established technic that is useful in gastroenterology, hepatology, oncology and gynecology. Its usefulness has long been appreciated in other countries and the method merits wide use in the United States. Endoscopy is a rapidly changing and evolving field. This monograph has attempted to outline the current state of the art, but many changes are expected in the next 5-10 years."}
{"id": "PMID:129323", "title": "[Effects of a new analogue of LH-RH, D-Ser(TBU)6- EA10-LH-RH, on gonadotropin liberation in males (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects on the secretion of gonadotropins by D-Ser (TBU)6-EA10-LH-RH were investigated in 7 male volunteers without known endocrine disturbances. One week after subcutaneous injection of 100 mug of LH-RH the probands were given 5 mug of the LH-RH analogue subcutaneously into the abdominal wall. LH, FSH and testosterone concentrations were estimated in the serum and compared with each other at varying intervals after each injection. LH-RH caused a marked increase of the LH content in serum after 20 minutes with a maximum after 40 minutes. The effect of the analogue occurred with a delay. After 40 minutes an LH level was reached which still persisted 6 hours later. Contrary to LH there were considerable individual differences in serum FSH levels. In the initial phase after injection of LH-RH and LH-RH analogue that increase of the FSH level in serum was almost parallel. However, the analogue showed a marked depot effect. Serum concentrations of testosterone showed no significant changes after administration of the releasing hormones. D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LH-RH is approximately 20 times effective as LH-RH. A dose of 5 mug is effective for 6-8 hours.", "contents": "[Effects of a new analogue of LH-RH, D-Ser(TBU)6- EA10-LH-RH, on gonadotropin liberation in males (author's transl)]. Effects on the secretion of gonadotropins by D-Ser (TBU)6-EA10-LH-RH were investigated in 7 male volunteers without known endocrine disturbances. One week after subcutaneous injection of 100 mug of LH-RH the probands were given 5 mug of the LH-RH analogue subcutaneously into the abdominal wall. LH, FSH and testosterone concentrations were estimated in the serum and compared with each other at varying intervals after each injection. LH-RH caused a marked increase of the LH content in serum after 20 minutes with a maximum after 40 minutes. The effect of the analogue occurred with a delay. After 40 minutes an LH level was reached which still persisted 6 hours later. Contrary to LH there were considerable individual differences in serum FSH levels. In the initial phase after injection of LH-RH and LH-RH analogue that increase of the FSH level in serum was almost parallel. However, the analogue showed a marked depot effect. Serum concentrations of testosterone showed no significant changes after administration of the releasing hormones. D-Ser(TBU)6-EA10-LH-RH is approximately 20 times effective as LH-RH. A dose of 5 mug is effective for 6-8 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:129324", "title": "Steroidogenesis in rat leydig cells: changes in activity of 5-ane and 5-ene 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases during sexual maturation.", "content": "The activities of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of 5-ane and 5-ene steroids were examined in interstitial tissue from testes of rats at different ages. The enzyme reactions were localized in the Leydig cell cytoplasm of isolated cells and in frozen tissue slices. Relative reaction velocites of the NAD-linked hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were obtained spectrophotometrically with 17 steroid substrates using the 12,000 X g supernatant of isolated interstitial cells from 28-29 day old rats; the rate of 3(alpha,beta) dehydrogenation of 5-ane-3beta steroids was markedly (10 to 20X) higher than that of 5-ene-3beta steroids and 5-ane-3alpha steroids. The hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities of testes from 124 rats between the ages of 15 and 138 days were determined using as substrates, 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one, 3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstane, dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone. Between the ages of 15 and 32 or 34 days the gonads grow in size more rapidly than the body and the 5-ane-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities show very marked increases; changes in the 5-ene-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are much less pronounced, so that at 34 days the activity of 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one dehydrogenase is approximately 20 X that of dehydroepiandrosterone dehydrogenase. After 34 days, the 5-ane-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities decline. It is suggested that during sexual maturation the testicular biosynthesis of active 5-ane androgens may proceed via 5-ane precursors with the help of age-dependent 5-ane-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases.", "contents": "Steroidogenesis in rat leydig cells: changes in activity of 5-ane and 5-ene 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases during sexual maturation. The activities of hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases of 5-ane and 5-ene steroids were examined in interstitial tissue from testes of rats at different ages. The enzyme reactions were localized in the Leydig cell cytoplasm of isolated cells and in frozen tissue slices. Relative reaction velocites of the NAD-linked hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases were obtained spectrophotometrically with 17 steroid substrates using the 12,000 X g supernatant of isolated interstitial cells from 28-29 day old rats; the rate of 3(alpha,beta) dehydrogenation of 5-ane-3beta steroids was markedly (10 to 20X) higher than that of 5-ene-3beta steroids and 5-ane-3alpha steroids. The hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities of testes from 124 rats between the ages of 15 and 138 days were determined using as substrates, 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one, 3beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-17-one, 3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androstane, dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone. Between the ages of 15 and 32 or 34 days the gonads grow in size more rapidly than the body and the 5-ane-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities show very marked increases; changes in the 5-ene-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases are much less pronounced, so that at 34 days the activity of 3beta-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one dehydrogenase is approximately 20 X that of dehydroepiandrosterone dehydrogenase. After 34 days, the 5-ane-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities decline. It is suggested that during sexual maturation the testicular biosynthesis of active 5-ane androgens may proceed via 5-ane precursors with the help of age-dependent 5-ane-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases."}
{"id": "PMID:129325", "title": "Growth hormone and prolactin content of hyperplastic anterior pituitary of dehydroepiandrosterone treated rats.", "content": "30 days after implantation of 80 mg dehydroepiandrosterone (androst-5-en-3betaol-17-one) hyperplastic enlargement of the anterior pituitary has been observed in about 80 per cent of the female rats. There was an important increase of prolactin content, growth hormone content remained unchanged. The mentioned alterations were found to be reversible, since regression was observed after DEA treatment exceeding 30 days. In females developing no hyperplasia pituitary growth hormone contentration and content has been decreased, prolactin content remained unchanged. In male rats on identical treatment no change of pituitary weight, growth hormone and prolactin concent has been found. The results suggest that, under physiological conditions, DEA does not affect pituitary growth hormone and prolactin content, however response to pharmacological doses was different in male and female rats.", "contents": "Growth hormone and prolactin content of hyperplastic anterior pituitary of dehydroepiandrosterone treated rats. 30 days after implantation of 80 mg dehydroepiandrosterone (androst-5-en-3betaol-17-one) hyperplastic enlargement of the anterior pituitary has been observed in about 80 per cent of the female rats. There was an important increase of prolactin content, growth hormone content remained unchanged. The mentioned alterations were found to be reversible, since regression was observed after DEA treatment exceeding 30 days. In females developing no hyperplasia pituitary growth hormone contentration and content has been decreased, prolactin content remained unchanged. In male rats on identical treatment no change of pituitary weight, growth hormone and prolactin concent has been found. The results suggest that, under physiological conditions, DEA does not affect pituitary growth hormone and prolactin content, however response to pharmacological doses was different in male and female rats."}
{"id": "PMID:129326", "title": "An ATPase depending on the presence of single-stranded DNA from mouse myeloma.", "content": "An ATPase was purified from mouse myeloma MOPC 70E the activity of which depends on the presence of single-stranded DNA and divalent cations such as Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Ni2+ or Fe2+. The enzyme splits both ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates but preferentially ATP and dATP yielding nucleoside diphosphates and inorganic phosphate. The enzyme has an absolute requirement for single-stranded DNA. Alternating double-stranded polydeoxynucleotides are only slight effective, and native double-stranded DNA, single-stranded and double-stranded RNAs as well as DNA - RNA hybrids are ineffective in stimulating the ATPase. The enzyme has further characterized by sedimentation in a sucrose density gradient (s20, w = 5.5 S) and by isoelectric focussing in an ampholine pH gradient (pI = 6.5).", "contents": "An ATPase depending on the presence of single-stranded DNA from mouse myeloma. An ATPase was purified from mouse myeloma MOPC 70E the activity of which depends on the presence of single-stranded DNA and divalent cations such as Mg2+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Ni2+ or Fe2+. The enzyme splits both ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates but preferentially ATP and dATP yielding nucleoside diphosphates and inorganic phosphate. The enzyme has an absolute requirement for single-stranded DNA. Alternating double-stranded polydeoxynucleotides are only slight effective, and native double-stranded DNA, single-stranded and double-stranded RNAs as well as DNA - RNA hybrids are ineffective in stimulating the ATPase. The enzyme has further characterized by sedimentation in a sucrose density gradient (s20, w = 5.5 S) and by isoelectric focussing in an ampholine pH gradient (pI = 6.5)."}
{"id": "PMID:129327", "title": "Replacement of lysine by arginine, phenylalanine and tryptophan in the reactive site of the bovine trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz) and change of the inhibitory properties.", "content": "The reactive-site sequence of a proteinase inhibitor can be written as . . . -P3-P2-P1-P'1-P'2-P'3- . . . , where-P1-P'1-denotes the reactive site. Three semisynthetic homologues have been synthesized of the bovine trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz) with either arginine, phenylalanine or tryptophan in place of the reactive-site residue P1, lysine-15. These homologues correspond to gene products after mutation of the lysine 15 DNA codon to an arginine, phenylalanine or tryptophan DNA codon. Starting from native (virgin) inhibitor, reactive-site hydrolyzed, still active (modified) inhibitor was prepared by chemical and enzymic reactions. Modified inhibitor was then converted into inactive des-Lys15-inhibitor by reaction with carboxypeptidase B. Inactive des-Lys15-inhibitor was reactivated by enzymic replacement of the P1 residue according to Leary and Laskowski, Jr. The introduction of arginine was catalyzed by an inverse reaction with carboxypeptidase B, while phenylalanine or tryptophan were replaced by carboxypeptidase A. The reactivated semisynthetic inhibitors were trapped by complex formation with either trypsin or chymotrypsin. The enzyme - inhibitor complexes were subjected to kinetic-control dissociation, and the semisynthetic virgin inhibitors were isolated. The inhibitory properties of the semisynthetic inhibitors have been investigated against bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin and against porcine pancreatic kallikrein and plasmin. The homologues with either lysine or arginine in the P1 position are equally good inhibitors of trypsin, plasmin and kallikrein. The Arg-15-homologue is a slightly more effective kallikrein inhibitor than the Lys15-inhibitor. The semisynthetic phenylalanine and tryptophan homologues, however, are weak inhibitors of trypsin and still weaker inhibitors of kallikrein, but are excellent inhibitors of chymotrypsin. Their association constant with chymotrypsin is at least ten times higher than that of native Lys-15-inhibitor. A dramatic specificity change is observed with the phenylalanine and tryptophan homologues, which in contrast to the native inhibitor do not at all inhibit porcine plasmin. Thus, the nature of the P1 residue strongly influences the primary inhibitory specificity of the bovine inhibitor (Kunitz).", "contents": "Replacement of lysine by arginine, phenylalanine and tryptophan in the reactive site of the bovine trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz) and change of the inhibitory properties. The reactive-site sequence of a proteinase inhibitor can be written as . . . -P3-P2-P1-P'1-P'2-P'3- . . . , where-P1-P'1-denotes the reactive site. Three semisynthetic homologues have been synthesized of the bovine trypsin-kallikrein inhibitor (Kunitz) with either arginine, phenylalanine or tryptophan in place of the reactive-site residue P1, lysine-15. These homologues correspond to gene products after mutation of the lysine 15 DNA codon to an arginine, phenylalanine or tryptophan DNA codon. Starting from native (virgin) inhibitor, reactive-site hydrolyzed, still active (modified) inhibitor was prepared by chemical and enzymic reactions. Modified inhibitor was then converted into inactive des-Lys15-inhibitor by reaction with carboxypeptidase B. Inactive des-Lys15-inhibitor was reactivated by enzymic replacement of the P1 residue according to Leary and Laskowski, Jr. The introduction of arginine was catalyzed by an inverse reaction with carboxypeptidase B, while phenylalanine or tryptophan were replaced by carboxypeptidase A. The reactivated semisynthetic inhibitors were trapped by complex formation with either trypsin or chymotrypsin. The enzyme - inhibitor complexes were subjected to kinetic-control dissociation, and the semisynthetic virgin inhibitors were isolated. The inhibitory properties of the semisynthetic inhibitors have been investigated against bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin and against porcine pancreatic kallikrein and plasmin. The homologues with either lysine or arginine in the P1 position are equally good inhibitors of trypsin, plasmin and kallikrein. The Arg-15-homologue is a slightly more effective kallikrein inhibitor than the Lys15-inhibitor. The semisynthetic phenylalanine and tryptophan homologues, however, are weak inhibitors of trypsin and still weaker inhibitors of kallikrein, but are excellent inhibitors of chymotrypsin. Their association constant with chymotrypsin is at least ten times higher than that of native Lys-15-inhibitor. A dramatic specificity change is observed with the phenylalanine and tryptophan homologues, which in contrast to the native inhibitor do not at all inhibit porcine plasmin. Thus, the nature of the P1 residue strongly influences the primary inhibitory specificity of the bovine inhibitor (Kunitz)."}
{"id": "PMID:129328", "title": "The control of the adenosine triphosphatase of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores by divalent cations and the membrane high energy state.", "content": "1. The rate of ATP hydrolysis, catalysed by Rhodospirilum rubrum chromatophores is accelerated by low concentrations and inhibited by high concentrations of uncoupling agent. 2. The inhibition at high concentrations of uncoupling agent is potentiated by the presence of free magnesium ions. At low uncoupler concentrations magnesium has no effect on the rate of ATP hydrolysis. 3. Inhibition of ATP hydrolysis by high concentrations of uncoupling agent and free magnesium ions is reversed by illumination. Illumination has less effect at low magnesium concentrations. 4. Free calcium ions inhibit ATP hydrolysis independently of the coupled state of the membrane. 5. Under coupled conditions, magnesium ions can overcome the inhibition induced by calcium. The two ions complete for the same site on the enzyme. 6. Inhibition by free magnesium in highly uncoupled chromatophores and inhibition by free calcium are both non-competitive with respect to the divalent cation-ATP substrate. 7. These data are consistent with a model in which divalent cations can bind to a site on the enzyme which is distinct from the substrate site. The regulation of the enzyme activity by the high energy state of the membrane is dependent on the occupant of this site.", "contents": "The control of the adenosine triphosphatase of Rhodospirillum rubrum chromatophores by divalent cations and the membrane high energy state. 1. The rate of ATP hydrolysis, catalysed by Rhodospirilum rubrum chromatophores is accelerated by low concentrations and inhibited by high concentrations of uncoupling agent. 2. The inhibition at high concentrations of uncoupling agent is potentiated by the presence of free magnesium ions. At low uncoupler concentrations magnesium has no effect on the rate of ATP hydrolysis. 3. Inhibition of ATP hydrolysis by high concentrations of uncoupling agent and free magnesium ions is reversed by illumination. Illumination has less effect at low magnesium concentrations. 4. Free calcium ions inhibit ATP hydrolysis independently of the coupled state of the membrane. 5. Under coupled conditions, magnesium ions can overcome the inhibition induced by calcium. The two ions complete for the same site on the enzyme. 6. Inhibition by free magnesium in highly uncoupled chromatophores and inhibition by free calcium are both non-competitive with respect to the divalent cation-ATP substrate. 7. These data are consistent with a model in which divalent cations can bind to a site on the enzyme which is distinct from the substrate site. The regulation of the enzyme activity by the high energy state of the membrane is dependent on the occupant of this site."}
{"id": "PMID:129329", "title": "Cardiomegaly in neonatal hypoglycemia.", "content": "Chest X-rays of 24 hypoglycemic newborns were compared with those of a matched control group of newborns with normal blood glucose levels. In the hypoglycemic group heart size was found to be significantly greater than in the control group. No correlation could be established between the degree of cardiomegaly and the severity of hypoglycemia. 19 of the 24 hypoglycemic children were prematures or small for dates and it is postulated that the low glycogen stores in these infants do not meet the metabolic demands of the myocardium during its postpartum circulatory adaptation.", "contents": "Cardiomegaly in neonatal hypoglycemia. Chest X-rays of 24 hypoglycemic newborns were compared with those of a matched control group of newborns with normal blood glucose levels. In the hypoglycemic group heart size was found to be significantly greater than in the control group. No correlation could be established between the degree of cardiomegaly and the severity of hypoglycemia. 19 of the 24 hypoglycemic children were prematures or small for dates and it is postulated that the low glycogen stores in these infants do not meet the metabolic demands of the myocardium during its postpartum circulatory adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:129330", "title": "Tubular Na, K-ATPase deficiency, the cause of the congenital renal salt-losing syndrome.", "content": "In the serum of two infant sisters with a congenital renal salt-losing syndrome, Na was rather low and K considerably increased. Even with Na levels of 126 mval/1, sodium was excreted in the urine. Creatinine and hippurate clearances were normal. Primary disturbances of the steroid metabolism were not detectable; plasma cortisol was normal, aldosterone and renin were compensatorily increased. Treatment with DOCA was unsuccessful. Whereas the first infant died (in another hospital), the second one throve well with high oral substitution of NaCl. There was no pathological findings other than a moderate hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, in a kidney biopsy. Except for minimal activity in the ascending limb of Henle's loop, there was no membrane bound Na, K-ATPase in the microdissected tubules. This finding most probably explains the renal salt loss, as this enzyme is necessary for the transcellular flow of sodium and potassium.", "contents": "Tubular Na, K-ATPase deficiency, the cause of the congenital renal salt-losing syndrome. In the serum of two infant sisters with a congenital renal salt-losing syndrome, Na was rather low and K considerably increased. Even with Na levels of 126 mval/1, sodium was excreted in the urine. Creatinine and hippurate clearances were normal. Primary disturbances of the steroid metabolism were not detectable; plasma cortisol was normal, aldosterone and renin were compensatorily increased. Treatment with DOCA was unsuccessful. Whereas the first infant died (in another hospital), the second one throve well with high oral substitution of NaCl. There was no pathological findings other than a moderate hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, in a kidney biopsy. Except for minimal activity in the ascending limb of Henle's loop, there was no membrane bound Na, K-ATPase in the microdissected tubules. This finding most probably explains the renal salt loss, as this enzyme is necessary for the transcellular flow of sodium and potassium."}
{"id": "PMID:129331", "title": "p-Chloroamphetamine (PCA): acute and chronic effects on habituation and sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats.", "content": "In a series of 6 experiments the effects of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on the acoustic startle response in rats were investigated. 15 min after 5 mg/kg PCA startle amplitude was inhibited, 2-15 hr after PCA startle was facilitated. Rate of habituation however was not altered. Both the inhibitory and excitatory effects of PCA were blocked by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine but not by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. 24 hr, 1 week and 4 weeks after PCA, initial startle amplitude was unchanged but PCA increased rate of sensitization over successive tone blocks. Increased sensitization was most pronounced at 10 mg/kg and absent at 2.5 mg/kg. The early inhibitory effect of PCA but not the later facilitatory effect was eliminated by reducing the level of background noise. The results suggest that inhibition of startle sensitization is associated with enhanced release of serotonin (5-HT) whereas enhancement of startle sensitization is associated with 5-HT depletion.", "contents": "p-Chloroamphetamine (PCA): acute and chronic effects on habituation and sensitization of the acoustic startle response in rats. In a series of 6 experiments the effects of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) on the acoustic startle response in rats were investigated. 15 min after 5 mg/kg PCA startle amplitude was inhibited, 2-15 hr after PCA startle was facilitated. Rate of habituation however was not altered. Both the inhibitory and excitatory effects of PCA were blocked by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine but not by alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. 24 hr, 1 week and 4 weeks after PCA, initial startle amplitude was unchanged but PCA increased rate of sensitization over successive tone blocks. Increased sensitization was most pronounced at 10 mg/kg and absent at 2.5 mg/kg. The early inhibitory effect of PCA but not the later facilitatory effect was eliminated by reducing the level of background noise. The results suggest that inhibition of startle sensitization is associated with enhanced release of serotonin (5-HT) whereas enhancement of startle sensitization is associated with 5-HT depletion."}
{"id": "PMID:129334", "title": "Synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans by the three cell types of the rabbit cornea in culture.", "content": "Rabbit corneal cells were cultivated for 21 days and then exposed to Na235SO4, a precursor of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG). All 3 cell types of the cornea, the fibroblasts, the epithelial as well as the endothelial cells, synthesize GAG. The fractionation-patterns of the epithelial and endotherlial GAG are almost identical and differ clearly from the one of fibroblastic GAG.", "contents": "Synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans by the three cell types of the rabbit cornea in culture. Rabbit corneal cells were cultivated for 21 days and then exposed to Na235SO4, a precursor of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAG). All 3 cell types of the cornea, the fibroblasts, the epithelial as well as the endothelial cells, synthesize GAG. The fractionation-patterns of the epithelial and endotherlial GAG are almost identical and differ clearly from the one of fibroblastic GAG."}
{"id": "PMID:129335", "title": "The (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in brain of Quaking mice.", "content": "The (Na+ 4 K+)- and Mg2+-dependent ATPase distribution in several brain areas has been investigated in Quaking mutant mice characterized by myelin deficiency. A marked decrease of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity has been found in limbic structures, hypothalamus and cerebellum. The Mg2+-dependent activity did not change. A possible involvement of the impairment of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in the seizure susceptibility of this mice is discussed.", "contents": "The (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in brain of Quaking mice. The (Na+ 4 K+)- and Mg2+-dependent ATPase distribution in several brain areas has been investigated in Quaking mutant mice characterized by myelin deficiency. A marked decrease of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity has been found in limbic structures, hypothalamus and cerebellum. The Mg2+-dependent activity did not change. A possible involvement of the impairment of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in the seizure susceptibility of this mice is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129336", "title": "Effect of (+)-catechin on renal and intestinal transport.", "content": "The ability of dog renal cortex slices to accumulate beta-methyl-glucoside or glycine is enhanced by the flavonoid (+)-catechin at a concentration of 3.5 mM. This stimulatory effect is apparently due to a decreased rate of efflux of either substrate. On the other hand, the uptake of p-amino-hippuric acid and N1-methyl-nicotinamide is inhibited by (+)-catechin. The drug at the same concentration is without action on amino-acid transport by guinea-pig intestine in vitro.", "contents": "Effect of (+)-catechin on renal and intestinal transport. The ability of dog renal cortex slices to accumulate beta-methyl-glucoside or glycine is enhanced by the flavonoid (+)-catechin at a concentration of 3.5 mM. This stimulatory effect is apparently due to a decreased rate of efflux of either substrate. On the other hand, the uptake of p-amino-hippuric acid and N1-methyl-nicotinamide is inhibited by (+)-catechin. The drug at the same concentration is without action on amino-acid transport by guinea-pig intestine in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:129341", "title": "Matrix vesicles of bovine fetal cartilage: metabolic potential and solubilization with detergents.", "content": "The ATPase of matrix vesicles is not stimulated by calcium ions, nor do the vesicles have any capacity to metabolize glucose. ADPase of high activity is also present; thus vesicles cannot be a component of the conventional ATP cycle, in which energy is stored by phosphorylating ADP and released by hydrolyzing the resultant ATP. These results do not support speculations that matrix vesicles might function by concentrating calcium via an energy-dependent ion transport system such as those found in the plasma membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Matrix vesicles' alkaline phosphatase can be solubilized by treatment with certain detergents: sodium dodecyl sulfate (12 mM and 16 mM), cetylpyridinium chloride (14mM), and deoxycholic acid (DOC, 14 MM). The first two detergents denature the enzyme during storage whereas DOC does not. DOC will also solubilize ATPase and inorganic pyrophosphatase. Yields of the three enzymes are 85-95%. Dialysis of a DOC digest of vesicles removes DOC and 43% of protein, and also causes much of the alkaline phosphatase to become particulate once again.", "contents": "Matrix vesicles of bovine fetal cartilage: metabolic potential and solubilization with detergents. The ATPase of matrix vesicles is not stimulated by calcium ions, nor do the vesicles have any capacity to metabolize glucose. ADPase of high activity is also present; thus vesicles cannot be a component of the conventional ATP cycle, in which energy is stored by phosphorylating ADP and released by hydrolyzing the resultant ATP. These results do not support speculations that matrix vesicles might function by concentrating calcium via an energy-dependent ion transport system such as those found in the plasma membrane and the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Matrix vesicles' alkaline phosphatase can be solubilized by treatment with certain detergents: sodium dodecyl sulfate (12 mM and 16 mM), cetylpyridinium chloride (14mM), and deoxycholic acid (DOC, 14 MM). The first two detergents denature the enzyme during storage whereas DOC does not. DOC will also solubilize ATPase and inorganic pyrophosphatase. Yields of the three enzymes are 85-95%. Dialysis of a DOC digest of vesicles removes DOC and 43% of protein, and also causes much of the alkaline phosphatase to become particulate once again."}
{"id": "PMID:129346", "title": "Complementation analysis of linked circadian clock mutants of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "A fourth mutant of Neurospora crassa, designated frq-4, has been isolated in which the period length of the circadian conidiation rhythm is shortened to 19. +/- 0.3 hours. This mutant is tightly linked to the three previously isolated frq mutants, and all four map to the right arm of linkage group VII about 10 map units from the centromere. Complementation tests suggest, but do not prove, that all four mutations are allelic, since each of the four mutants is co-dominant with the frq+ allel--i.e., heterokaryons have period lengths intermediate between the mutant and wild-type--and since heterokaryons between pairs of mutants also have period lengths intermediate between those of the two mutants.", "contents": "Complementation analysis of linked circadian clock mutants of Neurospora crassa. A fourth mutant of Neurospora crassa, designated frq-4, has been isolated in which the period length of the circadian conidiation rhythm is shortened to 19. +/- 0.3 hours. This mutant is tightly linked to the three previously isolated frq mutants, and all four map to the right arm of linkage group VII about 10 map units from the centromere. Complementation tests suggest, but do not prove, that all four mutations are allelic, since each of the four mutants is co-dominant with the frq+ allel--i.e., heterokaryons have period lengths intermediate between the mutant and wild-type--and since heterokaryons between pairs of mutants also have period lengths intermediate between those of the two mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:129363", "title": "[Construction of a finger substitute with sensation following the loss of all fingers].", "content": "On a patient with traumatic loss of all of the fingers a light but satisfactory grip was obtained by the construction of an opposition post with sensation. This was achieved by a tubed abdominal pedicle flap containing iliac bone graft. A neurovascular cross-finger flap was transfered from the uninjured hand in such a way that an anastomosis to a branch of the nerve of the injured hand was possible, allowing for the development a satisfactory sensation.", "contents": "[Construction of a finger substitute with sensation following the loss of all fingers]. On a patient with traumatic loss of all of the fingers a light but satisfactory grip was obtained by the construction of an opposition post with sensation. This was achieved by a tubed abdominal pedicle flap containing iliac bone graft. A neurovascular cross-finger flap was transfered from the uninjured hand in such a way that an anastomosis to a branch of the nerve of the injured hand was possible, allowing for the development a satisfactory sensation."}
{"id": "PMID:129366", "title": "[The clinical value of sequential renal scans with 131 iodo-hipuran and renal perfusion with 99mtc compounds using computer analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Two methods of sequential scintigraphy are considered critically: a) Quantitative computer evaluation of nephrograms obtained by a gamma camera using 131Iodo-Hipuran. b) Quantitative flow studies of the kidneys after bolus injections of 99mTc preparations. Statistical evaluation of data from 171 patients examined by both methods has shown that the isotope nephrogram is not sufficiently sensitive for diagnostic purposes. Isotope nephrography combined with estimations of effective renal plasma flow on each side separately is of value to the urological surgeon by providing important information regarding severe degrees of renal functional impairment. Perfusion measurements, using a gamma camera and 99mTc preparations, are a promising survey method for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis. (Much of this work is contained in a dissertation by C. Knick).", "contents": "[The clinical value of sequential renal scans with 131 iodo-hipuran and renal perfusion with 99mtc compounds using computer analysis (author's transl)]. Two methods of sequential scintigraphy are considered critically: a) Quantitative computer evaluation of nephrograms obtained by a gamma camera using 131Iodo-Hipuran. b) Quantitative flow studies of the kidneys after bolus injections of 99mTc preparations. Statistical evaluation of data from 171 patients examined by both methods has shown that the isotope nephrogram is not sufficiently sensitive for diagnostic purposes. Isotope nephrography combined with estimations of effective renal plasma flow on each side separately is of value to the urological surgeon by providing important information regarding severe degrees of renal functional impairment. Perfusion measurements, using a gamma camera and 99mTc preparations, are a promising survey method for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis. (Much of this work is contained in a dissertation by C. Knick)."}
{"id": "PMID:129367", "title": "[Isotope nephrographic investigations after experimental unilateral fractionated irradiation of a kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "The left kidneys of rabbits were fractionally irradiated to a total dose of 6.000 R. Renal function was regularly monitored by isotope nephrography. Semiquantitative measurements (Zum Winkel) and comparison to the two sides (Bargon and Emrich) show changes in renal function in the functional and excretory phases; these, however, were less marked than after single dose irradiation. The results are discussed with reference to the relevant literature.", "contents": "[Isotope nephrographic investigations after experimental unilateral fractionated irradiation of a kidney (author's transl)]. The left kidneys of rabbits were fractionally irradiated to a total dose of 6.000 R. Renal function was regularly monitored by isotope nephrography. Semiquantitative measurements (Zum Winkel) and comparison to the two sides (Bargon and Emrich) show changes in renal function in the functional and excretory phases; these, however, were less marked than after single dose irradiation. The results are discussed with reference to the relevant literature."}
{"id": "PMID:129368", "title": "[Familial occurrence of hydronephrosis and of the mega-ureter -- megacystis syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the familial occurrence of hydronephrosis, the father and two daughters being affected. In another family, mother and son suffered from the mega-ureter-megacystis syndrome. Cases described in the literature are reviewed. It is stressed that relatives of patients with congenital anomalies of the urinary tract should be carefull screened for possible renal abnormalities.", "contents": "[Familial occurrence of hydronephrosis and of the mega-ureter -- megacystis syndrome (author's transl)]. The authors describe the familial occurrence of hydronephrosis, the father and two daughters being affected. In another family, mother and son suffered from the mega-ureter-megacystis syndrome. Cases described in the literature are reviewed. It is stressed that relatives of patients with congenital anomalies of the urinary tract should be carefull screened for possible renal abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:129369", "title": "[Liver scanning in diffuse liver disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of liver scans performed with 99mTc-sulphur colloid in 169 patients suffering from diffuse liver diseases and in 48 normal controls were evaluated. The patients with reactive hepatitis, acute hepatitis, chronic persistent hepatitis, fatty liver and fibrosis of the liver show only minimal deviations from the scintigraphic pattern. On the contrary, highly increased colloid uptake in the spleen is found in cases of chronic aggressive hepatitis, whilst the intrahepatic distribution of the colloid is approximately normal. In cases of liver cirrhosis, increased colloid uptake is found in the left lobe of the liver as well as in the spleen and in the bone marrow. Either normal findings or cirrhosis-like changes of the colloid distribution are observed in patients with alcoholic hepatitis.", "contents": "[Liver scanning in diffuse liver disease (author's transl)]. The results of liver scans performed with 99mTc-sulphur colloid in 169 patients suffering from diffuse liver diseases and in 48 normal controls were evaluated. The patients with reactive hepatitis, acute hepatitis, chronic persistent hepatitis, fatty liver and fibrosis of the liver show only minimal deviations from the scintigraphic pattern. On the contrary, highly increased colloid uptake in the spleen is found in cases of chronic aggressive hepatitis, whilst the intrahepatic distribution of the colloid is approximately normal. In cases of liver cirrhosis, increased colloid uptake is found in the left lobe of the liver as well as in the spleen and in the bone marrow. Either normal findings or cirrhosis-like changes of the colloid distribution are observed in patients with alcoholic hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:129370", "title": "[Radiographic techniques for hip prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "A number of special projections are described which will show most of the abnormalities which may be associated with hip prostheses. Most of these projections can be carried out without any difficulties.", "contents": "[Radiographic techniques for hip prostheses (author's transl)]. A number of special projections are described which will show most of the abnormalities which may be associated with hip prostheses. Most of these projections can be carried out without any difficulties."}
{"id": "PMID:129371", "title": "[The betA-angle. a diagnostic sign for the early diagnosis of congenital hip dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "A new radiographic sign for the diagnosis of congenital hip dysplasia is described. The beta-angle lies between the proximal end of the femur, the medial trochanter and the edge of the acetabulum. Measurements were carried out on 1174 hips and the size of this angle was established. The theoretical transition point between normal and dysplastics is 52 degrees. In reality the transition is smooth, and angles of 50 to 56 degrees are to be regarded as physiological transition values. A vertical position of the acetabulum or lateral position of the end of the femur necessarily results in an increase of beta angle. Values above 56 degrees indicate a definitely abnormal state in a child's hip joint.", "contents": "[The betA-angle. a diagnostic sign for the early diagnosis of congenital hip dysplasia (author's transl)]. A new radiographic sign for the diagnosis of congenital hip dysplasia is described. The beta-angle lies between the proximal end of the femur, the medial trochanter and the edge of the acetabulum. Measurements were carried out on 1174 hips and the size of this angle was established. The theoretical transition point between normal and dysplastics is 52 degrees. In reality the transition is smooth, and angles of 50 to 56 degrees are to be regarded as physiological transition values. A vertical position of the acetabulum or lateral position of the end of the femur necessarily results in an increase of beta angle. Values above 56 degrees indicate a definitely abnormal state in a child's hip joint."}
{"id": "PMID:129372", "title": "[Contra-lateral selective hip angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method for the selective demonstration of the larger and smaller vessels which supply the hip is described. A curved catheter is introduced into the opposite femoral artery, it is advanced into the common iliac artery and a guide wire is then introduced into the femoral artery on the side to be examined. The catheter is withdrawn and a second, soft, catheter is introduced over the remaining guide into the femoral artery. The appropriate vessels can then be selectively catheterized by means of the catheter and guide wire. Good selective demonstration was achieved in 14 patients with various types of hip disease.", "contents": "[Contra-lateral selective hip angiography (author's transl)]. A new method for the selective demonstration of the larger and smaller vessels which supply the hip is described. A curved catheter is introduced into the opposite femoral artery, it is advanced into the common iliac artery and a guide wire is then introduced into the femoral artery on the side to be examined. The catheter is withdrawn and a second, soft, catheter is introduced over the remaining guide into the femoral artery. The appropriate vessels can then be selectively catheterized by means of the catheter and guide wire. Good selective demonstration was achieved in 14 patients with various types of hip disease."}
{"id": "PMID:129373", "title": "[Comparative investigations of osteotropic isotopes. i animal experiments on the uptake of 18f, 85sr and 99mtc-ehdp (author's transl)].", "content": "In normal rabbit bones, as well as in callus, there is significantly more uptake of 18F than of 85Sr or 99mTc-EHDP. Extraosseous abscesses show significantly higher uptake of 99mTc than of 18F or 85Sr. In the presence of hyeraemia, there is no significant difference in the uptake of the various osteotropic radio-nucleides.", "contents": "[Comparative investigations of osteotropic isotopes. i animal experiments on the uptake of 18f, 85sr and 99mtc-ehdp (author's transl)]. In normal rabbit bones, as well as in callus, there is significantly more uptake of 18F than of 85Sr or 99mTc-EHDP. Extraosseous abscesses show significantly higher uptake of 99mTc than of 18F or 85Sr. In the presence of hyeraemia, there is no significant difference in the uptake of the various osteotropic radio-nucleides."}
{"id": "PMID:129374", "title": "[The roentgen diagnosis of chronic inflammatory disease of the middle ear with tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Tomography of the middle ear is a reliable method for the diagnosis of a cholesteatoma. Radiological diagnosis is possible in nearly all cases showing changes in the bony margins of the tympanic cavity and of the retro-tympanic spaces. Bone changes of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity, unless they extend into the labyrinth, can only be shown by tomography. In contrast to cholesteatomas, osteolytic changes are rare and only superficial as a result of ordinary, chronic otitis media. They can be demonstrated by tomography, particularly in the region of the lateral wall of the attic. Diffuse enlargement of the epitympanic recess is rare in chronic otitis media. Destruction of the ossicles may be found with cholesteatomas and, more rarely, with chronic otitis media; evidence of destruction of the ossicles is therefore not adequate for a radiological diagnosis of a cholesteatoma. In addition, the demonstration of bone changes is necessary for this diagnosis. In general, the tomographic investigation of the ossicles is subject to certain limitations. In most cases, destruction of ossicles can be inferred only if their size is reduced, their shape is altered, or if they appear to be absent. Unsharpness of normal-sized or only slightly reduced ossicles is an unreliable sign and has causes other than superficial destruction. An impression of unsharp and \"washed out\" contours may be due to inflammtory osteoporosis of the ossicles, or to a reduced absorption differential between porotic bone and abnormal contents of the tympanic cavity. This process may even produce the appearance of absence of the ossicles. In the presence of cholesteatomas, the unsharpness is more probably due to superficial destruction than is the case with chronic otitis without a complicating cholesteatoma.", "contents": "[The roentgen diagnosis of chronic inflammatory disease of the middle ear with tomography (author's transl)]. Tomography of the middle ear is a reliable method for the diagnosis of a cholesteatoma. Radiological diagnosis is possible in nearly all cases showing changes in the bony margins of the tympanic cavity and of the retro-tympanic spaces. Bone changes of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity, unless they extend into the labyrinth, can only be shown by tomography. In contrast to cholesteatomas, osteolytic changes are rare and only superficial as a result of ordinary, chronic otitis media. They can be demonstrated by tomography, particularly in the region of the lateral wall of the attic. Diffuse enlargement of the epitympanic recess is rare in chronic otitis media. Destruction of the ossicles may be found with cholesteatomas and, more rarely, with chronic otitis media; evidence of destruction of the ossicles is therefore not adequate for a radiological diagnosis of a cholesteatoma. In addition, the demonstration of bone changes is necessary for this diagnosis. In general, the tomographic investigation of the ossicles is subject to certain limitations. In most cases, destruction of ossicles can be inferred only if their size is reduced, their shape is altered, or if they appear to be absent. Unsharpness of normal-sized or only slightly reduced ossicles is an unreliable sign and has causes other than superficial destruction. An impression of unsharp and \"washed out\" contours may be due to inflammtory osteoporosis of the ossicles, or to a reduced absorption differential between porotic bone and abnormal contents of the tympanic cavity. This process may even produce the appearance of absence of the ossicles. In the presence of cholesteatomas, the unsharpness is more probably due to superficial destruction than is the case with chronic otitis without a complicating cholesteatoma."}
{"id": "PMID:129375", "title": "[The use of roentgenstereophotogrammetry in dentistry for the localisation of ectopic teeth (author's transl)].", "content": "Ectopic teeth in the maxilla in eight patients were localised by roentgenstereo-photogrammetry and the findings confirmed at operation. This new method is likely to be useful in dental surgery.", "contents": "[The use of roentgenstereophotogrammetry in dentistry for the localisation of ectopic teeth (author's transl)]. Ectopic teeth in the maxilla in eight patients were localised by roentgenstereo-photogrammetry and the findings confirmed at operation. This new method is likely to be useful in dental surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:129376", "title": "[Primary oxalosis. report of a case with radiologic-pathologic-anatomical correlation and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological changes in a patient with endogenous oxalosis are correlated with their pathological and anatomical counterparts. These involve particulary the kidneys (nephrolithiasis, calcium oxalate nephrosis with scarring), the skeleton (combination of renal osteodystrophy, secondary hyperparathyroidism and oxalate deposition), and soft tissues (generalised oxalate deposition). The pathological aspects described in the literature are mentioned and possible forms of treatment are stressed.", "contents": "[Primary oxalosis. report of a case with radiologic-pathologic-anatomical correlation and review of the literature (author's transl)]. The radiological changes in a patient with endogenous oxalosis are correlated with their pathological and anatomical counterparts. These involve particulary the kidneys (nephrolithiasis, calcium oxalate nephrosis with scarring), the skeleton (combination of renal osteodystrophy, secondary hyperparathyroidism and oxalate deposition), and soft tissues (generalised oxalate deposition). The pathological aspects described in the literature are mentioned and possible forms of treatment are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:129377", "title": "[Lymphography in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty-one lymphograms were performed in children; the indications, technique and results are discussed. Indications are the search for retroperitoneal involvement in lymphogranulomatosis, lympho-sarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma; in the search for metastases from malignant tumours, particularly abdominal neuroblastoma, soft tissue sarcomas of the abdomen and lower extremities, testicular tumours and malignant melanomas and finally, for primary lymph-oedema and lymphangiomas. Technique is the same as for adults, but requires particular manual dexterity. Children under six years require general anaesthesia. Amongst 28 children with malignant lymphomas, pathological changes in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes were found in seven. In six, this resulted in a change of the staging. Five out of 16 lymphograms in children with malignant tumours showed evidence of lymph node metastases. All six lymphangiograms in children with lymphoedema and lymphangiomas were abnormal.", "contents": "[Lymphography in childhood (author's transl)]. Fifty-one lymphograms were performed in children; the indications, technique and results are discussed. Indications are the search for retroperitoneal involvement in lymphogranulomatosis, lympho-sarcoma and reticulum cell sarcoma; in the search for metastases from malignant tumours, particularly abdominal neuroblastoma, soft tissue sarcomas of the abdomen and lower extremities, testicular tumours and malignant melanomas and finally, for primary lymph-oedema and lymphangiomas. Technique is the same as for adults, but requires particular manual dexterity. Children under six years require general anaesthesia. Amongst 28 children with malignant lymphomas, pathological changes in the retroperitoneal lymph nodes were found in seven. In six, this resulted in a change of the staging. Five out of 16 lymphograms in children with malignant tumours showed evidence of lymph node metastases. All six lymphangiograms in children with lymphoedema and lymphangiomas were abnormal."}
{"id": "PMID:129378", "title": "[Critical comment on enlargement techniques in diagnostic radiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Detail sharpness in radiographic magnification depends upon the properties of the focal spot, the screen and upon object motion. With direct magnification the finite size of the focal spot causes an increased penumbra. Uneven distribution of focal spot radiation leads to formation of false images. Radiographic magnification is rational when using a minute focal spot in combination with a poorly resolving (high speed) screen while the object remains stationary. Using high detail screens or non screen films there is no improved but possibly inferior resolution to non-magnified images, even though 0.1 mm x 0.1 mm foci are employed. Radiographic magnification performed with focal spots larger than 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm is not reasonable. Magnification procedures cause a considerable radiation exposure to the patient.", "contents": "[Critical comment on enlargement techniques in diagnostic radiology (author's transl)]. Detail sharpness in radiographic magnification depends upon the properties of the focal spot, the screen and upon object motion. With direct magnification the finite size of the focal spot causes an increased penumbra. Uneven distribution of focal spot radiation leads to formation of false images. Radiographic magnification is rational when using a minute focal spot in combination with a poorly resolving (high speed) screen while the object remains stationary. Using high detail screens or non screen films there is no improved but possibly inferior resolution to non-magnified images, even though 0.1 mm x 0.1 mm foci are employed. Radiographic magnification performed with focal spots larger than 0.3 mm x 0.3 mm is not reasonable. Magnification procedures cause a considerable radiation exposure to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:129384", "title": "[Computerised axial tomography of the head (E.M.I. scan). Clinical experience with a new diagnostic method for examining the brain (author's transl)].", "content": "Computerised tomography of the head is a unique radiological method with an exceptional ability in demonstrating intracranial lesions. Increasing experience will ensure this method very wide scope in the diagnosis of neurological and neurosurgical diseases; it will make conventional methods, such as angiography, pneumo-encephalography and brain scanning largely superfluous. The frequency of incorrect diagnoses is acceptable and will be further reduced with increasing experience of the method.", "contents": "[Computerised axial tomography of the head (E.M.I. scan). Clinical experience with a new diagnostic method for examining the brain (author's transl)]. Computerised tomography of the head is a unique radiological method with an exceptional ability in demonstrating intracranial lesions. Increasing experience will ensure this method very wide scope in the diagnosis of neurological and neurosurgical diseases; it will make conventional methods, such as angiography, pneumo-encephalography and brain scanning largely superfluous. The frequency of incorrect diagnoses is acceptable and will be further reduced with increasing experience of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:129385", "title": "[An apparatus for serial angiotomography (author's transl)].", "content": "A new casette for serial angiotomography is described; with it, one contrast injection can be used to show the arterial, capillary and venous phases in series. The examination is possible with any desired direction of the rays, without changing position of the head. The cranio-cervical region, the neck and the vessels in the upper thorax can also be tomographed.", "contents": "[An apparatus for serial angiotomography (author's transl)]. A new casette for serial angiotomography is described; with it, one contrast injection can be used to show the arterial, capillary and venous phases in series. The examination is possible with any desired direction of the rays, without changing position of the head. The cranio-cervical region, the neck and the vessels in the upper thorax can also be tomographed."}
{"id": "PMID:129386", "title": "[The scope and limitations in the demonstration of vessels by angiotomography; their relationship with contrast and size and between detail and direction of cut (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments with models and post mortem angiograms have shown that the supposed advantages of angiotomography, such as determination of the depth of vessels, cannot be achieved with accuracy if there is repeated change in direction of the vessels. Blurring of superimposed vessels depends not only on their contrast and calibre, but also on their alignment in relationship to the direction of blurring. Vessels running in the direction of blurring produce undesirable shadows through a considerable depth, whereas vessels running across the direction of blurring are rapidly blurred if not in the selected plane. The demonstration of vessels running at right angles to the direction of blurring may at times be very difficult with simultaneous tomography. The clinical significance of this finding is pointed out.", "contents": "[The scope and limitations in the demonstration of vessels by angiotomography; their relationship with contrast and size and between detail and direction of cut (author's transl)]. Experiments with models and post mortem angiograms have shown that the supposed advantages of angiotomography, such as determination of the depth of vessels, cannot be achieved with accuracy if there is repeated change in direction of the vessels. Blurring of superimposed vessels depends not only on their contrast and calibre, but also on their alignment in relationship to the direction of blurring. Vessels running in the direction of blurring produce undesirable shadows through a considerable depth, whereas vessels running across the direction of blurring are rapidly blurred if not in the selected plane. The demonstration of vessels running at right angles to the direction of blurring may at times be very difficult with simultaneous tomography. The clinical significance of this finding is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:129387", "title": "[The scintigraphic diagnosis of meningiomas (author's transl)].", "content": "There is a scintigraphic trio which indicates, with a high degree of probability, the presence of a meningioma. It consists of intensive uptake of radio-pertechnitate immediately after injection, a level, or only slowly declining, time-activity curve over the tumour and corresponding intensive fluorine uptake of the skull, even in the absence of radiological or histological evidence of bone involvement.", "contents": "[The scintigraphic diagnosis of meningiomas (author's transl)]. There is a scintigraphic trio which indicates, with a high degree of probability, the presence of a meningioma. It consists of intensive uptake of radio-pertechnitate immediately after injection, a level, or only slowly declining, time-activity curve over the tumour and corresponding intensive fluorine uptake of the skull, even in the absence of radiological or histological evidence of bone involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:129388", "title": "[A comparison of osteotropic radiopharmaceuticals. II. Plasma clearance of 18F and 99mTc-EHDP (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal and extra-renal clearance of 18F and 99mTc-EHDP were compared in the same individuals. The 18F space is twice that of 99mTc-EHDP, as is its renal clearance. 99mTc undergoes glomerular filtration, 18F is excreted by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Extraction rate was determined indirectly by a comparison with extra-renal clearance, and for patients without bone disease it was four times as high for 18F as it was for 99mTc-EHDP. In patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism extra-renal clearance is greatly increased. This is explained by an increased extraction rate, which may be different for the two substances.", "contents": "[A comparison of osteotropic radiopharmaceuticals. II. Plasma clearance of 18F and 99mTc-EHDP (author's transl)]. Renal and extra-renal clearance of 18F and 99mTc-EHDP were compared in the same individuals. The 18F space is twice that of 99mTc-EHDP, as is its renal clearance. 99mTc undergoes glomerular filtration, 18F is excreted by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Extraction rate was determined indirectly by a comparison with extra-renal clearance, and for patients without bone disease it was four times as high for 18F as it was for 99mTc-EHDP. In patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism extra-renal clearance is greatly increased. This is explained by an increased extraction rate, which may be different for the two substances."}
{"id": "PMID:129389", "title": "[99mTc-iron complex for demonstrating reflux without the use of a catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "99mTc-iron complex was used in 35 patients (20 adults and 15 children) in an investigation into ureteric reflux without using a catheter. The results were compared with the findings on micturating cysto-urethrography. Agreement in the findings was observed in 56 of the 69 kidneys examined. In only four kidneys, showing reflux radiologically, was this not observed on the isotope examination; in view of the low radiation dose, the catheter-free isotope method can be recommended as the most suitable investigation. The need for serial investigations or contrast allergies are important indications for using this method. The relatively high frequency with which reflux shown by the isotope method could not be confirmed radiologically (nine kidneys) indicates that the isotope is more sensitive than the radiological investigation.", "contents": "[99mTc-iron complex for demonstrating reflux without the use of a catheter (author's transl)]. 99mTc-iron complex was used in 35 patients (20 adults and 15 children) in an investigation into ureteric reflux without using a catheter. The results were compared with the findings on micturating cysto-urethrography. Agreement in the findings was observed in 56 of the 69 kidneys examined. In only four kidneys, showing reflux radiologically, was this not observed on the isotope examination; in view of the low radiation dose, the catheter-free isotope method can be recommended as the most suitable investigation. The need for serial investigations or contrast allergies are important indications for using this method. The relatively high frequency with which reflux shown by the isotope method could not be confirmed radiologically (nine kidneys) indicates that the isotope is more sensitive than the radiological investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:129390", "title": "[Radiation dose to the patient after administration of radioactive labelled colloids (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiation dose to the patient after injection of radioactive colloids is calculated for three substances: colloidal radiogold, 99mTc sulfur colloid and 113mIn colloid. For the calculation normal and pathological conditions were assumed.", "contents": "[Radiation dose to the patient after administration of radioactive labelled colloids (author's transl)]. The radiation dose to the patient after injection of radioactive colloids is calculated for three substances: colloidal radiogold, 99mTc sulfur colloid and 113mIn colloid. For the calculation normal and pathological conditions were assumed."}
{"id": "PMID:129391", "title": "[Renal blood flow after selective injection of different dosages of diatrizoate into the renal artery. An experimental study in the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "The characteristic biphasic renal haemodynamic response to diatrizoate injected into the renal artery was shown in the dog with the 133-Xenon washout technique. A brief increase in renal blood flow (RBF) during the first ten seconds is followed by a more prolonged period of diminuished RBF. A dose of 4 ml. diatrizoate 60% resulted in the maximum RBF increase of 43% after ten seconds, but even 1 ml. diatrizoate raised the RBF 24%. The initial vasodilator effect of diatrizoate compares well in its extent with the most potent renal vasodilators.", "contents": "[Renal blood flow after selective injection of different dosages of diatrizoate into the renal artery. An experimental study in the dog (author's transl)]. The characteristic biphasic renal haemodynamic response to diatrizoate injected into the renal artery was shown in the dog with the 133-Xenon washout technique. A brief increase in renal blood flow (RBF) during the first ten seconds is followed by a more prolonged period of diminuished RBF. A dose of 4 ml. diatrizoate 60% resulted in the maximum RBF increase of 43% after ten seconds, but even 1 ml. diatrizoate raised the RBF 24%. The initial vasodilator effect of diatrizoate compares well in its extent with the most potent renal vasodilators."}
{"id": "PMID:129392", "title": "[Selective renal angiography with fractionated contrast medium injection. An experimental study in the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "Fractionated contrast medium was compared with the conventional technique in 96 selective renal angiograms in the dog. The only possible clinical significance might be that improved visualisation of the renal vein was obtained with this technique without increasing the total administered dose. The overall best result in this regard was obtained with 2 and 6 ml. diatrizoate 60% injected with an interval of five seconds. Compared with other vasodilators, contrast material reflux into the aorta was not reduced and the vasodilator effect on the main renal, segmental and interlobar arteries was not constant and less marked.", "contents": "[Selective renal angiography with fractionated contrast medium injection. An experimental study in the dog (author's transl)]. Fractionated contrast medium was compared with the conventional technique in 96 selective renal angiograms in the dog. The only possible clinical significance might be that improved visualisation of the renal vein was obtained with this technique without increasing the total administered dose. The overall best result in this regard was obtained with 2 and 6 ml. diatrizoate 60% injected with an interval of five seconds. Compared with other vasodilators, contrast material reflux into the aorta was not reduced and the vasodilator effect on the main renal, segmental and interlobar arteries was not constant and less marked."}
{"id": "PMID:129393", "title": "[Mesenteric vascularisation of malignant renal tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Three angiographic observations showing partial mesenteric vascularisation of renal tumours were made. Problems in diagnosis and therapy arising from this are discussed.", "contents": "[Mesenteric vascularisation of malignant renal tumours (author's transl)]. Three angiographic observations showing partial mesenteric vascularisation of renal tumours were made. Problems in diagnosis and therapy arising from this are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129394", "title": "[Retrograde renal phlebography with balloon occlusion of the renal artery. Technique and scope of a new method (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method of retrograde phlebography of the kidney is described; it is carried out by using a balloon catheter in the renal artery for occluding the circulation. The procedure has been carried out in 13 patients without complication. Early experience has provided very good results in the diagnosis of malignant renal tumours; invasion into the venous system can be demonstrated radiologically. In particular, in cases of carcinoma of the renal pelvis, this method represents a significant improvement of the hitherto unsatisfactory angiographic techniques.", "contents": "[Retrograde renal phlebography with balloon occlusion of the renal artery. Technique and scope of a new method (author's transl)]. A new method of retrograde phlebography of the kidney is described; it is carried out by using a balloon catheter in the renal artery for occluding the circulation. The procedure has been carried out in 13 patients without complication. Early experience has provided very good results in the diagnosis of malignant renal tumours; invasion into the venous system can be demonstrated radiologically. In particular, in cases of carcinoma of the renal pelvis, this method represents a significant improvement of the hitherto unsatisfactory angiographic techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:129395", "title": "[Para-ureteric cyst. A rare complication of abdominal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A para-ureteric pseudo-cyst of the middle third of the ureter was observed following a sympathectomy. Originally it was diagnosed as a renal tumour. The findings are described and the pathogenesis, symptomatology and diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Para-ureteric cyst. A rare complication of abdominal surgery (author's transl)]. A para-ureteric pseudo-cyst of the middle third of the ureter was observed following a sympathectomy. Originally it was diagnosed as a renal tumour. The findings are described and the pathogenesis, symptomatology and diagnosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129396", "title": "[Results of post mortem thyroid gland phlebography (author's transl)].", "content": "The anatomic course and variation of the thyroid veins used for retrograde thyroid phlebography were studied in 70 post mortem thyroid phlebograms. Comparison with pathological and anatomical findings showed good agreement in benign diseases of the thyroid with lesions of more than 1 cm. Infiltrating malignant changes could not be delineated with certainty and a post mortem proven parathyroid adenoma was also missed. The practical clinical significance of thyroid phlebography is therefore confined to the localisation of parathyroid tumours in primary hyperparathyroidism by selective parathoromone measurements.", "contents": "[Results of post mortem thyroid gland phlebography (author's transl)]. The anatomic course and variation of the thyroid veins used for retrograde thyroid phlebography were studied in 70 post mortem thyroid phlebograms. Comparison with pathological and anatomical findings showed good agreement in benign diseases of the thyroid with lesions of more than 1 cm. Infiltrating malignant changes could not be delineated with certainty and a post mortem proven parathyroid adenoma was also missed. The practical clinical significance of thyroid phlebography is therefore confined to the localisation of parathyroid tumours in primary hyperparathyroidism by selective parathoromone measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:129397", "title": "[New bases and theories for improving angio-cine-densitometry. III Resolution of quotient cine-densitometry (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present paper, the degree of resolution which can be achieved with quotient cine-densitometry is described. The accuracy of the procedure is illustrated. The superiority of this method over video-densitometry is pointed out.", "contents": "[New bases and theories for improving angio-cine-densitometry. III Resolution of quotient cine-densitometry (author's transl)]. In the present paper, the degree of resolution which can be achieved with quotient cine-densitometry is described. The accuracy of the procedure is illustrated. The superiority of this method over video-densitometry is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:129398", "title": "[Reduction in radiation scatter during radiographic magnification techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "The reduction in scatter during magnification techniques is compared with the effect of grids. The results of extensive measurements concerning scatter and distance in a water phantom are shown in 24 diagrams. The various factors were altered as follows: distance 0-1.5 m., phantom thickness 0-27.5 cm., area 5 cm. x 5 cm. - 30 cm. x 30 cm. and kilovoltage 50-150 kv. The amount of scatter immediately behind the phantom is compared with that through a grid by observing image quality for given amounts of scatter. This \"grid-equivalent\" image quality can be used to determine the circumstances under which a magnification technique can be employed without using a grid.", "contents": "[Reduction in radiation scatter during radiographic magnification techniques (author's transl)]. The reduction in scatter during magnification techniques is compared with the effect of grids. The results of extensive measurements concerning scatter and distance in a water phantom are shown in 24 diagrams. The various factors were altered as follows: distance 0-1.5 m., phantom thickness 0-27.5 cm., area 5 cm. x 5 cm. - 30 cm. x 30 cm. and kilovoltage 50-150 kv. The amount of scatter immediately behind the phantom is compared with that through a grid by observing image quality for given amounts of scatter. This \"grid-equivalent\" image quality can be used to determine the circumstances under which a magnification technique can be employed without using a grid."}
{"id": "PMID:129399", "title": "[A new method for localising non-palpable lesions of the female breast (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method for the localisation of non-palpable lesions of the female breast is described. It is uncomplicated, very accurate and simple, and requires a single puncture only. It enables a cytological diagnosis to be made, as well as preoperative marking of suspicious areas.", "contents": "[A new method for localising non-palpable lesions of the female breast (author's transl)]. A new method for the localisation of non-palpable lesions of the female breast is described. It is uncomplicated, very accurate and simple, and requires a single puncture only. It enables a cytological diagnosis to be made, as well as preoperative marking of suspicious areas."}
{"id": "PMID:129403", "title": "Epinephrine renal venography.", "content": "Experience with the use of epinephrine renal venography in 60 patients with various renal disease is reviewed. The technique offers an important supplement to selective arteriography. It is of particular value in the diagnosis of avascular infiltrative tumors of the renal parenchyma and pelvis. Further, it is of value in the detailed demonstration of renal vein thrombosis and in seeking the cause of unexplained gross hematuria. It can also aid in evaluating expansile avascular renal masses and renal parenchymal disease. The authors found only a relatively low value for epinephrine renal venography in the diagnosis of hypervascular renal tumors and the early detection of venous extension of hypernephromas.", "contents": "Epinephrine renal venography. Experience with the use of epinephrine renal venography in 60 patients with various renal disease is reviewed. The technique offers an important supplement to selective arteriography. It is of particular value in the diagnosis of avascular infiltrative tumors of the renal parenchyma and pelvis. Further, it is of value in the detailed demonstration of renal vein thrombosis and in seeking the cause of unexplained gross hematuria. It can also aid in evaluating expansile avascular renal masses and renal parenchymal disease. The authors found only a relatively low value for epinephrine renal venography in the diagnosis of hypervascular renal tumors and the early detection of venous extension of hypernephromas."}
{"id": "PMID:129404", "title": "[The pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media, with special reference to the extra-vascular space. An experimental study on dogs. Paper II. Pharmaco-kinetics of an angiographic contrast medium used for selective angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Basic studies were carried out on experimental animals in order to investigate the pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media when used in various ways. Injections were carried out through angiographic catheters in a \"physiological angiographic\" manner. Measurements obtained by using radioactive compounds have shown that the distribution and excretion of the contrast medium are independent of the site of injection. The kinetics of the contrast within an organ do not differ, whether it is injected selectively or not. The results of all the experiments will be discussed at the conclusion of the third paper.", "contents": "[The pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media, with special reference to the extra-vascular space. An experimental study on dogs. Paper II. Pharmaco-kinetics of an angiographic contrast medium used for selective angiography (author's transl)]. Basic studies were carried out on experimental animals in order to investigate the pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media when used in various ways. Injections were carried out through angiographic catheters in a \"physiological angiographic\" manner. Measurements obtained by using radioactive compounds have shown that the distribution and excretion of the contrast medium are independent of the site of injection. The kinetics of the contrast within an organ do not differ, whether it is injected selectively or not. The results of all the experiments will be discussed at the conclusion of the third paper."}
{"id": "PMID:129405", "title": "[The absorption of cholecystographic contrast media, following intraduodenal application; reasons for improved absorption due to sodium bicarbonate (author's transl)].", "content": "Three different cholecystographic contrast media in six dilutions were administered through a duodenal tube to six groups of five patients each. Blood samples were obtained up to five hours following the introduction of the contrast, in order to determine serum iodine levels as a measure of contrast concentration in the blood. At one, two, four and five hours, radiographs of the abdomen were obtained in order to evaluate the biliary passages and non-absorbed contrast. 1. The known effect of increased absorption of a microcrystalline suspension of Iosumet acid caused by sodium bicarbonate was enhanced by intra-duodenal application. 2. Following intra-duodenal application, there was no definite effect on the blood level of Iosumet acid microsuspension due to the addition of sodium bicarbonate. Thus there was no evidence of increased absorption. It therefore seems that the effect of sodium bicarbonate is due to accelerated transport of the contrast medium from the stomach into the duodenum. 3. The micro-suspension is very rapidly dissolved in the duodenum. Ingestion of an acid solution does not improve absorption. 4. Micro-crystalline suspensions of iopodinic acid and particularly iopanic acid are absorbed relatively slowly and incompletely. The sodium salt of iopodinic acid is absorbed much better than the free acid.", "contents": "[The absorption of cholecystographic contrast media, following intraduodenal application; reasons for improved absorption due to sodium bicarbonate (author's transl)]. Three different cholecystographic contrast media in six dilutions were administered through a duodenal tube to six groups of five patients each. Blood samples were obtained up to five hours following the introduction of the contrast, in order to determine serum iodine levels as a measure of contrast concentration in the blood. At one, two, four and five hours, radiographs of the abdomen were obtained in order to evaluate the biliary passages and non-absorbed contrast. 1. The known effect of increased absorption of a microcrystalline suspension of Iosumet acid caused by sodium bicarbonate was enhanced by intra-duodenal application. 2. Following intra-duodenal application, there was no definite effect on the blood level of Iosumet acid microsuspension due to the addition of sodium bicarbonate. Thus there was no evidence of increased absorption. It therefore seems that the effect of sodium bicarbonate is due to accelerated transport of the contrast medium from the stomach into the duodenum. 3. The micro-suspension is very rapidly dissolved in the duodenum. Ingestion of an acid solution does not improve absorption. 4. Micro-crystalline suspensions of iopodinic acid and particularly iopanic acid are absorbed relatively slowly and incompletely. The sodium salt of iopodinic acid is absorbed much better than the free acid."}
{"id": "PMID:129406", "title": "[The results of transvenous cholangiography (contrast media)].", "content": "Transvenous cholangiography is a method for the direct demonstration of the biliary passages described by Hanafee and Weiner; its main indication is in the investigation of obstructive jaundice. This method, which does not require immediate subsequent operation, was used in 41 patients. In three patients catheterisation of hepatic veins was unsuccessful. Of the remaining 38 patients, puncture of a bile duct was successful in 20. In 29 patients biliary obstruction was present, and this was demonstrated in 19. In the absence of obstruction the procedure was successful in only one case. The main complications were a sub-capsular liver haematoma, with rupture into the abdominal cavity and one case of haemobilia.", "contents": "[The results of transvenous cholangiography (contrast media)]. Transvenous cholangiography is a method for the direct demonstration of the biliary passages described by Hanafee and Weiner; its main indication is in the investigation of obstructive jaundice. This method, which does not require immediate subsequent operation, was used in 41 patients. In three patients catheterisation of hepatic veins was unsuccessful. Of the remaining 38 patients, puncture of a bile duct was successful in 20. In 29 patients biliary obstruction was present, and this was demonstrated in 19. In the absence of obstruction the procedure was successful in only one case. The main complications were a sub-capsular liver haematoma, with rupture into the abdominal cavity and one case of haemobilia."}
{"id": "PMID:129407", "title": "[The radionuclide hepato-angiography in the clinical diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 156 patients the dynamic liver perfusion study with 99mTc-sulfur colloid and the scintillation camera was performed. Out of the 81 cases with confirmed diagnosis, the rapid sequential liver study was only in one case to provide an additional information of clinical importance, which could not be demonstrated by static liver imaging. Except for 2 patients with carcinoid metastases of the liver and 3 cases of acute hepatitis, we did not find any significant difference in the activity appearance in the liver between normal subjects and patients with liver metastases and diffuse liver diseases.", "contents": "[The radionuclide hepato-angiography in the clinical diagnosis (author's transl)]. In 156 patients the dynamic liver perfusion study with 99mTc-sulfur colloid and the scintillation camera was performed. Out of the 81 cases with confirmed diagnosis, the rapid sequential liver study was only in one case to provide an additional information of clinical importance, which could not be demonstrated by static liver imaging. Except for 2 patients with carcinoid metastases of the liver and 3 cases of acute hepatitis, we did not find any significant difference in the activity appearance in the liver between normal subjects and patients with liver metastases and diffuse liver diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:129408", "title": "[Splenic artery ligature and latero-lateral anastomosis in portal hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "A new type of shunt for decompressing portal hypertension is described, consisting of ligation of the spleno-renal anastomosis. This reduces the pressure in the portal territory and in the dangerous gastric and oesophageal varices. In addition the procedure also abolishes the marrow inhibition due to splenic activity without removing the spleen and maintaining part of the portal circulation. The advantages and disadvantages of various decompression operations are discussed and compared with other methods in current use.", "contents": "[Splenic artery ligature and latero-lateral anastomosis in portal hypertension (author's transl)]. A new type of shunt for decompressing portal hypertension is described, consisting of ligation of the spleno-renal anastomosis. This reduces the pressure in the portal territory and in the dangerous gastric and oesophageal varices. In addition the procedure also abolishes the marrow inhibition due to splenic activity without removing the spleen and maintaining part of the portal circulation. The advantages and disadvantages of various decompression operations are discussed and compared with other methods in current use."}
{"id": "PMID:129409", "title": "[Experience with a guidable catheter for angiography and bronchography (author's transl)].", "content": "Despite certain disadvantages, depending partly on the design of the catheter and partly on other problems, a guidable catheter is, in many cases, the only means for achieving a successful angiographic examination. The guidable catheter is therefore a valuable addition to the equipment used for angiography.", "contents": "[Experience with a guidable catheter for angiography and bronchography (author's transl)]. Despite certain disadvantages, depending partly on the design of the catheter and partly on other problems, a guidable catheter is, in many cases, the only means for achieving a successful angiographic examination. The guidable catheter is therefore a valuable addition to the equipment used for angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:129410", "title": "[Haustral changes in the colon due to diseases of the pancreas and stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological anatomy of the colon, as shown by double contrast enema, is described. Changes in the haustral pattern may often be due to lesions outside the colon.", "contents": "[Haustral changes in the colon due to diseases of the pancreas and stomach (author's transl)]. The radiological anatomy of the colon, as shown by double contrast enema, is described. Changes in the haustral pattern may often be due to lesions outside the colon."}
{"id": "PMID:129411", "title": "[Double and multiple carcinomas of the colon (author's transl)].", "content": "Double or multiple carcinomas of the colon represent approximately 4% of all colon carcinomas. They may arise spontaneously or occur as a result of some predisposing disease. It is necessary to distinguish between double or multiple carcinomas arising synchronously or in sequence. Diseases such as ulcerative colitis, colonic polyposis and adenomatous polyps are pre-disposing conditions whereas familial polyposis is pre-cancerous.", "contents": "[Double and multiple carcinomas of the colon (author's transl)]. Double or multiple carcinomas of the colon represent approximately 4% of all colon carcinomas. They may arise spontaneously or occur as a result of some predisposing disease. It is necessary to distinguish between double or multiple carcinomas arising synchronously or in sequence. Diseases such as ulcerative colitis, colonic polyposis and adenomatous polyps are pre-disposing conditions whereas familial polyposis is pre-cancerous."}
{"id": "PMID:129412", "title": "[The effect of scatter on film quality in mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "The proportion of total radiation during mammography due to scatter was measured by film densitometry, and was found to average 44% (N = 16). The relationship between the geometry of the scattering object and the distribution of scatter was investigated experimentally. The relationship between gradation, amount of scatter and maximal resolution, as well as contrast, are discussed. The usual collimation and breast compression do not result in any significant reduction of scatter. The use of grids is described, but the technical problems involved have not yet been solved.", "contents": "[The effect of scatter on film quality in mammography (author's transl)]. The proportion of total radiation during mammography due to scatter was measured by film densitometry, and was found to average 44% (N = 16). The relationship between the geometry of the scattering object and the distribution of scatter was investigated experimentally. The relationship between gradation, amount of scatter and maximal resolution, as well as contrast, are discussed. The usual collimation and breast compression do not result in any significant reduction of scatter. The use of grids is described, but the technical problems involved have not yet been solved."}
{"id": "PMID:129413", "title": "[A new basis and theories for improving angio-cine-densitometry. V. The effect of the injection method of the contrast on measurements during angio-cine-densitometry (author's transl)].", "content": "The theoretical basis for measuring speed of flow in vessels of conscious patients obtained by estimating dilution of injected contrast is described. Previously, measurements at two separate points had to be carried out in order to obtain a flow profile, but with the present method, a single measurement point is adequate. If contrast is distributed evenly in the circulation during its flow to the periphery, the measurement can be carried out at some distance from the point of injection. The ability to select ones point of measurement makes it possible to avoid areas covered by overlying shadows and eliminates the difficulties inherent in measurements in curved vessels.", "contents": "[A new basis and theories for improving angio-cine-densitometry. V. The effect of the injection method of the contrast on measurements during angio-cine-densitometry (author's transl)]. The theoretical basis for measuring speed of flow in vessels of conscious patients obtained by estimating dilution of injected contrast is described. Previously, measurements at two separate points had to be carried out in order to obtain a flow profile, but with the present method, a single measurement point is adequate. If contrast is distributed evenly in the circulation during its flow to the periphery, the measurement can be carried out at some distance from the point of injection. The ability to select ones point of measurement makes it possible to avoid areas covered by overlying shadows and eliminates the difficulties inherent in measurements in curved vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:129414", "title": "[Theoretical investigations for optimising the quantum in radiodiagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of the present calculations, it is possible to determine the optimal exposure energies for any object of combination of materials. The results of the present investigation contradict present day practice. Calculated energies are sometimes much higher than those employed at present. This has certain definite advantages; reduced radiation dose to the object; a less sharp decline of contrast with high kilovoltage. Unfortunately it is only possible to guess at the causes of this difference. Further investigations, dealing particularly with the effect of spectral energy distribution under certain conditions, are in progress. Investigations into the sensitivity of intensifiers and film/screen combinations, combined with a comparison with calculated energies would be valuable.", "contents": "[Theoretical investigations for optimising the quantum in radiodiagnosis (author's transl)]. On the basis of the present calculations, it is possible to determine the optimal exposure energies for any object of combination of materials. The results of the present investigation contradict present day practice. Calculated energies are sometimes much higher than those employed at present. This has certain definite advantages; reduced radiation dose to the object; a less sharp decline of contrast with high kilovoltage. Unfortunately it is only possible to guess at the causes of this difference. Further investigations, dealing particularly with the effect of spectral energy distribution under certain conditions, are in progress. Investigations into the sensitivity of intensifiers and film/screen combinations, combined with a comparison with calculated energies would be valuable."}
{"id": "PMID:129415", "title": "The new special names of SI units in the field of ionizing radiations.", "content": "At its meeting in May-June 1975, the 15th Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures adopted two new special names of SI units; the becquerel, symbol Bq, equal to the second to the power minus one, s-1, for the quantity activity, and the gray, symbol Gy, equal to the joule per kilogram, J-kg-1, for absorbed dose and related quantities in the field of ionizing radiations. This action was preceded by a recommendation of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) in 1974.", "contents": "The new special names of SI units in the field of ionizing radiations. At its meeting in May-June 1975, the 15th Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures adopted two new special names of SI units; the becquerel, symbol Bq, equal to the second to the power minus one, s-1, for the quantity activity, and the gray, symbol Gy, equal to the joule per kilogram, J-kg-1, for absorbed dose and related quantities in the field of ionizing radiations. This action was preceded by a recommendation of the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements (ICRU) in 1974."}
{"id": "PMID:129424", "title": "[Studies on the state of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 in Down's syndrome].", "content": "In 110 children-between 0-16 years of age-, 90 children with Down-syndrome and 20 controls the following metabolic parameter were analyzed: ETK (vitamin-B1-activating coefficient), EGR (vitamin B2), P-5'-P, EGOT (vitamin B6), GOT, GPT, pH, K, Na, Ca, Cl, uric-acid (HS). Among some important correlations between the different parameters it could be demonstrated-for the first time to our knowledge-that in Mongoloids a disturbance of the vitamin-B1-metabolism exists, certified by the so-called transketolase-test.", "contents": "[Studies on the state of vitamins B1, B2 and B6 in Down's syndrome]. In 110 children-between 0-16 years of age-, 90 children with Down-syndrome and 20 controls the following metabolic parameter were analyzed: ETK (vitamin-B1-activating coefficient), EGR (vitamin B2), P-5'-P, EGOT (vitamin B6), GOT, GPT, pH, K, Na, Ca, Cl, uric-acid (HS). Among some important correlations between the different parameters it could be demonstrated-for the first time to our knowledge-that in Mongoloids a disturbance of the vitamin-B1-metabolism exists, certified by the so-called transketolase-test."}
{"id": "PMID:129426", "title": "Islet transplantation in experimental diabetes in the rat. III. Studies in allogeneic streptozotocin-treated rats.", "content": "Diabetes of various degrees of severity was induced experimentally in rats by different doses of streptozotocin. These animals served as recipients for isolated islets of Langerhans from allogeneic donors. The islets were transplanted to different regions in the organism by paravascular or intravascular injection. As in pancreatectomized rats, the endocrine effect of the islets was only transient and consisted of disappearance of glycosuria, normalization of blood glucose and amelioration of intravenous glucose tolerance tests. When the islets were injected intravascularly (lung, liver) the influence of the transplanted islets was observable over a longer period than after subcutaneous or another paravascular transplantation. As in pancreatectomized animals, the period of survival was markedly prolonged in rats which had received a transplant compared to those which had not. The islets responded to glucose stimulation in vivo with insulin secretion similar to that of control rats, while only a very slight elevation of the low basis levels in streptozotocin-treated rats was observed.", "contents": "Islet transplantation in experimental diabetes in the rat. III. Studies in allogeneic streptozotocin-treated rats. Diabetes of various degrees of severity was induced experimentally in rats by different doses of streptozotocin. These animals served as recipients for isolated islets of Langerhans from allogeneic donors. The islets were transplanted to different regions in the organism by paravascular or intravascular injection. As in pancreatectomized rats, the endocrine effect of the islets was only transient and consisted of disappearance of glycosuria, normalization of blood glucose and amelioration of intravenous glucose tolerance tests. When the islets were injected intravascularly (lung, liver) the influence of the transplanted islets was observable over a longer period than after subcutaneous or another paravascular transplantation. As in pancreatectomized animals, the period of survival was markedly prolonged in rats which had received a transplant compared to those which had not. The islets responded to glucose stimulation in vivo with insulin secretion similar to that of control rats, while only a very slight elevation of the low basis levels in streptozotocin-treated rats was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:129427", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a mitochondrially synthesized polypeptide from Neurospora crassa cni-1 mutant.", "content": "A polypeptide with a molecular weight of 8 500 (HP 8 500) was isolated from the mitochondrial membrane of the nuclear mutant cni-1 of Neurospora crassa. This mutant is characterized by a cyanide-insensitive respiration and by a deficiency in the cytochromes aa3 and b. The polypeptide is synthesized on mitochondrial ribosomes. It has an extremely hydrophobic character; it is insoluble in aqueous media in the absence of sodium dodecylsulfate and is soluble in acid chloroform/methanol. It lacks histidine. The polar amino acids lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and threonine make up only 25% of the total amino acids on a mole-percent basis. The N-terminal amino acid is tyrosine. The possible function of this polypeptide in the mitochondrial membrane is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a mitochondrially synthesized polypeptide from Neurospora crassa cni-1 mutant. A polypeptide with a molecular weight of 8 500 (HP 8 500) was isolated from the mitochondrial membrane of the nuclear mutant cni-1 of Neurospora crassa. This mutant is characterized by a cyanide-insensitive respiration and by a deficiency in the cytochromes aa3 and b. The polypeptide is synthesized on mitochondrial ribosomes. It has an extremely hydrophobic character; it is insoluble in aqueous media in the absence of sodium dodecylsulfate and is soluble in acid chloroform/methanol. It lacks histidine. The polar amino acids lysine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, serine and threonine make up only 25% of the total amino acids on a mole-percent basis. The N-terminal amino acid is tyrosine. The possible function of this polypeptide in the mitochondrial membrane is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129428", "title": "A subfraction of fragment D isolated from a plasmin hydrolysate of human fibrinogen.", "content": "Fragment D from a 4-hour plasminolysate of human fibrinogen was chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose and a nearly homogeneous subfraction obtained. It migrated as a single band in dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. Reduction yielded three peptide chains with approximate molecular weights of 45000, 295000 and 13000 as estimated from the electrophoretic migration rate in dodecylsulfate acrylamide gels. From these data the molecular weight of the Fragment D subfraction was calculated to be ca. 87500. The S-carboxymethylated peptide chains were separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. They were correlated electrophoretically and their amino acid composition was determined. The peptide chains of molecular weight 45000 and 29500 showed a chromatographic microheterogeneity. The subfractions of these two chains, however, were not distinguished by their electrophoretic mobility in dodecylsulfate acry lamide gels and showed only insignificant differences in their amino acid composition.", "contents": "A subfraction of fragment D isolated from a plasmin hydrolysate of human fibrinogen. Fragment D from a 4-hour plasminolysate of human fibrinogen was chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose and a nearly homogeneous subfraction obtained. It migrated as a single band in dodecylsulfate gel electrophoresis. Reduction yielded three peptide chains with approximate molecular weights of 45000, 295000 and 13000 as estimated from the electrophoretic migration rate in dodecylsulfate acrylamide gels. From these data the molecular weight of the Fragment D subfraction was calculated to be ca. 87500. The S-carboxymethylated peptide chains were separated by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. They were correlated electrophoretically and their amino acid composition was determined. The peptide chains of molecular weight 45000 and 29500 showed a chromatographic microheterogeneity. The subfractions of these two chains, however, were not distinguished by their electrophoretic mobility in dodecylsulfate acry lamide gels and showed only insignificant differences in their amino acid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:129430", "title": "Hereditary hemolytic anemia with erythrocyte phosphofructokinase deficiency: studies of some properties of erythrocyte and muscle enzyme.", "content": "A case of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia associated with partial erythrocyte PFK deficiency without muscular symptoms is reported: erythrocyte enzyme activity in the propositus was 60% of normal. Kinetic studies of erythrocyte PFK revealed increased sensitivity to ATP inhibition and decreased sensitivity to citrate inhibition. Muscle PFK from the patient had a normal enzymatic activity, but was highly unstable to heat, dilution without stabilizer and urea; furthermore its starch gel electrophoretic mobility was markedly faster than the one of a normal control. The results suggested that a muscle type's subunit was deficient in the erythrocyte PFK. The authors hypothesize that there was no PFK deficiency in the patient's muscle because of the active synthesis of proteins by this tissue. In contrast, the deficiency of PFK would be easily detected in erythrocytes, because of the absence of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Hereditary hemolytic anemia with erythrocyte phosphofructokinase deficiency: studies of some properties of erythrocyte and muscle enzyme. A case of hereditary nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia associated with partial erythrocyte PFK deficiency without muscular symptoms is reported: erythrocyte enzyme activity in the propositus was 60% of normal. Kinetic studies of erythrocyte PFK revealed increased sensitivity to ATP inhibition and decreased sensitivity to citrate inhibition. Muscle PFK from the patient had a normal enzymatic activity, but was highly unstable to heat, dilution without stabilizer and urea; furthermore its starch gel electrophoretic mobility was markedly faster than the one of a normal control. The results suggested that a muscle type's subunit was deficient in the erythrocyte PFK. The authors hypothesize that there was no PFK deficiency in the patient's muscle because of the active synthesis of proteins by this tissue. In contrast, the deficiency of PFK would be easily detected in erythrocytes, because of the absence of protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:129431", "title": "Chromosome anomalies of infants dying during the perinatal period and premature newborn.", "content": "363 samples of different tissues were taken for cultivation from 118 antepartum deaths, 85 intrapartum deaths and 112 newborn dying during the first days after delivery. Successful growth of culture was noticed in 48.2% (15.4%) of antepartum deaths; 71.8% of intrapartum deaths and 68.1% of newborn dying during the first days of life. Among the 22 antepartum deaths 3 (13.6%) infants were found to have anomalies of karyotype; among 61 intrapartum deaths 3 (4.9%) infants were found to have karyotype anomalies; and among 92 early neonatal deaths 6 ones (6.5%) had karyotype anomalies. The total frequency of chromosome anomalies among the infants dying during the perinatal period was 6.9%. The final result of cytogenetic investigation of 607 premature infants was that chromosome anomalies were found among 2.5%, that is 3.5 times as much, as in the general newborn population. Among the types of chromosome anomalies the main defects were anomalies in the system of sex chromosomes and trisomy-21, and that is the proof of the fact, that other types of anomalies, found in newborn populations lead to earlier lethality.", "contents": "Chromosome anomalies of infants dying during the perinatal period and premature newborn. 363 samples of different tissues were taken for cultivation from 118 antepartum deaths, 85 intrapartum deaths and 112 newborn dying during the first days after delivery. Successful growth of culture was noticed in 48.2% (15.4%) of antepartum deaths; 71.8% of intrapartum deaths and 68.1% of newborn dying during the first days of life. Among the 22 antepartum deaths 3 (13.6%) infants were found to have anomalies of karyotype; among 61 intrapartum deaths 3 (4.9%) infants were found to have karyotype anomalies; and among 92 early neonatal deaths 6 ones (6.5%) had karyotype anomalies. The total frequency of chromosome anomalies among the infants dying during the perinatal period was 6.9%. The final result of cytogenetic investigation of 607 premature infants was that chromosome anomalies were found among 2.5%, that is 3.5 times as much, as in the general newborn population. Among the types of chromosome anomalies the main defects were anomalies in the system of sex chromosomes and trisomy-21, and that is the proof of the fact, that other types of anomalies, found in newborn populations lead to earlier lethality."}
{"id": "PMID:129432", "title": "Dosage effect of SOD-A gene in 21-trisomic cells.", "content": "SOD-A activity was measured by the polarographic method of catalytic currents in 30 subjects 10-24 years of age with a karyotype 47, + 21, and 30 age matched normal subjects. The ratio of the average amount of SOD-A in 21-trisomic cells to the average amount in normal cells is 1.4495. Statistical analysis confirms that this ratio does not differ significantly from the ratio 1.5 expected in the case of a simple gene dosage effect.", "contents": "Dosage effect of SOD-A gene in 21-trisomic cells. SOD-A activity was measured by the polarographic method of catalytic currents in 30 subjects 10-24 years of age with a karyotype 47, + 21, and 30 age matched normal subjects. The ratio of the average amount of SOD-A in 21-trisomic cells to the average amount in normal cells is 1.4495. Statistical analysis confirms that this ratio does not differ significantly from the ratio 1.5 expected in the case of a simple gene dosage effect."}
{"id": "PMID:129433", "title": "Plasma inhibitors of lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin in children with recurrent infections.", "content": "A survey of the immunological status of 175 children with recurrent infections showed that the plasmas of fifteen patients contained an inhibitor of lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The inhibitors could be subdivided into two groups. One type of inhibitor acted only on the patients' lymphocytes (autologous-only). The other type also inhibited the response of control lymphocytes to PHA and in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (homologous). Plasma inhibitors of both types inhibit the response of rabbit lymphocytes to PHA. Patients with a plasma inhibitor frequently have a raised resting lymphocyte DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Plasma inhibitors of lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin in children with recurrent infections. A survey of the immunological status of 175 children with recurrent infections showed that the plasmas of fifteen patients contained an inhibitor of lymphocyte response to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). The inhibitors could be subdivided into two groups. One type of inhibitor acted only on the patients' lymphocytes (autologous-only). The other type also inhibited the response of control lymphocytes to PHA and in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (homologous). Plasma inhibitors of both types inhibit the response of rabbit lymphocytes to PHA. Patients with a plasma inhibitor frequently have a raised resting lymphocyte DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:129438", "title": "Phage group II staphylococcal strains with chromosomal and extrachromosomal genes for exfoliative toxin production.", "content": "Staphylococcal phage group 2 strain UT0007 was previously shown to contain a high-molecular-weight plasmid containing genes for exfoliative toxin (ET) and bacteriocin production. Phage group 2 strains UT0002 and UT0003 (Tox+Bac-) underwent a twofold and ninefold loss of ET activity, respectively, after growth at 44 C for 18 h. Strain UT0002 also lost total bacteriocin activity. Both strains contained (i) a 56S plasmid that was lost from those substrains showing reduced ET activity and (ii) a 21S plasmid with a gene for cadmium resistance that could be transduced into two recipient strains. Since the ET plasmid-negative substrains still made ET, it was postulated that this residual toxin was made from chromosomal genes. In characterizing the plasmid species from strains UT0002 and UT0003, the 21S but little or no 56S plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid could be isolated after centrifugation of cleared lysates from these strains on dye-buoyant density gradients. Treatment of cleared lysates from strain UT0002 with ethidium bromide, Pronase, or sodium dodecyl sulfate, but not heat at 60 C, induced conversion of the 56S closed circular ET plasmid to a 38S open circular form as determined after centrifugation on 5 to 20% neutral sucrose gradients.", "contents": "Phage group II staphylococcal strains with chromosomal and extrachromosomal genes for exfoliative toxin production. Staphylococcal phage group 2 strain UT0007 was previously shown to contain a high-molecular-weight plasmid containing genes for exfoliative toxin (ET) and bacteriocin production. Phage group 2 strains UT0002 and UT0003 (Tox+Bac-) underwent a twofold and ninefold loss of ET activity, respectively, after growth at 44 C for 18 h. Strain UT0002 also lost total bacteriocin activity. Both strains contained (i) a 56S plasmid that was lost from those substrains showing reduced ET activity and (ii) a 21S plasmid with a gene for cadmium resistance that could be transduced into two recipient strains. Since the ET plasmid-negative substrains still made ET, it was postulated that this residual toxin was made from chromosomal genes. In characterizing the plasmid species from strains UT0002 and UT0003, the 21S but little or no 56S plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid could be isolated after centrifugation of cleared lysates from these strains on dye-buoyant density gradients. Treatment of cleared lysates from strain UT0002 with ethidium bromide, Pronase, or sodium dodecyl sulfate, but not heat at 60 C, induced conversion of the 56S closed circular ET plasmid to a 38S open circular form as determined after centrifugation on 5 to 20% neutral sucrose gradients."}
{"id": "PMID:129439", "title": "Effects of enforced relocation on life adjustment in a nursing home.", "content": "A group of 75 institutionalized elderly patients was studied to determine the relationship of involuntary relocation to life adjustment in a nursing home. Data were collected by means of medical records and structured questionnaire. Patients who had experienced enforced relocation from other institutions expressed greater life dissatisfaction than those who had relocated voluntarily fissatisfaction was correlated with financial dependence, poor health, and limited social participation. Length of stay in the institution was not related to life satisfaction. The evidence suggests that involuntary placement, multiple moves, disruption of social networks, and financial dependence may contribute to life dissatisfaction among institutionalized elderly.", "contents": "Effects of enforced relocation on life adjustment in a nursing home. A group of 75 institutionalized elderly patients was studied to determine the relationship of involuntary relocation to life adjustment in a nursing home. Data were collected by means of medical records and structured questionnaire. Patients who had experienced enforced relocation from other institutions expressed greater life dissatisfaction than those who had relocated voluntarily fissatisfaction was correlated with financial dependence, poor health, and limited social participation. Length of stay in the institution was not related to life satisfaction. The evidence suggests that involuntary placement, multiple moves, disruption of social networks, and financial dependence may contribute to life dissatisfaction among institutionalized elderly."}
{"id": "PMID:129440", "title": "Determination of total choline in biological materials.", "content": "A microbiological eight-point parallel line assay for the determination of choline has been developed, using Neurospora crassa cholineless-1 as test organism. In the common procedure the mold is grown at 25 degrees C in 25 ml basal medium at pH 5.9-6.0. Growth studies showed, however, that a better log dose-response curve, with respect to the linear part of the curve, was obtained when the organism was grown at 30 degrees C, in 20 ml experimental volume and at pH 5.5. The proprosed eight-point assay was tested by comparison with the common procedure. Although repeated analyses of a test solution showed no significant difference in the mean values obtained, a greater scatter of the single values about the mean was observed when analyzing according to the common procedure. The developed procedure was also applied to different samples of biological material. The analysis of variance proved the parallelity and linearity of the dose-response curves. As a result of the variation between the replicates could be used as the experimental error of the assay when the confidence limits of the samples were computed.", "contents": "Determination of total choline in biological materials. A microbiological eight-point parallel line assay for the determination of choline has been developed, using Neurospora crassa cholineless-1 as test organism. In the common procedure the mold is grown at 25 degrees C in 25 ml basal medium at pH 5.9-6.0. Growth studies showed, however, that a better log dose-response curve, with respect to the linear part of the curve, was obtained when the organism was grown at 30 degrees C, in 20 ml experimental volume and at pH 5.5. The proprosed eight-point assay was tested by comparison with the common procedure. Although repeated analyses of a test solution showed no significant difference in the mean values obtained, a greater scatter of the single values about the mean was observed when analyzing according to the common procedure. The developed procedure was also applied to different samples of biological material. The analysis of variance proved the parallelity and linearity of the dose-response curves. As a result of the variation between the replicates could be used as the experimental error of the assay when the confidence limits of the samples were computed."}
{"id": "PMID:129442", "title": "[A new case of reticular hyperplasia connected with volatile oils].", "content": "An additional case of \"reticular hyperplasia\" is described. The clinical picture is trimorphic with grouped nodules, spinulosismus-like and parapsoriasiform lesions. Histologically there are dense lymphoreticular, partly eosinophilic infiltrates with leucocytoclastic cell aggregates, which, however, do not resemble mycosis fungoides nor a reticulosis. The causative agent was most likely the external use of remedy for an amputation stump containing ethereal oils, which had been used over decades. Positive provocation tests confirmed the diagnosis.", "contents": "[A new case of reticular hyperplasia connected with volatile oils]. An additional case of \"reticular hyperplasia\" is described. The clinical picture is trimorphic with grouped nodules, spinulosismus-like and parapsoriasiform lesions. Histologically there are dense lymphoreticular, partly eosinophilic infiltrates with leucocytoclastic cell aggregates, which, however, do not resemble mycosis fungoides nor a reticulosis. The causative agent was most likely the external use of remedy for an amputation stump containing ethereal oils, which had been used over decades. Positive provocation tests confirmed the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:129445", "title": "Histochemical localization of Mg2+-Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase in different stages of the sheep mesonephros.", "content": "Mesonephroi of sheep embryos ranging from 12 to 100 mm C.R. length were examined for the occurrence and localization of transport-ATPase. Native cryostat sections were incubated according to the technique of Guth and Albers for demonstrating the nitrophenylphosphatase activity of Mg2+-Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase. The basal cytoplasm of the collecting tubule of the narrow segment of the distal tubule exhibit strong activity, the wide segment of the distal tubule is moderately active. Glomeruli, proximal tubule, and Wolffian duct remain unstained. The basal labyrinths of the reactive nephron segments are believed to be the sites of a Na+-K+ exchange pump. In mature and regressing mesonephroi, the findings fully agree with biochemical data; in maturating mesonephroi, whose basal labyrinth is not yet fully established, the biochemical assay proves to be more sensitive. The specifity of the reaction was ascertained by diverse inhibitors and activating ions. The localization of Mg2+-ATPase is different to the above mentioned reaction pattern, as it shows moderate activity in the proximal tubule, too (mature mesonephros). Mesonephroi of very young embryos exhibit strongest Mg2+-ATPase activity in the proximal tubule; here the distal and collecting tubule stain only moderately.", "contents": "Histochemical localization of Mg2+-Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase in different stages of the sheep mesonephros. Mesonephroi of sheep embryos ranging from 12 to 100 mm C.R. length were examined for the occurrence and localization of transport-ATPase. Native cryostat sections were incubated according to the technique of Guth and Albers for demonstrating the nitrophenylphosphatase activity of Mg2+-Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase. The basal cytoplasm of the collecting tubule of the narrow segment of the distal tubule exhibit strong activity, the wide segment of the distal tubule is moderately active. Glomeruli, proximal tubule, and Wolffian duct remain unstained. The basal labyrinths of the reactive nephron segments are believed to be the sites of a Na+-K+ exchange pump. In mature and regressing mesonephroi, the findings fully agree with biochemical data; in maturating mesonephroi, whose basal labyrinth is not yet fully established, the biochemical assay proves to be more sensitive. The specifity of the reaction was ascertained by diverse inhibitors and activating ions. The localization of Mg2+-ATPase is different to the above mentioned reaction pattern, as it shows moderate activity in the proximal tubule, too (mature mesonephros). Mesonephroi of very young embryos exhibit strongest Mg2+-ATPase activity in the proximal tubule; here the distal and collecting tubule stain only moderately."}
{"id": "PMID:129446", "title": "Prolonged methanol fixation of soluble mucosubstances in mucopolysaccharidoses.", "content": "A simple and efficient method for the demonstration of highly water soluble acid mucosubstances in cold microtone sections is described. It consists of prolonged treatment of cold microtome sections with methanol (for at least 1 h) and subsequent staining with 0.1% azure A in distilled water or in 30% methanol. The procedure is recommended particularly for the bioptical examination of mucopolysaccharidoses.", "contents": "Prolonged methanol fixation of soluble mucosubstances in mucopolysaccharidoses. A simple and efficient method for the demonstration of highly water soluble acid mucosubstances in cold microtone sections is described. It consists of prolonged treatment of cold microtome sections with methanol (for at least 1 h) and subsequent staining with 0.1% azure A in distilled water or in 30% methanol. The procedure is recommended particularly for the bioptical examination of mucopolysaccharidoses."}
{"id": "PMID:129447", "title": "Factors affecting the incidence of non-metrical skeletal variants.", "content": "Non-metrical variants of the human cranium have been studied in 186 London crania of known age, sex and date of birth. The incidence of several variants was different in the two sexes, and these results were compared with those of other workers from different parts of the world. Few variants persistently favoured one sex: the majority behaved inconsistently. Age dependency was only demonstrated for one variant, while year of birth, presence of rickets, and spina bifida occulta, showed negligible influence on variant incidence. 20% of vertebral columns examined included an anomalous vertebra, usually sacral spina bifida occulta. Although family studies were largely inconclusive, this investigation provides no reason to doubt the basic genetical control of these variants.", "contents": "Factors affecting the incidence of non-metrical skeletal variants. Non-metrical variants of the human cranium have been studied in 186 London crania of known age, sex and date of birth. The incidence of several variants was different in the two sexes, and these results were compared with those of other workers from different parts of the world. Few variants persistently favoured one sex: the majority behaved inconsistently. Age dependency was only demonstrated for one variant, while year of birth, presence of rickets, and spina bifida occulta, showed negligible influence on variant incidence. 20% of vertebral columns examined included an anomalous vertebra, usually sacral spina bifida occulta. Although family studies were largely inconclusive, this investigation provides no reason to doubt the basic genetical control of these variants."}
{"id": "PMID:129449", "title": "Skeletal muscle enzymes and fiber composition in male and female track athletes.", "content": "Muscle samples were obtained from the gastrocnemius of 17 female and 23 male track athletes, 10 untrained women, and 11 untrained men. Portions of the specimen were analyzed for total phosphorylase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities. Sections of the muscle were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase, NADH2 tetrazolium reductase, and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured on a treadmill for 23 of the volunteers (6 female athletes, 11 male athletes, 10 untrained women, and 6 untrained men). These measurements confirm earlier reports which suggest that the athlete's preference for strength, speed, and/or endurance events is in part a matter of genetic endowment. Aside from differences in fiber composition and enzymes among middle-distance runners, the only distinction between the sexes was the larger fiber areas of the male athletes. SDH activity was found to correlate 0.79 with VO2max, while muscle LDH appeared to be a function of muscle fiber composition. While sprint- and endurance-trained athletes are characterized by distinct fiber compositions and enzyme activities, participants in strength events (e.g., shot-put) have relatively low muscle enzyme activities and a variety of fiber compositions.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle enzymes and fiber composition in male and female track athletes. Muscle samples were obtained from the gastrocnemius of 17 female and 23 male track athletes, 10 untrained women, and 11 untrained men. Portions of the specimen were analyzed for total phosphorylase, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activities. Sections of the muscle were stained for myosin adenosine triphosphatase, NADH2 tetrazolium reductase, and alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured on a treadmill for 23 of the volunteers (6 female athletes, 11 male athletes, 10 untrained women, and 6 untrained men). These measurements confirm earlier reports which suggest that the athlete's preference for strength, speed, and/or endurance events is in part a matter of genetic endowment. Aside from differences in fiber composition and enzymes among middle-distance runners, the only distinction between the sexes was the larger fiber areas of the male athletes. SDH activity was found to correlate 0.79 with VO2max, while muscle LDH appeared to be a function of muscle fiber composition. While sprint- and endurance-trained athletes are characterized by distinct fiber compositions and enzyme activities, participants in strength events (e.g., shot-put) have relatively low muscle enzyme activities and a variety of fiber compositions."}
{"id": "PMID:129468", "title": "Amino acid composition of dynein and comparison with myosin.", "content": "A comparison is made between dynein [flagellar ATPase; EC 3.6.1.3], purified from sea urchin sperm flagella, and muscle myosin. The amino acid composition of dynein was found to be statistically different from that of myosin. The same was true of their tryptic fragments retaining ATPase activity, i.e., Fragment A of dynein and heavy meromyosin. At low ionic strength, no superprecipitation took place when ATP was added to a mixture of dynein and actin, and stimulation of the Mg2+-ATPase activity of dynein remained below 50% even when a one-hundred-fold excess of actin was present. No viscosity drop was caused by adding ATP to a solution containing dynein and actin. Anti-myosin antiserum did not react with dynein, while anti-Fragment A antiserum formed no precipit-n line against myosin. Furthermore, the amount of dynein that combined with F-actin was less than one-fifth of the amount of dynein that fully combined with microtubules. These results are consistent with the dissimilarity in enzymatic and other physiocochemical properties of these two proteins.", "contents": "Amino acid composition of dynein and comparison with myosin. A comparison is made between dynein [flagellar ATPase; EC 3.6.1.3], purified from sea urchin sperm flagella, and muscle myosin. The amino acid composition of dynein was found to be statistically different from that of myosin. The same was true of their tryptic fragments retaining ATPase activity, i.e., Fragment A of dynein and heavy meromyosin. At low ionic strength, no superprecipitation took place when ATP was added to a mixture of dynein and actin, and stimulation of the Mg2+-ATPase activity of dynein remained below 50% even when a one-hundred-fold excess of actin was present. No viscosity drop was caused by adding ATP to a solution containing dynein and actin. Anti-myosin antiserum did not react with dynein, while anti-Fragment A antiserum formed no precipit-n line against myosin. Furthermore, the amount of dynein that combined with F-actin was less than one-fifth of the amount of dynein that fully combined with microtubules. These results are consistent with the dissimilarity in enzymatic and other physiocochemical properties of these two proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:129469", "title": "The pre-steady state of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase after addition of Na+ ions. Transition of the phosphorylated intermediate from an ADP-sensitive to an ADP-insensitive form.", "content": "Na+-K+-Dependent ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] was preincubated with ATP in the presence of a high concentration of MgCl2, and the phosphorylated intermediate, EP, was formed by adding a high concentration of NaCl. The following results showed that EP was converted from an ADP-sensitive to an ADP-insensitive form by a single turnover of the ATPase reaction. 1. After initiating the reaction by adding NaCl, almost all the EP was at first sensitive to added ADP, but its sensitivity to ADP decreased with increase in the time interval between the additions of NaCl and of ADP. 2. Both in the presence and absence of KCl, the time course of the replacement of ADP-sensitive EP by ADP-insensitive EP coincided with the time course of the decomposition of EP after addition of EDTA.", "contents": "The pre-steady state of Na+-K+-dependent ATPase after addition of Na+ ions. Transition of the phosphorylated intermediate from an ADP-sensitive to an ADP-insensitive form. Na+-K+-Dependent ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] was preincubated with ATP in the presence of a high concentration of MgCl2, and the phosphorylated intermediate, EP, was formed by adding a high concentration of NaCl. The following results showed that EP was converted from an ADP-sensitive to an ADP-insensitive form by a single turnover of the ATPase reaction. 1. After initiating the reaction by adding NaCl, almost all the EP was at first sensitive to added ADP, but its sensitivity to ADP decreased with increase in the time interval between the additions of NaCl and of ADP. 2. Both in the presence and absence of KCl, the time course of the replacement of ADP-sensitive EP by ADP-insensitive EP coincided with the time course of the decomposition of EP after addition of EDTA."}
{"id": "PMID:129470", "title": "Change in the ultraviolet absorption of an adenosine triphosphate analog, beta-napht-yl triphosphate, during its hydrolysis by heavy meromyosin.", "content": "It was found that the absorption spectrum of beta-naphthyl triphosphate is different from that of beta-naphthyl diphosphate in the range 290-335 nm. Thus, beta-naphthyl triphosphate hydrolysis by heavy meromyosin can be recorded continuously as a function of time by means of a spectrophotometer. By analyzing the time course, the apparent kinetic parameters were easily and rapidly obtained. If necessary, the true kinetic parameters, including the product dissociation constants, can be estimated spectrophotometrically. Beta-Naphthyl triphosphate hydrolysis was inhibited competitively by ATP. By analyzing the time course, it was, therefore, possible to estimate the kinetic parameters of ATP hydrolysis indirectly, and resonable values were obtained. Beta-Naphthyl triphosphate hydrolysis by heavy meromyosin was performed under various conditions. Unlike that of ATP, the hydrolysis of beta-naphthyl triphosphate was inhibited monotonously by treatment of heavy meromyosin with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate.", "contents": "Change in the ultraviolet absorption of an adenosine triphosphate analog, beta-napht-yl triphosphate, during its hydrolysis by heavy meromyosin. It was found that the absorption spectrum of beta-naphthyl triphosphate is different from that of beta-naphthyl diphosphate in the range 290-335 nm. Thus, beta-naphthyl triphosphate hydrolysis by heavy meromyosin can be recorded continuously as a function of time by means of a spectrophotometer. By analyzing the time course, the apparent kinetic parameters were easily and rapidly obtained. If necessary, the true kinetic parameters, including the product dissociation constants, can be estimated spectrophotometrically. Beta-Naphthyl triphosphate hydrolysis was inhibited competitively by ATP. By analyzing the time course, it was, therefore, possible to estimate the kinetic parameters of ATP hydrolysis indirectly, and resonable values were obtained. Beta-Naphthyl triphosphate hydrolysis by heavy meromyosin was performed under various conditions. Unlike that of ATP, the hydrolysis of beta-naphthyl triphosphate was inhibited monotonously by treatment of heavy meromyosin with p-hydroxymercuribenzoate."}
{"id": "PMID:129471", "title": "Isolation and characterization of tryptic fragments of the adenosine triphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Exposure of sarcoplasmic reticulum to trypsin in the presence of 1 M sucrose results in degradation of the Mr = 102,000 ATPase enzyme to two fragments of Mr = 55,000 and 45,000 with subsequent appearance of fragments of Mr = 30,000 and 20,000. These fragments were purified by column chromatography in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Antibodies were raised against the ATPase and the Mr = 55,000, 45,000, and 20,000 fragments. There was no antigenic cross-reactivity between the Mr = 55,000 and 45,000 fragments, indicating that they were derived from a single linear cleavage of the larger enzyme. There was antigenic cross-reactivity between the Mr = 20,000 and 55,000 fragments, indicating an origin of the Mr = 20,000 fragment in the Mr = 55,000 fragment. None of the antibodies inhibited (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase or Ca2+ transport. The Mr = 20,000 fragment and the Mr = 55,000 fragment were active in Ca2+ ionophore assays. The active site of ATP hydrolysis was labeled with [gamma-32P]ATP and the site of ATP binding was labeled with tritiated N-ethylmaleimide. In both cases radioactivity was found in the intact ATPase and in the Mr = 55,000 and 30,000 fragments, indicating that the Mr = 30,000 fragment was also derived from the Mr = 55,000 fragment. Amino acid composition data showed that the Mr = 45,000 fragment contained about 60% nonpolar and 40% polar amino acids, while the Mr = 55,000 fragment and the Mr = 20,0000 fragment contained about equal amounts of polar and nonpolar amino acids. Studies of the reaction of various antibodies at the external surface of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles showed that the ATPase was exposed, whereas calsequestrin and the high affinity Ca2+-binding protein were not. The use of antibodies against the various fragments indicated that the Mr = 55,000 fragment was in large part exposed, whereas the Mr = 20,000 and the 45,000 fragments were only poorly exposed. It is probable that the site of ATP hydrolysis in the Mr = 55,000 fragment is external, whereas the ionophore site is only partially exposed and the Mr = 45,000 fragment is largely buried within the membrane.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of tryptic fragments of the adenosine triphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Exposure of sarcoplasmic reticulum to trypsin in the presence of 1 M sucrose results in degradation of the Mr = 102,000 ATPase enzyme to two fragments of Mr = 55,000 and 45,000 with subsequent appearance of fragments of Mr = 30,000 and 20,000. These fragments were purified by column chromatography in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Antibodies were raised against the ATPase and the Mr = 55,000, 45,000, and 20,000 fragments. There was no antigenic cross-reactivity between the Mr = 55,000 and 45,000 fragments, indicating that they were derived from a single linear cleavage of the larger enzyme. There was antigenic cross-reactivity between the Mr = 20,000 and 55,000 fragments, indicating an origin of the Mr = 20,000 fragment in the Mr = 55,000 fragment. None of the antibodies inhibited (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase or Ca2+ transport. The Mr = 20,000 fragment and the Mr = 55,000 fragment were active in Ca2+ ionophore assays. The active site of ATP hydrolysis was labeled with [gamma-32P]ATP and the site of ATP binding was labeled with tritiated N-ethylmaleimide. In both cases radioactivity was found in the intact ATPase and in the Mr = 55,000 and 30,000 fragments, indicating that the Mr = 30,000 fragment was also derived from the Mr = 55,000 fragment. Amino acid composition data showed that the Mr = 45,000 fragment contained about 60% nonpolar and 40% polar amino acids, while the Mr = 55,000 fragment and the Mr = 20,0000 fragment contained about equal amounts of polar and nonpolar amino acids. Studies of the reaction of various antibodies at the external surface of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles showed that the ATPase was exposed, whereas calsequestrin and the high affinity Ca2+-binding protein were not. The use of antibodies against the various fragments indicated that the Mr = 55,000 fragment was in large part exposed, whereas the Mr = 20,000 and the 45,000 fragments were only poorly exposed. It is probable that the site of ATP hydrolysis in the Mr = 55,000 fragment is external, whereas the ionophore site is only partially exposed and the Mr = 45,000 fragment is largely buried within the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:129472", "title": "Purification and characterization of a DNA-dependent ATPase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A DNA-dependent ATPase has been isolated and purified from an Escherichia coli cell-free extract. The ATPase has the following characteristics: preferential dependence on single-stranded DNA, specificity for ATP hydrolysis, Km value of 1.4 X 10-4 M for ATP, and molecular weight of approximately 69,000. The ATPase can be shown to bind to single stranded DNA. The resemblance between this ATPase and that isolated from vaccinia cores is discussed.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of a DNA-dependent ATPase from Escherichia coli. A DNA-dependent ATPase has been isolated and purified from an Escherichia coli cell-free extract. The ATPase has the following characteristics: preferential dependence on single-stranded DNA, specificity for ATP hydrolysis, Km value of 1.4 X 10-4 M for ATP, and molecular weight of approximately 69,000. The ATPase can be shown to bind to single stranded DNA. The resemblance between this ATPase and that isolated from vaccinia cores is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129473", "title": "Alanine and glutamine synthesis and release from skeletal muscle. III. Dietary and hormonal regulation.", "content": "Alanine and glutamine formation and release were studied using the intact epitrochlaris preparation of rat skeletal muscle. Alanine release from skeletal muscle was increased by fasting (65%), cortisone (145%), thyroxine (200%), and diabetes (185%). Glutamine release was decreased by cortisone (37%) and diabetes (23%) but not significantly affected by fasting or thyroxine. Tissue levels of alanine were unchanged but tissue glutamine levels were markedly reduced (30 to 60%) in all treatment groups. Insulin added in vitro did not affect amino acid release even with preparations obtained from diabetic animals. Inhibition of glycolysis with 0.2 mM iodoacetate had no effect on the rate of alanine and glutamine formation in any treatment group. Pyruvate generation was increased by all treatments even in the presence of the inhibitor. Total skeletal muscle alanine, aspartate, and branched chain aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and malic enzyme activities were not significantly altered in any treatment groups. The addition of 10 mM aspartate, cysteine, branched chain amino acids, and serine significantly increased alanine formation, whereas the maximal rate of glutamine formation in the presence of stimulating amino acids was reduced in each treatment groups--the most marked effects were noted with cortisone and diabetic preparations. Although accelerated muscle proteolysis is an important factor regulating alanine formation in skeletal muscle, the redirection of carbon flow from glutamine toward alanine formation observed in fasting, cortisone, thyroxine-treated, and diabetic rats, indicates that factors other than proteolysis also participate in the control of amino acid release from muscle.", "contents": "Alanine and glutamine synthesis and release from skeletal muscle. III. Dietary and hormonal regulation. Alanine and glutamine formation and release were studied using the intact epitrochlaris preparation of rat skeletal muscle. Alanine release from skeletal muscle was increased by fasting (65%), cortisone (145%), thyroxine (200%), and diabetes (185%). Glutamine release was decreased by cortisone (37%) and diabetes (23%) but not significantly affected by fasting or thyroxine. Tissue levels of alanine were unchanged but tissue glutamine levels were markedly reduced (30 to 60%) in all treatment groups. Insulin added in vitro did not affect amino acid release even with preparations obtained from diabetic animals. Inhibition of glycolysis with 0.2 mM iodoacetate had no effect on the rate of alanine and glutamine formation in any treatment group. Pyruvate generation was increased by all treatments even in the presence of the inhibitor. Total skeletal muscle alanine, aspartate, and branched chain aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and malic enzyme activities were not significantly altered in any treatment groups. The addition of 10 mM aspartate, cysteine, branched chain amino acids, and serine significantly increased alanine formation, whereas the maximal rate of glutamine formation in the presence of stimulating amino acids was reduced in each treatment groups--the most marked effects were noted with cortisone and diabetic preparations. Although accelerated muscle proteolysis is an important factor regulating alanine formation in skeletal muscle, the redirection of carbon flow from glutamine toward alanine formation observed in fasting, cortisone, thyroxine-treated, and diabetic rats, indicates that factors other than proteolysis also participate in the control of amino acid release from muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:129474", "title": "Separation and characterization of the troponin components from bovine cardiac muscle.", "content": "The three major components of bovine cardiac troponin were separated by successive chromatography on sulfopropyl-Sephadex and DEAE-Sephadex columns in the presence of 6 M urea. All three of the bovine cardiac troponin subunits were necessary to restore full troponin activity in both skeletal and cardiac actomyosin ATPase assay systems. The 38,000-dalton subunit bound tropomyosin, and the 20,000-dalton subunit bound calcium, like skeletal TN-T and TN-C, respectively. The 28,000 component, although presumably analogous to skeletal TN-I, gave very little inhibition of actomyosin ATPase activity. Differences between cardiac and skeletal troponin subunits were also found in the elution patterns from ion exchange columns and in amino acid composition, thus demonstrating a significant muscle-type specificity.", "contents": "Separation and characterization of the troponin components from bovine cardiac muscle. The three major components of bovine cardiac troponin were separated by successive chromatography on sulfopropyl-Sephadex and DEAE-Sephadex columns in the presence of 6 M urea. All three of the bovine cardiac troponin subunits were necessary to restore full troponin activity in both skeletal and cardiac actomyosin ATPase assay systems. The 38,000-dalton subunit bound tropomyosin, and the 20,000-dalton subunit bound calcium, like skeletal TN-T and TN-C, respectively. The 28,000 component, although presumably analogous to skeletal TN-I, gave very little inhibition of actomyosin ATPase activity. Differences between cardiac and skeletal troponin subunits were also found in the elution patterns from ion exchange columns and in amino acid composition, thus demonstrating a significant muscle-type specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:129475", "title": "Binding and precipitation of soluble collagens by chick embryo cartilage proteoglycan.", "content": "A sensitive radioactive assay has been developed to facilitate study of the binding to and precipitation of soluble collagen by embryonic proteoglycans. Using this assay it has been found (a) that chick embryo cartilageproteoglycan is reactive with types I, II, and III soluble collagen; and (b) that both the core-protein and chondroitin sulfate chains of the proteoglycan are necessary for this interaction.", "contents": "Binding and precipitation of soluble collagens by chick embryo cartilage proteoglycan. A sensitive radioactive assay has been developed to facilitate study of the binding to and precipitation of soluble collagen by embryonic proteoglycans. Using this assay it has been found (a) that chick embryo cartilageproteoglycan is reactive with types I, II, and III soluble collagen; and (b) that both the core-protein and chondroitin sulfate chains of the proteoglycan are necessary for this interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:129476", "title": "Growth of cultured calf aortic smooth muscle cells on cardiovascular prosthetic materials.", "content": "The growth of cultured calf aortic smooth muscle cells on cardiovascular biomaterials was investigated, using native and oxidized polyacrylonitrile (orlon) fabrics, dacron velour, and Parylene-C coated polypropylene microfabric as substrates. By light microscopic evaluation, surface cell coverage was most complete on microfabric, followed by native orlon, dacron velour, and oxidized orlon. Native orlon supported the greatest total cell growth, as determined by chemically extractable protein, followed by oxidized orlon, dacron velour, and the microfabric. The observed differences appear to be related to the pore size and fiber thickness of the different substrates.", "contents": "Growth of cultured calf aortic smooth muscle cells on cardiovascular prosthetic materials. The growth of cultured calf aortic smooth muscle cells on cardiovascular biomaterials was investigated, using native and oxidized polyacrylonitrile (orlon) fabrics, dacron velour, and Parylene-C coated polypropylene microfabric as substrates. By light microscopic evaluation, surface cell coverage was most complete on microfabric, followed by native orlon, dacron velour, and oxidized orlon. Native orlon supported the greatest total cell growth, as determined by chemically extractable protein, followed by oxidized orlon, dacron velour, and the microfabric. The observed differences appear to be related to the pore size and fiber thickness of the different substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:129477", "title": "Reconstruction of the canine Achilles and patellar tendons using dacron mesh silicone prosthesis. I. Clinical and biocompatibility evaluation.", "content": "Surgical replacement of the Achilles and patellar tendons using Dacron mesh silicone prostheses was performed in 15 mature beagle dogs. This part of the study includes clinical evaluation, gross inspection at autopsy of regrown tendons, and histological determination of biocompatibility of prosthetic implants. Functional continuity and integrity of prosthetic patellar tendons have been established by evaluating the biologic-prosthetic interface and the mechanical properties of regrown tendon tissue around and through the Dacron silicone replacements. Results of prosthetic Achilles tendons were less satisfactory because of difficulties in suturing to a muscle and its fascia. Although the prosthetic tendon did not regrow through the tube, it provided a structure for regrowth around it. The regrown tendons became nearly ten times the normal cross-sectional area after three to four months and decreased to two to three times after 13 months. Histological studies indicate that in the absence of infection, the Dacron mesh silicone tendon was well tolerated for periods up to 13 months. Overall results are encouraging and warrant further investigation although the regenerative capacity of human patellar and Achilles tendons is unknown.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the canine Achilles and patellar tendons using dacron mesh silicone prosthesis. I. Clinical and biocompatibility evaluation. Surgical replacement of the Achilles and patellar tendons using Dacron mesh silicone prostheses was performed in 15 mature beagle dogs. This part of the study includes clinical evaluation, gross inspection at autopsy of regrown tendons, and histological determination of biocompatibility of prosthetic implants. Functional continuity and integrity of prosthetic patellar tendons have been established by evaluating the biologic-prosthetic interface and the mechanical properties of regrown tendon tissue around and through the Dacron silicone replacements. Results of prosthetic Achilles tendons were less satisfactory because of difficulties in suturing to a muscle and its fascia. Although the prosthetic tendon did not regrow through the tube, it provided a structure for regrowth around it. The regrown tendons became nearly ten times the normal cross-sectional area after three to four months and decreased to two to three times after 13 months. Histological studies indicate that in the absence of infection, the Dacron mesh silicone tendon was well tolerated for periods up to 13 months. Overall results are encouraging and warrant further investigation although the regenerative capacity of human patellar and Achilles tendons is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:129478", "title": "Ciliary inter-microtubule bridges.", "content": "Electron micrographs of both negatively contrasted and thin-sectioned lamellibranch gill cilia reveal several new features of ciliary fine structure, particularly in regard to those structures forming intermittent or permanent crossbridges between microtubules. Negative-contrasting reveals the presence of a 14-5-nm repeating bridge between the central microtubules. Frontal views of negatively contrasted dynein arm rows along subfibre A show that the arms (23-nm repeat) in the outer row are displaced in a left-handed manner by 3-4nm with respect to those in the inner row. This displacement is probably a direct reflexion of the helical tubulin subunit lattice of the subfibre. Interdoublet (nexin) links are seen connecting adjacent A and B subfibres at intervals of 86 nm along the doublet. Negative-contrasting shows thin, highly elastic connexions holding the doublets together. When seen in longitudinal thin sections, the interdoublet links are often tilted to considerable angles, indicating they may have an elastic response to interdoublet sliding.", "contents": "Ciliary inter-microtubule bridges. Electron micrographs of both negatively contrasted and thin-sectioned lamellibranch gill cilia reveal several new features of ciliary fine structure, particularly in regard to those structures forming intermittent or permanent crossbridges between microtubules. Negative-contrasting reveals the presence of a 14-5-nm repeating bridge between the central microtubules. Frontal views of negatively contrasted dynein arm rows along subfibre A show that the arms (23-nm repeat) in the outer row are displaced in a left-handed manner by 3-4nm with respect to those in the inner row. This displacement is probably a direct reflexion of the helical tubulin subunit lattice of the subfibre. Interdoublet (nexin) links are seen connecting adjacent A and B subfibres at intervals of 86 nm along the doublet. Negative-contrasting shows thin, highly elastic connexions holding the doublets together. When seen in longitudinal thin sections, the interdoublet links are often tilted to considerable angles, indicating they may have an elastic response to interdoublet sliding."}
{"id": "PMID:129479", "title": "The influence of gibberellic acid and abscisic acid on cell and tissue differentiation of bean callus.", "content": "Bean callus was induced to form roots (tissue differentiation) and vascular nodules (cell differentiation) by lowering the ratio of auxin to cytokinin in the growth medium. Both types of differentiation were inhibited by the addition of abscisic acid (at concentrations greater than I muM) to induction medium. Initiation of differentiation was inhibited, but its subsequent development was not, and the inhibition was not affected by the addition of gibberellic acid. Addition of gibberellic acid (GA) alone to induction medium stimulated tissue differentiation, although cell differentiation was unaffected (30 muM GA) or inhibited (45 muM GA) and its onset was delayed at both concentrations. Root initiation was also stimulated by gibberellic acid (0.I-45 muM) at an auxin-to-kinin ratio 10 times that normally optimal for cell differentiation. The phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity of the calluses was closely correlated with the amount of cell differentiation which had occurred, and measurement of this confirmed that gibberellic acid delayed the initiation of cell differentiation. The increase and subsequent decline of PAL and betaI leads to 3 glucan synthetase activities, normally induced by transfer to induction medium, was abolished by abscisic acid. Addition of gibberellic acid did not affect the betaI leads to 3 glucan synthetase activity.", "contents": "The influence of gibberellic acid and abscisic acid on cell and tissue differentiation of bean callus. Bean callus was induced to form roots (tissue differentiation) and vascular nodules (cell differentiation) by lowering the ratio of auxin to cytokinin in the growth medium. Both types of differentiation were inhibited by the addition of abscisic acid (at concentrations greater than I muM) to induction medium. Initiation of differentiation was inhibited, but its subsequent development was not, and the inhibition was not affected by the addition of gibberellic acid. Addition of gibberellic acid (GA) alone to induction medium stimulated tissue differentiation, although cell differentiation was unaffected (30 muM GA) or inhibited (45 muM GA) and its onset was delayed at both concentrations. Root initiation was also stimulated by gibberellic acid (0.I-45 muM) at an auxin-to-kinin ratio 10 times that normally optimal for cell differentiation. The phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity of the calluses was closely correlated with the amount of cell differentiation which had occurred, and measurement of this confirmed that gibberellic acid delayed the initiation of cell differentiation. The increase and subsequent decline of PAL and betaI leads to 3 glucan synthetase activities, normally induced by transfer to induction medium, was abolished by abscisic acid. Addition of gibberellic acid did not affect the betaI leads to 3 glucan synthetase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:129480", "title": "The determination of clioquinol in biological materials by extractive alkylation and gas-liquid chromatography.", "content": "Clioquinol, or 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (Vioform), and the internal standard, 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline are extracted from biological material in the form of their tetrahexylammonium salts into dichloromethane, where, in the presence of a methylating agent, both clioquinol and the standard are spontaneously transformed into their O-methyl derivatives. These derivatives can be purified by base-specific extraction and subsequently determined by gas chromatography; concentrations down to 10 ng per sample may be assayed. The method is compared with a previously reported procedure based on the O-acetyl derivatives.", "contents": "The determination of clioquinol in biological materials by extractive alkylation and gas-liquid chromatography. Clioquinol, or 5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline (Vioform), and the internal standard, 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline are extracted from biological material in the form of their tetrahexylammonium salts into dichloromethane, where, in the presence of a methylating agent, both clioquinol and the standard are spontaneously transformed into their O-methyl derivatives. These derivatives can be purified by base-specific extraction and subsequently determined by gas chromatography; concentrations down to 10 ng per sample may be assayed. The method is compared with a previously reported procedure based on the O-acetyl derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:129481", "title": "Serum androgens in normal prepubertal and pubertal children and in children with precocious adrenarche.", "content": "Serum androgens testosterone (T), testosterone-like-substances (TLS), delta4-androstenedione (delta4), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were measured in 85 normal girls and 101 normal boys grouped according to pubic hair development in Tanner stages I to IV/V. The pattern of change with puberty differed for each androgen. In boys T and TLS rose with the onset of puberty but showed a more abrupt rise later in puberty. DHT also was higher in boys in late puberty but did not demonstrate a steep rise. The other androgens did not show a sex difference at any stage of puberty. While delta4 steroids did not show an increase in the years before onset of puberty, DHEA was significantly higher in prepubertal children over 7 years than in those under 7 years (mean +/- SD 166 +/- 110 vs. 31 +/- 25, P less than 0.005). The most rapid increase of DHEA concentrations was observed with the appearance of pubic hair (Stage II) in boys and girls. This contrasted with the more gradual rise of delta4 in both sexes. The oldest boys and girls (Tanner stages IV/V) had mean concentrations of all androgens in the adult range except for DHT. Twenty-two girls with precocious adrenarche (PA) aged 3-8 years had mean concentrations of T, DHT, delta4 and DHEA that were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than in prepubertal children, but similar to those of girls in stage II and significantly lower (P less than 0.02) than in late pubertal girls (stage IV/V). Longitudinal studies in 12 of the girls indicated fluctuation of androgen concentrations, especially DHEA, but in general no increase during the years of followup. Precocious adrenarche appears to be a non-progressive disorder associated with an advanced maturation of adrenal androgen to an early pubertal stage. A rise in all androgens measured was correlated with the development of sexual hair.", "contents": "Serum androgens in normal prepubertal and pubertal children and in children with precocious adrenarche. Serum androgens testosterone (T), testosterone-like-substances (TLS), delta4-androstenedione (delta4), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were measured in 85 normal girls and 101 normal boys grouped according to pubic hair development in Tanner stages I to IV/V. The pattern of change with puberty differed for each androgen. In boys T and TLS rose with the onset of puberty but showed a more abrupt rise later in puberty. DHT also was higher in boys in late puberty but did not demonstrate a steep rise. The other androgens did not show a sex difference at any stage of puberty. While delta4 steroids did not show an increase in the years before onset of puberty, DHEA was significantly higher in prepubertal children over 7 years than in those under 7 years (mean +/- SD 166 +/- 110 vs. 31 +/- 25, P less than 0.005). The most rapid increase of DHEA concentrations was observed with the appearance of pubic hair (Stage II) in boys and girls. This contrasted with the more gradual rise of delta4 in both sexes. The oldest boys and girls (Tanner stages IV/V) had mean concentrations of all androgens in the adult range except for DHT. Twenty-two girls with precocious adrenarche (PA) aged 3-8 years had mean concentrations of T, DHT, delta4 and DHEA that were significantly higher (P less than 0.05) than in prepubertal children, but similar to those of girls in stage II and significantly lower (P less than 0.02) than in late pubertal girls (stage IV/V). Longitudinal studies in 12 of the girls indicated fluctuation of androgen concentrations, especially DHEA, but in general no increase during the years of followup. Precocious adrenarche appears to be a non-progressive disorder associated with an advanced maturation of adrenal androgen to an early pubertal stage. A rise in all androgens measured was correlated with the development of sexual hair."}
{"id": "PMID:129482", "title": "Degradation of cartilage proteoglycan by human leukocyte granule neutral proteases--a model of joint injury. I. Penetration of enzyme into rabbit articular cartilage and release of 35SO4-labeled material from the tissue.", "content": "The present work was undertaken to explore the effect of two purified neutral proteases derived from human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) on articular cartilage as a model of joint injury. Human leukocyte elastase and chymotrypsin-like enzyme, purified by affinity chromatography, released 32SO4 from labeled rabbit articular cartilage slices in vitro. Release of isotope was initially delayed, suggesting that either a lag in enzyme penetration occurs or that size of degradation fragments is a limiting factor in diffusion of label out of the tissue. The release of 35SO4 was inhibited by preincubation of elastase and chymotrypsin-like enzyme with human alpha 1-anti-trypsin, or with their specific chloromethyl ketone inactivators, and the action of elastase was also inhibited by a monospecific antiserum to PMN elastase, freed of major serum proteinase inhibitors. Immunohistochemical staining procedures revealed the presence of PMN elastase inside the matrix of cartilage slices after a 20-min exposure of tissue to either the pure enzyme or crude PMN granule extract. Serum alpha 1-antitrypsin failed to penetrate into the cartilage slices under identical in vitro conditions. In association with the results reported in the accompanying paper, these findings suggest a model of cartilage matrix degradation by PMN neutral proteases in which local protease-antiprotease imbalance, coupled with different rates of penetration of protease and antiprotease into target tissue, plays a key role in accounting for matrix damage.", "contents": "Degradation of cartilage proteoglycan by human leukocyte granule neutral proteases--a model of joint injury. I. Penetration of enzyme into rabbit articular cartilage and release of 35SO4-labeled material from the tissue. The present work was undertaken to explore the effect of two purified neutral proteases derived from human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) on articular cartilage as a model of joint injury. Human leukocyte elastase and chymotrypsin-like enzyme, purified by affinity chromatography, released 32SO4 from labeled rabbit articular cartilage slices in vitro. Release of isotope was initially delayed, suggesting that either a lag in enzyme penetration occurs or that size of degradation fragments is a limiting factor in diffusion of label out of the tissue. The release of 35SO4 was inhibited by preincubation of elastase and chymotrypsin-like enzyme with human alpha 1-anti-trypsin, or with their specific chloromethyl ketone inactivators, and the action of elastase was also inhibited by a monospecific antiserum to PMN elastase, freed of major serum proteinase inhibitors. Immunohistochemical staining procedures revealed the presence of PMN elastase inside the matrix of cartilage slices after a 20-min exposure of tissue to either the pure enzyme or crude PMN granule extract. Serum alpha 1-antitrypsin failed to penetrate into the cartilage slices under identical in vitro conditions. In association with the results reported in the accompanying paper, these findings suggest a model of cartilage matrix degradation by PMN neutral proteases in which local protease-antiprotease imbalance, coupled with different rates of penetration of protease and antiprotease into target tissue, plays a key role in accounting for matrix damage."}
{"id": "PMID:129483", "title": "Degradation of cartilage proteoglycan by human leukocyte granule neutral proteases--a model of joint injury. II. Degradation of isolated bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan.", "content": "Extracts of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules, and two purified proteases derived from such extracts, an elastase and a chymotrypsin-like enzyme, degrade isolated bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan at neutral pH. Viscosity studies indicate that the leukocyte granule extracts lack hyaluronidase activity and that their degradative effect on proteoglycan at physiological pH is due entirely to proteolytic action. Sepharose 4B gel chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteoglycan fractions treated with leukocyte granule enzymes at pH 7.0 indicate that they degrade one of the proteoglycan link proteins, release a fragment from the hyaluronic acid-binding portion of the proteoglycan subunit core protein, and break down the remainder of the proteoglycan subunit molecule into peptide fragments with varying numbers of chondroitin sulfate chains. Immunodiffusion studies indicate that the antigenic determinants of the proteoglycan subunit core protein and the link proteins survive treatment with granule proteases. Similar degradation of human articular cartilage proteoglycan by granule neutral proteases can be presumed to occur, in view of the similarity of structure of human articular and bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycans. The release of granule enzymes in the course of neutrophil-mediated inflammation can thus result in the degradation of cartilage matrix proteoglycan, leading to cartilage destruction and joint injury.", "contents": "Degradation of cartilage proteoglycan by human leukocyte granule neutral proteases--a model of joint injury. II. Degradation of isolated bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan. Extracts of human peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocyte granules, and two purified proteases derived from such extracts, an elastase and a chymotrypsin-like enzyme, degrade isolated bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan at neutral pH. Viscosity studies indicate that the leukocyte granule extracts lack hyaluronidase activity and that their degradative effect on proteoglycan at physiological pH is due entirely to proteolytic action. Sepharose 4B gel chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteoglycan fractions treated with leukocyte granule enzymes at pH 7.0 indicate that they degrade one of the proteoglycan link proteins, release a fragment from the hyaluronic acid-binding portion of the proteoglycan subunit core protein, and break down the remainder of the proteoglycan subunit molecule into peptide fragments with varying numbers of chondroitin sulfate chains. Immunodiffusion studies indicate that the antigenic determinants of the proteoglycan subunit core protein and the link proteins survive treatment with granule proteases. Similar degradation of human articular cartilage proteoglycan by granule neutral proteases can be presumed to occur, in view of the similarity of structure of human articular and bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycans. The release of granule enzymes in the course of neutrophil-mediated inflammation can thus result in the degradation of cartilage matrix proteoglycan, leading to cartilage destruction and joint injury."}
{"id": "PMID:129484", "title": "Development of a diagnostic checklist for low back pain patients.", "content": "The study of psychosomatic disorders implies that environmental variables, as well as attitudes and personality, can influence an individual's physical health. The present study developed a checklist composed of demographic and psychological variables to help to make diagnostic decisions related to chronic low-back pain. The need for the checklist stems from the situation that medical clinical evidence is often inconclusive to identify the etiology of patient complaints of low back pain. Cut-off scores on the checklist were able to discriminate with greater than 80% accuracy patients who received a specific medical diagnosis from patients who received a non-specific medical diagnosis. The findings provide additional support for procedures used to make difficult diagnoses of low back pain.", "contents": "Development of a diagnostic checklist for low back pain patients. The study of psychosomatic disorders implies that environmental variables, as well as attitudes and personality, can influence an individual's physical health. The present study developed a checklist composed of demographic and psychological variables to help to make diagnostic decisions related to chronic low-back pain. The need for the checklist stems from the situation that medical clinical evidence is often inconclusive to identify the etiology of patient complaints of low back pain. Cut-off scores on the checklist were able to discriminate with greater than 80% accuracy patients who received a specific medical diagnosis from patients who received a non-specific medical diagnosis. The findings provide additional support for procedures used to make difficult diagnoses of low back pain."}
{"id": "PMID:129485", "title": "Echocardiographic study of the effects of acute left atrial hypertension on left atrial size.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the effects of acute left atrial hypertension on left atrial size. Twenty-four patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied. The estimated mean left atrial pressure (LAm) was correlated with left atrial (LA) size obtained by echocardiogrphy. The LAm was elevated (greater than 12 mmHg) in 15 patients (Group I). The LA size was within normal limits in all but two patients who had minor increases. The LAm was normal in nine patients (Group II). The LA size was normal in each case. The LA size remained unchanged in those patients who had a stable LAm. We conclude that acute increases in LAm are not usually associated with LA enlargement beyond the upper limit of the normal range.", "contents": "Echocardiographic study of the effects of acute left atrial hypertension on left atrial size. This study was designed to investigate the effects of acute left atrial hypertension on left atrial size. Twenty-four patients with acute myocardial infarction were studied. The estimated mean left atrial pressure (LAm) was correlated with left atrial (LA) size obtained by echocardiogrphy. The LAm was elevated (greater than 12 mmHg) in 15 patients (Group I). The LA size was within normal limits in all but two patients who had minor increases. The LAm was normal in nine patients (Group II). The LA size was normal in each case. The LA size remained unchanged in those patients who had a stable LAm. We conclude that acute increases in LAm are not usually associated with LA enlargement beyond the upper limit of the normal range."}
{"id": "PMID:129488", "title": "Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in human epidermal tumors 4. Enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway.", "content": "The acitvities of six enzymes were determined by fluorometric micromethods in epidermal tumors (basal and squamous cell epithelioma, verruca seborrhecia and keratoacanthoma) and compared to the activities in the adjoining, apparently normal epidermis. Specific changes related to malignancy were not obvious.", "contents": "Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in human epidermal tumors 4. Enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway. The acitvities of six enzymes were determined by fluorometric micromethods in epidermal tumors (basal and squamous cell epithelioma, verruca seborrhecia and keratoacanthoma) and compared to the activities in the adjoining, apparently normal epidermis. Specific changes related to malignancy were not obvious."}
{"id": "PMID:129492", "title": "Cellular mechanism of endotoxin unresponsiveness in C3H/HeJ mice.", "content": "B cells from C3H/HeJ mice fail to respond to an endotoxin (LPS K235) which is mitogenic for normal mice including the closely related C3H/HeN strain. The cellular basis for this unresponsive state has been investigated. The C3H/HeJ mice have normal numbers of B cells, which are capable of normal responses to other B cell mitogens, such as polyinosinic acid (Poly I). Addition of normal macrophages or spleen cells fails to reconstitute the normal response. Furthermore, neither macrophages nor spleen cells from the C3H/HeJ strain suppress the normal C3H/HeN spleen cells. Finally, spleen cells enriched for B cells by the removal of macrophages or T cells demonstrate the same differences in responsiveness to LPS. These results indicate that LPS unresponsiveness is a defect of the B cell itself and not due to suppressor cells or the absence of helper cells. When LPS is added to Poly I-stimulated cultures, there is additional enhancement of the response of normal C3H/HeN spleen cells. However, LPS causes a dose-dependent suppression of the Poly I response of C3H/HeJ spleen cells. This suppression is dependent on the time of addition of LPS to the Poly I-stimulated cultures. These data are interpreted as indicating that the binding of LPS to the membrane of C3H/HeJ B cells results in their inactivation or suppression, and that this is the basis of LPS unresponsiveness in this mouse strain.", "contents": "Cellular mechanism of endotoxin unresponsiveness in C3H/HeJ mice. B cells from C3H/HeJ mice fail to respond to an endotoxin (LPS K235) which is mitogenic for normal mice including the closely related C3H/HeN strain. The cellular basis for this unresponsive state has been investigated. The C3H/HeJ mice have normal numbers of B cells, which are capable of normal responses to other B cell mitogens, such as polyinosinic acid (Poly I). Addition of normal macrophages or spleen cells fails to reconstitute the normal response. Furthermore, neither macrophages nor spleen cells from the C3H/HeJ strain suppress the normal C3H/HeN spleen cells. Finally, spleen cells enriched for B cells by the removal of macrophages or T cells demonstrate the same differences in responsiveness to LPS. These results indicate that LPS unresponsiveness is a defect of the B cell itself and not due to suppressor cells or the absence of helper cells. When LPS is added to Poly I-stimulated cultures, there is additional enhancement of the response of normal C3H/HeN spleen cells. However, LPS causes a dose-dependent suppression of the Poly I response of C3H/HeJ spleen cells. This suppression is dependent on the time of addition of LPS to the Poly I-stimulated cultures. These data are interpreted as indicating that the binding of LPS to the membrane of C3H/HeJ B cells results in their inactivation or suppression, and that this is the basis of LPS unresponsiveness in this mouse strain."}
{"id": "PMID:129493", "title": "Evaluation of topical anti-inflammatory steroid formulations in an Arthus model of inflammation.", "content": "Formulations of a number of steroids were evaluated after topical application in a reversed passive Arthus test (RPA) in rabbits. Four 21-chlorosteroids in the same cream base were investigated. The preparations of SQ 18,566 (halcinonide) and SQ 20,811 showed anti-edema activity, but those of SQ 15,361 and SQ 20,589 were less active. Ointment formulations of halcinonide also reduced edema in the RPA. These results, coupled with previously reported clinical data, suggest that the RPA might be utilized to distinguish good from poor formulations of anti-inflammatory steroids prior to screening tests or clinical trials in humans.", "contents": "Evaluation of topical anti-inflammatory steroid formulations in an Arthus model of inflammation. Formulations of a number of steroids were evaluated after topical application in a reversed passive Arthus test (RPA) in rabbits. Four 21-chlorosteroids in the same cream base were investigated. The preparations of SQ 18,566 (halcinonide) and SQ 20,811 showed anti-edema activity, but those of SQ 15,361 and SQ 20,589 were less active. Ointment formulations of halcinonide also reduced edema in the RPA. These results, coupled with previously reported clinical data, suggest that the RPA might be utilized to distinguish good from poor formulations of anti-inflammatory steroids prior to screening tests or clinical trials in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:129494", "title": "The effect of oral and topical tetracycline on acne severity and on surface lipid composition.", "content": "Groups of 20 males of high-school age with moderate acne were treated with oral tetracycline (500 mg/day), topical tetracycline (0.5% solution applied twice daily), or placebo for 8 weeks. The two panels treated with tetracycline showed a significant and equivalent reduction in acne severity as assessed by visual grading. The surface lipids in the panel treated with oral tetracycline showed a small but not statistically significant decrease in free fatty acid content, but the subjects receiving topical tetracycline showed no reduction in free fatty acids. Further, neither treatment was associated with a change in mass of surface lipid nor did the mass or weight percent of any component of the surface lipids change with the decrease in acne severity. These results show that acne severity can be reduced with tetracycline (both oral and topical) without any concomitant quantitative change in surface lipids.", "contents": "The effect of oral and topical tetracycline on acne severity and on surface lipid composition. Groups of 20 males of high-school age with moderate acne were treated with oral tetracycline (500 mg/day), topical tetracycline (0.5% solution applied twice daily), or placebo for 8 weeks. The two panels treated with tetracycline showed a significant and equivalent reduction in acne severity as assessed by visual grading. The surface lipids in the panel treated with oral tetracycline showed a small but not statistically significant decrease in free fatty acid content, but the subjects receiving topical tetracycline showed no reduction in free fatty acids. Further, neither treatment was associated with a change in mass of surface lipid nor did the mass or weight percent of any component of the surface lipids change with the decrease in acne severity. These results show that acne severity can be reduced with tetracycline (both oral and topical) without any concomitant quantitative change in surface lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:129496", "title": "Platelet contractile proteins: separation and characterization of the actin and myosin-like components.", "content": "Solution of thrombosthenin, the contractile protein complex isolated from pig platelets, have been studied by analytical ultracentrifugation and zone sedimentation in sucrose density gradients. Freshly prepared thrombosthenin in 0.6 M KCl shows a prominent peak in the ultracentrifuge with S degrees 20w about 5.5 and higher molecular weight aggregates (greater than 100S) sedimenting quickly to the bottom of the cell. Short term storage of high ionic strength solutions of thrombosthenin induces actomyosin-like gel formation and these gels dissociate with ATP and Mg2+ ions into two components of S degrees 20w 8.0 and S degrees 20w50. The supernatant,  after actomyosin gel removal, contains only the S degrees 20w5.5 protein. From results of Ca2+ ATPase activity measurements and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic mobilities of dissociated thrombosthenin separated into fractions in sucrose density gradients, it is concluded that the S degrees20w5.5 protein species is the myosin-like protein of thrombosthenin. The S degrees 20w8.0 protein is not fibrinogen but also has myosin-like properties and is believed to be myosin dimer. Species of higher S values seen in the presence of ATP and Mg2+ in the analytical ultracentrifuge and located in the higher density zones of the sucrose gradients all gave in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a single band of molecular weight 46-47,000 daltons. These subunit proteins appear to be derived from a range of polymeric variants of the F-actin-like protein of the contractile complex. All these higher density F-actin-like proteins readily form superprecipitates and display syneresis when combined with rabbit skeletal muscle myosin or platelet myosin. They are also all capable of conferring upon these two myosins a Mg2+ activated ATPase activity. It is suggested that in thrombosthenin solutions a myosin monomer-dimer equilibrium state exists which can be directionally influenced by a number of factors. The coexistence in the solution of F-actin and Mg2+ ATP, for example, increases the propensity of the myosin-like protein to form the higher molecular weight aggregate. Such aggregation may be the initiating mechanism for the intracellular organization of the thick filaments of the actomyosin complex, preparatory to a contractile event.", "contents": "Platelet contractile proteins: separation and characterization of the actin and myosin-like components. Solution of thrombosthenin, the contractile protein complex isolated from pig platelets, have been studied by analytical ultracentrifugation and zone sedimentation in sucrose density gradients. Freshly prepared thrombosthenin in 0.6 M KCl shows a prominent peak in the ultracentrifuge with S degrees 20w about 5.5 and higher molecular weight aggregates (greater than 100S) sedimenting quickly to the bottom of the cell. Short term storage of high ionic strength solutions of thrombosthenin induces actomyosin-like gel formation and these gels dissociate with ATP and Mg2+ ions into two components of S degrees 20w 8.0 and S degrees 20w50. The supernatant,  after actomyosin gel removal, contains only the S degrees 20w5.5 protein. From results of Ca2+ ATPase activity measurements and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic mobilities of dissociated thrombosthenin separated into fractions in sucrose density gradients, it is concluded that the S degrees20w5.5 protein species is the myosin-like protein of thrombosthenin. The S degrees 20w8.0 protein is not fibrinogen but also has myosin-like properties and is believed to be myosin dimer. Species of higher S values seen in the presence of ATP and Mg2+ in the analytical ultracentrifuge and located in the higher density zones of the sucrose gradients all gave in SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis a single band of molecular weight 46-47,000 daltons. These subunit proteins appear to be derived from a range of polymeric variants of the F-actin-like protein of the contractile complex. All these higher density F-actin-like proteins readily form superprecipitates and display syneresis when combined with rabbit skeletal muscle myosin or platelet myosin. They are also all capable of conferring upon these two myosins a Mg2+ activated ATPase activity. It is suggested that in thrombosthenin solutions a myosin monomer-dimer equilibrium state exists which can be directionally influenced by a number of factors. The coexistence in the solution of F-actin and Mg2+ ATP, for example, increases the propensity of the myosin-like protein to form the higher molecular weight aggregate. Such aggregation may be the initiating mechanism for the intracellular organization of the thick filaments of the actomyosin complex, preparatory to a contractile event."}
{"id": "PMID:129497", "title": "Studies on the amino groups of myosin-ATPase. II. Localization of the amino groups.", "content": "1-5 of the epsilon-amino groups of myosin were trinitrophenylated by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonate. The Mg2+-activated ATPase activity was found to increase twenty fold while the K+-activated ATPase was strongly inhibited as a result of this treatment. Myosin was dissociated by urea after trinitrophenylation and its heavy and light chains were isolated. Virtually all the introduced trinitrophenyl groups were found in the heavy chain indicating that the lysyl residues, the modification of which affects the ATPase activity, are located at the heavy core of the myosin molecule.", "contents": "Studies on the amino groups of myosin-ATPase. II. Localization of the amino groups. 1-5 of the epsilon-amino groups of myosin were trinitrophenylated by 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonate. The Mg2+-activated ATPase activity was found to increase twenty fold while the K+-activated ATPase was strongly inhibited as a result of this treatment. Myosin was dissociated by urea after trinitrophenylation and its heavy and light chains were isolated. Virtually all the introduced trinitrophenyl groups were found in the heavy chain indicating that the lysyl residues, the modification of which affects the ATPase activity, are located at the heavy core of the myosin molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:129498", "title": "Immune complex orchitis in vasectomized rabbits.", "content": "The results of the present study show that bilaterally vasectomized rabbits with high levels of antibodies to sperm antigens frequently develop an orchitis associated with granular deposits of rabbit IgG and C3 in the basement membranes of seminiferous tubules. The immune deposits correspond in location to electron-opaque deposits seen by electron microscopy. The \"membranous orchitis\" is characterized by thickening of tubular basement membranes, acc-mulation of macrophages and a few polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and destruction of the basal lamina, of the Sertoli and spermatogenetic cells. The pathogenetic role of the immune deposits and the possibility that they contain antigen-antibody complexes is indicated by: (a) selective accumulation of IgG and C3 granular deposits along the basement membranes of seminiferous tubules in rabbits producing high and persistent levels of antibodies to sperm antigens; (b) the elution of immunoglobulins from tissues with chaotropic ion-containing buffers, acid buffers, or heat; (c) the observation that the immuno-globulins accumulated in the testis contain antibody to sperm antigens; and (d) the demonstration of sperm antigens in a location similar to that of IgG and C3. It is postulated that sperm antigen-antibody complexes are formed in the basement membranes of seminiferous tubules when antigens leaking out of the tubules react with specific antibody coming from the circulation. In two rabbits with higher levels of circulating antisperm antibodies and severe orchitis, granular deposits of IgG and C3 were also present in renal glomeruli. Immunoglobulins eluted from the kidneys contained antibody with antisperm activity. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in some vasectomized rabbits extratesticular lesions may develop by a mechanism comparable to that of chronic serum sickness.", "contents": "Immune complex orchitis in vasectomized rabbits. The results of the present study show that bilaterally vasectomized rabbits with high levels of antibodies to sperm antigens frequently develop an orchitis associated with granular deposits of rabbit IgG and C3 in the basement membranes of seminiferous tubules. The immune deposits correspond in location to electron-opaque deposits seen by electron microscopy. The \"membranous orchitis\" is characterized by thickening of tubular basement membranes, acc-mulation of macrophages and a few polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and destruction of the basal lamina, of the Sertoli and spermatogenetic cells. The pathogenetic role of the immune deposits and the possibility that they contain antigen-antibody complexes is indicated by: (a) selective accumulation of IgG and C3 granular deposits along the basement membranes of seminiferous tubules in rabbits producing high and persistent levels of antibodies to sperm antigens; (b) the elution of immunoglobulins from tissues with chaotropic ion-containing buffers, acid buffers, or heat; (c) the observation that the immuno-globulins accumulated in the testis contain antibody to sperm antigens; and (d) the demonstration of sperm antigens in a location similar to that of IgG and C3. It is postulated that sperm antigen-antibody complexes are formed in the basement membranes of seminiferous tubules when antigens leaking out of the tubules react with specific antibody coming from the circulation. In two rabbits with higher levels of circulating antisperm antibodies and severe orchitis, granular deposits of IgG and C3 were also present in renal glomeruli. Immunoglobulins eluted from the kidneys contained antibody with antisperm activity. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in some vasectomized rabbits extratesticular lesions may develop by a mechanism comparable to that of chronic serum sickness."}
{"id": "PMID:129499", "title": "The role of nonclassical Fc receptor-associated, Ag-B antigens (Ia) in rat allograft enhancement.", "content": "The ability of a hyperimmune Lew anti-BN serum (HIS) to induce enhancement of (Lew/BN)F1 kidneys transplanted into Lew recipients was compared to that of the same antiserum that had been depleted of hemagglutinating anti-Ag-B antibodies by absorption with Brown-Norway (BN) RBC-absorbed sera (RAS) or platelet-absorbed sera (PAS). The RAS and PAS were as effective as the unabsorbed HIS in abrogating early rejection as assessed by renal function and promotion of long-term survival. The absorbed sera retained the capacity to block the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) between Lew and BN lymphocytes and to a lesser degree the MLC between Lew and BUF, WF, AUG, and ACI lymphocytes; however, strain specificity was clearly evident at high antiserum dilutions. Similarly, these absorbed sera retained the capacity to block the Fc receptor of BN lymphocytes, and this effect was completely strain specific. In contrast, hemagglutinating and cytotoxic antibodies eluted from platelets used for antiserum absorption did not react with Fc receptors as assessed by rabbit antisheep (IgG)-coated SRBC (EA) rosette formation. F(Ab')2 fragments of PAS also blocked EA rosettes. On the other hand, complement rosettes (EAC) were not inhibited by the HIS. The antibodies were therefore directed against the Fc receptor itself or a structure spatially or functionally closely related to it. Both the Fc receptors and the enhancing capacity of the antisera were strictly specific for the BN genotype. It is suggested that the anti-\"Fc receptor\" antibody could play an important role in the induction of enhancement by impairing host T-B collaboration as a result of its binding to graft allogeneic \"Fc receptors\" which appear to be analogous to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-coded Ia antigens of the mouse.", "contents": "The role of nonclassical Fc receptor-associated, Ag-B antigens (Ia) in rat allograft enhancement. The ability of a hyperimmune Lew anti-BN serum (HIS) to induce enhancement of (Lew/BN)F1 kidneys transplanted into Lew recipients was compared to that of the same antiserum that had been depleted of hemagglutinating anti-Ag-B antibodies by absorption with Brown-Norway (BN) RBC-absorbed sera (RAS) or platelet-absorbed sera (PAS). The RAS and PAS were as effective as the unabsorbed HIS in abrogating early rejection as assessed by renal function and promotion of long-term survival. The absorbed sera retained the capacity to block the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) between Lew and BN lymphocytes and to a lesser degree the MLC between Lew and BUF, WF, AUG, and ACI lymphocytes; however, strain specificity was clearly evident at high antiserum dilutions. Similarly, these absorbed sera retained the capacity to block the Fc receptor of BN lymphocytes, and this effect was completely strain specific. In contrast, hemagglutinating and cytotoxic antibodies eluted from platelets used for antiserum absorption did not react with Fc receptors as assessed by rabbit antisheep (IgG)-coated SRBC (EA) rosette formation. F(Ab')2 fragments of PAS also blocked EA rosettes. On the other hand, complement rosettes (EAC) were not inhibited by the HIS. The antibodies were therefore directed against the Fc receptor itself or a structure spatially or functionally closely related to it. Both the Fc receptors and the enhancing capacity of the antisera were strictly specific for the BN genotype. It is suggested that the anti-\"Fc receptor\" antibody could play an important role in the induction of enhancement by impairing host T-B collaboration as a result of its binding to graft allogeneic \"Fc receptors\" which appear to be analogous to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-coded Ia antigens of the mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:129500", "title": "Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. III. I-region control of suppressor cell interaction with responder cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions.", "content": "Active suppression of mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) response is mediated by a soluble factor released by alloantigen-activated murine suppressor cells. Genetic restrictions controlling suppressor factor interaction with MLR responder cells were elucidated in this study. Non-H-2 genetic background was irrelevant to effective interaction. Using congenic strains and strains with intra-H-2 recombinants the genetic locus controlling suppressor T-cell-responder cell interaction was mapped in the I-C or S regions of the H-2 complex. Similarly, recombinant strains were used to exclude the presence of another suppressor cell-responder cell interaction locus in K,I-A, and I-B regions. It thus appears that the I-C subregion of the H-2 complex controls suppressive cell interactions in this T-cell-mediated immune response.", "contents": "Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. III. I-region control of suppressor cell interaction with responder cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Active suppression of mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) response is mediated by a soluble factor released by alloantigen-activated murine suppressor cells. Genetic restrictions controlling suppressor factor interaction with MLR responder cells were elucidated in this study. Non-H-2 genetic background was irrelevant to effective interaction. Using congenic strains and strains with intra-H-2 recombinants the genetic locus controlling suppressor T-cell-responder cell interaction was mapped in the I-C or S regions of the H-2 complex. Similarly, recombinant strains were used to exclude the presence of another suppressor cell-responder cell interaction locus in K,I-A, and I-B regions. It thus appears that the I-C subregion of the H-2 complex controls suppressive cell interactions in this T-cell-mediated immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:129501", "title": "Two anaphylactic deaths after chemonucleolysis.", "content": "Chemonucleolysis is a procedure for treatment of low back pain due to discogenic disease in which the drug chymopapain is injected into lumbar disks to produce chemical dissolution of the nucleus pulposus. More than 15,000 cases have been treated by chemonucleolysis world-wide. Anaphylaxis after the injection of chymopapain occurs in about 1% of such cases. The two cases described in this paper are the only known deaths due to anaphylaxis. Both patients suddenly became hypotensive after injection of chymopapain into a disk. One patient died shortly after this, whereas the second patient died of the complications of prolonged shock.", "contents": "Two anaphylactic deaths after chemonucleolysis. Chemonucleolysis is a procedure for treatment of low back pain due to discogenic disease in which the drug chymopapain is injected into lumbar disks to produce chemical dissolution of the nucleus pulposus. More than 15,000 cases have been treated by chemonucleolysis world-wide. Anaphylaxis after the injection of chymopapain occurs in about 1% of such cases. The two cases described in this paper are the only known deaths due to anaphylaxis. Both patients suddenly became hypotensive after injection of chymopapain into a disk. One patient died shortly after this, whereas the second patient died of the complications of prolonged shock."}
{"id": "PMID:129536", "title": "[Epidemiological aspects of trisomy 21].", "content": "The authors analyse cytogenetic and epidemiological data of 4760 cases of trisomy 21 found in 22 European Centres of Genetics. This cytogenetic study is dealing with the frequency of regular free trisomies and those in mosaics and of trisomies by translocation. The frequency of the different types of translocation has been established thanks to an identification of the chromosomes through marking techniques. The risks and causes of recurrence are discussed. From the epidemiological aspect, the role of the mother's age was the subject of a special study which confirms the bimodal distribution of the trisomy 21. This distribution is discussed in association with the other epidemiological factors: X-ray, virus, auto-immunity and gynaecological disorders.", "contents": "[Epidemiological aspects of trisomy 21]. The authors analyse cytogenetic and epidemiological data of 4760 cases of trisomy 21 found in 22 European Centres of Genetics. This cytogenetic study is dealing with the frequency of regular free trisomies and those in mosaics and of trisomies by translocation. The frequency of the different types of translocation has been established thanks to an identification of the chromosomes through marking techniques. The risks and causes of recurrence are discussed. From the epidemiological aspect, the role of the mother's age was the subject of a special study which confirms the bimodal distribution of the trisomy 21. This distribution is discussed in association with the other epidemiological factors: X-ray, virus, auto-immunity and gynaecological disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:129538", "title": "[Chromosome analyses in parents of children with trisomy 21[].", "content": "In connection with a comparative study between parents of trisomic 21 children and control parents, the authors discuss the eventual role of the increase of association rates between acrocentric chromosomes on the appearance of non-disjunctions and translocations affecting chromosome 21. The results are analyzed and compared with data found in the literature.", "contents": "[Chromosome analyses in parents of children with trisomy 21[]. In connection with a comparative study between parents of trisomic 21 children and control parents, the authors discuss the eventual role of the increase of association rates between acrocentric chromosomes on the appearance of non-disjunctions and translocations affecting chromosome 21. The results are analyzed and compared with data found in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:129540", "title": "Relation between Genetic markers and oligoclonal IgG in CSF in optic neuritis.", "content": "Thirty patients with acute, unilateral optic neuritis (ON), where re-examination after a mean observation period of 5 years did not reveal any aetiology, were investigated with regard to laboratory abnormalities frequently observed in multiple sclerosis. Eleven patients had oligoclonal IgG in CSF. In 5 of these a measles virus antibody response within the CNS was demonstrable. The remaining 19 patients did not display oligoclonal CSF IgG, nor an antibody response. The major histocompatibility antigens HL-A3 and HL-A7 occurred at similar frequencies in ON and in controls, irrespective of the presence of oligoclonal CSF IgG. The HL-A7 associated MLC determinant LD-7a occurred in ON at a frequency between that observed in controls and in MS. However, an association of the same magnitude as observed in MS was found between ON with oligoclonal CSF IgG and the presence of LD-7a. This association was absent in those ON patients who lacked oligoclonal CSF IgG. The present data indicate that the finding of oligoclonal CSF IgG may increase the risk of developing MS.", "contents": "Relation between Genetic markers and oligoclonal IgG in CSF in optic neuritis. Thirty patients with acute, unilateral optic neuritis (ON), where re-examination after a mean observation period of 5 years did not reveal any aetiology, were investigated with regard to laboratory abnormalities frequently observed in multiple sclerosis. Eleven patients had oligoclonal IgG in CSF. In 5 of these a measles virus antibody response within the CNS was demonstrable. The remaining 19 patients did not display oligoclonal CSF IgG, nor an antibody response. The major histocompatibility antigens HL-A3 and HL-A7 occurred at similar frequencies in ON and in controls, irrespective of the presence of oligoclonal CSF IgG. The HL-A7 associated MLC determinant LD-7a occurred in ON at a frequency between that observed in controls and in MS. However, an association of the same magnitude as observed in MS was found between ON with oligoclonal CSF IgG and the presence of LD-7a. This association was absent in those ON patients who lacked oligoclonal CSF IgG. The present data indicate that the finding of oligoclonal CSF IgG may increase the risk of developing MS."}
{"id": "PMID:129541", "title": "Neurofibrillary tangles of paired helical filaments.", "content": "The abnormal aggregates of fibrillar material found in neurons in Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia, the Guam Parkinsonism-Dementia complex, Down's syndrome, and postencephalitic Parkinsonism were studied by means of tilt-stage electron microscopy and with X-ray images of scale models of a bifilar helix. The model fulfills the structural criteria established by electron microscopy. These studies showed that the \"twisted tubule\" which makes up the neurofibrillary tangle in many pathological situations is a bifilar helix made up of 130 A filaments.", "contents": "Neurofibrillary tangles of paired helical filaments. The abnormal aggregates of fibrillar material found in neurons in Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia, the Guam Parkinsonism-Dementia complex, Down's syndrome, and postencephalitic Parkinsonism were studied by means of tilt-stage electron microscopy and with X-ray images of scale models of a bifilar helix. The model fulfills the structural criteria established by electron microscopy. These studies showed that the \"twisted tubule\" which makes up the neurofibrillary tangle in many pathological situations is a bifilar helix made up of 130 A filaments."}
{"id": "PMID:129542", "title": "Classification and response characteristics of muscle spindle afferents in the primate.", "content": "A study was made of the response characteristics of spindle afferents in the baboon soleus muscle. Afferents were isolated from the dorsal roots, their conduction velocities were determined, and their responses were recorded to muscle stretch at rates of 2.5-45 mm/s and amplitudes of 2-10 mm. Spindle afferents could be classified as primary or secondary on the basis of two criteria. The first criterion was conduction velocity. The conduction velocity histogram was bimodal, with peaks at about 45 and 80 m/s and an intermediate region from 55 to 70 m/s. The second criterion was the pattern of adaptation following the peak of ramp stretch. This latter criterion has the advantage of allowing units with intermediate conduction velocities also to be confidently classified as primary or secondary. The velocity and position sensitivities of primate spindle afferents were determined. The mean dynamic index and mean dynamic sensitivity of secondary afferents were about 45% of the corresponding values for primary afferents. On the other hand, the position sensitivities of primary and secondary spindle afferents in the baboon were not significantly different.", "contents": "Classification and response characteristics of muscle spindle afferents in the primate. A study was made of the response characteristics of spindle afferents in the baboon soleus muscle. Afferents were isolated from the dorsal roots, their conduction velocities were determined, and their responses were recorded to muscle stretch at rates of 2.5-45 mm/s and amplitudes of 2-10 mm. Spindle afferents could be classified as primary or secondary on the basis of two criteria. The first criterion was conduction velocity. The conduction velocity histogram was bimodal, with peaks at about 45 and 80 m/s and an intermediate region from 55 to 70 m/s. The second criterion was the pattern of adaptation following the peak of ramp stretch. This latter criterion has the advantage of allowing units with intermediate conduction velocities also to be confidently classified as primary or secondary. The velocity and position sensitivities of primate spindle afferents were determined. The mean dynamic index and mean dynamic sensitivity of secondary afferents were about 45% of the corresponding values for primary afferents. On the other hand, the position sensitivities of primary and secondary spindle afferents in the baboon were not significantly different."}
{"id": "PMID:129543", "title": "Effects of fusimotor stimulation on dynamic and position sensitivities of spindle afferents in the primate.", "content": "The effects of stimulation of single static and dynamic fusimotor fibers on the dynamic sensitivity and position sensitivity of primary and secondary spindle afferents have been studied in the soleus muscle of the baboon. Static fusimotor fibers decreased the mean dynamic sensitivity of primary afferents at all rates of stretch and stimulation. The magnitude of the decrease in dynamic sensitivity increased as the rate of fusimotor stimulation was increased. Qualitatively similar effects were observed in secondary afferents. Static fusimotor stimulation had a strong excitatory effect on spindle afferent resting discharge and greatly increased the mean position sensitivity of both primary and secondary afferents. Dynamic fusimotor fibers increased the mean dynamic index of primary afferents at all rates of stretch and stimulation. The effect of dynamic fusimotor fibers on the mean dynamic sensitivity, however, was dependent on the rate of muscle stretch; at rates below 15 mm/s the dynamic sensitivity was substantially increased, whereas at rates greater than 15 mm/s it was either unchanged or decreased. Dynamic fusimotor fibers slightly decreased the mean position sensitivity of primary afferents.", "contents": "Effects of fusimotor stimulation on dynamic and position sensitivities of spindle afferents in the primate. The effects of stimulation of single static and dynamic fusimotor fibers on the dynamic sensitivity and position sensitivity of primary and secondary spindle afferents have been studied in the soleus muscle of the baboon. Static fusimotor fibers decreased the mean dynamic sensitivity of primary afferents at all rates of stretch and stimulation. The magnitude of the decrease in dynamic sensitivity increased as the rate of fusimotor stimulation was increased. Qualitatively similar effects were observed in secondary afferents. Static fusimotor stimulation had a strong excitatory effect on spindle afferent resting discharge and greatly increased the mean position sensitivity of both primary and secondary afferents. Dynamic fusimotor fibers increased the mean dynamic index of primary afferents at all rates of stretch and stimulation. The effect of dynamic fusimotor fibers on the mean dynamic sensitivity, however, was dependent on the rate of muscle stretch; at rates below 15 mm/s the dynamic sensitivity was substantially increased, whereas at rates greater than 15 mm/s it was either unchanged or decreased. Dynamic fusimotor fibers slightly decreased the mean position sensitivity of primary afferents."}
{"id": "PMID:129544", "title": "Classification of fusimotor fibers in the primate.", "content": "The classification and distinguishing characteristics of fusimotor fibres of the baboon soleus muscle have been studied by determining the effects of single fusimotor fiber stimulation on the response of isolated spindle afferents to muscle stretch. As in the cat, fusimotor fibres in the baboon were divisible into static and dynamic types on the basis of the effect of their stimulation at 200/s on the dynamic index of the primary afferent. Single fusimotor fibres had the same qualitative effect-static or dynamic-on all the primary afferents they were found to influence. All static fusimotor fibres produced at least 1 to 1 driving of primary afferent discharge at 50/s if the muscle length was adjusted to optimize conditions for driving. In contrast, 31 of 32 dynamic fusimotor fibres did not produce driving of primary afferent discharge even though all were studied at many different muscle lengths and frequencies of stimulation. Therefore, fusimotor fibres in the baboon could be classified as static or dynamic on the basis of their ability to produce driving of the primary afferent. The ratio of isolated static to dynamic fusimotor fibers was 1.5 to 1. The mean conduction velocity of static fusimotor fibers was 24.1 m/s and that of dynamics was 20.2 m/s. Although the difference between these two means was statistically significant (P less than 0.001), the conduction velocity histograms of static and dynamic fusimotors overlapped, precluding classification by this means. Secondary afferents with one possible exception were concluded to be exclusively activated by static fusimotor fibers. Poststimulus effects of fusimotor stimulation on primary afferent response to stretch were studied. With intervals between the end of stimulation and the beginning of stretch of 0.1 s, dynamic fusimotor stimulation produced facilitation of the primary afferent response to stretch, whereas static fusimotor fibers produced depression.", "contents": "Classification of fusimotor fibers in the primate. The classification and distinguishing characteristics of fusimotor fibres of the baboon soleus muscle have been studied by determining the effects of single fusimotor fiber stimulation on the response of isolated spindle afferents to muscle stretch. As in the cat, fusimotor fibres in the baboon were divisible into static and dynamic types on the basis of the effect of their stimulation at 200/s on the dynamic index of the primary afferent. Single fusimotor fibres had the same qualitative effect-static or dynamic-on all the primary afferents they were found to influence. All static fusimotor fibres produced at least 1 to 1 driving of primary afferent discharge at 50/s if the muscle length was adjusted to optimize conditions for driving. In contrast, 31 of 32 dynamic fusimotor fibres did not produce driving of primary afferent discharge even though all were studied at many different muscle lengths and frequencies of stimulation. Therefore, fusimotor fibres in the baboon could be classified as static or dynamic on the basis of their ability to produce driving of the primary afferent. The ratio of isolated static to dynamic fusimotor fibers was 1.5 to 1. The mean conduction velocity of static fusimotor fibers was 24.1 m/s and that of dynamics was 20.2 m/s. Although the difference between these two means was statistically significant (P less than 0.001), the conduction velocity histograms of static and dynamic fusimotors overlapped, precluding classification by this means. Secondary afferents with one possible exception were concluded to be exclusively activated by static fusimotor fibers. Poststimulus effects of fusimotor stimulation on primary afferent response to stretch were studied. With intervals between the end of stimulation and the beginning of stretch of 0.1 s, dynamic fusimotor stimulation produced facilitation of the primary afferent response to stretch, whereas static fusimotor fibers produced depression."}
{"id": "PMID:129545", "title": "Dietary fatty acids on the control of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme in the starved-refed rat.", "content": "The role of dietary unsaturated fat in the control of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (EC 1.1.1.49) and malic enzyme (ME) (EC 1.1.1.40) was studied in rats subjected to one or two cycles of starvation-refeeding. Rats starved and refed a control (5% corn oil) diet showed a threefold increase in G6PD activity and a twofold increase in ME activity compared to ad libitum-fed rats. After a second cycle of starvation-refeeding G6PD and ME activities showed fourfold and threefold increases, respectively, as compared to ad libitum-fed rats. Feeding rats diets containing 8% linoleic acid (as triglycerides) prevented the increase in G6PD and ME activities upon starvation-refeeding, diets with oleic, palmitic, and stearic acis when fed did not prevent this increase. Feeding rats various combinations of linoleic, linolenic and oleic acids following starvation prevented the additional increase in G6PD and ME activities after a second starvation-refeeding cycle; however, linoleic acid fed alone during the first refeeding prevented the additional increase in ME activity but not in G6PD activity. It is suggested that the dietary control of these enzymes involves one or more specific polyunsaturated fatty acids.", "contents": "Dietary fatty acids on the control of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme in the starved-refed rat. The role of dietary unsaturated fat in the control of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) (EC 1.1.1.49) and malic enzyme (ME) (EC 1.1.1.40) was studied in rats subjected to one or two cycles of starvation-refeeding. Rats starved and refed a control (5% corn oil) diet showed a threefold increase in G6PD activity and a twofold increase in ME activity compared to ad libitum-fed rats. After a second cycle of starvation-refeeding G6PD and ME activities showed fourfold and threefold increases, respectively, as compared to ad libitum-fed rats. Feeding rats diets containing 8% linoleic acid (as triglycerides) prevented the increase in G6PD and ME activities upon starvation-refeeding, diets with oleic, palmitic, and stearic acis when fed did not prevent this increase. Feeding rats various combinations of linoleic, linolenic and oleic acids following starvation prevented the additional increase in G6PD and ME activities after a second starvation-refeeding cycle; however, linoleic acid fed alone during the first refeeding prevented the additional increase in ME activity but not in G6PD activity. It is suggested that the dietary control of these enzymes involves one or more specific polyunsaturated fatty acids."}
{"id": "PMID:129561", "title": "The effects of muscle cooling and stretch on muscle spindle secondary endings in the cat.", "content": "1. The objectives of the investigation were to identify the muscle spindle endings which respond to cooling of the relaxed muscle and to study their response to stretch. 2. The discharge of single afferents from 162 de-efferented muscle spindles in the relaxed medial gastrocnemius muscle of the anaesthetized cat was studied in vivo during cooling of the muscle from 37 to 24 degrees C. Temperature measurements were made at the inner surface of the muscle, while cooling (never below 15 degrees C) was applied at the skin over the muscle. 3. The endings were classified as primary or secondary endings on the basis of their conduction velocity, the dividing line being set at 70 m/sec. A response to cooling was obtained only from endings with afferents conducting at velocities of 20-70 m/sec. These fifty-six endings (CR) represented 65% of the secondary endings studied; the remaining secondary endings (NCR) and the primary endings showed no activity during cooling of the relaxed muscle. 4. During maintained stretches of 4-12 mm, activity of the NCR and primary endings decreased when the muscle was cooled. Cooling affected the CR endings in the same way, but only if the muscle was stretched 6 mm or more. During a smaller maintained muscle stretch, cooling caused an increase in CR activity, superimposed on the response to stretch. 5. The response to a 10 mm stretch at velocities of 10-70 mm/sec was studied in twenty-six CR, eleven NCR and twenty-one primary endings. 6. The dynamic responses of CR endings were intermediate between those of the primary endings and NCR endings. For any velocity of stretch the mean dynamic index of the CR endings was significantly greater than that of the NCR endings but significantly less than that of the primary endings. 7. The mean static responses of the CR and primary endings, measured 0-5 sec after the end of ramp stretch, were the same and significantly greater than that of the NCR endings. 8. The results indicate that cooling of the relaxed mammalian muscle may be used to differentiate between primary endings and about two-thirds of the secondary endings. The remaining secondary endings can be recognized by their small dynamic and static response to stretch.", "contents": "The effects of muscle cooling and stretch on muscle spindle secondary endings in the cat. 1. The objectives of the investigation were to identify the muscle spindle endings which respond to cooling of the relaxed muscle and to study their response to stretch. 2. The discharge of single afferents from 162 de-efferented muscle spindles in the relaxed medial gastrocnemius muscle of the anaesthetized cat was studied in vivo during cooling of the muscle from 37 to 24 degrees C. Temperature measurements were made at the inner surface of the muscle, while cooling (never below 15 degrees C) was applied at the skin over the muscle. 3. The endings were classified as primary or secondary endings on the basis of their conduction velocity, the dividing line being set at 70 m/sec. A response to cooling was obtained only from endings with afferents conducting at velocities of 20-70 m/sec. These fifty-six endings (CR) represented 65% of the secondary endings studied; the remaining secondary endings (NCR) and the primary endings showed no activity during cooling of the relaxed muscle. 4. During maintained stretches of 4-12 mm, activity of the NCR and primary endings decreased when the muscle was cooled. Cooling affected the CR endings in the same way, but only if the muscle was stretched 6 mm or more. During a smaller maintained muscle stretch, cooling caused an increase in CR activity, superimposed on the response to stretch. 5. The response to a 10 mm stretch at velocities of 10-70 mm/sec was studied in twenty-six CR, eleven NCR and twenty-one primary endings. 6. The dynamic responses of CR endings were intermediate between those of the primary endings and NCR endings. For any velocity of stretch the mean dynamic index of the CR endings was significantly greater than that of the NCR endings but significantly less than that of the primary endings. 7. The mean static responses of the CR and primary endings, measured 0-5 sec after the end of ramp stretch, were the same and significantly greater than that of the NCR endings. 8. The results indicate that cooling of the relaxed mammalian muscle may be used to differentiate between primary endings and about two-thirds of the secondary endings. The remaining secondary endings can be recognized by their small dynamic and static response to stretch."}
{"id": "PMID:129562", "title": "Analysis of activity of muscle spindles of the jaw-closing muscles during normal movements in the cat.", "content": "Recordings have been made of afferent activity from spindles of the jaw-closing muscles, together with jaw movement and e.m.g. from temporalis and masseter in conscious, unrestrained cats. 2. In the twenty-nine units studied, the pattern of spindle behaviour observed during eating and lapping was generally what might be expected of stretch receptors. Maximal firing frequencies were found during opening of the mouth (lengthening), while during active closing the discharge was progressively reduced or abolished. Nevertheless, changes in the relation of stretch to firing frequency in different movements indicated that fusimotor drive was not constant. 3. spindle afferents could be divided into two groups on the basis of their maximal firing frequency during eating. \"High-frequency\" units (range 240-600 impulses/sec) showed pronounced velocity sensitivity, which supports the proposal that they correspond to spindle primaries. 'Low-frequency\" units (range 80-200 impulses/sec) showed predominantly length sensitivity and probably correspond to secondary endings. 4. Length sensitivity of low-frequency units was considerably greater in lapping movements than in eating, indicating increased static fusimotor drive in the former. Sensitivity in the opening phase of eating was indistinguishable from that recorded in deeply anaesthetized animals. 5. High-frequency units were generally silenced immediately active shortening commenced. 6. No simple relationship existed between temporalis or masseter e.m.g. and spindle firing. 7. These results imply that normal masticatory movements are not initiated or driven to any appreciable extent via the fusimotor route. Close alpha-gamma co-activation is not a feature of this situation. On the other hand, in some other movements, such as licking the lips, fusimotor drive could fluctuate so as largely to cancel the unloading effects of active muscle shortening.", "contents": "Analysis of activity of muscle spindles of the jaw-closing muscles during normal movements in the cat. Recordings have been made of afferent activity from spindles of the jaw-closing muscles, together with jaw movement and e.m.g. from temporalis and masseter in conscious, unrestrained cats. 2. In the twenty-nine units studied, the pattern of spindle behaviour observed during eating and lapping was generally what might be expected of stretch receptors. Maximal firing frequencies were found during opening of the mouth (lengthening), while during active closing the discharge was progressively reduced or abolished. Nevertheless, changes in the relation of stretch to firing frequency in different movements indicated that fusimotor drive was not constant. 3. spindle afferents could be divided into two groups on the basis of their maximal firing frequency during eating. \"High-frequency\" units (range 240-600 impulses/sec) showed pronounced velocity sensitivity, which supports the proposal that they correspond to spindle primaries. 'Low-frequency\" units (range 80-200 impulses/sec) showed predominantly length sensitivity and probably correspond to secondary endings. 4. Length sensitivity of low-frequency units was considerably greater in lapping movements than in eating, indicating increased static fusimotor drive in the former. Sensitivity in the opening phase of eating was indistinguishable from that recorded in deeply anaesthetized animals. 5. High-frequency units were generally silenced immediately active shortening commenced. 6. No simple relationship existed between temporalis or masseter e.m.g. and spindle firing. 7. These results imply that normal masticatory movements are not initiated or driven to any appreciable extent via the fusimotor route. Close alpha-gamma co-activation is not a feature of this situation. On the other hand, in some other movements, such as licking the lips, fusimotor drive could fluctuate so as largely to cancel the unloading effects of active muscle shortening."}
{"id": "PMID:129563", "title": "Stoichiometry of sodium and potassium transport in erythrocytes from patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy.", "content": "1. 22Na and 42K radioisotopes were used to measure Na efflux and K influx in identical suspensions of fresh erythrocytes from myotonic dystrophy patients and matched controls under the same conditions and in the same time interval. K was present in concentration 10 mM in the suspending medium to prevent Na-for-Na exchange. Each flux was measured in the presence and absence of ouabain. The mean ouabain-sensitive Na efflux rate in controls (2-33+/-0-13, S.E. of mean, m-equiv/1. cells.hr) was significantly greater (P less than 0-001) than the corresponding rate in myotonic dystrophy (1-64+/-0-09). 2. No significant differences between myotonic dystrophy and controls in mean ouabain-insensitive Na efflux, mean ouabain-sensitive K influx, or mean ouabain-insensitive K influx were found. 3. The stoichiometric ratio (ouabain-sensitive Na efflux)/(ouabain-sensitive K influx) was determined for each flux experiment. The mean stoichiometric ratio determined in controls (1-46+/-0-08) reconfirms extensive previous evidence favouring a 3Na-for-2K active exchange in controls. 4. The mean stoichiometric ratio determined in myotonic dystrophy (1-01+/-0-06) is statistically significantly different (P less than 0-001) from that in controls. These findings are interpreted as indication of 2Na-for-2K exchange in erythrocytes from patients with myotonic dystrophy.", "contents": "Stoichiometry of sodium and potassium transport in erythrocytes from patients with myotonic muscular dystrophy. 1. 22Na and 42K radioisotopes were used to measure Na efflux and K influx in identical suspensions of fresh erythrocytes from myotonic dystrophy patients and matched controls under the same conditions and in the same time interval. K was present in concentration 10 mM in the suspending medium to prevent Na-for-Na exchange. Each flux was measured in the presence and absence of ouabain. The mean ouabain-sensitive Na efflux rate in controls (2-33+/-0-13, S.E. of mean, m-equiv/1. cells.hr) was significantly greater (P less than 0-001) than the corresponding rate in myotonic dystrophy (1-64+/-0-09). 2. No significant differences between myotonic dystrophy and controls in mean ouabain-insensitive Na efflux, mean ouabain-sensitive K influx, or mean ouabain-insensitive K influx were found. 3. The stoichiometric ratio (ouabain-sensitive Na efflux)/(ouabain-sensitive K influx) was determined for each flux experiment. The mean stoichiometric ratio determined in controls (1-46+/-0-08) reconfirms extensive previous evidence favouring a 3Na-for-2K active exchange in controls. 4. The mean stoichiometric ratio determined in myotonic dystrophy (1-01+/-0-06) is statistically significantly different (P less than 0-001) from that in controls. These findings are interpreted as indication of 2Na-for-2K exchange in erythrocytes from patients with myotonic dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:129566", "title": "A simple technique of laparoscopic tubal sterilization.", "content": "In the last several years the use of laparoscopy in gynecological practice has become very popular. It is indicated for a number of conditions. However, sterilization of the female has been the main indication for laparoscopy and will remain so until more efficient and reversible techniques are developed. A simple technique of laparoscopic tubal sterilization is presented. In the opinion of the authors it offers several advantages over other methods. Only one instrument is used and only one type of electrical current applied. A small portion of the fallopian tube is removed and the surrounding tissue--the tube and mesosalpinx-- is sufficiently cauterized to secure hemostasis. The histological quality of the removed specimen is excellent. Finally, less than 2 cm of fallopian tube is destroyed, providing an excellent opportunity for reanastomosis.", "contents": "A simple technique of laparoscopic tubal sterilization. In the last several years the use of laparoscopy in gynecological practice has become very popular. It is indicated for a number of conditions. However, sterilization of the female has been the main indication for laparoscopy and will remain so until more efficient and reversible techniques are developed. A simple technique of laparoscopic tubal sterilization is presented. In the opinion of the authors it offers several advantages over other methods. Only one instrument is used and only one type of electrical current applied. A small portion of the fallopian tube is removed and the surrounding tissue--the tube and mesosalpinx-- is sufficiently cauterized to secure hemostasis. The histological quality of the removed specimen is excellent. Finally, less than 2 cm of fallopian tube is destroyed, providing an excellent opportunity for reanastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:129568", "title": "Separate effects of mercurial compounds on the ionophoric and hydrolytic functions of the (Ca++ +Mg++)-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "We have shown that a Ca++-ionophore activity is present in the (Ca++ +Mg++)-ATPase of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (A. E. Shamoo & D. H. MacLennan, 1974. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71:3522). Methylmercuric chloride inhibited the (Ca++ +Mg++)-ATPase and Ca++ transport, but had no effect on the activity of the Ca++ ionophore. Mercuric chloride inhibited ATPase, transport and ionophore activity. The ATPase and transport functions were more sensitive to methylmercuric chloride than to mercuric chloride. The two functions were inhibited concomitantly by methylmercuric chloride but slightly lower concentrations of mercuric chloride were required to inhibit Ca++ transport than were required to inhibit ATPase. Methylmercuric chloride and mercuric chloride probably inhibited ATPase and Ca++ transport by blocking essential -SH groups. However, it appears that there are no essential -SH groups in the Ca++ ionophore and that mercuric chloride inhibited the Ca++ ionophore activity by competition with Ca++ for the ionophoric site. Blockage of Ca++ transport by mercuric chloride probably occurs both at sites of essential -SH groups and at sites of ionophoric activity. These data suggest the separate identity of the sites of ATP hydrolysis and of Ca++ ionophoric activity.", "contents": "Separate effects of mercurial compounds on the ionophoric and hydrolytic functions of the (Ca++ +Mg++)-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. We have shown that a Ca++-ionophore activity is present in the (Ca++ +Mg++)-ATPase of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (A. E. Shamoo & D. H. MacLennan, 1974. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71:3522). Methylmercuric chloride inhibited the (Ca++ +Mg++)-ATPase and Ca++ transport, but had no effect on the activity of the Ca++ ionophore. Mercuric chloride inhibited ATPase, transport and ionophore activity. The ATPase and transport functions were more sensitive to methylmercuric chloride than to mercuric chloride. The two functions were inhibited concomitantly by methylmercuric chloride but slightly lower concentrations of mercuric chloride were required to inhibit Ca++ transport than were required to inhibit ATPase. Methylmercuric chloride and mercuric chloride probably inhibited ATPase and Ca++ transport by blocking essential -SH groups. However, it appears that there are no essential -SH groups in the Ca++ ionophore and that mercuric chloride inhibited the Ca++ ionophore activity by competition with Ca++ for the ionophoric site. Blockage of Ca++ transport by mercuric chloride probably occurs both at sites of essential -SH groups and at sites of ionophoric activity. These data suggest the separate identity of the sites of ATP hydrolysis and of Ca++ ionophoric activity."}
{"id": "PMID:129569", "title": "Longevity in Down's syndrome in British Columbia.", "content": "Life Tables to age twenty for Down's syndrome cases born in British Columbia from 1952 through 1971 were constructed using data from the British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry. No significant difference in survival to age twenty between males and females was found either in the presence or in the absence of congenital heart anomalies. Data from the life Tables show that Down's syndrome patients with congenital heart anomalies experience higher mortality to age twenty than cases without congenital heart anomalies.", "contents": "Longevity in Down's syndrome in British Columbia. Life Tables to age twenty for Down's syndrome cases born in British Columbia from 1952 through 1971 were constructed using data from the British Columbia Health Surveillance Registry. No significant difference in survival to age twenty between males and females was found either in the presence or in the absence of congenital heart anomalies. Data from the life Tables show that Down's syndrome patients with congenital heart anomalies experience higher mortality to age twenty than cases without congenital heart anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:129570", "title": "Genetic prognosis in severe mental handicap.", "content": "698 children below age sixteen years with severe mental handicap (below IQ50) who were admitted to hospital between 1956 and 1959 were surveyed for genetic prognosis. They were divided into 23.7% ascribed primarily to environmental factors, 50.9% unclassified aetiologically, 16.2% of Down's syndrome, 5.3% other genetic syndromes and 3.9% with congenital hydrocephalus. The incidence of a similar degree of mental retardation among the sibs of 660 whose families were traced, was 1.1% in the \"environmental\" group; 4.7% for the unclassified; 1.7% for Down's syndrome, 11.5% for other genetic syndromes and 4.3% for hydrocephalus with spina bifida. There were no affected sibs of the uncomplicated cases of congenital hydrocephalus. This survey underlines the fact that a high proportion of cases of mental handicap remain without aetiological diagnosis. It emphasises the value of such a diagnosis for genetic counselling. Advice given depends on the circumstances of the particular case which requires a detailed social history and sympathetic rapport by members of the team as well as appropriate clinical expertise (Kirman, 1971, 1972). When families with similarly affected new relative or previous severely mentally handicapped sibs are set aside, the recurrent risk for unclassified cases is reduced to three per cent.", "contents": "Genetic prognosis in severe mental handicap. 698 children below age sixteen years with severe mental handicap (below IQ50) who were admitted to hospital between 1956 and 1959 were surveyed for genetic prognosis. They were divided into 23.7% ascribed primarily to environmental factors, 50.9% unclassified aetiologically, 16.2% of Down's syndrome, 5.3% other genetic syndromes and 3.9% with congenital hydrocephalus. The incidence of a similar degree of mental retardation among the sibs of 660 whose families were traced, was 1.1% in the \"environmental\" group; 4.7% for the unclassified; 1.7% for Down's syndrome, 11.5% for other genetic syndromes and 4.3% for hydrocephalus with spina bifida. There were no affected sibs of the uncomplicated cases of congenital hydrocephalus. This survey underlines the fact that a high proportion of cases of mental handicap remain without aetiological diagnosis. It emphasises the value of such a diagnosis for genetic counselling. Advice given depends on the circumstances of the particular case which requires a detailed social history and sympathetic rapport by members of the team as well as appropriate clinical expertise (Kirman, 1971, 1972). When families with similarly affected new relative or previous severely mentally handicapped sibs are set aside, the recurrent risk for unclassified cases is reduced to three per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:129571", "title": "A case of idiopathic Addison's disease and probable autoimmune thyroiditis in a mongol.", "content": "A case of idiopathic Addison's disease and probable autoimmune thyroiditis in a mongol is reported and the clinical features and significance of the changes in autoimmune competence, and their relationship to pathological ageing, are discussed.", "contents": "A case of idiopathic Addison's disease and probable autoimmune thyroiditis in a mongol. A case of idiopathic Addison's disease and probable autoimmune thyroiditis in a mongol is reported and the clinical features and significance of the changes in autoimmune competence, and their relationship to pathological ageing, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129572", "title": "The effect of institutionalisation on elevated IgD and IgG levels in patients with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Serum levels of IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM and levels of secretory IgA (S-IgA) in nasal specimens were quantitated by radial immunodiffusion in a group of forty-one institutionalised patients with Down's syndrome (all non-disjunctive trisomy-G karyotype) and their age, sex and race matched controls, consisting of institutionalised non-mongols and normal non-institutionalised subjects. Analysis of levels of all immunoglobulins by age and sex showed no differences within the populations. However, levels of IgA, IgD and IgG were found significantly higher in mongols than in the other two populations. The concentrations of IgM were lower in mongols than in other institutionalised retardates but higher than non-institutionalised normal controls. Levels of S-IgA or IgE were similar in all populations. It was shown that the length of institutionalisation was associated with elevated levels of IgA and depressed levels of IgM in mongols. However, elevated IgG levels in mongols did not appear to be associated with their length of institutionalisation. Similarly, elevated levels of IgD in mongols were not associated with their length of institutionalisation.", "contents": "The effect of institutionalisation on elevated IgD and IgG levels in patients with Down's syndrome. Serum levels of IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM and levels of secretory IgA (S-IgA) in nasal specimens were quantitated by radial immunodiffusion in a group of forty-one institutionalised patients with Down's syndrome (all non-disjunctive trisomy-G karyotype) and their age, sex and race matched controls, consisting of institutionalised non-mongols and normal non-institutionalised subjects. Analysis of levels of all immunoglobulins by age and sex showed no differences within the populations. However, levels of IgA, IgD and IgG were found significantly higher in mongols than in the other two populations. The concentrations of IgM were lower in mongols than in other institutionalised retardates but higher than non-institutionalised normal controls. Levels of S-IgA or IgE were similar in all populations. It was shown that the length of institutionalisation was associated with elevated levels of IgA and depressed levels of IgM in mongols. However, elevated IgG levels in mongols did not appear to be associated with their length of institutionalisation. Similarly, elevated levels of IgD in mongols were not associated with their length of institutionalisation."}
{"id": "PMID:129576", "title": "Disposable peak urinary flowmeter estimates lower urinary tract obstruction.", "content": "Peak urinary flow rate represents the highest flow rate achieved during a single urination and, as such, represents the patient's best effort at micturition. Peak flow rate, correlated with patient age and volume voided, effectively estimates lower urinary tract obstruction. The 63 normal and 368 abnormal male subjects urinated in privacy into a plastic sterile disposable device (the peakometer), which measured peak flow rate and volume voided. These data plus age, ultimate diagnosis and interval since last urination comprised our data base. Percentage distribution of diagnosis in this population was prostatic obstruction 47.3 per cent, stricture 19.3 per cent, normal 14.6 per cent, prostatitis 8.4 per cent, neurogenic bladder 2 per cent and miscellaneous 8.4 per cent. The average peak flow rate for normal male subjects reaches 27.6 ml. per second, which differs significantly from that for patients with prostatic obstruction--9.4 ml. per second, stricture--10.5 ml. per second, prostatitis--16.3 ml. per second and neurogenic bladder--13.9 ml. per second. The peak flow rate decreased progressively as the age of the subjects increased. We measured average decreases of 10 ml. per second peak flow for every 30 years after age 10. Peak flow rate increases as volume voided increases. Requirements of our measuring device combined with urodynamic responses caused us to select 100 ml. voided as the minimum acceptable volume. With volumes more than this any given individual may deviate plus or minus 10 per cent from the true mean peak flow depending upon volume voided. For practical purposes peak flow, age and volume must be considered to categorize voiding by peak flow rate. With these variables 2 graphs that compare peak flow, age and volume may be used to estimate voiding function for a given male patient. Comparison of peak flow rates, volume voided and voiding interval before and after surgical correction of obstruction documented significant increase in volume voided or in interval between voiding. Peak urinary flow rate measurement by this device predicted normality or abnormality with 90 to 95 per cent accuracy. Therefore, this represents a valid screening test but it does not in itself provide the diagnosis of abnormal urination.", "contents": "Disposable peak urinary flowmeter estimates lower urinary tract obstruction. Peak urinary flow rate represents the highest flow rate achieved during a single urination and, as such, represents the patient's best effort at micturition. Peak flow rate, correlated with patient age and volume voided, effectively estimates lower urinary tract obstruction. The 63 normal and 368 abnormal male subjects urinated in privacy into a plastic sterile disposable device (the peakometer), which measured peak flow rate and volume voided. These data plus age, ultimate diagnosis and interval since last urination comprised our data base. Percentage distribution of diagnosis in this population was prostatic obstruction 47.3 per cent, stricture 19.3 per cent, normal 14.6 per cent, prostatitis 8.4 per cent, neurogenic bladder 2 per cent and miscellaneous 8.4 per cent. The average peak flow rate for normal male subjects reaches 27.6 ml. per second, which differs significantly from that for patients with prostatic obstruction--9.4 ml. per second, stricture--10.5 ml. per second, prostatitis--16.3 ml. per second and neurogenic bladder--13.9 ml. per second. The peak flow rate decreased progressively as the age of the subjects increased. We measured average decreases of 10 ml. per second peak flow for every 30 years after age 10. Peak flow rate increases as volume voided increases. Requirements of our measuring device combined with urodynamic responses caused us to select 100 ml. voided as the minimum acceptable volume. With volumes more than this any given individual may deviate plus or minus 10 per cent from the true mean peak flow depending upon volume voided. For practical purposes peak flow, age and volume must be considered to categorize voiding by peak flow rate. With these variables 2 graphs that compare peak flow, age and volume may be used to estimate voiding function for a given male patient. Comparison of peak flow rates, volume voided and voiding interval before and after surgical correction of obstruction documented significant increase in volume voided or in interval between voiding. Peak urinary flow rate measurement by this device predicted normality or abnormality with 90 to 95 per cent accuracy. Therefore, this represents a valid screening test but it does not in itself provide the diagnosis of abnormal urination."}
{"id": "PMID:129586", "title": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with partial lipodystrophy: discordant occurrence in identical twins.", "content": "The course of disease of a patient with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and partial lipodystrophy is described. The case is further characterized by a deficiency of C3 and C3- activator, by normal values of C4, by evidence of the nephritogenic factor, by raised fibrin degradation products and by an unselective proteinuria. The course of the glomerulonephritis runs parallel to a pronounced susceptibility to infection (at first varicella, tonsillitis and measles, later pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis and hepatitis). On account of a nephrotic syndrome and an initative impairment of the renal function, a cytostatic treatment was begun, which although raising the C3 level did not influence the further course of the disease. As the patient has a healthy identical twin sister without lipodystrophy, who shows no reduction in C3 and no nephritogenic factor, this case proves that these diseases are acquired and not genetically determined.", "contents": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with partial lipodystrophy: discordant occurrence in identical twins. The course of disease of a patient with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis and partial lipodystrophy is described. The case is further characterized by a deficiency of C3 and C3- activator, by normal values of C4, by evidence of the nephritogenic factor, by raised fibrin degradation products and by an unselective proteinuria. The course of the glomerulonephritis runs parallel to a pronounced susceptibility to infection (at first varicella, tonsillitis and measles, later pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis and hepatitis). On account of a nephrotic syndrome and an initative impairment of the renal function, a cytostatic treatment was begun, which although raising the C3 level did not influence the further course of the disease. As the patient has a healthy identical twin sister without lipodystrophy, who shows no reduction in C3 and no nephritogenic factor, this case proves that these diseases are acquired and not genetically determined."}
{"id": "PMID:129587", "title": "Intracellular collagen fibrils in cardiac valves of patients with the Hurler syndrome.", "content": "Ultrastructural study of thickened mitral and tricuspid valves from three patients with the Hurler syndrome disclosed collagen fibrils located within membrane-bound cytoplasmic dense bodies in small granular cells. These cells, which differ morphologically from the clear cells containing mucopolysaccharide deposits, are considered to be fibroblasts in advanced stages of degeneration. It is postulated that the elevated concentrations of dermatan sulfate in Hurler's disease lead to an abnormally high synthesis of collagen and to its polymerization in intracellular loci.", "contents": "Intracellular collagen fibrils in cardiac valves of patients with the Hurler syndrome. Ultrastructural study of thickened mitral and tricuspid valves from three patients with the Hurler syndrome disclosed collagen fibrils located within membrane-bound cytoplasmic dense bodies in small granular cells. These cells, which differ morphologically from the clear cells containing mucopolysaccharide deposits, are considered to be fibroblasts in advanced stages of degeneration. It is postulated that the elevated concentrations of dermatan sulfate in Hurler's disease lead to an abnormally high synthesis of collagen and to its polymerization in intracellular loci."}
{"id": "PMID:129588", "title": "The ultrastructure of the glomerular slit diaphragm in autologous immune complex nephritis.", "content": "Morphologic alterations of the slit diaphram and glomercular epithelium were examined in rats with experimental autologous immune complex nephritis following perfusion fixation with tannic acid-glutaraldehyde.  The changes observed included a displacemnt by immune complex deposits of foot processes and associated slit diaphragms towards the urinary space.  With the onset of proteinuria, foot processes spreas, resulting in a decrease in spithelial cell surface area and a diminution in the length of interpithelial slits.  Concomiantly, the redundant slit diaphragm became folded and pleated in the residual interpithelial spaces.  No primary defect in the slit diaphragm was observed to account fo the severe proteinuria seen in this disease.  Instead areas of detached epithelial cells and an occasional slit pore lacking a slit diaphragm may consitute sites for substantial protein loss in the urinary space in autologous immune complex nephritis.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of the glomerular slit diaphragm in autologous immune complex nephritis. Morphologic alterations of the slit diaphram and glomercular epithelium were examined in rats with experimental autologous immune complex nephritis following perfusion fixation with tannic acid-glutaraldehyde.  The changes observed included a displacemnt by immune complex deposits of foot processes and associated slit diaphragms towards the urinary space.  With the onset of proteinuria, foot processes spreas, resulting in a decrease in spithelial cell surface area and a diminution in the length of interpithelial slits.  Concomiantly, the redundant slit diaphragm became folded and pleated in the residual interpithelial spaces.  No primary defect in the slit diaphragm was observed to account fo the severe proteinuria seen in this disease.  Instead areas of detached epithelial cells and an occasional slit pore lacking a slit diaphragm may consitute sites for substantial protein loss in the urinary space in autologous immune complex nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:129589", "title": "Surgical treatment of aneurysm of the ascending aorta with aortic insufficiency and marked displacement of the coronary ostia.", "content": "Six patients with a large aneurysm of the ascending aorta involving the root of the aorta and severe aortic valve insufficiency owing to marked annular dilatation were treated by replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve with a composite unit. It was also necessary to transpose the origin of the coronary arteries with the use of saphenous vein grafts. In 3 patients, the aneurysm was due to a chronic dissection. In one patient, the aneurysm extended beyond the arch of the aorta. There were no operative deaths. One patient died suddenly of pulmonary emboli 11 months after surgery. The remaining 5 patients are doing well, 5 months to 4 years postoperatively.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of aneurysm of the ascending aorta with aortic insufficiency and marked displacement of the coronary ostia. Six patients with a large aneurysm of the ascending aorta involving the root of the aorta and severe aortic valve insufficiency owing to marked annular dilatation were treated by replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve with a composite unit. It was also necessary to transpose the origin of the coronary arteries with the use of saphenous vein grafts. In 3 patients, the aneurysm was due to a chronic dissection. In one patient, the aneurysm extended beyond the arch of the aorta. There were no operative deaths. One patient died suddenly of pulmonary emboli 11 months after surgery. The remaining 5 patients are doing well, 5 months to 4 years postoperatively."}
{"id": "PMID:129590", "title": "Low back pain patients in a psychiatric population.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with low back pain resistant to medical and surgical treatment were studied. On admission to the psychiatric service, these patients revealed apparent features of conversion and hysterical personality, as characterized also by the MMPI profile. During hospitalization, however, there was increased appearance and recognition of anxious-depressive features. We suggest that these patients should be treated by the combined approach of supportive psychotherapy and physiotherapy, with appropriate use of antidepressants.", "contents": "Low back pain patients in a psychiatric population. Thirty-one patients with low back pain resistant to medical and surgical treatment were studied. On admission to the psychiatric service, these patients revealed apparent features of conversion and hysterical personality, as characterized also by the MMPI profile. During hospitalization, however, there was increased appearance and recognition of anxious-depressive features. We suggest that these patients should be treated by the combined approach of supportive psychotherapy and physiotherapy, with appropriate use of antidepressants."}
{"id": "PMID:129591", "title": "Studies on the role of proteases in the biochemical mechanisms of tissue injury.", "content": "A complex of inflammatory protease with an inhibitor was found to be present in the early phase of Arthus skin lesions in guinea pig. From the extract of inflamed lesions a complex was partially purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and GE-cellulose, in that order. The inhibitor was finally dissociated rom the protease complex by treating them with cysteine followed by Sephadex G-50 chromatography. Active protease was recovered as a single peak which also contained some inhibitor activity. The isolated inhibitor was capable of inactivating inflammatory protease as well as papain. It was electrophoretically homogenous and was identified as protein or polypeptide in the serum alpha-1-globulin fraction. The significant role  of the inhibitor in regulating the acute phase of inflammatory process is emphasized.", "contents": "Studies on the role of proteases in the biochemical mechanisms of tissue injury. A complex of inflammatory protease with an inhibitor was found to be present in the early phase of Arthus skin lesions in guinea pig. From the extract of inflamed lesions a complex was partially purified by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and GE-cellulose, in that order. The inhibitor was finally dissociated rom the protease complex by treating them with cysteine followed by Sephadex G-50 chromatography. Active protease was recovered as a single peak which also contained some inhibitor activity. The isolated inhibitor was capable of inactivating inflammatory protease as well as papain. It was electrophoretically homogenous and was identified as protein or polypeptide in the serum alpha-1-globulin fraction. The significant role  of the inhibitor in regulating the acute phase of inflammatory process is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:129592", "title": "Protective effect of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan on experimental phenylketonuria induced with phenylalanine+ p-cholorophenylalanine in rats.", "content": "An experimental phenylketonuria-like syndrome was produced in rats by oral administration of 1-phenylalanine (Phe, 500 mg/kg) and dl-p-chloro-phenylalanine (pCPA, 100-125 mg/kg) daily from the 2nd-3rd day of life to the age of 42 days. The effects of added dl-5-hydroxytryptohan (5HTP, 5 mg/kg) or 1-tryptophan (Trp, 100-125 mg/kg) were also studied. The groups receiving Phe+pCPA gained less weight than normal and less than the Phe controls. When tested during the last week of treatment the Phe+pCPA rats made more errors in the swim maze without changes in swimming times, and they showed significantly poorer learning of conditioned shock avoidance. These effects were partly antagonized by 5HTP or Trp. One to three weeks after the end of the treatments similar differences still remained in conditioned shock avoidance (and Trp and 5HTP prevented the effect of pCPA), but no more in maze learning, motor activity, or exploration on open field. Brain 5HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) were lowered in all the pCPA treated rats during the treatment but returned to normal after it. Trp and 5HTP in the doses used only partly corrected the decrease of 5HT and 5HIAA. Brain noradrenaline did not change much.", "contents": "Protective effect of tryptophan and 5-hydroxytryptophan on experimental phenylketonuria induced with phenylalanine+ p-cholorophenylalanine in rats. An experimental phenylketonuria-like syndrome was produced in rats by oral administration of 1-phenylalanine (Phe, 500 mg/kg) and dl-p-chloro-phenylalanine (pCPA, 100-125 mg/kg) daily from the 2nd-3rd day of life to the age of 42 days. The effects of added dl-5-hydroxytryptohan (5HTP, 5 mg/kg) or 1-tryptophan (Trp, 100-125 mg/kg) were also studied. The groups receiving Phe+pCPA gained less weight than normal and less than the Phe controls. When tested during the last week of treatment the Phe+pCPA rats made more errors in the swim maze without changes in swimming times, and they showed significantly poorer learning of conditioned shock avoidance. These effects were partly antagonized by 5HTP or Trp. One to three weeks after the end of the treatments similar differences still remained in conditioned shock avoidance (and Trp and 5HTP prevented the effect of pCPA), but no more in maze learning, motor activity, or exploration on open field. Brain 5HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) were lowered in all the pCPA treated rats during the treatment but returned to normal after it. Trp and 5HTP in the doses used only partly corrected the decrease of 5HT and 5HIAA. Brain noradrenaline did not change much."}
{"id": "PMID:129593", "title": "[Onychomyosis caused by Trichopyton soudanense. 1st isolation in Venezuela].", "content": "Trichophyton soudanense is a dermatophyte wich is of highest incidence in Africa. Cases of tinea produced by this fungus have been described in England, Switzerland, Germany, Australia, the United States and Brazil. This investigation reports the first isolation of this fungus in Venezuela, from a lesion of the nail in a female patient who has always resided in Venezuela. The identification of this fungus was based on macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics; biological properties, scare or no growth when the only nitrogen source in the culture medium is provided by potassium or ammonium nitrate, and the production of dark pigment when inoculated in Lowenstein-Jensen medium. Experimental innoculation in animals produced an endothrix parasitism of the hair. Reference is made ot the incidence of the most frequently occuring dermatophytes in Venezuela.", "contents": "[Onychomyosis caused by Trichopyton soudanense. 1st isolation in Venezuela]. Trichophyton soudanense is a dermatophyte wich is of highest incidence in Africa. Cases of tinea produced by this fungus have been described in England, Switzerland, Germany, Australia, the United States and Brazil. This investigation reports the first isolation of this fungus in Venezuela, from a lesion of the nail in a female patient who has always resided in Venezuela. The identification of this fungus was based on macroscopic and microscopic morphological characteristics; biological properties, scare or no growth when the only nitrogen source in the culture medium is provided by potassium or ammonium nitrate, and the production of dark pigment when inoculated in Lowenstein-Jensen medium. Experimental innoculation in animals produced an endothrix parasitism of the hair. Reference is made ot the incidence of the most frequently occuring dermatophytes in Venezuela."}
{"id": "PMID:129594", "title": "[Punctate porokeratotic keratodermia associated with hepatic cirrhosis].", "content": "A case of non familial Punctate Porokeratotic Keratoderma in a man with liver cirrhosis is reported. The relation between both syndroms as well as the possible nevoid origin of this type of porokeratose is discussed.", "contents": "[Punctate porokeratotic keratodermia associated with hepatic cirrhosis]. A case of non familial Punctate Porokeratotic Keratoderma in a man with liver cirrhosis is reported. The relation between both syndroms as well as the possible nevoid origin of this type of porokeratose is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129595", "title": "[Experimental studies on seborrheic alopecia. II. Determination of the structural differences between testosterone transported cytosol protein of the bald and hairy areas].", "content": "By previous isolation of the testosterone transport cytosol protein in bald and hairy areas in patients with male pattern baldness, the author studies the differences concerning the protein citosol-testosterone complex, after fixation by means of labelled testosterone and electrophoresis, measuring the corresponding radioactivity curves. The results show that there are important structural differences for the cytosol protein between the hairy and bald regions.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on seborrheic alopecia. II. Determination of the structural differences between testosterone transported cytosol protein of the bald and hairy areas]. By previous isolation of the testosterone transport cytosol protein in bald and hairy areas in patients with male pattern baldness, the author studies the differences concerning the protein citosol-testosterone complex, after fixation by means of labelled testosterone and electrophoresis, measuring the corresponding radioactivity curves. The results show that there are important structural differences for the cytosol protein between the hairy and bald regions."}
{"id": "PMID:129597", "title": "[Panel discussion: problems of the specialist's duty to inform the patient (author's transl)].", "content": "The obligation of the physician to inform the patient -- which he has to prove in a case of a suit -- is based on the patient's right of self-determination. This self-decision information was subject of the panel discussion. Not discussed in detail were the information concerning diagnosis and prognosis, and the instruction of the patient regarding his conduct postoperatively and during medical treatment. Not considered was the so-called malpractice and negligence respectively. Medical liability suits are increasing for various reasons and are frequently directed at a failure to inform the patient because the patient is often unable to prove a negligence of the physician (\"surrogate liability\"). The dimension of the duty of disclosure (complete information -- no information at all) is discussed in general and with special regard to the Ear-Nose- and Throat field. Special questions are answered regarding otoplasty, middle ear surgery, transplantations, extension of laryngeal surgery without prior informed consent, paranasal sinus and rhinobasis operations as well as surgery in minors and foreigners. In cases of non-vital indication and particularly in plastic-cosmetic procedures and outsider methods the requirements for informed consent are particularly important. The so-called rate of complications has perhaps a relative, but never an absolute meaning, and even this only in connection with the other circumstances of an individual case. The evidence of an adequate informed consent which must be included in a physician -- patient-dialogue is most convincing by means of a written consent and the additional signature of a witness, perhaps also of the patient. The value, the problems and even the risks of an information based only on forms or brochures is discussed in detail. The panel discussion from the four points of view of the organizers should by no means confuse the otorhinolaryngologist. It should inform him about the medicolegal aspects of his activity and protect him from avoidable burdens.", "contents": "[Panel discussion: problems of the specialist's duty to inform the patient (author's transl)]. The obligation of the physician to inform the patient -- which he has to prove in a case of a suit -- is based on the patient's right of self-determination. This self-decision information was subject of the panel discussion. Not discussed in detail were the information concerning diagnosis and prognosis, and the instruction of the patient regarding his conduct postoperatively and during medical treatment. Not considered was the so-called malpractice and negligence respectively. Medical liability suits are increasing for various reasons and are frequently directed at a failure to inform the patient because the patient is often unable to prove a negligence of the physician (\"surrogate liability\"). The dimension of the duty of disclosure (complete information -- no information at all) is discussed in general and with special regard to the Ear-Nose- and Throat field. Special questions are answered regarding otoplasty, middle ear surgery, transplantations, extension of laryngeal surgery without prior informed consent, paranasal sinus and rhinobasis operations as well as surgery in minors and foreigners. In cases of non-vital indication and particularly in plastic-cosmetic procedures and outsider methods the requirements for informed consent are particularly important. The so-called rate of complications has perhaps a relative, but never an absolute meaning, and even this only in connection with the other circumstances of an individual case. The evidence of an adequate informed consent which must be included in a physician -- patient-dialogue is most convincing by means of a written consent and the additional signature of a witness, perhaps also of the patient. The value, the problems and even the risks of an information based only on forms or brochures is discussed in detail. The panel discussion from the four points of view of the organizers should by no means confuse the otorhinolaryngologist. It should inform him about the medicolegal aspects of his activity and protect him from avoidable burdens."}
{"id": "PMID:129598", "title": "[Surgery on the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses -- a critical appraisal (author's transl)].", "content": "The surgical management of various diseases of the ethmoid-sphenoid region is absolutely indicated in many cases because of the direct neighbourhood and the intimate relationship between a pathological process of these sinuses and a spreading of an infection or a tumor to the adjacent organs such as the orbit, the base of the skull, the dura, the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery. The optic nerve and the carotid artery are intimately related to the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus and may even bulge into the cavity. In cases of an atypical posterior ethmoid cell we must expect an anomaly of the course of the optic canal with the increased danger of an injury to the optic nerve. The various possibilities of pneumatisation of the ethmoid-sphenoid region are described and illustrated. The diverse methods of the ethmoid-sphenoid operations are demonstrated and compared regarding their effectiveness and operative risk. Details of several iatrogenic injuries of the orbit, the dura or the optic nerve and the management of these lesions are mentioned. The medico-legal situation and the importance of the preoperative informed consent of the patient are discussed.", "contents": "[Surgery on the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses -- a critical appraisal (author's transl)]. The surgical management of various diseases of the ethmoid-sphenoid region is absolutely indicated in many cases because of the direct neighbourhood and the intimate relationship between a pathological process of these sinuses and a spreading of an infection or a tumor to the adjacent organs such as the orbit, the base of the skull, the dura, the optic nerve and the internal carotid artery. The optic nerve and the carotid artery are intimately related to the lateral wall of the sphenoid sinus and may even bulge into the cavity. In cases of an atypical posterior ethmoid cell we must expect an anomaly of the course of the optic canal with the increased danger of an injury to the optic nerve. The various possibilities of pneumatisation of the ethmoid-sphenoid region are described and illustrated. The diverse methods of the ethmoid-sphenoid operations are demonstrated and compared regarding their effectiveness and operative risk. Details of several iatrogenic injuries of the orbit, the dura or the optic nerve and the management of these lesions are mentioned. The medico-legal situation and the importance of the preoperative informed consent of the patient are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129599", "title": "[Immunological examination methods for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Only a great number of well-established test methods helps to prove for sure the occurrence of allergic rhinitis. In addition to skin and provocative tests immunological laboratory tests are indicated for reliable diagnosis purposes. According to the immunological tissue reaction underlying the allergic rhinitis the following methods are suitable: the proof of histamine release of leucocytes, the determination of the immune serum globulin E-level and the differentiation of the specific IgE. Precipitation reactions prove the occurrence of antibodies of the type IgG. Hemaglutinating antibodies generally demonstrate the patient's inclination toward allergic reactions. On the basis of these investigations the specificity of the anti-allergic therapy can be essentially increased.", "contents": "[Immunological examination methods for the diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (author's transl)]. Only a great number of well-established test methods helps to prove for sure the occurrence of allergic rhinitis. In addition to skin and provocative tests immunological laboratory tests are indicated for reliable diagnosis purposes. According to the immunological tissue reaction underlying the allergic rhinitis the following methods are suitable: the proof of histamine release of leucocytes, the determination of the immune serum globulin E-level and the differentiation of the specific IgE. Precipitation reactions prove the occurrence of antibodies of the type IgG. Hemaglutinating antibodies generally demonstrate the patient's inclination toward allergic reactions. On the basis of these investigations the specificity of the anti-allergic therapy can be essentially increased."}
{"id": "PMID:129600", "title": "[Noise level measurements of the air noise during drilling and grinding on the fresh isolated temporal bone (author's transl)].", "content": "Aerial sound measurements with different drilling instruments were performed during dry running and preparations of the bone. Registered were the values of the small drilling instruments Sirona, Dentatus-Air, and Electro-Torque-Ritter. Also tested were the KaVo-Technique-machine, the Hall-machine, the Air-Orbit-turbine, and the Sirona-turbine. During dry running most of them already reached the allowed marginal value of noise nuisance for the ear of 85 dB (A) at a distance of 35 cm. Only the Air-Orbit-machine showed a slightly lower value of 80 dB (A). The level increases with the used handpieces. Normal handpieces 1:1 exert only a minimal influence, gear handpieces 2:1, however, markedly increase the level. The verticity is of no importance in the range of normal rotations between 10,000 r/min. and 80,000 r/min. Only rotations in the lower frequency range of 2,000 r/min. markedly decrease the noise level. During bone drilling, the kind and size of the drilling bit have an influence on the intensity of the noise level. Quadruple wing milling cutters create a very high noise level (at a distance of 15 cm still above 110 dB [A!]), big rose cutters (R 16) create noise levels of 95 dB (A) and above, and only diamond round bits create less noise (approximately 88 db [A]). Small drilling bits make such a faint noise, that it is overroared by the drilling instrument. The turbines create only slightly higher levels than during dry running. Larger drilling bits cannot be employed here on principle. Wing milling cutters can lead to persistent damages of the inner ear. The frequent use of dental drilling instruments for bone preparations can also lead to a hearing loss of the operator in the long run.", "contents": "[Noise level measurements of the air noise during drilling and grinding on the fresh isolated temporal bone (author's transl)]. Aerial sound measurements with different drilling instruments were performed during dry running and preparations of the bone. Registered were the values of the small drilling instruments Sirona, Dentatus-Air, and Electro-Torque-Ritter. Also tested were the KaVo-Technique-machine, the Hall-machine, the Air-Orbit-turbine, and the Sirona-turbine. During dry running most of them already reached the allowed marginal value of noise nuisance for the ear of 85 dB (A) at a distance of 35 cm. Only the Air-Orbit-machine showed a slightly lower value of 80 dB (A). The level increases with the used handpieces. Normal handpieces 1:1 exert only a minimal influence, gear handpieces 2:1, however, markedly increase the level. The verticity is of no importance in the range of normal rotations between 10,000 r/min. and 80,000 r/min. Only rotations in the lower frequency range of 2,000 r/min. markedly decrease the noise level. During bone drilling, the kind and size of the drilling bit have an influence on the intensity of the noise level. Quadruple wing milling cutters create a very high noise level (at a distance of 15 cm still above 110 dB [A!]), big rose cutters (R 16) create noise levels of 95 dB (A) and above, and only diamond round bits create less noise (approximately 88 db [A]). Small drilling bits make such a faint noise, that it is overroared by the drilling instrument. The turbines create only slightly higher levels than during dry running. Larger drilling bits cannot be employed here on principle. Wing milling cutters can lead to persistent damages of the inner ear. The frequent use of dental drilling instruments for bone preparations can also lead to a hearing loss of the operator in the long run."}
{"id": "PMID:129601", "title": "[Investigations on the shape and size of bone-chips produced during boring and grinding (author's transl)].", "content": "Examinations of the shape and size of chips produced during boring and grinding of dry macerated and fresh temporal bone by various drills and grinders at different revolutions show that rose trepans mainly scrape fresh bone, producing large rolled-up chips, but knock off dry macerated bone, producing more compact chips of bizarre shape. In either case the chip waste also contains plenty of fine and finest compact chips which are broken off and splinter during the removal or knocking-off of the chips from solid bone. The size of the chip depends on the size of the drill head. Diamond cutting heads produce fine and finest compact bone chips. Bone milling produces plenty of scrapes even from dry macerated temporal bone. The rate of revolutions (10,000-80,000 per min) had no influence on the shape and size of chips. Clinically the scraped chip seems to be the most favourable in the drilling of bone because it causes least damage. The use of a drill head with sharp-edged, intact cutting surfaces seems important for this, with continuous rinsing during the boring process to prevent soiling of the interspaces between the cutters and to ensure full performance in accordance with their construction.", "contents": "[Investigations on the shape and size of bone-chips produced during boring and grinding (author's transl)]. Examinations of the shape and size of chips produced during boring and grinding of dry macerated and fresh temporal bone by various drills and grinders at different revolutions show that rose trepans mainly scrape fresh bone, producing large rolled-up chips, but knock off dry macerated bone, producing more compact chips of bizarre shape. In either case the chip waste also contains plenty of fine and finest compact chips which are broken off and splinter during the removal or knocking-off of the chips from solid bone. The size of the chip depends on the size of the drill head. Diamond cutting heads produce fine and finest compact bone chips. Bone milling produces plenty of scrapes even from dry macerated temporal bone. The rate of revolutions (10,000-80,000 per min) had no influence on the shape and size of chips. Clinically the scraped chip seems to be the most favourable in the drilling of bone because it causes least damage. The use of a drill head with sharp-edged, intact cutting surfaces seems important for this, with continuous rinsing during the boring process to prevent soiling of the interspaces between the cutters and to ensure full performance in accordance with their construction."}
{"id": "PMID:129602", "title": "[Physiological spontaneous and positional nystagmus. electronystagmographic examinations concerning type, frequency and intensity (author's transl)].", "content": "120 subjects were selected from a large number of healthy persons on the grounds of their medical history and preexaminations including audiogram, which excluded the possibility of previous cochelo-vestibular illness. These 120 healthy persons were examined by means of electronystagmography. We were searching for spontaneous and positional nystagmus in 5 positions with open eyes in darkness and with closed eyes. 50% proved to have a horizontal and 82% a vertical spontaneous nystagmus in at least 1 position. The sex had no influence on the frequency and there was no difference in results under smokers and non-smokers. There was the same frequency of nystagmus directed to right and left. We conclude that there is a physiological horizontal spontaneous nystagmus of low intensity if fixation is completedly excluded. In our opinion it is not possible to determine a certain level of intensity above which a spontaneous nystagmus is pathological as the intensity of nystagmus is essentially dependent upon non-vestibular elements.", "contents": "[Physiological spontaneous and positional nystagmus. electronystagmographic examinations concerning type, frequency and intensity (author's transl)]. 120 subjects were selected from a large number of healthy persons on the grounds of their medical history and preexaminations including audiogram, which excluded the possibility of previous cochelo-vestibular illness. These 120 healthy persons were examined by means of electronystagmography. We were searching for spontaneous and positional nystagmus in 5 positions with open eyes in darkness and with closed eyes. 50% proved to have a horizontal and 82% a vertical spontaneous nystagmus in at least 1 position. The sex had no influence on the frequency and there was no difference in results under smokers and non-smokers. There was the same frequency of nystagmus directed to right and left. We conclude that there is a physiological horizontal spontaneous nystagmus of low intensity if fixation is completedly excluded. In our opinion it is not possible to determine a certain level of intensity above which a spontaneous nystagmus is pathological as the intensity of nystagmus is essentially dependent upon non-vestibular elements."}
{"id": "PMID:129603", "title": "[Binocular dissociated acquired nystagmus of unknown origin (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of noncongenital rare pendular nystagmus is reported in witch on the contrary to similar published cases no neurological disorder is present.", "contents": "[Binocular dissociated acquired nystagmus of unknown origin (author's transl)]. A case of noncongenital rare pendular nystagmus is reported in witch on the contrary to similar published cases no neurological disorder is present."}
{"id": "PMID:129604", "title": "[On a neurophysiological interpretation of acupunctural analgesia in tonsillectomy and in extensive operations (author's transl)].", "content": "A multiple stimulus (secondary or repetitive stimulus) to the sensory nerve endings in the skin and in the connective subcutaneous tissue is exerted by acupuncture. Because of the tight interlacing of nerve endings, this stimulus affects simultaneously the sensory fibres of both the cerebrospinal nerve, the Sympathicus and the Parasympathicus. The slow conducting pain fibres (C-fibres) are inhibited in their function by the fast conducting Abeta-fibres and Adelta-fibres, which transmit pressure, vibration and electric currents (Foerster, Zottermann). In addition a secondary stimulus inhibits or modulates a peripheral pain stimulus (pain of operation) in various synapses on the sensory pathway to the cortex, especially in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. According to Keidel, Raich and Albrecht pain stimuli are masked up to 50% by vibration and other \"rivaling\" stimuli. Furthermore, acupuncture releases a higher level of Noradrenaline and Serotonine in the liquor of ventricles. These two biogenic amines effect also an analgesia such as demonstrated in animals by artificial injection in the ventricles. The author gives also a detailed review about the importance of the transmitters noradrenaline, serotonine and acteylcholine for the acupuntural analgesia.", "contents": "[On a neurophysiological interpretation of acupunctural analgesia in tonsillectomy and in extensive operations (author's transl)]. A multiple stimulus (secondary or repetitive stimulus) to the sensory nerve endings in the skin and in the connective subcutaneous tissue is exerted by acupuncture. Because of the tight interlacing of nerve endings, this stimulus affects simultaneously the sensory fibres of both the cerebrospinal nerve, the Sympathicus and the Parasympathicus. The slow conducting pain fibres (C-fibres) are inhibited in their function by the fast conducting Abeta-fibres and Adelta-fibres, which transmit pressure, vibration and electric currents (Foerster, Zottermann). In addition a secondary stimulus inhibits or modulates a peripheral pain stimulus (pain of operation) in various synapses on the sensory pathway to the cortex, especially in the substantia gelatinosa of the spinal cord. According to Keidel, Raich and Albrecht pain stimuli are masked up to 50% by vibration and other \"rivaling\" stimuli. Furthermore, acupuncture releases a higher level of Noradrenaline and Serotonine in the liquor of ventricles. These two biogenic amines effect also an analgesia such as demonstrated in animals by artificial injection in the ventricles. The author gives also a detailed review about the importance of the transmitters noradrenaline, serotonine and acteylcholine for the acupuntural analgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:129605", "title": "[On mucoepidermoid tumors with rare locations in laryngological areas (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of three cases of mucoepidermoid tumors with rare locations in laryngological areas (fundus of the tongue, retromolar trigonum, nasopharynx and sinuses). In two cases the tumors could be removed radically, the third case resulted in an extensive tumorous destruction of the right half of the face after a protracted course of the disease, as the consequence of which the patient died. With the aid of the literature on the subject, the location, clinical features, pathological anatomy and histology, origin, biological valence and the prognosis of mucoepidermoid tumors are discussed. It is generally agreed that they are optionally malignant tumors which can induce a locally infiltrating or destructive growth, show a tendency to recurrence and may lead to distant metastases. The recommended therapy is the radical exstirpation of the tumor.", "contents": "[On mucoepidermoid tumors with rare locations in laryngological areas (author's transl)]. Report of three cases of mucoepidermoid tumors with rare locations in laryngological areas (fundus of the tongue, retromolar trigonum, nasopharynx and sinuses). In two cases the tumors could be removed radically, the third case resulted in an extensive tumorous destruction of the right half of the face after a protracted course of the disease, as the consequence of which the patient died. With the aid of the literature on the subject, the location, clinical features, pathological anatomy and histology, origin, biological valence and the prognosis of mucoepidermoid tumors are discussed. It is generally agreed that they are optionally malignant tumors which can induce a locally infiltrating or destructive growth, show a tendency to recurrence and may lead to distant metastases. The recommended therapy is the radical exstirpation of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:129606", "title": "[Therapeutic progress in treatment of childhood lymphosarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In treating childhood lymphosarcoma, high-dose combination chemotherapy is most effective, when given as long-term therapy. The most important advances of the therapeutic regimen described here are not only obtaining complete remissions but to have them maintained; the side-effects of the intensive therapy are well to be kept under control. Besides, some of the drugs are effective against the severe complications, leucemic transformation and sacromatous meningiosis. The median time of complete remission in our own patients with head and neck primaries is already 63 weeks; in comparison, that of a former group of children was 11 weeks.", "contents": "[Therapeutic progress in treatment of childhood lymphosarcoma (author's transl)]. In treating childhood lymphosarcoma, high-dose combination chemotherapy is most effective, when given as long-term therapy. The most important advances of the therapeutic regimen described here are not only obtaining complete remissions but to have them maintained; the side-effects of the intensive therapy are well to be kept under control. Besides, some of the drugs are effective against the severe complications, leucemic transformation and sacromatous meningiosis. The median time of complete remission in our own patients with head and neck primaries is already 63 weeks; in comparison, that of a former group of children was 11 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:129607", "title": "[Adenocarcinoma of the paranasal sinuses in woodworkers, an occupational disease? (author's transl)].", "content": "A 59-year-old carpenter, 44 years in his profession had an adenocarcinoma of the ethmoids. Similar cases have been described previously in foreign literature. This disease has been accepted as an occupational disease in England. The question is whether this disease, provoked by fine wood-dust may be observed in Germany too; whether the chemical wood ingredients and those being produced during fine-sanding may be carcinogenic. In gaschromatograms the wood ingredients have been demonstrated using oak and beech wood. It is proposed that comparable cases be collected in Germany in order to have a sufficient number of cases for a statistic base. This would make it possible to add this disease to the German list of occupational diseases.", "contents": "[Adenocarcinoma of the paranasal sinuses in woodworkers, an occupational disease? (author's transl)]. A 59-year-old carpenter, 44 years in his profession had an adenocarcinoma of the ethmoids. Similar cases have been described previously in foreign literature. This disease has been accepted as an occupational disease in England. The question is whether this disease, provoked by fine wood-dust may be observed in Germany too; whether the chemical wood ingredients and those being produced during fine-sanding may be carcinogenic. In gaschromatograms the wood ingredients have been demonstrated using oak and beech wood. It is proposed that comparable cases be collected in Germany in order to have a sufficient number of cases for a statistic base. This would make it possible to add this disease to the German list of occupational diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:129608", "title": "[The importance of the vertebral venous plexus for the occurrence of haematogenous metastases in malignant diseases of the head and neck (author's transl)].", "content": "The analysis of observation about the progress of 1136 malignant diseases of the epi- and mesopharynx and of the nasal cavity and sinuses from the ENT-Clinic of Jena showed in 16 to 18 per cent of the cases haematogenous metastases observed only in a third to a half in the lung. If the lung had been spared especially the axial skeleton and the liver had metastases. This finding was especially significant in cases of epipharyngeal carcinomas. The discussion about the causes of the frequent occurence of metastases in the axial skeleton led to the supposition, that an independent way of the spreading of haematogenous metastases via the vertebral venous system and the azygos veins could be possible.", "contents": "[The importance of the vertebral venous plexus for the occurrence of haematogenous metastases in malignant diseases of the head and neck (author's transl)]. The analysis of observation about the progress of 1136 malignant diseases of the epi- and mesopharynx and of the nasal cavity and sinuses from the ENT-Clinic of Jena showed in 16 to 18 per cent of the cases haematogenous metastases observed only in a third to a half in the lung. If the lung had been spared especially the axial skeleton and the liver had metastases. This finding was especially significant in cases of epipharyngeal carcinomas. The discussion about the causes of the frequent occurence of metastases in the axial skeleton led to the supposition, that an independent way of the spreading of haematogenous metastases via the vertebral venous system and the azygos veins could be possible."}
{"id": "PMID:129609", "title": "[The cryoeffect on the growing bone (morphological findings on the kneejoints of rabbits as an example) (author's transl)].", "content": "The cryoeffect on growing long bones is studied. The kneejoints including the bordering surrounding epiphyseal disks of the femur, tibia and fibula of 35 young (4-6 weeks old) and 6 adult rabbits were frozen by dipping the knee joints totally or partially into liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C). The freezing time varies 3-5 min. After different times of survival maximally up to 397 days the animals are sacrified. The length of the cryosurgical treated and untreated extremities are measured and the kneejoints, especially the epiphyseal disks, are studied lightmicroscopically. Totally or partially frozen joints show after a complete necrosis in the phase of regeneration and reparation an uncoordinated overgrowth of cartilage-and bone cells and a proliferation of connective tissue with deformation of the epiphysis. The above mentioned facts and the disturbance of growth in length in young animals is mainly caused by the irregular function of the epiphysical disks after being treated cryosurgically. Also the epiphysical disks being only partially treated cryosurgically show growth disturbances and deformities. Deducing from the animal experiments clinical cryosurgery, has to be applied with extreme caution in the surrounding area of growing bone in children so that the centers of growing bone are not be frozen. Treating bones of adult rabbits cryosurgically there are only time limited reversible morphological findings so that clinically cryosurgery can be used in the surroundings areas of adult bones, especially joints, without any remarkable morphological long term findings.", "contents": "[The cryoeffect on the growing bone (morphological findings on the kneejoints of rabbits as an example) (author's transl)]. The cryoeffect on growing long bones is studied. The kneejoints including the bordering surrounding epiphyseal disks of the femur, tibia and fibula of 35 young (4-6 weeks old) and 6 adult rabbits were frozen by dipping the knee joints totally or partially into liquid nitrogen (-196 degrees C). The freezing time varies 3-5 min. After different times of survival maximally up to 397 days the animals are sacrified. The length of the cryosurgical treated and untreated extremities are measured and the kneejoints, especially the epiphyseal disks, are studied lightmicroscopically. Totally or partially frozen joints show after a complete necrosis in the phase of regeneration and reparation an uncoordinated overgrowth of cartilage-and bone cells and a proliferation of connective tissue with deformation of the epiphysis. The above mentioned facts and the disturbance of growth in length in young animals is mainly caused by the irregular function of the epiphysical disks after being treated cryosurgically. Also the epiphysical disks being only partially treated cryosurgically show growth disturbances and deformities. Deducing from the animal experiments clinical cryosurgery, has to be applied with extreme caution in the surrounding area of growing bone in children so that the centers of growing bone are not be frozen. Treating bones of adult rabbits cryosurgically there are only time limited reversible morphological findings so that clinically cryosurgery can be used in the surroundings areas of adult bones, especially joints, without any remarkable morphological long term findings."}
{"id": "PMID:129610", "title": "[Histological examinations on the hemostatic effect of freezing during surgical procedures in the head and neck (author's transl)].", "content": "In the course of surgical interventions 28 tissue blocks of muscle, subcutis, submaxillary gland and tumors were frozen in situ, using liquid nitrogen and a closed cryoprobe. Specimens were taken before freezing, immediately after thawing, 5 minutes and 30 to 60 minutes later. They were fixed in formaline, embedded in paraffine and stained with hematotoxylineosin and after Ladewig, for better diagnosis of a possible microthrombosis. Comparing the specimens taken before and after freezing we found: no reactive vasoconstriction but dilatation, no remarkable changes of vascular wall, a moderate edema of the connective tissue, abundant bleeding, only in two of 84 sections singular microthrombi. That means no reliable criteria of an hemostatic effect of CRYOSURGery could be found histologically within the first postoperative hour, at least in case of freezing during conventional surgery.", "contents": "[Histological examinations on the hemostatic effect of freezing during surgical procedures in the head and neck (author's transl)]. In the course of surgical interventions 28 tissue blocks of muscle, subcutis, submaxillary gland and tumors were frozen in situ, using liquid nitrogen and a closed cryoprobe. Specimens were taken before freezing, immediately after thawing, 5 minutes and 30 to 60 minutes later. They were fixed in formaline, embedded in paraffine and stained with hematotoxylineosin and after Ladewig, for better diagnosis of a possible microthrombosis. Comparing the specimens taken before and after freezing we found: no reactive vasoconstriction but dilatation, no remarkable changes of vascular wall, a moderate edema of the connective tissue, abundant bleeding, only in two of 84 sections singular microthrombi. That means no reliable criteria of an hemostatic effect of CRYOSURGery could be found histologically within the first postoperative hour, at least in case of freezing during conventional surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:129611", "title": "[A new magnifying laryngoscope (epipharyngoscope) (author's transl)].", "content": "A new developed laryngoscope (epipharyngoscope) is demonstrated, which comes now to production stage after three years of experimental work. The endoscope-a high capacity optical system with an angled direction of view-allows a thorough inspection and easy fotodocumentation of the larynx and epipharynx without molesting the patient. Even under difficult conditions regarding the anatomy the findings can be inspected as a survey or under magnification, which is done-technically an innovation-by moving an integrated lens system of the endoscope.", "contents": "[A new magnifying laryngoscope (epipharyngoscope) (author's transl)]. A new developed laryngoscope (epipharyngoscope) is demonstrated, which comes now to production stage after three years of experimental work. The endoscope-a high capacity optical system with an angled direction of view-allows a thorough inspection and easy fotodocumentation of the larynx and epipharynx without molesting the patient. Even under difficult conditions regarding the anatomy the findings can be inspected as a survey or under magnification, which is done-technically an innovation-by moving an integrated lens system of the endoscope."}
{"id": "PMID:129612", "title": "[Diseases of the trachea and bronchi by special consideration of x-ray diagnostic (author's transl)].", "content": "Important aspects for the diagnosis and therapy of diseases of the trachea and bronchi are the surgical anatomy, physiology and histopathology. For the evaluation of these diseases x-ray studies can make a major contribution.", "contents": "[Diseases of the trachea and bronchi by special consideration of x-ray diagnostic (author's transl)]. Important aspects for the diagnosis and therapy of diseases of the trachea and bronchi are the surgical anatomy, physiology and histopathology. For the evaluation of these diseases x-ray studies can make a major contribution."}
{"id": "PMID:129613", "title": "[Radiogenic disorder in sense of smell (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of radiotherapy on the sense of smell was investigated in 24 patient (age 28-80 years) with Elsberg's method. Out of 19 patients, who were measured 1-15 years after radiotherapy, the thresholds exceeded the normal range in no case, i.e. no permanent disturbance of smell after radiotherapy. In 5 patients, tested before, during and after irradiation, the thresholds rised continuously to the upper margin of the normal limit between 1,000 and 6,000 rads and, after the end of therapy returned to initial levels within 6-8 weeks.", "contents": "[Radiogenic disorder in sense of smell (author's transl)]. The influence of radiotherapy on the sense of smell was investigated in 24 patient (age 28-80 years) with Elsberg's method. Out of 19 patients, who were measured 1-15 years after radiotherapy, the thresholds exceeded the normal range in no case, i.e. no permanent disturbance of smell after radiotherapy. In 5 patients, tested before, during and after irradiation, the thresholds rised continuously to the upper margin of the normal limit between 1,000 and 6,000 rads and, after the end of therapy returned to initial levels within 6-8 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:129614", "title": "[Excision in the epipharynx anterior or posterior to the ostium tubae with stenosis of the cartilaginous eustachian tube (author's transl)].", "content": "A large excision anterior to the ostium tubae in the epipharynx is advised in cases with stenosis of the cartilagenes eustachian tube. The operations performed by transpalatimal approach under general anesthesia were in 11 cases without complications so far. Excision and scar retraction yielded good functioning results over the longest observation period of 18 month. -A resection of the tensor tympani muscle out of its bony canal is advised in bony tubal obstruction. Ventilation may be improved by use of our conic and oval shaped steel probe which helps to combine the bony tensor typani canal with the eustachian tube.", "contents": "[Excision in the epipharynx anterior or posterior to the ostium tubae with stenosis of the cartilaginous eustachian tube (author's transl)]. A large excision anterior to the ostium tubae in the epipharynx is advised in cases with stenosis of the cartilagenes eustachian tube. The operations performed by transpalatimal approach under general anesthesia were in 11 cases without complications so far. Excision and scar retraction yielded good functioning results over the longest observation period of 18 month. -A resection of the tensor tympani muscle out of its bony canal is advised in bony tubal obstruction. Ventilation may be improved by use of our conic and oval shaped steel probe which helps to combine the bony tensor typani canal with the eustachian tube."}
{"id": "PMID:129616", "title": "[Contribution to the epithetical supply of the extended face-defects (author's transl)].", "content": "As an example it will be shown how the advantages of the soft-staying and the stiffstaying epithesis-material can be put together. Also it will be a simple fastening method of the epithesis shown.", "contents": "[Contribution to the epithetical supply of the extended face-defects (author's transl)]. As an example it will be shown how the advantages of the soft-staying and the stiffstaying epithesis-material can be put together. Also it will be a simple fastening method of the epithesis shown."}
{"id": "PMID:129617", "title": "[Experimental investigation concerning the substitution of the orbital floor of the cat (author's transl)].", "content": "In 12 cats the floor of the orbit including the infraorbital margin had been totally resected on both sides. The 24 orbital defects were substituted by complete homologous floors of the orbit which had been preserved in thiomersalate, autologous bone from the tegmen of the sinus frontalis of cats, autologous and homologous cartilage and lyophilizised human dura. All implants healed well. It was found that both autologous and homologous bone implants gave the most stable mechanical connection to the orbital wall. Histological new bone formation was present at 6 months in the homologous bone transplant. This work raises the probability of the use of homograft orbital floor in surgical management of trauma to the orbit.", "contents": "[Experimental investigation concerning the substitution of the orbital floor of the cat (author's transl)]. In 12 cats the floor of the orbit including the infraorbital margin had been totally resected on both sides. The 24 orbital defects were substituted by complete homologous floors of the orbit which had been preserved in thiomersalate, autologous bone from the tegmen of the sinus frontalis of cats, autologous and homologous cartilage and lyophilizised human dura. All implants healed well. It was found that both autologous and homologous bone implants gave the most stable mechanical connection to the orbital wall. Histological new bone formation was present at 6 months in the homologous bone transplant. This work raises the probability of the use of homograft orbital floor in surgical management of trauma to the orbit."}
{"id": "PMID:129619", "title": "[Principles of the burden of proof in medical liability proceedings (author's transl)].", "content": "The application of different ways of thinking - that is to say the juridical, human scientific evaluating and the medical, natural scientific establishing - next to each other can direct to difficultics and divergencies in the reply of expert questions in medical liability proceedings, although each way of thinking attains to correct and practicable results. Relative to the medical expert this presums on the one hand a distinct degree of juridical mentality and necessitates on the other hand a medical mind and scrutiny of the factual situation coordinated to the juridical train of thoughts and terms. A particular importance is due herein to the knowledge of the principles and directions of the burden of proof within the rules of criminal and civil procedure. Starting from the legal handling the forms observing are explained in detail and illustrated by means of competent laws and court findings. Therewith an estimation of the medical state of affairs should be rendered possible for the medical expert adequate coordinated to the juridical terms.", "contents": "[Principles of the burden of proof in medical liability proceedings (author's transl)]. The application of different ways of thinking - that is to say the juridical, human scientific evaluating and the medical, natural scientific establishing - next to each other can direct to difficultics and divergencies in the reply of expert questions in medical liability proceedings, although each way of thinking attains to correct and practicable results. Relative to the medical expert this presums on the one hand a distinct degree of juridical mentality and necessitates on the other hand a medical mind and scrutiny of the factual situation coordinated to the juridical train of thoughts and terms. A particular importance is due herein to the knowledge of the principles and directions of the burden of proof within the rules of criminal and civil procedure. Starting from the legal handling the forms observing are explained in detail and illustrated by means of competent laws and court findings. Therewith an estimation of the medical state of affairs should be rendered possible for the medical expert adequate coordinated to the juridical terms."}
{"id": "PMID:129620", "title": "[On a biochemical model of neurogenic sialosis: studies in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "By studying the influence on rat-parotid glands of the antihypertensive drug, guanoxane (Envacar), we attempted to establish a biochemical model of a neurogenic sialosis. Protein content and alpha-amylase activity were determined in gland extracts and in polyacrylamide gel slabs after electrophoretic separation of equal amounts of parotid-gland protein. The values for both parameters showed a marked increase during the first week of treatment as compared with the controls, but decreased subsequently. After electrophoretic separation into 4 isoamylases, the activity per unit protein decreased with time in one group of isoenzymes and increased in another. We interpret these findings as a gradual shift in the isoamylase distribution pattern of the rats' parotid glands with increasing duration of a neurogenic sialosis of the peripheralvegetative type.", "contents": "[On a biochemical model of neurogenic sialosis: studies in rats (author's transl)]. By studying the influence on rat-parotid glands of the antihypertensive drug, guanoxane (Envacar), we attempted to establish a biochemical model of a neurogenic sialosis. Protein content and alpha-amylase activity were determined in gland extracts and in polyacrylamide gel slabs after electrophoretic separation of equal amounts of parotid-gland protein. The values for both parameters showed a marked increase during the first week of treatment as compared with the controls, but decreased subsequently. After electrophoretic separation into 4 isoamylases, the activity per unit protein decreased with time in one group of isoenzymes and increased in another. We interpret these findings as a gradual shift in the isoamylase distribution pattern of the rats' parotid glands with increasing duration of a neurogenic sialosis of the peripheralvegetative type."}
{"id": "PMID:129621", "title": "[The albumin content of parotid saliva in regard to age (author's transl)].", "content": "In seventy nine persons of age between twenty and eighty the albumin content of parotid saliva were estimated by means of electroimmunodiffusion. The albumin content is independent of age. The problem of permeability of salivary glands for serum proteins is discussed.", "contents": "[The albumin content of parotid saliva in regard to age (author's transl)]. In seventy nine persons of age between twenty and eighty the albumin content of parotid saliva were estimated by means of electroimmunodiffusion. The albumin content is independent of age. The problem of permeability of salivary glands for serum proteins is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129622", "title": "[Simultaneous determination of lysozyme and IgA-content in human parotid saliva, compared with flow-rate and totalprotein-secretion during rest and stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Parotid saliva was collected in 10-minutes-fractions during rest and stimulation from 66 healthy individuals. The time of collection was 80 minutes, in every sample flow-rate, total-protein-concentration, IgA- and Lysozyme-content were determined. According to sex and age of the individuals, the results obtained were classified in four groups. Stimulation produced characteristic changes in the flow-rates, which seemed to be correlated with the age of the persons. The total-protein-concentration of the single samples showed great differences; yet, regarding flow-rate and proteinconcentration together, the so calculated secretion of protein of every gland was almost the same. Secretion of IgA was dependent on age and sex: the secretion-rate was greater in females than in males. Besides, younger people had lower IgA-concentrations than older ones. On the other hand, lysozyme-secretion was reciprocal to IgA-secretion. The concentration of lysozyme was much higher in young persons compared with the older group. The clinical importance of this findings is discussed.", "contents": "[Simultaneous determination of lysozyme and IgA-content in human parotid saliva, compared with flow-rate and totalprotein-secretion during rest and stimulation (author's transl)]. Parotid saliva was collected in 10-minutes-fractions during rest and stimulation from 66 healthy individuals. The time of collection was 80 minutes, in every sample flow-rate, total-protein-concentration, IgA- and Lysozyme-content were determined. According to sex and age of the individuals, the results obtained were classified in four groups. Stimulation produced characteristic changes in the flow-rates, which seemed to be correlated with the age of the persons. The total-protein-concentration of the single samples showed great differences; yet, regarding flow-rate and proteinconcentration together, the so calculated secretion of protein of every gland was almost the same. Secretion of IgA was dependent on age and sex: the secretion-rate was greater in females than in males. Besides, younger people had lower IgA-concentrations than older ones. On the other hand, lysozyme-secretion was reciprocal to IgA-secretion. The concentration of lysozyme was much higher in young persons compared with the older group. The clinical importance of this findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129623", "title": "[A case of industrial origin of laryngeal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The Growing importance of industrial noxae for carcinogenesis will, in the course of further progressive mechanization and industrialization, suggest an increasing confrontation with this problem. The above mentioned case, a patient working with insulating materials on industrial heating systems, impressevely demonstrates the transformation of chronic laryngitis into a carcinoma in the course of years, brought about by industrial influences and thus proving the exogenous origin of this genesis. Dust as well as strong effects of heat under conditions of variable atmospheric humidily are concerned to be principal damaging factors.", "contents": "[A case of industrial origin of laryngeal carcinoma (author's transl)]. The Growing importance of industrial noxae for carcinogenesis will, in the course of further progressive mechanization and industrialization, suggest an increasing confrontation with this problem. The above mentioned case, a patient working with insulating materials on industrial heating systems, impressevely demonstrates the transformation of chronic laryngitis into a carcinoma in the course of years, brought about by industrial influences and thus proving the exogenous origin of this genesis. Dust as well as strong effects of heat under conditions of variable atmospheric humidily are concerned to be principal damaging factors."}
{"id": "PMID:129624", "title": "[Hemilaryngectomy with reconstruction of the pyriform recessus (author's transl)].", "content": "A new plastic method for closed hemilaryngectomy with reconstruction of the recessus piriformis by means of prelaryngeal musculature is reported. The functional advantages compared with the hochnaht method are demonstrated. A review of the indication and its limits looked upon at today's standard is given.", "contents": "[Hemilaryngectomy with reconstruction of the pyriform recessus (author's transl)]. A new plastic method for closed hemilaryngectomy with reconstruction of the recessus piriformis by means of prelaryngeal musculature is reported. The functional advantages compared with the hochnaht method are demonstrated. A review of the indication and its limits looked upon at today's standard is given."}
{"id": "PMID:129625", "title": "[One stage reconstruction of hypopharynx following total laryngopharyngectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The author reports upon his own experience with a one stage, total reconstruction following total laryngopharyngectomy first described by Lor\u00e9 jr. 1973. For the rebuilding of the anterior and lateral walls of hypopharynx a posterior tongue flap after Sisson (1956) and Hiranandani (1967) is used. The reconstruction of the posterior wall of hypopharynx is done using a free dermal graft from the thigh. This method seems to have certain merits: A radical procedure is possible; one stage operation; a good functional result concerning deglutition after a short time, which in the own two cases was not essentially injured after x-ray treatment with a full tumordosis.", "contents": "[One stage reconstruction of hypopharynx following total laryngopharyngectomy (author's transl)]. The author reports upon his own experience with a one stage, total reconstruction following total laryngopharyngectomy first described by Lor\u00e9 jr. 1973. For the rebuilding of the anterior and lateral walls of hypopharynx a posterior tongue flap after Sisson (1956) and Hiranandani (1967) is used. The reconstruction of the posterior wall of hypopharynx is done using a free dermal graft from the thigh. This method seems to have certain merits: A radical procedure is possible; one stage operation; a good functional result concerning deglutition after a short time, which in the own two cases was not essentially injured after x-ray treatment with a full tumordosis."}
{"id": "PMID:129626", "title": "[Problems of intracranial extension of malignant disease of the nose and sinuses (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 424 cancers of the nasal cavities or sinuses seen at the University E.N.T. Clinic Jena, 120 had penetrated into the anterior or middle cranial fossa. The commonest of these were tumours of the upper sinuses but a fifth of all antral tumours were also involved. The favourite site of intracranial breakthrough was studied in relation to the origin of the tumour and a particular liability of antral cancers to extend to the middle cranial fossa was noted. Critical analysis of the preoperative diagnostic features showed that the extent of the tumour relative to the base of the skull was often only demonstrated by a wide external surgical exposure. Operative and electrosurgical exenteration after Zange followed by radium application to the infiltrated dura resulted in over 17% of the operated patients surviving 5 years or more without recurrences. Irradiation alone was unsuccessful in all cases. In recent years resection of the tumour has been followed by excision of the infiltrated segment of the dura and the defect covered with fascia lata. First impressions and several examples are given.", "contents": "[Problems of intracranial extension of malignant disease of the nose and sinuses (author's transl)]. Out of 424 cancers of the nasal cavities or sinuses seen at the University E.N.T. Clinic Jena, 120 had penetrated into the anterior or middle cranial fossa. The commonest of these were tumours of the upper sinuses but a fifth of all antral tumours were also involved. The favourite site of intracranial breakthrough was studied in relation to the origin of the tumour and a particular liability of antral cancers to extend to the middle cranial fossa was noted. Critical analysis of the preoperative diagnostic features showed that the extent of the tumour relative to the base of the skull was often only demonstrated by a wide external surgical exposure. Operative and electrosurgical exenteration after Zange followed by radium application to the infiltrated dura resulted in over 17% of the operated patients surviving 5 years or more without recurrences. Irradiation alone was unsuccessful in all cases. In recent years resection of the tumour has been followed by excision of the infiltrated segment of the dura and the defect covered with fascia lata. First impressions and several examples are given."}
{"id": "PMID:129627", "title": "[Considerations on stellate ganglion blockage (author's transl].", "content": "It has been considered why it is possible to inject the local anaesthetic into a vessel even though the previous aspiration-test for blood had a negative result. To avoid an intravasal injection it is to be recommended to interrupt the injection with 15-20 further aspiration tests.", "contents": "[Considerations on stellate ganglion blockage (author's transl]. It has been considered why it is possible to inject the local anaesthetic into a vessel even though the previous aspiration-test for blood had a negative result. To avoid an intravasal injection it is to be recommended to interrupt the injection with 15-20 further aspiration tests."}
{"id": "PMID:129628", "title": "[Contribution to the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of head and neck tumors in childhood and adolescence: experience with 94 own cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The head and neck region is - among the body regions - one of the most frequently affected one by malignant primaries in childhood and adolescence. The diagnosis of malignant lymphomas (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's type) predominanted (55 cases) in the own case material of 94 patients. Besides, there were 21 tumors of mesenchymal origin, 11 neuroepithelial tumors and 5 cases of histiocytosis X. The first symptoms are often discret (painless swelling) and they represent one of the major problems in handling childhood tumors. An optimal therapy, which resulted in longterm cures in the majority of the own patients, is based on an intensive team-work of pediatricians and ENT-doctors. One of the important points for successful treatment is individualizing the intensity of each of the effectful modern therapeutic modalities.", "contents": "[Contribution to the diagnosis, therapy and prognosis of head and neck tumors in childhood and adolescence: experience with 94 own cases (author's transl)]. The head and neck region is - among the body regions - one of the most frequently affected one by malignant primaries in childhood and adolescence. The diagnosis of malignant lymphomas (Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's type) predominanted (55 cases) in the own case material of 94 patients. Besides, there were 21 tumors of mesenchymal origin, 11 neuroepithelial tumors and 5 cases of histiocytosis X. The first symptoms are often discret (painless swelling) and they represent one of the major problems in handling childhood tumors. An optimal therapy, which resulted in longterm cures in the majority of the own patients, is based on an intensive team-work of pediatricians and ENT-doctors. One of the important points for successful treatment is individualizing the intensity of each of the effectful modern therapeutic modalities."}
{"id": "PMID:129629", "title": "[Metabolic enzymes in human nasal mucus under physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the mucous membrane (author's transl)].", "content": "In the human nasal mucus several enzymes of the intermediary metabolism are present. Due to secreted albumin the enzyme-levels are determined in different diseases of the upper respiratory tract. It is possible to differentiate viral rhinitis from bacterial or allergic or atrophic rhinitis by a significant increase of the activities of GOT, LDH and CPK.", "contents": "[Metabolic enzymes in human nasal mucus under physiological and pathophysiological conditions of the mucous membrane (author's transl)]. In the human nasal mucus several enzymes of the intermediary metabolism are present. Due to secreted albumin the enzyme-levels are determined in different diseases of the upper respiratory tract. It is possible to differentiate viral rhinitis from bacterial or allergic or atrophic rhinitis by a significant increase of the activities of GOT, LDH and CPK."}
{"id": "PMID:129630", "title": "[Detection of split products of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM during chronic otitis media (author's transl)].", "content": "Proteolytic enzymes such as pepsine or papaine are able to split IgG antibodies into large fragments in vitro. These immunoglobulin fragments (IgG, IgA, IgM) were now detected in vivo from the purulent secretions of cholesteatoma, chronic otitis media and radical mastoid cavities. During chronic otitis media the intact immunoglobulins are split due to the proteolytic activity of neutral proteinases. These fragments were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated by means of various immunological procedures. After the immunoelectrophoretic separation of the purulent middle-ear-secretions and after diffusion against anti-IgG-, anti-IgA- and anti-IgM- serum double precipitate lines could be observed especially in middle-ear-secretion with a bacterial flora of pseudomonas aeruginosa (pyocyanea) and of the proteus-providencia-group. This was the first proof of the presence of split products of the immunoglobulins. The exact demonstration of these split products could be carried out by gel-filtration and fractionation of the intact and split immunoglobulins. During chronic otitis media intact immunoglobulins are split by leucocytic and extracellular bacterial proteinases into fragments of different molecular weight. The most malignant extracellular proteinases with the greatest proteolytic activity against intact immunoglobulins are the bacterial proteinases of pseudomonas aeruginosa. These proteinases can not be inhibited by the other serum proteinaseinhibitors except for alpha-2-macroglobulin of the human blood serum. This inhibitor has a very high molecular weight so that we can not find it in a higher concentration in the middle-ear-secretion. We can liberate this inhibitor by injuring the blood vessels during a tympanoplasty. In this way we get an inhibitory effect against these proteinases and combined with an appropriate antibiotic therapy we can cure a chronic otitis media.", "contents": "[Detection of split products of the immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM during chronic otitis media (author's transl)]. Proteolytic enzymes such as pepsine or papaine are able to split IgG antibodies into large fragments in vitro. These immunoglobulin fragments (IgG, IgA, IgM) were now detected in vivo from the purulent secretions of cholesteatoma, chronic otitis media and radical mastoid cavities. During chronic otitis media the intact immunoglobulins are split due to the proteolytic activity of neutral proteinases. These fragments were qualitatively and quantitatively investigated by means of various immunological procedures. After the immunoelectrophoretic separation of the purulent middle-ear-secretions and after diffusion against anti-IgG-, anti-IgA- and anti-IgM- serum double precipitate lines could be observed especially in middle-ear-secretion with a bacterial flora of pseudomonas aeruginosa (pyocyanea) and of the proteus-providencia-group. This was the first proof of the presence of split products of the immunoglobulins. The exact demonstration of these split products could be carried out by gel-filtration and fractionation of the intact and split immunoglobulins. During chronic otitis media intact immunoglobulins are split by leucocytic and extracellular bacterial proteinases into fragments of different molecular weight. The most malignant extracellular proteinases with the greatest proteolytic activity against intact immunoglobulins are the bacterial proteinases of pseudomonas aeruginosa. These proteinases can not be inhibited by the other serum proteinaseinhibitors except for alpha-2-macroglobulin of the human blood serum. This inhibitor has a very high molecular weight so that we can not find it in a higher concentration in the middle-ear-secretion. We can liberate this inhibitor by injuring the blood vessels during a tympanoplasty. In this way we get an inhibitory effect against these proteinases and combined with an appropriate antibiotic therapy we can cure a chronic otitis media."}
{"id": "PMID:129631", "title": "[The effect of the argon laser on the vessels, the macro- and microcirculation of the mucosa of the hamster cheek-pouch. An intravitalmicroscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "The mucosa of the cheek-pouch of five golden Syrian Hamsters was irradiated with the beam of an argonionlaser (diameter 0.5 mm and 200 mW). The effect on the micro- and macro-vessels and the bloodstream, especially of the microcirculation, is studied intravitalmicroscopically. In the microcirculation and also in the small and large venous and arterial vessels a restriction of bloodstream, praestasis, pendulumstream, stream reversal and some white microthrombi, -- emboli and agglutination of erythrocytes are visible. The bloodless welding of the vessels takes place even before the evaporation and coagulation necrosis of the surrounding epithelium of the mucosa as a result of the relatively selective effect of the Argon Laser on the reddish vessel-system by a continuous narrowing of the vessels-walls to the complete loss of their lumen rather than by a thrombosis. Firstly the capillaries, the venoles and the arterioles are obliterated, then those of middle size and at last the large venae and arteries in which case large vessels function for a moment as smaller ones. A continuously growing imbibition with increasing duration of the laser irradiation can be observed. Three clinically important phenomenon, depending on the laserdose can be observed: 1. a partial, 2. a subtotal and total obliteration of the network of the vessels, and 3. a total destruction of the blood-vessels and also of the tissue. Therefore clinically a subtotal or total network obliteration of the blood-vessels of strongly vascularised tissues, haemangiomas, teleangiectasias in case of morbus Rendu-Weber-Osler and livid enlarged nasal conchae might be obtained. Further a total tissue-destruction with a break in the continuity of the tissue for example with strongly vascularised carcinoma or its metastases might be effected.", "contents": "[The effect of the argon laser on the vessels, the macro- and microcirculation of the mucosa of the hamster cheek-pouch. An intravitalmicroscopic study (author's transl)]. The mucosa of the cheek-pouch of five golden Syrian Hamsters was irradiated with the beam of an argonionlaser (diameter 0.5 mm and 200 mW). The effect on the micro- and macro-vessels and the bloodstream, especially of the microcirculation, is studied intravitalmicroscopically. In the microcirculation and also in the small and large venous and arterial vessels a restriction of bloodstream, praestasis, pendulumstream, stream reversal and some white microthrombi, -- emboli and agglutination of erythrocytes are visible. The bloodless welding of the vessels takes place even before the evaporation and coagulation necrosis of the surrounding epithelium of the mucosa as a result of the relatively selective effect of the Argon Laser on the reddish vessel-system by a continuous narrowing of the vessels-walls to the complete loss of their lumen rather than by a thrombosis. Firstly the capillaries, the venoles and the arterioles are obliterated, then those of middle size and at last the large venae and arteries in which case large vessels function for a moment as smaller ones. A continuously growing imbibition with increasing duration of the laser irradiation can be observed. Three clinically important phenomenon, depending on the laserdose can be observed: 1. a partial, 2. a subtotal and total obliteration of the network of the vessels, and 3. a total destruction of the blood-vessels and also of the tissue. Therefore clinically a subtotal or total network obliteration of the blood-vessels of strongly vascularised tissues, haemangiomas, teleangiectasias in case of morbus Rendu-Weber-Osler and livid enlarged nasal conchae might be obtained. Further a total tissue-destruction with a break in the continuity of the tissue for example with strongly vascularised carcinoma or its metastases might be effected."}
{"id": "PMID:129632", "title": "[The effect of various aerosols on nasal ventilation (rhinomanometric investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "Rhinomanometry is useful for estimating the reactions of nasal mucosa to saline aerosol inhalations. The resistance of the whole nose provides insufficient evidence. Reactions on one side of the nose clearly show that--it is possible to differentiate qualitatively and quantitatively between the first and the second stage after inhalation. The reaction on one side of the nose may be opposite in character to the other side. The same person may respond in a contrary manner on different days both qualitatively and quantitatively. Patients with rhinitis and allergy react particularly briskly. The problems of nasal dynamics are indicated.", "contents": "[The effect of various aerosols on nasal ventilation (rhinomanometric investigations (author's transl)]. Rhinomanometry is useful for estimating the reactions of nasal mucosa to saline aerosol inhalations. The resistance of the whole nose provides insufficient evidence. Reactions on one side of the nose clearly show that--it is possible to differentiate qualitatively and quantitatively between the first and the second stage after inhalation. The reaction on one side of the nose may be opposite in character to the other side. The same person may respond in a contrary manner on different days both qualitatively and quantitatively. Patients with rhinitis and allergy react particularly briskly. The problems of nasal dynamics are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:129633", "title": "[A dangerous perforating injury of the soft palate in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Perforating injuries of the soft palate in childhood are generally uncomplicated. Such simple injuries may however be accompanied by far reaching consequences. A resulting thrombosis of the A. carotis interna in a child after a perforating injury of the soft palate showed how difficult diagnosis may be. Perforating injuries of this type are relatively common, complications are relatively rare. Furthermore the injury may be followed by a lengthy symptom-free interval. No further diagnostic procedure seems necessary during this interval than clinical examination. The belated appearance of central symptoms comes at a time where all to often diagnosis and therapy can not influence the final outcome.", "contents": "[A dangerous perforating injury of the soft palate in childhood (author's transl)]. Perforating injuries of the soft palate in childhood are generally uncomplicated. Such simple injuries may however be accompanied by far reaching consequences. A resulting thrombosis of the A. carotis interna in a child after a perforating injury of the soft palate showed how difficult diagnosis may be. Perforating injuries of this type are relatively common, complications are relatively rare. Furthermore the injury may be followed by a lengthy symptom-free interval. No further diagnostic procedure seems necessary during this interval than clinical examination. The belated appearance of central symptoms comes at a time where all to often diagnosis and therapy can not influence the final outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:129634", "title": "[The puncture treatment in frontal sinusitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Patients suffering from acute or chronic frontal sinusitis should be treated by a drill-puncture of the anterior wall. A chronic cannula or a plastic tube is inserted and the sinusitis by this way influenced directly. In more than 60% of the cases the sinusitis can be cured and an operation is prevented. The procedure should be combined with a control of the nasal septum and the medial turbinate. Recidives of chronic frontal sinusitis after previous puncture should not a second time be treated using this method.", "contents": "[The puncture treatment in frontal sinusitis (author's transl)]. Patients suffering from acute or chronic frontal sinusitis should be treated by a drill-puncture of the anterior wall. A chronic cannula or a plastic tube is inserted and the sinusitis by this way influenced directly. In more than 60% of the cases the sinusitis can be cured and an operation is prevented. The procedure should be combined with a control of the nasal septum and the medial turbinate. Recidives of chronic frontal sinusitis after previous puncture should not a second time be treated using this method."}
{"id": "PMID:129635", "title": "[Acute unilateral peripheral vestibular upset in herpes simplex infection (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a sudden peripheral vestibular upset 8 days after a serologically evidenced herpes simplex infection. Reference to the significance of virological-serological examinations in any cases of acute vestibular upset, sudden deafness and peripheral facial palsy. Discussion of etiology, pathology and probable localization of this affection, about which medical literature does not contain any relevant observations made in connection with herpes simplex infection. Electronystagmographic control of the course of the disease, demonstrating the complete restitution of the vestibular organ. Thus, justified assumption of rather a peripheral vestibular lesion.", "contents": "[Acute unilateral peripheral vestibular upset in herpes simplex infection (author's transl)]. Report on a sudden peripheral vestibular upset 8 days after a serologically evidenced herpes simplex infection. Reference to the significance of virological-serological examinations in any cases of acute vestibular upset, sudden deafness and peripheral facial palsy. Discussion of etiology, pathology and probable localization of this affection, about which medical literature does not contain any relevant observations made in connection with herpes simplex infection. Electronystagmographic control of the course of the disease, demonstrating the complete restitution of the vestibular organ. Thus, justified assumption of rather a peripheral vestibular lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:129636", "title": "[Neurootological findings in zoster oticus (author's transl)].", "content": "Zoster oticus is an important disorder in neurootological routine diagnostics. However, the neurotoxic zoster virus is not being confined to the nerval periphery. Therefore as well typical peripheral as well as typical central as well as combined reactional patterns are to be found by neurootological functions tests. By selection and adaptation of tests optimal diagnostics can be completed in the vestibular-ocular, the vestibular-spinal and retinal-ocular sensory motory systems. Thus disorders as such can be identified and additionally localised. The peripheral zoster oticus can be differentiated from the central zoster encephalitis. These findings are demonstrated by typical case reports.", "contents": "[Neurootological findings in zoster oticus (author's transl)]. Zoster oticus is an important disorder in neurootological routine diagnostics. However, the neurotoxic zoster virus is not being confined to the nerval periphery. Therefore as well typical peripheral as well as typical central as well as combined reactional patterns are to be found by neurootological functions tests. By selection and adaptation of tests optimal diagnostics can be completed in the vestibular-ocular, the vestibular-spinal and retinal-ocular sensory motory systems. Thus disorders as such can be identified and additionally localised. The peripheral zoster oticus can be differentiated from the central zoster encephalitis. These findings are demonstrated by typical case reports."}
{"id": "PMID:129637", "title": "[Rate of transudation of the mucous membranes by testing the enzymes of the intermediary metabolism in the secretion of patients with different internal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "In patients with increased levels of GOT, GPT, CPK, LDH, SP and AP in serum, the activities of these enzymes in nasal mucus are determined. Even in cases with extreme increase of activity in serum, the enzyme-activities in nasal mucus are normal. From this we concluded first, that the enzymes in nasal mucus are specific products of the intermediary metabolism of the mucous membranes and secondly, that the rate of transsudation of serum proteins by the nasal mucous membrane therefore is very low in physiological state.", "contents": "[Rate of transudation of the mucous membranes by testing the enzymes of the intermediary metabolism in the secretion of patients with different internal diseases (author's transl)]. In patients with increased levels of GOT, GPT, CPK, LDH, SP and AP in serum, the activities of these enzymes in nasal mucus are determined. Even in cases with extreme increase of activity in serum, the enzyme-activities in nasal mucus are normal. From this we concluded first, that the enzymes in nasal mucus are specific products of the intermediary metabolism of the mucous membranes and secondly, that the rate of transsudation of serum proteins by the nasal mucous membrane therefore is very low in physiological state."}
{"id": "PMID:129638", "title": "[Experimental study on compatibility of endotracheal prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "On 34 rabbits we supported the trachea with endotracheal tubes of PVC or PTFE (Teflon). Results are discussed. To obtain satisfying results, it is necessary to use short, soft and inert tubes without sharp edges at the ends. The prostheses should be fixed in the trachea. Immobilisation of head and neck with a plaster-collar minimizes mechanical irritation.", "contents": "[Experimental study on compatibility of endotracheal prostheses (author's transl)]. On 34 rabbits we supported the trachea with endotracheal tubes of PVC or PTFE (Teflon). Results are discussed. To obtain satisfying results, it is necessary to use short, soft and inert tubes without sharp edges at the ends. The prostheses should be fixed in the trachea. Immobilisation of head and neck with a plaster-collar minimizes mechanical irritation."}
{"id": "PMID:129639", "title": "[Automatic evaluation of ERA based on stochastic-ergodic conversion (SEC) (author's transl)].", "content": "Averaging of stimulus-locked EEG-samples often leads to unreliable results in patients for which ERA is indispensable for diagnostics, namely in the case of uncooperative children with hearing disorders. SEC converts the EEG into a binary random sequence which after averaging results directly in a probability measure for the response. Clinical experiences with an automatic evaluation procedure based on SEC are reported.", "contents": "[Automatic evaluation of ERA based on stochastic-ergodic conversion (SEC) (author's transl)]. Averaging of stimulus-locked EEG-samples often leads to unreliable results in patients for which ERA is indispensable for diagnostics, namely in the case of uncooperative children with hearing disorders. SEC converts the EEG into a binary random sequence which after averaging results directly in a probability measure for the response. Clinical experiences with an automatic evaluation procedure based on SEC are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:129640", "title": "[Electrocochleographic potential pattern, recorded by different pick-ups (author's transl)].", "content": "At electrocochleography, the active electrode was placed on the earlobe, the mastoid, the nasopharynx, the hard palate and the external ear-canal respectively. It could be shown that the potential pattern, consisting of five components, during the first 8 msec after the click-onset could be obtained from all the above mentioned sites. In relation to the various electrode pick-ups we obtained different amplitude functions with nearly the same latency behaviour for all five potentials.", "contents": "[Electrocochleographic potential pattern, recorded by different pick-ups (author's transl)]. At electrocochleography, the active electrode was placed on the earlobe, the mastoid, the nasopharynx, the hard palate and the external ear-canal respectively. It could be shown that the potential pattern, consisting of five components, during the first 8 msec after the click-onset could be obtained from all the above mentioned sites. In relation to the various electrode pick-ups we obtained different amplitude functions with nearly the same latency behaviour for all five potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:129641", "title": "[Liquorrhea of the maxillary sinus, caused by an arachnoidal cyst of the ethmoid cell system (author's transl)].", "content": "Clinical case report of a liquorrh\u00e9a of the maxillary sinus, caused by an arachnoidal cyst of the ethmoidal cell system. The cerebrospinal fluid was drained by a canalis ethmoideo-maxillaris into the maxillary sinus. The clinical signification of the canalis ethmoideo-maxillaris, canalis fronto-(ethmoideo)-maxillaris and canalis sphenoideo-(ethmoideo)-maxillaris in cases of rhinobasal fractures and cases of meningitis have been discussed. 2 X-ray and 1 endoscopical photo.", "contents": "[Liquorrhea of the maxillary sinus, caused by an arachnoidal cyst of the ethmoid cell system (author's transl)]. Clinical case report of a liquorrh\u00e9a of the maxillary sinus, caused by an arachnoidal cyst of the ethmoidal cell system. The cerebrospinal fluid was drained by a canalis ethmoideo-maxillaris into the maxillary sinus. The clinical signification of the canalis ethmoideo-maxillaris, canalis fronto-(ethmoideo)-maxillaris and canalis sphenoideo-(ethmoideo)-maxillaris in cases of rhinobasal fractures and cases of meningitis have been discussed. 2 X-ray and 1 endoscopical photo."}
{"id": "PMID:129642", "title": "[Neoplastic \"acute mastoiditis\" in childhood (author's transl].", "content": "Report of two cases with \"acute mastoiditis\" which was due to secondary malignant disease in the mastoid as shown postoperatively. One was the metastisis of an embryonic lung tumor previously diagnosed as histologically benign, the other one was the first sign of acute myeloid leukemia.", "contents": "[Neoplastic \"acute mastoiditis\" in childhood (author's transl]. Report of two cases with \"acute mastoiditis\" which was due to secondary malignant disease in the mastoid as shown postoperatively. One was the metastisis of an embryonic lung tumor previously diagnosed as histologically benign, the other one was the first sign of acute myeloid leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:129644", "title": "[Written information as a basis for the individual instructive talk before standard operations of the ENT (author's transl)].", "content": "Before any operation the patient is to be informed by his doctor thoroughly of the calculated risk between illness and operation so that he will be able to choose between the different methods of treatment. The information should not frighten the patient, but--on the other hand--should not diminish the realities of the situation. The patient's consent to the operation is only legal under the above mentioned conditions. Information-sheets have been presented to the patients before standard-operations of the ENT and have been in practice for 6 years. These sheets have been found helpful, as they are a basic source of information for the patient and a first step before a more thorough talk with his doctor which is then more informative and precise than it would be without the information recieved before hand.", "contents": "[Written information as a basis for the individual instructive talk before standard operations of the ENT (author's transl)]. Before any operation the patient is to be informed by his doctor thoroughly of the calculated risk between illness and operation so that he will be able to choose between the different methods of treatment. The information should not frighten the patient, but--on the other hand--should not diminish the realities of the situation. The patient's consent to the operation is only legal under the above mentioned conditions. Information-sheets have been presented to the patients before standard-operations of the ENT and have been in practice for 6 years. These sheets have been found helpful, as they are a basic source of information for the patient and a first step before a more thorough talk with his doctor which is then more informative and precise than it would be without the information recieved before hand."}
{"id": "PMID:129645", "title": "[The objective sinumanometry (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a pressure chamber for differenatiation of naso-sinal and sino-nasal ventilatory ostial resistance, we examined 300 patients with pathology of the frontal and maxillary sinuses, stimulating physiological conditions. The analysis of the different obstructing factors--before and after washouts--hints to the presence of a surface--active substance in human sinus secretions.", "contents": "[The objective sinumanometry (author's transl)]. Using a pressure chamber for differenatiation of naso-sinal and sino-nasal ventilatory ostial resistance, we examined 300 patients with pathology of the frontal and maxillary sinuses, stimulating physiological conditions. The analysis of the different obstructing factors--before and after washouts--hints to the presence of a surface--active substance in human sinus secretions."}
{"id": "PMID:129646", "title": "[The stuffed nose in the morning--a symptom of house-dust allergy (author's transl)].", "content": "Not only the aetiology and the pathogenesis, but also the ecology of the house-dust system, determine the symptoms of house-dust allergy. In interpreting the symptoms, the altered elasticity of nasal blood vessels as a sign of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis must be taken into consideration.--Excerpts from a questionnaire are used to describe patients' complaints: They experienced stuffines of the nose for half an hour or longer in the morning with a lessening of symptoms in the evening--a condition which had existed for months or even years. These complaints are compared to the results of a scratch test in which the patients' own house-dust was used. With a statistical certainty of more than 99%, the described complaints differed from those of a perennial and constant rhinitis of a differing aetiology. The value of a special anamnesis in association with dermatological and intranasal tests is discussed.", "contents": "[The stuffed nose in the morning--a symptom of house-dust allergy (author's transl)]. Not only the aetiology and the pathogenesis, but also the ecology of the house-dust system, determine the symptoms of house-dust allergy. In interpreting the symptoms, the altered elasticity of nasal blood vessels as a sign of allergic and non-allergic rhinitis must be taken into consideration.--Excerpts from a questionnaire are used to describe patients' complaints: They experienced stuffines of the nose for half an hour or longer in the morning with a lessening of symptoms in the evening--a condition which had existed for months or even years. These complaints are compared to the results of a scratch test in which the patients' own house-dust was used. With a statistical certainty of more than 99%, the described complaints differed from those of a perennial and constant rhinitis of a differing aetiology. The value of a special anamnesis in association with dermatological and intranasal tests is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129647", "title": "[Lethal aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses (author's transl)].", "content": "A 73-year-old farmer developed both blindness of his left eye and a 20 kg loss of weight within 3 months. A protrusion of his left eyebulb was observed, which suggested the retrobulbar growth of a tumor. Histologic examinations of several biopsies from the paranasal sinuses evidenced polypoid tissue with signs of chronic inflammation, ulceration, and fungus infection. The patient died in cerebral coma. The autopsy revealed a destruction of the cranial base by a chronic mycocenic osteomyelitis, a frontal lobe abscess, and a fungus invasion of the internal carotid artery with circumscribed thrombosis of this vessel and adjacent encephalomalazie. The fungus was identified morphologically as aspergillus, a rare differential diagnosis to paranasal malignancies.", "contents": "[Lethal aspergillosis of the paranasal sinuses (author's transl)]. A 73-year-old farmer developed both blindness of his left eye and a 20 kg loss of weight within 3 months. A protrusion of his left eyebulb was observed, which suggested the retrobulbar growth of a tumor. Histologic examinations of several biopsies from the paranasal sinuses evidenced polypoid tissue with signs of chronic inflammation, ulceration, and fungus infection. The patient died in cerebral coma. The autopsy revealed a destruction of the cranial base by a chronic mycocenic osteomyelitis, a frontal lobe abscess, and a fungus invasion of the internal carotid artery with circumscribed thrombosis of this vessel and adjacent encephalomalazie. The fungus was identified morphologically as aspergillus, a rare differential diagnosis to paranasal malignancies."}
{"id": "PMID:129648", "title": "[Hearing alterations in vertebro-basilar insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The morphological facts are represented, to see hearing alterations as a possible consequence of vertebro-basilar insufficiency. The conception: \"vertebro-basilar insufficiency\" is defined. Compared to vestibular disturbances cochlear disturbances in vertebro-basilar insufficiency are extremely rare. Always we find sensorineural hearing loss or complete unilateral deafness, most combined with tinnitus. All publications we got reported, only 4 from otologists. The conception \"sudden deafness\" is defined by differential diagnosis. The vertebro-basilar insufficiency, secured by arteriographical or neurological examinations, is not the same as a syndrome of cervical spine with effects to the vertebro-basilar artery system, except the pathogenesis of this syndrom is evident. But this evidence is not given till now.", "contents": "[Hearing alterations in vertebro-basilar insufficiency (author's transl)]. The morphological facts are represented, to see hearing alterations as a possible consequence of vertebro-basilar insufficiency. The conception: \"vertebro-basilar insufficiency\" is defined. Compared to vestibular disturbances cochlear disturbances in vertebro-basilar insufficiency are extremely rare. Always we find sensorineural hearing loss or complete unilateral deafness, most combined with tinnitus. All publications we got reported, only 4 from otologists. The conception \"sudden deafness\" is defined by differential diagnosis. The vertebro-basilar insufficiency, secured by arteriographical or neurological examinations, is not the same as a syndrome of cervical spine with effects to the vertebro-basilar artery system, except the pathogenesis of this syndrom is evident. But this evidence is not given till now."}
{"id": "PMID:129649", "title": "[Central hearing loss in patients with fronto-basal fractures of the skull (author's transl)].", "content": "23 persons were examined with regard to post-traumatic hearing damage after having had a frontobasal injury of the skull. The occurrence of central hearing damages was especially looked for. On the basis of preceding experiences with central hearing test methods gathered on persons with noise-induced hearing damage 21 victims of accidents had to undergo the following three special tests apart from the usual audiometrical procedures: Dichotic discrimination test, acoustic trigger action of the impedance jump and direction audiometry. The investigations had the following results: 1. Damages of the inner ear in the high frequency range originate for the most part also in frontobasal fractures of the skull--basocochlear type. 2. Damages of the inner ear are small and indicate a continuous increase towards higher frequencies. 3. The dichotic discrimination test is positive only in a few cases (4 out of 21). 4. Direction audiometry clearly indicates the existence of central  damages (increase of the lateral position angles). 5. With transanimated cases the deviations of central hearing damages equal the average. As a consequence of the studies under consideration a search for central hearing damages after frontobasal fractions of the skull is recommended. In these cases investigation methods of direction audiometry seem to be particularly convincing.", "contents": "[Central hearing loss in patients with fronto-basal fractures of the skull (author's transl)]. 23 persons were examined with regard to post-traumatic hearing damage after having had a frontobasal injury of the skull. The occurrence of central hearing damages was especially looked for. On the basis of preceding experiences with central hearing test methods gathered on persons with noise-induced hearing damage 21 victims of accidents had to undergo the following three special tests apart from the usual audiometrical procedures: Dichotic discrimination test, acoustic trigger action of the impedance jump and direction audiometry. The investigations had the following results: 1. Damages of the inner ear in the high frequency range originate for the most part also in frontobasal fractures of the skull--basocochlear type. 2. Damages of the inner ear are small and indicate a continuous increase towards higher frequencies. 3. The dichotic discrimination test is positive only in a few cases (4 out of 21). 4. Direction audiometry clearly indicates the existence of central  damages (increase of the lateral position angles). 5. With transanimated cases the deviations of central hearing damages equal the average. As a consequence of the studies under consideration a search for central hearing damages after frontobasal fractions of the skull is recommended. In these cases investigation methods of direction audiometry seem to be particularly convincing."}
{"id": "PMID:129650", "title": "[Noise-induced hearing loss with chronic otitis media (author's transl)].", "content": "Two different otological noxes add up in their effect. In some cases, however, the first one may cause a reduction of the noxious effect of the second one. Opinions are divided as to whether the susceptibility to noise of an ear with chronic otitis media is increased or decreased. From 14,300 audiograms we selected those 131 cases with unilateral chronic otitis media and, at the same time, with a typical noise-induced recruitment-positive c5-dip on the other side. There were 86 cases with larger bone conduction hearing loss on the ear with chronic otitis media. In these cases, the bone conduction hearing loss, by all differential diagnostic criteria, could be judged to be caused by the chronic otitis media. On the other hand, in all those 45 cases which, on the side with chronic otitis media, had a bone conduction loss in form of a c5-dip, this was in each single case less pronounced than on the other ear. Regarding the susceptibility to noise, the reduction of sound intensity by the conductive deafness seems to be more important than noxious effects of the chronic otitis. Generally a substantial bone conduction hearing loss with chronic otitis media and noise exposure should be attributed to effects of the otitis.", "contents": "[Noise-induced hearing loss with chronic otitis media (author's transl)]. Two different otological noxes add up in their effect. In some cases, however, the first one may cause a reduction of the noxious effect of the second one. Opinions are divided as to whether the susceptibility to noise of an ear with chronic otitis media is increased or decreased. From 14,300 audiograms we selected those 131 cases with unilateral chronic otitis media and, at the same time, with a typical noise-induced recruitment-positive c5-dip on the other side. There were 86 cases with larger bone conduction hearing loss on the ear with chronic otitis media. In these cases, the bone conduction hearing loss, by all differential diagnostic criteria, could be judged to be caused by the chronic otitis media. On the other hand, in all those 45 cases which, on the side with chronic otitis media, had a bone conduction loss in form of a c5-dip, this was in each single case less pronounced than on the other ear. Regarding the susceptibility to noise, the reduction of sound intensity by the conductive deafness seems to be more important than noxious effects of the chronic otitis. Generally a substantial bone conduction hearing loss with chronic otitis media and noise exposure should be attributed to effects of the otitis."}
{"id": "PMID:129651", "title": "[Dichotic hearing test in 750 German school-children (author's transl)].", "content": "Dichotic tests, according to Feldmann 1965, were carried out within a main highschool of Munich (W.-Germany). Over 750 school-children ranging from 6-17 years in age were tested in pure tone audiometry and dichotic Feldmann test. The result showed a poor reproduction of words in the dichotic test in age groups under 10 years. The conclusion seems to be that the single words of this dichotic test are 1. too difficult, 2. without real meaning, 3. hard to grasp or 4. without worthy motivation in these children. A new test for children is required to cope with the difficulties of speech assessment in young school-children.", "contents": "[Dichotic hearing test in 750 German school-children (author's transl)]. Dichotic tests, according to Feldmann 1965, were carried out within a main highschool of Munich (W.-Germany). Over 750 school-children ranging from 6-17 years in age were tested in pure tone audiometry and dichotic Feldmann test. The result showed a poor reproduction of words in the dichotic test in age groups under 10 years. The conclusion seems to be that the single words of this dichotic test are 1. too difficult, 2. without real meaning, 3. hard to grasp or 4. without worthy motivation in these children. A new test for children is required to cope with the difficulties of speech assessment in young school-children."}
{"id": "PMID:129652", "title": "[Meteorological observations concerning haemorrhages after tonsillectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the observation of 929 patients who had to be subjected to tonsillectomy within a period of twelve months, the authors concluded that the vast majority of post operative haemorrhages occurred during the beginning of a good weather period (clearing from the west), not quite so often during a \"F\u00f6hn\"-period (warm winds from the south). This contrasts somewhat with the observations of other authors who found a connection between haemorrhages and the beginning of a period of bad weather (close and stuffy, increasing humidity, high clouds). The dependence of postoperative haemorrhages on meteorological influences would perhaps give a reason for the hitherto medically unexplainable 40 per cent bleedings. Based on these observations it would be desirable for the meteorologic stations (or the media) to inform the doctors and hospitals about the weather phases.", "contents": "[Meteorological observations concerning haemorrhages after tonsillectomy (author's transl)]. Based on the observation of 929 patients who had to be subjected to tonsillectomy within a period of twelve months, the authors concluded that the vast majority of post operative haemorrhages occurred during the beginning of a good weather period (clearing from the west), not quite so often during a \"F\u00f6hn\"-period (warm winds from the south). This contrasts somewhat with the observations of other authors who found a connection between haemorrhages and the beginning of a period of bad weather (close and stuffy, increasing humidity, high clouds). The dependence of postoperative haemorrhages on meteorological influences would perhaps give a reason for the hitherto medically unexplainable 40 per cent bleedings. Based on these observations it would be desirable for the meteorologic stations (or the media) to inform the doctors and hospitals about the weather phases."}
{"id": "PMID:129653", "title": "[Primary sarcomas of the skull in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Most cases of primary malignant tumors of bone occur in children and adolescents. There are several types to be classified according to clinical and radiological findings and histologic diagnosis Ewing's sarcoma and osteogenic sarcoma; chondrosarcoma, malignant tumor of cartilage, is also classified in this group of tumors. Incidence, age-and-sex-distribution clinical presentation, and diagnostic procedures are reported for the different types of tumors, with special reference to primary localization in the skull. Different therapeutic modalities are discussed. Cure rates in these highly malignant tumors are still low, but evidently improving.", "contents": "[Primary sarcomas of the skull in children (author's transl)]. Most cases of primary malignant tumors of bone occur in children and adolescents. There are several types to be classified according to clinical and radiological findings and histologic diagnosis Ewing's sarcoma and osteogenic sarcoma; chondrosarcoma, malignant tumor of cartilage, is also classified in this group of tumors. Incidence, age-and-sex-distribution clinical presentation, and diagnostic procedures are reported for the different types of tumors, with special reference to primary localization in the skull. Different therapeutic modalities are discussed. Cure rates in these highly malignant tumors are still low, but evidently improving."}
{"id": "PMID:129654", "title": "[Carcinosarcoma of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report of a 53-year-old male patient with a carcinosarcoma of the vocal cord. The diagnostic problems of these rare tumors are discussed with a review of the available literature.", "contents": "[Carcinosarcoma of the larynx (author's transl)]. Case report of a 53-year-old male patient with a carcinosarcoma of the vocal cord. The diagnostic problems of these rare tumors are discussed with a review of the available literature."}
{"id": "PMID:129660", "title": "Quantitative aspects of the metabolic response to pancreatic islet transplantation in rats with severe ketotic diabetes.", "content": "Injection of 100-140 mg/Kg of streptozotocin produced severe, ketotic diabetes in 12 pairs of adult rats. Transplantation of intact islets of Langerhans from syngeneic adult donors into a muscle pocket or a pouch created from pancreatic tissue of one animal from each pair eliminated ketonemia in the immediate postoperative period, while ketonemia persisted in the sham-operated controls. Mean survival of transplanted animals was 145 days, versus 70 days for controls. Mean body weight increased and blood sugar decreased in transplanted animals compared with controls; the differences were greatest in those animals which received the largest number of islets per unit body weight. In one animal, all metabolic indices returned to normal for a period of 8 wk following transplantation of 650 islets. After gaining to 300% of initial body weight, diabetes reappeared in this transplanted animal and was again reversed by a second transplantation. The metabolic data indicate that: (1) islet tissue from adult donors survives and functions in severely diabetic, ketotic hosts; and (2) metabolic response to transplantation is a function of the ratio of islet tissue to body mass, a minimum ratio of about 2-3 islets/gm body weight being required to maintain normal homeostasis.", "contents": "Quantitative aspects of the metabolic response to pancreatic islet transplantation in rats with severe ketotic diabetes. Injection of 100-140 mg/Kg of streptozotocin produced severe, ketotic diabetes in 12 pairs of adult rats. Transplantation of intact islets of Langerhans from syngeneic adult donors into a muscle pocket or a pouch created from pancreatic tissue of one animal from each pair eliminated ketonemia in the immediate postoperative period, while ketonemia persisted in the sham-operated controls. Mean survival of transplanted animals was 145 days, versus 70 days for controls. Mean body weight increased and blood sugar decreased in transplanted animals compared with controls; the differences were greatest in those animals which received the largest number of islets per unit body weight. In one animal, all metabolic indices returned to normal for a period of 8 wk following transplantation of 650 islets. After gaining to 300% of initial body weight, diabetes reappeared in this transplanted animal and was again reversed by a second transplantation. The metabolic data indicate that: (1) islet tissue from adult donors survives and functions in severely diabetic, ketotic hosts; and (2) metabolic response to transplantation is a function of the ratio of islet tissue to body mass, a minimum ratio of about 2-3 islets/gm body weight being required to maintain normal homeostasis."}
{"id": "PMID:129672", "title": "Biogenesis of mitochondria 36, The genetic and biochemical analysis of a mitochondrially determined cold sensitive oligomycin resistant mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with affected mitochondrial ATPase assembly.", "content": "The isolation and characterisation of a mutant affecting the assembly of mitochondrial ATPase is reported. The mutation confers resistance to oligomycin and venturicidin and sensitivity of growth on nonfermentable substrates to low temperature (19degrees). Genetic analysis indicates that the phenotype is due to a single mutation located on the mitochondrial DNA which is probably allelic with the independently isolated oligomycin resistance mutation [oli1-r]. Growth of the mutant at the non-restrictive temperature (28degrees) yields mitochondria in which the ATPase appears more sensitive to oligomycin than that of the sensitive parental strain. However, when the enzyme is isolated free from the influence of the membrane strong resistance to oligomycin is evident. These data suggest that the component responsible for the oligomycin resistance of the ATPase is part of or subject to interaction with the mitochondrial inner membrane. Measurements of the ATPase content of mitochondria indicate that ATPase production is impaired during growth at 19degreesC. In addition, studies of the maximum inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase activity by high concentrations of oligomycin suggest a selective lesion in ATPase assembly at low temperature. The nett result is that during growth at 19degrees only about 10% of the normal level of ATPase is produced of which less than half is membrane integrated and thus capable of oxidative energy production. We propose that the mutation affects a mitochondrially synthesised membrane sector peptide of the ATPase which defines the interaction of F1ATPase with specific environments on the mitochondrial inner membrane.", "contents": "Biogenesis of mitochondria 36, The genetic and biochemical analysis of a mitochondrially determined cold sensitive oligomycin resistant mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with affected mitochondrial ATPase assembly. The isolation and characterisation of a mutant affecting the assembly of mitochondrial ATPase is reported. The mutation confers resistance to oligomycin and venturicidin and sensitivity of growth on nonfermentable substrates to low temperature (19degrees). Genetic analysis indicates that the phenotype is due to a single mutation located on the mitochondrial DNA which is probably allelic with the independently isolated oligomycin resistance mutation [oli1-r]. Growth of the mutant at the non-restrictive temperature (28degrees) yields mitochondria in which the ATPase appears more sensitive to oligomycin than that of the sensitive parental strain. However, when the enzyme is isolated free from the influence of the membrane strong resistance to oligomycin is evident. These data suggest that the component responsible for the oligomycin resistance of the ATPase is part of or subject to interaction with the mitochondrial inner membrane. Measurements of the ATPase content of mitochondria indicate that ATPase production is impaired during growth at 19degreesC. In addition, studies of the maximum inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase activity by high concentrations of oligomycin suggest a selective lesion in ATPase assembly at low temperature. The nett result is that during growth at 19degrees only about 10% of the normal level of ATPase is produced of which less than half is membrane integrated and thus capable of oxidative energy production. We propose that the mutation affects a mitochondrially synthesised membrane sector peptide of the ATPase which defines the interaction of F1ATPase with specific environments on the mitochondrial inner membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:129673", "title": "Genetic position and amino acid replacements of several mutations in ribosomal protein S5 from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The relative genetic position of the following four mutations of ribosomal protein S5 has been determined: spc-13, a mutation to spectinomycin resistance; stri N421 and strid1023, mutations suppressing dependence on streptomycin and sup0-1, a mutation suppressing partially the temperature-sensitive phenotype of an alanyl-tRNA synthetase mutation. The transduction experiments performed indicate that the spc-13 site is located in the S5 cistron proximal to the strA locus, that sup0-1 maps proximal to the aroE gene and that the striN421 and strid1023 loci are located between these two mutational sites. Proteinchemical analysis of the amino acid replacement in protein S5 of strain N421 (carrying the striN421 allele) has shown that an arginine residue is replaced by leucine which results in the appearance of a trypsin intensitive bond between the tryptic peptides T2 and T16. The same alteration has been previously found by Itoh and Wittmann (1973) in the S5 protein of strain d1023. Determination of the alteration of ribosomal protein S5 of strain 0-1 (sup0-1 allele) revealed that the C-terminal tryptic peptide is altered. It differs from that of the wild-type protein by the lack of five amino acids and the appearance of a C-terminal glycine residue instead of a lysine residue. This change can be explained by the deletion of eleven nucleotides in the S5 cistron of strain 0-1. The recent determination of the primary structure of ribosomal protein S5 (Wittmann-Liebold and Greuer, 1975) allows the ordering of the S5 alterations employed: The order is spc-13-strid1023 (striN421)-sup0-1 with the spc-13 amino acid replacement being located at the NH2-terminal portion of the S5 sequence and the alteration of strain 0-1 at the COOH-terminal end. The proteinchemical results are therefore in full agreement with the genetic data and unambiguously allow the conclusion that the S5 cistron is transcribed counterclock-wise on the Escherichia coli chromosome.", "contents": "Genetic position and amino acid replacements of several mutations in ribosomal protein S5 from Escherichia coli. The relative genetic position of the following four mutations of ribosomal protein S5 has been determined: spc-13, a mutation to spectinomycin resistance; stri N421 and strid1023, mutations suppressing dependence on streptomycin and sup0-1, a mutation suppressing partially the temperature-sensitive phenotype of an alanyl-tRNA synthetase mutation. The transduction experiments performed indicate that the spc-13 site is located in the S5 cistron proximal to the strA locus, that sup0-1 maps proximal to the aroE gene and that the striN421 and strid1023 loci are located between these two mutational sites. Proteinchemical analysis of the amino acid replacement in protein S5 of strain N421 (carrying the striN421 allele) has shown that an arginine residue is replaced by leucine which results in the appearance of a trypsin intensitive bond between the tryptic peptides T2 and T16. The same alteration has been previously found by Itoh and Wittmann (1973) in the S5 protein of strain d1023. Determination of the alteration of ribosomal protein S5 of strain 0-1 (sup0-1 allele) revealed that the C-terminal tryptic peptide is altered. It differs from that of the wild-type protein by the lack of five amino acids and the appearance of a C-terminal glycine residue instead of a lysine residue. This change can be explained by the deletion of eleven nucleotides in the S5 cistron of strain 0-1. The recent determination of the primary structure of ribosomal protein S5 (Wittmann-Liebold and Greuer, 1975) allows the ordering of the S5 alterations employed: The order is spc-13-strid1023 (striN421)-sup0-1 with the spc-13 amino acid replacement being located at the NH2-terminal portion of the S5 sequence and the alteration of strain 0-1 at the COOH-terminal end. The proteinchemical results are therefore in full agreement with the genetic data and unambiguously allow the conclusion that the S5 cistron is transcribed counterclock-wise on the Escherichia coli chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:129674", "title": "Problems of ocular immunopathological inflammations.", "content": "The following facts are emphasized. Release of histamine, immune complexes with complement activity or immunocyte interference provide the principle methods by which immunopathological inflammation of the eye are induced. Both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated hypersensitivity have been found capable of injuring ocular structures. Microbe-induced cellular hypersensitivity can be considered the etiological basis of some ocular inflammations, but this has not yet been irrefutably demonstrated in the majority of cases. Ocular autoimmune responses in man are still rather an idea than an established fact.", "contents": "Problems of ocular immunopathological inflammations. The following facts are emphasized. Release of histamine, immune complexes with complement activity or immunocyte interference provide the principle methods by which immunopathological inflammation of the eye are induced. Both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated hypersensitivity have been found capable of injuring ocular structures. Microbe-induced cellular hypersensitivity can be considered the etiological basis of some ocular inflammations, but this has not yet been irrefutably demonstrated in the majority of cases. Ocular autoimmune responses in man are still rather an idea than an established fact."}
{"id": "PMID:129675", "title": "Anatomy of passive arthus reaction in the cornea. A preliminary communication.", "content": "Corneal changes in passive Arthus reaction are essentially the same as that reported to occur in active Arthus reaction and consist of accumulation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes around the deposits of immune complexes, release of lysosomes and fragmentation and dissolution of collagen fibrils. In addition, degenerative changes were found in the corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane.", "contents": "Anatomy of passive arthus reaction in the cornea. A preliminary communication. Corneal changes in passive Arthus reaction are essentially the same as that reported to occur in active Arthus reaction and consist of accumulation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes around the deposits of immune complexes, release of lysosomes and fragmentation and dissolution of collagen fibrils. In addition, degenerative changes were found in the corneal endothelium and Descemet's membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:129676", "title": "Standardization of an experimental immune uveitis in the rabbit for topical testing of drugs.", "content": "An egg albumin uveitis of the Arthus active type was developed in the rabbit. The experimental conditions were investigated in detail with regard to the following factors: influence of the number of sensitizing injections on serum antibody production, length of the recovery period which elapsed between sensitization and challenge, and influence of the size of the challenging dose on the severity of the inflammatory response. To develop the procedure optimally, emphasis was given to criteria of evaluation. Refractive index, protein and immunoglobulin assays in the aqueous humor of inflamed eyes were significantly correlated. These objective measures were considered more reliable than arbitrary grading systems. In addition, supportive histopathologic observations have been made in rabbit eyes. The above studies led to a reproducible model of uveitis in which drugs were tested topically. Dexamethasone phosphate in solution and indomethacin in suspension were effective in a dose-related manner. 6-Mercaptopurine did not demonstrate a useful anti-inflammatory effect.", "contents": "Standardization of an experimental immune uveitis in the rabbit for topical testing of drugs. An egg albumin uveitis of the Arthus active type was developed in the rabbit. The experimental conditions were investigated in detail with regard to the following factors: influence of the number of sensitizing injections on serum antibody production, length of the recovery period which elapsed between sensitization and challenge, and influence of the size of the challenging dose on the severity of the inflammatory response. To develop the procedure optimally, emphasis was given to criteria of evaluation. Refractive index, protein and immunoglobulin assays in the aqueous humor of inflamed eyes were significantly correlated. These objective measures were considered more reliable than arbitrary grading systems. In addition, supportive histopathologic observations have been made in rabbit eyes. The above studies led to a reproducible model of uveitis in which drugs were tested topically. Dexamethasone phosphate in solution and indomethacin in suspension were effective in a dose-related manner. 6-Mercaptopurine did not demonstrate a useful anti-inflammatory effect."}
{"id": "PMID:129677", "title": "Histopathologic observations on thyroid carcinoma with amyloid stroma.", "content": "The authors describe histopathologic aspects in ten cases of thyroid carcinoma with amyloid stroma. This form of cancer represents 3.4% of all the thyroid cancer cases in the last five years in the Institute of Endocrinology. Microscopic examination reveals a polymorphous picture alongside with amyloid deposits. The authors attribute to the tumor cells an important role in producing thyroid amyloidosis.", "contents": "Histopathologic observations on thyroid carcinoma with amyloid stroma. The authors describe histopathologic aspects in ten cases of thyroid carcinoma with amyloid stroma. This form of cancer represents 3.4% of all the thyroid cancer cases in the last five years in the Institute of Endocrinology. Microscopic examination reveals a polymorphous picture alongside with amyloid deposits. The authors attribute to the tumor cells an important role in producing thyroid amyloidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:129682", "title": "Morphological study of rat thymus after tumoral, non-tumoral antigens and thiamine pyrophosphate administration.", "content": "The study was performed on 60 Wistar white rats sacrificed 24 hours and 7 days after administration of glycoprotein 8 (extracted from Jensen rat tumors), glycoprotein 5 (from normal rat blood), bovine albumin, tuberculin (PPD), and a complex of strychnine, picrotoxin and TPP administered alone or together with the above-mentioned antigens. In order to study thymus morphological changes, methods of quantitative morphology and current histological techniques were used. The thymus responds morphologically to the antigenic administration - (glycoprotein 8, bovine albumin and PPD) - by cortico-medullary ratio modification, expressed by decrease of cortical surface and increase of medullary one, thymocytes agglomeration in the perivascular sheaths and their deliverance in the blood flow. Under other conditions (strychnine, picrotoxin and TPP administration) thymus responds only by thymocytes agglomeration in the perivascular sheaths. Glycoprotein 5 does not induce any modifications in thymus structure.", "contents": "Morphological study of rat thymus after tumoral, non-tumoral antigens and thiamine pyrophosphate administration. The study was performed on 60 Wistar white rats sacrificed 24 hours and 7 days after administration of glycoprotein 8 (extracted from Jensen rat tumors), glycoprotein 5 (from normal rat blood), bovine albumin, tuberculin (PPD), and a complex of strychnine, picrotoxin and TPP administered alone or together with the above-mentioned antigens. In order to study thymus morphological changes, methods of quantitative morphology and current histological techniques were used. The thymus responds morphologically to the antigenic administration - (glycoprotein 8, bovine albumin and PPD) - by cortico-medullary ratio modification, expressed by decrease of cortical surface and increase of medullary one, thymocytes agglomeration in the perivascular sheaths and their deliverance in the blood flow. Under other conditions (strychnine, picrotoxin and TPP administration) thymus responds only by thymocytes agglomeration in the perivascular sheaths. Glycoprotein 5 does not induce any modifications in thymus structure."}
{"id": "PMID:129684", "title": "Kinetics of mucous cells in bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia during aerogenic elicitation with aspergillary proteins. A quantitative cytologic study.", "content": "During a prolonged exposure of rabbits to aerosols with asperigillary antigens, the content of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia in mucus-secreting cells was quantified. In normals, the mucous cells do not exceed 3.2 per cent in bronchial epithelium and 0.44 per cent in bronchiolar one. After exposure, these proportions rapidly increase, after a primary discharge of goblet cells. The mucous cells become a majority after 7 exposures in bronchi and after 21 in bronchiolar epithelium. The maturation is more rapid in bronchioli than in bronchi. The secretion of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides is early, concomitant in the same bronchus, and predominantly located in the impingement zones, especially the bifurcations of bronchial tree. The mitoses are extremely rare in exposed bronchi, but the epithelial and mesenchymal alveolar cells present a high mitotic index (1.14%) 24 hours after the second exposure to antigens.", "contents": "Kinetics of mucous cells in bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia during aerogenic elicitation with aspergillary proteins. A quantitative cytologic study. During a prolonged exposure of rabbits to aerosols with asperigillary antigens, the content of bronchial and bronchiolar epithelia in mucus-secreting cells was quantified. In normals, the mucous cells do not exceed 3.2 per cent in bronchial epithelium and 0.44 per cent in bronchiolar one. After exposure, these proportions rapidly increase, after a primary discharge of goblet cells. The mucous cells become a majority after 7 exposures in bronchi and after 21 in bronchiolar epithelium. The maturation is more rapid in bronchioli than in bronchi. The secretion of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides is early, concomitant in the same bronchus, and predominantly located in the impingement zones, especially the bifurcations of bronchial tree. The mitoses are extremely rare in exposed bronchi, but the epithelial and mesenchymal alveolar cells present a high mitotic index (1.14%) 24 hours after the second exposure to antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:129685", "title": "Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries, and intermediary cyto-fibrillar elements. Vth note. Organizational steps or levels of these relationships during their biological development.", "content": "The developmental analysis of the interrelations between specialized cells, capillaries, and intermediary cyto-fibrillar elements points out the existence of four organizational steps reflecting the gradual increase in complexity and diversity of animal structures and functions. The development of secretory and defence functions produces a dissociation of steps between the increase of the organizational level of the whole animal organism and the autonomy of organizational steps or organs. The steps are not immovable, but under some conditions the possibility of a mutation exists between the IInd and the IIIrd steps.", "contents": "Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries, and intermediary cyto-fibrillar elements. Vth note. Organizational steps or levels of these relationships during their biological development. The developmental analysis of the interrelations between specialized cells, capillaries, and intermediary cyto-fibrillar elements points out the existence of four organizational steps reflecting the gradual increase in complexity and diversity of animal structures and functions. The development of secretory and defence functions produces a dissociation of steps between the increase of the organizational level of the whole animal organism and the autonomy of organizational steps or organs. The steps are not immovable, but under some conditions the possibility of a mutation exists between the IInd and the IIIrd steps."}
{"id": "PMID:129686", "title": "Cholinergic innervation of the human stomach.", "content": "A histochemical method for the acetylcholinesterase activity was used to establish the parasympathetic components of the gastric coats in man. The four gastric layers contain a rich cholinergic innervation. In the mucosa the positive nerve fibers are located around the gastric glands and between the muscles of the muscularis mucosae. In the submucosa rich interconnected nerve fibers, rare large nerve trunks, and scarce ganglia cells show a strong cholinergic reaction. The muscular layer contains the highest density of cholinergic nerve fibers, isolated or in large bundles. Auerbach's plexus has a strong acetylcholinesterase activity in the nerve cell bodies. The subserous layer is very rich in cholinergic nerve fibers, rarely isolated, but interconnected. The vessels of each gastric layer exhibit a rich cholinergic innervation in the adventitia and the outside part of media.", "contents": "Cholinergic innervation of the human stomach. A histochemical method for the acetylcholinesterase activity was used to establish the parasympathetic components of the gastric coats in man. The four gastric layers contain a rich cholinergic innervation. In the mucosa the positive nerve fibers are located around the gastric glands and between the muscles of the muscularis mucosae. In the submucosa rich interconnected nerve fibers, rare large nerve trunks, and scarce ganglia cells show a strong cholinergic reaction. The muscular layer contains the highest density of cholinergic nerve fibers, isolated or in large bundles. Auerbach's plexus has a strong acetylcholinesterase activity in the nerve cell bodies. The subserous layer is very rich in cholinergic nerve fibers, rarely isolated, but interconnected. The vessels of each gastric layer exhibit a rich cholinergic innervation in the adventitia and the outside part of media."}
{"id": "PMID:129688", "title": "Electrocardiographical investigations of normal and malformed embryo and foetus hearts in humans, mammals, and avians. Electrocardiographical investigations of the experimentally malformed heart of the chick foetus.", "content": "The experimental technique was based on the injection of a 0.5 % Janus green B solution into the embryonic pharynx through a branchial slit, at the age of three days. This method of chemical endocauterization of the pharynx was elaborated by B. Menkes. Our experimental method produces a necrotizing intoxication of an extracardiac region (the region of the branchial arches) and cardiovascular malformations similar to those observed in human pathology have been obtained. This experimental group consisted of chick foetuses of 9 -- 11 days; their interventricular septation is normally fulfilled at the end of the 8th day of incubation. 342 foetuses with or without cardiovascular malformations have been examined by electrocardiography and 678 electrocardiographs have been recorded. Normal electrocardiographs of chick embryos were similar to those recorded in mammal and human embryos. The probability of a cardiovascular malformation could be assumed by direct electrocardiography in a proportion of 80 -- 85% while indirect electrocardiography could allow the diagnosis in a proportion of only 60 %. There are no pathognomonic electrocardiographs for a certain type of malformation, but the grouping of certain alteration of the electrical recording can suggest the existence of a cardiovascular malformation. Electrocardiographs recorded with experimentally malformed hearts recall the patterns of human foetal pathology.", "contents": "Electrocardiographical investigations of normal and malformed embryo and foetus hearts in humans, mammals, and avians. Electrocardiographical investigations of the experimentally malformed heart of the chick foetus. The experimental technique was based on the injection of a 0.5 % Janus green B solution into the embryonic pharynx through a branchial slit, at the age of three days. This method of chemical endocauterization of the pharynx was elaborated by B. Menkes. Our experimental method produces a necrotizing intoxication of an extracardiac region (the region of the branchial arches) and cardiovascular malformations similar to those observed in human pathology have been obtained. This experimental group consisted of chick foetuses of 9 -- 11 days; their interventricular septation is normally fulfilled at the end of the 8th day of incubation. 342 foetuses with or without cardiovascular malformations have been examined by electrocardiography and 678 electrocardiographs have been recorded. Normal electrocardiographs of chick embryos were similar to those recorded in mammal and human embryos. The probability of a cardiovascular malformation could be assumed by direct electrocardiography in a proportion of 80 -- 85% while indirect electrocardiography could allow the diagnosis in a proportion of only 60 %. There are no pathognomonic electrocardiographs for a certain type of malformation, but the grouping of certain alteration of the electrical recording can suggest the existence of a cardiovascular malformation. Electrocardiographs recorded with experimentally malformed hearts recall the patterns of human foetal pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:129689", "title": "Dynamic aspects of the liver ATP-ase and its functional involvement in propranolol treated rat.", "content": "High doses of propranolol give rise to a liver disenzymic injury by depression of its clearance and colloidopexic functions, but without any histological change. The molecular target responsible for this disturbance seems to lie at the level of ATP-ase, because propranolol stimulates the membrane activity and supresses the citochondrial one. There are described some effects of this drug and its pharmocological opposite, isopropylenorepinephrine, on the liver cell enzymes, which may serve as a morphological proof of the antagonism between the mitochondrial and plasmalemal ATP-ase activity, on the one hand, and of the membrane ATP-ase and AMP-cyclase, on the other hand.", "contents": "Dynamic aspects of the liver ATP-ase and its functional involvement in propranolol treated rat. High doses of propranolol give rise to a liver disenzymic injury by depression of its clearance and colloidopexic functions, but without any histological change. The molecular target responsible for this disturbance seems to lie at the level of ATP-ase, because propranolol stimulates the membrane activity and supresses the citochondrial one. There are described some effects of this drug and its pharmocological opposite, isopropylenorepinephrine, on the liver cell enzymes, which may serve as a morphological proof of the antagonism between the mitochondrial and plasmalemal ATP-ase activity, on the one hand, and of the membrane ATP-ase and AMP-cyclase, on the other hand."}
{"id": "PMID:129690", "title": "The role of capillary wall in the histogenesis of glomerular diseases.", "content": "The glomerular capillary is the most solicited renal component of the local and general systems of integration both under normal and pathological conditions. The alterative and reactive modifications of the glomerular capillary may be the expression of a systematic capillary disease of the initial involvement of ths structure of glomerular corpuscles. The sum of certain kind of lesions of the complex glomerular structure realizes diverse morphofunctional entities of proliferative, membranous, and sclerocicatricial glomerular diseases. The glomerular diseases, irrespective of their nature, induce changes in the balance of the intra-and internephronal relationships, realizing new vicious circles which amplify and maintain the tissular destructions.", "contents": "The role of capillary wall in the histogenesis of glomerular diseases. The glomerular capillary is the most solicited renal component of the local and general systems of integration both under normal and pathological conditions. The alterative and reactive modifications of the glomerular capillary may be the expression of a systematic capillary disease of the initial involvement of ths structure of glomerular corpuscles. The sum of certain kind of lesions of the complex glomerular structure realizes diverse morphofunctional entities of proliferative, membranous, and sclerocicatricial glomerular diseases. The glomerular diseases, irrespective of their nature, induce changes in the balance of the intra-and internephronal relationships, realizing new vicious circles which amplify and maintain the tissular destructions."}
{"id": "PMID:129691", "title": "An approach to a histogenetic nomenclature and classification of lung carcinomas based on the study of 2500 cases.", "content": "The recent data concerning the action of carcinogens and cocarcinogens, as well as the role of host factors in the development of lung carcinomas are discussed in relation to 2500 studied cases. The role of basal cell hyperplasia and of metaplastic factors is emphasized. Two developmental patterns could be observed: one characterized by the persistent action of carcinogens on a substrate similar or less different as to the normal one, giving rise to the microcellular, pleomorphous and epidermoid carcinomas, and the other related to the pre-existence of fibrous lesions in the lung which enhance the accumulation of carcinogens and provide for the cylindrocubic, bronchioloalveolar carcinomas and for the pseudoglandular zones of pleomorphous ones. In these views a histogenetic nomenclature and classification of lung carcinomas is proposed.", "contents": "An approach to a histogenetic nomenclature and classification of lung carcinomas based on the study of 2500 cases. The recent data concerning the action of carcinogens and cocarcinogens, as well as the role of host factors in the development of lung carcinomas are discussed in relation to 2500 studied cases. The role of basal cell hyperplasia and of metaplastic factors is emphasized. Two developmental patterns could be observed: one characterized by the persistent action of carcinogens on a substrate similar or less different as to the normal one, giving rise to the microcellular, pleomorphous and epidermoid carcinomas, and the other related to the pre-existence of fibrous lesions in the lung which enhance the accumulation of carcinogens and provide for the cylindrocubic, bronchioloalveolar carcinomas and for the pseudoglandular zones of pleomorphous ones. In these views a histogenetic nomenclature and classification of lung carcinomas is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:129695", "title": "Aminoacetonitrile (AAN)prevents connective proliferation in rat liver induced by tetrachlorcarbon. Continuous concomitant administration of AAN.", "content": "A total dose of 10 g/kg body weight of aminoacetonitrile distributed almost evenly over 35 days prevents formation of connective bands and damage of hepatocytes in the liver of rats submitted to CCl4 inhalations at a partial pressure of 1/6 atm, eight times within the same interaval. Control animals exhibited the usual pattern of CCl4 injury.", "contents": "Aminoacetonitrile (AAN)prevents connective proliferation in rat liver induced by tetrachlorcarbon. Continuous concomitant administration of AAN. A total dose of 10 g/kg body weight of aminoacetonitrile distributed almost evenly over 35 days prevents formation of connective bands and damage of hepatocytes in the liver of rats submitted to CCl4 inhalations at a partial pressure of 1/6 atm, eight times within the same interaval. Control animals exhibited the usual pattern of CCl4 injury."}
{"id": "PMID:129696", "title": "Data regarding the restorative effects of the partial removal of the liver in advanced stages of toxic cirrhosis.", "content": "The effects of subtotal hepatectomy of albino rats liver cirrhois at 6 and 9 months after the start of CCl4 administration were studied. The results were assessed through self-control and comparison with similar groups in which the spontaneous reversibility of cirrhotic lesions was followed. In the group of 6 months, the liver exeresis results in normalization of morphological and biochemical liver aspects within a period of one month from the intervention. In the group of 9 months, one may also note a stimulation of the regenerative capacity of parenchyma and marked collagenolytic effects without the complete restoration of the stroma/parenchyma ratio. It seems that the major exereses are also effective in the advanced stages of liver cirrosis once the threshold of spontaneous reversibility has been exceeded.", "contents": "Data regarding the restorative effects of the partial removal of the liver in advanced stages of toxic cirrhosis. The effects of subtotal hepatectomy of albino rats liver cirrhois at 6 and 9 months after the start of CCl4 administration were studied. The results were assessed through self-control and comparison with similar groups in which the spontaneous reversibility of cirrhotic lesions was followed. In the group of 6 months, the liver exeresis results in normalization of morphological and biochemical liver aspects within a period of one month from the intervention. In the group of 9 months, one may also note a stimulation of the regenerative capacity of parenchyma and marked collagenolytic effects without the complete restoration of the stroma/parenchyma ratio. It seems that the major exereses are also effective in the advanced stages of liver cirrosis once the threshold of spontaneous reversibility has been exceeded."}
{"id": "PMID:129697", "title": "The effect of cancer chemotherapy on lysosomal enzymic activities (acid phosphatase) of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells.", "content": "The distribution of acid phosphatase in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells was studied by histochemical techniques in mice treated with antitumoral agents (Tio-Tepa, Cosmegen). The results proved the accuracy of the histoenzymatic demonstration of APh activity for the study of early changes induced in Ehrlich ascites tumor by antitumoral drugs : these changes precede those revealed by routine histological methods and are related to the degree of sensitivity of the tumor to the drugs.", "contents": "The effect of cancer chemotherapy on lysosomal enzymic activities (acid phosphatase) of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells. The distribution of acid phosphatase in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells was studied by histochemical techniques in mice treated with antitumoral agents (Tio-Tepa, Cosmegen). The results proved the accuracy of the histoenzymatic demonstration of APh activity for the study of early changes induced in Ehrlich ascites tumor by antitumoral drugs : these changes precede those revealed by routine histological methods and are related to the degree of sensitivity of the tumor to the drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:129698", "title": "Morphogenesis and pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases. IX. Development of reticulinic fibrillogenesis during the evolution of an associated experimental silicosis and tuberculosis.", "content": "Well developed silicotic nodules of rabbit lungs were infected with tuberculosis and treated with tuberculostatics. The spatial evolution of lesions, as well as the density of intralesional and perilesional reticulinic fibrils were quantitatively analysed, measured by planimetric and target methods, and statistically analysed. Under tuberculostatics, the size of lesions, expressed in the dynamics of the SL/ST % ratio, rapidly diminished to half after three months. In the some period, the density of reticulinic fibrils expressed by the PA of the target method, increased, with significant differences between treated silicotuberculotic lesions and tuberculotic ones. The correlation analysis between these two divergent changes showed the interfering with other factors.", "contents": "Morphogenesis and pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases. IX. Development of reticulinic fibrillogenesis during the evolution of an associated experimental silicosis and tuberculosis. Well developed silicotic nodules of rabbit lungs were infected with tuberculosis and treated with tuberculostatics. The spatial evolution of lesions, as well as the density of intralesional and perilesional reticulinic fibrils were quantitatively analysed, measured by planimetric and target methods, and statistically analysed. Under tuberculostatics, the size of lesions, expressed in the dynamics of the SL/ST % ratio, rapidly diminished to half after three months. In the some period, the density of reticulinic fibrils expressed by the PA of the target method, increased, with significant differences between treated silicotuberculotic lesions and tuberculotic ones. The correlation analysis between these two divergent changes showed the interfering with other factors."}
{"id": "PMID:129699", "title": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "The large number of pancreas tests recommended today shows that no single method is satisfactory. In general, the rule holds that invasive methods are relatively conclusive and non-invasive are unreliable. In this report it is shown that by a rational combination of simple tests, a reliable procedure for pancreatic diagnosis in about 75% of cases is possible for the general practitioner. The methods described in recent years, such as scintigraphy, ultrasonography, angiography and retrograde pancreaticography are complicated and require great experience. In combination, they raise the accuracy to about 95%. Individual investigators can specialize in only one or a few of these methods. Diagnosis of pancreatic conditions which exceed the facilities of the doctor in practice is only possible in large centers or through co-operation of several specialists.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis (author's transl)]. The large number of pancreas tests recommended today shows that no single method is satisfactory. In general, the rule holds that invasive methods are relatively conclusive and non-invasive are unreliable. In this report it is shown that by a rational combination of simple tests, a reliable procedure for pancreatic diagnosis in about 75% of cases is possible for the general practitioner. The methods described in recent years, such as scintigraphy, ultrasonography, angiography and retrograde pancreaticography are complicated and require great experience. In combination, they raise the accuracy to about 95%. Individual investigators can specialize in only one or a few of these methods. Diagnosis of pancreatic conditions which exceed the facilities of the doctor in practice is only possible in large centers or through co-operation of several specialists."}
{"id": "PMID:129700", "title": "[Local treatment of common acne with vitamin A acid (Eudyna) (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is made on 80 male patients aged 19-25 and suffering from common acne, who were treated with vitamin A acid (Eudyna) partly as inpatients and partly as outpatients. All stages were present from acne comedonica to acne conglobata. The preparation was available in the form of cream and jelly, each containing 0.05% tretinoin. As a rule, the drug was applied once daily. At the end of the tretinoin treatment lasting for a maximum of 9 weeks, a decrease in comedones of more than 90% is reported. The tolerance of Eudyna was seen to be good to very good in more than two thirds of the patients.", "contents": "[Local treatment of common acne with vitamin A acid (Eudyna) (author's transl)]. A report is made on 80 male patients aged 19-25 and suffering from common acne, who were treated with vitamin A acid (Eudyna) partly as inpatients and partly as outpatients. All stages were present from acne comedonica to acne conglobata. The preparation was available in the form of cream and jelly, each containing 0.05% tretinoin. As a rule, the drug was applied once daily. At the end of the tretinoin treatment lasting for a maximum of 9 weeks, a decrease in comedones of more than 90% is reported. The tolerance of Eudyna was seen to be good to very good in more than two thirds of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:129704", "title": "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate loading test in the diagnosis of complicated pregnancies.", "content": "To assess placental and fetoplacental function, 50 mg of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was administered intravenously to 11 normal obstetric patients at 35 to 40 weeks and to 36 high-risk patients at 35 to 43 weeks of pregnancy. Plasma estradiol converted from dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate by the placenta increased in all patients after infusion, with maximal concentrations of 28 to 65 ng per milliliter 30 to 60 minutes after infusion (P less than 0.01). Plasma estetrol, produced by the fetus from estradiol, increased in all patients with maximal concentrations of 0.8 to 3.2 ng per milliliter four hours after infusion (P less than 0.01). In complicated pregnancies a subnormal rise of estradiol and estetrol was highly suggestive of fetal distress whereas a normal rise was associated with no fetal distress. The simultaneous determination of estradiol and estetrol after dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate infusion may reflect placental and fetoplacental function, and may be used as an adjunct to other methods of assessing fetal well-being.", "contents": "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate loading test in the diagnosis of complicated pregnancies. To assess placental and fetoplacental function, 50 mg of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was administered intravenously to 11 normal obstetric patients at 35 to 40 weeks and to 36 high-risk patients at 35 to 43 weeks of pregnancy. Plasma estradiol converted from dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate by the placenta increased in all patients after infusion, with maximal concentrations of 28 to 65 ng per milliliter 30 to 60 minutes after infusion (P less than 0.01). Plasma estetrol, produced by the fetus from estradiol, increased in all patients with maximal concentrations of 0.8 to 3.2 ng per milliliter four hours after infusion (P less than 0.01). In complicated pregnancies a subnormal rise of estradiol and estetrol was highly suggestive of fetal distress whereas a normal rise was associated with no fetal distress. The simultaneous determination of estradiol and estetrol after dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate infusion may reflect placental and fetoplacental function, and may be used as an adjunct to other methods of assessing fetal well-being."}
{"id": "PMID:129705", "title": "Cellular immunity in myasthenia gravis. Response to purified acetylcholine receptor and autologous thymocytes.", "content": "To determine the potential importance of an immune response directed against the acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis, we studied cell-mediated immunity to receptor as measured by lymphocyte stimulation in 21 myasthenic patients and 21 controls, including five with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The mean (+/- S.E.M.) stimulation index was 5.3 +/- 1.3 for patients and 1.2 +/- 0.3 for controls (P less than 0.005). Fourteen patients had indexes greater than 2.0 (nine of 11 males, five of 10 females, 10 of 11 elderly patients, and five of six with thymoma). Stimulation index correlated with disease activity (rs = 0.71, P less than 0.01). Peripheral blood lymphocytes from one of three young female myasthenic patients responded to autologous thymocytes but not to receptor; peripheral blood lymphocytes from the other two responded to receptor but not to autologous thymocytes. Our findings are further evidence that autoimmunity to the acetylcholine receptor plays a central part in myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in myasthenia gravis. Response to purified acetylcholine receptor and autologous thymocytes. To determine the potential importance of an immune response directed against the acetylcholine receptor in myasthenia gravis, we studied cell-mediated immunity to receptor as measured by lymphocyte stimulation in 21 myasthenic patients and 21 controls, including five with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The mean (+/- S.E.M.) stimulation index was 5.3 +/- 1.3 for patients and 1.2 +/- 0.3 for controls (P less than 0.005). Fourteen patients had indexes greater than 2.0 (nine of 11 males, five of 10 females, 10 of 11 elderly patients, and five of six with thymoma). Stimulation index correlated with disease activity (rs = 0.71, P less than 0.01). Peripheral blood lymphocytes from one of three young female myasthenic patients responded to autologous thymocytes but not to receptor; peripheral blood lymphocytes from the other two responded to receptor but not to autologous thymocytes. Our findings are further evidence that autoimmunity to the acetylcholine receptor plays a central part in myasthenia gravis."}
{"id": "PMID:129707", "title": "Differential function of major histocompatibility complex antigens in T-lymphocyte activation.", "content": "We have emphasised the functional dichotomy of MHC LD and LD antigens as well as the differences in cellular responses to these antigens. Perhaps in so doing we have failed to stress adequately the similarities that exist. But while the similarities (for example skin graft rejection associated with both K and I region differences) are so very clear, the differences have best allowed our progressive understanding of MHC induced cellular responses from the perspective stressed in this article. Of greatest importance to our understanding of these transplantation antigens are the potentially differential roles for the LD and SD antigens in the complex series of events that are collectively referred to as the \"allograft reaction\". It has been suggested that these differences may be \"merely quantitative\". This possibility has been discussed repeatedly in our previous reports on the distinction of LD and SD. In fact, the great bulk of biological phenomena can be reduced to quantitative differences. It would seem to us that sufficient evidence for such differential activity exists to make the LD-SD dichotomy model an heuristically valuable one for purposes of designing future experiments. We have discussed the clinical relevance of this model elsewhere. Many authors have speculated and evidence has been gathered to suggest, that cell surface antigens associated with the MHC are important in developmental and other cell interactions. Some studies have directly addressed the question of the need for MHC compatibility to allow cell interaction to proceed optimally. It thus seems most appropriate that the genetic complex with which we are dealing has been termed the major histocompatibility complex; allowing for the literal interpretation of this term this may be the genetic region that by its influence on \"tissue compatibility\" may control critical cellular interactions in addition to those observed in allograft reactions. It is the simple good fortune for those whose attention was focused on this complex by transplantation problems to find themselves with a panorama of biological phenomena that require extensive experimental probing and integration, hopefully ultimately leading to an understanding of the MHC in a broader context than has to date been possible.", "contents": "Differential function of major histocompatibility complex antigens in T-lymphocyte activation. We have emphasised the functional dichotomy of MHC LD and LD antigens as well as the differences in cellular responses to these antigens. Perhaps in so doing we have failed to stress adequately the similarities that exist. But while the similarities (for example skin graft rejection associated with both K and I region differences) are so very clear, the differences have best allowed our progressive understanding of MHC induced cellular responses from the perspective stressed in this article. Of greatest importance to our understanding of these transplantation antigens are the potentially differential roles for the LD and SD antigens in the complex series of events that are collectively referred to as the \"allograft reaction\". It has been suggested that these differences may be \"merely quantitative\". This possibility has been discussed repeatedly in our previous reports on the distinction of LD and SD. In fact, the great bulk of biological phenomena can be reduced to quantitative differences. It would seem to us that sufficient evidence for such differential activity exists to make the LD-SD dichotomy model an heuristically valuable one for purposes of designing future experiments. We have discussed the clinical relevance of this model elsewhere. Many authors have speculated and evidence has been gathered to suggest, that cell surface antigens associated with the MHC are important in developmental and other cell interactions. Some studies have directly addressed the question of the need for MHC compatibility to allow cell interaction to proceed optimally. It thus seems most appropriate that the genetic complex with which we are dealing has been termed the major histocompatibility complex; allowing for the literal interpretation of this term this may be the genetic region that by its influence on \"tissue compatibility\" may control critical cellular interactions in addition to those observed in allograft reactions. It is the simple good fortune for those whose attention was focused on this complex by transplantation problems to find themselves with a panorama of biological phenomena that require extensive experimental probing and integration, hopefully ultimately leading to an understanding of the MHC in a broader context than has to date been possible."}
{"id": "PMID:129714", "title": "Plasma estrogen response to dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate injection in normal and complicated late pregnancy.", "content": "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) was administered intravenously to 70 women in the third trimester of pregnancy. By measuring the increase in the concentrations of estrogens in maternal plasma, it was hoped to assess the reserve capacity of the placenta. In normal pregnancies, unconjugated estradiol invariably showed a marked increase within 60 minutes of the injection of DHAS, reaching 174 to 478% above basal levels. Changes in unconjugated estrone were more variable, but significant increases usually occurred 2 to 3 hours after the peak concentration of estradiol. The concentrations of unconjugated estriol showed no significant change. Patients with preeclampsia, essential hypertension, retarded intrauterine growth, diabetes, and twin pregnancies did not show any major differences in response compared to the normal pregnancies. Two patients with intrauterine deaths had low basal concentrations of estrogens but responded to the DHAS injection by having significantly increased concentrations of unconjugated estradiol after 60 minutes. The only patient who did not show any increase in unconjugated estradiol levels after DHAS was thought to have a placental sulphatase deficiency. This test does not appear to have any advantage over existing methods of assessing the endocrine function of the placenta except in confirmation of placental sulphatase deficiency.", "contents": "Plasma estrogen response to dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate injection in normal and complicated late pregnancy. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) was administered intravenously to 70 women in the third trimester of pregnancy. By measuring the increase in the concentrations of estrogens in maternal plasma, it was hoped to assess the reserve capacity of the placenta. In normal pregnancies, unconjugated estradiol invariably showed a marked increase within 60 minutes of the injection of DHAS, reaching 174 to 478% above basal levels. Changes in unconjugated estrone were more variable, but significant increases usually occurred 2 to 3 hours after the peak concentration of estradiol. The concentrations of unconjugated estriol showed no significant change. Patients with preeclampsia, essential hypertension, retarded intrauterine growth, diabetes, and twin pregnancies did not show any major differences in response compared to the normal pregnancies. Two patients with intrauterine deaths had low basal concentrations of estrogens but responded to the DHAS injection by having significantly increased concentrations of unconjugated estradiol after 60 minutes. The only patient who did not show any increase in unconjugated estradiol levels after DHAS was thought to have a placental sulphatase deficiency. This test does not appear to have any advantage over existing methods of assessing the endocrine function of the placenta except in confirmation of placental sulphatase deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:129715", "title": "Modified Gilliam uterine suspension using laparoscopic visualization.", "content": "In recent years, uterine suspension has become in infrequent operation on most gynecologic services. While numerous types of suspensions have been described, the round ligament fixation to the rectus sheath described by Gilliam is commonly employed because of its ease, effectiveness, and low complication rate. Laparoscopic visualization of the pelvic organs can allow this type of suspension, requiring only superficial incisions down to the rectus fascia, and thereby markedly reducing the procedure's morbidity and the patient's hospitalization.", "contents": "Modified Gilliam uterine suspension using laparoscopic visualization. In recent years, uterine suspension has become in infrequent operation on most gynecologic services. While numerous types of suspensions have been described, the round ligament fixation to the rectus sheath described by Gilliam is commonly employed because of its ease, effectiveness, and low complication rate. Laparoscopic visualization of the pelvic organs can allow this type of suspension, requiring only superficial incisions down to the rectus fascia, and thereby markedly reducing the procedure's morbidity and the patient's hospitalization."}
{"id": "PMID:129716", "title": "Metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. V. Studies of essential hypertension complicating pregnancy.", "content": "The metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (MCRDS) was determined prospectively in gravidas with and without chronic essential hypertension. In normotensive patients, the MCRDS increased in linear fashion throughout pregnancy. In patients with chronic essential hypertension the MCRDS also increased progressively, but at higher values than in normotensive subjects. In normotensive gravidas who ultimately developed pregnancy-induced hypertension, the MCRDS increased progressively at a higher level than in gravidas who remained normotensive until approximately 4 weeks prior to the onset of clinical symptoms, at which time the MCRDS slowly decreased. Similarly, in gravidas with chronic hypertension who developed superimposed pregnancy-induced hypertension, the MCRDS increased progressively at higher levels than all groups studied until approximately 4 weeks prior to onset of hypertension, when a progressive decline in the MCRDS began.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. V. Studies of essential hypertension complicating pregnancy. The metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (MCRDS) was determined prospectively in gravidas with and without chronic essential hypertension. In normotensive patients, the MCRDS increased in linear fashion throughout pregnancy. In patients with chronic essential hypertension the MCRDS also increased progressively, but at higher values than in normotensive subjects. In normotensive gravidas who ultimately developed pregnancy-induced hypertension, the MCRDS increased progressively at a higher level than in gravidas who remained normotensive until approximately 4 weeks prior to the onset of clinical symptoms, at which time the MCRDS slowly decreased. Similarly, in gravidas with chronic hypertension who developed superimposed pregnancy-induced hypertension, the MCRDS increased progressively at higher levels than all groups studied until approximately 4 weeks prior to onset of hypertension, when a progressive decline in the MCRDS began."}
{"id": "PMID:129717", "title": "Metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. VI. Studies of eclampsia.", "content": "The metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (MCRDS) was measured in 11 women during an eclamptic episode, and the subjects were then followed for at least 5 years. The MCRDS was usually decreased in primigravid women with eclampsia. However, in eclamptic primigravid women who later developed essential hypertension and/or recurrent hypertension in subsequent pregnancies the MCRDS was elevated. Also, in multiparous women with chronic essential hypertension plus superimposed eclampsia, the MCRDS was increased to above normal values.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. VI. Studies of eclampsia. The metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (MCRDS) was measured in 11 women during an eclamptic episode, and the subjects were then followed for at least 5 years. The MCRDS was usually decreased in primigravid women with eclampsia. However, in eclamptic primigravid women who later developed essential hypertension and/or recurrent hypertension in subsequent pregnancies the MCRDS was elevated. Also, in multiparous women with chronic essential hypertension plus superimposed eclampsia, the MCRDS was increased to above normal values."}
{"id": "PMID:129718", "title": "Ovarian and peripheral venous steroids in XY gonadal dysgenesis and gonadoblastoma.", "content": "Determinations of multiple steroids were made on ovarian and peripheral blood in a 46,XY patient with bilateral gonadoblastoma. The right gonadoblastoma had undergone complete calcific ablation. The principal viable cellular elements in the left gonadoblastoma were Leydig cells. Except for a borderline increase over peripheral levels of estradiol, the degenerated right tumor mass showed no evidence of endocrine activity. Venous blood emanating from the left cellular gonadoblastoma exhibited significant elevations of testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol as compared to peripheral blood. Viable sex cord elements were present in the left tumor mass but did not exhibit sufficient steroid activity to have demonstrable clinical manifestations.", "contents": "Ovarian and peripheral venous steroids in XY gonadal dysgenesis and gonadoblastoma. Determinations of multiple steroids were made on ovarian and peripheral blood in a 46,XY patient with bilateral gonadoblastoma. The right gonadoblastoma had undergone complete calcific ablation. The principal viable cellular elements in the left gonadoblastoma were Leydig cells. Except for a borderline increase over peripheral levels of estradiol, the degenerated right tumor mass showed no evidence of endocrine activity. Venous blood emanating from the left cellular gonadoblastoma exhibited significant elevations of testosterone, progesterone, and estradiol as compared to peripheral blood. Viable sex cord elements were present in the left tumor mass but did not exhibit sufficient steroid activity to have demonstrable clinical manifestations."}
{"id": "PMID:129752", "title": "[Hypospadias in infancy I) pathophysiologic considerations II) hormonal balance studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Animal studies (Goldman, Jost) and test results in patients with hypospadias (Bongiovanni, Zachmann, Knorr) put up the question, whether all forms of hypospadias could be caused by a disturbance or peculiarity of the adrenal or gonadal androgen metabolism. Healthy volunteers and boys with glandal, penile and scrotal hypospadias were examined for their basal hormon status and response to stimulation. The following test-results are uniform, however due to the small number of cases, we would like to use these data more as a suggestion for peculiarities of the androgen metabolism, these are: 1. signs of quantitatively decreased testosteron production. 2. signs of qualitatively deranged testosteron-biosynthesis in patients with hypospadias due to a) decrease in certain enzymes in the testosteron-biosyntheticpathway (3-beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase, 17,20-desmolase, 17-beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase) b) increased peripheral conversion of androgen metabolites 3. signs of a suggested \"saving\" of androgens in the catabolism of those compounds and, last not least 4. signs of gonadal transformation of the adrenals, seen by increased adrenal androgen production and an adrenal transformation of the gonads, which can ultimately be considered as faulty differentiation of these 2 organ systems.", "contents": "[Hypospadias in infancy I) pathophysiologic considerations II) hormonal balance studies (author's transl)]. Animal studies (Goldman, Jost) and test results in patients with hypospadias (Bongiovanni, Zachmann, Knorr) put up the question, whether all forms of hypospadias could be caused by a disturbance or peculiarity of the adrenal or gonadal androgen metabolism. Healthy volunteers and boys with glandal, penile and scrotal hypospadias were examined for their basal hormon status and response to stimulation. The following test-results are uniform, however due to the small number of cases, we would like to use these data more as a suggestion for peculiarities of the androgen metabolism, these are: 1. signs of quantitatively decreased testosteron production. 2. signs of qualitatively deranged testosteron-biosynthesis in patients with hypospadias due to a) decrease in certain enzymes in the testosteron-biosyntheticpathway (3-beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase, 17,20-desmolase, 17-beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase) b) increased peripheral conversion of androgen metabolites 3. signs of a suggested \"saving\" of androgens in the catabolism of those compounds and, last not least 4. signs of gonadal transformation of the adrenals, seen by increased adrenal androgen production and an adrenal transformation of the gonads, which can ultimately be considered as faulty differentiation of these 2 organ systems."}
{"id": "PMID:129753", "title": "[Structural change of special education in rural districts (author's transl)].", "content": "Using statistical material on the care of handicapped persons administrated at a Special Care Centre, the author demonstrates development of special education service in Carinthia. A considerable increase in the number of persons treated causes more efforts on special education of preschool children. This early training prevents a further increase in special schooling and facilitates the integration of the handicapped in the normal community. Institutions for vocational training are necessary. There is a tendency not only to create more institutions but to specialize their programmes so that their wide variety provides for different therapeutic plans.", "contents": "[Structural change of special education in rural districts (author's transl)]. Using statistical material on the care of handicapped persons administrated at a Special Care Centre, the author demonstrates development of special education service in Carinthia. A considerable increase in the number of persons treated causes more efforts on special education of preschool children. This early training prevents a further increase in special schooling and facilitates the integration of the handicapped in the normal community. Institutions for vocational training are necessary. There is a tendency not only to create more institutions but to specialize their programmes so that their wide variety provides for different therapeutic plans."}
{"id": "PMID:129754", "title": "[The social integration of disorded children and juveniles. Aspects of the medical, socialpsychiatric and therapeutic pedagogies (author's transl)].", "content": "The general principles in the treatment of the disordered, is the change from segregation to social integration. The allocation of financial resources is necessary for the needed conditions, that means, that instead of the traditional institutions but mostly the ambulatory institutions, an early apprehension therapy should be financed. The seriousness in the treatment next to the specific facilities for the disordered, is the individual psychic help needed in regard to the secondary psychic problems, as a result of his disorder, also the socialization of the disordered should be advanced. Social organizations for disordered, as well as the parents of disordered children have a very important task, but the organizations can only fullfill the work in cooperation with a municiple care system.", "contents": "[The social integration of disorded children and juveniles. Aspects of the medical, socialpsychiatric and therapeutic pedagogies (author's transl)]. The general principles in the treatment of the disordered, is the change from segregation to social integration. The allocation of financial resources is necessary for the needed conditions, that means, that instead of the traditional institutions but mostly the ambulatory institutions, an early apprehension therapy should be financed. The seriousness in the treatment next to the specific facilities for the disordered, is the individual psychic help needed in regard to the secondary psychic problems, as a result of his disorder, also the socialization of the disordered should be advanced. Social organizations for disordered, as well as the parents of disordered children have a very important task, but the organizations can only fullfill the work in cooperation with a municiple care system."}
{"id": "PMID:129755", "title": "[Congenital heart disease and down syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported about 61 children and literature of congenital heart disease and Down syndrome. Even for the cardiologist the heart malformations has to be seen only as a part of the disturbance of the whole individuum. Therapeutic problems are discussed.", "contents": "[Congenital heart disease and down syndrome (author's transl)]. It is reported about 61 children and literature of congenital heart disease and Down syndrome. Even for the cardiologist the heart malformations has to be seen only as a part of the disturbance of the whole individuum. Therapeutic problems are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129756", "title": "Chromosome damage in Down's syndrome induced by chickenpox infection.", "content": "Chromosomes were studied in 74-hr lymphocyte cultures from seven patients with Down's syndrome and from 12 hematologically and karyotypically normal control subjects. Six were studied before and six after chickenpox infection. In Down's syndrome, the number of breaks per cell was 0.083 +/- 0.036 immediately after chickenpox infection; this was significantly greater than the number of breaks before infection, 0.03 +/- 0.008, and also significantly greater than the number of breaks, 0.046 +/- 0.023, observed in control children with chickenpox. Therefore, chromosomes from patients with Down's syndrome were significantly more sensitive to breakage after chickenpox infection than those from control subjects. The incidence of chromosome breaks in Down's syndrome 1 month after chickenpox infection fell to the level observed in the preinfection range. The present results showed that the difference between the observed and the expected values for breakage in special regions of chromosome was not significant, but that chromosome breakage was random.", "contents": "Chromosome damage in Down's syndrome induced by chickenpox infection. Chromosomes were studied in 74-hr lymphocyte cultures from seven patients with Down's syndrome and from 12 hematologically and karyotypically normal control subjects. Six were studied before and six after chickenpox infection. In Down's syndrome, the number of breaks per cell was 0.083 +/- 0.036 immediately after chickenpox infection; this was significantly greater than the number of breaks before infection, 0.03 +/- 0.008, and also significantly greater than the number of breaks, 0.046 +/- 0.023, observed in control children with chickenpox. Therefore, chromosomes from patients with Down's syndrome were significantly more sensitive to breakage after chickenpox infection than those from control subjects. The incidence of chromosome breaks in Down's syndrome 1 month after chickenpox infection fell to the level observed in the preinfection range. The present results showed that the difference between the observed and the expected values for breakage in special regions of chromosome was not significant, but that chromosome breakage was random."}
{"id": "PMID:129762", "title": "The effect of anabolic hormone 19-nortestosterone propionate on the metabolism of striated muscle during experimental ischaemia.", "content": "The effect of the anabolic hormone 19-nortestosterone propionate (Superanabolon Spofa) on the metabolism of chronically ischaemic striated muscle (anterior tibial m.) was studied in a described model in the rat. Metabolic changes were estimated in terms of the activities of a number of enzymes in muscle fibres. Enzyme activities (AcP, ATPase, CE, LDH, MDH) were determined both biochemically and histochemically excepting SDH, which was determined only by the histochemical way. Morphological changes were investigated by routine histology. Administration of 19-nortestosterone propionate prevented enzymatic changes which are typical for chronic ischaemia, primarily the decrease in the activities of dehydrogenases of Krebs' cycle tricarboxylic acides (MDH, SDH). In addition, the ratio of red to white muscle fibres increased. Administration of anabolic hormone has a similar favourable action on ischaemic muscle as training, studied previously.", "contents": "The effect of anabolic hormone 19-nortestosterone propionate on the metabolism of striated muscle during experimental ischaemia. The effect of the anabolic hormone 19-nortestosterone propionate (Superanabolon Spofa) on the metabolism of chronically ischaemic striated muscle (anterior tibial m.) was studied in a described model in the rat. Metabolic changes were estimated in terms of the activities of a number of enzymes in muscle fibres. Enzyme activities (AcP, ATPase, CE, LDH, MDH) were determined both biochemically and histochemically excepting SDH, which was determined only by the histochemical way. Morphological changes were investigated by routine histology. Administration of 19-nortestosterone propionate prevented enzymatic changes which are typical for chronic ischaemia, primarily the decrease in the activities of dehydrogenases of Krebs' cycle tricarboxylic acides (MDH, SDH). In addition, the ratio of red to white muscle fibres increased. Administration of anabolic hormone has a similar favourable action on ischaemic muscle as training, studied previously."}
{"id": "PMID:129763", "title": "Warm receptors in the dorsal abdominal wall of the rabbit.", "content": "Warm stimulation of a circumscribed region of the dorsal abdominal wall of the rabbit evoked discharges in splanchnic afferent single fibers. They showed positive temperature coefficients of their static activities and of their dynamic responses to temperature changes. They were not excited by mechanical stimuli. Cooling from static conditions caused a transient inhibition of impulse frequency. Two populations were found, one having a static and dynamic maximum at 46 degrees C, the other one at about 40 degrees C. Both types were found to be C-fibers, with a conduction velocity of 0.6 - 1.1 m/sec.", "contents": "Warm receptors in the dorsal abdominal wall of the rabbit. Warm stimulation of a circumscribed region of the dorsal abdominal wall of the rabbit evoked discharges in splanchnic afferent single fibers. They showed positive temperature coefficients of their static activities and of their dynamic responses to temperature changes. They were not excited by mechanical stimuli. Cooling from static conditions caused a transient inhibition of impulse frequency. Two populations were found, one having a static and dynamic maximum at 46 degrees C, the other one at about 40 degrees C. Both types were found to be C-fibers, with a conduction velocity of 0.6 - 1.1 m/sec."}
{"id": "PMID:129767", "title": "[Polyamides and esters of terephthalic acid used in the production of medical articles to be sterilized by accelerated electrons].", "content": "The paper concerns the study on the resistance of home-made polyamides and polyterephthalic acid esters used for manufacture of medical equipment to the effect of accelerated electron radiation. The studied polyamides were found to be unfit for medical articles manufacture without removal of soluble components of the plastics. Sterilization with accelerated electrons results in limited advantageous changes in polyamide properties. Medical articles made of polyethylene terephthalate can be successfully sterilized in electron accelerator with no changes in characteristics even upon prolonged storage.", "contents": "[Polyamides and esters of terephthalic acid used in the production of medical articles to be sterilized by accelerated electrons]. The paper concerns the study on the resistance of home-made polyamides and polyterephthalic acid esters used for manufacture of medical equipment to the effect of accelerated electron radiation. The studied polyamides were found to be unfit for medical articles manufacture without removal of soluble components of the plastics. Sterilization with accelerated electrons results in limited advantageous changes in polyamide properties. Medical articles made of polyethylene terephthalate can be successfully sterilized in electron accelerator with no changes in characteristics even upon prolonged storage."}
{"id": "PMID:129785", "title": "Endotoxic activity of complexes of myristic acid and proteins.", "content": "Complexes of myristic acid and bovine serum albumin, myristic acid and concanavalin A, beta-hydroxymyristic acid and concanavalin A, or dimethyl myristamide and concanavalin A are lethal for male BALB/c mice treated with mithramycin. Prior treatment of mice with myristic acid-protein complexes renders the animals resistant to a dose of bacterial endotoxin that is lethal for untreated animals. Prior treatment of mice with bacterial endotoxin renders them resistant to a combination of mithramycin and a complex of myristic acid and bovine serum albumin or dimethyl myristamide and concanvalin A that is lethal for untreated animals. These data indicate that a fatty acid is an important functional component of the endotoxin toxophore.", "contents": "Endotoxic activity of complexes of myristic acid and proteins. Complexes of myristic acid and bovine serum albumin, myristic acid and concanavalin A, beta-hydroxymyristic acid and concanavalin A, or dimethyl myristamide and concanavalin A are lethal for male BALB/c mice treated with mithramycin. Prior treatment of mice with myristic acid-protein complexes renders the animals resistant to a dose of bacterial endotoxin that is lethal for untreated animals. Prior treatment of mice with bacterial endotoxin renders them resistant to a combination of mithramycin and a complex of myristic acid and bovine serum albumin or dimethyl myristamide and concanvalin A that is lethal for untreated animals. These data indicate that a fatty acid is an important functional component of the endotoxin toxophore."}
{"id": "PMID:129786", "title": "Human pituitary growth hormone. 44. Effects of plasmin-modified hormone and its fragments on ornithine decarboxylase activity and lipolysis.", "content": "The rat hepatic ornithine decarboxylase stimulating activity of plasmin-modified human growth hormone and its two peptide fragments has been investigated. The activity was completely retained after plasmin treatment. The NH2-terminal fragment [Cys (Cam)53-HGH-(1-134)] retained 10% of the activity, whereas the COOH-terminal fragment [Cys (Cam) 165, 182, 189-(141-191)] was not active. The lipolytic activity of human growth hormone was greatly reduced after plasmin treatment, as examined in isolated rabbit adipocytes. It is suggested that the structural requirements for the lipolytic activity of the hormone are different from those required for stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity.", "contents": "Human pituitary growth hormone. 44. Effects of plasmin-modified hormone and its fragments on ornithine decarboxylase activity and lipolysis. The rat hepatic ornithine decarboxylase stimulating activity of plasmin-modified human growth hormone and its two peptide fragments has been investigated. The activity was completely retained after plasmin treatment. The NH2-terminal fragment [Cys (Cam)53-HGH-(1-134)] retained 10% of the activity, whereas the COOH-terminal fragment [Cys (Cam) 165, 182, 189-(141-191)] was not active. The lipolytic activity of human growth hormone was greatly reduced after plasmin treatment, as examined in isolated rabbit adipocytes. It is suggested that the structural requirements for the lipolytic activity of the hormone are different from those required for stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:129787", "title": "The effects of DL-p-chlorophenylalanine and DL-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine on the brain catecholamine, serotonin and free amino acid contents in rat.", "content": "The changes in the brain levels of catecholamines, serotonin and free amino acids have been considered as a factor in the development of the physical dependence on and tolerance to some drugs. In order to show the relationships among the brain levels of these substances, three groups of rats were given i.p. DL-alphaMpT alone, DL-pCPA alone, or DL-alphaMpT and DL-pCPA together, twice a day for three days. Another group was kept as control. The brain levels of catecholamines, serotonin and free amino acids were determined. Although DL-alphaMpT and DL-pCPA alone caused a decrease in the levels of catecholamines and serotonin respectively, the administration of DL-alphaMpT and DL-pCPA together did not. The changes in the levels of free amino acids which were found were related to the metabolism of catecholamines and serotonin.", "contents": "The effects of DL-p-chlorophenylalanine and DL-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine on the brain catecholamine, serotonin and free amino acid contents in rat. The changes in the brain levels of catecholamines, serotonin and free amino acids have been considered as a factor in the development of the physical dependence on and tolerance to some drugs. In order to show the relationships among the brain levels of these substances, three groups of rats were given i.p. DL-alphaMpT alone, DL-pCPA alone, or DL-alphaMpT and DL-pCPA together, twice a day for three days. Another group was kept as control. The brain levels of catecholamines, serotonin and free amino acids were determined. Although DL-alphaMpT and DL-pCPA alone caused a decrease in the levels of catecholamines and serotonin respectively, the administration of DL-alphaMpT and DL-pCPA together did not. The changes in the levels of free amino acids which were found were related to the metabolism of catecholamines and serotonin."}
{"id": "PMID:129788", "title": "[Effects of diazepam on six drug-induced locomotor hyperactivities in mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments were carried out in mice to investigate the influence of diazepam (DZP) on dexamphetamine, parachloro-N-methylamphetamine (pCMA), cocaine, morphine, trihexyphenidyl or (in MAOIs pretreated) reserpine induced motor hyperactivity. The interaction of DZP with these hyperactivities in which probably different biochemical central mechanisms are involved allows to construct a profile of action of DZP and to approach its mechanism of action. The locomotor hyperactivities induced by dexamphetamine, pCMA, morphine, cocaine were not reduced by DZP even by doses which decrease spontaneous locomotor activity; low doses of DZP enhance the hyperactivity induced by these compounds. Those induced by trihexyphenidyle or by reserpine (after MAOI) were reduced by DZP at doses which produce no decrease in spontaneous motor activity. Inasmuch as DZP at low doses potentiates the effects of 4 different substances, the results can hardly be satisfactorily explained neither by an interference of the benzodiazepine on the metabolism of the drugs or by a depression of the anxiogenic action of dexamphetamine. Even though it may be difficult to relate the antagonism of DZP on trihexyphenidyl- or on reserpine- (after MAOI) induced motor hyperactivity to the suggested anticholinergic and dopaminergic actions of DZP, these effects may partly be involved in the increase in locomotor hyperactivity induced by dexamphetamine, morphine, or cocaine. The observed effect of DZP on pCMA induced locomotor hyperactivity does not support a possible antiserotonine action often suggested to explain the effects of benzodiazepines in conflict situations.", "contents": "[Effects of diazepam on six drug-induced locomotor hyperactivities in mice (author's transl)]. Experiments were carried out in mice to investigate the influence of diazepam (DZP) on dexamphetamine, parachloro-N-methylamphetamine (pCMA), cocaine, morphine, trihexyphenidyl or (in MAOIs pretreated) reserpine induced motor hyperactivity. The interaction of DZP with these hyperactivities in which probably different biochemical central mechanisms are involved allows to construct a profile of action of DZP and to approach its mechanism of action. The locomotor hyperactivities induced by dexamphetamine, pCMA, morphine, cocaine were not reduced by DZP even by doses which decrease spontaneous locomotor activity; low doses of DZP enhance the hyperactivity induced by these compounds. Those induced by trihexyphenidyle or by reserpine (after MAOI) were reduced by DZP at doses which produce no decrease in spontaneous motor activity. Inasmuch as DZP at low doses potentiates the effects of 4 different substances, the results can hardly be satisfactorily explained neither by an interference of the benzodiazepine on the metabolism of the drugs or by a depression of the anxiogenic action of dexamphetamine. Even though it may be difficult to relate the antagonism of DZP on trihexyphenidyl- or on reserpine- (after MAOI) induced motor hyperactivity to the suggested anticholinergic and dopaminergic actions of DZP, these effects may partly be involved in the increase in locomotor hyperactivity induced by dexamphetamine, morphine, or cocaine. The observed effect of DZP on pCMA induced locomotor hyperactivity does not support a possible antiserotonine action often suggested to explain the effects of benzodiazepines in conflict situations."}
{"id": "PMID:129789", "title": "The right pulmonary artery-left atrial axis line. A method for measuring left atrial size on lateral chest radiographs.", "content": "Based on the relationships of the aorta, right pulmonary artery (RPA), and left atrium (LA), a method for directly measuring the LA diameter is described. A line drawn downward from the anterior wall of the RPA, parallel to the barium-filled esophagus, will approximate the anterior wall of the LA and enable a direct measurement of the anteroposterior LA diameter. This radiological measurement correlated well with the echocardiographic determination of LA size in 82 adult patients. In some patients, direct measurement of LA size made it possible to detect chamber enlargement before other signs appeared. The major disadvantage of this method is the inability to clearly see the RPA in infants and in approximately 10-15% of adults.", "contents": "The right pulmonary artery-left atrial axis line. A method for measuring left atrial size on lateral chest radiographs. Based on the relationships of the aorta, right pulmonary artery (RPA), and left atrium (LA), a method for directly measuring the LA diameter is described. A line drawn downward from the anterior wall of the RPA, parallel to the barium-filled esophagus, will approximate the anterior wall of the LA and enable a direct measurement of the anteroposterior LA diameter. This radiological measurement correlated well with the echocardiographic determination of LA size in 82 adult patients. In some patients, direct measurement of LA size made it possible to detect chamber enlargement before other signs appeared. The major disadvantage of this method is the inability to clearly see the RPA in infants and in approximately 10-15% of adults."}
{"id": "PMID:129790", "title": "Skin reactions with iocetamic acid.", "content": "Four cases of severe skin reactions to the use of iocetamic acid as a contrast medium are reported. Although the incidence of this type of reaction was relatively small (1.8%), its severity induced the authors to discontinue the use of this medium.", "contents": "Skin reactions with iocetamic acid. Four cases of severe skin reactions to the use of iocetamic acid as a contrast medium are reported. Although the incidence of this type of reaction was relatively small (1.8%), its severity induced the authors to discontinue the use of this medium."}
{"id": "PMID:129791", "title": "Pulmonary edema and respiratory insufficiency in acute pancreatitis.", "content": "Pulmonary edema, cardiac enlargement, and respiratory insufficiency may occur in patients with acute pancreatitis. The mechanisms are complex and incompletely understood, but probable etiologic factors include fluid overload, left ventricular failure, impaired respiratory excursion and microatelectasis, and a nonspecific response of the lung to various types of pulmonary injury including hypotension, intravenous crystalloids, and the effects of circulating pancreatic enzymes. Recognition of the association of pulmonary edema and respiratory insufficiency with pancreatitis is importance because early treatment with positive pressure breathing, careful fluid management and diuretics, and corticosteroids may prevent the development of irreversible respiratory failure.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema and respiratory insufficiency in acute pancreatitis. Pulmonary edema, cardiac enlargement, and respiratory insufficiency may occur in patients with acute pancreatitis. The mechanisms are complex and incompletely understood, but probable etiologic factors include fluid overload, left ventricular failure, impaired respiratory excursion and microatelectasis, and a nonspecific response of the lung to various types of pulmonary injury including hypotension, intravenous crystalloids, and the effects of circulating pancreatic enzymes. Recognition of the association of pulmonary edema and respiratory insufficiency with pancreatitis is importance because early treatment with positive pressure breathing, careful fluid management and diuretics, and corticosteroids may prevent the development of irreversible respiratory failure."}
{"id": "PMID:129795", "title": "[Carcinoid tumors of the digestive tract].", "content": "With reference to 6 cases of carcinoid tumours of the digestive tract the authors discuss the clinical aspects, emphasizing the utility of the paraclinical tests and the benefit of an early diagnosis, in the premetastatic phase, when surgery gives the best results.", "contents": "[Carcinoid tumors of the digestive tract]. With reference to 6 cases of carcinoid tumours of the digestive tract the authors discuss the clinical aspects, emphasizing the utility of the paraclinical tests and the benefit of an early diagnosis, in the premetastatic phase, when surgery gives the best results."}
{"id": "PMID:129796", "title": "[Odontoid fractures].", "content": "The authors present some basic considerations on the fundamental problems raised by odontoid fractures. The necessity is stressed of a correct diagnosis as well as for careful evaluation of the evolution, this lesion being characteristically unstable and precariously consolidated. This is why the authors suggest an early surgical procedure in such cases.", "contents": "[Odontoid fractures]. The authors present some basic considerations on the fundamental problems raised by odontoid fractures. The necessity is stressed of a correct diagnosis as well as for careful evaluation of the evolution, this lesion being characteristically unstable and precariously consolidated. This is why the authors suggest an early surgical procedure in such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:129797", "title": "[Clinical and therapeutic findings cardiotuberosity on cancer].", "content": "In a total number of 1,109 cases of gastric carcinomas (encountered between 1949 and 1973) the authors have noted 122 cases with oeso-gastric localization in which 29 total gastrectomies were performed and 50 superior polar resections with oeso-gastric anastomosis (the mortality in both groups of patients was of 20%).", "contents": "[Clinical and therapeutic findings cardiotuberosity on cancer]. In a total number of 1,109 cases of gastric carcinomas (encountered between 1949 and 1973) the authors have noted 122 cases with oeso-gastric localization in which 29 total gastrectomies were performed and 50 superior polar resections with oeso-gastric anastomosis (the mortality in both groups of patients was of 20%)."}
{"id": "PMID:129799", "title": "[Gastric consequences of toxicoseptic agression].", "content": "This study is concerned with gastro-secretory and motor answers. It was carried out in two groups of patients and the results obtained were compared. The following aspects were noted: a. the control group was represented by 10 patients that had been exposed to anesthesic-surgical aggression; b. the second group was formed by 20 patients with toxico-septic syndrome of various etiologies and in different stages of evolution; - secretory and motor gastric disturbances take on an evolutive dynamic character, according to the clinico-biological phase of the syndrome; in the acute stage absolute hypersection is noted, as well as from the viewpoint of the rate, of hydrochloric acid, and gastric hypomotility; in the chronic stage there is acid hyposecretion both insulin- and histamine-resistant and in 30% of the cases there is anachlorhydria; to the general-metabolic phase of inversion corresponds, at the gastric level; a return to normal of the motility and of the acid gastric secretion.", "contents": "[Gastric consequences of toxicoseptic agression]. This study is concerned with gastro-secretory and motor answers. It was carried out in two groups of patients and the results obtained were compared. The following aspects were noted: a. the control group was represented by 10 patients that had been exposed to anesthesic-surgical aggression; b. the second group was formed by 20 patients with toxico-septic syndrome of various etiologies and in different stages of evolution; - secretory and motor gastric disturbances take on an evolutive dynamic character, according to the clinico-biological phase of the syndrome; in the acute stage absolute hypersection is noted, as well as from the viewpoint of the rate, of hydrochloric acid, and gastric hypomotility; in the chronic stage there is acid hyposecretion both insulin- and histamine-resistant and in 30% of the cases there is anachlorhydria; to the general-metabolic phase of inversion corresponds, at the gastric level; a return to normal of the motility and of the acid gastric secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:129801", "title": "[Aortocoronary bypass].", "content": "Two cases are discussed, of severe myocardial ischaemia determined by coronary obstruction. The cases were solved by surgical treatment that consisted in direct myocardial revascularization with the aid of aorto-coronary by-pass with a fragment of autologous saphene vein.", "contents": "[Aortocoronary bypass]. Two cases are discussed, of severe myocardial ischaemia determined by coronary obstruction. The cases were solved by surgical treatment that consisted in direct myocardial revascularization with the aid of aorto-coronary by-pass with a fragment of autologous saphene vein."}
{"id": "PMID:129802", "title": "[Incomplete form of congenital megacolon].", "content": "The inapparent form is described, of a congenital megacolon. The surgical treatment consisted in an exeresis of more than 70 cm of volvular sigmoid, as well as of limitrophic areas supposed to be dystonic. Re-establishment of the continuity was achieved according to the technique of B. Duham 1, modified according to D. Vereanu and A. Pesamosca.", "contents": "[Incomplete form of congenital megacolon]. The inapparent form is described, of a congenital megacolon. The surgical treatment consisted in an exeresis of more than 70 cm of volvular sigmoid, as well as of limitrophic areas supposed to be dystonic. Re-establishment of the continuity was achieved according to the technique of B. Duham 1, modified according to D. Vereanu and A. Pesamosca."}
{"id": "PMID:129803", "title": "[Surgical operations in repeated occlusions caused by adhesions and perivisceritis].", "content": "Based on the experience accumulated in the treatment of 35 cases of iterative occlusions through adherences and perivisceritis the authors present the advantages and the disadvantages of the different operatory techniques employed (total or partial Noble procedure, Raymond technique, Child-Phillips method, C. Andreolu and I. Vintil\u0103 procedures). The various factors are stressed (such as local and general conditions of the patients) that preside over the selection of the operative procedure.", "contents": "[Surgical operations in repeated occlusions caused by adhesions and perivisceritis]. Based on the experience accumulated in the treatment of 35 cases of iterative occlusions through adherences and perivisceritis the authors present the advantages and the disadvantages of the different operatory techniques employed (total or partial Noble procedure, Raymond technique, Child-Phillips method, C. Andreolu and I. Vintil\u0103 procedures). The various factors are stressed (such as local and general conditions of the patients) that preside over the selection of the operative procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:129800", "title": "[Effect of pulmonary ventilation capacity on the postoperative course in thoraco-pulmonary surgery].", "content": "The authors made a statistical investigation of the postoperative evolution in thoraco-pulmonary surgery and found diffuse hemorrhage, alterations in the evolution of wound healing, failures, higher death-rate and longer hospitalization, higher incidences being noted, inverse relationship with the pulmonary ventilation. These phenomena are attributed to the respiration disturbances, without patient clinical manifestations. The utility of the global spyrogram is acknowledged, when there are no other dysfunctions. The authors consider as lower limits of the spyrographic data, under which the surgical indications are fraught with too high a risk, values between 50 and 60% of the theoretical ones.", "contents": "[Effect of pulmonary ventilation capacity on the postoperative course in thoraco-pulmonary surgery]. The authors made a statistical investigation of the postoperative evolution in thoraco-pulmonary surgery and found diffuse hemorrhage, alterations in the evolution of wound healing, failures, higher death-rate and longer hospitalization, higher incidences being noted, inverse relationship with the pulmonary ventilation. These phenomena are attributed to the respiration disturbances, without patient clinical manifestations. The utility of the global spyrogram is acknowledged, when there are no other dysfunctions. The authors consider as lower limits of the spyrographic data, under which the surgical indications are fraught with too high a risk, values between 50 and 60% of the theoretical ones."}
{"id": "PMID:129805", "title": "[Study of the blastic response of human peripheral lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, before and after surgical and anesthetic stress].", "content": "The results obtained by the authors show that in the postsurgery period (the 4-th to the 7-th day after surgery) there occurs a lowering of the immunological capacity of the organism, a fact that explains, in part at least, the postoperative septic complications that are more frequent in this period.", "contents": "[Study of the blastic response of human peripheral lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, before and after surgical and anesthetic stress]. The results obtained by the authors show that in the postsurgery period (the 4-th to the 7-th day after surgery) there occurs a lowering of the immunological capacity of the organism, a fact that explains, in part at least, the postoperative septic complications that are more frequent in this period."}
{"id": "PMID:129809", "title": "[Surgical treatment of interatrial septal defect].", "content": "On the basis of the authors' experience acquired between 1956 and 1973 (a total of 401 cases with inter-atrial communications and 234 cases of ostium secundum that have been operated by them), data are presented concerning the diagnostic means, the indications and the contra-indications of the surgical treatment, as well as the attitude to be adopted towards the associated lesions.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of interatrial septal defect]. On the basis of the authors' experience acquired between 1956 and 1973 (a total of 401 cases with inter-atrial communications and 234 cases of ostium secundum that have been operated by them), data are presented concerning the diagnostic means, the indications and the contra-indications of the surgical treatment, as well as the attitude to be adopted towards the associated lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:129810", "title": "[Our new methods in the treatment of pertrochanteric and basocervical fractures].", "content": "The authors have employed the Ender intervention in the pertrochanteral and basi-cervical fractures, an osteo-synthesis technique which is less traumatizing and of shorter duration, providing only a very limited access of pathogenic germs and allowing for an early mobilization. In 25 patients that have been operated on the results have been very satisfactory.", "contents": "[Our new methods in the treatment of pertrochanteric and basocervical fractures]. The authors have employed the Ender intervention in the pertrochanteral and basi-cervical fractures, an osteo-synthesis technique which is less traumatizing and of shorter duration, providing only a very limited access of pathogenic germs and allowing for an early mobilization. In 25 patients that have been operated on the results have been very satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:129811", "title": "[Surgical treatment of empyema (with or without bronchial fistula) after pneumonectomy].", "content": "The therapeutical possibilities are discussed in the most severe of the complications of pneumectomy : empyema, with or without bronchial fistula. The value was demonstrated of the thoraco-mediastinal plicature in the solution of 21 cases of empyema (of which 6 had bronchial fistula) occuring after pneumectomies performed for bronchopulmonary cancers (10 patients), pulmonary tuberculosis (8 patients) and broncho-pulmonary suppurations (3 patients). The results obtained were very satisfactory in 19 cases while in the other two cases the cure of the empyema was achieved although the patients died as a result of the evolution of the basal disease (bronchopulmonary cancer).", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of empyema (with or without bronchial fistula) after pneumonectomy]. The therapeutical possibilities are discussed in the most severe of the complications of pneumectomy : empyema, with or without bronchial fistula. The value was demonstrated of the thoraco-mediastinal plicature in the solution of 21 cases of empyema (of which 6 had bronchial fistula) occuring after pneumectomies performed for bronchopulmonary cancers (10 patients), pulmonary tuberculosis (8 patients) and broncho-pulmonary suppurations (3 patients). The results obtained were very satisfactory in 19 cases while in the other two cases the cure of the empyema was achieved although the patients died as a result of the evolution of the basal disease (bronchopulmonary cancer)."}
{"id": "PMID:129812", "title": "[Transdiaphragmatic shunt with a Roux loop in non-resectable neoplastic processes of the cardia].", "content": "On the basis of 26 cases with non-operable primary or secondary neoplastic obstructions of the cardia the authors express the opinion that the best solution is the transdiaphragmatic pontage with a jejunal loop mounted in Y. Enlargement of this indication should not be made on behalf of radical or palleative resections, but on the contrary internal derivations should increase the range of surgical solutions in cancer of the cardia. Making an analysis of the major aspects (death-rate, indications and some technical details) in connection with the by-pass with a Roux loop the authors stress the benignity of this type of surgery and the chances it has to take the place of external derivations, compared with which it provides both nutritional and moral advantages.", "contents": "[Transdiaphragmatic shunt with a Roux loop in non-resectable neoplastic processes of the cardia]. On the basis of 26 cases with non-operable primary or secondary neoplastic obstructions of the cardia the authors express the opinion that the best solution is the transdiaphragmatic pontage with a jejunal loop mounted in Y. Enlargement of this indication should not be made on behalf of radical or palleative resections, but on the contrary internal derivations should increase the range of surgical solutions in cancer of the cardia. Making an analysis of the major aspects (death-rate, indications and some technical details) in connection with the by-pass with a Roux loop the authors stress the benignity of this type of surgery and the chances it has to take the place of external derivations, compared with which it provides both nutritional and moral advantages."}
{"id": "PMID:129833", "title": "Comparative analyses of skeletal and cardiac myosins.", "content": "Two types of canine cardiac myosins, from the free wall of the left ventricle and from the free wall of the right ventricle, were compared with canine skeletal muscle myosin from gastrocnemius. For K+ -activated myosin the Vmax values in mumoles of Pi/mg.min were: right ventricle, 0.57 +/- 0.02; left ventricle, 0.72 +/- 0.09; gastrocnemius, 0.92 +/- 0.04. For Ca++ -activated myosin the Vmax values were: right ventricle, 0.32 +/- 0.04; left ventricle, 0.42 +/- 0.03; gastrocnemius, 0.52 +/- 0.02; (p greater than 0.01 for all defferences). For all three types of tissues the Vmax values for NH4+ -activated myosin were the same (2.30 +/- 0.11). Corresponding to kinetic changes there were significant changes in the proportion and type of myosin subunits. In the two cardiac ventricles where heavy chains were immunologically identical, 81% of the total nitrogen of right ventricular myosin was present in the heavy chains whereas in left ventricular myosin 90% of the total nitrogen of myosin was present in the heavy chains. Quantifications were made on polyacrylamide gels were dye binding was directly related to nitrogen concentration for each of the myosin chains. In canine skeletal muscle gastrocnemius where the myosin heavy chains were immunologically nonidentical with those of cardiac myosin, 87% of the total nitrogen was present in the heavy chains. The data suggest that there are 2 moles of myosin light chains per mole of myosin heavy chains in right ventricular myosin where the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity is low and 1 mole of myosin light chains per mole of myosin heavy chains in left ventricula myosin where ATPase activity is elevated; for skeletal muscle myosin there were 1.5 moles of myosin light chains per mole of myosin heavy chains. Proportion of myosin light chain C1 to light chain C2 was the same in both left and right ventricular myosin. In skeletal muscle myosin the proportion of light chain C1 to light chain C2 was significantly different from that of cardiac tissue. It appears that the proportion of myosin light chain C1 to light chain C2 is directly related to the type of myosin heavy chain present since the immunologically identical heavy chains of cardiac tissue were immunologically nonidentical with those of skeletal muscle myosin.", "contents": "Comparative analyses of skeletal and cardiac myosins. Two types of canine cardiac myosins, from the free wall of the left ventricle and from the free wall of the right ventricle, were compared with canine skeletal muscle myosin from gastrocnemius. For K+ -activated myosin the Vmax values in mumoles of Pi/mg.min were: right ventricle, 0.57 +/- 0.02; left ventricle, 0.72 +/- 0.09; gastrocnemius, 0.92 +/- 0.04. For Ca++ -activated myosin the Vmax values were: right ventricle, 0.32 +/- 0.04; left ventricle, 0.42 +/- 0.03; gastrocnemius, 0.52 +/- 0.02; (p greater than 0.01 for all defferences). For all three types of tissues the Vmax values for NH4+ -activated myosin were the same (2.30 +/- 0.11). Corresponding to kinetic changes there were significant changes in the proportion and type of myosin subunits. In the two cardiac ventricles where heavy chains were immunologically identical, 81% of the total nitrogen of right ventricular myosin was present in the heavy chains whereas in left ventricular myosin 90% of the total nitrogen of myosin was present in the heavy chains. Quantifications were made on polyacrylamide gels were dye binding was directly related to nitrogen concentration for each of the myosin chains. In canine skeletal muscle gastrocnemius where the myosin heavy chains were immunologically nonidentical with those of cardiac myosin, 87% of the total nitrogen was present in the heavy chains. The data suggest that there are 2 moles of myosin light chains per mole of myosin heavy chains in right ventricular myosin where the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity is low and 1 mole of myosin light chains per mole of myosin heavy chains in left ventricula myosin where ATPase activity is elevated; for skeletal muscle myosin there were 1.5 moles of myosin light chains per mole of myosin heavy chains. Proportion of myosin light chain C1 to light chain C2 was the same in both left and right ventricular myosin. In skeletal muscle myosin the proportion of light chain C1 to light chain C2 was significantly different from that of cardiac tissue. It appears that the proportion of myosin light chain C1 to light chain C2 is directly related to the type of myosin heavy chain present since the immunologically identical heavy chains of cardiac tissue were immunologically nonidentical with those of skeletal muscle myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:129834", "title": "Relationship between deoxyribonucleic acid content and nucleoli in human heart muscle cells and estimation of cell number during cardiac growth and hyperfunction.", "content": "In the myocardium of 30 human hearts of all age groups quantitative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) measurements were performed and the results of the measurements were correlated with the pure myocardium weight. By means of the diphenylamine reaction the total amount of DNA (DNA concentration and DNA amount) in the myocardium was estimated. By means of Feulgen cytophotometry the DNA amount exclusively in the heart muscle cell nuclei was measured. With the use of myocardial tissue spread on slides, the nuclear areas of the heart muscle nuclei were planimetrically measured. After preparation with DNase and staining with gallocyanine chromalumn the nucleoli in heart muscle nuclei were specifically presented and their number per nucleus as well as their area values were demonstrated. From the biochemical and cytophotometric results of the myocardial DNA content it was possible to estimate the absolute cell number of the hearts, keeping the pure myocardium weight in consideration. The investigations led to the following results. In growing childrens' hearts the DNA concentration decreases to a constant level of 0.3-0.4 mg/g. The amount of DNA rises with increasing heart weight. During the growth of the heart of a child between the ages of 8 and 12 the DNA amount doubles in the heart muscle nuclei, and most of the muscle nuclei of an adult have a tetraploid DNA content. In pathological heart hypertrophy a further polyploidization of the heart muscle nuclei occurs. The areas of the nuclei increases with growing polyploidization. The nuclear areas form the same grouping as the ploidy classes. With growing nuclear areas, the total areas of the nucleoli and their number per nucleus also increase. Right after birth an increase in the number of connective tissue and heart muscle cells follows. A normal heart contains about 2 x 10(9) muscle cells. In hypertrophic hearts the number of muscle cells can double.", "contents": "Relationship between deoxyribonucleic acid content and nucleoli in human heart muscle cells and estimation of cell number during cardiac growth and hyperfunction. In the myocardium of 30 human hearts of all age groups quantitative deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) measurements were performed and the results of the measurements were correlated with the pure myocardium weight. By means of the diphenylamine reaction the total amount of DNA (DNA concentration and DNA amount) in the myocardium was estimated. By means of Feulgen cytophotometry the DNA amount exclusively in the heart muscle cell nuclei was measured. With the use of myocardial tissue spread on slides, the nuclear areas of the heart muscle nuclei were planimetrically measured. After preparation with DNase and staining with gallocyanine chromalumn the nucleoli in heart muscle nuclei were specifically presented and their number per nucleus as well as their area values were demonstrated. From the biochemical and cytophotometric results of the myocardial DNA content it was possible to estimate the absolute cell number of the hearts, keeping the pure myocardium weight in consideration. The investigations led to the following results. In growing childrens' hearts the DNA concentration decreases to a constant level of 0.3-0.4 mg/g. The amount of DNA rises with increasing heart weight. During the growth of the heart of a child between the ages of 8 and 12 the DNA amount doubles in the heart muscle nuclei, and most of the muscle nuclei of an adult have a tetraploid DNA content. In pathological heart hypertrophy a further polyploidization of the heart muscle nuclei occurs. The areas of the nuclei increases with growing polyploidization. The nuclear areas form the same grouping as the ploidy classes. With growing nuclear areas, the total areas of the nucleoli and their number per nucleus also increase. Right after birth an increase in the number of connective tissue and heart muscle cells follows. A normal heart contains about 2 x 10(9) muscle cells. In hypertrophic hearts the number of muscle cells can double."}
{"id": "PMID:129835", "title": "Studies on protein metabolism during isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy.", "content": "Chronic treatment with isoproterenol (ISO) (30 mug/100 g body wt/day for 21 days) causes a hypertrophy of the heart (approximately 40%). Protein determination made on homogenates of the heart show similar percentages of protein in the control and treated animals. Thus, ISO presumably stimulates protein synthesis in the heart, as its total protein content is increased by chronic treatment. Studies of the stimulation of protein synthesis during a 9-day treatment with ISO have been carried out by following the incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids in vivo into heart protein. This stimulation attained a maximum after 5 days of treatment and then declined. In other experiments, groups of rats received a single injection of ISO and were killed at various times (from 0 to 48 hr) after the injection. Stimulation of protein synthesis was maximal 3 hr after the injection, and it slowly decreased until the 36th hr. After that time the rate of protein synthesis was equal to that of control animals. Other groups of rats received daily injections of ISO for 9 days and were killed at various times after the ninth injection. Protein synthesis was still stimulated by ISO; however, the stimulation was observed only during the first 12 hr following the injection of the 9th day. There was an apparent inhibition of protein synthesis which lasted from the 30th to the 48th hr following the ninth injection. The rate of protein degradation did not seem to be affected by a chronic treatment with ISO. Thus, the increased rate of protein synthesis seems to be the sole factor responsible for the increase of the total protein content of the heart, even if the stimulation of the incorporation of labeled amino acids decreased after a few days of treatment.", "contents": "Studies on protein metabolism during isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Chronic treatment with isoproterenol (ISO) (30 mug/100 g body wt/day for 21 days) causes a hypertrophy of the heart (approximately 40%). Protein determination made on homogenates of the heart show similar percentages of protein in the control and treated animals. Thus, ISO presumably stimulates protein synthesis in the heart, as its total protein content is increased by chronic treatment. Studies of the stimulation of protein synthesis during a 9-day treatment with ISO have been carried out by following the incorporation of 14C-labeled amino acids in vivo into heart protein. This stimulation attained a maximum after 5 days of treatment and then declined. In other experiments, groups of rats received a single injection of ISO and were killed at various times (from 0 to 48 hr) after the injection. Stimulation of protein synthesis was maximal 3 hr after the injection, and it slowly decreased until the 36th hr. After that time the rate of protein synthesis was equal to that of control animals. Other groups of rats received daily injections of ISO for 9 days and were killed at various times after the ninth injection. Protein synthesis was still stimulated by ISO; however, the stimulation was observed only during the first 12 hr following the injection of the 9th day. There was an apparent inhibition of protein synthesis which lasted from the 30th to the 48th hr following the ninth injection. The rate of protein degradation did not seem to be affected by a chronic treatment with ISO. Thus, the increased rate of protein synthesis seems to be the sole factor responsible for the increase of the total protein content of the heart, even if the stimulation of the incorporation of labeled amino acids decreased after a few days of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:129836", "title": "Growth hormone in cardiac hypertrophy induced by nephrogenous hypertension.", "content": "Current evidence about the role of growth hormone in cardiac hypertrophy is ambiguous. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether growth hormone was an important element in the cardiac hypertrophy induced by systemic hypertension. Male rats with either an intact hypophysis or a hypophysectomy were bilaterally adrenalectomized, and corticoids were replaced with exogenous deoxycorticosterone and hydrocortosone. Hypophysectomized rats were further treated with thyroxine, testosterone, and, where appropriate, bovine growth hormone. Selected groups of rats were made hypertensive by means of a surgical compression of the renal capsule which produced systemic hypertension. The magnitude of the hypertension was measured in awake rats by means of a tail plethysmograph and compressing tail-cuff. The hormone replacement program re-established systolic blood pressures in sham-operated, hypophysectomized rats to levels observed in intact-hypophysis, sham-operated rats. Thus, hypertensive, hypophysectomized rats obtained pressures above both hypophysectomized and intact-hypophysis, sham-operated rats. Hypertensive rats with an intact hypophysis and hypophysectomized rats with growth hormone developed cardiac hypertrophy. In spite of the hormone therapy, the above normal systemic blood pressures, and low mortality hopophysectomized rats without growth hormone did not develop cardiac hypertrophy.", "contents": "Growth hormone in cardiac hypertrophy induced by nephrogenous hypertension. Current evidence about the role of growth hormone in cardiac hypertrophy is ambiguous. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether growth hormone was an important element in the cardiac hypertrophy induced by systemic hypertension. Male rats with either an intact hypophysis or a hypophysectomy were bilaterally adrenalectomized, and corticoids were replaced with exogenous deoxycorticosterone and hydrocortosone. Hypophysectomized rats were further treated with thyroxine, testosterone, and, where appropriate, bovine growth hormone. Selected groups of rats were made hypertensive by means of a surgical compression of the renal capsule which produced systemic hypertension. The magnitude of the hypertension was measured in awake rats by means of a tail plethysmograph and compressing tail-cuff. The hormone replacement program re-established systolic blood pressures in sham-operated, hypophysectomized rats to levels observed in intact-hypophysis, sham-operated rats. Thus, hypertensive, hypophysectomized rats obtained pressures above both hypophysectomized and intact-hypophysis, sham-operated rats. Hypertensive rats with an intact hypophysis and hypophysectomized rats with growth hormone developed cardiac hypertrophy. In spite of the hormone therapy, the above normal systemic blood pressures, and low mortality hopophysectomized rats without growth hormone did not develop cardiac hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:129837", "title": "The influence of growth hormone on myocardial weight and water fraction in rats.", "content": "While conducting experiments on the role of growth hormone in cardiac hypertrophy, data were also gathered on the influence of growth hormone on myocardial wet and dry weight in relation to body weight and myocardial water fraction. Male rats with either in intact hypophysis or a hypophysectomy were bilaterally adrenalectomized, and corticoids were replaced with deoxycorticosterone and hydrocortisone therapy. Hypophysectomized rats were further treated with thyroxine, testosterone, and, where appropriate, bovine growth hormone. The hormone replacement program re-established systolic blood pressure in hypophysectomized rats to levels observed in intact-hypophysis rats. The left ventricle weight (wet and dry)/body weight ratio was used as an indication of relative myocardial weight. Hypophysectomized rats without growth hormone were observed to have higher left ventricle weight/body ratios than both hypophysectomized rats with growth hormone and intact-hypophysis rats. Further, rats without growth hormone were determined to have a lower myocardial water content than rats with growth hormone. Mathematical analysis established that the relationship between myocardial water fraction and ventricular wet weight is nonlinear. This relationship shows that small changes in water fraction can produce large changes in ventricular wet weight. The reasons for the different water content in the myocardium were not further investigated.", "contents": "The influence of growth hormone on myocardial weight and water fraction in rats. While conducting experiments on the role of growth hormone in cardiac hypertrophy, data were also gathered on the influence of growth hormone on myocardial wet and dry weight in relation to body weight and myocardial water fraction. Male rats with either in intact hypophysis or a hypophysectomy were bilaterally adrenalectomized, and corticoids were replaced with deoxycorticosterone and hydrocortisone therapy. Hypophysectomized rats were further treated with thyroxine, testosterone, and, where appropriate, bovine growth hormone. The hormone replacement program re-established systolic blood pressure in hypophysectomized rats to levels observed in intact-hypophysis rats. The left ventricle weight (wet and dry)/body weight ratio was used as an indication of relative myocardial weight. Hypophysectomized rats without growth hormone were observed to have higher left ventricle weight/body ratios than both hypophysectomized rats with growth hormone and intact-hypophysis rats. Further, rats without growth hormone were determined to have a lower myocardial water content than rats with growth hormone. Mathematical analysis established that the relationship between myocardial water fraction and ventricular wet weight is nonlinear. This relationship shows that small changes in water fraction can produce large changes in ventricular wet weight. The reasons for the different water content in the myocardium were not further investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:129838", "title": "Modulation of myosin in right ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "Mild pulmonic stenosis was performed in dogs to evaluate the effect of systolic pressures overloading on the activity and subunits of myosin in the early hypertrophied right ventricle. Three weeks following pulmonary constriction, six hypertrophied dogs were sacrificed and compared to six sham-operated dogs which served as controls. In the right ventricular free wall of hypertrophied right ventricles (HRV), the heart/body weight was 46% greater than that of normal right ventricles (NRV) (p less than 0.01). Myosin ATPase activity (Vmax values) in mumoles phosphate/mg/min, was elevated significantly in the stressed ventricle for both K+ and Ca++ activity in hypertrophied right ventricles. Associated with the increase in myosin activity, there was an increase in proportion of heavy to light chains in myosin from HRV. There were approximately 2 moles of myosin light chains per mole of myosin heavy chains in NRV and approximately 1 mole of myosin light chains per mole of myosin heavy chains in HRV. The proportion of light chain C1 to C2, did not change in myosin from NRV and HRV. Of the C1 light chains, according to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, there was less C1d as compared to C1c in HRV as compared to NRV. Thus K+- and Ca++- activated myosin is elevated in early canine HRV by pressure overload. It is suggested taht the augmented myosin activity is due to a reduction of light chain inhibition of myosin ATPase activity, which appears to result from the slower turnover rate of myosin light chains relative to heavy chains. Furthermore, when myosin light chains are added to hypertrophied right ventricular myosin, the ATPase activity is lowered.", "contents": "Modulation of myosin in right ventricular hypertrophy. Mild pulmonic stenosis was performed in dogs to evaluate the effect of systolic pressures overloading on the activity and subunits of myosin in the early hypertrophied right ventricle. Three weeks following pulmonary constriction, six hypertrophied dogs were sacrificed and compared to six sham-operated dogs which served as controls. In the right ventricular free wall of hypertrophied right ventricles (HRV), the heart/body weight was 46% greater than that of normal right ventricles (NRV) (p less than 0.01). Myosin ATPase activity (Vmax values) in mumoles phosphate/mg/min, was elevated significantly in the stressed ventricle for both K+ and Ca++ activity in hypertrophied right ventricles. Associated with the increase in myosin activity, there was an increase in proportion of heavy to light chains in myosin from HRV. There were approximately 2 moles of myosin light chains per mole of myosin heavy chains in NRV and approximately 1 mole of myosin light chains per mole of myosin heavy chains in HRV. The proportion of light chain C1 to C2, did not change in myosin from NRV and HRV. Of the C1 light chains, according to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, there was less C1d as compared to C1c in HRV as compared to NRV. Thus K+- and Ca++- activated myosin is elevated in early canine HRV by pressure overload. It is suggested taht the augmented myosin activity is due to a reduction of light chain inhibition of myosin ATPase activity, which appears to result from the slower turnover rate of myosin light chains relative to heavy chains. Furthermore, when myosin light chains are added to hypertrophied right ventricular myosin, the ATPase activity is lowered."}
{"id": "PMID:129839", "title": "The spectrum of degenerative changes in hypertrophied human cardiac muscle cells: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Light and electron microscopic observations were made on cardiac tissues removed at operation from 91 patients with ventricular hypertrophy, including left ventricular myocardium from 16 patients with aortic valvular disease and from 16 patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy, and crista supraventricularis muscle from 59 patients with congenital heart diseases associated with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. In all patients the majority of cardiac muscle cells were hypertrophied, had intact myofibrils, and were surrounded by small amounts of fibrous tissue. In 18 (20%) of the 91 patients cardiac muscle cells with a wide spectrum of degenerative changes were present in addition to hyperthrophied, nondegenerated cells. Early degenerative changes consisted of focal myofibrillar lysis, with preferential loss of thick myofilaments, and focal proliferation of tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Cardiac muscle cells with advanced degeneration had extensive myofibrillar damage and a marked decrease in numbers of myofibrils and T-tubules. The most severely degenerated cells showed selective proliferation of organelles, including sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and glycogen, which replaced the contractile elements in the cytoplasm. These findings suggest that degenerated cardiac muscle cells have poor contractile function and may be responsible for impaired cardiac performance in some patients with ventricular hypertrophy. These morphological features appear to represent a final common pathway for degeneration of cardiac muscle cells in a variety of cardiac conditions.", "contents": "The spectrum of degenerative changes in hypertrophied human cardiac muscle cells: an ultrastructural study. Light and electron microscopic observations were made on cardiac tissues removed at operation from 91 patients with ventricular hypertrophy, including left ventricular myocardium from 16 patients with aortic valvular disease and from 16 patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy, and crista supraventricularis muscle from 59 patients with congenital heart diseases associated with right ventricular outflow tract obstruction. In all patients the majority of cardiac muscle cells were hypertrophied, had intact myofibrils, and were surrounded by small amounts of fibrous tissue. In 18 (20%) of the 91 patients cardiac muscle cells with a wide spectrum of degenerative changes were present in addition to hyperthrophied, nondegenerated cells. Early degenerative changes consisted of focal myofibrillar lysis, with preferential loss of thick myofilaments, and focal proliferation of tubules of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Cardiac muscle cells with advanced degeneration had extensive myofibrillar damage and a marked decrease in numbers of myofibrils and T-tubules. The most severely degenerated cells showed selective proliferation of organelles, including sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and glycogen, which replaced the contractile elements in the cytoplasm. These findings suggest that degenerated cardiac muscle cells have poor contractile function and may be responsible for impaired cardiac performance in some patients with ventricular hypertrophy. These morphological features appear to represent a final common pathway for degeneration of cardiac muscle cells in a variety of cardiac conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:129840", "title": "Creatine: a possible stimulus skeletal cardiac muscle hypertrophy.", "content": "These experiments test whether creatine, a product of muscular contraction, stimulates myofibrillar protein synthesis. It was found that skeletal muscle cells formed both in vitro and in vivo and cardiac muscle cells formed in vivo synthesize myofibrillar proteins faster when supplied creatine in vitro. The rates of synthesis and/or accumulation of three myofibrillar proteins-myosin heavy chain actin, and creatine kinase-were stimulated by creatine. In contrast, the rates of synthesis of total protein and of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the activities of several nonmyofibrillar enzymes were not altered by creatine. These include lactic dehydrogenase, cathepsin D, acid phosphatase, and beta-acetylglucosaminidase. It is concluded that creatine selectively stimulated the rate of synthesis of contractile proteins in skeletal and cardiac muscle in vitro and may play a role in muscle hypertrophy.", "contents": "Creatine: a possible stimulus skeletal cardiac muscle hypertrophy. These experiments test whether creatine, a product of muscular contraction, stimulates myofibrillar protein synthesis. It was found that skeletal muscle cells formed both in vitro and in vivo and cardiac muscle cells formed in vivo synthesize myofibrillar proteins faster when supplied creatine in vitro. The rates of synthesis and/or accumulation of three myofibrillar proteins-myosin heavy chain actin, and creatine kinase-were stimulated by creatine. In contrast, the rates of synthesis of total protein and of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and the activities of several nonmyofibrillar enzymes were not altered by creatine. These include lactic dehydrogenase, cathepsin D, acid phosphatase, and beta-acetylglucosaminidase. It is concluded that creatine selectively stimulated the rate of synthesis of contractile proteins in skeletal and cardiac muscle in vitro and may play a role in muscle hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:129846", "title": "[Radiology and cytogenetic (author's transl)].", "content": "One of the major advances in medicine where Radiology is able to be of considerable aid is in the field of Cytogenetics. Parallel with the development of Cytogenetics a group of radiologists described radiological signs associated with chromosomal abnormalities, which became the basis of Radio Cytogenetics. In the last few years radiocytogenetics has provided a list of various signs commonly noted in diseases with chromosomal abnormalities. In spite of the adjuvant and secondary role of radiology, its techniques help in the early diagnosis and genetic counseling. In the final assessment the diagnosis of any chromosomal anomaly needs to depend on a combination of clinical, radiological and genetic features.", "contents": "[Radiology and cytogenetic (author's transl)]. One of the major advances in medicine where Radiology is able to be of considerable aid is in the field of Cytogenetics. Parallel with the development of Cytogenetics a group of radiologists described radiological signs associated with chromosomal abnormalities, which became the basis of Radio Cytogenetics. In the last few years radiocytogenetics has provided a list of various signs commonly noted in diseases with chromosomal abnormalities. In spite of the adjuvant and secondary role of radiology, its techniques help in the early diagnosis and genetic counseling. In the final assessment the diagnosis of any chromosomal anomaly needs to depend on a combination of clinical, radiological and genetic features."}
{"id": "PMID:129852", "title": "Platelet energetic enzymes.", "content": "The LDH isoenzymic pattern was studied in platelet cytolysates from man and rabbits, and the two forms of ATP-ase-the Mg++ and the Ca++ activated ones--were assayed in human platelet cytolysates. In man, the platelet LDH zymogram was of the intermediary type. Some of the zymograms presented 4 fractions others 5; in all patterns the H/M subunits ratio was above 1. In rabbits, the platelet LDH zymogram was of the anodal type with only 4 bands; the H/M subunits ratio showed the same variations as in man. Of the two forms of ATP-ase, the Mg++ activated one was dominant in the platelet cytolysates studied.", "contents": "Platelet energetic enzymes. The LDH isoenzymic pattern was studied in platelet cytolysates from man and rabbits, and the two forms of ATP-ase-the Mg++ and the Ca++ activated ones--were assayed in human platelet cytolysates. In man, the platelet LDH zymogram was of the intermediary type. Some of the zymograms presented 4 fractions others 5; in all patterns the H/M subunits ratio was above 1. In rabbits, the platelet LDH zymogram was of the anodal type with only 4 bands; the H/M subunits ratio showed the same variations as in man. Of the two forms of ATP-ase, the Mg++ activated one was dominant in the platelet cytolysates studied."}
{"id": "PMID:129853", "title": "[Results of the treatment of acute gonorrhea with spectinomycin. Comparison with the combination of aqueous penicillin and probenecid].", "content": "Results following treatment of acute gonorrhea with aqueous penicillin combined with probenecid and spectinomycin hydrochloride (2.0 g) are compared and found to be statistically equivalent. Therefore, if a patient is allergic to penicillin, spectinomycin hydrochloride can be regarded as a valuable alternative. The results appear to be the same whether probenecid is administered simultaneously or 1/2-2 h before penicillin. It is advisable to control all patients one week after therapy. A second control after 2 weeks for men and after the next menstruation for women is highly desirable. If the patient fails to respond to treatment, not only an increase in the antibiotic dose, but also prolongation of therapy by administering the same dose on 3 consecutive days, is effective.", "contents": "[Results of the treatment of acute gonorrhea with spectinomycin. Comparison with the combination of aqueous penicillin and probenecid]. Results following treatment of acute gonorrhea with aqueous penicillin combined with probenecid and spectinomycin hydrochloride (2.0 g) are compared and found to be statistically equivalent. Therefore, if a patient is allergic to penicillin, spectinomycin hydrochloride can be regarded as a valuable alternative. The results appear to be the same whether probenecid is administered simultaneously or 1/2-2 h before penicillin. It is advisable to control all patients one week after therapy. A second control after 2 weeks for men and after the next menstruation for women is highly desirable. If the patient fails to respond to treatment, not only an increase in the antibiotic dose, but also prolongation of therapy by administering the same dose on 3 consecutive days, is effective."}
{"id": "PMID:129854", "title": "[Proceedings: Echocardiography for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy].", "content": "An echocardiographic and electrocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was carried out in 50 patients with chronic pressure or volume overload of the left ventricle, and in 16 patients with cardiomyopathy. In contrast to the ECG, echocardiography permitted good differentiation of ventricular dilatation, symmetrical and asymmetrical wall thickening. Positive voltage criteria (SOKOLOFF) were found in 76% of cases with abnormal muscle mass, but the height of QRS amplitude showed no close correlation with the degree of LVH. The presence of absence of ST/T changes was an unreliable index in predicting wall thickness. The practical value of echocardiagraphy in the differential diagnosis of left ventricular disorders is discussed.", "contents": "[Proceedings: Echocardiography for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy]. An echocardiographic and electrocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was carried out in 50 patients with chronic pressure or volume overload of the left ventricle, and in 16 patients with cardiomyopathy. In contrast to the ECG, echocardiography permitted good differentiation of ventricular dilatation, symmetrical and asymmetrical wall thickening. Positive voltage criteria (SOKOLOFF) were found in 76% of cases with abnormal muscle mass, but the height of QRS amplitude showed no close correlation with the degree of LVH. The presence of absence of ST/T changes was an unreliable index in predicting wall thickness. The practical value of echocardiagraphy in the differential diagnosis of left ventricular disorders is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129855", "title": "[Proceedings: 70 mm photofluorography: a valuable aid in coronary angiographic studies].", "content": "With the development of new intensifiers using cesium iodide as the input phosphor and having a spatial frequency of up to 4 lines/mm, it has become possible to obtain high contrast serial photographs using a 70 mm camera. In 48 patients undergoing coronary arteriography, 35 mm cine and 70 mm spotfilms were obtained at exposures as follows: 3 msec, 75-95 kV at 200 mA for the 35 mm cine (50 frames/sec) and 6-10 msec, 75-95 kV at 300 mA (4 FRAMES/SEc) for the 70 mm images. Image quality and diagnostic information of the two media were compared. 70 mm films were of excellent quality. The vessel edges showed up sharp, the pictures were high in contrast, and small arteries in particular could be well defined. 70 mm photofluorography offers many advantages which are discussed.", "contents": "[Proceedings: 70 mm photofluorography: a valuable aid in coronary angiographic studies]. With the development of new intensifiers using cesium iodide as the input phosphor and having a spatial frequency of up to 4 lines/mm, it has become possible to obtain high contrast serial photographs using a 70 mm camera. In 48 patients undergoing coronary arteriography, 35 mm cine and 70 mm spotfilms were obtained at exposures as follows: 3 msec, 75-95 kV at 200 mA for the 35 mm cine (50 frames/sec) and 6-10 msec, 75-95 kV at 300 mA (4 FRAMES/SEc) for the 70 mm images. Image quality and diagnostic information of the two media were compared. 70 mm films were of excellent quality. The vessel edges showed up sharp, the pictures were high in contrast, and small arteries in particular could be well defined. 70 mm photofluorography offers many advantages which are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129856", "title": "[Ischias without intervertebral disk prolapse: the compression of lumbar nerve roots in the lateral recess of the spinal canal].", "content": "In some cases with the clinical and myelographic diagnosis of lumbar root compression due to disc herniation, exploration fails to reveal any lesion of the intervertebral disc. Sometimes the source of the root compression is found to be articular: process impingement in stenotic recessus lateralis of the spinal canal. Pathogenesis and surgical therapy of such lesion are discussed. It is suggested that in such cases radical exposure of the nerve root should be undertaken, even if it should prove necessary to sacrifice articular facets.", "contents": "[Ischias without intervertebral disk prolapse: the compression of lumbar nerve roots in the lateral recess of the spinal canal]. In some cases with the clinical and myelographic diagnosis of lumbar root compression due to disc herniation, exploration fails to reveal any lesion of the intervertebral disc. Sometimes the source of the root compression is found to be articular: process impingement in stenotic recessus lateralis of the spinal canal. Pathogenesis and surgical therapy of such lesion are discussed. It is suggested that in such cases radical exposure of the nerve root should be undertaken, even if it should prove necessary to sacrifice articular facets."}
{"id": "PMID:129874", "title": "Digitalis in clinical practice.", "content": "Rational use of digitalis requires adequate knowledge of the drug, the disease and the patient, and an ability to integrate these factors. The pharmacology of digitalis is reviewed and the pathophysiology of cardiac failure and supraventricular arrhythmias, as well as aspects of toxicity and the use of serum levels, is discussed. Emphasis is placed on individualisation of therapy and on careful clinical observation.", "contents": "Digitalis in clinical practice. Rational use of digitalis requires adequate knowledge of the drug, the disease and the patient, and an ability to integrate these factors. The pharmacology of digitalis is reviewed and the pathophysiology of cardiac failure and supraventricular arrhythmias, as well as aspects of toxicity and the use of serum levels, is discussed. Emphasis is placed on individualisation of therapy and on careful clinical observation."}
{"id": "PMID:129884", "title": "LD homozygous cells in the Warao population: a possible new allele at the LD1 locus within the main histocompatibility region in man.", "content": "A Venezuelan isolate indigenous population, the Warao, with a very large proportion of HL-A identical unrelated subjects non-reacting in MLC, has been considered a good potential source of LD homozygous cells. Cultures with lymphocytes from the members of several selected Warao families were performed with this aim and results obtained from three families are reported. In two of the families the parents share haplotype 2,5 and two of the siblings are SD double homozygous 2,5; in the third family, the common haplotype was 2,W15 and two of the siblings are also double homozygous 2,W15. Mixed lymphocyte cultures within the families have revealed that the SD homozygous children do not stimulate the cells from either parent thus being LD homozygous as well. Negative bilateral stimulation between 2,5 LD homozygous cells indicates that the LD1 allele carried by these individual's lymphocytes is the same; the negative MLC response of the 2,W15 LD homozygous cells to the 2,5 cells used as stimulators suggest either that their LD determinant is identical or the LD W15 allele is included in the LD5. As the Warao show a very large proportion of MLC identical individuals and a very high incidence of HL-A5 and W15, it is postulated that the LD allele(s) here described will be found in high frequency in this population.", "contents": "LD homozygous cells in the Warao population: a possible new allele at the LD1 locus within the main histocompatibility region in man. A Venezuelan isolate indigenous population, the Warao, with a very large proportion of HL-A identical unrelated subjects non-reacting in MLC, has been considered a good potential source of LD homozygous cells. Cultures with lymphocytes from the members of several selected Warao families were performed with this aim and results obtained from three families are reported. In two of the families the parents share haplotype 2,5 and two of the siblings are SD double homozygous 2,5; in the third family, the common haplotype was 2,W15 and two of the siblings are also double homozygous 2,W15. Mixed lymphocyte cultures within the families have revealed that the SD homozygous children do not stimulate the cells from either parent thus being LD homozygous as well. Negative bilateral stimulation between 2,5 LD homozygous cells indicates that the LD1 allele carried by these individual's lymphocytes is the same; the negative MLC response of the 2,W15 LD homozygous cells to the 2,5 cells used as stimulators suggest either that their LD determinant is identical or the LD W15 allele is included in the LD5. As the Warao show a very large proportion of MLC identical individuals and a very high incidence of HL-A5 and W15, it is postulated that the LD allele(s) here described will be found in high frequency in this population."}
{"id": "PMID:129885", "title": "Segregation of HL-A27 and ankylosing spondylitis in an informative kindred.", "content": "A family with high prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis (A.S.) was investigated for the presence of HL-A27. In this family, classical A.S. occurred in five subjects and possible A.S. in two out of 64 members examined. In all seven cases, HL-A27 was present. The study of the segregation of A.S. and HL-A27 in this kindred demonstrates that more than one gene is responsible for the expression of A.S., that the homozygous state for the HL-A27 gene may lead to the occurrence of A.S., and that possibly a simple genetic explanation accounts for the simultaneous transmission of HL-A27 and A.S.", "contents": "Segregation of HL-A27 and ankylosing spondylitis in an informative kindred. A family with high prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis (A.S.) was investigated for the presence of HL-A27. In this family, classical A.S. occurred in five subjects and possible A.S. in two out of 64 members examined. In all seven cases, HL-A27 was present. The study of the segregation of A.S. and HL-A27 in this kindred demonstrates that more than one gene is responsible for the expression of A.S., that the homozygous state for the HL-A27 gene may lead to the occurrence of A.S., and that possibly a simple genetic explanation accounts for the simultaneous transmission of HL-A27 and A.S."}
{"id": "PMID:129886", "title": "Extraction of an inhibitory substance from rat liver on rat brain ATPase.", "content": "A substance, which can be extracted from rat liver and partially purified, has been tested for its effect on the activity of ATPase in rat brain. This substance inhibited the ATPase activity significantly, and the inhibitory effect was not eliminated by the addition of catecholamines such as epinephrine and dopamine.", "contents": "Extraction of an inhibitory substance from rat liver on rat brain ATPase. A substance, which can be extracted from rat liver and partially purified, has been tested for its effect on the activity of ATPase in rat brain. This substance inhibited the ATPase activity significantly, and the inhibitory effect was not eliminated by the addition of catecholamines such as epinephrine and dopamine."}
{"id": "PMID:129891", "title": "[Dental care for handicapped child].", "content": "The stomatological care of the disabled child is a part of the overall medical treatment. According to the primary disease, it should be integrated into the step program of systematically pursued paedodontics be means of appropriate prophylactic, therapeutic and metaphylactic measures. Close co-operation of the specialties involved is necessary, the choice of the measures to be taken depends upon the kind and the severity of the disability.", "contents": "[Dental care for handicapped child]. The stomatological care of the disabled child is a part of the overall medical treatment. According to the primary disease, it should be integrated into the step program of systematically pursued paedodontics be means of appropriate prophylactic, therapeutic and metaphylactic measures. Close co-operation of the specialties involved is necessary, the choice of the measures to be taken depends upon the kind and the severity of the disability."}
{"id": "PMID:129895", "title": "Detection of genetically determined histocompatibility antigen differences between HL-A identical and MLC nonreactive siblings.", "content": "Five patients with aplastic anemia were shown to be sensitized in vivo to the transplantation antigens of HL-A identical and MLC nonreactive sibling bone marrow transplantation donors. The sensitization in four cases were detected by antibody-dependent cell-mediated lysis (AICML) techniques, and in one case by antibody-dependent cell-mediated lysis (ADCML). In two cases the inherited nature of the sensitizing antigen was demonstrated, and in one case the inheritance of the antigen was shown by a family study to be independent of the HL-A and MLC loci. Maximal AICML was demonstrated in two cases at the time of bone marrow graft rejection. Successful transplants after immunosuppression with rabbit anti-thymocyte serum, procarbazine, and cyclophosphamide were performed in two patients, in whom sensitization was detected before transplantation.", "contents": "Detection of genetically determined histocompatibility antigen differences between HL-A identical and MLC nonreactive siblings. Five patients with aplastic anemia were shown to be sensitized in vivo to the transplantation antigens of HL-A identical and MLC nonreactive sibling bone marrow transplantation donors. The sensitization in four cases were detected by antibody-dependent cell-mediated lysis (AICML) techniques, and in one case by antibody-dependent cell-mediated lysis (ADCML). In two cases the inherited nature of the sensitizing antigen was demonstrated, and in one case the inheritance of the antigen was shown by a family study to be independent of the HL-A and MLC loci. Maximal AICML was demonstrated in two cases at the time of bone marrow graft rejection. Successful transplants after immunosuppression with rabbit anti-thymocyte serum, procarbazine, and cyclophosphamide were performed in two patients, in whom sensitization was detected before transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:129898", "title": "Renal failure during intermittent rifampicin therapy.", "content": "Two patients who developed reversible renal failure during intermittent rifampicin therapy are described. Both had febrile reactions to rifampicin. The first was also found to have uraemia associated with swelling of the glomerular endothelial cells. The second developed tubular necrosis unassociated with haemolysis or shock. The pathogenesis of the renal lesion in these two patients, as revealed by light microscopy, immunofluorescence studies and electron microscopy, is discussed.", "contents": "Renal failure during intermittent rifampicin therapy. Two patients who developed reversible renal failure during intermittent rifampicin therapy are described. Both had febrile reactions to rifampicin. The first was also found to have uraemia associated with swelling of the glomerular endothelial cells. The second developed tubular necrosis unassociated with haemolysis or shock. The pathogenesis of the renal lesion in these two patients, as revealed by light microscopy, immunofluorescence studies and electron microscopy, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129901", "title": "[Pyosurgery departments in a multiprofile pediatric-surgery hospital].", "content": "In the Child Surgery Centre situated in a 9--storied building a special pus department, an isolated operating room and a \"pus\" unit in the intensive care division were designed for treatment of patients with suppurative-inflammatory diseases. The conducted bacteriological studies of the environmental objects and air made it possible to determine the presence of significant differences in qualitative and quantitative indices of contamination of the \"pus\" and \"pure\" departments, \"pus\" and \"pure\" units of the intensive care divisions, operating rooms with general microflora and pathogenic staphylococcus. Four-year observations (1970-1973) indicated that such functional divisions designed in a multipurpose hospital for treatment of patients with suppurative-inflammatory processes along with the routine prophylactic measures allowed a considerable reduction in the incidence of postoperative suppurative complications.", "contents": "[Pyosurgery departments in a multiprofile pediatric-surgery hospital]. In the Child Surgery Centre situated in a 9--storied building a special pus department, an isolated operating room and a \"pus\" unit in the intensive care division were designed for treatment of patients with suppurative-inflammatory diseases. The conducted bacteriological studies of the environmental objects and air made it possible to determine the presence of significant differences in qualitative and quantitative indices of contamination of the \"pus\" and \"pure\" departments, \"pus\" and \"pure\" units of the intensive care divisions, operating rooms with general microflora and pathogenic staphylococcus. Four-year observations (1970-1973) indicated that such functional divisions designed in a multipurpose hospital for treatment of patients with suppurative-inflammatory processes along with the routine prophylactic measures allowed a considerable reduction in the incidence of postoperative suppurative complications."}
{"id": "PMID:129902", "title": "[Phage typing of strains of Staphylococcus aureus from staphylococcal mastitis of dairy cows].", "content": "Of 62 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from milk samples of dairy-cows with staphylococcic mastitis from five agricultural enterprises, 68 p. c. could be typified as bacteriophages. In 42 typified strains, altogether 17 different phage pictures were found, in which case, in the different agricultural enterprises, the number of phage picture fluctuated between 1 and 8. Phage picture 42 D was found and dominated in all the agricultural enterprises. Of the typified strains, 76% could be ranked only into one phage group and 24% in the \"M\" group (= miscellaneous). Of 32 typified strains, 56.3% belonged to phage group IV, 25% to group III, 12.5% to group I, and 6.2% to group II.", "contents": "[Phage typing of strains of Staphylococcus aureus from staphylococcal mastitis of dairy cows]. Of 62 strains of Staphylococcus aureus, isolated from milk samples of dairy-cows with staphylococcic mastitis from five agricultural enterprises, 68 p. c. could be typified as bacteriophages. In 42 typified strains, altogether 17 different phage pictures were found, in which case, in the different agricultural enterprises, the number of phage picture fluctuated between 1 and 8. Phage picture 42 D was found and dominated in all the agricultural enterprises. Of the typified strains, 76% could be ranked only into one phage group and 24% in the \"M\" group (= miscellaneous). Of 32 typified strains, 56.3% belonged to phage group IV, 25% to group III, 12.5% to group I, and 6.2% to group II."}
{"id": "PMID:129899", "title": "[Biochemical and functional changes in skeletal muscles with electrostimulation].", "content": "Electrostimulation of rabbit muscles for 18 days is accompanied by a disturbance in certain biochemical indices and functional state of the muscles. This is confirmed by a decrease in ATP content, intensity of Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmatic reticulum fragments, by a drop in exitability (by the indices of rheobase and chronaxia) as well as by a change in the structure of muscular fibres components, motor axons, motor nerve endings and sciatic nerve stems. Less developed changes are observed when electrostimulation is performed for 5 days and twice for 5 days, including the period of rest. In this case the changes in Atp content and visual deviations in the muscles structure are absent and only the ability of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum fragments to Ca2+ uptake decreases insignificantly and the muscles excitability increases. Administration of ATP and simultaneous electrostimulation for 5 days normalize the disturbed Ca2+ uptake and preserve the higher excitability, that makes it possible to consider this regime of training to be the most acceptable.", "contents": "[Biochemical and functional changes in skeletal muscles with electrostimulation]. Electrostimulation of rabbit muscles for 18 days is accompanied by a disturbance in certain biochemical indices and functional state of the muscles. This is confirmed by a decrease in ATP content, intensity of Ca2+ uptake by the sarcoplasmatic reticulum fragments, by a drop in exitability (by the indices of rheobase and chronaxia) as well as by a change in the structure of muscular fibres components, motor axons, motor nerve endings and sciatic nerve stems. Less developed changes are observed when electrostimulation is performed for 5 days and twice for 5 days, including the period of rest. In this case the changes in Atp content and visual deviations in the muscles structure are absent and only the ability of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum fragments to Ca2+ uptake decreases insignificantly and the muscles excitability increases. Administration of ATP and simultaneous electrostimulation for 5 days normalize the disturbed Ca2+ uptake and preserve the higher excitability, that makes it possible to consider this regime of training to be the most acceptable."}
{"id": "PMID:129944", "title": "[Association between tumor immunology, stromal reaction, and tumor endocarditis (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the observation that adenomatous carcinomas are frequently associated with tumor endocarditis, whereas undifferentiated tumors are not, autopsy material of tumor cases was examined for differences in the immune response with regard to the histological typing of the tumors. In the former group signs of stimulated cellular and humoral immune mechanisms were markedly stronger developed than in the latter group. From these findings it is suggested that tumor endocarditis represents an immune complex disease.", "contents": "[Association between tumor immunology, stromal reaction, and tumor endocarditis (author's transl)]. Based on the observation that adenomatous carcinomas are frequently associated with tumor endocarditis, whereas undifferentiated tumors are not, autopsy material of tumor cases was examined for differences in the immune response with regard to the histological typing of the tumors. In the former group signs of stimulated cellular and humoral immune mechanisms were markedly stronger developed than in the latter group. From these findings it is suggested that tumor endocarditis represents an immune complex disease."}
{"id": "PMID:129958", "title": "[Provision for the radiation protection of medical personnel in a radiogynecologic department (according to the experience of the Research Institute of Oncology and Medical Radiology of the Ministry of Health of the Belorussian SSR)].", "content": "Some aids of collective and individual radioprotection of the medical personnel during a conduction of intracavitary gammatherapy are evaluated. The characteristics of the production equipment (a semi-automatic protection line, a set for radiation following the principle of simple afterloading, remote afterloading) are given, and their operation principles are described. The materials concerning the radiation-hygienic analysis of the medical personnel labour conditions are reported. Measures providing their reliable protection during manipulations with radioactive sources are delineated.", "contents": "[Provision for the radiation protection of medical personnel in a radiogynecologic department (according to the experience of the Research Institute of Oncology and Medical Radiology of the Ministry of Health of the Belorussian SSR)]. Some aids of collective and individual radioprotection of the medical personnel during a conduction of intracavitary gammatherapy are evaluated. The characteristics of the production equipment (a semi-automatic protection line, a set for radiation following the principle of simple afterloading, remote afterloading) are given, and their operation principles are described. The materials concerning the radiation-hygienic analysis of the medical personnel labour conditions are reported. Measures providing their reliable protection during manipulations with radioactive sources are delineated."}
{"id": "PMID:129953", "title": "[Succinate dehydrogenase and Na+-K+-ATPase activities in cells of rat kidney tubules during increased excretion of sodium, caused by furosemide].", "content": "In the cells of nephron tubules an effect of furosemide on kidney function and on succinate dehydrogenase and Na+-K+-ATPase activities was studied cytochemically. Administration of furosemide (1 mg per 100 g of body weight) increased excretion of sodium and potassium. If the rate of filtration through Malpighian tufts was constant, the increase in Na and K excretion demonstrated the tubular effect of the diuretics. Both administration of furosemide and preincubation of the drug with kidney slices in vitro caused a decrease in succinate dehydrogenase activity in the cells of all the nephron sections. These data suggest that a direct effect of the diuretics on oxidative metabolism in renal cells took place. Alteration in the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase was observed only in vivo and in those nephron sections, where sodium reabsorption was decreased under the effect of furosemide.", "contents": "[Succinate dehydrogenase and Na+-K+-ATPase activities in cells of rat kidney tubules during increased excretion of sodium, caused by furosemide]. In the cells of nephron tubules an effect of furosemide on kidney function and on succinate dehydrogenase and Na+-K+-ATPase activities was studied cytochemically. Administration of furosemide (1 mg per 100 g of body weight) increased excretion of sodium and potassium. If the rate of filtration through Malpighian tufts was constant, the increase in Na and K excretion demonstrated the tubular effect of the diuretics. Both administration of furosemide and preincubation of the drug with kidney slices in vitro caused a decrease in succinate dehydrogenase activity in the cells of all the nephron sections. These data suggest that a direct effect of the diuretics on oxidative metabolism in renal cells took place. Alteration in the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase was observed only in vivo and in those nephron sections, where sodium reabsorption was decreased under the effect of furosemide."}
{"id": "PMID:129956", "title": "[Bicarbonate-stimulated ATP-ase from membranes of rat erythrocytes].", "content": "A bicarbonate-stimulating effect on the ATPase activity in membranes of rat erythrocytes depended upon pH, concentration of Mg2+ and HCO3-ions. Sodium azide and sodium thiocyanate distinctly inhibited the ATPase activity; pentachlorphenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol did not change it. Properties of the bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase from erythrocyte membranes were shown to be similar to the properties of the HCO3--ATPases from other cells.", "contents": "[Bicarbonate-stimulated ATP-ase from membranes of rat erythrocytes]. A bicarbonate-stimulating effect on the ATPase activity in membranes of rat erythrocytes depended upon pH, concentration of Mg2+ and HCO3-ions. Sodium azide and sodium thiocyanate distinctly inhibited the ATPase activity; pentachlorphenol and 2,4-dinitrophenol did not change it. Properties of the bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase from erythrocyte membranes were shown to be similar to the properties of the HCO3--ATPases from other cells."}
{"id": "PMID:129955", "title": "[Electrophoretic separation of glycosaminoglycans from different types of connective tissue and biological fluids].", "content": "Separation by means of electrophoresis on paper of glycoseaminoglycans from different types of human and animals connective tissue (bone tissue, synovial membrane of joints, skin and others) and from biological fluids (blood serum, urine, joint liquid) enabled to determine the ratio between sulphatated and nonsulphatated glycoseaminoglycans in normal conditions, in different pathological states and impairments of connective tissue structures. The method was found to be adequate for studies on quantitative and qualitative composition of glycoseaminoglycans and their metabolic products in pathologically altered connective tissue and biological fluids.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic separation of glycosaminoglycans from different types of connective tissue and biological fluids]. Separation by means of electrophoresis on paper of glycoseaminoglycans from different types of human and animals connective tissue (bone tissue, synovial membrane of joints, skin and others) and from biological fluids (blood serum, urine, joint liquid) enabled to determine the ratio between sulphatated and nonsulphatated glycoseaminoglycans in normal conditions, in different pathological states and impairments of connective tissue structures. The method was found to be adequate for studies on quantitative and qualitative composition of glycoseaminoglycans and their metabolic products in pathologically altered connective tissue and biological fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:129963", "title": "[The activity of aminotransferases in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in neurological diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The activities of the aminotransferases, GOT and GPT, were determined in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, Wilson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Friedreich's ataxia, phenylketonuria, and head injuries. 1. In patients with Huntington's chorea the activity of SGOT was lower than in controls (P = 0.02); in Friedreich's ataxia LGPT activity was decreased (P less than 0.001); in patients suffering from ALS SGOT (P = 0.005), SGPT (P less than 0.001) and LGOT (P less than 0.001) activities were increased. 2. Long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease and Wilson's disease with L-dopa resulted in an increase in SGOT, LGOT, and SGPT activity over approximately 2 months, with subsequent normalization of these enzyme activities in spite of continued therapy. Guanidine treatment led to an increase in aminotransferase activities in patients with ALS. Penicillamine caused a decrease in SGOT and SGPT activities in Wilson's disease. These results illustrate the necessity of taking therapeutic measures into account in the interpretation of data on aminotransferase activities.", "contents": "[The activity of aminotransferases in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in neurological diseases (author's transl)]. The activities of the aminotransferases, GOT and GPT, were determined in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease, Huntington's chorea, Wilson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Friedreich's ataxia, phenylketonuria, and head injuries. 1. In patients with Huntington's chorea the activity of SGOT was lower than in controls (P = 0.02); in Friedreich's ataxia LGPT activity was decreased (P less than 0.001); in patients suffering from ALS SGOT (P = 0.005), SGPT (P less than 0.001) and LGOT (P less than 0.001) activities were increased. 2. Long-term treatment of Parkinson's disease and Wilson's disease with L-dopa resulted in an increase in SGOT, LGOT, and SGPT activity over approximately 2 months, with subsequent normalization of these enzyme activities in spite of continued therapy. Guanidine treatment led to an increase in aminotransferase activities in patients with ALS. Penicillamine caused a decrease in SGOT and SGPT activities in Wilson's disease. These results illustrate the necessity of taking therapeutic measures into account in the interpretation of data on aminotransferase activities."}
{"id": "PMID:129957", "title": "[Changes in mechano-chemical properties, ATPase activity and structure of rat liver mitochondria under the effect of sodium fluoride].", "content": "With elongation of periods of per oral administration of sodium fluoride into rats, in spite of the dose decrease, the activity of mitochondrial Mg2+-stimulated ATPase was increased. The capacity of the liver tissue mitochondria to swelling, contraction and to secondary swelling was altered. In acute and chronic experiments the distinct impairments in the ultrastructure of mitochondria of liver tissue cells were observed by means of electron microscopy; this demonstrated the possible correlation between structure and function of the organelles.", "contents": "[Changes in mechano-chemical properties, ATPase activity and structure of rat liver mitochondria under the effect of sodium fluoride]. With elongation of periods of per oral administration of sodium fluoride into rats, in spite of the dose decrease, the activity of mitochondrial Mg2+-stimulated ATPase was increased. The capacity of the liver tissue mitochondria to swelling, contraction and to secondary swelling was altered. In acute and chronic experiments the distinct impairments in the ultrastructure of mitochondria of liver tissue cells were observed by means of electron microscopy; this demonstrated the possible correlation between structure and function of the organelles."}
{"id": "PMID:129954", "title": "[Activity of Mg 2+, Na+ and K+ stimulated ATPase in erythrocytes of patients with phobic neurosis and the effect of lithium carbonate on the enzymatic activity].", "content": "Activity of ATPases was studied in erythrocytes of patients with phobia neurosis of the 11 degree and in erythrocytes of mentally healthy patients. The total Mg2+, Na+, K+-dependent ATPase activity of patients with the neurosis was unaltered in blood. But the Mg2+-ATPase activity was increased and the Na+, K+-ATPase activity was decreased in the patients as compared with the control group. Addition of lithium carbonate into incubation mixtures exhibited different effect on the Na+, K+-stimulated ATPase depending upon the initial activity of the enzyme. In blood of patients with low initial values of the enzymatic activity it was increased. But the Na+, K+-ATPase activity was decreased by lithium carbonate in those cases when the initial enzymatic activity was high. Quantitatively the effect of lithium on the enzymatic activity was similar in the both groups of neurotic patients studied (although the direction of changes was oposite).", "contents": "[Activity of Mg 2+, Na+ and K+ stimulated ATPase in erythrocytes of patients with phobic neurosis and the effect of lithium carbonate on the enzymatic activity]. Activity of ATPases was studied in erythrocytes of patients with phobia neurosis of the 11 degree and in erythrocytes of mentally healthy patients. The total Mg2+, Na+, K+-dependent ATPase activity of patients with the neurosis was unaltered in blood. But the Mg2+-ATPase activity was increased and the Na+, K+-ATPase activity was decreased in the patients as compared with the control group. Addition of lithium carbonate into incubation mixtures exhibited different effect on the Na+, K+-stimulated ATPase depending upon the initial activity of the enzyme. In blood of patients with low initial values of the enzymatic activity it was increased. But the Na+, K+-ATPase activity was decreased by lithium carbonate in those cases when the initial enzymatic activity was high. Quantitatively the effect of lithium on the enzymatic activity was similar in the both groups of neurotic patients studied (although the direction of changes was oposite)."}
{"id": "PMID:129967", "title": "[Classification, diagnosis, and therapy of immunological aspects of disease according to reaction types].", "content": "The classical division of the immune reactions into an immediate humoral type and a cellular late type is left in favour of a classification in 4 forms of reaction according to Gell and Coombs. This classification allows of a by far more reasonable coordination of the diagnostic measures as well as aimed therapeutic conclusions. In detail are differed: type I as anaphylaxis and reagin type (mediator-substance-type), example-anaphylactic shock and asthma; type II as cytotoxic type (cytotoxic antibodies), example-Coombs-positive haemolytic anaemia; type III as immune complex type, examples-serum disease, Arthus-reaction, glomerulonephritis; type IV as type of the cellular immune reactions. Combinations and transitions are possible in the same way as a further sub-classification of the types. It is demonstrated as by the combination of in-vitro-tests, skin tests and, perhaps, bioptic investigations the type is to be determined as far as possible. Only this allows an aimed and reasonable therapy.", "contents": "[Classification, diagnosis, and therapy of immunological aspects of disease according to reaction types]. The classical division of the immune reactions into an immediate humoral type and a cellular late type is left in favour of a classification in 4 forms of reaction according to Gell and Coombs. This classification allows of a by far more reasonable coordination of the diagnostic measures as well as aimed therapeutic conclusions. In detail are differed: type I as anaphylaxis and reagin type (mediator-substance-type), example-anaphylactic shock and asthma; type II as cytotoxic type (cytotoxic antibodies), example-Coombs-positive haemolytic anaemia; type III as immune complex type, examples-serum disease, Arthus-reaction, glomerulonephritis; type IV as type of the cellular immune reactions. Combinations and transitions are possible in the same way as a further sub-classification of the types. It is demonstrated as by the combination of in-vitro-tests, skin tests and, perhaps, bioptic investigations the type is to be determined as far as possible. Only this allows an aimed and reasonable therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:129969", "title": "[Adenomatoid tumors in myometrium (author's transl)].", "content": "In 6000 cases of hysterectomy nine adenomatoid tumors of myometrium were observed. Macroscopically, the adenomatoid tumour appears as a round or ovoid mass of grey or whitegrey colour about the size of a hazel-nut. Microscopically, four types are distinguished: solid, angiomatoid, macrotubular and mixed types. The cytoplasma of the cells tends to be vacuolated, the glandlike spaces being probably derived by confluence of these vacuoles. The interstitial tissue contains cells of the same type and often lymphocytes. Several hypotheses concerning the histogenesis of adenomatoid tumors are reviewed. The adenomatoid tumor is more frequent in the myometrium than it has been hitherto known. Probably the tumor is often misinterpreted as leiomyoma of the uterus on the basis of macroscopical appearance only.", "contents": "[Adenomatoid tumors in myometrium (author's transl)]. In 6000 cases of hysterectomy nine adenomatoid tumors of myometrium were observed. Macroscopically, the adenomatoid tumour appears as a round or ovoid mass of grey or whitegrey colour about the size of a hazel-nut. Microscopically, four types are distinguished: solid, angiomatoid, macrotubular and mixed types. The cytoplasma of the cells tends to be vacuolated, the glandlike spaces being probably derived by confluence of these vacuoles. The interstitial tissue contains cells of the same type and often lymphocytes. Several hypotheses concerning the histogenesis of adenomatoid tumors are reviewed. The adenomatoid tumor is more frequent in the myometrium than it has been hitherto known. Probably the tumor is often misinterpreted as leiomyoma of the uterus on the basis of macroscopical appearance only."}
{"id": "PMID:129970", "title": "[On the carcinogenic action of N-nitroso-compounds. 5th Communication: acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine (author's transl)].", "content": "After oral application of 3.5 and 1.75 mg/kg Acetoxymethyl-Methyl-nitrosamine to Sprague-Dawley rats twice weekly, more than 80% of the animals developed squamous cell carcinomas of the forestomach after 6 months.", "contents": "[On the carcinogenic action of N-nitroso-compounds. 5th Communication: acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine (author's transl)]. After oral application of 3.5 and 1.75 mg/kg Acetoxymethyl-Methyl-nitrosamine to Sprague-Dawley rats twice weekly, more than 80% of the animals developed squamous cell carcinomas of the forestomach after 6 months."}
{"id": "PMID:129971", "title": "Phorbol as a possible systemic promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis.", "content": "In a repetition of a previous experiment, using this time a 20-fold higher dose of phorbol, administered i.p. as potential (systemic) promotor for skin carcinogenesis, 6/22 (27%) of the treated mice (after a single skin application of DMBA as initiator) developed papillomas, as compared to 1/20 (5%) in the DMBA control group. Though the difference is statistically no more than of borderline significance (P less than 0.05), it does raise the possibility that unesterified phorbol is, after all, a weak promotor for skin carcinogenesis. DMBA equals 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. TPA equals 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate.", "contents": "Phorbol as a possible systemic promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis. In a repetition of a previous experiment, using this time a 20-fold higher dose of phorbol, administered i.p. as potential (systemic) promotor for skin carcinogenesis, 6/22 (27%) of the treated mice (after a single skin application of DMBA as initiator) developed papillomas, as compared to 1/20 (5%) in the DMBA control group. Though the difference is statistically no more than of borderline significance (P less than 0.05), it does raise the possibility that unesterified phorbol is, after all, a weak promotor for skin carcinogenesis. DMBA equals 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene. TPA equals 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:129972", "title": "Pulmonary metastasis formation after intravenous tumour cell injection in defibrinogenated rats.", "content": "In this study a state of temporary defibrinogenation was induced in rats by Defibrase treatment. It was found that the formation of pulmonary metastases after intravenous tumour cell injection was decreased in defibrinogenated rats. However, defibrinogenation did not influence the effect of trauma and infusion of dextran 1000 on metastasis formation. Both these procedures stimulated the formation of metastases in defibrinogenated rats. These results indicate, that fibrinogen and/or fibrin are of importance for the formation of metastases but that the stimulating effect of trauma and dextran 1000 on metastasis formation is independent of fibrinogen and/or fibrin.", "contents": "Pulmonary metastasis formation after intravenous tumour cell injection in defibrinogenated rats. In this study a state of temporary defibrinogenation was induced in rats by Defibrase treatment. It was found that the formation of pulmonary metastases after intravenous tumour cell injection was decreased in defibrinogenated rats. However, defibrinogenation did not influence the effect of trauma and infusion of dextran 1000 on metastasis formation. Both these procedures stimulated the formation of metastases in defibrinogenated rats. These results indicate, that fibrinogen and/or fibrin are of importance for the formation of metastases but that the stimulating effect of trauma and dextran 1000 on metastasis formation is independent of fibrinogen and/or fibrin."}
{"id": "PMID:129973", "title": "[Elimination of rhesus (D)-incompatible erythrocytes by (Fab')2 G-anti-D (author's transl)].", "content": "The effectiveness of (Fab')2 G-Anti-D regarding elimination of D-incompatible fetal erythrocytes, and suppression of the formation of specific antibody, was investigated in 16 probands. Using 51Cr labelled D-incompatible fetal erythrocytes and simultaneous HbF-cell counting, fast elimination of incompatible red cells, and selective accumulation in the spleen, were observed after injection of small doses of (Fab')2 G-Anti-D. None of the probands showed active formation of anti-D after 3-12 months. The doses of the (Fab')2 G-Anti-D preparation used were similar to those employed in routine use of IgG-Anti-D. The results emphasize the importance of fast immunelimination of potentially antigenic red cells and thus point to a peripheral mechanism of anti-D prophylaxis by specific anti-D.", "contents": "[Elimination of rhesus (D)-incompatible erythrocytes by (Fab')2 G-anti-D (author's transl)]. The effectiveness of (Fab')2 G-Anti-D regarding elimination of D-incompatible fetal erythrocytes, and suppression of the formation of specific antibody, was investigated in 16 probands. Using 51Cr labelled D-incompatible fetal erythrocytes and simultaneous HbF-cell counting, fast elimination of incompatible red cells, and selective accumulation in the spleen, were observed after injection of small doses of (Fab')2 G-Anti-D. None of the probands showed active formation of anti-D after 3-12 months. The doses of the (Fab')2 G-Anti-D preparation used were similar to those employed in routine use of IgG-Anti-D. The results emphasize the importance of fast immunelimination of potentially antigenic red cells and thus point to a peripheral mechanism of anti-D prophylaxis by specific anti-D."}
{"id": "PMID:129974", "title": "[A micro-method for PHA-induced stimulation of human lymphocytes. I. Communication: Technical considerations (author's transl)].", "content": "A microculture system is described for PHA-induced stimulation of human peripheral lymphocytes. Following purification on Ficoll-Isopaque cells are incubated in microplates (Falcon 3040) for 66 hours in 5% CO2 using PHA-P (Difco) as a stimulant. DNA-synthesis is measured by labelling with 3H-thymidine (spec. act. 400 mCi/mmole) 16 hours prior to the end of the test. Using a multiple automatic sample harvester rapid evaluation is possible. Several variables were analyzed and optimal conditions defined for PHA- and cell-concentration, time dependence, thymidine dosage and buffer capacity of the medium. High variability and otherwise unexplained loss of lymphocyte stimulation in a population of \"normal donors\" are often due to acute viral infections, especially during the incubation period. On the other hand, source and concentration of serum are of equal importance since sera of healthy individuals differ greatly in their capacity to support PHA-induced stimulation of normal allogeneic lymphocytes. Using pooled or autologous serum we found the reproducibility of the technique to be good. Provided optimal conditions are employed the microtest system described herein should be ideal for in-vitro-analysis of inhibitory or stimulating factors in cancer patients' sera.", "contents": "[A micro-method for PHA-induced stimulation of human lymphocytes. I. Communication: Technical considerations (author's transl)]. A microculture system is described for PHA-induced stimulation of human peripheral lymphocytes. Following purification on Ficoll-Isopaque cells are incubated in microplates (Falcon 3040) for 66 hours in 5% CO2 using PHA-P (Difco) as a stimulant. DNA-synthesis is measured by labelling with 3H-thymidine (spec. act. 400 mCi/mmole) 16 hours prior to the end of the test. Using a multiple automatic sample harvester rapid evaluation is possible. Several variables were analyzed and optimal conditions defined for PHA- and cell-concentration, time dependence, thymidine dosage and buffer capacity of the medium. High variability and otherwise unexplained loss of lymphocyte stimulation in a population of \"normal donors\" are often due to acute viral infections, especially during the incubation period. On the other hand, source and concentration of serum are of equal importance since sera of healthy individuals differ greatly in their capacity to support PHA-induced stimulation of normal allogeneic lymphocytes. Using pooled or autologous serum we found the reproducibility of the technique to be good. Provided optimal conditions are employed the microtest system described herein should be ideal for in-vitro-analysis of inhibitory or stimulating factors in cancer patients' sera."}
{"id": "PMID:129975", "title": "Membrane associated antigens of human malignant melanoma. I. Internal labeling, detergent solubilization and characterization by homologous antisera and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Cultured melanoma cells were labeled with 3H-leucine over a period of 1-3 days. The labeled cells were mechanically disrupted and a preparation of \"extranuclear membranes\" was obtained by differential centrifugation. The membrane fragments were solubilized by the nonionic detergent NP-40 and the soluble material was double precipitated with antisera from melanoma patients and anti-human immunoglobulin sera. Because of the small quantitative differences of precipitated radiolabeled material between control and melanoma patients' sera, the precipitates were further analyzed on SDS-containing polyacrylamide gels. The labeled profiles of experimental and control gels now revealed clearcut differences usually seen in 2-3 characteristic peaks in the molecular weight range from 130,000-330,000.", "contents": "Membrane associated antigens of human malignant melanoma. I. Internal labeling, detergent solubilization and characterization by homologous antisera and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cultured melanoma cells were labeled with 3H-leucine over a period of 1-3 days. The labeled cells were mechanically disrupted and a preparation of \"extranuclear membranes\" was obtained by differential centrifugation. The membrane fragments were solubilized by the nonionic detergent NP-40 and the soluble material was double precipitated with antisera from melanoma patients and anti-human immunoglobulin sera. Because of the small quantitative differences of precipitated radiolabeled material between control and melanoma patients' sera, the precipitates were further analyzed on SDS-containing polyacrylamide gels. The labeled profiles of experimental and control gels now revealed clearcut differences usually seen in 2-3 characteristic peaks in the molecular weight range from 130,000-330,000."}
{"id": "PMID:129976", "title": "Properdin factor B (glycine-rich beta-glycoprotein or C3 proactivator)-polymorphism: genetic and biochemical aspects. First application to paternity cases.", "content": "Determination of genetic properdin factor B(Bf) polymorphism was carried out in immunofixation electrophoresis. Genetics of factor B were also studied after ageing, conversion with cobra venom and neuraminidase. In population studies the distribution of factor B in a West German population of 1245 non-related individuals was found to be: Bf F 2.73%, Bf FS 28.43%, Bf S 65.38%. Rare phenotypes (F 1F,F 1S, FS 1, SS 1) were seen in 3.46%. In addition a new variant, designated F1.6S, was observed. The application of factor B polymorphism to 68 paternity cases is discussed.", "contents": "Properdin factor B (glycine-rich beta-glycoprotein or C3 proactivator)-polymorphism: genetic and biochemical aspects. First application to paternity cases. Determination of genetic properdin factor B(Bf) polymorphism was carried out in immunofixation electrophoresis. Genetics of factor B were also studied after ageing, conversion with cobra venom and neuraminidase. In population studies the distribution of factor B in a West German population of 1245 non-related individuals was found to be: Bf F 2.73%, Bf FS 28.43%, Bf S 65.38%. Rare phenotypes (F 1F,F 1S, FS 1, SS 1) were seen in 3.46%. In addition a new variant, designated F1.6S, was observed. The application of factor B polymorphism to 68 paternity cases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129977", "title": "[Normal \"irregular\" hemagglutinins in the sera of healthy adults found by using increased volumens of serum in agglutination and conglutination tests (author's transl)].", "content": "Using increased volumens of serum [in the Multiple-Dosage (MD) or a High Dosage (HD) test] with a sensitive manual reading technique all sera of 37 donors of blood group A2 showed irregular anti-A1(alpha1) antibodies. With the same technique, up to 1/3 of the sera of 417 healthy blood donors agglutinated red cells of a selected antigen pattern at room temperature; at 4 degrees C the ratio of positive reacting sera was much higher. The specificity of the antibodies, as indicated by the antigramme type, could be confirmed in the most cases by reacting with a series of known positive and negative reference red cells. The eluates of some of the sera yielded the same antigramme pattern as the native sera did. Some of the antibodies showed a specificity corresponding to a red cell property of the respective blood donor; but not in each case the antibodies were capable to agglutinate the donor's cells. If \"autoagglutinins\" were strong, frequently they revealed a character of panagglutinability, particular in the cold. With the antiglobulin test, which followed the NaCl-MD procedure, the number of positive reactions increased; on the other hand, there were some of the previously positive agglutination tests, which became negative during the course of the AHG step.", "contents": "[Normal \"irregular\" hemagglutinins in the sera of healthy adults found by using increased volumens of serum in agglutination and conglutination tests (author's transl)]. Using increased volumens of serum [in the Multiple-Dosage (MD) or a High Dosage (HD) test] with a sensitive manual reading technique all sera of 37 donors of blood group A2 showed irregular anti-A1(alpha1) antibodies. With the same technique, up to 1/3 of the sera of 417 healthy blood donors agglutinated red cells of a selected antigen pattern at room temperature; at 4 degrees C the ratio of positive reacting sera was much higher. The specificity of the antibodies, as indicated by the antigramme type, could be confirmed in the most cases by reacting with a series of known positive and negative reference red cells. The eluates of some of the sera yielded the same antigramme pattern as the native sera did. Some of the antibodies showed a specificity corresponding to a red cell property of the respective blood donor; but not in each case the antibodies were capable to agglutinate the donor's cells. If \"autoagglutinins\" were strong, frequently they revealed a character of panagglutinability, particular in the cold. With the antiglobulin test, which followed the NaCl-MD procedure, the number of positive reactions increased; on the other hand, there were some of the previously positive agglutination tests, which became negative during the course of the AHG step."}
{"id": "PMID:129978", "title": "Anti-carbohydrate precipitins and haemagglutinins in haemolymph from Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding).", "content": "Haemolymph from the elongate clam, Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding) readily precipitates with H-blood group substances, pneumococcus type XIV polysaccharide, human milk and salivas, and with a number of polysaccharides which contain the O-SS-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-6)-D-galactose structure. Precipitation has been demonstrated using both gel diffusion and quantitative precipitin methods. T. maxima haemolymph strongly agglutinates human erythrocytes and haemagglutination can be inhibited by the same preparations which precipitate with the clam extract. Precipitins and haemagglutinins are inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and by D-galactose residues preferably in ss-linkage. After agar gel immunoelectrophoresis at pH 8.6, T. maxima precipitin arcs are found in the alpha-region. Precipitation and inhibition results suggest that T. maxima extract and purified precipitin, may find widespread application in the study of many biologically important carbohydrates and glycoproteins.", "contents": "Anti-carbohydrate precipitins and haemagglutinins in haemolymph from Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding). Haemolymph from the elongate clam, Tridacna maxima (R\u00f6ding) readily precipitates with H-blood group substances, pneumococcus type XIV polysaccharide, human milk and salivas, and with a number of polysaccharides which contain the O-SS-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-6)-D-galactose structure. Precipitation has been demonstrated using both gel diffusion and quantitative precipitin methods. T. maxima haemolymph strongly agglutinates human erythrocytes and haemagglutination can be inhibited by the same preparations which precipitate with the clam extract. Precipitins and haemagglutinins are inhibited by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and by D-galactose residues preferably in ss-linkage. After agar gel immunoelectrophoresis at pH 8.6, T. maxima precipitin arcs are found in the alpha-region. Precipitation and inhibition results suggest that T. maxima extract and purified precipitin, may find widespread application in the study of many biologically important carbohydrates and glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:129979", "title": "[Separation of lysozyme from sera with complement or antibody activities (author's transl)].", "content": "A gel-filtration method for separating lysozyme from sera with haemolytic complement activity and/or antibody activity is described. It is shown that the gel-filtration has only a small effect, whereas bentonite absorption results in a known lost of haemolytic complement activity.", "contents": "[Separation of lysozyme from sera with complement or antibody activities (author's transl)]. A gel-filtration method for separating lysozyme from sera with haemolytic complement activity and/or antibody activity is described. It is shown that the gel-filtration has only a small effect, whereas bentonite absorption results in a known lost of haemolytic complement activity."}
{"id": "PMID:129980", "title": "Microheterogeneity of Immunoglobulin G from plasmocytomas. Identification of two types of IgG by isoelectric focusing.", "content": "Isoelectric focusing of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) revealed that the microheterogeneity, which is expressed in the isoelectric points (IEP), partly is caused by differences in the content of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NANA), partly by other effects, probably including deamidation. Two different types of Plasmocytoma-IgG, which differ in IEF-pattern, i.e. population distribution, in sensitivity towards neuraminidase and in carbohydrate content, are described. The contents of carbohydrates in these 2 IgG-types are up to 30% greater and 50% less, respectively, than that of normal IgG. A precise correlation was found between the total content of NANA in moles per mole IgG-monomer and the shift in band-IEP on hydrolysis catalyzed by neuraminidase. This may be used for a rapid estimate of NANA in IgG. The results do not permit a discrimination between an anabolic and a catabolic origin of the heterogeneity in the carbohydrate moiety of IgG.", "contents": "Microheterogeneity of Immunoglobulin G from plasmocytomas. Identification of two types of IgG by isoelectric focusing. Isoelectric focusing of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) revealed that the microheterogeneity, which is expressed in the isoelectric points (IEP), partly is caused by differences in the content of N-acetyl-neuraminic acid (NANA), partly by other effects, probably including deamidation. Two different types of Plasmocytoma-IgG, which differ in IEF-pattern, i.e. population distribution, in sensitivity towards neuraminidase and in carbohydrate content, are described. The contents of carbohydrates in these 2 IgG-types are up to 30% greater and 50% less, respectively, than that of normal IgG. A precise correlation was found between the total content of NANA in moles per mole IgG-monomer and the shift in band-IEP on hydrolysis catalyzed by neuraminidase. This may be used for a rapid estimate of NANA in IgG. The results do not permit a discrimination between an anabolic and a catabolic origin of the heterogeneity in the carbohydrate moiety of IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:129981", "title": "[Obliterating changes of pulmonary veins as the cause of pulmonary hypertension].", "content": "The clinical course and the necropsy study in a 9,7 year old boy with primary vascular pulmonary hypertension showed that it was due to an intrapulmonary venoocclusive disease. The inter- and intralobular veins and the venoles revealed fibrous intimal thickening up to subtotal obstruction or total occlusion. The etiology remains unknown. There were no thrombi of veins or arteries within the lung. It is supposed the intimal proliferation due to an unknown etiologic agent is primary and thrombosis secondary.", "contents": "[Obliterating changes of pulmonary veins as the cause of pulmonary hypertension]. The clinical course and the necropsy study in a 9,7 year old boy with primary vascular pulmonary hypertension showed that it was due to an intrapulmonary venoocclusive disease. The inter- and intralobular veins and the venoles revealed fibrous intimal thickening up to subtotal obstruction or total occlusion. The etiology remains unknown. There were no thrombi of veins or arteries within the lung. It is supposed the intimal proliferation due to an unknown etiologic agent is primary and thrombosis secondary."}
{"id": "PMID:129983", "title": "[The Bland-White-Garland syndrome: hemodynamics, clinical picture, therapy].", "content": "Two patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery are presented. Anatomy, embryology, the problem of the direction of blood flow in the anomalous vessel, and the clinical symptoms of this syndrome are discussed. In spite of large fibrotic areas in the myocardium, the ECG-changes were minimal. Therefore, a nearly normal ECG does not exclude this anomaly. In patients with sudden, unexpected death one should suspect an anomalous origin of a coronary artery. The classification in an \"infantile\"  and \"adult\" type reflects the extent to which collateral vessels have developed. Ligation of the anomalous coronary artery at the side of its origin with concomitant aorto-coronary bypass appears to be a rational and the only effective way of therapy.", "contents": "[The Bland-White-Garland syndrome: hemodynamics, clinical picture, therapy]. Two patients with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery are presented. Anatomy, embryology, the problem of the direction of blood flow in the anomalous vessel, and the clinical symptoms of this syndrome are discussed. In spite of large fibrotic areas in the myocardium, the ECG-changes were minimal. Therefore, a nearly normal ECG does not exclude this anomaly. In patients with sudden, unexpected death one should suspect an anomalous origin of a coronary artery. The classification in an \"infantile\"  and \"adult\" type reflects the extent to which collateral vessels have developed. Ligation of the anomalous coronary artery at the side of its origin with concomitant aorto-coronary bypass appears to be a rational and the only effective way of therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:129984", "title": "Cadmium-isocitrate complex: its stability as a function of ionic strength.", "content": "The complexation of cadmium by isocitrate has been studied at 25 degrees C and pH 7.5 in a range of ionic strength from 0.01 to 0.16. The formation constant of the complex between cadmium and tribasic isocitrate varies from 860 M-1 at mu=0.16 to approximately 24,500 M-1 at infinite dilution. These data allow the distribution of the chemical forms of cadmium added to the incubation mixtures for tha assay of NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase to be calculated.", "contents": "Cadmium-isocitrate complex: its stability as a function of ionic strength. The complexation of cadmium by isocitrate has been studied at 25 degrees C and pH 7.5 in a range of ionic strength from 0.01 to 0.16. The formation constant of the complex between cadmium and tribasic isocitrate varies from 860 M-1 at mu=0.16 to approximately 24,500 M-1 at infinite dilution. These data allow the distribution of the chemical forms of cadmium added to the incubation mixtures for tha assay of NAD-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase to be calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:129985", "title": "Spectrophotometric determination of the pK values for dissociation of the sugar hydroxyls in pyrimidine arabinonucleosides.", "content": "Spectrophotometric titration in the ultraviolet has been employed to determine the pK values for dissociation of the sugar hydroxyls in pyrimidine arabinonucleosides and some of their O'-methyl and O'-ethyl derivatives. The order of dissociation of the sugar hydroxyls in the arabinofuranose ring was 2'-OH greater than 3'-OH greater than 5'-OH. The higher acidity (lower pK) of the 2'-OH was interpreted in terms of formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond of the form 5'-OH....2'-O(--) and the accompanying changes in conformation of the arabinose ring. The various factors affecting the dissociation of specific hydroxyls in some of the O'-alkyl derivatives are discussed in relation to steric, conformational and other effects.", "contents": "Spectrophotometric determination of the pK values for dissociation of the sugar hydroxyls in pyrimidine arabinonucleosides. Spectrophotometric titration in the ultraviolet has been employed to determine the pK values for dissociation of the sugar hydroxyls in pyrimidine arabinonucleosides and some of their O'-methyl and O'-ethyl derivatives. The order of dissociation of the sugar hydroxyls in the arabinofuranose ring was 2'-OH greater than 3'-OH greater than 5'-OH. The higher acidity (lower pK) of the 2'-OH was interpreted in terms of formation of an intramolecular hydrogen bond of the form 5'-OH....2'-O(--) and the accompanying changes in conformation of the arabinose ring. The various factors affecting the dissociation of specific hydroxyls in some of the O'-alkyl derivatives are discussed in relation to steric, conformational and other effects."}
{"id": "PMID:129986", "title": "Studies on the structure of beta-chitin, I.", "content": "The structure of beta-chitin has been studied in detail. Atomic coordinates in the unit cell are determined. Various positions of O6 atom have been studied in detail in order to reduce X-ray discrepancies. It is f duonthat O6 stom lies near 140 degrees.", "contents": "Studies on the structure of beta-chitin, I. The structure of beta-chitin has been studied in detail. Atomic coordinates in the unit cell are determined. Various positions of O6 atom have been studied in detail in order to reduce X-ray discrepancies. It is f duonthat O6 stom lies near 140 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:129988", "title": "Calcium sensitivity of actomyosin ATPase: its modification by substitution of myosin sulfhydryl groups.", "content": "SH group substitution by DTNB enabled natural actomyosin to split ATP (in the prescence of Mg2+) also in the absence of Ca2+, when assayed at low ionic  strength. At higher KCl concentrations the ATPase activity of SH group substituted actomyosin was still Ca-dependent. Addition of unsubstituted myosin to natural actomyosin whose SH groups had been substituted increased the ATPase activity. This increase was Ca-insensitive indicating that SH group substitution of myosin in actomyosin can make the interaction of additional myosin molecules Ca-independent. In natural actomyosin Ca-insensitivity of ATPase activity was attained at a lower degree of SH group substitution when substitution was performed in the presence of EDTA. The part of ATPase activity which still remained Ca-sensitive after DTNB treatment could be activated by lower concentrations of free Ca2+ than the Ca-sensitive ATPase of untreated actomyosin. In reconstituted actomyosin the Ca-sensitivity of ATPase activity could more easily be reduced when the myosin-actin ratio was high. For demonstrating remaining Ca-sensitivity in SH group substituted reconstituted actomyosin more tropomyosin-troponin was needed than for sensitizing unsubstituted actomyosin to Ca2+. The similarities between the ATPase acitivity of SH group substituted actomyosin on the one hand and that of actomyosin at low concentrations of ATP on the other hand suggest that SH group substitution modifies actin-myosin interaction in a similar way as does nucleotide-free myosin (rigor myosin).", "contents": "Calcium sensitivity of actomyosin ATPase: its modification by substitution of myosin sulfhydryl groups. SH group substitution by DTNB enabled natural actomyosin to split ATP (in the prescence of Mg2+) also in the absence of Ca2+, when assayed at low ionic  strength. At higher KCl concentrations the ATPase activity of SH group substituted actomyosin was still Ca-dependent. Addition of unsubstituted myosin to natural actomyosin whose SH groups had been substituted increased the ATPase activity. This increase was Ca-insensitive indicating that SH group substitution of myosin in actomyosin can make the interaction of additional myosin molecules Ca-independent. In natural actomyosin Ca-insensitivity of ATPase activity was attained at a lower degree of SH group substitution when substitution was performed in the presence of EDTA. The part of ATPase activity which still remained Ca-sensitive after DTNB treatment could be activated by lower concentrations of free Ca2+ than the Ca-sensitive ATPase of untreated actomyosin. In reconstituted actomyosin the Ca-sensitivity of ATPase activity could more easily be reduced when the myosin-actin ratio was high. For demonstrating remaining Ca-sensitivity in SH group substituted reconstituted actomyosin more tropomyosin-troponin was needed than for sensitizing unsubstituted actomyosin to Ca2+. The similarities between the ATPase acitivity of SH group substituted actomyosin on the one hand and that of actomyosin at low concentrations of ATP on the other hand suggest that SH group substitution modifies actin-myosin interaction in a similar way as does nucleotide-free myosin (rigor myosin)."}
{"id": "PMID:129987", "title": "Molecular arrangement of DNA in nucleohistone.", "content": "Several optical and hydrodynamic properties of purified nucleohistone have indicated that the secondary structure of DNA in nucleohistone is slightly different both from the structures of native and denatured DNA in solution. It has been suggested that while histones stabilize the overall DNA-structure they incorporate into the latter some denaturation defects. Rotational diffusion studies of acridine-orange complexes of whole and dehistonized nucleohistones have indicated that nucleohistone should contain a single continuous DNA molecule. The contour length of the DNA molecule would be about 2 to 3 times the end-to-end distance of nucleohistone. Polarized fluorescence microscopy and linear dichroism studies of whole nucleohistone have given an average estimate (about 30% of the total CNA) of oriented DNA in nucleohistone. The degree and the direction of maximum  polarization of fluorescence from the dye complexes of whole and partial (i.e. partially dissociated) nucleohistones have been studied. From these studies, it is proposed that no single supercoiled arrangement of the DNA in nucleohistone is tenable. The combined results of all these studies suggest that the basic nucleohistone molecule contains coiled and extended DNA regions. The proportion of the lengths of the DNA constrained in the coiled and the extended regions is about 7:3. Only two probable models or classes have this quantitative feature of the DNA-arrangement and have been discussed.", "contents": "Molecular arrangement of DNA in nucleohistone. Several optical and hydrodynamic properties of purified nucleohistone have indicated that the secondary structure of DNA in nucleohistone is slightly different both from the structures of native and denatured DNA in solution. It has been suggested that while histones stabilize the overall DNA-structure they incorporate into the latter some denaturation defects. Rotational diffusion studies of acridine-orange complexes of whole and dehistonized nucleohistones have indicated that nucleohistone should contain a single continuous DNA molecule. The contour length of the DNA molecule would be about 2 to 3 times the end-to-end distance of nucleohistone. Polarized fluorescence microscopy and linear dichroism studies of whole nucleohistone have given an average estimate (about 30% of the total CNA) of oriented DNA in nucleohistone. The degree and the direction of maximum  polarization of fluorescence from the dye complexes of whole and partial (i.e. partially dissociated) nucleohistones have been studied. From these studies, it is proposed that no single supercoiled arrangement of the DNA in nucleohistone is tenable. The combined results of all these studies suggest that the basic nucleohistone molecule contains coiled and extended DNA regions. The proportion of the lengths of the DNA constrained in the coiled and the extended regions is about 7:3. Only two probable models or classes have this quantitative feature of the DNA-arrangement and have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129989", "title": "The location of the calcium precipitating protein in the sarcoplasmic membrane.", "content": "Fluram, a fast reacting reagent for primary amino groups does not label proteins enclosed in reconstituted sarcoplasmic vesicles (SR vesicles) when applied at low reagent/protein ratios. Hence, Fluram does not penetrate through SR membranes under these conditions. Likewise, the membrane of erythrocytes prevent the reagent from reacting with hemoglobin. However, at high reagent/protein ratios the membranes of the SR vesicles disintegrate. In contrast, liposomal membranes prepared from SR lipids are not affected even at a high degree of labeling. Disintegration of SR membranes starts to occur when the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction is completely substituted by Fluram and the transport protein is labeled with 3-4 mol of Fluram per 100000 d. When closed SR vesicles are labeled at low Fluram/protein ratios, the calcium precipitating protein is four times more intensely labeled than the transport protein. The labeling of the calcium transport protein in closed vesicles excludes its location in the intravesicular space. In SR vesicles solubilized with deoxycholate the relative degree of labeling of the calcium precipitating protein remains unchanged while the transport ATPase is more intensely labeled at the expense of the labeling of the amino lipids. The relative degree of labeling of the protein components depends not only on the number of labable groups but also on the rates with which these groups react with Fluram. Therefore, the experimental data do not give quantitative information concerning the distribution of the protein components in the SR membranes.", "contents": "The location of the calcium precipitating protein in the sarcoplasmic membrane. Fluram, a fast reacting reagent for primary amino groups does not label proteins enclosed in reconstituted sarcoplasmic vesicles (SR vesicles) when applied at low reagent/protein ratios. Hence, Fluram does not penetrate through SR membranes under these conditions. Likewise, the membrane of erythrocytes prevent the reagent from reacting with hemoglobin. However, at high reagent/protein ratios the membranes of the SR vesicles disintegrate. In contrast, liposomal membranes prepared from SR lipids are not affected even at a high degree of labeling. Disintegration of SR membranes starts to occur when the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction is completely substituted by Fluram and the transport protein is labeled with 3-4 mol of Fluram per 100000 d. When closed SR vesicles are labeled at low Fluram/protein ratios, the calcium precipitating protein is four times more intensely labeled than the transport protein. The labeling of the calcium transport protein in closed vesicles excludes its location in the intravesicular space. In SR vesicles solubilized with deoxycholate the relative degree of labeling of the calcium precipitating protein remains unchanged while the transport ATPase is more intensely labeled at the expense of the labeling of the amino lipids. The relative degree of labeling of the protein components depends not only on the number of labable groups but also on the rates with which these groups react with Fluram. Therefore, the experimental data do not give quantitative information concerning the distribution of the protein components in the SR membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:129990", "title": "Chemoelastic effect of membranes.", "content": "The elastic theory of a uniaxial membrane in an asymmetric environment predicts a spontaneous splay deformation. This spontaneous curvature of the membrane is discussed by the intrinsic splay of the membrane molecules (e.g. wedge shaped molecules) and their polar orientation. The chemoelastic effect if the polar orientation induced by the asymmetric environment in connection with the intrinsic splay. This effect is also discussed for polyelectrolytes where a small change of pH (approximately 0.1) can lead to a spontaneous curvature of 10(4) cm-1. The actual shape of red blood cells can be explained by the spontaneous splay and a change in environment induces the change in shape of these cells. A model is proposed for two conical bodies swimming in a uniaxial membrane which interact with each other through elastic coupling. The force between the bodies can be either attractive or repulsive. As an example of this model clustering of proteins is discussed.", "contents": "Chemoelastic effect of membranes. The elastic theory of a uniaxial membrane in an asymmetric environment predicts a spontaneous splay deformation. This spontaneous curvature of the membrane is discussed by the intrinsic splay of the membrane molecules (e.g. wedge shaped molecules) and their polar orientation. The chemoelastic effect if the polar orientation induced by the asymmetric environment in connection with the intrinsic splay. This effect is also discussed for polyelectrolytes where a small change of pH (approximately 0.1) can lead to a spontaneous curvature of 10(4) cm-1. The actual shape of red blood cells can be explained by the spontaneous splay and a change in environment induces the change in shape of these cells. A model is proposed for two conical bodies swimming in a uniaxial membrane which interact with each other through elastic coupling. The force between the bodies can be either attractive or repulsive. As an example of this model clustering of proteins is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:129991", "title": "Determination of the molecular weight and the hydrodynamic properties of a polypeptide from the thylakoid membrane by sedimentation, diffusion and binding measurements in dodecyl sulphate solutions.", "content": "The molecular weight and hydrodynamic properties of a polypeptide isolated from the lamellar system of Antirrhinum chloroplasts were determined in sodium dodecyl sulphate solution by measurement of sedimentation velocity, diffusion and effective partial specific volume. The polypeptide fraction exhibits a molecular weight of 25000 which agrees with the apparent molecular weight found by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the polypeptide-sodium dodecyl sulphate micelle was 54 000, with a friction ratio of 1.6 which indicates an effective asymmetric hydrodynamic shape. For binding measurements self-diffusion equilibrium dialysis with dodecyl [35S] sulphate was used. In this case, dialysis equilibrium was reached within about 10 hours, in contrast to the dialysis with initial concentration differences which requires much longer times. A binding value of deltaD=1.15 g sodium dodecyl sulphate per g polypeptide was obtained which corresponds to a molar binding ratio of 100 mol dodecyl sulphate bound per mol of polypeptide. After the removal of dodecyl sulphate the polypeptide is present in an aggregated state. In phosphate buffers of pH 6.8 and 7.5 the aggregates preponderantly have sedimentation coefficients of 11.7 and 6.8 Svedberg units respectively. Assuming equivalent spheres the molecular weights were calculated to be 340 000 and 150 000.", "contents": "Determination of the molecular weight and the hydrodynamic properties of a polypeptide from the thylakoid membrane by sedimentation, diffusion and binding measurements in dodecyl sulphate solutions. The molecular weight and hydrodynamic properties of a polypeptide isolated from the lamellar system of Antirrhinum chloroplasts were determined in sodium dodecyl sulphate solution by measurement of sedimentation velocity, diffusion and effective partial specific volume. The polypeptide fraction exhibits a molecular weight of 25000 which agrees with the apparent molecular weight found by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the polypeptide-sodium dodecyl sulphate micelle was 54 000, with a friction ratio of 1.6 which indicates an effective asymmetric hydrodynamic shape. For binding measurements self-diffusion equilibrium dialysis with dodecyl [35S] sulphate was used. In this case, dialysis equilibrium was reached within about 10 hours, in contrast to the dialysis with initial concentration differences which requires much longer times. A binding value of deltaD=1.15 g sodium dodecyl sulphate per g polypeptide was obtained which corresponds to a molar binding ratio of 100 mol dodecyl sulphate bound per mol of polypeptide. After the removal of dodecyl sulphate the polypeptide is present in an aggregated state. In phosphate buffers of pH 6.8 and 7.5 the aggregates preponderantly have sedimentation coefficients of 11.7 and 6.8 Svedberg units respectively. Assuming equivalent spheres the molecular weights were calculated to be 340 000 and 150 000."}
{"id": "PMID:129992", "title": "The effect of antibodies to neoxanthin on electron transport on the oxygen evolving side of photosystem II and the reactions of this antiserum with variuos chloroplast preparations.", "content": "Antibodies to neoxanthin agglutinate stroma-free swellable chloroplasts from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. John William's Broadleaf) and Antirrhinum (Antirrhinum majus) whereas stroma-freed chloroplasts, which have lost the swellability are not agglutinated despite the fact that antibodies to neoxanthin are specifically absorbed. In this latter case the agglutination is hindered for sterical reasons. From this it is concluded that neoxanthin is located in the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane. The antiserum to neoxanthin inhibits the ferricyanide photo-reduction in chloroplasts when water is the electron donor by 15%. With diphenylcarbazide in tris-treated chloroplasts no inhibition is observed. Hence, just as in the case of the antiserum to lutein the site of inhibition is on the donor side of potosystem II namely between water and the site of electron donation of diphenylcarbazide. Benzidine/ascorbate is another artificial electron donor system of photosystem II reported in the literature. The photoreduction of anthraquinone-2-sulphonate with this donor system is inhibited. In contrast to the antiserum to lutein the antiserum to neoxanthin inhibits DCMU-sensitive photophosphorylation reactions in the system H2O leads to ferricyanide and benzidine/ascorbate leads to anthraquinone-2-sulphonate. Therefore, the electron transport coupled to photophosphorylation is inhibited by the antiserum.", "contents": "The effect of antibodies to neoxanthin on electron transport on the oxygen evolving side of photosystem II and the reactions of this antiserum with variuos chloroplast preparations. Antibodies to neoxanthin agglutinate stroma-free swellable chloroplasts from tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum var. John William's Broadleaf) and Antirrhinum (Antirrhinum majus) whereas stroma-freed chloroplasts, which have lost the swellability are not agglutinated despite the fact that antibodies to neoxanthin are specifically absorbed. In this latter case the agglutination is hindered for sterical reasons. From this it is concluded that neoxanthin is located in the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane. The antiserum to neoxanthin inhibits the ferricyanide photo-reduction in chloroplasts when water is the electron donor by 15%. With diphenylcarbazide in tris-treated chloroplasts no inhibition is observed. Hence, just as in the case of the antiserum to lutein the site of inhibition is on the donor side of potosystem II namely between water and the site of electron donation of diphenylcarbazide. Benzidine/ascorbate is another artificial electron donor system of photosystem II reported in the literature. The photoreduction of anthraquinone-2-sulphonate with this donor system is inhibited. In contrast to the antiserum to lutein the antiserum to neoxanthin inhibits DCMU-sensitive photophosphorylation reactions in the system H2O leads to ferricyanide and benzidine/ascorbate leads to anthraquinone-2-sulphonate. Therefore, the electron transport coupled to photophosphorylation is inhibited by the antiserum."}
{"id": "PMID:129993", "title": "[Subilization of high potential cytochrome b-559 from spinach chloroplasts (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Ethanol-extracted spinach chloroplasts were carefully sonified in a mixture of buffered urea, TRITON X-100 and dithiothreitol. This procedure solubilized the membrane-bound b-type cytochromes 559 and 563 to approx 90%. The crude extract contained both the high-potential (HP) and the low-potential form (LP) of cytochrome b-559 in a molar ratio of 1:1. 2. Strong sonification doubled the amount of low potential cytochrome b-559 in the extract. Therefore, it is assumed that Cyt b-559 HP was completely converted into the low-potential form. 3. Cyt b-563 was solubilized in the same concentration by both methods. 4. In the same medium (see No. 1), cytochrome f(= Cyt c-554) was dissolved by strong sonification only and is then essentially present in the extract in a dithionite-reducible form.", "contents": "[Subilization of high potential cytochrome b-559 from spinach chloroplasts (author's transl)]. 1. Ethanol-extracted spinach chloroplasts were carefully sonified in a mixture of buffered urea, TRITON X-100 and dithiothreitol. This procedure solubilized the membrane-bound b-type cytochromes 559 and 563 to approx 90%. The crude extract contained both the high-potential (HP) and the low-potential form (LP) of cytochrome b-559 in a molar ratio of 1:1. 2. Strong sonification doubled the amount of low potential cytochrome b-559 in the extract. Therefore, it is assumed that Cyt b-559 HP was completely converted into the low-potential form. 3. Cyt b-563 was solubilized in the same concentration by both methods. 4. In the same medium (see No. 1), cytochrome f(= Cyt c-554) was dissolved by strong sonification only and is then essentially present in the extract in a dithionite-reducible form."}
{"id": "PMID:129995", "title": "Cholesterol and phospholipid content of 3T3 cells and transformed derivatives.", "content": "For 3T3, PY-3T3 and SV40-3T3 cells, the contents of total lipid, cholesterol and phospholipid were determined. Weight of total lipid per cell correlates closely with cellular volume as determined microscopically. This correlation is not observed for cholesterol of phospholipid content per cell. Cholesterol content per cm2 cellular surface area is found about fifty percent higher in the transformed cell lines compared to 3T3 cells. This result is discussed in relation to thermal transitions observed in physical properties of the plasma membrane of these cells as well as in lamellar phospholipid/water model systems containing cholesterol.", "contents": "Cholesterol and phospholipid content of 3T3 cells and transformed derivatives. For 3T3, PY-3T3 and SV40-3T3 cells, the contents of total lipid, cholesterol and phospholipid were determined. Weight of total lipid per cell correlates closely with cellular volume as determined microscopically. This correlation is not observed for cholesterol of phospholipid content per cell. Cholesterol content per cm2 cellular surface area is found about fifty percent higher in the transformed cell lines compared to 3T3 cells. This result is discussed in relation to thermal transitions observed in physical properties of the plasma membrane of these cells as well as in lamellar phospholipid/water model systems containing cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:129994", "title": "The enhancement of CO2 fixation in isolated chloroplasts by low sulfite concentrations and by ascorbate.", "content": "The enhancement of CO2 fixation in isolated, intact spinach chloroplasts by ascorbate or by low sulfite concentrations (less than 1 mM) is strongly reduced or even abolished by the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD). By the use of 35SO3(2-) it is demonstrated that the rate of sulfate formation is much lower than the sulfite induced increase in CO2 fixation. This indicates that the superoxide radical is the chain initiating event; and, in parallel to ascorbate (Elstner and Kramer, 1973), the HSO3 radical, acting as a Hill reagent for photosystem I, is reduced to sulfite in turn. The ingibitory action of sulfite at concentrations greater than 1 mM is not relieved by SOD, since this effect is mainly based on a competitive inhibition of ribulosediphosphate carboxylase. SOD itself stimulates the CO2 fixation, if the reaction is started after 3 min of pre-illumination. This effect is discussed with respect to factors linked with the isolation procedure.", "contents": "The enhancement of CO2 fixation in isolated chloroplasts by low sulfite concentrations and by ascorbate. The enhancement of CO2 fixation in isolated, intact spinach chloroplasts by ascorbate or by low sulfite concentrations (less than 1 mM) is strongly reduced or even abolished by the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD). By the use of 35SO3(2-) it is demonstrated that the rate of sulfate formation is much lower than the sulfite induced increase in CO2 fixation. This indicates that the superoxide radical is the chain initiating event; and, in parallel to ascorbate (Elstner and Kramer, 1973), the HSO3 radical, acting as a Hill reagent for photosystem I, is reduced to sulfite in turn. The ingibitory action of sulfite at concentrations greater than 1 mM is not relieved by SOD, since this effect is mainly based on a competitive inhibition of ribulosediphosphate carboxylase. SOD itself stimulates the CO2 fixation, if the reaction is started after 3 min of pre-illumination. This effect is discussed with respect to factors linked with the isolation procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:129996", "title": "Inquiry into the limits of biological effects of chemical compounds in tissue culture, I. Low dose effects of mercuric chloride.", "content": "Experiments were desigened to investigate the low-dose side ot the so-called dose-effect relation of mercuric  chloride on the proliferation of a murine lymphoblastic cell strain (MB VIz). Three concentration ranges, from 0.9 X 10(-5) M to 0.9 X 10(-18) M to 0.9 X 10(-25) M, and from 0.9 X 10(-15) M to 0.9 X 10(-21) M, in which the concentration decreased stepwise by a factor 10, were studied in 61, 74 and 58 experimental repetitions, respectively. In the first range, the concentrations 0.9 X 10(-5) M and 0.9 X 10(-6) M HgCl2 proved to be definitely toxic as was expected. However, also 0.9 X 10(-16) M and 0.9 X 10(-17) M appeared to be growth-inhibiting, the latter results being confirmed in the second and the third concentration ranges. These differences in cell growth were statistically significant.", "contents": "Inquiry into the limits of biological effects of chemical compounds in tissue culture, I. Low dose effects of mercuric chloride. Experiments were desigened to investigate the low-dose side ot the so-called dose-effect relation of mercuric  chloride on the proliferation of a murine lymphoblastic cell strain (MB VIz). Three concentration ranges, from 0.9 X 10(-5) M to 0.9 X 10(-18) M to 0.9 X 10(-25) M, and from 0.9 X 10(-15) M to 0.9 X 10(-21) M, in which the concentration decreased stepwise by a factor 10, were studied in 61, 74 and 58 experimental repetitions, respectively. In the first range, the concentrations 0.9 X 10(-5) M and 0.9 X 10(-6) M HgCl2 proved to be definitely toxic as was expected. However, also 0.9 X 10(-16) M and 0.9 X 10(-17) M appeared to be growth-inhibiting, the latter results being confirmed in the second and the third concentration ranges. These differences in cell growth were statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:129997", "title": "Damage caused by two finnish mushrooms, Cortinarius speciosissimus and Cortinarius gentilis on the rat kidney.", "content": "The toxicity of two mushroom species found in Finland, Cortinarius speciosissimus and Cortinarius gentilis, on the rat was studied. Dried, homogenized mushroom was given orally by stomach tubing. A dose of 500 mg dried mushroom/kg body weight, was used. It was demonstrated that both species caused renal damage. No damage could be shown in other organs. The renal histopathological changes corresponded to those of tubulo-interstitial nephritis. The sensitivity of different individuals to the fungal toxins varied greatly.", "contents": "Damage caused by two finnish mushrooms, Cortinarius speciosissimus and Cortinarius gentilis on the rat kidney. The toxicity of two mushroom species found in Finland, Cortinarius speciosissimus and Cortinarius gentilis, on the rat was studied. Dried, homogenized mushroom was given orally by stomach tubing. A dose of 500 mg dried mushroom/kg body weight, was used. It was demonstrated that both species caused renal damage. No damage could be shown in other organs. The renal histopathological changes corresponded to those of tubulo-interstitial nephritis. The sensitivity of different individuals to the fungal toxins varied greatly."}
{"id": "PMID:129999", "title": "Arrangement of proteins and lipids in the sarcoplasmic membrane.", "content": "The number of amino residues present in the proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which can react with Fluram has been determined in native and sonicated SR vesicles. Sonication increases the number of amino groups accessible to Fluram from 0.57 to 0.87 mumol-mg prot.-1. This increase indicates that 66% of the amino residues are present in the external and 34% in the internal membrane leaflet. The distribution of the amino phospholipids is computed from the distribution of Fluram in the membrane proteins in comjunction with the relative distribution of Fluram between protein and lipid in native and sonicated vesicles. The distribution of the calcium transport protein has been approximated under different assumptions concerning the distribution of the residual protein and taking into account that 15% of the membranes of the SR vesicles might have changed their sideness during preparation.", "contents": "Arrangement of proteins and lipids in the sarcoplasmic membrane. The number of amino residues present in the proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum which can react with Fluram has been determined in native and sonicated SR vesicles. Sonication increases the number of amino groups accessible to Fluram from 0.57 to 0.87 mumol-mg prot.-1. This increase indicates that 66% of the amino residues are present in the external and 34% in the internal membrane leaflet. The distribution of the amino phospholipids is computed from the distribution of Fluram in the membrane proteins in comjunction with the relative distribution of Fluram between protein and lipid in native and sonicated vesicles. The distribution of the calcium transport protein has been approximated under different assumptions concerning the distribution of the residual protein and taking into account that 15% of the membranes of the SR vesicles might have changed their sideness during preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:130000", "title": "[Isolation and properties of the cell envelope of the green alga Chlorella fusca (author's transl)].", "content": "Chlorella cell envelopes were isolated by a mechanical procedure. The obtained morphological structure shown in an EM-picture has a mean density of rho=1.42. A characteristic chemical property of the envelope is the percentage of mono- and di-unsaturated C18-fatty acids which is considerably higher than that of intact cells. With 14C labelled sugars a selectivity of the hexose uptake could be shown, galactose uptake amounting only to about one fifth that of glucose and mannose. The uptake shows a temperature maximum. Part of the 14C registered after a 30 min uptake period is released by high concentration of unlabelled glucose, 20% are irreversibly fixed.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of the cell envelope of the green alga Chlorella fusca (author's transl)]. Chlorella cell envelopes were isolated by a mechanical procedure. The obtained morphological structure shown in an EM-picture has a mean density of rho=1.42. A characteristic chemical property of the envelope is the percentage of mono- and di-unsaturated C18-fatty acids which is considerably higher than that of intact cells. With 14C labelled sugars a selectivity of the hexose uptake could be shown, galactose uptake amounting only to about one fifth that of glucose and mannose. The uptake shows a temperature maximum. Part of the 14C registered after a 30 min uptake period is released by high concentration of unlabelled glucose, 20% are irreversibly fixed."}
{"id": "PMID:130001", "title": "Nitrogen fixing activity in Rhizobium japonicum separated from plant cell cultures.", "content": "Induced by soy bean tissue cultures in socalled \"tissue chambers\", Rhizobium japonicum str. 61-A-96 developed nitrogenase activity separated from the plant cells. The activity proceded for 48 h with a rate of 1 X 10(-8) nmol C2H4h-1 cell-1, which is about 6% of the activity measured for bacteroids from Rhizobium japonicum in nodules of Glycine max.", "contents": "Nitrogen fixing activity in Rhizobium japonicum separated from plant cell cultures. Induced by soy bean tissue cultures in socalled \"tissue chambers\", Rhizobium japonicum str. 61-A-96 developed nitrogenase activity separated from the plant cells. The activity proceded for 48 h with a rate of 1 X 10(-8) nmol C2H4h-1 cell-1, which is about 6% of the activity measured for bacteroids from Rhizobium japonicum in nodules of Glycine max."}
{"id": "PMID:130003", "title": "[Optics of the crayfish eye (author's transl)].", "content": "Histological and optical observations in the eye of crayfish lead to a new hypothesis of the superposition ray path in this eye. Rays from an object point entering through different facets are superimposed not by refracting systems as in other superposition eyes but by a radial arrangement of orthogonal reflecting planes which are formed by the sides of the crystalline cones and purine layers surrounding them.", "contents": "[Optics of the crayfish eye (author's transl)]. Histological and optical observations in the eye of crayfish lead to a new hypothesis of the superposition ray path in this eye. Rays from an object point entering through different facets are superimposed not by refracting systems as in other superposition eyes but by a radial arrangement of orthogonal reflecting planes which are formed by the sides of the crystalline cones and purine layers surrounding them."}
{"id": "PMID:130005", "title": "Interaction between cholesterol and calcium ions in solution.", "content": "Dialysis rates of cholesterol, calcium chloride dihydrate and of their mixture in 90% aqueous dioxane through Visking cellulose membrane were characterized by half-escape times (t1/2) of 2.2, 1.0 and 10.5 hours, respectively. Slow dialysis rate observed with the mixture was due to complex formation between four molecules of cholesterol and two molecules of calcium chloride dihydrate, molecular weight 1800 to 2000. The association constant for this complex in 90% aqueous dioxane was estimated to be 3.9 X 10(14). Rates of dialysis obtained with a natural protein membrane were in the reverse order to those obtained with cellulose membrane. Half-escape times for cholesterol, calcium chloride dihydrate and for their mixture were 0.6, 6.7 and 1.4 hours, respectively. Determinations of milliosmolality of the three solutions by freezing point depression indicated that in the mixture there were fewer osmotically active particles than in their separate solutions of the same molarity, also suggesting formation of the complex which was detected by dialysis experiments.", "contents": "Interaction between cholesterol and calcium ions in solution. Dialysis rates of cholesterol, calcium chloride dihydrate and of their mixture in 90% aqueous dioxane through Visking cellulose membrane were characterized by half-escape times (t1/2) of 2.2, 1.0 and 10.5 hours, respectively. Slow dialysis rate observed with the mixture was due to complex formation between four molecules of cholesterol and two molecules of calcium chloride dihydrate, molecular weight 1800 to 2000. The association constant for this complex in 90% aqueous dioxane was estimated to be 3.9 X 10(14). Rates of dialysis obtained with a natural protein membrane were in the reverse order to those obtained with cellulose membrane. Half-escape times for cholesterol, calcium chloride dihydrate and for their mixture were 0.6, 6.7 and 1.4 hours, respectively. Determinations of milliosmolality of the three solutions by freezing point depression indicated that in the mixture there were fewer osmotically active particles than in their separate solutions of the same molarity, also suggesting formation of the complex which was detected by dialysis experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:130002", "title": "Temperature--jump chlorophyll fluorescence induction in plants.", "content": "In contrast to slower heating rates, a temperature jump reveals complex rise phases in the heat induced chlorophyll fluorescence emission increase in intact plants. Three rise phases have been detected which indicate the stepwise loss of different quenching mechanism of system II fluorescence. Two of the phases appear to reflect heat deactivation of the system II reaction centers, while the other may be associated with the induction of hydrogenase activity. Variations in Tmax of the jump, for the increase in different plant varieties, suggest a correlation with membrane lipid phase transitions affecting thylakoid membrane structure and the fluorescence increase.", "contents": "Temperature--jump chlorophyll fluorescence induction in plants. In contrast to slower heating rates, a temperature jump reveals complex rise phases in the heat induced chlorophyll fluorescence emission increase in intact plants. Three rise phases have been detected which indicate the stepwise loss of different quenching mechanism of system II fluorescence. Two of the phases appear to reflect heat deactivation of the system II reaction centers, while the other may be associated with the induction of hydrogenase activity. Variations in Tmax of the jump, for the increase in different plant varieties, suggest a correlation with membrane lipid phase transitions affecting thylakoid membrane structure and the fluorescence increase."}
{"id": "PMID:130008", "title": "[Synthesis of a fragment of the active center of the streptococcal proteinase (EC 3.4.22.10), VIII (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis of the protected tricosapeptide Z-Val-Lys(Z)-Pro-Gly-Glu(OBzl)-Gln-Ser-Phe-Val-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Thr-Gly-His-Cys(MBzl)-Val-Ala-Thr-Ala-Thr-Ala-ONB is described. The tricosapeptide was built up from the decapeptide Z-Val-Lys(Z)-Pro-Gly-Glu(OBzl)-Gln-Ser-Phe-Val-Gly-ONp and the tridecapeptideester Gln-Ala-Ala-Thr-Gly-His-Cys(MBzl)-Val-Ala-Thr-Ala-Thr-Ala-ONB. A further nonadecapeptide with tert-butylmercapto protection of the SH group was also synthetized.", "contents": "[Synthesis of a fragment of the active center of the streptococcal proteinase (EC 3.4.22.10), VIII (author's transl)]. The synthesis of the protected tricosapeptide Z-Val-Lys(Z)-Pro-Gly-Glu(OBzl)-Gln-Ser-Phe-Val-Gly-Gln-Ala-Ala-Thr-Gly-His-Cys(MBzl)-Val-Ala-Thr-Ala-Thr-Ala-ONB is described. The tricosapeptide was built up from the decapeptide Z-Val-Lys(Z)-Pro-Gly-Glu(OBzl)-Gln-Ser-Phe-Val-Gly-ONp and the tridecapeptideester Gln-Ala-Ala-Thr-Gly-His-Cys(MBzl)-Val-Ala-Thr-Ala-Thr-Ala-ONB. A further nonadecapeptide with tert-butylmercapto protection of the SH group was also synthetized."}
{"id": "PMID:130006", "title": "[Synthesis of a fragment of the active center of the streptococcal proteinase (EC 3.4.22.10), VI (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis and properties of the protected peptide Boc-His(Boc)-Cys(X)-Val-OH(ONP) [X = tert-butylmercapto, p-methoxybenzyl, tetrahydropyranyl-(2)] are described. This peptide is a fragment of an active center sequence of the streptococcal proteinase (EC 3.4.22.10) containing the essential SH group of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Synthesis of a fragment of the active center of the streptococcal proteinase (EC 3.4.22.10), VI (author's transl)]. The synthesis and properties of the protected peptide Boc-His(Boc)-Cys(X)-Val-OH(ONP) [X = tert-butylmercapto, p-methoxybenzyl, tetrahydropyranyl-(2)] are described. This peptide is a fragment of an active center sequence of the streptococcal proteinase (EC 3.4.22.10) containing the essential SH group of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:130010", "title": "Lysolecithin induced membrane alterations in thymocytes. Effects of lysophosphatides possessing adjuvant and immuno-suppressive activities on cell agglutination by concanavalin A.", "content": "The effects of lysolecithin and of 2 synthetic ether-desoxy lysolecithin analogs, containing alkyl residues of 16 or 12 carbon atoms, on the agglutination kinetics of calf and rabbit thymocytes by concanavalin A (Con A) were investigated. Unlike the natural lysolecithin, these synthetic analogs are resistant to metabolism by membrane associated enzymes. It was found that pretreatment of thymocytes with lysolecithin or with the C16-analog leads to slightly increased agglutination rates. The C12-analog, in contrast, significantly inhibits thymocyte agglutination by Con A. Moreover, a comparison of these results with lysophosphatide effects on the agglutinability of erythrocytes of various species revealed that the inhibitory effect of the short-chain phosphatide is rather specific for thymocytes. The finding that long- and short-chain lysophosphatides, which have previously been shown to react as adjuvants or immunosuppressants, respectively, induce adserve alterations in thymocyte membranes indicates that these substances may affect the immune response by changing the membrane properties of immune competent cells. Concerning the nature of these membrane alterations it was shown that lysolecithin did not affect the number of Con A receptors per cell nor the affinity of lectin binding. It is therefore concluded that the lysophosphatide induced alterations of Con A agglutinability can not be caused by an uncovering or covering of lectin-receptors.", "contents": "Lysolecithin induced membrane alterations in thymocytes. Effects of lysophosphatides possessing adjuvant and immuno-suppressive activities on cell agglutination by concanavalin A. The effects of lysolecithin and of 2 synthetic ether-desoxy lysolecithin analogs, containing alkyl residues of 16 or 12 carbon atoms, on the agglutination kinetics of calf and rabbit thymocytes by concanavalin A (Con A) were investigated. Unlike the natural lysolecithin, these synthetic analogs are resistant to metabolism by membrane associated enzymes. It was found that pretreatment of thymocytes with lysolecithin or with the C16-analog leads to slightly increased agglutination rates. The C12-analog, in contrast, significantly inhibits thymocyte agglutination by Con A. Moreover, a comparison of these results with lysophosphatide effects on the agglutinability of erythrocytes of various species revealed that the inhibitory effect of the short-chain phosphatide is rather specific for thymocytes. The finding that long- and short-chain lysophosphatides, which have previously been shown to react as adjuvants or immunosuppressants, respectively, induce adserve alterations in thymocyte membranes indicates that these substances may affect the immune response by changing the membrane properties of immune competent cells. Concerning the nature of these membrane alterations it was shown that lysolecithin did not affect the number of Con A receptors per cell nor the affinity of lectin binding. It is therefore concluded that the lysophosphatide induced alterations of Con A agglutinability can not be caused by an uncovering or covering of lectin-receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:130009", "title": "The effect of calcium and phosphate on the biphasic calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The amplitude of the fast uptake and the initial rate of the slow uptake increase with increasing free calcium concentrations, up to 30 muM. In that range, both processes are correlated to each other. At higher concentrations, the slow uptake is more inhibited than the fast uptake. The fast uptake shows a maximum amplitude which remains unchanged in the presence of phosphate. The slow uptake leads to a nearly complete depletion of the external calcium, and its rate is proportional to the phosphate concentration, even at physiological range. The sarcoplasmic ATPase liberates inorganic phosphate and the slow uptake is an autocatalytic process.", "contents": "The effect of calcium and phosphate on the biphasic calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The amplitude of the fast uptake and the initial rate of the slow uptake increase with increasing free calcium concentrations, up to 30 muM. In that range, both processes are correlated to each other. At higher concentrations, the slow uptake is more inhibited than the fast uptake. The fast uptake shows a maximum amplitude which remains unchanged in the presence of phosphate. The slow uptake leads to a nearly complete depletion of the external calcium, and its rate is proportional to the phosphate concentration, even at physiological range. The sarcoplasmic ATPase liberates inorganic phosphate and the slow uptake is an autocatalytic process."}
{"id": "PMID:130007", "title": "[Synthesis of a fragment of the active center of the streptococcal proteinase (EC 3.4.22.10), VII (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis of the protected peptides Boc-Ala-Ala-Thr-Gly-ONp, Boc-Ala-Thr-Ala-Thr-Ala-ONB and Boc-Ala-Ala-Thr-Gly-His-Cys(X)-Val-Ala-Thr-Ala-Thr-Ala-ONB [X = p-methoxybenzyl, tert-butylmercapto, tetrahydropyranyl-(2)] is described. These peptides are fragments of an active center sequence of the streptococcal proteinase (EC 3.4.22.10) which contains the essential SH group of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Synthesis of a fragment of the active center of the streptococcal proteinase (EC 3.4.22.10), VII (author's transl)]. The synthesis of the protected peptides Boc-Ala-Ala-Thr-Gly-ONp, Boc-Ala-Thr-Ala-Thr-Ala-ONB and Boc-Ala-Ala-Thr-Gly-His-Cys(X)-Val-Ala-Thr-Ala-Thr-Ala-ONB [X = p-methoxybenzyl, tert-butylmercapto, tetrahydropyranyl-(2)] is described. These peptides are fragments of an active center sequence of the streptococcal proteinase (EC 3.4.22.10) which contains the essential SH group of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:130011", "title": "Phalloidin-induced proliferation of actin filaments within rat hepatocytes. Visualisation by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence.", "content": "Confirming our previous ultrastructural and biochemical studies, the combined electron microscopy and immunofluorescence investigations show that phalloidin causes a characteristically striking increase of actin filaments within rat hepatocytes. Filaments are localized mainly at the level of special junctional complexes between contiguous cells and around bile canaliculi.", "contents": "Phalloidin-induced proliferation of actin filaments within rat hepatocytes. Visualisation by electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Confirming our previous ultrastructural and biochemical studies, the combined electron microscopy and immunofluorescence investigations show that phalloidin causes a characteristically striking increase of actin filaments within rat hepatocytes. Filaments are localized mainly at the level of special junctional complexes between contiguous cells and around bile canaliculi."}
{"id": "PMID:130012", "title": "Inducibility of lambda phage development in Escherichia coli mutants thermosensitive for DNA replication.", "content": "In a thermosensitive dnaZ mutant lysogenic for lambda, induction of the prophage development was provoked at the restrictive temperature. In dnaD strain, spontaneous release of lambda proceeded even at 43 degrees C, but distinct induction of the prophage development was not caused by a heat treatment. Similarly, shift up of growth temperature did not lead to induction of lambda in lysogens carrying thermosensitive mutation in dnaH function or DNA polymerase I. In dnaH mutant, multiplication of lambda-virulent phage proceeded normally at 43 degrees C.", "contents": "Inducibility of lambda phage development in Escherichia coli mutants thermosensitive for DNA replication. In a thermosensitive dnaZ mutant lysogenic for lambda, induction of the prophage development was provoked at the restrictive temperature. In dnaD strain, spontaneous release of lambda proceeded even at 43 degrees C, but distinct induction of the prophage development was not caused by a heat treatment. Similarly, shift up of growth temperature did not lead to induction of lambda in lysogens carrying thermosensitive mutation in dnaH function or DNA polymerase I. In dnaH mutant, multiplication of lambda-virulent phage proceeded normally at 43 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:130013", "title": "An improved assay of UV-induced thymine-containing dimers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "The method for assaying thymine-containing dimers in yeast is based on highly efficient ([3H]-deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate) DNA-specific labelling and employs ascending thin layer chromatography. It allows satisfactory quantitative analysis down to UV-doses of 500 erg/mm2.", "contents": "An improved assay of UV-induced thymine-containing dimers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The method for assaying thymine-containing dimers in yeast is based on highly efficient ([3H]-deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate) DNA-specific labelling and employs ascending thin layer chromatography. It allows satisfactory quantitative analysis down to UV-doses of 500 erg/mm2."}
{"id": "PMID:130014", "title": "UV-induction of thymine-containing dimers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "In haploid and diploid S. cerevisiae the dimer yield ratio TT/CT is found to be 1.2/1 and 1.3/1, resp., at the UV (254 nm) unit dose 1 erg/mm2, the share of TT and CT in a UV (254 nm) lethal hit being 0.7 TT and 0.6 CT. A general formulation of the UV lethal hit is given and discussed. The TT+CT yields obtained for S. cerevisiae are compared to those reported for other organisms. It is found that there obviously exists a directly proportional linear correlation between genome size and TT+CT yield for the UV dose range well below the stationary levels of the TT and CT formation kinetics.", "contents": "UV-induction of thymine-containing dimers in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In haploid and diploid S. cerevisiae the dimer yield ratio TT/CT is found to be 1.2/1 and 1.3/1, resp., at the UV (254 nm) unit dose 1 erg/mm2, the share of TT and CT in a UV (254 nm) lethal hit being 0.7 TT and 0.6 CT. A general formulation of the UV lethal hit is given and discussed. The TT+CT yields obtained for S. cerevisiae are compared to those reported for other organisms. It is found that there obviously exists a directly proportional linear correlation between genome size and TT+CT yield for the UV dose range well below the stationary levels of the TT and CT formation kinetics."}
{"id": "PMID:130016", "title": "Identification of functional groups of pig kidney alkaline phosphatase by specific inhibitors.", "content": "Inactivation studies with 17 group-specific inhibitors showed that amino, hystidyl and tyrosyl residues probably are components of the active and/or regulatory sites of pig kidney alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Identification of functional groups of pig kidney alkaline phosphatase by specific inhibitors. Inactivation studies with 17 group-specific inhibitors showed that amino, hystidyl and tyrosyl residues probably are components of the active and/or regulatory sites of pig kidney alkaline phosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:130015", "title": "Radiation chemistry of DNA, II. Strand breaks and sugar release by gamma-irradiation of DNA in aqueous solution. The effect of oxygen.", "content": "From gamma-irradiated oxygenated aqueous solutions of DNA, 2-deoxy-tetrodialdose (1) and 2-deoxy-pentos-4-ulose (2) have been isolated as free sugars. The formation of 1 indicates that in the presence of oxygen the DNA strand is not only broken by mere phosphate ester cleavage but also by C--C-bond rupture in the sugar moiety. Such a process has not been encountered in deoxygenated solutions so far. The mechanism for the formation of 1 is discussed.", "contents": "Radiation chemistry of DNA, II. Strand breaks and sugar release by gamma-irradiation of DNA in aqueous solution. The effect of oxygen. From gamma-irradiated oxygenated aqueous solutions of DNA, 2-deoxy-tetrodialdose (1) and 2-deoxy-pentos-4-ulose (2) have been isolated as free sugars. The formation of 1 indicates that in the presence of oxygen the DNA strand is not only broken by mere phosphate ester cleavage but also by C--C-bond rupture in the sugar moiety. Such a process has not been encountered in deoxygenated solutions so far. The mechanism for the formation of 1 is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130018", "title": "The effect of Org. GB 94, imipramine and chlorpromazine on the concentrations of some amino acids in 9 regions of the rat brain.", "content": "The concentrations of 11 amino acids were determined in 9 regions of the rat brain following the acute administration of the antidepressant drugs imipramine and Org. GB94, and chlorpromazine. The amino acids were determined as their dansyl derivatives. Unequivocal changes were only found in the concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid, alanine, asparagine + glutamine, glycine and taurine in some brain regions. Chlorpromazine produced the greatest change in these amino acids. Imipramine and Org. GB94 had qualitatively different effects on the concentrations of the amino acids in the 9 brain regions.", "contents": "The effect of Org. GB 94, imipramine and chlorpromazine on the concentrations of some amino acids in 9 regions of the rat brain. The concentrations of 11 amino acids were determined in 9 regions of the rat brain following the acute administration of the antidepressant drugs imipramine and Org. GB94, and chlorpromazine. The amino acids were determined as their dansyl derivatives. Unequivocal changes were only found in the concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid, alanine, asparagine + glutamine, glycine and taurine in some brain regions. Chlorpromazine produced the greatest change in these amino acids. Imipramine and Org. GB94 had qualitatively different effects on the concentrations of the amino acids in the 9 brain regions."}
{"id": "PMID:130017", "title": "Phospholipids and ATPase activity of wild-type and ATPase deficient and uncoupled mutants of E. coli.", "content": "The ATPase activities and the amounts of individual phospholipids in E. coli wild types B163 and ML-308-225 as well as in the mutants AN120, DL54 and etc-15 have been examined. The ATPase activities and the amount of cardiolipin are higher in the stationary phase than in the log phase, whereas the amounts of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylserine are lower in the stationary phase. The decreased ATPase activity of the mutants is not due to an altered phospholipid composition.", "contents": "Phospholipids and ATPase activity of wild-type and ATPase deficient and uncoupled mutants of E. coli. The ATPase activities and the amounts of individual phospholipids in E. coli wild types B163 and ML-308-225 as well as in the mutants AN120, DL54 and etc-15 have been examined. The ATPase activities and the amount of cardiolipin are higher in the stationary phase than in the log phase, whereas the amounts of phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylserine are lower in the stationary phase. The decreased ATPase activity of the mutants is not due to an altered phospholipid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:130019", "title": "Out-of-plane fluctuations of lipid bilayers.", "content": "It is shown that out-of-plane fluctuations of two-dimensonally fluid membranes may lead to a decrease in effective area and affect stretching elasticity.", "contents": "Out-of-plane fluctuations of lipid bilayers. It is shown that out-of-plane fluctuations of two-dimensonally fluid membranes may lead to a decrease in effective area and affect stretching elasticity."}
{"id": "PMID:130021", "title": "Stress-induced changes in cell titer of crayfish hemolymph.", "content": "Cell titer in peripheral hemolymph of crayfishes rises in less than one hour after administration of stress. The stress may be wounding or handling of the animals.", "contents": "Stress-induced changes in cell titer of crayfish hemolymph. Cell titer in peripheral hemolymph of crayfishes rises in less than one hour after administration of stress. The stress may be wounding or handling of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:130020", "title": "Biological dictionary.", "content": "It is proposed that the biological communication is a language process with the basic word structure formed as a hexagonal neighborhood on the alpha-helix region of protein molecules.", "contents": "Biological dictionary. It is proposed that the biological communication is a language process with the basic word structure formed as a hexagonal neighborhood on the alpha-helix region of protein molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:130033", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus-strains of phage group II and their possible relation to animal staphylococci. 1. Antigenic properties, phage typing, and resistance to antibiotics.", "content": "Investigations carried out on 350 strains isolated from clinical materials and carriers revealed that among coagulase-positive staphylococci of phage group II two main serologic types predominated. The first (61,1%) was characterised by positive reaction with factor serum 263-2, the second (30,8%) one gave positive reaction with factor serum i1-2. The strains of type 263-2 contained as a rule polysaccharide A as well as polysaccharide 263, contrary to staphylococci belonging to type i1-2 which possessed polysaccharide A only. Both serologic types differed also epidemiologically, in phage typing and resistance to antibiotics. Staphylococci of serologic type 263-2 occurred in neraly all purulent lesions, they were more resistant to antibiotics than type i1-2 and prevailed in hospital environments. In phage-typing the differences between both serologic types were quantitative in character, with two being most outstanding, namely the prevalence of strains sensitive to phage 71 among staphylococci of serologic type 263-2 and of phage types 3A, and 3C as well as 3A, 3B, 3C among staphylococci of serologic type i1-2. There was no correlation between the susceptibility of strains to phage 71 and their virulence, the latter seemed to be connected with serologic type.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus-strains of phage group II and their possible relation to animal staphylococci. 1. Antigenic properties, phage typing, and resistance to antibiotics. Investigations carried out on 350 strains isolated from clinical materials and carriers revealed that among coagulase-positive staphylococci of phage group II two main serologic types predominated. The first (61,1%) was characterised by positive reaction with factor serum 263-2, the second (30,8%) one gave positive reaction with factor serum i1-2. The strains of type 263-2 contained as a rule polysaccharide A as well as polysaccharide 263, contrary to staphylococci belonging to type i1-2 which possessed polysaccharide A only. Both serologic types differed also epidemiologically, in phage typing and resistance to antibiotics. Staphylococci of serologic type 263-2 occurred in neraly all purulent lesions, they were more resistant to antibiotics than type i1-2 and prevailed in hospital environments. In phage-typing the differences between both serologic types were quantitative in character, with two being most outstanding, namely the prevalence of strains sensitive to phage 71 among staphylococci of serologic type 263-2 and of phage types 3A, and 3C as well as 3A, 3B, 3C among staphylococci of serologic type i1-2. There was no correlation between the susceptibility of strains to phage 71 and their virulence, the latter seemed to be connected with serologic type."}
{"id": "PMID:130039", "title": "[Some aspects of the use of the level of bacteriological confirmation in the epidemiological analysis of dysentery morbidity].", "content": "On the basis of studying the seasonality and the age composition of dysentery morbidity in comparison with the corresponding levels of bacteriological confirmation the authors suggested a method of recalculation of morbidity with consideration to this parameter. This method could be used in epidemiological analysis.", "contents": "[Some aspects of the use of the level of bacteriological confirmation in the epidemiological analysis of dysentery morbidity]. On the basis of studying the seasonality and the age composition of dysentery morbidity in comparison with the corresponding levels of bacteriological confirmation the authors suggested a method of recalculation of morbidity with consideration to this parameter. This method could be used in epidemiological analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:130040", "title": "[Characteristics of beta-hemolytic streptococci secreted in children in various climatic zones].", "content": "A study was made of the level of carrier-state, serological characteristics, virulence and toxigenicity of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from children in two towns with a different incidence of scarlet fever located in the contrast climatic zones. It was found that the level of carrier-state of beta-hemolytic streptococci and biological properties of the circulating strains were important factors associated with the incidence of scarlet fever.", "contents": "[Characteristics of beta-hemolytic streptococci secreted in children in various climatic zones]. A study was made of the level of carrier-state, serological characteristics, virulence and toxigenicity of beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from children in two towns with a different incidence of scarlet fever located in the contrast climatic zones. It was found that the level of carrier-state of beta-hemolytic streptococci and biological properties of the circulating strains were important factors associated with the incidence of scarlet fever."}
{"id": "PMID:130035", "title": "[Age-related and seasonal variations in the ATPase system of mitochondria of skeletal muscles in rabbit].", "content": "Seasoned variations in the activity of Mg++-ATPase and Mg++-DNP-ATPase have been revealed in studies on ATPase system of mitochondria of skeletal muscles of newborn, 7-, 10-day and adult rabbits. The degree of activation of ATPase by 2-4-DNP did not depend on the age of animals and the season of year. Absolute values for DHPATPhase were lower in young animals in spring. The activity of Mg++- and Mg++-DNP-ATPases and the extent of activation of the enzymes by Mg++ increased with the increase in the age of animals.", "contents": "[Age-related and seasonal variations in the ATPase system of mitochondria of skeletal muscles in rabbit]. Seasoned variations in the activity of Mg++-ATPase and Mg++-DNP-ATPase have been revealed in studies on ATPase system of mitochondria of skeletal muscles of newborn, 7-, 10-day and adult rabbits. The degree of activation of ATPase by 2-4-DNP did not depend on the age of animals and the season of year. Absolute values for DHPATPhase were lower in young animals in spring. The activity of Mg++- and Mg++-DNP-ATPases and the extent of activation of the enzymes by Mg++ increased with the increase in the age of animals."}
{"id": "PMID:130041", "title": "[Natural foci of ornithosis in Kazakhstan].", "content": "An investigation (clinical, immunological and epidemiological) of the workers of various fowl-farms was carried out in various regions of Kazakhstan for a number for years; the sera of domestic fowl and birds was studied as well. On the basis of examination of 6264 persons the greatest percentage of ornithosis was revealed among the workers of the slaughter house and the shop for the processing of the fowl. Examination of 4749 sera of bird blood showed that the highest incidence of ornithosis was among doves and ducks (43.2 and 11.6%), and the least--in chickens (5.3%); there proved to be a direct relationship between the infection of man and birds. Thus, it was shown that domestic fowl and also doves served as the source of ornithosis infection; foci of ornithosis were revealed in a number of Kazakhstan regions as a result of these investigations.", "contents": "[Natural foci of ornithosis in Kazakhstan]. An investigation (clinical, immunological and epidemiological) of the workers of various fowl-farms was carried out in various regions of Kazakhstan for a number for years; the sera of domestic fowl and birds was studied as well. On the basis of examination of 6264 persons the greatest percentage of ornithosis was revealed among the workers of the slaughter house and the shop for the processing of the fowl. Examination of 4749 sera of bird blood showed that the highest incidence of ornithosis was among doves and ducks (43.2 and 11.6%), and the least--in chickens (5.3%); there proved to be a direct relationship between the infection of man and birds. Thus, it was shown that domestic fowl and also doves served as the source of ornithosis infection; foci of ornithosis were revealed in a number of Kazakhstan regions as a result of these investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:130036", "title": "[Interrelationship between biochemical and physiological indices of skeletal muscles in the frog Rana temporaria].", "content": "Studies have been made on temporal characteristics of contraction and Mg-ATPase activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in various phasic and tonic muscles of the frog. The time of isometric tetanic contraction and Mg-ATPase activity of the reticulum in the phasic m. sartorius and the tonic m. coracoradialis are correlated. The data obtained suggest that the duration of twitch isometric contraction is related to calcium content of muscles.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between biochemical and physiological indices of skeletal muscles in the frog Rana temporaria]. Studies have been made on temporal characteristics of contraction and Mg-ATPase activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in various phasic and tonic muscles of the frog. The time of isometric tetanic contraction and Mg-ATPase activity of the reticulum in the phasic m. sartorius and the tonic m. coracoradialis are correlated. The data obtained suggest that the duration of twitch isometric contraction is related to calcium content of muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:130042", "title": "[A peculiar form of spinal amyotrophy encountered in a limited area of Belorussia].", "content": "The authors analyzed the data obtained in a study of 7 cases of peculiar spinal amyotrophy seen in some patients who lived in 3 adjacent villages. The disease had an incipient onset, with a prevalent localization of the pathological process in the anterior horns of the cervical part of the spinal cord and a subsequent progressive development with a lethal outcome accompanied by symptoms of respiratory insufficiency of the spinal type. The CNS was characterized by specific morphological changes. The authors are more in favour of the assumption that this disorder is of infectious nature of the group of gradual infections of the CNS.", "contents": "[A peculiar form of spinal amyotrophy encountered in a limited area of Belorussia]. The authors analyzed the data obtained in a study of 7 cases of peculiar spinal amyotrophy seen in some patients who lived in 3 adjacent villages. The disease had an incipient onset, with a prevalent localization of the pathological process in the anterior horns of the cervical part of the spinal cord and a subsequent progressive development with a lethal outcome accompanied by symptoms of respiratory insufficiency of the spinal type. The CNS was characterized by specific morphological changes. The authors are more in favour of the assumption that this disorder is of infectious nature of the group of gradual infections of the CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:130043", "title": "[Serotonin metabolism in several hereditary extrapyramidal diseases].", "content": "The authors studied the serotonin content in 43 patients with hereditary extrapyramidal diseases and in 30 normals (the control group). The thrombocyte serotonin was determined according to the modified Crawford method. The results of the study displayed that there was a highly significant drop in the level of serotonin in patients with torsion distonia (more expressed in subgroup 3, in patients with prevalent tonic disturbances and fixed pathological poses), and in akinetico-rigid variants of Huntington's chorea. In patients with hereditary pallidary degenerative diseases there was a tendency to a drop in the serotonin level.", "contents": "[Serotonin metabolism in several hereditary extrapyramidal diseases]. The authors studied the serotonin content in 43 patients with hereditary extrapyramidal diseases and in 30 normals (the control group). The thrombocyte serotonin was determined according to the modified Crawford method. The results of the study displayed that there was a highly significant drop in the level of serotonin in patients with torsion distonia (more expressed in subgroup 3, in patients with prevalent tonic disturbances and fixed pathological poses), and in akinetico-rigid variants of Huntington's chorea. In patients with hereditary pallidary degenerative diseases there was a tendency to a drop in the serotonin level."}
{"id": "PMID:130046", "title": "The activation by staphylokinase of human plasminogen.", "content": "The activation of human plasminogen by a highly purified staphylokinase was investigated using casein or an active site titrant (p-nitrophenyl-p-guanidinobenzoate, NPGB) as a substrate. The reaction rate was time dependent, showing a pronounced lag period with either substrate. Saturation curve estimated from the caseinolytic assay was sigmoid, but changed to quasi-hyperbolic in the presence of pre-formed human plasmin. With NPGB, the extent of plasminogen conversion into esterolytic plasmin was directly proportional to staphylokinase concentration, and the saturation point was reached when the molar concentration of staphylokinase equaled that of plasminogen. It is concluded that staphylokinase acts stoichiometrically, forms an equimolar complex with plasminogen, and thus is not an enzyme but a modifier. Staphylokinase-activated plasminogen exhibits properties of a hysteretic enzyme.", "contents": "The activation by staphylokinase of human plasminogen. The activation of human plasminogen by a highly purified staphylokinase was investigated using casein or an active site titrant (p-nitrophenyl-p-guanidinobenzoate, NPGB) as a substrate. The reaction rate was time dependent, showing a pronounced lag period with either substrate. Saturation curve estimated from the caseinolytic assay was sigmoid, but changed to quasi-hyperbolic in the presence of pre-formed human plasmin. With NPGB, the extent of plasminogen conversion into esterolytic plasmin was directly proportional to staphylokinase concentration, and the saturation point was reached when the molar concentration of staphylokinase equaled that of plasminogen. It is concluded that staphylokinase acts stoichiometrically, forms an equimolar complex with plasminogen, and thus is not an enzyme but a modifier. Staphylokinase-activated plasminogen exhibits properties of a hysteretic enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:130047", "title": "Serum levels of unconjugated aetiocholanolone androstenedione, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, aldosterone, progesterone and oestrogens during the normal menstrual cycle.", "content": "The results of daily determination of the levels of gonadotrophins, oestradiol, oestrone, progesterone, aldosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, and aetiocholanolone in the serum of 6 normal, ovulating women are reported and discussed. A pre-ovulatory aldosterone peak and rising values in the luteal phase of the cycle were found. Androstenedione, testosterone, and aetiocholanolone levels were significantly elevated from 3 days before until 3 days after ovulation. Since the mean androstenedione/aetiocholanolone ratio in the individual cycles in this period was similar to the ratio found during the rest of the cycle, we think it unlikely that aetiocholanolone is produced by the ovaries. No correlation was found between the aetiocholanolone patterns and the basal body temperature. In a case of conception followed for 20 days after ovulation, the steroid patterns remained unchanged until the presumed day of implantation, after which the aldosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, and aetiocholanolone levels started to rise. The mean androstenedione/aetiocholanolone ratio during the 10 days after implantation did not differ from the values obtained in the foregoing periods, so direct aetiocholanolone production by the ovaries after implantation seems unlikely.", "contents": "Serum levels of unconjugated aetiocholanolone androstenedione, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, aldosterone, progesterone and oestrogens during the normal menstrual cycle. The results of daily determination of the levels of gonadotrophins, oestradiol, oestrone, progesterone, aldosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, and aetiocholanolone in the serum of 6 normal, ovulating women are reported and discussed. A pre-ovulatory aldosterone peak and rising values in the luteal phase of the cycle were found. Androstenedione, testosterone, and aetiocholanolone levels were significantly elevated from 3 days before until 3 days after ovulation. Since the mean androstenedione/aetiocholanolone ratio in the individual cycles in this period was similar to the ratio found during the rest of the cycle, we think it unlikely that aetiocholanolone is produced by the ovaries. No correlation was found between the aetiocholanolone patterns and the basal body temperature. In a case of conception followed for 20 days after ovulation, the steroid patterns remained unchanged until the presumed day of implantation, after which the aldosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, and aetiocholanolone levels started to rise. The mean androstenedione/aetiocholanolone ratio during the 10 days after implantation did not differ from the values obtained in the foregoing periods, so direct aetiocholanolone production by the ovaries after implantation seems unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:130048", "title": "Control of the mitotic activity in the rat seminal vesicle by \"chalone\".", "content": "One month after castration male rats were injected daily with 2 X 50 mug of testosterone. Starting before the highest mitotic activity of seminal vesicles, 3 injections of normal seminal vesicle extract were given into the lumen at 3 h intervals. The contralateral seminal vesicle was injected with rat liver extract. Tritiated thymidine was given intravenously. The labelling index of the seminal vesicles was determined by means of radioautography. The crude supernatant of seminal vesicle was the most effective to inhibit the mitotic activity of the seminal vesicles. The decrease was on an average 34 per cent. The liver extract did not influence the mitotic activity. When the seminal vesicle extract was fractionated by Sephadex G-25, the largest fraction (M. W. greater than 3000) showed the highest inhibitory activity, whereas the smallest fraction (M. W. less than 1000) was ineffective. The inhibition of mitosis can also be induced by an unspecific factor, since pronase showed slight inhibitory action on seminal vesicle mitosis. However, the seminal vesicle extract had no inhibitory action on the epidermal mitotic activity.", "contents": "Control of the mitotic activity in the rat seminal vesicle by \"chalone\". One month after castration male rats were injected daily with 2 X 50 mug of testosterone. Starting before the highest mitotic activity of seminal vesicles, 3 injections of normal seminal vesicle extract were given into the lumen at 3 h intervals. The contralateral seminal vesicle was injected with rat liver extract. Tritiated thymidine was given intravenously. The labelling index of the seminal vesicles was determined by means of radioautography. The crude supernatant of seminal vesicle was the most effective to inhibit the mitotic activity of the seminal vesicles. The decrease was on an average 34 per cent. The liver extract did not influence the mitotic activity. When the seminal vesicle extract was fractionated by Sephadex G-25, the largest fraction (M. W. greater than 3000) showed the highest inhibitory activity, whereas the smallest fraction (M. W. less than 1000) was ineffective. The inhibition of mitosis can also be induced by an unspecific factor, since pronase showed slight inhibitory action on seminal vesicle mitosis. However, the seminal vesicle extract had no inhibitory action on the epidermal mitotic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:130050", "title": "[Histotopochemical investigations on elastic membranes of blood vessels with special regard to diabetes mellitus. II. Carbohydrates (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations on carbonhydrates were carried out with special regard to acid mucopolysaccharides and glycogen. The fluorescence-microscopical proof of acid micropolysaccharides with acridinorange (pH=3,3) and by means of the pseudoisocyanin-reaction (proof of-SO3H-groups) gave positive results on elastic membranes of blood vessels. These results were correlating to the increase of the diabetes mellitus. Healthy Wistar-rats did not show metachromasia with toluidinblue in the walls of the blood vessels, whereas in streptozotocin-diabetes there was strong metachromasia shown by these structures. The stages of diabetes in man were also correlated to an increase of metachromasia. The PAS-reaction, the staining with Best's carmine and the reaction with alizarinblue S for the proof of glycogen were positive in all blood vessels investigated.", "contents": "[Histotopochemical investigations on elastic membranes of blood vessels with special regard to diabetes mellitus. II. Carbohydrates (author's transl)]. Investigations on carbonhydrates were carried out with special regard to acid mucopolysaccharides and glycogen. The fluorescence-microscopical proof of acid micropolysaccharides with acridinorange (pH=3,3) and by means of the pseudoisocyanin-reaction (proof of-SO3H-groups) gave positive results on elastic membranes of blood vessels. These results were correlating to the increase of the diabetes mellitus. Healthy Wistar-rats did not show metachromasia with toluidinblue in the walls of the blood vessels, whereas in streptozotocin-diabetes there was strong metachromasia shown by these structures. The stages of diabetes in man were also correlated to an increase of metachromasia. The PAS-reaction, the staining with Best's carmine and the reaction with alizarinblue S for the proof of glycogen were positive in all blood vessels investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:130051", "title": "A study of the cuticle of Gordius robustus, a nematomorph worm. I. Cuticle in the parasitic phase.", "content": "1. An investigation on the structure and chemical nature of the cuticle of a nematomorph worm Gordius robustus and its role in the physiology of the endoparasitic phase has been conducted. 2. The cuticle has fundamentally three layers; the cortical, homogeneous and fibrillar layers, differing from one another in physical as well as chemical properties. 3. The cortical layer has organic sulphur and acid mucopolysaccharide; the homogeneous layer has organic sulphur together with collagen-like protein and the fibrillar layer has only collagen. 4. Electrophoretic and chromatographic analyses reveal the presence of four proteins with different amino acid composition; the carbohydrate components of the cuticle are galactose and mannose. 5. Alkaline phosphatase and non-specific esterase are found in the cuticle of the general body surface and these seem to be related to the cutaneous absorption of materials. 6. Using peroxidase as tracer protein, the absorption of materials across the cuticle from outside the body has been demonstrated; this absorption is found to be an active process.", "contents": "A study of the cuticle of Gordius robustus, a nematomorph worm. I. Cuticle in the parasitic phase. 1. An investigation on the structure and chemical nature of the cuticle of a nematomorph worm Gordius robustus and its role in the physiology of the endoparasitic phase has been conducted. 2. The cuticle has fundamentally three layers; the cortical, homogeneous and fibrillar layers, differing from one another in physical as well as chemical properties. 3. The cortical layer has organic sulphur and acid mucopolysaccharide; the homogeneous layer has organic sulphur together with collagen-like protein and the fibrillar layer has only collagen. 4. Electrophoretic and chromatographic analyses reveal the presence of four proteins with different amino acid composition; the carbohydrate components of the cuticle are galactose and mannose. 5. Alkaline phosphatase and non-specific esterase are found in the cuticle of the general body surface and these seem to be related to the cutaneous absorption of materials. 6. Using peroxidase as tracer protein, the absorption of materials across the cuticle from outside the body has been demonstrated; this absorption is found to be an active process."}
{"id": "PMID:130052", "title": "On the muscular fuel of the air sac in an air breathing fish.", "content": "The hyohyoideus muscle which is responsible for inflating and contracting the air sac in an air breathing fish, Amphipnous cuchia, belongs to white fibre type as it lacks muscle myoglobin. The muscle shows appreciable amount of glycogen and extracellular phospholipid globules. Staining of I bands in the muscle fibres with Alcian blue (1.0 less than or equal to pH less than or equal to 3.0) indicates presence of acid mucosubstances. The muscle does not show change in phospholipid content at the histochemical level but lowering of glycogen content (25 to 30%) when put to 51/2h of continuted physiological exercise. At the same time, increase in blood sugar level (20 to 30%) possibly indicates utilization of glycogen as the source of energy by the muscle. However, a clear cut priority of glycogen or phospholipid break down for energy source by the muscle could not be established.", "contents": "On the muscular fuel of the air sac in an air breathing fish. The hyohyoideus muscle which is responsible for inflating and contracting the air sac in an air breathing fish, Amphipnous cuchia, belongs to white fibre type as it lacks muscle myoglobin. The muscle shows appreciable amount of glycogen and extracellular phospholipid globules. Staining of I bands in the muscle fibres with Alcian blue (1.0 less than or equal to pH less than or equal to 3.0) indicates presence of acid mucosubstances. The muscle does not show change in phospholipid content at the histochemical level but lowering of glycogen content (25 to 30%) when put to 51/2h of continuted physiological exercise. At the same time, increase in blood sugar level (20 to 30%) possibly indicates utilization of glycogen as the source of energy by the muscle. However, a clear cut priority of glycogen or phospholipid break down for energy source by the muscle could not be established."}
{"id": "PMID:130054", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans of human bone tissue at different stages of mineralization.", "content": "Using ultracentrifugation, compact bone from a growing 15 years old man was separated into three fractions with different degrees of mineralization. The finely powdered material was fractionated in a density gradient of acetone and bromoform in varying proportions. The glycosaminoglycans were isolated after papain digestion of the tissue fractions. The glycosaminoglycan elution profiles from CPC-cellulose microcolumns indicated the presence of chondroitin-4-sulphate and, possibly, minor traces of hyaluronic acid. The degree of sulphatation was the same in all three fractions, while the total amount and molecular size of the glycosaminoglycans decreased somewhat with increasing degree of mineralization. The glycosaminoglycans of the tissue fractions were also extracted with 4 M guanidinium chloride and then purified chromatographically on DEAE. Gel chromatography of the isolated material showed three different peaks, two probably representing low molecular weight proteoglycans. The proportion of intermediate molecular size material increased with increasing degree of mineralization. The results are discussed briefly in relation to the mineralization process.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans of human bone tissue at different stages of mineralization. Using ultracentrifugation, compact bone from a growing 15 years old man was separated into three fractions with different degrees of mineralization. The finely powdered material was fractionated in a density gradient of acetone and bromoform in varying proportions. The glycosaminoglycans were isolated after papain digestion of the tissue fractions. The glycosaminoglycan elution profiles from CPC-cellulose microcolumns indicated the presence of chondroitin-4-sulphate and, possibly, minor traces of hyaluronic acid. The degree of sulphatation was the same in all three fractions, while the total amount and molecular size of the glycosaminoglycans decreased somewhat with increasing degree of mineralization. The glycosaminoglycans of the tissue fractions were also extracted with 4 M guanidinium chloride and then purified chromatographically on DEAE. Gel chromatography of the isolated material showed three different peaks, two probably representing low molecular weight proteoglycans. The proportion of intermediate molecular size material increased with increasing degree of mineralization. The results are discussed briefly in relation to the mineralization process."}
{"id": "PMID:130055", "title": "A comparison of antigenic structure and phage pattern with biochemical properties of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from sheep.", "content": "Of 84 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the anterior nares of healthy sheep and from the udders of ewes suffering from purulent mastitis the 89 per cent belonging to the C biotype contained agglutinogen h2 as well as polysaccharide Abeta. Ninety-five per cent of the C biotype strains were lysed by the bovine phage 78, the human phage set giving only weak reactions at RTD X 100. Two pigment-negative deficit variants as well as three unclassified strains gave similar results while three A biotype strains and one E biotype strain were definitely different. The close correlation between biochemistry, serology and phage typing substantiates the practical usefulness of the subdivision of S. aureus into biotypes.", "contents": "A comparison of antigenic structure and phage pattern with biochemical properties of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from sheep. Of 84 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from the anterior nares of healthy sheep and from the udders of ewes suffering from purulent mastitis the 89 per cent belonging to the C biotype contained agglutinogen h2 as well as polysaccharide Abeta. Ninety-five per cent of the C biotype strains were lysed by the bovine phage 78, the human phage set giving only weak reactions at RTD X 100. Two pigment-negative deficit variants as well as three unclassified strains gave similar results while three A biotype strains and one E biotype strain were definitely different. The close correlation between biochemistry, serology and phage typing substantiates the practical usefulness of the subdivision of S. aureus into biotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:130058", "title": "Practolol in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "A double blind trial of practolol in coronary heart disease has been conducted for 2 years. In 298 patients with acute myocardial infarction there was no reduction in overall mortality. In a group with initial heart rate over 100 per minute mortality was significantly lowered up to 1 year. Of 484 patients with coronary heart disease treatment for 2 years did not produce a significant reduction in infarction or sudden death. Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs have been shown to reduce left ventricular work and to have an antiarrhythmic action. On these grounds they would seem theoretically to have a place in the management of acute myocardial infarction. Practolol is a cardio-selective beta-blocking agent with an intrinsic sympathomimetic action, but devoid of local anaesthetic effect. It has been found effective in post infarction arrhythmias (1). In early infarction it reduces the area of necrosis as measured by surface ST segment mapping (2).", "contents": "Practolol in acute myocardial infarction. A double blind trial of practolol in coronary heart disease has been conducted for 2 years. In 298 patients with acute myocardial infarction there was no reduction in overall mortality. In a group with initial heart rate over 100 per minute mortality was significantly lowered up to 1 year. Of 484 patients with coronary heart disease treatment for 2 years did not produce a significant reduction in infarction or sudden death. Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs have been shown to reduce left ventricular work and to have an antiarrhythmic action. On these grounds they would seem theoretically to have a place in the management of acute myocardial infarction. Practolol is a cardio-selective beta-blocking agent with an intrinsic sympathomimetic action, but devoid of local anaesthetic effect. It has been found effective in post infarction arrhythmias (1). In early infarction it reduces the area of necrosis as measured by surface ST segment mapping (2)."}
{"id": "PMID:130063", "title": "Paget's disease: New treatment for an old disease.", "content": "There are probably 2.5 million patients with Paget's disease in the U.S.; 125,000 of these have severe disease meriting specific treatment. While the diagnosis can often be made by inspection, or by measurement of the temperature of involved limbs, it is often missed. Nonspecific findings include pain, headaches, deafness, heart failure, neurologic deficits and renal stones. A specific diagnosis can usually be established by radiologic examination of the skeleton and measurement of the serum alkaline phosphatase level. Bone scans are often helpful. In moderate-to-severe symptomatic disease, calcitonin limits the unregulated chaotic bone resorption and exerts highly specific and effective suppressive activity.", "contents": "Paget's disease: New treatment for an old disease. There are probably 2.5 million patients with Paget's disease in the U.S.; 125,000 of these have severe disease meriting specific treatment. While the diagnosis can often be made by inspection, or by measurement of the temperature of involved limbs, it is often missed. Nonspecific findings include pain, headaches, deafness, heart failure, neurologic deficits and renal stones. A specific diagnosis can usually be established by radiologic examination of the skeleton and measurement of the serum alkaline phosphatase level. Bone scans are often helpful. In moderate-to-severe symptomatic disease, calcitonin limits the unregulated chaotic bone resorption and exerts highly specific and effective suppressive activity."}
{"id": "PMID:130073", "title": "Iron absorption from Southeast Asian rice-based meals.", "content": "Non-heme iron absorption from three Burmese meals was measured using the method of adding extrinsic radioiron tracer to label the non-heme iron in the whole meals. Thirty-one healthy Burmese subjects were divided into three groups, each of which was given one type of meal. The absorption of reference ferrous ascorbate was also measured in all subjects and used to calibrate the observed absorption values when comparing different groups. Non-heme iron absorption from the basal meal of rice, vegetables, and spices containing 7.6 mg of total iron was 1.4%. Addition of 40 g of fish to the basal meal increased absorption to 6.4% in men and 11.9% in women. Relative absorption from the third type of meal, consisting of different proportions of rice and vegetables and less fish, was also higher than from the basal meal. Non-heme iron absorption from a Southeast Asian diet similar to the Burmese rice and vegetable diet would be insufficient to maintain iron balance. But it is improbable that such a diet is eaten all the time.", "contents": "Iron absorption from Southeast Asian rice-based meals. Non-heme iron absorption from three Burmese meals was measured using the method of adding extrinsic radioiron tracer to label the non-heme iron in the whole meals. Thirty-one healthy Burmese subjects were divided into three groups, each of which was given one type of meal. The absorption of reference ferrous ascorbate was also measured in all subjects and used to calibrate the observed absorption values when comparing different groups. Non-heme iron absorption from the basal meal of rice, vegetables, and spices containing 7.6 mg of total iron was 1.4%. Addition of 40 g of fish to the basal meal increased absorption to 6.4% in men and 11.9% in women. Relative absorption from the third type of meal, consisting of different proportions of rice and vegetables and less fish, was also higher than from the basal meal. Non-heme iron absorption from a Southeast Asian diet similar to the Burmese rice and vegetable diet would be insufficient to maintain iron balance. But it is improbable that such a diet is eaten all the time."}
{"id": "PMID:130074", "title": "Diagnosis of placental sulfatase deficiency..", "content": "Placental sulfatase deficiency has been found in four pregnancies (cases 1 to 4) with inappropriately low levels of urinary estriol excretion (less than 1.3 mg. per day near term gestation) associated with healthy neonates. The basis of the diagnosis in these cases was the greatly limited capacities for hydrolysis of 14C-dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHA-S) and 3H-estrone sulfate (0.2 mugCi each) to the free steroids during incubation of placental homogenates. Placental aromatase activities in vitro for free DHA and the concentrations of appropriate estrogen precursors in cord blood were normal or elevated. The defect was diagnosed prenatally in two of these cases on the basis of failure to increase the maternal excretion of urinary estriol (0.6 to 0.7 and 1.3 to 1.3 mg. per day, respectively) following acute instillation of DHA-S (250 mg.) into the amniotic fluid and on normal levels of estrogen precursors in cord blood. In comparison, a twofold increase in maternal estriol excretion was observed after infusing DHA-S into the amniotic cavity of a \"high-risk\" pregnancy having normal sulfatase and aromatase activities in vitro (case 5). These enzyme activities were also found to be similarly normal in another placenta from an undergrown fetus (case 6) and in six normal placentas. The clinical features of these pregnancies, the first ones described from the western hemisphere, are similar to reported cases: the newborn progeny are healthy males who appear to be developing normally. The prenatal diagnosis of the sex-specific placental enzyme defect has been made possible by the use of an intra-amniotic DHA-S loading test.", "contents": "Diagnosis of placental sulfatase deficiency.. Placental sulfatase deficiency has been found in four pregnancies (cases 1 to 4) with inappropriately low levels of urinary estriol excretion (less than 1.3 mg. per day near term gestation) associated with healthy neonates. The basis of the diagnosis in these cases was the greatly limited capacities for hydrolysis of 14C-dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHA-S) and 3H-estrone sulfate (0.2 mugCi each) to the free steroids during incubation of placental homogenates. Placental aromatase activities in vitro for free DHA and the concentrations of appropriate estrogen precursors in cord blood were normal or elevated. The defect was diagnosed prenatally in two of these cases on the basis of failure to increase the maternal excretion of urinary estriol (0.6 to 0.7 and 1.3 to 1.3 mg. per day, respectively) following acute instillation of DHA-S (250 mg.) into the amniotic fluid and on normal levels of estrogen precursors in cord blood. In comparison, a twofold increase in maternal estriol excretion was observed after infusing DHA-S into the amniotic cavity of a \"high-risk\" pregnancy having normal sulfatase and aromatase activities in vitro (case 5). These enzyme activities were also found to be similarly normal in another placenta from an undergrown fetus (case 6) and in six normal placentas. The clinical features of these pregnancies, the first ones described from the western hemisphere, are similar to reported cases: the newborn progeny are healthy males who appear to be developing normally. The prenatal diagnosis of the sex-specific placental enzyme defect has been made possible by the use of an intra-amniotic DHA-S loading test."}
{"id": "PMID:130076", "title": "Brain indole and catecholamines of turkeys during exposure to temperature stress.", "content": "Turnovers of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were determined in the brains of male turkeys during acute, chronic, and posttemperature stress. Changes induced in the depletion of endogenous monoamine levels 6 h after tyrosine hydroxylase or tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitions were regarded as changes in turnovers. High or low ambient temperature had no effect on brain DA turnover, whether the temperature stress was acute (6 h) or chronic (5 wk). Brain NE turnover increased upon acute exposure to either a cold (5 degrees C) or warm (32 degrees C) environment. Chronic exposure (5 wk) to such temperatures reduced significantly (P less than 0.001) the elevated NE turnover. The central E and 5-HT turnovers of birds kept at 32 degrees C for 6 h decreased and increased, respectively, whereas determination of E and 5-HT of birds kept at 5 degrees C showed an opposite pattern. Five weeks of continuous exposure to high and low environmental temperatures did not alter the changes in E and 5-HT turnovers from those observed during acute stress. Exposure of heat- or cold-reared turkeys to 24 degrees C reversed the changes in E and 5-HT turnovers. Thus the results indicated an increase in NE turnover only during acute exposure to thermal stress. However, the changes in E and 5-HT turnovers persisted during chronic exposure.", "contents": "Brain indole and catecholamines of turkeys during exposure to temperature stress. Turnovers of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E), and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) were determined in the brains of male turkeys during acute, chronic, and posttemperature stress. Changes induced in the depletion of endogenous monoamine levels 6 h after tyrosine hydroxylase or tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitions were regarded as changes in turnovers. High or low ambient temperature had no effect on brain DA turnover, whether the temperature stress was acute (6 h) or chronic (5 wk). Brain NE turnover increased upon acute exposure to either a cold (5 degrees C) or warm (32 degrees C) environment. Chronic exposure (5 wk) to such temperatures reduced significantly (P less than 0.001) the elevated NE turnover. The central E and 5-HT turnovers of birds kept at 32 degrees C for 6 h decreased and increased, respectively, whereas determination of E and 5-HT of birds kept at 5 degrees C showed an opposite pattern. Five weeks of continuous exposure to high and low environmental temperatures did not alter the changes in E and 5-HT turnovers from those observed during acute stress. Exposure of heat- or cold-reared turkeys to 24 degrees C reversed the changes in E and 5-HT turnovers. Thus the results indicated an increase in NE turnover only during acute exposure to thermal stress. However, the changes in E and 5-HT turnovers persisted during chronic exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:130086", "title": "Intrauterine diagnosis of chromosome anomalies.", "content": "Prenatal karyotype analysis was performed on cultured fetal cells obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis at the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy in 63 high risk pregnancies. The reason was advanced maternal age in 42 cases, a previous child with a chromosome anomaly in 13 cases, and parental balanced chromosome translocation in 7 cases. One mother was a haemophilia A carrier. Two mothers over 40 were found to be carrying a 21-trisomic fetus. In the group of parental balanced translocation one fetus showed an unbalanced translocation karyotype, two were karyotypically normal and four exhibited a balanced translocation identical with that of the parents. A therapeutic abortion was performed in the case of the unbalanced translocation, the two trisomic fetuses, and a male fetus of the haemophilia A carrier mother. After the abortion the prenatal chromosome findings were confirmed by cell cultures from fetal tissues. No immediate complications due to the amniocentesis were recorded, but two term fetuses died antenatally, one child was delivered prematurely, and one pregnancy terminated spontaneously foru weeks after the amniocentesis. Any casual relationship to the puncture was unlikely in these cases. All other pregnancies had a normal course and the outcome was in agreement with the prenatal studies. Although indications for prenatal karyotype analyses are evident in pregnancies at risk due to parental balanced translocation karyotype and advanced maternal age, the need for large-scale screening programmes is questionable, because the decision should be in the hands of the parents.", "contents": "Intrauterine diagnosis of chromosome anomalies. Prenatal karyotype analysis was performed on cultured fetal cells obtained by transabdominal amniocentesis at the 15th and 20th week of pregnancy in 63 high risk pregnancies. The reason was advanced maternal age in 42 cases, a previous child with a chromosome anomaly in 13 cases, and parental balanced chromosome translocation in 7 cases. One mother was a haemophilia A carrier. Two mothers over 40 were found to be carrying a 21-trisomic fetus. In the group of parental balanced translocation one fetus showed an unbalanced translocation karyotype, two were karyotypically normal and four exhibited a balanced translocation identical with that of the parents. A therapeutic abortion was performed in the case of the unbalanced translocation, the two trisomic fetuses, and a male fetus of the haemophilia A carrier mother. After the abortion the prenatal chromosome findings were confirmed by cell cultures from fetal tissues. No immediate complications due to the amniocentesis were recorded, but two term fetuses died antenatally, one child was delivered prematurely, and one pregnancy terminated spontaneously foru weeks after the amniocentesis. Any casual relationship to the puncture was unlikely in these cases. All other pregnancies had a normal course and the outcome was in agreement with the prenatal studies. Although indications for prenatal karyotype analyses are evident in pregnancies at risk due to parental balanced translocation karyotype and advanced maternal age, the need for large-scale screening programmes is questionable, because the decision should be in the hands of the parents."}
{"id": "PMID:130088", "title": "Studies on leukemic cells in a patient suffering from exfoliative dermatitis (due to chronic lymphatic leukemia), especially by scanning electron microscopy.", "content": "Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) of a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) were studied immunologically and scanning electron microscopically. The subpopulation percentage of rosette forming cells (T cell) and surface immunoglobulin bearing cells (B cell) were decreased in the peripheral blood. Moreover, tritiated thymidine uptake by lymphocytes in the cell culture stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), porkweed mitogen (PWM) and purified protein derivatives (PPDs) was decreased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed many long villi on the surface of the lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, which implies B cell origin, Observation by electron microscopic immunohistochemistry using the ferritin antibody technique revealed that beta1C/beta1A receptors normally seen on the B cells were also seen on the leukemic lymphocytes. Thus it appears that the leukemic cells in the peripheral blood of this patient are functionally and morphologically abnormal B cells.", "contents": "Studies on leukemic cells in a patient suffering from exfoliative dermatitis (due to chronic lymphatic leukemia), especially by scanning electron microscopy. Lymphocytes (T cells and B cells) of a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL) were studied immunologically and scanning electron microscopically. The subpopulation percentage of rosette forming cells (T cell) and surface immunoglobulin bearing cells (B cell) were decreased in the peripheral blood. Moreover, tritiated thymidine uptake by lymphocytes in the cell culture stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), porkweed mitogen (PWM) and purified protein derivatives (PPDs) was decreased. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed many long villi on the surface of the lymphocytes in the peripheral blood, which implies B cell origin, Observation by electron microscopic immunohistochemistry using the ferritin antibody technique revealed that beta1C/beta1A receptors normally seen on the B cells were also seen on the leukemic lymphocytes. Thus it appears that the leukemic cells in the peripheral blood of this patient are functionally and morphologically abnormal B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:130089", "title": "[Myocardial fibroelastosis].", "content": "One case of chronic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy diagnosed clinically died suddenly. Post-mortem examination established the diagnosis of endomyocardial fibroelastosis. It was insisted upon the extreme rarity of this form, on the criteria of clinical diagnosis, the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy being one of exclusion, and on the peculiar anatomical characteristics.", "contents": "[Myocardial fibroelastosis]. One case of chronic non-obstructive cardiomyopathy diagnosed clinically died suddenly. Post-mortem examination established the diagnosis of endomyocardial fibroelastosis. It was insisted upon the extreme rarity of this form, on the criteria of clinical diagnosis, the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy being one of exclusion, and on the peculiar anatomical characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:130087", "title": "[Correlation between the brain serotonin and the hypothalamic neuro-secretion in rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Parenteral administration of PCPA (200 mg/kg) induces changes in the quantitiy and the distribution of hypothalamic neurosecretion. This action appears very quickly and increases during the 48 hours following the injection. The histologic observations disclose a large accumulation of neurosecretory material in the supraoptic nuclei and in the accessory magnocellular groups of the anterior hypothalamus. In the median eminence large Herring bodies are seen. These results are to be compared to those obtained after mesencephalic raphes lesioning. The histologic alterations observed in the anterior hypothalamic level, may be due to complex disturbances involving the monoaminergic neuromediation.", "contents": "[Correlation between the brain serotonin and the hypothalamic neuro-secretion in rat (author's transl)]. Parenteral administration of PCPA (200 mg/kg) induces changes in the quantitiy and the distribution of hypothalamic neurosecretion. This action appears very quickly and increases during the 48 hours following the injection. The histologic observations disclose a large accumulation of neurosecretory material in the supraoptic nuclei and in the accessory magnocellular groups of the anterior hypothalamus. In the median eminence large Herring bodies are seen. These results are to be compared to those obtained after mesencephalic raphes lesioning. The histologic alterations observed in the anterior hypothalamic level, may be due to complex disturbances involving the monoaminergic neuromediation."}
{"id": "PMID:130091", "title": "The kidney in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Morphologic, ultrastructural, and function studies.", "content": "In order to study the nephropathy associated with experimental streptozotocin diabetes, serila morphologic, ultrastructural, immunohistologic, and functional studies were done in diabetic Lewis rats to study the course of the nephropathy. Early in the course of diabetes, these animals developed an increase in mesangial matrix, with electron-dense material, IgG, and C3 in the mesangium. These alterations were progressive. Mesangial bars, proximal tubular vacuolization, and myeloid bodies were also present. Progressive increase in protein excretion and increase in creatinine clearance were observed. Hyperglycemia was accompanied by weight loss, persistent glycosuris, hyperphosphaturia, and hypercalcuria. Urinary glomerular basement membrane-like protein and major urinary protein were decreased. Normal age-matched controls showed no abnormalities. Some of the changes observed in diabetic rats are present in human diabetes.", "contents": "The kidney in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Morphologic, ultrastructural, and function studies. In order to study the nephropathy associated with experimental streptozotocin diabetes, serila morphologic, ultrastructural, immunohistologic, and functional studies were done in diabetic Lewis rats to study the course of the nephropathy. Early in the course of diabetes, these animals developed an increase in mesangial matrix, with electron-dense material, IgG, and C3 in the mesangium. These alterations were progressive. Mesangial bars, proximal tubular vacuolization, and myeloid bodies were also present. Progressive increase in protein excretion and increase in creatinine clearance were observed. Hyperglycemia was accompanied by weight loss, persistent glycosuris, hyperphosphaturia, and hypercalcuria. Urinary glomerular basement membrane-like protein and major urinary protein were decreased. Normal age-matched controls showed no abnormalities. Some of the changes observed in diabetic rats are present in human diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:130092", "title": "Cystic fibrosis. A dilemma in the metabolic pathogenesis of genetic disease.", "content": "The fundamental pathological observations in cystic fibrosis (CF) were made over three decades ago. More recently, physiological findings have directed investigation toward a plethora of humoral substances and their possible role in disturbances of the secretory processes in CF. The application of the techniques of molecular biology and of tissue culture is beginning to increase our knowledge about the so-called CF factors and their diverse effects on epithelial and ciliated surfaces. Emphasis in current research is on the chemical characterization of the CF factors, the metabolism of cells cultured from patients with CF, and the biochemical events controlling the processes of secretion. Some current theories as to the metabolic pathogenesis of CF are considered in the context of existing findings.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis. A dilemma in the metabolic pathogenesis of genetic disease. The fundamental pathological observations in cystic fibrosis (CF) were made over three decades ago. More recently, physiological findings have directed investigation toward a plethora of humoral substances and their possible role in disturbances of the secretory processes in CF. The application of the techniques of molecular biology and of tissue culture is beginning to increase our knowledge about the so-called CF factors and their diverse effects on epithelial and ciliated surfaces. Emphasis in current research is on the chemical characterization of the CF factors, the metabolism of cells cultured from patients with CF, and the biochemical events controlling the processes of secretion. Some current theories as to the metabolic pathogenesis of CF are considered in the context of existing findings."}
{"id": "PMID:130093", "title": "Asymmetric septal hypertrophy in autopsies in men.", "content": "Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was not identified in the 2,790 autopsies performed in a Veterans Administration hospital since 1958. Recent reports consider ASH to be a common cardiac disease in the diffuse form that has extensive myofiber disorientation. A retrospective study of 419 autopsies was undertaken to see if that diagnosis had been overlooked; but, in 100 autopsies with detailed photographic records of ventricular and septal size, ASH was not found. There were slight average increases in the posterior portions of the septum and right ventricle, and an average septal-left ventricular ratio of 1.1. Since neither staff pathologists nor consultants who reviewed entire hearts with cardiomyopathy noted features of ASH, we consider it to be a rare disease in elderly veterans.", "contents": "Asymmetric septal hypertrophy in autopsies in men. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was not identified in the 2,790 autopsies performed in a Veterans Administration hospital since 1958. Recent reports consider ASH to be a common cardiac disease in the diffuse form that has extensive myofiber disorientation. A retrospective study of 419 autopsies was undertaken to see if that diagnosis had been overlooked; but, in 100 autopsies with detailed photographic records of ventricular and septal size, ASH was not found. There were slight average increases in the posterior portions of the septum and right ventricle, and an average septal-left ventricular ratio of 1.1. Since neither staff pathologists nor consultants who reviewed entire hearts with cardiomyopathy noted features of ASH, we consider it to be a rare disease in elderly veterans."}
{"id": "PMID:130094", "title": "Failure of ultralightweight knitted Dacron grafts in arterial reconstruction.", "content": "We have observed 11 cases in which the use of the ultralightweight knitted Dacron arterial graft made by the United States Catheter and Instrument Co. (USCI) was complicated by Interstitial hemorrhage dilation, or both. Although the incidence and specific cause of failure of this graft are unknown, we have discontinued its use on the basis of this experience.", "contents": "Failure of ultralightweight knitted Dacron grafts in arterial reconstruction. We have observed 11 cases in which the use of the ultralightweight knitted Dacron arterial graft made by the United States Catheter and Instrument Co. (USCI) was complicated by Interstitial hemorrhage dilation, or both. Although the incidence and specific cause of failure of this graft are unknown, we have discontinued its use on the basis of this experience."}
{"id": "PMID:130096", "title": "[Changes in the lymph nodes of rabbits following application of the breakdown products of fluoroplast].", "content": "Tracheobronchial, mesenterial and inguinal lymph nodes of 15 mature rabbits which were subjected to inhalation of valatile products of fluoroplast destruction were studied. The action of this drug for 1-40 days activated the reactive centers of follicles. The amount of blasts, plasmic cells, eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes increased in regional tracheobronchial and distant mesenterial lymph nodes. The prolonged action during 120 days resulted in decreased blasto- and lymphopoesis in the regional tracheobroncheal lymph nodes, depression of the reticular epithelium, suppression of the phagocytic and plasm cell reactions, decreased nucleic metabolism in the cells. Mesenterial lymph nodes retained their functions. The lymphopoesis in them and nucleic metabolism in the cells were intensified. The blastic, plasmic cell, eosinophilic and mast cell reactions were well pronounced.", "contents": "[Changes in the lymph nodes of rabbits following application of the breakdown products of fluoroplast]. Tracheobronchial, mesenterial and inguinal lymph nodes of 15 mature rabbits which were subjected to inhalation of valatile products of fluoroplast destruction were studied. The action of this drug for 1-40 days activated the reactive centers of follicles. The amount of blasts, plasmic cells, eosinophils, macrophages, lymphocytes increased in regional tracheobronchial and distant mesenterial lymph nodes. The prolonged action during 120 days resulted in decreased blasto- and lymphopoesis in the regional tracheobroncheal lymph nodes, depression of the reticular epithelium, suppression of the phagocytic and plasm cell reactions, decreased nucleic metabolism in the cells. Mesenterial lymph nodes retained their functions. The lymphopoesis in them and nucleic metabolism in the cells were intensified. The blastic, plasmic cell, eosinophilic and mast cell reactions were well pronounced."}
{"id": "PMID:130098", "title": "[A method of isolating inhibitors of the proliferative activity of liver hepatocytes].", "content": "A fraction containing two tissue specific regulators of the mitotic activity (chalone) and having a definite capacity to inhibit the DNA synthesis (G1-inhibitor) and to enter into the mitosis (G2-inhibitor) of hepatocytes of the regenerating liver was isolated from an aqueous extract by ethanol saturation from 70 to 81%. The fraction contains up to 10 substances of protein nature, 7 of which, due to the data of immunological analysis, are also present in other tissues and blood serum of rats.", "contents": "[A method of isolating inhibitors of the proliferative activity of liver hepatocytes]. A fraction containing two tissue specific regulators of the mitotic activity (chalone) and having a definite capacity to inhibit the DNA synthesis (G1-inhibitor) and to enter into the mitosis (G2-inhibitor) of hepatocytes of the regenerating liver was isolated from an aqueous extract by ethanol saturation from 70 to 81%. The fraction contains up to 10 substances of protein nature, 7 of which, due to the data of immunological analysis, are also present in other tissues and blood serum of rats."}
{"id": "PMID:130100", "title": "[Ultrastructural-cytochemical features of the plasma membrane of sodium-transporting cells].", "content": "Electron microscopic and biochemical studies of the ATP-ase activity in different regions of the nephron and in the kidney microsomal fraction of the rat have revealed a pronounced increase of the total and Na+-+K+-ATP-ase activity in the process of compensatory hypertrophy. A decrease of the enzymatic activity was noted predominantly in proximal tubules under loading the animals by isotonic NaCl solution and after adrenalectomy--mainly in distal tubules. This speaks of the inhibition of the sodium-reabsorbing system in them. The transport of isotonic fluid in collecting tubes is accompanied by widening intercellular lacunae together with an increase of the ATP-ase activity of the lateral plasmic membrane of neighbouring cells. The data obtained suggest a close correlation between the electron-microscopically revealed ATP-ase activity of the plasmic membrane of tubular cells and the functional activity of the sodium-transporting system. A morphological equivalent of the sodium pump is a plasmolemma--mitochondrial pump which is characterized by: a) well developed foldness of the basal plasmic membrane where the enzymatic system is disposed; b) the high total and Na++K+-ATP-ase activity cytochemically and biochemically revealed; c) numerous regularly disposed mitochondria, having close contacts with the folds of the basal plasmic membrane.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural-cytochemical features of the plasma membrane of sodium-transporting cells]. Electron microscopic and biochemical studies of the ATP-ase activity in different regions of the nephron and in the kidney microsomal fraction of the rat have revealed a pronounced increase of the total and Na+-+K+-ATP-ase activity in the process of compensatory hypertrophy. A decrease of the enzymatic activity was noted predominantly in proximal tubules under loading the animals by isotonic NaCl solution and after adrenalectomy--mainly in distal tubules. This speaks of the inhibition of the sodium-reabsorbing system in them. The transport of isotonic fluid in collecting tubes is accompanied by widening intercellular lacunae together with an increase of the ATP-ase activity of the lateral plasmic membrane of neighbouring cells. The data obtained suggest a close correlation between the electron-microscopically revealed ATP-ase activity of the plasmic membrane of tubular cells and the functional activity of the sodium-transporting system. A morphological equivalent of the sodium pump is a plasmolemma--mitochondrial pump which is characterized by: a) well developed foldness of the basal plasmic membrane where the enzymatic system is disposed; b) the high total and Na++K+-ATP-ase activity cytochemically and biochemically revealed; c) numerous regularly disposed mitochondria, having close contacts with the folds of the basal plasmic membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:130112", "title": "The corneal host-graft function. Physiopathology of the scar.", "content": "The scar of penetrating homografts was studied in experimental grafts in rabbits and monkeys. The purpose of the study was to analyze the healing process in those grafts and correlate these findings to clinical situations of abnormal graft healing. Light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy were done for morphological studies. Radioautography with tritiated thymidine and S-35 sulfate was done to study cell repopulation and ground substance development in the scar. More than 50 p. 100 of cells present in the scar came from the host and lay down circular collagen fibers in the stroma and new Descemet's material at the endothelial level. Very tight (continuous) 10-0 nylon sutures produce necrosis of the edge of the wound and delay healing. From the morphological point of view it appears that very thin scars have less tensile strength than wider scars. These usually show circular and crisscrossing collagen fibers. Radial scars induced by silk sutures or through and through placed monofilament nylon add tensile strength to the wound.", "contents": "The corneal host-graft function. Physiopathology of the scar. The scar of penetrating homografts was studied in experimental grafts in rabbits and monkeys. The purpose of the study was to analyze the healing process in those grafts and correlate these findings to clinical situations of abnormal graft healing. Light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy were done for morphological studies. Radioautography with tritiated thymidine and S-35 sulfate was done to study cell repopulation and ground substance development in the scar. More than 50 p. 100 of cells present in the scar came from the host and lay down circular collagen fibers in the stroma and new Descemet's material at the endothelial level. Very tight (continuous) 10-0 nylon sutures produce necrosis of the edge of the wound and delay healing. From the morphological point of view it appears that very thin scars have less tensile strength than wider scars. These usually show circular and crisscrossing collagen fibers. Radial scars induced by silk sutures or through and through placed monofilament nylon add tensile strength to the wound."}
{"id": "PMID:130113", "title": "Immunological comparison of normal, regenerating, and cultured corneal cells.", "content": "Two types of corneal cell membrane receptors are described, one occurs on the surface of only regenerating or cultured cells, that is, actively metabolizing and/or proliferating ones. The other type of corneal membrane receptors occurs on the cell surface independent of the metabolic state, e.g. on excised resting cells. In contrast to the restricted ontogenic specificity of the metabolically dependent corneal cell membrane antigens, the metabolically independent cell surface antigens were found to be universally distributed across ontogenic or species barriers. Such metabolically independent corneal cell surface antigens include Forssman or blood group antigens. The immuno-cytotoxic reaction of corneal cells involving the metabolically independent cell surface antigens was enhanced by complement, whereas a similar immunocytotoxic reaction involving the metabolically dependent antigens was not.", "contents": "Immunological comparison of normal, regenerating, and cultured corneal cells. Two types of corneal cell membrane receptors are described, one occurs on the surface of only regenerating or cultured cells, that is, actively metabolizing and/or proliferating ones. The other type of corneal membrane receptors occurs on the cell surface independent of the metabolic state, e.g. on excised resting cells. In contrast to the restricted ontogenic specificity of the metabolically dependent corneal cell membrane antigens, the metabolically independent cell surface antigens were found to be universally distributed across ontogenic or species barriers. Such metabolically independent corneal cell surface antigens include Forssman or blood group antigens. The immuno-cytotoxic reaction of corneal cells involving the metabolically independent cell surface antigens was enhanced by complement, whereas a similar immunocytotoxic reaction involving the metabolically dependent antigens was not."}
{"id": "PMID:130116", "title": "Corneal cryo-preservation and its clinical application.", "content": "Shortage of fresh corneal tissue for keratoplasty and expensive equipment needed for cryo-preservation has confined the field of corneal transplantation. The development of a simple medium for storage of corneal tissue which is inexpensive, which requires no technical assistance, and which provides the surgeon with excellent tissue would be very helpful. Forty-five of 55 human corneas stored for up to seven days in a simple tissue culture medium remained clear and thin after keratoplasty. Corneal deturgescence rates of tissue stored in this medium compared favorably with those rates for fresh and cryopreserved tissue.", "contents": "Corneal cryo-preservation and its clinical application. Shortage of fresh corneal tissue for keratoplasty and expensive equipment needed for cryo-preservation has confined the field of corneal transplantation. The development of a simple medium for storage of corneal tissue which is inexpensive, which requires no technical assistance, and which provides the surgeon with excellent tissue would be very helpful. Forty-five of 55 human corneas stored for up to seven days in a simple tissue culture medium remained clear and thin after keratoplasty. Corneal deturgescence rates of tissue stored in this medium compared favorably with those rates for fresh and cryopreserved tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:130119", "title": "[Exploration of the choriocapillaries by equidensity technic].", "content": "The author has studied the choriocapillaris using the equi-density technique on early fluorescein angiography pictures of normal human fundi. This new method of examination seems to prove that the circulation in the chorio-capillaris in man has a very particular form, similar to that demonstrated in the monkey.", "contents": "[Exploration of the choriocapillaries by equidensity technic]. The author has studied the choriocapillaris using the equi-density technique on early fluorescein angiography pictures of normal human fundi. This new method of examination seems to prove that the circulation in the chorio-capillaris in man has a very particular form, similar to that demonstrated in the monkey."}
{"id": "PMID:130120", "title": "[A case of leiomyoma of the iris].", "content": "A case of leiomyoma of the iris confirned to the nasal quadrant in a 64 year old man is presented. The clinical and histopathological characteristics of this observation confirms the classical data about this rare tumor : clinical silence, discovery through a complication, difficult diagnosis, therapeutical value of the surgical biopsy and good prognosis.", "contents": "[A case of leiomyoma of the iris]. A case of leiomyoma of the iris confirned to the nasal quadrant in a 64 year old man is presented. The clinical and histopathological characteristics of this observation confirms the classical data about this rare tumor : clinical silence, discovery through a complication, difficult diagnosis, therapeutical value of the surgical biopsy and good prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:130121", "title": "[Functional exploration of the perimacular and macular retinal region by means of flicker E.R.G. and the determination of perceptive fusion thresholds of an intermittent light (De Lange's curve)].", "content": "This study compares and verifies the efficiency of two functional tests based on intermittent light stimulation. One is the De Lange curve, the other flicker E.R.G. recorded in defined photopic conditions and analysed with different methods. The studied cases belong to a reference group and other groups including foveolar lesions, parifoveolar and diffuse retinopathy, ethambutol and quinoline derivative retinal intoxication. The results show that both objective and subjective methods are sensitive and show some parallelism : both methods aid in distinguishing between foveolar and perifoveolar involvements; a possible comparison between the two tests is also possible.", "contents": "[Functional exploration of the perimacular and macular retinal region by means of flicker E.R.G. and the determination of perceptive fusion thresholds of an intermittent light (De Lange's curve)]. This study compares and verifies the efficiency of two functional tests based on intermittent light stimulation. One is the De Lange curve, the other flicker E.R.G. recorded in defined photopic conditions and analysed with different methods. The studied cases belong to a reference group and other groups including foveolar lesions, parifoveolar and diffuse retinopathy, ethambutol and quinoline derivative retinal intoxication. The results show that both objective and subjective methods are sensitive and show some parallelism : both methods aid in distinguishing between foveolar and perifoveolar involvements; a possible comparison between the two tests is also possible."}
{"id": "PMID:130122", "title": "[Hypermetric refixation: objective sign of abnormal retinal correspondence].", "content": "In squinting patients with A.R.C. during the cover test, the keeping of fixation exhibits sometimes an hypermetric movement of the eye, which is accounted with a false localization of images.", "contents": "[Hypermetric refixation: objective sign of abnormal retinal correspondence]. In squinting patients with A.R.C. during the cover test, the keeping of fixation exhibits sometimes an hypermetric movement of the eye, which is accounted with a false localization of images."}
{"id": "PMID:130123", "title": "[Regeneration of corneal endothelium in the rabbit: microscopic study and relation with corneal thickness].", "content": "The corneal cells are destroyed within a 10 mm diameter circular belt by liquid nitrogen application in vivo. The endothelial regeneration is followed from day to day using endothelial flat preparation technic, and is compared to the corneal thickness measurement and to the estimation of transparency. From the 5th day, Descemet's membrane is entirely covered by the regenerated endothelium; from this time, both thickness and transparency of the stroma become normal. Therefore, in spite of the persitence of morphologic abnormalities, the regenerating endothelial cells preserve or obtain again very rapidly their specific function of a barrier against hydration of the stroma.", "contents": "[Regeneration of corneal endothelium in the rabbit: microscopic study and relation with corneal thickness]. The corneal cells are destroyed within a 10 mm diameter circular belt by liquid nitrogen application in vivo. The endothelial regeneration is followed from day to day using endothelial flat preparation technic, and is compared to the corneal thickness measurement and to the estimation of transparency. From the 5th day, Descemet's membrane is entirely covered by the regenerated endothelium; from this time, both thickness and transparency of the stroma become normal. Therefore, in spite of the persitence of morphologic abnormalities, the regenerating endothelial cells preserve or obtain again very rapidly their specific function of a barrier against hydration of the stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:130131", "title": "The structure of keratan sulphates from various sources.", "content": "Quantitative structural comparisons were made between keratan sulphates isolated from various sources, namely pig nucleus pulposus, bovine cornea, and the costal cartilages of children, a young adult with Marfan syndrome and of old human autopsies. In human costal cartilage the amount of keratan sulphate increases markedly with age, although total mucopolysaccharide decreases to some extent, concomitant with a decrease in chondroitin 4-sulphate and an increase in chondroitin 6-sulphate. Comparison of molecular weights estimated by gel chromatography with those calculated from the molar ratio of galactose to mannose indicates that keratan sulphates of human costal cartilages of children and of a young adult with Marfan syndrome, and of pig nucleus pulposus, contain one mannose residue per chain, whereas keratan sulphates of old human costal cartilage and of bovine cornea contain one to two, and two, per chain respectively. After mild acid-catalysed desulphation of pig nucleus pulposus keratan sulphate, approx. 12% of the mucopolysaccharide aggregates irreversibly once the water is removed from the polysaccharide. The following conclusions have been drawn from a methylation analysis of keratan sulphates of various sources, aided by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. (1) Fucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid are non-reducing terminal residues and the sialic acid is linked to the 3-position of galactose residues. (2) Pig nucleus pulposus keratan sulphate has approximately 4 non-reducing terminal groups per molecule and appears to be slightly less branched than the costal-cartilage keratan sulphate of children. The branching in human costal-cartilage keratan sulphates decreases with age. Bovine corneal keratan sulphate appears to be unbranched. (3) Mannose residues are linked by 3 different substituents in human costal-cartilage and bovine corneal keratan sulphates, and by two different substituents in pig nucleus pulposus keratan sulphate. (4) The sulphate ester groups are all on the 6-position of N-acetyl-glucosamine and galactose residues. The degree of sulphation increases with age in costal keratan sulphates with the increase mainly of the galactose 6-sulphate residues.", "contents": "The structure of keratan sulphates from various sources. Quantitative structural comparisons were made between keratan sulphates isolated from various sources, namely pig nucleus pulposus, bovine cornea, and the costal cartilages of children, a young adult with Marfan syndrome and of old human autopsies. In human costal cartilage the amount of keratan sulphate increases markedly with age, although total mucopolysaccharide decreases to some extent, concomitant with a decrease in chondroitin 4-sulphate and an increase in chondroitin 6-sulphate. Comparison of molecular weights estimated by gel chromatography with those calculated from the molar ratio of galactose to mannose indicates that keratan sulphates of human costal cartilages of children and of a young adult with Marfan syndrome, and of pig nucleus pulposus, contain one mannose residue per chain, whereas keratan sulphates of old human costal cartilage and of bovine cornea contain one to two, and two, per chain respectively. After mild acid-catalysed desulphation of pig nucleus pulposus keratan sulphate, approx. 12% of the mucopolysaccharide aggregates irreversibly once the water is removed from the polysaccharide. The following conclusions have been drawn from a methylation analysis of keratan sulphates of various sources, aided by g.l.c.-mass spectrometry. (1) Fucose and N-acetylneuraminic acid are non-reducing terminal residues and the sialic acid is linked to the 3-position of galactose residues. (2) Pig nucleus pulposus keratan sulphate has approximately 4 non-reducing terminal groups per molecule and appears to be slightly less branched than the costal-cartilage keratan sulphate of children. The branching in human costal-cartilage keratan sulphates decreases with age. Bovine corneal keratan sulphate appears to be unbranched. (3) Mannose residues are linked by 3 different substituents in human costal-cartilage and bovine corneal keratan sulphates, and by two different substituents in pig nucleus pulposus keratan sulphate. (4) The sulphate ester groups are all on the 6-position of N-acetyl-glucosamine and galactose residues. The degree of sulphation increases with age in costal keratan sulphates with the increase mainly of the galactose 6-sulphate residues."}
{"id": "PMID:130132", "title": "Studies on the polydispersity and heterogeneity of cartilage proteoglycans. Identification of 3 proteoglycan structures in bovine nasal cartilage.", "content": "1. Three chondroitin sulphate components were isolated from adult bovine nasal cartilage after treatment with alkaline NaB3H. Average molecular weights of 13000, 18 600 and 28 000 were obtained for chondroitin sulphate species representing 10, 52 and 38% (w/w) of the total chondroitin sulphate respectively. Each chondroitin sulphate pool has a narrow molecular-weight distribution. 2. A proteoglycan subunit preparation, isolated from one nasal cartilage by extraction and density-gradient fractionation in dissociative solvents, partitioned on a CSCl density gradient according to size and composition. Variation of proteoglycan molecular weight across the gradient was directly related to the average chondrotin sulphate chain length, which in turn reflected the relative proportion of the three chondroitin sulphate pools in each proteoglycan fraction. Consideration of proteoglycan molecular parameters, compositions and behaviour on sedimentation leads to a proposal that nasal cartilage contains 3 distinct proteoglycan pools, each of which has a constant number of chondroitin sulphate side chains of different average molecular weight. 3. Molecular-weight distribution parameters for these proteoglycan preparations indicate that all serine residues on the protein core capable of initiating chondroitin sulphate biosynthesis are occupied and that proteoglycan polydispersity results directly from the polydispersity of the attached chondroitin sulphate component.", "contents": "Studies on the polydispersity and heterogeneity of cartilage proteoglycans. Identification of 3 proteoglycan structures in bovine nasal cartilage. 1. Three chondroitin sulphate components were isolated from adult bovine nasal cartilage after treatment with alkaline NaB3H. Average molecular weights of 13000, 18 600 and 28 000 were obtained for chondroitin sulphate species representing 10, 52 and 38% (w/w) of the total chondroitin sulphate respectively. Each chondroitin sulphate pool has a narrow molecular-weight distribution. 2. A proteoglycan subunit preparation, isolated from one nasal cartilage by extraction and density-gradient fractionation in dissociative solvents, partitioned on a CSCl density gradient according to size and composition. Variation of proteoglycan molecular weight across the gradient was directly related to the average chondrotin sulphate chain length, which in turn reflected the relative proportion of the three chondroitin sulphate pools in each proteoglycan fraction. Consideration of proteoglycan molecular parameters, compositions and behaviour on sedimentation leads to a proposal that nasal cartilage contains 3 distinct proteoglycan pools, each of which has a constant number of chondroitin sulphate side chains of different average molecular weight. 3. Molecular-weight distribution parameters for these proteoglycan preparations indicate that all serine residues on the protein core capable of initiating chondroitin sulphate biosynthesis are occupied and that proteoglycan polydispersity results directly from the polydispersity of the attached chondroitin sulphate component."}
{"id": "PMID:130138", "title": "[On the multiple-dose kinetics of glibornuride in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of 1-(2-endo-hydroxy-3-endo-bornyl)-3-(p-tolyl-sulfonyl)-urea (glibornuride, Glutril\u00bf) was examined in 7 subjects with maturity-onset diabetes treated with the drug over a period of 4 weeks (25 mg every twelve hours). The steady-state levels of glibornuride (maximum and minimum concentrations) were determined experimentally and by calculation (using the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained following oral administration of 50 mg glibornuride on the 1st day of the treatment). There was good agreement between experimental and calculated values. The results afford evidence for the regular pharmacokinetic pattern of glibornuride. There was neither unexpected accumulation of the drug nor diminution of the steady-state levels as might occur as a consequence of induction of microsomal enzymes.", "contents": "[On the multiple-dose kinetics of glibornuride in man (author's transl)]. The multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of 1-(2-endo-hydroxy-3-endo-bornyl)-3-(p-tolyl-sulfonyl)-urea (glibornuride, Glutril\u00bf) was examined in 7 subjects with maturity-onset diabetes treated with the drug over a period of 4 weeks (25 mg every twelve hours). The steady-state levels of glibornuride (maximum and minimum concentrations) were determined experimentally and by calculation (using the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained following oral administration of 50 mg glibornuride on the 1st day of the treatment). There was good agreement between experimental and calculated values. The results afford evidence for the regular pharmacokinetic pattern of glibornuride. There was neither unexpected accumulation of the drug nor diminution of the steady-state levels as might occur as a consequence of induction of microsomal enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:130136", "title": "Therapeutic studies in NZB/W mice. IV. Effect of combination drug therapy on immune complex deposition.", "content": "Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and methylprednisolone given individually to NZB/NZW mice retard the development of autoimmune nephritis and prolong survival in these mice. Administration of the combination of all three drugs is superior to one or two drug regimens. In the present study the kidneys of mice treated with all single, double, and triple drug regimens were compared for the degree of deposition of immunoglobulin and complement. The triple drug regimen significantly reduced overall deposition of immunoglobulin and complement compared with any other regimen. Complement and gamma2 were significantly reduced by triple drug therapy compared with any other regimen. The triple drug regimen reduced gamma1 compared with untreated and double drug treated mice. The single, double, and triple drug regimens significantly reduced gammaM deposition to about the same degree. Deposition of gammaA was not significantly reduced by any regimen. Circulating levels of these immunoglobulin classes were not reduced, a fact suggesting that the reduction in autoimmune nephritis resulting from triple drug therapy is associated with superior reduction in immune complex deposition rather than with generalized, non-specific immunodepression.", "contents": "Therapeutic studies in NZB/W mice. IV. Effect of combination drug therapy on immune complex deposition. Azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, and methylprednisolone given individually to NZB/NZW mice retard the development of autoimmune nephritis and prolong survival in these mice. Administration of the combination of all three drugs is superior to one or two drug regimens. In the present study the kidneys of mice treated with all single, double, and triple drug regimens were compared for the degree of deposition of immunoglobulin and complement. The triple drug regimen significantly reduced overall deposition of immunoglobulin and complement compared with any other regimen. Complement and gamma2 were significantly reduced by triple drug therapy compared with any other regimen. The triple drug regimen reduced gamma1 compared with untreated and double drug treated mice. The single, double, and triple drug regimens significantly reduced gammaM deposition to about the same degree. Deposition of gammaA was not significantly reduced by any regimen. Circulating levels of these immunoglobulin classes were not reduced, a fact suggesting that the reduction in autoimmune nephritis resulting from triple drug therapy is associated with superior reduction in immune complex deposition rather than with generalized, non-specific immunodepression."}
{"id": "PMID:130137", "title": "Cyclophosphamide protection in NZB/NZW disease. Mechanisms and therapeutic regimens.", "content": "Regular administration of cyclophosphamide to NZB/NZW female mice effectively protects against the nephritis that is thought to be a model for human SLE nephritis. Reductions in serologic, histologic, and immunogluorescent parameters of the disease are correlated. Intermittent as well as continuous administration of the drug is effective without the development of leukopenia. Possible mechanisms of drug action and a modified approach to therapy of immune complex disease are discussed.", "contents": "Cyclophosphamide protection in NZB/NZW disease. Mechanisms and therapeutic regimens. Regular administration of cyclophosphamide to NZB/NZW female mice effectively protects against the nephritis that is thought to be a model for human SLE nephritis. Reductions in serologic, histologic, and immunogluorescent parameters of the disease are correlated. Intermittent as well as continuous administration of the drug is effective without the development of leukopenia. Possible mechanisms of drug action and a modified approach to therapy of immune complex disease are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130142", "title": "Separation, identification and mechanism of action of the granulocytic chalone.", "content": "The preparation of highly purified granulocytic chalone from bone marrow conditioned medium is described. A sequence of gel-chromatographic steps on Sephadex G-25, G-15 and Biogel P-6 is applied. The end product has a sigmoid dose-response-curve with a plateau at 40-50% inhibition of thymidine incorporation. The inhibition is only observed with bone marrow cells as target cells whereas lymphoid cells are not affected. When bone marrow cells are treated for 1 min with 0.005% trypsin and subsequently used for assaying chalone activity in the presence of cycloheximide, no inhibition is found. These results may indicate that chalone specific receptor sites (of protein nature) are present on the surface of the target cells, which are destroyed by the trypsin treatment. Granulocytic chalone is soluble in aqueous solvents and in polar organic solvent mixtures. Its activity is destroyed by trypsin but only after prolonged treatment. The elution behaviour of chalone is discussed in detail. Chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and Ultrafiltration point to a molecular weight of several thousands, whereas chromatography on G-25 or G-15 or on Biogel P-6 would indicate a rather low molecular weight.", "contents": "Separation, identification and mechanism of action of the granulocytic chalone. The preparation of highly purified granulocytic chalone from bone marrow conditioned medium is described. A sequence of gel-chromatographic steps on Sephadex G-25, G-15 and Biogel P-6 is applied. The end product has a sigmoid dose-response-curve with a plateau at 40-50% inhibition of thymidine incorporation. The inhibition is only observed with bone marrow cells as target cells whereas lymphoid cells are not affected. When bone marrow cells are treated for 1 min with 0.005% trypsin and subsequently used for assaying chalone activity in the presence of cycloheximide, no inhibition is found. These results may indicate that chalone specific receptor sites (of protein nature) are present on the surface of the target cells, which are destroyed by the trypsin treatment. Granulocytic chalone is soluble in aqueous solvents and in polar organic solvent mixtures. Its activity is destroyed by trypsin but only after prolonged treatment. The elution behaviour of chalone is discussed in detail. Chromatography on Sephadex G-75 and Ultrafiltration point to a molecular weight of several thousands, whereas chromatography on G-25 or G-15 or on Biogel P-6 would indicate a rather low molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:130143", "title": "Modification of granulocytopoietic cell proliferation by granulocyte extracts.", "content": "Saline extracts of mature granulocytes have been partially purified by an ultrafiltration technique. The fraction in the 500-2000 daltons molecular weight range was retained and tested in a variety of experimental systems. Comparable fractions of erythrocyte and lymphocyte extracts were used for control purposes. Measurement of the structuredness of the cytoplasmic matrix (SCM) of cells is shown to be a very sensitive measure of the effects of the extract. Specific and reversible increases in SCM of proliferating granulocytic cell populations indicate changes compatible with reduced proliferation and these are confirmed by autoradiographic observations following tritiated thymidine labelling. Repeated labelling experiments to obtain the rate of flow of cells through the cycle gave a mean cell cycle time of 15 hrs in the controls but in animals treated with the granulocyte extract this was increased to about 30 hrs. The duration of DNA synthesis was increased slightly but there was no effect on G2 as measured by the stathmokinetic index method. Cell production in developing spleen colonies was reduced by repeated doses of the extract over a period of 4 days. Approximately two cell doublings were lost during this period due to the prolonged cell cycle.", "contents": "Modification of granulocytopoietic cell proliferation by granulocyte extracts. Saline extracts of mature granulocytes have been partially purified by an ultrafiltration technique. The fraction in the 500-2000 daltons molecular weight range was retained and tested in a variety of experimental systems. Comparable fractions of erythrocyte and lymphocyte extracts were used for control purposes. Measurement of the structuredness of the cytoplasmic matrix (SCM) of cells is shown to be a very sensitive measure of the effects of the extract. Specific and reversible increases in SCM of proliferating granulocytic cell populations indicate changes compatible with reduced proliferation and these are confirmed by autoradiographic observations following tritiated thymidine labelling. Repeated labelling experiments to obtain the rate of flow of cells through the cycle gave a mean cell cycle time of 15 hrs in the controls but in animals treated with the granulocyte extract this was increased to about 30 hrs. The duration of DNA synthesis was increased slightly but there was no effect on G2 as measured by the stathmokinetic index method. Cell production in developing spleen colonies was reduced by repeated doses of the extract over a period of 4 days. Approximately two cell doublings were lost during this period due to the prolonged cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:130144", "title": "Biology of the granulocyte chalone.", "content": "Granulocyte chalone is a cell line-specific, species non-specific regulator substance, which inhibits cell proliferation in the granulocyte system in a reversible manner. The existence and specificity of action of this substance has been shown both in vitro and in vivo in widely different assay conditions and using a broad spectrum of assay techniques. Granulocyte chalone inhibits cell proliferation in the transit populations of the granulocyte system; it seems to act at the level of cell membrane and divert cells from the G1 phase to the \"G0\" phase with some direct or indirect effect on S phase cells as well. The substance is non-cytotoxic and it has no detectable effect on any other tissue than normal and leukaemic granulocytes even after long-lasting in vivo treatment. Granulocyte chalone offers an exciting potential for the treatment of myeloid leukaemia and, therefore, the substance is of more than academic interest.", "contents": "Biology of the granulocyte chalone. Granulocyte chalone is a cell line-specific, species non-specific regulator substance, which inhibits cell proliferation in the granulocyte system in a reversible manner. The existence and specificity of action of this substance has been shown both in vitro and in vivo in widely different assay conditions and using a broad spectrum of assay techniques. Granulocyte chalone inhibits cell proliferation in the transit populations of the granulocyte system; it seems to act at the level of cell membrane and divert cells from the G1 phase to the \"G0\" phase with some direct or indirect effect on S phase cells as well. The substance is non-cytotoxic and it has no detectable effect on any other tissue than normal and leukaemic granulocytes even after long-lasting in vivo treatment. Granulocyte chalone offers an exciting potential for the treatment of myeloid leukaemia and, therefore, the substance is of more than academic interest."}
{"id": "PMID:130145", "title": "Lymphocyte chalone concentrates and their effects upon leukemic cells in vitro.", "content": "Lymphocyte chalone is a cell-specific but not species-specific noncytotoxic and endogenous inhibitor of the transformation and mitotic activity of normal lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by either lectins or antigens. However, human- and mouse-established lymphoblastic cell lines were killed and their uptake of thymidine was inhibited after incubation for almost one complete mitotic cell cycle. The chalone lymphocytotoxicity effect was also demonstrated, using primary cultures of EL-4 lymphoma cells. Lymphocyte chalone was highly cytotoxic to leukemic cells under crowded condition (cells in G1-G0) in contrast to S phase chemotherapeutic agents. Finally, thymus chalone lymphocytotoxicity appears to be specific for T versus B lymphoblastic cell lines.", "contents": "Lymphocyte chalone concentrates and their effects upon leukemic cells in vitro. Lymphocyte chalone is a cell-specific but not species-specific noncytotoxic and endogenous inhibitor of the transformation and mitotic activity of normal lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by either lectins or antigens. However, human- and mouse-established lymphoblastic cell lines were killed and their uptake of thymidine was inhibited after incubation for almost one complete mitotic cell cycle. The chalone lymphocytotoxicity effect was also demonstrated, using primary cultures of EL-4 lymphoma cells. Lymphocyte chalone was highly cytotoxic to leukemic cells under crowded condition (cells in G1-G0) in contrast to S phase chemotherapeutic agents. Finally, thymus chalone lymphocytotoxicity appears to be specific for T versus B lymphoblastic cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:130146", "title": "In vitro production of lymphocyte and granulocyte proliferation inhibitors (chalones?) from living cells.", "content": "Media conditioned with viable rat and calf spleen lymphocytes were seen to be able to inhibit 3H-thymidine uptake by rat thymocytes and the mitogenic response of human lymphocytes to PHA but not bone marrow cells proliferation. The inhibitor appeared to have a molecular weight greater than 50,000 daltons, as determined by Amicon Diaflo ultrafiltration. Media conditioned with rat granulocytes had a similar tissue specific but species non-specific inhibitory action. Also human leukemic cells appeared able to produce in vitro an inhibitor of cell proliferation when a certain degree of differentiation was present.", "contents": "In vitro production of lymphocyte and granulocyte proliferation inhibitors (chalones?) from living cells. Media conditioned with viable rat and calf spleen lymphocytes were seen to be able to inhibit 3H-thymidine uptake by rat thymocytes and the mitogenic response of human lymphocytes to PHA but not bone marrow cells proliferation. The inhibitor appeared to have a molecular weight greater than 50,000 daltons, as determined by Amicon Diaflo ultrafiltration. Media conditioned with rat granulocytes had a similar tissue specific but species non-specific inhibitory action. Also human leukemic cells appeared able to produce in vitro an inhibitor of cell proliferation when a certain degree of differentiation was present."}
{"id": "PMID:130147", "title": "Further purification of the lymphocyte inhibiting extract from the thymus.", "content": "A crude thymic extract, demonstrated to possess both immunosuppressive activity on T lymphocytes in vivo, and inhibitory action on DNA synthesis in T lymphocytes in vitro, has been purified by ultra-filtration and ion exchange chromatography procedures. The immunosuppressive activity was found to be associated with a high molecular weight fraction (greater than 50,000 daltons), devoid of immunosuppressive properties, a basic peptide has been isolated which retains the in vitro inhibitory activity on DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Further purification of the lymphocyte inhibiting extract from the thymus. A crude thymic extract, demonstrated to possess both immunosuppressive activity on T lymphocytes in vivo, and inhibitory action on DNA synthesis in T lymphocytes in vitro, has been purified by ultra-filtration and ion exchange chromatography procedures. The immunosuppressive activity was found to be associated with a high molecular weight fraction (greater than 50,000 daltons), devoid of immunosuppressive properties, a basic peptide has been isolated which retains the in vitro inhibitory activity on DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:130151", "title": "[Aphrodisiac action of MAO inhibitors and of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) in sexual asthenias].", "content": "The sexual function in man can be modified decreasing brain serotonin by PCPA and increasing brain cathecolamines by monoamineoxidase inhibitors. In 5 volunteers, sexual deficient men, the combination of PCPA with phenelzine (IMAO) stressed an increase in sexual stimulation, measured by number of erections. In two subjects this effect lasted for 2 months. A clear improvement in mood has also been shown. This pharmacological combination opens new and interesting possibilities in sexual deficiency treatment.", "contents": "[Aphrodisiac action of MAO inhibitors and of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) in sexual asthenias]. The sexual function in man can be modified decreasing brain serotonin by PCPA and increasing brain cathecolamines by monoamineoxidase inhibitors. In 5 volunteers, sexual deficient men, the combination of PCPA with phenelzine (IMAO) stressed an increase in sexual stimulation, measured by number of erections. In two subjects this effect lasted for 2 months. A clear improvement in mood has also been shown. This pharmacological combination opens new and interesting possibilities in sexual deficiency treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:130153", "title": "Extradural analgesia in obstetrics: a controlled trial of carbonated lignocaine and bupivacaine hydrochloride with or without adrenaline.", "content": "Four local anaesthetic solutions (2% carbonated lignocaine with or without adrenaline and 0.5% bupivacaine HCl with or without adrenaline) were used randomly for 335 continuous lumbar extradural blocks in labour. Carbonated lignocaine caused a more rapid onset of analgesia than bupivacaine HCl. The addition of adrenaline made little difference to the onset times, prolonged markedly the duration of analgesia with carbonated lignocaine and had little effect on the duration of analgesia with bupivacaine HCl. Tachyphylaxis was a feature with carbonated lignocaine and adrenaline, but not with the other solutions. The incidence of unblocked segments was 7-9% in the four groups. The incidence of unilateral analgesia was 6% with plain lignocaine and 13% in the other groups. Complete pain relief occurred more frequently with bupivacaine HCl than with carbonated lignocaine and the use of adrenaline had little effect on the degree of analgesia.", "contents": "Extradural analgesia in obstetrics: a controlled trial of carbonated lignocaine and bupivacaine hydrochloride with or without adrenaline. Four local anaesthetic solutions (2% carbonated lignocaine with or without adrenaline and 0.5% bupivacaine HCl with or without adrenaline) were used randomly for 335 continuous lumbar extradural blocks in labour. Carbonated lignocaine caused a more rapid onset of analgesia than bupivacaine HCl. The addition of adrenaline made little difference to the onset times, prolonged markedly the duration of analgesia with carbonated lignocaine and had little effect on the duration of analgesia with bupivacaine HCl. Tachyphylaxis was a feature with carbonated lignocaine and adrenaline, but not with the other solutions. The incidence of unblocked segments was 7-9% in the four groups. The incidence of unilateral analgesia was 6% with plain lignocaine and 13% in the other groups. Complete pain relief occurred more frequently with bupivacaine HCl than with carbonated lignocaine and the use of adrenaline had little effect on the degree of analgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:130154", "title": "Effects on non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents on peripheral autonomic mechanisms in cats.", "content": "Intravenous dose-response relationships were used to correlate neuromuscular paralysis with effects on autonomic mechanisms in anaesthetized cats. Whereas autonomic blockade with tubocurarine occurred at parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia, neuromuscular paralysing doses of gallamine, alcuronium, pancuronium and fazadinium caused blockade at vagal postganglionic sites in the heart. The vagolytic (atropinic) activity of these compounds in cats relative to their neuromuscular blocking activity appeared to correlate well with their known liability to cause undesirable hypertension and tachycardia in man. The absence of cardiovascular effects after the administration of neuromuscular blocking doses of dimethyl tubocurarine would support its more extensive clinical use, but the need remains for a short-acting muscle relaxant with properties similar to those of dimethyl tubocurarine.", "contents": "Effects on non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents on peripheral autonomic mechanisms in cats. Intravenous dose-response relationships were used to correlate neuromuscular paralysis with effects on autonomic mechanisms in anaesthetized cats. Whereas autonomic blockade with tubocurarine occurred at parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia, neuromuscular paralysing doses of gallamine, alcuronium, pancuronium and fazadinium caused blockade at vagal postganglionic sites in the heart. The vagolytic (atropinic) activity of these compounds in cats relative to their neuromuscular blocking activity appeared to correlate well with their known liability to cause undesirable hypertension and tachycardia in man. The absence of cardiovascular effects after the administration of neuromuscular blocking doses of dimethyl tubocurarine would support its more extensive clinical use, but the need remains for a short-acting muscle relaxant with properties similar to those of dimethyl tubocurarine."}
{"id": "PMID:130156", "title": "Acquired pigmentation of skin folds with the histological picture of seborrhoeic wart.", "content": "The case history is presented of a woman with acquired lesions in the axillary, submammary, intermammary, inguinal, genitocrural and perianal skin folds. These lesions were confluent pigmented macules, giving rise to extensive (en nappe) reticulate patches. History revealed changes typical of seborrhoeic wart. The name patchy (en nappe) seborrhoeic wart is suggested for this condition.", "contents": "Acquired pigmentation of skin folds with the histological picture of seborrhoeic wart. The case history is presented of a woman with acquired lesions in the axillary, submammary, intermammary, inguinal, genitocrural and perianal skin folds. These lesions were confluent pigmented macules, giving rise to extensive (en nappe) reticulate patches. History revealed changes typical of seborrhoeic wart. The name patchy (en nappe) seborrhoeic wart is suggested for this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:130157", "title": "The lipid composition of sebaceous glands as a reflection of gland size.", "content": "Following 4 h incubation in vitro, the patterns of incorporation of [I-14C] acetate into the lipid classes of human sebaceous glands which were dissected from small skin biopsies have been established for glands of different size. It has been shown that in the larger sebaceous glands proportionately more of the labelled acetate is incorporated into squalene at the expense of triglycerides. Experiments are presented as a result of which we conclude that this in vitro phenomenon, observed with [I-14C] acetate incorporation, does reflect parallel changes in the proportions of these lipids actually present in glands of different size. It is suggested that the larger sebaceous glands of the acne patient elaborate sebum which has an enhanced potential for inducing comedo formation by virtue of an increased concentration of squalene. This work also demonstrates that, in the interpretation of in vitro studies of sebaceous gland lipogenesis utilizing labelled precursors, the size of the sebaceous glands must be carefully considered whenever patterns of incorporation are being compared.", "contents": "The lipid composition of sebaceous glands as a reflection of gland size. Following 4 h incubation in vitro, the patterns of incorporation of [I-14C] acetate into the lipid classes of human sebaceous glands which were dissected from small skin biopsies have been established for glands of different size. It has been shown that in the larger sebaceous glands proportionately more of the labelled acetate is incorporated into squalene at the expense of triglycerides. Experiments are presented as a result of which we conclude that this in vitro phenomenon, observed with [I-14C] acetate incorporation, does reflect parallel changes in the proportions of these lipids actually present in glands of different size. It is suggested that the larger sebaceous glands of the acne patient elaborate sebum which has an enhanced potential for inducing comedo formation by virtue of an increased concentration of squalene. This work also demonstrates that, in the interpretation of in vitro studies of sebaceous gland lipogenesis utilizing labelled precursors, the size of the sebaceous glands must be carefully considered whenever patterns of incorporation are being compared."}
{"id": "PMID:130158", "title": "Necrotizing vasculitis: a circulating immune complex producing inflammatory skin lesions.", "content": "A patient with acute necrotizing vasculitis is described in whom tests for circulating immune complexes were negative. The patient's serum injected intradermally produced lesions which closely resembled those occurring spontaneously. When the serum was fractionated, the skin-reactive fraction was found to be associated with IgG, but was of a higher molecular weight than normal IgG. Immunofluorescent studies showed that lesions induced by this active fraction contained IgG and complement in the epidermal basement membrane zone and within the small dermal vessels. We conclude that an immune complex of relatively low molecular weight is present in the active fractions, and capable of initiating the lesions of acute necrotizing vasculitis.", "contents": "Necrotizing vasculitis: a circulating immune complex producing inflammatory skin lesions. A patient with acute necrotizing vasculitis is described in whom tests for circulating immune complexes were negative. The patient's serum injected intradermally produced lesions which closely resembled those occurring spontaneously. When the serum was fractionated, the skin-reactive fraction was found to be associated with IgG, but was of a higher molecular weight than normal IgG. Immunofluorescent studies showed that lesions induced by this active fraction contained IgG and complement in the epidermal basement membrane zone and within the small dermal vessels. We conclude that an immune complex of relatively low molecular weight is present in the active fractions, and capable of initiating the lesions of acute necrotizing vasculitis."}
{"id": "PMID:130159", "title": "Skin surface lipid composition in rosacea.", "content": "Skin surface lipid composition was measured in thirty-one patients with rosacea and their age-matched controls. Patients with rosacea had normal lipid composition, and there was no correlation between the lipid composition and the severity of the disease. Tetracycline therapy produced no measurable change in lipid composition.", "contents": "Skin surface lipid composition in rosacea. Skin surface lipid composition was measured in thirty-one patients with rosacea and their age-matched controls. Patients with rosacea had normal lipid composition, and there was no correlation between the lipid composition and the severity of the disease. Tetracycline therapy produced no measurable change in lipid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:130160", "title": "Sebaceous lipogenesis in human skin. Variability with age and with severity of acne.", "content": "Lipogenesis from [14C] glucose was measured in skin biopsies from the shoulder-blade region of forty-two male subjects. In the acne age range, dermal lipogenesis showed an upward trend with increasing severity of acne; a similar trend was found in forehead sebum excretion rate, but no correlation was obvious between dermal lipogenesis (back) and sebum secretion rate (forehead) in the same subject. In older subjects, dermal lipogenesis was significantly increased in those with a past history of severe acne. At high rates of dermal lipogenesis there was a small but significant increase in wax ester labelling relative to triglyceride and squalene. No increase was found in squalene labelling relative to other lipids, either with increasing lipogenic rate or in severe acne. Dermal and epidermal lipogenesis rates showed no correlation with age. In dermis, however, there was a decrease in wax ester labelling relative to triglyceride, and a marked decrease in squalene labelling relative to both triglyceride and wax esters, with increasing age.", "contents": "Sebaceous lipogenesis in human skin. Variability with age and with severity of acne. Lipogenesis from [14C] glucose was measured in skin biopsies from the shoulder-blade region of forty-two male subjects. In the acne age range, dermal lipogenesis showed an upward trend with increasing severity of acne; a similar trend was found in forehead sebum excretion rate, but no correlation was obvious between dermal lipogenesis (back) and sebum secretion rate (forehead) in the same subject. In older subjects, dermal lipogenesis was significantly increased in those with a past history of severe acne. At high rates of dermal lipogenesis there was a small but significant increase in wax ester labelling relative to triglyceride and squalene. No increase was found in squalene labelling relative to other lipids, either with increasing lipogenic rate or in severe acne. Dermal and epidermal lipogenesis rates showed no correlation with age. In dermis, however, there was a decrease in wax ester labelling relative to triglyceride, and a marked decrease in squalene labelling relative to both triglyceride and wax esters, with increasing age."}
{"id": "PMID:130161", "title": "Contact dermatitis from antioxidants.", "content": "In a search for contact sensitivity to antioxidants we patch tested consecutive patients referred with eczematous dermatitis. Six cases of allergic contact sensitivity to nordihydroguairetic acid (NDGA) were observed. Three had been sensitized by one brand of cream containing 0.1% NDGA, in three patients the source of sensitization could not be traced. In four patients we found positive patch tests to butylated hydroxyanisole and/or to butylated hydroxytoluene. In two cases the positive patch tests were relevant, since both patients remained asymptomatic when antioxidants were avoided in food. They both had acute flares of vesicular eczema on the fingers after oral administration of small amounts. Gallate esters and Vitamin E (d,l-alpha-tocopherol) each gave one unexplained positive patch test. The present data suggest that further search for hidden sensitizers in topical medicaments and cosmetics is warranted. A declaration of all ingredients in industrial products should be placed on the label.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis from antioxidants. In a search for contact sensitivity to antioxidants we patch tested consecutive patients referred with eczematous dermatitis. Six cases of allergic contact sensitivity to nordihydroguairetic acid (NDGA) were observed. Three had been sensitized by one brand of cream containing 0.1% NDGA, in three patients the source of sensitization could not be traced. In four patients we found positive patch tests to butylated hydroxyanisole and/or to butylated hydroxytoluene. In two cases the positive patch tests were relevant, since both patients remained asymptomatic when antioxidants were avoided in food. They both had acute flares of vesicular eczema on the fingers after oral administration of small amounts. Gallate esters and Vitamin E (d,l-alpha-tocopherol) each gave one unexplained positive patch test. The present data suggest that further search for hidden sensitizers in topical medicaments and cosmetics is warranted. A declaration of all ingredients in industrial products should be placed on the label."}
{"id": "PMID:130162", "title": "The unwanted effects of clindamycin in acne.", "content": "A review of seventy matched acne patients on clindamycin and seventy-two on tetracycline shows that nine patients on clindamycin had diarrhoea whereas no patients on tetracycline had any side effect; no frank pseudomembranous colitis was seen. Although we heed the side effects of clindamycin, it should not be withheld from patients with severe and resistant acne.", "contents": "The unwanted effects of clindamycin in acne. A review of seventy matched acne patients on clindamycin and seventy-two on tetracycline shows that nine patients on clindamycin had diarrhoea whereas no patients on tetracycline had any side effect; no frank pseudomembranous colitis was seen. Although we heed the side effects of clindamycin, it should not be withheld from patients with severe and resistant acne."}
{"id": "PMID:130164", "title": "Lipid molecular motion and enzyme activity in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.", "content": "In biochemically active sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles (SR) the physical state of the membrane lipids was studied by high angle x-ray diffraction and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 220 MHz, and related to thermal effects observed in SR functional parameters. It is shown by high angle x-ray diffraction that even at temperatures as low as 1 degree C nearly all the SR lipid hydrocarbon chains are in a disordered conformation and only a very small part (less than 3%) are in rigid crystalline order. Consistent with this observation, the NMR data indicate that the majority of SR phospholipid molecules are in a state of restricted anisotropic motion having no apparent crystalline order at temperatures as low as 5 degrees C. At this temperature most of the resonance signal is contained in a broad feature-less line of 700-Hz half-width. On the other hand, as the temperature is raised, high-resolution NMR signals, representing groups with highly isotropic motion, begin to grow in intensity. It is estimated that by 35 degrees C 90-100% of the phosphatidylcholine N-methyl protons and 35% of the hydrocarbon-chain protons give high-resolution signals. Concurrent studies on functional parameters reveal thermal effects giving rise to nonlinear Arrhenius plots for the rates of calcium transport and calcium activated ATPase. The thermal effects observed on functional parameters and on the character of phospholipid molecular motion exhibit a parallel behavior, suggesting a relationship between enzyme activity and the physical state of the membrane lipids.", "contents": "Lipid molecular motion and enzyme activity in sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In biochemically active sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles (SR) the physical state of the membrane lipids was studied by high angle x-ray diffraction and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) at 220 MHz, and related to thermal effects observed in SR functional parameters. It is shown by high angle x-ray diffraction that even at temperatures as low as 1 degree C nearly all the SR lipid hydrocarbon chains are in a disordered conformation and only a very small part (less than 3%) are in rigid crystalline order. Consistent with this observation, the NMR data indicate that the majority of SR phospholipid molecules are in a state of restricted anisotropic motion having no apparent crystalline order at temperatures as low as 5 degrees C. At this temperature most of the resonance signal is contained in a broad feature-less line of 700-Hz half-width. On the other hand, as the temperature is raised, high-resolution NMR signals, representing groups with highly isotropic motion, begin to grow in intensity. It is estimated that by 35 degrees C 90-100% of the phosphatidylcholine N-methyl protons and 35% of the hydrocarbon-chain protons give high-resolution signals. Concurrent studies on functional parameters reveal thermal effects giving rise to nonlinear Arrhenius plots for the rates of calcium transport and calcium activated ATPase. The thermal effects observed on functional parameters and on the character of phospholipid molecular motion exhibit a parallel behavior, suggesting a relationship between enzyme activity and the physical state of the membrane lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:130165", "title": "Specificity of thrombin: evidence for selectivity in acylation rather than binding for p-nitrophenyl alpha-amino-p-toluate.", "content": "The lysyl ester analogue p-nitrophenyl alpha-amino-p-toluate hydrobromide was synthesized, and its reactions with thrombin, trypsin, and plasmin were studied by stopped-flow and conventional methods. Kinetic parameters were compared with those determined for the arginyl ester analogue, p-nitrophenyl p-guanidinobenzoate hydrochloride, with these enzymes. By following nitrophenol release or proflavin absorption changes in the stopped-flow spectrophotometer, the constants Ks (enzyme-substrate binding), k2 (acylation), and k3 (deacylation) were determined. The major findings were: (1) Ks values were similar regardless of the substrate or the enzyme; (2) k3 was approximately the same for the reaction of the lysyl ester analogue with any enzyme; (3) k2 for the lysyl ester analogue was 1100 times greater with trypsin than with thrombin; and (4) k2 with thrombin was 60 times greater for the arginyl than for the lysyl ester analogue. The results suggest that the limited cleavage of lysyl bonds by thrombin is due in part to restricted acylation rather than substrate binding. The active site of thrombin, compared with that of trypsin, appears to have a more stringent requirement for the spatial relationship between the cationic group and the bond cleaved in substrates.", "contents": "Specificity of thrombin: evidence for selectivity in acylation rather than binding for p-nitrophenyl alpha-amino-p-toluate. The lysyl ester analogue p-nitrophenyl alpha-amino-p-toluate hydrobromide was synthesized, and its reactions with thrombin, trypsin, and plasmin were studied by stopped-flow and conventional methods. Kinetic parameters were compared with those determined for the arginyl ester analogue, p-nitrophenyl p-guanidinobenzoate hydrochloride, with these enzymes. By following nitrophenol release or proflavin absorption changes in the stopped-flow spectrophotometer, the constants Ks (enzyme-substrate binding), k2 (acylation), and k3 (deacylation) were determined. The major findings were: (1) Ks values were similar regardless of the substrate or the enzyme; (2) k3 was approximately the same for the reaction of the lysyl ester analogue with any enzyme; (3) k2 for the lysyl ester analogue was 1100 times greater with trypsin than with thrombin; and (4) k2 with thrombin was 60 times greater for the arginyl than for the lysyl ester analogue. The results suggest that the limited cleavage of lysyl bonds by thrombin is due in part to restricted acylation rather than substrate binding. The active site of thrombin, compared with that of trypsin, appears to have a more stringent requirement for the spatial relationship between the cationic group and the bond cleaved in substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:130166", "title": "Interaction of a new fluorescent reagent with sulfhydryl groups of the (Na+ + K+)-stimulate ATPase.", "content": "The (Na+ + K+)-ATPase enzyme of rat brain microsomes can be reversibly inhibited by a new fluorescent sulfhydryl (SH) probe, dimethylaminoaphthalenecysteine-Hg+ (Dn-cys-Hg+). This reagent is more reactive than N-ethylamaleimide (MalNEt) toward membrane sulfhydryl groups. A procedure using the two SH reagents sequentially seems to permit a more selective labelling of the SH groups involved in the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase than is possible by using MalNEt alone. Brain microsomes treated by this method incorporate the fluorescent label within or near the active site of the enzyme. When the probe was bound a blue shift of its fluorescence emission maximum (from 540 to 495 nm) and a 20-fold increase in relative fluorescence occurred. This indicates that the Dn moiety is within a very non-polar region of the membrane.", "contents": "Interaction of a new fluorescent reagent with sulfhydryl groups of the (Na+ + K+)-stimulate ATPase. The (Na+ + K+)-ATPase enzyme of rat brain microsomes can be reversibly inhibited by a new fluorescent sulfhydryl (SH) probe, dimethylaminoaphthalenecysteine-Hg+ (Dn-cys-Hg+). This reagent is more reactive than N-ethylamaleimide (MalNEt) toward membrane sulfhydryl groups. A procedure using the two SH reagents sequentially seems to permit a more selective labelling of the SH groups involved in the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase than is possible by using MalNEt alone. Brain microsomes treated by this method incorporate the fluorescent label within or near the active site of the enzyme. When the probe was bound a blue shift of its fluorescence emission maximum (from 540 to 495 nm) and a 20-fold increase in relative fluorescence occurred. This indicates that the Dn moiety is within a very non-polar region of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:130167", "title": "Changes in some marker enzyme activities of liver plasma membranes during regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats.", "content": "Liver plasma membranes were isolated from regenerating rat livers between 20 h and 10 days after partial hepatectomy in order to study the effect of partial hepatectomy on some membrane enzyme activities. Mg2+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.4) activity, but not (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity, decreased slightly at 2 days, whereas leucyl beta-naphthylamidase (EC3.4.1.1) and 5'-nucleotidase (EC3.1.3.5) activities increased considerably at 1-2 and 3-5 days, respectively. These changes were not parallel to a sharp increase in mitotic activity of liver cells which occurred at 36 h.", "contents": "Changes in some marker enzyme activities of liver plasma membranes during regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rats. Liver plasma membranes were isolated from regenerating rat livers between 20 h and 10 days after partial hepatectomy in order to study the effect of partial hepatectomy on some membrane enzyme activities. Mg2+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.4) activity, but not (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity, decreased slightly at 2 days, whereas leucyl beta-naphthylamidase (EC3.4.1.1) and 5'-nucleotidase (EC3.1.3.5) activities increased considerably at 1-2 and 3-5 days, respectively. These changes were not parallel to a sharp increase in mitotic activity of liver cells which occurred at 36 h."}
{"id": "PMID:130173", "title": "[The state of the \"glycocalyx\" of rat lung cells following left-sided pneumonectomy].", "content": "Edema in the tissue of the right lung developed 24 hours after the leftsided pneumonectomy. It was found that: 1) the layer of acid mucopolysaccharide on the surface of the alveolar and endothelial cells became thicker; 2) accumulation of the product of reaction with the RR on the surface of the alveolar cells of type 1 and of the endothelial cells took place; 3) \"blisters\" coated with the product of reaction with the RR (Red Ruthenium) appeared. These \"blisters\" were connected with the plasmolemma of the alveolar and endothelial cells. All these findings suggest that acid mucopolysaccharides of the lung surfactant system participated in the accumulation and elimination of the water from the tissues of the air-blood barrier.", "contents": "[The state of the \"glycocalyx\" of rat lung cells following left-sided pneumonectomy]. Edema in the tissue of the right lung developed 24 hours after the leftsided pneumonectomy. It was found that: 1) the layer of acid mucopolysaccharide on the surface of the alveolar and endothelial cells became thicker; 2) accumulation of the product of reaction with the RR on the surface of the alveolar cells of type 1 and of the endothelial cells took place; 3) \"blisters\" coated with the product of reaction with the RR (Red Ruthenium) appeared. These \"blisters\" were connected with the plasmolemma of the alveolar and endothelial cells. All these findings suggest that acid mucopolysaccharides of the lung surfactant system participated in the accumulation and elimination of the water from the tissues of the air-blood barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:130174", "title": "[Dynamics of changes in the cerebral and erythrocyte ATPase activity of rats with hypoxic hypoxia].", "content": "A long-term (for 3 hours) hypoxic hypoxia was accompanied in rats by wave changes of the brain tissue Na++K+-ATPase activity. This activity decreased after a 15-minute exposure; it increased after 2 hours and fell again after a 3-hour hypoxia (decompensation period). The membrane transport enzymes of erythrocytes proved to be more resistant to hypoxia than the brain cell enzymes.", "contents": "[Dynamics of changes in the cerebral and erythrocyte ATPase activity of rats with hypoxic hypoxia]. A long-term (for 3 hours) hypoxic hypoxia was accompanied in rats by wave changes of the brain tissue Na++K+-ATPase activity. This activity decreased after a 15-minute exposure; it increased after 2 hours and fell again after a 3-hour hypoxia (decompensation period). The membrane transport enzymes of erythrocytes proved to be more resistant to hypoxia than the brain cell enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:130175", "title": "Explanation for the apparent lack of ouabain inhibition of pyruvate production in hemolysates: the \"backward\" PGK reaction.", "content": "The concept that ouabain-sensitive membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase-generated adenosine diphosphate (ADP) preferentially serves as the substrate for the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) step of erythrocyte glycolysis has been reexamined. Membrane ATPase readily provides ADP for and utilizes ATP generated in the pyruvate kinase (PK) step and is ouabain sensitive. Earlier reports in the literature, which have suggested that in hemolysates the ATPase reaction facilitating the PK reaction is ouabain-insensitive, are reinterpreted: in crude hemolysates ADP generated in the \"backward\" PGK reaction can account for these data. We conclude that there is no convincing evidence of selective linkage of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with the PGK reaction.", "contents": "Explanation for the apparent lack of ouabain inhibition of pyruvate production in hemolysates: the \"backward\" PGK reaction. The concept that ouabain-sensitive membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase-generated adenosine diphosphate (ADP) preferentially serves as the substrate for the phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) step of erythrocyte glycolysis has been reexamined. Membrane ATPase readily provides ADP for and utilizes ATP generated in the pyruvate kinase (PK) step and is ouabain sensitive. Earlier reports in the literature, which have suggested that in hemolysates the ATPase reaction facilitating the PK reaction is ouabain-insensitive, are reinterpreted: in crude hemolysates ADP generated in the \"backward\" PGK reaction can account for these data. We conclude that there is no convincing evidence of selective linkage of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with the PGK reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:130176", "title": "Effects of anticonvulsant and convulsant drugs on the ATPase activities of synaptosomes and their components.", "content": "1. The effects of anticonvulsants, and other drugs on the Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (ouabain-sensitive) and Mg++-ATPase activities of synaptosomes and their components have been determined. 2. The Mg++-ATPase activity of synaptosomes was not affected by the drugs but the Na+, K+-ATPase activity was inhibited by phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin), ethosuximide and diazepam. 3. Fractions containing mainly membranes, mitochondria or synaptic vesicles, were prepared from synaptosomes by osmotic shock and subsequent density gradient centrifugation. Inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity by phenytoin, ethosuximide and diazepam was apparent only in the membrane fraction. 4. The fraction containing synaptic vesicles exhibited pronounced Md++-ATPase but no Na+, K+-ATPase activity. In contrast to the enzymes of the membranes and mitochondria, the Mg++-ATPase of the vesicles was inhibited by diazepam and all of the anticonvulsants tested.", "contents": "Effects of anticonvulsant and convulsant drugs on the ATPase activities of synaptosomes and their components. 1. The effects of anticonvulsants, and other drugs on the Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (ouabain-sensitive) and Mg++-ATPase activities of synaptosomes and their components have been determined. 2. The Mg++-ATPase activity of synaptosomes was not affected by the drugs but the Na+, K+-ATPase activity was inhibited by phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin), ethosuximide and diazepam. 3. Fractions containing mainly membranes, mitochondria or synaptic vesicles, were prepared from synaptosomes by osmotic shock and subsequent density gradient centrifugation. Inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity by phenytoin, ethosuximide and diazepam was apparent only in the membrane fraction. 4. The fraction containing synaptic vesicles exhibited pronounced Md++-ATPase but no Na+, K+-ATPase activity. In contrast to the enzymes of the membranes and mitochondria, the Mg++-ATPase of the vesicles was inhibited by diazepam and all of the anticonvulsants tested."}
{"id": "PMID:130177", "title": "Prolonged effects of p-chlorophenylalanine on the blood pressure of conscious normotensive and DOCA/saline hypertensive rats.", "content": "1. In deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) saline hypertensive rats a single dose of p-chlorophenylalanine methylester (PCPAME) (400 mg/kg i.p.) produced a significant fall in blood pressure (20-43 mmHg) which lasted for at least 8 days and was accompanied by a parallel depletion of brain stem 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) but not of noradrenaline (NA). 2. In normotensive rats single doses of PCPAME (200 and 400 mg/kg i.p.) produced a significant hypotension (15-20 mmHg) after a latent period of 5 days. An initial pressor response (12 mmHg) was observed at the higher dose level only on day 3. 3. The hypotensive response to PCPAME (200 mg/kg i.p.) in normotensive rats was not modified by pretreatment with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT; 50 mug i.c.v.) or 6-hydroxydopa (6-ohda; 3 X 250 mug intracerebroventricularly). 4. It is concluded that the hypotensive response to PCPAME in normotensive rats in independent of brain stem depletion of 5-HT and is probably not mediated by the formation of a false transmitter substance acting via central noradrenergic inhibitory pathways. The mechanism involved in the antihypertensive response to PCPAME in DOVA/saline hypertensive rats has yet to be defined.", "contents": "Prolonged effects of p-chlorophenylalanine on the blood pressure of conscious normotensive and DOCA/saline hypertensive rats. 1. In deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) saline hypertensive rats a single dose of p-chlorophenylalanine methylester (PCPAME) (400 mg/kg i.p.) produced a significant fall in blood pressure (20-43 mmHg) which lasted for at least 8 days and was accompanied by a parallel depletion of brain stem 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) but not of noradrenaline (NA). 2. In normotensive rats single doses of PCPAME (200 and 400 mg/kg i.p.) produced a significant hypotension (15-20 mmHg) after a latent period of 5 days. An initial pressor response (12 mmHg) was observed at the higher dose level only on day 3. 3. The hypotensive response to PCPAME (200 mg/kg i.p.) in normotensive rats was not modified by pretreatment with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT; 50 mug i.c.v.) or 6-hydroxydopa (6-ohda; 3 X 250 mug intracerebroventricularly). 4. It is concluded that the hypotensive response to PCPAME in normotensive rats in independent of brain stem depletion of 5-HT and is probably not mediated by the formation of a false transmitter substance acting via central noradrenergic inhibitory pathways. The mechanism involved in the antihypertensive response to PCPAME in DOVA/saline hypertensive rats has yet to be defined."}
{"id": "PMID:130178", "title": "Effects of drugs acting on cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine mechanisms on dopamine-dependent turning behaviour in mice.", "content": "1. The effects of drugs acting on cerebral 5-hydroxytryptaminergic mechanisms on drug-induced turning behaviour in mice with unilateral destruction of nigro-striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals have been studied. 2. Administration of L-tryptophan (400 mg/kg) or 5-hydroxytryptophan (200 mg/kg) increased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and decreased the turning induced by both apomorphine (2 mg/kg) and amphetamine (5 mg/kg). 3. Parachlorophenylalanine (3 X 500 mg/kg) decreased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and increased both apomorphine and amphetamine-induced circling behaviour. 4. Varying the protein content of dietary intake significantly altered brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and tryptophan levels, spontaneous locomotor activity and amphetamine-induced circling behaviour in these mice. 5. Systemic administration of methysergide (0.5-4 mg/kg), lysergic acid diethylamide (0.025-0.2 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (2.5-20 mg/kg) or clomipramine (0.6-20 mg/kg) produced no consistent effect on drug-induced turning behaviour. 6. The results suggest that circling behaviour due to striatal dopamine receptor stimulation is depressed by an elevation of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and enhanced by a reduction in brain 5-hydroxytryptamine. 7. The possible physiological relationship between dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurones in the basal ganglia is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of drugs acting on cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine mechanisms on dopamine-dependent turning behaviour in mice. 1. The effects of drugs acting on cerebral 5-hydroxytryptaminergic mechanisms on drug-induced turning behaviour in mice with unilateral destruction of nigro-striatal dopaminergic nerve terminals have been studied. 2. Administration of L-tryptophan (400 mg/kg) or 5-hydroxytryptophan (200 mg/kg) increased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and decreased the turning induced by both apomorphine (2 mg/kg) and amphetamine (5 mg/kg). 3. Parachlorophenylalanine (3 X 500 mg/kg) decreased brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and increased both apomorphine and amphetamine-induced circling behaviour. 4. Varying the protein content of dietary intake significantly altered brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and tryptophan levels, spontaneous locomotor activity and amphetamine-induced circling behaviour in these mice. 5. Systemic administration of methysergide (0.5-4 mg/kg), lysergic acid diethylamide (0.025-0.2 mg/kg), cyproheptadine (2.5-20 mg/kg) or clomipramine (0.6-20 mg/kg) produced no consistent effect on drug-induced turning behaviour. 6. The results suggest that circling behaviour due to striatal dopamine receptor stimulation is depressed by an elevation of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine and enhanced by a reduction in brain 5-hydroxytryptamine. 7. The possible physiological relationship between dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine neurones in the basal ganglia is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130179", "title": "Some pharmacological effects of p-chlorophenylalanine unrelated to tryptophan hydroxylase inhibition.", "content": "1 Experiments were performed on a variety of tissues from different species to establish whether or not the properties of p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (PCPA) included a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-like action which might explain the soporific action of PCPA in chicks. 2 PCPA, like 5-HT, contracted the rat fundal preparation (as did PCPA base), and in cats enhanced twitch tension of a lower limb flexor reflex, evoked adrenal medullary secretion and attenuated histamine-induced gastric secretion; the effects on the rat fundal strip and the adrenal medulla were prevented by methysergide. 3 Like 5-HT, PCPA elicited bronchoconstriction of guinea-pig lungs, isolated or in vivo; this was not prevented by methysergide but reduced by polyphloretin and by indomethacin. Perfusate collected from the lungs during PCPA-induced bronchoconstriction and applied to superfused isolated tissues contained a substance with prostaglandin-like activity. 4 In contrast, the effect of PCPA on the guinea-pig isolated ileum differed from that of 5-HT, since it relaxed the ileum when contracted by transmural excitation, by acetylcholine, histamine of 5-HT and contracted the ileum on wash-out.", "contents": "Some pharmacological effects of p-chlorophenylalanine unrelated to tryptophan hydroxylase inhibition. 1 Experiments were performed on a variety of tissues from different species to establish whether or not the properties of p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (PCPA) included a 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-like action which might explain the soporific action of PCPA in chicks. 2 PCPA, like 5-HT, contracted the rat fundal preparation (as did PCPA base), and in cats enhanced twitch tension of a lower limb flexor reflex, evoked adrenal medullary secretion and attenuated histamine-induced gastric secretion; the effects on the rat fundal strip and the adrenal medulla were prevented by methysergide. 3 Like 5-HT, PCPA elicited bronchoconstriction of guinea-pig lungs, isolated or in vivo; this was not prevented by methysergide but reduced by polyphloretin and by indomethacin. Perfusate collected from the lungs during PCPA-induced bronchoconstriction and applied to superfused isolated tissues contained a substance with prostaglandin-like activity. 4 In contrast, the effect of PCPA on the guinea-pig isolated ileum differed from that of 5-HT, since it relaxed the ileum when contracted by transmural excitation, by acetylcholine, histamine of 5-HT and contracted the ileum on wash-out."}
{"id": "PMID:130180", "title": "Depression in patients with Parkinsonism.", "content": "Forty-five patients with parkinsonism were carefully matched for age and sex with 45 chronically disabled control patients with a significantly more severe grade of physical handicap. Depression was measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale, and it was found that the parkinsonian group was very significantly more depressed than the control group (p less than 0-0001). Depression scores in both groups were unaffected by the patients's sex or by the severity of the disability. Analysis of the individual ratings of the Hamilton Scale showed that parkinsonian patients had significantly higher scores on items relating to suicide, work and interests, retardation, psychic anxiety, general somatic symptoms, and loss of insight. It was concluded that patients with parkinsonism suffer a degree of depression which cannot be solely a reaction to the stress of physical disability. This finding is discussed with reference to the monoamine hypothesis of depressive illness.", "contents": "Depression in patients with Parkinsonism. Forty-five patients with parkinsonism were carefully matched for age and sex with 45 chronically disabled control patients with a significantly more severe grade of physical handicap. Depression was measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale, and it was found that the parkinsonian group was very significantly more depressed than the control group (p less than 0-0001). Depression scores in both groups were unaffected by the patients's sex or by the severity of the disability. Analysis of the individual ratings of the Hamilton Scale showed that parkinsonian patients had significantly higher scores on items relating to suicide, work and interests, retardation, psychic anxiety, general somatic symptoms, and loss of insight. It was concluded that patients with parkinsonism suffer a degree of depression which cannot be solely a reaction to the stress of physical disability. This finding is discussed with reference to the monoamine hypothesis of depressive illness."}
{"id": "PMID:130181", "title": "A biochemical study of short-cycle manic-depressive psychosis in mental defectives.", "content": "Four mentally defective patients who were suffering from short-cycle manic-depressive psychosis were each studied under metabolic ward conditions for about six months. Weekly estimations of erythrocyte Na-K ATPase activity, ouabain sensitive potassium influx, sodium concentration, whole blood cell ATP concentration and blood haematocrit were made. The findings in each patient differed, but the erythrocyte Na-K ATPase activity, sodium and ATP concentration appeared to show cyclic changes related to, though out of phase with, the clinical state.", "contents": "A biochemical study of short-cycle manic-depressive psychosis in mental defectives. Four mentally defective patients who were suffering from short-cycle manic-depressive psychosis were each studied under metabolic ward conditions for about six months. Weekly estimations of erythrocyte Na-K ATPase activity, ouabain sensitive potassium influx, sodium concentration, whole blood cell ATP concentration and blood haematocrit were made. The findings in each patient differed, but the erythrocyte Na-K ATPase activity, sodium and ATP concentration appeared to show cyclic changes related to, though out of phase with, the clinical state."}
{"id": "PMID:130184", "title": "Group B streptococci in venereal disease clinic patients.", "content": "The isolation rates of group B streptococci for 457 men and 300 women attending a venereal disease clinic were 16-4 and 20-6% respectively. The frequencies were significantly increased by using a selective medium and by taking specimens from the female urethra as well as the cervix. In contrast to gonorrhoea the presence of group B streptococci could not be related to promiscuity. In addition, the isolation of group B streptococci was found to be independent of a concomitant gonococcal infection. This study indicates that group B streptococci have little relation to the clinical signs and symptoms of genital infection, such as dysuria, discharge and inflammatory mucosal reaction.", "contents": "Group B streptococci in venereal disease clinic patients. The isolation rates of group B streptococci for 457 men and 300 women attending a venereal disease clinic were 16-4 and 20-6% respectively. The frequencies were significantly increased by using a selective medium and by taking specimens from the female urethra as well as the cervix. In contrast to gonorrhoea the presence of group B streptococci could not be related to promiscuity. In addition, the isolation of group B streptococci was found to be independent of a concomitant gonococcal infection. This study indicates that group B streptococci have little relation to the clinical signs and symptoms of genital infection, such as dysuria, discharge and inflammatory mucosal reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:130185", "title": "The functional role of the muscle spindles--facts and hypotheses.", "content": "A review is given of recent work on the functional role of muscle spindles in the control of movement. The fusimotor neurons (gamma motoneurons) maintain the spindles in a state of responsiveness to length and to rate of change of length of muscle. Centrifugal control of muscle spindles takes two forms: first, a steady or slowly fluctuating tonic firing of fusimotor neurons, as a part of general states of arousal or readiness-to-move, independent of the firing of skeletomotor neurons (alpha motoneurons), and not related in time to specific movements; secondly, a precise coactivation of skeletomotor and fusimotor neurons (alpha-gamma linkage) which is related to the time-course of specific movements. Both types are likely to be important in man. Recent work on the connexions at the segmental level between spindle inputs, descending pathways, interneurons, gamma motoneurons and alpha motoneurons is reviewed and discussed, with special attention to work on man. These segmental circuits, rather than their individual components, are the units which are operated by reflexes and by central programmes for movemenst.", "contents": "The functional role of the muscle spindles--facts and hypotheses. A review is given of recent work on the functional role of muscle spindles in the control of movement. The fusimotor neurons (gamma motoneurons) maintain the spindles in a state of responsiveness to length and to rate of change of length of muscle. Centrifugal control of muscle spindles takes two forms: first, a steady or slowly fluctuating tonic firing of fusimotor neurons, as a part of general states of arousal or readiness-to-move, independent of the firing of skeletomotor neurons (alpha motoneurons), and not related in time to specific movements; secondly, a precise coactivation of skeletomotor and fusimotor neurons (alpha-gamma linkage) which is related to the time-course of specific movements. Both types are likely to be important in man. Recent work on the connexions at the segmental level between spindle inputs, descending pathways, interneurons, gamma motoneurons and alpha motoneurons is reviewed and discussed, with special attention to work on man. These segmental circuits, rather than their individual components, are the units which are operated by reflexes and by central programmes for movemenst."}
{"id": "PMID:130186", "title": "Responses of snake muscle spindles to mechanical and electrical stimulation.", "content": "Responses of the sensory ending of snake muscle spindle to mechanical and electrical stimulation were examined. In the short-capsule spindle the dynamic index increases more rapidly with increase in initial muscle length. The threshold muscle length for initiating a long sustained discharge from the short-capsule spindle is significantly higher than that for the long-capsule spindle while the position sensitivity is similar in the two types of spindle. The relation between rate of discharge of the ending and current applied to the impulse initiating site was found to be similar in both types of spindle.", "contents": "Responses of snake muscle spindles to mechanical and electrical stimulation. Responses of the sensory ending of snake muscle spindle to mechanical and electrical stimulation were examined. In the short-capsule spindle the dynamic index increases more rapidly with increase in initial muscle length. The threshold muscle length for initiating a long sustained discharge from the short-capsule spindle is significantly higher than that for the long-capsule spindle while the position sensitivity is similar in the two types of spindle. The relation between rate of discharge of the ending and current applied to the impulse initiating site was found to be similar in both types of spindle."}
{"id": "PMID:130188", "title": "[Radiobiological studies on the behavior of normal and tumorous plant tissues cultivated in vitro].", "content": "Vegetable tumoral tissue are more radiosensitive than the homologous normal tissue. Tumoral tissue are more stimulated by yeast extract and yeast s-ARN than normal tissue. Yeast extracts and s-RNA extracts from yeast also restore more the growth of tumorous tissue than normal tissue, which were subjected to gamma radiation from 60Co. A mixture of mononucleotides obtained from fractionated s-RNA has the same stimulatory effect. It is suggested that the active principle from yeast and s-RNA is a cytokinin like substance, which have been detected in yeast extract and in soluble ribonucleic acid from yeast.", "contents": "[Radiobiological studies on the behavior of normal and tumorous plant tissues cultivated in vitro]. Vegetable tumoral tissue are more radiosensitive than the homologous normal tissue. Tumoral tissue are more stimulated by yeast extract and yeast s-ARN than normal tissue. Yeast extracts and s-RNA extracts from yeast also restore more the growth of tumorous tissue than normal tissue, which were subjected to gamma radiation from 60Co. A mixture of mononucleotides obtained from fractionated s-RNA has the same stimulatory effect. It is suggested that the active principle from yeast and s-RNA is a cytokinin like substance, which have been detected in yeast extract and in soluble ribonucleic acid from yeast."}
{"id": "PMID:130189", "title": "[Nucleic acids during tumorous transformation in plants].", "content": "Crown-gall, one of the \"plant cancer\" is induced in the presence of a soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens which elaborates a Tumor inducing principle (T.I.P.), the nature of which is unknown. Several informations suggest that some DNA sequences of bacterial origin are included in tumorous cells of tissue cultures. A ribonuclease inhibits induction. An RNA extracted from Agrobacterium induces some hyperplasia transplantable by graft.", "contents": "[Nucleic acids during tumorous transformation in plants]. Crown-gall, one of the \"plant cancer\" is induced in the presence of a soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens which elaborates a Tumor inducing principle (T.I.P.), the nature of which is unknown. Several informations suggest that some DNA sequences of bacterial origin are included in tumorous cells of tissue cultures. A ribonuclease inhibits induction. An RNA extracted from Agrobacterium induces some hyperplasia transplantable by graft."}
{"id": "PMID:130190", "title": "[Process of cecidogenesis].", "content": "Among mechanisms of cecidogenesis, an initiation by a mechanical action of the insect can be observed. More generally, a chemico-induction produced by material buccal spittle, at the laying, on by excrements is at the origin of these mechanisms. The active factor could be vegetal substances with hormonal effect on enzymatic systems resulting of metabolism. The classical cancers of animals resulting from a multiplication of daughter cells genetically differentiated and totally different from zoocecidies formed neighbour cells exposed to an exceptional morphogene field.", "contents": "[Process of cecidogenesis]. Among mechanisms of cecidogenesis, an initiation by a mechanical action of the insect can be observed. More generally, a chemico-induction produced by material buccal spittle, at the laying, on by excrements is at the origin of these mechanisms. The active factor could be vegetal substances with hormonal effect on enzymatic systems resulting of metabolism. The classical cancers of animals resulting from a multiplication of daughter cells genetically differentiated and totally different from zoocecidies formed neighbour cells exposed to an exceptional morphogene field."}
{"id": "PMID:130191", "title": "[Tumorous nature of hyperplasia obtained experimentally].", "content": "The determination of the tumorous nature of an overgrowth provides one of the most essential information for all research concerning animal and plant cancerisation. The experimental procedure which will be described here answers to this imperative: it allows to prove the tumorous characteristics of proliferations obtained by inoculation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens RNA fractions to Datura stems.", "contents": "[Tumorous nature of hyperplasia obtained experimentally]. The determination of the tumorous nature of an overgrowth provides one of the most essential information for all research concerning animal and plant cancerisation. The experimental procedure which will be described here answers to this imperative: it allows to prove the tumorous characteristics of proliferations obtained by inoculation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens RNA fractions to Datura stems."}
{"id": "PMID:130192", "title": "[Tumor formations and cell proliferation in invertebrates].", "content": "Critical analysis of the present status of invertebrate oncology through an appreciation of data relative to the various origins of tumors : spontaneous formations, cell proliferations induced by viruses, so-called hereditary tumors, effects of injuries induced by carcinogenic agents, irradiations or hormones on the formation of neoplasms in invertebrates. Attempts are made to interpret these data as compared with those obtained in medical and veterinary oncology. The possible direction of studies on invertebrates towards comparative oncology is considered, emphasizing the great usefulness for the medical research to study the phylogenetic development of oncogenesis.", "contents": "[Tumor formations and cell proliferation in invertebrates]. Critical analysis of the present status of invertebrate oncology through an appreciation of data relative to the various origins of tumors : spontaneous formations, cell proliferations induced by viruses, so-called hereditary tumors, effects of injuries induced by carcinogenic agents, irradiations or hormones on the formation of neoplasms in invertebrates. Attempts are made to interpret these data as compared with those obtained in medical and veterinary oncology. The possible direction of studies on invertebrates towards comparative oncology is considered, emphasizing the great usefulness for the medical research to study the phylogenetic development of oncogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:130193", "title": "[Tumors in insects].", "content": "The spontaneous tumors in insects are the result of an aggregation of hemocytes. The tumors appearing in Locusta migratoria and Leucophaea after severing the gastric nerves originate from abnormal proliferation of the epithelial cells, particularly in the regenerative nidi in the midgut wall. These tumors can be transmitted by an injection of hemolymph from tumorous animals, of crushed tumor homogenates and cell-free extracts and of ribonucleic acid extracted from tumorous organs.", "contents": "[Tumors in insects]. The spontaneous tumors in insects are the result of an aggregation of hemocytes. The tumors appearing in Locusta migratoria and Leucophaea after severing the gastric nerves originate from abnormal proliferation of the epithelial cells, particularly in the regenerative nidi in the midgut wall. These tumors can be transmitted by an injection of hemolymph from tumorous animals, of crushed tumor homogenates and cell-free extracts and of ribonucleic acid extracted from tumorous organs."}
{"id": "PMID:130194", "title": "[Hereditary melanotic tumors of Drosophila. Determination of the tumorous transformation of larva hemocytes].", "content": "Two different phenomena contribute to the histogenesis of melanotic formations in tumoral strains of drosophila : an abnormal multiplication of certain blood cells and their encapsulation by normal hemocytes. The statistical distribution of melanotic tumors in populations of individuals submitted during precise periods of their life to the action of agents such as supraoptimal temperature or ionizing radiations, permits to suggest for the tumoral transformation of larval hemocytes in drosophila, the following mechanism : this transformation is caused by an event occuring in the cytoplasm and determined by the activity of a nuclear gene.", "contents": "[Hereditary melanotic tumors of Drosophila. Determination of the tumorous transformation of larva hemocytes]. Two different phenomena contribute to the histogenesis of melanotic formations in tumoral strains of drosophila : an abnormal multiplication of certain blood cells and their encapsulation by normal hemocytes. The statistical distribution of melanotic tumors in populations of individuals submitted during precise periods of their life to the action of agents such as supraoptimal temperature or ionizing radiations, permits to suggest for the tumoral transformation of larval hemocytes in drosophila, the following mechanism : this transformation is caused by an event occuring in the cytoplasm and determined by the activity of a nuclear gene."}
{"id": "PMID:130195", "title": "[Study of the dependancy of an ovarian portal graft in the rat on gonadotropins for durations of 1-to-6 months].", "content": "Gonadotrophins influence in ovarian portal graft growth is studied. Grafts are made or in immature female rats and let to growth for one month, either in adult female rats and let to growth for six months. FSH and LH production is stopped with methallibure. In the two cases the graft, tumourous or not, is under the gonadotrophins dependancy, but others, gonadal or hypophysal, factors have a part in its growth.", "contents": "[Study of the dependancy of an ovarian portal graft in the rat on gonadotropins for durations of 1-to-6 months]. Gonadotrophins influence in ovarian portal graft growth is studied. Grafts are made or in immature female rats and let to growth for one month, either in adult female rats and let to growth for six months. FSH and LH production is stopped with methallibure. In the two cases the graft, tumourous or not, is under the gonadotrophins dependancy, but others, gonadal or hypophysal, factors have a part in its growth."}
{"id": "PMID:130196", "title": "[Study of the distribution of haptoglobin groups in Marseilles, in normal and in cancer subjects].", "content": "Authors have studied 758 sera from normal subjects in Marseille area. The genotype frequencie Hp 1 is 0,39, similar that of France in general. The phenotype repartition is 16% for Hp 1-1, 45% for Hp 2-1 and 39% for Hp 2-2. People with carcinoma have shown a increase of the frequencie of the phenotype Hp 2-2 and a decrease of the frequencie of genotype Hp 1, mostly in lung carcinoma (Hp 1 = 0,29) and in carcinoma of digestive track (Hp 1 = 0,19). However, a control group, which is constituted by people hospitalized in the Anti-Cancerous Center, has a Hp 1 frequencie of 0,29 a well as lung carcinoma, no explication was found.", "contents": "[Study of the distribution of haptoglobin groups in Marseilles, in normal and in cancer subjects]. Authors have studied 758 sera from normal subjects in Marseille area. The genotype frequencie Hp 1 is 0,39, similar that of France in general. The phenotype repartition is 16% for Hp 1-1, 45% for Hp 2-1 and 39% for Hp 2-2. People with carcinoma have shown a increase of the frequencie of the phenotype Hp 2-2 and a decrease of the frequencie of genotype Hp 1, mostly in lung carcinoma (Hp 1 = 0,29) and in carcinoma of digestive track (Hp 1 = 0,19). However, a control group, which is constituted by people hospitalized in the Anti-Cancerous Center, has a Hp 1 frequencie of 0,29 a well as lung carcinoma, no explication was found."}
{"id": "PMID:130197", "title": "Some characteristics of neuromuscular block in the respiratory musculature in anaesthetized man.", "content": "The ability to breathe against a mild expiratory obstruction was examined in 64 adult patients under halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia. The trachea of all patients were incubated. It was found that d-tubocurarine 0.11 mg/kg blocked the respiratory musculature by 50 per cent. The onset of block was immediate, with the peak effect reached within one minute. The duration of block was either very short (1 to 2 minutes) or long (paralleling the blockade in the thumb twitch), depending upon the dose of d-tubocurarine. Following injection of a small dose (up to 0.1 mg/kg) the respiratory musculature might be blocked by 30 per cent but for only one minute, disproportionately short as compared with the thumb twitch. Following injection of a large dose (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) the duration was long, but the recovery was only slightly ahead of the thumb. Following an intermediate dose, a biaphasic pattern was observed. An initial partial recovery was observed during the first 1 to 2 minutes. Comparison of the respiratory musculature and the thumb twitch revealed that the respiratory musculature was highly sensitive to block and has a different time course. Succinylcholine 0.08 mg/kg blocked the respiratory force by 50 per cent with a time course similar to the block in the thumb twitch. The clinical significance of these observations are discussed.", "contents": "Some characteristics of neuromuscular block in the respiratory musculature in anaesthetized man. The ability to breathe against a mild expiratory obstruction was examined in 64 adult patients under halothane-nitrous oxide-oxygen anaesthesia. The trachea of all patients were incubated. It was found that d-tubocurarine 0.11 mg/kg blocked the respiratory musculature by 50 per cent. The onset of block was immediate, with the peak effect reached within one minute. The duration of block was either very short (1 to 2 minutes) or long (paralleling the blockade in the thumb twitch), depending upon the dose of d-tubocurarine. Following injection of a small dose (up to 0.1 mg/kg) the respiratory musculature might be blocked by 30 per cent but for only one minute, disproportionately short as compared with the thumb twitch. Following injection of a large dose (0.1-0.3 mg/kg) the duration was long, but the recovery was only slightly ahead of the thumb. Following an intermediate dose, a biaphasic pattern was observed. An initial partial recovery was observed during the first 1 to 2 minutes. Comparison of the respiratory musculature and the thumb twitch revealed that the respiratory musculature was highly sensitive to block and has a different time course. Succinylcholine 0.08 mg/kg blocked the respiratory force by 50 per cent with a time course similar to the block in the thumb twitch. The clinical significance of these observations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130198", "title": "The effects of substrate concentration on the Mg-adenosine triphosphatase activity of myosin.", "content": "Using myosin, heavy meromyosin, and subfragment-1 the steady state rate of Mg-modified adenosine triphosphatase (Mg-ATPase) was determined over a range of substrate concentrations between 10(-8) M and 5 X 10(-3)M, at 0.5 M and 0.05 M KC1 (pH 7.4 at 20 degrees C). At the substrate concentrations below 10(-5) M, myosin Mg-ATPase was observed to show that two active sites interact, as suggested by the analysis of transient kinetic studies (Walz, F. G., Jr.: J. Theor. Biol. 41, 357-373 (1973)). The increase in the activity at Mg-ATP concentrations higher than 10(-4) M corresponds to the binding of Mg-ATP to myosin sites not responsible for the catalytic action. With heavy meromyosin and subfragment-1, the activity was best expressed by the Michaelis equation. With heavy meromyonsin, the activation at high ATP concentrations is detectable, though not as pronounced as with myosin, but not with subfragment-1.", "contents": "The effects of substrate concentration on the Mg-adenosine triphosphatase activity of myosin. Using myosin, heavy meromyosin, and subfragment-1 the steady state rate of Mg-modified adenosine triphosphatase (Mg-ATPase) was determined over a range of substrate concentrations between 10(-8) M and 5 X 10(-3)M, at 0.5 M and 0.05 M KC1 (pH 7.4 at 20 degrees C). At the substrate concentrations below 10(-5) M, myosin Mg-ATPase was observed to show that two active sites interact, as suggested by the analysis of transient kinetic studies (Walz, F. G., Jr.: J. Theor. Biol. 41, 357-373 (1973)). The increase in the activity at Mg-ATP concentrations higher than 10(-4) M corresponds to the binding of Mg-ATP to myosin sites not responsible for the catalytic action. With heavy meromyosin and subfragment-1, the activity was best expressed by the Michaelis equation. With heavy meromyonsin, the activation at high ATP concentrations is detectable, though not as pronounced as with myosin, but not with subfragment-1."}
{"id": "PMID:130199", "title": "A high molecular weight dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa. Purification and properties of the enzyme.", "content": "Some of the unusual molecular and catalytic properties of a high molecular weight dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase (DHOD) from Neurospora crassa have been determined. Comparison of the properties of this enzyme with the properties of the soluble biosynthetic enzyme of prokaryotes has revealed several important differences. The fungal enzyme is located in a mitochondrial membrane in a position consistent with linkage with the respiratory chain through ubiquinone (Miller, R. W.: Arch. Biochem, Biophys. 146, 256-270 (1971)). Release of the enzyme from the membrane results in a solubilized protein complex containing bound lipids and inactive hydrophobic proteins. Non-specific protein aggregation is minimized during purification by Triton-X-100 and phospholipase treatments. The catalytically active enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 210 000. In contrast to soluble DHOD preparations the high molecular weight enzyme has no endogenous dihydro-orotate oxidase (EC 1.3.3.1) activity and is relatively insensitive to inactivation by sulfhydryl-reactive reagents in the presence of dihydro-orotate (DHO). The enzyme activity is highly sensitive to conditions causing oxidation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN). The activity cannot be restored by cysteine or other means. FMN is present in all purified preparations in a bound, non-fluorescent (reduced) form until dihydro-orotic acid is removed or oxidized. Catalytic efficiency of the purified enzyme was 12 000 mol DHO oxidized per minute per mole FMN. This high turnover rate is due in part to the small flavin content of the purified enzyme, equivalent to 1 mol FMN per 120 000 g of catalytically active protein. Iron was detected in the purified enzyme by atomic absorption spectroscopy but labile sulfide was absent. Thenoyltrifluoroacetone, an iron chelator, only partially inhibited DHO oxidation regardless of electron acceptor. Fatty acids interact with a hydrophobic site of the enzyme in non-competitive fashion but under certain conditions appear to significantly alter the Km for ubiquinone. Orotate, by comparison, is a purely competitive inhibitor. Both types of inhibitor may function to regulate the biosynthesis of orotate in vivo. Superoxide anion is not produced in significant quantities by the DHO-reduced enzyme unless both ubiquinone and a suitable single electron carrier such as phenazine methosulfate are present. DHOD has been proposed as a source of superoxide anion in mammalian mitochondria (Forman, H. J. & Kennedy, J. A.: J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4322-4326 (1975)).", "contents": "A high molecular weight dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa. Purification and properties of the enzyme. Some of the unusual molecular and catalytic properties of a high molecular weight dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase (DHOD) from Neurospora crassa have been determined. Comparison of the properties of this enzyme with the properties of the soluble biosynthetic enzyme of prokaryotes has revealed several important differences. The fungal enzyme is located in a mitochondrial membrane in a position consistent with linkage with the respiratory chain through ubiquinone (Miller, R. W.: Arch. Biochem, Biophys. 146, 256-270 (1971)). Release of the enzyme from the membrane results in a solubilized protein complex containing bound lipids and inactive hydrophobic proteins. Non-specific protein aggregation is minimized during purification by Triton-X-100 and phospholipase treatments. The catalytically active enzyme has an apparent molecular weight of 210 000. In contrast to soluble DHOD preparations the high molecular weight enzyme has no endogenous dihydro-orotate oxidase (EC 1.3.3.1) activity and is relatively insensitive to inactivation by sulfhydryl-reactive reagents in the presence of dihydro-orotate (DHO). The enzyme activity is highly sensitive to conditions causing oxidation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN). The activity cannot be restored by cysteine or other means. FMN is present in all purified preparations in a bound, non-fluorescent (reduced) form until dihydro-orotic acid is removed or oxidized. Catalytic efficiency of the purified enzyme was 12 000 mol DHO oxidized per minute per mole FMN. This high turnover rate is due in part to the small flavin content of the purified enzyme, equivalent to 1 mol FMN per 120 000 g of catalytically active protein. Iron was detected in the purified enzyme by atomic absorption spectroscopy but labile sulfide was absent. Thenoyltrifluoroacetone, an iron chelator, only partially inhibited DHO oxidation regardless of electron acceptor. Fatty acids interact with a hydrophobic site of the enzyme in non-competitive fashion but under certain conditions appear to significantly alter the Km for ubiquinone. Orotate, by comparison, is a purely competitive inhibitor. Both types of inhibitor may function to regulate the biosynthesis of orotate in vivo. Superoxide anion is not produced in significant quantities by the DHO-reduced enzyme unless both ubiquinone and a suitable single electron carrier such as phenazine methosulfate are present. DHOD has been proposed as a source of superoxide anion in mammalian mitochondria (Forman, H. J. & Kennedy, J. A.: J. Biol. Chem. 250, 4322-4326 (1975))."}
{"id": "PMID:130200", "title": "Vitamin A induced benign intracranial hypertension.", "content": "A case of benign intracranial hypertension due to prolonged administration of a low dose of Vitamin A is described in a young male investigated as a brain tumor suspect. Computerized axial tomography showed small and symmetrical lateral ventricles which was consistent with the diagnosis. The syndrome of benign intracranial hypertension and its relationship to chronic Vitamin A toxicity is discussed.", "contents": "Vitamin A induced benign intracranial hypertension. A case of benign intracranial hypertension due to prolonged administration of a low dose of Vitamin A is described in a young male investigated as a brain tumor suspect. Computerized axial tomography showed small and symmetrical lateral ventricles which was consistent with the diagnosis. The syndrome of benign intracranial hypertension and its relationship to chronic Vitamin A toxicity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130201", "title": "Clinical echocardiography - an overview.", "content": "Echocardiography is a new diagnostic technique for noninvasive assessment of the size, structure and function of the heart, using pulsed ultrasound. The physical principles underlying the generation of the ultrasonic signal for diagnostic use and the three modes (A, B and M) of displaying the reflected \"echo\" signal are briefly discussed. A full echographic study of the heart includes evaluation of the dimensions and patterns of movement of its various structures and chambers. The normal anatomic relations and echographic appearances of these structures and the changes they undergo in some of the more commonly recognized clinical conditions are described. Assessment of output and contractile behaviour of the left ventricle and recognition of various congenital heart defects are two of the more recent applications of this technique. Two-dimensional sector and multiscanning devices permit several areas of the heart to be visualized simultaneously in \"real time\".", "contents": "Clinical echocardiography - an overview. Echocardiography is a new diagnostic technique for noninvasive assessment of the size, structure and function of the heart, using pulsed ultrasound. The physical principles underlying the generation of the ultrasonic signal for diagnostic use and the three modes (A, B and M) of displaying the reflected \"echo\" signal are briefly discussed. A full echographic study of the heart includes evaluation of the dimensions and patterns of movement of its various structures and chambers. The normal anatomic relations and echographic appearances of these structures and the changes they undergo in some of the more commonly recognized clinical conditions are described. Assessment of output and contractile behaviour of the left ventricle and recognition of various congenital heart defects are two of the more recent applications of this technique. Two-dimensional sector and multiscanning devices permit several areas of the heart to be visualized simultaneously in \"real time\"."}
{"id": "PMID:130203", "title": "T and B cells and cell-mediated immunity in mycosis fungoides.", "content": "T anb B cells in peripheral blood were evaluated in 13 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and in two patients with S\u00e9zary's syndrome. T cells were identified by their capacity to bind sheep red blood cells to their surfaces and the B cells were identified by the presence of surface immunoglobulins in immunofluorescence assay. Seven patients with MF and two with S\u00e9zary's syndrome were shown to have T-cell values below normal and elevated levels of null cells, i.e., cells with markers for neither T nor B cells. Low T-cell values and elevated Null-cell values were found predominantly in patients with advanced mycosis fungoides (stages III-IV). Furthermore, these patients had impaired cell-mediated immunity, as shown by in vivo skin testing with recall antigens and attempts at sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene.", "contents": "T and B cells and cell-mediated immunity in mycosis fungoides. T anb B cells in peripheral blood were evaluated in 13 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and in two patients with S\u00e9zary's syndrome. T cells were identified by their capacity to bind sheep red blood cells to their surfaces and the B cells were identified by the presence of surface immunoglobulins in immunofluorescence assay. Seven patients with MF and two with S\u00e9zary's syndrome were shown to have T-cell values below normal and elevated levels of null cells, i.e., cells with markers for neither T nor B cells. Low T-cell values and elevated Null-cell values were found predominantly in patients with advanced mycosis fungoides (stages III-IV). Furthermore, these patients had impaired cell-mediated immunity, as shown by in vivo skin testing with recall antigens and attempts at sensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene."}
{"id": "PMID:130204", "title": "Pulse cytophotometric analysis of synchronized cells in vitro.", "content": "Pulse cytophotometry is a reliable rapid technique rendering a detailed direct analysis of the distribution of cells in G1/10, S, and (G2 + M) phase. We used a Phywe pulse cytophotometer ICP 11 to monitor cell cycle progression of synchronized human lymphoma cells in culture. With mithramycin as the fluorescent dye, sample processing is fast and provides DNA histograms of high resolution and precision. Results obtained from these histograms are in excellent agreement with those obtained by conventional techniques. Thus, we have established the conditions necessary to apply pulse cytophotometry for studies of drug-induced cytokinetic effects on this cell line.", "contents": "Pulse cytophotometric analysis of synchronized cells in vitro. Pulse cytophotometry is a reliable rapid technique rendering a detailed direct analysis of the distribution of cells in G1/10, S, and (G2 + M) phase. We used a Phywe pulse cytophotometer ICP 11 to monitor cell cycle progression of synchronized human lymphoma cells in culture. With mithramycin as the fluorescent dye, sample processing is fast and provides DNA histograms of high resolution and precision. Results obtained from these histograms are in excellent agreement with those obtained by conventional techniques. Thus, we have established the conditions necessary to apply pulse cytophotometry for studies of drug-induced cytokinetic effects on this cell line."}
{"id": "PMID:130205", "title": "Augmented right ventricular function in systemic hypertension-induced hypertrophy.", "content": "The contractile properties of right ventricular papillary muscles from the hearts of 15 rats which had developed hypertension 6 weeks following renal artery ligation were compared with those from 14 normal litter-mates. In the experimental group, the heart weight-body weight ratio was increased by 39%, while the right ventricular weight-body weight ratio increased 20%. Right ventricular papillary muscles from the hypertensive rats demonstrated increased tension development at the apex of the length-active tension curve (P less than 0 X 0001), elevated maximal rate of tension development (P less than 0 X 001), and increased maximal velocity of contraction at muscle lengths corresponding to both a light preload and at Lmax (P less than 0 X 05). Resting tension and time-to-peak tension in the muscles from the hypertensive group were not significantly different from the normal group. Thus, improved right ventricular performance, in the presence of increased left ventricular afterload, may indicate the existence of a stimulus to increased function in hypertrophied muscle not yet negated by the adverse effects of direct exposure to stress.", "contents": "Augmented right ventricular function in systemic hypertension-induced hypertrophy. The contractile properties of right ventricular papillary muscles from the hearts of 15 rats which had developed hypertension 6 weeks following renal artery ligation were compared with those from 14 normal litter-mates. In the experimental group, the heart weight-body weight ratio was increased by 39%, while the right ventricular weight-body weight ratio increased 20%. Right ventricular papillary muscles from the hypertensive rats demonstrated increased tension development at the apex of the length-active tension curve (P less than 0 X 0001), elevated maximal rate of tension development (P less than 0 X 001), and increased maximal velocity of contraction at muscle lengths corresponding to both a light preload and at Lmax (P less than 0 X 05). Resting tension and time-to-peak tension in the muscles from the hypertensive group were not significantly different from the normal group. Thus, improved right ventricular performance, in the presence of increased left ventricular afterload, may indicate the existence of a stimulus to increased function in hypertrophied muscle not yet negated by the adverse effects of direct exposure to stress."}
{"id": "PMID:130206", "title": "Biochemical and morphological correlates of cardiac ischaemia: Contractile proteins.", "content": "Experimentally-induced ischaemia in the dog heart was produced by ligating the left circumflex artery. Myosin B isolated from the ischaemic portion of the myocardium differed from myosin B isolated from control tissue in its diminished response to the calcium chelator ethyleneglycol bis (beta-amino-ethylether)-N, N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). In the presence of EGTA, ischaemic myosin B required 2.5 +/- 0.5 min for completion of superprecipitation, whereas control myosin B required 6.6 +/- 2.5 min. Likewise, the Mg++ -activated ATPase activity of ischaemic myosin B was inhibited by EGTA to a lesser degree than control myosin B. Experiments with reconstituted myosin B using desensitized control myosin B and regulatory proteins suggest that ischaemia induces changes in the regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin).", "contents": "Biochemical and morphological correlates of cardiac ischaemia: Contractile proteins. Experimentally-induced ischaemia in the dog heart was produced by ligating the left circumflex artery. Myosin B isolated from the ischaemic portion of the myocardium differed from myosin B isolated from control tissue in its diminished response to the calcium chelator ethyleneglycol bis (beta-amino-ethylether)-N, N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). In the presence of EGTA, ischaemic myosin B required 2.5 +/- 0.5 min for completion of superprecipitation, whereas control myosin B required 6.6 +/- 2.5 min. Likewise, the Mg++ -activated ATPase activity of ischaemic myosin B was inhibited by EGTA to a lesser degree than control myosin B. Experiments with reconstituted myosin B using desensitized control myosin B and regulatory proteins suggest that ischaemia induces changes in the regulatory proteins (troponin and tropomyosin)."}
{"id": "PMID:130207", "title": "Effect of intramyocardial pressure on the phasic flow in the intraventricular septal artery.", "content": "Phasic flow in the intraventricular septal artery (SA) was measured by an electromagnetic flowmeter in anaesthetized dogs. The ratio of systolic to diastolic flow was less in the intramyocardial artery than in an epicardial (circumflex) artery. The SA systolic to diastolic ratio was further depressed when elevations in intramyocardial pressure were produced. These studies lend insight into the relationships between intramyocardial pressure and coronary arterial flow.", "contents": "Effect of intramyocardial pressure on the phasic flow in the intraventricular septal artery. Phasic flow in the intraventricular septal artery (SA) was measured by an electromagnetic flowmeter in anaesthetized dogs. The ratio of systolic to diastolic flow was less in the intramyocardial artery than in an epicardial (circumflex) artery. The SA systolic to diastolic ratio was further depressed when elevations in intramyocardial pressure were produced. These studies lend insight into the relationships between intramyocardial pressure and coronary arterial flow."}
{"id": "PMID:130210", "title": "Fine structure of the avian muscle spindle capsule.", "content": "The capsule of the muscle spindle from the anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles of the adult domestic chicken has been studied with the electron microscope. As in other species, two distinct portions of the spindle capsule are distinguished: an outer capsule and an inner capsule. The outer capsule is structurally similar to and continuous with the perineural epithelium. Outer capsule cells are noted by the abundance of pinocytotic vesicles and a network of 6-7-nm microfilaments. The disposition of these microfilaments is circumferential with respect to the longitudinal axis of the spindle. It is proposed that they may provide a contractile mechanism for the capsule which may be related to the over-all functioning of the spindle during movements of the muscle. The inner capsule is composed of a contiguous network of cells possessing long cytoplasmic processes which envelop the intrafusal fibers and their nerve endings in sensory equatorial regions of the spindle. These cells may elaborate the fibrillar and amorphous extracellular material found in periaxial spindle space. They also possess modified cilia with a \"9+0\" microtubular pattern. It is suggested that these cilia may behave as sensory transducers, relating fluid changes in the periaxial space to the intrafusal fiber nerve endings. Capillaries of the non-fenestrated variety commonly traverse the outer and inner portions of the capsule and are usually completely surrounded by tenuous overlapping processes of inner capsule cells. These findings suggest that the spindle capsule plays a role as a metabolically-active diffusion barrier to the entrance of substances from the external milieu.", "contents": "Fine structure of the avian muscle spindle capsule. The capsule of the muscle spindle from the anterior and posterior latissimus dorsi muscles of the adult domestic chicken has been studied with the electron microscope. As in other species, two distinct portions of the spindle capsule are distinguished: an outer capsule and an inner capsule. The outer capsule is structurally similar to and continuous with the perineural epithelium. Outer capsule cells are noted by the abundance of pinocytotic vesicles and a network of 6-7-nm microfilaments. The disposition of these microfilaments is circumferential with respect to the longitudinal axis of the spindle. It is proposed that they may provide a contractile mechanism for the capsule which may be related to the over-all functioning of the spindle during movements of the muscle. The inner capsule is composed of a contiguous network of cells possessing long cytoplasmic processes which envelop the intrafusal fibers and their nerve endings in sensory equatorial regions of the spindle. These cells may elaborate the fibrillar and amorphous extracellular material found in periaxial spindle space. They also possess modified cilia with a \"9+0\" microtubular pattern. It is suggested that these cilia may behave as sensory transducers, relating fluid changes in the periaxial space to the intrafusal fiber nerve endings. Capillaries of the non-fenestrated variety commonly traverse the outer and inner portions of the capsule and are usually completely surrounded by tenuous overlapping processes of inner capsule cells. These findings suggest that the spindle capsule plays a role as a metabolically-active diffusion barrier to the entrance of substances from the external milieu."}
{"id": "PMID:130213", "title": "Determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy and oxygen supply in chronic aortic valve disease.", "content": "Ventricular mass and O2 supply of the myocardium were evaluated in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy due to stenosis or insufficiency of the aortic valve and in control patients without cardiac disease. Calculation of left ventricular mass from the angiogram was verified by autopsy data in seven patients. Total mass, O2 consumption, and coronary blood flow, each was related quantitatively to left ventricular total load (force) in all patients. Left ventricular equatorial tension, however, was greater in proportion to mass in aortic stenosis than in aortic insufficiency patients. This discrepancy could be explained by the more eccentric shape of the left ventricle in aortic stenosis. Oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow per gram of myocardium were normal at rest in patients with hypertrophy. Tachycardia induced by atrial pacing provoked myocardial lactate production in half of the patients with aortic stenosis but in none of the patients with aortic insufficiency. Surgical mortality was related to myocardial mass and lactate production.", "contents": "Determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy and oxygen supply in chronic aortic valve disease. Ventricular mass and O2 supply of the myocardium were evaluated in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy due to stenosis or insufficiency of the aortic valve and in control patients without cardiac disease. Calculation of left ventricular mass from the angiogram was verified by autopsy data in seven patients. Total mass, O2 consumption, and coronary blood flow, each was related quantitatively to left ventricular total load (force) in all patients. Left ventricular equatorial tension, however, was greater in proportion to mass in aortic stenosis than in aortic insufficiency patients. This discrepancy could be explained by the more eccentric shape of the left ventricle in aortic stenosis. Oxygen consumption and coronary blood flow per gram of myocardium were normal at rest in patients with hypertrophy. Tachycardia induced by atrial pacing provoked myocardial lactate production in half of the patients with aortic stenosis but in none of the patients with aortic insufficiency. Surgical mortality was related to myocardial mass and lactate production."}
{"id": "PMID:130214", "title": "Improved method for measuring fibrinogen in plasma, with use of a plasmin inhibitor.", "content": "We describe a modified procedure for quantitating plasma fibrinogen by use of the thrombin-clottable protein technique. The method is accurate and requires a0out 30 min to complete. During its formation and isolation, the clot is protected from the degradative action of plasmin by an inhibitor, epsilon-aminocaproic acid.", "contents": "Improved method for measuring fibrinogen in plasma, with use of a plasmin inhibitor. We describe a modified procedure for quantitating plasma fibrinogen by use of the thrombin-clottable protein technique. The method is accurate and requires a0out 30 min to complete. During its formation and isolation, the clot is protected from the degradative action of plasmin by an inhibitor, epsilon-aminocaproic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:130216", "title": "The facet syndrome.", "content": "Injection of irritant fluid precisely into the facet joint causes referred pain patterns indistinguishable from the pain complaints frequently associated with the \"disk syndrome.\" Even straight leg raising and diminished reflex signs can be obliterated by precise local anesthetic injection into the facet joint. The use of radiographically localized injection of steroids and local anesthetic into the facet joint has been presented as a diagnostic-therapeutic procedure. Clinical experience with a group of 100 consecutive patients suggests that this treatment alone can achieve long-term relief in one-fifth of the patients with lumbago and sciatica and partial relief in another one-third of these patients. This information suggests that the structures related to the facet joint can be a persistent contributor to the chronic pain complaints of individuals with low back and leg pain.", "contents": "The facet syndrome. Injection of irritant fluid precisely into the facet joint causes referred pain patterns indistinguishable from the pain complaints frequently associated with the \"disk syndrome.\" Even straight leg raising and diminished reflex signs can be obliterated by precise local anesthetic injection into the facet joint. The use of radiographically localized injection of steroids and local anesthetic into the facet joint has been presented as a diagnostic-therapeutic procedure. Clinical experience with a group of 100 consecutive patients suggests that this treatment alone can achieve long-term relief in one-fifth of the patients with lumbago and sciatica and partial relief in another one-third of these patients. This information suggests that the structures related to the facet joint can be a persistent contributor to the chronic pain complaints of individuals with low back and leg pain."}
{"id": "PMID:130217", "title": "Facet denervation in the management of back and sciatic pain.", "content": "Back pain, with or without sciatic radiation, may come from a number of anatomical sites. Radiofrequency facet denervation suggests that a majority of patients seem to have pain referred from distress of the facet joints or the sacro-iliac joints. In those patients who are properly selected and have not had previous surgical treatment, radiofrequency denervation of the appropriate facet joints yields partial to total relief of pain in 82% of cases. The technique for doing this procedure and for selection of patients must be followed very closely but in over 800 patients surveyeyed for this report no neurologic complications have been reported. Facet denervation, when indicated, is proposed as a safe alternative to either chemonucleolysis or surgery.", "contents": "Facet denervation in the management of back and sciatic pain. Back pain, with or without sciatic radiation, may come from a number of anatomical sites. Radiofrequency facet denervation suggests that a majority of patients seem to have pain referred from distress of the facet joints or the sacro-iliac joints. In those patients who are properly selected and have not had previous surgical treatment, radiofrequency denervation of the appropriate facet joints yields partial to total relief of pain in 82% of cases. The technique for doing this procedure and for selection of patients must be followed very closely but in over 800 patients surveyeyed for this report no neurologic complications have been reported. Facet denervation, when indicated, is proposed as a safe alternative to either chemonucleolysis or surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:130221", "title": "Morphology and function of the dog ileum after mechanical occlusion.", "content": "1. Complete mechanical occlusion of the ileum was produced in dogs and the loops above and below the obstruction were examined functionally and morphologically 4 or 7 days later. 2. The intraluminal pressure in the occluded loop never exceeded 8 cm water. 3. The mucosa above the obstruction secreted water and ions into the lumen in vivo, though it absorbed glucose normally. Mucosal slices also absorbed amino acids and monosaccharides normally in vitro. 4. The mucosa below the obstruction absorbed ions and glucose in vivo and non-electrolytes in vitro to a slightly smaller extent than normal intestine. 5. The morphological changes above the occlusion included shorter, plumper villi and shorter crypts, a reduction in histochemically stainable brush-border enzymes, but an increase in acid phosphatase. Below the obstruction, there was atrophy of the villi and crypts and reductions in all enzymes studied. 6. The results suggest that the mucosa above the occlusion possesses an intact and almost normal epithelial layer, but that it has been stimulated to secrete in vivo, presumably by intraluminal factors. Below the obstruction, true atrophy of the mucosa has promptly developed.", "contents": "Morphology and function of the dog ileum after mechanical occlusion. 1. Complete mechanical occlusion of the ileum was produced in dogs and the loops above and below the obstruction were examined functionally and morphologically 4 or 7 days later. 2. The intraluminal pressure in the occluded loop never exceeded 8 cm water. 3. The mucosa above the obstruction secreted water and ions into the lumen in vivo, though it absorbed glucose normally. Mucosal slices also absorbed amino acids and monosaccharides normally in vitro. 4. The mucosa below the obstruction absorbed ions and glucose in vivo and non-electrolytes in vitro to a slightly smaller extent than normal intestine. 5. The morphological changes above the occlusion included shorter, plumper villi and shorter crypts, a reduction in histochemically stainable brush-border enzymes, but an increase in acid phosphatase. Below the obstruction, there was atrophy of the villi and crypts and reductions in all enzymes studied. 6. The results suggest that the mucosa above the occlusion possesses an intact and almost normal epithelial layer, but that it has been stimulated to secrete in vivo, presumably by intraluminal factors. Below the obstruction, true atrophy of the mucosa has promptly developed."}
{"id": "PMID:130219", "title": "Clinical features of lumbar spinal stenosis.", "content": "In contrast with patients with herniations of the nucleus pulposus, those with spinal stenosis experience onset of symptoms at a slightly older age; more males are affected than females. The symptoms tend to be somewhat more chronic, and therefore, the patients will have symptoms of back pain for a longer period of time before developing radiating root pains and will not come to surgical treatment until relatively late. Bilateral root symptomatology is more common although examination shows multiple nerve root involvement only slightly more frequently as well as involvement of the L1 to L4 nerve roots. The spinal movements tend to be somewhat better and straight leg raising tests are usually symmetrical and somewhat less restricted in those patients than in the acute disk syndrome. Postfusion and post-chemonucleolysis spinal stenosis will, of course, have the symptomatology of the initial problem, but their recurrent problems would tend to parallel those of spinal stenosis rather than disk herniation.", "contents": "Clinical features of lumbar spinal stenosis. In contrast with patients with herniations of the nucleus pulposus, those with spinal stenosis experience onset of symptoms at a slightly older age; more males are affected than females. The symptoms tend to be somewhat more chronic, and therefore, the patients will have symptoms of back pain for a longer period of time before developing radiating root pains and will not come to surgical treatment until relatively late. Bilateral root symptomatology is more common although examination shows multiple nerve root involvement only slightly more frequently as well as involvement of the L1 to L4 nerve roots. The spinal movements tend to be somewhat better and straight leg raising tests are usually symmetrical and somewhat less restricted in those patients than in the acute disk syndrome. Postfusion and post-chemonucleolysis spinal stenosis will, of course, have the symptomatology of the initial problem, but their recurrent problems would tend to parallel those of spinal stenosis rather than disk herniation."}
{"id": "PMID:130225", "title": "Type III collagen: A major constituent of rheumatoid and normal human synovial membrane.", "content": "The findings establish that type III collagen is a major constituent of grossly proliferated rheumatoid and normal synovium. Unlike the collagen of normal synovium most of that in rheumatoid tissue could be solubilised by pepsin at 4 degrees C. Moore than half the pepsin-solubilised collage was identified as type III, the remainder being type I, by CM-cellulose chromatography; SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis with and without reduction of disulphide bonds; and amino acid analysis. Moreover, at least half the total collagen in several samples of normal as well as rheumatoid tissue was clearly type III when cyanogen bromide-derived peptides were run on SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and compared with peptides prepared from purified types I and III collagens. This conclusion was supported by the isolation on phosphocellulose and quantitation by amino acid analysis of the collagen peptides alpha(1)CB2 and alpha(III)CB2 from a cyanogen bromide digest of rheumatoid synovium.", "contents": "Type III collagen: A major constituent of rheumatoid and normal human synovial membrane. The findings establish that type III collagen is a major constituent of grossly proliferated rheumatoid and normal synovium. Unlike the collagen of normal synovium most of that in rheumatoid tissue could be solubilised by pepsin at 4 degrees C. Moore than half the pepsin-solubilised collage was identified as type III, the remainder being type I, by CM-cellulose chromatography; SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis with and without reduction of disulphide bonds; and amino acid analysis. Moreover, at least half the total collagen in several samples of normal as well as rheumatoid tissue was clearly type III when cyanogen bromide-derived peptides were run on SDS-polyacrylamide electrophoresis and compared with peptides prepared from purified types I and III collagens. This conclusion was supported by the isolation on phosphocellulose and quantitation by amino acid analysis of the collagen peptides alpha(1)CB2 and alpha(III)CB2 from a cyanogen bromide digest of rheumatoid synovium."}
{"id": "PMID:130226", "title": "Biosynthesis of gastric mucins. In vitro incorporation of radioactive glucose.", "content": "An in vitro model for the study of the mechanism of gastric-glycoprotein (mucin) biosynthesis is described. Gastric mucosa scrapings were incubated in Eagle's minimum medium with U-14C-glucose. Linear incorporation-kinetics were observed during 4 hours. U-14-C-glucose was incorporated into soluble and cell bound glycoproteins. In the acid hydrolysate of soluble and cell bound fractions all the amino acids separated by high voltage electrophoresis and all the carbohydrates separated by thin layer chromatography contained appreciable radioactivity showing the active conversion of the added radioactive glucose to all the amino acid and carbohydrate precursors used by the gastric cells for the biosynthesis of macromolecular glycoprotens. The carbohydrate/protein ratio of the excreted glycoproteins increases steadily during the 4h incubation period suggesting that the chemical composition of the excreted mucins changes during this period. The cell bound glycoprotein fraction retains a constant composition during the 4th incubation period. The high fucose to hexose ratio of the soluble (excreted) glycoproteins suggests that they are probably identical to the gastric mucins isolated from native gastric preparation. This model is therefore considered a valid one for the study of the regulation of the biosynthesis of gastric mucins as well as for the study of drug action.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of gastric mucins. In vitro incorporation of radioactive glucose. An in vitro model for the study of the mechanism of gastric-glycoprotein (mucin) biosynthesis is described. Gastric mucosa scrapings were incubated in Eagle's minimum medium with U-14C-glucose. Linear incorporation-kinetics were observed during 4 hours. U-14-C-glucose was incorporated into soluble and cell bound glycoproteins. In the acid hydrolysate of soluble and cell bound fractions all the amino acids separated by high voltage electrophoresis and all the carbohydrates separated by thin layer chromatography contained appreciable radioactivity showing the active conversion of the added radioactive glucose to all the amino acid and carbohydrate precursors used by the gastric cells for the biosynthesis of macromolecular glycoprotens. The carbohydrate/protein ratio of the excreted glycoproteins increases steadily during the 4h incubation period suggesting that the chemical composition of the excreted mucins changes during this period. The cell bound glycoprotein fraction retains a constant composition during the 4th incubation period. The high fucose to hexose ratio of the soluble (excreted) glycoproteins suggests that they are probably identical to the gastric mucins isolated from native gastric preparation. This model is therefore considered a valid one for the study of the regulation of the biosynthesis of gastric mucins as well as for the study of drug action."}
{"id": "PMID:130227", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans produced in tissue culture by rat lung cells. Isolation from a mixed cell line and a derived endothelial clone.", "content": "The glycosaminoglycans produced by a mixed cell line of normal adult rat lung and an endothelial clone derived from this line were isolated and examined. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of media and cells before and after digestion with specific enzymes indicated that all the major glycosaminoglycans except keratan sulfate were synthesized by both cultures. Heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate were found only in the cell fraction while hyaluronic acid was found in both the medium and the cell fractions. The chondroitin sulfates were isolated from the medium. The endothelial clone produced a 4:1 ratio of glucosamine to galactosamine in the medium from the fifth through thirteenth months of culture. The medium of the mixed cell line initially contained glycosaminoglycans with a glucosamine to galactosamine ratio of 2:1 but after approximately one year of culture, the ratio had changed to 4.6:1 suggesting that the culture contained predominatly endothelial cells.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans produced in tissue culture by rat lung cells. Isolation from a mixed cell line and a derived endothelial clone. The glycosaminoglycans produced by a mixed cell line of normal adult rat lung and an endothelial clone derived from this line were isolated and examined. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis of media and cells before and after digestion with specific enzymes indicated that all the major glycosaminoglycans except keratan sulfate were synthesized by both cultures. Heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate were found only in the cell fraction while hyaluronic acid was found in both the medium and the cell fractions. The chondroitin sulfates were isolated from the medium. The endothelial clone produced a 4:1 ratio of glucosamine to galactosamine in the medium from the fifth through thirteenth months of culture. The medium of the mixed cell line initially contained glycosaminoglycans with a glucosamine to galactosamine ratio of 2:1 but after approximately one year of culture, the ratio had changed to 4.6:1 suggesting that the culture contained predominatly endothelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:130228", "title": "Thrombosis detection using radionuclide techniques.", "content": "Radionuclides have been used in the evaluation of intravascular thrombosis for several years. The most widely accepted nonimaging technique is I-125 labeled fibrinogen. It is commonly used for patients who have a high probability of developing a thrombus (e.g., those undergoing surgery). Other techniques are emerging as having value in thrombosis detection. These techniques include radionuclide venography and clot localization scanning techniques utilizing the affinity of clot for small radiolabeled particles, as well as imaging techniques using I-131 labeled fibrinogen. More recently, a number of the above-mentioned techniques have been applied to patient problems. The FDA ban on commercial radiolabeled fibrinogen in the United States has promoted the development of alternative techniques and the use of autologous fibrinogen. A number of other techniques for thrombosis detection have also been explored on a more experimental basis. They include the use of thrombolytic agents such as streptokinase, urokinase, and white blood cells, as well as platelets. The common lung or pulmonary perfusion scan using macroaggregates of albumin or microspheres radiolabeled also gives information as to the presence of thrombosis of embolus within the pulmonary arteries, by showing the effect upon the perfusion pattern. This review will explore in detail the principles, as well as the present and prospective usefulness of the techniques currently available.", "contents": "Thrombosis detection using radionuclide techniques. Radionuclides have been used in the evaluation of intravascular thrombosis for several years. The most widely accepted nonimaging technique is I-125 labeled fibrinogen. It is commonly used for patients who have a high probability of developing a thrombus (e.g., those undergoing surgery). Other techniques are emerging as having value in thrombosis detection. These techniques include radionuclide venography and clot localization scanning techniques utilizing the affinity of clot for small radiolabeled particles, as well as imaging techniques using I-131 labeled fibrinogen. More recently, a number of the above-mentioned techniques have been applied to patient problems. The FDA ban on commercial radiolabeled fibrinogen in the United States has promoted the development of alternative techniques and the use of autologous fibrinogen. A number of other techniques for thrombosis detection have also been explored on a more experimental basis. They include the use of thrombolytic agents such as streptokinase, urokinase, and white blood cells, as well as platelets. The common lung or pulmonary perfusion scan using macroaggregates of albumin or microspheres radiolabeled also gives information as to the presence of thrombosis of embolus within the pulmonary arteries, by showing the effect upon the perfusion pattern. This review will explore in detail the principles, as well as the present and prospective usefulness of the techniques currently available."}
{"id": "PMID:130232", "title": "[\"Surgical\" laparoscopy indications and value].", "content": "From 1971-1973, 1046 patients underwent laparoscopy in the gynecological department; 256 of the cases were surgical problems. In contrast to gastroenterological laparoscopy, surgical laparoscopy was performed in the operating room under general anaesthesia and everything prepared for immediate surgery. Major surgical interventions--if necessary--were performed immediately after laparoscopy. Indications for surgical laparoscopy were the following: preoperative evaluation of nature, extent and eventual metastases of tumors. Preoperative differentiation of acute and chronic appendicitis from other affections, particularly in younger female patients. Suspected intraabdominal hemorrhage of traumatic or non-traumatic origin. Evaluation of pathological palpatory findings in the abdominal cavity. Differential diagnosis of chronic relapsing intraabdominal complaints of unknown origin. Differential diagnosis of putrid, tuberculous or carcinomatous peritonitis with eventual biopsy. Preoperative evaluation of questions concerning surgery of liver, gallbladder or pancreas in connection with occlusive jaundice, hepatic cirrhosis or malignancy. The results of this study show, that by laparoscopy in over 50% of the patients, major surgical interventions could be avoided. Contraindications were primarily limited to pulmonal or cardiac insufficiency. The only complication (intestinal perforation), was adequately dealt with under the given operative conditions.", "contents": "[\"Surgical\" laparoscopy indications and value]. From 1971-1973, 1046 patients underwent laparoscopy in the gynecological department; 256 of the cases were surgical problems. In contrast to gastroenterological laparoscopy, surgical laparoscopy was performed in the operating room under general anaesthesia and everything prepared for immediate surgery. Major surgical interventions--if necessary--were performed immediately after laparoscopy. Indications for surgical laparoscopy were the following: preoperative evaluation of nature, extent and eventual metastases of tumors. Preoperative differentiation of acute and chronic appendicitis from other affections, particularly in younger female patients. Suspected intraabdominal hemorrhage of traumatic or non-traumatic origin. Evaluation of pathological palpatory findings in the abdominal cavity. Differential diagnosis of chronic relapsing intraabdominal complaints of unknown origin. Differential diagnosis of putrid, tuberculous or carcinomatous peritonitis with eventual biopsy. Preoperative evaluation of questions concerning surgery of liver, gallbladder or pancreas in connection with occlusive jaundice, hepatic cirrhosis or malignancy. The results of this study show, that by laparoscopy in over 50% of the patients, major surgical interventions could be avoided. Contraindications were primarily limited to pulmonal or cardiac insufficiency. The only complication (intestinal perforation), was adequately dealt with under the given operative conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:130233", "title": "[Clinico-anatomical picture of cystic renal dysplasia].", "content": "The variety of clinical conditions leading to diagnosis and surgery of cystic renal dysplasia is demonstrated by 5 case reports. Etiological and histological features of this rare developmental abnormality are outlined. Surgical removal of the cystically degenerated renal bud is only indicated if the size of the tumor or vesico-ureteral reflux and inflammation causes lumbar pain.", "contents": "[Clinico-anatomical picture of cystic renal dysplasia]. The variety of clinical conditions leading to diagnosis and surgery of cystic renal dysplasia is demonstrated by 5 case reports. Etiological and histological features of this rare developmental abnormality are outlined. Surgical removal of the cystically degenerated renal bud is only indicated if the size of the tumor or vesico-ureteral reflux and inflammation causes lumbar pain."}
{"id": "PMID:130235", "title": "[Abdominal pain caused by adhesions and their removal at laparoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Intra-abdominal adhesions as the cause of severe abdominal pain were diagnosed in eight patients because (1) other abdominal diseases had been excluded, (2) certain movements, but only rarely meals, precipitated or increased the pain, (3) laparoscopy had confirmed adhesions and their manipulation had caused pain. After the adhesions had been removed at laparoscopy the pain either disappeared or was decisively reduced.", "contents": "[Abdominal pain caused by adhesions and their removal at laparoscopy (author's transl)]. Intra-abdominal adhesions as the cause of severe abdominal pain were diagnosed in eight patients because (1) other abdominal diseases had been excluded, (2) certain movements, but only rarely meals, precipitated or increased the pain, (3) laparoscopy had confirmed adhesions and their manipulation had caused pain. After the adhesions had been removed at laparoscopy the pain either disappeared or was decisively reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:130238", "title": "Regulation of cyanide-insensitive respiration in Neurospora.", "content": "1. Inhibition of either mitochondrial transcription or translation in Neurospora crassa results in the rapid production of the cyanide-insensitive pathway of mitochondrial respiration. Protein synthesis on cytoplasmic ribosomes is required for the appearance of cyanide-insensitive respiration in the culture. 2. Removal of the inhibition of transcription of translation results in a rapid return to cyanide-sensitive respiration. Additional protein synthesis in the cytoplasm is required for the loss of cyanide-insensitive respiratory activity while additional mitochondrial protein synthesis has no effect. 3. These studies indicate that a mitochondrial gene product is involved in a negative manner in the regulation of cyanide-insensitive respiration. When the mitochondrial product is present, the pathway is not expressed, when the mitochondrial product is absent, the pathway is expressed. 4. Studies with forced heterokaryons formed from respiratory-deficient mutants having cyanide-insensitive respiration and respiratory-competent auxotrophs indicate that the site of action of the mitochondrial gene product is external to the mitochondrion.", "contents": "Regulation of cyanide-insensitive respiration in Neurospora. 1. Inhibition of either mitochondrial transcription or translation in Neurospora crassa results in the rapid production of the cyanide-insensitive pathway of mitochondrial respiration. Protein synthesis on cytoplasmic ribosomes is required for the appearance of cyanide-insensitive respiration in the culture. 2. Removal of the inhibition of transcription of translation results in a rapid return to cyanide-sensitive respiration. Additional protein synthesis in the cytoplasm is required for the loss of cyanide-insensitive respiratory activity while additional mitochondrial protein synthesis has no effect. 3. These studies indicate that a mitochondrial gene product is involved in a negative manner in the regulation of cyanide-insensitive respiration. When the mitochondrial product is present, the pathway is not expressed, when the mitochondrial product is absent, the pathway is expressed. 4. Studies with forced heterokaryons formed from respiratory-deficient mutants having cyanide-insensitive respiration and respiratory-competent auxotrophs indicate that the site of action of the mitochondrial gene product is external to the mitochondrion."}
{"id": "PMID:130239", "title": "Furosemide, mithramycin, and salmon calcitonin in hypercalcemia.", "content": "Twenty-nine patients with acute hypercalcemia secondary to carcinoma, myeloma and parathyroid adenoma have been treated with large doses of furosemide, mithramycin, or salmon calcitonin perfusion. With furosemide administration the treatment was successful in 6 of 10 patients. Furosemide was injected intravenously at the rate of 125 mg every 3 hours. With mithramycin perfusion only 2 of 8 patients have a return of the serum calcium levels to normal. With salmon thyrocalcitonin 3 of 10 patients obtained a good result. It can be interesting to suggest the association of furosemide and salmon calcitonin infusion to treat hypercalcemia of myeloma.", "contents": "Furosemide, mithramycin, and salmon calcitonin in hypercalcemia. Twenty-nine patients with acute hypercalcemia secondary to carcinoma, myeloma and parathyroid adenoma have been treated with large doses of furosemide, mithramycin, or salmon calcitonin perfusion. With furosemide administration the treatment was successful in 6 of 10 patients. Furosemide was injected intravenously at the rate of 125 mg every 3 hours. With mithramycin perfusion only 2 of 8 patients have a return of the serum calcium levels to normal. With salmon thyrocalcitonin 3 of 10 patients obtained a good result. It can be interesting to suggest the association of furosemide and salmon calcitonin infusion to treat hypercalcemia of myeloma."}
{"id": "PMID:130242", "title": "Myofibrillar ATPase, DNA and hydroxyproline content of human hypertrophied heart.", "content": "70 human hearts were studied less than 36 hours after death. The apex, and in some cases other parts of the myocardium were homogenized, DNA, hydroxyproline content, myofibrillar Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase were measured. In normal hearts the DNA and collagen content were 372 +/- 9 mg and 36 +/- 7 mg. Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase of the myofibrils prepared from these hearts have shown the same specific activity (35 +/- 5 and 34 +/- 6 nmol/min./mg) as those from fresh biopsies taken during open-chest surgery. The heart weight correlates with the DNA content (r= + 0.58 -p less than 0.01) and with the myofibrillar ATPase (r= - 0.33 - p less than 0.02) but not with the DNA concentration nor with the collagen content or concentration. The main result of this study was the presence of a negative correlation between the DNA content of the heart and the Mg2+ or Ca2+ myofibrillar ATPase (r= - 0.31, p less than 0.05 - r= - 0.45, p less than 0.01). This correlation was analysed with reference to the histological and biochemical studies published by several authors in human or experimental heart hypertrophy and it was suggested that in human heart hypertrophy the decrease of the myofibrillar or myosin ATPase is a direct consequence of the high degree of polyploidy of the muscular cells observed in this condition.", "contents": "Myofibrillar ATPase, DNA and hydroxyproline content of human hypertrophied heart. 70 human hearts were studied less than 36 hours after death. The apex, and in some cases other parts of the myocardium were homogenized, DNA, hydroxyproline content, myofibrillar Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase were measured. In normal hearts the DNA and collagen content were 372 +/- 9 mg and 36 +/- 7 mg. Ca2+ and Mg2+ ATPase of the myofibrils prepared from these hearts have shown the same specific activity (35 +/- 5 and 34 +/- 6 nmol/min./mg) as those from fresh biopsies taken during open-chest surgery. The heart weight correlates with the DNA content (r= + 0.58 -p less than 0.01) and with the myofibrillar ATPase (r= - 0.33 - p less than 0.02) but not with the DNA concentration nor with the collagen content or concentration. The main result of this study was the presence of a negative correlation between the DNA content of the heart and the Mg2+ or Ca2+ myofibrillar ATPase (r= - 0.31, p less than 0.05 - r= - 0.45, p less than 0.01). This correlation was analysed with reference to the histological and biochemical studies published by several authors in human or experimental heart hypertrophy and it was suggested that in human heart hypertrophy the decrease of the myofibrillar or myosin ATPase is a direct consequence of the high degree of polyploidy of the muscular cells observed in this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:130243", "title": "On the mechanism of action of triamterene: effects on transport of Na+, K+, and H+/HCO3- -ions.", "content": "The rat salivary duct epithelium, which actively transports Na+, K+, and H+/HCO3- in a manner similar to renal distal tubules, was used as a model tissue to study the mechanism of action of triamterene on electrolyte transport. 10(-4) M triamterene completely blocked Na+ resorption and lowered net K+ secretion to half that of controls, whereas HCO3- accumlated in the lumen, probably due to a decrease in H+ secretion. The rates of K+ and H+/HCO3- transport in the presence of triamterene did not differ from those determined after omission of Na+ from the luminal fluid. This was considered to be evidence against a direct action of triamterene on transport of K+ and H+/HCO3-. Triamterene rapidly and reversibly reduced the transepithelial electrical potential difference. This was due to almost complete abolition of Na+ conductance of the luminal membrane at 10(-4) M triamterene, whereas K+ conductance was not altered. Triamterene, administered in vitro from the interstitial side of the isolated duct epithelium was ineffective even at the highest concentrations. The activities of the Na-K-ATPase, the Mg-ATPase and the microsomal HCO3-ATPase were influenced by 10(-4) M triameterene in a similiar fashion. These effects were clearly demonstrated only in the homogenate of the duct tissue and not in intact cells in the isolated duct preparation. Therefore they were considered unspecific. The transport studied demonstrate a primary effect of triamterene on Na+ entry from lumen to cell. Influences on net K+ and H+/HCO3 transport are secondary consequences of functional coupling between movement of Na+ and movement of K+ and H+ across the luminal cell membrane.", "contents": "On the mechanism of action of triamterene: effects on transport of Na+, K+, and H+/HCO3- -ions. The rat salivary duct epithelium, which actively transports Na+, K+, and H+/HCO3- in a manner similar to renal distal tubules, was used as a model tissue to study the mechanism of action of triamterene on electrolyte transport. 10(-4) M triamterene completely blocked Na+ resorption and lowered net K+ secretion to half that of controls, whereas HCO3- accumlated in the lumen, probably due to a decrease in H+ secretion. The rates of K+ and H+/HCO3- transport in the presence of triamterene did not differ from those determined after omission of Na+ from the luminal fluid. This was considered to be evidence against a direct action of triamterene on transport of K+ and H+/HCO3-. Triamterene rapidly and reversibly reduced the transepithelial electrical potential difference. This was due to almost complete abolition of Na+ conductance of the luminal membrane at 10(-4) M triamterene, whereas K+ conductance was not altered. Triamterene, administered in vitro from the interstitial side of the isolated duct epithelium was ineffective even at the highest concentrations. The activities of the Na-K-ATPase, the Mg-ATPase and the microsomal HCO3-ATPase were influenced by 10(-4) M triameterene in a similiar fashion. These effects were clearly demonstrated only in the homogenate of the duct tissue and not in intact cells in the isolated duct preparation. Therefore they were considered unspecific. The transport studied demonstrate a primary effect of triamterene on Na+ entry from lumen to cell. Influences on net K+ and H+/HCO3 transport are secondary consequences of functional coupling between movement of Na+ and movement of K+ and H+ across the luminal cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:130244", "title": "Studies on the stable inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase by cassaine.", "content": "Exposure of rat brain Na+ + K+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase E.C. 3.6.1.3) to concentrations of cassaine greater than 1 x 10(-4) M resulted in a poorly reversible inhibition of this enzyme. Inhibition did not require the presence of ATP and developed rapidly, but the final amount of inhibition observed was independent of time. The amount of inhibition observed at a given concentration of cassaine was reduced by increasing the concentration of membranes in the system. The inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase activity was associated with equivalent inhibition of the phosphorylation and (3H)-ouabain binding reactions of this enzyme, while the uninhibited enzyme was apparently kinetically normal. Concentrations of cassaine which produced this stable inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase had no effect on the Mg2+-activated ATPase or the NADH cytochrome-c-reductase activities of crude rat brain microsomal preparations. Cassaine inhibited the cholinesterase activity of rat brain microsomes with a Ki of about 5 x 10(-5) M, but his inhibition was fully reversible. The poorly reversible inhibitory actions of cassaine, thus, appeared specific for Na+ + K+-ATPase. Because this stable pattern of inhibition of the Na+ + K+-ATPase by cassaine required drug concentrations at least one hundred-fold greater than those which produce positive inotropic effects, it appears unlikely that this pattern of Na+ + K+-ATPase inhibition is involved in the cardiotonic actions of this drug.", "contents": "Studies on the stable inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase by cassaine. Exposure of rat brain Na+ + K+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase E.C. 3.6.1.3) to concentrations of cassaine greater than 1 x 10(-4) M resulted in a poorly reversible inhibition of this enzyme. Inhibition did not require the presence of ATP and developed rapidly, but the final amount of inhibition observed was independent of time. The amount of inhibition observed at a given concentration of cassaine was reduced by increasing the concentration of membranes in the system. The inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase activity was associated with equivalent inhibition of the phosphorylation and (3H)-ouabain binding reactions of this enzyme, while the uninhibited enzyme was apparently kinetically normal. Concentrations of cassaine which produced this stable inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase had no effect on the Mg2+-activated ATPase or the NADH cytochrome-c-reductase activities of crude rat brain microsomal preparations. Cassaine inhibited the cholinesterase activity of rat brain microsomes with a Ki of about 5 x 10(-5) M, but his inhibition was fully reversible. The poorly reversible inhibitory actions of cassaine, thus, appeared specific for Na+ + K+-ATPase. Because this stable pattern of inhibition of the Na+ + K+-ATPase by cassaine required drug concentrations at least one hundred-fold greater than those which produce positive inotropic effects, it appears unlikely that this pattern of Na+ + K+-ATPase inhibition is involved in the cardiotonic actions of this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:130245", "title": "Cardiotonic site directed irreversible inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase by 3-azidoacetylstrophanthidin, a photochemical analogue of strophanthidin.", "content": "A photochemical analogue of strophanthidin, 3-azidoacetylstrophanthidin (AAS) was synthesized and tested as a cardiotonic steroid (CS) site directed photoaffinity label for Na+ + K+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, E.C. 3.6.1.3). AAS-inhibited rat brain ATPase with an I50 of about 1 x 10(-6) M readily displaced 3H-ouabain from its specific binding sites on this enzyme and produced a positive inotropic effect in guinea pig atrial strips. In the absence of UV light its interaction with the CS binding sites of Na+ + K+-ATPase appeared reversible. In the presence of UV light and acetylphosphate, AAS produced about 15% irreversible inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase, compared with about 5% irreversible inhibition in the absence of either UV light or acetyl phosphate. Since acetylphosphate supports specific glucoside binding at the CS binding sites of Na+ + K+-ATPase these data are consistent with the concept that AAS is a cardiotonic steroid site directed photoactivatable inhibitor of Na+ + K+-ATPase.", "contents": "Cardiotonic site directed irreversible inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase by 3-azidoacetylstrophanthidin, a photochemical analogue of strophanthidin. A photochemical analogue of strophanthidin, 3-azidoacetylstrophanthidin (AAS) was synthesized and tested as a cardiotonic steroid (CS) site directed photoaffinity label for Na+ + K+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, E.C. 3.6.1.3). AAS-inhibited rat brain ATPase with an I50 of about 1 x 10(-6) M readily displaced 3H-ouabain from its specific binding sites on this enzyme and produced a positive inotropic effect in guinea pig atrial strips. In the absence of UV light its interaction with the CS binding sites of Na+ + K+-ATPase appeared reversible. In the presence of UV light and acetylphosphate, AAS produced about 15% irreversible inhibition of Na+ + K+-ATPase, compared with about 5% irreversible inhibition in the absence of either UV light or acetyl phosphate. Since acetylphosphate supports specific glucoside binding at the CS binding sites of Na+ + K+-ATPase these data are consistent with the concept that AAS is a cardiotonic steroid site directed photoactivatable inhibitor of Na+ + K+-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:130249", "title": "Studies in relation to endocrine exophthalmos: the biochemical composition of human retrobulbar connective tissue.", "content": "As part of studies on the pathogenesis of exophthalmos of Graves' disease, the biochemical composition of human retrobulbar tissue was investigated. The connective tissue was composed of 72.7% lipid, 23.8% water and 3.5% dried defatted tissue. Total tissue glycosaminoglycan (GAG) amounted to 0.18% of dried defatted tissue. Approximately 27% of the total hexosamine and 19% of the total tissue galactosamine were recovered in the GAG fraction. Cellulose microcolumn fractionation of GAG showed that the hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate were the two major GAG species.", "contents": "Studies in relation to endocrine exophthalmos: the biochemical composition of human retrobulbar connective tissue. As part of studies on the pathogenesis of exophthalmos of Graves' disease, the biochemical composition of human retrobulbar tissue was investigated. The connective tissue was composed of 72.7% lipid, 23.8% water and 3.5% dried defatted tissue. Total tissue glycosaminoglycan (GAG) amounted to 0.18% of dried defatted tissue. Approximately 27% of the total hexosamine and 19% of the total tissue galactosamine were recovered in the GAG fraction. Cellulose microcolumn fractionation of GAG showed that the hyaluronic acid and dermatan sulfate were the two major GAG species."}
{"id": "PMID:130252", "title": "[Influence of thyrocalcitonin on the adenosine triphosphatase activity and the electrolyte balance of the rat myocardium].", "content": "The effect of thyrocalcitonine on the calcium, sodium and potassium levels in the blood plasma of the rats' myocardium and also on the activity of Na+-, K+- and Ca2+- ATP-ase of the sarcoplasmatic cardiac reticulum fragments were studied in experiments with rats. Calcitonine was found to force down the level of calcium in the blood plasma and to raise the sodium content in the myocardium on rats. The drug lessened the activity of the myocardial Na+-, K+-ATP-ase.", "contents": "[Influence of thyrocalcitonin on the adenosine triphosphatase activity and the electrolyte balance of the rat myocardium]. The effect of thyrocalcitonine on the calcium, sodium and potassium levels in the blood plasma of the rats' myocardium and also on the activity of Na+-, K+- and Ca2+- ATP-ase of the sarcoplasmatic cardiac reticulum fragments were studied in experiments with rats. Calcitonine was found to force down the level of calcium in the blood plasma and to raise the sodium content in the myocardium on rats. The drug lessened the activity of the myocardial Na+-, K+-ATP-ase."}
{"id": "PMID:130266", "title": "A comparison of hysterosalpingography and endoscopy in evaluation of tubal function in infertile women.", "content": "A comparison of hysterosalpingography (HSG) with endoscopy in the evaluation of tubal function in 117 infertile women is presented. Results were in accord in 55% of the patients. Correction for endoscopic error and the limitations of HSG increased the positive correlation to 74%. Twenty-three patients (20%) with abnormal findings at HSG were normal with endoscopy. Ten patients (8%) had normal HSG but abnormal endoscopic findings. Fifteen patients (12%) with positive findings by HSG had different positive findings at endoscopy. Additional endoscopic findings in 47 patients are listed. Review of 26 patients with endoscopy-confirmed endometriosis revealed that 14 (54%) had a normal HSG and normal history and pelvic examination. Although HSG should be the method of choice as part of the basic evaluation, an infertile woman should undergo endoscopy before the evaluation is considered complete or final.", "contents": "A comparison of hysterosalpingography and endoscopy in evaluation of tubal function in infertile women. A comparison of hysterosalpingography (HSG) with endoscopy in the evaluation of tubal function in 117 infertile women is presented. Results were in accord in 55% of the patients. Correction for endoscopic error and the limitations of HSG increased the positive correlation to 74%. Twenty-three patients (20%) with abnormal findings at HSG were normal with endoscopy. Ten patients (8%) had normal HSG but abnormal endoscopic findings. Fifteen patients (12%) with positive findings by HSG had different positive findings at endoscopy. Additional endoscopic findings in 47 patients are listed. Review of 26 patients with endoscopy-confirmed endometriosis revealed that 14 (54%) had a normal HSG and normal history and pelvic examination. Although HSG should be the method of choice as part of the basic evaluation, an infertile woman should undergo endoscopy before the evaluation is considered complete or final."}
{"id": "PMID:130268", "title": "[The concentration of electrolytes and water in the walls of the frog gall bladder following absorption of an isotonic fluid].", "content": "In experiments on isolated gall-bladders (GB) of frogs, the transport rate of NaCl-isotonic solution by GB epithelial cells was inversely proportionate to the sodium content in them. Under oxytocin action (20 mE/ml) the absorption was inhibited and simultaneously the intracellular sodium content increased. Replacement of NaCl by sucrose solution caused a complete inhibition of absorption for 5--15 min. During this time, tissue cells excreted a considerable amount of their sodium, in result of which the intracellular amount of sodium decrease by 2.0-2.5 times. Oxytocin caused the inhibition of both the sodium transport from cells and the Na-K--ATPase activity. Obviously, the inhibitory action of oxytocin upon sodium transport from GB cells is due to a decrease of the transport activity of Na, K--ATPase under the action of hormone.", "contents": "[The concentration of electrolytes and water in the walls of the frog gall bladder following absorption of an isotonic fluid]. In experiments on isolated gall-bladders (GB) of frogs, the transport rate of NaCl-isotonic solution by GB epithelial cells was inversely proportionate to the sodium content in them. Under oxytocin action (20 mE/ml) the absorption was inhibited and simultaneously the intracellular sodium content increased. Replacement of NaCl by sucrose solution caused a complete inhibition of absorption for 5--15 min. During this time, tissue cells excreted a considerable amount of their sodium, in result of which the intracellular amount of sodium decrease by 2.0-2.5 times. Oxytocin caused the inhibition of both the sodium transport from cells and the Na-K--ATPase activity. Obviously, the inhibitory action of oxytocin upon sodium transport from GB cells is due to a decrease of the transport activity of Na, K--ATPase under the action of hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:130272", "title": "Effect of streptozotocin on red-blood-cell-reduced glutathione: modification by glucose, nicotinamide, and epinephrine.", "content": "Previous studies had shown that administration of streptozotocin to rats produces both diabetes and hemolysis and that both could be ameliorated by prior injections of diazoxide. Thus, it appeared pertinent to define the effect of streptozotocin on the red cell. In the present studies, streptozotocin administered in vivo to rats produced a rapid fall in red-cell-reduced glutathione. This effect was duplicated in vitro in incubated human red cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that glucose loading prior to bleeding modified the in-vitro red-cell GSH response to streptozotocin and that preincubation of red cells from fasted individuals with glucose, nicotinamide, and epinephrine (but not nicotinic acid) protected against the subsequent effect of streptozotocin on RBC GSH. The pattern of the RBC GSH response under each of these conditions is that which occurs in response to challenge with an oxidant, that is, with appropriate protection, oxidation stress produces an acute rise rather than falll in gsh. further, when glucose was present through both preincubation and test periods (i.e., in presence of streptozotocin) a third pattern of GSH response was observed--no change. The data are compatible with the postulate that the cytotoxic action of streptozotocin is dependent, in part, on an oxidant effect, and that glucose may protect through at least two mechanisms, that adrenergic stimulation can enhance protective mechanisms against redox insults and so contribute to maintenance of cell viability.", "contents": "Effect of streptozotocin on red-blood-cell-reduced glutathione: modification by glucose, nicotinamide, and epinephrine. Previous studies had shown that administration of streptozotocin to rats produces both diabetes and hemolysis and that both could be ameliorated by prior injections of diazoxide. Thus, it appeared pertinent to define the effect of streptozotocin on the red cell. In the present studies, streptozotocin administered in vivo to rats produced a rapid fall in red-cell-reduced glutathione. This effect was duplicated in vitro in incubated human red cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that glucose loading prior to bleeding modified the in-vitro red-cell GSH response to streptozotocin and that preincubation of red cells from fasted individuals with glucose, nicotinamide, and epinephrine (but not nicotinic acid) protected against the subsequent effect of streptozotocin on RBC GSH. The pattern of the RBC GSH response under each of these conditions is that which occurs in response to challenge with an oxidant, that is, with appropriate protection, oxidation stress produces an acute rise rather than falll in gsh. further, when glucose was present through both preincubation and test periods (i.e., in presence of streptozotocin) a third pattern of GSH response was observed--no change. The data are compatible with the postulate that the cytotoxic action of streptozotocin is dependent, in part, on an oxidant effect, and that glucose may protect through at least two mechanisms, that adrenergic stimulation can enhance protective mechanisms against redox insults and so contribute to maintenance of cell viability."}
{"id": "PMID:130273", "title": "Bioassay of inhibitory activity of gastrone on basal HCl secretion in rats with chronic gastric fistula.", "content": "The authors evaluated the applicability of the rat with gastric fistula to the bioassay of gastrone, endogenous inhibitor of gastric acid secretion and the role of anticholinergic mechanism in this inhibition. 104 individual bioassays were performed on 25 rats with chronic gastric fistula out of which 34 tests were performed with gastrone, 49 controls with saline and 21 with atropine. In rats serving as their own controls, a statistically significant reduction of the volume of basal gastric secretion and of the basal HCl output by 56 and 59%, respectively, occurred after intravenous administration of 40 mug gastrone B. This was demonstrated in the first 4 h after gastrone and was statistically highly significant (p less than 0.001). There was no significant difference, however, in the concentration of HCl in the gastric juice after gastrone and after saline. The inhibitory effect of gastrone on HCl output at the intravenous dose of 40 mug was greater than that of 0.1 mg/kg atropine intravenously, while that of 50 mug gastrone was about equal to that of 0.4 mg/kg atropine. The gastrone inhibitory activity on gastric acid secretion in rats appears to be unrelated to anticholinergic mechanism. The advantages of the bioassay of gastrone activity using rats with chronic gastric fistula over the rats with pyloric ligation are discussed.", "contents": "Bioassay of inhibitory activity of gastrone on basal HCl secretion in rats with chronic gastric fistula. The authors evaluated the applicability of the rat with gastric fistula to the bioassay of gastrone, endogenous inhibitor of gastric acid secretion and the role of anticholinergic mechanism in this inhibition. 104 individual bioassays were performed on 25 rats with chronic gastric fistula out of which 34 tests were performed with gastrone, 49 controls with saline and 21 with atropine. In rats serving as their own controls, a statistically significant reduction of the volume of basal gastric secretion and of the basal HCl output by 56 and 59%, respectively, occurred after intravenous administration of 40 mug gastrone B. This was demonstrated in the first 4 h after gastrone and was statistically highly significant (p less than 0.001). There was no significant difference, however, in the concentration of HCl in the gastric juice after gastrone and after saline. The inhibitory effect of gastrone on HCl output at the intravenous dose of 40 mug was greater than that of 0.1 mg/kg atropine intravenously, while that of 50 mug gastrone was about equal to that of 0.4 mg/kg atropine. The gastrone inhibitory activity on gastric acid secretion in rats appears to be unrelated to anticholinergic mechanism. The advantages of the bioassay of gastrone activity using rats with chronic gastric fistula over the rats with pyloric ligation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130274", "title": "The sorbitol pathway: effect of streptozotocin induced diabetes and the feeding of a sucrose-rich diet on glucose, sorbitol and fructose in the retina, blood and liver of rats.", "content": "The sorbitol, fructose and glucose content of the retina, blood and liver from normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats fed either a starch- or sucrose-rich diet for 15 days has been determined. The sorbitol and fructose level in the retina was much higher than that in either the liver or blood and was significantly increased in diabetes on either diet. Such increases in the sorbitol concentration did not occur in either the liver or the blood during diabetes, and the possibility that the sorbitol pathway can play an important metabolic role in the diabetic retina has been discussed. The feeding of a sucrose- as opposed to a starch-rich diet did not significantly alter the concentrations of glucose, sorbitol or fructose in the normal rat retina but caused a marked elevation in the diabetic state.", "contents": "The sorbitol pathway: effect of streptozotocin induced diabetes and the feeding of a sucrose-rich diet on glucose, sorbitol and fructose in the retina, blood and liver of rats. The sorbitol, fructose and glucose content of the retina, blood and liver from normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats fed either a starch- or sucrose-rich diet for 15 days has been determined. The sorbitol and fructose level in the retina was much higher than that in either the liver or blood and was significantly increased in diabetes on either diet. Such increases in the sorbitol concentration did not occur in either the liver or the blood during diabetes, and the possibility that the sorbitol pathway can play an important metabolic role in the diabetic retina has been discussed. The feeding of a sucrose- as opposed to a starch-rich diet did not significantly alter the concentrations of glucose, sorbitol or fructose in the normal rat retina but caused a marked elevation in the diabetic state."}
{"id": "PMID:130275", "title": "Degradation of neocarzinostatin by blood sera in vitro and its inhibition by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and n-ethylmaleimide.", "content": "Inactivation of antitumor antibiotic, Neocarzinostatin, which occurs in vivo or during incubation with serum in a test tube, was found to depend on the dose of serum and incubation period. The inactivation process was accompanied with degradation of Neocarzinostatin to a smaller molecular size with concomitant loss in antigenic activities at a slower rate. Apparent increase, close to about 250% of control, in the antibiotic activity was found before the inactivation, in the presence of diisopropyl fluorophosphate, or about 200% in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide. The present findings suggest that the degradation process partly depends on proteolysis by serine type proteinase(s) and partly on the involvement of sulfhydryl groups. These results imply two possible applications; one for chemotherapy with Neocarzinostatin in combination with inhibitors of proteolysis and the other for drug design through the modification of amino acid residues on Neocarzinostatin molecules which provide the enzyme binding sites such as lysine and arginine for the proteolytic catalysis.", "contents": "Degradation of neocarzinostatin by blood sera in vitro and its inhibition by diisopropyl fluorophosphate and n-ethylmaleimide. Inactivation of antitumor antibiotic, Neocarzinostatin, which occurs in vivo or during incubation with serum in a test tube, was found to depend on the dose of serum and incubation period. The inactivation process was accompanied with degradation of Neocarzinostatin to a smaller molecular size with concomitant loss in antigenic activities at a slower rate. Apparent increase, close to about 250% of control, in the antibiotic activity was found before the inactivation, in the presence of diisopropyl fluorophosphate, or about 200% in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide. The present findings suggest that the degradation process partly depends on proteolysis by serine type proteinase(s) and partly on the involvement of sulfhydryl groups. These results imply two possible applications; one for chemotherapy with Neocarzinostatin in combination with inhibitors of proteolysis and the other for drug design through the modification of amino acid residues on Neocarzinostatin molecules which provide the enzyme binding sites such as lysine and arginine for the proteolytic catalysis."}
{"id": "PMID:130276", "title": "[Intra-abdominal bleeding following subcutaneous heparin application in septic abortion (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on intra-abdominal hemorrhage following inexpert injection into the abdominal wall of calcium-heparin concentrate (Calciparin, Nattermann, Cologne) in a patient with septic abortion. A hematoma developed in the abdominal muscles which perforated via the parietal peritoneum into the abdominal cavity.", "contents": "[Intra-abdominal bleeding following subcutaneous heparin application in septic abortion (author's transl)]. Report on intra-abdominal hemorrhage following inexpert injection into the abdominal wall of calcium-heparin concentrate (Calciparin, Nattermann, Cologne) in a patient with septic abortion. A hematoma developed in the abdominal muscles which perforated via the parietal peritoneum into the abdominal cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:130277", "title": "[Population genetics of the inhabitants of Northern European USSR. I. Data on the structure of 6 villages in Archangel Oblast].", "content": "The paper deals with two demographic characteristics of 6 villages in the Archangelsk Region of the RSFSR (river Peosa region) significant from the genetical standpoint. These data were obtained by means of the examination of 843 persons (75,07% of the total number of inhabitants) and of the analysis of complete list of inhabitants permanently living in the villages studied. The proportion of the reproductivity age class was 28.94%, the numbers of men and woman among them being about equal. The average number of children per family in families that have already completed their reproductive period was 3.87, the variance being 4.51 (the data obtained on the basis of examination of over 90 families). The average age of marriage was established to be about 24 years, the duration of each generation being about 32 years. The average index of endogamy per village was observed to be 58.40%, the contribution of the gametes of the preceding generation per village being 72.86%. The migrational influx of gametes from other localities per total of 6 villages was 2.52%. It was shown by the comparison of the character of migrations with mathematical models that the matrix migrational model is the most adequate one.", "contents": "[Population genetics of the inhabitants of Northern European USSR. I. Data on the structure of 6 villages in Archangel Oblast]. The paper deals with two demographic characteristics of 6 villages in the Archangelsk Region of the RSFSR (river Peosa region) significant from the genetical standpoint. These data were obtained by means of the examination of 843 persons (75,07% of the total number of inhabitants) and of the analysis of complete list of inhabitants permanently living in the villages studied. The proportion of the reproductivity age class was 28.94%, the numbers of men and woman among them being about equal. The average number of children per family in families that have already completed their reproductive period was 3.87, the variance being 4.51 (the data obtained on the basis of examination of over 90 families). The average age of marriage was established to be about 24 years, the duration of each generation being about 32 years. The average index of endogamy per village was observed to be 58.40%, the contribution of the gametes of the preceding generation per village being 72.86%. The migrational influx of gametes from other localities per total of 6 villages was 2.52%. It was shown by the comparison of the character of migrations with mathematical models that the matrix migrational model is the most adequate one."}
{"id": "PMID:130278", "title": "[Population genetics of the inhabitants of Northern European USSR. II. Blood group distribution and antropogenetic characteristics in 6 villages in Archangel Oblast].", "content": "The paper deals with the distribution of genetic markers (systems ABO, MN, Rh (D), Hp, PTC) and a number of demographic (folding of arms, hand clasping, tongue rolling, right- and left-handedness, of the type of ear lobe, of the types of dermatoglyphic patterns) in the inhabitants of 6 villages in the Mezen District of the Archangelsk Region of the RSFSR (river Peosa basin). The data presented in this work were obtained in the course of examination of over 800 persons. Differences in the interpretation of the results of generally adopted methods of statistical analysis of samples from small populations are discussed. Among the systems analysed in one third of all the cases there was a statistically significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg's ratios. For the MN blood groups and haptoglobins this was caused by the excess of heterozygotes. The test of Hardy--Weinberg's ratios at the level of two-loci phenotypes revealed no statistically significant deviations either in separate villages or in all the villages taken together. The analysis of heterogeneity with respect to markers inherited according to Mendel's law revealed statistically significant differences between villages in all the systems except haptoglobins. A considerable heterogeneity in the distribution of family names, the frequencies of some of them varying from village to village from 0 to 90%. Statistically significant differences between villages were shown for all the anthropogenetic characters except arm folding, hand clasping and right-left-handedness. Considering the uniformity of the environmental pressure in the region examined, the heterogeneity of the population studied is apparently associated with a random genetic differentiation (genetic drift) and, possibly, with the effect of the progenitor.", "contents": "[Population genetics of the inhabitants of Northern European USSR. II. Blood group distribution and antropogenetic characteristics in 6 villages in Archangel Oblast]. The paper deals with the distribution of genetic markers (systems ABO, MN, Rh (D), Hp, PTC) and a number of demographic (folding of arms, hand clasping, tongue rolling, right- and left-handedness, of the type of ear lobe, of the types of dermatoglyphic patterns) in the inhabitants of 6 villages in the Mezen District of the Archangelsk Region of the RSFSR (river Peosa basin). The data presented in this work were obtained in the course of examination of over 800 persons. Differences in the interpretation of the results of generally adopted methods of statistical analysis of samples from small populations are discussed. Among the systems analysed in one third of all the cases there was a statistically significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg's ratios. For the MN blood groups and haptoglobins this was caused by the excess of heterozygotes. The test of Hardy--Weinberg's ratios at the level of two-loci phenotypes revealed no statistically significant deviations either in separate villages or in all the villages taken together. The analysis of heterogeneity with respect to markers inherited according to Mendel's law revealed statistically significant differences between villages in all the systems except haptoglobins. A considerable heterogeneity in the distribution of family names, the frequencies of some of them varying from village to village from 0 to 90%. Statistically significant differences between villages were shown for all the anthropogenetic characters except arm folding, hand clasping and right-left-handedness. Considering the uniformity of the environmental pressure in the region examined, the heterogeneity of the population studied is apparently associated with a random genetic differentiation (genetic drift) and, possibly, with the effect of the progenitor."}
{"id": "PMID:130279", "title": "[Complex study of human cell strains with karyotype anomalies. II. Mitotic cycle parameters].", "content": "The object of this investigation were the parameters of the mitotic cycle in 14 fibroblasts-like cell strains with chromosome aberrations obtained from skin biopsies of patients and from spontaneous human abortuses. In two strains of embryonal origin (trisomic for chromosome and monosomic for chromosome 21) increased duration of stage G2 of the cell cycle accompanied by a shorter period of DNA synthesis was observed. In the other 5 strains of embryonal origin (two strains trisomic for chromosome 7, strains trisomic for chromosome 9, trisomic for chromosome 14 and triploid strains) no deviations from the normal duration of the stages of the cell cycle were observed. Two types of changes of the mitotic cycle parameters were observed in the cell strains obtained from patients with chromosome aberrations. A considerably prolonged G2 stage was observed in two strains obtained from patients affected by Down's syndrome. Three strains with the karyotypes 47, XXX, 47 XY+18 and 46, XX, 5p-were characterized by a complex of features typical of the strains of embryonal origin. A considerable decrease of the stage G2 duration was observed in these strains. In the strains obtained from a proband with Kleinfelter's syndrome and from a patient with the karyotype 46XX no deviations in the parameters of the cell cycle were observed.", "contents": "[Complex study of human cell strains with karyotype anomalies. II. Mitotic cycle parameters]. The object of this investigation were the parameters of the mitotic cycle in 14 fibroblasts-like cell strains with chromosome aberrations obtained from skin biopsies of patients and from spontaneous human abortuses. In two strains of embryonal origin (trisomic for chromosome and monosomic for chromosome 21) increased duration of stage G2 of the cell cycle accompanied by a shorter period of DNA synthesis was observed. In the other 5 strains of embryonal origin (two strains trisomic for chromosome 7, strains trisomic for chromosome 9, trisomic for chromosome 14 and triploid strains) no deviations from the normal duration of the stages of the cell cycle were observed. Two types of changes of the mitotic cycle parameters were observed in the cell strains obtained from patients with chromosome aberrations. A considerably prolonged G2 stage was observed in two strains obtained from patients affected by Down's syndrome. Three strains with the karyotypes 47, XXX, 47 XY+18 and 46, XX, 5p-were characterized by a complex of features typical of the strains of embryonal origin. A considerable decrease of the stage G2 duration was observed in these strains. In the strains obtained from a proband with Kleinfelter's syndrome and from a patient with the karyotype 46XX no deviations in the parameters of the cell cycle were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:130280", "title": "Tumor-like pulmonary manifestations of congestive heart failure.", "content": "Two cases of \"phantom tumors\" of the right lung on elderly subjects with congestive heart failure are described. One presented a picture of patchy bronchopneumonia, whereas the second had been diagnosed as a lung carcinoma 1 month before hospitalization because of a round lesion. In both cases the radiological picture cleared up within a few days following rest, diuresis and digitalization. The possibility of congestive heart failure as a cause for development of circumscribed pulmonary opacities should always be kept in mind.", "contents": "Tumor-like pulmonary manifestations of congestive heart failure. Two cases of \"phantom tumors\" of the right lung on elderly subjects with congestive heart failure are described. One presented a picture of patchy bronchopneumonia, whereas the second had been diagnosed as a lung carcinoma 1 month before hospitalization because of a round lesion. In both cases the radiological picture cleared up within a few days following rest, diuresis and digitalization. The possibility of congestive heart failure as a cause for development of circumscribed pulmonary opacities should always be kept in mind."}
{"id": "PMID:130285", "title": "[The inquinal-flap-anatomical studies of the axial vessels and their course].", "content": "In plastic surgery of the hand the groin-flap is preferred to other axial pedicled flaps for practical and cosmetic reasons. This groin-flap described by McGREGOR and JACKSON 1972 is based on the superficial circumflex iliac artery (Arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis = \"A. cis.\"). Details concerning the origin and course of the A. cis. may best be described with reference to the two osseous prominences that can be palpated through the skin of the inguinal region; the anterior superior iliac spine (S) and the pubic tubercle (T) (Fig. 1).", "contents": "[The inquinal-flap-anatomical studies of the axial vessels and their course]. In plastic surgery of the hand the groin-flap is preferred to other axial pedicled flaps for practical and cosmetic reasons. This groin-flap described by McGREGOR and JACKSON 1972 is based on the superficial circumflex iliac artery (Arteria circumflexa ilium superficialis = \"A. cis.\"). Details concerning the origin and course of the A. cis. may best be described with reference to the two osseous prominences that can be palpated through the skin of the inguinal region; the anterior superior iliac spine (S) and the pubic tubercle (T) (Fig. 1)."}
{"id": "PMID:130286", "title": "[Effects of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives on the central nervous system. (5) The effect of intracerebral administration of tyramine on head twitching in mice pre-treated with isocarboxazid].", "content": "Effects of drugs on head-twitches induced by tyramine (Ty) in isocarboxazide (Iso) pretreated mice were studied and the following results obtained: 1) In beta-phenylethylamine derivatives, p-hydroxyamphetamine in non-treated and Iso-pretreated mice and Ty in Iso-pretreated mice produced head-twitches. 2) Injection of 5-HTP (i.c. and i.p.) into mice induced head-twitches. 3) Although head-twitches were not induced by a low dose of 5-HTP (20 mg/kg, i.p.), in Iso pretreated mice, the number of headtwitches increased markedly in the Iso-Ty treated group when Ty was injected i.c. in Iso+5-HTP (20 mg/kg) pretreated mice. 4) When Iso-Ty was injected into alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine pretreated mice, the number of head-twitches increased markedly compared with Iso-Ty treated group. 5) When Iso-Ty was injected into mice sustained with p-chlorophenylalanine, the number of head-twitches decreased markedly compared with the Iso-Ty treated group. 6) The number of head-twitches decreased markedly when Iso-Ty was injected into dimetotiazine pretreated mice, however the administration of Iso-Ty in haloperidol pretreated mice had no influence on head-twitches. 7) It is concluded that serotonin is the acting mediator in the head-twitch response.", "contents": "[Effects of beta-phenylethylamine derivatives on the central nervous system. (5) The effect of intracerebral administration of tyramine on head twitching in mice pre-treated with isocarboxazid]. Effects of drugs on head-twitches induced by tyramine (Ty) in isocarboxazide (Iso) pretreated mice were studied and the following results obtained: 1) In beta-phenylethylamine derivatives, p-hydroxyamphetamine in non-treated and Iso-pretreated mice and Ty in Iso-pretreated mice produced head-twitches. 2) Injection of 5-HTP (i.c. and i.p.) into mice induced head-twitches. 3) Although head-twitches were not induced by a low dose of 5-HTP (20 mg/kg, i.p.), in Iso pretreated mice, the number of headtwitches increased markedly in the Iso-Ty treated group when Ty was injected i.c. in Iso+5-HTP (20 mg/kg) pretreated mice. 4) When Iso-Ty was injected into alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine pretreated mice, the number of head-twitches increased markedly compared with Iso-Ty treated group. 5) When Iso-Ty was injected into mice sustained with p-chlorophenylalanine, the number of head-twitches decreased markedly compared with the Iso-Ty treated group. 6) The number of head-twitches decreased markedly when Iso-Ty was injected into dimetotiazine pretreated mice, however the administration of Iso-Ty in haloperidol pretreated mice had no influence on head-twitches. 7) It is concluded that serotonin is the acting mediator in the head-twitch response."}
{"id": "PMID:130290", "title": "A failure to improve radiologists' performances in diagnosing pulmonary lesions by a computer-aided approach.", "content": "A traditional radiological evaluation of five lung diseases and their computer-aided diagnosis with Bayes' approach, were based on the plain chest film. Parameters of diagnostic performance for 12 radiologists, who made 1224 diagnoses by each method, were compared. Under the conditions of this study the use of a computer-aided method did not improve radiologists' performances independently of their diagnostic ability and experience.", "contents": "A failure to improve radiologists' performances in diagnosing pulmonary lesions by a computer-aided approach. A traditional radiological evaluation of five lung diseases and their computer-aided diagnosis with Bayes' approach, were based on the plain chest film. Parameters of diagnostic performance for 12 radiologists, who made 1224 diagnoses by each method, were compared. Under the conditions of this study the use of a computer-aided method did not improve radiologists' performances independently of their diagnostic ability and experience."}
{"id": "PMID:130291", "title": "[Three-stage method in lung scintigraphy: ventilation, diffusion and perfusion (author's transl)].", "content": "A combination of three stages--ventilation, \"perfusion\" and diffusion-- has proved to be the optimal method in the scientigraphic exmaination of the lung. 85mCrypton is preferred for ventilation studies compared with 133Xenon, in view of its more suitable radiation energy and lower solubility. In the pre and post-operative investigation of the lungs, ventilation estimations are essential, providing a more reliable perameter than \"perfusion estimations\". The results from \"perfusion\" measurements with MAA or microspheres frequently do not correspond with those obtained by 133Xenon. It is still debatable whether the use of MAA or microspheres provide perfusion values and it would be better at present to speak of MAA fixation results.", "contents": "[Three-stage method in lung scintigraphy: ventilation, diffusion and perfusion (author's transl)]. A combination of three stages--ventilation, \"perfusion\" and diffusion-- has proved to be the optimal method in the scientigraphic exmaination of the lung. 85mCrypton is preferred for ventilation studies compared with 133Xenon, in view of its more suitable radiation energy and lower solubility. In the pre and post-operative investigation of the lungs, ventilation estimations are essential, providing a more reliable perameter than \"perfusion estimations\". The results from \"perfusion\" measurements with MAA or microspheres frequently do not correspond with those obtained by 133Xenon. It is still debatable whether the use of MAA or microspheres provide perfusion values and it would be better at present to speak of MAA fixation results."}
{"id": "PMID:130292", "title": "[Camera-cinematography of the heart (author's transl)].", "content": "By \"camera-cinematography\" of the heart, we mean an isotope method which permits detailed observation of cardiac mechanics without the use of a catheter. All that is necessary is an intravenous injection of 10 to 15 mCi 99mTc human serum albumen followed after ten minutes by a five to ten minute period of observation with a scintilation camera. At this time the isotope has become distributed in the blood. Variations in the precordial impulses correspond with intra-cardiac changes of blood volume during a cardiac cycle. Analysis of the R-wave provides adequate information of cyclical volume changes in limited portions of the heart. This is achieved by a monitor with a pseudo-3-dimensional display; contraction and relaxation of the myocardium can be shown for any chosen longitudinal or horizontal diameter of the heart. Our programme allows simultaneous presentation of the movement of any point on the myocardium as a time-activity curve. The method is recommended as an addition to chest radiography, heart screening or cardiac kymography before carrying out cardiac catheterisation.", "contents": "[Camera-cinematography of the heart (author's transl)]. By \"camera-cinematography\" of the heart, we mean an isotope method which permits detailed observation of cardiac mechanics without the use of a catheter. All that is necessary is an intravenous injection of 10 to 15 mCi 99mTc human serum albumen followed after ten minutes by a five to ten minute period of observation with a scintilation camera. At this time the isotope has become distributed in the blood. Variations in the precordial impulses correspond with intra-cardiac changes of blood volume during a cardiac cycle. Analysis of the R-wave provides adequate information of cyclical volume changes in limited portions of the heart. This is achieved by a monitor with a pseudo-3-dimensional display; contraction and relaxation of the myocardium can be shown for any chosen longitudinal or horizontal diameter of the heart. Our programme allows simultaneous presentation of the movement of any point on the myocardium as a time-activity curve. The method is recommended as an addition to chest radiography, heart screening or cardiac kymography before carrying out cardiac catheterisation."}
{"id": "PMID:130293", "title": "[Estimation of ventricular volume derived from three transverse diameters and the longitudinal axis, compared with an area-longitudinal axis method (author's transl)].", "content": "The difficulty of automatic volume estimations of the left ventricle from cine-ventriculography lies in the accurate definition of the ventricular contour during the whole of the cardiac cycle. On the other hand, automatic determination of the long axis of the ventricle, and of three transverse diameters, is feasible. An attempt was therefore made to see whether accurate ventricular volume estimations could be obtained from these measurements. Two different geometrical models were examined: a) A complete rotational ellipsoid b) A half rotational ellipsoid. Examination of ten cine-ventriculograms (totalling 546 frames) has shown that the ventricular volume can be determined with an adequate accuracy by this method. The half ellipsoid model produced better mean results than the full ellipsoid. Its mean deviation from the area-long axis method was only minus 1.2%, that of the complete ellipsoid was minus 3.3%.", "contents": "[Estimation of ventricular volume derived from three transverse diameters and the longitudinal axis, compared with an area-longitudinal axis method (author's transl)]. The difficulty of automatic volume estimations of the left ventricle from cine-ventriculography lies in the accurate definition of the ventricular contour during the whole of the cardiac cycle. On the other hand, automatic determination of the long axis of the ventricle, and of three transverse diameters, is feasible. An attempt was therefore made to see whether accurate ventricular volume estimations could be obtained from these measurements. Two different geometrical models were examined: a) A complete rotational ellipsoid b) A half rotational ellipsoid. Examination of ten cine-ventriculograms (totalling 546 frames) has shown that the ventricular volume can be determined with an adequate accuracy by this method. The half ellipsoid model produced better mean results than the full ellipsoid. Its mean deviation from the area-long axis method was only minus 1.2%, that of the complete ellipsoid was minus 3.3%."}
{"id": "PMID:130294", "title": "[The accuracy of surface kymography following myocardial infarcts, with special reference of cardiac aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "Surface kymography in three planes were performed in 180 patients following myocardial infarcts, and these were compared with the results of coronary angiography and selective laevocardiography. Kymography performed for the diagnosis of cardiac aneurysms and myocardial scars is relatively accurate (53%), as shown by a comparison with the laevocardiograms. Of the aneurysms demonstrated by laevocardiography in the left ventricle (31), it was possible to show 22 (71%) kymographically. In order to achieve these results, it is necessary to examine at least three marginal contours of the left ventricle by kymography (left heart border, anterior and posterior wall). The routine use of kymography before employing invasive techniques provides useful information regarding the optimal plane of the laevocardiogram. Furthermore, it indicates the presence of myocardial disease and the need for further investigation.", "contents": "[The accuracy of surface kymography following myocardial infarcts, with special reference of cardiac aneurysms (author's transl)]. Surface kymography in three planes were performed in 180 patients following myocardial infarcts, and these were compared with the results of coronary angiography and selective laevocardiography. Kymography performed for the diagnosis of cardiac aneurysms and myocardial scars is relatively accurate (53%), as shown by a comparison with the laevocardiograms. Of the aneurysms demonstrated by laevocardiography in the left ventricle (31), it was possible to show 22 (71%) kymographically. In order to achieve these results, it is necessary to examine at least three marginal contours of the left ventricle by kymography (left heart border, anterior and posterior wall). The routine use of kymography before employing invasive techniques provides useful information regarding the optimal plane of the laevocardiogram. Furthermore, it indicates the presence of myocardial disease and the need for further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:130295", "title": "[Methods of functional scintigraphy of the heart: the effect of the radiopharmaceutical agents (author's transl)].", "content": "Functional scintigrams of the heart were performed in 63 patients using different injection techniques and two radiopharmaceuticals (99mTc-pertechnitate and 99mTc-human serum albumen). A comparison of the results shows that injection of 99mTc-human serum albumen into the femoral vein gave the best results. Injection of the tracer into the femoral vein causes less dilution of the bolus than the usual injection technique into the cubital vein. There is less recirculation of the indicator resulting in lower co-efficients of variation of the quantitative parameters. The choice of 99mTc-human serum albumen facilitates demarcation of the individual cardiac chambers.", "contents": "[Methods of functional scintigraphy of the heart: the effect of the radiopharmaceutical agents (author's transl)]. Functional scintigrams of the heart were performed in 63 patients using different injection techniques and two radiopharmaceuticals (99mTc-pertechnitate and 99mTc-human serum albumen). A comparison of the results shows that injection of 99mTc-human serum albumen into the femoral vein gave the best results. Injection of the tracer into the femoral vein causes less dilution of the bolus than the usual injection technique into the cubital vein. There is less recirculation of the indicator resulting in lower co-efficients of variation of the quantitative parameters. The choice of 99mTc-human serum albumen facilitates demarcation of the individual cardiac chambers."}
{"id": "PMID:130296", "title": "[Aberrant pulmonary vessels from the abdominal aorta in children with congenital heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten children are described in whom aberrant pulmonary vessels arising from the abdominal aorta were found in the course of cardiac investigations. In five, sequestrated lung, as described Pryce, was demonstrated; in the others, these vessels were found incidentally without any demonstrable abnormality in the lung. Our findings indicate that one must distinguish between aortic pulmonary vessels with and without pulmonary sequestration during childhood. The need for deliberate opacification of the aorta is pointed out. This is also necessary in arriving at the indications for sergery. In the presence of congenital heart defects, these arterial vessels are found particularly in the presence of hypoplastic lungs and with the scimitar syndrome (3 cases).", "contents": "[Aberrant pulmonary vessels from the abdominal aorta in children with congenital heart disease (author's transl)]. Ten children are described in whom aberrant pulmonary vessels arising from the abdominal aorta were found in the course of cardiac investigations. In five, sequestrated lung, as described Pryce, was demonstrated; in the others, these vessels were found incidentally without any demonstrable abnormality in the lung. Our findings indicate that one must distinguish between aortic pulmonary vessels with and without pulmonary sequestration during childhood. The need for deliberate opacification of the aorta is pointed out. This is also necessary in arriving at the indications for sergery. In the presence of congenital heart defects, these arterial vessels are found particularly in the presence of hypoplastic lungs and with the scimitar syndrome (3 cases)."}
{"id": "PMID:130297", "title": "[Arteriovenous aneurysm between the intercostal artery and subclavian vein in the presence of multiple arterial aneurysms (author's transl)].", "content": "An arteriovenous aneurysm of the fifth intercostal artery on the left, communicating with the left subclavian vein, is described. This has not been observed previously. It occurred in a 50-year old woman with multiple arterial aneurysms and stenosing aortic sclerosis.", "contents": "[Arteriovenous aneurysm between the intercostal artery and subclavian vein in the presence of multiple arterial aneurysms (author's transl)]. An arteriovenous aneurysm of the fifth intercostal artery on the left, communicating with the left subclavian vein, is described. This has not been observed previously. It occurred in a 50-year old woman with multiple arterial aneurysms and stenosing aortic sclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:130298", "title": "[The collateral circulation for occlusion of the three unpaired abdominal arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "A fifty-two year old patient had only a short period of abdominal angina, despite occlusion of all three unpaired abdominal aortic branches. An extensive collateral system provided the circulation to the abdominal organs: intercostal arteries and adrenal vessels through the inferior phrenic artery for the coeliac trunk; arteries from the left iliac for the inferior mesenteric artery and through Riolan's arc (type II) for the superior mesenteric artery. Lumbar vessels provided a supply to the proximal territory of the superior mesenteric artery. In addition, it was possible to demonstrate connections between several lumbar arteries; several of these were also occluded proximally.", "contents": "[The collateral circulation for occlusion of the three unpaired abdominal arteries (author's transl)]. A fifty-two year old patient had only a short period of abdominal angina, despite occlusion of all three unpaired abdominal aortic branches. An extensive collateral system provided the circulation to the abdominal organs: intercostal arteries and adrenal vessels through the inferior phrenic artery for the coeliac trunk; arteries from the left iliac for the inferior mesenteric artery and through Riolan's arc (type II) for the superior mesenteric artery. Lumbar vessels provided a supply to the proximal territory of the superior mesenteric artery. In addition, it was possible to demonstrate connections between several lumbar arteries; several of these were also occluded proximally."}
{"id": "PMID:130299", "title": "[Neurological complications of abdominal angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of a cord trans-section syndrome resulting from contrast damage to the spinal medulla were observed amongst 4,000 abdominal angiograms (0.05%). The anatomical basis, causes and means for avoiding this serious complication of abdominal catheter angiography, are discussed.", "contents": "[Neurological complications of abdominal angiography (author's transl)]. Two cases of a cord trans-section syndrome resulting from contrast damage to the spinal medulla were observed amongst 4,000 abdominal angiograms (0.05%). The anatomical basis, causes and means for avoiding this serious complication of abdominal catheter angiography, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130300", "title": "[Investigations of flow through end arteries in diseases of digital vessels using radio-active tracers (arterial occlusive disease, acrosclerosis and sclerodermia) (author's transl)].", "content": "Using 113mIndium chloride and an Anger scintilation camera, flow rates were measured and recorded in defined distal parts of the hand. The method is a useful complement to previous diagnostic techniques and provides information regarding flow through end-arteries which cannot otherwise be obtained. Because of the low risk, even of intra-arterial injection of the tracer substance, isotope angiography can be used as a means of controlling operative and conservative treatment.", "contents": "[Investigations of flow through end arteries in diseases of digital vessels using radio-active tracers (arterial occlusive disease, acrosclerosis and sclerodermia) (author's transl)]. Using 113mIndium chloride and an Anger scintilation camera, flow rates were measured and recorded in defined distal parts of the hand. The method is a useful complement to previous diagnostic techniques and provides information regarding flow through end-arteries which cannot otherwise be obtained. Because of the low risk, even of intra-arterial injection of the tracer substance, isotope angiography can be used as a means of controlling operative and conservative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:130301", "title": "[The roentgen morphology of isolated tumourous pulmonary amyloidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with isolated tumourous pulmonary amyloidosis was seen and surgically treated in our clinic. The roentgen morphology of this extremely rare condition is described and the cases published in the literature are reviewed. Knowledge of this disease makes the radiological diagnosis easier and is of importance to the surgeon in planning treatment.", "contents": "[The roentgen morphology of isolated tumourous pulmonary amyloidosis (author's transl)]. A patient with isolated tumourous pulmonary amyloidosis was seen and surgically treated in our clinic. The roentgen morphology of this extremely rare condition is described and the cases published in the literature are reviewed. Knowledge of this disease makes the radiological diagnosis easier and is of importance to the surgeon in planning treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:130302", "title": "[On the reliable visualization of digital arteries as recorded by arteriography applying only local anesthesia and alcoholic drink (author's transl)].", "content": "Reliable visualization of arteries in hands, fingers, feet and toes largely depends on the tone of peripheral vessels. This can be lowered by general anesthesia but also under local anesthesia if local warming and oral Alcohol are added. Differential diagnosis between organic and functional disturbances of circulation is guaranteed in this way. Digital arteries can be well shown right down to the tips of fingers and toes.", "contents": "[On the reliable visualization of digital arteries as recorded by arteriography applying only local anesthesia and alcoholic drink (author's transl)]. Reliable visualization of arteries in hands, fingers, feet and toes largely depends on the tone of peripheral vessels. This can be lowered by general anesthesia but also under local anesthesia if local warming and oral Alcohol are added. Differential diagnosis between organic and functional disturbances of circulation is guaranteed in this way. Digital arteries can be well shown right down to the tips of fingers and toes."}
{"id": "PMID:130303", "title": "[A comparison of the radiation dose from film and xeroradiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a LiF dosimeter, comparative measurements were carried out on film mammography and xeromammography on surface and exit dose to the breast and scatter at the level of the gonads. Exit dose at 200 to 330 mR was approximately the same for both methods; incident dose at 6,800 mR for film mammography was significant higher than for xeromammography at 3,800 mR (Mo tube) or 1, 200 mR (tungsten tube). Scatter at the level of the gonads for all three methods was between 4.4 and 12.8 mR. For xeroradiography of the knee joint, the radiation dose of 466 mR was approximately three times that for a film technique (160 mR).", "contents": "[A comparison of the radiation dose from film and xeroradiography (author's transl)]. Using a LiF dosimeter, comparative measurements were carried out on film mammography and xeromammography on surface and exit dose to the breast and scatter at the level of the gonads. Exit dose at 200 to 330 mR was approximately the same for both methods; incident dose at 6,800 mR for film mammography was significant higher than for xeromammography at 3,800 mR (Mo tube) or 1, 200 mR (tungsten tube). Scatter at the level of the gonads for all three methods was between 4.4 and 12.8 mR. For xeroradiography of the knee joint, the radiation dose of 466 mR was approximately three times that for a film technique (160 mR)."}
{"id": "PMID:130304", "title": "[Optimal distances for direct radiographic magnification].", "content": "This paper deals with the theoretical basis for radiographic magnification. In particular, the relationship between focal size and optimal magnification for various systems is discussed. Maximal resolution was chosen as the criterion for best results. It has been shown that resolution (Lp-mm) can be improved by the reciprocal of the focal spot and for optimal magnification (see article) where f is focal spot size and AVBW is resolution of the imaging system.", "contents": "[Optimal distances for direct radiographic magnification]. This paper deals with the theoretical basis for radiographic magnification. In particular, the relationship between focal size and optimal magnification for various systems is discussed. Maximal resolution was chosen as the criterion for best results. It has been shown that resolution (Lp-mm) can be improved by the reciprocal of the focal spot and for optimal magnification (see article) where f is focal spot size and AVBW is resolution of the imaging system."}
{"id": "PMID:130305", "title": "[RODOC--a system for the documentation of radiographic diagnoses with electronic data processing (author's transl)].", "content": "A system for the documentation of radiographic diagnoses is described, based on the \"documentation method for radiographic diagnosis\" (Formmhold et al 1972) and on the diagnostic information system of the medical faculty of the University of T\u00fcbingen. The diagnostic indeces are dictated in relation to the findings and the diagnosis and fed on punched cards into a computer (IBM 1800). Various programmes provide patient-orientated diagnoses for clinical routine, as well as diagnoses-orientated lists of patients for demonstrations, teaching or research.", "contents": "[RODOC--a system for the documentation of radiographic diagnoses with electronic data processing (author's transl)]. A system for the documentation of radiographic diagnoses is described, based on the \"documentation method for radiographic diagnosis\" (Formmhold et al 1972) and on the diagnostic information system of the medical faculty of the University of T\u00fcbingen. The diagnostic indeces are dictated in relation to the findings and the diagnosis and fed on punched cards into a computer (IBM 1800). Various programmes provide patient-orientated diagnoses for clinical routine, as well as diagnoses-orientated lists of patients for demonstrations, teaching or research."}
{"id": "PMID:130311", "title": "[The triangular iliac hyperostosis -- the sacro-iliac bony stress phenomenon. 1st part (terminology, definition, morphology) (author's transl)].", "content": "The first part of this article concerning the trianular iliac hyperostosis -- the former so-called osteitis condensans ilii -- deals with the proposed terminology. Tomographs of 40 patients were available. The x-ray morphology and the histology (2 necropsies) are described.", "contents": "[The triangular iliac hyperostosis -- the sacro-iliac bony stress phenomenon. 1st part (terminology, definition, morphology) (author's transl)]. The first part of this article concerning the trianular iliac hyperostosis -- the former so-called osteitis condensans ilii -- deals with the proposed terminology. Tomographs of 40 patients were available. The x-ray morphology and the histology (2 necropsies) are described."}
{"id": "PMID:130312", "title": "[Radiological aspects of the basal cell naevus syndrome (Gorlin-Goltz syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological features of the basal cell naevus syndrome (Gorling-Goltz syndrome) are described, based on four of our own cases and 105 collected from the literature. Multiple cysts in the lower or upper jaw are found in 92% and 35% respectively. Anomalies of ribs are present in 45%, calcification of the falx in 49% and a scoliosis of the spine in 32% of cases. In our four patients, multiple small cysts were found in the bones of the hands and of the arms. These changes have not been previously described.", "contents": "[Radiological aspects of the basal cell naevus syndrome (Gorlin-Goltz syndrome) (author's transl)]. The radiological features of the basal cell naevus syndrome (Gorling-Goltz syndrome) are described, based on four of our own cases and 105 collected from the literature. Multiple cysts in the lower or upper jaw are found in 92% and 35% respectively. Anomalies of ribs are present in 45%, calcification of the falx in 49% and a scoliosis of the spine in 32% of cases. In our four patients, multiple small cysts were found in the bones of the hands and of the arms. These changes have not been previously described."}
{"id": "PMID:130313", "title": "[Angiographic evaluation of abnormal fracture repair (author's transl)].", "content": "Abnormal healing of fractures has been divided into three groups: delayed healing, reactive and non-reactive pseudoarthrosis. There are many transitions between these. Routine radiography can only classify these after their morphological appearance. Angiography is able to provide information regarding the vitality of major and minor fragments according to the type of para- and interfragment vascularisation; in some cases there may also be some neovascularity. The potential for union depends directly on the vascularisation of the surrounding muscles, of the subcutaneous tissues and of the skin. Vascular changes result in the formation of an autonomous circulation, independent dynamically of the vessels in the extremity and which can guarantee an increased saturation during healing by new bone formation. Angiography can provide an estimate of the likelihood of union and thereby provide a prognosis; it can also help to predict the fate of autotransplants and the strength of surgically reconstructed bone, since inadequate circulation may result in devitalisation of fragments.", "contents": "[Angiographic evaluation of abnormal fracture repair (author's transl)]. Abnormal healing of fractures has been divided into three groups: delayed healing, reactive and non-reactive pseudoarthrosis. There are many transitions between these. Routine radiography can only classify these after their morphological appearance. Angiography is able to provide information regarding the vitality of major and minor fragments according to the type of para- and interfragment vascularisation; in some cases there may also be some neovascularity. The potential for union depends directly on the vascularisation of the surrounding muscles, of the subcutaneous tissues and of the skin. Vascular changes result in the formation of an autonomous circulation, independent dynamically of the vessels in the extremity and which can guarantee an increased saturation during healing by new bone formation. Angiography can provide an estimate of the likelihood of union and thereby provide a prognosis; it can also help to predict the fate of autotransplants and the strength of surgically reconstructed bone, since inadequate circulation may result in devitalisation of fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:130314", "title": "[Broncho-vascular branching in the sub-segment (author's transl)].", "content": "The three pulmonary branching systems in the sub-segment have been studied by making casts. A comparison between them shows considerable differences between the vascular systems and the air passages. The bronchi show two types of branching: we can distinguish between irregular, dichotomous acute angled branching and predominantly regular dichotomous, wide-angled branching. The second type is often found in the bifurcations of large vessels and bronchi in the lung centre, where the lung parenchyma is made to fit into a confined space. Branching of the bronchi is very different from that of the vessels. The characteristic features of the latter are that the lateral branches are more numerous but smaller than the corresponding bronchi and show less contact with the lung periphery.", "contents": "[Broncho-vascular branching in the sub-segment (author's transl)]. The three pulmonary branching systems in the sub-segment have been studied by making casts. A comparison between them shows considerable differences between the vascular systems and the air passages. The bronchi show two types of branching: we can distinguish between irregular, dichotomous acute angled branching and predominantly regular dichotomous, wide-angled branching. The second type is often found in the bifurcations of large vessels and bronchi in the lung centre, where the lung parenchyma is made to fit into a confined space. Branching of the bronchi is very different from that of the vessels. The characteristic features of the latter are that the lateral branches are more numerous but smaller than the corresponding bronchi and show less contact with the lung periphery."}
{"id": "PMID:130315", "title": "[Pulmonary findings in Wegener's granulomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Six patients with the rare condition of Wegener's granulomatosis showing pulmonary manifestations are described. Five patients died at an average age of 40 years; the average duration of their disease was 4.6 months. The pulmonary changes which can be demonstrated radiologically and pathologically are extremely variable. Differential diagnosis is made exceedingly difficult by the presence of necrotic cavities with variable changes in the walls, by miliary or linear infiltrates, round foci or changes resembling bronchopneumonia. In our experience there are no typical radiological changes in the lung which are diagnostic of Wegener's granulomatosis. Treatment has been improved by the use of cytotoxic agents and the necessary early diagnosis can be made only by correlating the clinical, radiological and histological findings.", "contents": "[Pulmonary findings in Wegener's granulomatosis (author's transl)]. Six patients with the rare condition of Wegener's granulomatosis showing pulmonary manifestations are described. Five patients died at an average age of 40 years; the average duration of their disease was 4.6 months. The pulmonary changes which can be demonstrated radiologically and pathologically are extremely variable. Differential diagnosis is made exceedingly difficult by the presence of necrotic cavities with variable changes in the walls, by miliary or linear infiltrates, round foci or changes resembling bronchopneumonia. In our experience there are no typical radiological changes in the lung which are diagnostic of Wegener's granulomatosis. Treatment has been improved by the use of cytotoxic agents and the necessary early diagnosis can be made only by correlating the clinical, radiological and histological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:130317", "title": "[Serial observations of a pulmonary echinococcus, with rupture into the bronchial system (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological course of an echinococcus cyst of the lung before and after rupture is described, together with the cytological and histological findings. The resultant tissue changes and appropriate treatment (lobectomy) are discussed. In the presence of the appropriate radiological changes, eosinophil granulocytes in the sputum suggest cyst rupture, even in the absence of echinococcus tissue. However, bronchial asthma or L\u00f6ffler's infiltrates should be excluded clinically. They delayed appearance of peripheral blood eosinophilia after cyst rupture and the development of an eosinophilic broncho-pneumonia is noteworthy.", "contents": "[Serial observations of a pulmonary echinococcus, with rupture into the bronchial system (author's transl)]. The radiological course of an echinococcus cyst of the lung before and after rupture is described, together with the cytological and histological findings. The resultant tissue changes and appropriate treatment (lobectomy) are discussed. In the presence of the appropriate radiological changes, eosinophil granulocytes in the sputum suggest cyst rupture, even in the absence of echinococcus tissue. However, bronchial asthma or L\u00f6ffler's infiltrates should be excluded clinically. They delayed appearance of peripheral blood eosinophilia after cyst rupture and the development of an eosinophilic broncho-pneumonia is noteworthy."}
{"id": "PMID:130318", "title": "[Mediastinal and pulmonary complications of the sclerosing treatment of oesophageal varices (author's transl)].", "content": "One hundred and twenty patients with oesophageal varices were seen in the surgical clinic between 1970 and 1975; 290 individual treatments with endoscopic sclerosis were carried out. The typical radiological complications in the mediastinum and lungs have been assembled. Clinically significant complications such as oesophageal perforations with large pleural effusions are separated from uni-important complications, such as minor effusions and plate atelectases. The method of conservative treatment of varices is described and the indications for it, as against other forms of treatment, are described.", "contents": "[Mediastinal and pulmonary complications of the sclerosing treatment of oesophageal varices (author's transl)]. One hundred and twenty patients with oesophageal varices were seen in the surgical clinic between 1970 and 1975; 290 individual treatments with endoscopic sclerosis were carried out. The typical radiological complications in the mediastinum and lungs have been assembled. Clinically significant complications such as oesophageal perforations with large pleural effusions are separated from uni-important complications, such as minor effusions and plate atelectases. The method of conservative treatment of varices is described and the indications for it, as against other forms of treatment, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:130319", "title": "[A clinical-radiological investigation concerning the accuracy of diatrizoate (Gastrografin) in the demonstration of anastomosis dehiscence and perforation of the gastro-intestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "A Gastrografin test is described for diagnosing perforations and dehiscence of anastomoses in the gastro-intestinal tract by carrying out a simple urine analysis. False positive and false negative results can be avoided by obtaining radiographs of urine samples under standard conditions. The accuracy of the method was checked in 97 patients by comparing the results of the urine analysis with radiographic examinations and with the clinical course. From this, it appears that the test is reliable, simple and capable of being used anywhere. The test is therefore recommended a) where there is a lack of radiographic facilities, b) for immobile patients, c) where there is clinical suspicion of a perforation or dehiscence of an anastomosis in the absence of radiographic findings and d) in individual cases where the radiographic changes are positive.", "contents": "[A clinical-radiological investigation concerning the accuracy of diatrizoate (Gastrografin) in the demonstration of anastomosis dehiscence and perforation of the gastro-intestinal tract (author's transl)]. A Gastrografin test is described for diagnosing perforations and dehiscence of anastomoses in the gastro-intestinal tract by carrying out a simple urine analysis. False positive and false negative results can be avoided by obtaining radiographs of urine samples under standard conditions. The accuracy of the method was checked in 97 patients by comparing the results of the urine analysis with radiographic examinations and with the clinical course. From this, it appears that the test is reliable, simple and capable of being used anywhere. The test is therefore recommended a) where there is a lack of radiographic facilities, b) for immobile patients, c) where there is clinical suspicion of a perforation or dehiscence of an anastomosis in the absence of radiographic findings and d) in individual cases where the radiographic changes are positive."}
{"id": "PMID:130320", "title": "[Laevocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function. III. Aortic valve insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The normally functioning left ventricle is characterised by a definite relationship between end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction (reduction of lateral systolic projectional area by 50 to 60%. 2. With increasing volume, the left fentricle shows increasing, end-diastolic size. 3. With pure aortic insufficiency, end-diastolic ventricular size is larger than it is with combined aortic valve disease. Hypertrophy is the predominant reaction of the left ventricle to increased resistance, but also to co-existent insufficiency. In addition the ejection fraction rises with increasing resistance. 4. End-diastolic areas up to 85 cm.2 and end-diastolic pressures up to 20 mmHg. can be regarded, rare cases excepted, as indices of normal contraction and are associated with a normal ejection fraction.", "contents": "[Laevocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular function. III. Aortic valve insufficiency (author's transl)]. 1. The normally functioning left ventricle is characterised by a definite relationship between end-diastolic volume and ejection fraction (reduction of lateral systolic projectional area by 50 to 60%. 2. With increasing volume, the left fentricle shows increasing, end-diastolic size. 3. With pure aortic insufficiency, end-diastolic ventricular size is larger than it is with combined aortic valve disease. Hypertrophy is the predominant reaction of the left ventricle to increased resistance, but also to co-existent insufficiency. In addition the ejection fraction rises with increasing resistance. 4. End-diastolic areas up to 85 cm.2 and end-diastolic pressures up to 20 mmHg. can be regarded, rare cases excepted, as indices of normal contraction and are associated with a normal ejection fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:130321", "title": "[Coronary flow measurements, using cine densitometry. Results using a multiple detector method. I. Normal flow values in healthy and stenosed coronary arteries during rest (author's transl)].", "content": "Coronary blood flow was measured by a cine densitometric method using a newly developed system incorporating computer data analysis. The first results concerning front and wave velocity of a selectively injected contrast bolus are reported. Average absolute flow volumes in the right coronary artery are 114 ml. per minute, in the left coronary artery, 88 ml per minute (RIVA = 52 ml/min., RC = ml/min.). There is good agreement with the results of dye dilution and isotope wash out techniques, but the latter are more complicated and less easily reproduced and therefore less suitable for routine use. The results are critically evaluated.", "contents": "[Coronary flow measurements, using cine densitometry. Results using a multiple detector method. I. Normal flow values in healthy and stenosed coronary arteries during rest (author's transl)]. Coronary blood flow was measured by a cine densitometric method using a newly developed system incorporating computer data analysis. The first results concerning front and wave velocity of a selectively injected contrast bolus are reported. Average absolute flow volumes in the right coronary artery are 114 ml. per minute, in the left coronary artery, 88 ml per minute (RIVA = 52 ml/min., RC = ml/min.). There is good agreement with the results of dye dilution and isotope wash out techniques, but the latter are more complicated and less easily reproduced and therefore less suitable for routine use. The results are critically evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:130322", "title": "[Varying standard concentrations as a cause of divergent serum digoxin estimations using radioimmune-essays (author's transl)].", "content": "1. The results of various commercial radio-immune essays for digoxin differ and cannot readily be compared. 2. For each RIA it is therefore necessary to determine one's own therapeutic and toxic levels in relation to the clinical requirements. 3. When quoting data, it is necessary to define the method of RIA with its therapeutic and toxic levels. 4. A cause for the high digoxin estimations of 2 RIA's carried out by the same firm has been identified as being due to the low concentration of the standard preparation. 5. The introduction of a defined and obligatory digoxin standard is recommended.", "contents": "[Varying standard concentrations as a cause of divergent serum digoxin estimations using radioimmune-essays (author's transl)]. 1. The results of various commercial radio-immune essays for digoxin differ and cannot readily be compared. 2. For each RIA it is therefore necessary to determine one's own therapeutic and toxic levels in relation to the clinical requirements. 3. When quoting data, it is necessary to define the method of RIA with its therapeutic and toxic levels. 4. A cause for the high digoxin estimations of 2 RIA's carried out by the same firm has been identified as being due to the low concentration of the standard preparation. 5. The introduction of a defined and obligatory digoxin standard is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:130323", "title": "[The pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media with special reference to the extravascular space. Experimental studies on dogs. III. Is there an entero-hepatic circulation of angiographic contrast media? A discussion summarising the results of the entire studies (author's transl)].", "content": "The presence of an entero hepatic circulation of angiographic contrast media has been demonstrated, but quantitatively it is of little importance. About 1/2% of the contrast reaching the gut in the bile is reabsorbed and after being carried through the portal vein to the liver is re-excreted in the bile. Most of the contrastcontaining bile reaching the small bowel is excreted in the faeces; nearly all of the contrast absorbed from the colon is carried through the portal vein to the liver and after reaching the circulation is excreted by the kidneys.", "contents": "[The pharmaco-kinetics of angiographic contrast media with special reference to the extravascular space. Experimental studies on dogs. III. Is there an entero-hepatic circulation of angiographic contrast media? A discussion summarising the results of the entire studies (author's transl)]. The presence of an entero hepatic circulation of angiographic contrast media has been demonstrated, but quantitatively it is of little importance. About 1/2% of the contrast reaching the gut in the bile is reabsorbed and after being carried through the portal vein to the liver is re-excreted in the bile. Most of the contrastcontaining bile reaching the small bowel is excreted in the faeces; nearly all of the contrast absorbed from the colon is carried through the portal vein to the liver and after reaching the circulation is excreted by the kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:130324", "title": "[Vitamin D deficiency. Osteopathy after prolonged treatment with anticonvulsents (author's transl)].", "content": "Several substances with anticonvulsent activity can lead to hypovitamenosis D after prolonged use through their effect on vitamen D metabolism in the liver. This results in abnormal bone mineralisation and produces rickets or osteomalacia. Radiological examination of the skeleton should be performed on patients receiving prolonged anticonvulsent therapy, in order to arrive at an early diagnosis. This requires an accurate knowledge of the types of bone abnormality and of their most frequent localisation. Pathological findings such as Looser's zones, epiphyseolysis or delayed development must be considered in this context. Radiological examination provides an accurate diagnosis if combined with clinical findings and important biochemical results: reduced calcium and raised alkaline phosphatase. Treatment with vitamen D must then be instituted. Healing may be complete or leave residual changes, depending on the severity of the bone changes.", "contents": "[Vitamin D deficiency. Osteopathy after prolonged treatment with anticonvulsents (author's transl)]. Several substances with anticonvulsent activity can lead to hypovitamenosis D after prolonged use through their effect on vitamen D metabolism in the liver. This results in abnormal bone mineralisation and produces rickets or osteomalacia. Radiological examination of the skeleton should be performed on patients receiving prolonged anticonvulsent therapy, in order to arrive at an early diagnosis. This requires an accurate knowledge of the types of bone abnormality and of their most frequent localisation. Pathological findings such as Looser's zones, epiphyseolysis or delayed development must be considered in this context. Radiological examination provides an accurate diagnosis if combined with clinical findings and important biochemical results: reduced calcium and raised alkaline phosphatase. Treatment with vitamen D must then be instituted. Healing may be complete or leave residual changes, depending on the severity of the bone changes."}
{"id": "PMID:130331", "title": "[Intestinal adaptation of electrolyte and water resorption].", "content": "The mammalian intestine is capable of adjusting electrolyte and water transport to the diet by modifying not only total mucosal cell mass but also the functional properties of the absorbing cell. This was demonstrated in the rat cecum where oral application of the polymer polyethylene glycol induced epithelial cell hyperplasia and - functionally - a stimulation of active sodium transport per cell, a higher transmural electrical potential difference and an increased specific activity of the Na-K-ATPase.", "contents": "[Intestinal adaptation of electrolyte and water resorption]. The mammalian intestine is capable of adjusting electrolyte and water transport to the diet by modifying not only total mucosal cell mass but also the functional properties of the absorbing cell. This was demonstrated in the rat cecum where oral application of the polymer polyethylene glycol induced epithelial cell hyperplasia and - functionally - a stimulation of active sodium transport per cell, a higher transmural electrical potential difference and an increased specific activity of the Na-K-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:130333", "title": "Time-course of changes in blood glucose and ketone bodies, plasma lipids and liver fatty acid composition in streptozotocin-diabetic male rats.", "content": "Male rats were given streptozotocin (100 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. Groups of control and streptozotocin-treated animals were sacrificed at daily intervals for 4 days after injection. Over this period, treated rats lost weight continuously while control animals progressively gained weight. Within 24 h of treatment blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids were raised to levels which were sustained for the remainder of the experiment. After 48 h blood ketone bodies, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were maximally raised and liver glycogen and blood lactate similarly lowered. The percentage composition of major fatty acids in liver lipids was unchanged until 4 days after treatment when there were significant increases in the proportion of oleate and linoleate and reductions in stearate and arachidonate. The data confirm that streptozotocin induces a rapid and sustained diabetes. It is suggested that metabolic experiments, in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, may be performed 48 h after treatment.", "contents": "Time-course of changes in blood glucose and ketone bodies, plasma lipids and liver fatty acid composition in streptozotocin-diabetic male rats. Male rats were given streptozotocin (100 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection. Groups of control and streptozotocin-treated animals were sacrificed at daily intervals for 4 days after injection. Over this period, treated rats lost weight continuously while control animals progressively gained weight. Within 24 h of treatment blood glucose and plasma free fatty acids were raised to levels which were sustained for the remainder of the experiment. After 48 h blood ketone bodies, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides were maximally raised and liver glycogen and blood lactate similarly lowered. The percentage composition of major fatty acids in liver lipids was unchanged until 4 days after treatment when there were significant increases in the proportion of oleate and linoleate and reductions in stearate and arachidonate. The data confirm that streptozotocin induces a rapid and sustained diabetes. It is suggested that metabolic experiments, in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, may be performed 48 h after treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:130334", "title": "Testicular lesions of streptozotocin diabetic rats.", "content": "Diabetes was induced in adult male albino rats by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (75 mg/kg body weight). The diabetes was allowed to stabilize for at least 15 days, whereafter the testicular and seminal vesicle histology was studied at various time intervals. Reduction in testis weights and tubule diameters was significant after 2 weeks of diabetes. The changes in seminiferous tubules ranged from premature sloughing of epithelium to total cessation of spermatogenesis. The testicular histology of diabetic animals frequently greatly simulated the situation described following hypophysectomy. By subjective visual assessment the number of Leydig cells was found to be normal or reduced in all of the diabetic animals. Diabetes was also demonstrated to induce seminal vesicle atrophy, which did not show any correlation with the degree of testicular lesions. The possible etiology of testicular damage in diabetic animals is discussed.", "contents": "Testicular lesions of streptozotocin diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in adult male albino rats by a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (75 mg/kg body weight). The diabetes was allowed to stabilize for at least 15 days, whereafter the testicular and seminal vesicle histology was studied at various time intervals. Reduction in testis weights and tubule diameters was significant after 2 weeks of diabetes. The changes in seminiferous tubules ranged from premature sloughing of epithelium to total cessation of spermatogenesis. The testicular histology of diabetic animals frequently greatly simulated the situation described following hypophysectomy. By subjective visual assessment the number of Leydig cells was found to be normal or reduced in all of the diabetic animals. Diabetes was also demonstrated to induce seminal vesicle atrophy, which did not show any correlation with the degree of testicular lesions. The possible etiology of testicular damage in diabetic animals is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130335", "title": "Impaired 3H-testosterone uptake and metabolism in the accessory sex glands of diabetic castrated male rats.", "content": "The uptake and retention of 1,2-3H-testosterone in accessory sex glands, muscle and liver of streptozotocin diabetic castrated male rats, insulin-treated diabetic castrated rats and non-diabetic castrated control rats were studied at various time intervals after an intravenous injection. Diabetes reduced the retention of 3H-testosterone in the prostate, the preputial gland and the epididymis. Exogenous insulin slightly increased the retention of 3H-testosterone in these tissues of diabetic rats. No significant differences in the radioactivity in the rectus abdominis muscle, the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles were found between the various experimental groups. Ventral prostate homogenates obtained from diabetic and control rats were incubated with 3H-testosterone in vitro. The steroids were extracted and thin-layer chromatographs were scanned for radioactivity. In prostatic homogenates taken from diabetic rats, testosterone transformation to dihydrotestosterone was reduced. The results indicate that the impaired function and androgen retention of the accessory sex glands of diabetic male rats is at least partly due to the reduced formation of dihydrotestosterone from testosterone.", "contents": "Impaired 3H-testosterone uptake and metabolism in the accessory sex glands of diabetic castrated male rats. The uptake and retention of 1,2-3H-testosterone in accessory sex glands, muscle and liver of streptozotocin diabetic castrated male rats, insulin-treated diabetic castrated rats and non-diabetic castrated control rats were studied at various time intervals after an intravenous injection. Diabetes reduced the retention of 3H-testosterone in the prostate, the preputial gland and the epididymis. Exogenous insulin slightly increased the retention of 3H-testosterone in these tissues of diabetic rats. No significant differences in the radioactivity in the rectus abdominis muscle, the coagulating glands and the seminal vesicles were found between the various experimental groups. Ventral prostate homogenates obtained from diabetic and control rats were incubated with 3H-testosterone in vitro. The steroids were extracted and thin-layer chromatographs were scanned for radioactivity. In prostatic homogenates taken from diabetic rats, testosterone transformation to dihydrotestosterone was reduced. The results indicate that the impaired function and androgen retention of the accessory sex glands of diabetic male rats is at least partly due to the reduced formation of dihydrotestosterone from testosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:130337", "title": "Patient work under Fair Labor Standards: the issue in perspective.", "content": "The 1973 federal court ruling in Souder v. Brennan required that patient workers in institutions for the mentally ill and mentally retarded be paid in accordance with the minimum wage and other provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The author believes that ruling, which ran contrary to widely accepted institutional practices, is more readily understandable when viewed in the broader context of wage-and-hour legislation. He presents a brief history of the legislation, discusses the provisions relating to the employment of handicapped workers included in the 1966 amendments, and emphasizes that one basic principle underlies all the regulations and procedures: a patient must be paid what he earns. He also urges increased attention to the clinical design of compensated work systems to promote therapeutic and rehabilitative objectives.", "contents": "Patient work under Fair Labor Standards: the issue in perspective. The 1973 federal court ruling in Souder v. Brennan required that patient workers in institutions for the mentally ill and mentally retarded be paid in accordance with the minimum wage and other provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act. The author believes that ruling, which ran contrary to widely accepted institutional practices, is more readily understandable when viewed in the broader context of wage-and-hour legislation. He presents a brief history of the legislation, discusses the provisions relating to the employment of handicapped workers included in the 1966 amendments, and emphasizes that one basic principle underlies all the regulations and procedures: a patient must be paid what he earns. He also urges increased attention to the clinical design of compensated work systems to promote therapeutic and rehabilitative objectives."}
{"id": "PMID:130342", "title": "Human thymus cells. Excellent responders but poor stimulators in 'One Way' mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "content": "Human allogeneic 'one-way' mixed lymphocyte reactions between thymus cells and thymus cells were entirely absent. Of twenty-one mixed lymphocyte reactions between peripheral blood lymphocytes as responding cells and thymus cells as stimulating cells, only eleven had a weak but significant reaction. In contrast, a highly significant response was observed in each of eighteen mixed lymphocyte reactions between thymus cells as responding cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes as stimulating cells and in each of eleven mixed lymphocyte reactions between peripheral blood lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes. These findings indicate that the thymus cells (T lymphocytes) possess excellent proliferative capacity, with little or no stimulating capacity, while peripheral blood lymphocytes (T and B lymphocytes), on the other hand, are good responders, as well as good stimulators, in the mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "contents": "Human thymus cells. Excellent responders but poor stimulators in 'One Way' mixed lymphocyte reaction. Human allogeneic 'one-way' mixed lymphocyte reactions between thymus cells and thymus cells were entirely absent. Of twenty-one mixed lymphocyte reactions between peripheral blood lymphocytes as responding cells and thymus cells as stimulating cells, only eleven had a weak but significant reaction. In contrast, a highly significant response was observed in each of eighteen mixed lymphocyte reactions between thymus cells as responding cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes as stimulating cells and in each of eleven mixed lymphocyte reactions between peripheral blood lymphocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes. These findings indicate that the thymus cells (T lymphocytes) possess excellent proliferative capacity, with little or no stimulating capacity, while peripheral blood lymphocytes (T and B lymphocytes), on the other hand, are good responders, as well as good stimulators, in the mixed lymphocyte reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:130343", "title": "Antibody to Physarum myosin. I. Preparation and functional effects.", "content": "Preparation of antibody to Physarum myosin is described, and evidence is presented that the antibody is specific for this molecule. A diffusion coefficient of 1 X 10(-7) cm2/s is estimated. The antibody interfered with myosin enzyme activity and with superprecipitation of actomyosin. It did not cross-react with rabbit striated muscle myosin.", "contents": "Antibody to Physarum myosin. I. Preparation and functional effects. Preparation of antibody to Physarum myosin is described, and evidence is presented that the antibody is specific for this molecule. A diffusion coefficient of 1 X 10(-7) cm2/s is estimated. The antibody interfered with myosin enzyme activity and with superprecipitation of actomyosin. It did not cross-react with rabbit striated muscle myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:130356", "title": "[Evaluation of exanthemas following high-dosage intravenous penicillin combinations in intensive care].", "content": "118 patients of a non specialized intensive care unit have been studied, all of them under high dose bactericidal cover (10 MIU of Na-Penicillin G and 2,0 Ciclacillin q 12 hrs.) for a period of days to 4 weeks. In 17 (14,4%) a skin rash was observed. 10 of these could be studied using special techniques (radial immunodiffusion, passive hemagglutination, RIST and RAST), however in none of these cases there was a hint of the existence of penicillin specific antibodies. In 6 patients also skin tests were performed. There was no immediate type reaction, only twice delayed type reactions occured to Na Pencillin G.6 patients had continuing treatment on spite of the rash and without further steps the effluorescences vanished within 3-6 days. Therefore continuation of the antibiotic therapy in spite of rash along with strict clinical and laboratory monitoring seems to be preferable to a hastened change of antibiotic regime", "contents": "[Evaluation of exanthemas following high-dosage intravenous penicillin combinations in intensive care]. 118 patients of a non specialized intensive care unit have been studied, all of them under high dose bactericidal cover (10 MIU of Na-Penicillin G and 2,0 Ciclacillin q 12 hrs.) for a period of days to 4 weeks. In 17 (14,4%) a skin rash was observed. 10 of these could be studied using special techniques (radial immunodiffusion, passive hemagglutination, RIST and RAST), however in none of these cases there was a hint of the existence of penicillin specific antibodies. In 6 patients also skin tests were performed. There was no immediate type reaction, only twice delayed type reactions occured to Na Pencillin G.6 patients had continuing treatment on spite of the rash and without further steps the effluorescences vanished within 3-6 days. Therefore continuation of the antibiotic therapy in spite of rash along with strict clinical and laboratory monitoring seems to be preferable to a hastened change of antibiotic regime"}
{"id": "PMID:130361", "title": "Detection of the disabled in a rural area.", "content": "A rural Jewish and Arab population of about 24,000 was selected for a rehabilitation study on the disabled. The detection consisted of the collection of existing data from local sources and a door-to-door screening based on an interview schedule. About 22,000 (93%) individuals responded to the interview. In subjects under the age of 65, the degree of agreement between the findings of the door-to-door screening and the information obtained from official local sources was 45.4% among disabled Jewish villagers, and 24% for disabled Arab villagers. On the other hand, in the same age group, the door-to-door interview failed to reveal between 12 to 18% of the subjects reported as disabled by the various local authorities. The reason for this low percentage of agreement is discussed. The disablement rate in the 0- to 13-year age group was 9% for Arab and 12.5% for Jewish children. In the working age group (14 to 64 years) the disablement rate was 5.3% for Arabs and 7.9% for Jews. More than 30% of both Arabs and Jews in this age group had impairments and chronic conditions that did not interfere with their functioning in normal life. In the pensionable age group (65+ years), 8.3% of Arab villagers and 2.3% of Jewish villagers were totally dependent. Special efforts were made to detect the functional limitations of housewives and of the homebound. The interview schedule had a marked educational effect on the professionals and on the villagers. This facilitated the establishment of a rural rehabilitation service in an Arab village, the first service of its kind in Israel.", "contents": "Detection of the disabled in a rural area. A rural Jewish and Arab population of about 24,000 was selected for a rehabilitation study on the disabled. The detection consisted of the collection of existing data from local sources and a door-to-door screening based on an interview schedule. About 22,000 (93%) individuals responded to the interview. In subjects under the age of 65, the degree of agreement between the findings of the door-to-door screening and the information obtained from official local sources was 45.4% among disabled Jewish villagers, and 24% for disabled Arab villagers. On the other hand, in the same age group, the door-to-door interview failed to reveal between 12 to 18% of the subjects reported as disabled by the various local authorities. The reason for this low percentage of agreement is discussed. The disablement rate in the 0- to 13-year age group was 9% for Arab and 12.5% for Jewish children. In the working age group (14 to 64 years) the disablement rate was 5.3% for Arabs and 7.9% for Jews. More than 30% of both Arabs and Jews in this age group had impairments and chronic conditions that did not interfere with their functioning in normal life. In the pensionable age group (65+ years), 8.3% of Arab villagers and 2.3% of Jewish villagers were totally dependent. Special efforts were made to detect the functional limitations of housewives and of the homebound. The interview schedule had a marked educational effect on the professionals and on the villagers. This facilitated the establishment of a rural rehabilitation service in an Arab village, the first service of its kind in Israel."}
{"id": "PMID:130364", "title": "[Lymphocyte transformation test in Gell's and Coombs' drug reactions].", "content": "A method of interpretation of the lymphocyte transformation test is described which results on the basis of statistical evaluation. With this method good results were received in cases of drug induced side effects of type I according to Gell and Coombs. The investigations on 61 patients have shown that differneces between the clinical findings and lymphocyte transformation tests are rare. They are mainly in relation to false-positive reactions of the lymphocyte transformation test in Penicillin allergy.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte transformation test in Gell's and Coombs' drug reactions]. A method of interpretation of the lymphocyte transformation test is described which results on the basis of statistical evaluation. With this method good results were received in cases of drug induced side effects of type I according to Gell and Coombs. The investigations on 61 patients have shown that differneces between the clinical findings and lymphocyte transformation tests are rare. They are mainly in relation to false-positive reactions of the lymphocyte transformation test in Penicillin allergy."}
{"id": "PMID:130365", "title": "Recombination in the AM gene of Neurospora crassa--a new model for conversion polarity and an explanation for a marker effect.", "content": "It is argued that polarised intragenic recombination is not necessarily due to hybrid DNA extending into the gene for variable distances from one side; it can as well be explained by hybrid DNA usually covering the whole gene, the two complementary DNA strands of the gene having unequal chances of undergoing the interchromatid transfer involved in hybrid DNA formation, and excision from base-pair mismatches proceeding predominantly in one chemical direction (perhaps 5' to 3'). This alternative model for polarity is thought to be in better accord with the behaviour of flanking markers in the am data, which appears to show that conversion-associated crossing-over can occur with almost equal likelihood on either side of the gene (a feature previously held to support negative interference--Fincham, 1974). It also provides an explanation for an unusual marker effect involving two am mutational sites separated by only three base pairs. The nature of the sites (defined by amino acid replacement analysis) is such that one forms a purine-purine mismatch on the same chromatid as the other forms a pyrimidine-pyrimidine mismatch, and vice versa. They show an approximately two-fold difference in recombination frequencies in crosses to other am mutants mapping to the left, and a difference of similar magnitude, but opposite sign, in crosses to mutants mapping to the right.", "contents": "Recombination in the AM gene of Neurospora crassa--a new model for conversion polarity and an explanation for a marker effect. It is argued that polarised intragenic recombination is not necessarily due to hybrid DNA extending into the gene for variable distances from one side; it can as well be explained by hybrid DNA usually covering the whole gene, the two complementary DNA strands of the gene having unequal chances of undergoing the interchromatid transfer involved in hybrid DNA formation, and excision from base-pair mismatches proceeding predominantly in one chemical direction (perhaps 5' to 3'). This alternative model for polarity is thought to be in better accord with the behaviour of flanking markers in the am data, which appears to show that conversion-associated crossing-over can occur with almost equal likelihood on either side of the gene (a feature previously held to support negative interference--Fincham, 1974). It also provides an explanation for an unusual marker effect involving two am mutational sites separated by only three base pairs. The nature of the sites (defined by amino acid replacement analysis) is such that one forms a purine-purine mismatch on the same chromatid as the other forms a pyrimidine-pyrimidine mismatch, and vice versa. They show an approximately two-fold difference in recombination frequencies in crosses to other am mutants mapping to the left, and a difference of similar magnitude, but opposite sign, in crosses to mutants mapping to the right."}
{"id": "PMID:130366", "title": "Hematologic and radiographic changes in cats after inoculation with infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis.", "content": "Hematologic and radiographic findings in 15 domestic cats inoculated with 25, 100, or 200 to 400 infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis and in 5 uninoculated cats were compared. Eosinophilia and leukocytosis developed 3 to 5 months after inoculation; packed cell volume and hemoglobin values were similar for inoculated cats and controls. Changes detected in radiographs of inoculated cats were: (1) increased visualization of the pulmonary arteries; (2) right-side cardiac enlargement; and (3) diffuse to focal areas of density in the pulmonary parenchyma. At least one of these lesions was visible radiographically by 3 to 7 months after inoculation in all 15 cats. The severity of changes was not directly proportional to the number of infective larvae inoculated, adult worm burden, or age of cat. However, male cats had more severe cardiopulmonary lesions than did females, and cats that had microfilaremia during the course of infection had more severe pulmonary lesions, as determined radiographically. Parenchymal densities decreased in 8 of the 15 inoculated cats 6 to 14 months after inoculation. Cardiac enlargement was detected radiographically in 10 of the inoculated cats. Enlargement of the pulmonary arteries was the most consistent sign of D immitis infection; it developed and persisted in 12 cats found to be infected at necropsy.", "contents": "Hematologic and radiographic changes in cats after inoculation with infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis. Hematologic and radiographic findings in 15 domestic cats inoculated with 25, 100, or 200 to 400 infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis and in 5 uninoculated cats were compared. Eosinophilia and leukocytosis developed 3 to 5 months after inoculation; packed cell volume and hemoglobin values were similar for inoculated cats and controls. Changes detected in radiographs of inoculated cats were: (1) increased visualization of the pulmonary arteries; (2) right-side cardiac enlargement; and (3) diffuse to focal areas of density in the pulmonary parenchyma. At least one of these lesions was visible radiographically by 3 to 7 months after inoculation in all 15 cats. The severity of changes was not directly proportional to the number of infective larvae inoculated, adult worm burden, or age of cat. However, male cats had more severe cardiopulmonary lesions than did females, and cats that had microfilaremia during the course of infection had more severe pulmonary lesions, as determined radiographically. Parenchymal densities decreased in 8 of the 15 inoculated cats 6 to 14 months after inoculation. Cardiac enlargement was detected radiographically in 10 of the inoculated cats. Enlargement of the pulmonary arteries was the most consistent sign of D immitis infection; it developed and persisted in 12 cats found to be infected at necropsy."}
{"id": "PMID:130374", "title": "Regulation of thymidine metabolism in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The utilization of thymidine by Neurospora crassa is initiated by the pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 2'-hydroxylase reaction and the consequent formation of thymine and ribose. Thymine must then be oxidatively demethylated by the thymine 7-hydroxylase and uracil-5-carboxylic acid decarboxylase reactions. This article shows that the 2'-hydroxylase reaction can be regulated differently than the oxidative demethylation process and suggests that the 2'-hydroxylase has, in addition to the role of salvaging the pyrimidine ring, the role of providing ribose not only for the utilization of the demethylated pyrimidine but also for other metabolic processes. One way that this difference in regulation was observed was with the uc-1 mutation developed by Williams and Mitchell. The present communication shows that this mutation increases the activities of the 7-hydroxylase and the decarboxylase but has no comparable effect on the 2'-hydroxylase. Qualitatively similar effects on these enzymes were bought about by growth of wild-type Neurospora in media lacking ammonium ion, such as the Westergaard-Mitchell medium. The 2'-hydroxylase and 7-hydroxylase are also differently affected by the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere above the growing culture and the growth temperature. Studies with inhibitors indicated that the carbon dioxide effect is dependent on protein synthesis.", "contents": "Regulation of thymidine metabolism in Neurospora crassa. The utilization of thymidine by Neurospora crassa is initiated by the pyrimidine deoxyribonucleoside 2'-hydroxylase reaction and the consequent formation of thymine and ribose. Thymine must then be oxidatively demethylated by the thymine 7-hydroxylase and uracil-5-carboxylic acid decarboxylase reactions. This article shows that the 2'-hydroxylase reaction can be regulated differently than the oxidative demethylation process and suggests that the 2'-hydroxylase has, in addition to the role of salvaging the pyrimidine ring, the role of providing ribose not only for the utilization of the demethylated pyrimidine but also for other metabolic processes. One way that this difference in regulation was observed was with the uc-1 mutation developed by Williams and Mitchell. The present communication shows that this mutation increases the activities of the 7-hydroxylase and the decarboxylase but has no comparable effect on the 2'-hydroxylase. Qualitatively similar effects on these enzymes were bought about by growth of wild-type Neurospora in media lacking ammonium ion, such as the Westergaard-Mitchell medium. The 2'-hydroxylase and 7-hydroxylase are also differently affected by the carbon dioxide content of the atmosphere above the growing culture and the growth temperature. Studies with inhibitors indicated that the carbon dioxide effect is dependent on protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:130375", "title": "Neurospora crassa cytoplasmic ribosomes: cold-sensitive mutant defective in ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to characterize further the biochemical defects of crib-1 (PJ30201), a coldsensitive mutant strain of Neurospora crassa with a defect in ribosome biosynthesis. The results are as follows. (i) The critical temperature for the expression of the mutant growth and ribosome phenotypes is in the range of 18 to 20 C. (ii) No preferential breakdown of 37S cytoplasmic ribosomal subunits synthesized by crib-1 at 25 C occurs after a shift to 10 C. (iii) Ribosomal subunits synthesized by crib-1 at 25 C function normally in in vivo protein synthesis at 10 C. (iv) Whereas wild type synthesizes both ribosomal subunits in a coordinate manner after either a temperature shift-down (25 to 10 C) of a shift-up (10 to 25 C), noncoordinate synthesis of ribosomal subunits owing to underproduction of 37S subunits occurs in the crib-1 strain immediately after a temperature shift-down. (v) After a shift from 10 to 25 C crib-1 exhibits a 12-h lag before the growth rate and the rate of synthesis of 37S subunits begin to increase significantly. (vi) At 10 C crib-1 synthesizes unequal amounts of 25S and 17S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) molecules, resulting from a greatly reduced accumulation of stable 17S rRNA. The mutant phenotypes of crib-1 are proposed to be the result of a defect in rRNA processing.", "contents": "Neurospora crassa cytoplasmic ribosomes: cold-sensitive mutant defective in ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis. Experiments were conducted to characterize further the biochemical defects of crib-1 (PJ30201), a coldsensitive mutant strain of Neurospora crassa with a defect in ribosome biosynthesis. The results are as follows. (i) The critical temperature for the expression of the mutant growth and ribosome phenotypes is in the range of 18 to 20 C. (ii) No preferential breakdown of 37S cytoplasmic ribosomal subunits synthesized by crib-1 at 25 C occurs after a shift to 10 C. (iii) Ribosomal subunits synthesized by crib-1 at 25 C function normally in in vivo protein synthesis at 10 C. (iv) Whereas wild type synthesizes both ribosomal subunits in a coordinate manner after either a temperature shift-down (25 to 10 C) of a shift-up (10 to 25 C), noncoordinate synthesis of ribosomal subunits owing to underproduction of 37S subunits occurs in the crib-1 strain immediately after a temperature shift-down. (v) After a shift from 10 to 25 C crib-1 exhibits a 12-h lag before the growth rate and the rate of synthesis of 37S subunits begin to increase significantly. (vi) At 10 C crib-1 synthesizes unequal amounts of 25S and 17S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) molecules, resulting from a greatly reduced accumulation of stable 17S rRNA. The mutant phenotypes of crib-1 are proposed to be the result of a defect in rRNA processing."}
{"id": "PMID:130376", "title": "Expression of the argA gene carried by a defective lambda bacteriophage of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Evidence is presented that the increase in specific activity of N-acetylglutamate synthase observed upon heat induction of Escherichia coli (lambdadargA) is primarily due to a gene dosage effect.", "contents": "Expression of the argA gene carried by a defective lambda bacteriophage of Escherichia coli. Evidence is presented that the increase in specific activity of N-acetylglutamate synthase observed upon heat induction of Escherichia coli (lambdadargA) is primarily due to a gene dosage effect."}
{"id": "PMID:130377", "title": "Compatibility properties of R483, a member of the I plasmid complex.", "content": "R483, an I pilus-determining plasmid previously reported as belonging to a distinct incompatibility group Ibeta, proved to be an atypical Ialpha plasmid; in a growing culture, the degree of inhibition of replication of one Ialpha plasmid by the presence of another was not uniform within the Ialpha group.", "contents": "Compatibility properties of R483, a member of the I plasmid complex. R483, an I pilus-determining plasmid previously reported as belonging to a distinct incompatibility group Ibeta, proved to be an atypical Ialpha plasmid; in a growing culture, the degree of inhibition of replication of one Ialpha plasmid by the presence of another was not uniform within the Ialpha group."}
{"id": "PMID:130378", "title": "Hfr formation by I pilus-determining plasmids in Escherichia coli K-12.", "content": "R483, an atypical, I pilus-determining plasmid, and also R144, a typical one, were shown to suppress the DnaA phenotype by integration into the Escherichia coli chromosome.", "contents": "Hfr formation by I pilus-determining plasmids in Escherichia coli K-12. R483, an atypical, I pilus-determining plasmid, and also R144, a typical one, were shown to suppress the DnaA phenotype by integration into the Escherichia coli chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:130379", "title": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. Fasting-induced adaptation of key glycolytic enzymes in isolated islets.", "content": "The rate of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate phosphorylation in islet homogenates is reduced by prior fasting of the donor rats. In fed rats, the velocity of glucose phosphorylation at increasing glucose concentrations (0.1 to 100 mM) is compatible with the presence of two enzyme activities. A preferential effect of fasting upon the high Km enzyme activity can be documented either at low ATP concentration which enhances the fractional contribution of the high Km enzyme activity, or in the presence of glucose 6-phosphate, which suppresses the low Km enzyme activity. Islet phosphofructokinase activity was characterized by inhibition by citrate or high ATP concentrations, and relief from ATP inhibition by AMP. Fasting reduces the activity of phosphofructokinase without altering its sensitivity to ATP and AMP. Cyclic AMP fails to overcome the effect of fasting upon phosphofructokinase. The activity of phosphoglucoisomerase is unaffected by fasting. The fasting-induced adaptation of key glycolytic enzymes could account, in part at least, for reduced metabolism of glucose in islets from fasted rats.", "contents": "The stimulus-secretion coupling of glucose-induced insulin release. Fasting-induced adaptation of key glycolytic enzymes in isolated islets. The rate of glucose and fructose 6-phosphate phosphorylation in islet homogenates is reduced by prior fasting of the donor rats. In fed rats, the velocity of glucose phosphorylation at increasing glucose concentrations (0.1 to 100 mM) is compatible with the presence of two enzyme activities. A preferential effect of fasting upon the high Km enzyme activity can be documented either at low ATP concentration which enhances the fractional contribution of the high Km enzyme activity, or in the presence of glucose 6-phosphate, which suppresses the low Km enzyme activity. Islet phosphofructokinase activity was characterized by inhibition by citrate or high ATP concentrations, and relief from ATP inhibition by AMP. Fasting reduces the activity of phosphofructokinase without altering its sensitivity to ATP and AMP. Cyclic AMP fails to overcome the effect of fasting upon phosphofructokinase. The activity of phosphoglucoisomerase is unaffected by fasting. The fasting-induced adaptation of key glycolytic enzymes could account, in part at least, for reduced metabolism of glucose in islets from fasted rats."}
{"id": "PMID:130380", "title": "Regulation of cellular growth by sodium pump activity.", "content": "Cellular growth has been found to be directly related to the amount of sodium pumping activity in mouse lymphoblasts (L5178-Y) cultured in varying concentrations of the cardiac glycoside, ouabain. No short-term adaptation (within one generation) occured; i.e., neither growth rate nor (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity increased in cells cultured for  1-2 days in ouabain. Growth inhibition commenced after two hours, occurring concomitantly with decreased 3H-leucine incorporation into protein. The time course of this inhibition of protein synthesis, measured by leucine incorporation was similar to, but slightly slower than the time course or the dissipation of the sodium gradient. On the other hand, 3H-thymidine incorporation is unaffected by ouabain treatment over the same period. The uptake of 3H-alanine, a neutral amino acid thought to be transported via a Na+-dependent carri-r, was depressed concurrently with the sodium gradient dissipation. It is suggested, therefore, that ouabain inhibition of cellular growth results primarily from the dissipation of the sodium gradient leading to decreased Na+-dependent transport of amino acids (e.g., alanine) and, therefore, decreased protein synthesis, as observed by leucine incorporation. A sensitive and rapid method for determining ouabain inhibition of cell volume regulation is also described, which may prove potentially useful for assaying Na pump activity.", "contents": "Regulation of cellular growth by sodium pump activity. Cellular growth has been found to be directly related to the amount of sodium pumping activity in mouse lymphoblasts (L5178-Y) cultured in varying concentrations of the cardiac glycoside, ouabain. No short-term adaptation (within one generation) occured; i.e., neither growth rate nor (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity increased in cells cultured for  1-2 days in ouabain. Growth inhibition commenced after two hours, occurring concomitantly with decreased 3H-leucine incorporation into protein. The time course of this inhibition of protein synthesis, measured by leucine incorporation was similar to, but slightly slower than the time course or the dissipation of the sodium gradient. On the other hand, 3H-thymidine incorporation is unaffected by ouabain treatment over the same period. The uptake of 3H-alanine, a neutral amino acid thought to be transported via a Na+-dependent carri-r, was depressed concurrently with the sodium gradient dissipation. It is suggested, therefore, that ouabain inhibition of cellular growth results primarily from the dissipation of the sodium gradient leading to decreased Na+-dependent transport of amino acids (e.g., alanine) and, therefore, decreased protein synthesis, as observed by leucine incorporation. A sensitive and rapid method for determining ouabain inhibition of cell volume regulation is also described, which may prove potentially useful for assaying Na pump activity."}
{"id": "PMID:130381", "title": "[High-pressure liquid chromatography of free and conjugated 17-ketosteroids (author's transl)].", "content": "High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) should be used more frequently in biomedical research because heavy molecules can be analysed at ambient temperature without derivatisation to volatile compounds. In this paper the separation of four free 17-ketosteroids, their ester sulfates and glucuronides by reversed-phase HPLC on a Micropak CH column is described. In order to improve the separation several parameters have been studied. Retention data allow comparison of the hydrophilic behaviour of free and conjugated steroids.", "contents": "[High-pressure liquid chromatography of free and conjugated 17-ketosteroids (author's transl)]. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) should be used more frequently in biomedical research because heavy molecules can be analysed at ambient temperature without derivatisation to volatile compounds. In this paper the separation of four free 17-ketosteroids, their ester sulfates and glucuronides by reversed-phase HPLC on a Micropak CH column is described. In order to improve the separation several parameters have been studied. Retention data allow comparison of the hydrophilic behaviour of free and conjugated steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:130382", "title": "Plasma adrenal and gonadal sex steroids in human pubertal development.", "content": "Plasma free dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), androstenedione (delta), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estrone (E1), and estradiol (E2) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 55 boys and 54 girls 3.5 to 16.3 years of age. Plasma DHA increased significantly between 6 and 8 years of age in girls and between 8 and 10 years of age in boys. A further significant increase was noted between 10 and 12 years of age in both sexes. Delta rose significantly between 8 and 10 years of age in girls and between 10 and 12 years in boys. In contrast, no significant increase in T, DHT, or E1, was noted prior to 12 years of age in both sexes. However, E2 showed a significant increase between 10 and 12 years of age in girls. This early rise in the course of pubertal development of the two sex steroids predominantly of adrenal origin, DHA and delta, and its occurence 1 to 2 years earlier in girls than in boys, as does puberty itself, suggest a possible role for these steroids in the mechanisms involved in triggering the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at puberty.", "contents": "Plasma adrenal and gonadal sex steroids in human pubertal development. Plasma free dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), androstenedione (delta), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estrone (E1), and estradiol (E2) were measured by radioimmunoassay in 55 boys and 54 girls 3.5 to 16.3 years of age. Plasma DHA increased significantly between 6 and 8 years of age in girls and between 8 and 10 years of age in boys. A further significant increase was noted between 10 and 12 years of age in both sexes. Delta rose significantly between 8 and 10 years of age in girls and between 10 and 12 years in boys. In contrast, no significant increase in T, DHT, or E1, was noted prior to 12 years of age in both sexes. However, E2 showed a significant increase between 10 and 12 years of age in girls. This early rise in the course of pubertal development of the two sex steroids predominantly of adrenal origin, DHA and delta, and its occurence 1 to 2 years earlier in girls than in boys, as does puberty itself, suggest a possible role for these steroids in the mechanisms involved in triggering the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis at puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:130383", "title": "Ischemia-induced alterations in myocardial (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and cardiac glycoside binding.", "content": "The effects of ischemia on the canine myocardial (Na+ + K+)-ATPase complex were examined in terms of alterations in cardiac glycoside binding and enzymatic activity. Ability of the myocardial cell to bind tritiated ouabain in vivo was assessed after 1, 2, and 6 h of coronary occlusion followed by 45 min of reperfusion, and correlated with measurements of in vitro (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity and in vitro [3H]ouabain binding after similar periods of ischemia. Regional blood flow alterations during occlusion and reperfusion were simultaneously determined utilizing 15 mum radioactive microspheres to determine the degree to which altered binding of ouabain might be flow related. Anterior wall infarction was produced in 34 dogs by snaring of confluent branches of the left coronary system. Epicardial electrograms delineated ischemic and border zone areas. Coronary reperfusion after 2 and 6 h of occlusion was associated with impaired reflow of blood and markedly impaired uptake of [3H]ouabain in ischemic myocardium. In both groups, in vivo [3H]ouabain binding by ischemic tissue was reduced out of proportion to the reduction in flow. Despite near-complete restoration of flow in seven dogs occluded for 1 h and reperfused, [3H]ouabain remained significantly reduced to 58 +/- 9% of nonischemic uptake in subendocardial layers of the central zone of ischemia. Thus, when coronary flow was restored to areas of myocardium rendered acutely ischemia for 1 or more hours, ischemic zones demonstrated progressively diminished ability to bind ouabain. To determine whether ischemia-induced alteration in myocardial (Na+ + K+)-ATPase might underlie these changes, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity and [3H]ouabain binding were measured in microsomal fractions from ischemic myocardium after 1, 2, and 6 h of coronary occlusion. In animals occluded for 6 h, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity was significantly reduced by 40% in epicardial and by 35% in endocardial layers compared with nonischemic myocardium. Comparable reductions in in vitro [3H]ouabain binding were also demonstrated. Reperfusion for 45 min after occlusion for 6 h resulted in no significant restoration of enzyme activity when compared to the nonreperfused animals. In six animals occluded for 2 h, a time at which myocardial creatine phosphokinase activity remains unchanged, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity was reduced by 25% compared with nonischemic enzyme activity. In five dogs occluded for 1 h, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in ischemic myocardium was unchanged from control levels. We conclude that reduced regional myocardial blood flow, local alterations in cellular milieu, and altered glycoside-binding properties of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase all participate in the reduction of cardiac glycoside binding observed after reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. In addition, after 2 or more hours of severe ischemia, myocardial (Na+ + K+)-ATPase catalytic activity is significantly reduced despite incubation in the presence of optimal substrate concentrations.", "contents": "Ischemia-induced alterations in myocardial (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and cardiac glycoside binding. The effects of ischemia on the canine myocardial (Na+ + K+)-ATPase complex were examined in terms of alterations in cardiac glycoside binding and enzymatic activity. Ability of the myocardial cell to bind tritiated ouabain in vivo was assessed after 1, 2, and 6 h of coronary occlusion followed by 45 min of reperfusion, and correlated with measurements of in vitro (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity and in vitro [3H]ouabain binding after similar periods of ischemia. Regional blood flow alterations during occlusion and reperfusion were simultaneously determined utilizing 15 mum radioactive microspheres to determine the degree to which altered binding of ouabain might be flow related. Anterior wall infarction was produced in 34 dogs by snaring of confluent branches of the left coronary system. Epicardial electrograms delineated ischemic and border zone areas. Coronary reperfusion after 2 and 6 h of occlusion was associated with impaired reflow of blood and markedly impaired uptake of [3H]ouabain in ischemic myocardium. In both groups, in vivo [3H]ouabain binding by ischemic tissue was reduced out of proportion to the reduction in flow. Despite near-complete restoration of flow in seven dogs occluded for 1 h and reperfused, [3H]ouabain remained significantly reduced to 58 +/- 9% of nonischemic uptake in subendocardial layers of the central zone of ischemia. Thus, when coronary flow was restored to areas of myocardium rendered acutely ischemia for 1 or more hours, ischemic zones demonstrated progressively diminished ability to bind ouabain. To determine whether ischemia-induced alteration in myocardial (Na+ + K+)-ATPase might underlie these changes, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity and [3H]ouabain binding were measured in microsomal fractions from ischemic myocardium after 1, 2, and 6 h of coronary occlusion. In animals occluded for 6 h, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity was significantly reduced by 40% in epicardial and by 35% in endocardial layers compared with nonischemic myocardium. Comparable reductions in in vitro [3H]ouabain binding were also demonstrated. Reperfusion for 45 min after occlusion for 6 h resulted in no significant restoration of enzyme activity when compared to the nonreperfused animals. In six animals occluded for 2 h, a time at which myocardial creatine phosphokinase activity remains unchanged, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity was reduced by 25% compared with nonischemic enzyme activity. In five dogs occluded for 1 h, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in ischemic myocardium was unchanged from control levels. We conclude that reduced regional myocardial blood flow, local alterations in cellular milieu, and altered glycoside-binding properties of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase all participate in the reduction of cardiac glycoside binding observed after reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. In addition, after 2 or more hours of severe ischemia, myocardial (Na+ + K+)-ATPase catalytic activity is significantly reduced despite incubation in the presence of optimal substrate concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:130384", "title": "Induced and spontaneous diabetes mellitus and suppression of cell-mediated immunologic responses. Granuloma formation, delayed dermal reactivity and allograft rejection.", "content": "These investigations delineate the recently described suppression of a form of cellular hypersensitivity in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus using a variety of cell-mediated immunologic responses in animals with several different forms of diabetes. Streptozotocin- and alloxan-induced diabetic mice and db/db genetically determined diabetic mice showed reductions in the areas of inflammation around Schistosoma mansoni eggs injected into the pulmonary vasculature of 68, 70, 77%, respectively. In contrast, streptozotocin-induced diabetes had no effect on the nonimmunologic foreign body granuloma around divinyl benzene copolymer beads injected into the pulmonary arterioles. Animals protected from diabetes by treatment with nicotinamide before streptozotocin administration did not develop hyperglycemia and had normal areas of immunologic granuloma formation around schistosome eggs. Treatment with insulin reversed the suppression of schistosome egg granuloma formation in both streptozotocin- and alloxan-diabetic animals. Two additional in vivo parameters of cellular immunologic reactivity were examined in streptozotocin-induced diabetes: delayed footpad swelling was essentially eliminated; skin graft survival across the H-2 area was significantly prolonged from 10.2 days in the controls to 14.4 days in moderately diabetic A/J mice. These observations suggest that diabetes mellitus is associated with suppression of cell-mediated reactions in vivo and that the defect is reversible with insulin treatment.", "contents": "Induced and spontaneous diabetes mellitus and suppression of cell-mediated immunologic responses. Granuloma formation, delayed dermal reactivity and allograft rejection. These investigations delineate the recently described suppression of a form of cellular hypersensitivity in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus using a variety of cell-mediated immunologic responses in animals with several different forms of diabetes. Streptozotocin- and alloxan-induced diabetic mice and db/db genetically determined diabetic mice showed reductions in the areas of inflammation around Schistosoma mansoni eggs injected into the pulmonary vasculature of 68, 70, 77%, respectively. In contrast, streptozotocin-induced diabetes had no effect on the nonimmunologic foreign body granuloma around divinyl benzene copolymer beads injected into the pulmonary arterioles. Animals protected from diabetes by treatment with nicotinamide before streptozotocin administration did not develop hyperglycemia and had normal areas of immunologic granuloma formation around schistosome eggs. Treatment with insulin reversed the suppression of schistosome egg granuloma formation in both streptozotocin- and alloxan-diabetic animals. Two additional in vivo parameters of cellular immunologic reactivity were examined in streptozotocin-induced diabetes: delayed footpad swelling was essentially eliminated; skin graft survival across the H-2 area was significantly prolonged from 10.2 days in the controls to 14.4 days in moderately diabetic A/J mice. These observations suggest that diabetes mellitus is associated with suppression of cell-mediated reactions in vivo and that the defect is reversible with insulin treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:130385", "title": "Thyroid thermogenesis. Relationships between Na+-dependent respiration and Na+ + K+-adenosine triphosphatase activity in rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effect of thyroid status on QO2, QO2 (t) and NaK-ATPase activity was examined in rat skeletal muscle. QO2(t) (i.e. Na+-transport-dependent respiration) was estimated with ouabain or Na+-free media supplemented with K+. In contrast to the effects of ouabain on ion composition, intracellular K+ was maintained at about 125 meq/liter, and intracellular Na+ was almost nil in the Na+-free media. The estimates of QO2(t) were independent of the considerable differences in tissue ion concentrations. The increase in QO2(t) account for 47% of the increase in QO2 in the transition from the hypothyroid to the euthyroid state and 84% of the increase in the transition from the euthyroid to the hyperthyroid state. Surgical thyroidectomy lowered NaK-ATPase activity of the microsomal fraction (expressed per milligram protein) 32%; injections of triodothyronine (T3) increased this activity 75% in initially hypothyroid rats and 26% in initially euthyroid rats. Thyroidectomy was attended by significant falls in serum Ca and Pi concentrations. Administration of T3 resulted in further declines in serum Ca and marked increases in serum Ps concentrations. Similar effects were seen in 131I-treated rats, but the magnitude of the declines in serum Ca were less. The effects of T3 on QO2, QO2(t), and NaK-ATPase activity of skeletal muscle were indistinguishable in the 131I-ablated and surgically thyroidectomized rats. In thyroidectomized or euthyroid rats given repeated doses of T3, QO2(t) and NaA-ATPase activity increased proportionately. In thyroidectomized rats injected with single doses of T3, either 10, 50, or 250 mug/100 g body wt, QO2(t) increased linearly with NaK-ATPase activity. The kinetics of the NaK-ATPase activity was assessed with an ATP-generating system. T3 elicited a significant increase in Vmax with no change in Km for ATP.", "contents": "Thyroid thermogenesis. Relationships between Na+-dependent respiration and Na+ + K+-adenosine triphosphatase activity in rat skeletal muscle. The effect of thyroid status on QO2, QO2 (t) and NaK-ATPase activity was examined in rat skeletal muscle. QO2(t) (i.e. Na+-transport-dependent respiration) was estimated with ouabain or Na+-free media supplemented with K+. In contrast to the effects of ouabain on ion composition, intracellular K+ was maintained at about 125 meq/liter, and intracellular Na+ was almost nil in the Na+-free media. The estimates of QO2(t) were independent of the considerable differences in tissue ion concentrations. The increase in QO2(t) account for 47% of the increase in QO2 in the transition from the hypothyroid to the euthyroid state and 84% of the increase in the transition from the euthyroid to the hyperthyroid state. Surgical thyroidectomy lowered NaK-ATPase activity of the microsomal fraction (expressed per milligram protein) 32%; injections of triodothyronine (T3) increased this activity 75% in initially hypothyroid rats and 26% in initially euthyroid rats. Thyroidectomy was attended by significant falls in serum Ca and Pi concentrations. Administration of T3 resulted in further declines in serum Ca and marked increases in serum Ps concentrations. Similar effects were seen in 131I-treated rats, but the magnitude of the declines in serum Ca were less. The effects of T3 on QO2, QO2(t), and NaK-ATPase activity of skeletal muscle were indistinguishable in the 131I-ablated and surgically thyroidectomized rats. In thyroidectomized or euthyroid rats given repeated doses of T3, QO2(t) and NaA-ATPase activity increased proportionately. In thyroidectomized rats injected with single doses of T3, either 10, 50, or 250 mug/100 g body wt, QO2(t) increased linearly with NaK-ATPase activity. The kinetics of the NaK-ATPase activity was assessed with an ATP-generating system. T3 elicited a significant increase in Vmax with no change in Km for ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:130386", "title": "Cross-circulation study of natriuretic factors in postobstructive diuresis.", "content": "To study the role of circulating natriuretic factors in the postobstructive diuresis that occurs after relief of bilateral, but not unilateral ureteral ligation, cross-circulation was carried out between normal recipient rats and donor rats have either 24-h bilateral (BUL) or unilateral (UUL) ureteral ligation. With BUL donors, there was a rapid marked increase in sodium and water excretion in the recipient rats, sustained for 80-140 min, with a peak approximately 10 times control values. With UUL donors, no significant natriuretic response occurred. Changes in glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, blood pressure, hematocrit, or circulating levels of aldosterone or Pitressin did not explain the diuresis-natriuresis produced by cross-circulation with BUL donors. Differences in the intrinsic renal damage produced by bilateral as compared to unilateral ureteral obstruction did not appear to account for this response, since UUL donors given an acute urea load and urine reinfusion caused a similar diuresis-natriuresis. Moreover, normal donor rats given a urea load also caused a diuresis-natriuresis nearly equal to that produced by BUL rats, and the relationship between increased urea excretion and sodium excretion or urine flow in the recipients was not different in the two groups. Total urine reinfusion for 3 h in donor rats produced a significant, although less marked, diuresis-natriuresis in recipient animals, with only a slight elevation of the blood urea nitrogen level, much less increase in urea excretion rate, and no significant relationship between urea excretion and sodium excretion or urine flow. The results indicate that potent natriuretic factors, which act by decreasing the tubular reabsorption of sodium and water, are present in the blood of rats with bilateral, but not unilateral, ureteral ligation. High blood and urine urea levels appear to be the factors responsible for the marked natriuresis-diuresis occurring in normal rats during cross-circulation with BUL donors, although suggestive evidence of other natriuretic factors in urine reinfused intravenously was also obtained. The data suggest that urea osmotic diuresis is an important mechanism for determining the striking difference between the postobstructive diuresis observed after relief of bilateral as compared to unilateral ureteral ligation.", "contents": "Cross-circulation study of natriuretic factors in postobstructive diuresis. To study the role of circulating natriuretic factors in the postobstructive diuresis that occurs after relief of bilateral, but not unilateral ureteral ligation, cross-circulation was carried out between normal recipient rats and donor rats have either 24-h bilateral (BUL) or unilateral (UUL) ureteral ligation. With BUL donors, there was a rapid marked increase in sodium and water excretion in the recipient rats, sustained for 80-140 min, with a peak approximately 10 times control values. With UUL donors, no significant natriuretic response occurred. Changes in glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, blood pressure, hematocrit, or circulating levels of aldosterone or Pitressin did not explain the diuresis-natriuresis produced by cross-circulation with BUL donors. Differences in the intrinsic renal damage produced by bilateral as compared to unilateral ureteral obstruction did not appear to account for this response, since UUL donors given an acute urea load and urine reinfusion caused a similar diuresis-natriuresis. Moreover, normal donor rats given a urea load also caused a diuresis-natriuresis nearly equal to that produced by BUL rats, and the relationship between increased urea excretion and sodium excretion or urine flow in the recipients was not different in the two groups. Total urine reinfusion for 3 h in donor rats produced a significant, although less marked, diuresis-natriuresis in recipient animals, with only a slight elevation of the blood urea nitrogen level, much less increase in urea excretion rate, and no significant relationship between urea excretion and sodium excretion or urine flow. The results indicate that potent natriuretic factors, which act by decreasing the tubular reabsorption of sodium and water, are present in the blood of rats with bilateral, but not unilateral, ureteral ligation. High blood and urine urea levels appear to be the factors responsible for the marked natriuresis-diuresis occurring in normal rats during cross-circulation with BUL donors, although suggestive evidence of other natriuretic factors in urine reinfused intravenously was also obtained. The data suggest that urea osmotic diuresis is an important mechanism for determining the striking difference between the postobstructive diuresis observed after relief of bilateral as compared to unilateral ureteral ligation."}
{"id": "PMID:130388", "title": "Cutaneous immunohistochemistry. The direct immunoperioxidase and immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge methods compared with the immunofluorescence method in dermatology.", "content": "Two immunohistochemical methods, using the enzyme horseradish peroxidase, the direct immunoperoxidase (DIP) and the immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge (IEB) method were applied on 129 skin specimens of 81 patients with lupus erythematosus, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris and rosacea. These methods were compared with each other and with the immunofluorescence (IF) method. The DIP method was preferred to the IEB method because of the greater contrast between the specific staining and the nonspecific staining of the former. The results obtained with both peroxidase methods were comparable with those of the IF method.", "contents": "Cutaneous immunohistochemistry. The direct immunoperioxidase and immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge methods compared with the immunofluorescence method in dermatology. Two immunohistochemical methods, using the enzyme horseradish peroxidase, the direct immunoperoxidase (DIP) and the immunoglobulin-enzyme bridge (IEB) method were applied on 129 skin specimens of 81 patients with lupus erythematosus, bullous pemphigoid, pemphigus vulgaris and rosacea. These methods were compared with each other and with the immunofluorescence (IF) method. The DIP method was preferred to the IEB method because of the greater contrast between the specific staining and the nonspecific staining of the former. The results obtained with both peroxidase methods were comparable with those of the IF method."}
{"id": "PMID:130389", "title": "The psoriasiform eruption induced by practolol.", "content": "Three patients who developed a psoriasiform skin eruption following oral practolol administration are described with particular attention to the cutaneous histological changes. Although the clinical picture resembled psoriasis, the histological one did not, resembling rather that seen in a drug eruption. The possibility of an early lymphoma could not be excluded on purely histological grounds.", "contents": "The psoriasiform eruption induced by practolol. Three patients who developed a psoriasiform skin eruption following oral practolol administration are described with particular attention to the cutaneous histological changes. Although the clinical picture resembled psoriasis, the histological one did not, resembling rather that seen in a drug eruption. The possibility of an early lymphoma could not be excluded on purely histological grounds."}
{"id": "PMID:130424", "title": "The role of plasmin on the double antibody radioimmunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen in human blood samples.", "content": "Double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) on a series of freshly drawn out concurrent plasma and serum samples of normal human blood donors showed that the serum CEA values were invariably higher than the corresponding plasma CEA values. Extraneous addition of fibrinogen brought down the serum-CEA level to a value comparable to or less than the corresponding plasma value. The effect of certain factors associated with blood clotting, particularly Ca++, fibrinogen, and the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin, was investigated. Ca++ was shown to play no role whereas the effect of fibrinogen was shown to be indirect in that it served as a specific substrate for plasmin, thereby preventing the plasmin degradation of the primary antibody used in the RIA. The finding stresses the role of enzymes like plasmin in double antibody RIA in general and may explain some of the anomalous results obtained when testing biologic material containing plasmin-like substances.", "contents": "The role of plasmin on the double antibody radioimmunoassay of carcinoembryonic antigen in human blood samples. Double antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA) of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) on a series of freshly drawn out concurrent plasma and serum samples of normal human blood donors showed that the serum CEA values were invariably higher than the corresponding plasma CEA values. Extraneous addition of fibrinogen brought down the serum-CEA level to a value comparable to or less than the corresponding plasma value. The effect of certain factors associated with blood clotting, particularly Ca++, fibrinogen, and the fibrinolytic enzyme plasmin, was investigated. Ca++ was shown to play no role whereas the effect of fibrinogen was shown to be indirect in that it served as a specific substrate for plasmin, thereby preventing the plasmin degradation of the primary antibody used in the RIA. The finding stresses the role of enzymes like plasmin in double antibody RIA in general and may explain some of the anomalous results obtained when testing biologic material containing plasmin-like substances."}
{"id": "PMID:130425", "title": "Increased cytolytic T lymphocyte activity induced by 2-mercaptoethanol in mixed leukocyte cultures: kinetics and possible mechanisms of action.", "content": "The 20- to 50-fold increase in cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity caused by the addition of 50 muM 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) at the onset of a one-way murine mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 splenic lymphocytes appears to be unrelated to early events in the culture: if 2-ME was present for the first 24 hr of culture only, there was no increase on day 4, but if addition of 2-ME was delayed until the last 24 hr of culture, the CTL activity was almost as high as that of cultures that were exposed to 2-ME for the entire 4-day culture period. The increase of CTL activity caused by delayed addition of 2-ME (\"2-ME rescue\") was used to investigate the mechanism by which the thiol induces differentiation of CTL from precursor cells. 2-ME rescue was mimicked by two other thiols, dithiothreitol and cysteamine phosphate, but at higher concentrations. Because the latter compound has no free sulhydryl group until it diffuses into cells and is enzymatically dephosphorylated, we conclude that thiols may increase the differentiation of CTL from precursor cells by an intracellular process involving free sulphydryl groups rather than by interaction with membrane sulfhydryls or destruction of inhibitor cells or their products. Cell separation experiments indicated that 2-ME rescue was independent of the presence of B lymphocytes and of adherent cells (macrophages) and was restricted to a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that developed into large lymphoid precursor cells during the first 3 days in culture even without 2-ME. The development of this subpopulation required DNA synthesis between 24 nad 72 hr after the onset of MLC. When 2-ME was added to day-3 MLC, CTL activity increased slightly as early as 4 hr later, but the major increase occurred during the second half of the 24 hr \"rescue\"period. Because this increase was inhibited by cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C), it seems likely that DNA synthesis is associated with and may be required for the differentiation of large precursor lymphoid cells into CTL after the addition of 2-ME.", "contents": "Increased cytolytic T lymphocyte activity induced by 2-mercaptoethanol in mixed leukocyte cultures: kinetics and possible mechanisms of action. The 20- to 50-fold increase in cytolytic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity caused by the addition of 50 muM 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) at the onset of a one-way murine mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) between C57BL/6 and DBA/2 splenic lymphocytes appears to be unrelated to early events in the culture: if 2-ME was present for the first 24 hr of culture only, there was no increase on day 4, but if addition of 2-ME was delayed until the last 24 hr of culture, the CTL activity was almost as high as that of cultures that were exposed to 2-ME for the entire 4-day culture period. The increase of CTL activity caused by delayed addition of 2-ME (\"2-ME rescue\") was used to investigate the mechanism by which the thiol induces differentiation of CTL from precursor cells. 2-ME rescue was mimicked by two other thiols, dithiothreitol and cysteamine phosphate, but at higher concentrations. Because the latter compound has no free sulhydryl group until it diffuses into cells and is enzymatically dephosphorylated, we conclude that thiols may increase the differentiation of CTL from precursor cells by an intracellular process involving free sulphydryl groups rather than by interaction with membrane sulfhydryls or destruction of inhibitor cells or their products. Cell separation experiments indicated that 2-ME rescue was independent of the presence of B lymphocytes and of adherent cells (macrophages) and was restricted to a subpopulation of T lymphocytes that developed into large lymphoid precursor cells during the first 3 days in culture even without 2-ME. The development of this subpopulation required DNA synthesis between 24 nad 72 hr after the onset of MLC. When 2-ME was added to day-3 MLC, CTL activity increased slightly as early as 4 hr later, but the major increase occurred during the second half of the 24 hr \"rescue\"period. Because this increase was inhibited by cytosine arabinoside (ARA-C), it seems likely that DNA synthesis is associated with and may be required for the differentiation of large precursor lymphoid cells into CTL after the addition of 2-ME."}
{"id": "PMID:130426", "title": "Cell-mediated immune response in vitro. I. The development of suppressor cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "During the in vitro development of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL), suppressor cells also develop. Spleen cells or lymph node cells harvested from mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) on day 2 (day-2 MLC) and added to a fresh MLC suppressed the development of CL. This suppressive effect was sensitive to treatment with anti-theta and C. The suppressive effect of day-2 MLC was not due to cytotoxic effects nor to altered kinetics of the development of both suppressor cells and CL. Although CL develop from hydrocortisone-treated spleen cells, day-2 MLC of hydrocortisone-treated spleen cells did not suppress the development of CL. These studies suggest that suppressor cells and CL are derived from different T cell subpopulations.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune response in vitro. I. The development of suppressor cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte cultures. During the in vitro development of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL), suppressor cells also develop. Spleen cells or lymph node cells harvested from mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) on day 2 (day-2 MLC) and added to a fresh MLC suppressed the development of CL. This suppressive effect was sensitive to treatment with anti-theta and C. The suppressive effect of day-2 MLC was not due to cytotoxic effects nor to altered kinetics of the development of both suppressor cells and CL. Although CL develop from hydrocortisone-treated spleen cells, day-2 MLC of hydrocortisone-treated spleen cells did not suppress the development of CL. These studies suggest that suppressor cells and CL are derived from different T cell subpopulations."}
{"id": "PMID:130427", "title": "Cryopreservation of lymphocytes for use in in vitro assays of cellular immunity.", "content": "Human lymphocytes can be cryopreserved for the purpose of performing in vitro tests of cellular immunity. A systematic study of the conditions for freezing and recovering cells has shown that there is wide flexibility in cell concentrations of cryoprotective agent and the temperature and rate of dilution however, have definable optima. Cells frozen and thawed under optimal conditions retain their reactivity in MLC and can be used for sequential studies of immune responsiveness. Approximately 70% of viable and functional cells are recovered when the cells are frozen in 7.5--12.5% DMSO and no further cryoprotection is discernable when up to 50% serum is added to the freezing media. The temperature and rate of dilution are critical only in that cells diluted rapidly in THE COLD (10-fold in 2 min at 0 degrees C) are less responsive in MLC than are cells diluted slowly (10-fold in 10 min) in the cold or slowly or rapidly at room temperature.", "contents": "Cryopreservation of lymphocytes for use in in vitro assays of cellular immunity. Human lymphocytes can be cryopreserved for the purpose of performing in vitro tests of cellular immunity. A systematic study of the conditions for freezing and recovering cells has shown that there is wide flexibility in cell concentrations of cryoprotective agent and the temperature and rate of dilution however, have definable optima. Cells frozen and thawed under optimal conditions retain their reactivity in MLC and can be used for sequential studies of immune responsiveness. Approximately 70% of viable and functional cells are recovered when the cells are frozen in 7.5--12.5% DMSO and no further cryoprotection is discernable when up to 50% serum is added to the freezing media. The temperature and rate of dilution are critical only in that cells diluted rapidly in THE COLD (10-fold in 2 min at 0 degrees C) are less responsive in MLC than are cells diluted slowly (10-fold in 10 min) in the cold or slowly or rapidly at room temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:130465", "title": "Phosphorylation of the red blood cell membrane during the active transport of C++.", "content": "The phosphorylation of red blood cell membrane fragments (RBCMF) during Ca++ transport was investigated. When red cell membrane fragments are incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP under the experimental condition which minimizes the phosphorylation of Na+-K+-ATPase, RBCMF are labeled in the presence of Mg++ without Ca++. When Ca++ is added, the labeling decreases due to dephosphorylation of RBCMF. The initial reaction of phosphorylation is reversed in the presence of excess ADP. The treatment of RBCMF with n-ethylmaleimide (NEM) does not interfere with the initial phosphorylation reaction, but blocks the dephosphorylation in the presence of Ca++. These data suggest that the enzymatic sequence of the Ca++ transport mechanism may be very similar to that of the Na+ transport mechanism.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of the red blood cell membrane during the active transport of C++. The phosphorylation of red blood cell membrane fragments (RBCMF) during Ca++ transport was investigated. When red cell membrane fragments are incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP under the experimental condition which minimizes the phosphorylation of Na+-K+-ATPase, RBCMF are labeled in the presence of Mg++ without Ca++. When Ca++ is added, the labeling decreases due to dephosphorylation of RBCMF. The initial reaction of phosphorylation is reversed in the presence of excess ADP. The treatment of RBCMF with n-ethylmaleimide (NEM) does not interfere with the initial phosphorylation reaction, but blocks the dephosphorylation in the presence of Ca++. These data suggest that the enzymatic sequence of the Ca++ transport mechanism may be very similar to that of the Na+ transport mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:130466", "title": "Effects of the Jendrassik manoeuvre on muscle spindle activity in man.", "content": "Twenty-eight mechanoreceptive units identified as primary or secondary spindle afferents were sampled from muscle nerve fascicles in the median, peroneal, and tibial nerves of healthy adult subjects. The responses of these units to sustained passive muscle stretch, to passive stretching movements, to tendon taps, and electrically-induced muscle twitches were studied while the subject performed repeated Jendrassik manoeuvres involving strong voluntary contractions in distant muscle groups. The manoeuvres had no effect upon the afferent spindle discharges as long as there were no EMG signs of unintentional contractions occurring in the receptor-bearing muscle and no mechanotransducer signs of unintentional positional changes altering the load on that muscle. Unintentional contractions in the receptor-bearing muscle frequently occurred during the manoeuvres, however, and then coactivation of the spindle afferents was observed. Multiunit afferent responses to Achilles tendon taps, led off from tibial nerve fascicles, were in a similar way uninfluenced by the Jendrassik manoeuvres, even when these resulted in marked reinforcement of the calf muscle tendon jerk. The results provide no evidence for fusimotor sensitization of spindles in muscles remaining relaxed during the Jendrassik manoeuvre, and reflex reinforcement occurring without concomitant signs of active tension rise in the muscles tested is presumed to depend upon altered processing of the afferent volleys within the cord.", "contents": "Effects of the Jendrassik manoeuvre on muscle spindle activity in man. Twenty-eight mechanoreceptive units identified as primary or secondary spindle afferents were sampled from muscle nerve fascicles in the median, peroneal, and tibial nerves of healthy adult subjects. The responses of these units to sustained passive muscle stretch, to passive stretching movements, to tendon taps, and electrically-induced muscle twitches were studied while the subject performed repeated Jendrassik manoeuvres involving strong voluntary contractions in distant muscle groups. The manoeuvres had no effect upon the afferent spindle discharges as long as there were no EMG signs of unintentional contractions occurring in the receptor-bearing muscle and no mechanotransducer signs of unintentional positional changes altering the load on that muscle. Unintentional contractions in the receptor-bearing muscle frequently occurred during the manoeuvres, however, and then coactivation of the spindle afferents was observed. Multiunit afferent responses to Achilles tendon taps, led off from tibial nerve fascicles, were in a similar way uninfluenced by the Jendrassik manoeuvres, even when these resulted in marked reinforcement of the calf muscle tendon jerk. The results provide no evidence for fusimotor sensitization of spindles in muscles remaining relaxed during the Jendrassik manoeuvre, and reflex reinforcement occurring without concomitant signs of active tension rise in the muscles tested is presumed to depend upon altered processing of the afferent volleys within the cord."}
{"id": "PMID:130467", "title": "Central core disease. A correlated genetic, histochemical, ultramicroscopic, and biochemical study.", "content": "Two patients suffering from central core disease are presented. The condition is associated with musculoskeletal abnormalities which have been traced back over five generations. In addition to the typical histochemical findings, electronmicroscopic study has revealed the presence of both structured and non-structured cores in adjacent areas. The calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum was reduced to one-third of normal. Phosphorylase activity was normal in the one case and reduced to 63% in the other. Actomyosin Mg2+-activated ATPase activity was decreased, as was the Ca2+-dependent ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Central core disease. A correlated genetic, histochemical, ultramicroscopic, and biochemical study. Two patients suffering from central core disease are presented. The condition is associated with musculoskeletal abnormalities which have been traced back over five generations. In addition to the typical histochemical findings, electronmicroscopic study has revealed the presence of both structured and non-structured cores in adjacent areas. The calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum was reduced to one-third of normal. Phosphorylase activity was normal in the one case and reduced to 63% in the other. Actomyosin Mg2+-activated ATPase activity was decreased, as was the Ca2+-dependent ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:130468", "title": "Proportion of muscles spindles supplied by skeletofusimotor axons (beta-axons) in peroneus brevis muscle of the cat.", "content": "Of 32 cat peroneus brevis spindles, 23 (72%) were found to be supplied by a least 1 skeletofusimotor or beta-axon. A motor axon was identified as skeletofusimotor when repetitive stimulation of it elicited both the contraction of extrafusal muscle fibers and as acceleration of the discharge of primary ending, which persisted after selective block of the neuromuscular junctions of extrafusal muscle fibers. The block was obtained by stimulating single axons at 400-500/s for a few seconds. Of 135 axons supplying extrafusal muscle fibers, 24 (18%) were shown to be beta-axons; 22 beta-axons had conduction velocities ranging from 45 to 75 m/s. All but three beta-axons increased the dynamic sensitivity of primary endings. Beta-innervated spindles may also be supplied by dynamic gamma-axons.", "contents": "Proportion of muscles spindles supplied by skeletofusimotor axons (beta-axons) in peroneus brevis muscle of the cat. Of 32 cat peroneus brevis spindles, 23 (72%) were found to be supplied by a least 1 skeletofusimotor or beta-axon. A motor axon was identified as skeletofusimotor when repetitive stimulation of it elicited both the contraction of extrafusal muscle fibers and as acceleration of the discharge of primary ending, which persisted after selective block of the neuromuscular junctions of extrafusal muscle fibers. The block was obtained by stimulating single axons at 400-500/s for a few seconds. Of 135 axons supplying extrafusal muscle fibers, 24 (18%) were shown to be beta-axons; 22 beta-axons had conduction velocities ranging from 45 to 75 m/s. All but three beta-axons increased the dynamic sensitivity of primary endings. Beta-innervated spindles may also be supplied by dynamic gamma-axons."}
{"id": "PMID:130469", "title": "Initial burst of primary endings of isolated mammalian muscle spindles.", "content": "The initial burst has been studied in primary endings of isolated mammalian muscle spindles subject to controlled ramp-and-hold stretch. Near the onset of ramp stretch the primary ending discharges at a frequency dependent on stretch velocity. The initial burst is reduced or abolished by repetitive stretch. After block of impulse activity by tetrodotoxin, the receptor potential of primary endings shows an initial component, a rapid depolarization which occurs near the onset of ramp stretch at the same time as the initial burst. This initial component depends, in rate of rise and amplitude, on stretch velocity. It is also reduced or abolished by repetitive stretch. Recording of tension development by the isolated spindle in response to ramp-and-hold stretch shows an early rise in tension associated with the initial burst and the initial component of the receptor potential. This tension rise is also dependent on stretch velocity and is reduced or abolished by repetitive stretch. The results provide direct evidence that the initial burst results from mechanical factors, probably from cross bridge formation between thick and thin filaments as has been suggested (3).", "contents": "Initial burst of primary endings of isolated mammalian muscle spindles. The initial burst has been studied in primary endings of isolated mammalian muscle spindles subject to controlled ramp-and-hold stretch. Near the onset of ramp stretch the primary ending discharges at a frequency dependent on stretch velocity. The initial burst is reduced or abolished by repetitive stretch. After block of impulse activity by tetrodotoxin, the receptor potential of primary endings shows an initial component, a rapid depolarization which occurs near the onset of ramp stretch at the same time as the initial burst. This initial component depends, in rate of rise and amplitude, on stretch velocity. It is also reduced or abolished by repetitive stretch. Recording of tension development by the isolated spindle in response to ramp-and-hold stretch shows an early rise in tension associated with the initial burst and the initial component of the receptor potential. This tension rise is also dependent on stretch velocity and is reduced or abolished by repetitive stretch. The results provide direct evidence that the initial burst results from mechanical factors, probably from cross bridge formation between thick and thin filaments as has been suggested (3)."}
{"id": "PMID:130470", "title": "Vitamin A deficiency and the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans and ascorbic acid in the rat.", "content": "Weanling rats were fed diets with and without the addition of retinyl palmitate at 6,500 units/kg. The supplemented groups were fed either ad libitum or food was restricted daily to that amount consumed by the group of rats receiving the unsupplemented diet. After a 10 week experimental period, signs of vitamin A deficiency were observed (growth plateau, xerophthalmia) and liver values as retinol were only 1% of control values. Relative to the two control groups, vitamin A deficiency resulted in approximately 30% lower liver, 50% lower blood and 40% lower urinary ascorbic acid. Vitamin A deficiency did not appear to result in significant and direct impairment of GAG sulfate metabolism. Although the total amount of GAG in rat skin was increased, the composition of GAG fractions did not appear to be altered by vitamin A deficiency. Studies regarding the incorporation and disappearance of 35S-sulfate in vivo into GAG fractions obtained from skin indicated no serious impairment in GAG turnover with vitamin A deficiency. Twenty-four hour urine samples were also collected for estimation of 35SO4 excreted in GAG and non-GAG fractions. Likewise, little change was observed with respect to radioactivity associated with sulfate fractions excreted in urine. Although many previous studies have directly linked vitamin A with sulfation of GAG, the results reported here suggest that if there is an alteration in GAG sulfate metabolism, it is probably an indirect consequence of vitamin A status.", "contents": "Vitamin A deficiency and the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans and ascorbic acid in the rat. Weanling rats were fed diets with and without the addition of retinyl palmitate at 6,500 units/kg. The supplemented groups were fed either ad libitum or food was restricted daily to that amount consumed by the group of rats receiving the unsupplemented diet. After a 10 week experimental period, signs of vitamin A deficiency were observed (growth plateau, xerophthalmia) and liver values as retinol were only 1% of control values. Relative to the two control groups, vitamin A deficiency resulted in approximately 30% lower liver, 50% lower blood and 40% lower urinary ascorbic acid. Vitamin A deficiency did not appear to result in significant and direct impairment of GAG sulfate metabolism. Although the total amount of GAG in rat skin was increased, the composition of GAG fractions did not appear to be altered by vitamin A deficiency. Studies regarding the incorporation and disappearance of 35S-sulfate in vivo into GAG fractions obtained from skin indicated no serious impairment in GAG turnover with vitamin A deficiency. Twenty-four hour urine samples were also collected for estimation of 35SO4 excreted in GAG and non-GAG fractions. Likewise, little change was observed with respect to radioactivity associated with sulfate fractions excreted in urine. Although many previous studies have directly linked vitamin A with sulfation of GAG, the results reported here suggest that if there is an alteration in GAG sulfate metabolism, it is probably an indirect consequence of vitamin A status."}
{"id": "PMID:130471", "title": "Intestinal disaccharidases in the rat: effects of pregnancy and diabetes.", "content": "Specific and total activities of lactase, sucrase and maltase were determined in the mucosa scraped from the proximal, mid and distal intestinal segments of nonpregnant and pregnant normal control and diabetic rats. In control rats, pregnancy was accompanied by a significant rise in total lactase activity of the entire intestinal mucosa. This was due to increased specific activity of the enzyme in the mid segment of the pregnant rats. In both nonpregnant and pregnant rats, diabetes was associated with marked enhancement of intestinal growth and with elevated specific and total activities of the three mucosal disaccharidases. In the pregnant diabetic rats, specific and total activities of the disaccharidases were about 30% lower than corresponding values in the nonpregnant diabetic rats.", "contents": "Intestinal disaccharidases in the rat: effects of pregnancy and diabetes. Specific and total activities of lactase, sucrase and maltase were determined in the mucosa scraped from the proximal, mid and distal intestinal segments of nonpregnant and pregnant normal control and diabetic rats. In control rats, pregnancy was accompanied by a significant rise in total lactase activity of the entire intestinal mucosa. This was due to increased specific activity of the enzyme in the mid segment of the pregnant rats. In both nonpregnant and pregnant rats, diabetes was associated with marked enhancement of intestinal growth and with elevated specific and total activities of the three mucosal disaccharidases. In the pregnant diabetic rats, specific and total activities of the disaccharidases were about 30% lower than corresponding values in the nonpregnant diabetic rats."}
{"id": "PMID:130472", "title": "Alterations in vitamin A metabolism during zinc deficiency and food and growth restriction.", "content": "The purpose of these experiments was to further elucidate the effect of the trace element, zinc, on vitamin A metabolism. Three experiments were conducted at two different locations using different sources of animals. A total of 95 rats were used; 71 specific pathogen free and 24 germfree. The results indicate that plasma vitamin A is depressed in zinc deficient animals or animals severely restricted in food and growth. Liver stores of vitamin A were adequate in both groups. Thus, the normal mechanism for maintaining plasma vitamin A appears to be altered by either zinc deficiency and/or severe food and growth restriction.", "contents": "Alterations in vitamin A metabolism during zinc deficiency and food and growth restriction. The purpose of these experiments was to further elucidate the effect of the trace element, zinc, on vitamin A metabolism. Three experiments were conducted at two different locations using different sources of animals. A total of 95 rats were used; 71 specific pathogen free and 24 germfree. The results indicate that plasma vitamin A is depressed in zinc deficient animals or animals severely restricted in food and growth. Liver stores of vitamin A were adequate in both groups. Thus, the normal mechanism for maintaining plasma vitamin A appears to be altered by either zinc deficiency and/or severe food and growth restriction."}
{"id": "PMID:130473", "title": "S\u00e9zary's syndrome: a cytogenetic, cytophotometric and autoradiographic study.", "content": "Cytophotometric, cytogenetic, and autoradiographic studies were performed in cells of three patients suffering from clinically diagnosed S\u00e9zary's syndrome with erythroderma and the presence of abnormal lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood, skin, bone marrow and lymph-nodes. Feulgen DNA cytophotometry of cells in the peripheral blood and skin lesions showed marked aneuploidy and tetraploidy. Multiple translocations were identified with a G-banding technique. The chromosomal abnormalities varied widely between the patients, but C and D group chromosomes were more frequently involved than others. All breakpoints of the translocations were localised in the centromeric region. Autoradiography of blood and skin samples revealed many labelled cells in the skin and a lower number in the blood, indicating cell proliferation in the skin. It is concluded that the pathological cells occurring in the S\u00e9zary syndrome are abnormal lymphoid cells with a tendency to proliferate in the dermis. The variability observed between and in the patients is in all probability due to a difference in the degree of dedifferentiation.", "contents": "S\u00e9zary's syndrome: a cytogenetic, cytophotometric and autoradiographic study. Cytophotometric, cytogenetic, and autoradiographic studies were performed in cells of three patients suffering from clinically diagnosed S\u00e9zary's syndrome with erythroderma and the presence of abnormal lymphoid cells in the peripheral blood, skin, bone marrow and lymph-nodes. Feulgen DNA cytophotometry of cells in the peripheral blood and skin lesions showed marked aneuploidy and tetraploidy. Multiple translocations were identified with a G-banding technique. The chromosomal abnormalities varied widely between the patients, but C and D group chromosomes were more frequently involved than others. All breakpoints of the translocations were localised in the centromeric region. Autoradiography of blood and skin samples revealed many labelled cells in the skin and a lower number in the blood, indicating cell proliferation in the skin. It is concluded that the pathological cells occurring in the S\u00e9zary syndrome are abnormal lymphoid cells with a tendency to proliferate in the dermis. The variability observed between and in the patients is in all probability due to a difference in the degree of dedifferentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:130474", "title": "The fine structure of neoplastic invasion: invasion of liver, skeletal muscle and lymphatic vessels by the Rd/3 tumour.", "content": "Neoplastic invasion as seen in the rat Rd/3 neoplasm has been studied electron microscopically in three sites: abdominal wall, footpad and liver. This neoplasm invades by peripheral cell division and active cell migration. Neoplastic cells protrude many fine processes and compress host cells. Neoplastic cells invade lymphatic vessels in a way similar to that in which white blood cells penetrate them - by the protrusion of fine cytoplasmic processes and passage, sometimes in clumps through open cell junctions. There is no ultrastructural evidence of secretory phenomena.", "contents": "The fine structure of neoplastic invasion: invasion of liver, skeletal muscle and lymphatic vessels by the Rd/3 tumour. Neoplastic invasion as seen in the rat Rd/3 neoplasm has been studied electron microscopically in three sites: abdominal wall, footpad and liver. This neoplasm invades by peripheral cell division and active cell migration. Neoplastic cells protrude many fine processes and compress host cells. Neoplastic cells invade lymphatic vessels in a way similar to that in which white blood cells penetrate them - by the protrusion of fine cytoplasmic processes and passage, sometimes in clumps through open cell junctions. There is no ultrastructural evidence of secretory phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:130481", "title": "Specific colorimetric determination of niacinamide in dosage forms.", "content": "A chemical method for determining the amount of niacinamide in multicomponent preparations was developed. Neither niacin resulting from the degradation of niacinamide nor vitamin A, thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, ergocalciferol, or calcium pantothenate interferes. The method is based on the reaction of niacinamide with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, followed by the spectrophotometric measurement of the colored solution obtained after treatment with sodium hydroxide. The proposed method is at least as accurate as the methods currently in use. A structure is proposed for the colored product, and its route of formation is outlined.", "contents": "Specific colorimetric determination of niacinamide in dosage forms. A chemical method for determining the amount of niacinamide in multicomponent preparations was developed. Neither niacin resulting from the degradation of niacinamide nor vitamin A, thiamine hydrochloride, riboflavin, ascorbic acid, ergocalciferol, or calcium pantothenate interferes. The method is based on the reaction of niacinamide with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, followed by the spectrophotometric measurement of the colored solution obtained after treatment with sodium hydroxide. The proposed method is at least as accurate as the methods currently in use. A structure is proposed for the colored product, and its route of formation is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:130482", "title": "The effect of L-tryptophan on spinal cord C-fiber reflexes.", "content": "C-fiber reflex were recorded from an ipsilateral S1 ventral root in the acute decerebrate spinal (T10) cat after stimulation of the superficial peroneal nerve. L-Tryptophan, infused in a dose of 150 mg/kg, increased the C-fiber reflex to 210% (S.E.M. +/- 30.1%) of control. This effect was antagonized by cyproheptadine, 0.5 mg/kg. L-Tryptophan increased the C-fiber reflex to 176% (S.E.M. +/- 13.0%) of control after p-chlorophenylalanine pretreatment. Pretreatment of the cats with the decarboxylase inhibitor alpha-methyldopa, 100 mg/kg, 30 minutes before infusion, antagonized the facilitatory effects of L-Tryptophan. L-Tryptophan, 150 mg/kg, had no effect on the monosynaptic or short latency polysynaptic reflexes. 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 20 mg/kg, had erratic effects on the C-fiber reflex producing both facilitation and depression which were not statistically significant. The recovery of tryptamine from brain perfusates, after perfusion of the anterior cerebellum and pons, with a modified Gaddum push-pull cannula, decreased across time. L-Tryptophan caused a slight increase in tryptamine release which was not statistically significant, whereas in cats pretreated with p-chlorophenyl alanine, a significant increase in tryptamine release was seen.", "contents": "The effect of L-tryptophan on spinal cord C-fiber reflexes. C-fiber reflex were recorded from an ipsilateral S1 ventral root in the acute decerebrate spinal (T10) cat after stimulation of the superficial peroneal nerve. L-Tryptophan, infused in a dose of 150 mg/kg, increased the C-fiber reflex to 210% (S.E.M. +/- 30.1%) of control. This effect was antagonized by cyproheptadine, 0.5 mg/kg. L-Tryptophan increased the C-fiber reflex to 176% (S.E.M. +/- 13.0%) of control after p-chlorophenylalanine pretreatment. Pretreatment of the cats with the decarboxylase inhibitor alpha-methyldopa, 100 mg/kg, 30 minutes before infusion, antagonized the facilitatory effects of L-Tryptophan. L-Tryptophan, 150 mg/kg, had no effect on the monosynaptic or short latency polysynaptic reflexes. 5-Hydroxytryptophan, 20 mg/kg, had erratic effects on the C-fiber reflex producing both facilitation and depression which were not statistically significant. The recovery of tryptamine from brain perfusates, after perfusion of the anterior cerebellum and pons, with a modified Gaddum push-pull cannula, decreased across time. L-Tryptophan caused a slight increase in tryptamine release which was not statistically significant, whereas in cats pretreated with p-chlorophenyl alanine, a significant increase in tryptamine release was seen."}
{"id": "PMID:130483", "title": "Alterations of synapses on axotomized motoneurones.", "content": "1. Properties of medial gastrocnemius motoneurones in cats were examined with intracellular electrodes 1-77 days after partial transection of the medial gastrocnemius muscle nerve. 2. Three sequential stages of reaction were defined: (i) firstly, conduction velocity of axotomized motoneurones fell, but e.p.s.p. properties and Ia-motoneurone connectivity were normal; (ii) secondly, e.p.s.p.s became characterized by prolonged rise times and half-widths and by diminished amplitudes; (iii) finally, failures of connectivity were also seen, that is, Ia spindle afferent fibres connected with fewer axotomized than normal homonymous motoneurones. 3. The reason for the change of e.p.s.p. properties cannot be stated with certainty: among the factors may be (i) a change of motoneurone membrane properties and morphology; (ii) partial detachment of synaptic boutons before their total disconnexion, and (iii) detachment of Ia afferent branches terminating on the motoneurone soma before those on the dendrites. 4. The previous conclusion that alteration of e.p.s.p. profiles following motoneurone axotomy was due to total disconnexion of those Ia fibres making synapses on the soma and proximal dendrites (\"somatic stripping\") must be modified to account for the findings that e.p.s.p. changes are seen before connectivity changes.", "contents": "Alterations of synapses on axotomized motoneurones. 1. Properties of medial gastrocnemius motoneurones in cats were examined with intracellular electrodes 1-77 days after partial transection of the medial gastrocnemius muscle nerve. 2. Three sequential stages of reaction were defined: (i) firstly, conduction velocity of axotomized motoneurones fell, but e.p.s.p. properties and Ia-motoneurone connectivity were normal; (ii) secondly, e.p.s.p.s became characterized by prolonged rise times and half-widths and by diminished amplitudes; (iii) finally, failures of connectivity were also seen, that is, Ia spindle afferent fibres connected with fewer axotomized than normal homonymous motoneurones. 3. The reason for the change of e.p.s.p. properties cannot be stated with certainty: among the factors may be (i) a change of motoneurone membrane properties and morphology; (ii) partial detachment of synaptic boutons before their total disconnexion, and (iii) detachment of Ia afferent branches terminating on the motoneurone soma before those on the dendrites. 4. The previous conclusion that alteration of e.p.s.p. profiles following motoneurone axotomy was due to total disconnexion of those Ia fibres making synapses on the soma and proximal dendrites (\"somatic stripping\") must be modified to account for the findings that e.p.s.p. changes are seen before connectivity changes."}
{"id": "PMID:130487", "title": "Significance of radiologic evidence of free air following laparoscopy.", "content": "Electrocautery accidents, especially bowel burns, are one of the major causes of morbidity associated with laparoscopic tubal coagulation. Early recognition of such injury is highly desirable. Radiologic evidence of free air, ordinarily suggesting bowel perforation, may not be of diagnostic significance in such patients. Postlaparoscopic radiologic study of 26 patients revealed significant, projected areas of free air among 38.5% of patients 24 hours later. It is suggested that physicians rely on clinical judgement in cases of thermal bowel injury in the immediate postoperative period.", "contents": "Significance of radiologic evidence of free air following laparoscopy. Electrocautery accidents, especially bowel burns, are one of the major causes of morbidity associated with laparoscopic tubal coagulation. Early recognition of such injury is highly desirable. Radiologic evidence of free air, ordinarily suggesting bowel perforation, may not be of diagnostic significance in such patients. Postlaparoscopic radiologic study of 26 patients revealed significant, projected areas of free air among 38.5% of patients 24 hours later. It is suggested that physicians rely on clinical judgement in cases of thermal bowel injury in the immediate postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:130488", "title": "Experience with the use of the Carboflator for establishing pneumoperitoneum.", "content": "Safe and adequate pneumoperitoneum is dependent upon intraperitoneal pressure and not upon the number of liters of gas insufflated. Volume of gas delivered depends upon the size of the patient and whether there is any possible leakage. The Carboflator is a useful instrument for establishing controlled insufflation of gas and fail-safe intraperitoneal pressure.", "contents": "Experience with the use of the Carboflator for establishing pneumoperitoneum. Safe and adequate pneumoperitoneum is dependent upon intraperitoneal pressure and not upon the number of liters of gas insufflated. Volume of gas delivered depends upon the size of the patient and whether there is any possible leakage. The Carboflator is a useful instrument for establishing controlled insufflation of gas and fail-safe intraperitoneal pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:130492", "title": "Histological and histochemical comparisons of muscle spindles in three hind limb muscles of the guinea pig.", "content": "Guinea pig soleus, medial gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis muscles were compared for spindle density and distribution, number of intrafusal fibers per spindle and histochemical appearance of the axial bundle. A total of 326 spindles was used in the comparisons. Spindle density was over four times greater in the soleus than in either the medial gastrocnemius or vastus lateralis. In the soleus the spindles were distributed at random, but in the other two muscles no spindles were found in those fascicles in which fast-twitch glycolytic extrafusal fibers predominated. The average number of intrafusal fibers per spindle varied by less than 5% between the three kinds of muscles. About 80% of all spindles located had four intrafusal fibers, two of the nuclear bag type and two of the nuclear chain type. The histochemical appearance of the axial bundle was the same in each kind of muscle. Based on intensities of the myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase reaction product at polar regions nuclear bag fibers were separable into two histochemical groups; nuclear chain fibers were of only one histochemical type.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical comparisons of muscle spindles in three hind limb muscles of the guinea pig. Guinea pig soleus, medial gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis muscles were compared for spindle density and distribution, number of intrafusal fibers per spindle and histochemical appearance of the axial bundle. A total of 326 spindles was used in the comparisons. Spindle density was over four times greater in the soleus than in either the medial gastrocnemius or vastus lateralis. In the soleus the spindles were distributed at random, but in the other two muscles no spindles were found in those fascicles in which fast-twitch glycolytic extrafusal fibers predominated. The average number of intrafusal fibers per spindle varied by less than 5% between the three kinds of muscles. About 80% of all spindles located had four intrafusal fibers, two of the nuclear bag type and two of the nuclear chain type. The histochemical appearance of the axial bundle was the same in each kind of muscle. Based on intensities of the myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase reaction product at polar regions nuclear bag fibers were separable into two histochemical groups; nuclear chain fibers were of only one histochemical type."}
{"id": "PMID:130494", "title": "Effect of PS-K, a protein polysaccharide, on pulmonary metastases of a C3H mouse squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "We studied the effects of PS-K, a protein polysaccaride isolated from a basidiomycete, on the formation of blood-borne metastases. Experimental tumors were fifth-generation isotransplants of a spontaneous C3Hf mouse squamous cell carcinoma that was weakly antigenic. A single-cell suspension from fourth generation tumors was transplanted, and the tumor-bearing legs of the mice were amputated when transplants reached a certain diameter. Daily administrations of PS-K followed immediately, and both lungs were excised on the 21st postamputation day. The number of lung colonies formed on the surfaces of both lungs was counted and total  volumes of metastatic colonies were estimated. PS-K, if administered alone, did not inhibit the lung colony formation. Marked reduction in this formation was observed when five daily doses of PS-K were administered simultaneously with cyclophosphamide. These observations indicate that PS-K may be a potent agent in the therapy of cancer if used as an adjuvant to a chemotherapeutic agent.", "contents": "Effect of PS-K, a protein polysaccharide, on pulmonary metastases of a C3H mouse squamous cell carcinoma. We studied the effects of PS-K, a protein polysaccaride isolated from a basidiomycete, on the formation of blood-borne metastases. Experimental tumors were fifth-generation isotransplants of a spontaneous C3Hf mouse squamous cell carcinoma that was weakly antigenic. A single-cell suspension from fourth generation tumors was transplanted, and the tumor-bearing legs of the mice were amputated when transplants reached a certain diameter. Daily administrations of PS-K followed immediately, and both lungs were excised on the 21st postamputation day. The number of lung colonies formed on the surfaces of both lungs was counted and total  volumes of metastatic colonies were estimated. PS-K, if administered alone, did not inhibit the lung colony formation. Marked reduction in this formation was observed when five daily doses of PS-K were administered simultaneously with cyclophosphamide. These observations indicate that PS-K may be a potent agent in the therapy of cancer if used as an adjuvant to a chemotherapeutic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:130495", "title": "Schedule-dependent effect of phase-specific cytotoxic agents on production of hemolytic plaque-forming cells.", "content": "The proliferative phase of the primary response of mice to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was used to study quantitatively the schedule-dependent effect of four phase-specific cytotoxic agents: 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ARA-C), methotrexate (MTX), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUDR), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The multiple injections of ARA-C- GIVEN 24-60 HOURS AFTEr SRBC injection caused a 100-fold greater inhibition in the production of direct hemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC) on day 4 than the maximum inhibition obtained by a single injection. A similar, but lesser, enhancing effect was observed with 5-FUDR. Although a single injection of either MTX or 5-FU given 24 or 48 hours after the immunization alone was effective in suppressing PFC production, multiple injections of MTX at 6-hour intervals could cause the same degree of inhibition with a smaller total dose. In contrast, there was no difference for 5-FU, whether given as a single injection or in a divided dose. When only two doses of cytotoxic agents were used, 8- and 14-hour intervals with ARA-C and MTX, respectively, gave the maximum degree of inhibition.", "contents": "Schedule-dependent effect of phase-specific cytotoxic agents on production of hemolytic plaque-forming cells. The proliferative phase of the primary response of mice to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) was used to study quantitatively the schedule-dependent effect of four phase-specific cytotoxic agents: 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ARA-C), methotrexate (MTX), 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (5-FUDR), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). The multiple injections of ARA-C- GIVEN 24-60 HOURS AFTEr SRBC injection caused a 100-fold greater inhibition in the production of direct hemolytic plaque-forming cells (PFC) on day 4 than the maximum inhibition obtained by a single injection. A similar, but lesser, enhancing effect was observed with 5-FUDR. Although a single injection of either MTX or 5-FU given 24 or 48 hours after the immunization alone was effective in suppressing PFC production, multiple injections of MTX at 6-hour intervals could cause the same degree of inhibition with a smaller total dose. In contrast, there was no difference for 5-FU, whether given as a single injection or in a divided dose. When only two doses of cytotoxic agents were used, 8- and 14-hour intervals with ARA-C and MTX, respectively, gave the maximum degree of inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:130496", "title": "In vitro lymphocyte dysfunction in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "In vitro lymphocyte function and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) response in vivo were assessed in 27 patients with Hodgkin's disease. Lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and to a standard mitomycin C-treated lymphoblastoid cell line in a one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) was measured simultaneously and compared to that of controls. Seventeen patients, including 6 of 11 untreated patients, had some defect either of DCH or of an in vitro lymphocyte function. In patients lacking a DCH response, the PHA and MLC responses were significantly depressed as compared to either those with intact DCH or normal controls. In patients with intact DCH, the PHA but not the MLC response was significantly depressed. PHA stimulation and MLC may define different subpopulations of responding thymus-derived lymphocytes in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Measurement of lymphocyte response to PHA and to a standard lymphoblastoid cell line in the one-way MLC may provide complementary in vitro means of assessing cell-mediated immunity in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "In vitro lymphocyte dysfunction in Hodgkin's disease. In vitro lymphocyte function and delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity (DCH) response in vivo were assessed in 27 patients with Hodgkin's disease. Lymphocyte responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and to a standard mitomycin C-treated lymphoblastoid cell line in a one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) was measured simultaneously and compared to that of controls. Seventeen patients, including 6 of 11 untreated patients, had some defect either of DCH or of an in vitro lymphocyte function. In patients lacking a DCH response, the PHA and MLC responses were significantly depressed as compared to either those with intact DCH or normal controls. In patients with intact DCH, the PHA but not the MLC response was significantly depressed. PHA stimulation and MLC may define different subpopulations of responding thymus-derived lymphocytes in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Measurement of lymphocyte response to PHA and to a standard lymphoblastoid cell line in the one-way MLC may provide complementary in vitro means of assessing cell-mediated immunity in patients with Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:130498", "title": "Management of massive abdominal wall defects: role of porcine skin grafts.", "content": "Primary closure with \"minimal tension\" of an inadequately debrided massive abdominal wall defect invariably results in further necrosis and dehiscence. Rotation flaps and prosthetic materials are potentially hazardous in severely traumatized and contaminated wounds. An alternate technique, utilizing an abdominal wall pack and porcine skin graft has been used in two patients with close-range shotgun blasts and one patient with postoperative necrotizing fascitis. The combination of a biological dressing and an abdominal wall pack, stinted by strategically placed retention sutures, controls infection, promotes healthy granulation tissue, and prevents bowel erosion with fistula formation.", "contents": "Management of massive abdominal wall defects: role of porcine skin grafts. Primary closure with \"minimal tension\" of an inadequately debrided massive abdominal wall defect invariably results in further necrosis and dehiscence. Rotation flaps and prosthetic materials are potentially hazardous in severely traumatized and contaminated wounds. An alternate technique, utilizing an abdominal wall pack and porcine skin graft has been used in two patients with close-range shotgun blasts and one patient with postoperative necrotizing fascitis. The combination of a biological dressing and an abdominal wall pack, stinted by strategically placed retention sutures, controls infection, promotes healthy granulation tissue, and prevents bowel erosion with fistula formation."}
{"id": "PMID:130499", "title": "Linear abdominal trauma.", "content": "Three cases of blunt abdominal trauma are presented to exemplify the mechanism of trauma and the problems of diagnosis associated with any linear blow to the abdomen. The mechanisms of visceral injury are reviewed, and special attention is directed to the abdominal wall injury that can be present in these patients. This injury has special implications in directing the operative approach and repair. An unusual aortic occlusion is described which is peculiar to this type of injury.", "contents": "Linear abdominal trauma. Three cases of blunt abdominal trauma are presented to exemplify the mechanism of trauma and the problems of diagnosis associated with any linear blow to the abdomen. The mechanisms of visceral injury are reviewed, and special attention is directed to the abdominal wall injury that can be present in these patients. This injury has special implications in directing the operative approach and repair. An unusual aortic occlusion is described which is peculiar to this type of injury."}
{"id": "PMID:130500", "title": "Bacteriophage T4 head morphogenesis. VII. Terminal stages of head maturation.", "content": "Several aspects of the terminal stages of T4 head maturation were investigated using ts and am mutants blocked at single steps of the assembly pathway. We had previously found that cells infected with mutants of gene 13, e.g., tsN38 and amE609, accumulated both stable (10 to 20%)- and fragile (80%)-filled head precursors (Hamilton and Luftig, 1972). Here we showed the following for such gene 13-defective, mutant-infected cells. (i) Using thin-section analysis the pool of phage precursor structures observed under nonpermissive conditions was one-third of that observed when the cells were cultured under permissive conditions. (ii) In order for complete conversion of the precursors into viable phage to occur, there were apparent requirements of metabolic energy, protein, and DNA synthesis. (iii) The intracellular DNA pool under nonpermissive conditions exhibited a 50% distribution between 63S (mature size) and 200 S (concatenate size) DNA, with the latter DNA serving as a precursor pool. Further, this DNA pool when spread onto a protein monolayer exhibited a dispersed array of DNA, strands around a core, which was less dense than that found for the greater than 1,000S DNA concatenate isolated from gene 49-defective infected cells. (iv) When precuations were taken to stabilize the head precursors, such as lysis of the cells into glutaraldehyde, there was a 30% increase in the yield of 1,200S filled heads. Correlating these results and previous results concerning gene 49-defective unfilled heads, we propose that there are several forms of gene 13 fragile head precursors which serve as intermediates between gene 49 unfilled heads and gene 13 stable filled heads. We cannot, however, rule out the possibility that all gene 13-defective heads represent a single class of unstable particles, which decay slowly. In either case, we have shown that gene 13-defective particles are unstable to some degree inside the cell and are highly unstable outside the cell; yet all particles can still be efficiently converted to phage in vivo.", "contents": "Bacteriophage T4 head morphogenesis. VII. Terminal stages of head maturation. Several aspects of the terminal stages of T4 head maturation were investigated using ts and am mutants blocked at single steps of the assembly pathway. We had previously found that cells infected with mutants of gene 13, e.g., tsN38 and amE609, accumulated both stable (10 to 20%)- and fragile (80%)-filled head precursors (Hamilton and Luftig, 1972). Here we showed the following for such gene 13-defective, mutant-infected cells. (i) Using thin-section analysis the pool of phage precursor structures observed under nonpermissive conditions was one-third of that observed when the cells were cultured under permissive conditions. (ii) In order for complete conversion of the precursors into viable phage to occur, there were apparent requirements of metabolic energy, protein, and DNA synthesis. (iii) The intracellular DNA pool under nonpermissive conditions exhibited a 50% distribution between 63S (mature size) and 200 S (concatenate size) DNA, with the latter DNA serving as a precursor pool. Further, this DNA pool when spread onto a protein monolayer exhibited a dispersed array of DNA, strands around a core, which was less dense than that found for the greater than 1,000S DNA concatenate isolated from gene 49-defective infected cells. (iv) When precuations were taken to stabilize the head precursors, such as lysis of the cells into glutaraldehyde, there was a 30% increase in the yield of 1,200S filled heads. Correlating these results and previous results concerning gene 49-defective unfilled heads, we propose that there are several forms of gene 13 fragile head precursors which serve as intermediates between gene 49 unfilled heads and gene 13 stable filled heads. We cannot, however, rule out the possibility that all gene 13-defective heads represent a single class of unstable particles, which decay slowly. In either case, we have shown that gene 13-defective particles are unstable to some degree inside the cell and are highly unstable outside the cell; yet all particles can still be efficiently converted to phage in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:130501", "title": "Postinfection control by bacteriophage T4 of Escherichia coli recBC nuclease activity.", "content": "Infection by bacteriophage T4 has previously been shown to cause a rapid inhibition of the host recBC DNase, an ATP-dependent DNase that is required for genetic recombination in Escherichia coli. We report here the partial purification of a protein (\"T4 rec inhibitor\") from extracts of T4-infected cells and some characteristics of the in vitro inhibition reaction with purified inhibitor and recBC nuclease. This inhibitory activity could not be purified from extracts of uninfected E. coli. Both the ATP-dependent exonuclease and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of recBC DNase are inhibited by T4 rec inhibitor. Experiments suggest that the inhibitor interacts with the nuclease in a stoichiometric manner. The biological significance of this inhibition is discussed with respect to control reactions in phage-infected cells.", "contents": "Postinfection control by bacteriophage T4 of Escherichia coli recBC nuclease activity. Infection by bacteriophage T4 has previously been shown to cause a rapid inhibition of the host recBC DNase, an ATP-dependent DNase that is required for genetic recombination in Escherichia coli. We report here the partial purification of a protein (\"T4 rec inhibitor\") from extracts of T4-infected cells and some characteristics of the in vitro inhibition reaction with purified inhibitor and recBC nuclease. This inhibitory activity could not be purified from extracts of uninfected E. coli. Both the ATP-dependent exonuclease and DNA-dependent ATPase activities of recBC DNase are inhibited by T4 rec inhibitor. Experiments suggest that the inhibitor interacts with the nuclease in a stoichiometric manner. The biological significance of this inhibition is discussed with respect to control reactions in phage-infected cells."}
{"id": "PMID:130502", "title": "Fate of input oncornavirion RNA--biological studies.", "content": "The fate of input Friend leukemia virus RNA was studied using labeled input virus. The appearance of nuclear RNA-DNA hybrid molecules and the apparent integration of input virion RNA with host cell DNA was studied using a series of inhibitors of DNA or protein synthesis, cell growth conditions, and an intercalating agent. Under all these conditions of infection, little to no viral-specific RNA-DNA hybrid molecules were formed. These data demonstrate that the formation of such RNA-DNA hybrid structures requires conditions of infection that allow provirus synthesis and integration. Furthermore, they suggest that at least a fraction of input virion RNA may transiently become integrated with host cell DNA.", "contents": "Fate of input oncornavirion RNA--biological studies. The fate of input Friend leukemia virus RNA was studied using labeled input virus. The appearance of nuclear RNA-DNA hybrid molecules and the apparent integration of input virion RNA with host cell DNA was studied using a series of inhibitors of DNA or protein synthesis, cell growth conditions, and an intercalating agent. Under all these conditions of infection, little to no viral-specific RNA-DNA hybrid molecules were formed. These data demonstrate that the formation of such RNA-DNA hybrid structures requires conditions of infection that allow provirus synthesis and integration. Furthermore, they suggest that at least a fraction of input virion RNA may transiently become integrated with host cell DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:130503", "title": "Lesions in mink (Mustela vison) infected with giant kidney worm (Dioctophyma renale).", "content": "Adult Dioctophyma renale occupied the enlarged renal pelvis of the right kidney of naturally infected mink. Lesions in the kidney parenchyma consisted of connective tissue proliferation in the interstitial tissue, tubular atrophy and fibrosis, and periglomerular fibrosis. The luminal surface of the renal pelvis wall was formed of numerous papillae covered with transitional epithelium. The nematodes in the lumen were bathed in an albuminous fluid containing red blood cells, epithelial cells and D. renale eggs. The left (uninfected) kidney was 60% larger than the left kidney of normal mink.", "contents": "Lesions in mink (Mustela vison) infected with giant kidney worm (Dioctophyma renale). Adult Dioctophyma renale occupied the enlarged renal pelvis of the right kidney of naturally infected mink. Lesions in the kidney parenchyma consisted of connective tissue proliferation in the interstitial tissue, tubular atrophy and fibrosis, and periglomerular fibrosis. The luminal surface of the renal pelvis wall was formed of numerous papillae covered with transitional epithelium. The nematodes in the lumen were bathed in an albuminous fluid containing red blood cells, epithelial cells and D. renale eggs. The left (uninfected) kidney was 60% larger than the left kidney of normal mink."}
{"id": "PMID:130516", "title": "Concanavalin A perturbation of membrane enzymes of mammary gland.", "content": "The plant lectin concanavalin A (Con A) specifically inactivates the 5'-nucleotidase of a plasma membrane-enriched fraction from lactating mammary gland. The lectin also causes an activation of the membrane Mg++-ATPase, but does not affect galactosyltransferase or alkaline phosphatase. The enzyme perturbations are prevented by alpha-methylmannoside, an inhibitor of Con A binding, indicating that specific binding to carbohydrate structures rather than nonspecific protein-protein interaction is involved. Solubilization of the 5'-nucleotidase in detergents (0.2% Triton X-100 or 1% deoxycholate) does not prevent Con A inactivation, indicating that incorporation into the membrane structure is not a requirement for the Con A effect. the results suggest that Con A inactivates the 5'-nucleotidase by a direct interaction with the enzyme and that this enzyme is a Con A receptor site on the surface of mammary cells.", "contents": "Concanavalin A perturbation of membrane enzymes of mammary gland. The plant lectin concanavalin A (Con A) specifically inactivates the 5'-nucleotidase of a plasma membrane-enriched fraction from lactating mammary gland. The lectin also causes an activation of the membrane Mg++-ATPase, but does not affect galactosyltransferase or alkaline phosphatase. The enzyme perturbations are prevented by alpha-methylmannoside, an inhibitor of Con A binding, indicating that specific binding to carbohydrate structures rather than nonspecific protein-protein interaction is involved. Solubilization of the 5'-nucleotidase in detergents (0.2% Triton X-100 or 1% deoxycholate) does not prevent Con A inactivation, indicating that incorporation into the membrane structure is not a requirement for the Con A effect. the results suggest that Con A inactivates the 5'-nucleotidase by a direct interaction with the enzyme and that this enzyme is a Con A receptor site on the surface of mammary cells."}
{"id": "PMID:130531", "title": "An aetiological study of 1,000 patients with an I.Q. assessment below 51.", "content": "This paper examines the actiological basis of the severer grades of mental retardation in 1,000 individuals attending an outpatient clinic. It was found it was possible to make a suggested diagnosis in 78% of cases. These fell into broad aetiological groups: genetically determined, 25%: early prenatal abomalies, 18%: perinatal damage, 17% prenatal and postnatal infections, 15%; cultural disintegration, 3%. The changing pattern of incidence and the possibilities of prevention are discussed for each group.", "contents": "An aetiological study of 1,000 patients with an I.Q. assessment below 51. This paper examines the actiological basis of the severer grades of mental retardation in 1,000 individuals attending an outpatient clinic. It was found it was possible to make a suggested diagnosis in 78% of cases. These fell into broad aetiological groups: genetically determined, 25%: early prenatal abomalies, 18%: perinatal damage, 17% prenatal and postnatal infections, 15%; cultural disintegration, 3%. The changing pattern of incidence and the possibilities of prevention are discussed for each group."}
{"id": "PMID:130538", "title": "Membrane adenosine triphosphatase of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. ISolation of two forms of the enzyme complex and correlation between ezymatic stability, latency and activity.", "content": "Two new forms of the plasma membrane ATP-ase of Micrococcus lysodeikticus NCTC 2665 were isolated from a sub-strain of the microorganism by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One of them had a mol.wt of 368,000 and a very low specific activity (0.80 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1) that could not be stimulated by trypsin. This form has been called B1 (strain B, inactive). If the elctrophoresis was carried out in the presence of reducing agents (i.e., dithiothreitol) and the pH of the effluent maintained at a value of 8.5 another form of the enzyme was obtained. This had a mol.wt of 385,000 and a specific activity of 2.5-5.0 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1 that could be stimulated by trypsin to 5-10 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1. This preparation of the ATPase has been called from BA (strain B, enzyme active). The subunit composition of both forms has been studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate and urea gel electrophoresis and compared to that of the enzyme previously purified from the original strain (form A). The three forms of the enzyme had similar beta and delta subunits, with mol.wt of about 50,000 and 30,000 dalton, respectively. They also had in common the component(s) of relative mobility 1.0, whose status as true subunit(s) of the enzyme remains yet to be established. However, subunit alpha, that had a mol.wt of about a 52,500 in form A (ANDREU et al. Eur. J. Biochem. (1973) 37, 505-515), had a mol.wt similar to beta in form B1 and about 60,000 in form BA. Furthermore BA usually showed two types of this subunit (alpha' and alpha\") and an additional peptide chain E) with a mol.wt of about 25,000 dalton. This latter subunit seemed to account for the stimulation by trypsin of form BA. Forms BA could be converted to B1 by storage and freezing and thawing. Conventional protease activity could not be detected in any of the purified ATPase forms and addition of protease inhibitors to form BA failed to prevent its conversion to form B1. The low activity form (B1) was more stable than the active forms of the enzyme and also differeed in its circular dichroism. These results show that M. lysodeikticus ATPase can be isolated in several forms. Although these variations may be artifacts caused by the purification procedures, they provide model systems for understanding the structural and functional relationships of the enzyme and for drawing some speculations about its function in vivo.", "contents": "Membrane adenosine triphosphatase of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. ISolation of two forms of the enzyme complex and correlation between ezymatic stability, latency and activity. Two new forms of the plasma membrane ATP-ase of Micrococcus lysodeikticus NCTC 2665 were isolated from a sub-strain of the microorganism by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. One of them had a mol.wt of 368,000 and a very low specific activity (0.80 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1) that could not be stimulated by trypsin. This form has been called B1 (strain B, inactive). If the elctrophoresis was carried out in the presence of reducing agents (i.e., dithiothreitol) and the pH of the effluent maintained at a value of 8.5 another form of the enzyme was obtained. This had a mol.wt of 385,000 and a specific activity of 2.5-5.0 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1 that could be stimulated by trypsin to 5-10 mumol.min-1.mg protein-1. This preparation of the ATPase has been called from BA (strain B, enzyme active). The subunit composition of both forms has been studied by sodium dodecyl sulphate and urea gel electrophoresis and compared to that of the enzyme previously purified from the original strain (form A). The three forms of the enzyme had similar beta and delta subunits, with mol.wt of about 50,000 and 30,000 dalton, respectively. They also had in common the component(s) of relative mobility 1.0, whose status as true subunit(s) of the enzyme remains yet to be established. However, subunit alpha, that had a mol.wt of about a 52,500 in form A (ANDREU et al. Eur. J. Biochem. (1973) 37, 505-515), had a mol.wt similar to beta in form B1 and about 60,000 in form BA. Furthermore BA usually showed two types of this subunit (alpha' and alpha\") and an additional peptide chain E) with a mol.wt of about 25,000 dalton. This latter subunit seemed to account for the stimulation by trypsin of form BA. Forms BA could be converted to B1 by storage and freezing and thawing. Conventional protease activity could not be detected in any of the purified ATPase forms and addition of protease inhibitors to form BA failed to prevent its conversion to form B1. The low activity form (B1) was more stable than the active forms of the enzyme and also differeed in its circular dichroism. These results show that M. lysodeikticus ATPase can be isolated in several forms. Although these variations may be artifacts caused by the purification procedures, they provide model systems for understanding the structural and functional relationships of the enzyme and for drawing some speculations about its function in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:130542", "title": "Balkan nephritis. A synthetic view on 50 studied cases.", "content": "Epidemiological, clinical pathological investigations concerning Balkan nephritis (BN) have revealed some particular aspects which define this condition as a distinct nosologic entity. Its endemic familial character and its occurrence restricted to some limited geographic areas in Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Romania, are highly unusual. BN leads to chronic impairment of the renal function which is, however, not constantly associated with edema and hypertension. The duration of the disease is prolonged; death takes place from uremia within five to ten years. Gross pathologic changes are consisting of severe bilateral atrophy of the kidneys, with structural changes suggesting a 'renal cirrhosis'. The etiology of the disease is obscure. Investigations carried out by means of electron microscopy and immunofluorescence tests are suggesting that the pathogenesis is rather complex. The role of a persistent tolerated or slow, latent virus infection in certain families, that of some toxic factors, and the implication of autoimmune mechanisms are to be considered.", "contents": "Balkan nephritis. A synthetic view on 50 studied cases. Epidemiological, clinical pathological investigations concerning Balkan nephritis (BN) have revealed some particular aspects which define this condition as a distinct nosologic entity. Its endemic familial character and its occurrence restricted to some limited geographic areas in Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Romania, are highly unusual. BN leads to chronic impairment of the renal function which is, however, not constantly associated with edema and hypertension. The duration of the disease is prolonged; death takes place from uremia within five to ten years. Gross pathologic changes are consisting of severe bilateral atrophy of the kidneys, with structural changes suggesting a 'renal cirrhosis'. The etiology of the disease is obscure. Investigations carried out by means of electron microscopy and immunofluorescence tests are suggesting that the pathogenesis is rather complex. The role of a persistent tolerated or slow, latent virus infection in certain families, that of some toxic factors, and the implication of autoimmune mechanisms are to be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:130543", "title": "Morphogenesis and pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases. X. An anatomoclinical and pathogenetic study of 48 pseudotumoral chronic pneumonites.", "content": "Forty-eight cases of operated pseudotumoral chronic pneumonites were anatomoclinically and histogenetically studied. Two groups of cases can be established. The first one (21 cases), in which the histogenetic mechanism is related to previous bronchopulmonary infections, suppurations, and immune processes of the immediate type, is characterized by numerous granulocytic foci, granulomatous structure, Arthus type vasculites and fibrous evolution. The unefficient therapy could be one of the determining factors of this evolution, by maintenance of active germs and released antigens. The second group (27 cases) is characterized by hypertrophic bronchites reflecting the prolonged penetration of airborne antigens, by a step by step involvement of peribronchial and parenchymatous structures. A multiphasic development is comparatively demonstrated in the different cases, and dominated by various proportions of plasmocytes and fibroblasts interfering with a restorative granulomatous process involving the intra- and interlobular areas and evolving to a fibrogranulomatous state. Obstructive pneumonitic phenomena and reactive endoalveolitis obliterans interfere, too. Correlations between the dynamics of this picture and the experimental data assert an immune mechanism with repeated immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions and auto-aggressive phenomena, determined by released antigens and inductors of cell proliferation and differentiation, as the main processes conducing to the building up of the pseudotumoral chronic pneumonites.", "contents": "Morphogenesis and pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases. X. An anatomoclinical and pathogenetic study of 48 pseudotumoral chronic pneumonites. Forty-eight cases of operated pseudotumoral chronic pneumonites were anatomoclinically and histogenetically studied. Two groups of cases can be established. The first one (21 cases), in which the histogenetic mechanism is related to previous bronchopulmonary infections, suppurations, and immune processes of the immediate type, is characterized by numerous granulocytic foci, granulomatous structure, Arthus type vasculites and fibrous evolution. The unefficient therapy could be one of the determining factors of this evolution, by maintenance of active germs and released antigens. The second group (27 cases) is characterized by hypertrophic bronchites reflecting the prolonged penetration of airborne antigens, by a step by step involvement of peribronchial and parenchymatous structures. A multiphasic development is comparatively demonstrated in the different cases, and dominated by various proportions of plasmocytes and fibroblasts interfering with a restorative granulomatous process involving the intra- and interlobular areas and evolving to a fibrogranulomatous state. Obstructive pneumonitic phenomena and reactive endoalveolitis obliterans interfere, too. Correlations between the dynamics of this picture and the experimental data assert an immune mechanism with repeated immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions and auto-aggressive phenomena, determined by released antigens and inductors of cell proliferation and differentiation, as the main processes conducing to the building up of the pseudotumoral chronic pneumonites."}
{"id": "PMID:130545", "title": "The size distribution of thyroid follicles in single thyroid glands, a peculiar problem of particle size distribution in stereology.", "content": "Follicle sections vary in size according to their inclination mainly in hypertrophied thyroids. Sagittal sections elicit a shift to small classes, while transversal sections, to large classes. There is no mathematical transformation able to convert data obtained by sections into \"true\" sizes of follicles, as may be achieved by isolation. All papers emphasizing only section diameters and inferring about follicle size must be cautiously interpreted, and even discarded, if they tend to establish differences in follicle size solely on that basis. Follicle isolation is necessary if we need to establish follicle size and shape. Although proportions are almost stable for rats of the same age and weight, the proportions of follicle size may vary, as dependent on age and other internal and external conditions. The situation is most complicated by colloid accumulation; but despite these impedimenta, TSH secretion enlarges the follicles, a situation hitherto not well established. Cell enlargement is consequently followed by follicle enlargement, despite colloid resorption.", "contents": "The size distribution of thyroid follicles in single thyroid glands, a peculiar problem of particle size distribution in stereology. Follicle sections vary in size according to their inclination mainly in hypertrophied thyroids. Sagittal sections elicit a shift to small classes, while transversal sections, to large classes. There is no mathematical transformation able to convert data obtained by sections into \"true\" sizes of follicles, as may be achieved by isolation. All papers emphasizing only section diameters and inferring about follicle size must be cautiously interpreted, and even discarded, if they tend to establish differences in follicle size solely on that basis. Follicle isolation is necessary if we need to establish follicle size and shape. Although proportions are almost stable for rats of the same age and weight, the proportions of follicle size may vary, as dependent on age and other internal and external conditions. The situation is most complicated by colloid accumulation; but despite these impedimenta, TSH secretion enlarges the follicles, a situation hitherto not well established. Cell enlargement is consequently followed by follicle enlargement, despite colloid resorption."}
{"id": "PMID:130546", "title": "Rhythmic circadian activity of the rat hepatic lobule reflected at cellular level.", "content": "Study of the liver by quantitative microscopic methods (karyogram, nucleologram), cytophotometry and karyometry demonstrated the circadian rhythmicity of the different nuclear variables in terms of the functional activity of the cells. In the hepatic lobule of the adult rat, synchronized to a fixed feeding hour, a cellular rhythmic self-renewal was recorded, especially due to ploidization, with cytotopographical particularities, consisting in the cyclic reversible transformation of diploid into polyploid cells (with a single hypertrophic nucleus or binucleate) according to the increased metabolic requirements in the course of digestion.", "contents": "Rhythmic circadian activity of the rat hepatic lobule reflected at cellular level. Study of the liver by quantitative microscopic methods (karyogram, nucleologram), cytophotometry and karyometry demonstrated the circadian rhythmicity of the different nuclear variables in terms of the functional activity of the cells. In the hepatic lobule of the adult rat, synchronized to a fixed feeding hour, a cellular rhythmic self-renewal was recorded, especially due to ploidization, with cytotopographical particularities, consisting in the cyclic reversible transformation of diploid into polyploid cells (with a single hypertrophic nucleus or binucleate) according to the increased metabolic requirements in the course of digestion."}
{"id": "PMID:130553", "title": "[The problem of vitamin B6/B12 acne. A contribution on acne medicamentosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Deterioration of acne vulgaris or eruption of an acneiform exanthema could be established during treatment with vitamin B6 and/or vitamin B12 in 14 patients. Females were by far the more frequently affected. The appearance of skin symptoms, even outside the age groups typically affected by acne vulgaris is characteristic. The clinical appearance of acneiform exanthema occurring during treatment with vitamin B6 or B12 consists of loosely disseminated small papules or papulopustules on the face (especially on the forehead and chin), on the upper parts of the back and chest and spreading to the upper arm. The pathogensis of the change is not yet certain. The acneiform rash generally fades within a short time after vitamin B6 or vitamin B12 treatment has been stopped.", "contents": "[The problem of vitamin B6/B12 acne. A contribution on acne medicamentosa (author's transl)]. Deterioration of acne vulgaris or eruption of an acneiform exanthema could be established during treatment with vitamin B6 and/or vitamin B12 in 14 patients. Females were by far the more frequently affected. The appearance of skin symptoms, even outside the age groups typically affected by acne vulgaris is characteristic. The clinical appearance of acneiform exanthema occurring during treatment with vitamin B6 or B12 consists of loosely disseminated small papules or papulopustules on the face (especially on the forehead and chin), on the upper parts of the back and chest and spreading to the upper arm. The pathogensis of the change is not yet certain. The acneiform rash generally fades within a short time after vitamin B6 or vitamin B12 treatment has been stopped."}
{"id": "PMID:130548", "title": "Morphogenesis and pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases. XI. Histoenzymatic study of the experimentally developing lung granulomas.", "content": "The development of lung granulomas induced in rabbits by an intravenous injection of the complete Freund adjuvant containing dog pulmonary proteins was followed by histologic and histoenzymatic methods. By comparison with normal rabbit lungs. the developing structures of the induced lung granulomas showed an increase of all tested enzymes at 15 days, and a secondary intensity decrease of the activity of malic dehydrogenase, of acid and alkaline phosphatases, and of alanyl-aminopeptidase at 30 days. Only the hydroxyproline-epimerase showed at these intervals an increasing activity in the lung granulomas. The developed reticulinic fibrils appeared to have a highly intense alkaline phosphatase activity.", "contents": "Morphogenesis and pathogenesis of chronic lung diseases. XI. Histoenzymatic study of the experimentally developing lung granulomas. The development of lung granulomas induced in rabbits by an intravenous injection of the complete Freund adjuvant containing dog pulmonary proteins was followed by histologic and histoenzymatic methods. By comparison with normal rabbit lungs. the developing structures of the induced lung granulomas showed an increase of all tested enzymes at 15 days, and a secondary intensity decrease of the activity of malic dehydrogenase, of acid and alkaline phosphatases, and of alanyl-aminopeptidase at 30 days. Only the hydroxyproline-epimerase showed at these intervals an increasing activity in the lung granulomas. The developed reticulinic fibrils appeared to have a highly intense alkaline phosphatase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:130547", "title": "Morphologic alterations of experimental rubella syndrome in rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits were used as experimental subjects for study of circulation of the rubella virus in intrauterine life and of the histopathological alterations produced by inoculation of wild strains during the first third of pregnancy. Fetuses taken in the 14th, 21st and 28th days of pregnancy, as well as 1-month-old and 5-month-old animals were used for the embryologic and virological studied. Of the 20 animals infected, 90% presented histopathological lesions. The most affected viscera being the liver (80%), heart (60%). kidney (30%) and the crystalline lens (5%). Virological study was made of only 11 animals, from which 100% viral isolation was obtained, with similar results between viral isolation and the appearance of lesions in the liver (72%) and the kidney (44%), while a marked discrepancy in the virus-lesion relationship was found for the heart (33%) and the crystalline lens (77%). We conclude that the etiopathogeny of the syndrome cannot be explained only by direct action of the virus on the fetal tissues, but must be multiple.", "contents": "Morphologic alterations of experimental rubella syndrome in rabbits. Rabbits were used as experimental subjects for study of circulation of the rubella virus in intrauterine life and of the histopathological alterations produced by inoculation of wild strains during the first third of pregnancy. Fetuses taken in the 14th, 21st and 28th days of pregnancy, as well as 1-month-old and 5-month-old animals were used for the embryologic and virological studied. Of the 20 animals infected, 90% presented histopathological lesions. The most affected viscera being the liver (80%), heart (60%). kidney (30%) and the crystalline lens (5%). Virological study was made of only 11 animals, from which 100% viral isolation was obtained, with similar results between viral isolation and the appearance of lesions in the liver (72%) and the kidney (44%), while a marked discrepancy in the virus-lesion relationship was found for the heart (33%) and the crystalline lens (77%). We conclude that the etiopathogeny of the syndrome cannot be explained only by direct action of the virus on the fetal tissues, but must be multiple."}
{"id": "PMID:130554", "title": "Diffuse pulmonary injury associated with gold treatment.", "content": "Two patients had diffuse, reversible pulmonary injury possibly owing to gold sodium thiomalate treatment: a 32-year-old woman with chronic inflammatory arthritis compatible with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis and a 32-year-old man with shoulder arthralgia. The patients had received 420 mg and 325 mg of gold sodium thiomalate, respectively. Cough and dyspnea began in the seventh and fifth weeks of therapy, respectively. In both patients x-ray study showed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, with no evidence of pleural disease. The woman had no other manifestations of hypersensitivity to gold. The man had exfoliative dermatitis fever and anemia. Lung biopsies from both patients revealed lymphocytes and plasma cells infiltrating the alveolar septa and interstitial fibrosis. The woman improved slowly during four months after discontinuation of therapy. Pulmonary symptoms recurred after additional gold therapy, and again resolved when gold was discontinued. The man, treated with prednisone, showed prompt remission and remains will without medication.", "contents": "Diffuse pulmonary injury associated with gold treatment. Two patients had diffuse, reversible pulmonary injury possibly owing to gold sodium thiomalate treatment: a 32-year-old woman with chronic inflammatory arthritis compatible with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis and a 32-year-old man with shoulder arthralgia. The patients had received 420 mg and 325 mg of gold sodium thiomalate, respectively. Cough and dyspnea began in the seventh and fifth weeks of therapy, respectively. In both patients x-ray study showed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, with no evidence of pleural disease. The woman had no other manifestations of hypersensitivity to gold. The man had exfoliative dermatitis fever and anemia. Lung biopsies from both patients revealed lymphocytes and plasma cells infiltrating the alveolar septa and interstitial fibrosis. The woman improved slowly during four months after discontinuation of therapy. Pulmonary symptoms recurred after additional gold therapy, and again resolved when gold was discontinued. The man, treated with prednisone, showed prompt remission and remains will without medication."}
{"id": "PMID:130549", "title": "Ultrastructure of the lymph node after prolonged immunization.", "content": "Changes in the fine structure of the lymph nodes were studied after prolonged immunization with heterologous sera. Hypertrophy of the lymph node cortex and paracortex frequently occurred, as well as development of the zone lying next to the lymphatic sinuses, postcapillary venules, veins and arteries in the cortex, paracortex and medulla, which is mainly bursa-dependent. Worthy of note was the presence of germinative centers characterized by large ribosomes, rich cells and macrophages. Similar aspects were observed in splenectomized animals undergoing prolonged immunization. Particular aspects of immunologic activity in the lymph nodes were noticed in the animals which had received an immunosuppressive treatment during immunization. The significance of the morphological alterations in the fine structure of the lymph nodes is correlated with the serological findings.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the lymph node after prolonged immunization. Changes in the fine structure of the lymph nodes were studied after prolonged immunization with heterologous sera. Hypertrophy of the lymph node cortex and paracortex frequently occurred, as well as development of the zone lying next to the lymphatic sinuses, postcapillary venules, veins and arteries in the cortex, paracortex and medulla, which is mainly bursa-dependent. Worthy of note was the presence of germinative centers characterized by large ribosomes, rich cells and macrophages. Similar aspects were observed in splenectomized animals undergoing prolonged immunization. Particular aspects of immunologic activity in the lymph nodes were noticed in the animals which had received an immunosuppressive treatment during immunization. The significance of the morphological alterations in the fine structure of the lymph nodes is correlated with the serological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:130550", "title": "The functional significance of the skin's stratum lucidum.", "content": "The molecular structure of the skin's stratum lucidum, rich in energetic enzymes and SH groups secreted by the granular cells, was shown by histochemical methods. These active extracellular elements represent a functional barrier which ensures the organism-environment exchanges under the impulse and control of nucleic acids. The biological basis of the cutaneous absorption is discussed.", "contents": "The functional significance of the skin's stratum lucidum. The molecular structure of the skin's stratum lucidum, rich in energetic enzymes and SH groups secreted by the granular cells, was shown by histochemical methods. These active extracellular elements represent a functional barrier which ensures the organism-environment exchanges under the impulse and control of nucleic acids. The biological basis of the cutaneous absorption is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130555", "title": "Anti-donor immune responses in prediction of transplant rejection.", "content": "We assessed various immune responses against donor tissue to determine their value in the diagnosis and prediction of clinical rejection episodes. Twenty-six consecutive clinical renal-transplant recipients were examined. Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity preceded and accompanied 41 of 45 rejection episodes (P less than 0.001). Complement-dependent antibody was present in 12 of 15 rejections (P less than 0.002)--four not accompanied by, and eight in association with, cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity. Mixed lymphocyte reactivity or nonreactivity and inhibition by autologous serum occurred equally often in rejection and quiescence. Lymphocyte-dependent antibody occurred during both rejection episodes and quiescent phases, with a greater frequency during quiescence (P = 0.05). Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity was the best predictor of rejection (P less than 0.05). Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity was the best predictor of rejection (P less than 0.001), and was more easily suppressed by standard immunosuppressive therapy, than complement-dependent antibody. If specific cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity, with or without antibody, recurred after rejection therapy, the graft underwent further rejection.", "contents": "Anti-donor immune responses in prediction of transplant rejection. We assessed various immune responses against donor tissue to determine their value in the diagnosis and prediction of clinical rejection episodes. Twenty-six consecutive clinical renal-transplant recipients were examined. Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity preceded and accompanied 41 of 45 rejection episodes (P less than 0.001). Complement-dependent antibody was present in 12 of 15 rejections (P less than 0.002)--four not accompanied by, and eight in association with, cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity. Mixed lymphocyte reactivity or nonreactivity and inhibition by autologous serum occurred equally often in rejection and quiescence. Lymphocyte-dependent antibody occurred during both rejection episodes and quiescent phases, with a greater frequency during quiescence (P = 0.05). Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity was the best predictor of rejection (P less than 0.05). Cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity was the best predictor of rejection (P less than 0.001), and was more easily suppressed by standard immunosuppressive therapy, than complement-dependent antibody. If specific cell-mediated lymphocytotoxicity, with or without antibody, recurred after rejection therapy, the graft underwent further rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:130561", "title": "[New attempt at treating Huntington's chorea (preliminary report)].", "content": "In Huntington's chorea the biochemical disturbances are to some degree a reverse of those observed in Parkinson's disease and a failure of the cholinergic system is prevalent. Former attempts at treatment were based on blockade of the dopaminergic system. The author suggests that the general line of treatment should be -- similarly as in Parkinson's disease -- not blockade of the predominant system but enhancing the cholinergic activity by administration of acetylcholine precursors and agents blocking cholinesterase. Eight patients were treated in this way and significant improvement was achieved in half of them. Further therapeutic trials along these lines are justified theoretically and the main problem will be to find substances crossing the blood-brain barrier and acting more strongly.", "contents": "[New attempt at treating Huntington's chorea (preliminary report)]. In Huntington's chorea the biochemical disturbances are to some degree a reverse of those observed in Parkinson's disease and a failure of the cholinergic system is prevalent. Former attempts at treatment were based on blockade of the dopaminergic system. The author suggests that the general line of treatment should be -- similarly as in Parkinson's disease -- not blockade of the predominant system but enhancing the cholinergic activity by administration of acetylcholine precursors and agents blocking cholinesterase. Eight patients were treated in this way and significant improvement was achieved in half of them. Further therapeutic trials along these lines are justified theoretically and the main problem will be to find substances crossing the blood-brain barrier and acting more strongly."}
{"id": "PMID:130572", "title": "Effect of dexamethasone on serum cortisol and androgen levels in hirsute patients.", "content": "The serum levels of the following steroids were measured in 59 hirsute patients before (control) and after (post-dexamethasone) administration of dexamethasone (Dex) for 7 days: cortisol (F), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), its sulfate (DHEA-S), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Assuming that Dex-suppressibility implied adrenal origin, the source of excess androgens was also evaluated. All patients showed elevated level of only one androgen: 4 had elevated DHEA-S; 4 had elevated T; 3 had elevated DHT. No patient had an elevated DHEA or A without an evelation of the other androgens. The control levels of DHEA-S were above normal in 45 patients; the DHT levels were elevated in 43 patients; 31 patients had elevated T levels; and 25 patients elevated A; and 24 patients, DHEA levels. In 32 patients with adequate suppression of adrenal androgens after 7 days of Dex administration, the source of excess androgens could be evaluated. Of 13 patients with elevated A levls, the excess A production was of adrenal origin in 6 cases, of ovarian origin in 5 cases, and of mixed origin in 2 cases. Of 15 patients with elevated T levels, the excess T production was of adrenal origin in 3 cases, of ovarian origin in 10 cases, and of mixed origin in the remaining 2 cases. Of 25 patients with elevated DHT levels, the excess DHT production was of adrenal origin in 16 patients, of ovarian origin in 5 patients, and of mixed origin in 4 patients. Of the 32 patients with an adequate Dex suppression test, 14 showed evidence of adrenal hyperandrogenism, 5 had ovarian hyperandrogenism, and mixed hyperandrogenism was present in the remaining 13 patients. There was an adrenal source of hyperandrogenism in 27 of 32 patients (14 pure adrenal and 13 mixed adrenal-ovarian), which represents 85% of the 32 patients.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethasone on serum cortisol and androgen levels in hirsute patients. The serum levels of the following steroids were measured in 59 hirsute patients before (control) and after (post-dexamethasone) administration of dexamethasone (Dex) for 7 days: cortisol (F), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), its sulfate (DHEA-S), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Assuming that Dex-suppressibility implied adrenal origin, the source of excess androgens was also evaluated. All patients showed elevated level of only one androgen: 4 had elevated DHEA-S; 4 had elevated T; 3 had elevated DHT. No patient had an elevated DHEA or A without an evelation of the other androgens. The control levels of DHEA-S were above normal in 45 patients; the DHT levels were elevated in 43 patients; 31 patients had elevated T levels; and 25 patients elevated A; and 24 patients, DHEA levels. In 32 patients with adequate suppression of adrenal androgens after 7 days of Dex administration, the source of excess androgens could be evaluated. Of 13 patients with elevated A levls, the excess A production was of adrenal origin in 6 cases, of ovarian origin in 5 cases, and of mixed origin in 2 cases. Of 15 patients with elevated T levels, the excess T production was of adrenal origin in 3 cases, of ovarian origin in 10 cases, and of mixed origin in the remaining 2 cases. Of 25 patients with elevated DHT levels, the excess DHT production was of adrenal origin in 16 patients, of ovarian origin in 5 patients, and of mixed origin in 4 patients. Of the 32 patients with an adequate Dex suppression test, 14 showed evidence of adrenal hyperandrogenism, 5 had ovarian hyperandrogenism, and mixed hyperandrogenism was present in the remaining 13 patients. There was an adrenal source of hyperandrogenism in 27 of 32 patients (14 pure adrenal and 13 mixed adrenal-ovarian), which represents 85% of the 32 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:130573", "title": "Metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. VII. Effect of lateral versus supine recumbency.", "content": "The physiologic events which may occur with the gravid women in the supine position suggest that uteroplacental blood flow may be impaired as a consequence of decreased venous return to the heart and the resulting decrease in cardiac output. Since the metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (MCRDS) previously has been shown to reflect alterations in uteroplacental perfusion, the MCRDS was measured in a variety of different obstetric conditions during lateral and supine recumbency. No significant difference in the MCRDS was induced by this specific positional change, suggesting that uteroplacental perfusion was not altered. Experimental data are discussed which support this observation, and a possible mechanism for maintenance of uteroplacental blood flow under these circumstances is presented.", "contents": "Metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. VII. Effect of lateral versus supine recumbency. The physiologic events which may occur with the gravid women in the supine position suggest that uteroplacental blood flow may be impaired as a consequence of decreased venous return to the heart and the resulting decrease in cardiac output. Since the metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (MCRDS) previously has been shown to reflect alterations in uteroplacental perfusion, the MCRDS was measured in a variety of different obstetric conditions during lateral and supine recumbency. No significant difference in the MCRDS was induced by this specific positional change, suggesting that uteroplacental perfusion was not altered. Experimental data are discussed which support this observation, and a possible mechanism for maintenance of uteroplacental blood flow under these circumstances is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:130574", "title": "The application of lidocaine to the fallopian tubes during tubal fulguration by laparoscopy.", "content": "A randomized double-blind study of 100 patients was done, using 4% lidocaine and/or saline applied to the fallopian tubes at the time of tubal fulguration by laparoscopy. Lidocaine was shown statistically to be effective in reducing the discomfort the patient experiences when the procedure is carried out under local anesthesia as an outpatient.", "contents": "The application of lidocaine to the fallopian tubes during tubal fulguration by laparoscopy. A randomized double-blind study of 100 patients was done, using 4% lidocaine and/or saline applied to the fallopian tubes at the time of tubal fulguration by laparoscopy. Lidocaine was shown statistically to be effective in reducing the discomfort the patient experiences when the procedure is carried out under local anesthesia as an outpatient."}
{"id": "PMID:130575", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal and enzymatic defects.", "content": "Second trimester amniocentesis is a valuable procedure to detect chromosomal and enzymatic defects. A brief review of the current literature and the author's experience is presented.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal and enzymatic defects. Second trimester amniocentesis is a valuable procedure to detect chromosomal and enzymatic defects. A brief review of the current literature and the author's experience is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:130594", "title": "[Effect of certain factors on the parasitic fauna of fishes introduced into the lakes of Karelia].", "content": "The parasite fauna of Coregonus peled, C. autumnalis migratorius, C. lavaretus, C. albula, Salmo irideus and Ciprinus carpio was investigated. Ciliata and Diplostomatidae were found to be most abundant. The paper discusses the effect of certain factors (the character of a water body, food, mode of life of fishes) on the parasite fauna of fishes introduced to small lakes of Karelia.", "contents": "[Effect of certain factors on the parasitic fauna of fishes introduced into the lakes of Karelia]. The parasite fauna of Coregonus peled, C. autumnalis migratorius, C. lavaretus, C. albula, Salmo irideus and Ciprinus carpio was investigated. Ciliata and Diplostomatidae were found to be most abundant. The paper discusses the effect of certain factors (the character of a water body, food, mode of life of fishes) on the parasite fauna of fishes introduced to small lakes of Karelia."}
{"id": "PMID:130595", "title": "[Parasitic fauna of fishes in the \"Chilu-chor Chashma\" Spring (Tadzhik SSR) with a constant and high water temperature].", "content": "The spring Chilu-Chor Chashma (forty four springs) is situated in the south of Tadzhikistan. In this water body water temperature is constant in any season of the year (18 to 20 C). Ichthyofauna is represented by three species: Varicorhinus heratensis Steindachneri, Alburnoides bipunctatus eichwaldi and Cyprinus carpio. As a result of parasitological studies 20 species of parasites were recorded from 129 fishes. The parasite fauna of the fishes was investigated twice-in summer and in autumn. It was found that in autumn it is much poorer than in summer. This concerns mainly the species with a complex developmental cycle.", "contents": "[Parasitic fauna of fishes in the \"Chilu-chor Chashma\" Spring (Tadzhik SSR) with a constant and high water temperature]. The spring Chilu-Chor Chashma (forty four springs) is situated in the south of Tadzhikistan. In this water body water temperature is constant in any season of the year (18 to 20 C). Ichthyofauna is represented by three species: Varicorhinus heratensis Steindachneri, Alburnoides bipunctatus eichwaldi and Cyprinus carpio. As a result of parasitological studies 20 species of parasites were recorded from 129 fishes. The parasite fauna of the fishes was investigated twice-in summer and in autumn. It was found that in autumn it is much poorer than in summer. This concerns mainly the species with a complex developmental cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:130596", "title": "[Metacercaria of Cyathocotyle prussica M\u00fchling, 1896 (Cyathocotylidae, Trematoda)].", "content": "Cyathocotylid larvae were found in the musculature of Gobio gobio and Leuciscus leuciscus from the cut-off part of the Ishim river (West Sibiria). Experimental infection of domestic ducklings has shown that the metacercariae are the larvae of C. prussica. They differ from the other known larvae of Cyathocotylidae from musculature of fishes of Europe and Asia in having a larger Brandes'organ.", "contents": "[Metacercaria of Cyathocotyle prussica M\u00fchling, 1896 (Cyathocotylidae, Trematoda)]. Cyathocotylid larvae were found in the musculature of Gobio gobio and Leuciscus leuciscus from the cut-off part of the Ishim river (West Sibiria). Experimental infection of domestic ducklings has shown that the metacercariae are the larvae of C. prussica. They differ from the other known larvae of Cyathocotylidae from musculature of fishes of Europe and Asia in having a larger Brandes'organ."}
{"id": "PMID:130597", "title": "[Cystogenous nematode, Heterodera (Globodera) mali sp. n., an apple parasite in Kazakhstan].", "content": "There has been no information on cystogenous nematodes of the genus Heterodera injuring apple trees. The paper checks the first finding of these nematodes on the roots of a cultivated apple tree. The nematodes proved to be a new species, Heterodera mali sp. n. The apple cystogenous nematode resembles the potato cystogenous nematode H. rostochiensis Woll. in having a round body, small cleft of the vulva and similar sizes of eggs. It differs from H. rostochiensis in smaller sizes (on the average 5 against 9) very transparent and thin cuticle, a small distance between vulva and anus (on the average 43 against 86), a smaller value of the Granek's index (on the average 1.3 against 4.6), a smaller number of cuticular folds between vulva and anus (on the average 7 against 21) and different plant-hosts. A detailed description of H. mali sp. n. is given.", "contents": "[Cystogenous nematode, Heterodera (Globodera) mali sp. n., an apple parasite in Kazakhstan]. There has been no information on cystogenous nematodes of the genus Heterodera injuring apple trees. The paper checks the first finding of these nematodes on the roots of a cultivated apple tree. The nematodes proved to be a new species, Heterodera mali sp. n. The apple cystogenous nematode resembles the potato cystogenous nematode H. rostochiensis Woll. in having a round body, small cleft of the vulva and similar sizes of eggs. It differs from H. rostochiensis in smaller sizes (on the average 5 against 9) very transparent and thin cuticle, a small distance between vulva and anus (on the average 43 against 86), a smaller value of the Granek's index (on the average 1.3 against 4.6), a smaller number of cuticular folds between vulva and anus (on the average 7 against 21) and different plant-hosts. A detailed description of H. mali sp. n. is given."}
{"id": "PMID:130598", "title": "[Little-known parasite of wild birds, Ixodes caledonicus Nuttall, 1910, in the fauna of the USSR (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)].", "content": "Ixodes caledonicus differs from the most allied species I. berlesei at all active phases of its life cycle. In the USSR I. caledonicus is distributed in the Ukraine-in the Crimea, on Tarkhankut and Kerch Peninsulars, in Azerbaijan-in the south-eastern spurs of the Creat Caucasian ridge and in the midcourse of the river Araks, in Tadzhikistan-on the southern slope of the Gissar ridge. The species is reported from Great Britain, Sweden, FRG and Poland. I. caledonicus belongs to a nest-burrow type of parasites, is recorded from mountain and elevated regions, lives in rocks. Birds nesting in rocks serve as its hosts. Differential (as regards I. berlesei) diagnoses of female, nymph and larva are given.", "contents": "[Little-known parasite of wild birds, Ixodes caledonicus Nuttall, 1910, in the fauna of the USSR (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)]. Ixodes caledonicus differs from the most allied species I. berlesei at all active phases of its life cycle. In the USSR I. caledonicus is distributed in the Ukraine-in the Crimea, on Tarkhankut and Kerch Peninsulars, in Azerbaijan-in the south-eastern spurs of the Creat Caucasian ridge and in the midcourse of the river Araks, in Tadzhikistan-on the southern slope of the Gissar ridge. The species is reported from Great Britain, Sweden, FRG and Poland. I. caledonicus belongs to a nest-burrow type of parasites, is recorded from mountain and elevated regions, lives in rocks. Birds nesting in rocks serve as its hosts. Differential (as regards I. berlesei) diagnoses of female, nymph and larva are given."}
{"id": "PMID:130600", "title": "[Epizootiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the oasal zone of Tashauz Province, Turkmen SSR].", "content": "Six species of mosquitoes were recorded from the settlements in the oasis zone of Turkmenia. In all the settlements Ph. papatasi was prevalent, in the burrows of foxes and great gerbils Ph. papatasi was most abundant and in the burrows of midday gerbils Ser. arpaklensis was most frequently encountered. Epizootological investigations testify to the possible cases of cutaneous leishmaniosis within the oasis that is associated with intraoasis natural foci of zoonosal cutaneous leishmaniosis. These foci are potentially dangerous. In years of mass reproduction of gerbils and other wild animals, infection reservoirs, at high abundance of mosquitoes a danger of infection of population with cutaneous leishmaniosis cap arise in such zones.", "contents": "[Epizootiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the oasal zone of Tashauz Province, Turkmen SSR]. Six species of mosquitoes were recorded from the settlements in the oasis zone of Turkmenia. In all the settlements Ph. papatasi was prevalent, in the burrows of foxes and great gerbils Ph. papatasi was most abundant and in the burrows of midday gerbils Ser. arpaklensis was most frequently encountered. Epizootological investigations testify to the possible cases of cutaneous leishmaniosis within the oasis that is associated with intraoasis natural foci of zoonosal cutaneous leishmaniosis. These foci are potentially dangerous. In years of mass reproduction of gerbils and other wild animals, infection reservoirs, at high abundance of mosquitoes a danger of infection of population with cutaneous leishmaniosis cap arise in such zones."}
{"id": "PMID:130601", "title": "[Long-term changes in the parasitic fauna of fishes in the Aral Sea].", "content": "In the period of 1967--1971 investigations were carried out of the fishes from the Aral Sea. 65 species of parasites have been first recorded from the above fishes, their total list includes 215 species. 23 of them were introduced during the acclimatization of fishes. Progressive salinity growth of this water body has caused the reduction of the distribution area and the decrease in the number of the Aral population of many species. Under changing conditions many species of monogenne and some members of other classes have preserved a wide distribution and in some places a high quantity. The cases of morbidity and mortality of fishes are reported. Materials on the parasite fauna of fishes enabled the author to establish their food relations which are affected by modern hydroregime of the Aral Sea as well as by the acclimatization of the Caspian gobiids.", "contents": "[Long-term changes in the parasitic fauna of fishes in the Aral Sea]. In the period of 1967--1971 investigations were carried out of the fishes from the Aral Sea. 65 species of parasites have been first recorded from the above fishes, their total list includes 215 species. 23 of them were introduced during the acclimatization of fishes. Progressive salinity growth of this water body has caused the reduction of the distribution area and the decrease in the number of the Aral population of many species. Under changing conditions many species of monogenne and some members of other classes have preserved a wide distribution and in some places a high quantity. The cases of morbidity and mortality of fishes are reported. Materials on the parasite fauna of fishes enabled the author to establish their food relations which are affected by modern hydroregime of the Aral Sea as well as by the acclimatization of the Caspian gobiids."}
{"id": "PMID:130602", "title": "[Infestation of littoral molluscs of Dal'nie Zelentsy Bay by parthenitae of the eider parasite Microphallus pygmaeus (Levinsen, 1881) (Trematoda: Microphallidae)].", "content": "The mollusks Littorina saxatilis, L. obtusata, Solariella obscura, Cingula aculeus, Hydrobia ulvae, Margarites helicina and M. groenlandica serve as hosts of the parthenites of Microphallus pygmaeus in eastern Murman. Over a period of 20 years the infection rate of the mollusks has increased greatly that is associated with the increasing number of definitive hosts. Maximum infection rate was recorded in the end of July--August. The infection rate of littorins within this period was about 90 per cent.", "contents": "[Infestation of littoral molluscs of Dal'nie Zelentsy Bay by parthenitae of the eider parasite Microphallus pygmaeus (Levinsen, 1881) (Trematoda: Microphallidae)]. The mollusks Littorina saxatilis, L. obtusata, Solariella obscura, Cingula aculeus, Hydrobia ulvae, Margarites helicina and M. groenlandica serve as hosts of the parthenites of Microphallus pygmaeus in eastern Murman. Over a period of 20 years the infection rate of the mollusks has increased greatly that is associated with the increasing number of definitive hosts. Maximum infection rate was recorded in the end of July--August. The infection rate of littorins within this period was about 90 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:130607", "title": "Qualitative and quantitative histochemical changes in the caecum and liver of turkeys infected with Histomonas meleagridis.", "content": "Changes in the amount and distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase, glycogen, lipid and acid mucopolysaccharide in the caecal wall and liver of turkey poults infected with Histomonas meleagridis have been studied histochemically. A microdensitometer was used to measure changes in activity and distribution of acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase in the caecal mucosa. During the course of the infection there is a marked reduction in activity and distribution of acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase but little change in the amounts and distribution of alkaline phosphatase, glycogen, lipid and acid mucopolysaccharide in the wall of the main part of the caecum. Similar, but smaller, changes occurred in the wall of the neck region of the caecum. In the liver most changes occurred in the immediate vicinity of the parasites. Initially, there was a reduction in the amount of glycogen in the parasitic lesions but later in the infection there was a marked loss of glycogen in all regions of the liver. Changes in the caecum are apparently brought about by the parasite prior to and after invasion of the caecal tissues; changes in the liver occur after it has been invaded.", "contents": "Qualitative and quantitative histochemical changes in the caecum and liver of turkeys infected with Histomonas meleagridis. Changes in the amount and distribution of acid and alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase, glycogen, lipid and acid mucopolysaccharide in the caecal wall and liver of turkey poults infected with Histomonas meleagridis have been studied histochemically. A microdensitometer was used to measure changes in activity and distribution of acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase in the caecal mucosa. During the course of the infection there is a marked reduction in activity and distribution of acid phosphatase and non-specific esterase but little change in the amounts and distribution of alkaline phosphatase, glycogen, lipid and acid mucopolysaccharide in the wall of the main part of the caecum. Similar, but smaller, changes occurred in the wall of the neck region of the caecum. In the liver most changes occurred in the immediate vicinity of the parasites. Initially, there was a reduction in the amount of glycogen in the parasitic lesions but later in the infection there was a marked loss of glycogen in all regions of the liver. Changes in the caecum are apparently brought about by the parasite prior to and after invasion of the caecal tissues; changes in the liver occur after it has been invaded."}
{"id": "PMID:130603", "title": "New species in genus Azygia Looss, 1899 (Trematoda, Azygiidae)", "content": "A new species Azygia inopinata is described from Esox lucius The species was found in two lakes of southern Karelia.  Marita is characterized by the equality of suckers and globular pharynx; the average size of eggs is 0.061 x 0.033 mm.  The intermediate host(in the experiment) is Galba plaustris.  The larva is Cercaria mirabilis Braun.", "contents": "New species in genus Azygia Looss, 1899 (Trematoda, Azygiidae). A new species Azygia inopinata is described from Esox lucius The species was found in two lakes of southern Karelia.  Marita is characterized by the equality of suckers and globular pharynx; the average size of eggs is 0.061 x 0.033 mm.  The intermediate host(in the experiment) is Galba plaustris.  The larva is Cercaria mirabilis Braun."}
{"id": "PMID:130604", "title": "[New species of chiggers, Straelensia taurica sp. n. (Acarina, Leeuwenhoekiidae, Apoloniimae)].", "content": "A new species of the trombiculid mites, Straelensia taurica sp. n., is described. The mites were found on the hare Lepus europaeus in the Crimea. The new species is closely related to Straelensia europaea Vercoammen--Grandjean et Kolebinova, 1968 and S. africana Vercammen--Grandjean, 1971 but differs in the measurments: size (Ip=558), galeal seta (Ga=B) and other characters.", "contents": "[New species of chiggers, Straelensia taurica sp. n. (Acarina, Leeuwenhoekiidae, Apoloniimae)]. A new species of the trombiculid mites, Straelensia taurica sp. n., is described. The mites were found on the hare Lepus europaeus in the Crimea. The new species is closely related to Straelensia europaea Vercoammen--Grandjean et Kolebinova, 1968 and S. africana Vercammen--Grandjean, 1971 but differs in the measurments: size (Ip=558), galeal seta (Ga=B) and other characters."}
{"id": "PMID:130608", "title": "The tegument of Schistosoma mansoni: a histochemical investigation.", "content": "The main components of the schistome tegument were found to be neutral glycoprotein and phospholipid; a  small quantity of glycolipid was observed in the male dorsal tegument. The tegument can be differentiated from other schisotsome tissues on the basis of enzyme content; three hydrolytic enzymes were shown to be specifically localized in the tegument: alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and indoxyl esterase. It is suggested that these enzymes could be used as intrinsic markers for tegument structures. The subtegumental cells appear to be the major sites of biosynthetic activity since they contain large amounts of RNA and mitochondrial enzymes.", "contents": "The tegument of Schistosoma mansoni: a histochemical investigation. The main components of the schistome tegument were found to be neutral glycoprotein and phospholipid; a  small quantity of glycolipid was observed in the male dorsal tegument. The tegument can be differentiated from other schisotsome tissues on the basis of enzyme content; three hydrolytic enzymes were shown to be specifically localized in the tegument: alkaline phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and indoxyl esterase. It is suggested that these enzymes could be used as intrinsic markers for tegument structures. The subtegumental cells appear to be the major sites of biosynthetic activity since they contain large amounts of RNA and mitochondrial enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:130606", "title": "[New species of nematode, Skrjabillanus schigini sp. n. (Camallanata: Skrjabillanidae), from the white amur].", "content": "A description and differential analysis of the nematode Skrjabillanus schigini sp. n. are given. The species was found in the serous membrane of the swim bladder and mesentery of the white amur from pond farms of the Krasnodar Territory. The new species differs from S. amuri from the same host in having four rather than five pairs of pedunculated papillae supporting the caudal alae; in the presence of one rather than two chitinous plate in the cloaca; by the parasitism in the swim bladder wall rather than in the body cavity.", "contents": "[New species of nematode, Skrjabillanus schigini sp. n. (Camallanata: Skrjabillanidae), from the white amur]. A description and differential analysis of the nematode Skrjabillanus schigini sp. n. are given. The species was found in the serous membrane of the swim bladder and mesentery of the white amur from pond farms of the Krasnodar Territory. The new species differs from S. amuri from the same host in having four rather than five pairs of pedunculated papillae supporting the caudal alae; in the presence of one rather than two chitinous plate in the cloaca; by the parasitism in the swim bladder wall rather than in the body cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:130613", "title": "Perceived age and sex characteristics of voices of institutionalized children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "It was hypothesized that the voices of children with Down's syndrome would be perceived as younger than their true chronological age and that perceptual auditors would have considerable difficulty in identifying the correct sex of these children by voice alone. Perceived age and sex were investigated in 20 institutional children with Down's syndrome who were matched for sex and age with a control group of 20 normal children. Randomized matched verbal samples were played backwards to a group of 16 listener/judges who rated the samples as to age and sex. The results indicated that the voices of these Down syndrome children were perceived as being more than 2 yr. younger than their group mean age and that there was a negative correlation between the biological sex of such children and their perceived sex.", "contents": "Perceived age and sex characteristics of voices of institutionalized children with Down's syndrome. It was hypothesized that the voices of children with Down's syndrome would be perceived as younger than their true chronological age and that perceptual auditors would have considerable difficulty in identifying the correct sex of these children by voice alone. Perceived age and sex were investigated in 20 institutional children with Down's syndrome who were matched for sex and age with a control group of 20 normal children. Randomized matched verbal samples were played backwards to a group of 16 listener/judges who rated the samples as to age and sex. The results indicated that the voices of these Down syndrome children were perceived as being more than 2 yr. younger than their group mean age and that there was a negative correlation between the biological sex of such children and their perceived sex."}
{"id": "PMID:130605", "title": "[Appearance of variants in the artificial infection of larvae of the blood-sucking mosquito, Culex modestus, infested with the entomopathogenic fungus, Coelomomyces iliensis].", "content": "For infection of water bodies there were used ground and non-ground, undried (fresh material) and dried (within a year) Culex modestus larvae infected with Coelomomyces iliensis, substratum (bottom mud 1 to 3 cm thick) and biomass (aggregation of live and vegetable organisms taken from natural water bodies with infected larvae. During laboratory tests the mortality of larvae infected with ground undried individuals was from 40 to 88%; the introduction of biomass caused 37 to 65% mortality and the infection with substratum--36% mortality.", "contents": "[Appearance of variants in the artificial infection of larvae of the blood-sucking mosquito, Culex modestus, infested with the entomopathogenic fungus, Coelomomyces iliensis]. For infection of water bodies there were used ground and non-ground, undried (fresh material) and dried (within a year) Culex modestus larvae infected with Coelomomyces iliensis, substratum (bottom mud 1 to 3 cm thick) and biomass (aggregation of live and vegetable organisms taken from natural water bodies with infected larvae. During laboratory tests the mortality of larvae infected with ground undried individuals was from 40 to 88%; the introduction of biomass caused 37 to 65% mortality and the infection with substratum--36% mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:130614", "title": "Cross bridge ATP utilization in arterial smooth muscle.", "content": "Measurements of oxygen consumption and lactate production were used to estimate the ATP production in porcine carotid arteries. Changes in the total energy metabolism were correlated with changes in force which was altered by changing the muscle length under maximum stimulation. This tension-dependent metabolism could be used to distinguish between cross bridge and other ATP utilization. The tension-dependent metabolism was equal under K+ -depolarization or histamine stimulation. Tension cost was 300x smaller than skeletal muscle while the cross bridge cycle duration 30x longer.", "contents": "Cross bridge ATP utilization in arterial smooth muscle. Measurements of oxygen consumption and lactate production were used to estimate the ATP production in porcine carotid arteries. Changes in the total energy metabolism were correlated with changes in force which was altered by changing the muscle length under maximum stimulation. This tension-dependent metabolism could be used to distinguish between cross bridge and other ATP utilization. The tension-dependent metabolism was equal under K+ -depolarization or histamine stimulation. Tension cost was 300x smaller than skeletal muscle while the cross bridge cycle duration 30x longer."}
{"id": "PMID:130615", "title": "Na-K-adenosine triphosphatase in the kidney of rats with renal hypertension and spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "The rats with chronic renal hypertension caused by constricting one renal artery, exhibit a decrease in the activity of Na-K-ATPase in the outer medulla of the \"untouched\" kidney, as compared to this activity in the kidneys of intact normotensive rats and in the \"untouched\" kidney of the rats where renal artery constriction did not result in hypertension. There were no differences between the control normotensive Wistar rats and the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in the prehypertensive and early hypertensive stages (at the age of 6-8 weeks) as far as the activities of Na-K-ATPase and oxidoreductases (SDH and LDH) in the renal cortex, the outer and inner medulla are concerned. The spontaneously hypertensive rats with chronic hypertension had at the age of 16-20 and 27-29 weeks lower activity of Na-K-ATPase, SDH, and LDH in the outer renal medulla than the control normotensive Wistar rats. The experimental results indicate that in chronic arterial hypertension there is a decrease in the activity of Na-K-ATPase, in the outer renal medulla, which suggests a reduction in the resorpo sodium and water.", "contents": "Na-K-adenosine triphosphatase in the kidney of rats with renal hypertension and spontaneously hypertensive rats. The rats with chronic renal hypertension caused by constricting one renal artery, exhibit a decrease in the activity of Na-K-ATPase in the outer medulla of the \"untouched\" kidney, as compared to this activity in the kidneys of intact normotensive rats and in the \"untouched\" kidney of the rats where renal artery constriction did not result in hypertension. There were no differences between the control normotensive Wistar rats and the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) in the prehypertensive and early hypertensive stages (at the age of 6-8 weeks) as far as the activities of Na-K-ATPase and oxidoreductases (SDH and LDH) in the renal cortex, the outer and inner medulla are concerned. The spontaneously hypertensive rats with chronic hypertension had at the age of 16-20 and 27-29 weeks lower activity of Na-K-ATPase, SDH, and LDH in the outer renal medulla than the control normotensive Wistar rats. The experimental results indicate that in chronic arterial hypertension there is a decrease in the activity of Na-K-ATPase, in the outer renal medulla, which suggests a reduction in the resorpo sodium and water."}
{"id": "PMID:130617", "title": "[Spontaneous angina with ST elevation. Significance and prognostic value].", "content": "The authors report 36 cases of spontaneous angina occurring in the absence (group A) or presence (group B) of a myocardial infarct (MI), either recent or old, and accompanied, during the attacks, by transient ST elevation (T ST E) and normal enzyme levels. Group A (16 cases) was characterised by : a) the severity of the prognosis with the development of rhythm disturbances during the attacks in 10 out of 16 cases, and of a MI and/or sudden death in 4 of the 6 cases treated medically; b) the presence, in 12 of the 14 cases explored of surgical stenosis of a major coronary trunck. The simple association of attacks of spontaneous angina and T ST E is in general sufficient to define severe angina, regardless of the height of the elevation, and for which a surgical indication (95 p. cent of our cases) with the same problems as those posed by Prinzmetal angina strictly defined on a series of clinical and electrocardiographic criteria. Group B (20 cases) :a) differed from group A by the incidence of cardiac failure (15 out of 20 cases), the widespread nature and degree of the anatomical lesions, not usually amenable to by-pass; b) the severe prognosis, reflected in 6 of the 17 cases treated medically by extension of the MI and/or sudden death, did not differ fundamentally from that of any subsequent relapse, regardless of its electrocardiographic signs. In these cases, the T ST E related to the presence of the MI does not have the same significance as in Prinzmetal angina, and progressive relapses of MI should no longer be classified in this group on the pretext that they are accompanied by T ST E.", "contents": "[Spontaneous angina with ST elevation. Significance and prognostic value]. The authors report 36 cases of spontaneous angina occurring in the absence (group A) or presence (group B) of a myocardial infarct (MI), either recent or old, and accompanied, during the attacks, by transient ST elevation (T ST E) and normal enzyme levels. Group A (16 cases) was characterised by : a) the severity of the prognosis with the development of rhythm disturbances during the attacks in 10 out of 16 cases, and of a MI and/or sudden death in 4 of the 6 cases treated medically; b) the presence, in 12 of the 14 cases explored of surgical stenosis of a major coronary trunck. The simple association of attacks of spontaneous angina and T ST E is in general sufficient to define severe angina, regardless of the height of the elevation, and for which a surgical indication (95 p. cent of our cases) with the same problems as those posed by Prinzmetal angina strictly defined on a series of clinical and electrocardiographic criteria. Group B (20 cases) :a) differed from group A by the incidence of cardiac failure (15 out of 20 cases), the widespread nature and degree of the anatomical lesions, not usually amenable to by-pass; b) the severe prognosis, reflected in 6 of the 17 cases treated medically by extension of the MI and/or sudden death, did not differ fundamentally from that of any subsequent relapse, regardless of its electrocardiographic signs. In these cases, the T ST E related to the presence of the MI does not have the same significance as in Prinzmetal angina, and progressive relapses of MI should no longer be classified in this group on the pretext that they are accompanied by T ST E."}
{"id": "PMID:130622", "title": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with cerebral lesions observed by axial transverse computerized tomography].", "content": "During the evolution of a treated A.L.L. (without C.N.S. radiotherapy) in a young girl, the development of leukemic meningitis and a Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were observed. Abnormal intra-cerebral lesions are observed by computerized transverse axial tomography. These lesions are presumably secondary to lymphoblastic infiltration. There were no lymphoblasts in the C.S.F. This new method of exploration of the central nervous system which is strictly atraumatic, is considered as a valuable adjunct to the lumbar puncture in the control of the neurological complications of acute leukemia.", "contents": "[Acute lymphoblastic leukemia with cerebral lesions observed by axial transverse computerized tomography]. During the evolution of a treated A.L.L. (without C.N.S. radiotherapy) in a young girl, the development of leukemic meningitis and a Lennox-Gastaut syndrome were observed. Abnormal intra-cerebral lesions are observed by computerized transverse axial tomography. These lesions are presumably secondary to lymphoblastic infiltration. There were no lymphoblasts in the C.S.F. This new method of exploration of the central nervous system which is strictly atraumatic, is considered as a valuable adjunct to the lumbar puncture in the control of the neurological complications of acute leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:130624", "title": "[Cytogenetic studies in four cases of Fanconi's anemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In two sibships, four patients with Fanconi's anaemia were studied cytogenetically. Interfamilial variations of the frequency of chromosome breakage and rearrangements were found, suggesting the heterogeneity of the disease. Variations of chromosomal abnormalities have also been found during the course of the disease. An abnormal 47 chromosomes clone has been observed in the bone marrow cells from one patient. A mechanism of somatic segregation is probably involved in the constitution of that clone.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic studies in four cases of Fanconi's anemia (author's transl)]. In two sibships, four patients with Fanconi's anaemia were studied cytogenetically. Interfamilial variations of the frequency of chromosome breakage and rearrangements were found, suggesting the heterogeneity of the disease. Variations of chromosomal abnormalities have also been found during the course of the disease. An abnormal 47 chromosomes clone has been observed in the bone marrow cells from one patient. A mechanism of somatic segregation is probably involved in the constitution of that clone."}
{"id": "PMID:130625", "title": "[Fanconi's anemia: cytochemical and biochemical aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of Fanconi's anemia are described in three siblings. Cytogenetic studies disclose increase of chromosomal structural anomalies (unclassifiable rearrangements, quadriradials, dicentrics) and suggest in the parents an increase in chromatid-type abnormalities. Further, the mother carries a 46,XX/47, XXX/48, XXXX mosaic and other kinds of aneuploidy. All enzymatic activities in erythrocytes (aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis) in the three children are high (even that of hexokinase), except pyruvate-kinase. These results are reminiscent of those found in other types of bone marrow dysfunctions. An uncomplete investigation of enzymes in leucocytes and platelets discloses activities within normal limits.", "contents": "[Fanconi's anemia: cytochemical and biochemical aspects (author's transl)]. Three cases of Fanconi's anemia are described in three siblings. Cytogenetic studies disclose increase of chromosomal structural anomalies (unclassifiable rearrangements, quadriradials, dicentrics) and suggest in the parents an increase in chromatid-type abnormalities. Further, the mother carries a 46,XX/47, XXX/48, XXXX mosaic and other kinds of aneuploidy. All enzymatic activities in erythrocytes (aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis) in the three children are high (even that of hexokinase), except pyruvate-kinase. These results are reminiscent of those found in other types of bone marrow dysfunctions. An uncomplete investigation of enzymes in leucocytes and platelets discloses activities within normal limits."}
{"id": "PMID:130626", "title": "Functional and ultrastructural studies of Sezary cells.", "content": "A patient having clinical findings and typical ultrastructure of the peripheral white blood cells compatible with the diagnosis of S\u00e9zary syndrome is described. Studies of the synthesizing capacity of the S\u00e9zary cells showed a statistically significant increase in their capacity for protein and RNA synthesis, but no difference with regard to DNA synthesis as compared to normal lymphocytes.", "contents": "Functional and ultrastructural studies of Sezary cells. A patient having clinical findings and typical ultrastructure of the peripheral white blood cells compatible with the diagnosis of S\u00e9zary syndrome is described. Studies of the synthesizing capacity of the S\u00e9zary cells showed a statistically significant increase in their capacity for protein and RNA synthesis, but no difference with regard to DNA synthesis as compared to normal lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:130627", "title": "[Simultaneous study of karyotype and bone marrow histology in chronic myeloid leukemia with Ph1 chromsome. (author's transl)].", "content": "This study was devoted to the simultaneous examination of the karyotype and the bone marrow histology in 33 patients suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia with the Ph1 chromosome. Some patients were evaluated in the beginning of the disease, others after evolution and treatment and some at both times. Supplementary abnormalities of the karyotype occurred in some patients before any treatment, but in most after evolution and treatment. The abnormalities encountered consisted in hypodiploidies, modifications of chromosome structure and hyperdiploidies. The additional abnormalities of the karyotype were in the majority of the patients accompanied by a bone marrow histology characterized by more pronounced blastic infiltration and precollagen fibrosis and  evidence of bone lesions. The picture realized by the karyotype and the bone marrow histology allows a better evaluation of the evolution and the prognosis is individual cases, especially of the likely hood of the acute blastic transformation.", "contents": "[Simultaneous study of karyotype and bone marrow histology in chronic myeloid leukemia with Ph1 chromsome. (author's transl)]. This study was devoted to the simultaneous examination of the karyotype and the bone marrow histology in 33 patients suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia with the Ph1 chromosome. Some patients were evaluated in the beginning of the disease, others after evolution and treatment and some at both times. Supplementary abnormalities of the karyotype occurred in some patients before any treatment, but in most after evolution and treatment. The abnormalities encountered consisted in hypodiploidies, modifications of chromosome structure and hyperdiploidies. The additional abnormalities of the karyotype were in the majority of the patients accompanied by a bone marrow histology characterized by more pronounced blastic infiltration and precollagen fibrosis and  evidence of bone lesions. The picture realized by the karyotype and the bone marrow histology allows a better evaluation of the evolution and the prognosis is individual cases, especially of the likely hood of the acute blastic transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:130635", "title": "Natural anti-ovalbumin agglutinins in adult chickens.", "content": "Sera from inbred SPF White Leghorn chickens at 6 weeks or 19-22 months of age did not have anti-OA agglutinins as determined by the passive HA reaction; 2-day-old chicks also lacked the anti-OA activity. Inbred chickens kept in SPF isolators for 6 weeks, then transferred to a conventional environment for 7 weeks, produced anti-OA agglutinins. Inbred White Leghorn adult chickens conventionally reared had a high anti-OA agglutinin titer. It appeared that natural anti-OA agglutinin s are elaborated in response to environmental pathogens in certain lines of chickens. The titer in the individual chicken appeared as early as 10 weeks and was maintained until old age. The presence of natural anti-OA agglutinins did not prevent egg-laying but appears to have delayed it. The HA reaction is specific and can be absorbed.", "contents": "Natural anti-ovalbumin agglutinins in adult chickens. Sera from inbred SPF White Leghorn chickens at 6 weeks or 19-22 months of age did not have anti-OA agglutinins as determined by the passive HA reaction; 2-day-old chicks also lacked the anti-OA activity. Inbred chickens kept in SPF isolators for 6 weeks, then transferred to a conventional environment for 7 weeks, produced anti-OA agglutinins. Inbred White Leghorn adult chickens conventionally reared had a high anti-OA agglutinin titer. It appeared that natural anti-OA agglutinin s are elaborated in response to environmental pathogens in certain lines of chickens. The titer in the individual chicken appeared as early as 10 weeks and was maintained until old age. The presence of natural anti-OA agglutinins did not prevent egg-laying but appears to have delayed it. The HA reaction is specific and can be absorbed."}
{"id": "PMID:130636", "title": "Stimulatory role for brain serotoninergic system on prolactin secretion in the male rat.", "content": "Systemic administration of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 100 mg/kg sc on alternate days X two times), a blocker of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, considerably decreased brain 5-HT and plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in young male rats. Intraventricular (IVT) administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, 200 mug/20 mul), a neurotoxic drug which destroys 5-HT nerve terminals, induced, 3, 12, and 30 days after treatment, a marked depletion of brain 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and considerably reduced plasma PRL levels at each time interval. Feeding of rat for up to 4 days with a tryptophan (TP)-deficient diet, caused a depletion of brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents and did not modify plasma PRL levels. Addition of TP (2 g/kg of diet) to the TP-deficient diet resulted in increased brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents and significantly increased PRL levels. These data provide evidence for the role of the 5-HT system in the maintenance of tonic PRL secretion.", "contents": "Stimulatory role for brain serotoninergic system on prolactin secretion in the male rat. Systemic administration of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 100 mg/kg sc on alternate days X two times), a blocker of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, considerably decreased brain 5-HT and plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in young male rats. Intraventricular (IVT) administration of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, 200 mug/20 mul), a neurotoxic drug which destroys 5-HT nerve terminals, induced, 3, 12, and 30 days after treatment, a marked depletion of brain 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and considerably reduced plasma PRL levels at each time interval. Feeding of rat for up to 4 days with a tryptophan (TP)-deficient diet, caused a depletion of brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents and did not modify plasma PRL levels. Addition of TP (2 g/kg of diet) to the TP-deficient diet resulted in increased brain 5-HT and 5-HIAA contents and significantly increased PRL levels. These data provide evidence for the role of the 5-HT system in the maintenance of tonic PRL secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:130630", "title": "[Serum thyroxine-binding protein for determining the functional state of the thyroid gland in pregnant women with endemic goiter].", "content": "A determination was made of the hormone-forming capacity of the thyroid gland in pregnent women under conditions of goiter endemic at various periods of pregnancy by trimesters (123-in healthy pregnant women, 206-with euthyroid goiter of the I degree, 271-or II degree, 90-of the II degree, and 4-of the IV degree). A method of zonal electrophoresis in the medinal-veronal buffer was applied. Thyrofixin with I131 isotope (made in the USSR) was used. With increase of the periods of pregnancy and the degree of euthyroid hyperplasia of the thyroid gland and goiter the thyroid gland function became elevated irrespective of age.", "contents": "[Serum thyroxine-binding protein for determining the functional state of the thyroid gland in pregnant women with endemic goiter]. A determination was made of the hormone-forming capacity of the thyroid gland in pregnent women under conditions of goiter endemic at various periods of pregnancy by trimesters (123-in healthy pregnant women, 206-with euthyroid goiter of the I degree, 271-or II degree, 90-of the II degree, and 4-of the IV degree). A method of zonal electrophoresis in the medinal-veronal buffer was applied. Thyrofixin with I131 isotope (made in the USSR) was used. With increase of the periods of pregnancy and the degree of euthyroid hyperplasia of the thyroid gland and goiter the thyroid gland function became elevated irrespective of age."}
{"id": "PMID:130637", "title": "Relationships between physical training and DOCA hypertension in rats.", "content": "Swimming, if undertaken for 1 hr/day, 3 days/week for 6 weeks prior to treatment with DOCA, unilateral nephrectomy, and salt-loading, delayed the development of hypertension in rats. If the swimming were undertaken concurrently with or after initiation of treatment with the above hypertensive regime, then it was without effect on the level of blood pressure attained or the length of time required to attain a given blood pressure. Swimming in itself resulted in a significant increase in arterial blood pressure. Previous training, such as swimming, may delay the development of hypertension through an alteration in vascular structure or smooth muscle sensitivity. The increase in blood pressure noted in physically trained rats may be a consequence of the training regime itself acting as a stressor.", "contents": "Relationships between physical training and DOCA hypertension in rats. Swimming, if undertaken for 1 hr/day, 3 days/week for 6 weeks prior to treatment with DOCA, unilateral nephrectomy, and salt-loading, delayed the development of hypertension in rats. If the swimming were undertaken concurrently with or after initiation of treatment with the above hypertensive regime, then it was without effect on the level of blood pressure attained or the length of time required to attain a given blood pressure. Swimming in itself resulted in a significant increase in arterial blood pressure. Previous training, such as swimming, may delay the development of hypertension through an alteration in vascular structure or smooth muscle sensitivity. The increase in blood pressure noted in physically trained rats may be a consequence of the training regime itself acting as a stressor."}
{"id": "PMID:130628", "title": "[Proteins of erythrocytic membrane. II. Solubilization of proteins in the membrane of human erythrocytes by chlorpromazine (author's transl)].", "content": "At the concentration above 2 mM, chlorpromazine induces partial solubilization of human erythrocytic membrane proteins. High molecular weight components such as spectrin are not extracted. Glycoproteins are preferentially released: at least five glycoprotein components are separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis after specific staining. Other non identified proteins of the ghost external surface are also solubilized. At high concentration total solubilization of ghosts is obtained. Material extracted by chlorpromazine may be used for further protein purification.", "contents": "[Proteins of erythrocytic membrane. II. Solubilization of proteins in the membrane of human erythrocytes by chlorpromazine (author's transl)]. At the concentration above 2 mM, chlorpromazine induces partial solubilization of human erythrocytic membrane proteins. High molecular weight components such as spectrin are not extracted. Glycoproteins are preferentially released: at least five glycoprotein components are separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis after specific staining. Other non identified proteins of the ghost external surface are also solubilized. At high concentration total solubilization of ghosts is obtained. Material extracted by chlorpromazine may be used for further protein purification."}
{"id": "PMID:130640", "title": "Similarities in patient response to chronic and terminal illness.", "content": "Physical therapists sometimes hesitate to treat terminally ill patients because they believe the approach to them should differ from the approach to other patients. This belief is based on the assumption that patient needs during terminal illness differ from the needs of other patients. Some important similarities in patient reactions to chronic and terminal illness are explained. A conceptual framework of 'little deaths' is presented for comparing the two types of illness.", "contents": "Similarities in patient response to chronic and terminal illness. Physical therapists sometimes hesitate to treat terminally ill patients because they believe the approach to them should differ from the approach to other patients. This belief is based on the assumption that patient needs during terminal illness differ from the needs of other patients. Some important similarities in patient reactions to chronic and terminal illness are explained. A conceptual framework of 'little deaths' is presented for comparing the two types of illness."}
{"id": "PMID:130649", "title": "Dual action of morphine and related drugs on compulsive gnawing of rats.", "content": "Rats received daily i.p. injections of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) for 3 days, before morphine and related drugs were implanted into the lateral thalamus or injected systemically. PCPA enhanced the stereotyped response to morphine, methadone, and apomorphine, as expressed by compulsive gnawing, but abolished the antagonistic effect of large doses of i.p. morphine. Thus, suppression of gnawing by large doses of systemic morphine and related analgesics may be mediated by a serotoninergic pathway. PCPA also brought to light the ability of pethidine to cause gnawing, which is otherwise suppressed by the strong antagonistic effect of this drug. Morphine and related analgesic drugs exert a dual effect: stimulation of gnawing via a catecholaminergic mechanism and inhibition of gnawing by a serotoninergic mechanism.", "contents": "Dual action of morphine and related drugs on compulsive gnawing of rats. Rats received daily i.p. injections of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) for 3 days, before morphine and related drugs were implanted into the lateral thalamus or injected systemically. PCPA enhanced the stereotyped response to morphine, methadone, and apomorphine, as expressed by compulsive gnawing, but abolished the antagonistic effect of large doses of i.p. morphine. Thus, suppression of gnawing by large doses of systemic morphine and related analgesics may be mediated by a serotoninergic pathway. PCPA also brought to light the ability of pethidine to cause gnawing, which is otherwise suppressed by the strong antagonistic effect of this drug. Morphine and related analgesic drugs exert a dual effect: stimulation of gnawing via a catecholaminergic mechanism and inhibition of gnawing by a serotoninergic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:130650", "title": "The nature and incidence of cryoproteins in hepatitis B antigen (HbsAg) positive patients.", "content": "Hepatitis B (HbsAg) surface antigen has been detected in the serum of patients with a variety of diseases and immune complexes of this antigen and antibody have been implicated in tissue damage to various organs. Previously we have demonstrated that serum cryoproteins occur in a variety of immune complex disorders and represent pathogenic complexes of antigen and specific antibody. Sera from patients with acute HbsAg positive hepatitis, chronic hepatitis B antigenemia, acute and chronic HbsAg negative hepatitis, as well as a variety HbsAg negative miscellaneous liver diseases and normals were studied for the presence and nature of cryoproteins. Cryoproteins were detected in a large number of patients with acute and chronic HbsAg positive hepatitis and chronic HbsAg carriers. The quantity of these cold insoluble precipitates was highest in acute hepatitis. Cryoproteins were detected with much less frequency in HbsAg negative patients and were not found in normals. The precipitates in HbsAg patients contained either HbsAg, anti-HBsAg or both, along with immunoglobulins and occasionally complement and rheumatoid factor. The cryoproteins in these patients had biological properties attributable to immune complexes and several of the patients had clinical manifestations of acute or chronic serum sickness. Cryoproteins from HbsAg negative patients did not contain HbsAg or antibody to HbsAg and did not have biologic properties of immune complexes. In HbsAg positive patients HbsAg and antibody to HbsAg were concentrated in the cryoprecipitate. The preliminary studies suggest that investigation on cryoproteins in hepatitis may be of clinical and immunopathogenic value.", "contents": "The nature and incidence of cryoproteins in hepatitis B antigen (HbsAg) positive patients. Hepatitis B (HbsAg) surface antigen has been detected in the serum of patients with a variety of diseases and immune complexes of this antigen and antibody have been implicated in tissue damage to various organs. Previously we have demonstrated that serum cryoproteins occur in a variety of immune complex disorders and represent pathogenic complexes of antigen and specific antibody. Sera from patients with acute HbsAg positive hepatitis, chronic hepatitis B antigenemia, acute and chronic HbsAg negative hepatitis, as well as a variety HbsAg negative miscellaneous liver diseases and normals were studied for the presence and nature of cryoproteins. Cryoproteins were detected in a large number of patients with acute and chronic HbsAg positive hepatitis and chronic HbsAg carriers. The quantity of these cold insoluble precipitates was highest in acute hepatitis. Cryoproteins were detected with much less frequency in HbsAg negative patients and were not found in normals. The precipitates in HbsAg patients contained either HbsAg, anti-HBsAg or both, along with immunoglobulins and occasionally complement and rheumatoid factor. The cryoproteins in these patients had biological properties attributable to immune complexes and several of the patients had clinical manifestations of acute or chronic serum sickness. Cryoproteins from HbsAg negative patients did not contain HbsAg or antibody to HbsAg and did not have biologic properties of immune complexes. In HbsAg positive patients HbsAg and antibody to HbsAg were concentrated in the cryoprecipitate. The preliminary studies suggest that investigation on cryoproteins in hepatitis may be of clinical and immunopathogenic value."}
{"id": "PMID:130652", "title": "Estimation of cardiac chamber size by routine chest radiography and echocardiography.", "content": "The size of the left atrium and both ventricles was estimated by routine chest radiography and compared to echocardiographic single-chamber measurements. Left atrial size correlated well, but echocardiography appeared to be considerably more sensitive in detecting enlargement. Estimates of left ventricular size by radiography and echocardiography showed considerable discrepancy, since the single-dimension echocardiographic technique does not reflect lateral or inferior enlargement, which is readily visible on the radiography; however, ultrasound can distinguish left ventricular hypertrophy from dilatation. Right ventricular size cannot be assessed accurately using the single-diameter technique. The authors suggest that a combination of both techniques would be more accurate than either modality alone and that two-dimensional cardiac studies should prove more reliable than the single-diameter method.", "contents": "Estimation of cardiac chamber size by routine chest radiography and echocardiography. The size of the left atrium and both ventricles was estimated by routine chest radiography and compared to echocardiographic single-chamber measurements. Left atrial size correlated well, but echocardiography appeared to be considerably more sensitive in detecting enlargement. Estimates of left ventricular size by radiography and echocardiography showed considerable discrepancy, since the single-dimension echocardiographic technique does not reflect lateral or inferior enlargement, which is readily visible on the radiography; however, ultrasound can distinguish left ventricular hypertrophy from dilatation. Right ventricular size cannot be assessed accurately using the single-diameter technique. The authors suggest that a combination of both techniques would be more accurate than either modality alone and that two-dimensional cardiac studies should prove more reliable than the single-diameter method."}
{"id": "PMID:130655", "title": "[Serotoninergic mechanisms in ovarian cycle (author's transl)].", "content": "Influence of 5-HT on the rat follicle rupture mechanism was studied by the administration of p-clorophenyl-alanine (p-CPA) (300 mg/kg) at different stages of the ovarian cycle. The ovarian cycle of treated rats was subject of investigation, as well as the histology of tubes and ovaries. Administration of p-CPA at 10 hours of metestrus phase induces an inhibition of ovulation. Predominant diestrus phases in the ovarian cycle and luteinitation of ovaries suggested an increase in progesterone secretion probably owed to a correspondingly greater prolactine secretion. Adequate 5-HT levels in central structures proved to necessary for normal ovulation.", "contents": "[Serotoninergic mechanisms in ovarian cycle (author's transl)]. Influence of 5-HT on the rat follicle rupture mechanism was studied by the administration of p-clorophenyl-alanine (p-CPA) (300 mg/kg) at different stages of the ovarian cycle. The ovarian cycle of treated rats was subject of investigation, as well as the histology of tubes and ovaries. Administration of p-CPA at 10 hours of metestrus phase induces an inhibition of ovulation. Predominant diestrus phases in the ovarian cycle and luteinitation of ovaries suggested an increase in progesterone secretion probably owed to a correspondingly greater prolactine secretion. Adequate 5-HT levels in central structures proved to necessary for normal ovulation."}
{"id": "PMID:130656", "title": "Cytochemical studies on sarcolemma: Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase and adenylate cyclase.", "content": "Two highly lead-sensitive ATPases, Na+,K+-ATPase and adenylate cyclase, can be demonstrated cytochemically by the lead precipitation technique in briefly prefixed tissue, provided that the free Pb2+ concentration in the incubation medium is kept below 0.1 mM by a heavy metal chelator. Under conditions suitable for Na+,K+-ATPase activity precipitation of final reaction product (lead phosphate) at the sarcolemma of cardiac muscle is abolished by 0.1-1mM ouabain. In contrast, reaction product deposition at the intramuscular part of the plasma membrane and at intracellular sites is not noticeably affected by the glycoside. These findings indicate either that the sarcolemma is the exclusive location of Na+,K+-ATPase in cardiac muscle or that the presence of the enzyme at other loci is masked by active Na+,K+-independent, ouabain resistant ATPases. Under conditions favoring adenylate cyclase activity, precipitation by Pb2+ of orthophosphate derived, with the help of added cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and 5'-nucleotidase, from cyclic AMP formed from adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) is seen after prolonged incubation in myocardial cells along the entire course of the plasma membrane and also at the transverse tubules and is particularly intense at the tight junction regions of the intercalated disks. Ouabain has no effect on these reactions. Reaction product deposition is also observed at the sarcolemma in red skeletal muscle and at the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in white skeletal muscle, where the reaction is intensified by adrenaline. Sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac and of red skeletal muscle exhibits only relatively weak staining attributable to cyclic AMP formation. These observations are in agreement with the results of tissue fractionation studies according to which the plasma membrane is the chief site of adenylate cyclase in heart and in red, but not white skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Cytochemical studies on sarcolemma: Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase and adenylate cyclase. Two highly lead-sensitive ATPases, Na+,K+-ATPase and adenylate cyclase, can be demonstrated cytochemically by the lead precipitation technique in briefly prefixed tissue, provided that the free Pb2+ concentration in the incubation medium is kept below 0.1 mM by a heavy metal chelator. Under conditions suitable for Na+,K+-ATPase activity precipitation of final reaction product (lead phosphate) at the sarcolemma of cardiac muscle is abolished by 0.1-1mM ouabain. In contrast, reaction product deposition at the intramuscular part of the plasma membrane and at intracellular sites is not noticeably affected by the glycoside. These findings indicate either that the sarcolemma is the exclusive location of Na+,K+-ATPase in cardiac muscle or that the presence of the enzyme at other loci is masked by active Na+,K+-independent, ouabain resistant ATPases. Under conditions favoring adenylate cyclase activity, precipitation by Pb2+ of orthophosphate derived, with the help of added cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase and 5'-nucleotidase, from cyclic AMP formed from adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) is seen after prolonged incubation in myocardial cells along the entire course of the plasma membrane and also at the transverse tubules and is particularly intense at the tight junction regions of the intercalated disks. Ouabain has no effect on these reactions. Reaction product deposition is also observed at the sarcolemma in red skeletal muscle and at the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in white skeletal muscle, where the reaction is intensified by adrenaline. Sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac and of red skeletal muscle exhibits only relatively weak staining attributable to cyclic AMP formation. These observations are in agreement with the results of tissue fractionation studies according to which the plasma membrane is the chief site of adenylate cyclase in heart and in red, but not white skeletal muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:130657", "title": "Characterization of sarcolemma from rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals in the rabbit skeletal muscle sarcolemma the presence of four major protein bands corresponding to molecular weight 216,000, 110,000, 44,000, 15,000, and smaller amounts of 148,000, 78,000, 68,000, 37,000, 27,000 proteins. (Na+-K+)-ATPase isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle contains 102,000, 44,000, and 32,000 protein bands. Sarcolemma is resistant to the solubilizing effect of Triton X-100, Lubrol, and deoxycholate. Sarcolemmal proteins, especially sodium-potassium-ATPase, are sensitive to digestion with trypsin.", "contents": "Characterization of sarcolemma from rabbit skeletal muscle. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis reveals in the rabbit skeletal muscle sarcolemma the presence of four major protein bands corresponding to molecular weight 216,000, 110,000, 44,000, 15,000, and smaller amounts of 148,000, 78,000, 68,000, 37,000, 27,000 proteins. (Na+-K+)-ATPase isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle contains 102,000, 44,000, and 32,000 protein bands. Sarcolemma is resistant to the solubilizing effect of Triton X-100, Lubrol, and deoxycholate. Sarcolemmal proteins, especially sodium-potassium-ATPase, are sensitive to digestion with trypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:130658", "title": "Characterization of partially purified heart sarcolemmal Na+-K+-stimulated ATPase.", "content": "The Km value for the dog heart (Na+-K+)-ATPase was 0.31 mM (MgATP), whereas the values for the concentrations of K+ and Na+ varied from 1.2 to 2.7 mM and 12 to 20 mM for half-maximal activation, respectively. The concentrations of ouabain and calcium for 50 percent inhibition of (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity varied from 2.4 to 3.2 muM and 0.5 to 1.2 mM, respectively, the inhibitory effects of these agents were pH dependent. This preparation bound about 50 nmoles of 1-anilino-8-napthaline sulfonate (ANS)/mg of protein and exhibited fluorescence attributable to the ANS-enzyme complex. Cations such as Na+,K+,Ca++, and Mg++ increased ANS-enzyme fluorescence intensity and the number of ANS binding sites but decreased the apparent ANS binding constant. The enzyme activity, ANS binding, and ANS-enzyme fluorescence were decreased by phospholipase A, phospholipase C, and trypsin treatments. Although ouabain inhibited enzyme activity and ANS-enzyme fluorescence markedly, it caused only a slight depression in ANS binding. These results extend support for the allosteric nature of the cardiac (Na+-K+)-ATPase and provide evidence for conformational changes during its activation by Na+ and K+.", "contents": "Characterization of partially purified heart sarcolemmal Na+-K+-stimulated ATPase. The Km value for the dog heart (Na+-K+)-ATPase was 0.31 mM (MgATP), whereas the values for the concentrations of K+ and Na+ varied from 1.2 to 2.7 mM and 12 to 20 mM for half-maximal activation, respectively. The concentrations of ouabain and calcium for 50 percent inhibition of (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity varied from 2.4 to 3.2 muM and 0.5 to 1.2 mM, respectively, the inhibitory effects of these agents were pH dependent. This preparation bound about 50 nmoles of 1-anilino-8-napthaline sulfonate (ANS)/mg of protein and exhibited fluorescence attributable to the ANS-enzyme complex. Cations such as Na+,K+,Ca++, and Mg++ increased ANS-enzyme fluorescence intensity and the number of ANS binding sites but decreased the apparent ANS binding constant. The enzyme activity, ANS binding, and ANS-enzyme fluorescence were decreased by phospholipase A, phospholipase C, and trypsin treatments. Although ouabain inhibited enzyme activity and ANS-enzyme fluorescence markedly, it caused only a slight depression in ANS binding. These results extend support for the allosteric nature of the cardiac (Na+-K+)-ATPase and provide evidence for conformational changes during its activation by Na+ and K+."}
{"id": "PMID:130659", "title": "Studies on specific properties of dog heart (Na+-K+)-ATPase.", "content": "Three different methods used for partial purification of (Na+-K+)-ATPase, Method a, Matsui and Schwartz (5), Method b, Fedelesov\u00e1 et al. (3), and Method c, Pitts et al. (6), were compared with respect to specific activities, yields, and recovery of the enzyme in preparations from the dog heart. Highest specific activities of (Na++K+)-ATPase, as well as the ratio of (Na+, +K+) + Mg2+ to Mg2+-ATPase, and the second best recovery and yield have been found in the preparation obtained by Method b. However, using Method c, which includes two deoxycholate treatments no high (Na++K+)-ATPase activity could be obtained after the second treatment although the yields of protein did not differ from those reported by Pitts et al. (6). Therefore, the other specific properties of the dog heart (Na++K+)-ATPase were compared only in enzyme obtained by Lubrol extraction (Method b) and after NaI treatment (Method a). The Na+ to K+ concentration ratio necessary for optimal stimulation of (Na++K+)-ATPase activity as well as the pH optimum of the enzyme proved to be similar in NaI- and Lubrol-treated preparations, whereas in the latter the sensitivity to ouabain was 4.55 times higher than in NaI-treated preparation. The Km values for MgATP2-, Kh values for Na+ and K+ activation, and S50 values for Na+ activation were similar in preparations obtained by Methods a and b, whereas the values of (n) for K+ and Na+ activation and S50 for K+ activation were slightly higher in the NaI-treated fraction.", "contents": "Studies on specific properties of dog heart (Na+-K+)-ATPase. Three different methods used for partial purification of (Na+-K+)-ATPase, Method a, Matsui and Schwartz (5), Method b, Fedelesov\u00e1 et al. (3), and Method c, Pitts et al. (6), were compared with respect to specific activities, yields, and recovery of the enzyme in preparations from the dog heart. Highest specific activities of (Na++K+)-ATPase, as well as the ratio of (Na+, +K+) + Mg2+ to Mg2+-ATPase, and the second best recovery and yield have been found in the preparation obtained by Method b. However, using Method c, which includes two deoxycholate treatments no high (Na++K+)-ATPase activity could be obtained after the second treatment although the yields of protein did not differ from those reported by Pitts et al. (6). Therefore, the other specific properties of the dog heart (Na++K+)-ATPase were compared only in enzyme obtained by Lubrol extraction (Method b) and after NaI treatment (Method a). The Na+ to K+ concentration ratio necessary for optimal stimulation of (Na++K+)-ATPase activity as well as the pH optimum of the enzyme proved to be similar in NaI- and Lubrol-treated preparations, whereas in the latter the sensitivity to ouabain was 4.55 times higher than in NaI-treated preparation. The Km values for MgATP2-, Kh values for Na+ and K+ activation, and S50 values for Na+ activation were similar in preparations obtained by Methods a and b, whereas the values of (n) for K+ and Na+ activation and S50 for K+ activation were slightly higher in the NaI-treated fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:130660", "title": "On the sarcolemmal site of action of cardiac glycosides.", "content": "An electron microscopic study of the guinea pig myocardial cell was conducted. By the use of LaC13, two morphologically distinct tubular systems could be demonstrated. The larger one represents the transverse tubular system which originates from the plasma membrane and is continous with the extracellular space (ECS). In the heart muscle cell it forms a three-dimensional network and it closely apposed to the myofilaments at the level of the Z and I bands. A comparatively small and sparsely developed tubular system which is not accessible from the ECS represents the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). By means of sucrose-density centrifugation in a discontinuous gradient two main microsomal fractions were obtained (F1 and F3). The pre-existing structure of F1 could be identified as the transverse tubular system, whereas F3 originates from the SR. The morphological features (e. g., an enclosed basement membrane) and the fact that after perfusion of hearts with [3H] inulin and preparation of microsomes the ECS marker is almost completely retained in F1 indicate that upon fractionation and vesiculation inside-out vesicles are formed which trap the former extracellular fluid. Moreover, the former extracellular surface is hidden and no longer accessible for membrane-impermeable compounds. After perfusion of hearts with [3H] ouabain and fractionation and centrifugation the radioactive material was found to accumulate in F1, the kinetics being identical with that of binding to the intact tissue and with the time course of the inotropic action of ouabain. The inside-out vesicles derived from the plasma membrane are characterized by the presence of a (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity, an outward Ca pump, a high binding capacity for Ca, and a low Ca pereability. Since the (Na+-K+)-ATPase is known to react with cardiac glycosides (CG) at the outer cell surface it was not surprising to find a complete lack of inhibition of the enzyme by the membrane-impermeable CG ouabain if administered to the intact sarcolemmal microsome. After disruption of the microsomes, however, a considerable inhibition of the (Na+-K+)-ATPase became demonstrable. Similarly, the Ca permeability of the plasma membranes could only be enhanced by CG if interacting with the former outside. Although ouabain again failed to exert any action, the membrane permeable digoxin increased the Ca pereability of the intact vesicular membrane. The rate of Ca transport as an indicator of the Ca pump activity remained unaffected by CG provided from either side of the membrane. The passive Ca binding to the plasma membrane, which results in a concentration up to 5 mM in this structure, is thought to represent the Ca pool essential for excitation-contraction coupling. The CG are thought to alter the Ca binding in this pool, thus rendering depolarization more effective in releasing Ca++.", "contents": "On the sarcolemmal site of action of cardiac glycosides. An electron microscopic study of the guinea pig myocardial cell was conducted. By the use of LaC13, two morphologically distinct tubular systems could be demonstrated. The larger one represents the transverse tubular system which originates from the plasma membrane and is continous with the extracellular space (ECS). In the heart muscle cell it forms a three-dimensional network and it closely apposed to the myofilaments at the level of the Z and I bands. A comparatively small and sparsely developed tubular system which is not accessible from the ECS represents the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). By means of sucrose-density centrifugation in a discontinuous gradient two main microsomal fractions were obtained (F1 and F3). The pre-existing structure of F1 could be identified as the transverse tubular system, whereas F3 originates from the SR. The morphological features (e. g., an enclosed basement membrane) and the fact that after perfusion of hearts with [3H] inulin and preparation of microsomes the ECS marker is almost completely retained in F1 indicate that upon fractionation and vesiculation inside-out vesicles are formed which trap the former extracellular fluid. Moreover, the former extracellular surface is hidden and no longer accessible for membrane-impermeable compounds. After perfusion of hearts with [3H] ouabain and fractionation and centrifugation the radioactive material was found to accumulate in F1, the kinetics being identical with that of binding to the intact tissue and with the time course of the inotropic action of ouabain. The inside-out vesicles derived from the plasma membrane are characterized by the presence of a (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity, an outward Ca pump, a high binding capacity for Ca, and a low Ca pereability. Since the (Na+-K+)-ATPase is known to react with cardiac glycosides (CG) at the outer cell surface it was not surprising to find a complete lack of inhibition of the enzyme by the membrane-impermeable CG ouabain if administered to the intact sarcolemmal microsome. After disruption of the microsomes, however, a considerable inhibition of the (Na+-K+)-ATPase became demonstrable. Similarly, the Ca permeability of the plasma membranes could only be enhanced by CG if interacting with the former outside. Although ouabain again failed to exert any action, the membrane permeable digoxin increased the Ca pereability of the intact vesicular membrane. The rate of Ca transport as an indicator of the Ca pump activity remained unaffected by CG provided from either side of the membrane. The passive Ca binding to the plasma membrane, which results in a concentration up to 5 mM in this structure, is thought to represent the Ca pool essential for excitation-contraction coupling. The CG are thought to alter the Ca binding in this pool, thus rendering depolarization more effective in releasing Ca++."}
{"id": "PMID:130661", "title": "The cardiac glycoside receptor: its properties and its correlation to nucleotide binding sites, phosphointermediate, and (Na++K+)-ATPase activity.", "content": "Binding of ouabain to its receptor is followed by a directly proportional inhibition of (Na++K+)-ATPase. The stoichiometry of nucleotide binding site, phosphate acceptor site, ouabain binding site in (Na++K+)-ATPase is 1:1:1. Inactivation of (Na++K+)-ATPase by S-[2,4-Dinitrophenyl]-6-mercaptopurine riboside-5'-triphosphate, which probably forms a thioether derivative of ATP with the enzyme, results in the appearance of a low affinity binding site. It is concluded that the covalently bound ATP fixes the enzyme in a E1 conformational state which is characterized by a low affinity for ouabain.", "contents": "The cardiac glycoside receptor: its properties and its correlation to nucleotide binding sites, phosphointermediate, and (Na++K+)-ATPase activity. Binding of ouabain to its receptor is followed by a directly proportional inhibition of (Na++K+)-ATPase. The stoichiometry of nucleotide binding site, phosphate acceptor site, ouabain binding site in (Na++K+)-ATPase is 1:1:1. Inactivation of (Na++K+)-ATPase by S-[2,4-Dinitrophenyl]-6-mercaptopurine riboside-5'-triphosphate, which probably forms a thioether derivative of ATP with the enzyme, results in the appearance of a low affinity binding site. It is concluded that the covalently bound ATP fixes the enzyme in a E1 conformational state which is characterized by a low affinity for ouabain."}
{"id": "PMID:130662", "title": "Cardiac glycosides: relationship among active 86Rb uptake, (Na+,K+)-ATPase activity, and inotropy in guinea pig heart.", "content": "Relationships among positive inotropic responses, (Na+,K+)-ATPase inhibition, and sodium pump activities were studied using paced Langendorff preparations of guinea pig heart. (Na+,K+)-ATPase activity was estimated from the initial velocity of [3H] ouabain binding in ventricular homogenates, and sodium pump activity from ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake of ventricular slices. These parameters were measured in control, or in ouabain-or digitoxin-treated hearts either at the time of inotropic response or during the course of drug washout and compared with inotropy in the same heart. Perfusion of ouabain or digitoxin caused an increase in contractile force and a decrease in the initial velocity of ATP-dependent [3H] ouabain binding. The levels of [3H] ouabain binding in homogenates observed after a long incubation period were not different in ouabain-perfused and control homogenates, indicating that the nonlabeled ouabain bound to (Na+,K+)-ATPase during Langendorff perfusion was exchangeable with [3H] ouabain. Perfusion of drug-free solution after a 20-min perfusion of the isolated heart with either ouabain or digitoxin resulted in a loss of inotropic response and a recovery of the inhibition of the initial velocity of ATP-dependent [3H] ouabain binding. Inotropic responses to digitoxin during perfusion and subsequent loss during washout were accompanied by a reduction and subsequent recovery of ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake. Thus, it would appear that with cardiac glycosides, a relationship exists among cardiac contractile force, the inhibition of cardiac (Na+,K+)-ATPase, and the inhibition of the sodium pump activity. The inhibition of (Na+,K+)-ATPase and sodium pump because of cardiac glycoside perfusion of the isolated beating heart was reversible.", "contents": "Cardiac glycosides: relationship among active 86Rb uptake, (Na+,K+)-ATPase activity, and inotropy in guinea pig heart. Relationships among positive inotropic responses, (Na+,K+)-ATPase inhibition, and sodium pump activities were studied using paced Langendorff preparations of guinea pig heart. (Na+,K+)-ATPase activity was estimated from the initial velocity of [3H] ouabain binding in ventricular homogenates, and sodium pump activity from ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake of ventricular slices. These parameters were measured in control, or in ouabain-or digitoxin-treated hearts either at the time of inotropic response or during the course of drug washout and compared with inotropy in the same heart. Perfusion of ouabain or digitoxin caused an increase in contractile force and a decrease in the initial velocity of ATP-dependent [3H] ouabain binding. The levels of [3H] ouabain binding in homogenates observed after a long incubation period were not different in ouabain-perfused and control homogenates, indicating that the nonlabeled ouabain bound to (Na+,K+)-ATPase during Langendorff perfusion was exchangeable with [3H] ouabain. Perfusion of drug-free solution after a 20-min perfusion of the isolated heart with either ouabain or digitoxin resulted in a loss of inotropic response and a recovery of the inhibition of the initial velocity of ATP-dependent [3H] ouabain binding. Inotropic responses to digitoxin during perfusion and subsequent loss during washout were accompanied by a reduction and subsequent recovery of ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake. Thus, it would appear that with cardiac glycosides, a relationship exists among cardiac contractile force, the inhibition of cardiac (Na+,K+)-ATPase, and the inhibition of the sodium pump activity. The inhibition of (Na+,K+)-ATPase and sodium pump because of cardiac glycoside perfusion of the isolated beating heart was reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:130664", "title": "Sarcolemmal alterations in cardiac hypertrophy and degeneration.", "content": "Sarcolemmal alterations were studied in hypertrophied and/or degenerated ventricular muscle cells from: 1) patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congestive cardiomyopathy of various causes, aortic valvular disease, or congenital heart diseases associated with obstruction to right ventricular outflow; 2) patients with various neoplasms treated with anthracycline drugs; 3) rabbits given large doses of anthracyclines, and 4) dogs subjected to anoxic cardiac arrest during total cardiopulmonary bypass. Sarcolemmal changes in hypertrophied, nondegenerated cardiac muscle cells consisted of: 1) increase in the area and in the degree of irregularity of cell surfaces, including intercalated discs and T tubules; 2) dilation of T tubules, and 3) formation of large numbers of multiple intercalated discs. Moderately degenerated cardiac muscle cells, with or without associated hypertrophy, showed sarcolemmal changes characterized by: 1) dilation and decreased numbers of T tubules; 2) marked surface irregularity; and 3) dissociation of intercalated discs, associated with development of vesicles in widened disc interspaces, and of variably complex junctional structures formed between two parts of the plasma membrane of the same muscle cell (intracytoplasmic junctions). Sarcolemmal alterations in cells with end-stage degeneration were associated with loss of myofibrils and consisted of: 1) disappearance of T tubules; 2) loss of junctional contacts wtih adjacent cells; 3) marked surface irregularity; 4) formation of intracytoplasmic junctions, and 5) thickening of basement membranes. These observations show that remodeling of the cell surfaces is an important feature of the cellular responses to the stimuli of hypertrophy or degeneration.", "contents": "Sarcolemmal alterations in cardiac hypertrophy and degeneration. Sarcolemmal alterations were studied in hypertrophied and/or degenerated ventricular muscle cells from: 1) patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congestive cardiomyopathy of various causes, aortic valvular disease, or congenital heart diseases associated with obstruction to right ventricular outflow; 2) patients with various neoplasms treated with anthracycline drugs; 3) rabbits given large doses of anthracyclines, and 4) dogs subjected to anoxic cardiac arrest during total cardiopulmonary bypass. Sarcolemmal changes in hypertrophied, nondegenerated cardiac muscle cells consisted of: 1) increase in the area and in the degree of irregularity of cell surfaces, including intercalated discs and T tubules; 2) dilation of T tubules, and 3) formation of large numbers of multiple intercalated discs. Moderately degenerated cardiac muscle cells, with or without associated hypertrophy, showed sarcolemmal changes characterized by: 1) dilation and decreased numbers of T tubules; 2) marked surface irregularity; and 3) dissociation of intercalated discs, associated with development of vesicles in widened disc interspaces, and of variably complex junctional structures formed between two parts of the plasma membrane of the same muscle cell (intracytoplasmic junctions). Sarcolemmal alterations in cells with end-stage degeneration were associated with loss of myofibrils and consisted of: 1) disappearance of T tubules; 2) loss of junctional contacts wtih adjacent cells; 3) marked surface irregularity; 4) formation of intracytoplasmic junctions, and 5) thickening of basement membranes. These observations show that remodeling of the cell surfaces is an important feature of the cellular responses to the stimuli of hypertrophy or degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:130663", "title": "Role of sarcolemmal changes in cardiac pathophysiology.", "content": "Sarcolemmal Ca++-ATPase, Mg++-ATPase, and (Na+-K+)-ATPase activities were increased in late stages of heart failure in myopathic hamsters (BIO 14.6) without any changes in the adenylate cyclase activity. On the other hand, these hamsters at early and moderate stages of heart failure showed depressions in mitochondrial calcium binding and uptake and microsomal calcium binding. Sarcolemmal (Na+-K+)-ATPase was decreased in failing hearts because of substrate lack, oxygen lack, and perfusion with Ca++-free, Na+-free, or K+-free medium. Both Mg++-ATPase and Ca++-ATPase activities of sarcolemma did not change on perfusing the hearts with substrate-free, hypoxic, Na+-free, or K+-free medium. Adenylate cyclase activity decreased on substrate-free or Ca++-free perfusion. Intracellular calcium overload produced by perfusing the hearts with medium containing calcium after Ca++-free perfusion was associated with decrease in all the sarcolemmal-bound enzyme activities. All types of failing hearts employed in this study showed a dramatic shift in the electrolyte composition. Failure of the cardiac muscle to generate contractile force on treatment with trypsin was associated with defects in the functions of sarcolemma, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum, whereas such an effect on treatment with phospholipase C was limited to alterations in the activities of sarcolemma. The data suggest that abnormality at the level of sarcolemma plays an important role in the pathogenesis of heart dysfunction; however, the degree and direction of alterations in the sarcolemmal functions seem to be dependent upon the type of heart failure.", "contents": "Role of sarcolemmal changes in cardiac pathophysiology. Sarcolemmal Ca++-ATPase, Mg++-ATPase, and (Na+-K+)-ATPase activities were increased in late stages of heart failure in myopathic hamsters (BIO 14.6) without any changes in the adenylate cyclase activity. On the other hand, these hamsters at early and moderate stages of heart failure showed depressions in mitochondrial calcium binding and uptake and microsomal calcium binding. Sarcolemmal (Na+-K+)-ATPase was decreased in failing hearts because of substrate lack, oxygen lack, and perfusion with Ca++-free, Na+-free, or K+-free medium. Both Mg++-ATPase and Ca++-ATPase activities of sarcolemma did not change on perfusing the hearts with substrate-free, hypoxic, Na+-free, or K+-free medium. Adenylate cyclase activity decreased on substrate-free or Ca++-free perfusion. Intracellular calcium overload produced by perfusing the hearts with medium containing calcium after Ca++-free perfusion was associated with decrease in all the sarcolemmal-bound enzyme activities. All types of failing hearts employed in this study showed a dramatic shift in the electrolyte composition. Failure of the cardiac muscle to generate contractile force on treatment with trypsin was associated with defects in the functions of sarcolemma, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum, whereas such an effect on treatment with phospholipase C was limited to alterations in the activities of sarcolemma. The data suggest that abnormality at the level of sarcolemma plays an important role in the pathogenesis of heart dysfunction; however, the degree and direction of alterations in the sarcolemmal functions seem to be dependent upon the type of heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:130668", "title": "Chemotherapy of experimental bovine petechial fever.", "content": "A dithiosemicarbazone was compared with two tetracycline formulations in the treatment of bovine petechial fever (BPF) in experimentally infected sheep, and was then used to treat the disease in experimental cattle. The dithiosemicarbazone was found to be more efficacious than either of the other two drugs in treating ovine BPF, and also to be effective against BPF in cattle.", "contents": "Chemotherapy of experimental bovine petechial fever. A dithiosemicarbazone was compared with two tetracycline formulations in the treatment of bovine petechial fever (BPF) in experimentally infected sheep, and was then used to treat the disease in experimental cattle. The dithiosemicarbazone was found to be more efficacious than either of the other two drugs in treating ovine BPF, and also to be effective against BPF in cattle."}
{"id": "PMID:130669", "title": "Microflora of pneumonic lungs in a pig herd established by hysterectomy.", "content": "Mycoplasmas and other micro-organisms are recorded from a pig herd originally derived by hysterectomy. Complement fixation tests were positive for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 20 months after the first hysterectomy. Following a marked increase in pneumonic lesions found at slaughter, and after modifying the culture medium M hyopneumoniae was isolated. The principal micro-organism associated with this mycoplasma was Pasteurella multocida.", "contents": "Microflora of pneumonic lungs in a pig herd established by hysterectomy. Mycoplasmas and other micro-organisms are recorded from a pig herd originally derived by hysterectomy. Complement fixation tests were positive for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 20 months after the first hysterectomy. Following a marked increase in pneumonic lesions found at slaughter, and after modifying the culture medium M hyopneumoniae was isolated. The principal micro-organism associated with this mycoplasma was Pasteurella multocida."}
{"id": "PMID:130670", "title": "Pharmacological experiments as a basis for the administration of digoxin in the horse.", "content": "It is shown that the concentration of ouabain necessary for 50 per cent inhibition of the Na+K activated membrane ATPase of red cells is similar in man and horse. This is taken to indicate that the two species have similar sensitivity towards cardiac glycosides in general. In five adult healthy horses plasma digoxin concentration was measured with a radioimmunoassay technique after a single intravenous injection of 1 mg/100 kg body weight digoxin. The half time of elimination was 23 h and the apparent volume of distribution 7.3 litres/kg. An approximate estimate of plasma protein binding of digoxin was obtained by measuring digoxin with a fluorimetric assay in the ultrafiltrate from horse plasma containing 2-20 mug/ml. At concentrations below 10(-5)(g/ml 20 to 40 per cent of digoxin present in horse plasma is bound to protein. With this information and by using effective digoxin concentration measured in humans an average daily maintenance dose of 0-5-0-75 mg/100 kg body weight was calculated which may serve as a guideline in the treatment of congestive heart failure with digoxin in the horse.", "contents": "Pharmacological experiments as a basis for the administration of digoxin in the horse. It is shown that the concentration of ouabain necessary for 50 per cent inhibition of the Na+K activated membrane ATPase of red cells is similar in man and horse. This is taken to indicate that the two species have similar sensitivity towards cardiac glycosides in general. In five adult healthy horses plasma digoxin concentration was measured with a radioimmunoassay technique after a single intravenous injection of 1 mg/100 kg body weight digoxin. The half time of elimination was 23 h and the apparent volume of distribution 7.3 litres/kg. An approximate estimate of plasma protein binding of digoxin was obtained by measuring digoxin with a fluorimetric assay in the ultrafiltrate from horse plasma containing 2-20 mug/ml. At concentrations below 10(-5)(g/ml 20 to 40 per cent of digoxin present in horse plasma is bound to protein. With this information and by using effective digoxin concentration measured in humans an average daily maintenance dose of 0-5-0-75 mg/100 kg body weight was calculated which may serve as a guideline in the treatment of congestive heart failure with digoxin in the horse."}
{"id": "PMID:130671", "title": "[Congenital desproportion of various types of muscle fiber, with relative small size of type I fibers. Morphological documents on muscle biopsies in 3 members of the same family].", "content": "In two sisters with a neo-natal hypotonia, muscle biopsies demonstrated as main pathological feature a disproportion in size between the two types of muscle fibers defined according to their myofibrillar ATPase activity. Type I fiber mean diameter was at the lower limit of the normal values, and type II fibers were larger than normal. Their father's biopsy also showed an abnormal smallness of the type I fibers, with a bimodal distribution. By electron microscopy, the small type I fibers did not reveal any significant abnormality in children's biopsies. In father's biopsy, there was an abnormal degree of filamentary interchange between contiguous myofibrils and a few stacks of rods in the type I fibers. These three cases demonstrate the familiar character of the disorder. The relationship of this new entity with the other congenital myopathies is controversial, as a similar congenital fiber type disproportion, has been found in association with different ultrastructural changes. Several data favour an insufficient development of the type I fibers rather than an atrophying process. The mechanism of this \"hypotrophy\" remains unknown.", "contents": "[Congenital desproportion of various types of muscle fiber, with relative small size of type I fibers. Morphological documents on muscle biopsies in 3 members of the same family]. In two sisters with a neo-natal hypotonia, muscle biopsies demonstrated as main pathological feature a disproportion in size between the two types of muscle fibers defined according to their myofibrillar ATPase activity. Type I fiber mean diameter was at the lower limit of the normal values, and type II fibers were larger than normal. Their father's biopsy also showed an abnormal smallness of the type I fibers, with a bimodal distribution. By electron microscopy, the small type I fibers did not reveal any significant abnormality in children's biopsies. In father's biopsy, there was an abnormal degree of filamentary interchange between contiguous myofibrils and a few stacks of rods in the type I fibers. These three cases demonstrate the familiar character of the disorder. The relationship of this new entity with the other congenital myopathies is controversial, as a similar congenital fiber type disproportion, has been found in association with different ultrastructural changes. Several data favour an insufficient development of the type I fibers rather than an atrophying process. The mechanism of this \"hypotrophy\" remains unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:130672", "title": "Metabolic and hormonal effects of exercise in mild streptozotocin diabetes.", "content": "Metabolic and hormonal changes produced by muscular exercise were studied in rats with mild streptozotocin diabetes. In both diabetic and control animals the mean blood glucose increased and liver glycogen decreased during exercise. The postexercise blood glucose level correlated with the liver glycogen content in diabetic rats. A decrease of blood glucose occurred in some diabetic animals, and these also showed a decrease of liver glycogen to very low levels during exercise. During exercise the rise of plasma glycerol was higher in diabetic than in control animals, but changes in circulating free fatty acids, acetone bodies, insulin, corticosterone, lactate, and acid-base equilibrium were similar in the two groups. The results indicate that the only abnormal metabolic response to exercise in rats with mild diabetes is a slight increase of lipid mobilization.", "contents": "Metabolic and hormonal effects of exercise in mild streptozotocin diabetes. Metabolic and hormonal changes produced by muscular exercise were studied in rats with mild streptozotocin diabetes. In both diabetic and control animals the mean blood glucose increased and liver glycogen decreased during exercise. The postexercise blood glucose level correlated with the liver glycogen content in diabetic rats. A decrease of blood glucose occurred in some diabetic animals, and these also showed a decrease of liver glycogen to very low levels during exercise. During exercise the rise of plasma glycerol was higher in diabetic than in control animals, but changes in circulating free fatty acids, acetone bodies, insulin, corticosterone, lactate, and acid-base equilibrium were similar in the two groups. The results indicate that the only abnormal metabolic response to exercise in rats with mild diabetes is a slight increase of lipid mobilization."}
{"id": "PMID:130673", "title": "Effect of loading and prednisolone treatment on the glycosaminoglycan content of articular cartilage in dogs.", "content": "The effect of prolonged prednisolone administration on glycosaminoglycan components was studied by means of determinations of galactosamine, glucosamine, uronic acid, sulphate and sialic acid content in normally loaded and spared articular cartilages of the knee-joints in dogs. After 40 days, all glycosaminoglycan components decreased by 58% in the spared cartilage, as compated with the controls. Prolonged administration of 0.5 mg prednisolone/kg body weight (corresponding to a low therapeutic dose), elicited a further decrease in galactosamine, whereas the other components remained practically unchanged. In the normally loaded articular cartilage of prednisolone-treated dogs the glycosaminoglycan components decreased by about 11-31% compared with untreated controls. The quantitative data indicate that in the changes occurring the glycosaminoglycan composition of the articular cartilage due to relief of function and to prednisolone treatment, chondroitin suplphate is mainly involved. The changes due to prednisolone treatment are dependent on the functional demand of the joint.", "contents": "Effect of loading and prednisolone treatment on the glycosaminoglycan content of articular cartilage in dogs. The effect of prolonged prednisolone administration on glycosaminoglycan components was studied by means of determinations of galactosamine, glucosamine, uronic acid, sulphate and sialic acid content in normally loaded and spared articular cartilages of the knee-joints in dogs. After 40 days, all glycosaminoglycan components decreased by 58% in the spared cartilage, as compated with the controls. Prolonged administration of 0.5 mg prednisolone/kg body weight (corresponding to a low therapeutic dose), elicited a further decrease in galactosamine, whereas the other components remained practically unchanged. In the normally loaded articular cartilage of prednisolone-treated dogs the glycosaminoglycan components decreased by about 11-31% compared with untreated controls. The quantitative data indicate that in the changes occurring the glycosaminoglycan composition of the articular cartilage due to relief of function and to prednisolone treatment, chondroitin suplphate is mainly involved. The changes due to prednisolone treatment are dependent on the functional demand of the joint."}
{"id": "PMID:130674", "title": "Investigation of the relation between low back pain and occupation. VII. Neurologic and orthopedic condition.", "content": "Neuro-orthopedic examination was carried out on 429 patients suffering from LBP, and on 271 controls. Neurological deficit was found in 49 LBP but in none of the controls. Of the orthopedic signs, the most significant indicators of LBP were hypolordosis, scoliosis, limitation of movement and contracted paraspinal muscles. Various degrees of affection of the hip joints were found in 49 LBP as against 4 controls; the majority of these patients complained of LBP and not of hip disorders. It is stressed that an early and thorough neuro-orthopedic examination is essential for diagnosis and therapy and has important legal implications, mainly with regard to the time factor.", "contents": "Investigation of the relation between low back pain and occupation. VII. Neurologic and orthopedic condition. Neuro-orthopedic examination was carried out on 429 patients suffering from LBP, and on 271 controls. Neurological deficit was found in 49 LBP but in none of the controls. Of the orthopedic signs, the most significant indicators of LBP were hypolordosis, scoliosis, limitation of movement and contracted paraspinal muscles. Various degrees of affection of the hip joints were found in 49 LBP as against 4 controls; the majority of these patients complained of LBP and not of hip disorders. It is stressed that an early and thorough neuro-orthopedic examination is essential for diagnosis and therapy and has important legal implications, mainly with regard to the time factor."}
{"id": "PMID:130675", "title": "Low back pain in persons with congenital club foot.", "content": "Ninety-three persons with congenital talipes equinovarus were investigated in order to analyse the frequency of LBP and to relate these findings to the deformity of the foot. Eight-eight per cent of the feet had some residual deformity. One third of the individuals had a difference in the length of the lower extremities and one fifth did walk with a limp. The frequency of LBP and LBP resulting in sick compensation was not increased in this group in comparison with the whole population in the same age group. There was no over-representation of LBP in the groups with residual deformity, with limping or with leg length discrepancy.", "contents": "Low back pain in persons with congenital club foot. Ninety-three persons with congenital talipes equinovarus were investigated in order to analyse the frequency of LBP and to relate these findings to the deformity of the foot. Eight-eight per cent of the feet had some residual deformity. One third of the individuals had a difference in the length of the lower extremities and one fifth did walk with a limp. The frequency of LBP and LBP resulting in sick compensation was not increased in this group in comparison with the whole population in the same age group. There was no over-representation of LBP in the groups with residual deformity, with limping or with leg length discrepancy."}
{"id": "PMID:130676", "title": "Effects of recommendations on dietary intake in physically disabled students.", "content": "An investigation of dietary intake was performed in 37 motor-handicapped adolescents (median age = 20 years) at Ingemundskolan (an upper secondary school for physically disabled young people) in Stockholm in order to study the effects of recommendations provided six years earlier for improvement of the diet (2). The objective of the recommendations was a higher content of protein and other nutritients and a lower fat content in the diet. Iron was given daily to the students with the most severe motor handicap causing a low energy intake. The results of the follow-up study demonstrated that the measures undertaken led to a higher content of nutrients in the diet, a lower fat content and a decrease in the extra consumption of food. There were no signs of iron-deficiency anaemia in the disabled students in contrast to the 1966 study.", "contents": "Effects of recommendations on dietary intake in physically disabled students. An investigation of dietary intake was performed in 37 motor-handicapped adolescents (median age = 20 years) at Ingemundskolan (an upper secondary school for physically disabled young people) in Stockholm in order to study the effects of recommendations provided six years earlier for improvement of the diet (2). The objective of the recommendations was a higher content of protein and other nutritients and a lower fat content in the diet. Iron was given daily to the students with the most severe motor handicap causing a low energy intake. The results of the follow-up study demonstrated that the measures undertaken led to a higher content of nutrients in the diet, a lower fat content and a decrease in the extra consumption of food. There were no signs of iron-deficiency anaemia in the disabled students in contrast to the 1966 study."}
{"id": "PMID:130678", "title": "Hyperphagia and obesity following serotonin depletion by intraventricular p-chlorophenylalanine.", "content": "Loss of brain serotonin was associated with overeating and increased body weight. Rats injected with p-chlorophenylalanine intraventricularly began overeating after 3 days and continued to display marked hyperphagia, primarily in the daytime, accompanied by increased body weight for 1 to 2 weeks. The effect was related to drug dose and to the degree and duration of serotonin depletion. Norepinephrine and dopamine levels were not significantly affected. It is concluded that p-chlorophenylalanine disinhibits feeding, as it does a number of other behaviors, by depleting serotonin. This suggests that hypothalamic lesions or dietary deficiencies which selectively and sufficiently deplete serotonin would lead to overeating.", "contents": "Hyperphagia and obesity following serotonin depletion by intraventricular p-chlorophenylalanine. Loss of brain serotonin was associated with overeating and increased body weight. Rats injected with p-chlorophenylalanine intraventricularly began overeating after 3 days and continued to display marked hyperphagia, primarily in the daytime, accompanied by increased body weight for 1 to 2 weeks. The effect was related to drug dose and to the degree and duration of serotonin depletion. Norepinephrine and dopamine levels were not significantly affected. It is concluded that p-chlorophenylalanine disinhibits feeding, as it does a number of other behaviors, by depleting serotonin. This suggests that hypothalamic lesions or dietary deficiencies which selectively and sufficiently deplete serotonin would lead to overeating."}
{"id": "PMID:130679", "title": "Models of carcinogenesis as an escape from mitotic inhibitors.", "content": "Diffusible mitotic inhibitors are assumed to govern proliferation of normal cells. Cancer cells may escape regulation by failing to either recognize or secrete inhibitors. In the latter case, probabilities and expected times for reaching a critical clone size are given. Patterns of proliferation will depend on whether the inhibitor concentration is locally or systemically determined.", "contents": "Models of carcinogenesis as an escape from mitotic inhibitors. Diffusible mitotic inhibitors are assumed to govern proliferation of normal cells. Cancer cells may escape regulation by failing to either recognize or secrete inhibitors. In the latter case, probabilities and expected times for reaching a critical clone size are given. Patterns of proliferation will depend on whether the inhibitor concentration is locally or systemically determined."}
{"id": "PMID:130680", "title": "Conservative management of low back pain.", "content": "With the apparent indefinite postponement of the release of chymopapain for lumbar disk disorders, it seems appropriate to review critically the proliferation of proposed methods of management of this common complaint, particularly the numerous exercise regimens which have been set forth as helpful. A critical review of these regimens quickly reveals that the majority are propounded with considerably more confidence than statistical proof of their efficacy. The following is a delineation of the results of a critical review of the literature, with emphasis on those few studies which have been statistically validated. The physician has an obligation to attempt conservative management of discogenic disease with methods of demonstrated efficacy before recommending invasive procedures such as laminectomy or chemonucleolysis.", "contents": "Conservative management of low back pain. With the apparent indefinite postponement of the release of chymopapain for lumbar disk disorders, it seems appropriate to review critically the proliferation of proposed methods of management of this common complaint, particularly the numerous exercise regimens which have been set forth as helpful. A critical review of these regimens quickly reveals that the majority are propounded with considerably more confidence than statistical proof of their efficacy. The following is a delineation of the results of a critical review of the literature, with emphasis on those few studies which have been statistically validated. The physician has an obligation to attempt conservative management of discogenic disease with methods of demonstrated efficacy before recommending invasive procedures such as laminectomy or chemonucleolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:130690", "title": "Criteria for successful thrombolysis by streptokinase.", "content": "Streptokinase treatment of deep vein thrombosis is reviewed, with emphasis on the mechanism of action of streptokinase, the bleeding caused by this agent, and incomplete thrombolysis. Criteria for successful thrombolysis and the advantages of intermittent streptokinase therapy to overcome the problems of bleeding and incomplete thrombolysis are discussed.", "contents": "Criteria for successful thrombolysis by streptokinase. Streptokinase treatment of deep vein thrombosis is reviewed, with emphasis on the mechanism of action of streptokinase, the bleeding caused by this agent, and incomplete thrombolysis. Criteria for successful thrombolysis and the advantages of intermittent streptokinase therapy to overcome the problems of bleeding and incomplete thrombolysis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130691", "title": "Survey of industrial noise in Port Elizabeth.", "content": "The amendment to the Factories, Machinery and Building Work Act of 1941 in regard to hearing conservation is outlined. A survey by the Port Elizabeth Deaf Association on workmen from Cadbury (Pty) Ltd was undertaken in 1973 and on a second group in 1974 and the results are published and discussed. Although the numbers of workmen were small, the results suggest that widespread testing will unearth many cases of unsuspected hearing loss. The implications as applied to industry at large are discussed and the difficulties in adequately assessing large numbers of workmen with adequately trained audiometric testers are stressed. A suggestion is made that mobile clinics under the control of Chambers of Industries would be the most efficient way of approaching the screening problem, and an estimated cost structure in the setting up of such a clinic is introduced.", "contents": "Survey of industrial noise in Port Elizabeth. The amendment to the Factories, Machinery and Building Work Act of 1941 in regard to hearing conservation is outlined. A survey by the Port Elizabeth Deaf Association on workmen from Cadbury (Pty) Ltd was undertaken in 1973 and on a second group in 1974 and the results are published and discussed. Although the numbers of workmen were small, the results suggest that widespread testing will unearth many cases of unsuspected hearing loss. The implications as applied to industry at large are discussed and the difficulties in adequately assessing large numbers of workmen with adequately trained audiometric testers are stressed. A suggestion is made that mobile clinics under the control of Chambers of Industries would be the most efficient way of approaching the screening problem, and an estimated cost structure in the setting up of such a clinic is introduced."}
{"id": "PMID:130692", "title": "Focal infection of aortofemoral prostheses.", "content": "A canine model of unilateral aortofemoral bypass was utilized to study periprosthetic infections in woven, knitted, and velour Dacron vascular prostheses. These studies suggest that physical configuration, porosity, and time of inoculation all are important variables when managing an infected prosthesis, although size of inoculum seems less important.", "contents": "Focal infection of aortofemoral prostheses. A canine model of unilateral aortofemoral bypass was utilized to study periprosthetic infections in woven, knitted, and velour Dacron vascular prostheses. These studies suggest that physical configuration, porosity, and time of inoculation all are important variables when managing an infected prosthesis, although size of inoculum seems less important."}
{"id": "PMID:130694", "title": "Dacron conduit with a stented porcine xenograft valve in the anatomic correction of transposition of the great arteries and subpulmonary stenosis.", "content": "A stented porcine xenograft valve, sutured into a woven Dacron tubular graft, has been used in the anatomic correction of D-loop, D-transposition of the great arteries, and subpulmonary stenosis. The main advantage of this technique is its simplicity and practicality, as both Dacron tubular grafts and stented porcine xenograft valves are commercially available.", "contents": "Dacron conduit with a stented porcine xenograft valve in the anatomic correction of transposition of the great arteries and subpulmonary stenosis. A stented porcine xenograft valve, sutured into a woven Dacron tubular graft, has been used in the anatomic correction of D-loop, D-transposition of the great arteries, and subpulmonary stenosis. The main advantage of this technique is its simplicity and practicality, as both Dacron tubular grafts and stented porcine xenograft valves are commercially available."}
{"id": "PMID:130695", "title": "Hypoxia and lung mast cells: influence of disodium cromoglycate.", "content": "Rats kept in 10% O2 for three or more weeks developed mast cell hyperplasia in the lungs, especially round the alveoli and the small peripheral blood vessels, which became thickened during chronic hypoxia. There was a significant correlation between the degree of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and the numbers of alveolar and small vessel mast cells. However, mast cell hyperplasia developed more slowly than RVH. Daily treatment with disodium cromoglycate failed to prevent RVH in hypoxic conditions but was associated with retardation of growth in both hypoxic and control rats. Neither acute nor chronic hypoxia increased the degree of degranulation in the lung mast cells.", "contents": "Hypoxia and lung mast cells: influence of disodium cromoglycate. Rats kept in 10% O2 for three or more weeks developed mast cell hyperplasia in the lungs, especially round the alveoli and the small peripheral blood vessels, which became thickened during chronic hypoxia. There was a significant correlation between the degree of right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and the numbers of alveolar and small vessel mast cells. However, mast cell hyperplasia developed more slowly than RVH. Daily treatment with disodium cromoglycate failed to prevent RVH in hypoxic conditions but was associated with retardation of growth in both hypoxic and control rats. Neither acute nor chronic hypoxia increased the degree of degranulation in the lung mast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:130702", "title": "[Histoautoradiographic study of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in glandular epithelial cells of the lower respiratory passages].", "content": "It is established that mucous and serous cells of trachea and bronchia uptake radio-active sulphate with different rate. The intensity of radioactive sulphate incorporation by the mucous cells is higher than by the serous ones. The greater intensity of the incorporation is observed 12-24 hours after isotope's injection.", "contents": "[Histoautoradiographic study of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in glandular epithelial cells of the lower respiratory passages]. It is established that mucous and serous cells of trachea and bronchia uptake radio-active sulphate with different rate. The intensity of radioactive sulphate incorporation by the mucous cells is higher than by the serous ones. The greater intensity of the incorporation is observed 12-24 hours after isotope's injection."}
{"id": "PMID:130709", "title": "Obturator hernia of urinary bladder.", "content": "A case demonstrating an obscure cause of backache is presented in which an obturator bladder hernia was diagnosed preoperatively and corrected surgically.", "contents": "Obturator hernia of urinary bladder. A case demonstrating an obscure cause of backache is presented in which an obturator bladder hernia was diagnosed preoperatively and corrected surgically."}
{"id": "PMID:130705", "title": "[Oxidative phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscles in dynamics of vibration-noise effect].", "content": "The effect of vibration (vibration level of 130 dB at a frequency of 2 Hz; 108, 118, and 105 dB at frequencies of 32, 63 and 125 Hz, respectively) combined with the noise at mid- and low-frequencies (sound pressure level of 85 dBA) was studied as applied to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from skeletal muscles of the rats exposed to a single action of the mentioned factors, for a fortnight and for a month. A certain separation of oxidation and phosphorylation was observed after a fortnight action of the studied factors. The expressed changes in the process of oxidative phosphorylation were detected after the vibration-noise effect for a month. A considerable decrease of the P/O coefficient (almost twice as compared to the control one) occurs when oxygen uptake by mitochondria is intensified (1.9 times) and their phosphorylation activity is lower (by 61.5%). This is accompanied by a rise (by 2.65 times) of Mg2+-activated ATPase of mitochondria and by a deficit of adenylic system components (ATP, ADP, AMP) in the muscular tissue homogenate.", "contents": "[Oxidative phosphorylation in rat skeletal muscles in dynamics of vibration-noise effect]. The effect of vibration (vibration level of 130 dB at a frequency of 2 Hz; 108, 118, and 105 dB at frequencies of 32, 63 and 125 Hz, respectively) combined with the noise at mid- and low-frequencies (sound pressure level of 85 dBA) was studied as applied to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria from skeletal muscles of the rats exposed to a single action of the mentioned factors, for a fortnight and for a month. A certain separation of oxidation and phosphorylation was observed after a fortnight action of the studied factors. The expressed changes in the process of oxidative phosphorylation were detected after the vibration-noise effect for a month. A considerable decrease of the P/O coefficient (almost twice as compared to the control one) occurs when oxygen uptake by mitochondria is intensified (1.9 times) and their phosphorylation activity is lower (by 61.5%). This is accompanied by a rise (by 2.65 times) of Mg2+-activated ATPase of mitochondria and by a deficit of adenylic system components (ATP, ADP, AMP) in the muscular tissue homogenate."}
{"id": "PMID:130703", "title": "[Statistical analysis of biological breakdown of nicotinic acid 7-14C in rat liver of various weight].", "content": "Statistical methods are considered for eliminating the errors caused by the individual fluctuations of the animals organs weight, different ratio of organs weight to the weight statistical processing the data on the dynamics of labelled nicotinic acid evacuation and determination of the acid half-life in the rat liver. The mean liver weight was estimated by means of Huxley's allometry formula. Dynamics of NA was approximated by using the formula kappa=ate-betat in the computer \"MHP-2\" and the least squares method.", "contents": "[Statistical analysis of biological breakdown of nicotinic acid 7-14C in rat liver of various weight]. Statistical methods are considered for eliminating the errors caused by the individual fluctuations of the animals organs weight, different ratio of organs weight to the weight statistical processing the data on the dynamics of labelled nicotinic acid evacuation and determination of the acid half-life in the rat liver. The mean liver weight was estimated by means of Huxley's allometry formula. Dynamics of NA was approximated by using the formula kappa=ate-betat in the computer \"MHP-2\" and the least squares method."}
{"id": "PMID:130704", "title": "[Activity of some carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes in sheep skin].", "content": "The activity of carbohydrate metabolism certain enzymes [hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1.), glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2), phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11.1), glucoso-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49.)] was studied in the sheep skin when adding vitamin A, sodium sulphate and insulin to the basic ration. The activity of the studied enzymes in the skin was established to be rather high and depend to a considerable extent on feeding, seasonal and hormonal factors. In summer the activity of such enzymes as glucoso-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and glucokinase decreases, and that of hexokinase, vice versa, increases. Vitamin A alone against a background of the basic ration almost has no effect on the activity of the enzymes, with the exception of phosphofructokinase in certain periods of the experiment. More noticeable shifts in the activity of the enzymes were observed in the case when vitamin A and sodium sulphate were added to the ration of sheep, and also with the injection of insulin. In such cases in the sheep skin there occurs first of all an increase in the activity of glucokinase and glucoso-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase.", "contents": "[Activity of some carbohydrate-metabolizing enzymes in sheep skin]. The activity of carbohydrate metabolism certain enzymes [hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1.), glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2), phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11.1), glucoso-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49.)] was studied in the sheep skin when adding vitamin A, sodium sulphate and insulin to the basic ration. The activity of the studied enzymes in the skin was established to be rather high and depend to a considerable extent on feeding, seasonal and hormonal factors. In summer the activity of such enzymes as glucoso-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase and glucokinase decreases, and that of hexokinase, vice versa, increases. Vitamin A alone against a background of the basic ration almost has no effect on the activity of the enzymes, with the exception of phosphofructokinase in certain periods of the experiment. More noticeable shifts in the activity of the enzymes were observed in the case when vitamin A and sodium sulphate were added to the ration of sheep, and also with the injection of insulin. In such cases in the sheep skin there occurs first of all an increase in the activity of glucokinase and glucoso-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase."}
{"id": "PMID:130722", "title": "Accelerated serum sickness in the rabbit. II. Glomerular ultrastructural lesions in transient proliferative and progressive disorganizing glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Electron microscopic analysis was performed on the development of irreversible glomerular distortion in experimental serum sickness nephritis in the rabbit. In the animals showing transient albuminuria, glomerular hypercellularity was due to the accumulation of monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and was seen to recover to nearly normal glomerulus. In this condition the glomerular structure was observed to be well preserved throughout the inflammation. In contrast, in the animals showing persistent proteinnuria, a disorganizing process was found in their glomeruli. Mesangial disintegration resulted in collapsed scarring or circumferential mesangial interposition of the glomeruli. Extracapillary exudation, sometimes with the rupture of the glomerular basement membrane, was often associated with granulomatous glomerular lesions or cresent formation. The results showed that the structural disintegration is a fundamental event in the development of progressive glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Accelerated serum sickness in the rabbit. II. Glomerular ultrastructural lesions in transient proliferative and progressive disorganizing glomerulonephritis. Electron microscopic analysis was performed on the development of irreversible glomerular distortion in experimental serum sickness nephritis in the rabbit. In the animals showing transient albuminuria, glomerular hypercellularity was due to the accumulation of monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and was seen to recover to nearly normal glomerulus. In this condition the glomerular structure was observed to be well preserved throughout the inflammation. In contrast, in the animals showing persistent proteinnuria, a disorganizing process was found in their glomeruli. Mesangial disintegration resulted in collapsed scarring or circumferential mesangial interposition of the glomeruli. Extracapillary exudation, sometimes with the rupture of the glomerular basement membrane, was often associated with granulomatous glomerular lesions or cresent formation. The results showed that the structural disintegration is a fundamental event in the development of progressive glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:130734", "title": "[Risks of long-term administration of drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "A short review is given of the side effects of drugs during long-term treatment and the possible mechanisms involved. The possibilities and causes of interactions occurring with simultaneous administration of two or more drugs are discussed. The pharmacokinetical basis of cumulation phenomena of the control of long-term treatment either by means of blood-level monitoring or by the observed effect is briefly outlined.", "contents": "[Risks of long-term administration of drugs (author's transl)]. A short review is given of the side effects of drugs during long-term treatment and the possible mechanisms involved. The possibilities and causes of interactions occurring with simultaneous administration of two or more drugs are discussed. The pharmacokinetical basis of cumulation phenomena of the control of long-term treatment either by means of blood-level monitoring or by the observed effect is briefly outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:130738", "title": "[Which antibiotics are helpful in acne? A review of the literature and personal test results with minocyclin (klinomycin)].", "content": "All tetracycline preparations seem to be systemically effective in acne. Quality and frequency of their side-effects, however, are different and should be carefully considered in each individual case. In an own study ninety-one patients treated with minocycline showed good response in 69% and moderate or no response in 31+. The main side-effects of the drug were nausea and giddiness, being of short duration in most cases. In patients with no response to a certain preparation change of the preparation may be helpful. Occasionally, acne does not respond to any tetracycline derivative. In these cases the use of non-tetracycline antibiotics, particularly of trimethoprim-sulphamethazol and lincomycines, is clearly effective. As a rule, we start treatment with tetracycline (500-750 mg/d) and reduce the dose to a minimum (ca. 100 mg/d), in order to withdraw the drug. In non-responsive cases another derivative and/or finally non-tetracycline antibiotics are administered for therapy.", "contents": "[Which antibiotics are helpful in acne? A review of the literature and personal test results with minocyclin (klinomycin)]. All tetracycline preparations seem to be systemically effective in acne. Quality and frequency of their side-effects, however, are different and should be carefully considered in each individual case. In an own study ninety-one patients treated with minocycline showed good response in 69% and moderate or no response in 31+. The main side-effects of the drug were nausea and giddiness, being of short duration in most cases. In patients with no response to a certain preparation change of the preparation may be helpful. Occasionally, acne does not respond to any tetracycline derivative. In these cases the use of non-tetracycline antibiotics, particularly of trimethoprim-sulphamethazol and lincomycines, is clearly effective. As a rule, we start treatment with tetracycline (500-750 mg/d) and reduce the dose to a minimum (ca. 100 mg/d), in order to withdraw the drug. In non-responsive cases another derivative and/or finally non-tetracycline antibiotics are administered for therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:130739", "title": "Intracisternal virus-like particles in a human pituitary adenoma.", "content": "Electron microscopy revealed the presence of intracisternal virus-like particles in a mixed pituitary adenoma consisting of growth hormone cells and prolactin cells. The tumor was removed by surgery from a 48 year old man with a multiple endocrine adenomatosis type I syndrome. The significance of virus-like particles in the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Intracisternal virus-like particles in a human pituitary adenoma. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of intracisternal virus-like particles in a mixed pituitary adenoma consisting of growth hormone cells and prolactin cells. The tumor was removed by surgery from a 48 year old man with a multiple endocrine adenomatosis type I syndrome. The significance of virus-like particles in the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas remains to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:130740", "title": "Studies on in vitro carcinogenesis. I. Autoradiographic and biochemical study on the incorporation of labelled methylcholantrene into mouse embryonic cells.", "content": "The incorporation of radioactive labelled Methylcholanthrene into CBA/T6T6 mouse embryonic fibroblast cultures was studied by using light and electronmicroscopic autoradiographic and also liquid scintillation counting techniques. During 24 hrs treatment time at the applied Methylcholanthrene concentrations (0.01-2.5 mug/ml) the proportion of cells labelled with 3H-Methylcholanthrene and the number of grains above the cells showed a relationship with the duration of treatment and also with the doses. Up to 24 hrs all cells were labelled after treatment with 2.5 mug/ml whereas at 0.01 and at 0.1 mug/ml concentrations Methylcholanthrene could have been detected only 2 and 10% of the cell population resp. The presented results suggested that labelling index reached saturation level earlier than the average number of grains. Electronmicroscopic autoradiography revealed a rather even distribution of grains and there were no signs for preferential binding site of Methylcholanthrene. Biochemical separation showed that 59 and 44% of the radioactivity was bound to macromolecules at 1 and 24 hrs after commencing treatment resp.", "contents": "Studies on in vitro carcinogenesis. I. Autoradiographic and biochemical study on the incorporation of labelled methylcholantrene into mouse embryonic cells. The incorporation of radioactive labelled Methylcholanthrene into CBA/T6T6 mouse embryonic fibroblast cultures was studied by using light and electronmicroscopic autoradiographic and also liquid scintillation counting techniques. During 24 hrs treatment time at the applied Methylcholanthrene concentrations (0.01-2.5 mug/ml) the proportion of cells labelled with 3H-Methylcholanthrene and the number of grains above the cells showed a relationship with the duration of treatment and also with the doses. Up to 24 hrs all cells were labelled after treatment with 2.5 mug/ml whereas at 0.01 and at 0.1 mug/ml concentrations Methylcholanthrene could have been detected only 2 and 10% of the cell population resp. The presented results suggested that labelling index reached saturation level earlier than the average number of grains. Electronmicroscopic autoradiography revealed a rather even distribution of grains and there were no signs for preferential binding site of Methylcholanthrene. Biochemical separation showed that 59 and 44% of the radioactivity was bound to macromolecules at 1 and 24 hrs after commencing treatment resp."}
{"id": "PMID:130741", "title": "Metabolism of nitrosamines in vivo. V Investigation on 14CO2 exhalation, liver RNA labelling and isolation of two metabolites from urine after administration of [2, 5-14C-]dinitrosopiperazine to rats.", "content": "The synthesis of N, N'-dinitrosopiperazine and N-nitrosopiperazine, both 14C-labelled in the 2-and 5-position is described. After i.p. application of 10 mg/69.5 muCi/kg[2, 5-14C]-N, N'-dinitrosopiperazine to rats no labelled 7-methylguanine was detected in the liver RNA; 1% of the radioactivity was exhaled as 14CO2, 1% excreted via the bile and about 40% excreted in the urine. Two of the urine metabolites were identified as 3-hydroxynitrosopyrrolidine and 1-nitrosopiperazinone-(3).", "contents": "Metabolism of nitrosamines in vivo. V Investigation on 14CO2 exhalation, liver RNA labelling and isolation of two metabolites from urine after administration of [2, 5-14C-]dinitrosopiperazine to rats. The synthesis of N, N'-dinitrosopiperazine and N-nitrosopiperazine, both 14C-labelled in the 2-and 5-position is described. After i.p. application of 10 mg/69.5 muCi/kg[2, 5-14C]-N, N'-dinitrosopiperazine to rats no labelled 7-methylguanine was detected in the liver RNA; 1% of the radioactivity was exhaled as 14CO2, 1% excreted via the bile and about 40% excreted in the urine. Two of the urine metabolites were identified as 3-hydroxynitrosopyrrolidine and 1-nitrosopiperazinone-(3)."}
{"id": "PMID:130742", "title": "Occurrence of paired cisternae in the cytoplasm of interphase murine mammary carcinoma cells.", "content": "The presence of paired cisternae in the cytoplasm interphase murine mammary carcinoma cells is described. The paired cisternae are composed of about 65A thin trilaminated membranes, about 65A in thickness, with ribosomes attached to the outer membranes, but with smooth adjacent membranes between the cisternae. The function and origin of these structures were not clarified, but it is suggested that they represent surplus fragments of nuclear envelope material.", "contents": "Occurrence of paired cisternae in the cytoplasm of interphase murine mammary carcinoma cells. The presence of paired cisternae in the cytoplasm interphase murine mammary carcinoma cells is described. The paired cisternae are composed of about 65A thin trilaminated membranes, about 65A in thickness, with ribosomes attached to the outer membranes, but with smooth adjacent membranes between the cisternae. The function and origin of these structures were not clarified, but it is suggested that they represent surplus fragments of nuclear envelope material."}
{"id": "PMID:130743", "title": "[Experimental studies on tumorigenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate on mouse skin. V. Comparative studies of condensates from different modified cigarettes (author's transl)].", "content": "The tumorigenic effect of smoke condensates from reference cigarettes and different modified cigarettes has been investigated on the mouse skin. The following results have been obtained: 1. Reconstituted tobacco sheets made from the blend of the reference cigarette T as well as different other tobacco mixtures showed a reduced tumorigenic effect. 50% or 20% of reconstituted tobacco sheets as additive to the tobacco T showed reduced tumorigenic effect too. 2. A dark tobacco mixture (cigar type) as well as the Virginia tobacco of the mixture T showed no significant differences in biological activity compared to the reference tobacco. Condensate of the Burley tobacco of the blend T showed a reduced tumorigenic effect. 3. A small amount of nitrate as additive (1.8% total nitrate) only showed a limited reduction of the tumorigenic effect. 4. Condensate of a cigarette with commercially used filters, 20% reconstituted tobacco sheets and a total nitrate content of 1.8% showed a distinctly reduced tumorigenic effect. 5. Statistical evaluations of this experiment indicated that each of the applied dose should not be too high. Application of high doses did not lead to a further increase of tumor incidence. Cytotoxicity and viscosity of higher concentrated solutions may be responsible for this fact.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on tumorigenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate on mouse skin. V. Comparative studies of condensates from different modified cigarettes (author's transl)]. The tumorigenic effect of smoke condensates from reference cigarettes and different modified cigarettes has been investigated on the mouse skin. The following results have been obtained: 1. Reconstituted tobacco sheets made from the blend of the reference cigarette T as well as different other tobacco mixtures showed a reduced tumorigenic effect. 50% or 20% of reconstituted tobacco sheets as additive to the tobacco T showed reduced tumorigenic effect too. 2. A dark tobacco mixture (cigar type) as well as the Virginia tobacco of the mixture T showed no significant differences in biological activity compared to the reference tobacco. Condensate of the Burley tobacco of the blend T showed a reduced tumorigenic effect. 3. A small amount of nitrate as additive (1.8% total nitrate) only showed a limited reduction of the tumorigenic effect. 4. Condensate of a cigarette with commercially used filters, 20% reconstituted tobacco sheets and a total nitrate content of 1.8% showed a distinctly reduced tumorigenic effect. 5. Statistical evaluations of this experiment indicated that each of the applied dose should not be too high. Application of high doses did not lead to a further increase of tumor incidence. Cytotoxicity and viscosity of higher concentrated solutions may be responsible for this fact."}
{"id": "PMID:130744", "title": "[Experimental studies on the rumorigenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate on mouse skin. VI. Fractionation of cigarette smoke condensate (author's transl)].", "content": "This experiment has been performed to clarify the question to which extent fractions containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) or other carcinogenic compounds are responsible for the biological activity of cigarette smoke condensate. With chromatographic procedures using organic gels it was possible to separate quantitatively polar compounds from the PAH-fraction and to obtain fraction IX representing 0.4% of the whole condensate. In this fraction the PAH were enriched 250fold. Significant losses of tumorigenic effects by this fractionation method could not be observed. This PAH-containing fraction showed 50% of activity compared with the overall activity of whole smoke condensate of a reference cigarette. A so-called PAH-free fraction showed with 7% of the overall activity of the whole smoke condensate a weak carcinogenic effect. The importance of PAH for the tumorigenic effect of cigarette smoke is emphasized by these results.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the rumorigenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate on mouse skin. VI. Fractionation of cigarette smoke condensate (author's transl)]. This experiment has been performed to clarify the question to which extent fractions containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) or other carcinogenic compounds are responsible for the biological activity of cigarette smoke condensate. With chromatographic procedures using organic gels it was possible to separate quantitatively polar compounds from the PAH-fraction and to obtain fraction IX representing 0.4% of the whole condensate. In this fraction the PAH were enriched 250fold. Significant losses of tumorigenic effects by this fractionation method could not be observed. This PAH-containing fraction showed 50% of activity compared with the overall activity of whole smoke condensate of a reference cigarette. A so-called PAH-free fraction showed with 7% of the overall activity of the whole smoke condensate a weak carcinogenic effect. The importance of PAH for the tumorigenic effect of cigarette smoke is emphasized by these results."}
{"id": "PMID:130745", "title": "Percent distribution of T-and B-lymphoid cells in spleen and lymph nodes of Moloney virus infected mice.", "content": "Malignant lymphomas were induced in BALB/cAnN mice by infection with Moloney virus (MLS-6). During the latent period of lymphoma development T- and B-cell populations were quantitated in spleen and lymph nodes using fluorescein-labelled monospecific antisera. A progressive decrease in percent T- and B-cells was observed in these organs starting eight weeks post virus infection. It apparently precedes slightly the earliest significant pathologic lesions represented primarily by thymic atrophy. Malignant lymphomas which were diagnostic from the 12th week after virus inoculation are composed of immature lymphoid cells which were not shown to contain T-cell markers nor immunoglobulin receptors. It is questioned whether the shift in cell population in lymphoreticular tissues during the latent period of lymphoma development may correlate with functional disturbances of these tissues that may be virus-induced.", "contents": "Percent distribution of T-and B-lymphoid cells in spleen and lymph nodes of Moloney virus infected mice. Malignant lymphomas were induced in BALB/cAnN mice by infection with Moloney virus (MLS-6). During the latent period of lymphoma development T- and B-cell populations were quantitated in spleen and lymph nodes using fluorescein-labelled monospecific antisera. A progressive decrease in percent T- and B-cells was observed in these organs starting eight weeks post virus infection. It apparently precedes slightly the earliest significant pathologic lesions represented primarily by thymic atrophy. Malignant lymphomas which were diagnostic from the 12th week after virus inoculation are composed of immature lymphoid cells which were not shown to contain T-cell markers nor immunoglobulin receptors. It is questioned whether the shift in cell population in lymphoreticular tissues during the latent period of lymphoma development may correlate with functional disturbances of these tissues that may be virus-induced."}
{"id": "PMID:130746", "title": "Lymphocytotoxicity to tumor target cells and interference of serum factors or tumor antigen with lymphocytotoxicity in patients suffering from different stages of breast carcinoma.", "content": "The in vitro cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from patients suffering from breast carcinoma against autochthonous, allogeneic and established breast carcinoma cells was evaluated. Lymphocytotoxicity to breast carcinoma cells was observed in all stages of the disease. Control lymphocytes from healthy donors or patients suffering from other carcinoma are not cytotoxic for the breast carcinoma cell lines. A follow-up study of the cell mediated immune reactions before and after surgical removal of the breast carcinoma showed that the cytotoxic lymphocyte population which is demonstrated in the presence of the tumor disappears quickly after excision of the carcinoma. The non-reactivity of lymphocytes is not due to a general immune defect. Serum of the tumor bearers did not block the lymphocytotoxicity in early stage breast carcinoma; in metastatic disease inhibition occurred in more than half of the cases. Preincubation of lymphocytes with antigen preparations of allogeneic breast carcinoma cells did not inhibit the cytotoxicity to breast carcinoma cells whereas autologous serum preincubated with the antigen preparation diminished the lymphocyte reactivity to the target cells in some cases.", "contents": "Lymphocytotoxicity to tumor target cells and interference of serum factors or tumor antigen with lymphocytotoxicity in patients suffering from different stages of breast carcinoma. The in vitro cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from patients suffering from breast carcinoma against autochthonous, allogeneic and established breast carcinoma cells was evaluated. Lymphocytotoxicity to breast carcinoma cells was observed in all stages of the disease. Control lymphocytes from healthy donors or patients suffering from other carcinoma are not cytotoxic for the breast carcinoma cell lines. A follow-up study of the cell mediated immune reactions before and after surgical removal of the breast carcinoma showed that the cytotoxic lymphocyte population which is demonstrated in the presence of the tumor disappears quickly after excision of the carcinoma. The non-reactivity of lymphocytes is not due to a general immune defect. Serum of the tumor bearers did not block the lymphocytotoxicity in early stage breast carcinoma; in metastatic disease inhibition occurred in more than half of the cases. Preincubation of lymphocytes with antigen preparations of allogeneic breast carcinoma cells did not inhibit the cytotoxicity to breast carcinoma cells whereas autologous serum preincubated with the antigen preparation diminished the lymphocyte reactivity to the target cells in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:130747", "title": "Chromosomal banding and karyotype analysis in an Ehrlich mouse ascites tumor cell line.", "content": "The karyotype and the banding pattern of chromosomes through different techniques following Giemsa staining have been worked out in an Ehrlich mouse ascites tumour cell line. The stemline cells show a mode at 74-76. A metacentric chromosome is present in almost all the cells. Some cells show a long telocentric chromosome with a possible secondary constriction. C-bands are restricted at the telomeric regions of the chromosomes excepting in the metacentric one. From the banding pattern it seems that the nucleolar organizers are located at the telomeric region. No band is associated with the second constriction of the long telocentric chromosome. It is suggested that the long metacentric chromosome has arisen out of a Robertsonian translocation involving end to end centromeric fusion of two non-homologue chromosomes.", "contents": "Chromosomal banding and karyotype analysis in an Ehrlich mouse ascites tumor cell line. The karyotype and the banding pattern of chromosomes through different techniques following Giemsa staining have been worked out in an Ehrlich mouse ascites tumour cell line. The stemline cells show a mode at 74-76. A metacentric chromosome is present in almost all the cells. Some cells show a long telocentric chromosome with a possible secondary constriction. C-bands are restricted at the telomeric regions of the chromosomes excepting in the metacentric one. From the banding pattern it seems that the nucleolar organizers are located at the telomeric region. No band is associated with the second constriction of the long telocentric chromosome. It is suggested that the long metacentric chromosome has arisen out of a Robertsonian translocation involving end to end centromeric fusion of two non-homologue chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:130748", "title": "[The correlation of clinical-electrocardiographic criteria with pathologic-anatomical findings in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Electrocardiographic signs of myocardial infarction obtained in 591 patients by the corrected orthogonal lead system according to Frank were compared with corresponding results of autopsy-proven material and corrected. By the corrected orthogonal lead system myocardial infarction could be recognized in 89% of the autopsy-proven cases. Moreover, electrocardiographic alterations which suggest accompanying mono- or biventricular hypertrophy were demonstrated.", "contents": "[The correlation of clinical-electrocardiographic criteria with pathologic-anatomical findings in myocardial infarct]. Electrocardiographic signs of myocardial infarction obtained in 591 patients by the corrected orthogonal lead system according to Frank were compared with corresponding results of autopsy-proven material and corrected. By the corrected orthogonal lead system myocardial infarction could be recognized in 89% of the autopsy-proven cases. Moreover, electrocardiographic alterations which suggest accompanying mono- or biventricular hypertrophy were demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:130749", "title": "[Contractility, pressure and volume reserve of pressure-hypertrophied hearts in situ].", "content": "In 18 adult mongrel dogs (24.6 kg) a statistically significant left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was induced by chronic aortic coarctation (180 days). In 12 anesthetized dogs (LVH 1) the effect of increasing doses of catecholamines on maximum contractility, expressed by (dp/dt)max, Vpm, t-(dp/dt)max was determined in comparison to a control group (KO 1; N = 6). There was no depression of the acute maximum contractility of hypertrophied hearts compared with the controls, also in respect to other haemodynamic parameters (SV/10 kg, HR, LVEP). In 6 other LVH-dogs (LVH 2) the maximum reached left ventricular pressure - obtained by complete clamping of the ascending aorta - was significantly higher. Either pressure per 100 g left ventricle did not differ significantly.", "contents": "[Contractility, pressure and volume reserve of pressure-hypertrophied hearts in situ]. In 18 adult mongrel dogs (24.6 kg) a statistically significant left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was induced by chronic aortic coarctation (180 days). In 12 anesthetized dogs (LVH 1) the effect of increasing doses of catecholamines on maximum contractility, expressed by (dp/dt)max, Vpm, t-(dp/dt)max was determined in comparison to a control group (KO 1; N = 6). There was no depression of the acute maximum contractility of hypertrophied hearts compared with the controls, also in respect to other haemodynamic parameters (SV/10 kg, HR, LVEP). In 6 other LVH-dogs (LVH 2) the maximum reached left ventricular pressure - obtained by complete clamping of the ascending aorta - was significantly higher. Either pressure per 100 g left ventricle did not differ significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:130750", "title": "Histochemistry and histoenzymology of the hydatid cyst (Echinococcus granulosus Batsch, 1786). II. Scolices and brood capsules.", "content": "Scolices and brood capsules of healthy hydatid cysts from lungs of human patients were studied with histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. The subtegumental and flame cells were sepcially rich in glycogen, RNA and some dehydrogenases such as SDH, MDH, NADH-reductase and G-6-PDH. The rostellar zone or invaginated pole, an area of marked contractile movements, showed intense activity in ATP'ase and simple esterase. The so-called excretory pole shows strong activity in simple esterases, lipase, beta-HBH, alpha-GDH and NADPH-reductase. Lipids are also abundant in this zone implying the important role of this metabolic path in the development of the parasite. Intense activity in alkaline phosphatase was observed in cells associated to the calcereous corpuscles. The largest corpuscles were devoid of enzymatic activity. The enzyme could play some role in the calcification of the corpuscles. Wide enzymatic variations are described according to morphology being orthoscolices the most rich in enzyme activity. Accumulations of small cells surrounded by specialized cells on the germinal membrane are interpreted as the origin or \"embryo\" of brood capsules. Some enzymes detected in the wall of mature brood capsules depicted alternating types of cells. Some of them are positive for ATP'ase that may be related to active transport of substances across the brood capsule wall. The intenst ATP'ase activity at the stalks of scolices may be similarly interpreted. However, a miosine-like activity is a more feasible explanation since this area showed striking contractile movements in vivo.", "contents": "Histochemistry and histoenzymology of the hydatid cyst (Echinococcus granulosus Batsch, 1786). II. Scolices and brood capsules. Scolices and brood capsules of healthy hydatid cysts from lungs of human patients were studied with histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. The subtegumental and flame cells were sepcially rich in glycogen, RNA and some dehydrogenases such as SDH, MDH, NADH-reductase and G-6-PDH. The rostellar zone or invaginated pole, an area of marked contractile movements, showed intense activity in ATP'ase and simple esterase. The so-called excretory pole shows strong activity in simple esterases, lipase, beta-HBH, alpha-GDH and NADPH-reductase. Lipids are also abundant in this zone implying the important role of this metabolic path in the development of the parasite. Intense activity in alkaline phosphatase was observed in cells associated to the calcereous corpuscles. The largest corpuscles were devoid of enzymatic activity. The enzyme could play some role in the calcification of the corpuscles. Wide enzymatic variations are described according to morphology being orthoscolices the most rich in enzyme activity. Accumulations of small cells surrounded by specialized cells on the germinal membrane are interpreted as the origin or \"embryo\" of brood capsules. Some enzymes detected in the wall of mature brood capsules depicted alternating types of cells. Some of them are positive for ATP'ase that may be related to active transport of substances across the brood capsule wall. The intenst ATP'ase activity at the stalks of scolices may be similarly interpreted. However, a miosine-like activity is a more feasible explanation since this area showed striking contractile movements in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:130751", "title": "The histochemistry and fine structure of the embryophore of Shipleya inermis (Cestoda).", "content": "The embryophore (inner capsule) of the tapeworm Shipleya inermis was studied with histochemistry and electron microscopy. It was found to be unique for the cestodes in that it has a laminated construction. During development lamina are added until there are 10 which are arranged in an irregular zig-zag pattern. The embryophore is positive to tests for acid and alkaline phosphatase, and the Hales test for acid mucopolysaccharides. Permeability of tapeworm egg coverings is discussed.", "contents": "The histochemistry and fine structure of the embryophore of Shipleya inermis (Cestoda). The embryophore (inner capsule) of the tapeworm Shipleya inermis was studied with histochemistry and electron microscopy. It was found to be unique for the cestodes in that it has a laminated construction. During development lamina are added until there are 10 which are arranged in an irregular zig-zag pattern. The embryophore is positive to tests for acid and alkaline phosphatase, and the Hales test for acid mucopolysaccharides. Permeability of tapeworm egg coverings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130752", "title": "Histochemical characteristics of the egg envelopes of Acanthosentis sp. (Acanthocephala).", "content": "The histochemical and phase contrast observations on the embryonic envelopes enclosing the acanthor of Acanthosentis sp. reveal the presence of three layers. All the three layers were non-refractile during early stages of their formation, and become refringent subsequently. The outer layer loses its refractile property together with affinity for acid and basic dyes when the eggs are fully developed. This layer is neither tanned nor chitinous. The second layer consists of glyco-lipo-proteinous matrix. The polysaccharide moiety is identified to be strongly sulfated acid mucopolysaccharide. The lipid component has been characterized to be KOH resistant and esters of unsaturated fatty acid. The protein is rich in aromatic amino acids. The third and the innermost layer contains chitin and acid mucopoly-saccharides. The protein is rich in sulfur-containing amino acids. Sulphydryl groups were present during early stages of its formation, but forms disulphide cross-links subsequently. Stages in the development of acanthors were characterized with reference to the formation of envelopes. The permeability experiments carried out on fresh eggs using 0.1% aqueous solutions of bromophenol blue, methylene blue, toluidine blue, basic fuchsin and neutral red indicate that the inward diffusion of these substances is prevented subsequent to formation of disulphide groups in the innermost layer. The results further indicate that the embryo derives nutritive requirements from the fluid of pseudocoel of the female worm through th envelopes covering it.", "contents": "Histochemical characteristics of the egg envelopes of Acanthosentis sp. (Acanthocephala). The histochemical and phase contrast observations on the embryonic envelopes enclosing the acanthor of Acanthosentis sp. reveal the presence of three layers. All the three layers were non-refractile during early stages of their formation, and become refringent subsequently. The outer layer loses its refractile property together with affinity for acid and basic dyes when the eggs are fully developed. This layer is neither tanned nor chitinous. The second layer consists of glyco-lipo-proteinous matrix. The polysaccharide moiety is identified to be strongly sulfated acid mucopolysaccharide. The lipid component has been characterized to be KOH resistant and esters of unsaturated fatty acid. The protein is rich in aromatic amino acids. The third and the innermost layer contains chitin and acid mucopoly-saccharides. The protein is rich in sulfur-containing amino acids. Sulphydryl groups were present during early stages of its formation, but forms disulphide cross-links subsequently. Stages in the development of acanthors were characterized with reference to the formation of envelopes. The permeability experiments carried out on fresh eggs using 0.1% aqueous solutions of bromophenol blue, methylene blue, toluidine blue, basic fuchsin and neutral red indicate that the inward diffusion of these substances is prevented subsequent to formation of disulphide groups in the innermost layer. The results further indicate that the embryo derives nutritive requirements from the fluid of pseudocoel of the female worm through th envelopes covering it."}
{"id": "PMID:130759", "title": "[Position and significance of gynecologic laparoscopy].", "content": "Over the last 1 1/2 years diagnostic laparoscopy has been performed in 135 cases and laparoscopic tubal cauterization carried out in 15 patients. Indications and the diagnostic Value of the gynecological laparoscopy are discussed. In agreement with other authors, laparoscopy is found to have a definite place for the diagnosis of the following gynecological disorders and complaints: 1. Examination of fallopian tubes in cases of infertility, diagnosis of malformations of the genital organs and of grave functional disorders of the ovaries; 2. Possible ectopic pregnancy; 3. Differential diagnosis of pelvic mass; 4. Evaluation of chronic pelvic pain; 5. Differential diagnosis of acute diseases of pelvic and lower abdominal organs. Histological examinations of coagulated human fallopian tubes yielded information on the mechanism of action of this modern method of sterilization.", "contents": "[Position and significance of gynecologic laparoscopy]. Over the last 1 1/2 years diagnostic laparoscopy has been performed in 135 cases and laparoscopic tubal cauterization carried out in 15 patients. Indications and the diagnostic Value of the gynecological laparoscopy are discussed. In agreement with other authors, laparoscopy is found to have a definite place for the diagnosis of the following gynecological disorders and complaints: 1. Examination of fallopian tubes in cases of infertility, diagnosis of malformations of the genital organs and of grave functional disorders of the ovaries; 2. Possible ectopic pregnancy; 3. Differential diagnosis of pelvic mass; 4. Evaluation of chronic pelvic pain; 5. Differential diagnosis of acute diseases of pelvic and lower abdominal organs. Histological examinations of coagulated human fallopian tubes yielded information on the mechanism of action of this modern method of sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:130760", "title": "[Capsule formation in Staphylococcus aureus as a reason for nontypability by phages (author's transl)].", "content": "In Staph. aureus strains isolated from human pathological material the frequency of strains which did not react with typing phages (NT-strains) was found to be about 30%. In one half of the NT strains the reaction with typing phages is prevented by a capsule. The capacity for capsule-formation is lost after propagation of the cells in a liquid glycerol-minimal-medium; thus the cells become typable by phages. The capacity for capsule-formation can be restored after intraperitoneal injection into mice. A new propagation in glycerol-minimal-medium leads again to a loss of the capsule.", "contents": "[Capsule formation in Staphylococcus aureus as a reason for nontypability by phages (author's transl)]. In Staph. aureus strains isolated from human pathological material the frequency of strains which did not react with typing phages (NT-strains) was found to be about 30%. In one half of the NT strains the reaction with typing phages is prevented by a capsule. The capacity for capsule-formation is lost after propagation of the cells in a liquid glycerol-minimal-medium; thus the cells become typable by phages. The capacity for capsule-formation can be restored after intraperitoneal injection into mice. A new propagation in glycerol-minimal-medium leads again to a loss of the capsule."}
{"id": "PMID:130761", "title": "Cholericidic effect of some intestinal disinfectants.", "content": "Several compounds have been found which are markedly more effective and more economical as chemoprophylactic agents than the tetracycline compounds traditionally used in cholera-endemic areas. Some synergetically acting combinations were shown to exert by several orders of magnitude higher vibriocidal potency than the sum of potency of the compounds when applied singly. In the presence of human intestinal content, however, markedly higher concentrations are needed to exert the proper vibriocidic effect than in aqueous medium. It has been established in guinea pig experiments that the synergistic combinations administered per os in powder form, are able to kill the cholera vibrios within 5 to 10 minutes. The introduction of the appropriate synergistic combinations for controlling the cholera in the endemic areas of Asia and Africa is suggested.", "contents": "Cholericidic effect of some intestinal disinfectants. Several compounds have been found which are markedly more effective and more economical as chemoprophylactic agents than the tetracycline compounds traditionally used in cholera-endemic areas. Some synergetically acting combinations were shown to exert by several orders of magnitude higher vibriocidal potency than the sum of potency of the compounds when applied singly. In the presence of human intestinal content, however, markedly higher concentrations are needed to exert the proper vibriocidic effect than in aqueous medium. It has been established in guinea pig experiments that the synergistic combinations administered per os in powder form, are able to kill the cholera vibrios within 5 to 10 minutes. The introduction of the appropriate synergistic combinations for controlling the cholera in the endemic areas of Asia and Africa is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:130769", "title": "[The combined effect of supraoptimal temperature and chemotherapeutic preparations on the metabolism of adenylic nucleotides by Staphylococcus aureus].", "content": "Comparative investigation of the effect of nitrofurans on the metabolism of adenylic nucleotides of Staphylococcus aureus at 36 degrees and 40 degrees C was made. It was shown that increasing of the cultivation temperature intensified the bacteristatic effect of nitrofurans. The use of nitrofurans at supraoptimal temperature intensified the activity of ATP-ase and considerably decreased the ATP, ADP and increased the AMP of Staphylococcus aureus.", "contents": "[The combined effect of supraoptimal temperature and chemotherapeutic preparations on the metabolism of adenylic nucleotides by Staphylococcus aureus]. Comparative investigation of the effect of nitrofurans on the metabolism of adenylic nucleotides of Staphylococcus aureus at 36 degrees and 40 degrees C was made. It was shown that increasing of the cultivation temperature intensified the bacteristatic effect of nitrofurans. The use of nitrofurans at supraoptimal temperature intensified the activity of ATP-ase and considerably decreased the ATP, ADP and increased the AMP of Staphylococcus aureus."}
{"id": "PMID:130770", "title": "[Experience in the detection of the latent course of the epidemic process of viral hepatitis in children in preschool groups].", "content": "A complex study of 1273 healthy children of creches and kindergartens where no viral hepatitis occurred for a long time revealed 39 children (3.1%) with an increased activity of glutamine-pyroracemic transaminase in the blood serum. Viral hepatitis was diagnosed in 12 (0.94%) of them as a result of clinical examination (an icteric form in 1, and a nonicteric form in 11 cases). The presence of asymptomatic form of infection could be supposed in 17 other children (1.3%). The incidence of increased activity of the enzyme in the serum of \"healthy\" children was definitly connected with the viral hepatitis incidence registered in the town during the year as a whole, and by seasons. This permitted to prognosticate the spread of viral hepatitis in the given populated locality. By complex laboratory examination of children in collective bodies it was possible to detect the latene foci and the latently coursing epidemic process of viral hepatitis.", "contents": "[Experience in the detection of the latent course of the epidemic process of viral hepatitis in children in preschool groups]. A complex study of 1273 healthy children of creches and kindergartens where no viral hepatitis occurred for a long time revealed 39 children (3.1%) with an increased activity of glutamine-pyroracemic transaminase in the blood serum. Viral hepatitis was diagnosed in 12 (0.94%) of them as a result of clinical examination (an icteric form in 1, and a nonicteric form in 11 cases). The presence of asymptomatic form of infection could be supposed in 17 other children (1.3%). The incidence of increased activity of the enzyme in the serum of \"healthy\" children was definitly connected with the viral hepatitis incidence registered in the town during the year as a whole, and by seasons. This permitted to prognosticate the spread of viral hepatitis in the given populated locality. By complex laboratory examination of children in collective bodies it was possible to detect the latene foci and the latently coursing epidemic process of viral hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:130771", "title": "Specific binding of Cibacron blue F3G-A to yeast phosphofructokinase.", "content": "The complex formation between the ATP-analogous reactive dye Cibacron blue F3G-A and yeast phosphofructokinase is accompanied by a red shift of the visible absorption spectrum. From the position of lambdamax of the dye-phosphofructokinase complex in the polarity scales obtained from model solvents it may be concluded that the chromophoric system is evidently located in a highly apolaric range of the enzyme protein. The spectrophotometric titration of yeast phosphofructokinase with Cibacron blue F3G-A yielded a sigmoidal binding curve, which can be described by the MONOD-WYMAN-CHANGEUX model.", "contents": "Specific binding of Cibacron blue F3G-A to yeast phosphofructokinase. The complex formation between the ATP-analogous reactive dye Cibacron blue F3G-A and yeast phosphofructokinase is accompanied by a red shift of the visible absorption spectrum. From the position of lambdamax of the dye-phosphofructokinase complex in the polarity scales obtained from model solvents it may be concluded that the chromophoric system is evidently located in a highly apolaric range of the enzyme protein. The spectrophotometric titration of yeast phosphofructokinase with Cibacron blue F3G-A yielded a sigmoidal binding curve, which can be described by the MONOD-WYMAN-CHANGEUX model."}
{"id": "PMID:130774", "title": "Vitamin A acid in acneiform dermatoses.", "content": "A definition and classification of acneiform dermatoses is presented to distinguish these diseases from true acne. True acne is a follicular eruption which begins with a comedo, sometimes evolving into various inflammatory lesions. Members of true acne are acne vulgaris with its varieties, acne venenata, and comedonal acne due to physical agencies. Acneiform reactions begin with an inflammatory lesion, usually a papule or pustule. Comedones are uncommon and may follow pustules. Acneiform eruptions are almost always drug-induced, the commonest agents being corticosteroids and ACTH, iodides, bromides, anti-convulsive drugs, and INH. Topical treatment with VAA is indicated in every variety of true acne; VAA is helpful in acneiform dermatoses with secondary comedo formation, as for instance in steroid acne. Very satisfying results can be achieve with this regimen.", "contents": "Vitamin A acid in acneiform dermatoses. A definition and classification of acneiform dermatoses is presented to distinguish these diseases from true acne. True acne is a follicular eruption which begins with a comedo, sometimes evolving into various inflammatory lesions. Members of true acne are acne vulgaris with its varieties, acne venenata, and comedonal acne due to physical agencies. Acneiform reactions begin with an inflammatory lesion, usually a papule or pustule. Comedones are uncommon and may follow pustules. Acneiform eruptions are almost always drug-induced, the commonest agents being corticosteroids and ACTH, iodides, bromides, anti-convulsive drugs, and INH. Topical treatment with VAA is indicated in every variety of true acne; VAA is helpful in acneiform dermatoses with secondary comedo formation, as for instance in steroid acne. Very satisfying results can be achieve with this regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:130775", "title": "The cutaneous safety of topical tretinoin.", "content": "Topical tretinoin is a valuable therapeutic agent whose chief drawback has been local primary irritation. What were thought to be special difficulties with photosensitivity reactions and pigmentary changes in dark skin, really turn out to be other manifestations of the irritancy. Advances in the development of newer dosage forms and treatment regimens, together with expanded knowledge of the many factors which contribute to the problem, mean that there should be very few patients who cannot be treated with tretinoin. Only the rare patient with true hypersensitivity to the drug need be denied. Appropriate therapy still requires a modicum of personal attention to the individual patient's needs-but that is what the practice of medicine is all about.", "contents": "The cutaneous safety of topical tretinoin. Topical tretinoin is a valuable therapeutic agent whose chief drawback has been local primary irritation. What were thought to be special difficulties with photosensitivity reactions and pigmentary changes in dark skin, really turn out to be other manifestations of the irritancy. Advances in the development of newer dosage forms and treatment regimens, together with expanded knowledge of the many factors which contribute to the problem, mean that there should be very few patients who cannot be treated with tretinoin. Only the rare patient with true hypersensitivity to the drug need be denied. Appropriate therapy still requires a modicum of personal attention to the individual patient's needs-but that is what the practice of medicine is all about."}
{"id": "PMID:130782", "title": "In vitro studies on enzymatic cleavage of steroid esters in the female organism.", "content": "The decreasing water-solubility of steroid esters concomitant with increasing chain lenth of monocarboxylic acids provides a prolonged therapeutic effect of the steroid. Whether a slow release of the steroid from an oily depot in the muscle or a secondary storage of the enter in the body fat (\"deep compartment\") are responsible for this prolonged action, is open to discussion. The aim of this study was to investigate the steriod ester cleaving enzyme activity of human subcutaneous fatty tissue. The followeing steroid esters were investigated: Testosterone acetate and oenanthate, metenolone acetate and oenanthate, norethisterone acetate and oenanthate, dehydroepiandrosterone acetate and oenanthate, fluocortolone acetate and caproate. In the 10000 X g supernatant phase of the female subcutaneous fatty tissue the rate of enzymatic cleavage of the long-chain oenanthates was considerably greater than that of the corresponding short-chain steroid esters. The nature and position of the ester group in the steroid molecule exhibited a marked effect on the rate of enzymatic cleavage of steroid esters. The cleavage rate of long- and short-chain steroid esters in human myometrium and endometrium resembled that in the fatty tissue. On the other hand, the gastric mucosa, recuts musculature, placenta and vaginal mucosa split the short-chain steroid esters more rapidly than the long-chain esters. The marked differences in the relation of the cleavage rate of long- and short-chain steoid esters in the various tissues allow the assumption that long- and short-chain steroid esters are cleaved by different enzymes.", "contents": "In vitro studies on enzymatic cleavage of steroid esters in the female organism. The decreasing water-solubility of steroid esters concomitant with increasing chain lenth of monocarboxylic acids provides a prolonged therapeutic effect of the steroid. Whether a slow release of the steroid from an oily depot in the muscle or a secondary storage of the enter in the body fat (\"deep compartment\") are responsible for this prolonged action, is open to discussion. The aim of this study was to investigate the steriod ester cleaving enzyme activity of human subcutaneous fatty tissue. The followeing steroid esters were investigated: Testosterone acetate and oenanthate, metenolone acetate and oenanthate, norethisterone acetate and oenanthate, dehydroepiandrosterone acetate and oenanthate, fluocortolone acetate and caproate. In the 10000 X g supernatant phase of the female subcutaneous fatty tissue the rate of enzymatic cleavage of the long-chain oenanthates was considerably greater than that of the corresponding short-chain steroid esters. The nature and position of the ester group in the steroid molecule exhibited a marked effect on the rate of enzymatic cleavage of steroid esters. The cleavage rate of long- and short-chain steroid esters in human myometrium and endometrium resembled that in the fatty tissue. On the other hand, the gastric mucosa, recuts musculature, placenta and vaginal mucosa split the short-chain steroid esters more rapidly than the long-chain esters. The marked differences in the relation of the cleavage rate of long- and short-chain steoid esters in the various tissues allow the assumption that long- and short-chain steroid esters are cleaved by different enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:130776", "title": "Topical vitamin A acid in acne vulgaris.", "content": "Thirty patients with acne vulgaris were treated for 12 weeks with 0.025% vitamin A acid in a gel. The numbers of comedones, papules, and pustules were markedly reduced in 25 of the patients.", "contents": "Topical vitamin A acid in acne vulgaris. Thirty patients with acne vulgaris were treated for 12 weeks with 0.025% vitamin A acid in a gel. The numbers of comedones, papules, and pustules were markedly reduced in 25 of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:130780", "title": "Kinetics of epidermis and adnexa following vitamin A acid in the human.", "content": "The effects of topically applied vitamin A acid and benzoyl peroxide were investigated. Short-term (a few days) and long-term (up to 800 days) treatment was analyzed histologically and autoradiographically. Labelled and unlabelled biopsies at various time intervals were taken from face, back, and acne lesions. Kinetics were followed with 3H-TdR and 3H-histidine. All keratinizing epithelia of epidermis and adnexa are stimulated by vitamin A acid. Labelling is high (up to 20-70% L.I) and occurs within a few days. Follicles and comedones can also be stimulated, but respond less and much later than epidermis. Transit time is shortened to 3-4 days. Lose, incoherent horny cells are produced, explaining the therapeutic benefits of vitamin A acid in acne. Benzoyl peroxide is less effective in stimulating epidermopoieses in epidermis, follicles, and comedones. This autoradiographic analysis parallels therapeutic results with these two exfoliants.", "contents": "Kinetics of epidermis and adnexa following vitamin A acid in the human. The effects of topically applied vitamin A acid and benzoyl peroxide were investigated. Short-term (a few days) and long-term (up to 800 days) treatment was analyzed histologically and autoradiographically. Labelled and unlabelled biopsies at various time intervals were taken from face, back, and acne lesions. Kinetics were followed with 3H-TdR and 3H-histidine. All keratinizing epithelia of epidermis and adnexa are stimulated by vitamin A acid. Labelling is high (up to 20-70% L.I) and occurs within a few days. Follicles and comedones can also be stimulated, but respond less and much later than epidermis. Transit time is shortened to 3-4 days. Lose, incoherent horny cells are produced, explaining the therapeutic benefits of vitamin A acid in acne. Benzoyl peroxide is less effective in stimulating epidermopoieses in epidermis, follicles, and comedones. This autoradiographic analysis parallels therapeutic results with these two exfoliants."}
{"id": "PMID:130781", "title": "Ultrastructure of human sebaceous follicles and comedones following treatment with vitamin A acid.", "content": "Ultrastructural findings in normal human sebaceous follicles, of comedones from acne patients, and from comedones during topical treatment with vitamin A acid (VAA) are described. In normal human sebaceous follicles, the two segments of the infundibulum-the acroinfundibulum and the infrainfundibulum-show differing ultramorphological patterns of keratinization. The incomplete horny layer of the infrainfundibulum is physiological and seems to be necessary for its normal function. On the other hand, no effective barrier function is established in this region. During comedo formation, excessive keratinization takes place in the infra-infundibulum, leading to a compact and coherent horny core. VAA-treatment leads to profound alterations of keratin production, with the appearance of small, irregular, non-coherent and foamy horny cells. The comedonal wall resumes almost physiological conditions. These changes are in agreement with experimental work using VAA in vivo and in vitro and may explain the therapeutic mechanism of action of this compound in the treatment of acne.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of human sebaceous follicles and comedones following treatment with vitamin A acid. Ultrastructural findings in normal human sebaceous follicles, of comedones from acne patients, and from comedones during topical treatment with vitamin A acid (VAA) are described. In normal human sebaceous follicles, the two segments of the infundibulum-the acroinfundibulum and the infrainfundibulum-show differing ultramorphological patterns of keratinization. The incomplete horny layer of the infrainfundibulum is physiological and seems to be necessary for its normal function. On the other hand, no effective barrier function is established in this region. During comedo formation, excessive keratinization takes place in the infra-infundibulum, leading to a compact and coherent horny core. VAA-treatment leads to profound alterations of keratin production, with the appearance of small, irregular, non-coherent and foamy horny cells. The comedonal wall resumes almost physiological conditions. These changes are in agreement with experimental work using VAA in vivo and in vitro and may explain the therapeutic mechanism of action of this compound in the treatment of acne."}
{"id": "PMID:130792", "title": "Pharmacological mediators of various immunological and non-immunological inflammatory reactions produced in the pleural cavity.", "content": "Intrapleural exudates have been produced in rats and guinea-pigs using calcium pyrophosphate, cell mediated immunity, reversed passive Arthus reaction and carrageenan. The intracellular concentration of various pharmacological mediators has been measured at different times during the evolution of these inflammatory responses. These have been correlated with volume of exudate and cellular migration. The significance of these findings has been discussed and the possible application to the search for new anti-inflammatory agents and their use in diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "Pharmacological mediators of various immunological and non-immunological inflammatory reactions produced in the pleural cavity. Intrapleural exudates have been produced in rats and guinea-pigs using calcium pyrophosphate, cell mediated immunity, reversed passive Arthus reaction and carrageenan. The intracellular concentration of various pharmacological mediators has been measured at different times during the evolution of these inflammatory responses. These have been correlated with volume of exudate and cellular migration. The significance of these findings has been discussed and the possible application to the search for new anti-inflammatory agents and their use in diagnostic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:130797", "title": "The \"unrecognized\" spigelian hernia.", "content": "The appearance at a community hospital of four cases of spigelian hernia within a 16-month period lends support to the supposition that this lesion is more common than reports would indicate. Main points to consider in establishing the likelihood of this condition primarily include an awareness of its existence and its multiple symptomatology, the anatomic schema of the lateral rectus border, careful abdominal examination and use of radiographic aids.", "contents": "The \"unrecognized\" spigelian hernia. The appearance at a community hospital of four cases of spigelian hernia within a 16-month period lends support to the supposition that this lesion is more common than reports would indicate. Main points to consider in establishing the likelihood of this condition primarily include an awareness of its existence and its multiple symptomatology, the anatomic schema of the lateral rectus border, careful abdominal examination and use of radiographic aids."}
{"id": "PMID:130798", "title": "Nursery outbreak of scalded-skin syndrome. Scarlatiniform rash due to phage group I Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "From Aug 6 to 14, 1973, scariatiniform eruptions that were considered to be mild forms of the staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome developed in four neonates. One infant had mild epidermal peeling. All had generalized, finely papular erythema that cleared rapidly after treatment with antibiotics. Cultures from the umbilical stumps or anterior nares of three of the infants yielded colonies of group I Staphylococcus aureus, phage type 29/52/79/86/D11/81, that were able to produce epidermal exfoliation in suckling mice. These data indicate that the nursery outbreak was caused by phage group I staphylococci rather than group II organisms previously associated with staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome. The demonstration that a group I Staphylococcus can produce exfoliative toxin suggests that the same mechanism for toxin production may exist for phage groups I and II staphylococci.", "contents": "Nursery outbreak of scalded-skin syndrome. Scarlatiniform rash due to phage group I Staphylococcus aureus. From Aug 6 to 14, 1973, scariatiniform eruptions that were considered to be mild forms of the staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome developed in four neonates. One infant had mild epidermal peeling. All had generalized, finely papular erythema that cleared rapidly after treatment with antibiotics. Cultures from the umbilical stumps or anterior nares of three of the infants yielded colonies of group I Staphylococcus aureus, phage type 29/52/79/86/D11/81, that were able to produce epidermal exfoliation in suckling mice. These data indicate that the nursery outbreak was caused by phage group I staphylococci rather than group II organisms previously associated with staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome. The demonstration that a group I Staphylococcus can produce exfoliative toxin suggests that the same mechanism for toxin production may exist for phage groups I and II staphylococci."}
{"id": "PMID:130796", "title": "[Study of drug allergies with special reference to skin manifestations].", "content": "One hundred and forty four patients, with dermal reactions to different drugs, were chosen from our clinic. The selection criteria was based on a detailed and careful anamnesis in order to be certain of the specific drug responsible for the reaction. We tried to establish a drug-specific reaction pattern for each of the drugs studied. Intradermal skin tests were performed with all drugs to be studied, except with pyrazolones and aspirin, for which patch tests were applied. The drug concentrations were established prior to the tests in order to avoid unwanted unspecific reactions. In every case, immediate and delayed reaction readings were carried out. A three crosses reaction (+++) was considered positive. The skin tests were positive in 44% of the cases, a value higher than those referred to by most authors. The delayed reactions to skin tests and the chloramphenicol-mediated delayed-type \"dermatitis-like\" manifestations are compared. It is noteworthy to mention that positive delayed reactions were observed more frequently with chloramphenicol than with any of the other studied drugs. The same applies for those patients with a positive history to chloramphenicol. The most common reaction pattern to penicillin and streptomycin in our series (20%) were urticaria and Quincke's edema. Penicillin, pyrazolones and streptomycin were the most common drugs responsible for urticarial patterns, being the pyrazolones related to fixed erythema in many cases. The age group 25-50 was the most frequently involved. No sex predominance was observed. The value of the classic skin tests is discussed, so are history recording and the in vitro tests.", "contents": "[Study of drug allergies with special reference to skin manifestations]. One hundred and forty four patients, with dermal reactions to different drugs, were chosen from our clinic. The selection criteria was based on a detailed and careful anamnesis in order to be certain of the specific drug responsible for the reaction. We tried to establish a drug-specific reaction pattern for each of the drugs studied. Intradermal skin tests were performed with all drugs to be studied, except with pyrazolones and aspirin, for which patch tests were applied. The drug concentrations were established prior to the tests in order to avoid unwanted unspecific reactions. In every case, immediate and delayed reaction readings were carried out. A three crosses reaction (+++) was considered positive. The skin tests were positive in 44% of the cases, a value higher than those referred to by most authors. The delayed reactions to skin tests and the chloramphenicol-mediated delayed-type \"dermatitis-like\" manifestations are compared. It is noteworthy to mention that positive delayed reactions were observed more frequently with chloramphenicol than with any of the other studied drugs. The same applies for those patients with a positive history to chloramphenicol. The most common reaction pattern to penicillin and streptomycin in our series (20%) were urticaria and Quincke's edema. Penicillin, pyrazolones and streptomycin were the most common drugs responsible for urticarial patterns, being the pyrazolones related to fixed erythema in many cases. The age group 25-50 was the most frequently involved. No sex predominance was observed. The value of the classic skin tests is discussed, so are history recording and the in vitro tests."}
{"id": "PMID:130802", "title": "Comparison of culdoscopic and laparoscopic tubal sterilization.", "content": "The growing number of women requesting interval sterilization (apart from term delivery or abortion procedures) necessitates the re-evaluation of traditional surgical procedures. A total of 800 women--the first 400 women undergoing culdoscopic and laparoscopic tubal sterilization procedures at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand--evaluate the appropriateness of the two sterilization procedures for use in interval sterilization programs. No serious operative complications occurred in either group. However, the rate of postoperative complications was considerably higher for the culdoscopic group than for the laparoscopic group. Hospitalization was required for only a small percentage of the patients and most had resumed their normal activities within two days of the operation. This study indicates that both procedures are effective and may be safely performed on an outpatient basis without general anesthetics and with minimal discomfort for the patients.", "contents": "Comparison of culdoscopic and laparoscopic tubal sterilization. The growing number of women requesting interval sterilization (apart from term delivery or abortion procedures) necessitates the re-evaluation of traditional surgical procedures. A total of 800 women--the first 400 women undergoing culdoscopic and laparoscopic tubal sterilization procedures at Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand--evaluate the appropriateness of the two sterilization procedures for use in interval sterilization programs. No serious operative complications occurred in either group. However, the rate of postoperative complications was considerably higher for the culdoscopic group than for the laparoscopic group. Hospitalization was required for only a small percentage of the patients and most had resumed their normal activities within two days of the operation. This study indicates that both procedures are effective and may be safely performed on an outpatient basis without general anesthetics and with minimal discomfort for the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:130804", "title": "Treponemal antigen in immunopathogenesis of syphilitic glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A patient with syphilitic glomerulonephritis had a renal biopsy and was treated for secondary syphilis. Light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopic studies revealed an acute proliferative glomerulonephritis with subepithelial, intramembranous, and subendothelial immune complex deposits containing IgG, IgA, IgM, C4, and C3. Similar local deposits containing predominantly IgM were noted in areas of mesangial proliferation. Indirect fluorescent antibody studies employing rabbit treponemal antibody and sheep antirabbit globulin conjugate revealed the presence of treponemal antigen in the glomerular deposits. This finding provides strong evidence for the immunopathogenesis of the glomerular lesion as well as a causal link with Treponema pallidum.", "contents": "Treponemal antigen in immunopathogenesis of syphilitic glomerulonephritis. A patient with syphilitic glomerulonephritis had a renal biopsy and was treated for secondary syphilis. Light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopic studies revealed an acute proliferative glomerulonephritis with subepithelial, intramembranous, and subendothelial immune complex deposits containing IgG, IgA, IgM, C4, and C3. Similar local deposits containing predominantly IgM were noted in areas of mesangial proliferation. Indirect fluorescent antibody studies employing rabbit treponemal antibody and sheep antirabbit globulin conjugate revealed the presence of treponemal antigen in the glomerular deposits. This finding provides strong evidence for the immunopathogenesis of the glomerular lesion as well as a causal link with Treponema pallidum."}
{"id": "PMID:130801", "title": "Case report. Congestive heart failure complicating the hungry bone syndrome.", "content": "A patient with the hungry bone syndrome following parathyroidectomy for hyperparathyroidism developed congestive heart failure, probably due to the myocardial depressant effects of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesmia. Calcium and magnesium alone were instrumental in relieving his symptoms, decreasing his heart size, and clearing the pulmonary congestion. A mechanism for the pathogenesis of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia induced heart failure is proposed.", "contents": "Case report. Congestive heart failure complicating the hungry bone syndrome. A patient with the hungry bone syndrome following parathyroidectomy for hyperparathyroidism developed congestive heart failure, probably due to the myocardial depressant effects of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesmia. Calcium and magnesium alone were instrumental in relieving his symptoms, decreasing his heart size, and clearing the pulmonary congestion. A mechanism for the pathogenesis of hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia induced heart failure is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:130805", "title": "Inguinal hernia repair. A comparison of the Shouldice and Cooper ligament repair of the posterior inguinal wall.", "content": "The basic principle of the Cooper ligament repair is the closure of the deficiency in the posterior inguinal wall effected by suturing the upper margin of the defect, represented by the aponeurosis of the transversus plus its investing fascia, downwards to its insertion  on to Copper's ligament along the superior ramus of the pubis lateral to the pubic tubercle. Because of tension, a relaxing incision in the anterior rectus sheath is frequently necessary. The basic principle of the Shouldice repair of the posterior inguinal wall is an overlapping repair utilizing the transversalis fascia, previously divided from internal ring to pubic tubercle. The lateral (or lower) transversalis flap is anchored upwards, underneath the medial (or upper) flap, being attached medially to the edge of the rectus and laterally to the arching fibers of transversus and internal oblique. The medial flap is then attached to the deepest part of the shelving surface of the inguinal ligament. Tension is a less significant factor and a relaxing incision is not used. In two large well-documented series, each using one of these technics exclusively, the recurrence rates are used to compare these two methods of repair. In Halverson and McVay's twenty-two year series of 263 repairs for primary direct inguinal hernia, using the Cooper ligament method throughout, this rate was 4.9 per cent. In my personal twenty-one year series of 4,812 primary direct inguinal hernia repairs using the Shouldice method exclusively, a recurrence rate of 0.7 per cent was achieved. These results suggest that the Shouldice repair is superior.", "contents": "Inguinal hernia repair. A comparison of the Shouldice and Cooper ligament repair of the posterior inguinal wall. The basic principle of the Cooper ligament repair is the closure of the deficiency in the posterior inguinal wall effected by suturing the upper margin of the defect, represented by the aponeurosis of the transversus plus its investing fascia, downwards to its insertion  on to Copper's ligament along the superior ramus of the pubis lateral to the pubic tubercle. Because of tension, a relaxing incision in the anterior rectus sheath is frequently necessary. The basic principle of the Shouldice repair of the posterior inguinal wall is an overlapping repair utilizing the transversalis fascia, previously divided from internal ring to pubic tubercle. The lateral (or lower) transversalis flap is anchored upwards, underneath the medial (or upper) flap, being attached medially to the edge of the rectus and laterally to the arching fibers of transversus and internal oblique. The medial flap is then attached to the deepest part of the shelving surface of the inguinal ligament. Tension is a less significant factor and a relaxing incision is not used. In two large well-documented series, each using one of these technics exclusively, the recurrence rates are used to compare these two methods of repair. In Halverson and McVay's twenty-two year series of 263 repairs for primary direct inguinal hernia, using the Cooper ligament method throughout, this rate was 4.9 per cent. In my personal twenty-one year series of 4,812 primary direct inguinal hernia repairs using the Shouldice method exclusively, a recurrence rate of 0.7 per cent was achieved. These results suggest that the Shouldice repair is superior."}
{"id": "PMID:130806", "title": "Laparoscopy in the diagnosis of blunt and penetrating injuries to the abdomen.", "content": "Laparoscopy was evaluated in thirty-seven patients from a group of 132 consecutive patients who were treated for blunt or penetrating injury to the abdomen. A total of twenty-three patients underwent laparoscopy and laparotomy. The findings at laparotomy correlated with laparoscopy. Fourteen patients underwent laparoscopy only, and there were no proved false-negative results. Of the 132 patients considered for laparotomy, 118 underwent abdominal exploration. Laparotomy was considered unnecessary in twenty-five of the 118 patients (21 per cent) and in retrospect, laparoscopy could have identified in each patient the presence of a minor injury or no injury at all. Laparoscopy is a useful method for evaluating blunt and penetrating injuries to the abdomen in selected patients.", "contents": "Laparoscopy in the diagnosis of blunt and penetrating injuries to the abdomen. Laparoscopy was evaluated in thirty-seven patients from a group of 132 consecutive patients who were treated for blunt or penetrating injury to the abdomen. A total of twenty-three patients underwent laparoscopy and laparotomy. The findings at laparotomy correlated with laparoscopy. Fourteen patients underwent laparoscopy only, and there were no proved false-negative results. Of the 132 patients considered for laparotomy, 118 underwent abdominal exploration. Laparotomy was considered unnecessary in twenty-five of the 118 patients (21 per cent) and in retrospect, laparoscopy could have identified in each patient the presence of a minor injury or no injury at all. Laparoscopy is a useful method for evaluating blunt and penetrating injuries to the abdomen in selected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:130807", "title": "Laparoscopy in general surgery.", "content": "In the last seven years laparoscopy has become increasingly popular in North America. The procedure has been mainly embraced by the gynecologist. Other specialities have been relatively slow in recognizing its value. Laparoscopy has wide applications in general surgery. It is a useful tool in blunt abdominal trauma and often prevents laparotomy. In patients with acute abdominal conditions, when findings are atypical, uncertainty in diagnosis may be resolved by laparoscopy. In patients with malignant disease it permits assessment of the extent of the lesion and enables accurate selection of the mode of therapy. Numerous procedures per laparoscopy, including biopsies, division of adhesions, cholangiography and collection of samples for bacteriologic studies, may be carried out simultaneously. Complication associated with the procedure are few but may be severe. These can be avoided by careful adherence to proper technic.", "contents": "Laparoscopy in general surgery. In the last seven years laparoscopy has become increasingly popular in North America. The procedure has been mainly embraced by the gynecologist. Other specialities have been relatively slow in recognizing its value. Laparoscopy has wide applications in general surgery. It is a useful tool in blunt abdominal trauma and often prevents laparotomy. In patients with acute abdominal conditions, when findings are atypical, uncertainty in diagnosis may be resolved by laparoscopy. In patients with malignant disease it permits assessment of the extent of the lesion and enables accurate selection of the mode of therapy. Numerous procedures per laparoscopy, including biopsies, division of adhesions, cholangiography and collection of samples for bacteriologic studies, may be carried out simultaneously. Complication associated with the procedure are few but may be severe. These can be avoided by careful adherence to proper technic."}
{"id": "PMID:130808", "title": "Extraperitoneal retention sutures.", "content": "A new technic for the application of retention sutures is described. Intestinal obstruction caused by the entrapped intestine between the retention suture and the abdominal wall is practically eradicated with this technic.", "contents": "Extraperitoneal retention sutures. A new technic for the application of retention sutures is described. Intestinal obstruction caused by the entrapped intestine between the retention suture and the abdominal wall is practically eradicated with this technic."}
{"id": "PMID:130810", "title": "[Adenoma of the pigmented ciliary epithelium (author's transl)].", "content": "A solid adenoma of the pigmented ciliary epithelium was removed by 9.0 X 6.0 mm \"block-excision\" (postoperative visual acuity 1.0). The black lesion with a velvety surface consists of very large cells packed with melanin granules of abnormal and variable density, structure and size. Striking intracellular vacuoles contain acid mucopolysaccharides, particularly sialomucins. The literature on tumors of the pigmented ciliary epithelium is reviewed. Criteria for the separation of adenomas for adeno- \"carcinomas\" (8 cases, all without metastases) from reactive hyperplasia (6 cases) are proposed. The histologic, histochemical and electronmicroscopic findings of our tumor show striking similarities to those of an adenoma of the retinal pigment epithelium.", "contents": "[Adenoma of the pigmented ciliary epithelium (author's transl)]. A solid adenoma of the pigmented ciliary epithelium was removed by 9.0 X 6.0 mm \"block-excision\" (postoperative visual acuity 1.0). The black lesion with a velvety surface consists of very large cells packed with melanin granules of abnormal and variable density, structure and size. Striking intracellular vacuoles contain acid mucopolysaccharides, particularly sialomucins. The literature on tumors of the pigmented ciliary epithelium is reviewed. Criteria for the separation of adenomas for adeno- \"carcinomas\" (8 cases, all without metastases) from reactive hyperplasia (6 cases) are proposed. The histologic, histochemical and electronmicroscopic findings of our tumor show striking similarities to those of an adenoma of the retinal pigment epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:130814", "title": "Fiber types and size in equine skeletal muscle.", "content": "Frozen sections of equine musculus semitendinosus were examined for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR), using standard histochemical procedures, and the proportions of the various fiber types and average fiber sectional size were determined. With ATPase staining, approximately 70% of the fibers were classified as alpha fibers (ATPase positive), and 30%, as beta fibers (ATPase negative). In addition, 2 populations of alpha fibers could be readily distinguished on the basis of the intensity of the ATPase reaction, and these were designated alpha positive and alpha intermediate. The relationship of this difference in ATPase reaction to contraction speed of the fibers is not known. With NADH-TR staining, fibers were classified as either red fibers (positive) having aerobic metabolism or white fibers (negative) having primarily anaerobic metabolism. All beta fibers were red by NADH-TR; thus, they conformed to the criteria for beta R fibers. All alpha positive fibers were white by NADH-TR, as were most of the alpha intermediate fibers, and would be classified alpha W. Some of the alpha intermediate fibers gave an intermediate reaction with NADH-TR and could be classified as alpha R fibers which have not transformed to alpha W fibers. The alpha positive fibers were 7 to 10 mum larger in diameter than either beta or alpha intermediate fibers.", "contents": "Fiber types and size in equine skeletal muscle. Frozen sections of equine musculus semitendinosus were examined for myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase (NADH-TR), using standard histochemical procedures, and the proportions of the various fiber types and average fiber sectional size were determined. With ATPase staining, approximately 70% of the fibers were classified as alpha fibers (ATPase positive), and 30%, as beta fibers (ATPase negative). In addition, 2 populations of alpha fibers could be readily distinguished on the basis of the intensity of the ATPase reaction, and these were designated alpha positive and alpha intermediate. The relationship of this difference in ATPase reaction to contraction speed of the fibers is not known. With NADH-TR staining, fibers were classified as either red fibers (positive) having aerobic metabolism or white fibers (negative) having primarily anaerobic metabolism. All beta fibers were red by NADH-TR; thus, they conformed to the criteria for beta R fibers. All alpha positive fibers were white by NADH-TR, as were most of the alpha intermediate fibers, and would be classified alpha W. Some of the alpha intermediate fibers gave an intermediate reaction with NADH-TR and could be classified as alpha R fibers which have not transformed to alpha W fibers. The alpha positive fibers were 7 to 10 mum larger in diameter than either beta or alpha intermediate fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:130811", "title": "Cardiovascular changes during laparoscopy. Studies of stroke volume and cardiac output using impedance cardiography.", "content": "The stroke volume and cardiac output changes in twenty-four patients undergoing laparoscopy were measured using the non-invasive technique of impedance cardiography. There was a moderate fall of stroke volume and cardiac output during intraperitoneal insufflation of carbon dioxide which was directly related to the volume of gas used. The need for caution during laparoscopy particularly in ill patients is emphasised.", "contents": "Cardiovascular changes during laparoscopy. Studies of stroke volume and cardiac output using impedance cardiography. The stroke volume and cardiac output changes in twenty-four patients undergoing laparoscopy were measured using the non-invasive technique of impedance cardiography. There was a moderate fall of stroke volume and cardiac output during intraperitoneal insufflation of carbon dioxide which was directly related to the volume of gas used. The need for caution during laparoscopy particularly in ill patients is emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:130812", "title": "The avoidance of suxamethonium pain: a study of patients presenting for laparos copy.", "content": "A comparison was made of the incidence of post-operative pain in patients given suxamethonium modified by pre-treatment with a small dose of gallamine and those not given suxamethonium. Sequential analysis of the results showed a preference for anaesthetic techniques not employing suxamethonium.", "contents": "The avoidance of suxamethonium pain: a study of patients presenting for laparos copy. A comparison was made of the incidence of post-operative pain in patients given suxamethonium modified by pre-treatment with a small dose of gallamine and those not given suxamethonium. Sequential analysis of the results showed a preference for anaesthetic techniques not employing suxamethonium."}
{"id": "PMID:130815", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus infections of captive dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and oceanarium personnel.", "content": "Samples from blowhole and pharynx of 1 dolphin ill with a respiratory tract infection and 31 healthy dolphins at 2 oceanariums were examined by bacteriologic cultural technique. During the same period, nasal and volar forearm skin samples were collected from 32 healthy personnel and from a furuncle on the forearm of 1 attendant. Coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated from 8 dolphins (including the ill dolphin) and from 14 persons. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns (8 drugs were tested) differed markedly for the staphylococcal isolates recovered from dolphins, as compared with those from persons. Staphylocci from the dolphins were totally or partially sensitive to every antibiotic, whereas almost all of the isolates from persons were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin, as well as to certain other antibiotics. Staphylococcus bacteriophage typing revealed that only 1 isolate from a dolphin could be typed (type D11). Six of the isolates from persons were typable, but no isolate was sensitive to only type D11. It was concluded that, although Staphylococcus aureus could be isolated commonly from captive dolphins, there was no evidence of cross infection between the dolphins and the oceanarium personnel.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus infections of captive dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and oceanarium personnel. Samples from blowhole and pharynx of 1 dolphin ill with a respiratory tract infection and 31 healthy dolphins at 2 oceanariums were examined by bacteriologic cultural technique. During the same period, nasal and volar forearm skin samples were collected from 32 healthy personnel and from a furuncle on the forearm of 1 attendant. Coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated from 8 dolphins (including the ill dolphin) and from 14 persons. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns (8 drugs were tested) differed markedly for the staphylococcal isolates recovered from dolphins, as compared with those from persons. Staphylocci from the dolphins were totally or partially sensitive to every antibiotic, whereas almost all of the isolates from persons were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin, as well as to certain other antibiotics. Staphylococcus bacteriophage typing revealed that only 1 isolate from a dolphin could be typed (type D11). Six of the isolates from persons were typable, but no isolate was sensitive to only type D11. It was concluded that, although Staphylococcus aureus could be isolated commonly from captive dolphins, there was no evidence of cross infection between the dolphins and the oceanarium personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:130813", "title": "\"Pentazepam\" (pentazocine + diazepam) supplementing local analgesia for laparoscopic sterilization.", "content": "Salpingectomy by laparoscopy in 200 healthy outpatients employed local analgesia and \"pentazepam\" (pentazocine 90 mg and diazepam 30 mg in 250 ml of 5% D/W) as anesthesia. Patients received no premedication, ventilated spontaneously, without tracheal intubation, but were given nasal O2 at 3 L/min throughout the procedure. N2O was used for abdominal insufflation, and the abdominal pressure and Trendelenburg position were restricted to less than 20 cm H2O pressure and 30 degrees, respectively. Changes in arterial blood gases measured in 12 patients were unremarkable. Prolonged recovery, unsatisfactory surgical conditions, tachycardia, nausea and vomiting were infrequent.", "contents": "\"Pentazepam\" (pentazocine + diazepam) supplementing local analgesia for laparoscopic sterilization. Salpingectomy by laparoscopy in 200 healthy outpatients employed local analgesia and \"pentazepam\" (pentazocine 90 mg and diazepam 30 mg in 250 ml of 5% D/W) as anesthesia. Patients received no premedication, ventilated spontaneously, without tracheal intubation, but were given nasal O2 at 3 L/min throughout the procedure. N2O was used for abdominal insufflation, and the abdominal pressure and Trendelenburg position were restricted to less than 20 cm H2O pressure and 30 degrees, respectively. Changes in arterial blood gases measured in 12 patients were unremarkable. Prolonged recovery, unsatisfactory surgical conditions, tachycardia, nausea and vomiting were infrequent."}
{"id": "PMID:130817", "title": "Nephrotic syndrome associated with Fanconi Syndrome. Immunopathogenic studies of tubulointerstitial nephritis with autologous immune-complex glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The nature of renal lesions in a patient with simultaneous onset of the Fanconi syndrome and nephrotic syndrome was investigated by immunologic studies of the patient's serum, cryoproteins, and renal tissue. Acute severe tubulointerstitial nephritis and generalized segmental glomerulonephritis were present. Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) antigen, IgG, and Clq were localized in the glomerull and proximal tubules. Cryoprecipitates containing RTE antigen and anti-RTE antigen were isolated from the patient's serum antibody to RTE antigen was detected in the serum of the patient. However, antibody to tubular basement membrane was not found in the cryoproteins or serum. The unusual simultaneous presentation of these two syndromes in our patient possibly represents a common etiology: tubular damage with release of RTE antigen and subsequent development of immune-complex glomerulonephritis mediated by renal tubular epithelial antigen and antibody to this antigen.", "contents": "Nephrotic syndrome associated with Fanconi Syndrome. Immunopathogenic studies of tubulointerstitial nephritis with autologous immune-complex glomerulonephritis. The nature of renal lesions in a patient with simultaneous onset of the Fanconi syndrome and nephrotic syndrome was investigated by immunologic studies of the patient's serum, cryoproteins, and renal tissue. Acute severe tubulointerstitial nephritis and generalized segmental glomerulonephritis were present. Renal tubular epithelial (RTE) antigen, IgG, and Clq were localized in the glomerull and proximal tubules. Cryoprecipitates containing RTE antigen and anti-RTE antigen were isolated from the patient's serum antibody to RTE antigen was detected in the serum of the patient. However, antibody to tubular basement membrane was not found in the cryoproteins or serum. The unusual simultaneous presentation of these two syndromes in our patient possibly represents a common etiology: tubular damage with release of RTE antigen and subsequent development of immune-complex glomerulonephritis mediated by renal tubular epithelial antigen and antibody to this antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:130818", "title": "Resolution and reconstitution of ion-transport systems.", "content": "1. Oxidative phosphorylation was reconstituted with a mitochondrial proton pump (oligomycin-sensitive ATPase) and segments of the oxidation chain (cytochrome oxidase or DPNH-Q1 reductase). A proton pump of bacteriorhodopsin substituted for the respiratory chain components, giving rise to light-induced ATP formation. 2. Since oxidative phosphorylation has thus become a special case of the problem of ion translocation in general, we have investigated and reconsituted other pumps. The reconstituted Ca++ pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of two factors, the Ca++-dependent ATPase and a heat-stable coupling factor. 3. Other information obtained from reconstitution experiments include the role of asymmetry in organized membranes and the specificity of protein-phospholipid interaction. 4. Purified preparations of Ca++-ATPase catalyze the formation of ATP from Pi and ADP in a stepwise reaction stoichiometric with the enzyme and dependent on Ca++.", "contents": "Resolution and reconstitution of ion-transport systems. 1. Oxidative phosphorylation was reconstituted with a mitochondrial proton pump (oligomycin-sensitive ATPase) and segments of the oxidation chain (cytochrome oxidase or DPNH-Q1 reductase). A proton pump of bacteriorhodopsin substituted for the respiratory chain components, giving rise to light-induced ATP formation. 2. Since oxidative phosphorylation has thus become a special case of the problem of ion translocation in general, we have investigated and reconsituted other pumps. The reconstituted Ca++ pump of sarcoplasmic reticulum consists of two factors, the Ca++-dependent ATPase and a heat-stable coupling factor. 3. Other information obtained from reconstitution experiments include the role of asymmetry in organized membranes and the specificity of protein-phospholipid interaction. 4. Purified preparations of Ca++-ATPase catalyze the formation of ATP from Pi and ADP in a stepwise reaction stoichiometric with the enzyme and dependent on Ca++."}
{"id": "PMID:130826", "title": "Cellular thermogenesis.", "content": "The principal conclusion presented in this review is that no single mechanism underlies any of the examples of basal or altered cellular thermogenesis. Both increased Na+ pump operation and uncoupling may occur to a greater or lesser extent, as may other heat-producing mechanisms. There are areas in which further information is needed in order to explain fully the composite nature of the mechanisms involved in cellular thermogenesis. The control of mitochondrial oxidations in their natural habitat (i.e. inside cells) by regulatory proteins, fatty acids, ions (Ca2+, Na+, K+), cyclic AMP, protein kinases, prostaglandins, purine nucleotides, and other factors must be elucidated. There is evidence for the participation of all of these substances in the control of cellular thermogenesis, but no scheme has been developed that takes them all into account. Further emphasis on the tissue-specific differences in the regulation of mitochondrial function is desirable. The regulation of the biogenesis of mammalian mitochondria is another area currently under intense study for which no clear hypothesis has as yet emerged. Information in this area is needed in order to understand the mechanism and role of mitochondrial adaptations associated with altered thermogenesis in hyperthyroidism, in acclimation to cold, and in exercise training, as well as the nature of altered mitochondrial biogenesis, such as appears to underlie the Luft hypermetabolic syndrome.", "contents": "Cellular thermogenesis. The principal conclusion presented in this review is that no single mechanism underlies any of the examples of basal or altered cellular thermogenesis. Both increased Na+ pump operation and uncoupling may occur to a greater or lesser extent, as may other heat-producing mechanisms. There are areas in which further information is needed in order to explain fully the composite nature of the mechanisms involved in cellular thermogenesis. The control of mitochondrial oxidations in their natural habitat (i.e. inside cells) by regulatory proteins, fatty acids, ions (Ca2+, Na+, K+), cyclic AMP, protein kinases, prostaglandins, purine nucleotides, and other factors must be elucidated. There is evidence for the participation of all of these substances in the control of cellular thermogenesis, but no scheme has been developed that takes them all into account. Further emphasis on the tissue-specific differences in the regulation of mitochondrial function is desirable. The regulation of the biogenesis of mammalian mitochondria is another area currently under intense study for which no clear hypothesis has as yet emerged. Information in this area is needed in order to understand the mechanism and role of mitochondrial adaptations associated with altered thermogenesis in hyperthyroidism, in acclimation to cold, and in exercise training, as well as the nature of altered mitochondrial biogenesis, such as appears to underlie the Luft hypermetabolic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:130827", "title": "Renal tubular chloride transport and the mode of action of some diuretics.", "content": "The renal diluting segment (thick ascending limb of Henle's loop) reabsorbs sodium chloride in excess of water and is responsible for dilution of the urine as well as reabsorption of a large fraction of the salt present in the glomerular ultrafiltrate. There is active reabsorption of chloride, which causes the voltage to be positive in the tubule lumen. Most, if not all, of the sodium transport is passive, driven by the voltage. Three major diuretics (mersalyl, furosemide, and ethacrynic acid) act in the lumen of the diluting segment to inhibit active chloride transport, not sodium transport as previously believed. This specific action on chloride transport may explain how these drugs are able to inhibit salt transport in the kidney while having so little effect on the transport processes elsewhere in the body.", "contents": "Renal tubular chloride transport and the mode of action of some diuretics. The renal diluting segment (thick ascending limb of Henle's loop) reabsorbs sodium chloride in excess of water and is responsible for dilution of the urine as well as reabsorption of a large fraction of the salt present in the glomerular ultrafiltrate. There is active reabsorption of chloride, which causes the voltage to be positive in the tubule lumen. Most, if not all, of the sodium transport is passive, driven by the voltage. Three major diuretics (mersalyl, furosemide, and ethacrynic acid) act in the lumen of the diluting segment to inhibit active chloride transport, not sodium transport as previously believed. This specific action on chloride transport may explain how these drugs are able to inhibit salt transport in the kidney while having so little effect on the transport processes elsewhere in the body."}
{"id": "PMID:130829", "title": "Effects of enterocin E1A on the ultrastructure of Streptococcus faecium.", "content": "Streptococcus faecium 158 cells were examined by electron microscopy at sequential intervals after addition of enterocin E1A, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus faecium E1. After addition of enterocin E1A, the nuclear material began to concentrate into distinct areas at the center of the bacteria. In a later stage, extensive condensation of the nuclear filaments left a small cluster of dense granules within a cytoplasmic vacuole, and 10-20% of the cells underwent a complete lysis.", "contents": "Effects of enterocin E1A on the ultrastructure of Streptococcus faecium. Streptococcus faecium 158 cells were examined by electron microscopy at sequential intervals after addition of enterocin E1A, a bacteriocin produced by Streptococcus faecium E1. After addition of enterocin E1A, the nuclear material began to concentrate into distinct areas at the center of the bacteria. In a later stage, extensive condensation of the nuclear filaments left a small cluster of dense granules within a cytoplasmic vacuole, and 10-20% of the cells underwent a complete lysis."}
{"id": "PMID:130835", "title": "Role of microorganisms in dandruff.", "content": "The role of microorganisms in dandruff was studied, by suppressing individually and then collectively the three major components of the scalp microflora. The effect on dandruff was assessed subjectively by clinical grading and objectively by the corneocyte count. No effect on dandruff was demonstrated when scalp organisms were suppressed. In the second group of experiments, dandruff was suppressed by selenium sulfide shampooling and the effect of continued suppression of Pityrosporum with topically applied amphotericin was measured. According to our criteria, dandruff returned to pretreatment levels, despite continued suppression of Pityrosporum. The studies demonstrate that the increased number of scalp microorganisms found in dandruff occurs as a secondary event to increased nutrients and that scalp organisms play no primary role in the pathogenesis of dandruff.", "contents": "Role of microorganisms in dandruff. The role of microorganisms in dandruff was studied, by suppressing individually and then collectively the three major components of the scalp microflora. The effect on dandruff was assessed subjectively by clinical grading and objectively by the corneocyte count. No effect on dandruff was demonstrated when scalp organisms were suppressed. In the second group of experiments, dandruff was suppressed by selenium sulfide shampooling and the effect of continued suppression of Pityrosporum with topically applied amphotericin was measured. According to our criteria, dandruff returned to pretreatment levels, despite continued suppression of Pityrosporum. The studies demonstrate that the increased number of scalp microorganisms found in dandruff occurs as a secondary event to increased nutrients and that scalp organisms play no primary role in the pathogenesis of dandruff."}
{"id": "PMID:130836", "title": "Potential hazards of clindamycin in acne therapy.", "content": "In the course of the last two years, a tremendous amount of controversy has been raised over dangers accompanying the use of the antibiotic clindamycin. The controversy has been stimulated by recent reports of fatalities from pseudomembraneous colitis associated with clindamycin therapy. Varying greatly in degree of severity, the colitis has been reported in as high as 10% of all patients using the drug. The pertinence of such data, however, in a young, healthy acne population receiving small maintenance doses is questionable. Nevertheless, because of these reports, the use of clindamycin in the treatment of many of the conditions for which it was previously considered indicated, including acne, is being seriously reevaluated.", "contents": "Potential hazards of clindamycin in acne therapy. In the course of the last two years, a tremendous amount of controversy has been raised over dangers accompanying the use of the antibiotic clindamycin. The controversy has been stimulated by recent reports of fatalities from pseudomembraneous colitis associated with clindamycin therapy. Varying greatly in degree of severity, the colitis has been reported in as high as 10% of all patients using the drug. The pertinence of such data, however, in a young, healthy acne population receiving small maintenance doses is questionable. Nevertheless, because of these reports, the use of clindamycin in the treatment of many of the conditions for which it was previously considered indicated, including acne, is being seriously reevaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:130839", "title": "[Sebaceous filaments (author's transl)].", "content": "Sebaceous filaments are cylindrical tubes of whitish-yellowish color, which can be expressed from areas of the face rich in sebaceous follicles by pinching the skin or by the cyanoacrylat-technique. Sebaceous filaments are most commonly found in the centrofacial areas and the alae nasae in postpuberal individuals with large facial pores and seborrhea. Sebaceous filaments are composed of a skeleton of 10-30 horny cell layers which enclose a mixture of bacteria, sebaceous lipid, corneocyte fragments and one hair. Following the expression of the filament the follicle refills within 30 days. The various portions of sebaceous follicles (acro- and infrainfundibulum) and the follicular contents are presented at the light microscopial and ultrastructural level. Follicles containing sebaceous filaments have a conspicuous granular layer and no acanthosis. Sebaceous filaments should be differentiated from a microcomedo and trichostasis spinolosa. They are a common morphological variant of sebaceous follicles.", "contents": "[Sebaceous filaments (author's transl)]. Sebaceous filaments are cylindrical tubes of whitish-yellowish color, which can be expressed from areas of the face rich in sebaceous follicles by pinching the skin or by the cyanoacrylat-technique. Sebaceous filaments are most commonly found in the centrofacial areas and the alae nasae in postpuberal individuals with large facial pores and seborrhea. Sebaceous filaments are composed of a skeleton of 10-30 horny cell layers which enclose a mixture of bacteria, sebaceous lipid, corneocyte fragments and one hair. Following the expression of the filament the follicle refills within 30 days. The various portions of sebaceous follicles (acro- and infrainfundibulum) and the follicular contents are presented at the light microscopial and ultrastructural level. Follicles containing sebaceous filaments have a conspicuous granular layer and no acanthosis. Sebaceous filaments should be differentiated from a microcomedo and trichostasis spinolosa. They are a common morphological variant of sebaceous follicles."}
{"id": "PMID:130842", "title": "Cartilage of the patella. Topographical variation of glycosaminoglycan content in normal and fibrillated tissue.", "content": "The variation in the glycosaminoglycan content was studied at different sites of the patella, both where the cartilage was intact and where it showed varying degrees of fibrillation. It was found that when the cartilage surface was intact the glycosaminoglycan content was the same at the different sites of the patella. Local fibrillation always gave rise to a local lowering of fixed charge density, the magnitude of the latter correlating well with the visual assessment of the severity of the lesion. Even in the presence of severe lesions, if there was a site left on the patella where the cartilage was visually normal, its fixed charge density was also at a normal level. Thus, the depletion of glycosaminoglycans is a local phenomenon, limited to the area of fibrillation. The glycosaminoglycan content of normal cartilage is lower in the knee joint than in the hip. This fact, together with the existence of high pressure during load bearing, may be responsible for the greater frequency of destructive lesions affecting the cartilage of the patella compared with that of the hip.", "contents": "Cartilage of the patella. Topographical variation of glycosaminoglycan content in normal and fibrillated tissue. The variation in the glycosaminoglycan content was studied at different sites of the patella, both where the cartilage was intact and where it showed varying degrees of fibrillation. It was found that when the cartilage surface was intact the glycosaminoglycan content was the same at the different sites of the patella. Local fibrillation always gave rise to a local lowering of fixed charge density, the magnitude of the latter correlating well with the visual assessment of the severity of the lesion. Even in the presence of severe lesions, if there was a site left on the patella where the cartilage was visually normal, its fixed charge density was also at a normal level. Thus, the depletion of glycosaminoglycans is a local phenomenon, limited to the area of fibrillation. The glycosaminoglycan content of normal cartilage is lower in the knee joint than in the hip. This fact, together with the existence of high pressure during load bearing, may be responsible for the greater frequency of destructive lesions affecting the cartilage of the patella compared with that of the hip."}
{"id": "PMID:130843", "title": "Effects of implanted Doppler flowmeters on femoral vein autografts.", "content": "Thirteen femoral vein autografts were placed into the corresponding ipsilateral femoral arteries of 8 mongrel dogs. Cuff-type Doppler (ultrasonic) flowmeters were placed around six of the grafts. None of the vessels thrombosed. Blood flow velocities were measured in all vessels up until the time of sacrifice (mean 95 +/- 5 days after surgery) or accidental death (one dog, 49 days after surgery). The only case of graft failure was attributed to infection at the flowmeter site. With this single exception, the vein grafts exhibited uniformity in histological appearance from dog to dog. These data suggest that implantation of properly designed Doppler flow transducers may have clinical applications. This technique permits continuous or intermittent assessment of blood flow characteristics through a graft without additional trauma or cost to the patient. It is free of the many inherent disadvantages of chronically implanted electromagnetic flowmeters and may negate the need in some instances for followup angiographic studies.", "contents": "Effects of implanted Doppler flowmeters on femoral vein autografts. Thirteen femoral vein autografts were placed into the corresponding ipsilateral femoral arteries of 8 mongrel dogs. Cuff-type Doppler (ultrasonic) flowmeters were placed around six of the grafts. None of the vessels thrombosed. Blood flow velocities were measured in all vessels up until the time of sacrifice (mean 95 +/- 5 days after surgery) or accidental death (one dog, 49 days after surgery). The only case of graft failure was attributed to infection at the flowmeter site. With this single exception, the vein grafts exhibited uniformity in histological appearance from dog to dog. These data suggest that implantation of properly designed Doppler flow transducers may have clinical applications. This technique permits continuous or intermittent assessment of blood flow characteristics through a graft without additional trauma or cost to the patient. It is free of the many inherent disadvantages of chronically implanted electromagnetic flowmeters and may negate the need in some instances for followup angiographic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:130844", "title": "Acceleration of tissue ingrowth on materials implanted in the heart.", "content": "A technique for accelerating the development of tissue layers on fabrics implanted in the bloodstream has been explored in dogs and monkeys. Endothelial cell seeding of the fabrics with cells derived from the endocardial surface of the atrium together with an autogenous plasma coating was shown to accelerate organization of fabric-covered devices implanted in the bloodstream of adult primates. At the same time, this technique appears simple and rapid enough to be practical in a clinical setting. The results suggest that this approach might be useful in accelerating the development of tissue layers on prosthetic valves implanted in the heart.", "contents": "Acceleration of tissue ingrowth on materials implanted in the heart. A technique for accelerating the development of tissue layers on fabrics implanted in the bloodstream has been explored in dogs and monkeys. Endothelial cell seeding of the fabrics with cells derived from the endocardial surface of the atrium together with an autogenous plasma coating was shown to accelerate organization of fabric-covered devices implanted in the bloodstream of adult primates. At the same time, this technique appears simple and rapid enough to be practical in a clinical setting. The results suggest that this approach might be useful in accelerating the development of tissue layers on prosthetic valves implanted in the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:130845", "title": "Immune-complex nephritis in bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "Glomerulonephritis developed in a 42-year-old man with subacute bacterial endocarditis caused by an alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus. The patient showed hypocomplementemia and an elevated serum rheumatoid factor titer. Immunofluorescence microscopy of a renal biopsy specimen demonstrated granular deposits of IgM and C3 in all glomeruli studied. With the indirect immunofluores(ence technique and specific antiserum, the antigen in glomerular deposits was observed to correspond to the organism found in the blood cultures. These findings can be taken as further evidence that the glomerulonephritis of subacute bacterial enoocarditis represent an immune-complex disease.", "contents": "Immune-complex nephritis in bacterial endocarditis. Glomerulonephritis developed in a 42-year-old man with subacute bacterial endocarditis caused by an alpha-hemolytic Streptococcus. The patient showed hypocomplementemia and an elevated serum rheumatoid factor titer. Immunofluorescence microscopy of a renal biopsy specimen demonstrated granular deposits of IgM and C3 in all glomeruli studied. With the indirect immunofluores(ence technique and specific antiserum, the antigen in glomerular deposits was observed to correspond to the organism found in the blood cultures. These findings can be taken as further evidence that the glomerulonephritis of subacute bacterial enoocarditis represent an immune-complex disease."}
{"id": "PMID:130846", "title": "[Telesystolic mitral insufficiency with systolic click, mitral valve prolapse, and hypertrophic obstructive myocardiopathy].", "content": "There are several causes of the syndrome of \"Late systolic murmur and mid-systolic click\" due to mitral incompetence with ballooning of the valve, and, as numerous recent publications have shown, amongst them must be included abnormalities of left ventricular contraction. Seven cases have been studied by phonomechanocardiographic, cineangiographic, and haemodynamic methods, and analysis of the findings has shown that the abnormalities of contraction may be due to a cardiomyopathy, with a variable degree of left ventricular hypertrophy which is usually of patchy distribution, and leads to a certain degree of left intraventricular obstruction.", "contents": "[Telesystolic mitral insufficiency with systolic click, mitral valve prolapse, and hypertrophic obstructive myocardiopathy]. There are several causes of the syndrome of \"Late systolic murmur and mid-systolic click\" due to mitral incompetence with ballooning of the valve, and, as numerous recent publications have shown, amongst them must be included abnormalities of left ventricular contraction. Seven cases have been studied by phonomechanocardiographic, cineangiographic, and haemodynamic methods, and analysis of the findings has shown that the abnormalities of contraction may be due to a cardiomyopathy, with a variable degree of left ventricular hypertrophy which is usually of patchy distribution, and leads to a certain degree of left intraventricular obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:130847", "title": "[Atresia of the pulmonary artery with intact interventricular septum. Apropos of 2 cases with prolonged course].", "content": "The authors report two cases of atresia of the pulmonary outflow with an intact interventricular septum; they are remarkable for their slow progression. In one patient the pulmonary perfusion was furnished by systemic arteries, while in the other it was by way of a patent ductus arteriosus. This second patient died following an attempted bi-cavo-pulmonary anastomosis. Such slow progression, which is the exception, is only possible if there is a substantial vicarious pulmonary circulation.", "contents": "[Atresia of the pulmonary artery with intact interventricular septum. Apropos of 2 cases with prolonged course]. The authors report two cases of atresia of the pulmonary outflow with an intact interventricular septum; they are remarkable for their slow progression. In one patient the pulmonary perfusion was furnished by systemic arteries, while in the other it was by way of a patent ductus arteriosus. This second patient died following an attempted bi-cavo-pulmonary anastomosis. Such slow progression, which is the exception, is only possible if there is a substantial vicarious pulmonary circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:130848", "title": "[Rupture of the heart in the acute phase of myocardial infarct. Anatomic-macroscopic study].", "content": "The data of the macroscopical-anatomical examination of 14 cases of cardiac rupture (10 women, 4 men) complicating acute myocardial infarction were compared with those obtained at autopsy, with the same protocol, in 31 cases of myocardial infarction which resulted in death before the 30th day after the onset. Many anatomical facts separated both groups from each other (size, aspect, limits of myocardial necrosis, state of the coronary arteries). Eventual surgical conclusions might be drawn from this study.", "contents": "[Rupture of the heart in the acute phase of myocardial infarct. Anatomic-macroscopic study]. The data of the macroscopical-anatomical examination of 14 cases of cardiac rupture (10 women, 4 men) complicating acute myocardial infarction were compared with those obtained at autopsy, with the same protocol, in 31 cases of myocardial infarction which resulted in death before the 30th day after the onset. Many anatomical facts separated both groups from each other (size, aspect, limits of myocardial necrosis, state of the coronary arteries). Eventual surgical conclusions might be drawn from this study."}
{"id": "PMID:130850", "title": "Prevention of vascular complications of diabetes by pancreatic islet transplantation.", "content": "Isolated pancreatic islets from Wistar-Lewis rats were transplanted into the liver of diabetic allogeneic recipients to assess ability to prevent diabetic renal and ophthalmic complications. At nine months, the diabetic animals without transplants showed significant increase in PAS-positive material in the renal glomerular mesangium and thickening of glomerular arterioles as compared with normal nondiabetic animals. New vessel formation was also significant in the retina and retinal capillary dilation. Animals in which diabetes had been corrected by early pancreatic islet transplantation were completely protected from these changes, showing no significant pathologic change when compared with normal animals.", "contents": "Prevention of vascular complications of diabetes by pancreatic islet transplantation. Isolated pancreatic islets from Wistar-Lewis rats were transplanted into the liver of diabetic allogeneic recipients to assess ability to prevent diabetic renal and ophthalmic complications. At nine months, the diabetic animals without transplants showed significant increase in PAS-positive material in the renal glomerular mesangium and thickening of glomerular arterioles as compared with normal nondiabetic animals. New vessel formation was also significant in the retina and retinal capillary dilation. Animals in which diabetes had been corrected by early pancreatic islet transplantation were completely protected from these changes, showing no significant pathologic change when compared with normal animals."}
{"id": "PMID:130851", "title": "Massive bleeding from a ruptured superior mesenteric artery aneurysm duodenum.", "content": "A traumatic false aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery resulting from a gunshot wound five years previously, caused massive hemorrhage into the second portion of the duodenum. Dissection, resection, and end-to-end anastomosis was successful in controlling bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract, but immediate postoperative angiography showed a reappearance of the aneurysm, and three months later, it bled into the retroperitoneum. The patient underwent further resection and two subsequent reconstructions of the superior mesenteric artery, the first with a Dacron graft, which clotted, and the second with autologous saphenous vein, which was successful. Three years later, the patient is well. The case shows that adequate reconstruction of an arterial injury is best performed immediately after it is diagnosed.", "contents": "Massive bleeding from a ruptured superior mesenteric artery aneurysm duodenum. A traumatic false aneurysm of the superior mesenteric artery resulting from a gunshot wound five years previously, caused massive hemorrhage into the second portion of the duodenum. Dissection, resection, and end-to-end anastomosis was successful in controlling bleeding into the gastrointestinal tract, but immediate postoperative angiography showed a reappearance of the aneurysm, and three months later, it bled into the retroperitoneum. The patient underwent further resection and two subsequent reconstructions of the superior mesenteric artery, the first with a Dacron graft, which clotted, and the second with autologous saphenous vein, which was successful. Three years later, the patient is well. The case shows that adequate reconstruction of an arterial injury is best performed immediately after it is diagnosed."}
{"id": "PMID:130852", "title": "Closure of massive abdominal wall defects in adults.", "content": "Large full-thickness abdominal wall defects may be satisfactorily closed with the temporary use of prosthetic mesh. Within two weeks after placing silastic mesh directly over exposed bowel, a membrane forms below the mesh. When the membrane thickens, central eliptical portions of the mesh are progressively excised, diminishing the size of the defect. Eventually, the mesh may be removed and the defect closed primarily or repaired with permanent prosthetic mesh.", "contents": "Closure of massive abdominal wall defects in adults. Large full-thickness abdominal wall defects may be satisfactorily closed with the temporary use of prosthetic mesh. Within two weeks after placing silastic mesh directly over exposed bowel, a membrane forms below the mesh. When the membrane thickens, central eliptical portions of the mesh are progressively excised, diminishing the size of the defect. Eventually, the mesh may be removed and the defect closed primarily or repaired with permanent prosthetic mesh."}
{"id": "PMID:130853", "title": "\"Karshi\" virus, a new flavivirus (Togaviridae) isolated from Ornithodoros papillipes (Birula, 1895) ticks in Uzbek S.S.R.", "content": "Three identical strains of an arbovirus were isolated from 475 Ornithodoros papillipes ticks collected in June, 1972, in burrows of the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus Licht., 1882) in the environs of Beshkent, Karshinsk steppe, Uzbek S.S.R. The isolate was found to range among flaviviruses. Complement-fixation, agar diffusion precipitation and neutralization tests is tissue culture and mice indicated a one-way antigenic relationship between the isolate and West Nile virus. However, the pattern of differences between them made it possible to consider the isolated agent as a new virus, \"Karshi\" virus. The results of electron microscopic studies of this virus are presented.", "contents": "\"Karshi\" virus, a new flavivirus (Togaviridae) isolated from Ornithodoros papillipes (Birula, 1895) ticks in Uzbek S.S.R. Three identical strains of an arbovirus were isolated from 475 Ornithodoros papillipes ticks collected in June, 1972, in burrows of the great gerbil (Rhombomys opimus Licht., 1882) in the environs of Beshkent, Karshinsk steppe, Uzbek S.S.R. The isolate was found to range among flaviviruses. Complement-fixation, agar diffusion precipitation and neutralization tests is tissue culture and mice indicated a one-way antigenic relationship between the isolate and West Nile virus. However, the pattern of differences between them made it possible to consider the isolated agent as a new virus, \"Karshi\" virus. The results of electron microscopic studies of this virus are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:130854", "title": "[Histochemical study of carbonic anhydrase and HCO3(-)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase in the rat stomach during hydrochloric acid secretion].", "content": "By means of histochemical methods it was established that carboanhydrase of the parietal cells of fundal glands and HCO-3 stimulated ATP-ase of the rat's gastric mucosa capillaries disposed next to the parietal cells were activated by food and histamine. The obtained data confirm the idea of the multicellular functional essembly sustaining HCL secretion (R. I. Salganik, 1974). Should gastrin induce the formation of histamine in endocrinous cells and the histamine activate carboanhydrase in parietal cells, our data confirm the supposition that HCO-3-ions stimulate ATP-ase sustaining the exchange between HCO-3-cells and C1- of blood to form HCl in the endothelial cells of blood capillaries adjacent to the parietal cells.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of carbonic anhydrase and HCO3(-)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase in the rat stomach during hydrochloric acid secretion]. By means of histochemical methods it was established that carboanhydrase of the parietal cells of fundal glands and HCO-3 stimulated ATP-ase of the rat's gastric mucosa capillaries disposed next to the parietal cells were activated by food and histamine. The obtained data confirm the idea of the multicellular functional essembly sustaining HCL secretion (R. I. Salganik, 1974). Should gastrin induce the formation of histamine in endocrinous cells and the histamine activate carboanhydrase in parietal cells, our data confirm the supposition that HCO-3-ions stimulate ATP-ase sustaining the exchange between HCO-3-cells and C1- of blood to form HCl in the endothelial cells of blood capillaries adjacent to the parietal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:130855", "title": "[Autoradiographic and histochemical study of the intestinal epithelium of the Baltic lamprey].", "content": "The intestinal epithelium of the Baltic lamprey and its larva was studied. Glandular cells and absorbing cells simultaneously capable to synthesize polysaccharides were found histochemically in the composition of the epithelial layer. The cranial zone where glandular cells analogous to the cells of the pancreas were concentrated was revealed in the medial intestine of the larva. The rest of the intestine was devoid of specialized glandular cells. Using H3-thymidine as a precursor it was shown that in the cranial zone of the intestine the cambial cells were scattered diffusely throughout the whole epithelial layer and in other portions of the medial intestine the cambial zone was distinctly seen in the lateral portions of the intestine (the area of the fornix) where labelled nuclei were formed and mitoses took place. After injection of H3-thymidine poor incorporation of the isotope was found in the nuclei of solitary cells of some adult lampreys going to spawning. Uneven incorporation of S35-methyonine, used as a precursor, in the epithelium of the intestine and the liver of the adult lamprey was shown.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic and histochemical study of the intestinal epithelium of the Baltic lamprey]. The intestinal epithelium of the Baltic lamprey and its larva was studied. Glandular cells and absorbing cells simultaneously capable to synthesize polysaccharides were found histochemically in the composition of the epithelial layer. The cranial zone where glandular cells analogous to the cells of the pancreas were concentrated was revealed in the medial intestine of the larva. The rest of the intestine was devoid of specialized glandular cells. Using H3-thymidine as a precursor it was shown that in the cranial zone of the intestine the cambial cells were scattered diffusely throughout the whole epithelial layer and in other portions of the medial intestine the cambial zone was distinctly seen in the lateral portions of the intestine (the area of the fornix) where labelled nuclei were formed and mitoses took place. After injection of H3-thymidine poor incorporation of the isotope was found in the nuclei of solitary cells of some adult lampreys going to spawning. Uneven incorporation of S35-methyonine, used as a precursor, in the epithelium of the intestine and the liver of the adult lamprey was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:130856", "title": "[Cellulomembranous formations as the main stroma of the hepatic lobe in mammals].", "content": "Thick (25-30 mu) sections of the fresh human, rabbit and rat liver were dismembered by vibrating in saline and the connective-tissue honeycomb-pannicular formations (HPF) were revealed. While being devoid of hepatocytes they correspond to the surface of the cross section of the lobule in a number of cases both by the form and by the size. Silver impregnation stains the HPF in yellow and the argirophilic fibres in black. Under natural conditions hepatocytes are disposed on the HPF with the wide basal side forming a one-cell-high layer with its total body and the free opposite apical surface.", "contents": "[Cellulomembranous formations as the main stroma of the hepatic lobe in mammals]. Thick (25-30 mu) sections of the fresh human, rabbit and rat liver were dismembered by vibrating in saline and the connective-tissue honeycomb-pannicular formations (HPF) were revealed. While being devoid of hepatocytes they correspond to the surface of the cross section of the lobule in a number of cases both by the form and by the size. Silver impregnation stains the HPF in yellow and the argirophilic fibres in black. Under natural conditions hepatocytes are disposed on the HPF with the wide basal side forming a one-cell-high layer with its total body and the free opposite apical surface."}
{"id": "PMID:130857", "title": "[Stomach polyps in simians at the Sukhumi nursery].", "content": "Polyp-like changes in the mucous membrane of the stomach were noted in monkeys of the simian nursery in Sukhumi (100 cases). In 6 baboon hamadryads, in 4 Stum-tailed macaques and in one macaco rhesus they were diagnosed as the so-called polypous gastritis. In 5 Stum-tailed macaques there were noted gigantic folds of the pylorus. Of 84 macacos in 61 animals there was one polyp and in 23 macaques--2 and more polyps. Incidence of polyps among local monkeys was 0.48% in macaques rhesus and 2.3% in Stum-tailed macaques. Among imported monkeys the incidence of polyps was in macaques rhesus--0,31% and in Stum-tailed macaques--9,2%. Polyps in monkeys are considered as disregenatory formations, occasionally associated with parasitizing of helminths. In contrast to man, polyps in monkeys are not considered as precancer processes.", "contents": "[Stomach polyps in simians at the Sukhumi nursery]. Polyp-like changes in the mucous membrane of the stomach were noted in monkeys of the simian nursery in Sukhumi (100 cases). In 6 baboon hamadryads, in 4 Stum-tailed macaques and in one macaco rhesus they were diagnosed as the so-called polypous gastritis. In 5 Stum-tailed macaques there were noted gigantic folds of the pylorus. Of 84 macacos in 61 animals there was one polyp and in 23 macaques--2 and more polyps. Incidence of polyps among local monkeys was 0.48% in macaques rhesus and 2.3% in Stum-tailed macaques. Among imported monkeys the incidence of polyps was in macaques rhesus--0,31% and in Stum-tailed macaques--9,2%. Polyps in monkeys are considered as disregenatory formations, occasionally associated with parasitizing of helminths. In contrast to man, polyps in monkeys are not considered as precancer processes."}
{"id": "PMID:130849", "title": "[Histoenzymatic studies and internal irradiation. III. Histoenzymatic changes of the kidney treated with chloromeridrin Hg 197].", "content": "The histochemical behaviour of alkaline phosphatase, adenosintriphosphatase, acid phosphatase and acetylglucosaminidase activities was studied in rat kidney treated with Chloromeridrin Hg. In these experimental conditions it was found that the nephrocytes in the proximal convoluted tubule present changes in the enzymatic activities examined, generally proportional to the doses employed. With lower doses of radionuclides, the histoenzymatic changes have a local character and are completely reversible after a month. With higher doses they take on a more extensive character and persis to some extent one month after treatment. These findings suggesti that Hg could be used clinically with due precautions.", "contents": "[Histoenzymatic studies and internal irradiation. III. Histoenzymatic changes of the kidney treated with chloromeridrin Hg 197]. The histochemical behaviour of alkaline phosphatase, adenosintriphosphatase, acid phosphatase and acetylglucosaminidase activities was studied in rat kidney treated with Chloromeridrin Hg. In these experimental conditions it was found that the nephrocytes in the proximal convoluted tubule present changes in the enzymatic activities examined, generally proportional to the doses employed. With lower doses of radionuclides, the histoenzymatic changes have a local character and are completely reversible after a month. With higher doses they take on a more extensive character and persis to some extent one month after treatment. These findings suggesti that Hg could be used clinically with due precautions."}
{"id": "PMID:130859", "title": "[A morphohistochemical study of the embryotropic action of steroids with androgenic properties].", "content": "Morphohistochemical study of an embryotoxic and teratogenic action of acetate of androstenolone, acetate of 16-dehydropregnenolone, and methyltestosterone applied dayly to the skin of white rats during the entire course of gestation was carried out. A marked embryotoxic effect of acetate of androstenolone has been established. The teratogenic effect of the agents under study manifested itself in impairment of the processes of differentiation of structural elements of organs and tissues, or in rough underdevelopment of foetuses on the whole (following the exposure to acetate of androstenolone). In addition, a decrease in contents of nucleic acids and proteins in tissues, as well as some disorders of the carbohydrate metabolism in different organs and tissues were noted. The authors recommend to use histological and histochemical methods in investigations of embryotropic action of low doses of steroids.", "contents": "[A morphohistochemical study of the embryotropic action of steroids with androgenic properties]. Morphohistochemical study of an embryotoxic and teratogenic action of acetate of androstenolone, acetate of 16-dehydropregnenolone, and methyltestosterone applied dayly to the skin of white rats during the entire course of gestation was carried out. A marked embryotoxic effect of acetate of androstenolone has been established. The teratogenic effect of the agents under study manifested itself in impairment of the processes of differentiation of structural elements of organs and tissues, or in rough underdevelopment of foetuses on the whole (following the exposure to acetate of androstenolone). In addition, a decrease in contents of nucleic acids and proteins in tissues, as well as some disorders of the carbohydrate metabolism in different organs and tissues were noted. The authors recommend to use histological and histochemical methods in investigations of embryotropic action of low doses of steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:130860", "title": "[Congenital heart defects in persons of advanced and old age].", "content": "The article presents data on 7 sectional observations on congenital heart defects in elderly and old persons (57 to 75 years). An open oval window with the functioning valve was detected in 6 cases, completely non-obliterated oval window--in one case. The correct diagnosis had not been made when the patients were alive. This can be easily explained due to the difficulties of diagnosing, since no clinical manifestations of the defect were noted for a long time. In all cases death was caused by chronic cardiovascular insufficiency.", "contents": "[Congenital heart defects in persons of advanced and old age]. The article presents data on 7 sectional observations on congenital heart defects in elderly and old persons (57 to 75 years). An open oval window with the functioning valve was detected in 6 cases, completely non-obliterated oval window--in one case. The correct diagnosis had not been made when the patients were alive. This can be easily explained due to the difficulties of diagnosing, since no clinical manifestations of the defect were noted for a long time. In all cases death was caused by chronic cardiovascular insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:130864", "title": "[Photocoagulation of senile macular degeneration. (Critical analysis of the results obtained in 66 cases)].", "content": "The article is a critical study of visual results obtained by means of photocoagulation in 66 cases of senile macular degeneration with a follow up from 3 months up to 45 months. The author believes that an improvement of the visual acuity of 0,1 is not a reliable criteria for evaluation of the results. She takes as true good results only the cases in which reading is possible after treatment (visual acuity greater than or equal to 0,7 Parinaud 3). Using that criteria the percentage of true sucess is only of 32,5 p. 100 for the cases treated since over one year. That percentage is low but it seems enough to justify the treatment since only 3,4 p. 100 of the non treated cases keep usefull visual acuity after one year. Besides, review of the causes of sucess and failures leads to feel that the results should be improved in the future by an earlier treatment, a better selection of the indications and a more accurate technique.", "contents": "[Photocoagulation of senile macular degeneration. (Critical analysis of the results obtained in 66 cases)]. The article is a critical study of visual results obtained by means of photocoagulation in 66 cases of senile macular degeneration with a follow up from 3 months up to 45 months. The author believes that an improvement of the visual acuity of 0,1 is not a reliable criteria for evaluation of the results. She takes as true good results only the cases in which reading is possible after treatment (visual acuity greater than or equal to 0,7 Parinaud 3). Using that criteria the percentage of true sucess is only of 32,5 p. 100 for the cases treated since over one year. That percentage is low but it seems enough to justify the treatment since only 3,4 p. 100 of the non treated cases keep usefull visual acuity after one year. Besides, review of the causes of sucess and failures leads to feel that the results should be improved in the future by an earlier treatment, a better selection of the indications and a more accurate technique."}
{"id": "PMID:130865", "title": "[Retinal detachment caused by disinsertion of the ora serrata. Study of 100 cases treated by various methods].", "content": "A presentation of 100 cases of retinal detachment caused by retinal disinsertion reviewed over 25 years. The overall sucess rate (84 per cent) improves to 95 per cent with the introduction of cryotherapy associated with Lincoff sponges.", "contents": "[Retinal detachment caused by disinsertion of the ora serrata. Study of 100 cases treated by various methods]. A presentation of 100 cases of retinal detachment caused by retinal disinsertion reviewed over 25 years. The overall sucess rate (84 per cent) improves to 95 per cent with the introduction of cryotherapy associated with Lincoff sponges."}
{"id": "PMID:130866", "title": "[Highly hydrophilic soft lenses. Optic indications for permanent wearing and adaptation technic].", "content": "After the indications of the various contact prostheses are briefly reviewed, the interest of continuous wearing of optical hydrophilic soft lenses is emphasized. Aphakia, high ametropis and anisometropia are the main indications. Yet, continous wearing should be recommended only to patients who have difficulty with contact lens manipulation. The patient will be admitted twice in hospital for the fitting and cared for twice a day which permits to get over the difficulty of the first two nights. From the evaluation os the fitting of 33 eyes, the advantages, disadvantages, failures and complications of such a technique are discussed.", "contents": "[Highly hydrophilic soft lenses. Optic indications for permanent wearing and adaptation technic]. After the indications of the various contact prostheses are briefly reviewed, the interest of continuous wearing of optical hydrophilic soft lenses is emphasized. Aphakia, high ametropis and anisometropia are the main indications. Yet, continous wearing should be recommended only to patients who have difficulty with contact lens manipulation. The patient will be admitted twice in hospital for the fitting and cared for twice a day which permits to get over the difficulty of the first two nights. From the evaluation os the fitting of 33 eyes, the advantages, disadvantages, failures and complications of such a technique are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130867", "title": "[Spatial value of the fovea in young children].", "content": "After defining physiological fixation of the fovea and relating our knowledge of its normal development in the context of spatial perception, we have reviewed the pathological adaptations encountered in strabismus. Out of all the clinical examinations that are possible in very young children and which enable sensory disturbances to be revealed, the examination of fixation appears to be simple and dependable, sometimes well before the appreciation of the comparaison of visual acuity of the two eyes. Amblyopia can be suspected using this method in cases of poor foveal fixation when compared with the other eye, and it enables treatment to be instituted and controlled all the more efficiently since therapy in an early stage can lead to a rapid recovery and maintenance of normal development.", "contents": "[Spatial value of the fovea in young children]. After defining physiological fixation of the fovea and relating our knowledge of its normal development in the context of spatial perception, we have reviewed the pathological adaptations encountered in strabismus. Out of all the clinical examinations that are possible in very young children and which enable sensory disturbances to be revealed, the examination of fixation appears to be simple and dependable, sometimes well before the appreciation of the comparaison of visual acuity of the two eyes. Amblyopia can be suspected using this method in cases of poor foveal fixation when compared with the other eye, and it enables treatment to be instituted and controlled all the more efficiently since therapy in an early stage can lead to a rapid recovery and maintenance of normal development."}
{"id": "PMID:130870", "title": "[Intraocular and cerebral reticular sarcoma].", "content": "An anatomo-clinical study is presented of a reticulum cell sarcoma (or lymphosarcoma), limited to the eye-ball and the brain. The eye disease developed as a chronic, diffused hypertensive uveitis. The diagnosis of the nature of the brain tumour was made by cytological study of the cerebro-spinal fluid.", "contents": "[Intraocular and cerebral reticular sarcoma]. An anatomo-clinical study is presented of a reticulum cell sarcoma (or lymphosarcoma), limited to the eye-ball and the brain. The eye disease developed as a chronic, diffused hypertensive uveitis. The diagnosis of the nature of the brain tumour was made by cytological study of the cerebro-spinal fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:130871", "title": "[Vertical vergences. I. Physiological and pathological aspects].", "content": "The vertical vergences are rather weak physiological conjugate movements of the eyes. When the ocular axes approach each other or deviate, a vertical convergence or divergence occurs. These reflex movements are evoked either by visual stimuli (fusional vergence) or by labyrinthine stimuli. In pathological situations vertical vergences may become evident in permanent or alternating hyperphorias, in the strabismus occurring in the Hertwig-Magendie syndrome, in see-saw nystagmus and in labyrinthine lesions (such as Meniere's disease, after labyrinthectomy and after section of the VIIIth nerve).", "contents": "[Vertical vergences. I. Physiological and pathological aspects]. The vertical vergences are rather weak physiological conjugate movements of the eyes. When the ocular axes approach each other or deviate, a vertical convergence or divergence occurs. These reflex movements are evoked either by visual stimuli (fusional vergence) or by labyrinthine stimuli. In pathological situations vertical vergences may become evident in permanent or alternating hyperphorias, in the strabismus occurring in the Hertwig-Magendie syndrome, in see-saw nystagmus and in labyrinthine lesions (such as Meniere's disease, after labyrinthectomy and after section of the VIIIth nerve)."}
{"id": "PMID:130872", "title": "[Atypical conjunctival and tonsillar locations of malacoplakia].", "content": "Conjunctival and tonsillar sites for malakoplakia have never been previously described. The diagnosis in these presented cases has only been arrived at after elimination of mycosis and parasitic disease. The aetiology remains unknown and the pathophysiology is discussed.", "contents": "[Atypical conjunctival and tonsillar locations of malacoplakia]. Conjunctival and tonsillar sites for malakoplakia have never been previously described. The diagnosis in these presented cases has only been arrived at after elimination of mycosis and parasitic disease. The aetiology remains unknown and the pathophysiology is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130873", "title": "[Scanning microscopy aspects of the corneal endothelium in disciform keratitis and graft rejection].", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic study of corneal endothelium in two cases of corneal disease. In one case of herpetic keratitis with stromal oedema and anterior uveitis an important cellular reaction is found with different cells forming a retrocorneal membrane. In a case of graft rejection there are two different aspects. On somes places there is an inflammatory reaction with lymphocytes and macrophages. The main surface of the graft is covered with indifferenciated cells whose origine is probably the receiver's endothelium.", "contents": "[Scanning microscopy aspects of the corneal endothelium in disciform keratitis and graft rejection]. Scanning electron microscopic study of corneal endothelium in two cases of corneal disease. In one case of herpetic keratitis with stromal oedema and anterior uveitis an important cellular reaction is found with different cells forming a retrocorneal membrane. In a case of graft rejection there are two different aspects. On somes places there is an inflammatory reaction with lymphocytes and macrophages. The main surface of the graft is covered with indifferenciated cells whose origine is probably the receiver's endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:130878", "title": "[Areolar atrophy of the macula].", "content": "The article is a general review of central areolar choroidal dystrophy based on 24 cases, some of them followed from one year up to six years. Two major points are discussed: the etiology and the natural course. The disease is believed by the author not to be an etiological entity for, if it can occur as a primary maculopathy, it is more often the ultimate stage of another heredo macular degeneration. The visual prognosis depends more upon the location of the lesion than upon its size. Of course the visual prognosis is poor when the atrophy involves the center of the macula, but it is good, at least during several years, when the very center of the fovea is spared off.", "contents": "[Areolar atrophy of the macula]. The article is a general review of central areolar choroidal dystrophy based on 24 cases, some of them followed from one year up to six years. Two major points are discussed: the etiology and the natural course. The disease is believed by the author not to be an etiological entity for, if it can occur as a primary maculopathy, it is more often the ultimate stage of another heredo macular degeneration. The visual prognosis depends more upon the location of the lesion than upon its size. Of course the visual prognosis is poor when the atrophy involves the center of the macula, but it is good, at least during several years, when the very center of the fovea is spared off."}
{"id": "PMID:130879", "title": "[Drachman's \"ophthalmoplegia plus\" or Kearns and Shy syndrome. Apropos of 2 cases with mitochondrial abnormality ultrastructurally demonstrated in the muscle].", "content": "Two typical cases of the Kearns and Shy syndrome are reported. Some of the authors have previously published observations on simple ocular myopathy and oculo-pharyngeal dystrophy associated with abnormalities of the mitochrondria in skeletal muscle cells. This disease, which is still called \"ophthalmoplegia plus\", combines a progressive external ophthalmoplegia, muscular defects and varied neurological signs with other symptoms particularly retinal, endocrine and cardiac. Histo-enzymological and ultra-structural studied of a fragment of skeletal muscle confirm the presence of mitochondrial anomalies.", "contents": "[Drachman's \"ophthalmoplegia plus\" or Kearns and Shy syndrome. Apropos of 2 cases with mitochondrial abnormality ultrastructurally demonstrated in the muscle]. Two typical cases of the Kearns and Shy syndrome are reported. Some of the authors have previously published observations on simple ocular myopathy and oculo-pharyngeal dystrophy associated with abnormalities of the mitochrondria in skeletal muscle cells. This disease, which is still called \"ophthalmoplegia plus\", combines a progressive external ophthalmoplegia, muscular defects and varied neurological signs with other symptoms particularly retinal, endocrine and cardiac. Histo-enzymological and ultra-structural studied of a fragment of skeletal muscle confirm the presence of mitochondrial anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:130880", "title": "[Urbach-Wiethe syndrome].", "content": "The \"Urbach-Wiethe syndrom\" is an hereditary disease which start during early childhood, distinguishable by a lipoglycoproteinosis which affects the skin, mucosae and also the eyes, with cyst formations in the lid's marginal, drusen of Bruch's membrane. Corneal opacities, and glaucoma seen to be rarer.", "contents": "[Urbach-Wiethe syndrome]. The \"Urbach-Wiethe syndrom\" is an hereditary disease which start during early childhood, distinguishable by a lipoglycoproteinosis which affects the skin, mucosae and also the eyes, with cyst formations in the lid's marginal, drusen of Bruch's membrane. Corneal opacities, and glaucoma seen to be rarer."}
{"id": "PMID:130881", "title": "[\"Implicit time\". Practical and theoretical aspects].", "content": "52 normal subjects were studied as control for our \"Ganzfeld\" method of E.R.G. Separately 132 patients with different retinopathies; inflammatory and degenerative (or dystrophic) were studied and results compared and discussed. It seems that the amplitude is involved - diminished - in some retinopathies, but implicit time only when widespead alteration of neuro-epithelim accured.", "contents": "[\"Implicit time\". Practical and theoretical aspects]. 52 normal subjects were studied as control for our \"Ganzfeld\" method of E.R.G. Separately 132 patients with different retinopathies; inflammatory and degenerative (or dystrophic) were studied and results compared and discussed. It seems that the amplitude is involved - diminished - in some retinopathies, but implicit time only when widespead alteration of neuro-epithelim accured."}
{"id": "PMID:130883", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of the corneal endothelium in 2 cases of keratitis. Herpetic disciform keratitis. Neuroparalystic keratitis with dry keratitis].", "content": "Study of corneal endothelium by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in two cases of corneal disease. In one case of herpetic keratitis with stromal oedema, there is no cellular reaction. The endothelium is damaged with cellular necrosis and nucleus irregularity. Intercellular junctions are abnormal. With TEM it is possible to say that there are two layers of cells on some places with cellular necrosis. In one case of corneal dryness with lesions of corneal anaesthesia the cells are very damaged and a retrocorneal membrane if formed by many layers of cells. The intercellular junctions are almost normal.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of the corneal endothelium in 2 cases of keratitis. Herpetic disciform keratitis. Neuroparalystic keratitis with dry keratitis]. Study of corneal endothelium by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in two cases of corneal disease. In one case of herpetic keratitis with stromal oedema, there is no cellular reaction. The endothelium is damaged with cellular necrosis and nucleus irregularity. Intercellular junctions are abnormal. With TEM it is possible to say that there are two layers of cells on some places with cellular necrosis. In one case of corneal dryness with lesions of corneal anaesthesia the cells are very damaged and a retrocorneal membrane if formed by many layers of cells. The intercellular junctions are almost normal."}
{"id": "PMID:130882", "title": "Frequency of incidence of retina detachment in the French population. Percentage of bilateral detachment.", "content": "An inquiry conducted with French ophthalmologists shows an incidence of retinal detachment in the French population of about 8 in 100000, 13 to 14p. 100 of the cases were bilateral.", "contents": "Frequency of incidence of retina detachment in the French population. Percentage of bilateral detachment. An inquiry conducted with French ophthalmologists shows an incidence of retinal detachment in the French population of about 8 in 100000, 13 to 14p. 100 of the cases were bilateral."}
{"id": "PMID:130887", "title": "[Influence of surgical technic in cataract operation. (Postoperative astigmatism, type of iridectomy)].", "content": "The authors have made a statistical study of the influence of surgical technique on the anatomical (astigmatism) and functional results in cataract surgery. They have taken into consideration whether the incision is made under a conjunctival flap or not, with a keratome or Gillette blade, with a sector or peripheral iridectomy. Their conclusions are that when performed by the same surgeon the different surgical techniques do not give rise to significant variations in astigmatism or in the eventual functional result.", "contents": "[Influence of surgical technic in cataract operation. (Postoperative astigmatism, type of iridectomy)]. The authors have made a statistical study of the influence of surgical technique on the anatomical (astigmatism) and functional results in cataract surgery. They have taken into consideration whether the incision is made under a conjunctival flap or not, with a keratome or Gillette blade, with a sector or peripheral iridectomy. Their conclusions are that when performed by the same surgeon the different surgical techniques do not give rise to significant variations in astigmatism or in the eventual functional result."}
{"id": "PMID:130890", "title": "[Current problems posed by carotid-cavernous arteriovenous fistula].", "content": "The authors discuss the problems posed by carotico-cavernous fistulae. New radiological techniques enable a more precise diagnosis, a haemodynamic approach and the therapeutic solutions are able to avoid all surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Current problems posed by carotid-cavernous arteriovenous fistula]. The authors discuss the problems posed by carotico-cavernous fistulae. New radiological techniques enable a more precise diagnosis, a haemodynamic approach and the therapeutic solutions are able to avoid all surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:130889", "title": "[Intraocular complications following Custodis-Lincoff operation].", "content": "This investigation is based on 262 cases of retinal detachment treated with episcleral silastic sponge implants and cryopexy. Anatomical restoration of the retina after one operation or more was successful in 89 percent. Drainage of subretinal fluid was carried out in 52 percent of the cases. Supplementary light-coagulation 3 or 4 weeks after the operation was applied in 43 cases (17 percent) in order to seal off retinal holes on the buckle due to inadequate chorioretinal adhesion following cryopexy. Insufficient adhesion was directly related to the retinal elevation in the area of the tear. Chorioretinal haemorrhages in the group without release of subretinal fluid were caused by the following factors: Repeated cryo-application in the same place, application of the probe on the open part of the tear instead of around the tear, sponge-fixation in the immediate area to vortex veins, pressure exerted by the sponge on choroidal and retinal vessels, particularly in persons of advanced age. Local haze of the vitreous corresponding to the location of the cryp-application was directly related to the number of applications and the position of the tear. Vitreous haze was more frequent where the hole was situated towards the ciliary body. Pigment migration was observed in 9 percent of the cases. It should be noted that this complication was also encountered preoperatively in a group amounting to 4 percent of the total number of cases after padding of the eyes and absorption of subretinal fluid. Such cases should be distinguished from those of postoperative occurrence of pigment migration. Detachment of the choroid happened more often in the group in which subretinal fluid was released. In this group expulsive haemorrhage also occurred, which, apart from the choroidal detachment, resulted, immediately upon drainage of subretinal fluid, in high intracular pressure. Macular puckering was noticed in 5 cases (2,7 percent). In 4 out of the 5 cases with this complication, the tear was located towards the posterior pole and sponge fixation was radial.", "contents": "[Intraocular complications following Custodis-Lincoff operation]. This investigation is based on 262 cases of retinal detachment treated with episcleral silastic sponge implants and cryopexy. Anatomical restoration of the retina after one operation or more was successful in 89 percent. Drainage of subretinal fluid was carried out in 52 percent of the cases. Supplementary light-coagulation 3 or 4 weeks after the operation was applied in 43 cases (17 percent) in order to seal off retinal holes on the buckle due to inadequate chorioretinal adhesion following cryopexy. Insufficient adhesion was directly related to the retinal elevation in the area of the tear. Chorioretinal haemorrhages in the group without release of subretinal fluid were caused by the following factors: Repeated cryo-application in the same place, application of the probe on the open part of the tear instead of around the tear, sponge-fixation in the immediate area to vortex veins, pressure exerted by the sponge on choroidal and retinal vessels, particularly in persons of advanced age. Local haze of the vitreous corresponding to the location of the cryp-application was directly related to the number of applications and the position of the tear. Vitreous haze was more frequent where the hole was situated towards the ciliary body. Pigment migration was observed in 9 percent of the cases. It should be noted that this complication was also encountered preoperatively in a group amounting to 4 percent of the total number of cases after padding of the eyes and absorption of subretinal fluid. Such cases should be distinguished from those of postoperative occurrence of pigment migration. Detachment of the choroid happened more often in the group in which subretinal fluid was released. In this group expulsive haemorrhage also occurred, which, apart from the choroidal detachment, resulted, immediately upon drainage of subretinal fluid, in high intracular pressure. Macular puckering was noticed in 5 cases (2,7 percent). In 4 out of the 5 cases with this complication, the tear was located towards the posterior pole and sponge fixation was radial."}
{"id": "PMID:130888", "title": "[Vitelliform degeneration of the macula].", "content": "Macular vitelliform degeneration is an hereditary affection, with autosomal dominan transmission. It is probably congenital. Three phases in the evolution of lesions: I The \"fried eggs\" aspect. II Various ophthalmologic aspects: mixed egg, pseudo-hypopion, retractile form. During these first two phases, the yellowish vitelline substance only may extend in macular region, especially downards. III The atrophic phase. Visula acuity remains strangely good, especially during the first two phases. Nevertheless, the visual function study, especially colour vision and profile perimetry, elecites a precocious suffereance of macular cones, associated to fluorographic alteration of pigmentary epithelium in phases II and III. Actually, these lesions are mostly situated in perifoveolar area, respecting the foveola, which explains conservation of good vision. The electro-oculogram is deeply modified in most cases. The pathogenesis of this affection remains unexplained, but the evolution of lesions both in pigmentary epithelium and neuro-epithelium enables to think that vitellin substance lays between these two layers.", "contents": "[Vitelliform degeneration of the macula]. Macular vitelliform degeneration is an hereditary affection, with autosomal dominan transmission. It is probably congenital. Three phases in the evolution of lesions: I The \"fried eggs\" aspect. II Various ophthalmologic aspects: mixed egg, pseudo-hypopion, retractile form. During these first two phases, the yellowish vitelline substance only may extend in macular region, especially downards. III The atrophic phase. Visula acuity remains strangely good, especially during the first two phases. Nevertheless, the visual function study, especially colour vision and profile perimetry, elecites a precocious suffereance of macular cones, associated to fluorographic alteration of pigmentary epithelium in phases II and III. Actually, these lesions are mostly situated in perifoveolar area, respecting the foveola, which explains conservation of good vision. The electro-oculogram is deeply modified in most cases. The pathogenesis of this affection remains unexplained, but the evolution of lesions both in pigmentary epithelium and neuro-epithelium enables to think that vitellin substance lays between these two layers."}
{"id": "PMID:130891", "title": "[Histology and function of the cryopreserved corneal endothelium].", "content": "This work consists of a histological study of cryopreserved corneal endothelium before and after perfusion, and of measurements of the corneal thickness during perfusion. 1) Histoligical study: a) After 7 hours of perfusion, the endothelium of fresh corneas is unchanged. b) The preserving solutions used for freezing do not modify the histological structure of the endothelium. c) All the freezing and thawing processes described in this paper substantially alter the histological structure of the endothelium. Latent alterations are revealed during perfusion. 2) Pachymetric study: a) In the experimental conditions described, the fresh corneas keep their normal thickness for 7 hours of perfusion. b) The preserving solutions do not modify this property. c) After freezing and thawing the thickness of the perfused cornea increases rapidly. The thickness of the perfused cornea appears more slowly under the following conditions: 33 to 66 p. 100 of serum in the preserving solution, volume less than 1 ml; eutectic point between - 4 and - 6 degrees C; the duration of the plateau less than 4 min. speed of freezing after the plateau about 5 degrees C/min.", "contents": "[Histology and function of the cryopreserved corneal endothelium]. This work consists of a histological study of cryopreserved corneal endothelium before and after perfusion, and of measurements of the corneal thickness during perfusion. 1) Histoligical study: a) After 7 hours of perfusion, the endothelium of fresh corneas is unchanged. b) The preserving solutions used for freezing do not modify the histological structure of the endothelium. c) All the freezing and thawing processes described in this paper substantially alter the histological structure of the endothelium. Latent alterations are revealed during perfusion. 2) Pachymetric study: a) In the experimental conditions described, the fresh corneas keep their normal thickness for 7 hours of perfusion. b) The preserving solutions do not modify this property. c) After freezing and thawing the thickness of the perfused cornea increases rapidly. The thickness of the perfused cornea appears more slowly under the following conditions: 33 to 66 p. 100 of serum in the preserving solution, volume less than 1 ml; eutectic point between - 4 and - 6 degrees C; the duration of the plateau less than 4 min. speed of freezing after the plateau about 5 degrees C/min."}
{"id": "PMID:130893", "title": "[Organotypic culture of the rabbit cornea. Evaluation of its morphologic criteria].", "content": "A report of a study on the cellular and tissue morphology of organotypic cultures of rabbit cornea using a method conforming to physiological conditions. The results demonstrate that in the first few hours there exist structural changes in the tissues as well as on ordinary histology, scanning and electron microscopy. These affect the endothelium primarily, whereas the keratocytes and epithelium seem to be more resistant, the latter having the tendency to invade the surfaces of the explant and to transform itself into fibroblastic cells. Certain reservations should therefore be expressed about the use of these explants, whether they are intended to preserve pathological corneas of different origin, or to be used in transplants.", "contents": "[Organotypic culture of the rabbit cornea. Evaluation of its morphologic criteria]. A report of a study on the cellular and tissue morphology of organotypic cultures of rabbit cornea using a method conforming to physiological conditions. The results demonstrate that in the first few hours there exist structural changes in the tissues as well as on ordinary histology, scanning and electron microscopy. These affect the endothelium primarily, whereas the keratocytes and epithelium seem to be more resistant, the latter having the tendency to invade the surfaces of the explant and to transform itself into fibroblastic cells. Certain reservations should therefore be expressed about the use of these explants, whether they are intended to preserve pathological corneas of different origin, or to be used in transplants."}
{"id": "PMID:130899", "title": "Efficacy of Linco-Spectin water medication on Mycoplasma synoviae Airsacculitis in broilers.", "content": "Three trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Linco-Spectin (LS) water medication on Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) air-sacculitis in broilers under controlled experimental conditions. Day-old chicks were vaccinated against infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease virus and exposed to a broth culture of MS by the respiratory route. In each trial, one-half of the flock was treated with 2 g of LS per gallon of drinking water for the first five days of life, and the other half was kept as a control. At two and eight weeks postinoculation (PI) birds were weighted individually and examined serologically, culturally, and grossly for MS airsacculitis. Linco-Spectin water medication was effective in controlling MS airsacculitis in broilers.", "contents": "Efficacy of Linco-Spectin water medication on Mycoplasma synoviae Airsacculitis in broilers. Three trials were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Linco-Spectin (LS) water medication on Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) air-sacculitis in broilers under controlled experimental conditions. Day-old chicks were vaccinated against infectious bronchitis and Newcastle disease virus and exposed to a broth culture of MS by the respiratory route. In each trial, one-half of the flock was treated with 2 g of LS per gallon of drinking water for the first five days of life, and the other half was kept as a control. At two and eight weeks postinoculation (PI) birds were weighted individually and examined serologically, culturally, and grossly for MS airsacculitis. Linco-Spectin water medication was effective in controlling MS airsacculitis in broilers."}
{"id": "PMID:130909", "title": "Organization of ground substance proteoglycans in normal and osteoarthritic knee cartilage.", "content": "A study of the organization of proteoglycans in articular cartilage indicates that nonaggregated proteoglycans existed in larger numbers in osteoarthritic than in normal cartilage and that proteoglycan aggregates in arthritic cartilage were smaller than normal. After dissociation from hyaluronic acid and tissue glycoproteins, no difference in hydrodynamic size of disaggregated proteoglycans was noted, but chondroitin sulfate chains of those from diseased cartilage were shorter than normal. The data suggest that there is a defect in proteoglycan aggregation in osteoarthritic cartilage which could be of pathogenetic significance.", "contents": "Organization of ground substance proteoglycans in normal and osteoarthritic knee cartilage. A study of the organization of proteoglycans in articular cartilage indicates that nonaggregated proteoglycans existed in larger numbers in osteoarthritic than in normal cartilage and that proteoglycan aggregates in arthritic cartilage were smaller than normal. After dissociation from hyaluronic acid and tissue glycoproteins, no difference in hydrodynamic size of disaggregated proteoglycans was noted, but chondroitin sulfate chains of those from diseased cartilage were shorter than normal. The data suggest that there is a defect in proteoglycan aggregation in osteoarthritic cartilage which could be of pathogenetic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:130916", "title": "The natural history of rheumatic aortic regurgitation and the indications for surgery.", "content": "A detailed review was made of 180 patients with severe aortic regurgitation of rheumatic origin. Of these patients, 110 underwent aortic valve replacement. Thirty-nine clinical and haemodynamic factors were studied in an attempt to define those associated with (1) death before surgery, (2) a higher incidence of complications and hospital mortality after surgery, and (3) an unsatisfactory longer-term result of surgery. Only heart failure, radiographic heart size, left ventricular hypertrophy, and ventricular premature beats were associated with death before surgery. No factor predisposed to surgical complications and only preoperative factors associated with an unfavourable result after surgery were advanced heart failure, cardiomyopathy, extreme cardiomegaly, and ventricular premature beats. It is concluded that the indications for operation are: a cardiothoracic ratio of greater than 0-60, or a history of heart failure combined with electrocardiographic evidence of extreme left ventricular hypertrophy. Operation may be safely postponed if these indications are not met, though the presence of ventricular extrasystoles or evidence of independent myocardial disease are further factors which should influence the decision.", "contents": "The natural history of rheumatic aortic regurgitation and the indications for surgery. A detailed review was made of 180 patients with severe aortic regurgitation of rheumatic origin. Of these patients, 110 underwent aortic valve replacement. Thirty-nine clinical and haemodynamic factors were studied in an attempt to define those associated with (1) death before surgery, (2) a higher incidence of complications and hospital mortality after surgery, and (3) an unsatisfactory longer-term result of surgery. Only heart failure, radiographic heart size, left ventricular hypertrophy, and ventricular premature beats were associated with death before surgery. No factor predisposed to surgical complications and only preoperative factors associated with an unfavourable result after surgery were advanced heart failure, cardiomyopathy, extreme cardiomegaly, and ventricular premature beats. It is concluded that the indications for operation are: a cardiothoracic ratio of greater than 0-60, or a history of heart failure combined with electrocardiographic evidence of extreme left ventricular hypertrophy. Operation may be safely postponed if these indications are not met, though the presence of ventricular extrasystoles or evidence of independent myocardial disease are further factors which should influence the decision."}
{"id": "PMID:130917", "title": "Regression of primary pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "A girl who presented in childhood with advanced primary pulmonary hypertension and whose condition later improved is described. This is the first time to our knowledge that documented regression of the disease has been reported.", "contents": "Regression of primary pulmonary hypertension. A girl who presented in childhood with advanced primary pulmonary hypertension and whose condition later improved is described. This is the first time to our knowledge that documented regression of the disease has been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:130923", "title": "The effect of manipulation of reticuloendothelial system activity on glomerular deposition of aggregated protein and immune complexes in two different strains of mice.", "content": "Glomerular uptake of intravenously administered aggregated albumen or immune complexes in mice appears to be inversely related to the activity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Stimulation of RES activity diminishes the amount of material appearing in the glomerulus whereas RES blockade enhances glomerular uptake. The possible relevance of these observations to experimental models of immune complex disease is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of manipulation of reticuloendothelial system activity on glomerular deposition of aggregated protein and immune complexes in two different strains of mice. Glomerular uptake of intravenously administered aggregated albumen or immune complexes in mice appears to be inversely related to the activity of the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Stimulation of RES activity diminishes the amount of material appearing in the glomerulus whereas RES blockade enhances glomerular uptake. The possible relevance of these observations to experimental models of immune complex disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130924", "title": "Anaerobic transport of amino acids coupled to the glycerol-3-phosphate-fumarate oxidoreductase system in a cytochrome-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The uptake of proline and glutamine by cytochrome-deficient cells of Escherichia coli SASX76 grown aerobically on glucose or anaerobically on pyruvate was stimulated by these two substrates. Pyruvate could not stimulate transport in the glucose-grown cells. Uptake of these amino acids energized by glucose was inhibited by inhibitors of the Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated ATPase such as DCCD, pyrophosphate, and azide, and by the uncouplers CCCP and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Glycerol (or glycerol 3-phosphate) in the presence of fumarate stimulated the transport of proline and glutamine under anaerobic conditions in cytochrome-deficient cells but not in membrane vesicles prepared from these cells although glycerol 3-phosphate-fumarate oxidoreductase activity could be demonstrated in the vesicle preparation. In contrast, in vesicles prepared from cytochrome-containing cells of E. coli SASX76 amino acid transport was energized under anaerobic conditions by this system. Inhibitors of the Ca2+, Mg2+-activated ATPase and uncoupling agents inhibited the uptake of proline and glutamine in cytochrome-deficient cells dependent on the glycerol-fumarate oxidoreductase system. Ferricyanide could replace fumarate as an electron acceptor to permit transport of phenylalanine in cytochrome-deficient or cytochrome-containing cells under anaerobic conditions. It is concluded that in cytochrome-deficient cells using glucose, pyruvate, or glycerol in the presence of fumarate, transport of both proline and glutamine under under anaerobic conditions is energized by ATP through the Ca2+, Mg2+-activated ATPase. In cytochrome-containing cells under anaerobic conditions electron transfer between glycerol and fumarate can also drive transport of these amino acids.", "contents": "Anaerobic transport of amino acids coupled to the glycerol-3-phosphate-fumarate oxidoreductase system in a cytochrome-deficient mutant of Escherichia coli. The uptake of proline and glutamine by cytochrome-deficient cells of Escherichia coli SASX76 grown aerobically on glucose or anaerobically on pyruvate was stimulated by these two substrates. Pyruvate could not stimulate transport in the glucose-grown cells. Uptake of these amino acids energized by glucose was inhibited by inhibitors of the Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated ATPase such as DCCD, pyrophosphate, and azide, and by the uncouplers CCCP and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Glycerol (or glycerol 3-phosphate) in the presence of fumarate stimulated the transport of proline and glutamine under anaerobic conditions in cytochrome-deficient cells but not in membrane vesicles prepared from these cells although glycerol 3-phosphate-fumarate oxidoreductase activity could be demonstrated in the vesicle preparation. In contrast, in vesicles prepared from cytochrome-containing cells of E. coli SASX76 amino acid transport was energized under anaerobic conditions by this system. Inhibitors of the Ca2+, Mg2+-activated ATPase and uncoupling agents inhibited the uptake of proline and glutamine in cytochrome-deficient cells dependent on the glycerol-fumarate oxidoreductase system. Ferricyanide could replace fumarate as an electron acceptor to permit transport of phenylalanine in cytochrome-deficient or cytochrome-containing cells under anaerobic conditions. It is concluded that in cytochrome-deficient cells using glucose, pyruvate, or glycerol in the presence of fumarate, transport of both proline and glutamine under under anaerobic conditions is energized by ATP through the Ca2+, Mg2+-activated ATPase. In cytochrome-containing cells under anaerobic conditions electron transfer between glycerol and fumarate can also drive transport of these amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:130925", "title": "Gaps in DNA synthesized by ultraviolet light-irradiated WI38 human cells.", "content": "DNA replication in ultraviolet-irradiated human cells was examined by treatment of the extracted DNA with a single-strand specific endonuclease from Neurospora crassa. WI38 cells were uniformly labeled with 32Pi for two generations before irradiation and then labeled with [3H]thymidine after irradiation. The isolated DNA was sedimented in neutral sucrose gradients after incubation with the endonuclease. The endonuclease treatment had no effect on the sedimentation profiles of either [32P]DNA or [3H]DNA from unirradiated control cultures. The endonuclease treatment also did not significantly alter the profile of [32P]DNA from irradiated cultures but did introduce breaks in the 3H pulse-labeled DNA synthesized after irradiation. These results indicate that DNA synthesis after ultraviolet irradiation proceeds in such fashion that gaps are formed along the newly made strand, leaving regions of single strandness in template DNA. As replication proceeds these gaps disappear and 2 h after irradiation (100-250 ergs/mm2) they are barely detectable by the endonuclease assay.", "contents": "Gaps in DNA synthesized by ultraviolet light-irradiated WI38 human cells. DNA replication in ultraviolet-irradiated human cells was examined by treatment of the extracted DNA with a single-strand specific endonuclease from Neurospora crassa. WI38 cells were uniformly labeled with 32Pi for two generations before irradiation and then labeled with [3H]thymidine after irradiation. The isolated DNA was sedimented in neutral sucrose gradients after incubation with the endonuclease. The endonuclease treatment had no effect on the sedimentation profiles of either [32P]DNA or [3H]DNA from unirradiated control cultures. The endonuclease treatment also did not significantly alter the profile of [32P]DNA from irradiated cultures but did introduce breaks in the 3H pulse-labeled DNA synthesized after irradiation. These results indicate that DNA synthesis after ultraviolet irradiation proceeds in such fashion that gaps are formed along the newly made strand, leaving regions of single strandness in template DNA. As replication proceeds these gaps disappear and 2 h after irradiation (100-250 ergs/mm2) they are barely detectable by the endonuclease assay."}
{"id": "PMID:130926", "title": "\"Action potentials\" in Neurospora crassa, a mycelial fungus.", "content": "Occasional spontaneous \"action potentials\" are found in mature hyphae of the fungus Neurospora crassa. They can arise either from low-level sinusoidal oscillations of the membrane potential or from a linear slow depolarization which accelerates into a rapid upstroke at a voltage 5-20 mV depolarized from the normal resting potential (near-180 mV). The \"action potentials\" are long-lasting, 1-2 min and at the peak reach a membrane potential near-40 mV. A 2-to 8-fold increase of membrane conductance accompanies the main depolarization, but a slight decrease of membrane conductance occurs during the slow depolarization. Two plausible mechanisms for the phenomenon are (a) periodic increases of membrane permeability to inorganic ions, particularly H+ or Cl- and (b) periodic decreases in activity of the major electrogenic pump (H+) or the Neurospora membrane, coupled with a nonlinear (inverse signoid) current-boltage relationship. Identification of action potential-like disturbances in fungi means that such behavior has now been found in all major biologic taxa which have been probed with suitable electrodes. As yet there is no obvious function for the events in fungi.", "contents": "\"Action potentials\" in Neurospora crassa, a mycelial fungus. Occasional spontaneous \"action potentials\" are found in mature hyphae of the fungus Neurospora crassa. They can arise either from low-level sinusoidal oscillations of the membrane potential or from a linear slow depolarization which accelerates into a rapid upstroke at a voltage 5-20 mV depolarized from the normal resting potential (near-180 mV). The \"action potentials\" are long-lasting, 1-2 min and at the peak reach a membrane potential near-40 mV. A 2-to 8-fold increase of membrane conductance accompanies the main depolarization, but a slight decrease of membrane conductance occurs during the slow depolarization. Two plausible mechanisms for the phenomenon are (a) periodic increases of membrane permeability to inorganic ions, particularly H+ or Cl- and (b) periodic decreases in activity of the major electrogenic pump (H+) or the Neurospora membrane, coupled with a nonlinear (inverse signoid) current-boltage relationship. Identification of action potential-like disturbances in fungi means that such behavior has now been found in all major biologic taxa which have been probed with suitable electrodes. As yet there is no obvious function for the events in fungi."}
{"id": "PMID:130927", "title": "Comparison of the physicochemical properties of fragment D derivatives of fibrinogen and fragment D-D of cross-linked fibrin.", "content": "The molecular weight of Fragment D derivatives obtained from plasmic digests of fibrinogen and cross-linked fibrin was determined by equilibrium sedimentation and compared with the summated molecular weight of their polypeptide chains observed after electrophoresis of reduced protein in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. The measured molecular weight of Fragment D (Stage 2) of fibrinogen is 103 500, which is compatible with a molecule containing only one each of the Aalpha (13 000), Bbeta (43 000) and gamma (39 000) chain remnants. Fragment D-D of cross-linked fibrin has a molecular weight of 189 000, compatible with a molecule containing one isopeptide-bound gamma-gamma chain (80 000) and two each of Bbeta (43 000) and Aalpha (13 000) chain remnants. The NH2-terminal amino acid residues of the Fragment D derivatives were measured quantitatively using a thioacetic-thioglycolic acid method, and molar quantities were calculated on the basis of the molecular weights determined by equilibrium sedimentation. Fragment D preparations obtained from Stage 2 and Stage 3 digests of fibrinogen have 3 mol of NH2-terminal amino acids per molecule, while Fragment D-D has seven. These data support the view that two Fragment D molecules, each of three polypeptide chains, are derived by plasmic degradation from each fibrinogen molecule, and that an isopeptide-bound, six chain Fragment D-D molecule is released from cross-linked fibrin by plasmin. Equlibrium sedimentation measurement of the molecular weights of Fragment X (Stage 1 and Stage 2) and Fragment Y are 265 000 and 148 000, respectively. These values are compatible with asymmetric cleavages of Fragment X to Fragments Y and D (Stage 2), and of Fragment Y to Fragments D (Stage 2) and E, and with a fibrinogen model in which the two halves are joined by disulfide bonds only in the amino-terminal regions.", "contents": "Comparison of the physicochemical properties of fragment D derivatives of fibrinogen and fragment D-D of cross-linked fibrin. The molecular weight of Fragment D derivatives obtained from plasmic digests of fibrinogen and cross-linked fibrin was determined by equilibrium sedimentation and compared with the summated molecular weight of their polypeptide chains observed after electrophoresis of reduced protein in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels. The measured molecular weight of Fragment D (Stage 2) of fibrinogen is 103 500, which is compatible with a molecule containing only one each of the Aalpha (13 000), Bbeta (43 000) and gamma (39 000) chain remnants. Fragment D-D of cross-linked fibrin has a molecular weight of 189 000, compatible with a molecule containing one isopeptide-bound gamma-gamma chain (80 000) and two each of Bbeta (43 000) and Aalpha (13 000) chain remnants. The NH2-terminal amino acid residues of the Fragment D derivatives were measured quantitatively using a thioacetic-thioglycolic acid method, and molar quantities were calculated on the basis of the molecular weights determined by equilibrium sedimentation. Fragment D preparations obtained from Stage 2 and Stage 3 digests of fibrinogen have 3 mol of NH2-terminal amino acids per molecule, while Fragment D-D has seven. These data support the view that two Fragment D molecules, each of three polypeptide chains, are derived by plasmic degradation from each fibrinogen molecule, and that an isopeptide-bound, six chain Fragment D-D molecule is released from cross-linked fibrin by plasmin. Equlibrium sedimentation measurement of the molecular weights of Fragment X (Stage 1 and Stage 2) and Fragment Y are 265 000 and 148 000, respectively. These values are compatible with asymmetric cleavages of Fragment X to Fragments Y and D (Stage 2), and of Fragment Y to Fragments D (Stage 2) and E, and with a fibrinogen model in which the two halves are joined by disulfide bonds only in the amino-terminal regions."}
{"id": "PMID:130928", "title": "Diphasic transformations of F-actin. Effects of urea and MgCl2 on F-actin.", "content": "Asakura, Taniguchi and Oosawa [1]proposed that muscle actin polymer under sonic vibration is in a different state from that of the ordinary double stranded helical structure (F-actin), characterised by partially interrupted structures of F-actin, a state of \"f-actin\". In order to confirm different states for actin polymers [1, 2], physicochemical studies were made by measurements of viscosity, flow birefringence, electric birefringence, fluorescence, electron microscopy, quasielastic light scattering and ATP splitting. The following results were obtained. (1) F-actin polymers can undergo two processes of depolymerization upon treatment with urea and various salts as judged by measurements of flow birefringence and viscosity: one is a rapid process in a solution containing K+ or Ca2+ and urea; the other is a slow process following a brief rapid one in a solution containing Mg2+ and urea. (2) In the presence of Mg2+ and a suitable concentration of urea, F-actin (FMU-actin) appeared to exhibit different properties than ordinary F-actin; it had lower viscosity and lower flow birefringence and it had on the whole a more flexible polymer structure, also judging from experiments of quasielastic light scattering, electric birefringence. The different structure was confirmed directly be electron microscopic observation. The aromatic side chains of FMU-actin were also more mobile than those of F-actin judging from fluorescence measurements. The transformation between F-actin and FMU-actin was reversible. (3) The state of FMU-actin polymers was also characterized by ATP splitting; FMU-actin split about one mole of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate per mole of actin monomer at room temperature, where F-actin did not. A molar excess of Mg2+ with respect to actin monomer at room temperature, where F-actin did not. A molar excess of Mg2+ with respect to actin monomer is required for ATP splitting. F-actin in solutions containing K+ or Ca2+ and urea did not split ATP. FMU-actin activated on Mg-ATP-ase of myosin at nearly the same rate as that of F-actin. (4) We have postulated a flexible filament model (f-actin). The relationships between the structure of f-actin and its functional role for force generation during contraction are discussed.", "contents": "Diphasic transformations of F-actin. Effects of urea and MgCl2 on F-actin. Asakura, Taniguchi and Oosawa [1]proposed that muscle actin polymer under sonic vibration is in a different state from that of the ordinary double stranded helical structure (F-actin), characterised by partially interrupted structures of F-actin, a state of \"f-actin\". In order to confirm different states for actin polymers [1, 2], physicochemical studies were made by measurements of viscosity, flow birefringence, electric birefringence, fluorescence, electron microscopy, quasielastic light scattering and ATP splitting. The following results were obtained. (1) F-actin polymers can undergo two processes of depolymerization upon treatment with urea and various salts as judged by measurements of flow birefringence and viscosity: one is a rapid process in a solution containing K+ or Ca2+ and urea; the other is a slow process following a brief rapid one in a solution containing Mg2+ and urea. (2) In the presence of Mg2+ and a suitable concentration of urea, F-actin (FMU-actin) appeared to exhibit different properties than ordinary F-actin; it had lower viscosity and lower flow birefringence and it had on the whole a more flexible polymer structure, also judging from experiments of quasielastic light scattering, electric birefringence. The different structure was confirmed directly be electron microscopic observation. The aromatic side chains of FMU-actin were also more mobile than those of F-actin judging from fluorescence measurements. The transformation between F-actin and FMU-actin was reversible. (3) The state of FMU-actin polymers was also characterized by ATP splitting; FMU-actin split about one mole of ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate per mole of actin monomer at room temperature, where F-actin did not. A molar excess of Mg2+ with respect to actin monomer at room temperature, where F-actin did not. A molar excess of Mg2+ with respect to actin monomer is required for ATP splitting. F-actin in solutions containing K+ or Ca2+ and urea did not split ATP. FMU-actin activated on Mg-ATP-ase of myosin at nearly the same rate as that of F-actin. (4) We have postulated a flexible filament model (f-actin). The relationships between the structure of f-actin and its functional role for force generation during contraction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130929", "title": "Cleavage of thrombosthenin A by thrombin. Evidence for the existence of two types of bovine platelet actin.", "content": "Bovin platelet actin prepared by Spudich's method (Spudich, J. A. (1972) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 27, 585-594) separated into two peaks on a Sephadex G-200 column. The actin of both peaks had a mol. wt. of 42 000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and activated myosin ATPase, although in a quantitatively different manner. Actin eluted in the first peak (probably an oligomeric form) was not polymerized in 2 mM MgCl2 and 0.05 M KCl, while that of the second peak went through normal G-F transformation. If CaATP was present in the incubation mixture neither actin was attacked by thrombin. However, if EDTA was added, thrombin split G-actins and the pattern of cleavage was the same as that found for muscle actin in our earlier studies, i.e. the final split products were two actinopeptides and two larger fragments of 26 500 and 11 000 daltons. It is suggested that the possible attraction of membrane-associated platelet actin for thrombin may have an importance in thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.", "contents": "Cleavage of thrombosthenin A by thrombin. Evidence for the existence of two types of bovine platelet actin. Bovin platelet actin prepared by Spudich's method (Spudich, J. A. (1972) Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 27, 585-594) separated into two peaks on a Sephadex G-200 column. The actin of both peaks had a mol. wt. of 42 000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and activated myosin ATPase, although in a quantitatively different manner. Actin eluted in the first peak (probably an oligomeric form) was not polymerized in 2 mM MgCl2 and 0.05 M KCl, while that of the second peak went through normal G-F transformation. If CaATP was present in the incubation mixture neither actin was attacked by thrombin. However, if EDTA was added, thrombin split G-actins and the pattern of cleavage was the same as that found for muscle actin in our earlier studies, i.e. the final split products were two actinopeptides and two larger fragments of 26 500 and 11 000 daltons. It is suggested that the possible attraction of membrane-associated platelet actin for thrombin may have an importance in thrombin-induced platelet aggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:130930", "title": "The heterogeneity of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in rat liver and a shift in the glycosaminoglycan contents in carbon tetrachloride-damaged liver.", "content": "The glycosaminoglycan of rat liver can be separated into five distinct fractions; a hyaluronic acid fraction, a heparan sulfate fraction with a molar ratio of sulfate to hexosamine (S/HexN) around 0.7, a heparan sulfate fraction with a S/HexN ratio around 1.4, a dermatan sulfate fraction with a S/HexN ratio near unity, and a dermatan sulfate fraction with a S/HexN ratio around 1.3. Enzymatic analysis of the two dermatan sulfate fractions indicates that they differ significantly in that the high sulfated fraction contains relatively more N-acetylgalactosamine 4,6-bissulfate units (about 26% of the total hexosamine). In experimental injury produced by carbon tetrachloride, the low sulfated fraction increases as much as 9-fold on a dry weight basis, bearing no linear relationship to the amount of the high sulfated fraction which increases only 2-fold. A significant shift is also observed in the levels of the two heparan sulfate fractions. In this case, however, the high sulfated fraction shows a much more pronounced increase than does the low sulfated fraction. On the basis of these observations, it is suggested that for each of the dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate classes there are at least two pools, distinguished by sulfation degree and perhaps by turnover rate and physiological function.", "contents": "The heterogeneity of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate in rat liver and a shift in the glycosaminoglycan contents in carbon tetrachloride-damaged liver. The glycosaminoglycan of rat liver can be separated into five distinct fractions; a hyaluronic acid fraction, a heparan sulfate fraction with a molar ratio of sulfate to hexosamine (S/HexN) around 0.7, a heparan sulfate fraction with a S/HexN ratio around 1.4, a dermatan sulfate fraction with a S/HexN ratio near unity, and a dermatan sulfate fraction with a S/HexN ratio around 1.3. Enzymatic analysis of the two dermatan sulfate fractions indicates that they differ significantly in that the high sulfated fraction contains relatively more N-acetylgalactosamine 4,6-bissulfate units (about 26% of the total hexosamine). In experimental injury produced by carbon tetrachloride, the low sulfated fraction increases as much as 9-fold on a dry weight basis, bearing no linear relationship to the amount of the high sulfated fraction which increases only 2-fold. A significant shift is also observed in the levels of the two heparan sulfate fractions. In this case, however, the high sulfated fraction shows a much more pronounced increase than does the low sulfated fraction. On the basis of these observations, it is suggested that for each of the dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate classes there are at least two pools, distinguished by sulfation degree and perhaps by turnover rate and physiological function."}
{"id": "PMID:130931", "title": "Glycolipid glycosyl transferases of a hamster cell line in culture. II. Subcellular distribution and the effect of culture age and density.", "content": "The activities of two galactosyl transferases catalysing the formation of di- and tri-glycosyl ceramides in NIL-2 hamster cells have been studied with respect to culture age and density, subcellular distribution, and transformation of cells by virus. The activity of the transferases was found to increase considerably as culture density increased, although maximal activities were found before appreciable cell contact occurred. The highest transferase activities were found in the endoplasmic reticulum. Virus transformation reduces the activity of the transferase catalysing triglycosyl ceramide synthesis, while the transferase catalysing diglycosyl ceramide synthesis is slightly increased. There is no evidence that the transformed cells produce a dialysable soluble inhibitor of transferase activities.", "contents": "Glycolipid glycosyl transferases of a hamster cell line in culture. II. Subcellular distribution and the effect of culture age and density. The activities of two galactosyl transferases catalysing the formation of di- and tri-glycosyl ceramides in NIL-2 hamster cells have been studied with respect to culture age and density, subcellular distribution, and transformation of cells by virus. The activity of the transferases was found to increase considerably as culture density increased, although maximal activities were found before appreciable cell contact occurred. The highest transferase activities were found in the endoplasmic reticulum. Virus transformation reduces the activity of the transferase catalysing triglycosyl ceramide synthesis, while the transferase catalysing diglycosyl ceramide synthesis is slightly increased. There is no evidence that the transformed cells produce a dialysable soluble inhibitor of transferase activities."}
{"id": "PMID:130932", "title": "Na+-dependent phosphorylation of the rat brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Possible non-equivalent activation sites for Na+.", "content": "The steady state levels of Na+-dependent phosphoenzyme (E-P) in the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of rat brain, obtained from a time course study of phosphoenzyme formation at 4 degrees C, were dependent on the concentration of Na+ in the reaction and were maximal in the presence of 64 mM Na+. The plot of phosphoenzyme vs. Na+ concentration gave a curve which on conversion to a double reciprocal plot (1/E-P vs. 1/Na+) gave a line with two breaks, yielding apparently three linear segments. This may be taken to indicate the presence of multiple Na+ sites for the formation of the phosphoenzyme. To test this hypothesis further, the following approach was taken. By making the assumption that the phosphoenzyme may represent bound Na+, it was possible to subject the data to rigorous multiple-site analysis by utilizing steady-state binding equations described by Klotz and Hunston (1971) (Biochemistry 10, 3065-3069), and by Scatchard (1949) (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51, 660-672). The analysis of the data by these methods suggests that there may be three non-equivalent Na+ activation sites for the formation of Na+-dependent phosphoenzyme in the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. The estimated intrinsic association constants (Ka) for activation by Na+ at each of the three sites were 3.4, 0.295, and 0.025 mM-1, respectively.", "contents": "Na+-dependent phosphorylation of the rat brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Possible non-equivalent activation sites for Na+. The steady state levels of Na+-dependent phosphoenzyme (E-P) in the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of rat brain, obtained from a time course study of phosphoenzyme formation at 4 degrees C, were dependent on the concentration of Na+ in the reaction and were maximal in the presence of 64 mM Na+. The plot of phosphoenzyme vs. Na+ concentration gave a curve which on conversion to a double reciprocal plot (1/E-P vs. 1/Na+) gave a line with two breaks, yielding apparently three linear segments. This may be taken to indicate the presence of multiple Na+ sites for the formation of the phosphoenzyme. To test this hypothesis further, the following approach was taken. By making the assumption that the phosphoenzyme may represent bound Na+, it was possible to subject the data to rigorous multiple-site analysis by utilizing steady-state binding equations described by Klotz and Hunston (1971) (Biochemistry 10, 3065-3069), and by Scatchard (1949) (Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 51, 660-672). The analysis of the data by these methods suggests that there may be three non-equivalent Na+ activation sites for the formation of Na+-dependent phosphoenzyme in the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. The estimated intrinsic association constants (Ka) for activation by Na+ at each of the three sites were 3.4, 0.295, and 0.025 mM-1, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:130933", "title": "Purification of protoplast-secreted acid phosphatase from baker's yeast. Effect on adenosine triphosphatase activity.", "content": "In order to examine acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activities of baker's yeast (pH optimum 3.5) a protoplast-secreted enzyme preparation was purified and some physical and chemical properties were studied. Three protein fractions containing ATPase and acid phosphatase activities, in the same ratio as the initial preparation, were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. The first fraction which had the highest protein content yielded a homogeneous preparation after Sepharose 4B chromatography and was used in further studies. An attempt to estimate molecular weight of this protein was made. Attempts to separate acid phosphatase and ATPase activities by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, isoelectric focusing and sucrose density gradient centrifugation have been unsuccessful. Both activities behaved the same way to heat and urea denaturation. These results suggest that the two activities are associated with the same protein molecule.", "contents": "Purification of protoplast-secreted acid phosphatase from baker's yeast. Effect on adenosine triphosphatase activity. In order to examine acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) and ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activities of baker's yeast (pH optimum 3.5) a protoplast-secreted enzyme preparation was purified and some physical and chemical properties were studied. Three protein fractions containing ATPase and acid phosphatase activities, in the same ratio as the initial preparation, were separated by ion-exchange chromatography. The first fraction which had the highest protein content yielded a homogeneous preparation after Sepharose 4B chromatography and was used in further studies. An attempt to estimate molecular weight of this protein was made. Attempts to separate acid phosphatase and ATPase activities by ion-exchange chromatography, gel filtration, isoelectric focusing and sucrose density gradient centrifugation have been unsuccessful. Both activities behaved the same way to heat and urea denaturation. These results suggest that the two activities are associated with the same protein molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:130934", "title": "A reexamination of the postulated charge transfer interactions at the active site of the enzyme rhodanese.", "content": "Spectral and kinetic studies of the interaction of N-methylnicotinamide chloride and nicotinamide with the enzyme thiosulphate sulphurtransferase (thiosulphate: cyanide sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) (also known as rhodanese) have been performed and compared with previous inhibition data obtained with N-1-(4-pyridyl)pyridinium chloride (NPP). Like NPP both N-methylnicotinamide chloride and nicotinamide are competitive inhibitors of rhodanese with respect to the substrate thiosulfate. Rhodanese binding of N-methylnicotinamide chloride gives rise to no charge transfer absorbtion band. In addition, the free energy of interaction (deltaG0) of NPP with rhodanese is approximately equal to the sum of the individual deltaG0 values of MNA and NA. These compounds are analogous to the two halves of the NPP structure. We conclude that NPP and N-methylnicotinamide chloride are not bound via a charge transfer mechanism. The major stabilizing influence appears to be an ionic interaction with an anionic enzyme site with accessory apolar stabilization. It is postulated that the ionized active site sulfhydryl group in rhodanese could provide the ionic site.", "contents": "A reexamination of the postulated charge transfer interactions at the active site of the enzyme rhodanese. Spectral and kinetic studies of the interaction of N-methylnicotinamide chloride and nicotinamide with the enzyme thiosulphate sulphurtransferase (thiosulphate: cyanide sulfurtransferase, EC 2.8.1.1) (also known as rhodanese) have been performed and compared with previous inhibition data obtained with N-1-(4-pyridyl)pyridinium chloride (NPP). Like NPP both N-methylnicotinamide chloride and nicotinamide are competitive inhibitors of rhodanese with respect to the substrate thiosulfate. Rhodanese binding of N-methylnicotinamide chloride gives rise to no charge transfer absorbtion band. In addition, the free energy of interaction (deltaG0) of NPP with rhodanese is approximately equal to the sum of the individual deltaG0 values of MNA and NA. These compounds are analogous to the two halves of the NPP structure. We conclude that NPP and N-methylnicotinamide chloride are not bound via a charge transfer mechanism. The major stabilizing influence appears to be an ionic interaction with an anionic enzyme site with accessory apolar stabilization. It is postulated that the ionized active site sulfhydryl group in rhodanese could provide the ionic site."}
{"id": "PMID:130935", "title": "Effect of ozone on erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Human erythrocyte membrane fragments were exposed to O3 over varying lengths of time. Ozone was found to have a deleterious effect on the ouabainsensitive ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) in the membrane fragments. After 1 min of exposure to O3, which was generated at a rate of 4.0 mumol/min, ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity decreased to 26% of the control. Ouabain-insensitive ATPase was found to be unaffected by O3 exposure under the test conditions. Additions of ascorbic acid or cysteine, prior to O3 exposure, partially protected the enzyme from inactivation. However, the inactivating effect of O3 could not be reversed by addition of either ascorbic acid or cysteine after exposure. Superoxide dismutase or catalase did not afford significant protection. The enzyme could not be protected by Ellman's reagent. The inactivating effect of O3 on the ouabain-sensitive ATPase was also demonstrated in exposure of intact erythrocytes. No detectable change was observed in glycolytic activity in the hemolysate prepared from O3-treated erythrocytes, however. It was postulated that inactivation of the membrane ATPase by O3 may be responsible for the destructive effect of O3 on the red cell.", "contents": "Effect of ozone on erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase. Human erythrocyte membrane fragments were exposed to O3 over varying lengths of time. Ozone was found to have a deleterious effect on the ouabainsensitive ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) in the membrane fragments. After 1 min of exposure to O3, which was generated at a rate of 4.0 mumol/min, ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity decreased to 26% of the control. Ouabain-insensitive ATPase was found to be unaffected by O3 exposure under the test conditions. Additions of ascorbic acid or cysteine, prior to O3 exposure, partially protected the enzyme from inactivation. However, the inactivating effect of O3 could not be reversed by addition of either ascorbic acid or cysteine after exposure. Superoxide dismutase or catalase did not afford significant protection. The enzyme could not be protected by Ellman's reagent. The inactivating effect of O3 on the ouabain-sensitive ATPase was also demonstrated in exposure of intact erythrocytes. No detectable change was observed in glycolytic activity in the hemolysate prepared from O3-treated erythrocytes, however. It was postulated that inactivation of the membrane ATPase by O3 may be responsible for the destructive effect of O3 on the red cell."}
{"id": "PMID:130936", "title": "Studies on photophosphorylation utilizing methylene diphosphonate analogs of ADP and ATP.", "content": "Spinach chloroplasts were able to photophosphorylate the ADP analog alpha,beta-methylene adenosine 5'-diphosphate (AOPCP). Phosphorylation of AOPCP was catalyzed by chloroplasts that were washed or dialyzed to remove free endogenous nucleotides. In the presence of glucose, hexokinase, AOPCP and 32Pi, the 32P label was incorporated into alpha,beta-methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate (AOPCPOP). In contrast to photophosphorylation of AOPCP, the ATP analog AOPCPOP was a poor substrate for the ATP-Pi exchange reaction and its hydrolysis was neither stimulated by light and dithiothreitol nor inhibited by Dio-9. Photophosphorylation of AOPCP was inhibited by the alpha,beta- and beta,gamma-substituted methylene analogs of ATP, while phosphorylation of ADP was unaffected by them. The ATP-Pi exchange was also unaffected by both ATP analogs, while the weak AOPCPOP-Pi exchange was inhibited by the beta,gamma-methylene analog of ATP. Direct interaction of methylene analogs with the chloroplast coupling factor ATPase was indicated by the enzymatic hydrolysis of AOPCPOP on polyacrylamide gels.", "contents": "Studies on photophosphorylation utilizing methylene diphosphonate analogs of ADP and ATP. Spinach chloroplasts were able to photophosphorylate the ADP analog alpha,beta-methylene adenosine 5'-diphosphate (AOPCP). Phosphorylation of AOPCP was catalyzed by chloroplasts that were washed or dialyzed to remove free endogenous nucleotides. In the presence of glucose, hexokinase, AOPCP and 32Pi, the 32P label was incorporated into alpha,beta-methylene adenosine 5'-triphosphate (AOPCPOP). In contrast to photophosphorylation of AOPCP, the ATP analog AOPCPOP was a poor substrate for the ATP-Pi exchange reaction and its hydrolysis was neither stimulated by light and dithiothreitol nor inhibited by Dio-9. Photophosphorylation of AOPCP was inhibited by the alpha,beta- and beta,gamma-substituted methylene analogs of ATP, while phosphorylation of ADP was unaffected by them. The ATP-Pi exchange was also unaffected by both ATP analogs, while the weak AOPCPOP-Pi exchange was inhibited by the beta,gamma-methylene analog of ATP. Direct interaction of methylene analogs with the chloroplast coupling factor ATPase was indicated by the enzymatic hydrolysis of AOPCPOP on polyacrylamide gels."}
{"id": "PMID:130941", "title": "Pig heart mitochondrial ATPase : properties of purified and membrane-bound enzyme. Effects of flavonoids.", "content": "Soluble ATPase (F1) has been purified from pig heart mitochondria. The purified enzyme had a high specific activity and was homogeneous as checked by ultracentrifugation and electrofocusing. It could be dissociated into subunits by cold-treatment or sodium dodecyl sulfate denaturation. The molecular weights of the two major and three minor subunits could be estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The native enzyme had an isoelectric point of 5.2 while the cold-denatured enzyme showed three main bands focusing at pH 5.0, 5.2, and 5.4. Kinetic properties (Vm and Km (atp) have been compared for the soluble and membrane bound ATPase in presence of various anions. Inhibitory effects of Quercetin and other flavonoids have been tested in order to get an insight on the interaction between ATPase and its natural inhibitor.", "contents": "Pig heart mitochondrial ATPase : properties of purified and membrane-bound enzyme. Effects of flavonoids. Soluble ATPase (F1) has been purified from pig heart mitochondria. The purified enzyme had a high specific activity and was homogeneous as checked by ultracentrifugation and electrofocusing. It could be dissociated into subunits by cold-treatment or sodium dodecyl sulfate denaturation. The molecular weights of the two major and three minor subunits could be estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. The native enzyme had an isoelectric point of 5.2 while the cold-denatured enzyme showed three main bands focusing at pH 5.0, 5.2, and 5.4. Kinetic properties (Vm and Km (atp) have been compared for the soluble and membrane bound ATPase in presence of various anions. Inhibitory effects of Quercetin and other flavonoids have been tested in order to get an insight on the interaction between ATPase and its natural inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:130939", "title": "Biosynthesis of acid mucopolysaccharides by the surviving new born rat skin. I. - Kinetics of the biosynthesis at the polymer level.", "content": "1) The amounts of individual mucopolysaccharides in the new born rat skin have been estimated and their specific rates of labelling assessed in vitro. Total and percentage amounts of these polymers agree satisfactorily with previously published data. 2) Relative rates of labelling from [U14C]-glucose have been estimated by combining column chromatography separation and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips. Specific radioactivities have been measured either with respect to the total uronic acid content of the fractions or with respect to their quantitative staining with Alcian Blue. The two methods agreed satisfactorily. 3) Average biosynthetic rates almost identical for hyaluronic acid and the total sulfated mucopolysaccharides. However, within the latter fraction, heparin + heparan sulfate incorporate [U14C]-glucose about 4 to 5 times more rapidly than the chondroitin sulfates. This result could not be expected from previous data obtained in vivo and is discussed with reference to a possible heterogeneity of the cell material whence the various mucopolysaccharides originate. 4) In the presence of puromycin, labelling of the sulfated mucopolysaccharides stops almost immediately, indicating a stringent requirement for protein primers. Biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid is affected only after preincubation of tissue with puromycin (one hour) and subsequent incubation of two hours with [U14C]-glucose.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of acid mucopolysaccharides by the surviving new born rat skin. I. - Kinetics of the biosynthesis at the polymer level. 1) The amounts of individual mucopolysaccharides in the new born rat skin have been estimated and their specific rates of labelling assessed in vitro. Total and percentage amounts of these polymers agree satisfactorily with previously published data. 2) Relative rates of labelling from [U14C]-glucose have been estimated by combining column chromatography separation and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate strips. Specific radioactivities have been measured either with respect to the total uronic acid content of the fractions or with respect to their quantitative staining with Alcian Blue. The two methods agreed satisfactorily. 3) Average biosynthetic rates almost identical for hyaluronic acid and the total sulfated mucopolysaccharides. However, within the latter fraction, heparin + heparan sulfate incorporate [U14C]-glucose about 4 to 5 times more rapidly than the chondroitin sulfates. This result could not be expected from previous data obtained in vivo and is discussed with reference to a possible heterogeneity of the cell material whence the various mucopolysaccharides originate. 4) In the presence of puromycin, labelling of the sulfated mucopolysaccharides stops almost immediately, indicating a stringent requirement for protein primers. Biosynthesis of hyaluronic acid is affected only after preincubation of tissue with puromycin (one hour) and subsequent incubation of two hours with [U14C]-glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:130938", "title": "Heart contractile proteins.", "content": "That several proteins of the sarcomere differ from one muscle to the next is well documented, and it is becoming evident that homogeneous muscles, like the heart, are also species specific. 1) Clear-cut evidence is available concerning myosin, and, to date, several types of molecules have been described. a) The myosins of white skeletal, heart, and smooth muscle differ in the activity of their Ca2+ and K+ATPases, as also in the structure of their light subunits. b) The Ca2+ATPases of the various cardiac myosins have been shown to exhibit species differences and correlate with the speed of shortening of the muscle. 2) The structures of tropomyosin, some troponin components, and alpha actinin (but not actin) appear to be unlike in the different types of muscle. 3) These phylogenic modifications may be related to the changes characteristic of the particular muscles under pathological conditions, which are accompanied by substantial increase in protein synthesis.", "contents": "Heart contractile proteins. That several proteins of the sarcomere differ from one muscle to the next is well documented, and it is becoming evident that homogeneous muscles, like the heart, are also species specific. 1) Clear-cut evidence is available concerning myosin, and, to date, several types of molecules have been described. a) The myosins of white skeletal, heart, and smooth muscle differ in the activity of their Ca2+ and K+ATPases, as also in the structure of their light subunits. b) The Ca2+ATPases of the various cardiac myosins have been shown to exhibit species differences and correlate with the speed of shortening of the muscle. 2) The structures of tropomyosin, some troponin components, and alpha actinin (but not actin) appear to be unlike in the different types of muscle. 3) These phylogenic modifications may be related to the changes characteristic of the particular muscles under pathological conditions, which are accompanied by substantial increase in protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:130944", "title": "Factors affecting risks of congenital malformations. I. Analysis of epidemiologic factors in congenital malformations. Report from the Collaborative Perinatal Project.", "content": "An analysis was made of over 30 demographic, biologic and medical variables in relation to risks of congenital malformations which occurred in the Collaborative Perinatal Project. The study population consisted of 46,689 single and multiple live births and fetal deaths about whom complete information was available on all study variables. Included in the analysis were 5 general malformation categories, 27 specific major, and 7 specific minor malformations. Several new associations were detected between epidemiologic factors and risks of specific malformations while other previously reported associations were confirmed by the present investigation. The analysis of general categories of malformations showed that multiple births had a higher frequency of major malformations than single births; whenever sex differences in incidence were noted, males, with few exceptions, had an excess of malformations over females; and maternal diabetes during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of major malformations in the fetus. Among specific findings of possible etiologic significance were that the risk for microcephaly was associated with infrequent prenatal visits and the presence of maternal hyperthyroidism; and unusually low weight gain and infrequent prenatal visits were associated with increased risk for lung hypoplasia. There was no significant effect of inbreeding of the fetus or mother on the risks of general or specific types of malformations. Anencephaly was more frequent among white than among Negro infants, whereas no difference in incidence was noted in spina bifida between the two racial groups. This finding points to an inconsistency in the hypothesis of common etiology for these malformations. Whites were also found to have significantly higher incidences over Negroes of pyloric stenosis, congenital dislocation of the hip, micrognathia, and pectus excavatum, while Negroes have higher incidences of metatarsus varus and inguinal hernia.", "contents": "Factors affecting risks of congenital malformations. I. Analysis of epidemiologic factors in congenital malformations. Report from the Collaborative Perinatal Project. An analysis was made of over 30 demographic, biologic and medical variables in relation to risks of congenital malformations which occurred in the Collaborative Perinatal Project. The study population consisted of 46,689 single and multiple live births and fetal deaths about whom complete information was available on all study variables. Included in the analysis were 5 general malformation categories, 27 specific major, and 7 specific minor malformations. Several new associations were detected between epidemiologic factors and risks of specific malformations while other previously reported associations were confirmed by the present investigation. The analysis of general categories of malformations showed that multiple births had a higher frequency of major malformations than single births; whenever sex differences in incidence were noted, males, with few exceptions, had an excess of malformations over females; and maternal diabetes during pregnancy was associated with increased risk of major malformations in the fetus. Among specific findings of possible etiologic significance were that the risk for microcephaly was associated with infrequent prenatal visits and the presence of maternal hyperthyroidism; and unusually low weight gain and infrequent prenatal visits were associated with increased risk for lung hypoplasia. There was no significant effect of inbreeding of the fetus or mother on the risks of general or specific types of malformations. Anencephaly was more frequent among white than among Negro infants, whereas no difference in incidence was noted in spina bifida between the two racial groups. This finding points to an inconsistency in the hypothesis of common etiology for these malformations. Whites were also found to have significantly higher incidences over Negroes of pyloric stenosis, congenital dislocation of the hip, micrognathia, and pectus excavatum, while Negroes have higher incidences of metatarsus varus and inguinal hernia."}
{"id": "PMID:130945", "title": "[Mechanism of hypothalamic influences on bile formation].", "content": "Acute experiments were conducted on male rats; it was revealed that electrical stimulation of the nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus led to reduction of choleresis and to a fall of the potassium content in the bile, increase of permeability of the connective tissue stroma of the liver and of cell membranes of hepatocytes. Stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei induced an increase in choleresis, of the concentration of potassium ions and cholates in the liver, and also of the cholinesterase activity in the serum and homogenates of the liver. Permeability of connective tissue structures of the liver and of the intercellular spaces of hepatocytes proved to fall. The influences of the hypothalamus on bile formation included a change in the functional activity of hepatocytes and of the production of a fluid fraction of the bile.", "contents": "[Mechanism of hypothalamic influences on bile formation]. Acute experiments were conducted on male rats; it was revealed that electrical stimulation of the nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus led to reduction of choleresis and to a fall of the potassium content in the bile, increase of permeability of the connective tissue stroma of the liver and of cell membranes of hepatocytes. Stimulation of the posterior hypothalamic nuclei induced an increase in choleresis, of the concentration of potassium ions and cholates in the liver, and also of the cholinesterase activity in the serum and homogenates of the liver. Permeability of connective tissue structures of the liver and of the intercellular spaces of hepatocytes proved to fall. The influences of the hypothalamus on bile formation included a change in the functional activity of hepatocytes and of the production of a fluid fraction of the bile."}
{"id": "PMID:130940", "title": "Biosynthesis of acid mucopolysaccharides by the surviving new born rat skin. II. - Specific labelling of individual monosaccharides from (U14C)-glucose. Metabolic origin of L-iduronic acid.", "content": "1)Individual monosaccharides (uronic acids and aminosugars) have been purified following specific hydrolysis of the mucopolysaccharides from new born rat skin (hyaluronic acid, heparin + heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, B and C), after incubation with [U14C]-glucose under various conditions and for varying incubation periods. The yields and the specificity of the methods used for hydrolysis are discussed. 2) Monosaccharides from hyaluronic acid and the sulfated mucopolysaccharide fraction are labelled at an approximately equal rate. In addition, high rates of labelling of glucosamine isolated from the sulfated fractions confirms the preferential labelling of (heparin + heparan sulfate) demonstrated with the sulfated polymers. 3) In all fractions, aminosugars are considerably less labelled than the corresponding uronic acids, which suggests the existence of endogeneous diluting precursor pools for the former monosaccharides. 4) No drift of radioactivity from D-glucuronate to L-iduronate could be demonstrated in sulfated mucopolysaccharides after inhibition of their biosynthesis by puromycin or diluting the labelled precursor pools. Hence it has not been possible to substantiate on the surviving tissue the C5 epimerization at the polymer level, as previously demonstrated by other authors with subcellular fractions of various origin.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of acid mucopolysaccharides by the surviving new born rat skin. II. - Specific labelling of individual monosaccharides from (U14C)-glucose. Metabolic origin of L-iduronic acid. 1)Individual monosaccharides (uronic acids and aminosugars) have been purified following specific hydrolysis of the mucopolysaccharides from new born rat skin (hyaluronic acid, heparin + heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, B and C), after incubation with [U14C]-glucose under various conditions and for varying incubation periods. The yields and the specificity of the methods used for hydrolysis are discussed. 2) Monosaccharides from hyaluronic acid and the sulfated mucopolysaccharide fraction are labelled at an approximately equal rate. In addition, high rates of labelling of glucosamine isolated from the sulfated fractions confirms the preferential labelling of (heparin + heparan sulfate) demonstrated with the sulfated polymers. 3) In all fractions, aminosugars are considerably less labelled than the corresponding uronic acids, which suggests the existence of endogeneous diluting precursor pools for the former monosaccharides. 4) No drift of radioactivity from D-glucuronate to L-iduronate could be demonstrated in sulfated mucopolysaccharides after inhibition of their biosynthesis by puromycin or diluting the labelled precursor pools. Hence it has not been possible to substantiate on the surviving tissue the C5 epimerization at the polymer level, as previously demonstrated by other authors with subcellular fractions of various origin."}
{"id": "PMID:130946", "title": "Aplastic anemia: failure of patient leukocytes to stimulate allogeneic cells in mixed leukocyte culture.", "content": "One-way mixed leukocyte cultures were used to study the ability of cells from 53 patients with aplastic anemia and 65 of their HLA-identical siblings to stimulate and to respond to cells from unrelated individuals. The capacity of leukocytes from 28 of 53 patients to stimulate was diminished or absent, wheras their ability to respond remained comparable to that of cells from their HLA-identical siblings. Leukocytes from the group of patients with the lowest peripheral lymphocyte count were least stimulatory. The results indicate that in acquired aplastic anemia there exists a dissociation between stimulation and response in mixed culture.", "contents": "Aplastic anemia: failure of patient leukocytes to stimulate allogeneic cells in mixed leukocyte culture. One-way mixed leukocyte cultures were used to study the ability of cells from 53 patients with aplastic anemia and 65 of their HLA-identical siblings to stimulate and to respond to cells from unrelated individuals. The capacity of leukocytes from 28 of 53 patients to stimulate was diminished or absent, wheras their ability to respond remained comparable to that of cells from their HLA-identical siblings. Leukocytes from the group of patients with the lowest peripheral lymphocyte count were least stimulatory. The results indicate that in acquired aplastic anemia there exists a dissociation between stimulation and response in mixed culture."}
{"id": "PMID:130947", "title": "[Functional analysis of the muscles of the anterolateral wall of the abdomen using electromyocartography].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to analyze the function of the superficial muscles of the anterolateral wall of the abdomen in dorsal decubitus by an original technique: electromyocartography. This technique attempts to monitor the individual or inter-subjective variations that complicate quantitative analysis of the overall electromyogram with integration of action potentials. It is shown that relative quantification of the areas explored with respect to the most active area considerably improves the consistency of the results. The most dependable electrode locations for the analysis of the abdominal muscles are determined. From a functional point of view: The rectus abdominis is active in flexion of the cranial portion of the trunk, either alone or in combination with right or left rotation of the trunk. Its activity is less, and predominates in the distal portion of the muscle, in flexion of the caudal portion of the trunk in combination with a 15 degree flexion of the hips. The obliquus internus abdominis, which can be explored only in a single area, is especially active in rotation. The obliquus externus abdominis plays a major role in stabilizing the pelvis when the lower limbs are involved in the movement of the trunk.", "contents": "[Functional analysis of the muscles of the anterolateral wall of the abdomen using electromyocartography]. The purpose of this study was to analyze the function of the superficial muscles of the anterolateral wall of the abdomen in dorsal decubitus by an original technique: electromyocartography. This technique attempts to monitor the individual or inter-subjective variations that complicate quantitative analysis of the overall electromyogram with integration of action potentials. It is shown that relative quantification of the areas explored with respect to the most active area considerably improves the consistency of the results. The most dependable electrode locations for the analysis of the abdominal muscles are determined. From a functional point of view: The rectus abdominis is active in flexion of the cranial portion of the trunk, either alone or in combination with right or left rotation of the trunk. Its activity is less, and predominates in the distal portion of the muscle, in flexion of the caudal portion of the trunk in combination with a 15 degree flexion of the hips. The obliquus internus abdominis, which can be explored only in a single area, is especially active in rotation. The obliquus externus abdominis plays a major role in stabilizing the pelvis when the lower limbs are involved in the movement of the trunk."}
{"id": "PMID:130948", "title": "[Electromyocartography of the posterior and inferior wall of the abdomen during extension of the torso].", "content": "Analysis of the functions of the muscles of the inferior and posterior regions of the trunk was carried out by electromyocartography for the basic movements of extension of the trunk in ventral decubitus. For a given subject, the results varied little with time. By contrast, the results were substantially the same from subject to subject in the case of only one movement : extension of the caudal portion of the trunk combined with extension of the hips. A functional balance-sheet can be based only on this movement. The sacro-spinalis (without attempting to determine the respective roles of the various bundles) seems to be the only one involved in certain movements of extension of the trunk: Its action is at a maximum, highly variable, when the extension involves both the caudal and the cranial portions of the trunk; It is considerable in the extension of the caudal portion alone, and Moderate in the extension of the cranial portion alone.", "contents": "[Electromyocartography of the posterior and inferior wall of the abdomen during extension of the torso]. Analysis of the functions of the muscles of the inferior and posterior regions of the trunk was carried out by electromyocartography for the basic movements of extension of the trunk in ventral decubitus. For a given subject, the results varied little with time. By contrast, the results were substantially the same from subject to subject in the case of only one movement : extension of the caudal portion of the trunk combined with extension of the hips. A functional balance-sheet can be based only on this movement. The sacro-spinalis (without attempting to determine the respective roles of the various bundles) seems to be the only one involved in certain movements of extension of the trunk: Its action is at a maximum, highly variable, when the extension involves both the caudal and the cranial portions of the trunk; It is considerable in the extension of the caudal portion alone, and Moderate in the extension of the cranial portion alone."}
{"id": "PMID:130949", "title": "The effect of in vivo chromium exposure on Na/K-and Mg-ATPase activity in several tissues of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri).", "content": "The effect of in vivo chromium exposure on Na/K-and Mg-ATPase activity was studied in several tissues of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Those tissues studied were: intestine, gill, liver, and kidney. Tissue chromium levels were determined for control rainbow trout and trout exposed to 2.5 mg Cr/1 (as chromate) for 48 hours. After exposure to chromium, inhibition of Na/K-ATPase activity, but not Mg ATPase activity, was observed. These results may partially explain the detrimental effects of hexavalent chromium on fish.", "contents": "The effect of in vivo chromium exposure on Na/K-and Mg-ATPase activity in several tissues of the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). The effect of in vivo chromium exposure on Na/K-and Mg-ATPase activity was studied in several tissues of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. Those tissues studied were: intestine, gill, liver, and kidney. Tissue chromium levels were determined for control rainbow trout and trout exposed to 2.5 mg Cr/1 (as chromate) for 48 hours. After exposure to chromium, inhibition of Na/K-ATPase activity, but not Mg ATPase activity, was observed. These results may partially explain the detrimental effects of hexavalent chromium on fish."}
{"id": "PMID:130957", "title": "Preventing the birth of infants with Down's syndrome: a cost-benefit analysis.", "content": "The costs and economical benefits of providing routine prenatal diagnosis of Down's syndrome with termination of affected pregnancies in older pregnant women in the west of Scotland were examined. The potential economic benefits would be greater than the costs for women aged 40 and over, probably about equal to costs for those aged 35 and over, but less than costs if the service were extended to women under 35.", "contents": "Preventing the birth of infants with Down's syndrome: a cost-benefit analysis. The costs and economical benefits of providing routine prenatal diagnosis of Down's syndrome with termination of affected pregnancies in older pregnant women in the west of Scotland were examined. The potential economic benefits would be greater than the costs for women aged 40 and over, probably about equal to costs for those aged 35 and over, but less than costs if the service were extended to women under 35."}
{"id": "PMID:130962", "title": "The effects of temperature and inhibitors on HCO3-stimulated swelling and ion uptake of monkey cerebral cortex.", "content": "In the presence of high concentrations of K+, additions of HCO3- as low as 0.35 mM caused a 23% increase in swelling, and concomitant increases in the chloride content of incubating monkey cerebrocortical slices. The uptake of chloride was accompanied by increased uptake of sodium and was highly temperature dependent, showing a marked activation at approximately 30 degrees C. A similar temperature activation was also found for a Mg2+-dependent, HCO3-stimulated ATPase activity in monkey cerebral cortex, consistent with a possible role for this enzyme in the K+ and HCO3-dependent swelling process and its associated ion movements. K+-dependent, HCO3-stimulated cerebrocortical tissue swelling with uptake of Na+ and Cl- was inhibited by acetazolamide indicating that carbonic anhydrase was also involved. The addition of ouabain also inhibited swelling and K+ and Cl- uptake at low concentrations, but led to increased swelling at higher concentrations ( greater than 10 mum). A similar biphasic effect on swelling was also seen following addition of ethacrynic acid.", "contents": "The effects of temperature and inhibitors on HCO3-stimulated swelling and ion uptake of monkey cerebral cortex. In the presence of high concentrations of K+, additions of HCO3- as low as 0.35 mM caused a 23% increase in swelling, and concomitant increases in the chloride content of incubating monkey cerebrocortical slices. The uptake of chloride was accompanied by increased uptake of sodium and was highly temperature dependent, showing a marked activation at approximately 30 degrees C. A similar temperature activation was also found for a Mg2+-dependent, HCO3-stimulated ATPase activity in monkey cerebral cortex, consistent with a possible role for this enzyme in the K+ and HCO3-dependent swelling process and its associated ion movements. K+-dependent, HCO3-stimulated cerebrocortical tissue swelling with uptake of Na+ and Cl- was inhibited by acetazolamide indicating that carbonic anhydrase was also involved. The addition of ouabain also inhibited swelling and K+ and Cl- uptake at low concentrations, but led to increased swelling at higher concentrations ( greater than 10 mum). A similar biphasic effect on swelling was also seen following addition of ethacrynic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:130963", "title": "The effects of EHDP on regenerating trabecular bone using in vivo microscopic, light and electron microscopic, and electron microprobe techniques.", "content": "Metallic chambers were implanted into the proximal tibiae of rabbits to permit microscopic examination of living bone in situ. The bone repair process secondary to the injury produced during installation of the chamber, was visualized. Six to 8 weeks after implantation, osteoid and/or bone could be seen. The effects of various doses of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on the repair and regeneration processes following chamber implantation were studied. Data from various techniques indicated that: (1) following low dose EHDP (0.25 mg/kg/day) chambers contained bone tissue morphologically and ultrastructurally indistinguishable from controls; and (2) with higher doses of EHDP (2.5 or 10 mg/kg/day) chamber contained spicules of normal osteoid, osteoblasts and osteocytes, but were devoid of osteoclasts. The effects of the various regimes of EHDP also were assessed on regenerated, trabecular bone contained within the tibia chambers three months after implantation of the chambers. Data from various methods of analysis supported the following conclusions: (1) the low dose of EHDP (0.25 mg/kg/day) had no toxic effects on the trabecular bone within the chambers but there appeared to be an increase in bone formation as compared to saline control; (2) higher doses of EHDP (2.5 or 10mg/kg/day) were not toxic to bone cells but thick osteoid seams formed on the trabecular bone within the chambers. No osteoclasts were found associated with the bone apparently due to the coverage of bone surfaces by osteoid seams; and (3) osteoid which accumulated after EHDP treatment of 2.5 mg/kg/day for 2 months remained uncalcified for as long as 2 months following withdrawal of EHDP administration. The results showed the value of tibial chamber for examining microscopically living bone in situ and demonstrated the inhibitory effect of EHDP on mineralization of newly formed osteoid and a lack of effect on bone cells.", "contents": "The effects of EHDP on regenerating trabecular bone using in vivo microscopic, light and electron microscopic, and electron microprobe techniques. Metallic chambers were implanted into the proximal tibiae of rabbits to permit microscopic examination of living bone in situ. The bone repair process secondary to the injury produced during installation of the chamber, was visualized. Six to 8 weeks after implantation, osteoid and/or bone could be seen. The effects of various doses of disodium ethane-1-hydroxy-1, 1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on the repair and regeneration processes following chamber implantation were studied. Data from various techniques indicated that: (1) following low dose EHDP (0.25 mg/kg/day) chambers contained bone tissue morphologically and ultrastructurally indistinguishable from controls; and (2) with higher doses of EHDP (2.5 or 10 mg/kg/day) chamber contained spicules of normal osteoid, osteoblasts and osteocytes, but were devoid of osteoclasts. The effects of the various regimes of EHDP also were assessed on regenerated, trabecular bone contained within the tibia chambers three months after implantation of the chambers. Data from various methods of analysis supported the following conclusions: (1) the low dose of EHDP (0.25 mg/kg/day) had no toxic effects on the trabecular bone within the chambers but there appeared to be an increase in bone formation as compared to saline control; (2) higher doses of EHDP (2.5 or 10mg/kg/day) were not toxic to bone cells but thick osteoid seams formed on the trabecular bone within the chambers. No osteoclasts were found associated with the bone apparently due to the coverage of bone surfaces by osteoid seams; and (3) osteoid which accumulated after EHDP treatment of 2.5 mg/kg/day for 2 months remained uncalcified for as long as 2 months following withdrawal of EHDP administration. The results showed the value of tibial chamber for examining microscopically living bone in situ and demonstrated the inhibitory effect of EHDP on mineralization of newly formed osteoid and a lack of effect on bone cells."}
{"id": "PMID:130965", "title": "Subcellular and functional effects of quinidine, procaine amide, and lidocaine on rat myocardium.", "content": "Different antiarrhythmic agents such as quinidine, procaine amide, and lodocaine at 1 mM concentrations were found to depress the ability of an isolated perfused rat heart to generate contractile force. Quinidine, but not procaine amide or lidocaine, decreased calcium uptake by both mitochondrial and microsomal fractions at different concentrations of calcium. The mitochondrial phosphorylation rate, respiratory control index, and state 3 oxygen consumption, but not ADP:O ratio and state 4 oxygen consumption, were depressed by only quinidine. None of these agents had any effect on myofibrillar Mg2+-ATPase or Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activities. On the other hand, sarcolemmal Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities, but not Na+-K+-ATPase activity, were increased by all these drugs. The sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) activity was decreased by quinidine only. These results suggest some similarities and differences in the sites of action of quinidine, procaine amide, and lidocaine within the myocardium.", "contents": "Subcellular and functional effects of quinidine, procaine amide, and lidocaine on rat myocardium. Different antiarrhythmic agents such as quinidine, procaine amide, and lodocaine at 1 mM concentrations were found to depress the ability of an isolated perfused rat heart to generate contractile force. Quinidine, but not procaine amide or lidocaine, decreased calcium uptake by both mitochondrial and microsomal fractions at different concentrations of calcium. The mitochondrial phosphorylation rate, respiratory control index, and state 3 oxygen consumption, but not ADP:O ratio and state 4 oxygen consumption, were depressed by only quinidine. None of these agents had any effect on myofibrillar Mg2+-ATPase or Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activities. On the other hand, sarcolemmal Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities, but not Na+-K+-ATPase activity, were increased by all these drugs. The sarcolemmal adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) activity was decreased by quinidine only. These results suggest some similarities and differences in the sites of action of quinidine, procaine amide, and lidocaine within the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:130966", "title": "Excitation-contraction coupling in heart. XIX. Effect of hypoxia on calcium transport by subcellular particles in the isolated perfused rat heart.", "content": "To examine the role of changes in calcium transport by subcellular particles in the pathogenesis of contractile failure due to oxygen lack, both mitochondrial and microsomal fractions were obtained from the isolated hypoxic rat hearts and their calcium binding and uptake abilities were determined by the Millipore filtration technique. The contractile force decreased by about 40, 60 and 70% of the control within 5, 10 and 30 min respectively, of perfusing the heart with hypoxic medium containing glucose. In hearts perfused for 10 min with hypoxic medium containing glucose, calcium binding and uptake by the microsomal fraction decreased significantly. However, mitochondrial calcium binding, but not uptake, decreased significantly on perfusing the hearts with hypoxic medium containing glucose for 20 to 30 min when the microsomal calcium transport was markedly depressed. Reduction in contractile force, calcium binding and uptake by the microsomal fraction as well as calcium binding by mitochondria of hearts made hypoxic for 30 min recovered towards normal upon reperfusion with control medium for 15 min. On the other hand, omitting glucose from the hypoxic medium significantly decreased calcium binding by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions within 10 min of perfusion in comparison to the control and accelerated the effects of hypoxia upon contractile force and microsomal calcium uptake. In contrast to the hypoxic hearts, the mitochondrial calcium uptake decreased significantly and the magnitude of depression in the microsomal calcium binding was appreciably greater in hearts made to fail to a comparable degree upon perfusion with substrate-free medium. The observed defects in calcium transporting properties of microsomal and mitochondrial membranes appear secondary to the contactile failure in hypoxic hearts.", "contents": "Excitation-contraction coupling in heart. XIX. Effect of hypoxia on calcium transport by subcellular particles in the isolated perfused rat heart. To examine the role of changes in calcium transport by subcellular particles in the pathogenesis of contractile failure due to oxygen lack, both mitochondrial and microsomal fractions were obtained from the isolated hypoxic rat hearts and their calcium binding and uptake abilities were determined by the Millipore filtration technique. The contractile force decreased by about 40, 60 and 70% of the control within 5, 10 and 30 min respectively, of perfusing the heart with hypoxic medium containing glucose. In hearts perfused for 10 min with hypoxic medium containing glucose, calcium binding and uptake by the microsomal fraction decreased significantly. However, mitochondrial calcium binding, but not uptake, decreased significantly on perfusing the hearts with hypoxic medium containing glucose for 20 to 30 min when the microsomal calcium transport was markedly depressed. Reduction in contractile force, calcium binding and uptake by the microsomal fraction as well as calcium binding by mitochondria of hearts made hypoxic for 30 min recovered towards normal upon reperfusion with control medium for 15 min. On the other hand, omitting glucose from the hypoxic medium significantly decreased calcium binding by mitochondrial and microsomal fractions within 10 min of perfusion in comparison to the control and accelerated the effects of hypoxia upon contractile force and microsomal calcium uptake. In contrast to the hypoxic hearts, the mitochondrial calcium uptake decreased significantly and the magnitude of depression in the microsomal calcium binding was appreciably greater in hearts made to fail to a comparable degree upon perfusion with substrate-free medium. The observed defects in calcium transporting properties of microsomal and mitochondrial membranes appear secondary to the contactile failure in hypoxic hearts."}
{"id": "PMID:130968", "title": "The influence of splenectomy on cellular immunologic parameters in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Cellular immunity was evaluated in 15 untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease before and about 10 days after splenectomy. Skin test-reactivity was not affected by the operation. The number of lymphocytes was moderately increased in patients with pathologic stage I and II disease. The relative proportion of E-binding lymphocytes in the peripheral blood diminished significantly (p = .001) in patients with splenic weights of 240 g and more, whereas the PHA-stimulated thymidine incorporation increased significantly (p = .015) and the proportion of EAC-binding lymphocytes increased significantly (p = .023). The PHA-stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes in patients with pathologic stage I and II disease was at the same level before and after operation, but increased significantly (less than 0.02) in the more disseminated forms. The stimulation of the lymphocytes in vitro by a cocktail of antigens, and by allogeneic cells (MLC) remained unchanged. Although the number of cases studied is rather small, it is concluded that about 10 days after, splenectomy has no demonstrable untoward effect on the cellular immunologic potency.", "contents": "The influence of splenectomy on cellular immunologic parameters in Hodgkin's disease. Cellular immunity was evaluated in 15 untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease before and about 10 days after splenectomy. Skin test-reactivity was not affected by the operation. The number of lymphocytes was moderately increased in patients with pathologic stage I and II disease. The relative proportion of E-binding lymphocytes in the peripheral blood diminished significantly (p = .001) in patients with splenic weights of 240 g and more, whereas the PHA-stimulated thymidine incorporation increased significantly (p = .015) and the proportion of EAC-binding lymphocytes increased significantly (p = .023). The PHA-stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes in patients with pathologic stage I and II disease was at the same level before and after operation, but increased significantly (less than 0.02) in the more disseminated forms. The stimulation of the lymphocytes in vitro by a cocktail of antigens, and by allogeneic cells (MLC) remained unchanged. Although the number of cases studied is rather small, it is concluded that about 10 days after, splenectomy has no demonstrable untoward effect on the cellular immunologic potency."}
{"id": "PMID:130969", "title": "\"Endometrial\" adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a distinctive tumor of probable prostatic duct origin.", "content": "A so-called \"endometrial\" adenocarcinoma of the prostate has been studied by light and electron microscopy, and by histochemical techniques. The previously proposed utricular origin and estrogen dependence of such tumors is questioned. Strong acid phosphatase staining, and the ultrastructural demonstration of multivacuolated, lipid, and lysosome-containing tumor cells, suggest a prostatic ductal origin for this type of carcinoma despite the histologic similarity to carcinoma of the endometrium.", "contents": "\"Endometrial\" adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a distinctive tumor of probable prostatic duct origin. A so-called \"endometrial\" adenocarcinoma of the prostate has been studied by light and electron microscopy, and by histochemical techniques. The previously proposed utricular origin and estrogen dependence of such tumors is questioned. Strong acid phosphatase staining, and the ultrastructural demonstration of multivacuolated, lipid, and lysosome-containing tumor cells, suggest a prostatic ductal origin for this type of carcinoma despite the histologic similarity to carcinoma of the endometrium."}
{"id": "PMID:130970", "title": "Hyperprolactinemia and steroid metabolism by rat mammary adenocarcinomas.", "content": "The metabolism of both testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone by 10 adenocarcinomas induced and grown in the presence of high prolactin (plasma prolactin greater than 220 ng/ml) was compared with the metabolism of 10 adenocarcinomas induced and grown in the presence of normal levels (plasma prolactin less than 60 ng/ml). The tumors associated with high prolactin significantly metabolized more testosterone to both 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-androstanediol. The metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone was similar in both groups of tumors. It is concluded that prolactin may differentially influence the metabolism of C19 steroids by rat mammary adenocarcinomas.", "contents": "Hyperprolactinemia and steroid metabolism by rat mammary adenocarcinomas. The metabolism of both testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone by 10 adenocarcinomas induced and grown in the presence of high prolactin (plasma prolactin greater than 220 ng/ml) was compared with the metabolism of 10 adenocarcinomas induced and grown in the presence of normal levels (plasma prolactin less than 60 ng/ml). The tumors associated with high prolactin significantly metabolized more testosterone to both 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone and 5alpha-androstanediol. The metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone was similar in both groups of tumors. It is concluded that prolactin may differentially influence the metabolism of C19 steroids by rat mammary adenocarcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:130971", "title": "Anionic polysaccharide production and tyrosinase activation in cultured human melanoma cells.", "content": "A human melanoma cell line established in our laboratory was characterized in terms of tyrosinase activity and anionic polysaccharide production. Tyrosinase levels were diluted during the growth phase and increased after the cell culture became confluent. The anionic polysaccharides produced included hyaluronic acid, heparitin sulfate, and a high-molecular-weight condroitin 4-sulfate. In contrast, a primary culture of human melanocytes derived from embryonic iris produced much greater amounts of hyaluronic acid, about 30-fold less heparitin sulfate, and a mixture of chondroitin 4-sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Saccharides secreted into the culture medium were generally identical to those remaining cell associated except for the melanoma heparitin sulfate, wherein the latter fraction appeared to be of lower molecular weight.", "contents": "Anionic polysaccharide production and tyrosinase activation in cultured human melanoma cells. A human melanoma cell line established in our laboratory was characterized in terms of tyrosinase activity and anionic polysaccharide production. Tyrosinase levels were diluted during the growth phase and increased after the cell culture became confluent. The anionic polysaccharides produced included hyaluronic acid, heparitin sulfate, and a high-molecular-weight condroitin 4-sulfate. In contrast, a primary culture of human melanocytes derived from embryonic iris produced much greater amounts of hyaluronic acid, about 30-fold less heparitin sulfate, and a mixture of chondroitin 4-sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Saccharides secreted into the culture medium were generally identical to those remaining cell associated except for the melanoma heparitin sulfate, wherein the latter fraction appeared to be of lower molecular weight."}
{"id": "PMID:130972", "title": "Effects of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole on ribonucleotide pools of leukemia L1210 cells.", "content": "The effects of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole [aminothiadiazole (NSC 4728)] on purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotide pools of L1210 ascites cells in vivo are presented and discussed as they relate to the site of action. Within 1 hr after administration of the drug, the levels of guanosine triphosphate, guanosine diphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and adenosine diphosphate were reduced, whereas those of inosine monophosphate (IMP) and uridine triphosphate were increased. The most pronounced effects were the lowering of guanine ribonucleotide pools and the elevation of IMP. Aminothiadiazole produced a marked inhibition (approximately 95%) of the incorporation of [8-14C]inosine into guanine nucleotides, whereas only a slight inhibition (approximately 20%) of incorporation into adenine nucleotides was observed. These results suggest that the thiadiazole (or a metabolite thereof) inhibits the conversion of IMP to guanosine monophosphate; this conclusion is reinforced by the observation that mycophenolic acid, a known inhibitor of this conversion, produced effects on ribonucleotide pools similar to those produced by aminothiadiazole. Aminothiadiazole did not inhibit IMP dehydrogenase isolated from L1210 cells. The effects of the thiadiazole on nucleotide pools were prevented by simultaneous administration of nicotinamide. Since nicotinamide is known to prevent or reverse the antileukemic activity of aminothiadiazole, it is probable that the inhibition of synthesis of guanosine monophosphate is related to the antileukemic action of this agent.", "contents": "Effects of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole on ribonucleotide pools of leukemia L1210 cells. The effects of 2-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole [aminothiadiazole (NSC 4728)] on purine and pyrimidine ribonucleotide pools of L1210 ascites cells in vivo are presented and discussed as they relate to the site of action. Within 1 hr after administration of the drug, the levels of guanosine triphosphate, guanosine diphosphate, adenosine triphosphate, and adenosine diphosphate were reduced, whereas those of inosine monophosphate (IMP) and uridine triphosphate were increased. The most pronounced effects were the lowering of guanine ribonucleotide pools and the elevation of IMP. Aminothiadiazole produced a marked inhibition (approximately 95%) of the incorporation of [8-14C]inosine into guanine nucleotides, whereas only a slight inhibition (approximately 20%) of incorporation into adenine nucleotides was observed. These results suggest that the thiadiazole (or a metabolite thereof) inhibits the conversion of IMP to guanosine monophosphate; this conclusion is reinforced by the observation that mycophenolic acid, a known inhibitor of this conversion, produced effects on ribonucleotide pools similar to those produced by aminothiadiazole. Aminothiadiazole did not inhibit IMP dehydrogenase isolated from L1210 cells. The effects of the thiadiazole on nucleotide pools were prevented by simultaneous administration of nicotinamide. Since nicotinamide is known to prevent or reverse the antileukemic activity of aminothiadiazole, it is probable that the inhibition of synthesis of guanosine monophosphate is related to the antileukemic action of this agent."}
{"id": "PMID:130974", "title": "Effect of a spermatogonial chalone on the growing rat testis.", "content": "Immature rats were used in an experiment to test the possible influence of a spermatogonial chalone on the expanding spermatogonial population in their developing testes. An extract from adult rat testes was injected intraperitoneally into 33-day-old rats and control animals were injected with an equal amount of saline. Two groups of normal adult rats similarly injected with the testicular extract and saline solutions served as additional controls. Following these injections, all animals were administered a dose of 3H-thymidine 10 hr before sacrifice. An analysis of the labeling indices of the various types of spermatogonia revealed that in young rats injected with testicular extract the percentage of labeled type A spermatogonia was significantly lower than in control animals. In contrast, the labeling indices of Intermediate and type B spermatogonia were similar in the two groups of young rats. In the two groups of adult animals, there was no difference  in the labeling indices of type A or of other types of spermatogonia. These data indicated that the saline extract of adult testes contained a substance, a spermatogonial chalone, inhibiting specifically the proliferation of some type A spermatogonia. The results also support the concept that a spermatogonial chalone may intervene, through its action on the spermatogonial stem cell population, to arrest the growth of the seminiferous tubules as the animal reaches maturity.", "contents": "Effect of a spermatogonial chalone on the growing rat testis. Immature rats were used in an experiment to test the possible influence of a spermatogonial chalone on the expanding spermatogonial population in their developing testes. An extract from adult rat testes was injected intraperitoneally into 33-day-old rats and control animals were injected with an equal amount of saline. Two groups of normal adult rats similarly injected with the testicular extract and saline solutions served as additional controls. Following these injections, all animals were administered a dose of 3H-thymidine 10 hr before sacrifice. An analysis of the labeling indices of the various types of spermatogonia revealed that in young rats injected with testicular extract the percentage of labeled type A spermatogonia was significantly lower than in control animals. In contrast, the labeling indices of Intermediate and type B spermatogonia were similar in the two groups of young rats. In the two groups of adult animals, there was no difference  in the labeling indices of type A or of other types of spermatogonia. These data indicated that the saline extract of adult testes contained a substance, a spermatogonial chalone, inhibiting specifically the proliferation of some type A spermatogonia. The results also support the concept that a spermatogonial chalone may intervene, through its action on the spermatogonial stem cell population, to arrest the growth of the seminiferous tubules as the animal reaches maturity."}
{"id": "PMID:130975", "title": "The influence of some sympatholytic, parasympatholytic and serotonin-synthesis-inhibiting agents on the ultrastructure of the rabbit pineal organ.", "content": "The influence of certain drugs on the ultrastructure of rabbit pinealocytes was studied. The results obtained after administration of p-chlorophenylalanine and p-chloroamphetamine support the hypothesis proposed earlier that the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the light pinealocytes is involved in indoleamine synthesis. The administration of either one of the sympatholytic agents, 6-hydroxydopamine or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, induced typical fine structural changes corresponding to those observed after surgical sympathectomy.", "contents": "The influence of some sympatholytic, parasympatholytic and serotonin-synthesis-inhibiting agents on the ultrastructure of the rabbit pineal organ. The influence of certain drugs on the ultrastructure of rabbit pinealocytes was studied. The results obtained after administration of p-chlorophenylalanine and p-chloroamphetamine support the hypothesis proposed earlier that the smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the light pinealocytes is involved in indoleamine synthesis. The administration of either one of the sympatholytic agents, 6-hydroxydopamine or alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, induced typical fine structural changes corresponding to those observed after surgical sympathectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:130976", "title": "Routine use of the hydrogen platinum electrode system in shunt detection.", "content": "Routine use of the hydrogen platinum electrode system (HPES) in 1,375 consecutive cardiac catheterizations facilitated shunt detection in 171 patients, led to the diagnosis of unsuspected shunts in 18 patients, and was of particular value in accurately localizing unusual left-to-right shunts. Left-to-right shunts were detected in 171 patients (12% of the total catheterizations). Eighteen unsuspected shunts (10% of the total shunts, or 1% of the total catheterizations) were found. Atrial septal defect (ASD), partial anomalous pulmonary drainage (PAPVD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and ruptured Valsalva aneurysm were demonstrated, usually associated with other congenital or acquired lesions. HPES was of particular value in accurately localizing the venous drainage of 38 unusual or complex lesions with left-to-right shunting. Five patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease had PAPVD, a higher incidence (1.2% of rheumatic mitral valve disease) than had previously been reported. The rationale for use of a sensitive shunt detection method as a routine part of the catheterization procedure is discussed.", "contents": "Routine use of the hydrogen platinum electrode system in shunt detection. Routine use of the hydrogen platinum electrode system (HPES) in 1,375 consecutive cardiac catheterizations facilitated shunt detection in 171 patients, led to the diagnosis of unsuspected shunts in 18 patients, and was of particular value in accurately localizing unusual left-to-right shunts. Left-to-right shunts were detected in 171 patients (12% of the total catheterizations). Eighteen unsuspected shunts (10% of the total shunts, or 1% of the total catheterizations) were found. Atrial septal defect (ASD), partial anomalous pulmonary drainage (PAPVD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), and ruptured Valsalva aneurysm were demonstrated, usually associated with other congenital or acquired lesions. HPES was of particular value in accurately localizing the venous drainage of 38 unusual or complex lesions with left-to-right shunting. Five patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease had PAPVD, a higher incidence (1.2% of rheumatic mitral valve disease) than had previously been reported. The rationale for use of a sensitive shunt detection method as a routine part of the catheterization procedure is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:130978", "title": "The external field intravascular electromagnetic flowmeter system as applied to standard arteriographic catheters and conscious humans.", "content": "New methodology, utilizing electromagnetic principles, has been developed for the measurement of regional vascular blood flow in intact animals and man. The flow sensor consists of a fine, insulated wire loop which has a small electrode on each side of the loop. This loop-probe, which is inserted like a guidewire through standard cardiac or angiographic catheters, springs open upon emerging from the catheter, and the electrodes are automatically applied to diametrically opposite sides of the inner vascular wall. This miniaturization of the flow sensor has been achieved by imposing the magnetic field which pervaces the artery from a coli located outside the body. As blood flows through the vessel across the magnetic field, the induced voltage across the blood column detected between the electrodes is proportional to the volume rate of blood flow. The loop-probe can be used simultaneously as an arterial diameter gauge. Means are described for achievement of a reliable, nonocclusive zero-flow baseline and flow calibration.", "contents": "The external field intravascular electromagnetic flowmeter system as applied to standard arteriographic catheters and conscious humans. New methodology, utilizing electromagnetic principles, has been developed for the measurement of regional vascular blood flow in intact animals and man. The flow sensor consists of a fine, insulated wire loop which has a small electrode on each side of the loop. This loop-probe, which is inserted like a guidewire through standard cardiac or angiographic catheters, springs open upon emerging from the catheter, and the electrodes are automatically applied to diametrically opposite sides of the inner vascular wall. This miniaturization of the flow sensor has been achieved by imposing the magnetic field which pervaces the artery from a coli located outside the body. As blood flows through the vessel across the magnetic field, the induced voltage across the blood column detected between the electrodes is proportional to the volume rate of blood flow. The loop-probe can be used simultaneously as an arterial diameter gauge. Means are described for achievement of a reliable, nonocclusive zero-flow baseline and flow calibration."}
{"id": "PMID:130988", "title": "Cytotoxicity, mutations and DNA damage produced in Chinese hamster cells treated with streptozotocin, its analogs, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "The activities of streptozotocin (SZ), three structural analogs of SZ, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in producing cytotoxicity, mutations to 8-azaguanine (8-AzG) resistance, and DNA damage (single-strand breaks) in V79 Chinese hamster cells have been examined. These three biological processes appear to be associated. MNNG was about 10(3) times more active on a molar basis than SZ, and the activities of the analogs fell within these extremes.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity, mutations and DNA damage produced in Chinese hamster cells treated with streptozotocin, its analogs, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The activities of streptozotocin (SZ), three structural analogs of SZ, and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in producing cytotoxicity, mutations to 8-azaguanine (8-AzG) resistance, and DNA damage (single-strand breaks) in V79 Chinese hamster cells have been examined. These three biological processes appear to be associated. MNNG was about 10(3) times more active on a molar basis than SZ, and the activities of the analogs fell within these extremes."}
{"id": "PMID:130991", "title": "[Activity of somatostatin-containing cells of the Ilets of Langerhans in experimental diabetes].", "content": "Insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-containing cells were evaluated by morphometry in sections of pancreas treated for immunofluorescence. Glucagon- and somatostatin-containing cells were found to be increased in islets of streptozotocin-diabetic rats as compared to control islets.", "contents": "[Activity of somatostatin-containing cells of the Ilets of Langerhans in experimental diabetes]. Insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-containing cells were evaluated by morphometry in sections of pancreas treated for immunofluorescence. Glucagon- and somatostatin-containing cells were found to be increased in islets of streptozotocin-diabetic rats as compared to control islets."}
{"id": "PMID:130992", "title": "[Anticonidiogenic effect of hydroxyurea on Neurospora crassa].", "content": "Conidiation induced in a low sugar-ammonium medium (or by other means such as full starvation or heat shock) is almost fully prevented by hydroxyurea. In a parallel manner the DNA/RNA and DNA/protein ratios are prevented from increasing.", "contents": "[Anticonidiogenic effect of hydroxyurea on Neurospora crassa]. Conidiation induced in a low sugar-ammonium medium (or by other means such as full starvation or heat shock) is almost fully prevented by hydroxyurea. In a parallel manner the DNA/RNA and DNA/protein ratios are prevented from increasing."}
{"id": "PMID:130993", "title": "A study of language skills in severely subnormal children.", "content": "A study of 37 severely subnormal children, comparing their language development with their non-verbal ability, is described. The test scores obtained by the 17 children with Down's syndrome were compared with those of the remaining 20 children (\"others); a cross-sectional examination of the effects of increasing chronological age was made; and an assessment of speech intelligibility was compared with language scale scores. The results show that the children as a group had a language deficit compared with their non-verbal ability, and that their verbal comprehension tended to be poorer than their expressive language ability. Children with Down's syndrome tended to have inferior language ability through the differences between their scores and those of the \"others\" were not statistically significant. An association between poor intelligibility of speech and low expressive language scores was demonstrated. The results are discussed in the context of other studies. Possible reasons for the patterns of language development observed are suggested, and the practical implications, particularly the need for careful attention to the language development of severely subnormal children from an early age, are considered.", "contents": "A study of language skills in severely subnormal children. A study of 37 severely subnormal children, comparing their language development with their non-verbal ability, is described. The test scores obtained by the 17 children with Down's syndrome were compared with those of the remaining 20 children (\"others); a cross-sectional examination of the effects of increasing chronological age was made; and an assessment of speech intelligibility was compared with language scale scores. The results show that the children as a group had a language deficit compared with their non-verbal ability, and that their verbal comprehension tended to be poorer than their expressive language ability. Children with Down's syndrome tended to have inferior language ability through the differences between their scores and those of the \"others\" were not statistically significant. An association between poor intelligibility of speech and low expressive language scores was demonstrated. The results are discussed in the context of other studies. Possible reasons for the patterns of language development observed are suggested, and the practical implications, particularly the need for careful attention to the language development of severely subnormal children from an early age, are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:130994", "title": "A study of the psychological effects of facial deformity in children.", "content": "Anecdotal reports of the psychological effects of facial deformity suggest that the area around the mouth is of crucial importance. In the first of two studies, children in London and Amsterdam ranked drawings of facially deformed children; their ordering was consistent, with a hare lip or protruding teeth being the most commonly rejected. A second study followed up 24 children aged about 8 years who had had a hare lip repair. The results did not confirm the hypothesis that such children differ from their non-handicapped peers in overt behavior in school.", "contents": "A study of the psychological effects of facial deformity in children. Anecdotal reports of the psychological effects of facial deformity suggest that the area around the mouth is of crucial importance. In the first of two studies, children in London and Amsterdam ranked drawings of facially deformed children; their ordering was consistent, with a hare lip or protruding teeth being the most commonly rejected. A second study followed up 24 children aged about 8 years who had had a hare lip repair. The results did not confirm the hypothesis that such children differ from their non-handicapped peers in overt behavior in school."}
{"id": "PMID:130995", "title": "The education of physically handicapped children in normal schools.", "content": "This paper is based on our experience in the Central Remedial Clinic over a number of years that physically handicapped children do not in general do well in ordinary schools. An attempt is made to delineate some of the problems that may confront a handicapped child of generally average intelligence who attends a normal school. These problems are associated with the following conditions: specific learning difficulties, emotional problems, poor school attendance, large classes, limitations in ordinary teacher training and lack of remedial teachers and other special staff. The need for early and continued psychological and educational assessments is emphasized, and it is suggested that most young physically handicapped children of average intelligence would benefit from starting in a special assessment unit, to ensure as far as possible, correct school placement. This view is not currently held by a number of educational authorities who generally advise that physically handicapped children should go to ordinary schools if possible. We feel that this advice is not always in the best interests of the child. There is need for continuing friendly and informal communications between parents and members of the special school team.", "contents": "The education of physically handicapped children in normal schools. This paper is based on our experience in the Central Remedial Clinic over a number of years that physically handicapped children do not in general do well in ordinary schools. An attempt is made to delineate some of the problems that may confront a handicapped child of generally average intelligence who attends a normal school. These problems are associated with the following conditions: specific learning difficulties, emotional problems, poor school attendance, large classes, limitations in ordinary teacher training and lack of remedial teachers and other special staff. The need for early and continued psychological and educational assessments is emphasized, and it is suggested that most young physically handicapped children of average intelligence would benefit from starting in a special assessment unit, to ensure as far as possible, correct school placement. This view is not currently held by a number of educational authorities who generally advise that physically handicapped children should go to ordinary schools if possible. We feel that this advice is not always in the best interests of the child. There is need for continuing friendly and informal communications between parents and members of the special school team."}
{"id": "PMID:130996", "title": "The handicapped child.", "content": "This article is not about specific conditions such as cerebral palsy, or deafness, or mental retardation, it is about every handicapped child; that is every child whose development and life fulfillment are restricted and who requires help to overcome or to reduce the effects of his handicaps. The picture and principles described below apply to all handicapped children whatever the nature of their basic disorder.", "contents": "The handicapped child. This article is not about specific conditions such as cerebral palsy, or deafness, or mental retardation, it is about every handicapped child; that is every child whose development and life fulfillment are restricted and who requires help to overcome or to reduce the effects of his handicaps. The picture and principles described below apply to all handicapped children whatever the nature of their basic disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:130997", "title": "Loreto House: a pattern of care.", "content": "This short article is primarily concerned with, what the authors consider to be, two important considerations in any form of residential child care, particularly long-term: 1 The great need for a coherent overall philosophy, which is clearly understood by all members of staff. It is felt that, all too often, assumptions are made about general agreement, which are not necessarily borne out by observed practice. 2 The need for the meticulous selection of primary caring staff, followed by relevant in-service training rather than an overreliance upon, what are sometimes, quite arbitrary qualifications. The article attempts to present a broad profile of a unit which, although it does not claim to represent the ideal, is nonetheless beginning to assume a purposive and identifiable character. The point is made that clinicism, professionalism and academic discussion are important but they are not the only considerations. The children must remain the raison d'etre for such a unit, not the justification. The authors hope to have conveyed their conviction that cooperation and communication between the members of a multidisciplinary team presents the most practical and the most productive approach to the care of profoundly and multiply handicapped children.", "contents": "Loreto House: a pattern of care. This short article is primarily concerned with, what the authors consider to be, two important considerations in any form of residential child care, particularly long-term: 1 The great need for a coherent overall philosophy, which is clearly understood by all members of staff. It is felt that, all too often, assumptions are made about general agreement, which are not necessarily borne out by observed practice. 2 The need for the meticulous selection of primary caring staff, followed by relevant in-service training rather than an overreliance upon, what are sometimes, quite arbitrary qualifications. The article attempts to present a broad profile of a unit which, although it does not claim to represent the ideal, is nonetheless beginning to assume a purposive and identifiable character. The point is made that clinicism, professionalism and academic discussion are important but they are not the only considerations. The children must remain the raison d'etre for such a unit, not the justification. The authors hope to have conveyed their conviction that cooperation and communication between the members of a multidisciplinary team presents the most practical and the most productive approach to the care of profoundly and multiply handicapped children."}
{"id": "PMID:130998", "title": "Profile: toy libraries, school, hospital and home.", "content": "Toy libraries are now a well-established component of the services available to the parents of handicapped children. Difficulties of varying kinds have inevitably arisen in the 5 years' history of the toy library movement, some of which could be resolved by linking developments of new libraries with existing institutions. The advantages of a toy library/institution link accrue to both elements of such a union and it is the purpose of this article to argue the case for an increase in the number of such developments.", "contents": "Profile: toy libraries, school, hospital and home. Toy libraries are now a well-established component of the services available to the parents of handicapped children. Difficulties of varying kinds have inevitably arisen in the 5 years' history of the toy library movement, some of which could be resolved by linking developments of new libraries with existing institutions. The advantages of a toy library/institution link accrue to both elements of such a union and it is the purpose of this article to argue the case for an increase in the number of such developments."}
{"id": "PMID:130999", "title": "The ophthalmologist's role in multidisciplinary assessment of developmentally handicapped children.", "content": "Among 200 children who had received routine ophthalmic and orthoptic examinations as part of their evaluation by a multidisciplinary assessment team, it was found that there was a high incidence of ocular defects. These defects included refractive errors (98 children), squint (74 children), nystagmus (15 children), cataract, retinopathy and optic atrophy. This high incidence of ocular defects emphasized the need for the routine ophthalmic examination of developmentally handicapped children in order to detect and treat ocular conditions which might otherwise have gone undetected, and enabled the visual sense of these children to be evaluated in relationship to their general development.", "contents": "The ophthalmologist's role in multidisciplinary assessment of developmentally handicapped children. Among 200 children who had received routine ophthalmic and orthoptic examinations as part of their evaluation by a multidisciplinary assessment team, it was found that there was a high incidence of ocular defects. These defects included refractive errors (98 children), squint (74 children), nystagmus (15 children), cataract, retinopathy and optic atrophy. This high incidence of ocular defects emphasized the need for the routine ophthalmic examination of developmentally handicapped children in order to detect and treat ocular conditions which might otherwise have gone undetected, and enabled the visual sense of these children to be evaluated in relationship to their general development."}
{"id": "PMID:131001", "title": "Integrated education of visually handicapped children: lines of communication between the professionals in charge.", "content": "The local teacher has the immediate responsibility for the integrated education of the visually handicapped child. He gets frequent information and assistance from the county special teacher who is responsible to the public for the educational progress. When the child has his annual opthalmological examination, his medical history is explained and related to the performance of the child at an informal meeting. At this meeting, the ophthalmologist learns to understand the educational problems and the teachers learn what the pupil can see and the conditions under which he functions. All parties take great interest in the pupil's life after school hours, both as to leisure and to his relations in the family group. The parents are continually informed both by the teachers and the ophthalmologist, and a report of the medico-educational meeting is sent to the child's local physician and local ophthalmologist as well as the National Registry of Blindness.", "contents": "Integrated education of visually handicapped children: lines of communication between the professionals in charge. The local teacher has the immediate responsibility for the integrated education of the visually handicapped child. He gets frequent information and assistance from the county special teacher who is responsible to the public for the educational progress. When the child has his annual opthalmological examination, his medical history is explained and related to the performance of the child at an informal meeting. At this meeting, the ophthalmologist learns to understand the educational problems and the teachers learn what the pupil can see and the conditions under which he functions. All parties take great interest in the pupil's life after school hours, both as to leisure and to his relations in the family group. The parents are continually informed both by the teachers and the ophthalmologist, and a report of the medico-educational meeting is sent to the child's local physician and local ophthalmologist as well as the National Registry of Blindness."}
{"id": "PMID:131002", "title": "Special education in Denmark and integration of visually handicapped children in normal classes in the public school.", "content": "Experience over the last decade in integrating severely visually handicapped pupils in normal school classes is encouraging. We have learned that a visual handicap, no matter how severe, can be compensated for through materials, educational support, cooperation between the persons involved so that the child can be taught in the local school where he belongs and live as normal a life as possible. We are also aware of how things can be improved, but this is a question of economics and to some extent emotional attitudes in the pupil's environment. Although much is done to inform as many as possible in the child's milieu about what blindness is and what to do about it, we still meet problems of full acceptance of the handicap. It takes more than a decade to change emotional attitudes and because of this and because the first demand to any kind of teaching must be flexibility, the integrated education of the visually handicapped will never be a question of neither/nor but always a question of either/or.", "contents": "Special education in Denmark and integration of visually handicapped children in normal classes in the public school. Experience over the last decade in integrating severely visually handicapped pupils in normal school classes is encouraging. We have learned that a visual handicap, no matter how severe, can be compensated for through materials, educational support, cooperation between the persons involved so that the child can be taught in the local school where he belongs and live as normal a life as possible. We are also aware of how things can be improved, but this is a question of economics and to some extent emotional attitudes in the pupil's environment. Although much is done to inform as many as possible in the child's milieu about what blindness is and what to do about it, we still meet problems of full acceptance of the handicap. It takes more than a decade to change emotional attitudes and because of this and because the first demand to any kind of teaching must be flexibility, the integrated education of the visually handicapped will never be a question of neither/nor but always a question of either/or."}
{"id": "PMID:131006", "title": "Further characterization of the natriuretic factor derived from kidney tissue of volume-expanded rats. Effects on short-circuit current and sodium-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase activity.", "content": "Boiled homogenates of kidneys from volume-expanded and hydropenic rats were subjected to column chromatography. The fraction eluting within the range of partition coefficients (Kav) 0.76-0.89 (fraction III) was lyophilized and the effects of this semipurified preparation were assessed on short-circuit current (SCC) across isolated frog skin, on rat kidney cortex Na-K-ATPase activity, and on sodium excretion by the rat in vivo. At a dose of 500 mug/ml, fraction III from expanded rat kidney inhibited SCC by 21 +/- 5% (P less than 0.01), whereas the same fraction from hydropenic rat kidney produced an insignificant change in SCC of 2 +/- 8 %. In a dose-response study, 50, 150, 500, and 1,500 mug/ml of fraction III from expanded rat kidney inhibited SCC by 4, 8, 19, and 28%, respectively; 500, 1,000 and 1,500 mug/ml inhibited Na-K-ATPase activity by 11, 22, and 49%, respectively. An identical study with fraction III from hydropenic animals showed no significant effect in either assay. Also, fractions from expanded and hydropenic rats, eluted after fraction III (fractions IV and V), had no effect on SCC or Na-K-ATPase activity. Fraction III also produced significant natriuresis in vivo at a dose of 500 mug/ml, confirming our observations that a natriuretic principle may be recovered from the kidneys of volume-expanded rats. We suggest that this natriuretic principle may act by reducing active sodium transport via inhibition of Na-K-ATPase.", "contents": "Further characterization of the natriuretic factor derived from kidney tissue of volume-expanded rats. Effects on short-circuit current and sodium-potassium-adenosine triphosphatase activity. Boiled homogenates of kidneys from volume-expanded and hydropenic rats were subjected to column chromatography. The fraction eluting within the range of partition coefficients (Kav) 0.76-0.89 (fraction III) was lyophilized and the effects of this semipurified preparation were assessed on short-circuit current (SCC) across isolated frog skin, on rat kidney cortex Na-K-ATPase activity, and on sodium excretion by the rat in vivo. At a dose of 500 mug/ml, fraction III from expanded rat kidney inhibited SCC by 21 +/- 5% (P less than 0.01), whereas the same fraction from hydropenic rat kidney produced an insignificant change in SCC of 2 +/- 8 %. In a dose-response study, 50, 150, 500, and 1,500 mug/ml of fraction III from expanded rat kidney inhibited SCC by 4, 8, 19, and 28%, respectively; 500, 1,000 and 1,500 mug/ml inhibited Na-K-ATPase activity by 11, 22, and 49%, respectively. An identical study with fraction III from hydropenic animals showed no significant effect in either assay. Also, fractions from expanded and hydropenic rats, eluted after fraction III (fractions IV and V), had no effect on SCC or Na-K-ATPase activity. Fraction III also produced significant natriuresis in vivo at a dose of 500 mug/ml, confirming our observations that a natriuretic principle may be recovered from the kidneys of volume-expanded rats. We suggest that this natriuretic principle may act by reducing active sodium transport via inhibition of Na-K-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:131007", "title": "Cardiac performance in rats with renal hypertension.", "content": "To evaluate cardiac performance in renal hypertension more precisely we determined cardiac function curves for 12 normotensive rats and 11 other rats with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. The hypertensive group (BP = 134 +/- 8 mm Hg) showed significant cardiac hypertrophy (44 +/- 1% increased ratio of heart weight to body weight, P less than 0.01) and markedly increased left ventricular stroke work with a moderate but not significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (5.9 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.7 +/- 0.4 mm Hg). We evaluated cardiac function by recording left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) (by electromagnetic flowmeter) during rapid alteration in venous return. Analysis of variations of stroke volume vs. left ventricular end-diastolic pressure showed that renal hypertension is accompanied by a significant decrease in ventricular performance [SV = 0.0190 + 0.0509 LVEDP - 0.0025 (LVEDP)2 + 0.0001 (LVEDP)3] compared to the normotensive group [SV = 0.0430 + 0.0644 LVEDP - 0.0040 (LVEDP)2 + 0.001 (LVEDP)3]. The alterations in stroke volume and cardiac output were associated with a lack of significant changes in the work performed at matched end-diastolic pressures. The data indicate that chronic renal hypertension is accompanied by a depression of cardiac reserve which is not revealed by measurements of cardiac output and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure at rest. This impairment in cardiac function might be related to either diminished cardiac contractility or reduced left ventricular compliance; the latter possibility is in accord with our finding of a 2-fold increase in the hydroxyproline content (P less than 0.001) and a significant decrease in the DNA concentration of ventricular tissue.", "contents": "Cardiac performance in rats with renal hypertension. To evaluate cardiac performance in renal hypertension more precisely we determined cardiac function curves for 12 normotensive rats and 11 other rats with two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension. The hypertensive group (BP = 134 +/- 8 mm Hg) showed significant cardiac hypertrophy (44 +/- 1% increased ratio of heart weight to body weight, P less than 0.01) and markedly increased left ventricular stroke work with a moderate but not significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) (5.9 +/- 0.8 vs. 4.7 +/- 0.4 mm Hg). We evaluated cardiac function by recording left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, stroke volume (SV), and cardiac output (CO) (by electromagnetic flowmeter) during rapid alteration in venous return. Analysis of variations of stroke volume vs. left ventricular end-diastolic pressure showed that renal hypertension is accompanied by a significant decrease in ventricular performance [SV = 0.0190 + 0.0509 LVEDP - 0.0025 (LVEDP)2 + 0.0001 (LVEDP)3] compared to the normotensive group [SV = 0.0430 + 0.0644 LVEDP - 0.0040 (LVEDP)2 + 0.001 (LVEDP)3]. The alterations in stroke volume and cardiac output were associated with a lack of significant changes in the work performed at matched end-diastolic pressures. The data indicate that chronic renal hypertension is accompanied by a depression of cardiac reserve which is not revealed by measurements of cardiac output and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure at rest. This impairment in cardiac function might be related to either diminished cardiac contractility or reduced left ventricular compliance; the latter possibility is in accord with our finding of a 2-fold increase in the hydroxyproline content (P less than 0.001) and a significant decrease in the DNA concentration of ventricular tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:131008", "title": "Effect of clofibrate on plasma proteins including components of the hemostatic mechanism.", "content": "The effect of clofibrate (1.5 g/day) on different plasma proteins and on components of the hemostatic system was studied in eight men with either mild diabetes mellitus or cardiosclerosis. Before treatment, the subjects were investigated weekly on five occasions. The means of these determinations were compared with the values observed after 2, 6 and 14 weeks of treatment. During the treatment albumin and transferrin increased significantly while orosomucoid, ceruloplasmin, beta1 E-globulin, IgA, IgM and fibrinogen decreased significantly. The decreases of the last proteins in per cent were found to be associated with each other in single subjects, i.e. a subject who reacted with a certain degree of change in one protein tended to react in a similar way with regard to the other proteins. A correlation was observed between the concentration before the treatment and the decrease in concentration during the treatment for ceruloplasmin, IgG, IgA, IgM and fibrinogen. The fibrinolytic activity increased significantly. Plasminogen decreased after 6 weeks and increased after 14 weeks of treatment. Platelet adhesiveness was not influenced.", "contents": "Effect of clofibrate on plasma proteins including components of the hemostatic mechanism. The effect of clofibrate (1.5 g/day) on different plasma proteins and on components of the hemostatic system was studied in eight men with either mild diabetes mellitus or cardiosclerosis. Before treatment, the subjects were investigated weekly on five occasions. The means of these determinations were compared with the values observed after 2, 6 and 14 weeks of treatment. During the treatment albumin and transferrin increased significantly while orosomucoid, ceruloplasmin, beta1 E-globulin, IgA, IgM and fibrinogen decreased significantly. The decreases of the last proteins in per cent were found to be associated with each other in single subjects, i.e. a subject who reacted with a certain degree of change in one protein tended to react in a similar way with regard to the other proteins. A correlation was observed between the concentration before the treatment and the decrease in concentration during the treatment for ceruloplasmin, IgG, IgA, IgM and fibrinogen. The fibrinolytic activity increased significantly. Plasminogen decreased after 6 weeks and increased after 14 weeks of treatment. Platelet adhesiveness was not influenced."}
{"id": "PMID:131004", "title": "Television reading system.", "content": "The value of the television reading aid system is discussed, in the training of visually handicapped children.", "contents": "Television reading system. The value of the television reading aid system is discussed, in the training of visually handicapped children."}
{"id": "PMID:131009", "title": "Separation of dermatan sulfate from heparan sulfate in mucopolysaccharidosis urine by chromatography on Sephadex G-75.", "content": "Oligosaccharides of testicular hyaluronidase-degraded dermatan sulfate were separated from undegraded dermatan sulfate by chromatography on Sephadex G-75, but not by chromatography on Sephadex G-25. All but the smallest of these oligosaccharides were recovered in excellent yield following dialysis and precipitation with cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC). G-75 chromatography of dialyzed, concentrated Hunter urine mucopolysaccharides precipitated with CPC resolved most of the large dermatan sulfate into a void volume related peak which was free of heparan sulfate. Decreasing amounts of dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides were eluted with sephadex-retarded polysaccharides, including small amounts which appeared with otherwise pure heparan sulfate.", "contents": "Separation of dermatan sulfate from heparan sulfate in mucopolysaccharidosis urine by chromatography on Sephadex G-75. Oligosaccharides of testicular hyaluronidase-degraded dermatan sulfate were separated from undegraded dermatan sulfate by chromatography on Sephadex G-75, but not by chromatography on Sephadex G-25. All but the smallest of these oligosaccharides were recovered in excellent yield following dialysis and precipitation with cetyl pyridinium chloride (CPC). G-75 chromatography of dialyzed, concentrated Hunter urine mucopolysaccharides precipitated with CPC resolved most of the large dermatan sulfate into a void volume related peak which was free of heparan sulfate. Decreasing amounts of dermatan sulfate oligosaccharides were eluted with sephadex-retarded polysaccharides, including small amounts which appeared with otherwise pure heparan sulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:131005", "title": "A review of the medical, educational and social needs of 207 handicapped children.", "content": "The Mary Sheridan Centre serves the needs of two health districts with a population of over half a million. The assessment of the handicapped child is combined with a Day Nursery and Observation Unit which provides therapeutic, educational and supportive guidance. During the year May 1973-74, 207 children were referred for assessment of whom only 11 were found to have no handicap. One-third of these referrals were from the hospital follow-up baby clinic and two-thirds came from community and general practitioner sources. The average age of referral was two years for girls and two and a half years for boys. Of the 196 handicapped children, 33 had neurological disorders, 30 congenital anomalies and 50 an adverse perinatal history. Social factors were thought to contribute significantly in 72; 35 children came from single parent families. Behaviour problems were noticed in a high proportion (68). Forty-four children regularly attend the Centre's day nursery whose staff include preschool teacher, occupational therapists and trained nurses for play, speech stimulation and specific therapy; 48 attend for speech therapy and 19 for physiotherapy. The prime aim is to help the parents continue with the therapy and care of their child in their own home.", "contents": "A review of the medical, educational and social needs of 207 handicapped children. The Mary Sheridan Centre serves the needs of two health districts with a population of over half a million. The assessment of the handicapped child is combined with a Day Nursery and Observation Unit which provides therapeutic, educational and supportive guidance. During the year May 1973-74, 207 children were referred for assessment of whom only 11 were found to have no handicap. One-third of these referrals were from the hospital follow-up baby clinic and two-thirds came from community and general practitioner sources. The average age of referral was two years for girls and two and a half years for boys. Of the 196 handicapped children, 33 had neurological disorders, 30 congenital anomalies and 50 an adverse perinatal history. Social factors were thought to contribute significantly in 72; 35 children came from single parent families. Behaviour problems were noticed in a high proportion (68). Forty-four children regularly attend the Centre's day nursery whose staff include preschool teacher, occupational therapists and trained nurses for play, speech stimulation and specific therapy; 48 attend for speech therapy and 19 for physiotherapy. The prime aim is to help the parents continue with the therapy and care of their child in their own home."}
{"id": "PMID:131010", "title": "Psychological responses to genetic counseling for Down's syndrome.", "content": "To assess some of the emotional aspects of why parents seek genetic counseling and to measure the effect of genetic counseling in parents of children with Down's syndrome, pre- and post-counseling measures of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self-concept were obtained from 43 parents. Pre-counseling responses were compared with those of normative controls, and pre- and post-counseling scores were compared for areas of significant change. Anxiety, hostility and depression levels were significantly higher in parents seeking counseling than in normative controls (both P less than 0.002). Following genetic counseling, there was a significant lowering of anxiety (P less than 0.0005) and depression (P less than 0.05) along with a significant increase in overall self-concept (P less than 0.01). The study documents the importance of looking at factors related to emotional needs and self-image of parents in genetic counseling.", "contents": "Psychological responses to genetic counseling for Down's syndrome. To assess some of the emotional aspects of why parents seek genetic counseling and to measure the effect of genetic counseling in parents of children with Down's syndrome, pre- and post-counseling measures of anxiety, hostility, depression, and self-concept were obtained from 43 parents. Pre-counseling responses were compared with those of normative controls, and pre- and post-counseling scores were compared for areas of significant change. Anxiety, hostility and depression levels were significantly higher in parents seeking counseling than in normative controls (both P less than 0.002). Following genetic counseling, there was a significant lowering of anxiety (P less than 0.0005) and depression (P less than 0.05) along with a significant increase in overall self-concept (P less than 0.01). The study documents the importance of looking at factors related to emotional needs and self-image of parents in genetic counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:131011", "title": "Trisomy 21 in mother and daughter.", "content": "A 28-year-old woman with trisomy 21 had a daughter with trisomy 21. This case brings the total to 23 mothers recorded as having trisomy 21. Their offspring consist of 14 normals and 10 trisomics, 21 born at term, plus 3 abortions. The proportions of normal and trisomic offspring are about equal.", "contents": "Trisomy 21 in mother and daughter. A 28-year-old woman with trisomy 21 had a daughter with trisomy 21. This case brings the total to 23 mothers recorded as having trisomy 21. Their offspring consist of 14 normals and 10 trisomics, 21 born at term, plus 3 abortions. The proportions of normal and trisomic offspring are about equal."}
{"id": "PMID:131012", "title": "Four cases of omphalocele in two generations of the same family.", "content": "A family in which four cases of omphalocele were found within two generations is presented. One of the patients also had Down's syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such an occurrence in one family.", "contents": "Four cases of omphalocele in two generations of the same family. A family in which four cases of omphalocele were found within two generations is presented. One of the patients also had Down's syndrome. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such an occurrence in one family."}
{"id": "PMID:131013", "title": "Clinical and biochemical expression of a unique mucopolysaccharidosis.", "content": "A boy who presented with painful joints leading to contractures was found to have a mucopolysaccharidosis not previously described. He had severe dysostosis multiplex of the long bones but nearly normal intellectual development and no involvement of the cornea. Lysosomal storage vacuoles were noted in dermal endothelial cells; these were similar to those seen in the genetic mucopolysaccharidoses. Mucopolysacchariduria was not excessive in amount but it was distinctly abnormal in pattern and his excretion of dermatan sulfate resembled that found in the Hunter and Hurler syndromes. The activities of the lysosomal hydrolases in cultured fibroblasts were normal or increased. The degradation of accumulated 35S-mucopolysaccharide in fibroblasts in culture was typical of a mucopolysaccharidosis. His mother accumulated 35S-mucopolysaccharides in fibroblasts, suggesting an X-linked inheritance of the disorder.", "contents": "Clinical and biochemical expression of a unique mucopolysaccharidosis. A boy who presented with painful joints leading to contractures was found to have a mucopolysaccharidosis not previously described. He had severe dysostosis multiplex of the long bones but nearly normal intellectual development and no involvement of the cornea. Lysosomal storage vacuoles were noted in dermal endothelial cells; these were similar to those seen in the genetic mucopolysaccharidoses. Mucopolysacchariduria was not excessive in amount but it was distinctly abnormal in pattern and his excretion of dermatan sulfate resembled that found in the Hunter and Hurler syndromes. The activities of the lysosomal hydrolases in cultured fibroblasts were normal or increased. The degradation of accumulated 35S-mucopolysaccharide in fibroblasts in culture was typical of a mucopolysaccharidosis. His mother accumulated 35S-mucopolysaccharides in fibroblasts, suggesting an X-linked inheritance of the disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:131014", "title": "Dermatoglyphics in mosaic Down's syndrome.", "content": "To determine whether quanitative dermal indices are useful in ascertaining the liability for or severity of mosaic Down's syndrome (DS), dermatoglyphics of 107 subjects with proven 46/47,+21 DS were scored by four quantitative dermal indices. The distribution of mosaics by weighted mean percentage of +21 cells ranged from 1 to 95 and was bimodal. Mean maternal age at birth of mosaics (32.9 +/- 7.5 years) was elevated when compared with control maternal ages in the literature. The distribution of quantitative dermal indices for the total mosaic population fell roughly midway between those in the literature for normal and full DS individuals: 73% of mosaics were classified as definitively DS, 21% were in the intermediate range, and 6% were normal. For mosaics who were minimally affected, 24% were DS, 53% intermediate, and 23% normal. One can conclude: (1) For any suspect mosaic, a dermal score in the DS range is highly suggestive of karyotypic pathology. (2) The high prevalence of intermediate scores in normal subjects severely restricts their diagnostic value in screening for mosaics in the general population. For a selected population, such as parents of +21 children, the screening value of quantitative dermal indices remains an open question. Weighted regression analyses demonstrate a highly significant correlation (P less than 0.001) of dermal index score with the weighted mean proportion of +21 cells transformed to the logit scale. One may exploit this correlation to predict the ratio of +21/normal cells in infants, in whom early karyotype evolution can preclude an estimate of the ultimate syndrome based on initial degree of mosaicism. Furthermore, this correlation provides additional indirect evidence that dermal microsymptoms in DS are a reflection of the presence of +21 cells.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphics in mosaic Down's syndrome. To determine whether quanitative dermal indices are useful in ascertaining the liability for or severity of mosaic Down's syndrome (DS), dermatoglyphics of 107 subjects with proven 46/47,+21 DS were scored by four quantitative dermal indices. The distribution of mosaics by weighted mean percentage of +21 cells ranged from 1 to 95 and was bimodal. Mean maternal age at birth of mosaics (32.9 +/- 7.5 years) was elevated when compared with control maternal ages in the literature. The distribution of quantitative dermal indices for the total mosaic population fell roughly midway between those in the literature for normal and full DS individuals: 73% of mosaics were classified as definitively DS, 21% were in the intermediate range, and 6% were normal. For mosaics who were minimally affected, 24% were DS, 53% intermediate, and 23% normal. One can conclude: (1) For any suspect mosaic, a dermal score in the DS range is highly suggestive of karyotypic pathology. (2) The high prevalence of intermediate scores in normal subjects severely restricts their diagnostic value in screening for mosaics in the general population. For a selected population, such as parents of +21 children, the screening value of quantitative dermal indices remains an open question. Weighted regression analyses demonstrate a highly significant correlation (P less than 0.001) of dermal index score with the weighted mean proportion of +21 cells transformed to the logit scale. One may exploit this correlation to predict the ratio of +21/normal cells in infants, in whom early karyotype evolution can preclude an estimate of the ultimate syndrome based on initial degree of mosaicism. Furthermore, this correlation provides additional indirect evidence that dermal microsymptoms in DS are a reflection of the presence of +21 cells."}
{"id": "PMID:131017", "title": "The scintigraphic findings in Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "Bone scans and radiographic skeletal surveys have been done in 41 patients who had Paget's disease. The scintigraphic findings are consistent with what is known of the pathophysiology of Paget's  disease. Diseased bone demonstrates increased vascularity, an increased degree of uptake of bone-seeking radiotracers and, in appropriate bones, evidence of marrow replacement. The bone scintiscan is a more sensitive indicator of the extent of polyostotic Paget's disease than conventional radiograph, demonstrating 34% more lesions. Because it reflects shorter term changes in osteoblastic activity the bone scan is of some value in providing immediate objective evidence of the therapeutic effectiveness of Mithramycin which has been used in this study in the treatment of the minority of patients with pain in Pagetoid bone. A technique for documenting alterations in uptake by diseased bone numerically is presented. Upon treatment with Mithramycin the ratio of abnormal uptake in relation to normal bone fell from 8.7 to 3.9.", "contents": "The scintigraphic findings in Paget's disease of bone. Bone scans and radiographic skeletal surveys have been done in 41 patients who had Paget's disease. The scintigraphic findings are consistent with what is known of the pathophysiology of Paget's  disease. Diseased bone demonstrates increased vascularity, an increased degree of uptake of bone-seeking radiotracers and, in appropriate bones, evidence of marrow replacement. The bone scintiscan is a more sensitive indicator of the extent of polyostotic Paget's disease than conventional radiograph, demonstrating 34% more lesions. Because it reflects shorter term changes in osteoblastic activity the bone scan is of some value in providing immediate objective evidence of the therapeutic effectiveness of Mithramycin which has been used in this study in the treatment of the minority of patients with pain in Pagetoid bone. A technique for documenting alterations in uptake by diseased bone numerically is presented. Upon treatment with Mithramycin the ratio of abnormal uptake in relation to normal bone fell from 8.7 to 3.9."}
{"id": "PMID:131015", "title": "The mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses.", "content": "The mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses are recessively inherited lysosomal storage diseases. Each of the disorders can now be specifically identified in cultured fibroblasts. As a group these disorders clinically present with a Hurler-like phenotype. Genetic heterogeneity and variable expression of the same enzyme deficiency require a combined clinical and laboratory approach to the diagnosis of these disorders. This feature is demonstrated by mucopolysaccharidosis I. This diagnosis refers to a specific deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase. Further characterization requires clinical assessment to determine whether the final diagnosis is the Hurler syndrome, the Scheie syndrome or the Hurler-Scheie compound. Clinically each of these three disorders may be difficult to distinguish from other mucopolysaccharidoses or mucolipidoses. There is no specific treatment currently available for any of these disorders. However, a specific diagnosis should be established in each case to insure an accurate prognosis (some of these disorders are compatible with near normal life expectancy and normal intelligence), appropriate genetic counseling for the family and timely use of prenatal diagnosis by amniocentesis which is available for each of these disorders.", "contents": "The mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses. The mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses are recessively inherited lysosomal storage diseases. Each of the disorders can now be specifically identified in cultured fibroblasts. As a group these disorders clinically present with a Hurler-like phenotype. Genetic heterogeneity and variable expression of the same enzyme deficiency require a combined clinical and laboratory approach to the diagnosis of these disorders. This feature is demonstrated by mucopolysaccharidosis I. This diagnosis refers to a specific deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme alpha-L-iduronidase. Further characterization requires clinical assessment to determine whether the final diagnosis is the Hurler syndrome, the Scheie syndrome or the Hurler-Scheie compound. Clinically each of these three disorders may be difficult to distinguish from other mucopolysaccharidoses or mucolipidoses. There is no specific treatment currently available for any of these disorders. However, a specific diagnosis should be established in each case to insure an accurate prognosis (some of these disorders are compatible with near normal life expectancy and normal intelligence), appropriate genetic counseling for the family and timely use of prenatal diagnosis by amniocentesis which is available for each of these disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:131027", "title": "Quantification of chorea in Huntington's disease by power spectral analysis.", "content": "A spectral analysis technique for quantifying dyskinesia in patients with diagnosis of Hungtington's Disease (chorea) (H.D.) is described. Spectral analysis involves computation of the magnitude of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMS) and of their distribution in frequency. It has the advantage of providing an objective measure of such movements. Three H.D. patients under different drug regimens and three age-matched controls have been evaluated and representative time records and power spectra are presented. Analysis established marked differences in the amplitude and shape of the normal and patient spectra. In addition, spectral analysis proved sensitive to differences in drug treatments among patients suggesting its additional use in evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic agents in the treatment of movement disorders.", "contents": "Quantification of chorea in Huntington's disease by power spectral analysis. A spectral analysis technique for quantifying dyskinesia in patients with diagnosis of Hungtington's Disease (chorea) (H.D.) is described. Spectral analysis involves computation of the magnitude of abnormal involuntary movements (AIMS) and of their distribution in frequency. It has the advantage of providing an objective measure of such movements. Three H.D. patients under different drug regimens and three age-matched controls have been evaluated and representative time records and power spectra are presented. Analysis established marked differences in the amplitude and shape of the normal and patient spectra. In addition, spectral analysis proved sensitive to differences in drug treatments among patients suggesting its additional use in evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic agents in the treatment of movement disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:131032", "title": "Islet transplantation into rat liver: in vitro secretion of insulin from the isolated perfused liver and in vivo glucagon suppression.", "content": "Islet isografts were injected into the portal veins of rats made diabetic with streptozotocin. The isografts normalized not only plasma glucose and insulin levels but also the elevated plasma immunoreactive glucagon level. The in vitro basal insulin secretion and prompt sensitivity to glucose were shown directly by perfusing isolated livers containing transplanted islets. In vitro glucagon secretion to an arginine stimulus could not be demonstrated, although it would have been expected demonstrated, although it would have been expected in normal islets. Thus, it appears that insulin derived from transplanted islets is capable of correcting endogenous hyperglucagonemia and of ameliorating the effects of experimental diabetes while transplanted islet glucagon secretion is relatively suppressed.", "contents": "Islet transplantation into rat liver: in vitro secretion of insulin from the isolated perfused liver and in vivo glucagon suppression. Islet isografts were injected into the portal veins of rats made diabetic with streptozotocin. The isografts normalized not only plasma glucose and insulin levels but also the elevated plasma immunoreactive glucagon level. The in vitro basal insulin secretion and prompt sensitivity to glucose were shown directly by perfusing isolated livers containing transplanted islets. In vitro glucagon secretion to an arginine stimulus could not be demonstrated, although it would have been expected demonstrated, although it would have been expected in normal islets. Thus, it appears that insulin derived from transplanted islets is capable of correcting endogenous hyperglucagonemia and of ameliorating the effects of experimental diabetes while transplanted islet glucagon secretion is relatively suppressed."}
{"id": "PMID:131033", "title": "Electronmicroscopy studies on the exocrine pancreas of Wistar-Rats following treatment with Streptozotocin.", "content": "In Wistar rats the intraveneous injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg body weight) caused a permanent hyperglycemia. After 5 days there were lesions in the exocrine parenchyme of the pancreas and its nerve fibers. Pathological changes were found in cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus and all other cell organelles, too. The zymogen granules remaining after extensive degranulation may disintegrate in two different ways: 1. Shrinking of the granules and formation of a hale between granule membrane and core, the electronic density of which is decreased; indistinct demonstrability of the granule membrane and finally its decomposition. 2. Shrinking of the granules, decrease of the electron density and either homogeneous or mainly peripheral arrangement of the disintegrated material of the granules; irregular shape of the granules and splitting of their membranes.", "contents": "Electronmicroscopy studies on the exocrine pancreas of Wistar-Rats following treatment with Streptozotocin. In Wistar rats the intraveneous injection of streptozotocin (65 mg/kg body weight) caused a permanent hyperglycemia. After 5 days there were lesions in the exocrine parenchyme of the pancreas and its nerve fibers. Pathological changes were found in cytoplasm, cell membrane, nucleus and all other cell organelles, too. The zymogen granules remaining after extensive degranulation may disintegrate in two different ways: 1. Shrinking of the granules and formation of a hale between granule membrane and core, the electronic density of which is decreased; indistinct demonstrability of the granule membrane and finally its decomposition. 2. Shrinking of the granules, decrease of the electron density and either homogeneous or mainly peripheral arrangement of the disintegrated material of the granules; irregular shape of the granules and splitting of their membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:131034", "title": "The binding of lipid to the lipid-free adenosine triphosphatase protein of sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Dinitrophenylated dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine and its lyso derivative have been shown to bind to the lipid-free ATPase protein derived from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The binding of these lipids is accompained by the quenching of up to 95% of the tryptophyl fluorescence of the protein. This effect is reversed by 9-10 mM deoxycholate. The solubility of the lipid-free ATPase protein in the absence of deoxycholate and the solubility of submillimolar concentrations of the dinitrophenylated monopalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine anion in aqueous media allowed binding experiments using this lipid ligand to be carried out in a simple buffer system. It is shown that in the case of this lipid the initial phase of the binding process displays an apparent positive co-operatively. Data from the second phase in the saturation of the protein with this lipid is consistent with binding to independent, equivalent, non-interacting sites with a microscopic (intrinsic) association constant of 1.63 x 10(6) M-1, the fluorescence being quenched in the geometric fashion. Altogether a total of about 15 molecules of this lipid may be bound by the protein.", "contents": "The binding of lipid to the lipid-free adenosine triphosphatase protein of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Dinitrophenylated dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine and its lyso derivative have been shown to bind to the lipid-free ATPase protein derived from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. The binding of these lipids is accompained by the quenching of up to 95% of the tryptophyl fluorescence of the protein. This effect is reversed by 9-10 mM deoxycholate. The solubility of the lipid-free ATPase protein in the absence of deoxycholate and the solubility of submillimolar concentrations of the dinitrophenylated monopalmitoyl phosphatidylethanolamine anion in aqueous media allowed binding experiments using this lipid ligand to be carried out in a simple buffer system. It is shown that in the case of this lipid the initial phase of the binding process displays an apparent positive co-operatively. Data from the second phase in the saturation of the protein with this lipid is consistent with binding to independent, equivalent, non-interacting sites with a microscopic (intrinsic) association constant of 1.63 x 10(6) M-1, the fluorescence being quenched in the geometric fashion. Altogether a total of about 15 molecules of this lipid may be bound by the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:131035", "title": "Inhibition by triphenyltin chloride of a tightly-bound membrane component involved in photophosphorylation.", "content": "At very low concentrations (less than 1 muM) triphenyltin chloride inhibits ATP formation and coupled electron transport in isolated spinach chloroplasts. Basal (-Pi) and uncoupled electron transport are not affected by triphenyltin. The membrane-bount ATP in equilibrium Pi exchange and Mg2+-dependent ATPase activities of chloroplasts are also completely sensitive to triphenyltin, although the Ca2+-dependent and Mg2+-dependent ATPase activities of the isolated coupling factor protein are insensitive to triphenyltin. The light-driven proton pump in chloroplasts is stimulated (up to 60%) by low levels of triphenyltin. Indeed, the amount of triphenyltin necessary to inhibit ATP formation or stimulate proton uptake is dependent upon the amount of chloroplasts present in the reaction mixture, with an apparent stoichiometry of 2-2.5 triphenyltin molecules/100 chlorophyll molecules at 50% inhibition of ATP formation and half-maximal stimulation of proton uptake. Chloroplasts partially stripped of coupling factor by an EDTA was are no longer able to accumulate protons in the light. However, low levels of triphenyltin can effectively restore this ability. The amount of triphenyltin required for the restoration of net proton uptake is also dependent upon the amount of chloroplasts, with a stoichiometry of 4-5 triphenyltin molecules/100 chlorophyll molecules at 50% reconstitution. On the basis of this and other evidence it is concluded that triphenyltin chloride inhibits phosphorylation, ATP + Pi exchange and membrane-bound ATPase activities in chloroplasts by specifically blocking the transport of protons through a membrane-bound carrier or channel located in a hydrophobic region of the membrane at or near the functional binding site for the coupling factor.", "contents": "Inhibition by triphenyltin chloride of a tightly-bound membrane component involved in photophosphorylation. At very low concentrations (less than 1 muM) triphenyltin chloride inhibits ATP formation and coupled electron transport in isolated spinach chloroplasts. Basal (-Pi) and uncoupled electron transport are not affected by triphenyltin. The membrane-bount ATP in equilibrium Pi exchange and Mg2+-dependent ATPase activities of chloroplasts are also completely sensitive to triphenyltin, although the Ca2+-dependent and Mg2+-dependent ATPase activities of the isolated coupling factor protein are insensitive to triphenyltin. The light-driven proton pump in chloroplasts is stimulated (up to 60%) by low levels of triphenyltin. Indeed, the amount of triphenyltin necessary to inhibit ATP formation or stimulate proton uptake is dependent upon the amount of chloroplasts present in the reaction mixture, with an apparent stoichiometry of 2-2.5 triphenyltin molecules/100 chlorophyll molecules at 50% inhibition of ATP formation and half-maximal stimulation of proton uptake. Chloroplasts partially stripped of coupling factor by an EDTA was are no longer able to accumulate protons in the light. However, low levels of triphenyltin can effectively restore this ability. The amount of triphenyltin required for the restoration of net proton uptake is also dependent upon the amount of chloroplasts, with a stoichiometry of 4-5 triphenyltin molecules/100 chlorophyll molecules at 50% reconstitution. On the basis of this and other evidence it is concluded that triphenyltin chloride inhibits phosphorylation, ATP + Pi exchange and membrane-bound ATPase activities in chloroplasts by specifically blocking the transport of protons through a membrane-bound carrier or channel located in a hydrophobic region of the membrane at or near the functional binding site for the coupling factor."}
{"id": "PMID:131036", "title": "Behavioral evidence for the rapid release of CNS serotonin by PCA and fenfluramine.", "content": "Administration of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) (2.5-10.0 mg/kg) or fenfluramine (FF) (5.0-15.0 mg/kg) to rats induces a behavioral syndrome--consisting of tremor, rigidity, Straub tail, hindlimb abduction, lateral head weaving and reciprocal forepaw treading--which is a reflection of the activity of central serotonin-mediated synapses. The syndrome appears within 3-5 min following i.p. administration of PCA or FF, and the syndrome-inducing effects of PCA and FF are blocked by prior depletion of serotonin with p-chlorophenylalanine. By contrast, the syndrome-inducing effect of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-M-DMT), which directly stimulates postsynaptic serotonin receptors, is not changed by prior serotonin depletion. Catecholamine depletion with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine produces essentially no change in the syndrome-inducing effects of PCA, FF or 5-M-DMT. These data indicate that the initial effect of PCA or FF administration is the rapid functional release of stored serotonin.", "contents": "Behavioral evidence for the rapid release of CNS serotonin by PCA and fenfluramine. Administration of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) (2.5-10.0 mg/kg) or fenfluramine (FF) (5.0-15.0 mg/kg) to rats induces a behavioral syndrome--consisting of tremor, rigidity, Straub tail, hindlimb abduction, lateral head weaving and reciprocal forepaw treading--which is a reflection of the activity of central serotonin-mediated synapses. The syndrome appears within 3-5 min following i.p. administration of PCA or FF, and the syndrome-inducing effects of PCA and FF are blocked by prior depletion of serotonin with p-chlorophenylalanine. By contrast, the syndrome-inducing effect of 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (5-M-DMT), which directly stimulates postsynaptic serotonin receptors, is not changed by prior serotonin depletion. Catecholamine depletion with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine produces essentially no change in the syndrome-inducing effects of PCA, FF or 5-M-DMT. These data indicate that the initial effect of PCA or FF administration is the rapid functional release of stored serotonin."}
{"id": "PMID:131037", "title": "[A study on the ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities of skeletal muscle and brain membrane fractions from genetically dystrophic mice (author's transl)].", "content": "The ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities of membrane fractions from hind-leg muscle and brain of normal and genetically dystrophic mice (C57BL/6J-dy strain) were studied, and the following results were obtained. 1) The ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity of frozen muscle sarcolemmal fraction from normal mice was several times higher than that of fresh one. 2) The ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity of frozen muscle sarcolemmal fraction from dystrophic mice was almost equal to that from normal one. But the muscle membrane yield from dystrophic mice was considerably low compared with the yield from normal one. 3) With brain membrane fractions, no differences were observed between normal and dystrophic mice in the ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity as well as in the yield of membrane fractions.", "contents": "[A study on the ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities of skeletal muscle and brain membrane fractions from genetically dystrophic mice (author's transl)]. The ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities of membrane fractions from hind-leg muscle and brain of normal and genetically dystrophic mice (C57BL/6J-dy strain) were studied, and the following results were obtained. 1) The ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity of frozen muscle sarcolemmal fraction from normal mice was several times higher than that of fresh one. 2) The ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity of frozen muscle sarcolemmal fraction from dystrophic mice was almost equal to that from normal one. But the muscle membrane yield from dystrophic mice was considerably low compared with the yield from normal one. 3) With brain membrane fractions, no differences were observed between normal and dystrophic mice in the ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity as well as in the yield of membrane fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:131040", "title": "Localization of Na+, K+-ATPase in brain.", "content": "Enzyme activity, representing the sites of K+-stimulated p-nitrophenylphosphatase, a component of the sodium, potassium-stimulated-adenosinetriphosphatase system, has been localized in the somatosensory cortex of the rat brain. The reaction product is most obviously associated with fibers that are thought to be axons and dendrites. Large dendrite-like fibers appear to arise in layer 5 of the cortex and arborize in layers 1 through 4. Smaller, reactive fibers are found throughout the cortical layers. Neuron cell bodies did not exhibit substantial enzymatic activity. It did not appear that glia contributed significantly to the activity in cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Localization of Na+, K+-ATPase in brain. Enzyme activity, representing the sites of K+-stimulated p-nitrophenylphosphatase, a component of the sodium, potassium-stimulated-adenosinetriphosphatase system, has been localized in the somatosensory cortex of the rat brain. The reaction product is most obviously associated with fibers that are thought to be axons and dendrites. Large dendrite-like fibers appear to arise in layer 5 of the cortex and arborize in layers 1 through 4. Smaller, reactive fibers are found throughout the cortical layers. Neuron cell bodies did not exhibit substantial enzymatic activity. It did not appear that glia contributed significantly to the activity in cerebral cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:131041", "title": "Cell membrane Na+, K+-ATPase and sarcoplasmic reticulum: possible regulators of intracellular ion activity.", "content": "Cardiac muscle requires an external source of calcium for contraction, but current evidence supports an intracellular pool of bound calcium as the primary activator of contraction. The size of this intracellular pool modulates the amount of calcium released to troponin during systole and the resultant contractile response. Proposed mechanisms for modulation of activator calcium include: 1) an alteration in phase II \"slow current\" allowing increased electrogenic calcium flux; 2) a glycoside independent sodium-calcium exchange across the sarcolemma that can be modulated by changes in the sodium gradient; 3) potassium-calcium exchange system during cardiac repolarization; 4) an augmentation of calcium accumulation by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum related to various phosphorylation mechanisms; and 5) an alteration in phospholipid affinity effected by cardiac glycoside at sarcolemmal sites related to the Na+, K+-ATPase.", "contents": "Cell membrane Na+, K+-ATPase and sarcoplasmic reticulum: possible regulators of intracellular ion activity. Cardiac muscle requires an external source of calcium for contraction, but current evidence supports an intracellular pool of bound calcium as the primary activator of contraction. The size of this intracellular pool modulates the amount of calcium released to troponin during systole and the resultant contractile response. Proposed mechanisms for modulation of activator calcium include: 1) an alteration in phase II \"slow current\" allowing increased electrogenic calcium flux; 2) a glycoside independent sodium-calcium exchange across the sarcolemma that can be modulated by changes in the sodium gradient; 3) potassium-calcium exchange system during cardiac repolarization; 4) an augmentation of calcium accumulation by cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum related to various phosphorylation mechanisms; and 5) an alteration in phospholipid affinity effected by cardiac glycoside at sarcolemmal sites related to the Na+, K+-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:131042", "title": "Cell potential and the sodium-potassium pump in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "An electrogenic sodium-potassium pump appears to contribute materially to the steady-state potential and to certain of the transient potential responses of vascular smooth muscle. Since changes in cell potential in turn can lead to changes in contractile state, the pump is implicated in some of the constriction-dilation responses of blood vessels. The vasodilator action of potassium is explainable, for instance, through an effect on cell potential if (and only if) an electrogenic pump is assumed to be extruding sodium at a faster rate than it takes up potassium. This is supported by the observation that ouabain, an inhibitor of Na,K-ATPase activity, will eliminate or reverse the vascular effect of potassium. Furthermore, when the in vivo and in vitro effects on vascular smooth muscle of altered extracellular potassium concentration are compared to calculated cell potentials based on a model that includes an electrogenic pump, the experimental findings are shown to be logical and predictable.", "contents": "Cell potential and the sodium-potassium pump in vascular smooth muscle. An electrogenic sodium-potassium pump appears to contribute materially to the steady-state potential and to certain of the transient potential responses of vascular smooth muscle. Since changes in cell potential in turn can lead to changes in contractile state, the pump is implicated in some of the constriction-dilation responses of blood vessels. The vasodilator action of potassium is explainable, for instance, through an effect on cell potential if (and only if) an electrogenic pump is assumed to be extruding sodium at a faster rate than it takes up potassium. This is supported by the observation that ouabain, an inhibitor of Na,K-ATPase activity, will eliminate or reverse the vascular effect of potassium. Furthermore, when the in vivo and in vitro effects on vascular smooth muscle of altered extracellular potassium concentration are compared to calculated cell potentials based on a model that includes an electrogenic pump, the experimental findings are shown to be logical and predictable."}
{"id": "PMID:131043", "title": "Structural proteins in the myofilaments and regulation of contraction in vertebrate smooth muscle.", "content": "The contractile systems of vertebrate smooth and striated muscles are compared. Smooth muscles contain relatively large amounts of actin and tropomyosin organized into thin filaments, and smaller amounts of myosin in the form of thick filaments. The protein contents are consistent with observed thin:thick filament ratios of about 15-18:1 in smooth compared to 2:1 in striated muscle. The basic characteristics of both types of contractile proteins are similar; but there are a variety of quantitative differences in protein structures, enzymatic activities and filament stabilities. Biochemical and X-ray diffraction data generally support recent ultrastructural evidence concerning the organization of the myofilaments in smooth muscle, although a basic contractile unit comparable to the sarcomere in striated muscle has not been discerned. Myofilament interactions and contraction in smooth muscle are controlled by changes in the Ca2+ concentration. Recent evidence suggests the Ca2+-binding regulatory site is associated with the myosin in vertebrate smooth muscle (as in a variety of invertebrate muscles), rather than with troponin which is the regulatory protein associated with the thin filament in vertebrate striated muscle.", "contents": "Structural proteins in the myofilaments and regulation of contraction in vertebrate smooth muscle. The contractile systems of vertebrate smooth and striated muscles are compared. Smooth muscles contain relatively large amounts of actin and tropomyosin organized into thin filaments, and smaller amounts of myosin in the form of thick filaments. The protein contents are consistent with observed thin:thick filament ratios of about 15-18:1 in smooth compared to 2:1 in striated muscle. The basic characteristics of both types of contractile proteins are similar; but there are a variety of quantitative differences in protein structures, enzymatic activities and filament stabilities. Biochemical and X-ray diffraction data generally support recent ultrastructural evidence concerning the organization of the myofilaments in smooth muscle, although a basic contractile unit comparable to the sarcomere in striated muscle has not been discerned. Myofilament interactions and contraction in smooth muscle are controlled by changes in the Ca2+ concentration. Recent evidence suggests the Ca2+-binding regulatory site is associated with the myosin in vertebrate smooth muscle (as in a variety of invertebrate muscles), rather than with troponin which is the regulatory protein associated with the thin filament in vertebrate striated muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:131054", "title": "Alaskan malamute chondrodysplasia. II. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, uronic acid and acid mucopolysaccharides.", "content": "The urinary excretion of free, total and non-dialyzable hydroxyproline appeared to be similar in both chondrodysplastic and non-chondrodysplastic Alaskan Malamutes of ages six and twenty-six weeks suggesting the metabolic defect was probably not related to a gross disturbance in collagen metabolism. Urinary hexuronic acids also appeared to be similar in levels for both populations. A four-fold increase in urinary mucopolysaccharide levels observed at age twenty-six weeks in the chondrodysplastic Alaskan Malamute suggested a deviation from normal. The magnitude and variability of deviation were not sufficient to indicate that this condition could serve as a model for the mucopolysaccharidosis of man but probably indicated a delayed maturation process.", "contents": "Alaskan malamute chondrodysplasia. II. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline, uronic acid and acid mucopolysaccharides. The urinary excretion of free, total and non-dialyzable hydroxyproline appeared to be similar in both chondrodysplastic and non-chondrodysplastic Alaskan Malamutes of ages six and twenty-six weeks suggesting the metabolic defect was probably not related to a gross disturbance in collagen metabolism. Urinary hexuronic acids also appeared to be similar in levels for both populations. A four-fold increase in urinary mucopolysaccharide levels observed at age twenty-six weeks in the chondrodysplastic Alaskan Malamute suggested a deviation from normal. The magnitude and variability of deviation were not sufficient to indicate that this condition could serve as a model for the mucopolysaccharidosis of man but probably indicated a delayed maturation process."}
{"id": "PMID:131055", "title": "Nutrition in cryptogenic cirrhosis and chronic aggressive hepatitis.", "content": "The nutritional status of 80 patients with non-alcoholic chronic liver disease was assessed by determination of various nutritional parameters in body fluids. With the exception of vitamin C there was a higher incidence (40%) of fat soluble vitamin deficiency (vitamins A, E, and carotene) than of the water soluble vitamins. Less than 10% of patients showed evidence of vitamin B12, nicotinic acid, thiamin, or riboflavin deficiency, and 17% had evidence of folic acid deficiency. The presence of deficiency was not related to age of the patient or fat absorption, and an inadequate dietary intake was not a major cause of deficiency. The incidence of nutritional deficiency is less frequent in non-alcoholic as compared with alcoholic liver disease.", "contents": "Nutrition in cryptogenic cirrhosis and chronic aggressive hepatitis. The nutritional status of 80 patients with non-alcoholic chronic liver disease was assessed by determination of various nutritional parameters in body fluids. With the exception of vitamin C there was a higher incidence (40%) of fat soluble vitamin deficiency (vitamins A, E, and carotene) than of the water soluble vitamins. Less than 10% of patients showed evidence of vitamin B12, nicotinic acid, thiamin, or riboflavin deficiency, and 17% had evidence of folic acid deficiency. The presence of deficiency was not related to age of the patient or fat absorption, and an inadequate dietary intake was not a major cause of deficiency. The incidence of nutritional deficiency is less frequent in non-alcoholic as compared with alcoholic liver disease."}
{"id": "PMID:131059", "title": "[Angiomas and angioma-like changes of the bronchial arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "Hyperplastic changes of the bronchial arteries may take the form of a racemose arteriovenous angioma or result from chronic bronchitis. Clinically, recurrent haemoptysis is a striking feature occurring in otherwise fit patients. The two forms can be distinguished by bronchial arteriography because of the difference in the appearance of the vessels. In the one condition there are circumscribed areas of arterial and venous, vascular abnormalities, in the other there is vascular hyperplasia, which is less clearly circumscribed. In both forms, broncho-pulmonary, i.e. arterio-venous anastomoses can be demonstrated; these may be considered as the cause of the haemoptyses.", "contents": "[Angiomas and angioma-like changes of the bronchial arteries (author's transl)]. Hyperplastic changes of the bronchial arteries may take the form of a racemose arteriovenous angioma or result from chronic bronchitis. Clinically, recurrent haemoptysis is a striking feature occurring in otherwise fit patients. The two forms can be distinguished by bronchial arteriography because of the difference in the appearance of the vessels. In the one condition there are circumscribed areas of arterial and venous, vascular abnormalities, in the other there is vascular hyperplasia, which is less clearly circumscribed. In both forms, broncho-pulmonary, i.e. arterio-venous anastomoses can be demonstrated; these may be considered as the cause of the haemoptyses."}
{"id": "PMID:131060", "title": "[Radiological lung changes in progressive pulmonary insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Chest radiographs can reflect increasing pulmonary insufficiency of shock lung. In the early and intermediate stages, there is almost pure interstitial oedema which, in the later stages becomes alveolar-interstitial. In addition one may find evidence of broncho-pneumonia. Respiratory insufficiency is due to abnormalities of perfusion and distribution and is aggravated by disturbance of oxygen diffusion. The latter is due to an increase in the alveolo-capillary diffusion distance in the presence of interstitial oedema. It was not possible to demonstrate quantitatively significant precapillary shunts greater than 25 mu.", "contents": "[Radiological lung changes in progressive pulmonary insufficiency (author's transl)]. Chest radiographs can reflect increasing pulmonary insufficiency of shock lung. In the early and intermediate stages, there is almost pure interstitial oedema which, in the later stages becomes alveolar-interstitial. In addition one may find evidence of broncho-pneumonia. Respiratory insufficiency is due to abnormalities of perfusion and distribution and is aggravated by disturbance of oxygen diffusion. The latter is due to an increase in the alveolo-capillary diffusion distance in the presence of interstitial oedema. It was not possible to demonstrate quantitatively significant precapillary shunts greater than 25 mu."}
{"id": "PMID:131061", "title": "[The diagnosis of pulmonary calcinosis by scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "Three patients are described who were examined with the bone-seeking substance 99mTc-E.H.D.P. The abnormalities discovered were ascribed to metastatic calcification in the lungs. The patients suffered from three quite different conditions, but in each there was hypercalcaemia. One patient had chronic renal insufficiency  with secondary hyperparathyroidism, in the other cases the cause of the hypercalcaemia could not be determined. In one patient, it was possible to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary calcinosis histologically. Previously published cases indicate that it is possible to demonstrate lung calcification by using Tc-phosphate compounds, particularly 99mTc-E.H.D.P. This is important, since it is often not possible to demonstrate it radiologically. It further demonstrates that the accumulation of 99mTc-E.H.D.P. is dependent on active bone metabolism.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of pulmonary calcinosis by scintigraphy (author's transl)]. Three patients are described who were examined with the bone-seeking substance 99mTc-E.H.D.P. The abnormalities discovered were ascribed to metastatic calcification in the lungs. The patients suffered from three quite different conditions, but in each there was hypercalcaemia. One patient had chronic renal insufficiency  with secondary hyperparathyroidism, in the other cases the cause of the hypercalcaemia could not be determined. In one patient, it was possible to confirm the diagnosis of pulmonary calcinosis histologically. Previously published cases indicate that it is possible to demonstrate lung calcification by using Tc-phosphate compounds, particularly 99mTc-E.H.D.P. This is important, since it is often not possible to demonstrate it radiologically. It further demonstrates that the accumulation of 99mTc-E.H.D.P. is dependent on active bone metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:131062", "title": "[Pulmonary uptake of 198Au during liver scanning in two patients with amyloidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Lung uptake of 198Au-colloid, injected for a liver scan, is demonstrated in two patients with systemic amyloidosis, The incidence, importance and mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "[Pulmonary uptake of 198Au during liver scanning in two patients with amyloidosis (author's transl)]. Lung uptake of 198Au-colloid, injected for a liver scan, is demonstrated in two patients with systemic amyloidosis, The incidence, importance and mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131063", "title": "[Scintigraphic findings in amoebic abscess of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The accuracy, size, localization and course of liver scans of solitary or multiple amoebic liver abscesses was evaluated in 52 patients. The scintigraphic data were correlated with the clinical symptoms. In 47 of the 52 patients it was possible to demonstrate the liver abscess on the scintigram; the right lobe of the liver was involved more frequently than would have been expected simply on the basis of its volume. In most of the patients investigated the abscesses were solitary and in only 28% was it posssible to recognise two or three abscesses occurring simultaneously. Follow-up examinations showed rapid diminution in the size of the abscess furing medical treatment but complete return to normal during the first six months occurred in only 17% of cases. The results are discussed.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic findings in amoebic abscess of the liver (author's transl)]. The accuracy, size, localization and course of liver scans of solitary or multiple amoebic liver abscesses was evaluated in 52 patients. The scintigraphic data were correlated with the clinical symptoms. In 47 of the 52 patients it was possible to demonstrate the liver abscess on the scintigram; the right lobe of the liver was involved more frequently than would have been expected simply on the basis of its volume. In most of the patients investigated the abscesses were solitary and in only 28% was it posssible to recognise two or three abscesses occurring simultaneously. Follow-up examinations showed rapid diminution in the size of the abscess furing medical treatment but complete return to normal during the first six months occurred in only 17% of cases. The results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131064", "title": "[Unusual complication of pancreatitis as seen in angiographic picture (author's transl)].", "content": "Selective angiography of pancreas is useful not only to diagnosis of early inflammatory changes but also it is an important exploratory method of pathological processes in later period. By this method it is possible to discover important pathological changes on passing by arteries which can end fataly. In our case the arteriography of pancreas was performed to make clear a subphrenic abscess and at the same time there were discovered inflammatory lesions of splenic artery accompanied by a creation of some pseudoaneurysmas in pancreatic tissue. Their evolution was followed four times by arteriography.", "contents": "[Unusual complication of pancreatitis as seen in angiographic picture (author's transl)]. Selective angiography of pancreas is useful not only to diagnosis of early inflammatory changes but also it is an important exploratory method of pathological processes in later period. By this method it is possible to discover important pathological changes on passing by arteries which can end fataly. In our case the arteriography of pancreas was performed to make clear a subphrenic abscess and at the same time there were discovered inflammatory lesions of splenic artery accompanied by a creation of some pseudoaneurysmas in pancreatic tissue. Their evolution was followed four times by arteriography."}
{"id": "PMID:131065", "title": "[Catheter embolisation of renal tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial embolisation of renal tumours with foreign particles is described. This involves occlusion of the arteries supplying the tumour through a catheter introduced by the trans-femoral route. Pre-operative and therapeutic embolisation should be distinguished. During pre-operative embolisation, the kidney should be totally occluded by the foreign  particles in order to obtain a bloodless operation zone and in order to avoid the much feared production of tumour emboli. Because of the clinical consequences of renal artery emboli, this procedure should be carried out immediately before the operation. During therapeutic embolisation, which is not followed by an operation, only those vessels supplying the tumour should be occluded in order to avoid the complications of a renal embolus. Ischemia of the tumour and less rapid growth may then be excluded.", "contents": "[Catheter embolisation of renal tumours (author's transl)]. Arterial embolisation of renal tumours with foreign particles is described. This involves occlusion of the arteries supplying the tumour through a catheter introduced by the trans-femoral route. Pre-operative and therapeutic embolisation should be distinguished. During pre-operative embolisation, the kidney should be totally occluded by the foreign  particles in order to obtain a bloodless operation zone and in order to avoid the much feared production of tumour emboli. Because of the clinical consequences of renal artery emboli, this procedure should be carried out immediately before the operation. During therapeutic embolisation, which is not followed by an operation, only those vessels supplying the tumour should be occluded in order to avoid the complications of a renal embolus. Ischemia of the tumour and less rapid growth may then be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:131066", "title": "[The value of pneumomyelography in the investigation of the terminal theca (author's transl)].", "content": "Three hundred lumbar air myelograms were selected from a total of 1,500 examinations and their results analysed. The method described in this paper provides significantly more information than conventional myelograms. In the opinion of the author, lumbar air myelography can replace iodinated oils and esters in the diagnosis of disc prolapse, since its accuracy is not significantly inferior. Because of its lack of toxicity it is to be preferred.", "contents": "[The value of pneumomyelography in the investigation of the terminal theca (author's transl)]. Three hundred lumbar air myelograms were selected from a total of 1,500 examinations and their results analysed. The method described in this paper provides significantly more information than conventional myelograms. In the opinion of the author, lumbar air myelography can replace iodinated oils and esters in the diagnosis of disc prolapse, since its accuracy is not significantly inferior. Because of its lack of toxicity it is to be preferred."}
{"id": "PMID:131067", "title": "[The widened \"empty\" internal auditory meatus. A new differential diagnosis of the small acousticus neurinoma].", "content": "Six patients with symptoms suggestive of acoustic neuromas showed a wided, contrastfilled internal auditory meatus during positive contrast meatography on tomographic cuts. These results suggest that widening of the internal auditory meatus may not always be due to a space-occupying lesion. The explanation for these findings is not known. No comparable findings have been published in the relevant literature. Surgical intervention, which is frequently harmful and carried out because of a misdiagnosed acoustic neuroma can only be avoided by carrying out cisternography with positive contrast materials and tomography in the Stenvers' and Sch\u00fcller projection.", "contents": "[The widened \"empty\" internal auditory meatus. A new differential diagnosis of the small acousticus neurinoma]. Six patients with symptoms suggestive of acoustic neuromas showed a wided, contrastfilled internal auditory meatus during positive contrast meatography on tomographic cuts. These results suggest that widening of the internal auditory meatus may not always be due to a space-occupying lesion. The explanation for these findings is not known. No comparable findings have been published in the relevant literature. Surgical intervention, which is frequently harmful and carried out because of a misdiagnosed acoustic neuroma can only be avoided by carrying out cisternography with positive contrast materials and tomography in the Stenvers' and Sch\u00fcller projection."}
{"id": "PMID:131068", "title": "[Hyperostosis triangularis ilii -- a sacro-iliac stress phenomenon Part. 2 (Incidence, prognosis, pathogenesis, aetiology, tracer studies, differential diagnosis) (author's transl)].", "content": "The anterior iliac margin adjacent to the sacro-iliac joint contains a physiological zone of hyperostosis. Its shape is that of a triangular pyramid. Because of its small size, it is radiological invisible, but is nevertheless an indication of the presence of normal stresses passing from the mass of the trunk to the lower extremities. If for any reason, such as is described in this paper, the stresses on the hyperostosis zone are increased, the latter becomes enlarged, while still keeping its shape. It then appears on the radiograph as hyperostosis triangularis ilii. In approximately 50% of cases there is a simultaneous but variable sacral hyperostosis. Observations on 40 patients, together with two autopsies and radionucleide investigations suggest that hyperostosis triangularis ilii represents a potentially reversible bone reaction of the physiological hyperostosis of the anterior iliac margin. The clinical differential diagnosis raised by the radiological finding of a \"triangular ilium hyperostosis\" is discussed.", "contents": "[Hyperostosis triangularis ilii -- a sacro-iliac stress phenomenon Part. 2 (Incidence, prognosis, pathogenesis, aetiology, tracer studies, differential diagnosis) (author's transl)]. The anterior iliac margin adjacent to the sacro-iliac joint contains a physiological zone of hyperostosis. Its shape is that of a triangular pyramid. Because of its small size, it is radiological invisible, but is nevertheless an indication of the presence of normal stresses passing from the mass of the trunk to the lower extremities. If for any reason, such as is described in this paper, the stresses on the hyperostosis zone are increased, the latter becomes enlarged, while still keeping its shape. It then appears on the radiograph as hyperostosis triangularis ilii. In approximately 50% of cases there is a simultaneous but variable sacral hyperostosis. Observations on 40 patients, together with two autopsies and radionucleide investigations suggest that hyperostosis triangularis ilii represents a potentially reversible bone reaction of the physiological hyperostosis of the anterior iliac margin. The clinical differential diagnosis raised by the radiological finding of a \"triangular ilium hyperostosis\" is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131069", "title": "[The inherent dynamics of radiological diagnosis and ways of controlling it].", "content": "The persistent increase in the number of radiological investigations, which has been going on for several decades, has been called its \"inherent dynamics\" by Rausch. An analysis of the figures has shown that it is due not only to increasing use on the part of doctors and hospitals, but is particularly the result of an increase in the number of examinations per patient. Suggestions for limiting the increase are discussed, particularly a more stringent control of the indications by the radiologists, prevention of repetitious examinations and avoidance of qualitatively unsatisfactory examinations.", "contents": "[The inherent dynamics of radiological diagnosis and ways of controlling it]. The persistent increase in the number of radiological investigations, which has been going on for several decades, has been called its \"inherent dynamics\" by Rausch. An analysis of the figures has shown that it is due not only to increasing use on the part of doctors and hospitals, but is particularly the result of an increase in the number of examinations per patient. Suggestions for limiting the increase are discussed, particularly a more stringent control of the indications by the radiologists, prevention of repetitious examinations and avoidance of qualitatively unsatisfactory examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:131070", "title": "[Genetic hazards in a technological age (author's transl)].", "content": "The maximal tolerable risk for mankind due to radiation and chemically induced mutations has been accepted as an increased mutation rate of 25%. A linear dose-effect relationship has been assumed and from the experimentally obtained mutation rate due to irradiation of mouse spermatogonia, the following risk factors were obtained: 1. The doubling dose for specific locus in the mouse is representative of recessive conditions. 2. The mutation rate depends on dose rate and fractionation of the irradiation. 3. The extrapolation factor for using these mammalial results in man is about 1.2. 4. The results of specific locus investigations are representative of all the mutation-types in a mouse that have been investigated. 5. Both sexes are similarly affected. On the above premises, a radiation dose of approximately 75 mrem per annum would increase the spontaneous mutation rate in man by about 9% per generation. The risk due to chemical mutagens should not exceed that due to radiation. Methods similar to those used for radiation risks are able to estimate the chemical risk to the population. The tolerable risk to the population from chemical mutagens depends partly on the radiation burden, but the extent of the chemical burden is unknown. This can only be estimated if the law provides for measurements of mutagenicity for drugs, food additives, biocydal agents and industrial chemicals. A risk analysis should be carried out for those chemo-mutagens which are essential. The chemical burden of all permitted mutagens should not exceed the spontaneous mutation rate by 10% per generation at the most. The human hereditory stock can be protected from irreparable damage only if one succeeds in establishing norms for the controlled use of chemical mutagens similar to the regulations which already exist for radiation protection.", "contents": "[Genetic hazards in a technological age (author's transl)]. The maximal tolerable risk for mankind due to radiation and chemically induced mutations has been accepted as an increased mutation rate of 25%. A linear dose-effect relationship has been assumed and from the experimentally obtained mutation rate due to irradiation of mouse spermatogonia, the following risk factors were obtained: 1. The doubling dose for specific locus in the mouse is representative of recessive conditions. 2. The mutation rate depends on dose rate and fractionation of the irradiation. 3. The extrapolation factor for using these mammalial results in man is about 1.2. 4. The results of specific locus investigations are representative of all the mutation-types in a mouse that have been investigated. 5. Both sexes are similarly affected. On the above premises, a radiation dose of approximately 75 mrem per annum would increase the spontaneous mutation rate in man by about 9% per generation. The risk due to chemical mutagens should not exceed that due to radiation. Methods similar to those used for radiation risks are able to estimate the chemical risk to the population. The tolerable risk to the population from chemical mutagens depends partly on the radiation burden, but the extent of the chemical burden is unknown. This can only be estimated if the law provides for measurements of mutagenicity for drugs, food additives, biocydal agents and industrial chemicals. A risk analysis should be carried out for those chemo-mutagens which are essential. The chemical burden of all permitted mutagens should not exceed the spontaneous mutation rate by 10% per generation at the most. The human hereditory stock can be protected from irreparable damage only if one succeeds in establishing norms for the controlled use of chemical mutagens similar to the regulations which already exist for radiation protection."}
{"id": "PMID:131071", "title": "[Value versus risk judgements in diagnostic radiology. Basic and practical considerations (author's transl)].", "content": "The author persues earlier considerations regarding a quantitative evaluation of the usefulness against risks of radiological examinations, with a detailed discussion of the radiological and diagnostic problems. The possibilities of accurately quantifying degrees of urgency are discussed in practical terms, particularly for new forms of investigation in widespread use. In addition to a consideration of the usefulness and risks based on days gained or lost in the life of the patient, it is suggested that the cost of the examination should also be borne in mind. A model is illustrated by a number of examples. Finally, certain psychological problems are outlined which are concerned with the valuation and use of protective measures and with subjective estimates of risks involved.", "contents": "[Value versus risk judgements in diagnostic radiology. Basic and practical considerations (author's transl)]. The author persues earlier considerations regarding a quantitative evaluation of the usefulness against risks of radiological examinations, with a detailed discussion of the radiological and diagnostic problems. The possibilities of accurately quantifying degrees of urgency are discussed in practical terms, particularly for new forms of investigation in widespread use. In addition to a consideration of the usefulness and risks based on days gained or lost in the life of the patient, it is suggested that the cost of the examination should also be borne in mind. A model is illustrated by a number of examples. Finally, certain psychological problems are outlined which are concerned with the valuation and use of protective measures and with subjective estimates of risks involved."}
{"id": "PMID:131072", "title": "[Biomedical use and dosimetry of pions of the sin 590 MeV isochrone cyclotrone. VII. Radiation therapy using negative pions (author's transl)].", "content": "The scheme of radiation of Schumacher for high energy electrons is investigated. In it 3 high individual doses are given at first. In the second phase which follows immediately, weekly single doses of 500 rad are given until the tumor is completely destroyed. Reoxygenation and transformation of anoxic cells are important here for the number of surviving tumor cells but unfortunately still rather unknown. This uncertainty can be removed with the Pion therapy in which transformation does not take a large part. About 10 single doses of negative pions of 150-200 rad should be clearly superior to 5000 rad electron doses (D1 = 500 rad) and should not exceed the limits of tolerance with a weekly treatment. Finally the importance of contamination with electrons of the pionrays is examined. Exact measurement of this contamination is necessary.", "contents": "[Biomedical use and dosimetry of pions of the sin 590 MeV isochrone cyclotrone. VII. Radiation therapy using negative pions (author's transl)]. The scheme of radiation of Schumacher for high energy electrons is investigated. In it 3 high individual doses are given at first. In the second phase which follows immediately, weekly single doses of 500 rad are given until the tumor is completely destroyed. Reoxygenation and transformation of anoxic cells are important here for the number of surviving tumor cells but unfortunately still rather unknown. This uncertainty can be removed with the Pion therapy in which transformation does not take a large part. About 10 single doses of negative pions of 150-200 rad should be clearly superior to 5000 rad electron doses (D1 = 500 rad) and should not exceed the limits of tolerance with a weekly treatment. Finally the importance of contamination with electrons of the pionrays is examined. Exact measurement of this contamination is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:131077", "title": "[Noninvasive demonstration of wall movement and stroke volume distribution of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "A noninvasive technique, i.e., the intravenous injection of a bolus of 99mTc, allows one to visualize the wall motion and the stroke volume distribution of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction. Thus, in the first weeks after infarction, it is possible 1) to answer the question of the function of the involved wall segment, 2) to detect early complications, 3) to follow-up the course 4) to estimate the patient's functional status for treatment more accurately and 5) to control the result of treatment. Furthermore, one can calculate the ejection fraction, demonstrate other zones of reduced systolic function and evaluate the degree of congestion in the lung and involvement of the right ventricle. The study is based on 42 examinations in 35 patients with proven myocardial infarction. Only three patients presented normal systolic wall motion. In the remaining 32 patients there was hypokinesia of the infarcted segment partly combined with some temporary dyskinesia during ventricular contraction or with localized akinesia. Three patients had an aneurysm, two a ventricular septal defect and 19 some degree of mitral reflux, in seven congestive heart failure was present. Certain technical requirements are essential for this noninvasive technique. They are discussed in detail. Examples of wall motion and stroke volume distribution of a normal left ventricle, anterior and posterior infarction and an aneurysm are illustrated.", "contents": "[Noninvasive demonstration of wall movement and stroke volume distribution of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. A noninvasive technique, i.e., the intravenous injection of a bolus of 99mTc, allows one to visualize the wall motion and the stroke volume distribution of the left ventricle after myocardial infarction. Thus, in the first weeks after infarction, it is possible 1) to answer the question of the function of the involved wall segment, 2) to detect early complications, 3) to follow-up the course 4) to estimate the patient's functional status for treatment more accurately and 5) to control the result of treatment. Furthermore, one can calculate the ejection fraction, demonstrate other zones of reduced systolic function and evaluate the degree of congestion in the lung and involvement of the right ventricle. The study is based on 42 examinations in 35 patients with proven myocardial infarction. Only three patients presented normal systolic wall motion. In the remaining 32 patients there was hypokinesia of the infarcted segment partly combined with some temporary dyskinesia during ventricular contraction or with localized akinesia. Three patients had an aneurysm, two a ventricular septal defect and 19 some degree of mitral reflux, in seven congestive heart failure was present. Certain technical requirements are essential for this noninvasive technique. They are discussed in detail. Examples of wall motion and stroke volume distribution of a normal left ventricle, anterior and posterior infarction and an aneurysm are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:131078", "title": "[Clinical and experimental investigations with 201tl for noninvasive myocardial scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "The biological distribution of 201Tl after intravenous injection was studied experimentally in 42 rats. It was found (see figure 1) that the kidneys showed the greatest affinity for 201Th, reaching an activity concentration of 6.6% per gramme of tissue, almost independently of time. Within the first 30 minutes of injection, myocardial activity exceeds that of the surrounding structures (10 min. p.i.: 4.24%/g; 30 min. p.i.: 2.58%/g). During this time the myocardium can be well demonstrated by \"image processing\". The relatively fast myocardial kinetics of 201Tl (half value time 33 minutes) make it necessary, strictly speaking, to use a scintillation camera. The clinical value of this method is illustrated by a number of case histories.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental investigations with 201tl for noninvasive myocardial scintigraphy (author's transl)]. The biological distribution of 201Tl after intravenous injection was studied experimentally in 42 rats. It was found (see figure 1) that the kidneys showed the greatest affinity for 201Th, reaching an activity concentration of 6.6% per gramme of tissue, almost independently of time. Within the first 30 minutes of injection, myocardial activity exceeds that of the surrounding structures (10 min. p.i.: 4.24%/g; 30 min. p.i.: 2.58%/g). During this time the myocardium can be well demonstrated by \"image processing\". The relatively fast myocardial kinetics of 201Tl (half value time 33 minutes) make it necessary, strictly speaking, to use a scintillation camera. The clinical value of this method is illustrated by a number of case histories."}
{"id": "PMID:131079", "title": "[The reliability of myocardial scintigraphy with thallium201, A comparison with lacvocardiography and perfusion scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "Eighteen patients were investigated by laevocardiography, perfusion scintigraphy and with a 201thallium scan. In four patients with normal contractility of the left ventricle, normal uptake of 202thalium was found in every patient. Hypokinesia of the anterior wall or apex of the ventricle showed normal uptake on the 201thallium scintigram in four out of five patients. It follows that it is not usually possible to diagnose hypokinetic mural portions on 201thallium scintigrams without quantitative analysis. Our experience up to date with areas of akinesia has shown that it is possible to demonstrate areas of scarring (as negative contrast) in seven out of nine cases.", "contents": "[The reliability of myocardial scintigraphy with thallium201, A comparison with lacvocardiography and perfusion scintigraphy (author's transl)]. Eighteen patients were investigated by laevocardiography, perfusion scintigraphy and with a 201thallium scan. In four patients with normal contractility of the left ventricle, normal uptake of 202thalium was found in every patient. Hypokinesia of the anterior wall or apex of the ventricle showed normal uptake on the 201thallium scintigram in four out of five patients. It follows that it is not usually possible to diagnose hypokinetic mural portions on 201thallium scintigrams without quantitative analysis. Our experience up to date with areas of akinesia has shown that it is possible to demonstrate areas of scarring (as negative contrast) in seven out of nine cases."}
{"id": "PMID:131080", "title": "[Cinematographic and clinical findings from simultaneous two-plane coronary angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Simultaneous cine-angiographic examination of the coronary arteries in two planes is now possible, due to technical advances, without losing any of the information that may be obtained by a single-plane technique. This method shortens the examination, reduces the radiation dose when compared with a large film technique and significantly reduces the risk to the patient. Our experience in 67 examinations is recorded.", "contents": "[Cinematographic and clinical findings from simultaneous two-plane coronary angiography (author's transl)]. Simultaneous cine-angiographic examination of the coronary arteries in two planes is now possible, due to technical advances, without losing any of the information that may be obtained by a single-plane technique. This method shortens the examination, reduces the radiation dose when compared with a large film technique and significantly reduces the risk to the patient. Our experience in 67 examinations is recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:131081", "title": "[The effectiveness of vasopressors and vasodilators for pharmaco-dynamic renal angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "9,450 radiographs of 355 patients were analysed in order to determine the diagnostic values of pharmaco-dynamic renal angiography. In each case renal angiography was performed by a conventional techinique as the basis for a clinical experimental study of the effectiveness of a-renergic and cholinergic drugs. The comparison showed unequivocally that pharmacodynamic methods may increase the value of renal angiography. Vasopressors alter the pressure gradient during the arterial phase and improve filling of neovascular areas, which are themselves unreactive. The value of the vasodilators depends on the increased contrast values during the parenchymatous and venous phases of the angiogram. In this way structural changes in tne renal parenchyma and pathological changes in the veins can be emphasised. The value of adrenergic drugs consists in increasing the vascular supply to various tumours, focal inflammatory disease and renal contusion, whereas cholinergic drugs are suitable for improving the demonstration of parenchymal lesions, such as tumours, cysts, abscesses, tuberculomas and localised renal trauma. The results indicate clearly that pharmaco-dynamic methods represent an integral part of renal angiography.", "contents": "[The effectiveness of vasopressors and vasodilators for pharmaco-dynamic renal angiography (author's transl)]. 9,450 radiographs of 355 patients were analysed in order to determine the diagnostic values of pharmaco-dynamic renal angiography. In each case renal angiography was performed by a conventional techinique as the basis for a clinical experimental study of the effectiveness of a-renergic and cholinergic drugs. The comparison showed unequivocally that pharmacodynamic methods may increase the value of renal angiography. Vasopressors alter the pressure gradient during the arterial phase and improve filling of neovascular areas, which are themselves unreactive. The value of the vasodilators depends on the increased contrast values during the parenchymatous and venous phases of the angiogram. In this way structural changes in tne renal parenchyma and pathological changes in the veins can be emphasised. The value of adrenergic drugs consists in increasing the vascular supply to various tumours, focal inflammatory disease and renal contusion, whereas cholinergic drugs are suitable for improving the demonstration of parenchymal lesions, such as tumours, cysts, abscesses, tuberculomas and localised renal trauma. The results indicate clearly that pharmaco-dynamic methods represent an integral part of renal angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:131082", "title": "[Undersirable pharmaco-angiographic effects of adrenaline in malignant renal tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have twice observed undesirable effects of adrenaline during the demonstration of malignant renal tumours. Following adrenaline there was less flow of contrast medium into the tumour vessels than during angiography without the drug. In their opinion, this is due to the fact that constriction of the inter-lobar arteries occludes the vessels supplying the tumour, and that in some cases the new-formed vessels react strongly to adrenaline. In a third case, the tumour vessels reacted much more strikingly to adrenaline than would have been expected from previous experience. They therefore doubt whether pharmaco-angiography with adrenaline is always indicated for demonstrating malignant renal tumours; adrenaline may be expected to produce a positive result only in these cases in which there is a central origin of the artery supplying the tumour. They therefore suggest a change to some other, more suitable drug.", "contents": "[Undersirable pharmaco-angiographic effects of adrenaline in malignant renal tumours (author's transl)]. The authors have twice observed undesirable effects of adrenaline during the demonstration of malignant renal tumours. Following adrenaline there was less flow of contrast medium into the tumour vessels than during angiography without the drug. In their opinion, this is due to the fact that constriction of the inter-lobar arteries occludes the vessels supplying the tumour, and that in some cases the new-formed vessels react strongly to adrenaline. In a third case, the tumour vessels reacted much more strikingly to adrenaline than would have been expected from previous experience. They therefore doubt whether pharmaco-angiography with adrenaline is always indicated for demonstrating malignant renal tumours; adrenaline may be expected to produce a positive result only in these cases in which there is a central origin of the artery supplying the tumour. They therefore suggest a change to some other, more suitable drug."}
{"id": "PMID:131083", "title": "[Catheter embolisation of metastasising renal carcinomas using butyle-2-cyano-acrylate (author's trabsl)].", "content": "Embolisation with butyle-2-cyano-acrylate was carried out in four inoperable renal carcinomas. By mixing this tissue adhesive with 50% glucose it remains suitable for embolisation for eight to ten minutes. Contact with blood produces the desired effect of immediate and permanent vascular occlusion. Since the material adheres to the vessel wall, it is not carried to any other vascular areas. No complications due to this material have been observed.", "contents": "[Catheter embolisation of metastasising renal carcinomas using butyle-2-cyano-acrylate (author's trabsl)]. Embolisation with butyle-2-cyano-acrylate was carried out in four inoperable renal carcinomas. By mixing this tissue adhesive with 50% glucose it remains suitable for embolisation for eight to ten minutes. Contact with blood produces the desired effect of immediate and permanent vascular occlusion. Since the material adheres to the vessel wall, it is not carried to any other vascular areas. No complications due to this material have been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:131084", "title": "[Supra-renal venography in patients with suspected endocrine hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "In forty patients suspected clinically of having an endocrine cause for hypertension, an adrenal cortical adenoma was confirmed histologically in five. Hyperaldosteronism with enlarged or normal adrenals was demonstrated in three patients. The diagnosis in a further eight patients with an abnormal hormone pattern and/or an abnormal venogram has not yet been confirmed. Adrenal glands show considerable variation in their size, shape and localisation on venography.", "contents": "[Supra-renal venography in patients with suspected endocrine hypertension (author's transl)]. In forty patients suspected clinically of having an endocrine cause for hypertension, an adrenal cortical adenoma was confirmed histologically in five. Hyperaldosteronism with enlarged or normal adrenals was demonstrated in three patients. The diagnosis in a further eight patients with an abnormal hormone pattern and/or an abnormal venogram has not yet been confirmed. Adrenal glands show considerable variation in their size, shape and localisation on venography."}
{"id": "PMID:131085", "title": "[Coeliac angiography with high contrast flow rates (author's transl)].", "content": "The coeliac axis can be reliably catherised, using a catheter with a double curve; this can be advanced into the hepatic artery to assume a stable position. The advantages of this catheter can also be utilised by making several side holes and leaving the tip in the coeliac trunk. The side holes permit even filling of all branches of the trunk and because of the stable position, contrast can be introduced at a rate approximating blood flow. The method is easily performed, with excellent results.", "contents": "[Coeliac angiography with high contrast flow rates (author's transl)]. The coeliac axis can be reliably catherised, using a catheter with a double curve; this can be advanced into the hepatic artery to assume a stable position. The advantages of this catheter can also be utilised by making several side holes and leaving the tip in the coeliac trunk. The side holes permit even filling of all branches of the trunk and because of the stable position, contrast can be introduced at a rate approximating blood flow. The method is easily performed, with excellent results."}
{"id": "PMID:131086", "title": "[The angiographic demonstration of the arterial component of large meningiomas in the cerebral cortex and medulla (author's transl)].", "content": "The arterial architecture of large meningiomas were studied in the cerebral cortex of medulla by selective arteriography of internal and external carotid arteries, or the common care in 12 patients. The findings were compared with operative observations (or in one case with the autopsy result), and were related to the histological and pathological findings. The origin of the supplying vessel was found to be significant in the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[The angiographic demonstration of the arterial component of large meningiomas in the cerebral cortex and medulla (author's transl)]. The arterial architecture of large meningiomas were studied in the cerebral cortex of medulla by selective arteriography of internal and external carotid arteries, or the common care in 12 patients. The findings were compared with operative observations (or in one case with the autopsy result), and were related to the histological and pathological findings. The origin of the supplying vessel was found to be significant in the differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:131087", "title": "[A rare anomaly of cerebral vessels (Unilateral aplasia of the internal carotid artery, persistent hypoglossal artery) (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of unilateral aplasta of the internal carotid artery is described, and another of a persistent hypoblossal artery. The embryological basis of carotid aplasia and the diagnostic criteria of a persistent hypoglossal artery are discussed.", "contents": "[A rare anomaly of cerebral vessels (Unilateral aplasia of the internal carotid artery, persistent hypoglossal artery) (author's transl)]. A case of unilateral aplasta of the internal carotid artery is described, and another of a persistent hypoblossal artery. The embryological basis of carotid aplasia and the diagnostic criteria of a persistent hypoglossal artery are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131088", "title": "[An unusual cerebral arteriovenous malformation (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare, extensive arterio-venous fistula with cardiac enlargement was found in an infant. Numerous branches from the internal and external carotid artery were disposed in a stellate manner to form a large central vessel, probably corresponding to the inferior sagittal sinus. The brain was grossly abnormal. The embryology, clinical features and diagnoses are discussed.", "contents": "[An unusual cerebral arteriovenous malformation (author's transl)]. A rare, extensive arterio-venous fistula with cardiac enlargement was found in an infant. Numerous branches from the internal and external carotid artery were disposed in a stellate manner to form a large central vessel, probably corresponding to the inferior sagittal sinus. The brain was grossly abnormal. The embryology, clinical features and diagnoses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131089", "title": "[Atypical termination of the vertebral artery and of the inferior posterior cerebellar artery (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare varient in the termination of the vertebral artery is described associated with a low origin of an unpaired inferior posterior cerebellar artery lying between C. 1 and C. 2. This is illustrated radiographically. An attempt is made to explain this radiologically and to classify it. Possible clinical significant of this anomaly, particularly in relation to subarachnoid haemorrhage, is discussed.", "contents": "[Atypical termination of the vertebral artery and of the inferior posterior cerebellar artery (author's transl)]. A rare varient in the termination of the vertebral artery is described associated with a low origin of an unpaired inferior posterior cerebellar artery lying between C. 1 and C. 2. This is illustrated radiographically. An attempt is made to explain this radiologically and to classify it. Possible clinical significant of this anomaly, particularly in relation to subarachnoid haemorrhage, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131090", "title": "[FMD-manifestation and clinical findings (author's transl)].", "content": "FMD, angiographically demonstrated as a string of beads is descripted in etiology, manifestation, clinical findings, proceeding and therapy. Nine cases under 500 unselected cerebral angiograms are reported which means 1.8% of all angiograms we have performed. Another hypothesis to etiology is given.", "contents": "[FMD-manifestation and clinical findings (author's transl)]. FMD, angiographically demonstrated as a string of beads is descripted in etiology, manifestation, clinical findings, proceeding and therapy. Nine cases under 500 unselected cerebral angiograms are reported which means 1.8% of all angiograms we have performed. Another hypothesis to etiology is given."}
{"id": "PMID:131091", "title": "[Radiogenic carotid stenosis. The problem of radiation induced arterio-sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Amongst late radiation damage, lesions of the cerebral arteries are relatively rare. The relationship between the radiation and arterio-sclerosis is discussed in connection with a 63-year old female patient with an atheromatous carotid stenosis; at the age of 5 years she received high dose rate radiation for cervical node tuberculosis. From animal experiments and an increasing number of human observations, it is concluded that radiation may be a predisposing and accelerating local factor in the formation of arterio-sclerosis. Amongst the recognised cases of radiogenic carotid stenosis or occlusion, the latent period averages 30 (9-57) years.", "contents": "[Radiogenic carotid stenosis. The problem of radiation induced arterio-sclerosis (author's transl)]. Amongst late radiation damage, lesions of the cerebral arteries are relatively rare. The relationship between the radiation and arterio-sclerosis is discussed in connection with a 63-year old female patient with an atheromatous carotid stenosis; at the age of 5 years she received high dose rate radiation for cervical node tuberculosis. From animal experiments and an increasing number of human observations, it is concluded that radiation may be a predisposing and accelerating local factor in the formation of arterio-sclerosis. Amongst the recognised cases of radiogenic carotid stenosis or occlusion, the latent period averages 30 (9-57) years."}
{"id": "PMID:131092", "title": "[The value of intensifier photopneumopelvigraphy in the diagnosis of gynaecological diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic value of gas contrast examinations of the female genital organs, using a 70 mm. intensifier technique, was evaluated in 625 examinations. Its advantages, particularly with respect to radiation dosage, as well as its disadvantages, are discussed. Photopneumopelvigraphy is recommended for routine use.", "contents": "[The value of intensifier photopneumopelvigraphy in the diagnosis of gynaecological diseases (author's transl)]. The diagnostic value of gas contrast examinations of the female genital organs, using a 70 mm. intensifier technique, was evaluated in 625 examinations. Its advantages, particularly with respect to radiation dosage, as well as its disadvantages, are discussed. Photopneumopelvigraphy is recommended for routine use."}
{"id": "PMID:131093", "title": "[The accuracy of placental scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 150 placental  scans are reported, using 99mTc erythrocytes, 113mIn gelatine and 113mIn tranferrin. Accuracy was checked at surgery and compared with ultra sound findings. In 62% of patients, the indications for placental scintigraphy was suspicion of placenta praevia because of bleeding in late pregnancy. In 38% placental localisation was performed for amniocentesis for Rh incompatibility. Localisation of the placenta was accomplished in 98.6% by scanning and in 95% by ultra sound. Accuracy of scanning was 94% and ultra sound 70%. Placental scanning is at present the most accurate method for a placental localisation and should therefore be used when an accurate diagnosis cannot be achieved by other techniques.", "contents": "[The accuracy of placental scintigraphy (author's transl)]. The results of 150 placental  scans are reported, using 99mTc erythrocytes, 113mIn gelatine and 113mIn tranferrin. Accuracy was checked at surgery and compared with ultra sound findings. In 62% of patients, the indications for placental scintigraphy was suspicion of placenta praevia because of bleeding in late pregnancy. In 38% placental localisation was performed for amniocentesis for Rh incompatibility. Localisation of the placenta was accomplished in 98.6% by scanning and in 95% by ultra sound. Accuracy of scanning was 94% and ultra sound 70%. Placental scanning is at present the most accurate method for a placental localisation and should therefore be used when an accurate diagnosis cannot be achieved by other techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:131094", "title": "[A comparison of isotope nephrographic examinations during pregnancy and hormonal contraception (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal function was investigated by isotope nephrography in 31 pregnant women with normal kidneys during various phases of pregnancy, and in 137 women on continuous contraceptive steroids (up to eight years). The semi-quantitative parameters of zum Winkel were used. It was found that the use of oral contraceptives did not lead to any change in renal function, whereas with advancing pregnancy there was distinct excretion delay on the isotope nephrogram. The results are discussed in the light of the relevant literature. Isotope nephrography appears to be a satisfactory screening test for evaluation of renal function on each side.", "contents": "[A comparison of isotope nephrographic examinations during pregnancy and hormonal contraception (author's transl)]. Renal function was investigated by isotope nephrography in 31 pregnant women with normal kidneys during various phases of pregnancy, and in 137 women on continuous contraceptive steroids (up to eight years). The semi-quantitative parameters of zum Winkel were used. It was found that the use of oral contraceptives did not lead to any change in renal function, whereas with advancing pregnancy there was distinct excretion delay on the isotope nephrogram. The results are discussed in the light of the relevant literature. Isotope nephrography appears to be a satisfactory screening test for evaluation of renal function on each side."}
{"id": "PMID:131095", "title": "[Bacteriological investigations in radiological clinic (radiographic apparatus, rooms and personnel) (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of X-ray departments as a potential source of infection with hospital organisms was investigated by examining a number of radiographic rooms and comparing these with two private dwellings. It was found that there was a higher incidence of organisms than in private homes, but this was considerably less than on wards. Particularly high numbers of organisms, including pathogenic ones, were found on radiographic apparatus which was inaccessible, and on sponge pillows. Regular disinfection reduced the number of organisms almost to the level of an operating theatre. A visit to the X-ray department does not present a significant risk of infection; nevertheless, hygiene can be markedly improved by appropriate changes in the rooms and by carrying out methods of disinfection.", "contents": "[Bacteriological investigations in radiological clinic (radiographic apparatus, rooms and personnel) (author's transl)]. The importance of X-ray departments as a potential source of infection with hospital organisms was investigated by examining a number of radiographic rooms and comparing these with two private dwellings. It was found that there was a higher incidence of organisms than in private homes, but this was considerably less than on wards. Particularly high numbers of organisms, including pathogenic ones, were found on radiographic apparatus which was inaccessible, and on sponge pillows. Regular disinfection reduced the number of organisms almost to the level of an operating theatre. A visit to the X-ray department does not present a significant risk of infection; nevertheless, hygiene can be markedly improved by appropriate changes in the rooms and by carrying out methods of disinfection."}
{"id": "PMID:131101", "title": "[Focal liver diseases--laparoscopic aspects].", "content": "A survey of the laparoscopic findings in such important focal diseases of the liver as metastasis, tumours, cysts and abscesses is given. Among the granulomatous changes, sarcoidosis, lymphogranulomatosis, tuberculosis and reticulosis deserve special attention. Definitive differentiation is, as a rule, only possible after carrying out a histological examination. In numerous infectious diseases, small granulomatous changes can be observed in conjunction with a so-called reactive hepatitis. Industrial noxae (e.g. beryllium, asbestos, silicates, and others) can also induce granulomatosis.", "contents": "[Focal liver diseases--laparoscopic aspects]. A survey of the laparoscopic findings in such important focal diseases of the liver as metastasis, tumours, cysts and abscesses is given. Among the granulomatous changes, sarcoidosis, lymphogranulomatosis, tuberculosis and reticulosis deserve special attention. Definitive differentiation is, as a rule, only possible after carrying out a histological examination. In numerous infectious diseases, small granulomatous changes can be observed in conjunction with a so-called reactive hepatitis. Industrial noxae (e.g. beryllium, asbestos, silicates, and others) can also induce granulomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:131102", "title": "[Failures and hazards of surgical laparoscopy].", "content": "During the filling up of the pneumoperitoneum the needle can be put in the wrong direction and so blood vessels , intestinum or adhesions might be punctured. According to the authors procedure the abdominal wall is grasped by one hand or an instrument. This way the umbilicus is placed in the best position for the puncture with the Verresneedle or the trocar. Pulling with the left hand vertically the direction of the needle or trocar consequently will be parallel to the vertebral column. With this procedure, lesions of intestinum or vessels are practically impossible. In more than 4000 personally performed laparoscopies the author never saw adhesions in the region of the umbilicus except in two cases of cancer patients. If the intestinum is adherent to the umbilicus, as in the case of ileus, surgical measures are necessary.", "contents": "[Failures and hazards of surgical laparoscopy]. During the filling up of the pneumoperitoneum the needle can be put in the wrong direction and so blood vessels , intestinum or adhesions might be punctured. According to the authors procedure the abdominal wall is grasped by one hand or an instrument. This way the umbilicus is placed in the best position for the puncture with the Verresneedle or the trocar. Pulling with the left hand vertically the direction of the needle or trocar consequently will be parallel to the vertebral column. With this procedure, lesions of intestinum or vessels are practically impossible. In more than 4000 personally performed laparoscopies the author never saw adhesions in the region of the umbilicus except in two cases of cancer patients. If the intestinum is adherent to the umbilicus, as in the case of ileus, surgical measures are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:131103", "title": "Islet transplantation in experimental diabetes of the rat. IV. The influence of transplantation site and of histocompatibility on islet function.", "content": "Experimental islet transplantations in pancreatectomized and streptozotocin-treated diabetic allogeneic and partially inbred rats are considered with respect to transplantation site and immunological factors responsible for survival. It could be shown that transplantation into the liver and into the lung in both systems (allogeneic and partially inbred) was accompanied by longer survival of the islets compared with the following regions: subcutaneous tissue, muscle, epididymal fat tissue, peritoneal cavity. This indicates that not only immunological but also factors of blood supply (oxygen consumption?)play a role in the survival of the grafts. - The success of transplantation depends mainly on histocompatibility. Partially inbred rats showed significantly longer survival of islets than non-inbred rats. The studies of other groups using similar experimental models are reviewed.", "contents": "Islet transplantation in experimental diabetes of the rat. IV. The influence of transplantation site and of histocompatibility on islet function. Experimental islet transplantations in pancreatectomized and streptozotocin-treated diabetic allogeneic and partially inbred rats are considered with respect to transplantation site and immunological factors responsible for survival. It could be shown that transplantation into the liver and into the lung in both systems (allogeneic and partially inbred) was accompanied by longer survival of the islets compared with the following regions: subcutaneous tissue, muscle, epididymal fat tissue, peritoneal cavity. This indicates that not only immunological but also factors of blood supply (oxygen consumption?)play a role in the survival of the grafts. - The success of transplantation depends mainly on histocompatibility. Partially inbred rats showed significantly longer survival of islets than non-inbred rats. The studies of other groups using similar experimental models are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:131104", "title": "Origin of the extra chromosome no. 21 in Down's syndrome.", "content": "Eighteen of 38 examined families with children with Down's syndrome showed polymorphisms of chromosome 21 elucidating the origin of the extra chromosome 21. Maternal origin was found in 10 cases and paternal origin in 8 cases. In both sexes errors occurred both in the first and in the second meiotic division.", "contents": "Origin of the extra chromosome no. 21 in Down's syndrome. Eighteen of 38 examined families with children with Down's syndrome showed polymorphisms of chromosome 21 elucidating the origin of the extra chromosome 21. Maternal origin was found in 10 cases and paternal origin in 8 cases. In both sexes errors occurred both in the first and in the second meiotic division."}
{"id": "PMID:131105", "title": "Maternal and paternal origin of extra chromosome in trisomy 21.", "content": "Fluorescence markers were studied in 40 patients with Down's syndrome and their parents. In 11 cases maternal and in 5 cases paternal non-disjunction could be shown. The disjunctional event occurred in the first meiotic division in 5 maternal and in 2 paternal cases. A second division failure was found in 4 maternal and 2 paternal cases. In 3 cases the failure could either be of first or second meiotic division origin.", "contents": "Maternal and paternal origin of extra chromosome in trisomy 21. Fluorescence markers were studied in 40 patients with Down's syndrome and their parents. In 11 cases maternal and in 5 cases paternal non-disjunction could be shown. The disjunctional event occurred in the first meiotic division in 5 maternal and in 2 paternal cases. A second division failure was found in 4 maternal and 2 paternal cases. In 3 cases the failure could either be of first or second meiotic division origin."}
{"id": "PMID:131106", "title": "Antigen in immune complex nephritis. V. Recovery and identification by gel precipitation.", "content": "A procedure is described for detection of antibodies and antigens in 'immune complex' nephritis. Kidney tissue is minced, washed and sealed in a well of an agarose or agar plate. Separation of immune complexes is achieved by electrophoresis at 56 degrees. Afterwards, antibody is readily detected in reaction with a proper anti-IgG serum. Antigen is identified by its corresponding antibody, the reaction with which is, in some instances, strengthened by counterimmunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Antigen in immune complex nephritis. V. Recovery and identification by gel precipitation. A procedure is described for detection of antibodies and antigens in 'immune complex' nephritis. Kidney tissue is minced, washed and sealed in a well of an agarose or agar plate. Separation of immune complexes is achieved by electrophoresis at 56 degrees. Afterwards, antibody is readily detected in reaction with a proper anti-IgG serum. Antigen is identified by its corresponding antibody, the reaction with which is, in some instances, strengthened by counterimmunoelectrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:131108", "title": "Purification of group C streptococcal extracellular antigens detected with naturally occurring human antibodies: isolation of streptokinase and two previously undescribed antigens.", "content": "Twelve antigens were detected in crude group C streptococcal extracellular concentrates, using naturally occurring antibodies in normal human gamma globulin. These group C streptococcal antigens all appeared to be present in crude group A streptococcal extracellular concentrates, although the latter contained additional antigens reactive with the human antibodies. Systematic purification procedures were established for the isolation of the group C streptococcal antigens by a sequence of salting out, hydroxylapatite chromatography, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, and isoelectric focusing. With such procedures, three of the group C streptococcal antigens were isolated in a relatively pure state. One of the purified antigens was identified as streptokinase on the basis of its fibrinolytic potency, its reaction of identity with two purified streptokinase fractions obtained from other sources, and its high titer in immunodiffusion assays. The most highly purified streptokinase fractions, derived from the 0.1 M sodium phosphate hydroxylapatite eluate, revealed a plasmin-inhibiting effect at high concentrations of streptokinase. This was not seen in the purified streptokinase of equivalent functional and immunological purity that was derived from the 0.2 M sodium phosphate hydroxylapatite peak. Two other streptococcal antigens were also isolated to a high degree during the course of the above study. These were designated antigens X and Y and were found to be unrelated immunologically to each other or to streptokinase. Their isoelectric points were 6.7 and 8.8, respectively, and both were present in group A streptococcal concentrates. Esterase activity was found to be widely distributed in almost all of the fractions obtained in the various purification steps, indicating a high degree of heterogeneity of the streptococcal enzyme. Histochemical staining techniques applied to the immune precipitates formed with human antibodies indicated that none of the antigens detected in crude group C and group A streptococcal concentrates possessed catalase, glucuronidase, glucosaminidase, acid or alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, leucineaminopeptidase, or chymotrypsin enzymatic activities.", "contents": "Purification of group C streptococcal extracellular antigens detected with naturally occurring human antibodies: isolation of streptokinase and two previously undescribed antigens. Twelve antigens were detected in crude group C streptococcal extracellular concentrates, using naturally occurring antibodies in normal human gamma globulin. These group C streptococcal antigens all appeared to be present in crude group A streptococcal extracellular concentrates, although the latter contained additional antigens reactive with the human antibodies. Systematic purification procedures were established for the isolation of the group C streptococcal antigens by a sequence of salting out, hydroxylapatite chromatography, Sephadex G-100 gel filtration, and isoelectric focusing. With such procedures, three of the group C streptococcal antigens were isolated in a relatively pure state. One of the purified antigens was identified as streptokinase on the basis of its fibrinolytic potency, its reaction of identity with two purified streptokinase fractions obtained from other sources, and its high titer in immunodiffusion assays. The most highly purified streptokinase fractions, derived from the 0.1 M sodium phosphate hydroxylapatite eluate, revealed a plasmin-inhibiting effect at high concentrations of streptokinase. This was not seen in the purified streptokinase of equivalent functional and immunological purity that was derived from the 0.2 M sodium phosphate hydroxylapatite peak. Two other streptococcal antigens were also isolated to a high degree during the course of the above study. These were designated antigens X and Y and were found to be unrelated immunologically to each other or to streptokinase. Their isoelectric points were 6.7 and 8.8, respectively, and both were present in group A streptococcal concentrates. Esterase activity was found to be widely distributed in almost all of the fractions obtained in the various purification steps, indicating a high degree of heterogeneity of the streptococcal enzyme. Histochemical staining techniques applied to the immune precipitates formed with human antibodies indicated that none of the antigens detected in crude group C and group A streptococcal concentrates possessed catalase, glucuronidase, glucosaminidase, acid or alkaline phosphatase, arylsulfatase, leucineaminopeptidase, or chymotrypsin enzymatic activities."}
{"id": "PMID:131109", "title": "Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome: development of a primary binding assay for human antibody to the exfoliative toxin.", "content": "Exfoliative toxin (ET) from a phage group II Staphylococcus aureus strain causing staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome was purified by electrofocusing. Ampholytes and salts were removed from the final product by column chromatography on G-50 Sephadex. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of the final product yielded a single band upon gel electrophoresis, even when 60 mug of protein was placed in the gels. Radiolabeling of the purified toxin with 125I yielded a product that still caused exfoliation of suckling mice, indicating that the toxin was still biologically active. A radioimmunobinding assay was developed and used to test rabbit and human sera for antibodies to exfoliative toxin. Although the maximum percentage of binding was not as high as expected (approximately 40%), it was postulated that either iodination had not been sufficiently vigorous or the toxin had sustained immunological damage. The assay was reproducible and more sensitive than the existing neutralization method and readily applicable to the testing of human sera for exfoliative toxin antibodies.", "contents": "Staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome: development of a primary binding assay for human antibody to the exfoliative toxin. Exfoliative toxin (ET) from a phage group II Staphylococcus aureus strain causing staphylococcal scalded-skin syndrome was purified by electrofocusing. Ampholytes and salts were removed from the final product by column chromatography on G-50 Sephadex. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels of the final product yielded a single band upon gel electrophoresis, even when 60 mug of protein was placed in the gels. Radiolabeling of the purified toxin with 125I yielded a product that still caused exfoliation of suckling mice, indicating that the toxin was still biologically active. A radioimmunobinding assay was developed and used to test rabbit and human sera for antibodies to exfoliative toxin. Although the maximum percentage of binding was not as high as expected (approximately 40%), it was postulated that either iodination had not been sufficiently vigorous or the toxin had sustained immunological damage. The assay was reproducible and more sensitive than the existing neutralization method and readily applicable to the testing of human sera for exfoliative toxin antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:131114", "title": "Glutathione and lens epithelial function.", "content": "The relationship of the concentration of glutathione (GSH) in lens epithelium to the transport of cations in the lens was studied by decreasing the level of GSH in the epithelium and monitoring subsequent effects in the lens on the distribution of cations, the activity of Na+-K+ ATPase and the uptake and efflux of 86Rb. Oxidation of GSH in cultured rabbit lenses was accomplished by the use of 1 mM tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), a reagent which appears to be suitable for the specific oxidation of GSH in this tissue. The concentration of GSH found in the normal lens epithelium was estimated to be 64 mum per gram wet weight or nearly six times that present in the whole lens. A decrease in the concentration of GSH in lens epithelium of 60 per cent or more leads to an increase in hydration, a shift in the distribution of Na+, K+, and Cl-, a decrease in the activity of Na+-K+ ATPase, and a decrease in the active transport, and an increase in the passive diffusion of 86Rb. In the TBHP-treated lenses there is a rapid decrease in the production of lactate, possibly as a result of the inhibition of Na+-K+ ATPase, but the effect on the level of lens ATP is delayed and less pronounced. It appears that the adverse effect on membrane permeability caused by the oxidation of GSH is partially reversed when a high level of GSH returns to the epithelium. However, the decrease in active transport of 86Rb and the inactivation of Na+-K+ ATPase are not reversed by either regeneration of GSH in the tissue or by treatment with exogenous dithiothreitol and may indicate an irreversible conformational change in the enzyme initiated by the loss of the protective effect of GSH. The data indicate that a critical level of GSH is required in the lens epithelium for the maintenance of normal cation transport.", "contents": "Glutathione and lens epithelial function. The relationship of the concentration of glutathione (GSH) in lens epithelium to the transport of cations in the lens was studied by decreasing the level of GSH in the epithelium and monitoring subsequent effects in the lens on the distribution of cations, the activity of Na+-K+ ATPase and the uptake and efflux of 86Rb. Oxidation of GSH in cultured rabbit lenses was accomplished by the use of 1 mM tertiary butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP), a reagent which appears to be suitable for the specific oxidation of GSH in this tissue. The concentration of GSH found in the normal lens epithelium was estimated to be 64 mum per gram wet weight or nearly six times that present in the whole lens. A decrease in the concentration of GSH in lens epithelium of 60 per cent or more leads to an increase in hydration, a shift in the distribution of Na+, K+, and Cl-, a decrease in the activity of Na+-K+ ATPase, and a decrease in the active transport, and an increase in the passive diffusion of 86Rb. In the TBHP-treated lenses there is a rapid decrease in the production of lactate, possibly as a result of the inhibition of Na+-K+ ATPase, but the effect on the level of lens ATP is delayed and less pronounced. It appears that the adverse effect on membrane permeability caused by the oxidation of GSH is partially reversed when a high level of GSH returns to the epithelium. However, the decrease in active transport of 86Rb and the inactivation of Na+-K+ ATPase are not reversed by either regeneration of GSH in the tissue or by treatment with exogenous dithiothreitol and may indicate an irreversible conformational change in the enzyme initiated by the loss of the protective effect of GSH. The data indicate that a critical level of GSH is required in the lens epithelium for the maintenance of normal cation transport."}
{"id": "PMID:131115", "title": "Thymoxamine hydrochloride: effects on the facility of outflow and intraocular pressure.", "content": "Eleven subjects with normal eyes and sixteen subjects with open-angle glaucoma had a selective alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, thymoxamine hydrochloride 0.5 per cent eyedrop, applied to one of their eyes. This consistently produced miosis, but did not significantly alter the intraocular pressure or the tonographically determined facility of aqueous outflow. Because we find that thymoxamine can selectively induce miosis without significant accompanying effect on the ciliary muscle or facility of outflow, we expect that this drug may prove to be a useful diagnostic adjunct to gonioscopy in distinguishing between angle-closure glaucoma and open-angle glaucoma with narrow angle. It seems worthwhile proceeding with clinical evaluation of this possibility.", "contents": "Thymoxamine hydrochloride: effects on the facility of outflow and intraocular pressure. Eleven subjects with normal eyes and sixteen subjects with open-angle glaucoma had a selective alpha-adrenergic blocking agent, thymoxamine hydrochloride 0.5 per cent eyedrop, applied to one of their eyes. This consistently produced miosis, but did not significantly alter the intraocular pressure or the tonographically determined facility of aqueous outflow. Because we find that thymoxamine can selectively induce miosis without significant accompanying effect on the ciliary muscle or facility of outflow, we expect that this drug may prove to be a useful diagnostic adjunct to gonioscopy in distinguishing between angle-closure glaucoma and open-angle glaucoma with narrow angle. It seems worthwhile proceeding with clinical evaluation of this possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:131116", "title": "Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibacterial drugs in Ontario.", "content": "Observations on multiple resistance of 227 N. gonorrhoeae strains are presented in this paper. These strains were previously isolated from the urogenital area from patients who did not respond to antibacterial drug treatment. The above-mentioned strains were referred to our laboratory for confirmation and for susceptibility testing. All the N. gonorrhoeae strains showed resistance in vitro to penicillin concentrations between 0.5-2.0 i.u./mi. In addittion to penicillin resistance, 83.7% showed resistance to cephaloridine, 72.2% to kanamycin, 58.1% to spiramycin, 51.5% to erythromycin, 41.4% to sulphadiazine, 37.0% to tetracycline, 29.9% to ampicillin and 25.1% to spectinomycin.", "contents": "Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibacterial drugs in Ontario. Observations on multiple resistance of 227 N. gonorrhoeae strains are presented in this paper. These strains were previously isolated from the urogenital area from patients who did not respond to antibacterial drug treatment. The above-mentioned strains were referred to our laboratory for confirmation and for susceptibility testing. All the N. gonorrhoeae strains showed resistance in vitro to penicillin concentrations between 0.5-2.0 i.u./mi. In addittion to penicillin resistance, 83.7% showed resistance to cephaloridine, 72.2% to kanamycin, 58.1% to spiramycin, 51.5% to erythromycin, 41.4% to sulphadiazine, 37.0% to tetracycline, 29.9% to ampicillin and 25.1% to spectinomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:131119", "title": "Lysine catabolism in Rhizoctonia leguminicola and related fungi.", "content": "The catabolism of lysine was studied in several yeasts and fungi. Results with cell-free extracts of Rhizoctonia leguminicola support a proposed pathway involving (D- and L-) EPSILON-N-acetyllysine, alpha-keto-epsilon-acetamidohexanoic acid, delta-acetamidovaleric acid, and delta-aminovaleric acid in the conversion of L-lysine to shortchain organic acids. Label from radioactive L-lysine was found to accumulate in D- and L-epsilon-N-acetyllysine, delta-acetamidovaleric acid, delta-aminovaleric acid, and glutaric acid in cultures of R. leguminicola, Neurospora crassa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Hansenula saturnus, suggesting that the proposed omega-acetyl pathway of lysine catabolism is generalized among yeasts and fungi. In N. crassa, as is the case in R. leguminicola, the major precursor of L-pipecolic acid was the L-isomer of lysine; 15N experiments were consistent with delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylic acid as an intermediate in the transformation.", "contents": "Lysine catabolism in Rhizoctonia leguminicola and related fungi. The catabolism of lysine was studied in several yeasts and fungi. Results with cell-free extracts of Rhizoctonia leguminicola support a proposed pathway involving (D- and L-) EPSILON-N-acetyllysine, alpha-keto-epsilon-acetamidohexanoic acid, delta-acetamidovaleric acid, and delta-aminovaleric acid in the conversion of L-lysine to shortchain organic acids. Label from radioactive L-lysine was found to accumulate in D- and L-epsilon-N-acetyllysine, delta-acetamidovaleric acid, delta-aminovaleric acid, and glutaric acid in cultures of R. leguminicola, Neurospora crassa, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Hansenula saturnus, suggesting that the proposed omega-acetyl pathway of lysine catabolism is generalized among yeasts and fungi. In N. crassa, as is the case in R. leguminicola, the major precursor of L-pipecolic acid was the L-isomer of lysine; 15N experiments were consistent with delta1-piperideine-2-carboxylic acid as an intermediate in the transformation."}
{"id": "PMID:131120", "title": "Cyanide-resistant respiration of a Neurospora crassa membrane mutant.", "content": "Choline starvation of the Neurospora crassa chol-1 mutant leads to a decrease in respiration through the cytochrome chain and a concomitant induction of the alternate oxidase.", "contents": "Cyanide-resistant respiration of a Neurospora crassa membrane mutant. Choline starvation of the Neurospora crassa chol-1 mutant leads to a decrease in respiration through the cytochrome chain and a concomitant induction of the alternate oxidase."}
{"id": "PMID:131121", "title": "Siderophore protection against colicins M, B, V, and Ia in Escherichia coli.", "content": "A variety of natural and synthetic siderophores capable of supporting the growth of Escherichia coli K-12 on iron-limited media also protect strain RW193+ (tonA+ ent-) from the killing action of colicins B, V, and Ia. Protective activity falls into two categories. The first, characteristic of enterobactin protection against colicin B and ferrichrome protection against colicin M, has properties of a specific receptor competition between the siderophore and the colicin. Thus, enterobactin specifically protects against colicin B in fes- mutants (able to accumulate but unable to utilize enterobactin) as predicted by our proposal that the colicin B receptor functions in the specific binding for uptake of enterobactin (Wayne and Neilands, 1975). Similarly ferrichrome specifically protects against colicin M in SidA mutants (defective in hydroxamate siderophore utilization). The second category of protective response, characteristic of the more general siderophore inhibition of colicins B, V, and Ia, requires the availability or metabolism of siderophore iron. Thus, enterobactin protects against colicins V and Ia, but only when the colicin indicator strain is fes+, and hydroxamate siderophores inhibit colicins B, V, and Ia, but only when the colicin indicator strain is SidA+. Moreover, ferrichrome inhibits colicins B, V, and Ia, yet chromium (III) deferriferrichrome is inactive, and ferrichrome itself does not prevent adsorption of colicin Ia receptor material in vitro. Although the nonspecific protection against colicins B, V, and Ia requires iron, the availability of siderophore iron for cell growth is not sufficient to bring about protection. None of the siderophores tested protect cells against the killing action of colicin E1 or K, or against the energy poisons azide, 2, 4-dinitrophenol, and carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. We suggest that nonspecific siderophore protection against colicins B, V, and Ia may be due either to an induction of membrane alterations in response to siderophore iron metabolism or to a direct interference by siderophore iron with some unknown step in colicin action subsequent to adsorption.", "contents": "Siderophore protection against colicins M, B, V, and Ia in Escherichia coli. A variety of natural and synthetic siderophores capable of supporting the growth of Escherichia coli K-12 on iron-limited media also protect strain RW193+ (tonA+ ent-) from the killing action of colicins B, V, and Ia. Protective activity falls into two categories. The first, characteristic of enterobactin protection against colicin B and ferrichrome protection against colicin M, has properties of a specific receptor competition between the siderophore and the colicin. Thus, enterobactin specifically protects against colicin B in fes- mutants (able to accumulate but unable to utilize enterobactin) as predicted by our proposal that the colicin B receptor functions in the specific binding for uptake of enterobactin (Wayne and Neilands, 1975). Similarly ferrichrome specifically protects against colicin M in SidA mutants (defective in hydroxamate siderophore utilization). The second category of protective response, characteristic of the more general siderophore inhibition of colicins B, V, and Ia, requires the availability or metabolism of siderophore iron. Thus, enterobactin protects against colicins V and Ia, but only when the colicin indicator strain is fes+, and hydroxamate siderophores inhibit colicins B, V, and Ia, but only when the colicin indicator strain is SidA+. Moreover, ferrichrome inhibits colicins B, V, and Ia, yet chromium (III) deferriferrichrome is inactive, and ferrichrome itself does not prevent adsorption of colicin Ia receptor material in vitro. Although the nonspecific protection against colicins B, V, and Ia requires iron, the availability of siderophore iron for cell growth is not sufficient to bring about protection. None of the siderophores tested protect cells against the killing action of colicin E1 or K, or against the energy poisons azide, 2, 4-dinitrophenol, and carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. We suggest that nonspecific siderophore protection against colicins B, V, and Ia may be due either to an induction of membrane alterations in response to siderophore iron metabolism or to a direct interference by siderophore iron with some unknown step in colicin action subsequent to adsorption."}
{"id": "PMID:131122", "title": "Effect of ammonium ions on the induction of nitrite reductase in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Results with strain am-la, a glutamate dehydrogenaseless mutant, showed that ammonium ions must first be metabolized in order to repress nitrite reductase in Neurospora.", "contents": "Effect of ammonium ions on the induction of nitrite reductase in Neurospora crassa. Results with strain am-la, a glutamate dehydrogenaseless mutant, showed that ammonium ions must first be metabolized in order to repress nitrite reductase in Neurospora."}
{"id": "PMID:131123", "title": "Biochemical and genetic studies on galactosamine metabolism in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "In Neurospora, galactosamine can be released from the cell wall and from an alcohol-soluble compound by acid hydrolysis. All of the detectable alcohol-soluble galactosamine was present as uridine diphospho-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose (UDPGalNAc). The results of pulse-labeling studies and enzymatic assays indicated that UDPGalNAc was synthesized via the epimerization of uridine diphospho-2-acetamido-2-de+xy-D-glucose (UDPGlcNAc). A single-gene morphological mutant, doily (do), which grew at less than 4% the rate of the wild-type strain, had 3% of the wild-type UDPGalNAc content and 0.5% of the wild-type level of cell wall galactosamine but normal levels of UDPGlcNAc and cell wall glucosamine. Cell extracts of the doily cultures containing only 20% of the specific activity of UDPGlcNAc-4-epimerase found in the extracts of wild-type cultures. Two types of faster-growing partial revertants of the doily strain were isolated. One type had an intermediate level of both alcohol-soluble and cell wall galactosamine. A second type had an intermediate level of alcohol-soluble galactosamine but low levels of cell wass galactosamine. Genetic analyses indicated that the reverse mutations had occurred at the do  locus in both types. This finding that cell wall glucosamine synthesis and growth rate can be separated genetically indicates that mutations at the do lucus lead to pleiotropic effects.", "contents": "Biochemical and genetic studies on galactosamine metabolism in Neurospora crassa. In Neurospora, galactosamine can be released from the cell wall and from an alcohol-soluble compound by acid hydrolysis. All of the detectable alcohol-soluble galactosamine was present as uridine diphospho-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose (UDPGalNAc). The results of pulse-labeling studies and enzymatic assays indicated that UDPGalNAc was synthesized via the epimerization of uridine diphospho-2-acetamido-2-de+xy-D-glucose (UDPGlcNAc). A single-gene morphological mutant, doily (do), which grew at less than 4% the rate of the wild-type strain, had 3% of the wild-type UDPGalNAc content and 0.5% of the wild-type level of cell wall galactosamine but normal levels of UDPGlcNAc and cell wall glucosamine. Cell extracts of the doily cultures containing only 20% of the specific activity of UDPGlcNAc-4-epimerase found in the extracts of wild-type cultures. Two types of faster-growing partial revertants of the doily strain were isolated. One type had an intermediate level of both alcohol-soluble and cell wall galactosamine. A second type had an intermediate level of alcohol-soluble galactosamine but low levels of cell wass galactosamine. Genetic analyses indicated that the reverse mutations had occurred at the do  locus in both types. This finding that cell wall glucosamine synthesis and growth rate can be separated genetically indicates that mutations at the do lucus lead to pleiotropic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:131124", "title": "Mechanisms of siderophore iron transport in enteric bacteria.", "content": "Uptake of 55Fe- and 3H-labeled siderophores and their chronic analogues have been studied in Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 and Escherichia coli K-12. In S. typhimurium LT-2, at least two different mechanisms for siderophore iron transport may be operative. Uptake of 55Fe- and 3H-labeled ferrichrome and kinetically inert lambda-cis-chromic [3H]deferriferrichrome by the S. typhimurium LT-2 enb7 mutant, which is defective in the production of its native siderophore, enterobactin, appears to occur by two concurrent mechanisms. The first mechanism is postulated to involve either rapid uptake of iron released from the ferric complex by cellular reduction without penetration of the complex or ligand or dissociation of the complex and simultaneous uptake of both ligand and iron coupled with simultaneous expulsion of the ligand. The second mechanism appears to consist of slower uptake of the intact ferric complex.", "contents": "Mechanisms of siderophore iron transport in enteric bacteria. Uptake of 55Fe- and 3H-labeled siderophores and their chronic analogues have been studied in Salmonella typhimurium LT-2 and Escherichia coli K-12. In S. typhimurium LT-2, at least two different mechanisms for siderophore iron transport may be operative. Uptake of 55Fe- and 3H-labeled ferrichrome and kinetically inert lambda-cis-chromic [3H]deferriferrichrome by the S. typhimurium LT-2 enb7 mutant, which is defective in the production of its native siderophore, enterobactin, appears to occur by two concurrent mechanisms. The first mechanism is postulated to involve either rapid uptake of iron released from the ferric complex by cellular reduction without penetration of the complex or ligand or dissociation of the complex and simultaneous uptake of both ligand and iron coupled with simultaneous expulsion of the ligand. The second mechanism appears to consist of slower uptake of the intact ferric complex."}
{"id": "PMID:131125", "title": "Transient state kinetic effects of calcium ion on sarcoplasmic reticulum adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "A rapid mixing technique was used to investigate the effects of Ca2+ ion on the kinetics of ATP hydrolysis by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. \"Basic\" ATPase measured in the absence of Ca2+ showed an initial burst of inorganic phosphate production. Similarities in the transient state kinetic properties of basic and \"extra\" or Ca2+-dependent ATPase suggest that the two activities represent a single enzyme species. At low concentrations of Ca2+ (less than 10(-6) M) the time course of the partial reactions of extra ATPase appeared to fit a simple scheme in which the acid-stable, phosphorylated enzyme (E approximately P) breaks down directly to inorganic phosphate and free enzyme. A similar mechanism seemed to apply to moderate levels of ATP and high external concentrations of Ca2+ known to inhibit transport activity. In the intermediate range of Ca2+ concentrations inorganic phosphate production was resolved into two phases consisting of a fast initial rate (burst) and slow steady state. Acid-stable phosphorylated protein showed a transient decay which coincided with the appearance of the burst. This behavior is consistent with a scheme in which E approximately P breaks down to an acid-labile or noncovalent intermediate state (E-P). A slow secondary increase in phosphorylation followed the transient decay in E approximately P. This late phase of protein labeling was eliminated following pretreatment with Triton X-100, sodium oxalate, or diethyl ether which decrease or prevent the formation of a transport gradient. An analysis of the dependence of the steady state level of phosphorylation and rate of inorganic phosphate production on Ca2+ concentration indicated that the phosphorylation mechanism involves interaction of two Ca2+ ions with the enzymatic carrier. The pathway by which E approximately P breaks down, i.e. whether it goes to E + Pi or E-P, may depend on the extent to which these sites are occupied by Ca2+. The transport of Ca2+ is discussed in terms of a flip-flop mechanism in which E approximately P and E-P represent high and low affinity Ca2+ binding states occurring in separate halves of an enzyme dimer.", "contents": "Transient state kinetic effects of calcium ion on sarcoplasmic reticulum adenosine triphosphatase. A rapid mixing technique was used to investigate the effects of Ca2+ ion on the kinetics of ATP hydrolysis by sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. \"Basic\" ATPase measured in the absence of Ca2+ showed an initial burst of inorganic phosphate production. Similarities in the transient state kinetic properties of basic and \"extra\" or Ca2+-dependent ATPase suggest that the two activities represent a single enzyme species. At low concentrations of Ca2+ (less than 10(-6) M) the time course of the partial reactions of extra ATPase appeared to fit a simple scheme in which the acid-stable, phosphorylated enzyme (E approximately P) breaks down directly to inorganic phosphate and free enzyme. A similar mechanism seemed to apply to moderate levels of ATP and high external concentrations of Ca2+ known to inhibit transport activity. In the intermediate range of Ca2+ concentrations inorganic phosphate production was resolved into two phases consisting of a fast initial rate (burst) and slow steady state. Acid-stable phosphorylated protein showed a transient decay which coincided with the appearance of the burst. This behavior is consistent with a scheme in which E approximately P breaks down to an acid-labile or noncovalent intermediate state (E-P). A slow secondary increase in phosphorylation followed the transient decay in E approximately P. This late phase of protein labeling was eliminated following pretreatment with Triton X-100, sodium oxalate, or diethyl ether which decrease or prevent the formation of a transport gradient. An analysis of the dependence of the steady state level of phosphorylation and rate of inorganic phosphate production on Ca2+ concentration indicated that the phosphorylation mechanism involves interaction of two Ca2+ ions with the enzymatic carrier. The pathway by which E approximately P breaks down, i.e. whether it goes to E + Pi or E-P, may depend on the extent to which these sites are occupied by Ca2+. The transport of Ca2+ is discussed in terms of a flip-flop mechanism in which E approximately P and E-P represent high and low affinity Ca2+ binding states occurring in separate halves of an enzyme dimer."}
{"id": "PMID:131126", "title": "Purification and physiological role of a peptide stabilizing factor of rat liver phosphofructokinase.", "content": "A substance has been purified to apparent homogeneity from rat liver which, as previously reported (Dunaway, G. A., Jr., and Segal, H. L. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 56, 689-696), specifically stabilizes the major liver isozyme of phosphofructokinase (PFK-L2) against thermal inactivation and whose level in vivo changes in parallel with and in precedence to that of the enzyme. Molecular weight determinations gave values around 3,500. Evidence for the peptide nature of the factor includes its correspondence with ninhydrin-positive material on gel filtration and paper electrophoresis and its susceptibility to pronase. Electrophoretic behavior indicated at least one free amino group and several carboxyl groups. Amino acid analysis of the peptide yielded only glutamate, glycine, and half-cystine, in equimolar amounts. However, neither GSH nor GSSG have PFK-L2-stabilizing activity. No free sulfhydryl groups were present. Chemical analysis for tryptophan was also negative. The ultraviolet spectrum confirmed the absence of aromatic amino acids. The spectrum exhibited a characteristic peptide peak at 190 nm with no absorbance beyond 240 nm. The factor is unstable to storage in the cold except in the presence of glucose or dithiothreitol. Sucrose, fructose, and GSH were ineffective in this regard. It was slowly denatured by heat or reduced pH even in the presence of glucose. The factor was induced in fasted animals specifically by glucose, of the nutrients tested, and in diabetic animals by insulin. Induction by both glucose and insulin was blocked by cycloheximide and actinomycin. The time course of the glucose induction was the more rapid of the two with a marked overshoot to 3 times normal levels at 12 hours. Increased levels of the factor preceded the increased levels of PFK-L2 brought about by glucose or insulin administration. Native PFK-L2 was inactivated by lysosomal extracts, and this inactivation was strongly inhibited by the peptide factor. These results are in accord with the proposal that the peptide plays a role in regulating PFK-L2 turnover in vivo. The factor also activated the phosphofructokinase-catalyzed reaction by promoting fructose-6-P binding. This effect is analogous to that of AMP on the kinetics of the reaction; however, the factor effect was additive to that of AMP, and the factor did not reverse inhibition by excess ATP as does AMP. We postulate that the stabilizing factor affects an equilibrium between PFK-L2 conformers in favor of one more resistant to lysosomal and thermal inactivation and with greater affinity for fructose-6-P.", "contents": "Purification and physiological role of a peptide stabilizing factor of rat liver phosphofructokinase. A substance has been purified to apparent homogeneity from rat liver which, as previously reported (Dunaway, G. A., Jr., and Segal, H. L. (1974) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 56, 689-696), specifically stabilizes the major liver isozyme of phosphofructokinase (PFK-L2) against thermal inactivation and whose level in vivo changes in parallel with and in precedence to that of the enzyme. Molecular weight determinations gave values around 3,500. Evidence for the peptide nature of the factor includes its correspondence with ninhydrin-positive material on gel filtration and paper electrophoresis and its susceptibility to pronase. Electrophoretic behavior indicated at least one free amino group and several carboxyl groups. Amino acid analysis of the peptide yielded only glutamate, glycine, and half-cystine, in equimolar amounts. However, neither GSH nor GSSG have PFK-L2-stabilizing activity. No free sulfhydryl groups were present. Chemical analysis for tryptophan was also negative. The ultraviolet spectrum confirmed the absence of aromatic amino acids. The spectrum exhibited a characteristic peptide peak at 190 nm with no absorbance beyond 240 nm. The factor is unstable to storage in the cold except in the presence of glucose or dithiothreitol. Sucrose, fructose, and GSH were ineffective in this regard. It was slowly denatured by heat or reduced pH even in the presence of glucose. The factor was induced in fasted animals specifically by glucose, of the nutrients tested, and in diabetic animals by insulin. Induction by both glucose and insulin was blocked by cycloheximide and actinomycin. The time course of the glucose induction was the more rapid of the two with a marked overshoot to 3 times normal levels at 12 hours. Increased levels of the factor preceded the increased levels of PFK-L2 brought about by glucose or insulin administration. Native PFK-L2 was inactivated by lysosomal extracts, and this inactivation was strongly inhibited by the peptide factor. These results are in accord with the proposal that the peptide plays a role in regulating PFK-L2 turnover in vivo. The factor also activated the phosphofructokinase-catalyzed reaction by promoting fructose-6-P binding. This effect is analogous to that of AMP on the kinetics of the reaction; however, the factor effect was additive to that of AMP, and the factor did not reverse inhibition by excess ATP as does AMP. We postulate that the stabilizing factor affects an equilibrium between PFK-L2 conformers in favor of one more resistant to lysosomal and thermal inactivation and with greater affinity for fructose-6-P."}
{"id": "PMID:131127", "title": "ATPase activity required for termination of transcription by the Escherichia coli protein factor rho.", "content": "The relationship between the RNA-dependent beta-gamma ATPase in purified rho preparations and rho-mediated termination of transcription has been investigated. In a purified in vitro system, transcription from lambdagal DNA has been carried out using either ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) or four ribonucleoside 5'-(beta-gamma-imino)triphosphates (NMP-P(NH)Ps) as RNA precursors. In the presence of NTPs, rho termination activity results in (a) the synthesis of rho-dependent transcripts which are of discrete size by polyacrylamide gel analysis and (b) a marked reduction by hybridization assay in RNA transcribed distal to the rho-sensitive termination site tR. In the presence of four NMP-P(NH)Ps, which are not substrates for the beta-gamma ATPase, termination by rho is completely abolished, whereas rho-independent termination occurs normally. Addition of ATP to transcription reactions containing four NMP-P(NH)Ps restores termination, ruling out the possibility that the termination activity of rho is nonspecifically inhibited by the analog preparations. We interpret our data as strongly suggesting that the RNA-dependent beta-gamma ATPase activity of rho is required for rho-mediated termination of transcription.", "contents": "ATPase activity required for termination of transcription by the Escherichia coli protein factor rho. The relationship between the RNA-dependent beta-gamma ATPase in purified rho preparations and rho-mediated termination of transcription has been investigated. In a purified in vitro system, transcription from lambdagal DNA has been carried out using either ribonucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) or four ribonucleoside 5'-(beta-gamma-imino)triphosphates (NMP-P(NH)Ps) as RNA precursors. In the presence of NTPs, rho termination activity results in (a) the synthesis of rho-dependent transcripts which are of discrete size by polyacrylamide gel analysis and (b) a marked reduction by hybridization assay in RNA transcribed distal to the rho-sensitive termination site tR. In the presence of four NMP-P(NH)Ps, which are not substrates for the beta-gamma ATPase, termination by rho is completely abolished, whereas rho-independent termination occurs normally. Addition of ATP to transcription reactions containing four NMP-P(NH)Ps restores termination, ruling out the possibility that the termination activity of rho is nonspecifically inhibited by the analog preparations. We interpret our data as strongly suggesting that the RNA-dependent beta-gamma ATPase activity of rho is required for rho-mediated termination of transcription."}
{"id": "PMID:131129", "title": "Potentiation of glucagon secretion by serotonin antagonists in man.", "content": "To study the possible implication of endogenous serotonin in the control of glucagon secretion in man, normal volunteers were subjected to alpha-cell stimulation before and after oral treatment with serotonin antagonists (cyproheptadine and methysergide) and with an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis (para-chlorophenylalanine, PCPA). After administration of cyproheptadine (16 mg daily, for two days) the glucagon responses to arginine (N=12) and to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (N=9) were more marked than in the control experiments (differences between maximal elevations: +165 pg/ml, P less than 0.0001, and +197 pg/ml, P less than 0.02, respectively). After methysergide treatment (9 mg daily, for two days), a potentiation of arginine-provoked glucagon secretion was also observed (+260 pg/ml, P less than 0.002; N=7). Similarly, after PCPA administration (2 g daily, for four days) the alpha-cell responsiveness to both aminogenic (N=12) and hypoglycemic (N=7) stimuli was enhanced (+108 pg/ml, P less than 0.05, and +164 pg/ml, P less than 0.05, respectively). Since glucagon secretion is potentiated by treatment with drugs which either antagonize serotonin action or inhibit its synthesis, the suggestion can be made that endogenous serotonin modulates alpha-cell function in man by acting as an inhibitor.", "contents": "Potentiation of glucagon secretion by serotonin antagonists in man. To study the possible implication of endogenous serotonin in the control of glucagon secretion in man, normal volunteers were subjected to alpha-cell stimulation before and after oral treatment with serotonin antagonists (cyproheptadine and methysergide) and with an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis (para-chlorophenylalanine, PCPA). After administration of cyproheptadine (16 mg daily, for two days) the glucagon responses to arginine (N=12) and to insulin-induced hypoglycemia (N=9) were more marked than in the control experiments (differences between maximal elevations: +165 pg/ml, P less than 0.0001, and +197 pg/ml, P less than 0.02, respectively). After methysergide treatment (9 mg daily, for two days), a potentiation of arginine-provoked glucagon secretion was also observed (+260 pg/ml, P less than 0.002; N=7). Similarly, after PCPA administration (2 g daily, for four days) the alpha-cell responsiveness to both aminogenic (N=12) and hypoglycemic (N=7) stimuli was enhanced (+108 pg/ml, P less than 0.05, and +164 pg/ml, P less than 0.05, respectively). Since glucagon secretion is potentiated by treatment with drugs which either antagonize serotonin action or inhibit its synthesis, the suggestion can be made that endogenous serotonin modulates alpha-cell function in man by acting as an inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:131130", "title": "7beta,17alpha-Dimethyltestosterone (calusterone)-induced changes in the metabolism, production rate, and excretion of estrogens in women with breast cancer: a possible mechanism of action.", "content": "The metabolism of estradiol, its production rate and the urinary excretion rate of its metabolites were studied in 5 women patients with breast cancer, 2 of whom were postmenopausal and 3 were ovariectomized, both before and after a period of 7beta,17alpha-dimethyltestosterone (calusterone) therapy. In all cases calusterone caused a profound decrease in the transformation to estriol and an increase in the formation of estrone and 2-hydroxyestrone. The production rate of estrogens was diminished by calusterone in the three overiectomized patients but not in the postmenopausal subjects. The possible participation of the above changes in the chemotherapeutic action of calusterone is discussed.", "contents": "7beta,17alpha-Dimethyltestosterone (calusterone)-induced changes in the metabolism, production rate, and excretion of estrogens in women with breast cancer: a possible mechanism of action. The metabolism of estradiol, its production rate and the urinary excretion rate of its metabolites were studied in 5 women patients with breast cancer, 2 of whom were postmenopausal and 3 were ovariectomized, both before and after a period of 7beta,17alpha-dimethyltestosterone (calusterone) therapy. In all cases calusterone caused a profound decrease in the transformation to estriol and an increase in the formation of estrone and 2-hydroxyestrone. The production rate of estrogens was diminished by calusterone in the three overiectomized patients but not in the postmenopausal subjects. The possible participation of the above changes in the chemotherapeutic action of calusterone is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131131", "title": "Familial true hermaphorodism in three siblings: plasma hormonal profile and in vitro steroid biosynthesis in gonadal structures.", "content": "The in vitro biosynthesis of estrogens and androgens by gonadal tissues of the ovotestes was studied in three siblings with familial true hermaphrodism and correlated with daily steroid and gonadotropin plasma levels. The probands were 15, 13, and 11 years old with normal male phenotype and external genitalia, grade III hypospadias, bilateral scrotal ovotestes, gynecomastia, and no uterus or fallopian tubes. Their karyotypes were 46XX both in peripheral lymphocytes and in gonadal fibroblasts, and no Y chromosome fluorescence was observed. A fusiform biopsy of each gonad was obtained, and the testicular and ovarian structures were excised and incubated for five days at 37 C with 3.8 muCi of 7alpha3H dehydroepiandrosterone, in Eagle's growth media, 95% O2 and 5% CO2. After standard procedures, four extractions with methylene chloride were performed, and the residue was assayed using Sephadex LH no. 20 chromatography. Testosterone (T), delta4androstenedione (delta 4), 5alphadehydrotestosterone (5alphaDHT), estrone (E1), estradiol-17 beta (E2) and estriol (E3) were measured. Also, during 16 consecutive days daily venous samples were obtained, and FSH, LH, E2, progesterone (P), and testosterone (T) were determined. The predominant steroids formed in vitro were estrogens, mainly E1 by either the testicular or ovarian structures. In the 11-year-old subject, the ovotestes were less active than in his oldest siblings. The patterns of androgen production showed that T was the principal androgen formed, followed by delta4 and minimal amounts of 5alphaDHT. The daily plasma hormonal profile resembled more closely a female pattern, specially in the 15 and 13-year-old patients. It is suggested that the ovotestes of these siblings had the enzymatic mechanisms necessary for estrogen and androgen biosynthesis, mainly E1 and T using a preferential metabolic pathway via androstenedione. Furthermore, it seems that the testicular structures had a greater capability to synthesize estrogens than the ovary.", "contents": "Familial true hermaphorodism in three siblings: plasma hormonal profile and in vitro steroid biosynthesis in gonadal structures. The in vitro biosynthesis of estrogens and androgens by gonadal tissues of the ovotestes was studied in three siblings with familial true hermaphrodism and correlated with daily steroid and gonadotropin plasma levels. The probands were 15, 13, and 11 years old with normal male phenotype and external genitalia, grade III hypospadias, bilateral scrotal ovotestes, gynecomastia, and no uterus or fallopian tubes. Their karyotypes were 46XX both in peripheral lymphocytes and in gonadal fibroblasts, and no Y chromosome fluorescence was observed. A fusiform biopsy of each gonad was obtained, and the testicular and ovarian structures were excised and incubated for five days at 37 C with 3.8 muCi of 7alpha3H dehydroepiandrosterone, in Eagle's growth media, 95% O2 and 5% CO2. After standard procedures, four extractions with methylene chloride were performed, and the residue was assayed using Sephadex LH no. 20 chromatography. Testosterone (T), delta4androstenedione (delta 4), 5alphadehydrotestosterone (5alphaDHT), estrone (E1), estradiol-17 beta (E2) and estriol (E3) were measured. Also, during 16 consecutive days daily venous samples were obtained, and FSH, LH, E2, progesterone (P), and testosterone (T) were determined. The predominant steroids formed in vitro were estrogens, mainly E1 by either the testicular or ovarian structures. In the 11-year-old subject, the ovotestes were less active than in his oldest siblings. The patterns of androgen production showed that T was the principal androgen formed, followed by delta4 and minimal amounts of 5alphaDHT. The daily plasma hormonal profile resembled more closely a female pattern, specially in the 15 and 13-year-old patients. It is suggested that the ovotestes of these siblings had the enzymatic mechanisms necessary for estrogen and androgen biosynthesis, mainly E1 and T using a preferential metabolic pathway via androstenedione. Furthermore, it seems that the testicular structures had a greater capability to synthesize estrogens than the ovary."}
{"id": "PMID:131132", "title": "The use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory with low back pain patients.", "content": "The MMPI was administered to 36 male low back pain patients at the Seattle Veterans Administration Hospital. The patients were divided into three groups of 12 each. The organic group contained patients who had an organic basis for their pain. The functional group contained patients who had no organic basis for their pain. The mixed group contained patients who had some organic basis for their pain, but one that was thought to be insufficient to account for the pain they were reporting. The mixed and functional groups differed significantly from the organic group on the Hs, Hy, Pt, Sc, Hy-O, D-O, and DOR scales. The mixed and functional groups differ significantly from each other only on the Hy-O scale. The special low back pain scales of Lb and DOR were found to have little utility when used separately. When used in conjunction, however, the scales discriminated correctly 75% of the time.", "contents": "The use of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory with low back pain patients. The MMPI was administered to 36 male low back pain patients at the Seattle Veterans Administration Hospital. The patients were divided into three groups of 12 each. The organic group contained patients who had an organic basis for their pain. The functional group contained patients who had no organic basis for their pain. The mixed group contained patients who had some organic basis for their pain, but one that was thought to be insufficient to account for the pain they were reporting. The mixed and functional groups differed significantly from the organic group on the Hs, Hy, Pt, Sc, Hy-O, D-O, and DOR scales. The mixed and functional groups differ significantly from each other only on the Hy-O scale. The special low back pain scales of Lb and DOR were found to have little utility when used separately. When used in conjunction, however, the scales discriminated correctly 75% of the time."}
{"id": "PMID:131133", "title": "Asthma: comparative bronchodilator effects of ipratropium bromide and isoproterenol.", "content": "The effect of ipratropium bromide administered at two dosage levels, 40 and 80 mug, isoproterenol, 150 mug, and placebo using a metered dose inhaler was evaluated in ten adult patients with asthma in a double-blind, crossover study. The new atropine-like drug proved to be as effective a bronchodilator as isoproterenol in this study, although it had a later peak effect. Ipratropium bromide had a longer course of action than isoproterenol (4 hours compared to 1-2 hours) and was free of significant side effects. The larger dose of the new drug produced a slightly greater and longer-acting effect than the smaller dose. Ipratropium bromide seems to have had bronchodilator effects on both large and small airways.", "contents": "Asthma: comparative bronchodilator effects of ipratropium bromide and isoproterenol. The effect of ipratropium bromide administered at two dosage levels, 40 and 80 mug, isoproterenol, 150 mug, and placebo using a metered dose inhaler was evaluated in ten adult patients with asthma in a double-blind, crossover study. The new atropine-like drug proved to be as effective a bronchodilator as isoproterenol in this study, although it had a later peak effect. Ipratropium bromide had a longer course of action than isoproterenol (4 hours compared to 1-2 hours) and was free of significant side effects. The larger dose of the new drug produced a slightly greater and longer-acting effect than the smaller dose. Ipratropium bromide seems to have had bronchodilator effects on both large and small airways."}
{"id": "PMID:131134", "title": "Surgical methods in the treatment of rhinophyma.", "content": "Fifteen patients with rhinophyma were treated surgically by cutting off the hyperplasia nodules with a scalpel followed by shaving with a disposable shaving razor. The cosmetic results were good and no scar formation occurred.", "contents": "Surgical methods in the treatment of rhinophyma. Fifteen patients with rhinophyma were treated surgically by cutting off the hyperplasia nodules with a scalpel followed by shaving with a disposable shaving razor. The cosmetic results were good and no scar formation occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:131136", "title": "Common plantar hyperkeratoses.", "content": "In general, metatarsal bars have provided a simple method of relieving pain and disability caused by plantar hyperkeratoses over metatarsal heads. By spanning the longitudinal arch, the bars effectively relieve pressure from the middle three metatarsal heads and elevate the distal portion of the metatarsal bones. This often results in favorable repositioning of displaced proximal phalanges and eliminates direct pressure exerted by metatarsal heads. Also, by giving more uniform support to the foot, metatarsal bars rearrange the weight-bearing surface in a more even way, which favors resolution of hyperkeratoses by removal of pressure points. The prescription for metatarsal bars must be written for both shoes. Dual bars provide balanced walking surfaces and do not induce asymmetric motion of the lower spine as a single bar would. They can be applied to moderately high-heeled shoes for women and regular oxfords for men. The leading edge of the bar must be properly skived and tapered to provide an even surface with the forward part of the soles of the shoes. If this is not done properly, the bars may strike against uneven surfaces as the foot slides forward in walking or running. The patient should return to the prescribing physician in two or three weeks after the bars have been worn constantly. By analyzing the scuffed surfaces of the metatarsal bars, the physician can determine whether or not the bars are firm and thick enough and in the proper position to relieve and divert pressure from the metatarsal heads. Perhaps two pair of shoes should be thus altered to provide a change of foot gear for ordinary purposes. Unaltered dress shoes may be worn for short periods of time as party or formal occasions demand. Eventually, when the painful processes have subsided, the patient may resume wearing ordinary shoes and use the modified shoes if symptoms recur from time to time.", "contents": "Common plantar hyperkeratoses. In general, metatarsal bars have provided a simple method of relieving pain and disability caused by plantar hyperkeratoses over metatarsal heads. By spanning the longitudinal arch, the bars effectively relieve pressure from the middle three metatarsal heads and elevate the distal portion of the metatarsal bones. This often results in favorable repositioning of displaced proximal phalanges and eliminates direct pressure exerted by metatarsal heads. Also, by giving more uniform support to the foot, metatarsal bars rearrange the weight-bearing surface in a more even way, which favors resolution of hyperkeratoses by removal of pressure points. The prescription for metatarsal bars must be written for both shoes. Dual bars provide balanced walking surfaces and do not induce asymmetric motion of the lower spine as a single bar would. They can be applied to moderately high-heeled shoes for women and regular oxfords for men. The leading edge of the bar must be properly skived and tapered to provide an even surface with the forward part of the soles of the shoes. If this is not done properly, the bars may strike against uneven surfaces as the foot slides forward in walking or running. The patient should return to the prescribing physician in two or three weeks after the bars have been worn constantly. By analyzing the scuffed surfaces of the metatarsal bars, the physician can determine whether or not the bars are firm and thick enough and in the proper position to relieve and divert pressure from the metatarsal heads. Perhaps two pair of shoes should be thus altered to provide a change of foot gear for ordinary purposes. Unaltered dress shoes may be worn for short periods of time as party or formal occasions demand. Eventually, when the painful processes have subsided, the patient may resume wearing ordinary shoes and use the modified shoes if symptoms recur from time to time."}
{"id": "PMID:131139", "title": "The effect of thymoxamine and cromolyn sodium on postexercise bronchoconstriction in asthma.", "content": "Of the 22 patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma, 13 patients developed post-exercise bronchoconstriction after treadmill exercise, whereas in 9 patients treadmill exercise had no effect on the ventilatory capacity. No statistical difference in the resting lung volumes and CO transfer factor was found between the two groups. A significant inhibition of postexercise bronchoconstriction was observed in 12 of 13 patients following thymoxamine or cromolyn sodium inhalation. Inhibition of postexercise bronchoconstriction by alpha blockade with thymoxamine suggests that increased alpha adrenergic activity in the presence of diminished beta receptor responsiveness to catecholamines, norepinephrine released during exercise could have a marked alpha agonistic effect giving rise to bronchoconstriction. It has been suggested that cromolyn sodium has a cyclic phosphodiesterase inhibiting action. This might increase levels of AMP and restore the beta receptor responsiveness to catecholamines.", "contents": "The effect of thymoxamine and cromolyn sodium on postexercise bronchoconstriction in asthma. Of the 22 patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma, 13 patients developed post-exercise bronchoconstriction after treadmill exercise, whereas in 9 patients treadmill exercise had no effect on the ventilatory capacity. No statistical difference in the resting lung volumes and CO transfer factor was found between the two groups. A significant inhibition of postexercise bronchoconstriction was observed in 12 of 13 patients following thymoxamine or cromolyn sodium inhalation. Inhibition of postexercise bronchoconstriction by alpha blockade with thymoxamine suggests that increased alpha adrenergic activity in the presence of diminished beta receptor responsiveness to catecholamines, norepinephrine released during exercise could have a marked alpha agonistic effect giving rise to bronchoconstriction. It has been suggested that cromolyn sodium has a cyclic phosphodiesterase inhibiting action. This might increase levels of AMP and restore the beta receptor responsiveness to catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:131140", "title": "Inhibition of hypersensitivity reactions by a new drug, N(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5').", "content": "N (3', 4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5'), a new antiallergic drug, can be taken orally, has low toxicity, and is a potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) both in rats and in guinea pigs. Anaphylactic mediator release from guinea pig lung was decreased by the drug in vitro. Although reversed cutaneous anaphylaxis and Arthus type reactivity were moderately inhibited with N-5', this agent did not inhibit the Forssman systemic reaction or contact dermatitis. N-5' is considered to be clinically applicable to certain allergic-related diseases, in particular asthma caused by reaginic antibody.", "contents": "Inhibition of hypersensitivity reactions by a new drug, N(3',4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5'). N (3', 4'-dimethoxycinnamoyl) anthranilic acid (N-5'), a new antiallergic drug, can be taken orally, has low toxicity, and is a potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) both in rats and in guinea pigs. Anaphylactic mediator release from guinea pig lung was decreased by the drug in vitro. Although reversed cutaneous anaphylaxis and Arthus type reactivity were moderately inhibited with N-5', this agent did not inhibit the Forssman systemic reaction or contact dermatitis. N-5' is considered to be clinically applicable to certain allergic-related diseases, in particular asthma caused by reaginic antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:131171", "title": "Magnitude, direction and location of the resultant dipole moment of the pig heart.", "content": "Vectorcardiograms were obtained from 50 young domestic pigs using the Nelson lead system. Compensation for body size and shape is achieved and the resultant dipole moment magnitude reflects heart size. A strong relationship was found between heart size and maximum magnitude. Dipole moment magnitude increased as four pigs increased from five to ten weeks of age. The dipole moment during QRS is considered in light of known pig heart excitation pattern. Dipole locations during QRS, calculated by computer solution of the Gabor-Nelson equations, were in agreement with heart location and excitation data.", "contents": "Magnitude, direction and location of the resultant dipole moment of the pig heart. Vectorcardiograms were obtained from 50 young domestic pigs using the Nelson lead system. Compensation for body size and shape is achieved and the resultant dipole moment magnitude reflects heart size. A strong relationship was found between heart size and maximum magnitude. Dipole moment magnitude increased as four pigs increased from five to ten weeks of age. The dipole moment during QRS is considered in light of known pig heart excitation pattern. Dipole locations during QRS, calculated by computer solution of the Gabor-Nelson equations, were in agreement with heart location and excitation data."}
{"id": "PMID:131172", "title": "Theoretical considerations on the electrocardiogram of ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "The electrical effect of ventricular hypertrophy is evaluated with an idealized model. Perfectly symmetrical hypertrophy is expected to enlarge the QRS complex with a certain proportion of the amplitude and duration. If the conduction velocity is unaltered, the QRS area will be increased proportionally to the myocardial mass. 2) Based on the preservation of the ventricular gradient, the secondary T change is expressed as a function of the QRS and G vectors. A theoretically interesting parameter, G/QRS ratio, is defined as a measure of the \"ventricular gradient density,\" which is important for the over-all recovery pattern. This ratio is decreased in ventricular hypertrophy and is closely related to the QRS-T angle. 3) From the viewpoint of the theory, clinical cases with left ventricular hypertrophy are examined. The theory describes the cases with uncompicated hypertension fairly well, although variations from case to case are not small. Underlying assumptions and causes of deviations in actual cases are discussed.", "contents": "Theoretical considerations on the electrocardiogram of ventricular hypertrophy. The electrical effect of ventricular hypertrophy is evaluated with an idealized model. Perfectly symmetrical hypertrophy is expected to enlarge the QRS complex with a certain proportion of the amplitude and duration. If the conduction velocity is unaltered, the QRS area will be increased proportionally to the myocardial mass. 2) Based on the preservation of the ventricular gradient, the secondary T change is expressed as a function of the QRS and G vectors. A theoretically interesting parameter, G/QRS ratio, is defined as a measure of the \"ventricular gradient density,\" which is important for the over-all recovery pattern. This ratio is decreased in ventricular hypertrophy and is closely related to the QRS-T angle. 3) From the viewpoint of the theory, clinical cases with left ventricular hypertrophy are examined. The theory describes the cases with uncompicated hypertension fairly well, although variations from case to case are not small. Underlying assumptions and causes of deviations in actual cases are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131173", "title": "Secondary cell-mediated lympholysis: importance of H-2 LD and SD factors.", "content": "Lymphocytes stimulated in mixed leukocyte cultures and left for 13-17 days, i.e. beyond their peak proliferative and cytotoxic reactivities, can be restimulated to give a  secondary-type rapid and strong proliferative and cytotoxic response when confronted with cells of the original sensitizing cell donor. We have concerned ourselves primarily with the requirements  of restimulation for the presence of LD and/or SD stimuli on the restimulating cells. (a) The low level cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) associated with LD differences in a primary CML can be restimulated to give a secondary-type response by those same LD antigens. (b) If the original sensitizing cells differ from the responding cells by both LD and SD antigens, restimulation with only the LD antigens, or third-party cells presumably carrying cross-reactive LD antigens, can restimulate the secondary CML responses directed against the SD antigens on the original sensitizing cells. (c) The presence of SD antigens on the restimulating cells that are cross-reactive with the primary sensitizing SD antigens (as determined in a primary CML) leads to the preferential activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes reactive to those antigens although maximum cytotoxicity is still directed at cells carrying the original sensitizing SD antigens. A model to explain these results is presented.", "contents": "Secondary cell-mediated lympholysis: importance of H-2 LD and SD factors. Lymphocytes stimulated in mixed leukocyte cultures and left for 13-17 days, i.e. beyond their peak proliferative and cytotoxic reactivities, can be restimulated to give a  secondary-type rapid and strong proliferative and cytotoxic response when confronted with cells of the original sensitizing cell donor. We have concerned ourselves primarily with the requirements  of restimulation for the presence of LD and/or SD stimuli on the restimulating cells. (a) The low level cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) associated with LD differences in a primary CML can be restimulated to give a secondary-type response by those same LD antigens. (b) If the original sensitizing cells differ from the responding cells by both LD and SD antigens, restimulation with only the LD antigens, or third-party cells presumably carrying cross-reactive LD antigens, can restimulate the secondary CML responses directed against the SD antigens on the original sensitizing cells. (c) The presence of SD antigens on the restimulating cells that are cross-reactive with the primary sensitizing SD antigens (as determined in a primary CML) leads to the preferential activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes reactive to those antigens although maximum cytotoxicity is still directed at cells carrying the original sensitizing SD antigens. A model to explain these results is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:131174", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation induced by autologous cells. IV. Human T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by autologous or allogeneic non-T lymphocytes.", "content": "An autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction was demonstrated between T and non-T lymphocytes. Sheep erythrocyte rosetting was used to separate human lymphocytes into T and non-T lymphoid preparations. Non-T lymphocytes stimulated the proliferation of autologous T lymphocytes. The cell in this preparation that was most stimulatory had the characteristics of a K lymphocyte. The allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction was also shown to reflect the proliferation of T lymphocytes stimulated by allogeneic non-T lymphocytes. Proliferation of T lymphocytes in the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte culture probably reflects a response to both foreign histocompatibility determinants and determinants present on non-T lymphocytes. It is suggested that the proliferative response of T lymphocytes to autologous non-T lymphocytes may be a step in the process by which T lymphocytes regulate immunity.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation induced by autologous cells. IV. Human T-lymphocyte proliferation induced by autologous or allogeneic non-T lymphocytes. An autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction was demonstrated between T and non-T lymphocytes. Sheep erythrocyte rosetting was used to separate human lymphocytes into T and non-T lymphoid preparations. Non-T lymphocytes stimulated the proliferation of autologous T lymphocytes. The cell in this preparation that was most stimulatory had the characteristics of a K lymphocyte. The allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction was also shown to reflect the proliferation of T lymphocytes stimulated by allogeneic non-T lymphocytes. Proliferation of T lymphocytes in the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte culture probably reflects a response to both foreign histocompatibility determinants and determinants present on non-T lymphocytes. It is suggested that the proliferative response of T lymphocytes to autologous non-T lymphocytes may be a step in the process by which T lymphocytes regulate immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:131175", "title": "Suppressor cell activity after concanavalin A treatment of lymphocytes from normal donors.", "content": "Pretreatment of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes with the plant lectin, concanavalin A (Con A), results in inhibition of blast transformation and [3H]thymidine incorporation by untreated allogeneic lymphocytes from healthy volunteers donors in one-way mixed leukocyte culture. Similarly, responses to mitogens, certain microbial antigens, and allogeneic lymphocytes are inhibited by Con A-treated allogeneic cells. Con A pretreated autologous lymphocytes can also be induced to manifest suppressor activities. This antimitotic effect occurs without evidence of cytotoxicity and is active on de novo lymphocyte responses and does not require prior sensitization of the cells being tested. Suppression of the lymphocyte response to pokeweed mitogen, a potent B-cell stimulator, by Con A-pretreated suppressor cells was not as consistent as was inhibition of response to other mitogens, including phytohemagglutinin and Con A. Furthermore, suppression of lymphocyte transformation to the microbial antigens, tuberculin purified protein derivative, and Canadida albicans extracts could be similarly induced by Con A pretreatment of either allogeneic or autologous cells. Induction of autologous suppressor activity in lymphocytes from healthy donors is compatible with a model that includes a role for suppressor cells in the modulation of the normal immune response.", "contents": "Suppressor cell activity after concanavalin A treatment of lymphocytes from normal donors. Pretreatment of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes with the plant lectin, concanavalin A (Con A), results in inhibition of blast transformation and [3H]thymidine incorporation by untreated allogeneic lymphocytes from healthy volunteers donors in one-way mixed leukocyte culture. Similarly, responses to mitogens, certain microbial antigens, and allogeneic lymphocytes are inhibited by Con A-treated allogeneic cells. Con A pretreated autologous lymphocytes can also be induced to manifest suppressor activities. This antimitotic effect occurs without evidence of cytotoxicity and is active on de novo lymphocyte responses and does not require prior sensitization of the cells being tested. Suppression of the lymphocyte response to pokeweed mitogen, a potent B-cell stimulator, by Con A-pretreated suppressor cells was not as consistent as was inhibition of response to other mitogens, including phytohemagglutinin and Con A. Furthermore, suppression of lymphocyte transformation to the microbial antigens, tuberculin purified protein derivative, and Canadida albicans extracts could be similarly induced by Con A pretreatment of either allogeneic or autologous cells. Induction of autologous suppressor activity in lymphocytes from healthy donors is compatible with a model that includes a role for suppressor cells in the modulation of the normal immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:131176", "title": "Antigen-initiated B-lymphocyte differentiation. VIII. Sedimentation velocity and buoyant density characterization of virgin antibody-forming cell progenitors in the adoptive immune response of unprimed CBA mice to 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid-polymerized bacterial flagellin antigen.", "content": "The characteristics of antibody-forming cell (AFC) progenitors lacking previous contact with specific antigen (virgin AFC progenitors) has been studied using sedimentation velocity and buoyant density separation for the investigation of physically distinct B-cell subpopulations. Functional characterization of isolated subsets was made using a quantitative adoptive immune assay for the IgM AFC progenitors responding to the antigen 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid conjugated polymerized bacterial flagellin. Extensive heterogeneity is present among B lymphocytes, only some subpopulations of which exhibit AFC progenitor function. In the spleen of adult conventional CBA mice, atypically fast sedimenting cells of low buoyant density are active, while typical small B lymphocytes do not appear to be progenitors of IgM AFC. Spleen of adult specific pathogen-free (SPF), germfree, and athymic nude mice give similar results, although a minor population of typical slowly sedimenting dense cells are active in the latter two sources. Adult conventional bone marrow cells are as physically and functionally heterogeneous as splenic B cells, and although a significant proportion of AFC progenitor activity is found among dense, slowly sedimenting cells, most of the activity is among low density, faster sedimenting cells. In contrast to this situation in adult animals, where most of the unprimed AFC progenitors are large, atypical B cells, the spleens of neonatal mice provide a site where virgin AFC progenitors with the physical properties of typical small B lymphocytes are found. While being present in conventional and SPF neonatal spleens, these virgin cells are predominant in 7-day-old germfree mouse spleen. These findings suggest that the newborn virgin B cell is a typical small lymphocyte. However, few cells of this type are found in the adult animal. The unprimed AFC-progenitor population in the adult consists of large, fast sedimenting, low buoyant density, adherent cells, the physical properties of which are characteristic of activated B lymphocytes. It is suggested that these atypical cells are derived from the small newborn virgin B cell by the nonspecific effects of environmental antigenic stimuli.", "contents": "Antigen-initiated B-lymphocyte differentiation. VIII. Sedimentation velocity and buoyant density characterization of virgin antibody-forming cell progenitors in the adoptive immune response of unprimed CBA mice to 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid-polymerized bacterial flagellin antigen. The characteristics of antibody-forming cell (AFC) progenitors lacking previous contact with specific antigen (virgin AFC progenitors) has been studied using sedimentation velocity and buoyant density separation for the investigation of physically distinct B-cell subpopulations. Functional characterization of isolated subsets was made using a quantitative adoptive immune assay for the IgM AFC progenitors responding to the antigen 4-hydroxy-3-iodo-5-nitrophenylacetic acid conjugated polymerized bacterial flagellin. Extensive heterogeneity is present among B lymphocytes, only some subpopulations of which exhibit AFC progenitor function. In the spleen of adult conventional CBA mice, atypically fast sedimenting cells of low buoyant density are active, while typical small B lymphocytes do not appear to be progenitors of IgM AFC. Spleen of adult specific pathogen-free (SPF), germfree, and athymic nude mice give similar results, although a minor population of typical slowly sedimenting dense cells are active in the latter two sources. Adult conventional bone marrow cells are as physically and functionally heterogeneous as splenic B cells, and although a significant proportion of AFC progenitor activity is found among dense, slowly sedimenting cells, most of the activity is among low density, faster sedimenting cells. In contrast to this situation in adult animals, where most of the unprimed AFC progenitors are large, atypical B cells, the spleens of neonatal mice provide a site where virgin AFC progenitors with the physical properties of typical small B lymphocytes are found. While being present in conventional and SPF neonatal spleens, these virgin cells are predominant in 7-day-old germfree mouse spleen. These findings suggest that the newborn virgin B cell is a typical small lymphocyte. However, few cells of this type are found in the adult animal. The unprimed AFC-progenitor population in the adult consists of large, fast sedimenting, low buoyant density, adherent cells, the physical properties of which are characteristic of activated B lymphocytes. It is suggested that these atypical cells are derived from the small newborn virgin B cell by the nonspecific effects of environmental antigenic stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:131177", "title": "The sulfatides and some histochemical correlations of the lachrymal glands involved in salt secretion in Chelonia.", "content": "High concentrations of sulfolipids (four fractions having different hexose/sulfate ratio), intense enzyme activity (ATPase, oxoreductases) and evidence of mucines (staining with PAS and Alcian blue) in intercellular spaces were found in the lachrymal glands of Caretta caretta and Malaclemys terrapin adapted to sea water. In addition, the supranuclear region of the gland cells in Malaclemys terrapin is filled with mucin granules. These biochemical and histochemical observations indicate that these glands have a function in salt secretion in both species and are also consistent with a function of mucous secretion exclusively in Malaclemys terrapin. Limited signs of hypotrophy are not accompanied by changes in concentrations of sulfolipids in Malaclemys terrapin adapted to fresh water; only the reactions for enzyme activities are less intense. The mucous secretion is not affected, whereas, in correlation with changes in salt secretion, the change in ATPase activity is mot conspicuous. The correlations between the different components of the gland and salt secretion are compared with salt glands of birds and elasmobranchs.", "contents": "The sulfatides and some histochemical correlations of the lachrymal glands involved in salt secretion in Chelonia. High concentrations of sulfolipids (four fractions having different hexose/sulfate ratio), intense enzyme activity (ATPase, oxoreductases) and evidence of mucines (staining with PAS and Alcian blue) in intercellular spaces were found in the lachrymal glands of Caretta caretta and Malaclemys terrapin adapted to sea water. In addition, the supranuclear region of the gland cells in Malaclemys terrapin is filled with mucin granules. These biochemical and histochemical observations indicate that these glands have a function in salt secretion in both species and are also consistent with a function of mucous secretion exclusively in Malaclemys terrapin. Limited signs of hypotrophy are not accompanied by changes in concentrations of sulfolipids in Malaclemys terrapin adapted to fresh water; only the reactions for enzyme activities are less intense. The mucous secretion is not affected, whereas, in correlation with changes in salt secretion, the change in ATPase activity is mot conspicuous. The correlations between the different components of the gland and salt secretion are compared with salt glands of birds and elasmobranchs."}
{"id": "PMID:131179", "title": "The relationship between independent neuropsychological and neurological detection and localization of cerebral impairment.", "content": "Seventy-eight patients referred to the Neurology Service of St. Louis Veterans Administration Hospital were independently diagnosed by a neurologist and a psychologist. The latter utilized the Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery, a series of tests known to be a sensitive indicator of the presence and localization of cerebral impairment. The following diagnostic categories were used: no brain damage, localized left hemisphere impairment, localized right hemisphere impairment, diffuse, diffuse with greater left hemisphere impairment, and diffuse with greater right impairment. Diagnostic agreement was present in all but five cases. Statistical analyses of data from the Halstead Battery supported the clinical analyses in terms of indicating both the presence and, to a lesser degree, the location of organic impairment. Advantages of describing the consequences of organic impairment in objectively measured, quantifiable behavioral terms were discussed and an illustrative case history was presented. It was concluded that psychological test data are a clinically useful supplement to neurological diagnostic information.", "contents": "The relationship between independent neuropsychological and neurological detection and localization of cerebral impairment. Seventy-eight patients referred to the Neurology Service of St. Louis Veterans Administration Hospital were independently diagnosed by a neurologist and a psychologist. The latter utilized the Halstead Neuropsychological Test Battery, a series of tests known to be a sensitive indicator of the presence and localization of cerebral impairment. The following diagnostic categories were used: no brain damage, localized left hemisphere impairment, localized right hemisphere impairment, diffuse, diffuse with greater left hemisphere impairment, and diffuse with greater right impairment. Diagnostic agreement was present in all but five cases. Statistical analyses of data from the Halstead Battery supported the clinical analyses in terms of indicating both the presence and, to a lesser degree, the location of organic impairment. Advantages of describing the consequences of organic impairment in objectively measured, quantifiable behavioral terms were discussed and an illustrative case history was presented. It was concluded that psychological test data are a clinically useful supplement to neurological diagnostic information."}
{"id": "PMID:131182", "title": "Adaptive transformation of rat soleus motor units during growth.", "content": "Soleus motor units of 5 and 34 week-old rats, weighing 150 and 520 g respectively, were examined for contraction time at 36 degrees C, innervation ratio as well as cross-sectional area, ATPase and SDH activity of fibres. The muscle was continuously adjusted to the growth of the animal. Between 5 and 34 weeks the proportion of Type II fibre units with 15-26 msec contraction time decreased from 33% to 10% and Type I fibre units with 27-40 msec contraction time thus increased from 67 to 90%. This was parallelled by approximately the same relative changes in number of Type II and Type I fibres.", "contents": "Adaptive transformation of rat soleus motor units during growth. Soleus motor units of 5 and 34 week-old rats, weighing 150 and 520 g respectively, were examined for contraction time at 36 degrees C, innervation ratio as well as cross-sectional area, ATPase and SDH activity of fibres. The muscle was continuously adjusted to the growth of the animal. Between 5 and 34 weeks the proportion of Type II fibre units with 15-26 msec contraction time decreased from 33% to 10% and Type I fibre units with 27-40 msec contraction time thus increased from 67 to 90%. This was parallelled by approximately the same relative changes in number of Type II and Type I fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:131185", "title": "Mucin histochemistry of human cholangiocarcinoma.", "content": "Histochemical studies of mucins were carried out on 17 autopsy specimens of cholangiocarcinomas associated with clonorchiasis. All tumours produced epithelial mucins which were mixtures of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides without any histochemically demonstrable components of sialic and uronic acids. The mucins were qualitatively similar to that secreted by normal and Clonorchis-infested bile ducts. However carboxymucins were reduced and sulphomucins were absent or present only in trace amounts in the neoplastic epithelium; in the hyperplastic epithelium in clonorchiasis sulphomucins were abundant. The HID-AB technique for sulphomucins is valuable in differentiating hyperplastic bile ducts and cholangiocarcinoma.", "contents": "Mucin histochemistry of human cholangiocarcinoma. Histochemical studies of mucins were carried out on 17 autopsy specimens of cholangiocarcinomas associated with clonorchiasis. All tumours produced epithelial mucins which were mixtures of neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides without any histochemically demonstrable components of sialic and uronic acids. The mucins were qualitatively similar to that secreted by normal and Clonorchis-infested bile ducts. However carboxymucins were reduced and sulphomucins were absent or present only in trace amounts in the neoplastic epithelium; in the hyperplastic epithelium in clonorchiasis sulphomucins were abundant. The HID-AB technique for sulphomucins is valuable in differentiating hyperplastic bile ducts and cholangiocarcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:131186", "title": "Immunization for kidney worm disease (stephanuriasis) of swine I. Somatic antigens.", "content": "Nine somatic antigens derived from the excretory gland cells of adult Stephanurus dentatus were evaluated as vaccines for stephanuriasis of swine. Antigens were mixed v/v with Freund's complete adjuvant and  administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Efficacy was evaluated by counting and comparing lesions and worms in the lymph nodes, livers, and kidney regions of principals and controls necropsied after oral challenge with infective S. dentatus larvae or after exposure to pastures naturally contaminated with such larvae. Against oral challenge, 6 vaccines produced statistically significant reductions in worm burdens of principals; 5 were significant at the 1% level and 1 at the 5% level. Two of these vaccines also reduced liver lesions significantly (P less than 0.05). Results of the natural challenge were inconclusive; small worm burdens were found in both principals and controls. None of the vaccines completely prevented migration to the liver or subsequent development and migration of a few worms to the kidney region. However, since worm burdens were reduced by as much as 92%, the vaccines could be useful in combating the disease, especially if combined with other control measures.", "contents": "Immunization for kidney worm disease (stephanuriasis) of swine I. Somatic antigens. Nine somatic antigens derived from the excretory gland cells of adult Stephanurus dentatus were evaluated as vaccines for stephanuriasis of swine. Antigens were mixed v/v with Freund's complete adjuvant and  administered intramuscularly or subcutaneously. Efficacy was evaluated by counting and comparing lesions and worms in the lymph nodes, livers, and kidney regions of principals and controls necropsied after oral challenge with infective S. dentatus larvae or after exposure to pastures naturally contaminated with such larvae. Against oral challenge, 6 vaccines produced statistically significant reductions in worm burdens of principals; 5 were significant at the 1% level and 1 at the 5% level. Two of these vaccines also reduced liver lesions significantly (P less than 0.05). Results of the natural challenge were inconclusive; small worm burdens were found in both principals and controls. None of the vaccines completely prevented migration to the liver or subsequent development and migration of a few worms to the kidney region. However, since worm burdens were reduced by as much as 92%, the vaccines could be useful in combating the disease, especially if combined with other control measures."}
{"id": "PMID:131187", "title": "Transport of organic cations and anions by choroid plexus.", "content": "The accumulation of organic cations and anions by the isolated rabbit choroid plexus was measured and the results were considered in comparison to in vivo measurements of transport using the ventriculocisternal perfusion technique also in rabbits. The accumulation in vitro of 3H-p-aminohippurate (PAH) and 14C-N1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) was shown to be organic anion and cation specific and dependent upon oxidative metabolism since tissue/medium ratios were reduced by competitive inhibitors including dibenamine and mepiperphenidol for cation transport and probenecid for anion transport and were also reduced by cyanide and dinitrophenol. Rabbits pretreated with chlorpromazine and anesthetized with pentobarbital were perfused lateral ventricle to cisterna magna with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing inulin, 3H-PAH and 14C-NMN. Ratios of concentrations of these substances in the perfusate to those infused were calculated. Significant reductions in the ratios for PAH and NMN compared to unulin were obtained when low rates of perfusion, 40mul/min, were employed with low concentrations of PAH (2 mug/ml) and NMN (0.2 mug/ml). Probenecid (10(-3)M) specifically increased the ratio for PAH without affecting the NMN ratios. Mepiperhenidol (10(-o) M) blocked NMN transport but no PAH. The data and calculated clearances indicate that these prototype anions and cations may be actively transported out of cerebrospinal fluid, but for cations only at a low rate.", "contents": "Transport of organic cations and anions by choroid plexus. The accumulation of organic cations and anions by the isolated rabbit choroid plexus was measured and the results were considered in comparison to in vivo measurements of transport using the ventriculocisternal perfusion technique also in rabbits. The accumulation in vitro of 3H-p-aminohippurate (PAH) and 14C-N1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) was shown to be organic anion and cation specific and dependent upon oxidative metabolism since tissue/medium ratios were reduced by competitive inhibitors including dibenamine and mepiperphenidol for cation transport and probenecid for anion transport and were also reduced by cyanide and dinitrophenol. Rabbits pretreated with chlorpromazine and anesthetized with pentobarbital were perfused lateral ventricle to cisterna magna with artificial cerebrospinal fluid containing inulin, 3H-PAH and 14C-NMN. Ratios of concentrations of these substances in the perfusate to those infused were calculated. Significant reductions in the ratios for PAH and NMN compared to unulin were obtained when low rates of perfusion, 40mul/min, were employed with low concentrations of PAH (2 mug/ml) and NMN (0.2 mug/ml). Probenecid (10(-3)M) specifically increased the ratio for PAH without affecting the NMN ratios. Mepiperhenidol (10(-o) M) blocked NMN transport but no PAH. The data and calculated clearances indicate that these prototype anions and cations may be actively transported out of cerebrospinal fluid, but for cations only at a low rate."}
{"id": "PMID:131188", "title": "The effect of low amplitude muscle vibration on the discharge of fusimotor neurones in the decerebrate cat.", "content": "1. Longitudinal vibration (50-100 mum, 100-300 Hz) has been applied to the triceps surae tendon to examine its effect on the tonic discharges of gastrocnemius medialis fusimotor neurones in the decerebrated cat. 2. For nineteen out of twenty-seven fusimotor neurones vibration consistently caused a small rise in discharge frequency. The remaining eight neurones showed no respose to the vibration which always evoked a considerable discharge in alpha motoneurones. 3. The reflex excitation of fusimotor neurones is attributed to activity in primary endings of muscle spindles since control experiments confirmed that these receptors were powerfully excited by the vibration used whereas secondary endings and Golgi tendon organs remained unaffected. 4. Tonic discharges of fusimotor neurones of unknown destination were also recorded from lumbar 7 and sacral 1 ventral root filaments in decerebrated cats. Of thirty cells, seven were inhibited, five were excited and the remaining eighteen units were unaffected by vibration of the triceps surae. 5. These findings are discussed in relation to the role of muscle stretch receptors in the autogenetic control of fusimotor neurones.", "contents": "The effect of low amplitude muscle vibration on the discharge of fusimotor neurones in the decerebrate cat. 1. Longitudinal vibration (50-100 mum, 100-300 Hz) has been applied to the triceps surae tendon to examine its effect on the tonic discharges of gastrocnemius medialis fusimotor neurones in the decerebrated cat. 2. For nineteen out of twenty-seven fusimotor neurones vibration consistently caused a small rise in discharge frequency. The remaining eight neurones showed no respose to the vibration which always evoked a considerable discharge in alpha motoneurones. 3. The reflex excitation of fusimotor neurones is attributed to activity in primary endings of muscle spindles since control experiments confirmed that these receptors were powerfully excited by the vibration used whereas secondary endings and Golgi tendon organs remained unaffected. 4. Tonic discharges of fusimotor neurones of unknown destination were also recorded from lumbar 7 and sacral 1 ventral root filaments in decerebrated cats. Of thirty cells, seven were inhibited, five were excited and the remaining eighteen units were unaffected by vibration of the triceps surae. 5. These findings are discussed in relation to the role of muscle stretch receptors in the autogenetic control of fusimotor neurones."}
{"id": "PMID:131189", "title": "Environmental salinity and sodium and chloride exchanges across the gill of Tilapia mossambica.", "content": "10 Freshwater-(FW)-adapted, one-third seawater (1/3 SW)-adapted and seawater (SW) adapted Tilapia mossambica were compared for their branchial Na+ influx and efflux as well as Cl- efflux. Na+ and Cl- effluxes were identical. Rates of effluxes were in 1/3 SW- and in SW-adapted fish 10 times and 200 times higher respectively than in FW specimens. 20 Shock due to handling and transfer to small experimental chambers induced, within 20 to 45 min., a considerable increase in Na+ efflux and a more discrete augmentation of the Na+ influx. 30 Branchial Mg++-and Na+-K+ activated ATPase activities increased significantly upon adaptation from FW to 1/3 SW. No significant increase was apparent upon adaptation from 1/3 SW to SW. 40 The trans-branchial potential observed in SW Tilapia resembled the pattern previously described in other species of teleosts.", "contents": "Environmental salinity and sodium and chloride exchanges across the gill of Tilapia mossambica. 10 Freshwater-(FW)-adapted, one-third seawater (1/3 SW)-adapted and seawater (SW) adapted Tilapia mossambica were compared for their branchial Na+ influx and efflux as well as Cl- efflux. Na+ and Cl- effluxes were identical. Rates of effluxes were in 1/3 SW- and in SW-adapted fish 10 times and 200 times higher respectively than in FW specimens. 20 Shock due to handling and transfer to small experimental chambers induced, within 20 to 45 min., a considerable increase in Na+ efflux and a more discrete augmentation of the Na+ influx. 30 Branchial Mg++-and Na+-K+ activated ATPase activities increased significantly upon adaptation from FW to 1/3 SW. No significant increase was apparent upon adaptation from 1/3 SW to SW. 40 The trans-branchial potential observed in SW Tilapia resembled the pattern previously described in other species of teleosts."}
{"id": "PMID:131191", "title": "Effects of Ba ions on frog's isolated muscle spindle.", "content": "Dilute solutions of Barium Chloride have been tested on frog's isolated muscle spindles with the aim of clarifying the processes leading to the afferent discharge. In the presence of Ba++ the spindle properties are modified as follows: 1. The discharge of slack spindles increases and becomes extremely regular. 2. The phasic response to stretching is enhanced, the tonic responses being on the contrary virtually suppressed. Under Ba-treatment therefore the spindle changes from a phasic-tonic receptor to a merely phasic receptor. 3. The \"silent period\" following every propagated spike is prolonged while the safety margin of the \"abortive\" into propagated spike conversion becomes maximal under Ba-treatment. Additionally, this analysis showed that, when a \"true\" action potential arises in the spindle, it propagates not only to the stem fibre, but also to all the sensory endings in the spindle intracapsular network. Comparison between the effects of Ba++ and those produced by TEA and ouabain indicates that the action of Ba++ on muscle spindles results from conjunction of two factors : a) reduction of K permeability, and b) enhanced efficiency of an electrogenic Na/K-pump in spindle nerve membranes.", "contents": "Effects of Ba ions on frog's isolated muscle spindle. Dilute solutions of Barium Chloride have been tested on frog's isolated muscle spindles with the aim of clarifying the processes leading to the afferent discharge. In the presence of Ba++ the spindle properties are modified as follows: 1. The discharge of slack spindles increases and becomes extremely regular. 2. The phasic response to stretching is enhanced, the tonic responses being on the contrary virtually suppressed. Under Ba-treatment therefore the spindle changes from a phasic-tonic receptor to a merely phasic receptor. 3. The \"silent period\" following every propagated spike is prolonged while the safety margin of the \"abortive\" into propagated spike conversion becomes maximal under Ba-treatment. Additionally, this analysis showed that, when a \"true\" action potential arises in the spindle, it propagates not only to the stem fibre, but also to all the sensory endings in the spindle intracapsular network. Comparison between the effects of Ba++ and those produced by TEA and ouabain indicates that the action of Ba++ on muscle spindles results from conjunction of two factors : a) reduction of K permeability, and b) enhanced efficiency of an electrogenic Na/K-pump in spindle nerve membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:131192", "title": "Temperature gradients at various points within the human pelvis as measured during laparoscopy.", "content": "Temperatures have been measured during pelvic laparoscopy, under general anesthesia, in 59 women. Temperatures on the serosal surface of the rectum, the mesovarium, the ovarian arteries and the surface of the external iliac artery have been compared with the temperature deep in the rectal cavity on the rectal mucosa. The mean temperatures recorded at all sites within the pelvic cavity were lower than the mean temperatures recorded on the rectal mucosa. The mean differences between rectal mucosa and the other pelvic sites are: rectal mucosa -0.20 +/- standard error of the mean (SEM) 0.03C, mesovarium -0.28 +/-SEM 0.04C, ovarian artery -0.35 +/- SEM 0.05C and external iliac artery -0.44 +/- SEM 0.06C. All differences are highly significant from zero and do not appear to be related to the time from the onset of anesthesia, the temperature of the gas used to fill the abdominal cavity, the time from the last menustrual period and any pathology present in the pelvis. The results are consistent with a previous suggestion, by Grayson,2 that the human rectal mucosa may be an organ of heat production and that arterial blood within the pelvis may be precooled by counter current heat exchange with veins draining cold blood from the extremities.", "contents": "Temperature gradients at various points within the human pelvis as measured during laparoscopy. Temperatures have been measured during pelvic laparoscopy, under general anesthesia, in 59 women. Temperatures on the serosal surface of the rectum, the mesovarium, the ovarian arteries and the surface of the external iliac artery have been compared with the temperature deep in the rectal cavity on the rectal mucosa. The mean temperatures recorded at all sites within the pelvic cavity were lower than the mean temperatures recorded on the rectal mucosa. The mean differences between rectal mucosa and the other pelvic sites are: rectal mucosa -0.20 +/- standard error of the mean (SEM) 0.03C, mesovarium -0.28 +/-SEM 0.04C, ovarian artery -0.35 +/- SEM 0.05C and external iliac artery -0.44 +/- SEM 0.06C. All differences are highly significant from zero and do not appear to be related to the time from the onset of anesthesia, the temperature of the gas used to fill the abdominal cavity, the time from the last menustrual period and any pathology present in the pelvis. The results are consistent with a previous suggestion, by Grayson,2 that the human rectal mucosa may be an organ of heat production and that arterial blood within the pelvis may be precooled by counter current heat exchange with veins draining cold blood from the extremities."}
{"id": "PMID:131193", "title": "Multipronged laparoscopic forceps.", "content": "Use of conventional two-pronged forceps in laparoscopic surgery can be problematic. Fallopian tubes tend to slip and ovaries are difficult to grasp securely. In addition, when removing the forceps to obtain an ovarian biopsy specimen prior to cauterization of the biopsy site, the ovary must be released; it is the often difficult to regrasp promptly. Spring-loaded laparoscopic instruments that are provided with multiple prongs offer certain advantages. These instruments hold tissue more securely and with even tension, and with them it requires a minimal effort to maintain tissue in a stable position. The author designed multipronged forceps, which were used for tubal sterilization and ovarian mobilization and biopsy in a series of more than 125 cases. No complications were noted from the use of the forceps.", "contents": "Multipronged laparoscopic forceps. Use of conventional two-pronged forceps in laparoscopic surgery can be problematic. Fallopian tubes tend to slip and ovaries are difficult to grasp securely. In addition, when removing the forceps to obtain an ovarian biopsy specimen prior to cauterization of the biopsy site, the ovary must be released; it is the often difficult to regrasp promptly. Spring-loaded laparoscopic instruments that are provided with multiple prongs offer certain advantages. These instruments hold tissue more securely and with even tension, and with them it requires a minimal effort to maintain tissue in a stable position. The author designed multipronged forceps, which were used for tubal sterilization and ovarian mobilization and biopsy in a series of more than 125 cases. No complications were noted from the use of the forceps."}
{"id": "PMID:131197", "title": "The control of adult parasitic nematodes of cattle with morantel tartrate.", "content": "The anthelmintic efficacy of morantel tartrate at 5mg/kg bodymass was investigated in three separate controlled trials comprising 68 calves. High anthelmintic activity was established against adult Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia spp. (C.pertinata and C. punctata), Bunostomum phlebotomum and Oesophagostomum radiatum.", "contents": "The control of adult parasitic nematodes of cattle with morantel tartrate. The anthelmintic efficacy of morantel tartrate at 5mg/kg bodymass was investigated in three separate controlled trials comprising 68 calves. High anthelmintic activity was established against adult Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia spp. (C.pertinata and C. punctata), Bunostomum phlebotomum and Oesophagostomum radiatum."}
{"id": "PMID:131198", "title": "Location of the coagulase gene in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Evidence is presented for the chromosomal location of the coagulase determinant in most strains of Staphylococcus aureus. By the use of a pour-plate technique, transduction of the capacity to produce coagulase to a coagulase-negative mutant of S. aureus was studied. The frequencies of transduction were low unless the transducing phage was exposed to ultraviolet irradiation and the recipient was lysogenised with the transducing phage. Attempts to transfer the coagulase gene from S. aureus to S. epidermidis were not successful.", "contents": "Location of the coagulase gene in Staphylococcus aureus. Evidence is presented for the chromosomal location of the coagulase determinant in most strains of Staphylococcus aureus. By the use of a pour-plate technique, transduction of the capacity to produce coagulase to a coagulase-negative mutant of S. aureus was studied. The frequencies of transduction were low unless the transducing phage was exposed to ultraviolet irradiation and the recipient was lysogenised with the transducing phage. Attempts to transfer the coagulase gene from S. aureus to S. epidermidis were not successful."}
{"id": "PMID:131200", "title": "Possible evolutionary relationships of the nitrogenase proteins.", "content": "Comparisons of the amino acid compositions of the nitrogenase proteins from different organisms and their correlation with cross-reactivities and taxonomical data suggest an evolution within bacterial genomes rather than within plasmids. Comparisons of the amino acid compositions of nitrogenases and other ATP-ases show similarities which might be due to the evolution of these ATP-ases from a common ancestral protein.", "contents": "Possible evolutionary relationships of the nitrogenase proteins. Comparisons of the amino acid compositions of the nitrogenase proteins from different organisms and their correlation with cross-reactivities and taxonomical data suggest an evolution within bacterial genomes rather than within plasmids. Comparisons of the amino acid compositions of nitrogenases and other ATP-ases show similarities which might be due to the evolution of these ATP-ases from a common ancestral protein."}
{"id": "PMID:131201", "title": "Studies on neuronal lipid.", "content": "The procedure for bulk preparation of nerve-cell perikarya from pig brain-stem is briefly described. This method has definite merits with regard to the preservation of the intracellular structures as well as the preservation of the processes. The chemical composition of the isolated nerve-cell perikarya is presented. The nerve-cell perikarya are characterized by the absence of cerebroside and sulfatide. Diffuse distribution of ganglioside on the cell surface is suggested. The lipid content of the nerve-cell perikarya isolated by different methods is discussed. Lipid composition of the invertebrate nervous tissue is discussed. The submicrosomal membranes of rat brain are isolated, and their chemical and morphological properties are discussed. Ribosome-free membranes are characterized by the high content of glycolipids including gangliosides, as well as by the high activity of Na, K-ATPase, whereas ribosome-bound membranes are characterized by the absence of glycolipids, as well as by the low activity of Na, K-ATPase. The molecular organizations of lipid in submicrosomal membranes are demonstrated.", "contents": "Studies on neuronal lipid. The procedure for bulk preparation of nerve-cell perikarya from pig brain-stem is briefly described. This method has definite merits with regard to the preservation of the intracellular structures as well as the preservation of the processes. The chemical composition of the isolated nerve-cell perikarya is presented. The nerve-cell perikarya are characterized by the absence of cerebroside and sulfatide. Diffuse distribution of ganglioside on the cell surface is suggested. The lipid content of the nerve-cell perikarya isolated by different methods is discussed. Lipid composition of the invertebrate nervous tissue is discussed. The submicrosomal membranes of rat brain are isolated, and their chemical and morphological properties are discussed. Ribosome-free membranes are characterized by the high content of glycolipids including gangliosides, as well as by the high activity of Na, K-ATPase, whereas ribosome-bound membranes are characterized by the absence of glycolipids, as well as by the low activity of Na, K-ATPase. The molecular organizations of lipid in submicrosomal membranes are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:131202", "title": "Increased prolactin levels during reserpine treatment of hypertensive patients.", "content": "Serum prolactin levels are significantly greater among hypertensive patients receiving reserpine as compared to levels six weeks after discontinuing the treatment (P less than .005). This association between regular, long-term reserpine use and greater prolactin levels may be clinically significant, since an increased incidence of breast cancer has been reported among hypertensive patients receiving reserpine.", "contents": "Increased prolactin levels during reserpine treatment of hypertensive patients. Serum prolactin levels are significantly greater among hypertensive patients receiving reserpine as compared to levels six weeks after discontinuing the treatment (P less than .005). This association between regular, long-term reserpine use and greater prolactin levels may be clinically significant, since an increased incidence of breast cancer has been reported among hypertensive patients receiving reserpine."}
{"id": "PMID:131208", "title": "Effects of La+++, Mn++ and ruthenium red on Mg-Ca-ATPase activity and ATP-dependent Ca-binding of the synaptic plasma membrane.", "content": "The effects of La+++, Mn++ and ruthenium red (R.R.) on Ca-uptake of synaptic plasma membranes (S.P.M.) were investigated. La+++ (0.1 mM), Mn++ (0.2 mM) and R.R. (0.1 mM) selectively inhibited Mg-Ca-ATPase but did not significantly affect Mg-ATPase activity. The apparent Ki values of La+++, Mn++ and R.R. for Mg-Ca-ATPase were 0.05, 0.06 and 0.03 mM, respectively. La+++, Mn++ and R.R. did not affect Ca-uptake at concentrations which strongly inhibited Mg-Ca-ATPase activity. These results indicate that Ca-uptake by S.P.M. differ from that by sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Effects of La+++, Mn++ and ruthenium red on Mg-Ca-ATPase activity and ATP-dependent Ca-binding of the synaptic plasma membrane. The effects of La+++, Mn++ and ruthenium red (R.R.) on Ca-uptake of synaptic plasma membranes (S.P.M.) were investigated. La+++ (0.1 mM), Mn++ (0.2 mM) and R.R. (0.1 mM) selectively inhibited Mg-Ca-ATPase but did not significantly affect Mg-ATPase activity. The apparent Ki values of La+++, Mn++ and R.R. for Mg-Ca-ATPase were 0.05, 0.06 and 0.03 mM, respectively. La+++, Mn++ and R.R. did not affect Ca-uptake at concentrations which strongly inhibited Mg-Ca-ATPase activity. These results indicate that Ca-uptake by S.P.M. differ from that by sarcoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:131209", "title": "[Electron-microscopic study of the left heart ventricle of rats in the advanced stage of myocardial hypertrophy].", "content": "The ultrastructure of the left ventricle was studied in 10 rats, 5 of whom were subjected to partial ligation of the aortic isthmus 9 months prior to the procurement of the material. In 3 of the operated rats cardiac insufficiency was induced by means of additional exercises. Three normal rats could swim for 5 hours running before they got exhausted, 2 rats were intact. The operated animals with signs of cardiac insufficiency exhibited highly distinct ultrastructural changes that did not differ qualitatively from those observed in the acute phase of myocardial hypertrophy. No alterations were noted in the mitochondria, which does not permit to interpret the disorders in the energy balance of the cell as the leading cause of chronic cardiac insufficiency. In chronic cardiac insufficiency the myocardial cells seem to develop physiological disturbances undetectable by electron microscopy that may be the cause of cardiac failure. This is supported by the appearance of gross changes in the myocardium on the advanced stages of hypertrophy even after insignificant additional exercises.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopic study of the left heart ventricle of rats in the advanced stage of myocardial hypertrophy]. The ultrastructure of the left ventricle was studied in 10 rats, 5 of whom were subjected to partial ligation of the aortic isthmus 9 months prior to the procurement of the material. In 3 of the operated rats cardiac insufficiency was induced by means of additional exercises. Three normal rats could swim for 5 hours running before they got exhausted, 2 rats were intact. The operated animals with signs of cardiac insufficiency exhibited highly distinct ultrastructural changes that did not differ qualitatively from those observed in the acute phase of myocardial hypertrophy. No alterations were noted in the mitochondria, which does not permit to interpret the disorders in the energy balance of the cell as the leading cause of chronic cardiac insufficiency. In chronic cardiac insufficiency the myocardial cells seem to develop physiological disturbances undetectable by electron microscopy that may be the cause of cardiac failure. This is supported by the appearance of gross changes in the myocardium on the advanced stages of hypertrophy even after insignificant additional exercises."}
{"id": "PMID:131216", "title": "[The effect of sudden changes in the stimulation rate of the heart on peak systolic pressure (author's transl)].", "content": "The changes in systolic pressure were studied in 48 patients during artificially (by electrical stimulation) induced sudden increases and consecutive decreases in heart rate. Various patterns could be separated respective to phase A (sudden switch from low (80-120 impulses/min) to higher heart rate (140-180 impulses/min)) and to phase B (sudden switch-back from high to lower (control) beating rate): AI) The systolic peak-pressure of the first contraction after the shortened stimulation interval is very low and often stays ineffective (below the aortic opening pressure). The second contraction develops already a higher pressure than the first one, during the consecutive beats the systolic pressure increases gradually until a new steady state is reached, which is usually lower than the systolic pressure during the foregoing lower beating rate. Sometimes however it can be equal or even higher. Accordingly after an elevation of heart rate arterial mean pressure can drop, stay constant or increase. AII) The systolic peak-pressure of the first contraction after the shortened stimulation interval stays relatively high and drops continuously with the succeeding contractions until a new steady state is reached according to the higher heart rate, it is however always lower than the one at a lower stimulation rate. Therefore arterial mean pressure is always decreased. AIII) Finally we observed changes in arterial systolic pressure in some patients that could not be grouped according to one or to the other pattern described above.- BI) The systolic peak of the first contraction after the switch-back from the high to the lower (control) rate is much higher than that of the last at the higher rate. The peak pressures of the consecutive contractions are then dropping continuously to the new steady-state, that can be higher, equal or lower than that at the higher stimulation rate. BII) ....", "contents": "[The effect of sudden changes in the stimulation rate of the heart on peak systolic pressure (author's transl)]. The changes in systolic pressure were studied in 48 patients during artificially (by electrical stimulation) induced sudden increases and consecutive decreases in heart rate. Various patterns could be separated respective to phase A (sudden switch from low (80-120 impulses/min) to higher heart rate (140-180 impulses/min)) and to phase B (sudden switch-back from high to lower (control) beating rate): AI) The systolic peak-pressure of the first contraction after the shortened stimulation interval is very low and often stays ineffective (below the aortic opening pressure). The second contraction develops already a higher pressure than the first one, during the consecutive beats the systolic pressure increases gradually until a new steady state is reached, which is usually lower than the systolic pressure during the foregoing lower beating rate. Sometimes however it can be equal or even higher. Accordingly after an elevation of heart rate arterial mean pressure can drop, stay constant or increase. AII) The systolic peak-pressure of the first contraction after the shortened stimulation interval stays relatively high and drops continuously with the succeeding contractions until a new steady state is reached according to the higher heart rate, it is however always lower than the one at a lower stimulation rate. Therefore arterial mean pressure is always decreased. AIII) Finally we observed changes in arterial systolic pressure in some patients that could not be grouped according to one or to the other pattern described above.- BI) The systolic peak of the first contraction after the switch-back from the high to the lower (control) rate is much higher than that of the last at the higher rate. The peak pressures of the consecutive contractions are then dropping continuously to the new steady-state, that can be higher, equal or lower than that at the higher stimulation rate. BII) ...."}
{"id": "PMID:131218", "title": "Transmissible mink encephalopathy. Reduced spongiform degeneration in aged mink of the Chediak-Higashi genotype.", "content": "Mink which are 18 months or older and are dying of transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) have been found to have a marked reduction in spongiform degeneration of the brain if they are homozygous for the Aleutian gene and thus exhibit the autosomal recessive disorder known as the Chediak Higashi (CH) syndrome. CH mink younger than 1 year, and young or old non-CH mink have a typical lesion profile with widespread microvacuolation of the neuropile. Whereas aged CH mink have reduced spongiform degeneration at both the light and electron microscopic level, there is no other apparent alteration in the TME disease process. The length of incubation, clinical signs, astrocytic response, and brain concentration of the TME agent are comparable to those seen in non-CH mink. We conclude that spongiform degeneration is a secondary change in TME and speculate that vacuolation may be the result of lysosomal enzymes causing an increase in ganglioside catabolism.", "contents": "Transmissible mink encephalopathy. Reduced spongiform degeneration in aged mink of the Chediak-Higashi genotype. Mink which are 18 months or older and are dying of transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) have been found to have a marked reduction in spongiform degeneration of the brain if they are homozygous for the Aleutian gene and thus exhibit the autosomal recessive disorder known as the Chediak Higashi (CH) syndrome. CH mink younger than 1 year, and young or old non-CH mink have a typical lesion profile with widespread microvacuolation of the neuropile. Whereas aged CH mink have reduced spongiform degeneration at both the light and electron microscopic level, there is no other apparent alteration in the TME disease process. The length of incubation, clinical signs, astrocytic response, and brain concentration of the TME agent are comparable to those seen in non-CH mink. We conclude that spongiform degeneration is a secondary change in TME and speculate that vacuolation may be the result of lysosomal enzymes causing an increase in ganglioside catabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:131221", "title": "Disposable filters for microaggregate removal from extracorporeal circulation.", "content": "A comparative study of three commercially available blood filters for use in extracorporeal circuits was made in dogs. All filters were efficient in removing infused microclots from the circulation, but all caused mild thrombocytopenia and two produced minimal hemolysis. In dogs infused with microclots, only those animals without blood filters in the infusing circuit showed evidence of pulmonary microembolism at autopsy. It was concluded that while the filters have minimal disadvantages, their potential in reducing microembolism in extracorporeal circuits far outweighs these disadvantages.", "contents": "Disposable filters for microaggregate removal from extracorporeal circulation. A comparative study of three commercially available blood filters for use in extracorporeal circuits was made in dogs. All filters were efficient in removing infused microclots from the circulation, but all caused mild thrombocytopenia and two produced minimal hemolysis. In dogs infused with microclots, only those animals without blood filters in the infusing circuit showed evidence of pulmonary microembolism at autopsy. It was concluded that while the filters have minimal disadvantages, their potential in reducing microembolism in extracorporeal circuits far outweighs these disadvantages."}
{"id": "PMID:131222", "title": "Cor triatriatum: echocardiograhic findings.", "content": "The echocardiographic findings in a patient with cor triatriatum are presented. The preoperative echocardiogram demonstrated an unusual structure behind the mitral valve that moved anteriorly during atrial systole. There was also echocardiographic evidence of abnormalities of mitral valve motion, right ventricular and left atrial enlargement,  and pulmonary hypertension. Postoperatively, the unusual echo behind the mitral valve had disappeared and the mitral valve appeared more normal. Left atrial and right ventricular dimension had decreased and the pulmonary valve appeared more normal. Fine diastolic mitral valve fluttering, an abnormal echo behind the anterior mitral valve leaflet moving anteriorly with atrial systole, an abnormal pulmonary valve echogram suggesting pulmonary hypertension, and marked right ventricular and left atrial enlargement were the main echocardiographic findings in our patient.", "contents": "Cor triatriatum: echocardiograhic findings. The echocardiographic findings in a patient with cor triatriatum are presented. The preoperative echocardiogram demonstrated an unusual structure behind the mitral valve that moved anteriorly during atrial systole. There was also echocardiographic evidence of abnormalities of mitral valve motion, right ventricular and left atrial enlargement,  and pulmonary hypertension. Postoperatively, the unusual echo behind the mitral valve had disappeared and the mitral valve appeared more normal. Left atrial and right ventricular dimension had decreased and the pulmonary valve appeared more normal. Fine diastolic mitral valve fluttering, an abnormal echo behind the anterior mitral valve leaflet moving anteriorly with atrial systole, an abnormal pulmonary valve echogram suggesting pulmonary hypertension, and marked right ventricular and left atrial enlargement were the main echocardiographic findings in our patient."}
{"id": "PMID:131223", "title": "A multifactorial system controlling myeloid cell differentiation and division.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that mature granulocytes contain two stimulatory and three inhibitory factors of cell proliferation. Consequently, beyond the negative feedback inhibitor (chalone), myeloid cells are controlled presumably by other negative (inhibitory) and positive (stimulatory) mechanisms, in addition.", "contents": "A multifactorial system controlling myeloid cell differentiation and division. It has been demonstrated that mature granulocytes contain two stimulatory and three inhibitory factors of cell proliferation. Consequently, beyond the negative feedback inhibitor (chalone), myeloid cells are controlled presumably by other negative (inhibitory) and positive (stimulatory) mechanisms, in addition."}
{"id": "PMID:131232", "title": "Enzymes related to lipogenesis in the adipose tissue of obese subjects.", "content": "In a group of ten adult obese subjects, maintained for 15 days on a normal caloric intake and balanced diet, the activity of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1),6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), and ATP citratelyase (EC 4.1.3.8) in the adipose tissue was significantly increased, both on a protein and on a fat cell number basis, compared to matched normal subjects. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) (EC 1.1.1.40), on the other hand, was unchanged. Since both hexokinase and 6-phosphofructokinase are rate-limiting in glycolysis, their enhanced activity would indicate the occurrence of an increased capacity to metabolize glucose and therefore to generate alpha-glycerophosphate. The elevation of ATP citrate-lyase would suggest increased lipogenesis, owing to the regulatory role that this enzyme plays in fatty acid synthesis. The normal activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP), which supply NADPH for the reduction of acetyl-CoA to fatty acids, would suggest that the change in lipogenesis is of moderate degree, thereb) affecting only the most rate-limiting enzyme, ATP citrate-lyase. These data, on the whole, are consistent with the occurrence of enhanced triglyceride formation. Whether the enzyme changes observed are adaptive or genetic in nature remains to be clarified.", "contents": "Enzymes related to lipogenesis in the adipose tissue of obese subjects. In a group of ten adult obese subjects, maintained for 15 days on a normal caloric intake and balanced diet, the activity of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1),6-phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), and ATP citratelyase (EC 4.1.3.8) in the adipose tissue was significantly increased, both on a protein and on a fat cell number basis, compared to matched normal subjects. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), malate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.37), and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) (EC 1.1.1.40), on the other hand, was unchanged. Since both hexokinase and 6-phosphofructokinase are rate-limiting in glycolysis, their enhanced activity would indicate the occurrence of an increased capacity to metabolize glucose and therefore to generate alpha-glycerophosphate. The elevation of ATP citrate-lyase would suggest increased lipogenesis, owing to the regulatory role that this enzyme plays in fatty acid synthesis. The normal activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP), which supply NADPH for the reduction of acetyl-CoA to fatty acids, would suggest that the change in lipogenesis is of moderate degree, thereb) affecting only the most rate-limiting enzyme, ATP citrate-lyase. These data, on the whole, are consistent with the occurrence of enhanced triglyceride formation. Whether the enzyme changes observed are adaptive or genetic in nature remains to be clarified."}
{"id": "PMID:131235", "title": "Non-steroid skin cream in traumatic dermatoses: A clinical open evaluation.", "content": "Attention is drawn to the unwanted side effects of the long-term topical use of steroids on the skin. The topical use of steroids in conditions in which immunological factors are not involved is not necessary. An open clinical evaluation demonstrated that simple protective applications are quite effective in these conditions.", "contents": "Non-steroid skin cream in traumatic dermatoses: A clinical open evaluation. Attention is drawn to the unwanted side effects of the long-term topical use of steroids on the skin. The topical use of steroids in conditions in which immunological factors are not involved is not necessary. An open clinical evaluation demonstrated that simple protective applications are quite effective in these conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:131236", "title": "Clonazepam in the treatment of choreiform activity.", "content": "In a limited study, clonazepam, a new benzodiazepine derivative, has been found to be effective in suppressing choreiform movements in three patients with Huntington's chorea, three patients with non-familial chorea, and in one patient with senile chorea. In two patients with chorea of doubtful aetiology the response was not very satisfactory. A simple method was used to assess objectively the effect on choreiform movements. The effective dose varied from 3-5 to 5-5 mg a day. The drug was well tolerated by most of the patients.", "contents": "Clonazepam in the treatment of choreiform activity. In a limited study, clonazepam, a new benzodiazepine derivative, has been found to be effective in suppressing choreiform movements in three patients with Huntington's chorea, three patients with non-familial chorea, and in one patient with senile chorea. In two patients with chorea of doubtful aetiology the response was not very satisfactory. A simple method was used to assess objectively the effect on choreiform movements. The effective dose varied from 3-5 to 5-5 mg a day. The drug was well tolerated by most of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:131241", "title": "Amino acid replacement in the protein S5 from a spectinomycin resistant mutant of Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "Ribosomal protein S5 was isolated from wild type Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and from a spectinomycin resistant mutant (BSPC 111) derived from spectinomycin sensitive to resistance is accomtrypsin and all the tryptic peptides were isolated by column- and paper-chromatography. By comparative amino acid analyses of the peptides, it was demonstrated that the S5 from the mutant differs from the wild type S5 by a replacement of one amino acid, namely lysine by isoleucine in the peptide T9. The results are compared with E. coli spectinomycin resistant mutants.", "contents": "Amino acid replacement in the protein S5 from a spectinomycin resistant mutant of Bacillus subtilis. Ribosomal protein S5 was isolated from wild type Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and from a spectinomycin resistant mutant (BSPC 111) derived from spectinomycin sensitive to resistance is accomtrypsin and all the tryptic peptides were isolated by column- and paper-chromatography. By comparative amino acid analyses of the peptides, it was demonstrated that the S5 from the mutant differs from the wild type S5 by a replacement of one amino acid, namely lysine by isoleucine in the peptide T9. The results are compared with E. coli spectinomycin resistant mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:131242", "title": "Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cyto-fibrillary stroma. Note 6. The capillary stereotype and the factors which influence it.", "content": "The human skin and the mammary gland in the woman and the man--all of them ectoblastic-origin tissues, rich in stromal structures and belonging to the IIIrd step of M\u00e2rza's classification (Vth note) -- were investigated using the method of the microscopic conventional fields. The normal skin (Ist lot), the skin from the vicinity of basaliomatous nodules (II--A), of incipient basaliomatous nodules (II--B), of completely developed (II--C), of the skin during irradiation (II--D) and after irradiation (II--E), as well as the pemphigus skin were studied. In the woman the mammary gland was investigated in the little girl (GMF), in the adult nonpregnant woman (GMA), during the first trimester of pregnancy (GMG), during lactation (GML), during climacterium (GMM), in glandular carcinomas of the adult female (GMAC) and during menopause (GMMC). In the man, the normal gland (GMB) and the hypertrophied one (gynecomastia) (GMBH) were studied.", "contents": "Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cyto-fibrillary stroma. Note 6. The capillary stereotype and the factors which influence it. The human skin and the mammary gland in the woman and the man--all of them ectoblastic-origin tissues, rich in stromal structures and belonging to the IIIrd step of M\u00e2rza's classification (Vth note) -- were investigated using the method of the microscopic conventional fields. The normal skin (Ist lot), the skin from the vicinity of basaliomatous nodules (II--A), of incipient basaliomatous nodules (II--B), of completely developed (II--C), of the skin during irradiation (II--D) and after irradiation (II--E), as well as the pemphigus skin were studied. In the woman the mammary gland was investigated in the little girl (GMF), in the adult nonpregnant woman (GMA), during the first trimester of pregnancy (GMG), during lactation (GML), during climacterium (GMM), in glandular carcinomas of the adult female (GMAC) and during menopause (GMMC). In the man, the normal gland (GMB) and the hypertrophied one (gynecomastia) (GMBH) were studied."}
{"id": "PMID:131244", "title": "Researches on the macrophage reaction in embryonic necrotic foci by means of cell cultures.", "content": "Macrophage transformation of the fibroblasts and the attraction of macrophages in cell cultures of chick embryo have been investigated. Cultures were treated with choline hydrochloride, DNA, lactalbumine hydrolysate, lysine, peptone and ATP. An intense agglomeration of macrophages in the contact area with the agar gel containing choline could be observed. Cultures treated with DNA have a great number of macrophages together with a numerous fibroblast population. In cultures treated with the other substances, macrophages also appear, yet their number is not so great. The results obtained plead for a triggering of the macrophage reaction and of the necrosis in embryo tissues and organs by substances identical or similar to those used in our cultures.", "contents": "Researches on the macrophage reaction in embryonic necrotic foci by means of cell cultures. Macrophage transformation of the fibroblasts and the attraction of macrophages in cell cultures of chick embryo have been investigated. Cultures were treated with choline hydrochloride, DNA, lactalbumine hydrolysate, lysine, peptone and ATP. An intense agglomeration of macrophages in the contact area with the agar gel containing choline could be observed. Cultures treated with DNA have a great number of macrophages together with a numerous fibroblast population. In cultures treated with the other substances, macrophages also appear, yet their number is not so great. The results obtained plead for a triggering of the macrophage reaction and of the necrosis in embryo tissues and organs by substances identical or similar to those used in our cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:131245", "title": "In vitro growth peculiarities of some human ovarian tumours.", "content": "The possibility of applying a short duration method of in vitro cultures for detecting malignancy of ovarian tumours with borderline lesions and with incipient malignant ones was investigated in 24 ovarian tumours. Three main types of histocultures were described in relation with the in vitro behaviour of ovarian tumours and their cytomorphology (atypic growth, mixed growth and normal one). The category of mixed type growth cultures is discussed, corresponding to ovarian tumours with histopathological borderline lesions, with incipient malignancy, as well as two cilio-epithelial cystadenomae rendered malignant with peritoneal seedings.", "contents": "In vitro growth peculiarities of some human ovarian tumours. The possibility of applying a short duration method of in vitro cultures for detecting malignancy of ovarian tumours with borderline lesions and with incipient malignant ones was investigated in 24 ovarian tumours. Three main types of histocultures were described in relation with the in vitro behaviour of ovarian tumours and their cytomorphology (atypic growth, mixed growth and normal one). The category of mixed type growth cultures is discussed, corresponding to ovarian tumours with histopathological borderline lesions, with incipient malignancy, as well as two cilio-epithelial cystadenomae rendered malignant with peritoneal seedings."}
{"id": "PMID:131246", "title": "Relationships between the lung mesenchymal cell populations: concurrent elicitation by air and blood ways of the lung reacting cell systems.", "content": "Some relationships between the lung reacting cell populations connected to the air and blood ways are investigated by elicitation with proteins in Freund's adjuvant and with SiO2. The agents were intratracheally and respectively intravenously injected into rabbits concomitantly or in different orders and times. The developmental analysis of the alveolar silicotic nodules and of the proteolipidic perivascular ones pointed out the involvement of both reacting cell systems in relation with the administration route, the involvement of local cells only, when the agent is less active and the arrival of blood mononuclears when the agent is more active. A concurrent taking part of the reacting cell systems in the process is demonstrated. The immune phenomena developed by both the used agents also elimine numerous cells from the formation process of nodules, and allow the production of hypersensitive reactions of the immediate and cellular type which influence the integrity and cellularity of formed nodules. The relationships between these two reacting cell systems of the lung appear to be not only quantitative but also qualitative.", "contents": "Relationships between the lung mesenchymal cell populations: concurrent elicitation by air and blood ways of the lung reacting cell systems. Some relationships between the lung reacting cell populations connected to the air and blood ways are investigated by elicitation with proteins in Freund's adjuvant and with SiO2. The agents were intratracheally and respectively intravenously injected into rabbits concomitantly or in different orders and times. The developmental analysis of the alveolar silicotic nodules and of the proteolipidic perivascular ones pointed out the involvement of both reacting cell systems in relation with the administration route, the involvement of local cells only, when the agent is less active and the arrival of blood mononuclears when the agent is more active. A concurrent taking part of the reacting cell systems in the process is demonstrated. The immune phenomena developed by both the used agents also elimine numerous cells from the formation process of nodules, and allow the production of hypersensitive reactions of the immediate and cellular type which influence the integrity and cellularity of formed nodules. The relationships between these two reacting cell systems of the lung appear to be not only quantitative but also qualitative."}
{"id": "PMID:131248", "title": "[Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a consequence of toxic effects of ethyl alcohol. Acute effects must be distinguished from chronic effects over many years. Chronic abuse of alcohol of 1.5-2 g ethyl alcohol per kg body weight (i.e. about 100-150 g/70 kg) per day for years can cause congestive cardiomyopathy in predisposed persons, usually between 30 and 50 years of age. The diagnosis is associated with some criteria for exclusion, i.e. coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, in addition all obstructive and restrictive cardiomyopathy must be excluded. On the other hand, a specific constellation of findings can be considered characteristic of alcoholic cardiomyopathy, namely the coincidence of a radiologically established cardiomegaly in the form of a congestive cardiomyopathy with a raised serum concentration of immunoglobulin A and a negative myocardial immunofluorescence test. Therapeutically, in addition to the classical principles of the treatment of heart failure, absolute abstention from alcohol and physical stress seemed to be effective.", "contents": "[Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]. Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a consequence of toxic effects of ethyl alcohol. Acute effects must be distinguished from chronic effects over many years. Chronic abuse of alcohol of 1.5-2 g ethyl alcohol per kg body weight (i.e. about 100-150 g/70 kg) per day for years can cause congestive cardiomyopathy in predisposed persons, usually between 30 and 50 years of age. The diagnosis is associated with some criteria for exclusion, i.e. coronary heart disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, in addition all obstructive and restrictive cardiomyopathy must be excluded. On the other hand, a specific constellation of findings can be considered characteristic of alcoholic cardiomyopathy, namely the coincidence of a radiologically established cardiomegaly in the form of a congestive cardiomyopathy with a raised serum concentration of immunoglobulin A and a negative myocardial immunofluorescence test. Therapeutically, in addition to the classical principles of the treatment of heart failure, absolute abstention from alcohol and physical stress seemed to be effective."}
{"id": "PMID:131249", "title": "Enrichment for auxotrophic and heat-sensitive mutants of Neurospora crassa by tritium suicide.", "content": "Tritium suicide is shown to be an effective technique for mutant enrichment in Neurospora crassa. When mutagenized conidia were labelled to a high specific radioactivity either with a tritiated amino acid mixture or with [5-3H]uridine at a non-permissive temperature and stored at 4 degrees C to accumulate decays, there was a 13-15 fold enrichment for temperature-sensitive mutants relative to the original mutagenized cultures. For a wild type culture of Neurospora crassa labelled with [5-3H]uridine at 35 degrees C the probability of cell killing per tritium decay was calculated to be 3.64 X 10(-5).", "contents": "Enrichment for auxotrophic and heat-sensitive mutants of Neurospora crassa by tritium suicide. Tritium suicide is shown to be an effective technique for mutant enrichment in Neurospora crassa. When mutagenized conidia were labelled to a high specific radioactivity either with a tritiated amino acid mixture or with [5-3H]uridine at a non-permissive temperature and stored at 4 degrees C to accumulate decays, there was a 13-15 fold enrichment for temperature-sensitive mutants relative to the original mutagenized cultures. For a wild type culture of Neurospora crassa labelled with [5-3H]uridine at 35 degrees C the probability of cell killing per tritium decay was calculated to be 3.64 X 10(-5)."}
{"id": "PMID:131254", "title": "Functional and metabolic studies on red blood cell sodium transport in chronic uremia.", "content": "Red blood cells from 7 out of 13 patients with chronic uremia were found to have increased intracellular concentrations of sodium associated with a reversible inhibition of ouabain-sensitive Na efflux when incubated in control plasma. Although mean Na-K-ATPase activity of RBC hemolysates was only moderately decreased (21.8 +/- 1.5 vs. 26.5 +/- 1.8 nmol Pi/mg protein/h), enzyme kinetics revealed a significant increase in KmATP values for this enzyme in uremic RBCs (1.01 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.58 +/- 0.03; p less than 0.001) which was closely correlated to serum creatinine concentration (r = 0.9034). While aerobic glycolysis was unaltered, an increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was observed, i.e. the enzyme initiating the pentose-phosphate cycle. In addition, intracellular ATP concentrations of uremic RBCs were significantly higher than ATP concentrations of control RBCs (2.13 +/- 0.22 vs. 1.32 +/- 0.06 mmol/l RBC; p less than 0.01). These data suggest that high intracellular concentrations of Na and ATP in uremic RBCs partially result from a competitive reversible inhibition of the transport ATPase by uremic toxins.", "contents": "Functional and metabolic studies on red blood cell sodium transport in chronic uremia. Red blood cells from 7 out of 13 patients with chronic uremia were found to have increased intracellular concentrations of sodium associated with a reversible inhibition of ouabain-sensitive Na efflux when incubated in control plasma. Although mean Na-K-ATPase activity of RBC hemolysates was only moderately decreased (21.8 +/- 1.5 vs. 26.5 +/- 1.8 nmol Pi/mg protein/h), enzyme kinetics revealed a significant increase in KmATP values for this enzyme in uremic RBCs (1.01 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.58 +/- 0.03; p less than 0.001) which was closely correlated to serum creatinine concentration (r = 0.9034). While aerobic glycolysis was unaltered, an increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was observed, i.e. the enzyme initiating the pentose-phosphate cycle. In addition, intracellular ATP concentrations of uremic RBCs were significantly higher than ATP concentrations of control RBCs (2.13 +/- 0.22 vs. 1.32 +/- 0.06 mmol/l RBC; p less than 0.01). These data suggest that high intracellular concentrations of Na and ATP in uremic RBCs partially result from a competitive reversible inhibition of the transport ATPase by uremic toxins."}
{"id": "PMID:131255", "title": "Endemicity of multiple staphylococcal phage types: relation of two common source outbreaks.", "content": "An outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia occurred among patients treated in the hemodialysis unit in 1971. A second outbreak of S. aureus peritonitis occurred in 1973 in patients with chronic indwelling peritoneal catheters cared for together in the medial intensive care unit. Although the attending personnel, patients, and geographical locations were different in each outbreak, the following similarities were notes: (1) more than one phage type was epidemic: (2) an exogenous mode of spread with cross-contamination between personnel and patient as well as between patient and patient, and (3) breaks in sterile technique when handling the arteriovenous shunt site or the peritoneal catheter were made without the staff conducting the procedure being aware of their occurrence. Culture surveys of the same phage types found during the two epidemics. Thus, an endemic reservoir of several different staphylococcal phage types was present. Careful, consistent application of aseptic technique when handling either arteriovenous shunts or peritoneal catheters and hand washing in between patients was required to prevent the endemic strains from becoming epidemic.", "contents": "Endemicity of multiple staphylococcal phage types: relation of two common source outbreaks. An outbreak of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia occurred among patients treated in the hemodialysis unit in 1971. A second outbreak of S. aureus peritonitis occurred in 1973 in patients with chronic indwelling peritoneal catheters cared for together in the medial intensive care unit. Although the attending personnel, patients, and geographical locations were different in each outbreak, the following similarities were notes: (1) more than one phage type was epidemic: (2) an exogenous mode of spread with cross-contamination between personnel and patient as well as between patient and patient, and (3) breaks in sterile technique when handling the arteriovenous shunt site or the peritoneal catheter were made without the staff conducting the procedure being aware of their occurrence. Culture surveys of the same phage types found during the two epidemics. Thus, an endemic reservoir of several different staphylococcal phage types was present. Careful, consistent application of aseptic technique when handling either arteriovenous shunts or peritoneal catheters and hand washing in between patients was required to prevent the endemic strains from becoming epidemic."}
{"id": "PMID:131262", "title": "Regression of Polycystic Ovaries by Estrogen Therapy.", "content": "Adolescent girls and single women with progressive hirsutism due to polycystic ovaries present a therapeutic dilemma. Clomiphene citrate is useful only to induce ovulation and has no beneficial effect on hirsutism. Surgical wedge resection of these ovaries usually arrests progression of hirsutism and restores ovulatory menses. Such treatment, however, is best reserved until such time as pregnancy would be an equal objective. Treatment of 5 patients by hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian suppression with 100-mg estradiol pellets implanted subcutaneously every 6 months reduced ovarian size in all 5 patients and halted the progression of hirsutism.", "contents": "Regression of Polycystic Ovaries by Estrogen Therapy. Adolescent girls and single women with progressive hirsutism due to polycystic ovaries present a therapeutic dilemma. Clomiphene citrate is useful only to induce ovulation and has no beneficial effect on hirsutism. Surgical wedge resection of these ovaries usually arrests progression of hirsutism and restores ovulatory menses. Such treatment, however, is best reserved until such time as pregnancy would be an equal objective. Treatment of 5 patients by hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian suppression with 100-mg estradiol pellets implanted subcutaneously every 6 months reduced ovarian size in all 5 patients and halted the progression of hirsutism."}
{"id": "PMID:131263", "title": "Biochemical and Clinical Effect of Ovarian Wedge Resection in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.", "content": "Twelve patients with histologically verified polycystic ovary syndrome were investigated with special regard given to the effect of wedge resection on androgen status. Adrenal disorders were excluded in every case by determination of cortisol and corticosterone metabolites. Prior to and at least 6 months after surgery all patients were subjected to adrenal stimulation followed by adrenal suppression and ovarian stimulation. Comparison between pre- and postoperative studies revealed that only an insignificant reduction in the excretion of 17-ketosteroid had occurred and, although at lower levels, the stimulatory effect of hCG on ovarian androgens was still present. Clinically, 10 patients had had regular periods at followup, and 3 had become pregnant. In no case had hair growth slowed, bu the rate had declined. Seemingly, wedge resection does not significantly influence the biochemical pattern connected with the polycystic ovary syndrome.", "contents": "Biochemical and Clinical Effect of Ovarian Wedge Resection in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Twelve patients with histologically verified polycystic ovary syndrome were investigated with special regard given to the effect of wedge resection on androgen status. Adrenal disorders were excluded in every case by determination of cortisol and corticosterone metabolites. Prior to and at least 6 months after surgery all patients were subjected to adrenal stimulation followed by adrenal suppression and ovarian stimulation. Comparison between pre- and postoperative studies revealed that only an insignificant reduction in the excretion of 17-ketosteroid had occurred and, although at lower levels, the stimulatory effect of hCG on ovarian androgens was still present. Clinically, 10 patients had had regular periods at followup, and 3 had become pregnant. In no case had hair growth slowed, bu the rate had declined. Seemingly, wedge resection does not significantly influence the biochemical pattern connected with the polycystic ovary syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:131264", "title": "Omental herniation. An unusual fetal complication of intrauterine transfusion.", "content": "Amniocenteses in an Rh-sensitized woman revealed the need for intrauterine transfusion to improve fetal status. Following delivery of the infant by cesarean section 7 weeks later, herniation of a segment of omentum through the anterior abdominal wall was noted. The injury was due to needle puncture during the intrauterine transfusion. The injury was repaired, and the infant recovered.", "contents": "Omental herniation. An unusual fetal complication of intrauterine transfusion. Amniocenteses in an Rh-sensitized woman revealed the need for intrauterine transfusion to improve fetal status. Following delivery of the infant by cesarean section 7 weeks later, herniation of a segment of omentum through the anterior abdominal wall was noted. The injury was due to needle puncture during the intrauterine transfusion. The injury was repaired, and the infant recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:131265", "title": "Laparoscopy. A clinical sign for intraperitoneal needle placement.", "content": "Experience with a new clinical sign for proper Verres needle placement is reported. Although the use of one or more tests to confirm accurate needle position have become standard, most complications associated with laparoscopy still result from inaccurate or extraperitoneal needle placement. This new sign, when present, has proven completely reliable and should aid laparoscopists in reducing the incidence of needle complications.", "contents": "Laparoscopy. A clinical sign for intraperitoneal needle placement. Experience with a new clinical sign for proper Verres needle placement is reported. Although the use of one or more tests to confirm accurate needle position have become standard, most complications associated with laparoscopy still result from inaccurate or extraperitoneal needle placement. This new sign, when present, has proven completely reliable and should aid laparoscopists in reducing the incidence of needle complications."}
{"id": "PMID:131284", "title": "Birth defects involving the spine.", "content": "There is a multiplicity of birth defects of the spine occurring as isolated anomalies or as aspects of multifaceted syndromes. The clinical significance of these anomalies varies from the asymptomatic to the life threatening. Symptoms and signs may present at birth or not until years later. The optimal clinical result for the patient requires a careful history and physical examination, appropriate routine and specialized roentgenograms, laboratory data, and a high index of suspicion for signs or symptoms of neurological dysfunction. When the diagnosis is made, conservative or surgical treatment may be instituted as appropriate.", "contents": "Birth defects involving the spine. There is a multiplicity of birth defects of the spine occurring as isolated anomalies or as aspects of multifaceted syndromes. The clinical significance of these anomalies varies from the asymptomatic to the life threatening. Symptoms and signs may present at birth or not until years later. The optimal clinical result for the patient requires a careful history and physical examination, appropriate routine and specialized roentgenograms, laboratory data, and a high index of suspicion for signs or symptoms of neurological dysfunction. When the diagnosis is made, conservative or surgical treatment may be instituted as appropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:131285", "title": "[Production of antihaptene antisera. Comparison of methods of immunisation (author's transl)].", "content": "Five immunogenic substances were injected to rabbits. The method of immunisation by the intradermal route at 30 to 50 different points, with low doses of immunogen, without booster, does not seem to lead to production of antiserum of great specificity. The choice of the dose of immunogen to be injected is difficult, owing to our ignorance of the immunogenic dose for a given immunogen. The method of immunisation by the subcutaneous route with high doses followed by a booster, leads to more constant results, comparable to those obtained by the first method to which one may associate boosters by the subcutaneous route. The titers, affinities and specificities of the antisera thus produced are sufficient for the development of radio-immunoassay. The characteristics of the antisera obtained, related to the quality of the immunogen, do not seem to depend on the method of immunisation.", "contents": "[Production of antihaptene antisera. Comparison of methods of immunisation (author's transl)]. Five immunogenic substances were injected to rabbits. The method of immunisation by the intradermal route at 30 to 50 different points, with low doses of immunogen, without booster, does not seem to lead to production of antiserum of great specificity. The choice of the dose of immunogen to be injected is difficult, owing to our ignorance of the immunogenic dose for a given immunogen. The method of immunisation by the subcutaneous route with high doses followed by a booster, leads to more constant results, comparable to those obtained by the first method to which one may associate boosters by the subcutaneous route. The titers, affinities and specificities of the antisera thus produced are sufficient for the development of radio-immunoassay. The characteristics of the antisera obtained, related to the quality of the immunogen, do not seem to depend on the method of immunisation."}
{"id": "PMID:131287", "title": "On deciding the care of severely handicapped or dying persons: with particular reference to infants.", "content": "Two philosophies of deciding the care of severely handicapped or dying persons are commonly used. The first is \"disease-oriented\" which places death in the extreme negative position. The second is \"person-oriented\" which regards some kinds of severely compromised living as worse than death. The first philosophy is convenient for the development and the use of medical technology but its unbridled application commonly dehumanizes patients and aggravates suffering. The second philosophy may protect persons from the indignities of pointless treatment or the cruelties of disease. But its use in some respects is illegal and may be unwise; also, in caring for infants, children, and incompetent adults, the second philosophy creates special problems since the patient himself cannot participate in decision-making. In deciding which philosophy to follow in a given situation we believe the patient (when able), the sorrowing family, and the concerned physician are the best judges. Since these persons vary widely, they must be entrusted with more freedom to change or to ignore commonly accepted principles if the values of patients and families in the many unique situations of living, illness, and dying are to be protected. We believe with few exceptions that these persons are now worthy of this trust and with experience they would use it with growing wisdom.", "contents": "On deciding the care of severely handicapped or dying persons: with particular reference to infants. Two philosophies of deciding the care of severely handicapped or dying persons are commonly used. The first is \"disease-oriented\" which places death in the extreme negative position. The second is \"person-oriented\" which regards some kinds of severely compromised living as worse than death. The first philosophy is convenient for the development and the use of medical technology but its unbridled application commonly dehumanizes patients and aggravates suffering. The second philosophy may protect persons from the indignities of pointless treatment or the cruelties of disease. But its use in some respects is illegal and may be unwise; also, in caring for infants, children, and incompetent adults, the second philosophy creates special problems since the patient himself cannot participate in decision-making. In deciding which philosophy to follow in a given situation we believe the patient (when able), the sorrowing family, and the concerned physician are the best judges. Since these persons vary widely, they must be entrusted with more freedom to change or to ignore commonly accepted principles if the values of patients and families in the many unique situations of living, illness, and dying are to be protected. We believe with few exceptions that these persons are now worthy of this trust and with experience they would use it with growing wisdom."}
{"id": "PMID:131298", "title": "A comparative study of skeletal and cardiac tropomyosins: subunits, thiol group content and biological activities.", "content": "The subunit composition, the thiol group content and the biological activities of cardiac tropomyosins (TM) of various animal species were compared. Cardiac TM from small animals such as rabbit, guinea-pig, rat and dog contain 2 SH/mole and were resolved into one band on SDS and acid urea electrophoresis and into two bands on alkaline urea electrophoresis. Chicken cardiac TM likewise gave one band and it contains 4 SH/mole. In contrast pig, sheep and human cardiac TM contain respectively 2.6, 2.4, and 2.4 SH/mole and were resolved into two bands alpha and beta on the different electrophoresis systems used, with a beta:alpha ratio respectively of I:4.2, I:4.6, I:4.8. The alpha-TM components from sheep skeletal and pig and sheep cardiac muscles were more positively charged than the rabbit skeletal alpha-TM component, as shown in alkaline urea electrophoresis system. The alphaalpha and alphabeta combinations of dimers found for skeletal muscle by other authors, were also found for cardiac pig TM. All the TM have the same effect on the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity of desensitized actomyosin (DAM) and on the Mg2+-stimulated ATPase activity of DAM with troponin-complex. This work suggests that the subunits of the TM from skeletal and cardiac muscles are heterogenous in their M.W. and their charges and that in the heart as well as in skeletal muscle a relationship seems to exist between the amount of the beta component and the speed of contraction of the muscle: a higher amount of this component was found in the bulky hearts which are also those which contract slower.", "contents": "A comparative study of skeletal and cardiac tropomyosins: subunits, thiol group content and biological activities. The subunit composition, the thiol group content and the biological activities of cardiac tropomyosins (TM) of various animal species were compared. Cardiac TM from small animals such as rabbit, guinea-pig, rat and dog contain 2 SH/mole and were resolved into one band on SDS and acid urea electrophoresis and into two bands on alkaline urea electrophoresis. Chicken cardiac TM likewise gave one band and it contains 4 SH/mole. In contrast pig, sheep and human cardiac TM contain respectively 2.6, 2.4, and 2.4 SH/mole and were resolved into two bands alpha and beta on the different electrophoresis systems used, with a beta:alpha ratio respectively of I:4.2, I:4.6, I:4.8. The alpha-TM components from sheep skeletal and pig and sheep cardiac muscles were more positively charged than the rabbit skeletal alpha-TM component, as shown in alkaline urea electrophoresis system. The alphaalpha and alphabeta combinations of dimers found for skeletal muscle by other authors, were also found for cardiac pig TM. All the TM have the same effect on the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity of desensitized actomyosin (DAM) and on the Mg2+-stimulated ATPase activity of DAM with troponin-complex. This work suggests that the subunits of the TM from skeletal and cardiac muscles are heterogenous in their M.W. and their charges and that in the heart as well as in skeletal muscle a relationship seems to exist between the amount of the beta component and the speed of contraction of the muscle: a higher amount of this component was found in the bulky hearts which are also those which contract slower."}
{"id": "PMID:131299", "title": "Extracorporeal magnet perivascular electromagnetic flow meters.", "content": "The \"interrupted resonance\" circuit proved effective in combination with an extracorporeal magnet in permitting electromagnetic blood flow measurements to be made in branch arteries of dogs by application of perivascular cuffs equipped with pick-up electrodes contacting the vessel wall. A four-turn coil, acting as a transformer secondary measures the amplitude of the magnetic field component which is effective in inducing the flow signal and thus permits calibrations for arbitrary orientations of the perivascular cuff relative to the magnetic field of the extracorporeal magnet. Recordings of mean and phasic blood flow in dogs' arteries provide illustrations of effectiveness in pharmacological studies and exhibit the reliability of the non-occlusive zero-flow base line obtained by de-energizing the magnet.", "contents": "Extracorporeal magnet perivascular electromagnetic flow meters. The \"interrupted resonance\" circuit proved effective in combination with an extracorporeal magnet in permitting electromagnetic blood flow measurements to be made in branch arteries of dogs by application of perivascular cuffs equipped with pick-up electrodes contacting the vessel wall. A four-turn coil, acting as a transformer secondary measures the amplitude of the magnetic field component which is effective in inducing the flow signal and thus permits calibrations for arbitrary orientations of the perivascular cuff relative to the magnetic field of the extracorporeal magnet. Recordings of mean and phasic blood flow in dogs' arteries provide illustrations of effectiveness in pharmacological studies and exhibit the reliability of the non-occlusive zero-flow base line obtained by de-energizing the magnet."}
{"id": "PMID:131310", "title": "Comparison of two concentrations of tretinoin solution in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris.", "content": "In patients with facial acne good results were obtained by topical treatment with a 0-05 per cent solution of retinoic-acid (tretinoin) solution and with a 0-025 per cent solution. The improvement was judged by clinical assessment and by counts of comedones, papules and pustules before and after the 12-week trial. Side-effects such as irritation and erythema were less with the 0-025 per cent solution. The use of swabs impregnated with a constant volume of solution and sealed in a sachet proved to be a convenient method of application.  In the placebo group, swabs impregnated with the solvent only showed virtually no effect on facial acne.", "contents": "Comparison of two concentrations of tretinoin solution in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. In patients with facial acne good results were obtained by topical treatment with a 0-05 per cent solution of retinoic-acid (tretinoin) solution and with a 0-025 per cent solution. The improvement was judged by clinical assessment and by counts of comedones, papules and pustules before and after the 12-week trial. Side-effects such as irritation and erythema were less with the 0-025 per cent solution. The use of swabs impregnated with a constant volume of solution and sealed in a sachet proved to be a convenient method of application.  In the placebo group, swabs impregnated with the solvent only showed virtually no effect on facial acne."}
{"id": "PMID:131311", "title": "The value of electrocardiography in routine health screening.", "content": "Electrocardiograms recorded at rest in 4000 consecutive subjects who were clinically well at the time when they first attended a health screening centre for routine medical examination were analysed. In 9.5 per cent there were electrocardiographic abnormalities. The number in whom this abnormality was previously unsuspected represented 8.5 per cent of the total number of subjects. Previously undiagnosed ischaemic heart disease was found in 1.9 per cent but, excluding the subjects with chronic ischaemic heart disease, 1.8 per cent of all those who attended the Centre derived benefit from this single test, as it directly influenced their future clinical management.", "contents": "The value of electrocardiography in routine health screening. Electrocardiograms recorded at rest in 4000 consecutive subjects who were clinically well at the time when they first attended a health screening centre for routine medical examination were analysed. In 9.5 per cent there were electrocardiographic abnormalities. The number in whom this abnormality was previously unsuspected represented 8.5 per cent of the total number of subjects. Previously undiagnosed ischaemic heart disease was found in 1.9 per cent but, excluding the subjects with chronic ischaemic heart disease, 1.8 per cent of all those who attended the Centre derived benefit from this single test, as it directly influenced their future clinical management."}
{"id": "PMID:131313", "title": "Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of somatostatin-containing D-cells in diabetes.", "content": "Insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-contianing cells, identified by immunofluorescent staining, were quantitated morphometrically in sections of pancreas obtained from diabetic and nondiabetic humans and rats. Both the volume density and number of somatostatin- and glucagon-containing cells were significantly increased in the islets of juvenile-type human diabetics and of streptozotocin diabetic rats.", "contents": "Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of somatostatin-containing D-cells in diabetes. Insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-contianing cells, identified by immunofluorescent staining, were quantitated morphometrically in sections of pancreas obtained from diabetic and nondiabetic humans and rats. Both the volume density and number of somatostatin- and glucagon-containing cells were significantly increased in the islets of juvenile-type human diabetics and of streptozotocin diabetic rats."}
{"id": "PMID:131320", "title": "In vitro correction of Hurler fibroblasts with bovine testicular hyaluronidase.", "content": "Bovine testicular hyaluronidase (endo-beta-N-acetyl hexosaminidase) has a significant corrective effect on cultured Hurler fibroblasts. Nonspecificity of this effect is indicated by its equally strong corrective effect on Hunter fibroblasts. Although all specimens of hyaluronidase also possessed iduronidase activity, a separate corrective effect could be attributed to the endo-N-acetyl hexosaminidase activity of at least one hyaluronidase (Wyeth M-151) for four reasons: (i) its very low content of iduronidase activity; (ii) a decrease in intracellular macromolecular mucopolysaccharides (believed to be largely dermatan sulfate) with a corresponding increase in intracellular and extracellular oligosaccharides; (iii) no measurable increase in iduronidase activity of hyaluronidase-treated cells despite near maximal correction; (iv) direct correlation between Hurler cell correction and hyaluronidase activity when enzymes of different strength were used at less than maximal correction.", "contents": "In vitro correction of Hurler fibroblasts with bovine testicular hyaluronidase. Bovine testicular hyaluronidase (endo-beta-N-acetyl hexosaminidase) has a significant corrective effect on cultured Hurler fibroblasts. Nonspecificity of this effect is indicated by its equally strong corrective effect on Hunter fibroblasts. Although all specimens of hyaluronidase also possessed iduronidase activity, a separate corrective effect could be attributed to the endo-N-acetyl hexosaminidase activity of at least one hyaluronidase (Wyeth M-151) for four reasons: (i) its very low content of iduronidase activity; (ii) a decrease in intracellular macromolecular mucopolysaccharides (believed to be largely dermatan sulfate) with a corresponding increase in intracellular and extracellular oligosaccharides; (iii) no measurable increase in iduronidase activity of hyaluronidase-treated cells despite near maximal correction; (iv) direct correlation between Hurler cell correction and hyaluronidase activity when enzymes of different strength were used at less than maximal correction."}
{"id": "PMID:131321", "title": "Biochemical and ultrastructural correlates of substrate stimulation of renal organic anion transport.", "content": "Penicillin pretreatment enhanced the rate of PAH uptake into separated proximal tubules (collagenase digestion) from 2-week New Zealand white rabbits. A double reciprocal plot of these data suggests that penicillin increases the maximal velocity of PAH uptake. Na, K-ATPase was less in adult tissue but was unaffected by penicillin. No ultrastructural changes could be attributed to the treatment. Thus substrate stimulation of PAH transport does not involve Na, K-ATPase and probably involves soluble, rather than structural proteins.", "contents": "Biochemical and ultrastructural correlates of substrate stimulation of renal organic anion transport. Penicillin pretreatment enhanced the rate of PAH uptake into separated proximal tubules (collagenase digestion) from 2-week New Zealand white rabbits. A double reciprocal plot of these data suggests that penicillin increases the maximal velocity of PAH uptake. Na, K-ATPase was less in adult tissue but was unaffected by penicillin. No ultrastructural changes could be attributed to the treatment. Thus substrate stimulation of PAH transport does not involve Na, K-ATPase and probably involves soluble, rather than structural proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:131322", "title": "Effect of calcium on RNA and protein synthesis in the hypertrophied myocardium.", "content": "Myocardial protein synthesis was elevated 7 days after rats were subjected to experimental aortic outflow obstruction. Although RNA synthesis was not increased at this time, RNA concentration was elevated and may have provided for the observed increase in protein synthesis. A possible basis for the persistence of the high RNA levels was a decrease in the degradation of RNA. The increase in intracellular calcium observed in hypertrophied tissue may be involved in the maintenance of RNA concentration and in the increased rate of protein synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on RNA and protein synthesis in the hypertrophied myocardium. Myocardial protein synthesis was elevated 7 days after rats were subjected to experimental aortic outflow obstruction. Although RNA synthesis was not increased at this time, RNA concentration was elevated and may have provided for the observed increase in protein synthesis. A possible basis for the persistence of the high RNA levels was a decrease in the degradation of RNA. The increase in intracellular calcium observed in hypertrophied tissue may be involved in the maintenance of RNA concentration and in the increased rate of protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:131324", "title": "Effect of harmine and brain lesions on apomorphine induced motor activity.", "content": "Application of harmine (10 mg/kg IP) 30 min before apomorphine decreased the motoric effects of the latter. Following harmine an increase in 5-HT and a decrease in 5-HIAA in different brain regions have been found. Injection of 5,6-DHT into nucleus medianus raphe 7 days before the experiment caused a significant increase of the apomorphine effect. Harmine pretreatment reduced this escessive motility as well as additional lesion of the substantia nigra with 6-OH-DA. Lesion induced by 6-OH-DA alone was without significant effect on the hypermotility following apomorphine. Application of PCPA 3 days before testing elicited an increase of apomorphine-induced hypermotolity which could be abolished by preceding harmine application. The experiments demonstrate the inhibitory effect of the central serotoninergic system on the apomorphine syndrome as well as the serotoninergic-dopaminergic interaction in hypermotility.", "contents": "Effect of harmine and brain lesions on apomorphine induced motor activity. Application of harmine (10 mg/kg IP) 30 min before apomorphine decreased the motoric effects of the latter. Following harmine an increase in 5-HT and a decrease in 5-HIAA in different brain regions have been found. Injection of 5,6-DHT into nucleus medianus raphe 7 days before the experiment caused a significant increase of the apomorphine effect. Harmine pretreatment reduced this escessive motility as well as additional lesion of the substantia nigra with 6-OH-DA. Lesion induced by 6-OH-DA alone was without significant effect on the hypermotility following apomorphine. Application of PCPA 3 days before testing elicited an increase of apomorphine-induced hypermotolity which could be abolished by preceding harmine application. The experiments demonstrate the inhibitory effect of the central serotoninergic system on the apomorphine syndrome as well as the serotoninergic-dopaminergic interaction in hypermotility."}
{"id": "PMID:131325", "title": "Effects of p-chlorophenylalanine on the predatory behavior of Onychomys torridus.", "content": "Adult male and female grasshopper mice, Onychomys torridus, were treated over a 5 day period with p-chlorophenylalanine (50 mg/kg daily), a depletor of brain 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (5-HT). These mice exhibited a significant decrease over the 5 day test interval in predation time and predation score in encounters with cricket prey, However, the basic pattern and frequency of attacks for drug-treated mice remained similar to saline controls. The relation between the various brain amine systems and predatory behavior is discussed and the utility of the grasshopper mouse as a laboratory model for the study of predatory behavior is emphasized.", "contents": "Effects of p-chlorophenylalanine on the predatory behavior of Onychomys torridus. Adult male and female grasshopper mice, Onychomys torridus, were treated over a 5 day period with p-chlorophenylalanine (50 mg/kg daily), a depletor of brain 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (5-HT). These mice exhibited a significant decrease over the 5 day test interval in predation time and predation score in encounters with cricket prey, However, the basic pattern and frequency of attacks for drug-treated mice remained similar to saline controls. The relation between the various brain amine systems and predatory behavior is discussed and the utility of the grasshopper mouse as a laboratory model for the study of predatory behavior is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:131327", "title": "Effects of vestibular stimulation on nystagmus response and motor performance in the developmentally delayed infant.", "content": "The effects were studied of 10 days' exposure to daily repetitive, specific vestibular stimulation on motor performance of children with Down's syndrome and normal children. A quantitative assessment of vestibular function was made in these children including the habituation response of postrotatory nystagmus. Control groups were included. Both the children with Down's syndrome and the normal children who received vestibular therapy demonstrated positive effects when evaluated using a quantitative motor skills assessment test. Control and treatment children showed vestibular habituation, with treatment children evidencing the greater change. This change may reflect the acquisition of an increased level of central nervous system inhibitory control.", "contents": "Effects of vestibular stimulation on nystagmus response and motor performance in the developmentally delayed infant. The effects were studied of 10 days' exposure to daily repetitive, specific vestibular stimulation on motor performance of children with Down's syndrome and normal children. A quantitative assessment of vestibular function was made in these children including the habituation response of postrotatory nystagmus. Control groups were included. Both the children with Down's syndrome and the normal children who received vestibular therapy demonstrated positive effects when evaluated using a quantitative motor skills assessment test. Control and treatment children showed vestibular habituation, with treatment children evidencing the greater change. This change may reflect the acquisition of an increased level of central nervous system inhibitory control."}
{"id": "PMID:131323", "title": "Effects of parachlorophenylalanine and amphetamine on habituation of orienting.", "content": "Parachlorophenylalanine significantly reduced the orienting response to the first presentation of a tone but did not alter the size of responses to subsequent tone presentations nor the rate of habituation. In contrast amphetamine did not alter the orienting response but significantly impaired habituation. It was concluded that there was little evidence for a serotonergic involvement in behavioral habituation, although a role for the catecholamine system could not be excluded.", "contents": "Effects of parachlorophenylalanine and amphetamine on habituation of orienting. Parachlorophenylalanine significantly reduced the orienting response to the first presentation of a tone but did not alter the size of responses to subsequent tone presentations nor the rate of habituation. In contrast amphetamine did not alter the orienting response but significantly impaired habituation. It was concluded that there was little evidence for a serotonergic involvement in behavioral habituation, although a role for the catecholamine system could not be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:131329", "title": "Effect of sodium intake on aldosterone and corticosterone production, the serum sodium concentration and body weight in infant rats during weaning period.", "content": "1. The effect of a low salt (LS, 0.3% NaC1) and control (HS, 1% NaC1) diet on in vitro aldosterone and corticosterone production, the serum corticosterone level, the serum sodium concentration and adrenal and body weight was studied in 30-day-old male rats, some of which were weaned prematurely at the age of 15 days (PW) and some left with the female up to the end of the experiment (NW). 2. Aldosterone production in the control (HS-NW) animals was 1.07+/-0.07 mug/100 mg adrenal/hour (mean +/-S.E.M.), in HS-PW animals 0.6+/-0.07 (P less than 0.01), while in LS-NW and LS-PW animals it rose to 1.59+/-0.1 and 1.81+/-0.14 respectively. The effect of the salt regimen was significant in both the NW group (P less than 0.01) and the PW group (P less than 0.01). Premature weaning did not inhibit aldosterone production in LS-PW animals. 3. Corticosterone production in animals fed on the control diet was 1.81+/-0.16 mug corticosterone/100 mg adrenal/hour in HS-NW rats and 0.91+/-0.09 in the HS-PW group (P less than 0.01). On the low salt diet it fell to 1.4+/-0.11 in LS-NW rats (HW-NW) vs LS-NW: P less than 0.01) and to 0.4+/-0.06 in LS-PW animals (HS-PW vs LS-PW: P less than 0.01). The difference between LS-NW and LS-PW was likewise statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Changes in production were not accompanied by parallel changes in the serum corticosterone level, where an analysis of variance showed no significant difference. 4. The low salt diet reduced the serum sodium concentration in both NW and PW animals (HS-NW 132.9+/-0.86 mEd HS-PW 132+/-0.86, LS-PW 128.5+/-1.16: P less than 0.01). The differences between NW and PW animals were not significant. 5. A low salt intake also reduced the body weight both of animals left with the female (HS-NW vs LS-NW: P less than 0.01) and of prematurely weaned animals (HS-PW vs LS-PW: P less than 0.01). Early weaning significantly affected body weight in LS animals only, the body weight of LS-PW animals being significantly lower than that of LS-NW animals (P less than 0.02). 6. The results show that infant rats are hypersensitive to a low salt intake at the end of the weaning period and that this phenomenon is not mediated by lower reactivity of the zona glomerulosa and of its regulation.", "contents": "Effect of sodium intake on aldosterone and corticosterone production, the serum sodium concentration and body weight in infant rats during weaning period. 1. The effect of a low salt (LS, 0.3% NaC1) and control (HS, 1% NaC1) diet on in vitro aldosterone and corticosterone production, the serum corticosterone level, the serum sodium concentration and adrenal and body weight was studied in 30-day-old male rats, some of which were weaned prematurely at the age of 15 days (PW) and some left with the female up to the end of the experiment (NW). 2. Aldosterone production in the control (HS-NW) animals was 1.07+/-0.07 mug/100 mg adrenal/hour (mean +/-S.E.M.), in HS-PW animals 0.6+/-0.07 (P less than 0.01), while in LS-NW and LS-PW animals it rose to 1.59+/-0.1 and 1.81+/-0.14 respectively. The effect of the salt regimen was significant in both the NW group (P less than 0.01) and the PW group (P less than 0.01). Premature weaning did not inhibit aldosterone production in LS-PW animals. 3. Corticosterone production in animals fed on the control diet was 1.81+/-0.16 mug corticosterone/100 mg adrenal/hour in HS-NW rats and 0.91+/-0.09 in the HS-PW group (P less than 0.01). On the low salt diet it fell to 1.4+/-0.11 in LS-NW rats (HW-NW) vs LS-NW: P less than 0.01) and to 0.4+/-0.06 in LS-PW animals (HS-PW vs LS-PW: P less than 0.01). The difference between LS-NW and LS-PW was likewise statistically significant (P less than 0.01). Changes in production were not accompanied by parallel changes in the serum corticosterone level, where an analysis of variance showed no significant difference. 4. The low salt diet reduced the serum sodium concentration in both NW and PW animals (HS-NW 132.9+/-0.86 mEd HS-PW 132+/-0.86, LS-PW 128.5+/-1.16: P less than 0.01). The differences between NW and PW animals were not significant. 5. A low salt intake also reduced the body weight both of animals left with the female (HS-NW vs LS-NW: P less than 0.01) and of prematurely weaned animals (HS-PW vs LS-PW: P less than 0.01). Early weaning significantly affected body weight in LS animals only, the body weight of LS-PW animals being significantly lower than that of LS-NW animals (P less than 0.02). 6. The results show that infant rats are hypersensitive to a low salt intake at the end of the weaning period and that this phenomenon is not mediated by lower reactivity of the zona glomerulosa and of its regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:131330", "title": "Foetal and neonatal development of evoked responses in guinea-pig auditory cortex.", "content": "Development of the response of the auditory cortex to unilateral acoustic stimulation by a chick was studied in guinea-pig foetuses from the 50th day to the end of gestation and in newborn animals. The first cortical response appeared on the 52nd to 53rd day of gestation. The maximum responses were concentrated in the temporal cortex, between the somatosensory (parietal) and optic (occipital) area. The progressive development of the latent period of the cortical response and of its various components distinctly slowed down on the last days of gestation. At the same time, the amplitude of the cortical response was temporarily augmented. The cortical response developed from a simple negative wave in the youngest embryos into an intricate complex with an initial positive component in newborn guinea-pigs. The basic components of this complex were already discernible on the 64th to 65th day of gestation. The ability to react to repeated peripheral stimulation of 0.1-2 c/s frequency increased with foetal age, with temporary deterioration on the last days of gestation. Resistance of the cortical auditory response to cerebral anoxia rose up to term, with a temporary drop from the 64th day of gestation. After the initiation of independent respiration, cerebral hypoxia and bilateral vagotomy chiefly influenced the stability of the more recent components of the cortical auditory response in mature foetuses.", "contents": "Foetal and neonatal development of evoked responses in guinea-pig auditory cortex. Development of the response of the auditory cortex to unilateral acoustic stimulation by a chick was studied in guinea-pig foetuses from the 50th day to the end of gestation and in newborn animals. The first cortical response appeared on the 52nd to 53rd day of gestation. The maximum responses were concentrated in the temporal cortex, between the somatosensory (parietal) and optic (occipital) area. The progressive development of the latent period of the cortical response and of its various components distinctly slowed down on the last days of gestation. At the same time, the amplitude of the cortical response was temporarily augmented. The cortical response developed from a simple negative wave in the youngest embryos into an intricate complex with an initial positive component in newborn guinea-pigs. The basic components of this complex were already discernible on the 64th to 65th day of gestation. The ability to react to repeated peripheral stimulation of 0.1-2 c/s frequency increased with foetal age, with temporary deterioration on the last days of gestation. Resistance of the cortical auditory response to cerebral anoxia rose up to term, with a temporary drop from the 64th day of gestation. After the initiation of independent respiration, cerebral hypoxia and bilateral vagotomy chiefly influenced the stability of the more recent components of the cortical auditory response in mature foetuses."}
{"id": "PMID:131331", "title": "Effect of long-term hypoxia upon the activity of some enzymes in the brain of rats during early postnatal ontogenesis and in adulthood.", "content": "Enzymatic activities were determined in the prosencephalon of rats which had been exposed repeatedly for 8 hrs, either from the age of 1 to 17 days or in adulthood, to an altitude of 7,000 m in a barometric chamber (up to a total of 104 hrs). The activity of enzymes was assayed 20 hrs after the last exposure. The results were compared with values obtained 20 hrs after a single 8-hour exposure to a stimulated altitude of 7,000 m in 17-day-old and adult rats. In young rats a single exposure to hypoxia, the most elevated was the activity of LDH and isoCDH, while GPT and CPK were decreased. After repeated hypoxia, the most significant increasw was noted in the activity of PK and again a decrease in GPT and CPK. In adulthood, a single exposure to hypoxia causes the greatest increase in CPK, while LDH and GOT are reduced. Following repeated hypoxia, none of the enzyme activities were increased by more than 20%, while LDH, GOT, GIDH and CPK were again lower. It is concluded from these results that a single exposure to hypoxia increases anaerobic glycolysis in the immature nervous tissue and improves its oxygen utilization. The relationship between glycid and amino acid metabolism are not appreciably altered. On the other hand, a general reduction of bioenergetics and biosynthesis occurs in adulthood. Repeated hypoxia, on the contrary, has similar after-effects in both age groups, namely inhibition of aerobic metabolism and of the relations between glycid and amino acid metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of long-term hypoxia upon the activity of some enzymes in the brain of rats during early postnatal ontogenesis and in adulthood. Enzymatic activities were determined in the prosencephalon of rats which had been exposed repeatedly for 8 hrs, either from the age of 1 to 17 days or in adulthood, to an altitude of 7,000 m in a barometric chamber (up to a total of 104 hrs). The activity of enzymes was assayed 20 hrs after the last exposure. The results were compared with values obtained 20 hrs after a single 8-hour exposure to a stimulated altitude of 7,000 m in 17-day-old and adult rats. In young rats a single exposure to hypoxia, the most elevated was the activity of LDH and isoCDH, while GPT and CPK were decreased. After repeated hypoxia, the most significant increasw was noted in the activity of PK and again a decrease in GPT and CPK. In adulthood, a single exposure to hypoxia causes the greatest increase in CPK, while LDH and GOT are reduced. Following repeated hypoxia, none of the enzyme activities were increased by more than 20%, while LDH, GOT, GIDH and CPK were again lower. It is concluded from these results that a single exposure to hypoxia increases anaerobic glycolysis in the immature nervous tissue and improves its oxygen utilization. The relationship between glycid and amino acid metabolism are not appreciably altered. On the other hand, a general reduction of bioenergetics and biosynthesis occurs in adulthood. Repeated hypoxia, on the contrary, has similar after-effects in both age groups, namely inhibition of aerobic metabolism and of the relations between glycid and amino acid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:131332", "title": "Effect of stagnant hypoxia on acid ribonuclease activity in the rat prosencephalon during ontogenesis.", "content": "In the rat prosencephalon it proved possible to differentiate lysosomal ribonuclease from alkaline ribonuclease activity, which could be detected only in the presence of p-chlormercuribenzoate. Acid RNase activity related to the amount of protein in the prosencephalon fell during ontogenesis. It was not significantly affected by four hours' stagnant hypoxia induced by ligation of both carotids. Its release from the lysosomes rose, however (when isotonic homogenates were spun at 20,000 g, acid ribonuclease activity in the supernatants was elevated). The absence of correlation between this activation and the degree of maturity of the nervous tissue refutes the hypothesis that regulation of this enzyme is per se responsible for the known changes induced by hypoxia in the RNA content of the prosencephalon of rats of different ages. On the contrary, the results indirectly support studies which demonstrate changes in the extent of RNA synthesis after hypoxia.", "contents": "Effect of stagnant hypoxia on acid ribonuclease activity in the rat prosencephalon during ontogenesis. In the rat prosencephalon it proved possible to differentiate lysosomal ribonuclease from alkaline ribonuclease activity, which could be detected only in the presence of p-chlormercuribenzoate. Acid RNase activity related to the amount of protein in the prosencephalon fell during ontogenesis. It was not significantly affected by four hours' stagnant hypoxia induced by ligation of both carotids. Its release from the lysosomes rose, however (when isotonic homogenates were spun at 20,000 g, acid ribonuclease activity in the supernatants was elevated). The absence of correlation between this activation and the degree of maturity of the nervous tissue refutes the hypothesis that regulation of this enzyme is per se responsible for the known changes induced by hypoxia in the RNA content of the prosencephalon of rats of different ages. On the contrary, the results indirectly support studies which demonstrate changes in the extent of RNA synthesis after hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:131328", "title": "Changes in the activities of blood and tissue adenosinetriphosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase after exposure to 60Co gamma-rays in association with some drug treatments.", "content": "Experiments in rats exposed to a moderate dose of 60Co gamma-radiation and treated with either cystamine, AET, complamin or alpha-methyldopa suggested that the efficiency of a radioprotective drug might be related to its ability to maintain low levels of ATP-ase activity in blood and tissues after irradiation.", "contents": "Changes in the activities of blood and tissue adenosinetriphosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase after exposure to 60Co gamma-rays in association with some drug treatments. Experiments in rats exposed to a moderate dose of 60Co gamma-radiation and treated with either cystamine, AET, complamin or alpha-methyldopa suggested that the efficiency of a radioprotective drug might be related to its ability to maintain low levels of ATP-ase activity in blood and tissues after irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:131333", "title": "Effect of different environmental temperatures on the serotonin concentration and turnover in the brain stem of a hibernator.", "content": "The serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacttic acid (5-HIAA) levels and 5-HT turnover were studies in the brain stem of warm- (+30 degrees C) and cold- (+6 degrees C) acclimated golden hamsters, exposed for 3 hours to temperatures of +6 degrees C, +30 degrees C and +37 degrees C, respectively. In war-acclimated hamsters kept under conditions the 5-HT level in the brain did not change significantly during the year. The 5-HIAA level was slightly higher in the winter. The 5-HT turnover varied within limits of 0.071 to 0.180 mug/g/hour-1. Three hours' exposure of warm-acclimated golden hamsters to cold (6 degrees C) increased the concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA and the 5-HT turnover in the brain. After long-term adaptation to cold (6 degrees C) the 5-HT level, and the 5-HT turnover returned to the original level. Three hours' exposure of golden hamsters to higher environmental temperatures (warm-acclimated individuals to 37 degrees C and cold-acclimated individuals to 30 degrees C) also increased the 5-HT turnover. The concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA increased in cold-acclimated golden hamsters exposed to 30 degrees C and was not changed in warm-acclimated ones, exposed to 37 degrees C. Although the elevated temperatures induce greater changes in serotonin metabolism than lowered temperatures, the serotonin pathways in the brain do not seem to be affected by short-term temperature changes specifically. The findings are rather indicative that changes in 5-HT turnover may be the primary reaction to stressful conditions.", "contents": "Effect of different environmental temperatures on the serotonin concentration and turnover in the brain stem of a hibernator. The serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacttic acid (5-HIAA) levels and 5-HT turnover were studies in the brain stem of warm- (+30 degrees C) and cold- (+6 degrees C) acclimated golden hamsters, exposed for 3 hours to temperatures of +6 degrees C, +30 degrees C and +37 degrees C, respectively. In war-acclimated hamsters kept under conditions the 5-HT level in the brain did not change significantly during the year. The 5-HIAA level was slightly higher in the winter. The 5-HT turnover varied within limits of 0.071 to 0.180 mug/g/hour-1. Three hours' exposure of warm-acclimated golden hamsters to cold (6 degrees C) increased the concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA and the 5-HT turnover in the brain. After long-term adaptation to cold (6 degrees C) the 5-HT level, and the 5-HT turnover returned to the original level. Three hours' exposure of golden hamsters to higher environmental temperatures (warm-acclimated individuals to 37 degrees C and cold-acclimated individuals to 30 degrees C) also increased the 5-HT turnover. The concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA increased in cold-acclimated golden hamsters exposed to 30 degrees C and was not changed in warm-acclimated ones, exposed to 37 degrees C. Although the elevated temperatures induce greater changes in serotonin metabolism than lowered temperatures, the serotonin pathways in the brain do not seem to be affected by short-term temperature changes specifically. The findings are rather indicative that changes in 5-HT turnover may be the primary reaction to stressful conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:131334", "title": "Independence of changes in contraction properties and myofibrillar ATPase activity of denervated mammalian muscle on length of nerve stump.", "content": "1. Contractile properties of the fast extensor digitorum longus of one-month-old rats and of the fast peroneus longus muscles of adult rabbits were studied in vitro at 36 degrees C after nerve section close to the muscle. Changes in contraction properties (prolongation) are not observed until 48 hours after denervation in the rat and 14-30 days in the rabbit. 2. At no period after denervation are differences in twitch isometric contraction properties dependent on the length of the sectioned nerve stump. This lack of dependence of contractile behavior after denervation is in contrast to many metabolic changes which show a clear dependence on the length of the nerve stump. 3. It is concluded that the onset of denervation changes in contractile behavior are related to the loss of nerve-impulse activity, while the transient early metabolic changes are related to changes of fast axoplasmic flow, initiated after nerve section and therefore dependent on length of sectioned nerve stump.", "contents": "Independence of changes in contraction properties and myofibrillar ATPase activity of denervated mammalian muscle on length of nerve stump. 1. Contractile properties of the fast extensor digitorum longus of one-month-old rats and of the fast peroneus longus muscles of adult rabbits were studied in vitro at 36 degrees C after nerve section close to the muscle. Changes in contraction properties (prolongation) are not observed until 48 hours after denervation in the rat and 14-30 days in the rabbit. 2. At no period after denervation are differences in twitch isometric contraction properties dependent on the length of the sectioned nerve stump. This lack of dependence of contractile behavior after denervation is in contrast to many metabolic changes which show a clear dependence on the length of the nerve stump. 3. It is concluded that the onset of denervation changes in contractile behavior are related to the loss of nerve-impulse activity, while the transient early metabolic changes are related to changes of fast axoplasmic flow, initiated after nerve section and therefore dependent on length of sectioned nerve stump."}
{"id": "PMID:131335", "title": "Interaction of visceral and somatic afferentation at the level of postsynaptic spinal cord elements.", "content": "The interaction of visceral and somatic afferentation at the level of postsynaptic spinal cord elements was studied in cats. The effect of conditioning stimuli on the propriospinal (PS) and suprasegmental (SS) component of the tested unit responses was compared. Afferentation from the splanchnic nerve completely inhibited the SS component of somatomotor motoneuronal responses; the PS component was only partly inhibited. Inhibition persisted even after the conditioning stimulus-induced changes in the membrane potential of the motoneurones had disappeared. The activity of the interneurones responsing synchronously with the SS component of the efferent discharges was also completely inhibited in the same intervals. The inhibitory effect of splanchnic afferentation on the PS component of interneuronal discharges evoked by the stimulation of somatic afferents was significantly less effective. The results of interaction for test responses from the cutaneous and muscular nerves was the same. When splanchnic responses were tested during conditioning from somatosensory areas, inhibitory control was found to be reciprocal. The authors discuss the question of the structures and mechanisms participating in functional relations between the autonomic and somatic nervous system in the spinal cord.", "contents": "Interaction of visceral and somatic afferentation at the level of postsynaptic spinal cord elements. The interaction of visceral and somatic afferentation at the level of postsynaptic spinal cord elements was studied in cats. The effect of conditioning stimuli on the propriospinal (PS) and suprasegmental (SS) component of the tested unit responses was compared. Afferentation from the splanchnic nerve completely inhibited the SS component of somatomotor motoneuronal responses; the PS component was only partly inhibited. Inhibition persisted even after the conditioning stimulus-induced changes in the membrane potential of the motoneurones had disappeared. The activity of the interneurones responsing synchronously with the SS component of the efferent discharges was also completely inhibited in the same intervals. The inhibitory effect of splanchnic afferentation on the PS component of interneuronal discharges evoked by the stimulation of somatic afferents was significantly less effective. The results of interaction for test responses from the cutaneous and muscular nerves was the same. When splanchnic responses were tested during conditioning from somatosensory areas, inhibitory control was found to be reciprocal. The authors discuss the question of the structures and mechanisms participating in functional relations between the autonomic and somatic nervous system in the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:131336", "title": "Cortical afterdischarges during Leao's cortical spreading depression.", "content": "Cortical spreading depression (CSD) has been employed in unanesthetized curarized rats, in order to analyse the role of the cerebral cortex in the generation of epileptic self-sustained parozysms produced by direct cortical electrical stimulation. CSD was preferred because it is reversible and may be repeated several times in the same animal. CSD evoked in the hemisphere contralateral to the stimulated cortex decreased the duration of the afterdischarge by 40% and modified its form and amplitude both at the cortical and reticular levels. The possible role of cortical and subcortical structures in the development of after-discharges is discussed.", "contents": "Cortical afterdischarges during Leao's cortical spreading depression. Cortical spreading depression (CSD) has been employed in unanesthetized curarized rats, in order to analyse the role of the cerebral cortex in the generation of epileptic self-sustained parozysms produced by direct cortical electrical stimulation. CSD was preferred because it is reversible and may be repeated several times in the same animal. CSD evoked in the hemisphere contralateral to the stimulated cortex decreased the duration of the afterdischarge by 40% and modified its form and amplitude both at the cortical and reticular levels. The possible role of cortical and subcortical structures in the development of after-discharges is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131337", "title": "Effect of insulin hypoglycaemia on adrenocortical function and blood plasma vitamin E and cholesterol levels in suckling and weaned piglets.", "content": "Suckling piglets aged 28-31 days and weaned piglets aged 46-60 days were injected with insulin at a rate of 1 U/kg body weight to induce hypoglycaemia. All the animals were blood-sampled before and 45 and 90 minutes after the insulin injection. Both groups developed a marked adrenocortical response without any significant differences, though the rise in plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) levels of weaned piglets was slightly delayed. Plasma vitamin E concentration showed a significant rise in suckling piglets and a slight rise in weaned animals; it was not accompanied by an increase in total cholesterol levels. The results suggest that glucocorticoids affect vitamin E metabolism. The values of plasma 17-OHCS, cholesterol and vitamin E levels as well as of blood glucose levels and circulating eosinophil leucocyte counts confirmed differences in these parameters between suckling and weaned piglets.", "contents": "Effect of insulin hypoglycaemia on adrenocortical function and blood plasma vitamin E and cholesterol levels in suckling and weaned piglets. Suckling piglets aged 28-31 days and weaned piglets aged 46-60 days were injected with insulin at a rate of 1 U/kg body weight to induce hypoglycaemia. All the animals were blood-sampled before and 45 and 90 minutes after the insulin injection. Both groups developed a marked adrenocortical response without any significant differences, though the rise in plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroid (17-OHCS) levels of weaned piglets was slightly delayed. Plasma vitamin E concentration showed a significant rise in suckling piglets and a slight rise in weaned animals; it was not accompanied by an increase in total cholesterol levels. The results suggest that glucocorticoids affect vitamin E metabolism. The values of plasma 17-OHCS, cholesterol and vitamin E levels as well as of blood glucose levels and circulating eosinophil leucocyte counts confirmed differences in these parameters between suckling and weaned piglets."}
{"id": "PMID:131338", "title": "Trypsin and chymotrypsin activity of the intestinal content in germfree, monoassociated and conventional rabbits.", "content": "Trypsin (T) and chymotrypsin (CHT) activities in luminal contents of the ileum, caecum and sigmoideum were followed in conventional (6 animals), monoassociated (5) and germfree (5) rabbits by pH-stat automatic titration using p-toluenesulphonyl-L-arginine methylester and acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester as substrates. In conventional rabbits with complete microbial flora an aborally increasing decline of both proteolytic activities of luminal contents was determined (ileum T 198.2 - CHT 100.0; signmoideum T 10m.2 - CHT 68.8 mrg/g of intestinal content). Monoassociated animals represent a group different from both germfree and conventional animals. Trypsin and chymotrypsin of  intestinal contents were not significantly altered by the presence of megacaecum in germfree rabbits (ileum T 219.2 - CHT 160.2; sigmoideum T 208.8 - CHT 110.8 mug/g of intestinal content). Chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents appears more labile and more affected by microbial flora than trypsin.", "contents": "Trypsin and chymotrypsin activity of the intestinal content in germfree, monoassociated and conventional rabbits. Trypsin (T) and chymotrypsin (CHT) activities in luminal contents of the ileum, caecum and sigmoideum were followed in conventional (6 animals), monoassociated (5) and germfree (5) rabbits by pH-stat automatic titration using p-toluenesulphonyl-L-arginine methylester and acetyl-L-tyrosine ethylester as substrates. In conventional rabbits with complete microbial flora an aborally increasing decline of both proteolytic activities of luminal contents was determined (ileum T 198.2 - CHT 100.0; signmoideum T 10m.2 - CHT 68.8 mrg/g of intestinal content). Monoassociated animals represent a group different from both germfree and conventional animals. Trypsin and chymotrypsin of  intestinal contents were not significantly altered by the presence of megacaecum in germfree rabbits (ileum T 219.2 - CHT 160.2; sigmoideum T 208.8 - CHT 110.8 mug/g of intestinal content). Chymotrypsin in the intestinal contents appears more labile and more affected by microbial flora than trypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:131339", "title": "Choline acetyltransferase activity in the atria of the rat heart during training bradycardia.", "content": "The resting heart rate of rats trained for 19 weeks by swimming fell by 24% and the weight of their atria rose by 22%. Choline acetyltransferase in the atria did not alter significantly, however. In association with other findings, this observation supports the view that the bradycardia of training is not due to increased activity of cholinergic cardioninhibitory nerves.", "contents": "Choline acetyltransferase activity in the atria of the rat heart during training bradycardia. The resting heart rate of rats trained for 19 weeks by swimming fell by 24% and the weight of their atria rose by 22%. Choline acetyltransferase in the atria did not alter significantly, however. In association with other findings, this observation supports the view that the bradycardia of training is not due to increased activity of cholinergic cardioninhibitory nerves."}
{"id": "PMID:131340", "title": "Evaluation of pulse wave morphology by Fourier's harmonic analysis: methodological procedure and results of a physiological test.", "content": "Evaluation of the pulse wave on five segments of the lower limb by means of Fourier's harmonic analysis showed that the following phenomena can be observed in resting (recumbent) healthy subjects: 1) Almost constant, marked accentuation of the amplitude of the second harmonic in every single spectrum. Tjis can evidently be attributed to the resonance properties of the arterial pathway, as a mechanical oscillating circuit; 2) Distinct dimunution of the amplitudes of further, higher harmonics; 3) When studying the reciprocal amplitude ratio in every single harmonic, from the proximal to the distal segment of the limb, we can observe striking relative augmentation of amplitude in a distal direction, as a manifestation of mounting impedance towards the periphery. This provides good conditions for the prevention of rebounds and of undesirable stationary waves.", "contents": "Evaluation of pulse wave morphology by Fourier's harmonic analysis: methodological procedure and results of a physiological test. Evaluation of the pulse wave on five segments of the lower limb by means of Fourier's harmonic analysis showed that the following phenomena can be observed in resting (recumbent) healthy subjects: 1) Almost constant, marked accentuation of the amplitude of the second harmonic in every single spectrum. Tjis can evidently be attributed to the resonance properties of the arterial pathway, as a mechanical oscillating circuit; 2) Distinct dimunution of the amplitudes of further, higher harmonics; 3) When studying the reciprocal amplitude ratio in every single harmonic, from the proximal to the distal segment of the limb, we can observe striking relative augmentation of amplitude in a distal direction, as a manifestation of mounting impedance towards the periphery. This provides good conditions for the prevention of rebounds and of undesirable stationary waves."}
{"id": "PMID:131341", "title": "The hair melanosome: another tissue reservoir of zinc.", "content": "Melanosomes were isolated from human and dog hairs and their Zn content was determined. The mean Zn concentrations, in mug Zn/g dry weight, were 687 (men's melanosomes), 641 (women's melanosomes) and 691 (dog melanosomes). These values rank melanosomes from pigmented keratinous structures among the structural elements with the highest Zn content. An interpretation of the possible causes of this accumulation was submitted. By means of the conversion factor between hair length and weight (determined at 0.004), it was estimated that daily Zn lossess via hair vary in the region of 19 mug. In detailed studies of Zn metabolism, excretion via pigmented keratinous structures ought not to be neglected.", "contents": "The hair melanosome: another tissue reservoir of zinc. Melanosomes were isolated from human and dog hairs and their Zn content was determined. The mean Zn concentrations, in mug Zn/g dry weight, were 687 (men's melanosomes), 641 (women's melanosomes) and 691 (dog melanosomes). These values rank melanosomes from pigmented keratinous structures among the structural elements with the highest Zn content. An interpretation of the possible causes of this accumulation was submitted. By means of the conversion factor between hair length and weight (determined at 0.004), it was estimated that daily Zn lossess via hair vary in the region of 19 mug. In detailed studies of Zn metabolism, excretion via pigmented keratinous structures ought not to be neglected."}
{"id": "PMID:131343", "title": "Acoustic and somatosensory evoked responses in the brain hemispheres of chick embryos.", "content": "The author explored the auditory projection in the brain hemispheres of 16- to 21-day-old chick embryos, using biaural stimulation, and the somatosensory projection, using electrical stimulation of the contralateral sciatic nerve. The first auditory evoked responses appeared on the surface of the hemisphere at the beginning of the 18th day of incubation and were localized in its mediolateral part. Up to hatching, the latent period of the surface response shortened from 76.3 msec to 28.9 msec and its amplitude augmented from 10.6 muV to 36.2 muV. If the electrode was plunged into the tissue, the evoked responses with the optimum latent period and amplitude parameters were recorded at a depth of 2-2.5 mm (latent period 20.2 msec, amplitude 40-45 muV). The maximum surface somatosensory responses were found in the medial occipital quadrant of the contralateral hemisphere. They developed from the second half of the 17th day of incubation. Up to the end of incubation the mean latent period shortened from 58.3 msec to 21.6 msec and the mean amplitude increased from 11.8 muV to 28.7 muV. What was at first a simple negative wave developed into a positive-negative complex by the end of incubation. Evoked responses at a depth of about 3.5 mm from the surface of the hemisphere had the optimum parameters (latent period 18.4 msec, amplitude 30.2 muV).", "contents": "Acoustic and somatosensory evoked responses in the brain hemispheres of chick embryos. The author explored the auditory projection in the brain hemispheres of 16- to 21-day-old chick embryos, using biaural stimulation, and the somatosensory projection, using electrical stimulation of the contralateral sciatic nerve. The first auditory evoked responses appeared on the surface of the hemisphere at the beginning of the 18th day of incubation and were localized in its mediolateral part. Up to hatching, the latent period of the surface response shortened from 76.3 msec to 28.9 msec and its amplitude augmented from 10.6 muV to 36.2 muV. If the electrode was plunged into the tissue, the evoked responses with the optimum latent period and amplitude parameters were recorded at a depth of 2-2.5 mm (latent period 20.2 msec, amplitude 40-45 muV). The maximum surface somatosensory responses were found in the medial occipital quadrant of the contralateral hemisphere. They developed from the second half of the 17th day of incubation. Up to the end of incubation the mean latent period shortened from 58.3 msec to 21.6 msec and the mean amplitude increased from 11.8 muV to 28.7 muV. What was at first a simple negative wave developed into a positive-negative complex by the end of incubation. Evoked responses at a depth of about 3.5 mm from the surface of the hemisphere had the optimum parameters (latent period 18.4 msec, amplitude 30.2 muV)."}
{"id": "PMID:131344", "title": "Influence of nasal respiration upon normal EEG and epileptic electrographic activities in frog and turtle.", "content": "The electrographic respiratory response (ERR) was elicited by nasal air flow in the brain of the frog and turtle. It had the shape of a spindle of high voltage rhythmic activity and was propagated from the olfactory bulb predominantly into the ipsilateral hippocampal region in the frog and into the pyriform cortex in the turtle. In both animals, thalamic propagation of the ERR was also found. In both animals epileptic electrographic phenomena, were enhanced, created by local penicillin application. In the turtle epileptic electrographic manifestations were also elicited in the intact brain by simple nasal air insufflation. Diazepam (intraperitoneal administration) had no effect either on the ERR or on its triggering effect on epileptic phenomena. The possible physiological and pathophysiological interpretations of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Influence of nasal respiration upon normal EEG and epileptic electrographic activities in frog and turtle. The electrographic respiratory response (ERR) was elicited by nasal air flow in the brain of the frog and turtle. It had the shape of a spindle of high voltage rhythmic activity and was propagated from the olfactory bulb predominantly into the ipsilateral hippocampal region in the frog and into the pyriform cortex in the turtle. In both animals, thalamic propagation of the ERR was also found. In both animals epileptic electrographic phenomena, were enhanced, created by local penicillin application. In the turtle epileptic electrographic manifestations were also elicited in the intact brain by simple nasal air insufflation. Diazepam (intraperitoneal administration) had no effect either on the ERR or on its triggering effect on epileptic phenomena. The possible physiological and pathophysiological interpretations of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131345", "title": "Optimum conditions for the oxidation of palmityl-carnitine by the mitochondria of rat brown adipose tissue.", "content": "The optimum conditions for maximum oxidation of palmityl-carnitine by mitochondria isolated from the brown adipose tissue of 10-day-old rats was studied. The findings were as follows: 1. Reduction of the sucrose osmolar concentration to below 100 mM activates the rate of palmityl-carnitine oxidation, the maximum effect being achieved with 25 mM sucrose. These hypotonic conditions lead to enlargement of the matrix compartment, but not to swelling of the whole mitochondria. The maximum respiration rate in 25 mM sucrose can be measured only with fresh mitochondria isolated less than 1 hour previously, which must be preincubated 5 minutes in hypotonic sucrose before adding palmityl-carnitine. 2. When inducing the maximum palmityl-carnitine oxidation rate in 100 mM KC1 medium the preincubation time must be prolonged to at least 8 minutes. The length of time for which the mitochondria are stored in isotonic sucrose at 0 degrees C does not affect the respiration level in the presence of K+ ions. 3. The optimum palmityl-carnitine concentration is the same for oxidation measured in hypotonic sucrose and in KC1 medium and ranges from 15 to 50 muM. 4. If the above conditions are observed, the maximum palmityl-carnitine respiration values in hypotonic sucrose and medium with K+ ions are the same, whereas in isotonic sucrose respiration is inhibited. The same applies to the oxidation of endogenous fatty acids by the carnitine route and to alpha-ketoglutarate respiration, while the oxidation of alpha-glycerolphosphate is not affected by the osmotic conditions and its respiration is the same in both hypotonic and isotonic sucrose media.", "contents": "Optimum conditions for the oxidation of palmityl-carnitine by the mitochondria of rat brown adipose tissue. The optimum conditions for maximum oxidation of palmityl-carnitine by mitochondria isolated from the brown adipose tissue of 10-day-old rats was studied. The findings were as follows: 1. Reduction of the sucrose osmolar concentration to below 100 mM activates the rate of palmityl-carnitine oxidation, the maximum effect being achieved with 25 mM sucrose. These hypotonic conditions lead to enlargement of the matrix compartment, but not to swelling of the whole mitochondria. The maximum respiration rate in 25 mM sucrose can be measured only with fresh mitochondria isolated less than 1 hour previously, which must be preincubated 5 minutes in hypotonic sucrose before adding palmityl-carnitine. 2. When inducing the maximum palmityl-carnitine oxidation rate in 100 mM KC1 medium the preincubation time must be prolonged to at least 8 minutes. The length of time for which the mitochondria are stored in isotonic sucrose at 0 degrees C does not affect the respiration level in the presence of K+ ions. 3. The optimum palmityl-carnitine concentration is the same for oxidation measured in hypotonic sucrose and in KC1 medium and ranges from 15 to 50 muM. 4. If the above conditions are observed, the maximum palmityl-carnitine respiration values in hypotonic sucrose and medium with K+ ions are the same, whereas in isotonic sucrose respiration is inhibited. The same applies to the oxidation of endogenous fatty acids by the carnitine route and to alpha-ketoglutarate respiration, while the oxidation of alpha-glycerolphosphate is not affected by the osmotic conditions and its respiration is the same in both hypotonic and isotonic sucrose media."}
{"id": "PMID:131346", "title": "Effect of glucose utilization inhibitor isolated from the serum and urine of patients with chronic renal failure on the free fatty acid metabolism in rat kidney cortex slices.", "content": "The authors studied interference by the inhibitor of glucose utilization with free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism in rat kidney cortex slices. They found that FFA uptake by the kidneys, their incorporation into triglycerides (TG) and oxidation to 14CO2 were lower when the inhibitor was present in the incubation medium. The findings show that the inhibitor, as well as inhibiting glucose utilization in various tissues, interferes directly with fat metabolism.", "contents": "Effect of glucose utilization inhibitor isolated from the serum and urine of patients with chronic renal failure on the free fatty acid metabolism in rat kidney cortex slices. The authors studied interference by the inhibitor of glucose utilization with free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism in rat kidney cortex slices. They found that FFA uptake by the kidneys, their incorporation into triglycerides (TG) and oxidation to 14CO2 were lower when the inhibitor was present in the incubation medium. The findings show that the inhibitor, as well as inhibiting glucose utilization in various tissues, interferes directly with fat metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:131347", "title": "Pattern of breathing in the rat.", "content": "The basic ventilation values - tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency (f), minute ventilation (VE) and the duration of inspiration (TI) and expiration (TE) -- were determined in adult male rats. The range of these values is given and the pattern of breathing is defined as the relationship between VE and VT, which in the rat is linear throughout its entire range. The role of TI and TE in changing f in the rat were evaluated. The breathing pattern of the rat was compared with data for the rabbit and man, using percentual expression of the basic values. A shift of the breathing pattern to higher f values was observed in rats with experimental lung diseases. In these rats, the inhalation of 100% O2 shifted the pattern of breathing markedly to lower VE values, though not to values comparable with the controls. Bilateral cervical vagotomy was followed by a pronouced decrease in f, an increase in VT and T1 persisted even after vagotomy, however; it can be assumed that this relationship is effected either by means of receptors in the chest muscles, or by the direct action of CO2 which is used to stimulate breathing, on the bulbopontine pacemaker.", "contents": "Pattern of breathing in the rat. The basic ventilation values - tidal volume (VT), breathing frequency (f), minute ventilation (VE) and the duration of inspiration (TI) and expiration (TE) -- were determined in adult male rats. The range of these values is given and the pattern of breathing is defined as the relationship between VE and VT, which in the rat is linear throughout its entire range. The role of TI and TE in changing f in the rat were evaluated. The breathing pattern of the rat was compared with data for the rabbit and man, using percentual expression of the basic values. A shift of the breathing pattern to higher f values was observed in rats with experimental lung diseases. In these rats, the inhalation of 100% O2 shifted the pattern of breathing markedly to lower VE values, though not to values comparable with the controls. Bilateral cervical vagotomy was followed by a pronouced decrease in f, an increase in VT and T1 persisted even after vagotomy, however; it can be assumed that this relationship is effected either by means of receptors in the chest muscles, or by the direct action of CO2 which is used to stimulate breathing, on the bulbopontine pacemaker."}
{"id": "PMID:131348", "title": "Experimental hypersplenism in mice.", "content": "The authors induced experimental hypersplenism in mice with repeated intraperitoneal injections of methylcellulose (\"Tylosa\", Messrs. Kabl). Detailed haematological tests of the peripheral blood, a cytomorphological examination of bone marrow and spleen from puncture material and histological tests of the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, liver, kidneys and lung tissue of hypersplenic mice were carried out. Among the haematological results, apart from findings of marked erythrocyto-, leucocyto- and thrombocytopenia, attention is drawn to the finding, not previously described in the literature, of lowered osmotic resistance and elevated phagocytic activity of the leucocytes of hypersplenic mice.", "contents": "Experimental hypersplenism in mice. The authors induced experimental hypersplenism in mice with repeated intraperitoneal injections of methylcellulose (\"Tylosa\", Messrs. Kabl). Detailed haematological tests of the peripheral blood, a cytomorphological examination of bone marrow and spleen from puncture material and histological tests of the bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, liver, kidneys and lung tissue of hypersplenic mice were carried out. Among the haematological results, apart from findings of marked erythrocyto-, leucocyto- and thrombocytopenia, attention is drawn to the finding, not previously described in the literature, of lowered osmotic resistance and elevated phagocytic activity of the leucocytes of hypersplenic mice."}
{"id": "PMID:131349", "title": "The effect of Ca2+, temperature and sucrose upon potassium contracture of the isolated rat right ventricle.", "content": "Potassium (100 mM KC1) contracture of the isolated rat right ventricle was lower in Tyrode solution (37 mM Na)  than on substituting sucrose (270 mM) for NaC1 and was biphasic in 70% of the experiments. As in slow (tonic) skeletal muscle, the maximum contracture value persisted as long as a raised KC1 concentration was maintained. Even after complete potassium depolarization it changed when Ca was altered. At 37 degrees C, the second phase of potassium contracture was higher than at 34 degrees C (p less than 0.01). The effect of K+ and Ca2+ was inhibited if the ions were added after adding sucrose to the Tyrode solution. Contracture of the rat ventricle resembled contracture of slow (tonic) skeletal muscle.", "contents": "The effect of Ca2+, temperature and sucrose upon potassium contracture of the isolated rat right ventricle. Potassium (100 mM KC1) contracture of the isolated rat right ventricle was lower in Tyrode solution (37 mM Na)  than on substituting sucrose (270 mM) for NaC1 and was biphasic in 70% of the experiments. As in slow (tonic) skeletal muscle, the maximum contracture value persisted as long as a raised KC1 concentration was maintained. Even after complete potassium depolarization it changed when Ca was altered. At 37 degrees C, the second phase of potassium contracture was higher than at 34 degrees C (p less than 0.01). The effect of K+ and Ca2+ was inhibited if the ions were added after adding sucrose to the Tyrode solution. Contracture of the rat ventricle resembled contracture of slow (tonic) skeletal muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:131350", "title": "The effect of SO24-, NO-3, Ca2+ and temperature upon sodium-free contracture, isotonic and isometric contraction of the isolated rat right ventricle.", "content": "Sodium-free contracture was directly dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in Tyrode sulphate solution. The first phase of contracture increased in Tyrode nitrate solution more quickly than in sulphate solution, while the second phase was the same. Higher amplitude of isotonic contractions was observed on substituting nitrates for chlorides in the Tyrode solution than in sulphate substitution. In Tyrode sulphate solution, spontaneous contractions appeared in 50% of the experiments. The relationship between the duration and tension of isotonic contraction, given the same pre-loading, showed greater diminution of the contractions, at the lower temperature (22 degrees C) than at the higher temperature (35 degrees C), whereas passive stretching of the muscle was not influenced by the temperature. Isometric contrations lasted longer at the lower temperature. The amphlitude of isometric contractions was directly correlated to the frequency of electrical stimulation at a constant temperature (22 degrees C). The results showed that shifts of the calcium participating in contraction of the rat ventricle are influenced both by the anion and cation content of the medium and by its temperature.", "contents": "The effect of SO24-, NO-3, Ca2+ and temperature upon sodium-free contracture, isotonic and isometric contraction of the isolated rat right ventricle. Sodium-free contracture was directly dependent on the presence of Ca2+ in Tyrode sulphate solution. The first phase of contracture increased in Tyrode nitrate solution more quickly than in sulphate solution, while the second phase was the same. Higher amplitude of isotonic contractions was observed on substituting nitrates for chlorides in the Tyrode solution than in sulphate substitution. In Tyrode sulphate solution, spontaneous contractions appeared in 50% of the experiments. The relationship between the duration and tension of isotonic contraction, given the same pre-loading, showed greater diminution of the contractions, at the lower temperature (22 degrees C) than at the higher temperature (35 degrees C), whereas passive stretching of the muscle was not influenced by the temperature. Isometric contrations lasted longer at the lower temperature. The amphlitude of isometric contractions was directly correlated to the frequency of electrical stimulation at a constant temperature (22 degrees C). The results showed that shifts of the calcium participating in contraction of the rat ventricle are influenced both by the anion and cation content of the medium and by its temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:131351", "title": "The effect of single dose of oestrogens administered during the early postnatal period on the DNA content of rat bone epiphyses.", "content": "It has been shown previously that the administration of a single dose or oestrogens to male rats during the early postnatal life retards growth, after a latent period lasting several weeks, [slowing down of body weight and body lenth increments]. We therefore studied the effect of a single subcutaneous dose of oestrogens (1.25 mg oestradiol dipropionate) administered on the 5th postnatal day on the DNA content and DNA concentration in the parts of long bones associated with growth (distal epiphysis of the femur, and proximal and distal epiphyses of the tibia together with the epiphyseal plates). The rats were decapitated at the age of 18, 25 and 40 days, the given parts of the bones were immediately dissected out, weighed and their absolute DNA content and DNA concentration were analyzed. The weight of the distal femoral epiphysis of oestrogen-treated rats was found to be significantly lower at 40 days than in the controls. At the same age, its DNA content and concentration were likewise significantly lower in animals given oestrogens on the 5th day of life. The weight of the proximal tibial epiphysis of oestrogen-treated rats was significantly lower from the 25th day, while its DNA content was already significantly lower on the 18th day and the difference was maintained up to the 40th day of life. A significant decrease in the DNA concentration in oestrogen-treated rats did not appear until the 40th day. The weight of the distal tibial epiphysis of experimental rats was also significantly lower from the 25th postnatal day onwards and its DNA content was significantly lower by the 18th day. At 25 days, the DNA content was slightly lower in oestrogen-treated rats, but the significance of the difference disappeared, although it re-appeared on the 40th day of life. As in the two preceding epiphyses, the DNA concentration in the distal tibial epiphysis was not significantly lower in oestrogen-treated animals before the 40th day of life. The results show that the administration of oestrogens in the early postnatal period significantly affects both the absolute DNA content and the DNA concentration in all the epiphyses in question. The reaction does not appear in all the epiphyses at the same time, however. Differences in the degree of maturity of the epiphyses are evidently responsible for the variability of the response as regards the time at which the above changes occur.", "contents": "The effect of single dose of oestrogens administered during the early postnatal period on the DNA content of rat bone epiphyses. It has been shown previously that the administration of a single dose or oestrogens to male rats during the early postnatal life retards growth, after a latent period lasting several weeks, [slowing down of body weight and body lenth increments]. We therefore studied the effect of a single subcutaneous dose of oestrogens (1.25 mg oestradiol dipropionate) administered on the 5th postnatal day on the DNA content and DNA concentration in the parts of long bones associated with growth (distal epiphysis of the femur, and proximal and distal epiphyses of the tibia together with the epiphyseal plates). The rats were decapitated at the age of 18, 25 and 40 days, the given parts of the bones were immediately dissected out, weighed and their absolute DNA content and DNA concentration were analyzed. The weight of the distal femoral epiphysis of oestrogen-treated rats was found to be significantly lower at 40 days than in the controls. At the same age, its DNA content and concentration were likewise significantly lower in animals given oestrogens on the 5th day of life. The weight of the proximal tibial epiphysis of oestrogen-treated rats was significantly lower from the 25th day, while its DNA content was already significantly lower on the 18th day and the difference was maintained up to the 40th day of life. A significant decrease in the DNA concentration in oestrogen-treated rats did not appear until the 40th day. The weight of the distal tibial epiphysis of experimental rats was also significantly lower from the 25th postnatal day onwards and its DNA content was significantly lower by the 18th day. At 25 days, the DNA content was slightly lower in oestrogen-treated rats, but the significance of the difference disappeared, although it re-appeared on the 40th day of life. As in the two preceding epiphyses, the DNA concentration in the distal tibial epiphysis was not significantly lower in oestrogen-treated animals before the 40th day of life. The results show that the administration of oestrogens in the early postnatal period significantly affects both the absolute DNA content and the DNA concentration in all the epiphyses in question. The reaction does not appear in all the epiphyses at the same time, however. Differences in the degree of maturity of the epiphyses are evidently responsible for the variability of the response as regards the time at which the above changes occur."}
{"id": "PMID:131353", "title": "Genetic counseling by the primary care physician.", "content": "This paper has presented, in a rather concise and limited form, an outline of basic genetic principles which are necessary for the primary physician to provide good genetic counseling and good patient care. The assistance of a genetic center with prenatal diagnostic facilities allows consultation to proceed in a logical and constructive manner. The primary physician is in an excellent position to determine the pedigree, especially if he has the opportunity to examine the proband's immediate family and close relatives. The diagnosis may be easily made by the primary physician or it may require the combined efforts of the genetics clinic and the primary physician. In either case, the decision to terminate future pregnancies or to limit future offspring is made by the proband and his family, not the physician. The decision-making process may be affected by the primary physician who provides a sufficient amount of relevant information to his patients and allows them to reach a rational decision. Whether the decision appears rational to the physician or not, he must help his patients deal with it.", "contents": "Genetic counseling by the primary care physician. This paper has presented, in a rather concise and limited form, an outline of basic genetic principles which are necessary for the primary physician to provide good genetic counseling and good patient care. The assistance of a genetic center with prenatal diagnostic facilities allows consultation to proceed in a logical and constructive manner. The primary physician is in an excellent position to determine the pedigree, especially if he has the opportunity to examine the proband's immediate family and close relatives. The diagnosis may be easily made by the primary physician or it may require the combined efforts of the genetics clinic and the primary physician. In either case, the decision to terminate future pregnancies or to limit future offspring is made by the proband and his family, not the physician. The decision-making process may be affected by the primary physician who provides a sufficient amount of relevant information to his patients and allows them to reach a rational decision. Whether the decision appears rational to the physician or not, he must help his patients deal with it."}
{"id": "PMID:131359", "title": "Use of synthesis inhibitors in defining a role for biogenic amines during imipramine treatment in depressed patients.", "content": "Endogenously depressed patients who showed an antidepressant response to the tricyclic drug imipramine continued to show sustained well being after alpha-MPT was added whereas depression returned when small doses of PCPA were added for brief periods. In one patient the antidepressant response to imipramine occurred after pre- and continued treatment with alpha-MPT. Urinary excretion levels of MHPG in one of the patients studied longitudinally did not correspond to the direction of clinical affective state but did reflect anticipated changes during alpha-MPT treatment. Implications are that serotonergic mechanisms are likely involved in the anti-depressant effects of imipramine in man.", "contents": "Use of synthesis inhibitors in defining a role for biogenic amines during imipramine treatment in depressed patients. Endogenously depressed patients who showed an antidepressant response to the tricyclic drug imipramine continued to show sustained well being after alpha-MPT was added whereas depression returned when small doses of PCPA were added for brief periods. In one patient the antidepressant response to imipramine occurred after pre- and continued treatment with alpha-MPT. Urinary excretion levels of MHPG in one of the patients studied longitudinally did not correspond to the direction of clinical affective state but did reflect anticipated changes during alpha-MPT treatment. Implications are that serotonergic mechanisms are likely involved in the anti-depressant effects of imipramine in man."}
{"id": "PMID:131362", "title": "Further studies on the mechanism of the carbon tetrachloride induced polysome breakdown.", "content": "CCl4 ability to cause polysome breakdown in liver is age-dependent being negligible in the 7 days old rat and abruptly changing to adult values after 14 days of age. The CCl4 induced polysome breakdown process is more intense in the phenobarbital treated than in control rats while the 3-MC prior treatment does not modify its intensity. Prior treatment with SKF 525A increases the intensity of the polysome breakdown process while Sch 5705 or Sch 5706 administration do not modify it. Aminotriazole or cycloheximide pretreatment but not pyrazole administration decrease the intensity of polysome rupture caused by CCl4. The CCl4 deleterious action on strain A/J mouse liver polysomes is as intense as is in the rat liver. Results are discussed in relation to the role of either the irreversible binding of CCl4 components to ribosomes or lipid peroxidation as reponsible for the breakdown process.", "contents": "Further studies on the mechanism of the carbon tetrachloride induced polysome breakdown. CCl4 ability to cause polysome breakdown in liver is age-dependent being negligible in the 7 days old rat and abruptly changing to adult values after 14 days of age. The CCl4 induced polysome breakdown process is more intense in the phenobarbital treated than in control rats while the 3-MC prior treatment does not modify its intensity. Prior treatment with SKF 525A increases the intensity of the polysome breakdown process while Sch 5705 or Sch 5706 administration do not modify it. Aminotriazole or cycloheximide pretreatment but not pyrazole administration decrease the intensity of polysome rupture caused by CCl4. The CCl4 deleterious action on strain A/J mouse liver polysomes is as intense as is in the rat liver. Results are discussed in relation to the role of either the irreversible binding of CCl4 components to ribosomes or lipid peroxidation as reponsible for the breakdown process."}
{"id": "PMID:131363", "title": "[Studies concerning the usefulness of catgut, PGA and polyester for abdominal fascia closure (author's transl)].", "content": "The abdominal fascia incisions of 133 rabbits were closed either with plain gut, chromic gut, PGA or polyester threads. The breaking strength of the wounds were determined tensiometrically at different time intervals and the tissue was examined histologically. For a three-week period the strength of the abdominal wall depends significantly on the intactness of the threads. PGA produces minimal inflammatory reactions, but loses its strength after a fortnight. Since longitudinal incisions are endangered by severe muscle pull, this material cannot be recommended because of the possibility of wound disruption and the formation of hernias. The loss of strength of catgut plain and catgut chromic starts later. Catgut causes inflammatory reactions within the wound area leading to loss of strength of the sutured tissue. Thus incisions of the abdominal fascia should not be closed with catgut. The non-resorbable suture material polyester shows satisfactory strength and minimal tissue reaction. As long as there is no synthetic suture material with mild tissue reaction and late resorption the fascial closure should be sutured with polyester.", "contents": "[Studies concerning the usefulness of catgut, PGA and polyester for abdominal fascia closure (author's transl)]. The abdominal fascia incisions of 133 rabbits were closed either with plain gut, chromic gut, PGA or polyester threads. The breaking strength of the wounds were determined tensiometrically at different time intervals and the tissue was examined histologically. For a three-week period the strength of the abdominal wall depends significantly on the intactness of the threads. PGA produces minimal inflammatory reactions, but loses its strength after a fortnight. Since longitudinal incisions are endangered by severe muscle pull, this material cannot be recommended because of the possibility of wound disruption and the formation of hernias. The loss of strength of catgut plain and catgut chromic starts later. Catgut causes inflammatory reactions within the wound area leading to loss of strength of the sutured tissue. Thus incisions of the abdominal fascia should not be closed with catgut. The non-resorbable suture material polyester shows satisfactory strength and minimal tissue reaction. As long as there is no synthetic suture material with mild tissue reaction and late resorption the fascial closure should be sutured with polyester."}
{"id": "PMID:131365", "title": "[Non-hormonal drug treatment in Paget's disease].", "content": "The activity of a therapeutic drug against Paget's disease is judged by a reduction in the level of hydroxyprolinuria and of alkaline phosphatasaemia, these being the metabolic signs of the bone changes, and by a decrease in bone pain which may accompany the bone changes in Paget's disease. The effect of aspirin is only moderate and is produced only with large doses that are often not well tolerated. The cortisone drugs are also active only at high doses that should be avoided. The action of sodium fluoride is uncertain. Mithramycin is always effective; it leads to a decrease in the levels of hydroxyprolinuria and of alkaline phosphatosaemia and to disappearance of the pain. At the dose levels used by the authors, mithramycin induces only certain metabolic anomalies (rise in transaminases, decrease in the prothrombin level...) which return to normal at the end of treatment. However, the long-term tolerance of mithramycin is unknown and the authors think that its use in cases of Paget's disease should be severely restricted. Sodium etidronate, a diphosphonate that inhibits both bone resorption and osteoformation also decreases regularly the levels of hydroxyprolinuria and of alkaline phosphatasemia and often decreases the pain. It is usually well tolerated. However at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg/day it may lead to the development of osteomalacia.", "contents": "[Non-hormonal drug treatment in Paget's disease]. The activity of a therapeutic drug against Paget's disease is judged by a reduction in the level of hydroxyprolinuria and of alkaline phosphatasaemia, these being the metabolic signs of the bone changes, and by a decrease in bone pain which may accompany the bone changes in Paget's disease. The effect of aspirin is only moderate and is produced only with large doses that are often not well tolerated. The cortisone drugs are also active only at high doses that should be avoided. The action of sodium fluoride is uncertain. Mithramycin is always effective; it leads to a decrease in the levels of hydroxyprolinuria and of alkaline phosphatosaemia and to disappearance of the pain. At the dose levels used by the authors, mithramycin induces only certain metabolic anomalies (rise in transaminases, decrease in the prothrombin level...) which return to normal at the end of treatment. However, the long-term tolerance of mithramycin is unknown and the authors think that its use in cases of Paget's disease should be severely restricted. Sodium etidronate, a diphosphonate that inhibits both bone resorption and osteoformation also decreases regularly the levels of hydroxyprolinuria and of alkaline phosphatasemia and often decreases the pain. It is usually well tolerated. However at the dose rate of 20 mg/kg/day it may lead to the development of osteomalacia."}
{"id": "PMID:131366", "title": "[Biological exploration of Paget's disease].", "content": "The laboratory investigation of cases of Paget's disease has revealed results of three types :--small increases in the sedimentation rate, in the ceruloplasmin level, in the average corpuscule volume, and in uricaemia. These changes are of little practical value;--a considerable increase in the common stocks and in the turn-over of calcium, a frequently negative assessment with a parathyroid hormone level at the lower limit of normality. The levels of calcaemia and calciuria, little changed on average, may increase slightly after hospitalization. The use of these parameters is valuable but they are sometimes difficult to interpret;--an increase in the levels of alkaline phosphatases and of urinary hydroxyproline, in relation to the extent and the activity of the disease, and also of certain parameters of calcium-45 and of quantitative histology. A statistical study of the spontaneous evolution of hydroxyprolinuria in 50 patients with Paget's disease who were not treated for less than 3 years, allowed the authors to establish in what conditions a change induced by calcitonin or mithramycin is significant.", "contents": "[Biological exploration of Paget's disease]. The laboratory investigation of cases of Paget's disease has revealed results of three types :--small increases in the sedimentation rate, in the ceruloplasmin level, in the average corpuscule volume, and in uricaemia. These changes are of little practical value;--a considerable increase in the common stocks and in the turn-over of calcium, a frequently negative assessment with a parathyroid hormone level at the lower limit of normality. The levels of calcaemia and calciuria, little changed on average, may increase slightly after hospitalization. The use of these parameters is valuable but they are sometimes difficult to interpret;--an increase in the levels of alkaline phosphatases and of urinary hydroxyproline, in relation to the extent and the activity of the disease, and also of certain parameters of calcium-45 and of quantitative histology. A statistical study of the spontaneous evolution of hydroxyprolinuria in 50 patients with Paget's disease who were not treated for less than 3 years, allowed the authors to establish in what conditions a change induced by calcitonin or mithramycin is significant."}
{"id": "PMID:131367", "title": "[Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (lipoid dermato-arthritis). Apropos of a case with fatal outcome].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 37-year-old man affected by a seronegative polyarthritis associated at first with erythroderma and then with cutaneous and subcutaneous papulo-nodular structures and a xanthomatous eryption. Histological examination of the cutaneous nodules and of the synovial membrane confirmed the diagnosis of multicentred reticulohistiocytosis by showing the presence of lipid infiltrates in the histiocyte cells and of multinucleate giant cells. A study of the ultrastructure of the histiocytes revealed the presence of numerous intracytoplasmic vacuoles. In spite of antimalaria treatment, with cortisone and then with immuno-depressants, the outcome was fatal with a picture of acute reticulosis and neurological disorders. In discussing this case, the authors also make a general review of the subject.", "contents": "[Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (lipoid dermato-arthritis). Apropos of a case with fatal outcome]. The authors report the case of a 37-year-old man affected by a seronegative polyarthritis associated at first with erythroderma and then with cutaneous and subcutaneous papulo-nodular structures and a xanthomatous eryption. Histological examination of the cutaneous nodules and of the synovial membrane confirmed the diagnosis of multicentred reticulohistiocytosis by showing the presence of lipid infiltrates in the histiocyte cells and of multinucleate giant cells. A study of the ultrastructure of the histiocytes revealed the presence of numerous intracytoplasmic vacuoles. In spite of antimalaria treatment, with cortisone and then with immuno-depressants, the outcome was fatal with a picture of acute reticulosis and neurological disorders. In discussing this case, the authors also make a general review of the subject."}
{"id": "PMID:131368", "title": "A cellular-biochemical evaluation of gastric body mucosa and muscular layer in patients with different basal acid outputs.", "content": "The membrane (Na+-K+ -dependent) ATP-ase (EC 3.6.1.3.), adenine-adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phospholipid phosphates (lipid-P), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were extracted and measured in the patients' gastric body mucosa and muscular layer with different basal acid outputs. It was observed that the Na+-K+ -dependent ATP-ase activity, tissue adenine adenosine, AMP, ADP, ATP, lipid-P, and RNA - in correspondence to 1.0 mg DNA - significantly increased in the gastric corpus mucosa, with an increase of basal acid output. No significant changes of these parameters were found to be present in the gastric body muscular layer of patients with different basal acid output. It has been concluded: 1) the energy requirement for H+ secretion, from the point of view of basal acid output, is given by the transformation of ATP into ADP; 2) the biochemical building up of the human gastric mucosa is different in patients with decreased, normal and increased BAO values; 3) no significant difference is found between the biochemical structures of gastric muscular layer in patients with different basal acid output values.", "contents": "A cellular-biochemical evaluation of gastric body mucosa and muscular layer in patients with different basal acid outputs. The membrane (Na+-K+ -dependent) ATP-ase (EC 3.6.1.3.), adenine-adenosine, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), phospholipid phosphates (lipid-P), ribonucleic acid (RNA), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) were extracted and measured in the patients' gastric body mucosa and muscular layer with different basal acid outputs. It was observed that the Na+-K+ -dependent ATP-ase activity, tissue adenine adenosine, AMP, ADP, ATP, lipid-P, and RNA - in correspondence to 1.0 mg DNA - significantly increased in the gastric corpus mucosa, with an increase of basal acid output. No significant changes of these parameters were found to be present in the gastric body muscular layer of patients with different basal acid output. It has been concluded: 1) the energy requirement for H+ secretion, from the point of view of basal acid output, is given by the transformation of ATP into ADP; 2) the biochemical building up of the human gastric mucosa is different in patients with decreased, normal and increased BAO values; 3) no significant difference is found between the biochemical structures of gastric muscular layer in patients with different basal acid output values."}
{"id": "PMID:131364", "title": "Immunopathologic mechanisms of renal disease.", "content": "Anti-GBM antibodies and glomerular deposition of circulating immune complexes are responsible for the immunopathogenesis of about 5% and 75% of human glomerulonephritides, respectively. Anti-GBM antibodies most frequently cause rapidly progressive glomerulonephritides, respectively in about half of the patients with pulmonary hemorrhage, the Goodpasture's syndrome. Immune complexes cause a wide variety of glomerulonephritides, including diffuse and focal proliferative, membranous, membranproliferative and rapidly progressive morphologic varieties often accompanied by nephrotic syndrome. Immune complexes cause a wide variety of glomerulonephritides, including diffuse and focal proliferative, membranous, membranoproliferative and rapidly progressive morphologic varieties often accompanied by nephrotic syndrome. Immunopathologic tubulo-interstitial renal injury can be caused by antibodies reacting with TBM or by deposition of immune complexes in tubulo-interstitial tissue. Immunofluorescence studies of renal tissue supplemented by detection of circulating anti-basement membrane antibodies and immune complexes are essential in differentiating the immunopathologic mechanisms of glomerular and tubular injury, and are necessary adjuncts in evaluating patients with glomerulo- and tubulo-interstitial nephritis.", "contents": "Immunopathologic mechanisms of renal disease. Anti-GBM antibodies and glomerular deposition of circulating immune complexes are responsible for the immunopathogenesis of about 5% and 75% of human glomerulonephritides, respectively. Anti-GBM antibodies most frequently cause rapidly progressive glomerulonephritides, respectively in about half of the patients with pulmonary hemorrhage, the Goodpasture's syndrome. Immune complexes cause a wide variety of glomerulonephritides, including diffuse and focal proliferative, membranous, membranproliferative and rapidly progressive morphologic varieties often accompanied by nephrotic syndrome. Immune complexes cause a wide variety of glomerulonephritides, including diffuse and focal proliferative, membranous, membranoproliferative and rapidly progressive morphologic varieties often accompanied by nephrotic syndrome. Immunopathologic tubulo-interstitial renal injury can be caused by antibodies reacting with TBM or by deposition of immune complexes in tubulo-interstitial tissue. Immunofluorescence studies of renal tissue supplemented by detection of circulating anti-basement membrane antibodies and immune complexes are essential in differentiating the immunopathologic mechanisms of glomerular and tubular injury, and are necessary adjuncts in evaluating patients with glomerulo- and tubulo-interstitial nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:131369", "title": "Uremia as a state of immune deficiency.", "content": "This study dealt with the in vitro immune responses to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A, and purified protein derivative in lymphocytes taken from uremic patients before and after hemodialysis and in normal lymphocytes in the presence of plasma from uremic patients before and after hemodialysis and normal AB serum, as well as the influence of the same plasma factors on one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) responses of uremic/normal and normal/normal lymphocytes. The results obtained show that uremic plasma contains nondialyzable factors that can suppress both uremic normal and normal/normal lymphocyte responses in MLC and that uremic and normal lymphocytes show asynchronic MLC culture kinetics, thus indicating a changed immune status of uremic patients manifested both at the cellular and at the humoral level.", "contents": "Uremia as a state of immune deficiency. This study dealt with the in vitro immune responses to stimulation with phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A, and purified protein derivative in lymphocytes taken from uremic patients before and after hemodialysis and in normal lymphocytes in the presence of plasma from uremic patients before and after hemodialysis and normal AB serum, as well as the influence of the same plasma factors on one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) responses of uremic/normal and normal/normal lymphocytes. The results obtained show that uremic plasma contains nondialyzable factors that can suppress both uremic normal and normal/normal lymphocyte responses in MLC and that uremic and normal lymphocytes show asynchronic MLC culture kinetics, thus indicating a changed immune status of uremic patients manifested both at the cellular and at the humoral level."}
{"id": "PMID:131370", "title": "Inhibition of in vitro immune responses by a fraction from seminal plasma.", "content": "We studied the inhibitory effect of a fraction of bovine seminal plasma on in vitro lymphocyte responses to specific and nonspecific ligands. Seminal plasma was fractionated by Sephadex G-100 chromatography, and the inhibitory component was found to have a molecular weight of above 100,000 daltons. This fraction was devoid of lymphocytotoxicity and could inhibit, in a dose-dependent mode, both the primary antibody response of normal mouse spleen cells to the thymus-dependent antigen sheep erythrocytes and the one-way mixed lymphocyte reactions. Concanavalin A-induced proliferative T-cell responses were also inhibited by the same fraction. The inhibition of the T-lymphocyte responses to Con A was complete at suboptimal concentrations of the mitogen and could only partially be overcome at supraoptimal concentrations. Four other fractions in seminal plasma were also studied in this particular system, three being without effect and one being stimulatory. The inhibitory fraction was also found to inhibit the polyclonal B-cell responses induced by fetal calf serum. The importance of the present findings for the immunophysiology of reproduction are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of in vitro immune responses by a fraction from seminal plasma. We studied the inhibitory effect of a fraction of bovine seminal plasma on in vitro lymphocyte responses to specific and nonspecific ligands. Seminal plasma was fractionated by Sephadex G-100 chromatography, and the inhibitory component was found to have a molecular weight of above 100,000 daltons. This fraction was devoid of lymphocytotoxicity and could inhibit, in a dose-dependent mode, both the primary antibody response of normal mouse spleen cells to the thymus-dependent antigen sheep erythrocytes and the one-way mixed lymphocyte reactions. Concanavalin A-induced proliferative T-cell responses were also inhibited by the same fraction. The inhibition of the T-lymphocyte responses to Con A was complete at suboptimal concentrations of the mitogen and could only partially be overcome at supraoptimal concentrations. Four other fractions in seminal plasma were also studied in this particular system, three being without effect and one being stimulatory. The inhibitory fraction was also found to inhibit the polyclonal B-cell responses induced by fetal calf serum. The importance of the present findings for the immunophysiology of reproduction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131371", "title": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of pericardial effusion].", "content": "The clinical, hemodynamic and radiologic signs of pericardial effusion are reviewed. From the symptomatic point of view low pressure (lax) pericardial effusion and compressive effusion (tamponade) are to be distinguished. Echocardiography is today the preferred method for study of patients with suspected pericardial effusion. This technique also provides insight into ventricular performance and is therefore helpful in the differential diagnosis of cardiomegaly due to pericardial effusion, heart failure or both. In our material uremic pericarditis, malignant tumors and leukemia were the predominant causes of pericardial effusion.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of pericardial effusion]. The clinical, hemodynamic and radiologic signs of pericardial effusion are reviewed. From the symptomatic point of view low pressure (lax) pericardial effusion and compressive effusion (tamponade) are to be distinguished. Echocardiography is today the preferred method for study of patients with suspected pericardial effusion. This technique also provides insight into ventricular performance and is therefore helpful in the differential diagnosis of cardiomegaly due to pericardial effusion, heart failure or both. In our material uremic pericarditis, malignant tumors and leukemia were the predominant causes of pericardial effusion."}
{"id": "PMID:131373", "title": "Laparoscopy in the investigation of infertility.", "content": "Gynaecological units in Great Britain are using the laparoscope increasingly frequently to investigate the infertile woman; in this paper the need for this form of investigation is emphasized. In the Professorial Unit at Glasgow Royral Infirmary, the findings (over a three years period), obtained by the laparoscopic investigation of the infertile woman, are given. It is found that laparoscopy frequently identifies a possible cause of infertility in women whose failure to conceive has remained unexplained by other methods of investigation.", "contents": "Laparoscopy in the investigation of infertility. Gynaecological units in Great Britain are using the laparoscope increasingly frequently to investigate the infertile woman; in this paper the need for this form of investigation is emphasized. In the Professorial Unit at Glasgow Royral Infirmary, the findings (over a three years period), obtained by the laparoscopic investigation of the infertile woman, are given. It is found that laparoscopy frequently identifies a possible cause of infertility in women whose failure to conceive has remained unexplained by other methods of investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:131377", "title": "The pitfalls in early diagnosis of childhood spinal compression.", "content": "Thirty-one children under the age of 13 years with spinal cord and cauda equina compression are presented. Some of these cases are used to illustrate the problems encountered in the early recognition of compressive lesions involving the spinal cord and cauda equina in the paediatric age group.", "contents": "The pitfalls in early diagnosis of childhood spinal compression. Thirty-one children under the age of 13 years with spinal cord and cauda equina compression are presented. Some of these cases are used to illustrate the problems encountered in the early recognition of compressive lesions involving the spinal cord and cauda equina in the paediatric age group."}
{"id": "PMID:131378", "title": "Rational management of uveitis.", "content": "Endogenous uveitis is an important cause of blindness in young adults. The need for a comprehensive search for an aetiological 'antigen' is stressed. A source of adjuvant, disturbance in host immunology and any associated syndromes are also sought. Treatment then involves elimination of 'antigen', suppression of host hypersensitivity and the enhanced vascular permeability, and improvement of host resistance. The value of antihistamine and antiserotonin drugs in successful treatment is emphasised.", "contents": "Rational management of uveitis. Endogenous uveitis is an important cause of blindness in young adults. The need for a comprehensive search for an aetiological 'antigen' is stressed. A source of adjuvant, disturbance in host immunology and any associated syndromes are also sought. Treatment then involves elimination of 'antigen', suppression of host hypersensitivity and the enhanced vascular permeability, and improvement of host resistance. The value of antihistamine and antiserotonin drugs in successful treatment is emphasised."}
{"id": "PMID:131379", "title": "The role of the peritoneum in the healing of abdominal incisions.", "content": "These results support the assumption that careful approximation of the gascial edges is one key in the repair of abdominal incisions. It is difficult to say how pertinent these observations are to the clinical situation in which nonabsorbable sutures are generally used. However, we believe that some of these factors are germane in both situations and that concentration on maintaining a meticulous, accurate and strong fascial approximation will result in a safer, faster and equally strong and less frustrating closure of the abdominal incision.", "contents": "The role of the peritoneum in the healing of abdominal incisions. These results support the assumption that careful approximation of the gascial edges is one key in the repair of abdominal incisions. It is difficult to say how pertinent these observations are to the clinical situation in which nonabsorbable sutures are generally used. However, we believe that some of these factors are germane in both situations and that concentration on maintaining a meticulous, accurate and strong fascial approximation will result in a safer, faster and equally strong and less frustrating closure of the abdominal incision."}
{"id": "PMID:131380", "title": "Quantitative ultrasonic blood flow measurement in Dacron grafts.", "content": "A quantitative directional Doppler system was used to determine blood flow in 8 mm. aortoaortic Dacron grafts in dogs. The Doppler was calibrated with frequency standards and the output was integrated for one minute intervals. With the probe held at an angle of 60 degrees to the flow axis, the average frequency of the Doppler shift was determined. Frequency was converted to velocity with the Doppler equation. Volume flow was calculated from the product of velocity and cross-sectional area of the graft. When compared with an electromagnetic flowmeter, the Doppler system was highly accurate with flow rates up to 900 c.c per minute. At flow rates above 900 c.c. per minute, there was a significant decrease in Doppler output which probably is due to the effects of turbulence and background noise on the Doppler signal.", "contents": "Quantitative ultrasonic blood flow measurement in Dacron grafts. A quantitative directional Doppler system was used to determine blood flow in 8 mm. aortoaortic Dacron grafts in dogs. The Doppler was calibrated with frequency standards and the output was integrated for one minute intervals. With the probe held at an angle of 60 degrees to the flow axis, the average frequency of the Doppler shift was determined. Frequency was converted to velocity with the Doppler equation. Volume flow was calculated from the product of velocity and cross-sectional area of the graft. When compared with an electromagnetic flowmeter, the Doppler system was highly accurate with flow rates up to 900 c.c per minute. At flow rates above 900 c.c. per minute, there was a significant decrease in Doppler output which probably is due to the effects of turbulence and background noise on the Doppler signal."}
{"id": "PMID:131381", "title": "Degeneration of knitted Dacron grafts.", "content": "This report describes three instances of severe deterioration in tensile strength of knitted Dacron grafts (Weaveknit) supplied prior to 1969. Similar deterioration has been encountered previously by us and other surgeons. All patients with this type of graft should be re-examined periodically and, if deterioration is detected at operation, the entire graft probably should be replaced. These experiences indicate that further investigation and, possibly, some alteration of the manufacturing process are warranted.", "contents": "Degeneration of knitted Dacron grafts. This report describes three instances of severe deterioration in tensile strength of knitted Dacron grafts (Weaveknit) supplied prior to 1969. Similar deterioration has been encountered previously by us and other surgeons. All patients with this type of graft should be re-examined periodically and, if deterioration is detected at operation, the entire graft probably should be replaced. These experiences indicate that further investigation and, possibly, some alteration of the manufacturing process are warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:131389", "title": "[Influence of roentgen rays on electrolyte changes and metabolism of the myocardium. VII. Radiation-induced inhibition of the sodium- and potassium--activated microscomal-trasport ATPase].", "content": "The behavior of a Mg2+-dependent microsomal ATPase, which may be activated by Na+ and K+, was investigated in the myocardium of Guinea pigs after local irradiation. The part which can be activated by Na+ and K+ (transport-ATPase) is already slightly inhibited thirty minutes after a dose of 250 R; the inhibition rate with 1500 R amounts to about 60%, the maximal inhibition effect with a dose of 3000 R was about 70%. Four hours after a local irradiation with 1500 R, a restitution of the inhibition effect occurs with overshoot reaction; 15 and 24 hours following irradiation, a significant inhibition of the transport-ATPase activity can again be verified. The k-strophanthidine and digitoxin are inhibiting within the concentration ranges analyzed (2 X 10(-5), 2.5 X 10(-7), 5 X 10(-7) M) the activity of the transport-ATPase. The above-mentioned radiation-induced inhibition effect upon the ATPase activated by Na+ and K+ is additively increased by adding k-strophanthidine (2 X 10(-5) M) and digitoxin (2.5 X 10(-7) M).", "contents": "[Influence of roentgen rays on electrolyte changes and metabolism of the myocardium. VII. Radiation-induced inhibition of the sodium- and potassium--activated microscomal-trasport ATPase]. The behavior of a Mg2+-dependent microsomal ATPase, which may be activated by Na+ and K+, was investigated in the myocardium of Guinea pigs after local irradiation. The part which can be activated by Na+ and K+ (transport-ATPase) is already slightly inhibited thirty minutes after a dose of 250 R; the inhibition rate with 1500 R amounts to about 60%, the maximal inhibition effect with a dose of 3000 R was about 70%. Four hours after a local irradiation with 1500 R, a restitution of the inhibition effect occurs with overshoot reaction; 15 and 24 hours following irradiation, a significant inhibition of the transport-ATPase activity can again be verified. The k-strophanthidine and digitoxin are inhibiting within the concentration ranges analyzed (2 X 10(-5), 2.5 X 10(-7), 5 X 10(-7) M) the activity of the transport-ATPase. The above-mentioned radiation-induced inhibition effect upon the ATPase activated by Na+ and K+ is additively increased by adding k-strophanthidine (2 X 10(-5) M) and digitoxin (2.5 X 10(-7) M)."}
{"id": "PMID:131390", "title": "Suicide among attempted suicides: a 10-year follow-up.", "content": "A 10-year follow-up is presented of 484 patients who made serious suicide attempts. Of this group 23% had died, 9% from natural causes, 3% from accidents or from uncertain causes, and 11% from suicide. Suicide frequenzy is highest in the period immediately after the suicide attempt. Especially interesting is the distribution according to sex. During the first 5 years there is a preponderance of male suicides (which is in agreement with the findings of other investigators), but after 10 years this difference in sex disappears. Suicides are found especially among men from 50 to 60 years of age, disabled pensioners, and persons who have attempted suicide several times, and to a lesser degree among persons living alone and criminals.", "contents": "Suicide among attempted suicides: a 10-year follow-up. A 10-year follow-up is presented of 484 patients who made serious suicide attempts. Of this group 23% had died, 9% from natural causes, 3% from accidents or from uncertain causes, and 11% from suicide. Suicide frequenzy is highest in the period immediately after the suicide attempt. Especially interesting is the distribution according to sex. During the first 5 years there is a preponderance of male suicides (which is in agreement with the findings of other investigators), but after 10 years this difference in sex disappears. Suicides are found especially among men from 50 to 60 years of age, disabled pensioners, and persons who have attempted suicide several times, and to a lesser degree among persons living alone and criminals."}
{"id": "PMID:131414", "title": "[Experience with the electrocardiographic diagnosis of cardiac ventricular hypertrophy by the methods of mathematical statistical analysis].", "content": "A new index in the diagnostics of right ventricular hypertrophy: AQRS + 52 less than or equal to 235 is derived by means of the discriminant multifactorial analysis and processing the elements of 488 electrocardiograms in the 12 routine leads in 269 deceased. AQRS is the electric heart axis in the frontal plane, determined by Pis'menji tables; Z is the transitory zome in precordial leads, expressed with tenfold increased number of the lead, e.g. V1-10, V2-20 etc. In case of transitory zone between two leads, e.g. V4-V5-the interpolated value between 40 and 50 is indicated-i.e. 45. The new index as compared with selected 18 basic indices for right ventricular hypertrophy is with considerably better diagnostic qualities: sensitivity--84%, false positiveness 13% and diagnostic accuracy 86%.", "contents": "[Experience with the electrocardiographic diagnosis of cardiac ventricular hypertrophy by the methods of mathematical statistical analysis]. A new index in the diagnostics of right ventricular hypertrophy: AQRS + 52 less than or equal to 235 is derived by means of the discriminant multifactorial analysis and processing the elements of 488 electrocardiograms in the 12 routine leads in 269 deceased. AQRS is the electric heart axis in the frontal plane, determined by Pis'menji tables; Z is the transitory zome in precordial leads, expressed with tenfold increased number of the lead, e.g. V1-10, V2-20 etc. In case of transitory zone between two leads, e.g. V4-V5-the interpolated value between 40 and 50 is indicated-i.e. 45. The new index as compared with selected 18 basic indices for right ventricular hypertrophy is with considerably better diagnostic qualities: sensitivity--84%, false positiveness 13% and diagnostic accuracy 86%."}
{"id": "PMID:131417", "title": "[Deviation of the electrical cardiac axis to the left between -30 degrees and -90 degrees as an index of left ventricular hypertrophy].", "content": "The index of left ventricular hypertrophy A between --30 degrees and --90 degrees was established to be with low sensitivity (23 per cent) and high false positiveness (13 per cent) with the analysis of 448 electrocardiograms of 269 deceased, to 60 of them being applied the pathologoanatomical separating-gravimetric method of Fulton and to the rest--the classical methods. The disturbances of the intraventricular conductivity and especially the left anterior hemiblock contribute considerably. The left axial deviation in left ventricular hypertrophy was established not to be due mainly to the increased muscular mass but also to the accompanying or conditioned by it processes (coronary insufficeincy, sclerosis) leading to disturbances of the left ventricular conductivity.", "contents": "[Deviation of the electrical cardiac axis to the left between -30 degrees and -90 degrees as an index of left ventricular hypertrophy]. The index of left ventricular hypertrophy A between --30 degrees and --90 degrees was established to be with low sensitivity (23 per cent) and high false positiveness (13 per cent) with the analysis of 448 electrocardiograms of 269 deceased, to 60 of them being applied the pathologoanatomical separating-gravimetric method of Fulton and to the rest--the classical methods. The disturbances of the intraventricular conductivity and especially the left anterior hemiblock contribute considerably. The left axial deviation in left ventricular hypertrophy was established not to be due mainly to the increased muscular mass but also to the accompanying or conditioned by it processes (coronary insufficeincy, sclerosis) leading to disturbances of the left ventricular conductivity."}
{"id": "PMID:131423", "title": "[Laparoscopic photography on infra-red sensitive film].", "content": "Photographs taken on Ektachrome infrared IE 135-20 film during laparoscopy are distinguished by improved contrast. Details that can be recognized indistinctly or not at all on regular color film can be brought out. This film has proved to be particularly useful for the visualization of lymph vessels and close-ups of the surface.", "contents": "[Laparoscopic photography on infra-red sensitive film]. Photographs taken on Ektachrome infrared IE 135-20 film during laparoscopy are distinguished by improved contrast. Details that can be recognized indistinctly or not at all on regular color film can be brought out. This film has proved to be particularly useful for the visualization of lymph vessels and close-ups of the surface."}
{"id": "PMID:131424", "title": "Susceptibility of the resected stomach to experimental carcinogenesis.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to find whether gastric resection enhances the incidence of carcinoma in the remaining part of the stomach. 66 male Wistar rats were subjected to stomach resection according to the Billroth I or the Billroth II method. These rats, as well as control animals with intact stomachs, were fed the carcinogen N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG). -- 25 of 66 animals developed carcinomas in the gastric remnant. Precancerous lesions were seen in 18 rats. The tumours were characterized histologically as adenocarcinomas. They were almost exclusively localized in the region of the gastroenteral anastomosis. The process of tumour formation in the resected stomach was completed within 17-31 weeks on continuous administration of NG in a concentration of 120 mg/l in the drinking water. In contrast to these findings, the development of cancer in the intact stomach required on average 41 weeks under the same conditions of NG administration. However, with regard to the incidence of malignant changes, no significant difference was observed between animals undergoing the Billroth I method and those undergoing the Billroth II method.--The results suggest that the resected stomach of the rat is more susceptible to induction of cancer than the intac one. Exposure of the resected stomach to an oral carcinogen induces carcinogenesis predominantly in the anastomotic region.", "contents": "Susceptibility of the resected stomach to experimental carcinogenesis. The purpose of this study was to find whether gastric resection enhances the incidence of carcinoma in the remaining part of the stomach. 66 male Wistar rats were subjected to stomach resection according to the Billroth I or the Billroth II method. These rats, as well as control animals with intact stomachs, were fed the carcinogen N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG). -- 25 of 66 animals developed carcinomas in the gastric remnant. Precancerous lesions were seen in 18 rats. The tumours were characterized histologically as adenocarcinomas. They were almost exclusively localized in the region of the gastroenteral anastomosis. The process of tumour formation in the resected stomach was completed within 17-31 weeks on continuous administration of NG in a concentration of 120 mg/l in the drinking water. In contrast to these findings, the development of cancer in the intact stomach required on average 41 weeks under the same conditions of NG administration. However, with regard to the incidence of malignant changes, no significant difference was observed between animals undergoing the Billroth I method and those undergoing the Billroth II method.--The results suggest that the resected stomach of the rat is more susceptible to induction of cancer than the intac one. Exposure of the resected stomach to an oral carcinogen induces carcinogenesis predominantly in the anastomotic region."}
{"id": "PMID:131425", "title": "Ultrastructure of hemangiopericytoma associated with paraneoplastic hypoglycemia.", "content": "A recurred and metastasized hemangiopericytoma of menigeal origin caused a terminal hypoglycemia syndrome in a 40 year old man. The disease had been observed over a period of 10 years. The total weight of the tumour metastases was 1800 g. Electron microscopical examination of the tumour cells revealed, in particular, a markedly developed ergastoplasm, prominent Golgi complexes surrounded by many microvesicles, round to ovoid electron dense bodies and fine fibrillar structures. Furthermore, large deposits of basement membrane-resembling material were found in the pericapillary and intercellular spaces. On the basis of the structural characteristics which indicate distinct synthesizing capacity of the cells, an excessive glucose consumption by the tumour is suggested to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of tumour hypoglycemia. The question whether the ultrastructure of the tumour also exhibits secretory processes, which may be related to the release of a presumed inhibitor of hepatic gluconeogenesis and/or glycogenolysis, remains open. Typical granules as in polypeptide hormon secreting cells were not observed. The possibility that the demonstrated electron dense membrane limited bodies represent atypical secretory granules is discussed.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of hemangiopericytoma associated with paraneoplastic hypoglycemia. A recurred and metastasized hemangiopericytoma of menigeal origin caused a terminal hypoglycemia syndrome in a 40 year old man. The disease had been observed over a period of 10 years. The total weight of the tumour metastases was 1800 g. Electron microscopical examination of the tumour cells revealed, in particular, a markedly developed ergastoplasm, prominent Golgi complexes surrounded by many microvesicles, round to ovoid electron dense bodies and fine fibrillar structures. Furthermore, large deposits of basement membrane-resembling material were found in the pericapillary and intercellular spaces. On the basis of the structural characteristics which indicate distinct synthesizing capacity of the cells, an excessive glucose consumption by the tumour is suggested to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of tumour hypoglycemia. The question whether the ultrastructure of the tumour also exhibits secretory processes, which may be related to the release of a presumed inhibitor of hepatic gluconeogenesis and/or glycogenolysis, remains open. Typical granules as in polypeptide hormon secreting cells were not observed. The possibility that the demonstrated electron dense membrane limited bodies represent atypical secretory granules is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131426", "title": "The prognostic significance of first and second remission after first and second relapse radiotherapy in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "New aspects concerning the prognostic importance of remission following first treatment and second relapse treatment have resulted from a retrospective study of 175 patients who received primary treatment for Hodgkin's disease between 1964 and 1971. By means of renewed radiotherapy 27 out of 66 (=41%) patients were again brought to full remission with 10 of the 66 (=15%) patients reaching partial remission. The prognosis of the second full remission is equal to that of the first full remission, the prospect of cure being retained. The prognosis of relapse patients following renewed radiotherapy is dependent on: 1. the type of the previous remission, whether full or partial, 2. the localization of the recidive, 3. the primary stage and the presence (or absence) of signs of activity B, 4. the histology, and 5. the age of the patient.", "contents": "The prognostic significance of first and second remission after first and second relapse radiotherapy in Hodgkin's disease. New aspects concerning the prognostic importance of remission following first treatment and second relapse treatment have resulted from a retrospective study of 175 patients who received primary treatment for Hodgkin's disease between 1964 and 1971. By means of renewed radiotherapy 27 out of 66 (=41%) patients were again brought to full remission with 10 of the 66 (=15%) patients reaching partial remission. The prognosis of the second full remission is equal to that of the first full remission, the prospect of cure being retained. The prognosis of relapse patients following renewed radiotherapy is dependent on: 1. the type of the previous remission, whether full or partial, 2. the localization of the recidive, 3. the primary stage and the presence (or absence) of signs of activity B, 4. the histology, and 5. the age of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:131427", "title": "Influence of disulfiram on the organotropy of the carcinogenic effect of dimethylnitrosamine and diethylnitrosamine in rats.", "content": "In former studies in rats and mice it was shown that the acute toxicity of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) and diethylnitrosamine (DENA) is reduced by additional treatment with tetraethylthiuramdisulfide [(Disulfiram, Antabus (DSF)]. In long-term experiments in 40 rats given 500 mg/kg DSF/week the substance did not show carcinogenic effects, however, influenced the action of the nitrosamines. DENA, which was administered to 38 rats in a dosage of 20 mg/kg/week, induced liver tumors in 90% of the animals; in 29% besides some precancerous stages predominantly malignant carcinomas of the oesophagus were seen. DMNA when given to 31 rats in a dosage of 4 mg/kg/week induced liver tumours in 55% of the animals. 26 rats were treated with a combination of 500 mg/kg DSF/week and 20 mg/kg DENA/week. In only 31% of the animals of this group liver tumors were found, however, 81% of them besides some precancerous stages showed predominantly carcinomas of the oesophagus. The combination of 500 mg/kg DSF/week and 4 mg/kg DMNA/week induced only 1 liver tumor (=3%) out of a group of 29 animals, whereas 59% of them showed squamous cell carcinomas of the paranasal sinus that were not seen when DMNA was given alone.", "contents": "Influence of disulfiram on the organotropy of the carcinogenic effect of dimethylnitrosamine and diethylnitrosamine in rats. In former studies in rats and mice it was shown that the acute toxicity of dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA) and diethylnitrosamine (DENA) is reduced by additional treatment with tetraethylthiuramdisulfide [(Disulfiram, Antabus (DSF)]. In long-term experiments in 40 rats given 500 mg/kg DSF/week the substance did not show carcinogenic effects, however, influenced the action of the nitrosamines. DENA, which was administered to 38 rats in a dosage of 20 mg/kg/week, induced liver tumors in 90% of the animals; in 29% besides some precancerous stages predominantly malignant carcinomas of the oesophagus were seen. DMNA when given to 31 rats in a dosage of 4 mg/kg/week induced liver tumours in 55% of the animals. 26 rats were treated with a combination of 500 mg/kg DSF/week and 20 mg/kg DENA/week. In only 31% of the animals of this group liver tumors were found, however, 81% of them besides some precancerous stages showed predominantly carcinomas of the oesophagus. The combination of 500 mg/kg DSF/week and 4 mg/kg DMNA/week induced only 1 liver tumor (=3%) out of a group of 29 animals, whereas 59% of them showed squamous cell carcinomas of the paranasal sinus that were not seen when DMNA was given alone."}
{"id": "PMID:131428", "title": "[Morphology and clinical significance of the meningeal hemangiopericytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Hemangiopericytomas of the meninges are rare tumors. Three tumors of this type with a course over more than 10 years each are reported. All three tumors were primary diagnosed as meningiomas (one: vascular, two angioblastic). The diagnosis was changed to hemangiopericytoma only then when recurrences and extracranial metastases had occurred. Morphologically, \"angioblastic meningioma\" and \"hemangiopericytoma of the meninges\" show striking common features. The principal pattern bases on the blastomatous increase of capillary blood vessels lined by a normal endothelium, extracapillary proliferation of pericyte-like mesenchymal cells and an intercellular network of reticulin fibres. Light- and electron microsopic findings do not demonstrate the characteristics of a meningioma. Furthermore, clinical data and growth pattern of \"angioblastic meningioma\" and \"hemangiopericytoma of the meninges\" are well comparable. Therefore, it seems to be justified to interpret these tumors as a tumor entity with identical histogenesis. It is well known that hemangiopericytomas frequently recur and metastasise. On the other hand, meningiomas are usually benign. For those reasons we suggest that these tumors should be uniformly classified as \"hemangiopericytoma of the meninges\" in order to stress the significance of these particular tumors of the meninges regarding their treatment and behaviour.", "contents": "[Morphology and clinical significance of the meningeal hemangiopericytoma (author's transl)]. Hemangiopericytomas of the meninges are rare tumors. Three tumors of this type with a course over more than 10 years each are reported. All three tumors were primary diagnosed as meningiomas (one: vascular, two angioblastic). The diagnosis was changed to hemangiopericytoma only then when recurrences and extracranial metastases had occurred. Morphologically, \"angioblastic meningioma\" and \"hemangiopericytoma of the meninges\" show striking common features. The principal pattern bases on the blastomatous increase of capillary blood vessels lined by a normal endothelium, extracapillary proliferation of pericyte-like mesenchymal cells and an intercellular network of reticulin fibres. Light- and electron microsopic findings do not demonstrate the characteristics of a meningioma. Furthermore, clinical data and growth pattern of \"angioblastic meningioma\" and \"hemangiopericytoma of the meninges\" are well comparable. Therefore, it seems to be justified to interpret these tumors as a tumor entity with identical histogenesis. It is well known that hemangiopericytomas frequently recur and metastasise. On the other hand, meningiomas are usually benign. For those reasons we suggest that these tumors should be uniformly classified as \"hemangiopericytoma of the meninges\" in order to stress the significance of these particular tumors of the meninges regarding their treatment and behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:131429", "title": "[In vitro assay for cyclophosphamide-sensitivity of human tumours: the effect of 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide on the incorporation of 3H-uridine into the nucleic acids of human tumour cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The utility of 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide for testing the selectivity of human tumours cells against cyclophosphamide in vitro was studied. 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide in aqueous solution spontaneously decomposes to 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide, the primary product of metabolic activation of cyclophosphamide thus representing a new form of \"activated\" cyclophosphamide. From 31 human tumours including 21 mammarian-, 4 ovarial-, 2 uterine-carcinomas, 2 seminomas, 1 hypernephroma and 1 rectum-carcinoma cell suspensions were made and the effect on the 3H-Uridine- and the 3H-Thymidine-incorporation into the nucleic acids after short time incubation with the effect of 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide. 7 malignomas showed high sensitivity both against 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide and against 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide. No additional inhibitory effect of the peroxyde function besides of that of the alkylating moiety of the molecule was found. Accordingly 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide because of its better availibility and stability may be used as \"activated\" cyclophosphamide in screening tests for cyclophosphamide-sensivity of human tumours in vitro.", "contents": "[In vitro assay for cyclophosphamide-sensitivity of human tumours: the effect of 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide on the incorporation of 3H-uridine into the nucleic acids of human tumour cells (author's transl)]. The utility of 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide for testing the selectivity of human tumours cells against cyclophosphamide in vitro was studied. 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide in aqueous solution spontaneously decomposes to 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide, the primary product of metabolic activation of cyclophosphamide thus representing a new form of \"activated\" cyclophosphamide. From 31 human tumours including 21 mammarian-, 4 ovarial-, 2 uterine-carcinomas, 2 seminomas, 1 hypernephroma and 1 rectum-carcinoma cell suspensions were made and the effect on the 3H-Uridine- and the 3H-Thymidine-incorporation into the nucleic acids after short time incubation with the effect of 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide and 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide. 7 malignomas showed high sensitivity both against 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide and against 4-hydroxy-cyclophosphamide. No additional inhibitory effect of the peroxyde function besides of that of the alkylating moiety of the molecule was found. Accordingly 4-hydro-peroxy-cyclophosphamide because of its better availibility and stability may be used as \"activated\" cyclophosphamide in screening tests for cyclophosphamide-sensivity of human tumours in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:131430", "title": "[Maximum velocity of load-free shortening Vmax, myocardial capacity and \"contractility indices\" in the hypertrophic myocardium].", "content": "Based upon literature and our own experimentation on Goldblatt rats, the significance of a decrease of the maximal shortening velocity of the myocardium at zero load (Vmax) in the hypertrophied, chronically pressure-loaded heart is discussed. In the hypertrophied myocardium with varying concentrations of the contractile structures, the developed tension under isometric conditions (sigma) and the maximum rate of tension development (d sigma/dtmax) can indicate significant deviations from the values of controls of the same age, without, however, making it possible to draw from these changes absolute conclusions about the elementary contractile process. With the enhanced concentration of contractile proteins, the mentioned isometric values, as well as the maximum instantaneous power (cross-sectionally related) of the myocardium can be increased during a stage of hypertrophy in which Vmax is already reduced. The decrease of Vmax shows a rough correlation with the reduction of the specific ATPase activity of actomyosin and is already observed at moderate degrees of hypertrophy (30 to 50%). The time course of the change of both parameters in experimental hypertrophy suggests a causal relation between the changes of those two parameters and the failure of the myocardium in later stages of a chronic overload. Under the condition of reliable estimation, Vmax allows for, also with changed actomyosin concentration, an assessment of the elementary contractile process. On the other hand, Vmax does not present a sufficient measure for the cross-sectionally related power capacity of the hypertrophied myocardium. The possible dissociation between the unloaded shortening velocity and the cross-sectionally related power capacity could, in certain cases, explain an unsatisfactory correlation between Vmax and the clinical state of the heart. The so-called empirical indices of contractility, which are not always clearly related to basic physiological characteristics of the myocardium, should be interpreted with particular reserve in relation to the hypertrophied cardiac muscle.", "contents": "[Maximum velocity of load-free shortening Vmax, myocardial capacity and \"contractility indices\" in the hypertrophic myocardium]. Based upon literature and our own experimentation on Goldblatt rats, the significance of a decrease of the maximal shortening velocity of the myocardium at zero load (Vmax) in the hypertrophied, chronically pressure-loaded heart is discussed. In the hypertrophied myocardium with varying concentrations of the contractile structures, the developed tension under isometric conditions (sigma) and the maximum rate of tension development (d sigma/dtmax) can indicate significant deviations from the values of controls of the same age, without, however, making it possible to draw from these changes absolute conclusions about the elementary contractile process. With the enhanced concentration of contractile proteins, the mentioned isometric values, as well as the maximum instantaneous power (cross-sectionally related) of the myocardium can be increased during a stage of hypertrophy in which Vmax is already reduced. The decrease of Vmax shows a rough correlation with the reduction of the specific ATPase activity of actomyosin and is already observed at moderate degrees of hypertrophy (30 to 50%). The time course of the change of both parameters in experimental hypertrophy suggests a causal relation between the changes of those two parameters and the failure of the myocardium in later stages of a chronic overload. Under the condition of reliable estimation, Vmax allows for, also with changed actomyosin concentration, an assessment of the elementary contractile process. On the other hand, Vmax does not present a sufficient measure for the cross-sectionally related power capacity of the hypertrophied myocardium. The possible dissociation between the unloaded shortening velocity and the cross-sectionally related power capacity could, in certain cases, explain an unsatisfactory correlation between Vmax and the clinical state of the heart. The so-called empirical indices of contractility, which are not always clearly related to basic physiological characteristics of the myocardium, should be interpreted with particular reserve in relation to the hypertrophied cardiac muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:131431", "title": "Effect of streptozotocin on the blood glucose level and histology of the principal islets of Channa punctatus (Bloch).", "content": "The effect of streptozotocin, an antibiotic and diabetogenic drug, has been studied on the blood glucose level and islet histology of a freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. The drug elicits a triphasic response in the blood glucose level, comprising an initial hyperglycemia followed by a transient fall, and restitution of normal values 3...4 days after the treatment. Significant degenerative changes occur in the islet beta cells. Severity of the beta cell damage is dose dependent and the drug has been found to be beta-cytotoxic to a considerable extent. Unlike mammals, Channa punctatus does not become diabetic following the streptozotocin administration, at doses varying 200-400 mg/kg b.wqnd over a period of 96 hours post-injection.", "contents": "Effect of streptozotocin on the blood glucose level and histology of the principal islets of Channa punctatus (Bloch). The effect of streptozotocin, an antibiotic and diabetogenic drug, has been studied on the blood glucose level and islet histology of a freshwater fish, Channa punctatus. The drug elicits a triphasic response in the blood glucose level, comprising an initial hyperglycemia followed by a transient fall, and restitution of normal values 3...4 days after the treatment. Significant degenerative changes occur in the islet beta cells. Severity of the beta cell damage is dose dependent and the drug has been found to be beta-cytotoxic to a considerable extent. Unlike mammals, Channa punctatus does not become diabetic following the streptozotocin administration, at doses varying 200-400 mg/kg b.wqnd over a period of 96 hours post-injection."}
{"id": "PMID:131433", "title": "[Results of intramuscular injection of glycosamino-glycanpolysulfate (GAGPS) in experimental arthrosis of the knee in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on the action of GAGPS injected intramuscularly on experimental arthrosis of the knee-joint in dogs. In both hind-legs the lateral tibial joint-surface and the lateral meniscus were resected. This produces arthrotic changes similar to human arthrosis within 2 months. Of 27 dogs 13 received i.m. injections into the glutei of GAGPS (25 mg/kg). 14 dogs were not untreated controls. After the 7th postoperative day the injections were given on every third day on 10 occasions, thereafter every fourth day for another 10 occasions. The animals were killed 3 months after the start of the experiment. Loss of cartilage on the lateral condyle proved to be clearly less pronounced in the treated animals than in the controls, macroscopically, radiologically and histolocally. GAGPS, injected, intragluteally, limits loss of cartilage in experimental arthrosis of the knee in dogs.", "contents": "[Results of intramuscular injection of glycosamino-glycanpolysulfate (GAGPS) in experimental arthrosis of the knee in dogs (author's transl)]. Report on the action of GAGPS injected intramuscularly on experimental arthrosis of the knee-joint in dogs. In both hind-legs the lateral tibial joint-surface and the lateral meniscus were resected. This produces arthrotic changes similar to human arthrosis within 2 months. Of 27 dogs 13 received i.m. injections into the glutei of GAGPS (25 mg/kg). 14 dogs were not untreated controls. After the 7th postoperative day the injections were given on every third day on 10 occasions, thereafter every fourth day for another 10 occasions. The animals were killed 3 months after the start of the experiment. Loss of cartilage on the lateral condyle proved to be clearly less pronounced in the treated animals than in the controls, macroscopically, radiologically and histolocally. GAGPS, injected, intragluteally, limits loss of cartilage in experimental arthrosis of the knee in dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:131456", "title": "[Prediction of foci of Crimean hemorrhagic fever by means of a computer].", "content": "Districts of the Osh region were classified by a number of signs with the aid of a computer for the purpose of epidemiological prognosis of the foci of Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF). The results obtained were compared with the data of virological study for CHF in these districts. This work showed that there were future prospects in using the computer program for prognostication of infections with natural nidality with the aid of a computer.", "contents": "[Prediction of foci of Crimean hemorrhagic fever by means of a computer]. Districts of the Osh region were classified by a number of signs with the aid of a computer for the purpose of epidemiological prognosis of the foci of Crimean hemorrhagic fever (CHF). The results obtained were compared with the data of virological study for CHF in these districts. This work showed that there were future prospects in using the computer program for prognostication of infections with natural nidality with the aid of a computer."}
{"id": "PMID:131458", "title": "[Method of analysis of the annual dynamics of infectious morbidity].", "content": "Annual dynamics of an individual infection morbidity can be divided by forms of manifestation of the epidemic process in case of admission of a relative stability for the district (collective body) under study, the level of sporadic (interseasonal, all-year-round) morbidity. Obtaining the upper border of sporadic morbidity possible under the analysed conditions permitted to assess quantitatively the activity of the factors regulating the intensity of individual forms of manifestation of the epidemic process.", "contents": "[Method of analysis of the annual dynamics of infectious morbidity]. Annual dynamics of an individual infection morbidity can be divided by forms of manifestation of the epidemic process in case of admission of a relative stability for the district (collective body) under study, the level of sporadic (interseasonal, all-year-round) morbidity. Obtaining the upper border of sporadic morbidity possible under the analysed conditions permitted to assess quantitatively the activity of the factors regulating the intensity of individual forms of manifestation of the epidemic process."}
{"id": "PMID:131459", "title": "[The muscular syndrome in chronic polymyositis].", "content": "The authors conducted a clinico-neurological examination of 16 patients with a muscular syndrome which developed against the background of chronic polymyositis. The muscular bioptate demonstrated a combination of atrophical, dystrophical and necrobiotical processes. The prevalent atrophical processes had the character of denervational atrophy.", "contents": "[The muscular syndrome in chronic polymyositis]. The authors conducted a clinico-neurological examination of 16 patients with a muscular syndrome which developed against the background of chronic polymyositis. The muscular bioptate demonstrated a combination of atrophical, dystrophical and necrobiotical processes. The prevalent atrophical processes had the character of denervational atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:131463", "title": "Monozygotic twins with concordance for Down's syndrome and congenital heart disease.", "content": "Cytogenetic, clinical, and other findings are presented on a pair of same-sex, monochorial MZ twins concordant for both trisomy 21 and congenital heart disease. The literature on Down's syndrome in twins and on congenital heart disease in twins is reviewed and the exceptional occurrence of concordant congenital heart disease in MZ twins is stressed.", "contents": "Monozygotic twins with concordance for Down's syndrome and congenital heart disease. Cytogenetic, clinical, and other findings are presented on a pair of same-sex, monochorial MZ twins concordant for both trisomy 21 and congenital heart disease. The literature on Down's syndrome in twins and on congenital heart disease in twins is reviewed and the exceptional occurrence of concordant congenital heart disease in MZ twins is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:131464", "title": "A case of Mongolism in DZ female twins studied at 10 and then at 43 years of age.", "content": "A pair of female mongoloid twins was studied when they were ten years old and, again, some thirty years later. A careful comparison was made of the similarities and differences between them in features or traits which have proved to be useful in determining the zygosity of like-sexed twins. Though some of these characters can be, and frequently are, considerably modified in the presence of mongolism and so lose part of their value for that purpose, the differences noted in these twins, both as children and as middle-aged adults, are thought to outweigh their similarities and so warrant the conclusion that they are, indeed, dizygotic.", "contents": "A case of Mongolism in DZ female twins studied at 10 and then at 43 years of age. A pair of female mongoloid twins was studied when they were ten years old and, again, some thirty years later. A careful comparison was made of the similarities and differences between them in features or traits which have proved to be useful in determining the zygosity of like-sexed twins. Though some of these characters can be, and frequently are, considerably modified in the presence of mongolism and so lose part of their value for that purpose, the differences noted in these twins, both as children and as middle-aged adults, are thought to outweigh their similarities and so warrant the conclusion that they are, indeed, dizygotic."}
{"id": "PMID:131466", "title": "Lysolecithin fusion of cells from multiple sclerosis patients with Vero cells.", "content": "Investigations were performed on cell cultures derived from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in order to trace a possible virus infection as a cause of the disease. Cell cultures were established from one brain autopsy specimen and four lymph node biopsies from MS patients. Lymphocytes from 28 MS patients and six healthy controls were used for fusion or cocultivation experiments, either immediately after isolation or after mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). Lysolecithin fusion and cocultivation experiments were made with Vero cells and with, respectively: cultured brain cells, lymph node cells and lymphocytes from MS patients. Electron microscopical examination revealed intranuclear filamentous structures in 5 per cent of the cells in primary cultures of MS brain and lymph node and in control skin organ cultures. Multinucleated cells were found in six out of 19 cocultures of Vero cells and MS lymphocytes preincubated for 2 days at 37 degrees C. The cultures were tested for the presence of viruses, i.e. measles virus and virus producing hemadsorption with human type O and/or guinea pig erythrocytes and virus against which the MS patients showed serum FA-antibodies. No virus antigen could be demonstrated in the cells.", "contents": "Lysolecithin fusion of cells from multiple sclerosis patients with Vero cells. Investigations were performed on cell cultures derived from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) in order to trace a possible virus infection as a cause of the disease. Cell cultures were established from one brain autopsy specimen and four lymph node biopsies from MS patients. Lymphocytes from 28 MS patients and six healthy controls were used for fusion or cocultivation experiments, either immediately after isolation or after mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). Lysolecithin fusion and cocultivation experiments were made with Vero cells and with, respectively: cultured brain cells, lymph node cells and lymphocytes from MS patients. Electron microscopical examination revealed intranuclear filamentous structures in 5 per cent of the cells in primary cultures of MS brain and lymph node and in control skin organ cultures. Multinucleated cells were found in six out of 19 cocultures of Vero cells and MS lymphocytes preincubated for 2 days at 37 degrees C. The cultures were tested for the presence of viruses, i.e. measles virus and virus producing hemadsorption with human type O and/or guinea pig erythrocytes and virus against which the MS patients showed serum FA-antibodies. No virus antigen could be demonstrated in the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:131468", "title": "Peritoneography in spigelian hernias.", "content": "Twelve patients with a minor Spigelian hernia not involving the intestines have been examined by combined peritoneography and herniography. The particular pathology of this hernia does not lend itself to be detected by these procedures.", "contents": "Peritoneography in spigelian hernias. Twelve patients with a minor Spigelian hernia not involving the intestines have been examined by combined peritoneography and herniography. The particular pathology of this hernia does not lend itself to be detected by these procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:131474", "title": "Immunological potential of yolk sac cells.", "content": "Mouse yolk sac cells on day 9 of gestation were found to elicit a GVH response, measured by enlargement of the local popliteal lymph nodes. The response cannot be attributed to contaminating maternal cells, since F1 (Balb/c x C57B1) yolk sac cells did not cause a reaction in F1 (Balb/c x C57B1) hosts. On the other hand, yolk sac cells did not elicit a detectable MLC reaction, nor did they respond to PHA or Con A. Hence, mouse yolk sac cells have the potential to express a certain limited array of immunological reactivities, before the development of embryonic thymus and liver.", "contents": "Immunological potential of yolk sac cells. Mouse yolk sac cells on day 9 of gestation were found to elicit a GVH response, measured by enlargement of the local popliteal lymph nodes. The response cannot be attributed to contaminating maternal cells, since F1 (Balb/c x C57B1) yolk sac cells did not cause a reaction in F1 (Balb/c x C57B1) hosts. On the other hand, yolk sac cells did not elicit a detectable MLC reaction, nor did they respond to PHA or Con A. Hence, mouse yolk sac cells have the potential to express a certain limited array of immunological reactivities, before the development of embryonic thymus and liver."}
{"id": "PMID:131483", "title": "Mitral valve early diastolic closing velocity in the echocardiogram: relation to sequential diastolic flow and ventricular compliance.", "content": "Uncertainty exists regarding the determinants of mitral valve early diastolic closing velocity (E-F slope) in the echocardiogram. Accordingly, the mitral E-F slope, sequential atrioventricular flow in each third of diastole in the cineangiogram and an index of ventricular compliance (delta volume/delta pressure normalized by end-diastolic volume) were obtained in 10 normal subjects, 10 patients with coronary artery disease and marked dyssynergy and 9 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The E-F slope of 103 +/- 20 mm/sec (mean +/- standard deviation) in normal subjects was greatly reduced in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (54 +/- 22 and 27 +/- 16 mm/sec, respectively, P less than 0.001). Transmitral flow of 52 +/- 25 cc during the initial third of diastole in normal subjects represented 48 +/- 10 percent of total flow and was diminished in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 23 +/- 16 cc (25 +/- 24 percent) and 24 +/- 20 cc (20 +/- 11 percent), respectively (both P less than 0.001). The ventricular compliance index in normal subjects of 0.064 +/- 0.02 was also decreased identically in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 0.029 (both P less than 0.001). The E-F slope was correlated with transmitral flow during the first third of diastole (r = 0.87) but was decreased to a slightly greater extent for any given reduction in flow in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy than in patients with coronary artery disease. Although the E-F slope could not be related to compliance in individual patients, patients with an E-F slope of less than 75 mm/sec nearly always had diminished compliance. Thus, mitral E-F slope is primarily related to transmitral flow in the initial third of diastole. Reduced ventricular diastolic compliance usually results in diminished flow, and thus a decreased E-F slope, in patients with coronary artery disease or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The greater reduction in E-F slope for any decrement of flow in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy than in coronary disease may be due either to interference with vortex streaming or to alterations in the relation of the papillary muscles to the mitral valve induced by altered ventricular geometry; the finding indicates that factors in addition to flow may influence the E-F slope.", "contents": "Mitral valve early diastolic closing velocity in the echocardiogram: relation to sequential diastolic flow and ventricular compliance. Uncertainty exists regarding the determinants of mitral valve early diastolic closing velocity (E-F slope) in the echocardiogram. Accordingly, the mitral E-F slope, sequential atrioventricular flow in each third of diastole in the cineangiogram and an index of ventricular compliance (delta volume/delta pressure normalized by end-diastolic volume) were obtained in 10 normal subjects, 10 patients with coronary artery disease and marked dyssynergy and 9 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The E-F slope of 103 +/- 20 mm/sec (mean +/- standard deviation) in normal subjects was greatly reduced in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (54 +/- 22 and 27 +/- 16 mm/sec, respectively, P less than 0.001). Transmitral flow of 52 +/- 25 cc during the initial third of diastole in normal subjects represented 48 +/- 10 percent of total flow and was diminished in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 23 +/- 16 cc (25 +/- 24 percent) and 24 +/- 20 cc (20 +/- 11 percent), respectively (both P less than 0.001). The ventricular compliance index in normal subjects of 0.064 +/- 0.02 was also decreased identically in patients with coronary artery disease and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: 0.029 (both P less than 0.001). The E-F slope was correlated with transmitral flow during the first third of diastole (r = 0.87) but was decreased to a slightly greater extent for any given reduction in flow in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy than in patients with coronary artery disease. Although the E-F slope could not be related to compliance in individual patients, patients with an E-F slope of less than 75 mm/sec nearly always had diminished compliance. Thus, mitral E-F slope is primarily related to transmitral flow in the initial third of diastole. Reduced ventricular diastolic compliance usually results in diminished flow, and thus a decreased E-F slope, in patients with coronary artery disease or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The greater reduction in E-F slope for any decrement of flow in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy than in coronary disease may be due either to interference with vortex streaming or to alterations in the relation of the papillary muscles to the mitral valve induced by altered ventricular geometry; the finding indicates that factors in addition to flow may influence the E-F slope."}
{"id": "PMID:131484", "title": "Favorable effects of orally administered digoxin on left heart size and ventricular wall motion in patients with previous myocardial infarction.", "content": "The effects of maintenance oral digoxin therapy on segmental left ventricular wall motion (wall motion videotracking) and left heart size (radiographic left heart dimension) were evaluated in 14 patients with a prior myocardial infarction but without clinical signs or symptoms of congestive heart failure. The left heart dimension decreased in all six patients with cardiomegaly from an average of 55.0 +/- 1.6 (standard deviation) to 52.2 +/- 2.7 mm/m2 body surface area (P less than 0.01) during digoxin therapy. However, there was no significant change in the eight patients with normal heart size. In the resting state, the average extent of shortening in normal segments increased significantly from 3.1 +/- 0.8 to 4.2 +/- 1.2 mm during digoxin therapy. During submaximal handgrip exercise, the extent of shortening averaged 4.0 +/- 1.3 mm and increased further with digoxin therapy to 5.1 +/- 2.1 mm. The effects of digoxin therapy on the maximal velocity of shortening in normal segments at rest and during handgrip exercise were similar. In all 14 patients, there was a decrease in the number of segments with abnormal wall motion at rest or with handgrip exercise during digoxin therapy. With therapy, the number of abnormal sites decreased from 52 to 35 in the resting state and from 84 to 49 during handgrip exercise. Thus, in patients 6 or more months after transmural myocardial infarction, orally administered digoxin decreases cardiomegaly, increases the extent and maximal velocity of shortening in normal left ventricular segments and often reduces the extent of abnormal wall motion at rest or during isometric exercise.", "contents": "Favorable effects of orally administered digoxin on left heart size and ventricular wall motion in patients with previous myocardial infarction. The effects of maintenance oral digoxin therapy on segmental left ventricular wall motion (wall motion videotracking) and left heart size (radiographic left heart dimension) were evaluated in 14 patients with a prior myocardial infarction but without clinical signs or symptoms of congestive heart failure. The left heart dimension decreased in all six patients with cardiomegaly from an average of 55.0 +/- 1.6 (standard deviation) to 52.2 +/- 2.7 mm/m2 body surface area (P less than 0.01) during digoxin therapy. However, there was no significant change in the eight patients with normal heart size. In the resting state, the average extent of shortening in normal segments increased significantly from 3.1 +/- 0.8 to 4.2 +/- 1.2 mm during digoxin therapy. During submaximal handgrip exercise, the extent of shortening averaged 4.0 +/- 1.3 mm and increased further with digoxin therapy to 5.1 +/- 2.1 mm. The effects of digoxin therapy on the maximal velocity of shortening in normal segments at rest and during handgrip exercise were similar. In all 14 patients, there was a decrease in the number of segments with abnormal wall motion at rest or with handgrip exercise during digoxin therapy. With therapy, the number of abnormal sites decreased from 52 to 35 in the resting state and from 84 to 49 during handgrip exercise. Thus, in patients 6 or more months after transmural myocardial infarction, orally administered digoxin decreases cardiomegaly, increases the extent and maximal velocity of shortening in normal left ventricular segments and often reduces the extent of abnormal wall motion at rest or during isometric exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:131485", "title": "Transient bacteremia in pediatric patients after dental extraction.", "content": "The incidence of bacteremia in a group of well children undergoing dental extraction of both normal and abscessed teeth was determined. Blood samples were obtained from each child before and immediately after dental instrumentation and then cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Eleven of 36 (30%) of the postextraction cultures were positive, and Streptococcus viridans grew from all of them. Bacteremia was more common after the extraction of diseased teeth, and there was no relationship between bacteremia and the number or species of teeth removed.", "contents": "Transient bacteremia in pediatric patients after dental extraction. The incidence of bacteremia in a group of well children undergoing dental extraction of both normal and abscessed teeth was determined. Blood samples were obtained from each child before and immediately after dental instrumentation and then cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Eleven of 36 (30%) of the postextraction cultures were positive, and Streptococcus viridans grew from all of them. Bacteremia was more common after the extraction of diseased teeth, and there was no relationship between bacteremia and the number or species of teeth removed."}
{"id": "PMID:131487", "title": "A physiologic model of the dehydroepiandrosterone to estrogen conversion system in the fetoplacental unit. I. Development.", "content": "A physiologic model of the dynamics of fetoplacental unit dehydroepiandrosterone (HDEA) to estrogen conversion is presented. A mathematical representation of this model is included. The model is used in Part II to determine the rate constant of DHEA to estrogen conversion and to successfully identify those fetuses in jeopardy from placental insufficiency within the population studied. This presentation permits critical comprehension of the model without extensive mathematical background.", "contents": "A physiologic model of the dehydroepiandrosterone to estrogen conversion system in the fetoplacental unit. I. Development. A physiologic model of the dynamics of fetoplacental unit dehydroepiandrosterone (HDEA) to estrogen conversion is presented. A mathematical representation of this model is included. The model is used in Part II to determine the rate constant of DHEA to estrogen conversion and to successfully identify those fetuses in jeopardy from placental insufficiency within the population studied. This presentation permits critical comprehension of the model without extensive mathematical background."}
{"id": "PMID:131488", "title": "A physiologic model of the dehydroepiandrosterone to estrogen conversion system in the fetoplacental unit. II. Preliminary clinical application--the dehydroepiandrosterone loading test.", "content": "A dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) loading test (DLT) is described. The results of 19 DHEA loading tests in as many third-trimester obstetric patients are presented. Analysis involves inspection of the raw data and the application of the physiologic model of the DHEA to estrogen conversion system described in the preceding paper (Part I). The DLT results show that within the population studied, the conversion rate of DHEA to estrogens is lower in patients with placental insufficiency than in normal patients (N = 5, p = 0.002) or in patients with various complications of pregnancy who deliver normally grown, undistressed infants (N = 6, p = 0.001). Routine clinical application must await more extensive evaluation to preclude the existence of forms of placental insufficiency not detected by this means, or normal states resulting in \"false-positive\" tests. These initial clinical results are intended primarily to demonstrate the potential clinical applicability of the physiologic model described in Part I.", "contents": "A physiologic model of the dehydroepiandrosterone to estrogen conversion system in the fetoplacental unit. II. Preliminary clinical application--the dehydroepiandrosterone loading test. A dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) loading test (DLT) is described. The results of 19 DHEA loading tests in as many third-trimester obstetric patients are presented. Analysis involves inspection of the raw data and the application of the physiologic model of the DHEA to estrogen conversion system described in the preceding paper (Part I). The DLT results show that within the population studied, the conversion rate of DHEA to estrogens is lower in patients with placental insufficiency than in normal patients (N = 5, p = 0.002) or in patients with various complications of pregnancy who deliver normally grown, undistressed infants (N = 6, p = 0.001). Routine clinical application must await more extensive evaluation to preclude the existence of forms of placental insufficiency not detected by this means, or normal states resulting in \"false-positive\" tests. These initial clinical results are intended primarily to demonstrate the potential clinical applicability of the physiologic model described in Part I."}
{"id": "PMID:131491", "title": "National policy and situated meaning: the case of Head Start and the handicapped.", "content": "Recent amendments to the Economic Opportunity Act required Head Start programs to increase the number of \"handicapped\" children to ten percent of those served. Using an interactionist perspective and participant observation data from 30 programs, this paper discusses the effect of the legislation on local programs, the process by which official rates of deviance are produced, and the manner in which mandates from the national level alter situated meaning. Implications for theory and policy are suggested.", "contents": "National policy and situated meaning: the case of Head Start and the handicapped. Recent amendments to the Economic Opportunity Act required Head Start programs to increase the number of \"handicapped\" children to ten percent of those served. Using an interactionist perspective and participant observation data from 30 programs, this paper discusses the effect of the legislation on local programs, the process by which official rates of deviance are produced, and the manner in which mandates from the national level alter situated meaning. Implications for theory and policy are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:131492", "title": "The value of integrating handicapped and nonhandicapped preschool children.", "content": "A conceptual and empirical framework is suggested to promote the development of handicapped preschool children through involvement with nonhandicapped peers. The need for systematically designed interaction is stressed, and related to research on peers as agents of change. Two studies are offered as examples of the effectiveness of nonhandicapped children as educational and therapeutic resources. A framework for future research is discussed, and relevant variables are identified.", "contents": "The value of integrating handicapped and nonhandicapped preschool children. A conceptual and empirical framework is suggested to promote the development of handicapped preschool children through involvement with nonhandicapped peers. The need for systematically designed interaction is stressed, and related to research on peers as agents of change. Two studies are offered as examples of the effectiveness of nonhandicapped children as educational and therapeutic resources. A framework for future research is discussed, and relevant variables are identified."}
{"id": "PMID:131493", "title": "Control of energy metabolism in fish white muscle.", "content": "Concentrations of key metabolites were determined in carp white muscle before exercise and after maximal activity. It was found that the concentration of ATP decreases by about 65%, ADP decreases slightly, and AMP remains unchanged. Consequently, the level of the free adenylate pool decreases. Simultaneously there is an increase in the concentration of IMP and NH4+. The increase in IMP level and the decrease in adenylate pool are essentially in 1:1 stoichiometry, a result showing that the adenylate pool is decreased by the reaction catalyzed by 5'-AMP deaminase (EC 3.5.4.6.). During exercise there is an increase in levels of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, and fructose 1,6-diphosphate that, along with the decrease in ATP levels, can account for the increase in glycolytic flux by activation of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase.", "contents": "Control of energy metabolism in fish white muscle. Concentrations of key metabolites were determined in carp white muscle before exercise and after maximal activity. It was found that the concentration of ATP decreases by about 65%, ADP decreases slightly, and AMP remains unchanged. Consequently, the level of the free adenylate pool decreases. Simultaneously there is an increase in the concentration of IMP and NH4+. The increase in IMP level and the decrease in adenylate pool are essentially in 1:1 stoichiometry, a result showing that the adenylate pool is decreased by the reaction catalyzed by 5'-AMP deaminase (EC 3.5.4.6.). During exercise there is an increase in levels of glucose-6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, and fructose 1,6-diphosphate that, along with the decrease in ATP levels, can account for the increase in glycolytic flux by activation of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase."}
{"id": "PMID:131494", "title": "Ground substance mucopolysaccharides and plasma proteins: their role in capillary water balance.", "content": "The osmotic interaction of mucopolysaccharides and plasma proteins, normally present in the interstitium, has been investigated. It has been found that hyaluronate-plasma protein mixtures may be treated as a two-phase system and that the two phases are in osmotic equilibrium. The osmotic pressures exerted by these mixtures are higher than the algebraic sum of the two components. At concentrations normally present in the interstitium of skin and muscle (0.6% mucopolysaccharides and 2% protein), the osmotic pressure exerted by the mixture is on the order of 10 mmHg, which is in agreement with predictions from earlier computer-simulation studies. The partition of fluid between the gel-like mucopolysaccharide compartment and the free-fluid containing the protein is approximately 50% in the \"gel\" phase at concentrations found in the interstitium. The volume exclusion effects of the interstitial mucopolysaccharides are significant, both in terms of selection of tracer molecules for interstitial volume measurements and also as an osmotic buffering mechanism which aids in maintaining the partition of fluid between the circulation and the interstitial space.", "contents": "Ground substance mucopolysaccharides and plasma proteins: their role in capillary water balance. The osmotic interaction of mucopolysaccharides and plasma proteins, normally present in the interstitium, has been investigated. It has been found that hyaluronate-plasma protein mixtures may be treated as a two-phase system and that the two phases are in osmotic equilibrium. The osmotic pressures exerted by these mixtures are higher than the algebraic sum of the two components. At concentrations normally present in the interstitium of skin and muscle (0.6% mucopolysaccharides and 2% protein), the osmotic pressure exerted by the mixture is on the order of 10 mmHg, which is in agreement with predictions from earlier computer-simulation studies. The partition of fluid between the gel-like mucopolysaccharide compartment and the free-fluid containing the protein is approximately 50% in the \"gel\" phase at concentrations found in the interstitium. The volume exclusion effects of the interstitial mucopolysaccharides are significant, both in terms of selection of tracer molecules for interstitial volume measurements and also as an osmotic buffering mechanism which aids in maintaining the partition of fluid between the circulation and the interstitial space."}
{"id": "PMID:131495", "title": "Siblings as therapists: a behavioral approach.", "content": "Although many family therapy programs have taught behavior modification techniques to parents, few have involved siblings as therapeutic agents in the treatment of retarded, emotionally disturbed, or physically handicapped children. The authors describe their experiences with two families in which siblings were taught to use simple procedures to encourage desired behaviors in a disturbed brother or sister. They conclude that further investigation is needed to refine sibling training techniques and suggest that involvement in treatment programs may have beneficial influences on the normal siblings of disturbed children.", "contents": "Siblings as therapists: a behavioral approach. Although many family therapy programs have taught behavior modification techniques to parents, few have involved siblings as therapeutic agents in the treatment of retarded, emotionally disturbed, or physically handicapped children. The authors describe their experiences with two families in which siblings were taught to use simple procedures to encourage desired behaviors in a disturbed brother or sister. They conclude that further investigation is needed to refine sibling training techniques and suggest that involvement in treatment programs may have beneficial influences on the normal siblings of disturbed children."}
{"id": "PMID:131499", "title": "Comparison of the bronchodilating effects of SCH 1000 with isoproterenol in patients with bronchial asthma.", "content": "The effect of SCH 1000 and isoproterenol was evaluated in 10 patients with extrinsic asthma. The onset of action for the SCH 1000 dose compared to the baseline response occurred at or before 15 minutes (FEV1 and MEFR). The onset of action for the isoproterenol dose occurred at or before one minute for all three pulmonary function variables. At the 1-, 3-, 6- and 15-minute intervals the response to the isoproterenol dose was significantly greater than the response to the SCH 1000 dose for FEV1, FVC and MEFR. At 30 and 60 minutes, however, the response to SCH 1000 was progressively increasing, whereas the response to isoproterenol was decreasing. The maximum improvement in FEV1 for isoproterenol was 49% at three and six minutes, whereas for SCH 1000 was 28% at 60 minutes. In patients with chronic bronchitis or bronchial asthma SCH 1000 may be considered as a therapeutic alternative to beta-adrenergic bronchodilators and in patients who also have cardiac arrythmias or angina pectoris and are adversely affected by sympathomimetic drugs.", "contents": "Comparison of the bronchodilating effects of SCH 1000 with isoproterenol in patients with bronchial asthma. The effect of SCH 1000 and isoproterenol was evaluated in 10 patients with extrinsic asthma. The onset of action for the SCH 1000 dose compared to the baseline response occurred at or before 15 minutes (FEV1 and MEFR). The onset of action for the isoproterenol dose occurred at or before one minute for all three pulmonary function variables. At the 1-, 3-, 6- and 15-minute intervals the response to the isoproterenol dose was significantly greater than the response to the SCH 1000 dose for FEV1, FVC and MEFR. At 30 and 60 minutes, however, the response to SCH 1000 was progressively increasing, whereas the response to isoproterenol was decreasing. The maximum improvement in FEV1 for isoproterenol was 49% at three and six minutes, whereas for SCH 1000 was 28% at 60 minutes. In patients with chronic bronchitis or bronchial asthma SCH 1000 may be considered as a therapeutic alternative to beta-adrenergic bronchodilators and in patients who also have cardiac arrythmias or angina pectoris and are adversely affected by sympathomimetic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:131500", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of the lesions of swine dysentery.", "content": "Thirty weanling pigs were examined by scanning electron microscopy at various time intervals after oral inoculation with crude colon contents from pigs affected with dysentery. The earliest recognizable change was a corrugated appearance of the mucosal surface of the large intestine. Large spirochetes, morphologically similar to Treponema hyodysenteriae, were first observed within the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn where they seemed to proliferate onto the luminal surface. Then mucus, fibrin,  erythrocytes, and disrupted epithelium appeared. Large spirochetes were always abundant in those lesions, but variable numbers of other mixed bacterial forms were also present. The earliest changes could be correlated with the appearance of large spirochetes in the feces and with early clinical signs, but not with a specific postinoculation time. Once bloody diarrhea was present, no consistent pattern was observed in development, location, or form of the lesions. With time, the lesions merely came to involve an increasingly greater surface area of the large intestine.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of the lesions of swine dysentery. Thirty weanling pigs were examined by scanning electron microscopy at various time intervals after oral inoculation with crude colon contents from pigs affected with dysentery. The earliest recognizable change was a corrugated appearance of the mucosal surface of the large intestine. Large spirochetes, morphologically similar to Treponema hyodysenteriae, were first observed within the crypts of Lieberk\u00fchn where they seemed to proliferate onto the luminal surface. Then mucus, fibrin,  erythrocytes, and disrupted epithelium appeared. Large spirochetes were always abundant in those lesions, but variable numbers of other mixed bacterial forms were also present. The earliest changes could be correlated with the appearance of large spirochetes in the feces and with early clinical signs, but not with a specific postinoculation time. Once bloody diarrhea was present, no consistent pattern was observed in development, location, or form of the lesions. With time, the lesions merely came to involve an increasingly greater surface area of the large intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:131501", "title": "Successful repair of a primary aortoduodenal fistula.", "content": "Successful repair of a primary aortoduodenal fistula with a Dacron graft is reported. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations are discussed.", "contents": "Successful repair of a primary aortoduodenal fistula. Successful repair of a primary aortoduodenal fistula with a Dacron graft is reported. Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131502", "title": "[Alakaline phosphatase levels in down's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Levels of serum alkaline phosphatase activity were determined in a sample of 110 individuals affected by Down's syndrome, and in a sample of 299 healthy persons, males and females. The age of both populations was from 6 to 28. They were located in Madrid, but hailing from several Spanish provinces. Levels are higher for all age groups than those in the control population. Differences between both populations are statistically significant in the following age groups: from 6 to 8, 11 to 13 and 14 to 16. Other studies on alkaline phosphatase in various tissues were examined and the possible significance of this finding is discussed.", "contents": "[Alakaline phosphatase levels in down's syndrome (author's transl)]. Levels of serum alkaline phosphatase activity were determined in a sample of 110 individuals affected by Down's syndrome, and in a sample of 299 healthy persons, males and females. The age of both populations was from 6 to 28. They were located in Madrid, but hailing from several Spanish provinces. Levels are higher for all age groups than those in the control population. Differences between both populations are statistically significant in the following age groups: from 6 to 8, 11 to 13 and 14 to 16. Other studies on alkaline phosphatase in various tissues were examined and the possible significance of this finding is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131506", "title": "[Study of the effect of tetracycline carboxamide derivatives on the cardiovascular and urinary systems].", "content": "The effect of tetracycline carboxamide derivatives, such as morphocycline, glycocycline and reverin on the cardio-vascular and urinary systems was studied on 24 rabbits using clinico-physiological and pathomorphological methods. The experiment was accounted for 7 days. When the drugs were administered in doses of 5 mg/kg, the changes in the indices of hemodynamics, respiration and bioelectric activity of the myocardium were rather of the same type. They were evident from decreased arterial pressure, slower rate of the pulse and respiration, lower voltage of peaks R and T, prolongation of intervals T--P and R--P, shifts in segment S--T from the isoelectric line. The changes took place by the 2nd and 5th minutes after the drug administration. Beginning from the 10th minute the hemodynamic indices returned to the initial values. By the level of the drugs effect on the above indices the antibiotics may be arranged in the following order: morphocycline, glycocycline and reverin. No effect of the antibiotics on the urinary system was noted.", "contents": "[Study of the effect of tetracycline carboxamide derivatives on the cardiovascular and urinary systems]. The effect of tetracycline carboxamide derivatives, such as morphocycline, glycocycline and reverin on the cardio-vascular and urinary systems was studied on 24 rabbits using clinico-physiological and pathomorphological methods. The experiment was accounted for 7 days. When the drugs were administered in doses of 5 mg/kg, the changes in the indices of hemodynamics, respiration and bioelectric activity of the myocardium were rather of the same type. They were evident from decreased arterial pressure, slower rate of the pulse and respiration, lower voltage of peaks R and T, prolongation of intervals T--P and R--P, shifts in segment S--T from the isoelectric line. The changes took place by the 2nd and 5th minutes after the drug administration. Beginning from the 10th minute the hemodynamic indices returned to the initial values. By the level of the drugs effect on the above indices the antibiotics may be arranged in the following order: morphocycline, glycocycline and reverin. No effect of the antibiotics on the urinary system was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:131504", "title": "Secretory otitis media. An immune complex disease.", "content": "The purpose of our paper is to propose a possible mechanism involving an immune-mediated disease process. A microbiological, biochemical and immunological approach to substantiate such a mechanism is presented.", "contents": "Secretory otitis media. An immune complex disease. The purpose of our paper is to propose a possible mechanism involving an immune-mediated disease process. A microbiological, biochemical and immunological approach to substantiate such a mechanism is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:131507", "title": "[Effectiveness of the antibacterial therapy of patients with various forms of dysentery].", "content": "The analysis of the efficacy of various methods of antibacterial therapy in 1382 patients with obliterated, light and moderately severe forms of dysentery as compared to the patients subjected only to patholgenic therapy showed that broad spectrum antibiotics lost their role in treatment of such patients. Furazolidon proved to be one of the most active drugs. The authors suppose that treatment of patients with obliterated forms of dysentery with antibacterial drugs is not obligatory and is indicated only in cases with repeated isolation of the causative agent.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of the antibacterial therapy of patients with various forms of dysentery]. The analysis of the efficacy of various methods of antibacterial therapy in 1382 patients with obliterated, light and moderately severe forms of dysentery as compared to the patients subjected only to patholgenic therapy showed that broad spectrum antibiotics lost their role in treatment of such patients. Furazolidon proved to be one of the most active drugs. The authors suppose that treatment of patients with obliterated forms of dysentery with antibacterial drugs is not obligatory and is indicated only in cases with repeated isolation of the causative agent."}
{"id": "PMID:131508", "title": "[Combination of novoimanine with antibiotics with a different mechanism of action].", "content": "Ampicillin, kanamycin, fusidic acid and rifocin significantly increased the effect of novoimanin on Staph. aureus 209. Histon F1 and spectinomycin did not influence the effect of novoimanin. Inefficiency of novoimanin combination with histon F1 provided a supposition that their effect may be directed to the same cell structures and most probably to the membranes. This was confirmed by the data of electron microscopy. The most effective combinations were recommended for the studies on their possible clinical use.", "contents": "[Combination of novoimanine with antibiotics with a different mechanism of action]. Ampicillin, kanamycin, fusidic acid and rifocin significantly increased the effect of novoimanin on Staph. aureus 209. Histon F1 and spectinomycin did not influence the effect of novoimanin. Inefficiency of novoimanin combination with histon F1 provided a supposition that their effect may be directed to the same cell structures and most probably to the membranes. This was confirmed by the data of electron microscopy. The most effective combinations were recommended for the studies on their possible clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:131509", "title": "Salinomycin effects on mitochondrial ion translocation and respiration.", "content": "The effects of salinomycin on alkali cation transport and membrane functions in rat liver mitochondria have been investigated. After potassium uptake, stimulated by valinomycin or monazomycin in the presence of adenosine 5'-triphosphate, salinomycin caused rapid release of K(+) from mitochondria. Salinomycin reversed valinomycin- or monazomycin-induced oscillatory swelling of mitochondria preloaded with K(+), Rb(+), and Na(+) but was without effect on Li(+) or Cs(+) preloaded mitochondria. Salinomycin blocked the retention of K(+) more effectively than the retention of Rb(+) or Na(+). Salinomycin inhibited both coupled and uncoupled respiration with strict substrate specificity in medium of low but not in high K(+) concentration. The oxidation of glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and malate plus pyruvate was inhibited by salinomycin, but that of beta-hydroxybutyrate or succinate was not significantly affected. Salinomycin inhibited adenosine triphosphatase activity of mitochondria induced by valinomycin or monazomycin in K(+) and Rb(+) medium without significantly affecting adenosine triphosphatase activity in Li(+), Na(+), or Cs(+) medium. Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria was inhibited by salinomycin but the inhibitory effect of salinomycin lacked the substrate specificity observed for respiration. It is proposed that salinomycin perturbs mitochondrial functions by acting as a mobile carrier for alkali cations through membranes.", "contents": "Salinomycin effects on mitochondrial ion translocation and respiration. The effects of salinomycin on alkali cation transport and membrane functions in rat liver mitochondria have been investigated. After potassium uptake, stimulated by valinomycin or monazomycin in the presence of adenosine 5'-triphosphate, salinomycin caused rapid release of K(+) from mitochondria. Salinomycin reversed valinomycin- or monazomycin-induced oscillatory swelling of mitochondria preloaded with K(+), Rb(+), and Na(+) but was without effect on Li(+) or Cs(+) preloaded mitochondria. Salinomycin blocked the retention of K(+) more effectively than the retention of Rb(+) or Na(+). Salinomycin inhibited both coupled and uncoupled respiration with strict substrate specificity in medium of low but not in high K(+) concentration. The oxidation of glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and malate plus pyruvate was inhibited by salinomycin, but that of beta-hydroxybutyrate or succinate was not significantly affected. Salinomycin inhibited adenosine triphosphatase activity of mitochondria induced by valinomycin or monazomycin in K(+) and Rb(+) medium without significantly affecting adenosine triphosphatase activity in Li(+), Na(+), or Cs(+) medium. Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria was inhibited by salinomycin but the inhibitory effect of salinomycin lacked the substrate specificity observed for respiration. It is proposed that salinomycin perturbs mitochondrial functions by acting as a mobile carrier for alkali cations through membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:131510", "title": "Increased antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Korea.", "content": "There has been a marked increase in the resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Korea to penicillin, ampicillin, and tetracycline. In contrast, there has been no increased resistance to spectinomycin.", "contents": "Increased antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in Korea. There has been a marked increase in the resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Korea to penicillin, ampicillin, and tetracycline. In contrast, there has been no increased resistance to spectinomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:131511", "title": "Exopolymer production and flocculation by zoogloea mp6.", "content": "Flocculation by Zoogloea MP6 was accompanied by the production of a mucopolysaccharide exopolymer. Polymer formation was initiated in mid-logarithmic growth phase, and the quantity produced appeared to be influenced by the level of carbon and nitrogen in the culture medium.", "contents": "Exopolymer production and flocculation by zoogloea mp6. Flocculation by Zoogloea MP6 was accompanied by the production of a mucopolysaccharide exopolymer. Polymer formation was initiated in mid-logarithmic growth phase, and the quantity produced appeared to be influenced by the level of carbon and nitrogen in the culture medium."}
{"id": "PMID:131512", "title": "High-dose tetracycline therapy in severe acne.", "content": "High daily doses of tetracycline (in most instances 2,000 mg) were administered over periods of 3 to 33 months to 31 patients suffering from unusually severe, disfiguring, and treatment-resistant forms of acne (papulopustular, cystic, and conglobated). The acne cleared in 14 patients, improved greatly in 13, improved only insignificantly in 3, and failed to improve in 1. Side-effects occurred in 15 of the 31 patients but necessitated cessation of treatment in only three.", "contents": "High-dose tetracycline therapy in severe acne. High daily doses of tetracycline (in most instances 2,000 mg) were administered over periods of 3 to 33 months to 31 patients suffering from unusually severe, disfiguring, and treatment-resistant forms of acne (papulopustular, cystic, and conglobated). The acne cleared in 14 patients, improved greatly in 13, improved only insignificantly in 3, and failed to improve in 1. Side-effects occurred in 15 of the 31 patients but necessitated cessation of treatment in only three."}
{"id": "PMID:131513", "title": "Acne and serum androgens during puberty.", "content": "Mean concentrations of testosterone in sera collected from pubertal boys at the onset of acne were significantly higher than levels from stage-matched control pubertal boys who did not develop acne (P less than .0025). This longitudinal study indicated that acne occurred when other androgen-produced pubertal changes began. Androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone levels did not differ between the two groups.", "contents": "Acne and serum androgens during puberty. Mean concentrations of testosterone in sera collected from pubertal boys at the onset of acne were significantly higher than levels from stage-matched control pubertal boys who did not develop acne (P less than .0025). This longitudinal study indicated that acne occurred when other androgen-produced pubertal changes began. Androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone levels did not differ between the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:131514", "title": "Barbers' interdigital hair sinus.", "content": "A dog groomer developed extensive interdigital sinus formation. Results of examination of 11 other dog groomers suggest that the disease is uncommon in this profession.", "contents": "Barbers' interdigital hair sinus. A dog groomer developed extensive interdigital sinus formation. Results of examination of 11 other dog groomers suggest that the disease is uncommon in this profession."}
{"id": "PMID:131515", "title": "Generalized exfoliative dermatitis from ethylenediamine.", "content": "A patient with a history of allergic reaction to an antibiotic cream (Mycolog [mixture of nystatin, neomycin sulfate, gramicidin, and triamcinolone acetonide]) was treated with aminophylline. A generalized exfoliative dermatitis resulted. The reaction was attributable to ethylenediamine hydrochloride, which is a component of both agents. Recognition of the potential for systemic medications to induce similar reactions in patients who are allergic to related topical preparations is important when prescribing systemic agents.", "contents": "Generalized exfoliative dermatitis from ethylenediamine. A patient with a history of allergic reaction to an antibiotic cream (Mycolog [mixture of nystatin, neomycin sulfate, gramicidin, and triamcinolone acetonide]) was treated with aminophylline. A generalized exfoliative dermatitis resulted. The reaction was attributable to ethylenediamine hydrochloride, which is a component of both agents. Recognition of the potential for systemic medications to induce similar reactions in patients who are allergic to related topical preparations is important when prescribing systemic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:131522", "title": "Cardiac echinococcosis: report of 3 cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Three patients who underwent successful surgical treatment of cardiac hydatid disease are discussed. The nonspecificity of diagnostic measures and the importance of keeping this diagnosis in mind when faced with a patient coming from an area where hydatidosis is endemic are stressed. We propose the use of cardiopulmonary bypass in the surgical treatment of this problem.", "contents": "Cardiac echinococcosis: report of 3 cases and review of the literature. Three patients who underwent successful surgical treatment of cardiac hydatid disease are discussed. The nonspecificity of diagnostic measures and the importance of keeping this diagnosis in mind when faced with a patient coming from an area where hydatidosis is endemic are stressed. We propose the use of cardiopulmonary bypass in the surgical treatment of this problem."}
{"id": "PMID:131524", "title": "[Protein-losing enteropathy during chronic liquid pericarditis].", "content": "Severe hypo-albuminemia associated with a decrease in P.B.I., gamma-globulins and plasmatic ceruloplasmin occurred in a 2 1/2 year old girl with chronic pericarditis since the age of 8 months. This was related to a protein-losing enteropathy which was confirmed by histological examination. Venous hypertension, secondary to the chronic pericarditis may explain the enteropathy.", "contents": "[Protein-losing enteropathy during chronic liquid pericarditis]. Severe hypo-albuminemia associated with a decrease in P.B.I., gamma-globulins and plasmatic ceruloplasmin occurred in a 2 1/2 year old girl with chronic pericarditis since the age of 8 months. This was related to a protein-losing enteropathy which was confirmed by histological examination. Venous hypertension, secondary to the chronic pericarditis may explain the enteropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:131527", "title": "Immune-complex disease with unilateral renal vein thrombosis.", "content": "The sequence of events in the relationship between membranous nephropathy and renal vein thrombosis is controversial. We postulate that occasionally, the thrombosis may precede the nephropathy and that release of autologous antigens from renal tissue damaged by occlusion of the vein may incite an autologous immune-complex disease. In a case of membranous nephropathy associated with renal vein thrombosis, renal tubular epithelial antigen (RTE) was localized in the glomerulus, along with the host immunoglobulins and complement components. Cryoproteins isolated from the serum contained RTE and anti-RTE. In addition, immunoglobulin eluted from the diseased glomeruli showed antibody activity to RTE. The membranous nephropathy was demonstrated to be secondary to an autologous immune-complex nephritis. Although the sequence of events is inconclusive, it is possible that the renal vein thrombosis preceded and was involved in the etiopathogenesis of the autologous immune-deposit nephropathy.", "contents": "Immune-complex disease with unilateral renal vein thrombosis. The sequence of events in the relationship between membranous nephropathy and renal vein thrombosis is controversial. We postulate that occasionally, the thrombosis may precede the nephropathy and that release of autologous antigens from renal tissue damaged by occlusion of the vein may incite an autologous immune-complex disease. In a case of membranous nephropathy associated with renal vein thrombosis, renal tubular epithelial antigen (RTE) was localized in the glomerulus, along with the host immunoglobulins and complement components. Cryoproteins isolated from the serum contained RTE and anti-RTE. In addition, immunoglobulin eluted from the diseased glomeruli showed antibody activity to RTE. The membranous nephropathy was demonstrated to be secondary to an autologous immune-complex nephritis. Although the sequence of events is inconclusive, it is possible that the renal vein thrombosis preceded and was involved in the etiopathogenesis of the autologous immune-deposit nephropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:131528", "title": "Functional status measurement and medical rehabilitation outcomes.", "content": "An on-stream method for describing patients' functional abilities is used to develop analyses of medical rehabilitation outcomes. Outcomes are the changes in status between admission, discharge and follow-up. Standardized observation and reporting make it possible to compare one date with another, one case with another or one agency or facility with another to determine program characteristics,  effectiveness and efficiency.", "contents": "Functional status measurement and medical rehabilitation outcomes. An on-stream method for describing patients' functional abilities is used to develop analyses of medical rehabilitation outcomes. Outcomes are the changes in status between admission, discharge and follow-up. Standardized observation and reporting make it possible to compare one date with another, one case with another or one agency or facility with another to determine program characteristics,  effectiveness and efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:131529", "title": "Locus of evaluation and adjustment to experimentally induced failure and success among disabled adolescents.", "content": "Forty-eight adolescents with a physical, intellectual or emotional disability participated in this study, while enrolled in a work adjustment program. A variable designated as \"locus of evaluation\" was hypothesized to have a significant effect upon how subjects regarded themselves and how experimentally induced success or failure feedback might change this level of regard. The experimental procedure, designed as an analogue to the psychological stress of a disabling condition, involved simulated feedback regarding one's competence relative to an immediate social reference group. Subjects who utilized a locus of evaluation based upon social acceptance and social status were hypothesized to show greater sensitivity to experimentally induced feedback and less self-regard than subjects who less frequently endorsed such locus of evaluation statements. The hypotheses were partially confirmed. Subjects who utilized standards based upon social acceptance and social status (1) revealed lower self-regard, (2) did not consistently raise or lower self-regard after experimentally induced success or failure feedback, (3) revealed a greater shift in self-regard, in either a positive or negative direction after such feedback, compared to subjects who endorsed extrinsically phrased locus of evaluation statements less frequently.", "contents": "Locus of evaluation and adjustment to experimentally induced failure and success among disabled adolescents. Forty-eight adolescents with a physical, intellectual or emotional disability participated in this study, while enrolled in a work adjustment program. A variable designated as \"locus of evaluation\" was hypothesized to have a significant effect upon how subjects regarded themselves and how experimentally induced success or failure feedback might change this level of regard. The experimental procedure, designed as an analogue to the psychological stress of a disabling condition, involved simulated feedback regarding one's competence relative to an immediate social reference group. Subjects who utilized a locus of evaluation based upon social acceptance and social status were hypothesized to show greater sensitivity to experimentally induced feedback and less self-regard than subjects who less frequently endorsed such locus of evaluation statements. The hypotheses were partially confirmed. Subjects who utilized standards based upon social acceptance and social status (1) revealed lower self-regard, (2) did not consistently raise or lower self-regard after experimentally induced success or failure feedback, (3) revealed a greater shift in self-regard, in either a positive or negative direction after such feedback, compared to subjects who endorsed extrinsically phrased locus of evaluation statements less frequently."}
{"id": "PMID:131531", "title": "Oral health services: a Delphi technique estimation of their role in adult inpatient rehabilitation programs.", "content": "This report presents the results of an investigation into one possible administrative route that would increase the accessibility and availability of dental services for the handicapped. Specifically, this paper assesses the desirability of, perceived level of need for, and feasibility of incorporating a dental service into the total hospital rehabilitation program for adults. The Delphi technique, a method of gathering the opinions of experts through a sequentially designed set of questionnaires, was used to ascertain the views of ten chairpersons of physical medicine and rehabilitation units. The results of this discussion indicate that the perceived need is great, that access to care is difficult, and that a feasible solution would be to establish a hospital-based dental service, preferably convenient to the rehabilitation dormitory, which would provide a full range of dental services.", "contents": "Oral health services: a Delphi technique estimation of their role in adult inpatient rehabilitation programs. This report presents the results of an investigation into one possible administrative route that would increase the accessibility and availability of dental services for the handicapped. Specifically, this paper assesses the desirability of, perceived level of need for, and feasibility of incorporating a dental service into the total hospital rehabilitation program for adults. The Delphi technique, a method of gathering the opinions of experts through a sequentially designed set of questionnaires, was used to ascertain the views of ten chairpersons of physical medicine and rehabilitation units. The results of this discussion indicate that the perceived need is great, that access to care is difficult, and that a feasible solution would be to establish a hospital-based dental service, preferably convenient to the rehabilitation dormitory, which would provide a full range of dental services."}
{"id": "PMID:131532", "title": "Phycomycotic gangrenous cellulitis. A report of two cases and a review of the literature.", "content": "Progressive gangrenous cellulitis due to Rhizopus arrhizus following colostomy destroyed the entire abdominal wall of a young woman and caused her death. A similar infection in an 11-year-old kidney transplant recipient was diagnosed more promptly and treated successfully with extensive debridement and amphotericin B. Nine similar cases found in the literature were reviewed. All 11 patients appeared to have had prior tissue injury at the original site of infection, and seven had diabetes mellitus. The disease was initially misdiagnosed in most of the patients, progressed rapidly in eight, and was fatal in four. Phycomycotic gangrenous cellulitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of progressive necrotizing lesions of the skin, especially in diabetic patients, but it can be identified promptly only by histologic examination of the infected tissue. Urgent radical excision and amphotericin therapy are recommended.", "contents": "Phycomycotic gangrenous cellulitis. A report of two cases and a review of the literature. Progressive gangrenous cellulitis due to Rhizopus arrhizus following colostomy destroyed the entire abdominal wall of a young woman and caused her death. A similar infection in an 11-year-old kidney transplant recipient was diagnosed more promptly and treated successfully with extensive debridement and amphotericin B. Nine similar cases found in the literature were reviewed. All 11 patients appeared to have had prior tissue injury at the original site of infection, and seven had diabetes mellitus. The disease was initially misdiagnosed in most of the patients, progressed rapidly in eight, and was fatal in four. Phycomycotic gangrenous cellulitis should be included in the differential diagnosis of progressive necrotizing lesions of the skin, especially in diabetic patients, but it can be identified promptly only by histologic examination of the infected tissue. Urgent radical excision and amphotericin therapy are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:131533", "title": "[Morphological manifestations and principles of the differential diagnosis of chromosome diseases caused by changes in the autosome system].", "content": "On the basis of analysis of pathologoanatomic findings on 1533 children with various chromosome diseases and on the author's own 80 observations, the main morphological manifestations of the 12 chromosome syndromes (syndromes 8+, 13+, 18+, 21+, 4p-, 5p-, +(p9), 13q -, 18p-, 18q-, 21- and triplodia) are set forth. It was shown that 1.9% of the children perished during the perinatal period had chromosomal diseases including Patau's syndrome (1:101), Down's syndrome (1:154) and Edwards' syndrome (1:463).", "contents": "[Morphological manifestations and principles of the differential diagnosis of chromosome diseases caused by changes in the autosome system]. On the basis of analysis of pathologoanatomic findings on 1533 children with various chromosome diseases and on the author's own 80 observations, the main morphological manifestations of the 12 chromosome syndromes (syndromes 8+, 13+, 18+, 21+, 4p-, 5p-, +(p9), 13q -, 18p-, 18q-, 21- and triplodia) are set forth. It was shown that 1.9% of the children perished during the perinatal period had chromosomal diseases including Patau's syndrome (1:101), Down's syndrome (1:154) and Edwards' syndrome (1:463)."}
{"id": "PMID:131535", "title": "[Stargardt's disease and fundus flavimaculatus].", "content": "From their sixty two personnal observations and a study of literature cases, the authors demonstrate that the ophthalmoscopic fluoroscopic and functionnal aspects of macular lesions are strictly identical in Stargardt disease and in Fundus Flavimaculatus. Their transmission is also identical, generally autosomal and recessive, more rarely dominant. Flavimaculate lesions situated in perimacular or inperipheric area may coexist in the same family, and certainly correspond to variable forms of expressivity of a unique gene. The authors discuss the nosologic problems brought by these two affections and other juvenile macular degenerations. Their conclusions are as follows: The same disease may present three different forms: -- Pure Stargardt disease; -- Stargardt disease with perimacular flavimaculate crown; -- Stargardt disease with peripheric Fundus Flavimaculatus.", "contents": "[Stargardt's disease and fundus flavimaculatus]. From their sixty two personnal observations and a study of literature cases, the authors demonstrate that the ophthalmoscopic fluoroscopic and functionnal aspects of macular lesions are strictly identical in Stargardt disease and in Fundus Flavimaculatus. Their transmission is also identical, generally autosomal and recessive, more rarely dominant. Flavimaculate lesions situated in perimacular or inperipheric area may coexist in the same family, and certainly correspond to variable forms of expressivity of a unique gene. The authors discuss the nosologic problems brought by these two affections and other juvenile macular degenerations. Their conclusions are as follows: The same disease may present three different forms: -- Pure Stargardt disease; -- Stargardt disease with perimacular flavimaculate crown; -- Stargardt disease with peripheric Fundus Flavimaculatus."}
{"id": "PMID:131536", "title": "[Repeated Keratoplasties and graft rejection].", "content": "It is always difficult to estimate the risk of recurrence of maladie due greffon in repeat grafts, and the intricate factors in these cases are open to complex analysis. A number of grafts have been divided into those which were repeated on the same eye and those on the two eyes of the same subject. In the majority of cases the grafts were penetrating (105 out of 118 cases), and the overall analysis of the results is dependent on the following factors: -- Grafts performed as primary procedures in one eye or both eyes: if they develop maladie due greffon, it is usually the 'endothelial' form which appears between the first and third month; the prognosis is good (53-66 p. 100 cure with steroid therapy). It was noticed that when grafts were performed on both eyes, there was a risk of developing maladie due greffon on the eye with the first graft simultaneously if it developed in the second eye. -- Repeated grafts on the same eye caused maladie due greffon of varying types (endothelial, stromal and mixed) with a much earlier occurrence. The prognosis is worse (6 p. 100 cure, 33 p. 100 semi-failure and 60 p. 100 failure). -- Finally repeated grafts on severe leucomas (burns, leucoma adherens, inflammatory keratopathies with active neovascularisation, etc.): these practically all end in failure due either to immunological reactions or inflammatory or cicatrical changes. A table of visual acuities obtained after treatment in cases of cure, incomplete cure and failure is given at the end of this paper.", "contents": "[Repeated Keratoplasties and graft rejection]. It is always difficult to estimate the risk of recurrence of maladie due greffon in repeat grafts, and the intricate factors in these cases are open to complex analysis. A number of grafts have been divided into those which were repeated on the same eye and those on the two eyes of the same subject. In the majority of cases the grafts were penetrating (105 out of 118 cases), and the overall analysis of the results is dependent on the following factors: -- Grafts performed as primary procedures in one eye or both eyes: if they develop maladie due greffon, it is usually the 'endothelial' form which appears between the first and third month; the prognosis is good (53-66 p. 100 cure with steroid therapy). It was noticed that when grafts were performed on both eyes, there was a risk of developing maladie due greffon on the eye with the first graft simultaneously if it developed in the second eye. -- Repeated grafts on the same eye caused maladie due greffon of varying types (endothelial, stromal and mixed) with a much earlier occurrence. The prognosis is worse (6 p. 100 cure, 33 p. 100 semi-failure and 60 p. 100 failure). -- Finally repeated grafts on severe leucomas (burns, leucoma adherens, inflammatory keratopathies with active neovascularisation, etc.): these practically all end in failure due either to immunological reactions or inflammatory or cicatrical changes. A table of visual acuities obtained after treatment in cases of cure, incomplete cure and failure is given at the end of this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:131537", "title": "[29 cases of retinal detachment caused by a macular hole].", "content": "A report on 22 cases of re-attachment of the retina in 29 patients with retinal detachment from a macular hole operated on by a localised silicon sponge indentation with cryotherapy.", "contents": "[29 cases of retinal detachment caused by a macular hole]. A report on 22 cases of re-attachment of the retina in 29 patients with retinal detachment from a macular hole operated on by a localised silicon sponge indentation with cryotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:131538", "title": "[Orbital localization of lymphocytic macrophagic histiocyosis (Rosai's sinusal histiocytosis].", "content": "The authors report the fifth case in the literature of an orbital presentation of macrophagic lymphocytic histiocytosis or sinusal histiocytosis. This disease which usually presents in the ganglia is accompanied by a characteristic histological appearance dominated by the taking up of blood cells (lymphocytes, plasmocytes, erythrocytes) by macrophages. Its evolution is benign but its aetiology remains unknown and its treatment uncertain.", "contents": "[Orbital localization of lymphocytic macrophagic histiocyosis (Rosai's sinusal histiocytosis]. The authors report the fifth case in the literature of an orbital presentation of macrophagic lymphocytic histiocytosis or sinusal histiocytosis. This disease which usually presents in the ganglia is accompanied by a characteristic histological appearance dominated by the taking up of blood cells (lymphocytes, plasmocytes, erythrocytes) by macrophages. Its evolution is benign but its aetiology remains unknown and its treatment uncertain."}
{"id": "PMID:131539", "title": "[Intracorneal suture].", "content": "The placing of a continuous suture with a monofilament completely enclosed in the corneal stroma for the closing of a keratotomy offers many advantages. Description of a technique.", "contents": "[Intracorneal suture]. The placing of a continuous suture with a monofilament completely enclosed in the corneal stroma for the closing of a keratotomy offers many advantages. Description of a technique."}
{"id": "PMID:131540", "title": "[Changes in various constituents of glycolysis with age in the normal human crystalline lens].", "content": "In spite of the great dispersion of the values -- which is not uncommon in studies of the normal human lens -- it appears that: -- the glucose utilisation decreases after the age of 40; -- the mean of the energy reserves remains unchanged in the adult and in old people.", "contents": "[Changes in various constituents of glycolysis with age in the normal human crystalline lens]. In spite of the great dispersion of the values -- which is not uncommon in studies of the normal human lens -- it appears that: -- the glucose utilisation decreases after the age of 40; -- the mean of the energy reserves remains unchanged in the adult and in old people."}
{"id": "PMID:131544", "title": "Ischemic papilledema in giant-cell arteritis. Mucopolysaccharide deposition with normal intraocular pressure.", "content": "A 68-year-old man died 18 days after the onset of ischemic optic neuropathy caused by histologically proven giant-cell arteritis. On histopathologic study of the eye, ischemic necrosis of the prelaminar and retrolaminar optic nerve was seen, along with the massive presence of acid mucopolysaccharides sensitive to testicular hyaluronidase. This finding was interpreted as an intrusion of vitreal material resulting from breaks in the internal limiting membrane and the pressure gradient from intraocular to extraocular tissues, an analogy to Schnabel degeneration in acute glaucoma.", "contents": "Ischemic papilledema in giant-cell arteritis. Mucopolysaccharide deposition with normal intraocular pressure. A 68-year-old man died 18 days after the onset of ischemic optic neuropathy caused by histologically proven giant-cell arteritis. On histopathologic study of the eye, ischemic necrosis of the prelaminar and retrolaminar optic nerve was seen, along with the massive presence of acid mucopolysaccharides sensitive to testicular hyaluronidase. This finding was interpreted as an intrusion of vitreal material resulting from breaks in the internal limiting membrane and the pressure gradient from intraocular to extraocular tissues, an analogy to Schnabel degeneration in acute glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:131545", "title": "The fundus in mongolism.", "content": "The fundus in 63 eyes of 32 karyotyped patients with mongolism (Down syndrome) was examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy. Common features included a rosy disc associated with a greater than normal number of retinal blood vessels, a generalized attenuation of fundus pigmentation regardless of iris coloration, peripapillary and patchy peripheral areas of pigment epithelial atrophy, and choroidal vascular \"sclerosis.\" These findings are believed to be suggestive but not pathognomonic of mongolism. Eleven eyes of six additional patients were found to have retinal detachment. Eight of these were due to a retinal dialysis and only two could be surgically reattached. Trauma was thought to be an important predisposing factor. Several suggestions for prevention and early diagnosis of this complication are briefly presented.", "contents": "The fundus in mongolism. The fundus in 63 eyes of 32 karyotyped patients with mongolism (Down syndrome) was examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy. Common features included a rosy disc associated with a greater than normal number of retinal blood vessels, a generalized attenuation of fundus pigmentation regardless of iris coloration, peripapillary and patchy peripheral areas of pigment epithelial atrophy, and choroidal vascular \"sclerosis.\" These findings are believed to be suggestive but not pathognomonic of mongolism. Eleven eyes of six additional patients were found to have retinal detachment. Eight of these were due to a retinal dialysis and only two could be surgically reattached. Trauma was thought to be an important predisposing factor. Several suggestions for prevention and early diagnosis of this complication are briefly presented."}
{"id": "PMID:131546", "title": "Histochemistry of normal middle ear mucosa.", "content": "Mucosal biopsy specimens were taken from the middle ear in 19 patients with otosclerosis and stained by Alcan blue and PAS. They were also stained for hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. In additon, 11 temporal bones from patients without any previous ear disease were serially sectioned for mucopolysaccharides. In otosclerosis, both acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides were present in the mucosa, but not to the same extent as in the temporal bone specimens. Acid phosphatase, lactate malate dehydrogenases, and nonspecific esterase were demonstrated even in very thin epithelium, providing a potential basis for the appearance of these enzymes in large amounts in various inflammatory middle ear diseases.", "contents": "Histochemistry of normal middle ear mucosa. Mucosal biopsy specimens were taken from the middle ear in 19 patients with otosclerosis and stained by Alcan blue and PAS. They were also stained for hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes. In additon, 11 temporal bones from patients without any previous ear disease were serially sectioned for mucopolysaccharides. In otosclerosis, both acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides were present in the mucosa, but not to the same extent as in the temporal bone specimens. Acid phosphatase, lactate malate dehydrogenases, and nonspecific esterase were demonstrated even in very thin epithelium, providing a potential basis for the appearance of these enzymes in large amounts in various inflammatory middle ear diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:131548", "title": "The \"munich beer heart\"--revisited.", "content": "This is a historical review of \"idiopathic cardiac hypertrophy with dilatation\", or as it was called by Bollinger \"alcoholic-plethoric beer heart\". Some of the sources are not readily accessible, as they had only been published in \"Ver\u00f6ffentlichungen\" or Contributions from the Pathological Institute, Munich. The condition later became known as \"Munich Beer Heart\" and apparently constituted quite a medical problem for young to middle aged men in Munich at the end of the 19th century. As evidenced by this review, a substantial number of the patients reported by Bollinger and his contemporaries, nowadays, would be considered to have alcoholic cardiomyopathy or Beriberi heart disease.", "contents": "The \"munich beer heart\"--revisited. This is a historical review of \"idiopathic cardiac hypertrophy with dilatation\", or as it was called by Bollinger \"alcoholic-plethoric beer heart\". Some of the sources are not readily accessible, as they had only been published in \"Ver\u00f6ffentlichungen\" or Contributions from the Pathological Institute, Munich. The condition later became known as \"Munich Beer Heart\" and apparently constituted quite a medical problem for young to middle aged men in Munich at the end of the 19th century. As evidenced by this review, a substantial number of the patients reported by Bollinger and his contemporaries, nowadays, would be considered to have alcoholic cardiomyopathy or Beriberi heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:131547", "title": "Coronary vasodilation by fatty acids.", "content": "Fatty acids increase the coronary flow rate of rat hearts, perfused according to the Langendorff technique. Long-chain and medium-chain fatty acids are more effective vasodilators than short-chain fatty acids. The vasodilatation by fatty acids does not proceed through the intermediate formation of the vasodilator adenosine, nor by stimulation of adenylcyclase activity. Since at low Ca2+ concentrations fatty acids not only stimulate the coronary flow rate but also cardiac contractility, it is suggested that especially the lipophilic fatty acids have calcium ionophoric properties leading to increased Ca2+ removal from smooth muscle cytosol and hence to vasodilatation. Preliminary experiments, moreover, indicate that both medium- and long-chain fatty acids, like prostaglandin E1 and Ca2+, inhibit membrane ATPase(s) of aorta smooth muscle cells, suggesting increased Ca2+ binding to vascular smooth muscle cell membranes.", "contents": "Coronary vasodilation by fatty acids. Fatty acids increase the coronary flow rate of rat hearts, perfused according to the Langendorff technique. Long-chain and medium-chain fatty acids are more effective vasodilators than short-chain fatty acids. The vasodilatation by fatty acids does not proceed through the intermediate formation of the vasodilator adenosine, nor by stimulation of adenylcyclase activity. Since at low Ca2+ concentrations fatty acids not only stimulate the coronary flow rate but also cardiac contractility, it is suggested that especially the lipophilic fatty acids have calcium ionophoric properties leading to increased Ca2+ removal from smooth muscle cytosol and hence to vasodilatation. Preliminary experiments, moreover, indicate that both medium- and long-chain fatty acids, like prostaglandin E1 and Ca2+, inhibit membrane ATPase(s) of aorta smooth muscle cells, suggesting increased Ca2+ binding to vascular smooth muscle cell membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:131563", "title": "Electrocardiographic detection of left atrial enlargement. Correlation of P wave with left atrial dimension by echocardiography.", "content": "The validity of various electrocardiographic P wave measurements was tested in 48 patients by comparing them to left atrial dimensions determined by echocardiography (echo), a proved method of left atrial size estimation. Of all the measurements considered, only the width of the P wave (PW), the P terminal force in lead V1 (PV1), and the PW/PR segment ratio (PW/PR) showed statistically significant correlations with left atrial size measurements by echo, with r values of 0-746, 0-491, and 0-479, respectively. The results indicated that P widths in excess of 105 ms were present in all the patients who had left atria equal to or greater than 3-8 cm by echo and in 11 per cent of patients without atrial enlargement (false positives), and that when measurements were less than 105 ms left atrial enlargement was unlikely.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic detection of left atrial enlargement. Correlation of P wave with left atrial dimension by echocardiography. The validity of various electrocardiographic P wave measurements was tested in 48 patients by comparing them to left atrial dimensions determined by echocardiography (echo), a proved method of left atrial size estimation. Of all the measurements considered, only the width of the P wave (PW), the P terminal force in lead V1 (PV1), and the PW/PR segment ratio (PW/PR) showed statistically significant correlations with left atrial size measurements by echo, with r values of 0-746, 0-491, and 0-479, respectively. The results indicated that P widths in excess of 105 ms were present in all the patients who had left atria equal to or greater than 3-8 cm by echo and in 11 per cent of patients without atrial enlargement (false positives), and that when measurements were less than 105 ms left atrial enlargement was unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:131564", "title": "Echocardiographic spectrum of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Echocardiographic patterns in 15 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were compared with those in 30 healthy persons. Correlations with angiocardiographic data indicated that most of the anatomical abnormalities in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be assessed reliably by echocardiography. These include abnormal mitral valve motion, a reduction of the anteroposterior dimension of the left ventricular outflow tract and of the left and right ventricular cavities, increased thickness of the interventricular septum and the posterior left ventricular wall. Comparision of the haemodynamic and echocardiographic data showed that some degree of abnormal mitral valve motion during systole may occur in the absence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. On the other hand, it need not always be present with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Other, hitherto unrecognized, abnormalities in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy detected by this technique were: (1) Aortic valve regurgitation in three out of nine patients with evidence of left ventricular cutflow tract obstruction at cardiac catheterization. (2) Left ventricular inflow tract obstruction at the mitral valve level associated with gross septal hypertrophy (five cases). (3) Abnormal forward displacement of the posterior mitral valve leaflet and of the chordae tendineae during systole in 10 patients, in seven of whom there was confirmatory angiocardiographic evidence. Seven patients with miscellaneous cardiac disorders are described in whom asymmetric septal hypertrophy was revealed by echocardiography. In one of these patients coexisting hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was excluded histologically; thus asymmetrical septal hypertrophy is not confined to patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Echocardiographic spectrum of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiographic patterns in 15 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were compared with those in 30 healthy persons. Correlations with angiocardiographic data indicated that most of the anatomical abnormalities in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy can be assessed reliably by echocardiography. These include abnormal mitral valve motion, a reduction of the anteroposterior dimension of the left ventricular outflow tract and of the left and right ventricular cavities, increased thickness of the interventricular septum and the posterior left ventricular wall. Comparision of the haemodynamic and echocardiographic data showed that some degree of abnormal mitral valve motion during systole may occur in the absence of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. On the other hand, it need not always be present with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Other, hitherto unrecognized, abnormalities in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy detected by this technique were: (1) Aortic valve regurgitation in three out of nine patients with evidence of left ventricular cutflow tract obstruction at cardiac catheterization. (2) Left ventricular inflow tract obstruction at the mitral valve level associated with gross septal hypertrophy (five cases). (3) Abnormal forward displacement of the posterior mitral valve leaflet and of the chordae tendineae during systole in 10 patients, in seven of whom there was confirmatory angiocardiographic evidence. Seven patients with miscellaneous cardiac disorders are described in whom asymmetric septal hypertrophy was revealed by echocardiography. In one of these patients coexisting hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was excluded histologically; thus asymmetrical septal hypertrophy is not confined to patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:131565", "title": "Total correction of type I truncus arteriosus in a 6-month-old infant.", "content": "A successful correction of type I truncus arteriosus using a 12 mm 'dacron' conduit containing a porcine aortic valve (Hancock) between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery in a 6-month-old infant is reported. The rationale for the treatment of truncus arteriosus in infancy is discussed.", "contents": "Total correction of type I truncus arteriosus in a 6-month-old infant. A successful correction of type I truncus arteriosus using a 12 mm 'dacron' conduit containing a porcine aortic valve (Hancock) between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery in a 6-month-old infant is reported. The rationale for the treatment of truncus arteriosus in infancy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131566", "title": "Endomyocardial fibrosis. Problems in differential diagnosis.", "content": "The clinical and angiographic findings in 5 consecutive patients with congestive cardiac failure are presented to illustrate the pitfalls in the clinical diagnosis of endomyocardial fibrosis. In one patient the clinical diagnosis was confirmed at angiography while another patient who had angiographic evidence of early right ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis was diagnosed clinically as mitral stenosis. In 2 patients the clinical diagnosis was erroneous, there being no evidence of endomyocardial fibrosis on angiography. The fifth patient, who had angiographic evidence of idiopathic cardiomegaly, was diagnosed clinically as either idiopathic cardiomegaly or advanced left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis. In tropical countries, where endomyocardial fibrosis, rheumatic heart disease, and idiopathic cardiomegaly are common, accurate clinical diagnosis of endomyocardial fibrosis is often difficult and angiographic studies are essential for confirmation.", "contents": "Endomyocardial fibrosis. Problems in differential diagnosis. The clinical and angiographic findings in 5 consecutive patients with congestive cardiac failure are presented to illustrate the pitfalls in the clinical diagnosis of endomyocardial fibrosis. In one patient the clinical diagnosis was confirmed at angiography while another patient who had angiographic evidence of early right ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis was diagnosed clinically as mitral stenosis. In 2 patients the clinical diagnosis was erroneous, there being no evidence of endomyocardial fibrosis on angiography. The fifth patient, who had angiographic evidence of idiopathic cardiomegaly, was diagnosed clinically as either idiopathic cardiomegaly or advanced left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis. In tropical countries, where endomyocardial fibrosis, rheumatic heart disease, and idiopathic cardiomegaly are common, accurate clinical diagnosis of endomyocardial fibrosis is often difficult and angiographic studies are essential for confirmation."}
{"id": "PMID:131567", "title": "Relation between craniocerebral injury and subsequent myocardial fibrosis and heart failure. Report of 3 cases.", "content": "The findings at necropsy in three cases of severe craniocerebral injury associated with unconsciousness are reported with special reference to the histopathological findings in the myocardium. In the first case, death occurred 3 days after the trauma, in the second case 21 days after, and in the third case, 7 years after. Necropsy showed myocardial lesions of recent origin in the first case, stromal condensation in the myocardium in the second, and cardiac hypertrophy with coexisting patchy fibrosis of the myocardium in the third. The relation between craniocerebral injury and subsequent myocardial fibrosis is discussed.", "contents": "Relation between craniocerebral injury and subsequent myocardial fibrosis and heart failure. Report of 3 cases. The findings at necropsy in three cases of severe craniocerebral injury associated with unconsciousness are reported with special reference to the histopathological findings in the myocardium. In the first case, death occurred 3 days after the trauma, in the second case 21 days after, and in the third case, 7 years after. Necropsy showed myocardial lesions of recent origin in the first case, stromal condensation in the myocardium in the second, and cardiac hypertrophy with coexisting patchy fibrosis of the myocardium in the third. The relation between craniocerebral injury and subsequent myocardial fibrosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131568", "title": "Familial centronuclear myopathy associated with 'cardiomyopathy'.", "content": "Two cases of familial centronuclear myopathy are described. Both presented features of 'cardiomyopathy and one had signs of slight congenital aortic stenosis. The 'cardiomyopathy' was fatal in one case. The clinical histological, and necropsy findings are presented and discussed.", "contents": "Familial centronuclear myopathy associated with 'cardiomyopathy'. Two cases of familial centronuclear myopathy are described. Both presented features of 'cardiomyopathy and one had signs of slight congenital aortic stenosis. The 'cardiomyopathy' was fatal in one case. The clinical histological, and necropsy findings are presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131569", "title": "Prognostic value of the electrocardiogram in endocardial fibroelastosis.", "content": "Nine children with endocardial fibroelastosis were followed from the time of admission with congestive heart failure until either death or discharge. Review of multiple clinical features showed that only the electrocardiographic pattern could be correlated with death or survival. The presence of a delayed transition zone with anterior force loss on the initial electrocardiogram ('infarct pattern') was noted in all the children who died. Progression of these changes with a pattern of anterolateral 'infarct' in two and inferior wall 'infarct' in two occurred before death. Necropsy on three of the four children confirmed the diagnosis of endocardial fibroelastosis. There was extensive fibrosis and thinning of the left ventricular myocardium as well as involvement of the mitral valve structures. Review of published cases supports the view that an 'infarct' pattern in a child with endocardial fibroelastosis is usually associated with death and that this pattern is a negative prognostic sign for survival.", "contents": "Prognostic value of the electrocardiogram in endocardial fibroelastosis. Nine children with endocardial fibroelastosis were followed from the time of admission with congestive heart failure until either death or discharge. Review of multiple clinical features showed that only the electrocardiographic pattern could be correlated with death or survival. The presence of a delayed transition zone with anterior force loss on the initial electrocardiogram ('infarct pattern') was noted in all the children who died. Progression of these changes with a pattern of anterolateral 'infarct' in two and inferior wall 'infarct' in two occurred before death. Necropsy on three of the four children confirmed the diagnosis of endocardial fibroelastosis. There was extensive fibrosis and thinning of the left ventricular myocardium as well as involvement of the mitral valve structures. Review of published cases supports the view that an 'infarct' pattern in a child with endocardial fibroelastosis is usually associated with death and that this pattern is a negative prognostic sign for survival."}
{"id": "PMID:131570", "title": "Cardiac abnormalities in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia.", "content": "This report describes heart disease in a 32-year-old man with the syndrome of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). The surface electrocardiogram showed first degree AV block and left bundle-branch block and there was HV prolongation on the His bundle electrogram. Endomyocardial biopsy showed the changes of hypertrophy on light microscopy, and on electron microscopy there were increased numbers of mitochondria which appeared structurally normal. A permanent demand pacemaker was inserted because these patients are prone to develop complete heart block.", "contents": "Cardiac abnormalities in chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia. This report describes heart disease in a 32-year-old man with the syndrome of chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO). The surface electrocardiogram showed first degree AV block and left bundle-branch block and there was HV prolongation on the His bundle electrogram. Endomyocardial biopsy showed the changes of hypertrophy on light microscopy, and on electron microscopy there were increased numbers of mitochondria which appeared structurally normal. A permanent demand pacemaker was inserted because these patients are prone to develop complete heart block."}
{"id": "PMID:131571", "title": "Anti-tumour efficacy of calusterone against DMBA-induced rat mammary adenocarcinoma in vivo and in organ culture.", "content": "The effect of calusterone (7beta,17alpha-dimethyltestosterone) on rat mammary DMBA-induced adenocarcinoma was studied both in vivo and in organ culture. In vivo all 8 tumours with a diameter of less than 30 mm regressed following calusterone injection (10 mg/day for 2-3 weeks). In organ culture calusterone (20 mug/ml medium) inhibited the synthesis of DNA and RNA in all 7 cases examined. Testosterone also inhibited the synthesis of DNA and RNA in organ culture in 12 out of 14 and 10 out of 14 tumours respectively. Oestradiol-17beta on the other hand had no effect on DNA and RNA synthesis in organ culture although 70% of the tumours examined were ovarian dependent, i.e. regressed following castration. This could be explained by the direct effect of calusterone on rat adenocarcinoma compared with the indirect effect of oestradiol-17beta which probably exerts its action by activating the secretion of prolactin which acts on the tumour.", "contents": "Anti-tumour efficacy of calusterone against DMBA-induced rat mammary adenocarcinoma in vivo and in organ culture. The effect of calusterone (7beta,17alpha-dimethyltestosterone) on rat mammary DMBA-induced adenocarcinoma was studied both in vivo and in organ culture. In vivo all 8 tumours with a diameter of less than 30 mm regressed following calusterone injection (10 mg/day for 2-3 weeks). In organ culture calusterone (20 mug/ml medium) inhibited the synthesis of DNA and RNA in all 7 cases examined. Testosterone also inhibited the synthesis of DNA and RNA in organ culture in 12 out of 14 and 10 out of 14 tumours respectively. Oestradiol-17beta on the other hand had no effect on DNA and RNA synthesis in organ culture although 70% of the tumours examined were ovarian dependent, i.e. regressed following castration. This could be explained by the direct effect of calusterone on rat adenocarcinoma compared with the indirect effect of oestradiol-17beta which probably exerts its action by activating the secretion of prolactin which acts on the tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:131572", "title": "Increased sensitivity of in vivo platelet aggregation in rabbits after alloxan or streptozotocin.", "content": "In 14 rabbits previously injected intravenously with alloxan (dose 75-150 mg/kg) with subsequent hyperglycaemia, intra-arteriolar aggregation of platelets at the sites of small standardized electrical injuries to cerebral cortical vessels showed an increased sensitivity (P is less than 0.001) to application of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in animals anaesthetized with either urethane or Pentothal. Intravenous injection of streptozotocin (10 rabbits, dose 30-200 mg/kg) was not followed so regularly by hyperglycaemia but even so many of these animals also showed increased sensitivity to ADP. After neither alloxan nor streptozotocin did the increased sensitivity correlate with the dose of agent used, the time between its injection and ADP testing, or changes in the rabbit's body weight. Again, ADP sensitivity did not correlate with the degree of hyperglycaemia, hyperketonaemia or hyperlactacidaemia. There was no rapid change in ADP sensitivity after i.v. injection of glucose to produce hyperglycaemia in normal rabbits, nor after parenteral or topical administration of insulin. Use of a removable skull capsule allowed serial observations on individual animals and these, together with observations on rabbits injected first with alloxan and later with daily insulin, showed reversibility of the increased ADP sensitivity by regular insulin injection for at least 5 days; this effect did not depend upon return of blood glucose levels to normal. In cross-perfusion experiments the increased ADP sensitivity was found to be dependent upon a blood factor for such sensitivity was shown by the head of a normal rabbit perfused with blood from a diabetic trunk. The results did not exclude a contribution of a mural factor to the results in intact animals after alloxan. The results are in keeping with in vitro observations of increased sensitivity to ADP of platelet aggregation in diabetic patients and demonstrate that such an effect holds within living blood vessels, as well as providing a model for further experiment.", "contents": "Increased sensitivity of in vivo platelet aggregation in rabbits after alloxan or streptozotocin. In 14 rabbits previously injected intravenously with alloxan (dose 75-150 mg/kg) with subsequent hyperglycaemia, intra-arteriolar aggregation of platelets at the sites of small standardized electrical injuries to cerebral cortical vessels showed an increased sensitivity (P is less than 0.001) to application of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in animals anaesthetized with either urethane or Pentothal. Intravenous injection of streptozotocin (10 rabbits, dose 30-200 mg/kg) was not followed so regularly by hyperglycaemia but even so many of these animals also showed increased sensitivity to ADP. After neither alloxan nor streptozotocin did the increased sensitivity correlate with the dose of agent used, the time between its injection and ADP testing, or changes in the rabbit's body weight. Again, ADP sensitivity did not correlate with the degree of hyperglycaemia, hyperketonaemia or hyperlactacidaemia. There was no rapid change in ADP sensitivity after i.v. injection of glucose to produce hyperglycaemia in normal rabbits, nor after parenteral or topical administration of insulin. Use of a removable skull capsule allowed serial observations on individual animals and these, together with observations on rabbits injected first with alloxan and later with daily insulin, showed reversibility of the increased ADP sensitivity by regular insulin injection for at least 5 days; this effect did not depend upon return of blood glucose levels to normal. In cross-perfusion experiments the increased ADP sensitivity was found to be dependent upon a blood factor for such sensitivity was shown by the head of a normal rabbit perfused with blood from a diabetic trunk. The results did not exclude a contribution of a mural factor to the results in intact animals after alloxan. The results are in keeping with in vitro observations of increased sensitivity to ADP of platelet aggregation in diabetic patients and demonstrate that such an effect holds within living blood vessels, as well as providing a model for further experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:131573", "title": "Pilo-sebaceous duct physiology. 2. The effect of keratin hydration on sebum excretion rate.", "content": "Sebum excretion rate was measured before and after occlusions of the skin in eleven subjects. The sebum excretion rate rose significantly following occlusion, confirming the view that there is an obstruction to the outflow of sebum with keratin hydration.", "contents": "Pilo-sebaceous duct physiology. 2. The effect of keratin hydration on sebum excretion rate. Sebum excretion rate was measured before and after occlusions of the skin in eleven subjects. The sebum excretion rate rose significantly following occlusion, confirming the view that there is an obstruction to the outflow of sebum with keratin hydration."}
{"id": "PMID:131575", "title": "The place of intralesional steroid therapy in dermatology.", "content": "Intralesional steroid therapy has a definite, if small, place in dermatology and triamcinolone acetonide is the preparation in most common use. Such therapy may be used, particularly in nail disorders, keloids and hypertrophic scars, cystic acne, and to speed regrowth of hair in localized alopecia areata. Other conditions in which it has a place include cutaneous lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis. There are some conditions where use is occasionally indicated and yet others where further trial is merited.", "contents": "The place of intralesional steroid therapy in dermatology. Intralesional steroid therapy has a definite, if small, place in dermatology and triamcinolone acetonide is the preparation in most common use. Such therapy may be used, particularly in nail disorders, keloids and hypertrophic scars, cystic acne, and to speed regrowth of hair in localized alopecia areata. Other conditions in which it has a place include cutaneous lupus erythematosus and sarcoidosis. There are some conditions where use is occasionally indicated and yet others where further trial is merited."}
{"id": "PMID:131576", "title": "Influence of thymoxamine on changes in pupil diameter and accommodation produced by homatropine and ephedrine.", "content": "Local instillation of thymoxamine eye drops (0-1%) completely reversed the mydriasis produced by ephedrine (5%) but not that produced by ephedrine (5%) together with homatropine (0-5%). Small but significant changes in accomodation were found with ephedrine and with thymoxamine, as well as the larger expected changes with homatropine.", "contents": "Influence of thymoxamine on changes in pupil diameter and accommodation produced by homatropine and ephedrine. Local instillation of thymoxamine eye drops (0-1%) completely reversed the mydriasis produced by ephedrine (5%) but not that produced by ephedrine (5%) together with homatropine (0-5%). Small but significant changes in accomodation were found with ephedrine and with thymoxamine, as well as the larger expected changes with homatropine."}
{"id": "PMID:131577", "title": "Reaction free energy surfaces in myosin-actin-ATP systems.", "content": "If we select for consideration any reaction M1 in equilibrium M2 in the myosin-ATPase cycle, the question arises as to the relations between the rate constants for (1) M1 equilibrium M2, (2) AM1 in equilibrium AM2 (A = actin), (3) A + M1 in equilibrium AM1, and (4) A + M2 equilibrium AM2, with actin and myosin either (a) in solution or (b) in the myofilament structure. It is shown here, by means of examples, that a single so-called potential of mean force, W, and structural free energy, Am, suffice to determine the reaction free energy surfaces for all of these transitions (W for the solution case, W + Am for the structured case). In fact, Am is the same for all reactions in the myosin-ATPase cycle. Of course, though indispensable as the starting point and adequate for qualitative understanding, the reaction free energy surface does not provide (without additional theory) the actual values of the rate constants or of the corresponding basic free energy changes in the myosin states involved. These rate constants and free energies are discussed, in a preliminary way, in two other papers.", "contents": "Reaction free energy surfaces in myosin-actin-ATP systems. If we select for consideration any reaction M1 in equilibrium M2 in the myosin-ATPase cycle, the question arises as to the relations between the rate constants for (1) M1 equilibrium M2, (2) AM1 in equilibrium AM2 (A = actin), (3) A + M1 in equilibrium AM1, and (4) A + M2 equilibrium AM2, with actin and myosin either (a) in solution or (b) in the myofilament structure. It is shown here, by means of examples, that a single so-called potential of mean force, W, and structural free energy, Am, suffice to determine the reaction free energy surfaces for all of these transitions (W for the solution case, W + Am for the structured case). In fact, Am is the same for all reactions in the myosin-ATPase cycle. Of course, though indispensable as the starting point and adequate for qualitative understanding, the reaction free energy surface does not provide (without additional theory) the actual values of the rate constants or of the corresponding basic free energy changes in the myosin states involved. These rate constants and free energies are discussed, in a preliminary way, in two other papers."}
{"id": "PMID:131578", "title": "Beef muscle troponin: evidence for multiple forms of troponin-T.", "content": "A method is described for the purification of troponin from beef skeletal muscle. The resultant preparation differs from the troponin of rabbit skeletal muscle in that it contains at least two forms of the tropomyosin-binding component, Troponin-T: these are designated as the 37 000 and 40 000 dalton forms of Troponin-T on the basis of sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis. Either of these Troponin-T forms may be used to reconstitute troponin by mixing with the appropriate amounts of the calcium-binding (Troponin-C) and and actomyosin ATPase-inhibitory (Troponin-I) components. These reconstituted troponins are shown to interact with tropomyosin and also to confer full calcium sensitivity on actomyosin ATPase. Despite the existence of proteolysis in troponin preparations, the experimental evidence indicates that the smaller form of Troponin-T is not derived from the 40 000 dalton species by limited degradation. Although both species of Troponin-T have been found routinely in troponin from beef skeletal muscle, only the larger form is detected in troponin preparations from beef cardiac muscle. Further studies are required in order to clarify the functional significance and differential distribution of these multiple forms of Troponin-T.", "contents": "Beef muscle troponin: evidence for multiple forms of troponin-T. A method is described for the purification of troponin from beef skeletal muscle. The resultant preparation differs from the troponin of rabbit skeletal muscle in that it contains at least two forms of the tropomyosin-binding component, Troponin-T: these are designated as the 37 000 and 40 000 dalton forms of Troponin-T on the basis of sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis. Either of these Troponin-T forms may be used to reconstitute troponin by mixing with the appropriate amounts of the calcium-binding (Troponin-C) and and actomyosin ATPase-inhibitory (Troponin-I) components. These reconstituted troponins are shown to interact with tropomyosin and also to confer full calcium sensitivity on actomyosin ATPase. Despite the existence of proteolysis in troponin preparations, the experimental evidence indicates that the smaller form of Troponin-T is not derived from the 40 000 dalton species by limited degradation. Although both species of Troponin-T have been found routinely in troponin from beef skeletal muscle, only the larger form is detected in troponin preparations from beef cardiac muscle. Further studies are required in order to clarify the functional significance and differential distribution of these multiple forms of Troponin-T."}
{"id": "PMID:131579", "title": "Affinity chromatography of heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 reacted with thiol reagents.", "content": "Separation of heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 treated with N-ethyl maleimide (MalNEt) into native -SH1- and -(SH1, SH2)-blocked protein populations could be achieved by affinity chromatography on agarose-ATP columns in the presence of Mg2+ or Ca2+. Covalent bridging of the two -SH groups by p-phenylenedimaleimide gave a product which has the same affinity of binding to ATP columns as the doubly blocked MalNEt preparation. Treatment with p-phenylenedimaleimide abolished binding to immobilized F-actin columns, whereas modifications by MalNEt did not affect adsorption by this chromatographic medium. Affinity chromatography on immobilized nucleotide and actin columns is suggested as an analytical tool in the study of the involvement of thiol groups in the myosin active site and its conformation.", "contents": "Affinity chromatography of heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 reacted with thiol reagents. Separation of heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 treated with N-ethyl maleimide (MalNEt) into native -SH1- and -(SH1, SH2)-blocked protein populations could be achieved by affinity chromatography on agarose-ATP columns in the presence of Mg2+ or Ca2+. Covalent bridging of the two -SH groups by p-phenylenedimaleimide gave a product which has the same affinity of binding to ATP columns as the doubly blocked MalNEt preparation. Treatment with p-phenylenedimaleimide abolished binding to immobilized F-actin columns, whereas modifications by MalNEt did not affect adsorption by this chromatographic medium. Affinity chromatography on immobilized nucleotide and actin columns is suggested as an analytical tool in the study of the involvement of thiol groups in the myosin active site and its conformation."}
{"id": "PMID:131580", "title": "Substrate sites for the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase.", "content": "Kinetic studies on a rat brain (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) preparation demonstrated high-affinity sites for ATP, with a Km near 1 mum, and low affinity sites for ATP, with a Km near 0.5 mM. In addition, the dissociation constant for ATP at the low affinity sites was approached through the ability of ATP to modify the rate of photo-oxidation of the enzyme in the presence of methylene blue; a value of 0.4 mM was obtained. The temperature dependence of the Km values in these two concentration ranges also differed markedly, and the estimated entropy of binding was +27 cal/degree per mol at the high affinity sites, whereas it was -20 cal/degree per mol at the low affinity sites. Moreover, the relative affinities of various congeners of ATP as of the K+ -dependent phosphatase reaction of the enzyme indicated an interaction at the low-affinity sites for ATP: ATP, ADP, CTP, and the [beta-gamma] -imido analog of ATP all competed with Ki values near those for the ATPase reaction at the low affinity sites. Conversely, the Km for nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate for the phosphatase reaction was near its Ki as a competitor at the low-affinity sites of the ATPase reaction. These observations are incorporated into a reaction scheme with two classes of substrate sites on a dimeric enzyme, manifesting idverse enzymatic and transport characteristics.", "contents": "Substrate sites for the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase. Kinetic studies on a rat brain (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) preparation demonstrated high-affinity sites for ATP, with a Km near 1 mum, and low affinity sites for ATP, with a Km near 0.5 mM. In addition, the dissociation constant for ATP at the low affinity sites was approached through the ability of ATP to modify the rate of photo-oxidation of the enzyme in the presence of methylene blue; a value of 0.4 mM was obtained. The temperature dependence of the Km values in these two concentration ranges also differed markedly, and the estimated entropy of binding was +27 cal/degree per mol at the high affinity sites, whereas it was -20 cal/degree per mol at the low affinity sites. Moreover, the relative affinities of various congeners of ATP as of the K+ -dependent phosphatase reaction of the enzyme indicated an interaction at the low-affinity sites for ATP: ATP, ADP, CTP, and the [beta-gamma] -imido analog of ATP all competed with Ki values near those for the ATPase reaction at the low affinity sites. Conversely, the Km for nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate for the phosphatase reaction was near its Ki as a competitor at the low-affinity sites of the ATPase reaction. These observations are incorporated into a reaction scheme with two classes of substrate sites on a dimeric enzyme, manifesting idverse enzymatic and transport characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:131581", "title": "Me2+-(13 S) ATPase from Micrococcus sp. ATCC 398E. The effect of trypsin on the purified enzyme.", "content": "By trypsin treatment of highly purified ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) from Micrococcus sp. ATCC 398E, two enzyme modifications have been obtained. (i) ATPase Ta, which has about the same activity as untreated ATPase. (ii) A protein complex Ti, which lacks ATPase activity, but nevertheless binds ATP as shown by affinity chromatography. Trypsin primarily shortens the alpha-chains of the \"native\" enzyme to alpha-chains and removes the gamma-subunit, thus yielding ATPase Ta. The formation of the protein complex Ti appears to be due to additional cleavage of one alpha-chain into at least two more fractions.", "contents": "Me2+-(13 S) ATPase from Micrococcus sp. ATCC 398E. The effect of trypsin on the purified enzyme. By trypsin treatment of highly purified ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) from Micrococcus sp. ATCC 398E, two enzyme modifications have been obtained. (i) ATPase Ta, which has about the same activity as untreated ATPase. (ii) A protein complex Ti, which lacks ATPase activity, but nevertheless binds ATP as shown by affinity chromatography. Trypsin primarily shortens the alpha-chains of the \"native\" enzyme to alpha-chains and removes the gamma-subunit, thus yielding ATPase Ta. The formation of the protein complex Ti appears to be due to additional cleavage of one alpha-chain into at least two more fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:131582", "title": "Effects of alkali metal cations on phospho-enzyme levels and [3H] ouabain binding to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.", "content": "The effects of several alkali metal cations on the relationship between steady state phospho-enzyme levels and initial velocity and equilibrium levels of [3H]-ouabain binding to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.3.) were examined. Only Na+ increased both phospho-enzyme and [3H] ouabain binding levels above those observed in the presence of Mg2+ alone. While Na+ stimulated phosphorylation with an apparent Km of about 1 mM, its stimulation of [3H] ouabain binding was biphasic, the lower Km for stimulation corresponding to the Km for formation of phospho-enzyme. Among the other alkali metal cations, potassium, rubidium and lithium were at least eight times more effect in reducing phospho-enzyme levels than in reducing [3H] ouabain binding. This discrepancy is not due to the stability of the enzyme-ouabain complex, nor to any action on the rates of formation or dissociation of the enzyme-ouabain complex. The data thus suggest that [3H] ouabain interacts with the K+, Rb+ or Li+ -enzyme complexes. For Li+, this hypothesis is further supported by the observation that Li+ can cirectly increase the equilibrium level of [3H] ouabain binding to this enzyme under certain conditions.", "contents": "Effects of alkali metal cations on phospho-enzyme levels and [3H] ouabain binding to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. The effects of several alkali metal cations on the relationship between steady state phospho-enzyme levels and initial velocity and equilibrium levels of [3H]-ouabain binding to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.3.) were examined. Only Na+ increased both phospho-enzyme and [3H] ouabain binding levels above those observed in the presence of Mg2+ alone. While Na+ stimulated phosphorylation with an apparent Km of about 1 mM, its stimulation of [3H] ouabain binding was biphasic, the lower Km for stimulation corresponding to the Km for formation of phospho-enzyme. Among the other alkali metal cations, potassium, rubidium and lithium were at least eight times more effect in reducing phospho-enzyme levels than in reducing [3H] ouabain binding. This discrepancy is not due to the stability of the enzyme-ouabain complex, nor to any action on the rates of formation or dissociation of the enzyme-ouabain complex. The data thus suggest that [3H] ouabain interacts with the K+, Rb+ or Li+ -enzyme complexes. For Li+, this hypothesis is further supported by the observation that Li+ can cirectly increase the equilibrium level of [3H] ouabain binding to this enzyme under certain conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:131587", "title": "Immunological studies in Rockland mice infected with T. cruzi. Development of antinuclear antibodies.", "content": "The existence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and their relationship with anti-Trypanosoma cruzi specific agglutinins was studied in Rockland mice inoculated with 10(5), 10(4) or 10(3) epimastigotes and 2 X 10(5) trypomastigotes of T. cruzi. ANA and anti-T. cruzi agglutinins were detected at the same time in groups of mice receiving 10(5) culture forms, while in those groups of mice receiving 10(4) parasites agglutinins were established earlier than ANA which were present only at low titres. Positive serology and ANA were also detected in mice infected with trypomastigotes. Neither specific agglutinins nor ANA were found in groups of mice receiving 10(3) parasites probably because the number of parasites inoculated was too low to infect them. ANA were not found in not infected mice. ANA induced in mice by T. cruzi infection seem to be related to the amount of parasites inoculated and thus with the degree of the subsequent infection. Immunopathologic studies carried out in mice infected with trypomastigotes showed the presence of nodular deposits of gamma globulin in the kidneys, suggesting the possibility of an immune complex disease : the light and electron microscopic studies of the kidneys showed in the glomeruli an increase of the mesangium, hypercellularity and thickened basement membranes.", "contents": "Immunological studies in Rockland mice infected with T. cruzi. Development of antinuclear antibodies. The existence of antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and their relationship with anti-Trypanosoma cruzi specific agglutinins was studied in Rockland mice inoculated with 10(5), 10(4) or 10(3) epimastigotes and 2 X 10(5) trypomastigotes of T. cruzi. ANA and anti-T. cruzi agglutinins were detected at the same time in groups of mice receiving 10(5) culture forms, while in those groups of mice receiving 10(4) parasites agglutinins were established earlier than ANA which were present only at low titres. Positive serology and ANA were also detected in mice infected with trypomastigotes. Neither specific agglutinins nor ANA were found in groups of mice receiving 10(3) parasites probably because the number of parasites inoculated was too low to infect them. ANA were not found in not infected mice. ANA induced in mice by T. cruzi infection seem to be related to the amount of parasites inoculated and thus with the degree of the subsequent infection. Immunopathologic studies carried out in mice infected with trypomastigotes showed the presence of nodular deposits of gamma globulin in the kidneys, suggesting the possibility of an immune complex disease : the light and electron microscopic studies of the kidneys showed in the glomeruli an increase of the mesangium, hypercellularity and thickened basement membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:131584", "title": "[Mechanochemical interactions in enzymes. IV. Mechanochemical properties of immobilized preparations of F-actin].", "content": "Oriented immobilized F-actin (IA) threads were prepared by extrusion of the concentrated F-actin solutions through a capillar into an aceton-water mixture containing glutaraldehyde. Myosin ATP-ase activity was activated by IA in the presence of Mg+2 and inhibited in the presence of EDTA. ATPase activity of IA at high temperature (55) was about 0.054 min(-1) and was not affected by a deformation of threads. Mechanical properties of IA threads were changed when treated by reagnets influencing intra- and inter-molecular interactions of actin molecules, and these changes themselves were highly dependent on IA threads deformation.", "contents": "[Mechanochemical interactions in enzymes. IV. Mechanochemical properties of immobilized preparations of F-actin]. Oriented immobilized F-actin (IA) threads were prepared by extrusion of the concentrated F-actin solutions through a capillar into an aceton-water mixture containing glutaraldehyde. Myosin ATP-ase activity was activated by IA in the presence of Mg+2 and inhibited in the presence of EDTA. ATPase activity of IA at high temperature (55) was about 0.054 min(-1) and was not affected by a deformation of threads. Mechanical properties of IA threads were changed when treated by reagnets influencing intra- and inter-molecular interactions of actin molecules, and these changes themselves were highly dependent on IA threads deformation."}
{"id": "PMID:131585", "title": "[Proton transfer from water to octane coupled with the reaction of ATP hydrolysis by soluble ATPase from chloroplasts].", "content": "It has been shown that soluble ATPase from chloroplasts adsorbed at the octane/water interface generates an ATP hydrolysis coupled potential charge (deltapi) at the interphase. This process occurs in the presence of a lipid-soluble proton acceptor, in the capacity of which 2,4-dinitrophenol is used. The dependence of deltapi, generated by ATPase, on the concentration of the enzyme. ATP and dinitrophenol, has been studied.", "contents": "[Proton transfer from water to octane coupled with the reaction of ATP hydrolysis by soluble ATPase from chloroplasts]. It has been shown that soluble ATPase from chloroplasts adsorbed at the octane/water interface generates an ATP hydrolysis coupled potential charge (deltapi) at the interphase. This process occurs in the presence of a lipid-soluble proton acceptor, in the capacity of which 2,4-dinitrophenol is used. The dependence of deltapi, generated by ATPase, on the concentration of the enzyme. ATP and dinitrophenol, has been studied."}
{"id": "PMID:131588", "title": "[Lymph node pathology during dermatoses with circulating S\u00e9zary cells].", "content": "The authors reported 12 cases of patients with cutaneous involvment associated with the presence of Sezary cells in the peripheral blood and specific lymph node involvment. They classify these cases as partial, early segmentary types, advanced types and diffuse types. either leukemic or sarcomatous. This study, once again, suggests the possibility that the Sezary syndrome and mycosis fu ngo\u00efdes are different expressions, either predominantly leukemic, or predominantly sarcomatous, of the same chronic malignant hemopathy of \"T\" lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Lymph node pathology during dermatoses with circulating S\u00e9zary cells]. The authors reported 12 cases of patients with cutaneous involvment associated with the presence of Sezary cells in the peripheral blood and specific lymph node involvment. They classify these cases as partial, early segmentary types, advanced types and diffuse types. either leukemic or sarcomatous. This study, once again, suggests the possibility that the Sezary syndrome and mycosis fu ngo\u00efdes are different expressions, either predominantly leukemic, or predominantly sarcomatous, of the same chronic malignant hemopathy of \"T\" lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:131586", "title": "[Structural and functional changes in myosin in chronic coronary insufficiency].", "content": "A study of myosin extracted from dog's cardiac muscle at different stages of chronic heart failure (from 1 week to 1 year) was carried out. A decrease of UV-luminescence intensity, flow birefringence and ATPase activity (to 70%) was observed. The electron microscopic investigation of myosin and LMM structure shows the loss of ability to form typical paracrystals by LMM, the electron microscopic appearance of the whole myosin being unchanged.", "contents": "[Structural and functional changes in myosin in chronic coronary insufficiency]. A study of myosin extracted from dog's cardiac muscle at different stages of chronic heart failure (from 1 week to 1 year) was carried out. A decrease of UV-luminescence intensity, flow birefringence and ATPase activity (to 70%) was observed. The electron microscopic investigation of myosin and LMM structure shows the loss of ability to form typical paracrystals by LMM, the electron microscopic appearance of the whole myosin being unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:131590", "title": "Steroid phosphorus compounds. V--Mass spectrometry of phosphinic esters of monohydroxy steroids.", "content": "The mass spectra of the dimethylphosphinic, dimethylthiophosphinic and dimethylphosphinous ester derivatives of several monohydroxy steroids are reported. The fragmentations of the derivatized steroids largely depend on the nature of the phosphorus-containing ester group. Phenolic ester derivatives exhibit the base peak at the molecular ion, whereas the spectra of the secondary phosphinic esters are dominated by very intense protonated phosphinic acid ions [Me2P(XH)(OH)]+ at m/e 95 (X =O) or at m/e 111 (x = s). The present results also indicate the low ionization potential for the phosphinic ester group. Due to their good gas chromatographic properties, these steroid derivatives appear to be particularly suitable for gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis of biochemical materials.", "contents": "Steroid phosphorus compounds. V--Mass spectrometry of phosphinic esters of monohydroxy steroids. The mass spectra of the dimethylphosphinic, dimethylthiophosphinic and dimethylphosphinous ester derivatives of several monohydroxy steroids are reported. The fragmentations of the derivatized steroids largely depend on the nature of the phosphorus-containing ester group. Phenolic ester derivatives exhibit the base peak at the molecular ion, whereas the spectra of the secondary phosphinic esters are dominated by very intense protonated phosphinic acid ions [Me2P(XH)(OH)]+ at m/e 95 (X =O) or at m/e 111 (x = s). The present results also indicate the low ionization potential for the phosphinic ester group. Due to their good gas chromatographic properties, these steroid derivatives appear to be particularly suitable for gas chromatographic mass spectrometric analysis of biochemical materials."}
{"id": "PMID:131592", "title": "Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of vinyl chloride disease.", "content": "Vinyl chloride (VC) disease is a multisystem disorder incorporating Raynaud's phenomenon, acro-osteolysis, thrombocytopenia, portal fibrosis, and hepatic and pulmonary dysfunction. Immunological and immunochemical investigations showed the presence of circulating immune complexes in 19 out of 28 patients with the disease and in a further two out of 30 workers exposed to VC. The immunological data were reviewed in relation to the clinical picture of the disease and to the available evidence on the metabolism of VC. The results suggest that VC disease is an immune complex disorder and that the immune response is initiated by the adsorption of VC or a metabolite on to tissue or plasma protein.", "contents": "Immunological mechanisms in the pathogenesis of vinyl chloride disease. Vinyl chloride (VC) disease is a multisystem disorder incorporating Raynaud's phenomenon, acro-osteolysis, thrombocytopenia, portal fibrosis, and hepatic and pulmonary dysfunction. Immunological and immunochemical investigations showed the presence of circulating immune complexes in 19 out of 28 patients with the disease and in a further two out of 30 workers exposed to VC. The immunological data were reviewed in relation to the clinical picture of the disease and to the available evidence on the metabolism of VC. The results suggest that VC disease is an immune complex disorder and that the immune response is initiated by the adsorption of VC or a metabolite on to tissue or plasma protein."}
{"id": "PMID:131591", "title": "In the golden triangle with a handful of dollars.", "content": "The only way of reaching this part of the world, which is on the borders of northern Thailand, Burma and Laos, is by helicopter. It is a mountainous region, mostly covered by forest and inhabited by a tribal population estimated at 300,000 to 500,000 persons who live in some 3,000 villages. The people, who are seminomadic move about with their personal property and weapons, without any form of control. They have been cultivating the opium poppy since the beginning of the century and this single crop provides all that is needed for the livelihood of the families. In an area where all transport is by back-pack, opium provides a good return for a low weight. The opium is used to supply the international market and is also the source of regional drug addiction, which can perhaps be better described as the local therapy for the pains of illness and old age. To consider banning poppy cultivation or destruction of the plantations is a pipe-dream in this inaccessible, uncontrollable area, which has no administrative infrastructure. Consequently, repressive action is directed only against traffickers. Because of the geographical position of the \"Golden Triangle\", there is substantial cross-frontier traffic. The boundary lines are tortuous, mountainous and frostcovered, and surveillance is therefore quite impossible. Police tactics are therefore to let traffickers proceed sufficiently far into the country so that they can be attacked without their being able to escape across the frontier. The over all enforcement activity throughout Thailand has yielded results and statistics are available to prove it. What is now needed is to find a substitute for opium poppy cultivation and start on this has been made with the help of the United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control (UNFDAC). This very ambitious plan consists in completely transforming the economic life of the tribes. The people will be induced to abandon their nomadic life and become sedentary and to switch over from a single-crop system to mixed farming. The first stage of the plan is scheduled to operate until 1977. An agronomy station has been set up to carry out trials and tests of crop varieties that might be adapted to the region. At the same time, five \"pilot\" villages have been chosen to carry out the experiment. By force of example, the experience of these five villages will be applied by 30 other so-called \"satellites\". Later, there is no reason why there should not be 300 and then 1,000. But this small group of experts must be given support, because there is still a great deal to be done.", "contents": "In the golden triangle with a handful of dollars. The only way of reaching this part of the world, which is on the borders of northern Thailand, Burma and Laos, is by helicopter. It is a mountainous region, mostly covered by forest and inhabited by a tribal population estimated at 300,000 to 500,000 persons who live in some 3,000 villages. The people, who are seminomadic move about with their personal property and weapons, without any form of control. They have been cultivating the opium poppy since the beginning of the century and this single crop provides all that is needed for the livelihood of the families. In an area where all transport is by back-pack, opium provides a good return for a low weight. The opium is used to supply the international market and is also the source of regional drug addiction, which can perhaps be better described as the local therapy for the pains of illness and old age. To consider banning poppy cultivation or destruction of the plantations is a pipe-dream in this inaccessible, uncontrollable area, which has no administrative infrastructure. Consequently, repressive action is directed only against traffickers. Because of the geographical position of the \"Golden Triangle\", there is substantial cross-frontier traffic. The boundary lines are tortuous, mountainous and frostcovered, and surveillance is therefore quite impossible. Police tactics are therefore to let traffickers proceed sufficiently far into the country so that they can be attacked without their being able to escape across the frontier. The over all enforcement activity throughout Thailand has yielded results and statistics are available to prove it. What is now needed is to find a substitute for opium poppy cultivation and start on this has been made with the help of the United Nations Fund for Drug Abuse Control (UNFDAC). This very ambitious plan consists in completely transforming the economic life of the tribes. The people will be induced to abandon their nomadic life and become sedentary and to switch over from a single-crop system to mixed farming. The first stage of the plan is scheduled to operate until 1977. An agronomy station has been set up to carry out trials and tests of crop varieties that might be adapted to the region. At the same time, five \"pilot\" villages have been chosen to carry out the experiment. By force of example, the experience of these five villages will be applied by 30 other so-called \"satellites\". Later, there is no reason why there should not be 300 and then 1,000. But this small group of experts must be given support, because there is still a great deal to be done."}
{"id": "PMID:131601", "title": "Routine preoperative chest radiography in non-cardiopulmonary surgery.", "content": "Preoperative radiography was performed on 667 consecutive patients undergoing elective non-cardiopulmonary surgery in a large hospital in Wales. Of all significant findings reported 54% were due to cardiomegaly and 19% to chronic respiratory disease, and no appreciable abnormality was found in any patient under 30. Out of a subsample of 152 examined prospectively, 38% had received a chest radiograph within the last year, and the maximum marrow dose had been exceeded in 12-5%. It is concluded that the procedure, as presently practised, is not only being considerably overused but is also exposing many recipients to the potentially harmful effects of over-irradiation. The findings provide further evidence in support of the Royal College of Radiologists' proposal that a national multicentre study of diagnostic radiology should be set up with some urgency.", "contents": "Routine preoperative chest radiography in non-cardiopulmonary surgery. Preoperative radiography was performed on 667 consecutive patients undergoing elective non-cardiopulmonary surgery in a large hospital in Wales. Of all significant findings reported 54% were due to cardiomegaly and 19% to chronic respiratory disease, and no appreciable abnormality was found in any patient under 30. Out of a subsample of 152 examined prospectively, 38% had received a chest radiograph within the last year, and the maximum marrow dose had been exceeded in 12-5%. It is concluded that the procedure, as presently practised, is not only being considerably overused but is also exposing many recipients to the potentially harmful effects of over-irradiation. The findings provide further evidence in support of the Royal College of Radiologists' proposal that a national multicentre study of diagnostic radiology should be set up with some urgency."}
{"id": "PMID:131604", "title": "[Use of methyl-3 hydroxy-6 quinazoline dione-2-4 to study effect of other compounds on mitosis duration in root meristems: application to phenylurethane].", "content": "Methyl-3 hydroxy-6 quinazolin dione-2-4 inhibits plant cell cytokinesis while modifying neither the duration of the cell cycle nor the duration of mitosis. Adding it to a solution of another compound enables one to determine the influence exerted by this compound on the duration of mitosis. This method, applied to phenylurethane, leads to see a slowing down of mitosis followed by a somewhat quick adaptation of the cells.", "contents": "[Use of methyl-3 hydroxy-6 quinazoline dione-2-4 to study effect of other compounds on mitosis duration in root meristems: application to phenylurethane]. Methyl-3 hydroxy-6 quinazolin dione-2-4 inhibits plant cell cytokinesis while modifying neither the duration of the cell cycle nor the duration of mitosis. Adding it to a solution of another compound enables one to determine the influence exerted by this compound on the duration of mitosis. This method, applied to phenylurethane, leads to see a slowing down of mitosis followed by a somewhat quick adaptation of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:131605", "title": "[Effect of thioglycolic acid on Allium sativum L. root meristems].", "content": "Thioglycolic acid is, in the Allium test, somewhat less cytotoxic than mercaptoethanol but the characteristics of cytotoxicity are the same in both cases : the mitoclasic effect cannot be separated from a strong mitodepressive effect and is quickly followed by a lethal effect.", "contents": "[Effect of thioglycolic acid on Allium sativum L. root meristems]. Thioglycolic acid is, in the Allium test, somewhat less cytotoxic than mercaptoethanol but the characteristics of cytotoxicity are the same in both cases : the mitoclasic effect cannot be separated from a strong mitodepressive effect and is quickly followed by a lethal effect."}
{"id": "PMID:131606", "title": "[Compensatory renal hypertrophy in rats. II. Possible regulatory role of renal inhibitory substance].", "content": "Clear supernatant from kidney homogenate injected to an uninephrectomized rat inhibits specifically the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by compensating kidney. This result agrees with the speculation of autoregulation of kidney growth.", "contents": "[Compensatory renal hypertrophy in rats. II. Possible regulatory role of renal inhibitory substance]. Clear supernatant from kidney homogenate injected to an uninephrectomized rat inhibits specifically the incorporation of tritiated thymidine by compensating kidney. This result agrees with the speculation of autoregulation of kidney growth."}
{"id": "PMID:131607", "title": "[Change in blood lactate decrease after submaximal exercise, after stay at moderate altitude].", "content": "The study of blood lactate concentration after a submaximum and steadfast exercise shows a lesser rise after three weeks at middle altitude. This can be related with an increase of maximum working capacity as previously demonstrated. The obtained modifications result in part from an increase in oxydative metabolism activity and perhaps from an enhancement of lactate oxydation.", "contents": "[Change in blood lactate decrease after submaximal exercise, after stay at moderate altitude]. The study of blood lactate concentration after a submaximum and steadfast exercise shows a lesser rise after three weeks at middle altitude. This can be related with an increase of maximum working capacity as previously demonstrated. The obtained modifications result in part from an increase in oxydative metabolism activity and perhaps from an enhancement of lactate oxydation."}
{"id": "PMID:131608", "title": "[Effect of changes in sympathetic vasomotor tonus on vasodilatatory effect of catecholamines].", "content": "The study of resistances modifications in the femoral vascular bed during bilateral carotide occlusion supports the hypothesis of an inhibitory action of isoprenaline on norepinephrine release by the sympathetic post-ganglionnic fibres. This action explain the relations between isoprenaline vasodilator potency and sympathetic activity level.", "contents": "[Effect of changes in sympathetic vasomotor tonus on vasodilatatory effect of catecholamines]. The study of resistances modifications in the femoral vascular bed during bilateral carotide occlusion supports the hypothesis of an inhibitory action of isoprenaline on norepinephrine release by the sympathetic post-ganglionnic fibres. This action explain the relations between isoprenaline vasodilator potency and sympathetic activity level."}
{"id": "PMID:131609", "title": "[Electrophysiological analysis of facial reflex in monkeys: trigemino-naso-labial reflex].", "content": "Electrical stimulation of the awake monkey's supra orbital nerve, elicits two successive reflex discharge in both naso-labialis muscles (NL). The responses have a similar high threshold. Similar responses are also elicited on electrical stimulation of the facial skin, whereas flash, click or tapping on the muscle belly are ineffective. These responses bear some resemblances to those obtained in orbicularis oculi muscles ; but the higher threshold and the different organization of the NL responses would suggest that such reflexes may serve a different function from that of the blink reflex.", "contents": "[Electrophysiological analysis of facial reflex in monkeys: trigemino-naso-labial reflex]. Electrical stimulation of the awake monkey's supra orbital nerve, elicits two successive reflex discharge in both naso-labialis muscles (NL). The responses have a similar high threshold. Similar responses are also elicited on electrical stimulation of the facial skin, whereas flash, click or tapping on the muscle belly are ineffective. These responses bear some resemblances to those obtained in orbicularis oculi muscles ; but the higher threshold and the different organization of the NL responses would suggest that such reflexes may serve a different function from that of the blink reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:131610", "title": "[Effect of succinyldicholine on central nervous system].", "content": "Succinyldicholine injected to unanaesthetized mice and rats has a convulsant action, distinct from its curarelike effect on muscle.", "contents": "[Effect of succinyldicholine on central nervous system]. Succinyldicholine injected to unanaesthetized mice and rats has a convulsant action, distinct from its curarelike effect on muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:131611", "title": "[Indole alkaloids induction of tremors: effect on photosensible epilepsy in Papiopapio].", "content": "Harmaline and ibogaine i.v. administration induced in the photosensitive baboon restlesness and tremor (8-12 Hz). The former increased the EEG frequency particularly in central regions with appearance of bursts at 20-24 c/s and blocked by somatic movement. The latter produced a slight enhancement of frontal fast rhythms. Both drugs blocked the spontaneous paroxysmal activity with little effect on photosensitivity. These effects lasted for 2-4 hrs. Vincamine produced agitation during 15 min. post-i.v.-administration and showed an \"hypervigilant\" EEG. Nor vincamine or Hydergine altered the degree of photosensitivity. Cerebellar involvement in the action of harmaline and iboga\u00efne is discussed.", "contents": "[Indole alkaloids induction of tremors: effect on photosensible epilepsy in Papiopapio]. Harmaline and ibogaine i.v. administration induced in the photosensitive baboon restlesness and tremor (8-12 Hz). The former increased the EEG frequency particularly in central regions with appearance of bursts at 20-24 c/s and blocked by somatic movement. The latter produced a slight enhancement of frontal fast rhythms. Both drugs blocked the spontaneous paroxysmal activity with little effect on photosensitivity. These effects lasted for 2-4 hrs. Vincamine produced agitation during 15 min. post-i.v.-administration and showed an \"hypervigilant\" EEG. Nor vincamine or Hydergine altered the degree of photosensitivity. Cerebellar involvement in the action of harmaline and iboga\u00efne is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131612", "title": "[Pituitary function of dysgenesic femal rats. Studies with grafting method].", "content": "Misulban administered to pregnant rats on the 15th day of gestation provoked gonadal dysgenesia in the offspring. Study of the pituitary function of dysgenesic female rats, realized by grafting method, showed gonadotrophic hypersecretion.", "contents": "[Pituitary function of dysgenesic femal rats. Studies with grafting method]. Misulban administered to pregnant rats on the 15th day of gestation provoked gonadal dysgenesia in the offspring. Study of the pituitary function of dysgenesic female rats, realized by grafting method, showed gonadotrophic hypersecretion."}
{"id": "PMID:131613", "title": "[Dysgenesic rat ovaries subjected to gonadotrope stimulation].", "content": "Dysgenesia of the ovaries was produced by the destruction of the germinal cells during the foetal life by injecting the pregnant rat with Misulban. In the absence of ovocytes, follicular organization did not take place and cordal structure were observed in the ovary. The post-puberal evolution of these gonads led to polymorphous structures according to age and individual cases. Study of dysgenesic ovaries of rats treated by stilboestrol before puberty, showed mainly that the ovarian stroma was affected in response to the inhibition of the pituitary gonadotropic activity. It is concluded that the development of these ovaries is under the control of the hypothalamo=pituitary axis.", "contents": "[Dysgenesic rat ovaries subjected to gonadotrope stimulation]. Dysgenesia of the ovaries was produced by the destruction of the germinal cells during the foetal life by injecting the pregnant rat with Misulban. In the absence of ovocytes, follicular organization did not take place and cordal structure were observed in the ovary. The post-puberal evolution of these gonads led to polymorphous structures according to age and individual cases. Study of dysgenesic ovaries of rats treated by stilboestrol before puberty, showed mainly that the ovarian stroma was affected in response to the inhibition of the pituitary gonadotropic activity. It is concluded that the development of these ovaries is under the control of the hypothalamo=pituitary axis."}
{"id": "PMID:131614", "title": "[Experimental rat deciduoma: histoenzymology].", "content": "The modifications of enzymatics activities which involved dehydrogenases (LDH, MDH and G6PDH) alkalines phosphatases (Ph. Alc., ATP/as at Ph 7,2 and Ph 9,4) and hydrolases (Ph Ac. and beta Glu) were studied during the experimental deciduomata evolution in the Rat from the 5th to the 9th day. One the 5th day the uterus were used as control. Dehydrogenases and alkalines phosphatases activites appeared in isolated cells of sub-epithelial and middle antimesometrial stroma on the 5th day. Then, on the 6th day, they distributed themselves in strings of 8 to 10 cells. On the 7th day, they were regulary arranged in the decidual area. The growing decidual tissue was always surrounded by an hydrolysis activity.", "contents": "[Experimental rat deciduoma: histoenzymology]. The modifications of enzymatics activities which involved dehydrogenases (LDH, MDH and G6PDH) alkalines phosphatases (Ph. Alc., ATP/as at Ph 7,2 and Ph 9,4) and hydrolases (Ph Ac. and beta Glu) were studied during the experimental deciduomata evolution in the Rat from the 5th to the 9th day. One the 5th day the uterus were used as control. Dehydrogenases and alkalines phosphatases activites appeared in isolated cells of sub-epithelial and middle antimesometrial stroma on the 5th day. Then, on the 6th day, they distributed themselves in strings of 8 to 10 cells. On the 7th day, they were regulary arranged in the decidual area. The growing decidual tissue was always surrounded by an hydrolysis activity."}
{"id": "PMID:131615", "title": "[Some aspects of humoral immunization syndrome].", "content": "The authors have studied the hyperlipaemia, which occurs 24 hours after immunisation. This hyperlipaemia is related to the stress induce by the immunisation process, associated with an increase of serum of glycoproteins. this glycoproteins inhibit the clearing factor and prevent the hydrolysis of triglycerides, which acumulate in blood. A similar increase of glycosaminoglycans is observed in urine (type IV chondroitine sulfate).", "contents": "[Some aspects of humoral immunization syndrome]. The authors have studied the hyperlipaemia, which occurs 24 hours after immunisation. This hyperlipaemia is related to the stress induce by the immunisation process, associated with an increase of serum of glycoproteins. this glycoproteins inhibit the clearing factor and prevent the hydrolysis of triglycerides, which acumulate in blood. A similar increase of glycosaminoglycans is observed in urine (type IV chondroitine sulfate)."}
{"id": "PMID:131616", "title": "[Relationship between amplitude and latency in human monosynaptic reflexes. II. H and M responses].", "content": "Relationship between amplitude and latency of H reflex and M response were studied in normal man by recruitment method and Jendrassik manoeuvre. An increase of amplitude was accompanied by a decrease of latency in both responses. This effect was chiefly ascribed to a larger recruitment of muscle fibres.", "contents": "[Relationship between amplitude and latency in human monosynaptic reflexes. II. H and M responses]. Relationship between amplitude and latency of H reflex and M response were studied in normal man by recruitment method and Jendrassik manoeuvre. An increase of amplitude was accompanied by a decrease of latency in both responses. This effect was chiefly ascribed to a larger recruitment of muscle fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:131617", "title": "[Identification of two cell types in rat brown fat by electron microscopy].", "content": "In the Rat brown adipose tissue, the authors have observed by electron microscopy two different cellular aspects : some cells are more dark, they contain numerous glycogen granules, their mitochondrias are pressed close together and the mitochondrial matrix is darker then the cristae ; in the light cells, the mitochondrias are more sparse and moderately electron dense. The two cellular aspects are also observed on thick sections.", "contents": "[Identification of two cell types in rat brown fat by electron microscopy]. In the Rat brown adipose tissue, the authors have observed by electron microscopy two different cellular aspects : some cells are more dark, they contain numerous glycogen granules, their mitochondrias are pressed close together and the mitochondrial matrix is darker then the cristae ; in the light cells, the mitochondrias are more sparse and moderately electron dense. The two cellular aspects are also observed on thick sections."}
{"id": "PMID:131618", "title": "[Changes in blood constituents in rats at 1,800 m altitude and effect on periodontium].", "content": "Continuous exposure to an altitude of 1 800 m resulted the same degenerative periodontal changes than mastication want in the Rat. These different experimental animals had comparable hyperglycemia and lymphocytosis.", "contents": "[Changes in blood constituents in rats at 1,800 m altitude and effect on periodontium]. Continuous exposure to an altitude of 1 800 m resulted the same degenerative periodontal changes than mastication want in the Rat. These different experimental animals had comparable hyperglycemia and lymphocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:131619", "title": "[Permeability of sublingual mucosa to organic molecules. Limited role of sublingual absorption in aerosol vaccinations].", "content": "131I labelled tetanus anatoxin was placed in vivo, in the sublingual area in the rat. The radioactivity appearing in blood was insignificant, even after that the disappearance rate in reference animal had been taken into account. It is concluded that immunisation with aerosols is fundamentally carried out through the respiratory tract.", "contents": "[Permeability of sublingual mucosa to organic molecules. Limited role of sublingual absorption in aerosol vaccinations]. 131I labelled tetanus anatoxin was placed in vivo, in the sublingual area in the rat. The radioactivity appearing in blood was insignificant, even after that the disappearance rate in reference animal had been taken into account. It is concluded that immunisation with aerosols is fundamentally carried out through the respiratory tract."}
{"id": "PMID:131620", "title": "[Amniotic fluid arginase in women at term].", "content": "Study on 34 cases. A considerable arginasic activity is observed in amniotic fluid in women at the end of pregnancy. This activity is weak, but increased by Mn2+ (about 5 to 8 times). The total amniotic fluid is more active than the surpernatant, the deposit of which has been eliminated. An important part of arginasic activity results from the elements of the deposit (amniotic cells, foetal cells and eventualy erythrocytes in hemorragic amniotic fluid).", "contents": "[Amniotic fluid arginase in women at term]. Study on 34 cases. A considerable arginasic activity is observed in amniotic fluid in women at the end of pregnancy. This activity is weak, but increased by Mn2+ (about 5 to 8 times). The total amniotic fluid is more active than the surpernatant, the deposit of which has been eliminated. An important part of arginasic activity results from the elements of the deposit (amniotic cells, foetal cells and eventualy erythrocytes in hemorragic amniotic fluid)."}
{"id": "PMID:131621", "title": "[Development of germ cells in chick ovarian medulla].", "content": "Ovaries from chick embryos and chicken have been investigated with a view to the evolution of germ cells in the medullary. They can enter meiosis and reach pachytene. They seem to be eliminated by the way of the lacunas. Some observations can be utilized in a discussion about the initiation of the meiosis and the evolution of the ovocytes.", "contents": "[Development of germ cells in chick ovarian medulla]. Ovaries from chick embryos and chicken have been investigated with a view to the evolution of germ cells in the medullary. They can enter meiosis and reach pachytene. They seem to be eliminated by the way of the lacunas. Some observations can be utilized in a discussion about the initiation of the meiosis and the evolution of the ovocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:131622", "title": "[Study on teratogenic effect of ultrasonics. I. Effect on pregnant mice].", "content": "An experimental study in pregnant mice shows no statistically significative teratogenic influence of ultrasounds.", "contents": "[Study on teratogenic effect of ultrasonics. I. Effect on pregnant mice]. An experimental study in pregnant mice shows no statistically significative teratogenic influence of ultrasounds."}
{"id": "PMID:131623", "title": "[Quinic and isochlorogenic acids in sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus Lin.)].", "content": "Quinic and isochlorogenic acids have been identified in sunflower's seeds (Helianthus annuus Lin.) by paper chromatography in presence of various solvents. Quinic acid has been detected by color reaction and isochlorogenic by ultra-violet light.", "contents": "[Quinic and isochlorogenic acids in sunflower seeds (Helianthus annuus Lin.)]. Quinic and isochlorogenic acids have been identified in sunflower's seeds (Helianthus annuus Lin.) by paper chromatography in presence of various solvents. Quinic acid has been detected by color reaction and isochlorogenic by ultra-violet light."}
{"id": "PMID:131624", "title": "[Sleen enhancement reactions in chick embryo after spleen homografting: autohistoradiography after labeling of graft with tritiated thymidine].", "content": "The use as a graft involving an embryonic spleen enhancement of the spleen of an embryo previously grafted (with adult spleen) allowed a very high labelling (3H-thymidine) of the graft and therefore the study of ingrafted cells behaviour: a) on the chorioallantois membrane, b) on the host spleen. In the last case, only a very little number of labelled cells was observed and the whole results confirm the hypothesis of an active participation of the embryo in the case of such an haemopoietic spleen reaction.", "contents": "[Sleen enhancement reactions in chick embryo after spleen homografting: autohistoradiography after labeling of graft with tritiated thymidine]. The use as a graft involving an embryonic spleen enhancement of the spleen of an embryo previously grafted (with adult spleen) allowed a very high labelling (3H-thymidine) of the graft and therefore the study of ingrafted cells behaviour: a) on the chorioallantois membrane, b) on the host spleen. In the last case, only a very little number of labelled cells was observed and the whole results confirm the hypothesis of an active participation of the embryo in the case of such an haemopoietic spleen reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:131625", "title": "[Development of heart innervation in Xenopux tadpole and relationship with organ function].", "content": "Cardial innervation is studied through specific techniques. It is set up in 9 to 18 mm tadpoles. The rhythm of the aneural heart progressively increases. The initial automatic working is of ventricular type. The ventricular action potential acquires its typical form after the establishment of innervation. At the same time, cardial rhythm settles down at 110 beatings/minute.", "contents": "[Development of heart innervation in Xenopux tadpole and relationship with organ function]. Cardial innervation is studied through specific techniques. It is set up in 9 to 18 mm tadpoles. The rhythm of the aneural heart progressively increases. The initial automatic working is of ventricular type. The ventricular action potential acquires its typical form after the establishment of innervation. At the same time, cardial rhythm settles down at 110 beatings/minute."}
{"id": "PMID:131626", "title": "[Effect of exogenous progesterone on 17 beta estradiol secretion in 4-day cyclic rats].", "content": "The rate of ovarian 17 beta oestradiol was showed to be decreased on the decreased on the afternoon of dioestrus 2 in 4-day cyclic female rats with cycles prolonged to 5 days following progesterone treatment as compared to untreated 4-day cyclic females. OEstradiol values also appeared lower on dioestrus 3 and prooestrus in experimental 5-day cycles than, on prooestrus, in natural 4-day cycles.", "contents": "[Effect of exogenous progesterone on 17 beta estradiol secretion in 4-day cyclic rats]. The rate of ovarian 17 beta oestradiol was showed to be decreased on the decreased on the afternoon of dioestrus 2 in 4-day cyclic female rats with cycles prolonged to 5 days following progesterone treatment as compared to untreated 4-day cyclic females. OEstradiol values also appeared lower on dioestrus 3 and prooestrus in experimental 5-day cycles than, on prooestrus, in natural 4-day cycles."}
{"id": "PMID:131627", "title": "[Teratospermia and migration of spermatozoa in vitro and in vivo].", "content": "The comparative study of morphological anomalies of spermatozoon before and after penetration shows that in vivo or in vitro migration causes a selection of the spermatozoon. This selection is not complete. Anomalies of the midpiece or of the flagella inhibe the spermatozoon progression but morphological anomalies of the head are not a handicap for the migration. this observation seems to indicate that spermatozoa with chromosomic failures can paticipate to the fertilization.", "contents": "[Teratospermia and migration of spermatozoa in vitro and in vivo]. The comparative study of morphological anomalies of spermatozoon before and after penetration shows that in vivo or in vitro migration causes a selection of the spermatozoon. This selection is not complete. Anomalies of the midpiece or of the flagella inhibe the spermatozoon progression but morphological anomalies of the head are not a handicap for the migration. this observation seems to indicate that spermatozoa with chromosomic failures can paticipate to the fertilization."}
{"id": "PMID:131628", "title": "[Sulfurtransferase activity in cultured neuronal clone cells].", "content": "The activity of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate : galactocerebroside sulphotransferase (PAPS - CST, EC 2.8.2.11), which catalyzes the synthesis of sulphatides, was measured in cloned cells (NIE 115) derived from mouse neuroblastoma C-1300. This activity was of the same order of magnitude as that observed in adult mouse brain. The cell density had no effect on the specific activity of the PAPS-CST.", "contents": "[Sulfurtransferase activity in cultured neuronal clone cells]. The activity of 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate : galactocerebroside sulphotransferase (PAPS - CST, EC 2.8.2.11), which catalyzes the synthesis of sulphatides, was measured in cloned cells (NIE 115) derived from mouse neuroblastoma C-1300. This activity was of the same order of magnitude as that observed in adult mouse brain. The cell density had no effect on the specific activity of the PAPS-CST."}
{"id": "PMID:131629", "title": "[Effect of various inhibitors on oxidative activity and ultrastructure of rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "Parallel studies concerning the influence of some inhibitors on electron transfer, and ultrastructural aspects of rat liver mitochondria led to the conclusion that metabolic activity and mitochondrial ultrastructure are closely linked ; when mitochondria oxidize succinate, their configuration change from the \"condensed\" to the \"orthodox\" state ; this change does not occur if the oxidation is inhibited.", "contents": "[Effect of various inhibitors on oxidative activity and ultrastructure of rat liver mitochondria]. Parallel studies concerning the influence of some inhibitors on electron transfer, and ultrastructural aspects of rat liver mitochondria led to the conclusion that metabolic activity and mitochondrial ultrastructure are closely linked ; when mitochondria oxidize succinate, their configuration change from the \"condensed\" to the \"orthodox\" state ; this change does not occur if the oxidation is inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:131630", "title": "[Mechanism of glucose oxidation by a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain (type R). III. Influence of endogenous non-protein factors].", "content": "Cells of P. fluorescens cultivated in iron-deficient media contain two types of constituents, one of which can activate and the other reduce the rate of oxidation of glucose and of the endogenous substrates. These factors, which are of non-protein nature, have been distinguished and characterized by their physiological activity on non-proliferating cells suspensions of these bacteria.", "contents": "[Mechanism of glucose oxidation by a Pseudomonas fluorescens strain (type R). III. Influence of endogenous non-protein factors]. Cells of P. fluorescens cultivated in iron-deficient media contain two types of constituents, one of which can activate and the other reduce the rate of oxidation of glucose and of the endogenous substrates. These factors, which are of non-protein nature, have been distinguished and characterized by their physiological activity on non-proliferating cells suspensions of these bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:131631", "title": "[Spleen enhancement reactions in chick embryo after homografting adult chicken spleen fragments: changes in spleen cell population in relation to rate of spleen enhancement].", "content": "A method using the comparison between the modifications of spleen weight and on spleen smears visible modifications of the distribution into categories of cells which are classified by the mean of their maturation degree, suggested that these both types of modifications are bound. Therefore, the classic cytological study seems to be a really good tool for analysing the effects of this kind of grafting on the haemopoietic organs, the weight modifications of which are difficult to measure. On the other hand, this method allowed us to see that the distribution of the cell population in the weakly enlarged spleens is very different from both distribution of the population in the strongly enlarged spleens and the controls ones ; this heterogeneity of the stimulating effect of the graft asked us the question whether this one could exerce its influence by the mean of two different ways, at least, or by only one.", "contents": "[Spleen enhancement reactions in chick embryo after homografting adult chicken spleen fragments: changes in spleen cell population in relation to rate of spleen enhancement]. A method using the comparison between the modifications of spleen weight and on spleen smears visible modifications of the distribution into categories of cells which are classified by the mean of their maturation degree, suggested that these both types of modifications are bound. Therefore, the classic cytological study seems to be a really good tool for analysing the effects of this kind of grafting on the haemopoietic organs, the weight modifications of which are difficult to measure. On the other hand, this method allowed us to see that the distribution of the cell population in the weakly enlarged spleens is very different from both distribution of the population in the strongly enlarged spleens and the controls ones ; this heterogeneity of the stimulating effect of the graft asked us the question whether this one could exerce its influence by the mean of two different ways, at least, or by only one."}
{"id": "PMID:131632", "title": "[Active transport of calcium in thymocytes].", "content": "Calcium uptake was studied on thymocytes from rabbits with 45Ca loading followed by rapid filtration. Datta shown that the substrates of the mitochondrial electron transport chain did not allowed calcium uptake. Exogenous ATP was required to observe a large influx of calcium in thymocytes. Succinate, magnesium and phosphate ions increased this ATP induced influx of calcium, which was not completely inhibited with atractyloside or ruthenium red.", "contents": "[Active transport of calcium in thymocytes]. Calcium uptake was studied on thymocytes from rabbits with 45Ca loading followed by rapid filtration. Datta shown that the substrates of the mitochondrial electron transport chain did not allowed calcium uptake. Exogenous ATP was required to observe a large influx of calcium in thymocytes. Succinate, magnesium and phosphate ions increased this ATP induced influx of calcium, which was not completely inhibited with atractyloside or ruthenium red."}
{"id": "PMID:131633", "title": "[Enzyme and protein release from human granulocytes: effect of ATP].", "content": "The authors study the proteins and enzymes release of resting and phagocytosing human leukocytes suspended in Krebs-Ringer-Phosphate milieu containing or not glucose. They measure the metabolic level and the percentage of enzymes release and show the influence of ATP on this phenomenon. These results are in favour of a direct action of ATP on the cellular membrane.", "contents": "[Enzyme and protein release from human granulocytes: effect of ATP]. The authors study the proteins and enzymes release of resting and phagocytosing human leukocytes suspended in Krebs-Ringer-Phosphate milieu containing or not glucose. They measure the metabolic level and the percentage of enzymes release and show the influence of ATP on this phenomenon. These results are in favour of a direct action of ATP on the cellular membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:131634", "title": "[Effect of isoniazid on structure of human metaphase chromosomes].", "content": "Isoniazid gives rise to chromomerization of human bone marrow metaphase chromosomes in vitro or in vivo. The discontinuous appearance of the chromatids seems to be related to their progressive spiralization during the mitotic division. The medicinal substance tested would have the property of revealing the distribution of heterogenous chromatine by showing down its condensation procedure.", "contents": "[Effect of isoniazid on structure of human metaphase chromosomes]. Isoniazid gives rise to chromomerization of human bone marrow metaphase chromosomes in vitro or in vivo. The discontinuous appearance of the chromatids seems to be related to their progressive spiralization during the mitotic division. The medicinal substance tested would have the property of revealing the distribution of heterogenous chromatine by showing down its condensation procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:131635", "title": "[Seasonal variation of arylesterase activity and its consequence for enzymatic hydrolysis of phenylacetate].", "content": "Studies on red cell arylesterase activity were performed for two years by  potentiometric titration using phenylacetate as substrate. From April to October enzymes had higher arylesterase activity than the rest of the year. During that period an increase of arylesterase activity by L-phyenyl-alanine had not been shown.", "contents": "[Seasonal variation of arylesterase activity and its consequence for enzymatic hydrolysis of phenylacetate]. Studies on red cell arylesterase activity were performed for two years by  potentiometric titration using phenylacetate as substrate. From April to October enzymes had higher arylesterase activity than the rest of the year. During that period an increase of arylesterase activity by L-phyenyl-alanine had not been shown."}
{"id": "PMID:131636", "title": "[Active exchange of Na and K in perfused and procaine arrested rat heart].", "content": "Recovery of normal Na and K contents of perfused and procaine arrested rat ventricules occurs with a rate constant of 0.109 mn-1 (i.e. 60% of restoration is achieved in 7.5 mn) after a 45 mn arrest of active transport produced by perfusion with a K free Krebs-Henseleit solution. Active Na efflux is nearly equal to K influx. Peak Na Efflux is estimated to be 11.2 muEq.g-1dry.mn-1 or 19.7 pM.cm-2.s-1, i.e. more than 4 times leakage flux of the resting heart. Na efflux is not proportional to Na intracellular concentration but to the square of this concentration.", "contents": "[Active exchange of Na and K in perfused and procaine arrested rat heart]. Recovery of normal Na and K contents of perfused and procaine arrested rat ventricules occurs with a rate constant of 0.109 mn-1 (i.e. 60% of restoration is achieved in 7.5 mn) after a 45 mn arrest of active transport produced by perfusion with a K free Krebs-Henseleit solution. Active Na efflux is nearly equal to K influx. Peak Na Efflux is estimated to be 11.2 muEq.g-1dry.mn-1 or 19.7 pM.cm-2.s-1, i.e. more than 4 times leakage flux of the resting heart. Na efflux is not proportional to Na intracellular concentration but to the square of this concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:131637", "title": "[Role of ventral surface of brain stem in control of arterial pressure and in hypotensive action of clonidine].", "content": "Superficial destructions of the brain stem have been performed in cats at the level of the chemosensitive areas \"S\". These destructions produced a drop in blood pressure, which was transient in 9 and definitive in 4 animals. In 6 sham-operated animals, clonidine (15 mug/kg), injected intravenously, always induced a marked fall in blood pressure, whereas in the 10 animals which have maintained or regained normal blood pressure after the destruction of the areas S, clonidine no longer induced any decrease in blood pressure. These results suggest that the integrity of the areas S is necessary for the development of the hypotensive action of clonidine. This hypotensive drug may act, at least at that level of the ventral surface of the brain stem, through an inhibition of a vasopressive structure.", "contents": "[Role of ventral surface of brain stem in control of arterial pressure and in hypotensive action of clonidine]. Superficial destructions of the brain stem have been performed in cats at the level of the chemosensitive areas \"S\". These destructions produced a drop in blood pressure, which was transient in 9 and definitive in 4 animals. In 6 sham-operated animals, clonidine (15 mug/kg), injected intravenously, always induced a marked fall in blood pressure, whereas in the 10 animals which have maintained or regained normal blood pressure after the destruction of the areas S, clonidine no longer induced any decrease in blood pressure. These results suggest that the integrity of the areas S is necessary for the development of the hypotensive action of clonidine. This hypotensive drug may act, at least at that level of the ventral surface of the brain stem, through an inhibition of a vasopressive structure."}
{"id": "PMID:131638", "title": "[Effect of d-1 propranolol on urinary osmolarity after furosemide in anesthesized dog].", "content": "The effects of propranolol (l mg/kg/H infused in the renal artery) on the diuretic action of furosemide (20 mg/kg i.v.) have been studied in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. We obtained the 3 following results : the urine remained isotonic to the plasma during the 6 hours following the furosemide injection ; the urinary output of sodium and water, measured during 6 hours after furosemide injection, was increased ; the renin hypersecretion was inhibited.", "contents": "[Effect of d-1 propranolol on urinary osmolarity after furosemide in anesthesized dog]. The effects of propranolol (l mg/kg/H infused in the renal artery) on the diuretic action of furosemide (20 mg/kg i.v.) have been studied in pentobarbital anesthetized dogs. We obtained the 3 following results : the urine remained isotonic to the plasma during the 6 hours following the furosemide injection ; the urinary output of sodium and water, measured during 6 hours after furosemide injection, was increased ; the renin hypersecretion was inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:131639", "title": "[Change in rabbit plasma lipoprotein lipase activity after cephalic irradiation].", "content": "Modifications of the post-heparin lipoprotein lipasic activity in the plasma are studied after cephalic irradiation in the rabbit. Results indicate a 2/3 decrease of the enzymatic activity which is reduced to zero in half of the animals 16 hours after a 800 R irradiation.", "contents": "[Change in rabbit plasma lipoprotein lipase activity after cephalic irradiation]. Modifications of the post-heparin lipoprotein lipasic activity in the plasma are studied after cephalic irradiation in the rabbit. Results indicate a 2/3 decrease of the enzymatic activity which is reduced to zero in half of the animals 16 hours after a 800 R irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:131640", "title": "[Correlations between Ph 1 clone and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase on their associaton: chronic myeloid leukemia and pregnancy].", "content": "A biological [karyotype, leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (L.A.P.), haematimetry] and clinical study was performed on three women carriers of a chronic myaloid leukemia during their pregnancy (3 1/2 months, 6 1/2 months), or just after delivery. The results show : (1) a relation between the acuteness of the illness and a higher rate of L.A.P., probably secondary to pregnancy, and (2) a relation between the clinical evolution and the rate of Ph1 (+) cells.", "contents": "[Correlations between Ph 1 clone and leukocyte alkaline phosphatase on their associaton: chronic myeloid leukemia and pregnancy]. A biological [karyotype, leucocyte alkaline phosphatase (L.A.P.), haematimetry] and clinical study was performed on three women carriers of a chronic myaloid leukemia during their pregnancy (3 1/2 months, 6 1/2 months), or just after delivery. The results show : (1) a relation between the acuteness of the illness and a higher rate of L.A.P., probably secondary to pregnancy, and (2) a relation between the clinical evolution and the rate of Ph1 (+) cells."}
{"id": "PMID:131641", "title": "[Conditional suppression of a reflex in Drosophila melanogaster: acquisition and extinction].", "content": "In Drosophila it was possible to carry out a negative instrumental conditioning of the tarsal reflex (extension of the proboscis in response to a sucrose stimulation of the forelegs) : the insects could be trained to inhibit this reaction through a repetitive association of its releasing with a consecutive nociceptive stimulation. An experimental extinction procedure allowed the reflex to be resoted.", "contents": "[Conditional suppression of a reflex in Drosophila melanogaster: acquisition and extinction]. In Drosophila it was possible to carry out a negative instrumental conditioning of the tarsal reflex (extension of the proboscis in response to a sucrose stimulation of the forelegs) : the insects could be trained to inhibit this reaction through a repetitive association of its releasing with a consecutive nociceptive stimulation. An experimental extinction procedure allowed the reflex to be resoted."}
{"id": "PMID:131642", "title": "[Effect of practolol on experimental hypertension in dogs].", "content": "In the dog, the intra-venous injection of practolol (1 to 3 mg/kg) reduces the hypertension provoked by vagotomy and sino-aortic nerves section, or by intra-venous administration of potassium cyanide. But practolol differs from propranolol ; he does not modify hypertension observed after electrical stimulation of central end of saphene, laryngeal superior, or vagus nerf.", "contents": "[Effect of practolol on experimental hypertension in dogs]. In the dog, the intra-venous injection of practolol (1 to 3 mg/kg) reduces the hypertension provoked by vagotomy and sino-aortic nerves section, or by intra-venous administration of potassium cyanide. But practolol differs from propranolol ; he does not modify hypertension observed after electrical stimulation of central end of saphene, laryngeal superior, or vagus nerf."}
{"id": "PMID:131644", "title": "Levodopa in Huntingtons chorea.", "content": "Sixteen patients with Huntington's chorea were treated for periods as long as 8 months with levodopa. The condition of none of the patients improved; in fact, there appeared to be an exacerbation of chorea and dementia in addition to undesirable behavioural changes. Therefore, future use of levodopa in these patients is not warranted. The postulated association of low homovanillic acid values in cerebrospinal fluid and favourable response to levodopa therapy was not borne out.", "contents": "Levodopa in Huntingtons chorea. Sixteen patients with Huntington's chorea were treated for periods as long as 8 months with levodopa. The condition of none of the patients improved; in fact, there appeared to be an exacerbation of chorea and dementia in addition to undesirable behavioural changes. Therefore, future use of levodopa in these patients is not warranted. The postulated association of low homovanillic acid values in cerebrospinal fluid and favourable response to levodopa therapy was not borne out."}
{"id": "PMID:131645", "title": "Plasma hormone profiles in populations at different risk for breast cancer.", "content": "Evidence suggests that the reliability of urinary androgens or estrogens as prognostic discriminants for breast cancer may vary with different populations and may bear little relation to changes in plasma hormone levels. In this study the plasma estradiol level was significantly lower in Bantu, but did not in Caucasian, women with breast cancer, while the proportion of plasma androstenedione to dehydroepiandrosterone increased in Bantu patients. These changes in the plasma hormone profile in Bantu patients, a low-risk population for breast cancer, imply a change in ovarian and/or adrenal activity. Lack of similar hormone changes in Caucasian patients may be due to the initial differences in the hormone profile between the healthy Caucasian and Bantu women and to the different environmental factors that promote the breast disease in Western women.", "contents": "Plasma hormone profiles in populations at different risk for breast cancer. Evidence suggests that the reliability of urinary androgens or estrogens as prognostic discriminants for breast cancer may vary with different populations and may bear little relation to changes in plasma hormone levels. In this study the plasma estradiol level was significantly lower in Bantu, but did not in Caucasian, women with breast cancer, while the proportion of plasma androstenedione to dehydroepiandrosterone increased in Bantu patients. These changes in the plasma hormone profile in Bantu patients, a low-risk population for breast cancer, imply a change in ovarian and/or adrenal activity. Lack of similar hormone changes in Caucasian patients may be due to the initial differences in the hormone profile between the healthy Caucasian and Bantu women and to the different environmental factors that promote the breast disease in Western women."}
{"id": "PMID:131646", "title": "Hemodynamic and pathological results from experimentally induced left ventricular hypertrophy in the rabbit.", "content": "Many studies of ventricular structure and function of the hypertrophied cardiac muscle have been performed using a model of right ventricular hypertrophy because a reliable experimental model for the chronically hypertrophied left ventricle was not available. Adult rabbits underwent thoractomy with placement of an ameroid band on the proximal aorta. The ameroid band closed to a maximal extent at 9 days. Systolic gradients were measured at 3 weeks. 37 animals (group I) were sacrificed at an average of 7 weeks, and 5 (group II) at 18 weeks. Specific cardiac chambers were weighed. The average left ventricular weight expressed as a percentage of body weight of control animals was 0.13 +/- 0.01 compared to group I 0.17 +/- 0.04 (P = 0.001) and group II 0.23 +/- 0.04. Hemodynamic data revealed significant aortic outflow obstruction with systolic gradients averaging at least 50 mm Hg. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were elevated in 13 of 29 animals compatible with left ventricular failure. These results indicate that this technique affords a reliable experimental model for inducing biventricular hypertrophy which can be evaluated hemodynamically.", "contents": "Hemodynamic and pathological results from experimentally induced left ventricular hypertrophy in the rabbit. Many studies of ventricular structure and function of the hypertrophied cardiac muscle have been performed using a model of right ventricular hypertrophy because a reliable experimental model for the chronically hypertrophied left ventricle was not available. Adult rabbits underwent thoractomy with placement of an ameroid band on the proximal aorta. The ameroid band closed to a maximal extent at 9 days. Systolic gradients were measured at 3 weeks. 37 animals (group I) were sacrificed at an average of 7 weeks, and 5 (group II) at 18 weeks. Specific cardiac chambers were weighed. The average left ventricular weight expressed as a percentage of body weight of control animals was 0.13 +/- 0.01 compared to group I 0.17 +/- 0.04 (P = 0.001) and group II 0.23 +/- 0.04. Hemodynamic data revealed significant aortic outflow obstruction with systolic gradients averaging at least 50 mm Hg. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressures were elevated in 13 of 29 animals compatible with left ventricular failure. These results indicate that this technique affords a reliable experimental model for inducing biventricular hypertrophy which can be evaluated hemodynamically."}
{"id": "PMID:131647", "title": "The saccus dorsalis of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson: histological, cytochemical, electron microscopical and autoradiographical observations.", "content": "The saccus dorsalis of the brain of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, has been investigated by means of histological, cytochemical, enzyme-cytochemical, electron microscopical autoradiographical techniques. The saccus dorsalis is a rostro-dorsal evagination of the diencephalic roof, and consists of a partly folded epithelial wall separating the cerebrospinal fluid from the meningeal matrix fluid. The well-developed vascular system around the epithelial wall, consisting of capillaries with different diameters, seems to be part of the pineal vascular system. No structures were found that may be involved in a possible mechanical or nervous blood flow control. The single-layered epithelium consists of highly specialized cells of one specific type. These cells are mainly characterized by infolded basal membranes, long microvilli of a peculiar shape, non-folded lateral membranes bordering intercellular spaces, apical concentrations of elongate and cup-shaped macromitochondria, a basally located rough endoplasmic reticulum, an apically situated smooth endoplasmic reticulum and apical concentrations of micropinocytotic vesicles. Morphological evidence is presented of a multiple function of these cells: (1) fluid secretion, (2) extrusion of low molecular weight organic substances into the ventricular system, (3) uptake of high molecular weight substances, and (4) uptake of low molecular weight organic substances (aminergic neurotransmitters [GABA]) from the cerebrospinal fluid. The significance of light and dark cells is discussed. Indications of a possible innervation of the saccus dorsalis epithelial cells were not observed. The functional significance of the saccus dorsalis (possible analogue of the choroid plexus?) is discussed.", "contents": "The saccus dorsalis of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson: histological, cytochemical, electron microscopical and autoradiographical observations. The saccus dorsalis of the brain of the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, has been investigated by means of histological, cytochemical, enzyme-cytochemical, electron microscopical autoradiographical techniques. The saccus dorsalis is a rostro-dorsal evagination of the diencephalic roof, and consists of a partly folded epithelial wall separating the cerebrospinal fluid from the meningeal matrix fluid. The well-developed vascular system around the epithelial wall, consisting of capillaries with different diameters, seems to be part of the pineal vascular system. No structures were found that may be involved in a possible mechanical or nervous blood flow control. The single-layered epithelium consists of highly specialized cells of one specific type. These cells are mainly characterized by infolded basal membranes, long microvilli of a peculiar shape, non-folded lateral membranes bordering intercellular spaces, apical concentrations of elongate and cup-shaped macromitochondria, a basally located rough endoplasmic reticulum, an apically situated smooth endoplasmic reticulum and apical concentrations of micropinocytotic vesicles. Morphological evidence is presented of a multiple function of these cells: (1) fluid secretion, (2) extrusion of low molecular weight organic substances into the ventricular system, (3) uptake of high molecular weight substances, and (4) uptake of low molecular weight organic substances (aminergic neurotransmitters [GABA]) from the cerebrospinal fluid. The significance of light and dark cells is discussed. Indications of a possible innervation of the saccus dorsalis epithelial cells were not observed. The functional significance of the saccus dorsalis (possible analogue of the choroid plexus?) is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131648", "title": "Ultrastructural alterations in skeletal muscle fibers of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.", "content": "The ultrastructure of fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG) and slow-twitch-oxidative (SO) fibers in plantaris and soleus muscles of normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats was studied. In the diabetic animals, the mitochondria of FOG and SO fibers showed a loss of cristae and an increase in electron-dense granules. There was also an increased number of lipid droplets in close proximity to the mitochondria and the nuclei, and a separation of individual muscle nuclei to form satellite cells. Higher incidences of surface projections and sarcoplasmic splittings at the nuclear region were noticed in SO fibers. The FG fibers showed some disorientation of the T-tubular system. It is concluded that streptozotocin-diabetes has differential effects on the fine structure of the three fiber types of rat skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Ultrastructural alterations in skeletal muscle fibers of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The ultrastructure of fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG) and slow-twitch-oxidative (SO) fibers in plantaris and soleus muscles of normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats was studied. In the diabetic animals, the mitochondria of FOG and SO fibers showed a loss of cristae and an increase in electron-dense granules. There was also an increased number of lipid droplets in close proximity to the mitochondria and the nuclei, and a separation of individual muscle nuclei to form satellite cells. Higher incidences of surface projections and sarcoplasmic splittings at the nuclear region were noticed in SO fibers. The FG fibers showed some disorientation of the T-tubular system. It is concluded that streptozotocin-diabetes has differential effects on the fine structure of the three fiber types of rat skeletal muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:131652", "title": "Pumping ability of the hypertrophying left ventricle of the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "Cardiac pumping ability was assessed during the natural development of left ventricular hypertrophy by elevating venous pressure by infusing Tyrode's solution intravenously to produce peak cardiac output. This experiment was performed on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of three age groups (11, 24, and 83 weeks). From 11 to 24 weeks, peak cardiac output of SHR increased in direct proportion to the abnormally increased ventricular mass; Thus peak cardiac output per gram of left ventricle (LV) remained stable. Similar results were obtained for two strains of normotensive rats at each of the same three age groups. Thus, in the normotensive animal peak cardiac output per gram of LV remained stable over a wide range of ages and varying left ventricular weights. However, with progressive elevation of arterial pressure in aging SHR (83 weeks), we observed severe ventricular hypertrophy (100% increases in left ventricular to body weight ratio). In this oldest SHR group, unlike age-matched normotensive rats, there was a marked reduction in the pumping ability per gram of LV. Thus, during the natural development of left ventricular hypertrophy SHR demonstrated both a stable stage of hypertrophy in which the increased left ventricular mass maintained its pumping ability, and a later stage of deterioration in which there was a loss of the normal relationship between ventricular mass and pumping ability.", "contents": "Pumping ability of the hypertrophying left ventricle of the spontaneously hypertensive rat. Cardiac pumping ability was assessed during the natural development of left ventricular hypertrophy by elevating venous pressure by infusing Tyrode's solution intravenously to produce peak cardiac output. This experiment was performed on spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) of three age groups (11, 24, and 83 weeks). From 11 to 24 weeks, peak cardiac output of SHR increased in direct proportion to the abnormally increased ventricular mass; Thus peak cardiac output per gram of left ventricle (LV) remained stable. Similar results were obtained for two strains of normotensive rats at each of the same three age groups. Thus, in the normotensive animal peak cardiac output per gram of LV remained stable over a wide range of ages and varying left ventricular weights. However, with progressive elevation of arterial pressure in aging SHR (83 weeks), we observed severe ventricular hypertrophy (100% increases in left ventricular to body weight ratio). In this oldest SHR group, unlike age-matched normotensive rats, there was a marked reduction in the pumping ability per gram of LV. Thus, during the natural development of left ventricular hypertrophy SHR demonstrated both a stable stage of hypertrophy in which the increased left ventricular mass maintained its pumping ability, and a later stage of deterioration in which there was a loss of the normal relationship between ventricular mass and pumping ability."}
{"id": "PMID:131653", "title": "Effects of mechanical activity and hormones on myocardial glucose and fatty acid utilization.", "content": "The effects of increased cardiac work on glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidation of fatty acids were studied in isolated rat hearts. Glycolysis was stimulated by increased work in heart perfused with glucose alone or with glucose, high levels of insulin, and low levels of palmitate. With glucose alone, stimulation was associated with a rapid decrease in phosphate potential and rapid activation of phosphofructokinase, but an apparently slower activation of glucose transport. With glucose, insulin, and palmitate present, stimulation of glucose utilization was rapid and correlated with activation of phosphofructokinase.", "contents": "Effects of mechanical activity and hormones on myocardial glucose and fatty acid utilization. The effects of increased cardiac work on glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidation of fatty acids were studied in isolated rat hearts. Glycolysis was stimulated by increased work in heart perfused with glucose alone or with glucose, high levels of insulin, and low levels of palmitate. With glucose alone, stimulation was associated with a rapid decrease in phosphate potential and rapid activation of phosphofructokinase, but an apparently slower activation of glucose transport. With glucose, insulin, and palmitate present, stimulation of glucose utilization was rapid and correlated with activation of phosphofructokinase."}
{"id": "PMID:131655", "title": "Depressed function of a ouabain-sensitive sodium-potassium pump in blood vessels from renal hypertensive dogs.", "content": "Vasodilator responses to acute intra-arterial infusions of K+ are attenuated in dogs with chronic one-kidney perinephritic hypertension in rats with chronic two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, and in men with essential hypertension. There is evidence that K+ evokes vasodilation by stimulating vascular smooth muscle membrane Na+-K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase, thereby increasing activity of the cellular Na+-K+ electrogenic pump. We therefore proposed that there may be an underlying decrease in the operation of this pump in vascular smooth muscle of hypertensives. The operation of the cellular Na+-K+ pump may be estimated by measurement of rubidium uptake. Thus, so further investigate our hypothesis, we measured 86Rb uptake in small mesenteric arteries and splanchnic veins from 12 dogs with chronic uncomplicated one-kidney perinephritic hypertension and from 12 normotensive control dogs. Vessels were excised under thiamylal anesthesia and incubated in cold medium (plasma or Krebs-Henseleit solution) for sodium loading and then the velocity of 86Rb uptake was estimated in the absence of or in the presence of ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the Na+-K+ pump. In neither arteries nor veins was there evidence for differences between hypertensives and normotensives in the ouabain-insensitive uptake of 86Rb. In contrast, the ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake was depressed by 42% in arteries (P less than 0.05) and by 49% in veins (P less than 0.01) from hypertensive dogs, if incubated in the dog's own plasma. These results indicate that the activity of a ouabain-sensitive Na+-K+ pump may be depressed in vascular tissue from dogs with chronic one-kidney perinephritic hypertension. Because the Na+-K+ pump in vascular smooth muscle is probably electrogenic, such an abnormality, by partially depolarizing the muscle cell membrane, would help to account for the elevated vascular resistance found in these dogs.", "contents": "Depressed function of a ouabain-sensitive sodium-potassium pump in blood vessels from renal hypertensive dogs. Vasodilator responses to acute intra-arterial infusions of K+ are attenuated in dogs with chronic one-kidney perinephritic hypertension in rats with chronic two-kidney Goldblatt hypertension, and in men with essential hypertension. There is evidence that K+ evokes vasodilation by stimulating vascular smooth muscle membrane Na+-K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase, thereby increasing activity of the cellular Na+-K+ electrogenic pump. We therefore proposed that there may be an underlying decrease in the operation of this pump in vascular smooth muscle of hypertensives. The operation of the cellular Na+-K+ pump may be estimated by measurement of rubidium uptake. Thus, so further investigate our hypothesis, we measured 86Rb uptake in small mesenteric arteries and splanchnic veins from 12 dogs with chronic uncomplicated one-kidney perinephritic hypertension and from 12 normotensive control dogs. Vessels were excised under thiamylal anesthesia and incubated in cold medium (plasma or Krebs-Henseleit solution) for sodium loading and then the velocity of 86Rb uptake was estimated in the absence of or in the presence of ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the Na+-K+ pump. In neither arteries nor veins was there evidence for differences between hypertensives and normotensives in the ouabain-insensitive uptake of 86Rb. In contrast, the ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake was depressed by 42% in arteries (P less than 0.05) and by 49% in veins (P less than 0.01) from hypertensive dogs, if incubated in the dog's own plasma. These results indicate that the activity of a ouabain-sensitive Na+-K+ pump may be depressed in vascular tissue from dogs with chronic one-kidney perinephritic hypertension. Because the Na+-K+ pump in vascular smooth muscle is probably electrogenic, such an abnormality, by partially depolarizing the muscle cell membrane, would help to account for the elevated vascular resistance found in these dogs."}
{"id": "PMID:131656", "title": "The frontal chest film as a method of suspecting transposition complexes.", "content": "The frontal chest film as a means of suspecting transposition complexes is discussed. The first step is recognizing the normal relationships formed by the ascending aorta, an aortic knob-descending aorta, and pulmonary trunk. The concept of which ventricle is connected to which atrium is developed--the terms ventricular noninversion and inversion being utilized. Frontal chest film signs of transposition are summarized as follows: 1) in the majority of transposition complexes, absence of the pulmonary trunk is the premier sign; 2) patients with ventricular noninversion tend to show the ascending aorta and aortic knob-descending aorta in normal position. Patients with ventricular inversion usually show absence of all three great artery relationships. 3) In ventricular inversion, the left heart border shows a septal notch or a diffuse convex bulge (two ventricles), or a discrete bulge high up on the left border (single ventricle).", "contents": "The frontal chest film as a method of suspecting transposition complexes. The frontal chest film as a means of suspecting transposition complexes is discussed. The first step is recognizing the normal relationships formed by the ascending aorta, an aortic knob-descending aorta, and pulmonary trunk. The concept of which ventricle is connected to which atrium is developed--the terms ventricular noninversion and inversion being utilized. Frontal chest film signs of transposition are summarized as follows: 1) in the majority of transposition complexes, absence of the pulmonary trunk is the premier sign; 2) patients with ventricular noninversion tend to show the ascending aorta and aortic knob-descending aorta in normal position. Patients with ventricular inversion usually show absence of all three great artery relationships. 3) In ventricular inversion, the left heart border shows a septal notch or a diffuse convex bulge (two ventricles), or a discrete bulge high up on the left border (single ventricle)."}
{"id": "PMID:131657", "title": "Echocardiography in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome were studied by echocardiography. They were classified into the following WPW types: anterior right ventricular pre-excitation (Type I) - six patients; posterior right ventricular pre-excitation (Type II) - six patients; posterior left ventricular pre-excitation (Type III) - fourteen patients. Twenty-three patients were in WPW at the time of study. Four patients with Type I WPW had abnormal systolic motion of the interventricular septum: three paradoxical and one flat. Patients with Type II and Type III WPW had no septal motion abnormalities related to pre-excitation. Three patients had intermittent WPW, Type III; in all three only minor changes in normal septal motion were apparent on WPW beats. Associated cardiac abnormalities were evident in six patients: two mitral prolapse (one Type II WPS and one Tpe III); one idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (Type III); one congestive cardiomyopathy (Type III); one hypertrophic nonobstructive cardiomyopathy (Type I); and one atrial septal defect (Type II). We conclude that abnormal interventricular septal motion may occur with Type I WPW abnormality. Other abnormalities are detectable by echocardiography in a high proportion of WPW patients, but do not appear to be associated with any single Wolff-Parkinson-White type.", "contents": "Echocardiography in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Twenty-six patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome were studied by echocardiography. They were classified into the following WPW types: anterior right ventricular pre-excitation (Type I) - six patients; posterior right ventricular pre-excitation (Type II) - six patients; posterior left ventricular pre-excitation (Type III) - fourteen patients. Twenty-three patients were in WPW at the time of study. Four patients with Type I WPW had abnormal systolic motion of the interventricular septum: three paradoxical and one flat. Patients with Type II and Type III WPW had no septal motion abnormalities related to pre-excitation. Three patients had intermittent WPW, Type III; in all three only minor changes in normal septal motion were apparent on WPW beats. Associated cardiac abnormalities were evident in six patients: two mitral prolapse (one Type II WPS and one Tpe III); one idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (Type III); one congestive cardiomyopathy (Type III); one hypertrophic nonobstructive cardiomyopathy (Type I); and one atrial septal defect (Type II). We conclude that abnormal interventricular septal motion may occur with Type I WPW abnormality. Other abnormalities are detectable by echocardiography in a high proportion of WPW patients, but do not appear to be associated with any single Wolff-Parkinson-White type."}
{"id": "PMID:131658", "title": "Echocardiographic studies of abnormalities associated with coarctation of the aorta.", "content": "Echocardiograms were performed in thirty-six patients (aged 4 to 36 years) with proven coarctation of the aorta. Nineteen patients (53%) were found to have marked diastolic eccentricities of their aortic valves (Eccentricity Index greater 1.5), indicating the presence of bicuspid aortic valves. One of these patients also had multilayered aortic root echoes in diastole. Five patients had angiographic proof of their aortic valve morphologies which corroborated the echo findings. Five patients with bicuspid aortic valves showed mitral valve diastolic flutter indicative of aortic regurgitation. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) was suspected in four patients (11%) with abnormal systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve; three of these patients also had asymmetric septal hypertrophy. There was catheterization proof of IHSS in one patient. Two patients (5.6%) demonstrated mitral valve proplapse.", "contents": "Echocardiographic studies of abnormalities associated with coarctation of the aorta. Echocardiograms were performed in thirty-six patients (aged 4 to 36 years) with proven coarctation of the aorta. Nineteen patients (53%) were found to have marked diastolic eccentricities of their aortic valves (Eccentricity Index greater 1.5), indicating the presence of bicuspid aortic valves. One of these patients also had multilayered aortic root echoes in diastole. Five patients had angiographic proof of their aortic valve morphologies which corroborated the echo findings. Five patients with bicuspid aortic valves showed mitral valve diastolic flutter indicative of aortic regurgitation. Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) was suspected in four patients (11%) with abnormal systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve; three of these patients also had asymmetric septal hypertrophy. There was catheterization proof of IHSS in one patient. Two patients (5.6%) demonstrated mitral valve proplapse."}
{"id": "PMID:131661", "title": "Increased somatostatin content of islets from streptozotocin-diabetic rats.", "content": "Pancreatic islets were isolated from control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Somatostatin content as determined by radioimmunoassay was strikingly increased in the diabetic group. Immunoreactive insulin content was markedly reduced and glucagon was moderately increased. The mechanisms responsible for the somatostatin changes are unknown.", "contents": "Increased somatostatin content of islets from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Pancreatic islets were isolated from control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Somatostatin content as determined by radioimmunoassay was strikingly increased in the diabetic group. Immunoreactive insulin content was markedly reduced and glucagon was moderately increased. The mechanisms responsible for the somatostatin changes are unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:131662", "title": "An anomaly in the inheritance of haptoglobin types in Down's syndrome: a study of mother-child pairs.", "content": "A sample of 95 mother-child pairs provided evidence that plasma haptoglobin (Hp) types are inherited in an unusual manner by children with Down's syndrome. Homozygous mothers gave birth to more homozygotes and fewer heterozygotes than expected. Among offspring of heterozygous mothers, the frequencies were distributed essentially as expected. No abnormality was found in a normal control sample of 151 mother-child pairs. Using this material it was demonstrated that the anomalous Hp inheritance in Down's syndrome was not due simply to an increase in maternal age when the children were born.", "contents": "An anomaly in the inheritance of haptoglobin types in Down's syndrome: a study of mother-child pairs. A sample of 95 mother-child pairs provided evidence that plasma haptoglobin (Hp) types are inherited in an unusual manner by children with Down's syndrome. Homozygous mothers gave birth to more homozygotes and fewer heterozygotes than expected. Among offspring of heterozygous mothers, the frequencies were distributed essentially as expected. No abnormality was found in a normal control sample of 151 mother-child pairs. Using this material it was demonstrated that the anomalous Hp inheritance in Down's syndrome was not due simply to an increase in maternal age when the children were born."}
{"id": "PMID:131663", "title": "Clinical diagnosis of Down's syndrome.", "content": "A physical examination checklist of 25 signs of Down's syndrome was used to predict the presence of absence of 21-trisomy in 291 individuals examined for suspected Downs syndrome. Using only total numbers of signs present, 21-trisomy was unambiguously predicted in about half those examined. Discriminant analysis using the most informative 10 signs misclassified only 11 of 169 infants aged 2 years or less, and allowed non-overlapping classification into Down's and non-Down's of almost three-fourths of suspected individuals. The risk for Down's syndrome in the overlap area was 58%.", "contents": "Clinical diagnosis of Down's syndrome. A physical examination checklist of 25 signs of Down's syndrome was used to predict the presence of absence of 21-trisomy in 291 individuals examined for suspected Downs syndrome. Using only total numbers of signs present, 21-trisomy was unambiguously predicted in about half those examined. Discriminant analysis using the most informative 10 signs misclassified only 11 of 169 infants aged 2 years or less, and allowed non-overlapping classification into Down's and non-Down's of almost three-fourths of suspected individuals. The risk for Down's syndrome in the overlap area was 58%."}
{"id": "PMID:131665", "title": "Immunological capacity of lymphocytes from untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease evaluated in mixed lymphocyte culture.", "content": "Blood lymphocytes from thirty-nine untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were tested for stimulatory and responding capacity in mixed lymphocyte culture. The response to allogeneic lymphocytes was impaired in ten patients but the mean response of the patient group did not differ from healthy controls. Lymphocytes from female patients responded better than male patients (P less than 0-02). The stimulatory efficacy was severely impaired in patients' lymphocytes (P less than 0-001). Age, clinical stage and histopathology had no significant influence on the responding or stimulatory capacity.", "contents": "Immunological capacity of lymphocytes from untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease evaluated in mixed lymphocyte culture. Blood lymphocytes from thirty-nine untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were tested for stimulatory and responding capacity in mixed lymphocyte culture. The response to allogeneic lymphocytes was impaired in ten patients but the mean response of the patient group did not differ from healthy controls. Lymphocytes from female patients responded better than male patients (P less than 0-02). The stimulatory efficacy was severely impaired in patients' lymphocytes (P less than 0-001). Age, clinical stage and histopathology had no significant influence on the responding or stimulatory capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:131666", "title": "Depressive effect of serum from patients with leprosy on mixed lymphocyte reactions. Influence of anti-leprosy treatment.", "content": "Mixed leucocyte cultures, from two normal donors, were set up in media containing human serum from one of the following sources: (a) a pool of normal group AB donors; (b) Chinese, Malay or Indian patients with untreated leprosy; (c) the same patients after effective anti-leprosy treatment; (d) control Chinese, Malay or Indian subjects. Transformation was estimated by measuring the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in the last 24 hr of a 7-day culture period. Transformation was impaired in sera from treated lepromatous patients, but was less impaired  or not impaired at all in sera from treated lepromatous patients. The loss of depressive activity after treatment was more marked in Chinese and Indian than in Malay patients. Transformation was also impaired, though to a lesser extent, in sera from patients with untreated tuberculoid leprosy; it was still impaired in sera from treated tuberculoid patients. There was no evidence of specificity in impairment of mixed lymphocyte reactivity and lymphocytotoxic antibodies appeared to play no role. The incidences of hepatitis B antigen and antibody and of anti-nuclear factor were not notably high.", "contents": "Depressive effect of serum from patients with leprosy on mixed lymphocyte reactions. Influence of anti-leprosy treatment. Mixed leucocyte cultures, from two normal donors, were set up in media containing human serum from one of the following sources: (a) a pool of normal group AB donors; (b) Chinese, Malay or Indian patients with untreated leprosy; (c) the same patients after effective anti-leprosy treatment; (d) control Chinese, Malay or Indian subjects. Transformation was estimated by measuring the incorporation of tritiated thymidine in the last 24 hr of a 7-day culture period. Transformation was impaired in sera from treated lepromatous patients, but was less impaired  or not impaired at all in sera from treated lepromatous patients. The loss of depressive activity after treatment was more marked in Chinese and Indian than in Malay patients. Transformation was also impaired, though to a lesser extent, in sera from patients with untreated tuberculoid leprosy; it was still impaired in sera from treated tuberculoid patients. There was no evidence of specificity in impairment of mixed lymphocyte reactivity and lymphocytotoxic antibodies appeared to play no role. The incidences of hepatitis B antigen and antibody and of anti-nuclear factor were not notably high."}
{"id": "PMID:131667", "title": "Mixed leucocyte culture blocking factor activity in allograft recipients and its role in the clinical outcome of human cadaveric renal allografts.", "content": "Seventeen renal allograft recipients were followed serially both pre- and post-transplantation for the presence of mixed leucocyte culture blocking factor activity (MLC-BFA) in their plasma. Patients could be divided into three distinct groups on the basis of MLC-BFA and lymphocytotoxin (LT) determinations. Fifteen out of seventeen patients possessed MLC-BFA at one time or another while four out of seventeen were positive for LT. Four patients of group 1 with pre-transplant LT and MLC-BFA rejected their grafts within 1 year. Two LT negative patients of group 2 developed no detectable MLC-BFA during a follow-up period of over 1 year. One other patient developed MLC-BFA 8 months following transplantation. All three patients had an excellent clinical course. Ten patients belonging to group 3 possessed no LT or MLC-BFA prior to transplantation but developed MLC-BFA alone after receiving an allograft. Only one patient rejected his allograft within 2 months. The remaining nine patients experienced mild rejection crises during the first 3 months after transplantation but had excellent renal function at 1 year or beyond that time. Our results indicate that MLC-BFA in the presence of LT may not prevent rejection. MLC-BFA is associated with a good clinical course in LT negative patients. However, certain patients who fail to develop LT or MLC-BFA in spite of repeated blood transfusions prior to transplantation may also do extremely well in the absence of detectible MLC-BFA.", "contents": "Mixed leucocyte culture blocking factor activity in allograft recipients and its role in the clinical outcome of human cadaveric renal allografts. Seventeen renal allograft recipients were followed serially both pre- and post-transplantation for the presence of mixed leucocyte culture blocking factor activity (MLC-BFA) in their plasma. Patients could be divided into three distinct groups on the basis of MLC-BFA and lymphocytotoxin (LT) determinations. Fifteen out of seventeen patients possessed MLC-BFA at one time or another while four out of seventeen were positive for LT. Four patients of group 1 with pre-transplant LT and MLC-BFA rejected their grafts within 1 year. Two LT negative patients of group 2 developed no detectable MLC-BFA during a follow-up period of over 1 year. One other patient developed MLC-BFA 8 months following transplantation. All three patients had an excellent clinical course. Ten patients belonging to group 3 possessed no LT or MLC-BFA prior to transplantation but developed MLC-BFA alone after receiving an allograft. Only one patient rejected his allograft within 2 months. The remaining nine patients experienced mild rejection crises during the first 3 months after transplantation but had excellent renal function at 1 year or beyond that time. Our results indicate that MLC-BFA in the presence of LT may not prevent rejection. MLC-BFA is associated with a good clinical course in LT negative patients. However, certain patients who fail to develop LT or MLC-BFA in spite of repeated blood transfusions prior to transplantation may also do extremely well in the absence of detectible MLC-BFA."}
{"id": "PMID:131668", "title": "Mechanism of trapping of immune complexes in joint collagenous tissues.", "content": "The role of acute inflammation and of pre-existing specific antibody in the retention of intra-articular antigen in joint collagenous tissues of immunized rabbits was examined. The role of the acute synovitis occurring immediately after antigen injection was investigated by the production of acute synovitis in immune and non-immune rabbits. In no case was more 125I-labelled BSA retained in the inflamed joint tissues compared to the contralateral non-inflamed joints 7 days after intrarticular antigen injection. When antigen retention was examined early after intra-articular injection, the largest amount of antigen was retained 30 min after injection, before the appearance of the acute inflammatory synovitis. These findings suggest that acute inflammation does not constitute a major factor in the long-term retention of antigen in collagenous tissues. To investigate the role of antibody in the retention of antigen, non-immune rabbits were injected intravenously with purified anti-BSA antibody 3 days prior to the intra-articular injection of BSA. Over 20 times more antigen was retained irreversibly in collagenous tissues obtained from the injected joints of passively immunized animals compared with similar tissues of control rabbits. When rabbits were injected intravenously with purified anti-BSA antibody and either killed 20 mins or 3 days later, in vitro binding of antigen by joint collagenous tissues was seen only in animals where antibody was allowed to equilibrate with the extravascular space for 3 days. These findings indicate that retention of antigen depends on the presence of extravascular antibody. Antigen retention in collagenous tissues was also present when both antibody and antigen were injected intravenously and antibody was given 3 days before the antigen. It is concluded that the trapping of immune complexes in collagenous joint tissues of immunized animals depends on: the presence of antibody in the extra-vascular space; the diffusion of antigen or soluble complexes into this space; the interaction of antigen or soluble complexes with extravascular antibody with subsequent formation of larger and more insoluble complexes; and the trapping of these complexes within the collagen fibre meshwork.", "contents": "Mechanism of trapping of immune complexes in joint collagenous tissues. The role of acute inflammation and of pre-existing specific antibody in the retention of intra-articular antigen in joint collagenous tissues of immunized rabbits was examined. The role of the acute synovitis occurring immediately after antigen injection was investigated by the production of acute synovitis in immune and non-immune rabbits. In no case was more 125I-labelled BSA retained in the inflamed joint tissues compared to the contralateral non-inflamed joints 7 days after intrarticular antigen injection. When antigen retention was examined early after intra-articular injection, the largest amount of antigen was retained 30 min after injection, before the appearance of the acute inflammatory synovitis. These findings suggest that acute inflammation does not constitute a major factor in the long-term retention of antigen in collagenous tissues. To investigate the role of antibody in the retention of antigen, non-immune rabbits were injected intravenously with purified anti-BSA antibody 3 days prior to the intra-articular injection of BSA. Over 20 times more antigen was retained irreversibly in collagenous tissues obtained from the injected joints of passively immunized animals compared with similar tissues of control rabbits. When rabbits were injected intravenously with purified anti-BSA antibody and either killed 20 mins or 3 days later, in vitro binding of antigen by joint collagenous tissues was seen only in animals where antibody was allowed to equilibrate with the extravascular space for 3 days. These findings indicate that retention of antigen depends on the presence of extravascular antibody. Antigen retention in collagenous tissues was also present when both antibody and antigen were injected intravenously and antibody was given 3 days before the antigen. It is concluded that the trapping of immune complexes in collagenous joint tissues of immunized animals depends on: the presence of antibody in the extra-vascular space; the diffusion of antigen or soluble complexes into this space; the interaction of antigen or soluble complexes with extravascular antibody with subsequent formation of larger and more insoluble complexes; and the trapping of these complexes within the collagen fibre meshwork."}
{"id": "PMID:131671", "title": "Effect of induced elevated plasma levels of homocystine and methionine in rats on collagen and elastin structures.", "content": "Young growing rats were intraperitoneally injected with mixtures of homocystine and methionine for several weeks. The growth of the animals was inhibited. After 3 weeks 25% of the rats died and isolation of tail tendon collagen and aorta elastin showed that these proteins were deficient in chemical cross-links. Seventy-five % of the rats survived further injections for another 3 weeks and isolated collagen and elastin were found to be normal in cross-linking. The variability in susceptibility of these rats to homocystine-methionine treatment is discussed in relationship to human homocystinuria. It is speculated that the variability is due to variability in in vivo homocysteine levels.", "contents": "Effect of induced elevated plasma levels of homocystine and methionine in rats on collagen and elastin structures. Young growing rats were intraperitoneally injected with mixtures of homocystine and methionine for several weeks. The growth of the animals was inhibited. After 3 weeks 25% of the rats died and isolation of tail tendon collagen and aorta elastin showed that these proteins were deficient in chemical cross-links. Seventy-five % of the rats survived further injections for another 3 weeks and isolated collagen and elastin were found to be normal in cross-linking. The variability in susceptibility of these rats to homocystine-methionine treatment is discussed in relationship to human homocystinuria. It is speculated that the variability is due to variability in in vivo homocysteine levels."}
{"id": "PMID:131672", "title": "The cyanogen bromide peptides of bovine soluble and insoluble collagens. I. Characterization of peptides from soluble type I collagen by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.", "content": "Acid soluble collagen and purified alpha1 and alpha2 chains were prepared from bovine skin and digested with cyanogen bromide. The resultant peptides were separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecylsulphate. Thirteen peptides obtained from the alpha1 chain and two from the alpha2 chain were identified as overlapping sequences containing methionine-derived peptide bonds not cleaved during the reaction. Those uncleaved peptides from the alpha1 chain accounted for approximately 30% of the total digest, as determined by planimetry on the staining profiles, and their relative proportions indicated that efficiency of cleavage at specific methionine residues was dependent upon position in the sequence. Alpha1CB5-8 was most resistant to cleavage while alpha1CB0,1-2 and alpha1CB7-6 were most susceptible. Peptides of a 2:1 (w/w) mixture of alpha1 and alpha2 chains and of the acid-soluble collagen gave electrophoretograms which were essentially a summation of those obtained from the individual chains.", "contents": "The cyanogen bromide peptides of bovine soluble and insoluble collagens. I. Characterization of peptides from soluble type I collagen by sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Acid soluble collagen and purified alpha1 and alpha2 chains were prepared from bovine skin and digested with cyanogen bromide. The resultant peptides were separated by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecylsulphate. Thirteen peptides obtained from the alpha1 chain and two from the alpha2 chain were identified as overlapping sequences containing methionine-derived peptide bonds not cleaved during the reaction. Those uncleaved peptides from the alpha1 chain accounted for approximately 30% of the total digest, as determined by planimetry on the staining profiles, and their relative proportions indicated that efficiency of cleavage at specific methionine residues was dependent upon position in the sequence. Alpha1CB5-8 was most resistant to cleavage while alpha1CB0,1-2 and alpha1CB7-6 were most susceptible. Peptides of a 2:1 (w/w) mixture of alpha1 and alpha2 chains and of the acid-soluble collagen gave electrophoretograms which were essentially a summation of those obtained from the individual chains."}
{"id": "PMID:131673", "title": "The cyanogen bromide peptides of bovine soluble and insoluble collagens. II. Tissue specific cross-linked peptides of insoluble skin and dentin collagen.", "content": "Cyanogen bromide peptides were prepared from insoluble bovine skin and dentin collagens and compared by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecylsulphate, with those of the alpha1 and alpha2 chains of soluble type I and type III collagen. Both insoluble collagens yielded predominantly the peptides of type I collagen. Insoluble skin collagen was approximately 13% type III. Type III collagen if present in dentin, is present in smaller quanitity not detected by the technique used here. Several new fragments, different in each tissue, were obtained which could not be accounted for as uncleaved peptides. Three of those from dentin were isolated by gel chromatography and characterized by amino acid analysis. Two were found to contain 3-hydroxyproline, suggesting the presence of alpha1CB6. The recovery of only 25-30% of alpha1CB6 in the expected position on SDS gel electrophoresis indicated that it was involved in interactions with other peptides in these two tissues to the extent of one and a half cross-links per tropocollagen molecule. The nature and distributin of cross-link peptides of bovine skin and dentin collagens was distinctly different.", "contents": "The cyanogen bromide peptides of bovine soluble and insoluble collagens. II. Tissue specific cross-linked peptides of insoluble skin and dentin collagen. Cyanogen bromide peptides were prepared from insoluble bovine skin and dentin collagens and compared by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels containing sodium dodecylsulphate, with those of the alpha1 and alpha2 chains of soluble type I and type III collagen. Both insoluble collagens yielded predominantly the peptides of type I collagen. Insoluble skin collagen was approximately 13% type III. Type III collagen if present in dentin, is present in smaller quanitity not detected by the technique used here. Several new fragments, different in each tissue, were obtained which could not be accounted for as uncleaved peptides. Three of those from dentin were isolated by gel chromatography and characterized by amino acid analysis. Two were found to contain 3-hydroxyproline, suggesting the presence of alpha1CB6. The recovery of only 25-30% of alpha1CB6 in the expected position on SDS gel electrophoresis indicated that it was involved in interactions with other peptides in these two tissues to the extent of one and a half cross-links per tropocollagen molecule. The nature and distributin of cross-link peptides of bovine skin and dentin collagens was distinctly different."}
{"id": "PMID:131674", "title": "Polydisperse distribution of acidic glycosaminoglycans in bovine kidney tissue.", "content": "Distribution of acidic glycosaminoglycans in bovine kidneys was investigated after fractionation by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The fractionated acidic glycosaminoglycans were characterized by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes before and after specific enzyme digestion. Chondroitinases were used to detect the chondroitin sulfate isomers by demonstration of the disaccharide subunits and to distinguish the other acidic glycosaminoglycans by their resistance to the enzymes. The polydispersity of heparan sulfates, which accounted for two fifths of the total kidney glycosaminoglycans, was demonstrated with respect to the degree of sulfation and molecular weight difference. Hyaluronic acid accounted for approximately one fourth of the total glycosaminoglycans and was distributed in fractions of relatively higher molecular weight. Chondroitin sulfate isomers contained in decreasing amounts the disaccharide components of dermatan sulfate and chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates.", "contents": "Polydisperse distribution of acidic glycosaminoglycans in bovine kidney tissue. Distribution of acidic glycosaminoglycans in bovine kidneys was investigated after fractionation by ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The fractionated acidic glycosaminoglycans were characterized by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes before and after specific enzyme digestion. Chondroitinases were used to detect the chondroitin sulfate isomers by demonstration of the disaccharide subunits and to distinguish the other acidic glycosaminoglycans by their resistance to the enzymes. The polydispersity of heparan sulfates, which accounted for two fifths of the total kidney glycosaminoglycans, was demonstrated with respect to the degree of sulfation and molecular weight difference. Hyaluronic acid accounted for approximately one fourth of the total glycosaminoglycans and was distributed in fractions of relatively higher molecular weight. Chondroitin sulfate isomers contained in decreasing amounts the disaccharide components of dermatan sulfate and chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates."}
{"id": "PMID:131675", "title": "Characterization of lipids associated with macromolecules of the intercellular matrix of human aorta.", "content": "Macroscopically lesion-free parts of human aortas with no or light lesions (group I) and advanced atherosclerotic lesions (group II) were submitted to a series of successive extractions in order to \"solubilize\" all the macromolecular components of the arterial wall (\"chemical dissection\"). Lipids were extracted with methanol-chloroform from all these macromolecular fractions and analyzed for cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids. The fatty acid composition of the separated fractions was determined by GLC. The lipid composition and fatty acid spectrum of the macromolecular fractions of group I and group II aortas was compared. Total lipids increased in the freely extractable (\"non associated lipids, approximately 78% of total) fraction as well as in the fraction \"associated\" with collagen and elastin. Free and esterified cholesterol increased also both in the \"freely extractable\" and in the collagen-elastin-associated lipids\", approximately 78% of total) fraction as well was higher (+ 100%) than that of free cholesterol (+ 60%). Triglycerides increase also by 15 to 70% in all fractions except in the elastin-associated fraction. Free fatty acids increased by 40 to 400% in all extracts associated with macromolecular fractions but not in the \"freely extractable\" fraction where they decreased. Phospholipids show less marked variations (approximately less than 10%) and decrease in the elastin associated lipids of group II aortas. The fatty acid spectrum of group II lipids associated with macromolecules differs from that of group I. There is a relative increase of longer chains (C greater than 18, especially 20:1 and 20:2 acids). No such increase in the \"long\" fatty acids was seen in the \"freely extractable\" lipid fraction. Elastin isolated from group II aortas is significantly enriched in total lipids, cholesterol (free and esterified) and free fatty acids and contains the widest spectrum of fatty acids (from 11:2 to 22:1) with a significant fraction of total fatty acids as \"odd\" carbon chains. There appears to be a correlation between the decrease of triglyceride-bound fatty acids and the increase of free fatty acids. The free fatty acid concentration exceeds both in group I and II aortas the concentration of fatty acid esters. This increase in free fatty acids \"associated\" with intercellular matrix macromolecules and especially with elastin may be the result of an increased hydrolysis of esters and/or a decreased esterification in advanced atherosclerotic aortas. The accumulation of long chain and \"odd\" fatty acids in elastin may be an important factor in its accelerated degradation during the atherosclerotic process.", "contents": "Characterization of lipids associated with macromolecules of the intercellular matrix of human aorta. Macroscopically lesion-free parts of human aortas with no or light lesions (group I) and advanced atherosclerotic lesions (group II) were submitted to a series of successive extractions in order to \"solubilize\" all the macromolecular components of the arterial wall (\"chemical dissection\"). Lipids were extracted with methanol-chloroform from all these macromolecular fractions and analyzed for cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids. The fatty acid composition of the separated fractions was determined by GLC. The lipid composition and fatty acid spectrum of the macromolecular fractions of group I and group II aortas was compared. Total lipids increased in the freely extractable (\"non associated lipids, approximately 78% of total) fraction as well as in the fraction \"associated\" with collagen and elastin. Free and esterified cholesterol increased also both in the \"freely extractable\" and in the collagen-elastin-associated lipids\", approximately 78% of total) fraction as well was higher (+ 100%) than that of free cholesterol (+ 60%). Triglycerides increase also by 15 to 70% in all fractions except in the elastin-associated fraction. Free fatty acids increased by 40 to 400% in all extracts associated with macromolecular fractions but not in the \"freely extractable\" fraction where they decreased. Phospholipids show less marked variations (approximately less than 10%) and decrease in the elastin associated lipids of group II aortas. The fatty acid spectrum of group II lipids associated with macromolecules differs from that of group I. There is a relative increase of longer chains (C greater than 18, especially 20:1 and 20:2 acids). No such increase in the \"long\" fatty acids was seen in the \"freely extractable\" lipid fraction. Elastin isolated from group II aortas is significantly enriched in total lipids, cholesterol (free and esterified) and free fatty acids and contains the widest spectrum of fatty acids (from 11:2 to 22:1) with a significant fraction of total fatty acids as \"odd\" carbon chains. There appears to be a correlation between the decrease of triglyceride-bound fatty acids and the increase of free fatty acids. The free fatty acid concentration exceeds both in group I and II aortas the concentration of fatty acid esters. This increase in free fatty acids \"associated\" with intercellular matrix macromolecules and especially with elastin may be the result of an increased hydrolysis of esters and/or a decreased esterification in advanced atherosclerotic aortas. The accumulation of long chain and \"odd\" fatty acids in elastin may be an important factor in its accelerated degradation during the atherosclerotic process."}
{"id": "PMID:131676", "title": "An autoradiographic assessment of the incorporation of H3-uridine into DNA and RNA of osteoblasts of aging mice.", "content": "Intracellular labeling of DNA and RNA after H3-uridine administration was investigated autoradiographically during aging. Five to 78 weeks old mice were injected with 5 muCi of H3-uridine/gm of body weight and were killed from 15 minutes to 30 days later. Five mum decalcified sagittal sections of femora were treated with RNAase, DNAase or appropriate buffers. Autoradiographs were prepared and grain counts were made over diaphyseal periosteal osteoblasts. Both DNA and RNA incorporated H3-uridine. RNA label was 88 to 95% of the total cell label. DNA labeling ranged from 2 to 5%. DNA labeling appeared slightly increased after longer exposure to H3-uridine, whereas, RNA labeling remained relatively unaltered. With increasing age, incorporation into DNA decreased, whereas, RNA label showed a slight increase. A variable amount of non-specific label was undigested by either enzyme and may reflect insoluble conversion and/or degradation products. Apparently, some conversion of uridine into a DNA precursor occurs without loss of tritium label, thus rendering uridine less than totally specific for RNA. Nevertheless, the uptake of H3-uridine is largely indicative of RNA biosynthesis especially in skeletal cells that are not normally highly proliferative.", "contents": "An autoradiographic assessment of the incorporation of H3-uridine into DNA and RNA of osteoblasts of aging mice. Intracellular labeling of DNA and RNA after H3-uridine administration was investigated autoradiographically during aging. Five to 78 weeks old mice were injected with 5 muCi of H3-uridine/gm of body weight and were killed from 15 minutes to 30 days later. Five mum decalcified sagittal sections of femora were treated with RNAase, DNAase or appropriate buffers. Autoradiographs were prepared and grain counts were made over diaphyseal periosteal osteoblasts. Both DNA and RNA incorporated H3-uridine. RNA label was 88 to 95% of the total cell label. DNA labeling ranged from 2 to 5%. DNA labeling appeared slightly increased after longer exposure to H3-uridine, whereas, RNA labeling remained relatively unaltered. With increasing age, incorporation into DNA decreased, whereas, RNA label showed a slight increase. A variable amount of non-specific label was undigested by either enzyme and may reflect insoluble conversion and/or degradation products. Apparently, some conversion of uridine into a DNA precursor occurs without loss of tritium label, thus rendering uridine less than totally specific for RNA. Nevertheless, the uptake of H3-uridine is largely indicative of RNA biosynthesis especially in skeletal cells that are not normally highly proliferative."}
{"id": "PMID:131677", "title": "The effect of a strongly-interacting macromolecular probe on the swelling and exclusion properties of loose connective tissue.", "content": "Poly(L-lysine), a cationic polypeptide known to undergo specific interactions with acid mucopolysaccharides, is used as a macromolecular probe in an investigation into the structure of loose connective tissue. The polypeptide apparently binds, via an electrostatic mechanism, to the mucopolysaccharide component of the tissue, leading to a reduction in the swelling of the tissue. The polypeptide does not, however, have a deswelling effect on the tissue; the ultimate reduction in swelling is influenced by the absolute amount of polybase which enters the tissue during the swelling process. Dextran 2000 is found to have a dwelling effect on the tissue which is independent of the action of the polypeptide; this is suggestive of a large degree of independence between the collagen network and the mucopolysaccharide-containing matrix. The polypeptide, moreover, causes a reduction in the excluded volume of the tissue.", "contents": "The effect of a strongly-interacting macromolecular probe on the swelling and exclusion properties of loose connective tissue. Poly(L-lysine), a cationic polypeptide known to undergo specific interactions with acid mucopolysaccharides, is used as a macromolecular probe in an investigation into the structure of loose connective tissue. The polypeptide apparently binds, via an electrostatic mechanism, to the mucopolysaccharide component of the tissue, leading to a reduction in the swelling of the tissue. The polypeptide does not, however, have a deswelling effect on the tissue; the ultimate reduction in swelling is influenced by the absolute amount of polybase which enters the tissue during the swelling process. Dextran 2000 is found to have a dwelling effect on the tissue which is independent of the action of the polypeptide; this is suggestive of a large degree of independence between the collagen network and the mucopolysaccharide-containing matrix. The polypeptide, moreover, causes a reduction in the excluded volume of the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:131682", "title": "[Laparoscopy in patients with Hodgkin's disease (author's disease)].", "content": "Laparoscopy with spleen and multiple liver biopsies was performed in 94 patients with Hodgkin's disease in stages III B and IV B. In four of them involvement of the liver was demonstrated in this way. Exploratory laparotomy was subsequently performed in 35 patients, liver involvement being revealed in only one patient in whom it had not been previously demonstrated by laparoscopy and (or) biopsy. While laparoscopy proved to be of similar value to exploratory laparotomy in assessing liver involvement, it was no substitute for operation. It was valuable in determining the stage of the disease and following its course.", "contents": "[Laparoscopy in patients with Hodgkin's disease (author's disease)]. Laparoscopy with spleen and multiple liver biopsies was performed in 94 patients with Hodgkin's disease in stages III B and IV B. In four of them involvement of the liver was demonstrated in this way. Exploratory laparotomy was subsequently performed in 35 patients, liver involvement being revealed in only one patient in whom it had not been previously demonstrated by laparoscopy and (or) biopsy. While laparoscopy proved to be of similar value to exploratory laparotomy in assessing liver involvement, it was no substitute for operation. It was valuable in determining the stage of the disease and following its course."}
{"id": "PMID:131683", "title": "[Effect of leukemic sera on the reactivity of leukocytes from acute leukemia patients in mixed lymphocyte cultures].", "content": "The author examined the action of leucemic sera (first attack, repapse and remission) on the reactivity of lymphocytes, obtained from patients with acute myeloblastic (AML) in mixed cultures of lymphocytes, which was compared with the reactivity in the medium of fetal calf serum and pool of normal human serum. Twelve out of 21 Leucemic sera, obtained from patients with AML during their first attack or relapse inhibited completely the mixed lympholytec cultures under autologic conditions. Eight leucemic sera with established inhibiting action under autologic conditions preserved it under allogenic conditions as well. Sera of patients with acute myeloblastic leucosis during remission did not have inhibiting action on mixed lymphocytic cultures. These results suggested the presence of factor(s) in the sera of patients with acute myeloblastic leucosis during the first attack or relapse, which inhibited mixed lymphocytic cultures.", "contents": "[Effect of leukemic sera on the reactivity of leukocytes from acute leukemia patients in mixed lymphocyte cultures]. The author examined the action of leucemic sera (first attack, repapse and remission) on the reactivity of lymphocytes, obtained from patients with acute myeloblastic (AML) in mixed cultures of lymphocytes, which was compared with the reactivity in the medium of fetal calf serum and pool of normal human serum. Twelve out of 21 Leucemic sera, obtained from patients with AML during their first attack or relapse inhibited completely the mixed lympholytec cultures under autologic conditions. Eight leucemic sera with established inhibiting action under autologic conditions preserved it under allogenic conditions as well. Sera of patients with acute myeloblastic leucosis during remission did not have inhibiting action on mixed lymphocytic cultures. These results suggested the presence of factor(s) in the sera of patients with acute myeloblastic leucosis during the first attack or relapse, which inhibited mixed lymphocytic cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:131684", "title": "[Streptozotocin diabetes in the rat with special reference to glucose utilization by the musculature].", "content": "The glucose utilization by different skeletal muscle tissues of short-term streptozotocin treated Wistar rats was studied both in vivo and in vitro. The findings permit the following statements: The reduced metabolic conversion of glucose is mainly the result of the diminished transport of glucose into the muscle cells. The utilization of the glucose taken up by the muscle cells for synthesis of glycogen is unchanged in the diabetic animals and can be stimulated by insulin correspondingly as in normal rats. The conversion of the glucose metabolized by the cells to lactate and the time course of the specific activity of glycogen and lactate lead to the conclusion that glycogenolysis in the muscles of streptozotocin diabetic rats during the incubation is enhanced.", "contents": "[Streptozotocin diabetes in the rat with special reference to glucose utilization by the musculature]. The glucose utilization by different skeletal muscle tissues of short-term streptozotocin treated Wistar rats was studied both in vivo and in vitro. The findings permit the following statements: The reduced metabolic conversion of glucose is mainly the result of the diminished transport of glucose into the muscle cells. The utilization of the glucose taken up by the muscle cells for synthesis of glycogen is unchanged in the diabetic animals and can be stimulated by insulin correspondingly as in normal rats. The conversion of the glucose metabolized by the cells to lactate and the time course of the specific activity of glycogen and lactate lead to the conclusion that glycogenolysis in the muscles of streptozotocin diabetic rats during the incubation is enhanced."}
{"id": "PMID:131685", "title": "[Placental changes in rats with streptozotocin diabetes].", "content": "Placentas of rats with diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin are investigated. Histologically, in the spongiosa zone we find dilated and congested maternal sinus as well as cysts of different size and number. These cysts contain granular eosinophilic material and cytotrophoblastic cells with large amount of glycogen. In our opinion, these cysts are large glycogen islets of the spongiosa zone respectively their remnants. However, similar findings we see in smaller extension in normal rat placentas too. The glycogen content in placentas of diabetic rats is in all localisations higher than in control cases. Comparable histological changes like in diabetic human placenta such as placental disturbances of maturation we don't find in the placental labyrinth of diabetic rats.", "contents": "[Placental changes in rats with streptozotocin diabetes]. Placentas of rats with diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin are investigated. Histologically, in the spongiosa zone we find dilated and congested maternal sinus as well as cysts of different size and number. These cysts contain granular eosinophilic material and cytotrophoblastic cells with large amount of glycogen. In our opinion, these cysts are large glycogen islets of the spongiosa zone respectively their remnants. However, similar findings we see in smaller extension in normal rat placentas too. The glycogen content in placentas of diabetic rats is in all localisations higher than in control cases. Comparable histological changes like in diabetic human placenta such as placental disturbances of maturation we don't find in the placental labyrinth of diabetic rats."}
{"id": "PMID:131695", "title": "Meclofenamate does not reduce chronic hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction.", "content": "There was no reduction in the pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia following inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. A fall in left ventricular weight suggested that systemic pressure may have been reduced after inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in normoxic rats.", "contents": "Meclofenamate does not reduce chronic hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. There was no reduction in the pulmonary pressor response to hypoxia following inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in rats exposed to chronic hypoxia. A fall in left ventricular weight suggested that systemic pressure may have been reduced after inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in normoxic rats."}
{"id": "PMID:131696", "title": "Effect of X-537A- on the phosphorylated protein in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.", "content": "The effect of the antibiotic X537A on the phosphorylated ATPase (E approximately P) was investigated. The results show that X-537A depresses the level of E approximately P which is dependent on the Ca2+ gradient, while the Ca2+-independent E approximately P is not affected.", "contents": "Effect of X-537A- on the phosphorylated protein in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. The effect of the antibiotic X537A on the phosphorylated ATPase (E approximately P) was investigated. The results show that X-537A depresses the level of E approximately P which is dependent on the Ca2+ gradient, while the Ca2+-independent E approximately P is not affected."}
{"id": "PMID:131697", "title": "Effect of heat treatment on the ATPase activity of various sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations.", "content": "Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) preparations is activated after a short period of preincubation at temperatures between 40 and 45 degrees C, but for temperatures higher than 48 degrees C pronounced denaturation is observed. Heat denaturation is decreased if Mg2+ or K+ are present during heat treatment.", "contents": "Effect of heat treatment on the ATPase activity of various sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations. Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) preparations is activated after a short period of preincubation at temperatures between 40 and 45 degrees C, but for temperatures higher than 48 degrees C pronounced denaturation is observed. Heat denaturation is decreased if Mg2+ or K+ are present during heat treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:131698", "title": "Fibrillation of tropoelastin induced by proteoglycan.", "content": "Electrostatic interaction between tropoelastin, the native precursor of elastin, and proteoglycan results in tropoelastin fibrillation. The finding suggests a possible involvement of proteoglycans in elastogenesis.", "contents": "Fibrillation of tropoelastin induced by proteoglycan. Electrostatic interaction between tropoelastin, the native precursor of elastin, and proteoglycan results in tropoelastin fibrillation. The finding suggests a possible involvement of proteoglycans in elastogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:131712", "title": "A synthesis of interstitial fluid regulation and lymph formation.", "content": "The interstitial fluid spaces are filled with a mat of collagen fibers, and the interstices of this mat contain a mucopolysaccharide gel ground substance. Both the collagen fibers and the gel are elastic structures that can be expanded or compacted. In the expanded state the collagen fibers are pushed far apart and pockets of free fluid develop witin the gel. In the compacted state the elastic recoil of the compressed collagen fibers and gel reticular fibrillae seems to cause suction on the fluid within the tissue spaces, thus creating a subatmospheric pressure. Measurements of interstitial fluid pressure using a perforated capsule method indicate that this is normally slightly negative (subatmospheric) in most soft tissues. However, even very slight extra filtration of fluid into the tissue spaces increases the interstitial fluid pressure toward more positive values, which in turn increases lymph flow. The increased lymph flow then decreases the interstitial fluid volume and pressure back toward normal because of two mechanism, 1) direct removal of fluid from the tissue spaces in the lymph, and 2) removal of protein from the interstitial fluid in the lymph, thus decreasing the interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure and allowing more effective osmosis of fluid directly from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries.", "contents": "A synthesis of interstitial fluid regulation and lymph formation. The interstitial fluid spaces are filled with a mat of collagen fibers, and the interstices of this mat contain a mucopolysaccharide gel ground substance. Both the collagen fibers and the gel are elastic structures that can be expanded or compacted. In the expanded state the collagen fibers are pushed far apart and pockets of free fluid develop witin the gel. In the compacted state the elastic recoil of the compressed collagen fibers and gel reticular fibrillae seems to cause suction on the fluid within the tissue spaces, thus creating a subatmospheric pressure. Measurements of interstitial fluid pressure using a perforated capsule method indicate that this is normally slightly negative (subatmospheric) in most soft tissues. However, even very slight extra filtration of fluid into the tissue spaces increases the interstitial fluid pressure toward more positive values, which in turn increases lymph flow. The increased lymph flow then decreases the interstitial fluid volume and pressure back toward normal because of two mechanism, 1) direct removal of fluid from the tissue spaces in the lymph, and 2) removal of protein from the interstitial fluid in the lymph, thus decreasing the interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure and allowing more effective osmosis of fluid directly from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries."}
{"id": "PMID:131725", "title": "Glucagon secretion from the perfused pancreas of streptozotocin-treated rats.", "content": "One hour following intravenous streptozotocin, rat pancreases were perfused in situ, and , in contrast to saline-injected controls a marked decrease of insulin secretion was observed. In these streptozotocin-treated animals, baseline glucagon secretion was enhanced when the perfusate glucose concentration was either 80 mg./100 ml. or 300 mg./100 ml. In addition there was hypersecretion of glucagon in response to arginine. Exogenous insulin (20,000 muU./ml.) could suppress glucagon secretion when endogenous secretion was plentiful. Baseline and arginine-stimulated glucagon secretion of the streptozotocin treated animals was not suppressed by large amounts of glucose and insulin to the degree seen in control animals. The glucagon rise in response to an abrupt fall of glucose from 80 mg./100 ml. to 25 mg./100 ml. was not significantly higher in the control group than in the streptozotocin group. The results seen with epinephrine were in sharp contrast to those found with arginine. Epinephrine-stimulated glucagon secretion was not enhanced in the streptozotocin group. In addition, epinephrine-induced secretion could be suppressed by exogenous insulin in both the control and streptozotocin groups. The differences may be secondary to differences of endogenous insulin secretion. The present results are compatible with the hypothesis that local insulin secretion can exert a significant suppressive effect upon the alpha cell and that the inhibition of glucagon secretion by glucose is partially mediated by this mechanism. Furthermore, anomalous local insulin secretion may contribute to the abnormal glucagon secretion of diabetes mellitus.", "contents": "Glucagon secretion from the perfused pancreas of streptozotocin-treated rats. One hour following intravenous streptozotocin, rat pancreases were perfused in situ, and , in contrast to saline-injected controls a marked decrease of insulin secretion was observed. In these streptozotocin-treated animals, baseline glucagon secretion was enhanced when the perfusate glucose concentration was either 80 mg./100 ml. or 300 mg./100 ml. In addition there was hypersecretion of glucagon in response to arginine. Exogenous insulin (20,000 muU./ml.) could suppress glucagon secretion when endogenous secretion was plentiful. Baseline and arginine-stimulated glucagon secretion of the streptozotocin treated animals was not suppressed by large amounts of glucose and insulin to the degree seen in control animals. The glucagon rise in response to an abrupt fall of glucose from 80 mg./100 ml. to 25 mg./100 ml. was not significantly higher in the control group than in the streptozotocin group. The results seen with epinephrine were in sharp contrast to those found with arginine. Epinephrine-stimulated glucagon secretion was not enhanced in the streptozotocin group. In addition, epinephrine-induced secretion could be suppressed by exogenous insulin in both the control and streptozotocin groups. The differences may be secondary to differences of endogenous insulin secretion. The present results are compatible with the hypothesis that local insulin secretion can exert a significant suppressive effect upon the alpha cell and that the inhibition of glucagon secretion by glucose is partially mediated by this mechanism. Furthermore, anomalous local insulin secretion may contribute to the abnormal glucagon secretion of diabetes mellitus."}
{"id": "PMID:131726", "title": "Autoradiographic study of the distribution and cellular uptake of (14C) - streptozotocin in the rat.", "content": "The distribution and cellular accumulation, in the rat, of three specifically 14C-labelled forms of streptozotocin were investigated. A significant pancreatic accumulation of radioactivity was observed with (3' -methyl-14C)-streptozotocin only. Autoradiographic studies revealed high levels of bound radioactivity in the islet tissue following the administration of (3 -methyl-14C)-streptozotocin whereas much lower levels of radioactivity were detected in the pancreatic tissue following the administration of either (1-14C)-streptozotocin or (2' -14C)-streptozotocin. In the pancreasea, the amount of radioactivity bound to islet tissue was always significantly higher than that bound to acinar tissue. In addition to the islet tissues, the kidney cortex showed a very high level of bound radioactivity after the administration of (3' -methyl-14C)-streptozotocin. The results suggest that streptozotocin is rapidly metabolised by the rat. The apparent specificity for the accumulation of radiolabel from (3' -methyl-14 C)-streptozotocin suggests that a metabolite derived from the methyl bearing ureido side chain of the drug may be specifically involved in the induction of tissue damage and the consequent development of diabetes.", "contents": "Autoradiographic study of the distribution and cellular uptake of (14C) - streptozotocin in the rat. The distribution and cellular accumulation, in the rat, of three specifically 14C-labelled forms of streptozotocin were investigated. A significant pancreatic accumulation of radioactivity was observed with (3' -methyl-14C)-streptozotocin only. Autoradiographic studies revealed high levels of bound radioactivity in the islet tissue following the administration of (3 -methyl-14C)-streptozotocin whereas much lower levels of radioactivity were detected in the pancreatic tissue following the administration of either (1-14C)-streptozotocin or (2' -14C)-streptozotocin. In the pancreasea, the amount of radioactivity bound to islet tissue was always significantly higher than that bound to acinar tissue. In addition to the islet tissues, the kidney cortex showed a very high level of bound radioactivity after the administration of (3' -methyl-14C)-streptozotocin. The results suggest that streptozotocin is rapidly metabolised by the rat. The apparent specificity for the accumulation of radiolabel from (3' -methyl-14 C)-streptozotocin suggests that a metabolite derived from the methyl bearing ureido side chain of the drug may be specifically involved in the induction of tissue damage and the consequent development of diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:131727", "title": "Human adipose tissue in culture V. Studies on the metabolic effects of insulin.", "content": "Specimens of human adipose tissue were cultured for one week with or without the addition of insulin. The basal as well as the noradenaline-stimulated lipolysis were enhanced in the explants cultured with insulin, showing that the long-term effect of the hormone is lipolytic. However, an acute antilipolytic effect of insulin could be demonstrated in these explants in the subsequent short-term incubations. The basal rate of glucose incorporation into the lipids was enhanced in the explants cultured with insulin. When insulin was added in the short-term incubations these explants did not further respond to the hormone while this was the case with the explants cultured without insulin. Thus, it seems that prolonged exposure to insulin leads to a diminished acute effect of the hormone on glucose metabolism. However, the same explants responded to the antilipolytic effect showing that insulin was able to bind itself to the membrane. The activities of hexokinase (HK), glucose-6-phosphage dehydrogenase (G6PDH), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were increased in large fat cells both in freshly excised tissue and in cultured explants. However, the activity of phosphofructokinase (PFK) did not correlate with the cell size. The presence of insulin during the culture period enhanced the activities of G7PDH, PK, and LDH, while this was not found for HK or PFK. The data thus suggest that the metabolic capacity of human fat cells is enhanced by long-term exposure to insulin. Although enzyme induction could be shown for G6PDH, PK and LDH it seems unlikely that this is of importance for the increased rates of glucose metabolism in these explants since the rate-limiting enzymes, HK and PGK, were not increased. Most probably, then, this stimulating effect of insulin is exerted on the membrane and the rate of glucose transport.", "contents": "Human adipose tissue in culture V. Studies on the metabolic effects of insulin. Specimens of human adipose tissue were cultured for one week with or without the addition of insulin. The basal as well as the noradenaline-stimulated lipolysis were enhanced in the explants cultured with insulin, showing that the long-term effect of the hormone is lipolytic. However, an acute antilipolytic effect of insulin could be demonstrated in these explants in the subsequent short-term incubations. The basal rate of glucose incorporation into the lipids was enhanced in the explants cultured with insulin. When insulin was added in the short-term incubations these explants did not further respond to the hormone while this was the case with the explants cultured without insulin. Thus, it seems that prolonged exposure to insulin leads to a diminished acute effect of the hormone on glucose metabolism. However, the same explants responded to the antilipolytic effect showing that insulin was able to bind itself to the membrane. The activities of hexokinase (HK), glucose-6-phosphage dehydrogenase (G6PDH), pyruvate kinase (PK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were increased in large fat cells both in freshly excised tissue and in cultured explants. However, the activity of phosphofructokinase (PFK) did not correlate with the cell size. The presence of insulin during the culture period enhanced the activities of G7PDH, PK, and LDH, while this was not found for HK or PFK. The data thus suggest that the metabolic capacity of human fat cells is enhanced by long-term exposure to insulin. Although enzyme induction could be shown for G6PDH, PK and LDH it seems unlikely that this is of importance for the increased rates of glucose metabolism in these explants since the rate-limiting enzymes, HK and PGK, were not increased. Most probably, then, this stimulating effect of insulin is exerted on the membrane and the rate of glucose transport."}
{"id": "PMID:131728", "title": "Effects of long-term restricted insulin production in obese-hyperglycemic (genotype ob/ob) mice.", "content": "Primary hypersecretion of insulin has been suggested as one possibility for the genetic fault of ob/ob mice. To test this hypothesis, streptozotocin (SZO) was used to reduce permanently insulin secretion in young lean and obese mice. After establishment of hyperglycaemia and weight reduction in treated obese mice (obese-SZO), daily insulin replacment was begun in some (obese-SZO-Ins). Obese-SZO mice maintained insulin levels and body weights similar to lean controls, though they were shorter and fatter, while food intake and blood sugar levels exceeded lean values. Obese-SZO-Ins mice with reduced islet hyperplasia, but great insulin resistance, gained more weight than obese-SZO mice; had high serum insulin and controlled blood glucose; and exhibited hyperphagia. These results suggest that primary hypersecretion of insulin cannot be the genetic defect, as ob/ob mice are hyperphagic, hyperglycaemic, insulin resistant, and \"obese\" even when insulin levels are restricted.", "contents": "Effects of long-term restricted insulin production in obese-hyperglycemic (genotype ob/ob) mice. Primary hypersecretion of insulin has been suggested as one possibility for the genetic fault of ob/ob mice. To test this hypothesis, streptozotocin (SZO) was used to reduce permanently insulin secretion in young lean and obese mice. After establishment of hyperglycaemia and weight reduction in treated obese mice (obese-SZO), daily insulin replacment was begun in some (obese-SZO-Ins). Obese-SZO mice maintained insulin levels and body weights similar to lean controls, though they were shorter and fatter, while food intake and blood sugar levels exceeded lean values. Obese-SZO-Ins mice with reduced islet hyperplasia, but great insulin resistance, gained more weight than obese-SZO mice; had high serum insulin and controlled blood glucose; and exhibited hyperphagia. These results suggest that primary hypersecretion of insulin cannot be the genetic defect, as ob/ob mice are hyperphagic, hyperglycaemic, insulin resistant, and \"obese\" even when insulin levels are restricted."}
{"id": "PMID:131729", "title": "Mouse strain difference in the expression of antitumor activity of PS-K.", "content": "Effect of PS-K on tumor growth and antibody production was studied in inbred C57BL/6, SL, C3H/He, and AKR mice, and in colony-bred ICR mice. (1) PS-K exhibited antitumor activity on sarcoma-180 in ICR mice, but not in AKR mice. Growth of sarcoma-180 was suppressed to the intermediate extent in other strains. (2) In ICR strain, antibody production against trinitrophenyl was depressed in mice bearing sarcoma-180 and restored by PS-K. In AKR mice, on the other hand, antibody production was not depressed in tumor-bearing state and was not augmented by PS-K. Other strains showed intermediate degrees of suppression of antibody-producing capacity by sarcoma-180 and its restoration by PS-K.CR strain, the growth of Ehrlich tumor as the challenge tumor was enhanced in mice bearing sarcoma-180 as compared to that in controls. After the treatment with PS-K in this strain, however, not only the growth of sarcoma-180 but also of Ehrlich tumor was inhibited completely. On the other hand, the growth of Ehrlich tumor in AKR strain was neither enhanced in mice bearing sarcoma-180 nor inhibited by PS-K.", "contents": "Mouse strain difference in the expression of antitumor activity of PS-K. Effect of PS-K on tumor growth and antibody production was studied in inbred C57BL/6, SL, C3H/He, and AKR mice, and in colony-bred ICR mice. (1) PS-K exhibited antitumor activity on sarcoma-180 in ICR mice, but not in AKR mice. Growth of sarcoma-180 was suppressed to the intermediate extent in other strains. (2) In ICR strain, antibody production against trinitrophenyl was depressed in mice bearing sarcoma-180 and restored by PS-K. In AKR mice, on the other hand, antibody production was not depressed in tumor-bearing state and was not augmented by PS-K. Other strains showed intermediate degrees of suppression of antibody-producing capacity by sarcoma-180 and its restoration by PS-K.CR strain, the growth of Ehrlich tumor as the challenge tumor was enhanced in mice bearing sarcoma-180 as compared to that in controls. After the treatment with PS-K in this strain, however, not only the growth of sarcoma-180 but also of Ehrlich tumor was inhibited completely. On the other hand, the growth of Ehrlich tumor in AKR strain was neither enhanced in mice bearing sarcoma-180 nor inhibited by PS-K."}
{"id": "PMID:131730", "title": "Antitumor effect of protein-bound polysaccharide preparation, PS-K, against 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in C57BL/6 mice.", "content": "The protein-bound polysaccharide preparation, PS-K, was found to possess an antitumor effect against 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in mice which was shown to have a tumor-specific transplantation antigen. This antitumor effect seemed to be exerted through a host-mediated tumor immunity.", "contents": "Antitumor effect of protein-bound polysaccharide preparation, PS-K, against 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in C57BL/6 mice. The protein-bound polysaccharide preparation, PS-K, was found to possess an antitumor effect against 3-methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma in mice which was shown to have a tumor-specific transplantation antigen. This antitumor effect seemed to be exerted through a host-mediated tumor immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:131731", "title": "Intrahepatic cholestasis after griseofulvin administration.", "content": "The occurrence of cholestatic jaundice in a patient receiving griseofulvin is described. The clinical manifestations, laboratory features, and pathological lesion of drug-induced hepatotoxicity are discussed. Complete recovery followed the discontinuation of drug administration. The potential hepatotoxicity of griseofulvin and the importance of close monitoring of liver function studies in patients receiving this drug are emphasized.", "contents": "Intrahepatic cholestasis after griseofulvin administration. The occurrence of cholestatic jaundice in a patient receiving griseofulvin is described. The clinical manifestations, laboratory features, and pathological lesion of drug-induced hepatotoxicity are discussed. Complete recovery followed the discontinuation of drug administration. The potential hepatotoxicity of griseofulvin and the importance of close monitoring of liver function studies in patients receiving this drug are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:131732", "title": "[Surgical procedures for sterilization of the women: certainty--complications (author's transl)].", "content": "The time (interval, postpartum, postabortum), location (uterus, mucus membrane of the oviducts, tubes), access (transcervical, transvaginal, trans-abdominal) and the actual method of sterilization for the women (surgical, electric, thermic, mechanical) can be differentiated and combined with each other in various ways. Today the usual procedure is sterilization by partial resection of the oviducts performed laparoscopically in the interval via electrocoagulation and surgically after delivery via periumbilical minilaparotomy. Laparoscopic sterilization via electrocoagulation has a rate of failure of about 1:1,000 and the mortality rate is less than 1:10,000. The most frequent complications are: hemorrhages due to injury of the larger vessels and burns in the intestine caused by the electric current. For this reason, conventional (:unipolar\") electrocoagulation should be replaced by the so-called bipolar coagulation or other newer methods which avoid these complications. On the basis of the current literature, no definitive statements can be made regarding the reliability of the newer methods (silastic ring, plastic clips, thermocoagulation). An additional, although up until now purely hypothetic, advantage of the newer methods is the possibility of reversibility. With conventional electrocoagulation, the rate of reversilbility is very low. Additional alternatives are also culdotomy and minilaparotomy in the interval with the assistance of a uterus elevator. Both ways of access may be combined with various methods of sterilization. The pros and cons of the hysterectomy as a method of sterilization are still being discussed. Occasional late sequelae of sterilization such as menstrual disorders, pain and, particularly, problems related to sexual intercourse have only recently come to light. They have not yet been adequately investigated.", "contents": "[Surgical procedures for sterilization of the women: certainty--complications (author's transl)]. The time (interval, postpartum, postabortum), location (uterus, mucus membrane of the oviducts, tubes), access (transcervical, transvaginal, trans-abdominal) and the actual method of sterilization for the women (surgical, electric, thermic, mechanical) can be differentiated and combined with each other in various ways. Today the usual procedure is sterilization by partial resection of the oviducts performed laparoscopically in the interval via electrocoagulation and surgically after delivery via periumbilical minilaparotomy. Laparoscopic sterilization via electrocoagulation has a rate of failure of about 1:1,000 and the mortality rate is less than 1:10,000. The most frequent complications are: hemorrhages due to injury of the larger vessels and burns in the intestine caused by the electric current. For this reason, conventional (:unipolar\") electrocoagulation should be replaced by the so-called bipolar coagulation or other newer methods which avoid these complications. On the basis of the current literature, no definitive statements can be made regarding the reliability of the newer methods (silastic ring, plastic clips, thermocoagulation). An additional, although up until now purely hypothetic, advantage of the newer methods is the possibility of reversibility. With conventional electrocoagulation, the rate of reversilbility is very low. Additional alternatives are also culdotomy and minilaparotomy in the interval with the assistance of a uterus elevator. Both ways of access may be combined with various methods of sterilization. The pros and cons of the hysterectomy as a method of sterilization are still being discussed. Occasional late sequelae of sterilization such as menstrual disorders, pain and, particularly, problems related to sexual intercourse have only recently come to light. They have not yet been adequately investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:131733", "title": "Phenotypic diversity among alleles at the per-1 locus of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Comparison of 11 perithecial color mutants suggested that all were alleles at the per-1 locus but nonetheless separable into two groups because of phenotypic differences. Three of the mutant strains produced orange perithecia and black ascospores, and eight produced paler, yellow perithecia and white ascospores. Perithecial phenotype was dependent upon the genotype of the protoperithecial parent; ascospore phenotype, upon the genotype of the individual ascospore. No evidence was found that the white ascospores were due to chromosomal rearrangements. No separation of the perithecial and ascospore phenotypes by recombination was observed in a cross between one of the mutants and a per-1+ strain. However, apparent low levels of recombination in crosses between some of the mutants indicated possible genetic complexity at the per-1 locus. The phase specificity of the per-1 mutations and the possible nature and mode of expression of the orange and yellow perithecial pigments are discussed.", "contents": "Phenotypic diversity among alleles at the per-1 locus of Neurospora crassa. Comparison of 11 perithecial color mutants suggested that all were alleles at the per-1 locus but nonetheless separable into two groups because of phenotypic differences. Three of the mutant strains produced orange perithecia and black ascospores, and eight produced paler, yellow perithecia and white ascospores. Perithecial phenotype was dependent upon the genotype of the protoperithecial parent; ascospore phenotype, upon the genotype of the individual ascospore. No evidence was found that the white ascospores were due to chromosomal rearrangements. No separation of the perithecial and ascospore phenotypes by recombination was observed in a cross between one of the mutants and a per-1+ strain. However, apparent low levels of recombination in crosses between some of the mutants indicated possible genetic complexity at the per-1 locus. The phase specificity of the per-1 mutations and the possible nature and mode of expression of the orange and yellow perithecial pigments are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131734", "title": "Selection of extranuclear mutants of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "A procedure is described that produce primarily extranuclear mutants, of Neurospora carassa. An analysis of five mutants. [cni-3], [rsp-2], [rsp-3], E1RSP-4], IS PRESENTED. All five mutants segregate in an extranuclear manner. They can be assorted into two classes based on their respiratory properties: (1) those with cyanide-insensitive respiration (cni); (2) those with slow respiration (rsp). All of the mutants are female sterile. The respiratory trait can be placed in different nuclear backgrounds by heterokarytoic transfer. The abnormal respiratory traits are observed in mitochondria isloated from the mutants and it is likely that the mutations are in mitochondrial DNA.", "contents": "Selection of extranuclear mutants of Neurospora crassa. A procedure is described that produce primarily extranuclear mutants, of Neurospora carassa. An analysis of five mutants. [cni-3], [rsp-2], [rsp-3], E1RSP-4], IS PRESENTED. All five mutants segregate in an extranuclear manner. They can be assorted into two classes based on their respiratory properties: (1) those with cyanide-insensitive respiration (cni); (2) those with slow respiration (rsp). All of the mutants are female sterile. The respiratory trait can be placed in different nuclear backgrounds by heterokarytoic transfer. The abnormal respiratory traits are observed in mitochondria isloated from the mutants and it is likely that the mutations are in mitochondrial DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:131735", "title": "[A neurogenetic study in an inbred population].", "content": "A Tatar family from a semi-isolated village in the Gorky Region is described in which a neurological and ophthalmological syndrome was inherited. In homozygotes this syndrome comprised the degeneration of subcortical cerebral ganglia (hyperkinesis), nystagmus, oligophrenia and a peculiar variant of tapetoretinal degeneration. Heterozygotes exhibited ophthalmological abnormalities, such as the similar defects of eye bottom and nystagmus. The two homozygotes observed were sibs derived from a marriage between first cousins. Five more families with other rare hereditary anomalies (both dominant and  recessive) were discovered in this village. The total inbreeding coefficient in the village was found to be 0.0075. The high degree of inbreeding, subisolation and high fertility are regarded as factors favorable for the distribution of rare deleterious mutations due to the founder-effect.", "contents": "[A neurogenetic study in an inbred population]. A Tatar family from a semi-isolated village in the Gorky Region is described in which a neurological and ophthalmological syndrome was inherited. In homozygotes this syndrome comprised the degeneration of subcortical cerebral ganglia (hyperkinesis), nystagmus, oligophrenia and a peculiar variant of tapetoretinal degeneration. Heterozygotes exhibited ophthalmological abnormalities, such as the similar defects of eye bottom and nystagmus. The two homozygotes observed were sibs derived from a marriage between first cousins. Five more families with other rare hereditary anomalies (both dominant and  recessive) were discovered in this village. The total inbreeding coefficient in the village was found to be 0.0075. The high degree of inbreeding, subisolation and high fertility are regarded as factors favorable for the distribution of rare deleterious mutations due to the founder-effect."}
{"id": "PMID:131736", "title": "[Multiple birth and Down's disease].", "content": "The frequency of twinning among newborns with Down's syndrome (2,11+/-0,6%)was significantly higher than in the general populaltion (0,73+/-0,3%). The increase in the rate of multiple births of children with trisomy-21 occurred due to almost three-fold excess in the frequency of dizygotic (discordant) twin pairs over the expected level. The increase in the frequency of dizygotic twins with Down's syndrome was explained by the combined effect of two independent factors: the increase in probability of dizgotic twins natality and the enhanced rate of children birth with trisomy-21, which depended on the increase in mother's age.", "contents": "[Multiple birth and Down's disease]. The frequency of twinning among newborns with Down's syndrome (2,11+/-0,6%)was significantly higher than in the general populaltion (0,73+/-0,3%). The increase in the rate of multiple births of children with trisomy-21 occurred due to almost three-fold excess in the frequency of dizygotic (discordant) twin pairs over the expected level. The increase in the frequency of dizygotic twins with Down's syndrome was explained by the combined effect of two independent factors: the increase in probability of dizgotic twins natality and the enhanced rate of children birth with trisomy-21, which depended on the increase in mother's age."}
{"id": "PMID:131737", "title": "[Anomalies in the karyotypes of premature children].", "content": "A cytogenetic investigation of two groups of prematurely born babies was carried out on the basis of the specialized department for prematurely born children in Moscow and in the Moscow Region. The material for this investigation was the culture of lymphocytes. In the first group comprising 607 prematurely born babies without any perceptible developmental defects abnormalities of the karyotype were observed in 15 probands (2.5%) which is 3.5 times higher than the frequency of karyotypic abnormalities among newborn babies from the same population born in proper time. In the second group comprising 70 prematurely born babies with various congenital malformations various karyotypic abnormalities were observed in 13 probands (18,6%), which is 8 times the frequency among babies from the same population born in proper time. The main type of abnormalities observed were those affecting the system of sex chromosomes and the cases of trisomy of the 21st pair of autosomes and structural abnormalities. The high proportion of X- and 21-trisomies among the chromosome abnormalities observed suggests their important role in the etiology of premature births and postnatal death-rate of mutant organisms having D- and E-trisomies and structurally unbalanced chromosomal aberrations.", "contents": "[Anomalies in the karyotypes of premature children]. A cytogenetic investigation of two groups of prematurely born babies was carried out on the basis of the specialized department for prematurely born children in Moscow and in the Moscow Region. The material for this investigation was the culture of lymphocytes. In the first group comprising 607 prematurely born babies without any perceptible developmental defects abnormalities of the karyotype were observed in 15 probands (2.5%) which is 3.5 times higher than the frequency of karyotypic abnormalities among newborn babies from the same population born in proper time. In the second group comprising 70 prematurely born babies with various congenital malformations various karyotypic abnormalities were observed in 13 probands (18,6%), which is 8 times the frequency among babies from the same population born in proper time. The main type of abnormalities observed were those affecting the system of sex chromosomes and the cases of trisomy of the 21st pair of autosomes and structural abnormalities. The high proportion of X- and 21-trisomies among the chromosome abnormalities observed suggests their important role in the etiology of premature births and postnatal death-rate of mutant organisms having D- and E-trisomies and structurally unbalanced chromosomal aberrations."}
{"id": "PMID:131738", "title": "[A medico-genetic study of isolates in Uzbekistan. III. Results of a cytogenetic study].", "content": "The cytogenetic examination of the population of the villages of Karakent and Ishan consisted of two directions: the study on the frequency of chromosome aberrations in the culture of lymphocytes and the diagnostics of anomalies and variants of karyotype. The frequency of chromosome aberrations of 40 individuals was studied. It is shown that the frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations of the individuals in different villages does not differ and on the average is 1,4%. The distribution of lymphocyte culture according to the number of aberrations corresponds to that of theoretical Puassonian. Chromatide breaks are the main type of the aberrations. Among 250 karyotypically examined individuals no evident structure reformations were found. In the caryotype of a 7-year old girl trisomia of the 21st autosome was detected. On the basis of differential staining of chromosomes by Hiemse's dye 18 individuals (7,2%) were diagnosed to have insignificant changes in morphology of some chromosomes, considered as variants of caryotype. In the majority of cases these changes were of a family nature. On the medical examination mnay individuals were diagnosed to have different pathological features, though we did not succeed in revealing any correlation between a certain microanomaly of chromosomes and a pathological feature.", "contents": "[A medico-genetic study of isolates in Uzbekistan. III. Results of a cytogenetic study]. The cytogenetic examination of the population of the villages of Karakent and Ishan consisted of two directions: the study on the frequency of chromosome aberrations in the culture of lymphocytes and the diagnostics of anomalies and variants of karyotype. The frequency of chromosome aberrations of 40 individuals was studied. It is shown that the frequency of cells with chromosome aberrations of the individuals in different villages does not differ and on the average is 1,4%. The distribution of lymphocyte culture according to the number of aberrations corresponds to that of theoretical Puassonian. Chromatide breaks are the main type of the aberrations. Among 250 karyotypically examined individuals no evident structure reformations were found. In the caryotype of a 7-year old girl trisomia of the 21st autosome was detected. On the basis of differential staining of chromosomes by Hiemse's dye 18 individuals (7,2%) were diagnosed to have insignificant changes in morphology of some chromosomes, considered as variants of caryotype. In the majority of cases these changes were of a family nature. On the medical examination mnay individuals were diagnosed to have different pathological features, though we did not succeed in revealing any correlation between a certain microanomaly of chromosomes and a pathological feature."}
{"id": "PMID:131739", "title": "[Several demographic indices of isolated populations in Uzbekistan].", "content": "Demographic indices of isolated populations with high level of inbreeding are calculated. Demographic date within each population are given separately both for inbred families and for outbred ones. The data obtained revealed the higher frequency of life-born children in outbred families and significantly higher frequency of still-born in inbred ones, the frequencies of twin births being nearly the same in inbred families and in outbred ones. It should be mentioned that more boys were born in inbred families in comparison with outbred ones. Dimensions of genetic isolates are also calculated for each of above mentioned isolated groups.", "contents": "[Several demographic indices of isolated populations in Uzbekistan]. Demographic indices of isolated populations with high level of inbreeding are calculated. Demographic date within each population are given separately both for inbred families and for outbred ones. The data obtained revealed the higher frequency of life-born children in outbred families and significantly higher frequency of still-born in inbred ones, the frequencies of twin births being nearly the same in inbred families and in outbred ones. It should be mentioned that more boys were born in inbred families in comparison with outbred ones. Dimensions of genetic isolates are also calculated for each of above mentioned isolated groups."}
{"id": "PMID:131740", "title": "[Dermatoglyphics of the relatives of children with congenital defects in development].", "content": "The localization of an axial triradius and the flexor creases were studied in 173 phenotypically normal mothers and 104 fathers of congenitally malformed children. The most pronounced changes ofdermatoglyphics were found in the parents of children with polygenic determined defects, less pronounced ones-- in the parents of children with multiple congenital non-chromosomal defects and with Down's syndrome. The frequency of the pathological features studied was similar both in children with polygenically determined isolated defects and with Down's syndrome. The frequency of the pathological determined isolated defects and in their parents. In multiple congenital defects and in Down's syndrome the abnormalities ofof the localization of an axial triradius and of the flexor creases were found in children more frequently than in the parents. It is suggested that the above mentioned peculiarities of parental dermatoglyphics may be useful for the genetic counsleling.", "contents": "[Dermatoglyphics of the relatives of children with congenital defects in development]. The localization of an axial triradius and the flexor creases were studied in 173 phenotypically normal mothers and 104 fathers of congenitally malformed children. The most pronounced changes ofdermatoglyphics were found in the parents of children with polygenic determined defects, less pronounced ones-- in the parents of children with multiple congenital non-chromosomal defects and with Down's syndrome. The frequency of the pathological features studied was similar both in children with polygenically determined isolated defects and with Down's syndrome. The frequency of the pathological determined isolated defects and in their parents. In multiple congenital defects and in Down's syndrome the abnormalities ofof the localization of an axial triradius and of the flexor creases were found in children more frequently than in the parents. It is suggested that the above mentioned peculiarities of parental dermatoglyphics may be useful for the genetic counsleling."}
{"id": "PMID:131741", "title": "[Inbreeding in the Samarkand region].", "content": "Data on the frequency of inbreeding in some isolated populations of Samarkand region are given. Statistically significant differences were established in the frequency of inbreeding in separate groups and in the general population of the region. Inbreeding marriages were more observed between paralel cousins, occasionally they were made between secon cousins. Strict time dependence of inbreeding frequency was not found, but it was noticed that the level of inbreeding was reduced since 1930 to 1949.", "contents": "[Inbreeding in the Samarkand region]. Data on the frequency of inbreeding in some isolated populations of Samarkand region are given. Statistically significant differences were established in the frequency of inbreeding in separate groups and in the general population of the region. Inbreeding marriages were more observed between paralel cousins, occasionally they were made between secon cousins. Strict time dependence of inbreeding frequency was not found, but it was noticed that the level of inbreeding was reduced since 1930 to 1949."}
{"id": "PMID:131742", "title": "[Frequency of genes and blood groups of the systems, ABO, MN, Rh and P among the Belerussians and Poles of the Grodno region].", "content": "A distribution of the gene frequencies and blood groups of the ABO, Rh, NM and P system in the poles and the byelorussians inthe Grodno region is investigated. The following frequencies of genes in the byelorussians were revealed: r(O)--0,6210; P(A)--0,2451; Q(B)--0,1339; D--0,6093; D-9,3907; M-0,6063; N-0,3937; P(+)-0,4971; P(--)--0,5029; and in poles: r(O)--0,6284; p(A)--0,2353; q(B)--0,1363; D - 0,6065; d - 0,3935; M - 0,6093; N- 0,0397; P(+) -0,4966; P(-) -0,5034. No statistically reliable differences were revealed in frequencies of the alleles an d phenotypes of the investigated systems in the poles and byelorussians. By comparison of the same isoantigen systems of the byelorussians in the Grodno region with the common population of the byelorussians in the BSSR it was found that statistically significant differences do not exist. The comparison of the poles in the Grodno region withthe poles in the Polish People's Republic showed a statistically reliable difference of their genofunds in terms of the gene frequencies: r(O) , p(A), D, d, P(+), P(-). This confirms the hypothesis about an indigenous origin of the poles in the Grondno region.", "contents": "[Frequency of genes and blood groups of the systems, ABO, MN, Rh and P among the Belerussians and Poles of the Grodno region]. A distribution of the gene frequencies and blood groups of the ABO, Rh, NM and P system in the poles and the byelorussians inthe Grodno region is investigated. The following frequencies of genes in the byelorussians were revealed: r(O)--0,6210; P(A)--0,2451; Q(B)--0,1339; D--0,6093; D-9,3907; M-0,6063; N-0,3937; P(+)-0,4971; P(--)--0,5029; and in poles: r(O)--0,6284; p(A)--0,2353; q(B)--0,1363; D - 0,6065; d - 0,3935; M - 0,6093; N- 0,0397; P(+) -0,4966; P(-) -0,5034. No statistically reliable differences were revealed in frequencies of the alleles an d phenotypes of the investigated systems in the poles and byelorussians. By comparison of the same isoantigen systems of the byelorussians in the Grodno region with the common population of the byelorussians in the BSSR it was found that statistically significant differences do not exist. The comparison of the poles in the Grodno region withthe poles in the Polish People's Republic showed a statistically reliable difference of their genofunds in terms of the gene frequencies: r(O) , p(A), D, d, P(+), P(-). This confirms the hypothesis about an indigenous origin of the poles in the Grondno region."}
{"id": "PMID:131744", "title": "[Inbreeding characteristics of thepopulation and the distribution of schizophrenia in one of the rural regions of Azerbaijan].", "content": "The investigation was carried out in Pushkin region of Azerbaijan SSR. The coefficient of inbreeding was found to be 0,01142 in 2 typical villages; the frequency of consanguineaous marriage in both villages was 30+. The occurence of consanguineous marriage is explained by a little migration of the population, large families and a stability of marriage traditions. An increased frequency of parental consanguinities of sporadic schizophrenic patients in comparison with the average one was found. This indicates the determination of some cases by rare recessive genes.", "contents": "[Inbreeding characteristics of thepopulation and the distribution of schizophrenia in one of the rural regions of Azerbaijan]. The investigation was carried out in Pushkin region of Azerbaijan SSR. The coefficient of inbreeding was found to be 0,01142 in 2 typical villages; the frequency of consanguineaous marriage in both villages was 30+. The occurence of consanguineous marriage is explained by a little migration of the population, large families and a stability of marriage traditions. An increased frequency of parental consanguinities of sporadic schizophrenic patients in comparison with the average one was found. This indicates the determination of some cases by rare recessive genes."}
{"id": "PMID:131745", "title": "[A medico-genetic study of the population of Western Pamir. IV, Several hereditary neuropsychiatric diseases among the population of the Bartang canyon].", "content": "On the basis of clinico-genealogical investigation of the population of some small villages in the ravine Bartang--the isolate in high-montane region--the following indices of frequency of some psychiatric disorders were determined: olygophrenia--3,96; epilepsy--5,09; schizophrenia--6,78 for a 1000 of population. These indices do not differ significantly from those for other regions of the USSR. The favourable evolution of epilepsy and schizophrenia and the absence of genetic froms of olygophrenia were marked.", "contents": "[A medico-genetic study of the population of Western Pamir. IV, Several hereditary neuropsychiatric diseases among the population of the Bartang canyon]. On the basis of clinico-genealogical investigation of the population of some small villages in the ravine Bartang--the isolate in high-montane region--the following indices of frequency of some psychiatric disorders were determined: olygophrenia--3,96; epilepsy--5,09; schizophrenia--6,78 for a 1000 of population. These indices do not differ significantly from those for other regions of the USSR. The favourable evolution of epilepsy and schizophrenia and the absence of genetic froms of olygophrenia were marked."}
{"id": "PMID:131747", "title": "Ageing changes in mammalian skeletal muscle: biochemical studies.", "content": "In the course of ageing, biochemical characteristics of mammalian skeletal muscle are shown to become altered mainly within the system of energy metabolism. The enzymatic behaviour of myofibrillar proteins remains virtually unchanged throughout life, but a gradual loss of fibres causes a decrease in musculae strength. Working capacity, however, in terms of prolonged muscular work is considerably reduced with age, because of a less efficient energy metabolism. Enzymes, particularly of the Krebs cycle, show diminished specific activities, and consequently, ATP and phosphocreatine concentrations are lowered. Possible primary and secondary factors responsible for these changes are discussed.", "contents": "Ageing changes in mammalian skeletal muscle: biochemical studies. In the course of ageing, biochemical characteristics of mammalian skeletal muscle are shown to become altered mainly within the system of energy metabolism. The enzymatic behaviour of myofibrillar proteins remains virtually unchanged throughout life, but a gradual loss of fibres causes a decrease in musculae strength. Working capacity, however, in terms of prolonged muscular work is considerably reduced with age, because of a less efficient energy metabolism. Enzymes, particularly of the Krebs cycle, show diminished specific activities, and consequently, ATP and phosphocreatine concentrations are lowered. Possible primary and secondary factors responsible for these changes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131751", "title": "Alcohol and absorption from the small intestine. 2. Effect of ethanol on ATP and ATPase activities in guinea-pig jejunum.", "content": "After the exposure of isolated segments of guinea-pig jejunum to 2% ethanol for one hour, a significant reduction (P less than 0-001) in the adenosine triphosphate content (ATP) was observed when compared with levels found in segments perfused with Krebs' solution. However, no alteration was noted in the activity of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The chronic administration of 50% ethanol in a dose of 2-5 g/kg for two weeks did not affect either the ATP content or ATPase activity in jejunal mucosa.", "contents": "Alcohol and absorption from the small intestine. 2. Effect of ethanol on ATP and ATPase activities in guinea-pig jejunum. After the exposure of isolated segments of guinea-pig jejunum to 2% ethanol for one hour, a significant reduction (P less than 0-001) in the adenosine triphosphate content (ATP) was observed when compared with levels found in segments perfused with Krebs' solution. However, no alteration was noted in the activity of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The chronic administration of 50% ethanol in a dose of 2-5 g/kg for two weeks did not affect either the ATP content or ATPase activity in jejunal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:131752", "title": "Mechanism of thrombocytopenia induced in mice by anti-platelet serum.", "content": "Although anti-platelet serum is frequently used to produce thrombocytopenia, the mechanism of how platelets are removed from the circulation is poorly understood. In vitro studies indicated that anti-platelet serum caused platelet aggregation, whereas normal rabbit serum did not. The aggregation was dose related; at the lower dose, aggregated platelets were shown to deaggregate and platelets released from the aggregates responded normally to ADP but not to collagen. In mice whose platelets were previously labeled with Na235SO4, anti-platelet serum caused an increase in the amount of 35S mucopolysaccharides (MPS) recovered from the kidneys. No increase in radioactivity was found in the lungs, livers, or spleens of similarly treated mice. The data suggest that platelet specific anti-serum causes platelets to aggregate leading to ADP (and consequently 35S-MPS) release; the accumulation of 35S in kidneys may be due to removal of MPS and/or platelets from the circulation.", "contents": "Mechanism of thrombocytopenia induced in mice by anti-platelet serum. Although anti-platelet serum is frequently used to produce thrombocytopenia, the mechanism of how platelets are removed from the circulation is poorly understood. In vitro studies indicated that anti-platelet serum caused platelet aggregation, whereas normal rabbit serum did not. The aggregation was dose related; at the lower dose, aggregated platelets were shown to deaggregate and platelets released from the aggregates responded normally to ADP but not to collagen. In mice whose platelets were previously labeled with Na235SO4, anti-platelet serum caused an increase in the amount of 35S mucopolysaccharides (MPS) recovered from the kidneys. No increase in radioactivity was found in the lungs, livers, or spleens of similarly treated mice. The data suggest that platelet specific anti-serum causes platelets to aggregate leading to ADP (and consequently 35S-MPS) release; the accumulation of 35S in kidneys may be due to removal of MPS and/or platelets from the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:131753", "title": "[Pharmaco-angiography with angiotensin (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of pharmacoangiography using angiotensin were compared with the findings in 101 patients during selective angiography of the kidneys (48 cases), the pancreas and liver (46 cases) and of peripheral soft tissue lesions (7 cases). Angiotensin in a dose of 0.5--l mug (renal artery), 1--5 mug (coeliac artery) and 5--10 mug (peripheral vessels) was found to be a constant and potent vaso-constrictor in 99% of cases. Intraarterial injection of angiotensin improved evaluation in 18 out of 27 cases (66%) with a final diagnosis of a tumor, in 18 out of 22 patients (77%) with cysts and in 16 out of 24 (66%) with an inflammatory process. In three out of 27 cases (11%) an angiographic diagnosis was possible only after using pharmacoangiography. The use of angiotensin represents a valuable possibility of clarifying otherwise uncertain angiographic diagnoses. This is particularly the case where superselective catheterisation is impossible.", "contents": "[Pharmaco-angiography with angiotensin (author's transl)]. The results of pharmacoangiography using angiotensin were compared with the findings in 101 patients during selective angiography of the kidneys (48 cases), the pancreas and liver (46 cases) and of peripheral soft tissue lesions (7 cases). Angiotensin in a dose of 0.5--l mug (renal artery), 1--5 mug (coeliac artery) and 5--10 mug (peripheral vessels) was found to be a constant and potent vaso-constrictor in 99% of cases. Intraarterial injection of angiotensin improved evaluation in 18 out of 27 cases (66%) with a final diagnosis of a tumor, in 18 out of 22 patients (77%) with cysts and in 16 out of 24 (66%) with an inflammatory process. In three out of 27 cases (11%) an angiographic diagnosis was possible only after using pharmacoangiography. The use of angiotensin represents a valuable possibility of clarifying otherwise uncertain angiographic diagnoses. This is particularly the case where superselective catheterisation is impossible."}
{"id": "PMID:131754", "title": "[The pancreatographic effect during pharmacoangiography of the pancreas following the administration of glucagon (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiography before and after the administration of Glucagon was performed in 33 adult patients with symptoms suggesting a pancreatic lesion. Preferently the pancreatographic effect was evaluated. The results were compared with those of the angiography following the administration of Secretin and Tolazoline. The pancreatographic effect was visualized in 70% of the patients examined with Glucagon and the rate of visualization of the effect with Secretin and Tolazoline was 60% and 74.5% respectively. The representation of the small vessels could be enhanced with Glugacon only in 15% for the arteries and in 12.5% for the veins, whereas using Secretin and Tolazoline the improvement raised up to 78% of the cases. -- The pancreatographic effect as an additional sign is useful in the differential diagnosis of the chronic pancreatitis (mottled) and the carcinoma of the pancreas (defect or absence of the effect).-- The superselective technique is recommendable. Using this method an improvement of the pancreatographic effect can be achieved already. In pharmacoangiography Tolazoline gives better results than Glucagon.", "contents": "[The pancreatographic effect during pharmacoangiography of the pancreas following the administration of glucagon (author's transl)]. Angiography before and after the administration of Glucagon was performed in 33 adult patients with symptoms suggesting a pancreatic lesion. Preferently the pancreatographic effect was evaluated. The results were compared with those of the angiography following the administration of Secretin and Tolazoline. The pancreatographic effect was visualized in 70% of the patients examined with Glucagon and the rate of visualization of the effect with Secretin and Tolazoline was 60% and 74.5% respectively. The representation of the small vessels could be enhanced with Glugacon only in 15% for the arteries and in 12.5% for the veins, whereas using Secretin and Tolazoline the improvement raised up to 78% of the cases. -- The pancreatographic effect as an additional sign is useful in the differential diagnosis of the chronic pancreatitis (mottled) and the carcinoma of the pancreas (defect or absence of the effect).-- The superselective technique is recommendable. Using this method an improvement of the pancreatographic effect can be achieved already. In pharmacoangiography Tolazoline gives better results than Glucagon."}
{"id": "PMID:131755", "title": "[Angiography in biliary neoplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "The angiographic appearances of biliary neoplasms and their differential diagnosis is discussed in relation to 15 patients with annular carcinomas of the gall bladder or bile ducts. The outstanding angiographic features of biliary carcinomas are irregularities of the arterial contours and vascular occlusion, followed in importance by neo-vascularity of the malignant tumour.", "contents": "[Angiography in biliary neoplasia (author's transl)]. The angiographic appearances of biliary neoplasms and their differential diagnosis is discussed in relation to 15 patients with annular carcinomas of the gall bladder or bile ducts. The outstanding angiographic features of biliary carcinomas are irregularities of the arterial contours and vascular occlusion, followed in importance by neo-vascularity of the malignant tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:131756", "title": "[Animal experiments on the distribution and excretion of an intravenously injected biliary contrast medium (Ioglycomate) (author's transl)].", "content": "The distribution and excretion of an intravenously injected, radioactive biliary contrast medium (Ioglycomate) were studied in the mini-pig after the induction of choledochal, thoracic duct and gall bladder fistulae. The investigations were carried out with free lymph and bile flow during artificial cholestasis and after occluding both ureters. Following intravenous injection of 0.24 to 1.0 ml. Bilivistan, there was a cholersis up to six times original value. Ther thoracic duct lymph showed only a small volume rise. The lymphatic circulation played no significant quantitative role in contrast distribution of Ioglycomate in the animal, nor did it influence the blood clearance curves. During normal bile flow, only 1.3% of the injected dose appeared in the thoracic duct within three hours, and during acute biliary obstruction, only 2.6%. The investigations have indicated a biliary transport maximum Ioglycomate in the mini-pig of 2.9 mg./min./kg. body weight. If the excretory capacity of the liver is exceeded and during cholestasis there is compensatory excretion of the biliary contrast medium through the kidneys.", "contents": "[Animal experiments on the distribution and excretion of an intravenously injected biliary contrast medium (Ioglycomate) (author's transl)]. The distribution and excretion of an intravenously injected, radioactive biliary contrast medium (Ioglycomate) were studied in the mini-pig after the induction of choledochal, thoracic duct and gall bladder fistulae. The investigations were carried out with free lymph and bile flow during artificial cholestasis and after occluding both ureters. Following intravenous injection of 0.24 to 1.0 ml. Bilivistan, there was a cholersis up to six times original value. Ther thoracic duct lymph showed only a small volume rise. The lymphatic circulation played no significant quantitative role in contrast distribution of Ioglycomate in the animal, nor did it influence the blood clearance curves. During normal bile flow, only 1.3% of the injected dose appeared in the thoracic duct within three hours, and during acute biliary obstruction, only 2.6%. The investigations have indicated a biliary transport maximum Ioglycomate in the mini-pig of 2.9 mg./min./kg. body weight. If the excretory capacity of the liver is exceeded and during cholestasis there is compensatory excretion of the biliary contrast medium through the kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:131757", "title": "[A comment on the article by Taenzer, V., et al.: Intravenous cholegraphy with Chologram(R), Fortschr. R\u00f6ntgenstr. 123 (1975) 414].", "content": "A comparison of the results published by Taenzer et al. shows: 1. The contrast value of the new hepatotropic substance Iotroxamid (Chologram) in man is of the same order as the previously available contrast media Bilivistan and Biligram (Ioglycamide) 2. The reputedly improved tolerance of the new substance should be confirmed in a more extensive clinical material under the stated conditions. 3. The question whether Chologram permits greater flexibility with regard to the timing of the examination must also remain open for the present.", "contents": "[A comment on the article by Taenzer, V., et al.: Intravenous cholegraphy with Chologram(R), Fortschr. R\u00f6ntgenstr. 123 (1975) 414]. A comparison of the results published by Taenzer et al. shows: 1. The contrast value of the new hepatotropic substance Iotroxamid (Chologram) in man is of the same order as the previously available contrast media Bilivistan and Biligram (Ioglycamide) 2. The reputedly improved tolerance of the new substance should be confirmed in a more extensive clinical material under the stated conditions. 3. The question whether Chologram permits greater flexibility with regard to the timing of the examination must also remain open for the present."}
{"id": "PMID:131759", "title": "[The accuracy of radiological and endoscopic examinations in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "The accuracy of radiology in the diagnosis of gastric carcinomas was checked on 232 cases, including 24 early examples. Accuracy depends most of all on the experience of the radiologist. Amongst 146 patients, using a satisfactory technique, a carcinoma was diagnosed in 131 patients (90%) and suspected in eight (6%). In five (3%) the changes were misinterpreted as being benign and the lesion was missed in two (1%). Of 120 gastric carcinomas submitted to operation a correct diagnosis had been made radiologically in 88% and suspected in 4%; endoscopically, the diagnosis was made in 92% and suspected in 2%. Of the 24 early carcinomas, both methods suggested the presence of a malignant lesion in 80%. The combination of radiology, endoscopy, hitology and cytology increases accuracy to 95%. These results indicated that localised changes in the gastric mucosa and the wall of the stomach can be demonstrated only by using refined radiological techniques; each lesion should be confirmed by endoscopy and histology.", "contents": "[The accuracy of radiological and endoscopic examinations in the diagnosis of carcinoma of the stomach (author's transl)]. The accuracy of radiology in the diagnosis of gastric carcinomas was checked on 232 cases, including 24 early examples. Accuracy depends most of all on the experience of the radiologist. Amongst 146 patients, using a satisfactory technique, a carcinoma was diagnosed in 131 patients (90%) and suspected in eight (6%). In five (3%) the changes were misinterpreted as being benign and the lesion was missed in two (1%). Of 120 gastric carcinomas submitted to operation a correct diagnosis had been made radiologically in 88% and suspected in 4%; endoscopically, the diagnosis was made in 92% and suspected in 2%. Of the 24 early carcinomas, both methods suggested the presence of a malignant lesion in 80%. The combination of radiology, endoscopy, hitology and cytology increases accuracy to 95%. These results indicated that localised changes in the gastric mucosa and the wall of the stomach can be demonstrated only by using refined radiological techniques; each lesion should be confirmed by endoscopy and histology."}
{"id": "PMID:131760", "title": "[The \"bagpipe\" stomach, a form of organ neurosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A form of gastric neurosis is described consisting of continuous borborigmy associated with a spastic hour-glass stomach. The phenomenon has been called the \"bagpipe\" stomach.", "contents": "[The \"bagpipe\" stomach, a form of organ neurosis (author's transl)]. A form of gastric neurosis is described consisting of continuous borborigmy associated with a spastic hour-glass stomach. The phenomenon has been called the \"bagpipe\" stomach."}
{"id": "PMID:131761", "title": "[Functional gastric diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described (isotope gastro-diagram) in which a radio-active labelled standard meal is used under physiological and phatological conditions; in this way the half-value time of gastric emptying can be used as an objective measure of gastric motor function, and which can be easily reproduced. This has become of clinical interest, particularly since the introduction of hypotonic and double contrast methods in radiological diagnosis. The clinical value of this method has been elucidated amongst surgical patients on whom pre- and post-operative measurements were carried out following selective vagotomies, combined with various types of pyloroplastry for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers.", "contents": "[Functional gastric diagnosis (author's transl)]. A method is described (isotope gastro-diagram) in which a radio-active labelled standard meal is used under physiological and phatological conditions; in this way the half-value time of gastric emptying can be used as an objective measure of gastric motor function, and which can be easily reproduced. This has become of clinical interest, particularly since the introduction of hypotonic and double contrast methods in radiological diagnosis. The clinical value of this method has been elucidated amongst surgical patients on whom pre- and post-operative measurements were carried out following selective vagotomies, combined with various types of pyloroplastry for the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:131762", "title": "[The angiographic investigation of duodenal tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of primary duodenal carcinomas by conventional radiological methods is difficult. Valuable information can be obtained by angiography, since primary duodenal carcinomas, unlike carcinomas of the papilla and pancreas, are characterised by the formation of pathological vessels arising from the duodenal branches of the gastro-duodenal artery. The integrity of the latter is an important differentiating feature. Exact localisation of the tumour is important in pre-operative assessment and diagnosis.", "contents": "[The angiographic investigation of duodenal tumours (author's transl)]. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of primary duodenal carcinomas by conventional radiological methods is difficult. Valuable information can be obtained by angiography, since primary duodenal carcinomas, unlike carcinomas of the papilla and pancreas, are characterised by the formation of pathological vessels arising from the duodenal branches of the gastro-duodenal artery. The integrity of the latter is an important differentiating feature. Exact localisation of the tumour is important in pre-operative assessment and diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:131763", "title": "[Angiography of carcinomas of the renal pelvis (author's transl)].", "content": "The angiographic criteria of 19 renal pelvic carcinomas were analysed. Two groups of signs, direct and indirect, could be detected. Of 19 histologically proved cases of renal pelvic carcinomas, the diagnosis had not been made angiographically in the case of a small tumor, which was 11 mm in diameter. The usefulness of preoperative angiography for diagnosis and operative planning is emphasized.", "contents": "[Angiography of carcinomas of the renal pelvis (author's transl)]. The angiographic criteria of 19 renal pelvic carcinomas were analysed. Two groups of signs, direct and indirect, could be detected. Of 19 histologically proved cases of renal pelvic carcinomas, the diagnosis had not been made angiographically in the case of a small tumor, which was 11 mm in diameter. The usefulness of preoperative angiography for diagnosis and operative planning is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:131764", "title": "[The vascular supply congenital high renal ectopia (author's transl)].", "content": "The angiographic findings in two cases of congenital high renal ectopia are described. Elongation and straightening of the renal arteries, pre-renal branching, transverse or inverted position and typical deformity of the kidneys make up the anatomical components of this anomaly. The previously held view of high origin of the renal vessels has not been confirmed. High origin of the renal arteries from the abdominal aorta does not distinguish congenital from acquired renal ectopia, as may occur after trauma.", "contents": "[The vascular supply congenital high renal ectopia (author's transl)]. The angiographic findings in two cases of congenital high renal ectopia are described. Elongation and straightening of the renal arteries, pre-renal branching, transverse or inverted position and typical deformity of the kidneys make up the anatomical components of this anomaly. The previously held view of high origin of the renal vessels has not been confirmed. High origin of the renal arteries from the abdominal aorta does not distinguish congenital from acquired renal ectopia, as may occur after trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:131765", "title": "[A urologic-radiological view of perinephric abscesses (author's transl)].", "content": "Perinephric abscess is a rare condition; it may be acute, but can take a chronic and atypical course as a result of incomplete treatment with antibiotics. In this case the diagnosis is often delayed. The most common cause is primary renal disease, with perforating ureteric stones, abscess-forming pyelonephritis, renal carbuncle and pyonephrosis as the most important factors. Diagnosis depends on a varying combination of clinical signs, any of which is not necessarily present and which is not pathognomic, but nevertheless, in their totality, are fairly typical. Characteristic are pain on percussion and pressure, resistance in the renal angle and fever. Laboratory investigations do not contribute to the diagnosis. These only show findings typical of any infection, and frequently a marked anaemia. An infected urine may be suggestive. The traditional clinical and radiological methods may well indicate a space-occupying lesion, but its further elucidation depends on angiography. Renal and perinephric abscesses must be distinguished from other space-occupying renal lesions. Abscesses can usually be distinguished from cysts because they are generally less clearly demarkated and often show a hypervascular margin with a \"blush\". A further differential diagnosis of perinephic abscess is a peri-renal haematoma. Radiologically, an haematoma also produces a perirenal mass with displacement and compression of the kidney. As with perinephric abscesses, the angiogram shows dilatation and displacement of the capsular arteries. Differences in the neovascularity, as well as in the clinical symptoms, permit differentiation between abscesses and hypovascular carcinomas in most cases, or at least suggest the probable diagnosis.", "contents": "[A urologic-radiological view of perinephric abscesses (author's transl)]. Perinephric abscess is a rare condition; it may be acute, but can take a chronic and atypical course as a result of incomplete treatment with antibiotics. In this case the diagnosis is often delayed. The most common cause is primary renal disease, with perforating ureteric stones, abscess-forming pyelonephritis, renal carbuncle and pyonephrosis as the most important factors. Diagnosis depends on a varying combination of clinical signs, any of which is not necessarily present and which is not pathognomic, but nevertheless, in their totality, are fairly typical. Characteristic are pain on percussion and pressure, resistance in the renal angle and fever. Laboratory investigations do not contribute to the diagnosis. These only show findings typical of any infection, and frequently a marked anaemia. An infected urine may be suggestive. The traditional clinical and radiological methods may well indicate a space-occupying lesion, but its further elucidation depends on angiography. Renal and perinephric abscesses must be distinguished from other space-occupying renal lesions. Abscesses can usually be distinguished from cysts because they are generally less clearly demarkated and often show a hypervascular margin with a \"blush\". A further differential diagnosis of perinephic abscess is a peri-renal haematoma. Radiologically, an haematoma also produces a perirenal mass with displacement and compression of the kidney. As with perinephric abscesses, the angiogram shows dilatation and displacement of the capsular arteries. Differences in the neovascularity, as well as in the clinical symptoms, permit differentiation between abscesses and hypovascular carcinomas in most cases, or at least suggest the probable diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:131766", "title": "[Extraperitoneal endometriosis in a kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of extraperitoneal, isolated, intrarenal endometriosis observed by the author is described. The diagnostic problems are discussed; usually these concern complaints related to menstruation.", "contents": "[Extraperitoneal endometriosis in a kidney (author's transl)]. A case of extraperitoneal, isolated, intrarenal endometriosis observed by the author is described. The diagnostic problems are discussed; usually these concern complaints related to menstruation."}
{"id": "PMID:131767", "title": "[Urethro-cysto-colpo-rectography, a radiological method for the diagnosis of insufficiency of the pelvic floor (author's transl)].", "content": "Contrast examination of pelvic organs was carried out in 200 female patients with insufficiency of the pelvic floor. The topography of the organs in the true pelvis and their functional relation was recorded on full-size film and 70 mm. roll film. Radiological examination provides more accurate indications for plastic surgery of the pelvic floor, influences the operative procedures and permits better evaluation of operative results.", "contents": "[Urethro-cysto-colpo-rectography, a radiological method for the diagnosis of insufficiency of the pelvic floor (author's transl)]. Contrast examination of pelvic organs was carried out in 200 female patients with insufficiency of the pelvic floor. The topography of the organs in the true pelvis and their functional relation was recorded on full-size film and 70 mm. roll film. Radiological examination provides more accurate indications for plastic surgery of the pelvic floor, influences the operative procedures and permits better evaluation of operative results."}
{"id": "PMID:131768", "title": "[The results of galactography -- a contribution to the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)].", "content": "Excision of lactiferous ducts was carried out in 67 patients out of a total of 231 on whom galactography had been performed. Criteria for excision were destruction of the duct, its occlusion, irregularities of contour and leak of contrast on the galactogram. Histological examination demonstrated a carcinoma in 24 patients. In only one patient were there axillary node metastases where no tumour was palpable. Galactography is an important method for the early diagnosis of breast carcinomas in lactiferous ducts.", "contents": "[The results of galactography -- a contribution to the early diagnosis of carcinoma of the breast (author's transl)]. Excision of lactiferous ducts was carried out in 67 patients out of a total of 231 on whom galactography had been performed. Criteria for excision were destruction of the duct, its occlusion, irregularities of contour and leak of contrast on the galactogram. Histological examination demonstrated a carcinoma in 24 patients. In only one patient were there axillary node metastases where no tumour was palpable. Galactography is an important method for the early diagnosis of breast carcinomas in lactiferous ducts."}
{"id": "PMID:131769", "title": "[\"Numeric increase of microcalcifications, an important radiologic sign of occult breast cancer\" (author's transl)].", "content": "An increase in the number or the sudden appearance of multiple microcalcifications in the course of a mammographic controls series represent a further important sign of malignancy. In 14 of our cases witha non palpable breast cancer we were able to observe an increase in the number or a sudden appearance of typical calcium precipitates during an observation period, which, according to the case, lasted from 6 to 21 months. Biopsy revealed in all cases an early cancer. Our observations demonstrate the absolute indication for biopsy in all patients, which during a mammographic control series suddenly present microcalcifications, or an increase in the number of the ones that were previously observed. All patients showing clustered microcalcifications, which because of their small number are not demanding a biopsy, should be regarded as risk-cases and observed regularly in order to rule out or demonstrate an increase in the number of calcifications. Follow-up series within six months are recommended.", "contents": "[\"Numeric increase of microcalcifications, an important radiologic sign of occult breast cancer\" (author's transl)]. An increase in the number or the sudden appearance of multiple microcalcifications in the course of a mammographic controls series represent a further important sign of malignancy. In 14 of our cases witha non palpable breast cancer we were able to observe an increase in the number or a sudden appearance of typical calcium precipitates during an observation period, which, according to the case, lasted from 6 to 21 months. Biopsy revealed in all cases an early cancer. Our observations demonstrate the absolute indication for biopsy in all patients, which during a mammographic control series suddenly present microcalcifications, or an increase in the number of the ones that were previously observed. All patients showing clustered microcalcifications, which because of their small number are not demanding a biopsy, should be regarded as risk-cases and observed regularly in order to rule out or demonstrate an increase in the number of calcifications. Follow-up series within six months are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:131770", "title": "[Dacrocystography. Paper I: A simplified catheter technique (author's transl)].", "content": "By using a PE-catheter for catheterising the tear ducts, dacrocystography becomes a simple and rapid investigation. It permits excellent morphological demonstration of pathological changes, since films can be obtained under screening control. A water-soluble, low viscosity contrast medium is recommended. Amongst more than 100 dacrocystograms, there were no serious complications.", "contents": "[Dacrocystography. Paper I: A simplified catheter technique (author's transl)]. By using a PE-catheter for catheterising the tear ducts, dacrocystography becomes a simple and rapid investigation. It permits excellent morphological demonstration of pathological changes, since films can be obtained under screening control. A water-soluble, low viscosity contrast medium is recommended. Amongst more than 100 dacrocystograms, there were no serious complications."}
{"id": "PMID:131779", "title": "Studies on delayed hypersensitivity pleural exudates in guinea pigs. I. Demonstration of substances in the cell-free exudate which cause inhibition of mononuclear cell migration in vitro.", "content": "Leucocyte migration inhibitory (MI) activity was investigated in vitro in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction induced by intrapleural injection of PPD into FCA-sensitized guinea-pigs. During the initial reaction (6 h) two types of antigen-dependent MI activity were detected in serum and cell-free exudate. One was of high molecular weight and associated with immunoglobulin and the other was of low molecular weight and appeared to be related to so-called \"antigen-dependent MIF\". As the reaction progressed (i.e. 12-24 h), two types of antigen-dependent MI activity were revealed in exudate, but not in serum. One was high molecular weight and the other was low molecular weight and thought to be related to so-called \"antigen-independent MIF\". Similar experiments were performed on the reverse passive Arthus reaction in the pleural cavity of guinea-pigs. A high molecular weight MI activity was detected in 6-h cell-free exudate and was found to be antigen-independent. \"So-called MIF\" was not found in this reaction.", "contents": "Studies on delayed hypersensitivity pleural exudates in guinea pigs. I. Demonstration of substances in the cell-free exudate which cause inhibition of mononuclear cell migration in vitro. Leucocyte migration inhibitory (MI) activity was investigated in vitro in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction induced by intrapleural injection of PPD into FCA-sensitized guinea-pigs. During the initial reaction (6 h) two types of antigen-dependent MI activity were detected in serum and cell-free exudate. One was of high molecular weight and associated with immunoglobulin and the other was of low molecular weight and appeared to be related to so-called \"antigen-dependent MIF\". As the reaction progressed (i.e. 12-24 h), two types of antigen-dependent MI activity were revealed in exudate, but not in serum. One was high molecular weight and the other was low molecular weight and thought to be related to so-called \"antigen-independent MIF\". Similar experiments were performed on the reverse passive Arthus reaction in the pleural cavity of guinea-pigs. A high molecular weight MI activity was detected in 6-h cell-free exudate and was found to be antigen-independent. \"So-called MIF\" was not found in this reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:131780", "title": "Studies on delayed hypersensitivity pleural exudates in guinea-pigs. II. The interrelationship of monocytic and lymphocytic cells with respect to migration activity.", "content": "The in vitro migration activity of monocytic cells and the effect of lymphocytes in the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction induced by intrapleural injection of PPD into FCA-sensitized guinea-pigs was investigated. The in vitro migration of exudate mononuclear cells was lower than that of comparable blood cells, and continued to decrease as the reaction progressed. An inverse relaationship was observed between the migration area and cell volume of mononuclear cells from both blood and exudate. Similar experiments were performed on the reversed passive Arthus (RPA) reaction in the pleural cavity of guinea-pigs. For 6-h exudate, the mononuclear cell migration exceeded that for blood mononuclear cells. However, the migration of mononuclear cells from 18-h exudates was markedly reduced. As with DH, an inverse relationship between the migration area and cell volume was observed with the mononuclear cells of RPA exudates. Following the addition of antigen, the migration of DH exudate mononuclear cells was inhibited whereas the exudate mononuclear cells of the RPA reaction remained unaffected. For DH, the inhibition of migration induced by antigen appeared to be related to the non-adherent cells of 6-h exudates, and both the adherent and non-adherent cells of 18-h exudates.", "contents": "Studies on delayed hypersensitivity pleural exudates in guinea-pigs. II. The interrelationship of monocytic and lymphocytic cells with respect to migration activity. The in vitro migration activity of monocytic cells and the effect of lymphocytes in the delayed hypersensitivity (DH) reaction induced by intrapleural injection of PPD into FCA-sensitized guinea-pigs was investigated. The in vitro migration of exudate mononuclear cells was lower than that of comparable blood cells, and continued to decrease as the reaction progressed. An inverse relaationship was observed between the migration area and cell volume of mononuclear cells from both blood and exudate. Similar experiments were performed on the reversed passive Arthus (RPA) reaction in the pleural cavity of guinea-pigs. For 6-h exudate, the mononuclear cell migration exceeded that for blood mononuclear cells. However, the migration of mononuclear cells from 18-h exudates was markedly reduced. As with DH, an inverse relationship between the migration area and cell volume was observed with the mononuclear cells of RPA exudates. Following the addition of antigen, the migration of DH exudate mononuclear cells was inhibited whereas the exudate mononuclear cells of the RPA reaction remained unaffected. For DH, the inhibition of migration induced by antigen appeared to be related to the non-adherent cells of 6-h exudates, and both the adherent and non-adherent cells of 18-h exudates."}
{"id": "PMID:131781", "title": "The natural mediator for PMN emigration in inflammation. VIII. Production of leucoegresin-like chemotactic factor in reversed passive Arthus reactions in rats.", "content": "The mediation of tissue neutrophilia in the reversed passive Arthus reactions in rats was studied on extract from the skin lesions. Approximately 55 per cent of the neutrophil chemotactic activity in the reactions exhibiting a maximal tissue neutrophilia seemed to be associated with a leucoeresin-like chemotactic factor which can be absorbed by an immunoadsorbent chromatography with anti-rat IgG antibody. On the other hand, the neutrophil chemotactic activity, comparable to most of the remaining chemotactic activity, was reduced in complement-depleted conditions in which the intensity of tissue neutrophilia in the reactions was moderately decreased, suggesting a possible involvement of complement-derived chemotactic factors.", "contents": "The natural mediator for PMN emigration in inflammation. VIII. Production of leucoegresin-like chemotactic factor in reversed passive Arthus reactions in rats. The mediation of tissue neutrophilia in the reversed passive Arthus reactions in rats was studied on extract from the skin lesions. Approximately 55 per cent of the neutrophil chemotactic activity in the reactions exhibiting a maximal tissue neutrophilia seemed to be associated with a leucoeresin-like chemotactic factor which can be absorbed by an immunoadsorbent chromatography with anti-rat IgG antibody. On the other hand, the neutrophil chemotactic activity, comparable to most of the remaining chemotactic activity, was reduced in complement-depleted conditions in which the intensity of tissue neutrophilia in the reactions was moderately decreased, suggesting a possible involvement of complement-derived chemotactic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:131782", "title": "Characterization of a T-lymphocyte inhibitor in the serum of tumour-bearing mice.", "content": "Sera from mice with large tumours from a variety of tissue types and sources have been shown to contain substances capable of suppressing the proliferative response of normal mouse lymphocytes to concanavalin A (Con A), bacterial endotoxin (LPS) and allogeneic cells. The present paper deals with studies on the nature of these inhibitory materials using mainly a methylcholanthrene-induced rhabdomyosarcoma in DBA/2J mice. It was found that a material responsible for inhibition of the Con A response eluted with immunoglobulins on Sephadex G-150 and eluted with monomeric immunoglobulin on Sephadex G-200. The component of tumour-bearer serum responsible for the suppression of the LPS response of normal lymphocytes eluted from Sephadex G-150 with the alpha and beta globulins and albumin (molecular weight less than 150,000). The immunoglobulin-containing serum fraction from tumour-bearing animals inhibited the mixed lymphocyte response, Con A response, and specific immune response to purified protein derivative (PPD) in allogeneic cell systems. It also inhibited the in vitro primary response of mouse cells to sheep red blood cells, and, to a lesser extent, the response to a T cell-independent antigen (DNP-dextran). The inhibitory activity continued to elute with monomeric IgG on Sephadex G-200 when columns were run in 1640 medium and adjusted to pH 2-5, indicating that an acid dissociable complex was not responsible for inhibitory activity. Inhibitor activity could be removed by absorption on immuno-adsorbents containing goat anti-mouse immuno-globulin, and could be recovered by acid elution from the absorbent. Inhibitor activity was not removed by immunoadsorption on columns prepared with antisera to chicken immunoglobulin.", "contents": "Characterization of a T-lymphocyte inhibitor in the serum of tumour-bearing mice. Sera from mice with large tumours from a variety of tissue types and sources have been shown to contain substances capable of suppressing the proliferative response of normal mouse lymphocytes to concanavalin A (Con A), bacterial endotoxin (LPS) and allogeneic cells. The present paper deals with studies on the nature of these inhibitory materials using mainly a methylcholanthrene-induced rhabdomyosarcoma in DBA/2J mice. It was found that a material responsible for inhibition of the Con A response eluted with immunoglobulins on Sephadex G-150 and eluted with monomeric immunoglobulin on Sephadex G-200. The component of tumour-bearer serum responsible for the suppression of the LPS response of normal lymphocytes eluted from Sephadex G-150 with the alpha and beta globulins and albumin (molecular weight less than 150,000). The immunoglobulin-containing serum fraction from tumour-bearing animals inhibited the mixed lymphocyte response, Con A response, and specific immune response to purified protein derivative (PPD) in allogeneic cell systems. It also inhibited the in vitro primary response of mouse cells to sheep red blood cells, and, to a lesser extent, the response to a T cell-independent antigen (DNP-dextran). The inhibitory activity continued to elute with monomeric IgG on Sephadex G-200 when columns were run in 1640 medium and adjusted to pH 2-5, indicating that an acid dissociable complex was not responsible for inhibitory activity. Inhibitor activity could be removed by absorption on immuno-adsorbents containing goat anti-mouse immuno-globulin, and could be recovered by acid elution from the absorbent. Inhibitor activity was not removed by immunoadsorption on columns prepared with antisera to chicken immunoglobulin."}
{"id": "PMID:131783", "title": "Immune mechanism in Pasteurella multocida-infected mice.", "content": "Various immunizing procedures were tested for their effect on the growth of Pasteurella multocida in specific pathogen-free CD-1 mice. Two injections with killed vaccine incorporated into Freund complete adjuvant gave excellent protection against parenteral challenge, but less to control the growth of an aerogenic inoculum. Protection with adjuvant-treated preparation was always superior to that seen with non-adjuvant-treated vaccines. A killed saline-suspended vaccine introduced aerogenically marginally increased resistance to small (2 to 5 mean lethal doses) aerogenic challenges. Live mycobacterium bovis (BCG) vaccine immunopotentiated a single dose of heat-killed P. multocida vaccine in terms of the protective immune response against a subsequent footpad challenge. Hyperimmune mouse serum, administered intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or intravenously 1 to 7 days prior to subcutaneous challenge with 500 to 5,000 P. multocida, was highly protective. Mice injected in the thigh with 0.2 ml of hyperimmune serum prior to footpad challenge frequently developed a severe inflammatory response with local swelling within 48 h; these lesions often became severly abscessed with time. The passively protected, footpad-infected mice developed active immunity against a subsequent challenge given into the opposite footpad.", "contents": "Immune mechanism in Pasteurella multocida-infected mice. Various immunizing procedures were tested for their effect on the growth of Pasteurella multocida in specific pathogen-free CD-1 mice. Two injections with killed vaccine incorporated into Freund complete adjuvant gave excellent protection against parenteral challenge, but less to control the growth of an aerogenic inoculum. Protection with adjuvant-treated preparation was always superior to that seen with non-adjuvant-treated vaccines. A killed saline-suspended vaccine introduced aerogenically marginally increased resistance to small (2 to 5 mean lethal doses) aerogenic challenges. Live mycobacterium bovis (BCG) vaccine immunopotentiated a single dose of heat-killed P. multocida vaccine in terms of the protective immune response against a subsequent footpad challenge. Hyperimmune mouse serum, administered intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, or intravenously 1 to 7 days prior to subcutaneous challenge with 500 to 5,000 P. multocida, was highly protective. Mice injected in the thigh with 0.2 ml of hyperimmune serum prior to footpad challenge frequently developed a severe inflammatory response with local swelling within 48 h; these lesions often became severly abscessed with time. The passively protected, footpad-infected mice developed active immunity against a subsequent challenge given into the opposite footpad."}
{"id": "PMID:131784", "title": "The induction of acute and chronic cardiovascular disease in animals by psychosocial stimulation.", "content": "It has been established that sustained emotional arousal can accompany the psychosocial stimulation induced by the social interaction of members of a social group as they compete for desiderata, such as food and water. This paper reviews the evidence that this arousal of neuronendocrine response patterns can, in turn, lead to disease states and to a fatal outcome. Various experimental observations in pigs, monkeys, baboons, tree shrews, and rodents demonstrate both acute and chronic disturbances of cardiovascular function. These conditions can lead to sudden death or to sustained high blood pressure with arteriosclerotic lesions in the heart and blood vessels. It is shown that when social pressure that has been maintained for a sufficiently long period is relieved, the organism does not revert to normal.", "contents": "The induction of acute and chronic cardiovascular disease in animals by psychosocial stimulation. It has been established that sustained emotional arousal can accompany the psychosocial stimulation induced by the social interaction of members of a social group as they compete for desiderata, such as food and water. This paper reviews the evidence that this arousal of neuronendocrine response patterns can, in turn, lead to disease states and to a fatal outcome. Various experimental observations in pigs, monkeys, baboons, tree shrews, and rodents demonstrate both acute and chronic disturbances of cardiovascular function. These conditions can lead to sudden death or to sustained high blood pressure with arteriosclerotic lesions in the heart and blood vessels. It is shown that when social pressure that has been maintained for a sufficiently long period is relieved, the organism does not revert to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:131785", "title": "Psychophysiologic disorders in children and adolescents.", "content": "Psychosomatic disorders in children and and adolescents is a topic that covers a wide variety of illnesses and one which is difficult if not impossible to define accurately. In general, chronic emotional states, often nonspecific, serve as strong contributors to the development of a physical illness. The particular illness is often dictated by varying degrees of biological predisposition in one physiological system-i.e., such a predisposition in the respiratory system may lead to asthma or in the gastrointestinal system to ulcerative colitis. In some cases the biological factor is large and the emotional factor minimal, while in other cases the reverse is true. In the early days of research in psychosomatic disorders it was widely believed that each disorder was accompanied by certain specific emotional problems. Further study has shown this is not true. It was also felt that many, if not most of these disorders could be cured by psychotherapy, and this also has proven to be a fallacy. we have moved more and more to the team approach. Since both psyche and soma are involved, more than one specialist is usually required. In children and adolescents this may involve a child psychiatrist, a pediatrician, an allergist or gastroenterologist, a social worker and a psychologist. It requires time and patience to form an effective and smoothly functioning team in which all members respect one another's potential contribution. Some examples of team operation are presented and some of the problems outlined. In addition, there is attention given to the special problems of the adolescent and also the child with chronic nonspecific physical complaints as well as the child who requires hospitalization.", "contents": "Psychophysiologic disorders in children and adolescents. Psychosomatic disorders in children and and adolescents is a topic that covers a wide variety of illnesses and one which is difficult if not impossible to define accurately. In general, chronic emotional states, often nonspecific, serve as strong contributors to the development of a physical illness. The particular illness is often dictated by varying degrees of biological predisposition in one physiological system-i.e., such a predisposition in the respiratory system may lead to asthma or in the gastrointestinal system to ulcerative colitis. In some cases the biological factor is large and the emotional factor minimal, while in other cases the reverse is true. In the early days of research in psychosomatic disorders it was widely believed that each disorder was accompanied by certain specific emotional problems. Further study has shown this is not true. It was also felt that many, if not most of these disorders could be cured by psychotherapy, and this also has proven to be a fallacy. we have moved more and more to the team approach. Since both psyche and soma are involved, more than one specialist is usually required. In children and adolescents this may involve a child psychiatrist, a pediatrician, an allergist or gastroenterologist, a social worker and a psychologist. It requires time and patience to form an effective and smoothly functioning team in which all members respect one another's potential contribution. Some examples of team operation are presented and some of the problems outlined. In addition, there is attention given to the special problems of the adolescent and also the child with chronic nonspecific physical complaints as well as the child who requires hospitalization."}
{"id": "PMID:131786", "title": "Diagnosis and management of herpes simplex ocular infection.", "content": "The multifaceted nature of ocular herpes simplex has become more clearly defined in recent years, as it has become apparent that it is a disease characterized by both infectious and immune components. Therapy Therapy of infectious epithelial dendritic-geographic disease is generally gentle debridement of the ulcer followed by antimetabolite chemotherapy with IDU or Ara A. Tropic (metaherpetic) ulceration may occur postinfection and is caused by sterile basement membrane damage, which makes it difficult for the epithelium to heal across the damaged ulcer base. Therapy is generally that of recurrent erosion and involves patching, soft contact lenses, and lubricating drops and ointments. Stromal disease may be (1) viral interstitial keratitis, which is slowly responsive to antiviral therapy, or (2) immune disciform reaction, which may or (hopefully) may not necessitate steroid therapy with prophylactic antiviral and antibiotic cover. Herpetic iritis may occur alone or with any form of corneal disease. While it is generally felt to be caused by intact intraocular virus, therapy is still steroid-oriented for lack of more effective and penetrating antiviral drugs. Antimetabolite-induced medicamentosa may mimic almost any form of herpetic disease and should be ruled out in any differential diagnosis of a patient deteriorating under therapy.", "contents": "Diagnosis and management of herpes simplex ocular infection. The multifaceted nature of ocular herpes simplex has become more clearly defined in recent years, as it has become apparent that it is a disease characterized by both infectious and immune components. Therapy Therapy of infectious epithelial dendritic-geographic disease is generally gentle debridement of the ulcer followed by antimetabolite chemotherapy with IDU or Ara A. Tropic (metaherpetic) ulceration may occur postinfection and is caused by sterile basement membrane damage, which makes it difficult for the epithelium to heal across the damaged ulcer base. Therapy is generally that of recurrent erosion and involves patching, soft contact lenses, and lubricating drops and ointments. Stromal disease may be (1) viral interstitial keratitis, which is slowly responsive to antiviral therapy, or (2) immune disciform reaction, which may or (hopefully) may not necessitate steroid therapy with prophylactic antiviral and antibiotic cover. Herpetic iritis may occur alone or with any form of corneal disease. While it is generally felt to be caused by intact intraocular virus, therapy is still steroid-oriented for lack of more effective and penetrating antiviral drugs. Antimetabolite-induced medicamentosa may mimic almost any form of herpetic disease and should be ruled out in any differential diagnosis of a patient deteriorating under therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:131790", "title": "Ca2+-sensitivity of actomyosin ATPase purified from Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "A contractile protein closely resembling natural actomyosin (myosin B) of rabbit skeletal muscle was extracted from plasmodia of the slime mold, Physarum polycephalum, by protecting the SH-groups with beta-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol. Superprecipitation of the protein induced by Mg2+-ATP at low ionic strength was observed only in the presence of very low concentrations of free Ca2+ ions, and the Mg2+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] reaction was activated 2- to 6-fold by 1 muM of free Ca2+ ions. Crude myosin and actin fractions were separated by centrifuging plasmodium myosin B in the presence of Mg2+-PPi at high ionic strength. The crude myosin showed both EDTA- and Ca2+-activated ATPase activities. The Mg2+-ATPase activity of crude myosin from plasmodia was markedly activated by the addition of pure F-actin from rabbit skeletal muscle. Addition of the F-action-regulatory protein complex prepared from rabbit skeletal muscle as well as the actin fraction of plasmodium caused the same degree of activation as the addition of pure F-actin only in the presence of very low concentrations of Ca2+ ion", "contents": "Ca2+-sensitivity of actomyosin ATPase purified from Physarum polycephalum. A contractile protein closely resembling natural actomyosin (myosin B) of rabbit skeletal muscle was extracted from plasmodia of the slime mold, Physarum polycephalum, by protecting the SH-groups with beta-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol. Superprecipitation of the protein induced by Mg2+-ATP at low ionic strength was observed only in the presence of very low concentrations of free Ca2+ ions, and the Mg2+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] reaction was activated 2- to 6-fold by 1 muM of free Ca2+ ions. Crude myosin and actin fractions were separated by centrifuging plasmodium myosin B in the presence of Mg2+-PPi at high ionic strength. The crude myosin showed both EDTA- and Ca2+-activated ATPase activities. The Mg2+-ATPase activity of crude myosin from plasmodia was markedly activated by the addition of pure F-actin from rabbit skeletal muscle. Addition of the F-action-regulatory protein complex prepared from rabbit skeletal muscle as well as the actin fraction of plasmodium caused the same degree of activation as the addition of pure F-actin only in the presence of very low concentrations of Ca2+ ion"}
{"id": "PMID:131791", "title": "Physarum tropomyosin-troponin complex. Isolation and properties.", "content": "The relaxing protein (TM-TN complex) was isolated from plasmodia of Physarum. SDS-gel electrophoresis revealed that the relaxing protein consists of tropomyosin subunits with a molecular weight of 35,000 troponin subunits with molecular weights of 38,000 (T) and 24,000 (I) and several other components. No component corresponding to muscle troponinC (MW-18,000) was detected in the plasmodium relaxing protein. The relaxing protein combined with muscle F-actin, and inhibited the ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity and superprecipitation of reconstituted muscle actomysin in the absence of Ca2+ ions. The inhibition was reversed by adding 1 muM Ca2+ ions.", "contents": "Physarum tropomyosin-troponin complex. Isolation and properties. The relaxing protein (TM-TN complex) was isolated from plasmodia of Physarum. SDS-gel electrophoresis revealed that the relaxing protein consists of tropomyosin subunits with a molecular weight of 35,000 troponin subunits with molecular weights of 38,000 (T) and 24,000 (I) and several other components. No component corresponding to muscle troponinC (MW-18,000) was detected in the plasmodium relaxing protein. The relaxing protein combined with muscle F-actin, and inhibited the ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity and superprecipitation of reconstituted muscle actomysin in the absence of Ca2+ ions. The inhibition was reversed by adding 1 muM Ca2+ ions."}
{"id": "PMID:131792", "title": "Effects of deuterium oxide on elementary steps in the ATPase reaction. Evidence for the similarity of key intermediates in contractile and transport ATPase.", "content": "The effects of D2O on the elementary steps in the contractile and transport ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] reactions were studied, and the following results were obtained: 1. The rate of H-meromyosin ATPase in the steady state decreased in D2O to 60% of that in H2O. Deuterium oxide did not affect the size or rate of the initial burst of Pi liberation, i.e. the amount or rate of formation of the reactive myosin-phosphate-ADP complex, MADPP. Moreover, neither the rate of change in the fluorescence spectrum of H-meromyosin induced by ATP (the rate of formation of the second enzyme-ATP complex, M2ATP) nor the rate constant of decomposition of MADPP into M degrees + ADP + Pi was affected by D2O. However, the equilibrium constant of the step M2ATP in equilibrium MADPP decreased in D2O to about 1/2 the value in H2O. 2. In the case of the Na+-K+-dependent ATPase reactin, neither the rate constant of formation of the second enzyme-ATP complex, E2ATP, nor that of decomposition of a phosphorylated intermediate, EADP approximately P, was affected by D2O. However, the equilibrium constant of the step E2ATP in equilibrium EADP approximately P decreased in D2O to about 1/2.5-1/4 of the value in H2O. These results suggest a similarity between the modes of binding of phosphate in MADPP in the myosin ATPase reaction and in EADP approximatley P in the Na+-K+-dependent ATPase reaction.", "contents": "Effects of deuterium oxide on elementary steps in the ATPase reaction. Evidence for the similarity of key intermediates in contractile and transport ATPase. The effects of D2O on the elementary steps in the contractile and transport ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] reactions were studied, and the following results were obtained: 1. The rate of H-meromyosin ATPase in the steady state decreased in D2O to 60% of that in H2O. Deuterium oxide did not affect the size or rate of the initial burst of Pi liberation, i.e. the amount or rate of formation of the reactive myosin-phosphate-ADP complex, MADPP. Moreover, neither the rate of change in the fluorescence spectrum of H-meromyosin induced by ATP (the rate of formation of the second enzyme-ATP complex, M2ATP) nor the rate constant of decomposition of MADPP into M degrees + ADP + Pi was affected by D2O. However, the equilibrium constant of the step M2ATP in equilibrium MADPP decreased in D2O to about 1/2 the value in H2O. 2. In the case of the Na+-K+-dependent ATPase reactin, neither the rate constant of formation of the second enzyme-ATP complex, E2ATP, nor that of decomposition of a phosphorylated intermediate, EADP approximately P, was affected by D2O. However, the equilibrium constant of the step E2ATP in equilibrium EADP approximately P decreased in D2O to about 1/2.5-1/4 of the value in H2O. These results suggest a similarity between the modes of binding of phosphate in MADPP in the myosin ATPase reaction and in EADP approximatley P in the Na+-K+-dependent ATPase reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:131793", "title": "2' (or 3')-O-(2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate as a probe for the binding site of heavy meromyosin ATPase.", "content": "1. From NMR, IR and visible absorption studies of 2'(or 3')-O-(2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl)-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (TNP-ATP), 2'(or 3')-O-(2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl) adenosine (TNP-Ad(, and 1-(2'-hydroxyethoxy)-2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene (TNP-EG), it was concluded that there is an intramolecular interaction between the base and 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) moieties in the TNP-ATP molecule. 2. A broad new absorption band was observed in the 530-630 nm region when excess indole was added to reaction mixtures containing TNP-ATP dissolved in 50% methanol or dimethyl sulfoxide. On addition of aromatic amino acid derivatives, methanol or dimethyl sulfoxide. On addition of aromatic amino acid derivatives, TNP-ATP and TNP-Ad underwent spectral shifts in the 400-550 nm region. The formation of a 1:1 complex apparently occurred between TNP-ATP and aromatic amino acid derivatives, and the complex with N-acetyltryptophan was stable in 50% methanol. The difference spectrum of TNP-EG vs. TNP-ATP closely resembled that induced by the addition of N-acetyltryptophan to the TNP-ATP solution. 3. The binding of 2'(or 3')-O-(2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate (TNP-ADP) to heavy meromyosin (HMM) was studied by the rapid gel equilibrium method using Sephadex G-25. A dissociation constant of 1.4 muM and a maximum binding number of 1.8 were obtained in 0.15 M KCl, 10 mM MgCl2, and 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) at 25 degrees. TNP-ADP bound to the enzyme caused a characteristic spectral shift in the visible region. This spectral shift was explained in terms of an interaction between tryptophanyl residues and the adenine base of TNP-ADP bound to the enzyme. TNP-ADP quenched the tryptophanyl fluorescence, but TNP-EG and TNP-Ad did not. In the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, TNP-ADP scarcely quenched the tryptophanyl fluorescence, its effect being comparable to that of TNP-Ad.", "contents": "2' (or 3')-O-(2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-triphosphate as a probe for the binding site of heavy meromyosin ATPase. 1. From NMR, IR and visible absorption studies of 2'(or 3')-O-(2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl)-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (TNP-ATP), 2'(or 3')-O-(2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl) adenosine (TNP-Ad(, and 1-(2'-hydroxyethoxy)-2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzene (TNP-EG), it was concluded that there is an intramolecular interaction between the base and 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) moieties in the TNP-ATP molecule. 2. A broad new absorption band was observed in the 530-630 nm region when excess indole was added to reaction mixtures containing TNP-ATP dissolved in 50% methanol or dimethyl sulfoxide. On addition of aromatic amino acid derivatives, methanol or dimethyl sulfoxide. On addition of aromatic amino acid derivatives, TNP-ATP and TNP-Ad underwent spectral shifts in the 400-550 nm region. The formation of a 1:1 complex apparently occurred between TNP-ATP and aromatic amino acid derivatives, and the complex with N-acetyltryptophan was stable in 50% methanol. The difference spectrum of TNP-EG vs. TNP-ATP closely resembled that induced by the addition of N-acetyltryptophan to the TNP-ATP solution. 3. The binding of 2'(or 3')-O-(2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate (TNP-ADP) to heavy meromyosin (HMM) was studied by the rapid gel equilibrium method using Sephadex G-25. A dissociation constant of 1.4 muM and a maximum binding number of 1.8 were obtained in 0.15 M KCl, 10 mM MgCl2, and 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0) at 25 degrees. TNP-ADP bound to the enzyme caused a characteristic spectral shift in the visible region. This spectral shift was explained in terms of an interaction between tryptophanyl residues and the adenine base of TNP-ADP bound to the enzyme. TNP-ADP quenched the tryptophanyl fluorescence, but TNP-EG and TNP-Ad did not. In the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, TNP-ADP scarcely quenched the tryptophanyl fluorescence, its effect being comparable to that of TNP-Ad."}
{"id": "PMID:131794", "title": "Development of mitochondrial membranes in anaerobically grown yeast cells.", "content": "Biochemical analyses of mitochondrial marker substances, especially cardiolipin and oligomycin-sensitive ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3], as well as electron microscopic observations were carried out to eludicate the process of mitochondrial development in annaerobic yeast cells. Cardiolipin was found to be localized in the mitochondria in anaerobic cells. Its cellular content was a little higher in the stationary phase than in the exponential phase in glucose-grown cells and increased further in galactose-grown cells. The lipid content of the mitochondrial preparation obtained from glucose-grown stationary cells was nearly as high as that from galactose-grown cells. It was also comparable to that of aerobic cells in the stationary phase, where mitochondria are fully developed. Both cellular and mitochondrial levels of oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity were also found to rise markedly in galactose-grown anaerobic cells, although not in stationary phase cells grown anaerobically on glucose. These high levels of the mitochondrial markers indicate a developmental change in mitochondrial structure even in anaerobically grown cells, which lack mitochondrial cytochromes. In the process of aerobic adaptation, respiratory system formation was observed to occur much faster in galactose-grown cells than in glucose-grown cells, and not to be inhibited by chloramphenicol and high concentrations of glucose structure in anaerobic cells. The developmental change was also corroborated by electron microscopic observations, which revealed the occurrence of two types of mitochondria in anaerobic cells. One was found in glucose-repressed cells and was characterized by the presence of numerous electron-dense granules in the matrix. In contrast, the other type, found in glucose-derepressed cells, had an electron-lucent matrix. No crista membrane was seen in either type of mitochondria in anaerobic cells, although the infoldings of the inner membrane, which partition the matrix into two parts and therefore are called \"septum membranes,\" appeared frequently in the stationary phase cells. On the basis of these results, the process of mitochondrial development in yeast cells is discussed.", "contents": "Development of mitochondrial membranes in anaerobically grown yeast cells. Biochemical analyses of mitochondrial marker substances, especially cardiolipin and oligomycin-sensitive ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3], as well as electron microscopic observations were carried out to eludicate the process of mitochondrial development in annaerobic yeast cells. Cardiolipin was found to be localized in the mitochondria in anaerobic cells. Its cellular content was a little higher in the stationary phase than in the exponential phase in glucose-grown cells and increased further in galactose-grown cells. The lipid content of the mitochondrial preparation obtained from glucose-grown stationary cells was nearly as high as that from galactose-grown cells. It was also comparable to that of aerobic cells in the stationary phase, where mitochondria are fully developed. Both cellular and mitochondrial levels of oligomycin-sensitive ATPase activity were also found to rise markedly in galactose-grown anaerobic cells, although not in stationary phase cells grown anaerobically on glucose. These high levels of the mitochondrial markers indicate a developmental change in mitochondrial structure even in anaerobically grown cells, which lack mitochondrial cytochromes. In the process of aerobic adaptation, respiratory system formation was observed to occur much faster in galactose-grown cells than in glucose-grown cells, and not to be inhibited by chloramphenicol and high concentrations of glucose structure in anaerobic cells. The developmental change was also corroborated by electron microscopic observations, which revealed the occurrence of two types of mitochondria in anaerobic cells. One was found in glucose-repressed cells and was characterized by the presence of numerous electron-dense granules in the matrix. In contrast, the other type, found in glucose-derepressed cells, had an electron-lucent matrix. No crista membrane was seen in either type of mitochondria in anaerobic cells, although the infoldings of the inner membrane, which partition the matrix into two parts and therefore are called \"septum membranes,\" appeared frequently in the stationary phase cells. On the basis of these results, the process of mitochondrial development in yeast cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131795", "title": "Reaction mechanism of the Ca(2)+-dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum from skeletal muscle. XI. Re-evaluation of the transition of ATPase activity during the initial phase.", "content": "We previously reported (J. Biochem. 70,95--123 (1971) that the time course of Pi liberation in the reaction of Ca2+, Mg2+--dependent ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3.] of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) consists of a lag phase, a burst phase, and a steady phase. We also showed that the rate constant, kd, of decomposition of the phosphorylated intermediate (E approximately P) decreases during the initial phase, and suggested that the burst phase is due to transition of the kd value. Recently, Froehlich and Taylor (J. Biol. Chem. 250, 2013--2021 (1975)) claimed that the Pi burst is caused by the formation of an acid-labile intermediate containing phosphate (E.P) formed by rapid hydrolysis of E approximately P. In the present study, the transition of the kd value during the initial phase was measured precisely, and the results showed that the burst phase is due to a transition in the kd value, not to the existence of E-P. The main results obtained were as follows: 1. After the SR had been phosphorylated with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, further phosphorylated was stopped by the addition of EGTA. The concentration of E approximately 32P then decreased exponentially with time. 2. The first-order rate constants, kd, of decomposition of E aproximately 32P after adding EGTA decreased with increase in the interval, t, between the start of E approximately 32P formation and the time of adding EGTA...", "contents": "Reaction mechanism of the Ca(2)+-dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum from skeletal muscle. XI. Re-evaluation of the transition of ATPase activity during the initial phase. We previously reported (J. Biochem. 70,95--123 (1971) that the time course of Pi liberation in the reaction of Ca2+, Mg2+--dependent ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3.] of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) consists of a lag phase, a burst phase, and a steady phase. We also showed that the rate constant, kd, of decomposition of the phosphorylated intermediate (E approximately P) decreases during the initial phase, and suggested that the burst phase is due to transition of the kd value. Recently, Froehlich and Taylor (J. Biol. Chem. 250, 2013--2021 (1975)) claimed that the Pi burst is caused by the formation of an acid-labile intermediate containing phosphate (E.P) formed by rapid hydrolysis of E approximately P. In the present study, the transition of the kd value during the initial phase was measured precisely, and the results showed that the burst phase is due to a transition in the kd value, not to the existence of E-P. The main results obtained were as follows: 1. After the SR had been phosphorylated with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions, further phosphorylated was stopped by the addition of EGTA. The concentration of E approximately 32P then decreased exponentially with time. 2. The first-order rate constants, kd, of decomposition of E aproximately 32P after adding EGTA decreased with increase in the interval, t, between the start of E approximately 32P formation and the time of adding EGTA..."}
{"id": "PMID:131796", "title": "Beta-glycosidases and diabetic microangiopathy. I. Decreases of beta-glycosidase activities in diabetic rat kidney.", "content": "Deposition of PAS2-positive materials and thickening of the basement membrane in vascular lesions are characteristic findings in diabetes mellitus, suggesting altered metabolism of glycoprotein. Changes in the activities of the glycosidases, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase [EC 3.2.1.30], beta-glucuronidase [EC 3.2.1.31], beta-galactosidase [EC 3.2.1.23], and beta-glucosidase [EC 3.2.1.21] were measured in various organs and the serum of diabetic rats. The activities of the first three enzymes listed above were found to be much reduced in the kidney but increased in the serum. The decreased activities of beta-glycosidases in the kidney may be one of the factors responsible for the pathogenesis of microangiopathy.", "contents": "Beta-glycosidases and diabetic microangiopathy. I. Decreases of beta-glycosidase activities in diabetic rat kidney. Deposition of PAS2-positive materials and thickening of the basement membrane in vascular lesions are characteristic findings in diabetes mellitus, suggesting altered metabolism of glycoprotein. Changes in the activities of the glycosidases, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase [EC 3.2.1.30], beta-glucuronidase [EC 3.2.1.31], beta-galactosidase [EC 3.2.1.23], and beta-glucosidase [EC 3.2.1.21] were measured in various organs and the serum of diabetic rats. The activities of the first three enzymes listed above were found to be much reduced in the kidney but increased in the serum. The decreased activities of beta-glycosidases in the kidney may be one of the factors responsible for the pathogenesis of microangiopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:131797", "title": "Separation of subfragment-1 of H-meromyosin into two equimolar fractions with and without formation of the reactive enzyme-phosphate-ADP complex.", "content": "H-Meromyosin (HMM) was digested with insoluble papain [EC 3.4.22.2].  Neither the size of the initial burst of Pi liberation (0.5 mole/mole of myosin head) nor the Mg2+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity of HMM in the steady state was affected by this treatment.  Acto-S-1 was obtained by mixing F-actin with HMM digested with insoluble papain (HMM-S-1).  The size of the initial burst of Pi liberation of acto-S-1 was 0.35 mole/mole of S-l at an ATP concentration of 0.5 mole/mole of S-1, and 0.5 mole/moleof S-1 at ATP concentrations above 1 mole/mole of S-1...", "contents": "Separation of subfragment-1 of H-meromyosin into two equimolar fractions with and without formation of the reactive enzyme-phosphate-ADP complex. H-Meromyosin (HMM) was digested with insoluble papain [EC 3.4.22.2].  Neither the size of the initial burst of Pi liberation (0.5 mole/mole of myosin head) nor the Mg2+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity of HMM in the steady state was affected by this treatment.  Acto-S-1 was obtained by mixing F-actin with HMM digested with insoluble papain (HMM-S-1).  The size of the initial burst of Pi liberation of acto-S-1 was 0.35 mole/mole of S-l at an ATP concentration of 0.5 mole/mole of S-1, and 0.5 mole/moleof S-1 at ATP concentrations above 1 mole/mole of S-1..."}
{"id": "PMID:131798", "title": "Assembly of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biosynthesis of the adenosine triphosphatase in rat skeletal muscle cell culture.", "content": "Temporal patterns of biosynthesis of the Ca2+ + Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of sarcomplasmic reticulum were obtained from studies with primary cultures of rat skeletal muscle cells. Rates of synthesis at various stages of differentiation were estimated from the incorporation of tritium-labeled leucine into the ATPase. Cells were solubilized with detergent, and newly synthesized ATPase was isolated from cells by antibody precipitation in the presence of carrier ATPase. Radioactivity incorporated into the ATPase was determined after gel electrophoresis of the precipitates and counting of gel slices containing the ATPase band. In Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% horse serum and 0.5% chick embryo extract, mononucleated myoblast cells began to form multinucleated myotubes after about 50 hours in culture. Prior to fusion little ATPase synthesis was detectable; during fusion the ATPase was synthesized at an accelerating rate for a period of about 30 hours. The rate of synthesis levelled off after about 90 hours coincident with termination of fusion. In Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 20% fetal calf serum and 8% embryo extract, the onset of fusion was delayed for 30 to 40 hours. In this medium biosynthesis of the ATPase was also delayed so that biosynthesis of the ATPase appeared to be correlated with fusion of muscle cells. Cells cultured in Culbecco's modified Eagle's medium containgin 10% horse serum, but only 60 muM Ca2+, proliferated but did not fuse. Under these conditions, synthesis of the ATPase was measurable at 50 to 60 hours, and the rate of synthesis accelerated until 120 hours when it declined. Under all conditions degradation of the ATPase occurred with a half-life of 20 hours whereas the half-life of total protein degradation was 40 hours. Synthesis of the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase, like that of a number of other muscle-specific proteins, is greatly accelerated as myoblasts fuse and differentiate into myotubes. Fusion is not essential for this phenomenon, however, although it is normally concomitant with it.", "contents": "Assembly of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biosynthesis of the adenosine triphosphatase in rat skeletal muscle cell culture. Temporal patterns of biosynthesis of the Ca2+ + Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of sarcomplasmic reticulum were obtained from studies with primary cultures of rat skeletal muscle cells. Rates of synthesis at various stages of differentiation were estimated from the incorporation of tritium-labeled leucine into the ATPase. Cells were solubilized with detergent, and newly synthesized ATPase was isolated from cells by antibody precipitation in the presence of carrier ATPase. Radioactivity incorporated into the ATPase was determined after gel electrophoresis of the precipitates and counting of gel slices containing the ATPase band. In Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 10% horse serum and 0.5% chick embryo extract, mononucleated myoblast cells began to form multinucleated myotubes after about 50 hours in culture. Prior to fusion little ATPase synthesis was detectable; during fusion the ATPase was synthesized at an accelerating rate for a period of about 30 hours. The rate of synthesis levelled off after about 90 hours coincident with termination of fusion. In Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium containing 20% fetal calf serum and 8% embryo extract, the onset of fusion was delayed for 30 to 40 hours. In this medium biosynthesis of the ATPase was also delayed so that biosynthesis of the ATPase appeared to be correlated with fusion of muscle cells. Cells cultured in Culbecco's modified Eagle's medium containgin 10% horse serum, but only 60 muM Ca2+, proliferated but did not fuse. Under these conditions, synthesis of the ATPase was measurable at 50 to 60 hours, and the rate of synthesis accelerated until 120 hours when it declined. Under all conditions degradation of the ATPase occurred with a half-life of 20 hours whereas the half-life of total protein degradation was 40 hours. Synthesis of the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase, like that of a number of other muscle-specific proteins, is greatly accelerated as myoblasts fuse and differentiate into myotubes. Fusion is not essential for this phenomenon, however, although it is normally concomitant with it."}
{"id": "PMID:131799", "title": "Analysis of the arrangement of protein components in the sarcomplasmic reticulum of rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "The nature of the protein components and their location in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane were studied using sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated from rat skeletal muscle and purified by a density gradient centrifugation system. On the basis of analysis by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, the protein components appear to be similar if not identical with those reported by others for rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the relative amount of each component is also similar to that found with rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum. Evidence is presented that radioiodine-labeled diazotized diiodosulfanilic acid is a nonpermeant labeling agent of the protein components of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles; this agent minimally disturbs the functional activities of these membranes. By means of this labeling agent and perturbing agents, it is concluded that the protein components with molecular weights greater than 120,000 and the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-adenosine triphosphatase partially or totally reside on or at the external surface of the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. In the case of the adenosine triphosphatase, highly controlled trypsin treatment cleaves the molecule into two products, a 65,000 molecular weight fragment and a 56,000 molecular weight fragment. The evidence indicates that the 65,000 molecular weight component of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-adenosine triphosphatase is located in a more exposed fashion on the external surface of the vesicles than the 56,000 molecular weight compoenet and that some adenosine triphosphatase molecules have a more exposed position on the external surface of the vesicle than others. The protein components designated by MacLennan (MacLennan, D. H. (1975) Can. J. Biochem. 53, 251-261) as \"calsequestrin\" and \"high affinity Ca2+ binding protein\" are shown not to be on the external surface of the rat sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicle but rather to reside either within the core of the membrane or on the inside surface of the vesicle. The results of this study are in agreement with the model for the organization of the protein components of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrene recently proposed by MacLennan (MacLennan, D. H. (1975) Can. J. Biochem. 53, 251-261).", "contents": "Analysis of the arrangement of protein components in the sarcomplasmic reticulum of rat skeletal muscle. The nature of the protein components and their location in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane were studied using sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated from rat skeletal muscle and purified by a density gradient centrifugation system. On the basis of analysis by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, the protein components appear to be similar if not identical with those reported by others for rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum, and the relative amount of each component is also similar to that found with rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum. Evidence is presented that radioiodine-labeled diazotized diiodosulfanilic acid is a nonpermeant labeling agent of the protein components of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles; this agent minimally disturbs the functional activities of these membranes. By means of this labeling agent and perturbing agents, it is concluded that the protein components with molecular weights greater than 120,000 and the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-adenosine triphosphatase partially or totally reside on or at the external surface of the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. In the case of the adenosine triphosphatase, highly controlled trypsin treatment cleaves the molecule into two products, a 65,000 molecular weight fragment and a 56,000 molecular weight fragment. The evidence indicates that the 65,000 molecular weight component of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-adenosine triphosphatase is located in a more exposed fashion on the external surface of the vesicles than the 56,000 molecular weight compoenet and that some adenosine triphosphatase molecules have a more exposed position on the external surface of the vesicle than others. The protein components designated by MacLennan (MacLennan, D. H. (1975) Can. J. Biochem. 53, 251-261) as \"calsequestrin\" and \"high affinity Ca2+ binding protein\" are shown not to be on the external surface of the rat sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicle but rather to reside either within the core of the membrane or on the inside surface of the vesicle. The results of this study are in agreement with the model for the organization of the protein components of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrene recently proposed by MacLennan (MacLennan, D. H. (1975) Can. J. Biochem. 53, 251-261)."}
{"id": "PMID:131800", "title": "Evidence for a new intermediate state in the mechanism of (Na+ + K+)-adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "A rapid mixing technique was used to follow the intermediate formation of phosphorylated enzyme and liberation of inorganic phosphate by a microsomal preparation of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. In the presence of 100 mM Na+,but without added K+, phosphorylation reaches a constant level at a rate which is dependent on ATP concentration. Inorganic phosphate production lags during the inital phase of phosphorylation and then accumulates at a constant rate. These observations favor a scheme in which Pi is liberated as the result of turnover of the phosphorylated enzyme. In the presence of 100 mM Na+ and 2.5 mM K+ phosphate production was resolved into two phases consisting of an initial 'burst' and late steady state phase...", "contents": "Evidence for a new intermediate state in the mechanism of (Na+ + K+)-adenosine triphosphatase. A rapid mixing technique was used to follow the intermediate formation of phosphorylated enzyme and liberation of inorganic phosphate by a microsomal preparation of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. In the presence of 100 mM Na+,but without added K+, phosphorylation reaches a constant level at a rate which is dependent on ATP concentration. Inorganic phosphate production lags during the inital phase of phosphorylation and then accumulates at a constant rate. These observations favor a scheme in which Pi is liberated as the result of turnover of the phosphorylated enzyme. In the presence of 100 mM Na+ and 2.5 mM K+ phosphate production was resolved into two phases consisting of an initial 'burst' and late steady state phase..."}
{"id": "PMID:131801", "title": "Thymidylate nucleotide supply for mitochondrial DNA synthesis in mouse L-cells. Effect of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and methotrexate in thymidine kinase plus and thymidine kinase minus cells.", "content": "The effects of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and methotrexate on [3H]thymidine and 32P labeling of mtDNA were studied in two lines of mouse L-cells. LMTK- cells, which lack the major cellular thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21) but contain a genetically distinct mitochondrial enzyme, were compared to LA9 cells, which contain both thymidine kinase activities. LMTK- cells were resistant to 5-flurodeoxyuridine by a factor of 200 in comparison to LA9 cells. In both cells lines appropriate drug treatment increased utilization of exogenous thymidine for mtDNA synthesis. The maximum enhancement was 10- to 12-fold for LA9 cells and approximately 20-fold for LMTK- cells when treated with 10 muM methotrexate. The rates of mtDNA and nuclear DNA synthesis during drug treatment were analyzed with 32P labeling and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine density labeling experiments. Synthesis of both mtDNA and nuclear DNA were strongly inhibited by drug treatment of either LA9 or LMTK- cells in the absence of exogenous thymidine. The rate of mtDNA synthesis substantially exceeded that of nuclear DNA in LA9 cells treated with 4 muM 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and less than 5 muM thymidine. Both synthetic rates approached those of untreated LA9 control cultures if 20 muM thymidine was present during 5-fluorodeoxyuridine treatment. In contrast, in LMTK- cells treated with 10 muM methotrexate and 20 muM thymidine, mtDNA synthesis continued at 50 to 60% of the control rate for at least 10 hours while nuclear DNA synthesis was 96% inhibited. Synthesis of mtDNA mass-labeled in both strands with 5-bromouracil occurred when LMTK- cells were incubated for 30 hours with 10 muM methotrexate and 20 muM 5-bromodeoxyuridine. These results indicate that mtDNA synthesis is resistant to a limitation of the thymidine triphosphate supply and is not strictly dependent upon concomitant nuclear DNA synthesis in these cells.", "contents": "Thymidylate nucleotide supply for mitochondrial DNA synthesis in mouse L-cells. Effect of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and methotrexate in thymidine kinase plus and thymidine kinase minus cells. The effects of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and methotrexate on [3H]thymidine and 32P labeling of mtDNA were studied in two lines of mouse L-cells. LMTK- cells, which lack the major cellular thymidine kinase (EC 2.7.1.21) but contain a genetically distinct mitochondrial enzyme, were compared to LA9 cells, which contain both thymidine kinase activities. LMTK- cells were resistant to 5-flurodeoxyuridine by a factor of 200 in comparison to LA9 cells. In both cells lines appropriate drug treatment increased utilization of exogenous thymidine for mtDNA synthesis. The maximum enhancement was 10- to 12-fold for LA9 cells and approximately 20-fold for LMTK- cells when treated with 10 muM methotrexate. The rates of mtDNA and nuclear DNA synthesis during drug treatment were analyzed with 32P labeling and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine density labeling experiments. Synthesis of both mtDNA and nuclear DNA were strongly inhibited by drug treatment of either LA9 or LMTK- cells in the absence of exogenous thymidine. The rate of mtDNA synthesis substantially exceeded that of nuclear DNA in LA9 cells treated with 4 muM 5-fluorodeoxyuridine and less than 5 muM thymidine. Both synthetic rates approached those of untreated LA9 control cultures if 20 muM thymidine was present during 5-fluorodeoxyuridine treatment. In contrast, in LMTK- cells treated with 10 muM methotrexate and 20 muM thymidine, mtDNA synthesis continued at 50 to 60% of the control rate for at least 10 hours while nuclear DNA synthesis was 96% inhibited. Synthesis of mtDNA mass-labeled in both strands with 5-bromouracil occurred when LMTK- cells were incubated for 30 hours with 10 muM methotrexate and 20 muM 5-bromodeoxyuridine. These results indicate that mtDNA synthesis is resistant to a limitation of the thymidine triphosphate supply and is not strictly dependent upon concomitant nuclear DNA synthesis in these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:131802", "title": "The fructose 6-phosphate site of phosphofructokinase. Epimeric specificity.", "content": "The epimeric specificity of the catalytic site of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase was investigated by testing three ketose phosphates as alternate substrates. These (and their epimeric carbons) included: D-psicose-6-P (C-3), D-tagatose-6-P (C-4), and L-sorbose-6-P (C-5). The Michaelis constants (and relative maximal velocities) were: 3.0 mM (45%), 0.054 mM (104%), and 11 mM (15%), respectively. Under the same conditions, D-fructose-6-P had a Km of 0.043 mM and an arbitrary Vmax of 100%. The low affinity of the enzyme for D-psicose-6-P indicates that the L configuration at C-3 is required for effective binding, a specificity similar to several other fructose-metabolizing enzymes. The D configuration at C-5 is also important for tight binding and the proper orientation of the phosphate group of the substrate. The kinetic constants of D-tagatose-6-P were identical with those of D-fructose-6-P, within experimental error. Thus, the configuration at C-4 is not essential for activity; an indication that D-tagatose may be utilized in mammalian tissues. A novel method for the synthesis of D-psicose-6-P and an improved procedure for the synthesis of D-tagatose-6-P are described. All products and intermediates were characterized unequivocally by chemical and physical methods.", "contents": "The fructose 6-phosphate site of phosphofructokinase. Epimeric specificity. The epimeric specificity of the catalytic site of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase was investigated by testing three ketose phosphates as alternate substrates. These (and their epimeric carbons) included: D-psicose-6-P (C-3), D-tagatose-6-P (C-4), and L-sorbose-6-P (C-5). The Michaelis constants (and relative maximal velocities) were: 3.0 mM (45%), 0.054 mM (104%), and 11 mM (15%), respectively. Under the same conditions, D-fructose-6-P had a Km of 0.043 mM and an arbitrary Vmax of 100%. The low affinity of the enzyme for D-psicose-6-P indicates that the L configuration at C-3 is required for effective binding, a specificity similar to several other fructose-metabolizing enzymes. The D configuration at C-5 is also important for tight binding and the proper orientation of the phosphate group of the substrate. The kinetic constants of D-tagatose-6-P were identical with those of D-fructose-6-P, within experimental error. Thus, the configuration at C-4 is not essential for activity; an indication that D-tagatose may be utilized in mammalian tissues. A novel method for the synthesis of D-psicose-6-P and an improved procedure for the synthesis of D-tagatose-6-P are described. All products and intermediates were characterized unequivocally by chemical and physical methods."}
{"id": "PMID:131803", "title": "Reconstitution of an active calcium pump in sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Recovery of calcium transport and calcium-activated ATPase activity was studied in relation to the retention of protein components in sarcoplasmic reticulum reconstituted after solubilization with deoxycholate and centrifugation, followed by removal of the detergent from the supernatant by dialysis. Control sarcoplasmic reticulum was similarly treated except for omission of deoxycholate. Maximum capacity for oxalate- and phosphate-supported calcium uptake was increased 2- to 3-fold in reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum compared to original and control. Calcium uptake velocity of the reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum was approximately 80% that of original and 90% of control sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium uptake/ATP hydrolysis ratio was approximately 2 in the original sarcoplasmic reticulum and decreased to approximately 1 in the control and reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium storage in the absence of calcium-precipitating anion was approximately 85% in control and 70% in reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum, compared to the original sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid-induced calcium release after phosphate-supported calcium uptake was slower in reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum than in original or control sarcoplasmic reticulum. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of original and control sarcoplasmic reticulum showed similar amounts of protein components of approximately 93,000, 59,000, 50,000, 30,000 to 37,000, and 20,000 to 26,000 daltons. Reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum, however, lost over 85% of the 50,000- and 20,000- to 26,000-dalton proteins while retaining most of its calcium transport functions.", "contents": "Reconstitution of an active calcium pump in sarcoplasmic reticulum. Recovery of calcium transport and calcium-activated ATPase activity was studied in relation to the retention of protein components in sarcoplasmic reticulum reconstituted after solubilization with deoxycholate and centrifugation, followed by removal of the detergent from the supernatant by dialysis. Control sarcoplasmic reticulum was similarly treated except for omission of deoxycholate. Maximum capacity for oxalate- and phosphate-supported calcium uptake was increased 2- to 3-fold in reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum compared to original and control. Calcium uptake velocity of the reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum was approximately 80% that of original and 90% of control sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium uptake/ATP hydrolysis ratio was approximately 2 in the original sarcoplasmic reticulum and decreased to approximately 1 in the control and reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium storage in the absence of calcium-precipitating anion was approximately 85% in control and 70% in reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum, compared to the original sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ethylene glycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid-induced calcium release after phosphate-supported calcium uptake was slower in reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum than in original or control sarcoplasmic reticulum. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of original and control sarcoplasmic reticulum showed similar amounts of protein components of approximately 93,000, 59,000, 50,000, 30,000 to 37,000, and 20,000 to 26,000 daltons. Reconstituted sarcoplasmic reticulum, however, lost over 85% of the 50,000- and 20,000- to 26,000-dalton proteins while retaining most of its calcium transport functions."}
{"id": "PMID:131804", "title": "Biochemical changes in the cartilage of the knee in experimental and natural osteoarthritis in the dog.", "content": "Biochemical changes in the articular cartilage of the knees of mature dogs, one with natural and four with surgically induced osteoarthritis, have been investigated. The four dogs were killed three, six, nine and forty-eight weeks after division of the right anterior cruciate ligament, the left knees serving as controls. The cartilage of the joints operated on was thicker and more hydrated than the control cartilage; the proteoglycans were more easily extracted and had higher galactosamine/glucosamine molar ratios. The proportion of proteoglycans firmly associated with collagen, and hence not extractable, diminished before fibrillation was demonstrable by indian ink staining of the surface. These biochemical changes were present throughout the entire cartilage of the joints operated on of the dogs killed more than three weeks later, and of the dog with natural osteoarthritis. The results suggest that in response to altered mechanical stresses the chondrocytes synthesise proteoglycans that contain more chondroitin sulphate relative to keratin sulphate than normally, as in immature articular cartilage.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in the cartilage of the knee in experimental and natural osteoarthritis in the dog. Biochemical changes in the articular cartilage of the knees of mature dogs, one with natural and four with surgically induced osteoarthritis, have been investigated. The four dogs were killed three, six, nine and forty-eight weeks after division of the right anterior cruciate ligament, the left knees serving as controls. The cartilage of the joints operated on was thicker and more hydrated than the control cartilage; the proteoglycans were more easily extracted and had higher galactosamine/glucosamine molar ratios. The proportion of proteoglycans firmly associated with collagen, and hence not extractable, diminished before fibrillation was demonstrable by indian ink staining of the surface. These biochemical changes were present throughout the entire cartilage of the joints operated on of the dogs killed more than three weeks later, and of the dog with natural osteoarthritis. The results suggest that in response to altered mechanical stresses the chondrocytes synthesise proteoglycans that contain more chondroitin sulphate relative to keratin sulphate than normally, as in immature articular cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:131805", "title": "Long-range observations with external aortic grafts.", "content": "The late results of aortic aneurysms treated by external grafting are presented. This procedure consists of completely dissecting the involved aortic segment and suturing it in a well-fitted tubular Dacron prosthesis. The operation was carried out under the following circumstances: (a) Small fusiform aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. (b) Small and medium-sized aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. (c) Aneurysms unfavorably located in the very old and very debilitated. (d) Aneurysms involving the origin of the renal arteries. (e) Aneurysmatic dilatation of the aortic arch. Sixty-two patients were operated upon with this method with the follow-up period ranging from three months to seven years. There were no deaths during this period which could be directly related to either the aneurysm or the procedure itself.", "contents": "Long-range observations with external aortic grafts. The late results of aortic aneurysms treated by external grafting are presented. This procedure consists of completely dissecting the involved aortic segment and suturing it in a well-fitted tubular Dacron prosthesis. The operation was carried out under the following circumstances: (a) Small fusiform aneurysm of the abdominal aorta. (b) Small and medium-sized aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. (c) Aneurysms unfavorably located in the very old and very debilitated. (d) Aneurysms involving the origin of the renal arteries. (e) Aneurysmatic dilatation of the aortic arch. Sixty-two patients were operated upon with this method with the follow-up period ranging from three months to seven years. There were no deaths during this period which could be directly related to either the aneurysm or the procedure itself."}
{"id": "PMID:131808", "title": "Ouabain-resistant human lymphoblastoid lines altered in the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase membrane transport system.", "content": "Diploid human lymphoblastoid cells with altered response to ouabain inhibition of the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase transport system, manifest both in whole cells and in purified plasma membrane vesicles, were selected for their resistance to 0.1 muM ouabain. Ouabain-resistant (OUA(R)) cells with normal growth at 50 times this dose were recovered at a frequency 1 X 10(-6). This frequency was increased 9-fold after exposure to ethyl methane sulphonate but was decreased by the frameshift mutagen ICR-191, under conditions where both increased the frequency of 8-azaguanine-resistant colonies. The ouabain resistance phenotype was stable after 200 population doublings in the absence of ouabain. OUA(R) clones show showed 30-50% of the wild type amount of 3H-ouabain bound per cell, with the same dissociation constant for ouabain, 0.1 muM at 0.5 mM K+, as observed in wild-type cells. Both the initial rate of uptake of 86Rb+ in OUA(R) cells and the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase activity of OUA(R) plasma membranes showed decreased sensitivity to ouabain inhibition. However, growth and transport properties of OUA(R) cells in the absence of ouabain were unchanged compared with wild type cells.", "contents": "Ouabain-resistant human lymphoblastoid lines altered in the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase membrane transport system. Diploid human lymphoblastoid cells with altered response to ouabain inhibition of the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase transport system, manifest both in whole cells and in purified plasma membrane vesicles, were selected for their resistance to 0.1 muM ouabain. Ouabain-resistant (OUA(R)) cells with normal growth at 50 times this dose were recovered at a frequency 1 X 10(-6). This frequency was increased 9-fold after exposure to ethyl methane sulphonate but was decreased by the frameshift mutagen ICR-191, under conditions where both increased the frequency of 8-azaguanine-resistant colonies. The ouabain resistance phenotype was stable after 200 population doublings in the absence of ouabain. OUA(R) clones show showed 30-50% of the wild type amount of 3H-ouabain bound per cell, with the same dissociation constant for ouabain, 0.1 muM at 0.5 mM K+, as observed in wild-type cells. Both the initial rate of uptake of 86Rb+ in OUA(R) cells and the (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase activity of OUA(R) plasma membranes showed decreased sensitivity to ouabain inhibition. However, growth and transport properties of OUA(R) cells in the absence of ouabain were unchanged compared with wild type cells."}
{"id": "PMID:131809", "title": "Early events during substrate adhesion of normal and virus-transformed mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "The relationship between attachment of Balb/c3T3 cells and their SV40 transformants to glass or plastic substrates and deposition of substrate-attached material (SAM-proteoglycans implicated in substrate adhesion) has been examined very early after inoculation of cells subcultured with ethylenebis (oxyethylenenitrilo) tetra-acetic acid (EGTA). The metabolic inhibitors cycloheximide and colchicine minimally affected the kinetics or short-term stability of attachment of cells or deposition of SAM. SAM deposition on to the substrate began immediately after inoculation of cells and was maximal prior to the highest cell attachment level (30-40 min after inoculation). At 4 degrees C, there was no attachment of cells to the substrate and no deposition of leucine- or glucosamine-radiolabelled SAM on to the substrate. 3T3 cells deposited SAM to a maximal level earlier during the attachment process than SV40-transformed cells. SVT2 cells deposited much smaller amounts of SAM (measured on a per-cell basis) to 3T3 SAM-coated substrates during attachment processes, whereas 3T3 cells and concanavalin A (con A) revertant variants of SVT2 cells, which have regained density-dependent inhibition of growth, deposited identical amounts of SAM (per-cell) on untreated or SAM-coated substrates. Serial attachment experiments with SVT2 cells indicated that all SVT2 cells reduced their deposition amounts on SAM-coated substrates, rather than there being an ability of a small proportion of cells to attach preferentially to SAM-coated substrates while being unable to deposit SAM themselves. The data are consistent with the presence of a sizeable pool of SAM-like proteoglycans being present on the surface of EGTA-removed cells whose deposition may be a requirement for, but may not necessarily be sufficient for, stable adhesion of cells to the substrate.", "contents": "Early events during substrate adhesion of normal and virus-transformed mouse fibroblasts. The relationship between attachment of Balb/c3T3 cells and their SV40 transformants to glass or plastic substrates and deposition of substrate-attached material (SAM-proteoglycans implicated in substrate adhesion) has been examined very early after inoculation of cells subcultured with ethylenebis (oxyethylenenitrilo) tetra-acetic acid (EGTA). The metabolic inhibitors cycloheximide and colchicine minimally affected the kinetics or short-term stability of attachment of cells or deposition of SAM. SAM deposition on to the substrate began immediately after inoculation of cells and was maximal prior to the highest cell attachment level (30-40 min after inoculation). At 4 degrees C, there was no attachment of cells to the substrate and no deposition of leucine- or glucosamine-radiolabelled SAM on to the substrate. 3T3 cells deposited SAM to a maximal level earlier during the attachment process than SV40-transformed cells. SVT2 cells deposited much smaller amounts of SAM (measured on a per-cell basis) to 3T3 SAM-coated substrates during attachment processes, whereas 3T3 cells and concanavalin A (con A) revertant variants of SVT2 cells, which have regained density-dependent inhibition of growth, deposited identical amounts of SAM (per-cell) on untreated or SAM-coated substrates. Serial attachment experiments with SVT2 cells indicated that all SVT2 cells reduced their deposition amounts on SAM-coated substrates, rather than there being an ability of a small proportion of cells to attach preferentially to SAM-coated substrates while being unable to deposit SAM themselves. The data are consistent with the presence of a sizeable pool of SAM-like proteoglycans being present on the surface of EGTA-removed cells whose deposition may be a requirement for, but may not necessarily be sufficient for, stable adhesion of cells to the substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:131807", "title": "Surgical treatment of annulo-aortic ectasia.", "content": "Replacement of the aortic valve and the entire ascending aorta (modified Bentall's technique) was performed in 11 patients with annulo-aortic ectasia. Nine patients are alive and well postoperatively. In comparison with our previous surgical technique, by which the aortic root was left remaining without removal, the new technique required less bypass time, including less coronary perfusion time and less amount of intraoperative bleeding than the cases handled by the previous technique, whereas amount of postoperative bleeding in both groups was not significantly different. Details of the new technique were described and the advantages of this technique are security of intraoperative hemostasis as well as shortened operation time. The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc prosthesis was really convenient for this surgical technique because of its low profil architecture, and also this prosthesis gives excellent postoperative results in combination with the new surgical technique.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of annulo-aortic ectasia. Replacement of the aortic valve and the entire ascending aorta (modified Bentall's technique) was performed in 11 patients with annulo-aortic ectasia. Nine patients are alive and well postoperatively. In comparison with our previous surgical technique, by which the aortic root was left remaining without removal, the new technique required less bypass time, including less coronary perfusion time and less amount of intraoperative bleeding than the cases handled by the previous technique, whereas amount of postoperative bleeding in both groups was not significantly different. Details of the new technique were described and the advantages of this technique are security of intraoperative hemostasis as well as shortened operation time. The Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley tilting disc prosthesis was really convenient for this surgical technique because of its low profil architecture, and also this prosthesis gives excellent postoperative results in combination with the new surgical technique."}
{"id": "PMID:131810", "title": "Pyramidal cell abnormalities in the motor cortex of a child with Down's syndrome. A Golgi study.", "content": "The neuronal organization of the motor cortex of a 19-month old child with Down's syndrome (mongolism) has been studied with the rapid Golgi method. This congenital syndrome, also known as 21 Trisomy is caused by a chromosomal abnormality consisting of the presence of an extra chromosome in the group 21. Various structural abnormalities have been found in the dendritic spines (postsynaptic structures) of the pyramidal neurons of the motor cortex of this child. The axo-spinous synapses of these neurons are considered to be altered by these spine abnormalities. In addition, a peculiar form of intrinsic vacuolar change affecting the dendrites and scattered neuronal fragmentation and necrosis have also been found. At least three different types of abnormality involving the spines--(the unusually long spine, the very short spine and a reduction in the number of spines)--are recognized among the pyramidal cells of the motor cortex. It is postulated herein: that a basic anomaly, possibly related to the genetic disorder affects primarily some cortical neurons which undergo progressive degenerative changes terminating in cell fragmentation and death. The different spine abnormalities are considered to represent various developmental stages of the common genetic anomaly. These changes might be structural correlates of the motor incoordination and mental retardation which are characteristic of this genetic disorder, but, final conclusions should await the investigation of other cases with this or similar methods capable of demonstrating the normal as well as the abnormal structural organization of the human cerebral cortex.", "contents": "Pyramidal cell abnormalities in the motor cortex of a child with Down's syndrome. A Golgi study. The neuronal organization of the motor cortex of a 19-month old child with Down's syndrome (mongolism) has been studied with the rapid Golgi method. This congenital syndrome, also known as 21 Trisomy is caused by a chromosomal abnormality consisting of the presence of an extra chromosome in the group 21. Various structural abnormalities have been found in the dendritic spines (postsynaptic structures) of the pyramidal neurons of the motor cortex of this child. The axo-spinous synapses of these neurons are considered to be altered by these spine abnormalities. In addition, a peculiar form of intrinsic vacuolar change affecting the dendrites and scattered neuronal fragmentation and necrosis have also been found. At least three different types of abnormality involving the spines--(the unusually long spine, the very short spine and a reduction in the number of spines)--are recognized among the pyramidal cells of the motor cortex. It is postulated herein: that a basic anomaly, possibly related to the genetic disorder affects primarily some cortical neurons which undergo progressive degenerative changes terminating in cell fragmentation and death. The different spine abnormalities are considered to represent various developmental stages of the common genetic anomaly. These changes might be structural correlates of the motor incoordination and mental retardation which are characteristic of this genetic disorder, but, final conclusions should await the investigation of other cases with this or similar methods capable of demonstrating the normal as well as the abnormal structural organization of the human cerebral cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:131842", "title": "Effects of C-reactive protein on the lymphoid system. II. Inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reactivity and generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "content": "C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase reactant which increases in concentration during inflammation, has been found to bind to human T cells and to inhibit certain of their functions. In the present study CRP was found to display a binding specificity for theta-bearing cells from mouse peripheral lymphoid tissue but not for thymus cells. CRP inhibited the proliferative response in a similar manner in both murine and human mixed lymphocyte reactions. This inhibition was prevented by the addition of the CRP substrate, pneumococcal C-polysaccharide (CPS), and was not a result of toxicity of CRP for lymphocytes. By contrast the response of spleen lymphocytes to mitogenic Con A concentrations was not altered by CRP. CRP also exerted an inhibitory effect on the in vitro generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CL) in mixed lymphocyte reactions of mouse spleen cells. The expression of the cytolytic process by T cells sensitized either in vivo or in mixed lymphocyte cultures was not altered in the presence of CRP. Therefore, CRP appears to influence the inductive phase of the allograft response and perhaps exerts a regulatory effect on cellular immune responsiveness during inflammatory reactions.", "contents": "Effects of C-reactive protein on the lymphoid system. II. Inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reactivity and generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. C-reactive protein (CRP), an acute phase reactant which increases in concentration during inflammation, has been found to bind to human T cells and to inhibit certain of their functions. In the present study CRP was found to display a binding specificity for theta-bearing cells from mouse peripheral lymphoid tissue but not for thymus cells. CRP inhibited the proliferative response in a similar manner in both murine and human mixed lymphocyte reactions. This inhibition was prevented by the addition of the CRP substrate, pneumococcal C-polysaccharide (CPS), and was not a result of toxicity of CRP for lymphocytes. By contrast the response of spleen lymphocytes to mitogenic Con A concentrations was not altered by CRP. CRP also exerted an inhibitory effect on the in vitro generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CL) in mixed lymphocyte reactions of mouse spleen cells. The expression of the cytolytic process by T cells sensitized either in vivo or in mixed lymphocyte cultures was not altered in the presence of CRP. Therefore, CRP appears to influence the inductive phase of the allograft response and perhaps exerts a regulatory effect on cellular immune responsiveness during inflammatory reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:131843", "title": "Skin exfoliation and purulent conjunctivitis in a new mutant-the exfoliative mouse.", "content": "A spontaneous autosomal recessive mutation has been named the exfoliative mouse (genotype ex/ex). Exfoliative mice suffer a transient purulent conjunctivitis in their 3rd week and an exfoliative skin disease in their 4th week. Gram-negative bacilli are present in blood and cerebrospinal fluid during the conjunctivitis stage, and in skin during the exfoliative period. The mutant can be differentiated from the ichthyotic mouse mutant.", "contents": "Skin exfoliation and purulent conjunctivitis in a new mutant-the exfoliative mouse. A spontaneous autosomal recessive mutation has been named the exfoliative mouse (genotype ex/ex). Exfoliative mice suffer a transient purulent conjunctivitis in their 3rd week and an exfoliative skin disease in their 4th week. Gram-negative bacilli are present in blood and cerebrospinal fluid during the conjunctivitis stage, and in skin during the exfoliative period. The mutant can be differentiated from the ichthyotic mouse mutant."}
{"id": "PMID:131844", "title": "Octadecadienoic acids in the skin surface lipids of acne patients and normal subjects.", "content": "Measurements were made of the proportions of octadeca-5,8-dienoic acid and octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid in the scalp surface lipids of 6 normal subjects, 5 subjects with slight acne, and 9 subjects with severe acne. The group averages for the delta5,8 isomer were: 0.74,  0.85, and 0.61% and for the delta9,12 isomer were 0.56, 0.27, and 0.19%, respectively. The differences in the levels of the delta9,12 isomer between the normal subjects and the groups with slight and with severe acne were statistically significant (p less than 0.02 and 0.001), respectively) but there was no significant difference in the content of the delta5,8 compound. The ratio of the delta5,8/delta9,12 isomers showed no correlation with the rate of sebum production in 12 subjects.", "contents": "Octadecadienoic acids in the skin surface lipids of acne patients and normal subjects. Measurements were made of the proportions of octadeca-5,8-dienoic acid and octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid in the scalp surface lipids of 6 normal subjects, 5 subjects with slight acne, and 9 subjects with severe acne. The group averages for the delta5,8 isomer were: 0.74,  0.85, and 0.61% and for the delta9,12 isomer were 0.56, 0.27, and 0.19%, respectively. The differences in the levels of the delta9,12 isomer between the normal subjects and the groups with slight and with severe acne were statistically significant (p less than 0.02 and 0.001), respectively) but there was no significant difference in the content of the delta5,8 compound. The ratio of the delta5,8/delta9,12 isomers showed no correlation with the rate of sebum production in 12 subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:131845", "title": "Platelet antiplasmin: its extrusion during the release reaction, subcellular localization, characterization, and relationship to antiheparin in pig platelets.", "content": "Antiplasmin activity was shown to be released from washed pig platelets by thrombin following a time course similar to that of 3H-serotonin. Antiheparin activity (platelet factor 4) appeared to be released by thrombin at a slower rate than 3H-serotonin or antiplasmin activity. Subcellular fractionation of pig platelets showed that the storage site for antiplasmin is probably the dense (amine storage) granules. Antiheparin was distributed among all of the subcellular particulate fractions except the fraction rich in dense granules. Material released from washed pig platelets and concentrated by ZnSO4 precipitation (crude antiheparin) was found to be rich in antiplasmin activity. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, DEAE cellulose column chromatography, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that pig platelet antiplasmin is a low molecular weight (approximately 30,000 d) material of alpha1-globulin electrophoretic mobility. It was found to be heat labile and also inhibitory to the caseinolytic activity of trypsin but had no effect on the action of thrombin on fibrinogen. These data indicate that platelet antiplasmin is distinct from platelet antiheparin.", "contents": "Platelet antiplasmin: its extrusion during the release reaction, subcellular localization, characterization, and relationship to antiheparin in pig platelets. Antiplasmin activity was shown to be released from washed pig platelets by thrombin following a time course similar to that of 3H-serotonin. Antiheparin activity (platelet factor 4) appeared to be released by thrombin at a slower rate than 3H-serotonin or antiplasmin activity. Subcellular fractionation of pig platelets showed that the storage site for antiplasmin is probably the dense (amine storage) granules. Antiheparin was distributed among all of the subcellular particulate fractions except the fraction rich in dense granules. Material released from washed pig platelets and concentrated by ZnSO4 precipitation (crude antiheparin) was found to be rich in antiplasmin activity. Gel filtration on Sephadex G-150, DEAE cellulose column chromatography, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that pig platelet antiplasmin is a low molecular weight (approximately 30,000 d) material of alpha1-globulin electrophoretic mobility. It was found to be heat labile and also inhibitory to the caseinolytic activity of trypsin but had no effect on the action of thrombin on fibrinogen. These data indicate that platelet antiplasmin is distinct from platelet antiheparin."}
{"id": "PMID:131849", "title": "Differentiation of transient erythroblastopenia of childhood from congenital hypoplastic anemia.", "content": "Erythrocyte properties of patients with congenital hypoplastic anemia were compared to those of patients with transient erythroblastopenia of childhood. The MCV was less than 85 in all nine TEC patients studied and greater than 90 in all 11 CHA patients. Hemoglobin F concentration was elevated beyond the normal level for age in eight CHA patients and almost always normal in TEC. The i antigen score was more likely to be elevated in CHA than in TEC. The activities of transaminase, aldolase, phosphofructokinase, and glutathione peroxidase were higher in CHA than in TEC (p less than  0.001). Some abnormal properties (namely, MCV and hemoglobi n F concentration) of CHA erythrocytes, present during remission but accentuated during relapse, seemed to vary with changes in serum erythropoietin. Early differentiation of TEC and CHA appears feasible, allowing prompt provision of a favorable prognosis and the avoidance of unnecessary corticosteroid therapy in TEC.", "contents": "Differentiation of transient erythroblastopenia of childhood from congenital hypoplastic anemia. Erythrocyte properties of patients with congenital hypoplastic anemia were compared to those of patients with transient erythroblastopenia of childhood. The MCV was less than 85 in all nine TEC patients studied and greater than 90 in all 11 CHA patients. Hemoglobin F concentration was elevated beyond the normal level for age in eight CHA patients and almost always normal in TEC. The i antigen score was more likely to be elevated in CHA than in TEC. The activities of transaminase, aldolase, phosphofructokinase, and glutathione peroxidase were higher in CHA than in TEC (p less than  0.001). Some abnormal properties (namely, MCV and hemoglobi n F concentration) of CHA erythrocytes, present during remission but accentuated during relapse, seemed to vary with changes in serum erythropoietin. Early differentiation of TEC and CHA appears feasible, allowing prompt provision of a favorable prognosis and the avoidance of unnecessary corticosteroid therapy in TEC."}
{"id": "PMID:131851", "title": "The histocompatibility system and human disease.", "content": "The histocompatibility system and its associations with human diseases have been described. Although these associations remain unexplained, they represent an important step forward in the search for basic causes and mechanisms of diseases. Further studies may lead to better classifications of diseases and to an increased understanding of basic biologic processes, of etiologies of many important diseases, and of relationships between genetic and environmental susceptibility to disease. However, at the present time histocompatibility studied have little value as diagnostic or prognostic tests in clinical medicine, aside from their obvious usefulness in matching tissue donors to recipients.", "contents": "The histocompatibility system and human disease. The histocompatibility system and its associations with human diseases have been described. Although these associations remain unexplained, they represent an important step forward in the search for basic causes and mechanisms of diseases. Further studies may lead to better classifications of diseases and to an increased understanding of basic biologic processes, of etiologies of many important diseases, and of relationships between genetic and environmental susceptibility to disease. However, at the present time histocompatibility studied have little value as diagnostic or prognostic tests in clinical medicine, aside from their obvious usefulness in matching tissue donors to recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:131853", "title": "The relation between stimulus frequency and the relative size of the components of the biphasic response of the vas deferens to electrical stimulation at different temperatures.", "content": "1. Electrical stimulation of the guinea-pig or rat vas deferens (pre- or post-ganglionically) at frequencies from 2-5 to 40 Hz with trains of stimuli of 30 sec duration induced a biphasic response. A rapid contraction (component A) was followed after a brief relaxation by a slower contraction (component B); the two phases were seen most clearly with stimulation frequencies of less than 10 Hz. 2. The responses to post-ganglionic stimulation were always larger than those to preganglionic stimulation. In general, at low frequencies component A exceeded component B whilst at high frequencies component B was the larger. Separation of the two components on the basis of their frequency response characteristics was better for rat than for guinea-pig vasa. 3. Log. frequency-response curves to transmural (post-ganglionic) electrical stimulation and log dose-response curves to noradrenaline were recorded for guinea-pig and rat vasa deferentia at 32 degrees, 22 degrees and 12 degrees C. For the guinea-pig reduction of bath temperature to 12 degrees C increased the amplitude of component A at 2-5 and 5 Hz; component B could not confidently be distinguished at this temperature. At 22 degrees C there was potentiation of B at lower frequencies and depression of B at higher frequencies. There was no response to noradrenaline at 12 degrees C. At 22 degrees C the response to noradrenaline was increased except to doses at or near the maximum to which the response was reduced. 4. For the rat was deferens component A was little changed by reduction of temperature. Component B at 12 degrees C was greatly depressed at higher frequencies. The response to noradreanaline was increased to lower doses and decreased to higher doses as the temperature was lowered. 5. The B component of the response of guinea-pig vasa at 22 degrees C and rat vasa at 32 degrees C was more sensitive than the A component to inhibition by thymoxamine. 6. Further analysis of the mechanisms underlying the A and B components of the biphasic response may be facilitated by relative isolation of each component by the appropriate selection of parameters of electrical stimulation and of temperature for the species being investigated. The contractions of the B component are similar to, if not identical with, those produced by exogenously applied noradrenaline.", "contents": "The relation between stimulus frequency and the relative size of the components of the biphasic response of the vas deferens to electrical stimulation at different temperatures. 1. Electrical stimulation of the guinea-pig or rat vas deferens (pre- or post-ganglionically) at frequencies from 2-5 to 40 Hz with trains of stimuli of 30 sec duration induced a biphasic response. A rapid contraction (component A) was followed after a brief relaxation by a slower contraction (component B); the two phases were seen most clearly with stimulation frequencies of less than 10 Hz. 2. The responses to post-ganglionic stimulation were always larger than those to preganglionic stimulation. In general, at low frequencies component A exceeded component B whilst at high frequencies component B was the larger. Separation of the two components on the basis of their frequency response characteristics was better for rat than for guinea-pig vasa. 3. Log. frequency-response curves to transmural (post-ganglionic) electrical stimulation and log dose-response curves to noradrenaline were recorded for guinea-pig and rat vasa deferentia at 32 degrees, 22 degrees and 12 degrees C. For the guinea-pig reduction of bath temperature to 12 degrees C increased the amplitude of component A at 2-5 and 5 Hz; component B could not confidently be distinguished at this temperature. At 22 degrees C there was potentiation of B at lower frequencies and depression of B at higher frequencies. There was no response to noradrenaline at 12 degrees C. At 22 degrees C the response to noradrenaline was increased except to doses at or near the maximum to which the response was reduced. 4. For the rat was deferens component A was little changed by reduction of temperature. Component B at 12 degrees C was greatly depressed at higher frequencies. The response to noradreanaline was increased to lower doses and decreased to higher doses as the temperature was lowered. 5. The B component of the response of guinea-pig vasa at 22 degrees C and rat vasa at 32 degrees C was more sensitive than the A component to inhibition by thymoxamine. 6. Further analysis of the mechanisms underlying the A and B components of the biphasic response may be facilitated by relative isolation of each component by the appropriate selection of parameters of electrical stimulation and of temperature for the species being investigated. The contractions of the B component are similar to, if not identical with, those produced by exogenously applied noradrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:131854", "title": "The occurrence of C19 steroids in testicular tissue and submaxillary glands of intersex pigs in relation to morphological characteristics.", "content": "Five true hermaphrodite pigs and two male pseudohermaphrodite pigs were studied. A 38XX sex chromosome constitution was found in peripheral leucocytes of three true hermaphrodites and in one male pseudohermaphrodite; XX/XY mixoploidy was present in the leucocytes of the remaining male pseudohermaphrodite. The occurrence of C19 steroids, including 16-androstenes, in the testicular tissue and submaxillary gland of intersex pigs was of a similar pattern to that found previously in mature boars, and masculinization of the genital tract was related to the amount of testicular tissue present. It is postulated that in the absence of germ cells in the testicular tissue of intersex pigs the Sertoli cells may be involved in the metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone to 5-androstenediol, a possible testosterone precursor in the pig. The high levels of 16-androstenes found in the submaxillary gland of intersex pigs indicates that these steroids are responsible for 'boar taint' in these animals. In contrast to the boar, no consistent relationship was found between the occurrence of C19 steroids and the degree of masculinization of the submaxillary gland; it is postulated that the predominantly female genetic constitution may have affected the response of the salivary gland to androgen.", "contents": "The occurrence of C19 steroids in testicular tissue and submaxillary glands of intersex pigs in relation to morphological characteristics. Five true hermaphrodite pigs and two male pseudohermaphrodite pigs were studied. A 38XX sex chromosome constitution was found in peripheral leucocytes of three true hermaphrodites and in one male pseudohermaphrodite; XX/XY mixoploidy was present in the leucocytes of the remaining male pseudohermaphrodite. The occurrence of C19 steroids, including 16-androstenes, in the testicular tissue and submaxillary gland of intersex pigs was of a similar pattern to that found previously in mature boars, and masculinization of the genital tract was related to the amount of testicular tissue present. It is postulated that in the absence of germ cells in the testicular tissue of intersex pigs the Sertoli cells may be involved in the metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone to 5-androstenediol, a possible testosterone precursor in the pig. The high levels of 16-androstenes found in the submaxillary gland of intersex pigs indicates that these steroids are responsible for 'boar taint' in these animals. In contrast to the boar, no consistent relationship was found between the occurrence of C19 steroids and the degree of masculinization of the submaxillary gland; it is postulated that the predominantly female genetic constitution may have affected the response of the salivary gland to androgen."}
{"id": "PMID:131855", "title": "The arthritic complaint in primary care: prevalence, related disability, and costs.", "content": "Surveys conducted in five areas of Southern Ontario obtained clinical and service utilization data from 5,478 adults over 25 years of age. The two week period prevalence rates of arthritic and rheumatic (AR) complaints were 1.72 per cent and 2.14 per cent among two groups of users of primary care. In free-living general populations, the rates ranged from 6.23 per cent to 8.84 per cent. It was shown that only 25 per cent of complainants with AR symptoms sought health services. Of all adults seen by family physicians in one year, 28 per cent presented at least once with an AR complaint. While 20 per cent of all respondents reported some physical impairment, 43 per cent of those with AR complaints had impairment. The excess impairment was two per cent. Complaints with AR symptoms used health services at costs 78 per cent higher than the average expenditures in the same communities. The essential role of the primary care practitioner in the identification and control of AR disorders is strongly supported.", "contents": "The arthritic complaint in primary care: prevalence, related disability, and costs. Surveys conducted in five areas of Southern Ontario obtained clinical and service utilization data from 5,478 adults over 25 years of age. The two week period prevalence rates of arthritic and rheumatic (AR) complaints were 1.72 per cent and 2.14 per cent among two groups of users of primary care. In free-living general populations, the rates ranged from 6.23 per cent to 8.84 per cent. It was shown that only 25 per cent of complainants with AR symptoms sought health services. Of all adults seen by family physicians in one year, 28 per cent presented at least once with an AR complaint. While 20 per cent of all respondents reported some physical impairment, 43 per cent of those with AR complaints had impairment. The excess impairment was two per cent. Complaints with AR symptoms used health services at costs 78 per cent higher than the average expenditures in the same communities. The essential role of the primary care practitioner in the identification and control of AR disorders is strongly supported."}
{"id": "PMID:131859", "title": "A probable case of mutation in Huntington's disease.", "content": "A patient is described in whom Huntington's disease was diagnosed at the age of 34 years. No evidence of the disorder was found in either parent. Their parentage of the alleged mutant could not be excluded from a study of the inheritance of 25 genetic markers.", "contents": "A probable case of mutation in Huntington's disease. A patient is described in whom Huntington's disease was diagnosed at the age of 34 years. No evidence of the disorder was found in either parent. Their parentage of the alleged mutant could not be excluded from a study of the inheritance of 25 genetic markers."}
{"id": "PMID:131860", "title": "Vitamin A absorption and periodontal disease in trisomy G.", "content": "Vitamin A tolerance tests were carried out on fourteen Trisomy G and fourteen non-Trisomy G subjects to determine whether vitamin A absorption in trisomics is associated with their high susceptibility to periodontal disease. Neither the vitamin tolerance levels nor the findings of medical examinations on these subjects indicated a vitamin A absorption problem or correlation with periodontal health.", "contents": "Vitamin A absorption and periodontal disease in trisomy G. Vitamin A tolerance tests were carried out on fourteen Trisomy G and fourteen non-Trisomy G subjects to determine whether vitamin A absorption in trisomics is associated with their high susceptibility to periodontal disease. Neither the vitamin tolerance levels nor the findings of medical examinations on these subjects indicated a vitamin A absorption problem or correlation with periodontal health."}
{"id": "PMID:131861", "title": "Evidence for increased mental capacity with age in Down's Syndrome.", "content": "In a previous study, the authors reported that Down's Syndrome children were deficient in short-term memory for colour compared with severely subnormal controls. The present study provides evidence that two-thirds of such children aged fifteen to seventeen years could perform tasks which no six-to-eight-year-old could, which suggests they might benefit from educational experiences which were of no value at a younger age.", "contents": "Evidence for increased mental capacity with age in Down's Syndrome. In a previous study, the authors reported that Down's Syndrome children were deficient in short-term memory for colour compared with severely subnormal controls. The present study provides evidence that two-thirds of such children aged fifteen to seventeen years could perform tasks which no six-to-eight-year-old could, which suggests they might benefit from educational experiences which were of no value at a younger age."}
{"id": "PMID:131862", "title": "The possibility of electron microscopic autoradiography of steroids after freeze drying of unfixed testes.", "content": "A technique has been developed for the autoradiographic localization of steroids in testes at the light and possibly electron microscope level. During processing of the tissue there is no contact of tissue with water up to the moment of photographic development of the autoradiographs. Tritium labelled steroids have been introduced into the testis through perfusion of the isolated organ. Small tissue samples were rapidly frozen, freeze dried and fixed with osmium vapour. The fixed tissue was embedded in Epon and thin sections could be cut from this material on an ultra-cryotome without the aid of floatation liquids. Results with light microscopic autoradiography indicate the potential of this technique. This procedure which avoids any contact of the tissue with water offers good prospects for autoradiography of steroids and other soluble compounds at the electron microscope level. A comparison is made with other proposed techniques for steroid autoradiography.", "contents": "The possibility of electron microscopic autoradiography of steroids after freeze drying of unfixed testes. A technique has been developed for the autoradiographic localization of steroids in testes at the light and possibly electron microscope level. During processing of the tissue there is no contact of tissue with water up to the moment of photographic development of the autoradiographs. Tritium labelled steroids have been introduced into the testis through perfusion of the isolated organ. Small tissue samples were rapidly frozen, freeze dried and fixed with osmium vapour. The fixed tissue was embedded in Epon and thin sections could be cut from this material on an ultra-cryotome without the aid of floatation liquids. Results with light microscopic autoradiography indicate the potential of this technique. This procedure which avoids any contact of the tissue with water offers good prospects for autoradiography of steroids and other soluble compounds at the electron microscope level. A comparison is made with other proposed techniques for steroid autoradiography."}
{"id": "PMID:131865", "title": "Structural aberrations in group A Staphylococcus bacteriophages.", "content": "Six related Staphylococcus phages spontaneously produced various abnormal head and tail structures: (i) giant capsids which were tailed and apparently contained nucleic acid; (ii) regular and irregular smooth polyheads; (iii) heads and polyheads with wavy outlines; (iv) mottled heads and polyheads; (v) abnormally long and short tails; and (vi) \"double capsids\" connected by a small bridge. Some of these structures are rare, or have not yet been reported. The frequency os specific aberrant particles varied from one phage to another. Length distribution of smooth irregular polyheads and of abnormal tails indicated that these structures assemble at random from protein synthesized in excess. These phages represent an interesting model for genetic and morphogentic studies.", "contents": "Structural aberrations in group A Staphylococcus bacteriophages. Six related Staphylococcus phages spontaneously produced various abnormal head and tail structures: (i) giant capsids which were tailed and apparently contained nucleic acid; (ii) regular and irregular smooth polyheads; (iii) heads and polyheads with wavy outlines; (iv) mottled heads and polyheads; (v) abnormally long and short tails; and (vi) \"double capsids\" connected by a small bridge. Some of these structures are rare, or have not yet been reported. The frequency os specific aberrant particles varied from one phage to another. Length distribution of smooth irregular polyheads and of abnormal tails indicated that these structures assemble at random from protein synthesized in excess. These phages represent an interesting model for genetic and morphogentic studies."}
{"id": "PMID:131866", "title": "Properties of the scrapie agent-endomembrane complex from hamster brain.", "content": "Subcellular fractionation of scrapie-infected hamster brain indicated the association of the scrapie agent with a component of the endomembrane system. Characterization by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, electron microscopy, and marker enzymes suggested a primary association with rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a possible incorporation into the plasma membrane. DNA polymerase activity demonstrated a direct correlation with regions of scrapie activity from the gradient fractions. A scrapie-related product was detected after (3H)TMP incorporation and analysis on 2.2% polyacrylamide gels. Analysis of nucleic acid species extracted from subcellular fractions resulted in a greater quantity from healthy brain; however, no qualitative distinctions were detected.", "contents": "Properties of the scrapie agent-endomembrane complex from hamster brain. Subcellular fractionation of scrapie-infected hamster brain indicated the association of the scrapie agent with a component of the endomembrane system. Characterization by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation, electron microscopy, and marker enzymes suggested a primary association with rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and a possible incorporation into the plasma membrane. DNA polymerase activity demonstrated a direct correlation with regions of scrapie activity from the gradient fractions. A scrapie-related product was detected after (3H)TMP incorporation and analysis on 2.2% polyacrylamide gels. Analysis of nucleic acid species extracted from subcellular fractions resulted in a greater quantity from healthy brain; however, no qualitative distinctions were detected."}
{"id": "PMID:131867", "title": "Esophageal ulcers associated with tetracycline therapy.", "content": "Esophageal ulceration has rarely been reported secondary to medicinal agents. we have treated three patients with esophageal ulceration associated with the ingestion of tetracycline or its derivative doxycycline. In light of the strong temporal relationship between taking the capsules and the onset of the esophageal ulceration, we believe that the capsules were the cause of the ulcers. We therefore recommend an alternative agent to tetracycline or doxycycline, if possible, for patients with any esophageal obstructive element. We also recommend that patients be cautioned not to take these drugs within one hour of going to bed.", "contents": "Esophageal ulcers associated with tetracycline therapy. Esophageal ulceration has rarely been reported secondary to medicinal agents. we have treated three patients with esophageal ulceration associated with the ingestion of tetracycline or its derivative doxycycline. In light of the strong temporal relationship between taking the capsules and the onset of the esophageal ulceration, we believe that the capsules were the cause of the ulcers. We therefore recommend an alternative agent to tetracycline or doxycycline, if possible, for patients with any esophageal obstructive element. We also recommend that patients be cautioned not to take these drugs within one hour of going to bed."}
{"id": "PMID:131869", "title": "[Further study on gentamicin in pediatrics (author's transl)].", "content": "Gentamicin (GM) was intramuscularly injected to 16 children with various infectious disease (1 septicemia, 1 purulent meningitis, 4 bronchopneumonia, 1 pyothorax, 3 pyelonephritis, 2 acute cystitis and 4 RITTER'S dermatitis). The results obtained are as follows: 1. The excellent and good clinical results were noted in all patients except for an indeterminate case with bronchopneumonia because of the concomitant therapy with CEZ. The effective rate was 100.0%. This was possibly because of quite high susceptibility (See Article) of all isolates to gentamicin. 2. Doses of GM were adjusted depending on the style of infectious diseases. The satisfactory clinical results were obtained in some cases by increasing its recommended dosage to about 5-8 mg per kg per day. 3. No kidney dysfunction, liver dysfunction, the 8th cranial nerve damage, etc. were observed by administering 5 to 8 mg per kg per day for at maximum 18 days, in this clinical trial. 4. It has been indicated in this clinical trial that GM is worthy to be used as a first-choice drug in chemotherapy of infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus, gram-negative bacillus, etc., especially in patients who are hypersensitive to penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives. However, further study would be required for the safety of increase in its dosage and duration of administration.", "contents": "[Further study on gentamicin in pediatrics (author's transl)]. Gentamicin (GM) was intramuscularly injected to 16 children with various infectious disease (1 septicemia, 1 purulent meningitis, 4 bronchopneumonia, 1 pyothorax, 3 pyelonephritis, 2 acute cystitis and 4 RITTER'S dermatitis). The results obtained are as follows: 1. The excellent and good clinical results were noted in all patients except for an indeterminate case with bronchopneumonia because of the concomitant therapy with CEZ. The effective rate was 100.0%. This was possibly because of quite high susceptibility (See Article) of all isolates to gentamicin. 2. Doses of GM were adjusted depending on the style of infectious diseases. The satisfactory clinical results were obtained in some cases by increasing its recommended dosage to about 5-8 mg per kg per day. 3. No kidney dysfunction, liver dysfunction, the 8th cranial nerve damage, etc. were observed by administering 5 to 8 mg per kg per day for at maximum 18 days, in this clinical trial. 4. It has been indicated in this clinical trial that GM is worthy to be used as a first-choice drug in chemotherapy of infectious diseases caused by Staphylococcus, gram-negative bacillus, etc., especially in patients who are hypersensitive to penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives. However, further study would be required for the safety of increase in its dosage and duration of administration."}
{"id": "PMID:131870", "title": "Effect of dantrolene sodium on excitation-contraction coupling in frog skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effect of dantrolene sodium, 1-(5-(p-nitrophenyl)furfuryli-deneamino)hydantoin sodium hydrate, on electrical and mechanical response in frog skeltal muscles (whole muscles or single fibers) and on the biochemical properties of contractile proteins and fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from frog or rabbit skeletal muscle was investigated. The peak tensions of twitch, tetanus and potassium contracture were significantly inhibited by dantrolene, without affecting the magnitude of resting potential, the amplitude and duration of action potential and the negative afterpotential. On the other hand, ATP-INDUCED SHORTENING OF GLYCEROL-EXTRACTED RABBIT PSOAS MUSCLE FIBERS, ATPase activity of frog myofibrils and Ca release induced by caffeine, Ca uptake and ATPase activity of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum of frog or rabbit muscle were not affected by dantrolene. Caffeine contracture was partially inhibited by dantrolene and was almost unchanged by it in potassium-depolarized muscele fiber. Nitrate ions and low concentration of caffeine rapidly recovered the twitch inhibition induced by dantrolene. These results suggested that dantrolene acts on the membrane of transverse tubules and possibly the triadic junction and that it inhibits the inward movement of Ca and subsequently decreases the release of activator Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Effect of dantrolene sodium on excitation-contraction coupling in frog skeletal muscle. The effect of dantrolene sodium, 1-(5-(p-nitrophenyl)furfuryli-deneamino)hydantoin sodium hydrate, on electrical and mechanical response in frog skeltal muscles (whole muscles or single fibers) and on the biochemical properties of contractile proteins and fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from frog or rabbit skeletal muscle was investigated. The peak tensions of twitch, tetanus and potassium contracture were significantly inhibited by dantrolene, without affecting the magnitude of resting potential, the amplitude and duration of action potential and the negative afterpotential. On the other hand, ATP-INDUCED SHORTENING OF GLYCEROL-EXTRACTED RABBIT PSOAS MUSCLE FIBERS, ATPase activity of frog myofibrils and Ca release induced by caffeine, Ca uptake and ATPase activity of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum of frog or rabbit muscle were not affected by dantrolene. Caffeine contracture was partially inhibited by dantrolene and was almost unchanged by it in potassium-depolarized muscele fiber. Nitrate ions and low concentration of caffeine rapidly recovered the twitch inhibition induced by dantrolene. These results suggested that dantrolene acts on the membrane of transverse tubules and possibly the triadic junction and that it inhibits the inward movement of Ca and subsequently decreases the release of activator Ca from sarcoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:131871", "title": "Bromide intoxication.", "content": "Bromide intoxication is now an uncommon disease. This report reviews the experience with this disorder at the Johns Hopkins Hospital over the last 23 years and reemphasizes the variable neuropsychiatric symptoms which these patients present. Impaired sensorium, fever, skin rash, abnormal serum chloride, and a history of proprietary drug abuse are clinical features which may suggest the presence of bromide intoxication. Treatment consisting of saline administration often augmented with mercurial, thiazide or \"loop\" diuretics was uniformly effective. The declining incidence of this disorder is felt to be due to the decrease in physicians' use of prescription bromides and the declining availability of proprietary bromide containing compounds.", "contents": "Bromide intoxication. Bromide intoxication is now an uncommon disease. This report reviews the experience with this disorder at the Johns Hopkins Hospital over the last 23 years and reemphasizes the variable neuropsychiatric symptoms which these patients present. Impaired sensorium, fever, skin rash, abnormal serum chloride, and a history of proprietary drug abuse are clinical features which may suggest the presence of bromide intoxication. Treatment consisting of saline administration often augmented with mercurial, thiazide or \"loop\" diuretics was uniformly effective. The declining incidence of this disorder is felt to be due to the decrease in physicians' use of prescription bromides and the declining availability of proprietary bromide containing compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:131873", "title": "[The significance of the cytochemical adenosine triphosphatase reaction for the diagnosis of benign monoclonal gammopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 26 cases with benign monoclonal gammopathy the cytochemical activity of the adenosintriphosphatase (ATPase) in the plasmocytes of bone marrow smears was studied. 15 cases showed a decreased and 11 patients showed normal proportions of ATPase positive cells, indicating that the impairment of ATP-ase is non-specific for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma.", "contents": "[The significance of the cytochemical adenosine triphosphatase reaction for the diagnosis of benign monoclonal gammopathy (author's transl)]. In 26 cases with benign monoclonal gammopathy the cytochemical activity of the adenosintriphosphatase (ATPase) in the plasmocytes of bone marrow smears was studied. 15 cases showed a decreased and 11 patients showed normal proportions of ATPase positive cells, indicating that the impairment of ATP-ase is non-specific for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma."}
{"id": "PMID:131874", "title": "[Congenital centronuclear myopathy. Two morphological variants in one family (author's transl)].", "content": "This report deals with a family in which the mother and her two daughters suffer from a congenital, slowly progressive neuromuscular disease. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural observations of the mother's muscle biopsy reveal the characteristics of the centronuclear myopathy. In this case central nuclei and pericentronuclear abnormalities of muscle fibers are found in almost all fibers. Biopsies obtained of the two daughters show alterations especially of type I-fibers, which often are smaller than normal. The presence of these two forms of centronuclear myopathy in one family indicates that these may be only different morphological types of states of one illness. Additionally, other structural findings (rod bodies, core like regions) emphasize the similarities with other congenital slowly progressive myopathies (nemaline myopathy, central core disease).", "contents": "[Congenital centronuclear myopathy. Two morphological variants in one family (author's transl)]. This report deals with a family in which the mother and her two daughters suffer from a congenital, slowly progressive neuromuscular disease. Histological, histochemical and ultrastructural observations of the mother's muscle biopsy reveal the characteristics of the centronuclear myopathy. In this case central nuclei and pericentronuclear abnormalities of muscle fibers are found in almost all fibers. Biopsies obtained of the two daughters show alterations especially of type I-fibers, which often are smaller than normal. The presence of these two forms of centronuclear myopathy in one family indicates that these may be only different morphological types of states of one illness. Additionally, other structural findings (rod bodies, core like regions) emphasize the similarities with other congenital slowly progressive myopathies (nemaline myopathy, central core disease)."}
{"id": "PMID:131876", "title": "Use of Freund's adjuvant arthritis test in anti-flammatory drug screening in the rat: value of animal selection and preparation at the breeding center.", "content": "The Freund's adjuvant technic, using killed Mycobacterium butyricum suspended in mineral oil, is a refined tool for anti-inflammatory drug evaluation. Its use has long been reserved for testing and not for screening due to technical problems in the preparation of valid animal models. After reviewing the methodology, the authors demonstrated that the availability of arthritic rats from a modern breeding center (Charles River France, SA, Elbeuf, France) make the procedure applicable to drug screening. This has both practical and economic advantages. The animals can be used as test organisms for drug evaluation 14 da after treatment. Three criteria for measuring the effectiveness of anti-arthritic drugs have been established: an arithritic index determined by examination of the 4 paws; changes in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate; and changes in levels of plasma fibrinogen. The curative activity of test substances can be evaluated by a single series of measurements of these 3 criteria after 14 da of treatment. This test was compared with 2 others; edema of the paw induced by the subcutaneous injection of kaolin or carrageenan, and was found to be superior.", "contents": "Use of Freund's adjuvant arthritis test in anti-flammatory drug screening in the rat: value of animal selection and preparation at the breeding center. The Freund's adjuvant technic, using killed Mycobacterium butyricum suspended in mineral oil, is a refined tool for anti-inflammatory drug evaluation. Its use has long been reserved for testing and not for screening due to technical problems in the preparation of valid animal models. After reviewing the methodology, the authors demonstrated that the availability of arthritic rats from a modern breeding center (Charles River France, SA, Elbeuf, France) make the procedure applicable to drug screening. This has both practical and economic advantages. The animals can be used as test organisms for drug evaluation 14 da after treatment. Three criteria for measuring the effectiveness of anti-arthritic drugs have been established: an arithritic index determined by examination of the 4 paws; changes in the erythrocyte sedimentation rate; and changes in levels of plasma fibrinogen. The curative activity of test substances can be evaluated by a single series of measurements of these 3 criteria after 14 da of treatment. This test was compared with 2 others; edema of the paw induced by the subcutaneous injection of kaolin or carrageenan, and was found to be superior."}
{"id": "PMID:131877", "title": "Some data on establishing a specific-pathogen-free guinea pig colony.", "content": "Detailed procedures for the germfree delivery of guinea pigs using a \"dry hysterectomy\" technic were given; 320 animals were alive after hysterectomy, but there was a subsequent loss of 37% of the animals, mainly during the first and second weeks. Their specific-pathogen-free maintenance, feeding, and association with an anerobic flora were described. Feeding 3 times a day vs twice a day decreased mortality from 48% to 20%.", "contents": "Some data on establishing a specific-pathogen-free guinea pig colony. Detailed procedures for the germfree delivery of guinea pigs using a \"dry hysterectomy\" technic were given; 320 animals were alive after hysterectomy, but there was a subsequent loss of 37% of the animals, mainly during the first and second weeks. Their specific-pathogen-free maintenance, feeding, and association with an anerobic flora were described. Feeding 3 times a day vs twice a day decreased mortality from 48% to 20%."}
{"id": "PMID:131878", "title": "The use of spontaneously hypertensive rats for the study of anti-hypertensive agents.", "content": "Hypertension studies using laboratory animals have been conducted since 1930. These were not completely satisfactory because either surgery or pharmacologic induction were required to produce hypertensive animals. Many attempts have been made to breed spontaneously hypertensive rats, mainly from the Okamoto strain. The cause of hypertension in the rat, with specific reference to genetic aspects and pathogenicity, were reviewed. The hypertensive rat is an acceptable model for hypertension studies because of the stability of the hypertensive state and the reproducibility of experimental effects. It is a particularly useful model for screening antihypertensive agents. Development of mutant Okamato stran rats which have brain softening, cerebral hemorrhages, and myocardial infarctions would permit the screening of specific therapeutic agents with fewer side-effects. Mutants which develop obesity, hyperlipidism, and early atherosclerosis have been reported in Okamoto strain X Sprague-Dawley rat crosses.", "contents": "The use of spontaneously hypertensive rats for the study of anti-hypertensive agents. Hypertension studies using laboratory animals have been conducted since 1930. These were not completely satisfactory because either surgery or pharmacologic induction were required to produce hypertensive animals. Many attempts have been made to breed spontaneously hypertensive rats, mainly from the Okamoto strain. The cause of hypertension in the rat, with specific reference to genetic aspects and pathogenicity, were reviewed. The hypertensive rat is an acceptable model for hypertension studies because of the stability of the hypertensive state and the reproducibility of experimental effects. It is a particularly useful model for screening antihypertensive agents. Development of mutant Okamato stran rats which have brain softening, cerebral hemorrhages, and myocardial infarctions would permit the screening of specific therapeutic agents with fewer side-effects. Mutants which develop obesity, hyperlipidism, and early atherosclerosis have been reported in Okamoto strain X Sprague-Dawley rat crosses."}
{"id": "PMID:131879", "title": "Islet cell membrane alteration by diabetogenic drugs.", "content": "Freeze-fracture of islets of Langerhans treated in vitro with diabetogenic agents alloxan and streptozotocin shows a decrease in the number of intramembranous particles of islet cell plasma membranes. This decrease is restricted to the membrane's A-fracture face and it can be prevented by experimental conditions which are known to counteract the toxic effect of both alloxan and streptozotocin.", "contents": "Islet cell membrane alteration by diabetogenic drugs. Freeze-fracture of islets of Langerhans treated in vitro with diabetogenic agents alloxan and streptozotocin shows a decrease in the number of intramembranous particles of islet cell plasma membranes. This decrease is restricted to the membrane's A-fracture face and it can be prevented by experimental conditions which are known to counteract the toxic effect of both alloxan and streptozotocin."}
{"id": "PMID:131882", "title": "Surgical \"correction\" of solitus-concordant, double-outlet left ventricle with L-malposition and tricuspid stenosis with hypoplastic right ventricle.", "content": "This report concerns a 2-year-old boy who had situs solitus and atrioventricular concordance with double-outlet left ventricle, L-malposition of the aorta, pulmonary stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, hypoplastic right ventricle, ventricular septal defect, and secundum atrial septal defect. These lesions were correctly diagnosed preoperatively, and \"correction\" was achieved by closing the atrial septal defect and tricuspid valve and performing a Fontan procedure using an antibiotic-sterilized aortic homograft for the conduit. The patient initially did well postoperatively but, despite vigorous diuretic therapy, developed large bilateral pleural effusions necessitating frequent aspiration. He died unexpectedly one month after the operation. Postmortem examination showed the repair to be intact. Despite his death, we are encouraged to consider this operation in such cases in the future.", "contents": "Surgical \"correction\" of solitus-concordant, double-outlet left ventricle with L-malposition and tricuspid stenosis with hypoplastic right ventricle. This report concerns a 2-year-old boy who had situs solitus and atrioventricular concordance with double-outlet left ventricle, L-malposition of the aorta, pulmonary stenosis, tricuspid stenosis, hypoplastic right ventricle, ventricular septal defect, and secundum atrial septal defect. These lesions were correctly diagnosed preoperatively, and \"correction\" was achieved by closing the atrial septal defect and tricuspid valve and performing a Fontan procedure using an antibiotic-sterilized aortic homograft for the conduit. The patient initially did well postoperatively but, despite vigorous diuretic therapy, developed large bilateral pleural effusions necessitating frequent aspiration. He died unexpectedly one month after the operation. Postmortem examination showed the repair to be intact. Despite his death, we are encouraged to consider this operation in such cases in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:131883", "title": "The postvalvulotomy propranolol test to determine reversibility of the residual gradient in pulmonary stenosis.", "content": "We advocate the use of propranolol in very low dosage at the end of operation to determine a prognosis of the long-term results to be expected after valvulotomy in diverse types of pulmonary stenosis.", "contents": "The postvalvulotomy propranolol test to determine reversibility of the residual gradient in pulmonary stenosis. We advocate the use of propranolol in very low dosage at the end of operation to determine a prognosis of the long-term results to be expected after valvulotomy in diverse types of pulmonary stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:131884", "title": "Surgical treatment of floppy mitral valve syndrome in children.", "content": "Five children whose ages ranged from 9 to 14 years underwent operation for floppy mitral valve syndrome. The clinical course of this syndrome in young patients was characterized by exceptionally rapid deterioration in congestive heart failure after the onset of symptoms. The children responded poorly to medical treatment. Early surgical treatment should be recommended soon after the onset of congestive heart failure. Three out of 5 patients required an associated tricuspid valve replacement for a floppy tricuspid valve, whose structure showed marked myxomatous transformation. Because of the high incidence of myxomatous transformation of the tricuspid valve in children, significant tricuspid insufficiency in this syndrome should be managed by valve replacement.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of floppy mitral valve syndrome in children. Five children whose ages ranged from 9 to 14 years underwent operation for floppy mitral valve syndrome. The clinical course of this syndrome in young patients was characterized by exceptionally rapid deterioration in congestive heart failure after the onset of symptoms. The children responded poorly to medical treatment. Early surgical treatment should be recommended soon after the onset of congestive heart failure. Three out of 5 patients required an associated tricuspid valve replacement for a floppy tricuspid valve, whose structure showed marked myxomatous transformation. Because of the high incidence of myxomatous transformation of the tricuspid valve in children, significant tricuspid insufficiency in this syndrome should be managed by valve replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:131885", "title": "Aortoventriculoplasty: a new technique for the treatment of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.", "content": "Aortoventriculoplasty is a new method of treatment for left ventricular outflow tract obstructions. The concept is based on creating a surgical defect which is patched in such a way as to provide the largest possible outflow to the left ventricle. The incision of the aorta continues down as far as necessary, with the right ventricular wall, the aortic ring, and the septum being cut. Reconstruction with an inner Dacron patch on the septum is completed by replacing the aortic valve with an adequate prosthesis, covering the aortic incision with the same patch, and patching the right venticular opening with an outer patch. This method was used in 4 children with tunnel-like subaortic stenosis, 3 of whom had had unsuccessful previous surgical attempts. Other associated lesions including parachute mitral valve were also corrected during aortoventriculoplasty. Hemodynamic results were excellent following this operation. Two patients died postoperatively, one from advanced myocardial damage and progressive failure and the other from cerebral ischemia caused by insufficient retrograde perfusion through an aortic coarctation that was not repaired earlier. No arrhythmias were observed following the procedure. The other 2 patients are well 7 and 5 months postoperatively with excellent hemodynamic function.", "contents": "Aortoventriculoplasty: a new technique for the treatment of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Aortoventriculoplasty is a new method of treatment for left ventricular outflow tract obstructions. The concept is based on creating a surgical defect which is patched in such a way as to provide the largest possible outflow to the left ventricle. The incision of the aorta continues down as far as necessary, with the right ventricular wall, the aortic ring, and the septum being cut. Reconstruction with an inner Dacron patch on the septum is completed by replacing the aortic valve with an adequate prosthesis, covering the aortic incision with the same patch, and patching the right venticular opening with an outer patch. This method was used in 4 children with tunnel-like subaortic stenosis, 3 of whom had had unsuccessful previous surgical attempts. Other associated lesions including parachute mitral valve were also corrected during aortoventriculoplasty. Hemodynamic results were excellent following this operation. Two patients died postoperatively, one from advanced myocardial damage and progressive failure and the other from cerebral ischemia caused by insufficient retrograde perfusion through an aortic coarctation that was not repaired earlier. No arrhythmias were observed following the procedure. The other 2 patients are well 7 and 5 months postoperatively with excellent hemodynamic function."}
{"id": "PMID:131898", "title": "[Streptoverticillium krissii n. sp. forming teleocidins A and B].", "content": "The taxonomy of the actinomycete LIA-0371, regarded as a new species Streptoverticillium krissii n. sp., was studied. The culture has straight sporophores assembed into verticils, gray-cream-coloured aerial mycelium and brown colonial mycelium, and produces pentaene 0371, ichtiocide T-0371, and a soluble pigment. Physico-chemical analysis has shown that ichtiocide T-0371 is identical to teleocidins A and B.", "contents": "[Streptoverticillium krissii n. sp. forming teleocidins A and B]. The taxonomy of the actinomycete LIA-0371, regarded as a new species Streptoverticillium krissii n. sp., was studied. The culture has straight sporophores assembed into verticils, gray-cream-coloured aerial mycelium and brown colonial mycelium, and produces pentaene 0371, ichtiocide T-0371, and a soluble pigment. Physico-chemical analysis has shown that ichtiocide T-0371 is identical to teleocidins A and B."}
{"id": "PMID:131902", "title": "Possible rejection of an HL-A identical sibling renal allograft.", "content": "A case is described of possible rejection of a renal allograft between siblings who are HL-A identical and who had a negative mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "contents": "Possible rejection of an HL-A identical sibling renal allograft. A case is described of possible rejection of a renal allograft between siblings who are HL-A identical and who had a negative mixed lymphocyte reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:131899", "title": "[Intensity of bacterial methane formation in ooze deposits in lakes].", "content": "The rate of methane production of bacteria via the decomposition of acetate in ooze deposits of the Mari lakes was 0.0165 to 0.483 mg CH4/day/ litre wet ooze. From 32 to 98 per cent of methane in the ooze of studied reservoirs formed through microbiological reduction of carbon dioxide by hydrogen.", "contents": "[Intensity of bacterial methane formation in ooze deposits in lakes]. The rate of methane production of bacteria via the decomposition of acetate in ooze deposits of the Mari lakes was 0.0165 to 0.483 mg CH4/day/ litre wet ooze. From 32 to 98 per cent of methane in the ooze of studied reservoirs formed through microbiological reduction of carbon dioxide by hydrogen."}
{"id": "PMID:131900", "title": "[Microflora of underground waters in oil and gas fields of Mangyshlak].", "content": "The distribution of various physiological bacterial groups with respect to the geological profile and area was studied in underground waters of the gas and oil bearing complexes of Mangyshlak. Metamorphism of the environment in the complexes, in the direction of flow of underground waters, from the oxidative to the reductive medium, is correlated with changes in the composition of the prevailing and accompanying bacterial groups for each of the zones.", "contents": "[Microflora of underground waters in oil and gas fields of Mangyshlak]. The distribution of various physiological bacterial groups with respect to the geological profile and area was studied in underground waters of the gas and oil bearing complexes of Mangyshlak. Metamorphism of the environment in the complexes, in the direction of flow of underground waters, from the oxidative to the reductive medium, is correlated with changes in the composition of the prevailing and accompanying bacterial groups for each of the zones."}
{"id": "PMID:131904", "title": "[The diagnostic value of enzymes in cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical value of enzyme activities in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be proved by examination of GOT, GPT, LDH and CPK in blood and CSF of 115 unselected and 4 selected patients. Only the GOT showed a significant correlated increase in diffuse vascular diseases in both, serum and CSF. Discussing the literature the authors affirm, that only mechanical or functional lesion of the blood-brain-barrier will increase the enzyme activities in serum and CSF. The origin of these enzymes however is unknown till now.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of enzymes in cerebrospinal fluid (author's transl)]. The clinical value of enzyme activities in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) should be proved by examination of GOT, GPT, LDH and CPK in blood and CSF of 115 unselected and 4 selected patients. Only the GOT showed a significant correlated increase in diffuse vascular diseases in both, serum and CSF. Discussing the literature the authors affirm, that only mechanical or functional lesion of the blood-brain-barrier will increase the enzyme activities in serum and CSF. The origin of these enzymes however is unknown till now."}
{"id": "PMID:131909", "title": "[The pathogenesis of acne vulgaris (author's transl)].", "content": "Stickl's method of oral treatment of acne vulgaris with antigens has been carried out on 26 test persons. During the treatment the number of comedones increased significantly and the number of papules decreased significantly. Biochemically, a significant increase of the free fatty acids and a significant decrease of the triglycerides could be demonstrated in the skin surface lipids, the total amount remaining unchanged. The following important conclusions for the pathogenesis of acne may be drawn: 1. The living conditions for Corynebacterium acnes on the surface of the skin or in the ducts of sebaceous glands respectively are influenced by the immunological system of the host. 2. The free fatty acids have a comedogenic effect in vivo. 3. The free fatty acids are not responsible for the development of inflammatory acne efflorescences.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of acne vulgaris (author's transl)]. Stickl's method of oral treatment of acne vulgaris with antigens has been carried out on 26 test persons. During the treatment the number of comedones increased significantly and the number of papules decreased significantly. Biochemically, a significant increase of the free fatty acids and a significant decrease of the triglycerides could be demonstrated in the skin surface lipids, the total amount remaining unchanged. The following important conclusions for the pathogenesis of acne may be drawn: 1. The living conditions for Corynebacterium acnes on the surface of the skin or in the ducts of sebaceous glands respectively are influenced by the immunological system of the host. 2. The free fatty acids have a comedogenic effect in vivo. 3. The free fatty acids are not responsible for the development of inflammatory acne efflorescences."}
{"id": "PMID:131908", "title": "Deletions of ribosomal protein genes in Escherichia coli merodiploids heterozygous for resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin.", "content": "In a merodiploid strain of Escherichia coli heterozygous for the ribosomal protein genes spc and str, deletions were observed preventing the expression of either gene but permitting the expression of the other. This suggests that the spc and str genes are in separate transcriptional units.", "contents": "Deletions of ribosomal protein genes in Escherichia coli merodiploids heterozygous for resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin. In a merodiploid strain of Escherichia coli heterozygous for the ribosomal protein genes spc and str, deletions were observed preventing the expression of either gene but permitting the expression of the other. This suggests that the spc and str genes are in separate transcriptional units."}
{"id": "PMID:131912", "title": "Antibacterial and antitumor activity of some derivatives of ureidosuccinic acid.", "content": "The effect of several derivatives of ureidosuccinic acid on the growth of Escherichia coli 387, Staphylococcus aureus strain 209 and its mutant UV-2, Sarcina lutea, Candida tropicalis and Neurospora crossa 9863 as pre-screening systems for antitumor activity was studied. It was found that dihydrazide of D,L-ureidosuccinic acid (DHUA) had a marked antibacterial activity. The inhibitory effect of DHUA on N. crassa could not be removed by aspartic acid, ureidosuccinic acid, dihydroorotic acid, orotic acid, uracil or cytosine. DHUA suppressed the growth of Myeloma P-8 by 38%, that of Sarcoma 180 by 12% and that of Yoshida sarcoma by 19%. No effect was found on the growth of Lymphosarcoma Pliss.", "contents": "Antibacterial and antitumor activity of some derivatives of ureidosuccinic acid. The effect of several derivatives of ureidosuccinic acid on the growth of Escherichia coli 387, Staphylococcus aureus strain 209 and its mutant UV-2, Sarcina lutea, Candida tropicalis and Neurospora crossa 9863 as pre-screening systems for antitumor activity was studied. It was found that dihydrazide of D,L-ureidosuccinic acid (DHUA) had a marked antibacterial activity. The inhibitory effect of DHUA on N. crassa could not be removed by aspartic acid, ureidosuccinic acid, dihydroorotic acid, orotic acid, uracil or cytosine. DHUA suppressed the growth of Myeloma P-8 by 38%, that of Sarcoma 180 by 12% and that of Yoshida sarcoma by 19%. No effect was found on the growth of Lymphosarcoma Pliss."}
{"id": "PMID:131914", "title": "[Functional study of peripheral obstructive arteriopathies using an ultrasound flow detector].", "content": "An ultrasound flow detector was employed to measure pressure values at the ankle at rest and after physical exercise in 91 limbs belonging to 61 patients with various degree of arteriosclerotic occlusion, and in 10 healthy subjects. Basal values and percent falls after effort, and recovery times were compared with the symptomatologies and the different degrees of occlusion. Statistically significant correlations were observed.", "contents": "[Functional study of peripheral obstructive arteriopathies using an ultrasound flow detector]. An ultrasound flow detector was employed to measure pressure values at the ankle at rest and after physical exercise in 91 limbs belonging to 61 patients with various degree of arteriosclerotic occlusion, and in 10 healthy subjects. Basal values and percent falls after effort, and recovery times were compared with the symptomatologies and the different degrees of occlusion. Statistically significant correlations were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:131915", "title": "[Influence of vitamin A on the distribution of glycosaminoglycans in rat tissues].", "content": "Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) from brains, intestines, livers and skin of rats were analyzed by electrophoretic and enzymatic methods. Variations in GAG distribution have been studied in rats fed on a vitamin-A-deficient diet and on a diet supplemented with an excessive quantity of vitamin A. Hypervitaminosis A resulted in a decrease in GAG isolated from connective and hepatic tissues. The incorporation of labeled sulfate into the GAG of these tissues has been studied. Hypervitaminosis A resulted in a decrease in sulfate incorporation into the GAG isolated from connective tissues. A large increase in sulfate incorporation into the GAC of the digestive tract is observed for vitamin-A-treated rats. A decrease is noted for vitamin-A-deficient rats. It was suggested that these variations in distribution and specific activity of GAG could be due to different effects of vitamin A. Vitamin A seems to be required either for the release of lysosomal enzymes or for the sulfatation and elongation of certain glucidic chains in the biosynthesis of sulfated GAG.", "contents": "[Influence of vitamin A on the distribution of glycosaminoglycans in rat tissues]. Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) from brains, intestines, livers and skin of rats were analyzed by electrophoretic and enzymatic methods. Variations in GAG distribution have been studied in rats fed on a vitamin-A-deficient diet and on a diet supplemented with an excessive quantity of vitamin A. Hypervitaminosis A resulted in a decrease in GAG isolated from connective and hepatic tissues. The incorporation of labeled sulfate into the GAG of these tissues has been studied. Hypervitaminosis A resulted in a decrease in sulfate incorporation into the GAG isolated from connective tissues. A large increase in sulfate incorporation into the GAC of the digestive tract is observed for vitamin-A-treated rats. A decrease is noted for vitamin-A-deficient rats. It was suggested that these variations in distribution and specific activity of GAG could be due to different effects of vitamin A. Vitamin A seems to be required either for the release of lysosomal enzymes or for the sulfatation and elongation of certain glucidic chains in the biosynthesis of sulfated GAG."}
{"id": "PMID:131917", "title": "Combined therapy with tetrabenazine and pimozide in Huntington's chorea: pilot study.", "content": "Current medication for Huntingtons chorea is based on compounds which affect the activity of acetylcholine and dopamine in the basal ganglia and is unsatisfactory. This report describes a small clinical trial of dopamine antagonists, tetrabenazine (Nitoman) and pimozide (Orap). Improvement was early and striking but was not maintained over the trial period of 83 weeks.", "contents": "Combined therapy with tetrabenazine and pimozide in Huntington's chorea: pilot study. Current medication for Huntingtons chorea is based on compounds which affect the activity of acetylcholine and dopamine in the basal ganglia and is unsatisfactory. This report describes a small clinical trial of dopamine antagonists, tetrabenazine (Nitoman) and pimozide (Orap). Improvement was early and striking but was not maintained over the trial period of 83 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:131920", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans of EDTA soluble and insoluble dentin in dentinogenesis imperfecta type I.", "content": "A study of glycoasminoglycans (GAGs) in dentinogenesis imperfecta Type I (DI I) revealed increased GAG in DI I EDTA soluble dentin as compared to controls. EDTA insoluble GAG contained less GAG than age-matched controls. The role of GAG in dentin pathosis is discussed.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans of EDTA soluble and insoluble dentin in dentinogenesis imperfecta type I. A study of glycoasminoglycans (GAGs) in dentinogenesis imperfecta Type I (DI I) revealed increased GAG in DI I EDTA soluble dentin as compared to controls. EDTA insoluble GAG contained less GAG than age-matched controls. The role of GAG in dentin pathosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131927", "title": "Lipolysis as a function of cell numbers and fat content: comparison between isolated rat and dog adipocytes.", "content": "The lipolytic responses to dihydroergotamine (5 mug/mi) of isolated rat adipocytes andto epinephrine (50 ng/m1 and 1 mug/m1) of both rat and dog adipocytes were measured over a period of two hours. Glycerol release was calculated as a function of either glycerol ester content or of cell number per incubation vial. The conventional calculation based on glyceride content gave the following results: a) epididymal fat cells from rats weighing less than 160 gm were more sensitive to dihydroergotamine and epinephrine than were fat cells from heavier animals weighing close to 200 gm; b) dog adipocytes from abdominal subcutaneous tissue were less sensitive to eipnephrine than were rat adipocytes. No such differences were noted when the same data were calculated on the basis of cell numbers per incubation vial: the lipolytic response was uniform with rat adipocytes obtained either from the lighter or the heavier weight groups, and so was the response of dog and rat cells. These results indicate that in the type of studies where receptor-dependent hormone and drug effects are measured, the number of cells per incubation vial is an important parameter to be considered in evaluating a lipolytic response.", "contents": "Lipolysis as a function of cell numbers and fat content: comparison between isolated rat and dog adipocytes. The lipolytic responses to dihydroergotamine (5 mug/mi) of isolated rat adipocytes andto epinephrine (50 ng/m1 and 1 mug/m1) of both rat and dog adipocytes were measured over a period of two hours. Glycerol release was calculated as a function of either glycerol ester content or of cell number per incubation vial. The conventional calculation based on glyceride content gave the following results: a) epididymal fat cells from rats weighing less than 160 gm were more sensitive to dihydroergotamine and epinephrine than were fat cells from heavier animals weighing close to 200 gm; b) dog adipocytes from abdominal subcutaneous tissue were less sensitive to eipnephrine than were rat adipocytes. No such differences were noted when the same data were calculated on the basis of cell numbers per incubation vial: the lipolytic response was uniform with rat adipocytes obtained either from the lighter or the heavier weight groups, and so was the response of dog and rat cells. These results indicate that in the type of studies where receptor-dependent hormone and drug effects are measured, the number of cells per incubation vial is an important parameter to be considered in evaluating a lipolytic response."}
{"id": "PMID:131933", "title": "Human muscle fiber types in power lifters, distance runners and untrained subjects.", "content": "Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis of 12 males: 5 control subjects, 4 power lifters and 3 distance runners. Three fiber \"types\" were distinguished by comparing serial sections for alkaline myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activities: 1. high ATPase and low SDH; fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG). 2. High ATPase and high SDH; fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG). 3. Low ATPase and high SDH; slow-twitch-oxidative (SO). In some cases the distinction between the FOG and FG classess was not clear and a group termed \"transitional\" was employed. A variation in percentage of fiber types and fiber area was found among individuals. The percentage of SO fibers varied from 19.6-60.1% within all 3 groups, with a mean of 40.5%. In the control group approximately 75% of the fibers were oxidative (FOG + SO). The major characteristics of the lifters were a decrease in the percentage of FOG fibers and a hypertrophy of FOG and FG fibers. The distance runners had a high percentage of oxidative fibers with few FG fibers. It is suggested that the fast-twitch fibers are mainly involved in the adaptation of muscle to exercise since the percentage of SO fibers varies greatly among individuals within and between the 3 groups studied.", "contents": "Human muscle fiber types in power lifters, distance runners and untrained subjects. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis of 12 males: 5 control subjects, 4 power lifters and 3 distance runners. Three fiber \"types\" were distinguished by comparing serial sections for alkaline myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activities: 1. high ATPase and low SDH; fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG). 2. High ATPase and high SDH; fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG). 3. Low ATPase and high SDH; slow-twitch-oxidative (SO). In some cases the distinction between the FOG and FG classess was not clear and a group termed \"transitional\" was employed. A variation in percentage of fiber types and fiber area was found among individuals. The percentage of SO fibers varied from 19.6-60.1% within all 3 groups, with a mean of 40.5%. In the control group approximately 75% of the fibers were oxidative (FOG + SO). The major characteristics of the lifters were a decrease in the percentage of FOG fibers and a hypertrophy of FOG and FG fibers. The distance runners had a high percentage of oxidative fibers with few FG fibers. It is suggested that the fast-twitch fibers are mainly involved in the adaptation of muscle to exercise since the percentage of SO fibers varies greatly among individuals within and between the 3 groups studied."}
{"id": "PMID:131934", "title": "Inhibition of extensor gamma motoneurons by anatagonistic primary and secondary spindle afferents.", "content": "About 2/3 of the gamma efferents isolated from the medial gastrocnemius nerve were inhibited by longitudinal high-frequency vibration applied to the tendons of the non-contracting pretibial flexors (decerebrate cats). The inhibition appeared at 15-25 mum amplitude of vibration and increased up to maximum at nearly 100 mum. Increasing the frequency of vibration from 100 to 300 Hz increased the inhibition. The reflex effects elicited by muscle vibration corresponded well in incidence and magnitude with those evoked by tetanization of the deep peroneal nerve at group I stimulus strength. The reflex disappeared when the nerve supply of the vibrated muscles was cut. The sensitivity of some pretibial proprioceptors to vibration was also tested. It is concluded that primary spindle endings of the pretibial flexors inhibit the extensor gamma motoneurons. Some findings hint at a spinal pathway involving Ia inhibitory interneurons. In addition, an inhibitory action of pretibial group II afferents, probably secondary spindle endings, on extensor gamma efferents was demonstrated. The described fusimotor inhibition by antagonistic muscle spindle afferents is a further example of alpha-gamma-linkage.", "contents": "Inhibition of extensor gamma motoneurons by anatagonistic primary and secondary spindle afferents. About 2/3 of the gamma efferents isolated from the medial gastrocnemius nerve were inhibited by longitudinal high-frequency vibration applied to the tendons of the non-contracting pretibial flexors (decerebrate cats). The inhibition appeared at 15-25 mum amplitude of vibration and increased up to maximum at nearly 100 mum. Increasing the frequency of vibration from 100 to 300 Hz increased the inhibition. The reflex effects elicited by muscle vibration corresponded well in incidence and magnitude with those evoked by tetanization of the deep peroneal nerve at group I stimulus strength. The reflex disappeared when the nerve supply of the vibrated muscles was cut. The sensitivity of some pretibial proprioceptors to vibration was also tested. It is concluded that primary spindle endings of the pretibial flexors inhibit the extensor gamma motoneurons. Some findings hint at a spinal pathway involving Ia inhibitory interneurons. In addition, an inhibitory action of pretibial group II afferents, probably secondary spindle endings, on extensor gamma efferents was demonstrated. The described fusimotor inhibition by antagonistic muscle spindle afferents is a further example of alpha-gamma-linkage."}
{"id": "PMID:131936", "title": "DNA methylase: purification from ascites cells and the effect of various DNA substrates on its activity.", "content": "DNA methylase has been purified 405-fold from Krebs II ascites cells. The purified enzyme is homogeneous on SDS-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (molecular weight about 80,000) and the only product of the reaction with DNA is 5-methyl cytosine. Both native and denatured DNA are methylated by the enzyme; with calf thymus DNA the double stranded form is the better substrate but the enzyme preferentially methylates single stranded E.coli DNA even in \"native\" preparations. Our results do not support a mechanism whereby the enzyme methylates DNA by binding irreversibly and \"walking\" along it. By measuring maximum levels of methylation of DNAs from different sources we have estimated the proportion of unmethylated sites present in them. Homologous ascites DNA can be methylated, but only to about 5% of the level of the best substrate, undermethylated mouse L929 cell DNA. DNA isolated from growing cells or tissues is a better substrate than DNA from normal liver or pancreas, or from stationary cells.", "contents": "DNA methylase: purification from ascites cells and the effect of various DNA substrates on its activity. DNA methylase has been purified 405-fold from Krebs II ascites cells. The purified enzyme is homogeneous on SDS-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (molecular weight about 80,000) and the only product of the reaction with DNA is 5-methyl cytosine. Both native and denatured DNA are methylated by the enzyme; with calf thymus DNA the double stranded form is the better substrate but the enzyme preferentially methylates single stranded E.coli DNA even in \"native\" preparations. Our results do not support a mechanism whereby the enzyme methylates DNA by binding irreversibly and \"walking\" along it. By measuring maximum levels of methylation of DNAs from different sources we have estimated the proportion of unmethylated sites present in them. Homologous ascites DNA can be methylated, but only to about 5% of the level of the best substrate, undermethylated mouse L929 cell DNA. DNA isolated from growing cells or tissues is a better substrate than DNA from normal liver or pancreas, or from stationary cells."}
{"id": "PMID:131939", "title": "[Study of diabetes mellitus morbidity].", "content": "The incidence of diabetes mellitus was studied among the population of Dushanbe. TTH test was used to examine 8768 persons. Morbidity index proved to constitute 15.46 per 1000 residents. This index increased with age from 0.36 in the age group from 15 to 29 years to 81.06 per 1000 residents in the age group of 60 years and older. The ratio of morbidity index of the manifest and latent forms of diabetes mellitus constitutes 1.13: 1 (8.68 and 6.78 per 1000 residents, respectively). By the results of study with the use of TTH test the total morbidity index was 3.1 times greater than that according to the application for medical aid to the therapeutic-prophylactic institutions of the town.", "contents": "[Study of diabetes mellitus morbidity]. The incidence of diabetes mellitus was studied among the population of Dushanbe. TTH test was used to examine 8768 persons. Morbidity index proved to constitute 15.46 per 1000 residents. This index increased with age from 0.36 in the age group from 15 to 29 years to 81.06 per 1000 residents in the age group of 60 years and older. The ratio of morbidity index of the manifest and latent forms of diabetes mellitus constitutes 1.13: 1 (8.68 and 6.78 per 1000 residents, respectively). By the results of study with the use of TTH test the total morbidity index was 3.1 times greater than that according to the application for medical aid to the therapeutic-prophylactic institutions of the town."}
{"id": "PMID:131940", "title": "[Ways to lower temporary work disability in diseases of the endocrine system and disorders of metabolism].", "content": "The level of temporary incapacitation was studied with the aid of analytical prognostication (on the example of the town of Chimkent). Diseases of the endocrine system and metabolic disturbances were of significance among the causes of temporary incapacitation (1% of all the cases and 1.4% of total duration of temporary incapacitation) of the urban population. The indices studied were greatest in diseases of the thyroid gland and diabetes mellitus. Incapacitation indices depended on the patients' age and sex. The main routes for reduction of temporary incapacitation in diseases of the endocrine system were early detection, improvement of dispensary observation, and also complex treatment of the patients.", "contents": "[Ways to lower temporary work disability in diseases of the endocrine system and disorders of metabolism]. The level of temporary incapacitation was studied with the aid of analytical prognostication (on the example of the town of Chimkent). Diseases of the endocrine system and metabolic disturbances were of significance among the causes of temporary incapacitation (1% of all the cases and 1.4% of total duration of temporary incapacitation) of the urban population. The indices studied were greatest in diseases of the thyroid gland and diabetes mellitus. Incapacitation indices depended on the patients' age and sex. The main routes for reduction of temporary incapacitation in diseases of the endocrine system were early detection, improvement of dispensary observation, and also complex treatment of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:131938", "title": "[Activity of the hypophyseal-adrenal system under the influence of substances of mediator type action].", "content": "The paper treats of the results indicating the activation of the hypophysioadrenal system following the stimulation of the central adreno-, cholino-, serotonino- and histamino-sensitive receptors in case of administration of the mediators or their precursors into the third ventricle of the rat brain. At the same time it was shown that depression of catecholamine and serotonin synthesis in the brain after the administration of alpha-methylparatyrosine or parachlorphenylalanine, respectively, and also an exhaustion of the tissue stores of the monoamines in administration of reserpine failed to influence significantly the reaction of the hypophysio-adrenal system to the immobilization of the animals. The data obtained led to the conclusion that the reactions of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal cortex system to the stimuli were not strictly determined by any one monoaminergic mechanism of the brain.", "contents": "[Activity of the hypophyseal-adrenal system under the influence of substances of mediator type action]. The paper treats of the results indicating the activation of the hypophysioadrenal system following the stimulation of the central adreno-, cholino-, serotonino- and histamino-sensitive receptors in case of administration of the mediators or their precursors into the third ventricle of the rat brain. At the same time it was shown that depression of catecholamine and serotonin synthesis in the brain after the administration of alpha-methylparatyrosine or parachlorphenylalanine, respectively, and also an exhaustion of the tissue stores of the monoamines in administration of reserpine failed to influence significantly the reaction of the hypophysio-adrenal system to the immobilization of the animals. The data obtained led to the conclusion that the reactions of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-adrenal cortex system to the stimuli were not strictly determined by any one monoaminergic mechanism of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:131943", "title": "The neurospora plasma membrane ATPase is an electrogenic pump.", "content": "Biochemicalical evidence is presented which demonstrates that the Neurospora crassa plasma membrane ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) is an electrogenic pump. The electrical potential across the Neurospora plasma membrane, as monitored by [14C]SCN- uptake by isolated Neurospora plasma membrane vesicles, is markedly increased interior positive under conditions of ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by plasma membrane ATPase. [14C]SCN- uptake by the vesicles is minimal in the presence of Tris phosphate, Tris phosphate plus Mg+2, Tris ADP plus Mg+2, and Tris ATP, but is markedly stimulated in the presence of Tris ATP plus Mg+2.", "contents": "The neurospora plasma membrane ATPase is an electrogenic pump. Biochemicalical evidence is presented which demonstrates that the Neurospora crassa plasma membrane ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) is an electrogenic pump. The electrical potential across the Neurospora plasma membrane, as monitored by [14C]SCN- uptake by isolated Neurospora plasma membrane vesicles, is markedly increased interior positive under conditions of ATP hydrolysis catalyzed by plasma membrane ATPase. [14C]SCN- uptake by the vesicles is minimal in the presence of Tris phosphate, Tris phosphate plus Mg+2, Tris ADP plus Mg+2, and Tris ATP, but is markedly stimulated in the presence of Tris ATP plus Mg+2."}
{"id": "PMID:131944", "title": "An experiment eliminating the rotating carrier mechanism for the active transport of Ca ion in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.", "content": "An experiment has been carried out to test the rotating carrier mechanism of the translocation event in membrane transport. To the Ca-ATPase in intact sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, 2,4-[3H]dinitrophenyl-cadaverine has been covalently attached by the action of the enzyme, transglutaminase. The binding of anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl antibodies to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl-modified membranes was found to have no effect on either the Ca-ATPase activity or the Ca ion transport rate of the membranes. These results rule out the rotating carrier mechanism in this system. A different scheme for the translocation process, the aggregate rearrangement mechanism, is discussed.", "contents": "An experiment eliminating the rotating carrier mechanism for the active transport of Ca ion in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. An experiment has been carried out to test the rotating carrier mechanism of the translocation event in membrane transport. To the Ca-ATPase in intact sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, 2,4-[3H]dinitrophenyl-cadaverine has been covalently attached by the action of the enzyme, transglutaminase. The binding of anti-2,4-dinitrophenyl antibodies to the 2,4-dinitrophenyl-modified membranes was found to have no effect on either the Ca-ATPase activity or the Ca ion transport rate of the membranes. These results rule out the rotating carrier mechanism in this system. A different scheme for the translocation process, the aggregate rearrangement mechanism, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131947", "title": "Introduction of breast implants through the abdominal route.", "content": "We present our technique of doing an abdominal lipectomy and augmentation mammaplasty in the same operation, through the same incision, in selected patients. We introduce the breast implants through tunnels made from the top of the abdominal pocket into the breast areas. We have had no complications in 12 patients in whom we have done this operation.", "contents": "Introduction of breast implants through the abdominal route. We present our technique of doing an abdominal lipectomy and augmentation mammaplasty in the same operation, through the same incision, in selected patients. We introduce the breast implants through tunnels made from the top of the abdominal pocket into the breast areas. We have had no complications in 12 patients in whom we have done this operation."}
{"id": "PMID:131950", "title": "[Exogenous psychosis in a patient with carcinoid syndrome following treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)].", "content": "A case is reported of a patient with carcinoid syndrome who developed a exogenous psychosis while under treatment with the serotonin-inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Partial symptoms similar to delirium and schizophrenia were exhibited. The attached literature survey focuses on the psychological side effects of PCPA treatment. A discussion follows concerning noteworthy phenomenological similarities between the case reported and certain forms of amphetamine psychosis. Common biochemical mechanisms are hypothetically stated.", "contents": "[Exogenous psychosis in a patient with carcinoid syndrome following treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)]. A case is reported of a patient with carcinoid syndrome who developed a exogenous psychosis while under treatment with the serotonin-inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Partial symptoms similar to delirium and schizophrenia were exhibited. The attached literature survey focuses on the psychological side effects of PCPA treatment. A discussion follows concerning noteworthy phenomenological similarities between the case reported and certain forms of amphetamine psychosis. Common biochemical mechanisms are hypothetically stated."}
{"id": "PMID:131951", "title": "[Blind nailing with reaming in fractures of the femoral shaft. Technique, indications, and results in 399 cases].", "content": "The authors have treated 399 fractures of the femoral shaft by blind nailing with reaming following Kuntscher's technique. They fully describe the necessary technical details for a safe operation. They emphasize the importance of an adequate instrumentation and report peroperative complications and the way for avoiding them (poor reduction of the fractures, difficulty for bridging the fracture site, creating of additional fragments, blockage of reamers or nails in the medullary canal). Indications and results are described. I non-union, 15 malunions and 4 sepsis were reported.", "contents": "[Blind nailing with reaming in fractures of the femoral shaft. Technique, indications, and results in 399 cases]. The authors have treated 399 fractures of the femoral shaft by blind nailing with reaming following Kuntscher's technique. They fully describe the necessary technical details for a safe operation. They emphasize the importance of an adequate instrumentation and report peroperative complications and the way for avoiding them (poor reduction of the fractures, difficulty for bridging the fracture site, creating of additional fragments, blockage of reamers or nails in the medullary canal). Indications and results are described. I non-union, 15 malunions and 4 sepsis were reported."}
{"id": "PMID:131952", "title": "[Chairi pelvic osteotomy in adults. Technique, biomechanical study and early results in 21 cases].", "content": "The authors have reviewed 14 cases of Chiari pelvic osteotomy performed in adults and followed up during more than one year. They describe the bio-mechanical properties of this procedure, and a surgical technique with some original modifications. They conclude that this operation may be contra-indicated in young women for obstetrical reasons. It is indicated in degenerative arthritis of the hip at an early stage when acetabulum is dysplasic or the femoral head subluxated.", "contents": "[Chairi pelvic osteotomy in adults. Technique, biomechanical study and early results in 21 cases]. The authors have reviewed 14 cases of Chiari pelvic osteotomy performed in adults and followed up during more than one year. They describe the bio-mechanical properties of this procedure, and a surgical technique with some original modifications. They conclude that this operation may be contra-indicated in young women for obstetrical reasons. It is indicated in degenerative arthritis of the hip at an early stage when acetabulum is dysplasic or the femoral head subluxated."}
{"id": "PMID:131953", "title": "[Osteoarthrosis of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint. Surgical treatment; 92 cases].", "content": "The study of 92 cases of osteoarthrosis of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint (or hallux rigidus) shows the importance of two aetiological factors : excessive length of the first metatarsal in the so-called primitive osteoarthrosis, and traumatism for the secondary forms. The results of arthrodesis are rather better than these of arthroplasty and exostosectomy, mainly in men after 50 years.", "contents": "[Osteoarthrosis of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint. Surgical treatment; 92 cases]. The study of 92 cases of osteoarthrosis of the first metatarso-phalangeal joint (or hallux rigidus) shows the importance of two aetiological factors : excessive length of the first metatarsal in the so-called primitive osteoarthrosis, and traumatism for the secondary forms. The results of arthrodesis are rather better than these of arthroplasty and exostosectomy, mainly in men after 50 years."}
{"id": "PMID:131954", "title": "[Treatment of comminuted fractures of the distal end of the radius by traction using transfixing Kirschner's wires and plaster cast].", "content": "Based on the analysis of 45 cases of comminuted fractures of the lower extremity of the radius, this study points out the insufficiency of conventional treatments. The authors advocate a technique using a Kirschner's wire passed through the metacarpal bones and another one through the ulna, both beind embeded in plaster cast. This method was tested on 19 cases with encouraging results. The technique was precisely described and the authors think that it should be used in fractures incorrectly reduced by conventional methods.", "contents": "[Treatment of comminuted fractures of the distal end of the radius by traction using transfixing Kirschner's wires and plaster cast]. Based on the analysis of 45 cases of comminuted fractures of the lower extremity of the radius, this study points out the insufficiency of conventional treatments. The authors advocate a technique using a Kirschner's wire passed through the metacarpal bones and another one through the ulna, both beind embeded in plaster cast. This method was tested on 19 cases with encouraging results. The technique was precisely described and the authors think that it should be used in fractures incorrectly reduced by conventional methods."}
{"id": "PMID:131959", "title": "A diurnal rhythm of incorporation of L-[3H] leucine in myocardium of the rat.", "content": "The influence of the time of day on myocardial protein synthesis and hypertrophy was examined in rats entrained to a 12-12 hr light-dark cycle. Analysis of ventricular weight to body weight ratio indicates that isoproterenol was a more effective stimulus of hypertrophy if given during the dark period, when the rat is most active, than when administered during the light hours. The difference was not attributed to alterations in percent water of the myocardium or nutritional status of the animal. Differential incorporation of labeled leucine into protein throughout the day indicated that myocardial protein may be synthesized at the greatest rate late in the light period with least synthesis occurring during the late hours of the dark period. The implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "A diurnal rhythm of incorporation of L-[3H] leucine in myocardium of the rat. The influence of the time of day on myocardial protein synthesis and hypertrophy was examined in rats entrained to a 12-12 hr light-dark cycle. Analysis of ventricular weight to body weight ratio indicates that isoproterenol was a more effective stimulus of hypertrophy if given during the dark period, when the rat is most active, than when administered during the light hours. The difference was not attributed to alterations in percent water of the myocardium or nutritional status of the animal. Differential incorporation of labeled leucine into protein throughout the day indicated that myocardial protein may be synthesized at the greatest rate late in the light period with least synthesis occurring during the late hours of the dark period. The implications of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:131960", "title": "Estimated glycolytic flux in infarcting heart.", "content": "Regional ischemia results in infarction even in the presence of residual oxidative metabolism. Although glycolytic flux is relatively inhibited at the level of phosphofructokinase, glucose competes more effectively than does free fatty acid for the residual oxygen supply. Glycogen is not the major energy source until effective collateral flow is virtually zero.", "contents": "Estimated glycolytic flux in infarcting heart. Regional ischemia results in infarction even in the presence of residual oxidative metabolism. Although glycolytic flux is relatively inhibited at the level of phosphofructokinase, glucose competes more effectively than does free fatty acid for the residual oxygen supply. Glycogen is not the major energy source until effective collateral flow is virtually zero."}
{"id": "PMID:131961", "title": "Attenuation of beta-adrenergic cardiac responses in chronically hypoxic rats with right ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "Rats were kept for 30 days in an O2-N2-mixture of gradually reduced O2 (18 leads to 6 Vol%) and constant CO2 (0.5 Vol percent). This induces a selective hypertrophy of the right ventricle and the ratio ventricular/body weight (g/kg) increased from 0.6 to 1.4 while it remained constant in the left heart. In the right and left ventricles of control animals the contents of myocardial ATP (4.0 muM/g) and of phosphocreatine (CP) (5.8 muM/g) were the same. These values were not significantly changed by hypertrophy. In the control animals, a single test-dose of isoproterenol (30 mg/kg), subcutaneously administered 2 hr before the heart was removed, caused a diminution of the ATP-content by 15 percent in the right ventricle and by 40 percent in the left. The CP-content was reduced by 40 percent on the right and by 50 percent on the left side. In the hypertrophied right ventricle, however, there was no major decrease in ATP and CP following the isoproterenol injection. In the nonhypertrophied left heart the response to isoproterenol was still detectable but much less than normal. As the chronotropic and hypotensive effects of isoproterenol were also lessened in the hypoxic animals it is concluded that a general reduction in the responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation has occurred.", "contents": "Attenuation of beta-adrenergic cardiac responses in chronically hypoxic rats with right ventricular hypertrophy. Rats were kept for 30 days in an O2-N2-mixture of gradually reduced O2 (18 leads to 6 Vol%) and constant CO2 (0.5 Vol percent). This induces a selective hypertrophy of the right ventricle and the ratio ventricular/body weight (g/kg) increased from 0.6 to 1.4 while it remained constant in the left heart. In the right and left ventricles of control animals the contents of myocardial ATP (4.0 muM/g) and of phosphocreatine (CP) (5.8 muM/g) were the same. These values were not significantly changed by hypertrophy. In the control animals, a single test-dose of isoproterenol (30 mg/kg), subcutaneously administered 2 hr before the heart was removed, caused a diminution of the ATP-content by 15 percent in the right ventricle and by 40 percent in the left. The CP-content was reduced by 40 percent on the right and by 50 percent on the left side. In the hypertrophied right ventricle, however, there was no major decrease in ATP and CP following the isoproterenol injection. In the nonhypertrophied left heart the response to isoproterenol was still detectable but much less than normal. As the chronotropic and hypotensive effects of isoproterenol were also lessened in the hypoxic animals it is concluded that a general reduction in the responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation has occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:131962", "title": "Restriction of beta-adrenergic responsiveness in hypertrophied hearts of chronically isoproterenol-treated rats.", "content": "A single subcutaneous dose (1 mg/kg) of isoproterenol (ISO) increases the net calcium-45 uptake into the ventricular myocardium of normal rats by a factor of 3 to 4 within 6 hr. When the same dose of ISO was administered to rats previously treated with 1 mg ISO/kg per day for 1--3 weeks, this rise in labeled Ca-uptake was greatly reduced. Consequently the stimulatory effect of ISO on the Ca-dependent high-energy phosphate consumption was considerably diminished. Furthermore the chronic application of ISO produced a hypertrophy of both ventricles. When this treatment was discontinued for 7 days the ventricular weights returned to normal, whereas the restriction of beta-adrenergic reactivity persisted for more than 3 weeks. The results indicate that the decrease in responsiveness to beta-adrenergic agents is not due to the hypertrophy itself but must be considered to be an independent phenomenon-possibly resulting from adaptation to chronic beta-adrenergic overstimulation.", "contents": "Restriction of beta-adrenergic responsiveness in hypertrophied hearts of chronically isoproterenol-treated rats. A single subcutaneous dose (1 mg/kg) of isoproterenol (ISO) increases the net calcium-45 uptake into the ventricular myocardium of normal rats by a factor of 3 to 4 within 6 hr. When the same dose of ISO was administered to rats previously treated with 1 mg ISO/kg per day for 1--3 weeks, this rise in labeled Ca-uptake was greatly reduced. Consequently the stimulatory effect of ISO on the Ca-dependent high-energy phosphate consumption was considerably diminished. Furthermore the chronic application of ISO produced a hypertrophy of both ventricles. When this treatment was discontinued for 7 days the ventricular weights returned to normal, whereas the restriction of beta-adrenergic reactivity persisted for more than 3 weeks. The results indicate that the decrease in responsiveness to beta-adrenergic agents is not due to the hypertrophy itself but must be considered to be an independent phenomenon-possibly resulting from adaptation to chronic beta-adrenergic overstimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:131963", "title": "The mechanism of chlorpromazine and quinidine inhibition of cardiac sarcotubular ATPase.", "content": "Although chlorpromazine and quinidine have dissimilar chemical properties, both are negative inotropic agents and both depress the ATPase activity of cardiac sarcotubular fractions. With the aid of gamma-AT32 P we have identified the step in ATP hydrolysis which is inhibited by each of these agents. By optimizing the conditions for formation of a phosphorylated intermediate (EP) by addition of 5 mM calcium to the incubation medium we found that chlorpromazine (0.25--1 mM) severely depressed EP formation, whereas quinidine (0.25--1 mM) had no effect. After the isolation of EP we showed that chlorpromazine had no effect on the magnesium-facilitated hydrolysis of EP, whereas quinidine was a potent inhibitor of this hydrolytic step. The effects of both quinidine and chlorpromazine on the E + ATP equilibrium EP + ADP reaction were studied. Quinidine had no effect on this reaction, whereas chlorpromazine, at 1 mM, shifted the reaction toward ATP formation.", "contents": "The mechanism of chlorpromazine and quinidine inhibition of cardiac sarcotubular ATPase. Although chlorpromazine and quinidine have dissimilar chemical properties, both are negative inotropic agents and both depress the ATPase activity of cardiac sarcotubular fractions. With the aid of gamma-AT32 P we have identified the step in ATP hydrolysis which is inhibited by each of these agents. By optimizing the conditions for formation of a phosphorylated intermediate (EP) by addition of 5 mM calcium to the incubation medium we found that chlorpromazine (0.25--1 mM) severely depressed EP formation, whereas quinidine (0.25--1 mM) had no effect. After the isolation of EP we showed that chlorpromazine had no effect on the magnesium-facilitated hydrolysis of EP, whereas quinidine was a potent inhibitor of this hydrolytic step. The effects of both quinidine and chlorpromazine on the E + ATP equilibrium EP + ADP reaction were studied. Quinidine had no effect on this reaction, whereas chlorpromazine, at 1 mM, shifted the reaction toward ATP formation."}
{"id": "PMID:131964", "title": "The effects of hypoxia, hypertrophy, and diet on rat myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity.", "content": "We have shown that there is a highly significant difference between right and left ventricular ornithine decarboxylase activity. The left ventricle had a much higher activity compared with the right ventricle. A restricted diet caused a decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity after 24 hr. Hypoxia caused a depression of the ornithine decarboxylase activity during the first 2 days of the experiment. In the hypertrophied right ventricle there was an initial decrease in ornithine decarboxylase after 24 hr and then a gradual increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity during the 7 days of the experiment. The increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity became significant when an increase in tissue weight became apparent.", "contents": "The effects of hypoxia, hypertrophy, and diet on rat myocardial ornithine decarboxylase activity. We have shown that there is a highly significant difference between right and left ventricular ornithine decarboxylase activity. The left ventricle had a much higher activity compared with the right ventricle. A restricted diet caused a decrease in ornithine decarboxylase activity after 24 hr. Hypoxia caused a depression of the ornithine decarboxylase activity during the first 2 days of the experiment. In the hypertrophied right ventricle there was an initial decrease in ornithine decarboxylase after 24 hr and then a gradual increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity during the 7 days of the experiment. The increase in ornithine decarboxylase activity became significant when an increase in tissue weight became apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:131965", "title": "Polyamine and nucleoprotein correlations in hypertrophied and perfused heart.", "content": "A close relationship has been observed between polyamine, as spermine and spermidine, and nucleic acid synthesis during heart hypertrophy, induced in the rats experimentally, by physical exericse (swimming). The role of spermine on RNA synthesis has been studied by perfusion experiments of the heart. Spermine is able to stimulate myocardial RNA synthesis of all subcellular fractions. The biochemical mechanism of this phenomenon may be explained by the results of histone acetylation under the action of spermine, showing an increased radioactivity of F 2aI and F 2a2 arginine-rich histone fractions. This suggests that spermine may act modulating histone acetylation, with a consequence on the gene transcription mechanism.", "contents": "Polyamine and nucleoprotein correlations in hypertrophied and perfused heart. A close relationship has been observed between polyamine, as spermine and spermidine, and nucleic acid synthesis during heart hypertrophy, induced in the rats experimentally, by physical exericse (swimming). The role of spermine on RNA synthesis has been studied by perfusion experiments of the heart. Spermine is able to stimulate myocardial RNA synthesis of all subcellular fractions. The biochemical mechanism of this phenomenon may be explained by the results of histone acetylation under the action of spermine, showing an increased radioactivity of F 2aI and F 2a2 arginine-rich histone fractions. This suggests that spermine may act modulating histone acetylation, with a consequence on the gene transcription mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:131970", "title": "Studies on fluoride distribution in infants and small children.", "content": "The fluoride (F) concentrations in hard tissues and blood plasma were determined in biopsy and autopsy specimens from fetuses, infants, and children on varying F intake. In newborn autopsy cases specimens consisting of rib, jawbone with teeth, and blood plasma the F concentrations of bone and dentin were of the same order, those of the enamel lower. Correlations between individual F values in different tissues were all positive, highest for enamel/dentin. Low birth weight entailed only slightly reduced F contents, high water F significantly increased F contents. In the biopsy material (rib and blood plasma) the maximal rib/ash concentration was about 400 parts/10(6) F. A negative correlation between rib F and plasma F is specially commented on. The possible influence of F on bone development as expressed by blood plasma F and phosphatase activity was investigated in three groups of infants aged 2-6 months, either breast-fed or fed dry-milk formulas diluted with drinking waters of different F content. The children of these groups were calculated to ingest F in the ratio of about 1:10:50. The highest F group had higher plasma F values than the two other groups, whereas its alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher than that of the lowest F group only. The influence of disturbances in the skeletal development on F retention studied in physically handicapped children aged 4-15 years living in a city with about 1 part/10(6) F in the drinking water. The severely handicapped showed a higher urinary F excretion than the controls.", "contents": "Studies on fluoride distribution in infants and small children. The fluoride (F) concentrations in hard tissues and blood plasma were determined in biopsy and autopsy specimens from fetuses, infants, and children on varying F intake. In newborn autopsy cases specimens consisting of rib, jawbone with teeth, and blood plasma the F concentrations of bone and dentin were of the same order, those of the enamel lower. Correlations between individual F values in different tissues were all positive, highest for enamel/dentin. Low birth weight entailed only slightly reduced F contents, high water F significantly increased F contents. In the biopsy material (rib and blood plasma) the maximal rib/ash concentration was about 400 parts/10(6) F. A negative correlation between rib F and plasma F is specially commented on. The possible influence of F on bone development as expressed by blood plasma F and phosphatase activity was investigated in three groups of infants aged 2-6 months, either breast-fed or fed dry-milk formulas diluted with drinking waters of different F content. The children of these groups were calculated to ingest F in the ratio of about 1:10:50. The highest F group had higher plasma F values than the two other groups, whereas its alkaline phosphatase was significantly higher than that of the lowest F group only. The influence of disturbances in the skeletal development on F retention studied in physically handicapped children aged 4-15 years living in a city with about 1 part/10(6) F in the drinking water. The severely handicapped showed a higher urinary F excretion than the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:131971", "title": "Effect of granulocyte chalone on acute and chronic granulocytic leukaemia in man. Report of seven cases.", "content": "This study reports results from the first clinical tests in which 7 patients with myeloid leukaemia (5 acute and 2 chronic leukaemias in metamorphosis) were treated from 4 to 45 days with granulocyte chalone, the tissue-specific endogenous inhibitor of granulopoiesis. It was observed that i.v. injection of partially purified chalone inhibits proliferation of leukaemic, and presumably also normal granulocytic cells, leaving all other cell types unaffected. Inhibition of leukaemic growth was distinct in 6 of the 7 patients; in 5 cases the inhibition was followed by acutal regression of the leukaemia, lasting up to several months in the absence of any maintenance therapy, and in one case the treatment led to a complete remission. Chalone treatment also resulted in an enhancement of erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis, and in phenomena some of which were totally unexpected, such as immunostimulation and a remarkable resistance to bacterial infections in the presence of extreme granulocytopenia. This study shows that granulocyte chalone is biologically active against myeloid leukaemia in man, but not that the therapeutic value of the impure chalone is superior to modern cytostatic drugs. Long-term therapeutic trials were not possible with the partially purified preparations available, mainly because of side-effects which prevented adequate dosing.", "contents": "Effect of granulocyte chalone on acute and chronic granulocytic leukaemia in man. Report of seven cases. This study reports results from the first clinical tests in which 7 patients with myeloid leukaemia (5 acute and 2 chronic leukaemias in metamorphosis) were treated from 4 to 45 days with granulocyte chalone, the tissue-specific endogenous inhibitor of granulopoiesis. It was observed that i.v. injection of partially purified chalone inhibits proliferation of leukaemic, and presumably also normal granulocytic cells, leaving all other cell types unaffected. Inhibition of leukaemic growth was distinct in 6 of the 7 patients; in 5 cases the inhibition was followed by acutal regression of the leukaemia, lasting up to several months in the absence of any maintenance therapy, and in one case the treatment led to a complete remission. Chalone treatment also resulted in an enhancement of erythropoiesis and megakaryopoiesis, and in phenomena some of which were totally unexpected, such as immunostimulation and a remarkable resistance to bacterial infections in the presence of extreme granulocytopenia. This study shows that granulocyte chalone is biologically active against myeloid leukaemia in man, but not that the therapeutic value of the impure chalone is superior to modern cytostatic drugs. Long-term therapeutic trials were not possible with the partially purified preparations available, mainly because of side-effects which prevented adequate dosing."}
{"id": "PMID:131972", "title": "Tropomyosin binding to F-actin induced by myosin heads.", "content": "Tropomyosin is a regulatory protein associated with F-actin in many actomyosin contractile systems. If in vitro conditions are such that tropomyosin binds only slightly to F-actin, then the addition of myosin heads can induce stoichiometric binding between them. This suggests that formation of rigor bonds between actin and myosin heads may cause some change in the actin, stabilizing the appropriate binding site for tropomyosin.", "contents": "Tropomyosin binding to F-actin induced by myosin heads. Tropomyosin is a regulatory protein associated with F-actin in many actomyosin contractile systems. If in vitro conditions are such that tropomyosin binds only slightly to F-actin, then the addition of myosin heads can induce stoichiometric binding between them. This suggests that formation of rigor bonds between actin and myosin heads may cause some change in the actin, stabilizing the appropriate binding site for tropomyosin."}
{"id": "PMID:131974", "title": "Carbon dioxide homeostasis during laparoscopy.", "content": "Arterial blood gases were monitored in ten patients undergoing laparoscopy for diagnostic or sterilization procedure. During constant volume of ventilation, mean arterial co2 tension rose approximately 5 torr following insufflation of the peritoneal cavity with carbon dioxide. Arterial pH changes correlated well with arterial Pco2 changes. There was no significant change of oxygen tension in these patients.", "contents": "Carbon dioxide homeostasis during laparoscopy. Arterial blood gases were monitored in ten patients undergoing laparoscopy for diagnostic or sterilization procedure. During constant volume of ventilation, mean arterial co2 tension rose approximately 5 torr following insufflation of the peritoneal cavity with carbon dioxide. Arterial pH changes correlated well with arterial Pco2 changes. There was no significant change of oxygen tension in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:131975", "title": "Insecticide susceptibility of some vector fleas and mosquitoes in Burma.", "content": "Rat fleas and mosquitoes are insect vectors of public health importance in Burma. Plague is endemic in Central Burma and DDT has been the principal insecticide used for its control to date. Dengue haemorrhagic fever, recently introduced and transmitted by Aedes aegypti, has been spreading to major towns since 1971. The rodents, Rattus rattus, R. exulans, Bandicota bengalensis, Mus musculus, as well as shrews were commonly caught during routine trapping in the country. Rattus norvegicus, prevalent in Rangoon City, is not found in Central Burma. The rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis and X. astia, were found to be infesting these rodents, the former being the principal vector of plague. Insecticide susceptibility tests have been carried out periodically in plague endemic areas and Rangoon since 1966 and it is now observed that rat fleas in most of these endemic towns and Rangoon Port are no longer susceptible to DDT. Subsequent rechecks in towns where fleas became resistance to DDT show that fleas are persistently resistant to the insecticide. Aedes aegypti is found to be highly prevalent both in rural and urban areas of almost every major town and townships below 900 meters. Insecticide susceptible tests on this mosquito in limited areas show that the mosquito is generally resistant to DDT but susceptible to other insecticides. With the development of DDT resistance in fleas, it is now necessary to change to an effective insecticide in the control of plague in Burma.", "contents": "Insecticide susceptibility of some vector fleas and mosquitoes in Burma. Rat fleas and mosquitoes are insect vectors of public health importance in Burma. Plague is endemic in Central Burma and DDT has been the principal insecticide used for its control to date. Dengue haemorrhagic fever, recently introduced and transmitted by Aedes aegypti, has been spreading to major towns since 1971. The rodents, Rattus rattus, R. exulans, Bandicota bengalensis, Mus musculus, as well as shrews were commonly caught during routine trapping in the country. Rattus norvegicus, prevalent in Rangoon City, is not found in Central Burma. The rat fleas, Xenopsylla cheopis and X. astia, were found to be infesting these rodents, the former being the principal vector of plague. Insecticide susceptibility tests have been carried out periodically in plague endemic areas and Rangoon since 1966 and it is now observed that rat fleas in most of these endemic towns and Rangoon Port are no longer susceptible to DDT. Subsequent rechecks in towns where fleas became resistance to DDT show that fleas are persistently resistant to the insecticide. Aedes aegypti is found to be highly prevalent both in rural and urban areas of almost every major town and townships below 900 meters. Insecticide susceptible tests on this mosquito in limited areas show that the mosquito is generally resistant to DDT but susceptible to other insecticides. With the development of DDT resistance in fleas, it is now necessary to change to an effective insecticide in the control of plague in Burma."}
{"id": "PMID:131976", "title": "Hydrocortisone in the management of dengue shock syndrome.", "content": "A total of 98 patients with dengue shock syndrome admitted into Children's Hospital from February 1973 to February 1974 were randomly selected into 2 groups. A double blind controlled trial of the efficacy of pharmacologic doses of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate was carried out. The 2 groups were confirmed to be completely matched by age, sex and severity of the disease. Nine deaths occurred out of 48 cases in the steroid group (Case Fatality Rate 18.75%) and 22 deaths out of 50 cases in the non-steroid group (Case Fatality Rate 44%), the difference being statistically significant. No significant difference was detected in fluid requirements and other morbidity pattern.", "contents": "Hydrocortisone in the management of dengue shock syndrome. A total of 98 patients with dengue shock syndrome admitted into Children's Hospital from February 1973 to February 1974 were randomly selected into 2 groups. A double blind controlled trial of the efficacy of pharmacologic doses of hydrocortisone hemisuccinate was carried out. The 2 groups were confirmed to be completely matched by age, sex and severity of the disease. Nine deaths occurred out of 48 cases in the steroid group (Case Fatality Rate 18.75%) and 22 deaths out of 50 cases in the non-steroid group (Case Fatality Rate 44%), the difference being statistically significant. No significant difference was detected in fluid requirements and other morbidity pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:131977", "title": "Dengue haemorrhagic fever in Burma.", "content": "Although sporadic from 1965 to 1969, a major outbreak of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) occurred for the first time in Rangoon in 1970. Since then the disease has occurred every year in Rangoon and is now observed to be expanding to other urban areas in the country. The clinical diagnosis of DHF was confused by concurrent outbreaks of influenza A in 1971 and influenza A and B in 1972. A laboratory study of 3,447 clinically diagnosed haemorrhagic fever cases showed that 1643 cases (47.8%) were due to dengue and chikungunya, 296 (8.6%) to influenza A, 85(2.5%) to influenza B, 12(0.3%) to measles and 1411(40.8%) were of unknown aetiology during the 5 year period 1970-1974. Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are widely distributed in the country up to and including 900 meters above sea level but breeding is not found above that altitude. The absolute larval population which is highest in July as well as landing rate correlated with the peak incidence of DHF cases.", "contents": "Dengue haemorrhagic fever in Burma. Although sporadic from 1965 to 1969, a major outbreak of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) occurred for the first time in Rangoon in 1970. Since then the disease has occurred every year in Rangoon and is now observed to be expanding to other urban areas in the country. The clinical diagnosis of DHF was confused by concurrent outbreaks of influenza A in 1971 and influenza A and B in 1972. A laboratory study of 3,447 clinically diagnosed haemorrhagic fever cases showed that 1643 cases (47.8%) were due to dengue and chikungunya, 296 (8.6%) to influenza A, 85(2.5%) to influenza B, 12(0.3%) to measles and 1411(40.8%) were of unknown aetiology during the 5 year period 1970-1974. Ae. aegypti mosquitoes are widely distributed in the country up to and including 900 meters above sea level but breeding is not found above that altitude. The absolute larval population which is highest in July as well as landing rate correlated with the peak incidence of DHF cases."}
{"id": "PMID:131980", "title": "Ocular reaction to oxprenolol. A case report.", "content": "A case is presented of a patient who developed ocular symptoms and a skin rash after treatment with oxprenolol (Trasicor) for 2 months. The lesions improved on withdrawal of the drug and her eye symptoms became worse when she was again treated with oxprenolol. Patients who receive beta-adrenergic blocking drugs must be watched carefully for side-effects.", "contents": "Ocular reaction to oxprenolol. A case report. A case is presented of a patient who developed ocular symptoms and a skin rash after treatment with oxprenolol (Trasicor) for 2 months. The lesions improved on withdrawal of the drug and her eye symptoms became worse when she was again treated with oxprenolol. Patients who receive beta-adrenergic blocking drugs must be watched carefully for side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:131981", "title": "The role of technology in modern nutrition.", "content": "The three basic nutritional problems facing the world today are the over-intake of foods by individuals or population segments, nutrient deficiencies in the diet of population groups, and food shortages. In all three cases the food scientist has a role to play but it is stressed that close co-operation between the nutritionist, the agricultural scientist and the food technologist is essential. To alleviate the problem of food shortages, consideration should be given to unconventional food resources. The shortage of trained food scientists in South Africa detrimentally affects research and development and could also affect quality control.", "contents": "The role of technology in modern nutrition. The three basic nutritional problems facing the world today are the over-intake of foods by individuals or population segments, nutrient deficiencies in the diet of population groups, and food shortages. In all three cases the food scientist has a role to play but it is stressed that close co-operation between the nutritionist, the agricultural scientist and the food technologist is essential. To alleviate the problem of food shortages, consideration should be given to unconventional food resources. The shortage of trained food scientists in South Africa detrimentally affects research and development and could also affect quality control."}
{"id": "PMID:131982", "title": "Interposition mesocaval H shunt associated with a left inferior vena cava.", "content": "Variations in the anatomy of the inferior vena cava are important in abdominal surgery. A patient with recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices was noted to have a single left inferior vena cava at the time of panangiography. An interposition mesocaval H shunt subsequently was performed successfully. This represents the first reported case in which a mesocaval H shunt has been performed in a patient with a single left inferior vena cava.", "contents": "Interposition mesocaval H shunt associated with a left inferior vena cava. Variations in the anatomy of the inferior vena cava are important in abdominal surgery. A patient with recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices was noted to have a single left inferior vena cava at the time of panangiography. An interposition mesocaval H shunt subsequently was performed successfully. This represents the first reported case in which a mesocaval H shunt has been performed in a patient with a single left inferior vena cava."}
{"id": "PMID:131983", "title": "Fibrodysplasia with dissecting aneurysm of the hepatic artery.", "content": "The presentation and management of a patient with a symptomatic hepatic artery aneurysm is detailed. The aneurysm occurred secondary to fibromuscular hyperplasia of the hepatic artery and was associated with a limited area of dissection. This patient represents the second reported case of this type of aneurysm of the hepatic artery,", "contents": "Fibrodysplasia with dissecting aneurysm of the hepatic artery. The presentation and management of a patient with a symptomatic hepatic artery aneurysm is detailed. The aneurysm occurred secondary to fibromuscular hyperplasia of the hepatic artery and was associated with a limited area of dissection. This patient represents the second reported case of this type of aneurysm of the hepatic artery,"}
{"id": "PMID:131987", "title": "Use of high dose X-irradiation to block back stimulation in the MLC reaction.", "content": "Paradoxical stimulation, \"back stimulation\" was observed in MLR (mixed lymphocyte culture reaction) in both family and population studies. This is one of the major problems in obtaining clear cut-off points for stimulation and non-stimulation in MLR using LD (lymphocyte defined) homozygous typing cells. The ability to provoke back stimulation was found to be different among LD homozygous typing cells. The presence of nonspecific blastogenic factors in supernatant from mixed culture of LD homozygous cells and heterozygous cells, which might be responsible for back stimulation, was confirmed. It was clearly shown that irradiation of LD homozygous typing cells with 6,000 rads instead of the widely used 3,000 rads can greatly reduce or eliminate this back stimulation without introducing any false non-stimulation.", "contents": "Use of high dose X-irradiation to block back stimulation in the MLC reaction. Paradoxical stimulation, \"back stimulation\" was observed in MLR (mixed lymphocyte culture reaction) in both family and population studies. This is one of the major problems in obtaining clear cut-off points for stimulation and non-stimulation in MLR using LD (lymphocyte defined) homozygous typing cells. The ability to provoke back stimulation was found to be different among LD homozygous typing cells. The presence of nonspecific blastogenic factors in supernatant from mixed culture of LD homozygous cells and heterozygous cells, which might be responsible for back stimulation, was confirmed. It was clearly shown that irradiation of LD homozygous typing cells with 6,000 rads instead of the widely used 3,000 rads can greatly reduce or eliminate this back stimulation without introducing any false non-stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:131991", "title": "[Use of immunochemical methods for characterization and purification of tissue-specific inhibitors of mitotic activity (chalones)].", "content": "The 81% ethanol-precipitable fraction of water-soluble proteins from skin inhibiting the proliferation of epidermal tissues was shown to contain 9 protein components according to acrylamide gel disk-electrophoresis. Seven of these were identical to homologous serum proteins and could be adsorbed on the corresponding immunosorbents. Two proteins remained in the solution after immunoadsorption. Their electrophoretic properties were the same as those in the total 81% ethanol fractions. These proteins like the 81% ethanol fraction inhibited the entering of cells into mitosis and DNA synthesis phase.", "contents": "[Use of immunochemical methods for characterization and purification of tissue-specific inhibitors of mitotic activity (chalones)]. The 81% ethanol-precipitable fraction of water-soluble proteins from skin inhibiting the proliferation of epidermal tissues was shown to contain 9 protein components according to acrylamide gel disk-electrophoresis. Seven of these were identical to homologous serum proteins and could be adsorbed on the corresponding immunosorbents. Two proteins remained in the solution after immunoadsorption. Their electrophoretic properties were the same as those in the total 81% ethanol fractions. These proteins like the 81% ethanol fraction inhibited the entering of cells into mitosis and DNA synthesis phase."}
{"id": "PMID:131992", "title": "[Binding of Rb86 by a microsomal fraction of bovine cerebral cortex cells].", "content": "The maximal binding of 86Rb was noted when ions of Mg, ATP and Na were present simultaneously. The availability of olytoriside (1-10(-4)M), CaCl2 (1-10(-3)M) and phospholipase A (1-10(-5)M) in the medium and the removal of Na and substitution of ATP for ADP decreased to a different extent the binding of 86Rb.", "contents": "[Binding of Rb86 by a microsomal fraction of bovine cerebral cortex cells]. The maximal binding of 86Rb was noted when ions of Mg, ATP and Na were present simultaneously. The availability of olytoriside (1-10(-4)M), CaCl2 (1-10(-3)M) and phospholipase A (1-10(-5)M) in the medium and the removal of Na and substitution of ATP for ADP decreased to a different extent the binding of 86Rb."}
{"id": "PMID:132006", "title": "Evaluation of a short term in vitro test for granulocyte chalone activity.", "content": "A short term in vitro test for granulocyte chalone activity eas examined for its specificity and reliability. The test used the inhibition, by granulocyte extracts, of 3H-thymidine (3H-Tdr) uptake in to the acid-insoluble material by rat bone marrow cells in vitro to measure possible chalone activity. Among the many possible 3H-Tdr artifacts pool size dilution by Tdr contained in the extracts was excluded using an E. coli mutant requiring thymine. Several amino acids and biogenic amines do not affect the test. However, continuous and pulse labelling of bone marrow cells with 3H-Tdr, viability tests and micro flow fluorometric measurements of the cell cycle distribution following colcemid treatment strongly suggests that the cells do not proliferate in vitro during short term incubation, since practically no cells enter the S-phase, cells in the S-phase die and few if any cells proceed through G2 and mitosis. Moreover, the test cannot exclude cytotoxicity. Thus, the in vitro test may only sceem for an unspecific S-phase inhibitor and must hence be supplemented by another assay to prove the chalone nature of an extract or fraction. The test per se fails to meet most of the requirements of a valid granulocyte chalone assay.", "contents": "Evaluation of a short term in vitro test for granulocyte chalone activity. A short term in vitro test for granulocyte chalone activity eas examined for its specificity and reliability. The test used the inhibition, by granulocyte extracts, of 3H-thymidine (3H-Tdr) uptake in to the acid-insoluble material by rat bone marrow cells in vitro to measure possible chalone activity. Among the many possible 3H-Tdr artifacts pool size dilution by Tdr contained in the extracts was excluded using an E. coli mutant requiring thymine. Several amino acids and biogenic amines do not affect the test. However, continuous and pulse labelling of bone marrow cells with 3H-Tdr, viability tests and micro flow fluorometric measurements of the cell cycle distribution following colcemid treatment strongly suggests that the cells do not proliferate in vitro during short term incubation, since practically no cells enter the S-phase, cells in the S-phase die and few if any cells proceed through G2 and mitosis. Moreover, the test cannot exclude cytotoxicity. Thus, the in vitro test may only sceem for an unspecific S-phase inhibitor and must hence be supplemented by another assay to prove the chalone nature of an extract or fraction. The test per se fails to meet most of the requirements of a valid granulocyte chalone assay."}
{"id": "PMID:132008", "title": "[Remote and immediate results of treatment of cancer of the body of the stomach and the cardia from 1959-1973 (according to the data of the Pskov District Oncological Dispensary)].", "content": "In Pskov Province oncological dispensary during 1959-1973 156 patients were operated upon for cancer of the stomach and cardia. The postoperative mortality after gastrectomy was 18.5%, after proximal resection of the stomach - 30.7%, after combined gastrectomy - 31%. A 5-year survival in relation to patients operated upon was noted in 28.8%, to those discharged from the hospital - in 36.2%, to those followed up - in 50%.", "contents": "[Remote and immediate results of treatment of cancer of the body of the stomach and the cardia from 1959-1973 (according to the data of the Pskov District Oncological Dispensary)]. In Pskov Province oncological dispensary during 1959-1973 156 patients were operated upon for cancer of the stomach and cardia. The postoperative mortality after gastrectomy was 18.5%, after proximal resection of the stomach - 30.7%, after combined gastrectomy - 31%. A 5-year survival in relation to patients operated upon was noted in 28.8%, to those discharged from the hospital - in 36.2%, to those followed up - in 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:132013", "title": "Hypothermic effect of cocaine in rats.", "content": "Cocaine injected intraperitoneally into rats resulted in a dose-dependent hypothermia. Intracerebral injection of smaller doses also produced a fall in body temperature. In rabbits and guinea-pigs, cocaine produced hyperthermia, in mice and chicks it produced hypothermia while inconsistent changes were produced in goats. Pre-treatment of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine, alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine or haloperidol significantly antagonized the cocaine hypothermia. Pre-treatment of the rats with either hyoscine or methscopolamine resulted in some but non-significant attenuation of the cocaineinduced hypothermia. Pre-treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine, however, did not modify the cocaine hypothermia. Pargyline pre-treatment significantly antagonized the hypothermic action of cocaine. It is suggested that cocaine may cause the release of noradrenaline centrally or it may potentiate its action by interfering with the uptake mechanism. It is also possible that cocaine may have a direct effect on the heat regulating centre in the hypothalamus.", "contents": "Hypothermic effect of cocaine in rats. Cocaine injected intraperitoneally into rats resulted in a dose-dependent hypothermia. Intracerebral injection of smaller doses also produced a fall in body temperature. In rabbits and guinea-pigs, cocaine produced hyperthermia, in mice and chicks it produced hypothermia while inconsistent changes were produced in goats. Pre-treatment of rats with 6-hydroxydopamine, alpha-methyl-m-tyrosine or haloperidol significantly antagonized the cocaine hypothermia. Pre-treatment of the rats with either hyoscine or methscopolamine resulted in some but non-significant attenuation of the cocaineinduced hypothermia. Pre-treatment with p-chlorophenylalanine, however, did not modify the cocaine hypothermia. Pargyline pre-treatment significantly antagonized the hypothermic action of cocaine. It is suggested that cocaine may cause the release of noradrenaline centrally or it may potentiate its action by interfering with the uptake mechanism. It is also possible that cocaine may have a direct effect on the heat regulating centre in the hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:132014", "title": "A system for evaluating and treating chronic back disability.", "content": "Five methods of personality assessment are evaluated to provide guidance for the psychological treatment of patients with chronic back pain. Patient pain drawings, pentothal pain studies, stress score index, psychological testing with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and response to treatment challenge are used as measurements for evaluation. This evaluation gives the treating staff guidelines for individual treatment programs utilizing operant conditioning techniques. Using this approach, three fourths of the severely disabled patients seen have been successfully treated.", "contents": "A system for evaluating and treating chronic back disability. Five methods of personality assessment are evaluated to provide guidance for the psychological treatment of patients with chronic back pain. Patient pain drawings, pentothal pain studies, stress score index, psychological testing with the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and response to treatment challenge are used as measurements for evaluation. This evaluation gives the treating staff guidelines for individual treatment programs utilizing operant conditioning techniques. Using this approach, three fourths of the severely disabled patients seen have been successfully treated."}
{"id": "PMID:132015", "title": "[Combined administration of ipratropium bromide (sch 1000) and fenoterol in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease (author's transl)].", "content": "40 outpatients with chronic obstructive airway disease received the parasympatholytic bronchodilator ipratropium bromide (Sch 1000) and the sympathomimetic bronchodilator fenoterol from a metered dose inhaler. After evaluation of the initial values, first Sch 1000 was administered and 20 min. later airway resistance was measured, then fenoterol was given and a measurement was taken again 20 min. later. On the following day the aerosol inhalants were given in the reverse sequence. After the first inhalation 0.08 mg Sch 1000 proved to be an equally strong bronchodilator as 0.4 mg fenoterol and airway resistance was decreased to 52% and 55%, respectively of the initial value (p less than 0.001). The additional inhalation of the other bronchodilator caused a further slight decrease in airway resistance to a minimum of 47%, but was statistically significant (p less than 0.001) only in the case of the fenoterol/Sch 1000 sequence. The importance of bronchiolar tonus in regard to fluctuation of airway resistance and the possibility of a specific additive bronchodilatory effect of adrenergics and vagolytics is discussed.", "contents": "[Combined administration of ipratropium bromide (sch 1000) and fenoterol in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease (author's transl)]. 40 outpatients with chronic obstructive airway disease received the parasympatholytic bronchodilator ipratropium bromide (Sch 1000) and the sympathomimetic bronchodilator fenoterol from a metered dose inhaler. After evaluation of the initial values, first Sch 1000 was administered and 20 min. later airway resistance was measured, then fenoterol was given and a measurement was taken again 20 min. later. On the following day the aerosol inhalants were given in the reverse sequence. After the first inhalation 0.08 mg Sch 1000 proved to be an equally strong bronchodilator as 0.4 mg fenoterol and airway resistance was decreased to 52% and 55%, respectively of the initial value (p less than 0.001). The additional inhalation of the other bronchodilator caused a further slight decrease in airway resistance to a minimum of 47%, but was statistically significant (p less than 0.001) only in the case of the fenoterol/Sch 1000 sequence. The importance of bronchiolar tonus in regard to fluctuation of airway resistance and the possibility of a specific additive bronchodilatory effect of adrenergics and vagolytics is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132017", "title": "[A study on glycosaminoglycans in a case of pulmonary emphysema (author's transl)].", "content": "The fraction of crude glycosaminoglycans was prepared from an emphysematous lung by means of proteolytic digestion, precipitation with ethanol and fractionation with CPC (cetylpyridinium chloride). The above fraction of crude glycosaminoglycans was then subjected to chromatography with a column of Dowex-1. Individual glycosaminoglycan species was identified based on the results of electrophoresis and on those of incubation with specific mucopolysaccharide-lyases. As a result, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate A (C), dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate were detected. Quantitation of individual glycosaminoglycan species revealed that the ratio to total glycosaminoglycan of hyaluronic acid was smaller in the emphysematous than in the normal lung. The significance which can be attributed to the change in quantity of glycosaminoglycan of the lung was discussed in relation to pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema.", "contents": "[A study on glycosaminoglycans in a case of pulmonary emphysema (author's transl)]. The fraction of crude glycosaminoglycans was prepared from an emphysematous lung by means of proteolytic digestion, precipitation with ethanol and fractionation with CPC (cetylpyridinium chloride). The above fraction of crude glycosaminoglycans was then subjected to chromatography with a column of Dowex-1. Individual glycosaminoglycan species was identified based on the results of electrophoresis and on those of incubation with specific mucopolysaccharide-lyases. As a result, hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate A (C), dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate were detected. Quantitation of individual glycosaminoglycan species revealed that the ratio to total glycosaminoglycan of hyaluronic acid was smaller in the emphysematous than in the normal lung. The significance which can be attributed to the change in quantity of glycosaminoglycan of the lung was discussed in relation to pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema."}
{"id": "PMID:132018", "title": "[Therapeutic effect of vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) in various forms of palmar/plantar hyperkeratoses: experimental studies on 68 patients].", "content": "Up to date, the treatment of palmar/plantar hyperkeratoses presents a therapeutic problem. The known therapeutic procedures result in short-term improvement only, if any at all. In these investigations involving 68 patients suffering from palmar/plantar hyperkeratoses of different etiology, small doses of vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) topically applied, produced a striking improvement in hypertrophic lichen planus of palms or soles: the regression was complete and in most cases permanent. The skin texture of patients with genetic keratoses and callosities became normal within a few weeks: but this condition remained free of symptoms only as long as vitamin A acid was used as a maintenance dose once or twice weekly. In hyperkeratotic exzema, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and in verrucae plantaris vitamin A acid topically applied was found to be unsuitable for treatment. The possible side effects of this treatment are mentioned. Several possibilities regarding the way of action of vitamin A acid are discussed.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effect of vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) in various forms of palmar/plantar hyperkeratoses: experimental studies on 68 patients]. Up to date, the treatment of palmar/plantar hyperkeratoses presents a therapeutic problem. The known therapeutic procedures result in short-term improvement only, if any at all. In these investigations involving 68 patients suffering from palmar/plantar hyperkeratoses of different etiology, small doses of vitamin A acid (retinoic acid) topically applied, produced a striking improvement in hypertrophic lichen planus of palms or soles: the regression was complete and in most cases permanent. The skin texture of patients with genetic keratoses and callosities became normal within a few weeks: but this condition remained free of symptoms only as long as vitamin A acid was used as a maintenance dose once or twice weekly. In hyperkeratotic exzema, pityriasis rubra pilaris, and in verrucae plantaris vitamin A acid topically applied was found to be unsuitable for treatment. The possible side effects of this treatment are mentioned. Several possibilities regarding the way of action of vitamin A acid are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132023", "title": "Chemotherapy in stage II testicular tumours: preliminary communication.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with stage II testicular teratomas (metastatic spread to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes only) were treated after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RLD) by cytostatic chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy. So far, eight patients (30.5%) have recurrent disease, with a median interval of 21 months from time of diagnosis to relapse. The 3-year survival rate for the total group (relapse-free and relapsed patients) was 85.7%. The median survival is not yet reached after 36 months. The own results and reports of the literature show an advantage of early cytostatic treatment over its institution in widespread disease only. It remains to be clarified whether chemotherapy in stage II disease prevents or only delays metastatic spread.", "contents": "Chemotherapy in stage II testicular tumours: preliminary communication. Twenty-six patients with stage II testicular teratomas (metastatic spread to the retroperitoneal lymph nodes only) were treated after retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RLD) by cytostatic chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy. So far, eight patients (30.5%) have recurrent disease, with a median interval of 21 months from time of diagnosis to relapse. The 3-year survival rate for the total group (relapse-free and relapsed patients) was 85.7%. The median survival is not yet reached after 36 months. The own results and reports of the literature show an advantage of early cytostatic treatment over its institution in widespread disease only. It remains to be clarified whether chemotherapy in stage II disease prevents or only delays metastatic spread."}
{"id": "PMID:132024", "title": "Platelet turnover in metastatic cancer and the effect of platelet aggregation inhibitors.", "content": "Patients with metastatic cancer have a permanent shortening of platelet survival and increased platelet consumption. Acetylsalicylic acid or dipyridamole in doses known to inhibit platelet aggregation, had no effect on platelet consumption.", "contents": "Platelet turnover in metastatic cancer and the effect of platelet aggregation inhibitors. Patients with metastatic cancer have a permanent shortening of platelet survival and increased platelet consumption. Acetylsalicylic acid or dipyridamole in doses known to inhibit platelet aggregation, had no effect on platelet consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:132025", "title": "Establishment and characterization of cell lines from Gross virus-induced rat leukemia.", "content": "Cells from thymus and/or bone marrow tissues of either normal or Gross virus-infected W/Fu rats were cultivated individually or mixed. Four continuous cell lines were obtained: 1) individual cultivation of the cells from thymic lymphoma, 2) combined cultivation of cells from thymic lymphoma and normal bone marrow, 3) bone marrow of a leukemic rat and normal thymus, and 4) bone marrow of a leukemic rat supplemented with cell-free extracts of normal thymus homogenates. The morphological features were similar in these 4 cell lines. The cell correspond morphologically to lymphoblasts, grow rapidly in suspension, and are transplantable in newborn rats. The cells release abundant Type-C virus particles. The inoculation of cell-free culture fluid into newborn rats resulted, after 7-9 weeks, in the development of thymic lymphoma in high incidence.", "contents": "Establishment and characterization of cell lines from Gross virus-induced rat leukemia. Cells from thymus and/or bone marrow tissues of either normal or Gross virus-infected W/Fu rats were cultivated individually or mixed. Four continuous cell lines were obtained: 1) individual cultivation of the cells from thymic lymphoma, 2) combined cultivation of cells from thymic lymphoma and normal bone marrow, 3) bone marrow of a leukemic rat and normal thymus, and 4) bone marrow of a leukemic rat supplemented with cell-free extracts of normal thymus homogenates. The morphological features were similar in these 4 cell lines. The cell correspond morphologically to lymphoblasts, grow rapidly in suspension, and are transplantable in newborn rats. The cells release abundant Type-C virus particles. The inoculation of cell-free culture fluid into newborn rats resulted, after 7-9 weeks, in the development of thymic lymphoma in high incidence."}
{"id": "PMID:132026", "title": "Temporary cell cycle arrest in neural and extraneural developing rat tissues after exposure to methyl--and ethylnitrosourea.", "content": "8 days old rats were exposed to 20 or 100 mg/kg b.w. of either Methylnitrosourea (MNU) or Ethylnitrosourea (ENU), followed by injection of 10 muCi/g b.w. of (3H-methyl)-Thymidine. After a 100 mg dose of MNU or ENU in both neural and extraneural tissues a total inhibition of S-phase radioactivity is observed that lasts longer for MNU than for ENU. Moreover reappearance of S-phase cells in the neural tissues is later (36-48 h) than in the extraneural tissues (24-36 h) for both drugs. In both neural and extraneural tissues reappearance of S-phase cells is consistently found to occur about 12 h earlier than recurrence of M-phase cells. After a 20 mg dose of MNU or ENU in both neural and extraneural tissues a clear decrease in S-phase radioactivity is found after a 6 h' interval only. There are only slight differences between the various tissues and drugs. In developing rat tissues there is obviously a trend for both mitotic activity and S-phase radioactivity to decrease with increasing single doses of MNU or ENU. Our results point to an arrest in or before entering the S-phase of the cells involved. The more pronounced cytotoxic activity of MNU as compared to ENU is discussed. Recurrence of DNA synthesis and re-entrance of damaged cells into their cycle prior to the elimination of altered bases from DNA might be of importance for the problem of oncogenesis.", "contents": "Temporary cell cycle arrest in neural and extraneural developing rat tissues after exposure to methyl--and ethylnitrosourea. 8 days old rats were exposed to 20 or 100 mg/kg b.w. of either Methylnitrosourea (MNU) or Ethylnitrosourea (ENU), followed by injection of 10 muCi/g b.w. of (3H-methyl)-Thymidine. After a 100 mg dose of MNU or ENU in both neural and extraneural tissues a total inhibition of S-phase radioactivity is observed that lasts longer for MNU than for ENU. Moreover reappearance of S-phase cells in the neural tissues is later (36-48 h) than in the extraneural tissues (24-36 h) for both drugs. In both neural and extraneural tissues reappearance of S-phase cells is consistently found to occur about 12 h earlier than recurrence of M-phase cells. After a 20 mg dose of MNU or ENU in both neural and extraneural tissues a clear decrease in S-phase radioactivity is found after a 6 h' interval only. There are only slight differences between the various tissues and drugs. In developing rat tissues there is obviously a trend for both mitotic activity and S-phase radioactivity to decrease with increasing single doses of MNU or ENU. Our results point to an arrest in or before entering the S-phase of the cells involved. The more pronounced cytotoxic activity of MNU as compared to ENU is discussed. Recurrence of DNA synthesis and re-entrance of damaged cells into their cycle prior to the elimination of altered bases from DNA might be of importance for the problem of oncogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:132027", "title": "Endodermal sinus tumour of the ovary: a comparative light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "An endodermal sinus tumour of the ovary from a 12 year old girl is analysed light- and electron microscopically. The histological appearance is characterized by glandular-papillary structures and microcystic-reticular areas with inclusion of occasional endodermal sinuses. By electron microscopy immature and highly differentiated cells can be distinguished. In analogy to certain structures in the human yolk sac the most differentiated cells in the tumour are regarded as neoplastic endoderm. On the basis of transitional forms between immature and differentiated cells a development of the latter from the former is suggested. The cells in mesenchyme-like areas differ from those of solid and glandular parts merely in the degree of cytoplasmic differentiation but are otherwise believed to represent the same \"cell line\". In addition to other possible cell functions the cytoplasmic features of the differentiated cell indicates a protein synthesis and secretion. From our observations it is concluded that the endodermal sinus tumour originates from germ cells and differentiates into yolk sac endoderm. The ultrastructural differences between this tumour and clear cell carcinomas of the ovary are discussed.", "contents": "Endodermal sinus tumour of the ovary: a comparative light and electron microscopic study. An endodermal sinus tumour of the ovary from a 12 year old girl is analysed light- and electron microscopically. The histological appearance is characterized by glandular-papillary structures and microcystic-reticular areas with inclusion of occasional endodermal sinuses. By electron microscopy immature and highly differentiated cells can be distinguished. In analogy to certain structures in the human yolk sac the most differentiated cells in the tumour are regarded as neoplastic endoderm. On the basis of transitional forms between immature and differentiated cells a development of the latter from the former is suggested. The cells in mesenchyme-like areas differ from those of solid and glandular parts merely in the degree of cytoplasmic differentiation but are otherwise believed to represent the same \"cell line\". In addition to other possible cell functions the cytoplasmic features of the differentiated cell indicates a protein synthesis and secretion. From our observations it is concluded that the endodermal sinus tumour originates from germ cells and differentiates into yolk sac endoderm. The ultrastructural differences between this tumour and clear cell carcinomas of the ovary are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132028", "title": "The effects of some carcinogenic nitroso compounds on the rat liver nucleolus.", "content": "The hepatocyte nucleoli of rats undergo a variety of specific and nonspecific alterations after the administration of 8 nitroso compounds and 5 corresponding non-nitroso compounds. After the oral administration of dimethylnitrosamine and diethylnitrosamine, and unusual segregation of the nucleolus was encountered in the cells with karyorrhexis. Most characteristic of the segregation are the scattered ribosome-like granules at the outermost layer of the altered nucleolus. Frequently microspherules with halos 150 nm in diameter are found in all rats treated with nitroso compounds, which have been reported to be carcinogenic in the organs other than the liver. With the exception of butylurea and butylamine no such specific microspherules were found in the nucleoli after the administration of corresponding non-nitroso compounds.", "contents": "The effects of some carcinogenic nitroso compounds on the rat liver nucleolus. The hepatocyte nucleoli of rats undergo a variety of specific and nonspecific alterations after the administration of 8 nitroso compounds and 5 corresponding non-nitroso compounds. After the oral administration of dimethylnitrosamine and diethylnitrosamine, and unusual segregation of the nucleolus was encountered in the cells with karyorrhexis. Most characteristic of the segregation are the scattered ribosome-like granules at the outermost layer of the altered nucleolus. Frequently microspherules with halos 150 nm in diameter are found in all rats treated with nitroso compounds, which have been reported to be carcinogenic in the organs other than the liver. With the exception of butylurea and butylamine no such specific microspherules were found in the nucleoli after the administration of corresponding non-nitroso compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:132029", "title": "[Ultrastructure and formal pathogenesis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "An embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasopharynx of a 10 year old boy is analysed with light and electron microscopy. With regard to cell shape and cytoplasmic features the following four tumour cell types could be distinguished: 1. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells with a big loosely packed nucleus and a small cytoplasmic rim with only few cell organelles; 2. Undifferentiated tumour cells with a broad cytoplasmic body which contains a dense network of nonspecific intermediate filaments with a diameter of about 100 A; 3. Immature rhabdomyoblasts with randomly orientated specific myofilaments; 4. Fully differentiated rhabdomyoblasts with well developed myofibrils often showing a sarcomeric pattern. Glycogen deposits which were seen in great masses in many tumour cells were regarded to result from degenerative processes within the tumor. The cellular stages in the development of rhabdomyoblasts are basically identical to those known from the embryogenesis and regeneration of striated muscle. From these observations the two following developmental pathways are suggested: 1. Origin of the tumour from an undifferentiated mesenchymal cell; 2. Atypical regeneration of striated muscle which terminates in malignant progressive tumour growth. At present, the body of information about rhabdomyosarcomas supports the assumption of an origin from immature mesenchymal cells. Nevertheless, the second theory cannot be totally excluded.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure and formal pathogenesis of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (author's transl)]. An embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the nasopharynx of a 10 year old boy is analysed with light and electron microscopy. With regard to cell shape and cytoplasmic features the following four tumour cell types could be distinguished: 1. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells with a big loosely packed nucleus and a small cytoplasmic rim with only few cell organelles; 2. Undifferentiated tumour cells with a broad cytoplasmic body which contains a dense network of nonspecific intermediate filaments with a diameter of about 100 A; 3. Immature rhabdomyoblasts with randomly orientated specific myofilaments; 4. Fully differentiated rhabdomyoblasts with well developed myofibrils often showing a sarcomeric pattern. Glycogen deposits which were seen in great masses in many tumour cells were regarded to result from degenerative processes within the tumor. The cellular stages in the development of rhabdomyoblasts are basically identical to those known from the embryogenesis and regeneration of striated muscle. From these observations the two following developmental pathways are suggested: 1. Origin of the tumour from an undifferentiated mesenchymal cell; 2. Atypical regeneration of striated muscle which terminates in malignant progressive tumour growth. At present, the body of information about rhabdomyosarcomas supports the assumption of an origin from immature mesenchymal cells. Nevertheless, the second theory cannot be totally excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:132030", "title": "Transplacental effects of nitrosamines in Syrian hamsters: I. Dibutylnitrosamine and nitrosohexamethyleneimine.", "content": "The transplacental carcinogenic effects of dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) and nitrosohexamethyleneimine (N-6-MI) were examined in Syrian hamsters. A proportion of both substances reached the fetal tissue unaltered. No macroscopic malformations were observed in the offspring; however, postnatal mortality was high. Respiratory tumours were found upon histologic examination of surviving animals. Single doses of 30 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) DBN and 2 doses of 10 mg/kg b.w. N-6-MI did not induce tumours in the P-generation, but led to a low tumour incidence in the F1-generation (DBN, 7.0%, N-6-MI, 2.0%). Treatment for up to eight days during the second half of pregnancy led to a higher tumour incidence in the P-generation (DBN, 22%; N-6-MI, 20%), than in the F1-generation (DBN, 6.0%; N-6-MI, 10%).", "contents": "Transplacental effects of nitrosamines in Syrian hamsters: I. Dibutylnitrosamine and nitrosohexamethyleneimine. The transplacental carcinogenic effects of dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) and nitrosohexamethyleneimine (N-6-MI) were examined in Syrian hamsters. A proportion of both substances reached the fetal tissue unaltered. No macroscopic malformations were observed in the offspring; however, postnatal mortality was high. Respiratory tumours were found upon histologic examination of surviving animals. Single doses of 30 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) DBN and 2 doses of 10 mg/kg b.w. N-6-MI did not induce tumours in the P-generation, but led to a low tumour incidence in the F1-generation (DBN, 7.0%, N-6-MI, 2.0%). Treatment for up to eight days during the second half of pregnancy led to a higher tumour incidence in the P-generation (DBN, 22%; N-6-MI, 20%), than in the F1-generation (DBN, 6.0%; N-6-MI, 10%)."}
{"id": "PMID:132031", "title": "Life-span investigations for carcinogenicity of some immune-stimulating, immunodepressive and neurotropic substances in Sprague-Dawley-rats.", "content": "In a long-term trial in a total of 858 Sprague-Dawley-rats of both sexes the possible carcinogenicity of 12 substances was investigated. Complete Freunds' adjuvant which is among the immune-stimulating substances was found to decrease significantly the lifetime of the animals; whereas an increase in tumor incidences was not observed. Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG), human albumin, and vitamin-A-acid were neither carcinogenic, nor had they an influence on the survival times. Rabbit-antirat lymphocytic serum which is a well-known immunodepressive agent caused a significant decrease in survival times, it was not found to be carcinogenic. The known carcinogenic properties of cyclophosphamide were verified. The applied dose of this compound significantly reduced the mean survival times of the animals. Hydrocortisone and amethopterin were found to have no carcinogenic effects. Atropine, pilocarpine, nicotine, and phenyl-ethyl-barbituric acid (phenobarbital) which are known to have neurotropic effects were tested. Nicotine and phenobarbital were found to diminish the mean survival times. None of these neurotropic substances was found to be carcinogenic.", "contents": "Life-span investigations for carcinogenicity of some immune-stimulating, immunodepressive and neurotropic substances in Sprague-Dawley-rats. In a long-term trial in a total of 858 Sprague-Dawley-rats of both sexes the possible carcinogenicity of 12 substances was investigated. Complete Freunds' adjuvant which is among the immune-stimulating substances was found to decrease significantly the lifetime of the animals; whereas an increase in tumor incidences was not observed. Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG), human albumin, and vitamin-A-acid were neither carcinogenic, nor had they an influence on the survival times. Rabbit-antirat lymphocytic serum which is a well-known immunodepressive agent caused a significant decrease in survival times, it was not found to be carcinogenic. The known carcinogenic properties of cyclophosphamide were verified. The applied dose of this compound significantly reduced the mean survival times of the animals. Hydrocortisone and amethopterin were found to have no carcinogenic effects. Atropine, pilocarpine, nicotine, and phenyl-ethyl-barbituric acid (phenobarbital) which are known to have neurotropic effects were tested. Nicotine and phenobarbital were found to diminish the mean survival times. None of these neurotropic substances was found to be carcinogenic."}
{"id": "PMID:132032", "title": "Experimental investigations on the influence upon the chemical carcinogenesis. IInd communication: studies with 3,4-benzopyrene.", "content": "After subcutaneous application of 0.5 mg 3,4-benzopyrene (BP) to Sprague-Dawley-rats on the 2nd day of life, 50% of the animals developed local fibrosarcomas after 250 +/- 70 days. Additional treatment with immunostimulating (BCG, albumin, vitamin A-acid) or immunodepressive agents (hydrocortisone, cyclophosphamide, methotrexat) which was started 6 days after birth and maintained throughout life, did not influence carcinogenesis with respect to tumor incidences and induction periods of tumors.", "contents": "Experimental investigations on the influence upon the chemical carcinogenesis. IInd communication: studies with 3,4-benzopyrene. After subcutaneous application of 0.5 mg 3,4-benzopyrene (BP) to Sprague-Dawley-rats on the 2nd day of life, 50% of the animals developed local fibrosarcomas after 250 +/- 70 days. Additional treatment with immunostimulating (BCG, albumin, vitamin A-acid) or immunodepressive agents (hydrocortisone, cyclophosphamide, methotrexat) which was started 6 days after birth and maintained throughout life, did not influence carcinogenesis with respect to tumor incidences and induction periods of tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:132033", "title": "Experimental investigations on the influence upon the chemical carcinogenesis. IIIrd communication: studies with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.", "content": "After ten times monthly, subcutaneous, injections of 30 mg/kg 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) to Sprague-Dawley-rats, malignant tumors were found in approximately 90% of the animals after a mean induction period of approximately 330 days. Injections were started on the 2nd day of life and maintained during 10 months. 72% of the tumors induced were formed in the colon, 17% were squamous cell carcinomas of the ear duct, adenosarcomas of the kidney and hepatocellular carcinomas were found in 13 and 11% of the animals, respectively. Additional treatment with immunodepressive (cyclophosphamide, methotrexat, hydrocortisone) and immunostimulating substances (BCG, albumin, vitamin A-acid) as well as an enzyme-stimulating agent (Luminal) did not alter incidences and induction periods of tumors. After application of a vegetarian diet, the rate of liver and kidney tumors was diminished significantly and induction periods of intestinal and ear duct tumors increased.", "contents": "Experimental investigations on the influence upon the chemical carcinogenesis. IIIrd communication: studies with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. After ten times monthly, subcutaneous, injections of 30 mg/kg 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) to Sprague-Dawley-rats, malignant tumors were found in approximately 90% of the animals after a mean induction period of approximately 330 days. Injections were started on the 2nd day of life and maintained during 10 months. 72% of the tumors induced were formed in the colon, 17% were squamous cell carcinomas of the ear duct, adenosarcomas of the kidney and hepatocellular carcinomas were found in 13 and 11% of the animals, respectively. Additional treatment with immunodepressive (cyclophosphamide, methotrexat, hydrocortisone) and immunostimulating substances (BCG, albumin, vitamin A-acid) as well as an enzyme-stimulating agent (Luminal) did not alter incidences and induction periods of tumors. After application of a vegetarian diet, the rate of liver and kidney tumors was diminished significantly and induction periods of intestinal and ear duct tumors increased."}
{"id": "PMID:132034", "title": "Carcinogenic effects of different nitroso-compounds in Chinese hamsters. II. N-nitrosomorpholine and N-nitrosopiperidine.", "content": "A total of 320 Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) (CH) were subcutaneously (s.c.) treated with 1/5, 1/10, or 1/20 LD50 of N-nitrosomorpholine (NM) or N-nitrosopiperidine (NP). In the CH, NM and NP both produced up to a 100% rate of papillomas of the cheek pouch, tongue, pharynx, esophagus and forestomach. Occasionally squamous cell carcinomas also developed in these organs. A high rate of hepatomas was realized by NP.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effects of different nitroso-compounds in Chinese hamsters. II. N-nitrosomorpholine and N-nitrosopiperidine. A total of 320 Chinese hamsters (Cricetulus griseus) (CH) were subcutaneously (s.c.) treated with 1/5, 1/10, or 1/20 LD50 of N-nitrosomorpholine (NM) or N-nitrosopiperidine (NP). In the CH, NM and NP both produced up to a 100% rate of papillomas of the cheek pouch, tongue, pharynx, esophagus and forestomach. Occasionally squamous cell carcinomas also developed in these organs. A high rate of hepatomas was realized by NP."}
{"id": "PMID:132036", "title": "Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine substituted nitroxides.", "content": "Reaction of 6-hydrazinopurine and 2-hydrazinopyrimidine with 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidone-1-oxyl gives 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidone-1-oxyl-(6-purinyl) hydrazone (3b) and 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidone-1-oxyl-(2-pyrimidinyl) hydrazone (4b) respectively. Compound 3b is inactive even at high dose levels against TLX/5 lymphoma and 3b and 4b are both inactive in tests using the L1210 leukaemia system.", "contents": "Synthesis of purine and pyrimidine substituted nitroxides. Reaction of 6-hydrazinopurine and 2-hydrazinopyrimidine with 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidone-1-oxyl gives 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidone-1-oxyl-(6-purinyl) hydrazone (3b) and 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidone-1-oxyl-(2-pyrimidinyl) hydrazone (4b) respectively. Compound 3b is inactive even at high dose levels against TLX/5 lymphoma and 3b and 4b are both inactive in tests using the L1210 leukaemia system."}
{"id": "PMID:132037", "title": "[Redundant nucleotide-sequences in DNA from wheat (author's transl)].", "content": "DNA from dormant and germinated embryos exhibit differences in the kinetics of reassociation of thermal denatured nucleic acid. Within 24 h of germination a reduction of the renaturation, expressed as Cot1/2 of the redundant fraction, is detectable.", "contents": "[Redundant nucleotide-sequences in DNA from wheat (author's transl)]. DNA from dormant and germinated embryos exhibit differences in the kinetics of reassociation of thermal denatured nucleic acid. Within 24 h of germination a reduction of the renaturation, expressed as Cot1/2 of the redundant fraction, is detectable."}
{"id": "PMID:132038", "title": "A cell for simultaneous measurements of optical and electrical properties of black lipid membranes.", "content": "A universal cell was constructed, which allows measurements of the resistance (d.c.), capacity, optical reflectivity, and spectral absorption of black lipid films simultaneously. These measurements reflect different properties of the films, supplementary to each other. The purpose is to eliminate differences of experimental conditions especially in recombination experiments with proteins. The cell is totally symmetric, can be completely disassembled, and the parts are exchangeable. It allows application of several methods for film production, and is held together simply by mechanical pressure, without need of any sealing agent. The inner parts are exclusively of glass and teflon. The fluid volume of the cell is 7-15 ml and the insulation between the two cell compartments is better than 10(14) Ohms.", "contents": "A cell for simultaneous measurements of optical and electrical properties of black lipid membranes. A universal cell was constructed, which allows measurements of the resistance (d.c.), capacity, optical reflectivity, and spectral absorption of black lipid films simultaneously. These measurements reflect different properties of the films, supplementary to each other. The purpose is to eliminate differences of experimental conditions especially in recombination experiments with proteins. The cell is totally symmetric, can be completely disassembled, and the parts are exchangeable. It allows application of several methods for film production, and is held together simply by mechanical pressure, without need of any sealing agent. The inner parts are exclusively of glass and teflon. The fluid volume of the cell is 7-15 ml and the insulation between the two cell compartments is better than 10(14) Ohms."}
{"id": "PMID:132040", "title": "Studies on phenylpyruvic acid. I. Keto-enol tautomerism.", "content": "The tautomerism of phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) and its sodium salt was investigated. The 1H and 13C spectra of PPA in aprotic solvents and in methanol show almost complete prevalence of the enol form, whereas the keto form prevails only in water. The Z configuration was assigned to the sole enol tautomer present on the basis of the value of the vicinal coupling constant [3J1H, 13COOH]=3.7 Hz. A small amount of the hydrated form of PPA (1-phenyl-2, 2-dihydroxylpropanoic acid) was found in the aqueous solution of its sodium salt and in buffer solution (pD=6) of PPA. By means of infrared spectroscopy one can conclude that crystalline PPA is in the enol whereas its sodium salt is in the keto form. The keto-acid was not obtained in the solid state. The colorimetric method for testing PPA traces in urine depends on the formation of a enol-Fe3+ complex (2:1) which appears stable in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).", "contents": "Studies on phenylpyruvic acid. I. Keto-enol tautomerism. The tautomerism of phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) and its sodium salt was investigated. The 1H and 13C spectra of PPA in aprotic solvents and in methanol show almost complete prevalence of the enol form, whereas the keto form prevails only in water. The Z configuration was assigned to the sole enol tautomer present on the basis of the value of the vicinal coupling constant [3J1H, 13COOH]=3.7 Hz. A small amount of the hydrated form of PPA (1-phenyl-2, 2-dihydroxylpropanoic acid) was found in the aqueous solution of its sodium salt and in buffer solution (pD=6) of PPA. By means of infrared spectroscopy one can conclude that crystalline PPA is in the enol whereas its sodium salt is in the keto form. The keto-acid was not obtained in the solid state. The colorimetric method for testing PPA traces in urine depends on the formation of a enol-Fe3+ complex (2:1) which appears stable in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)."}
{"id": "PMID:132039", "title": "Correlation of the photosynthetic reduction of p-(diazonium-) benzenesulfonic acid with the increased binding of the probe to the thylakoid membrane.", "content": "The reactions of chloroplast thylakoid lamellae with the chemical probe p-(diazonium-) benzenesulfonic acid (DABS) in the light have been reinvestigated. In contrast to a previous report, electron transport from a photosystem I electron donor to methylviologen was found to be inhibited by this treatment. During the incubation of chloroplasts with DABS in the light, the probe is altered with high rates. Under aerobic conditions, a concomitant oxygen uptake is observed, which is stoichiometric to the amount of DABS altered. Under anaerobic conditions, the binding of the 35S-labeled probe to the membranes in the light is stimulated 2-3 fold as compared to the binding under aerobic conditions. The data are taken as evidence that the photoreduction of the probe rather than a conformational change of the membrane may be at least partially responsible for the increased reagent binding observed in the light.", "contents": "Correlation of the photosynthetic reduction of p-(diazonium-) benzenesulfonic acid with the increased binding of the probe to the thylakoid membrane. The reactions of chloroplast thylakoid lamellae with the chemical probe p-(diazonium-) benzenesulfonic acid (DABS) in the light have been reinvestigated. In contrast to a previous report, electron transport from a photosystem I electron donor to methylviologen was found to be inhibited by this treatment. During the incubation of chloroplasts with DABS in the light, the probe is altered with high rates. Under aerobic conditions, a concomitant oxygen uptake is observed, which is stoichiometric to the amount of DABS altered. Under anaerobic conditions, the binding of the 35S-labeled probe to the membranes in the light is stimulated 2-3 fold as compared to the binding under aerobic conditions. The data are taken as evidence that the photoreduction of the probe rather than a conformational change of the membrane may be at least partially responsible for the increased reagent binding observed in the light."}
{"id": "PMID:132041", "title": "Enzymic capacities for chlorophyll biosynthesis. Activation and de novo synthesis of enzymes.", "content": "A previously published working model for the regulation of chlorophyll formation has been tested studying early steps of chlorophyll and porphyrin biosynthesis in developing cotyledons of Helianthus annuus. The activities of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase (ALAS), delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD), and the porphobilinogenase complex (PBGase) at any given time have been found to be strongly associated with endogenous developmental processes. Highest activities in darkness have been observed at times when maximum chlorophyll formation would have occurred had the plants been exposed to light. Only in the case of ALAS was the maximum activity in light much greater than that observed in the dark. Density labeling experiments and other data suggest that enzyme synthesis is mediated both by development and by illumination. Moreover, ALAS activity appears to be subject to inhibition, presumably by products of the porphyrin biosynthesis, as indicated by halflife experiments. Rapid enzyme degradation in the absence of light seems to be less probable. Slight ALAS activity in darkness is present as long as the plastids are not fully developed. In contrast to findings with cell cultures of tobacco, in Helianthus cotyledons ALAS certainly plays the main role in the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Nevertheless, increasing activities of the succeeding enzymes, located in the plastids, ensure that increased concentrations of delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) are drawn into the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. The experiments corroborate the suggestion that chlorophyll biosynthesis is controlled by different but interdependent mechanisms. The dominant regulatory mechanism is dependent on the stage of development.", "contents": "Enzymic capacities for chlorophyll biosynthesis. Activation and de novo synthesis of enzymes. A previously published working model for the regulation of chlorophyll formation has been tested studying early steps of chlorophyll and porphyrin biosynthesis in developing cotyledons of Helianthus annuus. The activities of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase (ALAS), delta-aminolevulinate dehydratase (ALAD), and the porphobilinogenase complex (PBGase) at any given time have been found to be strongly associated with endogenous developmental processes. Highest activities in darkness have been observed at times when maximum chlorophyll formation would have occurred had the plants been exposed to light. Only in the case of ALAS was the maximum activity in light much greater than that observed in the dark. Density labeling experiments and other data suggest that enzyme synthesis is mediated both by development and by illumination. Moreover, ALAS activity appears to be subject to inhibition, presumably by products of the porphyrin biosynthesis, as indicated by halflife experiments. Rapid enzyme degradation in the absence of light seems to be less probable. Slight ALAS activity in darkness is present as long as the plastids are not fully developed. In contrast to findings with cell cultures of tobacco, in Helianthus cotyledons ALAS certainly plays the main role in the regulation of chlorophyll biosynthesis. Nevertheless, increasing activities of the succeeding enzymes, located in the plastids, ensure that increased concentrations of delta-aminolevulinate (ALA) are drawn into the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway. The experiments corroborate the suggestion that chlorophyll biosynthesis is controlled by different but interdependent mechanisms. The dominant regulatory mechanism is dependent on the stage of development."}
{"id": "PMID:132042", "title": "The effect of deoxycholate-treatment to the photoreactions of the active pigments in photosynthesis.", "content": "In the heavy fraction of deoxycholate-treated spinach chloroplasts the chlorophyll aII activity is high and the chlorophyll aI activity is low when no artificial electron donor is added. The addition of the photosystem I donor system N-methyl-phenazonium sulphate plus sodium ascorbate (PMS + Asc) leads to a complete reactivation of the chlorophyll aI reaction. The addition of the photosystem II donor system p-benzohydroquinone plus sodium ascorbate (HQ + Asc) leads to an inhibition of the chlorophyll aII activity. From these results we conclude: 1. Besides an interruption of the linear electron flow between the two photosystems deoycholate-treatment leads to a block of the electron flow from water to photosystem II. 2. In deoxycholate-treated chloroplasts the linear electron flow in photosystem II just like in Tris-washed, heat-treated or aged chloroplasts, is replaced by a cyclic one.", "contents": "The effect of deoxycholate-treatment to the photoreactions of the active pigments in photosynthesis. In the heavy fraction of deoxycholate-treated spinach chloroplasts the chlorophyll aII activity is high and the chlorophyll aI activity is low when no artificial electron donor is added. The addition of the photosystem I donor system N-methyl-phenazonium sulphate plus sodium ascorbate (PMS + Asc) leads to a complete reactivation of the chlorophyll aI reaction. The addition of the photosystem II donor system p-benzohydroquinone plus sodium ascorbate (HQ + Asc) leads to an inhibition of the chlorophyll aII activity. From these results we conclude: 1. Besides an interruption of the linear electron flow between the two photosystems deoycholate-treatment leads to a block of the electron flow from water to photosystem II. 2. In deoxycholate-treated chloroplasts the linear electron flow in photosystem II just like in Tris-washed, heat-treated or aged chloroplasts, is replaced by a cyclic one."}
{"id": "PMID:132043", "title": "The chlorophyll aII reaction in trypsin-treated spinach chloroplasts in the presence of potassium ferricyanide.", "content": "In trypsin-treated spinach chloroplasts there is no linear electron flow from water to potassium ferricyanide. The chlorophyll aII reaction, however, is still active but insensitive to 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea. From this we conclude that ferricyanide and trypsin together stimulate a mini-cycle in photosystem II.", "contents": "The chlorophyll aII reaction in trypsin-treated spinach chloroplasts in the presence of potassium ferricyanide. In trypsin-treated spinach chloroplasts there is no linear electron flow from water to potassium ferricyanide. The chlorophyll aII reaction, however, is still active but insensitive to 3-(3, 4-dichlorophenyl)-1, 1-dimethylurea. From this we conclude that ferricyanide and trypsin together stimulate a mini-cycle in photosystem II."}
{"id": "PMID:132044", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in in vitro ageing spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "Ultrastructural changes in in vitro ageing spinach chloroplasts have been studied in detail. Prolonged storage caused swelling of the chloroplasts due to the increase in the thickness and spacing of the thylakoid membranes. The increase in the thickness of the membrane is partly accompanied by the release of lipids. Addition of crystalline bovine serum albumin was found to stabilize the membrane structures. Storage of the chloroplasts at 77 degrees K even though it resulted in complete breakage of the whole chloroplasts, maintained the thylakoid structures in a highly intact form.", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in in vitro ageing spinach chloroplasts. Ultrastructural changes in in vitro ageing spinach chloroplasts have been studied in detail. Prolonged storage caused swelling of the chloroplasts due to the increase in the thickness and spacing of the thylakoid membranes. The increase in the thickness of the membrane is partly accompanied by the release of lipids. Addition of crystalline bovine serum albumin was found to stabilize the membrane structures. Storage of the chloroplasts at 77 degrees K even though it resulted in complete breakage of the whole chloroplasts, maintained the thylakoid structures in a highly intact form."}
{"id": "PMID:132045", "title": "[Size comparison of poly (A)-RNA from polysomes and from nuclei of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (author's transl)].", "content": "The size of poly (A)-RNA from polysomes and cell nuclei of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. Pulslabelled cells ([14C] adenin) were cracked by the French press; polysomes and nuclei were separately isolated and the RNA was finally extracted with phenol. The separation of poly (A)-containing and poly (A)-lacking fractions was achieved by oligo (dT) cellulose. These fractions were characterized by sedimentation analysis. The main portion of polysomal poly (A)-RNA sedimented with a rate of 8 to 14S, whereas the poly (A)-RNA of nuclei exhibited a sedimentation rate of 12 to 17S. Thus nuclear poly (A)-RNA is about 20-30% larger than polysomal poly (A)-RNA.", "contents": "[Size comparison of poly (A)-RNA from polysomes and from nuclei of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae (author's transl)]. The size of poly (A)-RNA from polysomes and cell nuclei of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. Pulslabelled cells ([14C] adenin) were cracked by the French press; polysomes and nuclei were separately isolated and the RNA was finally extracted with phenol. The separation of poly (A)-containing and poly (A)-lacking fractions was achieved by oligo (dT) cellulose. These fractions were characterized by sedimentation analysis. The main portion of polysomal poly (A)-RNA sedimented with a rate of 8 to 14S, whereas the poly (A)-RNA of nuclei exhibited a sedimentation rate of 12 to 17S. Thus nuclear poly (A)-RNA is about 20-30% larger than polysomal poly (A)-RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:132046", "title": "[Chromosomal structures of Pseudomonas testosteroni. I. Isolation and characterization of the chromosomal complexes. (author's transl)].", "content": "After lysis of Pseydomonas testosteroni with lysozyme and non-ionic detergents different DNA-protein complexes can be separated in 5-25% (w/v) neutral sucrose gradient. The protein to DNA ratio of these complexes varies between 0.5-4.5 to 1, whereby the faster sedimenting forms contain more protein than the slower sedimenting ones. Different initial rates of DNase digestion may indicate various degrees of DNA packing in these complexes. The chromosomal complexes of Pseudomonas testosteroni are relatively stable towards pronase. Treatment with RNase or sodium dodecylsulphate is accompanied by a dramatic increase in viscosity and decrease in relative density. It suggests that DNA in these complexes is maintained in its supercoiled form by RNA molecule(s) in a similar way as in isolated chromosome of E. coli.", "contents": "[Chromosomal structures of Pseudomonas testosteroni. I. Isolation and characterization of the chromosomal complexes. (author's transl)]. After lysis of Pseydomonas testosteroni with lysozyme and non-ionic detergents different DNA-protein complexes can be separated in 5-25% (w/v) neutral sucrose gradient. The protein to DNA ratio of these complexes varies between 0.5-4.5 to 1, whereby the faster sedimenting forms contain more protein than the slower sedimenting ones. Different initial rates of DNase digestion may indicate various degrees of DNA packing in these complexes. The chromosomal complexes of Pseudomonas testosteroni are relatively stable towards pronase. Treatment with RNase or sodium dodecylsulphate is accompanied by a dramatic increase in viscosity and decrease in relative density. It suggests that DNA in these complexes is maintained in its supercoiled form by RNA molecule(s) in a similar way as in isolated chromosome of E. coli."}
{"id": "PMID:132047", "title": "Variations in melanin and riboflavin content of amphibian liver under the influence of reserpine and amphetamine.", "content": "By means of paper chromatography, Lactobacillus casei test and the staining method with the Feulgen reaction, the effects of reserpine and amphetamine on riboflavin and melanin were studied in the liver of Triturus cristatus. It was demonstrated that the concentrations of both melanin and riboflavin can be altered by the influence of these drugs. From the results obtained it is suggested that riboflavin shows a correlation with the density of melanin.", "contents": "Variations in melanin and riboflavin content of amphibian liver under the influence of reserpine and amphetamine. By means of paper chromatography, Lactobacillus casei test and the staining method with the Feulgen reaction, the effects of reserpine and amphetamine on riboflavin and melanin were studied in the liver of Triturus cristatus. It was demonstrated that the concentrations of both melanin and riboflavin can be altered by the influence of these drugs. From the results obtained it is suggested that riboflavin shows a correlation with the density of melanin."}
{"id": "PMID:132065", "title": "[Pathobiology of carcinogenesis and the growth of neoplasms].", "content": "The importance of carcinogenicity by chemical substances is reviewed with regard to the increasing number of human neoplasms (1955: 39703; 1972: 62556) in the German Democratic Republic. The organotropic action of some carcinogens, the transplacental tumour induction, the endogenous formation of oncogenic N-nitroso compounds from inactive precursors in the stomach of experimental animals, and the role of carcinogens derived from plants are analysed. Up to now it remains uncertain, whether DNA and RNA viruses responsible for tumour development in different species of animals may effect tumour growth in human beings as well.", "contents": "[Pathobiology of carcinogenesis and the growth of neoplasms]. The importance of carcinogenicity by chemical substances is reviewed with regard to the increasing number of human neoplasms (1955: 39703; 1972: 62556) in the German Democratic Republic. The organotropic action of some carcinogens, the transplacental tumour induction, the endogenous formation of oncogenic N-nitroso compounds from inactive precursors in the stomach of experimental animals, and the role of carcinogens derived from plants are analysed. Up to now it remains uncertain, whether DNA and RNA viruses responsible for tumour development in different species of animals may effect tumour growth in human beings as well."}
{"id": "PMID:132072", "title": "[Histochemistry of the pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. A contribution to the formal pathogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of histochemical methods the authors investigated 3 cases of the diffuse and 2 cases of the focal form of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (2 women and 3 men, aged from 25 to 58 years). In the main the results of other investigators concerning distribution and occurrence of proteins and lipids are confirmed. In contrast to the results of other investigators, the authors detected acid mucopolysaccharides also in the granules of the intraal veolar substance. Presumable the injuring substance causes proliferation, desquamation, and breakdown of the alveolar cells. In this way both the granules and clots are formed, the latter ones are decomposed in steps of granules. Obviously parts of the blood are mixed with the granular part of the intraalveolar substance.", "contents": "[Histochemistry of the pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. A contribution to the formal pathogenesis (author's transl)]. By means of histochemical methods the authors investigated 3 cases of the diffuse and 2 cases of the focal form of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (2 women and 3 men, aged from 25 to 58 years). In the main the results of other investigators concerning distribution and occurrence of proteins and lipids are confirmed. In contrast to the results of other investigators, the authors detected acid mucopolysaccharides also in the granules of the intraal veolar substance. Presumable the injuring substance causes proliferation, desquamation, and breakdown of the alveolar cells. In this way both the granules and clots are formed, the latter ones are decomposed in steps of granules. Obviously parts of the blood are mixed with the granular part of the intraalveolar substance."}
{"id": "PMID:132074", "title": "Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle of the baboon (Papio hamadryas).", "content": "Eleven unconjugated steroids were measured daily during a complete cycle in the peripheral plasma of 6 normally menstruating baboons (Papio hamadryas) by means of a radioimmunoassay procedure and the levels were compared with those found previously in 17 normally menstruating women. The patterns of progesterone and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone were very similar to those found in women throughout the entire menstrual cycle. However, the ratio of these steroids differed markedly from that found in women. A great similarity of the follicular phase and the peri-ovulatory period profiles was observed in both species for 17-hydroxy-progesterone, pregnenolone, androstenedione, oestradiol and oestrone. The pattern of oestradiol:oestrone ratios was similar in both species. However, an elevation of the above five steroids, typical for the human luteal phase, was not found in baboons. The increase of testosterone values, seen in women at mid-cycle, was not detected in baboons. The plasma concentrations were lower in baboons than in humans for all the above steroids.", "contents": "Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle of the baboon (Papio hamadryas). Eleven unconjugated steroids were measured daily during a complete cycle in the peripheral plasma of 6 normally menstruating baboons (Papio hamadryas) by means of a radioimmunoassay procedure and the levels were compared with those found previously in 17 normally menstruating women. The patterns of progesterone and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone were very similar to those found in women throughout the entire menstrual cycle. However, the ratio of these steroids differed markedly from that found in women. A great similarity of the follicular phase and the peri-ovulatory period profiles was observed in both species for 17-hydroxy-progesterone, pregnenolone, androstenedione, oestradiol and oestrone. The pattern of oestradiol:oestrone ratios was similar in both species. However, an elevation of the above five steroids, typical for the human luteal phase, was not found in baboons. The increase of testosterone values, seen in women at mid-cycle, was not detected in baboons. The plasma concentrations were lower in baboons than in humans for all the above steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:132075", "title": "Histochemical and biochemical research on the pallial gland of Lithophaga (Lithodomus) lithophaga L.", "content": "Histomorphological staining demonstrated 2 types of cells in the pallial gland of the mantle of Lithodomus lithophaga: gland cells containing glycolipoprotein and interstitial cells, containing lipid droplets. Biochemical analysis aiming at separate and evaluate lipidic and peptidic components were carried out by lipid extraction, T.L.C. separation and colorimetric assays. Phospho- and sulfolipids were separated from non-polar lipids. Sialo-cerebrosides (gangliosides) are missing. Hydrophobic peptide component was extracted and aminoacid analysis was made. The presence of acid (phosphate) group in the gland secretion is discussed in relation to the function of the secretion (Ca uptake and rock boring). The prominent glycogen storage is considered as an important energy source to be used for osmotic work and to synthesize glycosidic stones for glycolipo-protein secretion.", "contents": "Histochemical and biochemical research on the pallial gland of Lithophaga (Lithodomus) lithophaga L. Histomorphological staining demonstrated 2 types of cells in the pallial gland of the mantle of Lithodomus lithophaga: gland cells containing glycolipoprotein and interstitial cells, containing lipid droplets. Biochemical analysis aiming at separate and evaluate lipidic and peptidic components were carried out by lipid extraction, T.L.C. separation and colorimetric assays. Phospho- and sulfolipids were separated from non-polar lipids. Sialo-cerebrosides (gangliosides) are missing. Hydrophobic peptide component was extracted and aminoacid analysis was made. The presence of acid (phosphate) group in the gland secretion is discussed in relation to the function of the secretion (Ca uptake and rock boring). The prominent glycogen storage is considered as an important energy source to be used for osmotic work and to synthesize glycosidic stones for glycolipo-protein secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:132076", "title": "Evaluation of the pain suppressive effect of different frequencies of peripheral electrical stimulation in chronic pain conditions.", "content": "The pain suppressive effect of low (2/s) and high (50-100/s) frequency electrical stimulation was studied in 12 patients with severe chronic pain in the back and/or the legs. All patients were subjected to a thorough physical examination before and 2-3 weeks after a series of stimulation sessions. The stimulation was applied via surface electrodes to areas both segmentally related and segmentally unrelated to the regions of chronic pain. Low frequency stimulation induced a partial pain relief in only one patient whereas stimulation with high frequency gave a suppression of pain in seven patients. The effect was short-lasting in most cases and the pain started to increase usually within 30 min. It is concluded  that the observed pain suppression is not due to psychological factors but to more basic neurophysiological mechanisms. Augmentation of the effect after repeated stimulation sessions was not observed, neither was there any alteration in the neuro-orthopedic status nor any lasting pain relief in any patient.", "contents": "Evaluation of the pain suppressive effect of different frequencies of peripheral electrical stimulation in chronic pain conditions. The pain suppressive effect of low (2/s) and high (50-100/s) frequency electrical stimulation was studied in 12 patients with severe chronic pain in the back and/or the legs. All patients were subjected to a thorough physical examination before and 2-3 weeks after a series of stimulation sessions. The stimulation was applied via surface electrodes to areas both segmentally related and segmentally unrelated to the regions of chronic pain. Low frequency stimulation induced a partial pain relief in only one patient whereas stimulation with high frequency gave a suppression of pain in seven patients. The effect was short-lasting in most cases and the pain started to increase usually within 30 min. It is concluded  that the observed pain suppression is not due to psychological factors but to more basic neurophysiological mechanisms. Augmentation of the effect after repeated stimulation sessions was not observed, neither was there any alteration in the neuro-orthopedic status nor any lasting pain relief in any patient."}
{"id": "PMID:132078", "title": "Morphological and biochemical studies of a case of mucopolysaccharidosis II (Hunter's syndrome).", "content": "An autopsy case of a 19-year-old boy who had shown typical gargoyle features, strictly consistent with mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter's syndrome) was reported. Histologically, cytoplasmic vacuolar change was found in hepatocytes, sinusoidal epithelium of spleen, follicular cells of thyroid, Sertoli cells of testis, chromophobe cell of pituitary and generalized fibroblast-like cells including meninges, cardiac valve and periosteum. The vacuoles consisting of membrane-bound structures with flocculus protein-like material and occasional electron dense bodies on electron microscopy, were considered to be the site of mucopolysaccharide deposition by histochemical analysis. Deposition of lipid material consistent with so-called membranous cytoplasmic body was observed in the neurons of central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system. Hepatosplenomegaly could be explained by cytoplasmic deposition, but the cause of cardiomegaly remained further to be studied. Biochemically hepatic mucopolysaccharide was identified as heparan sulfate, while in the kidney dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate were detected. The correlation between morphology and biochemistry, and between deposition and degeneration was discussed.", "contents": "Morphological and biochemical studies of a case of mucopolysaccharidosis II (Hunter's syndrome). An autopsy case of a 19-year-old boy who had shown typical gargoyle features, strictly consistent with mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter's syndrome) was reported. Histologically, cytoplasmic vacuolar change was found in hepatocytes, sinusoidal epithelium of spleen, follicular cells of thyroid, Sertoli cells of testis, chromophobe cell of pituitary and generalized fibroblast-like cells including meninges, cardiac valve and periosteum. The vacuoles consisting of membrane-bound structures with flocculus protein-like material and occasional electron dense bodies on electron microscopy, were considered to be the site of mucopolysaccharide deposition by histochemical analysis. Deposition of lipid material consistent with so-called membranous cytoplasmic body was observed in the neurons of central, peripheral and autonomic nervous system. Hepatosplenomegaly could be explained by cytoplasmic deposition, but the cause of cardiomegaly remained further to be studied. Biochemically hepatic mucopolysaccharide was identified as heparan sulfate, while in the kidney dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate were detected. The correlation between morphology and biochemistry, and between deposition and degeneration was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132079", "title": "Cytological characterization and histogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma.", "content": "In addition to a light-microscopical and histochemical investigation of primary and metastic lesions in 27 cases of Ewing's sarcoma, biopsy materials from the primary bone lesions of 7 patients with this neoplasm were examined histochemically, enzyme-cytochemically and electron microscopically to elucidate the histogenesis and nature of the neoplasm. Ultrastructural observation has revealed that besides intracytoplasmic and extracellular deposition of glycogen the tumor cells possess several cytological features characterized by intracytoplasmic microfilaments of varying thickness up to 80 A, occasional appearance of dense patches, fat droplets, desmosomal connections and reminiscent attachment bodies. The tumor cells are mostly round, oval or polygonal in shape, but spindle or elongated cells are intermingled and occasionally contain well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, resembling pericytes or fibroblasts. In the intercellular spaces amongst the tumor cells, varying amounts of variable-shaped amorphous materials are found, which are compatible with acid mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins histochemically verified. These findings may suggest that Ewing's sarcoma is a highly malignant neoplasm originating from a transitional cell developed from pericytes to vascular smooth muscle cells in the bone marrow.", "contents": "Cytological characterization and histogenesis of Ewing's sarcoma. In addition to a light-microscopical and histochemical investigation of primary and metastic lesions in 27 cases of Ewing's sarcoma, biopsy materials from the primary bone lesions of 7 patients with this neoplasm were examined histochemically, enzyme-cytochemically and electron microscopically to elucidate the histogenesis and nature of the neoplasm. Ultrastructural observation has revealed that besides intracytoplasmic and extracellular deposition of glycogen the tumor cells possess several cytological features characterized by intracytoplasmic microfilaments of varying thickness up to 80 A, occasional appearance of dense patches, fat droplets, desmosomal connections and reminiscent attachment bodies. The tumor cells are mostly round, oval or polygonal in shape, but spindle or elongated cells are intermingled and occasionally contain well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, resembling pericytes or fibroblasts. In the intercellular spaces amongst the tumor cells, varying amounts of variable-shaped amorphous materials are found, which are compatible with acid mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins histochemically verified. These findings may suggest that Ewing's sarcoma is a highly malignant neoplasm originating from a transitional cell developed from pericytes to vascular smooth muscle cells in the bone marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:132080", "title": "The myocardial capillary vasculature in exercising animals with increased cardiac pressure load.", "content": "The myocardial capillary reaction was studied in normal rats subjected to swimming exercise and in rats in which aortic stenosis had been produced at various time intervals before the swimming exercise was commenced. The data obtained indicated that neoformation of myocardial capillaries during swimming exercise occurred only in rats without aortic stenosis. It is concluded that a heart subjected to an increased pressure load is less able to respond to a superimposed volume load by an increase in its capillary supply than is a normal heart.", "contents": "The myocardial capillary vasculature in exercising animals with increased cardiac pressure load. The myocardial capillary reaction was studied in normal rats subjected to swimming exercise and in rats in which aortic stenosis had been produced at various time intervals before the swimming exercise was commenced. The data obtained indicated that neoformation of myocardial capillaries during swimming exercise occurred only in rats without aortic stenosis. It is concluded that a heart subjected to an increased pressure load is less able to respond to a superimposed volume load by an increase in its capillary supply than is a normal heart."}
{"id": "PMID:132077", "title": "The influence of guanoxane on the submaxillary glands of rats. Another model of neurogenic sialoses.", "content": "In extracts of submaxillary glands of rats, treated with the guanethidine derivative, guanoxane (Envacar), alpha-amylase activity and protein concentration were measured. Both parameters were also determined for the alpha-isoamylase patterns obtained following electrophoretic separation of gland extracts in polyacrylamide gels. During the first week of drug application, amylase was found to be congested in the glands. Compared with untreated animals, total amylase concentration and amylase activity per unit protein (specific enzyme activity) were significantly increased in extracts and separated isoenzymes, whereas protein concentration remained unaltered. The described changes reverted to normal after continued drug application for 3 weeks. The possibility is suggested that changes in alpha-isoamylase patterns might eventually be employed for clinical characterization of different types of neurogenic sialosis.", "contents": "The influence of guanoxane on the submaxillary glands of rats. Another model of neurogenic sialoses. In extracts of submaxillary glands of rats, treated with the guanethidine derivative, guanoxane (Envacar), alpha-amylase activity and protein concentration were measured. Both parameters were also determined for the alpha-isoamylase patterns obtained following electrophoretic separation of gland extracts in polyacrylamide gels. During the first week of drug application, amylase was found to be congested in the glands. Compared with untreated animals, total amylase concentration and amylase activity per unit protein (specific enzyme activity) were significantly increased in extracts and separated isoenzymes, whereas protein concentration remained unaltered. The described changes reverted to normal after continued drug application for 3 weeks. The possibility is suggested that changes in alpha-isoamylase patterns might eventually be employed for clinical characterization of different types of neurogenic sialosis."}
{"id": "PMID:132082", "title": "The nature of the training response; peripheral and central adaptations of one-legged exercise.", "content": "13 male subjects were studied and placed in 3 groups. Each group exercised one leg with sprint (S), or endurance (E) training and the other leg oppositely or not at all (NT). Oxygen uptake (Vo2), heart rate and blood lactate were measured for each leg separately and for both legs together during submaximal and maximal bicycle work before and after 4 weeks of training with 4-5 sessions per week. Muscle samples were obtained from the quadriceps muscle and assayed for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, and stained for myofibrillar ATPase. In addition, eight of the subjects performed after the training two-legged exercise at 70% Vo2 max for one hour. The measurements included muscle glycogen and lactate concentrations of the two legs as well as the blood flow and the a-v difference for O2, glucose and lactate.", "contents": "The nature of the training response; peripheral and central adaptations of one-legged exercise. 13 male subjects were studied and placed in 3 groups. Each group exercised one leg with sprint (S), or endurance (E) training and the other leg oppositely or not at all (NT). Oxygen uptake (Vo2), heart rate and blood lactate were measured for each leg separately and for both legs together during submaximal and maximal bicycle work before and after 4 weeks of training with 4-5 sessions per week. Muscle samples were obtained from the quadriceps muscle and assayed for succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, and stained for myofibrillar ATPase. In addition, eight of the subjects performed after the training two-legged exercise at 70% Vo2 max for one hour. The measurements included muscle glycogen and lactate concentrations of the two legs as well as the blood flow and the a-v difference for O2, glucose and lactate."}
{"id": "PMID:132083", "title": "Identification of the mucopolysaccharides in catecholamine-containing subcellular particel fractions from various rat, cat and ox tissues.", "content": "Subcellular fractions containing adrenergic vesicles were obtained from bovine adrenal medulla and splenic nerve, rat and cat heart, and rat spleen. The fractions were washed free from lipids, digested with papain and the mucopolysaccharides (MPSs) then precipitated  from the supernatant with ethanolic potassium acetate. The mpsswere identified by several different methods--microelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate in various media, cellulose column chromatography using elution solvents of increasing ionic strength, and treatment with specific enzymes followed by electrophoresis or column chromatography. The MPS precipitate from all the sources investigated contained dermatan sulphate or a dermatan sulphate-chondroitin sulphate hybrid. in addition, the precipitate from rat spleen was found to contain chondroitin sulphate. Heparan sulphate was found in the precipitates from rat heart and spleen and hyaluronic acid in that from bovine splenic nerve. The finding of sulphomucopolysaccharides in the adrenergic vesicles, probably in a complex with protein, raises the question of the functional significance of such complexes. They might, by analogy with the ion-exchange function of the heparin-protein complex in mast cell granules, play a role in the storage and release of the amines.", "contents": "Identification of the mucopolysaccharides in catecholamine-containing subcellular particel fractions from various rat, cat and ox tissues. Subcellular fractions containing adrenergic vesicles were obtained from bovine adrenal medulla and splenic nerve, rat and cat heart, and rat spleen. The fractions were washed free from lipids, digested with papain and the mucopolysaccharides (MPSs) then precipitated  from the supernatant with ethanolic potassium acetate. The mpsswere identified by several different methods--microelectrophoresis on cellulose acetate in various media, cellulose column chromatography using elution solvents of increasing ionic strength, and treatment with specific enzymes followed by electrophoresis or column chromatography. The MPS precipitate from all the sources investigated contained dermatan sulphate or a dermatan sulphate-chondroitin sulphate hybrid. in addition, the precipitate from rat spleen was found to contain chondroitin sulphate. Heparan sulphate was found in the precipitates from rat heart and spleen and hyaluronic acid in that from bovine splenic nerve. The finding of sulphomucopolysaccharides in the adrenergic vesicles, probably in a complex with protein, raises the question of the functional significance of such complexes. They might, by analogy with the ion-exchange function of the heparin-protein complex in mast cell granules, play a role in the storage and release of the amines."}
{"id": "PMID:132084", "title": "In vitro studies on target cells of oncogenic adenoviruses in hamster brain. II. In vitro transformation of brain cells of hamsters at various ages by human adenovirus type 12.", "content": "In vitro transformations of brain cells of hamsters of various ages were examined after the administration of human adenovirus type 12 (Ad 12) to determine the type and origin of the target cell. Hamster brain cells at all examined ages were transformed by Ad12. Although the virus was not isolated, virus specific tumor antigen was demonstrated in the transformed cells. The histological features of tumors that developed by transplantation of transformed cells closely resembled Ad12-induced brain tumors. The transformed cell focus tended to appear near the embryonic brain cell (EB cell) or glioblastic cell (GB cell). The transformed cells were morphologically similar to the EB or GB cell. Some subcultured transformed cells showed a rosette-like pattern, and the surrounding space arrangement was similar to that of the ventricular wall. The incidence of brain cell transformations decreased with increased hamster age. This decreased incidence with age corresponded to the decreased numbers of EB or GB cells present in progressively older hamsters. From these results, it is concluded that the target cells of AD12 in hamster brain cell cultures are probably the EB or GB cells.", "contents": "In vitro studies on target cells of oncogenic adenoviruses in hamster brain. II. In vitro transformation of brain cells of hamsters at various ages by human adenovirus type 12. In vitro transformations of brain cells of hamsters of various ages were examined after the administration of human adenovirus type 12 (Ad 12) to determine the type and origin of the target cell. Hamster brain cells at all examined ages were transformed by Ad12. Although the virus was not isolated, virus specific tumor antigen was demonstrated in the transformed cells. The histological features of tumors that developed by transplantation of transformed cells closely resembled Ad12-induced brain tumors. The transformed cell focus tended to appear near the embryonic brain cell (EB cell) or glioblastic cell (GB cell). The transformed cells were morphologically similar to the EB or GB cell. Some subcultured transformed cells showed a rosette-like pattern, and the surrounding space arrangement was similar to that of the ventricular wall. The incidence of brain cell transformations decreased with increased hamster age. This decreased incidence with age corresponded to the decreased numbers of EB or GB cells present in progressively older hamsters. From these results, it is concluded that the target cells of AD12 in hamster brain cell cultures are probably the EB or GB cells."}
{"id": "PMID:132085", "title": "In vitro studies on target cells of oncogenic adenoviruses in hamster brain. III. In vitro transformation of brain cells of hamsters at various ages by bovine adenovirus type 3.", "content": "In vitro transformation of brain cells of hamsters at various ages was examined after the addition of bovine adenovirus type 3 to determine the type and origin of the target cells. Cellular transformations occurred only in cultures of fetus and newborn animals and at low incidences. Nine cell lines were obtained. Virus specific tumor antigens were demonstrated in the transformed cells. The present investigation suggested that bovine adenovirus type 3 might transform mesenchymal cells (ME cell) and that these cells are probably of meningeal or vascular origin. The histological picture of tumors following transplantation of the transformed cells resembled human primary sarcoma of the meninges and brain.", "contents": "In vitro studies on target cells of oncogenic adenoviruses in hamster brain. III. In vitro transformation of brain cells of hamsters at various ages by bovine adenovirus type 3. In vitro transformation of brain cells of hamsters at various ages was examined after the addition of bovine adenovirus type 3 to determine the type and origin of the target cells. Cellular transformations occurred only in cultures of fetus and newborn animals and at low incidences. Nine cell lines were obtained. Virus specific tumor antigens were demonstrated in the transformed cells. The present investigation suggested that bovine adenovirus type 3 might transform mesenchymal cells (ME cell) and that these cells are probably of meningeal or vascular origin. The histological picture of tumors following transplantation of the transformed cells resembled human primary sarcoma of the meninges and brain."}
{"id": "PMID:132081", "title": "Changes in the levels of certain vitamins from B group under conditions of vitamin deficiency.", "content": "In experiments on rabbits the levels of vitamins B1, B2, B6, PP and pantothenic acid were determined to establish the grade and the sequence of their disappearance from the blood and liver in states of exogenous and endogenous vitamin deficiency. The experiments were carried out in which vitamin deficiency was produced by removing vitamins from the diet or by giving the rabbits antibiotics of different activity spectrum when the animals were kept on a diet without vitamins. Determinations of vitamin levels were performed using microbiological methods. It was found that the time after which changes in vitamin levels developed as well as the intensity of changes differ, depending on the experimental model used, but the sequence of vitamin disappearance from the organism is always the same. The first to disappear were vitamins B1, followed by vitamin B6 and pantothenic acid.", "contents": "Changes in the levels of certain vitamins from B group under conditions of vitamin deficiency. In experiments on rabbits the levels of vitamins B1, B2, B6, PP and pantothenic acid were determined to establish the grade and the sequence of their disappearance from the blood and liver in states of exogenous and endogenous vitamin deficiency. The experiments were carried out in which vitamin deficiency was produced by removing vitamins from the diet or by giving the rabbits antibiotics of different activity spectrum when the animals were kept on a diet without vitamins. Determinations of vitamin levels were performed using microbiological methods. It was found that the time after which changes in vitamin levels developed as well as the intensity of changes differ, depending on the experimental model used, but the sequence of vitamin disappearance from the organism is always the same. The first to disappear were vitamins B1, followed by vitamin B6 and pantothenic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:132086", "title": "Inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on prolactin release induced by thyrotropin-releasing hormone in man.", "content": "Glucocorticoid effect on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced prolactin (PRL) release was studied in female patients with collagen or autoimmune diseases. Long-term, high dose glucocorticoid therapy tended to inhibit the response of plasma PRL to TRH. A negative correlation (r=-0.40) was found between the logarithm of total dose of glucocorticoids received and the magnitude of plasma PRL response to TRH (p less than .05).", "contents": "Inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on prolactin release induced by thyrotropin-releasing hormone in man. Glucocorticoid effect on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-induced prolactin (PRL) release was studied in female patients with collagen or autoimmune diseases. Long-term, high dose glucocorticoid therapy tended to inhibit the response of plasma PRL to TRH. A negative correlation (r=-0.40) was found between the logarithm of total dose of glucocorticoids received and the magnitude of plasma PRL response to TRH (p less than .05)."}
{"id": "PMID:132087", "title": "Phosphorylation of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides by isolated rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Formation of 5'-AMP, 5'-GMP, 5'-CMP and 5'UMP was confirmed in isolated rat liver mitochondria incubated with alpha-ketoglutarate, inorganic phosphate, purine nucleoside and pyrimidine nucleoside. Increased incorporation of 32Pi into ATP, GTP and UTP was observed by adding purine- and pyrimidine nucleosides. The phosphorylation of nucleosides was inhibited severely by arsenite and affected slightly by the addition of nuclear or post-mitochondrial fraction.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides by isolated rat liver mitochondria. Formation of 5'-AMP, 5'-GMP, 5'-CMP and 5'UMP was confirmed in isolated rat liver mitochondria incubated with alpha-ketoglutarate, inorganic phosphate, purine nucleoside and pyrimidine nucleoside. Increased incorporation of 32Pi into ATP, GTP and UTP was observed by adding purine- and pyrimidine nucleosides. The phosphorylation of nucleosides was inhibited severely by arsenite and affected slightly by the addition of nuclear or post-mitochondrial fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:132088", "title": "Cutaneous reactions to propranolol (Inderal).", "content": "Six patients wit psoriasiform cutaneous eruptions that developed during long-term therapy with propranolol (Inderal) have been studied. The cutaneous changes closely resembled those seen during treatment with practolol (Eraldin). The duration of treatment before the rash was recognized averaged 10 months, which is about the same latency period as in patients with practolol-induced exanthemas. The exanthemas disappeared gradually within 1-5 weeks after treatment with propranolol had been stopped. In 4 of 5 patients the skin eruptions reappeared within 2-4 days after oral challenge with propranolol. In the fifth patient, who developed a rash after challenge with practolol and severe abdominal colics after challenge with oxprenolol, no further provocation tests with propranolol were attempted. Skin biopsies obtained from 3 patients showed a microscopical picture similar to that seen in practolol exanthemas. The pathogenetic mechanism responsible for these adverse cutaneous reactions is unknown. However, since the possibility exists, that these changes may be caused by blockade of the epidermal beta-receptors, it is recommended that all patients receiving beta-blocking drugs should be examined carefully for similar adverse reactions. Special attention should be drawn to the reversible skin changes, since during treatment with practolol these have often preceded serious complications from other organs.", "contents": "Cutaneous reactions to propranolol (Inderal). Six patients wit psoriasiform cutaneous eruptions that developed during long-term therapy with propranolol (Inderal) have been studied. The cutaneous changes closely resembled those seen during treatment with practolol (Eraldin). The duration of treatment before the rash was recognized averaged 10 months, which is about the same latency period as in patients with practolol-induced exanthemas. The exanthemas disappeared gradually within 1-5 weeks after treatment with propranolol had been stopped. In 4 of 5 patients the skin eruptions reappeared within 2-4 days after oral challenge with propranolol. In the fifth patient, who developed a rash after challenge with practolol and severe abdominal colics after challenge with oxprenolol, no further provocation tests with propranolol were attempted. Skin biopsies obtained from 3 patients showed a microscopical picture similar to that seen in practolol exanthemas. The pathogenetic mechanism responsible for these adverse cutaneous reactions is unknown. However, since the possibility exists, that these changes may be caused by blockade of the epidermal beta-receptors, it is recommended that all patients receiving beta-blocking drugs should be examined carefully for similar adverse reactions. Special attention should be drawn to the reversible skin changes, since during treatment with practolol these have often preceded serious complications from other organs."}
{"id": "PMID:132089", "title": "Chronic myocardial disease. I. Clinical picture related to long-term prognosis.", "content": "The prognosis in chronic myocardial disease is not well defined, partly because of a wide spectrum of clinical courses, and partly because of relatively short observation periods. This paper describes 106 patients followed for 2-12 years. Development or worsening of symptoms after intercurrent infections was associated with a more severe outlook than an insidious debut. The ability to develop myocardial hypertrophy appeared to be an important factor in deciding the prognosis. Pump failure was the cause of death in 80% of the patients, while 16% died suddenly. A favourable course was often noted in patients with ECG signs of left ventricular hypertrophy. This was also the case in patients who developed systemic hypertension. The presence of low voltage, especially in combination with left atrial enlargement, was associated with a malignant development.", "contents": "Chronic myocardial disease. I. Clinical picture related to long-term prognosis. The prognosis in chronic myocardial disease is not well defined, partly because of a wide spectrum of clinical courses, and partly because of relatively short observation periods. This paper describes 106 patients followed for 2-12 years. Development or worsening of symptoms after intercurrent infections was associated with a more severe outlook than an insidious debut. The ability to develop myocardial hypertrophy appeared to be an important factor in deciding the prognosis. Pump failure was the cause of death in 80% of the patients, while 16% died suddenly. A favourable course was often noted in patients with ECG signs of left ventricular hypertrophy. This was also the case in patients who developed systemic hypertension. The presence of low voltage, especially in combination with left atrial enlargement, was associated with a malignant development."}
{"id": "PMID:132090", "title": "Chronic myocardial disease. II. Haemodynamic findings related to long-term prognosis.", "content": "Haemodynamic findings in 106 patients with chronic myocardial disease have been related to the course of the disease during a follow-up period of 2-12 years. A high filling pressure, especially when combined with low cardiac output, suggested a severe development. The worst outlook was noted in patients who in addition had raised pulmonary arteriolar resistance. On the other hand, a low filling pressure even if cardiac output was reduced, was generally associated with a more benign course. An increase in left ventricular wall thickness as determined angiographically suggested a better outlook than normal wall thickness.", "contents": "Chronic myocardial disease. II. Haemodynamic findings related to long-term prognosis. Haemodynamic findings in 106 patients with chronic myocardial disease have been related to the course of the disease during a follow-up period of 2-12 years. A high filling pressure, especially when combined with low cardiac output, suggested a severe development. The worst outlook was noted in patients who in addition had raised pulmonary arteriolar resistance. On the other hand, a low filling pressure even if cardiac output was reduced, was generally associated with a more benign course. An increase in left ventricular wall thickness as determined angiographically suggested a better outlook than normal wall thickness."}
{"id": "PMID:132112", "title": "Vectorcardiographic, electrocardiographic, and angiographic correlations in apparently isolated inferior wall myocardial infarction.", "content": "Twenty-six patients with ECG evidence of localized inferior myocardial infarction and poor ejection fraction (less than 50 per cent) were compared with 26 patients with similar ECG's, but with normal ejection fraction (over 50 per cent). The poor ejection fraction group had significantly more frequent and more severe disease in left anterior descending artery and a higher incidence of triple coronary obstruction than the normal ejection fraction group. The poor ejection fraction group had a significantly greater incidence of ventricular asynergy in the anterior and apical segments of left ventricle. Vectorcardiography was available in 35 of the 52 patients studied and frequently supplied diagnostic information not available in the scalar ECG's. Of 18 patients with scalar ECG patterns of isols, vectorcardiography identified five cases with anterior infarction, three with left ventricular hypertrophy, and one with left anterior hemiblock. Vectorcardiography is a valuable supplementary tool in the clinical assessment of patients with apparently isolated inferior infarction. When extensive coronary and poor ventricular function exist, VCG clues may be expected in about half the patients.", "contents": "Vectorcardiographic, electrocardiographic, and angiographic correlations in apparently isolated inferior wall myocardial infarction. Twenty-six patients with ECG evidence of localized inferior myocardial infarction and poor ejection fraction (less than 50 per cent) were compared with 26 patients with similar ECG's, but with normal ejection fraction (over 50 per cent). The poor ejection fraction group had significantly more frequent and more severe disease in left anterior descending artery and a higher incidence of triple coronary obstruction than the normal ejection fraction group. The poor ejection fraction group had a significantly greater incidence of ventricular asynergy in the anterior and apical segments of left ventricle. Vectorcardiography was available in 35 of the 52 patients studied and frequently supplied diagnostic information not available in the scalar ECG's. Of 18 patients with scalar ECG patterns of isols, vectorcardiography identified five cases with anterior infarction, three with left ventricular hypertrophy, and one with left anterior hemiblock. Vectorcardiography is a valuable supplementary tool in the clinical assessment of patients with apparently isolated inferior infarction. When extensive coronary and poor ventricular function exist, VCG clues may be expected in about half the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:132113", "title": "Changes in heart dipole moment after surgical correction of atrial septal defect.", "content": "Spatial dipole moment of the heart (M) was measured in patients before and 1 to 2 weeks after repair of atrial septal defect. In normals three peaks of M were found, corresponding to excitation of the septum (M1), ventricular walls (M2), and basal portion of ventricles (M3). Most of the patients also had an M2a peak at 52 to 56 per cent of QRS duration. The patients with secundum defects were divided into two groups, A and B, depending on whether right ventricular pressure was less than or greater than 30 mm. Hg. M1 was smaller for the Group B patients than for the normals for Group A and decreased slightly after surgery. M2 was about half normal for Group A and one third normal for Group B. After surgery M2 increased for both Groups but was still below normal. There were small mean clockwise rotations of the M2 vector in the horizontal plane PO. The M2a vector pointed to the right anterior or posterior and generally downward. In three Group A patients the M2a peak disappeared PO but in two others it increased in magnitude with a counterclockwise rotation in the horizontal plane. In the Group B patients, M2a increased in all cases. The M3 vectors generally increased slightly in magnitude postoperatively. M3 pointed posteriorly in the normals but to the right in the patients, with little change in direction after surgery. Both P and T curves dropped in magnitude after surgery. The changes observed may be due in part to restoration of right ventricular blood volume towards normal after surgery. The remaining VCG abnormalities should be due to right ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "Changes in heart dipole moment after surgical correction of atrial septal defect. Spatial dipole moment of the heart (M) was measured in patients before and 1 to 2 weeks after repair of atrial septal defect. In normals three peaks of M were found, corresponding to excitation of the septum (M1), ventricular walls (M2), and basal portion of ventricles (M3). Most of the patients also had an M2a peak at 52 to 56 per cent of QRS duration. The patients with secundum defects were divided into two groups, A and B, depending on whether right ventricular pressure was less than or greater than 30 mm. Hg. M1 was smaller for the Group B patients than for the normals for Group A and decreased slightly after surgery. M2 was about half normal for Group A and one third normal for Group B. After surgery M2 increased for both Groups but was still below normal. There were small mean clockwise rotations of the M2 vector in the horizontal plane PO. The M2a vector pointed to the right anterior or posterior and generally downward. In three Group A patients the M2a peak disappeared PO but in two others it increased in magnitude with a counterclockwise rotation in the horizontal plane. In the Group B patients, M2a increased in all cases. The M3 vectors generally increased slightly in magnitude postoperatively. M3 pointed posteriorly in the normals but to the right in the patients, with little change in direction after surgery. Both P and T curves dropped in magnitude after surgery. The changes observed may be due in part to restoration of right ventricular blood volume towards normal after surgery. The remaining VCG abnormalities should be due to right ventricular hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:132114", "title": "Cardiomyopathy associated with amphetamine administration.", "content": "A 45-year-old woman with congestive heart failure, in whom there was no evidence of coronary heart disease, valve disease, or other demonstrable cause of heart failure, was found to have taken high doses of dextroamphetamine over a long period. Withdrawal of amphetamine resulted in deterioration, suggesting a physical cardiac dependence on the drug. The clinical and autopsy findings are presented and the similarities to the myocarditis associated with pheochromocytoma are discussed. The evidence presented suggests a causal relationship between administration of dextroamphetamine and the cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Cardiomyopathy associated with amphetamine administration. A 45-year-old woman with congestive heart failure, in whom there was no evidence of coronary heart disease, valve disease, or other demonstrable cause of heart failure, was found to have taken high doses of dextroamphetamine over a long period. Withdrawal of amphetamine resulted in deterioration, suggesting a physical cardiac dependence on the drug. The clinical and autopsy findings are presented and the similarities to the myocarditis associated with pheochromocytoma are discussed. The evidence presented suggests a causal relationship between administration of dextroamphetamine and the cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:132116", "title": "Echocardiographic evidence of outflow tract obstruction in Pompe's disease (glycogen storage disease of the heart).", "content": "A 7 month old black female infant with the clinical findings of Pompe's disease is presented. The diagnosis of an infiltrative myocardiopathy with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction presenting with a pronounced systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral valve leaflet was made by echocardiography. This diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Pathologic findings were consistent with Pompe's disease (type II glycogen storage disease). The presence of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in this patient suggests that this finding is not pathognomonic of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evidence of outflow tract obstruction in Pompe's disease (glycogen storage disease of the heart). A 7 month old black female infant with the clinical findings of Pompe's disease is presented. The diagnosis of an infiltrative myocardiopathy with left ventricular outflow tract obstruction presenting with a pronounced systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral valve leaflet was made by echocardiography. This diagnosis was confirmed by cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography. Pathologic findings were consistent with Pompe's disease (type II glycogen storage disease). The presence of systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in this patient suggests that this finding is not pathognomonic of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:132118", "title": "Mental retardation in a national population of young men in the Netherlands. I. Prevalence of severe mental retardation.", "content": "The prevalence of severe mental retardation, derived from military records, is analyzed in terms of time trend, region, religious affiliation and urbanization of birth place. The data are singular in that they are national and virtually complete for a total population of young men, 19-year-old survivors of male births in the Netherlands over the years 1944 through 1947, and they include variables not previously studied. Previous local studies are shown to agree well with the national prevalence of 3.7 per 1,000. Prevalence rose through the four birth years for all forms of severe mental retardation, but most markedly for Down's syndrome. In this condition agency surveys usually yeild equivalent rates to population surveys, and are an economical means of monitoring prevalence. Differences in rates are quite likely to indicate substantive differences. The remarkable similarities in rates from past surveys may reflect a high proportion of chromosomal and genetic abnormalities. The divergence between urban and rural rates over time demonstrated in this paper for four annual cohorts is attributed by inference to disparate increases in survival in different ecologic settings.", "contents": "Mental retardation in a national population of young men in the Netherlands. I. Prevalence of severe mental retardation. The prevalence of severe mental retardation, derived from military records, is analyzed in terms of time trend, region, religious affiliation and urbanization of birth place. The data are singular in that they are national and virtually complete for a total population of young men, 19-year-old survivors of male births in the Netherlands over the years 1944 through 1947, and they include variables not previously studied. Previous local studies are shown to agree well with the national prevalence of 3.7 per 1,000. Prevalence rose through the four birth years for all forms of severe mental retardation, but most markedly for Down's syndrome. In this condition agency surveys usually yeild equivalent rates to population surveys, and are an economical means of monitoring prevalence. Differences in rates are quite likely to indicate substantive differences. The remarkable similarities in rates from past surveys may reflect a high proportion of chromosomal and genetic abnormalities. The divergence between urban and rural rates over time demonstrated in this paper for four annual cohorts is attributed by inference to disparate increases in survival in different ecologic settings."}
{"id": "PMID:132120", "title": "Laparoscopy in the obese patient.", "content": "A series of 49 patients weighing over 200 pounds is described, and a technique essential to successful care of obese patients is given. The ability to determine the intra-abdominal location of the Verres needle in order to create a physoperitoneum is the most important consideration.", "contents": "Laparoscopy in the obese patient. A series of 49 patients weighing over 200 pounds is described, and a technique essential to successful care of obese patients is given. The ability to determine the intra-abdominal location of the Verres needle in order to create a physoperitoneum is the most important consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:132121", "title": "Depressed mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity in mothers with recurrent spontaneous abortion.", "content": "One-way mixed wife-husband lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction as well as human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) typing were performed on 29 couples, most of whom were infertile because of recurrent spontaneous abortion, and compared with 35 fertile couples with no abortion history. The 29 couples had been selected from 280 couples with a karyotyped spontaneous abortion. A significantly depressed MLD response (P=0.04) was observed in mothers of karyotypically normal abortuses when stimulated by the fathers but not when they were stimulated by males from the fertile couples. No significant difference in the frequency of HLA-A-and HLA-B-incompatible matings, respectively, was found between the abortion and the fertile couples. It is concluded that depressed maternal cellular response to paternal stimulation can be explained as a consequence of recurrent spontaneous abortion and that it is uncertain whether this depressed response plays a role in the etiology of recurrent abortion.", "contents": "Depressed mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity in mothers with recurrent spontaneous abortion. One-way mixed wife-husband lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction as well as human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) typing were performed on 29 couples, most of whom were infertile because of recurrent spontaneous abortion, and compared with 35 fertile couples with no abortion history. The 29 couples had been selected from 280 couples with a karyotyped spontaneous abortion. A significantly depressed MLD response (P=0.04) was observed in mothers of karyotypically normal abortuses when stimulated by the fathers but not when they were stimulated by males from the fertile couples. No significant difference in the frequency of HLA-A-and HLA-B-incompatible matings, respectively, was found between the abortion and the fertile couples. It is concluded that depressed maternal cellular response to paternal stimulation can be explained as a consequence of recurrent spontaneous abortion and that it is uncertain whether this depressed response plays a role in the etiology of recurrent abortion."}
{"id": "PMID:132122", "title": "Relation between Na-K-ATPase activity and respiratory rate in the rat kidney.", "content": "The relation between Na-k-ATPase activity in homogenates of rat kidney and oxygen consumption in kidney slices was studied by employing different physiological maneuvers known to change the activity of renal Na-K-ATPase. Treatment of euthyroid rats with 3,5,3'-triiodo-1-thyronine increased Na-K-ATPase activity, sodium-dependent oxygen consumption (QO2[t]), and para-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation by kidney slices without changing glomerular filtration rate or net sodium reabsorption by the intact kidney. Treatment with methylprednisolone also increased Na-K-ATPase, QO2[t], and PAH transport. Chronic potassium loading, on the other hand, increased renal Na-K-ATPase to the same degree as the first two procedures, but QO2[t] and PAH accumulation were unchanged. Partial nephrectomy induced an increase in the activity of Na-K-ATPase in homogenates of the remaining kidney fragment, but QO2[t] did not change significantly and PAH uptake was unaltered. An increase in the activity of Na-K-ATPase in kidney homogenates is therefore not necessarily associated with a parallel change in oxygen consumption by the intact cell.", "contents": "Relation between Na-K-ATPase activity and respiratory rate in the rat kidney. The relation between Na-k-ATPase activity in homogenates of rat kidney and oxygen consumption in kidney slices was studied by employing different physiological maneuvers known to change the activity of renal Na-K-ATPase. Treatment of euthyroid rats with 3,5,3'-triiodo-1-thyronine increased Na-K-ATPase activity, sodium-dependent oxygen consumption (QO2[t]), and para-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation by kidney slices without changing glomerular filtration rate or net sodium reabsorption by the intact kidney. Treatment with methylprednisolone also increased Na-K-ATPase, QO2[t], and PAH transport. Chronic potassium loading, on the other hand, increased renal Na-K-ATPase to the same degree as the first two procedures, but QO2[t] and PAH accumulation were unchanged. Partial nephrectomy induced an increase in the activity of Na-K-ATPase in homogenates of the remaining kidney fragment, but QO2[t] did not change significantly and PAH uptake was unaltered. An increase in the activity of Na-K-ATPase in kidney homogenates is therefore not necessarily associated with a parallel change in oxygen consumption by the intact cell."}
{"id": "PMID:132123", "title": "Frey's syndrome.", "content": "Frey's syndrome occurs after parotid gland surgery or injury to the parotid gland and is characterized by gustatory sweating and erythema of the face upon mastication. The syndrome occurs in 50 to 60 per cent of all patients undergoing parotid surgery but the symptoms are only distressing to about 10 per cent of patients undergoing parotidectomy. A case of Frey's syndrome is reported  The patient obtained good relief of symptoms with scopolamine cream and atropine cream. Other methods of therapy are discussed along with their limitations. Noninvasive therapy with topical anticholinergic creams is effective and seems appropriate in the control of gustatory sweating.", "contents": "Frey's syndrome. Frey's syndrome occurs after parotid gland surgery or injury to the parotid gland and is characterized by gustatory sweating and erythema of the face upon mastication. The syndrome occurs in 50 to 60 per cent of all patients undergoing parotid surgery but the symptoms are only distressing to about 10 per cent of patients undergoing parotidectomy. A case of Frey's syndrome is reported  The patient obtained good relief of symptoms with scopolamine cream and atropine cream. Other methods of therapy are discussed along with their limitations. Noninvasive therapy with topical anticholinergic creams is effective and seems appropriate in the control of gustatory sweating."}
{"id": "PMID:132128", "title": "Unrecognized myocardial infarction: five-year incidence, mortality, and risk factors.", "content": "In the course of 5 years, 9509 healthy adult subjects had an average annual incidence of 3.6 unrecognized infarcts per 1000 persons and 5.3 clinical ones per 1000 persons. A multivariate analysis showed that the most significant risk factors were age, left axis deviation, left ventricular hypertrophy, cigarette smoking, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, and peripheral vascular disease. Some of the known risk factors of clinical infarct, or angina pectoris or both, such as cholesterol, diabetes, anxiety, and psychosocial problems, do not play a significant role in unrecognized infarcts. Subjects whose electrocardiograms were initially interpreted by cardiologists as noninfarcts but by the computer as infarcts developed a high rate of unrecognized infarcts in the subsequent 5 years. A 7-year mortality follow-up showed a markedly higher rate among the unrecognized infarct group as compared with the noninfarct population, but significantly lower than those who developed a clinical infarct.", "contents": "Unrecognized myocardial infarction: five-year incidence, mortality, and risk factors. In the course of 5 years, 9509 healthy adult subjects had an average annual incidence of 3.6 unrecognized infarcts per 1000 persons and 5.3 clinical ones per 1000 persons. A multivariate analysis showed that the most significant risk factors were age, left axis deviation, left ventricular hypertrophy, cigarette smoking, systolic or diastolic blood pressure, and peripheral vascular disease. Some of the known risk factors of clinical infarct, or angina pectoris or both, such as cholesterol, diabetes, anxiety, and psychosocial problems, do not play a significant role in unrecognized infarcts. Subjects whose electrocardiograms were initially interpreted by cardiologists as noninfarcts but by the computer as infarcts developed a high rate of unrecognized infarcts in the subsequent 5 years. A 7-year mortality follow-up showed a markedly higher rate among the unrecognized infarct group as compared with the noninfarct population, but significantly lower than those who developed a clinical infarct."}
{"id": "PMID:132129", "title": "[Vohwinkel's syndrome (study of 4 cases)].", "content": "Four cases of keratoma hereditaria mutilans (Vohwinkel syndrome) are reported in two families, whereas clinic, metabolic, radiologic, histologic and cytogenetic aspects, the association with other processes, and therapeutic possibilities.", "contents": "[Vohwinkel's syndrome (study of 4 cases)]. Four cases of keratoma hereditaria mutilans (Vohwinkel syndrome) are reported in two families, whereas clinic, metabolic, radiologic, histologic and cytogenetic aspects, the association with other processes, and therapeutic possibilities."}
{"id": "PMID:132130", "title": "[Partial trisomy 21 (21q21 - 21q22.2)].", "content": "An abnormal chromosome 21 is reported in a child with a phenotype strongly reminiscent of trisomy 21 syndrome. It is shown to result from duplication of the segment 21q21 leads to 21q22.2. Comparison of the phenotype with that of other partial and total trisomics shows that the characteristic features of the trisomy 21 syndrome (mongolism), the mental retardation in particular - is due to trisomy 21q22.2 and perhaps 21q22.2.", "contents": "[Partial trisomy 21 (21q21 - 21q22.2)]. An abnormal chromosome 21 is reported in a child with a phenotype strongly reminiscent of trisomy 21 syndrome. It is shown to result from duplication of the segment 21q21 leads to 21q22.2. Comparison of the phenotype with that of other partial and total trisomics shows that the characteristic features of the trisomy 21 syndrome (mongolism), the mental retardation in particular - is due to trisomy 21q22.2 and perhaps 21q22.2."}
{"id": "PMID:132131", "title": "DNA repair and frequency of x-ray and u.v.-light induced chromosome aberrations in leukocytes from patients with Down's syndrome.", "content": "DNA-repair and the frequency of chromosome aberration after u.v. and X-ray irradiation was studied on leukocytes from patients with Down's syndrome. The u.v.-induced DNA-repair synthesis was followed by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in the presence of hydroxyurea. Similar dose-response curves were established for Down's syndrome leukocytes and controls. The cells from patients with Down's syndrome incorporated 70-75% of the activity of control cells at the various doses (32-196 erg/mm.2). This difference was significant for the two highest u.v.-doses (P less than 0-01). The yield of dicentric chromosomes after X-ray exposure (150 rad.) was 35% higher in Down's syndrome leukocytes than in the control cells (P less than 0-001). Combined u.v. and X-ray irradiation caused a twofold increase in the frequency of dicentric chromosomes in control cells, while the increase was only 27% in Down's syndrome leukocytes. This synergistic effect of u.v. and X-ray irradiation on the yield of dicentric chromosomes suggests that healing of X-ray and u.v.-induced DNA lesions may partly utilize the same repair enzymes. The results also indicate that DNA repair mechanisms are impaired in leukocytes from patients with Down's syndrome, which may contribute to the increased incidence of leukemia and the susceptibility to X-ray irradiation in this disorder.", "contents": "DNA repair and frequency of x-ray and u.v.-light induced chromosome aberrations in leukocytes from patients with Down's syndrome. DNA-repair and the frequency of chromosome aberration after u.v. and X-ray irradiation was studied on leukocytes from patients with Down's syndrome. The u.v.-induced DNA-repair synthesis was followed by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine in the presence of hydroxyurea. Similar dose-response curves were established for Down's syndrome leukocytes and controls. The cells from patients with Down's syndrome incorporated 70-75% of the activity of control cells at the various doses (32-196 erg/mm.2). This difference was significant for the two highest u.v.-doses (P less than 0-01). The yield of dicentric chromosomes after X-ray exposure (150 rad.) was 35% higher in Down's syndrome leukocytes than in the control cells (P less than 0-001). Combined u.v. and X-ray irradiation caused a twofold increase in the frequency of dicentric chromosomes in control cells, while the increase was only 27% in Down's syndrome leukocytes. This synergistic effect of u.v. and X-ray irradiation on the yield of dicentric chromosomes suggests that healing of X-ray and u.v.-induced DNA lesions may partly utilize the same repair enzymes. The results also indicate that DNA repair mechanisms are impaired in leukocytes from patients with Down's syndrome, which may contribute to the increased incidence of leukemia and the susceptibility to X-ray irradiation in this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:132132", "title": "Ages of death of children with Huntington's chorea and of their affected parents.", "content": "Bird et al. (1974) noted an interesting 'anticipation' phenomenon in Huntington's Chorea occurring in patients who inherited the gene from their father. More extensive samples from 165 pedigrees in the Low Countries permitted us to show that most of this apparent 'anticipation' is an artifact due to sampling biases related to the year of birth categories of the affected parents. When these biases were excluded no differences exist between the ages of death of affected mothers and their affected children, but a small difference of approximately two years remains between affected fathers and their affected children. This is explainable by the observation that juvenile cases of Huntington's Chorea usually have inherited the abnormality from their father.", "contents": "Ages of death of children with Huntington's chorea and of their affected parents. Bird et al. (1974) noted an interesting 'anticipation' phenomenon in Huntington's Chorea occurring in patients who inherited the gene from their father. More extensive samples from 165 pedigrees in the Low Countries permitted us to show that most of this apparent 'anticipation' is an artifact due to sampling biases related to the year of birth categories of the affected parents. When these biases were excluded no differences exist between the ages of death of affected mothers and their affected children, but a small difference of approximately two years remains between affected fathers and their affected children. This is explainable by the observation that juvenile cases of Huntington's Chorea usually have inherited the abnormality from their father."}
{"id": "PMID:132133", "title": "The social effect of Huntington's chorea on reproductive effectiveness.", "content": "An attempt has been made to account for the observed departures from a model of a simple single-locus inheritance in Huntington's Chorea. It is postulated that an indirect effect of the abnormal allele lies in its social effects on individuals in the family group whether they bear the allele or not. This acts by influencing their mate-finding and reproductive behaviour so as to produce the observed statistical anomalies.", "contents": "The social effect of Huntington's chorea on reproductive effectiveness. An attempt has been made to account for the observed departures from a model of a simple single-locus inheritance in Huntington's Chorea. It is postulated that an indirect effect of the abnormal allele lies in its social effects on individuals in the family group whether they bear the allele or not. This acts by influencing their mate-finding and reproductive behaviour so as to produce the observed statistical anomalies."}
{"id": "PMID:132135", "title": "[Comparative study of the antibiotic sensitivity of Proteus hauseri bacteria belonging to different serological groups].", "content": "Sensitivity to 9 antibiotics of 1040 strains of Proteus belonging to the serological groups 03, 05, 06, 07, 010, 011, 013, 023, 024, 026, 027, 028 and 030 was studied. It was found that the above strains were sensitive and highly sensitive to the aminoglycosides and streptomycin, slightly sensitive to levomycetin and resistant to tetracyclines, erythromycin and penicillin. All the strains were polyresistant and 99.6 per cent of them were resistant to 4--9 antibiotics. Ten types of resistance were found. Proteus strains with the resistance type PETOtCht were most common. No relation between the occurrence of the strains of various serological groups and the character and level of their resistance to the antibiotics was found.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the antibiotic sensitivity of Proteus hauseri bacteria belonging to different serological groups]. Sensitivity to 9 antibiotics of 1040 strains of Proteus belonging to the serological groups 03, 05, 06, 07, 010, 011, 013, 023, 024, 026, 027, 028 and 030 was studied. It was found that the above strains were sensitive and highly sensitive to the aminoglycosides and streptomycin, slightly sensitive to levomycetin and resistant to tetracyclines, erythromycin and penicillin. All the strains were polyresistant and 99.6 per cent of them were resistant to 4--9 antibiotics. Ten types of resistance were found. Proteus strains with the resistance type PETOtCht were most common. No relation between the occurrence of the strains of various serological groups and the character and level of their resistance to the antibiotics was found."}
{"id": "PMID:132136", "title": "[Comparison of the sensitivity of pathogenic staphylococci isolated in 1974 to certain antibiotics and nitrofuran derivatives].", "content": "Sensitivity of 267 strains of pathogenic staphylococci isolated in 1974 was studied with respect to some antibiotics and nitrofuran derivatives by the method of serial dilutions on solid media. Sensitivity to penicillin, oxacillin, olemorphocycline, ristomycin and nitrofuran derivatives (furagin and salafur) was observed in 30.7 +/- 2.8, 61.8 +/-3, 29.2 +/-2.8 and 98.9 +/- 0.8 per cent of the cultures respectively.", "contents": "[Comparison of the sensitivity of pathogenic staphylococci isolated in 1974 to certain antibiotics and nitrofuran derivatives]. Sensitivity of 267 strains of pathogenic staphylococci isolated in 1974 was studied with respect to some antibiotics and nitrofuran derivatives by the method of serial dilutions on solid media. Sensitivity to penicillin, oxacillin, olemorphocycline, ristomycin and nitrofuran derivatives (furagin and salafur) was observed in 30.7 +/- 2.8, 61.8 +/-3, 29.2 +/-2.8 and 98.9 +/- 0.8 per cent of the cultures respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:132137", "title": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of the Salmonella isolated from children in Krasnodar].", "content": "The results of the comparative study of antibiotic sensitivity of 138 Salmonella strains isolated from children patients in Krasnodar are presented. The isolates belonged to 9 serological types and were classified into 4 serogroups. Salmonella fo group B prevailed. The highest sensitivity was found with respect to neomycin. Strains sensitive to levomycetin and streptomycin were rare. Single strains were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. A tendency to polyresistance in ever increasing numbers of the strains was noted, which should be taken into consideration in treatment of salmonellesis in children with antibacterial drugs.", "contents": "[Antibiotic sensitivity of the Salmonella isolated from children in Krasnodar]. The results of the comparative study of antibiotic sensitivity of 138 Salmonella strains isolated from children patients in Krasnodar are presented. The isolates belonged to 9 serological types and were classified into 4 serogroups. Salmonella fo group B prevailed. The highest sensitivity was found with respect to neomycin. Strains sensitive to levomycetin and streptomycin were rare. Single strains were sensitive to all antibiotics tested. A tendency to polyresistance in ever increasing numbers of the strains was noted, which should be taken into consideration in treatment of salmonellesis in children with antibacterial drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:132138", "title": "[Parameters of the toxic action of antibiotic derivatives of aureolic acid in acute and subchronic experiments].", "content": "The parameters of the lethal effect of aureolic acid derivatives, such as mithramycin, variamycin and olivomycin were studied on mice, rats and rabbits. As for the most of the administration routes the first two drugs were characterized by irregular distribution of resistance to thier lethal effect, which was mathematically expressed by polymodality of the dose-response curve. The above drugs were characterized by cumulative properties. The toxicity parameters depended on the animal species and administration route.", "contents": "[Parameters of the toxic action of antibiotic derivatives of aureolic acid in acute and subchronic experiments]. The parameters of the lethal effect of aureolic acid derivatives, such as mithramycin, variamycin and olivomycin were studied on mice, rats and rabbits. As for the most of the administration routes the first two drugs were characterized by irregular distribution of resistance to thier lethal effect, which was mathematically expressed by polymodality of the dose-response curve. The above drugs were characterized by cumulative properties. The toxicity parameters depended on the animal species and administration route."}
{"id": "PMID:132134", "title": "Heterogeneity of mouse B lymphocytes: studies using in vitro response to lipopolysaccharide.", "content": "When murine lymphoid cells from spleen and lymph nodes were cultured with LPS, all the transformed blasts observed were B cells bearing surface IgM which could be classified into two types depending upon whether they contained intracellular IgM (i mu +) or not (i mu -). At the ultrastructural level, the two categories of blasts appeared to correspond to cells having a well-developed ER or primarily free ribosomes. A striking observation was that the proportion of i mu + blasts among transformed cells was 5-10 times lower in cultures of lymph node than in cultures of spleen cells. The same observations were made on LPS cultures of \"purified\" B lymphocytes. Prolongation of the culture period did not modify these results. This indicated that the differences in the response to LPS reflected the existence of at least two pre-existing subpopulations of B cells unequally distributed in peripheral lymphoid organs. Analysis of the surface antigens and receptors (MBLA, surface Ig classes, Fc and C receptors) of the B cells from spleen and lymph nodes did show some differences between these two lymphoid organs. Among the transformed cells, Fc receptors were present mainly on i mu - cells and C receptors on i mu + cells; however, no strict correlation could be made between the i mu + or i mu - nature of these cells and their surface characteristics. The possibility that precursors of i mu + and i mu - blasts might represent virgin and memory B cells or B cell populations differing in their requirement for helper factors released by stimulated T cells was explored by using cultures of spleen and lymph node cells (1) obtained from germ-free mice, which are expected to have few memory cells, or (2) performed in the presence of the supernatant of mixed lymphocyte cultures, in conditions where these supernatants are known to contain factors released by activated T cells. Neither condition modified the degree of transformation or Ig content of blasts.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of mouse B lymphocytes: studies using in vitro response to lipopolysaccharide. When murine lymphoid cells from spleen and lymph nodes were cultured with LPS, all the transformed blasts observed were B cells bearing surface IgM which could be classified into two types depending upon whether they contained intracellular IgM (i mu +) or not (i mu -). At the ultrastructural level, the two categories of blasts appeared to correspond to cells having a well-developed ER or primarily free ribosomes. A striking observation was that the proportion of i mu + blasts among transformed cells was 5-10 times lower in cultures of lymph node than in cultures of spleen cells. The same observations were made on LPS cultures of \"purified\" B lymphocytes. Prolongation of the culture period did not modify these results. This indicated that the differences in the response to LPS reflected the existence of at least two pre-existing subpopulations of B cells unequally distributed in peripheral lymphoid organs. Analysis of the surface antigens and receptors (MBLA, surface Ig classes, Fc and C receptors) of the B cells from spleen and lymph nodes did show some differences between these two lymphoid organs. Among the transformed cells, Fc receptors were present mainly on i mu - cells and C receptors on i mu + cells; however, no strict correlation could be made between the i mu + or i mu - nature of these cells and their surface characteristics. The possibility that precursors of i mu + and i mu - blasts might represent virgin and memory B cells or B cell populations differing in their requirement for helper factors released by stimulated T cells was explored by using cultures of spleen and lymph node cells (1) obtained from germ-free mice, which are expected to have few memory cells, or (2) performed in the presence of the supernatant of mixed lymphocyte cultures, in conditions where these supernatants are known to contain factors released by activated T cells. Neither condition modified the degree of transformation or Ig content of blasts."}
{"id": "PMID:132139", "title": "Porphyria-like cutaneous changes induced by tetracycline hydrochloride photosensitization.", "content": "Five patients manifested cutaneous changes indistinguishable from those noted in some porphyric disorders, consisting of fragility, denudation, and blister formation of sun-exposed skin. Microscopical examination showed subepidermal bulla formation and the desposition of PAS-positive, diastase-resistant material and IgG in or around the upper dermal blood vessel walls. There was also electron microscopical evidence of vascular basal lamina reduplication and the deposition of a fine fibrillar material in and around these vessels. However, no abnormal porphyrin formation was noted. All five patients had been receiving 250 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride twice a day for at least six months and had had extensive sun exposure prior to the onset of the condition. For four patients, discontinuing the medication led to complete remission, despite subsequent sun exposure; the fifth patient was much improved, but her skin was still somewhat fragile seven months later. We concluded that these cutaneous changes resulted from a low-grade photosensitization by tetracycline hydrochloride.", "contents": "Porphyria-like cutaneous changes induced by tetracycline hydrochloride photosensitization. Five patients manifested cutaneous changes indistinguishable from those noted in some porphyric disorders, consisting of fragility, denudation, and blister formation of sun-exposed skin. Microscopical examination showed subepidermal bulla formation and the desposition of PAS-positive, diastase-resistant material and IgG in or around the upper dermal blood vessel walls. There was also electron microscopical evidence of vascular basal lamina reduplication and the deposition of a fine fibrillar material in and around these vessels. However, no abnormal porphyrin formation was noted. All five patients had been receiving 250 mg of tetracycline hydrochloride twice a day for at least six months and had had extensive sun exposure prior to the onset of the condition. For four patients, discontinuing the medication led to complete remission, despite subsequent sun exposure; the fifth patient was much improved, but her skin was still somewhat fragile seven months later. We concluded that these cutaneous changes resulted from a low-grade photosensitization by tetracycline hydrochloride."}
{"id": "PMID:132142", "title": "Topical vitamin A acid in the treatment of acne vulgaris (a controlled multicenter trial).", "content": "A controlled non-blind multicenter trial was conducted in 211 acne patients to test the activity of topical retinoic acid against sulfur-resorcinol--salicylic acid and placebo. Uniform evaluation criteria were used. After 8 weeks' treatment in comparable groups of patients, retinoic acid proved to be superior to the standard and to the placebo. The difference was statistically significant. Side effects were present in a number of patients treated with the active substances and with the placebo (mainly erythema), but rarely was the treatment discontinued.", "contents": "Topical vitamin A acid in the treatment of acne vulgaris (a controlled multicenter trial). A controlled non-blind multicenter trial was conducted in 211 acne patients to test the activity of topical retinoic acid against sulfur-resorcinol--salicylic acid and placebo. Uniform evaluation criteria were used. After 8 weeks' treatment in comparable groups of patients, retinoic acid proved to be superior to the standard and to the placebo. The difference was statistically significant. Side effects were present in a number of patients treated with the active substances and with the placebo (mainly erythema), but rarely was the treatment discontinued."}
{"id": "PMID:132143", "title": "Synthesis of glycosaminoglycan in adult human articular cartilage in organ culture from patients with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Hyaline cartilage was obtained from patients undergoing synovectomy of the knee joint for rheumatoid arthritis. Eroded cartilage from beneath the invading pannus and relatively normal cartilage from the same joint were maintained in organ culture for three days. During the first 48 hours in culture the explants were exposed to 35SO4 in the medium. The equivalent layers of normal and eroded cartilage were analysed for DNA uronic acid and 35SO4 incorporation. There was a decrease in the DNA and uronic acid of the eroded cartilage, although only the latter reached statistical significance. The uptake of radioactive sulphate was significantly greater in explants taken from the eroded site than from normal areas. This increase in metabolic activity could well be a protective phenomenon.", "contents": "Synthesis of glycosaminoglycan in adult human articular cartilage in organ culture from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Hyaline cartilage was obtained from patients undergoing synovectomy of the knee joint for rheumatoid arthritis. Eroded cartilage from beneath the invading pannus and relatively normal cartilage from the same joint were maintained in organ culture for three days. During the first 48 hours in culture the explants were exposed to 35SO4 in the medium. The equivalent layers of normal and eroded cartilage were analysed for DNA uronic acid and 35SO4 incorporation. There was a decrease in the DNA and uronic acid of the eroded cartilage, although only the latter reached statistical significance. The uptake of radioactive sulphate was significantly greater in explants taken from the eroded site than from normal areas. This increase in metabolic activity could well be a protective phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:132144", "title": "Diminished mixed lymphocyte reaction in ankylosing spondylitis, relatives, and normal individuals all with HL-A 27.", "content": "The mixed lymphocyte reaction against a pool of blocked lymphocytes was studied in individuals with and without HL-A 27, including controls, spouses, parents, sibs, and offspring, and patients with ankylosing spondylitis. In controls without HL-A 27 the mean increment of counts perminute was 46,630 compared with 29,860 in asymptomatic controls and relatives with HL-A 27 and 26,277 in spondylitic patients with HL-A 27. The mean response was also reduced to 34,902 in sibs and offspring without HL-A 27, and to 20,916 in three patients with spondylitis in the absence of HL-A 27.", "contents": "Diminished mixed lymphocyte reaction in ankylosing spondylitis, relatives, and normal individuals all with HL-A 27. The mixed lymphocyte reaction against a pool of blocked lymphocytes was studied in individuals with and without HL-A 27, including controls, spouses, parents, sibs, and offspring, and patients with ankylosing spondylitis. In controls without HL-A 27 the mean increment of counts perminute was 46,630 compared with 29,860 in asymptomatic controls and relatives with HL-A 27 and 26,277 in spondylitic patients with HL-A 27. The mean response was also reduced to 34,902 in sibs and offspring without HL-A 27, and to 20,916 in three patients with spondylitis in the absence of HL-A 27."}
{"id": "PMID:132145", "title": "Experience with the DeBakey-surgitool aortic prosthetic valve.", "content": "The DeBakey-Surgitool aortic valve differs from popular cloth-covered prostheses by having a bare metal cage and a pyrolytic carbon ball. This valve was implanted in 37 patients. There were 7 operative deaths (19%), none of which was related to the valve design. Thirty survivors have been followed up to five years with 12 late deaths. The single thromboembolic event resulted in the only valve-related death. One patient developed a periprosthetic leak and another has hemolytic anemia. The incidence of thromboembolism in small series (3%) is comparable to that with the cloth-covered valves. This and the absence of complications related to cloth wear are important considerations when selecting a prosthesis.", "contents": "Experience with the DeBakey-surgitool aortic prosthetic valve. The DeBakey-Surgitool aortic valve differs from popular cloth-covered prostheses by having a bare metal cage and a pyrolytic carbon ball. This valve was implanted in 37 patients. There were 7 operative deaths (19%), none of which was related to the valve design. Thirty survivors have been followed up to five years with 12 late deaths. The single thromboembolic event resulted in the only valve-related death. One patient developed a periprosthetic leak and another has hemolytic anemia. The incidence of thromboembolism in small series (3%) is comparable to that with the cloth-covered valves. This and the absence of complications related to cloth wear are important considerations when selecting a prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:132146", "title": "Drugs and PGO waves in the lateral geniculate body of the curarized cat. I. PGO wave activity induced by Ro 43284 and by p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) as a basis for neuropharmacological studies.", "content": "Depletion, either predominantly of brain noradrenaline (NA) or preferentially of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HI), was achieved in cats by a single i.p. dose of 20 mg kg(-1) of Ro 4-1284, a benzoquinolizine derivative reducing the storage capacity of monoamine neurones, or by two i.p. injections of 300 mg kg(-1) of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase. The ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves induced by these drugs (abbreviated PGO1284 and PGOPCPA, respectively) were continuously recorded from both lateral geniculate bodies of the unanaesthetized animals immobilized by gallamine. The present paper describes the characteristic qualitative and quantitative features of PGO1284 and PGOPCPA recorded under our standard experimental conditions; it provides the basis required for the following investigations of this series on the modulating effects of various drugs on this phasic brain activity. The density (number hr(-1) or number 0.5 hr(-1)) of PGO waves was inversely correlated with the levels of brain NA and 5-HT. At the peak of activity, during the second hr following the injection of Ro 4-1284, the density of PGO1284 was 630 hr(-1); it slightly declined during the following 5 hr. The highest activity of PGOPCPA (395 hr(-1)) appeared around the 74th hr after the first of 2 injections of PCPA; it remained constant for 3 hr and thereafter gradually declined. In constrst to the regular appearance of PGO1284, the PGOPCPA occurred in highly variable bursts. This difference was probably due to the different levels of NA and 5-HT in the brain.", "contents": "Drugs and PGO waves in the lateral geniculate body of the curarized cat. I. PGO wave activity induced by Ro 43284 and by p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) as a basis for neuropharmacological studies. Depletion, either predominantly of brain noradrenaline (NA) or preferentially of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HI), was achieved in cats by a single i.p. dose of 20 mg kg(-1) of Ro 4-1284, a benzoquinolizine derivative reducing the storage capacity of monoamine neurones, or by two i.p. injections of 300 mg kg(-1) of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase. The ponto-geniculo-occipital (PGO) waves induced by these drugs (abbreviated PGO1284 and PGOPCPA, respectively) were continuously recorded from both lateral geniculate bodies of the unanaesthetized animals immobilized by gallamine. The present paper describes the characteristic qualitative and quantitative features of PGO1284 and PGOPCPA recorded under our standard experimental conditions; it provides the basis required for the following investigations of this series on the modulating effects of various drugs on this phasic brain activity. The density (number hr(-1) or number 0.5 hr(-1)) of PGO waves was inversely correlated with the levels of brain NA and 5-HT. At the peak of activity, during the second hr following the injection of Ro 4-1284, the density of PGO1284 was 630 hr(-1); it slightly declined during the following 5 hr. The highest activity of PGOPCPA (395 hr(-1)) appeared around the 74th hr after the first of 2 injections of PCPA; it remained constant for 3 hr and thereafter gradually declined. In constrst to the regular appearance of PGO1284, the PGOPCPA occurred in highly variable bursts. This difference was probably due to the different levels of NA and 5-HT in the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:132147", "title": "[Activity and properties of adenosine triphosphatase in erythrocytes and various tissues (brain, liver, kidney, small intestine mucosa) of cattle].", "content": "In 15 samples of haemolysate of bovine erythrocytes, the splitting of phosphate from adenosine triphosphate average 158 +/- 63 X 10(-3) muMol/min/g haemolysate haemoglobin. Estimation of total adenosine triphosphatase in homogenates of various organs from cattle showed that spleen, liver, kidney and brain possessed high activity, while the activity was moderate in lung, myocardium and skeletal muscle, and low in endometrial mucosa and spinal cord. There was a relatively large proportion of Na-K-adenosine triphosphatase in brain and kidney. In various organs the activity of the enzyme was dependent upon the concentrations of Mg, Na, K and Ca. The inhibition of adenosine triphosphatase in various tissues by ouabain was studied. The optimum pH for the enzyme lay in the weakly alkaline region.", "contents": "[Activity and properties of adenosine triphosphatase in erythrocytes and various tissues (brain, liver, kidney, small intestine mucosa) of cattle]. In 15 samples of haemolysate of bovine erythrocytes, the splitting of phosphate from adenosine triphosphate average 158 +/- 63 X 10(-3) muMol/min/g haemolysate haemoglobin. Estimation of total adenosine triphosphatase in homogenates of various organs from cattle showed that spleen, liver, kidney and brain possessed high activity, while the activity was moderate in lung, myocardium and skeletal muscle, and low in endometrial mucosa and spinal cord. There was a relatively large proportion of Na-K-adenosine triphosphatase in brain and kidney. In various organs the activity of the enzyme was dependent upon the concentrations of Mg, Na, K and Ca. The inhibition of adenosine triphosphatase in various tissues by ouabain was studied. The optimum pH for the enzyme lay in the weakly alkaline region."}
{"id": "PMID:132148", "title": "Laparoscopic sterilization in the immediate puerperium.", "content": "The safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic sterilization with electrocoagulation and separation of the tubes when performed within five days of a normal delivery is evaluated. The majority of patients (53.5%) were sterilized within 36 hours of delivery and were discharged on either the same day or the first post-sterilization day (91.0%). While some form of complications were reported for 9.5 percent of the patients, potentially serious complications occurred for only 2 patients (1.%). Most of the complications were probably unrelated to the laparoscopic procedure. At six months after sterilisation, complications were reported by 2.9 percent of the patients who returned for a follow-up visit. One patient became pregnant 3.5 months after sterilization. The results of this study suggest that performing laparoscopic sterilization in the immediate puerperium does not significantly increase the complication or failure rates of the procedure.", "contents": "Laparoscopic sterilization in the immediate puerperium. The safety and effectiveness of laparoscopic sterilization with electrocoagulation and separation of the tubes when performed within five days of a normal delivery is evaluated. The majority of patients (53.5%) were sterilized within 36 hours of delivery and were discharged on either the same day or the first post-sterilization day (91.0%). While some form of complications were reported for 9.5 percent of the patients, potentially serious complications occurred for only 2 patients (1.%). Most of the complications were probably unrelated to the laparoscopic procedure. At six months after sterilisation, complications were reported by 2.9 percent of the patients who returned for a follow-up visit. One patient became pregnant 3.5 months after sterilization. The results of this study suggest that performing laparoscopic sterilization in the immediate puerperium does not significantly increase the complication or failure rates of the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:132149", "title": "The excretion of 17-ketosteroids in patients suffering from mastopathia fibrocystica and mammary carcinomas.", "content": "Comparative investigations of the urinary excretion of different 17-ketosteroids in healthy women and patients suffering from mastopathia fibrocystica and/or mammary carcinomas had the following results: 1. A clear age dependency of the excretion of 17 ketosteroids during the regenerative period has been shown in all groups investigated, but it could not be observed during the postmenopausal phase. 2. There are no hints by the excretion values for a remarkable contribution of mammary carcinomas to the hormone metabolism of the host. 3. The excretion values of patients suffering from mastopathia fibrocystica confirm epidemiological results, which consider this from of mastopathia a precancerous one.", "contents": "The excretion of 17-ketosteroids in patients suffering from mastopathia fibrocystica and mammary carcinomas. Comparative investigations of the urinary excretion of different 17-ketosteroids in healthy women and patients suffering from mastopathia fibrocystica and/or mammary carcinomas had the following results: 1. A clear age dependency of the excretion of 17 ketosteroids during the regenerative period has been shown in all groups investigated, but it could not be observed during the postmenopausal phase. 2. There are no hints by the excretion values for a remarkable contribution of mammary carcinomas to the hormone metabolism of the host. 3. The excretion values of patients suffering from mastopathia fibrocystica confirm epidemiological results, which consider this from of mastopathia a precancerous one."}
{"id": "PMID:132150", "title": "Health care utilization by persons with chronic disabilities who have been vocationally rehabilitated.", "content": "This investigation focuses on the effect of vocational rehabilitation on persons with chronic disabilities who have epilepsy, heart disease, spinal cord injury, arthritis, or emphysema. A thesis is proposed that such rehabilitants might be more vulnerable to unemployment than others, and it is also hypothesized that this frequently would be related to health care utilization. The study comprised 338 former clients of the State Rehabilitation Agency who had their cases successfully closed in the two-year period immediately prior to this study. All persons were sent a 12-page questionnaire dealing with matters of health, employment, social support, demography, medical economics, expressed needs, and relationship with the rehabilitation agency. Two-thirds (N = 213) of the clients responded. In addition, supplemental information was volunteered substantially by narrative and telephone. The primary thesis of the project was sustained; 43.7% were either unemployed or working less than full time six months after rehabilitation. However, few of the respondents reported having difficulties with health care utilization or availability. We propose a different rehabilitation services model to meet the needs of such clients. It should accentuate better diagnosis, careful selection of objectives, adequate vocational preparation, health care advisement, and more extensive job follow-up.", "contents": "Health care utilization by persons with chronic disabilities who have been vocationally rehabilitated. This investigation focuses on the effect of vocational rehabilitation on persons with chronic disabilities who have epilepsy, heart disease, spinal cord injury, arthritis, or emphysema. A thesis is proposed that such rehabilitants might be more vulnerable to unemployment than others, and it is also hypothesized that this frequently would be related to health care utilization. The study comprised 338 former clients of the State Rehabilitation Agency who had their cases successfully closed in the two-year period immediately prior to this study. All persons were sent a 12-page questionnaire dealing with matters of health, employment, social support, demography, medical economics, expressed needs, and relationship with the rehabilitation agency. Two-thirds (N = 213) of the clients responded. In addition, supplemental information was volunteered substantially by narrative and telephone. The primary thesis of the project was sustained; 43.7% were either unemployed or working less than full time six months after rehabilitation. However, few of the respondents reported having difficulties with health care utilization or availability. We propose a different rehabilitation services model to meet the needs of such clients. It should accentuate better diagnosis, careful selection of objectives, adequate vocational preparation, health care advisement, and more extensive job follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:132151", "title": "Reappraisal of skin flap closure for neonatal gastroschisis.", "content": "During the past 11 years, 18 infants with gastroschisis abdominal wall defects have undergone surgical repair at the UCLA Hospital. Sixteen infants had skin flap closure in infancy. A gastrostomy was performed on all infants, and peripheral intravenous hyperalimentation was used in 14 of the 18 infants. Sixteen of the 18 infants (89%) lived more than one year after surgical repair. Of these, 12 have undergone second-stage closure of the ventral hernia. Operative repair was greatly facilitated by forceful stretching of the abdominal musculature and milking of the bowel contents proximally into the stomach and distally out through the anus. The low morbidity and mortality of gastroschisis repair by primary skin closure, supplemented by intravensou hyperalimentation with late secondary ventral hernia repair, appear to justify continued use of this technique. Prosthetic materials probably should be reserved for reconstructing more complex abdominal wall defects.", "contents": "Reappraisal of skin flap closure for neonatal gastroschisis. During the past 11 years, 18 infants with gastroschisis abdominal wall defects have undergone surgical repair at the UCLA Hospital. Sixteen infants had skin flap closure in infancy. A gastrostomy was performed on all infants, and peripheral intravenous hyperalimentation was used in 14 of the 18 infants. Sixteen of the 18 infants (89%) lived more than one year after surgical repair. Of these, 12 have undergone second-stage closure of the ventral hernia. Operative repair was greatly facilitated by forceful stretching of the abdominal musculature and milking of the bowel contents proximally into the stomach and distally out through the anus. The low morbidity and mortality of gastroschisis repair by primary skin closure, supplemented by intravensou hyperalimentation with late secondary ventral hernia repair, appear to justify continued use of this technique. Prosthetic materials probably should be reserved for reconstructing more complex abdominal wall defects."}
{"id": "PMID:132152", "title": "Surgical treatment of infective valvular endocarditis.", "content": "Infective valvular endocarditis, whether occurring on a native or prosthetic heart valve, continues to carry a serious prognosis. Death is usually due to congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, or embolic complications, rather than infection per se. While antimicrobial therapy and medications to control congestive heart failure continue to be the treatment of choice in most cases, early valve replacement is indicated in certain situations. During the past four years, 12 patients underwent valve replacement for infective endocarditis. Six patients underwent elective valve replacement after antibiotic or antifugal therapy. All survived the operation and were improved. Six other patients underwent emergency valve replacement. Two patients died intraoperatively and their operations, in retrospect, were delayed unnecessarily. Four patients survived and are improved. Prosthetic valve replacement during the course of infective valvular endocarditis should be considered based on indications such as congestive heart failure, rhythm disturbances, etc, rather than the status of the infection.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of infective valvular endocarditis. Infective valvular endocarditis, whether occurring on a native or prosthetic heart valve, continues to carry a serious prognosis. Death is usually due to congestive heart failure, arrhythmia, or embolic complications, rather than infection per se. While antimicrobial therapy and medications to control congestive heart failure continue to be the treatment of choice in most cases, early valve replacement is indicated in certain situations. During the past four years, 12 patients underwent valve replacement for infective endocarditis. Six patients underwent elective valve replacement after antibiotic or antifugal therapy. All survived the operation and were improved. Six other patients underwent emergency valve replacement. Two patients died intraoperatively and their operations, in retrospect, were delayed unnecessarily. Four patients survived and are improved. Prosthetic valve replacement during the course of infective valvular endocarditis should be considered based on indications such as congestive heart failure, rhythm disturbances, etc, rather than the status of the infection."}
{"id": "PMID:132155", "title": "[The structure of muscle spindles in the intercostal muscles and rectus abdominis of the human fetus].", "content": "The structure and innervation of muscle fibres were studied in external intercostal muscles and the streight muscle of the abdomen in 24--26-week human fetuses. The diameter of most spindles was shown to be within the range of 50--70 mkm, while in the streight muscle of the abdomen it could reach 100 mkm. In the external intercostal muscles the spindles, as a rule, were longer (300-500 mkm) than in the streight muscle of the abdomen (100--300 mkm) which was likely due to special functioning of the spindles in rhythmically working muscles. According to sensory innervation all the spindles may be divided into 3 main types: simple, intermediate and complex. In the external intercostal muscles there occur 3 types of spindles, while in the streight muscle of the abdomen there are spindles of a complex type.", "contents": "[The structure of muscle spindles in the intercostal muscles and rectus abdominis of the human fetus]. The structure and innervation of muscle fibres were studied in external intercostal muscles and the streight muscle of the abdomen in 24--26-week human fetuses. The diameter of most spindles was shown to be within the range of 50--70 mkm, while in the streight muscle of the abdomen it could reach 100 mkm. In the external intercostal muscles the spindles, as a rule, were longer (300-500 mkm) than in the streight muscle of the abdomen (100--300 mkm) which was likely due to special functioning of the spindles in rhythmically working muscles. According to sensory innervation all the spindles may be divided into 3 main types: simple, intermediate and complex. In the external intercostal muscles there occur 3 types of spindles, while in the streight muscle of the abdomen there are spindles of a complex type."}
{"id": "PMID:132156", "title": "[Histochemical characteristics of the lingual salivary glands of several classes of vertebrates].", "content": "The obtained results show that secretory elements of the tongue integuments submerged to the depth of the organ. It was accompanied by a formation and complication of terminal portions of the glands and their secretory pathways. In the process of evolution there occurred a divergence in the development of glandular cells from mucous ones in fishes through mucoserous and seromucous cells of amphibia and reptiles to mucous, seromucous and protein cells in the tongue glands of higher mammals. In mucous glands of terranian vertebrates, especially in mammals, the number of components in the composition of the produced secretion was found to increase.", "contents": "[Histochemical characteristics of the lingual salivary glands of several classes of vertebrates]. The obtained results show that secretory elements of the tongue integuments submerged to the depth of the organ. It was accompanied by a formation and complication of terminal portions of the glands and their secretory pathways. In the process of evolution there occurred a divergence in the development of glandular cells from mucous ones in fishes through mucoserous and seromucous cells of amphibia and reptiles to mucous, seromucous and protein cells in the tongue glands of higher mammals. In mucous glands of terranian vertebrates, especially in mammals, the number of components in the composition of the produced secretion was found to increase."}
{"id": "PMID:132159", "title": "[Treatment of diabetic retinopathy by centripetal pan-retinal photocoagulation with the argon laser].", "content": "The argon laser is such an effective method of treating diabetic retinopathy that it is used in the early stages. The indications for treatment are related either to ophthalmoscopically visible lesion, or to lesions revealed by angiography, which is necessary each year in all diabetics. As for as technique goes, it is desirable to begin pan-retinal photocoagulation in the periphery so as to take advantage of the drying out of the related oedema secondary to the destruction of the retina.", "contents": "[Treatment of diabetic retinopathy by centripetal pan-retinal photocoagulation with the argon laser]. The argon laser is such an effective method of treating diabetic retinopathy that it is used in the early stages. The indications for treatment are related either to ophthalmoscopically visible lesion, or to lesions revealed by angiography, which is necessary each year in all diabetics. As for as technique goes, it is desirable to begin pan-retinal photocoagulation in the periphery so as to take advantage of the drying out of the related oedema secondary to the destruction of the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:132161", "title": "[Annular calcareous thesaurismosis of the cornea: Axenfeld's dystrophy].", "content": "The authors describe a case of primary corneal degeneration which is of calcareal nature and has annular shape. The patient has had a follow-up period of 15-16 years. A clinical study has been done and we have established a similitude with Axenfeld's primary calcareal degeneration, which was described by this author in 1917. Other corneal degenerations are also commented, which may induce into diagnostic error.", "contents": "[Annular calcareous thesaurismosis of the cornea: Axenfeld's dystrophy]. The authors describe a case of primary corneal degeneration which is of calcareal nature and has annular shape. The patient has had a follow-up period of 15-16 years. A clinical study has been done and we have established a similitude with Axenfeld's primary calcareal degeneration, which was described by this author in 1917. Other corneal degenerations are also commented, which may induce into diagnostic error."}
{"id": "PMID:132163", "title": "[Causes and consequences of orbital injuries].", "content": "For 20 years we have treated 219 patients from orbit trauma. According to the nature of injuries we had 57 cases with orbit fracture, 118 with the injury of intraorbital sof tissues, 37 with strange body in the orbit, and 7 cases in which orbital fistula had developed. Orbital fractures were most frequently caused by traffic accidents, until mutaual scuffles were the most frequent cause of injuries of the soft tissues of the orbit. As far as the localization of fractures is concerned, the worst disorder of sight and deformities in the orbital area were discovered in the lesion of the orbital roof and in multiple fractures of the orbital region.", "contents": "[Causes and consequences of orbital injuries]. For 20 years we have treated 219 patients from orbit trauma. According to the nature of injuries we had 57 cases with orbit fracture, 118 with the injury of intraorbital sof tissues, 37 with strange body in the orbit, and 7 cases in which orbital fistula had developed. Orbital fractures were most frequently caused by traffic accidents, until mutaual scuffles were the most frequent cause of injuries of the soft tissues of the orbit. As far as the localization of fractures is concerned, the worst disorder of sight and deformities in the orbital area were discovered in the lesion of the orbital roof and in multiple fractures of the orbital region."}
{"id": "PMID:132164", "title": "[Electron microscopic study of trachoma].", "content": "The electron microscopic characteristics of the trachomatous conjunctiva and the trachoma agents and their evolution cycle are examined in a study on seven patients with Stage II trachoma, as classified by MacCallan, who had received no treatment. All the cellular epithelial structures remain intact despite the presence of pathological agents whose developmental cycle is entirely comparable to that observed \"in vitro\" in strain cultures. An imortant fact is the demonstration of macrophages in the sub-epithelial layers and of free pathological agents in the tarsal zone. The necrosis of the former may be responsible for the presence of the latter. A new hypothesis on the dynamics of trachoma infection is proposed together with its consequences in relationship to the forms of trachoma therapy.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic study of trachoma]. The electron microscopic characteristics of the trachomatous conjunctiva and the trachoma agents and their evolution cycle are examined in a study on seven patients with Stage II trachoma, as classified by MacCallan, who had received no treatment. All the cellular epithelial structures remain intact despite the presence of pathological agents whose developmental cycle is entirely comparable to that observed \"in vitro\" in strain cultures. An imortant fact is the demonstration of macrophages in the sub-epithelial layers and of free pathological agents in the tarsal zone. The necrosis of the former may be responsible for the presence of the latter. A new hypothesis on the dynamics of trachoma infection is proposed together with its consequences in relationship to the forms of trachoma therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:132168", "title": "[Dyshidrosis as a pacemaker for occupational dermatoses].", "content": "Out of 335 persons of less than 25 years, 236 had an intermittent dyshidrosis; half of them showed an allergic contact eczema of the hands. Microscopical and cultural investigations revealed a foot mycosis in 24 persons, and in 13 a candidiasis of the hands. Hence, dyshidrosis is obviously not of mycotic origin. 113 out of 150 sensitized persons of this group of age were dyshidrotics; 50% of them had not yet finished their apprenticeship. Obviously, dyshidrosis favours an early sensitization in professions in which allergens are frequently encountered.", "contents": "[Dyshidrosis as a pacemaker for occupational dermatoses]. Out of 335 persons of less than 25 years, 236 had an intermittent dyshidrosis; half of them showed an allergic contact eczema of the hands. Microscopical and cultural investigations revealed a foot mycosis in 24 persons, and in 13 a candidiasis of the hands. Hence, dyshidrosis is obviously not of mycotic origin. 113 out of 150 sensitized persons of this group of age were dyshidrotics; 50% of them had not yet finished their apprenticeship. Obviously, dyshidrosis favours an early sensitization in professions in which allergens are frequently encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:132169", "title": "Biochemical evidence for the reversed polarity of the outer membrane of the bacterial forespore.", "content": "Measurement of certain membrane-bound enzymic activities was used to study the orientation of the outer membrane of the double-membraned forespore of Bacillus megaterium KM. 2. Adenosine triphosphatase, NADH dehydrogenase and L-malate intact protoplasts, but were readily detected in intact stage II or IV forespores, consistent with reversed polarity of the outer forespore membrane relative to the mother-cell plasma membrane. 3. Measurement of NADH oxidase activity revealed that intact stage III forespores had the same high affinity for NADH as protoplast membrane preparations and protoplast lystates, consistent with ready access of NADH to oxidation sites on the outer forespores membrane. 4. Forespores and protoplasts showed osmometric behaviour in solutions of non-permanent solutes consistent with the presence of an intact permeability barrier in these structures.", "contents": "Biochemical evidence for the reversed polarity of the outer membrane of the bacterial forespore. Measurement of certain membrane-bound enzymic activities was used to study the orientation of the outer membrane of the double-membraned forespore of Bacillus megaterium KM. 2. Adenosine triphosphatase, NADH dehydrogenase and L-malate intact protoplasts, but were readily detected in intact stage II or IV forespores, consistent with reversed polarity of the outer forespore membrane relative to the mother-cell plasma membrane. 3. Measurement of NADH oxidase activity revealed that intact stage III forespores had the same high affinity for NADH as protoplast membrane preparations and protoplast lystates, consistent with ready access of NADH to oxidation sites on the outer forespores membrane. 4. Forespores and protoplasts showed osmometric behaviour in solutions of non-permanent solutes consistent with the presence of an intact permeability barrier in these structures."}
{"id": "PMID:132170", "title": "Relation of C-6 glial cells in culture to myelin.", "content": "C-6 glial cells were shown to contain enriched in their plasma membranes an enzyme, 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase, characteristic of myelin, and, in addition, proteolipid protein and two basic proteins that are identical in their electrophoretic mobilities with the respective proteins found in myelin. The data indicate that C-6 cells exhibit features of myelin-producing glia as well as astrocytes.", "contents": "Relation of C-6 glial cells in culture to myelin. C-6 glial cells were shown to contain enriched in their plasma membranes an enzyme, 2':3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase, characteristic of myelin, and, in addition, proteolipid protein and two basic proteins that are identical in their electrophoretic mobilities with the respective proteins found in myelin. The data indicate that C-6 cells exhibit features of myelin-producing glia as well as astrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:132171", "title": "Interaction between proteoglycan subunit and type II collagen from bovine nasal cartilage, and the preferential binding of proteoglycan subunit to type I collagen.", "content": "We studied the interaction of proteoglycan subunit with both types I and II collagen. All three molecular species were isolated from the ox. Type II collagen, prepared from papain-digested bovine nasal cartilage, was characterized by gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis and CM-cellulose chromatography. By comparison of type I collagen, prepared from papain-digested calf skin, with native calf skin acid-soluble tropocollagen, we concluded that the papain treatment left the collagen molecules intact. Interactions were carried out at 4 degrees C in 0.06 M-sodium acetate, pH 4.8, and the results were studied by two slightly different methods involving CM-cellulose chromatography and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. It was demonstrated that proteoglycan subunit, from bovine nasal cartilage, bound to cartilage collagen. Competitive-interaction experiments showed that, in the presence of equal amounts of calf skin acid-soluble tropocollagen (type I) and bovine nasal cartilage collagen (type II), proteoglycan subunit bound preferentially to the type I collagen. We suggest from these results that, although not measured under physiological conditions, it is unlikely that the binding in vivo between type II collagen and proteoglycan is appreciably stronger than that between type I collagen and proteoglycan.", "contents": "Interaction between proteoglycan subunit and type II collagen from bovine nasal cartilage, and the preferential binding of proteoglycan subunit to type I collagen. We studied the interaction of proteoglycan subunit with both types I and II collagen. All three molecular species were isolated from the ox. Type II collagen, prepared from papain-digested bovine nasal cartilage, was characterized by gel electrophoresis, amino acid analysis and CM-cellulose chromatography. By comparison of type I collagen, prepared from papain-digested calf skin, with native calf skin acid-soluble tropocollagen, we concluded that the papain treatment left the collagen molecules intact. Interactions were carried out at 4 degrees C in 0.06 M-sodium acetate, pH 4.8, and the results were studied by two slightly different methods involving CM-cellulose chromatography and polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. It was demonstrated that proteoglycan subunit, from bovine nasal cartilage, bound to cartilage collagen. Competitive-interaction experiments showed that, in the presence of equal amounts of calf skin acid-soluble tropocollagen (type I) and bovine nasal cartilage collagen (type II), proteoglycan subunit bound preferentially to the type I collagen. We suggest from these results that, although not measured under physiological conditions, it is unlikely that the binding in vivo between type II collagen and proteoglycan is appreciably stronger than that between type I collagen and proteoglycan."}
{"id": "PMID:132172", "title": "The topographical location and unique nature of a glucokinase associated with the Golgi apparatus of rat liver.", "content": "A particulate glucokinase was recovered in the Golgi-rich fraction of rat liver prepared by the method of Morr\u00e9 [Methods Enzymol. (1971) 22, 130-148], thus extending the demonstration by Berthillier et al. [Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1973), 293, 370-378] of particulate glucokinase activity in a microsomal subfraction that showed enrichment in Golgi characteristics. The purity of this fraction was examined and it was then subjected to several treatments, the action of Triton X-100, freezing and thawing, and sonication to establish the topographical location of the glucokinase activity thus solubilized. The evidence suggests that the glucokinase activity is either soluble in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus or loosely associated with the inside of the Golgi membranes.", "contents": "The topographical location and unique nature of a glucokinase associated with the Golgi apparatus of rat liver. A particulate glucokinase was recovered in the Golgi-rich fraction of rat liver prepared by the method of Morr\u00e9 [Methods Enzymol. (1971) 22, 130-148], thus extending the demonstration by Berthillier et al. [Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1973), 293, 370-378] of particulate glucokinase activity in a microsomal subfraction that showed enrichment in Golgi characteristics. The purity of this fraction was examined and it was then subjected to several treatments, the action of Triton X-100, freezing and thawing, and sonication to establish the topographical location of the glucokinase activity thus solubilized. The evidence suggests that the glucokinase activity is either soluble in the lumen of the Golgi apparatus or loosely associated with the inside of the Golgi membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:132178", "title": "Persistent right atrial standstill.", "content": "An asymptomatic patient with cardiomegaly caused by isolated right atrial standstill is reported. The right atrium showed no evidence of contraction on pressure records or angiographically, while the left atrium functioned normally.", "contents": "Persistent right atrial standstill. An asymptomatic patient with cardiomegaly caused by isolated right atrial standstill is reported. The right atrium showed no evidence of contraction on pressure records or angiographically, while the left atrium functioned normally."}
{"id": "PMID:132184", "title": "Placental metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in normal pregnancy.", "content": "An intravenous injection of 50 mg dehydroepiandrosterone was given to 19 women at the 38th week of pregnancy. The concentration of androstenedione, testosterone, oestradiol and oestrone in plasma was measured at intervals following the injection. The concentration of androstenedione and testosterone rose rapidly; reaching a peak after 10 minutes and returning to near baseline level by 30 minutes. Oestradiol rose more slowly, reaching a peak after 45 minutes and being sustained at high levels for 3 1/2 hours before returning slowly to baseline. Oestrone rose yet more slowly and did not reach a peak until 2 1/2 hours after the injection. It is concluded that the steroid responses are too variable from one individual to another for this test to be useful in the clinical assessment of fetal wellbeing but that it was likely to be a powerful tool in the investigation of placental steroid biogenesis.", "contents": "Placental metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in normal pregnancy. An intravenous injection of 50 mg dehydroepiandrosterone was given to 19 women at the 38th week of pregnancy. The concentration of androstenedione, testosterone, oestradiol and oestrone in plasma was measured at intervals following the injection. The concentration of androstenedione and testosterone rose rapidly; reaching a peak after 10 minutes and returning to near baseline level by 30 minutes. Oestradiol rose more slowly, reaching a peak after 45 minutes and being sustained at high levels for 3 1/2 hours before returning slowly to baseline. Oestrone rose yet more slowly and did not reach a peak until 2 1/2 hours after the injection. It is concluded that the steroid responses are too variable from one individual to another for this test to be useful in the clinical assessment of fetal wellbeing but that it was likely to be a powerful tool in the investigation of placental steroid biogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:132185", "title": "The interaction of actin monomers with myosin heads and other muscle proteins.", "content": "The simplest interacting unit of actomyosin, viz., single myosin heads (subfragment 1) with actin monomers, has been studied at physiological ionic strength, by isolating the actin molecules from each other on a solid support. The interaction is characterized by a binding constant of 10(5) to 10(6) M-1 in the temperature range 4-30degrees C. It is endothermic with a standard enthalpy of 24 +/- 10 kcal mol-1, and a standard entropy of 110 +/- 40 eu. It is thus, like many protein-protein association processes, entropy-driven. Despite the high affinity of the association, which is comparable in its binding constant to that of subfragment 1 with F-actin, there is only very small activation of myosin ATPase. The ionic-strength dependence of the interaction shows unusual features. Binding of the proteins of the relaxing system to the monomeric actin was also examined: troponin binds both in the presence and absence of calcium ions, but neither tropomyosin nor the tropomyosin-troponin complex was found to bind significantly. Monomeric actin has also been examined as a function of ionic strength by spectroscopic methods; it appears that conformational differences between the G and the F state are the consequence of polymerization, and not of the change in ionic strength required to being the conversion about.", "contents": "The interaction of actin monomers with myosin heads and other muscle proteins. The simplest interacting unit of actomyosin, viz., single myosin heads (subfragment 1) with actin monomers, has been studied at physiological ionic strength, by isolating the actin molecules from each other on a solid support. The interaction is characterized by a binding constant of 10(5) to 10(6) M-1 in the temperature range 4-30degrees C. It is endothermic with a standard enthalpy of 24 +/- 10 kcal mol-1, and a standard entropy of 110 +/- 40 eu. It is thus, like many protein-protein association processes, entropy-driven. Despite the high affinity of the association, which is comparable in its binding constant to that of subfragment 1 with F-actin, there is only very small activation of myosin ATPase. The ionic-strength dependence of the interaction shows unusual features. Binding of the proteins of the relaxing system to the monomeric actin was also examined: troponin binds both in the presence and absence of calcium ions, but neither tropomyosin nor the tropomyosin-troponin complex was found to bind significantly. Monomeric actin has also been examined as a function of ionic strength by spectroscopic methods; it appears that conformational differences between the G and the F state are the consequence of polymerization, and not of the change in ionic strength required to being the conversion about."}
{"id": "PMID:132186", "title": "Retention of enzyme activity by detergent-solubilized sarcoplasmic Ca2+ -ATPase.", "content": "The Ca2+ -activated ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum can exist in true solution in the presence of some nonionic detergents, with retention of enzymatic activity for several days. The soluble active particles retain about 30 mol of phospholipid per mol of polypeptide chain even in the presence of a large excess of detergent, indicating the existence of relatively strong attractive forces between protein and lipid, as previous work from other laboratories has already suggested. Deoxycholate is much more effective than nonionic detergents in removing protein-bound lipid and, when used at solubilizing concentrations, completely delipidates and inactivates the ATPase. Preliminary molecular weight measurements indicate that the Ca2+ -ATPase exists as an oligomer in the native membrane: fully active enzyme in Tween 80 has a minimal protein molecular weight of about 400 000, corresponding to a trimer or tetramer of the ATPase polypeptide chain, and even the inactive enzyme in deoxycholate contains a substantial fraction of dimeric protein.", "contents": "Retention of enzyme activity by detergent-solubilized sarcoplasmic Ca2+ -ATPase. The Ca2+ -activated ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum can exist in true solution in the presence of some nonionic detergents, with retention of enzymatic activity for several days. The soluble active particles retain about 30 mol of phospholipid per mol of polypeptide chain even in the presence of a large excess of detergent, indicating the existence of relatively strong attractive forces between protein and lipid, as previous work from other laboratories has already suggested. Deoxycholate is much more effective than nonionic detergents in removing protein-bound lipid and, when used at solubilizing concentrations, completely delipidates and inactivates the ATPase. Preliminary molecular weight measurements indicate that the Ca2+ -ATPase exists as an oligomer in the native membrane: fully active enzyme in Tween 80 has a minimal protein molecular weight of about 400 000, corresponding to a trimer or tetramer of the ATPase polypeptide chain, and even the inactive enzyme in deoxycholate contains a substantial fraction of dimeric protein."}
{"id": "PMID:132187", "title": "Isolation and properties of platelet myosin light chain kinase.", "content": "A protein kinase which phosphorylates the 20 000-dalton light chain of platelet myosin has been isolated from human blood platelets and purified approximately 600-fold. Elution of a 7.5% polyacrylamide gel following electrophoresis of the partially purified enzyme yielded a single peak of kinase activity which could be aligned with a protein band on  a stained gel. Assuming a globular shape, a native molecular weight of 83 000 (+/- 10%) was determined by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-200. The kinase requires Mg2+ for activity and is not sensitive to the removal of trace Ca2+. The enzyme purified from human platelets phosphorylates the 20 000-dalton light chain of mouse fibroblast and chicken gizzard myosin, but does not phosphorylate human skeletal and cardiac myosin.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of platelet myosin light chain kinase. A protein kinase which phosphorylates the 20 000-dalton light chain of platelet myosin has been isolated from human blood platelets and purified approximately 600-fold. Elution of a 7.5% polyacrylamide gel following electrophoresis of the partially purified enzyme yielded a single peak of kinase activity which could be aligned with a protein band on  a stained gel. Assuming a globular shape, a native molecular weight of 83 000 (+/- 10%) was determined by gel filtration on Bio-Gel P-200. The kinase requires Mg2+ for activity and is not sensitive to the removal of trace Ca2+. The enzyme purified from human platelets phosphorylates the 20 000-dalton light chain of mouse fibroblast and chicken gizzard myosin, but does not phosphorylate human skeletal and cardiac myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:132188", "title": "Inhibition of energy-transducing functions of chloroplast membranes by lipophilic iron chelators.", "content": "Lipophilic metal chelators inhibit various energy-transducing functions of chloroplasts. The following observations were made 1. Photophosphorylation coupled to any known mode of electron transfer, i.e. whole-chain noncyclic, the partial noncyclic Photosystem I or Photosystem II reactions, or cyclic, is inhibited by several lipophilic chelators, but not by hydrophilic chelators. 2. The light- and dithioerythritol-dependent Mg2+-ATPase was also inhibited by the lipophilic chelators. 3. Electron transport through either partial reaction. Photosystem I or Photosystem II was not inhibited by lipophilic chelators. Whole-chain coupled electron transport was inhibited by bathophenanthroline, and the inhibition was not reversed by uncouplers. The diketone chelators diphenyl propanedione and nonanedione inhibited the coupled, whole-chain electron transport and the inhibition was reversed by uncouplers, a pattern typical of energy transfer inhibitors. The electron transport inhibition site is localized in the region of platoquinone leads to cytochrome f. This inhibition site is consistent with other recent work (Prince et al. (1975) FEBS Lett. 51, 108 and Malkin and Aparicio (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 63, 1157) showing that a non-heme iron protein is present in chloroplasts having a redox potential near + 290 mV. A likely position for such a component to function in electron transport would be between plastoquinone and cytochrome f. just where our data suggests there to be a functional metalloprotein. 4. Some of the lipophilic chelators induce H+ leakiness in the chloroplast membrane, making interpretation of their phosphorylation inhibition difficult. However, 1-3 mM nonanedione does not induce significant H+ leakiness, while inhibiting ATP formation and the Mg2+-ATPase. Nonanedione, at those concentrations, causes a two- to four-fold increase in the extent of H+ uptake. 5. These results are consistent with, but do not prove, the involvement of a non-heme iron or a metalloprotein in chloroplast energy transduction.", "contents": "Inhibition of energy-transducing functions of chloroplast membranes by lipophilic iron chelators. Lipophilic metal chelators inhibit various energy-transducing functions of chloroplasts. The following observations were made 1. Photophosphorylation coupled to any known mode of electron transfer, i.e. whole-chain noncyclic, the partial noncyclic Photosystem I or Photosystem II reactions, or cyclic, is inhibited by several lipophilic chelators, but not by hydrophilic chelators. 2. The light- and dithioerythritol-dependent Mg2+-ATPase was also inhibited by the lipophilic chelators. 3. Electron transport through either partial reaction. Photosystem I or Photosystem II was not inhibited by lipophilic chelators. Whole-chain coupled electron transport was inhibited by bathophenanthroline, and the inhibition was not reversed by uncouplers. The diketone chelators diphenyl propanedione and nonanedione inhibited the coupled, whole-chain electron transport and the inhibition was reversed by uncouplers, a pattern typical of energy transfer inhibitors. The electron transport inhibition site is localized in the region of platoquinone leads to cytochrome f. This inhibition site is consistent with other recent work (Prince et al. (1975) FEBS Lett. 51, 108 and Malkin and Aparicio (1975) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 63, 1157) showing that a non-heme iron protein is present in chloroplasts having a redox potential near + 290 mV. A likely position for such a component to function in electron transport would be between plastoquinone and cytochrome f. just where our data suggests there to be a functional metalloprotein. 4. Some of the lipophilic chelators induce H+ leakiness in the chloroplast membrane, making interpretation of their phosphorylation inhibition difficult. However, 1-3 mM nonanedione does not induce significant H+ leakiness, while inhibiting ATP formation and the Mg2+-ATPase. Nonanedione, at those concentrations, causes a two- to four-fold increase in the extent of H+ uptake. 5. These results are consistent with, but do not prove, the involvement of a non-heme iron or a metalloprotein in chloroplast energy transduction."}
{"id": "PMID:132189", "title": "Ca2+ dependence of tension and ADP production in segments of chemically skinned muscle fibers.", "content": "Both ADP production and tension have been measured in segments of chemically skinned fibers contracting at different Ca2+ concentrations. Full mechanical activation occurred between pCa 7.00 and pCa 6.50. The total ATPase was due to both actomyosin and non-actomyosin ATPase. Actomyosin ATPase was observed at pCa 7.09 without accompanying tension. The Ca2+ dependence of tension was steeper than actomyosin ATPase. This finding implies some rate constants of the mechano-chemical cycle are Ca2+ dependent. Non-actomyosin ATPase was measured in fibers stretched beyond overlap of the thick and thin filaments. Sarcoplasmic reticulum was isolated and sarcoplasmic reticulum activity was measured in vitro under the same conditions as the single-fiber experiments. Non-actomyosin ATPase in the single fibers was found to be small compared to maximally activated actomyosin ATPase but larger than the ATPase that could be attributed to sarcoplasmic reticulum activity.", "contents": "Ca2+ dependence of tension and ADP production in segments of chemically skinned muscle fibers. Both ADP production and tension have been measured in segments of chemically skinned fibers contracting at different Ca2+ concentrations. Full mechanical activation occurred between pCa 7.00 and pCa 6.50. The total ATPase was due to both actomyosin and non-actomyosin ATPase. Actomyosin ATPase was observed at pCa 7.09 without accompanying tension. The Ca2+ dependence of tension was steeper than actomyosin ATPase. This finding implies some rate constants of the mechano-chemical cycle are Ca2+ dependent. Non-actomyosin ATPase was measured in fibers stretched beyond overlap of the thick and thin filaments. Sarcoplasmic reticulum was isolated and sarcoplasmic reticulum activity was measured in vitro under the same conditions as the single-fiber experiments. Non-actomyosin ATPase in the single fibers was found to be small compared to maximally activated actomyosin ATPase but larger than the ATPase that could be attributed to sarcoplasmic reticulum activity."}
{"id": "PMID:132190", "title": "Effect of cytochalasin B on formation and properties of muscle F-actin.", "content": "Cytochalasin B stimulated polymerization and decreased the concentration of G-actin remaining in equilibrium with F-actin filaments. Polymerization in the presence of cytochalasin B gave rise to a smaller increase of viscosity but to the same increase in light scattering, compared to polymerization in the absence of cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin B reduced the viscosity of F-actin and caused the appearance of ATP hydrolysis by F-actin. The cytochalasin B-induced ATPase activity was inhibited by concentrations of KCl higher than 50 mM. The cytochalasin B-induced ATPase activity was enhanced by ethyleneglycol bis(alpha-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid and reduced by MgCl2 at concentrations higher than 0.75 mM. The findings suggest that the stability of actin filaments is reduced by cytochalasin B.", "contents": "Effect of cytochalasin B on formation and properties of muscle F-actin. Cytochalasin B stimulated polymerization and decreased the concentration of G-actin remaining in equilibrium with F-actin filaments. Polymerization in the presence of cytochalasin B gave rise to a smaller increase of viscosity but to the same increase in light scattering, compared to polymerization in the absence of cytochalasin B. Cytochalasin B reduced the viscosity of F-actin and caused the appearance of ATP hydrolysis by F-actin. The cytochalasin B-induced ATPase activity was inhibited by concentrations of KCl higher than 50 mM. The cytochalasin B-induced ATPase activity was enhanced by ethyleneglycol bis(alpha-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid and reduced by MgCl2 at concentrations higher than 0.75 mM. The findings suggest that the stability of actin filaments is reduced by cytochalasin B."}
{"id": "PMID:132191", "title": "Isolation of the basal and lateral plasma membranes of rat kidney tubule cells.", "content": "A method was developed to isolate renal basolateral membranes from cortical kidney tubule cells of single rats. The isolated membrane fraction was characterized by the measurement of marker enzyme activities and by electron microscopy. 1. After centrifugation of crude plasma membranes on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient the basolateral membranes accumulated at a sucrose density of p= 1.14-1.15 g/ml. The yield was 147 mug membrane protein/g kidney wet weight. Protein recovery was 0.1%. 2. (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was enriched 22-fold from the homogenate. The recovery was 2.6%. The (Na+ + K+)/Mg2+-ATPase ratio was 4.1. 3. The contamination by brush borders was small. Alkaline phosphatase was 1.6-fold enriched and 0.2% was recovered. Aminopeptidase was 1-fold enriched with a recovery of 0.1%. The contamination by mitochondria, lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum was negligible. 4. In electron micrographs the basolateral membranes showed a typical triple layered profile and were characterized by the presence of junctional complexes, gap junctions or tight junctions.", "contents": "Isolation of the basal and lateral plasma membranes of rat kidney tubule cells. A method was developed to isolate renal basolateral membranes from cortical kidney tubule cells of single rats. The isolated membrane fraction was characterized by the measurement of marker enzyme activities and by electron microscopy. 1. After centrifugation of crude plasma membranes on a discontinuous sucrose density gradient the basolateral membranes accumulated at a sucrose density of p= 1.14-1.15 g/ml. The yield was 147 mug membrane protein/g kidney wet weight. Protein recovery was 0.1%. 2. (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was enriched 22-fold from the homogenate. The recovery was 2.6%. The (Na+ + K+)/Mg2+-ATPase ratio was 4.1. 3. The contamination by brush borders was small. Alkaline phosphatase was 1.6-fold enriched and 0.2% was recovered. Aminopeptidase was 1-fold enriched with a recovery of 0.1%. The contamination by mitochondria, lysosomes and endoplasmic reticulum was negligible. 4. In electron micrographs the basolateral membranes showed a typical triple layered profile and were characterized by the presence of junctional complexes, gap junctions or tight junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:132192", "title": "Studies on phosphate transport in Escherichia coli. II. Effects of metabolic inhibitors and divalent cations.", "content": "1. Study has been made of the effects of a variety of metabolic inhibitors and divalent cations (Ni2+ and Mn2+), normally after 5 min exposure, on the biphasic uptake of inorganic phosphate (Pi) exhibited by phosphate-deprived cells of Escherichia coli, strains AB3311 (Reeves met-) and CBT302 (a (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase-deficient mutant). 2. In AB3311 cells cyanide (1-10 mM) produced comparable reductions in phosphate uptake to anaerobiosis, but in both instances significant uptake was maintained. Examination of intracellular Pi concentrations showed that, despite these inhibitions, Pi is still concentrated 130 times compared to 394 times under aerobic conditions. Arsenate (100 muM) and iodoacetate (100 muM pre-exposed 15 min) both abolished anaerobic-supported uptake. Under aerobic conditions the former eliminated primary uptake while the latter reduced both phases of uptake 60%. The uncouplers, dinitrophenol (100-1000 muM) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) (50muM) produced very significant, but not complete inhibitions of both phases of uptake. Inhibitions by iodoacetate and dinitrophenol were additive while dithiothreitol protected against the effects of 50-250 mum CCCP. N,N'-Dicyclo-hexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), the potent inhibitor of membrane-bound (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase, at 10(-3) M caused significant inhibitions of aerobic- (approx. 60%) and anaerobic- (approx. 80%) supported uptakes thus suggesting some obligatory requirement for this ATPase. 3. CBT302 cells, like AB3311, supported Pi transport both aerobically and anaerobically. CCCP (50muM) reduced the primary uptake similarly to AB3311 cells, but the secondary uptake was less affected. DCCD (10(-5)-10(-3) M), as expected, showed no effects in contrast to AB3311 cells. 4. In AB3311 cells Ni2+ (10 mM) caused significant but different reductions of secondary (70%) and primary (33%) phases of phosphate uptake. Mn2+ (10 mM) showed a greater differential effect with the primary uptake being minimally affected and the secondary uptake being abolished (97%). Partial relief of these inhibitions by Mg2+ (10 mM), suggested that these ions compete with Mg2+ transport. High voltage electrophoresis studies showed that Ni2+ cause intensification in the labelling from 32Pi (i.e. during Pi uptake) of hexose phosphates and a reduction in the labelling of complex molecules left at the origin. With Mn2+, labelling of fructose 1,6-diphosphate was reduced, the triose phosphate area was intensified and an unknown area (X) was intensely labelled. When Mn2+ was combined with anaerobiosis, phosphate uptake though diminished in rate exceeded after 16 min the plateau level of uptake under aerobic conditions with Mn2+ present.", "contents": "Studies on phosphate transport in Escherichia coli. II. Effects of metabolic inhibitors and divalent cations. 1. Study has been made of the effects of a variety of metabolic inhibitors and divalent cations (Ni2+ and Mn2+), normally after 5 min exposure, on the biphasic uptake of inorganic phosphate (Pi) exhibited by phosphate-deprived cells of Escherichia coli, strains AB3311 (Reeves met-) and CBT302 (a (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase-deficient mutant). 2. In AB3311 cells cyanide (1-10 mM) produced comparable reductions in phosphate uptake to anaerobiosis, but in both instances significant uptake was maintained. Examination of intracellular Pi concentrations showed that, despite these inhibitions, Pi is still concentrated 130 times compared to 394 times under aerobic conditions. Arsenate (100 muM) and iodoacetate (100 muM pre-exposed 15 min) both abolished anaerobic-supported uptake. Under aerobic conditions the former eliminated primary uptake while the latter reduced both phases of uptake 60%. The uncouplers, dinitrophenol (100-1000 muM) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP) (50muM) produced very significant, but not complete inhibitions of both phases of uptake. Inhibitions by iodoacetate and dinitrophenol were additive while dithiothreitol protected against the effects of 50-250 mum CCCP. N,N'-Dicyclo-hexylcarbodiimide (DCCD), the potent inhibitor of membrane-bound (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase, at 10(-3) M caused significant inhibitions of aerobic- (approx. 60%) and anaerobic- (approx. 80%) supported uptakes thus suggesting some obligatory requirement for this ATPase. 3. CBT302 cells, like AB3311, supported Pi transport both aerobically and anaerobically. CCCP (50muM) reduced the primary uptake similarly to AB3311 cells, but the secondary uptake was less affected. DCCD (10(-5)-10(-3) M), as expected, showed no effects in contrast to AB3311 cells. 4. In AB3311 cells Ni2+ (10 mM) caused significant but different reductions of secondary (70%) and primary (33%) phases of phosphate uptake. Mn2+ (10 mM) showed a greater differential effect with the primary uptake being minimally affected and the secondary uptake being abolished (97%). Partial relief of these inhibitions by Mg2+ (10 mM), suggested that these ions compete with Mg2+ transport. High voltage electrophoresis studies showed that Ni2+ cause intensification in the labelling from 32Pi (i.e. during Pi uptake) of hexose phosphates and a reduction in the labelling of complex molecules left at the origin. With Mn2+, labelling of fructose 1,6-diphosphate was reduced, the triose phosphate area was intensified and an unknown area (X) was intensely labelled. When Mn2+ was combined with anaerobiosis, phosphate uptake though diminished in rate exceeded after 16 min the plateau level of uptake under aerobic conditions with Mn2+ present."}
{"id": "PMID:132193", "title": "Micrococcus lysodeikticus membrane ATPase. Effect of trypsin on stimulation of a purified form of the enzyme and idenfification of its natural inhibitor.", "content": "A soluble purified form of Micrococcus lysodeikticus ATPase (form BAT, from strain B, active, trypsin-stimulated) was stimulated 100% by trypsin and this stimulation was inhibited by preincubation of the protease with phenyl methyl sulphonylfluoride. This form of the enzyme was also stimulated 125-150% by filtration on Sephadex G-200. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate-gel electrophoresis showed that stimulation of this form of M. lysodeikticus ATPase was always accompanied by the disappearance of a subunit of mol. wt. 25000 (epsilon subunit). It suggests that this subunit is the natural inhibitor of M. lysodeikticus ATPase. In the case of ATPase stimulation by trypsin, a partial and limited degradation of the alpha subunit was also observed. The interaction between the epsilon subunit and the rest of the ATPase complex was reversibly affected by pH, suggesting its non-covalent nature.", "contents": "Micrococcus lysodeikticus membrane ATPase. Effect of trypsin on stimulation of a purified form of the enzyme and idenfification of its natural inhibitor. A soluble purified form of Micrococcus lysodeikticus ATPase (form BAT, from strain B, active, trypsin-stimulated) was stimulated 100% by trypsin and this stimulation was inhibited by preincubation of the protease with phenyl methyl sulphonylfluoride. This form of the enzyme was also stimulated 125-150% by filtration on Sephadex G-200. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulphate-gel electrophoresis showed that stimulation of this form of M. lysodeikticus ATPase was always accompanied by the disappearance of a subunit of mol. wt. 25000 (epsilon subunit). It suggests that this subunit is the natural inhibitor of M. lysodeikticus ATPase. In the case of ATPase stimulation by trypsin, a partial and limited degradation of the alpha subunit was also observed. The interaction between the epsilon subunit and the rest of the ATPase complex was reversibly affected by pH, suggesting its non-covalent nature."}
{"id": "PMID:132194", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of chick brain synaptic plasma membranes.", "content": "An isolation procedure for synaptic plasma membranes from whole chick brain is reported that uses the combined flotation-sedimentation density gradient centrifugation procedure described by Jones and Matus (Jones, D. H. and Matus, A. I. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 356, 276-287) for rat brain. The particulate of the osmotically shocked and sonicated crude mitochondrial fraction was used for a flotation-sedimentation gradient step. Four fractions were recovered from the gradient after 30 min centrifugation. The fractions were identified and characterized by electron microscopy and by several markers for plasma membrane and other subcellular organelles. Fraction 2 was recovered from the 28.5-34% (w/v) sucrose interphase and contained the major part of the activities of the neuronal plasma membrane marker enzymes. The specific activities of the (Na+ +K+)-activated ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3), acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) and 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) were, respectively, 4.5, 2.0 and 1.2 times higher than in the homogenate. However, Fraction 2 also contained considerable amounts of activities of putative lysosomal and microsomal markers in addition to lower amounts of mitochondrial and myelin markers. Although no prepurification of synaptosomes from the crude mitochondrial fraction was performed, the synaptic plasma membranes obtained showed many properties analogous to similar preparations from rat brain described in recent years.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of chick brain synaptic plasma membranes. An isolation procedure for synaptic plasma membranes from whole chick brain is reported that uses the combined flotation-sedimentation density gradient centrifugation procedure described by Jones and Matus (Jones, D. H. and Matus, A. I. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 356, 276-287) for rat brain. The particulate of the osmotically shocked and sonicated crude mitochondrial fraction was used for a flotation-sedimentation gradient step. Four fractions were recovered from the gradient after 30 min centrifugation. The fractions were identified and characterized by electron microscopy and by several markers for plasma membrane and other subcellular organelles. Fraction 2 was recovered from the 28.5-34% (w/v) sucrose interphase and contained the major part of the activities of the neuronal plasma membrane marker enzymes. The specific activities of the (Na+ +K+)-activated ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3), acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) and 5'-nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) were, respectively, 4.5, 2.0 and 1.2 times higher than in the homogenate. However, Fraction 2 also contained considerable amounts of activities of putative lysosomal and microsomal markers in addition to lower amounts of mitochondrial and myelin markers. Although no prepurification of synaptosomes from the crude mitochondrial fraction was performed, the synaptic plasma membranes obtained showed many properties analogous to similar preparations from rat brain described in recent years."}
{"id": "PMID:132195", "title": "Effects of ATP and magnesium ions on the fluorescence of harmala alkaloids. Restrictions for the use of harmala alkaloids as fluorescent probes for (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.", "content": "1. Harmine and harmaline were investigated as potentially useful fluorescent inhibitors of (Na+ + K+) activated ATPase. 29 From spectroscopic measurements both compounds were shown to form 1 : 1 complexes with ATP, the dissociation constants being 0.65 mM and 1.83 mM for harmine and harmaline respectively. Addition of Mg2+ and enzyme further affected these equilibria. 3. Although it was possible to demonstrate a competitive effect of harmine at the sodium-loading site of the enzyme, other inhibitory effects, including inhibitions of ouabain binding and the ouabain-insensitive ATPase were found. 4. It was concluded that the harmala alkaloids can inhibit (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase in a complex way involving both Na- and ATP-binding sites. This severely limits their usefulness as spectroscopic probes.", "contents": "Effects of ATP and magnesium ions on the fluorescence of harmala alkaloids. Restrictions for the use of harmala alkaloids as fluorescent probes for (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. 1. Harmine and harmaline were investigated as potentially useful fluorescent inhibitors of (Na+ + K+) activated ATPase. 29 From spectroscopic measurements both compounds were shown to form 1 : 1 complexes with ATP, the dissociation constants being 0.65 mM and 1.83 mM for harmine and harmaline respectively. Addition of Mg2+ and enzyme further affected these equilibria. 3. Although it was possible to demonstrate a competitive effect of harmine at the sodium-loading site of the enzyme, other inhibitory effects, including inhibitions of ouabain binding and the ouabain-insensitive ATPase were found. 4. It was concluded that the harmala alkaloids can inhibit (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase in a complex way involving both Na- and ATP-binding sites. This severely limits their usefulness as spectroscopic probes."}
{"id": "PMID:132196", "title": "[Inhibitors of the slow stage of proton transfer in the link connecting respiration with mitochondrial phosphorylation].", "content": "Electrophilic agents--derivatives of carbonic acids--are found to inhibit respiration, ATP synthesis and reverse electrone transport in intact mitochondria. The inhibition of respiration and ATPase was observed in intact mitochondria at 3 and 3u states (by Chance). Inhibitors concentrations, which caused 50% inhibition, were approximately the same. Sharp decrease of the effect of electrophilic inhibitors on respiration and ATPase activity in mitochondria and submitochondrial particles with substantially impaired coupling system was observed. The following conclusions are drawn on the basis of the data obtained: 1) electrophilic inhibitor attack the coupling site of respiration and ATP synthesis in mitochondria; 2) the reaction of the proton transport from the respiration proton pump to ATP synthetase is one of the slowest steps of the process of ATP-synthesis in mitochondria. A scheme of working the coupling system is suggested which includes the step of proton lateral diffusion.", "contents": "[Inhibitors of the slow stage of proton transfer in the link connecting respiration with mitochondrial phosphorylation]. Electrophilic agents--derivatives of carbonic acids--are found to inhibit respiration, ATP synthesis and reverse electrone transport in intact mitochondria. The inhibition of respiration and ATPase was observed in intact mitochondria at 3 and 3u states (by Chance). Inhibitors concentrations, which caused 50% inhibition, were approximately the same. Sharp decrease of the effect of electrophilic inhibitors on respiration and ATPase activity in mitochondria and submitochondrial particles with substantially impaired coupling system was observed. The following conclusions are drawn on the basis of the data obtained: 1) electrophilic inhibitor attack the coupling site of respiration and ATP synthesis in mitochondria; 2) the reaction of the proton transport from the respiration proton pump to ATP synthetase is one of the slowest steps of the process of ATP-synthesis in mitochondria. A scheme of working the coupling system is suggested which includes the step of proton lateral diffusion."}
{"id": "PMID:132197", "title": "[The effect of plasmin on kallikreinogen].", "content": "The effect of purified plasmin preparation on kallikreinogen isolated from rat blood plasma was studied by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Plasmin was shown to affect kallikreinogen to form an active enzyme--kallikrein. The dependence of the activation degree on the plasmin activity and incubation time was studied. Evidence was found for the absence of Hagemann factor in the reaction medium, which excludes the possibility of indirect action of plasmin on kallikreinogen through the Hagemann factor fragments formed.", "contents": "[The effect of plasmin on kallikreinogen]. The effect of purified plasmin preparation on kallikreinogen isolated from rat blood plasma was studied by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Plasmin was shown to affect kallikreinogen to form an active enzyme--kallikrein. The dependence of the activation degree on the plasmin activity and incubation time was studied. Evidence was found for the absence of Hagemann factor in the reaction medium, which excludes the possibility of indirect action of plasmin on kallikreinogen through the Hagemann factor fragments formed."}
{"id": "PMID:132198", "title": "[Kinetic properties of skeletal muscle sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase].", "content": "Calcium activation of skeletal muscle sarcolemma Ca2+-ATPase is investigated. The investigation of a dependency of the initial rate of ATP hydrolysis on total concentration of substrate and on total and free calcium concentrations showed that the role of calcium ions is not limited by the formation of the substrate complex (CaATP2-). Calcium is absolutely necessary for the enzyme transition from inactive into active form. The inhibitory effect of free ATP is due to a decrease of free calcium concentration as a result of complexation with ATP, but not of competition with substrate in the active site. It is shown also that magnesium competitively inhibits the interaction of the enzyme with the substrate and non-competively suppress the activation of Ca2+-ATPase by free calcium.", "contents": "[Kinetic properties of skeletal muscle sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase]. Calcium activation of skeletal muscle sarcolemma Ca2+-ATPase is investigated. The investigation of a dependency of the initial rate of ATP hydrolysis on total concentration of substrate and on total and free calcium concentrations showed that the role of calcium ions is not limited by the formation of the substrate complex (CaATP2-). Calcium is absolutely necessary for the enzyme transition from inactive into active form. The inhibitory effect of free ATP is due to a decrease of free calcium concentration as a result of complexation with ATP, but not of competition with substrate in the active site. It is shown also that magnesium competitively inhibits the interaction of the enzyme with the substrate and non-competively suppress the activation of Ca2+-ATPase by free calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:132199", "title": "Challenge to conventional treatment for myocardial failure-mechanical assist.", "content": "Use of a prosthesis for temporary or permanent circulatory support in left ventricular failure has been investigated by our group for over 12 years. Experiences with both a U-shaped mechanical auxiliary ventricle (MAV) and the intraaortic balloon pump showed that in-series devices can stabilize the failing circulation. Studies with a MAV based on the balloon pump, the dynamic aortic patch (DAP) indicated that this system too is hemodynamically effective. In addition, data from extensive in vivo studies indicated that when its intravascular surface is made of Electrolour (Dacron velour backed by polyurethane with a negative electrical charge), the frequency of thromboembolism is greatly diminished. Following initial activation of the DAP in a patient with advanced chronic congestive failure, his hemodynamic parameters rapidly approached normal values: mean pulmonary artery and end-diastolic pressures were reduced, cardiac output increased, and myocardial metabolism changed from anaerobic to aerobic. The patient's cardiac function gradually improved, allowing his return to his home. The patient died on the 96th postoperative day after three months of improved cardiac function. Autopsy disclosed the DAP to be functional. A stable fibrin layer had formed on its intravascular surface; there were no signs of embolization. The DAP represents a promising approach to long-term ventricular support. For more than twelve years, our group has been interested in the possibility of using a mechanical prosthesis, not for total heart replacement, but rather for partial temporary or permanent circulatory support. In the first several years of work following this approach, we concentrated on the development of a permanently implantable system for in-series ventricular assistance. This work led to the study of several configurations of a mechanical auxiliary ventricle which gave effective circulatory support in laboratory and clinical studies [1,2]. The problem of achieving satisfactory interaction between blood and prosthesis was not resolved in these studies, but we were sufficiently encouraged by the hemodynamic effects to look into the possibility of working with the temporary support system initially proposed by Moulopoulos, Topaz, and Kolff [3].", "contents": "Challenge to conventional treatment for myocardial failure-mechanical assist. Use of a prosthesis for temporary or permanent circulatory support in left ventricular failure has been investigated by our group for over 12 years. Experiences with both a U-shaped mechanical auxiliary ventricle (MAV) and the intraaortic balloon pump showed that in-series devices can stabilize the failing circulation. Studies with a MAV based on the balloon pump, the dynamic aortic patch (DAP) indicated that this system too is hemodynamically effective. In addition, data from extensive in vivo studies indicated that when its intravascular surface is made of Electrolour (Dacron velour backed by polyurethane with a negative electrical charge), the frequency of thromboembolism is greatly diminished. Following initial activation of the DAP in a patient with advanced chronic congestive failure, his hemodynamic parameters rapidly approached normal values: mean pulmonary artery and end-diastolic pressures were reduced, cardiac output increased, and myocardial metabolism changed from anaerobic to aerobic. The patient's cardiac function gradually improved, allowing his return to his home. The patient died on the 96th postoperative day after three months of improved cardiac function. Autopsy disclosed the DAP to be functional. A stable fibrin layer had formed on its intravascular surface; there were no signs of embolization. The DAP represents a promising approach to long-term ventricular support. For more than twelve years, our group has been interested in the possibility of using a mechanical prosthesis, not for total heart replacement, but rather for partial temporary or permanent circulatory support. In the first several years of work following this approach, we concentrated on the development of a permanently implantable system for in-series ventricular assistance. This work led to the study of several configurations of a mechanical auxiliary ventricle which gave effective circulatory support in laboratory and clinical studies [1,2]. The problem of achieving satisfactory interaction between blood and prosthesis was not resolved in these studies, but we were sufficiently encouraged by the hemodynamic effects to look into the possibility of working with the temporary support system initially proposed by Moulopoulos, Topaz, and Kolff [3]."}
{"id": "PMID:132200", "title": "An intra-abdominal chamber for continuous long-term observation of the sheep ovary.", "content": "Rupture of the ovarian follicle (ovulation) is a clinically important event in reproduction, and its prediction or detection has been the object of many investigations. Direct observation is presently the only conclusive concurrent evidence of ovulation and is, therefore, necessary in investigations on the validity and precision of signals hypothesized to be time-related to ovulation. For this purpose, an ovary observation chamber, with a kink-resistant polyvinyl chloride viewing conduit, has been fabricated from resin-reinforced fibreglass, further coated with a silicone elastomer. The chamber is implanted surgically in ewes with the ovaries placed in the distal section of the chamber. The rigid fibreglass construction can withstand the normal physical activity of the animal, while the flexible portion of the chamber allows movement of the flank musculature with minimum impairment of blood supply at the ovary pedicle. A glass window permits continuous external observation and photography of both ovaries with their follicles. Both ovaries of each of 8 sheep were mounted in a chamber and, after an initial swelling, presented relatively normal morphology for 2-9 weeks. The tissue in contact with the chamber showed no adverse reaction. No infection was observed as long as the tissue-biomaterial interface near the abdominal skin was intact. In 6 of the 8 sheep implanted with the device, components of normal cyclic development have been identified by histological, photographic, or hormonal evidence.", "contents": "An intra-abdominal chamber for continuous long-term observation of the sheep ovary. Rupture of the ovarian follicle (ovulation) is a clinically important event in reproduction, and its prediction or detection has been the object of many investigations. Direct observation is presently the only conclusive concurrent evidence of ovulation and is, therefore, necessary in investigations on the validity and precision of signals hypothesized to be time-related to ovulation. For this purpose, an ovary observation chamber, with a kink-resistant polyvinyl chloride viewing conduit, has been fabricated from resin-reinforced fibreglass, further coated with a silicone elastomer. The chamber is implanted surgically in ewes with the ovaries placed in the distal section of the chamber. The rigid fibreglass construction can withstand the normal physical activity of the animal, while the flexible portion of the chamber allows movement of the flank musculature with minimum impairment of blood supply at the ovary pedicle. A glass window permits continuous external observation and photography of both ovaries with their follicles. Both ovaries of each of 8 sheep were mounted in a chamber and, after an initial swelling, presented relatively normal morphology for 2-9 weeks. The tissue in contact with the chamber showed no adverse reaction. No infection was observed as long as the tissue-biomaterial interface near the abdominal skin was intact. In 6 of the 8 sheep implanted with the device, components of normal cyclic development have been identified by histological, photographic, or hormonal evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:132201", "title": "Tissue factor activity of cultured human lymphocytes.", "content": "Potent procoagulant activity develops in human lymphocytes during mixed culture, preceding the cell multiplication. This activity has the same characteristics as that of tissue factor. The membrane support of the activity binds factor VII, leading to the formation of factor X activator. The same observation is made when lymphocyte culture is made without antigenic stimulation, demonstrating that \"in vitro\" culture alone is able to endow lymphocytes with tissue factor activity. The mechanism of this non-specific stimulation remains to be elucitaded.", "contents": "Tissue factor activity of cultured human lymphocytes. Potent procoagulant activity develops in human lymphocytes during mixed culture, preceding the cell multiplication. This activity has the same characteristics as that of tissue factor. The membrane support of the activity binds factor VII, leading to the formation of factor X activator. The same observation is made when lymphocyte culture is made without antigenic stimulation, demonstrating that \"in vitro\" culture alone is able to endow lymphocytes with tissue factor activity. The mechanism of this non-specific stimulation remains to be elucitaded."}
{"id": "PMID:132203", "title": "Phalangeal acroosteolysis associated with Down syndrome.", "content": "This report described a case of acroosteolysis of phalangeal type associated with regular Down syndrome. The findings of the present case overlapped those of familial or idiopathic acroosteolysis previously reported by others. Study of the patient's family uncovered consanguineous marriage of the parents and affection of his brother, suggesting affection was the result of homozygosity for an autosomal recessive gene. Similarities of findings of the digits among acroosteolysis, pyknodysostosis and Down syndrome were discussed.", "contents": "Phalangeal acroosteolysis associated with Down syndrome. This report described a case of acroosteolysis of phalangeal type associated with regular Down syndrome. The findings of the present case overlapped those of familial or idiopathic acroosteolysis previously reported by others. Study of the patient's family uncovered consanguineous marriage of the parents and affection of his brother, suggesting affection was the result of homozygosity for an autosomal recessive gene. Similarities of findings of the digits among acroosteolysis, pyknodysostosis and Down syndrome were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132204", "title": "[The role of renal acid mucopolysaccharides in the mechanism of reabsorption of osmotically free water].", "content": "The authors compared the histochemical characteristics of acid mucopolysaccharides (MPS) of the medulla of the kidney with functional indices of the latter in dogs under conditions of water, osmotic diuresis and in polyuria caused by the administration of heparin. There was seen a correlation between the changes in the MPS staining and the intensity of reabsorption of osmotically free water. On the basis of the results obtained a supposition was put forward that the change in the physico-chemical properties of the MPS served as one of the most significant factors determining the permeability of the medulla structures for the passage of water from the tubular lumina into the interstitium.", "contents": "[The role of renal acid mucopolysaccharides in the mechanism of reabsorption of osmotically free water]. The authors compared the histochemical characteristics of acid mucopolysaccharides (MPS) of the medulla of the kidney with functional indices of the latter in dogs under conditions of water, osmotic diuresis and in polyuria caused by the administration of heparin. There was seen a correlation between the changes in the MPS staining and the intensity of reabsorption of osmotically free water. On the basis of the results obtained a supposition was put forward that the change in the physico-chemical properties of the MPS served as one of the most significant factors determining the permeability of the medulla structures for the passage of water from the tubular lumina into the interstitium."}
{"id": "PMID:132205", "title": "[The effect of 1-adamantyl radicals on curare-like activity].", "content": "In the series of polymethylene bis-ammonium salts R(CH3)2N(CH2)NN(CH3)2R . 2I--(R=CH3 or Ad) a study was made of the significance of hydrophobic 1-adamantyle radicals (1--Ad) for curare-like activity. Administration of 1-ad radicals into the cation groups of depolarizing agents (n-9--11) altered their mechanism of action and diminished their activity. Attachmeni of 1-Ad radicals to the both quarternary nitrogen atoms of the antidepolarizing agents (n=5 and 6) sharply increased their curare-like activity. The data obtained pointed to the presence of hydrophobic zones in the cholinoreceptors of skeletal muscles.", "contents": "[The effect of 1-adamantyl radicals on curare-like activity]. In the series of polymethylene bis-ammonium salts R(CH3)2N(CH2)NN(CH3)2R . 2I--(R=CH3 or Ad) a study was made of the significance of hydrophobic 1-adamantyle radicals (1--Ad) for curare-like activity. Administration of 1-ad radicals into the cation groups of depolarizing agents (n-9--11) altered their mechanism of action and diminished their activity. Attachmeni of 1-Ad radicals to the both quarternary nitrogen atoms of the antidepolarizing agents (n=5 and 6) sharply increased their curare-like activity. The data obtained pointed to the presence of hydrophobic zones in the cholinoreceptors of skeletal muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:132207", "title": "[The effect of sodium and potassium ions on serotonin absorption by lung tissue].", "content": "Experiments were conducted on the isolated perfused lungs of albino rats; there was shown a dependency of serotonin (ST) absorption on the Na+ and K+ concentration in the perfusate. Which high Na+ concentrations in the perfusate ST was absorbed by the lung tissue cells in great quantities, but when Na+ concentrations were low - ST absorption showed a sharp reduction. K+ concentration in the perfusate had a lesser influence on the ST absorption; the maximal absorption was seen with the K+ concentrations of from 5 to 20 mM. A reduction or an increase in the K+ concentration inhibited the ST absorption. Strophanthin K, a powerful Na, K-dependent ATPase inhibitor, markedly inhibited the ST absorption in a concentration of 10(-4)-- 10(-3) M. It is supposed that there was an association of the ST transport through the cell membrane with the Na+ transport.", "contents": "[The effect of sodium and potassium ions on serotonin absorption by lung tissue]. Experiments were conducted on the isolated perfused lungs of albino rats; there was shown a dependency of serotonin (ST) absorption on the Na+ and K+ concentration in the perfusate. Which high Na+ concentrations in the perfusate ST was absorbed by the lung tissue cells in great quantities, but when Na+ concentrations were low - ST absorption showed a sharp reduction. K+ concentration in the perfusate had a lesser influence on the ST absorption; the maximal absorption was seen with the K+ concentrations of from 5 to 20 mM. A reduction or an increase in the K+ concentration inhibited the ST absorption. Strophanthin K, a powerful Na, K-dependent ATPase inhibitor, markedly inhibited the ST absorption in a concentration of 10(-4)-- 10(-3) M. It is supposed that there was an association of the ST transport through the cell membrane with the Na+ transport."}
{"id": "PMID:132208", "title": "[Characteristics of contact activation of rabbit blood (kallikrein and plasmin systems].", "content": "In vitro experiments showed that caoline-induced contact activation of the kallikreine-kinine system and streptokinase-induced activation of plasmin could possibly occur in rabbit blood plasma. Preliminary short-term treatment of plasma with chloroform removed the factor, inhibiting the two mentioned activation processes. The results obtained provided an indirect evidence for the existence of a functional relationship between the kallikreine and plasmin systems of the blood at the level of the initial step of their activation, i.e. the Hageman factor.", "contents": "[Characteristics of contact activation of rabbit blood (kallikrein and plasmin systems]. In vitro experiments showed that caoline-induced contact activation of the kallikreine-kinine system and streptokinase-induced activation of plasmin could possibly occur in rabbit blood plasma. Preliminary short-term treatment of plasma with chloroform removed the factor, inhibiting the two mentioned activation processes. The results obtained provided an indirect evidence for the existence of a functional relationship between the kallikreine and plasmin systems of the blood at the level of the initial step of their activation, i.e. the Hageman factor."}
{"id": "PMID:132209", "title": "[Changes in fibrinolysis components during short-term adaptation to high altitude].", "content": "In studying hemocoagulation in dogs under conditions of Frunze (760 m above the sea level) and Tuya-Ashu (3200 m above the sea level) it was shown that in the \"emergency\" phase of adaptation (the first three days) there was seen activation of fibrinolysin and profibrinolysin with depression of antifibrinolysins and inhibitors of profibrinolysin activators. The concentration of plasma fibrinogen at that period decreased by 100 mg%, which could promote an increase in the vascular permeability and improvement of oxygen approach to the tissues. Later, along with elevation of fibrinolysin and profibrinolysin activators there was a marked increase in the level of fibrinolysis inhibitors. Correlation of all the fibrinolysis components was established at a new level.", "contents": "[Changes in fibrinolysis components during short-term adaptation to high altitude]. In studying hemocoagulation in dogs under conditions of Frunze (760 m above the sea level) and Tuya-Ashu (3200 m above the sea level) it was shown that in the \"emergency\" phase of adaptation (the first three days) there was seen activation of fibrinolysin and profibrinolysin with depression of antifibrinolysins and inhibitors of profibrinolysin activators. The concentration of plasma fibrinogen at that period decreased by 100 mg%, which could promote an increase in the vascular permeability and improvement of oxygen approach to the tissues. Later, along with elevation of fibrinolysin and profibrinolysin activators there was a marked increase in the level of fibrinolysis inhibitors. Correlation of all the fibrinolysis components was established at a new level."}
{"id": "PMID:132210", "title": "Detection of soluble intermediates of the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion using erythrocytes coated with fibrin monomers.", "content": "The presence of minimal amounts of fibrinogen-fibrin intermediates in human plasma was visualized by an agglutination reaction of glutaraldehyde-treated human erythrocytes coated with purified fibrin monomers. A degree of monomer coating was established which produced erythrocytes not agglutinated by normal plasma but by plasma containing minimal amounts of soluble complexes of fibrinogen with fibrin monomers. Under standardized conditions of coating, erythrocyte concentration, temperature, pH, and incubation time, the agglutination time varied with the ratio of soluble fibrin to fibrinogen in plasma. The test was sensitive down to a soluble fibrin concentration of 0.675% of the plasma fibrinogen concentration. Early fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products (FDP) in the plasma led to a prolongation of the agglutination time at a concentration of more than 16 mg/100 ml. Late FDP in a concentration of 100 mg/100 ml did not convert a positive test to negative. The test was not affected by heparin and protamine at concentrations of up to 12.5 and 50 NIH units/ml, respectively.", "contents": "Detection of soluble intermediates of the fibrinogen-fibrin conversion using erythrocytes coated with fibrin monomers. The presence of minimal amounts of fibrinogen-fibrin intermediates in human plasma was visualized by an agglutination reaction of glutaraldehyde-treated human erythrocytes coated with purified fibrin monomers. A degree of monomer coating was established which produced erythrocytes not agglutinated by normal plasma but by plasma containing minimal amounts of soluble complexes of fibrinogen with fibrin monomers. Under standardized conditions of coating, erythrocyte concentration, temperature, pH, and incubation time, the agglutination time varied with the ratio of soluble fibrin to fibrinogen in plasma. The test was sensitive down to a soluble fibrin concentration of 0.675% of the plasma fibrinogen concentration. Early fibrinogen and fibrin degradation products (FDP) in the plasma led to a prolongation of the agglutination time at a concentration of more than 16 mg/100 ml. Late FDP in a concentration of 100 mg/100 ml did not convert a positive test to negative. The test was not affected by heparin and protamine at concentrations of up to 12.5 and 50 NIH units/ml, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:132212", "title": "[Vectorcardiography].", "content": "The principle of vectorcardiography is first discussed. The setting out in space is very instructive. An over-valuation of slight vectorcardiographic changes can lead to wrong conclusions. The changes in right hypertrophy may in many cases be important for diagnosis. This is true for cases of intraventricular conduction disturbance and incomplete right bundle branch block. In certain cases of myocardial infarction, the vectorcardiogram can be valuable as additional diagnostic method. Finally the diagnostic possibilities of vectorcardiography in pacemaker patients, contour irregularities of the vector loops, congenital valvular heart disease and ventricular extrasystole, and the question of standardisation are discussed.", "contents": "[Vectorcardiography]. The principle of vectorcardiography is first discussed. The setting out in space is very instructive. An over-valuation of slight vectorcardiographic changes can lead to wrong conclusions. The changes in right hypertrophy may in many cases be important for diagnosis. This is true for cases of intraventricular conduction disturbance and incomplete right bundle branch block. In certain cases of myocardial infarction, the vectorcardiogram can be valuable as additional diagnostic method. Finally the diagnostic possibilities of vectorcardiography in pacemaker patients, contour irregularities of the vector loops, congenital valvular heart disease and ventricular extrasystole, and the question of standardisation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132213", "title": "Stimulation of pathologic electrocardiograms: the role of Durrer layers in the normal, the hypertrophied and the ischemic heart.", "content": "A mechanism is described which explains the electrocardiographic manifestations of cellular hypertrophy and acute ischemia. This mechanism arises from neighboring cells having different transmembrane action potentials, and it has been called the \"contiguity effect\". The contiguity effect of adjacent \"Durrer layers\" (defined in the paper) gives rise to the T-wave distortions in hypertrophy and is also responsible for the polarity of the normal T-wave. This mechanism has been incorporated in a computer model of electrical heart activity which generates high fidelity 12-lead electrocardiograms. It is shown that the increase in R-wave amplitude and in ventricular activation time, and the flattening and/or polarity reversal of the T-wave in hypertrophy is due to an increase in the size of myocardial cells, and the S-T segment shift in acute ischemia is produced by the contiguity effect between normal and ischemic cells. For a lesion of given size, the S-T segment shift is linearly proportional to the \"severity\"; i.e., the reduction in electrical activity, of ischemic cells, and fora lesion of given severity, the S-T segment shift is a measure of the area, not the volume, of ischemic tissue. Therefore, a direct correlation does not necessarily exist between volume measuring tests (such as serum enzyme values in the case of necrosis) and S-T segment shifts in acute ischemia.", "contents": "Stimulation of pathologic electrocardiograms: the role of Durrer layers in the normal, the hypertrophied and the ischemic heart. A mechanism is described which explains the electrocardiographic manifestations of cellular hypertrophy and acute ischemia. This mechanism arises from neighboring cells having different transmembrane action potentials, and it has been called the \"contiguity effect\". The contiguity effect of adjacent \"Durrer layers\" (defined in the paper) gives rise to the T-wave distortions in hypertrophy and is also responsible for the polarity of the normal T-wave. This mechanism has been incorporated in a computer model of electrical heart activity which generates high fidelity 12-lead electrocardiograms. It is shown that the increase in R-wave amplitude and in ventricular activation time, and the flattening and/or polarity reversal of the T-wave in hypertrophy is due to an increase in the size of myocardial cells, and the S-T segment shift in acute ischemia is produced by the contiguity effect between normal and ischemic cells. For a lesion of given size, the S-T segment shift is linearly proportional to the \"severity\"; i.e., the reduction in electrical activity, of ischemic cells, and fora lesion of given severity, the S-T segment shift is a measure of the area, not the volume, of ischemic tissue. Therefore, a direct correlation does not necessarily exist between volume measuring tests (such as serum enzyme values in the case of necrosis) and S-T segment shifts in acute ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:132214", "title": "New long-stay patients in a hospital for mental handicap.", "content": "Better Services for the Mentally Handicapped (1971) forecasts a diminution in the number of beds in hospitals for mental handicap. It can be achieved only by the admission of fewer new long-stay patients. This paper considers 50 new long-stay cases admitted to a hospital for mentally handicapped in the five years 1970 to 1974. Of these admissions 42% were children, and of all the admissions 54% had Wechsler intelligence quotients under 25. Further, 62% of the admissions were for behaviour problems and 38% were for physical infirmity and helplessness. It is concluded that there are some mentally handicapped people who have problems with which only a hospital can cope. The high nursing dependency and the profound mental retardation of a majority of the new long-stay patients present a formidable challenge.", "contents": "New long-stay patients in a hospital for mental handicap. Better Services for the Mentally Handicapped (1971) forecasts a diminution in the number of beds in hospitals for mental handicap. It can be achieved only by the admission of fewer new long-stay patients. This paper considers 50 new long-stay cases admitted to a hospital for mentally handicapped in the five years 1970 to 1974. Of these admissions 42% were children, and of all the admissions 54% had Wechsler intelligence quotients under 25. Further, 62% of the admissions were for behaviour problems and 38% were for physical infirmity and helplessness. It is concluded that there are some mentally handicapped people who have problems with which only a hospital can cope. The high nursing dependency and the profound mental retardation of a majority of the new long-stay patients present a formidable challenge."}
{"id": "PMID:132215", "title": "The medical model of the disease concept.", "content": "According to the medical model of the disease concept, a class of patients is homogeneous only when it is characterized by manifestations which have their ultimate intra-organismic origin in a particular kind of physio-pathological cause. Most patient classes are still heterogeneous because we are still ignorant of that cause. The medical model can be applied to the subdivision of all classes of patients, including classes of non-organic psychiatric patients. However, the successful application of the medical model depends on the acquisition of knowledge of relevant physiopathological facts. It is argued that the dimensional model of evaluating psychological abnormalities is not likely to help in acquiring that knowledge.", "contents": "The medical model of the disease concept. According to the medical model of the disease concept, a class of patients is homogeneous only when it is characterized by manifestations which have their ultimate intra-organismic origin in a particular kind of physio-pathological cause. Most patient classes are still heterogeneous because we are still ignorant of that cause. The medical model can be applied to the subdivision of all classes of patients, including classes of non-organic psychiatric patients. However, the successful application of the medical model depends on the acquisition of knowledge of relevant physiopathological facts. It is argued that the dimensional model of evaluating psychological abnormalities is not likely to help in acquiring that knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:132216", "title": "Local hyperalimentation of open wounds.", "content": "After d\u00e9bridement of necrotized and devitalized tissue in deep burns and large traumatic soft tissue defects, the raw surfaces were covered with separate sheets of viscose cellulose sponge (VCS), each moistened by continuous slow infusion of one of the following solutions: (a) 0-9 per cent NaCl; (b) 10 per cent glucose; (c) Rheomacrodex (dextrane hydrolysate in 0-9 per cent NaCl); (d) 7 per cent Levamin (a mixture of essential amino acids and glycin in 5 per cent sorbitol; (e) a combination of two solutions containing amino acids (Le-7402 A) and glucose, electrolytes and vitamins (Le-7402 B). The cellulose sponges were removed or changed 3-7 days later. Macroscopically, histologically and enzyme histochemically, the most active granulation tissue formation was found under the VCS moistened with amino acid solutions, especially when accompanied by glucose and vitamin supplementation. The results strongly suggest that local cellular hyperalimentation of open raw wound surfaces is possible, permitting a new kind of nutritional support in these patients.", "contents": "Local hyperalimentation of open wounds. After d\u00e9bridement of necrotized and devitalized tissue in deep burns and large traumatic soft tissue defects, the raw surfaces were covered with separate sheets of viscose cellulose sponge (VCS), each moistened by continuous slow infusion of one of the following solutions: (a) 0-9 per cent NaCl; (b) 10 per cent glucose; (c) Rheomacrodex (dextrane hydrolysate in 0-9 per cent NaCl); (d) 7 per cent Levamin (a mixture of essential amino acids and glycin in 5 per cent sorbitol; (e) a combination of two solutions containing amino acids (Le-7402 A) and glucose, electrolytes and vitamins (Le-7402 B). The cellulose sponges were removed or changed 3-7 days later. Macroscopically, histologically and enzyme histochemically, the most active granulation tissue formation was found under the VCS moistened with amino acid solutions, especially when accompanied by glucose and vitamin supplementation. The results strongly suggest that local cellular hyperalimentation of open raw wound surfaces is possible, permitting a new kind of nutritional support in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:132217", "title": "Outpatient laparoscopic sterilisation.", "content": "One-hundred consecutive laparoscopic sterilisations were carried out on an outpatient basis without serious operative complications. All patients were discharged home on the day of operation. Two patients subsequently required emergency admission to hospital. Most patients were completely satisfied with the day-case service.", "contents": "Outpatient laparoscopic sterilisation. One-hundred consecutive laparoscopic sterilisations were carried out on an outpatient basis without serious operative complications. All patients were discharged home on the day of operation. Two patients subsequently required emergency admission to hospital. Most patients were completely satisfied with the day-case service."}
{"id": "PMID:132224", "title": "Bony symptoms in secondary syphilis.", "content": "Aching bony pains were prominent in six of 144 cases of secondary syphilis. These pains included headache, backache, aching pains in the limbs, and chest pains. The cause of some of these pains is not clear, but it is important to recognize that secondary syphilis may present with a variety of pains.", "contents": "Bony symptoms in secondary syphilis. Aching bony pains were prominent in six of 144 cases of secondary syphilis. These pains included headache, backache, aching pains in the limbs, and chest pains. The cause of some of these pains is not clear, but it is important to recognize that secondary syphilis may present with a variety of pains."}
{"id": "PMID:132225", "title": "Isolation and characterization of myosin from cloned rat glioma and mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Myosin has been isolated from the clonal lines of murine neuroblastoma and rat glioma cells. Partial characterization of the two cellular myosins indicates that both possess the following properties: (1) the same elution position as rabbit skeletal muscle myosin by Sepharose 4B chromatography; (2) the presence of heavy (molecular weight about 200,000) and light subunit polypeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; (3) EDTA and Ca2+ activated but Mg2+-inhibited ATPase activity in 0.6 M KCl; and (4) binding to rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin which is inhibited by Mg2+-ATP. For both mouse neuroblastoma and rat glioma cells, approximately 0.5-1.5% of the total cell protein is present as myosin. Cellular myosin appears to be indistinguishable in quantity and biochemical properties regardless of whether it is isolated from monolayer or suspension neuroblastoma cells.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of myosin from cloned rat glioma and mouse neuroblastoma cells. Myosin has been isolated from the clonal lines of murine neuroblastoma and rat glioma cells. Partial characterization of the two cellular myosins indicates that both possess the following properties: (1) the same elution position as rabbit skeletal muscle myosin by Sepharose 4B chromatography; (2) the presence of heavy (molecular weight about 200,000) and light subunit polypeptides by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; (3) EDTA and Ca2+ activated but Mg2+-inhibited ATPase activity in 0.6 M KCl; and (4) binding to rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin which is inhibited by Mg2+-ATP. For both mouse neuroblastoma and rat glioma cells, approximately 0.5-1.5% of the total cell protein is present as myosin. Cellular myosin appears to be indistinguishable in quantity and biochemical properties regardless of whether it is isolated from monolayer or suspension neuroblastoma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:132227", "title": "The preparation and characterization of synaptic vesicles of high purity.", "content": "Very pure preparations of synaptic vesicles have been obtained from guinea pig cerebral cortex and from the electromotor synapses of Torpedo marmorata by density gradient centrifugation in a zonal rotor followed by chromatography on columns of glass beads of controlled pore size. Markers for soluble cytoplasm (lactate dehydrogenase), plasma and endoplasmic membranes membranes (Na-K-ATPase; acetylcholinesterase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase], mitochondrial membranes [cytochrome oxidase] and lysosomes [acid phosphatase] were used to assess contamination and were undetectable. The only enzymes detected in the highly purified preparations from guinea pig cerebral cortex were Mg- and Ca-activated ATPases, but their content relative to acetylcholine fell  on chromatography suggesting that they may be constituents of non-cholinergic vesicles. Lipids analyses of the highly purified vesicles confirmed earlier results and showed that glycolipids and lysolecithin are present in negligible amounts; this suggests that lysolecithin is not required for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. A discussion of the probable limiting concentration of acetycholine in cerebral cortical vesicles derived solely from cholinergic terminals suggests that from 13 to 56% of the vesicles isolated are cholinergic, depending on the assumptions made.", "contents": "The preparation and characterization of synaptic vesicles of high purity. Very pure preparations of synaptic vesicles have been obtained from guinea pig cerebral cortex and from the electromotor synapses of Torpedo marmorata by density gradient centrifugation in a zonal rotor followed by chromatography on columns of glass beads of controlled pore size. Markers for soluble cytoplasm (lactate dehydrogenase), plasma and endoplasmic membranes membranes (Na-K-ATPase; acetylcholinesterase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase], mitochondrial membranes [cytochrome oxidase] and lysosomes [acid phosphatase] were used to assess contamination and were undetectable. The only enzymes detected in the highly purified preparations from guinea pig cerebral cortex were Mg- and Ca-activated ATPases, but their content relative to acetylcholine fell  on chromatography suggesting that they may be constituents of non-cholinergic vesicles. Lipids analyses of the highly purified vesicles confirmed earlier results and showed that glycolipids and lysolecithin are present in negligible amounts; this suggests that lysolecithin is not required for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. A discussion of the probable limiting concentration of acetycholine in cerebral cortical vesicles derived solely from cholinergic terminals suggests that from 13 to 56% of the vesicles isolated are cholinergic, depending on the assumptions made."}
{"id": "PMID:132228", "title": "[Production of aldosterone by the regenerated adrenal gland after neonatal autograft in the normal, and the sodium deprived rat].", "content": "The suppression of the adrenal medulla by bilateral neonatal autograft in Sprague-Dawley male rat involves important changes in plasma aldosterone concentration: it falls of about 50% in animals with control diet; on the contrary, it is doubled in sodium depleted rats. Changes in adrenal aldosterone level are slight and non significant. The mechanism of effect of adrenal medulla on aldosterone production is discussed.", "contents": "[Production of aldosterone by the regenerated adrenal gland after neonatal autograft in the normal, and the sodium deprived rat]. The suppression of the adrenal medulla by bilateral neonatal autograft in Sprague-Dawley male rat involves important changes in plasma aldosterone concentration: it falls of about 50% in animals with control diet; on the contrary, it is doubled in sodium depleted rats. Changes in adrenal aldosterone level are slight and non significant. The mechanism of effect of adrenal medulla on aldosterone production is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132229", "title": "[Comparative morphometric data on the epiphysis, the subfornical organ, and the anterior pituitary gland in 2 groups of pure strain Wistar female rats, SPF or conventional].", "content": "In SPF female rats, the pineal gland is less voluminous and its cell-nuclei are smaller than those of conventionnal female rats. This confirms (with the voluminous adrenals previously reported) the stressing action of the absence of pathogenic germs on these animals. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis is slightly smaller and subfornical organ a little larger than in conventionnal female rats.", "contents": "[Comparative morphometric data on the epiphysis, the subfornical organ, and the anterior pituitary gland in 2 groups of pure strain Wistar female rats, SPF or conventional]. In SPF female rats, the pineal gland is less voluminous and its cell-nuclei are smaller than those of conventionnal female rats. This confirms (with the voluminous adrenals previously reported) the stressing action of the absence of pathogenic germs on these animals. The anterior lobe of the hypophysis is slightly smaller and subfornical organ a little larger than in conventionnal female rats."}
{"id": "PMID:132230", "title": "[Nycthemeral variations of mitotic activity in the adrenal cortex of the rat].", "content": "Working on histologic sections 7 microns thick in the equatorial part of male rat adrenal cortex, we found two high mitotic activity periods. The first one stays at midnight and shows an average number of 42 mitoses per section; the second one occurs at 5 a.m. with an average number of mitoses of 70,1 per section. If we except these particular points, the mitotic activity is low, the average number of mitoses being 13,2 per section.", "contents": "[Nycthemeral variations of mitotic activity in the adrenal cortex of the rat]. Working on histologic sections 7 microns thick in the equatorial part of male rat adrenal cortex, we found two high mitotic activity periods. The first one stays at midnight and shows an average number of 42 mitoses per section; the second one occurs at 5 a.m. with an average number of mitoses of 70,1 per section. If we except these particular points, the mitotic activity is low, the average number of mitoses being 13,2 per section."}
{"id": "PMID:132231", "title": "[Physicochemical study of platelet aggregation by 3 polylysines].", "content": "The action of polylysines of various molecular weight on platelet behaviour is studied with the help of 3 techniques: photometric test, screen filtration pressure on PRP and electrophoretic mobility. Polylysines, which are polybasic substances, produce a platelet aggregation studied by photometry after a short period of latency. Aggregation, depending on the doses of poly-lysine and chiefly on the optic density, shows a \"plateau\" with the dose of 100 gamma/ml for poly-lysine L, of molecular weight 17000. The screen filtration pressure increases continuously in the presence of the polylysines studies. Finally, the platelet charge decreases. The results depend on the concentration of poly-lysine, and the optimal concentration which involves the more marked alterations is inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the polylysine studied.", "contents": "[Physicochemical study of platelet aggregation by 3 polylysines]. The action of polylysines of various molecular weight on platelet behaviour is studied with the help of 3 techniques: photometric test, screen filtration pressure on PRP and electrophoretic mobility. Polylysines, which are polybasic substances, produce a platelet aggregation studied by photometry after a short period of latency. Aggregation, depending on the doses of poly-lysine and chiefly on the optic density, shows a \"plateau\" with the dose of 100 gamma/ml for poly-lysine L, of molecular weight 17000. The screen filtration pressure increases continuously in the presence of the polylysines studies. Finally, the platelet charge decreases. The results depend on the concentration of poly-lysine, and the optimal concentration which involves the more marked alterations is inversely proportional to the molecular weight of the polylysine studied."}
{"id": "PMID:132232", "title": "[Influence of the oxygenation state of the culture media on the level of non esterified fatty acids and of cholesterol in heart cells of the newborn rat].", "content": "The uptake of non esterified fatty acids (NEFA), from a medium supplemented with 10% of calf serum, by rat myocardial cells cultured during 8 days, without renewal of the medium, was identical whatever the values of partial pressures of oxygen in the medium. Cellular cholesterol level was reduced when air or oxygen (+5% CO2) was blown into culture bottles; it was enhanced by gassing with nitrogen 24 h later. Cellular NEFA level was reduced by air, but not by oxygen blowing; it was enhanced by gassing with nitrogen 24 h later. The variations observed may originate from pertubations of NEFA beta-oxidation.", "contents": "[Influence of the oxygenation state of the culture media on the level of non esterified fatty acids and of cholesterol in heart cells of the newborn rat]. The uptake of non esterified fatty acids (NEFA), from a medium supplemented with 10% of calf serum, by rat myocardial cells cultured during 8 days, without renewal of the medium, was identical whatever the values of partial pressures of oxygen in the medium. Cellular cholesterol level was reduced when air or oxygen (+5% CO2) was blown into culture bottles; it was enhanced by gassing with nitrogen 24 h later. Cellular NEFA level was reduced by air, but not by oxygen blowing; it was enhanced by gassing with nitrogen 24 h later. The variations observed may originate from pertubations of NEFA beta-oxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:132233", "title": "[Modification of potassium current by 4 aminopyridine. Case of the isolated giant axon of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana)].", "content": "Action of 4-aminopyridine has been studied under voltage-clamp on the isolated giant axon of the cockroach. Our results show that 4-AP reduces K+ currents (inward or outward currents).", "contents": "[Modification of potassium current by 4 aminopyridine. Case of the isolated giant axon of the cockroach (Periplaneta americana)]. Action of 4-aminopyridine has been studied under voltage-clamp on the isolated giant axon of the cockroach. Our results show that 4-AP reduces K+ currents (inward or outward currents)."}
{"id": "PMID:132234", "title": "[Estimation of the level of blocking antibodies in patients suffering from reagin allergy].", "content": "We have studied the level of blocking antibodies in patients consulting for reagin-mediated allergies. This determination is, in our opinion, important to follow the course of treatment and the natural history of reagin-mediated diseases, treated by immunization.", "contents": "[Estimation of the level of blocking antibodies in patients suffering from reagin allergy]. We have studied the level of blocking antibodies in patients consulting for reagin-mediated allergies. This determination is, in our opinion, important to follow the course of treatment and the natural history of reagin-mediated diseases, treated by immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:132235", "title": "[Action of testicular graft on the ovary of chick embryo having undergone a partial decapitation].", "content": "The absence of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex had neither influence on the ovarian atrophy, nor on the mullerian retrogression induced by an embryonic testicular graft in the female embryo. So, the hormone responsible of the mullerian retrogression had an inhibiting action on the embryonic ovary of the chick which is independant of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex.", "contents": "[Action of testicular graft on the ovary of chick embryo having undergone a partial decapitation]. The absence of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex had neither influence on the ovarian atrophy, nor on the mullerian retrogression induced by an embryonic testicular graft in the female embryo. So, the hormone responsible of the mullerian retrogression had an inhibiting action on the embryonic ovary of the chick which is independant of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal complex."}
{"id": "PMID:132236", "title": "[The normal reaction of sinocarotidian origin in the rabbit].", "content": "Spontaneous changes of respiratory rate and blood pressure in the slightly anesthetized rabbit, contemporaneous with hippocampal synchronization, might be related with abrupt changes of the alertness. Registration of arousal reaction in hippocampal, thalamic and cortical leads, elicited by Hering nerve stimulation, shows that baro- and chemosensitive afferences may induce activation of areas which are usually involved in conditioning process.", "contents": "[The normal reaction of sinocarotidian origin in the rabbit]. Spontaneous changes of respiratory rate and blood pressure in the slightly anesthetized rabbit, contemporaneous with hippocampal synchronization, might be related with abrupt changes of the alertness. Registration of arousal reaction in hippocampal, thalamic and cortical leads, elicited by Hering nerve stimulation, shows that baro- and chemosensitive afferences may induce activation of areas which are usually involved in conditioning process."}
{"id": "PMID:132237", "title": "[Influence of somatostatine on plasma level of calcitonin in the calf and the swine].", "content": "In young calves receiving intraveinously a small dose of calcium to stimulate calcitonin release, intraveinous infusion of somatostatin did not significantly modify the jugular veinous plasma calcitonin levels measured by radioimmunoassay, using a porcine system which cross-reacts with bovine calcitonin. In piglets, intraveinous infusion of somatostatin also did not change the jugular veinous plasma calcitonin concentration.", "contents": "[Influence of somatostatine on plasma level of calcitonin in the calf and the swine]. In young calves receiving intraveinously a small dose of calcium to stimulate calcitonin release, intraveinous infusion of somatostatin did not significantly modify the jugular veinous plasma calcitonin levels measured by radioimmunoassay, using a porcine system which cross-reacts with bovine calcitonin. In piglets, intraveinous infusion of somatostatin also did not change the jugular veinous plasma calcitonin concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:132238", "title": "[Interrelationship between adrenal cortex and genital apparatus of the male rat].", "content": "Interactions between gonadal hormones and adrenocortical function have been studied in the male rat. After injection (im) of testosterone, the accessory reproductive organs are more stimulated in the castrated rats than in the castrated adrenalectomized rats. Gonadectomy increases lipids, cholesterol and corticosterone in adrenal glands and plasma corticosterone levels. Testosterone reverses these effects.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between adrenal cortex and genital apparatus of the male rat]. Interactions between gonadal hormones and adrenocortical function have been studied in the male rat. After injection (im) of testosterone, the accessory reproductive organs are more stimulated in the castrated rats than in the castrated adrenalectomized rats. Gonadectomy increases lipids, cholesterol and corticosterone in adrenal glands and plasma corticosterone levels. Testosterone reverses these effects."}
{"id": "PMID:132239", "title": "[Isolation and electrophoretic characteristics of 3 lymphocyte populations of normal human blood].", "content": "Cell electrophoresis allows separation of normal human blood lymphocytes into two main groups which are a function of their relative rates of migration, with regard to the reference speed (1 mum.sec.-1V-1.cm): the lymphocytes which have a greater mobility than this value seem to be T-lymphocytes (80,1 per cent for 42 healthy adults); on the contrary, B-lymphocytes have an inferior mobility (19,9 per cent). Two known methods are used for the selection of the lymphoid populations: spontaneous rosetting with sheep's red blood cells, which are characteristic of T lymphocytes, and adherence to nylon wool columns, which is dominant in the case of B-lymphocytes. This method confirms the fact that T-lymphocytes have a rapid migration and B-lymphocytes a slow migration. We have isolated a third population, having neither the T markers, nor the B markers. It has a very homogeneous migration, centered on the two classes 1,05 and 1,10 mum.sec.-1.V.-1.cm.", "contents": "[Isolation and electrophoretic characteristics of 3 lymphocyte populations of normal human blood]. Cell electrophoresis allows separation of normal human blood lymphocytes into two main groups which are a function of their relative rates of migration, with regard to the reference speed (1 mum.sec.-1V-1.cm): the lymphocytes which have a greater mobility than this value seem to be T-lymphocytes (80,1 per cent for 42 healthy adults); on the contrary, B-lymphocytes have an inferior mobility (19,9 per cent). Two known methods are used for the selection of the lymphoid populations: spontaneous rosetting with sheep's red blood cells, which are characteristic of T lymphocytes, and adherence to nylon wool columns, which is dominant in the case of B-lymphocytes. This method confirms the fact that T-lymphocytes have a rapid migration and B-lymphocytes a slow migration. We have isolated a third population, having neither the T markers, nor the B markers. It has a very homogeneous migration, centered on the two classes 1,05 and 1,10 mum.sec.-1.V.-1.cm."}
{"id": "PMID:132240", "title": "[Influence of moderate normoxic hypercapnia on the autoregulation of the cerebral circulation in the unanesthetized rabbit].", "content": "In the unanesthetized rabbit autoregulation of cerebral blood flow was evaluated by continuous recording of local cerebral blood flow during progressive hypotension induced by exsanguination. Under hypercapnia induced by CO2, 8 per cent in air, autoregulation was not suppressed but an increase of the threshold under which autoregulation disappears was noted.", "contents": "[Influence of moderate normoxic hypercapnia on the autoregulation of the cerebral circulation in the unanesthetized rabbit]. In the unanesthetized rabbit autoregulation of cerebral blood flow was evaluated by continuous recording of local cerebral blood flow during progressive hypotension induced by exsanguination. Under hypercapnia induced by CO2, 8 per cent in air, autoregulation was not suppressed but an increase of the threshold under which autoregulation disappears was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:132241", "title": "[Effect of heating in the presence or absence of glucose on digestive and metabolic utilization of amino acids of casein].", "content": "The effect of heating casein with and without glucose was studied with growing rats. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and amino acids was recorded. The utilization of amino acids was studied by estimating food consumption, growth and blood and muscle free amino acids. Heating casein with glucose at 90 degrees C during 24 hours resulted in significant loss of lysine and affected food intake, protein efficiency ratio and protein digestibility. Threonine and lysine availabilities were lowered.", "contents": "[Effect of heating in the presence or absence of glucose on digestive and metabolic utilization of amino acids of casein]. The effect of heating casein with and without glucose was studied with growing rats. Apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and amino acids was recorded. The utilization of amino acids was studied by estimating food consumption, growth and blood and muscle free amino acids. Heating casein with glucose at 90 degrees C during 24 hours resulted in significant loss of lysine and affected food intake, protein efficiency ratio and protein digestibility. Threonine and lysine availabilities were lowered."}
{"id": "PMID:132242", "title": "[Radiological study of LSD-25 effects on the  amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. Comparison between controls and subjects issued from males treated with LSD-25].", "content": "LSD treated males were mated with untreated females and their progeny examined by S-R. The incidence of morphological anomalies in the offsprings of control animals appears to be important but is doubled in the progeny of LSD treated males. Our observations are limited to the limbs, the vertebrae, the ribs and the pelvic girdle.", "contents": "[Radiological study of LSD-25 effects on the  amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. Comparison between controls and subjects issued from males treated with LSD-25]. LSD treated males were mated with untreated females and their progeny examined by S-R. The incidence of morphological anomalies in the offsprings of control animals appears to be important but is doubled in the progeny of LSD treated males. Our observations are limited to the limbs, the vertebrae, the ribs and the pelvic girdle."}
{"id": "PMID:132243", "title": "[Influence exerced by the season on the modifications of lipid metabolism induced by an increase of the ambiant temperature in the rat].", "content": "A fast increase of 10 degrees C (from 24 degrees C up to 34 degrees C) of the ambient temperature alters the male rat lipid metabolism differently if the experiment takes place in autumn or in spring. Generally to this change of temperature, the rat seems to react more in spring than in autumn.", "contents": "[Influence exerced by the season on the modifications of lipid metabolism induced by an increase of the ambiant temperature in the rat]. A fast increase of 10 degrees C (from 24 degrees C up to 34 degrees C) of the ambient temperature alters the male rat lipid metabolism differently if the experiment takes place in autumn or in spring. Generally to this change of temperature, the rat seems to react more in spring than in autumn."}
{"id": "PMID:132244", "title": "[Effects of normebaric and hyperbaric hyperoxia on digestive motricity of the awake rabbit. I Antropyloric motricity].", "content": "The effects of normobaric and hyperbaric hyperoxia (short and long time) have been studied on the pyloric antrum motility of the rabbit. The results show the absence of effect of normobaric oxygen in short application (twenty to thirty minutes), but its inhibiting effect on the pyloric antrum motility in long time application. The hyperbaric hyperoxia slows down the frequency of the pyloric antrum contractions so much more the pression is higher. This effect is independant of the speed to which the pression is set up, and also of the moment of day where the experiment is done.", "contents": "[Effects of normebaric and hyperbaric hyperoxia on digestive motricity of the awake rabbit. I Antropyloric motricity]. The effects of normobaric and hyperbaric hyperoxia (short and long time) have been studied on the pyloric antrum motility of the rabbit. The results show the absence of effect of normobaric oxygen in short application (twenty to thirty minutes), but its inhibiting effect on the pyloric antrum motility in long time application. The hyperbaric hyperoxia slows down the frequency of the pyloric antrum contractions so much more the pression is higher. This effect is independant of the speed to which the pression is set up, and also of the moment of day where the experiment is done."}
{"id": "PMID:132245", "title": "[Exploration of the sodium pump of the erythrocyte by 22 Na and 42 K. II Effect of triamterene].", "content": "The study of the effect of triamterene on the movements of sodium and potassium shows: the absence of influence of triamterene on sodium movements, and the decrease of the entry of potassium in red blood cells when the solution contains triamterene. This effect of triamterene might be one of those explaining the potassium-sparing effect of this product.", "contents": "[Exploration of the sodium pump of the erythrocyte by 22 Na and 42 K. II Effect of triamterene]. The study of the effect of triamterene on the movements of sodium and potassium shows: the absence of influence of triamterene on sodium movements, and the decrease of the entry of potassium in red blood cells when the solution contains triamterene. This effect of triamterene might be one of those explaining the potassium-sparing effect of this product."}
{"id": "PMID:132246", "title": "[Pressure-volume relationship in the right ventricle].", "content": "The curve of the pressure-volume relationships of the right ventricular cavity is not a mono-exponential one. It can be characterized by the presence of two successive segments: linear and exponential. The points that constitute the first of them could not be subjected to Starling's law. This is material for the physiopathology of the tamponade.", "contents": "[Pressure-volume relationship in the right ventricle]. The curve of the pressure-volume relationships of the right ventricular cavity is not a mono-exponential one. It can be characterized by the presence of two successive segments: linear and exponential. The points that constitute the first of them could not be subjected to Starling's law. This is material for the physiopathology of the tamponade."}
{"id": "PMID:132247", "title": "[Tension-volume relationship of the wall of the isolated right ventricle].", "content": "The variations of tension on the wall of the isolated right verticle have been observed on 18 dogs. The Tension/Volume curve we got can be superimposed to that obtained by pressures. The wall of the right ventricle itself (the radius of the curve in the cavity and the wall-thickness) seems to vary only with the changes in its tension in a rather small part of the curve.", "contents": "[Tension-volume relationship of the wall of the isolated right ventricle]. The variations of tension on the wall of the isolated right verticle have been observed on 18 dogs. The Tension/Volume curve we got can be superimposed to that obtained by pressures. The wall of the right ventricle itself (the radius of the curve in the cavity and the wall-thickness) seems to vary only with the changes in its tension in a rather small part of the curve."}
{"id": "PMID:132248", "title": "[Consequences of the chronic administration of phenformine on the blood thiamine level in the dog].", "content": "The chronic oral administration of phenformin (20 mg/kg daily during 8 days) to the normal concious dog provokes a decrease in the fasting thiamine levels of plasma and erythrocytes. During intragastric loading tests with thiamine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg), carried out during the chronic treatment with the biguanide, the curve of plasma hyperthiaminemia is increased. The authors suggest an explanation for these apparently contradictory results.", "contents": "[Consequences of the chronic administration of phenformine on the blood thiamine level in the dog]. The chronic oral administration of phenformin (20 mg/kg daily during 8 days) to the normal concious dog provokes a decrease in the fasting thiamine levels of plasma and erythrocytes. During intragastric loading tests with thiamine hydrochloride (30 mg/kg), carried out during the chronic treatment with the biguanide, the curve of plasma hyperthiaminemia is increased. The authors suggest an explanation for these apparently contradictory results."}
{"id": "PMID:132249", "title": "[Action of glibenclamide on glucagon and insulin secretions studied on isolated and perfused pancreas of the rat].", "content": "Glibenclamide stimulates the insulin secretion by the isolated and perfused rat pancreas, but does not inhibit glucagon secretion when the perfusion liquid contains 1.5 g/I glucose. In the absence of glucose in the perfusion medium, glibenclamide stimulates both insulin and glucagon secretions.", "contents": "[Action of glibenclamide on glucagon and insulin secretions studied on isolated and perfused pancreas of the rat]. Glibenclamide stimulates the insulin secretion by the isolated and perfused rat pancreas, but does not inhibit glucagon secretion when the perfusion liquid contains 1.5 g/I glucose. In the absence of glucose in the perfusion medium, glibenclamide stimulates both insulin and glucagon secretions."}
{"id": "PMID:132250", "title": "[Effect of mitomycin C on the structure of human chromosomes observed in metaphase after labelling by moderate thermal denaturation].", "content": "Mitomycin C induced chromosome rearrangements were analysed in cultured human leukocytes by reverse banding technique. Breaks and chromosomal exchanges involved preferentialy the entromeric region of some chromosomes (1, 5, 9, 16, and 20). Associations between acrocentric chromosomes was not found to be increased. But acrocentric associations with centromeric regions were frequently present. The differences between the mechanism of exchanges and breaks are discussed. The part of heterochromatin in post replication DNA repair is considered.", "contents": "[Effect of mitomycin C on the structure of human chromosomes observed in metaphase after labelling by moderate thermal denaturation]. Mitomycin C induced chromosome rearrangements were analysed in cultured human leukocytes by reverse banding technique. Breaks and chromosomal exchanges involved preferentialy the entromeric region of some chromosomes (1, 5, 9, 16, and 20). Associations between acrocentric chromosomes was not found to be increased. But acrocentric associations with centromeric regions were frequently present. The differences between the mechanism of exchanges and breaks are discussed. The part of heterochromatin in post replication DNA repair is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:132251", "title": "[Polygraphic recording in the rat by a miniaturized radiotelemetric technic].", "content": "The authors describe the results obtained on rats by a method of four channel telemetric recording system. The transmitter with a range of a few meters, has a pass band from 0,3 to 400 Hz, weighs 4 grams and can operate autonomously for a minimum of 10 days.", "contents": "[Polygraphic recording in the rat by a miniaturized radiotelemetric technic]. The authors describe the results obtained on rats by a method of four channel telemetric recording system. The transmitter with a range of a few meters, has a pass band from 0,3 to 400 Hz, weighs 4 grams and can operate autonomously for a minimum of 10 days."}
{"id": "PMID:132252", "title": "[Postimperative negativity of the contigent negative variations: a critical index of a stress reaction in the normal subject?].", "content": "21 subjects were recorded during two experimental sessions: 1st session: 2 CNVs in control conditions; 2nd session: 1) control CNV, 2) CNV and arithmetic calculation, 3) CNV and labyrinthine stimulation, 4) CNV, arithmetic calculation and labyrinthine stimulation, 5) control CNV. The results obtained show a post-imperative extension of the CNV in the situation 2: arithmetic calculation (P less than 0.025) and 4: double interference (P less than 0.05).", "contents": "[Postimperative negativity of the contigent negative variations: a critical index of a stress reaction in the normal subject?]. 21 subjects were recorded during two experimental sessions: 1st session: 2 CNVs in control conditions; 2nd session: 1) control CNV, 2) CNV and arithmetic calculation, 3) CNV and labyrinthine stimulation, 4) CNV, arithmetic calculation and labyrinthine stimulation, 5) control CNV. The results obtained show a post-imperative extension of the CNV in the situation 2: arithmetic calculation (P less than 0.025) and 4: double interference (P less than 0.05)."}
{"id": "PMID:132253", "title": "[Incidence of early excision of the retina on the development of the optic pedicle in the chicken].", "content": "The retina cutting of 4 days old chick embryos determine the disappearing of the pedicle optic cells. Absence of the optic fibers result in a absence of the glial cells differentiation.", "contents": "[Incidence of early excision of the retina on the development of the optic pedicle in the chicken]. The retina cutting of 4 days old chick embryos determine the disappearing of the pedicle optic cells. Absence of the optic fibers result in a absence of the glial cells differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:132254", "title": "[Tetratospermia and chromosome abnormalities].", "content": "Human semen in two chromosomal abnormalitie cases presents one important increase of small, large and double head spermatozoa. Findings of this type of abnormal sperm morphology must be include chromosome analysis in the subfertile couple investigations.", "contents": "[Tetratospermia and chromosome abnormalities]. Human semen in two chromosomal abnormalitie cases presents one important increase of small, large and double head spermatozoa. Findings of this type of abnormal sperm morphology must be include chromosome analysis in the subfertile couple investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:132255", "title": "[Various effects of insulin on in vitro dental differenciation].", "content": "The authors have studied the effects of insulin at various concentrations on in vitro cultivated dental rudiments. They observed histologic lesions generated by edema, neither anticipated cellular differentiation nor stimulation of collagen secretion, decrease of mitotic activity, but stimulation of thymidine 3H incorporation after short contact times.", "contents": "[Various effects of insulin on in vitro dental differenciation]. The authors have studied the effects of insulin at various concentrations on in vitro cultivated dental rudiments. They observed histologic lesions generated by edema, neither anticipated cellular differentiation nor stimulation of collagen secretion, decrease of mitotic activity, but stimulation of thymidine 3H incorporation after short contact times."}
{"id": "PMID:132256", "title": "[Effects of insulin on the protein metabolism of carp liver].", "content": "Studies on protein metabolism in carp liver under influence of insulin injections have been carried out. Protein turn-over is significantly reduced by insulin; in fact, half-life of tritiated proteins is increased to twice the controls value. Furthermore, electron microscopic studies of nucleolus suggest an enhancement of proteosynthesis. Our findings, similar to those generally described in mammals are in good accordance with the rise of protein amount. With regard to the strong drop of carpe liver glycogen after insulin injection, which had been previously reported, these data could thus indicate that such a paradoxical effect of the hormone is limited to the glycogen metabolism.", "contents": "[Effects of insulin on the protein metabolism of carp liver]. Studies on protein metabolism in carp liver under influence of insulin injections have been carried out. Protein turn-over is significantly reduced by insulin; in fact, half-life of tritiated proteins is increased to twice the controls value. Furthermore, electron microscopic studies of nucleolus suggest an enhancement of proteosynthesis. Our findings, similar to those generally described in mammals are in good accordance with the rise of protein amount. With regard to the strong drop of carpe liver glycogen after insulin injection, which had been previously reported, these data could thus indicate that such a paradoxical effect of the hormone is limited to the glycogen metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:132257", "title": "[Role of the season and of the nutritonnal state on the distribution of tissular fatty acids in the hibernating dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.)].", "content": "Seasonal changes were observed in fatty acid composition of plasma, liver and cardiac muscle. During hibernation unsaturated fatty acids levels increase in plasma cholesterol esters (CE), glycerides (GL) and phospholipids. After spring arousal, the oleic acid content decreases in total fatty acids of liver and cardiac muscle. In summer fasting induces lipid changes similar to that occuring in natural hibernation. Desaturation observed in winter can be explained by the accumulation of unsaturated GL and CE in the tissues.", "contents": "[Role of the season and of the nutritonnal state on the distribution of tissular fatty acids in the hibernating dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.)]. Seasonal changes were observed in fatty acid composition of plasma, liver and cardiac muscle. During hibernation unsaturated fatty acids levels increase in plasma cholesterol esters (CE), glycerides (GL) and phospholipids. After spring arousal, the oleic acid content decreases in total fatty acids of liver and cardiac muscle. In summer fasting induces lipid changes similar to that occuring in natural hibernation. Desaturation observed in winter can be explained by the accumulation of unsaturated GL and CE in the tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:132258", "title": "[Cecal motricity and ceco-iliac transit in the horse].", "content": "Electrical spiking activity of the caecum is increased eight-fold and the rate of passage of digesta is increased four-fold when the volume of caecal contents is doubled. The role of caecal motility in regulating the volume of caecal contents is discussed.", "contents": "[Cecal motricity and ceco-iliac transit in the horse]. Electrical spiking activity of the caecum is increased eight-fold and the rate of passage of digesta is increased four-fold when the volume of caecal contents is doubled. The role of caecal motility in regulating the volume of caecal contents is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132259", "title": "[Comparative diffusion of 14C-ethionine and 14C-methionine in rat tissue].", "content": "The pancreas is the tissue which traps the most intensively the trace-dosis injected ethionine -14C; 30 min after the injection, the pancreas fixes the labelled product twice more than the liver and five times more than the stomach. This trapping might explain the pancreatic modifications occuring during the intoxication. In the same experimental conditions, the pancreas fixes the ethionine -14C twice less than methionine. Urinary excretion of ethionine is faster and more important than that of methionine.", "contents": "[Comparative diffusion of 14C-ethionine and 14C-methionine in rat tissue]. The pancreas is the tissue which traps the most intensively the trace-dosis injected ethionine -14C; 30 min after the injection, the pancreas fixes the labelled product twice more than the liver and five times more than the stomach. This trapping might explain the pancreatic modifications occuring during the intoxication. In the same experimental conditions, the pancreas fixes the ethionine -14C twice less than methionine. Urinary excretion of ethionine is faster and more important than that of methionine."}
{"id": "PMID:132260", "title": "[Electromyographic analysis of motor perturbations linked with gastrointestinal strongyloidiasis].", "content": "The effects of experimental infection of lambs with third stage Trichostrongylus larvae are described. Preceding diarrhea, disturbances in the motility of the reticulum, abomasum and jejunum were observed by electromyography. Disappearance of the migrating myoelectric complexes occurred about 24 h before diarrhea and was accompanied by a decrease in both the frequency of reticular contractions and of contractions propagated through the antro-duodenal junction. The significance of these findings is discussed and compared with natural infestation in the field.", "contents": "[Electromyographic analysis of motor perturbations linked with gastrointestinal strongyloidiasis]. The effects of experimental infection of lambs with third stage Trichostrongylus larvae are described. Preceding diarrhea, disturbances in the motility of the reticulum, abomasum and jejunum were observed by electromyography. Disappearance of the migrating myoelectric complexes occurred about 24 h before diarrhea and was accompanied by a decrease in both the frequency of reticular contractions and of contractions propagated through the antro-duodenal junction. The significance of these findings is discussed and compared with natural infestation in the field."}
{"id": "PMID:132261", "title": "[Influence of thioacetamide on nucleolar apparatus of the liver. Cytophotometric study].", "content": "The nucleolus associated chromatin in Feulgen-stained liver cells of TAA treated rats is studied using the Lison cytophotometer. The results indicate that the increase in nucleolar volume in these hepatocytes is accompanied by an increase in Feulgen-DNA contents of the nucleolar apparatus, both in rats treated with a normal standard diet and with a Miller and Price diet. This increase is maximal 2 days after a single dose of 10 mg/100 g body weight and reaches 50 and 25% respectively. These results are discussed with consideration to mitosis, distributional error and the metabolic DNA hypothesis.", "contents": "[Influence of thioacetamide on nucleolar apparatus of the liver. Cytophotometric study]. The nucleolus associated chromatin in Feulgen-stained liver cells of TAA treated rats is studied using the Lison cytophotometer. The results indicate that the increase in nucleolar volume in these hepatocytes is accompanied by an increase in Feulgen-DNA contents of the nucleolar apparatus, both in rats treated with a normal standard diet and with a Miller and Price diet. This increase is maximal 2 days after a single dose of 10 mg/100 g body weight and reaches 50 and 25% respectively. These results are discussed with consideration to mitosis, distributional error and the metabolic DNA hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:132262", "title": "[Electroretinogram in the nocturnal Prosimian Perodicticus potto].", "content": "There is histological evidence for the presence of cones in potto's retina: about 1 cone for 300 rods. The ERG of the dark adapted animal resembles that of the night monkey. In the potto's retina some red sensitive elements respond to wavelenghts beyond those which affect visual purple. The ERG evoked by these long wavelenghts differs from that produced by white light, suggesting a duplex character of the retina. These red sensitive receptors dark adapt faster than the others. However their fusion frequency is low, if compared with that in other species with a duplex retina. Nevertheless in potto the critical fusion frequency is higher for red light than for blue light.", "contents": "[Electroretinogram in the nocturnal Prosimian Perodicticus potto]. There is histological evidence for the presence of cones in potto's retina: about 1 cone for 300 rods. The ERG of the dark adapted animal resembles that of the night monkey. In the potto's retina some red sensitive elements respond to wavelenghts beyond those which affect visual purple. The ERG evoked by these long wavelenghts differs from that produced by white light, suggesting a duplex character of the retina. These red sensitive receptors dark adapt faster than the others. However their fusion frequency is low, if compared with that in other species with a duplex retina. Nevertheless in potto the critical fusion frequency is higher for red light than for blue light."}
{"id": "PMID:132263", "title": "[Relationship between the release of hypophyseal LH under the influence of LRH and the plasma testosterone level in women].", "content": "There is a direct significant correlation (r = 0,49, p less than 0,01) between cumulative LH response to i.v. injection of 25 mug LRH and testosterone blood level in 17 women with an excess of endogenous androgens (plasmatic testosterone and/or urinary androsterone and etiocholanolone). The relation also exists if the patients are divided in two groups according to the origin of the dysfunction: polycystic ovaries (n = 9, r = 0,62, p less than 0.05) or hypercorticism (n = 8, r = 0,53, p less than 0.1). In the same patients there is no correlation between LH release and the sum of androsterone and etiocholanolone 24 hours urinary excretion (r = 0,21, p: NS); there is no correlation between basal testosterone blood levels and urinary metabolites (r = 0,19, p: NS). Our data suggest that testosterone (or a closely related metabolite) acts at the hypophyseal level to inhibit the spontaneous LH discharge hence increasing the pituitary hormonal stores. This action could be responsible for menstrual abnormalities often found in hirsut women.", "contents": "[Relationship between the release of hypophyseal LH under the influence of LRH and the plasma testosterone level in women]. There is a direct significant correlation (r = 0,49, p less than 0,01) between cumulative LH response to i.v. injection of 25 mug LRH and testosterone blood level in 17 women with an excess of endogenous androgens (plasmatic testosterone and/or urinary androsterone and etiocholanolone). The relation also exists if the patients are divided in two groups according to the origin of the dysfunction: polycystic ovaries (n = 9, r = 0,62, p less than 0.05) or hypercorticism (n = 8, r = 0,53, p less than 0.1). In the same patients there is no correlation between LH release and the sum of androsterone and etiocholanolone 24 hours urinary excretion (r = 0,21, p: NS); there is no correlation between basal testosterone blood levels and urinary metabolites (r = 0,19, p: NS). Our data suggest that testosterone (or a closely related metabolite) acts at the hypophyseal level to inhibit the spontaneous LH discharge hence increasing the pituitary hormonal stores. This action could be responsible for menstrual abnormalities often found in hirsut women."}
{"id": "PMID:132264", "title": "[Release of neurophysins during suckling in the lactating woman].", "content": "Using radioimmunoassay for total immunoreactive blood neurophysins (I.R.Neur.) we demonstrate a significant increase 30' after the onset of suckling in 26 normal carefully studied lactating women. On the first day postpartum a constant increase is only observed in 12 patients whilst a significant increase is clearly shown for all patients from the 2nd to the 6th day. These variations are similar to those observed for prolactin blood levels; there is however no relation between basal, suckling stimulated, or ergocryptin inhibited prolactin blood level on the one hand and I.R.Neur. blood level on the other hand.", "contents": "[Release of neurophysins during suckling in the lactating woman]. Using radioimmunoassay for total immunoreactive blood neurophysins (I.R.Neur.) we demonstrate a significant increase 30' after the onset of suckling in 26 normal carefully studied lactating women. On the first day postpartum a constant increase is only observed in 12 patients whilst a significant increase is clearly shown for all patients from the 2nd to the 6th day. These variations are similar to those observed for prolactin blood levels; there is however no relation between basal, suckling stimulated, or ergocryptin inhibited prolactin blood level on the one hand and I.R.Neur. blood level on the other hand."}
{"id": "PMID:132265", "title": "[Kinetic study of the hepatic regeneration in the rat after exeresis of the left lobe only (Hepatectomy of a third of the mass)].", "content": "Regeneration is induced after exeresis of the left liver lobe lone (i.e. 1/3 of the normal liver mass). Cell divisions are less numerous than after the usual 2/3 hepatectomy; they appear later and the slope of the first labelling and mitotic indices is much less steep. However, the same circadian rhythm of divisions is also observed and the duration of the cell cycle phases (G2, S and M) are the same whatever the size of the hepatectomy.", "contents": "[Kinetic study of the hepatic regeneration in the rat after exeresis of the left lobe only (Hepatectomy of a third of the mass)]. Regeneration is induced after exeresis of the left liver lobe lone (i.e. 1/3 of the normal liver mass). Cell divisions are less numerous than after the usual 2/3 hepatectomy; they appear later and the slope of the first labelling and mitotic indices is much less steep. However, the same circadian rhythm of divisions is also observed and the duration of the cell cycle phases (G2, S and M) are the same whatever the size of the hepatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:132266", "title": "Subunit studies of coupling factor 1 of bean chloroplasts.", "content": "A bean chloroplast coupling factor (CF1) with latent Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity was studied. Immunodiffusion of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) chloroplast and etioplast coupling factors and spinach coupling factor against antiserum to spinach coupling factor showed partial identity of the bean coupling factor with that of spinach. An immunoelectrophoretic comparison, under dissociating conditions, of bean leaf extracts and spinach extracts containing CF1 subunits (as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) gave identical results for both extracts. At least six distinct polypeptide species were found. The major species had molecular weights of 42 000, 59 000 and 63 000 daltons. Amino acid analysis of electrophoretically purified bean CF1 gave results similar to those published for spinach CF1.", "contents": "Subunit studies of coupling factor 1 of bean chloroplasts. A bean chloroplast coupling factor (CF1) with latent Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity was studied. Immunodiffusion of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) chloroplast and etioplast coupling factors and spinach coupling factor against antiserum to spinach coupling factor showed partial identity of the bean coupling factor with that of spinach. An immunoelectrophoretic comparison, under dissociating conditions, of bean leaf extracts and spinach extracts containing CF1 subunits (as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) gave identical results for both extracts. At least six distinct polypeptide species were found. The major species had molecular weights of 42 000, 59 000 and 63 000 daltons. Amino acid analysis of electrophoretically purified bean CF1 gave results similar to those published for spinach CF1."}
{"id": "PMID:132267", "title": "Comparative study of the lipid composition of rabbit and lobster sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes isolated from rabbit and lobster muscles have similar phospholipid classes, but they differ in plasmalogen content. The plasmalogenic species are mostly distributed among phosphatidylethanolamines (PE's) and make up about 62% of the total in rabbit SR and about 46% in lobster membranes. Lobster SR phospholipids contain large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids which are present in low amounts in rabbit membranes. The total unsaturated fatty acids of phosphatidylcholines (PC's) represent about 53% and 73% of the total fatty chains for rabbit and lobster SR, respectively. The values found for PE's were about 56% and 64%, respectively. Furthermore, lobster membranes contain significant amounts of PC and PE molecular species with unsaturated fatty acids in positions 1 and 2, whereas rabbit SR contain low amounts.", "contents": "Comparative study of the lipid composition of rabbit and lobster sarcoplasmic reticulum. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes isolated from rabbit and lobster muscles have similar phospholipid classes, but they differ in plasmalogen content. The plasmalogenic species are mostly distributed among phosphatidylethanolamines (PE's) and make up about 62% of the total in rabbit SR and about 46% in lobster membranes. Lobster SR phospholipids contain large amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids which are present in low amounts in rabbit membranes. The total unsaturated fatty acids of phosphatidylcholines (PC's) represent about 53% and 73% of the total fatty chains for rabbit and lobster SR, respectively. The values found for PE's were about 56% and 64%, respectively. Furthermore, lobster membranes contain significant amounts of PC and PE molecular species with unsaturated fatty acids in positions 1 and 2, whereas rabbit SR contain low amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:132268", "title": "Marlex mesh for repair of abdominal wall defects.", "content": "The best synthetic material available for repair of abdominal wall defects associated with an insufficiency of tissue is Marlex mesh. Among 14 patients with large hernias and 3 who underwent tumour resection only 2 manifested recurrence of the defect. In three of these patients infection developed, but its control made it unnecessary to remove the Marlex. In another three with gross infection of the abdominal wall, Marlex was used successfully to provide abdominal wall closure.", "contents": "Marlex mesh for repair of abdominal wall defects. The best synthetic material available for repair of abdominal wall defects associated with an insufficiency of tissue is Marlex mesh. Among 14 patients with large hernias and 3 who underwent tumour resection only 2 manifested recurrence of the defect. In three of these patients infection developed, but its control made it unnecessary to remove the Marlex. In another three with gross infection of the abdominal wall, Marlex was used successfully to provide abdominal wall closure."}
{"id": "PMID:132269", "title": "Plasma hormone levels in different ethnic populations of women.", "content": "It has been suggested that the urinary hormone profile is subject to environmental changes, such as urbanization and Westernization, and that the composition of the hormones can be used as a discriminate in determining the patient at risk for breast cancer. In this study, a comparison of the plasma hormone levels in Bantu and Japanese women, low-risk populations, and Caucasian women, a high-risk population, showed a higher level of 17 beta-estradiol in prepubertal girls and young Bantu and Japanese women. The higher estrogen level in the Bantu was evident in the early luteal and late follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. The difference in the dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone levels in Bantu young women and prepubertal Bantu girls, suggests differences in adrenal activity between Bantu and Caucasian women. A fall in the plasma androstenedione was evident in postmenopausal Bantu and Japanese but not Caucasian women. Data suggest that the hormone profile is different among the 3 ethnic groups in both the pre- and postmenopausal women. Since the daily life-style of the women is comparable, it is suggested that the composition of the hormone profile is partially dependent on dietary on dietary factors.", "contents": "Plasma hormone levels in different ethnic populations of women. It has been suggested that the urinary hormone profile is subject to environmental changes, such as urbanization and Westernization, and that the composition of the hormones can be used as a discriminate in determining the patient at risk for breast cancer. In this study, a comparison of the plasma hormone levels in Bantu and Japanese women, low-risk populations, and Caucasian women, a high-risk population, showed a higher level of 17 beta-estradiol in prepubertal girls and young Bantu and Japanese women. The higher estrogen level in the Bantu was evident in the early luteal and late follicular phases of the menstrual cycle. The difference in the dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone levels in Bantu young women and prepubertal Bantu girls, suggests differences in adrenal activity between Bantu and Caucasian women. A fall in the plasma androstenedione was evident in postmenopausal Bantu and Japanese but not Caucasian women. Data suggest that the hormone profile is different among the 3 ethnic groups in both the pre- and postmenopausal women. Since the daily life-style of the women is comparable, it is suggested that the composition of the hormone profile is partially dependent on dietary on dietary factors."}
{"id": "PMID:132270", "title": "Kinetics of induction and growth of enzyme-deficient islands involved in hepatocarcinogenesis.", "content": "A single application of various hepatocarcinogens to rats results in the formation of islands of enzyme-deficient liver cells, which are mainly irreversible and very probably represent the first cellular stage involved in the process of liver cancer formation. Comparison of the island-size distributions obtained for different carcinogens indicated that proliferation is a common property of islands that is independent of the inducing carcinogen and does not need any further presence of carcinogen or other stimulating factors. Toxic doses resulted in all cases in an enhanced island size. The number of islands induced by a single dose of carcinogen was enhanced by a prior partial hepatectomy only in the case of the dialkylnitrosamines, dimethylnitrosamine, and diethylnitrosamine. Dose-response relationships measured with diethylnitrosamine, the carcinogen with the lowest toxicity as compared with the carcinogenic action, indicated that island formation is due to a one-hit process, i.e., that one specific alteration in the target cell is responsible for the precancerous transformation. These kinetics and the low probability of transformation might indicate that the crucial hit is scored at the genetic level. The irreversible action of carcinogen (memory effect) and the influence of time on cancer formation (time effect) are discussed in terms of induction and proliferation of irreversible cell populations serving as precursor of the cancer cell. The number of specific alterations (hits) involved in the development of the malignant cancer cell is also briefly discussed.", "contents": "Kinetics of induction and growth of enzyme-deficient islands involved in hepatocarcinogenesis. A single application of various hepatocarcinogens to rats results in the formation of islands of enzyme-deficient liver cells, which are mainly irreversible and very probably represent the first cellular stage involved in the process of liver cancer formation. Comparison of the island-size distributions obtained for different carcinogens indicated that proliferation is a common property of islands that is independent of the inducing carcinogen and does not need any further presence of carcinogen or other stimulating factors. Toxic doses resulted in all cases in an enhanced island size. The number of islands induced by a single dose of carcinogen was enhanced by a prior partial hepatectomy only in the case of the dialkylnitrosamines, dimethylnitrosamine, and diethylnitrosamine. Dose-response relationships measured with diethylnitrosamine, the carcinogen with the lowest toxicity as compared with the carcinogenic action, indicated that island formation is due to a one-hit process, i.e., that one specific alteration in the target cell is responsible for the precancerous transformation. These kinetics and the low probability of transformation might indicate that the crucial hit is scored at the genetic level. The irreversible action of carcinogen (memory effect) and the influence of time on cancer formation (time effect) are discussed in terms of induction and proliferation of irreversible cell populations serving as precursor of the cancer cell. The number of specific alterations (hits) involved in the development of the malignant cancer cell is also briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132271", "title": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on hyperbasophilic foci with special reference to the demonstration of cell surface alterations in hepatocarcinogenesis.", "content": "Following the formation of hyperplastic nodules at a late stage of azo dye hepatocarcinogenesis, some areas of parenchyma show an intense RNA staining, and such hyperbasophilic foci apparently develop hepatomas. Radioautographic analyses with [3H]thymidine labeling indicate the foci to be areas of continued cell proliferation, and the hepatocytes are morphologically distinguishable from the surrounding tissue. The increase of basophilia occurs simultaneously with histochemically demonstrable decreases in bound cations and concomitant increases in pyroantimonate-precipitable free cations. Thus, the phenomenon of hyperbasophilia and the ensuing alteration of cell cycle appears to be associated with changes in intracellular homeostasis. Ultrahistochemical localizations of adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase suggest topographic alterations of membrane enzyme activities in the foci and the persistence of altered patterns during tumor progression. The developmental feature of surface adenosine triphosphatase activity has been further studied with subcultures of epithelial cells, which were derived from normal and precancerous livers. The enzyme activity of nontumorigenic cells is minimal, while a considerably high activity is detectable in situ at the outer surface of plasma membranes of tumorigenic cells. A Ca2+- Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase is identified at the cell surface, and the ectoenzyme would be a useful marker for detection of malignant liver epithelial cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and cytochemical studies on hyperbasophilic foci with special reference to the demonstration of cell surface alterations in hepatocarcinogenesis. Following the formation of hyperplastic nodules at a late stage of azo dye hepatocarcinogenesis, some areas of parenchyma show an intense RNA staining, and such hyperbasophilic foci apparently develop hepatomas. Radioautographic analyses with [3H]thymidine labeling indicate the foci to be areas of continued cell proliferation, and the hepatocytes are morphologically distinguishable from the surrounding tissue. The increase of basophilia occurs simultaneously with histochemically demonstrable decreases in bound cations and concomitant increases in pyroantimonate-precipitable free cations. Thus, the phenomenon of hyperbasophilia and the ensuing alteration of cell cycle appears to be associated with changes in intracellular homeostasis. Ultrahistochemical localizations of adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase suggest topographic alterations of membrane enzyme activities in the foci and the persistence of altered patterns during tumor progression. The developmental feature of surface adenosine triphosphatase activity has been further studied with subcultures of epithelial cells, which were derived from normal and precancerous livers. The enzyme activity of nontumorigenic cells is minimal, while a considerably high activity is detectable in situ at the outer surface of plasma membranes of tumorigenic cells. A Ca2+- Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase is identified at the cell surface, and the ectoenzyme would be a useful marker for detection of malignant liver epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:132272", "title": "Decreased ability of blood leukocytes from patients with tumors of the urinary bladder to act as stimulator cells in mixed leukocyte culture.", "content": "Blood leukocytes from patients with active neoplasms of the urinary bladder were found to have a decreased ability to stimulate in one-way mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). The ability of the patients' leukocytes to act as stimulator cells in one-way MLC was assessed by simultaneous comparison to the ability of leukocytes from normal individuals to stimulate. In addition, the ability of the patients' leukocytes to act as responder cells in the one-way MLC was evaluated. Cells from 31 (56%) of 55 patients with active disease exhibited subnormal stimulatory activity in the MLC while 26 of these 31 patients (84%) had normal responsiveness. Cells from 9 of the 55 failed to respond normally. Poor stimulation occurred with both early and advanced disease, and the stimulatory activity increased after tumor removal in 12 of 15 patients who had previously shown subnormal stimulation. Six patients without active disease at the time of testing, in addition to the 55, exhibited normal levels of stimulation and responsiveness. This defective stimulatory activity is suggestive of an acquired, disease-related phenomenon and is not necessarily associated with decreased blood leukocyte responsiveness.", "contents": "Decreased ability of blood leukocytes from patients with tumors of the urinary bladder to act as stimulator cells in mixed leukocyte culture. Blood leukocytes from patients with active neoplasms of the urinary bladder were found to have a decreased ability to stimulate in one-way mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). The ability of the patients' leukocytes to act as stimulator cells in one-way MLC was assessed by simultaneous comparison to the ability of leukocytes from normal individuals to stimulate. In addition, the ability of the patients' leukocytes to act as responder cells in the one-way MLC was evaluated. Cells from 31 (56%) of 55 patients with active disease exhibited subnormal stimulatory activity in the MLC while 26 of these 31 patients (84%) had normal responsiveness. Cells from 9 of the 55 failed to respond normally. Poor stimulation occurred with both early and advanced disease, and the stimulatory activity increased after tumor removal in 12 of 15 patients who had previously shown subnormal stimulation. Six patients without active disease at the time of testing, in addition to the 55, exhibited normal levels of stimulation and responsiveness. This defective stimulatory activity is suggestive of an acquired, disease-related phenomenon and is not necessarily associated with decreased blood leukocyte responsiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:132307", "title": "Muscle spindle supply to the snout musculature in moles (Talpidae).", "content": "To define the anatomical background of the neuromuscular mechanism involved in the movement of the snout of the moles (Talpidae) the present histological study was carried out on the snout muscles of this family including the Japanese shrew-mole (Urotrichus talpoides), Japanese lesser shrew-mole (Dymecodon pilirostris) and Temminck's mole (Mogera wogura). The snout musculature consists of five muscles: A) Zygomaticus major, B) Levator labii superioris, C) Levator alae nasi superioris, D) Levator alae nasi inferioris and E) Zygomaticus minor, the former two of which are the possessor of the muscle spindles and the latter three of which are not so, with the exception of the Zygomaticus minor having one spindle in the Japanese shrew-mole. Seventy-three spindles were counted on one side of the snout musculature in the Dymecodon pilirostris (12 g in weight), 120 spindles in the Urotrichus talpoides (19 g in weight) and the Mogera wogura (100 g in weight). The snout musculature was 0.015 g, 0.02 g and 0.1 g in weight, respectively. The number of spindles per milligram weight of the muscle was 4.9 in the Dymecodon, 6 in the Urotrichus and 1.2 in the Mogera. The density of the spindle distribution was much higher in the former two than in the latter one. Since the Dymecodon and Urotrichus actually search for food by moving their long snout vigorously over the ground and the Mogera, being a subterranean, searches for food by moving his snout not so vigorously under the ground, the pattern of the snout movement seems to be coincident with the morphological differentiation of the snout musculature and the density of the muscle spindle distribution in the moles (Talpidae).", "contents": "Muscle spindle supply to the snout musculature in moles (Talpidae). To define the anatomical background of the neuromuscular mechanism involved in the movement of the snout of the moles (Talpidae) the present histological study was carried out on the snout muscles of this family including the Japanese shrew-mole (Urotrichus talpoides), Japanese lesser shrew-mole (Dymecodon pilirostris) and Temminck's mole (Mogera wogura). The snout musculature consists of five muscles: A) Zygomaticus major, B) Levator labii superioris, C) Levator alae nasi superioris, D) Levator alae nasi inferioris and E) Zygomaticus minor, the former two of which are the possessor of the muscle spindles and the latter three of which are not so, with the exception of the Zygomaticus minor having one spindle in the Japanese shrew-mole. Seventy-three spindles were counted on one side of the snout musculature in the Dymecodon pilirostris (12 g in weight), 120 spindles in the Urotrichus talpoides (19 g in weight) and the Mogera wogura (100 g in weight). The snout musculature was 0.015 g, 0.02 g and 0.1 g in weight, respectively. The number of spindles per milligram weight of the muscle was 4.9 in the Dymecodon, 6 in the Urotrichus and 1.2 in the Mogera. The density of the spindle distribution was much higher in the former two than in the latter one. Since the Dymecodon and Urotrichus actually search for food by moving their long snout vigorously over the ground and the Mogera, being a subterranean, searches for food by moving his snout not so vigorously under the ground, the pattern of the snout movement seems to be coincident with the morphological differentiation of the snout musculature and the density of the muscle spindle distribution in the moles (Talpidae)."}
{"id": "PMID:132308", "title": "Topological distribution of muscle spindles in the human tongue and its significance in proprioception.", "content": "In order to obtain numerical data concerning the lingual muscle spindle distribution, the muscle spindles were histologically surveyed on the serial frontal and horizontal sections (stained by hematoxylin-eosin) from the apex to the radix of the tongue. On one side four hundred and sixty-six muscle spindles were counted in seven muscles, the superior longitudinal muscle containing 159 spindles, the genioglossus 80, the transverse 79, the styloglossus 75, the hyoglossus 37, the inferior longitudinal 22 and the vertical 14. The chondroglossus and the palatoglossus are devoid of the spindles. The question of whether the proprioceptive impulses from the lingual spindles lie in the hypoglossus nerve or in the lingual nerve has remained unsolved. This histological confirmation of the pathway and primary cell station of the lingual proprioceptive afferents is the subject in which the authors are greatly interested.", "contents": "Topological distribution of muscle spindles in the human tongue and its significance in proprioception. In order to obtain numerical data concerning the lingual muscle spindle distribution, the muscle spindles were histologically surveyed on the serial frontal and horizontal sections (stained by hematoxylin-eosin) from the apex to the radix of the tongue. On one side four hundred and sixty-six muscle spindles were counted in seven muscles, the superior longitudinal muscle containing 159 spindles, the genioglossus 80, the transverse 79, the styloglossus 75, the hyoglossus 37, the inferior longitudinal 22 and the vertical 14. The chondroglossus and the palatoglossus are devoid of the spindles. The question of whether the proprioceptive impulses from the lingual spindles lie in the hypoglossus nerve or in the lingual nerve has remained unsolved. This histological confirmation of the pathway and primary cell station of the lingual proprioceptive afferents is the subject in which the authors are greatly interested."}
{"id": "PMID:132310", "title": "Modulation of Ca2+ control of dog and rabbit cardiac myofibrils by Mg2+. Comparison with rabbit skeletal myofibrils.", "content": "Increases in free Mg2+ from 0.04 to 10.0 mM with constant pH 7.0 TO 0.10 M ionic strength, and 2 mM MgATP2- caused a rightward shift of the free Ca-relative ATPase relation for both cardiac skeletal myofibrils. The specific activity of cardiac myofibrillar ATPase over a wide range of free Ca2+ was, however, depressed in 0.04 vs. 1.0 mM Mg2+, whereas a similar decrease in free Mg2+ slightly enhanced skeletal myofibrillar ATPase. Lowering free Mg2+ from 1.0 to 0.04 mM caused similar increases in cardiac and skeletal myofibrillar bound calcium, which were largely attributable to increased calcium binding to myofibrillar myosin. Raising free Mg2+ from 1.0 to 10.0 mM caused only a slight decrease of skeletal myofibrillar bound calcium, and this change was attributable to myofibrillar myosin. The same increase in free Mg2+ caused cardiac myofibrils to bind increased amounts of calcium and this change was not attributable to myofibrillar myosin. By subtracting calcium bound to myofibrillar myosin, we were able to estimate calcium binding by myofibrillar troponin. The transition between basal and maximal ATPase in 1.0 and 10 mM Mg2+ was found to be assocciated with binding of an additional 2 mol/mol of either skeletal or cardiac myofibrillar troponin.", "contents": "Modulation of Ca2+ control of dog and rabbit cardiac myofibrils by Mg2+. Comparison with rabbit skeletal myofibrils. Increases in free Mg2+ from 0.04 to 10.0 mM with constant pH 7.0 TO 0.10 M ionic strength, and 2 mM MgATP2- caused a rightward shift of the free Ca-relative ATPase relation for both cardiac skeletal myofibrils. The specific activity of cardiac myofibrillar ATPase over a wide range of free Ca2+ was, however, depressed in 0.04 vs. 1.0 mM Mg2+, whereas a similar decrease in free Mg2+ slightly enhanced skeletal myofibrillar ATPase. Lowering free Mg2+ from 1.0 to 0.04 mM caused similar increases in cardiac and skeletal myofibrillar bound calcium, which were largely attributable to increased calcium binding to myofibrillar myosin. Raising free Mg2+ from 1.0 to 10.0 mM caused only a slight decrease of skeletal myofibrillar bound calcium, and this change was attributable to myofibrillar myosin. The same increase in free Mg2+ caused cardiac myofibrils to bind increased amounts of calcium and this change was not attributable to myofibrillar myosin. By subtracting calcium bound to myofibrillar myosin, we were able to estimate calcium binding by myofibrillar troponin. The transition between basal and maximal ATPase in 1.0 and 10 mM Mg2+ was found to be assocciated with binding of an additional 2 mol/mol of either skeletal or cardiac myofibrillar troponin."}
{"id": "PMID:132311", "title": "Abnormalities in heart membranes and myofibrils during bacterial infective cardiomyopathy in the rabbit.", "content": "We studied hearts from sham-operated and uninfected catheterized rabbits as well as from rabbits at early and late stages of cardiomyopathy and failure after 3 and 6 days of infection with Streptococcus viridans. No ultrastructural abnormalities or biochemical changes in membrane and myofibrillar activities were seen in 3-day uninfected hearts. In 6-day uninfected hearts there were decreased sarcolemmal M2+ ATPase, Na+-K+ ATPase, adenylate cyclase and calcium binding, microsomal calcium binding and uptake, and myofibrillar Ca2+-stimulated ATPase as well as increased mitochondrial calcium uptake. Slight ultrastructural changes also were apparent in 6-day uninfected hearts. At both early and late stages of infective cardiomyopathy and failure there were varying degrees of depression in sarcolemmal Mg2+ ATPase, Na+-K+ ATPase, adenylate cyclase and calcium binding, microsomal calcium binding, calcium uptake and basal ATPase, and myofibrillar Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activities. However, sarcolemmal Ca2+ ATPase and myofibrillar Mg2+ ATPase activities were decreased only after 6 days of infection. Mitochondrial calcium binding and uptake were increased in early stages but decreased in late stages of disease. Furthermore in infected hearts there were defects in mitrochondrial respiration and phosphorylation. Generalized severe myocardial cell damage involving myofibrils, mitochondria, and the sarcotubular system was seen only in late stages of infection. The results demonstrate impairment of different membrane and contractile protein functions as well as ultrastructural abnormalities in bacterial cardiomyopathic hearts which were absent or of lesser magnitude in hearts with only hypertrophy. The findings reported here suggest to use that there is an association between heart failure and changes in function of cellular components during bacterial infective cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Abnormalities in heart membranes and myofibrils during bacterial infective cardiomyopathy in the rabbit. We studied hearts from sham-operated and uninfected catheterized rabbits as well as from rabbits at early and late stages of cardiomyopathy and failure after 3 and 6 days of infection with Streptococcus viridans. No ultrastructural abnormalities or biochemical changes in membrane and myofibrillar activities were seen in 3-day uninfected hearts. In 6-day uninfected hearts there were decreased sarcolemmal M2+ ATPase, Na+-K+ ATPase, adenylate cyclase and calcium binding, microsomal calcium binding and uptake, and myofibrillar Ca2+-stimulated ATPase as well as increased mitochondrial calcium uptake. Slight ultrastructural changes also were apparent in 6-day uninfected hearts. At both early and late stages of infective cardiomyopathy and failure there were varying degrees of depression in sarcolemmal Mg2+ ATPase, Na+-K+ ATPase, adenylate cyclase and calcium binding, microsomal calcium binding, calcium uptake and basal ATPase, and myofibrillar Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activities. However, sarcolemmal Ca2+ ATPase and myofibrillar Mg2+ ATPase activities were decreased only after 6 days of infection. Mitochondrial calcium binding and uptake were increased in early stages but decreased in late stages of disease. Furthermore in infected hearts there were defects in mitrochondrial respiration and phosphorylation. Generalized severe myocardial cell damage involving myofibrils, mitochondria, and the sarcotubular system was seen only in late stages of infection. The results demonstrate impairment of different membrane and contractile protein functions as well as ultrastructural abnormalities in bacterial cardiomyopathic hearts which were absent or of lesser magnitude in hearts with only hypertrophy. The findings reported here suggest to use that there is an association between heart failure and changes in function of cellular components during bacterial infective cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:132312", "title": "The significance of the left atrial appendage in rheumatic heart disease.", "content": "The possible diagnostic value of an enlarged left atrial appendage (LAA) on the posterior-anterior or right anterior oblique chest film as a means of implicating a rheumatic etiology for mitral valve disease in children was investigated. Chest films were examined without prior knowledge of clinical or laboratory data, and the results were later correlated with this information in 113 children and adolescents. The clinical and laboratory data included application of the modified Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever, streptococcal antibody titers and clinical and cardiac catheterization findings. In children with mitral valve disease, our data suggest that as enlarged LAA, especially in the presence of pulmonary venous obstruction, is characteristic of rheumatic heart disease. This finding appears to be particularly useful, in conjunction with streptococcal antibody studies, in distinguishing rheumatic from nonrheumatic patients with mitral insufficiency.", "contents": "The significance of the left atrial appendage in rheumatic heart disease. The possible diagnostic value of an enlarged left atrial appendage (LAA) on the posterior-anterior or right anterior oblique chest film as a means of implicating a rheumatic etiology for mitral valve disease in children was investigated. Chest films were examined without prior knowledge of clinical or laboratory data, and the results were later correlated with this information in 113 children and adolescents. The clinical and laboratory data included application of the modified Jones criteria for the diagnosis of acute rheumatic fever, streptococcal antibody titers and clinical and cardiac catheterization findings. In children with mitral valve disease, our data suggest that as enlarged LAA, especially in the presence of pulmonary venous obstruction, is characteristic of rheumatic heart disease. This finding appears to be particularly useful, in conjunction with streptococcal antibody studies, in distinguishing rheumatic from nonrheumatic patients with mitral insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:132313", "title": "Echocardiography in mechanical alternans. With a note on the findings in discordant alternans within the left ventricle.", "content": "We described the echocardiographic manifestations of mechanical alternation of left ventricular (LV) contraction during regular sinus rhythm. Chronic LV dilatation and failure existed in all our four cases. Alternation was observed with respect to the following echocardiographic variables: amplitude and rate of increase of amplitude of systolic excursions of the LV posterior wall and ventricular septum (VS); reciprocal changes in the duration of LV ejection and pre-ejection periods (on the aortic valve echo) such that the total duration of LV electromechanical systole remained constant; reciprocal changes in the duration of RV ejection and pre-ejection periods (on the pulmonic valve echo) such that the total duration of RV electromechanical systole remained constant; systolic anterior excursion of the aortic root as a whole; steepness of the mitral EF slope; septal and LV posterior wall diastolic position; and end-systolic LV diameter. In two patients, discordant alternans of the motion of the LV posterior wall and the VS was observed.", "contents": "Echocardiography in mechanical alternans. With a note on the findings in discordant alternans within the left ventricle. We described the echocardiographic manifestations of mechanical alternation of left ventricular (LV) contraction during regular sinus rhythm. Chronic LV dilatation and failure existed in all our four cases. Alternation was observed with respect to the following echocardiographic variables: amplitude and rate of increase of amplitude of systolic excursions of the LV posterior wall and ventricular septum (VS); reciprocal changes in the duration of LV ejection and pre-ejection periods (on the aortic valve echo) such that the total duration of LV electromechanical systole remained constant; reciprocal changes in the duration of RV ejection and pre-ejection periods (on the pulmonic valve echo) such that the total duration of RV electromechanical systole remained constant; systolic anterior excursion of the aortic root as a whole; steepness of the mitral EF slope; septal and LV posterior wall diastolic position; and end-systolic LV diameter. In two patients, discordant alternans of the motion of the LV posterior wall and the VS was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:132314", "title": "Local nasal desensitization provoking systemic illness with proteinuria.", "content": "We report a case of allergic rhinitis with systemic illness and proteinuria, which was repeatedly provoked by nasal exposure to allergen. Local nasal desensitization resulted in remission of both rhinitis and systemic illness. The disease was associated with systemic complement fixation via the classical pathway.", "contents": "Local nasal desensitization provoking systemic illness with proteinuria. We report a case of allergic rhinitis with systemic illness and proteinuria, which was repeatedly provoked by nasal exposure to allergen. Local nasal desensitization resulted in remission of both rhinitis and systemic illness. The disease was associated with systemic complement fixation via the classical pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:132316", "title": "White cell function in Down's syndrome.", "content": "Neutrophil function was studied in 25 patients with Down's syndrome at a mental subnormality hospital and compared with 26 normal controls. In vitro killing of Candida albicans was significantly lower in the Down's group, but there was no difference in the percentage of cells actively involved in phagocytosis or in the phagocytic index. The spontaneous nitroblue tetrazolium reduction was increased in 10 patients, but no abnormality of peroxidase activity or leucocyte alkaline phosphatase activity was found.", "contents": "White cell function in Down's syndrome. Neutrophil function was studied in 25 patients with Down's syndrome at a mental subnormality hospital and compared with 26 normal controls. In vitro killing of Candida albicans was significantly lower in the Down's group, but there was no difference in the percentage of cells actively involved in phagocytosis or in the phagocytic index. The spontaneous nitroblue tetrazolium reduction was increased in 10 patients, but no abnormality of peroxidase activity or leucocyte alkaline phosphatase activity was found."}
{"id": "PMID:132321", "title": "Congenital, irreducible, permanent lateral dislocation of the patella.", "content": "This is a report of 6 cases (one bilateral) of congenital irreducible, permanent lateral dislocation of the patella, ages 5 to 14; 2 patients were normal and 4 were mongoloid. The dislocation was reduced by means of a newly-devised surgical reconstruction of anterior attachments of nearly all of the para-articular bone and ligamentous structures. The 2-year follow-up results are satisfactory.", "contents": "Congenital, irreducible, permanent lateral dislocation of the patella. This is a report of 6 cases (one bilateral) of congenital irreducible, permanent lateral dislocation of the patella, ages 5 to 14; 2 patients were normal and 4 were mongoloid. The dislocation was reduced by means of a newly-devised surgical reconstruction of anterior attachments of nearly all of the para-articular bone and ligamentous structures. The 2-year follow-up results are satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:132322", "title": "Degenerative spondylolisthesis: surgical treatment.", "content": "Degenerative spondylolisthesis occurs most frequently at the 4th lumbar vertebra in aging females. It does not occur before the fifth decade or in conjunction with neural arch defects. The amount of slipping does not exceed 30 per cent. The forward slipping occurs as a result of forward remolding of the z-a joints secondary to localized degenerative arthritis of these joints. The degenerative arthritis results from instability of L4 in spines which are unduly stable at the lumbosacral level. The degenerative changes and the forward slipping combine to produce localized spinal stenosis which may compress the nerve roots and cauda equina. The cardinal symptom is pain in the low back and/or lower extremity. It is characterized by remissions and is usually not incapacitating. Ten per cent of patients have sufficient pain and disability to require surgical decompression which is best accomplished by excision of the distal half of the laminae and spinous process of the slipped vertebra and the proximal half of the laminae and spinous process of the slipped vertebra. The medial half of each z-a joint is also excised to complete the decompression. If the decompression is adequate lasting relief of pain can be expected, but some low back symptoms due to instability may be noted postoperatively. These symptoms diminish with the passage of time.", "contents": "Degenerative spondylolisthesis: surgical treatment. Degenerative spondylolisthesis occurs most frequently at the 4th lumbar vertebra in aging females. It does not occur before the fifth decade or in conjunction with neural arch defects. The amount of slipping does not exceed 30 per cent. The forward slipping occurs as a result of forward remolding of the z-a joints secondary to localized degenerative arthritis of these joints. The degenerative arthritis results from instability of L4 in spines which are unduly stable at the lumbosacral level. The degenerative changes and the forward slipping combine to produce localized spinal stenosis which may compress the nerve roots and cauda equina. The cardinal symptom is pain in the low back and/or lower extremity. It is characterized by remissions and is usually not incapacitating. Ten per cent of patients have sufficient pain and disability to require surgical decompression which is best accomplished by excision of the distal half of the laminae and spinous process of the slipped vertebra and the proximal half of the laminae and spinous process of the slipped vertebra. The medial half of each z-a joint is also excised to complete the decompression. If the decompression is adequate lasting relief of pain can be expected, but some low back symptoms due to instability may be noted postoperatively. These symptoms diminish with the passage of time."}
{"id": "PMID:132323", "title": "Spondylolisthesis: indications for lumbar nerve root decompression and operative technique.", "content": "Pain mechanisms attributable to spondylolisthesis are discussed with particular regard to the anatomic relationships at the site of nerve root impingement where the exiting lumbar nerve root is noted to pass anterior to the pseudoarthrosis mass in the pars interarticularis portion of the posterior element of the vertebral body. Clinical findings support the fact that nerve root impingement is a definite factor in producing the pain and associated symptoms in root impingement further supports this hypothesis. The incidence of lower motor neuron deficit is determined by a combination of muscle testing and electromyography. Postoperative results are evaluated in terms of patients having arthritic changes associated with the spondylolisthesis and in those patients with absence of arthritic change. These changes distinguish the patients who might respond best to simple decompression of the nerve root impingement from those patients who might better benefit from spinal fusion. Operative techniques should include adequate decompression of the exiting lumbar nerve root by means of total laminectomy approach. Exision of the pseudarthrosis mass attached to the pedicle side of the pars interarticularis of the vertebra is necessary to relieve pressure on the shoulder of the exiting nerve root.", "contents": "Spondylolisthesis: indications for lumbar nerve root decompression and operative technique. Pain mechanisms attributable to spondylolisthesis are discussed with particular regard to the anatomic relationships at the site of nerve root impingement where the exiting lumbar nerve root is noted to pass anterior to the pseudoarthrosis mass in the pars interarticularis portion of the posterior element of the vertebral body. Clinical findings support the fact that nerve root impingement is a definite factor in producing the pain and associated symptoms in root impingement further supports this hypothesis. The incidence of lower motor neuron deficit is determined by a combination of muscle testing and electromyography. Postoperative results are evaluated in terms of patients having arthritic changes associated with the spondylolisthesis and in those patients with absence of arthritic change. These changes distinguish the patients who might respond best to simple decompression of the nerve root impingement from those patients who might better benefit from spinal fusion. Operative techniques should include adequate decompression of the exiting lumbar nerve root by means of total laminectomy approach. Exision of the pseudarthrosis mass attached to the pedicle side of the pars interarticularis of the vertebra is necessary to relieve pressure on the shoulder of the exiting nerve root."}
{"id": "PMID:132324", "title": "Therapy of spondylolisthesis by repositioning and fixation of the olisthetic vertebra.", "content": "A new method for reduction of the slip and stabilization in spondylolisthesis is presented. A detailed description of the operative technique is given. Of special importance to repositioning of the olisthetic vertebra is sectioning of the ilio-lumbar and ilio-transverse ligaments. It is also most important to remove a portion of the superior surface of S1 in those cases with greater than 30 per cent olisthesis. A distinction in the technique of surgery is drawn between cases with less than 30 per cent of slip and those with greater than 30 per cent. In those with less than 30 per cent 2 bone grafts taken from one iliac crest are placed between the repositioned body of L5 and the body of S1. In those with more than 30 per cent slip grafts are not necessary. In these a portion of the superior surface of S1 is removed in such a way that the body of S1 fits snugly against the under surface of the repositioned body of L5. A special traction apparatus with wires through the spinous processes of L3 and L4 is used to accomplish reduction of the olisthetic vertebra. This apparatus is spring-loaded and is mounted on a modified Milwaukee brace. The patient remains in bed while this is worn. When it is believed that there is enough solidity in the fusion between the bodies of L5 and S1 the traction apparatus is removed and the patient allowed up.", "contents": "Therapy of spondylolisthesis by repositioning and fixation of the olisthetic vertebra. A new method for reduction of the slip and stabilization in spondylolisthesis is presented. A detailed description of the operative technique is given. Of special importance to repositioning of the olisthetic vertebra is sectioning of the ilio-lumbar and ilio-transverse ligaments. It is also most important to remove a portion of the superior surface of S1 in those cases with greater than 30 per cent olisthesis. A distinction in the technique of surgery is drawn between cases with less than 30 per cent of slip and those with greater than 30 per cent. In those with less than 30 per cent 2 bone grafts taken from one iliac crest are placed between the repositioned body of L5 and the body of S1. In those with more than 30 per cent slip grafts are not necessary. In these a portion of the superior surface of S1 is removed in such a way that the body of S1 fits snugly against the under surface of the repositioned body of L5. A special traction apparatus with wires through the spinous processes of L3 and L4 is used to accomplish reduction of the olisthetic vertebra. This apparatus is spring-loaded and is mounted on a modified Milwaukee brace. The patient remains in bed while this is worn. When it is believed that there is enough solidity in the fusion between the bodies of L5 and S1 the traction apparatus is removed and the patient allowed up."}
{"id": "PMID:132325", "title": "Technique of anatomical reduction of lumbar spondylolisthesis and its surgical stabilization.", "content": "This is a report of a method for treatment of spondylolisthesis based upon: (1) preoperative reduction of the olisthesis by plaster casts; (2) fixation of the reduction by posterior arthrodesis, accompanied by a system of instrumentation which has been developed by the authors. The treatment of severe spondyloptosis in six children and of spondylolisthesis in 14 adults is considered separately, because of the somewhat different problems in the two different age groups.", "contents": "Technique of anatomical reduction of lumbar spondylolisthesis and its surgical stabilization. This is a report of a method for treatment of spondylolisthesis based upon: (1) preoperative reduction of the olisthesis by plaster casts; (2) fixation of the reduction by posterior arthrodesis, accompanied by a system of instrumentation which has been developed by the authors. The treatment of severe spondyloptosis in six children and of spondylolisthesis in 14 adults is considered separately, because of the somewhat different problems in the two different age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:132326", "title": "Chemonucleolysis: a double blind study comparing chemonucleolysis with intra discal hydrocortisone: in the treatment of backache and sciatica.", "content": "This paper attempts to answer the controversial question, namely, how effective is chemonucleolysis in the treatment of discogenic back pain and sciatica? By using a type of double-blind study, a comparison has been made between 20 patients who were treated with chemonucleolysis and 20 who were treated with intra-discal hydrocortisone. The 2 year post-injection survey by an independent observer, demonstrated that chemonucleolysis produced 9 good, 3 fair, and 8 unimproved results in 20 patients. In contrast, hydrocortisone produced 3 good, 8 fair, and 8 unimproved results in 20 patients - one patient dying from unrelated causes. Although not statistically significant, the data suggest that chemonucleolysis was superior to intra-discal hydrocortisone in this series.", "contents": "Chemonucleolysis: a double blind study comparing chemonucleolysis with intra discal hydrocortisone: in the treatment of backache and sciatica. This paper attempts to answer the controversial question, namely, how effective is chemonucleolysis in the treatment of discogenic back pain and sciatica? By using a type of double-blind study, a comparison has been made between 20 patients who were treated with chemonucleolysis and 20 who were treated with intra-discal hydrocortisone. The 2 year post-injection survey by an independent observer, demonstrated that chemonucleolysis produced 9 good, 3 fair, and 8 unimproved results in 20 patients. In contrast, hydrocortisone produced 3 good, 8 fair, and 8 unimproved results in 20 patients - one patient dying from unrelated causes. Although not statistically significant, the data suggest that chemonucleolysis was superior to intra-discal hydrocortisone in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:132327", "title": "Acute back pain associated with a calcified Schmorl's node: a case report.", "content": "This is a case report of a 56-year-old woman with an unusual acute attack of back pain associated with a calcified intervertebral disk and herniation into the 10th dorsal vertebral body.", "contents": "Acute back pain associated with a calcified Schmorl's node: a case report. This is a case report of a 56-year-old woman with an unusual acute attack of back pain associated with a calcified intervertebral disk and herniation into the 10th dorsal vertebral body."}
{"id": "PMID:132328", "title": "Spondylolysis in the female gymnast.", "content": "In a roentgenographic analysis of the lumbar spine of 100 young female gymnasts engaged in high-level competition, the incidence of pars interarticular defects was 11 per cent; 6 per cent had spondylolisthesis. This is 4 times higher than their non-athletic female peers. It appears that the female athlete may have the same incidence of pars interarticularis defects as the male performing similar activities. Pars defects developing in association with athletic activities may be distinct from those developing in early childhood. A negative lumbosacral roentgenographic series does not completely rule out a developing pars defect. Bone scintography offers an additional tool for evaluating early stress reaction in the pars, and suggests that if the athlete restricts vigorous activity, some will heal without progressing to roentgenographically detectable defects. Low back pain in the young gymnast should be a warning sign. Close scrutiny of pars interarticularis in these young athletes will reveal a high incidence of developing defects.", "contents": "Spondylolysis in the female gymnast. In a roentgenographic analysis of the lumbar spine of 100 young female gymnasts engaged in high-level competition, the incidence of pars interarticular defects was 11 per cent; 6 per cent had spondylolisthesis. This is 4 times higher than their non-athletic female peers. It appears that the female athlete may have the same incidence of pars interarticularis defects as the male performing similar activities. Pars defects developing in association with athletic activities may be distinct from those developing in early childhood. A negative lumbosacral roentgenographic series does not completely rule out a developing pars defect. Bone scintography offers an additional tool for evaluating early stress reaction in the pars, and suggests that if the athlete restricts vigorous activity, some will heal without progressing to roentgenographically detectable defects. Low back pain in the young gymnast should be a warning sign. Close scrutiny of pars interarticularis in these young athletes will reveal a high incidence of developing defects."}
{"id": "PMID:132329", "title": "Conservative treatment in spondylolisthesis.", "content": "Spondylolisthesis occurs mainly at the L5-S1 interval, thus involving the dynamic segment. The general incidence is between 2 and 5 per cent, but about half of these patients are asymptomatic. The conservative therapy for the asymptomatic patients includes preventive measures such as correction of poor posture, elimination of stressful occupational requirements, avoidance of certain spine movements, and special sport activities. The mild to moderate low back pain syndrome requires alleviation of anxiety, analgesics and muscle relaxants, deep heat and relaxation and range of movement exercises. The severe low back pain which may prevent neurological deficit as well, should include a brief period of bed rest with strong analgesics and then gradual mobilization. In most instances, corsets are not required. Paravertebral blocks may be administered in special recalcitrant cases.", "contents": "Conservative treatment in spondylolisthesis. Spondylolisthesis occurs mainly at the L5-S1 interval, thus involving the dynamic segment. The general incidence is between 2 and 5 per cent, but about half of these patients are asymptomatic. The conservative therapy for the asymptomatic patients includes preventive measures such as correction of poor posture, elimination of stressful occupational requirements, avoidance of certain spine movements, and special sport activities. The mild to moderate low back pain syndrome requires alleviation of anxiety, analgesics and muscle relaxants, deep heat and relaxation and range of movement exercises. The severe low back pain which may prevent neurological deficit as well, should include a brief period of bed rest with strong analgesics and then gradual mobilization. In most instances, corsets are not required. Paravertebral blocks may be administered in special recalcitrant cases."}
{"id": "PMID:132330", "title": "Loading and conventional dose therapy with phenytoin in children: kinetic profile of parent drug and main metabolite in plasma.", "content": "Epileptic children were given phenytoin (DPH) in loading (four doses of 4.4 to 6.3 mg/kg/dose given 8-hourly and then 6 mg/kg/day) or conventional (5 to 9 mg/kg/day) doses. Plasma levels of DPH and its main metabolite (p-OH-DPH) were measured by a mass fragmentographic technique. Plasma DPH levels of more than 10 mug/ml were achieved within 16 to 38 hr in the children given loading doses and within 5 days in the conventionally dosed children. No immediate side effects were noted, but within 8 to 10 days 9 of 13 children developed a generalized skin rash. Plasma p-OH-DPH (free or conjugated) paralleled DPH during the accumulation phase but not during DPH elimination. The ratio of metabolite to DPH in plasma showed both an interindividual variation and an inverse relation to the level of DPH. Identical twins in the study had a similar ratio and plasma level-time course profile. It is concluded that the loading dose regiment achieves an appropriate plasma level of DPH rapidly, that saturation kinetics are operative for p-OH-DPH formation, that the ratio of metabolite to DPH in plasma is an individual characteristic in children, and that further studies on the delayed toxicity are needed before the loading dose regimen can be recommended.", "contents": "Loading and conventional dose therapy with phenytoin in children: kinetic profile of parent drug and main metabolite in plasma. Epileptic children were given phenytoin (DPH) in loading (four doses of 4.4 to 6.3 mg/kg/dose given 8-hourly and then 6 mg/kg/day) or conventional (5 to 9 mg/kg/day) doses. Plasma levels of DPH and its main metabolite (p-OH-DPH) were measured by a mass fragmentographic technique. Plasma DPH levels of more than 10 mug/ml were achieved within 16 to 38 hr in the children given loading doses and within 5 days in the conventionally dosed children. No immediate side effects were noted, but within 8 to 10 days 9 of 13 children developed a generalized skin rash. Plasma p-OH-DPH (free or conjugated) paralleled DPH during the accumulation phase but not during DPH elimination. The ratio of metabolite to DPH in plasma showed both an interindividual variation and an inverse relation to the level of DPH. Identical twins in the study had a similar ratio and plasma level-time course profile. It is concluded that the loading dose regiment achieves an appropriate plasma level of DPH rapidly, that saturation kinetics are operative for p-OH-DPH formation, that the ratio of metabolite to DPH in plasma is an individual characteristic in children, and that further studies on the delayed toxicity are needed before the loading dose regimen can be recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:132332", "title": "Plasma growth hormone concentrations in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "1. Growth hormone secretion was assessed in nine control subjects and nine patients with Huntington's chorea. 2. Early-morning fasting plasma samples from patients with Huntington's chorea contained abnormally high concentrations of growth hormone. 3. The suppression of growth hormone after oral glucose in choreic patients, unlike the control subjects, occurred at irregular intervals after the glucose was given and was followed, again at irregular intervals, by an exaggerated rebound phase. 4. The response to intravenous insulin was not markedly abnormal in choreic patients. However, there was a significant increase in the rate of rise of growth hormone concentration in the first half and hour after the insulin injection when compared with control subjects.", "contents": "Plasma growth hormone concentrations in Huntington's chorea. 1. Growth hormone secretion was assessed in nine control subjects and nine patients with Huntington's chorea. 2. Early-morning fasting plasma samples from patients with Huntington's chorea contained abnormally high concentrations of growth hormone. 3. The suppression of growth hormone after oral glucose in choreic patients, unlike the control subjects, occurred at irregular intervals after the glucose was given and was followed, again at irregular intervals, by an exaggerated rebound phase. 4. The response to intravenous insulin was not markedly abnormal in choreic patients. However, there was a significant increase in the rate of rise of growth hormone concentration in the first half and hour after the insulin injection when compared with control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:132331", "title": "Rat hepatic sodium plus potassium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase after treatment with digoxin and thyroxine.", "content": "1. The effect of treating rats with digoxin and thyroxine for 45 days has been studied. 2. Animals fed with digoxin gained significantly more weight than the control animals. 3. Treatment with digoxin, thyroxine or both produced a similar significant increase in the amount of Na+ + K+ -dependent adenosine triphosphatase in liver without an additive effect. 4. It is suggested that digoxin resistance in thyrotoxicosis may be related to this similarity in action.", "contents": "Rat hepatic sodium plus potassium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase after treatment with digoxin and thyroxine. 1. The effect of treating rats with digoxin and thyroxine for 45 days has been studied. 2. Animals fed with digoxin gained significantly more weight than the control animals. 3. Treatment with digoxin, thyroxine or both produced a similar significant increase in the amount of Na+ + K+ -dependent adenosine triphosphatase in liver without an additive effect. 4. It is suggested that digoxin resistance in thyrotoxicosis may be related to this similarity in action."}
{"id": "PMID:132343", "title": "[Liver metastases: diagnostic value of blood tests, scintiscanning, and laparoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 90 patients with known extra-hepatic malignancy the liver was examined for metastases. The diagnostic value of clinical information, blood examinations, 99mTc scintiscan, and laparoscopy for the diagnosis of the liver metastases was evaluated. Clinical data (age, sex, time since onset of symptoms and localisation of primary tumor) are of no diagnostic value. The most reliable blood tests are alkaline phosphatase (AP) and GOT. The probability of liver metastastases rises with increasingly abnormal values of AP and GOT. However, the probability is not much greater in cases with highly abnormal values than in cases with only moderate elevation of AP and GOT. Diagnostic accuracy of AP is optimal by using a cutoff point of 76 U/l (sensitivity 79%, specificity 64%). Bilirubin, prothrombin time, haemoglobin and blood sedimentation rate are of very little value. Combinations of AP with these blood tests does not improve diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, it is not useful to determine more blood tests than AP alone. Informed reading of liver scans has a specificity of 75% and a sensitivity of 91%. Blind reading of scans has a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 95%. This diagnostic accuracy cannot be improved by additional blood tests. Laparscopy has a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 95%. Scanning and laparoscopy are complementary methods. When optimal diagnostic accuracy is required both methods should be used.", "contents": "[Liver metastases: diagnostic value of blood tests, scintiscanning, and laparoscopy (author's transl)]. In 90 patients with known extra-hepatic malignancy the liver was examined for metastases. The diagnostic value of clinical information, blood examinations, 99mTc scintiscan, and laparoscopy for the diagnosis of the liver metastases was evaluated. Clinical data (age, sex, time since onset of symptoms and localisation of primary tumor) are of no diagnostic value. The most reliable blood tests are alkaline phosphatase (AP) and GOT. The probability of liver metastastases rises with increasingly abnormal values of AP and GOT. However, the probability is not much greater in cases with highly abnormal values than in cases with only moderate elevation of AP and GOT. Diagnostic accuracy of AP is optimal by using a cutoff point of 76 U/l (sensitivity 79%, specificity 64%). Bilirubin, prothrombin time, haemoglobin and blood sedimentation rate are of very little value. Combinations of AP with these blood tests does not improve diagnostic accuracy. Therefore, it is not useful to determine more blood tests than AP alone. Informed reading of liver scans has a specificity of 75% and a sensitivity of 91%. Blind reading of scans has a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 95%. This diagnostic accuracy cannot be improved by additional blood tests. Laparscopy has a sensitivity of 85% and a specificity of 95%. Scanning and laparoscopy are complementary methods. When optimal diagnostic accuracy is required both methods should be used."}
{"id": "PMID:132344", "title": "[Enzymatic changes in the mucous membrane of the small intestine in tetrachlormethane-induced experimental liver cirrhosis].", "content": "The author examined the enzymatic activity in the intestinal mucosa under the conditions of rat liver cirrhosis, experimentaly induced by carbon tetrachloride. There was a correlative connection between liver damage and the functional activity of the intestines, manifested by the inhibition of the activity of the membrane enzymes-alkaline phosphatase and aminopetidase as well as the activity of acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase.", "contents": "[Enzymatic changes in the mucous membrane of the small intestine in tetrachlormethane-induced experimental liver cirrhosis]. The author examined the enzymatic activity in the intestinal mucosa under the conditions of rat liver cirrhosis, experimentaly induced by carbon tetrachloride. There was a correlative connection between liver damage and the functional activity of the intestines, manifested by the inhibition of the activity of the membrane enzymes-alkaline phosphatase and aminopetidase as well as the activity of acid phosphatase and succinic dehydrogenase."}
{"id": "PMID:132345", "title": "Selective effect of androgens on LH and FSH release in anterior pituitary cells in culture.", "content": "A possible direct effect of androgens at the pituitary level on gonadotropin release was studied using rat anterior pituitary cells in primary culture. The preincubation of cells with 3 X 10(-9)M testosterone (T) for 40 h increased the concentration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) required for half-maximal stimulation (ED50) of LH release from 3 X 10(-10)M to 1 X 10(-9)M. In the same experiment, the LHRH ED50 for FSH release (3 X 10(-10)M) was not affected by preincubation with T, while a slight stimulatory effect of the androgen was observed on balal FSH release and on the maximal FSH response to LHRH. Time-course experiments showed that the inhibitory effect of T on the LH response to LHRH was maximal after about 48 h of incubation and that 54 h after the removal of T, only 50% of the inhibition was reversed. 5 alpha-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and T led to the same maximal inhibition (15-20% of control) of the LH response to 10(-10)M LHRH. DHT was, however, about 3 times more potent than T, their ED50 values being 1.6 X 10(-10)M and 5 X 10(-10)M, respectively. In contrast to the effect on LH, the FSH response to 10(-10)M LHRH was only slightly, but not significantly, inhibited by increasing concentrations of DHT or T. The finding that total LH (medium + cell content) remained constant after incubation with T or DHT clearly indicates that the inhibition of the LH response to LHRH is really due to changes in the sensitivity of the releasing mechanisms in the LH-secreting cells. Androgens did, however, lead to increased total FSH. The present data indicate an independent control of LH and FSH secretion by a direct action of androgens at the pituitary level.", "contents": "Selective effect of androgens on LH and FSH release in anterior pituitary cells in culture. A possible direct effect of androgens at the pituitary level on gonadotropin release was studied using rat anterior pituitary cells in primary culture. The preincubation of cells with 3 X 10(-9)M testosterone (T) for 40 h increased the concentration of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) required for half-maximal stimulation (ED50) of LH release from 3 X 10(-10)M to 1 X 10(-9)M. In the same experiment, the LHRH ED50 for FSH release (3 X 10(-10)M) was not affected by preincubation with T, while a slight stimulatory effect of the androgen was observed on balal FSH release and on the maximal FSH response to LHRH. Time-course experiments showed that the inhibitory effect of T on the LH response to LHRH was maximal after about 48 h of incubation and that 54 h after the removal of T, only 50% of the inhibition was reversed. 5 alpha-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and T led to the same maximal inhibition (15-20% of control) of the LH response to 10(-10)M LHRH. DHT was, however, about 3 times more potent than T, their ED50 values being 1.6 X 10(-10)M and 5 X 10(-10)M, respectively. In contrast to the effect on LH, the FSH response to 10(-10)M LHRH was only slightly, but not significantly, inhibited by increasing concentrations of DHT or T. The finding that total LH (medium + cell content) remained constant after incubation with T or DHT clearly indicates that the inhibition of the LH response to LHRH is really due to changes in the sensitivity of the releasing mechanisms in the LH-secreting cells. Androgens did, however, lead to increased total FSH. The present data indicate an independent control of LH and FSH secretion by a direct action of androgens at the pituitary level."}
{"id": "PMID:132346", "title": "Cholinergic and serotonergic neural links and the inhibitory effects of hippocampus, lateral amygdala and central gray matter on gonadotropin release.", "content": "Effects of electrical stimulation of the hippocampus (HPC), lateral amygdala (1-AMYG) and midbrain central gray matter (CG) on the release of ovulatory gonadotropin were examined using proestrous Wistar rats with or without pretreatment with reserpine, atropine or p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) at such dosage that had been confirmed not to block ovulation. Electrical stimulation of the HPC, 1-AMYG or CG under light ether anesthesia just before the critical period prevented a rise in serum LH, FSH and prolactin levels at 18:00. Pretreatment with atropine (200 mg/kg body wt, sc) was effective to abolish this inhibitory effect of the HPC stimulation on the release of LH and FSH, whereas reserpine treatment (1mg/kg body wt, ip) did not affect the effect. The inhibitory effect of the 1-AMYG or CG stimulation on LH and FSH release was abolished by treatment with PCPA (150 mg/kg body wt, ip), while neither atropine nor reserpine had any effect. The inhibitory effect of the HPC stimulation on the release of these hormones was also blocked by PCPA treatment. In regard to the prolactin release, it was inhibited by the stimulation of the HPC, 1-AMYG or CG in both the non-treated rat and in the atropine or PCPA-treated one, while in the reserpine-treated rat it was not inhibited but rather was facilitated by these stimulations. It was assumed that the normal maintenance of both cholinergic and serotonergic neural links for the expression of the HPC inhibition on ovulatory LH, FSH and prolactin secretion and that of serotonergic link for the expression of the 1-AMYG or CG inhibition are needed. The inhibitory action on prolactin release changed into facilitation under the depletion of monoamines, but the mechanism is unknown.", "contents": "Cholinergic and serotonergic neural links and the inhibitory effects of hippocampus, lateral amygdala and central gray matter on gonadotropin release. Effects of electrical stimulation of the hippocampus (HPC), lateral amygdala (1-AMYG) and midbrain central gray matter (CG) on the release of ovulatory gonadotropin were examined using proestrous Wistar rats with or without pretreatment with reserpine, atropine or p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) at such dosage that had been confirmed not to block ovulation. Electrical stimulation of the HPC, 1-AMYG or CG under light ether anesthesia just before the critical period prevented a rise in serum LH, FSH and prolactin levels at 18:00. Pretreatment with atropine (200 mg/kg body wt, sc) was effective to abolish this inhibitory effect of the HPC stimulation on the release of LH and FSH, whereas reserpine treatment (1mg/kg body wt, ip) did not affect the effect. The inhibitory effect of the 1-AMYG or CG stimulation on LH and FSH release was abolished by treatment with PCPA (150 mg/kg body wt, ip), while neither atropine nor reserpine had any effect. The inhibitory effect of the HPC stimulation on the release of these hormones was also blocked by PCPA treatment. In regard to the prolactin release, it was inhibited by the stimulation of the HPC, 1-AMYG or CG in both the non-treated rat and in the atropine or PCPA-treated one, while in the reserpine-treated rat it was not inhibited but rather was facilitated by these stimulations. It was assumed that the normal maintenance of both cholinergic and serotonergic neural links for the expression of the HPC inhibition on ovulatory LH, FSH and prolactin secretion and that of serotonergic link for the expression of the 1-AMYG or CG inhibition are needed. The inhibitory action on prolactin release changed into facilitation under the depletion of monoamines, but the mechanism is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:132347", "title": "Mutagenicity assays on fluorescent whitening agents using microorganisms.", "content": "Six fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) have been re-examined for their activity as inducers of cytoplasmic petite mutants and mitotic gene conversion in diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerebisiae and reversion from auxotrophy to prototrophy in Neurospora crassa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The results provide no indication that the FWAs examinded produce mutagenic changes or any other alterations in the gene material. In a recent re-examination with Salmonella using the method of Ames et al., the four examined compounds failed to elicit a mutagenic response in the presence of rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant and cofactors.", "contents": "Mutagenicity assays on fluorescent whitening agents using microorganisms. Six fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) have been re-examined for their activity as inducers of cytoplasmic petite mutants and mitotic gene conversion in diploid yeast Saccharomyces cerebisiae and reversion from auxotrophy to prototrophy in Neurospora crassa, Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The results provide no indication that the FWAs examinded produce mutagenic changes or any other alterations in the gene material. In a recent re-examination with Salmonella using the method of Ames et al., the four examined compounds failed to elicit a mutagenic response in the presence of rat liver postmitochondrial supernatant and cofactors."}
{"id": "PMID:132348", "title": "The identification of myosin in rabbit hepatocytes.", "content": "A myosin-like protein was identified in isolated rabbit liver cells. It was extracted with high-ionic-strength buffer containing ATP, and purified by gel filtration in the presence of iodide. The myosin polypeptide was indistinguishable in size from the heavy chain of muscle myosin as determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The hepatic myosin had an amino acid composition similar to that of muscle myosin, but lacked 3-methylhistidine. The Mg2+ -ATPase of the myosin was not activated by muscle actin. At low ionic strength, in the presence of Mg2+, the protein aggregated to form bipolar filaments 0.3 mum in length. A protein which resembled muscle actin in size and amino acid composition was extracted along with the myosin. Based on scans of stained sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, the myosin content was estimated as 0.3% to 0.4% of the cell protein. The actin-like component was present in approximately ten-fold excess by weight. This ratio suggests that the organization and function of myosin in the hepatocyte is very different from that in the muscle cell.", "contents": "The identification of myosin in rabbit hepatocytes. A myosin-like protein was identified in isolated rabbit liver cells. It was extracted with high-ionic-strength buffer containing ATP, and purified by gel filtration in the presence of iodide. The myosin polypeptide was indistinguishable in size from the heavy chain of muscle myosin as determined by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels and gel filtration in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The hepatic myosin had an amino acid composition similar to that of muscle myosin, but lacked 3-methylhistidine. The Mg2+ -ATPase of the myosin was not activated by muscle actin. At low ionic strength, in the presence of Mg2+, the protein aggregated to form bipolar filaments 0.3 mum in length. A protein which resembled muscle actin in size and amino acid composition was extracted along with the myosin. Based on scans of stained sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels, the myosin content was estimated as 0.3% to 0.4% of the cell protein. The actin-like component was present in approximately ten-fold excess by weight. This ratio suggests that the organization and function of myosin in the hepatocyte is very different from that in the muscle cell."}
{"id": "PMID:132349", "title": "A comparison of the influence of potassium and ammonium ions on the phosphofructokinases from rabbit muscle and rat erythrocytes.", "content": "Phosphofructokinases from rat erythrocytes and rabbit muscle have been compared in their kinetic behavior with respect to monovalent cation activation and ATP inhibition. Both ammonium and potassium ions affect the muscle enzyme in a two-fold manner: they act both as activators and effectors. On the other hand only ammonium exerts the two-fold effects on the erythrocyte enzyme, while the potassium ions activate without affecting cooperativity. The lower ATP inhibition of muscle phosphofructokinase may be partially explained by the action of potassium ions on the cooperative behavior of the enzyme. The differences between the phosphofructokinases from erythrocytes and muscle in the potassium type-II activation and ATP inhibition represent an organ specifity. Furthermore, the inhibition constants for 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate differ by 10-fold between the two enzymes.", "contents": "A comparison of the influence of potassium and ammonium ions on the phosphofructokinases from rabbit muscle and rat erythrocytes. Phosphofructokinases from rat erythrocytes and rabbit muscle have been compared in their kinetic behavior with respect to monovalent cation activation and ATP inhibition. Both ammonium and potassium ions affect the muscle enzyme in a two-fold manner: they act both as activators and effectors. On the other hand only ammonium exerts the two-fold effects on the erythrocyte enzyme, while the potassium ions activate without affecting cooperativity. The lower ATP inhibition of muscle phosphofructokinase may be partially explained by the action of potassium ions on the cooperative behavior of the enzyme. The differences between the phosphofructokinases from erythrocytes and muscle in the potassium type-II activation and ATP inhibition represent an organ specifity. Furthermore, the inhibition constants for 2, 3-bisphosphoglycerate differ by 10-fold between the two enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:132350", "title": "(Na+, K+)-activated adenosinetriphosphatase of axonal membranes, cooperativity and control. Steady-state analysis.", "content": "1. The ATP sites. Homotropic interactions between ATP sites have been studied in a very large range of Na+ and K+ concentrations. The ( Na+, K+)-activated ATPase displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics for ATP under standard concentration conditions of Na+ (100 mM) and K+ (10 mM). The steady-state kinetics behavior changes at very low concentrations of K+ where negative cooperativity is observed. The existence of a high affinity and a low affinity site for ATP was clearly demonstrated from the study of the ATP stimulated hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylphosphate in the presence of Na+ and K+. The ratio of apparent affinities of high and low affinity sites for ATP is 86 at pH 7.5. 2. The Na+ sites. The binding of Na+ to its specific stimulatory sites (internal sites) is characterized by positive cooperativity with a Hill coefficient n(H(Na+))=2.0. Homotropic interactions between Na+ sites are unaffected by variations of the K+ concentration. 3. The K+ sites. (a) Binding of K+ to the (external) stimulatory site of the ATPase has been analyzed by following the (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity as well as the p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity in the presence of Na+ and K+ (with or without ATP). Binding is characterized by a Hill coefficient of 1.0 and a K(0.5(K+))=0.1 to 0.8 mM. The absence of positive or negative cooperativity persists between 5 mM and 100 mM Na+. (b) The analysis of the p-nitrophenylphosphatase or of the 2, 4 dinitrophenylphosphatase activity in the presence of K+ alone indicates the existence of low affinity sites for K+ with positive homotropic interactions. The characteristics of stimulation in that case are, K(0.5)=5 mM, n(H)=1.9. The properties of this family of site(s) are the following: firstly, saturation of the low affinity site(s) by K+ prevents ATP binding to its high affinity internal site. Secondly, saturation of the low affinity sites for K+ prevents binding of Na+ to its internal sites. Thirdly, this family of sites disappears in the presence of ATP, p-nitrophenylphosphate or of both substrates, when Na+ binds to its internal sites. Na+ binding to its specific stimulatory sites provokes the formation of the high affinity type of site for K+. 4. Mg2+ stimulation of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase is characterized by a Hill coefficient n(H(Mg2+))=1.0 and a K(0.5(Mg2+))=1 mM stimulation is essentially a V effect. Heterotropic effects between binding of Mg2+ and substrate to their respective sites are small. Heterotropic interactions between the Ms2+, Na+ and K+ sites are also small. 5. The fluidity of membrane lipids also controls the (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity. Phase transitions or separations in the membrane hardly affect recognition properties of substrates, Na+, K+ and Mg2+ for their respective sites on both sides of the membrane. Only the rate of the catalytic transformation is affected.", "contents": "(Na+, K+)-activated adenosinetriphosphatase of axonal membranes, cooperativity and control. Steady-state analysis. 1. The ATP sites. Homotropic interactions between ATP sites have been studied in a very large range of Na+ and K+ concentrations. The ( Na+, K+)-activated ATPase displays Michaelis-Menten kinetics for ATP under standard concentration conditions of Na+ (100 mM) and K+ (10 mM). The steady-state kinetics behavior changes at very low concentrations of K+ where negative cooperativity is observed. The existence of a high affinity and a low affinity site for ATP was clearly demonstrated from the study of the ATP stimulated hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylphosphate in the presence of Na+ and K+. The ratio of apparent affinities of high and low affinity sites for ATP is 86 at pH 7.5. 2. The Na+ sites. The binding of Na+ to its specific stimulatory sites (internal sites) is characterized by positive cooperativity with a Hill coefficient n(H(Na+))=2.0. Homotropic interactions between Na+ sites are unaffected by variations of the K+ concentration. 3. The K+ sites. (a) Binding of K+ to the (external) stimulatory site of the ATPase has been analyzed by following the (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity as well as the p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity in the presence of Na+ and K+ (with or without ATP). Binding is characterized by a Hill coefficient of 1.0 and a K(0.5(K+))=0.1 to 0.8 mM. The absence of positive or negative cooperativity persists between 5 mM and 100 mM Na+. (b) The analysis of the p-nitrophenylphosphatase or of the 2, 4 dinitrophenylphosphatase activity in the presence of K+ alone indicates the existence of low affinity sites for K+ with positive homotropic interactions. The characteristics of stimulation in that case are, K(0.5)=5 mM, n(H)=1.9. The properties of this family of site(s) are the following: firstly, saturation of the low affinity site(s) by K+ prevents ATP binding to its high affinity internal site. Secondly, saturation of the low affinity sites for K+ prevents binding of Na+ to its internal sites. Thirdly, this family of sites disappears in the presence of ATP, p-nitrophenylphosphate or of both substrates, when Na+ binds to its internal sites. Na+ binding to its specific stimulatory sites provokes the formation of the high affinity type of site for K+. 4. Mg2+ stimulation of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase is characterized by a Hill coefficient n(H(Mg2+))=1.0 and a K(0.5(Mg2+))=1 mM stimulation is essentially a V effect. Heterotropic effects between binding of Mg2+ and substrate to their respective sites are small. Heterotropic interactions between the Ms2+, Na+ and K+ sites are also small. 5. The fluidity of membrane lipids also controls the (Na+, K+)-ATPase activity. Phase transitions or separations in the membrane hardly affect recognition properties of substrates, Na+, K+ and Mg2+ for their respective sites on both sides of the membrane. Only the rate of the catalytic transformation is affected."}
{"id": "PMID:132352", "title": "Comparison of Frank's and McFee's lead systems using multivariate statistics.", "content": "Two widely used orthogonal corrected 3-lead system - the Frank and the McFee systems - were studied in order to evaluate whether a significant difference in diagnostic performance could be observed; in the case of a positive answer, we would be able to advocate one system instead of the other. No such overall difference was noticed. Although +/- 17% discrepancies were found on the individual classification level (a patient correctly classified with system A and missed with system B and conversely), the practical implication is negligible since each system is responsible for +/- half of these discrepancies. Multivariate analysis, as already largely proved by Pipberger's group, drastically ameliorates the diagnostic results. Special caution has been given to the number of selected discriminators in order to enhance repeatability of the results; the reproducibility, using the approach developed by Cornfield, was found excellent. Some particular features as to the choice and location of the best discriminators were found somewhat puzzling by the autors but no deterministic explanation could be offered: the selection of the variables, indeed, rested on statistical bases and not on the (sometimes fragmentary) knowledge of what is going on in the heart and how these events relate to surface waveform patterns.", "contents": "Comparison of Frank's and McFee's lead systems using multivariate statistics. Two widely used orthogonal corrected 3-lead system - the Frank and the McFee systems - were studied in order to evaluate whether a significant difference in diagnostic performance could be observed; in the case of a positive answer, we would be able to advocate one system instead of the other. No such overall difference was noticed. Although +/- 17% discrepancies were found on the individual classification level (a patient correctly classified with system A and missed with system B and conversely), the practical implication is negligible since each system is responsible for +/- half of these discrepancies. Multivariate analysis, as already largely proved by Pipberger's group, drastically ameliorates the diagnostic results. Special caution has been given to the number of selected discriminators in order to enhance repeatability of the results; the reproducibility, using the approach developed by Cornfield, was found excellent. Some particular features as to the choice and location of the best discriminators were found somewhat puzzling by the autors but no deterministic explanation could be offered: the selection of the variables, indeed, rested on statistical bases and not on the (sometimes fragmentary) knowledge of what is going on in the heart and how these events relate to surface waveform patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:132353", "title": "Angiocardiographic/pathologic correlations in congenital mitral valve anomalies.", "content": "The angiocardiographic findings were reviewed in 21 patients with congenital mitral valve disease in whom the exact anotomic diagnosis was known independently. Patients with discordant (1)transposition and simple atrioventricular canal defects were excluded. No precise diagnosis was made in five patients (24%), all of whom had a cleft anterior leaflet or congenital short chordae. In the remainder, the specific diagnosis could have been made by injection of constrast medium downstream to the mitral valve alone in 15 (71%). Upstream injection was performed in 13 of these but would have made the precise diagnosis in only three (23%). In one patient both upstream and downstream injections were necessary. Anomalies giving characteristic angiocardiographic appearances were parachute valve, atresia, annular hypoplasia, dysplasia, anomalous arcade and anomalies associated with subaortic stenosis. Thus injection downstream to the valve is preferable to upstream injection, because it gives information about its patency, competence, tensor apparatus, and annular dimensions.", "contents": "Angiocardiographic/pathologic correlations in congenital mitral valve anomalies. The angiocardiographic findings were reviewed in 21 patients with congenital mitral valve disease in whom the exact anotomic diagnosis was known independently. Patients with discordant (1)transposition and simple atrioventricular canal defects were excluded. No precise diagnosis was made in five patients (24%), all of whom had a cleft anterior leaflet or congenital short chordae. In the remainder, the specific diagnosis could have been made by injection of constrast medium downstream to the mitral valve alone in 15 (71%). Upstream injection was performed in 13 of these but would have made the precise diagnosis in only three (23%). In one patient both upstream and downstream injections were necessary. Anomalies giving characteristic angiocardiographic appearances were parachute valve, atresia, annular hypoplasia, dysplasia, anomalous arcade and anomalies associated with subaortic stenosis. Thus injection downstream to the valve is preferable to upstream injection, because it gives information about its patency, competence, tensor apparatus, and annular dimensions."}
{"id": "PMID:132354", "title": "Cardiac NaK ATPase activity during positive inotropic and toxic actions of ouabain.", "content": "In order to define pharmacological actions of ouabain in the dog heart, ouabain uptake and subcellular distribution and its effect on NaK ATPase (MG2+ dependent, Na+-K+-activated adenosinetriphosphate phosphohydrolase, E.C. 3.6.1.3), have been investigated in 21 open-chest dogs. A continuous infusion of ouabain (0.036 mug/kg/min) after a loading dose (20 mug/kg) produced a relatively constant plasma concentration of approximately 10(-8) M (6 ng/ml) ouabain, which induced a sustained positive inotropic response for the 300 min experimental period. In these hearts much greater binding of ouabain was noted in the NaK ATPase and microsomal fractions than in other myocardial fractions. No statistically significant inhibition of NaK ATPase activity was noted. Doubling the loading and infusion doses of ouabain raised the plasma level of ouabain to approximately 3 X 10(-8) M and produced various types of arrhythmia within an hour, which persisted for the rest of the 5 h experimental period. Under this experimental protocol there was a significant inhibition of NaK ATPase activity and increased binding of ouabain to this enzyme. This study does not support the hypothesis that there is a causal relationship between inotropic response to ouabain and NaK ATPase inhibition. It was concluded that NaK ATPase inhibition might be causally related to the development of ouabain toxicity.", "contents": "Cardiac NaK ATPase activity during positive inotropic and toxic actions of ouabain. In order to define pharmacological actions of ouabain in the dog heart, ouabain uptake and subcellular distribution and its effect on NaK ATPase (MG2+ dependent, Na+-K+-activated adenosinetriphosphate phosphohydrolase, E.C. 3.6.1.3), have been investigated in 21 open-chest dogs. A continuous infusion of ouabain (0.036 mug/kg/min) after a loading dose (20 mug/kg) produced a relatively constant plasma concentration of approximately 10(-8) M (6 ng/ml) ouabain, which induced a sustained positive inotropic response for the 300 min experimental period. In these hearts much greater binding of ouabain was noted in the NaK ATPase and microsomal fractions than in other myocardial fractions. No statistically significant inhibition of NaK ATPase activity was noted. Doubling the loading and infusion doses of ouabain raised the plasma level of ouabain to approximately 3 X 10(-8) M and produced various types of arrhythmia within an hour, which persisted for the rest of the 5 h experimental period. Under this experimental protocol there was a significant inhibition of NaK ATPase activity and increased binding of ouabain to this enzyme. This study does not support the hypothesis that there is a causal relationship between inotropic response to ouabain and NaK ATPase inhibition. It was concluded that NaK ATPase inhibition might be causally related to the development of ouabain toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:132355", "title": "Increase in the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in heart muscle after chronic treatment with digitoxin or potassium deficient diet.", "content": "In guinea pigs, administration of digitoxin (0.3 mg/kg s.c. for 7-24 days) causes an increase in activity of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of the heart. The plasma K+ level and the K+ content of the heart muscle of these animals remains unchanged and there is no significant alteration in the digitoxin toxicity compared to controls. In guinea pigs with potassium deficiency produced by a potassium deficient diet for 12 days, there is a related increase of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. The plasma K+ level of these animals is diminished while the K+ content in the heart muscle remains unchanged the toxicity of digitoxin is enhanced. In both test groups the increase in the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity is limited to enzymes from heart muscle, those from brain or kidney remaining unaffected. This increase in activity seems to be the result of an adaptive enzyme induction.", "contents": "Increase in the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in heart muscle after chronic treatment with digitoxin or potassium deficient diet. In guinea pigs, administration of digitoxin (0.3 mg/kg s.c. for 7-24 days) causes an increase in activity of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of the heart. The plasma K+ level and the K+ content of the heart muscle of these animals remains unchanged and there is no significant alteration in the digitoxin toxicity compared to controls. In guinea pigs with potassium deficiency produced by a potassium deficient diet for 12 days, there is a related increase of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. The plasma K+ level of these animals is diminished while the K+ content in the heart muscle remains unchanged the toxicity of digitoxin is enhanced. In both test groups the increase in the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity is limited to enzymes from heart muscle, those from brain or kidney remaining unaffected. This increase in activity seems to be the result of an adaptive enzyme induction."}
{"id": "PMID:132356", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin effects on salivary secretion and microsomal calcium accumulation and release.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin inhibited calcium uptake into dog submandibular microsomes at concentrations of 0.05 mM and greater but did not affect calcium release; mesantoin and hydroxyphenyl-phenylhydantoin were without effect. Diphenylhydantoin (20 mg/kg) given i.v. significantly reduced, and mesantoin slightly reduced secretion from submandibular and parotid glands, but hydroxyphenyl-phenylhydantoin was without effect. These data suggest that the reduced secretory volume produced by diphenylhydantoin may be related to its effect on transmembrane calcium movements.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin effects on salivary secretion and microsomal calcium accumulation and release. Diphenylhydantoin inhibited calcium uptake into dog submandibular microsomes at concentrations of 0.05 mM and greater but did not affect calcium release; mesantoin and hydroxyphenyl-phenylhydantoin were without effect. Diphenylhydantoin (20 mg/kg) given i.v. significantly reduced, and mesantoin slightly reduced secretion from submandibular and parotid glands, but hydroxyphenyl-phenylhydantoin was without effect. These data suggest that the reduced secretory volume produced by diphenylhydantoin may be related to its effect on transmembrane calcium movements."}
{"id": "PMID:132358", "title": "Immunohistological investigation of N-acetylserotonin in the rat cerebellum after parachlorophenylalanine treatment.", "content": "The amount of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) in the granule layer of the rat cerebellum was investigated using immunolohistologic double antibody technique. After 5 days of treatment with parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) an increase of NAS was observed. The possibility of a differential effect of PCPA on serotonin synthesis in the neurons and the nerve terminals is discussed.", "contents": "Immunohistological investigation of N-acetylserotonin in the rat cerebellum after parachlorophenylalanine treatment. The amount of N-acetylserotonin (NAS) in the granule layer of the rat cerebellum was investigated using immunolohistologic double antibody technique. After 5 days of treatment with parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) an increase of NAS was observed. The possibility of a differential effect of PCPA on serotonin synthesis in the neurons and the nerve terminals is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132359", "title": "[Action of some bis-quaternary derivatives of fluorene and related compounds on the skeletal muscles of vertebrates].", "content": "In experiments with skeletal muscles of cats, rats and frogs bis-trimethylammonium derivatives of fluorene are shown capable of being strong muscle relaxants of the depolarizing type of action and that the presence of sulfamide or ester groups in the chain between nitrogen atoms is not indispensable for their high activity.", "contents": "[Action of some bis-quaternary derivatives of fluorene and related compounds on the skeletal muscles of vertebrates]. In experiments with skeletal muscles of cats, rats and frogs bis-trimethylammonium derivatives of fluorene are shown capable of being strong muscle relaxants of the depolarizing type of action and that the presence of sulfamide or ester groups in the chain between nitrogen atoms is not indispensable for their high activity."}
{"id": "PMID:132360", "title": "[Role of the hydrophobicity of monoquaternary ammonium compounds in the mechanism of their curariform action].", "content": "The lengthening of the alkyl radical at the quaternary nitrogen atom (from -C2H5 to -C20H41) in the series of alkyltrimethylammonium compounds was found to lead to a gradually growing hydrophobicity of the compound. A change in the mechanism responsible for the myoparalytic action of the compound is due to a mounting degree of hydrophobicity. With the methyl group in the molecule of tetramethylammonium replaced with polyalicyclic radicals (bornyl, adamantyl) the compound, acting after a non-depolarizing type, possess a greater degree of hyrophobicity than do substances of the depolarizing type.", "contents": "[Role of the hydrophobicity of monoquaternary ammonium compounds in the mechanism of their curariform action]. The lengthening of the alkyl radical at the quaternary nitrogen atom (from -C2H5 to -C20H41) in the series of alkyltrimethylammonium compounds was found to lead to a gradually growing hydrophobicity of the compound. A change in the mechanism responsible for the myoparalytic action of the compound is due to a mounting degree of hydrophobicity. With the methyl group in the molecule of tetramethylammonium replaced with polyalicyclic radicals (bornyl, adamantyl) the compound, acting after a non-depolarizing type, possess a greater degree of hyrophobicity than do substances of the depolarizing type."}
{"id": "PMID:132361", "title": "[Cholinomimetic activity of acetylcholine and sebacinyldicholine derivatives with differing cationic group structures].", "content": "The intrinsic alpha activities and the D2 (frog, m, rectus abdominalis) concentrations were estimated for different acetylcholine and sebacinylcholine derivatives. So were also the A2 values for antagonists and the affinity constants Kc for some partial agonists. The results obtained disprove Paton's \"rate-theory\". The relationship between the cholinergic activity and the volume of cationic groups was studied and it could not possibly be explained by the steric hindrance alone. It is suggested that certain hydrophobic radicals of the cationic groups contact the receptor surface outside the anionic centre. Such contacts prevent the cholinoreceptor to change its conformation and thus inhibit the depolarization of the membrane. An approximate estimation of the anionic site dimensions is given.", "contents": "[Cholinomimetic activity of acetylcholine and sebacinyldicholine derivatives with differing cationic group structures]. The intrinsic alpha activities and the D2 (frog, m, rectus abdominalis) concentrations were estimated for different acetylcholine and sebacinylcholine derivatives. So were also the A2 values for antagonists and the affinity constants Kc for some partial agonists. The results obtained disprove Paton's \"rate-theory\". The relationship between the cholinergic activity and the volume of cationic groups was studied and it could not possibly be explained by the steric hindrance alone. It is suggested that certain hydrophobic radicals of the cationic groups contact the receptor surface outside the anionic centre. Such contacts prevent the cholinoreceptor to change its conformation and thus inhibit the depolarization of the membrane. An approximate estimation of the anionic site dimensions is given."}
{"id": "PMID:132362", "title": "[Pharmacological characteristics of a new curariform compound from a series of naphthalene-peri-tetracarboxylic acid derivatives].", "content": "Experiments staged with rabbits, cats, frogs and chicken have proved tetracarboxylic acid dibenzosulphoethylate-bis (para-piperidinophenol)-diimidonaphthalene-1, 4, 5, (see article) to be capable of totally blocking the neuro-muscular conduction in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg and to block 20 per cent of it in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. The action of the compound on the arterial pressure is half as great as that of d-tubocurarine. A pharmacological analysis conducted on the musculus rectus abdominus of the frog and chicken points to an antidepolarizing type of action. The durarolike effect of (see article) can be averted or abolished by introduction of nivalin (galanthamine), proserine and pimadine. The author deems it expedient to make clinical trials of the drug.", "contents": "[Pharmacological characteristics of a new curariform compound from a series of naphthalene-peri-tetracarboxylic acid derivatives]. Experiments staged with rabbits, cats, frogs and chicken have proved tetracarboxylic acid dibenzosulphoethylate-bis (para-piperidinophenol)-diimidonaphthalene-1, 4, 5, (see article) to be capable of totally blocking the neuro-muscular conduction in a dose of 0.5 mg/kg and to block 20 per cent of it in a dose of 0.3 mg/kg. The action of the compound on the arterial pressure is half as great as that of d-tubocurarine. A pharmacological analysis conducted on the musculus rectus abdominus of the frog and chicken points to an antidepolarizing type of action. The durarolike effect of (see article) can be averted or abolished by introduction of nivalin (galanthamine), proserine and pimadine. The author deems it expedient to make clinical trials of the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:132375", "title": "Effect of dexamethasone and clomiphene citrate on peripheral steroid levels and ovarian function in a hirsute amenorrheic patient.", "content": "A 22-year-old infertile woman with amenorrhea and mild hirsutism failed to experience uterine bleeding following withdrawal of progestin therapy and failed to ovulate or menstruate following treatment with clomiphene citrate in doses up to 200 mg/day for 5 days. Clomiphene citrate, 200 mg/day, plus 10,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin given on day 13 also failed to induce either ovulation or menses. Serum androgen levels were: cortisol, 186 ng/ml; dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 6400 ng/ml; dehydroepiandrosterone, 17.92 ng/ml; androstenedione, 4.68 ng/ml; testosterone, 1.28 ng/ml; and dihydrotestosterone, 0.75 ng/ml. Upper limits of normal values for these androgens in our laboratory are, respectively: 140, 2500, 8.0, 2.3, 0.5, and 0.35 ng/ml. The dexamethasone (Dex) suppression test indicated predominantly an adrenal source of the hyperandrogenism. Except for androstenedione the levels of all androgens measured returned to normal following treatment with 0.5 mg of Dex/day. Four months of this treatment had a beneficial effect on the hirsutism but failed to induce ovulation or menses. Clomiphene citrate, 100 mg/day for 5 days, given concurrently with Dex therapy resulted in ovulation and conception. Adrenal androgen excess has been postulated to be a cause of ovarian dysfunction. Our data support this postulate.", "contents": "Effect of dexamethasone and clomiphene citrate on peripheral steroid levels and ovarian function in a hirsute amenorrheic patient. A 22-year-old infertile woman with amenorrhea and mild hirsutism failed to experience uterine bleeding following withdrawal of progestin therapy and failed to ovulate or menstruate following treatment with clomiphene citrate in doses up to 200 mg/day for 5 days. Clomiphene citrate, 200 mg/day, plus 10,000 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin given on day 13 also failed to induce either ovulation or menses. Serum androgen levels were: cortisol, 186 ng/ml; dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, 6400 ng/ml; dehydroepiandrosterone, 17.92 ng/ml; androstenedione, 4.68 ng/ml; testosterone, 1.28 ng/ml; and dihydrotestosterone, 0.75 ng/ml. Upper limits of normal values for these androgens in our laboratory are, respectively: 140, 2500, 8.0, 2.3, 0.5, and 0.35 ng/ml. The dexamethasone (Dex) suppression test indicated predominantly an adrenal source of the hyperandrogenism. Except for androstenedione the levels of all androgens measured returned to normal following treatment with 0.5 mg of Dex/day. Four months of this treatment had a beneficial effect on the hirsutism but failed to induce ovulation or menses. Clomiphene citrate, 100 mg/day for 5 days, given concurrently with Dex therapy resulted in ovulation and conception. Adrenal androgen excess has been postulated to be a cause of ovarian dysfunction. Our data support this postulate."}
{"id": "PMID:132377", "title": "Nutrition in the practice of pediatric dentistry.", "content": "Nutrition is an important aspect of the total environment of a growing child. The dentist should evaluate the nutrition of pediatric patients from the physical parameters of the child including growth, general appearance, posture, muscle control, oral findings, and dietary history. Some common malnutrition problems of the pediatric age group include deficiencies of iron, calcium, vitamins A, C, and D, protein and/or calories, and excess ingestion of calories. The causes of and means of preventing nursing-bottle syndrome are easily preventable in this form of dental caries which has many dental, systemic, and economic consequences. The use of group dynamics as an effective and enjoyable method of teaching preventive dentistry is discussed.", "contents": "Nutrition in the practice of pediatric dentistry. Nutrition is an important aspect of the total environment of a growing child. The dentist should evaluate the nutrition of pediatric patients from the physical parameters of the child including growth, general appearance, posture, muscle control, oral findings, and dietary history. Some common malnutrition problems of the pediatric age group include deficiencies of iron, calcium, vitamins A, C, and D, protein and/or calories, and excess ingestion of calories. The causes of and means of preventing nursing-bottle syndrome are easily preventable in this form of dental caries which has many dental, systemic, and economic consequences. The use of group dynamics as an effective and enjoyable method of teaching preventive dentistry is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132378", "title": "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in an adult.", "content": "The staphylococcal form of toxic epidermal necrolysis or staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is exceptionally seen in an adult patient. We report a case of SSSS in a 21-year-old male who suffered from a fulminant pneumopathia due to a phage group II Staphylococcus aureus. The onset of that clinical picture in an adult patient is unusual and could be due to a deficient immunity, as previous case reports have emphasized. Unfortunately, the sudden death of our patient did not allow us to investigate his immunological defences.", "contents": "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in an adult. The staphylococcal form of toxic epidermal necrolysis or staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) is exceptionally seen in an adult patient. We report a case of SSSS in a 21-year-old male who suffered from a fulminant pneumopathia due to a phage group II Staphylococcus aureus. The onset of that clinical picture in an adult patient is unusual and could be due to a deficient immunity, as previous case reports have emphasized. Unfortunately, the sudden death of our patient did not allow us to investigate his immunological defences."}
{"id": "PMID:132380", "title": "Hyperlipoproteinemia in streptozotocin-treated rats.", "content": "In order to study hyperlipidemia in diabetes mellitus, rats were made diabetic by administration of streptozotocin and the optimal conditions for production of severe and persistent hyperlipoprotenemia determined. Two groups of rats were compared: rats fed sucrose-rich diets and rats fed laboratory chow. The optimal dose of streptozotocin was 45 mg/kg body weight for the sucrose-fed rats. With this dose, plasma glucose reached a maximum of over 600 mg/100 ml., and plasma insulin was reduced by 60 per cent. Plasma triglycerides rose in the sucrose-fed rats to over 1,000 mg/100 ml. two days after the streptozotocin was given and then decreased to over 770 mg./100 ml. 12 days after treatment and then to 585 mg./100 ml. 10 weeks after induction of diabetes. With this dose, ketonuria did not occur nor did any of the animals die, as occurred with higher doses. In the chow-fed rats, plasma triglyceride levels were elevated with the induction of diabetes to levels of approximately 300 mg./100 ml. The concentration of all the plasma lipoproteins increased with the induction of diabetes. The concentration of very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) protein in the sucrose-fed diabetic increased fivefold, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) protein increased, and especially striking was the increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) protein concentration, which became more pronounced with the duration of the diabetes. The diabetes produced by streptozotocin administration to sucrose-fed rats, thus, provides a useful model for the study of the hyperlipoproteinemia of diabetes.", "contents": "Hyperlipoproteinemia in streptozotocin-treated rats. In order to study hyperlipidemia in diabetes mellitus, rats were made diabetic by administration of streptozotocin and the optimal conditions for production of severe and persistent hyperlipoprotenemia determined. Two groups of rats were compared: rats fed sucrose-rich diets and rats fed laboratory chow. The optimal dose of streptozotocin was 45 mg/kg body weight for the sucrose-fed rats. With this dose, plasma glucose reached a maximum of over 600 mg/100 ml., and plasma insulin was reduced by 60 per cent. Plasma triglycerides rose in the sucrose-fed rats to over 1,000 mg/100 ml. two days after the streptozotocin was given and then decreased to over 770 mg./100 ml. 12 days after treatment and then to 585 mg./100 ml. 10 weeks after induction of diabetes. With this dose, ketonuria did not occur nor did any of the animals die, as occurred with higher doses. In the chow-fed rats, plasma triglyceride levels were elevated with the induction of diabetes to levels of approximately 300 mg./100 ml. The concentration of all the plasma lipoproteins increased with the induction of diabetes. The concentration of very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) protein in the sucrose-fed diabetic increased fivefold, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) protein increased, and especially striking was the increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) protein concentration, which became more pronounced with the duration of the diabetes. The diabetes produced by streptozotocin administration to sucrose-fed rats, thus, provides a useful model for the study of the hyperlipoproteinemia of diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:132381", "title": "Nutrition and somatomedin. II. Serum somatomedin activity and cartilage growth activity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.", "content": "Since diabetes mellitus is a condition in which poor growth occurs despite elevation of plasma GH, we have attempted to determine if poor growth in diabetes, as in malnutrition, could be associated with a decrease in somatomedin activity. Young male rats were rendered diabetic with intravenous streptozotocin (STZ). The growth activity of their cartilage was estimated by 35SO4 incorporation in vitro, and somatomedin (SM) activity in their serum was determined by the stimulation of SO4 incorporation by cartilage from hypophysectomized rats or normal young pigs. Cartilage growth activity was significantly decreased 24 hours after STZ and fell to hypopituitary levels after 48 hours. The decreased growth activity could not be attributed to decreased cartilage responsiveness to SM, since incubation of diabetic cartilage with normal rat serum (normal SM) resulted in significant stimulation of cartilage SO4 incorporation. SM in diabetic serum decreased to hypopituitary levels 24 hours after STZ, and decreased further after 48 hours. The decrease in SM and cartilage growth activity was not prevented by the administration of high doses of bovine GH. The fall in bioassayable SM appeared to be due in part to the presence of an SM inhibitor in the diabetic serum, since addition of diabetic serum to normal serum decreased to measurable SM in the normal serum. Administration of insulin to diabetic rats 48 hours after STZ led to significant increases in SM and cartilage growth activity, and insulin therapy 24 hours after STZ prevented the decreases in SM and cartilage growth activity which occurred without insulin. Thus, acute STZ-induced diabetes in rats was associated with a significant decrease in both serum SM and cartilage growth activity; these changes were not ameliorated by administration of GH, and insulin therapy could both prevent and reverse the fall in SM and cartilage growth activity. From these observations, we conclude that (1) that fall in somatomedin activity and cartilage growth activity associated with STZ-induced diabetes appears to be due to insulin deficiency and (2) growth failure in diabetes, as in malnutrition, may be due to decreased somatomedin activity.", "contents": "Nutrition and somatomedin. II. Serum somatomedin activity and cartilage growth activity in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Since diabetes mellitus is a condition in which poor growth occurs despite elevation of plasma GH, we have attempted to determine if poor growth in diabetes, as in malnutrition, could be associated with a decrease in somatomedin activity. Young male rats were rendered diabetic with intravenous streptozotocin (STZ). The growth activity of their cartilage was estimated by 35SO4 incorporation in vitro, and somatomedin (SM) activity in their serum was determined by the stimulation of SO4 incorporation by cartilage from hypophysectomized rats or normal young pigs. Cartilage growth activity was significantly decreased 24 hours after STZ and fell to hypopituitary levels after 48 hours. The decreased growth activity could not be attributed to decreased cartilage responsiveness to SM, since incubation of diabetic cartilage with normal rat serum (normal SM) resulted in significant stimulation of cartilage SO4 incorporation. SM in diabetic serum decreased to hypopituitary levels 24 hours after STZ, and decreased further after 48 hours. The decrease in SM and cartilage growth activity was not prevented by the administration of high doses of bovine GH. The fall in bioassayable SM appeared to be due in part to the presence of an SM inhibitor in the diabetic serum, since addition of diabetic serum to normal serum decreased to measurable SM in the normal serum. Administration of insulin to diabetic rats 48 hours after STZ led to significant increases in SM and cartilage growth activity, and insulin therapy 24 hours after STZ prevented the decreases in SM and cartilage growth activity which occurred without insulin. Thus, acute STZ-induced diabetes in rats was associated with a significant decrease in both serum SM and cartilage growth activity; these changes were not ameliorated by administration of GH, and insulin therapy could both prevent and reverse the fall in SM and cartilage growth activity. From these observations, we conclude that (1) that fall in somatomedin activity and cartilage growth activity associated with STZ-induced diabetes appears to be due to insulin deficiency and (2) growth failure in diabetes, as in malnutrition, may be due to decreased somatomedin activity."}
{"id": "PMID:132382", "title": "Studies on streptozotocin diabetes.", "content": "Both alloxan and streptozotocin produce beta-cell necrosis in the rat. Previous studies have shown protection against alloxan toxicity by D-glucose, D-mannose, and the nonmetabolized analogue 3-0-methyl-D-glucose and removal of this protective effect by D-mannoheptulose. The effect of several agents (i.v. infusion) against the beta-cell toxic effect of streptozotocin (60 mg./kg. i.v. in 24-hour-fasted 200-gm. male rats) was studied. Protection was determined by plasma glucose concentrations 24 and 48 hours later and, in certain experiments, by histologic examination of the islets. D-glucose and D-mannose provided no protection. Similarly, D-galactose, D-fructose, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, D-L-glyceraldehyde, D-xylose, and D-glucosamine had no effect. However, 3-0-methyl-D-glucose administered immediately before streptozotocin resulted in progressive inhibition of beta-cell toxicity with complete protection at 0.83 mMoles per rat. The protective effect of 3-0-methyl-D-glucose was not altered by mannoheptulose. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose, which has no effect against alloxan, provided nearly complete protection against streptozotocin at 2.2 mMoles per rat. The effects of 3-0-methyl-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose were additive and were not altered by glucose. Furthermore, the 3-0-methyl-D-glucose as well as 2-deoxy-D-glucose protective effects were still present, albeit attenuated, when these agents were given following the administration of streptozotocin. This is in contrast to alloxan, against which 3-0-methyl-D-glucose provides protection only when given before alloxan. 3-0-Methyl-D-glucose is the only carbohydrate protective against both streptozotocin and alloxan in the rat. However, several silent differences seem to exist between the mechanisms of beta-cytotoxic effects of these two diabetogenic compounds.", "contents": "Studies on streptozotocin diabetes. Both alloxan and streptozotocin produce beta-cell necrosis in the rat. Previous studies have shown protection against alloxan toxicity by D-glucose, D-mannose, and the nonmetabolized analogue 3-0-methyl-D-glucose and removal of this protective effect by D-mannoheptulose. The effect of several agents (i.v. infusion) against the beta-cell toxic effect of streptozotocin (60 mg./kg. i.v. in 24-hour-fasted 200-gm. male rats) was studied. Protection was determined by plasma glucose concentrations 24 and 48 hours later and, in certain experiments, by histologic examination of the islets. D-glucose and D-mannose provided no protection. Similarly, D-galactose, D-fructose, alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, D-L-glyceraldehyde, D-xylose, and D-glucosamine had no effect. However, 3-0-methyl-D-glucose administered immediately before streptozotocin resulted in progressive inhibition of beta-cell toxicity with complete protection at 0.83 mMoles per rat. The protective effect of 3-0-methyl-D-glucose was not altered by mannoheptulose. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose, which has no effect against alloxan, provided nearly complete protection against streptozotocin at 2.2 mMoles per rat. The effects of 3-0-methyl-D-glucose and 2-deoxy-D-glucose were additive and were not altered by glucose. Furthermore, the 3-0-methyl-D-glucose as well as 2-deoxy-D-glucose protective effects were still present, albeit attenuated, when these agents were given following the administration of streptozotocin. This is in contrast to alloxan, against which 3-0-methyl-D-glucose provides protection only when given before alloxan. 3-0-Methyl-D-glucose is the only carbohydrate protective against both streptozotocin and alloxan in the rat. However, several silent differences seem to exist between the mechanisms of beta-cytotoxic effects of these two diabetogenic compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:132384", "title": "Handicapped children under National Health Insurance.", "content": "This paper describes the services for the care of handicapped children and young people in the United Kingdom and Sweden--two countries which have a system of a national health service and national health insurance. The author discusses the implications for the United States, which is now moving towards a national health insurance scheme. The future of existing programmes, the need for a national plan, and the choice of priorities are considered.", "contents": "Handicapped children under National Health Insurance. This paper describes the services for the care of handicapped children and young people in the United Kingdom and Sweden--two countries which have a system of a national health service and national health insurance. The author discusses the implications for the United States, which is now moving towards a national health insurance scheme. The future of existing programmes, the need for a national plan, and the choice of priorities are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:132386", "title": "[Clip markings of the uterus and the urinary bladder for the dosimetry of intracavity and percutaneous radiotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The exact marking of certain regional landmarks of the anatomy permits the determination of the co-ordinates of these points by stereoscopic diagnostic radiology. The mid-point of the upper margin of the symphysis is selected as the origin of the co-ordinates. The markings of the uterus are placed through the laparoscope with silver clips. The markings in the urinary bladder are placed close to the ureteral orifices through the cytoscope. The doses of radiation generated by the sources of radiation (tubes, colpostat, vaginal cylinder, cervical plate) can with this new marking technique not only be measured experimentally in anatomically well-defined points in the body but the dosage (the energy) can be calculated by the computer. In as many points in the body as desired. The maximal permissable dosage in the tumor can be determined with special consideration for the avoidance of radiation lesions to marked adjacent points such as the ureteral orifices.", "contents": "[Clip markings of the uterus and the urinary bladder for the dosimetry of intracavity and percutaneous radiotherapy (author's transl)]. The exact marking of certain regional landmarks of the anatomy permits the determination of the co-ordinates of these points by stereoscopic diagnostic radiology. The mid-point of the upper margin of the symphysis is selected as the origin of the co-ordinates. The markings of the uterus are placed through the laparoscope with silver clips. The markings in the urinary bladder are placed close to the ureteral orifices through the cytoscope. The doses of radiation generated by the sources of radiation (tubes, colpostat, vaginal cylinder, cervical plate) can with this new marking technique not only be measured experimentally in anatomically well-defined points in the body but the dosage (the energy) can be calculated by the computer. In as many points in the body as desired. The maximal permissable dosage in the tumor can be determined with special consideration for the avoidance of radiation lesions to marked adjacent points such as the ureteral orifices."}
{"id": "PMID:132388", "title": "[Medicogenetic study of isolates in Uzbekistan. II. Anthropogenetic characteristics, blood groups and serum proteins].", "content": "A study is carried out on the distribution of ABO, MN, Rh, P and Le blood groups systems, haptoglobins, and common anthropogenetic features in the population of two villages of the Samarkand district. The examined samples have appeared to be heterogenous for ABO, Rh and P systems. For MN and Le unification is possible. The summary data on the allotment of phenotypes are as follows: (%) 0-30.2, A-35.3, B-26.2, AB-8.3, M-33.9, N-26.2, MN-39.9, Rh- -1.5, P-78.6, Le(a-b+)-33, Le (a+b-)-22.2, Le(a-b-)-34.2, Le(a+b+)-10.6. Gene frequencies have are calculated. The occurrence with regards to haptoglobins in both the villages is the same. The summary data are as follows: Hp1=1-4.8, Hp1=2-36.2, Hp2=2-59%. Gene frequencies have been calculated. In the population of the village Karakent there is a change of the frequency in many features of dermatoglyphics. The frequencies of anthropogenetic features do not differ between the villages. The summary data are the following: the frequency of theelbow type of hand is 86.9%, the right type of \"hand clasping\"-55.0%, the right type of \"arm folding\"-50.4%, righthandedness-99.7%. The occurence of square lobe of the ear is 21%, spliced one is 26.2%, the hanging down is 52.7%. The frequency of the gene insensitivity for PTC taste is 0.47 in one village and 0.53 in the other.", "contents": "[Medicogenetic study of isolates in Uzbekistan. II. Anthropogenetic characteristics, blood groups and serum proteins]. A study is carried out on the distribution of ABO, MN, Rh, P and Le blood groups systems, haptoglobins, and common anthropogenetic features in the population of two villages of the Samarkand district. The examined samples have appeared to be heterogenous for ABO, Rh and P systems. For MN and Le unification is possible. The summary data on the allotment of phenotypes are as follows: (%) 0-30.2, A-35.3, B-26.2, AB-8.3, M-33.9, N-26.2, MN-39.9, Rh- -1.5, P-78.6, Le(a-b+)-33, Le (a+b-)-22.2, Le(a-b-)-34.2, Le(a+b+)-10.6. Gene frequencies have are calculated. The occurrence with regards to haptoglobins in both the villages is the same. The summary data are as follows: Hp1=1-4.8, Hp1=2-36.2, Hp2=2-59%. Gene frequencies have been calculated. In the population of the village Karakent there is a change of the frequency in many features of dermatoglyphics. The frequencies of anthropogenetic features do not differ between the villages. The summary data are the following: the frequency of theelbow type of hand is 86.9%, the right type of \"hand clasping\"-55.0%, the right type of \"arm folding\"-50.4%, righthandedness-99.7%. The occurence of square lobe of the ear is 21%, spliced one is 26.2%, the hanging down is 52.7%. The frequency of the gene insensitivity for PTC taste is 0.47 in one village and 0.53 in the other."}
{"id": "PMID:132389", "title": "[Empirical risk of oligophrenia in siblings of proband-oligophrenics in populations with high levels of inbreeding].", "content": "An investigation is carried out on 214 patients with oligophreny with regard to the secondary risk of the same disease for their four sibs. All patients were divided into 4 groups according to etiological symptoms, and it was found that maximal risk of the secondary disease with oligophreny was for the sibs of probably genetic group, and minimal one--for the sibs of the exogenic group. Maximal resemblance in the degree of the defect in the pair of proband-sibs was found both in probably-genetic and presumably-genetic groups. The risk of secondary oligophreny was significantly higher in sibs-probands with relatively lower degree of weak-mindedness than in those with severe mental defects. The frequency of the secondary oligophreny amond sibs of the inbred origin (18.9%) was more than twice as high (P less than 0.001) as in those of outbred origin (8.3%).", "contents": "[Empirical risk of oligophrenia in siblings of proband-oligophrenics in populations with high levels of inbreeding]. An investigation is carried out on 214 patients with oligophreny with regard to the secondary risk of the same disease for their four sibs. All patients were divided into 4 groups according to etiological symptoms, and it was found that maximal risk of the secondary disease with oligophreny was for the sibs of probably genetic group, and minimal one--for the sibs of the exogenic group. Maximal resemblance in the degree of the defect in the pair of proband-sibs was found both in probably-genetic and presumably-genetic groups. The risk of secondary oligophreny was significantly higher in sibs-probands with relatively lower degree of weak-mindedness than in those with severe mental defects. The frequency of the secondary oligophreny amond sibs of the inbred origin (18.9%) was more than twice as high (P less than 0.001) as in those of outbred origin (8.3%)."}
{"id": "PMID:132390", "title": "[Medicogenetic study of isolates in Uzbekistan. I. Statement of the problem and characteristics of the groups studied].", "content": "The paper comprises results of studying some demographic and populaton characteristics of the inhabitans of the Samarkand region as a whole and two villages, Karakent and Ishan, inhabited with Uzbeks-Khoja, a special religious-social caste in the past. It is shown that 87.4% of marriages in the Samarkand region are of international character (the information has been obtained on 7995 married couples). The frequency of consanguineous marriages is 11.6%, and among them 40.5% are first-cousin marriages and 39.1% are marriages of remote relatives. The coefficients of inbreeding are rather high among the Jewish, Tajik and Uzbek communities. The coefficient of inbreeding as a whole is F=0.0042 in this region and approaches to the maximal level, characterizing a panmix population. The average size of a family in the villages of Karakent and Ishan is approximately 4.0 persons. The values of reproductive performance, the nature of termination of pregnancies do not differ from those of panmix population. The percentage of intravillage and consanguineous marriages are 56% and 12.5% for the first village, and 25% and 2% for the second one respectively. The coefficient of inbreeding for karakent is F=0.0064, for Ishan--F=0.0014. Taking into consideration the historical development of the two villages and the cumulative data, the conclusion is drawn that Karakent is an isolate on a religious ground whereas Ishan is a disintegrated isolate.", "contents": "[Medicogenetic study of isolates in Uzbekistan. I. Statement of the problem and characteristics of the groups studied]. The paper comprises results of studying some demographic and populaton characteristics of the inhabitans of the Samarkand region as a whole and two villages, Karakent and Ishan, inhabited with Uzbeks-Khoja, a special religious-social caste in the past. It is shown that 87.4% of marriages in the Samarkand region are of international character (the information has been obtained on 7995 married couples). The frequency of consanguineous marriages is 11.6%, and among them 40.5% are first-cousin marriages and 39.1% are marriages of remote relatives. The coefficients of inbreeding are rather high among the Jewish, Tajik and Uzbek communities. The coefficient of inbreeding as a whole is F=0.0042 in this region and approaches to the maximal level, characterizing a panmix population. The average size of a family in the villages of Karakent and Ishan is approximately 4.0 persons. The values of reproductive performance, the nature of termination of pregnancies do not differ from those of panmix population. The percentage of intravillage and consanguineous marriages are 56% and 12.5% for the first village, and 25% and 2% for the second one respectively. The coefficient of inbreeding for karakent is F=0.0064, for Ishan--F=0.0014. Taking into consideration the historical development of the two villages and the cumulative data, the conclusion is drawn that Karakent is an isolate on a religious ground whereas Ishan is a disintegrated isolate."}
{"id": "PMID:132393", "title": "Three new species of Gyrodactylus (Monogenoidea) from Varicorhinus capoeta gracilis (Keyserling) from the River Lenkoranka.", "content": "Three new species of Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832 are described from Varicorhinus capoeta gracilis (Keyserling) from the River Lenkoranka (Azebaijan SSR) as follows: G. varicorhini sp. n., G. capoetai sp.n. and G. mikailovi sp.n.", "contents": "Three new species of Gyrodactylus (Monogenoidea) from Varicorhinus capoeta gracilis (Keyserling) from the River Lenkoranka. Three new species of Gyrodactylus Nordmann, 1832 are described from Varicorhinus capoeta gracilis (Keyserling) from the River Lenkoranka (Azebaijan SSR) as follows: G. varicorhini sp. n., G. capoetai sp.n. and G. mikailovi sp.n."}
{"id": "PMID:132394", "title": "Two new species of Gyrodactylus (Monogenoidea) from Schizothorax intermedius McClelland from the River Kafirnigan.", "content": "Two new species of Gyrodactylus, namely G. kafirniganensis sp. n. and G. hemivicinus sp. n., are described from the fins and nostrils ofSchizothorax intermedius from the River Kafirnigan (Tajik SSR).", "contents": "Two new species of Gyrodactylus (Monogenoidea) from Schizothorax intermedius McClelland from the River Kafirnigan. Two new species of Gyrodactylus, namely G. kafirniganensis sp. n. and G. hemivicinus sp. n., are described from the fins and nostrils ofSchizothorax intermedius from the River Kafirnigan (Tajik SSR)."}
{"id": "PMID:132395", "title": "Effects of streptozotocin added in vitro on insulin biosynthesis and release in isolated rat islets.", "content": "The effect of different concentrations of streptozotocin was tested in vitro on isolated rat islets. The following parameters of islet-cell activity were measured: 1) incorporation of 3H-leucine into proinsulin and into total islet protein; 2) IRI release into the medium, and 3) islet proinsulin content. It appears from the preliminary results shown here that both insulin release and biosynthesis were decreased by streptozotocin in a way which was dose- and time-dependent.", "contents": "Effects of streptozotocin added in vitro on insulin biosynthesis and release in isolated rat islets. The effect of different concentrations of streptozotocin was tested in vitro on isolated rat islets. The following parameters of islet-cell activity were measured: 1) incorporation of 3H-leucine into proinsulin and into total islet protein; 2) IRI release into the medium, and 3) islet proinsulin content. It appears from the preliminary results shown here that both insulin release and biosynthesis were decreased by streptozotocin in a way which was dose- and time-dependent."}
{"id": "PMID:132400", "title": "Rates and correlates of expenditure increases for personal health services: pre- and post-medicare and medicaid.", "content": "This investigation of the increases in expenditures for medical care of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States in two recent periods suggests the following: Price increases contributed substantially more to overall expenditure increases in both periods than did use increases. Hospital price increases contributed most to overall price increases in both periods. Drug use in the first period and hospital use in the second period contributed most to overall use increases. The so-called \"free services\" made a substantial contribution to increases in use between 1963 and 1970, while apparently making no contribution in the earlier period. In the pre-Medicare/Medicaid period, use increase were greatest among the working-age and male population. However, increases in use also seemed to be relatively high among the low-income group. In the most recent period, use increases shifted not only to the elderly and the very young, but also to the group 55-64. The relatively high rate of use increase for males and the low-income group continued. These findings, then, suggest that institution of the Medicare and Medicaid programs was accompanied by acceleration of some trends that were already taking place, i.e., relatively high rates of increase in the use of health services for the low-income population and the aged. Some groups not considered to be target populations for the programs, such as those 35-54, showed a reduction in their use rates; others those 55-64, increased their use. Finally, the non-white population showed no greater rate of increase in use of health services than the white population, even though the former would presumably be considered a target group.", "contents": "Rates and correlates of expenditure increases for personal health services: pre- and post-medicare and medicaid. This investigation of the increases in expenditures for medical care of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States in two recent periods suggests the following: Price increases contributed substantially more to overall expenditure increases in both periods than did use increases. Hospital price increases contributed most to overall price increases in both periods. Drug use in the first period and hospital use in the second period contributed most to overall use increases. The so-called \"free services\" made a substantial contribution to increases in use between 1963 and 1970, while apparently making no contribution in the earlier period. In the pre-Medicare/Medicaid period, use increase were greatest among the working-age and male population. However, increases in use also seemed to be relatively high among the low-income group. In the most recent period, use increases shifted not only to the elderly and the very young, but also to the group 55-64. The relatively high rate of use increase for males and the low-income group continued. These findings, then, suggest that institution of the Medicare and Medicaid programs was accompanied by acceleration of some trends that were already taking place, i.e., relatively high rates of increase in the use of health services for the low-income population and the aged. Some groups not considered to be target populations for the programs, such as those 35-54, showed a reduction in their use rates; others those 55-64, increased their use. Finally, the non-white population showed no greater rate of increase in use of health services than the white population, even though the former would presumably be considered a target group."}
{"id": "PMID:132405", "title": "Arbitration of malpractice claims: a hospital-based pilot project.", "content": "In summary, the findings of this study indicate that the \"simple existence\" of an arbitration option and the logistical systems supporting it have produced positive results and have established significant trends in a group of hospitals participating in the Southern California Arbitration Project when compared to a group of Southern California hospitals that have not participated. Albeit inconclusive at this time, the concept may well be a feasible alternative to litigation in securing an expeditious and inexpensive resolution for malpractice cases. Arbitration, in and of itself, is most assuredly no panacea for the critical malpractice problem currently experienced throughout the country; however, its potential substantive contribution toward the resolution of malpractice claims is certainly one worthy of extensive experimentation and evaluation.", "contents": "Arbitration of malpractice claims: a hospital-based pilot project. In summary, the findings of this study indicate that the \"simple existence\" of an arbitration option and the logistical systems supporting it have produced positive results and have established significant trends in a group of hospitals participating in the Southern California Arbitration Project when compared to a group of Southern California hospitals that have not participated. Albeit inconclusive at this time, the concept may well be a feasible alternative to litigation in securing an expeditious and inexpensive resolution for malpractice cases. Arbitration, in and of itself, is most assuredly no panacea for the critical malpractice problem currently experienced throughout the country; however, its potential substantive contribution toward the resolution of malpractice claims is certainly one worthy of extensive experimentation and evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:132409", "title": "B and T cells in lymphoid tissues of human appendix.", "content": "Human appendix lymphoid cells (HAL) react very strongly to stimulation with concanavalin A, strongly to stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin, and weakly but definitely to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. From the results of rosette formation assay, cytotoxicity tests with anti-T cell antiserum or anti-B cell antiserum, cell surface or intracellular immunoglobulin staining with fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-Fab of human immunoglobulin serum, and plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay, it was concluded that human appendix lymphoid tissue is a B cell pool but includes T cells. However, both direct and indirect PFC could not be significantly demonstrated against sheep red blood cells in a 5-day HAL culture.", "contents": "B and T cells in lymphoid tissues of human appendix. Human appendix lymphoid cells (HAL) react very strongly to stimulation with concanavalin A, strongly to stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin, and weakly but definitely to stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. From the results of rosette formation assay, cytotoxicity tests with anti-T cell antiserum or anti-B cell antiserum, cell surface or intracellular immunoglobulin staining with fluorescein-conjugated rabbit anti-Fab of human immunoglobulin serum, and plaque-forming cell (PFC) assay, it was concluded that human appendix lymphoid tissue is a B cell pool but includes T cells. However, both direct and indirect PFC could not be significantly demonstrated against sheep red blood cells in a 5-day HAL culture."}
{"id": "PMID:132408", "title": "Influence of the indigenous gastrointestinal microbial flora on duodenal Mg2+ -dependent and (Na+ + K+) -stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activities in mice.", "content": "Mg-dependent and (Na+ + K+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATP-ase) activities were assayed in butanol extracts of duodenal tissue from germ-free, specific-pathogen-free, and ex-germfree mice associated with an indigenous microflora from specific-pathogen-free mice. In the germfree mice the levels of both ATPase activities were significantly higher than the levels in specific-pathogen-free mice. By contrast, the ex-germfree animals colonized by an entire indigenous microflora, the values fell to levels close to those for specific-pathogen-free animals. (Na+ + K+)-stimulated ATPase was not inhibited by ouabain in extracts from any of the three kinds of mice. These findings show that the indigenous microbial flora influences the intestinal ATPase activity of mice and, because of the connection between (Na+ + K+-stimulate ATPase and active transpoort, undoubtedly affects the process of absorption in the intestinal tract.", "contents": "Influence of the indigenous gastrointestinal microbial flora on duodenal Mg2+ -dependent and (Na+ + K+) -stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activities in mice. Mg-dependent and (Na+ + K+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATP-ase) activities were assayed in butanol extracts of duodenal tissue from germ-free, specific-pathogen-free, and ex-germfree mice associated with an indigenous microflora from specific-pathogen-free mice. In the germfree mice the levels of both ATPase activities were significantly higher than the levels in specific-pathogen-free mice. By contrast, the ex-germfree animals colonized by an entire indigenous microflora, the values fell to levels close to those for specific-pathogen-free animals. (Na+ + K+)-stimulated ATPase was not inhibited by ouabain in extracts from any of the three kinds of mice. These findings show that the indigenous microbial flora influences the intestinal ATPase activity of mice and, because of the connection between (Na+ + K+-stimulate ATPase and active transpoort, undoubtedly affects the process of absorption in the intestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:132411", "title": "[Perioral dermatitis].", "content": "Intensive investigations between 1969-1974 on 245 patients with perioral dermatitis are reported. Results are discussed with special regard to clinical behaviour, histology, differential diagnosis and etiology of the disease. Eczematous sources, bacterial and mycotic infections can be ruled out as etiological factors. Therapeutical considerations are discussed.", "contents": "[Perioral dermatitis]. Intensive investigations between 1969-1974 on 245 patients with perioral dermatitis are reported. Results are discussed with special regard to clinical behaviour, histology, differential diagnosis and etiology of the disease. Eczematous sources, bacterial and mycotic infections can be ruled out as etiological factors. Therapeutical considerations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132412", "title": "[Occupational vitiligo caused by para-tertiary-butylphenol, a trias of vitiligo, hepatosis and struma].", "content": "In the period between 1956-1974 twelve cases of occupational vitiligo due to para-tertiary butylphenol were observed. In addition another 12 cases of vitiligo of other etiology occurred. Occupational vitiligo cannot be distinguished from ordinary vitiligo. 21 patients had, aside from their leukodermia a normal thyroid function, and 18 patients showed symptoms of chronic liver damage. The trias of vitiligo, hepatic disease and struma euthyreotica was noticeable. Autoimmunisation tests were positive in cases of vitiligo of unknown etiology. The localization of vitiligo may be compared to viscero-cutaneous reflexes.", "contents": "[Occupational vitiligo caused by para-tertiary-butylphenol, a trias of vitiligo, hepatosis and struma]. In the period between 1956-1974 twelve cases of occupational vitiligo due to para-tertiary butylphenol were observed. In addition another 12 cases of vitiligo of other etiology occurred. Occupational vitiligo cannot be distinguished from ordinary vitiligo. 21 patients had, aside from their leukodermia a normal thyroid function, and 18 patients showed symptoms of chronic liver damage. The trias of vitiligo, hepatic disease and struma euthyreotica was noticeable. Autoimmunisation tests were positive in cases of vitiligo of unknown etiology. The localization of vitiligo may be compared to viscero-cutaneous reflexes."}
{"id": "PMID:132414", "title": "Drug eruption associated with sulfonamide treatment of vertebral osteomyelitis in a dog.", "content": "Drug eruption was diagnosed in a 4-year-old German Shepherd Dog being treated with sulfonamides for vertebral osteomyelitis due to infection with Nocardia spp. The eruption was characterized by generalized, pruritic, eczematous dermatitis. Diagnosis was based on a history of repeated exposure to sulfonamides, skin biopsy findingd, and clinical recovery on cessation of sulfonamide therapy.", "contents": "Drug eruption associated with sulfonamide treatment of vertebral osteomyelitis in a dog. Drug eruption was diagnosed in a 4-year-old German Shepherd Dog being treated with sulfonamides for vertebral osteomyelitis due to infection with Nocardia spp. The eruption was characterized by generalized, pruritic, eczematous dermatitis. Diagnosis was based on a history of repeated exposure to sulfonamides, skin biopsy findingd, and clinical recovery on cessation of sulfonamide therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:132415", "title": "Mucopolysaccharides in hypothalamic neurons of the rat.", "content": "A study of the hypothalamic nuclei of the rat, using a variety of histochemical methods, has shown the distribution of mucopolysaccharides and neurosecretory material. In all the hypothalamic nuclei there are two types of neurons and in some a third type characterized by the presence of hyaluronidase-resistant acid mucopolysaccharides in the periphery of the perikaryon. These type III neurons also contain Gomori-positive material and neutral mucopolysaccharides. It is considered that hypothalamic nuclei with type III neurons have similar neurosecretory properties.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharides in hypothalamic neurons of the rat. A study of the hypothalamic nuclei of the rat, using a variety of histochemical methods, has shown the distribution of mucopolysaccharides and neurosecretory material. In all the hypothalamic nuclei there are two types of neurons and in some a third type characterized by the presence of hyaluronidase-resistant acid mucopolysaccharides in the periphery of the perikaryon. These type III neurons also contain Gomori-positive material and neutral mucopolysaccharides. It is considered that hypothalamic nuclei with type III neurons have similar neurosecretory properties."}
{"id": "PMID:132413", "title": "Acute hypercalcemic crisis.", "content": "Although hypercalcemia may be caused by extraparathyroid disease and controlled with various medications, acute hypercalcemic crisis is a surgical emergency. All nonperative measures are directed toward diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism and preparation for operation. Parathyroidectomy is indicated even in the absence of definite evidence of a functioning parathyroid tumor in patients when nonoperative methods fail. Prompt medical therapy and timely surgical intervention will result in success in the vast majority of patients with hypercalcemic crises.", "contents": "Acute hypercalcemic crisis. Although hypercalcemia may be caused by extraparathyroid disease and controlled with various medications, acute hypercalcemic crisis is a surgical emergency. All nonperative measures are directed toward diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism and preparation for operation. Parathyroidectomy is indicated even in the absence of definite evidence of a functioning parathyroid tumor in patients when nonoperative methods fail. Prompt medical therapy and timely surgical intervention will result in success in the vast majority of patients with hypercalcemic crises."}
{"id": "PMID:132418", "title": "An experimental model for the study of exercise-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy.", "content": "A procedure for training laboratory cats to perform weight-lifting exercise has been developed. This program consists of operantly conditioning adult cats to move a bar a specific distance with their right forelimb to receive a food reward. Weights attached to the bar via a pully are lifted as the bar is moved. The cat is then exercised at the same load for 5 days before the weight is increased. A linear potentiometer, attached to the hinged bar, produces an analog voltage proportional to the bar movement. This voltage is then monitored by a general purpose computer using a real-time behavioral program. In this way, the numbber of times the cat moves the bar, the time required to move the bar, and the time between bar movements are all recorded. The total physical work accomplished and the average power expended by the cat during the weight-lifting exercise regimen can then be calculated. This procedure has the advantage of inducing significant gross muscle hypertrophy (from 7 to 34%) and muscle fiber hypertrophy in one limb, while the muscles of the opposite limb can be utilized for comparative studies. The striking morphological and histochemical transformations that occur during physiological hypertrophy are now available for experimental investigation using this model.", "contents": "An experimental model for the study of exercise-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. A procedure for training laboratory cats to perform weight-lifting exercise has been developed. This program consists of operantly conditioning adult cats to move a bar a specific distance with their right forelimb to receive a food reward. Weights attached to the bar via a pully are lifted as the bar is moved. The cat is then exercised at the same load for 5 days before the weight is increased. A linear potentiometer, attached to the hinged bar, produces an analog voltage proportional to the bar movement. This voltage is then monitored by a general purpose computer using a real-time behavioral program. In this way, the numbber of times the cat moves the bar, the time required to move the bar, and the time between bar movements are all recorded. The total physical work accomplished and the average power expended by the cat during the weight-lifting exercise regimen can then be calculated. This procedure has the advantage of inducing significant gross muscle hypertrophy (from 7 to 34%) and muscle fiber hypertrophy in one limb, while the muscles of the opposite limb can be utilized for comparative studies. The striking morphological and histochemical transformations that occur during physiological hypertrophy are now available for experimental investigation using this model."}
{"id": "PMID:132419", "title": "Direct Fick application for measurement of cardiac output in rat.", "content": "The direct Fick procedure for cardiac output determination in rat was validated by simultaneous comparison with electromagnetic flowmeter techniques. Significant coefficients of correlation were obtained between absolute  cardiac output values (r = 0.789, P less than 0.001), increases (r = 0.768, P less than 0.001) and decreases (r = 0.672, P less than 0.01)  in cardiac output detected by the two methods. As demonstrated in other species, cardiac output values of the Fick procedure in the rat  were between 40 and 58% greater than respective electromagnetic flow probe values; however, percent changes in cardiac output obtained by the two methods were similar. The larger  values of cardiac output obtained by the direct Fick method may be related, to a great extent, to the distribution of blood flow to the coronary and bronchial circulations. Fick cardiac output measurements were reproducible within rats, and the degree of variation in values among rats was similar to that obtained with the flowmeter procedure. The result indicate that the Fick meth  od provides a valid estimation of cardiac output in the rat, with the ability to detect moderate changes (22-36%) in cardiac output.", "contents": "Direct Fick application for measurement of cardiac output in rat. The direct Fick procedure for cardiac output determination in rat was validated by simultaneous comparison with electromagnetic flowmeter techniques. Significant coefficients of correlation were obtained between absolute  cardiac output values (r = 0.789, P less than 0.001), increases (r = 0.768, P less than 0.001) and decreases (r = 0.672, P less than 0.01)  in cardiac output detected by the two methods. As demonstrated in other species, cardiac output values of the Fick procedure in the rat  were between 40 and 58% greater than respective electromagnetic flow probe values; however, percent changes in cardiac output obtained by the two methods were similar. The larger  values of cardiac output obtained by the direct Fick method may be related, to a great extent, to the distribution of blood flow to the coronary and bronchial circulations. Fick cardiac output measurements were reproducible within rats, and the degree of variation in values among rats was similar to that obtained with the flowmeter procedure. The result indicate that the Fick meth  od provides a valid estimation of cardiac output in the rat, with the ability to detect moderate changes (22-36%) in cardiac output."}
{"id": "PMID:132420", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase changes following several cardiac hypertrophic stresses.", "content": "The effects of four different cardiac hypertrophic stresses on cardiac lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme composition and activity were examined. Altitude-induced right ventricular hypertrophy was accompanied by an increase of 10% in the M subunit of LDH in right ventricle, left ventricle, and atria. Left ventricular hypertrophy induced by aortic stenosis also produced isozyme changes in the ventricles, but of only half the magnitude. Biventricular hypertrophy, induced by running or swimming, was accompanied by 4-5% increases in M LDH in the ventricles only. We conclude that changes in LDH activity are directly related to changes in the M subunit in all three portions of the heart. No changes in H subunit were noted under any of the stresses. It appears that the magnitude of changes in cardiac LDH isozyme composition are only marginally related to extent of hypertrophy.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase changes following several cardiac hypertrophic stresses. The effects of four different cardiac hypertrophic stresses on cardiac lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isozyme composition and activity were examined. Altitude-induced right ventricular hypertrophy was accompanied by an increase of 10% in the M subunit of LDH in right ventricle, left ventricle, and atria. Left ventricular hypertrophy induced by aortic stenosis also produced isozyme changes in the ventricles, but of only half the magnitude. Biventricular hypertrophy, induced by running or swimming, was accompanied by 4-5% increases in M LDH in the ventricles only. We conclude that changes in LDH activity are directly related to changes in the M subunit in all three portions of the heart. No changes in H subunit were noted under any of the stresses. It appears that the magnitude of changes in cardiac LDH isozyme composition are only marginally related to extent of hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:132426", "title": "Isolation and identification of the conidial germination factor of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The germination-essential substance (germination factor [GF]) that is lost from conidia of Neurospora crassa on exposure to solutions of low water activity has been isolated and identified as a group of iron-transport compounds, or siderochromes. The principal siderochrome of conidia is ferricrocin, a cyclic hexapeptide. A closely related substance, ferrichrome C, is tentatively identified as a minor constituent. The same substances are also present in extracts of mycelium along with small amounts of a third siderochrome, which has not been identified. The GF activity of culture filtrates is due to coprogen, the only siderochrome previously identified with N. crassa.", "contents": "Isolation and identification of the conidial germination factor of Neurospora crassa. The germination-essential substance (germination factor [GF]) that is lost from conidia of Neurospora crassa on exposure to solutions of low water activity has been isolated and identified as a group of iron-transport compounds, or siderochromes. The principal siderochrome of conidia is ferricrocin, a cyclic hexapeptide. A closely related substance, ferrichrome C, is tentatively identified as a minor constituent. The same substances are also present in extracts of mycelium along with small amounts of a third siderochrome, which has not been identified. The GF activity of culture filtrates is due to coprogen, the only siderochrome previously identified with N. crassa."}
{"id": "PMID:132427", "title": "Fractionation of membrane vesicles from coliphage M13-infected Escherichia coli.", "content": "Membrane vesicles were prepared by osmotic lysis of spheroplasts from M13-infected Escherichia coli. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase (reduced NAD: oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.3) and Mg2+-Ca2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3), which are normally localized to the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane, were 50% acceesible to their polar substrates in these vesicles. The major coat protein of coliphage M13 is also bound to the cytoplasmic membrane (prior to phage assembly) but with its antigenic sites exposed to the exterior of the cell. Antibody to M13 coat protein was used to fractionate membrane vesicles. Neither agglutinated nor unagglutinated vesicles had altered NADH oxidase and adenosine triphosphatase specific activities. This is inconsistent with such vesicles being a mixture of correctly oriented and completely inverted membrane sacs and suggests that NADH oxidase, adenosine triphosphatase, M13 coat protein, or all three proteins rearrange during vesicle preparation.", "contents": "Fractionation of membrane vesicles from coliphage M13-infected Escherichia coli. Membrane vesicles were prepared by osmotic lysis of spheroplasts from M13-infected Escherichia coli. Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) oxidase (reduced NAD: oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.3) and Mg2+-Ca2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3), which are normally localized to the inner surface of the cytoplasmic membrane, were 50% acceesible to their polar substrates in these vesicles. The major coat protein of coliphage M13 is also bound to the cytoplasmic membrane (prior to phage assembly) but with its antigenic sites exposed to the exterior of the cell. Antibody to M13 coat protein was used to fractionate membrane vesicles. Neither agglutinated nor unagglutinated vesicles had altered NADH oxidase and adenosine triphosphatase specific activities. This is inconsistent with such vesicles being a mixture of correctly oriented and completely inverted membrane sacs and suggests that NADH oxidase, adenosine triphosphatase, M13 coat protein, or all three proteins rearrange during vesicle preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:132428", "title": "Relationship between the transport of iron and the amount of specific colicin Ia membrane receptors in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Strains of Escherichia coli K-12 defective in their ability to utilize exogenously supplied iron due to genetic defects in the entF, tonB, fes, or fep gene exhibited elevated levels of the specific outer-membrane receptor for colicin Ia when compared with parental strains. Although entF, fes, and fep strains showed a higher degree of Ia sensitivity than did the parental strains, tonB strains were resistant to colicin action. The colicin insensitivity of tonB strains was not due to hyperproduction of enterochelin. Growth in medium containing 101.8 muM Fe2+ led to a lowering of receptor levels in all the above strains and resulted in decreased colicin Ia sensitivity in all strains except tonB, which was already at maximal resistance. Growth in citrate plus iron (1.8 muM) or in ferrichrome resulted in a substantial reduction in both receptor levels and Ia sensitivity in ent, fes, and fep strains but had no effect on receptor levels in tonB strains. Growth in citrate did not lead to an alteration in receptor levels in a mutant specifically defective in citrate-mediated iron transport. The presence of enterochelin during growth led to a reduction in the number of receptors in the parental and ent strains but not in tonB, fes, or fep strains. Thus, in all cases examined, there was an inverse relationship between the number of colicin receptors per cell and the ability of the strain to take up iron from the growth medium. This suggests that under conditions of iron limitation there is a derepression of colicin Ia receptor biosynthesis. These results may point to a role of the colicin I receptor in iron uptake.", "contents": "Relationship between the transport of iron and the amount of specific colicin Ia membrane receptors in Escherichia coli. Strains of Escherichia coli K-12 defective in their ability to utilize exogenously supplied iron due to genetic defects in the entF, tonB, fes, or fep gene exhibited elevated levels of the specific outer-membrane receptor for colicin Ia when compared with parental strains. Although entF, fes, and fep strains showed a higher degree of Ia sensitivity than did the parental strains, tonB strains were resistant to colicin action. The colicin insensitivity of tonB strains was not due to hyperproduction of enterochelin. Growth in medium containing 101.8 muM Fe2+ led to a lowering of receptor levels in all the above strains and resulted in decreased colicin Ia sensitivity in all strains except tonB, which was already at maximal resistance. Growth in citrate plus iron (1.8 muM) or in ferrichrome resulted in a substantial reduction in both receptor levels and Ia sensitivity in ent, fes, and fep strains but had no effect on receptor levels in tonB strains. Growth in citrate did not lead to an alteration in receptor levels in a mutant specifically defective in citrate-mediated iron transport. The presence of enterochelin during growth led to a reduction in the number of receptors in the parental and ent strains but not in tonB, fes, or fep strains. Thus, in all cases examined, there was an inverse relationship between the number of colicin receptors per cell and the ability of the strain to take up iron from the growth medium. This suggests that under conditions of iron limitation there is a derepression of colicin Ia receptor biosynthesis. These results may point to a role of the colicin I receptor in iron uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:132429", "title": "Isolation and characterization of membranes from a hydrocarbon-oxidizing Acinetobacter sp.", "content": "Membranes were isolated and purified from nutrient broth-yeast extract- and hexadecane-grown cells of Acinetobacter sp. strain HO1-N. Two membrane fractions were isolated from nutrient broth-yeast extract-grown cells, the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane. In addition to these two membrane fractions, a unique membrane fraction was isolated from hexadecane-grown cells (band 1) and characterized as a lipid-rich, low-density membrane containing high concentrations of hexadecane. The outer membrane preparations of Acinetobacter, obtained from nutrient broth-yeast extract- and hexadecane-grown cells, exhibited a low ratio of lipid phosphorus to protein and contained phospholipase activity and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid. Phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase, adenosine triphosphatase, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase were recovered almost exclusively in the cytoplasmic membrane fractions. The cytoplasmic membrane fractions contained 20 to 25 polypeptide species on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and the outer membrane fractions contained 15 to 20 polypeptide species. A major polypeptide species with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 42,000 to 44,000 was found for all outer membrane fractions. The buoyant densities of the cytoplasmic membrane fractions and the outer membrane fractions were closely similar, necessitating their separation by differential centrifugation. Band 1 of hexadecane-grown cells had a ratio of lipid phosphorus to protein that was almost twice that of cytoplasmic membrane and a correspondingly low buoyant density (1.086 g/cm3). Enzyme activities associated with band 1 were identical to those associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. The electrophoretic banding pattern of band 1 was essentially identical to the banding pattern of the cytoplasmic membrane. The phospholipid and neutral lipid compositions of the isolated membrane fractions were determined as qualitatively similar, with significant quantitative differences. The ultrastructure characteristics of the respective membrane fractions were examined by the negative-stain technique.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of membranes from a hydrocarbon-oxidizing Acinetobacter sp. Membranes were isolated and purified from nutrient broth-yeast extract- and hexadecane-grown cells of Acinetobacter sp. strain HO1-N. Two membrane fractions were isolated from nutrient broth-yeast extract-grown cells, the cytoplasmic membrane and the outer membrane. In addition to these two membrane fractions, a unique membrane fraction was isolated from hexadecane-grown cells (band 1) and characterized as a lipid-rich, low-density membrane containing high concentrations of hexadecane. The outer membrane preparations of Acinetobacter, obtained from nutrient broth-yeast extract- and hexadecane-grown cells, exhibited a low ratio of lipid phosphorus to protein and contained phospholipase activity and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid. Phosphatidic acid cytidyltransferase, adenosine triphosphatase, and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase were recovered almost exclusively in the cytoplasmic membrane fractions. The cytoplasmic membrane fractions contained 20 to 25 polypeptide species on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and the outer membrane fractions contained 15 to 20 polypeptide species. A major polypeptide species with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 42,000 to 44,000 was found for all outer membrane fractions. The buoyant densities of the cytoplasmic membrane fractions and the outer membrane fractions were closely similar, necessitating their separation by differential centrifugation. Band 1 of hexadecane-grown cells had a ratio of lipid phosphorus to protein that was almost twice that of cytoplasmic membrane and a correspondingly low buoyant density (1.086 g/cm3). Enzyme activities associated with band 1 were identical to those associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. The electrophoretic banding pattern of band 1 was essentially identical to the banding pattern of the cytoplasmic membrane. The phospholipid and neutral lipid compositions of the isolated membrane fractions were determined as qualitatively similar, with significant quantitative differences. The ultrastructure characteristics of the respective membrane fractions were examined by the negative-stain technique."}
{"id": "PMID:132431", "title": "Thiols of myosin. III. Spectrophotometric identification of the amino acid residue of myosin modified by rho-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoroborate.", "content": "As previously reported, rho-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoroborate strongly inhibits Ca2+- ATPase of myosin [EC 3.6.1.3] without appreciable suppression of its EDTA-K+- ATPase activity, and the presence of ATP in the reaction medium reverses the pattern of alteration in both ATPase activities, i.e., causing selective inhibition of EDTA-K+ -ATPase. Spectrophotometric studies on the azo-coupling products of 17 amino acids and their derivatives revealed that the amino acid residue of myosin modified by the diazonium dye was cysteine in both the presence and absence of ATP. It is also suggested that the number of cysteinyl residues responsible for the activity changes was one mole per mole of myosin subunit.", "contents": "Thiols of myosin. III. Spectrophotometric identification of the amino acid residue of myosin modified by rho-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoroborate. As previously reported, rho-nitrobenzenediazonium fluoroborate strongly inhibits Ca2+- ATPase of myosin [EC 3.6.1.3] without appreciable suppression of its EDTA-K+- ATPase activity, and the presence of ATP in the reaction medium reverses the pattern of alteration in both ATPase activities, i.e., causing selective inhibition of EDTA-K+ -ATPase. Spectrophotometric studies on the azo-coupling products of 17 amino acids and their derivatives revealed that the amino acid residue of myosin modified by the diazonium dye was cysteine in both the presence and absence of ATP. It is also suggested that the number of cysteinyl residues responsible for the activity changes was one mole per mole of myosin subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:132432", "title": "Temperature-dependent transitions of the myosin-product intermediate at 10 degrees during Mn(II)-ATP hydrolysis by myosin from rabbit psoas muscle.", "content": "The initial burst of Pi liberation during the hydrolysis of Mn(II)-ATP by heavy meromyosin from rabbit psoas muscle was investigated. Below 10 degrees, the initial burst of Pi liberation was inhibited by the pre-addition of ADP without any change in the steady-state activity, but it was not inhibited above 10 degrees. The burst size was about one mole per mole of heavy meromyosin. The initial burst of Pi liberation in Mg-ATP hydrolysis at 8 degrees, however, was not inhibited by the pre-addition of ADP. These results, obtained with psoas muscle heavy meromyosin, were almost the same as those obtained with heavy meromyosin from rabbit leg and back muscles (Hozumi and Tawada (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 376, 1-12) and, therefore, indicate that in Mn-ATP above 10 degrees there is at the burst site a predominant myosin -product complex generated by ATP hydrolysis. Similarly, below 10 degrees there is a myosin-product complex identical with the one generated by adding ADP (and Pi) to myosin.", "contents": "Temperature-dependent transitions of the myosin-product intermediate at 10 degrees during Mn(II)-ATP hydrolysis by myosin from rabbit psoas muscle. The initial burst of Pi liberation during the hydrolysis of Mn(II)-ATP by heavy meromyosin from rabbit psoas muscle was investigated. Below 10 degrees, the initial burst of Pi liberation was inhibited by the pre-addition of ADP without any change in the steady-state activity, but it was not inhibited above 10 degrees. The burst size was about one mole per mole of heavy meromyosin. The initial burst of Pi liberation in Mg-ATP hydrolysis at 8 degrees, however, was not inhibited by the pre-addition of ADP. These results, obtained with psoas muscle heavy meromyosin, were almost the same as those obtained with heavy meromyosin from rabbit leg and back muscles (Hozumi and Tawada (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 376, 1-12) and, therefore, indicate that in Mn-ATP above 10 degrees there is at the burst site a predominant myosin -product complex generated by ATP hydrolysis. Similarly, below 10 degrees there is a myosin-product complex identical with the one generated by adding ADP (and Pi) to myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:132437", "title": "Chemical modification of the Ca2+ -dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum from skeletal muscle. II. Use of 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonate to show functional movements of the ATPase molecule.", "content": "1. By changing the concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions and ATP, the Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] of SR was converted to various enzymatic states, E, MgE, MgECa, MgEATP' CaECa, and CaECap at pH 8.0 and 0 degrees (cf. Eq. 1). 2. SR vesicles were allowed to react with 0.5 mM 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TBS) at pH 8.0 and 0 degrees, keeping the ATPase in one of the enzymatic states listed above. Trinitrophenyl (TNP)-protein and TNP-lipid were separated by gel-filtration, and the amounts of TNP incorporated into protein and lipid were determined. 3. In all the enzymatic states of ATPase tested, the amount of TBS bound with SR protein increased exponentially with time, and reached a maximum level 10 min after starting the reaction. On the other hand, the amount of TBS bound to lipid increased with time, and did not reach a maximum level for at least 20 min. 4. The SR ATPase activity and the amount of EP formed decreased only slightly, even when the amount of TBS bound to SR protein reached the maximum level. 5. The maximum amount of TBS bound to SR protein varied on changing the enzymatic state of SR ATPase. Namely, about 2,3,1,3, or 4, and 3 moles of TNP were incorporated per mole of SR ATPase, when SR was allowed to react with TBS in the enzymatic states MgE, MgECa, MgEATP' CaECa, and CaECap, respectively. 6. When the enzymatic state was changed from MgE to MgECa 10 min after starting the reaction with TBS, about 4 moles of TBS was bound per mole of ATPase within 10 min, while the maximum levels of TBS bound in states MgE and MgECa were about 2 and 3 moles per mole of ATPase, respectively, as mentioned above. 7; When the enzymatic state was changed from MgE to MfEATP 10 min after starting the reaction with TBS, about 3 moles of TBS was bound per mole of ATPase within 10 min, while the maximum levels of TBS bound in states MgE and MgEATP were about 2 and 1 moles per mole of ATPase, respectively, as mentioned above. 8. When the enzymatic state was changed from CaECa to CaECap 10 min after starting the reaction with TBS, about 4 moles of TBS was bound per mole of ATPase, while the maximum levels of TBS bound in states CaECa and CaECap were about 3 or 4 moles per mole of ATPase, respectively. 9. A diagrammatic model of functional movements of the ATPase molecule coupled with elementary steps in the ATPase reaction is proposed on the basis of these results.", "contents": "Chemical modification of the Ca2+ -dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum from skeletal muscle. II. Use of 2, 4, 6-trinitrobenzenesulfonate to show functional movements of the ATPase molecule. 1. By changing the concentrations of Mg2+ and Ca2+ ions and ATP, the Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] of SR was converted to various enzymatic states, E, MgE, MgECa, MgEATP' CaECa, and CaECap at pH 8.0 and 0 degrees (cf. Eq. 1). 2. SR vesicles were allowed to react with 0.5 mM 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonate (TBS) at pH 8.0 and 0 degrees, keeping the ATPase in one of the enzymatic states listed above. Trinitrophenyl (TNP)-protein and TNP-lipid were separated by gel-filtration, and the amounts of TNP incorporated into protein and lipid were determined. 3. In all the enzymatic states of ATPase tested, the amount of TBS bound with SR protein increased exponentially with time, and reached a maximum level 10 min after starting the reaction. On the other hand, the amount of TBS bound to lipid increased with time, and did not reach a maximum level for at least 20 min. 4. The SR ATPase activity and the amount of EP formed decreased only slightly, even when the amount of TBS bound to SR protein reached the maximum level. 5. The maximum amount of TBS bound to SR protein varied on changing the enzymatic state of SR ATPase. Namely, about 2,3,1,3, or 4, and 3 moles of TNP were incorporated per mole of SR ATPase, when SR was allowed to react with TBS in the enzymatic states MgE, MgECa, MgEATP' CaECa, and CaECap, respectively. 6. When the enzymatic state was changed from MgE to MgECa 10 min after starting the reaction with TBS, about 4 moles of TBS was bound per mole of ATPase within 10 min, while the maximum levels of TBS bound in states MgE and MgECa were about 2 and 3 moles per mole of ATPase, respectively, as mentioned above. 7; When the enzymatic state was changed from MgE to MfEATP 10 min after starting the reaction with TBS, about 3 moles of TBS was bound per mole of ATPase within 10 min, while the maximum levels of TBS bound in states MgE and MgEATP were about 2 and 1 moles per mole of ATPase, respectively, as mentioned above. 8. When the enzymatic state was changed from CaECa to CaECap 10 min after starting the reaction with TBS, about 4 moles of TBS was bound per mole of ATPase, while the maximum levels of TBS bound in states CaECa and CaECap were about 3 or 4 moles per mole of ATPase, respectively. 9. A diagrammatic model of functional movements of the ATPase molecule coupled with elementary steps in the ATPase reaction is proposed on the basis of these results."}
{"id": "PMID:132438", "title": "Isolation and characterization of proteoglycans from chick limb bud chondrocytes grown in vitro.", "content": "Chick limb bud mesenchyme cells from stage 23-24 embryos were isolated and grown in culture under conditions facilitating chondrogenic development. Dissociative extraction methods were used to isolate proteoglycans from Day 8 cultures, at which time the incorporation of [35S]sulfate into these macromolecules occurred at maximal rates. The monomer (D1) fraction contained 85 to 90% of the proteoglycans originally present in the matrix of the cultures. The  composition of this fraction was approximately 7 to 8% protein, 7% keratan sulfate, and 85% chondroitin sulfate. The proportions of nonsulfated, 4-sulfated, and 6-sulfated disaccharides in chondroitinase digests were about 11%, 31%, and 58%, respectively. The D1 fraction exhibited a single, polydisperse component on Sepharose 2B chromatography and in the ultracentrifuge (so = 19 S). In associative density gradients about 35% of the proteoglycans were recovered in a gel at the top of the gradient. The remainder were recovered at the bottom of the gradient in the aggregate (A1) fraction. The A1 fraction exhibited two components, aggregate (about 70% of the total) and monomer, upon Sepharose 2B chromatography and in the ultracentrifuge (so = 120 S for aggregate; 18 S for monomer). The aggregate preparation contained only one of the two link proteins (molecular weight of about 45,000) which occur in proteoglycan preparations from many hyaline cartilages.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of proteoglycans from chick limb bud chondrocytes grown in vitro. Chick limb bud mesenchyme cells from stage 23-24 embryos were isolated and grown in culture under conditions facilitating chondrogenic development. Dissociative extraction methods were used to isolate proteoglycans from Day 8 cultures, at which time the incorporation of [35S]sulfate into these macromolecules occurred at maximal rates. The monomer (D1) fraction contained 85 to 90% of the proteoglycans originally present in the matrix of the cultures. The  composition of this fraction was approximately 7 to 8% protein, 7% keratan sulfate, and 85% chondroitin sulfate. The proportions of nonsulfated, 4-sulfated, and 6-sulfated disaccharides in chondroitinase digests were about 11%, 31%, and 58%, respectively. The D1 fraction exhibited a single, polydisperse component on Sepharose 2B chromatography and in the ultracentrifuge (so = 19 S). In associative density gradients about 35% of the proteoglycans were recovered in a gel at the top of the gradient. The remainder were recovered at the bottom of the gradient in the aggregate (A1) fraction. The A1 fraction exhibited two components, aggregate (about 70% of the total) and monomer, upon Sepharose 2B chromatography and in the ultracentrifuge (so = 120 S for aggregate; 18 S for monomer). The aggregate preparation contained only one of the two link proteins (molecular weight of about 45,000) which occur in proteoglycan preparations from many hyaline cartilages."}
{"id": "PMID:132439", "title": "Studies on heart phosphofructokinase. Use of fructose 6-sulfate as an alternative substrate to study the mechanism of action and active site specificity.", "content": "Fructose 6-sulfate was synthesized by direct sulfurylation of fructose and was isolated by two selective steps: (a) conversion of the 6-sulfuryl ester to fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate with phosphofructokinase; (b) conversion of fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate to fructose 6-sulfate by fructose-1,6-diphosphatase. Utilizing crystalline sheep heart phosphofructokinase, kinetic studies with the alternative substrate were carried out at pH 8.2 which is optimal for nonallosteric kinetics. The data are consistent with an ordered addition of the two substrates with the first, MgATP, being at thermodynamic equilibrium. The Vmax and Km obtained with fructose 6-sulfate were 0.03- and 100-fold, respectively, that obtained with the natural substrate. The study suggests that the divalent phosphoryl moiety is intimately involved in the active site conformation. Identification of the product of the reaction, fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate, was confirmed through studies with aldolase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, and by 31P NMR. The utilization of fructose 6-sulfate as a substrate by yeast glucose-6-phosphate isomerase could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Studies on heart phosphofructokinase. Use of fructose 6-sulfate as an alternative substrate to study the mechanism of action and active site specificity. Fructose 6-sulfate was synthesized by direct sulfurylation of fructose and was isolated by two selective steps: (a) conversion of the 6-sulfuryl ester to fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate with phosphofructokinase; (b) conversion of fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate to fructose 6-sulfate by fructose-1,6-diphosphatase. Utilizing crystalline sheep heart phosphofructokinase, kinetic studies with the alternative substrate were carried out at pH 8.2 which is optimal for nonallosteric kinetics. The data are consistent with an ordered addition of the two substrates with the first, MgATP, being at thermodynamic equilibrium. The Vmax and Km obtained with fructose 6-sulfate were 0.03- and 100-fold, respectively, that obtained with the natural substrate. The study suggests that the divalent phosphoryl moiety is intimately involved in the active site conformation. Identification of the product of the reaction, fructose 1-phosphate-6-sulfate, was confirmed through studies with aldolase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, and by 31P NMR. The utilization of fructose 6-sulfate as a substrate by yeast glucose-6-phosphate isomerase could not be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:132440", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the affinity chromatography forms of human Glu- and Lys-plasminogens and plasmins.", "content": "Affinity chromatography forms, 1 and 2, were each isolated from human Glu- and Lys-plasminogens by gradient elution from a L-lysine-substituted Sepharose column with a linear gradient of epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Although each of the two zymogen forms contains two affinity chromatography forms, the relative concentrattions of these forms in each of the zymogen preparations depended upon the plasma sample or enriched plasma fraction used for the preparation of the zymogen. Specific analytical acrylamide gel electrophoretic systems were used for the characterization of the zymogen and enzyme forms, and their component affinity chromatography forms, 1 and 2. The four zymogen affinity chromatography forms, Glu-1-plasminogen, Glu-2-plasminogen, Lys-1-plasminogen, and Lys-2-plasmingoen, show distinct stepwise differences in their molecular size and charge. The Glu-1-form is the largest in molecular size and the most acidic, and the Lys-2-form is the smallest in molecular size and the most basic. The proteolytically altered Lys-1- and Lys-2- forms appear to be specifically df the zymogen affinity chromatography forms showed a different distribution of isoelectric forms. The major isoelectric forms isolated from Glu-plasminogen with pI values of 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, and 6.6, and the major isoelectric forms isolated from Lys-plasminogen with pI values of 6.7, 7.2, 7.5, 7.8, and 8.1, (Summaria, L., Arzadon, L., Bernabe, P., Robbins, K. C., and Barlow, G. H. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 2984-2991) were shown to be mixtures of the Glu-1- and Glu-2- forms, or the Lys-1- and Lys-2- forms, respectively. Although the sialic acid contents of the Glu- and Lys- forms appear to be similar, the isolated affinity chromatography forms show distinct differences. The sialic acid contents of the Glu-1- and Lys-1- forms are identical, and are substantially higher than the sialic acid contents of the Glu-2- and Lys-2- forms which are also identical to each other. It is possible that the charge difference between the zymogen-1- and -2- forms may be related to the differences in their sialic acid content. Each of the four zymogen affinity chromatography forms, when activated by urokinase in the presence of the plasmin inhibitor, Trasylol, was converted to an apparently unique and different enzyme form. The four enzyme forms show distinct stepwise differences in molecular size; Glu-1-plasmin is the largest in size whereas Lys-2-plasmin is the smallest in size. Each plasmin-derived carboxymethyl heavy(A) chain was found to be different in molecular size, but the two carboxymethyl light(B) chains found in each of the four enzyme forms appeared to be identical and of the same molecular sizes. The four heavy(A) chains show a stepwise difference in molecular size; the Glu-1-heavy(A) chain is the largest in size whereas the Lys-2-heavy(A) chain is the smallest in size...", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the affinity chromatography forms of human Glu- and Lys-plasminogens and plasmins. Affinity chromatography forms, 1 and 2, were each isolated from human Glu- and Lys-plasminogens by gradient elution from a L-lysine-substituted Sepharose column with a linear gradient of epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Although each of the two zymogen forms contains two affinity chromatography forms, the relative concentrattions of these forms in each of the zymogen preparations depended upon the plasma sample or enriched plasma fraction used for the preparation of the zymogen. Specific analytical acrylamide gel electrophoretic systems were used for the characterization of the zymogen and enzyme forms, and their component affinity chromatography forms, 1 and 2. The four zymogen affinity chromatography forms, Glu-1-plasminogen, Glu-2-plasminogen, Lys-1-plasminogen, and Lys-2-plasmingoen, show distinct stepwise differences in their molecular size and charge. The Glu-1-form is the largest in molecular size and the most acidic, and the Lys-2-form is the smallest in molecular size and the most basic. The proteolytically altered Lys-1- and Lys-2- forms appear to be specifically df the zymogen affinity chromatography forms showed a different distribution of isoelectric forms. The major isoelectric forms isolated from Glu-plasminogen with pI values of 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, and 6.6, and the major isoelectric forms isolated from Lys-plasminogen with pI values of 6.7, 7.2, 7.5, 7.8, and 8.1, (Summaria, L., Arzadon, L., Bernabe, P., Robbins, K. C., and Barlow, G. H. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 2984-2991) were shown to be mixtures of the Glu-1- and Glu-2- forms, or the Lys-1- and Lys-2- forms, respectively. Although the sialic acid contents of the Glu- and Lys- forms appear to be similar, the isolated affinity chromatography forms show distinct differences. The sialic acid contents of the Glu-1- and Lys-1- forms are identical, and are substantially higher than the sialic acid contents of the Glu-2- and Lys-2- forms which are also identical to each other. It is possible that the charge difference between the zymogen-1- and -2- forms may be related to the differences in their sialic acid content. Each of the four zymogen affinity chromatography forms, when activated by urokinase in the presence of the plasmin inhibitor, Trasylol, was converted to an apparently unique and different enzyme form. The four enzyme forms show distinct stepwise differences in molecular size; Glu-1-plasmin is the largest in size whereas Lys-2-plasmin is the smallest in size. Each plasmin-derived carboxymethyl heavy(A) chain was found to be different in molecular size, but the two carboxymethyl light(B) chains found in each of the four enzyme forms appeared to be identical and of the same molecular sizes. The four heavy(A) chains show a stepwise difference in molecular size; the Glu-1-heavy(A) chain is the largest in size whereas the Lys-2-heavy(A) chain is the smallest in size..."}
{"id": "PMID:132441", "title": "Stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis in chick embryo sternum by serum and L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine.", "content": "Incorporation of sulfate into alcian blue-precipitable glycosaminoglycan of 12-day-old chick embryo sterna is stimulated by addition, separately or together, of normal human serum and physiological concentrations of thyroid hormones (Audhya, T.K., and Gibson, K.D. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. U. S. A. 72, 604--608). We present evidence that this stimulation is due to increased synthesis of at least one proteoglycan, with minor alterations in the size and chemical composition of the glycosaminoglycans. Pulse-chase experiments showed no detectable loss of label during the chase, in control sterna or sterna incubated with serum and L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine; thus, all incorporation was the result of synthesis of glycosaminoglycans. In double-label experiments, with 35SO4(2-) and [3H]acetate, the molar ratio of 3H and 35S incorporated into glycosaminoglycans was changed little, if at all, by addition of serum or triiodothyronine or both, at concentrations which increased incorporation up to 2-fold. Glycosaminoglycans isolated from these and other incubations gave similar elution patterns from agarose columns, and identical electrophoretic patterns on cellulose acetate. Digestion with chondroitinase ABC (chondroitin ABC lyase; EC 4.2.2.4.) showed that incorporation was into chondroitin sulfate and possibly hyaluronic acid, and that the proportions of non-sulfated, 4-sulfated, and 6-sulfated disaccharide units differed little between stimulated and unstimulated sterna. Incorporation of [3H]serine into glycosaminoglycans from papain digest of sterna paralleled incorporation of 35SO4(2-), and indicated a number average molecular weight between 21,000 and 25,000 for the newly synthesized chondroitin sulfate. This value was confirmed by gel filtration chromatography, which also showed that the average molecular weight of the newly synthesized chondroitin sulfate decreased up to 15% under conditions of 2-fold stimulation. Proteoglycans were extracted from sterna incubated with [3H]serine and 35SO4(2-) and analyzed by isopycinic centrifugation in CsCl and by zone sedimentation in a sucrose gradient. A major proteoglycan fraction could be separated by either method. Incorporation of both isotopes into this proteoglycan fraction, and into glycosaminoglycans isolated after papain digestion, was stimulated in a coordinate manner. Almost identical results were obtained with both separation techniques. The results indicate that the synthesis of the major proteoglycan, and probably also of a minor one, is stimulated by serum and triiodothyronine.", "contents": "Stimulation of proteoglycan synthesis in chick embryo sternum by serum and L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine. Incorporation of sulfate into alcian blue-precipitable glycosaminoglycan of 12-day-old chick embryo sterna is stimulated by addition, separately or together, of normal human serum and physiological concentrations of thyroid hormones (Audhya, T.K., and Gibson, K.D. (1975) Proc. Natl. Acad, Sci. U. S. A. 72, 604--608). We present evidence that this stimulation is due to increased synthesis of at least one proteoglycan, with minor alterations in the size and chemical composition of the glycosaminoglycans. Pulse-chase experiments showed no detectable loss of label during the chase, in control sterna or sterna incubated with serum and L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine; thus, all incorporation was the result of synthesis of glycosaminoglycans. In double-label experiments, with 35SO4(2-) and [3H]acetate, the molar ratio of 3H and 35S incorporated into glycosaminoglycans was changed little, if at all, by addition of serum or triiodothyronine or both, at concentrations which increased incorporation up to 2-fold. Glycosaminoglycans isolated from these and other incubations gave similar elution patterns from agarose columns, and identical electrophoretic patterns on cellulose acetate. Digestion with chondroitinase ABC (chondroitin ABC lyase; EC 4.2.2.4.) showed that incorporation was into chondroitin sulfate and possibly hyaluronic acid, and that the proportions of non-sulfated, 4-sulfated, and 6-sulfated disaccharide units differed little between stimulated and unstimulated sterna. Incorporation of [3H]serine into glycosaminoglycans from papain digest of sterna paralleled incorporation of 35SO4(2-), and indicated a number average molecular weight between 21,000 and 25,000 for the newly synthesized chondroitin sulfate. This value was confirmed by gel filtration chromatography, which also showed that the average molecular weight of the newly synthesized chondroitin sulfate decreased up to 15% under conditions of 2-fold stimulation. Proteoglycans were extracted from sterna incubated with [3H]serine and 35SO4(2-) and analyzed by isopycinic centrifugation in CsCl and by zone sedimentation in a sucrose gradient. A major proteoglycan fraction could be separated by either method. Incorporation of both isotopes into this proteoglycan fraction, and into glycosaminoglycans isolated after papain digestion, was stimulated in a coordinate manner. Almost identical results were obtained with both separation techniques. The results indicate that the synthesis of the major proteoglycan, and probably also of a minor one, is stimulated by serum and triiodothyronine."}
{"id": "PMID:132442", "title": "Mechanism of the urokinase-catalyzed activation of human plasminogen.", "content": "When human plasminogen (Glu-Pga) is activated by urokinase in the presence of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, the plasmin produced (Glu-Pma) exclusively contains a heavy chain (Glu-Ha) derived intact from the original NH2 terminus of Glu-Pga. Similar activations, utilizing a low molecular weight synthetic plasmin acylating agent, p-nitrophenyl-p-(pyridiniummethyl) benzoate, still result in a plasmin molecule with approximately 50% of the plasmin heavy chain containing the intact NH2 terminus of the original Glu-Pga. Activations performed at high levels of urokinase in the absence of any inhibitors initially produce Glu-Pma. However, the final stable plasmin, Lys-Pmb, which is obtained contains a heavy chain (Lys-Hb) which arises by plasminolysis of a small peptide from the NH2 terminus of Glu-Ha. Alternatively, Lys-Pmb can be formed in a separate series of reactions initially involving plasminolysis of Glu-Pga to yield Lys-Pgb. The peptide removed in this step is identical to the peptide removed in the Glu-Ha to Lys-Hb reaction. Next, urokinase catalyzes the conversion of Lys-Pgb to Lys-Pmb without further loss of peptide material. This latter pathway involving Lys-Pgb is probably the major pathway for human Lys-Pmb generation. These studies support a mechanism of activation of human plasminogen which involves at least two bond cleavages in Glu-Pga. However, these same studies strongly indicate that the Nh2-terminal peptide need not be released from Glu-Pga prior to plasmin formation. Further, we feel that plasmin and not urokinase catalyzes cleavage of the NH2-terminal peptide bond from Glu-Pga and the Glu-Ha heavy chain of Glu-Pma.", "contents": "Mechanism of the urokinase-catalyzed activation of human plasminogen. When human plasminogen (Glu-Pga) is activated by urokinase in the presence of pancreatic trypsin inhibitor, the plasmin produced (Glu-Pma) exclusively contains a heavy chain (Glu-Ha) derived intact from the original NH2 terminus of Glu-Pga. Similar activations, utilizing a low molecular weight synthetic plasmin acylating agent, p-nitrophenyl-p-(pyridiniummethyl) benzoate, still result in a plasmin molecule with approximately 50% of the plasmin heavy chain containing the intact NH2 terminus of the original Glu-Pga. Activations performed at high levels of urokinase in the absence of any inhibitors initially produce Glu-Pma. However, the final stable plasmin, Lys-Pmb, which is obtained contains a heavy chain (Lys-Hb) which arises by plasminolysis of a small peptide from the NH2 terminus of Glu-Ha. Alternatively, Lys-Pmb can be formed in a separate series of reactions initially involving plasminolysis of Glu-Pga to yield Lys-Pgb. The peptide removed in this step is identical to the peptide removed in the Glu-Ha to Lys-Hb reaction. Next, urokinase catalyzes the conversion of Lys-Pgb to Lys-Pmb without further loss of peptide material. This latter pathway involving Lys-Pgb is probably the major pathway for human Lys-Pmb generation. These studies support a mechanism of activation of human plasminogen which involves at least two bond cleavages in Glu-Pga. However, these same studies strongly indicate that the Nh2-terminal peptide need not be released from Glu-Pga prior to plasmin formation. Further, we feel that plasmin and not urokinase catalyzes cleavage of the NH2-terminal peptide bond from Glu-Pga and the Glu-Ha heavy chain of Glu-Pma."}
{"id": "PMID:132443", "title": "Compartmental behavior of ornithine in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "In Neurospora cells grown on minimal medium, most of the large ornithine pool is found in osmotically sensitive organelles, the \"vesicles.\" In this paper kinetic studies on the compartmental behavior of ornithine and its derivatives are reported. Analysis of the metabolism of a 10(-7) M pulse of uniformly labeled L-[14C] ornithine supports the following conclusions: (a) Over 98% of the cellular ornithine is in the vesicles. (b) The amount of ornithine normally in the cytosol is about 0.3% of the cellular ornithine, as shown by the kinetics of incorporation of 14C into putrescine via the cytosolic enzyme, ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17). (c) Mitochondria, the site of ornithine synthesis, contain about 1% of the cellular ornithine, as demonstrated by the kinetics of incorporation of 14C into citrulline via the mitochondrial enzyme, ornithine transcarbamylase (EC 2.1.3.3). (d) Considerable ornithine exchange, and a net efflux of ornithine, takes place across the mitochondrial membrane. (e) Ornithine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.13), a catabolic enzyme, may have a special relation to the cell membrane in cells grown in minimal medium. This enzyme uses ornithine efficiently while it enters from the medium, but very poorly after all the [14C] ornithine is within the cell. (f) Citrulline and proline are not compartmented with respect to the enzymes using them. (g) In contrast, arginine is distributed such that over 99% is in vesicles. We suggest that the vesicles; with their ability to sequester ornithine and arginine, are potentially significant in regulation.", "contents": "Compartmental behavior of ornithine in Neurospora crassa. In Neurospora cells grown on minimal medium, most of the large ornithine pool is found in osmotically sensitive organelles, the \"vesicles.\" In this paper kinetic studies on the compartmental behavior of ornithine and its derivatives are reported. Analysis of the metabolism of a 10(-7) M pulse of uniformly labeled L-[14C] ornithine supports the following conclusions: (a) Over 98% of the cellular ornithine is in the vesicles. (b) The amount of ornithine normally in the cytosol is about 0.3% of the cellular ornithine, as shown by the kinetics of incorporation of 14C into putrescine via the cytosolic enzyme, ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17). (c) Mitochondria, the site of ornithine synthesis, contain about 1% of the cellular ornithine, as demonstrated by the kinetics of incorporation of 14C into citrulline via the mitochondrial enzyme, ornithine transcarbamylase (EC 2.1.3.3). (d) Considerable ornithine exchange, and a net efflux of ornithine, takes place across the mitochondrial membrane. (e) Ornithine aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.13), a catabolic enzyme, may have a special relation to the cell membrane in cells grown in minimal medium. This enzyme uses ornithine efficiently while it enters from the medium, but very poorly after all the [14C] ornithine is within the cell. (f) Citrulline and proline are not compartmented with respect to the enzymes using them. (g) In contrast, arginine is distributed such that over 99% is in vesicles. We suggest that the vesicles; with their ability to sequester ornithine and arginine, are potentially significant in regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:132444", "title": "Histones of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Neurospora crassa chromatin isolated by a rapid method minimizing proteolytic degradation contains approximately one weight of acid-extractable basic protein per weight of DNA. This basic protein consists of five major polypeptide species which are similar in size to the histone proteins of higher eukaryotes and are present in approximately the same molar ratios. These five polypeptides have been purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Their electrophoretic mobilities in polyacrylamide gels and their amino acid compositions indicate that they are histones homologous, although not identical, to the H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histones of mammals. The first 3 residues in the amino acid sequence of Neurospora H3 histone are identical to the first 3 residues in calf and pea H3; Neurospora H1, H2A, and H4 histones have blocked NH2 termini, like their mammalian counterparts. The finding of recognizable H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histones in Neurospora extends the range of eukaryotes now shown to contain a full complement of these strongly conserved chromosomal proteins, and supports the view that histones became involved in chromosome structure at a very early point in the evolution of eukaryotes.", "contents": "Histones of Neurospora crassa. Neurospora crassa chromatin isolated by a rapid method minimizing proteolytic degradation contains approximately one weight of acid-extractable basic protein per weight of DNA. This basic protein consists of five major polypeptide species which are similar in size to the histone proteins of higher eukaryotes and are present in approximately the same molar ratios. These five polypeptides have been purified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Their electrophoretic mobilities in polyacrylamide gels and their amino acid compositions indicate that they are histones homologous, although not identical, to the H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histones of mammals. The first 3 residues in the amino acid sequence of Neurospora H3 histone are identical to the first 3 residues in calf and pea H3; Neurospora H1, H2A, and H4 histones have blocked NH2 termini, like their mammalian counterparts. The finding of recognizable H1, H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histones in Neurospora extends the range of eukaryotes now shown to contain a full complement of these strongly conserved chromosomal proteins, and supports the view that histones became involved in chromosome structure at a very early point in the evolution of eukaryotes."}
{"id": "PMID:132445", "title": "Localization of ionophore activity in a 20,000-dalton fragment of the adenosine triphosphatase of Sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum has been shown to ast as a Ca2+-dependent and selective ionophore in artificial lipid bilayers. Four fragments of 55,000, 45,000, 30,000, and 20,000 daltons have been purified from tryptic digests of the enzyme and it has been shown that the 55,000- and 45,000-dalton fragments are obtained from a single cleavage of the 100,000-dalton ATPase, while the 30,000- and 20,000-dalton fragments are obtained subsequently by a cleavage of the 55,000-dalton fragment. The 55,000- and 20,000-dalton fragments have ionophore activity inhibited by ruthenium red and by mercuric chloride but not by methylmercuric chloride, an inhibitor of the hydrolytic site of the enzyme. Under standard conditions the 45,000-dalton fragment was not active as an ionophore, while the 30,000-dalton fragment acted as a nonselective ionophore. The 55,000- and 30,000-dalton fragments have been shown to contain the site of phosphorylation and of N-ethyl [2-3H]-maleimide binding indicative of the hydrolytic site in the enzyme, and this site is absent from the 20,000-dalton fragment. Therefore, the ionophoric and hydrolytic sites are localized in separate regions of the ATPase molecule and they have now been physically separated. The 20,000-dalton fragment was degraded with cyanogen bromide and fragments were separated by molecular sieving. Ionophore activity was found in fragments of molecular mass less than 2,000 daltons.", "contents": "Localization of ionophore activity in a 20,000-dalton fragment of the adenosine triphosphatase of Sarcoplasmic reticulum. The (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum has been shown to ast as a Ca2+-dependent and selective ionophore in artificial lipid bilayers. Four fragments of 55,000, 45,000, 30,000, and 20,000 daltons have been purified from tryptic digests of the enzyme and it has been shown that the 55,000- and 45,000-dalton fragments are obtained from a single cleavage of the 100,000-dalton ATPase, while the 30,000- and 20,000-dalton fragments are obtained subsequently by a cleavage of the 55,000-dalton fragment. The 55,000- and 20,000-dalton fragments have ionophore activity inhibited by ruthenium red and by mercuric chloride but not by methylmercuric chloride, an inhibitor of the hydrolytic site of the enzyme. Under standard conditions the 45,000-dalton fragment was not active as an ionophore, while the 30,000-dalton fragment acted as a nonselective ionophore. The 55,000- and 30,000-dalton fragments have been shown to contain the site of phosphorylation and of N-ethyl [2-3H]-maleimide binding indicative of the hydrolytic site in the enzyme, and this site is absent from the 20,000-dalton fragment. Therefore, the ionophoric and hydrolytic sites are localized in separate regions of the ATPase molecule and they have now been physically separated. The 20,000-dalton fragment was degraded with cyanogen bromide and fragments were separated by molecular sieving. Ionophore activity was found in fragments of molecular mass less than 2,000 daltons."}
{"id": "PMID:132446", "title": "Mechanism of an active transport of calcium. Ethoxyformylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.", "content": "Ethoxyformylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles is performed to study a possible role of histidine residues in the calcium translocation process. The influence of the chemical modification is evaluated on the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity, and on the Ca2+ uptake parameters: VCa (initial rate of calcium uptake) and CCa (amount of cation accumulated at the steady state). The substitution of the amino acids is monitored by three different techniques: (a) by amino acid analysis of the ethoxyformylated material further submitted to modification by diazonium-1-H-tetrazole, or by sulfhydryl titration using 5-5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid); (b) by 14C labeling followed by the removing of labels after NH2OH or imidazole treatment at pH 7; (c) by spectrophotometric measurements at 230 nm. The ethoxyformylation reaction is not specific for histidine at pH 6.1 and 10 degrees. About 1 lysyl group/mol of ATPase is first modified. Then 1 (with a pseudo-first order rate constant of 240 (+/- 20) 10(-3) min-1) or 2 histidines are modified. No substitution of tyrosine or sulfhydryl groups can be detected under our experimental conditions. A decrease of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity correlated with the inhibition of both VCa and Cca corresponds to the chemical substitution of the histidine. No direct correlation between the decrease of the activities and the modification of the lysine can be found. After removing the ethoxyformyl group from the histidine, only the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity is restored to its initial value. No protection is found when the reaction is performed in the presence of ATP or p-nitrophenylphosphate. These results can be explained if one assumes that the ethoxyformylation of the histidine residue(s) induces a conformational change modifying the affinity of the membrane for nucleotides.", "contents": "Mechanism of an active transport of calcium. Ethoxyformylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Ethoxyformylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles is performed to study a possible role of histidine residues in the calcium translocation process. The influence of the chemical modification is evaluated on the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity, and on the Ca2+ uptake parameters: VCa (initial rate of calcium uptake) and CCa (amount of cation accumulated at the steady state). The substitution of the amino acids is monitored by three different techniques: (a) by amino acid analysis of the ethoxyformylated material further submitted to modification by diazonium-1-H-tetrazole, or by sulfhydryl titration using 5-5'-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid); (b) by 14C labeling followed by the removing of labels after NH2OH or imidazole treatment at pH 7; (c) by spectrophotometric measurements at 230 nm. The ethoxyformylation reaction is not specific for histidine at pH 6.1 and 10 degrees. About 1 lysyl group/mol of ATPase is first modified. Then 1 (with a pseudo-first order rate constant of 240 (+/- 20) 10(-3) min-1) or 2 histidines are modified. No substitution of tyrosine or sulfhydryl groups can be detected under our experimental conditions. A decrease of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity correlated with the inhibition of both VCa and Cca corresponds to the chemical substitution of the histidine. No direct correlation between the decrease of the activities and the modification of the lysine can be found. After removing the ethoxyformyl group from the histidine, only the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity is restored to its initial value. No protection is found when the reaction is performed in the presence of ATP or p-nitrophenylphosphate. These results can be explained if one assumes that the ethoxyformylation of the histidine residue(s) induces a conformational change modifying the affinity of the membrane for nucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:132447", "title": "Sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase of the nasal salt gland of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Purification, characterization, and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the phosphorylating polypeptide.", "content": "Sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) was purified from nasal salt glands of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Enzyme of specific activity 2,000 to 2,300 mumol of Pi/mg/hour was routinely obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment of a microsomal fraction of gland homogenate in the presence of 3 mM ATP followed by pelleting of the enzyme through a sucrose density gradient. Purified NaK-ATPase was stable for over 3 months at -20 degree. By sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography purified NaK-ATPase was shown to contain two polypeptide chains of molecular weight 94,000 and 60,000, the smaller of which was a glycoprotein. Purified enzyme of activity 2,300 mumol of Pi/mg/hour bound 3,600 pmol of ouabain/mg of enzyme protein. Reaction with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of Mg2+ and Na+ gave 7,025 pmol of acyl phosphate/mg of enzyme protein. The turnover number calculated from phosphorylation data was 5,460 min-1. Amino acid analysis of the polypeptide components of duck salt gland enzyme after separation by gel filtration chromatography in sodium dodecyl sulfate demonstrated strong compositional homology with highly purified NaK-ATPase preparations from other organs and species. The NH2-terminal amino acid of the 94,000-dalton component was glycine and of the 60,000-dalton component, alanine. With a combination of manual sequencing and automated Edman degradation, the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the 94,00-dalton catalytic subunit was found to be Gly-Arg-Asn-Lys-Tyr-Glu-Thr-Thr-Ala-()-Ser-Glu.", "contents": "Sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase of the nasal salt gland of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Purification, characterization, and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the phosphorylating polypeptide. Sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) was purified from nasal salt glands of the duck (Anas platyrhynchos). Enzyme of specific activity 2,000 to 2,300 mumol of Pi/mg/hour was routinely obtained by sodium dodecyl sulfate treatment of a microsomal fraction of gland homogenate in the presence of 3 mM ATP followed by pelleting of the enzyme through a sucrose density gradient. Purified NaK-ATPase was stable for over 3 months at -20 degree. By sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography purified NaK-ATPase was shown to contain two polypeptide chains of molecular weight 94,000 and 60,000, the smaller of which was a glycoprotein. Purified enzyme of activity 2,300 mumol of Pi/mg/hour bound 3,600 pmol of ouabain/mg of enzyme protein. Reaction with [gamma-32P]ATP in the presence of Mg2+ and Na+ gave 7,025 pmol of acyl phosphate/mg of enzyme protein. The turnover number calculated from phosphorylation data was 5,460 min-1. Amino acid analysis of the polypeptide components of duck salt gland enzyme after separation by gel filtration chromatography in sodium dodecyl sulfate demonstrated strong compositional homology with highly purified NaK-ATPase preparations from other organs and species. The NH2-terminal amino acid of the 94,000-dalton component was glycine and of the 60,000-dalton component, alanine. With a combination of manual sequencing and automated Edman degradation, the NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of the 94,00-dalton catalytic subunit was found to be Gly-Arg-Asn-Lys-Tyr-Glu-Thr-Thr-Ala-()-Ser-Glu."}
{"id": "PMID:132449", "title": "Acne arthralgia.", "content": "A syndrome of arthralgia associated with one form of acne is described. Orthopaedic surgeons should be alert to the association of profound arthralgia and myalgia with this particular variant of acne vulgaris. Thirteen patients are described, all of whom are adolescent boys with a chronic moderately active acne which suddenly became extremely aggressive and toxic. The symptoms and signs included proximal arthralgia and myalgia, fever, elevated sedimentation rate, and altered immunoglobulins. Control of acne and conservative physical therapy resulted in complete resolution of the musculoskeletal complaints.", "contents": "Acne arthralgia. A syndrome of arthralgia associated with one form of acne is described. Orthopaedic surgeons should be alert to the association of profound arthralgia and myalgia with this particular variant of acne vulgaris. Thirteen patients are described, all of whom are adolescent boys with a chronic moderately active acne which suddenly became extremely aggressive and toxic. The symptoms and signs included proximal arthralgia and myalgia, fever, elevated sedimentation rate, and altered immunoglobulins. Control of acne and conservative physical therapy resulted in complete resolution of the musculoskeletal complaints."}
{"id": "PMID:132450", "title": "Teleost chloride cell. I. Response of pupfish Cyprinodon variegatus gill Na,K-ATPase and chloride cell fine structure to various high salinity environments.", "content": "Certain euryhaline teleosts can tolerate media of very high salinity, i.e. greater than that of seawater itself. The osmotic gradient across the integument of these fish is very high and the key to their survival appears to be the enhanced ability of the gill to excrete excess NaCl. These fish provide an opportunity to study morphological and biochemical aspects of transepithelial salt secretion under conditions of vastly different transport rates. Since the cellular site of gill salt excretion is believed to be the \"chloride cell\" of the branchial epithelium and since the enzyme Na,K-ATPase has been implicated in salt transport in this and other secretory tissues, we have focused our attention on the differences in chloride cell structure and gill ATPase activity in the variegated pupfish Cyprinodon variegatus adapted to half-strength seawater (50% SW), seawater (100% SW), or double-stregth seawater (200% SW). The Na,K-ATPase activity in gill homogenates was 1.6 times greater in 100% SW. When 50% SW gills were compared to 100% SW gills, differences in chloride cell morphology were minimal. However, chloride cells from 200% SW displayed a marked hypertrophy and a striking increase in basal-lateral cell surface area. These results suggest that there are correlations among higher levels of osmotic stress, basal-lateral extensions of the cell surface, and the activity of the enzyme Na,K-ATPase.", "contents": "Teleost chloride cell. I. Response of pupfish Cyprinodon variegatus gill Na,K-ATPase and chloride cell fine structure to various high salinity environments. Certain euryhaline teleosts can tolerate media of very high salinity, i.e. greater than that of seawater itself. The osmotic gradient across the integument of these fish is very high and the key to their survival appears to be the enhanced ability of the gill to excrete excess NaCl. These fish provide an opportunity to study morphological and biochemical aspects of transepithelial salt secretion under conditions of vastly different transport rates. Since the cellular site of gill salt excretion is believed to be the \"chloride cell\" of the branchial epithelium and since the enzyme Na,K-ATPase has been implicated in salt transport in this and other secretory tissues, we have focused our attention on the differences in chloride cell structure and gill ATPase activity in the variegated pupfish Cyprinodon variegatus adapted to half-strength seawater (50% SW), seawater (100% SW), or double-stregth seawater (200% SW). The Na,K-ATPase activity in gill homogenates was 1.6 times greater in 100% SW. When 50% SW gills were compared to 100% SW gills, differences in chloride cell morphology were minimal. However, chloride cells from 200% SW displayed a marked hypertrophy and a striking increase in basal-lateral cell surface area. These results suggest that there are correlations among higher levels of osmotic stress, basal-lateral extensions of the cell surface, and the activity of the enzyme Na,K-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:132451", "title": "Teleost chloride cell. II. Autoradiographic localization of gill Na,K-ATPase in killifish Fundulus heteroclitus adapted to low and high salinity environments.", "content": "The specific binding and inhibitory action of (3H)ouabain were employed to localize transport Na,K-ATPase in the euryhaline teleost gill, a NaCl-transporting osmoregulatory tissue in which both enzyme activity and transepithelial transport vary with environmental salinity. In killifish fully adapted to 10%, 100%, or 200% seawater, the gills were internally perfused and externally irrigated in situ. After suitable internal or external exposure to (3H)ouabain, individual gill arches were excised for Na,K-ATPase assay, measurement of radiolabel binding, or quantitative high-resolution autoradiography. Internal exposure to 50 muM ouabain resulted in essentially complete enzyme inhibition, and binding paralleled the increases in enzyme activity at higher salinities; in contrast, external exposure gave minimal and erratic results consistent with leakage of external ouabain into interstitial fluid. (3H)Ouabain autoradiographs demonstrated that, irrespective of exposure or salinity, most of the gill binding was associated with chloride cell. These cells increased in size and number with salinity and, at the subcellular level, the distribution pattern for bound ouabain was always identical to that for the amplified basal-lateral (tubular system) membrane. The combined physiologicmorphologic results constitute final direct proof that chloride cells are the primary site of gill Na,K-ATPase. More important, they provide convincing evidence for unexpected increases in basal-lateral enzyme at higher salinities and thus raise a fundamental objection to the long-postulated role of the Na pump in secretory NaCl transport.", "contents": "Teleost chloride cell. II. Autoradiographic localization of gill Na,K-ATPase in killifish Fundulus heteroclitus adapted to low and high salinity environments. The specific binding and inhibitory action of (3H)ouabain were employed to localize transport Na,K-ATPase in the euryhaline teleost gill, a NaCl-transporting osmoregulatory tissue in which both enzyme activity and transepithelial transport vary with environmental salinity. In killifish fully adapted to 10%, 100%, or 200% seawater, the gills were internally perfused and externally irrigated in situ. After suitable internal or external exposure to (3H)ouabain, individual gill arches were excised for Na,K-ATPase assay, measurement of radiolabel binding, or quantitative high-resolution autoradiography. Internal exposure to 50 muM ouabain resulted in essentially complete enzyme inhibition, and binding paralleled the increases in enzyme activity at higher salinities; in contrast, external exposure gave minimal and erratic results consistent with leakage of external ouabain into interstitial fluid. (3H)Ouabain autoradiographs demonstrated that, irrespective of exposure or salinity, most of the gill binding was associated with chloride cell. These cells increased in size and number with salinity and, at the subcellular level, the distribution pattern for bound ouabain was always identical to that for the amplified basal-lateral (tubular system) membrane. The combined physiologicmorphologic results constitute final direct proof that chloride cells are the primary site of gill Na,K-ATPase. More important, they provide convincing evidence for unexpected increases in basal-lateral enzyme at higher salinities and thus raise a fundamental objection to the long-postulated role of the Na pump in secretory NaCl transport."}
{"id": "PMID:132452", "title": "[Mixed dacron-vein bypass. Apropos of 33 cases].", "content": "The use of a mixed dacron-vein by-pass is a technical device permitting one to palliate the impossibility of using exclusively venous material. 33 by-passes were thus carried out:--30 distal by-passes;--3 proximal by-passes. The interest of this technique is the possibility of implanting on a small caliber artery, e.g. profunda femoris, popliteal or femoral artery. The main technical point is the immediate anastomosis. Since this article was drawn-up, the indications for this procedure have been multiplied and, over a period of six months, we carried out 32 new mixed by-passes.--27 proximal by-passes;--5 distal by-passes.", "contents": "[Mixed dacron-vein bypass. Apropos of 33 cases]. The use of a mixed dacron-vein by-pass is a technical device permitting one to palliate the impossibility of using exclusively venous material. 33 by-passes were thus carried out:--30 distal by-passes;--3 proximal by-passes. The interest of this technique is the possibility of implanting on a small caliber artery, e.g. profunda femoris, popliteal or femoral artery. The main technical point is the immediate anastomosis. Since this article was drawn-up, the indications for this procedure have been multiplied and, over a period of six months, we carried out 32 new mixed by-passes.--27 proximal by-passes;--5 distal by-passes."}
{"id": "PMID:132454", "title": "Alteration in intracellular sodium concentration and ouabain-sensitive ATPase in erythrocytes from hyperthyroid patients.", "content": "The activity of the ouabain-sensitive sodium-potassium-activated component of the ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme system (ouabain sensitive ATPase) was studied in the erythrocyte membranes of 10 patients with hyperthyroidism, and found to be decreased in all 10 patients. The mean ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity was 43 +/- 4 nmol Pi/mg tissue/h in the patients, compared with 69 +/- 5 nmol Pi/mg tissue/h in the erythrocyte membranes of 10 paired control subjects. The mean concentration of sodium within the erythrocytes was 10.8 +/- 0.9 nmol/liter of red blood cells in the patients and 7.2 +/- 0.3 nmol/liter of red blood cells in the controls. The decrease in ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity did not appear to be associated with a change in the ligand sensitivity of ATPase, nor was there a difference in the activity of the ouabain-insensitive component of ATPase. Serial studies to follow the effects of treatment of hyperthyroidism on red cell membrane ATPase were performed repeatedly in one of these patients. There was a significant inverse correlation between L-thyroxine (T4) and ouabain-sensitive ATPase, as both variables returned to normal. Normal erythrocyte membranes were assayed for ATPase activity in the presence of varying concentrations of L-triiodothyronine (T3) and T4, and following pre-incubation with T4. No significant effect on erythrocyte membrane ATPase was demonstrated in either series of experiments. It can be concluded from these studies that the decreased sodium efflux in the erythrocytes of patients with hyperthyroidism is associated with a decrease in the activity of the ouabain-sensitive component of ATPase in the erythrocyte membrane. The failure to reproduce this effect in vitro suggests that it does not represent a direct effect of the thyroid hormones on the mature erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Alteration in intracellular sodium concentration and ouabain-sensitive ATPase in erythrocytes from hyperthyroid patients. The activity of the ouabain-sensitive sodium-potassium-activated component of the ATP-hydrolyzing enzyme system (ouabain sensitive ATPase) was studied in the erythrocyte membranes of 10 patients with hyperthyroidism, and found to be decreased in all 10 patients. The mean ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity was 43 +/- 4 nmol Pi/mg tissue/h in the patients, compared with 69 +/- 5 nmol Pi/mg tissue/h in the erythrocyte membranes of 10 paired control subjects. The mean concentration of sodium within the erythrocytes was 10.8 +/- 0.9 nmol/liter of red blood cells in the patients and 7.2 +/- 0.3 nmol/liter of red blood cells in the controls. The decrease in ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity did not appear to be associated with a change in the ligand sensitivity of ATPase, nor was there a difference in the activity of the ouabain-insensitive component of ATPase. Serial studies to follow the effects of treatment of hyperthyroidism on red cell membrane ATPase were performed repeatedly in one of these patients. There was a significant inverse correlation between L-thyroxine (T4) and ouabain-sensitive ATPase, as both variables returned to normal. Normal erythrocyte membranes were assayed for ATPase activity in the presence of varying concentrations of L-triiodothyronine (T3) and T4, and following pre-incubation with T4. No significant effect on erythrocyte membrane ATPase was demonstrated in either series of experiments. It can be concluded from these studies that the decreased sodium efflux in the erythrocytes of patients with hyperthyroidism is associated with a decrease in the activity of the ouabain-sensitive component of ATPase in the erythrocyte membrane. The failure to reproduce this effect in vitro suggests that it does not represent a direct effect of the thyroid hormones on the mature erythrocyte membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:132455", "title": "Assay of pig growth hormone preparations for metabolic activities in the rat and in man.", "content": "The possible somatotropic effect in man of porcine growth hormone (pGH) and its plasmin digest has not been comprehensively studied before. For this purpose, pGH was digested with rat or human plasmin; acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed less than 10% native pGH remaining in the digests. Native pGH and the 2 types of plasmin digest possessed similar GH potency, as measured by the weight gain assay in the hypophysectomized rat: 1-2 IU/mg. In 7 GH-deficient children and 3 adults with myotonic dystrophy, we measured the capacity of human GH (hGH), pGH, and pGH plasmin digests to cause: a) the retention of N, P, K, Na, and Cl; b) a rise in plasma free fatty acids; c) a fall in plasma alpha-amino NL d) impaired glucose tolerance; and e) hyperinsulinemia. Human GH was active in all respects at minimal effective dosages of .0168 to 0.168 IU/kg BW(3/4) per day. The pGH preparations had no detectable effect at 0.532 I.U./kg BW(3/4)/day. The data show that in man pGH and its plasmin digests possess less than 1/30, less than 1/10, and less than 1/3 the anabolic, adipokinetic, and diabetogenic potencies of hGH, respectively.", "contents": "Assay of pig growth hormone preparations for metabolic activities in the rat and in man. The possible somatotropic effect in man of porcine growth hormone (pGH) and its plasmin digest has not been comprehensively studied before. For this purpose, pGH was digested with rat or human plasmin; acrylamide gel electrophoresis showed less than 10% native pGH remaining in the digests. Native pGH and the 2 types of plasmin digest possessed similar GH potency, as measured by the weight gain assay in the hypophysectomized rat: 1-2 IU/mg. In 7 GH-deficient children and 3 adults with myotonic dystrophy, we measured the capacity of human GH (hGH), pGH, and pGH plasmin digests to cause: a) the retention of N, P, K, Na, and Cl; b) a rise in plasma free fatty acids; c) a fall in plasma alpha-amino NL d) impaired glucose tolerance; and e) hyperinsulinemia. Human GH was active in all respects at minimal effective dosages of .0168 to 0.168 IU/kg BW(3/4) per day. The pGH preparations had no detectable effect at 0.532 I.U./kg BW(3/4)/day. The data show that in man pGH and its plasmin digests possess less than 1/30, less than 1/10, and less than 1/3 the anabolic, adipokinetic, and diabetogenic potencies of hGH, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:132456", "title": "Hepatitis B infection in health care personnel of an institution for mentally handicapped children and adults.", "content": "The health care personnel (HCP) of an institution for the mentally handicapped were serially tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) and antibody over a period of 1.5 years. HBSAg was present in 1.8% and anti-HBS in 20.8% of HCP. The prevalence of seropositive HCP appeared to be related to the age and the prevalence of seropositive residents cared for by the HCP. The occurrence of seropositivity was higher in the HCP who cared for children under 15 years of age, who demonstrated a high prevalence of HBSAg or anti-HBS. Although the prevalence of HBSAg-positive subjects was 4- to 8-fold lower in HCP than in residents, the degree of seroconversion in susceptible seronegative HCP and residents was strikingly similar. These observations suggest that HCP working in a closed institutional setting are at considerable risk of contacting hepatitis B infection.", "contents": "Hepatitis B infection in health care personnel of an institution for mentally handicapped children and adults. The health care personnel (HCP) of an institution for the mentally handicapped were serially tested for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) and antibody over a period of 1.5 years. HBSAg was present in 1.8% and anti-HBS in 20.8% of HCP. The prevalence of seropositive HCP appeared to be related to the age and the prevalence of seropositive residents cared for by the HCP. The occurrence of seropositivity was higher in the HCP who cared for children under 15 years of age, who demonstrated a high prevalence of HBSAg or anti-HBS. Although the prevalence of HBSAg-positive subjects was 4- to 8-fold lower in HCP than in residents, the degree of seroconversion in susceptible seronegative HCP and residents was strikingly similar. These observations suggest that HCP working in a closed institutional setting are at considerable risk of contacting hepatitis B infection."}
{"id": "PMID:132457", "title": "Phage typing of Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "Thirteen phages were isolated from lysogenic cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis from a clinical laboratory and used to type 223 clinical isolates of this organism. The 18 phages isolated in The Netherlands were used to type these same cultures. No correlation was observed between phage type, biotype, or clinical source of isolation. At phage concentrations of 100 times the routine test dilution, 35.0% of the cultures were typable with out phages and 21.5% were typable with the phages from The Netherlands. When only cultures in biotype 1 were considered, 43.3 and 24.1% of 141 cultures were typable with our phages and those from The Netherlands, respectively. The lytic reactions obtained with our phages were generally stronger and easier to read and the lytic patterns were, almost invariably, shorter. The typability of untypable cultures was increased 12.0% by incubation at 45 C prior to phage typing and 20% by heat shock (55 C for 5 min) prior to typing. Phage typing 5 subcultures of 20 typable cultures on 5 successive days showed that the lytic patterns were reproducible. The present status of phage typing S. epidermidis and the work needed to obtain a set of typing phages for epidemiological studies of infections by this organism are discussed.", "contents": "Phage typing of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Thirteen phages were isolated from lysogenic cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis from a clinical laboratory and used to type 223 clinical isolates of this organism. The 18 phages isolated in The Netherlands were used to type these same cultures. No correlation was observed between phage type, biotype, or clinical source of isolation. At phage concentrations of 100 times the routine test dilution, 35.0% of the cultures were typable with out phages and 21.5% were typable with the phages from The Netherlands. When only cultures in biotype 1 were considered, 43.3 and 24.1% of 141 cultures were typable with our phages and those from The Netherlands, respectively. The lytic reactions obtained with our phages were generally stronger and easier to read and the lytic patterns were, almost invariably, shorter. The typability of untypable cultures was increased 12.0% by incubation at 45 C prior to phage typing and 20% by heat shock (55 C for 5 min) prior to typing. Phage typing 5 subcultures of 20 typable cultures on 5 successive days showed that the lytic patterns were reproducible. The present status of phage typing S. epidermidis and the work needed to obtain a set of typing phages for epidemiological studies of infections by this organism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132458", "title": "Prevention and reversal of cholera enterotoxin-induced intestinal secretion by methylprednisolone induction of Na+-K+-ATPase.", "content": "The relationship of the mucosal enzyme systems Na+-K+-activated adenosine triphophatase (Na-K-ATPase) and adenylate cyclase and their associated intestinal transport processes was studied in the rat ileum. Two ileal loops were constructed in each anesthetized rat; one loop was inoculated with saline, the other loop with choleragen. Net transport of water and electrolytes was measured in vivo after which enzyme activity was measured in the mucosa of the perfused loops. All doses of choleragen between 5 and 150 mug decreased water movement as early as 3 1/2 h after inoculation. A linear relationship between the dose of choleragen and the level of net water and electrolyte secretion was observed when choleragen doses between 5 and 150 mug were incubated in ileal loops for 4 h. Adenylate cyclase activity was always increased in secreting intestinal loops, whereas Na-K-ATPase was unaffected by choleragen. In animals pretreated with methylprednisolone acetate, 3 mg/100 g per day for 3 days before loop inoculation, saline loops had enhanced mucosal Na-K-ATPase activity had increased net water and electrolyte absorption; choleragen-exposed loops had increased adenylate cyclase and Na-K-ATPase activities, and net absorption of water and electrolytes 4 h after inoculation. These effects of methylprednisolone acetate were still present 19 1/2 h after inoculation. When a single injection of methylprednisolone acetate was given 3 1/2 h after choleragen inoculation, both adenylate cyclase and Na-K-ATPase were activated, and net intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes was observed 19 1/2 h after inoculation. These results suggest that methylprednisolone can prevent and reverse the secretory effects of choleragen by selectively stimulating a coexisting absorptive process.", "contents": "Prevention and reversal of cholera enterotoxin-induced intestinal secretion by methylprednisolone induction of Na+-K+-ATPase. The relationship of the mucosal enzyme systems Na+-K+-activated adenosine triphophatase (Na-K-ATPase) and adenylate cyclase and their associated intestinal transport processes was studied in the rat ileum. Two ileal loops were constructed in each anesthetized rat; one loop was inoculated with saline, the other loop with choleragen. Net transport of water and electrolytes was measured in vivo after which enzyme activity was measured in the mucosa of the perfused loops. All doses of choleragen between 5 and 150 mug decreased water movement as early as 3 1/2 h after inoculation. A linear relationship between the dose of choleragen and the level of net water and electrolyte secretion was observed when choleragen doses between 5 and 150 mug were incubated in ileal loops for 4 h. Adenylate cyclase activity was always increased in secreting intestinal loops, whereas Na-K-ATPase was unaffected by choleragen. In animals pretreated with methylprednisolone acetate, 3 mg/100 g per day for 3 days before loop inoculation, saline loops had enhanced mucosal Na-K-ATPase activity had increased net water and electrolyte absorption; choleragen-exposed loops had increased adenylate cyclase and Na-K-ATPase activities, and net absorption of water and electrolytes 4 h after inoculation. These effects of methylprednisolone acetate were still present 19 1/2 h after inoculation. When a single injection of methylprednisolone acetate was given 3 1/2 h after choleragen inoculation, both adenylate cyclase and Na-K-ATPase were activated, and net intestinal absorption of water and electrolytes was observed 19 1/2 h after inoculation. These results suggest that methylprednisolone can prevent and reverse the secretory effects of choleragen by selectively stimulating a coexisting absorptive process."}
{"id": "PMID:132459", "title": "A review and selection of simple laboratory methods used for the study of glycosaminoglycan excretion and the diagnosis of the mucopolysaccharidoses.", "content": "The current state of knowledge on the biochemical abnormalities in the mucopolysaccharidoses is reviewed. Methods for the estimation and identification of glycoasminoglycans excreted in the mucopolysaccharidoses are discussed and a selection of simple and reliable methods of value in a small hospital laboratory have been given in detail in an appendix.", "contents": "A review and selection of simple laboratory methods used for the study of glycosaminoglycan excretion and the diagnosis of the mucopolysaccharidoses. The current state of knowledge on the biochemical abnormalities in the mucopolysaccharidoses is reviewed. Methods for the estimation and identification of glycoasminoglycans excreted in the mucopolysaccharidoses are discussed and a selection of simple and reliable methods of value in a small hospital laboratory have been given in detail in an appendix."}
{"id": "PMID:132460", "title": "Diseases and histological normality of the renal glomerulus: a clinicopathological study.", "content": "Thirty-seven percutaneous renal biopsies showing no significant abnormalities on light microscopy were studied electron optically and by immunofluorescence when available. Assessment of the pathological material was followed by analysis of the patients' clinical notes, and a clinicopathological correlation was carried out. Twenty-three patients fulfilled the clinical criteria of minimal change disease; 10 did not behave clinically as minimal change and showed immune complex deposition; two had benign recurrent haematuria; and two had myelomatosis. Our study shows that if diagnosis is based solely on the light microscope appearances of renal biopsy, diseases other than minimal change are likely to be overlooked. Accuracy of diagnosis in structural terms requires additional immunofluorescence and electron microscopic study; final clinical diagnosis also requires careful follow-up, and repeat biopsy may be necessary.", "contents": "Diseases and histological normality of the renal glomerulus: a clinicopathological study. Thirty-seven percutaneous renal biopsies showing no significant abnormalities on light microscopy were studied electron optically and by immunofluorescence when available. Assessment of the pathological material was followed by analysis of the patients' clinical notes, and a clinicopathological correlation was carried out. Twenty-three patients fulfilled the clinical criteria of minimal change disease; 10 did not behave clinically as minimal change and showed immune complex deposition; two had benign recurrent haematuria; and two had myelomatosis. Our study shows that if diagnosis is based solely on the light microscope appearances of renal biopsy, diseases other than minimal change are likely to be overlooked. Accuracy of diagnosis in structural terms requires additional immunofluorescence and electron microscopic study; final clinical diagnosis also requires careful follow-up, and repeat biopsy may be necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:132461", "title": "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "The authors investigated the ultrastructure of the epidermis of two children who suffered from the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (or the Ritter's type of toxic epidermal necrolysis). This syndrome is attributed to the action of an exfoliative toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus phage group II. A characteristic bullous cleavage was selectively observed at the level of the granular layer, without any damage in other epidermal layers. This cleavage was the result of disruption of of desmosomes between granular cells in two halves, each half desmosome conserving the tonofilaments which were attached to its attachment plaque. No remarkable cytoplasmic alteration occurred in the granular layer, with the exception of the development of thickened tonofilaments among dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Odland bodies were particularly numerous in the areas of desmosomal disruption. This syndrome must be considered as an entity clinically, histologically and ultrastructurally separate from the drug form of toxic epidermal necrolysis.", "contents": "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. An ultrastructural study. The authors investigated the ultrastructure of the epidermis of two children who suffered from the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (or the Ritter's type of toxic epidermal necrolysis). This syndrome is attributed to the action of an exfoliative toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus phage group II. A characteristic bullous cleavage was selectively observed at the level of the granular layer, without any damage in other epidermal layers. This cleavage was the result of disruption of of desmosomes between granular cells in two halves, each half desmosome conserving the tonofilaments which were attached to its attachment plaque. No remarkable cytoplasmic alteration occurred in the granular layer, with the exception of the development of thickened tonofilaments among dilated endoplasmic reticulum. Odland bodies were particularly numerous in the areas of desmosomal disruption. This syndrome must be considered as an entity clinically, histologically and ultrastructurally separate from the drug form of toxic epidermal necrolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:132463", "title": "Surgical correction of intertriginous soft corns.", "content": "A new surgical technique for the excision of intertriginous soft corns with advancement of the floor of toe webs is presented.", "contents": "Surgical correction of intertriginous soft corns. A new surgical technique for the excision of intertriginous soft corns with advancement of the floor of toe webs is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:132462", "title": "Characteristics of permanent teeth in persons with trisomy G.", "content": "Tooth size and morphology have been studied in 35 participants with trisomy G. The control material was obtained from 33 dental students. Special attention has been paid to the mean cusp pattern of the upper first and second molars. The classification matrix for the linear discriminant function analysis between participants with trisomy G and controls, based on five selected variables that determine the cusp pattern, showed three misclassifications.", "contents": "Characteristics of permanent teeth in persons with trisomy G. Tooth size and morphology have been studied in 35 participants with trisomy G. The control material was obtained from 33 dental students. Special attention has been paid to the mean cusp pattern of the upper first and second molars. The classification matrix for the linear discriminant function analysis between participants with trisomy G and controls, based on five selected variables that determine the cusp pattern, showed three misclassifications."}
{"id": "PMID:132465", "title": "Conditions that mimic skin cancer.", "content": "There are several conditions that may clinically and microscopically mimic skin cancer. Some of the more serious and unusual differential problems are infections, neoplasms, non-infectious granulomas, and ulcers. Particular attention is given to giant keratoacanthoma dn the Buschke-Lowenstein wart.", "contents": "Conditions that mimic skin cancer. There are several conditions that may clinically and microscopically mimic skin cancer. Some of the more serious and unusual differential problems are infections, neoplasms, non-infectious granulomas, and ulcers. Particular attention is given to giant keratoacanthoma dn the Buschke-Lowenstein wart."}
{"id": "PMID:132466", "title": "Papillon-Lefevre syndrome: report of two cases in the same family.", "content": "Two cases of Papillon-Lefevre syndrome have been seen in the same family. The characteristic features of the syndrome are shown to be present in both children and the main characteristics are hyperkeratosis of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet; destruction of the periodontium of the deciduous teeth with subsequent premature loss of the teeth; and destruction of the periodontium of the permanent teeth and the premature loss of these teeth usually before 16 years of age.", "contents": "Papillon-Lefevre syndrome: report of two cases in the same family. Two cases of Papillon-Lefevre syndrome have been seen in the same family. The characteristic features of the syndrome are shown to be present in both children and the main characteristics are hyperkeratosis of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet; destruction of the periodontium of the deciduous teeth with subsequent premature loss of the teeth; and destruction of the periodontium of the permanent teeth and the premature loss of these teeth usually before 16 years of age."}
{"id": "PMID:132469", "title": "[Influence of pre- and postnatal exercises on the abdominal wall].", "content": "The authors took a number of biometric measurements from two groups of young women who had had babies. A statistical study of the facts that were obtained shows that muscular strength and tone in the abdominal wall comes back quicker in women who have followed specialised courses of gymnastics before and after delivery.", "contents": "[Influence of pre- and postnatal exercises on the abdominal wall]. The authors took a number of biometric measurements from two groups of young women who had had babies. A statistical study of the facts that were obtained shows that muscular strength and tone in the abdominal wall comes back quicker in women who have followed specialised courses of gymnastics before and after delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:132503", "title": "Simultaneous localization of proteoglycan by light and electron microscopy using toluidine blue O. A study of epiphyseal cartilage.", "content": "The simultaneous localization of proteoglycan by light and electron microscopy was demonstrated by fixing epiphyseal cartilage in a glutaraldehyde toluidine blue O solution. Sections cut for light microscopy viewing and those cut for electron microscopy required no further staining, although, in the latter case, staining with uranyl acetate and lead improved the overall contrast. By this technique, electron-dense structures were seen concentrated about the cells which were actively synthesizing matrix, and these structures appeared to bind collagen fibrils. Similar structures were not seen in conventionally fixed tissue. They could also not be identified when the specimens were previously incubated with the proteoglycan-digesting enzyme, papain, prior to toluidine blue O fixation. The toluidine blue O fixation method, unlike conventional fixation and staining, retained proteoglycan in the pericellular areas of actively synthesizing cells and made it visible by light and electron microscopy. It appears that proteoglycans is both precipitated and stained by the presence of toluidine blue O during fixation.", "contents": "Simultaneous localization of proteoglycan by light and electron microscopy using toluidine blue O. A study of epiphyseal cartilage. The simultaneous localization of proteoglycan by light and electron microscopy was demonstrated by fixing epiphyseal cartilage in a glutaraldehyde toluidine blue O solution. Sections cut for light microscopy viewing and those cut for electron microscopy required no further staining, although, in the latter case, staining with uranyl acetate and lead improved the overall contrast. By this technique, electron-dense structures were seen concentrated about the cells which were actively synthesizing matrix, and these structures appeared to bind collagen fibrils. Similar structures were not seen in conventionally fixed tissue. They could also not be identified when the specimens were previously incubated with the proteoglycan-digesting enzyme, papain, prior to toluidine blue O fixation. The toluidine blue O fixation method, unlike conventional fixation and staining, retained proteoglycan in the pericellular areas of actively synthesizing cells and made it visible by light and electron microscopy. It appears that proteoglycans is both precipitated and stained by the presence of toluidine blue O during fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:132504", "title": "Genetic studies in inbred rats. VI. Linkage relationships of mixed lymphocyte reactivity, serologically defined antigens (Ag-B, Ag-C) and the immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15).", "content": "The Ag-B allotype, mixed lymphocyte reactivity (MLR) and the immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) were assayed in male rats from the F2 hybrid and two backcross generations of the F344 and DA strains in order to investigate the structure of the rat major histocompatibility complex. No disparity between Ag-B type and mixed lymphocyte reactivity was found in 263 animals. The immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) was closely linked to the Ag-B locus, and both antibody production and the delayed hypersensitivity response were under polygenic control. These results suggest that the genetic loci which determine these responses in the rat are closely linked and that recombinational events between the Ag-B and MLR loci are infrequent.", "contents": "Genetic studies in inbred rats. VI. Linkage relationships of mixed lymphocyte reactivity, serologically defined antigens (Ag-B, Ag-C) and the immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15). The Ag-B allotype, mixed lymphocyte reactivity (MLR) and the immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) were assayed in male rats from the F2 hybrid and two backcross generations of the F344 and DA strains in order to investigate the structure of the rat major histocompatibility complex. No disparity between Ag-B type and mixed lymphocyte reactivity was found in 263 animals. The immune response to poly(Glu52Lys33Tyr15) was closely linked to the Ag-B locus, and both antibody production and the delayed hypersensitivity response were under polygenic control. These results suggest that the genetic loci which determine these responses in the rat are closely linked and that recombinational events between the Ag-B and MLR loci are infrequent."}
{"id": "PMID:132505", "title": "Diagnostic procedures in immunodermatology.", "content": "Most immunologic diseases are caused by the derailment of the humoral or cellular pathways of the immunologic defense system. This derailment results from numerous factors such as the inability of the patient to remove the pathogen; the consumption, defect, or deficiency in any component of these pathways, and the overproduction of any of the components. To diagnose these immunologic disorders one has to detect the pathogen and the reactions caused by it and to determine the cause of its nonclearance. The immunofluorescence techniques has been invaluable in detecting both the antigen that causes the disease and the reactions initiated by the antigen, such as the production of antibodies and the activation of the complement system. The immunoperoxidase technique has also been used for these purposes in certain instances. For detecting the circulating immune complexes which occur as intermediates in the chain of reactions initiated by the antigen, various physiochemical and biologic techniques have been used. However, none of these tests seems to be totally reliable for determining whether circulating immune complexes are present. The consumption of complement was detected by hemolytic estimations and radial immunodiffusion or rocket electrphoresis. These techniques were also useful in detecting the hereditary deficiencies in immunoglobulins and components of classical and alternative pathways of complement activation. Since these techniques cannot be used to estimate IgE, the radioallergosorbent test was used to measure such levels in the atopic patients. Cellular hypersensitivity was detected with skin tests together with methods which assess the ability of lymphocytes to produce mediators in response to antigen. Many of these mediator assays, however, are not suitable for this purpose. A satisfactory substitute appears to be to determine the factor in antigen-stimulated, lymphocyte culture supernatants which activates macrophages to take up radiolabeled colloidal gold or radiolabeled glucosamine. In contact allergic dermatitis, an increase in the IgD-bearing lymphocytes and granulocytes has also been correlated with cellular hypersensitivity. Lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes coated with antibodies mainly directed against nuclear antigens of the basal layer cells of the noninvolved epidermis have invariably been encountered in psoriasis. The use of these findings for diagnostic purposes and for understanding the mechanisms of certain diseases is being explored.", "contents": "Diagnostic procedures in immunodermatology. Most immunologic diseases are caused by the derailment of the humoral or cellular pathways of the immunologic defense system. This derailment results from numerous factors such as the inability of the patient to remove the pathogen; the consumption, defect, or deficiency in any component of these pathways, and the overproduction of any of the components. To diagnose these immunologic disorders one has to detect the pathogen and the reactions caused by it and to determine the cause of its nonclearance. The immunofluorescence techniques has been invaluable in detecting both the antigen that causes the disease and the reactions initiated by the antigen, such as the production of antibodies and the activation of the complement system. The immunoperoxidase technique has also been used for these purposes in certain instances. For detecting the circulating immune complexes which occur as intermediates in the chain of reactions initiated by the antigen, various physiochemical and biologic techniques have been used. However, none of these tests seems to be totally reliable for determining whether circulating immune complexes are present. The consumption of complement was detected by hemolytic estimations and radial immunodiffusion or rocket electrphoresis. These techniques were also useful in detecting the hereditary deficiencies in immunoglobulins and components of classical and alternative pathways of complement activation. Since these techniques cannot be used to estimate IgE, the radioallergosorbent test was used to measure such levels in the atopic patients. Cellular hypersensitivity was detected with skin tests together with methods which assess the ability of lymphocytes to produce mediators in response to antigen. Many of these mediator assays, however, are not suitable for this purpose. A satisfactory substitute appears to be to determine the factor in antigen-stimulated, lymphocyte culture supernatants which activates macrophages to take up radiolabeled colloidal gold or radiolabeled glucosamine. In contact allergic dermatitis, an increase in the IgD-bearing lymphocytes and granulocytes has also been correlated with cellular hypersensitivity. Lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes coated with antibodies mainly directed against nuclear antigens of the basal layer cells of the noninvolved epidermis have invariably been encountered in psoriasis. The use of these findings for diagnostic purposes and for understanding the mechanisms of certain diseases is being explored."}
{"id": "PMID:132506", "title": "Comparative studies on the structure and aggregative properties of the myosin molecule. I. The structure of the lobster myosin molecule.", "content": "Myosin purified from the abdominal flexor muscle of the lobster, Homarus americanus, has a number average length of 1559 +/- 218 A, a rod like tail 1335 A long and a globular head 225 X 45 A as determined from electron microscopic observations on platinum shadowed preparations. The mass of the molecule was determined to be ca. 486,000 daltons from high speed equilibrium centrifugation studies at neutral and alkaline pH, and by SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both sedimentation equilibrium centrifuge studies at alkaline pH and SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments, indicate that the molecule contains a heavy chain core (two polypeptide chains weighing ca. 210,000 daltons each) and ca. four light chains of two weight classes (ca. 16,000 and 20,000 daltons). The amino acid composition of the myosin was determined. The specific activities of the Mg2+ -activated, K+/EDTA-activated, and Ca2+ -activated ATPases of the myosin were determined. Kinetic analysis of the digestion of lobster myosin with trypsin suggests that lobster myosin contains three classes of lysine and arginine residues; slowly split (k = 2.07 +/- 0.31 X 10(-2) moles/min2), rapidly split (k = 11.0 +/- 1.83 X 10(-2) moles/min2) and trypsin insensitive. There are 187 +/- 22 slowly split residues, 280 +/- 35 rapidly split residues, and 144 +/- 41 trypsin insensitive bonds per molecule. Comparison of these molecular parameters with those for the vertebrate skeletal muscle myosin indicates that the two myosins are similar in terms of mass, shape and overall polypeptide chain composition but may be considerably different in terms of local polypeptide chain conformation or composition.", "contents": "Comparative studies on the structure and aggregative properties of the myosin molecule. I. The structure of the lobster myosin molecule. Myosin purified from the abdominal flexor muscle of the lobster, Homarus americanus, has a number average length of 1559 +/- 218 A, a rod like tail 1335 A long and a globular head 225 X 45 A as determined from electron microscopic observations on platinum shadowed preparations. The mass of the molecule was determined to be ca. 486,000 daltons from high speed equilibrium centrifugation studies at neutral and alkaline pH, and by SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both sedimentation equilibrium centrifuge studies at alkaline pH and SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis experiments, indicate that the molecule contains a heavy chain core (two polypeptide chains weighing ca. 210,000 daltons each) and ca. four light chains of two weight classes (ca. 16,000 and 20,000 daltons). The amino acid composition of the myosin was determined. The specific activities of the Mg2+ -activated, K+/EDTA-activated, and Ca2+ -activated ATPases of the myosin were determined. Kinetic analysis of the digestion of lobster myosin with trypsin suggests that lobster myosin contains three classes of lysine and arginine residues; slowly split (k = 2.07 +/- 0.31 X 10(-2) moles/min2), rapidly split (k = 11.0 +/- 1.83 X 10(-2) moles/min2) and trypsin insensitive. There are 187 +/- 22 slowly split residues, 280 +/- 35 rapidly split residues, and 144 +/- 41 trypsin insensitive bonds per molecule. Comparison of these molecular parameters with those for the vertebrate skeletal muscle myosin indicates that the two myosins are similar in terms of mass, shape and overall polypeptide chain composition but may be considerably different in terms of local polypeptide chain conformation or composition."}
{"id": "PMID:132507", "title": "Effects of exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate on various enzymes and on steroid metabolism in the guinea-pig.", "content": "Treatment of male guinea-pigs daily with an oral dose of 2 mg dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) sulphate/100 g body weight for 2 weeks significantly reduced the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity of erythrocytes, liver, kidney and testis. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in plasma also decreased, but L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOT) and L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GPT) activity in plasma remained unaffected. In liver and kidney, however, a significant rise in GOT and GPT was observed. A 2- to 3-7-fold increase of C19-steroids was observed in plasma, liver and kidney. In extracts of liver and kidney more than 60% of steroids were isolated from the sulphatide fraction. Only minor changes were detected in the metabolic pattern of C19-steroids, 17-hydroxysteroids prevailing in the free and sulphatide fractions, while 17-oxosteroids predominated in the sulphate and glucuronide fractions. A slight rise of cyclic AMP concentrations in liver and kidney tissue was attributed to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase by the DHA/G-6-PDH system", "contents": "Effects of exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate on various enzymes and on steroid metabolism in the guinea-pig. Treatment of male guinea-pigs daily with an oral dose of 2 mg dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) sulphate/100 g body weight for 2 weeks significantly reduced the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activity of erythrocytes, liver, kidney and testis. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in plasma also decreased, but L-aspartate: 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOT) and L-alanine:2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GPT) activity in plasma remained unaffected. In liver and kidney, however, a significant rise in GOT and GPT was observed. A 2- to 3-7-fold increase of C19-steroids was observed in plasma, liver and kidney. In extracts of liver and kidney more than 60% of steroids were isolated from the sulphatide fraction. Only minor changes were detected in the metabolic pattern of C19-steroids, 17-hydroxysteroids prevailing in the free and sulphatide fractions, while 17-oxosteroids predominated in the sulphate and glucuronide fractions. A slight rise of cyclic AMP concentrations in liver and kidney tissue was attributed to the inhibition of phosphodiesterase by the DHA/G-6-PDH system"}
{"id": "PMID:132508", "title": "Polarization variations induced by high hydrostatic pressures in the isolated frog skin as related to the effects on passive ionic permeability and active Na+ transport.", "content": "The effects of a wide range of hydrostatic pressures (from 50 to 1000 kg/cm2) have been investigated on the spontaneous potential difference (PD), the short-circuit current (SCC) and the activity of the membrane ATPases of the isolated abdominal skin from the frog Rana temporaria L. Two types of variations in PD are induced by pressure changes: short and transient potential variations which appear to be related to the pressure change (compression and decompression) and lasting variations which persist as long as pressure is applied and whose nature appears to be related to the pressure magnitude. Long-lasting potential changes have particularly been investigated. At pressures lower than 500 kg/cm2, the skin potential increases while a pressure over 500-600 kg/cm2 induces a depolarization. Both variations consecutively occur at 500 +/- 100 kg/cm2. These effects of pressure have been shown to be reversible up to about 800 kg/cm2. The question of the origin of the potential changes is discussed and it is proposed that the lasting hyperpolarization results from an effect on the passive permeabilities to Na+, K+ and Cl- ions inducing in turm a secondary readjustment (stimulation) of the Na+ active transport while the depolarization at high pressures reflects a direct inhibition of the Na+ pump. These interpretations are supported by experimental data on the effects of pressure on the short-circuit current and on the activity of the skin (Na+ + K+) ATPase.", "contents": "Polarization variations induced by high hydrostatic pressures in the isolated frog skin as related to the effects on passive ionic permeability and active Na+ transport. The effects of a wide range of hydrostatic pressures (from 50 to 1000 kg/cm2) have been investigated on the spontaneous potential difference (PD), the short-circuit current (SCC) and the activity of the membrane ATPases of the isolated abdominal skin from the frog Rana temporaria L. Two types of variations in PD are induced by pressure changes: short and transient potential variations which appear to be related to the pressure change (compression and decompression) and lasting variations which persist as long as pressure is applied and whose nature appears to be related to the pressure magnitude. Long-lasting potential changes have particularly been investigated. At pressures lower than 500 kg/cm2, the skin potential increases while a pressure over 500-600 kg/cm2 induces a depolarization. Both variations consecutively occur at 500 +/- 100 kg/cm2. These effects of pressure have been shown to be reversible up to about 800 kg/cm2. The question of the origin of the potential changes is discussed and it is proposed that the lasting hyperpolarization results from an effect on the passive permeabilities to Na+, K+ and Cl- ions inducing in turm a secondary readjustment (stimulation) of the Na+ active transport while the depolarization at high pressures reflects a direct inhibition of the Na+ pump. These interpretations are supported by experimental data on the effects of pressure on the short-circuit current and on the activity of the skin (Na+ + K+) ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:132509", "title": "The Fc receptor on thymus-derived lymphocytes. III. Mixed lymphocyte reactivity and cell-mediated lympholytic activity of Fc- and Fc+ T lymphocytes.", "content": "The involvement of Fc- and Fc+ T cells, separated on the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, in proliferative and cytotoxic responses to alloantigens was examined. The cytotoxic lymphocytes generated by in vivo exposure to allogeneic tumor cells were shown to express the Fc receptor. The proliferative responses to alloantigen exposure in mixed lymphocyte cultures was equivalent in intensity for unseparated T cells, the Fc+ T-cell fraction, and the Fc- T-cell fraction isolated from nonsensitized spleen cells. In contrast, the cytotoxic responses generated by the Fc- T-cell fraction (less than 1% Fc+) were much weaker than the cytotoxic responses generated by the Fc+ T-cell fraction (80-90% Fc+), and the responses of the Fc+ T-cell fraction were generally weaker than, or equal to the responses of unseparated T cells (Fc- T less than Fc+ T less than or equal to unseparated T). Mixtures of the Fc- and Fc+ T-cell fractions mounted stronger cytotoxic responses than the sum of the responses of either fraction alone. Examination of the Ly phenotypes of the synergizing populations revealed that the CL precursor activity (Ly-2+ T cells) resided in the Fc- T-cell population, and that the amplifier T-cell activity (Ly-1+ T cells) resided in the Fc+ T-cell population. The data are discussed in terms of T-cell heterogeneity, differentiation, and intercellular interaction.", "contents": "The Fc receptor on thymus-derived lymphocytes. III. Mixed lymphocyte reactivity and cell-mediated lympholytic activity of Fc- and Fc+ T lymphocytes. The involvement of Fc- and Fc+ T cells, separated on the fluorescence-activated cell sorter, in proliferative and cytotoxic responses to alloantigens was examined. The cytotoxic lymphocytes generated by in vivo exposure to allogeneic tumor cells were shown to express the Fc receptor. The proliferative responses to alloantigen exposure in mixed lymphocyte cultures was equivalent in intensity for unseparated T cells, the Fc+ T-cell fraction, and the Fc- T-cell fraction isolated from nonsensitized spleen cells. In contrast, the cytotoxic responses generated by the Fc- T-cell fraction (less than 1% Fc+) were much weaker than the cytotoxic responses generated by the Fc+ T-cell fraction (80-90% Fc+), and the responses of the Fc+ T-cell fraction were generally weaker than, or equal to the responses of unseparated T cells (Fc- T less than Fc+ T less than or equal to unseparated T). Mixtures of the Fc- and Fc+ T-cell fractions mounted stronger cytotoxic responses than the sum of the responses of either fraction alone. Examination of the Ly phenotypes of the synergizing populations revealed that the CL precursor activity (Ly-2+ T cells) resided in the Fc- T-cell population, and that the amplifier T-cell activity (Ly-1+ T cells) resided in the Fc+ T-cell population. The data are discussed in terms of T-cell heterogeneity, differentiation, and intercellular interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:132511", "title": "Altered growth hormone release in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "Glucose tolerance tests have been performed on five patients with Huntington's chorea and no difference in response has been observed compared with seven controls. Insulin tolerance tests have been performed on 12 patients with Huntington's chorea and 10 controls. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals for 75 minutes and analysed for blood glucose, insulin, and growth hormone (HGH). There was no difference between the groups in the hypoglycaemia which developed. The patients, however, had an earlier elevation of HGH than the controls. The difference was highly significant (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.02) 30 and 35 minutes after the intravenous injection of insulin. The patients, although awake, ceased to have choreiform movements for at least the last 60 minutes of the insulin tolerance tests. Our observations of HGH release imply that hypothalamic activity is altered in Huntington's chorea. Further observations of HGH release may therefore be of value in its diagnosis.", "contents": "Altered growth hormone release in Huntington's chorea. Glucose tolerance tests have been performed on five patients with Huntington's chorea and no difference in response has been observed compared with seven controls. Insulin tolerance tests have been performed on 12 patients with Huntington's chorea and 10 controls. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals for 75 minutes and analysed for blood glucose, insulin, and growth hormone (HGH). There was no difference between the groups in the hypoglycaemia which developed. The patients, however, had an earlier elevation of HGH than the controls. The difference was highly significant (P less than 0.001, P less than 0.02) 30 and 35 minutes after the intravenous injection of insulin. The patients, although awake, ceased to have choreiform movements for at least the last 60 minutes of the insulin tolerance tests. Our observations of HGH release imply that hypothalamic activity is altered in Huntington's chorea. Further observations of HGH release may therefore be of value in its diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:132512", "title": "Acetylcholine and choline in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea.", "content": "Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) levels were measured in patients with Huntington's chorea (N=11), Parkinson's disease (N=8), and subjects at risk for Huntington's chorea (N=4), and all three groups were found not to differ significantly from normal controls (N=10). The values found for lumbar CSF ACh and Ch levels in the normal subjects were comparable with previously reported values. The use of physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, in collecting the CSF samples did not appear to make a difference with regard to ACh and Ch concentrations. Evidence suggesting a ventricular-lumbar gradient, with lumbar CSF Ch concentration being less than ventricular CSF Ch concentration, was found. Finally, ACh levels in CSF did not correlate with corresponding Ch levels.", "contents": "Acetylcholine and choline in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) levels were measured in patients with Huntington's chorea (N=11), Parkinson's disease (N=8), and subjects at risk for Huntington's chorea (N=4), and all three groups were found not to differ significantly from normal controls (N=10). The values found for lumbar CSF ACh and Ch levels in the normal subjects were comparable with previously reported values. The use of physostigmine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, in collecting the CSF samples did not appear to make a difference with regard to ACh and Ch concentrations. Evidence suggesting a ventricular-lumbar gradient, with lumbar CSF Ch concentration being less than ventricular CSF Ch concentration, was found. Finally, ACh levels in CSF did not correlate with corresponding Ch levels."}
{"id": "PMID:132513", "title": "Role of local hyperfibrinolysis in the etiology of chronic subdural hematoma.", "content": "The authors describe studies performed on material aspirated from chronic subdural hematomas. Patients were given 51Cr-labeled red cells prior to aspiration, and it was possible to demonstrate that the mean daily hemorrhage into the hematoma space amounted to 10.2% of its volume. Immunoelectrophoresis of the aspirated hematoma fluid by monospecific anti-human fibrinogen revealed the presence of fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products that, measured by hemagglutination-inhibition immunoassay techniques, varied between 5.0 and 10,500 mug/ml with an average of 2604 mug/ml in 18 cases. The tissue activator was demonstrated by Todd's histological localization in the outer membrane of the chronic subdural hematoma in 11 cases, but not in the inner membrane. These results indicate that if a clot in the subdural space causes the formation of neomembrane, and excessive fibrinolysis occurs, the subdural clot would not only liquefy, but also enlarge by continuous hemorrhage from the neomembrane. Therefore, local hyperfibrinolysis and continuous bleeding are important in the etiology of the chronic subdural hematoma.", "contents": "Role of local hyperfibrinolysis in the etiology of chronic subdural hematoma. The authors describe studies performed on material aspirated from chronic subdural hematomas. Patients were given 51Cr-labeled red cells prior to aspiration, and it was possible to demonstrate that the mean daily hemorrhage into the hematoma space amounted to 10.2% of its volume. Immunoelectrophoresis of the aspirated hematoma fluid by monospecific anti-human fibrinogen revealed the presence of fibrin and fibrinogen degradation products that, measured by hemagglutination-inhibition immunoassay techniques, varied between 5.0 and 10,500 mug/ml with an average of 2604 mug/ml in 18 cases. The tissue activator was demonstrated by Todd's histological localization in the outer membrane of the chronic subdural hematoma in 11 cases, but not in the inner membrane. These results indicate that if a clot in the subdural space causes the formation of neomembrane, and excessive fibrinolysis occurs, the subdural clot would not only liquefy, but also enlarge by continuous hemorrhage from the neomembrane. Therefore, local hyperfibrinolysis and continuous bleeding are important in the etiology of the chronic subdural hematoma."}
{"id": "PMID:132514", "title": "Results of treatment of chronic low-back pain at the Portland Pain Center.", "content": "We have evaluated 100 consecutive patients with low-back pain admitted to the Portland Pain Center. The average patient had been disabled for about 6 years, and had had an average of two surgical attempts to improve his symptoms. Most of the patients considered had open claims with their Workmen's Compensation carriers. Significant gains were demonstrated in drug reduction, general well behavior, and increased range of motion and exercise tolerance. The Pain Center setting provides a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of chronic low-back pain. Significant increases in functional capacity are demonstrated.", "contents": "Results of treatment of chronic low-back pain at the Portland Pain Center. We have evaluated 100 consecutive patients with low-back pain admitted to the Portland Pain Center. The average patient had been disabled for about 6 years, and had had an average of two surgical attempts to improve his symptoms. Most of the patients considered had open claims with their Workmen's Compensation carriers. Significant gains were demonstrated in drug reduction, general well behavior, and increased range of motion and exercise tolerance. The Pain Center setting provides a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of chronic low-back pain. Significant increases in functional capacity are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:132523", "title": "Thiocardenolides I: synthesis and biological actions of 3beta-thiocyanato-14beta-hydroxy-5beta-card-20(22)-enolide.", "content": "The synthesis of a 3beta-thiocyanatocardenolide is described. The compound exhibited about 0.1 times the cardiotonic effect of digitoxyigenin in the isolated frog heart preparation. At a dosage of 20 mg/kg in the intact rat, it elicited ECG changes similar to those seen with a 10-mg/kg dose of digitoxigenin. Studies also revealed the new cardenolide to be a reversible inhibitor of sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase.", "contents": "Thiocardenolides I: synthesis and biological actions of 3beta-thiocyanato-14beta-hydroxy-5beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The synthesis of a 3beta-thiocyanatocardenolide is described. The compound exhibited about 0.1 times the cardiotonic effect of digitoxyigenin in the isolated frog heart preparation. At a dosage of 20 mg/kg in the intact rat, it elicited ECG changes similar to those seen with a 10-mg/kg dose of digitoxigenin. Studies also revealed the new cardenolide to be a reversible inhibitor of sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:132524", "title": "An inhibitory role for brain serotonin-containing systems in the locomotor effects of d-amphetamine.", "content": "Locomotor activity induced by d-amphetamine was found to be potentiated by food deprivation, a tryptophan-free diet, p-chlorophenylalanine and drugs proposed to antagonize serotonin receptors in brain. Administration of L-tryptophan 1 hour prior to d-amphetamine injection was found to antagonize the enhanced response to d-amphetamine in starved rats and in rats which had tryptophan removed from their diet. However, tryptophan did not block the potentiated response to d-amphetamine in animals pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine. These findings suggested that the antagonism of d-amphetamine-induced activity by tryptophan in starved rats and rats fed a tryptophan-free diet was not due to a nonspecific depressant effect of the amino acid. Since accumulation of d-amphetamine and its metabolites was not affected by any of the treatments which enhanced its activity, it seems unlikely that an alteration in the metabolism of d-amphetamine can explain these findings. The present work provides additional support for the view that serotonergic fibers play an important role in the actions of d-amphetamine.", "contents": "An inhibitory role for brain serotonin-containing systems in the locomotor effects of d-amphetamine. Locomotor activity induced by d-amphetamine was found to be potentiated by food deprivation, a tryptophan-free diet, p-chlorophenylalanine and drugs proposed to antagonize serotonin receptors in brain. Administration of L-tryptophan 1 hour prior to d-amphetamine injection was found to antagonize the enhanced response to d-amphetamine in starved rats and in rats which had tryptophan removed from their diet. However, tryptophan did not block the potentiated response to d-amphetamine in animals pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine. These findings suggested that the antagonism of d-amphetamine-induced activity by tryptophan in starved rats and rats fed a tryptophan-free diet was not due to a nonspecific depressant effect of the amino acid. Since accumulation of d-amphetamine and its metabolites was not affected by any of the treatments which enhanced its activity, it seems unlikely that an alteration in the metabolism of d-amphetamine can explain these findings. The present work provides additional support for the view that serotonergic fibers play an important role in the actions of d-amphetamine."}
{"id": "PMID:132525", "title": "Behavioral evidence for supersensitivity following destruction of central serotonergic nerve terminals by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine.", "content": "Previous studies have established that a complex behavioral syndrome--consisting of tremor, rigidity, hindlimb abduction. Straub tail, lateral head weaving and reciprocal forepaw treading--is a specific reflection of the activity of central serotonin receptors. This syndrome was utilized in the present study to test for supersensitivity in the central serotonergic system. Specific destruction of central serotonin nerve terminals by intraventricular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, 50 mug) in adult male rats pretreated with a catecholamine uptake blocking agent resulted in marked supersensitivity to serotonin precursors and agonists. The greatest degree of supersensitivity was observed in response to L-5-hydroxytryptophan, for which the ED50 for elicitation of the syndrome was 20% of the value for control rats. A lesser degree of supersensitivity was seen in response to L-tryptophan (following monoamine oxidase inhibition) and the direct-acting serotonin agonist, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, for which the ED50 was approximately 50% of the control value in both cases. Supersensitivity begins to develop within 24 hours and is relatively complete by 96 hours after 5,7-DHT. A marked subsensitivity to the serotonin releasing agent, fenfluramine, was found in 5,7-DHT-treated rats. In contrast to the marked supersensitivity to serotonin precursors and agonists which occurs following 5,7-DHT, chronic administration of a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (400 mg/kg every 3 days for a total of 24 days), did not produce supersensitivity to L-5-hydroxytryptophan or 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Possible pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms for the development of supersensitivity are discussed.", "contents": "Behavioral evidence for supersensitivity following destruction of central serotonergic nerve terminals by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. Previous studies have established that a complex behavioral syndrome--consisting of tremor, rigidity, hindlimb abduction. Straub tail, lateral head weaving and reciprocal forepaw treading--is a specific reflection of the activity of central serotonin receptors. This syndrome was utilized in the present study to test for supersensitivity in the central serotonergic system. Specific destruction of central serotonin nerve terminals by intraventricular injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT, 50 mug) in adult male rats pretreated with a catecholamine uptake blocking agent resulted in marked supersensitivity to serotonin precursors and agonists. The greatest degree of supersensitivity was observed in response to L-5-hydroxytryptophan, for which the ED50 for elicitation of the syndrome was 20% of the value for control rats. A lesser degree of supersensitivity was seen in response to L-tryptophan (following monoamine oxidase inhibition) and the direct-acting serotonin agonist, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, for which the ED50 was approximately 50% of the control value in both cases. Supersensitivity begins to develop within 24 hours and is relatively complete by 96 hours after 5,7-DHT. A marked subsensitivity to the serotonin releasing agent, fenfluramine, was found in 5,7-DHT-treated rats. In contrast to the marked supersensitivity to serotonin precursors and agonists which occurs following 5,7-DHT, chronic administration of a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (400 mg/kg every 3 days for a total of 24 days), did not produce supersensitivity to L-5-hydroxytryptophan or 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine. Possible pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms for the development of supersensitivity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132526", "title": "Post-tetanic hyperpolarization, sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase and high energy phosphate levels in garfish olfactory nerve.", "content": "1. While much is now known about the Na-K-ATPase and the posttetanic hyperpolarization of nervous tissue, they have yet to be studied together in the same preparation. 2. The post-tetanic hyperpolarization was studied in desheathed garfish olfactory nerve. The rate constant of decay of the post-tetanic hyperpolarization was determined by monitoring difference potentials after stimulation at 1/sec for 2-3 min. 3. In membrane fractions prepared from these nerves, the ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity (Na-K-ATPase) was determined by spectrophotometric measurements. 4. Both the post-tetanic hyperpolarization and the Na-K-ATPase showed a similar sigmoidal dependence on K+ concentration. The sequence of cation specificities measured at the K-site of the enzyme was the same as that determined by post-tetanic hyperpolarization measurements in whole nerve. 5. The rate constants of the enzyme showed a dependence on Na+ concentration that paralleled the way in which the post-tetanic hyperpolarization rate constants varied as a function of the number of impulses. When Na+ was completely replaced by Li+, neither enzyme activity nor post-tetanic hyperpolarization could be measured. 6. The pH optimum for enzyme activity was between pH 7-0 and 7-8, while the optimal pH for post-tetanic hyperpolarization was above pH 8-0. 7. Metabolite levels in preparations of this nerve studied in vitro correspond to levels found in vivo. 8. High energy phosphate levels were measured fluorometrically in extracts of nerve samples that had been stimulated in air at 1/sec for various intervals. 9. During the first 2 min of stimulation, there was a significant accumulation of inorganic phosphate, and the ATP/ADP.Pi ratio dropped appreciably. 10. The accumulation of ATPase products was commensurate with the approach of post-tetanic hyperpolarization rate constants to their maximum level. This provides direct evidence for an ATPase functioning in active Na+ transport in nerve. 11. The garfish Na-K-ATPase is sensitive to the ATP/ADP ratio of the incubating medium, but is relatively insensitive to orthophosphate, Pi. The fall in post-tetanic hyperpolarization rate constants observed with continued nerve stimulation may have been partially due to the falling ATP/ADP ratio measured in nerve under similar conditions.", "contents": "Post-tetanic hyperpolarization, sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase and high energy phosphate levels in garfish olfactory nerve. 1. While much is now known about the Na-K-ATPase and the posttetanic hyperpolarization of nervous tissue, they have yet to be studied together in the same preparation. 2. The post-tetanic hyperpolarization was studied in desheathed garfish olfactory nerve. The rate constant of decay of the post-tetanic hyperpolarization was determined by monitoring difference potentials after stimulation at 1/sec for 2-3 min. 3. In membrane fractions prepared from these nerves, the ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity (Na-K-ATPase) was determined by spectrophotometric measurements. 4. Both the post-tetanic hyperpolarization and the Na-K-ATPase showed a similar sigmoidal dependence on K+ concentration. The sequence of cation specificities measured at the K-site of the enzyme was the same as that determined by post-tetanic hyperpolarization measurements in whole nerve. 5. The rate constants of the enzyme showed a dependence on Na+ concentration that paralleled the way in which the post-tetanic hyperpolarization rate constants varied as a function of the number of impulses. When Na+ was completely replaced by Li+, neither enzyme activity nor post-tetanic hyperpolarization could be measured. 6. The pH optimum for enzyme activity was between pH 7-0 and 7-8, while the optimal pH for post-tetanic hyperpolarization was above pH 8-0. 7. Metabolite levels in preparations of this nerve studied in vitro correspond to levels found in vivo. 8. High energy phosphate levels were measured fluorometrically in extracts of nerve samples that had been stimulated in air at 1/sec for various intervals. 9. During the first 2 min of stimulation, there was a significant accumulation of inorganic phosphate, and the ATP/ADP.Pi ratio dropped appreciably. 10. The accumulation of ATPase products was commensurate with the approach of post-tetanic hyperpolarization rate constants to their maximum level. This provides direct evidence for an ATPase functioning in active Na+ transport in nerve. 11. The garfish Na-K-ATPase is sensitive to the ATP/ADP ratio of the incubating medium, but is relatively insensitive to orthophosphate, Pi. The fall in post-tetanic hyperpolarization rate constants observed with continued nerve stimulation may have been partially due to the falling ATP/ADP ratio measured in nerve under similar conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:132530", "title": "An inexpensive method for documenting laparoscopic findings.", "content": "This article discusses a method for endoscopic photography as recommended by Lesesne. He presented his experience with this technique in the field of gastrointestinal endoscopy. This communication reviews his method and shows it also to be applicable to laparoscopy.", "contents": "An inexpensive method for documenting laparoscopic findings. This article discusses a method for endoscopic photography as recommended by Lesesne. He presented his experience with this technique in the field of gastrointestinal endoscopy. This communication reviews his method and shows it also to be applicable to laparoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:132531", "title": "Scalp hair patterns in mental subnormality.", "content": "Scalp hair patterns have been examined in 1901 healthy subjects and 1789 severely subnormal patients. Patients with Down's syndrome had a highly significant excess of midline occipital whorls and a deficit of right-sided occipital whorls. Five out of 44 patients with microcephaly had a distinct 'up-sweep' of the frontal hair, a much lower proportion than found previously. Patients with unspecified mental subnormality had a highly significant deficit of multiple occipital whorls. Cutis verticis gyrata was noted incidentally in 15 subnormal patients, 13 of whom were males. Observation of hair patterns in individual patients with mental subnormality is of theoretical interest but is unlikely to be of great practical value.", "contents": "Scalp hair patterns in mental subnormality. Scalp hair patterns have been examined in 1901 healthy subjects and 1789 severely subnormal patients. Patients with Down's syndrome had a highly significant excess of midline occipital whorls and a deficit of right-sided occipital whorls. Five out of 44 patients with microcephaly had a distinct 'up-sweep' of the frontal hair, a much lower proportion than found previously. Patients with unspecified mental subnormality had a highly significant deficit of multiple occipital whorls. Cutis verticis gyrata was noted incidentally in 15 subnormal patients, 13 of whom were males. Observation of hair patterns in individual patients with mental subnormality is of theoretical interest but is unlikely to be of great practical value."}
{"id": "PMID:132533", "title": "Child development and disability: competency-based clerkship.", "content": "The training of medical students in the subject of mental retardation is important in broadening the physician's role in dealing with chronic disability. A competency-based training model is presented which specifies competencies, achievement methods, and evaluation procedures for a clerkship. The focus for training is on developing practical skills and a positive orientation toward developmental problems. Evaluative measures for 12 students rotating through the clerkship showed positive knowledge and attitude changes. Competency-based training is recommended as a model for preparing physicians to serve as advocates and resources for persons with chronic conditions.", "contents": "Child development and disability: competency-based clerkship. The training of medical students in the subject of mental retardation is important in broadening the physician's role in dealing with chronic disability. A competency-based training model is presented which specifies competencies, achievement methods, and evaluation procedures for a clerkship. The focus for training is on developing practical skills and a positive orientation toward developmental problems. Evaluative measures for 12 students rotating through the clerkship showed positive knowledge and attitude changes. Competency-based training is recommended as a model for preparing physicians to serve as advocates and resources for persons with chronic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:132535", "title": "Cystometric, sphincter and electromyelographic abnormalities in Parkinson's disease.", "content": "Bladder function was studied in 24 patients with a diagnosis of parkinsonism using cystometry, sphincter electromyography, flowmetry and electromyelography. A high incidence of disturbances in detrusor function and sphincter control was documented and the signal tracing studies showed prolonged conduction times, giving evidence of peripheral neuropathy. The abnormalities of detrusor function were ascribed to the lesion of the basal ganglia, whereas the sphincter disturbances indicate impairment of the corticospinal tract as a result of Parkinson's disease.", "contents": "Cystometric, sphincter and electromyelographic abnormalities in Parkinson's disease. Bladder function was studied in 24 patients with a diagnosis of parkinsonism using cystometry, sphincter electromyography, flowmetry and electromyelography. A high incidence of disturbances in detrusor function and sphincter control was documented and the signal tracing studies showed prolonged conduction times, giving evidence of peripheral neuropathy. The abnormalities of detrusor function were ascribed to the lesion of the basal ganglia, whereas the sphincter disturbances indicate impairment of the corticospinal tract as a result of Parkinson's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:132537", "title": "The \"athletic heart\". Prevalence and physiological significance of left ventricular enlargement in distance runners.", "content": "To evaluate the prevalence and importance of \"physiological\" left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in athletes, 30 marathon runners were studied. Electrocardiographic evidence of LVH, present in 24 subjects, was associated with concomitant echocardiographic evidence of a thickened left ventricular (LV) posterior wall in five, with an enlarged end-diastolic LV diameter in three, as well as with roentgenographic evidence of cardiomegaly in three subjects. Echocardiographic evidence of superior LV function was noted in six. Maximal treadmill stress provoked no ischemic change. Cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation commonly develop in well-conditioned athletes, but the changes in LV size are slight. This \"physiological\" type of LVH does not lead to an ischemic response during exercise, in contrast to that which is seen in pathological forms of LVH. Physiological LVH may, however, contribute to superior ventricular function.", "contents": "The \"athletic heart\". Prevalence and physiological significance of left ventricular enlargement in distance runners. To evaluate the prevalence and importance of \"physiological\" left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in athletes, 30 marathon runners were studied. Electrocardiographic evidence of LVH, present in 24 subjects, was associated with concomitant echocardiographic evidence of a thickened left ventricular (LV) posterior wall in five, with an enlarged end-diastolic LV diameter in three, as well as with roentgenographic evidence of cardiomegaly in three subjects. Echocardiographic evidence of superior LV function was noted in six. Maximal treadmill stress provoked no ischemic change. Cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation commonly develop in well-conditioned athletes, but the changes in LV size are slight. This \"physiological\" type of LVH does not lead to an ischemic response during exercise, in contrast to that which is seen in pathological forms of LVH. Physiological LVH may, however, contribute to superior ventricular function."}
{"id": "PMID:132540", "title": "Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. A laparoscopic approach.", "content": "Four of our patients had classical Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. Persistent right upper-gradrant pain prompted extensive medical evaluation; anibiotic therapy fialed to relieve the symptoms. In each case, laparoscopy proved to be an ideal method for obtaining definitive diagnosis and therapy. Typical perihepatic violin-string adhesions were cauterized and divided under direct vision with dramatic resolution of symptoms.", "contents": "Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. A laparoscopic approach. Four of our patients had classical Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome. Persistent right upper-gradrant pain prompted extensive medical evaluation; anibiotic therapy fialed to relieve the symptoms. In each case, laparoscopy proved to be an ideal method for obtaining definitive diagnosis and therapy. Typical perihepatic violin-string adhesions were cauterized and divided under direct vision with dramatic resolution of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:132541", "title": "Tyrosine-induced eye and skin lesions. A treatable genetic disease.", "content": "Tyrosine-induced eye and skin lesions in man are an autosomal, recessive, inherited syndrome associated with tyrosinemia, tyrosinuria, and increased urinary excretion of tyrosine metabolites. Patients have mild to severe keratitis and erosive and hyperkeratotic lesions on the palms and soles. The degree of involvement was variable in the small number of patients studied. Mental retardation is frequently a part of the syndrome. A low-tyrosine low-phenylalanine diet lowers blood tyrosine level and leads to healing of the skin and eye lesions. Early dietary treatment may prevent mental retardation.", "contents": "Tyrosine-induced eye and skin lesions. A treatable genetic disease. Tyrosine-induced eye and skin lesions in man are an autosomal, recessive, inherited syndrome associated with tyrosinemia, tyrosinuria, and increased urinary excretion of tyrosine metabolites. Patients have mild to severe keratitis and erosive and hyperkeratotic lesions on the palms and soles. The degree of involvement was variable in the small number of patients studied. Mental retardation is frequently a part of the syndrome. A low-tyrosine low-phenylalanine diet lowers blood tyrosine level and leads to healing of the skin and eye lesions. Early dietary treatment may prevent mental retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:132542", "title": "Echocardiographic recognition of the cardiac mural tumor.", "content": "An abnormal echocardiographic signal was detected in the myocardium on the echocardiographic examination of the septum and posterior left ventricular wall in a patient found to have lymphosarcoma which was diffusely infiltrated in the myocardium. This echocardiographic abnormality was well correlated with the autopsy findings. Echocardiography appears to be one of useful methods in diagnosing cardiac mural tumor antemortemly.", "contents": "Echocardiographic recognition of the cardiac mural tumor. An abnormal echocardiographic signal was detected in the myocardium on the echocardiographic examination of the septum and posterior left ventricular wall in a patient found to have lymphosarcoma which was diffusely infiltrated in the myocardium. This echocardiographic abnormality was well correlated with the autopsy findings. Echocardiography appears to be one of useful methods in diagnosing cardiac mural tumor antemortemly."}
{"id": "PMID:132543", "title": "An autopsied case of Eisenmenger syndrome complicated by recurrent thromboembolic phenomena in postpartal period.", "content": "Dyspnea, back pain, edema, and cyanosis developed suddenly in a 23-year-old woman during the last trimester of her first pregnancy. Although she had been noticed to have the enlarged heart and exertional shortness of breath to a slight degree, she had been apparently in good condition without any significant heart murmurs. Clinically, recurrent episodes of disseminated intravascular coagulation, including pulmonary thrombosis, were thought to be superimposed to Eisenmenger syndrome associated with toxemia of pregnancy. Anticoagulant and fibrinolytic treatments were tried, but their effectiveness was limited by hemorrhagic diathesis. She died of respiratory and circulatory failure after delivery of a moribund baby. Autopsy revealed Eisenmenger complex (a defect in the membranous portion of the interventricular septum and pulmonary vascular disease) and many fresh hemmorrhages in both lungs with a lot of new and organized thrombi. Fresh thrombi were also seen in the heart, the pancreas and the kidneys. The high peripartal mortality in Eisenmenger syndrome could be attributed to pulmonary thrombosis, which may be related to DIC, as well as to peripartal changes in circulatory function.", "contents": "An autopsied case of Eisenmenger syndrome complicated by recurrent thromboembolic phenomena in postpartal period. Dyspnea, back pain, edema, and cyanosis developed suddenly in a 23-year-old woman during the last trimester of her first pregnancy. Although she had been noticed to have the enlarged heart and exertional shortness of breath to a slight degree, she had been apparently in good condition without any significant heart murmurs. Clinically, recurrent episodes of disseminated intravascular coagulation, including pulmonary thrombosis, were thought to be superimposed to Eisenmenger syndrome associated with toxemia of pregnancy. Anticoagulant and fibrinolytic treatments were tried, but their effectiveness was limited by hemorrhagic diathesis. She died of respiratory and circulatory failure after delivery of a moribund baby. Autopsy revealed Eisenmenger complex (a defect in the membranous portion of the interventricular septum and pulmonary vascular disease) and many fresh hemmorrhages in both lungs with a lot of new and organized thrombi. Fresh thrombi were also seen in the heart, the pancreas and the kidneys. The high peripartal mortality in Eisenmenger syndrome could be attributed to pulmonary thrombosis, which may be related to DIC, as well as to peripartal changes in circulatory function."}
{"id": "PMID:132544", "title": "A clinicopathological study on the electrical axis of the heart in 1,000 autopsy cases.", "content": "The electrical axis of the heart in 1,000 aged people more than 56 years of age was classified as normal axis in 58%, left axis deviation in 17.4%, mild left axis devaition in 21.9%, and right axis deviation in 2.7%. Pathological examination disclosed that left axis deviation was associated with myocardial infarction in 20%, right bundle branch block in 16%, but showed no significant relationships with coronary sclerosis, myocardial fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy. Right axis deviation was associated with right bundle branch block in 66.7% and right ventricular hypertrophy in 22.2%", "contents": "A clinicopathological study on the electrical axis of the heart in 1,000 autopsy cases. The electrical axis of the heart in 1,000 aged people more than 56 years of age was classified as normal axis in 58%, left axis deviation in 17.4%, mild left axis devaition in 21.9%, and right axis deviation in 2.7%. Pathological examination disclosed that left axis deviation was associated with myocardial infarction in 20%, right bundle branch block in 16%, but showed no significant relationships with coronary sclerosis, myocardial fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy. Right axis deviation was associated with right bundle branch block in 66.7% and right ventricular hypertrophy in 22.2%"}
{"id": "PMID:132545", "title": "Potassium-induced changes in the electromechanical and ATPase activity of guinea pig heart.", "content": "The effects of various concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mM) of potassium chloride on the simultaneously recorded action potential and contractility; and Mg++-dependent, Na++-K+-stimulated membrane ATPase of guinea pig's heart were studied. In KCl-free solution, the inhibition of the Na+-K+-ATPase was associated both with a shortening of the duration of action potential and an increase in the contractility. There was a decrease in the overshoot of action potential and an increase in the resting potential. Potassium chloride produced a concentration dependent lengthening of the action potential duration; decrease in the contraction and resting potential; and an increase in the overshoot of action potential and Na+-K+-ATPase activity. The changes in the action potential and contraction were associated with the changes in the Na+-K-ATPase activity. The changes in the ATPase activity preceded the changes in the action potential and contractility. The involvement of ATPase in the genesis of the resting potential; overshoot and duration of action potential; and contraction has been discussed.", "contents": "Potassium-induced changes in the electromechanical and ATPase activity of guinea pig heart. The effects of various concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 mM) of potassium chloride on the simultaneously recorded action potential and contractility; and Mg++-dependent, Na++-K+-stimulated membrane ATPase of guinea pig's heart were studied. In KCl-free solution, the inhibition of the Na+-K+-ATPase was associated both with a shortening of the duration of action potential and an increase in the contractility. There was a decrease in the overshoot of action potential and an increase in the resting potential. Potassium chloride produced a concentration dependent lengthening of the action potential duration; decrease in the contraction and resting potential; and an increase in the overshoot of action potential and Na+-K+-ATPase activity. The changes in the action potential and contraction were associated with the changes in the Na+-K-ATPase activity. The changes in the ATPase activity preceded the changes in the action potential and contractility. The involvement of ATPase in the genesis of the resting potential; overshoot and duration of action potential; and contraction has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132546", "title": "Malignant hypertension and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia.", "content": "The fourth case found in Japan manifesting the features of malignant hypertension and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MHA) was reported. In this case, bilateral nephrectomy brought down the blood pressure and relieved MHA. The patient has since been maintained alive and well on hemodialysis up to the time of this report.", "contents": "Malignant hypertension and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia. The fourth case found in Japan manifesting the features of malignant hypertension and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MHA) was reported. In this case, bilateral nephrectomy brought down the blood pressure and relieved MHA. The patient has since been maintained alive and well on hemodialysis up to the time of this report."}
{"id": "PMID:132553", "title": "Difference between inhibitory actions of papaverine and dehydroepiandrosterone on the isolated guinea-pig ileum.", "content": "Dehydroepiandrosterone (DEA), a metabolite of steroid hormone in the urine, differed from papaverine in the mode of inhibitory action on the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Papaverine inhibited both phasic and tonic contractions induced by an agonist, while DEA inhibited the phasic contraction without apparent fatigue of the tonic phase. The main action of papaverine seems to be predominatly a metabolic inhibition similar to that of metabolic inhibitors, but the action of DEA could not be ascribed to that of metabolic inhibition. In the presence of papaverine or metabolic inhibitors the height of maximal contraction of an agonist tested by the cumulative method was greatly depressed and less than that by a single method. The longer the time involved in the cumulative doses, the lower was the maximal contraction.", "contents": "Difference between inhibitory actions of papaverine and dehydroepiandrosterone on the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DEA), a metabolite of steroid hormone in the urine, differed from papaverine in the mode of inhibitory action on the isolated guinea-pig ileum. Papaverine inhibited both phasic and tonic contractions induced by an agonist, while DEA inhibited the phasic contraction without apparent fatigue of the tonic phase. The main action of papaverine seems to be predominatly a metabolic inhibition similar to that of metabolic inhibitors, but the action of DEA could not be ascribed to that of metabolic inhibition. In the presence of papaverine or metabolic inhibitors the height of maximal contraction of an agonist tested by the cumulative method was greatly depressed and less than that by a single method. The longer the time involved in the cumulative doses, the lower was the maximal contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:132566", "title": "[Comparative study on the effect of anticholinergic substances on basic gastric secretion as well as on gastric secretion stimulated by pentagastrin or hypoglycemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of orally administered ipratropiumbromide and propanthelinbromide on the basic gastric secretion as well as on the gastric secretion stimulated by pentagastrin or hypoglycemia due to application of insulin was tested intraindividually in a double blind comparative study. Drug dosage and time after the drug effect was measured varied. In addition the anticholinergic effect of ipratropiumbromide on the basic as well as on the gastric secretion stimulated by pentagastrin was compared to that of oxacepam. The inhibitory effect of ipratropiumbromide on the basic gastric secretion as well as on the secretion stimulated by pentagastrin and hypoglycemia is more pronounced than that of propanthelinbromid. The effect on the basic secretion reached its peak 450 min after drug application whereas the maximal effect on pentagastrin stimulated secretion showed earlier. The effect described was only seen with a dose of the anticholinergic drug of at least 30 mg. A combination of ipratropiumbromide+oxacepam has no effect stronger than ipratropiumbromide alone. On the contrary, it rather seems to have an augementative effect on pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretion that may be compensated completely by ipratropiumbromide. On the basic of these results a direct influence of anticholinergic substances on the parietal cell is discussed.", "contents": "[Comparative study on the effect of anticholinergic substances on basic gastric secretion as well as on gastric secretion stimulated by pentagastrin or hypoglycemia (author's transl)]. The effect of orally administered ipratropiumbromide and propanthelinbromide on the basic gastric secretion as well as on the gastric secretion stimulated by pentagastrin or hypoglycemia due to application of insulin was tested intraindividually in a double blind comparative study. Drug dosage and time after the drug effect was measured varied. In addition the anticholinergic effect of ipratropiumbromide on the basic as well as on the gastric secretion stimulated by pentagastrin was compared to that of oxacepam. The inhibitory effect of ipratropiumbromide on the basic gastric secretion as well as on the secretion stimulated by pentagastrin and hypoglycemia is more pronounced than that of propanthelinbromid. The effect on the basic secretion reached its peak 450 min after drug application whereas the maximal effect on pentagastrin stimulated secretion showed earlier. The effect described was only seen with a dose of the anticholinergic drug of at least 30 mg. A combination of ipratropiumbromide+oxacepam has no effect stronger than ipratropiumbromide alone. On the contrary, it rather seems to have an augementative effect on pentagastrin stimulated gastric secretion that may be compensated completely by ipratropiumbromide. On the basic of these results a direct influence of anticholinergic substances on the parietal cell is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132567", "title": "A comparative pathology study of myocardial lesions and atherosclerosis in Japanese men living in Hiroshima, Japan and Honolulu, Hawaii.", "content": "Autopsies were conducted on Japanese men from 45 to 71 years of age in Hiroshima, Japan (191 patients) and in Honolulu, Hawaii (298 patients). They were performed according to a common protocol. In both locations the patients studied were representative of decedents from population-based cohorts with respect to age and cause of death. The degree of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries and aorta, assessed according to the panel method, was found to be substantially more severe in men in Hawaii than in those in Japan. Areas of recent myocardial necrosis were 3.5 times more frequent in men in Honolulu than in those in Hiroshima. Large myocardial scars were 1.5 times more frequent in the men in Honolulu. It was characteristic of men in Honolulu that severe atherosclerosis and myocardial lesions appeared at younger ages than in those in Hiroshima. These data demonstrate that there is an increase in the frequency and severity of ischemic lesion in the myocardium of Japanese who have migrated to Hawaii and that this increase is the result of atherosclerosis of the extramural segments of the coronary arteries.", "contents": "A comparative pathology study of myocardial lesions and atherosclerosis in Japanese men living in Hiroshima, Japan and Honolulu, Hawaii. Autopsies were conducted on Japanese men from 45 to 71 years of age in Hiroshima, Japan (191 patients) and in Honolulu, Hawaii (298 patients). They were performed according to a common protocol. In both locations the patients studied were representative of decedents from population-based cohorts with respect to age and cause of death. The degree of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries and aorta, assessed according to the panel method, was found to be substantially more severe in men in Hawaii than in those in Japan. Areas of recent myocardial necrosis were 3.5 times more frequent in men in Honolulu than in those in Hiroshima. Large myocardial scars were 1.5 times more frequent in the men in Honolulu. It was characteristic of men in Honolulu that severe atherosclerosis and myocardial lesions appeared at younger ages than in those in Hiroshima. These data demonstrate that there is an increase in the frequency and severity of ischemic lesion in the myocardium of Japanese who have migrated to Hawaii and that this increase is the result of atherosclerosis of the extramural segments of the coronary arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:132572", "title": "The valve of chemotherapy in the treatment of testicular dysembryoplastic tumors.", "content": "Chemotherapy appears to be of help in treating dysembryoplastic testicular tumors. It seems better to treat first by surgery (lymphadenectomy) if possible, then (a) if no nodes are involved or only one has been discovered by microscope examination, with chemotherapy for one year; or (b) if two or more  nodes are involved, with irradiation of the nodes and chemotherapy. Even if lymphadenectomy is not possible, one course of chemotherapy followed by cobalt and more chemotherapy can bring results in some cases.", "contents": "The valve of chemotherapy in the treatment of testicular dysembryoplastic tumors. Chemotherapy appears to be of help in treating dysembryoplastic testicular tumors. It seems better to treat first by surgery (lymphadenectomy) if possible, then (a) if no nodes are involved or only one has been discovered by microscope examination, with chemotherapy for one year; or (b) if two or more  nodes are involved, with irradiation of the nodes and chemotherapy. Even if lymphadenectomy is not possible, one course of chemotherapy followed by cobalt and more chemotherapy can bring results in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:132573", "title": "Inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reaction by thoracic duct lymph: removal of inhibitory effect by thoracic duct drainage in lung cancer.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of the thoracic duct lymph of a patient with lung cancer on the \"one-way\" mixed lymphocyte reaction without cytoxicity is unequivocally demonstrated. The effect seems to be dose related. A moderate inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reaction is still observed, even if the responding cells are preincubated in the thoracic duct lymph for 1 hr only prior to the addition of stimulating cells. The inhibitory effect of thoracic duct lymph on the mixed lymphocyte reaction is no longer evident when the material is added 1-4 days after the beginning of culture. These observations suggest that the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of thoracic duct lymph may be a simple attachment of inhibitory factors to the receptor sites on the responding lymphocytes, causing interference in cell to cell interaction. The inhibitory effect of thoracic duct lymph collected 1 week after the thoracic duct drainage on mixed lymphocyte reaction is significantly lower than that of thoracic duct lymph collected at the beginning of the procedure. This indicates that the blocking effect of thoracic duct lymph can be easily removed by this technique; which is technically feasible in man. The interrelationship of the tumor-specific blocking factor, thoracic duct drainage, and tumor growth pattern are discussed with respect to the potential usefulness of this procedure as adjuvant immunotherapy in the management of patients with neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "Inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reaction by thoracic duct lymph: removal of inhibitory effect by thoracic duct drainage in lung cancer. The inhibitory effect of the thoracic duct lymph of a patient with lung cancer on the \"one-way\" mixed lymphocyte reaction without cytoxicity is unequivocally demonstrated. The effect seems to be dose related. A moderate inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reaction is still observed, even if the responding cells are preincubated in the thoracic duct lymph for 1 hr only prior to the addition of stimulating cells. The inhibitory effect of thoracic duct lymph on the mixed lymphocyte reaction is no longer evident when the material is added 1-4 days after the beginning of culture. These observations suggest that the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of thoracic duct lymph may be a simple attachment of inhibitory factors to the receptor sites on the responding lymphocytes, causing interference in cell to cell interaction. The inhibitory effect of thoracic duct lymph collected 1 week after the thoracic duct drainage on mixed lymphocyte reaction is significantly lower than that of thoracic duct lymph collected at the beginning of the procedure. This indicates that the blocking effect of thoracic duct lymph can be easily removed by this technique; which is technically feasible in man. The interrelationship of the tumor-specific blocking factor, thoracic duct drainage, and tumor growth pattern are discussed with respect to the potential usefulness of this procedure as adjuvant immunotherapy in the management of patients with neoplastic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:132574", "title": "Immunologic and chemical studies on mucopolysaccharide derived from murine lymphosarcoma.", "content": "Mucopolysaccharide was prepared from media in which the Gardner's lymphosarcoma cells were cultured. Multiple intraperitoneal injections of the preparation into syngeneic mice resulted in enhancement of the tumors which were inoculated prior to the injections. Sera of these hosts contained antibodies reacting with antigens of the outer layer of the tumor cells. Chemical analyses of the preparation showed that the mucopolysaccharide is composed of hexosamine, uronic, acid, hexose, and proteins. The mucopolysaccharide was shown to possess unique migration rate on electrophoresis and thin layer chromatography.", "contents": "Immunologic and chemical studies on mucopolysaccharide derived from murine lymphosarcoma. Mucopolysaccharide was prepared from media in which the Gardner's lymphosarcoma cells were cultured. Multiple intraperitoneal injections of the preparation into syngeneic mice resulted in enhancement of the tumors which were inoculated prior to the injections. Sera of these hosts contained antibodies reacting with antigens of the outer layer of the tumor cells. Chemical analyses of the preparation showed that the mucopolysaccharide is composed of hexosamine, uronic, acid, hexose, and proteins. The mucopolysaccharide was shown to possess unique migration rate on electrophoresis and thin layer chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:132575", "title": "Aneurysm of right-sided cervical arch: surgical removal and graft replacement.", "content": "Right-sided cervial aortic arch is a rare congenital anomaly which may cause respiratory symptoms or dysphagia. In the past, surgical correction of the cervical arch has not been attempted except in one patient in whom an erroeous diagnosis of aneurysm of the innominate artery led to an unsuccessful operation. A case is reported of a 39-year-old woman with an extensive fusiform aneurysm of a right-sided cervical arch. The arch aneurysm was successfully removed surgically and normal circulation was restored to the arch vessels. At the same operation, a ventricular septal defect was repaired with the aid of temporary cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "Aneurysm of right-sided cervical arch: surgical removal and graft replacement. Right-sided cervial aortic arch is a rare congenital anomaly which may cause respiratory symptoms or dysphagia. In the past, surgical correction of the cervical arch has not been attempted except in one patient in whom an erroeous diagnosis of aneurysm of the innominate artery led to an unsuccessful operation. A case is reported of a 39-year-old woman with an extensive fusiform aneurysm of a right-sided cervical arch. The arch aneurysm was successfully removed surgically and normal circulation was restored to the arch vessels. At the same operation, a ventricular septal defect was repaired with the aid of temporary cardiopulmonary bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:132576", "title": "Coronary perfusion and myocardial metabolism during open-heart surgery in man.", "content": "Myocardial oxygen consumption and extraction of lactate and free fatty acids (FFA) have been measured in six patients during cardiopulmonary bypass at two coronary flow rates differing by 25 per cent (109 and 148 ml. per minute). Significant differences were found between these flows and between natural and artificial coronary perfusion. This fact indicates the presence of anaerobic metabolism, especially at the lower coronary flow. These findings are discussed in relation to criteria for coronary flow and perfusion pressure during open-heart procedures.", "contents": "Coronary perfusion and myocardial metabolism during open-heart surgery in man. Myocardial oxygen consumption and extraction of lactate and free fatty acids (FFA) have been measured in six patients during cardiopulmonary bypass at two coronary flow rates differing by 25 per cent (109 and 148 ml. per minute). Significant differences were found between these flows and between natural and artificial coronary perfusion. This fact indicates the presence of anaerobic metabolism, especially at the lower coronary flow. These findings are discussed in relation to criteria for coronary flow and perfusion pressure during open-heart procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:132577", "title": "Subclavian-coronary artery anastomosis in infancy for the Bland-White-Garland syndrome: a three-year and five-year follow-up.", "content": "Two infants, 4 months and 8 months of age, with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery, underwent direct anastomosis of the left subclavian artery to the left coronary artery. In the patient operated upon at 4 months of age, the anastomosis proved to be patent by angiographic study 3 years postoperatively. However, in the patient operated upon at 8 months of age, the study 5 years postoperatively revaled clinically unsuspected occlusion at the anastomosis site. After operation, both patients symptomatically improved. The heart size decreased on radiograms, the left ventricular ejection fraction improved, and the electrocardiographic abnormality resolved to a great extent. Since the preferred treatment for this abnormality and the ideal age for operation are yet to be established, long-term angiographic follow-up of all such surgically treated patients is needed. An advantage of the subclavian-coronary artery anastomosis is its applicability in the infant.", "contents": "Subclavian-coronary artery anastomosis in infancy for the Bland-White-Garland syndrome: a three-year and five-year follow-up. Two infants, 4 months and 8 months of age, with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery, underwent direct anastomosis of the left subclavian artery to the left coronary artery. In the patient operated upon at 4 months of age, the anastomosis proved to be patent by angiographic study 3 years postoperatively. However, in the patient operated upon at 8 months of age, the study 5 years postoperatively revaled clinically unsuspected occlusion at the anastomosis site. After operation, both patients symptomatically improved. The heart size decreased on radiograms, the left ventricular ejection fraction improved, and the electrocardiographic abnormality resolved to a great extent. Since the preferred treatment for this abnormality and the ideal age for operation are yet to be established, long-term angiographic follow-up of all such surgically treated patients is needed. An advantage of the subclavian-coronary artery anastomosis is its applicability in the infant."}
{"id": "PMID:132578", "title": "Prosthesis endocarditis: treatment of a case occurring five years after a Rastelli-Ross operation.", "content": "A severe staphylococcal septicemia originating from an unknown focus occurred in a 17-year-old patient who had undergone a Rastelli-Ross operation 5 years earlier. The clinical course was complicated by extensive bilateral pneumonia, diffuse intravascular coagulation, and glomerulonephritis. After 4 weeks of intensive conservative treatment, including a daily regimen of 16 Gm. of cloxacillin, the patient was operated upon for a rapidly progressive false aneurysm, which had resulted from dehiscence of the anastomosis between the prosthesis and ventricle. The excised prosthesis proved to be sterile. The postoperative course was uneventful. Cloxacillin treatment was continued for 6 months, initially parenterally and later orally. After discontinuation of therapy, no signs of infection have occurred. Right-sided intracardiac or intravascular prosthetic material may be particularly susceptible to infections originating from the body surface.", "contents": "Prosthesis endocarditis: treatment of a case occurring five years after a Rastelli-Ross operation. A severe staphylococcal septicemia originating from an unknown focus occurred in a 17-year-old patient who had undergone a Rastelli-Ross operation 5 years earlier. The clinical course was complicated by extensive bilateral pneumonia, diffuse intravascular coagulation, and glomerulonephritis. After 4 weeks of intensive conservative treatment, including a daily regimen of 16 Gm. of cloxacillin, the patient was operated upon for a rapidly progressive false aneurysm, which had resulted from dehiscence of the anastomosis between the prosthesis and ventricle. The excised prosthesis proved to be sterile. The postoperative course was uneventful. Cloxacillin treatment was continued for 6 months, initially parenterally and later orally. After discontinuation of therapy, no signs of infection have occurred. Right-sided intracardiac or intravascular prosthetic material may be particularly susceptible to infections originating from the body surface."}
{"id": "PMID:132579", "title": "The management of aortopulmonary window: advantages of transaortic closure with a dacron patch.", "content": "Since 1970, 7 patients varying in age between 1 month and 3 years have had successful correction of an aortopulmonary septal defect. Three of these patients had associated cardiac lesions which were repaired at the same time. Extracorporeal circulation was used in 3 patients and profound hypothermia with limited extracorporeal circulation in 4. In 5 patients the defect was closed with a Dacron patch through a transaortic approach. The advantages of this method are discussed.", "contents": "The management of aortopulmonary window: advantages of transaortic closure with a dacron patch. Since 1970, 7 patients varying in age between 1 month and 3 years have had successful correction of an aortopulmonary septal defect. Three of these patients had associated cardiac lesions which were repaired at the same time. Extracorporeal circulation was used in 3 patients and profound hypothermia with limited extracorporeal circulation in 4. In 5 patients the defect was closed with a Dacron patch through a transaortic approach. The advantages of this method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132580", "title": "Patch aortoplasty for insertion of the porcine heterograft.", "content": "The porcine heterograft has been shown to be a very satisfactory replacement for the diseased aortic valve. In certain cases, the advantage of a low thromboembolism rate without anticoagulation must be weighed against the suboptimal orifice size noted in the smallest heterografts. In using the largest replacement possible, the surgeon may encounter difficulty with closure of the aortotomy. Patch aortoplasty, as used in the 4 cases reported here, allows implantation of a larger heterograft. The technique is simple and adds little time to the operation. In selected cases, enlargement of the aortic root should result in better long-term hemodynamic performance.", "contents": "Patch aortoplasty for insertion of the porcine heterograft. The porcine heterograft has been shown to be a very satisfactory replacement for the diseased aortic valve. In certain cases, the advantage of a low thromboembolism rate without anticoagulation must be weighed against the suboptimal orifice size noted in the smallest heterografts. In using the largest replacement possible, the surgeon may encounter difficulty with closure of the aortotomy. Patch aortoplasty, as used in the 4 cases reported here, allows implantation of a larger heterograft. The technique is simple and adds little time to the operation. In selected cases, enlargement of the aortic root should result in better long-term hemodynamic performance."}
{"id": "PMID:132581", "title": "Mitral valve replacement in infancy: a case report.", "content": "A 1.7 cm. Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthetic valve was successfully inserted into the mitral annulus in a 7-month-old infant weighing 4.5 kilograms. Rapidly progressive pulmonary arteriolar hypertension and heart failure required surgical intervention. Postoperative problems are discussed. This patient's rapid clinical improvement after the operation further indicates that valve replacement is an important therapeutic alternative in carefully selected infants.", "contents": "Mitral valve replacement in infancy: a case report. A 1.7 cm. Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prosthetic valve was successfully inserted into the mitral annulus in a 7-month-old infant weighing 4.5 kilograms. Rapidly progressive pulmonary arteriolar hypertension and heart failure required surgical intervention. Postoperative problems are discussed. This patient's rapid clinical improvement after the operation further indicates that valve replacement is an important therapeutic alternative in carefully selected infants."}
{"id": "PMID:132582", "title": "Sarcoma associated with dacron prosthetic material: case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of a fibrosarcoma arising in association with a Dacron prosthetic graft is reported. This is the second report of such an association. Animal studies have shown that polymeric substances can induce similar sarcomas and that pore size between the polymeric strands is an important consideration in determining carcinogenicity. Grafts with pore size less than 0.4 mu in diameter should be avoided in man until they are absolutely proved incapable of tumorogenesis.", "contents": "Sarcoma associated with dacron prosthetic material: case report and review of the literature. A case of a fibrosarcoma arising in association with a Dacron prosthetic graft is reported. This is the second report of such an association. Animal studies have shown that polymeric substances can induce similar sarcomas and that pore size between the polymeric strands is an important consideration in determining carcinogenicity. Grafts with pore size less than 0.4 mu in diameter should be avoided in man until they are absolutely proved incapable of tumorogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:132585", "title": "12. Index of ADL.", "content": "The Index of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) encompasses six basic human functions: bathing, dressing, toileting, transfer, continence, and feeding. It provides an objective method of classifying heterogeneous groups of people with chronic illnesses, disabilities and impairments, and of describing their health needs and outcomes.", "contents": "12. Index of ADL. The Index of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) encompasses six basic human functions: bathing, dressing, toileting, transfer, continence, and feeding. It provides an objective method of classifying heterogeneous groups of people with chronic illnesses, disabilities and impairments, and of describing their health needs and outcomes."}
{"id": "PMID:132586", "title": "4. Isslues in the assessment of the health status, needs, and treatment of the mentally and physically handicapped.", "content": "The importance of information for evaluating the health status, needs, and progress of the mentally and physically handicapped has been consistently argued. However, the varied nature of handicapping conditions, often aggravated by the presence of multiple conditions, the extended periods of treatment, the diverse professional groups involved, and the multiple uses and users of data pose difficult problems for uniform data collection. For these heterogenously disabled populations whose conditions are generally not fully remediable, it is especially important to have 1) data on functional ability, both current and potential, and 2) information characterizing the nature of the care environment in terms of its social and educational stimulus, barriers to functional development, and availability of supportive services in the community. In both areas, considerable work has been done to develop measurement instruments for the institutional and noninstitutional handicapped.", "contents": "4. Isslues in the assessment of the health status, needs, and treatment of the mentally and physically handicapped. The importance of information for evaluating the health status, needs, and progress of the mentally and physically handicapped has been consistently argued. However, the varied nature of handicapping conditions, often aggravated by the presence of multiple conditions, the extended periods of treatment, the diverse professional groups involved, and the multiple uses and users of data pose difficult problems for uniform data collection. For these heterogenously disabled populations whose conditions are generally not fully remediable, it is especially important to have 1) data on functional ability, both current and potential, and 2) information characterizing the nature of the care environment in terms of its social and educational stimulus, barriers to functional development, and availability of supportive services in the community. In both areas, considerable work has been done to develop measurement instruments for the institutional and noninstitutional handicapped."}
{"id": "PMID:132583", "title": "Ageing of Neurospora crassa. I. Evidence for the free radical theory of ageing from studies of a natural-death mutant.", "content": "A recessive mutant of Neurospora crassa, called natural-death, is characterized by a decreasing clonal growth potential under all nutritional conditions and the irreversible cessation of growth. The primary molecular defect of this mutant is not known. Evidence presented here, based upon measurements of the activities and thermolabilities of several enzymes, suggests that faulty protein synthesis is probably not a cause of the senescence and death of the mutant, as suggested by Lewis and Holliday (Nature, 228 (1970) 877). Three lines of evidence indicate that lipid autoxidation and associated free radical reactions contribute to the senescence and death of this mutant: (1) The relative times before the onset of senescence and death of mutant clones in the last 40% of their chronological life-span were prolonged 2 to 3-fold by either dietary antioxidants or selenite and the total life-span was increased by 40% to 80%. These compounds also alleviated the senescent morphology and enhanced biomass production; (2) Senescing clones accumulated a green fluorescent pigment in situ, but dietary antioxidant nordihydroguaiaretic acid prevented this accumulation. The fluorescent pigment exhibited the spectral properties of lipofuscin, an end product of lipid autoxidation; (3) Relative to wild type, mycelial extracts of the mutant exhibited a 2 to 4-fold excess of activities of the antioxygenic enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. We briefly review: (1) the roles of antioxygenic enzymes and antioxidants in their protection against cellular damage from lipid autoxidation and free radical reactions; and (2) the major lines of evidence which appear to support a form of the free radical theory of ageing, encompassing the interrelated processes of membrane deterioration, lipid autoxidation and deleterious free radical reactions as the major causes of cellular deterioration.", "contents": "Ageing of Neurospora crassa. I. Evidence for the free radical theory of ageing from studies of a natural-death mutant. A recessive mutant of Neurospora crassa, called natural-death, is characterized by a decreasing clonal growth potential under all nutritional conditions and the irreversible cessation of growth. The primary molecular defect of this mutant is not known. Evidence presented here, based upon measurements of the activities and thermolabilities of several enzymes, suggests that faulty protein synthesis is probably not a cause of the senescence and death of the mutant, as suggested by Lewis and Holliday (Nature, 228 (1970) 877). Three lines of evidence indicate that lipid autoxidation and associated free radical reactions contribute to the senescence and death of this mutant: (1) The relative times before the onset of senescence and death of mutant clones in the last 40% of their chronological life-span were prolonged 2 to 3-fold by either dietary antioxidants or selenite and the total life-span was increased by 40% to 80%. These compounds also alleviated the senescent morphology and enhanced biomass production; (2) Senescing clones accumulated a green fluorescent pigment in situ, but dietary antioxidant nordihydroguaiaretic acid prevented this accumulation. The fluorescent pigment exhibited the spectral properties of lipofuscin, an end product of lipid autoxidation; (3) Relative to wild type, mycelial extracts of the mutant exhibited a 2 to 4-fold excess of activities of the antioxygenic enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. We briefly review: (1) the roles of antioxygenic enzymes and antioxidants in their protection against cellular damage from lipid autoxidation and free radical reactions; and (2) the major lines of evidence which appear to support a form of the free radical theory of ageing, encompassing the interrelated processes of membrane deterioration, lipid autoxidation and deleterious free radical reactions as the major causes of cellular deterioration."}
{"id": "PMID:132587", "title": "7. Information for community planning and coordination of long-term care services.", "content": "Information indicating the number of persons requiring care and the nature of their problems is fundamental to the planning, coordination, and provision of long-term care services for a community or defined population. Need for care must be defined not only in diagnostic terms, but also in terms of the patient's disabilities and the type of service required to deal with them. The data must show how patient needs alter throughout life, and how they may be modified by social and environmental influences; for this purpose, the data system must be capable of linking information from several sources and from the same source on different occasions. The information should also make it possible to predict the demand for services in response to changes in the frequency of conditions needing long-term care and to advances in medicine. The data set for patients should include the following information: identification; description of clinical illness and disabilities; major caring agencies, transfers, and use of other services; family background; [corrected] environmental situtation, particularly housing; and financial resources.", "contents": "7. Information for community planning and coordination of long-term care services. Information indicating the number of persons requiring care and the nature of their problems is fundamental to the planning, coordination, and provision of long-term care services for a community or defined population. Need for care must be defined not only in diagnostic terms, but also in terms of the patient's disabilities and the type of service required to deal with them. The data must show how patient needs alter throughout life, and how they may be modified by social and environmental influences; for this purpose, the data system must be capable of linking information from several sources and from the same source on different occasions. The information should also make it possible to predict the demand for services in response to changes in the frequency of conditions needing long-term care and to advances in medicine. The data set for patients should include the following information: identification; description of clinical illness and disabilities; major caring agencies, transfers, and use of other services; family background; [corrected] environmental situtation, particularly housing; and financial resources."}
{"id": "PMID:132588", "title": "[Chronic arsenic water pollution in the Republic of Argentina].", "content": "Arsenical pollution of water supplies is a chronic problem of great medical, social and sanitary importance in Argentina. The well-known cutaneous manifestations of chronic arsenical toxicity, palmar and plantar keratoses, melanoderma and multiple epitheliomas are described. The interest which this disease has evoked in the last few years is emphasized when new arsenical areas are discovered with clinical cases of chronic arsenical intoxication. Furthermore it is shown that the high content of arsenic in drinking water may be the determining factor in the incidence of visceral neoplasms. Contrary to classic beliefs, the chronic toxic effects from arsenic may be present in young children but the palmar and plantar keratoses may be absent. The histochemical localization of the arsenic in the skin and its relation to thyroid function and the production of leukoplakia and laryngeal cancer are noted. When one analyses all the recent reports it is evident that patients with chronic arsenical intoxication must now be thoroughly studied bearing in mind the multiple localization of this carcinogenic agent.", "contents": "[Chronic arsenic water pollution in the Republic of Argentina]. Arsenical pollution of water supplies is a chronic problem of great medical, social and sanitary importance in Argentina. The well-known cutaneous manifestations of chronic arsenical toxicity, palmar and plantar keratoses, melanoderma and multiple epitheliomas are described. The interest which this disease has evoked in the last few years is emphasized when new arsenical areas are discovered with clinical cases of chronic arsenical intoxication. Furthermore it is shown that the high content of arsenic in drinking water may be the determining factor in the incidence of visceral neoplasms. Contrary to classic beliefs, the chronic toxic effects from arsenic may be present in young children but the palmar and plantar keratoses may be absent. The histochemical localization of the arsenic in the skin and its relation to thyroid function and the production of leukoplakia and laryngeal cancer are noted. When one analyses all the recent reports it is evident that patients with chronic arsenical intoxication must now be thoroughly studied bearing in mind the multiple localization of this carcinogenic agent."}
{"id": "PMID:132589", "title": "[Statistical study of the results obtained from patients that visited the allergy department during the last 3 years. Comparative study with other results obtained in other clinics].", "content": "A review of the results obtained during the last three years in the Allergy Section of the Department of Dermatology of the Faculty of Medicine of Barcelona is made by the authors. In the series of contact dermatitis patients (1646) the order of frequency of each allergen is analysed. Positive reactions from occupational allergens, cross-reactions and concomitant reactions are reported. The authors have carried out a comparative study with the results obtained by Brum in Geneva over a period of 2 years and by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group.", "contents": "[Statistical study of the results obtained from patients that visited the allergy department during the last 3 years. Comparative study with other results obtained in other clinics]. A review of the results obtained during the last three years in the Allergy Section of the Department of Dermatology of the Faculty of Medicine of Barcelona is made by the authors. In the series of contact dermatitis patients (1646) the order of frequency of each allergen is analysed. Positive reactions from occupational allergens, cross-reactions and concomitant reactions are reported. The authors have carried out a comparative study with the results obtained by Brum in Geneva over a period of 2 years and by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group."}
{"id": "PMID:132584", "title": "Ageing of Neurospora crassa. II. Organic hydroperoxide toxicity and the protective role of antioxidant and the antioxygenic enzymes.", "content": "Cumene hydroperoxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide at sublethal concentrations initially prevent growth of mycelia of wild-type Neurospora crassa, but after a time the cells grow at a subnormal steady-state rate. The antioxidant nordihydroguaiaretic acid protects unadapted cells from hydroperoxide inhibition, leading to a decrease in the time before growth begins, an increase in steady-state growth rate and an increase in biomass production. The results of growth transfer experiments and enzyme measurements indicated that the acquired resistance to the hydroperoxides is physiological and most likely involves the induction of the synthesis of the antioxygenic enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid normalizes the levels of activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase during culture with hydroperoxide. Molecular-induced homolysis of the hydroperoxides, a process that is induced by unsaturated fatty acids of membrane lipids, leads to lipid autoxidation in a chain reaction which produces lipid hydroperoxides, which in turn decomposes to form more free radicals. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a well-known free radical scavenger, probably serves to minimize hydroperoxide decomposition, lipid autoxidation and molecular damage from free radicals, whereas the coupled enzyme system glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase minimizes these processes by decomposing the hydroperoxides to harmless alcohols. We suggest that either free radicals derived from these processes or some consequent non-radical products may serve as the inducers of this enzyme system, rather than the hydroperoxide substrates.", "contents": "Ageing of Neurospora crassa. II. Organic hydroperoxide toxicity and the protective role of antioxidant and the antioxygenic enzymes. Cumene hydroperoxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide at sublethal concentrations initially prevent growth of mycelia of wild-type Neurospora crassa, but after a time the cells grow at a subnormal steady-state rate. The antioxidant nordihydroguaiaretic acid protects unadapted cells from hydroperoxide inhibition, leading to a decrease in the time before growth begins, an increase in steady-state growth rate and an increase in biomass production. The results of growth transfer experiments and enzyme measurements indicated that the acquired resistance to the hydroperoxides is physiological and most likely involves the induction of the synthesis of the antioxygenic enzymes superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid normalizes the levels of activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase during culture with hydroperoxide. Molecular-induced homolysis of the hydroperoxides, a process that is induced by unsaturated fatty acids of membrane lipids, leads to lipid autoxidation in a chain reaction which produces lipid hydroperoxides, which in turn decomposes to form more free radicals. Nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a well-known free radical scavenger, probably serves to minimize hydroperoxide decomposition, lipid autoxidation and molecular damage from free radicals, whereas the coupled enzyme system glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase minimizes these processes by decomposing the hydroperoxides to harmless alcohols. We suggest that either free radicals derived from these processes or some consequent non-radical products may serve as the inducers of this enzyme system, rather than the hydroperoxide substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:132598", "title": "Adverse reactions to drugs: relationship to immunopathic disease.", "content": "Immunopathic disease resulting from drug treatment occurs when drugs interact with lymphoid cells and induce an immunological reaction. Drugs, being foreign to the body, are immunogenic, either as such or as haptens bound to carrier proteins. The immune response is usually innocuous or unnoticed but occasionally becomes pathogenic. The impact is especially obvious when the immunopathic response affects blood, skin, liver or kidney. Immunopathic responses and effector mechanisms of injury, whether to drugs or other antigens, are considered in terms of four types: Type I--anaphylactic and mediated by immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibody, and exemplified by immediate penicillin reactions; Type II--cytolytic and complement-associated, mediated by IgG antibody, and exemplified by haemolytic reactions; Type III--vasculonecrotic (Arthus reaction), mediated by immune complexes, and exemplified by serum sickness-like reaction; Type IV--delayed hypersensitivity involving T lymphocytes but no antibody, and exemplified by contact dermatitis. In addition, certain drugs induce true autoimmune reactions exemplified by reactions to procaine amide (lupus erythematosus) and alpha methyldopa (positive Coombs test result). Drug reactions must be interpreted in terms of modern immunology, with involvement of both the B and T lymphocyte systems. Inherited predisposition exists, probably dependent both on immune response genes and on the rate of enzymatic handling of drugs. Diagnosis depends on a carefully taken history of drug administration, recognition of clinical manifestations, and results of tests now available in departments of clinical immunology.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to drugs: relationship to immunopathic disease. Immunopathic disease resulting from drug treatment occurs when drugs interact with lymphoid cells and induce an immunological reaction. Drugs, being foreign to the body, are immunogenic, either as such or as haptens bound to carrier proteins. The immune response is usually innocuous or unnoticed but occasionally becomes pathogenic. The impact is especially obvious when the immunopathic response affects blood, skin, liver or kidney. Immunopathic responses and effector mechanisms of injury, whether to drugs or other antigens, are considered in terms of four types: Type I--anaphylactic and mediated by immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibody, and exemplified by immediate penicillin reactions; Type II--cytolytic and complement-associated, mediated by IgG antibody, and exemplified by haemolytic reactions; Type III--vasculonecrotic (Arthus reaction), mediated by immune complexes, and exemplified by serum sickness-like reaction; Type IV--delayed hypersensitivity involving T lymphocytes but no antibody, and exemplified by contact dermatitis. In addition, certain drugs induce true autoimmune reactions exemplified by reactions to procaine amide (lupus erythematosus) and alpha methyldopa (positive Coombs test result). Drug reactions must be interpreted in terms of modern immunology, with involvement of both the B and T lymphocyte systems. Inherited predisposition exists, probably dependent both on immune response genes and on the rate of enzymatic handling of drugs. Diagnosis depends on a carefully taken history of drug administration, recognition of clinical manifestations, and results of tests now available in departments of clinical immunology."}
{"id": "PMID:132600", "title": "Tetrabenazine in the treatment of Huntington's chorea.", "content": "The effectiveness of tetrabenazine in controlling choreic movement in Huntington's chorea has been confirmed in a long-term study. Side effects noted included postural hypotension, dysphagia and pneumonia. Careful supervision of patients taking this effective agent is urged.", "contents": "Tetrabenazine in the treatment of Huntington's chorea. The effectiveness of tetrabenazine in controlling choreic movement in Huntington's chorea has been confirmed in a long-term study. Side effects noted included postural hypotension, dysphagia and pneumonia. Careful supervision of patients taking this effective agent is urged."}
{"id": "PMID:132601", "title": "Oral use of biotin in seborrhoeic dermatitis of infancy: a controlled trial.", "content": "A double-blind cross-over trial of biotin given by mouth in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis of infancy did not show a statistically significant advantage of biotin over placebo.", "contents": "Oral use of biotin in seborrhoeic dermatitis of infancy: a controlled trial. A double-blind cross-over trial of biotin given by mouth in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis of infancy did not show a statistically significant advantage of biotin over placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:132597", "title": "[The nitrogen fixing activity of actinomycetes in the dark chestnut soil of Northern Kazakhstan].", "content": "About 250 strains of actinomycetes have been isolated from dark chestnut soil of the Northern Kazakhstan in crop rotation. Nitrogen fixing actinomycetes constituted 12% of the total number. Their productivity was rather low: from 0.11 o 1.77 mgN2/g of assimilated sucrose. But since their number is high, these microorganisms may play an important role in fixation of molecular nitrogen and maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium in soil during crop rotation.", "contents": "[The nitrogen fixing activity of actinomycetes in the dark chestnut soil of Northern Kazakhstan]. About 250 strains of actinomycetes have been isolated from dark chestnut soil of the Northern Kazakhstan in crop rotation. Nitrogen fixing actinomycetes constituted 12% of the total number. Their productivity was rather low: from 0.11 o 1.77 mgN2/g of assimilated sucrose. But since their number is high, these microorganisms may play an important role in fixation of molecular nitrogen and maintenance of nitrogen equilibrium in soil during crop rotation."}
{"id": "PMID:132602", "title": "Airflometer: new toy or worthwhile advance?", "content": "The Airflometer provides a useful index of expiratory flow rate and as such it is a worthwhile advance. It can provide an accurate index of FEV1 provided it is individually calibrated. Perhaps the only limitation is the lack of response of the instrument at low flow rates, for example, with an FEV1 of less than one litre. It is remarkably inexpensive.", "contents": "Airflometer: new toy or worthwhile advance? The Airflometer provides a useful index of expiratory flow rate and as such it is a worthwhile advance. It can provide an accurate index of FEV1 provided it is individually calibrated. Perhaps the only limitation is the lack of response of the instrument at low flow rates, for example, with an FEV1 of less than one litre. It is remarkably inexpensive."}
{"id": "PMID:132603", "title": "Biochemical studies on the nit mutants of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "One allele at each of the five nit loci in Neurospora crassa together with the wild type strain have been compared on various nitrogen sources with regard to (i) their growth characteristics (ii) the level of nitrate reductase and its associated activities (reduced benzyl viologen nitrate reductase and cytochrome c reductase) (iii) the level of nitrate reductase and (iv) their ability to take up nitrite from the surrounding medium. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that nit-3 is the structural gene for nitrate reductase, nit-1 specifies in part of molybdenum containing moiety which is responsible for the nit-3 gene product dimerising to form nitrate reductase, nit-4 and nit-5 are regulator genes whose products are involved in the induction of both nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase and nit-2 codes for a generalised ammonium activated repressor protein. Studies on the induction of nitrate reductase (and its associated activities) and nitrite reductase in wild type, nit-1 and nit-3 in the presence of either nitrate or nitrite suggest that each enzyme may be regulated independently of the other and that nitrite could be true co-inducer of the assimilatory pathway. Nitrite uptake experiments with nit-2, nit-4 and nit-5 strains show that whereas nit-4 and nit-5 are freely permeable to this molecule, it is unable to enter the nit-2 mycelium.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on the nit mutants of Neurospora crassa. One allele at each of the five nit loci in Neurospora crassa together with the wild type strain have been compared on various nitrogen sources with regard to (i) their growth characteristics (ii) the level of nitrate reductase and its associated activities (reduced benzyl viologen nitrate reductase and cytochrome c reductase) (iii) the level of nitrate reductase and (iv) their ability to take up nitrite from the surrounding medium. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that nit-3 is the structural gene for nitrate reductase, nit-1 specifies in part of molybdenum containing moiety which is responsible for the nit-3 gene product dimerising to form nitrate reductase, nit-4 and nit-5 are regulator genes whose products are involved in the induction of both nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase and nit-2 codes for a generalised ammonium activated repressor protein. Studies on the induction of nitrate reductase (and its associated activities) and nitrite reductase in wild type, nit-1 and nit-3 in the presence of either nitrate or nitrite suggest that each enzyme may be regulated independently of the other and that nitrite could be true co-inducer of the assimilatory pathway. Nitrite uptake experiments with nit-2, nit-4 and nit-5 strains show that whereas nit-4 and nit-5 are freely permeable to this molecule, it is unable to enter the nit-2 mycelium."}
{"id": "PMID:132608", "title": "[Gynecological aspects of prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies (author's transl)].", "content": "In the light of our own observations, the technique of amniotic fluid puncture in early pregnancy is described, the risk of the procedure to the mother and child is set forth and further responsibilities are explained. Two indication groups predominate: pregnant women of older maternity age and women who have already given birth to a child presenting Down's syndrome. As can be derived from the figures, all gynecologists nowadays must include the possibilities of prenatal recognition of congenital anomalies in family planning and maternity care. An anomaly can be excluded in about 95% of potential genetic risk pregnancies.", "contents": "[Gynecological aspects of prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies (author's transl)]. In the light of our own observations, the technique of amniotic fluid puncture in early pregnancy is described, the risk of the procedure to the mother and child is set forth and further responsibilities are explained. Two indication groups predominate: pregnant women of older maternity age and women who have already given birth to a child presenting Down's syndrome. As can be derived from the figures, all gynecologists nowadays must include the possibilities of prenatal recognition of congenital anomalies in family planning and maternity care. An anomaly can be excluded in about 95% of potential genetic risk pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:132609", "title": "[The clinical importance of tissue antigens (HL-A) in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The HL-A system is part of the main histocompatibility complex of man which is located on chromosome A6. The clinical importance of this antigen system lies in its application in the immunological choice of donor for transplantations, it being clear that still other important transplantation systems must be located on chromosome 6. The fact that in many diseases certain HL-A antigens occur more frequently has acquired a certain diagnostic significance in ankylosing spondylitis, iritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The associations with HL-A observed can best be explained by the assumption HL-A-coupled defective immunoresponse genes which are partly responsible for sensitivity to disease.", "contents": "[The clinical importance of tissue antigens (HL-A) in man (author's transl)]. The HL-A system is part of the main histocompatibility complex of man which is located on chromosome A6. The clinical importance of this antigen system lies in its application in the immunological choice of donor for transplantations, it being clear that still other important transplantation systems must be located on chromosome 6. The fact that in many diseases certain HL-A antigens occur more frequently has acquired a certain diagnostic significance in ankylosing spondylitis, iritis and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. The associations with HL-A observed can best be explained by the assumption HL-A-coupled defective immunoresponse genes which are partly responsible for sensitivity to disease."}
{"id": "PMID:132610", "title": "[Clinical and hemodynamic aspects of myocardial diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Definition, arrangement into primary and secondary forms and classification of myocardial diseases are used irregularly in the literature. The great variety of clinical and hemodynamic parameters are shown with reference to our own patients and an attempt is made to arrange them in individual types. Followup examinations show that signs of congestive failure, heart size and other clinical and hemodynamic parameters may be considerably altered. For this reason it is proposed to describe myocardial diseases accoridng to clinical and hemodynamic parameters in order to obtain a closer insight into the pathomechanism of these diseases.", "contents": "[Clinical and hemodynamic aspects of myocardial diseases (author's transl)]. Definition, arrangement into primary and secondary forms and classification of myocardial diseases are used irregularly in the literature. The great variety of clinical and hemodynamic parameters are shown with reference to our own patients and an attempt is made to arrange them in individual types. Followup examinations show that signs of congestive failure, heart size and other clinical and hemodynamic parameters may be considerably altered. For this reason it is proposed to describe myocardial diseases accoridng to clinical and hemodynamic parameters in order to obtain a closer insight into the pathomechanism of these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:132611", "title": "Evaluation and re-evaluation of genetic radiation hazards in man. I. Interspecific comparison of estimates of mutation rates.", "content": "A detailed presentation is made of the experimental data from the various systems used by Abrahamson et al. [2] to conclude that the per locus per rad (low LET) radiation-induced forward mutation rates in organisms, whose DNA content varies by a factor of about 1000, is proportional to genome size. Additional information pertinent in this context is also reviewed. It is emphasized that the mutation rates cited by Abrahamson et al. [2], although considered as pertaining to mutations at specific loci, actually derive from a broad variety of genetic end-points. It is argued that an initial (if not sufficient) condition for sound inter-specific mutation rate comparisions, covering a wide range of organisms and detecting systems of various sensitivities, requires a reasonalbly consistent biological definition of a specific locus mutation, namely, a transmissible intra-locus change. Granting the differences between systems in their resolving power to detect intragenic change, the data cited in this paper do not support the existence of a simple proportionality between radiotion-induced intra-locus mutation rate and genome size for the different species reviewed here. Furthermore, in Drosophila melanogaster, where individual salivary gland chromosome bands (that can differ greatly in DNA content) are usually associated with individual loci or at least distinct complementation groups, radiation-induced intra-locus mutation rates are not correlated with apparent differences in the DNA content of bands. This result is incompatible with the notion that most of the DNA in a band represents a radiation-mutable target capable of eliciting the kind of mutation observed in mutation rate experiments. All these considerations argue against the validity of the hypothesis of Abrahamson et al. [2] and their generalization that, for the evaluation of genetic radiation hazards in man, we can now \"extrapolate from mutation rates obtained in lower organisms to man with greater confidence\" on the basis of DNA content (italics are ours).", "contents": "Evaluation and re-evaluation of genetic radiation hazards in man. I. Interspecific comparison of estimates of mutation rates. A detailed presentation is made of the experimental data from the various systems used by Abrahamson et al. [2] to conclude that the per locus per rad (low LET) radiation-induced forward mutation rates in organisms, whose DNA content varies by a factor of about 1000, is proportional to genome size. Additional information pertinent in this context is also reviewed. It is emphasized that the mutation rates cited by Abrahamson et al. [2], although considered as pertaining to mutations at specific loci, actually derive from a broad variety of genetic end-points. It is argued that an initial (if not sufficient) condition for sound inter-specific mutation rate comparisions, covering a wide range of organisms and detecting systems of various sensitivities, requires a reasonalbly consistent biological definition of a specific locus mutation, namely, a transmissible intra-locus change. Granting the differences between systems in their resolving power to detect intragenic change, the data cited in this paper do not support the existence of a simple proportionality between radiotion-induced intra-locus mutation rate and genome size for the different species reviewed here. Furthermore, in Drosophila melanogaster, where individual salivary gland chromosome bands (that can differ greatly in DNA content) are usually associated with individual loci or at least distinct complementation groups, radiation-induced intra-locus mutation rates are not correlated with apparent differences in the DNA content of bands. This result is incompatible with the notion that most of the DNA in a band represents a radiation-mutable target capable of eliciting the kind of mutation observed in mutation rate experiments. All these considerations argue against the validity of the hypothesis of Abrahamson et al. [2] and their generalization that, for the evaluation of genetic radiation hazards in man, we can now \"extrapolate from mutation rates obtained in lower organisms to man with greater confidence\" on the basis of DNA content (italics are ours)."}
{"id": "PMID:132617", "title": "[Quantitative measurement of the basilar arterial flow in the dog-electromagnetic flow-meter study of the extra-and intracranial arterial occlusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Recent advances in microneurosurgery have markedly improved the result of surgical treatment of aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation in the posterior cranial fossa. However, more precise study on hemodynamics of the vertebro-basilar system may be necessary for further progress in treatment of the vascular lesions. From this point of view, the authors studied the basilar arterial flow of the dog by means of an electromagnetic flow-meter and the flow probe which was specially devised by the authors. (1) The ratio of absolute value of the mean basilar flow to the total brain weight was calculated, and the flow rate was expressed in ml/100 g brain/min. Mean value was 7.1 ml/100 g brain/min under normocapnea. (2) The effect of occlusion of the common carotid, of the external carotid, of the intracranial internal carotid, and of the extracranial internal carotid on the basilar flow was less remarkable in this order. (3) Under normocapnea, occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery produced 115% increase in the basilar arterial flow. Bilateral common carotid occlusion resulted in 312% increase of the flow, demonstrating a remarkable ability of compensation of the basilar artery through the circle of Willis and leptomeningeal anastomoses. Under hypercapnea, unilateral common carotid occlusion was followed by 81% increase in the basillar flow. Occlusion of both common carotids caused 230% increase in the basilar flow. Percent increase in the basilar flow after unilateral or bilateral common carotid occlusion under normocapnea was significantly larger than under hypercapnea (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01 respectively). It may be supposed that under normacapnea the increased basilar flow following bilateral common carotid occlusion may compensate the decrease in total cerebral blood flow due to carotid occlusion. However, the compensatory rise in the basilar flow under hypercapnea may be not enough to supply the dilated vascular bed in the carotid and basilar territories. There might be even a risk of deficiency of blood supply in the territory of the basilar artery, if the vascular resistance in the carotid area could become less than that in the basilar. The significance of CO2 inhalation therapy for ischemic cerebral lesion was discussed. (4) After the both common carotid arteries were occluded, the basilar aretry was clamped temporarily. Following release of basilar occlusion, reactive hyperemia was observed in the basilar flow. Magnitude and duration of the reactive hyperemia increased progressively depending on duration of the basilar occlusion to some extent. The phenomenon may be best explained by a progressive accumulation of vasodilating metabolities in the ischemic area. (5) Unilateral vertebral occlusion caused 37% decrease in the basilar flow. Bilateral vertebral occlusion resulted in reverse of the basilar flow, averaging 61% of the original value in flow rate. (6) Occlusion of the unilateral subclavian artery produced \"subclavian steal phenomenon\"...", "contents": "[Quantitative measurement of the basilar arterial flow in the dog-electromagnetic flow-meter study of the extra-and intracranial arterial occlusion (author's transl)]. Recent advances in microneurosurgery have markedly improved the result of surgical treatment of aneurysm and arteriovenous malformation in the posterior cranial fossa. However, more precise study on hemodynamics of the vertebro-basilar system may be necessary for further progress in treatment of the vascular lesions. From this point of view, the authors studied the basilar arterial flow of the dog by means of an electromagnetic flow-meter and the flow probe which was specially devised by the authors. (1) The ratio of absolute value of the mean basilar flow to the total brain weight was calculated, and the flow rate was expressed in ml/100 g brain/min. Mean value was 7.1 ml/100 g brain/min under normocapnea. (2) The effect of occlusion of the common carotid, of the external carotid, of the intracranial internal carotid, and of the extracranial internal carotid on the basilar flow was less remarkable in this order. (3) Under normocapnea, occlusion of the unilateral common carotid artery produced 115% increase in the basilar arterial flow. Bilateral common carotid occlusion resulted in 312% increase of the flow, demonstrating a remarkable ability of compensation of the basilar artery through the circle of Willis and leptomeningeal anastomoses. Under hypercapnea, unilateral common carotid occlusion was followed by 81% increase in the basillar flow. Occlusion of both common carotids caused 230% increase in the basilar flow. Percent increase in the basilar flow after unilateral or bilateral common carotid occlusion under normocapnea was significantly larger than under hypercapnea (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01 respectively). It may be supposed that under normacapnea the increased basilar flow following bilateral common carotid occlusion may compensate the decrease in total cerebral blood flow due to carotid occlusion. However, the compensatory rise in the basilar flow under hypercapnea may be not enough to supply the dilated vascular bed in the carotid and basilar territories. There might be even a risk of deficiency of blood supply in the territory of the basilar artery, if the vascular resistance in the carotid area could become less than that in the basilar. The significance of CO2 inhalation therapy for ischemic cerebral lesion was discussed. (4) After the both common carotid arteries were occluded, the basilar aretry was clamped temporarily. Following release of basilar occlusion, reactive hyperemia was observed in the basilar flow. Magnitude and duration of the reactive hyperemia increased progressively depending on duration of the basilar occlusion to some extent. The phenomenon may be best explained by a progressive accumulation of vasodilating metabolities in the ischemic area. (5) Unilateral vertebral occlusion caused 37% decrease in the basilar flow. Bilateral vertebral occlusion resulted in reverse of the basilar flow, averaging 61% of the original value in flow rate. (6) Occlusion of the unilateral subclavian artery produced \"subclavian steal phenomenon\"..."}
{"id": "PMID:132626", "title": "Ultrastructural study of a muscle biopsy in a case of GM1 gangliosidosis type I.", "content": "The main ultrastructural findings in a muscle biopsy from a child aged 11 months with a GM1 gangliosidosis were cytoplasmic inclusions of two different types: (1) inclusions filled with a moderate electron dense and polymorphous material thought to correspond to ganglioside accumulation and lying only in the Schwann cells of intramuscular nerves. (2) Vacuolar inclusions regarded as containing polysaccharides and observed in perineurial cells, endothelium and pericytes of blood vessels, and also in muscle satellite cells. The muscle fibres only exhibited moderate and non-specific changes. The study shows that in a muscle biopsy of GM1 gangliosidosis the two characteristic types of storage deposits and their preferential localization in different cells may be demonstrated, providing that the intramuscular nerves and motor end plates are examined.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of a muscle biopsy in a case of GM1 gangliosidosis type I. The main ultrastructural findings in a muscle biopsy from a child aged 11 months with a GM1 gangliosidosis were cytoplasmic inclusions of two different types: (1) inclusions filled with a moderate electron dense and polymorphous material thought to correspond to ganglioside accumulation and lying only in the Schwann cells of intramuscular nerves. (2) Vacuolar inclusions regarded as containing polysaccharides and observed in perineurial cells, endothelium and pericytes of blood vessels, and also in muscle satellite cells. The muscle fibres only exhibited moderate and non-specific changes. The study shows that in a muscle biopsy of GM1 gangliosidosis the two characteristic types of storage deposits and their preferential localization in different cells may be demonstrated, providing that the intramuscular nerves and motor end plates are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:132627", "title": "An especially mild myopathic form of glycogenosis type II. Problems of clinical and light microscopic diagnosis.", "content": "Report of a 20 months old child showing a mild form of glycogenosis type II (POMPE, 1932) with preferential involvement of skeletal muscle. First muscle biopsy reveals, on light microscopic examination, only a mild vacuolar myopathy. By PAS-staining pathologic glycogen storage can be shown. Glycogenosis type II is proved by ultrastructural and biochemical studies of muscle tissue obtained by a second biopsy. Consequently in all cases of a floppy infant syndrome with myopathic features it is necessary to obtain tissue for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis and to carry out these techniques if by light microscopic examination a vacuolar myopathy with increase of glycogen is found.", "contents": "An especially mild myopathic form of glycogenosis type II. Problems of clinical and light microscopic diagnosis. Report of a 20 months old child showing a mild form of glycogenosis type II (POMPE, 1932) with preferential involvement of skeletal muscle. First muscle biopsy reveals, on light microscopic examination, only a mild vacuolar myopathy. By PAS-staining pathologic glycogen storage can be shown. Glycogenosis type II is proved by ultrastructural and biochemical studies of muscle tissue obtained by a second biopsy. Consequently in all cases of a floppy infant syndrome with myopathic features it is necessary to obtain tissue for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis and to carry out these techniques if by light microscopic examination a vacuolar myopathy with increase of glycogen is found."}
{"id": "PMID:132628", "title": "[Pathophysiological implications of antigen-antibody complexes (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy years after the description of the Arthus phenomenon, the concept of immune complex mediated pathology is widely recognized in clinical pathophysiology. The availability of methods for the detection of soluble immune complexes opens new paths for clinical investigation in this field. This is demonstrated for systemic lupus erythematosus, viral hepatitis B and herpes zoster disease. New experimental approaches deal with the question of tissue localization of immune complex mediated diseases, e.g. through affinity of antigens for certain tissue structures.", "contents": "[Pathophysiological implications of antigen-antibody complexes (author's transl)]. Seventy years after the description of the Arthus phenomenon, the concept of immune complex mediated pathology is widely recognized in clinical pathophysiology. The availability of methods for the detection of soluble immune complexes opens new paths for clinical investigation in this field. This is demonstrated for systemic lupus erythematosus, viral hepatitis B and herpes zoster disease. New experimental approaches deal with the question of tissue localization of immune complex mediated diseases, e.g. through affinity of antigens for certain tissue structures."}
{"id": "PMID:132630", "title": "Purine dysfunction in cells from patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency.", "content": "Conversion of adenosine to inosine is decreased in adenosine deaminase (ADA)-deficient fibroblasts at all concentrations of adenosine tested. Adenosine is not differentially toxic to ADA-deficient fibroblasts except at very high (5 X 10(-4) -1 X 10(-3) M) adenosine levels. Conversion of [14C] adenosine to GTP is not decreased in ADA-deficient cells compared with control cell strains. Adenosine conversion to ATP is the same as that in mutant cells except at high nonphysiologic concentrations, at which it is slightly decreased in ADA-deficient fibroblasts. This effect is probably not related to the biochemical pathology of ADA-deficient lymphocytes in vivo. Uridine, a pyrimidine compound, \"rescues\" control cells from the effects of adenosine toxicity, as previously reported, but it has no protective effect on ADA-deficient fibroblasts. This suggests that uridine will have no therapeutic role in the treatment of the ADA-deficient form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease.", "contents": "Purine dysfunction in cells from patients with adenosine deaminase deficiency. Conversion of adenosine to inosine is decreased in adenosine deaminase (ADA)-deficient fibroblasts at all concentrations of adenosine tested. Adenosine is not differentially toxic to ADA-deficient fibroblasts except at very high (5 X 10(-4) -1 X 10(-3) M) adenosine levels. Conversion of [14C] adenosine to GTP is not decreased in ADA-deficient cells compared with control cell strains. Adenosine conversion to ATP is the same as that in mutant cells except at high nonphysiologic concentrations, at which it is slightly decreased in ADA-deficient fibroblasts. This effect is probably not related to the biochemical pathology of ADA-deficient lymphocytes in vivo. Uridine, a pyrimidine compound, \"rescues\" control cells from the effects of adenosine toxicity, as previously reported, but it has no protective effect on ADA-deficient fibroblasts. This suggests that uridine will have no therapeutic role in the treatment of the ADA-deficient form of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) disease."}
{"id": "PMID:132636", "title": "[Results of isolated aortic valve replacement].", "content": "Progress in surgical technique and decreased early and late postoperative risk should lead to a modification in the indications for aortic valve replacement, before irreversible myocardial changes have definitively compromised the result of surgery. One hundred and seventy aortic valve replacements (100 pure or predominant aortic stenoses, 70 cases of aortic insufficiency) were carried out by the same surgeon over a period of 4 years with a minimum follow-up of one year and average of 25.4 months, using \u00e0 Bjork prosthesis or a homograft. Early postoperative mortality was 5.3%, not differing from that associated with other types of valve replacement (mitral, polyvalvular). It is related more directly to surgical technique than to preoperative prognostic factors. Late mortality was 8.1%. Almost one third of these late deaths were related to the surgical technique or to the model of aortic prosthesis used. Stage IV cardiac failure plays a pejorative role in this late mortality, whilst no prognostic role could be demonstrated with respect to angina, meancardiac surface, Sokolow index, mean pulmonary artery pressure or diastolic pressure in the left ventricule. One year after surgery there was found to be a significantly important decrease in the Sokolow index and a modest decrease in mean radiological cardiac surface area. Beyond one year, no further improvement was seen. The majority of the patients surviving surgery had a good functional result since only 1% of the aortic stenosis patients and 7% of the aortic insufficiency group remained in stage III or IV cardiac failure. 78% of the patients who were working before operation were able to resume their professional activity after an average period of 6.2 months. However only 40% of the patients with stage IV failure who underwent surgery could return to work.", "contents": "[Results of isolated aortic valve replacement]. Progress in surgical technique and decreased early and late postoperative risk should lead to a modification in the indications for aortic valve replacement, before irreversible myocardial changes have definitively compromised the result of surgery. One hundred and seventy aortic valve replacements (100 pure or predominant aortic stenoses, 70 cases of aortic insufficiency) were carried out by the same surgeon over a period of 4 years with a minimum follow-up of one year and average of 25.4 months, using \u00e0 Bjork prosthesis or a homograft. Early postoperative mortality was 5.3%, not differing from that associated with other types of valve replacement (mitral, polyvalvular). It is related more directly to surgical technique than to preoperative prognostic factors. Late mortality was 8.1%. Almost one third of these late deaths were related to the surgical technique or to the model of aortic prosthesis used. Stage IV cardiac failure plays a pejorative role in this late mortality, whilst no prognostic role could be demonstrated with respect to angina, meancardiac surface, Sokolow index, mean pulmonary artery pressure or diastolic pressure in the left ventricule. One year after surgery there was found to be a significantly important decrease in the Sokolow index and a modest decrease in mean radiological cardiac surface area. Beyond one year, no further improvement was seen. The majority of the patients surviving surgery had a good functional result since only 1% of the aortic stenosis patients and 7% of the aortic insufficiency group remained in stage III or IV cardiac failure. 78% of the patients who were working before operation were able to resume their professional activity after an average period of 6.2 months. However only 40% of the patients with stage IV failure who underwent surgery could return to work."}
{"id": "PMID:132639", "title": "[Detection of circulating immune complexes by the C1q complement fraction deviation test. 1st application in the study of human glomerulopathies].", "content": "The C1q deviation test measures the interference of circulating immune complexes in the fixation of radioactive C1q on target cells. The test was carried out in a large sample of cases of glomerular nephropathies, on the serum of patients with hypertension and on control sera. Positive results were frequently obtained with the sera of patients suffering from acute glomerulonephritis and membranous glomerulonephritis. Positive results were rarer in cases of minimal change discase and of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. These results suggest that the deviation of C1q in the serum of patients with various types of glomerulone phropathy may be due to circulating complexes but also to other substances. They indicate that efforts should be continued to isolate and biochemically identify the C1q binding substances in pathological sera.", "contents": "[Detection of circulating immune complexes by the C1q complement fraction deviation test. 1st application in the study of human glomerulopathies]. The C1q deviation test measures the interference of circulating immune complexes in the fixation of radioactive C1q on target cells. The test was carried out in a large sample of cases of glomerular nephropathies, on the serum of patients with hypertension and on control sera. Positive results were frequently obtained with the sera of patients suffering from acute glomerulonephritis and membranous glomerulonephritis. Positive results were rarer in cases of minimal change discase and of membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. These results suggest that the deviation of C1q in the serum of patients with various types of glomerulone phropathy may be due to circulating complexes but also to other substances. They indicate that efforts should be continued to isolate and biochemically identify the C1q binding substances in pathological sera."}
{"id": "PMID:132641", "title": "[Subacute myelogenous leukemia with Phildelphia chromosome].", "content": "Twenty-five cases of a special pattern of chronic myeloid leukemia characterized, at the first evaluation, by excessive amount of blasts in blood or bone marrow (myeloblasts greater than or equal to 20%), Ph1 chromosome, and short evolution (median survival = 14,5 months) are reported. Age, spleen volume, white blood cell count are in keeping with those found in usual chronic myeloid leukemia (C.M.L.). However, clinical course is more severe with fever, bone pains, and anemia. Myelogibrosis, high circulating basophil polymorphonuclear count, platelet and megacaryocyte abnormalities (in morphology and number) are frequently associated with blastic excess. Subacute myeloid leukemia Ph1 positive (L.M.S. Ph1+) is proposed as an appellation for these cases in order to distinguish them from chronic myelocytic leukemia (C.M.L.) and other subacute myelogytic leukemias. The association of Ph1 chromosome excess of blasts and bone marrow fibrosis distinguishes L.M.S. Ph+ from: 1 degree C.M.L. with myelogibrosis; 2 degrees unusual cases of Ph1 positive myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (M.M.M.); 3 degrees h1 positive acute leukemia. Forms of L.M.S. Ph+ with heavy blastic involvement are probably transitional cases with Ph1 acute myeloblastic leukemia. Prognosis is poorer than in C.M.L. but better than in acute blastic crisis occurring after chronic phase, which can be very similar to L.M.S. Ph1+, when seen for the first time.", "contents": "[Subacute myelogenous leukemia with Phildelphia chromosome]. Twenty-five cases of a special pattern of chronic myeloid leukemia characterized, at the first evaluation, by excessive amount of blasts in blood or bone marrow (myeloblasts greater than or equal to 20%), Ph1 chromosome, and short evolution (median survival = 14,5 months) are reported. Age, spleen volume, white blood cell count are in keeping with those found in usual chronic myeloid leukemia (C.M.L.). However, clinical course is more severe with fever, bone pains, and anemia. Myelogibrosis, high circulating basophil polymorphonuclear count, platelet and megacaryocyte abnormalities (in morphology and number) are frequently associated with blastic excess. Subacute myeloid leukemia Ph1 positive (L.M.S. Ph1+) is proposed as an appellation for these cases in order to distinguish them from chronic myelocytic leukemia (C.M.L.) and other subacute myelogytic leukemias. The association of Ph1 chromosome excess of blasts and bone marrow fibrosis distinguishes L.M.S. Ph+ from: 1 degree C.M.L. with myelogibrosis; 2 degrees unusual cases of Ph1 positive myelofibrosis with myeloid metaplasia (M.M.M.); 3 degrees h1 positive acute leukemia. Forms of L.M.S. Ph+ with heavy blastic involvement are probably transitional cases with Ph1 acute myeloblastic leukemia. Prognosis is poorer than in C.M.L. but better than in acute blastic crisis occurring after chronic phase, which can be very similar to L.M.S. Ph1+, when seen for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:132642", "title": "Chemotaxis and phagocytosis in anucleated cytoplasmic fragments of human peripheral blood leucocytes.", "content": "Viable anucleated fragments of hyaloplasm were obtained by heating human blood leucocytes. These anucleated cytoplasmic fragments exhibited random migration, chemotaxis (necrotaxis) toward red cells which had been destroyed by a laser beam and they were capable to ingest heat-killed Staph. albus.", "contents": "Chemotaxis and phagocytosis in anucleated cytoplasmic fragments of human peripheral blood leucocytes. Viable anucleated fragments of hyaloplasm were obtained by heating human blood leucocytes. These anucleated cytoplasmic fragments exhibited random migration, chemotaxis (necrotaxis) toward red cells which had been destroyed by a laser beam and they were capable to ingest heat-killed Staph. albus."}
{"id": "PMID:132643", "title": "[Hemoglobin Stanleyville II and mucoviscidosis in an Alsatian family].", "content": "Hemoglobin Stanleyville II, resembling hemoglobin D, has been found several times in individuals from Central Africa. This paper now reports its discovery in Alsace, in an 8 year old girl with cystic fibrosis. The mother and 5 out of 7 siblings had the abnormal hemoglobin. Only 2 of these 5 children had all the symptoms of cystic fibrosis. The family has been living in Alsace for many generations. Cystic fibrosis, a congenital disease, has a high incidence (1/1,800) among white children but is rare in black people.", "contents": "[Hemoglobin Stanleyville II and mucoviscidosis in an Alsatian family]. Hemoglobin Stanleyville II, resembling hemoglobin D, has been found several times in individuals from Central Africa. This paper now reports its discovery in Alsace, in an 8 year old girl with cystic fibrosis. The mother and 5 out of 7 siblings had the abnormal hemoglobin. Only 2 of these 5 children had all the symptoms of cystic fibrosis. The family has been living in Alsace for many generations. Cystic fibrosis, a congenital disease, has a high incidence (1/1,800) among white children but is rare in black people."}
{"id": "PMID:132644", "title": "[Neo-natal hyperbilirubinemia and G-6-PD Ankara deficiency, a new enzymatic variant discovered in a Turkish family (author's transl)].", "content": "A G-6-PD deficiency has been found in a Turkish male premature with neo-natal hyperbilirubinemia. His parents have no hemolytic antecedents. The propositus has a severe enzym deficiency in erythrocytes, a very decreased activity in leukocytes and platelets. His mother was heterozygous for this variant and his father had no abnormality. The deficient enzym was a new variant: G-6-PD Ankara. The main characteristics of this variant were the following: 1 degree severe enzym deficiency in erythrocytes (8% of normal); 2 degrees fast starch gel electrophoretic mobility (110% of normal); 3 degrees enzym instability in vivo and in vitro; 4 degrees increased KiNADPH; 5 degrees decreased molecular specific activity (58% of normal). Only variant B(-) G-6-PD deficiency have hitherto been described in Turkey. In contrast, G-6-PD Ankara is a fast variant and is unlike any other known variants.", "contents": "[Neo-natal hyperbilirubinemia and G-6-PD Ankara deficiency, a new enzymatic variant discovered in a Turkish family (author's transl)]. A G-6-PD deficiency has been found in a Turkish male premature with neo-natal hyperbilirubinemia. His parents have no hemolytic antecedents. The propositus has a severe enzym deficiency in erythrocytes, a very decreased activity in leukocytes and platelets. His mother was heterozygous for this variant and his father had no abnormality. The deficient enzym was a new variant: G-6-PD Ankara. The main characteristics of this variant were the following: 1 degree severe enzym deficiency in erythrocytes (8% of normal); 2 degrees fast starch gel electrophoretic mobility (110% of normal); 3 degrees enzym instability in vivo and in vitro; 4 degrees increased KiNADPH; 5 degrees decreased molecular specific activity (58% of normal). Only variant B(-) G-6-PD deficiency have hitherto been described in Turkey. In contrast, G-6-PD Ankara is a fast variant and is unlike any other known variants."}
{"id": "PMID:132645", "title": "[A new case of hemoglobin G Georgia (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of hemoglobin G Georgia (alpha95 Pro yields Leu) is described in a portuguese patient with lymph node tuberculosis. The patient had a slight anaemia with haemolytic crises and moderate splenomegaly. The electrophoretic mobility of this unstable, abnormal haemoglobin was slower than that of Hb S. The percentage of the major (alpha2 G beta2) and the minor (alpha2 G delta2) abnormal components was determined by DEAE-sephadex chromatography and was 18% and 1% respectively. Structural analysis showed the replacement of a proline residue in position 95 (G) in the alpha chain by a leucine residue. This residue alpha 95 interferes with the alpha 1-b\u00eata 2 contact. Functional studies have shown an increased oxygen affinity, a reduced hem-hem interaction and a normal Bohr effect.", "contents": "[A new case of hemoglobin G Georgia (author's transl)]. A new case of hemoglobin G Georgia (alpha95 Pro yields Leu) is described in a portuguese patient with lymph node tuberculosis. The patient had a slight anaemia with haemolytic crises and moderate splenomegaly. The electrophoretic mobility of this unstable, abnormal haemoglobin was slower than that of Hb S. The percentage of the major (alpha2 G beta2) and the minor (alpha2 G delta2) abnormal components was determined by DEAE-sephadex chromatography and was 18% and 1% respectively. Structural analysis showed the replacement of a proline residue in position 95 (G) in the alpha chain by a leucine residue. This residue alpha 95 interferes with the alpha 1-b\u00eata 2 contact. Functional studies have shown an increased oxygen affinity, a reduced hem-hem interaction and a normal Bohr effect."}
{"id": "PMID:132653", "title": "Histoenzymatic studies on the adaptation of villi of the small intestine segment left after extensive enterotomy.", "content": "After extensive resection of the small intestine in rats, histochemical reactions of selected enzymes were studied during seven weeks to one year in the remaining segment. The rise of activity of the hydrolytic, oxidative and proteolytic enzymes in enterocytes of elongated intestinal villi indicates enhanced active transport and adaptation.", "contents": "Histoenzymatic studies on the adaptation of villi of the small intestine segment left after extensive enterotomy. After extensive resection of the small intestine in rats, histochemical reactions of selected enzymes were studied during seven weeks to one year in the remaining segment. The rise of activity of the hydrolytic, oxidative and proteolytic enzymes in enterocytes of elongated intestinal villi indicates enhanced active transport and adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:132660", "title": "Developments in histocompatibility testing.", "content": "Recent progress in HLA typing involves new methods which allow typing for MLC (mixed lymphocyte culture) and Ia (immune associated) antigens. These antigens seem to play a major role in transplant rejection in HLA non-immunised patients. When the new typing methods eventually become applied in matching of kidneys it seems likely that the results of kidney transplantation will be significantly improved.", "contents": "Developments in histocompatibility testing. Recent progress in HLA typing involves new methods which allow typing for MLC (mixed lymphocyte culture) and Ia (immune associated) antigens. These antigens seem to play a major role in transplant rejection in HLA non-immunised patients. When the new typing methods eventually become applied in matching of kidneys it seems likely that the results of kidney transplantation will be significantly improved."}
{"id": "PMID:132655", "title": "[Second generation sulfonylurea preparations in the therapy of diabetes mellitus].", "content": "The authors present the results of treatment of the patients with diabetes mellitus with hypoglycaemic preparations (sulphonylurea preparations of the second generation): glibenclamide, glibornuride and glydiazinamide. The following preparations were used: glibenclamide of Soviet make, maninil, daonyl, euglucon-5, euglucon, glutryl, glydiazinamide, glipizid. The treatment was carried out in 298 patients. The hypoglycaemic action of the active substances contained in one tablet of each of the preparation was approximately the same. Preparations of the second generation proved to be highly effective without any side-effects which required suspension of the treatment. The best results were obtained in complex therapy with the preparations of the second generation and with biguanides of prolonged action.", "contents": "[Second generation sulfonylurea preparations in the therapy of diabetes mellitus]. The authors present the results of treatment of the patients with diabetes mellitus with hypoglycaemic preparations (sulphonylurea preparations of the second generation): glibenclamide, glibornuride and glydiazinamide. The following preparations were used: glibenclamide of Soviet make, maninil, daonyl, euglucon-5, euglucon, glutryl, glydiazinamide, glipizid. The treatment was carried out in 298 patients. The hypoglycaemic action of the active substances contained in one tablet of each of the preparation was approximately the same. Preparations of the second generation proved to be highly effective without any side-effects which required suspension of the treatment. The best results were obtained in complex therapy with the preparations of the second generation and with biguanides of prolonged action."}
{"id": "PMID:132661", "title": "Rehabilitation of Danish dialysis and transplant patients.", "content": "An evaluation of the extent of rehabilitation of 512 Danish dialysis and transplant patients, based on a questionnarie, has been carried out. All transplanted patients and dialysis patients and dialysis patients with only slightly limited working capacity before treatment experienced an improvement, whereas disabled dialysis patients did not experience major changes. Sixty per cent of the patients receive disablement pension and the allotment of pension early in the course of treatment is suspected to be one of the main reasons for the low degree of vocational rehabilitation.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of Danish dialysis and transplant patients. An evaluation of the extent of rehabilitation of 512 Danish dialysis and transplant patients, based on a questionnarie, has been carried out. All transplanted patients and dialysis patients and dialysis patients with only slightly limited working capacity before treatment experienced an improvement, whereas disabled dialysis patients did not experience major changes. Sixty per cent of the patients receive disablement pension and the allotment of pension early in the course of treatment is suspected to be one of the main reasons for the low degree of vocational rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:132662", "title": "Isolation and characterization of conditional lethal mutants of Escherichia coli defective in transcription termination factor rho.", "content": "Polarity suppressor mutants that are conditional lethal for growth have been isolated in E. coli K12. The mutations map between the ilv and cya loci of the E. coli chromosome. Rho factor isolated from one of these ts mutants does not show transcription termination activity at any temperature tested; however, it is found to be temperature sensitive for its poly(C)-dependent ATPase activity. Unlike the previously known polarity suppressor mutants (suA and psu), the rho mutation suppresses all types of polarity. Other interesting properties of these mutants include ultraviolet sensitivity, recombination deficiency, and decreased ability to lysogenize temperate phages lambda and P1. Our results suggest that rho has an essential function in the growth and normal physiology of cells. The rho(ts) mutant allows the growth of phage lambda defective in the N gene. This result supports the model that N gene product prevents transcription termination by antagonizing rho activity.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of conditional lethal mutants of Escherichia coli defective in transcription termination factor rho. Polarity suppressor mutants that are conditional lethal for growth have been isolated in E. coli K12. The mutations map between the ilv and cya loci of the E. coli chromosome. Rho factor isolated from one of these ts mutants does not show transcription termination activity at any temperature tested; however, it is found to be temperature sensitive for its poly(C)-dependent ATPase activity. Unlike the previously known polarity suppressor mutants (suA and psu), the rho mutation suppresses all types of polarity. Other interesting properties of these mutants include ultraviolet sensitivity, recombination deficiency, and decreased ability to lysogenize temperate phages lambda and P1. Our results suggest that rho has an essential function in the growth and normal physiology of cells. The rho(ts) mutant allows the growth of phage lambda defective in the N gene. This result supports the model that N gene product prevents transcription termination by antagonizing rho activity."}
{"id": "PMID:132665", "title": "Potassium cyanate, an in vitro inhibitor of lymphocyte blast transformation without in vivo activity.", "content": "Potassium cyanate (400 mug/ml) inhibited the blastogenesis of lymphocytes in response to PHA and the response of lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Cyanate administered to mice at a dose of 30 mg per kg per day did not delay allograft rejection.", "contents": "Potassium cyanate, an in vitro inhibitor of lymphocyte blast transformation without in vivo activity. Potassium cyanate (400 mug/ml) inhibited the blastogenesis of lymphocytes in response to PHA and the response of lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte cultures. Cyanate administered to mice at a dose of 30 mg per kg per day did not delay allograft rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:132666", "title": "Hyperglycemic activity of some non-nitrosated streptozotocin analogs.", "content": "Six non-nitrosated and three nitrosated analogs of the antitumor and diabetogenic agent, streptozotocin, have been found to produce hyperglycemia in fasted rats. The hyperglycemia produced by the non-nitrostaed analogs was of early onset and did not result in the production of permanent diabetes. The data emphasizes the important role of the nitroso group of streptozotocin in the production of the hypoglycemic and permanent diabetic phases while the sugar moiety may have a direct influence on production of the early hyperglycemia phase.", "contents": "Hyperglycemic activity of some non-nitrosated streptozotocin analogs. Six non-nitrosated and three nitrosated analogs of the antitumor and diabetogenic agent, streptozotocin, have been found to produce hyperglycemia in fasted rats. The hyperglycemia produced by the non-nitrostaed analogs was of early onset and did not result in the production of permanent diabetes. The data emphasizes the important role of the nitroso group of streptozotocin in the production of the hypoglycemic and permanent diabetic phases while the sugar moiety may have a direct influence on production of the early hyperglycemia phase."}
{"id": "PMID:132667", "title": "Effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate and 16beta-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone on blood pressure and plasma renin activity of rats.", "content": "Intact female Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily injections of either 3.125 mg of deoxycorticosterone or 5.0 mg of 16beta-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone, calculated from the activities reported for each to be equivalent mineralocorticoid dosages. The former caused hypertension, cardiorenal enlargement, increased urine output and depressed PRA. Treatment with 16beta-OH-DHEA had no such effect, raising questions regarding its classification as a mineralocorticoid.", "contents": "Effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate and 16beta-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone on blood pressure and plasma renin activity of rats. Intact female Sprague-Dawley rats were given daily injections of either 3.125 mg of deoxycorticosterone or 5.0 mg of 16beta-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone, calculated from the activities reported for each to be equivalent mineralocorticoid dosages. The former caused hypertension, cardiorenal enlargement, increased urine output and depressed PRA. Treatment with 16beta-OH-DHEA had no such effect, raising questions regarding its classification as a mineralocorticoid."}
{"id": "PMID:132668", "title": "Protective effect of digitoxin in adrenal-compression hypertension.", "content": "Bilateral compression of the adrenal glands combined in mononephrectomy and followed by the imposition of a high NaC1 intake resulted in severe hypertension in all rats so treated. It was accompanied by enlargement of the heart, kidneys, and adrenal glands, atrophy of the thymus, and the occurrence of severe nephrosclerosis. Digitoxin treatment delayed the onset, reduced the incidence, and ameliorated the magnitude of the hypertensive response in such animals; it also reduced the degree of cardiac hypertrophy and the severity of nephrosclerosis and completely prevented enlargement of the adrenals and kidneys and atrophy of the thymus.", "contents": "Protective effect of digitoxin in adrenal-compression hypertension. Bilateral compression of the adrenal glands combined in mononephrectomy and followed by the imposition of a high NaC1 intake resulted in severe hypertension in all rats so treated. It was accompanied by enlargement of the heart, kidneys, and adrenal glands, atrophy of the thymus, and the occurrence of severe nephrosclerosis. Digitoxin treatment delayed the onset, reduced the incidence, and ameliorated the magnitude of the hypertensive response in such animals; it also reduced the degree of cardiac hypertrophy and the severity of nephrosclerosis and completely prevented enlargement of the adrenals and kidneys and atrophy of the thymus."}
{"id": "PMID:132669", "title": "Enhancement of insulin secretion by human chorionic somatomammotropin and related hormones.", "content": "Hypophysectomized rats were treated for 6 days with 200 mug per day of either human chorionic somatomammotropin, human pituitary growth hormone, plasmin-modified human pituitary growth hormone, or ovine prolactin. All hormone preparations except ovine prolactin enhanced the ability of the pancreases of hypophysectomized rats to secrete insulin in the isolated pancreas perfusion system.", "contents": "Enhancement of insulin secretion by human chorionic somatomammotropin and related hormones. Hypophysectomized rats were treated for 6 days with 200 mug per day of either human chorionic somatomammotropin, human pituitary growth hormone, plasmin-modified human pituitary growth hormone, or ovine prolactin. All hormone preparations except ovine prolactin enhanced the ability of the pancreases of hypophysectomized rats to secrete insulin in the isolated pancreas perfusion system."}
{"id": "PMID:132670", "title": "LSD acts synergistically with serotonin depletion: evidence from behavioral studies in cats.", "content": "Administration of LSD (100 mug/kg, IP) or the serotonin depleting drug p-chlorophenylalanine (150 mg/kg/day for 5 days) both induce dramatic behavioral changes which include the common stereotyped responses of rapid flicking movements of the limbs and abortive attempts at grooming. The combined action of LSD and p=chlorophenylalanine results in a marked increase in the occurrence of these behaviors, suggesting that LSD acts synergistically with serotonin depletion. These data therefore support the hypothesis that the behavioral effects of LSD may be attributable to its well known electrophysiological effect of depressing the activity of serotonin containing neurons. In addition, limb flicking and abortive grooming may serve as a useful behavioral model for studying the actions of LSD, since these behaviors are quantifiable, easily scored, and occur with an extremely low frequency in normal cats.", "contents": "LSD acts synergistically with serotonin depletion: evidence from behavioral studies in cats. Administration of LSD (100 mug/kg, IP) or the serotonin depleting drug p-chlorophenylalanine (150 mg/kg/day for 5 days) both induce dramatic behavioral changes which include the common stereotyped responses of rapid flicking movements of the limbs and abortive attempts at grooming. The combined action of LSD and p=chlorophenylalanine results in a marked increase in the occurrence of these behaviors, suggesting that LSD acts synergistically with serotonin depletion. These data therefore support the hypothesis that the behavioral effects of LSD may be attributable to its well known electrophysiological effect of depressing the activity of serotonin containing neurons. In addition, limb flicking and abortive grooming may serve as a useful behavioral model for studying the actions of LSD, since these behaviors are quantifiable, easily scored, and occur with an extremely low frequency in normal cats."}
{"id": "PMID:132671", "title": "Copulation in noncopulators: effect of PCPA in male rats.", "content": "Twenty eight virgin male rats who failed to mount spontaneously on four successive mating tests were randomly assigned to two equal groups. One group received four daily injections of PCPA (100 mg/kg-IP), and the other, four vehicle injections. About 24 hr after the last injection all rats were subjected to a mating test. Eight rats of the PCPA group and only two of the vehicle, started to copulate. The difference is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tail). The 18 rats that did not start to copulate, failed to do so also on a repeated test a week later, and were then given four additional daily injections of PCPA. Sixteen of them started to copulate on the following mating test. Most of the rats copulated successfully on additional mating tests that took place three to eight weeks later, in the absence of further PCPA treatment.", "contents": "Copulation in noncopulators: effect of PCPA in male rats. Twenty eight virgin male rats who failed to mount spontaneously on four successive mating tests were randomly assigned to two equal groups. One group received four daily injections of PCPA (100 mg/kg-IP), and the other, four vehicle injections. About 24 hr after the last injection all rats were subjected to a mating test. Eight rats of the PCPA group and only two of the vehicle, started to copulate. The difference is significant at the 0.05 level (two-tail). The 18 rats that did not start to copulate, failed to do so also on a repeated test a week later, and were then given four additional daily injections of PCPA. Sixteen of them started to copulate on the following mating test. Most of the rats copulated successfully on additional mating tests that took place three to eight weeks later, in the absence of further PCPA treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:132672", "title": "Taming effects of p-chlorophenylalanine on the aggressive behavior of septal rats.", "content": "Septal irritability and shock-induced aggression were suppressed by the administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) to septal rats. The levels of septal irritability and shock-induced fighting were significantly lower in septal, PCPC-treated rats than in nontreated septal rats. Since both parameters of septal aggression were reduced by PCPA, and while PCPA has no effect on shock-induced fighting of unlesioned rats under similar parameters, it appears that both forms of aggression may function through a common neural mechanism.", "contents": "Taming effects of p-chlorophenylalanine on the aggressive behavior of septal rats. Septal irritability and shock-induced aggression were suppressed by the administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) to septal rats. The levels of septal irritability and shock-induced fighting were significantly lower in septal, PCPC-treated rats than in nontreated septal rats. Since both parameters of septal aggression were reduced by PCPA, and while PCPA has no effect on shock-induced fighting of unlesioned rats under similar parameters, it appears that both forms of aggression may function through a common neural mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:132673", "title": "Effects of taurine on the ATPase activity in the human erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Effects of taurine on the total ATPase activity inhibited by ouabain were investigated in the human erythrocyte membrane. The enzyme activity was not activated by taurine in the absence of calcium, but was significantly activated by taurine (15-60 mM) in the presence of calcium (5 mM) by which the enzyme is inhibited. Since taurine does not form a chelate complex with calcium ion, this activation may be due to an action of taurine in the presence of calcium through competition with these ions on the membrane.", "contents": "Effects of taurine on the ATPase activity in the human erythrocyte membrane. Effects of taurine on the total ATPase activity inhibited by ouabain were investigated in the human erythrocyte membrane. The enzyme activity was not activated by taurine in the absence of calcium, but was significantly activated by taurine (15-60 mM) in the presence of calcium (5 mM) by which the enzyme is inhibited. Since taurine does not form a chelate complex with calcium ion, this activation may be due to an action of taurine in the presence of calcium through competition with these ions on the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:132674", "title": "Contingent feedback for training children to propel their wheelchairs.", "content": "Three multiply handicapped children were taught self-movement of their wheelchairs. This behavior was established through the use of contingent reinforcement within 30-minute therapy sessions. When a high number of self-movement responses were obtained, the reinforcement was systematically withdrawn to allow the responses to come under the control of the natural environmental consequences.", "contents": "Contingent feedback for training children to propel their wheelchairs. Three multiply handicapped children were taught self-movement of their wheelchairs. This behavior was established through the use of contingent reinforcement within 30-minute therapy sessions. When a high number of self-movement responses were obtained, the reinforcement was systematically withdrawn to allow the responses to come under the control of the natural environmental consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:132675", "title": "Myofeedback: a new method of teaching breathing exercises in emphysematous patients.", "content": "The diaphragm of the emphysematous patient is low and limited in its excursions, producing an increased functional residual capacity and decreased pulmonary ventilation. This report describes our experiences with a new technique for 1) the training of abdominal-diaphragmatic (A-D) breathing and 2) the relaxation of accessory respiratory muscles in emphysematous patients. Abdominal muscle contraction during expiration has been shown to increase diaphragmatic excursions and, hence, pulmonary ventilation. Use of this technique has been limited, however, because of the difficulty in learning this breathing pattern. Through continuous audio and visual feedback of myoelectric potentials (myofeedback) from abdominal muscles, 12 patients learned A-D breathing. The lower rectus abdominis muscle was found to be the most suitable muscle for obtaining the myoelectric potentials. Similarly, by providing the patients with myofeedback from their accessory muscles, they decreased the use of these muscles, thus increasing their respiratory efficiency. With myofeedback, patients appear to learn new breathing patterns effectively and in fewer sessions than with conventional procedures.", "contents": "Myofeedback: a new method of teaching breathing exercises in emphysematous patients. The diaphragm of the emphysematous patient is low and limited in its excursions, producing an increased functional residual capacity and decreased pulmonary ventilation. This report describes our experiences with a new technique for 1) the training of abdominal-diaphragmatic (A-D) breathing and 2) the relaxation of accessory respiratory muscles in emphysematous patients. Abdominal muscle contraction during expiration has been shown to increase diaphragmatic excursions and, hence, pulmonary ventilation. Use of this technique has been limited, however, because of the difficulty in learning this breathing pattern. Through continuous audio and visual feedback of myoelectric potentials (myofeedback) from abdominal muscles, 12 patients learned A-D breathing. The lower rectus abdominis muscle was found to be the most suitable muscle for obtaining the myoelectric potentials. Similarly, by providing the patients with myofeedback from their accessory muscles, they decreased the use of these muscles, thus increasing their respiratory efficiency. With myofeedback, patients appear to learn new breathing patterns effectively and in fewer sessions than with conventional procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:132676", "title": "The long-term effects of hard alloplastic implants when put on bone.", "content": "The resorption of bone beneath 4 alloplastic materials has been studied for periods up to 18 months in rabbit skulls. When the effects of pressure were negated, there was no significant difference in bone resorption attributable to placement above or below the periosteum. Dacron backing or polyurethane backing were associated with more inflammation and greater bone reaction than were plain silicone or stainless steel. The changes noted at 18 months were essentially the same as those noted at 6 months.", "contents": "The long-term effects of hard alloplastic implants when put on bone. The resorption of bone beneath 4 alloplastic materials has been studied for periods up to 18 months in rabbit skulls. When the effects of pressure were negated, there was no significant difference in bone resorption attributable to placement above or below the periosteum. Dacron backing or polyurethane backing were associated with more inflammation and greater bone reaction than were plain silicone or stainless steel. The changes noted at 18 months were essentially the same as those noted at 6 months."}
{"id": "PMID:132677", "title": "Properties of the calcium-activated adenosine tri-phosphatase from L-cell membranes.", "content": "Preparation of surface membranes from mouse L-cells using a technique previously described in the literature [Perdue & Sneider, 1970] allowed characterization of a Ca-activated ATPase apparently separate from the mitochondrial ATPase also dependent on calcium. This enzyme is associated with the Na-K-ATPase, a marker for surface membranes, and not wilth alkaline phosphatase, a mitochondrial enzyme. In temperature sensitivity, pH dependence and inhibition by ethacrynic acid, the partially purified enzyme has properties similar to those previously described for active calcium efflux from these cells. For maximal activity of the enzyme system magnesium and sodium are required, although the calcium transport from whole cells was apparently independent of both. Adenosine triphosphate only was metabolized by the enzyme system, whereas CTP could be utilized for calcium transport from 'ghost' cells, probably as a result of intracellular conversion to ATP. It is suggested that the active calcium transport from cultured L-cells is closely linked to the calcium dependent ATPase, and that the method of calcium extrusion is similar to that described for red blood cells.", "contents": "Properties of the calcium-activated adenosine tri-phosphatase from L-cell membranes. Preparation of surface membranes from mouse L-cells using a technique previously described in the literature [Perdue & Sneider, 1970] allowed characterization of a Ca-activated ATPase apparently separate from the mitochondrial ATPase also dependent on calcium. This enzyme is associated with the Na-K-ATPase, a marker for surface membranes, and not wilth alkaline phosphatase, a mitochondrial enzyme. In temperature sensitivity, pH dependence and inhibition by ethacrynic acid, the partially purified enzyme has properties similar to those previously described for active calcium efflux from these cells. For maximal activity of the enzyme system magnesium and sodium are required, although the calcium transport from whole cells was apparently independent of both. Adenosine triphosphate only was metabolized by the enzyme system, whereas CTP could be utilized for calcium transport from 'ghost' cells, probably as a result of intracellular conversion to ATP. It is suggested that the active calcium transport from cultured L-cells is closely linked to the calcium dependent ATPase, and that the method of calcium extrusion is similar to that described for red blood cells."}
{"id": "PMID:132679", "title": "The effect of fractionated administration of locetamic acid (Cholebrine) on gallbladder visualization.", "content": "Fractionated administration of iopanoic acid (Telepaque) has already been shown to result in superior visualization of the gallbladder. A similar study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of fractionation when iocetamic acid (Cholebrine) is employed. It was found that the gall bladder is opacified better if Cholebrine is given in a single dose.", "contents": "The effect of fractionated administration of locetamic acid (Cholebrine) on gallbladder visualization. Fractionated administration of iopanoic acid (Telepaque) has already been shown to result in superior visualization of the gallbladder. A similar study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of fractionation when iocetamic acid (Cholebrine) is employed. It was found that the gall bladder is opacified better if Cholebrine is given in a single dose."}
{"id": "PMID:132683", "title": "Analgesic effect of fluoxetine hydrochloride (Lilly 110140), a specific inhibitor of serotonin uptake.", "content": "Rats treated with Lilly 110140, a specific inhibitor of serotonin re-uptake in brain, are less sensitive to electroshock. Lilly 110140 antagonizes the hyperalgesia following injections of p-chlorophenylalanine and potentiates morphine analgesia. Naloxone blocks the analgesia following morphine, but has no effect on Lilly 110140-induced analgesia. Brain serotonin neurons may, at least in part, mediate analgesia.", "contents": "Analgesic effect of fluoxetine hydrochloride (Lilly 110140), a specific inhibitor of serotonin uptake. Rats treated with Lilly 110140, a specific inhibitor of serotonin re-uptake in brain, are less sensitive to electroshock. Lilly 110140 antagonizes the hyperalgesia following injections of p-chlorophenylalanine and potentiates morphine analgesia. Naloxone blocks the analgesia following morphine, but has no effect on Lilly 110140-induced analgesia. Brain serotonin neurons may, at least in part, mediate analgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:132684", "title": "Cholinergic imbalance hypotheses of psychoses and movement disorders: strategies for evaluation.", "content": "It has been proposed that the etiologies of tardive dyskinesia and Huntington's chorea and of some forms of schizophrenia and the affective disorders involve a cholinergic imbalance with respect to a second neurotransmitter. This relative over- or underactivity of the cholinergic system could result from altered synthesis, storage, release, degradation, or reuptake or from a variety of receptor interactions. Under these hypotheses, clinical symptoms would reflect both the brain region in which the imbalance occurs and the neurotransmitter with which acetylcholine is interacting. Effective treatments could involve the correction of this hypothetical imbalance by changing the relative availability of either one or both of the neurotransmitters. Both precursor loading with choline or dimethylaminoethanol and cholinesterase inhibition may be useful in evaluating the effects of increased cholinergic activity in these disease states; the relative merits of these strategies are discussed.", "contents": "Cholinergic imbalance hypotheses of psychoses and movement disorders: strategies for evaluation. It has been proposed that the etiologies of tardive dyskinesia and Huntington's chorea and of some forms of schizophrenia and the affective disorders involve a cholinergic imbalance with respect to a second neurotransmitter. This relative over- or underactivity of the cholinergic system could result from altered synthesis, storage, release, degradation, or reuptake or from a variety of receptor interactions. Under these hypotheses, clinical symptoms would reflect both the brain region in which the imbalance occurs and the neurotransmitter with which acetylcholine is interacting. Effective treatments could involve the correction of this hypothetical imbalance by changing the relative availability of either one or both of the neurotransmitters. Both precursor loading with choline or dimethylaminoethanol and cholinesterase inhibition may be useful in evaluating the effects of increased cholinergic activity in these disease states; the relative merits of these strategies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132686", "title": "On the use of selective neurotoxic amine analogs to measure the blockade of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake systems by antidepressants.", "content": "In pargyline or carbidopa pretreated mice, 6-hydroxydopa causes a depletion of brain norepinephrine. Several antidepressant compounds block the depletion after pargyline but not after carbidopa pretreatment. Similarly, p-chloromethamphetamine-induced depletion of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine is blocked by several antidepressants. Diazepam antagonizes the ability to imipramine to block the norepinephrine depletion induced by 6-hydroxydopa but not the 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion induced by p-chloromethamphetamine. Blockade of selective neurotoxic induced depletions of biogenic amines is a useful in vivo technique for determining the effects of drugs on the amine uptake systems. However, the results for compounds with mixed antidepressant/anxiolytic activity must be viewed with caution.", "contents": "On the use of selective neurotoxic amine analogs to measure the blockade of norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake systems by antidepressants. In pargyline or carbidopa pretreated mice, 6-hydroxydopa causes a depletion of brain norepinephrine. Several antidepressant compounds block the depletion after pargyline but not after carbidopa pretreatment. Similarly, p-chloromethamphetamine-induced depletion of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine is blocked by several antidepressants. Diazepam antagonizes the ability to imipramine to block the norepinephrine depletion induced by 6-hydroxydopa but not the 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion induced by p-chloromethamphetamine. Blockade of selective neurotoxic induced depletions of biogenic amines is a useful in vivo technique for determining the effects of drugs on the amine uptake systems. However, the results for compounds with mixed antidepressant/anxiolytic activity must be viewed with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:132687", "title": "Increased erythrocyte Na+ pump and NaK-ATPase activity during lithium therapy.", "content": "A significant mean increase of 18% in erythrocyte sodium pump activity (p less than 0.01, t test) was observed during lithium treatment, as compared with the activity before lithium treatment was started, in a group of 20 patients who were treated with lithium therapy for a variety of psychiatric conditions. The mean level of erythrocyte membrane ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity in a group of 35 subjects who were receiving lithium therapy was significantly higher than that of a different group of 38 subjects who were not receiving lithium therapy (p less than 0.005, t test). These observations may offer a biochemical mode of action for lithium in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder, since a deficiency of sodium pump activity has been shown to be associated with that disorder.", "contents": "Increased erythrocyte Na+ pump and NaK-ATPase activity during lithium therapy. A significant mean increase of 18% in erythrocyte sodium pump activity (p less than 0.01, t test) was observed during lithium treatment, as compared with the activity before lithium treatment was started, in a group of 20 patients who were treated with lithium therapy for a variety of psychiatric conditions. The mean level of erythrocyte membrane ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity in a group of 35 subjects who were receiving lithium therapy was significantly higher than that of a different group of 38 subjects who were not receiving lithium therapy (p less than 0.005, t test). These observations may offer a biochemical mode of action for lithium in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder, since a deficiency of sodium pump activity has been shown to be associated with that disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:132688", "title": "Regional lung perfusion and pulmonary artery pressure in chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "In 22 chronic bronchitics with or without emphysema, the authors measured regional pulmonary perfusion in the supine position and calculated the ratios of radio-active tracer (131I-MAA) concentrations in the lung apices and bases (U/L ratio). This ratio was found to be normal in the right lung and tendentially high (though not to a statistically significant degree) in the left lung, this being probably due to the presence of an enlarged heart (13 patients showed evidence of right ventricle hypertrophy and/or overload). The correlation between the U/L ratio and functional impairment of respiration expressed spirometrically failed to reach statistical significance and the same was true of the correlation between the U/L ratio and mean pulmonary arterial pressure at rest.", "contents": "Regional lung perfusion and pulmonary artery pressure in chronic obstructive lung disease. In 22 chronic bronchitics with or without emphysema, the authors measured regional pulmonary perfusion in the supine position and calculated the ratios of radio-active tracer (131I-MAA) concentrations in the lung apices and bases (U/L ratio). This ratio was found to be normal in the right lung and tendentially high (though not to a statistically significant degree) in the left lung, this being probably due to the presence of an enlarged heart (13 patients showed evidence of right ventricle hypertrophy and/or overload). The correlation between the U/L ratio and functional impairment of respiration expressed spirometrically failed to reach statistical significance and the same was true of the correlation between the U/L ratio and mean pulmonary arterial pressure at rest."}
{"id": "PMID:132689", "title": "Changes in the pattern of breathing caused by chest vibration.", "content": "Vibration of 100 Hz was delivered longitudinally onto the sternum of anaesthetized cats and rabbits. Vibration consistently reduced the tidal volume by 10-15% without altering the end-expiratory point, and occasionally reduced the respiratory rate. Vibration applied during inspiration reduced the tidal volume as much as if delivered over several breaths. Expiratory vibration did not alter the course of the expiration, nor the volume of the following inspiration. The inhibition of inspiration was unaffected by deafferentation of chest wall skin, bilateral vagotomy, bilateral division of the phrenic nerves and low thoracic spinal transection. Spinal transection above the thoracic cord (C8/T1) abolished usual responses to vibration. The receptors for this reflex probably lie in the chest wall. Vibration inhibited the development of alae nasi tension during inspiration indicating that supraspinal reflex loops were involved. A role for intercostal muscle spindles is suggested.", "contents": "Changes in the pattern of breathing caused by chest vibration. Vibration of 100 Hz was delivered longitudinally onto the sternum of anaesthetized cats and rabbits. Vibration consistently reduced the tidal volume by 10-15% without altering the end-expiratory point, and occasionally reduced the respiratory rate. Vibration applied during inspiration reduced the tidal volume as much as if delivered over several breaths. Expiratory vibration did not alter the course of the expiration, nor the volume of the following inspiration. The inhibition of inspiration was unaffected by deafferentation of chest wall skin, bilateral vagotomy, bilateral division of the phrenic nerves and low thoracic spinal transection. Spinal transection above the thoracic cord (C8/T1) abolished usual responses to vibration. The receptors for this reflex probably lie in the chest wall. Vibration inhibited the development of alae nasi tension during inspiration indicating that supraspinal reflex loops were involved. A role for intercostal muscle spindles is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:132690", "title": "[Huntington's chorea and cerebellar atrophy. Apropos of amanatomo-clinical case].", "content": "The authors report the clinical and pathological findings in a 46 years old woman with Huntington's chorea and cerebello-olivar atrophy. Eight previously reported cerebellar atrophies in Huntington's chorea with pathological examination are reviewed. The primary or secondary nature of the cerebellar lesions is discussed.", "contents": "[Huntington's chorea and cerebellar atrophy. Apropos of amanatomo-clinical case]. The authors report the clinical and pathological findings in a 46 years old woman with Huntington's chorea and cerebello-olivar atrophy. Eight previously reported cerebellar atrophies in Huntington's chorea with pathological examination are reviewed. The primary or secondary nature of the cerebellar lesions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132691", "title": "[Centromuclear myopathy with late clinical manifestations. Clinical, histological and ultrastructural study of a new case].", "content": "A new case of late-onset centronuclear myopathy is reported. Clinical manifestations only occurred after 27 years age and consisted in diffuse muscle weakness without any ocular involvement. No other case was found in the family. In muscle biopsies the frequence of central nuclei was close to 100 p. 100. With the myofibrillar A.T.Pase reaction, almost all the fibers were type I. Furthermore, the electron microscopic study showed frequent vacuoles and splitting aspects of the muscle fibres, with \"en passant\" myotendinous junctions. Unusual granular bodies were found near the basement membrane, in particular within the subneural folds of the end-plates.", "contents": "[Centromuclear myopathy with late clinical manifestations. Clinical, histological and ultrastructural study of a new case]. A new case of late-onset centronuclear myopathy is reported. Clinical manifestations only occurred after 27 years age and consisted in diffuse muscle weakness without any ocular involvement. No other case was found in the family. In muscle biopsies the frequence of central nuclei was close to 100 p. 100. With the myofibrillar A.T.Pase reaction, almost all the fibers were type I. Furthermore, the electron microscopic study showed frequent vacuoles and splitting aspects of the muscle fibres, with \"en passant\" myotendinous junctions. Unusual granular bodies were found near the basement membrane, in particular within the subneural folds of the end-plates."}
{"id": "PMID:132692", "title": "Psychiatric and social factors related to low-back pain in general practice.", "content": "In a study of 1499 patients over six years in a general practice, an association was found between a history of low-back pain and a history of psychological illness, in several demographical groups. The association was strongest in patients of both sexes, aged 35--44, and in women aged 55--74. Patients with a history of low-back pain were more likely to have had a diagnosis of 'anxiety' than non-low-back-pain patients, whereas there was no significant difference in the incidence of 'depression' between those with, and those without, low-back pain.", "contents": "Psychiatric and social factors related to low-back pain in general practice. In a study of 1499 patients over six years in a general practice, an association was found between a history of low-back pain and a history of psychological illness, in several demographical groups. The association was strongest in patients of both sexes, aged 35--44, and in women aged 55--74. Patients with a history of low-back pain were more likely to have had a diagnosis of 'anxiety' than non-low-back-pain patients, whereas there was no significant difference in the incidence of 'depression' between those with, and those without, low-back pain."}
{"id": "PMID:132693", "title": "Gastrointestinal blood loss on phenylbutazone and feprazone.", "content": "Feprazone, a new anti-inflammatory drug, is a useful antirheumatic preparation which causes little gastrointestinal upset. This short cross-over study shows no significant gastrointestinal blood loss with either feprazone or phenylbutazone by the red-cell chromium-51 labelling method.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal blood loss on phenylbutazone and feprazone. Feprazone, a new anti-inflammatory drug, is a useful antirheumatic preparation which causes little gastrointestinal upset. This short cross-over study shows no significant gastrointestinal blood loss with either feprazone or phenylbutazone by the red-cell chromium-51 labelling method."}
{"id": "PMID:132695", "title": "Some studies of feprazone.", "content": "Feprazone, 200 mg t.d.s., was compared with indomethacin, 25 mg t.d.s. rising to 50 mg t.d.s., in an eight-week double-blind cross-over study in twenty-three patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Both therapies proved equally efficacious and acceptable. Measurement of the plasma levels of the two drugs showed no consistent correlation between efficacy and plasma concentrations.", "contents": "Some studies of feprazone. Feprazone, 200 mg t.d.s., was compared with indomethacin, 25 mg t.d.s. rising to 50 mg t.d.s., in an eight-week double-blind cross-over study in twenty-three patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. Both therapies proved equally efficacious and acceptable. Measurement of the plasma levels of the two drugs showed no consistent correlation between efficacy and plasma concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:132697", "title": "Gelatinous transformation of bone marrow in prolonged self-induced starvation.", "content": "In bone marrow from 3 patients with prolonged, severe self-induced starvation, fat atrophy, hypoplasia of haemopoietic cells and characteristic gelatinous transformation of marrow were noted. The gelatinous substance appeared amorphous and stained pink with the Wright-Giemsa stains. Histochemical and ultrasturctural studies indicated that it consisted of acid mucopolysaccharides and was extracellular in nature. Similar marrow abnormalities were produced in rabbits by limitating their food intake for 4 months. These marrow abnormalities in the experimental animals could be reverted to normal by restoring their nutritional status. It is proposed that the gelatinous transformation of marrow is caused by excessive production of mucopolysacchrides of the ground substance to compensate for the mobilization of marrow fat which occurs to meet the energy requirement. It is further postulated that excessive production of acid mucopolysaccharides may provide a microenvironment unsuitable for haemopoietic proliferation. The relevance of these findings to other conditions associated with marrow aplasia, is discussed.", "contents": "Gelatinous transformation of bone marrow in prolonged self-induced starvation. In bone marrow from 3 patients with prolonged, severe self-induced starvation, fat atrophy, hypoplasia of haemopoietic cells and characteristic gelatinous transformation of marrow were noted. The gelatinous substance appeared amorphous and stained pink with the Wright-Giemsa stains. Histochemical and ultrasturctural studies indicated that it consisted of acid mucopolysaccharides and was extracellular in nature. Similar marrow abnormalities were produced in rabbits by limitating their food intake for 4 months. These marrow abnormalities in the experimental animals could be reverted to normal by restoring their nutritional status. It is proposed that the gelatinous transformation of marrow is caused by excessive production of mucopolysacchrides of the ground substance to compensate for the mobilization of marrow fat which occurs to meet the energy requirement. It is further postulated that excessive production of acid mucopolysaccharides may provide a microenvironment unsuitable for haemopoietic proliferation. The relevance of these findings to other conditions associated with marrow aplasia, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132699", "title": "Disability social distance hierarchy for population subgroups.", "content": "This investigation studied the disability attitudes of ten population subgroups including the general public, professionals, college and grade school students and disabled individuals. A total of 2576 subjects were tested in a seven-year period with one of three instruments. The results showed that a stable hierarchy of preference characterized these seemingly disparate groups.", "contents": "Disability social distance hierarchy for population subgroups. This investigation studied the disability attitudes of ten population subgroups including the general public, professionals, college and grade school students and disabled individuals. A total of 2576 subjects were tested in a seven-year period with one of three instruments. The results showed that a stable hierarchy of preference characterized these seemingly disparate groups."}
{"id": "PMID:132700", "title": "Muscle fiber composition in patients with traumatic cord lesion.", "content": "Muscle fiber composition and oxidative and glycolytic enzymatic activity have been studied with complete traumatic transection of the spinal cord and spastic paralysis of the lower extremities. Muscle sample were taken by means of needle biopsy from the vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles. Biopsies were also taken for comparison from the deltoid muscle. Fibers staining darkly for alkaline stable myofibrillar ATP-ase (type II) dominated or were the only fibers identified in the paralysed muscles. The deltoid muscles of the same patients had a rather even mixture of type I and II fibers. Staining pattern was reversed after acid preincubation (pH 4.3). Mean diameters in the paralysed muscles were reduced for both fiber types. All fibers stained relatively weakly for NADH-diaphorase. Succinyldehydrogenase activity was low and phosphofructokinase activity usually moderately reduced. The findings imply that neuronal influence on the muscular fibers had led to a change in the staining characteristics of the muscle fibers. Such a change migh indicate altered contractile characteristics, though the detailed nature of the observed findings in still unclear.", "contents": "Muscle fiber composition in patients with traumatic cord lesion. Muscle fiber composition and oxidative and glycolytic enzymatic activity have been studied with complete traumatic transection of the spinal cord and spastic paralysis of the lower extremities. Muscle sample were taken by means of needle biopsy from the vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius, and soleus muscles. Biopsies were also taken for comparison from the deltoid muscle. Fibers staining darkly for alkaline stable myofibrillar ATP-ase (type II) dominated or were the only fibers identified in the paralysed muscles. The deltoid muscles of the same patients had a rather even mixture of type I and II fibers. Staining pattern was reversed after acid preincubation (pH 4.3). Mean diameters in the paralysed muscles were reduced for both fiber types. All fibers stained relatively weakly for NADH-diaphorase. Succinyldehydrogenase activity was low and phosphofructokinase activity usually moderately reduced. The findings imply that neuronal influence on the muscular fibers had led to a change in the staining characteristics of the muscle fibers. Such a change migh indicate altered contractile characteristics, though the detailed nature of the observed findings in still unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:132701", "title": "Expression of C4 on human lymphoid cells and possible involvement in immune recognition phenomena.", "content": "Immunochemical studies revealed the presence of the fourth component of complement (C4) on surfaces of human lymphoid cells. Antiserums to C4 inhibited the mixed lymphocyte reaction and the mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin, suggesting a role for membrane-associated C4 in the afferent phase of immune recognition phenomena.", "contents": "Expression of C4 on human lymphoid cells and possible involvement in immune recognition phenomena. Immunochemical studies revealed the presence of the fourth component of complement (C4) on surfaces of human lymphoid cells. Antiserums to C4 inhibited the mixed lymphocyte reaction and the mitogenic response to phytohemagglutinin, suggesting a role for membrane-associated C4 in the afferent phase of immune recognition phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:132702", "title": "Mg2+, Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase as receptor for divalent cations in bacterial sensing.", "content": "The Mg2+, Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase responsible for interconversion of the energized membrane state to adenosine triphosphate is the receptor for divalent metal ions in bacterial chemotaxis. The receptors controlling bacterial behavior show a common pattern of dual functions.", "contents": "Mg2+, Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase as receptor for divalent cations in bacterial sensing. The Mg2+, Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase responsible for interconversion of the energized membrane state to adenosine triphosphate is the receptor for divalent metal ions in bacterial chemotaxis. The receptors controlling bacterial behavior show a common pattern of dual functions."}
{"id": "PMID:132705", "title": "The effectiveness of topical and oral tetracycline for acne.", "content": "A group of 135 college students with acne was evaluated in a 12-week, double-blind study comparing placebo, oral tetracycline 0.5 gm daily, and a new topical tetracycline preparation. The topical tetracycline preparation containing n-decyl methyl sulfoxide to enhance penetration, produced statistically significant improvement of acne as compared to placebo after 7, 10, and 12 weeks of treatment. Oral tetracycline, 0.5 gm daily, was statistically significantly more effective for acne than placebo after 4, 7, 10, and 12 weeks of therapy. The placebo group also had marked improvement which may have been related to sun exposure. Emotional stress produced by final examinations had no apparent effect on the patients given placebo, oral, or topical tetracycline. Side effects of the topical tetracycline included a slight yellowish discoloration of the skin in 25% of the subjects and transient stinging or tingling sensation after application in 36%.", "contents": "The effectiveness of topical and oral tetracycline for acne. A group of 135 college students with acne was evaluated in a 12-week, double-blind study comparing placebo, oral tetracycline 0.5 gm daily, and a new topical tetracycline preparation. The topical tetracycline preparation containing n-decyl methyl sulfoxide to enhance penetration, produced statistically significant improvement of acne as compared to placebo after 7, 10, and 12 weeks of treatment. Oral tetracycline, 0.5 gm daily, was statistically significantly more effective for acne than placebo after 4, 7, 10, and 12 weeks of therapy. The placebo group also had marked improvement which may have been related to sun exposure. Emotional stress produced by final examinations had no apparent effect on the patients given placebo, oral, or topical tetracycline. Side effects of the topical tetracycline included a slight yellowish discoloration of the skin in 25% of the subjects and transient stinging or tingling sensation after application in 36%."}
{"id": "PMID:132706", "title": "Repair of massive abdominal wall defects. Combined use of pneumoperitoneum and Marlex mesh.", "content": "The most important aspects of repairing massive hernias, eventrations, or surgically created abdominal wall defects are preoperative preparation of the patient and conservative judgment in indications for use of prosthetic material. Before operation, most patients (excluding those with trauma or severe sepsis) can be prepared electively by progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum. The procedure is safe, simple, and effective. As described, it involves no special techniques or equipment and may be carried out as an inpatient or outpatient procedure. Prosthetic material should be used only to obviate tension on a suture line, for this must scrupulously be avoided. It should not be used routinely as onlay grafts in small or moderate hernias as primary fascial suturing gives better results with few wound complications when closure without tension is possible. Progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum, combined when necessary with Marlex mesh to obviate tension, enables closure of even gigantic defects. The technique avoids the severe and sometimes fatal preliminary complications resulting from sudden increase in abdominal pressure and diaphragmatic elevation that accompany replacement of abdominal viscera that have lost their \"right of domain\" with large hernias or abdominal wall defects. This technique also markedly diminishes postoperative pain and aids satisfactory pulmonary management and thus permits early postoperative mobilization and discharge from the hospital.", "contents": "Repair of massive abdominal wall defects. Combined use of pneumoperitoneum and Marlex mesh. The most important aspects of repairing massive hernias, eventrations, or surgically created abdominal wall defects are preoperative preparation of the patient and conservative judgment in indications for use of prosthetic material. Before operation, most patients (excluding those with trauma or severe sepsis) can be prepared electively by progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum. The procedure is safe, simple, and effective. As described, it involves no special techniques or equipment and may be carried out as an inpatient or outpatient procedure. Prosthetic material should be used only to obviate tension on a suture line, for this must scrupulously be avoided. It should not be used routinely as onlay grafts in small or moderate hernias as primary fascial suturing gives better results with few wound complications when closure without tension is possible. Progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum, combined when necessary with Marlex mesh to obviate tension, enables closure of even gigantic defects. The technique avoids the severe and sometimes fatal preliminary complications resulting from sudden increase in abdominal pressure and diaphragmatic elevation that accompany replacement of abdominal viscera that have lost their \"right of domain\" with large hernias or abdominal wall defects. This technique also markedly diminishes postoperative pain and aids satisfactory pulmonary management and thus permits early postoperative mobilization and discharge from the hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:132717", "title": "Development of specific nonreactivity in human cadaveric renal allograft recipients.", "content": "The development of specific nonreactivity and mixed leukocyte culture blocking factor activity (MLC-BFA) was serially studied in three cadaveric renal allograft recipients. All patients developed hypo and/or nonreactivity in the MLC reaction to the specific donor but not to an indifferent donor. Specific hypo and/or nonreactivity observed in the MLC reaction was independent of recipient's response to PHA which remained normal. Broad reacting MLC-BFA declined and subsequently disappeared after the state of specific nonreactivity was achieved. Several allograft rejection crisis occurred during the active stage, but these crises subsided once the nonreactivity was achieved.", "contents": "Development of specific nonreactivity in human cadaveric renal allograft recipients. The development of specific nonreactivity and mixed leukocyte culture blocking factor activity (MLC-BFA) was serially studied in three cadaveric renal allograft recipients. All patients developed hypo and/or nonreactivity in the MLC reaction to the specific donor but not to an indifferent donor. Specific hypo and/or nonreactivity observed in the MLC reaction was independent of recipient's response to PHA which remained normal. Broad reacting MLC-BFA declined and subsequently disappeared after the state of specific nonreactivity was achieved. Several allograft rejection crisis occurred during the active stage, but these crises subsided once the nonreactivity was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:132718", "title": "Quantitative analysis of cardiac hypertrophy due to pressure load in reference to the relations of blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular capacity.", "content": "In almost all of the cases of cardiac hypertrophy due to sustained hypertension, left ventricular capacity is increased in proportion to increased left ventricular weight, even in the absence of manifest cardiac insufficiency. The condition is regarded as the general expression of cardiac response to pressure load, and the concept of \"isomorphic hypertrophy\" is proposed. Concentric hypertrophy of the current concept is observed only on rare special occasions, and its role in cardiac adaptation to pressure load is obscure. The increase in myocardial mass is sufficient to maintain the work done by a unit myocardial volume at a normal level. However, the calculation on pertinent models demonstrates that hypertrophied hearts of any type expel the normal stroke volume with smaller shortening of muscle fibers under larger stress, which is further elevated with the progress of cardiac contraction. Because the maximum force generated by muscle fibers declines with advancing cardiac contraction, hypertrophied hearts harbor a latent risk of mechanical insufficiency. Even under pressure load, ventricular dilation seems to precede the re-inforcement of ventricular wall in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. A common mechanism may be therefore assumed underlying the development and performance of all types of hypertrophied hearts, regardless of the difference in the character of physical loads.", "contents": "Quantitative analysis of cardiac hypertrophy due to pressure load in reference to the relations of blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular capacity. In almost all of the cases of cardiac hypertrophy due to sustained hypertension, left ventricular capacity is increased in proportion to increased left ventricular weight, even in the absence of manifest cardiac insufficiency. The condition is regarded as the general expression of cardiac response to pressure load, and the concept of \"isomorphic hypertrophy\" is proposed. Concentric hypertrophy of the current concept is observed only on rare special occasions, and its role in cardiac adaptation to pressure load is obscure. The increase in myocardial mass is sufficient to maintain the work done by a unit myocardial volume at a normal level. However, the calculation on pertinent models demonstrates that hypertrophied hearts of any type expel the normal stroke volume with smaller shortening of muscle fibers under larger stress, which is further elevated with the progress of cardiac contraction. Because the maximum force generated by muscle fibers declines with advancing cardiac contraction, hypertrophied hearts harbor a latent risk of mechanical insufficiency. Even under pressure load, ventricular dilation seems to precede the re-inforcement of ventricular wall in the development of cardiac hypertrophy. A common mechanism may be therefore assumed underlying the development and performance of all types of hypertrophied hearts, regardless of the difference in the character of physical loads."}
{"id": "PMID:132719", "title": "Sponge matrix allografts. A model for analysis of killer cells infiltrating mouse allografts.", "content": "A method for isolation of allograft-infiltrating cells in a functionally viable state is described in this article. The method is based on the use of a spongious tissue into which cells of strain A (e.g., fibroblasts or tumor cells) are grown. The resulting graft is then transplanted to a strain B animal, and the infiltrating cells are released from it by gentle compression. The graft-infiltrating cells are completely recovered, and they may be processed for further experimentation and analysis by employing exclusively physical methods of cell preparation. As an example of future applications, some preliminary results on density- and charge fractionation of the graft-infiltrating cells are also reported.", "contents": "Sponge matrix allografts. A model for analysis of killer cells infiltrating mouse allografts. A method for isolation of allograft-infiltrating cells in a functionally viable state is described in this article. The method is based on the use of a spongious tissue into which cells of strain A (e.g., fibroblasts or tumor cells) are grown. The resulting graft is then transplanted to a strain B animal, and the infiltrating cells are released from it by gentle compression. The graft-infiltrating cells are completely recovered, and they may be processed for further experimentation and analysis by employing exclusively physical methods of cell preparation. As an example of future applications, some preliminary results on density- and charge fractionation of the graft-infiltrating cells are also reported."}
{"id": "PMID:132720", "title": "A sensitive micromethod for generating and assaying allogeneically induced cytotoxic human lymphocytes.", "content": "A sensitive micromethod for generating and assaying allogeneically induced cytotoxic human lymphocytes in vitro is described. Responding lymphocytes are cultured with mitomycin-C treated allogeneic stimulating cells in wells of replicate microtrays for both one-way mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) assays. On day 5, MLC response is determined by measuring 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation directly in wells of the MLC tray. On day 6 or 7 CML response is determined by measuring 51Cr released from labeled target cells added to replicate culture cells in the CML tray. It is thus possible to measure both MLC and CML responses of the 2.5 X 10(4) -U X 10(5) responding lymphocytes originally placed in replicate wells. 51Cr-labeled target cells can be added to wells containing dilutions of the stimulated cells and a log-linear relationship between the per cent specific 51Cr release and number of effector cells is observed. Significant levels of specific cytoxicity are detected at ratios as low as one effector cell per target cell; little cross-killing on third-party cells and no autokilling is observed. Lymphocytes purified from whole blood that is stored overnight at room temperature and purified lymphocytes stored overnight in the cold generate MLC and CML responses comparable to those of lymphocytes purified from fresh blood. Only 2 or 3 ml of whole blood are required to perform both MLC and CML assays, thus enabling the study of both proliferative and cytotoxic lymphocyte responses in young children and other individuals from whom only a few milliliters of blood can be obtained.", "contents": "A sensitive micromethod for generating and assaying allogeneically induced cytotoxic human lymphocytes. A sensitive micromethod for generating and assaying allogeneically induced cytotoxic human lymphocytes in vitro is described. Responding lymphocytes are cultured with mitomycin-C treated allogeneic stimulating cells in wells of replicate microtrays for both one-way mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) assays. On day 5, MLC response is determined by measuring 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation directly in wells of the MLC tray. On day 6 or 7 CML response is determined by measuring 51Cr released from labeled target cells added to replicate culture cells in the CML tray. It is thus possible to measure both MLC and CML responses of the 2.5 X 10(4) -U X 10(5) responding lymphocytes originally placed in replicate wells. 51Cr-labeled target cells can be added to wells containing dilutions of the stimulated cells and a log-linear relationship between the per cent specific 51Cr release and number of effector cells is observed. Significant levels of specific cytoxicity are detected at ratios as low as one effector cell per target cell; little cross-killing on third-party cells and no autokilling is observed. Lymphocytes purified from whole blood that is stored overnight at room temperature and purified lymphocytes stored overnight in the cold generate MLC and CML responses comparable to those of lymphocytes purified from fresh blood. Only 2 or 3 ml of whole blood are required to perform both MLC and CML assays, thus enabling the study of both proliferative and cytotoxic lymphocyte responses in young children and other individuals from whom only a few milliliters of blood can be obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:132721", "title": "Donor-specific cellular and humoral immunity after clinical kidney transplantation.", "content": "The cellular and humoral immune response against donor lymphocytes was studied in 10 patients transplanted with kidneys from living related donors. Nine of the grafts were functioning well at the time of the study. No direct (T) cell-mediated cytotoxicity against donor cells was demonstrated. Specific anti-donor antibodies were found in two recipients with well accepted grafts. Their antisera were active in antibody-induced cell-mediated cytotoxicity (AICC) and inhibited the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), but were negative in complement-dependent cytoxicity (CDC). Thus, no single immunological factor responsible for a favorable clinical course could be demonstrated. Neither complete T nor complete B cell tolerance against donor cells had developed, and a well tolerated graft could co-exist with antibodies directed against donor cells.", "contents": "Donor-specific cellular and humoral immunity after clinical kidney transplantation. The cellular and humoral immune response against donor lymphocytes was studied in 10 patients transplanted with kidneys from living related donors. Nine of the grafts were functioning well at the time of the study. No direct (T) cell-mediated cytotoxicity against donor cells was demonstrated. Specific anti-donor antibodies were found in two recipients with well accepted grafts. Their antisera were active in antibody-induced cell-mediated cytotoxicity (AICC) and inhibited the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), but were negative in complement-dependent cytoxicity (CDC). Thus, no single immunological factor responsible for a favorable clinical course could be demonstrated. Neither complete T nor complete B cell tolerance against donor cells had developed, and a well tolerated graft could co-exist with antibodies directed against donor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:132722", "title": "The humoral responses of haemodialysis patients to antigen challenge.", "content": "Twenty-four patients on regular haemodialysis had repeated serum samples tested for lymphocyte cytotoxicity and for factors which inhibit the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). It was found that serum with a high urea content did not increase the incidence of inhibition of MLC. In 16 patients on haemodialysis there was inhibition of MLC by autologous serum and the same combinations of lymphocytes were inhibited in repeated tests. The serum from 10 of these patients was also cytotoxic for lymphocytes. Serum from 12 patients was not cytotoxic but 6 of these caused inhibition MLC. It is suggested that inhibition of MLC may be produced by factors which are not specific for HLA. Serum from patients who previously rejected kidney transplants or who had pregnancies or multiple blood transfusions showed increased cytotoxicity, but these factors did not increase the frequency of serum inhibition of MLC. The significance of serum inhibitory factors and cytotoxic antibodies in the early clinical course of 12 cadaver transplants is discussed.", "contents": "The humoral responses of haemodialysis patients to antigen challenge. Twenty-four patients on regular haemodialysis had repeated serum samples tested for lymphocyte cytotoxicity and for factors which inhibit the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). It was found that serum with a high urea content did not increase the incidence of inhibition of MLC. In 16 patients on haemodialysis there was inhibition of MLC by autologous serum and the same combinations of lymphocytes were inhibited in repeated tests. The serum from 10 of these patients was also cytotoxic for lymphocytes. Serum from 12 patients was not cytotoxic but 6 of these caused inhibition MLC. It is suggested that inhibition of MLC may be produced by factors which are not specific for HLA. Serum from patients who previously rejected kidney transplants or who had pregnancies or multiple blood transfusions showed increased cytotoxicity, but these factors did not increase the frequency of serum inhibition of MLC. The significance of serum inhibitory factors and cytotoxic antibodies in the early clinical course of 12 cadaver transplants is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132724", "title": "Role of MLC compatibility in intrafamilial kidney transplantation.", "content": "The role of compatibility at the HL-A and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) loci for graft survival was analysed in 45 recipients of intrafamilial kidneys. MLC tests performed after transplantation when the recipients were on maintenance immunosuppressive therapy did not show a reduced reactivity of the recipient lymphocytes as compared to tests performed before surgery. The results with the two-way MLC test was paradoxical: patients with functioning grafts had a higher mean stimulation than did those with nonfunctioning grafts. Subsequent clinical correlations were based on one-way MLC carried out before or after transplantation. The 1-year survival of grafts from HL-A compatible donors was 94% and that of graft from HL-A incompatible donors was 75%. When the comparison was between grafts from MLC-negative and MLC-positive donors the figures were 100 and 75%, respectively. If the cases were divided in those displaying a low relative reactivity (RR), indicating identity at the major (LD-1, HL A-D) MLC locus, towards their donors in MLC and those with a high RR, the graft survival was 100% versus 70% (P less than 0.05). The prognosis seemed to be worse the higher the relative reactivity. At 3 years all grafts from donors with negative reaction or low RR in the MLC were still functioning. Analysis of the few exceptional cases in which there was compatibility for either the HL-A or MLC locus but not for the other points to the major MLC locus as being most important for graft survival.", "contents": "Role of MLC compatibility in intrafamilial kidney transplantation. The role of compatibility at the HL-A and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) loci for graft survival was analysed in 45 recipients of intrafamilial kidneys. MLC tests performed after transplantation when the recipients were on maintenance immunosuppressive therapy did not show a reduced reactivity of the recipient lymphocytes as compared to tests performed before surgery. The results with the two-way MLC test was paradoxical: patients with functioning grafts had a higher mean stimulation than did those with nonfunctioning grafts. Subsequent clinical correlations were based on one-way MLC carried out before or after transplantation. The 1-year survival of grafts from HL-A compatible donors was 94% and that of graft from HL-A incompatible donors was 75%. When the comparison was between grafts from MLC-negative and MLC-positive donors the figures were 100 and 75%, respectively. If the cases were divided in those displaying a low relative reactivity (RR), indicating identity at the major (LD-1, HL A-D) MLC locus, towards their donors in MLC and those with a high RR, the graft survival was 100% versus 70% (P less than 0.05). The prognosis seemed to be worse the higher the relative reactivity. At 3 years all grafts from donors with negative reaction or low RR in the MLC were still functioning. Analysis of the few exceptional cases in which there was compatibility for either the HL-A or MLC locus but not for the other points to the major MLC locus as being most important for graft survival."}
{"id": "PMID:132735", "title": "[Peritoneoscopy in differential diagnosis of jaundice].", "content": "162 endoscopic studies were conducted in 158 patients. It was found that in obscure cases peritoneoscopy could be successfully employed for differential diagnosis between mechanic and parenchymatous jaundice. Irrespective of the duration of jaundice a reliable information can be obtained endoscopically, in particular in bilirubinemia being over 5 mg%. A peritoneoscopic conclusion as to the character of jaundice was correct in 87% of cases. By means of peritoneoscopy, judging by the appearance of the liver, one could have an idea about the site and character of obturation of bile ducts in over a half of patients.", "contents": "[Peritoneoscopy in differential diagnosis of jaundice]. 162 endoscopic studies were conducted in 158 patients. It was found that in obscure cases peritoneoscopy could be successfully employed for differential diagnosis between mechanic and parenchymatous jaundice. Irrespective of the duration of jaundice a reliable information can be obtained endoscopically, in particular in bilirubinemia being over 5 mg%. A peritoneoscopic conclusion as to the character of jaundice was correct in 87% of cases. By means of peritoneoscopy, judging by the appearance of the liver, one could have an idea about the site and character of obturation of bile ducts in over a half of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:132738", "title": "[Clinical form of syngamiasis of pheasants and its treatment with mebendazole].", "content": "For the subdueing of the clinical form of the synagamosis of pheasants we successfully applied Mebendazole in the dose of 120 mg kg-1 of the feed. Because of the lack of drug we administered the dose of 120 mg kg-1 of the feed in one group in the course of seven days to a number of animals, the others (approx. 4000 animals) received the drug only in the course of three days. On the third to fourth day after the application of the preparation the clinical symptoms disappeared and mortality stopped. To the group intended for dissecting for the evaluation of the effectiveness of Mebendazole, the dose of 120 mg kg-1 of the feed was applied in the course of 13 days. From the fifth day after the beginning of the application we found no gapeworm (Syngamus trachea) in the trachea, and the clinical symptoms disappeared completely from the seventh day onwards. In the control group mortality continued and in the trachea we found mature parasites numbering from 1 to 13 pairs. Thus we consider the dose of 120 mg kg-1 of the feed to be suitable, though it is necessary, by means of further investigation, to determine the most favourable time of administration, both for the prophylactic dehelminthization in dependence on the concrete ecological conditions in the system of rearing, and also for the therapy of the clinical form in dependence on the stage of the pathological process and of the epizootological situation.", "contents": "[Clinical form of syngamiasis of pheasants and its treatment with mebendazole]. For the subdueing of the clinical form of the synagamosis of pheasants we successfully applied Mebendazole in the dose of 120 mg kg-1 of the feed. Because of the lack of drug we administered the dose of 120 mg kg-1 of the feed in one group in the course of seven days to a number of animals, the others (approx. 4000 animals) received the drug only in the course of three days. On the third to fourth day after the application of the preparation the clinical symptoms disappeared and mortality stopped. To the group intended for dissecting for the evaluation of the effectiveness of Mebendazole, the dose of 120 mg kg-1 of the feed was applied in the course of 13 days. From the fifth day after the beginning of the application we found no gapeworm (Syngamus trachea) in the trachea, and the clinical symptoms disappeared completely from the seventh day onwards. In the control group mortality continued and in the trachea we found mature parasites numbering from 1 to 13 pairs. Thus we consider the dose of 120 mg kg-1 of the feed to be suitable, though it is necessary, by means of further investigation, to determine the most favourable time of administration, both for the prophylactic dehelminthization in dependence on the concrete ecological conditions in the system of rearing, and also for the therapy of the clinical form in dependence on the stage of the pathological process and of the epizootological situation."}
{"id": "PMID:132767", "title": "[Laparoscopy in oncologic diseases].", "content": "Among 160 laparoscopies 58 were performed in oncological patients. The diagnosis of abdominal tumor was supported in 18 patients, the diagnosis was rejected - in 13, pinpointed further - in 15, primarily established- in 12 patients. Of 58 examined patients distal metastases were detected in 21, that made it possible to obviate an unnecessary laparotomy. No complications relative to the use of laparotomy and biopsy were noted.", "contents": "[Laparoscopy in oncologic diseases]. Among 160 laparoscopies 58 were performed in oncological patients. The diagnosis of abdominal tumor was supported in 18 patients, the diagnosis was rejected - in 13, pinpointed further - in 15, primarily established- in 12 patients. Of 58 examined patients distal metastases were detected in 21, that made it possible to obviate an unnecessary laparotomy. No complications relative to the use of laparotomy and biopsy were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:132771", "title": "[Quantitative K and Na levels in different parts of the heart in cases of sudden death from coronary disease, acquired heart valve defects and violent death].", "content": "The quantitative potassium and sodium contents in the separate regions of the heart and m. rectus abdominis in cases of sudden and violent death were investigated. The disturbances of the electrolyte metabolism of potassium and sodium were established to be the earliest changes in coronary disease (acute coronary insufficiency resulting from functional disturbances of the coronary circulation and myocardial infarction). The decrease of the quantitative potassium contents and sodium increase in myocardium depend on the ischemia duration and the stage of the myocardial lesion. The highest potassium decrease was observed in the left ventricle and right auricle. Not very high but even decrease of potassium and sodium contents in the separate heart regions was observed in the deceased by electrocution and strangulation, the decrease being most negligible in the deceased by electrocution. The changes observed in potassium and sodium contents are not pathognomic signs of coronary disease. Only the sharp, focal decrease of the contents of those element is a reliable sign of myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Quantitative K and Na levels in different parts of the heart in cases of sudden death from coronary disease, acquired heart valve defects and violent death]. The quantitative potassium and sodium contents in the separate regions of the heart and m. rectus abdominis in cases of sudden and violent death were investigated. The disturbances of the electrolyte metabolism of potassium and sodium were established to be the earliest changes in coronary disease (acute coronary insufficiency resulting from functional disturbances of the coronary circulation and myocardial infarction). The decrease of the quantitative potassium contents and sodium increase in myocardium depend on the ischemia duration and the stage of the myocardial lesion. The highest potassium decrease was observed in the left ventricle and right auricle. Not very high but even decrease of potassium and sodium contents in the separate heart regions was observed in the deceased by electrocution and strangulation, the decrease being most negligible in the deceased by electrocution. The changes observed in potassium and sodium contents are not pathognomic signs of coronary disease. Only the sharp, focal decrease of the contents of those element is a reliable sign of myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:132772", "title": "Piriform syndrome.", "content": "Among a variety of deep muscle trigger points, the piriform muscle trigger point is selected for individual scrutiny. This seems fully justified by the great potential for confusing this entity with discogenic disease and consequently having unnecessary surgical procedures carried out.The diagnosis can be made from findings on simple physical diagnostic tests and an appropriate history. Low back and hip pain with pain radiating down the back of the leg should suggest piriform syndrome as part of the differential diagnosis. This is especially true if a female patient has complaint of dyspareunia. Pain and weakness on resisted abduction-external rotation of the thigh is a sign of piriform syndrome. This is confirmed by tenderness and reproduction of the patient's complaints by digital pressure over the belly of the piriform muscle, completing the diagnostic criteria. Local injection of the muscle belly is curative. There are no laboratory or x-ray findings leading to a diagnosis.", "contents": "Piriform syndrome. Among a variety of deep muscle trigger points, the piriform muscle trigger point is selected for individual scrutiny. This seems fully justified by the great potential for confusing this entity with discogenic disease and consequently having unnecessary surgical procedures carried out.The diagnosis can be made from findings on simple physical diagnostic tests and an appropriate history. Low back and hip pain with pain radiating down the back of the leg should suggest piriform syndrome as part of the differential diagnosis. This is especially true if a female patient has complaint of dyspareunia. Pain and weakness on resisted abduction-external rotation of the thigh is a sign of piriform syndrome. This is confirmed by tenderness and reproduction of the patient's complaints by digital pressure over the belly of the piriform muscle, completing the diagnostic criteria. Local injection of the muscle belly is curative. There are no laboratory or x-ray findings leading to a diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:132778", "title": "[Aging--risk factor for arteriosclerosis].", "content": "The changes of the arteries appearing diffusely caused by ageing as a rule favour the development of the focal arteriosclerotic changes. Already due to the increasing blood lipid level the ageing vessel is exposed to increased loads. It is more difficult for it to cope with them, since caused by ageing the cell functions of endothelium, intima and adjacent media decrease, whereas the diffundibility increases. The alterations of the mucopolysaccharide spectre in old age also render difficult the maintenance of the integrity of the arterial wall. The decrease of the distensibility of the arterial wall, partly consequence of increasing cross-linking, partly expression of senile fibrosis, is partially compensated by dilatation of the vascular tube. When arteriosclerotic beds supervene on account of solidification caused by old age additional difficulties appear. On principle the genuine changes caused by old age smooth the way for the development of arteriosclerotic changes.", "contents": "[Aging--risk factor for arteriosclerosis]. The changes of the arteries appearing diffusely caused by ageing as a rule favour the development of the focal arteriosclerotic changes. Already due to the increasing blood lipid level the ageing vessel is exposed to increased loads. It is more difficult for it to cope with them, since caused by ageing the cell functions of endothelium, intima and adjacent media decrease, whereas the diffundibility increases. The alterations of the mucopolysaccharide spectre in old age also render difficult the maintenance of the integrity of the arterial wall. The decrease of the distensibility of the arterial wall, partly consequence of increasing cross-linking, partly expression of senile fibrosis, is partially compensated by dilatation of the vascular tube. When arteriosclerotic beds supervene on account of solidification caused by old age additional difficulties appear. On principle the genuine changes caused by old age smooth the way for the development of arteriosclerotic changes."}
{"id": "PMID:132779", "title": "A double blind trial of a new topical steroid formulation containing desoximetasone against fluocinolonacetonid cream.", "content": "A randomized double-blind left-right comparative trial was carried out between a new steroid Desoximetason 0,25% (Ibaril) and fluocinolone acetonide 0,025% cream. Evaluation of symptoms on 50 patients suffering from endogenous eczema was recorded after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. There was a significantly better effect of Ibaril compared to Fluocinolone-acetonide as judged by the observer during the 1st, 3rd and 4th week of treatment. After the 2nd week treatment Ibaril showed a better effect, however, a significancy could not be established.", "contents": "A double blind trial of a new topical steroid formulation containing desoximetasone against fluocinolonacetonid cream. A randomized double-blind left-right comparative trial was carried out between a new steroid Desoximetason 0,25% (Ibaril) and fluocinolone acetonide 0,025% cream. Evaluation of symptoms on 50 patients suffering from endogenous eczema was recorded after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. There was a significantly better effect of Ibaril compared to Fluocinolone-acetonide as judged by the observer during the 1st, 3rd and 4th week of treatment. After the 2nd week treatment Ibaril showed a better effect, however, a significancy could not be established."}
{"id": "PMID:132780", "title": "[Clinical testing of a new local corticoid: desoximethasone].", "content": "In a double-blind comparative trial on 37 patients with symetric dermatoses, the clinical effect of desoximetasone (0.25%) has been compared to fluocinolone acetonide (0.2%). After 7 days of treatment an improvement or cure of the lesions could be seen in 34 patients treated with desoximetasone, and only on 22 patients treated with fluocinolone acetonide (0.2%). The better effect of desoximetasone was especially evident on erythema and pruritus. Differences between the drugs were statistically significant.", "contents": "[Clinical testing of a new local corticoid: desoximethasone]. In a double-blind comparative trial on 37 patients with symetric dermatoses, the clinical effect of desoximetasone (0.25%) has been compared to fluocinolone acetonide (0.2%). After 7 days of treatment an improvement or cure of the lesions could be seen in 34 patients treated with desoximetasone, and only on 22 patients treated with fluocinolone acetonide (0.2%). The better effect of desoximetasone was especially evident on erythema and pruritus. Differences between the drugs were statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:132783", "title": "Chemically induced esthesioneuroblastomas in rats.", "content": "Malignant tumours of the nasal cavity were induced in 19 of 56 (34%) female MRC-Wistar rats by 1-nitrosopiperazine administered orally for life. These tumours were of neurogenic origin, according to classical histologic criteria.", "contents": "Chemically induced esthesioneuroblastomas in rats. Malignant tumours of the nasal cavity were induced in 19 of 56 (34%) female MRC-Wistar rats by 1-nitrosopiperazine administered orally for life. These tumours were of neurogenic origin, according to classical histologic criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:132784", "title": "Experimental studies on the effect of induced antifibrinolysis on per-operative tumour cell shedding.", "content": "Previous experimental data suggested a pronounced inhibition of the spontaneous intravascular tumor cell shedding by induced antifibrinolysis. Furthermore, the growth rate of primary tumours was reduced. This initiated the present investigation, in which the effect of antifibrinolysis, induced with tranexamic acid, on the per-operative intravascular release of cells from a 20-methylcholanthrene induced rat sarcoma was studied. Tumour cell shedding was estimated by registration of the outgrowth of secondary tumours in animals transplanted intrasmuscularly or intravenously with blood from the operatively treated tumour area. Induced antifibrinolysis was not found to influence the intravascular shedding of tumour cells. However, a significantly increase release of tumour cells was found during biopsies on large primary tumours compared to the same operative procedure on small tumours.", "contents": "Experimental studies on the effect of induced antifibrinolysis on per-operative tumour cell shedding. Previous experimental data suggested a pronounced inhibition of the spontaneous intravascular tumor cell shedding by induced antifibrinolysis. Furthermore, the growth rate of primary tumours was reduced. This initiated the present investigation, in which the effect of antifibrinolysis, induced with tranexamic acid, on the per-operative intravascular release of cells from a 20-methylcholanthrene induced rat sarcoma was studied. Tumour cell shedding was estimated by registration of the outgrowth of secondary tumours in animals transplanted intrasmuscularly or intravenously with blood from the operatively treated tumour area. Induced antifibrinolysis was not found to influence the intravascular shedding of tumour cells. However, a significantly increase release of tumour cells was found during biopsies on large primary tumours compared to the same operative procedure on small tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:132785", "title": "[On the cytosic action of N-methyl-N-beta-chloraethyl-hydrazine and its benzaldehydhydrazone (author's transl)].", "content": "N-Methyl-N-beta-chloroethyl-hydrazine and its benzaldehydhydrazone are two new cytostatic methylhydrazines. Administered intraperitoneally, they are more effective in inhibiting the ascites tumor growth (Ehrlich's carcinoma in mice and Yoshida sarcoma in rats) than procarbazine in vitro as well as in vivo. The intraperitoneal administration of hydrazone shows a minor effect on the solid tumor. This may be explained by a different pharmacocinetical behaviour. Hydrazone is less toxic than procarbazine.", "contents": "[On the cytosic action of N-methyl-N-beta-chloraethyl-hydrazine and its benzaldehydhydrazone (author's transl)]. N-Methyl-N-beta-chloroethyl-hydrazine and its benzaldehydhydrazone are two new cytostatic methylhydrazines. Administered intraperitoneally, they are more effective in inhibiting the ascites tumor growth (Ehrlich's carcinoma in mice and Yoshida sarcoma in rats) than procarbazine in vitro as well as in vivo. The intraperitoneal administration of hydrazone shows a minor effect on the solid tumor. This may be explained by a different pharmacocinetical behaviour. Hydrazone is less toxic than procarbazine."}
{"id": "PMID:132786", "title": "[Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of metastasizing breast cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "In a prospective study eleven patients with metastasizing breast cancer were treated with 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide )FAC). Complete remission occurred in three patients, with two of them still in remission four and thirteen months later. Partial remission (50% decrease in tumour size for more than four weeks) was achieved in five cases, with three of them still in remission. Time for remission induction was one to three months. The mean duration of complete remissions is not yet reached after thirteen months- that of partial remissions was 6.5 months. Two patients showed stable disease for four and more than eleven months, respectively. Only in one case progressive disease was noticed. Mean survival time from the start of therapy was 7.5 months for all patients. For complete and partial responders mean survival is not yet reached after eighteen months. With one exception therapy was given on an outpatient basis. Experimental and clinical data on therapeutic synergism of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil show no advantage of the three-drug combination over the combination of adriamycin and cylophosphamide alone.", "contents": "[Adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil in the treatment of metastasizing breast cancer (author's transl)]. In a prospective study eleven patients with metastasizing breast cancer were treated with 5-fluorouracil, adriamycin, and cyclophosphamide )FAC). Complete remission occurred in three patients, with two of them still in remission four and thirteen months later. Partial remission (50% decrease in tumour size for more than four weeks) was achieved in five cases, with three of them still in remission. Time for remission induction was one to three months. The mean duration of complete remissions is not yet reached after thirteen months- that of partial remissions was 6.5 months. Two patients showed stable disease for four and more than eleven months, respectively. Only in one case progressive disease was noticed. Mean survival time from the start of therapy was 7.5 months for all patients. For complete and partial responders mean survival is not yet reached after eighteen months. With one exception therapy was given on an outpatient basis. Experimental and clinical data on therapeutic synergism of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, and 5-fluorouracil show no advantage of the three-drug combination over the combination of adriamycin and cylophosphamide alone."}
{"id": "PMID:132787", "title": "Ossification in cancer of the stomach: an experimental study.", "content": "In rats with Nitrosoguanidine induced carcinomas of the gastric stump, heterotopic ossifications are found freqently. The following stages of differentiation during the desmal ossification in the stump carcinomas are demonstrated: 1. Osteoblasts, 2. Osteoid, 3. Woven bone, 4. Lamellar bone. --The islands of metaplastic bone cells are predominantly located in the invasive marginal zone of the carcinoma of the gastric stump. The histology of the heterotopic ossification in the gastric stump of the rat is similar to that one seen in stomach cancer of men. The model here described seems to be suitable for further study of metaplastic bone formation in the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "Ossification in cancer of the stomach: an experimental study. In rats with Nitrosoguanidine induced carcinomas of the gastric stump, heterotopic ossifications are found freqently. The following stages of differentiation during the desmal ossification in the stump carcinomas are demonstrated: 1. Osteoblasts, 2. Osteoid, 3. Woven bone, 4. Lamellar bone. --The islands of metaplastic bone cells are predominantly located in the invasive marginal zone of the carcinoma of the gastric stump. The histology of the heterotopic ossification in the gastric stump of the rat is similar to that one seen in stomach cancer of men. The model here described seems to be suitable for further study of metaplastic bone formation in the gastrointestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:132788", "title": "[Toxicological effects of diethylinitrosamine (DENA) in guppies (Lebistes reticulatus) (author's transl)].", "content": "In a chronical test guppies were incubated in the darkness in diethylnitrosamine-concentrations of 26 and 100 mg/1 up to seven months. This treatment led, because of the toxicity of the compound, to lesions in organs of the peritoneal cavity. Tumors were not observed. The cause of the lack of carcinogenic activity is discussed.", "contents": "[Toxicological effects of diethylinitrosamine (DENA) in guppies (Lebistes reticulatus) (author's transl)]. In a chronical test guppies were incubated in the darkness in diethylnitrosamine-concentrations of 26 and 100 mg/1 up to seven months. This treatment led, because of the toxicity of the compound, to lesions in organs of the peritoneal cavity. Tumors were not observed. The cause of the lack of carcinogenic activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132789", "title": "Comparative studies of neoplastic response to a single dose of nitroso compounds. 5. The effect of dimethylnitrosamine in Swiss, ASW/SN and A-strain mice.", "content": "The tumorigenic effect of dimethylnitrosamine given once at 5 different dose levels was compared in adult Swiss, ASW/SN and A-strain mice. Considering the overall tumour incidence, at the highest dose level an increase was found in Swiss and ASW/SN mice, but not in A-strain animals. However, the effect of treatment was unequivocal for lung neoplasms. The rate of carcinomas rose significantly in all 3 strains, although a clear dose response-relationship could be established only in Swiss and ASW/SN mice. A dose-dependent effect for adenomas was found solely in Swiss mice.", "contents": "Comparative studies of neoplastic response to a single dose of nitroso compounds. 5. The effect of dimethylnitrosamine in Swiss, ASW/SN and A-strain mice. The tumorigenic effect of dimethylnitrosamine given once at 5 different dose levels was compared in adult Swiss, ASW/SN and A-strain mice. Considering the overall tumour incidence, at the highest dose level an increase was found in Swiss and ASW/SN mice, but not in A-strain animals. However, the effect of treatment was unequivocal for lung neoplasms. The rate of carcinomas rose significantly in all 3 strains, although a clear dose response-relationship could be established only in Swiss and ASW/SN mice. A dose-dependent effect for adenomas was found solely in Swiss mice."}
{"id": "PMID:132790", "title": "Structural limits of specificity of methylcholanthrene-repressible nitrosamine N-dealkylases. Inhibition by analog substrates.", "content": "The dealkylation of dimethyl-, diethyl- and dipropylnitrosamine by hepatic microsomes of Sprague-Dawley rats is repressed by pretreatment of the animals with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), and this repression progressively decreases with the increase of alkyl chain length. In contrast to its effect on the demethylation of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), in vivo phenobarbital induces rather than represses the deethylation of diethylnitrosamine. The rates of demethylation of the DMN analog substrates (dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylpropionamide, and dimethylbutyramide), although low as compared to DMN, increase with the acyl chain length. These analogs are potent in vitro inhibitors of Dmn demethylation when used in combination with DMN as substrates, and the inhibition decreases with the length of the acyl chain. Dimethylaminoacetone, which corresponds to the insertion of a CH2 group between the N atom and the carbonyl group in dimethylacetamide, is not an in vitro inhibitor of DMN demethylation; the demethylation rates are additive when theis compound is used as substrate in combination with DMN. The rate of demethylation of dimethylaminoacetone is substantially higher than the rates of the dimethylacylamides, and is significantly repressed by MC-pretreatment. The rate of demethylation of methylphenylnitrosamine is not influenced by MC-pretreatment; the compound is, however, a potent inhibitor of demethylation when used as substrate in combination with DMN. The demethylation rates of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (the reduction product of DMN) and dimethylaniline are not influenced by MC-pretreatment; neither do they  affect the overall rate of demethylation when used as substrate in combination with DMN.", "contents": "Structural limits of specificity of methylcholanthrene-repressible nitrosamine N-dealkylases. Inhibition by analog substrates. The dealkylation of dimethyl-, diethyl- and dipropylnitrosamine by hepatic microsomes of Sprague-Dawley rats is repressed by pretreatment of the animals with 3-methylcholanthrene (MC), and this repression progressively decreases with the increase of alkyl chain length. In contrast to its effect on the demethylation of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), in vivo phenobarbital induces rather than represses the deethylation of diethylnitrosamine. The rates of demethylation of the DMN analog substrates (dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, dimethylpropionamide, and dimethylbutyramide), although low as compared to DMN, increase with the acyl chain length. These analogs are potent in vitro inhibitors of Dmn demethylation when used in combination with DMN as substrates, and the inhibition decreases with the length of the acyl chain. Dimethylaminoacetone, which corresponds to the insertion of a CH2 group between the N atom and the carbonyl group in dimethylacetamide, is not an in vitro inhibitor of DMN demethylation; the demethylation rates are additive when theis compound is used as substrate in combination with DMN. The rate of demethylation of dimethylaminoacetone is substantially higher than the rates of the dimethylacylamides, and is significantly repressed by MC-pretreatment. The rate of demethylation of methylphenylnitrosamine is not influenced by MC-pretreatment; the compound is, however, a potent inhibitor of demethylation when used as substrate in combination with DMN. The demethylation rates of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine (the reduction product of DMN) and dimethylaniline are not influenced by MC-pretreatment; neither do they  affect the overall rate of demethylation when used as substrate in combination with DMN."}
{"id": "PMID:132791", "title": "Analysis of the structure of cancer literature based on SABIR-C. III. A survey of the distribution of the world oncological publications from 1969-1974.", "content": "The great number of disciplines involving oncology and the exponential growth in the number of publications make it increasingly more difficult to keep abreast of the important oncological literature appearing in a large number of periodicals. It is, therefore, essential for the oncologist to be up to date with the journals and to read the papers relevant to his specialty. The cancer literature information system SABIR-C developed by the French and German Cancer Research Centers was created for this purpose. The present paper analyses 54496 papers published in periodicals covered by the SABIR-C system in the period from January 1969 to October 1974. The tables included contain the titles of periodicals which are of particular relevance for cancer research. They permit a quick orientation with regard to the important sources of oncological publications. These tables also assist the librarian working in a cancer research institution in selecting the most important and quantitatively most productive periodicals. This is especially important since he usually has only limited financial resources at his disposal. Further tables give a survey of the countries of origin and the categories to which the latest oncological literature belongs.", "contents": "Analysis of the structure of cancer literature based on SABIR-C. III. A survey of the distribution of the world oncological publications from 1969-1974. The great number of disciplines involving oncology and the exponential growth in the number of publications make it increasingly more difficult to keep abreast of the important oncological literature appearing in a large number of periodicals. It is, therefore, essential for the oncologist to be up to date with the journals and to read the papers relevant to his specialty. The cancer literature information system SABIR-C developed by the French and German Cancer Research Centers was created for this purpose. The present paper analyses 54496 papers published in periodicals covered by the SABIR-C system in the period from January 1969 to October 1974. The tables included contain the titles of periodicals which are of particular relevance for cancer research. They permit a quick orientation with regard to the important sources of oncological publications. These tables also assist the librarian working in a cancer research institution in selecting the most important and quantitatively most productive periodicals. This is especially important since he usually has only limited financial resources at his disposal. Further tables give a survey of the countries of origin and the categories to which the latest oncological literature belongs."}
{"id": "PMID:132792", "title": "[Relation between RNA-synthesis and electrophoretic mobility of peripheral lymphocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "PHA and pokeweed mitogen increase the RNA-synthesis and decrease the electrophoretic mobility (e.m.) of normal peripheral lymphocytes. The increase in RNA-synthesis is not observed culturing lymphocytes from some patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In these cases the electrophoretic mobility remains unchanged. In some patients with CLL an increase in RNA-synthesis develops later than in normal controls. Correspondingly the decrease of the e.m. can be observed with delay. Erythrocytes and thrombocytes are not influenced by the mitogens. Since an increase in RNA-synthesis and decrease of the e.m. is also observed in mixed lymphocyte cultures without the presence of mitogens it is followed that the increase in RNA-synthesis is responsible for the decrease of the e.m.", "contents": "[Relation between RNA-synthesis and electrophoretic mobility of peripheral lymphocytes (author's transl)]. PHA and pokeweed mitogen increase the RNA-synthesis and decrease the electrophoretic mobility (e.m.) of normal peripheral lymphocytes. The increase in RNA-synthesis is not observed culturing lymphocytes from some patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In these cases the electrophoretic mobility remains unchanged. In some patients with CLL an increase in RNA-synthesis develops later than in normal controls. Correspondingly the decrease of the e.m. can be observed with delay. Erythrocytes and thrombocytes are not influenced by the mitogens. Since an increase in RNA-synthesis and decrease of the e.m. is also observed in mixed lymphocyte cultures without the presence of mitogens it is followed that the increase in RNA-synthesis is responsible for the decrease of the e.m."}
{"id": "PMID:132793", "title": "[Systolic and diastolic load of right heart and right bundle block].", "content": "Analysing the Ecg and VCG of 818 subjects, healthy or with different congenital and acquired cardiopaties, the frequency of right bundle branch block (RBBB) is established to decrease with the increase in age of children, and is observed to be 8.9% in healthy adults. The right bundle block is observed in 82.5% of the patients with atrial septal defect and quite often in patients with right ventricle tension loading, gradually decreasing with the level of the left ventricle loading, as well as with the development of extreme right ventricle hypertrophy. Out of 50 experiments with dogs with acute and chronic right heart tension loading it is evident that the number of certain and marginal (uncertain) cases with RBBB steadily increases. At the same time this increase cannot be connected with the type of loading, in dogs in which dilatation of the right ventricle is presented as well as in others with light or marked hypertrophy. Besides, under the same conditions and durations of loading some hearts exhibit RBBB, while others do not. What has been stated before gives enough grounds to accept that RBBB in healthy subjects, as well as in patients with congenital and acquired cardiopaties manifests the electromotive tension (EMT) of persistent from foetal and children-age more pronounced physiological hypertrophy (as normal variant) of the basal part of the right ventricle. Whether the picture of RBBB is retained, pronounced or disappears is determined by the correlation between the quantity and the time-manifestation of EMT of the left ventricle and of the corps part of the right ventricle.", "contents": "[Systolic and diastolic load of right heart and right bundle block]. Analysing the Ecg and VCG of 818 subjects, healthy or with different congenital and acquired cardiopaties, the frequency of right bundle branch block (RBBB) is established to decrease with the increase in age of children, and is observed to be 8.9% in healthy adults. The right bundle block is observed in 82.5% of the patients with atrial septal defect and quite often in patients with right ventricle tension loading, gradually decreasing with the level of the left ventricle loading, as well as with the development of extreme right ventricle hypertrophy. Out of 50 experiments with dogs with acute and chronic right heart tension loading it is evident that the number of certain and marginal (uncertain) cases with RBBB steadily increases. At the same time this increase cannot be connected with the type of loading, in dogs in which dilatation of the right ventricle is presented as well as in others with light or marked hypertrophy. Besides, under the same conditions and durations of loading some hearts exhibit RBBB, while others do not. What has been stated before gives enough grounds to accept that RBBB in healthy subjects, as well as in patients with congenital and acquired cardiopaties manifests the electromotive tension (EMT) of persistent from foetal and children-age more pronounced physiological hypertrophy (as normal variant) of the basal part of the right ventricle. Whether the picture of RBBB is retained, pronounced or disappears is determined by the correlation between the quantity and the time-manifestation of EMT of the left ventricle and of the corps part of the right ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:132812", "title": "[The regulation of cell proliferation by chalones experimental investigations on epidermal hyperplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "The pattern of epidermal cell proliferation, following a single application of a hyperplasia inducing agent, can well be interpreted in cybernetic terms. This concept implies that the local concentration of a possible growth inhibiting signal substance should exhibit variations compatible with the changes seen in the cell kinetics of the epidermis. This signal substance has been called the epidermal chalone, first preliminary characterized by Bullough et al. (1964c). Meanwhile a considerable number of other chalone systems have been identified in different organs. From the experimental results a chalone was considered an anti-mitotic substance, which is synthesized within the same tissue on which it specifically acts. It was found not to be species-specific; it reveals a rapid and reversible inhibition by diffusion and passes throughout the tissue and into the blood. Later investigations have exhibited that the epidermal chalone probably consists of at least two separate compounds (proteins), one acting on cells in the postsynthetic, pre-mitotic G 2-phase, the other one on cells in late G 1 (Marks, 1971; Elgjo et al., 1971, 1972). The proliferative behavior of epidermal cells following an application of different irritants was the main subject of the present investigations. All experiments were performed in vivo with hairless mouse epidermis, which was treated with 20-methylcholanthrene (MCA) as carcinogen and crotonoil as cocarcinogen, both dissolved in acetone, and with repeated Scotch tape stripping. Different methods were employed in order to determine epidermal proliferation parameters such as: a. the cytophotometrically measured amount of nucleic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Feulgen-stained epidermal basal cells, b. the total DNA content of whole epidermis, c. the number of Colcemid(R) arrested metaphases (mitotic rate) in the basal cell layer, d. the incorporation of H3-thymidine into DNA of epidermal basal cells. The number of epidermal basal cells revealing an increased DNA content is significantly lowered for more than 24 hours after MCA and for 12 hours after Crotonoil administration. This effect was not observed after Scotch tape stripping. In all the treated groups this period was followed by a proliferation wave exhibiting more cells with an increased DNA-content during the first 6-10 days after irritation. Only after MCA treatment this higher cell number appeared with a lag phase of 3 to 4 days and coincided with a decrease of the total amount of epidermal DNA. All irritants produced a marked epidermal hyperplasia during the first two weeks after application.", "contents": "[The regulation of cell proliferation by chalones experimental investigations on epidermal hyperplasia (author's transl)]. The pattern of epidermal cell proliferation, following a single application of a hyperplasia inducing agent, can well be interpreted in cybernetic terms. This concept implies that the local concentration of a possible growth inhibiting signal substance should exhibit variations compatible with the changes seen in the cell kinetics of the epidermis. This signal substance has been called the epidermal chalone, first preliminary characterized by Bullough et al. (1964c). Meanwhile a considerable number of other chalone systems have been identified in different organs. From the experimental results a chalone was considered an anti-mitotic substance, which is synthesized within the same tissue on which it specifically acts. It was found not to be species-specific; it reveals a rapid and reversible inhibition by diffusion and passes throughout the tissue and into the blood. Later investigations have exhibited that the epidermal chalone probably consists of at least two separate compounds (proteins), one acting on cells in the postsynthetic, pre-mitotic G 2-phase, the other one on cells in late G 1 (Marks, 1971; Elgjo et al., 1971, 1972). The proliferative behavior of epidermal cells following an application of different irritants was the main subject of the present investigations. All experiments were performed in vivo with hairless mouse epidermis, which was treated with 20-methylcholanthrene (MCA) as carcinogen and crotonoil as cocarcinogen, both dissolved in acetone, and with repeated Scotch tape stripping. Different methods were employed in order to determine epidermal proliferation parameters such as: a. the cytophotometrically measured amount of nucleic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of Feulgen-stained epidermal basal cells, b. the total DNA content of whole epidermis, c. the number of Colcemid(R) arrested metaphases (mitotic rate) in the basal cell layer, d. the incorporation of H3-thymidine into DNA of epidermal basal cells. The number of epidermal basal cells revealing an increased DNA content is significantly lowered for more than 24 hours after MCA and for 12 hours after Crotonoil administration. This effect was not observed after Scotch tape stripping. In all the treated groups this period was followed by a proliferation wave exhibiting more cells with an increased DNA-content during the first 6-10 days after irritation. Only after MCA treatment this higher cell number appeared with a lag phase of 3 to 4 days and coincided with a decrease of the total amount of epidermal DNA. All irritants produced a marked epidermal hyperplasia during the first two weeks after application."}
{"id": "PMID:132815", "title": "Postmorten glycolysis in ground skeletal muscle as influenced by prerigor freezing and subsequent thawing.", "content": "Ground bovine longissimus and rabbit white muscles were frozen (-25 degrees C) in the prerigor state and subsequently thawed(+20 degrees C) to determine the combined effect of grinding and freezing on glycolytic metabolites and enzymes. Frozen ground muscle, when compared to unfrozen ground tissue, showed significantly lower hexose monophosphates and significantly greater levels of all metabolites from fructose diphosphate to phosphoenolpyruvate, indicating activation of phosphofructokinase and inhibition of pyruvate kinase during the freezing process. Thawing caused rapid glycolysis and the metabolites returned to near unfrozen levels by the time glycolysis ceased, due to strong activation of phosphorylase by Ca2+. Both muscle types had a similar pattern of changes.", "contents": "Postmorten glycolysis in ground skeletal muscle as influenced by prerigor freezing and subsequent thawing. Ground bovine longissimus and rabbit white muscles were frozen (-25 degrees C) in the prerigor state and subsequently thawed(+20 degrees C) to determine the combined effect of grinding and freezing on glycolytic metabolites and enzymes. Frozen ground muscle, when compared to unfrozen ground tissue, showed significantly lower hexose monophosphates and significantly greater levels of all metabolites from fructose diphosphate to phosphoenolpyruvate, indicating activation of phosphofructokinase and inhibition of pyruvate kinase during the freezing process. Thawing caused rapid glycolysis and the metabolites returned to near unfrozen levels by the time glycolysis ceased, due to strong activation of phosphorylase by Ca2+. Both muscle types had a similar pattern of changes."}
{"id": "PMID:132818", "title": "[Studies on investigation of primary pathologic deterioration of the lower limbs. Calcific deposits in the veins (author's transl)].", "content": "Veins of the limbs of 193 sudden deaths are examined concerning the frequency, extent and localisation of sclerosis. The macroscopic process of preparation has been satisfactory. Correlations to several factors, especially age and diseases of heart and arteries, are presented and discussed.", "contents": "[Studies on investigation of primary pathologic deterioration of the lower limbs. Calcific deposits in the veins (author's transl)]. Veins of the limbs of 193 sudden deaths are examined concerning the frequency, extent and localisation of sclerosis. The macroscopic process of preparation has been satisfactory. Correlations to several factors, especially age and diseases of heart and arteries, are presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132816", "title": "[Long-term therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with perclusone].", "content": "124 patients afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis were being treated with gold salts or antimalarial preparations with the addition of corticoids as well as other antirheumatic preparations. If the Lansbury-Index fell under 30% of the initial value, the therapy was interrupted, and that in 84 patients. One half of these patients were then given Perclusone (Clofezone) in the dose of 600 mg daily for 4 years. The other half of patients -- as control group-- were given various non-steroid antirheumatics, mostly acetylsalicylic acid, phenylbutazon or indomethacin in normal doses. The course of the disease of both groups was followed up clinically and the Lansbury-Index as well as the number and duration of reactivations were determined. In the group treated with Perclusone, the previously obtained remissions remained substantially more stable, only rarely reactivations ensued and their duration was then also remarkably shorter. Tolerance of Perclusone was very good, no side-effects whatsoever have been ascertained. In the group treated with other antirheumatics distinctly more frequent and longer-lasting reactivations were ascertained. Tolerance of these drugs was generally worse and they had to be changed more frequently. Perclusone has thus proved efficient as a very good stabilizing drug in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Long-term therapy of rheumatoid arthritis with perclusone]. 124 patients afflicted with rheumatoid arthritis were being treated with gold salts or antimalarial preparations with the addition of corticoids as well as other antirheumatic preparations. If the Lansbury-Index fell under 30% of the initial value, the therapy was interrupted, and that in 84 patients. One half of these patients were then given Perclusone (Clofezone) in the dose of 600 mg daily for 4 years. The other half of patients -- as control group-- were given various non-steroid antirheumatics, mostly acetylsalicylic acid, phenylbutazon or indomethacin in normal doses. The course of the disease of both groups was followed up clinically and the Lansbury-Index as well as the number and duration of reactivations were determined. In the group treated with Perclusone, the previously obtained remissions remained substantially more stable, only rarely reactivations ensued and their duration was then also remarkably shorter. Tolerance of Perclusone was very good, no side-effects whatsoever have been ascertained. In the group treated with other antirheumatics distinctly more frequent and longer-lasting reactivations were ascertained. Tolerance of these drugs was generally worse and they had to be changed more frequently. Perclusone has thus proved efficient as a very good stabilizing drug in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:132817", "title": "[Influence of antiphlogistics, antireheumatics, and acid mucopolysaccharides on in-vitro collagen fibril formation].", "content": "41 compounds, anti-inflammatory agents, acid mucopolysaccharides, and other substances were investigated in vitro for their ability to influence the formation of collagen fibrils. The acid anti-inflammatory agents accelerated the formation of collagen fibrils partially, acid mucopolysaccharides inhibited it. The results are discussed regarding the effects exhibited by anti-inflammatory agents and mucopolysaccharides in rheumatoid arthritis and osteo-arthrosis.", "contents": "[Influence of antiphlogistics, antireheumatics, and acid mucopolysaccharides on in-vitro collagen fibril formation]. 41 compounds, anti-inflammatory agents, acid mucopolysaccharides, and other substances were investigated in vitro for their ability to influence the formation of collagen fibrils. The acid anti-inflammatory agents accelerated the formation of collagen fibrils partially, acid mucopolysaccharides inhibited it. The results are discussed regarding the effects exhibited by anti-inflammatory agents and mucopolysaccharides in rheumatoid arthritis and osteo-arthrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:132832", "title": "[Excretion of catecholamines and tryptophan derivatives in schizophrenia].", "content": "In order to study the correlations between the metabolism of biogenic monoamines and the type of development) of schizophrenia, the morning urine excretion of 30 patients (15 with continuous progressive schizophrenia and 15 with shift-like forms of development) was examined. The author studied the percentage of distribution of data, dophamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline and the correlation between these ingredients in the catecholamine system, as well as the distribution of tryptophane. It was established that in schizophrenia there is a noradrenaline deficit and a drop in the activity of tryptophane metabolism towards the serotonin way. Besides, in patients with continuous progressive forms of the disease there was a simultaneous drop in the intensity of dophamine synthesis from dopha, while in patients with shift-like schizophrenia-an excess of dophamine, conditioned probably not only by an inhibition of phamine-B-oxydase, but by an increase of dophadecarboxylase activity.", "contents": "[Excretion of catecholamines and tryptophan derivatives in schizophrenia]. In order to study the correlations between the metabolism of biogenic monoamines and the type of development) of schizophrenia, the morning urine excretion of 30 patients (15 with continuous progressive schizophrenia and 15 with shift-like forms of development) was examined. The author studied the percentage of distribution of data, dophamine, noradrenaline and adrenaline and the correlation between these ingredients in the catecholamine system, as well as the distribution of tryptophane. It was established that in schizophrenia there is a noradrenaline deficit and a drop in the activity of tryptophane metabolism towards the serotonin way. Besides, in patients with continuous progressive forms of the disease there was a simultaneous drop in the intensity of dophamine synthesis from dopha, while in patients with shift-like schizophrenia-an excess of dophamine, conditioned probably not only by an inhibition of phamine-B-oxydase, but by an increase of dophadecarboxylase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:132833", "title": "The significance of intraventricular electrocardiogram in artificial heart pacing. Observations made on 232 patients.", "content": "From 1972-1975, 232 consecutive patients suffering from A/V block were paced intravenously in the Cardiac Department. Medical School, University of Athens. Of these, 124 were female and 108 male. Their age range was between 49 and 85 years. Besides fluoroscopic and threshold control, the intraventricular electrocardiogram (E.C.G.)., recorded from the tip of the electrode, was used as a guide for the accurate positioning of the catheter-electrode in the right ventricle. An injury pattern with an elevation of the ST segment of at least 3 mV and characteristic and steady morphology was obtained when the electrode tip was satisfactorily impacted in the right position. As a consequence of this, an initial stimulation threshold below 0.7 mA was obtained in all cases and pacing failure, due to catheter displacement was noted in only 11 cases (5%), without any apparent increase in the incidence of right ventricular perforation.", "contents": "The significance of intraventricular electrocardiogram in artificial heart pacing. Observations made on 232 patients. From 1972-1975, 232 consecutive patients suffering from A/V block were paced intravenously in the Cardiac Department. Medical School, University of Athens. Of these, 124 were female and 108 male. Their age range was between 49 and 85 years. Besides fluoroscopic and threshold control, the intraventricular electrocardiogram (E.C.G.)., recorded from the tip of the electrode, was used as a guide for the accurate positioning of the catheter-electrode in the right ventricle. An injury pattern with an elevation of the ST segment of at least 3 mV and characteristic and steady morphology was obtained when the electrode tip was satisfactorily impacted in the right position. As a consequence of this, an initial stimulation threshold below 0.7 mA was obtained in all cases and pacing failure, due to catheter displacement was noted in only 11 cases (5%), without any apparent increase in the incidence of right ventricular perforation."}
{"id": "PMID:132834", "title": "Protein synthesis in heart mitochondria: mechanism and metabolic aspects.", "content": "A short review is given with respect to the status quo of the knowledge of mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian tissues. The inhibitory effects of antibiotic such as chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol are discussed from the point of possible complications for cardiac metabolism. It is shown that a decrease of the activity of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain, caused an increase in the production of lactate, if beating heart cells are cultured in the presence of chloramphenicol. In vivo treatment of rabbits with the chloramphenicol analogue thiamphenicol causes a strong fall in the cytochrome aa3 content of the hearts. The results are discussed in the light of the possible implications for cardiac function and metabolism in man.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in heart mitochondria: mechanism and metabolic aspects. A short review is given with respect to the status quo of the knowledge of mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian tissues. The inhibitory effects of antibiotic such as chloramphenicol and thiamphenicol are discussed from the point of possible complications for cardiac metabolism. It is shown that a decrease of the activity of cytochrome c oxidase, the terminal enzyme of the respiratory chain, caused an increase in the production of lactate, if beating heart cells are cultured in the presence of chloramphenicol. In vivo treatment of rabbits with the chloramphenicol analogue thiamphenicol causes a strong fall in the cytochrome aa3 content of the hearts. The results are discussed in the light of the possible implications for cardiac function and metabolism in man."}
{"id": "PMID:132836", "title": "Plasma levels of unconjugated steroids in male baboons (Papio hamadryas) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta).", "content": "In an attempt to find suitable animal models to aid in the study of the reproductive processes of the human male, plasma levels of unconjugated pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, oestrone and oestradiol were measured in 18 male baboons and 10 male rhesus monkeys and the steroid levels were compared with those previously established in normospermic, middle-aged men. Significant species differences were found with regard to the three delta5-steroids studied; whereas the approximate relationship of pregnenolone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone was 1:2:4 in men, the corresponding relationship was 1:5:30 in rhesus monkeys and 1:10:10 in baboons. Similar levels of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone were found in the three species. On the other hand, the 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in baboons were much lower and the levels of androstenedione lower than those found in men and in rhesus monkeys. No species difference was found with regard to circulating testosterone levels. However, both rhesus monkeys and baboons exhibited much higher levels of dihydrostestosterone than did men. Oestrone levels were higher in baboons than in men and oestradiol levels were higher in rhesus monkeys than in men and in baboons. The significant differences in circulating steroid levels suggest that further studies (including i.a. steroid analyses in testicular tissue, seminal plasma and spermatic artery and vein following both stimulation and suppression of testicular endocrine function) are required before preference can be given to any of the two species studied as a suitable animal model for the study of new fertility regulating agents.", "contents": "Plasma levels of unconjugated steroids in male baboons (Papio hamadryas) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). In an attempt to find suitable animal models to aid in the study of the reproductive processes of the human male, plasma levels of unconjugated pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, oestrone and oestradiol were measured in 18 male baboons and 10 male rhesus monkeys and the steroid levels were compared with those previously established in normospermic, middle-aged men. Significant species differences were found with regard to the three delta5-steroids studied; whereas the approximate relationship of pregnenolone to 17-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone was 1:2:4 in men, the corresponding relationship was 1:5:30 in rhesus monkeys and 1:10:10 in baboons. Similar levels of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone were found in the three species. On the other hand, the 17-hydroxyprogesterone levels in baboons were much lower and the levels of androstenedione lower than those found in men and in rhesus monkeys. No species difference was found with regard to circulating testosterone levels. However, both rhesus monkeys and baboons exhibited much higher levels of dihydrostestosterone than did men. Oestrone levels were higher in baboons than in men and oestradiol levels were higher in rhesus monkeys than in men and in baboons. The significant differences in circulating steroid levels suggest that further studies (including i.a. steroid analyses in testicular tissue, seminal plasma and spermatic artery and vein following both stimulation and suppression of testicular endocrine function) are required before preference can be given to any of the two species studied as a suitable animal model for the study of new fertility regulating agents."}
{"id": "PMID:132837", "title": "Temporal lobe epilepsy. Social conditions and rehabilitation after surgery.", "content": "A social investigation was performed of 74 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy resistant to medication, who underwent unilateral temporal lobectomy 1960-1969. The patients were compared to their sibilings and to the general population in Denmark. Comparatively many patients were born out of wedlock. The level of schooling achieved was lower than expected, and this was most pronounced in patients with an early onset of epilepsy. The number of patients having received further education was also smaller than calculated. At the time of the operation all patients were socially incapacitated by their epilepsy; this was most pronounced in males, of whom 30 per cent were institutionalized and 32 per cent were receiving disablement pension; at follow-up the figures were 6 per cent and 52 per cent, respectively. Working capacity was markedly improved postoperatively, and at follow-up 39 per cent were in full-time employment. Relief from seizures (or almost complete relief), normal intelligence, normal psychiatric status, and operation before the age of 18 years were factors which favourably influenced the postoperative working capacity. The majority of the patients were unmarried or divorced, and few of the group had children. Their housing conditions were inferior to those of their siblings and of the general population. Parental social class distribution showed an excess in the highest and lowest social classes compared to the Danish population. The patients were subjected to downward social mobility, presumably caused by their illness, as their siblings displayed an upward mobility, which was most marked in the females.", "contents": "Temporal lobe epilepsy. Social conditions and rehabilitation after surgery. A social investigation was performed of 74 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy resistant to medication, who underwent unilateral temporal lobectomy 1960-1969. The patients were compared to their sibilings and to the general population in Denmark. Comparatively many patients were born out of wedlock. The level of schooling achieved was lower than expected, and this was most pronounced in patients with an early onset of epilepsy. The number of patients having received further education was also smaller than calculated. At the time of the operation all patients were socially incapacitated by their epilepsy; this was most pronounced in males, of whom 30 per cent were institutionalized and 32 per cent were receiving disablement pension; at follow-up the figures were 6 per cent and 52 per cent, respectively. Working capacity was markedly improved postoperatively, and at follow-up 39 per cent were in full-time employment. Relief from seizures (or almost complete relief), normal intelligence, normal psychiatric status, and operation before the age of 18 years were factors which favourably influenced the postoperative working capacity. The majority of the patients were unmarried or divorced, and few of the group had children. Their housing conditions were inferior to those of their siblings and of the general population. Parental social class distribution showed an excess in the highest and lowest social classes compared to the Danish population. The patients were subjected to downward social mobility, presumably caused by their illness, as their siblings displayed an upward mobility, which was most marked in the females."}
{"id": "PMID:132838", "title": "Skeletal muscle fiber types in the adult mouse.", "content": "The ATPase reaction and its pH lability demonstrate three fiber types in the adult mouse gastrocnemius; Type I (light staining with alkaline preincubation and dark with acid preincubation), Type IIA (dark after alkaline preincubation), type IIB (dark after alkaline and acid preincubation). The SDH and NADH-tetrazolium reductase reactions also demonstrate three types of fibers; those low (A), intermediate (B) or high (C) in oxidative enzyme activity. However, the use of both procedures in serial sections demonstrates that four different combinations occur; the IIB fibers are high in SDH activity, the I fibers are intermediate in SDH enzyme activity, while the IIA fibers are either low or intermediate in SDH activity. These fiber types are present within the gastrocnemius muscle in a distinct pattern of zones. The predominant fiber type, located in the superficial half of the muscle, is the IIA (A) fiber which is high in ATPase and low in SDH activity. This is consistent with the fact that the gastrocnemius is generally considered a white, fast muscle. The IIB and I fibers are fewer in number and are located deeper in the muscle.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle fiber types in the adult mouse. The ATPase reaction and its pH lability demonstrate three fiber types in the adult mouse gastrocnemius; Type I (light staining with alkaline preincubation and dark with acid preincubation), Type IIA (dark after alkaline preincubation), type IIB (dark after alkaline and acid preincubation). The SDH and NADH-tetrazolium reductase reactions also demonstrate three types of fibers; those low (A), intermediate (B) or high (C) in oxidative enzyme activity. However, the use of both procedures in serial sections demonstrates that four different combinations occur; the IIB fibers are high in SDH activity, the I fibers are intermediate in SDH enzyme activity, while the IIA fibers are either low or intermediate in SDH activity. These fiber types are present within the gastrocnemius muscle in a distinct pattern of zones. The predominant fiber type, located in the superficial half of the muscle, is the IIA (A) fiber which is high in ATPase and low in SDH activity. This is consistent with the fact that the gastrocnemius is generally considered a white, fast muscle. The IIB and I fibers are fewer in number and are located deeper in the muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:132840", "title": "Autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis: demonstration of anti-motor endplate antibody and anti-muscle membrane antibody using membrane immunofluorescence technique.", "content": "The presence of specific serum antibodies in five myasthenia gravis patients was demonstrated against the motor endplates and muscle membranes of rats by membrane immunofluorescence technique. The immunologic specificity of the antibodies was confirmed. The clinical significance is discussed.", "contents": "Autoantibodies in myasthenia gravis: demonstration of anti-motor endplate antibody and anti-muscle membrane antibody using membrane immunofluorescence technique. The presence of specific serum antibodies in five myasthenia gravis patients was demonstrated against the motor endplates and muscle membranes of rats by membrane immunofluorescence technique. The immunologic specificity of the antibodies was confirmed. The clinical significance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132841", "title": "Adaptive changes in cardiolipin content of Staphylococcus aureus grown in different salt concentrations.", "content": "Adaptive changes in cardiolipin content were examined in Staphylococcus aureus 209P using the 32P pulse-labelling method. Cardiolipin synthesis showed increased adaptation when cells grown in normal medium were transferred into high NaCl containing medium. When S. aureus cultured in 10% NaCl medium was transferred back to normal medium, cardiolipin concentration decreased to the normal level within 3 hours. The catabolic rate of cardiolipin in the cells was much slower in the 5% NaCl medium than in normal medium. The cardiolipin synthetase activity was examined by isolated membrane fraction from S. aureus grown both in normal and 10% NaCl medium. The activity was higher by two-fold in membrane fractions from cells cultured in 10% NaCl-containing medium than in membranes from cells cultured in normal medium.", "contents": "Adaptive changes in cardiolipin content of Staphylococcus aureus grown in different salt concentrations. Adaptive changes in cardiolipin content were examined in Staphylococcus aureus 209P using the 32P pulse-labelling method. Cardiolipin synthesis showed increased adaptation when cells grown in normal medium were transferred into high NaCl containing medium. When S. aureus cultured in 10% NaCl medium was transferred back to normal medium, cardiolipin concentration decreased to the normal level within 3 hours. The catabolic rate of cardiolipin in the cells was much slower in the 5% NaCl medium than in normal medium. The cardiolipin synthetase activity was examined by isolated membrane fraction from S. aureus grown both in normal and 10% NaCl medium. The activity was higher by two-fold in membrane fractions from cells cultured in 10% NaCl-containing medium than in membranes from cells cultured in normal medium."}
{"id": "PMID:132842", "title": "Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on immuno-electrosyneresis between normal human erythrocyte membrane and sera of systemic lupus erythematosus patients.", "content": "An anti-membrane antibody was present in the sera of systemic lupus erythematosus patients in immunoelectrosyneresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solubilized erythrocyte membrane as antigen. The SDS bound to protein was detected by chromatography at 10(-3)M concentration under U.V. light, at 10(-5)M concentration by the distilled water spray method and at 10(-6)M concentration by using rosaniline hydrochloride colorimetry. SDS was removed from the membrane protein at a concentration of 10(-3)M by the first gel filtration of Sephadex G-25 column and at a concentration of 10(-6)M by rechromatography of the same column. More than 99% of SDS in the solubilized erythrocyte membrane was removed by gel filtration. The antigenicity was still positive in the refiltrated fractions of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Therefore, all precipitates in the gels were antigen-antibody aggregates.", "contents": "Effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate on immuno-electrosyneresis between normal human erythrocyte membrane and sera of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. An anti-membrane antibody was present in the sera of systemic lupus erythematosus patients in immunoelectrosyneresis with sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solubilized erythrocyte membrane as antigen. The SDS bound to protein was detected by chromatography at 10(-3)M concentration under U.V. light, at 10(-5)M concentration by the distilled water spray method and at 10(-6)M concentration by using rosaniline hydrochloride colorimetry. SDS was removed from the membrane protein at a concentration of 10(-3)M by the first gel filtration of Sephadex G-25 column and at a concentration of 10(-6)M by rechromatography of the same column. More than 99% of SDS in the solubilized erythrocyte membrane was removed by gel filtration. The antigenicity was still positive in the refiltrated fractions of systemic lupus erythematosus patients. Therefore, all precipitates in the gels were antigen-antibody aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:132843", "title": "Tissue distributions of 97Ru and 103Ru in subcutaneous tumor of rodents.", "content": "Mice bearing Ehrlich tumor were administered 97Ru-chloride or 103Ru-chloride intravenously. Examinations of various tissues indicated similar distributions by the two radionuclides. The levels were higher in the lung, liver and kidney than in the tumor tissue. Rats bearing AH-130 tumor were administered 103Ru-chloride intravenously. The 103Ru distribution in rats was highest in the spleen, followed by the liver and kidney; however, the radioactive distribution in the tumor tissue exceeded the muscle level by about 5-fold. Tumors were delineated in rats by scintigraphy. The findings indicate that ruthenium radionuclides may be a useful clinical agent in the delineation of some types of tumors. Ruthenium-97 would be favored in possible clinical usage due to its shorter physical half-life and lower levels of gamma energy.", "contents": "Tissue distributions of 97Ru and 103Ru in subcutaneous tumor of rodents. Mice bearing Ehrlich tumor were administered 97Ru-chloride or 103Ru-chloride intravenously. Examinations of various tissues indicated similar distributions by the two radionuclides. The levels were higher in the lung, liver and kidney than in the tumor tissue. Rats bearing AH-130 tumor were administered 103Ru-chloride intravenously. The 103Ru distribution in rats was highest in the spleen, followed by the liver and kidney; however, the radioactive distribution in the tumor tissue exceeded the muscle level by about 5-fold. Tumors were delineated in rats by scintigraphy. The findings indicate that ruthenium radionuclides may be a useful clinical agent in the delineation of some types of tumors. Ruthenium-97 would be favored in possible clinical usage due to its shorter physical half-life and lower levels of gamma energy."}
{"id": "PMID:132844", "title": "Preleukemia: hematological disorders prior to onset of leukemia.", "content": "Published data on Japanese leukemia patients with a preleukemic hematological disorder were assessed. The reexamined cases were from the \"Japona Centra Revuo Medicina\" reported during the period from 1952 to 1971. Among preleukemic hematological disorders, hypoplastic anemia was the most frequently reported (41 of 62 cases). These \"hypoplastic preleukemia\" patients were rather elderly and terminated mostly in atypical myelocytic leukemia. The chief hematological feature of the hypoplastic preleukemia cases was the coexistence of a relative erythroid hyperplasia and a slight increase of myeloblasts in the bone marrow that was unusual in hypoplastic anemia. The presence of pancytopenia and hypocellular marrow with a relative erythroid hyperplasia combined with a slight increase of myeloblasts probably indicates hypoplastic preleukemia that terminates later in acute leukemia.", "contents": "Preleukemia: hematological disorders prior to onset of leukemia. Published data on Japanese leukemia patients with a preleukemic hematological disorder were assessed. The reexamined cases were from the \"Japona Centra Revuo Medicina\" reported during the period from 1952 to 1971. Among preleukemic hematological disorders, hypoplastic anemia was the most frequently reported (41 of 62 cases). These \"hypoplastic preleukemia\" patients were rather elderly and terminated mostly in atypical myelocytic leukemia. The chief hematological feature of the hypoplastic preleukemia cases was the coexistence of a relative erythroid hyperplasia and a slight increase of myeloblasts in the bone marrow that was unusual in hypoplastic anemia. The presence of pancytopenia and hypocellular marrow with a relative erythroid hyperplasia combined with a slight increase of myeloblasts probably indicates hypoplastic preleukemia that terminates later in acute leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:132854", "title": "Primary biliary cirrhosis. Study of the action of mitochondrial antibody plus complement on mitochondrial membrane functions.", "content": "It has been described that mitochondrial antibodies can be detected in the serum of primary biliary cirrhosis patients (over 90%) and that these antibodies are directed specifically against a component of the mitochondrial inner membrane. In the present study whole mitochondria isolated from rat liver were exposed to mitochondrial antibodies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, and to antibodies induced experimentally in rabbits to mitochondrial antigens of rat liver. This was an attempt to study the action of these antibodies and complement on mitochondrial functions. By studying respiratory control and oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria, no significant, nor specific effect on mitochondrial membranes functions could be detected, after the incubation of suspensions of mitochdondria with normal or immune gamma-globulin (neither from rabbits nor from human) nor with the addition of complement. Furthermore, the respiration of fragmental mitochondria using succinate and NADH substrates was unaffected by the antibodies and complement. Similarly, mitochondrial APT-ase activity and swelling and contraction were not affected by antibody. Experiments are in progress to study the hypothesis of a lymphocyte dependent antibody mediated cytotoxicity in this system. In order to demonstrate that this autoimmune phenomenon might be associated with cellular immunity to a mitochondrial component, we have in a previous report demonstrated impairment of mitochondrial respiratory control by lymphocytes from rabbits sensitized in vivo with mitochondrial antigens. Subsequently we have recently shown evidence of sensitization. In-vivo of lymphocytes from patients with primary  biliary cirrhosis as demonstrated by an injurious effect on rat liver mitochondria by lymphocytes from patients with this disease. Further studies are necessary to clarify the involvement of this phenomena in the possible mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of the lesions.", "contents": "Primary biliary cirrhosis. Study of the action of mitochondrial antibody plus complement on mitochondrial membrane functions. It has been described that mitochondrial antibodies can be detected in the serum of primary biliary cirrhosis patients (over 90%) and that these antibodies are directed specifically against a component of the mitochondrial inner membrane. In the present study whole mitochondria isolated from rat liver were exposed to mitochondrial antibodies from patients with primary biliary cirrhosis, and to antibodies induced experimentally in rabbits to mitochondrial antigens of rat liver. This was an attempt to study the action of these antibodies and complement on mitochondrial functions. By studying respiratory control and oxidative phosphorylation of mitochondria, no significant, nor specific effect on mitochondrial membranes functions could be detected, after the incubation of suspensions of mitochdondria with normal or immune gamma-globulin (neither from rabbits nor from human) nor with the addition of complement. Furthermore, the respiration of fragmental mitochondria using succinate and NADH substrates was unaffected by the antibodies and complement. Similarly, mitochondrial APT-ase activity and swelling and contraction were not affected by antibody. Experiments are in progress to study the hypothesis of a lymphocyte dependent antibody mediated cytotoxicity in this system. In order to demonstrate that this autoimmune phenomenon might be associated with cellular immunity to a mitochondrial component, we have in a previous report demonstrated impairment of mitochondrial respiratory control by lymphocytes from rabbits sensitized in vivo with mitochondrial antigens. Subsequently we have recently shown evidence of sensitization. In-vivo of lymphocytes from patients with primary  biliary cirrhosis as demonstrated by an injurious effect on rat liver mitochondria by lymphocytes from patients with this disease. Further studies are necessary to clarify the involvement of this phenomena in the possible mechanisms responsible for the pathogenesis of the lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:132862", "title": "A general cardiovascular risk profile: the Framingham Study.", "content": "Persons at high risk of cardiovascular disease can be effectively identified from a measurement of their serum cholesterol and blood pressure, a smoking history, an electrocardiogram and a determination of glucose intolerance. One general function for identifying persons at high risk of cardiovascular disease is also effective in identifying persons at risk for each of the specific diseases, coronary heart disease, atherothrombotic brain infarction, hypertensive heart disease and intermittent claudication, even though the variables used have a different impact on each particular disease. The 10 percent of persons identified with use of this function as at highest risk accounted for about one fifth of the 8 year incidence of coronary heart disease and about one third of the 8 year incidence of atherothrombotic brain infarction, hypertensive heart disease and intermittent claudication. Hence the function provides an economic and efficient method of identifying persons at high cardiovascular risk who need preventive treatment and persons at low risk who need not be alarmed about one moderately elevated risk characteristic.", "contents": "A general cardiovascular risk profile: the Framingham Study. Persons at high risk of cardiovascular disease can be effectively identified from a measurement of their serum cholesterol and blood pressure, a smoking history, an electrocardiogram and a determination of glucose intolerance. One general function for identifying persons at high risk of cardiovascular disease is also effective in identifying persons at risk for each of the specific diseases, coronary heart disease, atherothrombotic brain infarction, hypertensive heart disease and intermittent claudication, even though the variables used have a different impact on each particular disease. The 10 percent of persons identified with use of this function as at highest risk accounted for about one fifth of the 8 year incidence of coronary heart disease and about one third of the 8 year incidence of atherothrombotic brain infarction, hypertensive heart disease and intermittent claudication. Hence the function provides an economic and efficient method of identifying persons at high cardiovascular risk who need preventive treatment and persons at low risk who need not be alarmed about one moderately elevated risk characteristic."}
{"id": "PMID:132863", "title": "Acupuncture and transcutaneous electric stimulation in the treatment of chronic sacrolumbalgia and ischialgia.", "content": "A comparison was made between 50 patients treated with acupuncture and 50 patients treated with transcutaneous electric stimulation. All patients suffered from chronic sacrolumbalgia or ischialgia of more than six months' duration. Two to 10 treatments were given at weekly sessions, the mean being 5 in both groups. Stimulation points were selected by the same principle in both groups: one point along the course of the nerve trunk affected, and one point at a dermatome proximal to the affected segment. The stimulation was given bilaterally. Needles were inserted as deep as the muscular layer and twirled at 5 min intervals. In the electric stimulation square-wave impulses of 1.0 msec duration and 50 Hz frequency were used. The electrodes were 0.9 cm in diameter. Each acupuncture and electric stimulation was of 20 min duration. Pain relief was complete or moderate in the acupuncture group in 58% of the cases, and in 46% in the electric stimulation group. After 2 months 30 patients in the acupuncture group and 23 patients in the electric stimulation group still reported satisfactory relief of pain. After 6 months 15 patients in the acupuncture group and 10 patients in the electric stimulation group still reported satisfactory relief of pain.", "contents": "Acupuncture and transcutaneous electric stimulation in the treatment of chronic sacrolumbalgia and ischialgia. A comparison was made between 50 patients treated with acupuncture and 50 patients treated with transcutaneous electric stimulation. All patients suffered from chronic sacrolumbalgia or ischialgia of more than six months' duration. Two to 10 treatments were given at weekly sessions, the mean being 5 in both groups. Stimulation points were selected by the same principle in both groups: one point along the course of the nerve trunk affected, and one point at a dermatome proximal to the affected segment. The stimulation was given bilaterally. Needles were inserted as deep as the muscular layer and twirled at 5 min intervals. In the electric stimulation square-wave impulses of 1.0 msec duration and 50 Hz frequency were used. The electrodes were 0.9 cm in diameter. Each acupuncture and electric stimulation was of 20 min duration. Pain relief was complete or moderate in the acupuncture group in 58% of the cases, and in 46% in the electric stimulation group. After 2 months 30 patients in the acupuncture group and 23 patients in the electric stimulation group still reported satisfactory relief of pain. After 6 months 15 patients in the acupuncture group and 10 patients in the electric stimulation group still reported satisfactory relief of pain."}
{"id": "PMID:132864", "title": "New instrument for automatic recording of clot lysis.", "content": "An experimental instrument that determines and records automatically the end-point of clot lysis is described. The instrument is unique in that it measures the end product of lysis directly and quantitatively, unlike currently available indirect methods that rely on the optical or mechanical changes indicative of lysis. Data showing that the instrument is capable of yielding reliable, reproducible results in a variety of experimental conditions are presented.", "contents": "New instrument for automatic recording of clot lysis. An experimental instrument that determines and records automatically the end-point of clot lysis is described. The instrument is unique in that it measures the end product of lysis directly and quantitatively, unlike currently available indirect methods that rely on the optical or mechanical changes indicative of lysis. Data showing that the instrument is capable of yielding reliable, reproducible results in a variety of experimental conditions are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:132866", "title": "Place and time aspects of the occurrence of Down's syndrome.", "content": "Prevalence rates at birth for Down's syndrome were compared for Massachusetts communities of different population densities. Overall, there was a small positive association between the rate of Down's syndrome and population density, entirely attributable to a strong association for the children of older mothers. An analysis for space and time clustering of births of 2469 children born in Massachusetts with Down's syndrome revealed no aggregation of cases, except for a slight seasonal peak in the summer.", "contents": "Place and time aspects of the occurrence of Down's syndrome. Prevalence rates at birth for Down's syndrome were compared for Massachusetts communities of different population densities. Overall, there was a small positive association between the rate of Down's syndrome and population density, entirely attributable to a strong association for the children of older mothers. An analysis for space and time clustering of births of 2469 children born in Massachusetts with Down's syndrome revealed no aggregation of cases, except for a slight seasonal peak in the summer."}
{"id": "PMID:132867", "title": "Comparative trial of influenza vaccines. II. Adverse reactions in children and adults.", "content": "Commercially prepared zonally and chromatographically purified bivalent (A/England-B/Mass) and monovalent (B/Hong Kong) inactivated influenza vaccines were given to 438 individuals 6-33 years old. The vaccines had been examined for antigen content by chick cell agglutination (CCA) tests and electron microscopic particle count determinations. Endotoxin and pyrogen content were determined by limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) and rabbit pyrogenicity assays; and egg-associated protein contamination was estimated by total protein and single radial immunodiffusion assays. Although great differences (10-200-fold) were found in the amount of endotoxin or pyrogen in the vaccines, no significant differences were found in the febrile responses they induced. Both bivalent and monovalent vaccines induced fever of greater than or equal to 38 C at a rate of approximately 3 1/2-4% above background. The febrile responses were most frequent at 24 hours after inoculation and a higher rate was observed in children than adults. Local reactions consisting of tenderness, erythema or induration were seen in from 20-57% of the recipients and also were unrelated to the pyrogenic or host-derived materials in the vaccines. Adults had higher local reaction rates than children and some vaccines containing larger amounts of viral antigen induced significantly higher rates of reactivity than did vaccines containing smaller amounts of antigen. Although 37-51% of all recipients experienced either a local and/or febrile reaction to influenza immunization, the reactions were in general mild and would not consitute a significant disadvantage in the immunization of children over 6 years and adults to prevent influenza infection and its sequelae.", "contents": "Comparative trial of influenza vaccines. II. Adverse reactions in children and adults. Commercially prepared zonally and chromatographically purified bivalent (A/England-B/Mass) and monovalent (B/Hong Kong) inactivated influenza vaccines were given to 438 individuals 6-33 years old. The vaccines had been examined for antigen content by chick cell agglutination (CCA) tests and electron microscopic particle count determinations. Endotoxin and pyrogen content were determined by limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) and rabbit pyrogenicity assays; and egg-associated protein contamination was estimated by total protein and single radial immunodiffusion assays. Although great differences (10-200-fold) were found in the amount of endotoxin or pyrogen in the vaccines, no significant differences were found in the febrile responses they induced. Both bivalent and monovalent vaccines induced fever of greater than or equal to 38 C at a rate of approximately 3 1/2-4% above background. The febrile responses were most frequent at 24 hours after inoculation and a higher rate was observed in children than adults. Local reactions consisting of tenderness, erythema or induration were seen in from 20-57% of the recipients and also were unrelated to the pyrogenic or host-derived materials in the vaccines. Adults had higher local reaction rates than children and some vaccines containing larger amounts of viral antigen induced significantly higher rates of reactivity than did vaccines containing smaller amounts of antigen. Although 37-51% of all recipients experienced either a local and/or febrile reaction to influenza immunization, the reactions were in general mild and would not consitute a significant disadvantage in the immunization of children over 6 years and adults to prevent influenza infection and its sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:132869", "title": "Muscle damage produced by chronic alcohol consumption.", "content": "The effects of chronic alcohol consumption on skeletal muscle, independent of nutritional factors, were studied. Chronic alcohol ingestion led to striking ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscle, including intracellular edema, enlarged and distorted mitochondria, dilatation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, and increased amounts of fat and glycogen. Actomyosin was isolated from skeletal muscle of baboons and volunteers fed alcohol. In this preparation, ATPase activity and the calcium sensitivity of ATPase were decreased. The isolated actomyosin displayed reduced contractility in vitro, measured by the association of actin and myosin and the response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In 2 of 3 volunteers, isolated membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum exhibited decreased calcium uptake. The pressure-rate product was increased in some of the volunteers after submaximal or maximal work. The changes decribed in this study were found after alcohol administration had been discontinued, and they may play a role in the development of alcoholic myopathy and cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Muscle damage produced by chronic alcohol consumption. The effects of chronic alcohol consumption on skeletal muscle, independent of nutritional factors, were studied. Chronic alcohol ingestion led to striking ultrastructural changes in skeletal muscle, including intracellular edema, enlarged and distorted mitochondria, dilatation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, and increased amounts of fat and glycogen. Actomyosin was isolated from skeletal muscle of baboons and volunteers fed alcohol. In this preparation, ATPase activity and the calcium sensitivity of ATPase were decreased. The isolated actomyosin displayed reduced contractility in vitro, measured by the association of actin and myosin and the response to adenosine diphosphate (ADP). In 2 of 3 volunteers, isolated membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum exhibited decreased calcium uptake. The pressure-rate product was increased in some of the volunteers after submaximal or maximal work. The changes decribed in this study were found after alcohol administration had been discontinued, and they may play a role in the development of alcoholic myopathy and cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:132871", "title": "Cardiac actomyosin ATPase activity after prolonged physical conditioning and deconditioning.", "content": "Cardiac actomyosin ATPase was increased by making rats swim 150 min/day, 5 days/wk for 8 wk. Changes in Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase activity were then studied in these conditioned rats and in similarly conditioned animals in which swimming was subsequently discontinued (group A), reduced to 45 min/day (group B), or continued at the original level for an additional 8 wk (group C). After the 8-wk initial program actomyosin ATPase activity averaged 22% higher in hearts of conditioned rats than in hearts of sedentary controls (P is less than 0.001). In group A, actomyosin ATPase activity declined rapidly and reached the level found in sedentary controls by the 13th day. In group B, actomyosin ATPase activity declined to the control level by the 30th day. At the end of 16 wk the percent increase in actomyosin ATPase activity in group C over that in hearts of sedentary animals was approximately the same as after 8 wk. These results demonstrate that elevation in cardiac actomyosin ATPase caused by moderate physical training in rats is not maintained if the training program is decreased or discontinued. The training program must be continued at or near the initial level if the increases in cardiac actomyosin ATPase are to be sustained.", "contents": "Cardiac actomyosin ATPase activity after prolonged physical conditioning and deconditioning. Cardiac actomyosin ATPase was increased by making rats swim 150 min/day, 5 days/wk for 8 wk. Changes in Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase activity were then studied in these conditioned rats and in similarly conditioned animals in which swimming was subsequently discontinued (group A), reduced to 45 min/day (group B), or continued at the original level for an additional 8 wk (group C). After the 8-wk initial program actomyosin ATPase activity averaged 22% higher in hearts of conditioned rats than in hearts of sedentary controls (P is less than 0.001). In group A, actomyosin ATPase activity declined rapidly and reached the level found in sedentary controls by the 13th day. In group B, actomyosin ATPase activity declined to the control level by the 30th day. At the end of 16 wk the percent increase in actomyosin ATPase activity in group C over that in hearts of sedentary animals was approximately the same as after 8 wk. These results demonstrate that elevation in cardiac actomyosin ATPase caused by moderate physical training in rats is not maintained if the training program is decreased or discontinued. The training program must be continued at or near the initial level if the increases in cardiac actomyosin ATPase are to be sustained."}
{"id": "PMID:132872", "title": "Pig reticulocytes: II. Characterization of density-fractionated maturing reticulocytes.", "content": "A simple centrifugation technique initially developed for fractionation of human red cells in their own plasma has been found to be readily applicable to the separation of reticulocytes normally appearing in the pig soon after birth as well as to those induced in the adult pig by phenylhydrazine administration. The density of the naturally occurring reticulocytes, maximally amounting to 10-15% of total cells derived from a 7-day-old pig, varied from 1.073 to 1.101, in contrast to the mature cells, presumed to be the fetal cell type, whose density ranged in a narrower limit, from 1.101 to 1.106. In adult animals, the reticulocytosis amounting to more than 70% takes place in response to daily administration of phenylhydrazine for 7 days. The density of these reticulocytes varied widely from 1.068 to 1.094; in contrast, the density of the mature adult red cells ranged from 1.095 to 1.106. Among various physiological parameters examined, a marked decrease in cell size, cell water content, RNA, Na+ -K+ -ATPase, and Ca2+ -ATPase activities was observed in the course of reticulocyte maturation in vivo in the adult animal. All these physiological parameters were found to undergo a similar reduction from the top to the bottom fractions of the reticulocytes separated according to their density, suggesting that the separation technique employed here represents separation of reticulocytes according to their age.", "contents": "Pig reticulocytes: II. Characterization of density-fractionated maturing reticulocytes. A simple centrifugation technique initially developed for fractionation of human red cells in their own plasma has been found to be readily applicable to the separation of reticulocytes normally appearing in the pig soon after birth as well as to those induced in the adult pig by phenylhydrazine administration. The density of the naturally occurring reticulocytes, maximally amounting to 10-15% of total cells derived from a 7-day-old pig, varied from 1.073 to 1.101, in contrast to the mature cells, presumed to be the fetal cell type, whose density ranged in a narrower limit, from 1.101 to 1.106. In adult animals, the reticulocytosis amounting to more than 70% takes place in response to daily administration of phenylhydrazine for 7 days. The density of these reticulocytes varied widely from 1.068 to 1.094; in contrast, the density of the mature adult red cells ranged from 1.095 to 1.106. Among various physiological parameters examined, a marked decrease in cell size, cell water content, RNA, Na+ -K+ -ATPase, and Ca2+ -ATPase activities was observed in the course of reticulocyte maturation in vivo in the adult animal. All these physiological parameters were found to undergo a similar reduction from the top to the bottom fractions of the reticulocytes separated according to their density, suggesting that the separation technique employed here represents separation of reticulocytes according to their age."}
{"id": "PMID:132873", "title": "The effort to rehabilitate workers' compensation.", "content": "State workers' compensation laws have been subjected to criticism since their inception; pressure to change them is now increasing. Most of the current challenge arise from dissatisfaction with the level of benefits available to disabled workers or their survivors, and, to a lesser degree, with the extent of program coverage. In response to this challenge, changes will occur that my range from reform-simply raising benefit levels and extending coverage-to program redesign, implying major structural revisions or abolishment of the system. For several reasons, including public apathy, the role of interest groups, and experience with other social insurance programs, it seems likely that basic structural shifts will not occur in the near future. While the criticism of these state laws is widespread, the problems can be dealt with in the existing framework. One area, however, could conceivably arouse sufficient public and legislative interest to upset this forecast. If it develops that the system is excluding large numbers of individuals disabled or killed by occupational diseases, workers' compensation laws could be placed in jeopardy. While evidence on this is scarce, it is clear that the current system compensates only a small number of serious cases of disability arising from occupational diseases.", "contents": "The effort to rehabilitate workers' compensation. State workers' compensation laws have been subjected to criticism since their inception; pressure to change them is now increasing. Most of the current challenge arise from dissatisfaction with the level of benefits available to disabled workers or their survivors, and, to a lesser degree, with the extent of program coverage. In response to this challenge, changes will occur that my range from reform-simply raising benefit levels and extending coverage-to program redesign, implying major structural revisions or abolishment of the system. For several reasons, including public apathy, the role of interest groups, and experience with other social insurance programs, it seems likely that basic structural shifts will not occur in the near future. While the criticism of these state laws is widespread, the problems can be dealt with in the existing framework. One area, however, could conceivably arouse sufficient public and legislative interest to upset this forecast. If it develops that the system is excluding large numbers of individuals disabled or killed by occupational diseases, workers' compensation laws could be placed in jeopardy. While evidence on this is scarce, it is clear that the current system compensates only a small number of serious cases of disability arising from occupational diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:132874", "title": "The Doppler and its use in axial flaps.", "content": "The Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter has been used as an aid in locating blood vessels that supply axial flaps in several different clinical situations. It has also been of value in microvascular surgery in which axial vessels of island flaps can be located and continuous patency monitored after their transfer and anastomosis.", "contents": "The Doppler and its use in axial flaps. The Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter has been used as an aid in locating blood vessels that supply axial flaps in several different clinical situations. It has also been of value in microvascular surgery in which axial vessels of island flaps can be located and continuous patency monitored after their transfer and anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:132875", "title": "[The attack of different proteases on isolated zonular fibers (author's transl)].", "content": "Some proteases, i.e. trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, thermolysin, proteinase K, alpha-amylase, collagenase, and papain were investigated on their effect on isolated zonular fibers. All these enzymes but collagenase were zonulolytic active. An attack on the ground substance of the fibers by substances solving glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans (hyaluronidase, EDTA, guanidinium chloride, H2O2) showed an increased effect of the enzymes used. These results suggest that the interfibrillar matrix has a protective function on the zonular fibers.", "contents": "[The attack of different proteases on isolated zonular fibers (author's transl)]. Some proteases, i.e. trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin, thermolysin, proteinase K, alpha-amylase, collagenase, and papain were investigated on their effect on isolated zonular fibers. All these enzymes but collagenase were zonulolytic active. An attack on the ground substance of the fibers by substances solving glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans (hyaluronidase, EDTA, guanidinium chloride, H2O2) showed an increased effect of the enzymes used. These results suggest that the interfibrillar matrix has a protective function on the zonular fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:132876", "title": "An evaluation of IL-404 oxygen alarm monitor.", "content": "The accuracy of the IL404 oxygen alarm monitor has been tested against oxygen/nitrogen mixtures of known composition. The effects of inhalational anaesthetic agents and of changes in flow rate, PCO2 and humidity have also been investigated. The instrument was found to be sufficiently stable and accurate for clinical use and was unaffected by the presence of volatile anaesthetics, change in gas flow rate and the presence of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide or water vapour. The instrument incorporates an efficient alarm system which gives both audible and visible warning should the oxygen concentration fall or exceed pre-set limits.", "contents": "An evaluation of IL-404 oxygen alarm monitor. The accuracy of the IL404 oxygen alarm monitor has been tested against oxygen/nitrogen mixtures of known composition. The effects of inhalational anaesthetic agents and of changes in flow rate, PCO2 and humidity have also been investigated. The instrument was found to be sufficiently stable and accurate for clinical use and was unaffected by the presence of volatile anaesthetics, change in gas flow rate and the presence of nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide or water vapour. The instrument incorporates an efficient alarm system which gives both audible and visible warning should the oxygen concentration fall or exceed pre-set limits."}
{"id": "PMID:132877", "title": "Constant negative pressure: an adjunct in the treatment of gastroschisis.", "content": "Three cases of gastroschisis are described, managed surgically in the neonatal period by staged reduction employing a dacron reinforced silastic sac. All three cases were treated during the postoperative period with the application of constant negative pressure around the thorax and abdomen. Reduction of the eviscerated mass appeared to be accelerated and all three cases survived. The possible benefits of constant negative  pressure around the thorax and abdomen in the treatment of gastroschisis are discussed.", "contents": "Constant negative pressure: an adjunct in the treatment of gastroschisis. Three cases of gastroschisis are described, managed surgically in the neonatal period by staged reduction employing a dacron reinforced silastic sac. All three cases were treated during the postoperative period with the application of constant negative pressure around the thorax and abdomen. Reduction of the eviscerated mass appeared to be accelerated and all three cases survived. The possible benefits of constant negative  pressure around the thorax and abdomen in the treatment of gastroschisis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132879", "title": "Tussockosis: reactions to Douglas fir tussock moth.", "content": "An unusually heavy infestation of the tussock moth resulted in a high incidence of symptoms affecting the skin and mucous membranes of those exposed to high concentrations of particulate matter of this insect. Extensive epidemiological studies proved these manifestations to be both toxic and allergic. The authors have given this condition the name, Tussockosis. Clinical and immunoligical studies including in vitro procedures and direct patient testing confirmed the allergenicity, as well as the non-specific irritation of material from this moth.", "contents": "Tussockosis: reactions to Douglas fir tussock moth. An unusually heavy infestation of the tussock moth resulted in a high incidence of symptoms affecting the skin and mucous membranes of those exposed to high concentrations of particulate matter of this insect. Extensive epidemiological studies proved these manifestations to be both toxic and allergic. The authors have given this condition the name, Tussockosis. Clinical and immunoligical studies including in vitro procedures and direct patient testing confirmed the allergenicity, as well as the non-specific irritation of material from this moth."}
{"id": "PMID:132880", "title": "Immunologic reactions in penicillin factory workers.", "content": "One hundred sixty-nine employees of a synthetic penicillin plant participated in this study to correlate immunologic reactions, allergic symptomatology and dustiness of the work area. Statistically significant positive correlations existed among the following: (1)presence or absence of symptomatology and increasing dustiness of the work area; (2)presence or absence of symptoms and the presence or absence of benzyl-penicilloyl specific hemagglutinating antibody (BPO-specific antibody); (3)the absence, presence and level of titer of BPO-specific antibody with the dustiness of the work area. Because synthetic penicillin dust in the workroom air is able to evoke immunologic responses and produce symptoms among workers exposed to high levels, it is recommended that a reasonable air level for penicillin in factories be in the range of those demonstrated in the least symptomatic group in the study with measurements below 0.1 mg/m3.", "contents": "Immunologic reactions in penicillin factory workers. One hundred sixty-nine employees of a synthetic penicillin plant participated in this study to correlate immunologic reactions, allergic symptomatology and dustiness of the work area. Statistically significant positive correlations existed among the following: (1)presence or absence of symptomatology and increasing dustiness of the work area; (2)presence or absence of symptoms and the presence or absence of benzyl-penicilloyl specific hemagglutinating antibody (BPO-specific antibody); (3)the absence, presence and level of titer of BPO-specific antibody with the dustiness of the work area. Because synthetic penicillin dust in the workroom air is able to evoke immunologic responses and produce symptoms among workers exposed to high levels, it is recommended that a reasonable air level for penicillin in factories be in the range of those demonstrated in the least symptomatic group in the study with measurements below 0.1 mg/m3."}
{"id": "PMID:132881", "title": "Epizootic staphylococcal infections in subhuman primates after surgical operation.", "content": "In late October, 1974, Staphylococcus aureus postoperative wound infection was recorded in a nonhuman primate (Macaca mulatta) which had recently undergone surgical operation. Infection in a second monkey appeared approximately 2 weeks later, and a clustering of 6 cases appeared over the next 3-week period. The clinical spectrum included septicemia in 2 monkeys and skin infection at the surgical incision site of several others. Investigation revealed a uniform and consistent association of a phage group II S aureus strain characterized as 3A/55/71. This strain was also found to be enzootic among other postoperative monkeys sharing or having shared a common postsurgical care unit with infected monkeys. Epizootiologic studies indicated that this unusually virulent S aureus strain probably was introduced by an infected monkey which underwent surgery earlier in the month and that additional monkeys became infected by animal-to-animal transmission. After appropriate control sanitary measures were instituted, no new infections occurred.", "contents": "Epizootic staphylococcal infections in subhuman primates after surgical operation. In late October, 1974, Staphylococcus aureus postoperative wound infection was recorded in a nonhuman primate (Macaca mulatta) which had recently undergone surgical operation. Infection in a second monkey appeared approximately 2 weeks later, and a clustering of 6 cases appeared over the next 3-week period. The clinical spectrum included septicemia in 2 monkeys and skin infection at the surgical incision site of several others. Investigation revealed a uniform and consistent association of a phage group II S aureus strain characterized as 3A/55/71. This strain was also found to be enzootic among other postoperative monkeys sharing or having shared a common postsurgical care unit with infected monkeys. Epizootiologic studies indicated that this unusually virulent S aureus strain probably was introduced by an infected monkey which underwent surgery earlier in the month and that additional monkeys became infected by animal-to-animal transmission. After appropriate control sanitary measures were instituted, no new infections occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:132882", "title": "Prevention of swine dysentery with a combination of lincomycin and spectinomycin and resistance of swine dysentery to tylosin and sodium arsanilate.", "content": "The addition of a combination of lincomycin and spectinomycin to feed at the total concentrations of 44 and 77 mg/kg, beginning at the time of exposure and continuing for 8 weeks, prevented experimentally induced swine dysentery in swine. The disease did not develop after the medication was withdrawn. In contrast, swine dysentery, similar to that seen in the nonmedicated swine, did develop in simultaneously exposed swine treated with feed containing either 44 mg of tylosin or 99 mg sodium arsanilate/kg. The swine fed sodium arsanilate and which developed hemorrhagic diarrhea had a more severe form of this type of diarrhea than did the nonmedicated swine. After reexposure to inefective inoculum of swine dysentery 86 days after initial exposure, all remaining swine previously medicated with either tylosin or sodium arsanilate and all nonmedicated swine were immune; whereas 17 of the 24 swine fed the combination of lincomycin and spectinomycin were susceptible to swine dysentery and developed diarrhea.", "contents": "Prevention of swine dysentery with a combination of lincomycin and spectinomycin and resistance of swine dysentery to tylosin and sodium arsanilate. The addition of a combination of lincomycin and spectinomycin to feed at the total concentrations of 44 and 77 mg/kg, beginning at the time of exposure and continuing for 8 weeks, prevented experimentally induced swine dysentery in swine. The disease did not develop after the medication was withdrawn. In contrast, swine dysentery, similar to that seen in the nonmedicated swine, did develop in simultaneously exposed swine treated with feed containing either 44 mg of tylosin or 99 mg sodium arsanilate/kg. The swine fed sodium arsanilate and which developed hemorrhagic diarrhea had a more severe form of this type of diarrhea than did the nonmedicated swine. After reexposure to inefective inoculum of swine dysentery 86 days after initial exposure, all remaining swine previously medicated with either tylosin or sodium arsanilate and all nonmedicated swine were immune; whereas 17 of the 24 swine fed the combination of lincomycin and spectinomycin were susceptible to swine dysentery and developed diarrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:132883", "title": "Clinical, histologic, and histochemical study of imidocarb diproprionate toxicosis in goats.", "content": "The toxic effects of imidocarb diproprionate (3,3'-bis [2 imidazolin-2yl]-carbanilde diproprionate) were evaluated in adult goats given (intramuscular injection) a lethal dose (6.75 mg/kg). The immediate clinical signs of toxicosis were transient excessive salivation and diarrhea. Anorexia, dyspnea, recumbency, and death occurred between postinjection days (PID) 4 and 8, during which time 7 goats died and 4 moribund goats were euthanatized. There were marked increases in mean serum urea nitrogen concentration and significant increases in serum glutamic oxalacetic transminase activity and in the mean number of circulating neutrophils after PID 4. Renal hyperemia and enlargement were evident by PID1. Serosanguineous fluid in the trachea and major bronchi, pulmonary congestion and edema, hydrothorax, hydroperitoneum, and less frequently hydropericardium were observed on and after day 4. Microscopic renal tubular lesions rapidly progressed from pyknotic epithelial nuclei observed at 6 and 12 hours to acute tubular necrosis of epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules on days 1 and 2. Pulmonary congestion and edema; hemorrhage into alveoli, bronchioles, and bronchi; and intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles within the hepatocytes in the periacinar zones of the hepatic lobules were observed on or after day 4. Succinic dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase activities decreased progressively in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. The decreases in cellular enzymatic activity occurred shortly after the appearance of microscopic lesions in the tubular epithelium.", "contents": "Clinical, histologic, and histochemical study of imidocarb diproprionate toxicosis in goats. The toxic effects of imidocarb diproprionate (3,3'-bis [2 imidazolin-2yl]-carbanilde diproprionate) were evaluated in adult goats given (intramuscular injection) a lethal dose (6.75 mg/kg). The immediate clinical signs of toxicosis were transient excessive salivation and diarrhea. Anorexia, dyspnea, recumbency, and death occurred between postinjection days (PID) 4 and 8, during which time 7 goats died and 4 moribund goats were euthanatized. There were marked increases in mean serum urea nitrogen concentration and significant increases in serum glutamic oxalacetic transminase activity and in the mean number of circulating neutrophils after PID 4. Renal hyperemia and enlargement were evident by PID1. Serosanguineous fluid in the trachea and major bronchi, pulmonary congestion and edema, hydrothorax, hydroperitoneum, and less frequently hydropericardium were observed on and after day 4. Microscopic renal tubular lesions rapidly progressed from pyknotic epithelial nuclei observed at 6 and 12 hours to acute tubular necrosis of epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubules on days 1 and 2. Pulmonary congestion and edema; hemorrhage into alveoli, bronchioles, and bronchi; and intracytoplasmic lipid vacuoles within the hepatocytes in the periacinar zones of the hepatic lobules were observed on or after day 4. Succinic dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase activities decreased progressively in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules. The decreases in cellular enzymatic activity occurred shortly after the appearance of microscopic lesions in the tubular epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:132885", "title": "The right ventricle in chronic airway obstruction: a clinicopathologic study.", "content": "In men 40 or more years of age at death, the upper limits of normal (means plus 2 SD) cardiac ventricular weights were 69 g for the right ventricle and 203 g for the left ventricle plus septum. Right ventricular thickness, as usually determined at autopsy, was a relatively poor index of hypertrophy. When one ventricle hypertrophies as a result of stress, the other tends to enlarge simultaneously, even if no stress on it has been evident. Right ventricular weight correlated positively, although not strongly, with severity of emphysema and with the severity  of clinical chronic airway obstruction. Correlations between right ventricular weight and pathologic changes in the airways were weak or absent, except that subjects with abnormal large airways, but normal small airways, showed improved correlation between severity of emphysema and right ventricular hypertrophy, compared with the entire series. There was no correlation between left ventricular weight and severity of emphysema. The electrocardiogram was very reliable in the diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy (corpulmonale) due to chronic airway obstruction; the chest roentgenogram was somewhat less sensitive in this regard.", "contents": "The right ventricle in chronic airway obstruction: a clinicopathologic study. In men 40 or more years of age at death, the upper limits of normal (means plus 2 SD) cardiac ventricular weights were 69 g for the right ventricle and 203 g for the left ventricle plus septum. Right ventricular thickness, as usually determined at autopsy, was a relatively poor index of hypertrophy. When one ventricle hypertrophies as a result of stress, the other tends to enlarge simultaneously, even if no stress on it has been evident. Right ventricular weight correlated positively, although not strongly, with severity of emphysema and with the severity  of clinical chronic airway obstruction. Correlations between right ventricular weight and pathologic changes in the airways were weak or absent, except that subjects with abnormal large airways, but normal small airways, showed improved correlation between severity of emphysema and right ventricular hypertrophy, compared with the entire series. There was no correlation between left ventricular weight and severity of emphysema. The electrocardiogram was very reliable in the diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy (corpulmonale) due to chronic airway obstruction; the chest roentgenogram was somewhat less sensitive in this regard."}
{"id": "PMID:132886", "title": "Surgical treatment of congenital defects in the abdominal wall.", "content": "A series of 28 patients is presented with the two conditions of omphalocoele and gastroschisis treated over a five-year period . Improved survival can be obtained by the use of staged procedures with a silastic prosthesis plus intravenous alimentation with later definitive operation. If peripheral veins are used, serious complications are almost totally avoided. This combined form of therapy is the treatment of choice in infants with massive defects in the abdominal wall.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of congenital defects in the abdominal wall. A series of 28 patients is presented with the two conditions of omphalocoele and gastroschisis treated over a five-year period . Improved survival can be obtained by the use of staged procedures with a silastic prosthesis plus intravenous alimentation with later definitive operation. If peripheral veins are used, serious complications are almost totally avoided. This combined form of therapy is the treatment of choice in infants with massive defects in the abdominal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:132888", "title": "Drugs five years later. Spectinomycin.", "content": "A single intramuscular injection of 0.2 g of spectinomycin hydrochloride is highly effective for the treatment of uncomplicated anogenital infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Spectinomycin hydrochloride is indicated for uncomplicated anogenital gonococcal infections in men and women who cannot receive penicillin or probenecid, and is the drug of choice for the retreatment of patients with uncomplicated anogenital gonococcal infection who have not responded to other antibiotics. A single dose of spectinomycin does not appear to be reliably effective in the treatment of gonococcal pharyngitis. Preliminary reports indicate that multiple-dose schedules of spectinomycin will prove to be effective in gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease and disseminated gonococcal infection. In the dosage used for gonococcal infections, spectinomycin has little effect on infection with Treponema pallidum. Evaluation of this antibiotic against other microorganisms suggests little utility for this agent in conditions other than gonococcal infections.", "contents": "Drugs five years later. Spectinomycin. A single intramuscular injection of 0.2 g of spectinomycin hydrochloride is highly effective for the treatment of uncomplicated anogenital infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Spectinomycin hydrochloride is indicated for uncomplicated anogenital gonococcal infections in men and women who cannot receive penicillin or probenecid, and is the drug of choice for the retreatment of patients with uncomplicated anogenital gonococcal infection who have not responded to other antibiotics. A single dose of spectinomycin does not appear to be reliably effective in the treatment of gonococcal pharyngitis. Preliminary reports indicate that multiple-dose schedules of spectinomycin will prove to be effective in gonococcal pelvic inflammatory disease and disseminated gonococcal infection. In the dosage used for gonococcal infections, spectinomycin has little effect on infection with Treponema pallidum. Evaluation of this antibiotic against other microorganisms suggests little utility for this agent in conditions other than gonococcal infections."}
{"id": "PMID:132892", "title": "[Study of the distribution of C14-variamycin and C14-mitramycim after intravenous administration to mice].", "content": "Distribution of antitumor antibiotics, i.e. C14-variamycin and C14-mitramycin in the organs of albino mice after their intravenous administration in single doses was studied. Similarity in the distribution dynamics of both the antibiotics with respect to the animal organs was found. However, the level of variamycin as compared to that of mitramycin was much higher in the liver and especially the spleen. In the experiments with variamycin the radioactivity of the kidney tissue decreased more rapidly than in the experiments with mitramycin. Chromatographic analysis of the urine of the mice treated with C14-variamycin was performed. The labeled Variamycin was detected in the animal urine within 48 hours from the moment of the antibiotic administration. Its portion in the total amount of the radioactive products in the urine was 30 to 40% at various stages of the study.", "contents": "[Study of the distribution of C14-variamycin and C14-mitramycim after intravenous administration to mice]. Distribution of antitumor antibiotics, i.e. C14-variamycin and C14-mitramycin in the organs of albino mice after their intravenous administration in single doses was studied. Similarity in the distribution dynamics of both the antibiotics with respect to the animal organs was found. However, the level of variamycin as compared to that of mitramycin was much higher in the liver and especially the spleen. In the experiments with variamycin the radioactivity of the kidney tissue decreased more rapidly than in the experiments with mitramycin. Chromatographic analysis of the urine of the mice treated with C14-variamycin was performed. The labeled Variamycin was detected in the animal urine within 48 hours from the moment of the antibiotic administration. Its portion in the total amount of the radioactive products in the urine was 30 to 40% at various stages of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:132893", "title": "Improved method of assay for choline.", "content": "A modified assay for choline is described which is shorter, yields more consistent responses, and requires considerably less time, space, and equipment than the existing assays.", "contents": "Improved method of assay for choline. A modified assay for choline is described which is shorter, yields more consistent responses, and requires considerably less time, space, and equipment than the existing assays."}
{"id": "PMID:132890", "title": "[Further cytochemical researches on Microsporidia parasites of the Mediterranean shore crab, Carcinus mediterraneus Czerniavsky, 1884 (author's transl)].", "content": "A cytochemical study of Microsporidia in Carcinus mediterraneus points out the following data: acid or very acid intrasporoblastic mucopolysaccharids, are found in Thelohamia maenadis which react as sulfomucins in opposition to external asulfated mucosubstances rich in electronegative groups. In Nosema pulvis, the mucopolysaccharid compound is nearly equivalent of that of Nosema orthocladii. Both species are also characterized by the abundance of sulfured proteins in their spore walls and the lack of stock substances.", "contents": "[Further cytochemical researches on Microsporidia parasites of the Mediterranean shore crab, Carcinus mediterraneus Czerniavsky, 1884 (author's transl)]. A cytochemical study of Microsporidia in Carcinus mediterraneus points out the following data: acid or very acid intrasporoblastic mucopolysaccharids, are found in Thelohamia maenadis which react as sulfomucins in opposition to external asulfated mucosubstances rich in electronegative groups. In Nosema pulvis, the mucopolysaccharid compound is nearly equivalent of that of Nosema orthocladii. Both species are also characterized by the abundance of sulfured proteins in their spore walls and the lack of stock substances."}
{"id": "PMID:132901", "title": "Topical use of tetracycline in the treatment of acne: a double-blind study comparing topical and oral tetracycline therapy and placebo.", "content": "A group of 75 subjects with moderate or severe acne was divided by random selection into three treatment groups. One group was treated with a topically applied placebo liquid and with 500 mg of orally administered tetracycline hydrochloride daily; one group received orally administered lactose capsules and topically applied placebo liquid each day; and one group was treated with orally administered lactose capsules and with a topical preparation containing tetracycline hydrochloride and n-decylmethyl sulfoxide, an agent intended to enhance antibiotic penetration. At the conclusion of the 13-week study and at several points during the study, the conditions of the subjects receiving topically or orally administered tetracycline hydrochloride were significantly (P less than .05) more improved than the conditions of the subjects receiving lactose capsules and the topically applied placebo liquid. However, there was no significant difference between the effects of topically and orally administered tetracycline hydrochloride.", "contents": "Topical use of tetracycline in the treatment of acne: a double-blind study comparing topical and oral tetracycline therapy and placebo. A group of 75 subjects with moderate or severe acne was divided by random selection into three treatment groups. One group was treated with a topically applied placebo liquid and with 500 mg of orally administered tetracycline hydrochloride daily; one group received orally administered lactose capsules and topically applied placebo liquid each day; and one group was treated with orally administered lactose capsules and with a topical preparation containing tetracycline hydrochloride and n-decylmethyl sulfoxide, an agent intended to enhance antibiotic penetration. At the conclusion of the 13-week study and at several points during the study, the conditions of the subjects receiving topically or orally administered tetracycline hydrochloride were significantly (P less than .05) more improved than the conditions of the subjects receiving lactose capsules and the topically applied placebo liquid. However, there was no significant difference between the effects of topically and orally administered tetracycline hydrochloride."}
{"id": "PMID:132902", "title": "Acne vulgaris: double-blind trial comparing tetracycline and clindamycin.", "content": "A double-blind prospective study was undertaken to compare low-dosage tetracycline hydrochloride and clindamycin hydrate hydrochloride in the treatment of patients with pustular acne. Clinical improvement was noted in 93.7% of those receiving tetracycline and in 92.8% of those receiving clindamycin. Of those patients who were receiving clindamycin, two patients developed diarrhea and one patient developed pseudomembranous colitis. We conclude, therefore, that clindamycin should not be used as a primary drug in the treatment of acne.", "contents": "Acne vulgaris: double-blind trial comparing tetracycline and clindamycin. A double-blind prospective study was undertaken to compare low-dosage tetracycline hydrochloride and clindamycin hydrate hydrochloride in the treatment of patients with pustular acne. Clinical improvement was noted in 93.7% of those receiving tetracycline and in 92.8% of those receiving clindamycin. Of those patients who were receiving clindamycin, two patients developed diarrhea and one patient developed pseudomembranous colitis. We conclude, therefore, that clindamycin should not be used as a primary drug in the treatment of acne."}
{"id": "PMID:132903", "title": "Subcutaneous fat necrosis after paracentesis: Report of a case in a patient with acute pancreatitis.", "content": "A patient with acute pancreatitis developed subcutaneous fat necrosis of the anterior abdominal wall secondary to leakage of pancreatic enzymes through a rent in the peritoneum following paracentesis. The same patient also had another subcutaneous complication of pancreatitis, namely, nodular liquifying panniculitis of the lower extremities. The diagnosis was made by the typical histological findings of subcutaneous fat necrosis, foci of necrotic cells with a \"ghost-like\" appearance, and basophilic-staining calcium soaps deposited around the necrotic cells.", "contents": "Subcutaneous fat necrosis after paracentesis: Report of a case in a patient with acute pancreatitis. A patient with acute pancreatitis developed subcutaneous fat necrosis of the anterior abdominal wall secondary to leakage of pancreatic enzymes through a rent in the peritoneum following paracentesis. The same patient also had another subcutaneous complication of pancreatitis, namely, nodular liquifying panniculitis of the lower extremities. The diagnosis was made by the typical histological findings of subcutaneous fat necrosis, foci of necrotic cells with a \"ghost-like\" appearance, and basophilic-staining calcium soaps deposited around the necrotic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:132904", "title": "Hypopigmentation with punctate keratosis of the palms and soles.", "content": "Generalized discrete hypopigmented macules forming a camouflage pattern appeared on the skin of a man. The condition has been present and has not changed since the age of 6 months. Five other members of his family are reported to have the same abnormality. All affected members also have punctate keratosis of the palms and soles. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance is suggested.", "contents": "Hypopigmentation with punctate keratosis of the palms and soles. Generalized discrete hypopigmented macules forming a camouflage pattern appeared on the skin of a man. The condition has been present and has not changed since the age of 6 months. Five other members of his family are reported to have the same abnormality. All affected members also have punctate keratosis of the palms and soles. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:132909", "title": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a slowly progressive papovavirus infection of the CNS, has been reported in more than 110 patients to date, over half of whom have had either leukemia or lymphoma. Our patient is the fourth case of PML occurring after long-term immunosuppression for renal transplantation. We believe that PML is emerging as a potentially serious problem in renal transplant recipients.", "contents": "Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in renal transplant recipients. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a slowly progressive papovavirus infection of the CNS, has been reported in more than 110 patients to date, over half of whom have had either leukemia or lymphoma. Our patient is the fourth case of PML occurring after long-term immunosuppression for renal transplantation. We believe that PML is emerging as a potentially serious problem in renal transplant recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:132906", "title": "[Dynamics of the cell membranes].", "content": "The Author, after recalling the fundamental concepts of the function and structure of living cells, illustrate the functions characteristic of cellular membranes. He examines in detail the principal models which have been proposed for the interpretation of the structure of membranes, particularly those of DANIELLI and DAVSON and of ROBERTSON. He recalls his own biochemical experiments on the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver and spleen, from which useful information can be drawn on the locating of some catalytic proteins in the membrane. He then devoted particular attention to the relationships between proteins, lipids and glucides as constitutent parts of membranes and discusses the recent \"fluid mosaic model\" proposed by SINGER and NICOLSON. He concludes giving some examples of the functional flexibility of membranes and remarks that the collaboration between biochemists and electron microscopists has proved in the last few years to be a fertile point of encounter, promising results which will provide spectacular information on the structure and function of cellular membranes.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the cell membranes]. The Author, after recalling the fundamental concepts of the function and structure of living cells, illustrate the functions characteristic of cellular membranes. He examines in detail the principal models which have been proposed for the interpretation of the structure of membranes, particularly those of DANIELLI and DAVSON and of ROBERTSON. He recalls his own biochemical experiments on the endoplasmic reticulum of the liver and spleen, from which useful information can be drawn on the locating of some catalytic proteins in the membrane. He then devoted particular attention to the relationships between proteins, lipids and glucides as constitutent parts of membranes and discusses the recent \"fluid mosaic model\" proposed by SINGER and NICOLSON. He concludes giving some examples of the functional flexibility of membranes and remarks that the collaboration between biochemists and electron microscopists has proved in the last few years to be a fertile point of encounter, promising results which will provide spectacular information on the structure and function of cellular membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:132910", "title": "Disabled counselors: perception of their effectiveness in a therapeutic relationship.", "content": "It has not been delineated how a disabled person is viewed when interacting with another person. The present study investigated subject perception of a counselor in a wheelchair who was seen in a video-taped counseling interview. Subject degree of body satisfaction was measured to assess the importance of this variable in the perception. Evaluation of the counselor was by the Barett-Lennard Relationship Inventory that measures four dimensions of a relationship: emphatic understanding, positive regard, unconditional regard and congruence. Results suggest that a counselor in a wheelchair is perceived more favorably than an able-bodied counselor along three of these dimensions and female subjects perceive him more favorably than male subjects do. Degree of body satisfaction does not seem to be a factor in this perception.", "contents": "Disabled counselors: perception of their effectiveness in a therapeutic relationship. It has not been delineated how a disabled person is viewed when interacting with another person. The present study investigated subject perception of a counselor in a wheelchair who was seen in a video-taped counseling interview. Subject degree of body satisfaction was measured to assess the importance of this variable in the perception. Evaluation of the counselor was by the Barett-Lennard Relationship Inventory that measures four dimensions of a relationship: emphatic understanding, positive regard, unconditional regard and congruence. Results suggest that a counselor in a wheelchair is perceived more favorably than an able-bodied counselor along three of these dimensions and female subjects perceive him more favorably than male subjects do. Degree of body satisfaction does not seem to be a factor in this perception."}
{"id": "PMID:132907", "title": "[Discovery of viroids and possible relationship with human and veterinary medicine].", "content": "The researches of DIENER and co-workers and those of the SEMANCIK'S group, have recently established that some plant diseases, such as potato spindle tuber, citrus exocortis disease and chrysanthemum stunt, are caused by a new class of pathogens, named viroids. These are the smallest known agents (they are smaller than viruses) having a molecular weight of ca 10(5) daltons, and composed of a highly structured RNA, rich in guanine-cytosine base pairs without a capsid. Little is known about the origin, replication model and pathogenic mechanism of viroids and until now only speculations are possible on these subjects. Some properties of the unknown agents of slow virus diseases (scrapie, Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and mink transmissible encephalopathy), suggest that these alterations in the central nervous system are caused by a sort of animal viroid.", "contents": "[Discovery of viroids and possible relationship with human and veterinary medicine]. The researches of DIENER and co-workers and those of the SEMANCIK'S group, have recently established that some plant diseases, such as potato spindle tuber, citrus exocortis disease and chrysanthemum stunt, are caused by a new class of pathogens, named viroids. These are the smallest known agents (they are smaller than viruses) having a molecular weight of ca 10(5) daltons, and composed of a highly structured RNA, rich in guanine-cytosine base pairs without a capsid. Little is known about the origin, replication model and pathogenic mechanism of viroids and until now only speculations are possible on these subjects. Some properties of the unknown agents of slow virus diseases (scrapie, Kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and mink transmissible encephalopathy), suggest that these alterations in the central nervous system are caused by a sort of animal viroid."}
{"id": "PMID:132912", "title": "[Cytologic diagnosis of stomach polyps].", "content": "Cytological and cytochemical studies of smears, taken during gastrofibroscopy in 36 patients with polyps of the stomach, with the aim to ascertain cytological and cytochemical characteristics of gastric polyps depending upon their histological structure were carried out. It was established that in the case of simple glandular polyps, because of nonspecificity of morphological changes in the stomachal epithelium, a cytological investigation in establishing clinical diagnosis plays a secondary role; the presence of goblet cells in smears makes it possible to verify polyps by means of enterolysis; identification in smears of cells of the proliferating epithelium, possessing a set of pathognomic signs, enables one to diagnose cytologically a corresponding form of polyps.", "contents": "[Cytologic diagnosis of stomach polyps]. Cytological and cytochemical studies of smears, taken during gastrofibroscopy in 36 patients with polyps of the stomach, with the aim to ascertain cytological and cytochemical characteristics of gastric polyps depending upon their histological structure were carried out. It was established that in the case of simple glandular polyps, because of nonspecificity of morphological changes in the stomachal epithelium, a cytological investigation in establishing clinical diagnosis plays a secondary role; the presence of goblet cells in smears makes it possible to verify polyps by means of enterolysis; identification in smears of cells of the proliferating epithelium, possessing a set of pathognomic signs, enables one to diagnose cytologically a corresponding form of polyps."}
{"id": "PMID:132911", "title": "[Activity of lysosomal alpha-arylsulfatase and beta-glucuronidase enzymes in benign and malignant breast tumors].", "content": "The total activity per microgram of protein of alpha-arylsulphatase and beta-glucuronidase lysosomial enzymes has been determined in 20 cases of benign and malignant breast tumour. The activity of lysosomial enzymes of the normal breast tissue was always much lower than in neoplastic tissues. The difference is already fairly marked in the case of benign tumours and cystic fibroadenosis, but reaches its peak in malignant tumours where activity is 4-5 times higher than normal values. In the case of total activity, the reference is to one ml of homogenate in distilled water, and in the case of specific activity to mg of protein of the homogenate, in either case the findings are highly significant. Although these researches are at a preliminary stage, they confirm the importance of lysosomial enzyme modifications in the phenomenon of neoplastic growth in the breast.", "contents": "[Activity of lysosomal alpha-arylsulfatase and beta-glucuronidase enzymes in benign and malignant breast tumors]. The total activity per microgram of protein of alpha-arylsulphatase and beta-glucuronidase lysosomial enzymes has been determined in 20 cases of benign and malignant breast tumour. The activity of lysosomial enzymes of the normal breast tissue was always much lower than in neoplastic tissues. The difference is already fairly marked in the case of benign tumours and cystic fibroadenosis, but reaches its peak in malignant tumours where activity is 4-5 times higher than normal values. In the case of total activity, the reference is to one ml of homogenate in distilled water, and in the case of specific activity to mg of protein of the homogenate, in either case the findings are highly significant. Although these researches are at a preliminary stage, they confirm the importance of lysosomial enzyme modifications in the phenomenon of neoplastic growth in the breast."}
{"id": "PMID:132914", "title": "Maturational arrest of fetal muscle in neonatal myotonic dystrophy. A pathologic study of four cases.", "content": "Skeletal muscles from four infants with a severe neonatal form of myotonic muscular dystrophy showed histopathologic features of immaturity. Three of the infants died in the neonatal period and were studied at autopsy; one of these and the still-living infant had a gastrocnemius muscle biopsy. The most severely involved muscles were those associated with arthrogrypotic joints regardless of function as flexors or extensors. Pharyngeal muscles and the diaphragm were also severely involved. Immature features included irregularly distributed small, round muscles fibers with large vesicular internal nuclei and sparse myofibrils. Histochemical differentiation was incomplete and fiber types often could not be distinguished. Muscle fiber degeneration and other features of myotonic dystrophy in adult muscle were lacking. Electron microscopy showed fine granular chromatin and convoluted nuclear membranes of centronuclear fibers, dialated transvers tubules that were aligned longitudinally as in fetal myotubes, poorly formed Z-bands, simple mitochondria, and many satellite cells. We suggest that these features represent an arrest in fetal muscle maturation due to unresponsiveness of an abnormal sarcolemma to trophic influences of normal innervation.", "contents": "Maturational arrest of fetal muscle in neonatal myotonic dystrophy. A pathologic study of four cases. Skeletal muscles from four infants with a severe neonatal form of myotonic muscular dystrophy showed histopathologic features of immaturity. Three of the infants died in the neonatal period and were studied at autopsy; one of these and the still-living infant had a gastrocnemius muscle biopsy. The most severely involved muscles were those associated with arthrogrypotic joints regardless of function as flexors or extensors. Pharyngeal muscles and the diaphragm were also severely involved. Immature features included irregularly distributed small, round muscles fibers with large vesicular internal nuclei and sparse myofibrils. Histochemical differentiation was incomplete and fiber types often could not be distinguished. Muscle fiber degeneration and other features of myotonic dystrophy in adult muscle were lacking. Electron microscopy showed fine granular chromatin and convoluted nuclear membranes of centronuclear fibers, dialated transvers tubules that were aligned longitudinally as in fetal myotubes, poorly formed Z-bands, simple mitochondria, and many satellite cells. We suggest that these features represent an arrest in fetal muscle maturation due to unresponsiveness of an abnormal sarcolemma to trophic influences of normal innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:132915", "title": "Bromocriptine in Huntington chorea.", "content": "Following a recent report that apomorphine hydrochloride alleviates the involuntary movements of Huntington chorea, we have investigated another dopamine receptor agonist, bromocriptine, in this disease. A double-blind crossover study in six patients showed that rather than improving chorea, bromocriptine induced an exacerbation. This finding supports the view that choreatic movements correlate with overactivity in dopaminergic systems.", "contents": "Bromocriptine in Huntington chorea. Following a recent report that apomorphine hydrochloride alleviates the involuntary movements of Huntington chorea, we have investigated another dopamine receptor agonist, bromocriptine, in this disease. A double-blind crossover study in six patients showed that rather than improving chorea, bromocriptine induced an exacerbation. This finding supports the view that choreatic movements correlate with overactivity in dopaminergic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:132916", "title": "[Sex-linked juvenile retinoschisis].", "content": "About 13 observations of sexe linked juvenile retinoschisis, the authors describe the ophthalmoscopic, fluorographic and functional aspects of the disease whose caracteristics are:--its sexe linked recessive heredity; --its clinical characterestics associating: a microcystic macular degeneration, peripheral retinal lesions, vitreous body alterations, --an electroretinogram of the negative type.", "contents": "[Sex-linked juvenile retinoschisis]. About 13 observations of sexe linked juvenile retinoschisis, the authors describe the ophthalmoscopic, fluorographic and functional aspects of the disease whose caracteristics are:--its sexe linked recessive heredity; --its clinical characterestics associating: a microcystic macular degeneration, peripheral retinal lesions, vitreous body alterations, --an electroretinogram of the negative type."}
{"id": "PMID:132917", "title": "[Goldmann-Favre hyaloido-tapetoretinal degeneration].", "content": "In a sister and brother we found a case of vitreo-tapeto-retinal degeneration (macular retinoschisis, night-blindness, vitreous micro-fibrillose degeneration, abolished E.R.G., very pathological E.O.G.) and a \"fruste\" form of tapeto-retinal degeneration (De Lange's curve and flicker-E.R.G. both modified, E.R.G. subnormal and slight pathological changes in adaptometry). The father of these two patients suffered from tapeto-retinal degeneration which had caused complete blindness. Basing their suppositions on their personal experience and medical literature, the authors believe that the type of vitreo-retinal degeneration is best determined after examination of the mode of hereditary transmission. In the family which is presented, they believe that it is a form of Goldmann-Favre's disease with pseudo-dominance.", "contents": "[Goldmann-Favre hyaloido-tapetoretinal degeneration]. In a sister and brother we found a case of vitreo-tapeto-retinal degeneration (macular retinoschisis, night-blindness, vitreous micro-fibrillose degeneration, abolished E.R.G., very pathological E.O.G.) and a \"fruste\" form of tapeto-retinal degeneration (De Lange's curve and flicker-E.R.G. both modified, E.R.G. subnormal and slight pathological changes in adaptometry). The father of these two patients suffered from tapeto-retinal degeneration which had caused complete blindness. Basing their suppositions on their personal experience and medical literature, the authors believe that the type of vitreo-retinal degeneration is best determined after examination of the mode of hereditary transmission. In the family which is presented, they believe that it is a form of Goldmann-Favre's disease with pseudo-dominance."}
{"id": "PMID:132918", "title": "[2-year results of trabeculectomy at the ophthalmological clinic of H\u00f4tel-Dieu (1973-1974)].", "content": "Trabeculectomy, an operation of relatively easy technique, is effective on the intra-ocular pressure in 93,5 p.100 of cases in our statistics. It does not alter the vision and in some cases improves it, and carries few post-operative complications. A flat anterior chamber, whose frequency varies according to the indications, is seldom severe. It appeared however as a frequent complication in closed angle glaucoma (30 p. 100), and in secondary glaucoma (14 p. 100), more frequently than in chronic open angle glaucoma (8 p. 100). Other complications are rare. Trabeculectomy, as a specific fistulising procedure, in fact appears to us to be one of the best antiglaucomatous surgical operations.", "contents": "[2-year results of trabeculectomy at the ophthalmological clinic of H\u00f4tel-Dieu (1973-1974)]. Trabeculectomy, an operation of relatively easy technique, is effective on the intra-ocular pressure in 93,5 p.100 of cases in our statistics. It does not alter the vision and in some cases improves it, and carries few post-operative complications. A flat anterior chamber, whose frequency varies according to the indications, is seldom severe. It appeared however as a frequent complication in closed angle glaucoma (30 p. 100), and in secondary glaucoma (14 p. 100), more frequently than in chronic open angle glaucoma (8 p. 100). Other complications are rare. Trabeculectomy, as a specific fistulising procedure, in fact appears to us to be one of the best antiglaucomatous surgical operations."}
{"id": "PMID:132920", "title": "Human tear cholesterol levels.", "content": "Using a cul-de-sac sampling method, tear cholesterol concentrations were measured for a population of subjects varying widely in age and relative body weight. Under unregulated conditions tear and plasma cholesterol levels failed to correlate significantly; however, when both diet and sampling times were strictly regulated, a number of well defined correlations did emerge amongst age, relative body weight, tear and plasma cholesterol levels. No significant response differences were found between the sexes in either the unregulated or the regulated formats however.", "contents": "Human tear cholesterol levels. Using a cul-de-sac sampling method, tear cholesterol concentrations were measured for a population of subjects varying widely in age and relative body weight. Under unregulated conditions tear and plasma cholesterol levels failed to correlate significantly; however, when both diet and sampling times were strictly regulated, a number of well defined correlations did emerge amongst age, relative body weight, tear and plasma cholesterol levels. No significant response differences were found between the sexes in either the unregulated or the regulated formats however."}
{"id": "PMID:132922", "title": "[Intrathecal cortison injection in lumbar disc problems (author's transl)].", "content": "Intrathecal instillation of corticosteroid was used in treatment of 188 patients with persistent sciatica or lumbar pain caused by disc hernia or osteochondrosis and recurrent sciatica or lumbar pain after disc operation. 88 of 122 own patients were followed up. Indication, mechanism of steroid action, technic, complications and results are discussed. According to the good results in part of the patients, still after years, the authors believe, that intrathecal corticosteroid administration is a further useful method of conservative treatment of degenerative lumbar disc affections. This therapy can also be used in patients with recurrent, persistent lumbar or leg pain after disc operation.", "contents": "[Intrathecal cortison injection in lumbar disc problems (author's transl)]. Intrathecal instillation of corticosteroid was used in treatment of 188 patients with persistent sciatica or lumbar pain caused by disc hernia or osteochondrosis and recurrent sciatica or lumbar pain after disc operation. 88 of 122 own patients were followed up. Indication, mechanism of steroid action, technic, complications and results are discussed. According to the good results in part of the patients, still after years, the authors believe, that intrathecal corticosteroid administration is a further useful method of conservative treatment of degenerative lumbar disc affections. This therapy can also be used in patients with recurrent, persistent lumbar or leg pain after disc operation."}
{"id": "PMID:132923", "title": "The differentiation of T lymphocytes. Density characterisation of thymic and peripheral T cells responding in syngeneic and allogenic mixed lymphocyte reactions.", "content": "Equilibrium density separation on continuous albumin gradients was used to separate and characterise the T cells responding by proliferation to both syngeneic and allogeneic stimulating cells in the one-way mixed leucocyte reactions (MLR). In CBA mouse spleen both light and dense T cells were capable of responding in an allogeneic MLR. No T cells responding to stimulation be syngeneic B lymphocytes could be isolated from adult or 7-day CBA mouse spleen. In adult CBA mouse thymus, cells responding to allogeneic stimuli were enriched in the light density region, along with the low theta subpopulation. Self-reactive cells, responding with proliferation when cultured with syngeneic adult CBA splenic lymphocytes, and found in adult and 4-day CBA mouse thymus, were also enriched in the light density zones. However, in adult thymus syngeneic MLR reactivity was also found in the dense zones, and the density distribution profiles of total syngeneic MLR responding cells revealed a series of peaks extending over the whole density range. It was suggested that these syngeneic MLR responders undergo a complete maturation process, including progressive density increases, within the thymus gland. Such a sterile differentiation pathway could be a censorship process, leading to death of self-reactive cells within the thymus.", "contents": "The differentiation of T lymphocytes. Density characterisation of thymic and peripheral T cells responding in syngeneic and allogenic mixed lymphocyte reactions. Equilibrium density separation on continuous albumin gradients was used to separate and characterise the T cells responding by proliferation to both syngeneic and allogeneic stimulating cells in the one-way mixed leucocyte reactions (MLR). In CBA mouse spleen both light and dense T cells were capable of responding in an allogeneic MLR. No T cells responding to stimulation be syngeneic B lymphocytes could be isolated from adult or 7-day CBA mouse spleen. In adult CBA mouse thymus, cells responding to allogeneic stimuli were enriched in the light density region, along with the low theta subpopulation. Self-reactive cells, responding with proliferation when cultured with syngeneic adult CBA splenic lymphocytes, and found in adult and 4-day CBA mouse thymus, were also enriched in the light density zones. However, in adult thymus syngeneic MLR reactivity was also found in the dense zones, and the density distribution profiles of total syngeneic MLR responding cells revealed a series of peaks extending over the whole density range. It was suggested that these syngeneic MLR responders undergo a complete maturation process, including progressive density increases, within the thymus gland. Such a sterile differentiation pathway could be a censorship process, leading to death of self-reactive cells within the thymus."}
{"id": "PMID:132924", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin sensitivity. a syndrome resembling infectious mononucleosis with a morbilliform rash and cholestatic hepatitis.", "content": "A ten-year-old boy presented with an illness resembling infectious mononucleosis associated with an unusual skin rash and marked cholestatic hepatitis. This combination represents a rare reaction to diphenylhydantoin. Few reported cases have been published. The illness commences from three to seven weeks after starting  therapy. Although one death has been reported, other cases have shown complete recovery. Early recognition of the combination of symptoms and cessation of drug therapy is essential.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin sensitivity. a syndrome resembling infectious mononucleosis with a morbilliform rash and cholestatic hepatitis. A ten-year-old boy presented with an illness resembling infectious mononucleosis associated with an unusual skin rash and marked cholestatic hepatitis. This combination represents a rare reaction to diphenylhydantoin. Few reported cases have been published. The illness commences from three to seven weeks after starting  therapy. Although one death has been reported, other cases have shown complete recovery. Early recognition of the combination of symptoms and cessation of drug therapy is essential."}
{"id": "PMID:132925", "title": "High altitude, indigenous origin, and continuous cardiac monitoring.", "content": "Tape monitoring of the electrocardiogram among ambulant individuals with and without cardiac disease has been practicable for some years now. It has, however, found greater acceptance and utilization in diagnosis, early detection of silent ischemic heart disease (17), and the evaluation of the effectiveness of different dysrhythmia treatment modalities than as a means to examine differences in cardiovascular response to environmentally stressful situations. This study illustrates its practicability under field conditions substantially more rigorous than in most prior uses, and its applicability to our further understanding of the cardiovascular changes associated with adaptation to the hypoxia of altitude.", "contents": "High altitude, indigenous origin, and continuous cardiac monitoring. Tape monitoring of the electrocardiogram among ambulant individuals with and without cardiac disease has been practicable for some years now. It has, however, found greater acceptance and utilization in diagnosis, early detection of silent ischemic heart disease (17), and the evaluation of the effectiveness of different dysrhythmia treatment modalities than as a means to examine differences in cardiovascular response to environmentally stressful situations. This study illustrates its practicability under field conditions substantially more rigorous than in most prior uses, and its applicability to our further understanding of the cardiovascular changes associated with adaptation to the hypoxia of altitude."}
{"id": "PMID:132927", "title": "[Hypersensitivity to rubber].", "content": "Occupational contact dermatitis caused by rubber chemicals is described in two groups of patients. The first group consisted of personnel from the operating rooms of a university hospital. In 12 persons the contact allergic reactions appeared to be mainly due to rubber chemicals of the thiuram group of compounds. The second group consisted of cattle farmers. In 6 persons patch tests could be performed. The main cause of the rubber contact on the farms appeared to be the milking machine. The antioxydants in the heavy duty rubber of these machines are of the paraphenylenediamine group of compounds. Positive patch tests were found to N-phenyl-N' -cyclohexylparaphenylenediamine (CPPD) and to the closely related N-phenyl-N'-isopropylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD). Their use in rubber of milking machines in Europe is based on the german \"Mitteilungen aus dem Bundesgesundheitsamt\" which permits the incorporation of IPPD in these kind of rubber parts to a percentage of 1,5%.", "contents": "[Hypersensitivity to rubber]. Occupational contact dermatitis caused by rubber chemicals is described in two groups of patients. The first group consisted of personnel from the operating rooms of a university hospital. In 12 persons the contact allergic reactions appeared to be mainly due to rubber chemicals of the thiuram group of compounds. The second group consisted of cattle farmers. In 6 persons patch tests could be performed. The main cause of the rubber contact on the farms appeared to be the milking machine. The antioxydants in the heavy duty rubber of these machines are of the paraphenylenediamine group of compounds. Positive patch tests were found to N-phenyl-N' -cyclohexylparaphenylenediamine (CPPD) and to the closely related N-phenyl-N'-isopropylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD). Their use in rubber of milking machines in Europe is based on the german \"Mitteilungen aus dem Bundesgesundheitsamt\" which permits the incorporation of IPPD in these kind of rubber parts to a percentage of 1,5%."}
{"id": "PMID:132928", "title": "Immunoglobulin E (IgE), an aid in the classification of occupational dermatoses?", "content": "During an 18-month period determinations of immunoglobulin E(IgE) in serum were made on all (631) new patients referred to the Department of Occupational Dermatology, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm. The mean for the entire series was 238 units/ml (U): 280 U for the 323 men and 196 U for the 308 women. The IgE values for the different age groups, clinical diagnoses and sexes are presented. About 20% of the patients with normal IgE (less than 250 U) had a history of atopy. On the other hand about 30% of the patients with pathological IgE value (greater than 1000 U) had no such history. No explanation of this rise of IgE without concurrent atopy was discovered despite detailed laboratory tests. Our impression is that the IgE value has a prognostic significance and that, especially for the question of choice or change of occupation in cases of dermatitis, the determination of IgE is of value.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin E (IgE), an aid in the classification of occupational dermatoses? During an 18-month period determinations of immunoglobulin E(IgE) in serum were made on all (631) new patients referred to the Department of Occupational Dermatology, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm. The mean for the entire series was 238 units/ml (U): 280 U for the 323 men and 196 U for the 308 women. The IgE values for the different age groups, clinical diagnoses and sexes are presented. About 20% of the patients with normal IgE (less than 250 U) had a history of atopy. On the other hand about 30% of the patients with pathological IgE value (greater than 1000 U) had no such history. No explanation of this rise of IgE without concurrent atopy was discovered despite detailed laboratory tests. Our impression is that the IgE value has a prognostic significance and that, especially for the question of choice or change of occupation in cases of dermatitis, the determination of IgE is of value."}
{"id": "PMID:132929", "title": "[Oil keratoses and scrotal cancer, an avoidable occupational disease of the metal turner].", "content": "Report of a 39 year old lathe worker which suffered from oil acne 10 years ago. The disease was registrated as occupational dermatosis. It healed up after the patient changed to a plant with better conditions of work. Pitch warts on the scrotum remained and were failed to notice. Multiple scrotal carcinomas developed many years later. The case report illustrates the necessity of regularly control examinations of every patient which was suffering from oil acne, and the importance of occupational hygienic conditions for the development of oil acne and lathe turner cancer.", "contents": "[Oil keratoses and scrotal cancer, an avoidable occupational disease of the metal turner]. Report of a 39 year old lathe worker which suffered from oil acne 10 years ago. The disease was registrated as occupational dermatosis. It healed up after the patient changed to a plant with better conditions of work. Pitch warts on the scrotum remained and were failed to notice. Multiple scrotal carcinomas developed many years later. The case report illustrates the necessity of regularly control examinations of every patient which was suffering from oil acne, and the importance of occupational hygienic conditions for the development of oil acne and lathe turner cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:132930", "title": "The regulatory principles of glycolysis in erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro. A minimal comprehensive model describing steady states, quasi-steady states and time-dependent processes.", "content": "A simple mathematical model for glycolysis in erythrocytes is presented which takes into account ATP synthesis and consumption. The system is described by four ordinary differential equations. Conditions in vivo are described by a stable steady state. The model predicts correctly the metabolite concentrations found in vivo. The parameters involved are in agreement with data on the separate steps. The metabolite changes found in pyruvate kinase-deficient erythrocytes and the species variations among erythrocytes from different animals are described satisfactorily. The roles of the enzymes in the control of metabolites and glycolytic flux are expressed in the form of a control matrix and control strengths [R. Heinrich & T.A. Rapoport (1974) Eur. J. Biochem. 42, 89-95] respectively. Erythrocytes from various species are shown to be adapted to a maximal ATP-consumption rate. The calculated eigenvalues reveal the pronounced time-hierarchy of the glycolytic reactions. Owing to the slowness of the 2,3-bisphospho-glycerate phosphatase reaction, quasi-steady states occur during the time-interval of about 0.5-2h incubation, which are defined by perturbed 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate concentrations. The theoretical predictions agree with experimental data. In the quasi-steady state the flux control is exerted almost entirely by the hexokinase-phosphofructokinase system. The model describes satisfactorily the time-dependent changes after addition of glucose to starved erythrocytes. The theoretical consequences are discussed of the conditions in vitro with lactate accumulation and the existence of a time-independent conservation quantity for the oxidized metabolites. Even in this closed system quasi-steady states occur which are characterized by approximately constant concentrations of all glycolytic metabolites except for the accumulation of lactate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and triose phosphate.", "contents": "The regulatory principles of glycolysis in erythrocytes in vivo and in vitro. A minimal comprehensive model describing steady states, quasi-steady states and time-dependent processes. A simple mathematical model for glycolysis in erythrocytes is presented which takes into account ATP synthesis and consumption. The system is described by four ordinary differential equations. Conditions in vivo are described by a stable steady state. The model predicts correctly the metabolite concentrations found in vivo. The parameters involved are in agreement with data on the separate steps. The metabolite changes found in pyruvate kinase-deficient erythrocytes and the species variations among erythrocytes from different animals are described satisfactorily. The roles of the enzymes in the control of metabolites and glycolytic flux are expressed in the form of a control matrix and control strengths [R. Heinrich & T.A. Rapoport (1974) Eur. J. Biochem. 42, 89-95] respectively. Erythrocytes from various species are shown to be adapted to a maximal ATP-consumption rate. The calculated eigenvalues reveal the pronounced time-hierarchy of the glycolytic reactions. Owing to the slowness of the 2,3-bisphospho-glycerate phosphatase reaction, quasi-steady states occur during the time-interval of about 0.5-2h incubation, which are defined by perturbed 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate concentrations. The theoretical predictions agree with experimental data. In the quasi-steady state the flux control is exerted almost entirely by the hexokinase-phosphofructokinase system. The model describes satisfactorily the time-dependent changes after addition of glucose to starved erythrocytes. The theoretical consequences are discussed of the conditions in vitro with lactate accumulation and the existence of a time-independent conservation quantity for the oxidized metabolites. Even in this closed system quasi-steady states occur which are characterized by approximately constant concentrations of all glycolytic metabolites except for the accumulation of lactate, fructose 1,6-bisphosphate and triose phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:132926", "title": "Left ventricle contractile function in trained dogs with cardial hypertrophy.", "content": "Eight mongrel dogs exercised for 8 weeks by treadmill running at 20 per cent incline 20 to 25 minutes twice daily, 4-5 days/week. Another eight dogs which were kept in the cages for a similar period served as controls. The exercise program was effective in inducing myocardial hypertrophy since the ratio left ventricular weight/body weight was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in the trained dogs (5.04 g/kg) than in the sedentary animals (3.83 g/kg). In morphine-chloralose anesthesia the dogs were studied by left heart catherization and cineangiography at spontaneous heart rate (run I), at paced heart rate (run II), at paced heart rate following cardiac autonomic nervous blockade by bilateral vagotomy and the administration of propranolol (run III) and during acute pressure loading with methoxzmine at constant heart rate (run IV). Intergroup comparison yielded no significant difference in any hemodynamic or volumetric parameter throughout the entire study. However, with intragroup comparisons between run III and run IV a less significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (from 5 to 15 mm Hg; P less than 0.05) was observed in the trained animals than in the control dogs (from 6 to 25 mm Hg; P less than 0.001). Left ventricular end-diastolic volume increased significantly only in the control dogs during acute pressure loading. Mean aortic pressure and left ventricular peak dP/dt increased to a similar extent in both groups. Since in the trained dogs the left ventricle encroaches less on the Frank-Starling mechanism than in normal animals for overcoming an acute pressure burden it is concluded that the development of hypertrophy concomitant with chronic exercise represents an adaptive mechanism with evidence of beneficial consequences for the intrinsic contractile function of the myocardium.", "contents": "Left ventricle contractile function in trained dogs with cardial hypertrophy. Eight mongrel dogs exercised for 8 weeks by treadmill running at 20 per cent incline 20 to 25 minutes twice daily, 4-5 days/week. Another eight dogs which were kept in the cages for a similar period served as controls. The exercise program was effective in inducing myocardial hypertrophy since the ratio left ventricular weight/body weight was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher in the trained dogs (5.04 g/kg) than in the sedentary animals (3.83 g/kg). In morphine-chloralose anesthesia the dogs were studied by left heart catherization and cineangiography at spontaneous heart rate (run I), at paced heart rate (run II), at paced heart rate following cardiac autonomic nervous blockade by bilateral vagotomy and the administration of propranolol (run III) and during acute pressure loading with methoxzmine at constant heart rate (run IV). Intergroup comparison yielded no significant difference in any hemodynamic or volumetric parameter throughout the entire study. However, with intragroup comparisons between run III and run IV a less significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (from 5 to 15 mm Hg; P less than 0.05) was observed in the trained animals than in the control dogs (from 6 to 25 mm Hg; P less than 0.001). Left ventricular end-diastolic volume increased significantly only in the control dogs during acute pressure loading. Mean aortic pressure and left ventricular peak dP/dt increased to a similar extent in both groups. Since in the trained dogs the left ventricle encroaches less on the Frank-Starling mechanism than in normal animals for overcoming an acute pressure burden it is concluded that the development of hypertrophy concomitant with chronic exercise represents an adaptive mechanism with evidence of beneficial consequences for the intrinsic contractile function of the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:132939", "title": "[Occurrence of spontaneous tumours in the rat strain Chbb: THOM (SPF) (author's transl)].", "content": "400 albin rats (200 male, 200 female) of the strain Chbb: THOM (SPF) were investigated for the occurrence of spontaneous tumours over a period of almost three years. On day 750 of the study 78% of the male and 84% of the female animals were still alive. In 295 tumour hosts (73.8%) we discovered a total of 419 tumours. Several primary tumours were observed in 97 animals. The examinations revealed 240 tumours in the male and 179 tumours in the female rats. The highest tumour rate of 34.5% was established for adenomas of the interestial cells of Leydig in the testes. In female animals mammary tumours were the most frequent type of tumour, accounting for 31%. Talking into account the life expectation of the rats as well as the type and frequency of the tumours these results prove the suitability of this strain for carcinogenicity studies.", "contents": "[Occurrence of spontaneous tumours in the rat strain Chbb: THOM (SPF) (author's transl)]. 400 albin rats (200 male, 200 female) of the strain Chbb: THOM (SPF) were investigated for the occurrence of spontaneous tumours over a period of almost three years. On day 750 of the study 78% of the male and 84% of the female animals were still alive. In 295 tumour hosts (73.8%) we discovered a total of 419 tumours. Several primary tumours were observed in 97 animals. The examinations revealed 240 tumours in the male and 179 tumours in the female rats. The highest tumour rate of 34.5% was established for adenomas of the interestial cells of Leydig in the testes. In female animals mammary tumours were the most frequent type of tumour, accounting for 31%. Talking into account the life expectation of the rats as well as the type and frequency of the tumours these results prove the suitability of this strain for carcinogenicity studies."}
{"id": "PMID:132940", "title": "[Spontaneous Peripheral Proteolysis/1st Communication: method and results of clinical examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "With a modificated Astrup-fibrin plate-method also an inhibition of proteolysis can be registrated. In various medical areas a spontaneous peripheral proteolysis had been found, especially so in chronical bacterial infections.", "contents": "[Spontaneous Peripheral Proteolysis/1st Communication: method and results of clinical examinations (author's transl)]. With a modificated Astrup-fibrin plate-method also an inhibition of proteolysis can be registrated. In various medical areas a spontaneous peripheral proteolysis had been found, especially so in chronical bacterial infections."}
{"id": "PMID:132935", "title": "Hereditary C2 deficiency: association with skin lesions resembling the discoid lesion of systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Two patients with hereditary homozygous C2 deficiency are described. They showed many similar clinical features. Both had discoid-like skin rashes and serologic abnormalities consistent with SLE, but neither had evidence of involvement of any organ other than skin. Although biopsy of these lesions revealed expected changes by light microscopy, typical immunofluorescent findings were not present. The presence of the HL-A haplotype 10, W18 was seen in both families and was associated with the C2 deficiency gene. The 2 patients were mutually nonreactive in MLC tests and both were found to be homozygous for the LD7a type.", "contents": "Hereditary C2 deficiency: association with skin lesions resembling the discoid lesion of systemic lupus erythematosus. Two patients with hereditary homozygous C2 deficiency are described. They showed many similar clinical features. Both had discoid-like skin rashes and serologic abnormalities consistent with SLE, but neither had evidence of involvement of any organ other than skin. Although biopsy of these lesions revealed expected changes by light microscopy, typical immunofluorescent findings were not present. The presence of the HL-A haplotype 10, W18 was seen in both families and was associated with the C2 deficiency gene. The 2 patients were mutually nonreactive in MLC tests and both were found to be homozygous for the LD7a type."}
{"id": "PMID:132941", "title": "[Multicenter clinical study of a novel steroid-free preparation in proctology].", "content": "In a multicentre study 15 physicians investigated the therapeutic efficacy and tolerance of Faktu suppositories and ointment (containing the active principle of Albothyl, a condensation product of m-cresolsulfonic acid and formaldehyde) in 585 patients with proctological affections. Highly satisfactory results were achieved in 486 patients (83.1%). The following were found to be the main indications: -treatment of wounds after proctological operations, -fresh and fissures, -bleeding internal haemorrhoids, -anal eczema and anal pruritus, -rhagades and perforated or prolapsed external haemorrhoids (perianal thrombosis). None of the investigators reported any persisting adverse side-effects. 16% of the patients complained of local discomfort of varying intensity such as pruritus, burning or irritation. The symptoms mostly appeared on commencement of the treatment and necessitated discontinuation of therapy in 5.3% only. The extremely favourable effect of Albothyl - the active principle of Faktu - is due to its unique mechanism of action: the markedly acid milieu of the substance. Furthermore the Faktu preparations do not contain any steroids and consequently they can be used without any misgivings over prolonged periods.", "contents": "[Multicenter clinical study of a novel steroid-free preparation in proctology]. In a multicentre study 15 physicians investigated the therapeutic efficacy and tolerance of Faktu suppositories and ointment (containing the active principle of Albothyl, a condensation product of m-cresolsulfonic acid and formaldehyde) in 585 patients with proctological affections. Highly satisfactory results were achieved in 486 patients (83.1%). The following were found to be the main indications: -treatment of wounds after proctological operations, -fresh and fissures, -bleeding internal haemorrhoids, -anal eczema and anal pruritus, -rhagades and perforated or prolapsed external haemorrhoids (perianal thrombosis). None of the investigators reported any persisting adverse side-effects. 16% of the patients complained of local discomfort of varying intensity such as pruritus, burning or irritation. The symptoms mostly appeared on commencement of the treatment and necessitated discontinuation of therapy in 5.3% only. The extremely favourable effect of Albothyl - the active principle of Faktu - is due to its unique mechanism of action: the markedly acid milieu of the substance. Furthermore the Faktu preparations do not contain any steroids and consequently they can be used without any misgivings over prolonged periods."}
{"id": "PMID:132936", "title": "Mixed leukocyte reaction in rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) responses of 29 patients with classic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were compared with those of 24 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Pools of stimulating cells were selected to include the major cross-reacting HL-A specificities. In pooled human serum the MLR response of the RA lymphocytes was significantly enhanced relative to the response controls (P less than 0.05). In autologous serum there was suppression of the MLR response in patients with RA which correlated with disease activity. The data suggest the presence of an intrinsically enhanced cellular reactivity of RA lymphocytes suppressed by serologic factor(s). The mechanisms of this enhancement of suppression are discussed.", "contents": "Mixed leukocyte reaction in rheumatoid arthritis. The mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) responses of 29 patients with classic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were compared with those of 24 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Pools of stimulating cells were selected to include the major cross-reacting HL-A specificities. In pooled human serum the MLR response of the RA lymphocytes was significantly enhanced relative to the response controls (P less than 0.05). In autologous serum there was suppression of the MLR response in patients with RA which correlated with disease activity. The data suggest the presence of an intrinsically enhanced cellular reactivity of RA lymphocytes suppressed by serologic factor(s). The mechanisms of this enhancement of suppression are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132942", "title": "Mechaism of neuromuscular blockade with some antiepileptic drugs.", "content": "Effects of four antiepileptic drugs, viz., diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione, phenobarbitone and ethosuximide, were studied on different in vitro and in vivo skeletal muscle preparations which consisted of frog rectus, rat phrenic nerve diaphragm and cat gastrocnemius sciatic nerve preparations. A dose related blockade of neuromuscular transmission was seen with all the compounds tested. The blockade was mainly confined to the neuromuscular junction, although direct stimulation of muscle was slightly affected. The blockade was partially antagonized by physostigmine, adrenaline, succinylcholine, choline, tetraethylammonium and KCl and was additive to that due to tubocurarine. Moreover, the drugs were found to possess moderate local anaesthetic activity. The blockade was therefore considered to be partly due to curariform activity and partly due to their local anaesthetic activity.", "contents": "Mechaism of neuromuscular blockade with some antiepileptic drugs. Effects of four antiepileptic drugs, viz., diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione, phenobarbitone and ethosuximide, were studied on different in vitro and in vivo skeletal muscle preparations which consisted of frog rectus, rat phrenic nerve diaphragm and cat gastrocnemius sciatic nerve preparations. A dose related blockade of neuromuscular transmission was seen with all the compounds tested. The blockade was mainly confined to the neuromuscular junction, although direct stimulation of muscle was slightly affected. The blockade was partially antagonized by physostigmine, adrenaline, succinylcholine, choline, tetraethylammonium and KCl and was additive to that due to tubocurarine. Moreover, the drugs were found to possess moderate local anaesthetic activity. The blockade was therefore considered to be partly due to curariform activity and partly due to their local anaesthetic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:132937", "title": "Immunologic observations on 9 sets of twins either concordant or discordant for SLE.", "content": "The influence of genetic and nongenetic factors on abnormalities of the immune response in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied in 9 sets of twins in which one or both twins had SLE. Particular emphasis was placed on contrasting the results between the sibs of 3 monozygotic pairs discordant for clinical SLE. Depression of cell-mediated immunity, determined by lymphocyte blastogenic response to mitogens, was associated with the clinical expression of illness. In contrast, autoreactive antilymphocyte antibodies and lymphocyte tubuloreticular structures were found in both clinically affected and unaffected subjects and were more prominently associated with the presence of other serologic abnormalities. No evidence of antigens or cell surfaces determinants unique to affected sibs was encountered.", "contents": "Immunologic observations on 9 sets of twins either concordant or discordant for SLE. The influence of genetic and nongenetic factors on abnormalities of the immune response in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was studied in 9 sets of twins in which one or both twins had SLE. Particular emphasis was placed on contrasting the results between the sibs of 3 monozygotic pairs discordant for clinical SLE. Depression of cell-mediated immunity, determined by lymphocyte blastogenic response to mitogens, was associated with the clinical expression of illness. In contrast, autoreactive antilymphocyte antibodies and lymphocyte tubuloreticular structures were found in both clinically affected and unaffected subjects and were more prominently associated with the presence of other serologic abnormalities. No evidence of antigens or cell surfaces determinants unique to affected sibs was encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:132958", "title": "Toxic woods.", "content": "Eighty-three cases of dermatitis caused by wood or sawdust have been seen at St John's Hospital for Dieases of the Skin, London, in the last 20 years. The clinical details and results of patch tests are reported. The literature on dermatitis, mucosal irritation, asthma and other toxic effects of woods of some 300 botanical species is reviewed at length, with an index of scientific, trade and vernacular names, chemical formulae of the known sensitizing substances, and a table of the 28 toxic woods most often encountered. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and prophylaxis are discussed.", "contents": "Toxic woods. Eighty-three cases of dermatitis caused by wood or sawdust have been seen at St John's Hospital for Dieases of the Skin, London, in the last 20 years. The clinical details and results of patch tests are reported. The literature on dermatitis, mucosal irritation, asthma and other toxic effects of woods of some 300 botanical species is reviewed at length, with an index of scientific, trade and vernacular names, chemical formulae of the known sensitizing substances, and a table of the 28 toxic woods most often encountered. Pathogenesis, diagnosis and prophylaxis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:132959", "title": "Hypersensitivity to bacteria in eczema. I. Bacterial culture, skin tests and immunofluorescent detection of immunoglobulins and bacterial antigens.", "content": "A study was made of the cytotoxic effect of antibacterial antibody and complement reacting with bacterial antigens firmly adsorbed to epidermal cells. It is believed that this phenomenon enhances the severity of the lesions and their spread in some cases of disseminated eczema. In this first part of the study it is confirmed that Staphylococcus aureus and micrococci are frequently present on lesions and 'unaffected' skin of patients with disseminated eczema. Intradermal skin tests with antigens of staphylococci and micrococci on 122 eczematous patients elicited immediate, or combined immediate and 4 h (Arthus-like) responses, in a large proportion, but few showed uncombined 4 h responses or delayed hypersensitivity, in contrast to findings reported by others. Immunofluorescence tests on skin of thirty patients showed that IgG and IgM diffused into the epidermis, sometimes to the skin surface, of lesional skin, and more immunoglobulin was found in skin of 'unaffected' areas than in skin of normal healthy persons, indicating that clinically unaffected skin in patients with disseminated eczema is abnormal. IgD was present in three of eight samples of unfixed, and six of eight samples of fixed eczematous skin. Staphylococcal and micrococcal antigen was shown on the skin surface and also diffusely in the cytoplasm of cells in the dermis beneath the surface deposits, indicating percutaneous absorption. Further small amounts of antigen were adsorbed to some epidermal cells. These results show that the predisposing conditions for a cytotoxic reaction mediated by hypersensitivity to bacteria do occur. Increased growth of staphylococci and micrococci on eczematous skin would result in increased deposits of antigen. Bacterial antigens are absorbed into the skin and bind with epidermal cells, and immunoglobulins diffuse into the epidermis. Furthermore, skin tests showed that many eczematous patients were hypersensitive to bacteria. Studies on the nature of the antibacterial antibody will be published in the succeeding reports.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity to bacteria in eczema. I. Bacterial culture, skin tests and immunofluorescent detection of immunoglobulins and bacterial antigens. A study was made of the cytotoxic effect of antibacterial antibody and complement reacting with bacterial antigens firmly adsorbed to epidermal cells. It is believed that this phenomenon enhances the severity of the lesions and their spread in some cases of disseminated eczema. In this first part of the study it is confirmed that Staphylococcus aureus and micrococci are frequently present on lesions and 'unaffected' skin of patients with disseminated eczema. Intradermal skin tests with antigens of staphylococci and micrococci on 122 eczematous patients elicited immediate, or combined immediate and 4 h (Arthus-like) responses, in a large proportion, but few showed uncombined 4 h responses or delayed hypersensitivity, in contrast to findings reported by others. Immunofluorescence tests on skin of thirty patients showed that IgG and IgM diffused into the epidermis, sometimes to the skin surface, of lesional skin, and more immunoglobulin was found in skin of 'unaffected' areas than in skin of normal healthy persons, indicating that clinically unaffected skin in patients with disseminated eczema is abnormal. IgD was present in three of eight samples of unfixed, and six of eight samples of fixed eczematous skin. Staphylococcal and micrococcal antigen was shown on the skin surface and also diffusely in the cytoplasm of cells in the dermis beneath the surface deposits, indicating percutaneous absorption. Further small amounts of antigen were adsorbed to some epidermal cells. These results show that the predisposing conditions for a cytotoxic reaction mediated by hypersensitivity to bacteria do occur. Increased growth of staphylococci and micrococci on eczematous skin would result in increased deposits of antigen. Bacterial antigens are absorbed into the skin and bind with epidermal cells, and immunoglobulins diffuse into the epidermis. Furthermore, skin tests showed that many eczematous patients were hypersensitive to bacteria. Studies on the nature of the antibacterial antibody will be published in the succeeding reports."}
{"id": "PMID:132960", "title": "A familial study of acne and eczema.", "content": "The incidence of eczema was assessed in acne patients and their first degree relatives and compared with control (non-acne) subjects and their relatives. It was found that there was a statistically decreased incidence of endogenous eczema in the acne patients.", "contents": "A familial study of acne and eczema. The incidence of eczema was assessed in acne patients and their first degree relatives and compared with control (non-acne) subjects and their relatives. It was found that there was a statistically decreased incidence of endogenous eczema in the acne patients."}
{"id": "PMID:132962", "title": "Adenosine triphosphatase of rat liver mitochondria: detergent solubilization of an oligomycin- and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive form of the enzyme.", "content": "The hydrolytic activity of the ATPase bound to purified inner membrane vesicles of rat liver mitochondria can be increased threefold by washing extensively with a high ionic strength phosphate buffer. The specific ATPase activities of such phosphate-washed membranes are the highest reported to date for a mitochondrial membrane preparation (21-24 mumol of ATP hydrolyzed min-1 mg-1 in bicarbonate buffer at 37 degrees C). Deoxycholate (0.1 mg/mg of protein) extracts from these membranes a soluble, cold-stable ATPase complex which exhibits a specific activity under optimal assay conditions of 12 mumol of ATP hydrolyzed min-1 mg-1. This complex is not sedimented by centrifugation at 201000 g for 90 min, and readily passes through a 250-A Millipore filter. The ATPase activity of the soluble complex is inhibited 95% by 2.4 muM oligomycin. In addition, inhibitions of 60% or better are obtained in the presence of 1-8 muM dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, venturicidin, and aurovertin. While a similar complex may be extracted with Triton X-100 this preparation is always lower in both specific activity and in inhibitor sensitivities than the complex extracted with deoxycholate. Detergents of the Tween and Brij series and other detergents of the Triton series are also much less effective than deoxycholate in solubilizing the oligomycin-sensitive. ATPase complex of rat liver. It is concluded that deoxycholate is superior to other detergents as an extractant of the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex of rat liver mitochondria, and that the complex extracted with deoxycholate possesses a closer similarity to the membrane-associated ATPase than does the complex extracted with Triton X-100. These studies document the first report of a detergent-solubilized, oligomycin-sensitive ATPase preparation from rat liver mitochondria.", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphatase of rat liver mitochondria: detergent solubilization of an oligomycin- and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive form of the enzyme. The hydrolytic activity of the ATPase bound to purified inner membrane vesicles of rat liver mitochondria can be increased threefold by washing extensively with a high ionic strength phosphate buffer. The specific ATPase activities of such phosphate-washed membranes are the highest reported to date for a mitochondrial membrane preparation (21-24 mumol of ATP hydrolyzed min-1 mg-1 in bicarbonate buffer at 37 degrees C). Deoxycholate (0.1 mg/mg of protein) extracts from these membranes a soluble, cold-stable ATPase complex which exhibits a specific activity under optimal assay conditions of 12 mumol of ATP hydrolyzed min-1 mg-1. This complex is not sedimented by centrifugation at 201000 g for 90 min, and readily passes through a 250-A Millipore filter. The ATPase activity of the soluble complex is inhibited 95% by 2.4 muM oligomycin. In addition, inhibitions of 60% or better are obtained in the presence of 1-8 muM dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, p-chloromercuribenzoate, venturicidin, and aurovertin. While a similar complex may be extracted with Triton X-100 this preparation is always lower in both specific activity and in inhibitor sensitivities than the complex extracted with deoxycholate. Detergents of the Tween and Brij series and other detergents of the Triton series are also much less effective than deoxycholate in solubilizing the oligomycin-sensitive. ATPase complex of rat liver. It is concluded that deoxycholate is superior to other detergents as an extractant of the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex of rat liver mitochondria, and that the complex extracted with deoxycholate possesses a closer similarity to the membrane-associated ATPase than does the complex extracted with Triton X-100. These studies document the first report of a detergent-solubilized, oligomycin-sensitive ATPase preparation from rat liver mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:132963", "title": "The role of the carbodiimide-reactive component of the adenosine-5'-triphosphatase complex in the proton permeability of Escherichia coli membrane vesicles.", "content": "Membrane vesicles isolated from wild-type and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-resistant strains of Escherichia coli exhibit identical respiration-dependent transport activities, and in both cases, this activity is abolished by extraction of the vesicles with 1.0 M guanidine-HCl. Transport activity of extracted wild-type vesicles is completely restored by exposing the vesicles to lipophilic or water-soluble carbodiimides, while transport activity of the mutant vesicles is not restored by exposure to lipophilic carbodiimides. Strikingly, however, complete reactivation of transport in mutant vesicles is observed with water-soluble carbodiimides. Similarly, the Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated ATPase activity of wild-type vesicles is inhibited by both classes of carbodiimides, while the ATPase activity of mutant vesicles is inhibited by water-soluble carbodiimides, but resistant to inhibition by lipophilic carbodiimides. The carbodiimide-reactive component of the membraneous Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated ATPase complex in wildtype vesicles is readily labeled with N,N'-dicyclohexyl[14C]-carbodiimide, while the analogous component in mutant vesicles is not reactive. Alternatively, when vesicles are treated with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide [14C]methiodide, a water-soluble carbodiimide, the carbodiimide-reactive component is labeled to a similar degree in both preparations. The results suggest that the altered carbodiimide-reactive proteolipid in the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-resistant mutant is specifically defective in its ability to react with lipophilic carbodiimides. In addition, these and other findings indicate that the increase in proton permeability observed on extraction of isolated membrane vesicles with chaotropic agents is due exclusively to an effect on the carbodiimide-reactive component of the Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated ATPase complex.", "contents": "The role of the carbodiimide-reactive component of the adenosine-5'-triphosphatase complex in the proton permeability of Escherichia coli membrane vesicles. Membrane vesicles isolated from wild-type and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-resistant strains of Escherichia coli exhibit identical respiration-dependent transport activities, and in both cases, this activity is abolished by extraction of the vesicles with 1.0 M guanidine-HCl. Transport activity of extracted wild-type vesicles is completely restored by exposing the vesicles to lipophilic or water-soluble carbodiimides, while transport activity of the mutant vesicles is not restored by exposure to lipophilic carbodiimides. Strikingly, however, complete reactivation of transport in mutant vesicles is observed with water-soluble carbodiimides. Similarly, the Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated ATPase activity of wild-type vesicles is inhibited by both classes of carbodiimides, while the ATPase activity of mutant vesicles is inhibited by water-soluble carbodiimides, but resistant to inhibition by lipophilic carbodiimides. The carbodiimide-reactive component of the membraneous Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated ATPase complex in wildtype vesicles is readily labeled with N,N'-dicyclohexyl[14C]-carbodiimide, while the analogous component in mutant vesicles is not reactive. Alternatively, when vesicles are treated with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide [14C]methiodide, a water-soluble carbodiimide, the carbodiimide-reactive component is labeled to a similar degree in both preparations. The results suggest that the altered carbodiimide-reactive proteolipid in the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-resistant mutant is specifically defective in its ability to react with lipophilic carbodiimides. In addition, these and other findings indicate that the increase in proton permeability observed on extraction of isolated membrane vesicles with chaotropic agents is due exclusively to an effect on the carbodiimide-reactive component of the Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated ATPase complex."}
{"id": "PMID:132964", "title": "Properties and function  of clostridial membrane ATPase.", "content": "ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) was detected in the membrane fraction of the strict anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium pasteurianum. About 70% of the total activity was found in the particulate fraction. The enzyme was Mg2+ dependent; Co2+ and Mn2+ but not Ca2+ could replace Mg2+ to some extent; the activation by Mg2+ was slightly antagonized by Ca2+. Even in the presence of Mg2+, Na+ or K+ had no stimulatory effect. The ATPase reaction was effectively inhibited by one of its products, ADP, and only slightly by the other product, inorganic phosphate. Of the nucleoside triphosphates tested ATP was hydrolyzed with highest affinity ([S]0.5 v = 1.3 mM) and maximal activity (120 U/g). The ATPase activity could be nearly  completely solubilized by treatment of the membranes with 2 M LiCl in the absence of Mg2+. Solubilization, however, led to instability of the enzyme. The clostridial solubilized and membrane-bound ATPase showed different properties similar to the \"allotopic\" properties of mitochondrial and other bacterial ATPases. The membrane-bound ATPase in contrast to the soluble ATPase was sensitive to the ATPase inhibitor dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). DCCD, at 10(-4) M, led to 80% inhibition of the membrane-bound enzyme; oligomycin ouabain, or NaN3 had no effect. The membrane-bound ATPase could not be stimulated by trypsin pretreatment. Since none of the mono- or divalent cations had any truly stimulatory effect, and since a pH gradient (interior alkaline), which was sensitive to the ATPase inhibitor DCCD, was maintained during growth of C. pasteurianum, it was concluded that the function of the clostridial ATPase was the same as that of the rather similar mitochondrial enzyme, namely H+ translocation. A H+-translocating, ATP-consuming ATPase appears to be intrinsic equipment of all prolaryotic cells and as such to be phylogenetically very old; in the course of evolution the enzyme might have been developed to a H+-(re)translocating, ATP-forming ATPase as probably realized in aerobic bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts.", "contents": "Properties and function  of clostridial membrane ATPase. ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) was detected in the membrane fraction of the strict anaerobic bacterium, Clostridium pasteurianum. About 70% of the total activity was found in the particulate fraction. The enzyme was Mg2+ dependent; Co2+ and Mn2+ but not Ca2+ could replace Mg2+ to some extent; the activation by Mg2+ was slightly antagonized by Ca2+. Even in the presence of Mg2+, Na+ or K+ had no stimulatory effect. The ATPase reaction was effectively inhibited by one of its products, ADP, and only slightly by the other product, inorganic phosphate. Of the nucleoside triphosphates tested ATP was hydrolyzed with highest affinity ([S]0.5 v = 1.3 mM) and maximal activity (120 U/g). The ATPase activity could be nearly  completely solubilized by treatment of the membranes with 2 M LiCl in the absence of Mg2+. Solubilization, however, led to instability of the enzyme. The clostridial solubilized and membrane-bound ATPase showed different properties similar to the \"allotopic\" properties of mitochondrial and other bacterial ATPases. The membrane-bound ATPase in contrast to the soluble ATPase was sensitive to the ATPase inhibitor dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD). DCCD, at 10(-4) M, led to 80% inhibition of the membrane-bound enzyme; oligomycin ouabain, or NaN3 had no effect. The membrane-bound ATPase could not be stimulated by trypsin pretreatment. Since none of the mono- or divalent cations had any truly stimulatory effect, and since a pH gradient (interior alkaline), which was sensitive to the ATPase inhibitor DCCD, was maintained during growth of C. pasteurianum, it was concluded that the function of the clostridial ATPase was the same as that of the rather similar mitochondrial enzyme, namely H+ translocation. A H+-translocating, ATP-consuming ATPase appears to be intrinsic equipment of all prolaryotic cells and as such to be phylogenetically very old; in the course of evolution the enzyme might have been developed to a H+-(re)translocating, ATP-forming ATPase as probably realized in aerobic bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts."}
{"id": "PMID:132965", "title": "Lipoprotein lipase in rat lung. Effect of dexamethasone.", "content": "The effect of hormone administration on the activity of lipoprotein lipase in the lung was studied in the rat. The following hormones were administered: dexamethasone, L-thyroxine, estradiol-17beta and progesterone. In addition, lung lipoprotein lipase activity was studied in diabetic and lactating rats. Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured in dried, defatted preparations of rat lung using double labeled ([14C]palmitate, [3H]glycerol) chylomicron triacylglycerol as substrate. Dexamethasone administration caused a rise of 70% in the level of activity of lipoprotein lipase in acetone powders of lung and a 100% increase in the amount of enzyme released during heparin infusion into isolated, perfused lungs. Enzyme activity was higher in lungs of females than of male rats; however; the level of activity was unaffected by estrogen or progesterone administration to either male or ovariectomized rats. Diabetes, hyperthyroidism or lactation did not change lipoprotein lipase activity in the lung. The constant presence of lipoprotein lipase activity in the lung suggests that this organ is able to maintain a steady supply of triacylglycerol-fatty acids under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Stimulation of enzyme activity by dexamethasone could lead to increased uptake of triacylglycerol-fatty acids by the lung and may thus be a contributing factor to corticosteroid-induced enhanced surfactant synthesis.", "contents": "Lipoprotein lipase in rat lung. Effect of dexamethasone. The effect of hormone administration on the activity of lipoprotein lipase in the lung was studied in the rat. The following hormones were administered: dexamethasone, L-thyroxine, estradiol-17beta and progesterone. In addition, lung lipoprotein lipase activity was studied in diabetic and lactating rats. Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured in dried, defatted preparations of rat lung using double labeled ([14C]palmitate, [3H]glycerol) chylomicron triacylglycerol as substrate. Dexamethasone administration caused a rise of 70% in the level of activity of lipoprotein lipase in acetone powders of lung and a 100% increase in the amount of enzyme released during heparin infusion into isolated, perfused lungs. Enzyme activity was higher in lungs of females than of male rats; however; the level of activity was unaffected by estrogen or progesterone administration to either male or ovariectomized rats. Diabetes, hyperthyroidism or lactation did not change lipoprotein lipase activity in the lung. The constant presence of lipoprotein lipase activity in the lung suggests that this organ is able to maintain a steady supply of triacylglycerol-fatty acids under a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Stimulation of enzyme activity by dexamethasone could lead to increased uptake of triacylglycerol-fatty acids by the lung and may thus be a contributing factor to corticosteroid-induced enhanced surfactant synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:132966", "title": "The susceptibility of the glycoprotein from the purified (Na+, K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase to tryptic and chymotryptic degradation with and without Na+ and K+.", "content": "Purified (Na+, K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase ((Na+, K+)-ATPase, ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) has been subjected to trypsin and chymotrypsin hydrolysis. The glycoprotein is much more resistant to proteolysis than the large chain. This differential susceptibility to proteolysis is not due to differences in the number of trypsin or chymotrypsin sensitive bonds because the two subunits are equally susceptible to proteolysis after isolation by preparative gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. It is also not due to steric \"shielding\" of the glycoprotein by the large chain or its proteolytic products: (1) The rate of digestion of the glycoprotein is not increased after 90% of the large chain is digested. (2) The majority of the large chain peptides are released into the supernatant upon degradation. It is concluded that the greater resistance of the glycoprotein to proteolysis is due to its native conformation. In the absence of the large chain, the susceptibility of the glycoprotein to tryptic degradation by K+ and Na+. The evidence suggests that this decreased susceptibility was due to conformational changes in the glycoprotein. These specific ligand effects on proteolysis of the glycoprotein suggests that the glycoprotein may participate in Na+ and K+ binding by (Na+, K+)-ATPase.", "contents": "The susceptibility of the glycoprotein from the purified (Na+, K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase to tryptic and chymotryptic degradation with and without Na+ and K+. Purified (Na+, K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase ((Na+, K+)-ATPase, ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) has been subjected to trypsin and chymotrypsin hydrolysis. The glycoprotein is much more resistant to proteolysis than the large chain. This differential susceptibility to proteolysis is not due to differences in the number of trypsin or chymotrypsin sensitive bonds because the two subunits are equally susceptible to proteolysis after isolation by preparative gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. It is also not due to steric \"shielding\" of the glycoprotein by the large chain or its proteolytic products: (1) The rate of digestion of the glycoprotein is not increased after 90% of the large chain is digested. (2) The majority of the large chain peptides are released into the supernatant upon degradation. It is concluded that the greater resistance of the glycoprotein to proteolysis is due to its native conformation. In the absence of the large chain, the susceptibility of the glycoprotein to tryptic degradation by K+ and Na+. The evidence suggests that this decreased susceptibility was due to conformational changes in the glycoprotein. These specific ligand effects on proteolysis of the glycoprotein suggests that the glycoprotein may participate in Na+ and K+ binding by (Na+, K+)-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:132967", "title": "On the structure of heparitin sulfates. Analyses of the products formed from heparitin sulfates by two heparitinases and a heparinase from Flavobacterium heparinum.", "content": "The analyses of the products formed from heparitin sulfates by the action of two heparitinases and a heparinase from Flavorbacterium heparinum is reported. Heparitin sulfates A and B are degraded by heparitinase I yielding two disaccharides, one of them composed of N-acetylucosamine and an unsaturated uronic, joined by alpha(1 lead to 4) linkage, and the other, with the same composition but with an O-sulfate at the hexosamine moiety. A third disaccharide is also formed from heparitin sulfate B, by the action of the same enzyme, composed of glucosamine N-sulfate and an unsaturated uronic acid joined probably by alpha(1 lead to 4) linkage. Besides these three disaccharides, heparitin sulfate B yields, by the action of heparitinase I, an oligosaccharide (with an average molecular weight of 6000) which is completely degraded by the heparitinase II yielding a disaccharide composed of glucosamine 2,6-disulfate and unsaturated uronic acid. All the disaccharides are further degraded by alpha-glycuronidase from Flavobacterium heparinum yielding the respective monosaccharides. Based on these and other analyses the possible structures of the heparitin sulfates are proposed.", "contents": "On the structure of heparitin sulfates. Analyses of the products formed from heparitin sulfates by two heparitinases and a heparinase from Flavobacterium heparinum. The analyses of the products formed from heparitin sulfates by the action of two heparitinases and a heparinase from Flavorbacterium heparinum is reported. Heparitin sulfates A and B are degraded by heparitinase I yielding two disaccharides, one of them composed of N-acetylucosamine and an unsaturated uronic, joined by alpha(1 lead to 4) linkage, and the other, with the same composition but with an O-sulfate at the hexosamine moiety. A third disaccharide is also formed from heparitin sulfate B, by the action of the same enzyme, composed of glucosamine N-sulfate and an unsaturated uronic acid joined probably by alpha(1 lead to 4) linkage. Besides these three disaccharides, heparitin sulfate B yields, by the action of heparitinase I, an oligosaccharide (with an average molecular weight of 6000) which is completely degraded by the heparitinase II yielding a disaccharide composed of glucosamine 2,6-disulfate and unsaturated uronic acid. All the disaccharides are further degraded by alpha-glycuronidase from Flavobacterium heparinum yielding the respective monosaccharides. Based on these and other analyses the possible structures of the heparitin sulfates are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:132968", "title": "Pathways of carbohydrate oxidation during thermogenesis by the spadix of Arum maculatum.", "content": "1. The aims of this work were to discover the pathways of carbohydrate oxidation prior to and during thermogenesis by the club of the spadix of Arum maculatum, and whether there was coarse control of these pathways. 2. 14C02 production from [1-14C]-, [3,4-14C]-, and [6-14C]glucose, the detailed distribution of 14C from [1-14C]- and [6-14C]glucose, and the maximum catalytic activities of phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were determined at different stages in the development of the spadix. The results indicate that in the early stages carbohydrate is oxidized via both the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis, and that a shift to glycolysis occurs during development so that just before and during thermogenesis glycolysis predominates almost exclusively. 3. During development the activities of phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase per club increased 100- ans during spadix development, and indicated that the onset of rapid glycolysis at thermogenesis is regulated by fine control or availability of substrate.", "contents": "Pathways of carbohydrate oxidation during thermogenesis by the spadix of Arum maculatum. 1. The aims of this work were to discover the pathways of carbohydrate oxidation prior to and during thermogenesis by the club of the spadix of Arum maculatum, and whether there was coarse control of these pathways. 2. 14C02 production from [1-14C]-, [3,4-14C]-, and [6-14C]glucose, the detailed distribution of 14C from [1-14C]- and [6-14C]glucose, and the maximum catalytic activities of phosphofructokinase, fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase were determined at different stages in the development of the spadix. The results indicate that in the early stages carbohydrate is oxidized via both the pentose phosphate pathway and glycolysis, and that a shift to glycolysis occurs during development so that just before and during thermogenesis glycolysis predominates almost exclusively. 3. During development the activities of phosphofructokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase per club increased 100- ans during spadix development, and indicated that the onset of rapid glycolysis at thermogenesis is regulated by fine control or availability of substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:132969", "title": "Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans of human chondrosarcoma.", "content": "The glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans of a human chondrosarcoma have been studied. Glycosaminoglycans were fractionated and identified by cetylpirdium chloride (CPC) cellulose chromatography, ECTEOLA cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. Proteoglycans were extracted by low ionic strength solutions and by 4 M guanidinium chloride and fractioned by equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation and gel chromatography on Sepharose 2B. The tumour matrix contained both the 4- and 6-sulphate isomers of chondroitin sulphate and a high concentration (12% of hexosamine) of hyaluronic acid. Proteoglycans were poor in carbohydrate moieties and proportion were capable of aggregation. Amino acid analysis of the fractionated proteoglycans suggested the presence of a single protein core. A substance with the characteristic amino acid composition of glycoprotein link was recovered from the top of the dissociative density gradient.", "contents": "Glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans of human chondrosarcoma. The glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans of a human chondrosarcoma have been studied. Glycosaminoglycans were fractionated and identified by cetylpirdium chloride (CPC) cellulose chromatography, ECTEOLA cellulose ion-exchange chromatography and electrophoresis on cellulose acetate. Proteoglycans were extracted by low ionic strength solutions and by 4 M guanidinium chloride and fractioned by equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation and gel chromatography on Sepharose 2B. The tumour matrix contained both the 4- and 6-sulphate isomers of chondroitin sulphate and a high concentration (12% of hexosamine) of hyaluronic acid. Proteoglycans were poor in carbohydrate moieties and proportion were capable of aggregation. Amino acid analysis of the fractionated proteoglycans suggested the presence of a single protein core. A substance with the characteristic amino acid composition of glycoprotein link was recovered from the top of the dissociative density gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:132970", "title": "Tension development in skinned glycerinated rabbit psoas fiber segments irrigated with soluble myosin fragments.", "content": "Single glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle fibers were skinned by splitting them lengthwise. The fiber segments thus obtained were more easily accessible to solutes in the surrounding medium than the intact fibers. Using such segments, active tension could be fully abolished by adding N-ethylmaleimide under conditions which lead to inhibition of actin activation of the ATPase activity of myosin. Such muscles could, however, develop tension after irrigation with myosin or with the water-soluble active myosin fragments heavy meromyosin (HMM) or its subfragment 1 (HMM-S1). The induced tensions increased with increasing protein concentration in the irrigating solution. At any given protein concentration, the tension generated by myosin was larger than that produced by HMM which was, in turn, greater than that induced by HMM-S1 e.g. at 15 mg/ml protein the tensions produced by these three myosin moieties were 44.0, 14.0 and 2.8 g/cm2, respectively. The tension was found to be intimately associated with ATP splitting; thus, HMM and HMM-S1 which have been treated with reagents abolishing actin-activated ATPase failed to induce tension development. A contractile force may thus be generated through the interaction with actin of the water-soluble, enzymatically active, myosin subfragments involving the splitting of ATP.", "contents": "Tension development in skinned glycerinated rabbit psoas fiber segments irrigated with soluble myosin fragments. Single glycerinated rabbit psoas muscle fibers were skinned by splitting them lengthwise. The fiber segments thus obtained were more easily accessible to solutes in the surrounding medium than the intact fibers. Using such segments, active tension could be fully abolished by adding N-ethylmaleimide under conditions which lead to inhibition of actin activation of the ATPase activity of myosin. Such muscles could, however, develop tension after irrigation with myosin or with the water-soluble active myosin fragments heavy meromyosin (HMM) or its subfragment 1 (HMM-S1). The induced tensions increased with increasing protein concentration in the irrigating solution. At any given protein concentration, the tension generated by myosin was larger than that produced by HMM which was, in turn, greater than that induced by HMM-S1 e.g. at 15 mg/ml protein the tensions produced by these three myosin moieties were 44.0, 14.0 and 2.8 g/cm2, respectively. The tension was found to be intimately associated with ATP splitting; thus, HMM and HMM-S1 which have been treated with reagents abolishing actin-activated ATPase failed to induce tension development. A contractile force may thus be generated through the interaction with actin of the water-soluble, enzymatically active, myosin subfragments involving the splitting of ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:132971", "title": "An inhibitor of DNA synthesis in erythrocyte-conditioned medium and its separation from haemoglobin.", "content": "Erythrocyte-conditioned medium and erythrocyte lysate have been prepared from rat red blood cells. Molecular fractions of the conditioned medium and the lysate are used to test for the presence of erythrocyte chalone in short-term tissue cultures of mouse foetal liver cells. An inhibitor of erythroblast DNA synthesis has been found in the erythrocyte conditioned medium. The inhibitor is not haemoglobin, and it is not found in erythrocyte lysate soluble components.", "contents": "An inhibitor of DNA synthesis in erythrocyte-conditioned medium and its separation from haemoglobin. Erythrocyte-conditioned medium and erythrocyte lysate have been prepared from rat red blood cells. Molecular fractions of the conditioned medium and the lysate are used to test for the presence of erythrocyte chalone in short-term tissue cultures of mouse foetal liver cells. An inhibitor of erythroblast DNA synthesis has been found in the erythrocyte conditioned medium. The inhibitor is not haemoglobin, and it is not found in erythrocyte lysate soluble components."}
{"id": "PMID:132972", "title": "Assembly of ATPase protein in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.", "content": "Three specimen preparation techniques for electron microscopy were used to investigate the incorporation of the ATPase polypeptide chains in the membranes of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) obtained from rabbit skeletal muscle. Observations were made of both normal vesicles and vesicles exposed to trypsin, which is known to cleave the ATPase protein and to alter the ultrastructure of the vesicles in predictable ways. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal the typical 90-A particles on the concave (PF) faces with a density of 5,730 +/- 520/mum2. On the other hand both negatively stained and deeply etched preparations display outer projections, which are absent on trypsin-incubated vesicles. The etched specimens afford for the first time top views of the vesicles in the absence of any stain. These views reveal outer projections on the PS surface with a density of 21,000 +/- 3,900/mum2, a value nearly approximating the density of the ATPase polypeptide chains (106,000 mol wt) calculated on the basis of protein and membrane area determinations. On the other hand, this value is three to four times higher than that found for the density of the 90-A particles on the concave fracture faces. Since both outer projections and 90-A particles are identified with the ATPase protein, it is suggested that the ATPase polypeptide chains are amphiphilic molecules, with polar ends protruding individually as outer projections on the surface of the vesicles, and hydrophobic ends appearing as 90-A particles on the concave fracture faces. The discrepancy between the densities of the outer projections and the 90-A particles may be attributed either to variable penetration of the polypeptide chains into the membrane bilayer, or to formation of oligomers containing three or four hydrophobic ends and appearing as single 90-A particles. Each ATPase chain forms a complex with 20-30 phospholipid molecules. The remaining phospholipids (approximately 70% of the total SR phospholipids) account for less than half the membrane volume. It is proposed that the outer leaflet of the SR membrane is prevalently composed of the ATPase lipoprotein complex, and the inner leaflet is mostly a phospholipid monolayer.", "contents": "Assembly of ATPase protein in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. Three specimen preparation techniques for electron microscopy were used to investigate the incorporation of the ATPase polypeptide chains in the membranes of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) obtained from rabbit skeletal muscle. Observations were made of both normal vesicles and vesicles exposed to trypsin, which is known to cleave the ATPase protein and to alter the ultrastructure of the vesicles in predictable ways. Freeze-fracture replicas reveal the typical 90-A particles on the concave (PF) faces with a density of 5,730 +/- 520/mum2. On the other hand both negatively stained and deeply etched preparations display outer projections, which are absent on trypsin-incubated vesicles. The etched specimens afford for the first time top views of the vesicles in the absence of any stain. These views reveal outer projections on the PS surface with a density of 21,000 +/- 3,900/mum2, a value nearly approximating the density of the ATPase polypeptide chains (106,000 mol wt) calculated on the basis of protein and membrane area determinations. On the other hand, this value is three to four times higher than that found for the density of the 90-A particles on the concave fracture faces. Since both outer projections and 90-A particles are identified with the ATPase protein, it is suggested that the ATPase polypeptide chains are amphiphilic molecules, with polar ends protruding individually as outer projections on the surface of the vesicles, and hydrophobic ends appearing as 90-A particles on the concave fracture faces. The discrepancy between the densities of the outer projections and the 90-A particles may be attributed either to variable penetration of the polypeptide chains into the membrane bilayer, or to formation of oligomers containing three or four hydrophobic ends and appearing as single 90-A particles. Each ATPase chain forms a complex with 20-30 phospholipid molecules. The remaining phospholipids (approximately 70% of the total SR phospholipids) account for less than half the membrane volume. It is proposed that the outer leaflet of the SR membrane is prevalently composed of the ATPase lipoprotein complex, and the inner leaflet is mostly a phospholipid monolayer."}
{"id": "PMID:132975", "title": "[Calcium transport and ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum in normal and denervated rabbit muscles].", "content": "The properties of sarcomplasmic reticulum Ca-pump from normal and denervated rabbit muscles were investigated. Ca+2 ion transport in denervated muscle reticulum was subject to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The rate of fast Ca2+ outflux from the vesicles was enhanced after denervation; this caused a decrease in the transport efficiency and an increase of the \"basic\" ATP-ase. At the same time the rate of Ca2+ accumulation and the Ca-ATP-ase transport activity were enhances by a factor of 1.5. Kinetic properties of the denervated sarcoplasmic reticulum proved to be closely related to the features of the excitation-contraction cycle in these muscles.", "contents": "[Calcium transport and ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum in normal and denervated rabbit muscles]. The properties of sarcomplasmic reticulum Ca-pump from normal and denervated rabbit muscles were investigated. Ca+2 ion transport in denervated muscle reticulum was subject to Michaelis-Menten kinetics. The rate of fast Ca2+ outflux from the vesicles was enhanced after denervation; this caused a decrease in the transport efficiency and an increase of the \"basic\" ATP-ase. At the same time the rate of Ca2+ accumulation and the Ca-ATP-ase transport activity were enhances by a factor of 1.5. Kinetic properties of the denervated sarcoplasmic reticulum proved to be closely related to the features of the excitation-contraction cycle in these muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:132976", "title": "[Method of simultaneous determination of kallikrein, plasmin and thrombin precursors and inhibitors in human blood plasma].", "content": "Prekallikrein, plasminogen and prothrombin of human blood plasma have been separately activated by caolin streptokinase and thromboplastin. By measuring the TAME-esterase (N-d Tozy-L-arginine methyl ester) activity of each enzyme and its changes in the course of plasma incubation with the activator, it was possible to estimate the values of precursors of kallikrein, plasmin, thrombin and their inhibitors. Evidence is given that under conditions described the activation is specific of each enzyme and does not affect the level of the two other percursors. The method has been developed in two modifications, permitting to obtain the value of seven parameters in 0.4--0.7 ml of blood plasma.", "contents": "[Method of simultaneous determination of kallikrein, plasmin and thrombin precursors and inhibitors in human blood plasma]. Prekallikrein, plasminogen and prothrombin of human blood plasma have been separately activated by caolin streptokinase and thromboplastin. By measuring the TAME-esterase (N-d Tozy-L-arginine methyl ester) activity of each enzyme and its changes in the course of plasma incubation with the activator, it was possible to estimate the values of precursors of kallikrein, plasmin, thrombin and their inhibitors. Evidence is given that under conditions described the activation is specific of each enzyme and does not affect the level of the two other percursors. The method has been developed in two modifications, permitting to obtain the value of seven parameters in 0.4--0.7 ml of blood plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:132977", "title": "Comparison of the actions of acebutolol, practolol and propranolol on calcium transport by heart microsomes and mitochondria.", "content": "1 The effects of acebutolol, practolol and propranolol (0,5-3 mM) on calcium uptake, calcium binding and ATPase activities of the rabbit and rat heart microsomal and mitochondrial fractions were investigated. 2 Dose-response and time course experiments revealed that propranolol greatly inhibited microsomal and mitochondrial calcium uptake whereas both acebutolol and practolol showed slight depressant effects. 3 The ATPase activities of microsomal and mitochondrial fractions were decreased by acebutolol, practolol and propranolol; however, the latter agent was more effective than the other two. 4 The inhibitory effects of acebutolol, practolol and propranolol on mitochondria and microsomes were not antagonized by adrenaline. 5 Propranolol decreased calcium binding by the microsomal fraction only, whereas acebutolol and practolol had no effect on microsomal or mitochondrial calcium binding. 6 The sensitivity of the rabbit heart subcellular fractions to the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs was similar to that of the rat heart; however, the calcium uptake and ATPase activities of microsomes were more sensitive to propranolol than mitochondria in both species. 7 Perfusion of rat hearts with 0.2-1 mM propranolol decreased contractile force, and microsomal and mitochondrial fractions obtained from these hearts accummulated less calcium in comparison to the control. On the other hand, acebutolol and practolol (0.2-1nM) had no appreciable effects on contractile force or subcellular fractions under similar conditions. 8 The negative inotropic effect of propranolol may partly be due to its inhibitory actions on calcium transport by subcellular organelles of the myocardium; the depressant action of propranolol on calcium transport is unlikely to be due to its beta-adrenoceptor blocking property.", "contents": "Comparison of the actions of acebutolol, practolol and propranolol on calcium transport by heart microsomes and mitochondria. 1 The effects of acebutolol, practolol and propranolol (0,5-3 mM) on calcium uptake, calcium binding and ATPase activities of the rabbit and rat heart microsomal and mitochondrial fractions were investigated. 2 Dose-response and time course experiments revealed that propranolol greatly inhibited microsomal and mitochondrial calcium uptake whereas both acebutolol and practolol showed slight depressant effects. 3 The ATPase activities of microsomal and mitochondrial fractions were decreased by acebutolol, practolol and propranolol; however, the latter agent was more effective than the other two. 4 The inhibitory effects of acebutolol, practolol and propranolol on mitochondria and microsomes were not antagonized by adrenaline. 5 Propranolol decreased calcium binding by the microsomal fraction only, whereas acebutolol and practolol had no effect on microsomal or mitochondrial calcium binding. 6 The sensitivity of the rabbit heart subcellular fractions to the beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs was similar to that of the rat heart; however, the calcium uptake and ATPase activities of microsomes were more sensitive to propranolol than mitochondria in both species. 7 Perfusion of rat hearts with 0.2-1 mM propranolol decreased contractile force, and microsomal and mitochondrial fractions obtained from these hearts accummulated less calcium in comparison to the control. On the other hand, acebutolol and practolol (0.2-1nM) had no appreciable effects on contractile force or subcellular fractions under similar conditions. 8 The negative inotropic effect of propranolol may partly be due to its inhibitory actions on calcium transport by subcellular organelles of the myocardium; the depressant action of propranolol on calcium transport is unlikely to be due to its beta-adrenoceptor blocking property."}
{"id": "PMID:132978", "title": "Effect of experimental diabetes, food deprivation and genetic obesity on the sensitivity of pithed rats to autonomic agents.", "content": "1 The sensitivities of alloxan and streptozotocin diabetic and hereditary obese pithed rats to acetylcholine, isoprenaline and noradrenaline were compared to those of controls. 2 Blood pressure and heart rate recordings made before dosing was started showed the streptozotocin-treated animals to have a significantly reduced heart rate and increased pulse pressure as compared with controls. 3 Both diabetic groups were found to have reduced sensitivities to the pressor effect of noradrenaline, the depressor effect of acetylcholine, the positive chronotropic and inotropic effect of isoprenaline and the reduction in diastolic pressure induced by isoprenaline. The reduction in sensitivity was generally much greater in the streptozotocin diabetic animals. 4 The genetically obese rats were found to have similar sensitivities to all three agents as did their non-obese litter mates. 5 When either diabetic group was deprived of food for 24 h preceding the tests the sensitivities were found to be raised significantly towards normal in almost all cases. 6 The results are contrasted with previous in vitro results and possible causative metabolic factors discussed. It is suggested that sensitivity changes are unevenly distributed within the cardiovascular system.", "contents": "Effect of experimental diabetes, food deprivation and genetic obesity on the sensitivity of pithed rats to autonomic agents. 1 The sensitivities of alloxan and streptozotocin diabetic and hereditary obese pithed rats to acetylcholine, isoprenaline and noradrenaline were compared to those of controls. 2 Blood pressure and heart rate recordings made before dosing was started showed the streptozotocin-treated animals to have a significantly reduced heart rate and increased pulse pressure as compared with controls. 3 Both diabetic groups were found to have reduced sensitivities to the pressor effect of noradrenaline, the depressor effect of acetylcholine, the positive chronotropic and inotropic effect of isoprenaline and the reduction in diastolic pressure induced by isoprenaline. The reduction in sensitivity was generally much greater in the streptozotocin diabetic animals. 4 The genetically obese rats were found to have similar sensitivities to all three agents as did their non-obese litter mates. 5 When either diabetic group was deprived of food for 24 h preceding the tests the sensitivities were found to be raised significantly towards normal in almost all cases. 6 The results are contrasted with previous in vitro results and possible causative metabolic factors discussed. It is suggested that sensitivity changes are unevenly distributed within the cardiovascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:132989", "title": "Effects of phenobarbitone, cinnarizine, and zoxazolamine on the development of right ventricular hypertrophy and hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease in rats treated with monocrotaline.", "content": "The results of this experiment suggest that the addition of zoxazolamine to the diet may prolong the survival and reduce the incidence of right ventricular hypertrophy and hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease in male rats given a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline. Phenobarbitone and cinnarizine were ineffective.", "contents": "Effects of phenobarbitone, cinnarizine, and zoxazolamine on the development of right ventricular hypertrophy and hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease in rats treated with monocrotaline. The results of this experiment suggest that the addition of zoxazolamine to the diet may prolong the survival and reduce the incidence of right ventricular hypertrophy and hypertensive pulmonary vascular disease in male rats given a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline. Phenobarbitone and cinnarizine were ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:132990", "title": "Biochemical changes associated with development and reversal of cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "This study is the first report describing the sequence of biochemical alterations of myocardium during the progression of naturally occurring hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and then with its reversal by alpha-methyldopa therapy. Changes in DNA, RNA, hydroxyproline, as well as incorporation of 14C lysine into cardiac myosin, were compared with the pattern found in suitably matched controls. A significant increase in RNA, hydroxyproline, and 14C incorporation was observed in SHRs. Antihypertensive treatment caused reversal of hypertrophy and normalization of all biochemical parameters except hydroxyproline, the concentration of which increased significantly as myocardial weight decreased. These compositional changes may help explain the conflicting result of the haemodynamic effects of cardiac hypertrophy.", "contents": "Biochemical changes associated with development and reversal of cardiac hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. This study is the first report describing the sequence of biochemical alterations of myocardium during the progression of naturally occurring hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) and then with its reversal by alpha-methyldopa therapy. Changes in DNA, RNA, hydroxyproline, as well as incorporation of 14C lysine into cardiac myosin, were compared with the pattern found in suitably matched controls. A significant increase in RNA, hydroxyproline, and 14C incorporation was observed in SHRs. Antihypertensive treatment caused reversal of hypertrophy and normalization of all biochemical parameters except hydroxyproline, the concentration of which increased significantly as myocardial weight decreased. These compositional changes may help explain the conflicting result of the haemodynamic effects of cardiac hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:132997", "title": "Myocardial necrosis, fibrosis, and DNA synthesis in experimental cardiac hypertrophy induced by sudden pressure overload.", "content": "The development of myocardial fibrosis as a result of cardiac hypertrophy was studied in 11 cats in which the pulmonary artery was banded, six rabbits in which the ascending aorta was banded, and eight cats with various congenital cardiac anomalies. Histological examination of the myocardium revealed multifocal areas of degeneration and necrosis with healing by fibrosis in the right ventricle of cats in which the pulmonary artery was banded and in the left ventricle of rabbits in which the aorta was banded. In five of eight cats with congenital anomalies, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis were not present in spite of heart weight to body weight ratios 2-4 times greater than in the experimental models. In the other three cats, fibrosis was subendocardial or diffuse rather than multifocal as in the banded animals. This suggests that the increased connective tissue found in animals with cardiac hypertrophy induced by banding the aorta or pulmonary artery is an artifact of the preparation. Autoradiographic studies of the myocardium of pulmonary artery-banded cats indicated that all newly synthesized DNA in this model is restricted to interstitial cell and endothelial cell proliferation.", "contents": "Myocardial necrosis, fibrosis, and DNA synthesis in experimental cardiac hypertrophy induced by sudden pressure overload. The development of myocardial fibrosis as a result of cardiac hypertrophy was studied in 11 cats in which the pulmonary artery was banded, six rabbits in which the ascending aorta was banded, and eight cats with various congenital cardiac anomalies. Histological examination of the myocardium revealed multifocal areas of degeneration and necrosis with healing by fibrosis in the right ventricle of cats in which the pulmonary artery was banded and in the left ventricle of rabbits in which the aorta was banded. In five of eight cats with congenital anomalies, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis were not present in spite of heart weight to body weight ratios 2-4 times greater than in the experimental models. In the other three cats, fibrosis was subendocardial or diffuse rather than multifocal as in the banded animals. This suggests that the increased connective tissue found in animals with cardiac hypertrophy induced by banding the aorta or pulmonary artery is an artifact of the preparation. Autoradiographic studies of the myocardium of pulmonary artery-banded cats indicated that all newly synthesized DNA in this model is restricted to interstitial cell and endothelial cell proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:132998", "title": "Left heart volume characteristics following ventricular septal defect closure in infancy.", "content": "Left ventricular and left atrial volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, and left ventricular muscle mass were determined preoperatively and postoperatively in 13 patients who underwent surgical closure of ventricular septal defects in the first two years of life. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume and systolic output averaged 255 +/- 19% (+/- SEM) and 240 +/- 19% of normal, respectively, before operation but fell to within normal limits postoperatively. Left ventricular ejection fraction was normal preoperatively (100 +/- 4% of normal) and remained so after correction (106 +/- 3%, NS). Left ventricular mass was mildly elevated at the preoperative catheterization (271 +/- 21%) and decreased significantly following repair (P less than 0.001). However, the postoperative left atrial volume (147 +/- 14%) remained abnormal (P greater than 0.05). These data suggest that when early surgical closure of a ventricular septal defect is necessary because of failure of medical management, good results with regard to postoperative left ventricular size and function can be expected.", "contents": "Left heart volume characteristics following ventricular septal defect closure in infancy. Left ventricular and left atrial volume, left ventricular ejection fraction, and left ventricular muscle mass were determined preoperatively and postoperatively in 13 patients who underwent surgical closure of ventricular septal defects in the first two years of life. Left ventricular end-diastolic volume and systolic output averaged 255 +/- 19% (+/- SEM) and 240 +/- 19% of normal, respectively, before operation but fell to within normal limits postoperatively. Left ventricular ejection fraction was normal preoperatively (100 +/- 4% of normal) and remained so after correction (106 +/- 3%, NS). Left ventricular mass was mildly elevated at the preoperative catheterization (271 +/- 21%) and decreased significantly following repair (P less than 0.001). However, the postoperative left atrial volume (147 +/- 14%) remained abnormal (P greater than 0.05). These data suggest that when early surgical closure of a ventricular septal defect is necessary because of failure of medical management, good results with regard to postoperative left ventricular size and function can be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:132999", "title": "Single film retrograde umbilical aortography in the diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with aortic atresia.", "content": "Single film retrograde umbilical aortography was used successfully in confirming the diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart in three neonates. The method involves injecting Renografin 75% (1.25 cc/kg body weight) into the umbilical artery catheter according to the following sequence. First, the tip of the catheter is positioned at the level of the ductus arteriosus. The infant heart beats are then counted from one to three. The contrast media injection is begun manually on the count of one and an anterior-posterior chest film is taken on the count of three. Thus the film is taken one diastolic period after completion of the injection. The proper timing of the contrast media injection and filming is essential for obtaining a diagnostic film. This procedure was diagnostic in the three infants studied and eliminated the need of transferring two sick infants from affiliated hospitals.", "contents": "Single film retrograde umbilical aortography in the diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart syndrome with aortic atresia. Single film retrograde umbilical aortography was used successfully in confirming the diagnosis of hypoplastic left heart in three neonates. The method involves injecting Renografin 75% (1.25 cc/kg body weight) into the umbilical artery catheter according to the following sequence. First, the tip of the catheter is positioned at the level of the ductus arteriosus. The infant heart beats are then counted from one to three. The contrast media injection is begun manually on the count of one and an anterior-posterior chest film is taken on the count of three. Thus the film is taken one diastolic period after completion of the injection. The proper timing of the contrast media injection and filming is essential for obtaining a diagnostic film. This procedure was diagnostic in the three infants studied and eliminated the need of transferring two sick infants from affiliated hospitals."}
{"id": "PMID:133000", "title": "The coronary arteries and left ventricle in clinically isolated angina pectoris: a necropsy analysis.", "content": "Certain clinical and morphologic observations are described in 27 patients with severe isolated angina pectoris of either the stable (five patients) or the unstable form (22 patients). Twenty-four patients died during or shortly after cardiac operations designed to relieve angina pectoris and three died during cardiac catheterization. During life none had had clinical evidence of acute myocardial infarction or congestive cardiac failure. At necropsy, each had diffuse, extensive coronary atherosclerosis with severe luminal narrowing: the lumens of at least two, an average of three, of the four major epicardial coronary arteries were narrowed greater than 75% in cross-sectional area by old atherosclerotic plaques. Despite the severe coronary narrowing, there was little myocardial damage. Left ventricular scarring (excluding papillary muscle) was observed grossly in only 14 (52%) of the 27 patients and in each it involved only a small portion of myocardial wall. The left ventricular cavity was of normal size in all except two patients. The hearts were of normal weight in 15 (56%) patients, and the average increase above the upper range of normal for the other 12 hearts was 19%. Thus, clinically isolated, severe angina pectoris is associated with severe, diffuse luminal narrowing but relatively little myocardial damage.", "contents": "The coronary arteries and left ventricle in clinically isolated angina pectoris: a necropsy analysis. Certain clinical and morphologic observations are described in 27 patients with severe isolated angina pectoris of either the stable (five patients) or the unstable form (22 patients). Twenty-four patients died during or shortly after cardiac operations designed to relieve angina pectoris and three died during cardiac catheterization. During life none had had clinical evidence of acute myocardial infarction or congestive cardiac failure. At necropsy, each had diffuse, extensive coronary atherosclerosis with severe luminal narrowing: the lumens of at least two, an average of three, of the four major epicardial coronary arteries were narrowed greater than 75% in cross-sectional area by old atherosclerotic plaques. Despite the severe coronary narrowing, there was little myocardial damage. Left ventricular scarring (excluding papillary muscle) was observed grossly in only 14 (52%) of the 27 patients and in each it involved only a small portion of myocardial wall. The left ventricular cavity was of normal size in all except two patients. The hearts were of normal weight in 15 (56%) patients, and the average increase above the upper range of normal for the other 12 hearts was 19%. Thus, clinically isolated, severe angina pectoris is associated with severe, diffuse luminal narrowing but relatively little myocardial damage."}
{"id": "PMID:133001", "title": "Tunnel subaortic stenosis: left ventricular outflow tract obstruction produced by fibromuscular tubular narrowing.", "content": "The clinical and morphologic features of tunnel subaortic stenosis, an unusual form of obstruction to left ventricular outflow, are described in 11 patients. Although patients with tunnel subaortic stenosis demonstrate a variety of cardiovascular malformations, the most characteristic anatomic feature is fibromuscular tubular narrowing of the outflow tract that remains relatively unchanged during the cardiac cycle. The aortic anulus was abnormally small in six of the 11 patients, including one who also had a hypoplastic ascending aorta. Evidence of a small mitral orifice was present in two patients, and two other patients had asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Although operation was successful in significantly reducing the outflow gradient in two of the seven operated patients, all seven patients had gradients of 50 mm Hg or more at the most recent postoperative evaluation. Three patients (two with previous operation) died suddenly; each of these patients had mild or no symptoms. Because of the apparent ineffectiveness of current operative methods in patients with tunnel subaortic stenosis, it is important to differentiate this condition from obstructions to left ventricular outflow.", "contents": "Tunnel subaortic stenosis: left ventricular outflow tract obstruction produced by fibromuscular tubular narrowing. The clinical and morphologic features of tunnel subaortic stenosis, an unusual form of obstruction to left ventricular outflow, are described in 11 patients. Although patients with tunnel subaortic stenosis demonstrate a variety of cardiovascular malformations, the most characteristic anatomic feature is fibromuscular tubular narrowing of the outflow tract that remains relatively unchanged during the cardiac cycle. The aortic anulus was abnormally small in six of the 11 patients, including one who also had a hypoplastic ascending aorta. Evidence of a small mitral orifice was present in two patients, and two other patients had asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Although operation was successful in significantly reducing the outflow gradient in two of the seven operated patients, all seven patients had gradients of 50 mm Hg or more at the most recent postoperative evaluation. Three patients (two with previous operation) died suddenly; each of these patients had mild or no symptoms. Because of the apparent ineffectiveness of current operative methods in patients with tunnel subaortic stenosis, it is important to differentiate this condition from obstructions to left ventricular outflow."}
{"id": "PMID:133002", "title": "Myocardial blood flow in congestive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: relationship to peak wall stress and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening.", "content": "Myocardial blood flow/unit mass (MBF) and the determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption were measured in seven control subjects (group I) and 15 patients (pts) with cardiomyopathy (CM), group II (group IIa-congestive CM: 10 pts; group IIb-hypertrophic CM: 5 pts). In group I left ventricular (LV) MBF was 64 +/- 8 (SD) ml/100g-min; it was significantly lower in IIa (45 +/- 15 ml/100g-min, P less than 0.01) and IIb (39 +/- 7 ml/100g-min, P less than 0.01). However, calculated total LV flow (LV mass X MBF) was increased in the two CM groups. In nine CM pts, LV MBF increased in response to atrial pacing from 41 +/- 7 to 63 +/- 13 ml/100g-min. In group IIa, calculated peak wall stress was normal (4.39 +/hortening (MVcf) was significantly reduced (0.53 +/- 0;18 vs 1.26 +/- 0.12 circum/sec, P less than 0.01). In IIb, MVcf was normal but peak stress was significantly reduced (2.80 +/- 0.75 vs 4.51 +/- 1.10 dynes/cm2 X 10(5), P less than 0.05). Multiple regression analysis based on all pts yielded, MBF - 16.9 MVcf + 9.30 Stress + 0.26 Heart Rate - 26.4 (r=0.79). The data indicate that MBF is reduced in CM patients and the regression analysis suggests that MBF in these 22 pts with normal coronary arteriograms was determined largely by heart rate, peak stress, and ventricular performance.", "contents": "Myocardial blood flow in congestive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: relationship to peak wall stress and mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening. Myocardial blood flow/unit mass (MBF) and the determinants of myocardial oxygen consumption were measured in seven control subjects (group I) and 15 patients (pts) with cardiomyopathy (CM), group II (group IIa-congestive CM: 10 pts; group IIb-hypertrophic CM: 5 pts). In group I left ventricular (LV) MBF was 64 +/- 8 (SD) ml/100g-min; it was significantly lower in IIa (45 +/- 15 ml/100g-min, P less than 0.01) and IIb (39 +/- 7 ml/100g-min, P less than 0.01). However, calculated total LV flow (LV mass X MBF) was increased in the two CM groups. In nine CM pts, LV MBF increased in response to atrial pacing from 41 +/- 7 to 63 +/- 13 ml/100g-min. In group IIa, calculated peak wall stress was normal (4.39 +/hortening (MVcf) was significantly reduced (0.53 +/- 0;18 vs 1.26 +/- 0.12 circum/sec, P less than 0.01). In IIb, MVcf was normal but peak stress was significantly reduced (2.80 +/- 0.75 vs 4.51 +/- 1.10 dynes/cm2 X 10(5), P less than 0.05). Multiple regression analysis based on all pts yielded, MBF - 16.9 MVcf + 9.30 Stress + 0.26 Heart Rate - 26.4 (r=0.79). The data indicate that MBF is reduced in CM patients and the regression analysis suggests that MBF in these 22 pts with normal coronary arteriograms was determined largely by heart rate, peak stress, and ventricular performance."}
{"id": "PMID:133003", "title": "Hyaluronate-binding by proteoglycans. Comparison of mildly and severely osteoarthritic regions of human femoral cartilage.", "content": "The ability of proteoglycans from hip cartilage of a patient with osteoarthritis to bind hyaluronic acid was examined. Proteoglycans from areas showing severe morphologic changes of the disease showed no interaction with hyaluronic acid in vitro. Moreover, fractions which normally contain aggregated proteoglycans were no larger in hydrodynamic size than disaggregated proteoglycans, suggesting that the proteoglycans from these regions were not aggregated in vivo. Proteoglycans from less extensively diseased areas, in contrast, underwent aggregation in vitro and appeared to have been aggregated by tissue hyaluronic acid in vivo. The results suggest that the progressive morphologic changes of osteorthritis are associated with progressive defects in proteoglycan aggregation due, at least in part, to impaired ability of the proteoglycans to interact with hyaluronic acid.", "contents": "Hyaluronate-binding by proteoglycans. Comparison of mildly and severely osteoarthritic regions of human femoral cartilage. The ability of proteoglycans from hip cartilage of a patient with osteoarthritis to bind hyaluronic acid was examined. Proteoglycans from areas showing severe morphologic changes of the disease showed no interaction with hyaluronic acid in vitro. Moreover, fractions which normally contain aggregated proteoglycans were no larger in hydrodynamic size than disaggregated proteoglycans, suggesting that the proteoglycans from these regions were not aggregated in vivo. Proteoglycans from less extensively diseased areas, in contrast, underwent aggregation in vitro and appeared to have been aggregated by tissue hyaluronic acid in vivo. The results suggest that the progressive morphologic changes of osteorthritis are associated with progressive defects in proteoglycan aggregation due, at least in part, to impaired ability of the proteoglycans to interact with hyaluronic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:133004", "title": "A semiautomated method for the determination of 11-deoxy-17-oxo-steroids in urine.", "content": "A semiautomated method is described for the determination of total 11-deoxy-17-oxo-steroids (11-DOOS: androsterone, etiocholanolone plus dehydroepiandrosterone) in urine. Urinary conjugates are manually extracted on a XAD-2 resin, hydrolysed by beta-glucuronidase and \"solvolysed\" in acid ethyl-acetate according to Burnstein-Lieberman. The free 11-DOOS are extracted automatically with iso-octane and estimated colorimetrically by the Zimmerman reaction in an Auto-Analyzer II system. The method was evaluated by investigation of its precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. It was found to be satisfactory for the rapid and reliable screening of large numbers of urine samples.", "contents": "A semiautomated method for the determination of 11-deoxy-17-oxo-steroids in urine. A semiautomated method is described for the determination of total 11-deoxy-17-oxo-steroids (11-DOOS: androsterone, etiocholanolone plus dehydroepiandrosterone) in urine. Urinary conjugates are manually extracted on a XAD-2 resin, hydrolysed by beta-glucuronidase and \"solvolysed\" in acid ethyl-acetate according to Burnstein-Lieberman. The free 11-DOOS are extracted automatically with iso-octane and estimated colorimetrically by the Zimmerman reaction in an Auto-Analyzer II system. The method was evaluated by investigation of its precision, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. It was found to be satisfactory for the rapid and reliable screening of large numbers of urine samples."}
{"id": "PMID:133005", "title": "A method for the quantitative determination of urinary glycosaminoglycans.", "content": "A method is presented by which the urinary glycosaminoglycans can be isolated in a macromolecular fraction with complete recovery by preparative gel filtration. The urinary glycosaminoglycans can be quantitated by determinations of uronic acid and sulfaminohexose in the macromolecular fraction. Using untreated, random urine specimens of less than 5 ml volume, clinical mucopolysaccharidoses types I, II, and III could be readily distinguished.", "contents": "A method for the quantitative determination of urinary glycosaminoglycans. A method is presented by which the urinary glycosaminoglycans can be isolated in a macromolecular fraction with complete recovery by preparative gel filtration. The urinary glycosaminoglycans can be quantitated by determinations of uronic acid and sulfaminohexose in the macromolecular fraction. Using untreated, random urine specimens of less than 5 ml volume, clinical mucopolysaccharidoses types I, II, and III could be readily distinguished."}
{"id": "PMID:133008", "title": "Role of adenosine deaminase in lymphocyte proliferation.", "content": "Activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme known to be deficient in some patients with severe combined immunodeficiency, increased three-fold within a 24-hour exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in culture. This increase took place before the onset of DNA synthesis. Increased levels of ADA activity were also observed in lymphocytes incubated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) for 60 hr. DNA synthesis induced by PHA, PWM or mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) was strongly inhibited by adenosine at concentrations of 10(-4) M or higher when human peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured in a medium supplemented with horse serum, which lacks ADA. 10(-6)-10(-8) M coformycin, a potent inhibitor of ADA, inhibited PHA-, PWM- and MLC-induced DNA synthesis to a variable extent, whereas thymidine incorporation induced by Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse spleen cell cultures was strongly inhibited (by 75% or more) by 10(-6) M coformycin. Combination of 10(-7)-10(-8) M coformycin and 10(-4)-10(-5) M adenosine synergistically inhibited mitogen- or MLC-induced DNA synthesis in human and mouse lymphocyte cultures. These results, together with observations on children with ADA deficiency, provide evidence that adenosine deaminase is highly important for lymphocyte proliferation. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes incubated with PHA, 10(-5) M adenosine and 10(-7) M coformycin showed some cytotoxicity whereas the rate of 51Cr release from normal lymphocytes was not modified by the drugs. These findings suggest that in vivo clones of lymphocytes responding to specific antigens might be eliminated by coformycin, which may prove to be useful as a specific immunosuppressive agent.", "contents": "Role of adenosine deaminase in lymphocyte proliferation. Activity of adenosine deaminase (ADA), an enzyme known to be deficient in some patients with severe combined immunodeficiency, increased three-fold within a 24-hour exposure of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) in culture. This increase took place before the onset of DNA synthesis. Increased levels of ADA activity were also observed in lymphocytes incubated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) for 60 hr. DNA synthesis induced by PHA, PWM or mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) was strongly inhibited by adenosine at concentrations of 10(-4) M or higher when human peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured in a medium supplemented with horse serum, which lacks ADA. 10(-6)-10(-8) M coformycin, a potent inhibitor of ADA, inhibited PHA-, PWM- and MLC-induced DNA synthesis to a variable extent, whereas thymidine incorporation induced by Salmonella lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse spleen cell cultures was strongly inhibited (by 75% or more) by 10(-6) M coformycin. Combination of 10(-7)-10(-8) M coformycin and 10(-4)-10(-5) M adenosine synergistically inhibited mitogen- or MLC-induced DNA synthesis in human and mouse lymphocyte cultures. These results, together with observations on children with ADA deficiency, provide evidence that adenosine deaminase is highly important for lymphocyte proliferation. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes incubated with PHA, 10(-5) M adenosine and 10(-7) M coformycin showed some cytotoxicity whereas the rate of 51Cr release from normal lymphocytes was not modified by the drugs. These findings suggest that in vivo clones of lymphocytes responding to specific antigens might be eliminated by coformycin, which may prove to be useful as a specific immunosuppressive agent."}
{"id": "PMID:133009", "title": "Hyperactive T-cell function in young NZB mice; increased proliferative responses to allogenic cells.", "content": "The one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction was employed to study proliferative responses to antigens by mature, immunocompetent T cells from NZB mice 3 weeks to 4 months old. Compared to cells from control mice of the same H-2 type, thymus, spleen and lymph node cells from NZB mice were hyperactive in this response. The results are discussed in relation to possible effects of chronic stimulation by endogenous type C leukaemia virus upon differentiation of functional T cells or upon regulation by T cells of other T-cell functions, including augmentation of antibody responses.", "contents": "Hyperactive T-cell function in young NZB mice; increased proliferative responses to allogenic cells. The one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction was employed to study proliferative responses to antigens by mature, immunocompetent T cells from NZB mice 3 weeks to 4 months old. Compared to cells from control mice of the same H-2 type, thymus, spleen and lymph node cells from NZB mice were hyperactive in this response. The results are discussed in relation to possible effects of chronic stimulation by endogenous type C leukaemia virus upon differentiation of functional T cells or upon regulation by T cells of other T-cell functions, including augmentation of antibody responses."}
{"id": "PMID:133010", "title": "Leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) production by lymphocytes of normal children, newborns, and children with immune deficiency.", "content": "The reproducibility of a simplified, sensitive and rapid agarose-cell droplet assay for leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) activity was studied. Removal of T cells with anti-T-cell serum eliminated LIF activity, indicating that in humans it is probably the T cell that produces LIF. Cord blood lymphocytes produce LIF, although spontaneous migration of leucocytes is less than in older children. The cause of this apparently does not reside in the PMN leucocytes. Studies of children with immunodeficiency suggest that the T-cell population in humans is heterogenous. B-cell deficiencies such as hypogammaglobulinaemia, have normal PPD and PHA induced LIF production, whilst some patients with ataxia-telangiectasia have defective PPD LIF activity, their PHA LIF activity being only minimally depressed. On the other hand, Down's syndrome patients with reduced blood T cells have remarkably deficient LIF activity to PHA and relatively good activity to PPD. Children receiving steroid therapy lose much of their ability to produce LIF to the specific antigen PPD, but not to the non-specific mitogen PHA.", "contents": "Leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) production by lymphocytes of normal children, newborns, and children with immune deficiency. The reproducibility of a simplified, sensitive and rapid agarose-cell droplet assay for leucocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) activity was studied. Removal of T cells with anti-T-cell serum eliminated LIF activity, indicating that in humans it is probably the T cell that produces LIF. Cord blood lymphocytes produce LIF, although spontaneous migration of leucocytes is less than in older children. The cause of this apparently does not reside in the PMN leucocytes. Studies of children with immunodeficiency suggest that the T-cell population in humans is heterogenous. B-cell deficiencies such as hypogammaglobulinaemia, have normal PPD and PHA induced LIF production, whilst some patients with ataxia-telangiectasia have defective PPD LIF activity, their PHA LIF activity being only minimally depressed. On the other hand, Down's syndrome patients with reduced blood T cells have remarkably deficient LIF activity to PHA and relatively good activity to PPD. Children receiving steroid therapy lose much of their ability to produce LIF to the specific antigen PPD, but not to the non-specific mitogen PHA."}
{"id": "PMID:133013", "title": "Immunologic mechanisms responsible for adverse reactions to routine immunizations in children.", "content": "The principal licensed biologicals for human use in the United States have been listed with special emphasis given to antiviral vaccines. Possible adverse reactions of an immunologic nature which may be encountered in the use of these agents in routine immunization programs are described, while at the same time, their relative rarity is emphasized. The special problems one may encounter in immunizing the atopic child, the immunodeficient child, the child with active tuberculosis and the pregnant woman are considered separately, as are the undesirable consequences of hyperimmunization are mentioned.", "contents": "Immunologic mechanisms responsible for adverse reactions to routine immunizations in children. The principal licensed biologicals for human use in the United States have been listed with special emphasis given to antiviral vaccines. Possible adverse reactions of an immunologic nature which may be encountered in the use of these agents in routine immunization programs are described, while at the same time, their relative rarity is emphasized. The special problems one may encounter in immunizing the atopic child, the immunodeficient child, the child with active tuberculosis and the pregnant woman are considered separately, as are the undesirable consequences of hyperimmunization are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:133019", "title": "[Nerve-root damage from local injections (author's transl)].", "content": "Paravertebral injections of local anaesthetics (procaine hydrochloride, frequencly in combination with other substances) may damage cervical or lumbosacral nerve roots, depending on the site of injection. Five such iatrogenic lesions are described. Paravertebral injections of local anaesthetics also carry the risk of irreversible paraplegia and such treatment should therefore not be given in the cervical and lumbar segments.", "contents": "[Nerve-root damage from local injections (author's transl)]. Paravertebral injections of local anaesthetics (procaine hydrochloride, frequencly in combination with other substances) may damage cervical or lumbosacral nerve roots, depending on the site of injection. Five such iatrogenic lesions are described. Paravertebral injections of local anaesthetics also carry the risk of irreversible paraplegia and such treatment should therefore not be given in the cervical and lumbar segments."}
{"id": "PMID:133022", "title": "Enzymic unwinding of DNA. 1. Purification and characterization of a DNA-dependent ATPase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "Evidence from various sources in the literature suggests that, in connection with DNA, ATP dephosphorylation can be used to provide energy for mechanical effects. Starting from this concept we have studied a novel DNA-dependent ATPase purified to 90% homogeneity from Escherichia coli. The enzyme has a peptide weight near 180 000 and, in high salt, is a monomeric, probably highly anisometric molecule. In salt-free buffer, where the ATPase activity is highest, the enzyme forms aggregates. ATP is the preferred substrate (Km 0.27 mM) and dephosphorylated at the gamma-position at a maximal rate near 10(4) molecules per enzyme monomer per min at 35 degrees C. A requirement for divalent cation is best satisfied by Mg2+ or Ca2+ and the requirement for DNA best by the single-stranded, circular DNA of phages phiX174 (Km 62 nM nucleotide) and fd indicating that the enzyme recognizes internal DNA regions. When saturated with E. coli DNA unwinding protein phiX DNA is not accepted but, once in contact with the DNA, the enzyme is little inhibited by unwinding protein. Apparently the unwinding protein interferes preferentially with the recognition of DNA. The enzyme does not detectably cleave DNA, and for this and genetic reasons is not identical with the recBC ATPase or the K12 restriction ATPase of the extracted cells. The enzyme is probably not identical either with the dnaB-product-associated ATPase or the ATPase activity found in DNA polymerase III holoenzyme under appropriate conditions, and it is certainly not identical with a DNA-dependent ATPase of molecular weight 69 000 from E. coli which has recently been purified. Attempts to ascribe the enzyme to other genes, including recA, lex and rep, have failed.", "contents": "Enzymic unwinding of DNA. 1. Purification and characterization of a DNA-dependent ATPase from Escherichia coli. Evidence from various sources in the literature suggests that, in connection with DNA, ATP dephosphorylation can be used to provide energy for mechanical effects. Starting from this concept we have studied a novel DNA-dependent ATPase purified to 90% homogeneity from Escherichia coli. The enzyme has a peptide weight near 180 000 and, in high salt, is a monomeric, probably highly anisometric molecule. In salt-free buffer, where the ATPase activity is highest, the enzyme forms aggregates. ATP is the preferred substrate (Km 0.27 mM) and dephosphorylated at the gamma-position at a maximal rate near 10(4) molecules per enzyme monomer per min at 35 degrees C. A requirement for divalent cation is best satisfied by Mg2+ or Ca2+ and the requirement for DNA best by the single-stranded, circular DNA of phages phiX174 (Km 62 nM nucleotide) and fd indicating that the enzyme recognizes internal DNA regions. When saturated with E. coli DNA unwinding protein phiX DNA is not accepted but, once in contact with the DNA, the enzyme is little inhibited by unwinding protein. Apparently the unwinding protein interferes preferentially with the recognition of DNA. The enzyme does not detectably cleave DNA, and for this and genetic reasons is not identical with the recBC ATPase or the K12 restriction ATPase of the extracted cells. The enzyme is probably not identical either with the dnaB-product-associated ATPase or the ATPase activity found in DNA polymerase III holoenzyme under appropriate conditions, and it is certainly not identical with a DNA-dependent ATPase of molecular weight 69 000 from E. coli which has recently been purified. Attempts to ascribe the enzyme to other genes, including recA, lex and rep, have failed."}
{"id": "PMID:133023", "title": "Enzymic unwinding of DNA. 2. Chain separation by an ATP-dependent DNA unwinding enzyme.", "content": "The DNA-stimulated ATPase characterized in the accompanying paper is shown to be a DNA unwinding enzyme. Substrates employed were DNA, RNA hybrid duplexes and DNA-DNA partial duplexes prepared by polymerization on fd phage single-stranded DNA template. The enzyme was found to denature these duplexes in an ATP-dependent reaction, without detectably degrading. EDTA, an inhibitor of the Mg2+-requiring ATPase, was found to prevent denaturation suggesting that dephosphorylation of the ATP and not only its presence is required. These results together with those from enzyme-DNA binding studies lead to ideas regarding the mode of enzymic action. It is proposed that the enzyme binds, in an initial step, to a single-stranded part of the DNA substrate molecule and that from here, energetically supported by ATP dephosphorylation, it invades double-stranded parts separating base-paired strands by processive, zipper-like action. It is further proposed that chain separation results from the combined action of several enzyme molecules and that a tendency of the enzyme to aggregate with itself reflects a tendency of the molecules to cooperate. Various functions are conceivable for the enzyme.", "contents": "Enzymic unwinding of DNA. 2. Chain separation by an ATP-dependent DNA unwinding enzyme. The DNA-stimulated ATPase characterized in the accompanying paper is shown to be a DNA unwinding enzyme. Substrates employed were DNA, RNA hybrid duplexes and DNA-DNA partial duplexes prepared by polymerization on fd phage single-stranded DNA template. The enzyme was found to denature these duplexes in an ATP-dependent reaction, without detectably degrading. EDTA, an inhibitor of the Mg2+-requiring ATPase, was found to prevent denaturation suggesting that dephosphorylation of the ATP and not only its presence is required. These results together with those from enzyme-DNA binding studies lead to ideas regarding the mode of enzymic action. It is proposed that the enzyme binds, in an initial step, to a single-stranded part of the DNA substrate molecule and that from here, energetically supported by ATP dephosphorylation, it invades double-stranded parts separating base-paired strands by processive, zipper-like action. It is further proposed that chain separation results from the combined action of several enzyme molecules and that a tendency of the enzyme to aggregate with itself reflects a tendency of the molecules to cooperate. Various functions are conceivable for the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:133024", "title": "A comparative study of reactive--SH groups of cardiac and skeletal muscle myosins.", "content": "Cardiac and skeletal muscle myosins have been treated by N-ethylmaleimide in presence or absence of Mg-ADP. The variations of Ca2+ and K+-ATPase activities and the incorporation of N-[14C]ethylmaleimide into the whole myosin molecule and into its separated subunits (heavy and light chains) have been measured with N-ethylmaleimide treatment for different lengths of time. The results reported here show the following: 1. The Ca2+-ATPase activity of cardiac myosin is activated by N-ethylmaleimide treatment to a lesser extent than that of skeletal myosin. 2. The K+-ATPase activity of both myosins is inhibited in the same quantitative way. 3. The cardiac light chain L1 contains one highly reactive thiol group which is absent from the skeletal light chains. 4. The labelling of three SH-groups localized in the heavy subunits of both myosins induced the same degree of inactivation. 5. The difference observed between the degree of inhibition of the Ca2+-ATPase activity for the two types of myosin with longer treatments appears to be due to differences in the reactivity of the fourth--SH group labelled on the heavy chains.", "contents": "A comparative study of reactive--SH groups of cardiac and skeletal muscle myosins. Cardiac and skeletal muscle myosins have been treated by N-ethylmaleimide in presence or absence of Mg-ADP. The variations of Ca2+ and K+-ATPase activities and the incorporation of N-[14C]ethylmaleimide into the whole myosin molecule and into its separated subunits (heavy and light chains) have been measured with N-ethylmaleimide treatment for different lengths of time. The results reported here show the following: 1. The Ca2+-ATPase activity of cardiac myosin is activated by N-ethylmaleimide treatment to a lesser extent than that of skeletal myosin. 2. The K+-ATPase activity of both myosins is inhibited in the same quantitative way. 3. The cardiac light chain L1 contains one highly reactive thiol group which is absent from the skeletal light chains. 4. The labelling of three SH-groups localized in the heavy subunits of both myosins induced the same degree of inactivation. 5. The difference observed between the degree of inhibition of the Ca2+-ATPase activity for the two types of myosin with longer treatments appears to be due to differences in the reactivity of the fourth--SH group labelled on the heavy chains."}
{"id": "PMID:133025", "title": "The use of several energy-coupling reactions in characterizing mutants of Escherichia coli K12 defective in oxidative phosphorylation.", "content": "Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP-32Pi exchange, ATP-dependent quenching of acridine-dye fluorescence, ATP-dependent transhydrogenase and ATP-dependent transport of thiomethyl beta-D-galactoside are shown to be experimentally equivalent tools to study the functional state of the ATPase complex in Escherichia coli wild-type and mutant strains defective in oxidative phosphorylation. According to these criteria ten mutants in the ATPase complex were classified having lesions in the unc A,B region of the chromosome. The first mutant type lacks ATPase activity, but the membrane-integrated part of the complex remains functional (class I). The second mutant type lacks a functional membrane-integrated part, but retains ATPase activity (class II). The third mutant type is shown to be defective in both parts of the ATPase complex (class III).", "contents": "The use of several energy-coupling reactions in characterizing mutants of Escherichia coli K12 defective in oxidative phosphorylation. Oxidative phosphorylation, ATP-32Pi exchange, ATP-dependent quenching of acridine-dye fluorescence, ATP-dependent transhydrogenase and ATP-dependent transport of thiomethyl beta-D-galactoside are shown to be experimentally equivalent tools to study the functional state of the ATPase complex in Escherichia coli wild-type and mutant strains defective in oxidative phosphorylation. According to these criteria ten mutants in the ATPase complex were classified having lesions in the unc A,B region of the chromosome. The first mutant type lacks ATPase activity, but the membrane-integrated part of the complex remains functional (class I). The second mutant type lacks a functional membrane-integrated part, but retains ATPase activity (class II). The third mutant type is shown to be defective in both parts of the ATPase complex (class III)."}
{"id": "PMID:133026", "title": "Benign intracranial hypertension due to A-hypervitaminosis in adults and adolescents.", "content": "Three new cases of chronic vitamin A intoxication are reported and a review of the literature with special reference to chronic intoxication in adolescents and adults is presented. The most prominent features are intracranial hypertension, skin and hair deviations, pain in the musculoskeletal system, and fatigue. Intracranial hypertension occurs in 50% of chronic intoxications, but is not invariably linked with the other symptoms. Young women are the major age group represented. There seems to be no relation between the severity of the clinical picture and the vitamin A serum level. Discontinuance of vitamin A intake is sufficient for cure.", "contents": "Benign intracranial hypertension due to A-hypervitaminosis in adults and adolescents. Three new cases of chronic vitamin A intoxication are reported and a review of the literature with special reference to chronic intoxication in adolescents and adults is presented. The most prominent features are intracranial hypertension, skin and hair deviations, pain in the musculoskeletal system, and fatigue. Intracranial hypertension occurs in 50% of chronic intoxications, but is not invariably linked with the other symptoms. Young women are the major age group represented. There seems to be no relation between the severity of the clinical picture and the vitamin A serum level. Discontinuance of vitamin A intake is sufficient for cure."}
{"id": "PMID:133031", "title": "Pyrogen fever in rabbits pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine or 5, 6-dihydroxytryptamine.", "content": "The hyperthermic effect of a bacterial pyrogen has been studied in rabbits pretreated or not with p-chlorophenylalanine or 5, 6-dihydroxytryptamine. The results obtained indicate that a selective reduction of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine levels by these drugs do not significantly affect pyrogen hypertermia.", "contents": "Pyrogen fever in rabbits pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine or 5, 6-dihydroxytryptamine. The hyperthermic effect of a bacterial pyrogen has been studied in rabbits pretreated or not with p-chlorophenylalanine or 5, 6-dihydroxytryptamine. The results obtained indicate that a selective reduction of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine levels by these drugs do not significantly affect pyrogen hypertermia."}
{"id": "PMID:133032", "title": "Speculations on the evolution of ion transport mechanisms.", "content": "Primate cells evolved a plasma membrane to restrict the loss of important molecules. The osmotic problems that then arose were solved in one of several ways. Of major importance was the evolution of specific ion pumps, to actively extrude those salts whose inward diffusion would have led to swelling and lysis. In addition, these pumps allowed the cell to store energy in the form of ion gradients across the membrane. Thus, even in the earliest stages, the evolution of ion transport systems coincided with the development of mechanisms which catalyzes the energy transformations. It is postulated that an \"ATP\"-driven proton pump was one of the  first ion transport systems. Such a proton pump would extrude hydrogen ions from the cell, establishing both a transmembrane pH gradient (alkaline inside) and a membrane potential (negative inside). This difference in electrochemical potential for protons (the proton-motive force) could then drive a variety of essential membrane functions, such as the active transport of ions and nutrients. A second major advance was the evolution of an ion transport system that converted light energy into a form which could be used by the cell. The modern model for this is the \"purple membrane\" of Halobacterium halobium, which catalyzes the extrusion of protons after the capture of light. The protonmotive force generated by such a light-driven proton pump could then power net synthesis of ATP by a reversal of the ATP-driven proton pump. A third important evolutionary step associated with ion transport was the development of a system to harness energy released by biological oxidations. Again, the solution of this problem was to conserve energy as a protonmotive force by coupling the activity of a respiratory chain to the extrusion of protons. Finally, with the development of animal cells a more careful regulation of internal and external pH was required. Thus, an ATP-driven Na+-K+ pump replaced the proton-translocating ATPase as the major ion pump found in plasma membranes.", "contents": "Speculations on the evolution of ion transport mechanisms. Primate cells evolved a plasma membrane to restrict the loss of important molecules. The osmotic problems that then arose were solved in one of several ways. Of major importance was the evolution of specific ion pumps, to actively extrude those salts whose inward diffusion would have led to swelling and lysis. In addition, these pumps allowed the cell to store energy in the form of ion gradients across the membrane. Thus, even in the earliest stages, the evolution of ion transport systems coincided with the development of mechanisms which catalyzes the energy transformations. It is postulated that an \"ATP\"-driven proton pump was one of the  first ion transport systems. Such a proton pump would extrude hydrogen ions from the cell, establishing both a transmembrane pH gradient (alkaline inside) and a membrane potential (negative inside). This difference in electrochemical potential for protons (the proton-motive force) could then drive a variety of essential membrane functions, such as the active transport of ions and nutrients. A second major advance was the evolution of an ion transport system that converted light energy into a form which could be used by the cell. The modern model for this is the \"purple membrane\" of Halobacterium halobium, which catalyzes the extrusion of protons after the capture of light. The protonmotive force generated by such a light-driven proton pump could then power net synthesis of ATP by a reversal of the ATP-driven proton pump. A third important evolutionary step associated with ion transport was the development of a system to harness energy released by biological oxidations. Again, the solution of this problem was to conserve energy as a protonmotive force by coupling the activity of a respiratory chain to the extrusion of protons. Finally, with the development of animal cells a more careful regulation of internal and external pH was required. Thus, an ATP-driven Na+-K+ pump replaced the proton-translocating ATPase as the major ion pump found in plasma membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:133038", "title": "Pipillon-Lef\u00e8vre syndrome: report of two familial cases.", "content": "Two cases with Papillon-Lef\u00e8vre Syndrome (PLS) are reported. They are two brothers belonging to a family which there is strong consanguinity. An autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance is suggested. Some pathological findings as congenital bronchiectasis observed in one of the patients as well as the PLS features are discussed and considered to be fortuitous defects. These observations are compared with those described in the literature.", "contents": "Pipillon-Lef\u00e8vre syndrome: report of two familial cases. Two cases with Papillon-Lef\u00e8vre Syndrome (PLS) are reported. They are two brothers belonging to a family which there is strong consanguinity. An autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance is suggested. Some pathological findings as congenital bronchiectasis observed in one of the patients as well as the PLS features are discussed and considered to be fortuitous defects. These observations are compared with those described in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:133039", "title": "Bullous fixed drug eruption presumably due to erythromycin.", "content": "A case of bullous fixed drug eruption involving upper lip, tongue and foot, presumably due to erythromycin, is reported. It is perhaps the first report of erythromycin to be very likely the cause of fixed drug eruption.", "contents": "Bullous fixed drug eruption presumably due to erythromycin. A case of bullous fixed drug eruption involving upper lip, tongue and foot, presumably due to erythromycin, is reported. It is perhaps the first report of erythromycin to be very likely the cause of fixed drug eruption."}
{"id": "PMID:133043", "title": "Child health and paediatrics in the U.S.S.R.", "content": "Observations on child health and paediatrics made during a three weeks' visit to the USSR are recorded. There are separate health services for children and their organization is outlined, as are the training and career structure of the many thousands of paediatricians employed. Provision for handicapped children is briefly discussed and a few comments are made on social aspects of child care.", "contents": "Child health and paediatrics in the U.S.S.R. Observations on child health and paediatrics made during a three weeks' visit to the USSR are recorded. There are separate health services for children and their organization is outlined, as are the training and career structure of the many thousands of paediatricians employed. Provision for handicapped children is briefly discussed and a few comments are made on social aspects of child care."}
{"id": "PMID:133045", "title": "Studies of tryptophan and albumin metabolism in a patient with carcinoid syndrome, pellagra, and hypoproteinemia.", "content": "Detailed studies of protein metabolism were undertaken in a patient with pellagra and hypoproteinemia associated with the carcinoid syndrome both before and after treatment. The synthesis of albumin improved from 82 mg per kg per day to 135 mg per kg per day with little change in the daily excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. After treatment with nicotinamide the patient made good progress with a complete resolution of the signs of pellagra and protein malnutrition. These results support the hypothesis that a reduced availability of the essential amino acid L-tryptophan may limit the synthesis of albumin and nicotinic acid in patients with the carcinoid syndrome who become anoretic.", "contents": "Studies of tryptophan and albumin metabolism in a patient with carcinoid syndrome, pellagra, and hypoproteinemia. Detailed studies of protein metabolism were undertaken in a patient with pellagra and hypoproteinemia associated with the carcinoid syndrome both before and after treatment. The synthesis of albumin improved from 82 mg per kg per day to 135 mg per kg per day with little change in the daily excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid. After treatment with nicotinamide the patient made good progress with a complete resolution of the signs of pellagra and protein malnutrition. These results support the hypothesis that a reduced availability of the essential amino acid L-tryptophan may limit the synthesis of albumin and nicotinic acid in patients with the carcinoid syndrome who become anoretic."}
{"id": "PMID:133077", "title": "Effect of long-term isolation of the rat on in vitro biosynthesis of gonadal steroids from dehydroepiandrosterone.", "content": "In vitro biosynthesis of gonadal steroids from dehydroepiandrosterone was studied in isolated and in socially reared male and female rats. Acetone-dried powder of gonadal tissue incubated with dehydroepiandrosterone-4-14C yielded androstenedione, androst-5-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol, 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione and testosterone. In the male, conversion to androstenedione was significantly increased after isolation and conversion to androst-5-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol was significantly lowered. In the female, conversion to androstenedione and androstenediol was significantly lowered by isolation. Testosterone and 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione were not affected by isolation. Gonadal tissue of isolated and of socially reared male and female rats metabolizes dehydroepiandrosterone in a different way. These findings support the view that the conditions of housing affect the production of sex steroids.", "contents": "Effect of long-term isolation of the rat on in vitro biosynthesis of gonadal steroids from dehydroepiandrosterone. In vitro biosynthesis of gonadal steroids from dehydroepiandrosterone was studied in isolated and in socially reared male and female rats. Acetone-dried powder of gonadal tissue incubated with dehydroepiandrosterone-4-14C yielded androstenedione, androst-5-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol, 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione and testosterone. In the male, conversion to androstenedione was significantly increased after isolation and conversion to androst-5-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol was significantly lowered. In the female, conversion to androstenedione and androstenediol was significantly lowered by isolation. Testosterone and 11beta-hydroxyandrostenedione were not affected by isolation. Gonadal tissue of isolated and of socially reared male and female rats metabolizes dehydroepiandrosterone in a different way. These findings support the view that the conditions of housing affect the production of sex steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:133078", "title": "21 ring chromosome in a girl with stigmata of Down's and G deletion I syndromes.", "content": "An 11-year-old girl with severe psychomotor retardation and other congenital anomalies characteristic of Down's and G deletion I syndromes, was confirmed to be a chromosome 21 ring carrier by R- and G-banding techniques. The dynamics of the ring evolution resulting in a population of complex unstable rings, as in our index case, and the effects of the consequent ring mosaicism are briefly discussed.", "contents": "21 ring chromosome in a girl with stigmata of Down's and G deletion I syndromes. An 11-year-old girl with severe psychomotor retardation and other congenital anomalies characteristic of Down's and G deletion I syndromes, was confirmed to be a chromosome 21 ring carrier by R- and G-banding techniques. The dynamics of the ring evolution resulting in a population of complex unstable rings, as in our index case, and the effects of the consequent ring mosaicism are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133079", "title": "Keratosis palmo-plantaris cum degeneratione granulosa.", "content": "Two cases of keratosis palmo-plantaris cum degeneratione granulosa Voerner are reported. A brief description of the characteristics of the clinical and histologic aspects of the disease is given and the mode of inheritance within the family affected is discussed.", "contents": "Keratosis palmo-plantaris cum degeneratione granulosa. Two cases of keratosis palmo-plantaris cum degeneratione granulosa Voerner are reported. A brief description of the characteristics of the clinical and histologic aspects of the disease is given and the mode of inheritance within the family affected is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133080", "title": "Mutant forms of erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Ashkenazi. Description of two new variants: G6PD Kirovograd and G6PD Zhitomir.", "content": "Two new variants of erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase are discovered in 3 unrelated Ashkenazi Jew patients with severe deficiency of enzyme. Both variants have a resemblance to 2 other variants in Ashkenazi: G6PD Boston and G6PD Kilgore, but have a significantly higher affinity for substrates and their analogues and are not associated with chronic hemolytic disease. Probably, all 4 variants arise from two ancestral mutations.", "contents": "Mutant forms of erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase in Ashkenazi. Description of two new variants: G6PD Kirovograd and G6PD Zhitomir. Two new variants of erythrocyte glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase are discovered in 3 unrelated Ashkenazi Jew patients with severe deficiency of enzyme. Both variants have a resemblance to 2 other variants in Ashkenazi: G6PD Boston and G6PD Kilgore, but have a significantly higher affinity for substrates and their analogues and are not associated with chronic hemolytic disease. Probably, all 4 variants arise from two ancestral mutations."}
{"id": "PMID:133081", "title": "On the origin of the supernumerary chromosome in autosomal trisomies--with special reference to Down's syndrome. A bias in tracing nondisjunction by chromosomal and biochemical polymorphisms.", "content": "The differential staining methods for chromosomes have led to the demonstration of more chromosomal polymorphisms. Not rarely, these polymorphisms allow in autosomal trisomies the detection of parental origin of the supernumerary chromosome. In addition, the malsegregation may be ascribed to 1st or 2nd meiotic division in informative families. This approach of analyzing possible causes of trisomies is subject to a considerable bias. Trisomic phenotypes are twice as frequent for 2nd meiotic errors than for 1st meiotic errors. Also, rare chromosome variants seldom occur in matings where malsegregation in 1st meiotic division can be detected. In the present paper this bias is analyzed mathematically on the family as well as on the population level. From this mathematical analysis and from the data in the literature we conclude that Down's syndrome as a whole is caused about 5-10 times more often by a malsegregation in 1st meiotic than by an error in 2nd meiotic division. Mainly from experimental studies in rodents, causes for errors in 1st and 2nd meiotic division are becoming apparent. They are summarized in the context of the results of the present paper.", "contents": "On the origin of the supernumerary chromosome in autosomal trisomies--with special reference to Down's syndrome. A bias in tracing nondisjunction by chromosomal and biochemical polymorphisms. The differential staining methods for chromosomes have led to the demonstration of more chromosomal polymorphisms. Not rarely, these polymorphisms allow in autosomal trisomies the detection of parental origin of the supernumerary chromosome. In addition, the malsegregation may be ascribed to 1st or 2nd meiotic division in informative families. This approach of analyzing possible causes of trisomies is subject to a considerable bias. Trisomic phenotypes are twice as frequent for 2nd meiotic errors than for 1st meiotic errors. Also, rare chromosome variants seldom occur in matings where malsegregation in 1st meiotic division can be detected. In the present paper this bias is analyzed mathematically on the family as well as on the population level. From this mathematical analysis and from the data in the literature we conclude that Down's syndrome as a whole is caused about 5-10 times more often by a malsegregation in 1st meiotic than by an error in 2nd meiotic division. Mainly from experimental studies in rodents, causes for errors in 1st and 2nd meiotic division are becoming apparent. They are summarized in the context of the results of the present paper."}
{"id": "PMID:133083", "title": "Adjuvant and mitogenic properties of a supernatant fraction of sonically treated Myobacterium bovis (BCG).", "content": "A water-soluble, oil-free supernatant fraction of sonically treated BCG (BCG-SS) was shown to be an immunological adjuvant and a mitogen. When BCG-SS and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) were injected intravenously into mice, the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response was 10 times greater than that induced by injection of SRBC alone. Circulating antibody responses to SRBC and to bovine serum albumin were also enhanced by BCG-SS. The in vitro enhancement of PFC and circulating antibody responses did not require mineral oil or exogenous lipids. In vitro PFC responses by normal mouse spleen cells were also greatly increased in the presence of BCG-SS. Anti-theta serum-treated spleen cells from mice that had been lethally irradiated and reconstituted with normal bone marrow cells also gave a higher PFC response to SRBC in the presence of BCG-SS. This suggests that BCG-SS can stimulate B lymphocytes to develop an immune response when T lymphocytes are severely depleted or absent. BCG-SS also stimulated the uptake of 125IUdR by normal spleen cell cultures, indicating that it is a mitogen.", "contents": "Adjuvant and mitogenic properties of a supernatant fraction of sonically treated Myobacterium bovis (BCG). A water-soluble, oil-free supernatant fraction of sonically treated BCG (BCG-SS) was shown to be an immunological adjuvant and a mitogen. When BCG-SS and sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) were injected intravenously into mice, the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response was 10 times greater than that induced by injection of SRBC alone. Circulating antibody responses to SRBC and to bovine serum albumin were also enhanced by BCG-SS. The in vitro enhancement of PFC and circulating antibody responses did not require mineral oil or exogenous lipids. In vitro PFC responses by normal mouse spleen cells were also greatly increased in the presence of BCG-SS. Anti-theta serum-treated spleen cells from mice that had been lethally irradiated and reconstituted with normal bone marrow cells also gave a higher PFC response to SRBC in the presence of BCG-SS. This suggests that BCG-SS can stimulate B lymphocytes to develop an immune response when T lymphocytes are severely depleted or absent. BCG-SS also stimulated the uptake of 125IUdR by normal spleen cell cultures, indicating that it is a mitogen."}
{"id": "PMID:133084", "title": "A venous pulse Doppler catheter-tip flowmeter for measuring arterial blood velocity, flow, and diameter in deep arteries.", "content": "Numerous schemes have been used for measuring hemodynamic properties of deeply lying arteries; however, all have their limitations. This paper describes a new relatively nontraumatic intravenous approach that uses a catheter in connection with a pulsed ultrasonic Doppler velocity meter (PUDVM) and an echo track. The catheter was initially tested in a hydraulic model system for calibration of velocity and flow parameters. Lately, the catheter has permittted measurements of local instantaneous blood velocity, flow, and wall motion characteristics in adult Beagle dogs in the abdominal aorta and iliac artery. Evaluation studies have been conducted to compare the catheter-tip recordings with an independent method for measuring blood flow and wall motion. Coupling of this catheter-tip device with the PUDVM and echo track provides chronic measurements of hemodynamic parameters in these deep vessels which were virtually impossible to obtain previously. This technique may prove useful in monitoring vessel pathology longitudinally as well as in basic experimental situations requiring flow and arterial wall mechanical properties.", "contents": "A venous pulse Doppler catheter-tip flowmeter for measuring arterial blood velocity, flow, and diameter in deep arteries. Numerous schemes have been used for measuring hemodynamic properties of deeply lying arteries; however, all have their limitations. This paper describes a new relatively nontraumatic intravenous approach that uses a catheter in connection with a pulsed ultrasonic Doppler velocity meter (PUDVM) and an echo track. The catheter was initially tested in a hydraulic model system for calibration of velocity and flow parameters. Lately, the catheter has permittted measurements of local instantaneous blood velocity, flow, and wall motion characteristics in adult Beagle dogs in the abdominal aorta and iliac artery. Evaluation studies have been conducted to compare the catheter-tip recordings with an independent method for measuring blood flow and wall motion. Coupling of this catheter-tip device with the PUDVM and echo track provides chronic measurements of hemodynamic parameters in these deep vessels which were virtually impossible to obtain previously. This technique may prove useful in monitoring vessel pathology longitudinally as well as in basic experimental situations requiring flow and arterial wall mechanical properties."}
{"id": "PMID:133085", "title": "Intrafusal fibre types in rat limb muscle spindles: morphological and histochemical characteristics.", "content": "Morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of intrafusal fibre types were studied in rat muscle spindles. The existence of three intrafusal fibre types, namely the typical bag, the intermediate bag and the chain fibres was confirmed. Intrafusal fibres differ in diameter, length and number of nuclei in the equatorial zone. Histochemically, typical bag fibres exhibit both alkali- and acid-stable ATPase activity and low SDH activity. Intermediate bag fibres possess low alkali-stable ATPase activity; after acid-preincubation, however, they have low activity only in the juxtaequatorial region, whereas in the polar zones they exhibit high acid-stable ATPase activity. The SDH activity varies from moderate to high. The chain fibres exhibit high alkali-stable and low acid-stable ATPase and high SDH activity in the extensor digitorum longus muscle, whereas in the soleus muscle the acid-stable ATPase activity varies from a low one to a high one, either among individual chain fibres in one spindle, and/or repeatedly along the fibre length. Since there are regional differences in morphological characteristics and in staining properties of intrafusal fibres, a reliable identification of intrafusal fibre types can only be achieved by an analysis of serial sections.", "contents": "Intrafusal fibre types in rat limb muscle spindles: morphological and histochemical characteristics. Morphological, histochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of intrafusal fibre types were studied in rat muscle spindles. The existence of three intrafusal fibre types, namely the typical bag, the intermediate bag and the chain fibres was confirmed. Intrafusal fibres differ in diameter, length and number of nuclei in the equatorial zone. Histochemically, typical bag fibres exhibit both alkali- and acid-stable ATPase activity and low SDH activity. Intermediate bag fibres possess low alkali-stable ATPase activity; after acid-preincubation, however, they have low activity only in the juxtaequatorial region, whereas in the polar zones they exhibit high acid-stable ATPase activity. The SDH activity varies from moderate to high. The chain fibres exhibit high alkali-stable and low acid-stable ATPase and high SDH activity in the extensor digitorum longus muscle, whereas in the soleus muscle the acid-stable ATPase activity varies from a low one to a high one, either among individual chain fibres in one spindle, and/or repeatedly along the fibre length. Since there are regional differences in morphological characteristics and in staining properties of intrafusal fibres, a reliable identification of intrafusal fibre types can only be achieved by an analysis of serial sections."}
{"id": "PMID:133101", "title": "Carnitine biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa: enzymatic conversion of lysine to epsilon-N-trimethyllysine.", "content": "The enzymatic conversion of L-lysine, epsilon-N-trimethyl-L-lysine the first series of reactions in the biosynthesis of carnitine in Neurospora crassa, proceeds via sequential methylation of free L-lysine, epsilon-N-methyl-L-lysine, and epsilon -N-dimethyl-L-lysine. The latter two compounds have been shown to be intermediates in the biosynthesis of carnitine by radioisotope dilution and incorporation experiments in growing cultures of N. crassa 33933 (lys-) and 38706 (met-). Methionine but not choline, has been recognized as an effective methyl donor in vivo. Inclusion of choline in the growth medium of strain 33933 does, however, enhance incorporation of the methyl groups of L-[methyl-3H]methionine into carnitine in an apparent \"sparing\" effect on methionine synthesis. Studies in cell-free extracts of the lysine auxotroph strain 33933 of N. crassa have established that lysine and epsilon-N-methyl and epsilon-N-dimethyllysine are enzymatically methylated, with S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl group donor. The enzyme system appears to have no essential cofactors. Lysine does not induce synthesis of the enzyme system in the wild-type strain 262, whereas both carnitine and epsilon-N-trimethyllysine repress its synthesis in strain 33933.", "contents": "Carnitine biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa: enzymatic conversion of lysine to epsilon-N-trimethyllysine. The enzymatic conversion of L-lysine, epsilon-N-trimethyl-L-lysine the first series of reactions in the biosynthesis of carnitine in Neurospora crassa, proceeds via sequential methylation of free L-lysine, epsilon-N-methyl-L-lysine, and epsilon -N-dimethyl-L-lysine. The latter two compounds have been shown to be intermediates in the biosynthesis of carnitine by radioisotope dilution and incorporation experiments in growing cultures of N. crassa 33933 (lys-) and 38706 (met-). Methionine but not choline, has been recognized as an effective methyl donor in vivo. Inclusion of choline in the growth medium of strain 33933 does, however, enhance incorporation of the methyl groups of L-[methyl-3H]methionine into carnitine in an apparent \"sparing\" effect on methionine synthesis. Studies in cell-free extracts of the lysine auxotroph strain 33933 of N. crassa have established that lysine and epsilon-N-methyl and epsilon-N-dimethyllysine are enzymatically methylated, with S-adenosyl-L-methionine as the methyl group donor. The enzyme system appears to have no essential cofactors. Lysine does not induce synthesis of the enzyme system in the wild-type strain 262, whereas both carnitine and epsilon-N-trimethyllysine repress its synthesis in strain 33933."}
{"id": "PMID:133102", "title": "Metabolic rate of acidic complex saccharides in rabbit uterus under estrogenic condition.", "content": "Uterine slices obtained from estrogen-treated rabbits were incubated in vitro with N-acetyl-D-[1-3H]glucosamine together with D-[U-14C]glucose. The isotope-labelled acidic complex saccharides were then isolated by pronase digestion, Dowex 1 column chromatography and preparative electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane, in succession. In this way, individual acidic complex saccharides (hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, chondroitin sulfate C, dermatan sulfate, sulfated glycopeptide, and sialoglycopeptide) were separated into 2-5 subfractions. The specific radioactivity of hexosamine in the subfractions indicated that the metabolic rate of the uterine complex saccharides as follows: hyaluronic acid greater than sulfated glycopeptide greater than heparan sulfate greater than chondroitin sulfate C greater than dermatan sulfate. In addition, metabolic heterogeneity of heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, chondroitin sulfate C, and dermatan sulfate was suggested.", "contents": "Metabolic rate of acidic complex saccharides in rabbit uterus under estrogenic condition. Uterine slices obtained from estrogen-treated rabbits were incubated in vitro with N-acetyl-D-[1-3H]glucosamine together with D-[U-14C]glucose. The isotope-labelled acidic complex saccharides were then isolated by pronase digestion, Dowex 1 column chromatography and preparative electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane, in succession. In this way, individual acidic complex saccharides (hyaluronic acid, heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, chondroitin sulfate C, dermatan sulfate, sulfated glycopeptide, and sialoglycopeptide) were separated into 2-5 subfractions. The specific radioactivity of hexosamine in the subfractions indicated that the metabolic rate of the uterine complex saccharides as follows: hyaluronic acid greater than sulfated glycopeptide greater than heparan sulfate greater than chondroitin sulfate C greater than dermatan sulfate. In addition, metabolic heterogeneity of heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate A, chondroitin sulfate C, and dermatan sulfate was suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:133103", "title": "Proteochondroitin sulfate A in the euglobulin fraction of human plasma.", "content": "Euglobulin fraction of human plasma was extracted with 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) (PB) containing 1 M NaCl. The substances in the extract were separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography into two uronic acid-containing fractions (0.5 Fr and 0.75 Fr). The major fraction (0.75 Fr) was eluted at the void volume in gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, yielding 0.75-G Fr. 0.5 Fr and 0.75 Fr and their pronase digestion products (0.5-P Fr and 0.75-P Fr) together with 0.75-G Fr were examined by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane. The results of electrophoresis and the digestibility with mucopolysaccharidases of these fractions indicated that 0.5 Fr and 0.75 Fr contained proteochondroitin sulfate A. It is suggested that chondroitin sulfate A in 0.5 Fr might be less sulfated than that in 0.75 Fr. Furthermore, analytical data and the infrared spectrum of 0.75-G Fr supported the above view.", "contents": "Proteochondroitin sulfate A in the euglobulin fraction of human plasma. Euglobulin fraction of human plasma was extracted with 0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.3) (PB) containing 1 M NaCl. The substances in the extract were separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography into two uronic acid-containing fractions (0.5 Fr and 0.75 Fr). The major fraction (0.75 Fr) was eluted at the void volume in gel filtration on Sephadex G-200, yielding 0.75-G Fr. 0.5 Fr and 0.75 Fr and their pronase digestion products (0.5-P Fr and 0.75-P Fr) together with 0.75-G Fr were examined by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane. The results of electrophoresis and the digestibility with mucopolysaccharidases of these fractions indicated that 0.5 Fr and 0.75 Fr contained proteochondroitin sulfate A. It is suggested that chondroitin sulfate A in 0.5 Fr might be less sulfated than that in 0.75 Fr. Furthermore, analytical data and the infrared spectrum of 0.75-G Fr supported the above view."}
{"id": "PMID:133104", "title": "A mathematical analysis of the substrate effect observed in 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reactions of rat testicular microsomes.", "content": "The substrate effect in enzyme reactions has been explained mostly in terms of an additional substrate binding site on the enzyme other than the catalytic site. A rate equation for the reaction is introduced according to the steady state mechanism as follows: v = (Ps3+Qs2+Rs)/(s3+Ls2+Ms+N), were the six parameters, L,M,N,P,Q, and R, can be determined by the least-squares method from the experimental points. The v vs. s curve has an asymptote parallel to the s abscissa, and can be classified into one of four types. The type A curve has an intersection with the asymptote and an apparent maximum velocity; the curve descends toward the asymptote. Type B has no intersection and no stationary point; the curve ascends toward the asymptote. Type C has two intersections and two stationary points, an apparent maximum velocity and a minimum velocity; the curve ascends toward the asymptote. Type D has no intersection and two stationary points; the curve ascends toward the asymptote. The equation was applied to the 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.145] reaction of rat testicular microsomes. The conversion of 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-17-one was represented by type C, with an apparent maximum velocity of 0.338 nmole/min/mg protein at 0.912 muM of the substrate concentration, minimum velocity of 0.108 nmole/min at 16.6 muM, and saturating velocity of 0.169 nmole/min at infinite concentration of the substrate. The converson of 3beta-hydroxypregn-5-ene-20-one was of type B, having two inflexion points, 0.320 nmole/min at 2.735 muM and 0.814 nmole/min at 12.39 muM, and a saturating velocity of 3.80 nmoles/min at infinite concentration of the substrate.", "contents": "A mathematical analysis of the substrate effect observed in 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase reactions of rat testicular microsomes. The substrate effect in enzyme reactions has been explained mostly in terms of an additional substrate binding site on the enzyme other than the catalytic site. A rate equation for the reaction is introduced according to the steady state mechanism as follows: v = (Ps3+Qs2+Rs)/(s3+Ls2+Ms+N), were the six parameters, L,M,N,P,Q, and R, can be determined by the least-squares method from the experimental points. The v vs. s curve has an asymptote parallel to the s abscissa, and can be classified into one of four types. The type A curve has an intersection with the asymptote and an apparent maximum velocity; the curve descends toward the asymptote. Type B has no intersection and no stationary point; the curve ascends toward the asymptote. Type C has two intersections and two stationary points, an apparent maximum velocity and a minimum velocity; the curve ascends toward the asymptote. Type D has no intersection and two stationary points; the curve ascends toward the asymptote. The equation was applied to the 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.145] reaction of rat testicular microsomes. The conversion of 3beta-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-17-one was represented by type C, with an apparent maximum velocity of 0.338 nmole/min/mg protein at 0.912 muM of the substrate concentration, minimum velocity of 0.108 nmole/min at 16.6 muM, and saturating velocity of 0.169 nmole/min at infinite concentration of the substrate. The converson of 3beta-hydroxypregn-5-ene-20-one was of type B, having two inflexion points, 0.320 nmole/min at 2.735 muM and 0.814 nmole/min at 12.39 muM, and a saturating velocity of 3.80 nmoles/min at infinite concentration of the substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:133105", "title": "Reaction intermediates of H-meromyosin-ATPase and ultraviolet difference spectrum of H-meromyosin induced by ATP.", "content": "UV Difference spectra of H-meromyosin (HMM) during the steady state of the myosin-ATPase reaction [EC 3.6.1.3] were measured in 1.5 and 0.05M KC1 in the presence of 5mM MgC1(2) and 20mM Tris-HC1 at pH 8.0 and 24 degrees, using pyruvate kinase [EC 2.7.1.40] and phosphoenolpyruvate to regenerate ATP. It was found that the difference spectrum and its dependence on ATP concentration were the same in 1.5M KC1 as in 0.05M KC1. On the bases of these and other results, the nature of the intermediates of HMM ATPase in the steady-state reaction of HMM ATPase was discussed.", "contents": "Reaction intermediates of H-meromyosin-ATPase and ultraviolet difference spectrum of H-meromyosin induced by ATP. UV Difference spectra of H-meromyosin (HMM) during the steady state of the myosin-ATPase reaction [EC 3.6.1.3] were measured in 1.5 and 0.05M KC1 in the presence of 5mM MgC1(2) and 20mM Tris-HC1 at pH 8.0 and 24 degrees, using pyruvate kinase [EC 2.7.1.40] and phosphoenolpyruvate to regenerate ATP. It was found that the difference spectrum and its dependence on ATP concentration were the same in 1.5M KC1 as in 0.05M KC1. On the bases of these and other results, the nature of the intermediates of HMM ATPase in the steady-state reaction of HMM ATPase was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133106", "title": "Characterization of cytoplasmic actin isolated from Acanthamoeba castellanii by a new method.", "content": "Cytoplasmic actin has been isolated from Acanthamoeba castellanii by a new method, employing chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, that improves the yield by more than 20-fold over the previously reported method. This procedure should be particularly useful for isolating actin from cells in which it is present in relatively low concentration because the method does not depend initially on the polymerization of actin or its interaction with myosin. Systematic comparison of the properties of purified Acanthamoeba actin and rabbit skeletal muscle actin shows them to be similar in many ways: viscosity of F-actin, stoichiometry of bound nucleotide, stoichiometry of binding of muscle heavy meromyosin and myosin subfragment 1 in the absence of ATP, and ability to inhibit the KATPase activity of heavy meromyosin. The amino acid compositions of Acanthamoeba and muscle actin are also quite similar, but significant differences, especially the presence of epsilon-N-methyllysines in Acanthamoeba actin, have been confirmed. In addition to this structural difference, we find that Acanthamoeba actin is only one-third as effective as muscle actin as an activator of the MgATPase of muscle heavy meromyosin and subfragment 1. For Acanthamoeba actin, as for muscle actin, this activation exhibits hyperbolic dependence on actin concentration; i.e. the double reciprocal plot of ATPase activation versus actin concentration is linear. From these plots we find that the two actins give the same extrapolated ATPase activity at infinite actin concentration (Vmax) but differ by a factor of three in the concentration of actin needed to produce half-maximal activation (Kapp).", "contents": "Characterization of cytoplasmic actin isolated from Acanthamoeba castellanii by a new method. Cytoplasmic actin has been isolated from Acanthamoeba castellanii by a new method, employing chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, that improves the yield by more than 20-fold over the previously reported method. This procedure should be particularly useful for isolating actin from cells in which it is present in relatively low concentration because the method does not depend initially on the polymerization of actin or its interaction with myosin. Systematic comparison of the properties of purified Acanthamoeba actin and rabbit skeletal muscle actin shows them to be similar in many ways: viscosity of F-actin, stoichiometry of bound nucleotide, stoichiometry of binding of muscle heavy meromyosin and myosin subfragment 1 in the absence of ATP, and ability to inhibit the KATPase activity of heavy meromyosin. The amino acid compositions of Acanthamoeba and muscle actin are also quite similar, but significant differences, especially the presence of epsilon-N-methyllysines in Acanthamoeba actin, have been confirmed. In addition to this structural difference, we find that Acanthamoeba actin is only one-third as effective as muscle actin as an activator of the MgATPase of muscle heavy meromyosin and subfragment 1. For Acanthamoeba actin, as for muscle actin, this activation exhibits hyperbolic dependence on actin concentration; i.e. the double reciprocal plot of ATPase activation versus actin concentration is linear. From these plots we find that the two actins give the same extrapolated ATPase activity at infinite actin concentration (Vmax) but differ by a factor of three in the concentration of actin needed to produce half-maximal activation (Kapp)."}
{"id": "PMID:133107", "title": "Specific sodium-22 binding to a purified sodium + potassium adenosine triphosphatase. Inhibition by ouabain.", "content": "Analysis of sodium-22 binding to purified sodium + potassium ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+)-ATPase reveals the presence of two classes of binding sites. The higher affinity site (Kd = 0.2 mM) binds 6 to 7 nmol of sodium per mg of protein. Pretreatment of (Na+, K+)-ATPase with ouabain blocks the binding of sodium to this higher affinity site. Neither heat-denatured enzyme nor phospholipids extracted from the (Na+, K+)-ATPase contain a ouabain-inhibitable, higher affinity sodium binding site. The ouabain enzyme complex therefore appears to contain altered binding sites for cations.", "contents": "Specific sodium-22 binding to a purified sodium + potassium adenosine triphosphatase. Inhibition by ouabain. Analysis of sodium-22 binding to purified sodium + potassium ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+)-ATPase reveals the presence of two classes of binding sites. The higher affinity site (Kd = 0.2 mM) binds 6 to 7 nmol of sodium per mg of protein. Pretreatment of (Na+, K+)-ATPase with ouabain blocks the binding of sodium to this higher affinity site. Neither heat-denatured enzyme nor phospholipids extracted from the (Na+, K+)-ATPase contain a ouabain-inhibitable, higher affinity sodium binding site. The ouabain enzyme complex therefore appears to contain altered binding sites for cations."}
{"id": "PMID:133111", "title": "Craniofacial contour defect reconstruction with a dacron/urethane composite: an alloplastic tray for bone induction fabrication and application.", "content": "An alloplastic tray made of poly(ethylene terephthalate) cloth mesh and poly(ether urethane) used in conjunction with cancellous bone-chip grafts is the basis for this new method of reconstructing facial osseous contour defects. The tray can be prefabricated in quantity and at low cost for standard defects, such as discontinuity defects of the mandible or for chin augmentation. It can be custom-fabricated for specific defects in individual patients as, for example, gunshot wounds to the forehead. The materials were chosen because of their known histocompatibility, the ease of fabrication, and because the materials can be molded to form esthetic contours. The can be easily modified at the time of surgery. Sterilization is by autoclaving. Initial studied were undertaken in mongrel dogs where mandibular discontinuity defects in the range of 2-4 cm were reconstructed. In man, the technique has been used to reconstruct discontinuity defects of the mandible ranging in size from 1.5-12 cm in 16 patients. Atrophic mandibular alveolar ridges have been augmented using this technique in 7 patients, thus providing an adequate alveolar ridge for dentures. Two patients with defects of the skull secondary to gunshot wounds have had frontal bone restoration using this method. Reconstructions of the ear, the chin, and the orbital floor are currently being evaluated. This technique overcomes many problems of esthetic contour reconstruction and combines the use of autogenous cancellous particulate bone and a tissue-compatible synthetic composite material.", "contents": "Craniofacial contour defect reconstruction with a dacron/urethane composite: an alloplastic tray for bone induction fabrication and application. An alloplastic tray made of poly(ethylene terephthalate) cloth mesh and poly(ether urethane) used in conjunction with cancellous bone-chip grafts is the basis for this new method of reconstructing facial osseous contour defects. The tray can be prefabricated in quantity and at low cost for standard defects, such as discontinuity defects of the mandible or for chin augmentation. It can be custom-fabricated for specific defects in individual patients as, for example, gunshot wounds to the forehead. The materials were chosen because of their known histocompatibility, the ease of fabrication, and because the materials can be molded to form esthetic contours. The can be easily modified at the time of surgery. Sterilization is by autoclaving. Initial studied were undertaken in mongrel dogs where mandibular discontinuity defects in the range of 2-4 cm were reconstructed. In man, the technique has been used to reconstruct discontinuity defects of the mandible ranging in size from 1.5-12 cm in 16 patients. Atrophic mandibular alveolar ridges have been augmented using this technique in 7 patients, thus providing an adequate alveolar ridge for dentures. Two patients with defects of the skull secondary to gunshot wounds have had frontal bone restoration using this method. Reconstructions of the ear, the chin, and the orbital floor are currently being evaluated. This technique overcomes many problems of esthetic contour reconstruction and combines the use of autogenous cancellous particulate bone and a tissue-compatible synthetic composite material."}
{"id": "PMID:133112", "title": "Oxidized orlon as a blood interface.", "content": "Polyacrylonitrile fabric (Orlon) may by oxidized by heating in air, when it becomes black and carbonized. During the heat treatment, the fibers shrink; this shrinkage allows components such as diaphrams to be shaped around molds. Oxidation reduces the tensile strength by about 25% and also reduces the stiffness of the material. The oxidized Orlons was screened in tissue culture for possible cytotoxic effects. Finding none, patches of the material were sutured into the right atrium of dogs and examined after 48 hr. Because of encouraging results, 10 atrial patches, consisting of Dacron velour and oxidized Orlon side-by-side, were implanted into the right atrium of dogs. Five patches were backed with Silastic to render them impervious, and five with segmented polyurethane. The atrial patches were examined after 48 hr, and in all instances the oxidized Orlon part of the patch was coated with a thinner and smoother fibrin layer than was the Dacron velour half. a left ventricular bypass pump was fabricated from oxidized Orlon and spray-coated on the nonblood surface with segmented polyurethane. After 48 hr implantation in the chest cavity of a calf, pumping without systemic anticoagulation, the pump was found covered by a thin, smooth, firmly attached layer of fibrin.", "contents": "Oxidized orlon as a blood interface. Polyacrylonitrile fabric (Orlon) may by oxidized by heating in air, when it becomes black and carbonized. During the heat treatment, the fibers shrink; this shrinkage allows components such as diaphrams to be shaped around molds. Oxidation reduces the tensile strength by about 25% and also reduces the stiffness of the material. The oxidized Orlons was screened in tissue culture for possible cytotoxic effects. Finding none, patches of the material were sutured into the right atrium of dogs and examined after 48 hr. Because of encouraging results, 10 atrial patches, consisting of Dacron velour and oxidized Orlon side-by-side, were implanted into the right atrium of dogs. Five patches were backed with Silastic to render them impervious, and five with segmented polyurethane. The atrial patches were examined after 48 hr, and in all instances the oxidized Orlon part of the patch was coated with a thinner and smoother fibrin layer than was the Dacron velour half. a left ventricular bypass pump was fabricated from oxidized Orlon and spray-coated on the nonblood surface with segmented polyurethane. After 48 hr implantation in the chest cavity of a calf, pumping without systemic anticoagulation, the pump was found covered by a thin, smooth, firmly attached layer of fibrin."}
{"id": "PMID:133115", "title": "Placental sulfatase deficiency: a case study.", "content": "A pregnancy with placental sulfatase deficiency was suspected when a 36-year-old patient at 41 weeks of gestation was found to have extremely low urinary estriol excretion and an otherwise normal prenatal course. The maternal plasma levels of estriol and estradiol 17-beta (E2) were extremely low and estetrol (E4) was undetectable (less than 40 pg/ml), whereas dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) was normal. THE AMNIOTIC Fluid DS concentration was 22-fold higher than the mean of normal pregnancy, while that of dehydroepiandrosterone (D) and androstenedione (A) was normal. Following intravenous infusion of 50 mg DS, no rise of plasma E2 was noted and plasma E4 levels remained undetectable. At 42 weeks of pregnancy, after induction of labor failed, a healthy male infant was delivered by cesarean section. The umbilical vein (UV) and umbilical artery (UA) levels of DS were extremely high, and those of E2 and E4 were subnormal. The UA level of A was normal and the levels of D and testosterone were slightly elevated. In vitro studies of placental microsomes and the 10,000 x g supernantant confirmed the diagnosis of placental sulfatase deficiency. The infant at 6 months of age had normal growth and development and normal peripheral plasma DS concentration.", "contents": "Placental sulfatase deficiency: a case study. A pregnancy with placental sulfatase deficiency was suspected when a 36-year-old patient at 41 weeks of gestation was found to have extremely low urinary estriol excretion and an otherwise normal prenatal course. The maternal plasma levels of estriol and estradiol 17-beta (E2) were extremely low and estetrol (E4) was undetectable (less than 40 pg/ml), whereas dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) was normal. THE AMNIOTIC Fluid DS concentration was 22-fold higher than the mean of normal pregnancy, while that of dehydroepiandrosterone (D) and androstenedione (A) was normal. Following intravenous infusion of 50 mg DS, no rise of plasma E2 was noted and plasma E4 levels remained undetectable. At 42 weeks of pregnancy, after induction of labor failed, a healthy male infant was delivered by cesarean section. The umbilical vein (UV) and umbilical artery (UA) levels of DS were extremely high, and those of E2 and E4 were subnormal. The UA level of A was normal and the levels of D and testosterone were slightly elevated. In vitro studies of placental microsomes and the 10,000 x g supernantant confirmed the diagnosis of placental sulfatase deficiency. The infant at 6 months of age had normal growth and development and normal peripheral plasma DS concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:133116", "title": "Failure of endogenous plasmin to convert human growth hormone to its \"activated\" isohormones.", "content": "Human growth hormone B can be converted to its more acidic isohormones C, D, and E by limited enzymatic cleavage with purified plasmin in vitro. This process is accompanied by an increase of biological activity in the rat tibia line assay. A possible role of endogenous circulating plasmin in the in vivo formation of these isohormones was investigated. Human plasma, serum, glass-contact-activated serum, and serum extracts after the removal of protease inhibitors were incubated with ratioiodinated hGH-B and C for up to 24 h. Aliquots were analyzed at frequent intervals by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by autoradiography and counting of radioactive bands. No evidence for interconversion or transformation to hGH-D and E was found. It is concluded that endogenous circulating plasmin does not play a major role in the conversion of hGH to its \"activated\" isohormones.", "contents": "Failure of endogenous plasmin to convert human growth hormone to its \"activated\" isohormones. Human growth hormone B can be converted to its more acidic isohormones C, D, and E by limited enzymatic cleavage with purified plasmin in vitro. This process is accompanied by an increase of biological activity in the rat tibia line assay. A possible role of endogenous circulating plasmin in the in vivo formation of these isohormones was investigated. Human plasma, serum, glass-contact-activated serum, and serum extracts after the removal of protease inhibitors were incubated with ratioiodinated hGH-B and C for up to 24 h. Aliquots were analyzed at frequent intervals by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by autoradiography and counting of radioactive bands. No evidence for interconversion or transformation to hGH-D and E was found. It is concluded that endogenous circulating plasmin does not play a major role in the conversion of hGH to its \"activated\" isohormones."}
{"id": "PMID:133117", "title": "Sex hormone binding globulin: the carrier protein for d-norgestrel.", "content": "The binding of different synthetic steroids, used in hormonal contraception, to Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) was studied by measuring their ability to displace tritiated testosterone from SHBG in a competitive protein binding system. Only 19-nortestosterone derivates had any significant ability to displace testosterone from SHBG, d-norgestrel (d-Ng) being the strongest displacer. Increasing the SHBG levels in women with previous constant plasma d-Ng levels increased these levels two- to sixfold. It is concluded that SHBG is the main carrier protein for d-Ng. The strong testosterone displacing activity of d-Ng might also explain androgenic side effects observed with d-Ng containig oral contraceptives.", "contents": "Sex hormone binding globulin: the carrier protein for d-norgestrel. The binding of different synthetic steroids, used in hormonal contraception, to Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG) was studied by measuring their ability to displace tritiated testosterone from SHBG in a competitive protein binding system. Only 19-nortestosterone derivates had any significant ability to displace testosterone from SHBG, d-norgestrel (d-Ng) being the strongest displacer. Increasing the SHBG levels in women with previous constant plasma d-Ng levels increased these levels two- to sixfold. It is concluded that SHBG is the main carrier protein for d-Ng. The strong testosterone displacing activity of d-Ng might also explain androgenic side effects observed with d-Ng containig oral contraceptives."}
{"id": "PMID:133113", "title": "A new method for measuring venous blood flow with the aid of an electromagnetic flowmeter.", "content": "Using a silicone elastometer sheath, wrapped around the portal vein, with an external probe for electromagnetic flowmetry, and with the aid of an outside depression, the authors succeeded in measuring portal vein blood flow with great precision, both under normal conditions and during vasoconstriction induced by drug administration. The above system allows variations synchronous with respiration and cardiac contractions to be seen. The reproducibility of a \"no flow\" point further enables registrations to be continued for hours for physiological and pharmacological studies. The sheath probe system described for the registration of portal vein blood flow is applicable to all other veins.", "contents": "A new method for measuring venous blood flow with the aid of an electromagnetic flowmeter. Using a silicone elastometer sheath, wrapped around the portal vein, with an external probe for electromagnetic flowmetry, and with the aid of an outside depression, the authors succeeded in measuring portal vein blood flow with great precision, both under normal conditions and during vasoconstriction induced by drug administration. The above system allows variations synchronous with respiration and cardiac contractions to be seen. The reproducibility of a \"no flow\" point further enables registrations to be continued for hours for physiological and pharmacological studies. The sheath probe system described for the registration of portal vein blood flow is applicable to all other veins."}
{"id": "PMID:133118", "title": "Effect of 7beta, 17alpha-dimethyltestosterone (calusterone) on cortisol metabolism in women with advanced breast cancer.", "content": "It was demonstrated that oral administration of 7beta, 17alpha-dimethyltestosterone (Calusterone) reversibly alters cortisol production and metabolism in women with advanced breast cancer. There was a 30% decrease in cortisol production  rate, a 50% decrease in transformation to tetrahydrocortisone (THE) glucuronide, a 50% prolongation of plasma cortisol half-life and decreased conversion to C-19 metabolites. The plasma cortisol concentrations (means and 24-hour profiles) remained unchanged by Calusterone despite the reduction in adrenocortical function. We have concluded that the beneficial effect of Calusterone in breast cancer is probably not due to its effects on cortisol production.", "contents": "Effect of 7beta, 17alpha-dimethyltestosterone (calusterone) on cortisol metabolism in women with advanced breast cancer. It was demonstrated that oral administration of 7beta, 17alpha-dimethyltestosterone (Calusterone) reversibly alters cortisol production and metabolism in women with advanced breast cancer. There was a 30% decrease in cortisol production  rate, a 50% decrease in transformation to tetrahydrocortisone (THE) glucuronide, a 50% prolongation of plasma cortisol half-life and decreased conversion to C-19 metabolites. The plasma cortisol concentrations (means and 24-hour profiles) remained unchanged by Calusterone despite the reduction in adrenocortical function. We have concluded that the beneficial effect of Calusterone in breast cancer is probably not due to its effects on cortisol production."}
{"id": "PMID:133119", "title": "The effect of thyroid hormone on bile salt-independent bile flow and Na+, K+ -ATPase activity in liver plasma membranes enriched in bile canaliculi.", "content": "The relationship between bile salt-independent canalicular flow and ATPase activity in liver plasma membranes (LPM) enriched in bile canaliculi, was studied in control, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid rats. Canalicular bile production was significantly increased in hyperthyroid rats (3.19 +/- 0.23 mul/min per g liver) compared to controls (2.27 +/- 0.24 mul/min per g liver), while it diminished in hypothyroid animals (1.58 +/- 0.17 mul/min per g liver). Although bile salt excretion was also increased in hyperthyroid animals (62.4 +/- 13.3 vs. 41.2 +/- 8.4 nmol/min per g liver), the stimulation in canalicular secretion was primarily related to enhancement of the bile salt-independent fraction of flow (2.47 mul/min per g liver in hyperthyroid rats vs. 1.67 mul/min per g liver in controls). LPM Na+, K+-ATPase activity doubled in hyperthyroid animals (21.5 +/- 5.8 vs. 10.7 +/- 3.1 mumol Pi/mg protein per h) while Mg++-ATPase activity remained unchanged and 5'-nucleotidase activity increased to a small but significant extent. In hypothyroid rats, bile salt excretion remained unchanged from control values so that the reduced secretion was entirely secondary to an inhibition of bile salt-independent secretion (1.19 mul/min per g liver). Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the LPMs from hypothyroid animals decreased by nearly 50% (5.4 +/- 1.6 mumol Pi/mg protein per h), although comparable reductions in the specific activity of Mg++-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase were also observed. Administration of L-thyroxine to hypothyroid animals restored both bile salt-independent canalicular secretion and membrane enzymes to control values within 2 and 4 days, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis demonstrated no significant changes in LPM protein fractions from any of the treatment groups. These studies indicate that thyroid hormone has a parallel effect on bile salt-independent canalicular secretion and LPM Na+, K+-ATPase activity, supporting the hypothesis that Na+ transport and Na+, K+-ATPase may be determinants of bile salt-independent canalicular flow.", "contents": "The effect of thyroid hormone on bile salt-independent bile flow and Na+, K+ -ATPase activity in liver plasma membranes enriched in bile canaliculi. The relationship between bile salt-independent canalicular flow and ATPase activity in liver plasma membranes (LPM) enriched in bile canaliculi, was studied in control, hyperthyroid, and hypothyroid rats. Canalicular bile production was significantly increased in hyperthyroid rats (3.19 +/- 0.23 mul/min per g liver) compared to controls (2.27 +/- 0.24 mul/min per g liver), while it diminished in hypothyroid animals (1.58 +/- 0.17 mul/min per g liver). Although bile salt excretion was also increased in hyperthyroid animals (62.4 +/- 13.3 vs. 41.2 +/- 8.4 nmol/min per g liver), the stimulation in canalicular secretion was primarily related to enhancement of the bile salt-independent fraction of flow (2.47 mul/min per g liver in hyperthyroid rats vs. 1.67 mul/min per g liver in controls). LPM Na+, K+-ATPase activity doubled in hyperthyroid animals (21.5 +/- 5.8 vs. 10.7 +/- 3.1 mumol Pi/mg protein per h) while Mg++-ATPase activity remained unchanged and 5'-nucleotidase activity increased to a small but significant extent. In hypothyroid rats, bile salt excretion remained unchanged from control values so that the reduced secretion was entirely secondary to an inhibition of bile salt-independent secretion (1.19 mul/min per g liver). Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the LPMs from hypothyroid animals decreased by nearly 50% (5.4 +/- 1.6 mumol Pi/mg protein per h), although comparable reductions in the specific activity of Mg++-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase were also observed. Administration of L-thyroxine to hypothyroid animals restored both bile salt-independent canalicular secretion and membrane enzymes to control values within 2 and 4 days, respectively. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis demonstrated no significant changes in LPM protein fractions from any of the treatment groups. These studies indicate that thyroid hormone has a parallel effect on bile salt-independent canalicular secretion and LPM Na+, K+-ATPase activity, supporting the hypothesis that Na+ transport and Na+, K+-ATPase may be determinants of bile salt-independent canalicular flow."}
{"id": "PMID:133120", "title": "Retention and degradation of 125I-insulin by perfused livers from diabetic rats.", "content": "The retention of degradation of insulin by isolated perfused liver have been examined. Noncyclically perfused livers from streptozotocin-diabetic rats retained 25% and degraded 10% of 125I-insulin administered as a 1-min pulse. On gel filtration (Sephadex G50F), the degradation products released into the vascular effluent eluted in the salt peak. During the 45-min interval after the end of the 125I-insulin infusion, 0.19% of the total dose was excreted in the bile. 60-90% of this material consisted of iodinated, low-molecular-weight degradation products. Inclusion of native insulin with the 125I-insulin in the pulse depressed both the retention and degradation of iodinated material; however, this reflected increased retention and degradation of the total insulin dose (125I-insulin plus native hormone). The log of the total amounts of insulin retained and degraded were linearly related to the log of the total amount of insulin infused at concentrations between 12.7 nM and 2.84 muM. Increasing the amount of native insulin in the infused pulse also depressed the total amount of iodinated material found in the bile and led to the appearance in the bile of intermediate-sized degradation products that did not simultaneously appear in the vascular effluent. Addition of high concentrations of glucagon to the infused 125I-insulin had no effect on the retention or degradation of the labeled hormone, or on the apparent size and amount of iodinated degradation products found in the vascular effluent or in the bile. Preinfusion of concanavalin A inhibited both 125I-insulin retention and degradation. A greater depression by concanavalin A of degradation than binding was also observed with isolated hepatocytes. In contrast to 125I-insulin, the retention and degradation of two iodinated insulin analogues of relative low biological potency, proinsulin and desalanyl-desasparaginyl insulin, were small. The amount of radioactivity appearing in the bile after infusion of these analogues was almost negligible. However, degradation products of these analogues that appeared in the bile and in the vascular effluent was qualitatively similar to those found after the infusion of 125I-insulin. Our findings suggest that the rapid initial uptake of 125I-insulin after its infusion into noncyclically perfused liver, as well as its subsequent degradation, behaves in a qualitatively similar fashion to the binding of 125I-insulin and its degradation by isolated rat hepatocytes. This uptake and the subsequent phase of degradation may be attributable to binding of insulin at specific recognition sites, preliminary to its transfer to a degradative site(s) presumed to be located inside the cell.", "contents": "Retention and degradation of 125I-insulin by perfused livers from diabetic rats. The retention of degradation of insulin by isolated perfused liver have been examined. Noncyclically perfused livers from streptozotocin-diabetic rats retained 25% and degraded 10% of 125I-insulin administered as a 1-min pulse. On gel filtration (Sephadex G50F), the degradation products released into the vascular effluent eluted in the salt peak. During the 45-min interval after the end of the 125I-insulin infusion, 0.19% of the total dose was excreted in the bile. 60-90% of this material consisted of iodinated, low-molecular-weight degradation products. Inclusion of native insulin with the 125I-insulin in the pulse depressed both the retention and degradation of iodinated material; however, this reflected increased retention and degradation of the total insulin dose (125I-insulin plus native hormone). The log of the total amounts of insulin retained and degraded were linearly related to the log of the total amount of insulin infused at concentrations between 12.7 nM and 2.84 muM. Increasing the amount of native insulin in the infused pulse also depressed the total amount of iodinated material found in the bile and led to the appearance in the bile of intermediate-sized degradation products that did not simultaneously appear in the vascular effluent. Addition of high concentrations of glucagon to the infused 125I-insulin had no effect on the retention or degradation of the labeled hormone, or on the apparent size and amount of iodinated degradation products found in the vascular effluent or in the bile. Preinfusion of concanavalin A inhibited both 125I-insulin retention and degradation. A greater depression by concanavalin A of degradation than binding was also observed with isolated hepatocytes. In contrast to 125I-insulin, the retention and degradation of two iodinated insulin analogues of relative low biological potency, proinsulin and desalanyl-desasparaginyl insulin, were small. The amount of radioactivity appearing in the bile after infusion of these analogues was almost negligible. However, degradation products of these analogues that appeared in the bile and in the vascular effluent was qualitatively similar to those found after the infusion of 125I-insulin. Our findings suggest that the rapid initial uptake of 125I-insulin after its infusion into noncyclically perfused liver, as well as its subsequent degradation, behaves in a qualitatively similar fashion to the binding of 125I-insulin and its degradation by isolated rat hepatocytes. This uptake and the subsequent phase of degradation may be attributable to binding of insulin at specific recognition sites, preliminary to its transfer to a degradative site(s) presumed to be located inside the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:133121", "title": "Interactions of actin, myosin, and an actin-binding protein of chronic myelogenous leukemia leukocytes.", "content": "Actin, myosin, and a high molecular weight actin-binding protein were purified from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) leukocytes. CML leukocyte actin resembled skeletal muscle and other cytoplasmic actins by its subunit molecular weight, by its ability to polymerize in the presence of salts, and to activate the Mg2+-ATPase activity of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. CML leukocyte myosin was similar to other vertebrate cytoplasmic myosins in having heavy chains and two light subunits. However, its apparent heavy-chain molecular weight and Stokes radius suggested that it was variably degraded during purification. Purified CML leukocyte myosin had average specific EDTA- AND Ca2+-activated ATPase activities of 125 and 151 nmol Pi released/mg protein per min, respectively and low specific Mg2+-ATPase activity. The Mg2+-ATPase activity of CML myosin was increased 200-fold by rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin, but the specific activity relative to that of actin-activated rabbit skeletal muscle myosin was low. CML leukocyte myosin, like other vertebrate cytoplasmic myosins, formed filaments in 0.1 M KCl solutions. Reduced and denatured CML leukocyte-actin-binding protein had a single high molecular weight subunit like a recently described actin-binding protein of rabbit pulmonary macrophages which promotes the polymerization and gelation of actin. Cytoplasmic extracts of CML leukocytes prepared with ice-cold 0.34-M sucrose solutions containing Mg2+-ATP, dithiothreitol, and EDTA at pH 7.0 underwent rapid gelation when warmed to 25 degrees C. Initially, the gel could be liquified by cooling to ice-bath temperature. With time, warmed cytoplasmic extract gels shrunk (\"contracted\") into aggregates. The following findings indicated that CML leukocyte actin-binding protein promoted the temperature-dependent gelation of actin in the cytoplasmic extracts and that CML leukocyte myosin was involved in the contraction of the actin gels: (a) Cytoplasmic extract gels initially contained actin as their major polypeptide component and consistent of tangled thin filaments; (b) Contracted aggregates of cytoplasmic extract gels contained by large quantities of myosin as well as actin; (c) Purified actin-binding protein underwent a temperature-dependent, reversible aggregation and caused low concentrations of purified muscle or CML leukocyte actins to gel in sucrose solutions; (d) The gels formed from purified actin plus purified actin-binding protein slowly contracted in the presence but not in the absence of purified CML leukocyte myosin; (e) Rabbit antiserum against purified CML leukocyte actin-binding protein but not against purified CML leukocyte myosin inhibited the gelation of warmed CML leukocyte extracts. Antiserum against CML leukocyte myosin had no effect on the gelation of CML leukocyte extracts but partially curtailed the contraction of the CML leukocyte extract gels and of gels formed from purified CML leukocyte actin-binding protein plus rabbit skeletal muscle actin.", "contents": "Interactions of actin, myosin, and an actin-binding protein of chronic myelogenous leukemia leukocytes. Actin, myosin, and a high molecular weight actin-binding protein were purified from chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) leukocytes. CML leukocyte actin resembled skeletal muscle and other cytoplasmic actins by its subunit molecular weight, by its ability to polymerize in the presence of salts, and to activate the Mg2+-ATPase activity of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. CML leukocyte myosin was similar to other vertebrate cytoplasmic myosins in having heavy chains and two light subunits. However, its apparent heavy-chain molecular weight and Stokes radius suggested that it was variably degraded during purification. Purified CML leukocyte myosin had average specific EDTA- AND Ca2+-activated ATPase activities of 125 and 151 nmol Pi released/mg protein per min, respectively and low specific Mg2+-ATPase activity. The Mg2+-ATPase activity of CML myosin was increased 200-fold by rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin, but the specific activity relative to that of actin-activated rabbit skeletal muscle myosin was low. CML leukocyte myosin, like other vertebrate cytoplasmic myosins, formed filaments in 0.1 M KCl solutions. Reduced and denatured CML leukocyte-actin-binding protein had a single high molecular weight subunit like a recently described actin-binding protein of rabbit pulmonary macrophages which promotes the polymerization and gelation of actin. Cytoplasmic extracts of CML leukocytes prepared with ice-cold 0.34-M sucrose solutions containing Mg2+-ATP, dithiothreitol, and EDTA at pH 7.0 underwent rapid gelation when warmed to 25 degrees C. Initially, the gel could be liquified by cooling to ice-bath temperature. With time, warmed cytoplasmic extract gels shrunk (\"contracted\") into aggregates. The following findings indicated that CML leukocyte actin-binding protein promoted the temperature-dependent gelation of actin in the cytoplasmic extracts and that CML leukocyte myosin was involved in the contraction of the actin gels: (a) Cytoplasmic extract gels initially contained actin as their major polypeptide component and consistent of tangled thin filaments; (b) Contracted aggregates of cytoplasmic extract gels contained by large quantities of myosin as well as actin; (c) Purified actin-binding protein underwent a temperature-dependent, reversible aggregation and caused low concentrations of purified muscle or CML leukocyte actins to gel in sucrose solutions; (d) The gels formed from purified actin plus purified actin-binding protein slowly contracted in the presence but not in the absence of purified CML leukocyte myosin; (e) Rabbit antiserum against purified CML leukocyte actin-binding protein but not against purified CML leukocyte myosin inhibited the gelation of warmed CML leukocyte extracts. Antiserum against CML leukocyte myosin had no effect on the gelation of CML leukocyte extracts but partially curtailed the contraction of the CML leukocyte extract gels and of gels formed from purified CML leukocyte actin-binding protein plus rabbit skeletal muscle actin."}
{"id": "PMID:133122", "title": "Pulsed Doppler ultrasound detection of flow disturbances in arteriosclerosis.", "content": "Pulsed Doppler ultrasound blood flow detection has been used in a noninvasive manner to detect arterial abnormalities associated with arteriosclerosis. Sound spectrograms of ultrasound signals obtained from in vitro and animal studies in which flow was disturbed by obstacles placed in the flow stream showed a different distribution of energy over frequency than signals obtained from studies with no flow disturbances. Similar findings were seen clinically. A technique has been developed which can detect disturbed flow patterns resulting from partial occlusion in important superficial arteries (e.g. femoral and carotid) up to 15 cm distal to localized arterial wall abnormalities. Thirty-five arterial examinations of normal and arteriographically abnormal arteries in 12 patients revealed a sensitivity of 83 percent and a specificity of 61 percent. This study suggests that pulsed Doppler ultrasound may be useful as a screening technique for detection of arteriosclerotic lesions in major superficial arteries.", "contents": "Pulsed Doppler ultrasound detection of flow disturbances in arteriosclerosis. Pulsed Doppler ultrasound blood flow detection has been used in a noninvasive manner to detect arterial abnormalities associated with arteriosclerosis. Sound spectrograms of ultrasound signals obtained from in vitro and animal studies in which flow was disturbed by obstacles placed in the flow stream showed a different distribution of energy over frequency than signals obtained from studies with no flow disturbances. Similar findings were seen clinically. A technique has been developed which can detect disturbed flow patterns resulting from partial occlusion in important superficial arteries (e.g. femoral and carotid) up to 15 cm distal to localized arterial wall abnormalities. Thirty-five arterial examinations of normal and arteriographically abnormal arteries in 12 patients revealed a sensitivity of 83 percent and a specificity of 61 percent. This study suggests that pulsed Doppler ultrasound may be useful as a screening technique for detection of arteriosclerotic lesions in major superficial arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:133123", "title": "Diagnostic echocardiography in the adult.", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to review basic and practical adult echocardiography. The commonly used techniques are briefly described. Normal valve characteristics, common valvular abnormalities, evaluation of cardiac chamber dimensions, pericardial space and left ventricular function are discussed. Newer aspects of echocardiography, two-dimensional scanning and pulsed Doppler techniques, are briefly reviewed. Finally, a discussion of problems and new directions in the field are presented.", "contents": "Diagnostic echocardiography in the adult. The purpose of this paper is to review basic and practical adult echocardiography. The commonly used techniques are briefly described. Normal valve characteristics, common valvular abnormalities, evaluation of cardiac chamber dimensions, pericardial space and left ventricular function are discussed. Newer aspects of echocardiography, two-dimensional scanning and pulsed Doppler techniques, are briefly reviewed. Finally, a discussion of problems and new directions in the field are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:133127", "title": "Dietary adequacy, feeding practices, and eating behavior of children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "The dietary adequacy, eating behavior, and feeding practices of children with Down's syndrome were studied. Half of the children obtained from their food less than the recommended allowances for food energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and thiamin; children under six were vulnerable to iron inadequacies. Three-fourths of the children exceeded the allowances for protein and ascorbic acid. Contrary to the belief that parents of handicapped children are permissive, parents seemed to control the food consumption patterns of their children by appropriate techniques. Weight status appeared to be compatible with height in the majority of the participants.", "contents": "Dietary adequacy, feeding practices, and eating behavior of children with Down's syndrome. The dietary adequacy, eating behavior, and feeding practices of children with Down's syndrome were studied. Half of the children obtained from their food less than the recommended allowances for food energy, calcium, iron, vitamin A, and thiamin; children under six were vulnerable to iron inadequacies. Three-fourths of the children exceeded the allowances for protein and ascorbic acid. Contrary to the belief that parents of handicapped children are permissive, parents seemed to control the food consumption patterns of their children by appropriate techniques. Weight status appeared to be compatible with height in the majority of the participants."}
{"id": "PMID:133188", "title": "Generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes in vitro. VIII. failure of anti-RS antisera to inhibit the generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes or cytolytic T lymphocyte activity.", "content": "Antibody reactive with \"recognition structures\" (RS) of mouse lymphoid cells for alloantigens (anti-RS) was prepared by immunization of F1 hybrid mice with parentalstrain lymphoid cells or with antibody produced in one parental strain against alloantigens of the other parental strain. Such antisera prevented generation of the \"product of antigenic recognition\" (PAR) that is produced within a few hours in cultures prepared with a mixture of lymphoid cells from genetically disparate mice. However, treatment of responding lymphoid cells with anti-RS sera and complement did not inhibit generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). Treatment of cells obtained from MLC with anti-RS sera and complement failed to inhibit cytolytic activity of such cells for specific alloantigens.", "contents": "Generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes in vitro. VIII. failure of anti-RS antisera to inhibit the generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes or cytolytic T lymphocyte activity. Antibody reactive with \"recognition structures\" (RS) of mouse lymphoid cells for alloantigens (anti-RS) was prepared by immunization of F1 hybrid mice with parentalstrain lymphoid cells or with antibody produced in one parental strain against alloantigens of the other parental strain. Such antisera prevented generation of the \"product of antigenic recognition\" (PAR) that is produced within a few hours in cultures prepared with a mixture of lymphoid cells from genetically disparate mice. However, treatment of responding lymphoid cells with anti-RS sera and complement did not inhibit generation of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). Treatment of cells obtained from MLC with anti-RS sera and complement failed to inhibit cytolytic activity of such cells for specific alloantigens."}
{"id": "PMID:133189", "title": "Specificity of allogeneic and xenogeneic cell recognition in the fetal lamb.", "content": "Cells prepared from liver, thymus, and spleen of fetal lambs at different stages if gestation were confronted with allogeneic and xenogeneic cells in MLC. Specific elimination of the responding cells with BUdR and UV light together with a subsequent restimulation was used to study the specificity of the reaction. The response of fetal liver cells was not based on the existence of specifically recognizing cellular subpopulations; the response was concluded to be due either to stimulatory products released by the stimulating cells or to the multipotentiality of the responding cells. Specifically recognizing cells first appeared in the thymus at 58 days postconception and in the spleen at 70 days. In the response of sheep lymphocytes against allogeneic and xenogeneic (mouse, human) cells, a cross-reactivity occurred. Fetal lamb lymphocytes were also capable of recognizing intraspecies differences on the xenogeneic cells. This capacity developed simultaneously with the specific recognition of allogeneic cells. No clear difference was observed in the reactivity of fetal thymus cells and spleen cells when compared to that of adult peripheral blood lymphocytes. These findings indicate that immunologically specific recognition of foreign cells is created in the sheep during the early intrauterine development.", "contents": "Specificity of allogeneic and xenogeneic cell recognition in the fetal lamb. Cells prepared from liver, thymus, and spleen of fetal lambs at different stages if gestation were confronted with allogeneic and xenogeneic cells in MLC. Specific elimination of the responding cells with BUdR and UV light together with a subsequent restimulation was used to study the specificity of the reaction. The response of fetal liver cells was not based on the existence of specifically recognizing cellular subpopulations; the response was concluded to be due either to stimulatory products released by the stimulating cells or to the multipotentiality of the responding cells. Specifically recognizing cells first appeared in the thymus at 58 days postconception and in the spleen at 70 days. In the response of sheep lymphocytes against allogeneic and xenogeneic (mouse, human) cells, a cross-reactivity occurred. Fetal lamb lymphocytes were also capable of recognizing intraspecies differences on the xenogeneic cells. This capacity developed simultaneously with the specific recognition of allogeneic cells. No clear difference was observed in the reactivity of fetal thymus cells and spleen cells when compared to that of adult peripheral blood lymphocytes. These findings indicate that immunologically specific recognition of foreign cells is created in the sheep during the early intrauterine development."}
{"id": "PMID:133190", "title": "Altered lymphocyte functions in rats bearing syngeneic Moloney sarcoma tumors. I. Mitogen responses, mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and mixed lymphocyte-tumor reactions (MLTR).", "content": "Impairment of mitogen responses to Con A and LPS and of MLR and MLTR was detected in the spleens of rats bearing syngeneic Moloney sarcoma tumors. Depressed responses of both T cell and Ig+ cell populations were observed. During the observation period of 6 to 10 days post-tumor inoculation when maximal T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was observed in spleen and draining lymph node cells, spleen cells showed marked impairment in response to stimuli mentioned above. By contrast, draining lymph node cell activity was either unaltered or somewhat elevated above the level of activity measured in normal control populations. Data presented in this and an accompanying paper strongly indicate that macrophages are activated as immunosuppressor cells in tumor-bearing rats.", "contents": "Altered lymphocyte functions in rats bearing syngeneic Moloney sarcoma tumors. I. Mitogen responses, mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) and mixed lymphocyte-tumor reactions (MLTR). Impairment of mitogen responses to Con A and LPS and of MLR and MLTR was detected in the spleens of rats bearing syngeneic Moloney sarcoma tumors. Depressed responses of both T cell and Ig+ cell populations were observed. During the observation period of 6 to 10 days post-tumor inoculation when maximal T cell-mediated cytotoxicity was observed in spleen and draining lymph node cells, spleen cells showed marked impairment in response to stimuli mentioned above. By contrast, draining lymph node cell activity was either unaltered or somewhat elevated above the level of activity measured in normal control populations. Data presented in this and an accompanying paper strongly indicate that macrophages are activated as immunosuppressor cells in tumor-bearing rats."}
{"id": "PMID:133192", "title": "A search for mycoplasmas and chlamydiae in acne lesions.", "content": "No mycoplasmas and no chlamydiae were found in cultures of 75 uninflamed comedones, 72 papulopustular lesions, and 7 cystic lesions from 14 subjects with acne. Chlamydial serologic tests were negative for 11 subjects and showed antibodies in 3 subjects to 3 different antigenic types of trachoma agent. These results are viewed as substantial evidence against the possibility that either mycoplasmas or chlamydiae play an important part in the pathogenesis of acne.", "contents": "A search for mycoplasmas and chlamydiae in acne lesions. No mycoplasmas and no chlamydiae were found in cultures of 75 uninflamed comedones, 72 papulopustular lesions, and 7 cystic lesions from 14 subjects with acne. Chlamydial serologic tests were negative for 11 subjects and showed antibodies in 3 subjects to 3 different antigenic types of trachoma agent. These results are viewed as substantial evidence against the possibility that either mycoplasmas or chlamydiae play an important part in the pathogenesis of acne."}
{"id": "PMID:133194", "title": "The penetration of local anesthetics into phosphatidylcholine monolayers.", "content": "The penetration of tetracaine into monolayers of phosphatidylcholine and trioctanoin at different surface pressures, and the penetration of dibucaine, tetracaine, butacaine, lidocaine, and procaine into monolayers of didecanoylphosphatidylcholine at II = 10 mN/m was determined by the use of a modified Gibbs adsorption equation. These data were shown to fit a geometric model and compared favorably with data determined by a method based on the geometric model. The penetration of tetracaine into phosphatidylcholine monolayers was pressure dependent. At II = 10 mN/m, the local anesthetics penetrate into a phosphatidycholine monolayer in the order: dibucaine greater than tetracaine greater than butacaine greater than lidocaine greater than procaine. This correlates with their potencies in blocking nerve conduction and inhibiting phospholipase A2.", "contents": "The penetration of local anesthetics into phosphatidylcholine monolayers. The penetration of tetracaine into monolayers of phosphatidylcholine and trioctanoin at different surface pressures, and the penetration of dibucaine, tetracaine, butacaine, lidocaine, and procaine into monolayers of didecanoylphosphatidylcholine at II = 10 mN/m was determined by the use of a modified Gibbs adsorption equation. These data were shown to fit a geometric model and compared favorably with data determined by a method based on the geometric model. The penetration of tetracaine into phosphatidylcholine monolayers was pressure dependent. At II = 10 mN/m, the local anesthetics penetrate into a phosphatidycholine monolayer in the order: dibucaine greater than tetracaine greater than butacaine greater than lidocaine greater than procaine. This correlates with their potencies in blocking nerve conduction and inhibiting phospholipase A2."}
{"id": "PMID:133195", "title": "Local anesthetic inhibition of pancreatic phospholipase A2 action on lecithin monolayers.", "content": "Using quantitative data previously reported for the penetration of local anesthetics into lecithin monolayers, the effects of surface and subphase concentrations of anesthetics on the inhibition of pancreatic phospholipase A2 action on didecanoyl phosphatidylcholine monolayers was investigated. Inhibition as a function of subphase concentration of anesthetic was in the order: dibucaine greater than tetracaine greater than butacaine greater than lidocaine = procaine. Inhibition as a function of surface concentration showed no obvious correlation; procaine inhibited at a very low surface concentration, followed by lidocaine at a somewhat higher concentration, and tetracaine, butacaine and dibucaine only at rather high concentrations. Ultraviolet difference spectroscopy indicated an interaction between lidocaine and enzyme in the subphase. Fluorescence studies showed that lidocaine is a competitive inhibitor of enzyme-lipid interface interaction. It is proposed that the more surface-active anesthetics inhibit by surface effects while the less surface-active anesthetics (lidocaine and procaine) inhibit by interaction with the enzyme in the subphase, which prevents enzyme penetration at the monolayer interface.", "contents": "Local anesthetic inhibition of pancreatic phospholipase A2 action on lecithin monolayers. Using quantitative data previously reported for the penetration of local anesthetics into lecithin monolayers, the effects of surface and subphase concentrations of anesthetics on the inhibition of pancreatic phospholipase A2 action on didecanoyl phosphatidylcholine monolayers was investigated. Inhibition as a function of subphase concentration of anesthetic was in the order: dibucaine greater than tetracaine greater than butacaine greater than lidocaine = procaine. Inhibition as a function of surface concentration showed no obvious correlation; procaine inhibited at a very low surface concentration, followed by lidocaine at a somewhat higher concentration, and tetracaine, butacaine and dibucaine only at rather high concentrations. Ultraviolet difference spectroscopy indicated an interaction between lidocaine and enzyme in the subphase. Fluorescence studies showed that lidocaine is a competitive inhibitor of enzyme-lipid interface interaction. It is proposed that the more surface-active anesthetics inhibit by surface effects while the less surface-active anesthetics (lidocaine and procaine) inhibit by interaction with the enzyme in the subphase, which prevents enzyme penetration at the monolayer interface."}
{"id": "PMID:133196", "title": "Comparison of the electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram for the diagnosis of left atrial enlargement.", "content": "Standard 12 lead electrocardiograms (ECG) and Frank vectorcardiograms (VCG) were recorded in 21 consecutive patients with mitral valvular disease and angiographically documented left atrial enlargement. Comparative sensitivities for the detection of left atrial enlargement were: diagnostic, ECG = 6/21 (29%), VCG = 14/21 (67%); suggestive, ECG = 3/21 (14%), VCG = 2/21 (9%); non-diagnostic, ECG = 12/21 (57%), VCG = 5/21 (24%). It is concluded that the Frank atrial vectorcardiogram is superior to the standard electrocardiogram for the diagnosis of left atrial enlargement.", "contents": "Comparison of the electrocardiogram and vectorcardiogram for the diagnosis of left atrial enlargement. Standard 12 lead electrocardiograms (ECG) and Frank vectorcardiograms (VCG) were recorded in 21 consecutive patients with mitral valvular disease and angiographically documented left atrial enlargement. Comparative sensitivities for the detection of left atrial enlargement were: diagnostic, ECG = 6/21 (29%), VCG = 14/21 (67%); suggestive, ECG = 3/21 (14%), VCG = 2/21 (9%); non-diagnostic, ECG = 12/21 (57%), VCG = 5/21 (24%). It is concluded that the Frank atrial vectorcardiogram is superior to the standard electrocardiogram for the diagnosis of left atrial enlargement."}
{"id": "PMID:133198", "title": "Postnatal cytochemical development of muscle fibers in segmental tail muscles of the rat.", "content": "Postnatal development of extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers was examined histochemically in segmental tail muscles of the rat. At birth all fibers show a strong reaction for myosin ATPase, uniformity in diameter, and homogeneity in staining intensity. During the first postnatal week, the muscle fibers undergo gradual hypertrophy and hyperplasia but they all maintain the same intense homogeneous staining pattern for the enzyme. By day 9, further differentiation of the muscle fibers results in the formation of a second intrafusal fiber type while the extrafusal fibers are still relatively homogeneous. Finally, two kinds of extrafusal fiber and a third type of intrafusal fiber can be distinguished by day 21. This histochemical fiber pattern is essentially maintained in the adult. These findings show that fiber type development in rat tail muscles lags behind the usual time course of myogenesis known to occur in more rostral regions of the animal. It also indicates that histochemical differentiation of intrafusal fibers in these muscles does not parallel that which occurs in extrafusal fibers. It is likely that arrival and initial contact of sensory nerve terminals on developing intrafusal fibers at day 7 directly influences their relatively early histochemical heterogeneity.", "contents": "Postnatal cytochemical development of muscle fibers in segmental tail muscles of the rat. Postnatal development of extrafusal and intrafusal muscle fibers was examined histochemically in segmental tail muscles of the rat. At birth all fibers show a strong reaction for myosin ATPase, uniformity in diameter, and homogeneity in staining intensity. During the first postnatal week, the muscle fibers undergo gradual hypertrophy and hyperplasia but they all maintain the same intense homogeneous staining pattern for the enzyme. By day 9, further differentiation of the muscle fibers results in the formation of a second intrafusal fiber type while the extrafusal fibers are still relatively homogeneous. Finally, two kinds of extrafusal fiber and a third type of intrafusal fiber can be distinguished by day 21. This histochemical fiber pattern is essentially maintained in the adult. These findings show that fiber type development in rat tail muscles lags behind the usual time course of myogenesis known to occur in more rostral regions of the animal. It also indicates that histochemical differentiation of intrafusal fibers in these muscles does not parallel that which occurs in extrafusal fibers. It is likely that arrival and initial contact of sensory nerve terminals on developing intrafusal fibers at day 7 directly influences their relatively early histochemical heterogeneity."}
{"id": "PMID:133209", "title": "Morphometric studies of the neuropathological changes in choreatic diseases.", "content": "The striatum, pallidum and subthalamic nucleus were studied by combined morphometric methods in serial sections of 13 brains of normal adults and of 15 patients with choreatic diseases. In addition the volume of the hemispheres and of the cortex were measured. All data obtained were corrected by the shrinkage factor to represent fresh brain values. In Huntington's chorea the pallidum was more severely affected than is commonly appreciated. The average volume reduction was of the same degree (lateral-57%, medial-50%) as that of the striatum (-56%). The absolute number of nerve cells of the pallidum decreased in both segments by about 40%. The reduction of the volume and of the number of nerve cells was not reduced in the three subcortical nuclei studied. For the first time it has been shown that there is no increase in the absolute number of glial cells in the striatum. The increased  numerical density of glial cells is caused by shrinkage. The loss of nerve cells of the pallidum and subthalamic nucleus is caused mainly by a primary process. Huntington's chorea is a multifocal process. Morphometric data do not suggest that subchorea is a variant of Huntington's chorea. Chorea minor is regarded as a multifocal process with varying affliction of the striatum, pallidum and subthalamic nucleus. An increase in the number of glial cells and, as a rule, a moderate loss of nerve cells were found in this disease.", "contents": "Morphometric studies of the neuropathological changes in choreatic diseases. The striatum, pallidum and subthalamic nucleus were studied by combined morphometric methods in serial sections of 13 brains of normal adults and of 15 patients with choreatic diseases. In addition the volume of the hemispheres and of the cortex were measured. All data obtained were corrected by the shrinkage factor to represent fresh brain values. In Huntington's chorea the pallidum was more severely affected than is commonly appreciated. The average volume reduction was of the same degree (lateral-57%, medial-50%) as that of the striatum (-56%). The absolute number of nerve cells of the pallidum decreased in both segments by about 40%. The reduction of the volume and of the number of nerve cells was not reduced in the three subcortical nuclei studied. For the first time it has been shown that there is no increase in the absolute number of glial cells in the striatum. The increased  numerical density of glial cells is caused by shrinkage. The loss of nerve cells of the pallidum and subthalamic nucleus is caused mainly by a primary process. Huntington's chorea is a multifocal process. Morphometric data do not suggest that subchorea is a variant of Huntington's chorea. Chorea minor is regarded as a multifocal process with varying affliction of the striatum, pallidum and subthalamic nucleus. An increase in the number of glial cells and, as a rule, a moderate loss of nerve cells were found in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:133210", "title": "Muscle pathology of myotonia congenita.", "content": "We have investigated the muscle biopsies of 8 patients with myotonia congenita. There were 2 families with autosomal recessive inheritance (5 cases), 1 with autosomal dominant inheritance, and 2 sporadic cases. Mild abnormalities were seen with routine pathological preparations which were nondiagnostic. Histochemical studies of fiber subtypes demonstrated a complete absence of Type 2B muscle fibers in all of our patients regardless of the type of inheritance. this is the first reporot of an entity in which there is a consistent absence of a muscle fiber type, and some speculation has been made as to the possible causes.", "contents": "Muscle pathology of myotonia congenita. We have investigated the muscle biopsies of 8 patients with myotonia congenita. There were 2 families with autosomal recessive inheritance (5 cases), 1 with autosomal dominant inheritance, and 2 sporadic cases. Mild abnormalities were seen with routine pathological preparations which were nondiagnostic. Histochemical studies of fiber subtypes demonstrated a complete absence of Type 2B muscle fibers in all of our patients regardless of the type of inheritance. this is the first reporot of an entity in which there is a consistent absence of a muscle fiber type, and some speculation has been made as to the possible causes."}
{"id": "PMID:133211", "title": "The pathology of the muscle spindle in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Muscle spindles have been studied in 7 autopsied cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The autopsies of 2 boys of similar age who died without known neuromuscular disease were used as controls. The abnormalities found consisted of degenerative changes, atrophy and loss of intrafusal muscle fibres, thickening of the spindle capsule and widening of the periaxial space. In some very severely affected muscles there was evidence that spindles were destroyed in the course of the disease. Statistical comparison of these observations was made between the pathological and normal material. The muscle spindle innervation appeared normal in sectioned material. Teased preparations were not available for study.", "contents": "The pathology of the muscle spindle in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Muscle spindles have been studied in 7 autopsied cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The autopsies of 2 boys of similar age who died without known neuromuscular disease were used as controls. The abnormalities found consisted of degenerative changes, atrophy and loss of intrafusal muscle fibres, thickening of the spindle capsule and widening of the periaxial space. In some very severely affected muscles there was evidence that spindles were destroyed in the course of the disease. Statistical comparison of these observations was made between the pathological and normal material. The muscle spindle innervation appeared normal in sectioned material. Teased preparations were not available for study."}
{"id": "PMID:133212", "title": "Morphogenesis of rat muscle spindles after nerve lesion during early postnatal development.", "content": "The influence of innervation on muscle spindle morphogenesis has been investigated in rat hind-limb muscles by sectioning the sciatic nerve, with suture of the stumps, at various postnatal stages. After nerve section at 4 or 7 days of age a proportion of spindles survived during the denervation phase and developed, during the subsequent reinnervation phase, into atypical structures. The reinnervated spindles were recognized by the presence of a limiting capsule but lacked the characteristic distinction of equatorial and polar regions. The intrafusal fibres were fewer than normal and were indistinguishable in size and fine structure from extrafusal fibres; they had a single motor endplate and lacked sensory nerve terminals. In reinnervated muscles of animals operated at 13 and 22 days of age there was a progressive tendency towards a restoration of normal spindle structure and innervation. These findings indicate that muscle spindle morphogenesis is profoundly altered by nerve lesion at early development stages, apparently as a result of inadequate sensory reinnervation. This study also shows that the differentiation of intrafusal fibres is dictated by their specific pattern of innervation and is not intrinsically predetermined.", "contents": "Morphogenesis of rat muscle spindles after nerve lesion during early postnatal development. The influence of innervation on muscle spindle morphogenesis has been investigated in rat hind-limb muscles by sectioning the sciatic nerve, with suture of the stumps, at various postnatal stages. After nerve section at 4 or 7 days of age a proportion of spindles survived during the denervation phase and developed, during the subsequent reinnervation phase, into atypical structures. The reinnervated spindles were recognized by the presence of a limiting capsule but lacked the characteristic distinction of equatorial and polar regions. The intrafusal fibres were fewer than normal and were indistinguishable in size and fine structure from extrafusal fibres; they had a single motor endplate and lacked sensory nerve terminals. In reinnervated muscles of animals operated at 13 and 22 days of age there was a progressive tendency towards a restoration of normal spindle structure and innervation. These findings indicate that muscle spindle morphogenesis is profoundly altered by nerve lesion at early development stages, apparently as a result of inadequate sensory reinnervation. This study also shows that the differentiation of intrafusal fibres is dictated by their specific pattern of innervation and is not intrinsically predetermined."}
{"id": "PMID:133213", "title": "Responses of cortical neurons (areas 3a and 4) to ramp stretch of hindlimb muscles in the baboon.", "content": "1. A study was made of the response of single cortical units in areas 3a and 4 to electrical stimulation of hindlimb muscle nerves and to ramp stretch of hindlimb muscles in baboons anesthetized with chloralose.2. Stimulation of hindlimb muscle nerves revealed a group I projection primarily to area 3a but with some input into adjacent area. 4. A major group II projection was found in area 4 adjacent to area 3a. A small number of area 3a neurons receive convergence from both group I and group II muscle afferents.3a. On the basis of their response pattern to ramp stretch, units were classified into one of six categories and their cytoarchitectonic location was determined. Units in area 3a had hynamic sensitivities equivalent to that of the primary spindle afferents. Although the discharge of some area 3a neurons also reflected differences in muscle length, most area 3a neurons had low position sensitivities. One unit type in area 3a did not respond to maintained muscle stretch and signaled only velocity of stretch.4. Units in area 4 had position sensitivities equivalent to that of primary and secondary spindle afferents. Although the discharge of some area 4 units reflected different velocities of muscle stretch, these units had dynamic sensitivities similar to those of secondary spindle afferents rather than those of primary afferents. One type of unit in area 4 had no dynamic component to muscle stretch and signaled only muscle length.5. The results demonstrate that there is a transfer of dynamic and position sensitivity from spindle afferents to cortical neurons. Furthermore, data processing has occurred because some units respond only to the steady-state length of muscle, while other units encode only the dynamic phase of stretch. This behavior is different from the responses to ramp stretch of either group I or group II muscle afferents in the baboon.6. The results demonstrate that single units in cerebral cortex can encode the information transmitted to the central nervous system by muscle spindle afferents. The purpose for which this information is used remains undetermined.", "contents": "Responses of cortical neurons (areas 3a and 4) to ramp stretch of hindlimb muscles in the baboon. 1. A study was made of the response of single cortical units in areas 3a and 4 to electrical stimulation of hindlimb muscle nerves and to ramp stretch of hindlimb muscles in baboons anesthetized with chloralose.2. Stimulation of hindlimb muscle nerves revealed a group I projection primarily to area 3a but with some input into adjacent area. 4. A major group II projection was found in area 4 adjacent to area 3a. A small number of area 3a neurons receive convergence from both group I and group II muscle afferents.3a. On the basis of their response pattern to ramp stretch, units were classified into one of six categories and their cytoarchitectonic location was determined. Units in area 3a had hynamic sensitivities equivalent to that of the primary spindle afferents. Although the discharge of some area 3a neurons also reflected differences in muscle length, most area 3a neurons had low position sensitivities. One unit type in area 3a did not respond to maintained muscle stretch and signaled only velocity of stretch.4. Units in area 4 had position sensitivities equivalent to that of primary and secondary spindle afferents. Although the discharge of some area 4 units reflected different velocities of muscle stretch, these units had dynamic sensitivities similar to those of secondary spindle afferents rather than those of primary afferents. One type of unit in area 4 had no dynamic component to muscle stretch and signaled only muscle length.5. The results demonstrate that there is a transfer of dynamic and position sensitivity from spindle afferents to cortical neurons. Furthermore, data processing has occurred because some units respond only to the steady-state length of muscle, while other units encode only the dynamic phase of stretch. This behavior is different from the responses to ramp stretch of either group I or group II muscle afferents in the baboon.6. The results demonstrate that single units in cerebral cortex can encode the information transmitted to the central nervous system by muscle spindle afferents. The purpose for which this information is used remains undetermined."}
{"id": "PMID:133215", "title": "Clindamycin: an evaluation of its role in dental patients.", "content": "A review of the etiology of orofacial infections, of the pharmacology and spectrum of clindamycin and its associated complications, and a treatment plan for orofacial infections have been presented. On the basis of the data presented, it would seem that except for proved B fragilis infections, clindamycin is not a first-line drug for infections of the orofacial region. There are, however, indications for its use that have been presented. The serious complications associated with its use have also been presented. A high index of suspicion must be maintained regarding the development of these complications if clindaymcin is to be used.", "contents": "Clindamycin: an evaluation of its role in dental patients. A review of the etiology of orofacial infections, of the pharmacology and spectrum of clindamycin and its associated complications, and a treatment plan for orofacial infections have been presented. On the basis of the data presented, it would seem that except for proved B fragilis infections, clindamycin is not a first-line drug for infections of the orofacial region. There are, however, indications for its use that have been presented. The serious complications associated with its use have also been presented. A high index of suspicion must be maintained regarding the development of these complications if clindaymcin is to be used."}
{"id": "PMID:133216", "title": "Aortic aneurysm in childhood: report of six instances.", "content": "Six instances of aortic aneurysm in children have been observed in the past 15 years. Four children with aortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta had aneurysmal dilatation of the ascending aorta, and two children with coarctation of the aorta had ruptured post-stenotic dilatation of the descending aorta. Our observations suggest that aortic aneurysm can be the result of hemodynamic stress, although developmental anomaly of the aorta associated with aortic stenosis or coarctation could be responsible for the development of the aneurysm.", "contents": "Aortic aneurysm in childhood: report of six instances. Six instances of aortic aneurysm in children have been observed in the past 15 years. Four children with aortic stenosis and coarctation of the aorta had aneurysmal dilatation of the ascending aorta, and two children with coarctation of the aorta had ruptured post-stenotic dilatation of the descending aorta. Our observations suggest that aortic aneurysm can be the result of hemodynamic stress, although developmental anomaly of the aorta associated with aortic stenosis or coarctation could be responsible for the development of the aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:133238", "title": "Servo action in the human thumb.", "content": "1. The servo-like properties of muscle in healthy human subjects have been studied by interfering unexpectedly with flexion movements of the top joint of the thumb. This movement is carried out by the flexor pollicis longus muscle only. 2. The movements were standardized in rate by giving the subject a tracking task. They started off against a constant torque load offered by an electric motor. 3. In some movements the load remained constant, but in others, in mid-course, perturbations were introduced at random. Either the movement was halted, or released and allowed to accelerate by reducing the load, or reversed by suddenly increasing the current in the motor, so stretching the muscle. 4. Usually eight or sixteen responses to each kind of perturbation and a similar number of controls against a constant load were averaged. 5. Muscle activity was recorded as the electromyogram from surface electrodes over the belly of the long flexor in the lower forearm. Action potentials were usually full-wave rectified and integrated. 6. About 50 msec after a perturbation the muscle's activity alters in such a sense as to tend to compensate for the perturbation, i.e. it increases after a halt or a stretch and decreases after a release. The latency is similar in each case. 7. These responses are interpreted as manifestations of automatic servo action based on the stretch reflex. They are considered to be too early to be voluntary. 8. This interpretation was supported by measuring voluntary reaction times to perturbations under tracking conditions. They were found to be 90 msec or longer. 9. When the initial load was increased by a factor of 10, the servo responses were all scaled up likewise. Thus to a first approximation the gain of the servo is proportional to initial load. 10. It follows that in relaxed muscle the gain should be zero. This was confirmed by showing that stretching a relaxed muscle gives no reflex, or only a small one. 11. Gain appears to be determined by the level of muscle activation as determined by the effort made by the subject, rather than by the actual pressure exerted by the thumb. 12. Thus in fatigued muscle gain is boosted as the muscle has to be activated more strongly to keep up the same force output. The net effect is to compensate for fatigue and maintain the performance of the servo. 13. The Discussion centres on the implications of gain control in the servo. For a start, if the gain of the stretch reflex arc is zero in relaxed muscle, contractions cannot be initiated via the stretch reflex by simply causing the spindles to contract, as proposed on the original 'follow-up' servo theory.", "contents": "Servo action in the human thumb. 1. The servo-like properties of muscle in healthy human subjects have been studied by interfering unexpectedly with flexion movements of the top joint of the thumb. This movement is carried out by the flexor pollicis longus muscle only. 2. The movements were standardized in rate by giving the subject a tracking task. They started off against a constant torque load offered by an electric motor. 3. In some movements the load remained constant, but in others, in mid-course, perturbations were introduced at random. Either the movement was halted, or released and allowed to accelerate by reducing the load, or reversed by suddenly increasing the current in the motor, so stretching the muscle. 4. Usually eight or sixteen responses to each kind of perturbation and a similar number of controls against a constant load were averaged. 5. Muscle activity was recorded as the electromyogram from surface electrodes over the belly of the long flexor in the lower forearm. Action potentials were usually full-wave rectified and integrated. 6. About 50 msec after a perturbation the muscle's activity alters in such a sense as to tend to compensate for the perturbation, i.e. it increases after a halt or a stretch and decreases after a release. The latency is similar in each case. 7. These responses are interpreted as manifestations of automatic servo action based on the stretch reflex. They are considered to be too early to be voluntary. 8. This interpretation was supported by measuring voluntary reaction times to perturbations under tracking conditions. They were found to be 90 msec or longer. 9. When the initial load was increased by a factor of 10, the servo responses were all scaled up likewise. Thus to a first approximation the gain of the servo is proportional to initial load. 10. It follows that in relaxed muscle the gain should be zero. This was confirmed by showing that stretching a relaxed muscle gives no reflex, or only a small one. 11. Gain appears to be determined by the level of muscle activation as determined by the effort made by the subject, rather than by the actual pressure exerted by the thumb. 12. Thus in fatigued muscle gain is boosted as the muscle has to be activated more strongly to keep up the same force output. The net effect is to compensate for fatigue and maintain the performance of the servo. 13. The Discussion centres on the implications of gain control in the servo. For a start, if the gain of the stretch reflex arc is zero in relaxed muscle, contractions cannot be initiated via the stretch reflex by simply causing the spindles to contract, as proposed on the original 'follow-up' servo theory."}
{"id": "PMID:133241", "title": "Correlation analysis of muscle spindle responses to single motor unit contractions.", "content": "1. Cross-correlation techniques have been used to study the responses of muscle spindle afferents from the soleus muscle of the cat to twitch contractions of single motor units. 2. Cross-correlograms (post-stimulus time histograms) were used to give the frequency of occurrence of a receptor spike at various times following the initiation of a motor unit contraction together with a display of the average twitch tension wave form. 3. The cross-correlograms revealed that the contraction of a single motor unit can be an effective stimulus to a spindle receptor and may induce afferent firing pattern alterations similar to those observed with whole muscle contraction. 4. The cross-correlograms also revealed  quantitative differences in the response of a receptor to contraction of different motor units and to contraction of the same motor unit at different lengths. These differences reflect subtle changes in receptor deformation developed by the twitch of a motor unit under different conditions and by the twitches of different motor units. The results are consistent with anatomical data on the number and distribution of motor units and receptor organs in cat soleus. 5. These findings emphasize that rather than simply acting as generalized force or length sensors for the muscle as a whole, each receptor's spike train carries information about the state of a particular set of motor units.", "contents": "Correlation analysis of muscle spindle responses to single motor unit contractions. 1. Cross-correlation techniques have been used to study the responses of muscle spindle afferents from the soleus muscle of the cat to twitch contractions of single motor units. 2. Cross-correlograms (post-stimulus time histograms) were used to give the frequency of occurrence of a receptor spike at various times following the initiation of a motor unit contraction together with a display of the average twitch tension wave form. 3. The cross-correlograms revealed that the contraction of a single motor unit can be an effective stimulus to a spindle receptor and may induce afferent firing pattern alterations similar to those observed with whole muscle contraction. 4. The cross-correlograms also revealed  quantitative differences in the response of a receptor to contraction of different motor units and to contraction of the same motor unit at different lengths. These differences reflect subtle changes in receptor deformation developed by the twitch of a motor unit under different conditions and by the twitches of different motor units. The results are consistent with anatomical data on the number and distribution of motor units and receptor organs in cat soleus. 5. These findings emphasize that rather than simply acting as generalized force or length sensors for the muscle as a whole, each receptor's spike train carries information about the state of a particular set of motor units."}
{"id": "PMID:133244", "title": "Alkyl streptozotocin analogues with improved biological activities.", "content": "Alkyl 16alpha- and -beta-glycosides of a series of N3-alkyl homologues of streptozotocin were synthesized from glucosamine hydrochloride. These compounds, when tested against ascites Sarcoma 180, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, or leukemia L1210, exhibited potent antitumor activities, and antibacterial and diabetogenic activities were eliminated. Furthermore, the acute toxicities of these compounds were lower than that of streptozotocin. The methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl glycosides of streptozotocin, whether alpha- or beta-anomers, all showed higher antitumor activities than streptozotocin itself. The most active compound was found to be the methyl beta-streptozotocin.", "contents": "Alkyl streptozotocin analogues with improved biological activities. Alkyl 16alpha- and -beta-glycosides of a series of N3-alkyl homologues of streptozotocin were synthesized from glucosamine hydrochloride. These compounds, when tested against ascites Sarcoma 180, Ehrlich ascites carcinoma, or leukemia L1210, exhibited potent antitumor activities, and antibacterial and diabetogenic activities were eliminated. Furthermore, the acute toxicities of these compounds were lower than that of streptozotocin. The methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, and n-butyl glycosides of streptozotocin, whether alpha- or beta-anomers, all showed higher antitumor activities than streptozotocin itself. The most active compound was found to be the methyl beta-streptozotocin."}
{"id": "PMID:133247", "title": "Karyotypic analysis of 150 cases of Down's Syndrome in Iraq.", "content": "This study represents a cytological survey of 150 cases of Down's syndrome to find the proportion of the different types of chromosomal aberrations and how they compare with other studies.", "contents": "Karyotypic analysis of 150 cases of Down's Syndrome in Iraq. This study represents a cytological survey of 150 cases of Down's syndrome to find the proportion of the different types of chromosomal aberrations and how they compare with other studies."}
{"id": "PMID:133250", "title": "The chronic and acute effects of ethanol on adenosine triphosphatase activity in cultured astroblast and neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Mg2+ATPase and (Na+ + K+)ATPase activities were measured in clonal line NN hamster astroblasts and in clonal lines M1 and N1E-115 mouse neuroblastoma cells after the cells had been subjected to the acute and chronic actions of 100 mM ethanol. Exposure of the astroblasts to ethanol for periods as long as 68 days produced an increase in total cellular Mg2+ ATPase activity, as measured in cell homogenates; however, activity reverted to control levels upon withdrawal of ethanol. Chronic exposure of clonal line N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells to ethanol produced an increase in Mg2+ATPase and (Na+ +K+)ATPase activities. In contrast, the activities of both ATPases of clonal line M1 neuroblasts were unaffected by chronic exposure to ethanol. Acute exposure of cell homogenates to 100 mM ethanol inhibited Mg2+ ATPase and (Na+ + K+)ATPase of astroblasts but not that of neublastoma cells. These findings suggest that neural cells in culture may serve as useful models for studying the effects of ethanol on specific cell types.", "contents": "The chronic and acute effects of ethanol on adenosine triphosphatase activity in cultured astroblast and neuroblastoma cells. Mg2+ATPase and (Na+ + K+)ATPase activities were measured in clonal line NN hamster astroblasts and in clonal lines M1 and N1E-115 mouse neuroblastoma cells after the cells had been subjected to the acute and chronic actions of 100 mM ethanol. Exposure of the astroblasts to ethanol for periods as long as 68 days produced an increase in total cellular Mg2+ ATPase activity, as measured in cell homogenates; however, activity reverted to control levels upon withdrawal of ethanol. Chronic exposure of clonal line N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells to ethanol produced an increase in Mg2+ATPase and (Na+ +K+)ATPase activities. In contrast, the activities of both ATPases of clonal line M1 neuroblasts were unaffected by chronic exposure to ethanol. Acute exposure of cell homogenates to 100 mM ethanol inhibited Mg2+ ATPase and (Na+ + K+)ATPase of astroblasts but not that of neublastoma cells. These findings suggest that neural cells in culture may serve as useful models for studying the effects of ethanol on specific cell types."}
{"id": "PMID:133253", "title": "Echocardiographic study on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Echocardiographic study was performed on 21 cases with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 10 obstructive and 11 nonobstructive. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy was demonstrated in both obstructive and nonobstructive HCM. In all cases of HCM studied, the thickness of the interventricular septum was 1.4 cm or more (1.4-3.7 cm) and the ratio of septal to left ventricular posterior wall thickness was 1.4 or more (1.4-3.2). A systolic anterior movement of the mitral valve (SAM) was observed in obstructive cases only and characterized by a large backward component in late systole and an extreme approximation to the interventricular septum at its peak. Patients with HCM also showed abnormal echocardiographic indices of the left ventricular diastolic properties, such as the rate of diastolic descent of the mitral valve (DDR), mean diastolic posterior wall velocity (mPWVd), D/S ratio and mean rapid filling rate (mRFR). DDR correlated well with the ratio of rapid filling to total filling volume, rapid filling fraction, (r = 0.79, p less than 0.001), suggesting that reduced DDR in HCM was related with an abnormal left atrio-ventricular flow pattern. A significant correlation was also observed between mRFR and negative maximum dp/dt derived from the first derivative curve of the left ventricular pressure (r = o.68, p less than 0.005). Thus echocardiography was proved to be a valuable means for investigation of the left ventricular properties during early diastole.", "contents": "Echocardiographic study on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Echocardiographic study was performed on 21 cases with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 10 obstructive and 11 nonobstructive. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy was demonstrated in both obstructive and nonobstructive HCM. In all cases of HCM studied, the thickness of the interventricular septum was 1.4 cm or more (1.4-3.7 cm) and the ratio of septal to left ventricular posterior wall thickness was 1.4 or more (1.4-3.2). A systolic anterior movement of the mitral valve (SAM) was observed in obstructive cases only and characterized by a large backward component in late systole and an extreme approximation to the interventricular septum at its peak. Patients with HCM also showed abnormal echocardiographic indices of the left ventricular diastolic properties, such as the rate of diastolic descent of the mitral valve (DDR), mean diastolic posterior wall velocity (mPWVd), D/S ratio and mean rapid filling rate (mRFR). DDR correlated well with the ratio of rapid filling to total filling volume, rapid filling fraction, (r = 0.79, p less than 0.001), suggesting that reduced DDR in HCM was related with an abnormal left atrio-ventricular flow pattern. A significant correlation was also observed between mRFR and negative maximum dp/dt derived from the first derivative curve of the left ventricular pressure (r = o.68, p less than 0.005). Thus echocardiography was proved to be a valuable means for investigation of the left ventricular properties during early diastole."}
{"id": "PMID:133255", "title": "Functionally atrialized parchment-like right ventricle with extensive myocardial fibrosis of left ventricle.", "content": "A 18-year-old female with unusual type of parchment-like right ventricle died of intractable congestive heart failure was reported. A catheter study revealed the absence of systolic contraction of the right ventricle. The pressure tracing curve in the right ventricle was virtually the same as in the right atrium. At autopsy, there was an extensive myocardial fibrosis of the left ventricle in addition to the almost total absence of the myocardium of the right ventricle. The case was considered to be a unique type of idiopathic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Functionally atrialized parchment-like right ventricle with extensive myocardial fibrosis of left ventricle. A 18-year-old female with unusual type of parchment-like right ventricle died of intractable congestive heart failure was reported. A catheter study revealed the absence of systolic contraction of the right ventricle. The pressure tracing curve in the right ventricle was virtually the same as in the right atrium. At autopsy, there was an extensive myocardial fibrosis of the left ventricle in addition to the almost total absence of the myocardium of the right ventricle. The case was considered to be a unique type of idiopathic cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:133262", "title": "Intrarenal distribution and ATPase inhibiting activity of ouabain in dogs.", "content": "Experiments were undertaken to substantiate the hypothesis that the mechanism of the direct effect of ouabain on the renal excretion of electrolytes is the result of inhibition of the transport enzyme, (Na, K)-ATPase. In dogs hydrated with saline, an injection of 3H-ouabain into the unilateral renal artery produced a continuing marked increase in excretion of water and sodium from the kidney, but not from the counter kidney. At maximal diuresis--90 min after ouabain injection, both kidneys were removed to assay microsomal ATPase activity and determine radioactivity distributed in subcellular structures. It was demonstrated that 3H-ouabain was deposited in the microsome fraction obtained from the injected kidney in concentrations ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-6) M/kg wet weight, and (Na, K)-ATPase activity of this fraction was inhibited as compared with that of the microsomal fraction obtained from control kidneys. Since (Na, K)-ATPase activity of renal microsomes was significantly inhibited in vitro by more than 10(-7) M of ouabain, ouabain concentration in microsomes obtained from the injected kidney was considered to be sufficient to inhibit ATPase activity. These findings indicate that ouabain diuresis under the present condition is closely related to direct inhibitory effect of ouabain on (Na, K)-ATPase activity of microsomes in tubular cells.", "contents": "Intrarenal distribution and ATPase inhibiting activity of ouabain in dogs. Experiments were undertaken to substantiate the hypothesis that the mechanism of the direct effect of ouabain on the renal excretion of electrolytes is the result of inhibition of the transport enzyme, (Na, K)-ATPase. In dogs hydrated with saline, an injection of 3H-ouabain into the unilateral renal artery produced a continuing marked increase in excretion of water and sodium from the kidney, but not from the counter kidney. At maximal diuresis--90 min after ouabain injection, both kidneys were removed to assay microsomal ATPase activity and determine radioactivity distributed in subcellular structures. It was demonstrated that 3H-ouabain was deposited in the microsome fraction obtained from the injected kidney in concentrations ranging from 10(-7) to 10(-6) M/kg wet weight, and (Na, K)-ATPase activity of this fraction was inhibited as compared with that of the microsomal fraction obtained from control kidneys. Since (Na, K)-ATPase activity of renal microsomes was significantly inhibited in vitro by more than 10(-7) M of ouabain, ouabain concentration in microsomes obtained from the injected kidney was considered to be sufficient to inhibit ATPase activity. These findings indicate that ouabain diuresis under the present condition is closely related to direct inhibitory effect of ouabain on (Na, K)-ATPase activity of microsomes in tubular cells."}
{"id": "PMID:133265", "title": "[Experimental basis of a new method of determination of coronary blood flow with the aid of electromagnetic flowmeter].", "content": "Canine experiments have demonstrated the high precision of measurements performed with the aid of modern electromagnetic flowmeters (1-2%). Under such conditions, cuff transducers of a large diameter permit to record low volume flow rates. Proceeding from this observations, the authors have introduced and experimentally substantiated a new method of measuring the coronary blood flow that consists in the determination of the minute volume gradient between the pulmonary artery trunk and the ascending aorta. In contrast to the existing techniques of coronary flow measurements, the introduced method has several advantages (it takes into account the total coronary flow, permits high precision and an unlimited number of repeated measurements in a dynamic observation), but it can be employed only in the course of surgical interventions on the heart after the ascending aorta has been separated from the trunk of the pulmonary artery.", "contents": "[Experimental basis of a new method of determination of coronary blood flow with the aid of electromagnetic flowmeter]. Canine experiments have demonstrated the high precision of measurements performed with the aid of modern electromagnetic flowmeters (1-2%). Under such conditions, cuff transducers of a large diameter permit to record low volume flow rates. Proceeding from this observations, the authors have introduced and experimentally substantiated a new method of measuring the coronary blood flow that consists in the determination of the minute volume gradient between the pulmonary artery trunk and the ascending aorta. In contrast to the existing techniques of coronary flow measurements, the introduced method has several advantages (it takes into account the total coronary flow, permits high precision and an unlimited number of repeated measurements in a dynamic observation), but it can be employed only in the course of surgical interventions on the heart after the ascending aorta has been separated from the trunk of the pulmonary artery."}
{"id": "PMID:133267", "title": "Acute effect of nephrotoxic serum on renal sodium transport in the dog.", "content": "In order to study the tubular mechanism for salt retention in acute proliferative glomerulonephritis, clearance and micropuncture experiments were performed on nine volume-expanded dogs before and after injection of sheep anti-dog glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies (nephrotoxic sera [NTS]). Histologic sections obtained two hours after NTS injection following completion of the functional studies demonstrated infiltration of glomerular tufts by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, swelling of both glomerular endothelial and mesangial cells and the mesangial matrix, and linear anti-GBM antibody deposits along the glomerular capillaries. There was an almost immediate reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), filtration fraction, urine flow and absolute and fractional sodium excretion; arterial blood pressure and renal plasma flow were not significantly altered. Micropuncture studies revealed no change in fractional sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule despite a fall in single nephron GFR. A proportional reduction in single nephron and kidney GFR coupled with an unchanged intrarenal distribution of blood flow following NTS suggests a relatively uniform effect on both superficial and deep nephrons. In contrast to the well-preserved glomerulotubular balance in the proximal tubule, fractional distal sodium reabsorption was significantly increased as reflected by the decreased fractional urinary sodium excretion. We conclude that salt retention and low fractional urinary sodium excretion observed in acute glomerulonephritis could be primarily due to reduced distal delivery of sodium which leads to increased fractional sodium reabsorption in the nephron segments distal to the proximal convoluted tubule.", "contents": "Acute effect of nephrotoxic serum on renal sodium transport in the dog. In order to study the tubular mechanism for salt retention in acute proliferative glomerulonephritis, clearance and micropuncture experiments were performed on nine volume-expanded dogs before and after injection of sheep anti-dog glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies (nephrotoxic sera [NTS]). Histologic sections obtained two hours after NTS injection following completion of the functional studies demonstrated infiltration of glomerular tufts by polymorphonuclear leukocytes, swelling of both glomerular endothelial and mesangial cells and the mesangial matrix, and linear anti-GBM antibody deposits along the glomerular capillaries. There was an almost immediate reduction in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), filtration fraction, urine flow and absolute and fractional sodium excretion; arterial blood pressure and renal plasma flow were not significantly altered. Micropuncture studies revealed no change in fractional sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule despite a fall in single nephron GFR. A proportional reduction in single nephron and kidney GFR coupled with an unchanged intrarenal distribution of blood flow following NTS suggests a relatively uniform effect on both superficial and deep nephrons. In contrast to the well-preserved glomerulotubular balance in the proximal tubule, fractional distal sodium reabsorption was significantly increased as reflected by the decreased fractional urinary sodium excretion. We conclude that salt retention and low fractional urinary sodium excretion observed in acute glomerulonephritis could be primarily due to reduced distal delivery of sodium which leads to increased fractional sodium reabsorption in the nephron segments distal to the proximal convoluted tubule."}
{"id": "PMID:133274", "title": "Immunologic mechanisms in systemic vasculitis.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with systemic vasculitis were studied to determine the possible type and frequency of associated immunologic abnormalities. The patients were divided into three clinical groups--those with systemic vasculitis without respiratory tract involvement, those with systemic vasculitis with respiratory tract involvement (particularly Churg-Strauss vasculitis and Wegener's granulomatosis), and those with limited vasculitis without visceral involvement. A diminished level of serum complement was found in half the patients with systemic vasculitis without respiratory tract involvement. These patients usually had diffuse skin disease that often was associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor and cryoglobulinemia and most likely represented an immune-complex induced disease. The serum IgE often was elevated in patients who had systemic vasculitis with respiratory tract involvement, particularly those with Churg-Strauss vasculitis and Wegener's granulomatosis, and may be a clue to the pathogenesis in this group of patients.", "contents": "Immunologic mechanisms in systemic vasculitis. Thirty-four patients with systemic vasculitis were studied to determine the possible type and frequency of associated immunologic abnormalities. The patients were divided into three clinical groups--those with systemic vasculitis without respiratory tract involvement, those with systemic vasculitis with respiratory tract involvement (particularly Churg-Strauss vasculitis and Wegener's granulomatosis), and those with limited vasculitis without visceral involvement. A diminished level of serum complement was found in half the patients with systemic vasculitis without respiratory tract involvement. These patients usually had diffuse skin disease that often was associated with the presence of rheumatoid factor and cryoglobulinemia and most likely represented an immune-complex induced disease. The serum IgE often was elevated in patients who had systemic vasculitis with respiratory tract involvement, particularly those with Churg-Strauss vasculitis and Wegener's granulomatosis, and may be a clue to the pathogenesis in this group of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:133276", "title": "Alcohol intake in the rat after lowering brain 5-hydroxtryptamine content by electrolytic midbrain raph\u00e9 lesions, 5, 6-dihydroxytryptamine or p-chlorophenylalanine.", "content": "Voluntary alcohol consumption was measured in male albino rats after selectively lowering their brain 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration (an AA strain of rats was used, selectively outbred for its high alcohol consumption). The brain 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration was reduced using three different techniques: electrocoagulation of the dorsal and median raph\u00e9 nuclei of the midbrain; injection of 75 mug of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine into the lateral cerebral ventricle; and oral administration of 300 mg/kg/day p-chlorophenylalanine as a 0.5 per cent carboxymethylcellulose suspension, for 12 days. The first two methods did not markedly affect alcohol consumption despite a sizable decrease in the brain 5-hydroxytryptamine level: 69 per cent in the raph\u00e9-lesioned group and 31 per cent in the 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-treated group. Intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg L-5-hydroxytryptophan on five successive days resulted in a non-significant decrease in alcohol consumption by the 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-treated rats. p-Chlorophenylalanine did reduce significantly alcohol drinking but it had a greater effect in increasing water intake, producing a net rise in total fluid consumption. The reduction in alcohol consumption, therefore, was probably an indirect result of the treatment. These findings raise doubts about the previously suggested relationships between brain serotonin depletion and alcohol drinking.", "contents": "Alcohol intake in the rat after lowering brain 5-hydroxtryptamine content by electrolytic midbrain raph\u00e9 lesions, 5, 6-dihydroxytryptamine or p-chlorophenylalanine. Voluntary alcohol consumption was measured in male albino rats after selectively lowering their brain 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration (an AA strain of rats was used, selectively outbred for its high alcohol consumption). The brain 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration was reduced using three different techniques: electrocoagulation of the dorsal and median raph\u00e9 nuclei of the midbrain; injection of 75 mug of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine into the lateral cerebral ventricle; and oral administration of 300 mg/kg/day p-chlorophenylalanine as a 0.5 per cent carboxymethylcellulose suspension, for 12 days. The first two methods did not markedly affect alcohol consumption despite a sizable decrease in the brain 5-hydroxytryptamine level: 69 per cent in the raph\u00e9-lesioned group and 31 per cent in the 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-treated group. Intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg L-5-hydroxytryptophan on five successive days resulted in a non-significant decrease in alcohol consumption by the 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine-treated rats. p-Chlorophenylalanine did reduce significantly alcohol drinking but it had a greater effect in increasing water intake, producing a net rise in total fluid consumption. The reduction in alcohol consumption, therefore, was probably an indirect result of the treatment. These findings raise doubts about the previously suggested relationships between brain serotonin depletion and alcohol drinking."}
{"id": "PMID:133275", "title": "Ageing of Neurospora crassa. III. Induction of cellular death and clonal senescence of an inositol-less mutant by inositol starvation and the protective effect of dietary antioxidants.", "content": "Clonal growth rate and cellular viability of an inositol-less mutant of Neurospora crassa decline rapidly during deprivation of dietary inositol. Dietary antioxidants, either nordihydroguaiaretic acid, vitamin E or 3,5-ditert.-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, protected cells and clones of the mutant from death and senescence. Membrane deterioration with associated lipid autoxidation and consequent deleterious free radical reactions appear to be, in part at least, the causes of the mutant's death and senescence.", "contents": "Ageing of Neurospora crassa. III. Induction of cellular death and clonal senescence of an inositol-less mutant by inositol starvation and the protective effect of dietary antioxidants. Clonal growth rate and cellular viability of an inositol-less mutant of Neurospora crassa decline rapidly during deprivation of dietary inositol. Dietary antioxidants, either nordihydroguaiaretic acid, vitamin E or 3,5-ditert.-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, protected cells and clones of the mutant from death and senescence. Membrane deterioration with associated lipid autoxidation and consequent deleterious free radical reactions appear to be, in part at least, the causes of the mutant's death and senescence."}
{"id": "PMID:133281", "title": "Acne vulgaris.", "content": "A theory concerning the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris is offered and, based on the theory, a rationale for treatment is presented. Acne vulgaris should be regarded as a cosmetically unacceptable biological variation in most cases, a syndrome rather than a disease. One must not lose sight of the occasional case in which it is the marker of an endocrine disorder.", "contents": "Acne vulgaris. A theory concerning the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris is offered and, based on the theory, a rationale for treatment is presented. Acne vulgaris should be regarded as a cosmetically unacceptable biological variation in most cases, a syndrome rather than a disease. One must not lose sight of the occasional case in which it is the marker of an endocrine disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:133288", "title": "Comparison of ultraviolet and blacklight for the induction of nutritional independence at two loci in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The inactivating effects of both near ultraviolet (blacklight) and shortwave ultraviolet (UV) have been investigated for two auxotrophic strains of Neurospora crassa. The two strain were indistinguishable with respect to their sensitivity to inactivation by blacklight, but differed in their sensitivity to UV (DEF congruent to 1.3-1.6 at 0.1 survival). The strains each carried an allele of different genes previously demonstrated as being capable of mutation in response to UV. The results confirm the mutability of these alleles, but reveal that within the population densities investigated mutations to nutritional independence by blacklight were undetectable.", "contents": "Comparison of ultraviolet and blacklight for the induction of nutritional independence at two loci in Neurospora crassa. The inactivating effects of both near ultraviolet (blacklight) and shortwave ultraviolet (UV) have been investigated for two auxotrophic strains of Neurospora crassa. The two strain were indistinguishable with respect to their sensitivity to inactivation by blacklight, but differed in their sensitivity to UV (DEF congruent to 1.3-1.6 at 0.1 survival). The strains each carried an allele of different genes previously demonstrated as being capable of mutation in response to UV. The results confirm the mutability of these alleles, but reveal that within the population densities investigated mutations to nutritional independence by blacklight were undetectable."}
{"id": "PMID:133292", "title": "Clonidine antinociceptive activity: effects of drugs influencing central monoaminergic and cholinergic mechanisms in the rat.", "content": "Clonidine is able to increase the threshold for vocalisation during stimulation and the threshold for vocalisation after withdrawal of stimulus (vocalisation afterdischarge). These effects of clonidine were investigated after treatment of rats with drugs influencing central monoaminergic and cholinergic mechanisms. Chlorpromazine, atropine and p-chlorophenylalanine increased the activity of clonidine at both thresholds while phenoxybenzamine and reserpine pretreatment increased the activity at the thresholds for vocalisation only. Yohimbine decreased clonidine activity at both thresholds while 5-HTP and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine decreased the effects at the threshold for vocalisation  afterdischarge. Naloxone did not change the activity of clonidine at either pain response studied. It is concluded from the present findings that influence from several neuronal systems modulate the antinociceptive action of clonidine. The inhibition of the medullary nociceptive response after clonidine might be connected to a decreased activity of noradrenergic neurons. Endogenous noradrenaline seems to be of minor importance in mediating this effect. It is moreover shown that decreased cholinergic receptor activity enhances clonidine antinociceptive action on both medullary and diencephalic-rhinencephalic pain responses. The possible involvement of serotonin these functional responses after clonidine is also discussed.", "contents": "Clonidine antinociceptive activity: effects of drugs influencing central monoaminergic and cholinergic mechanisms in the rat. Clonidine is able to increase the threshold for vocalisation during stimulation and the threshold for vocalisation after withdrawal of stimulus (vocalisation afterdischarge). These effects of clonidine were investigated after treatment of rats with drugs influencing central monoaminergic and cholinergic mechanisms. Chlorpromazine, atropine and p-chlorophenylalanine increased the activity of clonidine at both thresholds while phenoxybenzamine and reserpine pretreatment increased the activity at the thresholds for vocalisation only. Yohimbine decreased clonidine activity at both thresholds while 5-HTP and alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine decreased the effects at the threshold for vocalisation  afterdischarge. Naloxone did not change the activity of clonidine at either pain response studied. It is concluded from the present findings that influence from several neuronal systems modulate the antinociceptive action of clonidine. The inhibition of the medullary nociceptive response after clonidine might be connected to a decreased activity of noradrenergic neurons. Endogenous noradrenaline seems to be of minor importance in mediating this effect. It is moreover shown that decreased cholinergic receptor activity enhances clonidine antinociceptive action on both medullary and diencephalic-rhinencephalic pain responses. The possible involvement of serotonin these functional responses after clonidine is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133293", "title": "Inhibition of glucose phosphorylation in rat brain by thiopental.", "content": "The purpose of the present investigation was to shed some light on the suppression of the glycolytic pathway by anesthetics. The antimetabolite 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) was used to discriminate between the key enzymes hexokinase and phosphofructokinase which are suggested to be involved in the effect of anesthetics on glycolysis. The cerebral energy metabolism was studied in the isolated perfused rat brain after the addition of thiopental (0.15 mM) to the perfusion medium, after the administration of 6-AN (35mg/kg i.p.) to the intact animals 15 h before perfusion was started, as well as in brain preparations treated in the same manner with both 6-AN and thiopental. After a perfusion period of 30 min brain levels of the following substrates and metabolites were determined: phosphocreatine, ATP, ADP, AMP, glycogen, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, alpha-ketoglutarate, blutamate, ammonia, and 6-phosphogluconate. The metabolic alterations in the isolated rat brain caused by 6-AN or thiopental were such as reported in the literature. When the isolated brains of the 6-AN pretreated rats were perfused with thiopental we found as the most interesting result that the concentration of glucose 6-phosphate was reduced in comparison to that in brains only treated with 6-AN but still significantly higher than that in controls. The glucose concentration was significantly elevated and the lactate concentration decreased considerably. The effect of thiopental on cerebral glycolysis was interpreted as an inhibition of hexokinase activity.", "contents": "Inhibition of glucose phosphorylation in rat brain by thiopental. The purpose of the present investigation was to shed some light on the suppression of the glycolytic pathway by anesthetics. The antimetabolite 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) was used to discriminate between the key enzymes hexokinase and phosphofructokinase which are suggested to be involved in the effect of anesthetics on glycolysis. The cerebral energy metabolism was studied in the isolated perfused rat brain after the addition of thiopental (0.15 mM) to the perfusion medium, after the administration of 6-AN (35mg/kg i.p.) to the intact animals 15 h before perfusion was started, as well as in brain preparations treated in the same manner with both 6-AN and thiopental. After a perfusion period of 30 min brain levels of the following substrates and metabolites were determined: phosphocreatine, ATP, ADP, AMP, glycogen, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, pyruvate, lactate, alpha-ketoglutarate, blutamate, ammonia, and 6-phosphogluconate. The metabolic alterations in the isolated rat brain caused by 6-AN or thiopental were such as reported in the literature. When the isolated brains of the 6-AN pretreated rats were perfused with thiopental we found as the most interesting result that the concentration of glucose 6-phosphate was reduced in comparison to that in brains only treated with 6-AN but still significantly higher than that in controls. The glucose concentration was significantly elevated and the lactate concentration decreased considerably. The effect of thiopental on cerebral glycolysis was interpreted as an inhibition of hexokinase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:133294", "title": "Leucocidin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and membrane functions.", "content": "Leucocidin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain 158) induced loss of potassium from isolated hepatocytes. The (Na+-K+) stimulated ATPase activity of isolated rat liver plasma membranes showed dose-dependent activation up to 56%. Electron-spin-resonance (ESR) measurements gave no indication of toxin-induced changes in membrane fluidity. On isolated guinea pig heart auricles the toxin produced an increase in frequency from 180/min to about 300/min, with arrhythmia and transitory flutter. On isolated nerve-diaphragm preparations the toxin caused a contracture and  a decline in twitch tension, with a loss of potassium into the bathing solution. The action potential of the electrically stimulated N. ischiadicus of rat or frog was not affected when leucocidin was added to the bathing solution up to a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml.", "contents": "Leucocidin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa and membrane functions. Leucocidin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain 158) induced loss of potassium from isolated hepatocytes. The (Na+-K+) stimulated ATPase activity of isolated rat liver plasma membranes showed dose-dependent activation up to 56%. Electron-spin-resonance (ESR) measurements gave no indication of toxin-induced changes in membrane fluidity. On isolated guinea pig heart auricles the toxin produced an increase in frequency from 180/min to about 300/min, with arrhythmia and transitory flutter. On isolated nerve-diaphragm preparations the toxin caused a contracture and  a decline in twitch tension, with a loss of potassium into the bathing solution. The action potential of the electrically stimulated N. ischiadicus of rat or frog was not affected when leucocidin was added to the bathing solution up to a concentration of 10 micrograms/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:133297", "title": "[The effect of hypertonic solutions on the electrical activity of isolated frog muscle spindles].", "content": "Electrical activity of an isolated frog muscle spindle was investigated in hypertonic solutions obtained by adding 400 mM of sucrose, glucose or glycerine to the Ringer solution. In sucrose and glucose hypermedia the frequency of background impulse activity first increased and then decreased up to zero; receptor potentials and evoked impulse activity simultaneously decreased and disappeared. In the glycerine hypermedia impulse activity after some increase returned to normal and then a second rise of frequency to a constant supernormal level was observed. After returning to the Ringer solution from sucrose or glucose the background and evoked impulse activity progressively returned to normal. But after glycerine hypermedia a significant growth in the background impulse activity and a small change in frequency of evoked impulse activity were observed. The observed changes of electrical activity of the muscle spindle in hypermedia are discussed in terms of deformation of sensory endings and intrafusal muscles fibres leading to depolarization of the receptor membrane.", "contents": "[The effect of hypertonic solutions on the electrical activity of isolated frog muscle spindles]. Electrical activity of an isolated frog muscle spindle was investigated in hypertonic solutions obtained by adding 400 mM of sucrose, glucose or glycerine to the Ringer solution. In sucrose and glucose hypermedia the frequency of background impulse activity first increased and then decreased up to zero; receptor potentials and evoked impulse activity simultaneously decreased and disappeared. In the glycerine hypermedia impulse activity after some increase returned to normal and then a second rise of frequency to a constant supernormal level was observed. After returning to the Ringer solution from sucrose or glucose the background and evoked impulse activity progressively returned to normal. But after glycerine hypermedia a significant growth in the background impulse activity and a small change in frequency of evoked impulse activity were observed. The observed changes of electrical activity of the muscle spindle in hypermedia are discussed in terms of deformation of sensory endings and intrafusal muscles fibres leading to depolarization of the receptor membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:133298", "title": "[Responses of the muscle spindles of tenotomized and hypertrophied muscles to stretch and vibration].", "content": "Responses of primary and secondary endings of muscle spindles were studied after tenotomy and hypertrophy in the cat soleus muscles. Under constant load (100 g) background activity of primary endings in a control muscle was 17 +/- 1.5 imp/s. It did not change in hypertrophic muscle and increased after tenotomy to 26 +/- 1.5 imp/s. Responses of secondary endings did not change under the same conditions. The frequency of a response from primary and secondary endings of tenotomized and hypertrophic muscles were higher during dynamic and static phase of stretching as compared to response of normal muscle spindles. Primary endings of tenotomized and hypertrophic muscles were able to repeat vibration up to 200 Hz, while secondary endings responded only with some increase in the discharge frequency.", "contents": "[Responses of the muscle spindles of tenotomized and hypertrophied muscles to stretch and vibration]. Responses of primary and secondary endings of muscle spindles were studied after tenotomy and hypertrophy in the cat soleus muscles. Under constant load (100 g) background activity of primary endings in a control muscle was 17 +/- 1.5 imp/s. It did not change in hypertrophic muscle and increased after tenotomy to 26 +/- 1.5 imp/s. Responses of secondary endings did not change under the same conditions. The frequency of a response from primary and secondary endings of tenotomized and hypertrophic muscles were higher during dynamic and static phase of stretching as compared to response of normal muscle spindles. Primary endings of tenotomized and hypertrophic muscles were able to repeat vibration up to 200 Hz, while secondary endings responded only with some increase in the discharge frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:133299", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid in neurologic disease.", "content": "Cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid (CSF GABA) was analyzed in 151 patients who underwent evaluation for central nervous system disease. CSF GABA was not detected in 19 of these patients, who had no evidence of neurologic disease and who served as controls. GABA was most frequently detected in patients with cerebrovascular disease, and was detected only in Parkinson's syndrome of atherosclerotic origin and dementia of multi-infarct type. CSF GABA was not detected in Alzheimer's disease or Huntington's disease. Patients with grand mal seizures exhibited CSF GABA elevation within 24 hours of the ictus. In patients with multiple sclerosis GABA detection was related to the presence or exacerbation of spinal cord lesions. Further study is necessary to evaluate the significance of elevated CSF GABA in central nervous system disease.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid in neurologic disease. Cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid (CSF GABA) was analyzed in 151 patients who underwent evaluation for central nervous system disease. CSF GABA was not detected in 19 of these patients, who had no evidence of neurologic disease and who served as controls. GABA was most frequently detected in patients with cerebrovascular disease, and was detected only in Parkinson's syndrome of atherosclerotic origin and dementia of multi-infarct type. CSF GABA was not detected in Alzheimer's disease or Huntington's disease. Patients with grand mal seizures exhibited CSF GABA elevation within 24 hours of the ictus. In patients with multiple sclerosis GABA detection was related to the presence or exacerbation of spinal cord lesions. Further study is necessary to evaluate the significance of elevated CSF GABA in central nervous system disease."}
{"id": "PMID:133300", "title": "Brain serotonin after experimental vascular occlusion.", "content": "Unilateral ligation of a common carotid artery in gerbils causes a decreased rate of serotonin synthesis and degradation but an increased release of this monoamine. In the brain, reduction of cerebral serotonin content during ischemia is followed by accumulation of its main metabolite, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid. These data support the contention that serotonin plays an important role in the progression of cerebral infarction.", "contents": "Brain serotonin after experimental vascular occlusion. Unilateral ligation of a common carotid artery in gerbils causes a decreased rate of serotonin synthesis and degradation but an increased release of this monoamine. In the brain, reduction of cerebral serotonin content during ischemia is followed by accumulation of its main metabolite, 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid. These data support the contention that serotonin plays an important role in the progression of cerebral infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:133301", "title": "Suppression of decerebrate rigidity by phenytoin and chlorpromazine.", "content": "In cats decerebrated by a midcollicular section, decerebrate rigidity developed that was not alleviated by phenytoin even in doses as great as 60 mg per kilogram. Chlorpromazine that depresses decerebrate rigidity in a dose-related fashion requires 1.5 to 2.0 mg per kilogram to exhibit an appreciable effect. In the presence of 20 mg per kilogram phenytoin, however, as little as 0.1 mg per kilogram chlorpromazine markedly reduces decerebrate rigidity. This drug combination did not impair neuromuscular transmission nor did it severely impair motor coordination in cats. Although phenytoin depressed muscle spindle discharges, this peripheral suppression was insufficient to abolish the rigidity. Phenytoin with or without chlorpromazine may be of value in suppressing muscle rigidity in some disorders of upper motor neuron lesions.", "contents": "Suppression of decerebrate rigidity by phenytoin and chlorpromazine. In cats decerebrated by a midcollicular section, decerebrate rigidity developed that was not alleviated by phenytoin even in doses as great as 60 mg per kilogram. Chlorpromazine that depresses decerebrate rigidity in a dose-related fashion requires 1.5 to 2.0 mg per kilogram to exhibit an appreciable effect. In the presence of 20 mg per kilogram phenytoin, however, as little as 0.1 mg per kilogram chlorpromazine markedly reduces decerebrate rigidity. This drug combination did not impair neuromuscular transmission nor did it severely impair motor coordination in cats. Although phenytoin depressed muscle spindle discharges, this peripheral suppression was insufficient to abolish the rigidity. Phenytoin with or without chlorpromazine may be of value in suppressing muscle rigidity in some disorders of upper motor neuron lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:133304", "title": "Starch granuloma syndrome. Starch peritonitis as an iatrogenic disease.", "content": "A report of a patient with granulomatous peritonitis following general surgery is presented. Laparoscopy was performed as the final diagnostic procedure. Prevention is the remedy for this iatrogenic problem.", "contents": "Starch granuloma syndrome. Starch peritonitis as an iatrogenic disease. A report of a patient with granulomatous peritonitis following general surgery is presented. Laparoscopy was performed as the final diagnostic procedure. Prevention is the remedy for this iatrogenic problem."}
{"id": "PMID:133305", "title": "47,XXX karyotype obtained by amniocentesis.", "content": "A 29-year-old pregnant patient, gravida 4, para 3, sought genetic counseling because of a daughter who had Down's syndrome. Amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis indicated the fetal karyotype to be 47,XXX. The pregnancy was terminated and the karyotype was confirmed by typing venous blood from the fetus and the finding of double Barr bodies in the histologic sections of fetal tissue.", "contents": "47,XXX karyotype obtained by amniocentesis. A 29-year-old pregnant patient, gravida 4, para 3, sought genetic counseling because of a daughter who had Down's syndrome. Amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis indicated the fetal karyotype to be 47,XXX. The pregnancy was terminated and the karyotype was confirmed by typing venous blood from the fetus and the finding of double Barr bodies in the histologic sections of fetal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:133306", "title": "Ovarian and adrenal contributions to peripheral steroid levels in postmenopausal women.", "content": "Serum levels of cortisol (F), pregnenolone (delta5-P), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-delta5-P), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), progesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androst-5-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol (delta5-diol), estrone (E1), and estradiol-17beta (E2) were measured in 10 postmenopausal and 5 premenopausal women before (control) and after 7 days of Dexamethasone (post-dex). Control and post-dex levels of delta5-P, P, DHT, T, and F were not different (P greater than 0.05) in premenopausal versus postmenopausal women, while the control levels of 17-P, DHEA, DHEA-S, A, delta5-diol, and E2 were lower in the postmenopausal women (P less than 0.05). Assuming post-dex levels equal ovarian contribution, the ovarian contribution of 17-delta5-P, 17-P, DHEA, delta5-diol, A, E1, and E2 and the adrenal contribution (control-post-dex) to DHEA, DHEA-S, 17-P, A, and delta5-diol was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in postmenopausal subjects.", "contents": "Ovarian and adrenal contributions to peripheral steroid levels in postmenopausal women. Serum levels of cortisol (F), pregnenolone (delta5-P), 17-hydroxypregnenolone (17-delta5-P), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), progesterone (P), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-P), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), androst-5-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol (delta5-diol), estrone (E1), and estradiol-17beta (E2) were measured in 10 postmenopausal and 5 premenopausal women before (control) and after 7 days of Dexamethasone (post-dex). Control and post-dex levels of delta5-P, P, DHT, T, and F were not different (P greater than 0.05) in premenopausal versus postmenopausal women, while the control levels of 17-P, DHEA, DHEA-S, A, delta5-diol, and E2 were lower in the postmenopausal women (P less than 0.05). Assuming post-dex levels equal ovarian contribution, the ovarian contribution of 17-delta5-P, 17-P, DHEA, delta5-diol, A, E1, and E2 and the adrenal contribution (control-post-dex) to DHEA, DHEA-S, 17-P, A, and delta5-diol was significantly lower (P less than 0.05) in postmenopausal subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:133307", "title": "Prenatal genetic diagnosis in 350 amniocenteses.", "content": "Three hundred and fifty second trimester amniocenteses performed for prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders are reported. One hundred and ninety-three of these were performed because maternal age was greater than 35 years, and 6 fetuses with unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities (3%) were identified. Thirteen procedures were performed because a previous child had had a neural tube defect; 1 anencephalic fetus was identified. Ninety-six percent of the initial taps were cultured successfully; we failed to obtain amniotic fluid in 3% of patients. The risk of a spontaneous abortion occurring at some time after the amniocentesis was 0.85%, and no cases of fetal injury were identified.", "contents": "Prenatal genetic diagnosis in 350 amniocenteses. Three hundred and fifty second trimester amniocenteses performed for prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders are reported. One hundred and ninety-three of these were performed because maternal age was greater than 35 years, and 6 fetuses with unbalanced chromosomal abnormalities (3%) were identified. Thirteen procedures were performed because a previous child had had a neural tube defect; 1 anencephalic fetus was identified. Ninety-six percent of the initial taps were cultured successfully; we failed to obtain amniotic fluid in 3% of patients. The risk of a spontaneous abortion occurring at some time after the amniocentesis was 0.85%, and no cases of fetal injury were identified."}
{"id": "PMID:133318", "title": "[New cestode, Fimbriarioides tadornae sp. n. from the sheldrake, Tadorna tadorna, and its development in the intermediate host].", "content": "A new species of cestodes, Fimbriarioides tadornae sp. n., is described from Tadorna tadorna from the Lake Tengiz (Central Kazakhstan). Artemia salina is an intermediate host of the above cestode. The development of F. tadornae from the oncosphere to the invasional cysticercoid under conditions prevailing in the Lake Tengiz (water salinity of 65% 0, average temperature of 22 degrees C) lasts 12 to 13 days.", "contents": "[New cestode, Fimbriarioides tadornae sp. n. from the sheldrake, Tadorna tadorna, and its development in the intermediate host]. A new species of cestodes, Fimbriarioides tadornae sp. n., is described from Tadorna tadorna from the Lake Tengiz (Central Kazakhstan). Artemia salina is an intermediate host of the above cestode. The development of F. tadornae from the oncosphere to the invasional cysticercoid under conditions prevailing in the Lake Tengiz (water salinity of 65% 0, average temperature of 22 degrees C) lasts 12 to 13 days."}
{"id": "PMID:133319", "title": "[Paraiotonchium osiris (Iontonchiinae : Tylenchida), a new species of nematode of the zoophilic fly, Musca osiris Wd].", "content": "The description and figures are given to the nematode Paraiotonchium osiris sp. n. parasitic in the body cavity of Musca osiris and in the genital organs of the host females from Turkmenia. Two morphologically different generations of nematodes, gamagenetic and parthenogenetic ones, develop in the body cavity of the insects. Juvenile females of the gamagenetic generation: n=11; L=474.6 to 587.6; a=15.02 to 22.1; c=5.23 to 6.97; V=(71.5 to 77.7); St=13.0 to 16.1. Mature parasitic females of the gamagenetic generation: n=14; L=1028.3 to 2695.1; a=8.79 to 18.04; c=8.51 to 15.9; V=(76.2 to 84.6); St=21.0 to 27.0. Parasitic females of the parthenogenetic generation: n=7; L=813.6 to 1412.5; a=8.24 to 13.15; c=9.94 to 17.92; V=(88.2 to 91.9); St=14.0 to 16.5. Males: n=30; L=469.2 to 803.8; a=17.0 to 29.12; c=4.5 to 6.99; St=7.5 to 14.0; Sp (d)=18.4 to 23.0; Sp (pr)=34.5 to 41.4; T=(62.41 to 83.57). The new species differs from two other members of the genus Paraiotonchium in the structure of the spicules (a longer distal portion) and a larger bursa in males. A key to the species of the genus Paraiotonchium is given.", "contents": "[Paraiotonchium osiris (Iontonchiinae : Tylenchida), a new species of nematode of the zoophilic fly, Musca osiris Wd]. The description and figures are given to the nematode Paraiotonchium osiris sp. n. parasitic in the body cavity of Musca osiris and in the genital organs of the host females from Turkmenia. Two morphologically different generations of nematodes, gamagenetic and parthenogenetic ones, develop in the body cavity of the insects. Juvenile females of the gamagenetic generation: n=11; L=474.6 to 587.6; a=15.02 to 22.1; c=5.23 to 6.97; V=(71.5 to 77.7); St=13.0 to 16.1. Mature parasitic females of the gamagenetic generation: n=14; L=1028.3 to 2695.1; a=8.79 to 18.04; c=8.51 to 15.9; V=(76.2 to 84.6); St=21.0 to 27.0. Parasitic females of the parthenogenetic generation: n=7; L=813.6 to 1412.5; a=8.24 to 13.15; c=9.94 to 17.92; V=(88.2 to 91.9); St=14.0 to 16.5. Males: n=30; L=469.2 to 803.8; a=17.0 to 29.12; c=4.5 to 6.99; St=7.5 to 14.0; Sp (d)=18.4 to 23.0; Sp (pr)=34.5 to 41.4; T=(62.41 to 83.57). The new species differs from two other members of the genus Paraiotonchium in the structure of the spicules (a longer distal portion) and a larger bursa in males. A key to the species of the genus Paraiotonchium is given."}
{"id": "PMID:133320", "title": "[Distribution and biology of Heptatoma pellucens in the Karelian ASSR (fam. Tabanidae)].", "content": "The analysis is given of the peculiarities of the distribution of the widely spread forest subspecies Heptatoma pellucens pellucens Fabr. in the northern part of its distribution area in Karelia. Some data on the biology of the larva of this subspecies are presented.", "contents": "[Distribution and biology of Heptatoma pellucens in the Karelian ASSR (fam. Tabanidae)]. The analysis is given of the peculiarities of the distribution of the widely spread forest subspecies Heptatoma pellucens pellucens Fabr. in the northern part of its distribution area in Karelia. Some data on the biology of the larva of this subspecies are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:133325", "title": "A defect in tryptophan metabolism.", "content": "Oral tryptophan loading tests were performed in a patient with photosensitive pellagra-like skin rash and cerebellar ataxia but without hyperaminoaciduria. Plasma tryptophan concentrations after loading were similar in the patient and control subjects. Average urinary excretion of tryptophan in the patient from 0 to 6 and 6 to 12 hr was 2.69 and 2.58 mumol/kg, respectively; that in the control subjects was 0.82 and 0.34 mumol/kg, respectively. However, the average renal clearance of tryptophan during the first 6 hr of the loading tests in the patient was 0.757 ml plasma/1.73 m2 and that in the control subjects was 0.706 ml plasma/1.73 m2. Renal excretion of kynurenine in the patient was markedly decreased. The average from 0 to 6 and 6 to 12 hr in the patient was 1.90 and 1.13 mumol/kg, respectively; that in the control subjects was 12.90 and 18.15 mumol/kg, respectively. Under ultraviolet light, paper chromatograms of urine from the patient showed a deficiency of xanthurenic acid, kynurenic acid, kynurenine, and formylkynurenine. The deficiency of formylkynurenine in the patient's urine was confirmed by staining the paper chromatograms with Ehrlich's reagent. The patient was \"sensitive\" to oral nicotinic acid treatment; however, oral nicotinamide was well tolerated with improvement in the photosensitive skin rash.", "contents": "A defect in tryptophan metabolism. Oral tryptophan loading tests were performed in a patient with photosensitive pellagra-like skin rash and cerebellar ataxia but without hyperaminoaciduria. Plasma tryptophan concentrations after loading were similar in the patient and control subjects. Average urinary excretion of tryptophan in the patient from 0 to 6 and 6 to 12 hr was 2.69 and 2.58 mumol/kg, respectively; that in the control subjects was 0.82 and 0.34 mumol/kg, respectively. However, the average renal clearance of tryptophan during the first 6 hr of the loading tests in the patient was 0.757 ml plasma/1.73 m2 and that in the control subjects was 0.706 ml plasma/1.73 m2. Renal excretion of kynurenine in the patient was markedly decreased. The average from 0 to 6 and 6 to 12 hr in the patient was 1.90 and 1.13 mumol/kg, respectively; that in the control subjects was 12.90 and 18.15 mumol/kg, respectively. Under ultraviolet light, paper chromatograms of urine from the patient showed a deficiency of xanthurenic acid, kynurenic acid, kynurenine, and formylkynurenine. The deficiency of formylkynurenine in the patient's urine was confirmed by staining the paper chromatograms with Ehrlich's reagent. The patient was \"sensitive\" to oral nicotinic acid treatment; however, oral nicotinamide was well tolerated with improvement in the photosensitive skin rash."}
{"id": "PMID:133321", "title": "[Conditions for maintaining a natural focus of tick-borne spirochetosis in southern Tadzhikistan].", "content": "The spontaneous infection of B. latyshevi population of O. tartakovskyi and its hosts in the foothill zone of southern Tadjikistan was studied. A great part of the Horsfield's terrapin unsusceptible to the spirochaete in the feeding of the tick's population was established. The foci is apparently maintained on account of the rising number of the redtailed Libyan jird. In years of the depression of rodents number the main part in the preservation of the infection belongs to the ticks.", "contents": "[Conditions for maintaining a natural focus of tick-borne spirochetosis in southern Tadzhikistan]. The spontaneous infection of B. latyshevi population of O. tartakovskyi and its hosts in the foothill zone of southern Tadjikistan was studied. A great part of the Horsfield's terrapin unsusceptible to the spirochaete in the feeding of the tick's population was established. The foci is apparently maintained on account of the rising number of the redtailed Libyan jird. In years of the depression of rodents number the main part in the preservation of the infection belongs to the ticks."}
{"id": "PMID:133322", "title": "[Rhinonyssid mites (Gamasoidea : Rhinonyssidae), parasites of rails in the area of the Lenkoran wintering site].", "content": "In birds of the order Ralliformes inhabiting the southwestern part of the Caspian Sea there were found four species of mites of the family Rhinonyssidae, parasites of the nasal cavity: Sternostoma fulicae Fain et Bafort and Rallinyssus caudistigmus Strandtmann in Fulica atra L., R. caspicus sp. n. in Gallinula chloropus (L.), R. gallinulae Fain in porphyrio polyocephalus (Lath.).", "contents": "[Rhinonyssid mites (Gamasoidea : Rhinonyssidae), parasites of rails in the area of the Lenkoran wintering site]. In birds of the order Ralliformes inhabiting the southwestern part of the Caspian Sea there were found four species of mites of the family Rhinonyssidae, parasites of the nasal cavity: Sternostoma fulicae Fain et Bafort and Rallinyssus caudistigmus Strandtmann in Fulica atra L., R. caspicus sp. n. in Gallinula chloropus (L.), R. gallinulae Fain in porphyrio polyocephalus (Lath.)."}
{"id": "PMID:133326", "title": "Fetal lung lecithin metabolism in the glucose-intolerant Rhesus monkey pregnancy.", "content": "Fetal lung lecithin metabolism was examined in rhesus monkey gestations complicated by glucose intolerance secondary to maternal streptozotocin (STZ) administration. Fetuses of STZ-treated mothers were delivered at 85% to 89% of term and were compared to two control groups of fetuses from normal pregnancies--one group age-matched to the STZ pregnancies, and the other composed of fetuses delivered in the final 10% of gestation. In the glucose-intolerant pregnancies, two measures of fetal lung lecithin biosynthesis--the amniotic fluid lecithin-to-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and the rate of 14C-choline incorporation into lecithin in fetal lung slices--were significantly greater than in age-matched normal gestations and were similar to results in late-gestation controls. However, lung lecithin concentrations in the glucose-intolerant group were comparable to the age-matched controls, and both were significantly less than in the late-gestation controls. Since the gestational age, mode of delivery, and fetal acid-base status were the same in the age-matched groups, we conclude that these changes in fetal lung lecithin metabolism are due to the effects of maternal glucose intolerance.", "contents": "Fetal lung lecithin metabolism in the glucose-intolerant Rhesus monkey pregnancy. Fetal lung lecithin metabolism was examined in rhesus monkey gestations complicated by glucose intolerance secondary to maternal streptozotocin (STZ) administration. Fetuses of STZ-treated mothers were delivered at 85% to 89% of term and were compared to two control groups of fetuses from normal pregnancies--one group age-matched to the STZ pregnancies, and the other composed of fetuses delivered in the final 10% of gestation. In the glucose-intolerant pregnancies, two measures of fetal lung lecithin biosynthesis--the amniotic fluid lecithin-to-sphingomyelin (L/S) ratio and the rate of 14C-choline incorporation into lecithin in fetal lung slices--were significantly greater than in age-matched normal gestations and were similar to results in late-gestation controls. However, lung lecithin concentrations in the glucose-intolerant group were comparable to the age-matched controls, and both were significantly less than in the late-gestation controls. Since the gestational age, mode of delivery, and fetal acid-base status were the same in the age-matched groups, we conclude that these changes in fetal lung lecithin metabolism are due to the effects of maternal glucose intolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:133329", "title": "HL-A antigens in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.", "content": "HLA antigen typing by lymphocytotoxicity was performed for 2 groups of unrelated caucasian subjects. The first group was composed of 100 subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The second group was composed of 270 healthy subjects without diabetes. Our study has shown that for the inhabitants of Languedoc the BW15 antigen is not the most frequently found (11% of the diabetics, 10% of the healthy subjects) contrary to findings reported by others. The B8 antigen was the most frequently found (20% of the diabetics, 16,3% of the healthy subjects), in agreement with the findings of the same authors. The frequency of BW15 and B8 found simultaneously was increased (observed 3%, expected 1.38%). The principal findings of our study were a significantly increased frequency of Da25 and B18 (23% and 25% for the diabetic subjects, 11.26% and 12.22% for the healthy subjects), and a significantly decreased frequency of A11 and B12 (6% and 18% for the healthy subjects). The association of Da25 and B18 was observed for HLA phenotypes, suggesting a higher incidence of the Da25-B18 haplotype. For the diabetics, the types BW15, BW40 and Da25-B18 have little hereditary character, and are rapidly insulin dependent individuals.", "contents": "HL-A antigens in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. HLA antigen typing by lymphocytotoxicity was performed for 2 groups of unrelated caucasian subjects. The first group was composed of 100 subjects with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The second group was composed of 270 healthy subjects without diabetes. Our study has shown that for the inhabitants of Languedoc the BW15 antigen is not the most frequently found (11% of the diabetics, 10% of the healthy subjects) contrary to findings reported by others. The B8 antigen was the most frequently found (20% of the diabetics, 16,3% of the healthy subjects), in agreement with the findings of the same authors. The frequency of BW15 and B8 found simultaneously was increased (observed 3%, expected 1.38%). The principal findings of our study were a significantly increased frequency of Da25 and B18 (23% and 25% for the diabetic subjects, 11.26% and 12.22% for the healthy subjects), and a significantly decreased frequency of A11 and B12 (6% and 18% for the healthy subjects). The association of Da25 and B18 was observed for HLA phenotypes, suggesting a higher incidence of the Da25-B18 haplotype. For the diabetics, the types BW15, BW40 and Da25-B18 have little hereditary character, and are rapidly insulin dependent individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:133331", "title": "Does ATP decrease exponentially during red cell aging?", "content": "The precise changes in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during red cell aging have not been established. Studies of ATP content based on cell density, a presumptive index of red cell age, observations in anemic subjects in whom age-dependent hemeolysis may occur and studies of the loss of metabolic capability with aging, suggest that the reduction in red cell ATP may be a continuous process, approximating a negative expotential function. Several experimental approaches could be used to support or refute this hypothesis.", "contents": "Does ATP decrease exponentially during red cell aging? The precise changes in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) during red cell aging have not been established. Studies of ATP content based on cell density, a presumptive index of red cell age, observations in anemic subjects in whom age-dependent hemeolysis may occur and studies of the loss of metabolic capability with aging, suggest that the reduction in red cell ATP may be a continuous process, approximating a negative expotential function. Several experimental approaches could be used to support or refute this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:133333", "title": "Clinical and ultrastructural observations in primary acquired sideroblastic anemia.", "content": "The clinical and laboratory findings in three patients with primary acquired sideroblastic anemia (PASA) are described. The results demonstrate that what seems to be a well defined entity of the large group of sideroblastic anemias, is in itself a heterogeneous subgroup, with differences capable of detection by more extensive studies. Electron microscopic examination of erythroid cell precursors confirmed previously described features such as deposition of large amounts of iron, mainly in the mitochondria. The precipitated serum proteins revealed an increased content of ferritin molecules only in the patients and not in control individuals, suggesting an increased supply of iron to the erythroid precursors. This finding could serve as an additional mechanism for the accumulation of iron in the erythroid precursors, considering also the defect in heme synthesis and increased permeability of the erythroid membrane for iron, described in this condition.", "contents": "Clinical and ultrastructural observations in primary acquired sideroblastic anemia. The clinical and laboratory findings in three patients with primary acquired sideroblastic anemia (PASA) are described. The results demonstrate that what seems to be a well defined entity of the large group of sideroblastic anemias, is in itself a heterogeneous subgroup, with differences capable of detection by more extensive studies. Electron microscopic examination of erythroid cell precursors confirmed previously described features such as deposition of large amounts of iron, mainly in the mitochondria. The precipitated serum proteins revealed an increased content of ferritin molecules only in the patients and not in control individuals, suggesting an increased supply of iron to the erythroid precursors. This finding could serve as an additional mechanism for the accumulation of iron in the erythroid precursors, considering also the defect in heme synthesis and increased permeability of the erythroid membrane for iron, described in this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:133334", "title": "[Epidemiology of acute leukemia of childhood in Greece (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective study of 151 aged less than 15 years children suffering from acute leukaemia is reported, the parameters studied were male: female ratio, type of leukemia, age and seasonal distribution of the illness. The disease started in spring in 53 children (35,1%), in summer in 34 (22,6%), in autumn in 36 (23,8%) and in winter in 28 (18,5%). The difference between spring and winter was statistically highly significant (X2 = 10,54, P less than 0,005). Sixty two children (41%) were 3-5 years old. The male female ratio was 1.75. The disease was of the acute lymphoblastic type in 88,1% of the cases.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of acute leukemia of childhood in Greece (author's transl)]. A retrospective study of 151 aged less than 15 years children suffering from acute leukaemia is reported, the parameters studied were male: female ratio, type of leukemia, age and seasonal distribution of the illness. The disease started in spring in 53 children (35,1%), in summer in 34 (22,6%), in autumn in 36 (23,8%) and in winter in 28 (18,5%). The difference between spring and winter was statistically highly significant (X2 = 10,54, P less than 0,005). Sixty two children (41%) were 3-5 years old. The male female ratio was 1.75. The disease was of the acute lymphoblastic type in 88,1% of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:133335", "title": "[Dosage of serum folates by a radio-assay. Comparison of the results obtained by this method and by microbiological method (author's transl)].", "content": "A radio-assay, using a lactoglobulin fraction of milk proteins as a folate binder and 125-I pteroyl glutamate as a competitor, has been studied in 130 cases. The results have been compared to those obtained with microbiological methods. A good correlation has been observed. The radio-assay allows the measurement of folate in the presence of agents inhibiting the bacterial growth (methotrexate, trimethoprime). It can be used for assay in the cerebro-spinal fluid. This method appears to be useful for clinical investigations.", "contents": "[Dosage of serum folates by a radio-assay. Comparison of the results obtained by this method and by microbiological method (author's transl)]. A radio-assay, using a lactoglobulin fraction of milk proteins as a folate binder and 125-I pteroyl glutamate as a competitor, has been studied in 130 cases. The results have been compared to those obtained with microbiological methods. A good correlation has been observed. The radio-assay allows the measurement of folate in the presence of agents inhibiting the bacterial growth (methotrexate, trimethoprime). It can be used for assay in the cerebro-spinal fluid. This method appears to be useful for clinical investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:133336", "title": "[Homozygosity and atypical myeloproliferative syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "An abnormal clone with four chromosomal rearrangements was found in the bone marrow of a patient with an atypical myeloproliferative syndrome and with an almost exclusive polymorphonuclear hyperplasia in blood: t (4;12), i(17 q),20q--. An heterozygosity for a normal variant of one chromosome No. 3 was observed in blood cell cultures. In bone marrow however both chromosomes No. 3 had the same Q-banding patterns. A mechanism of somatic segregation may explain this partial homozygosity.", "contents": "[Homozygosity and atypical myeloproliferative syndrome (author's transl)]. An abnormal clone with four chromosomal rearrangements was found in the bone marrow of a patient with an atypical myeloproliferative syndrome and with an almost exclusive polymorphonuclear hyperplasia in blood: t (4;12), i(17 q),20q--. An heterozygosity for a normal variant of one chromosome No. 3 was observed in blood cell cultures. In bone marrow however both chromosomes No. 3 had the same Q-banding patterns. A mechanism of somatic segregation may explain this partial homozygosity."}
{"id": "PMID:133337", "title": "[Immunosuppressive therapy and candidacidal activity of human neutrophils (author's transl)].", "content": "Human neutrophils incubated with 8 immunosuppressive agents ingest and kill normally C. albicans and C. pseudotropicalis. It agrees with previous studies of living microorganism phagocytosis. The decreased resistance to infection of patients treated with immunosuppressive agents seems not to be due to impaired granulocyte phagocytosis.", "contents": "[Immunosuppressive therapy and candidacidal activity of human neutrophils (author's transl)]. Human neutrophils incubated with 8 immunosuppressive agents ingest and kill normally C. albicans and C. pseudotropicalis. It agrees with previous studies of living microorganism phagocytosis. The decreased resistance to infection of patients treated with immunosuppressive agents seems not to be due to impaired granulocyte phagocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:133342", "title": "Protein, methionine, lysine and a fermentation residue as variables in diets of young turkeys.", "content": "A study was conducted to determine the effects of adding methionine, lysine and a fermentation residue to practical-type diets containing 24, 27, and 30% protein for young turkeys. A 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 factorial design of variables was used in each of two seven-week experiments. A total of 864 poults were divided into groups such that the 24 diets were each fed to 9 males and 9 females in each experiment. Seven-week body weights were increased 11.4% from 0.1% added DL-methionine and decreased 13.7% from 1.5% added fermentation residue, L-Lysine added at 0.157% failed to increase significantly body weights. Increasing the protein from 24 to 27 and 30% increased seven-week body weights 16.7 and 28.9%, respectively. As dietary protein increased, the increases in body weight from added methionine became smaller, i.e., 16.9, 14.4 and 4.8% in diets containing 24, 27, and 30% protein, respectively. Plots of body weight on (1) amount of methionine and on (2) amount of total sulfur amino acids in the diet show a closer relationship with the latter. The sulfur amino acid requirement of poults to seven weeks of age appears to be at least 1.03%, the highest quantity used in this study. The fermentation residue, a product not currently marketed, remains after the isolation of spectinomycin from controlled fermentation  of Streptomyces flavopersicus and contains 14% dry matter. The cause of the depressed growth from the added fermentation residue has been discussed.", "contents": "Protein, methionine, lysine and a fermentation residue as variables in diets of young turkeys. A study was conducted to determine the effects of adding methionine, lysine and a fermentation residue to practical-type diets containing 24, 27, and 30% protein for young turkeys. A 2 X 2 X 2 X 3 factorial design of variables was used in each of two seven-week experiments. A total of 864 poults were divided into groups such that the 24 diets were each fed to 9 males and 9 females in each experiment. Seven-week body weights were increased 11.4% from 0.1% added DL-methionine and decreased 13.7% from 1.5% added fermentation residue, L-Lysine added at 0.157% failed to increase significantly body weights. Increasing the protein from 24 to 27 and 30% increased seven-week body weights 16.7 and 28.9%, respectively. As dietary protein increased, the increases in body weight from added methionine became smaller, i.e., 16.9, 14.4 and 4.8% in diets containing 24, 27, and 30% protein, respectively. Plots of body weight on (1) amount of methionine and on (2) amount of total sulfur amino acids in the diet show a closer relationship with the latter. The sulfur amino acid requirement of poults to seven weeks of age appears to be at least 1.03%, the highest quantity used in this study. The fermentation residue, a product not currently marketed, remains after the isolation of spectinomycin from controlled fermentation  of Streptomyces flavopersicus and contains 14% dry matter. The cause of the depressed growth from the added fermentation residue has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133343", "title": "Preparation of enterochelin from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A convenient method has been developed for the preparation of enterochelin, the natural iron carrier produced by Escherichia coli. The method employs a mutant strain which is unable to transport the ferric-enterochelin complex into the cell and which excretes large quantities of enterochelin into the culture medium. The addition of excess iron to the medium allows the enterochelin to accumulate as the ferric-enterochelin complex which is purified by ion-exchange chromatography and then dissociated and the free enterochelin further purified by differential extraction and crystallization. The enterochelin is isolated in good yield and appears to be of high purity as judged by a number of criteria.", "contents": "Preparation of enterochelin from Escherichia coli. A convenient method has been developed for the preparation of enterochelin, the natural iron carrier produced by Escherichia coli. The method employs a mutant strain which is unable to transport the ferric-enterochelin complex into the cell and which excretes large quantities of enterochelin into the culture medium. The addition of excess iron to the medium allows the enterochelin to accumulate as the ferric-enterochelin complex which is purified by ion-exchange chromatography and then dissociated and the free enterochelin further purified by differential extraction and crystallization. The enterochelin is isolated in good yield and appears to be of high purity as judged by a number of criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:133352", "title": "Calcium control of actin-activated myosin adenosine triphosphatase from Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "A protein fraction from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum confers Ca2+-sensitivity on the activation of purified myosin adenosinetriphosphatase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) from Dictyostelium by purified Dictyostelium actin. That is, the fraction inhibits the actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase activity in the absence of Ca+ but not in the presence of Ca2+. This Ca2+-sensitizing factor affects only the actin-activated myosin adenosine triphosphatase and not the enzyme activity of myosin alone. The Ca2+-sensitivity is conserved when muscle actin replaces Dictyostelium actin, but is lost when muscle myosin replaces Dictyostelium myosin. The factor appears to be a protein since it is nondialyzable, is heat labile, and can be precipitated with ammonium sulfate. The factor can be purified 70-fold on an actin-affinity column.", "contents": "Calcium control of actin-activated myosin adenosine triphosphatase from Dictyostelium discoideum. A protein fraction from the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum confers Ca2+-sensitivity on the activation of purified myosin adenosinetriphosphatase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) from Dictyostelium by purified Dictyostelium actin. That is, the fraction inhibits the actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase activity in the absence of Ca+ but not in the presence of Ca2+. This Ca2+-sensitizing factor affects only the actin-activated myosin adenosine triphosphatase and not the enzyme activity of myosin alone. The Ca2+-sensitivity is conserved when muscle actin replaces Dictyostelium actin, but is lost when muscle myosin replaces Dictyostelium myosin. The factor appears to be a protein since it is nondialyzable, is heat labile, and can be precipitated with ammonium sulfate. The factor can be purified 70-fold on an actin-affinity column."}
{"id": "PMID:133355", "title": "Effects of parachlorophenylalanine on ethanol self-selection in the rat.", "content": "The efficacy of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) in producing conditioned taste aversions and unconditioned avoidance of ethanol was investigated in two experiments. It was found that administering PCPA to rats having free access to a saccharine solution and water produced robust aversions to saccharin that extinguished within 6 days after termination of the PCPA treatments, thereby indicating that PCPA can produce conditioned aversions to substances consumed during its administration. In a second experiment, intraperitoneal injections of PCPA and/or ethanol given to rats not having access to ethanol were found to produce no change in their subsequent ethanol preferences. The results support the contention of earlier investigators that the reported of PCPA on the rat's preference for ethanol may have been due largely to the animals acquiring conditioned aversions to ethanol during PCPA treatments.", "contents": "Effects of parachlorophenylalanine on ethanol self-selection in the rat. The efficacy of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) in producing conditioned taste aversions and unconditioned avoidance of ethanol was investigated in two experiments. It was found that administering PCPA to rats having free access to a saccharine solution and water produced robust aversions to saccharin that extinguished within 6 days after termination of the PCPA treatments, thereby indicating that PCPA can produce conditioned aversions to substances consumed during its administration. In a second experiment, intraperitoneal injections of PCPA and/or ethanol given to rats not having access to ethanol were found to produce no change in their subsequent ethanol preferences. The results support the contention of earlier investigators that the reported of PCPA on the rat's preference for ethanol may have been due largely to the animals acquiring conditioned aversions to ethanol during PCPA treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:133356", "title": "Catecholamines and self-stimulation: evidence suggesting a reinforcing role for noradrenaline and a motivating role for dopamine.", "content": "Investigation of the role of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) in self-stimulation showed that d-amphetamine (which releases more DA than does l-amphetamine, but not more NA) was much more effective than l-amphetamine in enhancing self-stimulation of NA sites in the locus coeruleus and near-lateral hypothalamus. In DA sites in the substantia nigra and far-lateral hypothalamus the effects of the 2 isomers were confirmed to be more nearly equal. Thymoxamine HCl (10 mg/kg IP), a specific alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker, depressed self-stimulation at all sites, but significantly more severely at DA sites. Thus the drugs most effective in influencing self-stimulation at a particular site were those acting predominantly on the unstimulated system. These findings were interpreted in terms of a hypothesis that DA and NA play complementary roles in self-stimulation and that both are essential; or, more specifically, that DA pathways, implicated in other motivational activites, contribute to a state of drive or arousal necessary for self-stimulation; while response-contingent noradrenergic activity (elicited by the electrodes directly via a transsynaptic route) mediates reinforcement. Further predictions from this hypothesis were tested as follows: (1) Direct pharmacological stimulants of adrenergic alpha-receptors should disrupt self-stimulation by acting randomly on the reinforcement system and disrupting response-reward contingencies; this was confirmed by the finding that the alpha-receptor stimulant clonidine HCl (0.05 mg/kg) depressed self-stimulation at all sites tested. (2) Drect stimulants of DA receptors should enhance self-stimulation of NA sites by augmenting dopaminergic motivational activity; but in rats with DA electrodes, noncontingent stimulation of DA receptors would also impose similar noncontingent activity on the transsynaptic noradrenergic reinforcement pathways and thus depress self-stimulation; this was confirmed by the finding that apomorphine (0.3-1.0 mg/kg) was strongly stimulant for NA electrodes but strongly depressant for DA electrodes, and that the degree and direction of these effects was highly correlated with the differential effects of d- l-amphetamine (rho = .65, p less than 0.01). Neither effect of apomorphine depended on the occurrence of motor stereotypy. These results can be interpreted in terms of 2-component models for self-stimulation, with the predominant transmitter of the drive component being identified as DA and that g the reinforcing component as NA.", "contents": "Catecholamines and self-stimulation: evidence suggesting a reinforcing role for noradrenaline and a motivating role for dopamine. Investigation of the role of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine (DA) in self-stimulation showed that d-amphetamine (which releases more DA than does l-amphetamine, but not more NA) was much more effective than l-amphetamine in enhancing self-stimulation of NA sites in the locus coeruleus and near-lateral hypothalamus. In DA sites in the substantia nigra and far-lateral hypothalamus the effects of the 2 isomers were confirmed to be more nearly equal. Thymoxamine HCl (10 mg/kg IP), a specific alpha-adrenergic receptor blocker, depressed self-stimulation at all sites, but significantly more severely at DA sites. Thus the drugs most effective in influencing self-stimulation at a particular site were those acting predominantly on the unstimulated system. These findings were interpreted in terms of a hypothesis that DA and NA play complementary roles in self-stimulation and that both are essential; or, more specifically, that DA pathways, implicated in other motivational activites, contribute to a state of drive or arousal necessary for self-stimulation; while response-contingent noradrenergic activity (elicited by the electrodes directly via a transsynaptic route) mediates reinforcement. Further predictions from this hypothesis were tested as follows: (1) Direct pharmacological stimulants of adrenergic alpha-receptors should disrupt self-stimulation by acting randomly on the reinforcement system and disrupting response-reward contingencies; this was confirmed by the finding that the alpha-receptor stimulant clonidine HCl (0.05 mg/kg) depressed self-stimulation at all sites tested. (2) Drect stimulants of DA receptors should enhance self-stimulation of NA sites by augmenting dopaminergic motivational activity; but in rats with DA electrodes, noncontingent stimulation of DA receptors would also impose similar noncontingent activity on the transsynaptic noradrenergic reinforcement pathways and thus depress self-stimulation; this was confirmed by the finding that apomorphine (0.3-1.0 mg/kg) was strongly stimulant for NA electrodes but strongly depressant for DA electrodes, and that the degree and direction of these effects was highly correlated with the differential effects of d- l-amphetamine (rho = .65, p less than 0.01). Neither effect of apomorphine depended on the occurrence of motor stereotypy. These results can be interpreted in terms of 2-component models for self-stimulation, with the predominant transmitter of the drive component being identified as DA and that g the reinforcing component as NA."}
{"id": "PMID:133357", "title": "Effect of short-term removal of infant rats from the female on lactation.", "content": "Removal of the young for a single period of at least 12 hours at the age of 15 days led to a marked increase in 85Sr retention in the maternal organisms and to a decrease in its transfer to the young in the milk. Study of 85Sr transfer in the milk showed that, if the litter was completely changed on the 16th day after birth, the female immediately accepted foster young. Repeated removal of the young on the 14th day and 15th day of life for a length of time which had no effect in a single removal likewise led to a decrease in 85Sr transfer in the milk and to raise 85Sr retention in the female. The gradual decrease which occurs in lactation during the weaning period is probably caused by diminution of the suckling stimulus on the part of the young, as they lose their physical dependence on the female.", "contents": "Effect of short-term removal of infant rats from the female on lactation. Removal of the young for a single period of at least 12 hours at the age of 15 days led to a marked increase in 85Sr retention in the maternal organisms and to a decrease in its transfer to the young in the milk. Study of 85Sr transfer in the milk showed that, if the litter was completely changed on the 16th day after birth, the female immediately accepted foster young. Repeated removal of the young on the 14th day and 15th day of life for a length of time which had no effect in a single removal likewise led to a decrease in 85Sr transfer in the milk and to raise 85Sr retention in the female. The gradual decrease which occurs in lactation during the weaning period is probably caused by diminution of the suckling stimulus on the part of the young, as they lose their physical dependence on the female."}
{"id": "PMID:133358", "title": "Substitution of calorigenic effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline and differences in their inhibition by propranolol.", "content": "The calorigenic effect of infused adrenaline and noradrenaline was measured in cold-acclimated rats. The slopes of the dose-response curves for the two catecholamines and the maxima of the curves were the same. The adrenaline dose-response curve showed a shift to the right, towards higher infusion doses, compared with the noradrenaline curve. Thermogenesis due to the two catecholamines was not additive throughout the whole range of doses used. In interaction with noradrenaline, propranolol caused a parallel shift of the dose-response curve to the right, whereas in interaction with adrenaline it depressed the maximum. The concept that the two catecholamines act via different regulation sites on a common thermogenetic effector is discussed.", "contents": "Substitution of calorigenic effects of noradrenaline and adrenaline and differences in their inhibition by propranolol. The calorigenic effect of infused adrenaline and noradrenaline was measured in cold-acclimated rats. The slopes of the dose-response curves for the two catecholamines and the maxima of the curves were the same. The adrenaline dose-response curve showed a shift to the right, towards higher infusion doses, compared with the noradrenaline curve. Thermogenesis due to the two catecholamines was not additive throughout the whole range of doses used. In interaction with noradrenaline, propranolol caused a parallel shift of the dose-response curve to the right, whereas in interaction with adrenaline it depressed the maximum. The concept that the two catecholamines act via different regulation sites on a common thermogenetic effector is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133359", "title": "Effect of single dose of diuretics on renal magnesium excretion in man, with special reference to their site of action.", "content": "The administration of a single dose of furosemide, ethacrynic acid and polythiazide to healthy individuals under conditions of maximum water diuresis produces a significant increase in renal magnesium excretion. Elevated Mg excretion displayed a direct correlation to renal sodium excretion after furosemide (r=0.689, p less than 0.001), ethacrynic acid (r=0.869, p less than 0.001) and polythiazide (r=0.586, p less than 0.01). The slopes of the various regression lines did not differe significantly from each other or from the slope of the regression line characterizing this correlation for mannitol (r= 0.603, p less than 0.01). A significant linear correlation was likewise found between the excretion of Mg and total osmotically active substances after furosemide (r=0.783, p less than 0.001), ethacrynic acid (r=0.88, p less than 0.001) and polythiazide (r=0.646, p less than 0.01). The regression lines of the given correlations did not differ significantlyfrom each other, but their slopes were significantly higher than that of the regression line for the correlation after mannitol (r=0.454, p less than 0.01). The findings indicate that tubular Mg transport is influenced both by a decrease in tubular Na resorption in the diluting segment (polythiazide) and by an effect on Na resorption in the parts of the nephron proximal to the diluting segment of the nephron (furosemide, ethacrynic acid).", "contents": "Effect of single dose of diuretics on renal magnesium excretion in man, with special reference to their site of action. The administration of a single dose of furosemide, ethacrynic acid and polythiazide to healthy individuals under conditions of maximum water diuresis produces a significant increase in renal magnesium excretion. Elevated Mg excretion displayed a direct correlation to renal sodium excretion after furosemide (r=0.689, p less than 0.001), ethacrynic acid (r=0.869, p less than 0.001) and polythiazide (r=0.586, p less than 0.01). The slopes of the various regression lines did not differe significantly from each other or from the slope of the regression line characterizing this correlation for mannitol (r= 0.603, p less than 0.01). A significant linear correlation was likewise found between the excretion of Mg and total osmotically active substances after furosemide (r=0.783, p less than 0.001), ethacrynic acid (r=0.88, p less than 0.001) and polythiazide (r=0.646, p less than 0.01). The regression lines of the given correlations did not differ significantlyfrom each other, but their slopes were significantly higher than that of the regression line for the correlation after mannitol (r=0.454, p less than 0.01). The findings indicate that tubular Mg transport is influenced both by a decrease in tubular Na resorption in the diluting segment (polythiazide) and by an effect on Na resorption in the parts of the nephron proximal to the diluting segment of the nephron (furosemide, ethacrynic acid)."}
{"id": "PMID:133360", "title": "Effect of KC1 on renal uric acid excretion.", "content": "The effect of two days' KC1 administration per os (total amount 11 g, i.e. 140 mEq potassium) on renal uric acid excretion was studied in healthy subjects under conditions of water diuresis. A significant increase in the uric acid excretory fraction (CUA/CCr..100) was found, from 8.04% in the control test to 10.31% under experimental conditions. Elevated renal uric excretion led to a significant drop in the plasma uric acid level from 4.9 mg% to 4.2 mg% after the administration to KC1. The findings suggest that KC1 influences the tubular transport of uric acid, but the mechanism of its action is still obscure.", "contents": "Effect of KC1 on renal uric acid excretion. The effect of two days' KC1 administration per os (total amount 11 g, i.e. 140 mEq potassium) on renal uric acid excretion was studied in healthy subjects under conditions of water diuresis. A significant increase in the uric acid excretory fraction (CUA/CCr..100) was found, from 8.04% in the control test to 10.31% under experimental conditions. Elevated renal uric excretion led to a significant drop in the plasma uric acid level from 4.9 mg% to 4.2 mg% after the administration to KC1. The findings suggest that KC1 influences the tubular transport of uric acid, but the mechanism of its action is still obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:133361", "title": "Effect of dihydroxyphenylalanine, imipramine and coffeine on the light induced decrease in nocturnal serotonin N-acetyltransferase in the rat pineal gland.", "content": "The s.c. administration of 150mg L-dihydroxphyenylalaine/kg b.w. 15 min before the decapitation prevents the light induced decrease in nocturnal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in the rat pineal gland. The s.c. administration of 50mg imipramine/kg b.w., resp. 100mg/kg b.w., 15 min before the decapitation, slows down, or prevents the light induced fall in the activity. The maintenance of a sufficient level of active norepinephrine on beta-receptors, either by displacement of norepinephrine in the nerve endings by dopamine, or by the inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake by imipramine, thus slows down or prevents the decrease in serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity after exposure to light during the night. The i.p. administration of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor coffeine citrate in a dose 200mg/kg 90 min after switching off the light for the night stimulated serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity 270 min after the light and been switched off, but did not influence the abrupt decrease induced in nocturnal activity by exposure to light.", "contents": "Effect of dihydroxyphenylalanine, imipramine and coffeine on the light induced decrease in nocturnal serotonin N-acetyltransferase in the rat pineal gland. The s.c. administration of 150mg L-dihydroxphyenylalaine/kg b.w. 15 min before the decapitation prevents the light induced decrease in nocturnal serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity in the rat pineal gland. The s.c. administration of 50mg imipramine/kg b.w., resp. 100mg/kg b.w., 15 min before the decapitation, slows down, or prevents the light induced fall in the activity. The maintenance of a sufficient level of active norepinephrine on beta-receptors, either by displacement of norepinephrine in the nerve endings by dopamine, or by the inhibition of norepinephrine reuptake by imipramine, thus slows down or prevents the decrease in serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity after exposure to light during the night. The i.p. administration of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor coffeine citrate in a dose 200mg/kg 90 min after switching off the light for the night stimulated serotonin N-acetyltransferase activity 270 min after the light and been switched off, but did not influence the abrupt decrease induced in nocturnal activity by exposure to light."}
{"id": "PMID:133362", "title": "Some properties of mitochondrial and cell sap alanine aminotransferase of the rat heart.", "content": "Alanine aminotransferase activity is present in mitochondria and the cell sap fraction of the rat myocardium. As distinct from the cell sap form, mitochondrial alanine aminotransferase was significantly inhibited by chloride ions, maleate and incubation medium temperatures of over 40 degrees C. Activity of the cell sap enzyme was inhibited by phosphate and stimulated by temperatures of over 40 degrees C. The pH optimum for cell sap alanine aminotransferase was in the region of 8, while for the mitochondrial enzyme it had a wider range (pH 7.3-8.2). D,L-penicillamine, and antagonist of vitamin B6, inhibited alanine aminotransferase activity equally in intact and tritonized mitochondria and in the cell sap fraction. The activity of mitochondrial and cell sap alanine aminotransferease rose in correlation to the stage of ontogenesis, the maximum increase being observed in the cell sap fraction 14-20 days after birth. The addition  of coenzyme to the incubation medium did not affect the activity of either mitochondrial or cell sap alanine aminotransferase. The results indicate that there are two different alanine aminotransferase enzymes in the rat heart, with different intracellular localizations and probably with different regulative functions.", "contents": "Some properties of mitochondrial and cell sap alanine aminotransferase of the rat heart. Alanine aminotransferase activity is present in mitochondria and the cell sap fraction of the rat myocardium. As distinct from the cell sap form, mitochondrial alanine aminotransferase was significantly inhibited by chloride ions, maleate and incubation medium temperatures of over 40 degrees C. Activity of the cell sap enzyme was inhibited by phosphate and stimulated by temperatures of over 40 degrees C. The pH optimum for cell sap alanine aminotransferase was in the region of 8, while for the mitochondrial enzyme it had a wider range (pH 7.3-8.2). D,L-penicillamine, and antagonist of vitamin B6, inhibited alanine aminotransferase activity equally in intact and tritonized mitochondria and in the cell sap fraction. The activity of mitochondrial and cell sap alanine aminotransferease rose in correlation to the stage of ontogenesis, the maximum increase being observed in the cell sap fraction 14-20 days after birth. The addition  of coenzyme to the incubation medium did not affect the activity of either mitochondrial or cell sap alanine aminotransferase. The results indicate that there are two different alanine aminotransferase enzymes in the rat heart, with different intracellular localizations and probably with different regulative functions."}
{"id": "PMID:133363", "title": "Results of correlation of values of individual behaviour of rats with liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity.", "content": "A significant negative correlation was found between the individual animal's horizontal activity in an open field and liver tryptophan pyrrolase (LTP) activity. On the other hand, the duration of immobility in an open field correlated postively and significantly with liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity.", "contents": "Results of correlation of values of individual behaviour of rats with liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity. A significant negative correlation was found between the individual animal's horizontal activity in an open field and liver tryptophan pyrrolase (LTP) activity. On the other hand, the duration of immobility in an open field correlated postively and significantly with liver tryptophan pyrrolase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:133364", "title": "Effect of 6-azauridine on calcium metabolism in rats.", "content": "After 12 days of intramuscular administration of 6-azauridine (500 mg/kg b.w.) rats displayed a significant decrease in plasma calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and total hydroxyproline levels and alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. The biological method employed revealed no changes in calcitonin activity. 6-Azauridine reduced the citric acid concentration in the kidneys, liver, heart and bones. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the kidneys, heart and liver was unaffected. The results indicate that 6-azauridine inhibits calcium resorption from the bones and interferes with collagen synthesis. It cannot be ruled out that the described changes are elicited by the antimetabolic effect of this cytostatic drug.", "contents": "Effect of 6-azauridine on calcium metabolism in rats. After 12 days of intramuscular administration of 6-azauridine (500 mg/kg b.w.) rats displayed a significant decrease in plasma calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and total hydroxyproline levels and alkaline and acid phosphatase activity. The biological method employed revealed no changes in calcitonin activity. 6-Azauridine reduced the citric acid concentration in the kidneys, liver, heart and bones. Alkaline phosphatase activity in the kidneys, heart and liver was unaffected. The results indicate that 6-azauridine inhibits calcium resorption from the bones and interferes with collagen synthesis. It cannot be ruled out that the described changes are elicited by the antimetabolic effect of this cytostatic drug."}
{"id": "PMID:133365", "title": "Thermostability of the erythrocytes of mice exposed to the action of a magnetic field.", "content": "The authors investigated the thermostability of the erythrocytes os strain CBA mice exposed to the action of a magnetic field formed by the poles of a rotating permanent magnet of 20 mT (200 GAUSS) induction. The erythrocytes of animals which spent 17 weeks in the magnetic field were significantly less heat resistance than those of the control animals. The effect on animals kept in the magnetic field during embryoyenesis and infancy and then left 3 months outside it was even more pronounced.", "contents": "Thermostability of the erythrocytes of mice exposed to the action of a magnetic field. The authors investigated the thermostability of the erythrocytes os strain CBA mice exposed to the action of a magnetic field formed by the poles of a rotating permanent magnet of 20 mT (200 GAUSS) induction. The erythrocytes of animals which spent 17 weeks in the magnetic field were significantly less heat resistance than those of the control animals. The effect on animals kept in the magnetic field during embryoyenesis and infancy and then left 3 months outside it was even more pronounced."}
{"id": "PMID:133366", "title": "Influence of age and starvation on pO2, pCO2 and haematocrit values in the rat.", "content": "The author determined the effect of acute starvation on the arterial pO2 and pCO2 value (analysed on a micro-Astrup apparatus) in rats of different ages; in infant rats, this was done by separating them from the female and the nest for 24 hours. Arterial blood was obtained by incising the tail artery. It was found that the pO2 value in rat arterial blood rose signficantly during ontogenesis. At 10 and 14 days the mean pO2 value was 68 torr, while at 25 days and in adult rats it was 92-95 torr. No marked changes were found in CO2 during ontogenesis (the mild drop was not statistically significant). In 10- and 14-day-old rats, 24 hours' starvation caused a significant decrease in pO2. In older rats, deprivation of food and water did not significantly affect the pO2; in the arterial blood. The arterial blood pCO2 was not influenced by starvation. The development of the haematocrit values in mixed blood (obtained by decapitation) during ontogenesis was in agreement with findings in the literature, i.e. a drors' complete starvation produced no change in the haematocrit values in 5- and 10-day-old rats, but a marked increase was recorded in older rats.", "contents": "Influence of age and starvation on pO2, pCO2 and haematocrit values in the rat. The author determined the effect of acute starvation on the arterial pO2 and pCO2 value (analysed on a micro-Astrup apparatus) in rats of different ages; in infant rats, this was done by separating them from the female and the nest for 24 hours. Arterial blood was obtained by incising the tail artery. It was found that the pO2 value in rat arterial blood rose signficantly during ontogenesis. At 10 and 14 days the mean pO2 value was 68 torr, while at 25 days and in adult rats it was 92-95 torr. No marked changes were found in CO2 during ontogenesis (the mild drop was not statistically significant). In 10- and 14-day-old rats, 24 hours' starvation caused a significant decrease in pO2. In older rats, deprivation of food and water did not significantly affect the pO2; in the arterial blood. The arterial blood pCO2 was not influenced by starvation. The development of the haematocrit values in mixed blood (obtained by decapitation) during ontogenesis was in agreement with findings in the literature, i.e. a drors' complete starvation produced no change in the haematocrit values in 5- and 10-day-old rats, but a marked increase was recorded in older rats."}
{"id": "PMID:133367", "title": "Influence of single administration of different diets on the energy metabolism at temperatures of 10,20 and 30 degrees C in the golden hamster.", "content": "Fed animals have a higher resting metabolic rate in the thermoneutral zone than fasting ones. The metabolic increase is due to the specific dynamic action of food. With a decline of environmental temperature this increase in metabolism either declines or remains unchanged; decisive is whether the heat is used for thermoregulation or not (Mejsnar and Jansk\u00fd 1971). The objective of our work was to find out to what extent a single intake of a diet with a different ratio of nutrients can influence resting metabolism in the golden hamster and whether this heat can be used for thermoregulation in the cold. Female golden hamsters aged 6-8 weeks kept at a constant temperature of 22 +/-1 degrees C with twelve-hour alternation of light (6 a.m. - 6 p.m.) and darkness ( 6 p.m. - 6 a.m.) were used for the experiments. The oxygen consumption was assessed after a single intake of a standard, high-carbohydrate (76 cal.% starch), high-fat (80 cal.% margarine) and high-protein (82 cal.% casein) diet-for detailed composition see F\u00e1bry (1959). The food was given at 6.m. after previous 20 hours of fasting. Animals were then transferred into the respiration chamber and kept there for three hours, including one hour when they were left to settle down; during this period the oxygen consumption was not measured. Oxygen consumption measurement started at 9 a.m. and lasted till 11 a.m. The metabolism of the animals at rest was assessed at temperatures of 10, 20 and 30 degrees C by measuring the oxygen consumption by the interferometric method (Wollschitt et al. 1935). The results are expressed in ml of oxygen per g of body weight per hour. The relationship between the metabolism at rest and environmental temperatures in hamsters given a single dose of standard, high-proetin, high-fat or high-carbohydrate diet is apparent from Table 1. The maximum increase of oxygen consumption after administration of the experimental diets was found at a temperature of 30 degrees C. At an environmental temperature of 20 degrees C the administration of the high-protein and high-fat diet causes roughly the same increase of metabolism. The high-carbohydrate diet increase is only one third of thevalues found, in the remaining two diets at the same temperature and is non-significant. At the environmental temperature of 10 degrees C all the diets used increased the oxygen consumption insignificantly. The changes in metabolism at different environmental temperatures after administration of various diets expressed as percentage of metabolism at 30 degrees C in animals fed the standard diet indicate that the specific dynamic action of the high-protein and high-fats diets is lower at lowered temperatures. We may thus assume that the heat produced as a result of specific dynamic action of the high-protein and high-fat diets is perhaps used for thermoregulation. The role of specific dynamic action of high-carbohydrate diet for thermoregulation is not clear from our experiments. The role of specific dynamic action of food was assessed by several authors...", "contents": "Influence of single administration of different diets on the energy metabolism at temperatures of 10,20 and 30 degrees C in the golden hamster. Fed animals have a higher resting metabolic rate in the thermoneutral zone than fasting ones. The metabolic increase is due to the specific dynamic action of food. With a decline of environmental temperature this increase in metabolism either declines or remains unchanged; decisive is whether the heat is used for thermoregulation or not (Mejsnar and Jansk\u00fd 1971). The objective of our work was to find out to what extent a single intake of a diet with a different ratio of nutrients can influence resting metabolism in the golden hamster and whether this heat can be used for thermoregulation in the cold. Female golden hamsters aged 6-8 weeks kept at a constant temperature of 22 +/-1 degrees C with twelve-hour alternation of light (6 a.m. - 6 p.m.) and darkness ( 6 p.m. - 6 a.m.) were used for the experiments. The oxygen consumption was assessed after a single intake of a standard, high-carbohydrate (76 cal.% starch), high-fat (80 cal.% margarine) and high-protein (82 cal.% casein) diet-for detailed composition see F\u00e1bry (1959). The food was given at 6.m. after previous 20 hours of fasting. Animals were then transferred into the respiration chamber and kept there for three hours, including one hour when they were left to settle down; during this period the oxygen consumption was not measured. Oxygen consumption measurement started at 9 a.m. and lasted till 11 a.m. The metabolism of the animals at rest was assessed at temperatures of 10, 20 and 30 degrees C by measuring the oxygen consumption by the interferometric method (Wollschitt et al. 1935). The results are expressed in ml of oxygen per g of body weight per hour. The relationship between the metabolism at rest and environmental temperatures in hamsters given a single dose of standard, high-proetin, high-fat or high-carbohydrate diet is apparent from Table 1. The maximum increase of oxygen consumption after administration of the experimental diets was found at a temperature of 30 degrees C. At an environmental temperature of 20 degrees C the administration of the high-protein and high-fat diet causes roughly the same increase of metabolism. The high-carbohydrate diet increase is only one third of thevalues found, in the remaining two diets at the same temperature and is non-significant. At the environmental temperature of 10 degrees C all the diets used increased the oxygen consumption insignificantly. The changes in metabolism at different environmental temperatures after administration of various diets expressed as percentage of metabolism at 30 degrees C in animals fed the standard diet indicate that the specific dynamic action of the high-protein and high-fats diets is lower at lowered temperatures. We may thus assume that the heat produced as a result of specific dynamic action of the high-protein and high-fat diets is perhaps used for thermoregulation. The role of specific dynamic action of high-carbohydrate diet for thermoregulation is not clear from our experiments. The role of specific dynamic action of food was assessed by several authors..."}
{"id": "PMID:133369", "title": "Reduction of alcohol selection by pargyline in mice.", "content": "Drugs which increase brain levels of serotonin (5-HT) have frequently been found to cause a decrease in voluntary ethanol consumption. Results obtained with parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA), which decreases 5-HT, have been less consistent. The present investigation compared the effects of pCPA on alcohol selection with those of pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor which increases brain levels of 5-HT. Ingestion of a 10% ethanol solution was assessed in male C57BL/6J mice given daily injections of 250 or 300 mg/kg pCPA, 50 mg/kg pargyline, or saline. An additional control group received no treatment. A two-bottle preference procedure was employed, and ethanol and water intake were recorded during a pretreatment period (11 days), a treatment period (8 days), and a posttreatment period (10 days). Like other agents which increase 5-HT, parygyline produced a depression in ethanol intake which lasted beyond the time of drug administration. pCPa had no effect on ethanol ingestion either during the period of drug administration or afterwards.", "contents": "Reduction of alcohol selection by pargyline in mice. Drugs which increase brain levels of serotonin (5-HT) have frequently been found to cause a decrease in voluntary ethanol consumption. Results obtained with parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA), which decreases 5-HT, have been less consistent. The present investigation compared the effects of pCPA on alcohol selection with those of pargyline, a monoamine oxidase inhibitor which increases brain levels of 5-HT. Ingestion of a 10% ethanol solution was assessed in male C57BL/6J mice given daily injections of 250 or 300 mg/kg pCPA, 50 mg/kg pargyline, or saline. An additional control group received no treatment. A two-bottle preference procedure was employed, and ethanol and water intake were recorded during a pretreatment period (11 days), a treatment period (8 days), and a posttreatment period (10 days). Like other agents which increase 5-HT, parygyline produced a depression in ethanol intake which lasted beyond the time of drug administration. pCPa had no effect on ethanol ingestion either during the period of drug administration or afterwards."}
{"id": "PMID:133372", "title": "Congenital fibrosis of the liver: diagnostic possibilities of peritoneoscopy and splenoportography.", "content": "Congenital fibrosis of the liver can be tentatively diagnosed by direct-vision peritoneoscopy, and this diagnosis can be verified without difficulty by a liver puncture under peritoneoscopic control. In addition, peritoneoscopy makes it possible to determine portal pressure in the spleen under optical control of the puncture site, and to make a splenoportogram at minimum risk. The splenoportogram supplies information on the luminal width of the splenic and portal veins, which is important if a shunt operation is contemplated. Besides, information can be obtained on the extent of the collateral circulation, and the features of the portal branches in the liver can in turn corroborate the diagnosis.", "contents": "Congenital fibrosis of the liver: diagnostic possibilities of peritoneoscopy and splenoportography. Congenital fibrosis of the liver can be tentatively diagnosed by direct-vision peritoneoscopy, and this diagnosis can be verified without difficulty by a liver puncture under peritoneoscopic control. In addition, peritoneoscopy makes it possible to determine portal pressure in the spleen under optical control of the puncture site, and to make a splenoportogram at minimum risk. The splenoportogram supplies information on the luminal width of the splenic and portal veins, which is important if a shunt operation is contemplated. Besides, information can be obtained on the extent of the collateral circulation, and the features of the portal branches in the liver can in turn corroborate the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:133373", "title": "Persistent transitional circulation. Roentgenographic findings in thirteen infants.", "content": "Chest roentgenograms in 13 infants and angiocardiograms in 11 infants with persistent transitional circulation (PCT) syndrome were reviewed. Chest radiographs typically revealed congestive heart failure with pulmonary venous congestion, cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, and pleural effusions. Angiocardiography demonstrated a right-to-left shunt through the ductus arteriosus, ventricular dilatation, poor myocardial function, and ventricular emptying. Cardiopulmonary abnormalities resolved over a period of 2-6 days in survivors. PTC syndrome as seen at the authors' institution has been an important and relatively common cause of congestive heart failure and cyanosis in the newborn. The incidence of congestive failure was higher than in other reported series.", "contents": "Persistent transitional circulation. Roentgenographic findings in thirteen infants. Chest roentgenograms in 13 infants and angiocardiograms in 11 infants with persistent transitional circulation (PCT) syndrome were reviewed. Chest radiographs typically revealed congestive heart failure with pulmonary venous congestion, cardiomegaly, hepatomegaly, and pleural effusions. Angiocardiography demonstrated a right-to-left shunt through the ductus arteriosus, ventricular dilatation, poor myocardial function, and ventricular emptying. Cardiopulmonary abnormalities resolved over a period of 2-6 days in survivors. PTC syndrome as seen at the authors' institution has been an important and relatively common cause of congestive heart failure and cyanosis in the newborn. The incidence of congestive failure was higher than in other reported series."}
{"id": "PMID:133377", "title": "[Experimental basis for a new surgical-therapeutic method for duodenal ulcer: gastric mucoslerosis].", "content": "On the basis of studies carried out by chronic experiments in dogs the authors noted, by clinical, chemical, radiological and histological methods, that the chemical sclerosis of the gastric mucosa performed with a sterile, fresh hypertonic solution of glucose at 60%, injected in the sub-mucosa, represents an intervention which is:--physiological, since the sclero-distrophy is achieved of the acid-secreting glands and \"targeted\" intra-gastric vago-sympathic denervation, while the storage function of the stomach is maintained;--feasible, since it can be easily performed from the technical view point, without hemorrhagic, perforative intra-operatory risks or hepato-renal toxicity;--fiable, since it was constantly accompanied by good clinical and functional results. The radiological examination of the barium passage in the stomach, antrum, pylorus and duodenum is normal.", "contents": "[Experimental basis for a new surgical-therapeutic method for duodenal ulcer: gastric mucoslerosis]. On the basis of studies carried out by chronic experiments in dogs the authors noted, by clinical, chemical, radiological and histological methods, that the chemical sclerosis of the gastric mucosa performed with a sterile, fresh hypertonic solution of glucose at 60%, injected in the sub-mucosa, represents an intervention which is:--physiological, since the sclero-distrophy is achieved of the acid-secreting glands and \"targeted\" intra-gastric vago-sympathic denervation, while the storage function of the stomach is maintained;--feasible, since it can be easily performed from the technical view point, without hemorrhagic, perforative intra-operatory risks or hepato-renal toxicity;--fiable, since it was constantly accompanied by good clinical and functional results. The radiological examination of the barium passage in the stomach, antrum, pylorus and duodenum is normal."}
{"id": "PMID:133378", "title": "[Preservation of rat liver using prolonged perfusion with a complex solution lacking hemoglobin].", "content": "The author's aim was to investigate conservation of rat liver by continuous perfusion of the isolated organ in conditions of normal temperature, as well as in hypothermia. A complex solution was used, lacking hemoglobin. Over a period of 5 hours of conservation the authors evaluated the perfusion rate, the concentration of lactate and pyruvate in the conservation medium, while on histological preparations was investigated the formation of fibrin deposits in the intra-hepatic vessels. The results confirmed the positive effects of hypothermia, that is not due exclusively to a limiting of the metabolic necessities of the organ but also to a reduction of the fibrinogenesis and a slowing down of the formation of intra-hepatic microaggregates.", "contents": "[Preservation of rat liver using prolonged perfusion with a complex solution lacking hemoglobin]. The author's aim was to investigate conservation of rat liver by continuous perfusion of the isolated organ in conditions of normal temperature, as well as in hypothermia. A complex solution was used, lacking hemoglobin. Over a period of 5 hours of conservation the authors evaluated the perfusion rate, the concentration of lactate and pyruvate in the conservation medium, while on histological preparations was investigated the formation of fibrin deposits in the intra-hepatic vessels. The results confirmed the positive effects of hypothermia, that is not due exclusively to a limiting of the metabolic necessities of the organ but also to a reduction of the fibrinogenesis and a slowing down of the formation of intra-hepatic microaggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:133380", "title": "[Hepatic suppurations requiring segmented or atypical hepatectomies].", "content": "Following studies of cases with hepatic suppurations the authors indicate the necessity for regular or atypic hepatectomies. The extension of the suppurative process in the liver made necessary the ligature of the great sagital vein and the authors show, on the basis of anatomic and topographical data (hepatic segmentation), that it is necessary to extend the hepatectomy to the IV-th para-median segment. The authors also present the indications for bi-segmental right hepatectomy in segments VII-VI as well as of the total left regulated hepatectomy.", "contents": "[Hepatic suppurations requiring segmented or atypical hepatectomies]. Following studies of cases with hepatic suppurations the authors indicate the necessity for regular or atypic hepatectomies. The extension of the suppurative process in the liver made necessary the ligature of the great sagital vein and the authors show, on the basis of anatomic and topographical data (hepatic segmentation), that it is necessary to extend the hepatectomy to the IV-th para-median segment. The authors also present the indications for bi-segmental right hepatectomy in segments VII-VI as well as of the total left regulated hepatectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:133383", "title": "[Significance of residual hepatocholedochal dilatation following principal methods of surgical treatment in benign stenoses of the terminal choledochus].", "content": "Out of 305 cases, diagnosed and operated in the clinic over a period of 14 years, the authors have investigated in 164 of them--controlled between 2 and 14 years after surgery--the residual dilatation of the hepatic segment of the choledocus following the application of the major methods of surgical treatment of benign stenoses of the terminal choledocus duct. In view of reducing the disturbances that might occur after surgery of the biliary pathways, the material was investigated and, in the light of the data from the literature, the conditions are discussed, in which the residual hepato-choledocal dilatation should be considered as pathological, the methods of investigation, the difference between the duodeno-biliary reflux and the jejuno-biliary reflux, the anatomo-pathophysiological basis of a more complete and differentiated surgical therapy, the precautions necessary for avoiding remaining intra-hepatic abscesses that might complicate the postoperative evolution.", "contents": "[Significance of residual hepatocholedochal dilatation following principal methods of surgical treatment in benign stenoses of the terminal choledochus]. Out of 305 cases, diagnosed and operated in the clinic over a period of 14 years, the authors have investigated in 164 of them--controlled between 2 and 14 years after surgery--the residual dilatation of the hepatic segment of the choledocus following the application of the major methods of surgical treatment of benign stenoses of the terminal choledocus duct. In view of reducing the disturbances that might occur after surgery of the biliary pathways, the material was investigated and, in the light of the data from the literature, the conditions are discussed, in which the residual hepato-choledocal dilatation should be considered as pathological, the methods of investigation, the difference between the duodeno-biliary reflux and the jejuno-biliary reflux, the anatomo-pathophysiological basis of a more complete and differentiated surgical therapy, the precautions necessary for avoiding remaining intra-hepatic abscesses that might complicate the postoperative evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:133389", "title": "[Problems in the diagnosis and treatment of intrahepatic lithiasis].", "content": "Following the study of 44 cases of intra-hepatic lithiasis the authors have reached these conclusions:--intra-hepatic lithiasis (both primary and secondary) represents 3% of the biliary lithiases;--the characteristic element of the evolution of biliary lithiasis is the so-called \"ageing phenomenon\" leading to the formation of multiple stones, progressively obstructing the biliary pathways and finally involving the intra-hepatic segments. These are the so-called biliary panlithiases representing 50% of the cases with intra-hepatic lithiasis in the author's statistics;--cholangiography (both intravenous and intra-canalicular) should be considered as completed only when it provides a representation of the entire biliary system;--one cannot speak at present of a \"remaining\" or \"forgotten\" hepato-choledocus stone before the exclusion of the intra-hepatic \"forgotten\" stone;--the significant reduction of \"post-cholecystectomy disturbances\" depends on the correct diagnosis and treatment of all stones, indifferent of their site of occurrence (extra- and intra-hepatic).", "contents": "[Problems in the diagnosis and treatment of intrahepatic lithiasis]. Following the study of 44 cases of intra-hepatic lithiasis the authors have reached these conclusions:--intra-hepatic lithiasis (both primary and secondary) represents 3% of the biliary lithiases;--the characteristic element of the evolution of biliary lithiasis is the so-called \"ageing phenomenon\" leading to the formation of multiple stones, progressively obstructing the biliary pathways and finally involving the intra-hepatic segments. These are the so-called biliary panlithiases representing 50% of the cases with intra-hepatic lithiasis in the author's statistics;--cholangiography (both intravenous and intra-canalicular) should be considered as completed only when it provides a representation of the entire biliary system;--one cannot speak at present of a \"remaining\" or \"forgotten\" hepato-choledocus stone before the exclusion of the intra-hepatic \"forgotten\" stone;--the significant reduction of \"post-cholecystectomy disturbances\" depends on the correct diagnosis and treatment of all stones, indifferent of their site of occurrence (extra- and intra-hepatic)."}
{"id": "PMID:133390", "title": "[Treatment of duodenal ulcer with chemical sclerosis of the gastric mucosa. Preliminary results].", "content": "On the basis of experimental studies and of the results obtained, the authors have applied over the last two years, sclerosis of the gastric mucosa with fresh, sterile solution of hypertonic (66%) glucose in 25 patients with duodenal ulcers and cellular and vagal hyperacidity resistant to medical therapy. Mucosclerosis was associated with gastric drainage in 14 patients with duodenal ulcer complicated by stenosis or hemmorhage. Sclerosis of the gastric mucosa is a physiological intervention because it achieves the sclero-atrophy of the acid-secreting glands and vago-sympatic denervation in the gastric territory, while the storage function of the stomach is maintained. It was not followed by extra-gastric disturbances or antro-pyloric distonia. It is easy to perform from the technical viewpoint and has a high degree of fiability, providing constantly satisfactory clinical, functional and metabolic results. Chemical values of basal secretion have decreased in a constant manner but in 9 patients the values of induced acidity showed inconstant decreases. Gastro-antro-pyloro-duodenal transit was good and all operated patients have gained weight. No diarrhea, dumping or peptic recidives were noted.", "contents": "[Treatment of duodenal ulcer with chemical sclerosis of the gastric mucosa. Preliminary results]. On the basis of experimental studies and of the results obtained, the authors have applied over the last two years, sclerosis of the gastric mucosa with fresh, sterile solution of hypertonic (66%) glucose in 25 patients with duodenal ulcers and cellular and vagal hyperacidity resistant to medical therapy. Mucosclerosis was associated with gastric drainage in 14 patients with duodenal ulcer complicated by stenosis or hemmorhage. Sclerosis of the gastric mucosa is a physiological intervention because it achieves the sclero-atrophy of the acid-secreting glands and vago-sympatic denervation in the gastric territory, while the storage function of the stomach is maintained. It was not followed by extra-gastric disturbances or antro-pyloric distonia. It is easy to perform from the technical viewpoint and has a high degree of fiability, providing constantly satisfactory clinical, functional and metabolic results. Chemical values of basal secretion have decreased in a constant manner but in 9 patients the values of induced acidity showed inconstant decreases. Gastro-antro-pyloro-duodenal transit was good and all operated patients have gained weight. No diarrhea, dumping or peptic recidives were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:133391", "title": "[Complications of Crohn's disease (Clinical and anatomopathological observations on 13 cases)].", "content": "Malignization of Crohn disease remains the most severe complication, both due to its intrinsic gravity and to the major complications that it may induce such as: peritonitis--following suppurations and perforation of the involved intestinal segment; intestinal sub-occlusion or mechano-inflammatory occlusion, either tumoral or chronic leading to stenosis of the intestine; hemorrhage. Malignization of Crohn disease was found in 53,84% of the cases (7 out of a total of 13 cases, between 1968 and 1974). This allows to conclude that Crohn disease can be considered as a pre-cancerous disease.", "contents": "[Complications of Crohn's disease (Clinical and anatomopathological observations on 13 cases)]. Malignization of Crohn disease remains the most severe complication, both due to its intrinsic gravity and to the major complications that it may induce such as: peritonitis--following suppurations and perforation of the involved intestinal segment; intestinal sub-occlusion or mechano-inflammatory occlusion, either tumoral or chronic leading to stenosis of the intestine; hemorrhage. Malignization of Crohn disease was found in 53,84% of the cases (7 out of a total of 13 cases, between 1968 and 1974). This allows to conclude that Crohn disease can be considered as a pre-cancerous disease."}
{"id": "PMID:133393", "title": "[Preservation of human lymphocytes in liquid nitrogen for the purpose of organ transplantation].", "content": "Repeated typing of organ receptors, indifferent of the technique employed, as well as the preparation of anti-sera of the HL-A type from multiple-pregnancy women (by repeated testing on known lymphocytes panels), suppose the storage for long periods of time of human lymphocytes at low temperatures. The authors present a technique adapted for the storage of lymphocytes in liquid nitrogen allowing for the survival of these cells, in very satisfactory conditions, for long periods of time.", "contents": "[Preservation of human lymphocytes in liquid nitrogen for the purpose of organ transplantation]. Repeated typing of organ receptors, indifferent of the technique employed, as well as the preparation of anti-sera of the HL-A type from multiple-pregnancy women (by repeated testing on known lymphocytes panels), suppose the storage for long periods of time of human lymphocytes at low temperatures. The authors present a technique adapted for the storage of lymphocytes in liquid nitrogen allowing for the survival of these cells, in very satisfactory conditions, for long periods of time."}
{"id": "PMID:133392", "title": "[Penetrating wound of the right ventricle associated with hemoperitoneum of hepatic origin].", "content": "The authors discuss, in connection with a penetrating wound of the right ventricle induced with a knife, associated to hemoperitoneum (1 400 ml) following transfixiant hepatic wound on the importance of a complete diagnosis in complex trauma. In such type of trauma, the approach of thoracic lesions must be independent of the treatment of abdominal ones, in view of the prevention of contamination of the thoracic cavity. For the time being digital obstruction of penetrating heart wounds is the least traumatic and the most efficient modality to stop hemorrhage, facilitating at the same time, the performance of cardiography.", "contents": "[Penetrating wound of the right ventricle associated with hemoperitoneum of hepatic origin]. The authors discuss, in connection with a penetrating wound of the right ventricle induced with a knife, associated to hemoperitoneum (1 400 ml) following transfixiant hepatic wound on the importance of a complete diagnosis in complex trauma. In such type of trauma, the approach of thoracic lesions must be independent of the treatment of abdominal ones, in view of the prevention of contamination of the thoracic cavity. For the time being digital obstruction of penetrating heart wounds is the least traumatic and the most efficient modality to stop hemorrhage, facilitating at the same time, the performance of cardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:133395", "title": "[Influence of changes in the vegetative tonus on the effects of succinylcholine on blood pressure (experimental data)].", "content": "Intravenous administration of small amounts (0,1 mg/kg of body weight) of succinyl-choline in dogs results in the increase of blood pressure through nicotine-like effects. The increase of succinyl-choline doses induces at first a lowering of the blood pressure through a muscarine-like effect, then its increase. Atropinization, as well as prealable vagotomy, prevents the lowering of the blood pressure but increases it through a nicotine-like effect. Neomistigmine increases both the nicotinic and the cholinergic (muscarinic) effects of succinyl-choline. The use of alpha-sympatico-mimetic drugs, followed by administration of succinyl-choline, generates hypertension and conjugation of alpha-sympatico-mimetic drugs with lepto-currarine induces hypotension, even when para-sympatic lysis has been performed in advance. Inhibition of the beta-sympatic components, followed by inhibition of the alpha-sympatic ones, prevents the development of the succinyl-cholinic hypotension. These facts indicate that the action of succinyl-choline on the blood pressure depends, to a considerable extent, on the condition of the central nervous system.", "contents": "[Influence of changes in the vegetative tonus on the effects of succinylcholine on blood pressure (experimental data)]. Intravenous administration of small amounts (0,1 mg/kg of body weight) of succinyl-choline in dogs results in the increase of blood pressure through nicotine-like effects. The increase of succinyl-choline doses induces at first a lowering of the blood pressure through a muscarine-like effect, then its increase. Atropinization, as well as prealable vagotomy, prevents the lowering of the blood pressure but increases it through a nicotine-like effect. Neomistigmine increases both the nicotinic and the cholinergic (muscarinic) effects of succinyl-choline. The use of alpha-sympatico-mimetic drugs, followed by administration of succinyl-choline, generates hypertension and conjugation of alpha-sympatico-mimetic drugs with lepto-currarine induces hypotension, even when para-sympatic lysis has been performed in advance. Inhibition of the beta-sympatic components, followed by inhibition of the alpha-sympatic ones, prevents the development of the succinyl-cholinic hypotension. These facts indicate that the action of succinyl-choline on the blood pressure depends, to a considerable extent, on the condition of the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:133396", "title": "[Percutaneous catheterization of the superior vena cava system, using the large veins at the base of the neck].", "content": "Catheterization of the superior caval system by punctioning of the subclavial vein, or of the deep jugular vein, has many positive aspects. Confronting the data from the literature with their own experience the authors discuss the results obtained in a total of 1884 catheterizations of this type.", "contents": "[Percutaneous catheterization of the superior vena cava system, using the large veins at the base of the neck]. Catheterization of the superior caval system by punctioning of the subclavial vein, or of the deep jugular vein, has many positive aspects. Confronting the data from the literature with their own experience the authors discuss the results obtained in a total of 1884 catheterizations of this type."}
{"id": "PMID:133394", "title": "[Stimulation of callus formation in delayed consolidation of fractures and in pseudarthrosis, using electric current].", "content": "The authors suggest the use of a small size generator of constant electric currents, that could be used in patients after incorporation in the plaster of Paris casts. This was experimentally tested in animals in view of assessing the results. Good results, obtained in 5 patients, are communicated.", "contents": "[Stimulation of callus formation in delayed consolidation of fractures and in pseudarthrosis, using electric current]. The authors suggest the use of a small size generator of constant electric currents, that could be used in patients after incorporation in the plaster of Paris casts. This was experimentally tested in animals in view of assessing the results. Good results, obtained in 5 patients, are communicated."}
{"id": "PMID:133397", "title": "[The place of total nephro-ureterectomy in the treatment of urinary tuberculosis].", "content": "Taking into consideration the frequency of urethral lesions in the frame of uro-genital tuberculosis, and their serious effects on the renal tissue it becomes apparent that either conservative or radical surgical therapies should be applied when their extension make it mandatory. Besides prevention of development, or of the maintenance of vesical lesions can be obtained. On the basis of a statistic covering 1 440 cases of renal tuberculosis a total figure of 492 nephrectomies is found and 130 total nephro-uretherectomies. The transperitoneal pathway is suggested, that does not imply any risks and generally characterized by a benign post-operative evolution, which allows also for the simultaneous solution of eventual tuberculous genital lesions, both in men and in women.", "contents": "[The place of total nephro-ureterectomy in the treatment of urinary tuberculosis]. Taking into consideration the frequency of urethral lesions in the frame of uro-genital tuberculosis, and their serious effects on the renal tissue it becomes apparent that either conservative or radical surgical therapies should be applied when their extension make it mandatory. Besides prevention of development, or of the maintenance of vesical lesions can be obtained. On the basis of a statistic covering 1 440 cases of renal tuberculosis a total figure of 492 nephrectomies is found and 130 total nephro-uretherectomies. The transperitoneal pathway is suggested, that does not imply any risks and generally characterized by a benign post-operative evolution, which allows also for the simultaneous solution of eventual tuberculous genital lesions, both in men and in women."}
{"id": "PMID:133399", "title": "[Hepatodigestive shunts in the treatment of cancer of the liver with obstructions of the intrahepatic bile ducts].", "content": "The authors discuss the inductions and the usefulness of hepato-digestive derivations in the treatment of hepatic cancers associated with obstruction of intra-hepatic biliary pathways. A total of 32 hepato-digestive derivations in the left hepatic lobe have been carried out in a number of 62 cases, the remaining 30 cases being treated by a double hepato-digestive derivation on the III-rd and the VI-th segment (hepatogastro- or hepato-jejunostomy with or without disjointed--\"in omega\"--100 p). Pre- and intraoperational cholangiography is considered as mandatory in view of selecting the type of the intervention.", "contents": "[Hepatodigestive shunts in the treatment of cancer of the liver with obstructions of the intrahepatic bile ducts]. The authors discuss the inductions and the usefulness of hepato-digestive derivations in the treatment of hepatic cancers associated with obstruction of intra-hepatic biliary pathways. A total of 32 hepato-digestive derivations in the left hepatic lobe have been carried out in a number of 62 cases, the remaining 30 cases being treated by a double hepato-digestive derivation on the III-rd and the VI-th segment (hepatogastro- or hepato-jejunostomy with or without disjointed--\"in omega\"--100 p). Pre- and intraoperational cholangiography is considered as mandatory in view of selecting the type of the intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:133398", "title": "[Prevention and therapy of postoperative thyrotoxic crisis].", "content": "Out of a group of 361 patients with various anatomo-clinical forms of hyperthyroidia--of which 328 had underwent surgery--hospitalized in the Surgical Clinic from Jassy between 1965 and 1974, a total of 17 observations are analised, from the clinical and the therapeutical viewpoint, that showed postoperative thyreotoxicosis crisis. The fact is stressed that the prophylaxis of the crisis is dominated by the principle that no case of hyperthyroidia should be operated on before it has been perfectly balanced from the endocrinological viewpoint. The complex treatment of the cases that are presented included a symptomatic component to which were associated oxygen therapy, tonics, vitamins, hepatotrop preparations, eventually antibiotics. The results obtained--complete recovery in all the cases--can be compared with the best from the literature.", "contents": "[Prevention and therapy of postoperative thyrotoxic crisis]. Out of a group of 361 patients with various anatomo-clinical forms of hyperthyroidia--of which 328 had underwent surgery--hospitalized in the Surgical Clinic from Jassy between 1965 and 1974, a total of 17 observations are analised, from the clinical and the therapeutical viewpoint, that showed postoperative thyreotoxicosis crisis. The fact is stressed that the prophylaxis of the crisis is dominated by the principle that no case of hyperthyroidia should be operated on before it has been perfectly balanced from the endocrinological viewpoint. The complex treatment of the cases that are presented included a symptomatic component to which were associated oxygen therapy, tonics, vitamins, hepatotrop preparations, eventually antibiotics. The results obtained--complete recovery in all the cases--can be compared with the best from the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:133419", "title": "[Orthopedic surgery in children with low intelligence quotients].", "content": "53 mentally retarded children (IQ lower than 50) sustained orthopaedic procedures for improving locomotion. In this series the authors operated on 26 feet, 6 knees, 22 hips, 8 spines. One only case was operated on the upper limb. Results are carefully analysed. Complete failures were noted in 9 cases. The importance of the postoperative care was emphasized. It seemed more beneficial to operate on several sites in one single stage instead of multiplying surgical operations. Psychological factors in the family and nursing staff must be carefully considered.", "contents": "[Orthopedic surgery in children with low intelligence quotients]. 53 mentally retarded children (IQ lower than 50) sustained orthopaedic procedures for improving locomotion. In this series the authors operated on 26 feet, 6 knees, 22 hips, 8 spines. One only case was operated on the upper limb. Results are carefully analysed. Complete failures were noted in 9 cases. The importance of the postoperative care was emphasized. It seemed more beneficial to operate on several sites in one single stage instead of multiplying surgical operations. Psychological factors in the family and nursing staff must be carefully considered."}
{"id": "PMID:133420", "title": "[Milwaukee brace in the treatment of idiopathic scolioses. Results and indications].", "content": "The author reports a ten-years experience of the Milwaukee brace in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. 168 patients were treated and the results are analysed according to age at onset of treatment, severity of the curves, type of scoliosis. It is concluded that this bracing is worthwile as well for young children as for teenagers, the goal of the treatment being to prevent physical and psychological distress in adult life.", "contents": "[Milwaukee brace in the treatment of idiopathic scolioses. Results and indications]. The author reports a ten-years experience of the Milwaukee brace in the treatment of idiopathic scoliosis. 168 patients were treated and the results are analysed according to age at onset of treatment, severity of the curves, type of scoliosis. It is concluded that this bracing is worthwile as well for young children as for teenagers, the goal of the treatment being to prevent physical and psychological distress in adult life."}
{"id": "PMID:133421", "title": "[Flexor tendon grafts after provisional implantation of silicone rods. Study and results of 32 cases].", "content": "25 patients (32 fingers) have been operated on following Hunter's technique (flexor tendon grafting after a preparation of the bed by a silicone rod). 24 times the tendon was divided in the no man's land. 2 patients were worsened, 23 improved, 1/3 of the grafted fingers reached the palm in flexion. Results were less satisfactory when several operations had taken place prior grafting, when the graft was long in size. In 3 cases the flexor sublimis tendon was left in place, the graft crossing at the level of the decussassion with good results 6 times, secondary tenolysis led to little improvement. The indications for this operation are detailed.", "contents": "[Flexor tendon grafts after provisional implantation of silicone rods. Study and results of 32 cases]. 25 patients (32 fingers) have been operated on following Hunter's technique (flexor tendon grafting after a preparation of the bed by a silicone rod). 24 times the tendon was divided in the no man's land. 2 patients were worsened, 23 improved, 1/3 of the grafted fingers reached the palm in flexion. Results were less satisfactory when several operations had taken place prior grafting, when the graft was long in size. In 3 cases the flexor sublimis tendon was left in place, the graft crossing at the level of the decussassion with good results 6 times, secondary tenolysis led to little improvement. The indications for this operation are detailed."}
{"id": "PMID:133426", "title": "[Arthroplasty of the knee. Prosthesis without uni- or bicondylar hinge].", "content": "The prosthesis has two components. The femoral component is metallic surfacing the condyle and a tibial plateau in polyethylene replaces the original one. The prosthesis can be uni or bi-condylar. Operative technique has to be very precise and the position of the prosthesis needs accuracy. The advantages are: minimal bone resection, small implant harmonic action with the knee joint as a whole. 20 patients with I8 months follow up are reviewed, problems are infections and pain in the patello-femoral joint. The results on pain and walking are good. Stability depends on accurate indications.", "contents": "[Arthroplasty of the knee. Prosthesis without uni- or bicondylar hinge]. The prosthesis has two components. The femoral component is metallic surfacing the condyle and a tibial plateau in polyethylene replaces the original one. The prosthesis can be uni or bi-condylar. Operative technique has to be very precise and the position of the prosthesis needs accuracy. The advantages are: minimal bone resection, small implant harmonic action with the knee joint as a whole. 20 patients with I8 months follow up are reviewed, problems are infections and pain in the patello-femoral joint. The results on pain and walking are good. Stability depends on accurate indications."}
{"id": "PMID:133427", "title": "[Should one choose the nail or the plate in treating a leg fracture?].", "content": "The authors have analysed the results of 126 tibial fractures treated by blind nailing with reaming and 112 tibial fractures treated by plating. They noted 5 septic complications after nailing, after  plating, one non-union after nailing and 12 after plating, 3 malunions after nailing and 2 after plating. The cases treated by nailing united earlier. The Authors conclude that nailing is a more fiable technique than plating, and that the only fractures which should be plated are those which are not fit for nailing.", "contents": "[Should one choose the nail or the plate in treating a leg fracture?]. The authors have analysed the results of 126 tibial fractures treated by blind nailing with reaming and 112 tibial fractures treated by plating. They noted 5 septic complications after nailing, after  plating, one non-union after nailing and 12 after plating, 3 malunions after nailing and 2 after plating. The cases treated by nailing united earlier. The Authors conclude that nailing is a more fiable technique than plating, and that the only fractures which should be plated are those which are not fit for nailing."}
{"id": "PMID:133422", "title": "[Unicondylar fractures of the femur].", "content": "The authors have treated and reviewed 8 recent and 24 ancient unicondylar fractures of the femur. They point out that initial diagnosis had often been missed, due to associated lesions or apparently minimal displacement. They think that recent fractures should always be surgically treated by sagittal screwing. Indications are given for the treatment of malunions (osteotomies, arthrolysis, arthrodesis, prosthesis).", "contents": "[Unicondylar fractures of the femur]. The authors have treated and reviewed 8 recent and 24 ancient unicondylar fractures of the femur. They point out that initial diagnosis had often been missed, due to associated lesions or apparently minimal displacement. They think that recent fractures should always be surgically treated by sagittal screwing. Indications are given for the treatment of malunions (osteotomies, arthrolysis, arthrodesis, prosthesis)."}
{"id": "PMID:133428", "title": "[Fractures of the tibial spina and tuberosity, or fractures with subluxation of the upper end of the tibia].", "content": "The authors describe several types of fractures of the upper tibial extremity associating some degree of dislocation of one tibial plateau. They analyse the mechanical conditions of such fractures(axial compression with strain in the frontal plane), describe the associated (menisci, ligaments). Therapeutic conclusions are drawn.", "contents": "[Fractures of the tibial spina and tuberosity, or fractures with subluxation of the upper end of the tibia]. The authors describe several types of fractures of the upper tibial extremity associating some degree of dislocation of one tibial plateau. They analyse the mechanical conditions of such fractures(axial compression with strain in the frontal plane), describe the associated (menisci, ligaments). Therapeutic conclusions are drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:133423", "title": "[Osteoid osteoma in children. Apropos of 29 cases].", "content": "The authors have observed 29 cases of osteoid osteoma in children aged from 1 to 15 years. 10 cases involved the femur, 9 the tibia, 4 vertebrae. All cases were operated on. 3 recurrences were noted but the nidus had been removed in these cases. 2 cases were complicated by post-operative fractures and 5 by bone growth disturbances.", "contents": "[Osteoid osteoma in children. Apropos of 29 cases]. The authors have observed 29 cases of osteoid osteoma in children aged from 1 to 15 years. 10 cases involved the femur, 9 the tibia, 4 vertebrae. All cases were operated on. 3 recurrences were noted but the nidus had been removed in these cases. 2 cases were complicated by post-operative fractures and 5 by bone growth disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:133429", "title": "[Benign chondroblastomas of bone. Anatomo-clinical and ultrastructural study apropos of 11 cases].", "content": "The authors have observed 9 cases of benign chondroblastoma of bones. After a review of the literature they recall that this is a rare condition (1% of bone tumors). That it is twice more frequent in males than in females. Aged 10-20, at the level of growing epiphysis shoulder and knee are the more common sites. The X-rays pictures are described, as well as the pathological findings. Pathological features close to those noted in aneurismal bone cysts were often encountered. The ultra-structure of these tumours was also studied. This type of tumour is essentially benign, however the association of aneurism-like pictures increase the incidence of recurrences.", "contents": "[Benign chondroblastomas of bone. Anatomo-clinical and ultrastructural study apropos of 11 cases]. The authors have observed 9 cases of benign chondroblastoma of bones. After a review of the literature they recall that this is a rare condition (1% of bone tumors). That it is twice more frequent in males than in females. Aged 10-20, at the level of growing epiphysis shoulder and knee are the more common sites. The X-rays pictures are described, as well as the pathological findings. Pathological features close to those noted in aneurismal bone cysts were often encountered. The ultra-structure of these tumours was also studied. This type of tumour is essentially benign, however the association of aneurism-like pictures increase the incidence of recurrences."}
{"id": "PMID:133424", "title": "[Use of pneumatic braces in the rehabilitation of motor handicaps].", "content": "The authors describe the advantages of pneumatic orthesis which are: On a mechanical standpoint the comfort related to the lightness and elasticity of the bracing allowing better walking, specialty in paraplegies from thoracic level. The rigidity of the orthesis can be changed by modifying the air-pressure and this type of bracing can be used in various diseases such as cerebral palsy or myopathies. On a social standpoint this type of orthesis can be obtained more rapidly than conventional ones. It allows a shorter hospitalization and, therefore, a better rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Use of pneumatic braces in the rehabilitation of motor handicaps]. The authors describe the advantages of pneumatic orthesis which are: On a mechanical standpoint the comfort related to the lightness and elasticity of the bracing allowing better walking, specialty in paraplegies from thoracic level. The rigidity of the orthesis can be changed by modifying the air-pressure and this type of bracing can be used in various diseases such as cerebral palsy or myopathies. On a social standpoint this type of orthesis can be obtained more rapidly than conventional ones. It allows a shorter hospitalization and, therefore, a better rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:133430", "title": "[Treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip by Salter's innominate osteotomy. Study of the first 40 cases operated on at the Orthopedic Institute, Kassar Said, Tunisia].", "content": "1) Twenty-nine children aged 18 months to 7 years with 40 congenitally dislocated hips, were treated between 1964 and 1971. Six hips had a closed reduction, 34 had an open reduction and capsulorrhaphy, and all had an innominate osteotomy. 2) Complications of the treatment included 2 joint infections. Of 11 hips which were unstable post-operatively, more than half were due to errors of the operative technique, and 8 required further surgery. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head occured in 3 hips post-operatively, and another 3 showed irregular ossification of the femoral epiphysis. All 6 hips had had an open reduction, and were mainly in older children who had inadequate pre-operative traction. 18 hips were stiff post-operatively ; 17 had had an open reduction ; Seven of eleven were improved by traction and physiotherapy. 3) The average length of follow-up was 4 years. Although only 70 p. 100 of the hips were clinically satisfactory, 92 p. 100 had excellent or good anatomical results as seen on radiographs.", "contents": "[Treatment of congenital dislocation of the hip by Salter's innominate osteotomy. Study of the first 40 cases operated on at the Orthopedic Institute, Kassar Said, Tunisia]. 1) Twenty-nine children aged 18 months to 7 years with 40 congenitally dislocated hips, were treated between 1964 and 1971. Six hips had a closed reduction, 34 had an open reduction and capsulorrhaphy, and all had an innominate osteotomy. 2) Complications of the treatment included 2 joint infections. Of 11 hips which were unstable post-operatively, more than half were due to errors of the operative technique, and 8 required further surgery. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head occured in 3 hips post-operatively, and another 3 showed irregular ossification of the femoral epiphysis. All 6 hips had had an open reduction, and were mainly in older children who had inadequate pre-operative traction. 18 hips were stiff post-operatively ; 17 had had an open reduction ; Seven of eleven were improved by traction and physiotherapy. 3) The average length of follow-up was 4 years. Although only 70 p. 100 of the hips were clinically satisfactory, 92 p. 100 had excellent or good anatomical results as seen on radiographs."}
{"id": "PMID:133436", "title": "The experimental infection of specific pathogen free lambs with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae.", "content": "Six colostrum-deprived SPF lambs inoculated endobronchially with a second passage broth culture of a Scottish strain of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, were killed in batches of two at seven, 14 and 28 days post-inoculation. One lamb from each batch showed macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions similar to but milder than those described for respiratory mycoplasmoses in other species of animals and exhibited minor clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma were recovered from all infected but from no control animals: five infected lambs yielded mycoplasma from lung tissue. Two lambs infected with M ovipneumoniae by endobronchial intubation were placed in contact with six other SPF lambs. M ovipneumoniae was recovered from the upper respiratory tract only of all six contact lambs, but no pathological changes were noted in their lungs. Both donor lambs yielded mycoplasma from lung tissue, but microscopic lesions were detected in only one of them, and these were minimal. No seroconversion due to the infection could be demonstrated in any of the lambs by either the indirect haemagglutination or metabolic inhibition tests.", "contents": "The experimental infection of specific pathogen free lambs with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. Six colostrum-deprived SPF lambs inoculated endobronchially with a second passage broth culture of a Scottish strain of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae, were killed in batches of two at seven, 14 and 28 days post-inoculation. One lamb from each batch showed macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions similar to but milder than those described for respiratory mycoplasmoses in other species of animals and exhibited minor clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma were recovered from all infected but from no control animals: five infected lambs yielded mycoplasma from lung tissue. Two lambs infected with M ovipneumoniae by endobronchial intubation were placed in contact with six other SPF lambs. M ovipneumoniae was recovered from the upper respiratory tract only of all six contact lambs, but no pathological changes were noted in their lungs. Both donor lambs yielded mycoplasma from lung tissue, but microscopic lesions were detected in only one of them, and these were minimal. No seroconversion due to the infection could be demonstrated in any of the lambs by either the indirect haemagglutination or metabolic inhibition tests."}
{"id": "PMID:133440", "title": "[Role of the liver in detoxification of endotoxins].", "content": "I. Contribution of the reticuloendothelial system to the defence of the organism against endotoxins: phagocytic function, blood clearance and detoxifying function. II. Endotoxin--liver cell interaction. A) The effects of endotoxin on the parenchymatous liver cell; morphofunctional alterations: endotoxicosis as a \"set of hepatic metabolic lesions\". B) The sensitivity to endotoxin of organisms whose liver has undergone a functional alteration. III. Intrahepatic detoxification of endotoxin--an enzymatic process:--the role of enzymes oxidizing fatty acids;--the role of enzymes containing SH groups; --the role of tryptophane-oxygenase. IV. Conclusions.", "contents": "[Role of the liver in detoxification of endotoxins]. I. Contribution of the reticuloendothelial system to the defence of the organism against endotoxins: phagocytic function, blood clearance and detoxifying function. II. Endotoxin--liver cell interaction. A) The effects of endotoxin on the parenchymatous liver cell; morphofunctional alterations: endotoxicosis as a \"set of hepatic metabolic lesions\". B) The sensitivity to endotoxin of organisms whose liver has undergone a functional alteration. III. Intrahepatic detoxification of endotoxin--an enzymatic process:--the role of enzymes oxidizing fatty acids;--the role of enzymes containing SH groups; --the role of tryptophane-oxygenase. IV. Conclusions."}
{"id": "PMID:133441", "title": "[Recent data on the possible consequences of influenza infections contracted during pregnancy].", "content": "I. Introduction. II. Influenza in the course of pregnancy and congenital malformations. (1) Malformations of the central nervous system. (2) Malformations of the circulatory system. (3) Other malformations (hare-lip, syndactylia, etc.) III. Influenza in pregnancy and children's cancer. IV. Other consequences of influenza in the course of pregnancy: abortion, still-births, prematurity and infantile mortality. V. The risk of catching influenza for the pregnant woman.", "contents": "[Recent data on the possible consequences of influenza infections contracted during pregnancy]. I. Introduction. II. Influenza in the course of pregnancy and congenital malformations. (1) Malformations of the central nervous system. (2) Malformations of the circulatory system. (3) Other malformations (hare-lip, syndactylia, etc.) III. Influenza in pregnancy and children's cancer. IV. Other consequences of influenza in the course of pregnancy: abortion, still-births, prematurity and infantile mortality. V. The risk of catching influenza for the pregnant woman."}
{"id": "PMID:133442", "title": "[Distribution of subtypes of viral hepatitis B antigen in areas of Rumania].", "content": "The results of subtyping the B antigen in 551 sera from patients with viral hepatitis, chronic evolutive hepatitis and cirrhosis, chronic carriers, donors and healthy subjects, were confirmed as positive HBAg by diffusion in agar, counterelectrophoresis and radioimmunology, and characterized by the d-y and w-r determinants by rheophoresis. The high incidence of the y determinant in all nine counties investigated probably reflects the prevalence of this serotype in Romania, recalling the distribution of subtypes observed in the south of Europe.", "contents": "[Distribution of subtypes of viral hepatitis B antigen in areas of Rumania]. The results of subtyping the B antigen in 551 sera from patients with viral hepatitis, chronic evolutive hepatitis and cirrhosis, chronic carriers, donors and healthy subjects, were confirmed as positive HBAg by diffusion in agar, counterelectrophoresis and radioimmunology, and characterized by the d-y and w-r determinants by rheophoresis. The high incidence of the y determinant in all nine counties investigated probably reflects the prevalence of this serotype in Romania, recalling the distribution of subtypes observed in the south of Europe."}
{"id": "PMID:133443", "title": "[B viral hepatitis as a risk factor for clinical laboratory personnel].", "content": "A study was carried out on the risk of contamination with viral hepatitis B for the personnel of the clinical laboratories who handle blood samples with HB Ag and HB Ac, collected from the patients. Of the total 1945 blood samples collected from 639 adult patients, 74 were serologically positive (3.8%) of which 39 HB Ag carriers (2%) and 35 HB Ac carriers (1.8%). Although these proportions are close to those found in the normal population the risk of contamination of the laboratory personnel is greater owing to the direct contact with the pathologic product and the impossibility of recognizing the HB Ag and Ac positive samples before testing. The risk may be lowered by strict compliance with the general rules of hygiene, by avoiding especially any microtraumas of the hands, by automatic pipetting of the sera and reagents and the use of sterilized materials (particularly in haematologic and biochemical laboratories.", "contents": "[B viral hepatitis as a risk factor for clinical laboratory personnel]. A study was carried out on the risk of contamination with viral hepatitis B for the personnel of the clinical laboratories who handle blood samples with HB Ag and HB Ac, collected from the patients. Of the total 1945 blood samples collected from 639 adult patients, 74 were serologically positive (3.8%) of which 39 HB Ag carriers (2%) and 35 HB Ac carriers (1.8%). Although these proportions are close to those found in the normal population the risk of contamination of the laboratory personnel is greater owing to the direct contact with the pathologic product and the impossibility of recognizing the HB Ag and Ac positive samples before testing. The risk may be lowered by strict compliance with the general rules of hygiene, by avoiding especially any microtraumas of the hands, by automatic pipetting of the sera and reagents and the use of sterilized materials (particularly in haematologic and biochemical laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:133444", "title": "[Possibilities of correcting some metabolic disorders in experimental endotoxic shock by treatment with a combination of alpha-lipoic acid and epsilon aminocaproic acid].", "content": "Alpha-Lipoic acid associated with xi-aminocaproic acid proves to have a protector effect in the posttreatment of endotoxinic shock in rabbits, produced by the administration of E. coli O111, in doses of 1.5 mg/kg body weight. This effect was observed when administered early in the stage of energy privation, and was manifested by a longer survival, diminution of lactacidemia and protection of labile phosphate reserves.", "contents": "[Possibilities of correcting some metabolic disorders in experimental endotoxic shock by treatment with a combination of alpha-lipoic acid and epsilon aminocaproic acid]. Alpha-Lipoic acid associated with xi-aminocaproic acid proves to have a protector effect in the posttreatment of endotoxinic shock in rabbits, produced by the administration of E. coli O111, in doses of 1.5 mg/kg body weight. This effect was observed when administered early in the stage of energy privation, and was manifested by a longer survival, diminution of lactacidemia and protection of labile phosphate reserves."}
{"id": "PMID:133445", "title": "[Study of the incorporation of radioactive zinc in Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldolase].", "content": "Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldolase concentrates from the culture medium containing ZnSO4 a large amount of Zn which becomes a component part of the enzyme molecular structure. This was made evident by adding to the culture medium 65ZnSO4 and measuring the radioactivity of the aldolase extracted by a Phillips single channel analyzer.", "contents": "[Study of the incorporation of radioactive zinc in Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldolase]. Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldolase concentrates from the culture medium containing ZnSO4 a large amount of Zn which becomes a component part of the enzyme molecular structure. This was made evident by adding to the culture medium 65ZnSO4 and measuring the radioactivity of the aldolase extracted by a Phillips single channel analyzer."}
{"id": "PMID:133446", "title": "[Study of purified aldolase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using irradiated fructose-1,6-diphosphate].", "content": "The interaction of an electromagnetic field with the enzymatic substrate-- the sodium salt of fructose-1,6-disphosphate--induces in the latter a new type of physical transition S leads to S. The enzyme, in this case Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldolase, is able to reveal this new state of the substrate by an increase in its specific activity within well established irradiation times. Each enzyme is characterized by the tm (minimal irradiation time of the substrate) a tau (fixed time period) parameters that delimit the two signals. Purified S. cerevisiae aldolase has tm=5 sec. and tau=20 sec., in contrast to muscle aldolase (represented by class I aldolase) which has tm=15 sec. and tau=30 sec. This may be attributed to the fact that most of the enzymatic systems in S. cerevisiae are made up of several distinct molecular forms, involved in more metabolic pathways than in the animal tissue, therefore with various responses to the phenomenon of perturbation of the substrates.", "contents": "[Study of purified aldolase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using irradiated fructose-1,6-diphosphate]. The interaction of an electromagnetic field with the enzymatic substrate-- the sodium salt of fructose-1,6-disphosphate--induces in the latter a new type of physical transition S leads to S. The enzyme, in this case Saccharomyces cerevisiae aldolase, is able to reveal this new state of the substrate by an increase in its specific activity within well established irradiation times. Each enzyme is characterized by the tm (minimal irradiation time of the substrate) a tau (fixed time period) parameters that delimit the two signals. Purified S. cerevisiae aldolase has tm=5 sec. and tau=20 sec., in contrast to muscle aldolase (represented by class I aldolase) which has tm=15 sec. and tau=30 sec. This may be attributed to the fact that most of the enzymatic systems in S. cerevisiae are made up of several distinct molecular forms, involved in more metabolic pathways than in the animal tissue, therefore with various responses to the phenomenon of perturbation of the substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:133447", "title": "[Hemorrhagic syndrome in newborn infants during a hospital infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa].", "content": "In a department for neonates 21 of the 34 children contracted infections with various clinical manifestations within a relatively short interval (approximately two weeks). Three of the children died and pathoanatomic examination revealed aspects characteristic of vascularitis and diffuse hemorrhage in most organs accompanied by infiltration and oedema. From the lethal cases, part of the sick and healthy children and personnel the same bacterium was isolated--Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting an in-hospital epidemic.", "contents": "[Hemorrhagic syndrome in newborn infants during a hospital infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa]. In a department for neonates 21 of the 34 children contracted infections with various clinical manifestations within a relatively short interval (approximately two weeks). Three of the children died and pathoanatomic examination revealed aspects characteristic of vascularitis and diffuse hemorrhage in most organs accompanied by infiltration and oedema. From the lethal cases, part of the sick and healthy children and personnel the same bacterium was isolated--Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting an in-hospital epidemic."}
{"id": "PMID:133452", "title": "Mixed lymphocyte reactivity and cell-mediated lympholysis to D-end differences of the murine major histocompatibility complex. Comparison of in vitro responses to exclusive D-end or more extensive MHC differences.", "content": "In vitro mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) responses and the in vitro induction of cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) were studied in congenic strain combinations in which the responding and stimulating strains differed either at the entire major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or only at the D end of the MHC. In contrast to previously reported studies, the relative strengths of stimulation by 'D end only' differences or by whole MHC differences were examined by stimulating identical responding populations with titrated numbers of stimulating cells that differed from the responder either at the D end only or over the entire MHC. When tested in this manner isolated D-end differences were sufficient to generate significant MLC and CML responses in each combination tested. Several 'D end only' differences (the responses of B10.A to B10.A(2R); of B10.A(2R) to B10.A; of B10.D2 to B10.HTG; and of B10.HTG to B10.D2 were several fold less efficient in stimulating MLC and CML responses than were control stimulating cells differing over the whole MHC. In contrast, when the mutant D-end allele da was present on the stimulating cell (the responses of B10.D2 to B10.D2(M504) and of B10 to B10.D2(R106)), stimulation by an isolated D-end difference was comparable to stimulation by broader MHC differences. These findings are discussed in terms of the possible functional complexity of the D region.", "contents": "Mixed lymphocyte reactivity and cell-mediated lympholysis to D-end differences of the murine major histocompatibility complex. Comparison of in vitro responses to exclusive D-end or more extensive MHC differences. In vitro mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) responses and the in vitro induction of cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) were studied in congenic strain combinations in which the responding and stimulating strains differed either at the entire major histocompatibility complex (MHC) or only at the D end of the MHC. In contrast to previously reported studies, the relative strengths of stimulation by 'D end only' differences or by whole MHC differences were examined by stimulating identical responding populations with titrated numbers of stimulating cells that differed from the responder either at the D end only or over the entire MHC. When tested in this manner isolated D-end differences were sufficient to generate significant MLC and CML responses in each combination tested. Several 'D end only' differences (the responses of B10.A to B10.A(2R); of B10.A(2R) to B10.A; of B10.D2 to B10.HTG; and of B10.HTG to B10.D2 were several fold less efficient in stimulating MLC and CML responses than were control stimulating cells differing over the whole MHC. In contrast, when the mutant D-end allele da was present on the stimulating cell (the responses of B10.D2 to B10.D2(M504) and of B10 to B10.D2(R106)), stimulation by an isolated D-end difference was comparable to stimulation by broader MHC differences. These findings are discussed in terms of the possible functional complexity of the D region."}
{"id": "PMID:133453", "title": "Generation of T memory cells in one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. IV. Primary and secondary responses to soluble and insoluble membrane preparations and to ultraviolet-light-inactivated stimulator cells.", "content": "Neither normal CBA (H-2k) nor purified spleen T cells respond in vitro to soluble or insoluble membrane preparations or to ultraviolet-light-inactivated stimulator cells of the allogeneic DBA/2 (H-2d) strain. However, CBA spleen cells deprived of phagocytic cells show a slight proliferative response under these conditions. After being primed against mitomycin-blocked DBA/2 cells in one-way mixed lymphocyte culture, the secondary blast-derived T 'memory' cells display a good secondary blast (proliferative) response to both membrane antigens and to ultraviolet-light-inactivated stimulator cells. In addition to this, the secondary T lymphocytes--in contrast to nonprimed T cells--respond by cytotoxicity when ultraviolet-light-inactivated cells are used as the second stimulant.", "contents": "Generation of T memory cells in one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. IV. Primary and secondary responses to soluble and insoluble membrane preparations and to ultraviolet-light-inactivated stimulator cells. Neither normal CBA (H-2k) nor purified spleen T cells respond in vitro to soluble or insoluble membrane preparations or to ultraviolet-light-inactivated stimulator cells of the allogeneic DBA/2 (H-2d) strain. However, CBA spleen cells deprived of phagocytic cells show a slight proliferative response under these conditions. After being primed against mitomycin-blocked DBA/2 cells in one-way mixed lymphocyte culture, the secondary blast-derived T 'memory' cells display a good secondary blast (proliferative) response to both membrane antigens and to ultraviolet-light-inactivated stimulator cells. In addition to this, the secondary T lymphocytes--in contrast to nonprimed T cells--respond by cytotoxicity when ultraviolet-light-inactivated cells are used as the second stimulant."}
{"id": "PMID:133448", "title": "[Use of culture media with sheep serum for maintenance and isolation of Leptospira strains].", "content": "A study was carried out on the effects of a culture medium prepared with sheep serum inactivated at 68 degrees C on Leptospira cultures. Good results were obtained showing that the medium with sheep serum can be used for the cultivation of Leptospira in view of the preparation of antigens for microscopic agglutination and complement fixation. In experiments on the isolation of germs from organocultures and haemocultures the proportion of positive results obtained with sheep serum was smaller than with the media containing rabbit serum.", "contents": "[Use of culture media with sheep serum for maintenance and isolation of Leptospira strains]. A study was carried out on the effects of a culture medium prepared with sheep serum inactivated at 68 degrees C on Leptospira cultures. Good results were obtained showing that the medium with sheep serum can be used for the cultivation of Leptospira in view of the preparation of antigens for microscopic agglutination and complement fixation. In experiments on the isolation of germs from organocultures and haemocultures the proportion of positive results obtained with sheep serum was smaller than with the media containing rabbit serum."}
{"id": "PMID:133449", "title": "[An autochthonous case of amebic hepatic abscess with pleural dissemination].", "content": "The present paper reports on the first autochtonous case of amoebic hepatic abscess in Romania in a patient in which the epidemiologic survey showed that there had been no possible import infection. The amoebic abscess was located in the superoexternal area of the right hepatic lobe. Subsequently a major complication developed: a tendency to pleuropulmonary invasion with the formation of fluid in the right pleural cavity. The diagnosis, suggested by the aspect of the abscess cavity, was established by the presence of the parasite in the flaky pleural exudate obtained by puncture, by cultures in Loeffler medium and by serum immunofluorescence. The abscess was evacuated surgically and a specific treatment with Chloroquine and Metronidazol combined with antibiotics and a symptomatic medication was prescribed. The patient recovered and was discharged 51 days after surgery.", "contents": "[An autochthonous case of amebic hepatic abscess with pleural dissemination]. The present paper reports on the first autochtonous case of amoebic hepatic abscess in Romania in a patient in which the epidemiologic survey showed that there had been no possible import infection. The amoebic abscess was located in the superoexternal area of the right hepatic lobe. Subsequently a major complication developed: a tendency to pleuropulmonary invasion with the formation of fluid in the right pleural cavity. The diagnosis, suggested by the aspect of the abscess cavity, was established by the presence of the parasite in the flaky pleural exudate obtained by puncture, by cultures in Loeffler medium and by serum immunofluorescence. The abscess was evacuated surgically and a specific treatment with Chloroquine and Metronidazol combined with antibiotics and a symptomatic medication was prescribed. The patient recovered and was discharged 51 days after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:133454", "title": "Prognostic value of HL-A typing and mixed lymphocyte culture tests in kidney transplantations from living related donors.", "content": "In 45 recipients of intrafamilial kidney transplants, the one year survival of sibling grafts was 95% and of parental grafts 71%. HL-A compatible grafts had a one year survival of 94% compared to 75% of HL-A incompatible grafts. At the same time, the survival of MLC compatible grafts was 100% and that of MLC incompatible grafts 74%. These differences are not statistically significant but suggest a prognostic importance of MLC, as well as HL-A matching. MLC compatibility might be more crucial than HL-A compatibility. MLC test performed after transplantation when the recipients were on maintenance immunosuppressive therapy, did not show reduced reactivity of recipient lymphocytes as compared to tests performed prior to surgery.", "contents": "Prognostic value of HL-A typing and mixed lymphocyte culture tests in kidney transplantations from living related donors. In 45 recipients of intrafamilial kidney transplants, the one year survival of sibling grafts was 95% and of parental grafts 71%. HL-A compatible grafts had a one year survival of 94% compared to 75% of HL-A incompatible grafts. At the same time, the survival of MLC compatible grafts was 100% and that of MLC incompatible grafts 74%. These differences are not statistically significant but suggest a prognostic importance of MLC, as well as HL-A matching. MLC compatibility might be more crucial than HL-A compatibility. MLC test performed after transplantation when the recipients were on maintenance immunosuppressive therapy, did not show reduced reactivity of recipient lymphocytes as compared to tests performed prior to surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:133455", "title": "The role of human endothelial cells in allograft rejection. Some in vitro correlates.", "content": "Endothelial cells, separated from the inside of the umbilical vein by collagenase digestion, could clearly stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes to blastogenesis and increased DNA synthesis in mixed lymphocyte endothelial-cell cultures. Many of the characteristics of these mixed cultures were similar to those found in mixed cultures consisting exclusively of allogeneic lymphoid cells; the MLC response. Endothelial cells could also be destroyed in vitro by cells sensitized in mixed lymphocyte cultures. When incubated in the presence of specific HL-A antisera, they were destroyed in non-immune peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These three reactions are thought to be in vitro correlated to some of the events taking place following allografting in vivo.", "contents": "The role of human endothelial cells in allograft rejection. Some in vitro correlates. Endothelial cells, separated from the inside of the umbilical vein by collagenase digestion, could clearly stimulate allogeneic lymphocytes to blastogenesis and increased DNA synthesis in mixed lymphocyte endothelial-cell cultures. Many of the characteristics of these mixed cultures were similar to those found in mixed cultures consisting exclusively of allogeneic lymphoid cells; the MLC response. Endothelial cells could also be destroyed in vitro by cells sensitized in mixed lymphocyte cultures. When incubated in the presence of specific HL-A antisera, they were destroyed in non-immune peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These three reactions are thought to be in vitro correlated to some of the events taking place following allografting in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:133459", "title": "Electromagnetic blood flowmetry in small vessel surgery. An experimental study.", "content": "The aim of this work was to study problems in microvascular flowmetry. Special emphasis was placed on the meticulous preparation of the vessel wall in order to improve zero-line stability and on the problems related to the calibration of small electromagnetic flow probes. Electromagnetic flow probes with an inner diameter of 2, 1.5 and 1 nm were used for studies on zero-line drifting and for calibration procedures in a series of rats and rabbits. Principles and tools derived from microvascular surgery, including the binocular microscope, were employed in the preparation of the vessel wall and in the application of the probes. The results obtained indicate an improvement in flow uptake and in zero-line stability following this procedure. Precalibration of small flow probes using laboratory animals should be considered if calibration is not feasible at the time of the flow measurement. Use of the microsurgical technique for vessel preparation is recommended.", "contents": "Electromagnetic blood flowmetry in small vessel surgery. An experimental study. The aim of this work was to study problems in microvascular flowmetry. Special emphasis was placed on the meticulous preparation of the vessel wall in order to improve zero-line stability and on the problems related to the calibration of small electromagnetic flow probes. Electromagnetic flow probes with an inner diameter of 2, 1.5 and 1 nm were used for studies on zero-line drifting and for calibration procedures in a series of rats and rabbits. Principles and tools derived from microvascular surgery, including the binocular microscope, were employed in the preparation of the vessel wall and in the application of the probes. The results obtained indicate an improvement in flow uptake and in zero-line stability following this procedure. Precalibration of small flow probes using laboratory animals should be considered if calibration is not feasible at the time of the flow measurement. Use of the microsurgical technique for vessel preparation is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:133456", "title": "Direct cell mediated lympholysis by peripheral blood lymphocytes from renal allograft recipients.", "content": "Investigations of 22 kidney allograft recipients by the Direct CML-test revealed coincidence between acute allograft rejection and a positive test. 15 patients exhibited acute rejection, 3 chronic, and 4 no rejection episodes. 4 patients with acute rejection were not detected as positive in Direct CML, while 3 patients were positive without acute rejection, one having a chronic rejection. The exact role of HL-A antigens for the specificity of a positive Direct CML could not be evaluated from this material. It is concluded that the Direct CML-test may be helpful for the diagnosis of acute rejection, but that it has only limited power as the only test of recipients' response to foreign tissue.", "contents": "Direct cell mediated lympholysis by peripheral blood lymphocytes from renal allograft recipients. Investigations of 22 kidney allograft recipients by the Direct CML-test revealed coincidence between acute allograft rejection and a positive test. 15 patients exhibited acute rejection, 3 chronic, and 4 no rejection episodes. 4 patients with acute rejection were not detected as positive in Direct CML, while 3 patients were positive without acute rejection, one having a chronic rejection. The exact role of HL-A antigens for the specificity of a positive Direct CML could not be evaluated from this material. It is concluded that the Direct CML-test may be helpful for the diagnosis of acute rejection, but that it has only limited power as the only test of recipients' response to foreign tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:133457", "title": "Influence of HLA matching on kidney graft survival.", "content": "The influence of matching for the whole HLA haplotype as well as for the separate HLA antigens controlled by this region, was studied in a material of 98 living related and 178 cadaveric first transplants. Graft survival corresponded closely to the degree of HLA haplotype disparity between donor and recipient. Furthermore, graft survival was less in combinations being incompatible for the serologically defined HL-A and -B antigens as compared to compatible combinations. A weak MLC response between donor and recipient, even in the presence of HL-A and -B disparity, might signify prolonged graft survival.", "contents": "Influence of HLA matching on kidney graft survival. The influence of matching for the whole HLA haplotype as well as for the separate HLA antigens controlled by this region, was studied in a material of 98 living related and 178 cadaveric first transplants. Graft survival corresponded closely to the degree of HLA haplotype disparity between donor and recipient. Furthermore, graft survival was less in combinations being incompatible for the serologically defined HL-A and -B antigens as compared to compatible combinations. A weak MLC response between donor and recipient, even in the presence of HL-A and -B disparity, might signify prolonged graft survival."}
{"id": "PMID:133461", "title": "Pharmacology and physiology of the biliary radiographic contrast materials.", "content": "(1) Solubilization of Telepaque in the intestine is a limiting factor in the rate of intestinal absorption. Bilopaque and Oragrafin are more water-soluble and appear to be better absorbed than Telepaque. (2) Bile salts in the intestinal lumen increase the solubility of Telepaque. Therefore, a fatty meal administered with the Telepaque is desirable to evacuate bile salts from the gallbladder into the intestine. This is not required for the more water-soluble agents, Biopaque and Oragrafin. (3) The degree of protein binding of the contrast agents can be related to the degree of toxicity. Cholografin is the most highly bound and is the most toxic. (4) Hepatic receptor proteins may specifically bind the biliary contrast agents. This may be the reason that the renal contrast materials are poorly escreted in bile compared to the biliary contrast agents. (5) Telepaque is conjugated in the liver with glucuronide making the compound more soluble in bile. This prevents precipitation of Telepaque in the gallbladder and avoids reabsorpiton from the intestine. (6) The biliary excretion of Telepaque is facilitated by bile salts. Therefore, the administration of a fatty meal with Telepaque not only increases the rate of intestinal absorption of Telepaque but also the rate of biliary excretion. (7) The rate of biliary excretion of both the oral and the intravenous contrast agents appears to be limited by a hepatic transport maximum. Above a certain dose, increased amounts of the contrast agents do not result in more rapid excretion of the agents into bile. Rapid infusion of intravenous contrast agents results in high plasma concentration and greater urinary excretion, without increasing the biliary excretion. It does not appear to be indicated in clinical practice. (8) The biliary concentration of the contrast agents used for intravenous cholangiography is determined by their rate of biliary excretion, the choleretic effect of the contrast agent, and factors that determine the rate of basal bile flow. Fixed coupling of water with the biliary excretion of these contrast agents imposes an inherent limitation on the concentration of the contrast agent in bile. It appears that the biliary concentration of the intravenous contrast materials can be increased by having the patient fast prior to intravenous cholangiography. This decreases the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts and the rate of bile-salt-dependent bile flow. (9) Failure of the gallbladder to visualize after administration of Telepaque when there is adequate biliary excretion may be due to cystic duct obstruction, failure of the inflamed gallbladder mucosa to reabosrb water, or reabsorption or the contrast agent by the diseased gallbladder mucosa. (10) Maximum concentration of Telepaque occurs at 14-19 hr after ingestion. It is at this time that radiographs of the gallbladder should be made. With Bilopaque, peak concentration occurs at 10 hr so radiographs can be made earlier when Bilopaque is used.", "contents": "Pharmacology and physiology of the biliary radiographic contrast materials. (1) Solubilization of Telepaque in the intestine is a limiting factor in the rate of intestinal absorption. Bilopaque and Oragrafin are more water-soluble and appear to be better absorbed than Telepaque. (2) Bile salts in the intestinal lumen increase the solubility of Telepaque. Therefore, a fatty meal administered with the Telepaque is desirable to evacuate bile salts from the gallbladder into the intestine. This is not required for the more water-soluble agents, Biopaque and Oragrafin. (3) The degree of protein binding of the contrast agents can be related to the degree of toxicity. Cholografin is the most highly bound and is the most toxic. (4) Hepatic receptor proteins may specifically bind the biliary contrast agents. This may be the reason that the renal contrast materials are poorly escreted in bile compared to the biliary contrast agents. (5) Telepaque is conjugated in the liver with glucuronide making the compound more soluble in bile. This prevents precipitation of Telepaque in the gallbladder and avoids reabsorpiton from the intestine. (6) The biliary excretion of Telepaque is facilitated by bile salts. Therefore, the administration of a fatty meal with Telepaque not only increases the rate of intestinal absorption of Telepaque but also the rate of biliary excretion. (7) The rate of biliary excretion of both the oral and the intravenous contrast agents appears to be limited by a hepatic transport maximum. Above a certain dose, increased amounts of the contrast agents do not result in more rapid excretion of the agents into bile. Rapid infusion of intravenous contrast agents results in high plasma concentration and greater urinary excretion, without increasing the biliary excretion. It does not appear to be indicated in clinical practice. (8) The biliary concentration of the contrast agents used for intravenous cholangiography is determined by their rate of biliary excretion, the choleretic effect of the contrast agent, and factors that determine the rate of basal bile flow. Fixed coupling of water with the biliary excretion of these contrast agents imposes an inherent limitation on the concentration of the contrast agent in bile. It appears that the biliary concentration of the intravenous contrast materials can be increased by having the patient fast prior to intravenous cholangiography. This decreases the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts and the rate of bile-salt-dependent bile flow. (9) Failure of the gallbladder to visualize after administration of Telepaque when there is adequate biliary excretion may be due to cystic duct obstruction, failure of the inflamed gallbladder mucosa to reabosrb water, or reabsorption or the contrast agent by the diseased gallbladder mucosa. (10) Maximum concentration of Telepaque occurs at 14-19 hr after ingestion. It is at this time that radiographs of the gallbladder should be made. With Bilopaque, peak concentration occurs at 10 hr so radiographs can be made earlier when Bilopaque is used."}
{"id": "PMID:133462", "title": "Mitral regurgitation secondary to ruptured chordae tendineae: clinical, hemodynamic and electrocardiographic findings.", "content": "The clinical, hemodynamic, and electrocardiographic findings in 11 patients with mitral regurgitation secondary to ruptured chordae tendineae are presented. Left atrial overloading, as manifested by a large terminal negative force in the P wave of lead V1, was present in 8 of the 11 patients. Six of the eight patients with this atrial abnormality had a normal size or minimally enlarged left atrium on chest x-ray films and angiography. Left ventricular hypertrohpy was present in 7 of the 11 patients and appeared to be related to the duration of cardiac symptoms. It is concluded that a large terminal negative force in the P wave in lead V1 is a useful clinical indicator of increased left atrial pressure in mitral regurgitation of recent onset. The electrocardiographic finding of left atrial overloading is to be expected in most cases of mitral regurgitation secondary to rupture of the chordae tendineae.", "contents": "Mitral regurgitation secondary to ruptured chordae tendineae: clinical, hemodynamic and electrocardiographic findings. The clinical, hemodynamic, and electrocardiographic findings in 11 patients with mitral regurgitation secondary to ruptured chordae tendineae are presented. Left atrial overloading, as manifested by a large terminal negative force in the P wave of lead V1, was present in 8 of the 11 patients. Six of the eight patients with this atrial abnormality had a normal size or minimally enlarged left atrium on chest x-ray films and angiography. Left ventricular hypertrohpy was present in 7 of the 11 patients and appeared to be related to the duration of cardiac symptoms. It is concluded that a large terminal negative force in the P wave in lead V1 is a useful clinical indicator of increased left atrial pressure in mitral regurgitation of recent onset. The electrocardiographic finding of left atrial overloading is to be expected in most cases of mitral regurgitation secondary to rupture of the chordae tendineae."}
{"id": "PMID:133463", "title": "The multiply operated back: fusion of the posterolateral spine with and without nerve root compression.", "content": "This report reviews the outcome of surgery for back pain in 50 patients who had had previous back surgery. All were treated by exploration and posterolateral fusion of the spine. Those with nerve root irritation had thorough nerve root decompression including wide laminectomy when needed. Back pain was relieved in 44 of 50 patients, and sciatic pain was relieved in 38 or 43 patients. Postoperative functional activity (return to work) was regained in 24 of the 30 patients in whom this could be assessed. In six patients with back pain and in five patients with sciatic pain surgical benefits were insignificant; these were rated as poor results. In six patients the rehabilitation goal of satisfactory level of activity was not achieved.", "contents": "The multiply operated back: fusion of the posterolateral spine with and without nerve root compression. This report reviews the outcome of surgery for back pain in 50 patients who had had previous back surgery. All were treated by exploration and posterolateral fusion of the spine. Those with nerve root irritation had thorough nerve root decompression including wide laminectomy when needed. Back pain was relieved in 44 of 50 patients, and sciatic pain was relieved in 38 or 43 patients. Postoperative functional activity (return to work) was regained in 24 of the 30 patients in whom this could be assessed. In six patients with back pain and in five patients with sciatic pain surgical benefits were insignificant; these were rated as poor results. In six patients the rehabilitation goal of satisfactory level of activity was not achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:133468", "title": "The obligations of medical practitioners in relation to the new Mines and Works Act.", "content": "The Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Act No. 78 of 1973 deals with compensation to be paid in cases of pneumoconiosis and other compensatable diseases such as tuberculosis, permanent obstruction of the airways and scleroderma. Any medical practitioner who attends a miner or worker from a 'works' such as Iscor, Amcor and several others at present controlled, is obliged, if death occurs, to remove the cardiorespiratory organs and forward them to the Medical Bureau for Occupational Diseases, unless the near relatives refuse permission for an autopsy. A pathologist who performs a routine autopsy on such a person must follow the same procedure.", "contents": "The obligations of medical practitioners in relation to the new Mines and Works Act. The Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Act No. 78 of 1973 deals with compensation to be paid in cases of pneumoconiosis and other compensatable diseases such as tuberculosis, permanent obstruction of the airways and scleroderma. Any medical practitioner who attends a miner or worker from a 'works' such as Iscor, Amcor and several others at present controlled, is obliged, if death occurs, to remove the cardiorespiratory organs and forward them to the Medical Bureau for Occupational Diseases, unless the near relatives refuse permission for an autopsy. A pathologist who performs a routine autopsy on such a person must follow the same procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:133470", "title": "Short-term culture of adult pancreatic fragments for purification and transplantation of islets of Langerhans.", "content": "Minced adult human, rat, and dog pancreatic fragments were cultured under various conditions in an attempt to selectively purify pancreatic islet tissue from exocrine digestive enzymes. Islet purification was assessed by measuring tissue insulin and amylase concentrations, proportional to islet beta cell mass and exocrine enzyme content, respectively. Tissue amylase content decreased rapidly over a 24 hour culture period under all conditions. By addition of pilocarpine, cobalt chloride, and aprotinin to the culture medium, pancreatic tissue insulin levels stabilized. Under these conditions the tissue insulin: amylase ratio increased rapidly and a high ratio was maintained, indicating that islet tissue decontaminated of exocrine digestive enzymes was preserved in short-term culture. Fifteen dogs rendered diabetic with streptozotocin immediately following a partial pancreatectomy received an autotransplant of pancreatic tissue fragments maintained in culture for 24 hours. Seven dogs were rendered normoglycemic. Six of these dogs have survived for longer than 30 days. Only one of 14 control pancreatectomized dogs injected with streptozotocin and not transplanted survived and was normoglycemic. Viable islet tissue free of exocrine enzymes can be obtained by short-term culture of pancreatic fragments, and separation of islet and exocrine components of adult pancreas is not essential for successful islet transplantation.", "contents": "Short-term culture of adult pancreatic fragments for purification and transplantation of islets of Langerhans. Minced adult human, rat, and dog pancreatic fragments were cultured under various conditions in an attempt to selectively purify pancreatic islet tissue from exocrine digestive enzymes. Islet purification was assessed by measuring tissue insulin and amylase concentrations, proportional to islet beta cell mass and exocrine enzyme content, respectively. Tissue amylase content decreased rapidly over a 24 hour culture period under all conditions. By addition of pilocarpine, cobalt chloride, and aprotinin to the culture medium, pancreatic tissue insulin levels stabilized. Under these conditions the tissue insulin: amylase ratio increased rapidly and a high ratio was maintained, indicating that islet tissue decontaminated of exocrine digestive enzymes was preserved in short-term culture. Fifteen dogs rendered diabetic with streptozotocin immediately following a partial pancreatectomy received an autotransplant of pancreatic tissue fragments maintained in culture for 24 hours. Seven dogs were rendered normoglycemic. Six of these dogs have survived for longer than 30 days. Only one of 14 control pancreatectomized dogs injected with streptozotocin and not transplanted survived and was normoglycemic. Viable islet tissue free of exocrine enzymes can be obtained by short-term culture of pancreatic fragments, and separation of islet and exocrine components of adult pancreas is not essential for successful islet transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:133472", "title": "Fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products: hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay in plasma.", "content": "Immunoassay for fibrinogen and/or fibrin degradation products (FDP) is generally in the clot and hence assay of serum may not reveal the true concentration of FDP in blood. We have developed a hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay for FDP in human plasma. D fragment appears to possess an antigenic determinant, called D-neoantigen, not found in native fibrinogen. Rabbit antiserum produced against D fragment was absorbed with immunosorbent columns coupled with fibrinogen and normal human serum, respectively, so that it contained only those antibodies directed against the neoantigenic determinant of D fragment. In this immunoassay, sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) were stabilized with glutaraldehyde and subsequently sensitized with D fragment by means of tannic acid. Hemagglutination of absorbed anti-D-neoantigen serum against SRBC sensitized with D fragment was titered to be 1:256. The hemagglutination was inhibited by D fragment but not by fibrinogen; the sensitivity of detecting D fragment was 8 mug/ml. Human plasma from normal subjects did not inhibit. This appears to be the first report of a hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay for FDP in plasma.", "contents": "Fibrinogen-fibrin degradation products: hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay in plasma. Immunoassay for fibrinogen and/or fibrin degradation products (FDP) is generally in the clot and hence assay of serum may not reveal the true concentration of FDP in blood. We have developed a hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay for FDP in human plasma. D fragment appears to possess an antigenic determinant, called D-neoantigen, not found in native fibrinogen. Rabbit antiserum produced against D fragment was absorbed with immunosorbent columns coupled with fibrinogen and normal human serum, respectively, so that it contained only those antibodies directed against the neoantigenic determinant of D fragment. In this immunoassay, sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) were stabilized with glutaraldehyde and subsequently sensitized with D fragment by means of tannic acid. Hemagglutination of absorbed anti-D-neoantigen serum against SRBC sensitized with D fragment was titered to be 1:256. The hemagglutination was inhibited by D fragment but not by fibrinogen; the sensitivity of detecting D fragment was 8 mug/ml. Human plasma from normal subjects did not inhibit. This appears to be the first report of a hemagglutination inhibition immunoassay for FDP in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:133473", "title": "A suggested site for the implantation of myocardial pacemakers in infants and young children.", "content": "A new site for burying an implantable pacemaker in infants and young children is described. The Medtronic sutureless screw electrode is applied to the diaphragmatic surface of the heart through a transxiphoid approach. The unit is inserted in the abdominal wall between the transversalis fascia and the transversus muscle. The method is simple, taking approximately 30 minutes to complete. It avoids thoracotomy. The unit is well concealed and protected. The coils of the lead are relatively free from adhesions and allow for growth in the child.", "contents": "A suggested site for the implantation of myocardial pacemakers in infants and young children. A new site for burying an implantable pacemaker in infants and young children is described. The Medtronic sutureless screw electrode is applied to the diaphragmatic surface of the heart through a transxiphoid approach. The unit is inserted in the abdominal wall between the transversalis fascia and the transversus muscle. The method is simple, taking approximately 30 minutes to complete. It avoids thoracotomy. The unit is well concealed and protected. The coils of the lead are relatively free from adhesions and allow for growth in the child."}
{"id": "PMID:133475", "title": "The oral toxicity of clioquinol (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline) in beagle dogs.", "content": "When clioquinol was administered to Beagle dogs, disturbances in gait which were associated with abnormal reflexes and reactions, were seen in animals receiving 250 and 400 mg/kg body weight per day. Histopathological examination of the central nervous system (CNS) showed pathological change in the posterior columns of the spinal cord.", "contents": "The oral toxicity of clioquinol (5-chloro-7-iodo-8-hydroxyquinoline) in beagle dogs. When clioquinol was administered to Beagle dogs, disturbances in gait which were associated with abnormal reflexes and reactions, were seen in animals receiving 250 and 400 mg/kg body weight per day. Histopathological examination of the central nervous system (CNS) showed pathological change in the posterior columns of the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:133476", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of 16alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate.", "content": "A simple and reliable radioimmunoassay for plasma 3beta, 16alpha-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one(16alpha-OH-DHEA) and its sulfate has been developed. The antiserum against 16alpha-OH-DHEA and its sulfate (16alpha-OH-DHEA-3-sulfate) was produced in rabbits immunized with 16alpha-OH-DHEA-3-succinate-bovine serum albumin. This antiserum reacted well with both 16alpha-OH-DHEA and its sulfate and only slightly cross reacted with DHEA and its sulfate. The coefficient of variation (C.V.) of the intra assay was 10.26% for 16alpha-OH-DHEA and 12.32% for 16alpha-OH-DHEA-S. The C.V. of the interassay were 14.34% for 16alpha-OH-DHEA and 15.64% for 16alpha-OH-DHEA-S. The umbilical artery concentrations for 16alpha-OH-DHEA and 16alpha-OH-DHEA-S were 7.20 +/- 6.71 ng/ml and 4490 +/- 2140 ng/ml, and the umbilical vein concentrations were 14.20 +/- 11.27 ng/ml and 2970 +/- 1450 ng/ml respectively.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of 16alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate. A simple and reliable radioimmunoassay for plasma 3beta, 16alpha-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one(16alpha-OH-DHEA) and its sulfate has been developed. The antiserum against 16alpha-OH-DHEA and its sulfate (16alpha-OH-DHEA-3-sulfate) was produced in rabbits immunized with 16alpha-OH-DHEA-3-succinate-bovine serum albumin. This antiserum reacted well with both 16alpha-OH-DHEA and its sulfate and only slightly cross reacted with DHEA and its sulfate. The coefficient of variation (C.V.) of the intra assay was 10.26% for 16alpha-OH-DHEA and 12.32% for 16alpha-OH-DHEA-S. The C.V. of the interassay were 14.34% for 16alpha-OH-DHEA and 15.64% for 16alpha-OH-DHEA-S. The umbilical artery concentrations for 16alpha-OH-DHEA and 16alpha-OH-DHEA-S were 7.20 +/- 6.71 ng/ml and 4490 +/- 2140 ng/ml, and the umbilical vein concentrations were 14.20 +/- 11.27 ng/ml and 2970 +/- 1450 ng/ml respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:133477", "title": "Secondary cytotoxic allograft responses in vitro. III. The immunogenicity of allogeneic membrane fragments.", "content": "The immunogenicity of murine membrane fragments was tested both in primary and in secondary in vitro cytotoxic allograft responses, and compared to that of intact allogeneic stimulator cells. Allogeneic membrane fragments induced poor proliferative and cytotoxic responses in normal splenic responder cells. However reexposure of immune responder T cells to allogeneic membrane fragments triggered the generation of highly reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Moreover, the generation of secondary CTL as induced by allogeneic membrane fragments was preceded by only a marginal cell proliferation. The results obtained are compatible with the concept that serologically defined (SD) antigens alone are capable of triggering alloimmune T cells to differentiate highly reactive secondary CTL.", "contents": "Secondary cytotoxic allograft responses in vitro. III. The immunogenicity of allogeneic membrane fragments. The immunogenicity of murine membrane fragments was tested both in primary and in secondary in vitro cytotoxic allograft responses, and compared to that of intact allogeneic stimulator cells. Allogeneic membrane fragments induced poor proliferative and cytotoxic responses in normal splenic responder cells. However reexposure of immune responder T cells to allogeneic membrane fragments triggered the generation of highly reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Moreover, the generation of secondary CTL as induced by allogeneic membrane fragments was preceded by only a marginal cell proliferation. The results obtained are compatible with the concept that serologically defined (SD) antigens alone are capable of triggering alloimmune T cells to differentiate highly reactive secondary CTL."}
{"id": "PMID:133478", "title": "The synergistic effect of synthetic polynucleotides and mercaptoethanol in amplifying the murine mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "content": "Tritiated thymidine incorporation of one-way murine mixed lymphocyte reactions was compared in the presence of mercaptoethanol and/or poly AU. Each of these agents amplified specific responsiveness in this system without altering reaction kinetics and the combined use of these agents enhanced specific thymidine incorporation beyond that achieved by either alone. These agents may be useful in those situations where increased sensitivity of murine mixed lymphocyte reactions is required.", "contents": "The synergistic effect of synthetic polynucleotides and mercaptoethanol in amplifying the murine mixed lymphocyte reaction. Tritiated thymidine incorporation of one-way murine mixed lymphocyte reactions was compared in the presence of mercaptoethanol and/or poly AU. Each of these agents amplified specific responsiveness in this system without altering reaction kinetics and the combined use of these agents enhanced specific thymidine incorporation beyond that achieved by either alone. These agents may be useful in those situations where increased sensitivity of murine mixed lymphocyte reactions is required."}
{"id": "PMID:133480", "title": "[A cytophotometric analysis of the activity of oxidative enzymes and Na, K-ATPASE in vertebrate nephrons at different levels of sodium transport in the kidney].", "content": "Using quantitative cytochemistry, activities of Na, K-ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and alpha-keto-glutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KDH) was investigated in cells of renal tubules at different levels of sodium reabsorption in the kidney. The activity of these enzymes in mammals and birds renal tubule cells was found to be higher than in the cells of corresponding renal tubules of cold-blooded vertebrates. This corresponds to the increased total amount of reabsorbed sodium in the kidney of warm-blooded animals. The summer frogs, as compared to the winter ones, exhibit higher activities of SDH and Na,K-ATPase in the proximal tubule cells where changes in sodium reabsorption are also noted. In the kidney of marine teleosts, a negative correlation between U/PNa and the activity of SDH and Na,K-ATPase in the cells of proximal and distal tubule was observed. Aldosterone was found to stimulate sodium reabsorption and to activate Na,K-ATPase.SDH and alpha-KDH mainly in the distal convoluted tubule. Furosemide was observed to inhibit sodium reabsorption and to reduce SDH and Na,K-ATPase activities in cells of the proximal tubule and Henle's loop. In the kidney of adrenalectomized rats, both sodium reabsorption  and activities of Na,K-ATPase, SDH, alpha-KDH decreased in all the segments of the nephron. The data obtained suggest that changes in sodium reabsorption may be coupled with those in the activities of the investigated enzymes.", "contents": "[A cytophotometric analysis of the activity of oxidative enzymes and Na, K-ATPASE in vertebrate nephrons at different levels of sodium transport in the kidney]. Using quantitative cytochemistry, activities of Na, K-ATPase, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and alpha-keto-glutarate dehydrogenase (alpha-KDH) was investigated in cells of renal tubules at different levels of sodium reabsorption in the kidney. The activity of these enzymes in mammals and birds renal tubule cells was found to be higher than in the cells of corresponding renal tubules of cold-blooded vertebrates. This corresponds to the increased total amount of reabsorbed sodium in the kidney of warm-blooded animals. The summer frogs, as compared to the winter ones, exhibit higher activities of SDH and Na,K-ATPase in the proximal tubule cells where changes in sodium reabsorption are also noted. In the kidney of marine teleosts, a negative correlation between U/PNa and the activity of SDH and Na,K-ATPase in the cells of proximal and distal tubule was observed. Aldosterone was found to stimulate sodium reabsorption and to activate Na,K-ATPase.SDH and alpha-KDH mainly in the distal convoluted tubule. Furosemide was observed to inhibit sodium reabsorption and to reduce SDH and Na,K-ATPase activities in cells of the proximal tubule and Henle's loop. In the kidney of adrenalectomized rats, both sodium reabsorption  and activities of Na,K-ATPase, SDH, alpha-KDH decreased in all the segments of the nephron. The data obtained suggest that changes in sodium reabsorption may be coupled with those in the activities of the investigated enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:133481", "title": "[Correlation of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase activity with their size following exposure of cells to higher temperatures].", "content": "Cells of the Unio tumidus gill ciliated epithelium were exposed to a supraoptimal temperature of 40 degrees C for the period from 30 seconds till a complete cessation of ciliar beating. ATPase activity of mitochondria of these cells being checked against their size during the corresponding period. The mitochondria were found to change their size in a phasic manner, swelling at the beginning of the temperature exposure, then shrinking and then swelling again. The ATPase activity increased during the first swelling and during shrinking to the control level. The data obtained indicate that similar ultrastructure and size of mitochondria may correspond to different levels of their functional activity.", "contents": "[Correlation of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase activity with their size following exposure of cells to higher temperatures]. Cells of the Unio tumidus gill ciliated epithelium were exposed to a supraoptimal temperature of 40 degrees C for the period from 30 seconds till a complete cessation of ciliar beating. ATPase activity of mitochondria of these cells being checked against their size during the corresponding period. The mitochondria were found to change their size in a phasic manner, swelling at the beginning of the temperature exposure, then shrinking and then swelling again. The ATPase activity increased during the first swelling and during shrinking to the control level. The data obtained indicate that similar ultrastructure and size of mitochondria may correspond to different levels of their functional activity."}
{"id": "PMID:133483", "title": "[Vitamin A, membranes and the differentiation of cells].", "content": "The paper deals with analysis of biochemical, morphological and physiological changes in vitamin A-deficiency. On the basis of this analysis a conclusion is drawn that vitamin A is first of all the factor of differentiation. The intercellular zone is considered to be the most probable sphere of its primary effect. Deficiency in vitamin A causes a change in a concentration and ratio of cations and glycosaminglycans in this zone, that results in disturbance of the intercellular interactions. Other changes--in the DNA-RNA system, protein biosynthesis, sulphate, energy and other metabolisms--might be secondary. By the character of action vitamin A may be closed to hormones than to water-soluble vitamins.", "contents": "[Vitamin A, membranes and the differentiation of cells]. The paper deals with analysis of biochemical, morphological and physiological changes in vitamin A-deficiency. On the basis of this analysis a conclusion is drawn that vitamin A is first of all the factor of differentiation. The intercellular zone is considered to be the most probable sphere of its primary effect. Deficiency in vitamin A causes a change in a concentration and ratio of cations and glycosaminglycans in this zone, that results in disturbance of the intercellular interactions. Other changes--in the DNA-RNA system, protein biosynthesis, sulphate, energy and other metabolisms--might be secondary. By the character of action vitamin A may be closed to hormones than to water-soluble vitamins."}
{"id": "PMID:133492", "title": "Increased sodium reabsorption postuninephrectomy: evidence for a humoral factor.", "content": "Natriuresis occurs in the immediate postnephrectomy period. Yet in the days and weeks that follow, increased Na-K-ATPase (sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphate) activity, oxygen consumption and sodium reabsorption occur. Increased sodium reabsorption probably occurs early postuninephrectomy but is obscured by passive hemodynamic and physical-chemical factors that induce natriuresis. These factors were controlled in isolated canine kidneys perfused with normal and twenty-four-hour postuninephrectomized blood. A substance that increases sodium reabsorption and glomerular filtration rate in the kidneys perfused with uninephrectomized blood was demonstrated. The relationship between this and a hormonal substance that induces compensatory renal hypertrophy is unknown. The use of this hormone for treatment of renal failure is discussed.", "contents": "Increased sodium reabsorption postuninephrectomy: evidence for a humoral factor. Natriuresis occurs in the immediate postnephrectomy period. Yet in the days and weeks that follow, increased Na-K-ATPase (sodium-potassium activated adenosine triphosphate) activity, oxygen consumption and sodium reabsorption occur. Increased sodium reabsorption probably occurs early postuninephrectomy but is obscured by passive hemodynamic and physical-chemical factors that induce natriuresis. These factors were controlled in isolated canine kidneys perfused with normal and twenty-four-hour postuninephrectomized blood. A substance that increases sodium reabsorption and glomerular filtration rate in the kidneys perfused with uninephrectomized blood was demonstrated. The relationship between this and a hormonal substance that induces compensatory renal hypertrophy is unknown. The use of this hormone for treatment of renal failure is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133493", "title": "Neurogenic bladder dysfunction in protruded lumbar disk and after laminectomy.", "content": "Bladder and urethral innervation was studied in 18 patients with protruded lumbar disk or persistent back pain after laminectomy. A high incidence of neurogenic dysfunction of the detrusor muscle was found, whereas impaired function of the striated external urethral sphincter was rare. The lesions were encountered among the patients with protruded lumbar disk as well as among the patients with sequelae after laminectomy, suggesting that neurogenic bladder dysfunction in cauda equina injury due to protruded disk is often irreversible.", "contents": "Neurogenic bladder dysfunction in protruded lumbar disk and after laminectomy. Bladder and urethral innervation was studied in 18 patients with protruded lumbar disk or persistent back pain after laminectomy. A high incidence of neurogenic dysfunction of the detrusor muscle was found, whereas impaired function of the striated external urethral sphincter was rare. The lesions were encountered among the patients with protruded lumbar disk as well as among the patients with sequelae after laminectomy, suggesting that neurogenic bladder dysfunction in cauda equina injury due to protruded disk is often irreversible."}
{"id": "PMID:133494", "title": "Design and evaluation of a percutaneous transthoracic cannula.", "content": "This investigation was designed to develop a satisfactory PTC for conveying large bore cannulae as required for current use with the artificial heart and left heart assist device. A total of 50 PTCs of varying designs and 6 controls were implanted in the dorsum of canines and goats. Observations with 6 initial designs indicated that necessary requirements in the design of a PTC, include adequate fixation and the use of dacron or nylon velour as the skin interfacing material. Best results were obtained utilizing a PTC having a polycarbonate extra-cutaneous flange, a nylon velour covered polycarbonate subcutaneous skirt, and an extended threaded central conduit to also allow fixation intrathoracicly behind the 2 ribs traversed by the device. Eight such PTCs have been implanted and without complications, have exhibited good tissue ingrowth and have had negative bacterial cultures for periods averaging 6 mos. The use of a PTC of this design should be considered in conjunction with mechanical hearts or left heart assist devices where large bore conduits must cross the chest wall and function on a chronic basis without allowing the ingress of virulent organisms.", "contents": "Design and evaluation of a percutaneous transthoracic cannula. This investigation was designed to develop a satisfactory PTC for conveying large bore cannulae as required for current use with the artificial heart and left heart assist device. A total of 50 PTCs of varying designs and 6 controls were implanted in the dorsum of canines and goats. Observations with 6 initial designs indicated that necessary requirements in the design of a PTC, include adequate fixation and the use of dacron or nylon velour as the skin interfacing material. Best results were obtained utilizing a PTC having a polycarbonate extra-cutaneous flange, a nylon velour covered polycarbonate subcutaneous skirt, and an extended threaded central conduit to also allow fixation intrathoracicly behind the 2 ribs traversed by the device. Eight such PTCs have been implanted and without complications, have exhibited good tissue ingrowth and have had negative bacterial cultures for periods averaging 6 mos. The use of a PTC of this design should be considered in conjunction with mechanical hearts or left heart assist devices where large bore conduits must cross the chest wall and function on a chronic basis without allowing the ingress of virulent organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:133497", "title": "The characterization of intima development in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and total artificial heart (TAH).", "content": "1. The study of PNI development provides useful information in the design and improvement of the prosthetic devices. 2. Improved gelatin aldehyde impregnation on the dacron covered diaphragm of cardiac prostheses resulted in a reduced PNI thickness and minimized interfacial degeneration of PNI. 3. The PNI on the diaphragm's surface started with a platelet rich interface and ended with a striated fibrin and platelet matrix at the blood interface. 4. The PNI in the TAH's had a higher involvement of polymorphonuclear leukocytic cells at the PNI-housing or diaphragm interface than the LVAD's. 5. The aldehyde treated pericardial surface of cardiac prostheses generated a thin PNI that was fibrin-rich, a viable cell infiltration, no interfacial degeneration, and endothelial-like cells on its surface.", "contents": "The characterization of intima development in left ventricular assist device (LVAD) and total artificial heart (TAH). 1. The study of PNI development provides useful information in the design and improvement of the prosthetic devices. 2. Improved gelatin aldehyde impregnation on the dacron covered diaphragm of cardiac prostheses resulted in a reduced PNI thickness and minimized interfacial degeneration of PNI. 3. The PNI on the diaphragm's surface started with a platelet rich interface and ended with a striated fibrin and platelet matrix at the blood interface. 4. The PNI in the TAH's had a higher involvement of polymorphonuclear leukocytic cells at the PNI-housing or diaphragm interface than the LVAD's. 5. The aldehyde treated pericardial surface of cardiac prostheses generated a thin PNI that was fibrin-rich, a viable cell infiltration, no interfacial degeneration, and endothelial-like cells on its surface."}
{"id": "PMID:133499", "title": "[Pre-hospital resuscitation in injuries and asphyxia under emergency conditions].", "content": "The article is based on the materials of special reanimation units of Leningrad Emergency Medical Care Centre. The reanimation measures undertaken in a group of 420 patients with grave trauma and shock of the 1--IV grade are described. An efficacy of respiratory reanimation per se was studied in a separate group of patients (102) after strangulation asphyxia. A scheme of a special medical car intended for reanimation is being suggested.", "contents": "[Pre-hospital resuscitation in injuries and asphyxia under emergency conditions]. The article is based on the materials of special reanimation units of Leningrad Emergency Medical Care Centre. The reanimation measures undertaken in a group of 420 patients with grave trauma and shock of the 1--IV grade are described. An efficacy of respiratory reanimation per se was studied in a separate group of patients (102) after strangulation asphyxia. A scheme of a special medical car intended for reanimation is being suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:133500", "title": "[N.N. Burdenko and certain aspects of development of Russian neurosurgery].", "content": "The authors point out the outstanding merits of academician N. N. Burdenko in the organization and development of national neurosurgery, and also tremendous successes achieved by soviet specialists of neurosurgery in the diagnosis and treatment of mono- and multifocal epilepsy, cerebral vascular lesions, brain tumors in adults and children, craniocerebral trauma. An attention is given to the main tasks of further development of different aspects of neurosurgery.", "contents": "[N.N. Burdenko and certain aspects of development of Russian neurosurgery]. The authors point out the outstanding merits of academician N. N. Burdenko in the organization and development of national neurosurgery, and also tremendous successes achieved by soviet specialists of neurosurgery in the diagnosis and treatment of mono- and multifocal epilepsy, cerebral vascular lesions, brain tumors in adults and children, craniocerebral trauma. An attention is given to the main tasks of further development of different aspects of neurosurgery."}
{"id": "PMID:133505", "title": "[First experience with laparoscopic cholecystostomy in treatment of acute cholecystitis].", "content": "The authors report their experience with laparoscopic cholecystostomy in 37 patients. No failure in the surgery was noted, and complications were rare. The operation should be performed only by those specialists, who are experienced in the performance of laparoscopy.", "contents": "[First experience with laparoscopic cholecystostomy in treatment of acute cholecystitis]. The authors report their experience with laparoscopic cholecystostomy in 37 patients. No failure in the surgery was noted, and complications were rare. The operation should be performed only by those specialists, who are experienced in the performance of laparoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:133532", "title": "Ultrastructure of mitochondria-containining nuclei in human myocardial cells.", "content": "The ultrastructure of myocardial cell nuclei was examined in a group of 12 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. In one patient (aged 60 years) with rheumatic heart disease, myocardial cells were observed which contained mitochondria with well preserved membranes within their nuclei. Such intranuclear mitochondria were observed with equal frequency in all of the three stages examined, i.e. at the start and end of aortic crossclamping and after 20 min of reperfusion. Approximately 2-3% of the total number of nuclei studied in this patient contained mitochondria. A partial disintegration of the membranes of the affected nuclei was sometimes seen. These findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis of a de novo synthesis of mitochondria inside the nucleus, and also, in relation to the \"trapping theory\" of mitochondria through the nuclear envelope.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of mitochondria-containining nuclei in human myocardial cells. The ultrastructure of myocardial cell nuclei was examined in a group of 12 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. In one patient (aged 60 years) with rheumatic heart disease, myocardial cells were observed which contained mitochondria with well preserved membranes within their nuclei. Such intranuclear mitochondria were observed with equal frequency in all of the three stages examined, i.e. at the start and end of aortic crossclamping and after 20 min of reperfusion. Approximately 2-3% of the total number of nuclei studied in this patient contained mitochondria. A partial disintegration of the membranes of the affected nuclei was sometimes seen. These findings are discussed in relation to the hypothesis of a de novo synthesis of mitochondria inside the nucleus, and also, in relation to the \"trapping theory\" of mitochondria through the nuclear envelope."}
{"id": "PMID:133535", "title": "Linkage of gene for C2 deficiency and the major histocompatibility complex MHC in man. Family study of a further case.", "content": "Close linkage between HL-A and C2 deficiency was first reported by FU and co-workers in 1974. We present here a pedigree of a 31-year-old C2-deficient individual with clinical manifestations of Hodgkins disease. The following markers were tested: C2 levels, factor B polymorphism, blood groups, and enzyme typing. In addition to close linkage between HL-A and C2 deficiency, both parents were heterozygous for Bf (HL-A linked, electrophoretic variation of B). The two HL-A haplotypes closely linked to C2 deficiency are different: 2, W18 and W24, W18. They share, however, the SD2 antigen W18 and the LD type 7a.", "contents": "Linkage of gene for C2 deficiency and the major histocompatibility complex MHC in man. Family study of a further case. Close linkage between HL-A and C2 deficiency was first reported by FU and co-workers in 1974. We present here a pedigree of a 31-year-old C2-deficient individual with clinical manifestations of Hodgkins disease. The following markers were tested: C2 levels, factor B polymorphism, blood groups, and enzyme typing. In addition to close linkage between HL-A and C2 deficiency, both parents were heterozygous for Bf (HL-A linked, electrophoretic variation of B). The two HL-A haplotypes closely linked to C2 deficiency are different: 2, W18 and W24, W18. They share, however, the SD2 antigen W18 and the LD type 7a."}
{"id": "PMID:133534", "title": "[The activity of several enzymes of the mucous membrane of the intestine during thiamine absorption].", "content": "With increasing amounts of thiamine introduced into the intestines the extent of its absorption by the intestinal mucosa is shown to decline. The activity of thiamine-pyrophosphatase (KF 3.6.1.6) in the intestinal mucosa rises with absorption of physiological and large quantities of thiamine, whereas Na+-K+-activated ATPase (Kf 3.6.1.3) becomes activated only with absorption of physiological doses of vitamin B1. The participation of these enzymes in the regulation of the thiamine absorption in the intestines is suggested.", "contents": "[The activity of several enzymes of the mucous membrane of the intestine during thiamine absorption]. With increasing amounts of thiamine introduced into the intestines the extent of its absorption by the intestinal mucosa is shown to decline. The activity of thiamine-pyrophosphatase (KF 3.6.1.6) in the intestinal mucosa rises with absorption of physiological and large quantities of thiamine, whereas Na+-K+-activated ATPase (Kf 3.6.1.3) becomes activated only with absorption of physiological doses of vitamin B1. The participation of these enzymes in the regulation of the thiamine absorption in the intestines is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:133539", "title": "[Dermatological complications after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "58 renal transplant patients were submitted to dermatological check-up investigations at regular intervals over a mean period of 26.2 months after surgery. 98% of the case material showed dermatological complications. In an analysis of the findings in 55 patients with infectious complications, viral infections occurred in 40, bacterial in 30 and mycotic infections in 20 patients. Dermatological manifestations of non-dermatological complications were mainly due to immunosuppressive therapy. The data stress the necessity of optimum cooperation between dermatologists and the attendant physician in the case of renal transplant patients.", "contents": "[Dermatological complications after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. 58 renal transplant patients were submitted to dermatological check-up investigations at regular intervals over a mean period of 26.2 months after surgery. 98% of the case material showed dermatological complications. In an analysis of the findings in 55 patients with infectious complications, viral infections occurred in 40, bacterial in 30 and mycotic infections in 20 patients. Dermatological manifestations of non-dermatological complications were mainly due to immunosuppressive therapy. The data stress the necessity of optimum cooperation between dermatologists and the attendant physician in the case of renal transplant patients."}
{"id": "PMID:133542", "title": "Autoimmunity as possible evoking factor of some so-called idiopathic bone marrow hypoplasias.", "content": "Patients with bone marrow hypoplasia or aplasia were examined using the method of lymphocyte blast transformation and the MIF production test. The experimental results demonstrated the presence of an autoimmune process in these patients. A good congruence of the methods was demonstrated. Possible role of the autoimmune process in the pathogenesis of the disease as well as the reasons for the autoimmunity development and the therapeutical implications of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Autoimmunity as possible evoking factor of some so-called idiopathic bone marrow hypoplasias. Patients with bone marrow hypoplasia or aplasia were examined using the method of lymphocyte blast transformation and the MIF production test. The experimental results demonstrated the presence of an autoimmune process in these patients. A good congruence of the methods was demonstrated. Possible role of the autoimmune process in the pathogenesis of the disease as well as the reasons for the autoimmunity development and the therapeutical implications of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133543", "title": "Spontaneous occurrence of delayed hypersensitivity to DNA in old NZB mice.", "content": "The sensitivity of NZB/Bl and NZB/Swiss Fl hybride mice spleen lymphocytes to DNA was examined using the MIF production and inhibition of migration from artificial fragment. The positivity was found in the group of old mice which was considered as an indication of spontaneous autoimmune process. The possible mechanism of this process is discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous occurrence of delayed hypersensitivity to DNA in old NZB mice. The sensitivity of NZB/Bl and NZB/Swiss Fl hybride mice spleen lymphocytes to DNA was examined using the MIF production and inhibition of migration from artificial fragment. The positivity was found in the group of old mice which was considered as an indication of spontaneous autoimmune process. The possible mechanism of this process is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133544", "title": "[Autoantibodies in the ABO-Ii-system (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine cases of autoantibodies in the ABO-system, found by routine investigations, showed the following specificities by agglutination, absorption, and elution techniques: 5 anti-AI, 2 anti-(not-I)-A, I anti-BI and 1 anti-HI. Neutralization experiments by blood group substances revealed heterogeneity among the 5 anti-AI-cases. This is interpreted by different antibody specificities directed against I-antigen components. The relations between the ABO- and Ii-systems are discussed. The occurrence of these antibodies is attributed to oligosaccharides, which are common to both antigen systems. The etiology remains unknown.", "contents": "[Autoantibodies in the ABO-Ii-system (author's transl)]. Nine cases of autoantibodies in the ABO-system, found by routine investigations, showed the following specificities by agglutination, absorption, and elution techniques: 5 anti-AI, 2 anti-(not-I)-A, I anti-BI and 1 anti-HI. Neutralization experiments by blood group substances revealed heterogeneity among the 5 anti-AI-cases. This is interpreted by different antibody specificities directed against I-antigen components. The relations between the ABO- and Ii-systems are discussed. The occurrence of these antibodies is attributed to oligosaccharides, which are common to both antigen systems. The etiology remains unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:133545", "title": "DNA-synthesis and DNA-methylation in the spleen of immunized mice.", "content": "Methylation of spleen DNA was investigated in mice immunized with bovine serum albumin. At the time of the highest incorporation of deoxythymidine into DNA -24 hours after antigen application--there is an elevated DNA methylation rate as shown by the transfer of the methyl group of methionine to DNA cytosine as well as by the conversion of DNA cytosine to DNA 5-methyl-cytosine. There is no difference in the methylation rate between bulk DNA and satellite DNA.", "contents": "DNA-synthesis and DNA-methylation in the spleen of immunized mice. Methylation of spleen DNA was investigated in mice immunized with bovine serum albumin. At the time of the highest incorporation of deoxythymidine into DNA -24 hours after antigen application--there is an elevated DNA methylation rate as shown by the transfer of the methyl group of methionine to DNA cytosine as well as by the conversion of DNA cytosine to DNA 5-methyl-cytosine. There is no difference in the methylation rate between bulk DNA and satellite DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:133546", "title": "[Calculation of the chance of paternity exclusion for the HL-A system (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a theoretical model formulas for the calculation of the chance of paternity exclusion for 2 closely linked autosomal loci with multiple allelism between which linkage disequilibrium exists are presented. With some examples their practicability for the HL-A system is shown.", "contents": "[Calculation of the chance of paternity exclusion for the HL-A system (author's transl)]. Using a theoretical model formulas for the calculation of the chance of paternity exclusion for 2 closely linked autosomal loci with multiple allelism between which linkage disequilibrium exists are presented. With some examples their practicability for the HL-A system is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:133547", "title": "[Dislocation of patella also a symptom of other diseases or consequence of local primary alteration of the scelet (author's transl)].", "content": "According to a large group of patients there is demonstrated the \"symptomatic\" dislocation of patella. It is a part of a system-disease, especially Onycho-osteo-arthro-dysplasia. Arthrogryposis multiplex. Freeman-Sheldon-syndrome, mongolism and children with debility or imbecility. There are discussed their pathogenesis and any consequences for diagnosis and treatment.", "contents": "[Dislocation of patella also a symptom of other diseases or consequence of local primary alteration of the scelet (author's transl)]. According to a large group of patients there is demonstrated the \"symptomatic\" dislocation of patella. It is a part of a system-disease, especially Onycho-osteo-arthro-dysplasia. Arthrogryposis multiplex. Freeman-Sheldon-syndrome, mongolism and children with debility or imbecility. There are discussed their pathogenesis and any consequences for diagnosis and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:133566", "title": "[Studies on the thickness of the hard tissue coating in the 1st upper deciduous molars with special reference to the shape of the crown].", "content": "The report is on metric examinations of the thickness of the hard substance coating of the first upper milk molars based on 122 tooth cuts (longitudinal and transversal) and on the shape of the crowns of these teeth. The measurements were made by means of a stereomicroscope SM XX number 551 190 (VEB Carl Zeiss, Jena), and the results were statistically evaluated.", "contents": "[Studies on the thickness of the hard tissue coating in the 1st upper deciduous molars with special reference to the shape of the crown]. The report is on metric examinations of the thickness of the hard substance coating of the first upper milk molars based on 122 tooth cuts (longitudinal and transversal) and on the shape of the crowns of these teeth. The measurements were made by means of a stereomicroscope SM XX number 551 190 (VEB Carl Zeiss, Jena), and the results were statistically evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:133567", "title": "[Problems of documentation of malignant tumors, showing as an example lip cancer].", "content": "The TNM system allows malignant tumours to be classified according to uniform aspects and permits the collective comparison of the applied therapeutical methods. The problem is illustrated by a longitudinal study of 70 patients with lip carcinoma over a period of 6 years where only one TNM code was established. In conclusion the author recommends the documentation of 4 TNM codes per patient, which allow an exact statement about the diagnosis, optimal planning of the therapy, course, and prognosis.", "contents": "[Problems of documentation of malignant tumors, showing as an example lip cancer]. The TNM system allows malignant tumours to be classified according to uniform aspects and permits the collective comparison of the applied therapeutical methods. The problem is illustrated by a longitudinal study of 70 patients with lip carcinoma over a period of 6 years where only one TNM code was established. In conclusion the author recommends the documentation of 4 TNM codes per patient, which allow an exact statement about the diagnosis, optimal planning of the therapy, course, and prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:133568", "title": "[Esthetics as one of the functions of the mandibulo-maxillary apparatus from an orthondontic viewpoint].", "content": "Malocclusions may considerably disturb the esthetics of the face. The position of the teeth as well as the site of the denture in the skull determine the beauty of the orofacial relations. It is the aim of each orthodontic therapy to do away with functional disturbances within the dental region. This also includes attraining the individual esthetic optimum.", "contents": "[Esthetics as one of the functions of the mandibulo-maxillary apparatus from an orthondontic viewpoint]. Malocclusions may considerably disturb the esthetics of the face. The position of the teeth as well as the site of the denture in the skull determine the beauty of the orofacial relations. It is the aim of each orthodontic therapy to do away with functional disturbances within the dental region. This also includes attraining the individual esthetic optimum."}
{"id": "PMID:133569", "title": "[Evaluation of results of subgingival curettage in periodontology].", "content": "Introductory remarks review the extensive present range of literature with reference to the aim and evaluation of the results of the curettage. One of the definitions given by the authors considers indication and aim in a general form. The authors discuss their own histological examinations after curettage with a selection of typical figures. The clincal experiences and histological results presented lead to a vast restriction of the indication of this interference.", "contents": "[Evaluation of results of subgingival curettage in periodontology]. Introductory remarks review the extensive present range of literature with reference to the aim and evaluation of the results of the curettage. One of the definitions given by the authors considers indication and aim in a general form. The authors discuss their own histological examinations after curettage with a selection of typical figures. The clincal experiences and histological results presented lead to a vast restriction of the indication of this interference."}
{"id": "PMID:133564", "title": "[The synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis: change in the glycosaminoglycan pattern].", "content": "For examination of glycosaminoglycane (GAG) in the normal synovial membrane and in the synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fat free dry tissue was digested with papain. The GAG was fractonated with cetylpyridiniumchloride according to Svejcar's and Robertson's techniques and afterwards it was characterised in detail. The total amount of GAG per gramme of fat free dry tissue was the same in RA and in controls. The GAG distribution pattern was significantly changed: 1. A large fraction of hyaluronic acid was found in acutely inflamed tissue with only few scars. 2. In tissue with much cicatrization, however, acute processes accompanied by large amounts of hyaluronic acid appeared unimportant. There the L-iduronic acid content of the Ch-4-S and the Ch-6-S fractions (increased hybridization) and its total amount was increased. The tendency to increased epimerization of D-glycuronic acid to L-iduronic acid in the GAG-chains was clearly shown by an increase of the GAG-fraction, which contains relatively pure dermatane sulphate.", "contents": "[The synovial membrane in rheumatoid arthritis: change in the glycosaminoglycan pattern]. For examination of glycosaminoglycane (GAG) in the normal synovial membrane and in the synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fat free dry tissue was digested with papain. The GAG was fractonated with cetylpyridiniumchloride according to Svejcar's and Robertson's techniques and afterwards it was characterised in detail. The total amount of GAG per gramme of fat free dry tissue was the same in RA and in controls. The GAG distribution pattern was significantly changed: 1. A large fraction of hyaluronic acid was found in acutely inflamed tissue with only few scars. 2. In tissue with much cicatrization, however, acute processes accompanied by large amounts of hyaluronic acid appeared unimportant. There the L-iduronic acid content of the Ch-4-S and the Ch-6-S fractions (increased hybridization) and its total amount was increased. The tendency to increased epimerization of D-glycuronic acid to L-iduronic acid in the GAG-chains was clearly shown by an increase of the GAG-fraction, which contains relatively pure dermatane sulphate."}
{"id": "PMID:133565", "title": "[Experiences in the management of rheumatoid diseases using different clofezone doses].", "content": "Highly significant improvement of symptoms was found during treatment with clofezone (Perclusone) over a period of 4 weeks in 56 in-patients with various rheumatic diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and lumbar and cervical syndromes. During the first week clofezone was given at a daily dosage of 1200 mg and thereafter 600 mg. At the same time 21 of the patients with RA and 13 with AS received ACTH injections (0.25 mg twice a week). Already after the first week of treatment a highly significant decrease of disease activity was noticed, as judged by the amount of pain, inhibition of movements, joint swelling and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The latter decreased on an average by 50% during the treatment period indicating a reduction of the inflammatory process. 51 of the 56 patients showed a satisfactory to very good tolerance of the treatment. Clofezone was discontinued in 5 patients during the first week, because gastro-intestinal intolerance occurred with the 1200 mg dosage. One of these 5 patients tolerated the smaller dosage later. As 3 of the 5 patients belonged to the RA and AS groups, the ACTH administration also has to be considered with regards to the intolerance. Because of possible side effects the higher dosage of clofezone should be given as short term treatment of highly active disease processes only. Clofezone reduced the serum uric acid level in 38 of 45 patients. Pathologically increased levels were reduced to normal in 15 of 17 patients.", "contents": "[Experiences in the management of rheumatoid diseases using different clofezone doses]. Highly significant improvement of symptoms was found during treatment with clofezone (Perclusone) over a period of 4 weeks in 56 in-patients with various rheumatic diseases, particularly rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and lumbar and cervical syndromes. During the first week clofezone was given at a daily dosage of 1200 mg and thereafter 600 mg. At the same time 21 of the patients with RA and 13 with AS received ACTH injections (0.25 mg twice a week). Already after the first week of treatment a highly significant decrease of disease activity was noticed, as judged by the amount of pain, inhibition of movements, joint swelling and erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The latter decreased on an average by 50% during the treatment period indicating a reduction of the inflammatory process. 51 of the 56 patients showed a satisfactory to very good tolerance of the treatment. Clofezone was discontinued in 5 patients during the first week, because gastro-intestinal intolerance occurred with the 1200 mg dosage. One of these 5 patients tolerated the smaller dosage later. As 3 of the 5 patients belonged to the RA and AS groups, the ACTH administration also has to be considered with regards to the intolerance. Because of possible side effects the higher dosage of clofezone should be given as short term treatment of highly active disease processes only. Clofezone reduced the serum uric acid level in 38 of 45 patients. Pathologically increased levels were reduced to normal in 15 of 17 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:133580", "title": "[The infarction of the right ventricle and the connections with coronary sclerosis and chronic cor pulmonale (author's transl)].", "content": "The infarction of the right ventricle as a spatial and temporal mosaic-infarct and the lesions following it were investigated. Its frequency and its connections with the infarction of the left ventricle, coronary sclerosis and hypertrophy of the right ventricle as cor mitrale and cor pulmonale were reported, treated on 11 073 post-mortem examinations of adults separated in males and females. Three groups were divided: 1. isolated lesions of the right ventricle 2. separated lesions--spatially and/or temporally of the right and left ventricle 3. lesions overlapping from the left on the right ventricle. The infarct of the right ventricle respectively cicatrices were observed in 1.2%. The coronary sclerosis was detected in all cases, and specially the hypertrophy of the right ventricle as cor pulmonale or cor mitrale were important for the pathogenesis of right-cardiac infarcts. The pulmonary embolism was more frequent in isolated infarcts of the right ventricle.", "contents": "[The infarction of the right ventricle and the connections with coronary sclerosis and chronic cor pulmonale (author's transl)]. The infarction of the right ventricle as a spatial and temporal mosaic-infarct and the lesions following it were investigated. Its frequency and its connections with the infarction of the left ventricle, coronary sclerosis and hypertrophy of the right ventricle as cor mitrale and cor pulmonale were reported, treated on 11 073 post-mortem examinations of adults separated in males and females. Three groups were divided: 1. isolated lesions of the right ventricle 2. separated lesions--spatially and/or temporally of the right and left ventricle 3. lesions overlapping from the left on the right ventricle. The infarct of the right ventricle respectively cicatrices were observed in 1.2%. The coronary sclerosis was detected in all cases, and specially the hypertrophy of the right ventricle as cor pulmonale or cor mitrale were important for the pathogenesis of right-cardiac infarcts. The pulmonary embolism was more frequent in isolated infarcts of the right ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:133582", "title": "[A comparative study of the role of domestic cats and dogs in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis].", "content": "A total of 2643 persons in 5 different regions were examined for toxoplasmosis by the immunofluorescence test and toxoplasmin skin test. The presence in the house of cats and dogs was taken into account. In two of the five regions under study there was revealed an increased incidence of toxoplasmosis in persons keeping cats; this confirmed the role of these animals as a source of toxoplasmosis infection. The absence of such increase in the incidence of the disease in other regions in explained by the character of buildings admitting migration of cats or the presence in the given region of other active sources of infection. Toxoplasmosis incidence in persons who kept or didn't keep dogs displayed no significant difference.", "contents": "[A comparative study of the role of domestic cats and dogs in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis]. A total of 2643 persons in 5 different regions were examined for toxoplasmosis by the immunofluorescence test and toxoplasmin skin test. The presence in the house of cats and dogs was taken into account. In two of the five regions under study there was revealed an increased incidence of toxoplasmosis in persons keeping cats; this confirmed the role of these animals as a source of toxoplasmosis infection. The absence of such increase in the incidence of the disease in other regions in explained by the character of buildings admitting migration of cats or the presence in the given region of other active sources of infection. Toxoplasmosis incidence in persons who kept or didn't keep dogs displayed no significant difference."}
{"id": "PMID:133581", "title": "[Rhabdomere adenosine triphosphatase systems of the squid Todarodes sloanei pacificus].", "content": "Highly purified fraction of squid photoreceptor membranes exhibits relatively low activity of Na+,K+-ATPase. No correlation was observed between the distribution of rhodopsin and Na+,K+-ATPase activity among photoreceptor membrane subfractions obtained from rhabdomeres. On the basis of these data, it is suggested that Na+,K+-ATPase and rhodopsin are localized in different membrane structures. In most purified fractions of rhabdomeres, the ratio of rhodopsin to total protein amounted up to 45--50%. In Triton X-100 extracts from membrane fractions, significant enrichment in rhodopsin content was observed.", "contents": "[Rhabdomere adenosine triphosphatase systems of the squid Todarodes sloanei pacificus]. Highly purified fraction of squid photoreceptor membranes exhibits relatively low activity of Na+,K+-ATPase. No correlation was observed between the distribution of rhodopsin and Na+,K+-ATPase activity among photoreceptor membrane subfractions obtained from rhabdomeres. On the basis of these data, it is suggested that Na+,K+-ATPase and rhodopsin are localized in different membrane structures. In most purified fractions of rhabdomeres, the ratio of rhodopsin to total protein amounted up to 45--50%. In Triton X-100 extracts from membrane fractions, significant enrichment in rhodopsin content was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:133586", "title": "[Ultrastructural localization of Mg++- and Ca++-activated adenosine triphosphatase spinal ganglia of the sheep and goat].", "content": "Light and electron microscopic investigations on the Mg++- and Ca++-activated ATPase of sheep and goat dorsal root ganglion have been carried out. Reaction products occur in plasma membranes and interfaces between neurons and sheath cells, between adjacent sheath cells and on the surface of unmyelinated fibers. Cytoplasmic protrusions of ganglion cells and numerous surface increasing invaginations of sheath membranes form close connections between neurons and sheath cells.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural localization of Mg++- and Ca++-activated adenosine triphosphatase spinal ganglia of the sheep and goat]. Light and electron microscopic investigations on the Mg++- and Ca++-activated ATPase of sheep and goat dorsal root ganglion have been carried out. Reaction products occur in plasma membranes and interfaces between neurons and sheath cells, between adjacent sheath cells and on the surface of unmyelinated fibers. Cytoplasmic protrusions of ganglion cells and numerous surface increasing invaginations of sheath membranes form close connections between neurons and sheath cells."}
{"id": "PMID:133588", "title": "Mixed lymphocyte reaction in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "The mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) as measured by the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test is markedly reduced between unrelated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. This is not the case with other neurological diseases (OND). Within an MS family, the MLR between the propositus and members of the family falls into the low (MS type) range or into the normal or OND range. Those members who give the low results are those who have a MEM-LAD test result of about 77 per cent, i.e. halfway between that of normal and MS. There is thus a parallelism between the anomalous response to linoleic acid and an unexpectedly low MLR with known MS lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from apparently normal children who have a high (MS-type) linoleic acid depression result take part in an MLR with MS cells, as if they were themselves true MS cells. Some possible implications these findings may have for the pathogenesis of MS are discussed.", "contents": "Mixed lymphocyte reaction in multiple sclerosis. The mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) as measured by the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test is markedly reduced between unrelated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. This is not the case with other neurological diseases (OND). Within an MS family, the MLR between the propositus and members of the family falls into the low (MS type) range or into the normal or OND range. Those members who give the low results are those who have a MEM-LAD test result of about 77 per cent, i.e. halfway between that of normal and MS. There is thus a parallelism between the anomalous response to linoleic acid and an unexpectedly low MLR with known MS lymphocytes. Lymphocytes from apparently normal children who have a high (MS-type) linoleic acid depression result take part in an MLR with MS cells, as if they were themselves true MS cells. Some possible implications these findings may have for the pathogenesis of MS are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133589", "title": "On tubal function in presence of central perforation of drum in chronic otitis media. Clinical methods and preoperative analyses - 132 cases.", "content": "Opinions differ on the value of preoperative testing of tubal function. The results vary widely, but so far no comparative investigation between different tubal function tests seems to have been published. On 132 ears with central tympanic perforation, 9 of which were traumatic and the remaining following chronic otitis media, tubal function was studied with a closed manometric method and open flow volume method which measures the tubal volume passage. The results of the closed and open techniques agreed in 96%. The open method is more sensitive, but the closed method is easier. 70% of the total material had aspiration capacity, i.e. could neutralise middle ear pressures, which is better than earlier results. Toynbee's test is a good screening test and when positive, it means good tubal function. A close correlation was found between tubal function and the volume of the air cell system as an effect of the systemic mucosal damage.", "contents": "On tubal function in presence of central perforation of drum in chronic otitis media. Clinical methods and preoperative analyses - 132 cases. Opinions differ on the value of preoperative testing of tubal function. The results vary widely, but so far no comparative investigation between different tubal function tests seems to have been published. On 132 ears with central tympanic perforation, 9 of which were traumatic and the remaining following chronic otitis media, tubal function was studied with a closed manometric method and open flow volume method which measures the tubal volume passage. The results of the closed and open techniques agreed in 96%. The open method is more sensitive, but the closed method is easier. 70% of the total material had aspiration capacity, i.e. could neutralise middle ear pressures, which is better than earlier results. Toynbee's test is a good screening test and when positive, it means good tubal function. A close correlation was found between tubal function and the volume of the air cell system as an effect of the systemic mucosal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:133599", "title": "[Chronic mucosynechial pemphigoid: so-called ocular pemphigus].", "content": "The so-called ocular pemphigus is an oculocutaneomucosal disease, the clinical manifestations of which have been recognized for over a century while its recognition as a nosological and histopathological unit is quite recent. The clinical picture in the eye consists essentially of progressive scar contraction which, preceded by a transient bullous phase, leads to symblepharon, entropion and trichiasis. Corneal complications, such as bullous eruption, erosions, proliferation of vasculoconnective tissue, supervene later. The final appearance is that of complete xerosis with total symblepharon producing a typical 'statute eye'. This local process may be accompanied by bullous lesions of the skin and mucous membranes but the general condition of the patient invariably remains good. In the advanced stages of the disease the appearance is described as 'pemphigoid facies'. The nosological place of ocular pemphigus has been a matter of debate. At various times it has been identified with pemphigus vulgaris, dermatitis herpetiformis of Duhring-Brocq, erythema multiforme of Hebra, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, syphilitic dermatitis bullosa and other bullous dermatoses. At present the condition is universally recognized as a clinical entity, referred to as chronic mucosynechial pemphigoid (CMSP). The anatomopathological picture is quite peculiar. The elementary lesion is a sub-epidermic bulla, hence easily distinguished from that of pemphigus vulgaris, which is situated in the Malpighian layer. This difference applies to the lesions of the skin as well as to those of the mucous membranes including the conjuctiva. In the conjunctiva, epithelial changes suggestive of its epidermization were demonstrated. The Malpighian layer shows a high glycogen and DNA content with overall reduction in enzyme activity. The dermis shows infiltration by lymphocytes, histiocytes and plasma cells, and a considerable increase in hyaluronic acid content. There are many areas of dermoepidermal separation with formation of bullae and the basal membrane is often missing. In some cases, in the centre of the bullae, we were able to demonstrate one or more lumps, consisting almost exclusively of hyaluronic acid, probably filtered in from the dermis across the altered basal membrane. Similar changes are met with also in other mucous membranes, that of buccal cavity in particular, even in ostensibly healthy areas. The histological and histochemical findings are sufficiently typical to justify early diagnostic biopsy in all suspected cases. The aetiology of the CMSP still remains debated. Two theories are under consideration at the moment, viral and autoimmune. The main argument in favour of the viral theory is that a cytopathogenic agent can be isolated from the blood of patients with different dermatoses of the pemphigus group, including the CMSP, whose cytotoxic activity can be passed through and potentiated by passage in cell cultures...", "contents": "[Chronic mucosynechial pemphigoid: so-called ocular pemphigus]. The so-called ocular pemphigus is an oculocutaneomucosal disease, the clinical manifestations of which have been recognized for over a century while its recognition as a nosological and histopathological unit is quite recent. The clinical picture in the eye consists essentially of progressive scar contraction which, preceded by a transient bullous phase, leads to symblepharon, entropion and trichiasis. Corneal complications, such as bullous eruption, erosions, proliferation of vasculoconnective tissue, supervene later. The final appearance is that of complete xerosis with total symblepharon producing a typical 'statute eye'. This local process may be accompanied by bullous lesions of the skin and mucous membranes but the general condition of the patient invariably remains good. In the advanced stages of the disease the appearance is described as 'pemphigoid facies'. The nosological place of ocular pemphigus has been a matter of debate. At various times it has been identified with pemphigus vulgaris, dermatitis herpetiformis of Duhring-Brocq, erythema multiforme of Hebra, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, syphilitic dermatitis bullosa and other bullous dermatoses. At present the condition is universally recognized as a clinical entity, referred to as chronic mucosynechial pemphigoid (CMSP). The anatomopathological picture is quite peculiar. The elementary lesion is a sub-epidermic bulla, hence easily distinguished from that of pemphigus vulgaris, which is situated in the Malpighian layer. This difference applies to the lesions of the skin as well as to those of the mucous membranes including the conjuctiva. In the conjunctiva, epithelial changes suggestive of its epidermization were demonstrated. The Malpighian layer shows a high glycogen and DNA content with overall reduction in enzyme activity. The dermis shows infiltration by lymphocytes, histiocytes and plasma cells, and a considerable increase in hyaluronic acid content. There are many areas of dermoepidermal separation with formation of bullae and the basal membrane is often missing. In some cases, in the centre of the bullae, we were able to demonstrate one or more lumps, consisting almost exclusively of hyaluronic acid, probably filtered in from the dermis across the altered basal membrane. Similar changes are met with also in other mucous membranes, that of buccal cavity in particular, even in ostensibly healthy areas. The histological and histochemical findings are sufficiently typical to justify early diagnostic biopsy in all suspected cases. The aetiology of the CMSP still remains debated. Two theories are under consideration at the moment, viral and autoimmune. The main argument in favour of the viral theory is that a cytopathogenic agent can be isolated from the blood of patients with different dermatoses of the pemphigus group, including the CMSP, whose cytotoxic activity can be passed through and potentiated by passage in cell cultures..."}
{"id": "PMID:133601", "title": "A multicentre controlled trial of the effects of different dosage of gold therapy, followed by a maintenance dosage.", "content": "In a combined clinical trial with gold in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 95 patients were treated with a high initial dosage of 2,500 mg aurothioglucose in 21 weeks. Afterwards 48 of these patients received a maintenance dosage of gold and 47 patients placebo injections. Another group of 101 patients received 1,000 mg gold in 21 weeks. Finally a maintenance dose of gold was administered to 49 of these patients, to the other 52 patients placebo injections were administered. For the treatment of RA a high dosage of a gold compound offers no advantage over a low dosage. After a high dosage one can expect a significantly higher number of side effects. The development of toxicity does not influence the ultimate results. A second course of gold has hardly any benificial effect. Prolonged administration of gold is usually well-tolerated; whether it has substantial and sustained therapeutic value remains dubious. Progression of radiological abnormalities can be observed at the same moment that signs and other symptoms of the disease show improvement.", "contents": "A multicentre controlled trial of the effects of different dosage of gold therapy, followed by a maintenance dosage. In a combined clinical trial with gold in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 95 patients were treated with a high initial dosage of 2,500 mg aurothioglucose in 21 weeks. Afterwards 48 of these patients received a maintenance dosage of gold and 47 patients placebo injections. Another group of 101 patients received 1,000 mg gold in 21 weeks. Finally a maintenance dose of gold was administered to 49 of these patients, to the other 52 patients placebo injections were administered. For the treatment of RA a high dosage of a gold compound offers no advantage over a low dosage. After a high dosage one can expect a significantly higher number of side effects. The development of toxicity does not influence the ultimate results. A second course of gold has hardly any benificial effect. Prolonged administration of gold is usually well-tolerated; whether it has substantial and sustained therapeutic value remains dubious. Progression of radiological abnormalities can be observed at the same moment that signs and other symptoms of the disease show improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:133602", "title": "Biological roles of rodent anaphylactic IgG1 antibodies.", "content": "Described and mainly studied in guinea-pigs and mice (Benacerraf, Ovary, Bloch and Franklin, 1963; Fahey, Wunderlich and Mishell, 1964) (but also demonstrated in rats and hamsters, and others), IgG1 immunoglobulins are a fascinating class of antibodies. Long known for their anaphylactic properties, they have now been also studied in our laboratory for their cooperative, protective and immunoregulatory properties. Like other immunoglobulin classes of antibody, their biological activity is exerted through their Fc portion and expressed only after the immunoglobulin has been activated by fixation on corresponding antigen through their Fab portions. My purpose is to present a summary of the work done in our laboratory on the biological role of IgG1 antibodies. This presentation will be divided into 3 parts respectively concerned with their inflammatory properties in specific hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis and Arthus, their protective action (as a final result) of the antigen-bearing target in the facilitation reaction, and finally the relations (and common denominator) between the two types of properties.", "contents": "Biological roles of rodent anaphylactic IgG1 antibodies. Described and mainly studied in guinea-pigs and mice (Benacerraf, Ovary, Bloch and Franklin, 1963; Fahey, Wunderlich and Mishell, 1964) (but also demonstrated in rats and hamsters, and others), IgG1 immunoglobulins are a fascinating class of antibodies. Long known for their anaphylactic properties, they have now been also studied in our laboratory for their cooperative, protective and immunoregulatory properties. Like other immunoglobulin classes of antibody, their biological activity is exerted through their Fc portion and expressed only after the immunoglobulin has been activated by fixation on corresponding antigen through their Fab portions. My purpose is to present a summary of the work done in our laboratory on the biological role of IgG1 antibodies. This presentation will be divided into 3 parts respectively concerned with their inflammatory properties in specific hypersensitivity reactions such as anaphylaxis and Arthus, their protective action (as a final result) of the antigen-bearing target in the facilitation reaction, and finally the relations (and common denominator) between the two types of properties."}
{"id": "PMID:133604", "title": "Long-term evaluation of early repolarization syndrome (normal variant RS-T segment elevation).", "content": "The electrocardiograms of 65 patients with the \"early repolarization syndrome\" (normal variant of RS-T elevation) were analyzed to delineate the features and evaluate the natural history of this electrocardiographic entity. Maximal follow-up was 26 years. The syndrome was characterized by (1) an upward concave elevation of the RS-T segment with distinct or \"embryonic\" J waves, slurred downstroke of R waves or distinct J points or both; (2) RS-T segment elevation commonly encountered in the precordial leads and more distinct in these leads; (3) rapid QRS transition in the precordial leads with counterclockwise rotation; and (4) persistence of these characteristics for many years although some intraindividual changes were common. Less commonly found were (5) tall R and T waves in the precordial leads; (6) \"labile\" or \"juvenile\" T wave patterns; (7) \"pseudo-R\" waves; and (8) \"isolated T negativity syndrome.\" These changes commonly simulate pericarditis, myocardial ischemia, left ventricular hypertrophy and right bundle branch block.", "contents": "Long-term evaluation of early repolarization syndrome (normal variant RS-T segment elevation). The electrocardiograms of 65 patients with the \"early repolarization syndrome\" (normal variant of RS-T elevation) were analyzed to delineate the features and evaluate the natural history of this electrocardiographic entity. Maximal follow-up was 26 years. The syndrome was characterized by (1) an upward concave elevation of the RS-T segment with distinct or \"embryonic\" J waves, slurred downstroke of R waves or distinct J points or both; (2) RS-T segment elevation commonly encountered in the precordial leads and more distinct in these leads; (3) rapid QRS transition in the precordial leads with counterclockwise rotation; and (4) persistence of these characteristics for many years although some intraindividual changes were common. Less commonly found were (5) tall R and T waves in the precordial leads; (6) \"labile\" or \"juvenile\" T wave patterns; (7) \"pseudo-R\" waves; and (8) \"isolated T negativity syndrome.\" These changes commonly simulate pericarditis, myocardial ischemia, left ventricular hypertrophy and right bundle branch block."}
{"id": "PMID:133605", "title": "Comparative response of right and left ventricles to volume overload.", "content": "The cardiac volume data of 49 normal children were compared with those of 23 with secundum atrial septal defect and 24 with patent ductus arteriosus. Significantly smaller ventricular end-diastolic volumes were observed in the normal infants than in older children (right ventricle 53.9 versus 75.5 cm3/m2; left ventricle 46.7 versus 63.6 cm3/m2). \"Distensibility\" of the right ventricle (DRV), left ventricle (DLV) and left atrium increased normally with age. DRV and DLV were similar shortly after birth; thereafter, DRV increased more rapidly than DLV (mean DRV 12.7; mean DLV 7.8 cm3/m2 per mm Hg, P less than 0.001). In both atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus, the ipsilateral (involved) ventricles had increased volume, increased output, normal ejection fraction and increased distensibility. The contralateral (left) ventricle in atrial septal defect was smaller than normal (39.6 versus 49.7 cm3, P less than 0.001), and had a smaller ejection fraction (0.63 versus 0.71, P less than 0.01) and output (3.70 versus 4.57 liters/min per m2, P less than 0.005). In contrast, the contralateral (right) ventricle in patent ductus arteriosus remained normal. Left atrial maximal volume was larger than normal in atrial septal defect (46.6 versus 35.9 cm3/m2, P less than 0.001). The left atrial and left ventricular volumes in patent ductus arteriosus were, respectively, 152 and 142 percent of normal, indicating comparable response to the volume load. The left head changes in atrial septal defect may be related both to a functionally restrictive defect and to the difference in distensibility of the ventricles.", "contents": "Comparative response of right and left ventricles to volume overload. The cardiac volume data of 49 normal children were compared with those of 23 with secundum atrial septal defect and 24 with patent ductus arteriosus. Significantly smaller ventricular end-diastolic volumes were observed in the normal infants than in older children (right ventricle 53.9 versus 75.5 cm3/m2; left ventricle 46.7 versus 63.6 cm3/m2). \"Distensibility\" of the right ventricle (DRV), left ventricle (DLV) and left atrium increased normally with age. DRV and DLV were similar shortly after birth; thereafter, DRV increased more rapidly than DLV (mean DRV 12.7; mean DLV 7.8 cm3/m2 per mm Hg, P less than 0.001). In both atrial septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus, the ipsilateral (involved) ventricles had increased volume, increased output, normal ejection fraction and increased distensibility. The contralateral (left) ventricle in atrial septal defect was smaller than normal (39.6 versus 49.7 cm3, P less than 0.001), and had a smaller ejection fraction (0.63 versus 0.71, P less than 0.01) and output (3.70 versus 4.57 liters/min per m2, P less than 0.005). In contrast, the contralateral (right) ventricle in patent ductus arteriosus remained normal. Left atrial maximal volume was larger than normal in atrial septal defect (46.6 versus 35.9 cm3/m2, P less than 0.001). The left atrial and left ventricular volumes in patent ductus arteriosus were, respectively, 152 and 142 percent of normal, indicating comparable response to the volume load. The left head changes in atrial septal defect may be related both to a functionally restrictive defect and to the difference in distensibility of the ventricles."}
{"id": "PMID:133606", "title": "Long-term follow-up of valvulotomy for congenital aortic stenosis.", "content": "The data were reviewed of 42 patients who had valvulotomy for severe aortic valve stenosis before 1968. All were over age 2 years (mean age 11.3 years). The mean time of follow-up after surgery was 10.6 years (range 6 to 16.3 years). No patient died at operation. Two late deaths were from endocarditis with aortic regurgitation, and one patient with severe arotic regurgitation died suddenly; three patients had valve replacement for aortic regurgitation and one required repeat valvulotomy. Five patients could not be traced. Major symptoms were alleviated in all patients. Left ventricular pressures were obtained in 15 patients before and after operation; the mean gradient averaged 100 mm Hg before and 43 mm Hg after operation. No patient had significant aortic regurgitation before operation. Twelve had moderate to severe regurgitation after operation. The incidence of late valve calcification at a mean time of 10.6 years after operation was small, and restenosis was uncommon. Because moderate or severe incompetence can be produced and stenosis is often incompletely relieved, the operation is palliative, but the low morbidity and mortality rates suggest that it is an effective procedure if stenosis is severe and life-threatening.", "contents": "Long-term follow-up of valvulotomy for congenital aortic stenosis. The data were reviewed of 42 patients who had valvulotomy for severe aortic valve stenosis before 1968. All were over age 2 years (mean age 11.3 years). The mean time of follow-up after surgery was 10.6 years (range 6 to 16.3 years). No patient died at operation. Two late deaths were from endocarditis with aortic regurgitation, and one patient with severe arotic regurgitation died suddenly; three patients had valve replacement for aortic regurgitation and one required repeat valvulotomy. Five patients could not be traced. Major symptoms were alleviated in all patients. Left ventricular pressures were obtained in 15 patients before and after operation; the mean gradient averaged 100 mm Hg before and 43 mm Hg after operation. No patient had significant aortic regurgitation before operation. Twelve had moderate to severe regurgitation after operation. The incidence of late valve calcification at a mean time of 10.6 years after operation was small, and restenosis was uncommon. Because moderate or severe incompetence can be produced and stenosis is often incompletely relieved, the operation is palliative, but the low morbidity and mortality rates suggest that it is an effective procedure if stenosis is severe and life-threatening."}
{"id": "PMID:133607", "title": "Atrial myxoma in a family.", "content": "A family is described in which the mother and three of seven children had atrial myxoma. The mother had biatrial myxoma; surgical treatment resulted in massive intraoperative embolization and death. Surgery was sucessful in two sons with left atrial myxoma and systemic arterial embolization. A third son had calcified right atrial myxoma with destruction of the tricuspid valve and episodes of syncope and pulmonary embolism; surgery including valve replacement, was successful. The mother's father and a brother had died suddenly without a definite diagnosis. The family data are consistent with dominant transmission. The possibility of finding affected relatives should be borne in mind when studying patients with atrial myxoma.", "contents": "Atrial myxoma in a family. A family is described in which the mother and three of seven children had atrial myxoma. The mother had biatrial myxoma; surgical treatment resulted in massive intraoperative embolization and death. Surgery was sucessful in two sons with left atrial myxoma and systemic arterial embolization. A third son had calcified right atrial myxoma with destruction of the tricuspid valve and episodes of syncope and pulmonary embolism; surgery including valve replacement, was successful. The mother's father and a brother had died suddenly without a definite diagnosis. The family data are consistent with dominant transmission. The possibility of finding affected relatives should be borne in mind when studying patients with atrial myxoma."}
{"id": "PMID:133608", "title": "Examination of stomach wall Mg2+-Na+-K+-dependent ATPase, ATP, and ADP in pylorus-ligated rats.", "content": "Stomach wall Mg2+-Na+-K+-dependent ATPase, ATP, and ADP were studied in rats, at 4, 7, 17, and 24 hr after pylorus ligation, in order to relate H+ secretion and ulcer development. It was observed, in both parts of forestomach and corpus + antrum, that the stomach wall Mg2+-Na+-K+-dependent ATPase significantly increased at 4 and 7 hr, while it significantly decreased at 24 hr, after pylorus ligation. Contrary to this, stomach-wall ATP decreased at 4 hr, relatively increased at 7 hr, thereafter significantly decreased in forestomach and corpus + antrum. Ouabain inhibited the H+ secretion, ulcer development, and stomach wall Mg2+-Na+-K+-dependent ATPase activity. The possible causal interrelationships between the examined parameters are studied.", "contents": "Examination of stomach wall Mg2+-Na+-K+-dependent ATPase, ATP, and ADP in pylorus-ligated rats. Stomach wall Mg2+-Na+-K+-dependent ATPase, ATP, and ADP were studied in rats, at 4, 7, 17, and 24 hr after pylorus ligation, in order to relate H+ secretion and ulcer development. It was observed, in both parts of forestomach and corpus + antrum, that the stomach wall Mg2+-Na+-K+-dependent ATPase significantly increased at 4 and 7 hr, while it significantly decreased at 24 hr, after pylorus ligation. Contrary to this, stomach-wall ATP decreased at 4 hr, relatively increased at 7 hr, thereafter significantly decreased in forestomach and corpus + antrum. Ouabain inhibited the H+ secretion, ulcer development, and stomach wall Mg2+-Na+-K+-dependent ATPase activity. The possible causal interrelationships between the examined parameters are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:133609", "title": "Cytogenetic darkroom magic: now you see them, now you don't.", "content": "Customary procedures used to determine chromosomal inheritance do not disclose many of the chromosomal polymorphisms known to be present, resulting in uninformative families. The sequential printing of individual chromosomes presented here is a technique that has increased the number of informative families in our studies. This technique has revealed previously unseen heritable chromosome differences and allowed the designation of parental origin.", "contents": "Cytogenetic darkroom magic: now you see them, now you don't. Customary procedures used to determine chromosomal inheritance do not disclose many of the chromosomal polymorphisms known to be present, resulting in uninformative families. The sequential printing of individual chromosomes presented here is a technique that has increased the number of informative families in our studies. This technique has revealed previously unseen heritable chromosome differences and allowed the designation of parental origin."}
{"id": "PMID:133610", "title": "Plasma vitamin A levels--a diagnostic indicator of hepatitis in an institutionalized mentally retarded population.", "content": "Based on hepatitis-associated antigen carrier status as a model liver disease, level of vitamin A can be a useful diagnostic indicator in mentally retarded individuals. It was found that vitamin A levels and age were linearly related by the equation A = (B + CD), where A is the plasma vitamin A in mugms per 100 mls of plasma, B is the sex dependent constant of 25.9 for males and 28.4 for females, C is a sex dependent constant of 0.64 for males and 0.77 for females, and D is age in years. Above age 20, D becomes a constant with a value of 20. With this equation, if the observed vitamin A value is less than 79 percent of the predicted value, then liver damage should be suspected. This information presented graphically allows one to predict liver damage by observing the plasma vitamin A levels and then locating the point on the appropriate graph.", "contents": "Plasma vitamin A levels--a diagnostic indicator of hepatitis in an institutionalized mentally retarded population. Based on hepatitis-associated antigen carrier status as a model liver disease, level of vitamin A can be a useful diagnostic indicator in mentally retarded individuals. It was found that vitamin A levels and age were linearly related by the equation A = (B + CD), where A is the plasma vitamin A in mugms per 100 mls of plasma, B is the sex dependent constant of 25.9 for males and 28.4 for females, C is a sex dependent constant of 0.64 for males and 0.77 for females, and D is age in years. Above age 20, D becomes a constant with a value of 20. With this equation, if the observed vitamin A value is less than 79 percent of the predicted value, then liver damage should be suspected. This information presented graphically allows one to predict liver damage by observing the plasma vitamin A levels and then locating the point on the appropriate graph."}
{"id": "PMID:133611", "title": "The pattern and rates of metabolism of maternal plasma dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate in human pregnancy.", "content": "The present study was done to map the metabolic pathways and rates of maternal plasma clearance of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (MCRDS) in pregnancy. In the present study, maternal plasma dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (DS) metabolism was largely accounted for by two major pathways not present or not prominent in the nonpregnant woman. The first major pathway was clearance of maternal plasma DS by placental aromatization of DS to form estradiol (E2). This pathway accounted for approximately 35 per cent of the total clearance. The second major pathway of metabolism of maternal plasma DS was by 16 alpha-hydroxylation within the maternal compartment. This pathway accounted for approximately 32 per cent of maternal plasma DS clearance. Two other minor pathways of DS metabolism, that is, loss to the fetus and excretion as unaltered DS into urine, accounted for less than 1 per cent of total metabolism in each instance. The final pathway of DS metabolism was excretion as neutral steroids such as urinary 17-ketosteroids and other undefined losses. By combining the rate of DS clearance  (MCRDS) from maternal plasma via all pathways with that fraction of DS removed uniquely by placental conversion of DS to estradiol (DS leads to E2), the placental clearance of DS leads to E2 (PCDSE2) may be measured. The measurement of PCDSE2 may be expected to reflect uteroplacental perfusion and as such may provide an investigative tool capable of assessing the dynamics of uteroplacental function in a variety of clinical conditions.", "contents": "The pattern and rates of metabolism of maternal plasma dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate in human pregnancy. The present study was done to map the metabolic pathways and rates of maternal plasma clearance of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (MCRDS) in pregnancy. In the present study, maternal plasma dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (DS) metabolism was largely accounted for by two major pathways not present or not prominent in the nonpregnant woman. The first major pathway was clearance of maternal plasma DS by placental aromatization of DS to form estradiol (E2). This pathway accounted for approximately 35 per cent of the total clearance. The second major pathway of metabolism of maternal plasma DS was by 16 alpha-hydroxylation within the maternal compartment. This pathway accounted for approximately 32 per cent of maternal plasma DS clearance. Two other minor pathways of DS metabolism, that is, loss to the fetus and excretion as unaltered DS into urine, accounted for less than 1 per cent of total metabolism in each instance. The final pathway of DS metabolism was excretion as neutral steroids such as urinary 17-ketosteroids and other undefined losses. By combining the rate of DS clearance  (MCRDS) from maternal plasma via all pathways with that fraction of DS removed uniquely by placental conversion of DS to estradiol (DS leads to E2), the placental clearance of DS leads to E2 (PCDSE2) may be measured. The measurement of PCDSE2 may be expected to reflect uteroplacental perfusion and as such may provide an investigative tool capable of assessing the dynamics of uteroplacental function in a variety of clinical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:133612", "title": "Diagnostic laparoscopy: a prognostic aid in the surgical management of infertility.", "content": "Laparoscopy was utilized as the final step in the infertility investigation of 155 indigent patients. Unnecessary laparotomy was avoided in 72 (46 per cent) of these patients. Depending upon the endoscopic findings, the presence of additional infertility factor(s) either positively or negatively affected prognosis. With the same anesthetic, 83 (54 per cent) of the 155 patients underwent conservative infertility operations. Unless even greater selectivity can be achieved by prior diagnostic laparoscopy, the postoperative term pregnancy rate (11 per cent) does not justify infertility operations in a population prone to pelvic inflammatory disease, particularly in those individuals with other infertility factors.", "contents": "Diagnostic laparoscopy: a prognostic aid in the surgical management of infertility. Laparoscopy was utilized as the final step in the infertility investigation of 155 indigent patients. Unnecessary laparotomy was avoided in 72 (46 per cent) of these patients. Depending upon the endoscopic findings, the presence of additional infertility factor(s) either positively or negatively affected prognosis. With the same anesthetic, 83 (54 per cent) of the 155 patients underwent conservative infertility operations. Unless even greater selectivity can be achieved by prior diagnostic laparoscopy, the postoperative term pregnancy rate (11 per cent) does not justify infertility operations in a population prone to pelvic inflammatory disease, particularly in those individuals with other infertility factors."}
{"id": "PMID:133613", "title": "Endometriosis in the black woman.", "content": "Endometriosis has heretofore been considered rare in black women. Laparoscopy in 190 black women, in many of whom pelvic inflammatory disease was previously diagnosed clinically and treated, revealed endometriosis to be present in 21 per cent. The importance of this finding for clinical practice is discussed.", "contents": "Endometriosis in the black woman. Endometriosis has heretofore been considered rare in black women. Laparoscopy in 190 black women, in many of whom pelvic inflammatory disease was previously diagnosed clinically and treated, revealed endometriosis to be present in 21 per cent. The importance of this finding for clinical practice is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133614", "title": "Spring clip sterilization: one-year follow-up of 1,079 cases.", "content": "This is a report of 1,079 patients who underwent laparoscopic clip sterlization as of March, 1974. A one-year follow-up was obtained on 977 patients, or 90.5 per cent. Complications due to the clip technique appear limited to postoperative cramps for 24 to 48 hours in 26 per cent of patients. No ectopic pregnancies were detected. Pregnancies, when corrected for unsuspected existing pregnancies and surgical and manufacturing errors, occurred in 2 to 6 cases, for a method failure rate of 2 to 6/1,000. This report documents that experienced laparoscopists can perform this practice with local anesthesia, in combination with first-trimester abortion, and in hospital facilities other than an operating room.", "contents": "Spring clip sterilization: one-year follow-up of 1,079 cases. This is a report of 1,079 patients who underwent laparoscopic clip sterlization as of March, 1974. A one-year follow-up was obtained on 977 patients, or 90.5 per cent. Complications due to the clip technique appear limited to postoperative cramps for 24 to 48 hours in 26 per cent of patients. No ectopic pregnancies were detected. Pregnancies, when corrected for unsuspected existing pregnancies and surgical and manufacturing errors, occurred in 2 to 6 cases, for a method failure rate of 2 to 6/1,000. This report documents that experienced laparoscopists can perform this practice with local anesthesia, in combination with first-trimester abortion, and in hospital facilities other than an operating room."}
{"id": "PMID:133615", "title": "Progestational agents and blood coagulation. VII. Thromboembolic and other complications of oral contraceptive therapy in relationship to pretreatment levels of blood coagulation factors: summary report of a ten-year study.", "content": "During a ten-year period, 348 women were studied for a total of 5,877 patient months in four separate studies relating oral contraceptives to changes in hematologic parameters. Significant increases in certain factors of the blood coagulation and fibrinolysin systems (factors I,II,VII,VIII,IX, and X and plasminogen) were observed in the treated groups. Severe complications developed in four patients. All four had an abnormal blood coagulation profile, suggesting \"hypercoagulability\" before initiation of therapy. Some of these findings represented the most extreme abnormalities seen in the entire group of patients; some increased further during therapy. One of these patients developed a myocardial infarction before receiving any medication, shortly after the base-line values were obtained. One patient developed retinopathy 19 months after she began therapy, and another developed thrombophlebitis after 27 months of therapy. The fourth patient developed thrombophlebitis 14 days after initiation of contraceptive therapy. All four patients were of the A or AB blood group. Previous studies suggested the possiblility of increased propensity for thromboembolic episodes in patients possessing the A antigen. It appears from these data that hematologic work-ups may be useful in women who are about to start long-term oral contraceptive therapy.", "contents": "Progestational agents and blood coagulation. VII. Thromboembolic and other complications of oral contraceptive therapy in relationship to pretreatment levels of blood coagulation factors: summary report of a ten-year study. During a ten-year period, 348 women were studied for a total of 5,877 patient months in four separate studies relating oral contraceptives to changes in hematologic parameters. Significant increases in certain factors of the blood coagulation and fibrinolysin systems (factors I,II,VII,VIII,IX, and X and plasminogen) were observed in the treated groups. Severe complications developed in four patients. All four had an abnormal blood coagulation profile, suggesting \"hypercoagulability\" before initiation of therapy. Some of these findings represented the most extreme abnormalities seen in the entire group of patients; some increased further during therapy. One of these patients developed a myocardial infarction before receiving any medication, shortly after the base-line values were obtained. One patient developed retinopathy 19 months after she began therapy, and another developed thrombophlebitis after 27 months of therapy. The fourth patient developed thrombophlebitis 14 days after initiation of contraceptive therapy. All four patients were of the A or AB blood group. Previous studies suggested the possiblility of increased propensity for thromboembolic episodes in patients possessing the A antigen. It appears from these data that hematologic work-ups may be useful in women who are about to start long-term oral contraceptive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:133617", "title": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Localization of early components of complement in glomerular deposits.", "content": "A body of evidence suggests that in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), complement is activated by the alternate pathway. Therefore, deposition of early components of complement should not be expected in glomeruli. The renal tissues of 16 patients--13 with classic MPGN and 3 with dense deposit disease, a variant of MPGN--were studied by light and electron microscopy and by means of elution and immunofluorescence for the localization of complement (C1q, C4, and C3), immunoglobulins (1gG, IgM, and 1gA), and other serum proteins. Variable amounts of C3, C4 and/or C1q, and IgM were detected in the glomeruli of all patients, whereas IgG and IgA were present, respectively, in 15 of 16 and 6 of 16 patients. Deposits were localized in mesangium and in peripheral capillary loops in a typical lobular distribution. The specificity of each antiserum was verified by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and blocking experiments utilizing unlabeled antibody. Glomerular-bound IgG was eluted with acid citrate buffer, suggesting that IgG might be complexed with antigen(s) in glomerular deposits. By light microscopy, lesions ranged from focal proliferation and lobulation to more severe involvement with typical splitting of glomerular basement membranes, sclerosis, and less frequently, crescent formation. Ultrastructurally, all patients with classic MPGN exhibited mesangial and subendothelial deposits, and in 5 of these patients, subepithelial deposits were demonstrated. With the exception of ultrastructural lesions, patients with the dense deposit variant lacked distinguishable features when compared with those with classic MPGN. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to a) activation of complement and the possible role of an immune complex mechanism and b) the variability of the morphologic expression.", "contents": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Localization of early components of complement in glomerular deposits. A body of evidence suggests that in membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN), complement is activated by the alternate pathway. Therefore, deposition of early components of complement should not be expected in glomeruli. The renal tissues of 16 patients--13 with classic MPGN and 3 with dense deposit disease, a variant of MPGN--were studied by light and electron microscopy and by means of elution and immunofluorescence for the localization of complement (C1q, C4, and C3), immunoglobulins (1gG, IgM, and 1gA), and other serum proteins. Variable amounts of C3, C4 and/or C1q, and IgM were detected in the glomeruli of all patients, whereas IgG and IgA were present, respectively, in 15 of 16 and 6 of 16 patients. Deposits were localized in mesangium and in peripheral capillary loops in a typical lobular distribution. The specificity of each antiserum was verified by immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, and blocking experiments utilizing unlabeled antibody. Glomerular-bound IgG was eluted with acid citrate buffer, suggesting that IgG might be complexed with antigen(s) in glomerular deposits. By light microscopy, lesions ranged from focal proliferation and lobulation to more severe involvement with typical splitting of glomerular basement membranes, sclerosis, and less frequently, crescent formation. Ultrastructurally, all patients with classic MPGN exhibited mesangial and subendothelial deposits, and in 5 of these patients, subepithelial deposits were demonstrated. With the exception of ultrastructural lesions, patients with the dense deposit variant lacked distinguishable features when compared with those with classic MPGN. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to a) activation of complement and the possible role of an immune complex mechanism and b) the variability of the morphologic expression."}
{"id": "PMID:133619", "title": "The Sparks' mandril graft. A seven year follow-up of mandril grafts placed by Charles H. Sparks and his associates.", "content": "A clinical follow-up study of the Sparks' mandril graft used for lower extremity revascularization between 1968 and 1973 is presented. Of seventy-three mandril grafts placed, sixty were used to revascularize lower extremities in fifty-four patients. Results show 100 per cent patency in the ilioiliac and ilio-femoral sites, 26 per cent patency in the femoropopliteal sites, and 0 per cent patency in the femorotibial and axillofemoral grafts. Complications include poor maturation of the graft, early thrombosis, postoperative hemorrhage, and aneurysm.", "contents": "The Sparks' mandril graft. A seven year follow-up of mandril grafts placed by Charles H. Sparks and his associates. A clinical follow-up study of the Sparks' mandril graft used for lower extremity revascularization between 1968 and 1973 is presented. Of seventy-three mandril grafts placed, sixty were used to revascularize lower extremities in fifty-four patients. Results show 100 per cent patency in the ilioiliac and ilio-femoral sites, 26 per cent patency in the femoropopliteal sites, and 0 per cent patency in the femorotibial and axillofemoral grafts. Complications include poor maturation of the graft, early thrombosis, postoperative hemorrhage, and aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:133620", "title": "Extrathoracic repair of branch occlusions of the aortic arch.", "content": "Thirty extrathoracic operations in twenty-six patients with occlusive disease involving the primary branches of the aortic arch were reviewed. Spanning a fourteen year experience, these operations included carotid-subclavian artery bypass, retrograde common carotid artery thrombectomy, carotid-carotid artery bypass, and femoral-axillary artery bypass. Dacron bypass grafts were used primarily for reconstruction, but saphenous vein bypass and endarterectomy were also employed. Indications for operation, the presence of concomitant cardiovascular disease, surgical technics, patient survival, and late patency of the reconstructions were reviewed. One patient died postoperatively (3.85 per cent). All Dacron grafts were patent on late follow-up examinations. Low mortality and excellent late functional results make extrathoracic repair the approach of choice in the management of occlusive disease of the branches of the aortic arch.", "contents": "Extrathoracic repair of branch occlusions of the aortic arch. Thirty extrathoracic operations in twenty-six patients with occlusive disease involving the primary branches of the aortic arch were reviewed. Spanning a fourteen year experience, these operations included carotid-subclavian artery bypass, retrograde common carotid artery thrombectomy, carotid-carotid artery bypass, and femoral-axillary artery bypass. Dacron bypass grafts were used primarily for reconstruction, but saphenous vein bypass and endarterectomy were also employed. Indications for operation, the presence of concomitant cardiovascular disease, surgical technics, patient survival, and late patency of the reconstructions were reviewed. One patient died postoperatively (3.85 per cent). All Dacron grafts were patent on late follow-up examinations. Low mortality and excellent late functional results make extrathoracic repair the approach of choice in the management of occlusive disease of the branches of the aortic arch."}
{"id": "PMID:133625", "title": "Immunological responses in identical twins with renal transplants from a common donor.", "content": "Two identical twins suffering from end stage renal failure due to chronic pyelonephritis received cadaver renal allografts from one donor. Immune status was measured in both by in vitro responses to vegetable mitogens and by reactivity in mixed lymphocyte culture with a random volunteer. Both patients underwent rejection episodes at different times; these were of differing severity. Reactivity to PHA and in MLC was minimal during rejection and increased following recovery in spite of continued high levels of immunosuppression. In contrast, reactivity to pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A increased at the time of rejection and fell with recovery. The changes seen in the twins, while qualitatively similar, differed in magnitude and timing. It is concluded that environmental factors as well as histocompatibility play a part in influencing immune responsiveness, and that studies of immune responsiveness should be interpreted with caution in the management of renal allograft recipients.", "contents": "Immunological responses in identical twins with renal transplants from a common donor. Two identical twins suffering from end stage renal failure due to chronic pyelonephritis received cadaver renal allografts from one donor. Immune status was measured in both by in vitro responses to vegetable mitogens and by reactivity in mixed lymphocyte culture with a random volunteer. Both patients underwent rejection episodes at different times; these were of differing severity. Reactivity to PHA and in MLC was minimal during rejection and increased following recovery in spite of continued high levels of immunosuppression. In contrast, reactivity to pokeweed mitogen and concanavalin A increased at the time of rejection and fell with recovery. The changes seen in the twins, while qualitatively similar, differed in magnitude and timing. It is concluded that environmental factors as well as histocompatibility play a part in influencing immune responsiveness, and that studies of immune responsiveness should be interpreted with caution in the management of renal allograft recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:133627", "title": "Use of dacron vascular graft in arterial stenosis following renal allotransplantation.", "content": "Stenosis of the artery supplying the kidney allograft can produce a decrease in kidney function. A case is presented in which surgical reconstruction necessitated the use of a synthetic graft.", "contents": "Use of dacron vascular graft in arterial stenosis following renal allotransplantation. Stenosis of the artery supplying the kidney allograft can produce a decrease in kidney function. A case is presented in which surgical reconstruction necessitated the use of a synthetic graft."}
{"id": "PMID:133629", "title": "Uterovaginal agenesis.", "content": "Experience in the diagnosis and treatment of certain developmental anomalies of the reproductive tract is described, with particular reference to uterovaginal agenesis and the operation of vulvavaginaplasty.", "contents": "Uterovaginal agenesis. Experience in the diagnosis and treatment of certain developmental anomalies of the reproductive tract is described, with particular reference to uterovaginal agenesis and the operation of vulvavaginaplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:133633", "title": "[Transduction transmission of the extrachromosomal markers of antibiotic resistance in staphylococcal populations].", "content": "Transduction of extrachromosomal markers of resistance to penicillin and erythromycin in staphylococcal strains isolated from patients was studied. Two transduction methods were compared, i. e. transduction with a phage filtrate of the donor culture resistant to erythromycin and transduction on mixed cultivation of the donor and recipient. A higher transduction rate was observed with the latter method. Mixed cultivation of the donor cultures resistant to penicillin or erythromycin and the recipient strains of the wild type sensitive to these antibiotic resulted in transduction of the respective markers. Transductants which acquired prophage 6 simultaneously with marker Egg became donors of erythromycin resistance.", "contents": "[Transduction transmission of the extrachromosomal markers of antibiotic resistance in staphylococcal populations]. Transduction of extrachromosomal markers of resistance to penicillin and erythromycin in staphylococcal strains isolated from patients was studied. Two transduction methods were compared, i. e. transduction with a phage filtrate of the donor culture resistant to erythromycin and transduction on mixed cultivation of the donor and recipient. A higher transduction rate was observed with the latter method. Mixed cultivation of the donor cultures resistant to penicillin or erythromycin and the recipient strains of the wild type sensitive to these antibiotic resulted in transduction of the respective markers. Transductants which acquired prophage 6 simultaneously with marker Egg became donors of erythromycin resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:133636", "title": "Assay of topical corticosteroids. Efficacy of suppression of experimental Rhus dermatitis in humans.", "content": "Rhus dermatitis, experimentally induced in humans, was used as a model for determining the efficacy of various proprietary topical steroids. One-centimeter squares of vesicular dermatitis were induced by patch application of Rhus oleoresin. The steroids were then applied without occlusion once daily for four days, with readings of the therapeutic effect taken on the fifth day. Only potent steroids provided unequivocal suppression in this severe test. The rank order of efficacy corresponded to clinical experience. Cream and ointment formulations of the same steroid at the same strength did not differ. High strength preparations were more effective than regular strengths. Relief of pruritus was an important early effect of efficaceous steroids.", "contents": "Assay of topical corticosteroids. Efficacy of suppression of experimental Rhus dermatitis in humans. Rhus dermatitis, experimentally induced in humans, was used as a model for determining the efficacy of various proprietary topical steroids. One-centimeter squares of vesicular dermatitis were induced by patch application of Rhus oleoresin. The steroids were then applied without occlusion once daily for four days, with readings of the therapeutic effect taken on the fifth day. Only potent steroids provided unequivocal suppression in this severe test. The rank order of efficacy corresponded to clinical experience. Cream and ointment formulations of the same steroid at the same strength did not differ. High strength preparations were more effective than regular strengths. Relief of pruritus was an important early effect of efficaceous steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:133637", "title": "Acne in retarded boy with autosomal chromosomal abnormality.", "content": "The frequency of acne appears to be increased in boys and men of the XYY genotype. This report describes severe acne in a retarded man in whom chromosomal analysis with differential banding suggested duplication of the distal portion of the long arm of a number 13 chromosome, a partial trisomy 13. In addition to retardation and seizures, his malformations, which included narrowed temples, ear anomalies, hexadactyly, and hernias, were consistent with those reported previously in patients with partial trisomy for the distal segment of chromosome 13. This patient and one recently reported retarded boy with chronic acne and trisomy 8 mosaicism suggest that the association of acne and chromosomal abnormality may not be limited to Y chromosome excess.", "contents": "Acne in retarded boy with autosomal chromosomal abnormality. The frequency of acne appears to be increased in boys and men of the XYY genotype. This report describes severe acne in a retarded man in whom chromosomal analysis with differential banding suggested duplication of the distal portion of the long arm of a number 13 chromosome, a partial trisomy 13. In addition to retardation and seizures, his malformations, which included narrowed temples, ear anomalies, hexadactyly, and hernias, were consistent with those reported previously in patients with partial trisomy for the distal segment of chromosome 13. This patient and one recently reported retarded boy with chronic acne and trisomy 8 mosaicism suggest that the association of acne and chromosomal abnormality may not be limited to Y chromosome excess."}
{"id": "PMID:133639", "title": "Cardiopulmonary complications in multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Report of a case.", "content": "Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MR) is a rare disease. Only recently was its systemic nature appreciated. It affects the skin, mucous membranes, joints, muscles, tendon sheaths, synovial membranes, bones, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, heart, and lungs. Our patient, a 50-year-old woman, had life-threatening cardiopulmonary complications of MR. The connection between the skin lesions, the arthritis, and the pathologic changes in the heart and lungs is still obscure.", "contents": "Cardiopulmonary complications in multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. Report of a case. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis (MR) is a rare disease. Only recently was its systemic nature appreciated. It affects the skin, mucous membranes, joints, muscles, tendon sheaths, synovial membranes, bones, liver, kidney, lymph nodes, heart, and lungs. Our patient, a 50-year-old woman, had life-threatening cardiopulmonary complications of MR. The connection between the skin lesions, the arthritis, and the pathologic changes in the heart and lungs is still obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:133640", "title": "Fulminant diphtheritic mitral valve endocarditis.", "content": "Fulminant endocarditis affecting the mitral valve in an 11-year-old boy was caused by a nontoxogenic strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae.", "contents": "Fulminant diphtheritic mitral valve endocarditis. Fulminant endocarditis affecting the mitral valve in an 11-year-old boy was caused by a nontoxogenic strain of Corynebacterium diphtheriae."}
{"id": "PMID:133641", "title": "Search for antigen in rheumatoid synovial macrophages.", "content": "Peripheral blood monocytes and synovial macrophages obtained from 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and from 13 controls were cultured with autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes and stimulation measured by thymidine uptake. Rheumatoid macrophages and monocytes induced a small but significant degree of lymphocyte transformation, and those from the controls did not. The degree of stimulation appears to be more consistent with the nonspecific effect of lymphocyte activating factor, rather than with the presence of a specific synovial antigen.", "contents": "Search for antigen in rheumatoid synovial macrophages. Peripheral blood monocytes and synovial macrophages obtained from 21 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and from 13 controls were cultured with autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes and stimulation measured by thymidine uptake. Rheumatoid macrophages and monocytes induced a small but significant degree of lymphocyte transformation, and those from the controls did not. The degree of stimulation appears to be more consistent with the nonspecific effect of lymphocyte activating factor, rather than with the presence of a specific synovial antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:133642", "title": "The sutureless aortic valve prosthesis: experience with and technical considerations for replacement of the early model.", "content": "Reoperation was performed in seven (16%) of 43 patients with early models of Magovern sutureless aortic valve prostheses, because of thromboembolism and ball variance. All patients survived reoperation with no major complications. Removal of the sutureless prosthesis was not difficult when an insertion tool of proper size was used. A scarred annulus remained which was favorable for the suturing of a new prosthesis. The incidence of disabling thromboembolism (42%) and poppet failure (21%) is high with these early models. When these complications occur, replacement of the prosthesis is recommended to prevent death or recurrent embolic episodes.", "contents": "The sutureless aortic valve prosthesis: experience with and technical considerations for replacement of the early model. Reoperation was performed in seven (16%) of 43 patients with early models of Magovern sutureless aortic valve prostheses, because of thromboembolism and ball variance. All patients survived reoperation with no major complications. Removal of the sutureless prosthesis was not difficult when an insertion tool of proper size was used. A scarred annulus remained which was favorable for the suturing of a new prosthesis. The incidence of disabling thromboembolism (42%) and poppet failure (21%) is high with these early models. When these complications occur, replacement of the prosthesis is recommended to prevent death or recurrent embolic episodes."}
{"id": "PMID:133643", "title": "[The effect of oxyfedrine, prenylamine and dipyridamole on heart hypertrophy and collagen concentration of pressure loaded rat hearts].", "content": "Rats were subjected to constriction of the abdominal aorta and two days later to nephrectomy. The maximum left ventricular hypertrophy was reached on the seventh day following the nephrectomy. During one month the animals were treated, six days per week with i.p. dipyridamole, prenylamine or oxyphedrine. The drugs studied suppressed the increase in hydroxyproline concentration of the left ventricle whereas the development of heart hypertrophy was not influenced.", "contents": "[The effect of oxyfedrine, prenylamine and dipyridamole on heart hypertrophy and collagen concentration of pressure loaded rat hearts]. Rats were subjected to constriction of the abdominal aorta and two days later to nephrectomy. The maximum left ventricular hypertrophy was reached on the seventh day following the nephrectomy. During one month the animals were treated, six days per week with i.p. dipyridamole, prenylamine or oxyphedrine. The drugs studied suppressed the increase in hydroxyproline concentration of the left ventricle whereas the development of heart hypertrophy was not influenced."}
{"id": "PMID:133644", "title": "Studies on calcium transport system in cardiac sarcoplasmic vesicles and its inhibition by dl-propranolol.", "content": "Fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum was prepared from the rabbit heart. The function of vesicles was characterized by the activities of Mg++ and ATP-dependent 'Calcium-Binding' and Ca-ATPase. A fluorescence probe, 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) was employed to examine the physicochemical changes in vesicular membranes. Chlorpromazine, dl-propranolol and lidocaine inhibited Calcium-Binding activity and increased ANS-fluorescence. There was a good correlation between the changes in two parameters. The potency of three drugs on both parameters decreased in the above-mentioned order. These drugs, however, induced no change in the ANS-fluorescence associated by serum albumin or lecithin. The drugs would act presumably at lipid-protein interfaces in vesicles to increase ANS-fluorescence. Both Ca-ATPase and Basic-ATPase were inhibited by dl-propranolol. These results suggest that the inhibitory action of dl-propranolol on the calcium transport system is ascribable to direct physicochemical effects on vesicular membranes.", "contents": "Studies on calcium transport system in cardiac sarcoplasmic vesicles and its inhibition by dl-propranolol. Fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum was prepared from the rabbit heart. The function of vesicles was characterized by the activities of Mg++ and ATP-dependent 'Calcium-Binding' and Ca-ATPase. A fluorescence probe, 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) was employed to examine the physicochemical changes in vesicular membranes. Chlorpromazine, dl-propranolol and lidocaine inhibited Calcium-Binding activity and increased ANS-fluorescence. There was a good correlation between the changes in two parameters. The potency of three drugs on both parameters decreased in the above-mentioned order. These drugs, however, induced no change in the ANS-fluorescence associated by serum albumin or lecithin. The drugs would act presumably at lipid-protein interfaces in vesicles to increase ANS-fluorescence. Both Ca-ATPase and Basic-ATPase were inhibited by dl-propranolol. These results suggest that the inhibitory action of dl-propranolol on the calcium transport system is ascribable to direct physicochemical effects on vesicular membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:133645", "title": "Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of 6-chloro-alpha-methyl-carbazole-2-acetic acid (C-5720).", "content": "The carbazole, C-5720, has the same order of analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity as indomethacin and is more potent than phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic acid in the yeast inflamed paw, the carrageenin foot edema, the Mycobacterium butyricum-induced pyrexia, and the acute and chronic adjuvant arthritis tests. In chronic adjuvant arthritis in rats, C-5720 lowers the elevated serum mucopolysaccharide and plasma fibrinogen levels, and partially restores the depressed liver N-demethylase activity. C-5720 is 16 times less active than indomethacin in the production of gastric ulcers in rats and is about 70 times less active than indomethacin in blocking arachidonic acid-induced diarrhea in mice. C-5720 has a greater safety margin than indomethacin with respect to the production of gastric ulcers or the blockade of diarrhea and the reduction of inflammation in adjuvant-induced polyarthritis.", "contents": "Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of 6-chloro-alpha-methyl-carbazole-2-acetic acid (C-5720). The carbazole, C-5720, has the same order of analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activity as indomethacin and is more potent than phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic acid in the yeast inflamed paw, the carrageenin foot edema, the Mycobacterium butyricum-induced pyrexia, and the acute and chronic adjuvant arthritis tests. In chronic adjuvant arthritis in rats, C-5720 lowers the elevated serum mucopolysaccharide and plasma fibrinogen levels, and partially restores the depressed liver N-demethylase activity. C-5720 is 16 times less active than indomethacin in the production of gastric ulcers in rats and is about 70 times less active than indomethacin in blocking arachidonic acid-induced diarrhea in mice. C-5720 has a greater safety margin than indomethacin with respect to the production of gastric ulcers or the blockade of diarrhea and the reduction of inflammation in adjuvant-induced polyarthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:133646", "title": "[Relationships between pheochromocytoma and obstructive myocardiopathy. Apropos of a case].", "content": "The authors report the case of a 45 year old man who presented with a combination of a phaechromocytoma and obstructive cardiomyopathy. They discuss the possible inter-relationships between hypertension, catecholamines, phaeochromocytoma, and outflow stenosis.", "contents": "[Relationships between pheochromocytoma and obstructive myocardiopathy. Apropos of a case]. The authors report the case of a 45 year old man who presented with a combination of a phaechromocytoma and obstructive cardiomyopathy. They discuss the possible inter-relationships between hypertension, catecholamines, phaeochromocytoma, and outflow stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:133647", "title": "[Surgical correction of ventricular septal defects treated by banding the pulmonary artery. Apropos of 38 cases].", "content": "The authors report their experience with two-stage surgical treatment of severe ventricular septal defects in babies: initial banding of the pulmonary artery, followed by closure of the ventricular septal defect and removal of the band by an open-heart technique. Out of 162 operations to band the pulmonary artery, 90 were for cases of ventricular septal defect. The mortality was low (9.1%) when there was a ventricular septal defect with or without a patent ductus. It is considerably higher (31.4%) when there is a coincident coarctation of the aortic isthmus. So far 38 children have had the second operation, with 2 deaths. The authors have studied the surgical problems and the long-term results (6 months to 3 years follow-up) in the first 29 patients undergoing surgery. Although the results from this two-stage operation are good, when the authors take into account their current experience with one-stage closure of ventricular septal defects in the babies, they feel that this latter technique is to be preferred. Reservations must, however, be expressed when the child is very young (Weighing  3.5 kg or less), when there are multiple defects between the ventricles, and when the defect is severe, with a combination of VSD, patent ductus and coarctation of the aorta, and sometimes when the opertion must be carried out as an emergency.", "contents": "[Surgical correction of ventricular septal defects treated by banding the pulmonary artery. Apropos of 38 cases]. The authors report their experience with two-stage surgical treatment of severe ventricular septal defects in babies: initial banding of the pulmonary artery, followed by closure of the ventricular septal defect and removal of the band by an open-heart technique. Out of 162 operations to band the pulmonary artery, 90 were for cases of ventricular septal defect. The mortality was low (9.1%) when there was a ventricular septal defect with or without a patent ductus. It is considerably higher (31.4%) when there is a coincident coarctation of the aortic isthmus. So far 38 children have had the second operation, with 2 deaths. The authors have studied the surgical problems and the long-term results (6 months to 3 years follow-up) in the first 29 patients undergoing surgery. Although the results from this two-stage operation are good, when the authors take into account their current experience with one-stage closure of ventricular septal defects in the babies, they feel that this latter technique is to be preferred. Reservations must, however, be expressed when the child is very young (Weighing  3.5 kg or less), when there are multiple defects between the ventricles, and when the defect is severe, with a combination of VSD, patent ductus and coarctation of the aorta, and sometimes when the opertion must be carried out as an emergency."}
{"id": "PMID:133648", "title": "[Problems posed by professional rehabilitation of cardiac patients].", "content": "The authors have followed up children with cardiac defects over almost a twenty year period. During the 1960's most of their patients had come of age, and they conclude that despite the enthusiasm of these young people and their potential, they have the greatest difficulties in finding work. This seems regrettable from the human as well as the socio-economic point of view. They propose that the law should be changed as, indeed, should the spirit of the law, so that; a subject with heart disease should no longer be considered as incapable of useful work, and that each person should be assessed according to his potential. They envisage the setting up of medico-administrative cardiological centres. Thus, in addition to the purely medical cardiological consultation, three additional persons would add their expertise: a social worker, an industrial medicine inspector, and an employment officer. These centres could be instituted easily, without making the existing system too unworkable.", "contents": "[Problems posed by professional rehabilitation of cardiac patients]. The authors have followed up children with cardiac defects over almost a twenty year period. During the 1960's most of their patients had come of age, and they conclude that despite the enthusiasm of these young people and their potential, they have the greatest difficulties in finding work. This seems regrettable from the human as well as the socio-economic point of view. They propose that the law should be changed as, indeed, should the spirit of the law, so that; a subject with heart disease should no longer be considered as incapable of useful work, and that each person should be assessed according to his potential. They envisage the setting up of medico-administrative cardiological centres. Thus, in addition to the purely medical cardiological consultation, three additional persons would add their expertise: a social worker, an industrial medicine inspector, and an employment officer. These centres could be instituted easily, without making the existing system too unworkable."}
{"id": "PMID:133649", "title": "Changes of some enzymatic activities in iodoacetate-treated microconidiating cultures of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "In iodoacetate-treated microconidating cultures of Neurospora crassa, mycelial yield, sucrose consumption and ethanol production are reduced. The specific activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is sharply decreased while the specific activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase are stimulated. A polyphenoloxidase is induced in the microconidiating cultures.", "contents": "Changes of some enzymatic activities in iodoacetate-treated microconidiating cultures of Neurospora crassa. In iodoacetate-treated microconidating cultures of Neurospora crassa, mycelial yield, sucrose consumption and ethanol production are reduced. The specific activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is sharply decreased while the specific activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase are stimulated. A polyphenoloxidase is induced in the microconidiating cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:133650", "title": "Parachlorophenylalanine reversal of tranylcypromine effects in depressed patients.", "content": "Hospitalized bipolar and unipolar endogenously depressed patients who showed an antidepressant response to the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, tranylcypromine sulfate, relapsed (ie, depression returned) when relatively small doses of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) were added for brief periods. Considered together with our findings that PCPA similarly reversed the antidepressant effects of the tricyclic drug, imipramine hydrochloride, implications are (1) serotonergic mechanisms are likely involved in the antidepressant effects of both the tricyclic drugs and MAO inhibitors in man and (2) this indolamine may also play a role in the endogenous clinical state of depression.", "contents": "Parachlorophenylalanine reversal of tranylcypromine effects in depressed patients. Hospitalized bipolar and unipolar endogenously depressed patients who showed an antidepressant response to the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, tranylcypromine sulfate, relapsed (ie, depression returned) when relatively small doses of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) were added for brief periods. Considered together with our findings that PCPA similarly reversed the antidepressant effects of the tricyclic drug, imipramine hydrochloride, implications are (1) serotonergic mechanisms are likely involved in the antidepressant effects of both the tricyclic drugs and MAO inhibitors in man and (2) this indolamine may also play a role in the endogenous clinical state of depression."}
{"id": "PMID:133651", "title": "Acute immune complex disease associated with hepatitis. Etiopathogenic and immunopathologic studies of the renal lesion.", "content": "Immune deposit glomerulonephritis has been associated with hepatitis B antigenemia. Immune complexes of this antigen and its antibody have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the renal disease. A boy had acute immune complex disease with glomerulitis in which cryoprecipitable complexes of HbsAg and its antibody were isolated from serum. HbsAg was concentrated in the cryoprecipitate and localized in a granular pattern along the glomerular basement membrane in association with immunoglobulins. Glomerular fixed antibody was eluted and shown to be directed against HbsAg. The level of antibody activity to HbsAg was higher in the eluate than the serum, suggesting immunopathogenic specificity of the antibody. The study demonstrates that the nephritis was mediated by immune complexes of HbsAg and its antibody, and the presence of immunoglobulin on the kidney did not represent trapping from the circulation.", "contents": "Acute immune complex disease associated with hepatitis. Etiopathogenic and immunopathologic studies of the renal lesion. Immune deposit glomerulonephritis has been associated with hepatitis B antigenemia. Immune complexes of this antigen and its antibody have been implicated in the pathogenesis of the renal disease. A boy had acute immune complex disease with glomerulitis in which cryoprecipitable complexes of HbsAg and its antibody were isolated from serum. HbsAg was concentrated in the cryoprecipitate and localized in a granular pattern along the glomerular basement membrane in association with immunoglobulins. Glomerular fixed antibody was eluted and shown to be directed against HbsAg. The level of antibody activity to HbsAg was higher in the eluate than the serum, suggesting immunopathogenic specificity of the antibody. The study demonstrates that the nephritis was mediated by immune complexes of HbsAg and its antibody, and the presence of immunoglobulin on the kidney did not represent trapping from the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:133652", "title": "Pseudo-radiculopathy in subacute trochanteric bursitis of the subgluteus maximus bursa.", "content": "Seventy patients, averaging 82 years of age, were referred for low back pain and/or a suspected herniated disk. Objective neurological deficits consistent with L5 or S1 root involvement were identified in 5 of the 70 patients. Trochanteric bursitis (TB), often mimicking radiculitis, was diagnosed in 31 patients. Trochanteric bursitis was associated with lumbosacral strain and lumbar osteoarthrosis in 21 of 31 patients and with an S1 disk in 1 of those 31 patients. Degenerative joint disease of the ipsilateral hip was present in 4 of 20 of these patients with TB. Six patients with low back pain had both hip and knee arthritis (including two patients with rheumatoid arthritis). Three patients had degenerative hip disease without low back complaints. The remaining patient had TB associated with left hemiparesis. All patients had limitation of lumbosacral motion. Patients with arthritic hips had apparent shortening of the affected leg of one-half inch or greater. Trochanteric bursitis is a common complication of lumbosacral strain, frequently mimicking radiculopathy. Gait alteration associated with back pain or static traction on gluteal musculature during rest therapy may be predisposing factors. The association of TB with hip disease and/or leg length discrepancies was again confirmed.", "contents": "Pseudo-radiculopathy in subacute trochanteric bursitis of the subgluteus maximus bursa. Seventy patients, averaging 82 years of age, were referred for low back pain and/or a suspected herniated disk. Objective neurological deficits consistent with L5 or S1 root involvement were identified in 5 of the 70 patients. Trochanteric bursitis (TB), often mimicking radiculitis, was diagnosed in 31 patients. Trochanteric bursitis was associated with lumbosacral strain and lumbar osteoarthrosis in 21 of 31 patients and with an S1 disk in 1 of those 31 patients. Degenerative joint disease of the ipsilateral hip was present in 4 of 20 of these patients with TB. Six patients with low back pain had both hip and knee arthritis (including two patients with rheumatoid arthritis). Three patients had degenerative hip disease without low back complaints. The remaining patient had TB associated with left hemiparesis. All patients had limitation of lumbosacral motion. Patients with arthritic hips had apparent shortening of the affected leg of one-half inch or greater. Trochanteric bursitis is a common complication of lumbosacral strain, frequently mimicking radiculopathy. Gait alteration associated with back pain or static traction on gluteal musculature during rest therapy may be predisposing factors. The association of TB with hip disease and/or leg length discrepancies was again confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:133654", "title": "[Treatment of serous central chorio-retinopathy using an argon laser].", "content": "After a short survey of the symptoms of the serous central retinopathy, the authors describe its treatment by argon laser. Almost all their results have been good in so short a time that they think the best way to manage the disease is to photocoagulate the leakage point as soon as it is discovered. In this manner a long course will be prevented, which disables the patient and is not harmless for the retina.", "contents": "[Treatment of serous central chorio-retinopathy using an argon laser]. After a short survey of the symptoms of the serous central retinopathy, the authors describe its treatment by argon laser. Almost all their results have been good in so short a time that they think the best way to manage the disease is to photocoagulate the leakage point as soon as it is discovered. In this manner a long course will be prevented, which disables the patient and is not harmless for the retina."}
{"id": "PMID:133655", "title": "[Argon laser in the prevention of retinal detachment].", "content": "The prevention of retinal detachment by the argon laser photocoagulation of the peripheral degenerations of the retina was unsuccessful in 6 p. 100 of the cases. The proportion of failures is about the same as that of xenon photocoagulation. It is much more important than that of cryocoagulation. In the contrary the results are better in the management of macular holes without detachment.", "contents": "[Argon laser in the prevention of retinal detachment]. The prevention of retinal detachment by the argon laser photocoagulation of the peripheral degenerations of the retina was unsuccessful in 6 p. 100 of the cases. The proportion of failures is about the same as that of xenon photocoagulation. It is much more important than that of cryocoagulation. In the contrary the results are better in the management of macular holes without detachment."}
{"id": "PMID:133656", "title": "[The argon laser and diabetic retinopathy].", "content": "The authors give their opinion about the treatment of the Diabetic Retinopathy by the argon laser. They made use successively of xenon, then argon laser photocoagulation and they prefer the latter. They present 15 cases of patients treated by photocoagulation and watched during an average period of 4 years. The results are plainly favourable to the photocoagulation.", "contents": "[The argon laser and diabetic retinopathy]. The authors give their opinion about the treatment of the Diabetic Retinopathy by the argon laser. They made use successively of xenon, then argon laser photocoagulation and they prefer the latter. They present 15 cases of patients treated by photocoagulation and watched during an average period of 4 years. The results are plainly favourable to the photocoagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:133657", "title": "[Results of 35 keratoplasties following corneal injuries].", "content": "We have performed 40 keratoplasties in 35 eyes presenting with corneal wounds. These injuries follow accidents of which the most frequent are:--metallic foreign bodies;--windscreen. The following results have been obtained after these grafts;--49 p. 100 success;--51 p. 100 failure. In fact 51 p. 100 of the eyes did not benefit from a satisfactory functional result despite the fact that the graft remained clear in 63 p. 100. Our failures are due to two principle complications: cataract and its subsequent surgical management in 28 out of 35 cases, and detachment of the retina in 3 out of 35 cases. The remaining failures are related to the usual complications of other keratoplasties. These keratoplasties are special since a contussion of the posterior pole is often associated with the corneal wound. The indications for these grafts cannot wait until an accurate assessment of the state of the posterior segment is possible, and this is why these grafts are special and why there should be reservations on the prediction of the final visual result. Keratoplasty however remains the only hope for visual recovery and in children the only means of preventing the development of definite amblyopia. Nevertheless in children the prognosis remains the most pessmistic (4 failures out of 5 cases in children under 10).", "contents": "[Results of 35 keratoplasties following corneal injuries]. We have performed 40 keratoplasties in 35 eyes presenting with corneal wounds. These injuries follow accidents of which the most frequent are:--metallic foreign bodies;--windscreen. The following results have been obtained after these grafts;--49 p. 100 success;--51 p. 100 failure. In fact 51 p. 100 of the eyes did not benefit from a satisfactory functional result despite the fact that the graft remained clear in 63 p. 100. Our failures are due to two principle complications: cataract and its subsequent surgical management in 28 out of 35 cases, and detachment of the retina in 3 out of 35 cases. The remaining failures are related to the usual complications of other keratoplasties. These keratoplasties are special since a contussion of the posterior pole is often associated with the corneal wound. The indications for these grafts cannot wait until an accurate assessment of the state of the posterior segment is possible, and this is why these grafts are special and why there should be reservations on the prediction of the final visual result. Keratoplasty however remains the only hope for visual recovery and in children the only means of preventing the development of definite amblyopia. Nevertheless in children the prognosis remains the most pessmistic (4 failures out of 5 cases in children under 10)."}
{"id": "PMID:133658", "title": "[Myeloid bodies of the retinal pigment epithelium in vertebrates].", "content": "After the hypothesis of Porter and Yamada about the photoreceptive role of myeloid bodies of the vertebrate pigment epithelium, we have pointed out the fine ultrastructure of these organelles: they consist of piles of flattened saccules, with a lipidic content, and linked together by an inter-saccular cement. They are not like Golgi bodies: they do not content glycoprotein. They must be discarded from phagosomes, which are membrane-bounded and content acid phosphatase activity. An oxido-reductive activity cannot been demonstrated at their level, similar to that observed on the rod outer segments. Freeze-etching does not show peculair organization on their fracture faces. They represent a special organization of the endoplasmic reticulum which seems to have a function in the metabolism of visual pigments in certain species of animals, the retina of which is avascular.", "contents": "[Myeloid bodies of the retinal pigment epithelium in vertebrates]. After the hypothesis of Porter and Yamada about the photoreceptive role of myeloid bodies of the vertebrate pigment epithelium, we have pointed out the fine ultrastructure of these organelles: they consist of piles of flattened saccules, with a lipidic content, and linked together by an inter-saccular cement. They are not like Golgi bodies: they do not content glycoprotein. They must be discarded from phagosomes, which are membrane-bounded and content acid phosphatase activity. An oxido-reductive activity cannot been demonstrated at their level, similar to that observed on the rod outer segments. Freeze-etching does not show peculair organization on their fracture faces. They represent a special organization of the endoplasmic reticulum which seems to have a function in the metabolism of visual pigments in certain species of animals, the retina of which is avascular."}
{"id": "PMID:133661", "title": "Isolated islet transplantation in experimental diabetes.", "content": "Pancreatic islets have been isolated from the exocrine pancreas of inbred rats by the collagenase digestion method. Transplantation of isolated islets into the portal venous system of streptozotocin diabetic recipients resulted in complete abrogation of the diabetic state as measured by non-fasting serum glucose level, 24 h urinary output, rate of weight gain and glucose tolerance test. Transplantation to other sites resulted in less than optimal survival and function of islets. Allogeneic islets, transplanted across weak histocompatibility barriers, can survive and function for prolonged periods of time when transplanted recipients are immunosuppressed with antilymphocyte serum (ALS). Recipients of allogeneic islets, after a period of immunosuppression with ALS, become permanently tolerant to the allografted islets and to subsequent skin grafts from similar allogeneic donors. Allografted islets are able to prevent the occurrence of diabetic renal and ophthalmic changes that occur in control diabetic animals which had not undergone transplantation.", "contents": "Isolated islet transplantation in experimental diabetes. Pancreatic islets have been isolated from the exocrine pancreas of inbred rats by the collagenase digestion method. Transplantation of isolated islets into the portal venous system of streptozotocin diabetic recipients resulted in complete abrogation of the diabetic state as measured by non-fasting serum glucose level, 24 h urinary output, rate of weight gain and glucose tolerance test. Transplantation to other sites resulted in less than optimal survival and function of islets. Allogeneic islets, transplanted across weak histocompatibility barriers, can survive and function for prolonged periods of time when transplanted recipients are immunosuppressed with antilymphocyte serum (ALS). Recipients of allogeneic islets, after a period of immunosuppression with ALS, become permanently tolerant to the allografted islets and to subsequent skin grafts from similar allogeneic donors. Allografted islets are able to prevent the occurrence of diabetic renal and ophthalmic changes that occur in control diabetic animals which had not undergone transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:133668", "title": "Lichen ruber planus in occupational groups in total populations.", "content": "Distributed on 66 occupational groups (and 170 individual occupations) the prevalence of lichen ruber planus within the groups was determined by examining nearly every person in the total populations of 39,418 persons in five different areas in Sweden. The prevalence of l.r.p. in the total population was 0.3 per cent for males and 0.1 per cent for females. When l.r.p. prevalences were compared between different occupational groups, disturbing influences from age differences between the groups were eliminated by the standard population method. The indices calculated by aid of computer were used for direct ranking of the occupational groups from those with the highest to those with the lowest prevalences. In 33 of the 66 occupational groups (and in 129 of 170 individual occupations) no l.r.p. was found. In 24 male and 6 female occupational groups an overaverage high prevalence of l.r.p. was found. In two occupational branches, i.e. agriculture and forestry work (male agricultural workers, farmers, gardeners, garden workers and forest workers) and engineering and building metal work (steel-workers, plate-workers, machine and engine repairers, machine and engine mechanics, engineering workers, plumbers, metal workers) an overaverage high prevalence of l.r.p. was found in nearly all occupational groups. The results indicate that l.r.p. is more prevalent in occupational groups, in which the work dirties the skin (with i.e. soil, oil, cement dust), while in occupational groups with \"clean work\" the disease was less prevalent. However, there were exceptions. 67.7% of the males, 55.5% of the females had their debute lesions on the lower legs; in 21% of the males and 22.2% of the females the l.r.p. lesions debuted on the wrists. These are areas liable to exposure for different chemical substances and trauma.", "contents": "Lichen ruber planus in occupational groups in total populations. Distributed on 66 occupational groups (and 170 individual occupations) the prevalence of lichen ruber planus within the groups was determined by examining nearly every person in the total populations of 39,418 persons in five different areas in Sweden. The prevalence of l.r.p. in the total population was 0.3 per cent for males and 0.1 per cent for females. When l.r.p. prevalences were compared between different occupational groups, disturbing influences from age differences between the groups were eliminated by the standard population method. The indices calculated by aid of computer were used for direct ranking of the occupational groups from those with the highest to those with the lowest prevalences. In 33 of the 66 occupational groups (and in 129 of 170 individual occupations) no l.r.p. was found. In 24 male and 6 female occupational groups an overaverage high prevalence of l.r.p. was found. In two occupational branches, i.e. agriculture and forestry work (male agricultural workers, farmers, gardeners, garden workers and forest workers) and engineering and building metal work (steel-workers, plate-workers, machine and engine repairers, machine and engine mechanics, engineering workers, plumbers, metal workers) an overaverage high prevalence of l.r.p. was found in nearly all occupational groups. The results indicate that l.r.p. is more prevalent in occupational groups, in which the work dirties the skin (with i.e. soil, oil, cement dust), while in occupational groups with \"clean work\" the disease was less prevalent. However, there were exceptions. 67.7% of the males, 55.5% of the females had their debute lesions on the lower legs; in 21% of the males and 22.2% of the females the l.r.p. lesions debuted on the wrists. These are areas liable to exposure for different chemical substances and trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:133669", "title": "[Peripheral circulatory disorders and acrocyanosis in arsenic exposed Moselle wine-growers].", "content": "Peripheric circulatory disturbances and acrocyanosis in Moselle vinedressers injured by arsenic. During the years 1972--1975 a total number of 100 vine-dressers came for medical treatment because of late injures caused by arsenic intoxication. That is an average of 400 examinations per year 1600 control examinations within four years. These patients belonged to the age-classes 1890--1923, and the average time of exposure to arsenic was 20 years. After years of being exposed to arsenic, and even years after the exposure to it has stopped, there are those so-called late injures caused by arsenic. There are typical arsenic melanisms on the forehad-temple-rim where the hair begins to grow, on the nape of the neck, on the shoulders, chest, arms, and on the back of the hands which pass into precanceroses and carcinomas. The average time until the first late injuries caused by arsenic occur is 26 years. However, there have been latence periods of up to 50 years. This depends mainly on the amount of arsenic absorbed during the time. There are skin alterations which resemble very much an acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans Herxheimer. Histological examinations rather showed the symptoms of an endangiitis obliterans with atrophy of the cutis. These symptoms were found in 60--70% of the 50--60 years old patients, in 80--90% of the 60--70 years old patients, and in 90--95% of the 70--80 years old patients. Simultaneously there are distinct peripheric circulatory disturbances, cyanosis of the lips, dyspnoea, and an emphysema together with typical cardiac insufficiency. Foot and finger pulse are distinctly slower, and the temperature of the skin is remarkably lower. While people grow older the cyanosis gets worse. With a control group of patients who hadn't been exposed to arsenic these symptoms had only been found on 1--2%.", "contents": "[Peripheral circulatory disorders and acrocyanosis in arsenic exposed Moselle wine-growers]. Peripheric circulatory disturbances and acrocyanosis in Moselle vinedressers injured by arsenic. During the years 1972--1975 a total number of 100 vine-dressers came for medical treatment because of late injures caused by arsenic intoxication. That is an average of 400 examinations per year 1600 control examinations within four years. These patients belonged to the age-classes 1890--1923, and the average time of exposure to arsenic was 20 years. After years of being exposed to arsenic, and even years after the exposure to it has stopped, there are those so-called late injures caused by arsenic. There are typical arsenic melanisms on the forehad-temple-rim where the hair begins to grow, on the nape of the neck, on the shoulders, chest, arms, and on the back of the hands which pass into precanceroses and carcinomas. The average time until the first late injuries caused by arsenic occur is 26 years. However, there have been latence periods of up to 50 years. This depends mainly on the amount of arsenic absorbed during the time. There are skin alterations which resemble very much an acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans Herxheimer. Histological examinations rather showed the symptoms of an endangiitis obliterans with atrophy of the cutis. These symptoms were found in 60--70% of the 50--60 years old patients, in 80--90% of the 60--70 years old patients, and in 90--95% of the 70--80 years old patients. Simultaneously there are distinct peripheric circulatory disturbances, cyanosis of the lips, dyspnoea, and an emphysema together with typical cardiac insufficiency. Foot and finger pulse are distinctly slower, and the temperature of the skin is remarkably lower. While people grow older the cyanosis gets worse. With a control group of patients who hadn't been exposed to arsenic these symptoms had only been found on 1--2%."}
{"id": "PMID:133670", "title": "The regulation of phenylalanine hydroxylase in rat tissues in vivo. The maintenance of high plasma phenylalanine concentrations in suckling rats: a model for phenylketonuria.", "content": "Maximum inhibition of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in the liver (85%) and in the kidney (50%) of suckling rats required the administration of over 9 mumol of p-chlorophenylalanine/10g body weight. Despite the decrease in the total activity from 184 to 34 units per 10g body weight, the injection of as much as 26 mumol of phenylalanine was required for its concentration in plasma to be still considerably elevated 12h later. In rats injected with p-chlorophenylalanine every 48h and with phenylalanine every 24h from 3 to 18 days of age, the hepatic and renal phenylalanine hydroxylase remained inhibited, whereas the activities of three other hepatic enzymes were unchanged. There was about 20% inhibition of brain and body growth, but no interference with the developmental formation of several cerebral enzymes (four dehydrogenases, hexokinase and glutaminase) was detected. In the course of this prolonged treatment, the phenylalanine concentrations in plasma increased gradually; on day 2 and day 8 (measured 12h after the last injection) they were 800 and 1395 nmol/ml respectively; on day 15, 12 and 18h after the usual injection, the values were 2030 and 1030 respectively as opposed to the 96 nmol in untreated rats. This degree of hyperphenylalaninaemia, persisting for 18h per day throughout a critical period of development, fulfils the primary criterion of a suitable animal model for phenylketonuria.", "contents": "The regulation of phenylalanine hydroxylase in rat tissues in vivo. The maintenance of high plasma phenylalanine concentrations in suckling rats: a model for phenylketonuria. Maximum inhibition of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in the liver (85%) and in the kidney (50%) of suckling rats required the administration of over 9 mumol of p-chlorophenylalanine/10g body weight. Despite the decrease in the total activity from 184 to 34 units per 10g body weight, the injection of as much as 26 mumol of phenylalanine was required for its concentration in plasma to be still considerably elevated 12h later. In rats injected with p-chlorophenylalanine every 48h and with phenylalanine every 24h from 3 to 18 days of age, the hepatic and renal phenylalanine hydroxylase remained inhibited, whereas the activities of three other hepatic enzymes were unchanged. There was about 20% inhibition of brain and body growth, but no interference with the developmental formation of several cerebral enzymes (four dehydrogenases, hexokinase and glutaminase) was detected. In the course of this prolonged treatment, the phenylalanine concentrations in plasma increased gradually; on day 2 and day 8 (measured 12h after the last injection) they were 800 and 1395 nmol/ml respectively; on day 15, 12 and 18h after the usual injection, the values were 2030 and 1030 respectively as opposed to the 96 nmol in untreated rats. This degree of hyperphenylalaninaemia, persisting for 18h per day throughout a critical period of development, fulfils the primary criterion of a suitable animal model for phenylketonuria."}
{"id": "PMID:133671", "title": "The regulation of phenylalanine hydroxylase in rat tissues in vivo. Substrate- and cortisol-induced elevations in phenylalanine hydroxylase activity.", "content": "Injections of phenylalanine increased a 2.5-fold in 9 h the hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase activity of 6-day-old or adult rats that had been pretreated (24h earlier) with p-chlorophenylalanine; without such pretreatment, phenylalanine did not raise the enzyme concentration. This difference is paralleled by the much greater extent to which the injected phenylalanine accumulated in livers of the pretreated compared with the normal animals. The hormonal induction of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase activity obeyed different rules: an injection of cortisol was without effect on adult livers but caused a threefold rise in phenylalanine hydroxylase activity of immature ones, both without and after pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine. In the latter instance, the effects of cortisol, and of phenylalanine were additive. Actinomycin inhibited the cortisol- but not the substrate-induced increase of phenylalanine hydroxylase, whereas puromycin inhibited both. The results indicate that substrate and hormone, two potential positive regulators of the amount of the hepatic (but not the renal) phenylalanine hydroxylase, act independently by two different mechanisms. The negative effector, p-chlorophenylalanine, also appears to interact with the synthetic (or degradative) machinery rather than with the existing phenylalanine hydroxylase molecules: 24h were required in vivo for an 85% decrease to ensue, and no inhibition occurred in vitro when incubating the enzyme with p-chlorophenylalanine or with liver extracts from p-chlorophenylalanine-treated rats.", "contents": "The regulation of phenylalanine hydroxylase in rat tissues in vivo. Substrate- and cortisol-induced elevations in phenylalanine hydroxylase activity. Injections of phenylalanine increased a 2.5-fold in 9 h the hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase activity of 6-day-old or adult rats that had been pretreated (24h earlier) with p-chlorophenylalanine; without such pretreatment, phenylalanine did not raise the enzyme concentration. This difference is paralleled by the much greater extent to which the injected phenylalanine accumulated in livers of the pretreated compared with the normal animals. The hormonal induction of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase activity obeyed different rules: an injection of cortisol was without effect on adult livers but caused a threefold rise in phenylalanine hydroxylase activity of immature ones, both without and after pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine. In the latter instance, the effects of cortisol, and of phenylalanine were additive. Actinomycin inhibited the cortisol- but not the substrate-induced increase of phenylalanine hydroxylase, whereas puromycin inhibited both. The results indicate that substrate and hormone, two potential positive regulators of the amount of the hepatic (but not the renal) phenylalanine hydroxylase, act independently by two different mechanisms. The negative effector, p-chlorophenylalanine, also appears to interact with the synthetic (or degradative) machinery rather than with the existing phenylalanine hydroxylase molecules: 24h were required in vivo for an 85% decrease to ensue, and no inhibition occurred in vitro when incubating the enzyme with p-chlorophenylalanine or with liver extracts from p-chlorophenylalanine-treated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:133672", "title": "Partial purification of a dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide-sensitive membrane adenosine triphosphatase complex from the obligately anaerobic bacterium Clostridium Pasteurianum.", "content": "The membrane adenosine triphosphatase complex of vegetatively growing Clostridium pasteurianum, solublized with Triton X-100, has been recovered as a significantly purified particulate preparation that is still sensitive to inhibition by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and butyricin 7423.", "contents": "Partial purification of a dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide-sensitive membrane adenosine triphosphatase complex from the obligately anaerobic bacterium Clostridium Pasteurianum. The membrane adenosine triphosphatase complex of vegetatively growing Clostridium pasteurianum, solublized with Triton X-100, has been recovered as a significantly purified particulate preparation that is still sensitive to inhibition by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and butyricin 7423."}
{"id": "PMID:133673", "title": "Energy coupling to active transport in anaerobically grown mutants of Escherichia Coli K12.", "content": "1. Anaerobic uptake of proline requires either the presence of a coupled Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase or anaerobic electron transport. 2. Anaerobic uptake of glutamine does not require anaerobic electron transport even in the absence of a coupled Mg+2-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. 3. These results support previous suggestions [Berger (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 1514--1518; Berger & Heppel (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 7747-7755; Kobayashi, Kin & Anraku (1974) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 76, 251-261] that two distinct mechanisms of energy coupling to active transport exist in Escherichia coli in that energization of anaerobic proline uptake requires the 'high-energy membrane state', whereas the energization of anaerobic glutamine uptake does not.", "contents": "Energy coupling to active transport in anaerobically grown mutants of Escherichia Coli K12. 1. Anaerobic uptake of proline requires either the presence of a coupled Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase or anaerobic electron transport. 2. Anaerobic uptake of glutamine does not require anaerobic electron transport even in the absence of a coupled Mg+2-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. 3. These results support previous suggestions [Berger (1973) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70, 1514--1518; Berger & Heppel (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 7747-7755; Kobayashi, Kin & Anraku (1974) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 76, 251-261] that two distinct mechanisms of energy coupling to active transport exist in Escherichia coli in that energization of anaerobic proline uptake requires the 'high-energy membrane state', whereas the energization of anaerobic glutamine uptake does not."}
{"id": "PMID:133674", "title": "Distribution of membranes, especially of plasma-membrane fragments, during zonal centrifugations of homogenates from glucose-repressed Saccharomyces Cerevisiae.", "content": "1. The distributions of several enzymes and other marker components were examined after zonal centrifugations of whole homogenates from glucose-repressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae on sucrose and iso-osmotic Ficoll, and the composition and morphology of the fractions were investigated. 2. After high-speed zonal centrifugation most of the protein, acid and alkaline phosphatases, alkaline pyrophosphatase, adenosine monophosphatase, beta-fructofuranosidase, alpha-mannosidase, NADPH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase and an appreciable amount of phospholipid and sterol were non-sedimentable, i.e. were at densities below 1.09 (g/cm3). Most of the RNA was at p=1.06-1.08 in Ficoll and at p=1.09-1.11 in sucrose. 3. The bulk of the Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Mg-ATPase) was coincident with the main peak of phospholipid and sterol, at median density 1.10, which was also rich in smooth-membrane vesicles. In Ficoll, a minor peak of phospholipid and sterol at p-1.12-1.15 contained a smaller part of the oligomycin-insensitive Mg-ATPase and heavy membrane fragments. In sucrose, several minor peaks of Mg-ATPase were in the mitochondrial density range, and a peak of oligomycin-insensitive Mg-ATPase coincident with a minor peak of phospholipid and sterol at around p-1.25 contained heavy membrane fragments of high carbohydrate content, especially mannose. 4. Further purification of the oligomycin-insensitive Mg-ATPase containing membrane preparations was performed on Urografin gradients. 5. It is argued that the oligomycin-insensitive Mg-ATPase containing membranes are fragments of the plasma membrane, but have different densities because they contain different amounts of glycoprotein particles.", "contents": "Distribution of membranes, especially of plasma-membrane fragments, during zonal centrifugations of homogenates from glucose-repressed Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. 1. The distributions of several enzymes and other marker components were examined after zonal centrifugations of whole homogenates from glucose-repressed Saccharomyces cerevisiae on sucrose and iso-osmotic Ficoll, and the composition and morphology of the fractions were investigated. 2. After high-speed zonal centrifugation most of the protein, acid and alkaline phosphatases, alkaline pyrophosphatase, adenosine monophosphatase, beta-fructofuranosidase, alpha-mannosidase, NADPH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase and an appreciable amount of phospholipid and sterol were non-sedimentable, i.e. were at densities below 1.09 (g/cm3). Most of the RNA was at p=1.06-1.08 in Ficoll and at p=1.09-1.11 in sucrose. 3. The bulk of the Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Mg-ATPase) was coincident with the main peak of phospholipid and sterol, at median density 1.10, which was also rich in smooth-membrane vesicles. In Ficoll, a minor peak of phospholipid and sterol at p-1.12-1.15 contained a smaller part of the oligomycin-insensitive Mg-ATPase and heavy membrane fragments. In sucrose, several minor peaks of Mg-ATPase were in the mitochondrial density range, and a peak of oligomycin-insensitive Mg-ATPase coincident with a minor peak of phospholipid and sterol at around p-1.25 contained heavy membrane fragments of high carbohydrate content, especially mannose. 4. Further purification of the oligomycin-insensitive Mg-ATPase containing membrane preparations was performed on Urografin gradients. 5. It is argued that the oligomycin-insensitive Mg-ATPase containing membranes are fragments of the plasma membrane, but have different densities because they contain different amounts of glycoprotein particles."}
{"id": "PMID:133675", "title": "Effect of heart work and insulin on the incorporation of [14C]glucose into hexose phosphates, uridine diphosphate glucose and glycogen in the normal and insulin-deficient perfused rat heart under working and non-working conditions.", "content": "1. The specific radioactivities of glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, UDP-glucose and glycogen, derived from [14C]gluocose, were determined in the normal and insulin-deficient (streptozotocin-diabetic and anti-insulin-serum-treated) perfused non-working and working rat heart. 2. The specific radioactivities of all glucose metabolities reached a plateau after about 10 min, except that for glycogen, which increased slightly but steadily over the whole observation period of 30min. 3. The specific radio-activities of fructose 6-phosphate, UDP-glucose and glycogen were slignificantly lower in the streptozotocin-diabetic heart than in the normal heart. 4. Mechanical work in the normal rat heart increased the specific radioactivities of glucose 1-phosphate, UDP-glucose and glycogen, but had little or no effect on those of gluose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. 5. In the normal heart insulin strongly increased the specific radioactivities of all gluocse metabolites under all conditions tested. The maximum values achieved in the normal working heart in the presence of insulin were only about 15-20% above those in the normal non-working heart in the presence of insulin for the phosphorylated intermediates and about 40% above for glycogen. 6. In the streptozotocin-diabetic heart, work restored the specific radioactivities of all glucose metabolities to about normal values. 7. In the streptozotocin-diabetic heart insulin strongly increased the specific radioactivities of the direct glycogen precursors glucose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose; the effect of insulin on glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate was less marked. These results confirm previous findings that the primary metabolic lesion in diabetic heart muscle is a defect of glycogen synthesis. The specific radioactivity of glycogen itself was increased sixfold. 8. Under all conditions tested the specific radioactivity of glucose 1-phosphate was always found to be higher than that of glucose 6-phosphate. This indicated either compartmentation of a small but metabolically very active pool of glucose 6-phosphate, or the existence of a hitherto unknown pathway of metabolism in which glucose 1-phosphate is the primary reaction product. For a number of reasons the authors prefer the first explanation, which could also account for the observation that in the perfused normal working and non-working heart the specific radioactivity of fructose 6-phosphate was always found to be higher than that of glucose 6-phosphate. This difference disappeared or was reversed in the rat hearts rendered insulin-insufficent by either streptozotocin or anti-insulin treatment.", "contents": "Effect of heart work and insulin on the incorporation of [14C]glucose into hexose phosphates, uridine diphosphate glucose and glycogen in the normal and insulin-deficient perfused rat heart under working and non-working conditions. 1. The specific radioactivities of glucose 1-phosphate, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose 6-phosphate, UDP-glucose and glycogen, derived from [14C]gluocose, were determined in the normal and insulin-deficient (streptozotocin-diabetic and anti-insulin-serum-treated) perfused non-working and working rat heart. 2. The specific radioactivities of all glucose metabolities reached a plateau after about 10 min, except that for glycogen, which increased slightly but steadily over the whole observation period of 30min. 3. The specific radio-activities of fructose 6-phosphate, UDP-glucose and glycogen were slignificantly lower in the streptozotocin-diabetic heart than in the normal heart. 4. Mechanical work in the normal rat heart increased the specific radioactivities of glucose 1-phosphate, UDP-glucose and glycogen, but had little or no effect on those of gluose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. 5. In the normal heart insulin strongly increased the specific radioactivities of all gluocse metabolites under all conditions tested. The maximum values achieved in the normal working heart in the presence of insulin were only about 15-20% above those in the normal non-working heart in the presence of insulin for the phosphorylated intermediates and about 40% above for glycogen. 6. In the streptozotocin-diabetic heart, work restored the specific radioactivities of all glucose metabolities to about normal values. 7. In the streptozotocin-diabetic heart insulin strongly increased the specific radioactivities of the direct glycogen precursors glucose 1-phosphate and UDP-glucose; the effect of insulin on glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate was less marked. These results confirm previous findings that the primary metabolic lesion in diabetic heart muscle is a defect of glycogen synthesis. The specific radioactivity of glycogen itself was increased sixfold. 8. Under all conditions tested the specific radioactivity of glucose 1-phosphate was always found to be higher than that of glucose 6-phosphate. This indicated either compartmentation of a small but metabolically very active pool of glucose 6-phosphate, or the existence of a hitherto unknown pathway of metabolism in which glucose 1-phosphate is the primary reaction product. For a number of reasons the authors prefer the first explanation, which could also account for the observation that in the perfused normal working and non-working heart the specific radioactivity of fructose 6-phosphate was always found to be higher than that of glucose 6-phosphate. This difference disappeared or was reversed in the rat hearts rendered insulin-insufficent by either streptozotocin or anti-insulin treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:133676", "title": "Differences in the degradation of yeast phosphofructokinase by proteinases A and B from yeast.", "content": "Proteinase A from yeast causes a stepwise degradation of yeast phosphofructokinase, resembling the action of subtilisin on this enzyme. Proteinase B, however, exhibits a limited proteolysis similar to the action of alpha-chymotrypsin.", "contents": "Differences in the degradation of yeast phosphofructokinase by proteinases A and B from yeast. Proteinase A from yeast causes a stepwise degradation of yeast phosphofructokinase, resembling the action of subtilisin on this enzyme. Proteinase B, however, exhibits a limited proteolysis similar to the action of alpha-chymotrypsin."}
{"id": "PMID:133677", "title": "The relative importance of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown in the regulation of muscle mass.", "content": "The effects of growth-suppressing and muscle-wasting treatments on muscle protein turnover and amino acid concentrations were determined in vivo. All treatments depressed protein synthesis and some treatments depressed protein breakdown. Only prolonged starvation increased protein breakdown. Muscle protein mass is regulated primarily through alterations in protein synthesis in all except emergency conditions. The increased concentrations of the branched-chain amino acids indicate that they are unlikely to be involved in this regulation.", "contents": "The relative importance of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown in the regulation of muscle mass. The effects of growth-suppressing and muscle-wasting treatments on muscle protein turnover and amino acid concentrations were determined in vivo. All treatments depressed protein synthesis and some treatments depressed protein breakdown. Only prolonged starvation increased protein breakdown. Muscle protein mass is regulated primarily through alterations in protein synthesis in all except emergency conditions. The increased concentrations of the branched-chain amino acids indicate that they are unlikely to be involved in this regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:133678", "title": "Phosphorylation state of cytosolic and mitochondrial adenine nucleotides and of pyruvate dehydrogenase in isolated rat liver cells.", "content": "1. Cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP and ADP concentrations of liver cells isolated from normal fed, starved and diabetic rats were determined. 2. The cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio was 6,9 and 10 in normal fed, starved and diabetic rats respectively. 3. The mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio was 2 in normal and diabetic rats and 1.6 in starved rats. 4. Adenosine increased the cytosolic and lowered the mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio, whereas atractyloside had the opposite effect. 5. Incubation of the hepatocytes with fructose, glycerol or sorbitol led to a fall in the ATP/ADP ratio in both the cytosolic and the mitochondrial compartment. 6. The interrelationship between the mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio and the phosphorylation state of pyruvate dehydrogenase in intact cells was studied. 7. In hepatocytes isolated from fed rats an inverse correlation between the mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio and the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate dehydrogenase a) was demonstrable on loading with fructose, glycerol or sorbitol. 8. No such correlation was obtained with pyruvate or dihydroxyacetone. For pyruvate, this can be explained by inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. 9. Liver cells isolated from fed animals displayed pyruvate dehydrogenase a activity twice that found in vivo. Physiological values were obtained when the hepatocytes were incubated with albumin-oleate, which also yielded the highest mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio.", "contents": "Phosphorylation state of cytosolic and mitochondrial adenine nucleotides and of pyruvate dehydrogenase in isolated rat liver cells. 1. Cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP and ADP concentrations of liver cells isolated from normal fed, starved and diabetic rats were determined. 2. The cytosolic ATP/ADP ratio was 6,9 and 10 in normal fed, starved and diabetic rats respectively. 3. The mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio was 2 in normal and diabetic rats and 1.6 in starved rats. 4. Adenosine increased the cytosolic and lowered the mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio, whereas atractyloside had the opposite effect. 5. Incubation of the hepatocytes with fructose, glycerol or sorbitol led to a fall in the ATP/ADP ratio in both the cytosolic and the mitochondrial compartment. 6. The interrelationship between the mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio and the phosphorylation state of pyruvate dehydrogenase in intact cells was studied. 7. In hepatocytes isolated from fed rats an inverse correlation between the mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio and the active form of pyruvate dehydrogenase (pyruvate dehydrogenase a) was demonstrable on loading with fructose, glycerol or sorbitol. 8. No such correlation was obtained with pyruvate or dihydroxyacetone. For pyruvate, this can be explained by inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase. 9. Liver cells isolated from fed animals displayed pyruvate dehydrogenase a activity twice that found in vivo. Physiological values were obtained when the hepatocytes were incubated with albumin-oleate, which also yielded the highest mitochondrial ATP/ADP ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:133679", "title": "Effects of triphenylsulphonium ions on mitochondria. Inhibition of adenosine triphosphatase activity.", "content": "Triphenylsulphonium ions inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and adenosine triphosphatase activity. The site of action is on the soluble F1 adenosine triphosphatase component. Triphenylsylphonium ions also inhibit electron transfer in the NAD-cytochrome b region of the respiratory chain. In both types of inhibition, triphenylsulphonium ions are effective at low concentrations, half-maximal inhibition being produced by a concentration of about 20-30 muM. These effects resemble the effects of alkylguanidines on mitochondria and are discussed in relation to the effects of alkylguanidines and other lipophilic cations such as ethidium and dibenzyldimethylammonium ions. A modification of the purification procedure for the soluble mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase [Beechey, Hubbard, Linnett, Mitchell & Munn (1975) Biochem. J. 148, 533-537] IS DESCRIBED, WHICH YIELDS A PREPARATION WITH A HIGHER SPECIFIC ACTIVITY AND SHOWING FEWER BANDS IN GEL ELECTROPHORESIS.", "contents": "Effects of triphenylsulphonium ions on mitochondria. Inhibition of adenosine triphosphatase activity. Triphenylsulphonium ions inhibit mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and adenosine triphosphatase activity. The site of action is on the soluble F1 adenosine triphosphatase component. Triphenylsylphonium ions also inhibit electron transfer in the NAD-cytochrome b region of the respiratory chain. In both types of inhibition, triphenylsulphonium ions are effective at low concentrations, half-maximal inhibition being produced by a concentration of about 20-30 muM. These effects resemble the effects of alkylguanidines on mitochondria and are discussed in relation to the effects of alkylguanidines and other lipophilic cations such as ethidium and dibenzyldimethylammonium ions. A modification of the purification procedure for the soluble mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase [Beechey, Hubbard, Linnett, Mitchell & Munn (1975) Biochem. J. 148, 533-537] IS DESCRIBED, WHICH YIELDS A PREPARATION WITH A HIGHER SPECIFIC ACTIVITY AND SHOWING FEWER BANDS IN GEL ELECTROPHORESIS."}
{"id": "PMID:133680", "title": "Control of rat mammary-gland pyruvate dehydrogenase by insulin and prolactin.", "content": "Withdrawal of prolactin or of insulin from the circulation of lactating rats leads, within 3h, to increased inactivation by phosphorylation of mammary-gland pyruvate dehydrogenase. Prolactin may act by priming the tissue to respond directly to normal concentrations of circulating insulin and by this means be responsible for the increased activation of the enzyme during the course of normal lactation.", "contents": "Control of rat mammary-gland pyruvate dehydrogenase by insulin and prolactin. Withdrawal of prolactin or of insulin from the circulation of lactating rats leads, within 3h, to increased inactivation by phosphorylation of mammary-gland pyruvate dehydrogenase. Prolactin may act by priming the tissue to respond directly to normal concentrations of circulating insulin and by this means be responsible for the increased activation of the enzyme during the course of normal lactation."}
{"id": "PMID:133681", "title": "16Beta-hydroxylation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate by homogenates of human foetal liver.", "content": "The chemical syntheses of the 3-sulphates of 16 alpha-acetoxy-, 16 alpha-hydroxy- and 16 beta-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone as their triethylammonium salts are described preparatory to studies of the metabolism of [7 alpha-3 H]dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate by homogenates of human foetal liver. Five main radioactive products of the incubation were separated by partition chromatography on a Celite column. Two were identified  as 16 alpha-and 16 beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulphates by crystallization to constant specific radioactivity before and after solvolysis. The yields of the conversion to the two epimers were 24.4% (16 alpha) and 1.8% (16 beta).", "contents": "16Beta-hydroxylation of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate by homogenates of human foetal liver. The chemical syntheses of the 3-sulphates of 16 alpha-acetoxy-, 16 alpha-hydroxy- and 16 beta-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone as their triethylammonium salts are described preparatory to studies of the metabolism of [7 alpha-3 H]dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate by homogenates of human foetal liver. Five main radioactive products of the incubation were separated by partition chromatography on a Celite column. Two were identified  as 16 alpha-and 16 beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone 3-sulphates by crystallization to constant specific radioactivity before and after solvolysis. The yields of the conversion to the two epimers were 24.4% (16 alpha) and 1.8% (16 beta)."}
{"id": "PMID:133682", "title": "Characterization of calcium-ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase in the plasma membrane of rat mast cells.", "content": "The properties of a Ca2+ activated adenosine triphosphatase shown to be present in homogenates of purified rat peritoneal mast cells were investigated. The enzyme was activated by Ca2+, Mg2+, and to a lesser extent by Mn2+ and Co2+. Ca2+ alone was necessary for full activity and the further addition of Mg2+ did not have any effect. The chelating agents EGTA (ethanedioxybis(ethylamine)tetra-acetate) and EDTA completely inhibited the reaction. The pH optimum was 7.8. Reduced glutathione, cysteine, dithiothreitol, N-ethylmaleimide, urea, ADP, NaF, increasing ionic strength and Triton X-100 all inhibited the reaction. On subcellular fractionation of mast-cell homogenates by density-gradient centrifugation, the distribution of Ca2+ activated adenosine triphosphatase resembled that of 5'-nucleotidase, but differed from that of the other markers used, suggesting localization in the plasma membrane. Further experiments indicated that the enzyme is present on the external surface of the plasma membrane.", "contents": "Characterization of calcium-ion-activated adenosine triphosphatase in the plasma membrane of rat mast cells. The properties of a Ca2+ activated adenosine triphosphatase shown to be present in homogenates of purified rat peritoneal mast cells were investigated. The enzyme was activated by Ca2+, Mg2+, and to a lesser extent by Mn2+ and Co2+. Ca2+ alone was necessary for full activity and the further addition of Mg2+ did not have any effect. The chelating agents EGTA (ethanedioxybis(ethylamine)tetra-acetate) and EDTA completely inhibited the reaction. The pH optimum was 7.8. Reduced glutathione, cysteine, dithiothreitol, N-ethylmaleimide, urea, ADP, NaF, increasing ionic strength and Triton X-100 all inhibited the reaction. On subcellular fractionation of mast-cell homogenates by density-gradient centrifugation, the distribution of Ca2+ activated adenosine triphosphatase resembled that of 5'-nucleotidase, but differed from that of the other markers used, suggesting localization in the plasma membrane. Further experiments indicated that the enzyme is present on the external surface of the plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:133688", "title": "[Inhibition of the exchange of Na+ for K+ and and H+ by triamterene (in epithelia)(author's transl)].", "content": "The salivary duct epithelium, which actively transports Na+, K+ and H+/HCO3/- similarly to renal distal tubules, was used as a model tissue to study the mechanism of action of triamterene (Jatropus, Dyrenium) on electrolyte transport. Triamterene was only effective when administered from the luminal side of the duct, not from the interstitial side. 10-4 M triamterene completely blocked Na+-reabsorption. At the same time K+ secretion dropped to half of control, whereas HCO-/3 accumulated in the duct lumen following reduced H+ secretion. These changes in electrolyte transport are caused by an inhibition of Na+-entry by triamterene as suggested by measurements of ion permeability of the cell membrane. Triamterene has no specific effect on the membrane-bound ATPase. Since Na+-entry is functionally coupled with exit of K+ and H+ from cell to lumen, impairment of Na+-entry by triamterene necessarily causes reduction of K+ and H+ secretion into lumen.", "contents": "[Inhibition of the exchange of Na+ for K+ and and H+ by triamterene (in epithelia)(author's transl)]. The salivary duct epithelium, which actively transports Na+, K+ and H+/HCO3/- similarly to renal distal tubules, was used as a model tissue to study the mechanism of action of triamterene (Jatropus, Dyrenium) on electrolyte transport. Triamterene was only effective when administered from the luminal side of the duct, not from the interstitial side. 10-4 M triamterene completely blocked Na+-reabsorption. At the same time K+ secretion dropped to half of control, whereas HCO-/3 accumulated in the duct lumen following reduced H+ secretion. These changes in electrolyte transport are caused by an inhibition of Na+-entry by triamterene as suggested by measurements of ion permeability of the cell membrane. Triamterene has no specific effect on the membrane-bound ATPase. Since Na+-entry is functionally coupled with exit of K+ and H+ from cell to lumen, impairment of Na+-entry by triamterene necessarily causes reduction of K+ and H+ secretion into lumen."}
{"id": "PMID:133689", "title": "Influence of anti-inflammatory agents on rat liver mitochondrial ATPase.", "content": "Several classes of anti-inflammatory agents including acetyl-salicylic acid, salicylic acid, flufenamic acid, phenyl-butazone, indometacin, oxyphenyl-butazone, and mefenamic acid were found to be inhibitors of rat liver mitochondrial ATPase in both intact and freeze-ruptured mitochondria. The freeze-ruptured mitochondrial ATPase was found to be Mg2+- and ATP-concentration dependent. The standard uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol, not possessing anti-inflammatory activity, activates the enzyme in both preparations. A number of compounds of various structural classes possessing no anti-inflammatory property in vivo were found to have no inhibitory effect on the enzyme. This inhibition of ATPase by anti-inflammatory agents could be used as an in vitro test method for the primary screening of potential anti-inflammatory agents.", "contents": "Influence of anti-inflammatory agents on rat liver mitochondrial ATPase. Several classes of anti-inflammatory agents including acetyl-salicylic acid, salicylic acid, flufenamic acid, phenyl-butazone, indometacin, oxyphenyl-butazone, and mefenamic acid were found to be inhibitors of rat liver mitochondrial ATPase in both intact and freeze-ruptured mitochondria. The freeze-ruptured mitochondrial ATPase was found to be Mg2+- and ATP-concentration dependent. The standard uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol, not possessing anti-inflammatory activity, activates the enzyme in both preparations. A number of compounds of various structural classes possessing no anti-inflammatory property in vivo were found to have no inhibitory effect on the enzyme. This inhibition of ATPase by anti-inflammatory agents could be used as an in vitro test method for the primary screening of potential anti-inflammatory agents."}
{"id": "PMID:133691", "title": "Seasonal variations in the susceptibility of the aortic wall to atherosclerosis. Biochemical studies of glycosaminoglycans and collagen of rabbit atherosclerosis.", "content": "The aortic content of glycosaminoglycans and collagen as well as the uptake of [125 I] albumin were studied in 53 male albino rabbits during hair-shedding and outside the period of hair-shedding to elucidate the previously reported resistance to experimental arteriosclerosis during the shedding period [1]. The concentration of hyaluronic acid was highest during hair shedding, decreasing towards the non-shedding period. The content of dermatan sulphate, chondroitin-4, 6-sulphate and hydroxyproline was lowest during sheeding and highest outside the sheeding period. Accordingly, the incorportation of [35 S] sulphate in chondroitin -4, 6-sulphate and the dermatan plus heparan sulphate fraction was increased outside shedding, consistent with a stimulated synthesis. The concentration of hyaluronic acid was negatively correlated to the uptake of [125I] albumin, and the dermatan sulphate content was positively  correlated to the content of hydroxyproline. The higher concentration of hyaluronic acid during the period of shedding may improve the elastic properties as well as the ability of the aortic wall to absorbe the haemodynamic strain involved in the vascular injury of this type of experimental arteriosclerosis [2]. The decrease in the concentration of hyaluronic acid simultaneously with an increase in the aortic content of collagen as well as of chondroitin-4, 6-sulphate and dermatan sulphate may imply a greater stiffness of the aorta resulting in a higher susceptibility to injury. The relationship between hyaluronic acid and [125 I] albumin is consistent with an importance of hyaluronic acid to the susceptibility of the arterial wall to deposition of macromolecules such as the lipids. Our observations represent an example of endogenous conditioned variations in the aortic content of glycosaminoglycans and hydroxyproline accompanied by a variation in the susceptibility to experimental arteriosclerosis.", "contents": "Seasonal variations in the susceptibility of the aortic wall to atherosclerosis. Biochemical studies of glycosaminoglycans and collagen of rabbit atherosclerosis. The aortic content of glycosaminoglycans and collagen as well as the uptake of [125 I] albumin were studied in 53 male albino rabbits during hair-shedding and outside the period of hair-shedding to elucidate the previously reported resistance to experimental arteriosclerosis during the shedding period [1]. The concentration of hyaluronic acid was highest during hair shedding, decreasing towards the non-shedding period. The content of dermatan sulphate, chondroitin-4, 6-sulphate and hydroxyproline was lowest during sheeding and highest outside the sheeding period. Accordingly, the incorportation of [35 S] sulphate in chondroitin -4, 6-sulphate and the dermatan plus heparan sulphate fraction was increased outside shedding, consistent with a stimulated synthesis. The concentration of hyaluronic acid was negatively correlated to the uptake of [125I] albumin, and the dermatan sulphate content was positively  correlated to the content of hydroxyproline. The higher concentration of hyaluronic acid during the period of shedding may improve the elastic properties as well as the ability of the aortic wall to absorbe the haemodynamic strain involved in the vascular injury of this type of experimental arteriosclerosis [2]. The decrease in the concentration of hyaluronic acid simultaneously with an increase in the aortic content of collagen as well as of chondroitin-4, 6-sulphate and dermatan sulphate may imply a greater stiffness of the aorta resulting in a higher susceptibility to injury. The relationship between hyaluronic acid and [125 I] albumin is consistent with an importance of hyaluronic acid to the susceptibility of the arterial wall to deposition of macromolecules such as the lipids. Our observations represent an example of endogenous conditioned variations in the aortic content of glycosaminoglycans and hydroxyproline accompanied by a variation in the susceptibility to experimental arteriosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:133692", "title": "The ground substance of the arterial wall. Part 2. Electron-microscopic studies.", "content": "Electron microscopy of ruthenium red stained bovine aorta before and after chondroitinase digestion demonstrates proteoglycans on and between collagen fibrils. The collagen-associated proteoglycans include a proteoglycan previously purified from this tissue as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and are extractable with high molar guanidine HC1. In loci rich in proteoglycans such as areas of turbulent flow in calves, more proteoglycan can be demonstrated morphologically, and these molecules also coat elastin.", "contents": "The ground substance of the arterial wall. Part 2. Electron-microscopic studies. Electron microscopy of ruthenium red stained bovine aorta before and after chondroitinase digestion demonstrates proteoglycans on and between collagen fibrils. The collagen-associated proteoglycans include a proteoglycan previously purified from this tissue as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and are extractable with high molar guanidine HC1. In loci rich in proteoglycans such as areas of turbulent flow in calves, more proteoglycan can be demonstrated morphologically, and these molecules also coat elastin."}
{"id": "PMID:133705", "title": "Sarcoidosis in a child, presenting as an erythroderma with keratotic spines and palmar pits.", "content": "A case of sarcoidosis with generalized erythroderma, exfoliation and micropapule formation in a 6-year-old boy is presented. Follicular spiny keratoses, resembling those seen in pityriasis rubra pilaris, and palmo-plantar pitting were among the other extraordinary features in this case. The epidermis overlying the widespread sarcoid granulomata showed parakeratosis, lymphocytic infiltration and degeneration of the basal layer.", "contents": "Sarcoidosis in a child, presenting as an erythroderma with keratotic spines and palmar pits. A case of sarcoidosis with generalized erythroderma, exfoliation and micropapule formation in a 6-year-old boy is presented. Follicular spiny keratoses, resembling those seen in pityriasis rubra pilaris, and palmo-plantar pitting were among the other extraordinary features in this case. The epidermis overlying the widespread sarcoid granulomata showed parakeratosis, lymphocytic infiltration and degeneration of the basal layer."}
{"id": "PMID:133707", "title": "Study of an inhibiting factor of epidermal proliferation in plucked skin and various tumours of mice.", "content": "The aim of our research was to investigate, by autoradiographic methods, the presence of an inhibitory factor (IF) in normal skin, in plucked skin and in five experimental skin tumors of the mouse, capable of inhibiting epidermal proliferation. The experimental model used was that of Bullough & Laurence (1960), i.e. a wound in the ear of a mouse. After tritiated thymidine administration the measurement of the labelling index confirmed the existence of an inhibitory substance in normal skin. The plucked skin had no inhibitory effect when it was taken 24 h after plucking, but after 4 days its effect had returned to normal. The skin tumours, whether epithelial or mesenchymal, showed the same inhibitory effect as normal skin whereas a non-cutaneous tumour tested had no inhibitory effect.", "contents": "Study of an inhibiting factor of epidermal proliferation in plucked skin and various tumours of mice. The aim of our research was to investigate, by autoradiographic methods, the presence of an inhibitory factor (IF) in normal skin, in plucked skin and in five experimental skin tumors of the mouse, capable of inhibiting epidermal proliferation. The experimental model used was that of Bullough & Laurence (1960), i.e. a wound in the ear of a mouse. After tritiated thymidine administration the measurement of the labelling index confirmed the existence of an inhibitory substance in normal skin. The plucked skin had no inhibitory effect when it was taken 24 h after plucking, but after 4 days its effect had returned to normal. The skin tumours, whether epithelial or mesenchymal, showed the same inhibitory effect as normal skin whereas a non-cutaneous tumour tested had no inhibitory effect."}
{"id": "PMID:133708", "title": "Pilo-sebaceous duct physiology. III. Observations on the number and size of pilo-sebaceous ducts in acne vulgaris.", "content": "We have used surface microscopy to measure the pil-sebaceous duct orifices at different sites in 150 subjects. Our data have shown that there are more pilo-sebaceous units on the face compared to the back and that these exists are smaller on the face. Despite the small exit the sebum excretion rate per gland on the forehead was not significantly different from that on the back. Thus the number of pilo-sebaceous duct units and the pilo-sebaceous canal exit size are possible factors in the localization of acne.", "contents": "Pilo-sebaceous duct physiology. III. Observations on the number and size of pilo-sebaceous ducts in acne vulgaris. We have used surface microscopy to measure the pil-sebaceous duct orifices at different sites in 150 subjects. Our data have shown that there are more pilo-sebaceous units on the face compared to the back and that these exists are smaller on the face. Despite the small exit the sebum excretion rate per gland on the forehead was not significantly different from that on the back. Thus the number of pilo-sebaceous duct units and the pilo-sebaceous canal exit size are possible factors in the localization of acne."}
{"id": "PMID:133709", "title": "Polycystic ovarian disease.", "content": "Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) capacity was reduced in 9 of 31 patients with polycystic ovarian (PCO) disease and the mean level in PCO patients was significantly less (p less than 0.001) than normal. Serum testosterone levels were elevated in 21 of 32 PCO patients and the mean level was significantly elevated (p less than 0.001). Serum androstenedione values were raised in 17 of 31 patients and the mean value was also significantly raised (p less than 0.001). Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) concentrations were elevated in only 2 of 14 patients. Urinary 17-oxo and 17-oxogenic steroids were normal in all patients studied. Basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were normal but LH release following injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was enhanced. A highly significant negative correlation (r=--0.449; p less than 0.01) was found between the logarithm of testosterone and the logarithm of LH levels. Serum prolactin concentrations were elevated in 4 of 21 PCO patients. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values were normal. Eighteen of 20 patients ovulated following treatment with clomiphene and nine became pregnant. Five of 12 of patients treated with oestrogen/progesterone preparations noticed an improvement in their hirsutism. It is suggested that the normal cyclical release of LH is inhibited in PCO disease by a negative feedback by androgens to the hypothalamus or the pituitary, and that wedge resection should be reserved for patients in whom other forms of treatment have failed.", "contents": "Polycystic ovarian disease. Sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) capacity was reduced in 9 of 31 patients with polycystic ovarian (PCO) disease and the mean level in PCO patients was significantly less (p less than 0.001) than normal. Serum testosterone levels were elevated in 21 of 32 PCO patients and the mean level was significantly elevated (p less than 0.001). Serum androstenedione values were raised in 17 of 31 patients and the mean value was also significantly raised (p less than 0.001). Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) concentrations were elevated in only 2 of 14 patients. Urinary 17-oxo and 17-oxogenic steroids were normal in all patients studied. Basal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were normal but LH release following injection of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) was enhanced. A highly significant negative correlation (r=--0.449; p less than 0.01) was found between the logarithm of testosterone and the logarithm of LH levels. Serum prolactin concentrations were elevated in 4 of 21 PCO patients. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values were normal. Eighteen of 20 patients ovulated following treatment with clomiphene and nine became pregnant. Five of 12 of patients treated with oestrogen/progesterone preparations noticed an improvement in their hirsutism. It is suggested that the normal cyclical release of LH is inhibited in PCO disease by a negative feedback by androgens to the hypothalamus or the pituitary, and that wedge resection should be reserved for patients in whom other forms of treatment have failed."}
{"id": "PMID:133710", "title": "Down's syndrome and oral contraceptive usage.", "content": "We examined the history of oral contraceptive usage in a group of 103 mothers of infants with Down's syndrome and an equal number of matched normal controls. We found no evidence of increased pill use among mothers of the abnormal infants either during the pregnancy or in the year before pregnancy.", "contents": "Down's syndrome and oral contraceptive usage. We examined the history of oral contraceptive usage in a group of 103 mothers of infants with Down's syndrome and an equal number of matched normal controls. We found no evidence of increased pill use among mothers of the abnormal infants either during the pregnancy or in the year before pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:133711", "title": "The effect of an unsaturated-fat diet on cataract formation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.", "content": "1. Cataract formation in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats was reduced by approximately 85% when a diet rich in maize oil (300 g/kg diet) (fat diet) was given, thus confirming results of earlier studies. However, the concentration of sorbitol in the lens of diabetic animals remained high, the values for diabetic rats given the standard diet and the fat died being 65 and 40 mumol/g protein respectively. 2. With the standard diet, the fatty acid profile of the triglycerides of the epididymal fat pads was characterized by a greater relative proportion of saturated fatty acids for the diabetic animals compared to that for the normal animals. The fat diet moderated the tendency towards saturation in the diabetic animals. 3. The fat diet had other effects on the diabetic animals; these included a reduced mortality rate, increased body-weight, a decrease in the daily water intake, and in the daily urinary excretion of glucose and urea. 4. In the diabetic animals the fat diet had no effect on the specific activities in the liver of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1), glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2), phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) and pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40). However, the specific activity of glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9) was reduced, while that of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) (EC 1.1.1.40) was increased. The NAD+:NADH ratio, as calculated from liver pyruvate and lactate concentrations, tended to increase. 5. The results suggested that the fat diet moderated the long-term metabolic effects of diabetes.", "contents": "The effect of an unsaturated-fat diet on cataract formation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 1. Cataract formation in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats was reduced by approximately 85% when a diet rich in maize oil (300 g/kg diet) (fat diet) was given, thus confirming results of earlier studies. However, the concentration of sorbitol in the lens of diabetic animals remained high, the values for diabetic rats given the standard diet and the fat died being 65 and 40 mumol/g protein respectively. 2. With the standard diet, the fatty acid profile of the triglycerides of the epididymal fat pads was characterized by a greater relative proportion of saturated fatty acids for the diabetic animals compared to that for the normal animals. The fat diet moderated the tendency towards saturation in the diabetic animals. 3. The fat diet had other effects on the diabetic animals; these included a reduced mortality rate, increased body-weight, a decrease in the daily water intake, and in the daily urinary excretion of glucose and urea. 4. In the diabetic animals the fat diet had no effect on the specific activities in the liver of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1), glucokinase (EC 2.7.1.2), phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) and pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40). However, the specific activity of glucose-6-phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.9) was reduced, while that of malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (NADP) (EC 1.1.1.40) was increased. The NAD+:NADH ratio, as calculated from liver pyruvate and lactate concentrations, tended to increase. 5. The results suggested that the fat diet moderated the long-term metabolic effects of diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:133712", "title": "The relative effects of a low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet on the free amino acid composition of liver and muscle.", "content": "1. Free amino acid concentrations in the plasma have been compared with those in liver and quadriceps muscle, in rats fed on diets containing 209 (control) and 31 (low-protein) g protein/kg. The effects of the low-protein diet on diurnal variations in these values were also measured. 2. In the plasma, the total amino acid concentration was significantly lower in animals given the low-protein diet, at all times of day except 12.00 hours. In the liver, and to a lesser extent the muscle, total amino acid concentration was maintained. 3. In the control animals, diurnal variation in the concentrations of both essential and nonessential amino acids was very similar in plasma, liver and muscle. In animals given the low-protein diet, although the same diurnal pattern was maintained for non-essential amino acids, that occurring among the essential amino acids had virtually disappeared 4. In plasma, the mean 24 h concentration of essential amino acids decreased from 2-43 mmol/l in control animals to only 1-29 mmol/l in the low-protein-fed animals. Concentrations in muscle and liver were reduced by a similar proportion (from 8-60 to 5-56 mumol/g and from 8-67 to 5-05 mumol/g respectively). Conversely the concentrations of non-essential amino acids in animals given the low-protein diet were increased in plasma (from 1-53 to 2-00 mmol/l), muscle (from 12-5 to 14-3 mumol/g), and liver (from 16-8 to 20-5 mumol/g), muscle showing the lowest increase. 5. With the exceptions of lysine, threonine, cystine and tyrosine, the concentrations of all other essential amino acids were reduced more in liver than in muscle. The relationship between this and the failure to maintain plasma albumin concentations is discussed.", "contents": "The relative effects of a low-protein-high-carbohydrate diet on the free amino acid composition of liver and muscle. 1. Free amino acid concentrations in the plasma have been compared with those in liver and quadriceps muscle, in rats fed on diets containing 209 (control) and 31 (low-protein) g protein/kg. The effects of the low-protein diet on diurnal variations in these values were also measured. 2. In the plasma, the total amino acid concentration was significantly lower in animals given the low-protein diet, at all times of day except 12.00 hours. In the liver, and to a lesser extent the muscle, total amino acid concentration was maintained. 3. In the control animals, diurnal variation in the concentrations of both essential and nonessential amino acids was very similar in plasma, liver and muscle. In animals given the low-protein diet, although the same diurnal pattern was maintained for non-essential amino acids, that occurring among the essential amino acids had virtually disappeared 4. In plasma, the mean 24 h concentration of essential amino acids decreased from 2-43 mmol/l in control animals to only 1-29 mmol/l in the low-protein-fed animals. Concentrations in muscle and liver were reduced by a similar proportion (from 8-60 to 5-56 mumol/g and from 8-67 to 5-05 mumol/g respectively). Conversely the concentrations of non-essential amino acids in animals given the low-protein diet were increased in plasma (from 1-53 to 2-00 mmol/l), muscle (from 12-5 to 14-3 mumol/g), and liver (from 16-8 to 20-5 mumol/g), muscle showing the lowest increase. 5. With the exceptions of lysine, threonine, cystine and tyrosine, the concentrations of all other essential amino acids were reduced more in liver than in muscle. The relationship between this and the failure to maintain plasma albumin concentations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133713", "title": "Enzymatic determination of nonrandom incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in rat DNA.", "content": "Secondary cultures of normal rat embryo cells were synchronized by a double thymidine block and pulsed with 10(-7) M 5-[3H]bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) OR 10(-7) M[3H]thymidine during an entire S phase (7.5 h). To examine the pattern of [3H]thymidine, DNA was immediately extracted and purified at the completion of the S phase, CsCl density gradient centrifugation revealed that substitution for thymine by bromouracil was less than 7%. Single-strand specific nucleases obtained from Aspergillus oryzae and Neurospora crassa were allowed to react with native and partially depurinated (24-29%) [3H]BrdUrd-labeled rat DNA samples, and the products were assayed by hydroxylapatite column chromatography. Approximately 4-6% of the native, nondepurinated rat DNA was hydrolyzed by both nucleases. However, 24-28% of the partially depurinated, [3H] thymidine-labeled rat DNA was hydrolyzed by both enzymes as determined by loss of mass as well as radioactivity. Whereas comparable levels of depurinated, [3H]BrdUrd-labeled DNA were physically hydrolyzed by both nucleases, nearly 65% of the radioactivity was not recovered. Native, as well as depurinated, enzyme-treated DNA samples were sequentially and preparatively reassociated into highly repetitive, middle repetitive, and nonrepetitive nucleotide sequence components. The absolute and relative specific activities of each subfraction of native [3H]thymidine-labeled DNA were comparable. [3H]BrdUrd was differentially concentrated in the middle repetitive sequences as compared to other reiteration frequency types. When depurinated, nuclease-treated DNA samples were similarly fractionated, [3H]thymine moieties were uniformly distributed thoughout all sequences. However, a differential loss of [3H]BrdUrd moieties was detected predominantly from the middle repetitive nucleotide fraction. Melting profiles of the renatured DNA samples were characteristic of each respective DNA subfraction regardless of isotopic precursor. These results suggest that [3H]BrdUrd may be differentially incorporated into A + T rich clusters of rat DNA, especially in the moderately repeated chromosomal elements.", "contents": "Enzymatic determination of nonrandom incorporation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine in rat DNA. Secondary cultures of normal rat embryo cells were synchronized by a double thymidine block and pulsed with 10(-7) M 5-[3H]bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) OR 10(-7) M[3H]thymidine during an entire S phase (7.5 h). To examine the pattern of [3H]thymidine, DNA was immediately extracted and purified at the completion of the S phase, CsCl density gradient centrifugation revealed that substitution for thymine by bromouracil was less than 7%. Single-strand specific nucleases obtained from Aspergillus oryzae and Neurospora crassa were allowed to react with native and partially depurinated (24-29%) [3H]BrdUrd-labeled rat DNA samples, and the products were assayed by hydroxylapatite column chromatography. Approximately 4-6% of the native, nondepurinated rat DNA was hydrolyzed by both nucleases. However, 24-28% of the partially depurinated, [3H] thymidine-labeled rat DNA was hydrolyzed by both enzymes as determined by loss of mass as well as radioactivity. Whereas comparable levels of depurinated, [3H]BrdUrd-labeled DNA were physically hydrolyzed by both nucleases, nearly 65% of the radioactivity was not recovered. Native, as well as depurinated, enzyme-treated DNA samples were sequentially and preparatively reassociated into highly repetitive, middle repetitive, and nonrepetitive nucleotide sequence components. The absolute and relative specific activities of each subfraction of native [3H]thymidine-labeled DNA were comparable. [3H]BrdUrd was differentially concentrated in the middle repetitive sequences as compared to other reiteration frequency types. When depurinated, nuclease-treated DNA samples were similarly fractionated, [3H]thymine moieties were uniformly distributed thoughout all sequences. However, a differential loss of [3H]BrdUrd moieties was detected predominantly from the middle repetitive nucleotide fraction. Melting profiles of the renatured DNA samples were characteristic of each respective DNA subfraction regardless of isotopic precursor. These results suggest that [3H]BrdUrd may be differentially incorporated into A + T rich clusters of rat DNA, especially in the moderately repeated chromosomal elements."}
{"id": "PMID:133714", "title": "Pre-steady-state kinetic evidence for a cyclic interaction of myosin subfragment one with actin during the hydrolysis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate.", "content": "A single cycle of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis by a complex of actin and myosin subfragment one (acto-S-1) was studied in a stopped-flow apparatus at low temperature and low ionic strength, using light scattering to monitor the interaction of S-1 with actin and fluorescence to detect the formation of fluorescent intermediates. Our results show that the addition of a stoichiometric concentration of ATP to the acto-S-1 causes a cycle consisting of first, a rapid dissociation of the S-1 from actin by ATP; second, a slower fluorescence change in the S-1 that may be related to the initial phosphate burst; and third, a much slower rate limiting recombination of the S-1 with actin. This latter step equals the acto-S-1 steady-state adenosine 5'-triphosphatase (ATPase) rate at both low and high actin concentrations, and like the steady-state ATPase levels off at a V max of 0.9s-1 at high actin concentration. Therefore, the release of adenosine 5'-diphosphate and inorganic phosphate is not the rate-limiting step in the acto-S-1 ATPase. Rather, a slow first-order step corresponding to the previously postulated transition from the refractory to the nonrefractory state precedes the rebinding of the S-1 to the actin during each cycle of ATP hydrolysis.", "contents": "Pre-steady-state kinetic evidence for a cyclic interaction of myosin subfragment one with actin during the hydrolysis of adenosine 5'-triphosphate. A single cycle of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis by a complex of actin and myosin subfragment one (acto-S-1) was studied in a stopped-flow apparatus at low temperature and low ionic strength, using light scattering to monitor the interaction of S-1 with actin and fluorescence to detect the formation of fluorescent intermediates. Our results show that the addition of a stoichiometric concentration of ATP to the acto-S-1 causes a cycle consisting of first, a rapid dissociation of the S-1 from actin by ATP; second, a slower fluorescence change in the S-1 that may be related to the initial phosphate burst; and third, a much slower rate limiting recombination of the S-1 with actin. This latter step equals the acto-S-1 steady-state adenosine 5'-triphosphatase (ATPase) rate at both low and high actin concentrations, and like the steady-state ATPase levels off at a V max of 0.9s-1 at high actin concentration. Therefore, the release of adenosine 5'-diphosphate and inorganic phosphate is not the rate-limiting step in the acto-S-1 ATPase. Rather, a slow first-order step corresponding to the previously postulated transition from the refractory to the nonrefractory state precedes the rebinding of the S-1 to the actin during each cycle of ATP hydrolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:133715", "title": "Molecular weights and hydrophobicity of the polypeptide chain of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium(II) adenosine triphosphatase and of its primary tryptic fragments.", "content": "The polypeptide chain of the Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase from sarcoplasmic reticulum has a molecular weight of 119 000+/-6500 on the basis of sedimentation equilibrium measurements in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The two primary fragments obtained by limited proteolysis each have within experimental error the same molecular weight, corresponding to one-half the molecular weight of the whole chain. Both fragments are eqaully resistant to complete denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride, a property characteristic of many intrinsic membrane proteins. This suggests that the native enzyme has two membrane-embedded halves, with an externally accessible link between them.", "contents": "Molecular weights and hydrophobicity of the polypeptide chain of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium(II) adenosine triphosphatase and of its primary tryptic fragments. The polypeptide chain of the Ca2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase from sarcoplasmic reticulum has a molecular weight of 119 000+/-6500 on the basis of sedimentation equilibrium measurements in sodium dodecyl sulfate. The two primary fragments obtained by limited proteolysis each have within experimental error the same molecular weight, corresponding to one-half the molecular weight of the whole chain. Both fragments are eqaully resistant to complete denaturation by guanidine hydrochloride, a property characteristic of many intrinsic membrane proteins. This suggests that the native enzyme has two membrane-embedded halves, with an externally accessible link between them."}
{"id": "PMID:133716", "title": "The structure and stability of trypsin-resistant segments from rabbit tropomyosin.", "content": "Tropomyosin was found to undergo only limited digestion by trypsin at 0 degrees C and the two segments that accumulated amounted to two-thirds of the original protein. They are referred to as segments A and B. These segments were not resistant to trypsin digestion at 20 degrees C and at the latter temperature no large fragments remained as judged by disc gel electrophoresis. Segments A and B were separated from each other on the basis of solubility differences and were found to have molecular weights of 24600 and 21900 respectively. Each of the segments appeared to retain about 70-75% of the helical conformation as judged by circular dichroism at 20 degrees C. However, the segments did not show any of the inhibitory activity of the parent tropomyosin molecule when mixed with troponin in the Mg2+-actomyosin ATPase system. Amino acid analysis showed that the portion of tropomyosin that was digested by trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) had a lower content of the helix stabilizing residues Glu and Leu and a higher content of the helix-destabilizing residues Arg and Lys. These differences indicate that the digested portion should be less stable in the helical conformation than the two trypsin-resistant segments. End group determinations along with the results of the amino acid analysis indicated that segment A was probably derived from the central one-third of tropomyosin and segment B from the C-terminal one-third. By the process of elimination the N-terminal third appears to have been more liable region that was digested by trypsin. The segments A and B were shown to differ in their stability to denaturation by guanidine-HCl and elevated temperature. All of these observations indicate that tropomyosin is not a uniform structure and is composed of regions of different stability.", "contents": "The structure and stability of trypsin-resistant segments from rabbit tropomyosin. Tropomyosin was found to undergo only limited digestion by trypsin at 0 degrees C and the two segments that accumulated amounted to two-thirds of the original protein. They are referred to as segments A and B. These segments were not resistant to trypsin digestion at 20 degrees C and at the latter temperature no large fragments remained as judged by disc gel electrophoresis. Segments A and B were separated from each other on the basis of solubility differences and were found to have molecular weights of 24600 and 21900 respectively. Each of the segments appeared to retain about 70-75% of the helical conformation as judged by circular dichroism at 20 degrees C. However, the segments did not show any of the inhibitory activity of the parent tropomyosin molecule when mixed with troponin in the Mg2+-actomyosin ATPase system. Amino acid analysis showed that the portion of tropomyosin that was digested by trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) had a lower content of the helix stabilizing residues Glu and Leu and a higher content of the helix-destabilizing residues Arg and Lys. These differences indicate that the digested portion should be less stable in the helical conformation than the two trypsin-resistant segments. End group determinations along with the results of the amino acid analysis indicated that segment A was probably derived from the central one-third of tropomyosin and segment B from the C-terminal one-third. By the process of elimination the N-terminal third appears to have been more liable region that was digested by trypsin. The segments A and B were shown to differ in their stability to denaturation by guanidine-HCl and elevated temperature. All of these observations indicate that tropomyosin is not a uniform structure and is composed of regions of different stability."}
{"id": "PMID:133717", "title": "A water-soluble Mg2+-ATPase from erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "A ouabain-insensitive ATPase activity associated with the water-soluble proteins of the human and bovine erythrocyte membrane is demonstrated by means of activity-staining in polyacrylamide gels. The ATPase activity from both sources had an absolute requirement  for Mg2+, activity becoming easily detectable at 0.2 mM Mg2+. At low Mg2+ concentrations added Ca2+ appeared to decrease the intensity of the ATPase stain. The activity is unaffected by monovalent cations, does not hydrolyse p-nitrophenyl phosphate and is not inhibited by 2 : 4 dinitrophenol. The ATPase has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 100 000 as determined by electrophoresis in acrylamide gels containing dodecyl sulphate.", "contents": "A water-soluble Mg2+-ATPase from erythrocyte membranes. A ouabain-insensitive ATPase activity associated with the water-soluble proteins of the human and bovine erythrocyte membrane is demonstrated by means of activity-staining in polyacrylamide gels. The ATPase activity from both sources had an absolute requirement  for Mg2+, activity becoming easily detectable at 0.2 mM Mg2+. At low Mg2+ concentrations added Ca2+ appeared to decrease the intensity of the ATPase stain. The activity is unaffected by monovalent cations, does not hydrolyse p-nitrophenyl phosphate and is not inhibited by 2 : 4 dinitrophenol. The ATPase has an apparent molecular weight of approximately 100 000 as determined by electrophoresis in acrylamide gels containing dodecyl sulphate."}
{"id": "PMID:133718", "title": "The effect of phospholipases and proteases on the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid to junctional complexes of rat cerebellum.", "content": "A preparation enriched in junctional complexes, as judged by marker enzymes and electron microscopy, was prepared from rat cerebellum. The junctional complexes were incubated with gamma-amino [14C]butyric acid at 25degreesC for 10 min, using [3H]sucrose as a marker for entrapped space, Total binding was determined in the absence of, and non-specific binding in the presence of, and excess of unlabelled gamma-aminobutyric acid. The difference bewteen the two binding values, i.e. the specific binding, was saturable and reversible, and showed positive cooperativity with a Hill number of about 2. The specific binding was inhibited by N-methylbicuculline, picrotoxinine and imidazole-4-acetic acid, but not by curare, strychnine or L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid. The above compounds had little effect on the non-specipic binding, but addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid decreased non-specific binding by 80%. Trypsin, pronase, phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4), lysolecithin and sodium dodecyl sulfate decreased binding. Phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3) increased the specific binding by 260%. Phospholipids competed with gamma-aminobutyric acid for binding, with phosphatidylethanolamine being more potent than phosphatidylcholine. These results lend support for Watkins' hypothesis that phosphatidylethanolamine competes with gamma-aminobutyric acid for binding to the receptor protein.", "contents": "The effect of phospholipases and proteases on the binding of gamma-aminobutyric acid to junctional complexes of rat cerebellum. A preparation enriched in junctional complexes, as judged by marker enzymes and electron microscopy, was prepared from rat cerebellum. The junctional complexes were incubated with gamma-amino [14C]butyric acid at 25degreesC for 10 min, using [3H]sucrose as a marker for entrapped space, Total binding was determined in the absence of, and non-specific binding in the presence of, and excess of unlabelled gamma-aminobutyric acid. The difference bewteen the two binding values, i.e. the specific binding, was saturable and reversible, and showed positive cooperativity with a Hill number of about 2. The specific binding was inhibited by N-methylbicuculline, picrotoxinine and imidazole-4-acetic acid, but not by curare, strychnine or L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid. The above compounds had little effect on the non-specipic binding, but addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid decreased non-specific binding by 80%. Trypsin, pronase, phospholipase A2 (EC 3.1.1.4), lysolecithin and sodium dodecyl sulfate decreased binding. Phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3) increased the specific binding by 260%. Phospholipids competed with gamma-aminobutyric acid for binding, with phosphatidylethanolamine being more potent than phosphatidylcholine. These results lend support for Watkins' hypothesis that phosphatidylethanolamine competes with gamma-aminobutyric acid for binding to the receptor protein."}
{"id": "PMID:133719", "title": "Mutations in Neurospora crassa which affect multiple amino acid transport systems.", "content": "Characterization of a double mutant, his-6: hgu-4, which is unable to utilize L-histidyl-glycine as a source of histidine has revealed a new locus on linkage group V. The hgu-4 genotype results in a generalized reduced transport activity for amino acids, with a concomitant increased resistance to amino acid analogs. Transport rates and analog resistance for amino acids by this mutant are compared to the previously reported transport deficient mutants fpr-1, nap and un-3. Transport of L-aspartate as a function of temperature is examined in a variety of transport deficient strains in an attempt to explain the mode of action of mutation which pleiotropically affect several genetically and biochemically distinct amino acid transport systems.", "contents": "Mutations in Neurospora crassa which affect multiple amino acid transport systems. Characterization of a double mutant, his-6: hgu-4, which is unable to utilize L-histidyl-glycine as a source of histidine has revealed a new locus on linkage group V. The hgu-4 genotype results in a generalized reduced transport activity for amino acids, with a concomitant increased resistance to amino acid analogs. Transport rates and analog resistance for amino acids by this mutant are compared to the previously reported transport deficient mutants fpr-1, nap and un-3. Transport of L-aspartate as a function of temperature is examined in a variety of transport deficient strains in an attempt to explain the mode of action of mutation which pleiotropically affect several genetically and biochemically distinct amino acid transport systems."}
{"id": "PMID:133720", "title": "Properties of a bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase from rat uterus.", "content": "Crude subcellular fractions from rat uterus contain a HCO-3 -stimulated Mg2+ -ATPase with properties analogous to those previously reported for the enzyme in gastric mucosa, pancreas, salivary gland and liver lyosome. Estradiol-17 beta treatment of ovariectomized rats resulted in an increase in uterine mitochondrial (HCO-3 +Mg2+)-ATPase and Mg2+ -ATPase activity. In an early response (105 min) to estradiol-17 beta treatment of ovariectomized rats, the lysosomal enzyme, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase increased in the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions and decreased in the microsomal and supernatant fractions.", "contents": "Properties of a bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase from rat uterus. Crude subcellular fractions from rat uterus contain a HCO-3 -stimulated Mg2+ -ATPase with properties analogous to those previously reported for the enzyme in gastric mucosa, pancreas, salivary gland and liver lyosome. Estradiol-17 beta treatment of ovariectomized rats resulted in an increase in uterine mitochondrial (HCO-3 +Mg2+)-ATPase and Mg2+ -ATPase activity. In an early response (105 min) to estradiol-17 beta treatment of ovariectomized rats, the lysosomal enzyme, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase increased in the nuclear and mitochondrial fractions and decreased in the microsomal and supernatant fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:133721", "title": "Effects of medium composition and metabolic inhibitors on glycosaminoglycan synthesis in chick embryo cartilage and its stimulation by serum and triiodothyronine.", "content": "Incorporation of inorganic sulfate into glycosaminoglycans of chick embryo sternum is stimulated by serum and triiodothyronine. Variations in the amino acid content of the medium, and in particular in the concentration of glutamine, changed the incorportion in control and stimulated sterna to the same degree. Omission of Na+ from the medium greatly reduced incorporation in both control and stimulated sterna; incorporation, and its stimulation by triiodothyronine, was restored by raising the concentration of Na+. Ouabain and valinomycin inhibited incorporation more than 90%, and triiodothyronine did not stimulate under these conditions. Puromycin and cycloheximide also inhibited incorporation almost completely, and abolished the stimulation by triiodothyronine and serum. Addition of p-nitrophenyl-beta-xyloside, in the presence of of puromycin ir cycloheximide, restored sulfation to a level of 5-10% of the control value; however, this level of incorporation was not increased by addition of serum or triiodothyronine. Actinomycin D, colchicine and vinblastine inhibited incorporation by 40% or less at the highest concentrations tested; however, these three agents completely abolished the ability of triiodothyronine to stimulate incorporation. Lumicolchicine and cytochalasin B decreased incorporation in controls slightly but did not affect the stimulation by serum or triiodothyronine. The results indicate that thyroid hormones stimulate glycosaminoglycan synthesis only under conditions which support efficient synthesis in control incubations, and suggest that microtubule formation may be essential to the mode of action of thyroid hormones in this system.", "contents": "Effects of medium composition and metabolic inhibitors on glycosaminoglycan synthesis in chick embryo cartilage and its stimulation by serum and triiodothyronine. Incorporation of inorganic sulfate into glycosaminoglycans of chick embryo sternum is stimulated by serum and triiodothyronine. Variations in the amino acid content of the medium, and in particular in the concentration of glutamine, changed the incorportion in control and stimulated sterna to the same degree. Omission of Na+ from the medium greatly reduced incorporation in both control and stimulated sterna; incorporation, and its stimulation by triiodothyronine, was restored by raising the concentration of Na+. Ouabain and valinomycin inhibited incorporation more than 90%, and triiodothyronine did not stimulate under these conditions. Puromycin and cycloheximide also inhibited incorporation almost completely, and abolished the stimulation by triiodothyronine and serum. Addition of p-nitrophenyl-beta-xyloside, in the presence of of puromycin ir cycloheximide, restored sulfation to a level of 5-10% of the control value; however, this level of incorporation was not increased by addition of serum or triiodothyronine. Actinomycin D, colchicine and vinblastine inhibited incorporation by 40% or less at the highest concentrations tested; however, these three agents completely abolished the ability of triiodothyronine to stimulate incorporation. Lumicolchicine and cytochalasin B decreased incorporation in controls slightly but did not affect the stimulation by serum or triiodothyronine. The results indicate that thyroid hormones stimulate glycosaminoglycan synthesis only under conditions which support efficient synthesis in control incubations, and suggest that microtubule formation may be essential to the mode of action of thyroid hormones in this system."}
{"id": "PMID:133722", "title": "Presence of sulfated proteoglycans in prolactin secretory granules isolated from the rat pituitary gland.", "content": "The composition of the segregated content of rat prolactin granules was investigated taking advantage of the fact that these organelles, isolated as a pure fraction, retain their structural organization after solubilization of their limiting membrane by mild detergent treatment. We found that these membraneless granules contain not only the hormone, but also a number of minor macromolecular components including sulfated glycosaminoglycans, which are labeled when pituitary slices are incubated in vitro with [35S] sulfate. In order to characterize the latter components, the isolated radioactive granules were solubilized (by treatment with either a high ionic strength solution orNaOH) and 35S-labeled acidic glycosaminoglycans precipitated by complexing with cetylpirydinium chloride. A high degree of heterogeneity was observed when the ensuing precipitates were analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis: different components were found to co-migrate with authentic heparin and chondroitin sulfate A and C standards. Another component, which accounts for approx. 50% of the glycosaminoglycan-bound radioactivity, might be heparin sulfate. These acidic glycosaminoglycans are linked to peptide moieties to form proteoglycans.", "contents": "Presence of sulfated proteoglycans in prolactin secretory granules isolated from the rat pituitary gland. The composition of the segregated content of rat prolactin granules was investigated taking advantage of the fact that these organelles, isolated as a pure fraction, retain their structural organization after solubilization of their limiting membrane by mild detergent treatment. We found that these membraneless granules contain not only the hormone, but also a number of minor macromolecular components including sulfated glycosaminoglycans, which are labeled when pituitary slices are incubated in vitro with [35S] sulfate. In order to characterize the latter components, the isolated radioactive granules were solubilized (by treatment with either a high ionic strength solution orNaOH) and 35S-labeled acidic glycosaminoglycans precipitated by complexing with cetylpirydinium chloride. A high degree of heterogeneity was observed when the ensuing precipitates were analyzed by cellulose acetate electrophoresis: different components were found to co-migrate with authentic heparin and chondroitin sulfate A and C standards. Another component, which accounts for approx. 50% of the glycosaminoglycan-bound radioactivity, might be heparin sulfate. These acidic glycosaminoglycans are linked to peptide moieties to form proteoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:133723", "title": "The mitochondrial ribosomes of Neurospora crassa. II. Comparison of the proteins from Neurospora crassa mitochondrial ribosomes with ribosomal proteins from Neurospora cytoplasm, from rat liver mitochondria and from bacteria.", "content": "1. It has been shown by Datema et al. (Datema, R., Agsteribbe, E. and Kroon, A.M. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 335, 386--395) that Neurospora mitochondria isolated in a Mg2+-containing medium (or after homogenization of the mycelium in this medium and subsequent washing of the mitochondria in EDTA-containing medium) possess 80-S ribosomes; mitochondria homogenized and isolated in EDTA medium yield 73-S ribosomes. The ribosomal proteins of the subunits of 80-S and 73-S ribosomes were compared by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The protein patterns of the large, as well as of the small subunits are very similar but not completely identical; the most conspicuous difference is that the large subunit of 80 S contains about eight more proteins than the large subunit of 73 S. 2. The contamination by Neurospora cytoplasmic 77-S ribosomes in the 80-S preparations, if present, is only minor. 3. Neurospora cytoplasmic ribosomes contain 31 proteins in the large, and 21 proteins in the small subunit. 4. Neurospora 80-  mitochondrial ribosomes contain 39 proteins in the large, and 30 proteins in the small subunit 30 proteins. 5. Rat liver mitochondrial ribosomes contain 40 proteins in the large and at least 30 proteins in the small subunit. About 50% of these proteins has an isoelectric point below pH 8.6. 6. The pattern of Paracoccus denitrificans is very similar to that of other bacterial ribosomes, the large subunit contains 29, the small subunit 18 proteins.", "contents": "The mitochondrial ribosomes of Neurospora crassa. II. Comparison of the proteins from Neurospora crassa mitochondrial ribosomes with ribosomal proteins from Neurospora cytoplasm, from rat liver mitochondria and from bacteria. 1. It has been shown by Datema et al. (Datema, R., Agsteribbe, E. and Kroon, A.M. (1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 335, 386--395) that Neurospora mitochondria isolated in a Mg2+-containing medium (or after homogenization of the mycelium in this medium and subsequent washing of the mitochondria in EDTA-containing medium) possess 80-S ribosomes; mitochondria homogenized and isolated in EDTA medium yield 73-S ribosomes. The ribosomal proteins of the subunits of 80-S and 73-S ribosomes were compared by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The protein patterns of the large, as well as of the small subunits are very similar but not completely identical; the most conspicuous difference is that the large subunit of 80 S contains about eight more proteins than the large subunit of 73 S. 2. The contamination by Neurospora cytoplasmic 77-S ribosomes in the 80-S preparations, if present, is only minor. 3. Neurospora cytoplasmic ribosomes contain 31 proteins in the large, and 21 proteins in the small subunit. 4. Neurospora 80-  mitochondrial ribosomes contain 39 proteins in the large, and 30 proteins in the small subunit 30 proteins. 5. Rat liver mitochondrial ribosomes contain 40 proteins in the large and at least 30 proteins in the small subunit. About 50% of these proteins has an isoelectric point below pH 8.6. 6. The pattern of Paracoccus denitrificans is very similar to that of other bacterial ribosomes, the large subunit contains 29, the small subunit 18 proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:133724", "title": "Effect of insulin to decrease glucose transport in dissociated cells from the R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma of diabetic rats.", "content": "Dissociated cells of the R3230AC mammary tumor were found to take up glucose by diffusion and by a passive carrier system. Using labeled 3-O-methylglucose as the probe, the following properties of the passive carrier were identified: (1) specificity for glucose, (2) competition by galactose and mannose but not by mannitol and fructose, (3) inhibition by phloretin but not by phloridzin, (4) temperature sensitivity, and (5) a Km for transport of 3-4 mM. The effects of insulin in vitro on carrier-mediated glucose transport were investigated in tumor cells from diabetic rats. At 10-9 M insulin, a time-related decrease in v for transport was observed resulting in an increased calculated Km (2- to 3-fold increase after 60-90 min incubation with insulin); only slight effects on V were obtained. This unusual response in v to insulin was observed when glucose was present in the medium at 2 mM and 5 mM, but not at 20 mM glucose. The effect of insulin to decrease the v was dose-related, with the major effects seen between 10-10M and 10-8M. The apparent decrease in glucose entry in vitro may in part explain the ability of insulin to inhibit growth of this tumor in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of insulin to decrease glucose transport in dissociated cells from the R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma of diabetic rats. Dissociated cells of the R3230AC mammary tumor were found to take up glucose by diffusion and by a passive carrier system. Using labeled 3-O-methylglucose as the probe, the following properties of the passive carrier were identified: (1) specificity for glucose, (2) competition by galactose and mannose but not by mannitol and fructose, (3) inhibition by phloretin but not by phloridzin, (4) temperature sensitivity, and (5) a Km for transport of 3-4 mM. The effects of insulin in vitro on carrier-mediated glucose transport were investigated in tumor cells from diabetic rats. At 10-9 M insulin, a time-related decrease in v for transport was observed resulting in an increased calculated Km (2- to 3-fold increase after 60-90 min incubation with insulin); only slight effects on V were obtained. This unusual response in v to insulin was observed when glucose was present in the medium at 2 mM and 5 mM, but not at 20 mM glucose. The effect of insulin to decrease the v was dose-related, with the major effects seen between 10-10M and 10-8M. The apparent decrease in glucose entry in vitro may in part explain the ability of insulin to inhibit growth of this tumor in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:133725", "title": "The polypeptide and the phospholipid components of axon plasma membranes.", "content": "The axon plasma membrane fraction isolated from garfish olfactory nerve was analyzed for its polypeptide composition by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There were present over 20 well-resolved polypeptide components in this membrane, and eleven of them, with an apparent molecular weight range of 22,000-130,000, accounted for most of the membrane proteins. None of the major polypeptide species present in the membrane appeared to be glycoprotein. Based on electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel, eight of the major polypeptides found in garfish nerve membrane appeared to be also present in the axon plasma membrane isolated from lobster walking leg nerve. Both garfish and lobster nerve membranes contained high concentration of lipids (66-76%) which were essentially cholesterol and phospholipids. The classes of phospholipids present were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol and sphingomyelin. Lobster nerve membrane also contained about 3% phosphatidic acid. Assays for acetylcholinesterase in axon plasma membrane fractions isolated from different nerve sources showed a wide variation, ranging from a specific activity of 2.4 for garfish nerve to 312.5 for lobster nerve membrane.", "contents": "The polypeptide and the phospholipid components of axon plasma membranes. The axon plasma membrane fraction isolated from garfish olfactory nerve was analyzed for its polypeptide composition by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. There were present over 20 well-resolved polypeptide components in this membrane, and eleven of them, with an apparent molecular weight range of 22,000-130,000, accounted for most of the membrane proteins. None of the major polypeptide species present in the membrane appeared to be glycoprotein. Based on electrophoretic mobility on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel, eight of the major polypeptides found in garfish nerve membrane appeared to be also present in the axon plasma membrane isolated from lobster walking leg nerve. Both garfish and lobster nerve membranes contained high concentration of lipids (66-76%) which were essentially cholesterol and phospholipids. The classes of phospholipids present were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol and sphingomyelin. Lobster nerve membrane also contained about 3% phosphatidic acid. Assays for acetylcholinesterase in axon plasma membrane fractions isolated from different nerve sources showed a wide variation, ranging from a specific activity of 2.4 for garfish nerve to 312.5 for lobster nerve membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:133726", "title": "Investigations on the sodium dependence of bile acid fluxes in the isolated perfused rat liver.", "content": "At [Na+]o = 118 mM the concentrative transfer of cholic and taurocholic acid from the perfusate into the isolated rat liver displays saturation kinetics (taurocholate: V = 299 nmol-min-1-g-1, Km = 61 muM; Cholate: V=327 nmol-min-1-g-1, Km = 436 muM). Perfusion with an isotonic sodium-free medium did not change the feature of a carrier-mediated transport but did markedly reduce V without affecting Km (taurocholate: V = 65 nmol-min-1-g-1, Km = 78 muM; cholate: V = 104 nmol-min-1-g-1, Km = 354 muM). It was experimentally assured that the observed reduction of bile salt uptake was not a consequence of regurgitation of bile salts or due to an excessive intracellular accumulation during cholestasis in the sodium-free state. The rate of taurocholate efflux is very low when compared with the rapid rate of the uptake. A stimulatory action of extracellular sodium on this pathway was also observed. Inhibition of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by 1 mM ouabain resulted in a decrease of bile salt uptake. Activation of the enzyme by potassium readmission to a K+-deprived liver enhanced bile salt uptake. The immediate response to alteration of the enzyme activity suggests a close association of a fraction of bile acid active transport with the sodium pump.", "contents": "Investigations on the sodium dependence of bile acid fluxes in the isolated perfused rat liver. At [Na+]o = 118 mM the concentrative transfer of cholic and taurocholic acid from the perfusate into the isolated rat liver displays saturation kinetics (taurocholate: V = 299 nmol-min-1-g-1, Km = 61 muM; Cholate: V=327 nmol-min-1-g-1, Km = 436 muM). Perfusion with an isotonic sodium-free medium did not change the feature of a carrier-mediated transport but did markedly reduce V without affecting Km (taurocholate: V = 65 nmol-min-1-g-1, Km = 78 muM; cholate: V = 104 nmol-min-1-g-1, Km = 354 muM). It was experimentally assured that the observed reduction of bile salt uptake was not a consequence of regurgitation of bile salts or due to an excessive intracellular accumulation during cholestasis in the sodium-free state. The rate of taurocholate efflux is very low when compared with the rapid rate of the uptake. A stimulatory action of extracellular sodium on this pathway was also observed. Inhibition of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by 1 mM ouabain resulted in a decrease of bile salt uptake. Activation of the enzyme by potassium readmission to a K+-deprived liver enhanced bile salt uptake. The immediate response to alteration of the enzyme activity suggests a close association of a fraction of bile acid active transport with the sodium pump."}
{"id": "PMID:133727", "title": "Ca2+ activation of membrane-bound (Ca2++Mg2+)-dependent ATPase from human erythrocytes prepared in the presence or absence of Ca2+.", "content": "The kinetics of Ca2+ activation of membrane-bound (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.3) from human erythrocytes was studied. The ATPase from membrane prepared in the presence of 0.7-500muM Ca2+ showed positively cooperative behaviour and a Km for Ca2+ of between 1 and 4 muM. If the membranes were prepared in the absence of Ca2+ the Km increased, and an enzyme model with at least four calcium-binding sites accounted for the kinetic change assuming that one calcium-binding site decreased its affinity. Mg2+ or Mg-ATP could not replace Ca2+. Continuous-flow centrifugation involving a shear stress on membranes was necessary to obtain the high affinity ATPase activity. Using ordinary centrifugation the Ca2+-prepared membranes behaved as membranes prepared in the absence of Ca2+. The Ca2+-stimulated ATPase from membranes prepared without Ca2+ showed reduced maximum activity, but dialyzed, membrane-free hemolysates, whether prepared with Ca2+ present or not, recovered the activity when the hemolysate was present during the ATPase assay. It is suggested that the different Ca2+-affinities of the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase correspond to two different states of the calcium-pump.", "contents": "Ca2+ activation of membrane-bound (Ca2++Mg2+)-dependent ATPase from human erythrocytes prepared in the presence or absence of Ca2+. The kinetics of Ca2+ activation of membrane-bound (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase EC 3.6.1.3) from human erythrocytes was studied. The ATPase from membrane prepared in the presence of 0.7-500muM Ca2+ showed positively cooperative behaviour and a Km for Ca2+ of between 1 and 4 muM. If the membranes were prepared in the absence of Ca2+ the Km increased, and an enzyme model with at least four calcium-binding sites accounted for the kinetic change assuming that one calcium-binding site decreased its affinity. Mg2+ or Mg-ATP could not replace Ca2+. Continuous-flow centrifugation involving a shear stress on membranes was necessary to obtain the high affinity ATPase activity. Using ordinary centrifugation the Ca2+-prepared membranes behaved as membranes prepared in the absence of Ca2+. The Ca2+-stimulated ATPase from membranes prepared without Ca2+ showed reduced maximum activity, but dialyzed, membrane-free hemolysates, whether prepared with Ca2+ present or not, recovered the activity when the hemolysate was present during the ATPase assay. It is suggested that the different Ca2+-affinities of the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase correspond to two different states of the calcium-pump."}
{"id": "PMID:133728", "title": "Temperature dependence of membrane function. Disparity between active potassium transport and (Na+ & K+)ATPase activity.", "content": "Ouabain-sensitive K+ influx in mammalian erythrocytes exhibits far less temperature sensitivity than the ((Na+ & K+)ATPase prepared by hypotonic lysis from the same population of cells. The results are not in accord with lipid phase change as the critical mechanism of cold inhibition of intact pumps.", "contents": "Temperature dependence of membrane function. Disparity between active potassium transport and (Na+ & K+)ATPase activity. Ouabain-sensitive K+ influx in mammalian erythrocytes exhibits far less temperature sensitivity than the ((Na+ & K+)ATPase prepared by hypotonic lysis from the same population of cells. The results are not in accord with lipid phase change as the critical mechanism of cold inhibition of intact pumps."}
{"id": "PMID:133729", "title": "Inhibition of proteoglycan biosynthesis by hyaluronic acid in chondrocytes in cell culture.", "content": "The depression of proteoglycan synthesis in ten-day-old high density chondrocyte cultures was shown to be dependent on both the concentration and time of exposure of the cells to hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid had no effect on the overall protein synthesis by the cultured cells. Using benzyl-beta-D-xyloside an exogenous acceptor, it was shown that glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis by the chondrocytes was not affected by hyaluronic acid. It was concluded that hyaluronic acid was effecting glycosaminoglycan chain initiation, hence proteoglycan biosynthesis, either by specifically depressing the synthesis of the core protein or by repressing the activity of the xylosyltransferase.", "contents": "Inhibition of proteoglycan biosynthesis by hyaluronic acid in chondrocytes in cell culture. The depression of proteoglycan synthesis in ten-day-old high density chondrocyte cultures was shown to be dependent on both the concentration and time of exposure of the cells to hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid had no effect on the overall protein synthesis by the cultured cells. Using benzyl-beta-D-xyloside an exogenous acceptor, it was shown that glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis by the chondrocytes was not affected by hyaluronic acid. It was concluded that hyaluronic acid was effecting glycosaminoglycan chain initiation, hence proteoglycan biosynthesis, either by specifically depressing the synthesis of the core protein or by repressing the activity of the xylosyltransferase."}
{"id": "PMID:133730", "title": "The partition of glycosaminoglycan-quaternary ammonium complexes. I. The effect of phase composition.", "content": "The complexes formed between quaternary ammonium cations and polyanionic glycosaminoglycans can be partitioned between partially miscible aqueous inorganic salt and alcohol phases. Small changes in salt concentration can completely shift the complex from one phase to the other. The effect of the phase composition variables: the type of inorganic salt, the type of quaternary ammonium salt, and the alcohol used, were systematically investigated. The sharp transition from solubility in the upper non-aqueous phase to solubility in the lower, aqueous phase was found to be strongly affected by the type of inorganic salt. This transition occurred at higher salt concentrations when NaCl, KCl, or LiCl were used than when CaCl2 or MgCl2 were used. Differences in behavior among glycosaminoglycans were larger for NaCl than for CaCl2. The complex is stabilized to dissociation by salt by increasing hydrophobicity of the non-aqueous phase. However, aggregation of the complex into an insoluble form is also favored by an increasingly hydrophobic environment. The most consistent partition was observed with 1- and 2-butanol. The partition isotherm of chondroitin 4-sulfate was investigated at constant salt concentration. It was found that the partition coefficient varies with the concentration of chondroitin 4-sulfate, although the magnitude of this effect could be diminished by increasing the quaternary ammonium salt concentration.", "contents": "The partition of glycosaminoglycan-quaternary ammonium complexes. I. The effect of phase composition. The complexes formed between quaternary ammonium cations and polyanionic glycosaminoglycans can be partitioned between partially miscible aqueous inorganic salt and alcohol phases. Small changes in salt concentration can completely shift the complex from one phase to the other. The effect of the phase composition variables: the type of inorganic salt, the type of quaternary ammonium salt, and the alcohol used, were systematically investigated. The sharp transition from solubility in the upper non-aqueous phase to solubility in the lower, aqueous phase was found to be strongly affected by the type of inorganic salt. This transition occurred at higher salt concentrations when NaCl, KCl, or LiCl were used than when CaCl2 or MgCl2 were used. Differences in behavior among glycosaminoglycans were larger for NaCl than for CaCl2. The complex is stabilized to dissociation by salt by increasing hydrophobicity of the non-aqueous phase. However, aggregation of the complex into an insoluble form is also favored by an increasingly hydrophobic environment. The most consistent partition was observed with 1- and 2-butanol. The partition isotherm of chondroitin 4-sulfate was investigated at constant salt concentration. It was found that the partition coefficient varies with the concentration of chondroitin 4-sulfate, although the magnitude of this effect could be diminished by increasing the quaternary ammonium salt concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:133731", "title": "[Permeability of yeast mitochondrial internal membrane: structure-activity relationship].", "content": "In order to investigate the possible relations between the anionic permeability and the functions (or the structure ) of the inner mitochondrial membrane, three types of organelles isolated from S. cerevisiae were tested: mitochondria (aerobic culture), promitochondria (anaerobic culture) and CAP-mitochondria (aerobic culture with chloramphenicol added). By using the technique of swelling in isoosmotic potassium salts, after a derermination of the isotonic conditions, it was possible to discriminate between an electrogenic (valinomycin induced) or an electroneutral (both valinomycin and uncoupler induced) translocation. 1) Mitochondria: The permeability properties of mitochondria are energy dependent: a) Respiring mitochondria are permeable to Cl-; Mg2+, however, inhibits this translocation. Phosphate transport seems to be exclusively electrogenic and mersalyl sensitive, but swelling inhibition by that thiol reagent is restored by Mg2+. b) Non respiring mitochondria are impermeable to Cl-, but ATP addition restores the permeability. Thiocyanate permeates as the anionic form and acetate as the undissociated form. The phosphate transport, sensitive to mersalyl, seems to be partially electrogenic. 2) Promitochondria: Deficient of respiratory enzymes but containing an oligomycin sensitive ATPase, they are impermeable to Cl- only when Mg2+ is added. In these conditions, an electrogenic phosphate transport, sensitive to mersalyl, is observed. 3) CAP-mitochondria: Although CAP-mitochondria are cytochrome deficient and contain an oligomycin insensitive ATPase, they are also impermeable to Cl- in presence of Mg2+. As in fully differenciated mitochondria, an electroneutral phosphate entry is observed; Mg2+ is required for mersalyl sensitivity.", "contents": "[Permeability of yeast mitochondrial internal membrane: structure-activity relationship]. In order to investigate the possible relations between the anionic permeability and the functions (or the structure ) of the inner mitochondrial membrane, three types of organelles isolated from S. cerevisiae were tested: mitochondria (aerobic culture), promitochondria (anaerobic culture) and CAP-mitochondria (aerobic culture with chloramphenicol added). By using the technique of swelling in isoosmotic potassium salts, after a derermination of the isotonic conditions, it was possible to discriminate between an electrogenic (valinomycin induced) or an electroneutral (both valinomycin and uncoupler induced) translocation. 1) Mitochondria: The permeability properties of mitochondria are energy dependent: a) Respiring mitochondria are permeable to Cl-; Mg2+, however, inhibits this translocation. Phosphate transport seems to be exclusively electrogenic and mersalyl sensitive, but swelling inhibition by that thiol reagent is restored by Mg2+. b) Non respiring mitochondria are impermeable to Cl-, but ATP addition restores the permeability. Thiocyanate permeates as the anionic form and acetate as the undissociated form. The phosphate transport, sensitive to mersalyl, seems to be partially electrogenic. 2) Promitochondria: Deficient of respiratory enzymes but containing an oligomycin sensitive ATPase, they are impermeable to Cl- only when Mg2+ is added. In these conditions, an electrogenic phosphate transport, sensitive to mersalyl, is observed. 3) CAP-mitochondria: Although CAP-mitochondria are cytochrome deficient and contain an oligomycin insensitive ATPase, they are also impermeable to Cl- in presence of Mg2+. As in fully differenciated mitochondria, an electroneutral phosphate entry is observed; Mg2+ is required for mersalyl sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:133733", "title": "Thiols related to mitochondrial ATPase and transports: unmasking upon conformational changes supported by the comparative effects of ethacrynate and dihydroethacrynate.", "content": "Comparison between the effects on various rat liver mitochondrial functions of ethacrynate, a thiol reagent inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylations [3, 4] and those of dihydroethacrynate its saturated derivative which is not a thiol reagent, has been performed. Both, ethacrynate and dihydroethacrynate increase oxygen consumption by mitochondria in state 4 (succinate as substrate) in a concentration dependent way (from 1 to 5 X 10(-4) M EA or DHEA). This activation is followed, only with ethacrynate, by an inhibition appearing sooner with higher concentrations. After preincubation or mitochondria with ethacrynate (1 to 5 X 10(-4) M), the stimulation of respiration by (ADP + Pi) is completely inhibited whereas it is only weakly affected by dihydroethacrynate at the same concentrations. Ethacrynate and dihydroethacrynate provoke variations of intramitochondrial Mg2+ and K+ levels which need energy from the respiratory chain. These are affected by Pi or (Pi + ADP) in a different way with ethacrynate and with dihydroethacrynate. After preincubation with mitochondria, ethacrynate and to a smaller extent dihydroethacrynate, inhibit partially ADP translocation; ADP increases the inhibitory effect of EA on translocation and not that of dihydroethacrynate. Ethacrynate increases the oligomycin sensitive ATPase activity and dihydroethacrynate still more. After a ten minutes preincubation with mitochondria, ethacrynate and dihydroethacrynate hardly affect the 2.4 DNP stimulated ATPase activity. Preincubation with succinate or ADP strongly increases the ethacrynate inhibition whereas it decreases dihydroethacrynate inhibition. Ethacrynate and dihydroethacrynate do not affect the efflux of Pi produced by ATP hydrolysis but ethacrynate enforces the inhibitory effect of mersalyl (Mg2+ containing medium). After ten minutes of preincubation with mitochondria, ethacrynate binds 25 nmoles of -SH/mg protein (DTNB titration) and dihydroethacrynate has no effect. These results show an effect of ethacrynate on two types of thiols linked with energy conservation mechanisms and ADP translocation. These thiols could be unmasked or made accessible by conformational modifications of the inner membrane upon energization or addition of ADP.", "contents": "Thiols related to mitochondrial ATPase and transports: unmasking upon conformational changes supported by the comparative effects of ethacrynate and dihydroethacrynate. Comparison between the effects on various rat liver mitochondrial functions of ethacrynate, a thiol reagent inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylations [3, 4] and those of dihydroethacrynate its saturated derivative which is not a thiol reagent, has been performed. Both, ethacrynate and dihydroethacrynate increase oxygen consumption by mitochondria in state 4 (succinate as substrate) in a concentration dependent way (from 1 to 5 X 10(-4) M EA or DHEA). This activation is followed, only with ethacrynate, by an inhibition appearing sooner with higher concentrations. After preincubation or mitochondria with ethacrynate (1 to 5 X 10(-4) M), the stimulation of respiration by (ADP + Pi) is completely inhibited whereas it is only weakly affected by dihydroethacrynate at the same concentrations. Ethacrynate and dihydroethacrynate provoke variations of intramitochondrial Mg2+ and K+ levels which need energy from the respiratory chain. These are affected by Pi or (Pi + ADP) in a different way with ethacrynate and with dihydroethacrynate. After preincubation with mitochondria, ethacrynate and to a smaller extent dihydroethacrynate, inhibit partially ADP translocation; ADP increases the inhibitory effect of EA on translocation and not that of dihydroethacrynate. Ethacrynate increases the oligomycin sensitive ATPase activity and dihydroethacrynate still more. After a ten minutes preincubation with mitochondria, ethacrynate and dihydroethacrynate hardly affect the 2.4 DNP stimulated ATPase activity. Preincubation with succinate or ADP strongly increases the ethacrynate inhibition whereas it decreases dihydroethacrynate inhibition. Ethacrynate and dihydroethacrynate do not affect the efflux of Pi produced by ATP hydrolysis but ethacrynate enforces the inhibitory effect of mersalyl (Mg2+ containing medium). After ten minutes of preincubation with mitochondria, ethacrynate binds 25 nmoles of -SH/mg protein (DTNB titration) and dihydroethacrynate has no effect. These results show an effect of ethacrynate on two types of thiols linked with energy conservation mechanisms and ADP translocation. These thiols could be unmasked or made accessible by conformational modifications of the inner membrane upon energization or addition of ADP."}
{"id": "PMID:133735", "title": "Serotonin metabolism in normal and abnormal infants during the perinatal period.", "content": "The concentration of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in various body fluids was measured during the perinatal period in two groups of infants born with normal and pathological conditions, respectively. Evidence was obtained showing that fetal blood 5-HT level was relatively stable, uninfluenced by maternal or fetal factors, and was about half the value of the maternal blood. High levels of 5-HIAA and evidence of an active decomposition of 5-HT were found in the amniotic fluid. These findings suggest that 5-HT in utero is subjected to a very active metabolic turnover. The origin of the fetal blood 5-HT and the significance of the placenta in the control of intrauterine 5-HT metabolism is discussed. There was no clear evidence of abnormal 5-HT metabolism in toxemic pregnancies, premature babies, and an infant with Down's syndrome in the perinatal period.", "contents": "Serotonin metabolism in normal and abnormal infants during the perinatal period. The concentration of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in various body fluids was measured during the perinatal period in two groups of infants born with normal and pathological conditions, respectively. Evidence was obtained showing that fetal blood 5-HT level was relatively stable, uninfluenced by maternal or fetal factors, and was about half the value of the maternal blood. High levels of 5-HIAA and evidence of an active decomposition of 5-HT were found in the amniotic fluid. These findings suggest that 5-HT in utero is subjected to a very active metabolic turnover. The origin of the fetal blood 5-HT and the significance of the placenta in the control of intrauterine 5-HT metabolism is discussed. There was no clear evidence of abnormal 5-HT metabolism in toxemic pregnancies, premature babies, and an infant with Down's syndrome in the perinatal period."}
{"id": "PMID:133737", "title": "[Lymphocyte chromatin changes in Down's disease detected by heat denaturation].", "content": "By using fluorescent microscopy and acridine orange staining it was shown in the studies on short-term culture of human cells that the melting patterns of chromatin DNA of intact lymphocytes of healthy individuals represented the curves with 6 maxima (F530) at the temperature ranges of 45 degrees C, 65 degrees C, 85 degrees C, and 92 degrees C (P less than 0.01). The melting patterns of lymphocytes from patients with Down's disease represented curves with 4 maxima at the temperature ranges of 65 degrees C, 85 degrees C, 88 degrees C, 92 degrees C (P less than 0.01). No decline in the fluorescence intensity at the temperature intervals of 78 degrees C-85 degrees C was apparently due to a greater degree of condensation of definite regions of the trisomal cell chromatin complex. Possible mechanisms accounting for structural readjustments of the interphasic human lymphocyte chromatin occurring under thermal effects are discussed.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte chromatin changes in Down's disease detected by heat denaturation]. By using fluorescent microscopy and acridine orange staining it was shown in the studies on short-term culture of human cells that the melting patterns of chromatin DNA of intact lymphocytes of healthy individuals represented the curves with 6 maxima (F530) at the temperature ranges of 45 degrees C, 65 degrees C, 85 degrees C, and 92 degrees C (P less than 0.01). The melting patterns of lymphocytes from patients with Down's disease represented curves with 4 maxima at the temperature ranges of 65 degrees C, 85 degrees C, 88 degrees C, 92 degrees C (P less than 0.01). No decline in the fluorescence intensity at the temperature intervals of 78 degrees C-85 degrees C was apparently due to a greater degree of condensation of definite regions of the trisomal cell chromatin complex. Possible mechanisms accounting for structural readjustments of the interphasic human lymphocyte chromatin occurring under thermal effects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133738", "title": "[Role of the striatum in the influence of serotoninergic substances on the course of corazole seizures in rats].", "content": "The effect of 5-oxytryptophane (5-OT) and of parachlor-phenylalanine (pCPA) on the behaviouristic EEG manifestations of metrazol convulsions in electrostimulation and destruction of the striatum was studied. The effect of the preparations on the myoclonia and the spike-wave rhythm caused by metrazol did not largely depend on the functional condition of the corpus striatum. The capacity of 5-OT to facilitate, and of pCPA to aggravate the course of generalized convulsions and of the postconvulsive state became enhanced in stimulation and was eliminated after the destruction of the striatum.", "contents": "[Role of the striatum in the influence of serotoninergic substances on the course of corazole seizures in rats]. The effect of 5-oxytryptophane (5-OT) and of parachlor-phenylalanine (pCPA) on the behaviouristic EEG manifestations of metrazol convulsions in electrostimulation and destruction of the striatum was studied. The effect of the preparations on the myoclonia and the spike-wave rhythm caused by metrazol did not largely depend on the functional condition of the corpus striatum. The capacity of 5-OT to facilitate, and of pCPA to aggravate the course of generalized convulsions and of the postconvulsive state became enhanced in stimulation and was eliminated after the destruction of the striatum."}
{"id": "PMID:133740", "title": "[Reversibility of structural changes in the chromatin of peripheral blood lymphocyte interphase nuclei in patients suffering Down's disease under influence of serum from healthy subjects].", "content": "By using fluorescent microscopy and acridine orange staining it has been shown in the studies on a short-term human cell culture that the cellular chromatin DNA melting curve at the temperature range of 78--85 degrees C depends on changing conditions of the environment, i. e. on the composition of the blood serum.", "contents": "[Reversibility of structural changes in the chromatin of peripheral blood lymphocyte interphase nuclei in patients suffering Down's disease under influence of serum from healthy subjects]. By using fluorescent microscopy and acridine orange staining it has been shown in the studies on a short-term human cell culture that the cellular chromatin DNA melting curve at the temperature range of 78--85 degrees C depends on changing conditions of the environment, i. e. on the composition of the blood serum."}
{"id": "PMID:133741", "title": "Increased potassium transport and ouabain binding in human Rhnull red blood cells.", "content": "Potassium (K+) influx and 3H-ouabain binding were studied in human red cells completely lacking the rhesus (Rh) antigens (Rhnull cells) and compared with normal Rh(D) red cells. The Rhnull cells, originally described by Seidl, Spielmann, and Martin (Vox Sang. 23:182, 1972) were normal in size, cation, and water content, indicating no significant increase in cell volume as occurs in young human red cells. However, the ouabain-insensitive K+ permeability, as well as the ouabain sensitive active K+ transport, were increased 1.6 1.8-and 1.4-1.5-fold, respectively, above the values found in Rh(D) control cells. The Na+K+ ATPase activity of membranes from Rhnull cells was also higher than from Rh(D) cells. Binding studies with 3H-ouabain revealed that at 100% K+ pump inhibition Rhnull cells bound 670 and Rh(D) cells 450-500 ouabain molecules per cell. Since the rate of ouabain binding was identical in Rhnull and Rh(D) control cells, we concluded that the Rhnull cell had about 35%-45% more cation pumps than the Rh(D) cell. These additional pumps in Rhnull cells appeared to be indistinguishable from those in control cells. Anti-D or the serum from the Rhnull individual did not alter cation permeability in Rh(D) red cells. The data suggested that the Rhnull cell, known for its hematologic malfunction, was not a young or prematurely released red cell, but had a pleiotropic membrane defect which also affected the passive and active cation transport system on the molecular level. Our finding precludes a structural identity of the rhesus antigen with the molecules composing the Na+K+ pump system.", "contents": "Increased potassium transport and ouabain binding in human Rhnull red blood cells. Potassium (K+) influx and 3H-ouabain binding were studied in human red cells completely lacking the rhesus (Rh) antigens (Rhnull cells) and compared with normal Rh(D) red cells. The Rhnull cells, originally described by Seidl, Spielmann, and Martin (Vox Sang. 23:182, 1972) were normal in size, cation, and water content, indicating no significant increase in cell volume as occurs in young human red cells. However, the ouabain-insensitive K+ permeability, as well as the ouabain sensitive active K+ transport, were increased 1.6 1.8-and 1.4-1.5-fold, respectively, above the values found in Rh(D) control cells. The Na+K+ ATPase activity of membranes from Rhnull cells was also higher than from Rh(D) cells. Binding studies with 3H-ouabain revealed that at 100% K+ pump inhibition Rhnull cells bound 670 and Rh(D) cells 450-500 ouabain molecules per cell. Since the rate of ouabain binding was identical in Rhnull and Rh(D) control cells, we concluded that the Rhnull cell had about 35%-45% more cation pumps than the Rh(D) cell. These additional pumps in Rhnull cells appeared to be indistinguishable from those in control cells. Anti-D or the serum from the Rhnull individual did not alter cation permeability in Rh(D) red cells. The data suggested that the Rhnull cell, known for its hematologic malfunction, was not a young or prematurely released red cell, but had a pleiotropic membrane defect which also affected the passive and active cation transport system on the molecular level. Our finding precludes a structural identity of the rhesus antigen with the molecules composing the Na+K+ pump system."}
{"id": "PMID:133742", "title": "Skin disease in Lambeth. A community study of prevalence and use of medical care.", "content": "A community survey of skin disease was carried out in Lambeth, London. A postal questionnaire asking recipients to give details of the presence of skin disease was sent to a stratified sample of 2180 adults; a subsample of 614 persons were interviewed at home and an inspection was made of the exposed parts of their skin. Altogether 92 conditions were identified. These were graded for clinical severity and classified into 13 groups. The overall prevalence of skin disease thought to justify medical care was 22-5%. The most common important condition was eczema with a prevalence of 6-1%. Age, sex, and social class trends in prevalence were found in certain groups of skin disease. Of those with a skin disease thought to justify medical care, only 21% reported having attended their general practitioner in the past six months for a skin complaint. The reported use of medical care and self medication is discussed in relation to the presence of skin disease and other factors.", "contents": "Skin disease in Lambeth. A community study of prevalence and use of medical care. A community survey of skin disease was carried out in Lambeth, London. A postal questionnaire asking recipients to give details of the presence of skin disease was sent to a stratified sample of 2180 adults; a subsample of 614 persons were interviewed at home and an inspection was made of the exposed parts of their skin. Altogether 92 conditions were identified. These were graded for clinical severity and classified into 13 groups. The overall prevalence of skin disease thought to justify medical care was 22-5%. The most common important condition was eczema with a prevalence of 6-1%. Age, sex, and social class trends in prevalence were found in certain groups of skin disease. Of those with a skin disease thought to justify medical care, only 21% reported having attended their general practitioner in the past six months for a skin complaint. The reported use of medical care and self medication is discussed in relation to the presence of skin disease and other factors."}
{"id": "PMID:133745", "title": "Neuropathy in experimental diabetes: an animal model.", "content": "A morphometric study of the common peroneal nerve in early experimental diabetes in rats showed that fibre size was diminished. The reduction in the size of the axon was twice that of the myelin sheath. This may contribute to the understanding of the impaired motor conduction velocity found in diabetics shortly after the onset of their disease.", "contents": "Neuropathy in experimental diabetes: an animal model. A morphometric study of the common peroneal nerve in early experimental diabetes in rats showed that fibre size was diminished. The reduction in the size of the axon was twice that of the myelin sheath. This may contribute to the understanding of the impaired motor conduction velocity found in diabetics shortly after the onset of their disease."}
{"id": "PMID:133752", "title": "Characterization of the adenosinetriphosphatase and calsequestrin isolated from sarcoplasmic reticulum of normal and dystrophic chickens.", "content": "The Ca2+ +Mg2+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3) and calsequestrin have been isolated from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of normal and dystrophic chicken muscle. The adenosinetriphosphatases, isolated from the two lines of chickens were identical in molecular weight, enzyme activity and in Ca2+ +Mg2+-dependence. Calsequestrins isolated from the two lines bound identical amounts of calcium. There were no differences in the Ca2+  transport functions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, isolated from the two lines of chickens. These results indicate that morphological differences in dystrophic chicken sarcoplasmic reticulum, described by Sabbadini et al (Sabbadini, R., Scales, D. Inesi, G. FEBS Lett. 54, 8 (1975), cannot be ascribed to qualitative differences in the adenosinetriphosphatase or calsequestrin.", "contents": "Characterization of the adenosinetriphosphatase and calsequestrin isolated from sarcoplasmic reticulum of normal and dystrophic chickens. The Ca2+ +Mg2+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3) and calsequestrin have been isolated from the sarcoplasmic reticulum of normal and dystrophic chicken muscle. The adenosinetriphosphatases, isolated from the two lines of chickens were identical in molecular weight, enzyme activity and in Ca2+ +Mg2+-dependence. Calsequestrins isolated from the two lines bound identical amounts of calcium. There were no differences in the Ca2+  transport functions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, isolated from the two lines of chickens. These results indicate that morphological differences in dystrophic chicken sarcoplasmic reticulum, described by Sabbadini et al (Sabbadini, R., Scales, D. Inesi, G. FEBS Lett. 54, 8 (1975), cannot be ascribed to qualitative differences in the adenosinetriphosphatase or calsequestrin."}
{"id": "PMID:133753", "title": "Isolation of specific protease inhibitors from Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Four natural protease inhibitors have been partially purified by heat treatment, ion-exchange chromatography pand gel filtration from Neurospora crassa. The inhibitory activity has been estimated by measuring the inhibition of proteolysis of casein as well as by the protection of Neurospora tryptophan synthase from proteolytic inactivation. The inhibitors are all oligopeptides and possess molecular weights in the range 5000-24 000 and appear to be very specific to Neurospora proteases. They may be classified into two types. The first are specific to Neurospora alkaline protease and the second to acidic protease. None of them exhibited any effect on other proteases including trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, pepsin, thermolysin, subtilisin and proteinase K. The possible physiological role of these inhibitors is discussed.", "contents": "Isolation of specific protease inhibitors from Neurospora crassa. Four natural protease inhibitors have been partially purified by heat treatment, ion-exchange chromatography pand gel filtration from Neurospora crassa. The inhibitory activity has been estimated by measuring the inhibition of proteolysis of casein as well as by the protection of Neurospora tryptophan synthase from proteolytic inactivation. The inhibitors are all oligopeptides and possess molecular weights in the range 5000-24 000 and appear to be very specific to Neurospora proteases. They may be classified into two types. The first are specific to Neurospora alkaline protease and the second to acidic protease. None of them exhibited any effect on other proteases including trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, pepsin, thermolysin, subtilisin and proteinase K. The possible physiological role of these inhibitors is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133754", "title": "Effect of aromatic retinoids on rat chondrosarcoma glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis.", "content": "Synthetic aromatic analogs of retinoic acid were administered i.p. and p.o. to Fischer F344 rats bearing a transplantable chondrosarcoma. 35CO4 incorporation into glycosaminoglycans were compared for neoplastic and normal cartilage explants after removal from animals given various analogs. There was a direct relationship between [35S]glycosaminoglycan synthesis by chondrosarcoma chondrocytes and inhibition of tumor growth. The degree of inhibition of [35S]glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the neoplastic cartilage was dependent on the dose of the retinoid administered. At 20-mg/kg/day doses of retinoid for 4 weeks, 35SO4 incorporated into glycosaminoglycan by treated tumor explants was reduced as much as 95%. There was no reduction of [35S] glycosaminoglycan produced in normal costal cartilage of the same animals. Retinoid treatment of 20-mg/kg/day doses for 4 weeks resulted in a 75% reduction in glycosaminoglycan per mg of chondrosarcoma; there was no reduction in costal cartilage glycosaminoglycan. Retinoid (10- to 20-mg/kg/day doses) elevated collagen levels per mg of chondrosarcoma but had no effect on costal cartilage collagen. Combined in vitro and in vivo studies showed that retinoid administration modified neoplastic chondrocyte function but had no measurable effect on normal chondrocyte function.", "contents": "Effect of aromatic retinoids on rat chondrosarcoma glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis. Synthetic aromatic analogs of retinoic acid were administered i.p. and p.o. to Fischer F344 rats bearing a transplantable chondrosarcoma. 35CO4 incorporation into glycosaminoglycans were compared for neoplastic and normal cartilage explants after removal from animals given various analogs. There was a direct relationship between [35S]glycosaminoglycan synthesis by chondrosarcoma chondrocytes and inhibition of tumor growth. The degree of inhibition of [35S]glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the neoplastic cartilage was dependent on the dose of the retinoid administered. At 20-mg/kg/day doses of retinoid for 4 weeks, 35SO4 incorporated into glycosaminoglycan by treated tumor explants was reduced as much as 95%. There was no reduction of [35S] glycosaminoglycan produced in normal costal cartilage of the same animals. Retinoid treatment of 20-mg/kg/day doses for 4 weeks resulted in a 75% reduction in glycosaminoglycan per mg of chondrosarcoma; there was no reduction in costal cartilage glycosaminoglycan. Retinoid (10- to 20-mg/kg/day doses) elevated collagen levels per mg of chondrosarcoma but had no effect on costal cartilage collagen. Combined in vitro and in vivo studies showed that retinoid administration modified neoplastic chondrocyte function but had no measurable effect on normal chondrocyte function."}
{"id": "PMID:133755", "title": "Influence of hormonal alteration of host on estrogen-binding capacity in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors.", "content": "The estrogen-binding capacity of mammary tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene was measured in lesions from animals after the ovariectomy, deprival of insulin (diabetes), or treatment with lergotrile mesylate to inhibit prolactin secretion. The average estrogen-binding capacity was 30 fmoles/mg cytosol protein in growing or static carcinomas from intact (control) animals. A significant reduction in estrogen-binding capacity was observed in regressing but not static mammary tumors from ovariectomized animals. In regressing and static tumors from diabetic rats, estrogen-binding capacity was significantly lower than in lesions from intact animals; this effect was not seen in growing tumors from diabetic rats. Tumors that were growing or static in lergotrile-treated animals showed reduced capacity to bind labeled estradiol. The effects of duration of hormone treatment or time of tissue storage on estrogen-binding capacity were examined and did not appear to be correlated with the decreased binding in tumors from treated animals. The results suggest that hormones capable of producing altered neoplastic growth may influence the level of estrogen receptors.", "contents": "Influence of hormonal alteration of host on estrogen-binding capacity in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumors. The estrogen-binding capacity of mammary tumors induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene was measured in lesions from animals after the ovariectomy, deprival of insulin (diabetes), or treatment with lergotrile mesylate to inhibit prolactin secretion. The average estrogen-binding capacity was 30 fmoles/mg cytosol protein in growing or static carcinomas from intact (control) animals. A significant reduction in estrogen-binding capacity was observed in regressing but not static mammary tumors from ovariectomized animals. In regressing and static tumors from diabetic rats, estrogen-binding capacity was significantly lower than in lesions from intact animals; this effect was not seen in growing tumors from diabetic rats. Tumors that were growing or static in lergotrile-treated animals showed reduced capacity to bind labeled estradiol. The effects of duration of hormone treatment or time of tissue storage on estrogen-binding capacity were examined and did not appear to be correlated with the decreased binding in tumors from treated animals. The results suggest that hormones capable of producing altered neoplastic growth may influence the level of estrogen receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:133756", "title": "Pharmacology of chlorozotocin Nsc-178248), a new nitrosourea antitumor agent.", "content": "Structure-activity studies of nitrosourea pharmacology have resulted in the synthesis of a new water-soluble agent,chlorozotocin, which has significant antitumor activity against the L1210 leukemia system and produces only a minor degree of inhibition of mouse and human bone marrow DNA synthesis compared to BCNU. It is important to emphasize that the bone marrow sparing feature of chlorozotocin is relative and that if the drug is administered at lethal dose levels in mice, myelosuppression is observed. The potential importance of these studies is the identification of a new and active nitrosourea antiumor agent with modified bone marrow toxicity. If aminoglucose modification of nitrosourea bone marrow toxicity can be confirmed in man without significant loss of antitumor activity, the use of such a compound could facilitate treatment of patients with neoplastic disease who have pre-existing abnormal bone marrow function. It would also allow the more effective use of a nitrosourea agent in combination with anticancer agents possessing more potent myelosuppressive properties.", "contents": "Pharmacology of chlorozotocin Nsc-178248), a new nitrosourea antitumor agent. Structure-activity studies of nitrosourea pharmacology have resulted in the synthesis of a new water-soluble agent,chlorozotocin, which has significant antitumor activity against the L1210 leukemia system and produces only a minor degree of inhibition of mouse and human bone marrow DNA synthesis compared to BCNU. It is important to emphasize that the bone marrow sparing feature of chlorozotocin is relative and that if the drug is administered at lethal dose levels in mice, myelosuppression is observed. The potential importance of these studies is the identification of a new and active nitrosourea antiumor agent with modified bone marrow toxicity. If aminoglucose modification of nitrosourea bone marrow toxicity can be confirmed in man without significant loss of antitumor activity, the use of such a compound could facilitate treatment of patients with neoplastic disease who have pre-existing abnormal bone marrow function. It would also allow the more effective use of a nitrosourea agent in combination with anticancer agents possessing more potent myelosuppressive properties."}
{"id": "PMID:133757", "title": "Hot film coronary artery velocity measurements in horses.", "content": "Coronary velocity measurements have been carried out in anaesthetized, open-chest horses using a constant-temperature, hot-film anemometer system. L-shaped needle probes inserted by direct vessel puncture have been used to measure velocity profiles in the left common, left anterior descending (LAD), and left circumflex coronary arteries. The flow conditions were characterized by peak Reynolds numbers from approximately 200 to 1500 and values of the unsteadiness parameter from 3 to 10. These measurements indicate that in the left common coronary artery the profile is in general skewed towards the outer wall as would be expected for fully viscous flow in a curved tube. In the left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries just distal to the bifurcation, the skewing was found in general to be away from the flow divider. However, in regions of the LAD and left circumflex 5-6 diameters downstream of the bifurcation, the peak systolic and diastolic profiles were indicative of a more fully developed, Poiseuille type flow with only slight skewing observed. The results of this study indicate that the flow in the coronary system, though in general laminar and disturbance free, is extremely varied in character and may exhibit large amplitude, low frequency flow oscillations. Furthermore, for these vessels which all lie on the surface of the myocardium, large systolic flows were observed to be present, even though the major portion of the volume flow was reserved for the diastolic period.", "contents": "Hot film coronary artery velocity measurements in horses. Coronary velocity measurements have been carried out in anaesthetized, open-chest horses using a constant-temperature, hot-film anemometer system. L-shaped needle probes inserted by direct vessel puncture have been used to measure velocity profiles in the left common, left anterior descending (LAD), and left circumflex coronary arteries. The flow conditions were characterized by peak Reynolds numbers from approximately 200 to 1500 and values of the unsteadiness parameter from 3 to 10. These measurements indicate that in the left common coronary artery the profile is in general skewed towards the outer wall as would be expected for fully viscous flow in a curved tube. In the left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries just distal to the bifurcation, the skewing was found in general to be away from the flow divider. However, in regions of the LAD and left circumflex 5-6 diameters downstream of the bifurcation, the peak systolic and diastolic profiles were indicative of a more fully developed, Poiseuille type flow with only slight skewing observed. The results of this study indicate that the flow in the coronary system, though in general laminar and disturbance free, is extremely varied in character and may exhibit large amplitude, low frequency flow oscillations. Furthermore, for these vessels which all lie on the surface of the myocardium, large systolic flows were observed to be present, even though the major portion of the volume flow was reserved for the diastolic period."}
{"id": "PMID:133758", "title": "Transcutaneous measurement of blood flow velocity in the human aorta.", "content": "A Doppler velocity meter for measuring blood flow velocity in the human aorta is described. Using pulsed ultrasound, this instrument allows the velocity to be measured at selected depths. The instrument has been tested in laboratory experiments, and appears to give accurate estimates of mean flow velocity for both steady and pulsatile flows. Flow velocities and estimates of stroke volume have been obtained from the ascending aorta in 18 patients. It is suggested that at present only relative values for flow and flow velocity can be measured. A method for obtaining absolute values for these parameters, based on scanning in the aortic arch, is proposed.", "contents": "Transcutaneous measurement of blood flow velocity in the human aorta. A Doppler velocity meter for measuring blood flow velocity in the human aorta is described. Using pulsed ultrasound, this instrument allows the velocity to be measured at selected depths. The instrument has been tested in laboratory experiments, and appears to give accurate estimates of mean flow velocity for both steady and pulsatile flows. Flow velocities and estimates of stroke volume have been obtained from the ascending aorta in 18 patients. It is suggested that at present only relative values for flow and flow velocity can be measured. A method for obtaining absolute values for these parameters, based on scanning in the aortic arch, is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:133759", "title": "Fibrin subunits in venous and arterial thromboembolism.", "content": "The subunit fibrin composition of thrombi of both venous and arterial origin was examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis. The thrombi were recovered by surgical intervention and all had the same fibrin subunit composition. The alpha chains were cross-linked as alpha-chain polymers alpha (p), the gamma chains as gamma-chain dimers (gamma-gamma) while the beta chains were not crosslinked; a further subunit of molecular weight 33 000 was shown to be present in all the fibrins examined and was a degradation fragment of the beta or gamma chains. This data suggests that the crosslinked alpha chains are rate limiting to the lysis of thrombi in vivo. The digestion of pulmonary emboli by plasmin yielded soluble degradation products which were identified as D dimer and E, the latter fragments being the major products obtained by the lysis of in-vitro made plasma clots. The similarity of the composition and lysis of thrombus fibrin to that formed in vitro augurs well for the justification of in-vitro research on mechanisms in thrombolysis.", "contents": "Fibrin subunits in venous and arterial thromboembolism. The subunit fibrin composition of thrombi of both venous and arterial origin was examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis. The thrombi were recovered by surgical intervention and all had the same fibrin subunit composition. The alpha chains were cross-linked as alpha-chain polymers alpha (p), the gamma chains as gamma-chain dimers (gamma-gamma) while the beta chains were not crosslinked; a further subunit of molecular weight 33 000 was shown to be present in all the fibrins examined and was a degradation fragment of the beta or gamma chains. This data suggests that the crosslinked alpha chains are rate limiting to the lysis of thrombi in vivo. The digestion of pulmonary emboli by plasmin yielded soluble degradation products which were identified as D dimer and E, the latter fragments being the major products obtained by the lysis of in-vitro made plasma clots. The similarity of the composition and lysis of thrombus fibrin to that formed in vitro augurs well for the justification of in-vitro research on mechanisms in thrombolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:133760", "title": "Androgen-dependent fibrinolytic activity in a murine mammary carcinoma (Shionogi SC-115 cells) in vitro.", "content": "Physiological concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) can specifically induce the release of fibrinolysin from androgen-dependent mammary carcinoma (Shionogi SC-115) cells in vitro. No fibrinolytic activity was observed in cells cultured either in the absence of DHT or presence of pharmacological concentrations of estrogen. Furthermore, an autonomous tumor derived from the Shionogi SC-115 cells produced fibrinolytic activity independent of added DHT or estrogen. These observations suggest a close correlation between fibrinolytic activity of a tumor and its ability to grow in vivo.", "contents": "Androgen-dependent fibrinolytic activity in a murine mammary carcinoma (Shionogi SC-115 cells) in vitro. Physiological concentrations of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) can specifically induce the release of fibrinolysin from androgen-dependent mammary carcinoma (Shionogi SC-115) cells in vitro. No fibrinolytic activity was observed in cells cultured either in the absence of DHT or presence of pharmacological concentrations of estrogen. Furthermore, an autonomous tumor derived from the Shionogi SC-115 cells produced fibrinolytic activity independent of added DHT or estrogen. These observations suggest a close correlation between fibrinolytic activity of a tumor and its ability to grow in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:133761", "title": "Depolymerization of F-actin by deoxyribonuclease I.", "content": "Deoxyribonuclease I causes depolymerization of filamentous muscle actin to form a stable complex of 1 mole DNAase I:1 mole actin. The regulatory proteins tropomyosin and troponin bind to filamentous actin and slow down but do not prevent the depolymerization. In the absense of ATP, heavy meromyosin binds tightly to actin filaments and blocks completely the DNAase I: actin filament interaction. Addition of ATP releases heavy meromyosin; DNAase I is then rapidly inhibited and the actin filaments are depolymerized.", "contents": "Depolymerization of F-actin by deoxyribonuclease I. Deoxyribonuclease I causes depolymerization of filamentous muscle actin to form a stable complex of 1 mole DNAase I:1 mole actin. The regulatory proteins tropomyosin and troponin bind to filamentous actin and slow down but do not prevent the depolymerization. In the absense of ATP, heavy meromyosin binds tightly to actin filaments and blocks completely the DNAase I: actin filament interaction. Addition of ATP releases heavy meromyosin; DNAase I is then rapidly inhibited and the actin filaments are depolymerized."}
{"id": "PMID:133762", "title": "Differences and similarities in chromatin structure of Neurospora crassa and higher eucaryotes.", "content": "The subunit structure of Neurospora chromatin which contains a full histone complement (Goff, 1976) exhibits both differences and similarities to chromatin of higher eucaryotes. The size of the DNA per subunit is only 170 +/- 5 base pairs, as compared to 200 base pairs in higher eucaryotes. However, the internal structures of the subunits are closely related. They contain 140 base pairs of DNA that are more tightly associated with the histone core and similarly arranged on the outside of the subunit. Hence the difference in structure resides in a shorter linker region of adjacent subunits in Neurospora chromatin. This is supported by a reduced primary cutting site and a lower content of lysines in histone H1. The role of H1 and its relation to the linker region are discussed.", "contents": "Differences and similarities in chromatin structure of Neurospora crassa and higher eucaryotes. The subunit structure of Neurospora chromatin which contains a full histone complement (Goff, 1976) exhibits both differences and similarities to chromatin of higher eucaryotes. The size of the DNA per subunit is only 170 +/- 5 base pairs, as compared to 200 base pairs in higher eucaryotes. However, the internal structures of the subunits are closely related. They contain 140 base pairs of DNA that are more tightly associated with the histone core and similarly arranged on the outside of the subunit. Hence the difference in structure resides in a shorter linker region of adjacent subunits in Neurospora chromatin. This is supported by a reduced primary cutting site and a lower content of lysines in histone H1. The role of H1 and its relation to the linker region are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133766", "title": "Biological, biochemical and physicochemical evidence for the existence of the polyadenylate - polyuridylate - poly 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate triple-stranded complex.", "content": "The interferon-inducing activity of the double-stranded complex poly(A) - poly(U) in primary rabbit kidney cell cultures is reduced when the cells are treated with poly(dUfl) either 1 h before, simultaneously with, or 1 h after the exposure to the double-stranded complex. It has been demonstrated in experiments involving sensitivity to hydrolysis by RNAase, UV absorbance-mixing curves, and UV absorbance-temperature profiles that this phenomenon is due to the formation of the triple-stranded complex poly(A) - poly(U) - poly(dUfl). The latter complex seems to be the principal product of interactions in the following systems: poly(A) - poly(U) + poly(dUfl); poly(A) - poly(dUfl) + poly(U); and poly(A) + poly(U) + poly (dUfl).", "contents": "Biological, biochemical and physicochemical evidence for the existence of the polyadenylate - polyuridylate - poly 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate triple-stranded complex. The interferon-inducing activity of the double-stranded complex poly(A) - poly(U) in primary rabbit kidney cell cultures is reduced when the cells are treated with poly(dUfl) either 1 h before, simultaneously with, or 1 h after the exposure to the double-stranded complex. It has been demonstrated in experiments involving sensitivity to hydrolysis by RNAase, UV absorbance-mixing curves, and UV absorbance-temperature profiles that this phenomenon is due to the formation of the triple-stranded complex poly(A) - poly(U) - poly(dUfl). The latter complex seems to be the principal product of interactions in the following systems: poly(A) - poly(U) + poly(dUfl); poly(A) - poly(dUfl) + poly(U); and poly(A) + poly(U) + poly (dUfl)."}
{"id": "PMID:133767", "title": "[Half-life of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) during pregnancy].", "content": "During pregnancy the half-life of DHAS was measured after non tritiated DHAS infusion. At 30 weeks, the mean value obtained for DHAS half-life was 3.64 h +/- 0.74 and it was 3.67h +/- 0.38 at 38 weeks. The half-life of DHAS is shorter in pregnant than in non-pregnant women. Among 14 pathological pregnancies that we studied, 13 cases exhibited a DHAS half-life significantly longer than the average value obtained in normal pregnancies. In retarded fetal growth, the half-life of DHAS was more closely related to fetal than to placental weight.", "contents": "[Half-life of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) during pregnancy]. During pregnancy the half-life of DHAS was measured after non tritiated DHAS infusion. At 30 weeks, the mean value obtained for DHAS half-life was 3.64 h +/- 0.74 and it was 3.67h +/- 0.38 at 38 weeks. The half-life of DHAS is shorter in pregnant than in non-pregnant women. Among 14 pathological pregnancies that we studied, 13 cases exhibited a DHAS half-life significantly longer than the average value obtained in normal pregnancies. In retarded fetal growth, the half-life of DHAS was more closely related to fetal than to placental weight."}
{"id": "PMID:133768", "title": "Helping parents to accept.", "content": "The way in which the professional team approaches parents of a handicapped child influences the acceptance of it. An ideal team approach is outlined.", "contents": "Helping parents to accept. The way in which the professional team approaches parents of a handicapped child influences the acceptance of it. An ideal team approach is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:133773", "title": "Steroid conjugates in human seminal plasma.", "content": "A technique for the measurement of five conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, pregnenolone sulphate, testosterone sulphate, dihydrotestosterone sulphate and testosterone glucuronide) in human seminal plasma is described. The steroid sulphates and testosterone glucuronide were measured by radioimmunoassay after solvolysis and enzyme hydrolysis, respectively. In all cases the recognized criteria of assay reliability were fulfilled. In a group of men with established fertility, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate had the highest concentration and testosterone sulphate had the lowest (mean levels of 1-04 mumoles/1 and 1-52 nmoles/1, respectively). The levels of pregnenolone sulphate, dihydrotestosterone sulphate and testosterone glucuronide were 30-3, 4-37 and 38-8 nmoles/1, respectively. In all cases the levels of conjugated steroid exceeded the levels of the corresponding unconjugated compound.", "contents": "Steroid conjugates in human seminal plasma. A technique for the measurement of five conjugated steroids (dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, pregnenolone sulphate, testosterone sulphate, dihydrotestosterone sulphate and testosterone glucuronide) in human seminal plasma is described. The steroid sulphates and testosterone glucuronide were measured by radioimmunoassay after solvolysis and enzyme hydrolysis, respectively. In all cases the recognized criteria of assay reliability were fulfilled. In a group of men with established fertility, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate had the highest concentration and testosterone sulphate had the lowest (mean levels of 1-04 mumoles/1 and 1-52 nmoles/1, respectively). The levels of pregnenolone sulphate, dihydrotestosterone sulphate and testosterone glucuronide were 30-3, 4-37 and 38-8 nmoles/1, respectively. In all cases the levels of conjugated steroid exceeded the levels of the corresponding unconjugated compound."}
{"id": "PMID:133774", "title": "Endocrine effects of vasectomy.", "content": "In order to provide information on the endocrine effects of vasectomy, unconjugated pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, oestrone and oestradiol were analysed in the blood plasma of twenty Mexican men on two occasions before and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after vasectomy. Vasectomy appeared to be associated with a significant decrease in the plasma levels of pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione and a significant increase in the levels of dihydrotestosterone and oestrone. A probably significant increase in oestradiol levels took place 12 months after vasectomy but not before. No consistent changes were found in testosterone (up to 12 months) or in FSH and LH levels (up to 6 months) after vasectomy. The unconjugated steroids indicated above, except oestrone, were also estimated, whenever possible, in seminal plasma specimens obtained from thirty-nine subjects (including the twenty indicated above) on the same occasions. Vasectomy was associated with a highly significant decrease of seminal plasma dihydrotestosterone levels on all occasions and a significant decrease in androstenedione levels after 6 and 12 months. After 12 months there was a decrease in dehydroepiandrosterone and an increase in oestradiol; these changes were both probably significant. In another preliminary study, the levels of pregnenolone sulphate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, testosterone glucuronide, testosterone sulphate and dihydrotestosterone sulphate were estimated before and 1 month after vasectomy in the seminal plasma of fourteen to seventeen subjects. Testosterone glucuronide fell, probably significantly, but other conjugates were unchanged. The data indicate that vasectomy may be associated with significant changes in the circulating and in seminal plasma levels of several steroids. The gradual nature of some of the changes observed suggests the necessity of conducting in several centres large-scale, long-term studies on vasectomized subjects and on a carefully matched control group. During the last decade vasectomy has been widely practised in several parts of the world as a method of fertility control. However, information on the endocrine effects of this intervention appears to be scanty. In most of the human studies reported, a small number of individuals were investigated and the studies have been confined to the assessment of the short-term effects of the operation. Moreover, the hormonal indices assessed by the various investigators have been limited, in most cases, to gonadotrophins and testosterone in blood. The present study was designed to assess in the same subjects the levels of a number of unconjugated steroids, FSH and LH on two occasions before and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after vasectomy. The studies were extended to include steroid analyses in seminal plasma in the hope that such assays might yield information as to the effects of vasectomy on the distribution of steroids in the fluids of the male reproductive tract.", "contents": "Endocrine effects of vasectomy. In order to provide information on the endocrine effects of vasectomy, unconjugated pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, oestrone and oestradiol were analysed in the blood plasma of twenty Mexican men on two occasions before and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after vasectomy. Vasectomy appeared to be associated with a significant decrease in the plasma levels of pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione and a significant increase in the levels of dihydrotestosterone and oestrone. A probably significant increase in oestradiol levels took place 12 months after vasectomy but not before. No consistent changes were found in testosterone (up to 12 months) or in FSH and LH levels (up to 6 months) after vasectomy. The unconjugated steroids indicated above, except oestrone, were also estimated, whenever possible, in seminal plasma specimens obtained from thirty-nine subjects (including the twenty indicated above) on the same occasions. Vasectomy was associated with a highly significant decrease of seminal plasma dihydrotestosterone levels on all occasions and a significant decrease in androstenedione levels after 6 and 12 months. After 12 months there was a decrease in dehydroepiandrosterone and an increase in oestradiol; these changes were both probably significant. In another preliminary study, the levels of pregnenolone sulphate, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, testosterone glucuronide, testosterone sulphate and dihydrotestosterone sulphate were estimated before and 1 month after vasectomy in the seminal plasma of fourteen to seventeen subjects. Testosterone glucuronide fell, probably significantly, but other conjugates were unchanged. The data indicate that vasectomy may be associated with significant changes in the circulating and in seminal plasma levels of several steroids. The gradual nature of some of the changes observed suggests the necessity of conducting in several centres large-scale, long-term studies on vasectomized subjects and on a carefully matched control group. During the last decade vasectomy has been widely practised in several parts of the world as a method of fertility control. However, information on the endocrine effects of this intervention appears to be scanty. In most of the human studies reported, a small number of individuals were investigated and the studies have been confined to the assessment of the short-term effects of the operation. Moreover, the hormonal indices assessed by the various investigators have been limited, in most cases, to gonadotrophins and testosterone in blood. The present study was designed to assess in the same subjects the levels of a number of unconjugated steroids, FSH and LH on two occasions before and 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after vasectomy. The studies were extended to include steroid analyses in seminal plasma in the hope that such assays might yield information as to the effects of vasectomy on the distribution of steroids in the fluids of the male reproductive tract."}
{"id": "PMID:133771", "title": "Considerations in the provision of comprehensive care for children with severe visual handicap.", "content": "The medical and social characteristics of children attending day special schools for the partially sighted is described. This group is characterized by the large number of additional handicaps and a high rate of familial defect. One third have at least one member of the family handicapped and belong to families larger than average. One tenth of the children are living in anomalous family situations. Some of the implications for the provision of comprehensive care are discussed.", "contents": "Considerations in the provision of comprehensive care for children with severe visual handicap. The medical and social characteristics of children attending day special schools for the partially sighted is described. This group is characterized by the large number of additional handicaps and a high rate of familial defect. One third have at least one member of the family handicapped and belong to families larger than average. One tenth of the children are living in anomalous family situations. Some of the implications for the provision of comprehensive care are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133776", "title": "Sialoproteinaemia: lack of correlation with inhibition of in vitro lymphoblastosis induced by phytohaemagglutinin or alloantigen.", "content": "Elevation of serum-bound sialic acid concentration in different disease states fails to correlate significantly with suppressive serum actions in mixed allogeneic lymphocyte cultures or phyto-haemagglutinin cultures. Heat-decomplemented serum from patients with abnormal levels of bound sialic acid was added to parallel cultures containing similar blood lymphocyte populations derived from normal humans. Wide fluctuations of the rate of incorporation of tritiated thymidine into nucleoprotein indicated presence of suppressive elements other than sialoprotein in the added serum components. Serum with rising sialyl concentration derived from patients with cancer showed slight tendency to augment mixed lymphocyte and phytohaemagglutinin responses. The findings suggest that the previously documented nonspecific suppressive action of serum sialoprotein on human host lymphoblastic response to neuraminidase-treated cancer cells represents a mechanism unique to that culture system rather than a manifestation of a general immunoregulatory function of serum sialoprotein.", "contents": "Sialoproteinaemia: lack of correlation with inhibition of in vitro lymphoblastosis induced by phytohaemagglutinin or alloantigen. Elevation of serum-bound sialic acid concentration in different disease states fails to correlate significantly with suppressive serum actions in mixed allogeneic lymphocyte cultures or phyto-haemagglutinin cultures. Heat-decomplemented serum from patients with abnormal levels of bound sialic acid was added to parallel cultures containing similar blood lymphocyte populations derived from normal humans. Wide fluctuations of the rate of incorporation of tritiated thymidine into nucleoprotein indicated presence of suppressive elements other than sialoprotein in the added serum components. Serum with rising sialyl concentration derived from patients with cancer showed slight tendency to augment mixed lymphocyte and phytohaemagglutinin responses. The findings suggest that the previously documented nonspecific suppressive action of serum sialoprotein on human host lymphoblastic response to neuraminidase-treated cancer cells represents a mechanism unique to that culture system rather than a manifestation of a general immunoregulatory function of serum sialoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:133777", "title": "Gold nephropathy: serologic data suggesting an immune complex disease.", "content": "Servlogical tests preformed on a patient with gold-induced nephropathy revealed a multitude of immunological phenomena preceding the onset of proteinuria. These included formtaion of tissue antibodies, rheumatoid factors and circulating immune complexes. An antigen sharing immunological determinants with DOC-extractable tissue antigens was released into circulation before and during proteinuria. Precipitating antibodies against this circulating antigen were found in one serum sample obtained 6 weeks before the complication was diagnosed. In this serum specimen, antibodies were also found which combined with saline extracts, DOC extracts containing the ubiquitous tissue antigen (UTA), and preparations obtained from various human organs by extraction at 100 degrees C followed by precipitation at 71% ethanol concentration (BE preparations). Most of the activities disappeared before the onset of proteinuria. The possible significance of these phenomena in the pathogenesis of nephropathy is discussed.", "contents": "Gold nephropathy: serologic data suggesting an immune complex disease. Servlogical tests preformed on a patient with gold-induced nephropathy revealed a multitude of immunological phenomena preceding the onset of proteinuria. These included formtaion of tissue antibodies, rheumatoid factors and circulating immune complexes. An antigen sharing immunological determinants with DOC-extractable tissue antigens was released into circulation before and during proteinuria. Precipitating antibodies against this circulating antigen were found in one serum sample obtained 6 weeks before the complication was diagnosed. In this serum specimen, antibodies were also found which combined with saline extracts, DOC extracts containing the ubiquitous tissue antigen (UTA), and preparations obtained from various human organs by extraction at 100 degrees C followed by precipitation at 71% ethanol concentration (BE preparations). Most of the activities disappeared before the onset of proteinuria. The possible significance of these phenomena in the pathogenesis of nephropathy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133778", "title": "Enhancement of \"one-way\" human mixed lymphocyte reaction by cholinergic agents.", "content": "\"One-way\" mixed lymphocyte reaction was not enhanced when the cells were allowed to be exposed to acetylcholine or carbamylcholine at a concentration of 0.01-1.0mumole/ml during the entire period of culture. It was thought to be due to cytotoxicity effect of these agents on responding cells. When the responding cells were incubated with cholinergic agents for 1 hr prior to washing the cells  and setting up the mixed cell culture, \"one-way\" mixed lymphocyte reaction was enhanced. However, when the stimulating cells were similarly treated with either agent, no enhancement of \"one-way\" mixed lymphocyte reaction was observed. These observations indicate that cholinergic agent induces enhancement of mixed lymphocyte reaction by affecting only the responding cells and not the stimulating cells.", "contents": "Enhancement of \"one-way\" human mixed lymphocyte reaction by cholinergic agents. \"One-way\" mixed lymphocyte reaction was not enhanced when the cells were allowed to be exposed to acetylcholine or carbamylcholine at a concentration of 0.01-1.0mumole/ml during the entire period of culture. It was thought to be due to cytotoxicity effect of these agents on responding cells. When the responding cells were incubated with cholinergic agents for 1 hr prior to washing the cells  and setting up the mixed cell culture, \"one-way\" mixed lymphocyte reaction was enhanced. However, when the stimulating cells were similarly treated with either agent, no enhancement of \"one-way\" mixed lymphocyte reaction was observed. These observations indicate that cholinergic agent induces enhancement of mixed lymphocyte reaction by affecting only the responding cells and not the stimulating cells."}
{"id": "PMID:133786", "title": "A comparison of the information processing deficits of patients with Huntington's chorea and Korsakoff's syndrome.", "content": "Patients with Huntington's Chorea and alcholic Korsakoff's disease were compared on six tests of short-term memory (STM) and of encoding capacity. While the alcoholic Korsakoff patients demonstrated STM disorders related to an increase sensitivity to proactive interference (PI) and to failures in semantic encoding, the Chorea patients had a different pattern of deficits. The Chorea patients, like the Korsakoffs, had STM deficits, but their memory performance did not improve with reductions in PI, and they had different types of encoding deficits than did the Korsakoff patients. These results demonstrate that information processing tasks can be used to empirically differentiate amnesic patients with normal I.Q.'s from patients with dementia-related memory impairments.", "contents": "A comparison of the information processing deficits of patients with Huntington's chorea and Korsakoff's syndrome. Patients with Huntington's Chorea and alcholic Korsakoff's disease were compared on six tests of short-term memory (STM) and of encoding capacity. While the alcoholic Korsakoff patients demonstrated STM disorders related to an increase sensitivity to proactive interference (PI) and to failures in semantic encoding, the Chorea patients had a different pattern of deficits. The Chorea patients, like the Korsakoffs, had STM deficits, but their memory performance did not improve with reductions in PI, and they had different types of encoding deficits than did the Korsakoff patients. These results demonstrate that information processing tasks can be used to empirically differentiate amnesic patients with normal I.Q.'s from patients with dementia-related memory impairments."}
{"id": "PMID:133788", "title": "Pulmonary arterial pulsus alternans secondary to primary pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Pulsus alternans of the pulmonary artery without systemic pulsus alternans is uncommon and is associated with multiple diseases. Two cases of pulmonary hypertension with pulmonary arterial pulsus alternans and right-sided heart failure are described. Primary pulmonary hypertension was demonstrated at autopsy in both cases. These two case reports constitute another previously unreported cause for pulsus alternans in the pulmonary circuit.", "contents": "Pulmonary arterial pulsus alternans secondary to primary pulmonary hypertension. Pulsus alternans of the pulmonary artery without systemic pulsus alternans is uncommon and is associated with multiple diseases. Two cases of pulmonary hypertension with pulmonary arterial pulsus alternans and right-sided heart failure are described. Primary pulmonary hypertension was demonstrated at autopsy in both cases. These two case reports constitute another previously unreported cause for pulsus alternans in the pulmonary circuit."}
{"id": "PMID:133783", "title": "An unusual complication of minidose heparin therapy.", "content": "A 50-year-old woman developed a massive hematoma of the superficial abdominal wall following subcutaneous heparin therapy. The lesion was located above the fasica, became infected, and was associated with epithelial necrosis over the right lower quadrant of the abdominal wall. Operative excision of the entire affected area with primary closure was successful 4 weeks following the injection. The etiology of this problem was attributed to accidental laceration of the superficial epigastric vessels. This extensive local complication of subcutaneous minidose heparin injection seems not to have been previously reported.", "contents": "An unusual complication of minidose heparin therapy. A 50-year-old woman developed a massive hematoma of the superficial abdominal wall following subcutaneous heparin therapy. The lesion was located above the fasica, became infected, and was associated with epithelial necrosis over the right lower quadrant of the abdominal wall. Operative excision of the entire affected area with primary closure was successful 4 weeks following the injection. The etiology of this problem was attributed to accidental laceration of the superficial epigastric vessels. This extensive local complication of subcutaneous minidose heparin injection seems not to have been previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:133789", "title": "Situs inversus, subaortic and subpulmonic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, and single coronary artery.", "content": "The unusual occurrence of situs inversus totalis, ventricular septal defect, hypertrophic subaortic and subpulmonic stenosis, and single coronary artery in a 38-year-old man is presented. The clinical course was remarkably mild, as documented by data from 23 years of study including four cardiac catheterizations. At age 35 years, however, syncope, chest pain, and marked elevation of right ventricular pressure prompted complete surgical repair of the left and right ventricular outflow tract obstructions and closure of the septal defect. Three years after surgery the patient continues to lead an active life without symptoms. The unusually mild course can be attributed to the natural banding effects of the subpulmonic stenosis which prevented irreversible pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "Situs inversus, subaortic and subpulmonic stenosis, ventricular septal defect, and single coronary artery. The unusual occurrence of situs inversus totalis, ventricular septal defect, hypertrophic subaortic and subpulmonic stenosis, and single coronary artery in a 38-year-old man is presented. The clinical course was remarkably mild, as documented by data from 23 years of study including four cardiac catheterizations. At age 35 years, however, syncope, chest pain, and marked elevation of right ventricular pressure prompted complete surgical repair of the left and right ventricular outflow tract obstructions and closure of the septal defect. Three years after surgery the patient continues to lead an active life without symptoms. The unusually mild course can be attributed to the natural banding effects of the subpulmonic stenosis which prevented irreversible pulmonary hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:133784", "title": "Reconstruction of the patellar tendon using a dacron graft: a case report.", "content": "A case is presented in which a patellar tendon has undergone shortening and degeneration after rupture of a primary repair. The extensor tendon mechanism was reconstructed by using a dacron graft to substitute for the missing patellar tendon and follow-up at 15 months post-surgery showed excellent return of function. Factors in the successful outcome were thought to be both the intrinsic strength of the dacron graft and the ability of fibroblasts to infiltrate the dacron mesh to form a new tendon-like structure.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the patellar tendon using a dacron graft: a case report. A case is presented in which a patellar tendon has undergone shortening and degeneration after rupture of a primary repair. The extensor tendon mechanism was reconstructed by using a dacron graft to substitute for the missing patellar tendon and follow-up at 15 months post-surgery showed excellent return of function. Factors in the successful outcome were thought to be both the intrinsic strength of the dacron graft and the ability of fibroblasts to infiltrate the dacron mesh to form a new tendon-like structure."}
{"id": "PMID:133782", "title": "Immobilization hypercalcemia: a case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A 17-year-old girl was immobilized in traction for 3 months and in a spica cast for 6 weeks for fractures of the femur and pelvis. Seven weeks after injury and after her acute renal failure had resolved, serum calcium rose and remained elevated for the duration of her immobilization. Conservative treatment by hydration, diuresis, and later tilttable therapy failed to relieve her hypercalcemia. Only after mobilization did the serum calcium levels return to normal and the symptoms abate. Administration of recently developed medical methods of management of hypercalcemia may have prevented this complication.", "contents": "Immobilization hypercalcemia: a case report and review of the literature. A 17-year-old girl was immobilized in traction for 3 months and in a spica cast for 6 weeks for fractures of the femur and pelvis. Seven weeks after injury and after her acute renal failure had resolved, serum calcium rose and remained elevated for the duration of her immobilization. Conservative treatment by hydration, diuresis, and later tilttable therapy failed to relieve her hypercalcemia. Only after mobilization did the serum calcium levels return to normal and the symptoms abate. Administration of recently developed medical methods of management of hypercalcemia may have prevented this complication."}
{"id": "PMID:133794", "title": "[Problems in clinical pedodontics].", "content": "The necessity of early dental care for children is emphasized; such care can only be achieved by interdepartmental cooperation especially with gynecologists and pediatricians. Only specific, early application of all prophylactic measures and general, systematic instruction - combined with individual advising of the patient - can give hope for improved oral conditions in our children.", "contents": "[Problems in clinical pedodontics]. The necessity of early dental care for children is emphasized; such care can only be achieved by interdepartmental cooperation especially with gynecologists and pediatricians. Only specific, early application of all prophylactic measures and general, systematic instruction - combined with individual advising of the patient - can give hope for improved oral conditions in our children."}
{"id": "PMID:133796", "title": "Dynamic appearance of [4-14C] dehydroepiandrosterone and [7 alpha-3H] dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate metabolites in urine of normal and obese female subjects.", "content": "[4-14C]-Dehydroepiandrosterone and [7 alpha-3H]-Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate were injected simultaneously to normal and obese female subjects. The percentage recovery of 14C and 3H radioactivies in dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, androsterone sulphate, etiocholanolone sulphate, androsterone glucuronoside and etiocholanolone glucuronoside was determined in the day-to-day urine collections for 72 hr. Results showed a normal total 3H recovery and a poor 14C recovery in urinary conjugates of obese patients. The rate of appearance of 3H activity was not identical in the individual metabolites of normal subjects, and it was not normal in obesity. Overweight subjects exhibited an acceleration in [7 alpha-3H]-Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate metabolism to androsterone glucuronoside. The observation regarding the rate of appearance of urinary conjugates bearing 14C isotope correlate with our previous finding in which a glandular overproduction of free dehydroepiandrosterone was found and an uptake of this steroid by the adipose tissue was suggested. Our results showed that the poor recovery of 14C radioactivity in urine of obese female subjects was not an aspecific consequence of illness.", "contents": "Dynamic appearance of [4-14C] dehydroepiandrosterone and [7 alpha-3H] dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate metabolites in urine of normal and obese female subjects. [4-14C]-Dehydroepiandrosterone and [7 alpha-3H]-Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate were injected simultaneously to normal and obese female subjects. The percentage recovery of 14C and 3H radioactivies in dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, androsterone sulphate, etiocholanolone sulphate, androsterone glucuronoside and etiocholanolone glucuronoside was determined in the day-to-day urine collections for 72 hr. Results showed a normal total 3H recovery and a poor 14C recovery in urinary conjugates of obese patients. The rate of appearance of 3H activity was not identical in the individual metabolites of normal subjects, and it was not normal in obesity. Overweight subjects exhibited an acceleration in [7 alpha-3H]-Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate metabolism to androsterone glucuronoside. The observation regarding the rate of appearance of urinary conjugates bearing 14C isotope correlate with our previous finding in which a glandular overproduction of free dehydroepiandrosterone was found and an uptake of this steroid by the adipose tissue was suggested. Our results showed that the poor recovery of 14C radioactivity in urine of obese female subjects was not an aspecific consequence of illness."}
{"id": "PMID:133798", "title": "Plasma levels and secretion rate of steroids with anabolic activity in man.", "content": "Both the gonads and the adrenal cortex secret steroids with anabolic activity. It should be realized that the most intense anabolism occurs during infancy and childhood at which time the concentration of steroid hormones with anabolic activity is extremely low. By far the most important anabolic steroid is in testosterone followed by androstenedione, androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Also, estrogens have a generalized anabolic effect, although these hormones have their greatest anabolic action in their respective target organs. In males, after a short period of relatively high T levels immediately after birth, T levels during infancy and childhood are low (+/- 20--30 ng/100 ml); the increase of T levels in one of the first objective signs of puberty and over a period of 3--4 years adult T levels are reached. The latter vary between 380 and 1,000 ng (mean 660 ng/100 ml); the increase in the protein-free, non-protein bound testosterone is even more impressive as the concentration of testosterone binding globulin decreases sharply at puberty. Testosterone levels remain constant up to the 7th decade of life, and decrease rapidly thereafter; free testosterone levels decrease already after the age of 40. T secretion rates in adult males vary between 4 and 10 mg/24 hrs (-/m: 6.6 mg/24 hrs); in males over 65 years the mean T secretion is 4.2 mg/24 hrs: this decrease is a consequence of a decrease in plasma levels and a slowing down of the metabolism. T in adult males originates practically exclusively from the testes. Decreased T levels and secretion rates are observed in hypogonadism and under stressful conditions (anaesthesia, anxiety, hangover, exhaustion, undernutrition) as well as ACTH stimulation. DHT levels parallel generally T levels. Androstenedions (A) in adult males originates in about equal parts from the testes and adrenals. Androstenedione production rates in adult males vary between 1.4--2.1 mg/24 hrs. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels are low in infants and young children. They increase in the immediate pre-pubertal period to reach adult levels after completion of puberty. ACTH as well as stressful situations increase DHEA levels. The mean DHEA production rate is +/- 70 mg/24 hrs. Androsterone is a metabolite of T, A, DHEA, and 170HP, and circulates in plasma essentially as the 3-sulphate and to a lesser extent as the 3-glucuronide. In females, androgen levels before puberty are grossly similar to levels in male children. Pre- and post-menopausal levels of T, DHT, DHEA and their rates of production are discussed. Estrogens have also some anabolic effects. Levels of estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) in cycling and post-menopausal women are also given. In post-menopausal women E2 levels are extremely low. E2 production rates in post-menopausal women are of the order of 5--20 mug/24 hrs. Progesterone does not appear to have an anabolic effect...", "contents": "Plasma levels and secretion rate of steroids with anabolic activity in man. Both the gonads and the adrenal cortex secret steroids with anabolic activity. It should be realized that the most intense anabolism occurs during infancy and childhood at which time the concentration of steroid hormones with anabolic activity is extremely low. By far the most important anabolic steroid is in testosterone followed by androstenedione, androsterone and dehydroepiandrosterone. Also, estrogens have a generalized anabolic effect, although these hormones have their greatest anabolic action in their respective target organs. In males, after a short period of relatively high T levels immediately after birth, T levels during infancy and childhood are low (+/- 20--30 ng/100 ml); the increase of T levels in one of the first objective signs of puberty and over a period of 3--4 years adult T levels are reached. The latter vary between 380 and 1,000 ng (mean 660 ng/100 ml); the increase in the protein-free, non-protein bound testosterone is even more impressive as the concentration of testosterone binding globulin decreases sharply at puberty. Testosterone levels remain constant up to the 7th decade of life, and decrease rapidly thereafter; free testosterone levels decrease already after the age of 40. T secretion rates in adult males vary between 4 and 10 mg/24 hrs (-/m: 6.6 mg/24 hrs); in males over 65 years the mean T secretion is 4.2 mg/24 hrs: this decrease is a consequence of a decrease in plasma levels and a slowing down of the metabolism. T in adult males originates practically exclusively from the testes. Decreased T levels and secretion rates are observed in hypogonadism and under stressful conditions (anaesthesia, anxiety, hangover, exhaustion, undernutrition) as well as ACTH stimulation. DHT levels parallel generally T levels. Androstenedions (A) in adult males originates in about equal parts from the testes and adrenals. Androstenedione production rates in adult males vary between 1.4--2.1 mg/24 hrs. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels are low in infants and young children. They increase in the immediate pre-pubertal period to reach adult levels after completion of puberty. ACTH as well as stressful situations increase DHEA levels. The mean DHEA production rate is +/- 70 mg/24 hrs. Androsterone is a metabolite of T, A, DHEA, and 170HP, and circulates in plasma essentially as the 3-sulphate and to a lesser extent as the 3-glucuronide. In females, androgen levels before puberty are grossly similar to levels in male children. Pre- and post-menopausal levels of T, DHT, DHEA and their rates of production are discussed. Estrogens have also some anabolic effects. Levels of estradiol (E2) and estrone (E1) in cycling and post-menopausal women are also given. In post-menopausal women E2 levels are extremely low. E2 production rates in post-menopausal women are of the order of 5--20 mug/24 hrs. Progesterone does not appear to have an anabolic effect..."}
{"id": "PMID:133799", "title": "Physical training and connective tissues in young mice-heart.", "content": "The effect of physical training on the chemical properties of the heart tissues was studied in male mice of NMRI-strain. The mice to be trained and their controls were about 2 weeks old at the beginning of the training, which took place on 5 degrees inclined treadmill 5 days a week for 3-22 weeks. The duration of daily exercise was progressively increased over the first 3 weeks. The final daily exercise bouts were 50 and 80 min for moderate programs and 180 min for the intensive program at a speed of 30 cm/s. The whole heart or the ventricles were used for the analyses. We found no significant changes related to training in the concentrations of nitrogen, hexosamines, and hydroxyproline both in the normal-sized and the hypertrophied hearts. The hydroxyproline concentration of the ventricles was lower than that of the whole heart tissue, but no difference was observed in the concentration of nitrogen. The hydroxyproline concentration of the heart tissue increased with age both in the trained and untrained mice (39% over 19 weeks). We conclude that collagen and non-collagen proteins in the heart tissue of young mice are stimulated in equal proportions by physical training.", "contents": "Physical training and connective tissues in young mice-heart. The effect of physical training on the chemical properties of the heart tissues was studied in male mice of NMRI-strain. The mice to be trained and their controls were about 2 weeks old at the beginning of the training, which took place on 5 degrees inclined treadmill 5 days a week for 3-22 weeks. The duration of daily exercise was progressively increased over the first 3 weeks. The final daily exercise bouts were 50 and 80 min for moderate programs and 180 min for the intensive program at a speed of 30 cm/s. The whole heart or the ventricles were used for the analyses. We found no significant changes related to training in the concentrations of nitrogen, hexosamines, and hydroxyproline both in the normal-sized and the hypertrophied hearts. The hydroxyproline concentration of the ventricles was lower than that of the whole heart tissue, but no difference was observed in the concentration of nitrogen. The hydroxyproline concentration of the heart tissue increased with age both in the trained and untrained mice (39% over 19 weeks). We conclude that collagen and non-collagen proteins in the heart tissue of young mice are stimulated in equal proportions by physical training."}
{"id": "PMID:133800", "title": "The tentative identification in Escherichia coli of a multienzyme complex with glycolytic activity.", "content": "Penicillin spheroplasts of Escherichia coli were ruptured osmotically, by freezing and thawing, or mechanically. Differential centrifugation sedimented 20-30% of the glycolytic enzymes without increasing their specific activities. There was, however, evidence of distinct groups of sedimenting enzymes; growth on different carbon sources could influence the distribution. Sucrose gradient studies gave no evidence of enzyme association but provided estimations of the molecular weight of each enzyme which were close to those subsequently observed on gel filtration. Using the determined molecular weight and a literature value for specific activity, the measured activity ratio of the enzymes was compared with that expected from an equimolar mixture. All values agreed within a factor of five, except for hexokinase. The relative roles of hexokinase and phosphotransferase in E. coli are briefly considered. An equimolar multienzyme aggregate of all the enzymes of glycolysis would have a molecular weight of about 1.6 X 10(6). Chromatography on a Biogel column yielded one fraction, corresponding to a molecular weight of 1.6 X 10(6), which contained a proportion of all the glycolytic enzyme studied; the remaining portion of each enzyme activity was eluted from the column at the position expected from its individual molecular weight. The fraction of mol. wt 1 600 000 was tested for complete glycolysis pathway activity and found not to be different from a reconcentrated mixture of the separated enzymes. Both the eluted and the reconstructed systems showed unexpected activity changes at different protein concentrations. The specific radioactivity of pyruvate formed by these systems from [14C]glucose 6-phosphate was reduced by the presence of unlabelled 3-phosphoglycerate, but by less than would have been expected had the latter been able to participate fully in glycolytic activity. This result indicates that these preparations were capable of selectivity compartmenting glycolytic intermediates. Electron microscope investigation of both systems showed large numbers of regular 30 nm diameter particles which, on disruption, appeared to be composed of smaller units: it is possible that these particles may have been aggregates containing glycolytic enzymes. The possible advantages of a glycolytic multienzyme complex are briefly discussed.", "contents": "The tentative identification in Escherichia coli of a multienzyme complex with glycolytic activity. Penicillin spheroplasts of Escherichia coli were ruptured osmotically, by freezing and thawing, or mechanically. Differential centrifugation sedimented 20-30% of the glycolytic enzymes without increasing their specific activities. There was, however, evidence of distinct groups of sedimenting enzymes; growth on different carbon sources could influence the distribution. Sucrose gradient studies gave no evidence of enzyme association but provided estimations of the molecular weight of each enzyme which were close to those subsequently observed on gel filtration. Using the determined molecular weight and a literature value for specific activity, the measured activity ratio of the enzymes was compared with that expected from an equimolar mixture. All values agreed within a factor of five, except for hexokinase. The relative roles of hexokinase and phosphotransferase in E. coli are briefly considered. An equimolar multienzyme aggregate of all the enzymes of glycolysis would have a molecular weight of about 1.6 X 10(6). Chromatography on a Biogel column yielded one fraction, corresponding to a molecular weight of 1.6 X 10(6), which contained a proportion of all the glycolytic enzyme studied; the remaining portion of each enzyme activity was eluted from the column at the position expected from its individual molecular weight. The fraction of mol. wt 1 600 000 was tested for complete glycolysis pathway activity and found not to be different from a reconcentrated mixture of the separated enzymes. Both the eluted and the reconstructed systems showed unexpected activity changes at different protein concentrations. The specific radioactivity of pyruvate formed by these systems from [14C]glucose 6-phosphate was reduced by the presence of unlabelled 3-phosphoglycerate, but by less than would have been expected had the latter been able to participate fully in glycolytic activity. This result indicates that these preparations were capable of selectivity compartmenting glycolytic intermediates. Electron microscope investigation of both systems showed large numbers of regular 30 nm diameter particles which, on disruption, appeared to be composed of smaller units: it is possible that these particles may have been aggregates containing glycolytic enzymes. The possible advantages of a glycolytic multienzyme complex are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133801", "title": "Activation parameters of the adenosine triphosphatase of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. A comparison of the soluble and membrane-bound forms of the enzyme.", "content": "The Arrhenius plots for the membrane-bound ATPase and its soluble form purified from Micrococcus lysodeikticus, presented discontinuities near 30 degrees C at pH 7.5. Glycerol-containing lipids were not responsible for these discontinuities. The values of the enthalpies of activation were 12 (soluble) and 22 (membrane-bound) kcal/mol (50.2 and 92.0 kJ/mol) above 30 degrees C and 42 (soluble) and 29 (membrane-bound) kcal/mol (175.7 and 121.3 kJ/mol) below that temperature. The results suggested that both molecular forms of the ATPase were able to adopt at least two different structures, above and below the critical temperature. Of the two, only the high-temperature structure seemed to be enzymically active. In the case of lipid-dependent ATPases, such as the Escherichia coli enzyme, the transition between both enzyme structures probably occurred with simultaneous \"melting\" of their lipid microenvironment.", "contents": "Activation parameters of the adenosine triphosphatase of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. A comparison of the soluble and membrane-bound forms of the enzyme. The Arrhenius plots for the membrane-bound ATPase and its soluble form purified from Micrococcus lysodeikticus, presented discontinuities near 30 degrees C at pH 7.5. Glycerol-containing lipids were not responsible for these discontinuities. The values of the enthalpies of activation were 12 (soluble) and 22 (membrane-bound) kcal/mol (50.2 and 92.0 kJ/mol) above 30 degrees C and 42 (soluble) and 29 (membrane-bound) kcal/mol (175.7 and 121.3 kJ/mol) below that temperature. The results suggested that both molecular forms of the ATPase were able to adopt at least two different structures, above and below the critical temperature. Of the two, only the high-temperature structure seemed to be enzymically active. In the case of lipid-dependent ATPases, such as the Escherichia coli enzyme, the transition between both enzyme structures probably occurred with simultaneous \"melting\" of their lipid microenvironment."}
{"id": "PMID:133805", "title": "The effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on the pethidine- or methadone-induced decrease in locomotor activity of rats.", "content": "Either pethidine HCl (50 mg/kg s.c.) or methadone HCl (8 mg/kg s.c.) produced a prominent decrease in locomotor activity of rats. Pretreatment of rats with p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA, 320 mg/kg i.p.) 48 h before the narcotic injection significantly antagonized the activity-decreasing effects of narcotics. When rats pretreated with p-CPA were given 5-hydroxytryptophan (75 mg/kg s.c.) 30 min before narcotic administration, the activity-decreasing response to narcotics was restored. Thus, a decrease in locomotor activity induced in rats by either pethidine or methadone is probably mediated by serotonergic mechanisms.", "contents": "The effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on the pethidine- or methadone-induced decrease in locomotor activity of rats. Either pethidine HCl (50 mg/kg s.c.) or methadone HCl (8 mg/kg s.c.) produced a prominent decrease in locomotor activity of rats. Pretreatment of rats with p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA, 320 mg/kg i.p.) 48 h before the narcotic injection significantly antagonized the activity-decreasing effects of narcotics. When rats pretreated with p-CPA were given 5-hydroxytryptophan (75 mg/kg s.c.) 30 min before narcotic administration, the activity-decreasing response to narcotics was restored. Thus, a decrease in locomotor activity induced in rats by either pethidine or methadone is probably mediated by serotonergic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:133806", "title": "Accumulation of 5-HT in non-terminal axons after p-chloro-N-methylamphetamine without degeneration of identified 5-HT nerve terminals.", "content": "The effect of a single injection of d,1-p-chloro-N-methylamphetamine (PCMA) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)- containing neurons in rat brain was investigated using fluorescence histochemical, electron microscopic and biochemical methods. PCMA caused in a dose-dependent manner (from 4.3 mg/kg), an increase of formaldehyde-induced indoleamine (IA) fluorescence in swollen non-terminal axons during the first 6 days and, in contrast, a diminution of IA fluorescence in nerve terminal regions for up to 42 days after treatment. These changes did not appear to be the result of destruction of 5-HT nerve terminals since at all time intervals investigated (12 h to 42 days), the fine structure and frequency of supra-ependymal 5-HT nerve terminals were unaffected. Moreover, no degenerating nerve terminals were observed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. A marked transient decrease of IA fluorescence on day 2 in the 5-HT cell bodies B3-B9 was not followed by obvious morphological changes up to 42 days after PCMA. Therefore, the reduced 5-HT content of brain up to 42 days after treatment seems not to be due to a destruction of 5-HT neurons. Moreover, the damage to non-terminal 5-HT axons, as indicated by the 5-HT accumulation, seems not to be severe, at least not to those axons projecting to the cerebral ventricles and suprachiasmatic nucleus, since no degeneration of 5-HT nerve terminals was observed at any of the times investigated.", "contents": "Accumulation of 5-HT in non-terminal axons after p-chloro-N-methylamphetamine without degeneration of identified 5-HT nerve terminals. The effect of a single injection of d,1-p-chloro-N-methylamphetamine (PCMA) on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)- containing neurons in rat brain was investigated using fluorescence histochemical, electron microscopic and biochemical methods. PCMA caused in a dose-dependent manner (from 4.3 mg/kg), an increase of formaldehyde-induced indoleamine (IA) fluorescence in swollen non-terminal axons during the first 6 days and, in contrast, a diminution of IA fluorescence in nerve terminal regions for up to 42 days after treatment. These changes did not appear to be the result of destruction of 5-HT nerve terminals since at all time intervals investigated (12 h to 42 days), the fine structure and frequency of supra-ependymal 5-HT nerve terminals were unaffected. Moreover, no degenerating nerve terminals were observed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. A marked transient decrease of IA fluorescence on day 2 in the 5-HT cell bodies B3-B9 was not followed by obvious morphological changes up to 42 days after PCMA. Therefore, the reduced 5-HT content of brain up to 42 days after treatment seems not to be due to a destruction of 5-HT neurons. Moreover, the damage to non-terminal 5-HT axons, as indicated by the 5-HT accumulation, seems not to be severe, at least not to those axons projecting to the cerebral ventricles and suprachiasmatic nucleus, since no degeneration of 5-HT nerve terminals was observed at any of the times investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:133810", "title": "Effect of cholesterol oxidation on (Na+, K+) ATPase activity of erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "By incubation of human erythrocyte ghosts with cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6) part of the cholesterol of the membrane is replaced by 4-cholesten-3-one. This alteration in the sterol composition is accompanied by an inhibition of the (Na+, K+) ATPase of the erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Effect of cholesterol oxidation on (Na+, K+) ATPase activity of erythrocyte membranes. By incubation of human erythrocyte ghosts with cholesterol oxidase (EC 1.1.3.6) part of the cholesterol of the membrane is replaced by 4-cholesten-3-one. This alteration in the sterol composition is accompanied by an inhibition of the (Na+, K+) ATPase of the erythrocyte membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:133811", "title": "Further studies on gel filtration of urinary substances.", "content": "Urine specimens from healthy children were concentrated and filtered through Sephadex G-100 and G-25. The eluate was recovered in fractions of 5 ml each. Total hexoses, galactose, total proteins and total uronic acids were determined on each fraction. Total hexoses and galactose were eluted in 6 distinct peaks. The uronic acid containing GAG were eluted in 4 small peaks on G-25 and 1 peak on G-100. This peak is eluted always with high amounts of galactose containing glycoproteins.", "contents": "Further studies on gel filtration of urinary substances. Urine specimens from healthy children were concentrated and filtered through Sephadex G-100 and G-25. The eluate was recovered in fractions of 5 ml each. Total hexoses, galactose, total proteins and total uronic acids were determined on each fraction. Total hexoses and galactose were eluted in 6 distinct peaks. The uronic acid containing GAG were eluted in 4 small peaks on G-25 and 1 peak on G-100. This peak is eluted always with high amounts of galactose containing glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:133812", "title": "The interaction of organic cations with the mitochondrial membrane.", "content": "Weak and strong organic bases behave in an opposite manner in respect to several mitochondrial functions. The former induce a catalytic exchange with K+ in valinomycon-treated, respiratory-inhibited mitochondria, and act as uncouplers in respiring mitochondria. The latter induce a stoicheometric exchange with K+ and are actively taken up by respiring mitochondria.", "contents": "The interaction of organic cations with the mitochondrial membrane. Weak and strong organic bases behave in an opposite manner in respect to several mitochondrial functions. The former induce a catalytic exchange with K+ in valinomycon-treated, respiratory-inhibited mitochondria, and act as uncouplers in respiring mitochondria. The latter induce a stoicheometric exchange with K+ and are actively taken up by respiring mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:133813", "title": "Formation of lipoperoxide in isolated sciatic nerve by chinoform-ferric chelate.", "content": "Effects of chinoform and chinoform-ferric chelate on formation of lipoperoxide in isolated sciatic nerve were investigated. Free chinoform did not increase the lipoperoxide level, while chinoform-ferric chelate significantly increased it. Assuming that the lipoperoxide formed denatures the associated protein in the nerve, the effect of chinoform-ferric chelate could explain, at least partly, the demyelination of nerve tissues caused by massive doses of chinoform.", "contents": "Formation of lipoperoxide in isolated sciatic nerve by chinoform-ferric chelate. Effects of chinoform and chinoform-ferric chelate on formation of lipoperoxide in isolated sciatic nerve were investigated. Free chinoform did not increase the lipoperoxide level, while chinoform-ferric chelate significantly increased it. Assuming that the lipoperoxide formed denatures the associated protein in the nerve, the effect of chinoform-ferric chelate could explain, at least partly, the demyelination of nerve tissues caused by massive doses of chinoform."}
{"id": "PMID:133814", "title": "Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine in prostaglandin E1-induced potentiation of hexobarbitone hypnosis in albino rats.", "content": "PGE1 potentiated, while diclofenac, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, antagonized hexobarbitone hypnosis in rats. PGE1-induced potentiation of hexobarbitone sleep was inhibited by a 5HT synthesis inhibitor and by a 5HT receptor blocker, suggesting that this potentiation is 5HT mediated.", "contents": "Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine in prostaglandin E1-induced potentiation of hexobarbitone hypnosis in albino rats. PGE1 potentiated, while diclofenac, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, antagonized hexobarbitone hypnosis in rats. PGE1-induced potentiation of hexobarbitone sleep was inhibited by a 5HT synthesis inhibitor and by a 5HT receptor blocker, suggesting that this potentiation is 5HT mediated."}
{"id": "PMID:133815", "title": "[Plurality in the determinism of organophosphorus teratogenic effects (author's transl)].", "content": "In Quail embryos, nicotinamide prevents beak and legs abnormalities produced by bidrin but remains inefficient against vertebral defects induced by bidrin and parathion. In contrast, the vertebral deficiencies are greatly alleviated or abolished by pralidoxim, an antidote known and used in organophosphorus intoxications. From these observations, a plurality in the determinism of teratogenic effects induced by organophosphorus compounds is evident.", "contents": "[Plurality in the determinism of organophosphorus teratogenic effects (author's transl)]. In Quail embryos, nicotinamide prevents beak and legs abnormalities produced by bidrin but remains inefficient against vertebral defects induced by bidrin and parathion. In contrast, the vertebral deficiencies are greatly alleviated or abolished by pralidoxim, an antidote known and used in organophosphorus intoxications. From these observations, a plurality in the determinism of teratogenic effects induced by organophosphorus compounds is evident."}
{"id": "PMID:133816", "title": "The sedative effects of nicotinamide on gerbil wheel-running activity.", "content": "The activity of 5 groups of gerbils was monitored over 22 days. 3 of the groups received daily injections of nicotinamide (125, 250 or 500 mg/kg) and a 4th group received saline. The 5th group was untreated. The results indicated that both the 250 and 500 mg/kg nicotinamide administrations greatly reduced the activity levels of the gerbils.", "contents": "The sedative effects of nicotinamide on gerbil wheel-running activity. The activity of 5 groups of gerbils was monitored over 22 days. 3 of the groups received daily injections of nicotinamide (125, 250 or 500 mg/kg) and a 4th group received saline. The 5th group was untreated. The results indicated that both the 250 and 500 mg/kg nicotinamide administrations greatly reduced the activity levels of the gerbils."}
{"id": "PMID:133818", "title": "Na, K-ATPase in the salivary gland of the ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Koch) and its relation to the process of fluid secretion.", "content": "Total and ouabain-sensitive ATPase activities were determined in the salivary glands of ticks throughout the feeding cycle. Activities were very low in unfed specimens. In the glands of feeding females, the activities rose until a maximum was reached for both ATPase components at approximately 200 mg. The activities remain low in males throughout the feeding period. These findings are discussed in relation to the fluid secretory process of the salivary glands.", "contents": "Na, K-ATPase in the salivary gland of the ixodid tick Amblyomma hebraeum (Koch) and its relation to the process of fluid secretion. Total and ouabain-sensitive ATPase activities were determined in the salivary glands of ticks throughout the feeding cycle. Activities were very low in unfed specimens. In the glands of feeding females, the activities rose until a maximum was reached for both ATPase components at approximately 200 mg. The activities remain low in males throughout the feeding period. These findings are discussed in relation to the fluid secretory process of the salivary glands."}
{"id": "PMID:133823", "title": "Interaction of genes and metals in development.", "content": "Examples are presented in interactions between genetic factors and certain trace during development in experimental animals. One type of interaction irenatal nutritional manipulation. The other involved strain differences, which lead differential responses to dietary deficiency. The mutant gene pallid in mice produces abnormal development of the inner ear similar to that resulting from intrauterine manganese deficiency. This abnormality is prevented by manganese supplementation of prenant mutant mice, and as in manganese deficiency, appears to result from depressed synthesis of mucopolysaccharides. Are interaction between copper and the mutant gene cribkled in mice is describes. High dietary copper curing prenatal and abnormal life doubled postnatal survival of mutants and brought about alterations in other parameters. In A/J mice, which have a significant incidence of spontaneous cleft lip and palate, a marginal deficiency prenetally of dietary zinc did not cause an increased incidence of this anomaly. However, the incidence of other malformations was greatly increased in this strain but not in hybird controls. It is proposed that in man as in animals teratogenesis might involve genetic-nutritional interactions as well as multifractorial interactions including genes, nutrients, drugs, and other environmental agents.", "contents": "Interaction of genes and metals in development. Examples are presented in interactions between genetic factors and certain trace during development in experimental animals. One type of interaction irenatal nutritional manipulation. The other involved strain differences, which lead differential responses to dietary deficiency. The mutant gene pallid in mice produces abnormal development of the inner ear similar to that resulting from intrauterine manganese deficiency. This abnormality is prevented by manganese supplementation of prenant mutant mice, and as in manganese deficiency, appears to result from depressed synthesis of mucopolysaccharides. Are interaction between copper and the mutant gene cribkled in mice is describes. High dietary copper curing prenatal and abnormal life doubled postnatal survival of mutants and brought about alterations in other parameters. In A/J mice, which have a significant incidence of spontaneous cleft lip and palate, a marginal deficiency prenetally of dietary zinc did not cause an increased incidence of this anomaly. However, the incidence of other malformations was greatly increased in this strain but not in hybird controls. It is proposed that in man as in animals teratogenesis might involve genetic-nutritional interactions as well as multifractorial interactions including genes, nutrients, drugs, and other environmental agents."}
{"id": "PMID:133824", "title": "Importance of controlled liquefaction periods for valid steroid assays in human seminal plasma.", "content": "Incubation of seminal plasma for different periods up to 24 hours at room temperature resulted in a marked gradual increase in the levels of unconjugated pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone, whereas no alterations were detected in unconjugated dihydrotestosterone and estradiol. No significant difference was observed in the levels of the most sensitive indicators of artifactual changes, pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone, when seminal plasma was frozen immediately or within 30 minutes of ejaculation. It is suggested that, at least when steroid analyses in seminal plasma are contemplated, the samples of ejaculate should be provided by masturbation on hospital premises so that the necessary liquefaction period can be kept short, approximately 30 minutes.", "contents": "Importance of controlled liquefaction periods for valid steroid assays in human seminal plasma. Incubation of seminal plasma for different periods up to 24 hours at room temperature resulted in a marked gradual increase in the levels of unconjugated pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone, whereas no alterations were detected in unconjugated dihydrotestosterone and estradiol. No significant difference was observed in the levels of the most sensitive indicators of artifactual changes, pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone, when seminal plasma was frozen immediately or within 30 minutes of ejaculation. It is suggested that, at least when steroid analyses in seminal plasma are contemplated, the samples of ejaculate should be provided by masturbation on hospital premises so that the necessary liquefaction period can be kept short, approximately 30 minutes."}
{"id": "PMID:133827", "title": "[Study on metabolic pathway from dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to estrogen in late pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "To investigate the metabolic pathway from dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) to estriol (E3) in late human pregnancy, DHAS (50 to 100 mg) was given intravenously or intraamniotically to 13 volunteers (from cases of normal pregnant women, pregnant women with a live anencephalic fetus, intrauterine fetal death or hydatidiform mole and a patient complicated with cancer of the cervix). Urinary estrogens, serum unconjugated estrogens and urinary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and 16alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone (16alpha-OH-DHA) were measured before and after injection. Brown's method (1955) has been used to measure urinary three fractions of estrogens, estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3). Serum unconjugated estrogens, estrone (SE1), estradiol (SE2) and estriol (SE3) were determined by a radioimmunoassay technique (a modification of the method of Makino, 1973). Urinary DHA and alpha-OH-DHA were separated by a modification of the method of Lakshmanan and Lieberman (1954) and by thin layer chromatography, and estimated by the method of Oertel and Eiknes (1959). Results obtained were as follows: (1) In seven cases of pregnancy with a live anencephalic fetus the excretion of urinary estriol was very low and the ratio of E3/E1+E2 was much less than that in normal pregnancy. (2) In five women with a live anencephalic fetus the effect of intravenously injected DHAS was studied. In each case there was a remarkable in urinary E3, E1 and E2, while no remarkable difference between the ratio of E3/E1+E2 before and after administration of DHAS was found. (3) DHAS was given intraamniotically to two women with a live anencephalic fetus. A greater rise of the ratio of E3/E1+E2 after administration of DHAS was found, compared to the control. (4) DHAS circulating in the maternal organism is converted to E3 largely via a phenolic pathway (DHAS-E1-E3), whereas DHAS circulating within the feto-placental compartment is converted to E3 via both phenolic and neutral intermediates (DHAS-16alpha-OH-DHAS-E3). (5) The ratio of urinary 16alpha-OH-DHA/DHA in pregnancy with a live anencephalic fetus was greater than that in non-pregnant woman. This suggests that 16alpha-hydroxylase activity in pregnancy is elevated. (6) Increases in serum unconjugated E1, E2 and E3 after intravenous administration of DHAS in three pregnant women with a live anencephalic fetus were found.", "contents": "[Study on metabolic pathway from dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate to estrogen in late pregnancy (author's transl)]. To investigate the metabolic pathway from dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) to estriol (E3) in late human pregnancy, DHAS (50 to 100 mg) was given intravenously or intraamniotically to 13 volunteers (from cases of normal pregnant women, pregnant women with a live anencephalic fetus, intrauterine fetal death or hydatidiform mole and a patient complicated with cancer of the cervix). Urinary estrogens, serum unconjugated estrogens and urinary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and 16alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone (16alpha-OH-DHA) were measured before and after injection. Brown's method (1955) has been used to measure urinary three fractions of estrogens, estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) and estriol (E3). Serum unconjugated estrogens, estrone (SE1), estradiol (SE2) and estriol (SE3) were determined by a radioimmunoassay technique (a modification of the method of Makino, 1973). Urinary DHA and alpha-OH-DHA were separated by a modification of the method of Lakshmanan and Lieberman (1954) and by thin layer chromatography, and estimated by the method of Oertel and Eiknes (1959). Results obtained were as follows: (1) In seven cases of pregnancy with a live anencephalic fetus the excretion of urinary estriol was very low and the ratio of E3/E1+E2 was much less than that in normal pregnancy. (2) In five women with a live anencephalic fetus the effect of intravenously injected DHAS was studied. In each case there was a remarkable in urinary E3, E1 and E2, while no remarkable difference between the ratio of E3/E1+E2 before and after administration of DHAS was found. (3) DHAS was given intraamniotically to two women with a live anencephalic fetus. A greater rise of the ratio of E3/E1+E2 after administration of DHAS was found, compared to the control. (4) DHAS circulating in the maternal organism is converted to E3 largely via a phenolic pathway (DHAS-E1-E3), whereas DHAS circulating within the feto-placental compartment is converted to E3 via both phenolic and neutral intermediates (DHAS-16alpha-OH-DHAS-E3). (5) The ratio of urinary 16alpha-OH-DHA/DHA in pregnancy with a live anencephalic fetus was greater than that in non-pregnant woman. This suggests that 16alpha-hydroxylase activity in pregnancy is elevated. (6) Increases in serum unconjugated E1, E2 and E3 after intravenous administration of DHAS in three pregnant women with a live anencephalic fetus were found."}
{"id": "PMID:133833", "title": "Steroid atrophy--a histological appraisal.", "content": "This histological changes induced by 1 month's applications of various corticorteroids to normal forearm skin were studied. Marked epidermal atrophy was present at 1 month with the more potent steroids, but the dermal changes were minimal or absent. The methods outlined in this study could serve as a useful model for assessing the unwanted atrophogenic action of potent corticosteroid preparations.", "contents": "Steroid atrophy--a histological appraisal. This histological changes induced by 1 month's applications of various corticorteroids to normal forearm skin were studied. Marked epidermal atrophy was present at 1 month with the more potent steroids, but the dermal changes were minimal or absent. The methods outlined in this study could serve as a useful model for assessing the unwanted atrophogenic action of potent corticosteroid preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:133834", "title": "Methods for the assessment of skin atrophogenicity of topical corticosteroids.", "content": "A review is given of the methods used to estimate the atrophogenicity of corticosteroids after topical use. An experiment was performed in human volunteers in which measurement of mean epidermal thickness showed that the adverse effect of betamethasone 17-valerate exceeded that of placebo, hydrocortisone 17-butyrate ranking in between. To evaluate the atrophy caused by corticosteroid on dermis the radiological technique of Black was further modified and adapted. With this method clobetasol proprionate proved to give significantly more atrophy compared with a placebo. The atrophy disappeared 2 months after treatment was stopped.", "contents": "Methods for the assessment of skin atrophogenicity of topical corticosteroids. A review is given of the methods used to estimate the atrophogenicity of corticosteroids after topical use. An experiment was performed in human volunteers in which measurement of mean epidermal thickness showed that the adverse effect of betamethasone 17-valerate exceeded that of placebo, hydrocortisone 17-butyrate ranking in between. To evaluate the atrophy caused by corticosteroid on dermis the radiological technique of Black was further modified and adapted. With this method clobetasol proprionate proved to give significantly more atrophy compared with a placebo. The atrophy disappeared 2 months after treatment was stopped."}
{"id": "PMID:133835", "title": "Influence of corticosteroids on connective tissue.", "content": "All glucocorticosteroids inhibit growth, regeneration and repair of cellular or intercellular components of dermal connective tissues, when penetrated through the skin barrier. The resulting atrophy is a logical manifestation of the action of these compounds.", "contents": "Influence of corticosteroids on connective tissue. All glucocorticosteroids inhibit growth, regeneration and repair of cellular or intercellular components of dermal connective tissues, when penetrated through the skin barrier. The resulting atrophy is a logical manifestation of the action of these compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:133836", "title": "Mechanism of local skin atrophy caused by intradermally injected corticosteroids.", "content": "Different hydrocortisone microcrystal suspensions applied intradermally in rabbits caused skin atrophy. This could be ascribed to secondary tissue degeneration as was ascertained histologically. The degree of degeneration was related to the concentration of the suspension, size of the microcrystals and frequency of the intervals between the injections. The ground substance of the connective tissue changes and is characterized by a basophilic granular mass, homogenized collagen fibers and degeneration of the elastic fibers. The pathomechanism of local skin atrophy not only differs from connective tissue degeneration caused by systemic corticosteroid treatment but also from the degeneration caused by topical treatment.", "contents": "Mechanism of local skin atrophy caused by intradermally injected corticosteroids. Different hydrocortisone microcrystal suspensions applied intradermally in rabbits caused skin atrophy. This could be ascribed to secondary tissue degeneration as was ascertained histologically. The degree of degeneration was related to the concentration of the suspension, size of the microcrystals and frequency of the intervals between the injections. The ground substance of the connective tissue changes and is characterized by a basophilic granular mass, homogenized collagen fibers and degeneration of the elastic fibers. The pathomechanism of local skin atrophy not only differs from connective tissue degeneration caused by systemic corticosteroid treatment but also from the degeneration caused by topical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:133837", "title": "Electron-microscopic evaluation of collagen fibrils after topical corticosteroid therapy.", "content": "A method used to assess the atrophogenic effect of steroids by electron microscopy after ruthenium red staining is described. In two patients more atrophy was observed after fluocinolone treatment than after hydrocortisone 17-butyrate treatment.", "contents": "Electron-microscopic evaluation of collagen fibrils after topical corticosteroid therapy. A method used to assess the atrophogenic effect of steroids by electron microscopy after ruthenium red staining is described. In two patients more atrophy was observed after fluocinolone treatment than after hydrocortisone 17-butyrate treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:133838", "title": "Perioral dermatitis and rosacea-like dermatitis: clinical features and treatment.", "content": "Nine cases of perioral dermatitis and 16 cases of rosacea-like dermatitis have been treated for the last 3 years at our clinic. These cases were all females whose ages ranged from 18 to 61 years with a mean of 45 years. All had been under treatment with fluorinated steroids for a period of from 3 months to 10 years, about 3 years on the average. Tetracyclines were beneficial as remedies for these conditions, bringing about healing or remission in approximately 3 months. About 1 year was required for the recovery from atrophy of the skin and telangiectasia. Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate was more useful as a topical medication than hydrocortisone acetate but gave rise to withdrawal rebound eruptions in some cases.", "contents": "Perioral dermatitis and rosacea-like dermatitis: clinical features and treatment. Nine cases of perioral dermatitis and 16 cases of rosacea-like dermatitis have been treated for the last 3 years at our clinic. These cases were all females whose ages ranged from 18 to 61 years with a mean of 45 years. All had been under treatment with fluorinated steroids for a period of from 3 months to 10 years, about 3 years on the average. Tetracyclines were beneficial as remedies for these conditions, bringing about healing or remission in approximately 3 months. About 1 year was required for the recovery from atrophy of the skin and telangiectasia. Hydrocortisone 17-butyrate was more useful as a topical medication than hydrocortisone acetate but gave rise to withdrawal rebound eruptions in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:133839", "title": "Perioral dermatitis, an important side-effect of corticosteroids.", "content": "Perioral dermatitis has been ascribed to the use of oral contraceptives, cosmetics, toothpastes of to an infection with Candida or Fusobacteria, etc. However, seborrheic diathesis, together with the use of potent topical steroids, appeared to be the main cause of the affection. This was confirmed with the help of a number observations in the clinic and by inference from data regarding the geographical spread of the potent steroids.", "contents": "Perioral dermatitis, an important side-effect of corticosteroids. Perioral dermatitis has been ascribed to the use of oral contraceptives, cosmetics, toothpastes of to an infection with Candida or Fusobacteria, etc. However, seborrheic diathesis, together with the use of potent topical steroids, appeared to be the main cause of the affection. This was confirmed with the help of a number observations in the clinic and by inference from data regarding the geographical spread of the potent steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:133840", "title": "The treatment of steroid-induced rosacea and perioral dermatitis.", "content": "Description of adverse effects of strong corticosteroids in rosacea. Perioral dermatitis also seems to be caused by treatment with strong corticosteroids. The rebound effect after weaning the patient from strong corticosteroids might be obviated by hydrocortisone 17-butyrate or hydrocortisone 21-acetate. Continued oral tetracycline treatment is recommended.", "contents": "The treatment of steroid-induced rosacea and perioral dermatitis. Description of adverse effects of strong corticosteroids in rosacea. Perioral dermatitis also seems to be caused by treatment with strong corticosteroids. The rebound effect after weaning the patient from strong corticosteroids might be obviated by hydrocortisone 17-butyrate or hydrocortisone 21-acetate. Continued oral tetracycline treatment is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:133841", "title": "Comparative study of triamcinolone acetonide and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate in rosacea with special regard to the rebound phenomenon.", "content": "The clinical efficacy and the rebound phenomenon were studied in a left-right double-blind trial comparing triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate (HC 17-B, Locoid). The trial comprised 19 patients with rosacea-like dermatitis of whom 7 did not receive treatment and 12 were pretreated with betamethasone valerate (BMV). Tetracyclince was given all the time as additional treatment. Clinically there was no significant difference between TA and HC 17-B. No rebound phenomenon was observed. If corticosteroids are to be used at all in rosacea or resoacea-like dermatitis, preference is given to HC 17-B.", "contents": "Comparative study of triamcinolone acetonide and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate in rosacea with special regard to the rebound phenomenon. The clinical efficacy and the rebound phenomenon were studied in a left-right double-blind trial comparing triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and hydrocortisone 17-butyrate (HC 17-B, Locoid). The trial comprised 19 patients with rosacea-like dermatitis of whom 7 did not receive treatment and 12 were pretreated with betamethasone valerate (BMV). Tetracyclince was given all the time as additional treatment. Clinically there was no significant difference between TA and HC 17-B. No rebound phenomenon was observed. If corticosteroids are to be used at all in rosacea or resoacea-like dermatitis, preference is given to HC 17-B."}
{"id": "PMID:133842", "title": "Penetration of drugs through the skin.", "content": "Various methods for measuring percutaneous absorption are discussed with particular reference to glucocorticosteroids. Increasing concentrations of steroids in a given formulation will yield a decreasing percent of amount penetrating and a corresponding propertionate decrease in biologic activity. The formulation can shift the relationships of concentration to penetration and to biologic activity. The use of bioassay methods to detect penetration of antibiotics has been applied to find an active topical antibiotic for treatment of acne vulgaris.", "contents": "Penetration of drugs through the skin. Various methods for measuring percutaneous absorption are discussed with particular reference to glucocorticosteroids. Increasing concentrations of steroids in a given formulation will yield a decreasing percent of amount penetrating and a corresponding propertionate decrease in biologic activity. The formulation can shift the relationships of concentration to penetration and to biologic activity. The use of bioassay methods to detect penetration of antibiotics has been applied to find an active topical antibiotic for treatment of acne vulgaris."}
{"id": "PMID:133845", "title": "The effect of a single dose of cyclophosphamide on the jejunum of specified pathogenfree and germfree rats.", "content": "After a single dose of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) cell proliferation in the jejunum of the rat decreased within the first 24 h and returned to the initial level after 48 h. Under the influence of cyclophosphamide, an increased cell loss in germfree rats could be observed. Villus height and villus cell count tended to decrease. Changes in disaccharidase activity in mucosal scrapings with respect to protein and DNA content could not be demonstrated. An influence of presence or absence of bacterial flora could be observed.", "contents": "The effect of a single dose of cyclophosphamide on the jejunum of specified pathogenfree and germfree rats. After a single dose of cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) cell proliferation in the jejunum of the rat decreased within the first 24 h and returned to the initial level after 48 h. Under the influence of cyclophosphamide, an increased cell loss in germfree rats could be observed. Villus height and villus cell count tended to decrease. Changes in disaccharidase activity in mucosal scrapings with respect to protein and DNA content could not be demonstrated. An influence of presence or absence of bacterial flora could be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:133846", "title": "Effect of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea and streptozotocin on glucose-induced insulin secretion by isolated islets of Langerhans.", "content": "The present experiments were designed to compare the effects of streptozotocin and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea upon glucose-induced insulin secretion by isolated islets of Langerhans. Both drugs depressed the insulin response at one and two hours incubation but higher molar concentrations of the nitrosourea were required to produce the same level of inhibition as streptozotocin, a difference perhaps related to the latter's glucose moiety.", "contents": "Effect of 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea and streptozotocin on glucose-induced insulin secretion by isolated islets of Langerhans. The present experiments were designed to compare the effects of streptozotocin and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea upon glucose-induced insulin secretion by isolated islets of Langerhans. Both drugs depressed the insulin response at one and two hours incubation but higher molar concentrations of the nitrosourea were required to produce the same level of inhibition as streptozotocin, a difference perhaps related to the latter's glucose moiety."}
{"id": "PMID:133847", "title": "[Left bu;ndle branch block with right axial deviation. Clinic and electro-vectorcardiographic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Eleven patients whose ECG and VCG showed a left bundle branch block with right axial deviation (between + 90 degrees and + 150 degrees) were studied with clinical and radiological investigations. All of them had pathological abnormalities of cardiopulmonary apparatus and cardiac enlargement, but only one had congestive heart failure. The right axial deviation was due in one case to the vertical position of the heart in the chest and in three cases to conduction defects of the cardiac impulse through the left bundle branch. In the remaining cases the right axial deviation was dubious. The authors present and discuss all possible factors which could cause such deviation of QRS axis in the left bundle branch block.", "contents": "[Left bu;ndle branch block with right axial deviation. Clinic and electro-vectorcardiographic study (author's transl)]. Eleven patients whose ECG and VCG showed a left bundle branch block with right axial deviation (between + 90 degrees and + 150 degrees) were studied with clinical and radiological investigations. All of them had pathological abnormalities of cardiopulmonary apparatus and cardiac enlargement, but only one had congestive heart failure. The right axial deviation was due in one case to the vertical position of the heart in the chest and in three cases to conduction defects of the cardiac impulse through the left bundle branch. In the remaining cases the right axial deviation was dubious. The authors present and discuss all possible factors which could cause such deviation of QRS axis in the left bundle branch block."}
{"id": "PMID:133848", "title": "Experimental protein-losing gastroenteropathy: role of tissue plasminogen activator.", "content": "The tissue fibrinolytic activity of intestinal mucosa was studied in rats with protein-losing gastroenteropathies experimentally produced by X-irradiation, 5-fluorouracil treatment, or ligation of the thoracic duct. The first two models showed an increase of fibrinolytic activity and of 131I-polyvinylpyrrolidone excretion and the third showed normal fibrinolysis. In addition, it was demonstrated that 131I-polyvinylpyrrolidone excretion in the first two groups was markedly reduced by injections of trans-4-aminomethyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid, a potent antiplasmin agent. This finding affords strong support to the authors' previous clinical observation that tissue fibrinolysis in the digestive mucosa plays an important role in the pathogenesis of protein-losing gastroenteropathy associated with diseases of the mucosa.", "contents": "Experimental protein-losing gastroenteropathy: role of tissue plasminogen activator. The tissue fibrinolytic activity of intestinal mucosa was studied in rats with protein-losing gastroenteropathies experimentally produced by X-irradiation, 5-fluorouracil treatment, or ligation of the thoracic duct. The first two models showed an increase of fibrinolytic activity and of 131I-polyvinylpyrrolidone excretion and the third showed normal fibrinolysis. In addition, it was demonstrated that 131I-polyvinylpyrrolidone excretion in the first two groups was markedly reduced by injections of trans-4-aminomethyl cyclohexane carboxylic acid, a potent antiplasmin agent. This finding affords strong support to the authors' previous clinical observation that tissue fibrinolysis in the digestive mucosa plays an important role in the pathogenesis of protein-losing gastroenteropathy associated with diseases of the mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:133852", "title": "Mutation induction by difunctional alkylating agents in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The genetic characterization of ad-3 mutants of Neurospora crassa induced by two carcinogenic difunctional akylating agents, 1,2,4,5-diepoxypentane (DEP) and 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (DEO), has shown that point mutations at the ad-3B locus have similar complementation patterns. In addition to the induction of point mutations, DEP induces a low frequency (7.5%) of multilocus deletions, whereas DEO induces an extremely high frequency (42.0%). The distribution of the different classes of ad-3 mutants and the frequency of multilocus deletion mutants among DEP-induced mutants are not significantly different from those induced by the monofunctional alkylating agents EI, EMS and ICR-177 at comparable forward-mutation frequencies. Moreover, the frequencies of DEP-induced ad-3B mutants showing allelic completion or having nonpolarized complementation patterns are similar to those of ad-3B mutants induced by monofunctional agents. It is suggested, therefore, that the mechanism of mutation-induction by DEP in N. crassa is similar to that of monofunctional alkylating agents. Mutation-induction by DEO probably results both from the mechanism of action of monofunctional alkylating agents and from inter-strand cross-linkage of the DNA molecular by the two functional epoxy groups.", "contents": "Mutation induction by difunctional alkylating agents in Neurospora crassa. The genetic characterization of ad-3 mutants of Neurospora crassa induced by two carcinogenic difunctional akylating agents, 1,2,4,5-diepoxypentane (DEP) and 1,2,7,8-diepoxyoctane (DEO), has shown that point mutations at the ad-3B locus have similar complementation patterns. In addition to the induction of point mutations, DEP induces a low frequency (7.5%) of multilocus deletions, whereas DEO induces an extremely high frequency (42.0%). The distribution of the different classes of ad-3 mutants and the frequency of multilocus deletion mutants among DEP-induced mutants are not significantly different from those induced by the monofunctional alkylating agents EI, EMS and ICR-177 at comparable forward-mutation frequencies. Moreover, the frequencies of DEP-induced ad-3B mutants showing allelic completion or having nonpolarized complementation patterns are similar to those of ad-3B mutants induced by monofunctional agents. It is suggested, therefore, that the mechanism of mutation-induction by DEP in N. crassa is similar to that of monofunctional alkylating agents. Mutation-induction by DEO probably results both from the mechanism of action of monofunctional alkylating agents and from inter-strand cross-linkage of the DNA molecular by the two functional epoxy groups."}
{"id": "PMID:133853", "title": "[Dermatoglyphics of the relatives of children with congenital developmental defects].", "content": "The localization of an axial triradius and the flexor creases were studied in 173 phenotypically normal mothers and 104 fathers of congenitally malformed children. The most pronounced changes of dermatoglyphics were found in the parents of children with polygenic determined defects, less pronounced ones -- in the parents of children with multiple congenital non-chromosomal defects and with Down's syndrome. The frequency of the pathological features studied was similar both in children with polygenically determined isolated defects and in their parents. In multiple congenital defects and in Down's syndrome the abnormalities of the localization of an axial triradius and of the flexor creases were found in children more frequently than in the parents. It is suggested that the above mentioned peculiarities of parental dermatoglyphics may be useful for the genetic counselling.", "contents": "[Dermatoglyphics of the relatives of children with congenital developmental defects]. The localization of an axial triradius and the flexor creases were studied in 173 phenotypically normal mothers and 104 fathers of congenitally malformed children. The most pronounced changes of dermatoglyphics were found in the parents of children with polygenic determined defects, less pronounced ones -- in the parents of children with multiple congenital non-chromosomal defects and with Down's syndrome. The frequency of the pathological features studied was similar both in children with polygenically determined isolated defects and in their parents. In multiple congenital defects and in Down's syndrome the abnormalities of the localization of an axial triradius and of the flexor creases were found in children more frequently than in the parents. It is suggested that the above mentioned peculiarities of parental dermatoglyphics may be useful for the genetic counselling."}
{"id": "PMID:133854", "title": "[Inbreeding in the Samarkand region].", "content": "Data on the frequency of inbreeding in some isolated populations of Samarkand region are given. Statistically significant differences were established in the frequency of inbreeding in separate groups and in the general population of the region. Inbreeding marriages were more often observed between paralel cousins, occasionally they were made between second cousins. Strict time dependence of inbreeding frequency was not found, but it was noticed that the level of inbreeding was reduced since 1930 to 1949.", "contents": "[Inbreeding in the Samarkand region]. Data on the frequency of inbreeding in some isolated populations of Samarkand region are given. Statistically significant differences were established in the frequency of inbreeding in separate groups and in the general population of the region. Inbreeding marriages were more often observed between paralel cousins, occasionally they were made between second cousins. Strict time dependence of inbreeding frequency was not found, but it was noticed that the level of inbreeding was reduced since 1930 to 1949."}
{"id": "PMID:133855", "title": "[Frequency of genes and blood groups of the systems ABO, MN, Rh and P of Belorussians and Poles in the Grodno region].", "content": "A distribution of the gene frequencies and blood groups of the ABO, Rh, NM and P system in the poles and the byelorussians in the Grodno region is investigated. The following frequencies of genes in the byelorussians were revealed: r(0)-0,6210; p(A)-0.2451; q(B)-0,1339; D-0,6093; d-0,3907; M-06063; N-0,3937; P(+)-0,4971; P(-)-0,5029; and in the poles: r(O)-0,6284; p(A)-0,2353; q(B)-0,1363; D-0,6065; d-0,3935; M-0,6093; N-0,397; P(+)-0,4966; P(-)-0,5034. No statistically reliable differences were revealed in frequencies of the alleles and phenotypes of the investigated systems in the poles and byelorussians. By comparison of the same isoantigen systems of the byelorussians in the Grodno region with common population of the byelorussians in the BSSR it was found that statistically significant differences do not exist. The comparison of the poles in the Grodno region with the poles in the Polish People's Republic showed a statistically reliable difference of their genofunds in terms of the gene frequencies: r(O), p(A), D, d, P(+), P(-). This confirms the hypothesis about an indigenous origin of the poles in the Grodno region.", "contents": "[Frequency of genes and blood groups of the systems ABO, MN, Rh and P of Belorussians and Poles in the Grodno region]. A distribution of the gene frequencies and blood groups of the ABO, Rh, NM and P system in the poles and the byelorussians in the Grodno region is investigated. The following frequencies of genes in the byelorussians were revealed: r(0)-0,6210; p(A)-0.2451; q(B)-0,1339; D-0,6093; d-0,3907; M-06063; N-0,3937; P(+)-0,4971; P(-)-0,5029; and in the poles: r(O)-0,6284; p(A)-0,2353; q(B)-0,1363; D-0,6065; d-0,3935; M-0,6093; N-0,397; P(+)-0,4966; P(-)-0,5034. No statistically reliable differences were revealed in frequencies of the alleles and phenotypes of the investigated systems in the poles and byelorussians. By comparison of the same isoantigen systems of the byelorussians in the Grodno region with common population of the byelorussians in the BSSR it was found that statistically significant differences do not exist. The comparison of the poles in the Grodno region with the poles in the Polish People's Republic showed a statistically reliable difference of their genofunds in terms of the gene frequencies: r(O), p(A), D, d, P(+), P(-). This confirms the hypothesis about an indigenous origin of the poles in the Grodno region."}
{"id": "PMID:133857", "title": "[Inbreeding in the population and the spread of schizophrenia in one of the rural regions of Azerbaijan].", "content": "The investigation was carried out in Pushkin region of Azerbaijan SSR. The coefficient of inbreeding was found to be 0,01306 and 0,01142 in 2 typical villages; the frequency of consanguineous marriage in both villages was 30%. The occurence of consanguineous marriage is explained by a little migration of the population, large families and a stability of marriage traditions. An increased frequency of parental consanguinities of sporadic schizophrenic patients in comparison with the average one was found. This indicates the determination of some cases by rare recessive genes.", "contents": "[Inbreeding in the population and the spread of schizophrenia in one of the rural regions of Azerbaijan]. The investigation was carried out in Pushkin region of Azerbaijan SSR. The coefficient of inbreeding was found to be 0,01306 and 0,01142 in 2 typical villages; the frequency of consanguineous marriage in both villages was 30%. The occurence of consanguineous marriage is explained by a little migration of the population, large families and a stability of marriage traditions. An increased frequency of parental consanguinities of sporadic schizophrenic patients in comparison with the average one was found. This indicates the determination of some cases by rare recessive genes."}
{"id": "PMID:133858", "title": "Hereditary transferrin system in healthy subjects and schizophrenic patients.", "content": "Hereditary polymorphism of transferrin is studied by means of starch gel electrophoresis in a group of healthy inhabitants of Minsk (250 persons) and in a group of schizophrenic patients (128 persons). It is concluded that the inhabitants of Minsk do not differ considerably from the population, living in the European territory by distributing the frequency of transferrin alleles. No considerable differences are found between the group of healthy people and schizophrenic patients.", "contents": "Hereditary transferrin system in healthy subjects and schizophrenic patients. Hereditary polymorphism of transferrin is studied by means of starch gel electrophoresis in a group of healthy inhabitants of Minsk (250 persons) and in a group of schizophrenic patients (128 persons). It is concluded that the inhabitants of Minsk do not differ considerably from the population, living in the European territory by distributing the frequency of transferrin alleles. No considerable differences are found between the group of healthy people and schizophrenic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:133859", "title": "[Consanguineous analysis of oligophrenia].", "content": "Consanguineous analysis of 214 cases of oligophreny has shown a statistically significant higher level of inbreeding in a population of oligophrenes as compared to the general population. No linear dependence was observed between the degree of oligophrenic defect and the inbreeding coefficient. A high statistically significant level of inbreeding was established in cases of familial oligophreny as compared to sporadic oligophreny. A probability of the existence of the genes of oligophreny linked with the X-chromosome is not excluded.", "contents": "[Consanguineous analysis of oligophrenia]. Consanguineous analysis of 214 cases of oligophreny has shown a statistically significant higher level of inbreeding in a population of oligophrenes as compared to the general population. No linear dependence was observed between the degree of oligophrenic defect and the inbreeding coefficient. A high statistically significant level of inbreeding was established in cases of familial oligophreny as compared to sporadic oligophreny. A probability of the existence of the genes of oligophreny linked with the X-chromosome is not excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:133860", "title": "[Clinico-genetic features of epilepsy in isolates and a panmictic population with intra-pair, intra-isolate and inter-isolate analysis].", "content": "Clinico-genealogical investigation revealed certain specific clinico-genetic characteristics of epilepsy under the conditions of isolation (62 cases) as compared to a panmictic population (76 cases). Itra-pair inter-isolate (31 pairs) and intra-isolate (29pairs) comparison has shown a higher frequency of complete phenotypic similarity in cases of intraisolate (24,1%), than in cases of inter-isolate (9,7%) epilepsy. A more conspicuous interisolate (than intra-isolate) clinical polymorphism of epilepsy combined with an  equal frequency of intra-pair inter- and intra-isolate similarity with respect to exogonia and with a distinct (two-fold) increase of the average inbreeding coefficient between the parents of the patients (F = 0,0285) as compared to the general population of the isolates affords the evidence of the genetic heterogeneity of the disease. One of the mechanisms of the hereditary heterogeneity is assumed to be the polylocularity (genocopying).", "contents": "[Clinico-genetic features of epilepsy in isolates and a panmictic population with intra-pair, intra-isolate and inter-isolate analysis]. Clinico-genealogical investigation revealed certain specific clinico-genetic characteristics of epilepsy under the conditions of isolation (62 cases) as compared to a panmictic population (76 cases). Itra-pair inter-isolate (31 pairs) and intra-isolate (29pairs) comparison has shown a higher frequency of complete phenotypic similarity in cases of intraisolate (24,1%), than in cases of inter-isolate (9,7%) epilepsy. A more conspicuous interisolate (than intra-isolate) clinical polymorphism of epilepsy combined with an  equal frequency of intra-pair inter- and intra-isolate similarity with respect to exogonia and with a distinct (two-fold) increase of the average inbreeding coefficient between the parents of the patients (F = 0,0285) as compared to the general population of the isolates affords the evidence of the genetic heterogeneity of the disease. One of the mechanisms of the hereditary heterogeneity is assumed to be the polylocularity (genocopying)."}
{"id": "PMID:133862", "title": "Age dependence of the biosynthesis of intercellular matrix macromolecules of rabbit aorta in organ culture and cell culture.", "content": "The age dependence of the relative rate of biosynthesis of intercellular matrix macromolecules was studied in organ culture and cell culture obtained from aortas of newborn, young and adult rabbits. In organ culture there was a strong decrease with age of the rate of incorporation of (14C)-lysine and (3H)-glucosamine in all macromolecular fractions. Neosynthesis of elastin could be demonstrated by the isolation of labelled demosine at all ages. In cell cultures derived from newborn and adult aortas, no decrease in total incorporation was noticed. The pattern of synthesis and secretion of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins did however change with age. These results suggest the existence of matrix-dependent and of a matrix-independent regulation of the relative rate of synthesis of matrix macromolecules.", "contents": "Age dependence of the biosynthesis of intercellular matrix macromolecules of rabbit aorta in organ culture and cell culture. The age dependence of the relative rate of biosynthesis of intercellular matrix macromolecules was studied in organ culture and cell culture obtained from aortas of newborn, young and adult rabbits. In organ culture there was a strong decrease with age of the rate of incorporation of (14C)-lysine and (3H)-glucosamine in all macromolecular fractions. Neosynthesis of elastin could be demonstrated by the isolation of labelled demosine at all ages. In cell cultures derived from newborn and adult aortas, no decrease in total incorporation was noticed. The pattern of synthesis and secretion of glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins did however change with age. These results suggest the existence of matrix-dependent and of a matrix-independent regulation of the relative rate of synthesis of matrix macromolecules."}
{"id": "PMID:133889", "title": "[The reliability of scintigraphic criteria of the lungs concerning the estimation of mediastinal involvement in case of bronchial carcinoma (prospective study) (author's transl)].", "content": "The goal of this prospective study is to determine the reliability of the scintigraphic diagnosis of mediastinal involvement in patients with bronchial carcinoma, as well as to establish the value of each individual scintigraphic criterion. Ninety-four patients, all of whom were hospitalized because of suspicion of bronchial carcinoma were examined using 133-Xenon i.v., 133-Xenon gas inhalation, and 99m-Tc-MAA i.v. (macroaggregated albumin or microspheres of human albumin). The suspicion was confirmed in 77 patients. -The most reliable scintigraphic criteria are: 1. a localized delayed appearance of the activity in the afflicted lung area during the first 20 sec of the 133-Xenon i.v. series, and 2. the presence of a \"dead-space\" ventilation. Activity remaining in the area of the subclavian vein or the superior vena cava up to 10 min after the injection of 133-Xenon i.v. must be very carefully interpreted. Sixty-five patients underwent both mediastinoscopy and scintigraphy: in 44 patients (= 68%) the findings in both examinations were the same. Compared to the final diagnosis (mediastinoscopy, operation) there were 20 (= 30%) false negative but only one (= 2%) false positive scintigraphic diagnoses made. -When the scintigraphic criteria of hilar or mediastinal involvement are fulfilled, then the patient is practically certain to be no longer radically operable. This assertion is valid even when the mediastinoscopy is normal.", "contents": "[The reliability of scintigraphic criteria of the lungs concerning the estimation of mediastinal involvement in case of bronchial carcinoma (prospective study) (author's transl)]. The goal of this prospective study is to determine the reliability of the scintigraphic diagnosis of mediastinal involvement in patients with bronchial carcinoma, as well as to establish the value of each individual scintigraphic criterion. Ninety-four patients, all of whom were hospitalized because of suspicion of bronchial carcinoma were examined using 133-Xenon i.v., 133-Xenon gas inhalation, and 99m-Tc-MAA i.v. (macroaggregated albumin or microspheres of human albumin). The suspicion was confirmed in 77 patients. -The most reliable scintigraphic criteria are: 1. a localized delayed appearance of the activity in the afflicted lung area during the first 20 sec of the 133-Xenon i.v. series, and 2. the presence of a \"dead-space\" ventilation. Activity remaining in the area of the subclavian vein or the superior vena cava up to 10 min after the injection of 133-Xenon i.v. must be very carefully interpreted. Sixty-five patients underwent both mediastinoscopy and scintigraphy: in 44 patients (= 68%) the findings in both examinations were the same. Compared to the final diagnosis (mediastinoscopy, operation) there were 20 (= 30%) false negative but only one (= 2%) false positive scintigraphic diagnoses made. -When the scintigraphic criteria of hilar or mediastinal involvement are fulfilled, then the patient is practically certain to be no longer radically operable. This assertion is valid even when the mediastinoscopy is normal."}
{"id": "PMID:133890", "title": "[Functional scintigraphic radiospirometry. First clinical results in patients with lung diseases].", "content": "First clinical results of patients with diseases of the lungs. The previous experiences on patients with diseases of the lungs reveal that the regional function diagnostics of the lungs may be extended and improved by functional scintigraphic radiospirometry. Because of the determination of regional lung volumes restrictive lung diseases can be differentiated and analysed more exactly than it has been possible before by the examinations of perfusion and ventilation alone. A further advance of the determination of lung volume is that the question of functional operability can be cleared up exactly. In our opinion the routine use of the functional scintigraphic radiospirometry is justified. A contraindication for this kind of examination should only be pregnancy.", "contents": "[Functional scintigraphic radiospirometry. First clinical results in patients with lung diseases]. First clinical results of patients with diseases of the lungs. The previous experiences on patients with diseases of the lungs reveal that the regional function diagnostics of the lungs may be extended and improved by functional scintigraphic radiospirometry. Because of the determination of regional lung volumes restrictive lung diseases can be differentiated and analysed more exactly than it has been possible before by the examinations of perfusion and ventilation alone. A further advance of the determination of lung volume is that the question of functional operability can be cleared up exactly. In our opinion the routine use of the functional scintigraphic radiospirometry is justified. A contraindication for this kind of examination should only be pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:133891", "title": "[The value of various radiological signs in peripheral lung tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Peripheral lung tumours are often found accidentally at a time when they produce no clinical symptoms. The value of frequency of numerous radiological signs in benign and malignant peripheral lung tumours were studied in the clinical material seen in the radiological clinics at M\u00fcnster University. There are hardly any reliable differential signs during the early stages. Peripheral bronchial carcinomas can be distinguished with certainty on radiological grounds only at an advanced stage, because of their extension into surrounding lung.", "contents": "[The value of various radiological signs in peripheral lung tumours (author's transl)]. Peripheral lung tumours are often found accidentally at a time when they produce no clinical symptoms. The value of frequency of numerous radiological signs in benign and malignant peripheral lung tumours were studied in the clinical material seen in the radiological clinics at M\u00fcnster University. There are hardly any reliable differential signs during the early stages. Peripheral bronchial carcinomas can be distinguished with certainty on radiological grounds only at an advanced stage, because of their extension into surrounding lung."}
{"id": "PMID:133892", "title": "[The multiplicity of radiological findings in pulmonary hamartomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Difficulties in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary hamartomas are illustrated on the basis of 19 patients with this condition, and with reference to the radiological literature. All the patients in the present series were treated surgically, either because a mistaken diagnosis of a bronchial carcinoma had been made, or because a carcinoma could not be excluded with sufficient certainty. In several cases the patient requested removal of the tumour in order to clarify the diagnosis after several years without symptoms. Pulmonary hamartomas do not always show the appearances described as typical; atypical appearances occur and were rather frequent in our material, amounting to 25%. Despite various difficulties, it is occasionally possible to put an hamartoma first in the differential diagnosis of a lung tumour, particularly if there are no clinical features to suggest malignancy. A definitive diagnosis can be made only by histology after removal of the tumour.", "contents": "[The multiplicity of radiological findings in pulmonary hamartomas (author's transl)]. Difficulties in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary hamartomas are illustrated on the basis of 19 patients with this condition, and with reference to the radiological literature. All the patients in the present series were treated surgically, either because a mistaken diagnosis of a bronchial carcinoma had been made, or because a carcinoma could not be excluded with sufficient certainty. In several cases the patient requested removal of the tumour in order to clarify the diagnosis after several years without symptoms. Pulmonary hamartomas do not always show the appearances described as typical; atypical appearances occur and were rather frequent in our material, amounting to 25%. Despite various difficulties, it is occasionally possible to put an hamartoma first in the differential diagnosis of a lung tumour, particularly if there are no clinical features to suggest malignancy. A definitive diagnosis can be made only by histology after removal of the tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:133893", "title": "[Pneumocystis pneumonia after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "A fatal pneumocystis pneumonia after renal transplantation is described. The diagnosis, which was suspected on clinical and radiological grounds, was confirmed at autopsy. The radiological features and differential diagnosis and the clinical and pathological findings are described. Needle biopsy is recommended for a definitive diagnosis. Specific treatment at the earliest possible moment.", "contents": "[Pneumocystis pneumonia after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. A fatal pneumocystis pneumonia after renal transplantation is described. The diagnosis, which was suspected on clinical and radiological grounds, was confirmed at autopsy. The radiological features and differential diagnosis and the clinical and pathological findings are described. Needle biopsy is recommended for a definitive diagnosis. Specific treatment at the earliest possible moment."}
{"id": "PMID:133894", "title": "[A review of the findings on chest examinations and at autopsy in surgical patients under intensive care (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper deals with the findings on examination of the chest and at autopsy in 100 selected surgical patients under intensive care; of these 17% were post-traumatic, 55% had post-operative lung complications and in 28% there had been no trauma or previous operations. The accuracy of the radiological diagnosis was checked against the autopsy findings. Pneumonia and pulmonary oedema were the most common lung complications in all three groups, with an incidence of 59 to 82%, and were diagnosed with an accuracy of 92 to 95%. Other conditions which were looked for were pulmonary congestion, emboli and lung infarcts, pleural effusions, atelectasis, pulmonary haemorrhage or contusion and pneumothorax. The most common mis-diagnosis was in the demonstration of emboli and infarcts, where accuracy was only 64%. The difficulties in differential diagnosis of the radiological appearances due to these pulmonary complications are discussed.", "contents": "[A review of the findings on chest examinations and at autopsy in surgical patients under intensive care (author's transl)]. The present paper deals with the findings on examination of the chest and at autopsy in 100 selected surgical patients under intensive care; of these 17% were post-traumatic, 55% had post-operative lung complications and in 28% there had been no trauma or previous operations. The accuracy of the radiological diagnosis was checked against the autopsy findings. Pneumonia and pulmonary oedema were the most common lung complications in all three groups, with an incidence of 59 to 82%, and were diagnosed with an accuracy of 92 to 95%. Other conditions which were looked for were pulmonary congestion, emboli and lung infarcts, pleural effusions, atelectasis, pulmonary haemorrhage or contusion and pneumothorax. The most common mis-diagnosis was in the demonstration of emboli and infarcts, where accuracy was only 64%. The difficulties in differential diagnosis of the radiological appearances due to these pulmonary complications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133895", "title": "[201Thalium scintimetry of the heart as a new method for functional assessment in coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "201Tl scintimetry of the heart was used for a statistical comparison between normal people (10 individuals) and those with acute anterior wall infarcts (5 patients), anterior wall hypokinesia (5 patients) and dyskinesia (8 patients). Numerical results were obtained by a computer and depended on the relative 201tl storage in the left ventricular myocardium (64 mm2 area) related to mediastinal background uptake. It was found that maximal myocardial uptake, compared with mediastinal activity (about 290%) did not differ between normals and patients with coronary heart disease. Aneurysms of the anterior ventricular wall showed a reduction (with the ventricle perpendicular to the collimator) of 45.8%; in hypokinesia and acute myocardial infarcts, it was 64.2% and 64.6% respectively (normal 82.6%). 201Tl uptake in aneurysms (42.4%) approached background activity (36%) if a projection parallel to the collimator was used. 201Tl scintimetry provides a means of defining functional ability of the myocardium (depdending on myocardial perfusion and mass). Aneurysms and hypokinetic portions of the myocardium can be differentiated statistically from normal 201Tl uptake.", "contents": "[201Thalium scintimetry of the heart as a new method for functional assessment in coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. 201Tl scintimetry of the heart was used for a statistical comparison between normal people (10 individuals) and those with acute anterior wall infarcts (5 patients), anterior wall hypokinesia (5 patients) and dyskinesia (8 patients). Numerical results were obtained by a computer and depended on the relative 201tl storage in the left ventricular myocardium (64 mm2 area) related to mediastinal background uptake. It was found that maximal myocardial uptake, compared with mediastinal activity (about 290%) did not differ between normals and patients with coronary heart disease. Aneurysms of the anterior ventricular wall showed a reduction (with the ventricle perpendicular to the collimator) of 45.8%; in hypokinesia and acute myocardial infarcts, it was 64.2% and 64.6% respectively (normal 82.6%). 201Tl uptake in aneurysms (42.4%) approached background activity (36%) if a projection parallel to the collimator was used. 201Tl scintimetry provides a means of defining functional ability of the myocardium (depdending on myocardial perfusion and mass). Aneurysms and hypokinetic portions of the myocardium can be differentiated statistically from normal 201Tl uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:133896", "title": "[Aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-seven patients in whom a diagnosis of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm had been made during life were re-examined and the results have been evaluated. The clinical symptoms are not diagnostic. Routine radiological examination may also fail to show any significant findings. Large sinus of Valsalva aneurysms may show an atypical prominence of the right upper heart border, and in leutic aneurysms there may be fine calcification of the aortic wall. A definitive diagnosis can be made only by thoracic aortography. Five patients had a congenital saccular aneurysm connected with a sinus of Valsalva. Three patients had acquired aneurysms of which two were leutic and one developed shortly after rheumatic fever. A diffuse aneurysms of the sinus of valsalva was found in fourteen patients with Marfan's syndrome. The radiological appearances are demonstrated. Indications for surgery are discussed; the indications must be considered for each situation separately.", "contents": "[Aneurysms of the sinus of Valsalva (author's transl)]. Twenty-seven patients in whom a diagnosis of sinus of Valsalva aneurysm had been made during life were re-examined and the results have been evaluated. The clinical symptoms are not diagnostic. Routine radiological examination may also fail to show any significant findings. Large sinus of Valsalva aneurysms may show an atypical prominence of the right upper heart border, and in leutic aneurysms there may be fine calcification of the aortic wall. A definitive diagnosis can be made only by thoracic aortography. Five patients had a congenital saccular aneurysm connected with a sinus of Valsalva. Three patients had acquired aneurysms of which two were leutic and one developed shortly after rheumatic fever. A diffuse aneurysms of the sinus of valsalva was found in fourteen patients with Marfan's syndrome. The radiological appearances are demonstrated. Indications for surgery are discussed; the indications must be considered for each situation separately."}
{"id": "PMID:133897", "title": "[Percutaneous removal of a guide wire from the right ventricle and pulmonary artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Successful removal of an opaque guide-wire from the right ventricle and left pulmonary artery is reported. The wire was extracted into the right external iliac and common femoral vein and then removed by a venotomy. Percutaneous removal of embolised foreign bodies should be carried out as soon as possible. An attempt at percutaneous removal is to be preferred to a thoracotomy because of the considerably reduced risk.", "contents": "[Percutaneous removal of a guide wire from the right ventricle and pulmonary artery (author's transl)]. Successful removal of an opaque guide-wire from the right ventricle and left pulmonary artery is reported. The wire was extracted into the right external iliac and common femoral vein and then removed by a venotomy. Percutaneous removal of embolised foreign bodies should be carried out as soon as possible. An attempt at percutaneous removal is to be preferred to a thoracotomy because of the considerably reduced risk."}
{"id": "PMID:133898", "title": "[The scope of ultra sound in the diagnosis of thyroid disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 28, 9, 73 and 30, 9, 75, we examined the thyroid glands of 315 patients by means of ultra sound. In 166 patients the ultra sound findings could be compared with other methods of examination, particularly surgery, or with the subsequent clinical course. The value of ultra sould is stressed particularly in the differential diagnosis of solitary \"cold\" scintigraphic nodules and for wider routine use. The technique and value of this method are described.", "contents": "[The scope of ultra sound in the diagnosis of thyroid disease (author's transl)]. Between 28, 9, 73 and 30, 9, 75, we examined the thyroid glands of 315 patients by means of ultra sound. In 166 patients the ultra sound findings could be compared with other methods of examination, particularly surgery, or with the subsequent clinical course. The value of ultra sould is stressed particularly in the differential diagnosis of solitary \"cold\" scintigraphic nodules and for wider routine use. The technique and value of this method are described."}
{"id": "PMID:133899", "title": "[Dacryocystography. 2. Results of 125 studies].", "content": "Results and X-ray findings of 125 dacryocystographies are discussed. Type II obstruction is the commonest pathological finding, Type I is caused often by a trauma. DCG gives a good morphological picture of tear drainage system and represents a very important method for planning surgical therapy.", "contents": "[Dacryocystography. 2. Results of 125 studies]. Results and X-ray findings of 125 dacryocystographies are discussed. Type II obstruction is the commonest pathological finding, Type I is caused often by a trauma. DCG gives a good morphological picture of tear drainage system and represents a very important method for planning surgical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:133900", "title": "[The angiographic morphology of arterial injury (author's transl)].", "content": "The angiographic morphology for various arterial injuries is described and illustrated by means of 46 patients examined by us; these consisted of 13 socclusions, 21 arterial rupture and 12 arterial lacerations. The main angiographic feature is thrombotic occlusion of the damaged artery. Consequently, the pathology of the arterial lesion could be defined in only one third of the patients with arterial injuries. This, however, is not of major importance in planning vascular surgery.", "contents": "[The angiographic morphology of arterial injury (author's transl)]. The angiographic morphology for various arterial injuries is described and illustrated by means of 46 patients examined by us; these consisted of 13 socclusions, 21 arterial rupture and 12 arterial lacerations. The main angiographic feature is thrombotic occlusion of the damaged artery. Consequently, the pathology of the arterial lesion could be defined in only one third of the patients with arterial injuries. This, however, is not of major importance in planning vascular surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:133901", "title": "[Xero-radiography of peripheral arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparison of film and xerographic examinations of arteries in the extremities has shown that it is possible to demonstrate vessels by using xerography with about half the usual concentration of contrast material. Advantages of this technique are: Less pain during the examination. No need for an anaesthetic. Less damage to the artery, with the possibility of repeating the examination. -There are still certain difficulties for the routine use of this method: the selenium plates cannot be used in the AOT changer. Limited format of the selenium plates.", "contents": "[Xero-radiography of peripheral arteries (author's transl)]. Comparison of film and xerographic examinations of arteries in the extremities has shown that it is possible to demonstrate vessels by using xerography with about half the usual concentration of contrast material. Advantages of this technique are: Less pain during the examination. No need for an anaesthetic. Less damage to the artery, with the possibility of repeating the examination. -There are still certain difficulties for the routine use of this method: the selenium plates cannot be used in the AOT changer. Limited format of the selenium plates."}
{"id": "PMID:133902", "title": "[The demonstration of the great saphenous vein (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for demonstrating the great saphenous vein is described which allows one to demonstrate it throughout its length, and to judge its patency without screening it. The method is suitable for examining the vein before removing it for arterial reconstruction, or for use as a by-pass.", "contents": "[The demonstration of the great saphenous vein (author's transl)]. A method for demonstrating the great saphenous vein is described which allows one to demonstrate it throughout its length, and to judge its patency without screening it. The method is suitable for examining the vein before removing it for arterial reconstruction, or for use as a by-pass."}
{"id": "PMID:133903", "title": "[New intensifying screens in clinical radiology. Paper I-Experimental investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "The degree of intensification and resolution was compared using rare-earth-screens and conventional calcium tungstate screens. -In order to approximate usual phantom (DIN 6, 815) was equipped with a lead grid at a depth of 6 cm. Nine screen-film combinations were exposed at 70 to 80 kv., using a 12-pulse generator and Bucky grid till blackening of S = 1 was obtained. -Resolution depends substantially on the inherent noise of the system and improves from 0.6 Lp/mm. for the most sensitive combinations (intensitification factor 8.0) to 1.15 Lp/mm (intensification factor 1.7). Compared with the standard combination with a resolution of about 0.9 Lp/mm., dose was reduced by more than 40% with an increase in resolution of 45% (combination 3M-Trimax A4/XD).", "contents": "[New intensifying screens in clinical radiology. Paper I-Experimental investigations (author's transl)]. The degree of intensification and resolution was compared using rare-earth-screens and conventional calcium tungstate screens. -In order to approximate usual phantom (DIN 6, 815) was equipped with a lead grid at a depth of 6 cm. Nine screen-film combinations were exposed at 70 to 80 kv., using a 12-pulse generator and Bucky grid till blackening of S = 1 was obtained. -Resolution depends substantially on the inherent noise of the system and improves from 0.6 Lp/mm. for the most sensitive combinations (intensitification factor 8.0) to 1.15 Lp/mm (intensification factor 1.7). Compared with the standard combination with a resolution of about 0.9 Lp/mm., dose was reduced by more than 40% with an increase in resolution of 45% (combination 3M-Trimax A4/XD)."}
{"id": "PMID:133904", "title": "[Trends and new findings in the assessment of the somatic radiation risk (author's transl)].", "content": "New findings are described which enable a more precise estimation of the leukemia and cancer risk by radiation. They concern the risk ratio of cancer to leukemia after whole body irradiation, the shape of the dose-risk-relationship and the time factor problem. Finally a balance of the somatic radiation risk from whole body irradiation is set up and the consequences for the establishment of dose limits are discussed.", "contents": "[Trends and new findings in the assessment of the somatic radiation risk (author's transl)]. New findings are described which enable a more precise estimation of the leukemia and cancer risk by radiation. They concern the risk ratio of cancer to leukemia after whole body irradiation, the shape of the dose-risk-relationship and the time factor problem. Finally a balance of the somatic radiation risk from whole body irradiation is set up and the consequences for the establishment of dose limits are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133910", "title": "[Pharmacological studides on 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (L-5HTP). Interaction between L-5HTP and p-CPA].", "content": "The effect of tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-CPA and 5-HT precursor L-5HTP on conditional avoidance response and 5-HT content in rat brain was examined with the following results: Continuous administration of p-CPA improved acquisition of conditional avoidance response and retarded the loss acquired response. Body weight gain was suppressed at the low level. When the conditional avoidance response of the rats reached a certain level, it was suppressed by giving L-5HTP at the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg in the rats given p-CPA, but no effect was observed in the rats given CMC. The 5-HT content in brain was reduced to 22% of control value by a single administration of p-CPA 316 mg/kg, but it rapidly recovered to a normal level with L-5HTP administration. From the above results, it was demonstrated that the presence or absence of p-CPA loading causes a significant difference in the appearance of behavior alteration in a rats following administration of L-5HTP.", "contents": "[Pharmacological studides on 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan (L-5HTP). Interaction between L-5HTP and p-CPA]. The effect of tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor p-CPA and 5-HT precursor L-5HTP on conditional avoidance response and 5-HT content in rat brain was examined with the following results: Continuous administration of p-CPA improved acquisition of conditional avoidance response and retarded the loss acquired response. Body weight gain was suppressed at the low level. When the conditional avoidance response of the rats reached a certain level, it was suppressed by giving L-5HTP at the doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg in the rats given p-CPA, but no effect was observed in the rats given CMC. The 5-HT content in brain was reduced to 22% of control value by a single administration of p-CPA 316 mg/kg, but it rapidly recovered to a normal level with L-5HTP administration. From the above results, it was demonstrated that the presence or absence of p-CPA loading causes a significant difference in the appearance of behavior alteration in a rats following administration of L-5HTP."}
{"id": "PMID:133911", "title": "[The technique and success rate of transfemoral cerebral angiography].", "content": "Amongst 434 transfemoral cerebral catheter angiograms a success rate of 98.16% was achieved. The catheters and manipulations required for successful catheterisation are described. In view of the screening time required, a comparison with needle angiography was made. It was found that catheter angiography was better in all cases in which several cerebral arteries had to be demonstrated.", "contents": "[The technique and success rate of transfemoral cerebral angiography]. Amongst 434 transfemoral cerebral catheter angiograms a success rate of 98.16% was achieved. The catheters and manipulations required for successful catheterisation are described. In view of the screening time required, a comparison with needle angiography was made. It was found that catheter angiography was better in all cases in which several cerebral arteries had to be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:133912", "title": "[Moyamoya syndrome of tuberculous cerebral arteritis].", "content": "A 55-year old woman, suffering from bacteriologically proven tuberculous meningitis showed the angiographic signs typical of tuberculous arteritis: stenosis of the supraclinoid portion of the carotid syphon on the right stenosis of the basilar artery, multiple peripheral occulsions of mediumsize vessels and mild, internal hydrocephalus. As a rarity there was an unusual collateral supply through the basal Moyamoya net which supplied the occluded right middle branch; there was a transtentorial anastomosis of the left meningeal branch of the vertebral artery which supplied the territory of the right posterior cerebral artery in an orthograde manner. The developmental mechanism and radiological findings of this rare collateral system due to tuberculous meningoarteritis is discussed.", "contents": "[Moyamoya syndrome of tuberculous cerebral arteritis]. A 55-year old woman, suffering from bacteriologically proven tuberculous meningitis showed the angiographic signs typical of tuberculous arteritis: stenosis of the supraclinoid portion of the carotid syphon on the right stenosis of the basilar artery, multiple peripheral occulsions of mediumsize vessels and mild, internal hydrocephalus. As a rarity there was an unusual collateral supply through the basal Moyamoya net which supplied the occluded right middle branch; there was a transtentorial anastomosis of the left meningeal branch of the vertebral artery which supplied the territory of the right posterior cerebral artery in an orthograde manner. The developmental mechanism and radiological findings of this rare collateral system due to tuberculous meningoarteritis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133913", "title": "[Ectopic course of the internal carotid artery in the tympanic cavity-value of angiography and tomography].", "content": "The rare case of an internal carotid artery crossing the tympanic cavity is reported. By means of angiography and proper positioned tomography a diagnosis can be made before any operation is attempted. A biopsy of the clinically appearing \"tumor\" can be disastrous for profuse arterial bleeding.", "contents": "[Ectopic course of the internal carotid artery in the tympanic cavity-value of angiography and tomography]. The rare case of an internal carotid artery crossing the tympanic cavity is reported. By means of angiography and proper positioned tomography a diagnosis can be made before any operation is attempted. A biopsy of the clinically appearing \"tumor\" can be disastrous for profuse arterial bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:133914", "title": "[Absence of cerebral perfusion. A simple isotope method for demonstrating cerebral death].", "content": "Absence of cerebral perfusion as proof of cerebral death can be demonstrated angiographically by isotope techniques. Comparison of the methods has shown that isotope flow studies are technically simpler, are devoid of risk and can be carried out without additional injections in a few minutes. Our own observations and those of others have shown that an extended observation period is necessary in order to diagnose absence of cerebral perfusion and consequently of cerebral death. Clear documentation of events recorded radiographically and related to the speed of flow of the radioactive substance is of great value from a diagnostic and forensic point of view.", "contents": "[Absence of cerebral perfusion. A simple isotope method for demonstrating cerebral death]. Absence of cerebral perfusion as proof of cerebral death can be demonstrated angiographically by isotope techniques. Comparison of the methods has shown that isotope flow studies are technically simpler, are devoid of risk and can be carried out without additional injections in a few minutes. Our own observations and those of others have shown that an extended observation period is necessary in order to diagnose absence of cerebral perfusion and consequently of cerebral death. Clear documentation of events recorded radiographically and related to the speed of flow of the radioactive substance is of great value from a diagnostic and forensic point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:133915", "title": "[Radiation dose to the head, and particularly to the lens of the eye, during tomography with EMI scanner].", "content": "Radiation dose to the lens of the eye was estimated using thermoluminescence and film dosimetry on patients undergoing computerised axial skull tomography with the EMI scanner, and also on various phantoms. The dose decreases from the lateral margin of the right eye to the lateral margin of the left eye. During conventional three layer tomography, maximal exposure to the eye is about 0.6 R (1.55 X 10 10-4 C.kg-1), produced entirely by scatter. Direct irradiation of the plane of orbits produces maximal exposure rate of 3 R (7.7X 10-4 C.kg-1). Maximal dose to the head depends on skull size and is about 4 R (approximately 10-3 C.kg-1). The local dose dependence of the eyes was confirmed theoretically by drawing up a computer programme, and was related to the method used by the EMI scanner.", "contents": "[Radiation dose to the head, and particularly to the lens of the eye, during tomography with EMI scanner]. Radiation dose to the lens of the eye was estimated using thermoluminescence and film dosimetry on patients undergoing computerised axial skull tomography with the EMI scanner, and also on various phantoms. The dose decreases from the lateral margin of the right eye to the lateral margin of the left eye. During conventional three layer tomography, maximal exposure to the eye is about 0.6 R (1.55 X 10 10-4 C.kg-1), produced entirely by scatter. Direct irradiation of the plane of orbits produces maximal exposure rate of 3 R (7.7X 10-4 C.kg-1). Maximal dose to the head depends on skull size and is about 4 R (approximately 10-3 C.kg-1). The local dose dependence of the eyes was confirmed theoretically by drawing up a computer programme, and was related to the method used by the EMI scanner."}
{"id": "PMID:133916", "title": "[Trans-jugular retrograde portography. Preliminary communication].", "content": "Retrograde portography is carried out through a trans-jugular route. Contrary to previously available techniques of trans-juglar portography, the method does not inflict any trauma on the parenchyma or vessels. Demonstration of the portal system is achied by reserved flow through the liver sinusoids. Together with arterial hepatography and indirect splenic and mesenteric portography, the method provides additional information in various forms of pre-, intra- and post-hepatic block without submitting the patient to any additional risk.", "contents": "[Trans-jugular retrograde portography. Preliminary communication]. Retrograde portography is carried out through a trans-jugular route. Contrary to previously available techniques of trans-juglar portography, the method does not inflict any trauma on the parenchyma or vessels. Demonstration of the portal system is achied by reserved flow through the liver sinusoids. Together with arterial hepatography and indirect splenic and mesenteric portography, the method provides additional information in various forms of pre-, intra- and post-hepatic block without submitting the patient to any additional risk."}
{"id": "PMID:133917", "title": "Diagnostic effectiveness of infusion hepatic angiography. A comparison with the conventional technique.", "content": "The diagnostic effectiveness of infusion hepatic angiography was evaluated in 72 patients with various liver diseases, who also had conventional hepatic angiography. In a comparison of the two techniques, the infusion study was found diagnostically essential in 4 patients (6%), and afforded improved diagnosis in 52 others (72%). In 13 patients (18%), it gave equivalent information; and in 3 patients (4%), less information than the conventional technique. Infusion hepatic angiography is a useful complementary technique in anatomical liver diagnosis, especially in its ability to improve upon the diagnostic accuracy of the capillary phase of hepatic angiography.", "contents": "Diagnostic effectiveness of infusion hepatic angiography. A comparison with the conventional technique. The diagnostic effectiveness of infusion hepatic angiography was evaluated in 72 patients with various liver diseases, who also had conventional hepatic angiography. In a comparison of the two techniques, the infusion study was found diagnostically essential in 4 patients (6%), and afforded improved diagnosis in 52 others (72%). In 13 patients (18%), it gave equivalent information; and in 3 patients (4%), less information than the conventional technique. Infusion hepatic angiography is a useful complementary technique in anatomical liver diagnosis, especially in its ability to improve upon the diagnostic accuracy of the capillary phase of hepatic angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:133918", "title": "[The differentaition between malignant and benign lesions by retrograde pancreaticography].", "content": "The accuracy of ERCP in the differentiation between carcinoma of the pancreas and chronic pancreatitis is evaluated in a series of 39 cases with proved final diagnosis. The specificity of 6 different morphological types of duct alterations for carcinoma or for chronic pacreatitis is analyzed. - The accuracy of differentiation was 90% in the present series. Long, irregular stenosis or localized destruction of ductal branches were found in carcinoma only. Short, smooth stenosis or diffuse duct alterations were present in pancreatitis only. Total obstruction was found in both diseases in about the same frequency.", "contents": "[The differentaition between malignant and benign lesions by retrograde pancreaticography]. The accuracy of ERCP in the differentiation between carcinoma of the pancreas and chronic pancreatitis is evaluated in a series of 39 cases with proved final diagnosis. The specificity of 6 different morphological types of duct alterations for carcinoma or for chronic pacreatitis is analyzed. - The accuracy of differentiation was 90% in the present series. Long, irregular stenosis or localized destruction of ductal branches were found in carcinoma only. Short, smooth stenosis or diffuse duct alterations were present in pancreatitis only. Total obstruction was found in both diseases in about the same frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:133919", "title": "[Angiography in Crohn's regional enteritis. Its relation to conventional radiological, endoscopic and micro-angiographic findings].", "content": "There has been a definite increase in the incidence of Crohn's disease in recent years. A particular feature of this disease is the high incidence of recurrence after surgical removal of affected portions of the gut. This may be due to a resection carried out through a diseased segment and this stresses the importance of recognising early changes. This is not possible by conventional radiology (small bowel examination, barium enema) and is therefore an indication for pre-operative visceral angiography. The results obtained in ten patients, who subsequently came to surgery, were compared with the findings on conventional radiology and endoscopy. Angiography proved the best method for the early demonstration of inflammatory changes. This was confirmed by histological examination of the resected specimen.", "contents": "[Angiography in Crohn's regional enteritis. Its relation to conventional radiological, endoscopic and micro-angiographic findings]. There has been a definite increase in the incidence of Crohn's disease in recent years. A particular feature of this disease is the high incidence of recurrence after surgical removal of affected portions of the gut. This may be due to a resection carried out through a diseased segment and this stresses the importance of recognising early changes. This is not possible by conventional radiology (small bowel examination, barium enema) and is therefore an indication for pre-operative visceral angiography. The results obtained in ten patients, who subsequently came to surgery, were compared with the findings on conventional radiology and endoscopy. Angiography proved the best method for the early demonstration of inflammatory changes. This was confirmed by histological examination of the resected specimen."}
{"id": "PMID:133920", "title": "[Radiological anatomy of the umbilical vein, the venous duct and the portal vein in human fetuses and neonates].", "content": "Selected examples of 44 postmortem angiographies of human fetuses and neonates demonstrate the radiological anatomy of those vessels which are important for umbilical vein catheterization. The tip of an indwelling endhole umbilical venous catheter should ideally be located in the inferior vena cava directly below the right artrium of within the right atrium. A radiological control of the catheter's position is mandatory in order to avoid complications and late sequelae.", "contents": "[Radiological anatomy of the umbilical vein, the venous duct and the portal vein in human fetuses and neonates]. Selected examples of 44 postmortem angiographies of human fetuses and neonates demonstrate the radiological anatomy of those vessels which are important for umbilical vein catheterization. The tip of an indwelling endhole umbilical venous catheter should ideally be located in the inferior vena cava directly below the right artrium of within the right atrium. A radiological control of the catheter's position is mandatory in order to avoid complications and late sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:133921", "title": "[Radiological examination of embryonal and fetal vessels. Technique and method of prenatal, post-mortem angiography in different stages of gestation].", "content": "The development and technique of a x-ray examination for prenatal and post-mortem angiography is presented. After elaboration of an appropriate method for preservation and treatment of the embryos the angiographic procedure was technically evolved and performed on 55 cow-, 40 pig-, and 5 sheep embryos and fetuses with a vertex- breech- length between 11 and 222mm. Selective filling of the arterial and venous system with good opacification of the peripheral vessels and capillary plexus could be regularly achieved by means of thin catheters or extended glass cannulas which were inserted into the umbilical arteries and veins or the vessels of the foetal membrane. By means of this technique the radiological embryology of the vascular development of different species can be studied in great series and investigated with regard to onto- and phylogenetic aspects. This prenatal angiographic technique can also be applied to man as has been proven by angiograms of 4 human embryos and fetuses aged between 6 weeks and 5 months.", "contents": "[Radiological examination of embryonal and fetal vessels. Technique and method of prenatal, post-mortem angiography in different stages of gestation]. The development and technique of a x-ray examination for prenatal and post-mortem angiography is presented. After elaboration of an appropriate method for preservation and treatment of the embryos the angiographic procedure was technically evolved and performed on 55 cow-, 40 pig-, and 5 sheep embryos and fetuses with a vertex- breech- length between 11 and 222mm. Selective filling of the arterial and venous system with good opacification of the peripheral vessels and capillary plexus could be regularly achieved by means of thin catheters or extended glass cannulas which were inserted into the umbilical arteries and veins or the vessels of the foetal membrane. By means of this technique the radiological embryology of the vascular development of different species can be studied in great series and investigated with regard to onto- and phylogenetic aspects. This prenatal angiographic technique can also be applied to man as has been proven by angiograms of 4 human embryos and fetuses aged between 6 weeks and 5 months."}
{"id": "PMID:133922", "title": "[Paraglenoid hyerostosis: shoulder arthrosis or occupational?].", "content": "Amongst 300 examinations of the shoulder in miners working with compressed air, degenerative changes were found in 44. Particularly striking was the frequency of acromioclavicular arthrosis and of paraglenoid hyperostosis. Five patients with paraglenoid hyperstosis were re-examined several years later. The authors regard these changes as a sign of shoulder arthrosis, analgous with hyperostosis of the head of the radius or of a rib and with labrum ossification of the hip joint.", "contents": "[Paraglenoid hyerostosis: shoulder arthrosis or occupational?]. Amongst 300 examinations of the shoulder in miners working with compressed air, degenerative changes were found in 44. Particularly striking was the frequency of acromioclavicular arthrosis and of paraglenoid hyperostosis. Five patients with paraglenoid hyperstosis were re-examined several years later. The authors regard these changes as a sign of shoulder arthrosis, analgous with hyperostosis of the head of the radius or of a rib and with labrum ossification of the hip joint."}
{"id": "PMID:133923", "title": "[Arthrography in humeroscapular peri-arthritis].", "content": "Degenerative changes in the shoulder joint affect the capsule much more frequently than might be expected and are not seen on a plain radiograph. Arthrography of the shoulder has become of increasing significance in view of modern surgical management. Arthrography is used particularly to demonstrate a tear of the rotator cuff (especially the supra spinatus and infra spinatus). It also shows other important abnormalities which cause pain on movement, such as adhesions, tight capsule and the formation of septa. The indications, technique and necessary records, as well as typical pathological findings, are demonstrated in forty shoulder arthrograms. Hemuro-scapular peri-arthritis is a collective term for complex, primarily degenerative or posttraumatic, changes including peri-articular calcification. Demonstration of calcification alone does not justify the radiological diagnosis of humeroscapular peri-arthritis.", "contents": "[Arthrography in humeroscapular peri-arthritis]. Degenerative changes in the shoulder joint affect the capsule much more frequently than might be expected and are not seen on a plain radiograph. Arthrography of the shoulder has become of increasing significance in view of modern surgical management. Arthrography is used particularly to demonstrate a tear of the rotator cuff (especially the supra spinatus and infra spinatus). It also shows other important abnormalities which cause pain on movement, such as adhesions, tight capsule and the formation of septa. The indications, technique and necessary records, as well as typical pathological findings, are demonstrated in forty shoulder arthrograms. Hemuro-scapular peri-arthritis is a collective term for complex, primarily degenerative or posttraumatic, changes including peri-articular calcification. Demonstration of calcification alone does not justify the radiological diagnosis of humeroscapular peri-arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:133924", "title": "[Radiological and histological aspects of changes in the knee joint(author's transl)].", "content": "A comparison was carried out between histological and arthrographic findings which resulted in a revision in the interpretation of certain radiological signs. Meniscus lesions, osteochondrosis dissecans, chondrosis dissecans and synovitis are considered histologically and radiologically. Dengenerative reactions which can be demonstrated radiologically (irregular margins) consist of mucoid degeneration, trabecular changes, fatty degeneration and oedema of the ground substance. The agreement between arthrographic and histological findings is not unexpected, since both methods demonstrate morphology by different means.", "contents": "[Radiological and histological aspects of changes in the knee joint(author's transl)]. A comparison was carried out between histological and arthrographic findings which resulted in a revision in the interpretation of certain radiological signs. Meniscus lesions, osteochondrosis dissecans, chondrosis dissecans and synovitis are considered histologically and radiologically. Dengenerative reactions which can be demonstrated radiologically (irregular margins) consist of mucoid degeneration, trabecular changes, fatty degeneration and oedema of the ground substance. The agreement between arthrographic and histological findings is not unexpected, since both methods demonstrate morphology by different means."}
{"id": "PMID:133925", "title": "[Logetronic micro-film in radiological diagnosis with an integrated system of filming and filing(author's transl)].", "content": "The results of one year's routine use of primary microfilm in a large diagnostic radiological institute is reviewed. Positive views were treated by electronic contrast enhancement in an integrated system of immediate filming and filing. The resulting changes and improvements in running the department are described. This involves a fundamental reorganisation of the department, as well as equipment which is not yet commercially available. The latter had therefore to be improvised and is described. Similar procedures introduced elsewhere are critically evaluated. The advantages of immediate filming are stressed and a comparison with conventional large film filing demonstrates its financial advantages. Logical application of the method results in saving in personnel and material, but implies that the radiologist must be prepared to change to positive films in routine diagnosis. By using microfilm positives with a resolution of 4.0 pairs of lines per mm., the results equal those from large film negatives.", "contents": "[Logetronic micro-film in radiological diagnosis with an integrated system of filming and filing(author's transl)]. The results of one year's routine use of primary microfilm in a large diagnostic radiological institute is reviewed. Positive views were treated by electronic contrast enhancement in an integrated system of immediate filming and filing. The resulting changes and improvements in running the department are described. This involves a fundamental reorganisation of the department, as well as equipment which is not yet commercially available. The latter had therefore to be improvised and is described. Similar procedures introduced elsewhere are critically evaluated. The advantages of immediate filming are stressed and a comparison with conventional large film filing demonstrates its financial advantages. Logical application of the method results in saving in personnel and material, but implies that the radiologist must be prepared to change to positive films in routine diagnosis. By using microfilm positives with a resolution of 4.0 pairs of lines per mm., the results equal those from large film negatives."}
{"id": "PMID:133926", "title": "[Assessment of radiologists workload in Scandinavia(author's transl)].", "content": "Experience in Sweden, Norway and Finland (University Clinic, Oulu) indicates that the points system instituted by the Scandinavian Association of Radiologists provides a satisfactory means of measuring radiologists' workload. A similar system for assessing radiographic technicians' workload is desirable.", "contents": "[Assessment of radiologists workload in Scandinavia(author's transl)]. Experience in Sweden, Norway and Finland (University Clinic, Oulu) indicates that the points system instituted by the Scandinavian Association of Radiologists provides a satisfactory means of measuring radiologists' workload. A similar system for assessing radiographic technicians' workload is desirable."}
{"id": "PMID:133933", "title": "[Marginal atelectasis of the lower lobes (author's transl)].", "content": "During one year ward films showed opacities with sharp upper margins at the borders of the upper and lower lobes in 17 seriously ill patients, aged between 67 and 87 years. These were interpreted as marginal atelectases of the lower lobes; they have not been previously described. Hypoventilation, with incomplete expansion and marginal atelectasis in seriously ill patients in bed first affect the lower lobes, according to the laws of respiratory physiology and pathology. Marginal atelectasis of the lower lobes occurs unilaterally or bilaterally and in the early stages is reversible. Radiologically, it is clearly distinguishable from intralobar effusions into the major fissure. Other differential diagnosis, such as small pneumothoraces or overlying soft tissue shadows, are not a significant problem.", "contents": "[Marginal atelectasis of the lower lobes (author's transl)]. During one year ward films showed opacities with sharp upper margins at the borders of the upper and lower lobes in 17 seriously ill patients, aged between 67 and 87 years. These were interpreted as marginal atelectases of the lower lobes; they have not been previously described. Hypoventilation, with incomplete expansion and marginal atelectasis in seriously ill patients in bed first affect the lower lobes, according to the laws of respiratory physiology and pathology. Marginal atelectasis of the lower lobes occurs unilaterally or bilaterally and in the early stages is reversible. Radiologically, it is clearly distinguishable from intralobar effusions into the major fissure. Other differential diagnosis, such as small pneumothoraces or overlying soft tissue shadows, are not a significant problem."}
{"id": "PMID:133934", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of calcifying coronary sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "There has, up to now, not been general acceptance in the German literature of a definite relationship between radiologically visible coronary calcification and coronary heart disease. Anglo-American authors in general agree with our coronographic findings, which show a significantly increased incidence of such coronary changes in stenosing coronary artery disease. In a random sample of patients over 40 years of age, coronary calcification was found radiographically in 25%. Two-thirds of these patients were more than 60 years, but one quarter of the 50 to 60 year age group, and 15% of the 40 to 5-year age group showed these findings. In one group of 150 patients with coronary calcification, 68.9% suffered from coronary heart disease, 7.9% were suspicious and 23.2% had no symptoms. Conversely, in 100 patients with coronary heart disease, coronary calcification was present in 42. Calcification in several vessels was confined almost entirely to patients with advanced coronary disease. Coronary angiography in patients with normal E.C.G.'s, both at rest and after exercise, usually showed some reduction in the lumen corresponding to the area of calcification. In these patients the prognostic significance of the calcification in terms of further development of atherosclerosis must be considered. The localisation of the calcification in these cases is of significance. The clinical features, histology, localisation and investigation of the calcification by radiography is discussed. In our view this has considerable significance in the screening of coronary heart disease.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of calcifying coronary sclerosis (author's transl)]. There has, up to now, not been general acceptance in the German literature of a definite relationship between radiologically visible coronary calcification and coronary heart disease. Anglo-American authors in general agree with our coronographic findings, which show a significantly increased incidence of such coronary changes in stenosing coronary artery disease. In a random sample of patients over 40 years of age, coronary calcification was found radiographically in 25%. Two-thirds of these patients were more than 60 years, but one quarter of the 50 to 60 year age group, and 15% of the 40 to 5-year age group showed these findings. In one group of 150 patients with coronary calcification, 68.9% suffered from coronary heart disease, 7.9% were suspicious and 23.2% had no symptoms. Conversely, in 100 patients with coronary heart disease, coronary calcification was present in 42. Calcification in several vessels was confined almost entirely to patients with advanced coronary disease. Coronary angiography in patients with normal E.C.G.'s, both at rest and after exercise, usually showed some reduction in the lumen corresponding to the area of calcification. In these patients the prognostic significance of the calcification in terms of further development of atherosclerosis must be considered. The localisation of the calcification in these cases is of significance. The clinical features, histology, localisation and investigation of the calcification by radiography is discussed. In our view this has considerable significance in the screening of coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:133935", "title": "[The effect of biological factors during functional scintigraphy of the heart (author's transl)].", "content": "The parameters relating to functional scintigraphy of the heart (average circulation time, peak time) depend not only on the method (injection technique, radiopharmaceutical), but also on biological factors. Failure to take these into consideration may result in an erroneous interpretation of the findings. Circulation time in normal children aged 6 to 14 years, as determined by isotope methods is significantly shorter than in normal adults. Patients with compensated heart disease, as well trained athletes, show significantly shorter than in normal adults. Patients with compensated heart disease, as well trained athletes, show significant increase in all portions of the circulation time, when compared with normals of similar ages. This indicates that deviation in the haemodynamics of the circulation as shown by functional scintigraphy, can only be interpreted in the light of clinical findings.", "contents": "[The effect of biological factors during functional scintigraphy of the heart (author's transl)]. The parameters relating to functional scintigraphy of the heart (average circulation time, peak time) depend not only on the method (injection technique, radiopharmaceutical), but also on biological factors. Failure to take these into consideration may result in an erroneous interpretation of the findings. Circulation time in normal children aged 6 to 14 years, as determined by isotope methods is significantly shorter than in normal adults. Patients with compensated heart disease, as well trained athletes, show significantly shorter than in normal adults. Patients with compensated heart disease, as well trained athletes, show significant increase in all portions of the circulation time, when compared with normals of similar ages. This indicates that deviation in the haemodynamics of the circulation as shown by functional scintigraphy, can only be interpreted in the light of clinical findings."}
{"id": "PMID:133936", "title": "[Tracheobronchopathia chondro-osteoplastica (author's transl)].", "content": "Tracheobronchopathia chondro-osteoplastica is a relatively rare abnormality, which has hardly been illustrated in the radiological literature. It has, however, been accurately defined pathologically and is of clinical significance by causing obstruction of the airways. The disease must be distinguished from changes in the trachea and bronchi due to ageing, which may be associated with calcification of the tracheal cartilage, but in which there is no thickening of the wall of the trachea.", "contents": "[Tracheobronchopathia chondro-osteoplastica (author's transl)]. Tracheobronchopathia chondro-osteoplastica is a relatively rare abnormality, which has hardly been illustrated in the radiological literature. It has, however, been accurately defined pathologically and is of clinical significance by causing obstruction of the airways. The disease must be distinguished from changes in the trachea and bronchi due to ageing, which may be associated with calcification of the tracheal cartilage, but in which there is no thickening of the wall of the trachea."}
{"id": "PMID:133937", "title": "[Ultrasound examination in obstructive biliary disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrasound examination with a two-dimensional recording technique has proved increasingly useful in obstructive biliary disease and in abnormalities of the liver parenchyma causing a reduction in biliary contrast excretion. In particular, hydrops of the gall bladder, cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis and choledocholithiasis can be demonstrated where there is biliary obstruction. Analysis of various planes of section is particularly useful in showing obstruction due to the head of the pancreas. The introduction of grey scale techniques and focussed transducers of various frequencies and sizes, suggests that there will be further improvements in the sonographic diagnosis of the hilum of the liver and of the intrahepatic biliary passages.", "contents": "[Ultrasound examination in obstructive biliary disease (author's transl)]. Ultrasound examination with a two-dimensional recording technique has proved increasingly useful in obstructive biliary disease and in abnormalities of the liver parenchyma causing a reduction in biliary contrast excretion. In particular, hydrops of the gall bladder, cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis and choledocholithiasis can be demonstrated where there is biliary obstruction. Analysis of various planes of section is particularly useful in showing obstruction due to the head of the pancreas. The introduction of grey scale techniques and focussed transducers of various frequencies and sizes, suggests that there will be further improvements in the sonographic diagnosis of the hilum of the liver and of the intrahepatic biliary passages."}
{"id": "PMID:133938", "title": "[The use glucagon for endoscopic and radiological examination of the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "In more than 1,000 radiological and endoscopic examinations of the smooth muscle hollow organs of the upper intestinal tract, crysalline glucagon (0.2 to 0.5 mg., average dose 1 u/kg. body weight given at a single intravenous injection) resulted in a significant relaxation and reduction of peristalsis. This effect was less marked in the colon and recto-sigmoid. In five patients with colonic diverticulosis it had no effect. In 150 patients it was found that the onset of hypotonia after injection of glucagon increases from proximal to distal, the duration of maximal reduction in peristalsis decreasing distally. Glucagon is indicated for reducing the tone of smooth muscle hollow organs in order to judge their elasticity and to distinguish between functional and organic causes of a stenosis or increased size of folds. The rapid onset of peristaltic inhibition makes various diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic procedures simpler or even possible. Compared with the usual atropin-like antispasmodics, glucagon has the advantage of being free from side effects apart from transient hyperglycaemia. Diabetes mellitus requiring insulin is a (relative) contra-indication to the use of glucagon.", "contents": "[The use glucagon for endoscopic and radiological examination of the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)]. In more than 1,000 radiological and endoscopic examinations of the smooth muscle hollow organs of the upper intestinal tract, crysalline glucagon (0.2 to 0.5 mg., average dose 1 u/kg. body weight given at a single intravenous injection) resulted in a significant relaxation and reduction of peristalsis. This effect was less marked in the colon and recto-sigmoid. In five patients with colonic diverticulosis it had no effect. In 150 patients it was found that the onset of hypotonia after injection of glucagon increases from proximal to distal, the duration of maximal reduction in peristalsis decreasing distally. Glucagon is indicated for reducing the tone of smooth muscle hollow organs in order to judge their elasticity and to distinguish between functional and organic causes of a stenosis or increased size of folds. The rapid onset of peristaltic inhibition makes various diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic procedures simpler or even possible. Compared with the usual atropin-like antispasmodics, glucagon has the advantage of being free from side effects apart from transient hyperglycaemia. Diabetes mellitus requiring insulin is a (relative) contra-indication to the use of glucagon."}
{"id": "PMID:133939", "title": "[Double-contrast examination of the small bowel without intubation (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for tubeless, double-contrast examination of the small bowel is described. Oral contrast medium and capsules which effervesce in the small bowel resulted in double-contrast demonstration of the small bowel in 90 out of 130 patients. Transit through the small bowel was reduced to an average of 78 minutes, due to increased peristalsis resulting from distension by the intralumental gas. For comparison, average transit time in a control group of 83 patients was found to be 126 minutes. The differential diagnosis of stenosing processes and additional information concerning space-occupying lesions was furthered by small bowel hypotonia induced by the intravenous injection of 15 to 45 mg. propantheline bromide (Probanthine) or 1 to 2 mg. glucagon. The method has the following advantages: 1. Improved demonstration of detailed mucosal pattern, 2. Reduced examination time and 3. Simultaneous visualisation of the entire small bowel.", "contents": "[Double-contrast examination of the small bowel without intubation (author's transl)]. A method for tubeless, double-contrast examination of the small bowel is described. Oral contrast medium and capsules which effervesce in the small bowel resulted in double-contrast demonstration of the small bowel in 90 out of 130 patients. Transit through the small bowel was reduced to an average of 78 minutes, due to increased peristalsis resulting from distension by the intralumental gas. For comparison, average transit time in a control group of 83 patients was found to be 126 minutes. The differential diagnosis of stenosing processes and additional information concerning space-occupying lesions was furthered by small bowel hypotonia induced by the intravenous injection of 15 to 45 mg. propantheline bromide (Probanthine) or 1 to 2 mg. glucagon. The method has the following advantages: 1. Improved demonstration of detailed mucosal pattern, 2. Reduced examination time and 3. Simultaneous visualisation of the entire small bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:133940", "title": "[Cyst of the duodenum with termination of the bile and pancreatic ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological findings in a 27-year old female Turkish patient with a cyst in the wall of the duodenum are described. It caused a sharply demarkated, smooth thumb-print in the duodenum shown by barium meal. An intravenous and intra-operative cholangiogram caused filling of the cyst with contrast through the bile duct. The bile and pancreatic ducts terminated on the medial side of the cyst through the papilla of Vater. The size of the cyst varied, depending on its degree of filling with bile and pancreatic juice. Its position and morphology has been confirmed at operation. Histology showed an external cover of small bowel mucosa and an inner lining of small bowel mucosa interspersed with islands of gastric mucosa. The development of this cyst is explained as a developmental anomaly during recalisation of the embryonic duodenum.", "contents": "[Cyst of the duodenum with termination of the bile and pancreatic ducts (author's transl)]. The radiological findings in a 27-year old female Turkish patient with a cyst in the wall of the duodenum are described. It caused a sharply demarkated, smooth thumb-print in the duodenum shown by barium meal. An intravenous and intra-operative cholangiogram caused filling of the cyst with contrast through the bile duct. The bile and pancreatic ducts terminated on the medial side of the cyst through the papilla of Vater. The size of the cyst varied, depending on its degree of filling with bile and pancreatic juice. Its position and morphology has been confirmed at operation. Histology showed an external cover of small bowel mucosa and an inner lining of small bowel mucosa interspersed with islands of gastric mucosa. The development of this cyst is explained as a developmental anomaly during recalisation of the embryonic duodenum."}
{"id": "PMID:133941", "title": "[The demonstration of hererotopic gastric mucosa in the oesophagus with 99mTc pertechnitate (author's transl)].", "content": "Scintigraphy of the stomach with 99mTc pertechnitate indicates showing uptake of this substance. One case is described showing that heterotopic gastric mucosa in the oesophagus, as occurs in the so-called Barrett syndrome, can be demonstrated in this way. The examination can be performed rapidly and easily without trouble to the patient.", "contents": "[The demonstration of hererotopic gastric mucosa in the oesophagus with 99mTc pertechnitate (author's transl)]. Scintigraphy of the stomach with 99mTc pertechnitate indicates showing uptake of this substance. One case is described showing that heterotopic gastric mucosa in the oesophagus, as occurs in the so-called Barrett syndrome, can be demonstrated in this way. The examination can be performed rapidly and easily without trouble to the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:133942", "title": "[Lateral renal scans (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of lateral renal scans was evaluated in 26 patients with a firm diagnosis of space-occupying lesions in the kidneys. In 14 patients the lateral view provided information additional to the usual P.A. scan. In seven of these 14 patients, the abnormality was shown better on the lateral than on the P.A. SCAN. In the other seven patients, the abnormality had been shown on the P.A. view, but the lateral scintigram provided more precise information concerning the position and size of the lesion.", "contents": "[Lateral renal scans (author's transl)]. The value of lateral renal scans was evaluated in 26 patients with a firm diagnosis of space-occupying lesions in the kidneys. In 14 patients the lateral view provided information additional to the usual P.A. scan. In seven of these 14 patients, the abnormality was shown better on the lateral than on the P.A. SCAN. In the other seven patients, the abnormality had been shown on the P.A. view, but the lateral scintigram provided more precise information concerning the position and size of the lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:133943", "title": "[Aortic truama from blunt abdominal injuries (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological and angiographic changes resulting from abdominal aortic trauma after blunt injuries are described in four patients. These include intimal damage as well as perforation.", "contents": "[Aortic truama from blunt abdominal injuries (author's transl)]. The radiological and angiographic changes resulting from abdominal aortic trauma after blunt injuries are described in four patients. These include intimal damage as well as perforation."}
{"id": "PMID:133944", "title": "[Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta associated with an aberrant right subclavian artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Traumatic rupture of the aorta isthmus is described in a patient with an aberrant right subclavian artery. While the aortic rupture could be diagnosed on plain films of the thorax, only an arch aortogram was able to demonstrate its location and the presence of the anomaly. Left anterior oblique views are to be preferred to the A.P. projection for the arch aortogram.", "contents": "[Traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta associated with an aberrant right subclavian artery (author's transl)]. Traumatic rupture of the aorta isthmus is described in a patient with an aberrant right subclavian artery. While the aortic rupture could be diagnosed on plain films of the thorax, only an arch aortogram was able to demonstrate its location and the presence of the anomaly. Left anterior oblique views are to be preferred to the A.P. projection for the arch aortogram."}
{"id": "PMID:133945", "title": "[Translumbar aortography with curved radiopaque cathter (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique for translumbar aortography with radiopaque polyaetylen catheters has been modified by curving the catheter so that the catheter tip after puncture and withdrawal of the canule, will bend in the lumen of the aorta. This is a simple technique to ensure that the catheter tip is placed free intra-luminally and at the same time it permits a better downstream or upstream technique.", "contents": "[Translumbar aortography with curved radiopaque cathter (author's transl)]. The technique for translumbar aortography with radiopaque polyaetylen catheters has been modified by curving the catheter so that the catheter tip after puncture and withdrawal of the canule, will bend in the lumen of the aorta. This is a simple technique to ensure that the catheter tip is placed free intra-luminally and at the same time it permits a better downstream or upstream technique."}
{"id": "PMID:133946", "title": "[Myelomalacia following vertebral angiography with a femoral catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebral angiography with femoral catheters in two patients was followed by an incomplete cervical transverse myelitis. The complications were thought to be due to high contrast concentration in the cervical spinal vessels because of hypoplasia of one vertebral artery, and to contrast injection into the thyro-cervical trunk.", "contents": "[Myelomalacia following vertebral angiography with a femoral catheter (author's transl)]. Cerebral angiography with femoral catheters in two patients was followed by an incomplete cervical transverse myelitis. The complications were thought to be due to high contrast concentration in the cervical spinal vessels because of hypoplasia of one vertebral artery, and to contrast injection into the thyro-cervical trunk."}
{"id": "PMID:133947", "title": "[The radiology of traumatic pneumatoceles. Pathogenesis and course (author's transl)].", "content": "The development and course of traumatic pneumatoceles was followed radiologically in four patients. The interval between the trauma and a recognisable cystic space varied. The patients had in common the fact that they were young, had suffered a serious road accident and developed haemoptysis. In one patient a lobe had to be resected, in the other spontaneous regression occurred within four weeks.", "contents": "[The radiology of traumatic pneumatoceles. Pathogenesis and course (author's transl)]. The development and course of traumatic pneumatoceles was followed radiologically in four patients. The interval between the trauma and a recognisable cystic space varied. The patients had in common the fact that they were young, had suffered a serious road accident and developed haemoptysis. In one patient a lobe had to be resected, in the other spontaneous regression occurred within four weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:133948", "title": "[Origin of the left vertebral artery from the left external carotid artery (author's transl)].", "content": "A rare anomaly is described consisting of the left vertebral artery arising from the left external artery. The developmental basis and relationships are discussed.", "contents": "[Origin of the left vertebral artery from the left external carotid artery (author's transl)]. A rare anomaly is described consisting of the left vertebral artery arising from the left external artery. The developmental basis and relationships are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133949", "title": "[Routine use of a catheter technique for cerebral angiography (965 examinations) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report their experience with routine use of a catheter technique for cerebral angiography. The complication rate is low and the diagnostic yield is increased. They conclude that it is superior to direct puncture of the vessels in the neck and to retrograde brachial angiography.", "contents": "[Routine use of a catheter technique for cerebral angiography (965 examinations) (author's transl)]. The authors report their experience with routine use of a catheter technique for cerebral angiography. The complication rate is low and the diagnostic yield is increased. They conclude that it is superior to direct puncture of the vessels in the neck and to retrograde brachial angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:133950", "title": "[The effect of increased performance of modern x-ray tubes on improvements in picture quality, particularly of moving organs (author's transl)].", "content": "The deleterious effect of organ movement on radiographic quality is examined. In connection with this, the performance of various focal spots is discussed, particularly of a modern high speed tube with focal spots of 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8, with a resolution in the region of 3 to 6 lp/mm. A detailed discussion of the results is given with examples derived from various techniques used for the stomach and lungs. The results indicate that there is considerable improvement to be derived from high performance tubes with small focal spots. A further significant advance is also due to the high resolution image intensifiers. These have resulted in a marked increase in the use of 70 and 100 mm. film.", "contents": "[The effect of increased performance of modern x-ray tubes on improvements in picture quality, particularly of moving organs (author's transl)]. The deleterious effect of organ movement on radiographic quality is examined. In connection with this, the performance of various focal spots is discussed, particularly of a modern high speed tube with focal spots of 1.2, 1.5 and 1.8, with a resolution in the region of 3 to 6 lp/mm. A detailed discussion of the results is given with examples derived from various techniques used for the stomach and lungs. The results indicate that there is considerable improvement to be derived from high performance tubes with small focal spots. A further significant advance is also due to the high resolution image intensifiers. These have resulted in a marked increase in the use of 70 and 100 mm. film."}
{"id": "PMID:133956", "title": "[Sarcoidosis of the skeleton. Review of the literature and case report. (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of sarcoidosis in the skeleton varies between 3 and 36%. Skeletal sarcoidosis is rare in early stages (L\u00f6fgren-syndrom), relatively frequent in late stages. The initial phase is characterized by the formation of miliary non-caseating epitheloid-cell granulomas in the bone marrow. The invasion of the bone marrow may either be tolerated by the bone tissue or it initiates a perifocal osteosclerosis or a osteolysis. Correspondingly the X-ray of the skeleton shows normal structure or focal osteosclerosis or osteolysis. Therefore in the first case the sarcoidosis cannot be identified by X-ray. Most frequent locations are the phalanges of the fingers and toes, less common the stem skelton (skull, vertebrae, pelvis) and very rare the long tubular bones. In most cases the skeletal sarcoidosis is well tolerated. Report of a case of osteosclerotic sarcoidosis of the pelvis of a 39-years old woman with generalized sarcoidosis which was diagnozed four years earlier. The X-rays of the phalanges were normal. The biopsy of the iliac crest shows miliary sarcoid granuloma of the bone marrow and accretion of lamellar bone on the surface of the bone trabeculi with a distinct mosaic pattern. Treatment with steroids during the following five years was ineffective.", "contents": "[Sarcoidosis of the skeleton. Review of the literature and case report. (author's transl)]. The frequency of sarcoidosis in the skeleton varies between 3 and 36%. Skeletal sarcoidosis is rare in early stages (L\u00f6fgren-syndrom), relatively frequent in late stages. The initial phase is characterized by the formation of miliary non-caseating epitheloid-cell granulomas in the bone marrow. The invasion of the bone marrow may either be tolerated by the bone tissue or it initiates a perifocal osteosclerosis or a osteolysis. Correspondingly the X-ray of the skeleton shows normal structure or focal osteosclerosis or osteolysis. Therefore in the first case the sarcoidosis cannot be identified by X-ray. Most frequent locations are the phalanges of the fingers and toes, less common the stem skelton (skull, vertebrae, pelvis) and very rare the long tubular bones. In most cases the skeletal sarcoidosis is well tolerated. Report of a case of osteosclerotic sarcoidosis of the pelvis of a 39-years old woman with generalized sarcoidosis which was diagnozed four years earlier. The X-rays of the phalanges were normal. The biopsy of the iliac crest shows miliary sarcoid granuloma of the bone marrow and accretion of lamellar bone on the surface of the bone trabeculi with a distinct mosaic pattern. Treatment with steroids during the following five years was ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:133957", "title": "[The radiological manifestations of fibroxanthosarcomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological findings in eight patients with fibroxanthosarcomas are described. In seven patients the primary tumour was in the soft tissues of the extremities or of the trunk. Infiltration of the primary tumour into a neighbouring bone, producing a \"motheaten\" appearance on the radiograph was seen in one case. A primary tumour in the mediastinum (one case cannot be distinguished radiologically from malignant lymphoma. Pulmonary metastases were found radiologically in five patients; in two they were solitary and in three patients there were multiple round foci measuring up to 8 cm. in diameter. Metastases in the lung hila and mediastinum were found only in the presence of pulmonary metastases (three cases). Pleural effusions developed in an advanced stage of the disease only (three cases). A solitary, purely osteolytic bone deposit was seen in two patients. Multiple metastases in the kidneys were hypo- or avascular, but some showed fine corkscrew vessels. On intravenous urography they could be demonstrated after reaching a considerable size (one case). A deposit in the jejunum presented as a small polyp. Two fibroxanthosarcomas developed as a second tumour within the operative field of a previous malignancy; one of these had been irradiated with 4,500 rads. All primary and secondary tumours showed extremely rapid growth. The palliative effect of radiation and chemotherapy was very variable.", "contents": "[The radiological manifestations of fibroxanthosarcomas (author's transl)]. The radiological findings in eight patients with fibroxanthosarcomas are described. In seven patients the primary tumour was in the soft tissues of the extremities or of the trunk. Infiltration of the primary tumour into a neighbouring bone, producing a \"motheaten\" appearance on the radiograph was seen in one case. A primary tumour in the mediastinum (one case cannot be distinguished radiologically from malignant lymphoma. Pulmonary metastases were found radiologically in five patients; in two they were solitary and in three patients there were multiple round foci measuring up to 8 cm. in diameter. Metastases in the lung hila and mediastinum were found only in the presence of pulmonary metastases (three cases). Pleural effusions developed in an advanced stage of the disease only (three cases). A solitary, purely osteolytic bone deposit was seen in two patients. Multiple metastases in the kidneys were hypo- or avascular, but some showed fine corkscrew vessels. On intravenous urography they could be demonstrated after reaching a considerable size (one case). A deposit in the jejunum presented as a small polyp. Two fibroxanthosarcomas developed as a second tumour within the operative field of a previous malignancy; one of these had been irradiated with 4,500 rads. All primary and secondary tumours showed extremely rapid growth. The palliative effect of radiation and chemotherapy was very variable."}
{"id": "PMID:133958", "title": "[Intra-osseous angiography of human tubular bone (author's transl)].", "content": "After a comprehensive review of the literature dealing with the topography, morphology and histology of the vascular systems in long tubular bones, a method of \"intra-osseous angiography\" of these bones is described. Serial angiograms of isolated human tubular bones show a branching system running in the long axis of the bone; this corresponds with the vascular pattern seen on retrograde angiograms of the nutrient vein. Histologically these can be identified as venous structures as far as its microcirculatory components. Application of the method to medicine may become a valuable aid in early and differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Intra-osseous angiography of human tubular bone (author's transl)]. After a comprehensive review of the literature dealing with the topography, morphology and histology of the vascular systems in long tubular bones, a method of \"intra-osseous angiography\" of these bones is described. Serial angiograms of isolated human tubular bones show a branching system running in the long axis of the bone; this corresponds with the vascular pattern seen on retrograde angiograms of the nutrient vein. Histologically these can be identified as venous structures as far as its microcirculatory components. Application of the method to medicine may become a valuable aid in early and differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:133959", "title": "[Experimental investigations regarding the limations of radiological demonstration of fractures of the head  of the tibia (author's transl)].", "content": "The discrepancy between the radiological and the morphological finding, which we know from the clinic, could be confirmed in examinations of experimentally produced fractured of the lateral tibial condyle. The depth of the impressions of the tibial plateau and the width of the gap of the fracture can only be shown on additional tomographs and oblique radiographs of the knee-joint. Pure impressions of the tibial plateau up to a depth of 3 mm are totally beyond the radiological methods known for the present.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations regarding the limations of radiological demonstration of fractures of the head  of the tibia (author's transl)]. The discrepancy between the radiological and the morphological finding, which we know from the clinic, could be confirmed in examinations of experimentally produced fractured of the lateral tibial condyle. The depth of the impressions of the tibial plateau and the width of the gap of the fracture can only be shown on additional tomographs and oblique radiographs of the knee-joint. Pure impressions of the tibial plateau up to a depth of 3 mm are totally beyond the radiological methods known for the present."}
{"id": "PMID:133960", "title": "[Xeroradiographic studies on the capsule and ligaments of the knee joint. 1. Anatomy of the cruciate and lateral ligaments in the xerotomogram].", "content": "The suitability of xeroradiography for contrast arthrography was investigated by in vitro studies. Special attention was devoted to the cruciate and lateral ligaments on xero-ty lateral tomography. The anterior and posterior ligments can be evaluated and defined satisfactorily in the antero-posterior view. The lateral ligaments can be seen on xero-tomography without difficulty. The use of xero-tomography promises to improve the radiological diagnosis of injuries of the capsule and ligaments of the knee joint.", "contents": "[Xeroradiographic studies on the capsule and ligaments of the knee joint. 1. Anatomy of the cruciate and lateral ligaments in the xerotomogram]. The suitability of xeroradiography for contrast arthrography was investigated by in vitro studies. Special attention was devoted to the cruciate and lateral ligaments on xero-ty lateral tomography. The anterior and posterior ligments can be evaluated and defined satisfactorily in the antero-posterior view. The lateral ligaments can be seen on xero-tomography without difficulty. The use of xero-tomography promises to improve the radiological diagnosis of injuries of the capsule and ligaments of the knee joint."}
{"id": "PMID:133961", "title": "[Xeography of the neck and upper airways compared with conventional X-ray techniques (author's transl)].", "content": "The soft tissue structure and air containing hollow organs of the pharynx, larynx and upper trachea are particularly suitable for xerographic investigations. The well known edge effect on the one hand and the reduction of marked contrast effects on the other, both of which are specific features of xerography, provide much information and high diagnostic accuracy in the evaluation of abnormalities in the neck. Xerography was compared with lateral views and A.P. tomograms, using conventional radiography without contrast medium, in forty patients. Most had malignant tumours, but some had benign stenoses or injuries due to foreign bodies. Both with respect to total information obtained as well as detailed demonstration of the disease processes, xerography proved superior to radiography. An exception must be made for xerographic examinations of patients with short, thick necks. Accurate demonstration of the depth of malignant tumours and recognition of diseased lateral cervical lymphnodes is almost completely confined to xerography. Since radiation dose is increased by a factor of two to nine times, indications for xerography must be strictly defined, but is acceptable when compared with the radiation dose of routine examinations.", "contents": "[Xeography of the neck and upper airways compared with conventional X-ray techniques (author's transl)]. The soft tissue structure and air containing hollow organs of the pharynx, larynx and upper trachea are particularly suitable for xerographic investigations. The well known edge effect on the one hand and the reduction of marked contrast effects on the other, both of which are specific features of xerography, provide much information and high diagnostic accuracy in the evaluation of abnormalities in the neck. Xerography was compared with lateral views and A.P. tomograms, using conventional radiography without contrast medium, in forty patients. Most had malignant tumours, but some had benign stenoses or injuries due to foreign bodies. Both with respect to total information obtained as well as detailed demonstration of the disease processes, xerography proved superior to radiography. An exception must be made for xerographic examinations of patients with short, thick necks. Accurate demonstration of the depth of malignant tumours and recognition of diseased lateral cervical lymphnodes is almost completely confined to xerography. Since radiation dose is increased by a factor of two to nine times, indications for xerography must be strictly defined, but is acceptable when compared with the radiation dose of routine examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:133962", "title": "[Xeroadiography in facio-maxillary surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Xeroradiography, which permits simultaneous demonstration of bone, cartilage and soft tissue, is particularly suitable for planning of facio-maxillary operations.", "contents": "[Xeroadiography in facio-maxillary surgery (author's transl)]. Xeroradiography, which permits simultaneous demonstration of bone, cartilage and soft tissue, is particularly suitable for planning of facio-maxillary operations."}
{"id": "PMID:133963", "title": "[A complex malformation of the first and second branchial arch and of the first bran-hial arch and of the first branchial cleft. Dysostosis temporo-spheno-facialis (author's transl)].", "content": "A complex malformation of the first and second branchial arches and of the first branchial cleft is described; there was also involvement of the axial skeleton and the limbs. The syndrome has been described by us as dysostosis temporo-sphenofacialis and could not be classified with any previously described entity. The reason for this was due to the imcomplete description of previously published cases, but also the large number of possible combinations of changes in various organs which can occur. In order to understand the condition more clearly, the aetiology and pathogenesis of abnormalities of the face and skull have been considered in detail. Adequate and accurate radiographic examination is considered as a pre-requisite to surgery, which can be cosmetic or improve hearing, and which may have good results.", "contents": "[A complex malformation of the first and second branchial arch and of the first bran-hial arch and of the first branchial cleft. Dysostosis temporo-spheno-facialis (author's transl)]. A complex malformation of the first and second branchial arches and of the first branchial cleft is described; there was also involvement of the axial skeleton and the limbs. The syndrome has been described by us as dysostosis temporo-sphenofacialis and could not be classified with any previously described entity. The reason for this was due to the imcomplete description of previously published cases, but also the large number of possible combinations of changes in various organs which can occur. In order to understand the condition more clearly, the aetiology and pathogenesis of abnormalities of the face and skull have been considered in detail. Adequate and accurate radiographic examination is considered as a pre-requisite to surgery, which can be cosmetic or improve hearing, and which may have good results."}
{"id": "PMID:133964", "title": "[A contribution to the differential diagnosis of odnotogeneous cysts].", "content": "Problems concernint the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of odontogenic cystic lesions of the jaw are discussed with reference to a series of patients and some specially selected cases. The use of isotope examination is often of particular significance in coming to a decision. The position and value of scintigraphy has been demonstrated by referring to the literature and to our own investigations. The often difficult differentiation from certain types of odontogenic tumours is also discussed.", "contents": "[A contribution to the differential diagnosis of odnotogeneous cysts]. Problems concernint the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of odontogenic cystic lesions of the jaw are discussed with reference to a series of patients and some specially selected cases. The use of isotope examination is often of particular significance in coming to a decision. The position and value of scintigraphy has been demonstrated by referring to the literature and to our own investigations. The often difficult differentiation from certain types of odontogenic tumours is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:133965", "title": "[Acromesomelic dwarfism (author's transl)A1].", "content": "Report on two brothers exhibiting the characteristic features of acromesomelic dwarfism first delineated in 1971, in which the shortening of the forearms and hands/feet are pronounced.20", "contents": "[Acromesomelic dwarfism (author's transl)A1]. Report on two brothers exhibiting the characteristic features of acromesomelic dwarfism first delineated in 1971, in which the shortening of the forearms and hands/feet are pronounced.20"}
{"id": "PMID:133967", "title": "[Radiological meneral equivalent determinations in bone. The problems of build-up factor (author's transl)].", "content": "The apparatus for measuring mineral equivalents described by Gebhardt, Heinen and Zwicker in 1973 was subjected to theoretical and experimental investigations; as a result, changes were introduced which significantly improved the basis for exact absorption measurments on phalanges. 1.The CuK alpha radiation (8.5 kV) produced the Hohannson monochromator was replaced by higher energy AgK alpha radiation (22.2 kV). The total spectrum was improved by using a palladium filter and an impulse height discriminator. 2. A slit collimator was used giving a beam area of 3 mm X 0.5 mm with improved paralleism ofthe beam and an incident angle alpha of 0.1 degrees compared with a previous angle of alpha approximately 1 degrees. 3. Correction of attenuation N = No. e-ux by a correction factor B to allow for \"build-up factor\" in the required area of measurement is no longer necessary. Measurements at four of hydroxyle apatite (Reiss) provide the required mineral absorption. 4.AgK alpha radiation permits measurement of thicker bones such as radius and calcaneus and provides adequate impulses for short periods of measurement which is useful in practice.", "contents": "[Radiological meneral equivalent determinations in bone. The problems of build-up factor (author's transl)]. The apparatus for measuring mineral equivalents described by Gebhardt, Heinen and Zwicker in 1973 was subjected to theoretical and experimental investigations; as a result, changes were introduced which significantly improved the basis for exact absorption measurments on phalanges. 1.The CuK alpha radiation (8.5 kV) produced the Hohannson monochromator was replaced by higher energy AgK alpha radiation (22.2 kV). The total spectrum was improved by using a palladium filter and an impulse height discriminator. 2. A slit collimator was used giving a beam area of 3 mm X 0.5 mm with improved paralleism ofthe beam and an incident angle alpha of 0.1 degrees compared with a previous angle of alpha approximately 1 degrees. 3. Correction of attenuation N = No. e-ux by a correction factor B to allow for \"build-up factor\" in the required area of measurement is no longer necessary. Measurements at four of hydroxyle apatite (Reiss) provide the required mineral absorption. 4.AgK alpha radiation permits measurement of thicker bones such as radius and calcaneus and provides adequate impulses for short periods of measurement which is useful in practice."}
{"id": "PMID:133968", "title": "[Radiological investigations of over-modelled skulls from New Ireland (Melanesia) (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors examined a series of overmodelled and decorated skulls from New Ireland which had been used as cult objects for ritual dances. The results are described briefly with a number of examples. Radiological examination provided no evidence that these had been chosen specifically according to age or sex. Of particular significance for ethnology is the finding of two skulls in which the jaws have been replaced before modelling by adapted pigs' mandibles. The non-destructive radiological investigation of artistic and cultural objects has a particularly long tradition in Berlin (eg. Baessler). With these examples we should like to stimulate further similar work.", "contents": "[Radiological investigations of over-modelled skulls from New Ireland (Melanesia) (author's transl)]. The authors examined a series of overmodelled and decorated skulls from New Ireland which had been used as cult objects for ritual dances. The results are described briefly with a number of examples. Radiological examination provided no evidence that these had been chosen specifically according to age or sex. Of particular significance for ethnology is the finding of two skulls in which the jaws have been replaced before modelling by adapted pigs' mandibles. The non-destructive radiological investigation of artistic and cultural objects has a particularly long tradition in Berlin (eg. Baessler). With these examples we should like to stimulate further similar work."}
{"id": "PMID:133977", "title": "[Radiation burden from X-ray diagnosis and new technological developments (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiation exposure of the population is expressed nowadays in terms of genetically significant dose and its individual components are compared. The calculations necessary for the present considerations have been carried out. As a basis for evaluating radiation protection, the natural sources of radiation and therir variations are used. The dose of 110 mrem/a for the population of the Federal Republic is subject os considerable variations. Artificially produced radiation contributes a total of 60 mrem/a to the exposure. Of this, most is contributed by medical sources with 50 mrem/a, second is exposure due to atom bomb research. Other sources of radiation, such as occupational exposure, its use in research and technology, and use of nuclear technology, contribute little to total exposure, each producing about 1 mrem/a. The data provided is supported by numerical evidence.", "contents": "[Radiation burden from X-ray diagnosis and new technological developments (author's transl)]. Radiation exposure of the population is expressed nowadays in terms of genetically significant dose and its individual components are compared. The calculations necessary for the present considerations have been carried out. As a basis for evaluating radiation protection, the natural sources of radiation and therir variations are used. The dose of 110 mrem/a for the population of the Federal Republic is subject os considerable variations. Artificially produced radiation contributes a total of 60 mrem/a to the exposure. Of this, most is contributed by medical sources with 50 mrem/a, second is exposure due to atom bomb research. Other sources of radiation, such as occupational exposure, its use in research and technology, and use of nuclear technology, contribute little to total exposure, each producing about 1 mrem/a. The data provided is supported by numerical evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:133978", "title": "[Premedication with valoron (Tilidin) in internal laparoscopy].", "content": "Apart from sufficient experience on the part of the examining physician and adequate technical apparatus, proper premedication can facilitate the procedures for both patient and physician considerably. The paper reports on experience gained in 500 laparoscopies carried out under conditions which were deviated slightly from those hitherto recommended in the literature. The analgesic employed was Tilidine (in Germany: Valoron), and Diazepam was used as a sedative; both of these substances were given intravenously, the vein was kept open for the entire course of the examination. The Tilidine dose was normally 50-100 mg, but under exceptional circumstances as much as 150 mg. Tilidine showed good analgesic effectiveness and tolerance; no case or nausea or vomiting and no sign of respiratory depression of effects on smooth muscle were observed under the conditions stated. The fact that Tilidine is not subject to the restrictions imposed by the German narcotics law is also seen as an advantage. The Diazepam dose was 5-30 mg. Apart from its sedative effect Diazepam also diminishes the tonus of skeletal muscle (important in laparoscopy) and has a relatively long time of elimination (20-48 h). In addition to these two substances, 10-20 ccm of 1% Lidocaine solution with Epinephrine additive was given as a local anaesthetic. The investigators' experience with the above premedication procedure was found to be convincingly positive.", "contents": "[Premedication with valoron (Tilidin) in internal laparoscopy]. Apart from sufficient experience on the part of the examining physician and adequate technical apparatus, proper premedication can facilitate the procedures for both patient and physician considerably. The paper reports on experience gained in 500 laparoscopies carried out under conditions which were deviated slightly from those hitherto recommended in the literature. The analgesic employed was Tilidine (in Germany: Valoron), and Diazepam was used as a sedative; both of these substances were given intravenously, the vein was kept open for the entire course of the examination. The Tilidine dose was normally 50-100 mg, but under exceptional circumstances as much as 150 mg. Tilidine showed good analgesic effectiveness and tolerance; no case or nausea or vomiting and no sign of respiratory depression of effects on smooth muscle were observed under the conditions stated. The fact that Tilidine is not subject to the restrictions imposed by the German narcotics law is also seen as an advantage. The Diazepam dose was 5-30 mg. Apart from its sedative effect Diazepam also diminishes the tonus of skeletal muscle (important in laparoscopy) and has a relatively long time of elimination (20-48 h). In addition to these two substances, 10-20 ccm of 1% Lidocaine solution with Epinephrine additive was given as a local anaesthetic. The investigators' experience with the above premedication procedure was found to be convincingly positive."}
{"id": "PMID:133979", "title": "Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and 16 alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone on the reduction of glucose to glucitol by the human placenta.", "content": "The metabolism of glucose by subcellular preparations of human full term placentae has been investigated. It has been shown that in the presence of NADPH two transformation products can be detected of which one has been identified as glucitol. The effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and 16alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone on the reduction of glucose to glucitol have also been studied. It has been found that at a concentration of DHA 1.2 X 10(-4)M, the reduction of glucose is strongly inhibited (35-51%), while at a concentration of DHA 5.8 X 10(-6)M this reaction is stimulated by 13 +/- 2.3%. 16alpha-hydroxyepiandrosterone at concentrations ranging from 1.2 X 10(-4)M to 3 X 10(-6)M inhibits the formation of glucitol from 63% to 9%.", "contents": "Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and 16 alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone on the reduction of glucose to glucitol by the human placenta. The metabolism of glucose by subcellular preparations of human full term placentae has been investigated. It has been shown that in the presence of NADPH two transformation products can be detected of which one has been identified as glucitol. The effects of dehydroepiandrosterone and 16alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone on the reduction of glucose to glucitol have also been studied. It has been found that at a concentration of DHA 1.2 X 10(-4)M, the reduction of glucose is strongly inhibited (35-51%), while at a concentration of DHA 5.8 X 10(-6)M this reaction is stimulated by 13 +/- 2.3%. 16alpha-hydroxyepiandrosterone at concentrations ranging from 1.2 X 10(-4)M to 3 X 10(-6)M inhibits the formation of glucitol from 63% to 9%."}
{"id": "PMID:133980", "title": "Male pseudohermaphroditism due to testicular 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency.", "content": "A new case of testicular 17 ketosteroid reductase (17 KSR) deficiency without gynecomastia was investigated. Delta4 androstenedione (15.6 ng/ml) was ten times the normal range, unchanged after dexamethasone administration. In contrast, plasma testosterone (4.1 ng/ml) was in the low normal male range and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (4.2 ng/ml) was normal. Plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were increased (162 and 470 ng/ml LER 907 respectively). After adrenal suppression and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation, the increase of delta4 androstenedione was in contrast with the inertia of testosterone. In spermatic venous plasma delta4 androstenedione level (293.2 ng/ml) was very high and testosterone level (7.1 ng/ml) a hundred times below the normal mean. Plasma estrone (124 pg/ml) was increased and estradiol (22 pg/ml) was normal. In spermatic venous plasma estrone was elevated and estradiol very low (1380 and 32 pg/ml respectively). It is the third case of 17 KSR deficiency where the lack of E2 increase explains the absence of gynecomastia.", "contents": "Male pseudohermaphroditism due to testicular 17-ketosteroid reductase deficiency. A new case of testicular 17 ketosteroid reductase (17 KSR) deficiency without gynecomastia was investigated. Delta4 androstenedione (15.6 ng/ml) was ten times the normal range, unchanged after dexamethasone administration. In contrast, plasma testosterone (4.1 ng/ml) was in the low normal male range and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (4.2 ng/ml) was normal. Plasma luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were increased (162 and 470 ng/ml LER 907 respectively). After adrenal suppression and human chorionic gonadotropin stimulation, the increase of delta4 androstenedione was in contrast with the inertia of testosterone. In spermatic venous plasma delta4 androstenedione level (293.2 ng/ml) was very high and testosterone level (7.1 ng/ml) a hundred times below the normal mean. Plasma estrone (124 pg/ml) was increased and estradiol (22 pg/ml) was normal. In spermatic venous plasma estrone was elevated and estradiol very low (1380 and 32 pg/ml respectively). It is the third case of 17 KSR deficiency where the lack of E2 increase explains the absence of gynecomastia."}
{"id": "PMID:133981", "title": "Characterization of the proteinase inhibitors from bull seminal plasma and spermatozoa.", "content": "Two acid stable proteinase inhibitors are present in bull seminal plasma and washed ejaculated bull spermatozoa. Inhibitor I with a molecular weight of about 8700 (estimated by gel filtration) is a very strong inhibitor of bull sperm acrosin but also inhibits bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin and porcine plasmin; inhibition of porcine pancreatic and urinary kallikrein was not observed. In this respect inhibitor I resembles the well known cow colostrum trypsin inhibitor. Inhibitor II with a molecular weight near 6800 (estimated by gel filtration) inhibits bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin, porcine plasmin and pancreatic and urinary kallikrein as well as bull acrosin. The inhibition specificity of inhibitor II is thus very similar to that of the basic inhibitor from bovine organs (Kunitz-type). In view of the inhibition strength and other characteristics, however, the acid stable bull seminal inhibitors are not identical with the inhibitor from cow colostrum or bovine lung (organs).", "contents": "Characterization of the proteinase inhibitors from bull seminal plasma and spermatozoa. Two acid stable proteinase inhibitors are present in bull seminal plasma and washed ejaculated bull spermatozoa. Inhibitor I with a molecular weight of about 8700 (estimated by gel filtration) is a very strong inhibitor of bull sperm acrosin but also inhibits bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin and porcine plasmin; inhibition of porcine pancreatic and urinary kallikrein was not observed. In this respect inhibitor I resembles the well known cow colostrum trypsin inhibitor. Inhibitor II with a molecular weight near 6800 (estimated by gel filtration) inhibits bovine trypsin and chymotrypsin, porcine plasmin and pancreatic and urinary kallikrein as well as bull acrosin. The inhibition specificity of inhibitor II is thus very similar to that of the basic inhibitor from bovine organs (Kunitz-type). In view of the inhibition strength and other characteristics, however, the acid stable bull seminal inhibitors are not identical with the inhibitor from cow colostrum or bovine lung (organs)."}
{"id": "PMID:133982", "title": "Action of intracellular proteinases on mitochondrial translation products of Neurospora crassa Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "Gel electrophoretic analysis of mitochondrial membranes from Neurospora crassa shows the presence of a polypeptide fraction with apparent molecular weights of 7000 - 1200, which is synthesized on mitochondrial ribosomes. This fraction comprises between 10 and 50% of total mitochondrial translation products. Evidence is presented that the major part of this fraction is derived from components with higher apparent molecular weights by proteolytic activity. The proteolytic activity is located in vesicles which are co-isolated with mitochondria upon differential centrifugation. The activity is strongly enhanced by application of detergents such as sodium dodecylsulfate and Triton. Proteins synthesized on mitochondrial as well as cytoplasmic ribosomes are subject to proteolytic breakdown. This proteolysis can be blocked by addition of inhibitors such as diisopropylfluorphosphate to isolated mitochondria. Similar observations were made with Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In Neurospora, the amount of mitochondrial translation products with apparent molecular weights of less than 12000 is low in mitochondria from cells treated with cycloheximide for 1 h and high in mitochondria from cells treated with cycloheximide for 5 min. This observation is explained by the finding that proteinase activity in mitochondrial preparations decreases exponentially with a t1/2 of 20 min during preincubation of cells with cycloheximide. Procedures are described to remove or block contaminating proteinase activity. The results appear to be relevant for the interpretation of many data obtained from experiments in which this puzzling kind of artifact has not been sufficiently considered.", "contents": "Action of intracellular proteinases on mitochondrial translation products of Neurospora crassa Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Gel electrophoretic analysis of mitochondrial membranes from Neurospora crassa shows the presence of a polypeptide fraction with apparent molecular weights of 7000 - 1200, which is synthesized on mitochondrial ribosomes. This fraction comprises between 10 and 50% of total mitochondrial translation products. Evidence is presented that the major part of this fraction is derived from components with higher apparent molecular weights by proteolytic activity. The proteolytic activity is located in vesicles which are co-isolated with mitochondria upon differential centrifugation. The activity is strongly enhanced by application of detergents such as sodium dodecylsulfate and Triton. Proteins synthesized on mitochondrial as well as cytoplasmic ribosomes are subject to proteolytic breakdown. This proteolysis can be blocked by addition of inhibitors such as diisopropylfluorphosphate to isolated mitochondria. Similar observations were made with Schizosaccharomyces pombe. In Neurospora, the amount of mitochondrial translation products with apparent molecular weights of less than 12000 is low in mitochondria from cells treated with cycloheximide for 1 h and high in mitochondria from cells treated with cycloheximide for 5 min. This observation is explained by the finding that proteinase activity in mitochondrial preparations decreases exponentially with a t1/2 of 20 min during preincubation of cells with cycloheximide. Procedures are described to remove or block contaminating proteinase activity. The results appear to be relevant for the interpretation of many data obtained from experiments in which this puzzling kind of artifact has not been sufficiently considered."}
{"id": "PMID:133996", "title": "Cryopreservation of human lymphocyte function as measured by in vitro assays.", "content": "Methods are described by which cryopreserved cells can be utilized in a number of in vitro assays. On a per cell basis, nearly total recovery of function can be demonstrated for lymphocyte transformation (mitogens, antigens and MLC) and rosette-forming cells. Excellent recovery of mononuclear cell production of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor was also observed. Highly reproducible activity was recovered on a per lymphocyte basis in lymphocyte cytotoxicity but with a definite decrement in the percentage recovery. Both for longitudinal studies of immune function and for standardization of these assays in one or more laboratories such cryopreserved cells are ofimmense value and should be widely utilized.", "contents": "Cryopreservation of human lymphocyte function as measured by in vitro assays. Methods are described by which cryopreserved cells can be utilized in a number of in vitro assays. On a per cell basis, nearly total recovery of function can be demonstrated for lymphocyte transformation (mitogens, antigens and MLC) and rosette-forming cells. Excellent recovery of mononuclear cell production of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor was also observed. Highly reproducible activity was recovered on a per lymphocyte basis in lymphocyte cytotoxicity but with a definite decrement in the percentage recovery. Both for longitudinal studies of immune function and for standardization of these assays in one or more laboratories such cryopreserved cells are ofimmense value and should be widely utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:133997", "title": "A measure of primary sociobiological functions.", "content": "The Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Index of ADL) is a scale whose grades reflect profiles of behavioral levels of six sociobiological functions, namely, bathing, dressing, toileting, transfer, continence, and feeding. Its hierarchical nature makes it possible to rank the overall functional status of people in an ordered manner, to make comparisons among them as individuals or groups, and to detect changes over time. Developmental studies have encompassed children as well as adults, the mentally retarded as well as physically disabled, and noninstitutionalized as well as institutionalized people. In view of relationships to behavior of primitive societies and parallelisms between the order of index functions and patterns of child growth and development, the Index of ADL appears to be based on functions of sociobiological primacy. This concept is supported by twenty years of methodological and applied observations. The Index has been used to produce predictive information about chronic conditions and to evaluate the benefits of long-term services. It has been used in profiled measures of severity of illness. As a screening measure and survey measure, it has contributed information about health needs and outcomes which is useful for management, planning, policy making, research, and techning.", "contents": "A measure of primary sociobiological functions. The Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living (Index of ADL) is a scale whose grades reflect profiles of behavioral levels of six sociobiological functions, namely, bathing, dressing, toileting, transfer, continence, and feeding. Its hierarchical nature makes it possible to rank the overall functional status of people in an ordered manner, to make comparisons among them as individuals or groups, and to detect changes over time. Developmental studies have encompassed children as well as adults, the mentally retarded as well as physically disabled, and noninstitutionalized as well as institutionalized people. In view of relationships to behavior of primitive societies and parallelisms between the order of index functions and patterns of child growth and development, the Index of ADL appears to be based on functions of sociobiological primacy. This concept is supported by twenty years of methodological and applied observations. The Index has been used to produce predictive information about chronic conditions and to evaluate the benefits of long-term services. It has been used in profiled measures of severity of illness. As a screening measure and survey measure, it has contributed information about health needs and outcomes which is useful for management, planning, policy making, research, and techning."}
{"id": "PMID:133998", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity in cystic lesions of jaw bones.", "content": "The fibrinolytic activity in the tissues of cystic lesions of jaw bones was investigated by the semiquantitative method of Astrup. The specimens examined were ameloblastoma (9 cases), follicular cyst (8 cases) and radicular cyst (14 cases). High fibrinolytic activity was observed in ameloblastoma, while in radicular cyst the activity was variable. It is suggested that in radicular cyst inflammatory episodes play an important role in activating local fibrinolysis, while in ameloblastoma the tissue itself has a great capacity to induce locally activated plasmin.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity in cystic lesions of jaw bones. The fibrinolytic activity in the tissues of cystic lesions of jaw bones was investigated by the semiquantitative method of Astrup. The specimens examined were ameloblastoma (9 cases), follicular cyst (8 cases) and radicular cyst (14 cases). High fibrinolytic activity was observed in ameloblastoma, while in radicular cyst the activity was variable. It is suggested that in radicular cyst inflammatory episodes play an important role in activating local fibrinolysis, while in ameloblastoma the tissue itself has a great capacity to induce locally activated plasmin."}
{"id": "PMID:133999", "title": "Possible side effects of glucose, fructose, sorbitol and xylitol in man.", "content": "It is concluded that there are no specific and dramatic side effects of glucose substitutes, apart from the increase in uric acid synthesis. All other side effects are noticed with glucose as well. The danger of lactic acidosis is not indicated, provided a normal dose of fructose or other carbohydrates is used. With respect to sorbitol and xylitol, lactic acidosis was not considered a serious side effect until now. No facts are known to establish the hepatotoxicity for fructose or for another glucose substitute. The danger of hyperglycemia is smaller with the glucose substitutes as compared to glucose. Therefore, the glucose substitutes are an alternative to glucose under certain conditions.", "contents": "Possible side effects of glucose, fructose, sorbitol and xylitol in man. It is concluded that there are no specific and dramatic side effects of glucose substitutes, apart from the increase in uric acid synthesis. All other side effects are noticed with glucose as well. The danger of lactic acidosis is not indicated, provided a normal dose of fructose or other carbohydrates is used. With respect to sorbitol and xylitol, lactic acidosis was not considered a serious side effect until now. No facts are known to establish the hepatotoxicity for fructose or for another glucose substitute. The danger of hyperglycemia is smaller with the glucose substitutes as compared to glucose. Therefore, the glucose substitutes are an alternative to glucose under certain conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:134003", "title": "Degree of sulfation in mucopolysaccharide sulfates in normal and stone-forming urines.", "content": "Mucopolysaccharides were extracted from both normal and stone-forming urines, and those from the stone-forming samples showed a higher degree of sulfation than those from normal urines, as determined by sulfate analysis and electrophoretic measurement. The sulfated mucopolysaccharides from stone-forming urines formed insoluble calcium salts, whereas those from normal urines generally remained soluble in the presence of calcium ion. Rachitic rat cartilage was found to have more highly sulfated mucopolysaccharides than normal rat cartilage. Highly sulfated mucopolysaccharides appear to be a significant factor in calcium stone formations.", "contents": "Degree of sulfation in mucopolysaccharide sulfates in normal and stone-forming urines. Mucopolysaccharides were extracted from both normal and stone-forming urines, and those from the stone-forming samples showed a higher degree of sulfation than those from normal urines, as determined by sulfate analysis and electrophoretic measurement. The sulfated mucopolysaccharides from stone-forming urines formed insoluble calcium salts, whereas those from normal urines generally remained soluble in the presence of calcium ion. Rachitic rat cartilage was found to have more highly sulfated mucopolysaccharides than normal rat cartilage. Highly sulfated mucopolysaccharides appear to be a significant factor in calcium stone formations."}
{"id": "PMID:134005", "title": "[Biochemistry and function of glycosaminoglycans of the skin].", "content": "The basic defects of a number of genetic disorders affecting the connective tissue have been elucidiated during the last few years. A similar progress in understanding the pathobiochemistry of other dermatological diseases is expected. The present review summarizes our knowledge about structure, synthesis, degradation, macromolecular organization and possible function of glycosaminoglycans, which are an important constitutent of the ground substance in the skin. The difficulties of relating the clinical symptoms of diseases with the basic defects are examplified for the mucopolysaccharidoses.", "contents": "[Biochemistry and function of glycosaminoglycans of the skin]. The basic defects of a number of genetic disorders affecting the connective tissue have been elucidiated during the last few years. A similar progress in understanding the pathobiochemistry of other dermatological diseases is expected. The present review summarizes our knowledge about structure, synthesis, degradation, macromolecular organization and possible function of glycosaminoglycans, which are an important constitutent of the ground substance in the skin. The difficulties of relating the clinical symptoms of diseases with the basic defects are examplified for the mucopolysaccharidoses."}
{"id": "PMID:134006", "title": "[Chloracne, porphyria cutanea tarda, and other poisonings due to the herbicides].", "content": "In 80 industrial workers producing herbicides (2,4,5-trichlorphenoxyaceticacidsodium and sodiumpentachlorphenolate) in Czechoslovakia the following signs of intoxication caused by 2,3,6,7-tetrachlordibenzodioxin were found: Dermatological: Chloracne and Porphyria cutanea tarda. Internal: Disorders of the metabolism of porphyrins, fats, carbohydrates, plasmaproteins. Neurological: Mainly lesions of the peripheral neurone. Psychiatric: Neurasthenic syndrome and organic lesions. Differences from the usual course of chloracne were observed. Porphyria cutanea tarda acquisita was most obvious, one patient suffered and died from severe atherosclerosis, hypertension and diabetes. Many patients developed polyneuropathy, as verified both by EMG and autopsy. Two patients died from bronchogenic carcinoma.", "contents": "[Chloracne, porphyria cutanea tarda, and other poisonings due to the herbicides]. In 80 industrial workers producing herbicides (2,4,5-trichlorphenoxyaceticacidsodium and sodiumpentachlorphenolate) in Czechoslovakia the following signs of intoxication caused by 2,3,6,7-tetrachlordibenzodioxin were found: Dermatological: Chloracne and Porphyria cutanea tarda. Internal: Disorders of the metabolism of porphyrins, fats, carbohydrates, plasmaproteins. Neurological: Mainly lesions of the peripheral neurone. Psychiatric: Neurasthenic syndrome and organic lesions. Differences from the usual course of chloracne were observed. Porphyria cutanea tarda acquisita was most obvious, one patient suffered and died from severe atherosclerosis, hypertension and diabetes. Many patients developed polyneuropathy, as verified both by EMG and autopsy. Two patients died from bronchogenic carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:134002", "title": "Natural history of autologous blood clot embolization in swine.", "content": "Previous studies of the natural history of embolized clots in dogs have demonstrated rapid lysis, presumably because the canine fibrinolytic system is very active. The fibrinolytic activity in swine, however, is similar to humans, and for this reason the pig was chosen for our study. The gluteal branches of the external iliac artery in nine domestic swine were embolized with either unmodified or modified (heat-formed, Amicar) autologous clot. In addition, three pigs were embolized with unmodified autologous clot to branches of the gastrosplenic artery. The lysis of clot emboli in both groups was followed by serial angiography at 48 hours and 14 days. Clot lysis as assessed by euglobulin lysis and plasmin generation was not activated by the experimental technique. Necropsy was performed on the animals in the second group. Partial or total obstruction of all arteries was present 48 hours after embolization and only 50% of arteries were recanalized at 14 days. At necropsy, organized partially occluding clot was demonstrated in the splenic artery of all 3 embolized swine. It is concluded that: 1)swine provide an excellent animal model for studying the natural history of arterial embolization; 2)Amicar or heat-formed clot shows no advantage over simple autologous clot in retarding intra-arterial clot lysis, and 3)simple autologous clot is an effective material for temporary intra-arterial occlusion.", "contents": "Natural history of autologous blood clot embolization in swine. Previous studies of the natural history of embolized clots in dogs have demonstrated rapid lysis, presumably because the canine fibrinolytic system is very active. The fibrinolytic activity in swine, however, is similar to humans, and for this reason the pig was chosen for our study. The gluteal branches of the external iliac artery in nine domestic swine were embolized with either unmodified or modified (heat-formed, Amicar) autologous clot. In addition, three pigs were embolized with unmodified autologous clot to branches of the gastrosplenic artery. The lysis of clot emboli in both groups was followed by serial angiography at 48 hours and 14 days. Clot lysis as assessed by euglobulin lysis and plasmin generation was not activated by the experimental technique. Necropsy was performed on the animals in the second group. Partial or total obstruction of all arteries was present 48 hours after embolization and only 50% of arteries were recanalized at 14 days. At necropsy, organized partially occluding clot was demonstrated in the splenic artery of all 3 embolized swine. It is concluded that: 1)swine provide an excellent animal model for studying the natural history of arterial embolization; 2)Amicar or heat-formed clot shows no advantage over simple autologous clot in retarding intra-arterial clot lysis, and 3)simple autologous clot is an effective material for temporary intra-arterial occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:134007", "title": "[Scarification artefacts in the test reaction in an expert opinion of occupational dermatosis].", "content": "A patient is reported, who tried to simulate a positive patch test reaction by scratching one of the patch-tests. When reading the results of patch-testing, the possibility of manipulation has to be considered, especially when dealing with compensation cases. Certain modifications of the test are proposed to avoid these problems.", "contents": "[Scarification artefacts in the test reaction in an expert opinion of occupational dermatosis]. A patient is reported, who tried to simulate a positive patch test reaction by scratching one of the patch-tests. When reading the results of patch-testing, the possibility of manipulation has to be considered, especially when dealing with compensation cases. Certain modifications of the test are proposed to avoid these problems."}
{"id": "PMID:134008", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of bromoderma tuberosum].", "content": "After taking bromine-containing drugs two patients developed bromoderma on the leg. This diagnosis was confirmed by high bromine-levels in the blood. Topical occlusive treatment with glucocorticosteroids was successfull.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of bromoderma tuberosum]. After taking bromine-containing drugs two patients developed bromoderma on the leg. This diagnosis was confirmed by high bromine-levels in the blood. Topical occlusive treatment with glucocorticosteroids was successfull."}
{"id": "PMID:134009", "title": "The histochemistry of mucosaccharides in some organs of germfree rats.", "content": "In order to study the histochemical nature of mucosaccharides in germfree animals, the organs in natural contact with bacteria (stomach, small and large intestine) and those naturally remote from bacteria (tracheal and ear cartilage and aorta) were studied by means of light microscopic methods for mucosaccharides in germfree and conventional rats. In the stomach (surface and foveolar cells) of germfree rats the histochemical reactions for acid and neutral mucosaccharides were apparently less intense than in that of conventional rats, whereas in the small and large intestine (goblet cells) of germfree rats the reactions were significantly more intense than in those of conventional rats. In the cartilage (intercellular matrix, lacunar border and chondrocyte cytoplasm) and aorta (interelastic spaces) of germfree animals the reactions were less intense than in those of conventional animals. In  addition, some differences in the histochemical nature of mucosaccharides between the organs of germfree and conventional rats were noted, as revealed by the effects of chemical modifications and digestions with enzymes upon the histochemical reactions studied.", "contents": "The histochemistry of mucosaccharides in some organs of germfree rats. In order to study the histochemical nature of mucosaccharides in germfree animals, the organs in natural contact with bacteria (stomach, small and large intestine) and those naturally remote from bacteria (tracheal and ear cartilage and aorta) were studied by means of light microscopic methods for mucosaccharides in germfree and conventional rats. In the stomach (surface and foveolar cells) of germfree rats the histochemical reactions for acid and neutral mucosaccharides were apparently less intense than in that of conventional rats, whereas in the small and large intestine (goblet cells) of germfree rats the reactions were significantly more intense than in those of conventional rats. In the cartilage (intercellular matrix, lacunar border and chondrocyte cytoplasm) and aorta (interelastic spaces) of germfree animals the reactions were less intense than in those of conventional animals. In  addition, some differences in the histochemical nature of mucosaccharides between the organs of germfree and conventional rats were noted, as revealed by the effects of chemical modifications and digestions with enzymes upon the histochemical reactions studied."}
{"id": "PMID:134010", "title": "Fine cytochemical detection of acid mucopolysaccharides in growing hyphae of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The presence of mucopolysaccharides (MP) in Neurospora crassa hyphae was detected in samples of cultures from 4 h to 5 days. Using a modification of the method of Rothman (1969), acid MP were identified by electron microscopy in vesicles located at the apex, septae, and throughout the cytoplasm of the hyphae. The size, number, and localization of these vesicles was related to the stage of growth of the fungus. The mechanisms of release and transport of these macromolecules are compared to the process of secretion in cells endowed with a better developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi system. The specificity of the method was evaluated histochemically. The structures displaying greater electron density corresponded to the Alcian blue positive areas.", "contents": "Fine cytochemical detection of acid mucopolysaccharides in growing hyphae of Neurospora crassa. The presence of mucopolysaccharides (MP) in Neurospora crassa hyphae was detected in samples of cultures from 4 h to 5 days. Using a modification of the method of Rothman (1969), acid MP were identified by electron microscopy in vesicles located at the apex, septae, and throughout the cytoplasm of the hyphae. The size, number, and localization of these vesicles was related to the stage of growth of the fungus. The mechanisms of release and transport of these macromolecules are compared to the process of secretion in cells endowed with a better developed endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi system. The specificity of the method was evaluated histochemically. The structures displaying greater electron density corresponded to the Alcian blue positive areas."}
{"id": "PMID:134011", "title": "Asymptomatic urethral gonorrhea among men in public New York City Social Hygiene Clinics.", "content": "Cultures were made from the urethra of 2,370 male Social Hygiene Clinic patients who were not directly associated with gonorrhea by signs, symptoms or epidemiology were cultured for N. gonorrhoeae. Of these asymptomatic individuals, 37 or 1.6% were found to be urethrally infected. Gram stain smear examinations of urethral specimens from these men were positive in about one-half of the cases.", "contents": "Asymptomatic urethral gonorrhea among men in public New York City Social Hygiene Clinics. Cultures were made from the urethra of 2,370 male Social Hygiene Clinic patients who were not directly associated with gonorrhea by signs, symptoms or epidemiology were cultured for N. gonorrhoeae. Of these asymptomatic individuals, 37 or 1.6% were found to be urethrally infected. Gram stain smear examinations of urethral specimens from these men were positive in about one-half of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:134013", "title": "Mucopolysaccharidosis in a cat.", "content": "A young adult female Siamese cat born of a mother-son mating was referred because of dwarfism, facial abnormalities, severe skeletal deformities, multifocal neurologic deficits, and retinal atrophy. Cats of similar appearance had been observed in a previous litter of the same parents. Metachromatic inclusion bodies were demonstrated in circulating leukocytes. The urine contained a high concentration of mucopolysaccharide, as detected by the toluidine blue spot test. The uronic acid content of the cetylpyridinium chloride-precipitable mucopolysaccharide in the urine was 17 times greater than that in the urine from a control cat of the same age and breed.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharidosis in a cat. A young adult female Siamese cat born of a mother-son mating was referred because of dwarfism, facial abnormalities, severe skeletal deformities, multifocal neurologic deficits, and retinal atrophy. Cats of similar appearance had been observed in a previous litter of the same parents. Metachromatic inclusion bodies were demonstrated in circulating leukocytes. The urine contained a high concentration of mucopolysaccharide, as detected by the toluidine blue spot test. The uronic acid content of the cetylpyridinium chloride-precipitable mucopolysaccharide in the urine was 17 times greater than that in the urine from a control cat of the same age and breed."}
{"id": "PMID:134024", "title": "Escape synthesis of D-serine deaminase in lambda dsdC integration lysogens.", "content": "Heat shock of lysogens that contain lambda thermosensitive repressor mutants integrated into the dsdC gene results in escape synthesis of d-serine deaminase at a high differential rate.", "contents": "Escape synthesis of D-serine deaminase in lambda dsdC integration lysogens. Heat shock of lysogens that contain lambda thermosensitive repressor mutants integrated into the dsdC gene results in escape synthesis of d-serine deaminase at a high differential rate."}
{"id": "PMID:134025", "title": "Neurospora crassa cytoplasmic ribosomes; ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis in the wild type.", "content": "The biosynthesis of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) In wild-type Neurospora crassa growing at 25 degrees C was investigated by continuous-labeling and pulsechase experiments using [5-3H]uridine. The results of these experiments suggest the following precursor-product relationships: the first RNA molecule to be synthesized in significant quantities is the 2.4 X 10(6)-dalton (2.4-Mdal) ribosomal precursor RNA. This RNA is cleaved to produce two species of RNA with weights of 0.7 and 1.4-Mdal. The former is the mature 17S rRNA of the 37S ribosomal subunit. The 1.4-Mdal RNA is subsequently cleaved to produce the mature 1.27-Mdal (25S) and 61,000-dalton (5.8S) rRNA's of the 60S ribosomal subunit. In the maturation process, approximately 15 to 20% of the 2.4-Mdal ribosomal precursor rRNA molecule is lost. As in other eukaryotes that have been examined, 5S rRNA is not derived from this precursor molecule.", "contents": "Neurospora crassa cytoplasmic ribosomes; ribosomal ribonucleic acid synthesis in the wild type. The biosynthesis of ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) In wild-type Neurospora crassa growing at 25 degrees C was investigated by continuous-labeling and pulsechase experiments using [5-3H]uridine. The results of these experiments suggest the following precursor-product relationships: the first RNA molecule to be synthesized in significant quantities is the 2.4 X 10(6)-dalton (2.4-Mdal) ribosomal precursor RNA. This RNA is cleaved to produce two species of RNA with weights of 0.7 and 1.4-Mdal. The former is the mature 17S rRNA of the 37S ribosomal subunit. The 1.4-Mdal RNA is subsequently cleaved to produce the mature 1.27-Mdal (25S) and 61,000-dalton (5.8S) rRNA's of the 60S ribosomal subunit. In the maturation process, approximately 15 to 20% of the 2.4-Mdal ribosomal precursor rRNA molecule is lost. As in other eukaryotes that have been examined, 5S rRNA is not derived from this precursor molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:134026", "title": "Depression of uracil uptake by ammonium in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The mechanism of uracil uptake and one aspect of its regulation were studied in germinated conidia of Neurospora crassa. Uracil was found to be taken up by a transport mechanism that did not exhibit Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Rather, the kinetic patterns indicated two separate systems or a single transport mechanism with negative cooperativity. Cytosine and thymine inhibited uracil uptake, but uridine did not. The mutant strain uc-5-pyr-1, which failed to transport uracil, was used in reversion studies and to map the uc-5 locus. Spontaneous reversion rates at the uc-5 locus were found to be approximately 2 x 10(-8), indicating that the uc-5 lesion results from a single mutation. Loss of the uracil transport function through a single mutation favors the model of a single transport mechanism with negative cooperativity. Uracil uptake was significantly decreased in the presence of NH 4+, and evidence is presented for repression by NH4+ of a uracil transport system. Growth rates of pyrimidine-requiring and wild-type strains measured in the presence and absence of NH4+, with uracil as the pyrimidine supplement, showed that NH4+ decreased the growth rates of the pyrimidine-requiring strains significantly, while having no effect on wild-type growth rates.", "contents": "Depression of uracil uptake by ammonium in Neurospora crassa. The mechanism of uracil uptake and one aspect of its regulation were studied in germinated conidia of Neurospora crassa. Uracil was found to be taken up by a transport mechanism that did not exhibit Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Rather, the kinetic patterns indicated two separate systems or a single transport mechanism with negative cooperativity. Cytosine and thymine inhibited uracil uptake, but uridine did not. The mutant strain uc-5-pyr-1, which failed to transport uracil, was used in reversion studies and to map the uc-5 locus. Spontaneous reversion rates at the uc-5 locus were found to be approximately 2 x 10(-8), indicating that the uc-5 lesion results from a single mutation. Loss of the uracil transport function through a single mutation favors the model of a single transport mechanism with negative cooperativity. Uracil uptake was significantly decreased in the presence of NH 4+, and evidence is presented for repression by NH4+ of a uracil transport system. Growth rates of pyrimidine-requiring and wild-type strains measured in the presence and absence of NH4+, with uracil as the pyrimidine supplement, showed that NH4+ decreased the growth rates of the pyrimidine-requiring strains significantly, while having no effect on wild-type growth rates."}
{"id": "PMID:134027", "title": "Permeability measurements on mitochondria from wild-type and poky strains of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The permeability properties of isolated Neurospora mitochondria were determined by measuring the rate at which the mitochondria swell in isotonic solutions of various organic and inorganic molecules. Like mammalian mitochondria, wild-type Neurospora mitochondria were impermeable to sucrose and only slightly more permeable to most inorganic ions (K, Na, Cl). Their permeability to K was greatly increased by valinomycin and by monensin. In addition, the mitochondria contain specific systems mediating PO4 uptake and PO4- malate, fumarate, and succinate exchange. Mitochondria from the maternally inherited poky strain of Neurospora, previously demonstrated to possess defective ribosomes and a grossly cytochrome chain, showed a slight but significant increase in permeability to inorganic ions. They contained, however, the specific uptake and exchange systems for phosphate and dicarboxylate anions, a result suggesting that these systems do not depend upon mitochondrially synthesized polypeptides.", "contents": "Permeability measurements on mitochondria from wild-type and poky strains of Neurospora crassa. The permeability properties of isolated Neurospora mitochondria were determined by measuring the rate at which the mitochondria swell in isotonic solutions of various organic and inorganic molecules. Like mammalian mitochondria, wild-type Neurospora mitochondria were impermeable to sucrose and only slightly more permeable to most inorganic ions (K, Na, Cl). Their permeability to K was greatly increased by valinomycin and by monensin. In addition, the mitochondria contain specific systems mediating PO4 uptake and PO4- malate, fumarate, and succinate exchange. Mitochondria from the maternally inherited poky strain of Neurospora, previously demonstrated to possess defective ribosomes and a grossly cytochrome chain, showed a slight but significant increase in permeability to inorganic ions. They contained, however, the specific uptake and exchange systems for phosphate and dicarboxylate anions, a result suggesting that these systems do not depend upon mitochondrially synthesized polypeptides."}
{"id": "PMID:134028", "title": "Membrane-associated, energy-linked reactions in Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus.", "content": "Disrupted cells of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus exhibited adenosine triphosphatase activity, 60 to 80% of which was in the soluble fraction. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide did not inhibit the adenosine triphosphatase activity in membrane particles. The particles did not show energy-linked transhydrogenase activity. The activity of non-energy-linked transhydrogenase as well as the rate of oxygen consumption were higher in membrane particles of the host-independent strain than in the host-dependent strains. The uptake of amino acid uptake was inhibited by cyanide and by carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone. Valinomycin, in the presence of K+, did not inhibit the uptake, and only partial inhibition was exerted by arsenate and dicyclohexylarbodiimide. Sulfhydryl reagents inhibited amino acid uptake.", "contents": "Membrane-associated, energy-linked reactions in Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. Disrupted cells of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus exhibited adenosine triphosphatase activity, 60 to 80% of which was in the soluble fraction. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide did not inhibit the adenosine triphosphatase activity in membrane particles. The particles did not show energy-linked transhydrogenase activity. The activity of non-energy-linked transhydrogenase as well as the rate of oxygen consumption were higher in membrane particles of the host-independent strain than in the host-dependent strains. The uptake of amino acid uptake was inhibited by cyanide and by carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone. Valinomycin, in the presence of K+, did not inhibit the uptake, and only partial inhibition was exerted by arsenate and dicyclohexylarbodiimide. Sulfhydryl reagents inhibited amino acid uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:134029", "title": "A novel adenosine triphosphatase isolated from RNA polymerase preparations of Escherichia coli. I. Copurification and separation.", "content": "Adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) [EC 3.6.1,3] activity has been found to exist in most preparations of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase [EC 2.7.7.6] obtained from Escherichia coli by a number of purification procedures so far established. Electrophoretic analysis on polyacrylamide gels demonstrated that ATP hydrolysis and RNA synthesis were catalyzed by two distinct enzyme proteins. It appears that the two enzymes are associated or have similar molecular properties. Separation of the two enzymes, the object of the present work, was achieved by three independent methods: ion exchange chromatography on a phosphocellulose column, electrophoresis in glycerol gradients, or high-salt glycerol gradient centrifugation.", "contents": "A novel adenosine triphosphatase isolated from RNA polymerase preparations of Escherichia coli. I. Copurification and separation. Adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) [EC 3.6.1,3] activity has been found to exist in most preparations of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase [EC 2.7.7.6] obtained from Escherichia coli by a number of purification procedures so far established. Electrophoretic analysis on polyacrylamide gels demonstrated that ATP hydrolysis and RNA synthesis were catalyzed by two distinct enzyme proteins. It appears that the two enzymes are associated or have similar molecular properties. Separation of the two enzymes, the object of the present work, was achieved by three independent methods: ion exchange chromatography on a phosphocellulose column, electrophoresis in glycerol gradients, or high-salt glycerol gradient centrifugation."}
{"id": "PMID:134030", "title": "A novel adenosine triphosphatase isolated from RNA polymerase preparations of Escherichia coli. II. Enzymatic properties and molecular structure.", "content": "An adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) [EC 3.6.1.3] copurified with the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase [EC 2.7.7.6] from Escherichia coli was isolated to apparent homogeneity and some of its functional as well as structural properties were examined. Although the novel ATPase exhibited metal requirements similar to those of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase, its response to NaN3 and antisera appeared completely different from that of the Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase. The purified ATPase was found to be a large protein with a molecular weight of 9.3X10(5) daltons, composed of identical subunits of 7X10(4) daltons. When viewed under an electron microscope, the ATPase appeared to be very similar to material previously misidentified as the RNA polymerase. The physiological role of the novel ATPase, however, remains unclear.", "contents": "A novel adenosine triphosphatase isolated from RNA polymerase preparations of Escherichia coli. II. Enzymatic properties and molecular structure. An adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) [EC 3.6.1.3] copurified with the DNA-dependent RNA polymerase [EC 2.7.7.6] from Escherichia coli was isolated to apparent homogeneity and some of its functional as well as structural properties were examined. Although the novel ATPase exhibited metal requirements similar to those of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase, its response to NaN3 and antisera appeared completely different from that of the Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase. The purified ATPase was found to be a large protein with a molecular weight of 9.3X10(5) daltons, composed of identical subunits of 7X10(4) daltons. When viewed under an electron microscope, the ATPase appeared to be very similar to material previously misidentified as the RNA polymerase. The physiological role of the novel ATPase, however, remains unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:134031", "title": "Calcium binding and ATPase activities of heart sarcolemma.", "content": "Rat heart sarcolemma prepared by the hypotonic shock-LiBr treatment method was found to bind calcium by a concentration-dependent and saturable process. The calcium binding values at 50 muM and 1.25 mM Ca2+ concentrations were about 30 and 250 nmoles/mg protein, respectively. Both Mg2+ and ATP inhibited calcium binding and no evidence for energy-linked calcium binding with sarcolemmn was found. z sn the other hand, maximal ATP hydrolysis by heart sarcolemma was seen at 4 mM Mg2+ or Ca2+. The Ca2+-ATPase LEO) of Ca2+ failed to stimulate ATP hydrolysis in the presence of various concentrations of Mg-ATP. These results indicate the absence of a \"calcium pump\" mechanism in the heart sarcolemmal membrane preparation employed in this study.", "contents": "Calcium binding and ATPase activities of heart sarcolemma. Rat heart sarcolemma prepared by the hypotonic shock-LiBr treatment method was found to bind calcium by a concentration-dependent and saturable process. The calcium binding values at 50 muM and 1.25 mM Ca2+ concentrations were about 30 and 250 nmoles/mg protein, respectively. Both Mg2+ and ATP inhibited calcium binding and no evidence for energy-linked calcium binding with sarcolemmn was found. z sn the other hand, maximal ATP hydrolysis by heart sarcolemma was seen at 4 mM Mg2+ or Ca2+. The Ca2+-ATPase LEO) of Ca2+ failed to stimulate ATP hydrolysis in the presence of various concentrations of Mg-ATP. These results indicate the absence of a \"calcium pump\" mechanism in the heart sarcolemmal membrane preparation employed in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:134032", "title": "Functional role of soluble mitochondrial ATPase subunits.", "content": "A preparation of soluble mitochondrial ATPase (coupling factor F1) containing no gamma and delta minor subunits has been isolated. The minor-subunits-deficient F1 was found to be competent in ATP hydrolysis. However, it did not demonstrate a \"coupling\" effect in EDTA-submitochondrial particles. A portion of the ATPase activity of EDTA particles, stimulated by the minor-subunits-deficient F1, was insensitive to oligomycin. ATPase activity of Na+-particles was changed only slightly by this F1. It is suggested that gamma and delta subunits are necessary to form specific contacts between the F1 molecule and components of the mitochrondrial membrane.", "contents": "Functional role of soluble mitochondrial ATPase subunits. A preparation of soluble mitochondrial ATPase (coupling factor F1) containing no gamma and delta minor subunits has been isolated. The minor-subunits-deficient F1 was found to be competent in ATP hydrolysis. However, it did not demonstrate a \"coupling\" effect in EDTA-submitochondrial particles. A portion of the ATPase activity of EDTA particles, stimulated by the minor-subunits-deficient F1, was insensitive to oligomycin. ATPase activity of Na+-particles was changed only slightly by this F1. It is suggested that gamma and delta subunits are necessary to form specific contacts between the F1 molecule and components of the mitochrondrial membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:134034", "title": "Genetic analysis of mitochondrial biogenesis and function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Different mitochondrial mutants have been isolated that affect mitochondrial ribosome function. These mutants were used to establish most of the known methods and principles of mitochondrial genetics in yeast. Another class of mitochondrial mutants have been shown to affect mitochondrial ATPase and, more specifically, the \"membrane factor\" of mitochondrial ATPase. These mutants might be very useful in studying the energy-conserving function, and the interaction between the hydrophobic and hydrophylic parts, of the ATPase complex. New types of mitochondrial point mutations, concerning cytochrome a-a3 or b, will soon open up new fields of investigation. The biochemical and genetic analysis of numerous mutants belonging to that category and recently obtained [31] is being currently pursued in Tzagoloff's and Slonimski's laboratories.", "contents": "Genetic analysis of mitochondrial biogenesis and function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Different mitochondrial mutants have been isolated that affect mitochondrial ribosome function. These mutants were used to establish most of the known methods and principles of mitochondrial genetics in yeast. Another class of mitochondrial mutants have been shown to affect mitochondrial ATPase and, more specifically, the \"membrane factor\" of mitochondrial ATPase. These mutants might be very useful in studying the energy-conserving function, and the interaction between the hydrophobic and hydrophylic parts, of the ATPase complex. New types of mitochondrial point mutations, concerning cytochrome a-a3 or b, will soon open up new fields of investigation. The biochemical and genetic analysis of numerous mutants belonging to that category and recently obtained [31] is being currently pursued in Tzagoloff's and Slonimski's laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:134035", "title": "Relationship between configuration, function, and permeability in calcium-treated mitochondria.", "content": "Low levels of calcium (100 nmol/mg) added to beef heart mitochondria induced a configurational transition from the aggregated to the orthodox state and a simultaneous uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. The primary effect of calcium was to cause a nonspecific increase in the permeability of the inner membrane, resulting in entry of sucrose into the matrix space and the observed configurational transition. The uncoupling and permeability change induced by calcium could readily be reversed by lowering the calcium:magnesium ratio in the presence of either substrate or ATP. The configurational state, however, remained orthodox. This, along with studies of hypotonically induced orthodox mitochondria in which the membrane remained coupled and impermeable until after the addition of calcium, led to the conclusion that coupling was related to the permeability state of the inner membrane rather than the configurational state. Phosphate, arsenate, or oleic acid was found to cause a transition similar to that induced by calcium. Studies with the specific calcium transport inhibitors, EGTA, ruthenium red, and lanthanum revealed that endogenous calcium is required for the anion-induced transitions. A single mechanism was further indicated by a common sensitivity to N-ethylmaleimide. Strontium was ineffective as an inducer of the transition, even though it is transported by the same mechanism as calcium. This indicates that there are additional calcium-binding sites responsible for triggering the transition. Magnesium and calcium appeared to compete for these additional sites, since magnesium competitively inhibited the calcium-induced transition, but had no effect on calcium uptake. Calcium was found to potently inhibit the respiration of all NAD+-requiring substrates prior to the transition. Strontium also produced this inhibition without a subsequent transition. ATPase activity was induced at the exact time of transition with calcium and was not induced by strontium. This suggests that calcium-induced ATPase uniquely required the transition for activity, in contrast to the ATPase induced by uncoupler or valinomycin. The results of this work indicate that mitochondria have a built-in mechanism which responds to low levels of calcium, phosphate, and fatty acids, resulting in simultaneous changes, including increased permeability, inducation of ATPase, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, and loss of respiratory control.", "contents": "Relationship between configuration, function, and permeability in calcium-treated mitochondria. Low levels of calcium (100 nmol/mg) added to beef heart mitochondria induced a configurational transition from the aggregated to the orthodox state and a simultaneous uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. The primary effect of calcium was to cause a nonspecific increase in the permeability of the inner membrane, resulting in entry of sucrose into the matrix space and the observed configurational transition. The uncoupling and permeability change induced by calcium could readily be reversed by lowering the calcium:magnesium ratio in the presence of either substrate or ATP. The configurational state, however, remained orthodox. This, along with studies of hypotonically induced orthodox mitochondria in which the membrane remained coupled and impermeable until after the addition of calcium, led to the conclusion that coupling was related to the permeability state of the inner membrane rather than the configurational state. Phosphate, arsenate, or oleic acid was found to cause a transition similar to that induced by calcium. Studies with the specific calcium transport inhibitors, EGTA, ruthenium red, and lanthanum revealed that endogenous calcium is required for the anion-induced transitions. A single mechanism was further indicated by a common sensitivity to N-ethylmaleimide. Strontium was ineffective as an inducer of the transition, even though it is transported by the same mechanism as calcium. This indicates that there are additional calcium-binding sites responsible for triggering the transition. Magnesium and calcium appeared to compete for these additional sites, since magnesium competitively inhibited the calcium-induced transition, but had no effect on calcium uptake. Calcium was found to potently inhibit the respiration of all NAD+-requiring substrates prior to the transition. Strontium also produced this inhibition without a subsequent transition. ATPase activity was induced at the exact time of transition with calcium and was not induced by strontium. This suggests that calcium-induced ATPase uniquely required the transition for activity, in contrast to the ATPase induced by uncoupler or valinomycin. The results of this work indicate that mitochondria have a built-in mechanism which responds to low levels of calcium, phosphate, and fatty acids, resulting in simultaneous changes, including increased permeability, inducation of ATPase, uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation, and loss of respiratory control."}
{"id": "PMID:134036", "title": "Phospholipid-protein interactions in the Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase from sarcoplasmic reticulum has been delipidated by gel filtration through a Sephadex G-200 column equilibrated with buffer containing cholate. The delipidated Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase had negligible adenosine triphosphatase activity, but up to 50% of the ATPase activity was restored when the delipidated enzyme was recombined with phosphilipids. It was shown with the delipidated preparation that the phosphorylation of the enzyme by either ATP or Pi was entirely dependent on phospholipids. Among the purified phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine reactivated the adenosine triphosphatase activity better than phosphatidylethanolamine. Vesicles capable of translocating Ca2+ were reconstituted from delipidated Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase and phosphatidylethanolamine, but not with phosphatidylcholine alone. We conclude that the firmly bound phospholipids which are purified together with the adenosine triphosphatase protein are not essential for the pump since they can be substituted by phosphatidylethanolamine isolated from soybeans.", "contents": "Phospholipid-protein interactions in the Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase from sarcoplasmic reticulum has been delipidated by gel filtration through a Sephadex G-200 column equilibrated with buffer containing cholate. The delipidated Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase had negligible adenosine triphosphatase activity, but up to 50% of the ATPase activity was restored when the delipidated enzyme was recombined with phosphilipids. It was shown with the delipidated preparation that the phosphorylation of the enzyme by either ATP or Pi was entirely dependent on phospholipids. Among the purified phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine reactivated the adenosine triphosphatase activity better than phosphatidylethanolamine. Vesicles capable of translocating Ca2+ were reconstituted from delipidated Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase and phosphatidylethanolamine, but not with phosphatidylcholine alone. We conclude that the firmly bound phospholipids which are purified together with the adenosine triphosphatase protein are not essential for the pump since they can be substituted by phosphatidylethanolamine isolated from soybeans."}
{"id": "PMID:134037", "title": "Ethanol metabolism by a transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma. Role of microsomes and mitochondria.", "content": "1. Ethanol metabolism in slices or homogenates of transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma HC-252 (HC-252) was 50 to 60% of the rate found in host liver slices or homogenates when they were expressed per gram of tissue wet weight and 70 to 80% of the liver when the rates were expressed per milligram of tissue protein. At 10 mM ethanol, the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase in tumor and liver supernatants were comparable. 2. Tumor microsomes did not oxidize ethanol in the presence of a NADPH-generating system, indicating the absence of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system and catalase-mediated peroxidation of ethanol. The HC-252 microsomes were contaminated with catalase, and acetaldehyde production occurred in the presence of a H2O2-generating system (xanthine oxidase). The virtual absence of ethanol oxidation and drug metabolism (aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase) in HC-252 microsomes may be due to the low activities of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, NADPH oxidase, and NADPH-dependent oxygen uptake. 3. Microsomal oxidation of ethanol was present in Morris hepatoma 5123C, a well-differentiated tumor of intermediate growth rate, while activity was negligible in microsomes from Morris hepatoma 7288CTC, a less differentiated tumor. Microsomal NADPH oxidase was present in the well differentiated tumor 5123C but was lacking in the less differentiated tumor 7288CTC. Several microsomal, mitochondrial, and cytosolic properties of HC-252 are similar to those of Morris hepatoma 7288CTC but differ from those of the more differentiated 5123C tumor and normal liver. 4. The content of mitochondrial protein in HC-252 was only 25% that of liver, and oxygen consumption per gram of tumor was only 28% that of the liver. When corrected for the mitochondrial protein content, oxygen uptake in tumor HC-252 and liver homogenates was comparable. Isolated tumor and liver mitochondria displayed comparable State 4 and 3 rates of oxygen consumption with succinate and glutamate as substrates. The activities of the reconstituted malate-aspartate and alpha-glycerophosphate shuttles were only slightly lower in isolated HC-252 mitochondria compared to liver mitochondria, when shuttles were reconstituted with purified enzymes. 5. Antimycin inhibited alcohol metabolism,and pyruvate stimulated alcohol metabolism, much less in tumor slices than in liver slices, suggesting the presence of an augmented mitochondria-independent, cytosolic mechanism for oxidizing reducing equivalents in the tumor. These factors suggest that oxidation of NADH is the limiting factor in ethanol metabolism. Whereas, in the liver mitochondrial reoxidation is predominant, in HC-252, cytosolic reoxidation of NADH also plays a major role.", "contents": "Ethanol metabolism by a transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma. Role of microsomes and mitochondria. 1. Ethanol metabolism in slices or homogenates of transplantable hepatocellular carcinoma HC-252 (HC-252) was 50 to 60% of the rate found in host liver slices or homogenates when they were expressed per gram of tissue wet weight and 70 to 80% of the liver when the rates were expressed per milligram of tissue protein. At 10 mM ethanol, the activities of alcohol dehydrogenase in tumor and liver supernatants were comparable. 2. Tumor microsomes did not oxidize ethanol in the presence of a NADPH-generating system, indicating the absence of the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system and catalase-mediated peroxidation of ethanol. The HC-252 microsomes were contaminated with catalase, and acetaldehyde production occurred in the presence of a H2O2-generating system (xanthine oxidase). The virtual absence of ethanol oxidation and drug metabolism (aminopyrine demethylase and aniline hydroxylase) in HC-252 microsomes may be due to the low activities of NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, NADPH oxidase, and NADPH-dependent oxygen uptake. 3. Microsomal oxidation of ethanol was present in Morris hepatoma 5123C, a well-differentiated tumor of intermediate growth rate, while activity was negligible in microsomes from Morris hepatoma 7288CTC, a less differentiated tumor. Microsomal NADPH oxidase was present in the well differentiated tumor 5123C but was lacking in the less differentiated tumor 7288CTC. Several microsomal, mitochondrial, and cytosolic properties of HC-252 are similar to those of Morris hepatoma 7288CTC but differ from those of the more differentiated 5123C tumor and normal liver. 4. The content of mitochondrial protein in HC-252 was only 25% that of liver, and oxygen consumption per gram of tumor was only 28% that of the liver. When corrected for the mitochondrial protein content, oxygen uptake in tumor HC-252 and liver homogenates was comparable. Isolated tumor and liver mitochondria displayed comparable State 4 and 3 rates of oxygen consumption with succinate and glutamate as substrates. The activities of the reconstituted malate-aspartate and alpha-glycerophosphate shuttles were only slightly lower in isolated HC-252 mitochondria compared to liver mitochondria, when shuttles were reconstituted with purified enzymes. 5. Antimycin inhibited alcohol metabolism,and pyruvate stimulated alcohol metabolism, much less in tumor slices than in liver slices, suggesting the presence of an augmented mitochondria-independent, cytosolic mechanism for oxidizing reducing equivalents in the tumor. These factors suggest that oxidation of NADH is the limiting factor in ethanol metabolism. Whereas, in the liver mitochondrial reoxidation is predominant, in HC-252, cytosolic reoxidation of NADH also plays a major role."}
{"id": "PMID:134038", "title": "Mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by sarcoplasmic reticulum and the role of phospholipids.", "content": "Exchange of sarcoplasmic reticulum phospholipids with dipalmitoyllecithin inhibits the (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-activated ATPase activity below 40 degrees by inhibition of the decomposition of phosphoprotein intermediate. The rate of phosphoprotein formation and the steady state concentration of phosphoprotein measured by rapid kinetic techniques are affected to a lesser extent. The inhibitory effect of dipalmitoyllecithin on ATPase activity is probably related to the viscosity of the hydrocarbon region of the membrane which inhibits the conformational change leading to calcium translocation and the eventual cleavage of phosphoprotein.", "contents": "Mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by sarcoplasmic reticulum and the role of phospholipids. Exchange of sarcoplasmic reticulum phospholipids with dipalmitoyllecithin inhibits the (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-activated ATPase activity below 40 degrees by inhibition of the decomposition of phosphoprotein intermediate. The rate of phosphoprotein formation and the steady state concentration of phosphoprotein measured by rapid kinetic techniques are affected to a lesser extent. The inhibitory effect of dipalmitoyllecithin on ATPase activity is probably related to the viscosity of the hydrocarbon region of the membrane which inhibits the conformational change leading to calcium translocation and the eventual cleavage of phosphoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:134039", "title": "Modification of the alkali light chains of skeletal myosin inhibits actin binding and adenosine triphosphate cleavage.", "content": "Heavy meromyosin treated with the ATP analog, 6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate), (slppNHp)2, in the presence of adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate at 0 degrees loses its EDTA-ATPase activity and actin binding ability in a parallel manner. Studies with myosin show that under the above conditions (slppNHp)2 reacts preferentially with the single cysteines of the alkali light chains (Mr = 20,700 and 16,500) suggesting a role for these subunits in regulating actin-myosin interaction and ATP cleavage.", "contents": "Modification of the alkali light chains of skeletal myosin inhibits actin binding and adenosine triphosphate cleavage. Heavy meromyosin treated with the ATP analog, 6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate), (slppNHp)2, in the presence of adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate at 0 degrees loses its EDTA-ATPase activity and actin binding ability in a parallel manner. Studies with myosin show that under the above conditions (slppNHp)2 reacts preferentially with the single cysteines of the alkali light chains (Mr = 20,700 and 16,500) suggesting a role for these subunits in regulating actin-myosin interaction and ATP cleavage."}
{"id": "PMID:134040", "title": "Comparative roentgenographic study of the asymptomatic and symptomatic lumbar spine.", "content": "A comparative roentgenographic study was carried out on 217 asymptomatic patients between forty and seventy years old and 387 symptomatic patients in the same age range. Spondylosis (osteophyte formation) did not appear to have any direct relationship to low-back pain. Degenerative disc disease appeared to be a major cause of low-back pain. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis occurred more frequently in the symptomatic than in the asymptomatic patients. Routine roentgenograms of the lumbosacral spine were useful in evaluating patients seen for treatment of low-back pain.", "contents": "Comparative roentgenographic study of the asymptomatic and symptomatic lumbar spine. A comparative roentgenographic study was carried out on 217 asymptomatic patients between forty and seventy years old and 387 symptomatic patients in the same age range. Spondylosis (osteophyte formation) did not appear to have any direct relationship to low-back pain. Degenerative disc disease appeared to be a major cause of low-back pain. Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis occurred more frequently in the symptomatic than in the asymptomatic patients. Routine roentgenograms of the lumbosacral spine were useful in evaluating patients seen for treatment of low-back pain."}
{"id": "PMID:134041", "title": "Density-dependent changes in the amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycans associated with mouse 3T3 cells.", "content": "The relative amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycans associated with the cell layer of parent and SV40-transformed Swiss mouse 3T3 cells was determined from the incorporation of labeled sulfate (35SO4) into macromolecular material. In cultures of SV40-transformed cells, the glycosaminoglycan content per cell was constant over a wide range of densities. In cultures of parent 3T3 cells, the glycosaminoglycan content per cell increased directly with density, the highest values being found in contact-inhibited cultures. At high cell densities, the glycosaminoglycan content of 3T3 cells was several-fold higher than that for SV40-transformed cells. Most of the density-dependent increase in glycosaminoglycans of 3T3 cells was accounted for by chondroitin sulfate (dermatan sulfate) which was over 6-fold higher in confluent cultures than in low density cultures.", "contents": "Density-dependent changes in the amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycans associated with mouse 3T3 cells. The relative amount of sulfated glycosaminoglycans associated with the cell layer of parent and SV40-transformed Swiss mouse 3T3 cells was determined from the incorporation of labeled sulfate (35SO4) into macromolecular material. In cultures of SV40-transformed cells, the glycosaminoglycan content per cell was constant over a wide range of densities. In cultures of parent 3T3 cells, the glycosaminoglycan content per cell increased directly with density, the highest values being found in contact-inhibited cultures. At high cell densities, the glycosaminoglycan content of 3T3 cells was several-fold higher than that for SV40-transformed cells. Most of the density-dependent increase in glycosaminoglycans of 3T3 cells was accounted for by chondroitin sulfate (dermatan sulfate) which was over 6-fold higher in confluent cultures than in low density cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:134043", "title": "Selective medium for isolation of Treponema hyodysenteriae.", "content": "Pure cultures of six pathogenic isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae, the colonic mucosal scrapings of seven pigs with acute swine dysentery, and feces from seven unaffected pigs were diluted in phosphate-buffered saline and plated on Trypticase soy agar with 5% citrated bovine blood (TSA) and TSA with various levels of spectinomycin (TSA-S). The plates were incubated at 42 degrees C in a vented GasPak jar with a cold palladium catalyst and either 80:20 H2-CO2 by evacuation and refilling or a H2-CO2 generator envelope. Viable cell counts of the six pathogenic isolates were not altered by plating on TSA-S with 400 mug of spectinomycin per ml (TSA-S400) as compared with TSA alone. Dilutions of colonic mucosal scrapings from seven pigs with acute swine dysentery showed numbers of T. hyodysenteriae to be unchanged when plated on TSA-S400. Flora other than T. hyodysenteriae present in acute swine dysentery was inhibited, on the average, by 99.99%. Plating of dilutions of feces of unaffected pigs on TSA-S400 showed inhibition of flora that averaged more than 99.9%. Pathogenicity of T. hyodysenteriae was not altered by isolation or serial passage on TSA-S400.", "contents": "Selective medium for isolation of Treponema hyodysenteriae. Pure cultures of six pathogenic isolates of Treponema hyodysenteriae, the colonic mucosal scrapings of seven pigs with acute swine dysentery, and feces from seven unaffected pigs were diluted in phosphate-buffered saline and plated on Trypticase soy agar with 5% citrated bovine blood (TSA) and TSA with various levels of spectinomycin (TSA-S). The plates were incubated at 42 degrees C in a vented GasPak jar with a cold palladium catalyst and either 80:20 H2-CO2 by evacuation and refilling or a H2-CO2 generator envelope. Viable cell counts of the six pathogenic isolates were not altered by plating on TSA-S with 400 mug of spectinomycin per ml (TSA-S400) as compared with TSA alone. Dilutions of colonic mucosal scrapings from seven pigs with acute swine dysentery showed numbers of T. hyodysenteriae to be unchanged when plated on TSA-S400. Flora other than T. hyodysenteriae present in acute swine dysentery was inhibited, on the average, by 99.99%. Plating of dilutions of feces of unaffected pigs on TSA-S400 showed inhibition of flora that averaged more than 99.9%. Pathogenicity of T. hyodysenteriae was not altered by isolation or serial passage on TSA-S400."}
{"id": "PMID:134044", "title": "The glycosaminoglycans of the human artery and their changes in atherosclerosis.", "content": "The changes in levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the intima and media of the human artery in atherosclerosis were determined by a recently introduced two-dimensional electrophoresis technique that permits direct measurments of each of these macromolecules. To identify the arterial GAGs, they were fractionated by chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column, and the resulting three fractions (hyaluronic acid [HA], heparan sulfate [HS], and the partially separated chondroitin sulfates B [CSB] and C [CSC]) were analyzed for their electrophoretic mobilities by this electrophoretic method, for their digestability by highly specific hydrolases (leech hyaluronidase, heparinase, and chondroitinases ABC and AC) and for their iduronic acid content. From these studies we concluded that normal and atherosclerotic human aortas contain CSB, CSC, HA, and HS. Further, we demonstrated that CSB is a hybrid consisting of approximately 40% CSA and 60% CSB and that CSC appears to be a polymer consisting essentially of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate. Classical CSA as well as chondroitin (CH) were not present in detectable amounts. In the relatively normal intima, the mean concentrations of the GAGs were found to be 4.7, 20.9, 1.3, and 5.1 mg/g of dry, defatted, decalcified tissue for CSB, CSC, HA, and HS, respectively. With the progression of atherosclerosis, there was a pronounced decrease in the total GAG content (from 32 to 18 mg) associated with a decrease in the CSC and HS levels but without a change in the HA concentrations. Of particular interest, however, was the increase in the CSB level. In the media whose total GAG content averaged approximately 20 mg, no significant changes in these GAG levels were noted with the progression of the disease except for that of CSC. These findings may be important in explaining the increased lipoprotein and collagen deposition in the diseased aorta.", "contents": "The glycosaminoglycans of the human artery and their changes in atherosclerosis. The changes in levels of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) of the intima and media of the human artery in atherosclerosis were determined by a recently introduced two-dimensional electrophoresis technique that permits direct measurments of each of these macromolecules. To identify the arterial GAGs, they were fractionated by chromatography on a DEAE-Sephadex A-25 column, and the resulting three fractions (hyaluronic acid [HA], heparan sulfate [HS], and the partially separated chondroitin sulfates B [CSB] and C [CSC]) were analyzed for their electrophoretic mobilities by this electrophoretic method, for their digestability by highly specific hydrolases (leech hyaluronidase, heparinase, and chondroitinases ABC and AC) and for their iduronic acid content. From these studies we concluded that normal and atherosclerotic human aortas contain CSB, CSC, HA, and HS. Further, we demonstrated that CSB is a hybrid consisting of approximately 40% CSA and 60% CSB and that CSC appears to be a polymer consisting essentially of glucuronic acid and N-acetylgalactosamine-6-sulfate. Classical CSA as well as chondroitin (CH) were not present in detectable amounts. In the relatively normal intima, the mean concentrations of the GAGs were found to be 4.7, 20.9, 1.3, and 5.1 mg/g of dry, defatted, decalcified tissue for CSB, CSC, HA, and HS, respectively. With the progression of atherosclerosis, there was a pronounced decrease in the total GAG content (from 32 to 18 mg) associated with a decrease in the CSC and HS levels but without a change in the HA concentrations. Of particular interest, however, was the increase in the CSB level. In the media whose total GAG content averaged approximately 20 mg, no significant changes in these GAG levels were noted with the progression of the disease except for that of CSC. These findings may be important in explaining the increased lipoprotein and collagen deposition in the diseased aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:134042", "title": "[Treatment of an invading fibroma of the abdominal wall by extensive removal and parietal reconstruction by epiplooplasty associated with Marlex's prosthesis].", "content": "The authors discuss the treatment of a desmoid tumour of the abdominal wall and propose an original technique of extensive parietal repair by epiplooplasty associated with inert prostheses.", "contents": "[Treatment of an invading fibroma of the abdominal wall by extensive removal and parietal reconstruction by epiplooplasty associated with Marlex's prosthesis]. The authors discuss the treatment of a desmoid tumour of the abdominal wall and propose an original technique of extensive parietal repair by epiplooplasty associated with inert prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:134047", "title": "Immunological mechanisms in the reaction between drugs and the skin.", "content": "Many reactions in the skin caused by drugs would appear to be due to immunological mechanisms. Simple chemical sensitizers become antigenic after combination with carrier proteins. The bonds between the hapten and the protein are not necessarily covalent, and it is likely that weaker linkages such as hydrogen bonding or Van der Waal's forces may be involved. Reactions may be due to humoral antibody or cell-mediated immunity. Experimental models are discussed in which there is competition between B suppressor cells and T effector cells. In these situations, drugs that affect the suppressor cell system specifically can reverse a state of immunological tolerance or increase the intensity of a chemical sensitivity. Finally, the mechanism of fixed drug eruptions is discussed. It is suggested that the actions which follow the systemic absorption of the chemical and always occur at this same site are due to B cells or B cell products that remain from a previous delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the same antigen. These cells would have arrived initially as part of the non-specific inflammatory infiltrate. The initial reaction may even have been subliminal in intensity.", "contents": "Immunological mechanisms in the reaction between drugs and the skin. Many reactions in the skin caused by drugs would appear to be due to immunological mechanisms. Simple chemical sensitizers become antigenic after combination with carrier proteins. The bonds between the hapten and the protein are not necessarily covalent, and it is likely that weaker linkages such as hydrogen bonding or Van der Waal's forces may be involved. Reactions may be due to humoral antibody or cell-mediated immunity. Experimental models are discussed in which there is competition between B suppressor cells and T effector cells. In these situations, drugs that affect the suppressor cell system specifically can reverse a state of immunological tolerance or increase the intensity of a chemical sensitivity. Finally, the mechanism of fixed drug eruptions is discussed. It is suggested that the actions which follow the systemic absorption of the chemical and always occur at this same site are due to B cells or B cell products that remain from a previous delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the same antigen. These cells would have arrived initially as part of the non-specific inflammatory infiltrate. The initial reaction may even have been subliminal in intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:134051", "title": "Circadian rhythm of stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis. A 24 hour cycle in the mixed leukocyte culture reaction and with SKSD stimulation.", "content": "The in vitro measurement of stimulated T lymphocyte blastogenesis by the incorporation of 14C-thymidine can be shown to be an acceptable and precise measurement with highly significant variations in blastogenesis over a 24 hr period. This circadian rhythm for human T lymphocyte blastogenesis has been demonstrated with specific antigen (SKSD) and in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). The hours of peak reactivity were different for the SKSD stimulation and the MLC reaction. This biologic cycle in T cell reactivity has significant implications for the immunologic response.", "contents": "Circadian rhythm of stimulated lymphocyte blastogenesis. A 24 hour cycle in the mixed leukocyte culture reaction and with SKSD stimulation. The in vitro measurement of stimulated T lymphocyte blastogenesis by the incorporation of 14C-thymidine can be shown to be an acceptable and precise measurement with highly significant variations in blastogenesis over a 24 hr period. This circadian rhythm for human T lymphocyte blastogenesis has been demonstrated with specific antigen (SKSD) and in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). The hours of peak reactivity were different for the SKSD stimulation and the MLC reaction. This biologic cycle in T cell reactivity has significant implications for the immunologic response."}
{"id": "PMID:134052", "title": "Community-based residential care for the minimally impaired elderly: a survey analysis.", "content": "Foster home care for the elderly, as an alternative to living independently, living with relatives or living in an institution, has been a neglected area of investigation, although such care is a nationwide phenomenon. This survey of all licensed Family Care Home operators in the Louisville, Kentucky area provides baseline data regarding the characteristics of providers of adult foster care and the recipients. Data were obtained from 183 persons caring for minimally impaired adults in their own homes and on 422 residents in these foster home settings. Of the residents, 69.5 percent were aged 65 or over. Care providers are described on the basis of age, race, sex, educational level, family size and composition, previous employment, reasons for entering the business, and problems encountered. Residents are described on the basis of age, race, sex, physical condition, care required, and outside contacts. Foster home care for the aged can furnish many advantages if the resident is properly placed and support services are provided. This form of care deserves much greater emphasis in future research of the provision of services for the elderly.", "contents": "Community-based residential care for the minimally impaired elderly: a survey analysis. Foster home care for the elderly, as an alternative to living independently, living with relatives or living in an institution, has been a neglected area of investigation, although such care is a nationwide phenomenon. This survey of all licensed Family Care Home operators in the Louisville, Kentucky area provides baseline data regarding the characteristics of providers of adult foster care and the recipients. Data were obtained from 183 persons caring for minimally impaired adults in their own homes and on 422 residents in these foster home settings. Of the residents, 69.5 percent were aged 65 or over. Care providers are described on the basis of age, race, sex, educational level, family size and composition, previous employment, reasons for entering the business, and problems encountered. Residents are described on the basis of age, race, sex, physical condition, care required, and outside contacts. Foster home care for the aged can furnish many advantages if the resident is properly placed and support services are provided. This form of care deserves much greater emphasis in future research of the provision of services for the elderly."}
{"id": "PMID:134119", "title": "Early steps in specific tumor cell lysis by sensitized mouse T lymphocytes. II. Electrolyte permeability increase in the target cell membrane concomitant with programming for lysis.", "content": "In a previous study of the mechanism of specific target cell lysis by alloimmune cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL), we established that the target cell becomes irreversibly programmed to lyse within a few minutes after contact with the CTL. We here show that at each point in time, the level of specific release of the potassium analog, 86Rb equals the percentage of target cells which have been programmed to lyse. It is also shown that specific release of 86Rb is more rapid than that of a small metabolite of similar weight, 14C-nicotinamide, which in turn is specifically released more rapidly than 51Cr. Thus, an electrolyte-permeable lesion is produced in the target cell membrane within minutes of contact with the CTL. Since measurements of 86Rb release, unlike measurements of programming for lysis, do not involve exposure of the cells to EDTA and vigorous shearing forces, the present observations corroborate and extend, by an independent and gentler method, our previous conclusion that the CTL effects crucial and irreversible changes in the target cell within minutes after contact. The present results are consistent with the possibility that the first, and perhaps the only damage administered directly by the CTL is a membrane lesion permeable to electrolytes and possibly to small molecules.", "contents": "Early steps in specific tumor cell lysis by sensitized mouse T lymphocytes. II. Electrolyte permeability increase in the target cell membrane concomitant with programming for lysis. In a previous study of the mechanism of specific target cell lysis by alloimmune cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL), we established that the target cell becomes irreversibly programmed to lyse within a few minutes after contact with the CTL. We here show that at each point in time, the level of specific release of the potassium analog, 86Rb equals the percentage of target cells which have been programmed to lyse. It is also shown that specific release of 86Rb is more rapid than that of a small metabolite of similar weight, 14C-nicotinamide, which in turn is specifically released more rapidly than 51Cr. Thus, an electrolyte-permeable lesion is produced in the target cell membrane within minutes of contact with the CTL. Since measurements of 86Rb release, unlike measurements of programming for lysis, do not involve exposure of the cells to EDTA and vigorous shearing forces, the present observations corroborate and extend, by an independent and gentler method, our previous conclusion that the CTL effects crucial and irreversible changes in the target cell within minutes after contact. The present results are consistent with the possibility that the first, and perhaps the only damage administered directly by the CTL is a membrane lesion permeable to electrolytes and possibly to small molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:134120", "title": "The formation of stable E-rosettes by human T lymphocytes activated in mixed lymphocyte reactions.", "content": "The aim of the present study was to determine whether activation of human T-lymphocytes affects their interaction with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Less than 3% of the E-rosettes formed by freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and SRBC are stable and do not disintegrate after incubation at 37 degrees C. In contrast, about 30% of PBL kept in culture for 5 days in the presence of mitomycin C-treated allogeneic lymphocytes were found to form stable E-rosettes. Whereas no rosettes were formed by freshly isolated PBL incubated with human red blood cells at 24 degrees C, 15% of the cells recovered from mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) formed such rosettes. When responder PBL were maintained in culture in the absence of allogeneic stimuli the proportion of cells forming stable E-rosettes depended on the serum present in the medium. Less than 5% of the responder cells kept in medium containing human serum or in serum-free medium formed stable E-rosettes, whereas 18% of the cells maintained in medium containing fetal calf serum formed stable E-rosettes. The proportion of cells forming stable E-rosettes increased before any increase in DNA synthesis was detectable in MLR. Indeed, a high proportion of cells forming stable E-rosettes appeared in MLR taking place in serum-free medium, without any accompanying increase of DNA synthesis. Depletion of cells forming EAC'-rosettes from responder PBL increased the proportion of cells forming stable E-rosettes in MLR. Exposure of the cells recovered in MLR to specific anti-T sera inhibited the formation of both stable and regular E-rosettes. Exposure of the cells recovered in MLR to anti-Ig serum had no effect on the formation of regular rosettes. Anti-Ig serum strongly inhibited the formation of stable E-rosettes by cells grown in medium containing human serum, but had no effect on the formation of stable E-rossettes by cells grown in either serum-free medium or in serum containing fetal calf serum. It is concluded that activated human T lymphocytes are characterized by their capacity to form stable E-rosettes, resistant to incubation at 37 degrees C, and by their capacity to acquire an immunoglobulin coat, possibly by binding immunoglobulin molecules present in their environment.", "contents": "The formation of stable E-rosettes by human T lymphocytes activated in mixed lymphocyte reactions. The aim of the present study was to determine whether activation of human T-lymphocytes affects their interaction with sheep red blood cells (SRBC). Less than 3% of the E-rosettes formed by freshly isolated peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and SRBC are stable and do not disintegrate after incubation at 37 degrees C. In contrast, about 30% of PBL kept in culture for 5 days in the presence of mitomycin C-treated allogeneic lymphocytes were found to form stable E-rosettes. Whereas no rosettes were formed by freshly isolated PBL incubated with human red blood cells at 24 degrees C, 15% of the cells recovered from mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) formed such rosettes. When responder PBL were maintained in culture in the absence of allogeneic stimuli the proportion of cells forming stable E-rosettes depended on the serum present in the medium. Less than 5% of the responder cells kept in medium containing human serum or in serum-free medium formed stable E-rosettes, whereas 18% of the cells maintained in medium containing fetal calf serum formed stable E-rosettes. The proportion of cells forming stable E-rosettes increased before any increase in DNA synthesis was detectable in MLR. Indeed, a high proportion of cells forming stable E-rosettes appeared in MLR taking place in serum-free medium, without any accompanying increase of DNA synthesis. Depletion of cells forming EAC'-rosettes from responder PBL increased the proportion of cells forming stable E-rosettes in MLR. Exposure of the cells recovered in MLR to specific anti-T sera inhibited the formation of both stable and regular E-rosettes. Exposure of the cells recovered in MLR to anti-Ig serum had no effect on the formation of regular rosettes. Anti-Ig serum strongly inhibited the formation of stable E-rosettes by cells grown in medium containing human serum, but had no effect on the formation of stable E-rossettes by cells grown in either serum-free medium or in serum containing fetal calf serum. It is concluded that activated human T lymphocytes are characterized by their capacity to form stable E-rosettes, resistant to incubation at 37 degrees C, and by their capacity to acquire an immunoglobulin coat, possibly by binding immunoglobulin molecules present in their environment."}
{"id": "PMID:134121", "title": "Human transfer factor: fractionation and biologic activity.", "content": "Human transfer factor (TF) was fractionated by exclusion chromatography and the fractions were tested for biologic activity in vivo and in vitro. Specific TF activity in vivo was found to reside in the major UV-absorbing peak (Fraction III). Fraction III eluted at 2.7 X V(O) and transferred tuberculin, candida, or KLH-reactivity to previously negative recipients. Fraction III from nonreactive donors was ineffective. When the fractions were tested in vitro, we found that both the mitogenic activity of whole TF and the suppressive activity to mitogen activation when present in TF was found in Fraction I. Fraction III contained components responsible for augmentation of PHA and PWM responses. In addition, Fraction III contained the component responsible for antigen-dependent augmentation of lymphocyte transformation. Fraction IV was suppressive to antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation. These data suggest that TF preparations contain components which can affect immune reactions in both specific and nonspecific ways.", "contents": "Human transfer factor: fractionation and biologic activity. Human transfer factor (TF) was fractionated by exclusion chromatography and the fractions were tested for biologic activity in vivo and in vitro. Specific TF activity in vivo was found to reside in the major UV-absorbing peak (Fraction III). Fraction III eluted at 2.7 X V(O) and transferred tuberculin, candida, or KLH-reactivity to previously negative recipients. Fraction III from nonreactive donors was ineffective. When the fractions were tested in vitro, we found that both the mitogenic activity of whole TF and the suppressive activity to mitogen activation when present in TF was found in Fraction I. Fraction III contained components responsible for augmentation of PHA and PWM responses. In addition, Fraction III contained the component responsible for antigen-dependent augmentation of lymphocyte transformation. Fraction IV was suppressive to antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation. These data suggest that TF preparations contain components which can affect immune reactions in both specific and nonspecific ways."}
{"id": "PMID:134122", "title": "Nicotinamide: suppression of lymphocyte transformation with a component identified in human transfer factor.", "content": "The component in human transfer factor (TF) (Fraction IV, from exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-25) responsible for suppression of antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation was previously identified as nicotinamide. Commercially available nicotinamide was subsequently shown to produce suppression of antigen-induced responses in vitro previously observed with TF Fraction IV. Nicotinamide was found to be nontoxic at the highest concentrations employed (10(-2)M) and suppressive over a relatively broad range (10(-5) to 10(-2)M. The suppression appeared to be related to the magnitude of antigen- or mitogen-induced transformation and was apparent even when nicotinamide was added as late as 48 hr after stimulant addition.", "contents": "Nicotinamide: suppression of lymphocyte transformation with a component identified in human transfer factor. The component in human transfer factor (TF) (Fraction IV, from exclusion chromatography on Sephadex G-25) responsible for suppression of antigen-induced lymphocyte transformation was previously identified as nicotinamide. Commercially available nicotinamide was subsequently shown to produce suppression of antigen-induced responses in vitro previously observed with TF Fraction IV. Nicotinamide was found to be nontoxic at the highest concentrations employed (10(-2)M) and suppressive over a relatively broad range (10(-5) to 10(-2)M. The suppression appeared to be related to the magnitude of antigen- or mitogen-induced transformation and was apparent even when nicotinamide was added as late as 48 hr after stimulant addition."}
{"id": "PMID:134123", "title": "Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) production in unidirectional mixed lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "Puromycin treatment of lymphocytes was used to develop a one-way test for leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) production in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction. Lymphocytes incubated with this protein synthesis inhibitor induced a vigorous mediator production by nontreated allogeneic cells, being themselves unable to respond to stimulator cells. When puromycin-treated cells were stimulated with the mitogens PHA, ConA, or PWM, overall protein and DNA synthesis were significantly decreased with concomitant abolishment of LMIF production. Viability of stimulator lymphocytes was found to be essential for generation of the mediator in MLC reaction.", "contents": "Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) production in unidirectional mixed lymphocyte cultures. Puromycin treatment of lymphocytes was used to develop a one-way test for leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) production in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction. Lymphocytes incubated with this protein synthesis inhibitor induced a vigorous mediator production by nontreated allogeneic cells, being themselves unable to respond to stimulator cells. When puromycin-treated cells were stimulated with the mitogens PHA, ConA, or PWM, overall protein and DNA synthesis were significantly decreased with concomitant abolishment of LMIF production. Viability of stimulator lymphocytes was found to be essential for generation of the mediator in MLC reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:134124", "title": "Standardisation of the mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "content": "The mixed lymphocyte reaction has been optimised with Ficoll--Triosil separated lymphocytes: 100,000 responding cells with 100,000 mitomycin-C-blocked stimulating cells, in 0.2 ml of TC 199 with 10% AB-negative known normal serum in Cook microplates. After incubation at 37 degree C for 120 h, 2 muCi of [3H]thymidine was added, harvesting after a further 15 h at 37 degree C. A pool of stimulating cells, freshly separated from 5 normal subjects (usable up to 36 h  if kept at 4 degree C), produced a Gaussian normal range of increment in CPM from 17,000--88,000, with a between-batch coefficient of variation for triplicates of 22%. For tests against stimulating cells from a single donor a transformation index above 1.64 was significant.", "contents": "Standardisation of the mixed lymphocyte reaction. The mixed lymphocyte reaction has been optimised with Ficoll--Triosil separated lymphocytes: 100,000 responding cells with 100,000 mitomycin-C-blocked stimulating cells, in 0.2 ml of TC 199 with 10% AB-negative known normal serum in Cook microplates. After incubation at 37 degree C for 120 h, 2 muCi of [3H]thymidine was added, harvesting after a further 15 h at 37 degree C. A pool of stimulating cells, freshly separated from 5 normal subjects (usable up to 36 h  if kept at 4 degree C), produced a Gaussian normal range of increment in CPM from 17,000--88,000, with a between-batch coefficient of variation for triplicates of 22%. For tests against stimulating cells from a single donor a transformation index above 1.64 was significant."}
{"id": "PMID:134125", "title": "Genetic and cellular aspects of xenogeneic mixed leukocyte culture reaction.", "content": "The nature of the antigens stimulating xenogeneic lymphocytes was studied using \"primed LD typing\". Human lymphocytes were sensitized in vitro against mouse spleen cells and restimulated with spleen cells of mouse strains sharing non-H-2 antigens or various regions of H-2 with the initial stimulating strain. The largest thymidine uptake was caused by restimulation with cells from the specific primary stimulator or an H-2-identical strain. Species-specific antigens or strain-specific antigens carried in the C57BL/10 background account for less than 15% of the total stimulation; a non-H-2 antigen associated with the Mlsalpha genotype caused moderate restimulation, amounting to 25% of the average H-2 response. Within H-2, the strongest restimulation was caused by antigens controlled by the I-A subregion; the K and D regions caused moderate, the I-C and S regions very weak, and the I-B subregion no restimulation. Thus, the genetic control of antigens stimulating xenogeneic and allogeneic MLC responses requires T cells and adherent cells, but in the human-mouse MLC, both cell types must come from the human responder; the majority of the proliferating cells are T cells. It is suggested that allograft and xenograft reactions are fundamentally identical processes, and that the relative vigor of alloaggression may be explained by secondary potentiating mechanisms depending on species-specific interactions between aggressor and target cells.", "contents": "Genetic and cellular aspects of xenogeneic mixed leukocyte culture reaction. The nature of the antigens stimulating xenogeneic lymphocytes was studied using \"primed LD typing\". Human lymphocytes were sensitized in vitro against mouse spleen cells and restimulated with spleen cells of mouse strains sharing non-H-2 antigens or various regions of H-2 with the initial stimulating strain. The largest thymidine uptake was caused by restimulation with cells from the specific primary stimulator or an H-2-identical strain. Species-specific antigens or strain-specific antigens carried in the C57BL/10 background account for less than 15% of the total stimulation; a non-H-2 antigen associated with the Mlsalpha genotype caused moderate restimulation, amounting to 25% of the average H-2 response. Within H-2, the strongest restimulation was caused by antigens controlled by the I-A subregion; the K and D regions caused moderate, the I-C and S regions very weak, and the I-B subregion no restimulation. Thus, the genetic control of antigens stimulating xenogeneic and allogeneic MLC responses requires T cells and adherent cells, but in the human-mouse MLC, both cell types must come from the human responder; the majority of the proliferating cells are T cells. It is suggested that allograft and xenograft reactions are fundamentally identical processes, and that the relative vigor of alloaggression may be explained by secondary potentiating mechanisms depending on species-specific interactions between aggressor and target cells."}
{"id": "PMID:134126", "title": "In vitro studies on the T-lymphocyte population of human milk.", "content": "Human milk lymphocytes (ML) can be partially purified and propagated in vitro as a means of assessing their immunological function. When exposed to a variety of stimuli known to activate T lymphocytes, ML respond in a unique manner that indicates a selected population of immunocompetent cells. ML are hyporesponsive to to nonspecific mitogens and respond in a reduced manner to histocompatibility antigens on allogeneic cells. In most cases, they are completely unresponsive to C. albicans although blood lymphocytes from the same patients respond to the antigen. The Kl capsular antigen of E. coli induces significant proliferation in lymphocytes obtained from milk, but fails to stimulate blood lymphocytes. This dichotomy of reactivity does not appear to result from suppressive factors or cells in milk or insufficient adherent cell function. Rather it appears to reflect the accumulation of particular lymphocyte clones in the breast and the local nature of mammary tissue immunity at the T-lymphocyte level.", "contents": "In vitro studies on the T-lymphocyte population of human milk. Human milk lymphocytes (ML) can be partially purified and propagated in vitro as a means of assessing their immunological function. When exposed to a variety of stimuli known to activate T lymphocytes, ML respond in a unique manner that indicates a selected population of immunocompetent cells. ML are hyporesponsive to to nonspecific mitogens and respond in a reduced manner to histocompatibility antigens on allogeneic cells. In most cases, they are completely unresponsive to C. albicans although blood lymphocytes from the same patients respond to the antigen. The Kl capsular antigen of E. coli induces significant proliferation in lymphocytes obtained from milk, but fails to stimulate blood lymphocytes. This dichotomy of reactivity does not appear to result from suppressive factors or cells in milk or insufficient adherent cell function. Rather it appears to reflect the accumulation of particular lymphocyte clones in the breast and the local nature of mammary tissue immunity at the T-lymphocyte level."}
{"id": "PMID:134127", "title": "Three HLA-D region antigens defined by primed LD typing.", "content": "We have recently described a new method, primed LD typing or PLT, for specific identification of HLA-D antigens. Highly discriminatory PLT cells have been developed which clearly differentiate between cells of individuals that restimulate strongly and those that restimulate weakly. Seven such discriminatory PLT cells have been used to define three antigens called PL1, PL2, and PL3; two more PLT cells may define antigen(s) PL4.", "contents": "Three HLA-D region antigens defined by primed LD typing. We have recently described a new method, primed LD typing or PLT, for specific identification of HLA-D antigens. Highly discriminatory PLT cells have been developed which clearly differentiate between cells of individuals that restimulate strongly and those that restimulate weakly. Seven such discriminatory PLT cells have been used to define three antigens called PL1, PL2, and PL3; two more PLT cells may define antigen(s) PL4."}
{"id": "PMID:134128", "title": "The effect of membrane stabilizing agents on induction of the immune response. I. Effect of lymphocyte activation in mixed lymphocyte reactions.", "content": "The effect of three membrane-stabilizing agents, chlorpromazine, imipramine, and lidocain, on in vitro activation of cellular responses was studied using the one-way MLR. Cellular activation was found to be depressed by these drugs. However, the degree of suppression paralleled the decline of viable cells in the cultures. It is concluded that drug-induced inhibition of MLR was due solely to the toxicity of the compounds.", "contents": "The effect of membrane stabilizing agents on induction of the immune response. I. Effect of lymphocyte activation in mixed lymphocyte reactions. The effect of three membrane-stabilizing agents, chlorpromazine, imipramine, and lidocain, on in vitro activation of cellular responses was studied using the one-way MLR. Cellular activation was found to be depressed by these drugs. However, the degree of suppression paralleled the decline of viable cells in the cultures. It is concluded that drug-induced inhibition of MLR was due solely to the toxicity of the compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:134129", "title": "Murine t factors: an association between alleles at t and at H-2.", "content": "Lymphocytes from tx-mutant mice have a definite and consistent pattern of reactivity in MLR. Cells from t-mutant mice within a complementation group usually fail to stimulate each other, while cells from mutants in different complementation groups stimulate each other strongly. This indicates that tx-mutant types are associated with certain H-2 haplotypes, and that members of any give complementation group share the same H-2 haplotype.", "contents": "Murine t factors: an association between alleles at t and at H-2. Lymphocytes from tx-mutant mice have a definite and consistent pattern of reactivity in MLR. Cells from t-mutant mice within a complementation group usually fail to stimulate each other, while cells from mutants in different complementation groups stimulate each other strongly. This indicates that tx-mutant types are associated with certain H-2 haplotypes, and that members of any give complementation group share the same H-2 haplotype."}
{"id": "PMID:134130", "title": "[Studies on the mechanism of activation of lymphocyte membrane ATP-ases by concanavalin A (author's transl)].", "content": "The ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-intensitive ATP-ases of intact lymphocytes, and of the lymphocyte microsomal fraction and a purified plasma membrane fraction, are all activated by concanavalin A. The Na+, K+, and Mg+-dependence of the plasma membrane ATP-ases were defined at different substrate concentrations. Enzyme activation was rather greater at lower K+ concentrations. From these studies it appears improbable, but not impossible, that concanavalin A exerts an allosteric effect on the ATP-ases.", "contents": "[Studies on the mechanism of activation of lymphocyte membrane ATP-ases by concanavalin A (author's transl)]. The ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-intensitive ATP-ases of intact lymphocytes, and of the lymphocyte microsomal fraction and a purified plasma membrane fraction, are all activated by concanavalin A. The Na+, K+, and Mg+-dependence of the plasma membrane ATP-ases were defined at different substrate concentrations. Enzyme activation was rather greater at lower K+ concentrations. From these studies it appears improbable, but not impossible, that concanavalin A exerts an allosteric effect on the ATP-ases."}
{"id": "PMID:134131", "title": "Wall structure of the Neurospora hyphal apex: immunofluorescent localization of wall surface antigens.", "content": "Antisera have been raised in rabbits against three wall fractions from Neurospora crassa. Fractions were separated according to Mahadevan & Tatum (1965), i.e. fraction I, glucan-peptide-galactosamine complex; fraction III, laminarin-like glucan; and fraction IV, chitin. Distinct patterns of immunofluorescent staining were obtained using an indirect staining method. Hyphae stained with antiserum to fraction I showed maximum fluorescence in the apical and/or subapical regions: in both cases, fluorescence showed a sharp decrease with distance behing the subapical region. Hyphae stained with antiserum to fraction III showed faintly fluorescent tips with fluorescence increasing with distance from the tip. Hyphae stained with antiserum to fraction IV showed faint fluorescence, equivalent to levels of autofluorescence, except at the sites of hyphal fractures. Antisera were also raised against whole walls from 24 and 120 h cultures. Hyphae stained with antisera against whole walls which had previously been absorbed to remove antibodies to fractions I, III, and IV showed preferential staining of apices. The uncharacterized tip antigen(s) thus revealed was also demonstrated on immunodiffusion plates. This pattern of immunofluorescence was compared to the fluorescence of apices after staining with an optical brightener. Enzymic dissection procedures did not generally give reliable results with apices from 24 h cultures. Untreated apices appeared amorphous, while a drastic chemical treatment revealed randomly oriented microfibrils which were shown to be alpha-chitin. The apical hyphal walls were significantly thinner than those from more mature hyphal regions.", "contents": "Wall structure of the Neurospora hyphal apex: immunofluorescent localization of wall surface antigens. Antisera have been raised in rabbits against three wall fractions from Neurospora crassa. Fractions were separated according to Mahadevan & Tatum (1965), i.e. fraction I, glucan-peptide-galactosamine complex; fraction III, laminarin-like glucan; and fraction IV, chitin. Distinct patterns of immunofluorescent staining were obtained using an indirect staining method. Hyphae stained with antiserum to fraction I showed maximum fluorescence in the apical and/or subapical regions: in both cases, fluorescence showed a sharp decrease with distance behing the subapical region. Hyphae stained with antiserum to fraction III showed faintly fluorescent tips with fluorescence increasing with distance from the tip. Hyphae stained with antiserum to fraction IV showed faint fluorescence, equivalent to levels of autofluorescence, except at the sites of hyphal fractures. Antisera were also raised against whole walls from 24 and 120 h cultures. Hyphae stained with antisera against whole walls which had previously been absorbed to remove antibodies to fractions I, III, and IV showed preferential staining of apices. The uncharacterized tip antigen(s) thus revealed was also demonstrated on immunodiffusion plates. This pattern of immunofluorescence was compared to the fluorescence of apices after staining with an optical brightener. Enzymic dissection procedures did not generally give reliable results with apices from 24 h cultures. Untreated apices appeared amorphous, while a drastic chemical treatment revealed randomly oriented microfibrils which were shown to be alpha-chitin. The apical hyphal walls were significantly thinner than those from more mature hyphal regions."}
{"id": "PMID:134135", "title": "TVR and vibration-induced timing of motor impulses in the human jaw elevator muscles.", "content": "In order to investigate myotatic reflex involvement in jaw muscle control, an analysis was made of the motor responses induced by mechanical vibration (120-160 Hz) of the jaw elevator muscles in healthy subjects. As seen in torque measurements and mean-voltage electromyographic (EMG) recordings, the vibration caused involuntary reciprocal changes in jaw muscle tone, the contraction force increasing in jaw elevators and decreasing in antagonistic jaw opening muscles. This tonic vibration reflex (TVR) elicited from the jaw elevators exhibited many characteristics similar to those previously described for limb muscle tonic vibration reflexes: it varied in strength from one subject to the next independently of the briskness of the jaw elevator tendon jerks; it had a gradual onset with successive recruitment of jaw elevator motor units firing largely out of phase with one another and at rates much lower than the vibration frequency; it was susceptible to voluntary control--when allowed visual feed-back from the torque meter all subjects were able to suppress the TVR and keep mean contraction force constant. The results indicate that with respect to the tonic motor response to sustained inflow in the Ia afferent nerve fibres, the jaw elevators do not differ markedly from other skeletal muscles. Independently of whether a TVR was present or not, the vibration caused a timing of the motor unit discharges in the jaw elevators that could not be controlled voluntarily and that showed up in gross EMG recordings as a marked grouping of discharges synchronous with each wave of vibration. A similar but less distinct grouping of the gross EMG pattern was seen in limb muscles exposed to vibration, the dispersion increasing with the peripheral conduction distances of the reflex arcs. It is suggested that contrary to the TVR, which depends on the sustained mean level of the Ia afferent input, the timing phenomenon depends, like the tendon jerk, on the degree of synchrony in the afferent Ia volleys. Monosynaptic projections may well be involved in the dynamic timing of motor discharges during tonic firing, but this does not imply that the TVR or the tonic stretch reflex is dependent upon such projections.", "contents": "TVR and vibration-induced timing of motor impulses in the human jaw elevator muscles. In order to investigate myotatic reflex involvement in jaw muscle control, an analysis was made of the motor responses induced by mechanical vibration (120-160 Hz) of the jaw elevator muscles in healthy subjects. As seen in torque measurements and mean-voltage electromyographic (EMG) recordings, the vibration caused involuntary reciprocal changes in jaw muscle tone, the contraction force increasing in jaw elevators and decreasing in antagonistic jaw opening muscles. This tonic vibration reflex (TVR) elicited from the jaw elevators exhibited many characteristics similar to those previously described for limb muscle tonic vibration reflexes: it varied in strength from one subject to the next independently of the briskness of the jaw elevator tendon jerks; it had a gradual onset with successive recruitment of jaw elevator motor units firing largely out of phase with one another and at rates much lower than the vibration frequency; it was susceptible to voluntary control--when allowed visual feed-back from the torque meter all subjects were able to suppress the TVR and keep mean contraction force constant. The results indicate that with respect to the tonic motor response to sustained inflow in the Ia afferent nerve fibres, the jaw elevators do not differ markedly from other skeletal muscles. Independently of whether a TVR was present or not, the vibration caused a timing of the motor unit discharges in the jaw elevators that could not be controlled voluntarily and that showed up in gross EMG recordings as a marked grouping of discharges synchronous with each wave of vibration. A similar but less distinct grouping of the gross EMG pattern was seen in limb muscles exposed to vibration, the dispersion increasing with the peripheral conduction distances of the reflex arcs. It is suggested that contrary to the TVR, which depends on the sustained mean level of the Ia afferent input, the timing phenomenon depends, like the tendon jerk, on the degree of synchrony in the afferent Ia volleys. Monosynaptic projections may well be involved in the dynamic timing of motor discharges during tonic firing, but this does not imply that the TVR or the tonic stretch reflex is dependent upon such projections."}
{"id": "PMID:134136", "title": "Arterial hypertension and the work environment: some considerations affecting its compensability.", "content": "Hypertension can be considered work-related and, therefore, compensable when it[occurs] causes cardiac disease in occupational groups for whom cardiac ailments are legislated as being work-incurred and in workers exposed to certain nitrate explosives. In legal circles job related stresses are often invoked as a cause of hypertension and judicial precedent has accepted the medically unproven theory that hypertension develops after an exposure for long hours over a period of several years to the exasperations, frustrations, pressures, strains, and stresses of work. Apportionment of liability between industrial and non-industrial factors is a legal concept with negotiations often open to forensic debate. This could be minimized if epidemiologic information permitting the calculation of attributable risk were available. Also desirable is a better understanding of the possible contributions of common physical hazards e.g., noise and vibration, to sustained hypertension.", "contents": "Arterial hypertension and the work environment: some considerations affecting its compensability. Hypertension can be considered work-related and, therefore, compensable when it[occurs] causes cardiac disease in occupational groups for whom cardiac ailments are legislated as being work-incurred and in workers exposed to certain nitrate explosives. In legal circles job related stresses are often invoked as a cause of hypertension and judicial precedent has accepted the medically unproven theory that hypertension develops after an exposure for long hours over a period of several years to the exasperations, frustrations, pressures, strains, and stresses of work. Apportionment of liability between industrial and non-industrial factors is a legal concept with negotiations often open to forensic debate. This could be minimized if epidemiologic information permitting the calculation of attributable risk were available. Also desirable is a better understanding of the possible contributions of common physical hazards e.g., noise and vibration, to sustained hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:134138", "title": "The effect of anti-inflammatory compounds on the biochemical changes in the Arthus reaction.", "content": "The effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on the biochemical changes in the Arthus reaction have been studied and correlated to changes in the pathology of the reaction. In the Arthus reaction all the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibited the migration of cells into the lesion and reduced the lysosomal enzyme concentration at the Arthus site. The steroids did not inhibit the cellular inflitration or the total lysosomal enzyme concentration in the skin but did reduce the concentration of cathepsin D in the oedema fluid. In addition, prednisolone and, to a lesser extent, hydrocortisone reduced the degree of oedema formation. The results suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the Arthus reaction by reducing the cellular infiltration whereas anti-inflammatory steroids act by preventing these cells secreting their lysosomal enzymes and thus causing tissue damage.", "contents": "The effect of anti-inflammatory compounds on the biochemical changes in the Arthus reaction. The effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on the biochemical changes in the Arthus reaction have been studied and correlated to changes in the pathology of the reaction. In the Arthus reaction all the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibited the migration of cells into the lesion and reduced the lysosomal enzyme concentration at the Arthus site. The steroids did not inhibit the cellular inflitration or the total lysosomal enzyme concentration in the skin but did reduce the concentration of cathepsin D in the oedema fluid. In addition, prednisolone and, to a lesser extent, hydrocortisone reduced the degree of oedema formation. The results suggest that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the Arthus reaction by reducing the cellular infiltration whereas anti-inflammatory steroids act by preventing these cells secreting their lysosomal enzymes and thus causing tissue damage."}
{"id": "PMID:134139", "title": "Polycystic disease of kidney, liver and pancreas; a possible patholgenesis.", "content": "5,6,7,8-tetrahydrocarbzzole-3-acetic acid (AH 2835) given to maternal rats throughout their gestation produces an experimental model of the autosomally inherited human infantile polycystic disease Potter type I in the rat foetuses. The affected animals have cystic lesions in their kidneys, liver and pancreas like those seen in the human. Evidence is presented for the aetiology of the experimental lesion being related to the action of AH 2835 on the specific activity of the ouabain sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of absorptive epithelia. It is noted that two cystic kidney diseases, the ocngenital nephrotic syndrome and infantile polycystic disease Potter type I are both inherited as autosomal recessive traits and are therefore likely to be caused by enzyme abnormalities, and that the compound AH 2835 can be used to produce experimental models of both of these diseases.", "contents": "Polycystic disease of kidney, liver and pancreas; a possible patholgenesis. 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrocarbzzole-3-acetic acid (AH 2835) given to maternal rats throughout their gestation produces an experimental model of the autosomally inherited human infantile polycystic disease Potter type I in the rat foetuses. The affected animals have cystic lesions in their kidneys, liver and pancreas like those seen in the human. Evidence is presented for the aetiology of the experimental lesion being related to the action of AH 2835 on the specific activity of the ouabain sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of absorptive epithelia. It is noted that two cystic kidney diseases, the ocngenital nephrotic syndrome and infantile polycystic disease Potter type I are both inherited as autosomal recessive traits and are therefore likely to be caused by enzyme abnormalities, and that the compound AH 2835 can be used to produce experimental models of both of these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:134142", "title": "CSTRIP, a fortran IV computer program for obtaining initial polyexponential parameter estimates.", "content": "A new exponential stripping program, CSTRIP, has been developed. This program overcomes the problems associated with the use of previously published techniques and enables the rapid economical calculation of initial polyexponential parameter estimates. Values for the coefficients and exponents of the exponential terms are calculated as well as estimates of lag times. An exhaustive search procedure ensures that the results are comparable to, or better than, those obtained by manual residual methods.", "contents": "CSTRIP, a fortran IV computer program for obtaining initial polyexponential parameter estimates. A new exponential stripping program, CSTRIP, has been developed. This program overcomes the problems associated with the use of previously published techniques and enables the rapid economical calculation of initial polyexponential parameter estimates. Values for the coefficients and exponents of the exponential terms are calculated as well as estimates of lag times. An exhaustive search procedure ensures that the results are comparable to, or better than, those obtained by manual residual methods."}
{"id": "PMID:134155", "title": "Puerperal laparoscopic sterilization.", "content": "Two hundred and ninety-seven consecutive puerperal laparoscopic sterilization cases during a five-year period are reviewed. There were six failures to complete the laparoscopic sterilization. A single case of anesthetic cardiac arrest constituted the only major complication. There has been no mortality. Two subsequent pregnancies occurred in this series, and their follow-up operative findings are reviewed.", "contents": "Puerperal laparoscopic sterilization. Two hundred and ninety-seven consecutive puerperal laparoscopic sterilization cases during a five-year period are reviewed. There were six failures to complete the laparoscopic sterilization. A single case of anesthetic cardiac arrest constituted the only major complication. There has been no mortality. Two subsequent pregnancies occurred in this series, and their follow-up operative findings are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:134153", "title": "[Angiocardiographic study after complete correction of interventricular communications treated by banding of the pulmonary artery. 20 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "An angiographic study after complete correction in twenty children who had previously undergone banding of the pulmonary artery revealed a certain number of complications. The considerable percentage of residual V.S.D, the persistance of notable narrowing in the region of the zone of banding, and infundibular hypertrophy are mainly due to surgical difficulties. Two cases of pulmonary valve incompetence were detected with the appearance of thickened valves, which were isolated or associated with a \"domeshaped\" valve appearance. Kowledge of these complications enables reduction as far as possible of the indications for banding of the pulmonary artery.", "contents": "[Angiocardiographic study after complete correction of interventricular communications treated by banding of the pulmonary artery. 20 cases (author's transl)]. An angiographic study after complete correction in twenty children who had previously undergone banding of the pulmonary artery revealed a certain number of complications. The considerable percentage of residual V.S.D, the persistance of notable narrowing in the region of the zone of banding, and infundibular hypertrophy are mainly due to surgical difficulties. Two cases of pulmonary valve incompetence were detected with the appearance of thickened valves, which were isolated or associated with a \"domeshaped\" valve appearance. Kowledge of these complications enables reduction as far as possible of the indications for banding of the pulmonary artery."}
{"id": "PMID:134158", "title": "Interrelationship between excessive levels of circulating androgens in blood and ovulatory failure.", "content": "The association of excessive circulating androgens in blood and ovulatory failure in women is well documented in a variety of clinical conditions. The restoration of ovulatory function by wedge resection of the polycystic ovary, by the administration of glucocorticoids or removal of tumors of the adrenal or ovary--measures that also reduce the level of circulating androgens--is also well documented. In view of the many hypotheses of adrenal and ovarian abnormalities and disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the human, resulting in hirsutism and ovulatory failure, a normal intact rat model was developed to study the effect of androgens on ovulation. The administration of a weak androgen, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), to immature rats resulted in a single precocious ovulation followed by ovulatory failure. The conversion of DHA to estrogens appeared to be the principle mechanism for the precocious ovulation. The steps appeared to be an elevation in blood estradiol, followed by the depletion of cytoplasmic estradiol receptors of the hypothalamus and pituitary and the gonadotropin surge leading to ovulation. These events appeared to be similar to those occuring in the adult cycling rat, in precocious puberty induced by the administration of pregnant mare serum gonadotropins and during the onset of natural puberty. The role of estrogens in inducing the precocious ovulation was further supported by the absence of precocious ovulation in animals in which the conversion of DHA to estrogens was blocked or by administering androgens that could not be converted to estrogens. In contrast, the subsequent ovulatory failure could not be explained entirely by the conversion of DHA to estrogens. There was a considerable time lag between the withdrawal of DHA treatment and the replenishment of pituitary and hypothalamic cytoplasmic estradiol receptors. Unlike those of the cycling animal, the receptors were not replenished when the levels of circulating  estradiol in blood receded. The replenishment occurred only after the circulating levels of androstenedione, DNA and progesterone were reduced. Receptor replenishment in the hypothalamus and pituitary was followed by increases in the levels of circulating gonadotropins, particularly LH, with subsequent restoration of cyclic ovulatory function. The ovaries in the acyclic androgen-treated rat were responsive to gonadotropins. The pituitary responded to LH-RH administration, but the sensitivity was reduced. In the adult rat, ovulatory failure and the formation of polycystic ovaries took place with doses of DHA as low as 7.5 mg per kg of body weight. Attempts are being made to obtain further insights into the mechanism of androgen-induced ovulatory failure by studying the effect of androgens and progesterone on the steroid receptors and their function in the hypothalamus and the pituitary. Furthermore, a direct effect of DHA on the ovary, causing follicular atresia and cystic changes, is also being explored.", "contents": "Interrelationship between excessive levels of circulating androgens in blood and ovulatory failure. The association of excessive circulating androgens in blood and ovulatory failure in women is well documented in a variety of clinical conditions. The restoration of ovulatory function by wedge resection of the polycystic ovary, by the administration of glucocorticoids or removal of tumors of the adrenal or ovary--measures that also reduce the level of circulating androgens--is also well documented. In view of the many hypotheses of adrenal and ovarian abnormalities and disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis in the human, resulting in hirsutism and ovulatory failure, a normal intact rat model was developed to study the effect of androgens on ovulation. The administration of a weak androgen, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), to immature rats resulted in a single precocious ovulation followed by ovulatory failure. The conversion of DHA to estrogens appeared to be the principle mechanism for the precocious ovulation. The steps appeared to be an elevation in blood estradiol, followed by the depletion of cytoplasmic estradiol receptors of the hypothalamus and pituitary and the gonadotropin surge leading to ovulation. These events appeared to be similar to those occuring in the adult cycling rat, in precocious puberty induced by the administration of pregnant mare serum gonadotropins and during the onset of natural puberty. The role of estrogens in inducing the precocious ovulation was further supported by the absence of precocious ovulation in animals in which the conversion of DHA to estrogens was blocked or by administering androgens that could not be converted to estrogens. In contrast, the subsequent ovulatory failure could not be explained entirely by the conversion of DHA to estrogens. There was a considerable time lag between the withdrawal of DHA treatment and the replenishment of pituitary and hypothalamic cytoplasmic estradiol receptors. Unlike those of the cycling animal, the receptors were not replenished when the levels of circulating  estradiol in blood receded. The replenishment occurred only after the circulating levels of androstenedione, DNA and progesterone were reduced. Receptor replenishment in the hypothalamus and pituitary was followed by increases in the levels of circulating gonadotropins, particularly LH, with subsequent restoration of cyclic ovulatory function. The ovaries in the acyclic androgen-treated rat were responsive to gonadotropins. The pituitary responded to LH-RH administration, but the sensitivity was reduced. In the adult rat, ovulatory failure and the formation of polycystic ovaries took place with doses of DHA as low as 7.5 mg per kg of body weight. Attempts are being made to obtain further insights into the mechanism of androgen-induced ovulatory failure by studying the effect of androgens and progesterone on the steroid receptors and their function in the hypothalamus and the pituitary. Furthermore, a direct effect of DHA on the ovary, causing follicular atresia and cystic changes, is also being explored."}
{"id": "PMID:134160", "title": "Chromosome survey of total population of mentally subnormal in North-East of Scotland.", "content": "A cytogenetic survey of the complete population of mentally subnormal in the North-East of Scotland has been undertaken. A register for the mentally subnormal within the region already existed, and all persons recorded, whether they resided at home or in subnormality hospitals or other institutional care, were included. The total number recorded was 3020 and of these 2770 were examined cytologically. In all 297 (10.7%) were shown to have a chromosomal abnormality, and of these Down's syndrome accounted for 250 (9%). Within this category was an unexpected excess of males. Deletions and supernumeraries comprised the remaining autosomal anomalies. Increased numbers of sex chromosome abnormalities among high grade mentally subnormal individuals were confirmed for both sexes. The survey has shown that abnormal chromosome complements contribute significantly to the causation of mental retardation, and has also provided estimates which cannot be obtained from hospital surveys alone.", "contents": "Chromosome survey of total population of mentally subnormal in North-East of Scotland. A cytogenetic survey of the complete population of mentally subnormal in the North-East of Scotland has been undertaken. A register for the mentally subnormal within the region already existed, and all persons recorded, whether they resided at home or in subnormality hospitals or other institutional care, were included. The total number recorded was 3020 and of these 2770 were examined cytologically. In all 297 (10.7%) were shown to have a chromosomal abnormality, and of these Down's syndrome accounted for 250 (9%). Within this category was an unexpected excess of males. Deletions and supernumeraries comprised the remaining autosomal anomalies. Increased numbers of sex chromosome abnormalities among high grade mentally subnormal individuals were confirmed for both sexes. The survey has shown that abnormal chromosome complements contribute significantly to the causation of mental retardation, and has also provided estimates which cannot be obtained from hospital surveys alone."}
{"id": "PMID:134161", "title": "Reciprocal translocation, 4q-; 21p+, giving rise to Down's syndrome.", "content": "A reciprocal translocation is described, t(4;21)(q27;p11), which occurs in a balanced carrier mother and her Down's syndrome child, 47,XX,t(4q-;21p+),+21. A review is presented of Down's syndrome associated with reciprocal translations involving chromosome No. 21.", "contents": "Reciprocal translocation, 4q-; 21p+, giving rise to Down's syndrome. A reciprocal translocation is described, t(4;21)(q27;p11), which occurs in a balanced carrier mother and her Down's syndrome child, 47,XX,t(4q-;21p+),+21. A review is presented of Down's syndrome associated with reciprocal translations involving chromosome No. 21."}
{"id": "PMID:134162", "title": "A transmissible plasmid determining lactose fermentation and multiple antibiotic resistance in a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "In a wild strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae the plasmid that determined lactose fermentation also determined resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracyclines, streptomycin, spectinomycin, and sulphonamides. The plasmid transferred at a very low rate to Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella typhi. By implanting other transfer factors in the strain the rate of transfer and the recipient range were increased. Plasmid transfer from the modified strain to Salm. typhimurium and Salm. gallinarum was detected in the alimentary tract of experimentally infected chicks fed diets containing ampicillin.", "contents": "A transmissible plasmid determining lactose fermentation and multiple antibiotic resistance in a strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae. In a wild strain of Klebsiella pneumoniae the plasmid that determined lactose fermentation also determined resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin, tetracyclines, streptomycin, spectinomycin, and sulphonamides. The plasmid transferred at a very low rate to Escherichia coli K12 and Salmonella typhi. By implanting other transfer factors in the strain the rate of transfer and the recipient range were increased. Plasmid transfer from the modified strain to Salm. typhimurium and Salm. gallinarum was detected in the alimentary tract of experimentally infected chicks fed diets containing ampicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:134164", "title": "Reduction cystoplasty in prune belly syndrome.", "content": "Reduction cystoplasty is a useful procedure to treat a large, poorly functioning bladder in boys with prune belly syndrome who are candidates for urinary tract reconstruction. The technique includes elliptical resection of all anomalous urachal tissue and sufficient detrusor dome to reduce bladder capacity to average size and to create a spherical detrusor. Improved detrusor function and a satisfactory of excellent result can be expected.", "contents": "Reduction cystoplasty in prune belly syndrome. Reduction cystoplasty is a useful procedure to treat a large, poorly functioning bladder in boys with prune belly syndrome who are candidates for urinary tract reconstruction. The technique includes elliptical resection of all anomalous urachal tissue and sufficient detrusor dome to reduce bladder capacity to average size and to create a spherical detrusor. Improved detrusor function and a satisfactory of excellent result can be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:134171", "title": "Long-time observations on the Blalock-Taussig operation IX. Single ventricle (with apex to the left).", "content": "This report concerns a 20 to 28 year follow-up of patients with a single ventricle with pulmonary stenosis and levocardia, a malformation which is frequently combined with a transposition of the great vessels. Only 24 cases were found among the 1037 cyanotic patients with decreased pulmonary blood flow operated on between January 1, 1945 and January 1, 1951. Of the 18 patients who survived surgery, one has been lost to follow-up, eight have lived for more than 20 years, and six for more than 25 years after their initial operation. The results of a Blalock-Taussig operation for a single ventricle are less satisfactory than for a tetralogy of Fallot. Two patients who were living at the close of the study have had no further surgery. Seven patients have had a second operation and four patients have had a third. Progressive cardiac enlargement has been common. The period of enlargement has varied from 10 months to more than 20 years. Three patients have had subacute bacterial endocarditis; two had multiple attacks. One patient died of a brain abscess and one of a purulent meningitis. Three women and four men have married. All four men have A.B. degrees and are gainfully employed.", "contents": "Long-time observations on the Blalock-Taussig operation IX. Single ventricle (with apex to the left). This report concerns a 20 to 28 year follow-up of patients with a single ventricle with pulmonary stenosis and levocardia, a malformation which is frequently combined with a transposition of the great vessels. Only 24 cases were found among the 1037 cyanotic patients with decreased pulmonary blood flow operated on between January 1, 1945 and January 1, 1951. Of the 18 patients who survived surgery, one has been lost to follow-up, eight have lived for more than 20 years, and six for more than 25 years after their initial operation. The results of a Blalock-Taussig operation for a single ventricle are less satisfactory than for a tetralogy of Fallot. Two patients who were living at the close of the study have had no further surgery. Seven patients have had a second operation and four patients have had a third. Progressive cardiac enlargement has been common. The period of enlargement has varied from 10 months to more than 20 years. Three patients have had subacute bacterial endocarditis; two had multiple attacks. One patient died of a brain abscess and one of a purulent meningitis. Three women and four men have married. All four men have A.B. degrees and are gainfully employed."}
{"id": "PMID:134172", "title": "[To the definition of the reduction of ability in the law of incometax (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of jurisdiction and commentaries by the Federal minister of finance and the minister of labour and social affairs it is proved, that the characteristic of externally recognizable, permanent loss of bodily mobility is existent not only for one-eyedness but as well as for reduction of visual acuity, provided (reduction of ability) of 25% or more is present. This statement is good for reductions of Personal income tax as well as Wage tax. The estimation of the degree of disability is to be made according to \"leads on the medical expertise on the state provision for the deserving\", Edition 1973.", "contents": "[To the definition of the reduction of ability in the law of incometax (author's transl)]. Out of jurisdiction and commentaries by the Federal minister of finance and the minister of labour and social affairs it is proved, that the characteristic of externally recognizable, permanent loss of bodily mobility is existent not only for one-eyedness but as well as for reduction of visual acuity, provided (reduction of ability) of 25% or more is present. This statement is good for reductions of Personal income tax as well as Wage tax. The estimation of the degree of disability is to be made according to \"leads on the medical expertise on the state provision for the deserving\", Edition 1973."}
{"id": "PMID:134174", "title": "Ultrastructural comparison of the interface between epithelium and stroma in basal cell carcinoma and control human skin.", "content": "Comparative ultrastructural studies of basal cell carcinomas, seborrheic keratoses, actinic keratoses, and control nontumor skin from human patients demonstrate structural differences between invasive and noninvasive tumor cells. Compared to the other specimen groups, biopsies of basal cell carcinomas reveal a decrease in hemidesmosomes and an increase in actin-like microfilaments in cells at the margins of the tumors. Benign tumors, i.e., seborrheic keratoses and actinic keratoses, have hemidesmosome areas and microfilament contents resembling control nontumor skin. The most striking hemidesmosome areas and microfilament contents resembling control nontumor skin. The most striking increase in microfilaments is in the most infiltrative \"morphea\" variants of basal cell carcinoma. These findings, in the context of other published reports, suggest that increased microfilaments are related to enhanced motility of invasive carcinoma cells in vivo and that decreased hemidesmosomes may be related to loss of cell to substratum or \"anchorage\" dependence of growth in malignant cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural comparison of the interface between epithelium and stroma in basal cell carcinoma and control human skin. Comparative ultrastructural studies of basal cell carcinomas, seborrheic keratoses, actinic keratoses, and control nontumor skin from human patients demonstrate structural differences between invasive and noninvasive tumor cells. Compared to the other specimen groups, biopsies of basal cell carcinomas reveal a decrease in hemidesmosomes and an increase in actin-like microfilaments in cells at the margins of the tumors. Benign tumors, i.e., seborrheic keratoses and actinic keratoses, have hemidesmosome areas and microfilament contents resembling control nontumor skin. The most striking hemidesmosome areas and microfilament contents resembling control nontumor skin. The most striking increase in microfilaments is in the most infiltrative \"morphea\" variants of basal cell carcinoma. These findings, in the context of other published reports, suggest that increased microfilaments are related to enhanced motility of invasive carcinoma cells in vivo and that decreased hemidesmosomes may be related to loss of cell to substratum or \"anchorage\" dependence of growth in malignant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:134175", "title": "A comparative study of extracellular sulfated glycosaminoglycans synthesized by rabbit corneal fibroblasts in organ and confluent cultures.", "content": "The extracellular sulfated glycosaminoglycans synthesized by explants of rabbit cornea and sclera, and by confluent cultures of corneal fibroblasts after incubation in medium containing 35S-sulfate were compared. The glycosaminoglycans isolated from corneal explants differed considerably from those obtained from confluent corneal fibroblast cultures and scleral explants. Only the corneal explants secreted into the nutrient medium a population of enzyme-resistant 35S-sulfate-labeled glycosaminoglycan that eluted from Dowex 1-X2 (Cl-) at a 3 M sodium chloride concentration, and which was resistant to testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, and nitrous acid degradation. With time, corneal explants gradually synthesized less of this fraction with these attributes of keratosulfate. If the corneal epithelium and endothelium remained on the corneal explants the total incorporated 35S-sulfate was approximately double that obtained when the cornea was striped of these cells.", "contents": "A comparative study of extracellular sulfated glycosaminoglycans synthesized by rabbit corneal fibroblasts in organ and confluent cultures. The extracellular sulfated glycosaminoglycans synthesized by explants of rabbit cornea and sclera, and by confluent cultures of corneal fibroblasts after incubation in medium containing 35S-sulfate were compared. The glycosaminoglycans isolated from corneal explants differed considerably from those obtained from confluent corneal fibroblast cultures and scleral explants. Only the corneal explants secreted into the nutrient medium a population of enzyme-resistant 35S-sulfate-labeled glycosaminoglycan that eluted from Dowex 1-X2 (Cl-) at a 3 M sodium chloride concentration, and which was resistant to testicular hyaluronidase, chondroitinase ABC, and nitrous acid degradation. With time, corneal explants gradually synthesized less of this fraction with these attributes of keratosulfate. If the corneal epithelium and endothelium remained on the corneal explants the total incorporated 35S-sulfate was approximately double that obtained when the cornea was striped of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:134176", "title": "The disappearance kinetics of soluble immune complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies and with intact antibodies in mice.", "content": "Soluble immune complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies persisted longer in the circulation than complexes prepared with intact antibodies, when these were administered intravenously to mice. The disappearance of complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies was delayed in part because the initial phase of vascular permeability was considerably less than that seen following the administration of complexes with intact antibodies. In addition, large complexes with lattice structure of more than two antigen and two antibody molecules persisted longer in the circulation after administration of complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies than after administration of complexes with intact antibodies. Thus, the concentration of large latticed complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies was significantly greater than the concentrations of large latticed complexes with intact antobodies at all observed times through 96 hours. The persistence of large latticed complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies was associated with significantly decreased hepatic localization of complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies compared to the hepatic localization of complexes with intact antibodies at 1, 4, 12, and 24 hours. The observations indicated that the removal of large latticed complexes from the circulation by the hepatic mononuclear phagocyte system was decreased when reduced and alkylated antibodies were used for the preparation of immune complexes. The persistence of large latticed complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies in the circulation was associated with enhanced and prolonged presence of glomerular deposits of immune complexes, as reported in the accompanying article (Haakenstad AO, Striker GE, Mannik M: Lab Invest 35:293, 1976.", "contents": "The disappearance kinetics of soluble immune complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies and with intact antibodies in mice. Soluble immune complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies persisted longer in the circulation than complexes prepared with intact antibodies, when these were administered intravenously to mice. The disappearance of complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies was delayed in part because the initial phase of vascular permeability was considerably less than that seen following the administration of complexes with intact antibodies. In addition, large complexes with lattice structure of more than two antigen and two antibody molecules persisted longer in the circulation after administration of complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies than after administration of complexes with intact antibodies. Thus, the concentration of large latticed complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies was significantly greater than the concentrations of large latticed complexes with intact antobodies at all observed times through 96 hours. The persistence of large latticed complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies was associated with significantly decreased hepatic localization of complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies compared to the hepatic localization of complexes with intact antibodies at 1, 4, 12, and 24 hours. The observations indicated that the removal of large latticed complexes from the circulation by the hepatic mononuclear phagocyte system was decreased when reduced and alkylated antibodies were used for the preparation of immune complexes. The persistence of large latticed complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies in the circulation was associated with enhanced and prolonged presence of glomerular deposits of immune complexes, as reported in the accompanying article (Haakenstad AO, Striker GE, Mannik M: Lab Invest 35:293, 1976."}
{"id": "PMID:134177", "title": "The glomerular deposition of soluble immune complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies and with intact antibodies in mice.", "content": "The kidney localization and glomerular deposition of soluble immune complexes in mice were greater and more persistent following the intravenous administration of complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies than following the administration of complexes prepared with intact antibodies. The increased glomerular deposition following the administration of complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies was associated with the persistence of circulating complexes composed of more than two antigen and two antibody molecules (Haakenstad AO, Mannik M:Lab Invest 35:283, 1976). The deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli, as detected by immunofluorescence, appeared to precede the detection of mouse C3 in glomerular deposits following the administration of both preparations of complexes. The deposition of mouse C3 was more intense and persisted longer in mice receiving complexes containing reduced and alkylated antibodies than in mice receiving complexes containing intact antibodies. The ultrastructural studies indicated that both preparations of complexes initially localized as electron-dense material in endothelial cell fenestrae and in the subendothelial space of the glomerular capillary loops and subsequently accumulated in the mesangial matrix between mesangial cells. The material persisted in the mesangium of mice receiving complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies, whereas it was removed from the mesangium of mice receiving complexes with intact antibodies. The mechanism for removal of complexes from the mesangial matrix was not defined, but it did not appear to occur through phagocytosis by the mesangial cell.", "contents": "The glomerular deposition of soluble immune complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies and with intact antibodies in mice. The kidney localization and glomerular deposition of soluble immune complexes in mice were greater and more persistent following the intravenous administration of complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies than following the administration of complexes prepared with intact antibodies. The increased glomerular deposition following the administration of complexes prepared with reduced and alkylated antibodies was associated with the persistence of circulating complexes composed of more than two antigen and two antibody molecules (Haakenstad AO, Mannik M:Lab Invest 35:283, 1976). The deposition of immune complexes in glomeruli, as detected by immunofluorescence, appeared to precede the detection of mouse C3 in glomerular deposits following the administration of both preparations of complexes. The deposition of mouse C3 was more intense and persisted longer in mice receiving complexes containing reduced and alkylated antibodies than in mice receiving complexes containing intact antibodies. The ultrastructural studies indicated that both preparations of complexes initially localized as electron-dense material in endothelial cell fenestrae and in the subendothelial space of the glomerular capillary loops and subsequently accumulated in the mesangial matrix between mesangial cells. The material persisted in the mesangium of mice receiving complexes with reduced and alkylated antibodies, whereas it was removed from the mesangium of mice receiving complexes with intact antibodies. The mechanism for removal of complexes from the mesangial matrix was not defined, but it did not appear to occur through phagocytosis by the mesangial cell."}
{"id": "PMID:134180", "title": "Interruption of the aortic arch. Surgical considerations.", "content": "During a 10 year period, January, 1965, through January, 1975, 5 patients with interruption of the aortic arch (IAA) underwent operation at the Texas Heart Institute. The mortality rate was 60 per cent; 2 patients survived the operation. One 11-day-old infant with IAA, type A, a ventricular septal defect (VSD), and a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) underwent successful two-stage treatment. A left subclavian-ductus anastomosis, closure of the PDA, and banding of the pulmonary artery were done initially. The VSD was closed later. The second survivor, a 3-year-old girl, had IAA, type B, with a PDA and VSD. Total correction was done with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia. Considerations include palliative and staged procedures versus total correction with either conventional cardiopulmonary bypass or deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Survival rate is improved if associated lesions are totally repaired or palliated at the time of reconstruction of IAA.", "contents": "Interruption of the aortic arch. Surgical considerations. During a 10 year period, January, 1965, through January, 1975, 5 patients with interruption of the aortic arch (IAA) underwent operation at the Texas Heart Institute. The mortality rate was 60 per cent; 2 patients survived the operation. One 11-day-old infant with IAA, type A, a ventricular septal defect (VSD), and a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) underwent successful two-stage treatment. A left subclavian-ductus anastomosis, closure of the PDA, and banding of the pulmonary artery were done initially. The VSD was closed later. The second survivor, a 3-year-old girl, had IAA, type B, with a PDA and VSD. Total correction was done with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass and hypothermia. Considerations include palliative and staged procedures versus total correction with either conventional cardiopulmonary bypass or deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Survival rate is improved if associated lesions are totally repaired or palliated at the time of reconstruction of IAA."}
{"id": "PMID:134181", "title": "Complete repair of tetralogy associated with sickle cell anemia and G-6-PD deficiency.", "content": "The case of a 5-year-old black girl with sickle cell anemia and G-6-PD deficiency is described. The child underwent successful repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Open-heart surgery can be safely performed on these patients if certain guidelines are observed, particularly the avoidance of hypoxia, hypothermia, acidosis, and dehydration. The patients should be prepared for the operation with transfusion of normal red cells. Routine preoperative testing for the above hemoglobinopathologic conditions is urged. The pertinent literature is reviewed.", "contents": "Complete repair of tetralogy associated with sickle cell anemia and G-6-PD deficiency. The case of a 5-year-old black girl with sickle cell anemia and G-6-PD deficiency is described. The child underwent successful repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Open-heart surgery can be safely performed on these patients if certain guidelines are observed, particularly the avoidance of hypoxia, hypothermia, acidosis, and dehydration. The patients should be prepared for the operation with transfusion of normal red cells. Routine preoperative testing for the above hemoglobinopathologic conditions is urged. The pertinent literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:134182", "title": "Intramural esophageal hamartoma. An unusual cause of progressive stricture in a child.", "content": "The unusual occurrence of an intramural hamartoma mimicking a peptic esophageal stricture in a child is presented. Early operative intervention is indicated to diagnose the condition and to avoid certain morbidity or death. The remarkable embryologic feature of this report is the presence of annular cartilage at the site of the esophageal stricture. Conservative resection of the involved esophagus and primary anastomosis is the treatment of choice.", "contents": "Intramural esophageal hamartoma. An unusual cause of progressive stricture in a child. The unusual occurrence of an intramural hamartoma mimicking a peptic esophageal stricture in a child is presented. Early operative intervention is indicated to diagnose the condition and to avoid certain morbidity or death. The remarkable embryologic feature of this report is the presence of annular cartilage at the site of the esophageal stricture. Conservative resection of the involved esophagus and primary anastomosis is the treatment of choice."}
{"id": "PMID:134183", "title": "Nonoperative closure of left-to-right shunts.", "content": "Efforts to close left-to-right shunts at Ochsner Medical Institutions have been directed toward atrial septal defects (ASD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). PDA's were constructed in dogs by interposing a segment of jugular vein between the aorta and main pulmonary artery. Five dogs in which the PDA was closed by a plug device inserted through the femoral vessels were put to death at 6 to 12 months. Histologic sections showed good fibrous ingrowth with endothelial covering on the aorta and pulmonary artery sides. There were no migrations redidual shunts. At cardiac catherterization, 18 patients had ASD's sized and located as to position in the septum. The sized ranged from 13 to greater than 30 mm. in diameter. The ASD sizes in patients who underwent standard operative closure were compared to the measurements at catheterization, and the variation was insignificant. In 5 patients, centrally positioned secundum ASD's were closed with double umbrella devices, 25 to 35 mm. in diameter. Anatomic contraindications for umbrella closure include ASD's greater than 30mm. in diameter, anomalous pulmonary venous connection, common atrium, inferiorly or superioly located secrumdum ASD, and sinus venosus ASD. Follow-up studies from 6 to 12 months on 5 patients with umbrella closure have revealed no hemolysis, arrhythmias, thromboembolism, migration, or other untoward effects.", "contents": "Nonoperative closure of left-to-right shunts. Efforts to close left-to-right shunts at Ochsner Medical Institutions have been directed toward atrial septal defects (ASD) and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). PDA's were constructed in dogs by interposing a segment of jugular vein between the aorta and main pulmonary artery. Five dogs in which the PDA was closed by a plug device inserted through the femoral vessels were put to death at 6 to 12 months. Histologic sections showed good fibrous ingrowth with endothelial covering on the aorta and pulmonary artery sides. There were no migrations redidual shunts. At cardiac catherterization, 18 patients had ASD's sized and located as to position in the septum. The sized ranged from 13 to greater than 30 mm. in diameter. The ASD sizes in patients who underwent standard operative closure were compared to the measurements at catheterization, and the variation was insignificant. In 5 patients, centrally positioned secundum ASD's were closed with double umbrella devices, 25 to 35 mm. in diameter. Anatomic contraindications for umbrella closure include ASD's greater than 30mm. in diameter, anomalous pulmonary venous connection, common atrium, inferiorly or superioly located secrumdum ASD, and sinus venosus ASD. Follow-up studies from 6 to 12 months on 5 patients with umbrella closure have revealed no hemolysis, arrhythmias, thromboembolism, migration, or other untoward effects."}
{"id": "PMID:134184", "title": "Successful interposition synthetic graft between aorta and right coronary artery. Angiographic follow-up to sixteen months.", "content": "A knitted Dacron filamentous vascular prosthesis, 4 cm. long and 3.5 mm. in diameter, was used as an interposition graft between the aorta and right coronary artery in a 65-year-old woman on Oct. 25, 1974. The prosthesis was used to transplant the right coronary artery incident to removal of a saccular aneurysm if the ascending aorta. Concomitant mitral valve replacement and tricuspid annuloplaty were performed. The graft was demonstrated patent by angiograms 2 weeks, 7 months, and 16 months after the operation, and the patient continues to be clinically well 17 months postoperatively. The literature records the successful use of aorta-coronary Dacron prostheses in 2 other patents, both children with coronary anomalies. One of these grafts closed after a while: the second was demonstrated patent by angiograms 8 years after implantation. These cases demonstrate that prostheses can function in the aorta-coronary position, and the reports of saphenous vein failures indicate the need for a reasonable substitute when a patient's saphenous veins are absent or inadequate. In all 3 cases, the prostheses were quite short and were used as interposition grafts between the ascending aorta and the proximal end of the coronary artery. Our review did not reveal successful use of a synthetic graft for aorta-coronary bypass.", "contents": "Successful interposition synthetic graft between aorta and right coronary artery. Angiographic follow-up to sixteen months. A knitted Dacron filamentous vascular prosthesis, 4 cm. long and 3.5 mm. in diameter, was used as an interposition graft between the aorta and right coronary artery in a 65-year-old woman on Oct. 25, 1974. The prosthesis was used to transplant the right coronary artery incident to removal of a saccular aneurysm if the ascending aorta. Concomitant mitral valve replacement and tricuspid annuloplaty were performed. The graft was demonstrated patent by angiograms 2 weeks, 7 months, and 16 months after the operation, and the patient continues to be clinically well 17 months postoperatively. The literature records the successful use of aorta-coronary Dacron prostheses in 2 other patents, both children with coronary anomalies. One of these grafts closed after a while: the second was demonstrated patent by angiograms 8 years after implantation. These cases demonstrate that prostheses can function in the aorta-coronary position, and the reports of saphenous vein failures indicate the need for a reasonable substitute when a patient's saphenous veins are absent or inadequate. In all 3 cases, the prostheses were quite short and were used as interposition grafts between the ascending aorta and the proximal end of the coronary artery. Our review did not reveal successful use of a synthetic graft for aorta-coronary bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:134185", "title": "The Rastelli operation for transposition of the great arteries. Early and late results.", "content": "Fifty-nine patients had corrective operation of the Rastelli type for transposition of the great arteries between 1968 and 1975. In 121 patients (35 per cent), the ventricular septal defect was enlarged by excising a portion of the septum. During the first 30 days after the operation, II patients (19 per cent) died. The risk of repair in infancy was greatly increased. There were 5 late deaths, and reoperation was required in 11 patients. Sixty-eight per cent of the survivors are in New York Heart Association Class I and 29 per cent are in Class II. Some late complications related to deteriorations of the earlier aortic homograft conduit may be avoided by use of a Dacron conduit with a porcine valve, as suggested by short-term favorable results in 25 recent cases. The current operative mortality rate of 8 per cent (last 25 operations) and the observation that all but one of the late survivors in this series are either asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic tend to verify the Rastelli operation as the procedure of choice for repair of transposition of of the great arteries when associated with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis.", "contents": "The Rastelli operation for transposition of the great arteries. Early and late results. Fifty-nine patients had corrective operation of the Rastelli type for transposition of the great arteries between 1968 and 1975. In 121 patients (35 per cent), the ventricular septal defect was enlarged by excising a portion of the septum. During the first 30 days after the operation, II patients (19 per cent) died. The risk of repair in infancy was greatly increased. There were 5 late deaths, and reoperation was required in 11 patients. Sixty-eight per cent of the survivors are in New York Heart Association Class I and 29 per cent are in Class II. Some late complications related to deteriorations of the earlier aortic homograft conduit may be avoided by use of a Dacron conduit with a porcine valve, as suggested by short-term favorable results in 25 recent cases. The current operative mortality rate of 8 per cent (last 25 operations) and the observation that all but one of the late survivors in this series are either asymptomatic or only mildly symptomatic tend to verify the Rastelli operation as the procedure of choice for repair of transposition of of the great arteries when associated with ventricular septal defect and pulmonary stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:134186", "title": "Tetralogy of Fallot with acquired pulmonary atresia and hypoplasia of pulmonary arteries. Report of surgical management in infancy.", "content": "A perforated intracardiac prosthesis, and patch infundibuloplasty and annuloplasty were employed for the surgical management of an infant with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and severe hypoplasia of the pulmonary arteries. This approach provides a means of decompression of the right ventricle in the immediate postoperative period. It allows sufficient systemic cardiac output while increasing pulmonary blood flow to relieve severe hypoxemia and cyanosis. In addition, the high risk of further compromise to the diminutive pulmonary arteries by a palliative shunt is avoided. A physiological basis for the use of this technique is discussed.", "contents": "Tetralogy of Fallot with acquired pulmonary atresia and hypoplasia of pulmonary arteries. Report of surgical management in infancy. A perforated intracardiac prosthesis, and patch infundibuloplasty and annuloplasty were employed for the surgical management of an infant with tetralogy of Fallot, pulmonary atresia, and severe hypoplasia of the pulmonary arteries. This approach provides a means of decompression of the right ventricle in the immediate postoperative period. It allows sufficient systemic cardiac output while increasing pulmonary blood flow to relieve severe hypoxemia and cyanosis. In addition, the high risk of further compromise to the diminutive pulmonary arteries by a palliative shunt is avoided. A physiological basis for the use of this technique is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134187", "title": "Sequestration of the lung in children.", "content": "Nine cases of sequestration of the lung were seen in children. Bronchopulmonary sequestration of the lung is a distinct congenital anomaly and clinical entity that can be distinguished from other congenital abnormalities of the lung. Such a congenital anomaly must be considered in children who, on roentgenologic examination, are found to have an opacity in the lower lung fields. Intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration often is associated with recurrent pulmonary sepsis, whereas extralobar sequestration is less likely to be symptomatic and usually exhibits no abnormal physical findings. In a unique case, we found an extralobar sequestration associated with an esophageal duplication that communicated with the sequestered lobe but not with the esophagus. This situation represents a transitional stage in embryonic development of extralobar sequestration. Intralobar and extralobar forms of sequestration show many common characteristics indicating a common embryogenesis. Surgical excision, consisting of lobectomy or segmentectomy, is safe and effective and may be accomplished without morbidity or mortality.", "contents": "Sequestration of the lung in children. Nine cases of sequestration of the lung were seen in children. Bronchopulmonary sequestration of the lung is a distinct congenital anomaly and clinical entity that can be distinguished from other congenital abnormalities of the lung. Such a congenital anomaly must be considered in children who, on roentgenologic examination, are found to have an opacity in the lower lung fields. Intralobar bronchopulmonary sequestration often is associated with recurrent pulmonary sepsis, whereas extralobar sequestration is less likely to be symptomatic and usually exhibits no abnormal physical findings. In a unique case, we found an extralobar sequestration associated with an esophageal duplication that communicated with the sequestered lobe but not with the esophagus. This situation represents a transitional stage in embryonic development of extralobar sequestration. Intralobar and extralobar forms of sequestration show many common characteristics indicating a common embryogenesis. Surgical excision, consisting of lobectomy or segmentectomy, is safe and effective and may be accomplished without morbidity or mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:134188", "title": "Investigations of the cell cycle of malignant tumors in oto-rhino-laryngology and their significance for cytostatic treatment (author's transl).", "content": "45 patients with advanced malignant tumors in head and neck were treated with a cytostatic combination chemotherapy. In the beginning of cytostatic treatment surgical- and radiotherapy were no more possible. The duration of the generation-cycle of the tumor cells was determined autoradiographically with the double labelling method. Most of the patients showed a measurable diminution of tumors and a following stop of tumor growth. In spite of severe complications it was possible, to achieve a prolongation of live with a supportable feeling. A five year curing was not observed.", "contents": "Investigations of the cell cycle of malignant tumors in oto-rhino-laryngology and their significance for cytostatic treatment (author's transl). 45 patients with advanced malignant tumors in head and neck were treated with a cytostatic combination chemotherapy. In the beginning of cytostatic treatment surgical- and radiotherapy were no more possible. The duration of the generation-cycle of the tumor cells was determined autoradiographically with the double labelling method. Most of the patients showed a measurable diminution of tumors and a following stop of tumor growth. In spite of severe complications it was possible, to achieve a prolongation of live with a supportable feeling. A five year curing was not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:134189", "title": "On the oscillation behavior of the incus-stapes joint (author's transl).", "content": "A two-channel inductive measuring system in the human temporal bone preparation was used to oscillographically record oscillations of incus and stapes as well as to observe the phases between the two auditory ossicles at the same time. In the frequenzies between 300 and 1,200 Hz it was not possible to prove clearly a phase difference, in the higher frequency ranges (approximately from 2,000 Hz upwards), however, a phase difference was observed to occur regularly to an extent of 90 degrees and more.", "contents": "On the oscillation behavior of the incus-stapes joint (author's transl). A two-channel inductive measuring system in the human temporal bone preparation was used to oscillographically record oscillations of incus and stapes as well as to observe the phases between the two auditory ossicles at the same time. In the frequenzies between 300 and 1,200 Hz it was not possible to prove clearly a phase difference, in the higher frequency ranges (approximately from 2,000 Hz upwards), however, a phase difference was observed to occur regularly to an extent of 90 degrees and more."}
{"id": "PMID:134190", "title": "[The density of the mucous glands in the fetal nose (author's transl)].", "content": "In 50 fetuses and premature infants between the ages of 11 and 23 weeks the entire nasal mucosa was dissected free and stained by the Osmium, the PAS or the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method after which the nasal mucous glands were studied with special reference to density. In front on the septum and in the lateral wall density increases evenly and is by the 23rd week 28 glands per square mm. In the middle and at the back of the septum, where the glands develope later, the density is somewhat smaller by the 23rd week. Through the entire period, and also after the 23rd week, new glands continue to develop a fact which is of importance for the understanding of the distribution of the glands since the first glands to develop form a glandular layer deep in the lamina propria and the last glands to develop a superficial layer.", "contents": "[The density of the mucous glands in the fetal nose (author's transl)]. In 50 fetuses and premature infants between the ages of 11 and 23 weeks the entire nasal mucosa was dissected free and stained by the Osmium, the PAS or the PAS-alcian blue whole-mount method after which the nasal mucous glands were studied with special reference to density. In front on the septum and in the lateral wall density increases evenly and is by the 23rd week 28 glands per square mm. In the middle and at the back of the septum, where the glands develope later, the density is somewhat smaller by the 23rd week. Through the entire period, and also after the 23rd week, new glands continue to develop a fact which is of importance for the understanding of the distribution of the glands since the first glands to develop form a glandular layer deep in the lamina propria and the last glands to develop a superficial layer."}
{"id": "PMID:134191", "title": "[Draft of a compilation of diagnoses in otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)].", "content": "Here we report an attempt to make out a catalog of diagnoses in otorhinolaryngology for intern-clinical interests, which appears suitable to electronic data-processing by its modified six-figure ICD-code. In a supplement to this compilation we make allowance for the overlapping with our neighbouring medical specialities.", "contents": "[Draft of a compilation of diagnoses in otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)]. Here we report an attempt to make out a catalog of diagnoses in otorhinolaryngology for intern-clinical interests, which appears suitable to electronic data-processing by its modified six-figure ICD-code. In a supplement to this compilation we make allowance for the overlapping with our neighbouring medical specialities."}
{"id": "PMID:134192", "title": "[Immune-histochemical localization of the immuneglobulins iga and igg in the human nasal mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "Localization of IgG and IgA was investigated by means of indirect immunofluorescence method in human normal respiratory nasal mucosa. The IgA content in the mucosal plasmacytes was essentially higher than IgG content localized in the plasmacytes. The IgG attached fluorescence of plasmacytes was relatively weak in comparison with interstitium.", "contents": "[Immune-histochemical localization of the immuneglobulins iga and igg in the human nasal mucosa (author's transl)]. Localization of IgG and IgA was investigated by means of indirect immunofluorescence method in human normal respiratory nasal mucosa. The IgA content in the mucosal plasmacytes was essentially higher than IgG content localized in the plasmacytes. The IgG attached fluorescence of plasmacytes was relatively weak in comparison with interstitium."}
{"id": "PMID:134193", "title": "[Possibilities and limits of salivary gland scanning with the scintillation camera (author's transl)A1].", "content": "Scintigraphy with 99mTc pertechnetate has proved as an enlargement of diagnostic possibilities of salivary gland diseases. 58 patients with tumors, posttherapeutical findings, acute an chronic inflammations and sialosis were examined with the Anger-camera. In our opinion scanning is not suitable for demonstrating tumors, but shows better results in estimating the function of glandular parenchyma after operation or radiation. A high significance of the method is given, when there is suspicion or presentation of acute and chronic inflammations, sialoses or Xerostomia with indefinite glandular swelling.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limits of salivary gland scanning with the scintillation camera (author's transl)A1]. Scintigraphy with 99mTc pertechnetate has proved as an enlargement of diagnostic possibilities of salivary gland diseases. 58 patients with tumors, posttherapeutical findings, acute an chronic inflammations and sialosis were examined with the Anger-camera. In our opinion scanning is not suitable for demonstrating tumors, but shows better results in estimating the function of glandular parenchyma after operation or radiation. A high significance of the method is given, when there is suspicion or presentation of acute and chronic inflammations, sialoses or Xerostomia with indefinite glandular swelling."}
{"id": "PMID:134194", "title": "[Echography of the paranasal sinuses using A- and B-Scan].", "content": "Echography of the paranasal sinuses is a well established diagnostic tool. Routine diagnosis with an A-scan is quite sufficient for the experienced echographer. An improve in diagnosis can be obtained using B-scan echography.", "contents": "[Echography of the paranasal sinuses using A- and B-Scan]. Echography of the paranasal sinuses is a well established diagnostic tool. Routine diagnosis with an A-scan is quite sufficient for the experienced echographer. An improve in diagnosis can be obtained using B-scan echography."}
{"id": "PMID:134195", "title": "[Indications and limitations of esophagoscopy with flexible fiberoptics (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors evaluate the results of 241 diagnostic esophagoscopies with fiberoptics performed in the years 1973/74. The fiberoptics were successfully used in 208 patients (86%) suffering of inflammatory processes of the esophagus, hiatus hernias, carcinomas and spontaneous or traumatic bleeding of the esophagus. In 33 cases (14%) the fiberoptics were not sufficient in establishing a diagnosis and had to be followed by a classical esophagoscopy. This was necessary in stenosis of the esophagus, pathological changes in the area of the esophageal entrance and marked suprastenotic dilatations of the esophagus with food retention. It is concluded that in esophageal diagnostics in addition to flexible fiberoptics there is still a need for the classical instruments like metallic esophagoscopy tubes of different length and lighting.", "contents": "[Indications and limitations of esophagoscopy with flexible fiberoptics (author's transl)]. The authors evaluate the results of 241 diagnostic esophagoscopies with fiberoptics performed in the years 1973/74. The fiberoptics were successfully used in 208 patients (86%) suffering of inflammatory processes of the esophagus, hiatus hernias, carcinomas and spontaneous or traumatic bleeding of the esophagus. In 33 cases (14%) the fiberoptics were not sufficient in establishing a diagnosis and had to be followed by a classical esophagoscopy. This was necessary in stenosis of the esophagus, pathological changes in the area of the esophageal entrance and marked suprastenotic dilatations of the esophagus with food retention. It is concluded that in esophageal diagnostics in addition to flexible fiberoptics there is still a need for the classical instruments like metallic esophagoscopy tubes of different length and lighting."}
{"id": "PMID:134196", "title": "[Examination about the clinical efficiency of influenza vaccination (author's transl)].", "content": "A single blind study was performed to test the efficiency of influenza-vaccination against various clinical parameters. The parameters \"sickness\", \"rhinitis\" and \"medication\" were reduced significantly during the months of november to march, namely by 64.8%, 19.9% and 39.6%. Apart from the overall reduction of rhinitis especially the severe forms were strongly reduced. However this effect disappeared after five months. The parameters \"fever\", \"cough\" and \"asthma\" showed no difference.", "contents": "[Examination about the clinical efficiency of influenza vaccination (author's transl)]. A single blind study was performed to test the efficiency of influenza-vaccination against various clinical parameters. The parameters \"sickness\", \"rhinitis\" and \"medication\" were reduced significantly during the months of november to march, namely by 64.8%, 19.9% and 39.6%. Apart from the overall reduction of rhinitis especially the severe forms were strongly reduced. However this effect disappeared after five months. The parameters \"fever\", \"cough\" and \"asthma\" showed no difference."}
{"id": "PMID:134197", "title": "[Morphological changes in the inner ear of alport's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "At the first time lightmicroscopic and electronmicroscopic findings of Alport's Syndrome after fixation 1 hour post mortem are demonstrated. The morphological findings of stria vascularis, organ of Corti and ganglion spirale are discussed and interpreted as the result of the enlarged basal membrane of the inner ear capillaries with an altered permeability similar to the thickened basal membrane in the glomerulum of Alport's Syndrome.", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the inner ear of alport's syndrome (author's transl)]. At the first time lightmicroscopic and electronmicroscopic findings of Alport's Syndrome after fixation 1 hour post mortem are demonstrated. The morphological findings of stria vascularis, organ of Corti and ganglion spirale are discussed and interpreted as the result of the enlarged basal membrane of the inner ear capillaries with an altered permeability similar to the thickened basal membrane in the glomerulum of Alport's Syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:134198", "title": "[Informational value and application of the selective external angiography in malignant facial tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper describes the possibility of the super-selective arteriographic embolisation and the usefulness of this method in the diagnosis of malign tumors in the face.", "contents": "[Informational value and application of the selective external angiography in malignant facial tumors (author's transl)]. This paper describes the possibility of the super-selective arteriographic embolisation and the usefulness of this method in the diagnosis of malign tumors in the face."}
{"id": "PMID:134199", "title": "[About tumor cell findings in the peripheral venous blood, blood-borne metastases and the incidence of thromboembolic episodes in patients with carcinoma of various localisations (author's transl)].", "content": "In a retrospective study the frequency distribution of positive screenings for free-floating cancer cells in the peripheral venous blood of patients with cancers of the larynx, the abdomen and the lung was related to the frequency of blood-borne metastases and the incidence of thromboembolic episodes within 5 years of observation. Carcinomas of the larynx which were characterized by a very low frequency of blood-borne metastases are related with a high level of free-floating cancer cells in the venous blood. In contrast abdominal and lung cancers have a high frequency of blood-borne metastases, but a lower level of circulating cancer cells in the peripheral venous blood. Also there is a significant correlation between the initial presence of circulating cancer cells and the incidence of thromboembolic episodes in patients with abdominal and lung cancers, in contrast to patient with cancers of the larynx who lack this coincidence. On the basis of our observation we assume that the circulating tumor cells of the patients with abdominal and lung cancers have a high stickiness, therefore displaying a strong tendency to attach to the vascular endothelium. Only lodged cancer cells are able to penetrate the vessel wall and to develop metastases in the interstitial tissue. Remote and more or less generalized effects of cancer on blood coagulation are observed. In certain instances a disseminated intravascular coagulation results, almost exclusively due to remote effects of clotting factors elaborated by cancer cells, sometimes leading to micro- or macrothrombosis.", "contents": "[About tumor cell findings in the peripheral venous blood, blood-borne metastases and the incidence of thromboembolic episodes in patients with carcinoma of various localisations (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study the frequency distribution of positive screenings for free-floating cancer cells in the peripheral venous blood of patients with cancers of the larynx, the abdomen and the lung was related to the frequency of blood-borne metastases and the incidence of thromboembolic episodes within 5 years of observation. Carcinomas of the larynx which were characterized by a very low frequency of blood-borne metastases are related with a high level of free-floating cancer cells in the venous blood. In contrast abdominal and lung cancers have a high frequency of blood-borne metastases, but a lower level of circulating cancer cells in the peripheral venous blood. Also there is a significant correlation between the initial presence of circulating cancer cells and the incidence of thromboembolic episodes in patients with abdominal and lung cancers, in contrast to patient with cancers of the larynx who lack this coincidence. On the basis of our observation we assume that the circulating tumor cells of the patients with abdominal and lung cancers have a high stickiness, therefore displaying a strong tendency to attach to the vascular endothelium. Only lodged cancer cells are able to penetrate the vessel wall and to develop metastases in the interstitial tissue. Remote and more or less generalized effects of cancer on blood coagulation are observed. In certain instances a disseminated intravascular coagulation results, almost exclusively due to remote effects of clotting factors elaborated by cancer cells, sometimes leading to micro- or macrothrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:134200", "title": "[Prognosis of post-traumatic anosimia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of post-traumatic anosmia. Without any therapy the sense of small returned after 1 3/4 years.", "contents": "[Prognosis of post-traumatic anosimia (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of post-traumatic anosmia. Without any therapy the sense of small returned after 1 3/4 years."}
{"id": "PMID:134201", "title": "[Endoscopic-histological differential diagnosis of rare benign endolaryngeal proliferations (author's transl)].", "content": "In the period from 1961 to August, 1975, 2,222 microlaryngoscopic examinations were carried out at the ENT Department of the University. A correlation was seen between the increase in the number of examination in the last few years and the increase in the number of malignant tumours of the larynx, while malignant growths in the hypopharynx were found to be only slightly increased. An anlysis of 1,027 microlaryngoscopies carried out under anaesthesia over the last 2 2/3 years showed almost 50% cancers and precancers. In 5% of the case at most more rare laryngeal findings were also seen. Of these, the granular cell tumour, plasmocytoma, oncocytic cystadenoma and amyloid-tumour of the larynx, but also tuberculous laryngitis, are represented. The modern endoscopic examinations and the fundamental bioptic histomorphological examination of proliferations allow an exact differentiation of these changes in the tissues of the endolarynx. In this connection, a valuable technical aid is the v. Stuckard low-power magnifying laryngoscope, that has been in use for the past six months.", "contents": "[Endoscopic-histological differential diagnosis of rare benign endolaryngeal proliferations (author's transl)]. In the period from 1961 to August, 1975, 2,222 microlaryngoscopic examinations were carried out at the ENT Department of the University. A correlation was seen between the increase in the number of examination in the last few years and the increase in the number of malignant tumours of the larynx, while malignant growths in the hypopharynx were found to be only slightly increased. An anlysis of 1,027 microlaryngoscopies carried out under anaesthesia over the last 2 2/3 years showed almost 50% cancers and precancers. In 5% of the case at most more rare laryngeal findings were also seen. Of these, the granular cell tumour, plasmocytoma, oncocytic cystadenoma and amyloid-tumour of the larynx, but also tuberculous laryngitis, are represented. The modern endoscopic examinations and the fundamental bioptic histomorphological examination of proliferations allow an exact differentiation of these changes in the tissues of the endolarynx. In this connection, a valuable technical aid is the v. Stuckard low-power magnifying laryngoscope, that has been in use for the past six months."}
{"id": "PMID:134202", "title": "[The short-time-intubation as a cause of morphological and functional disorders of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "In the G\u00f6ttingen ORL-hospital 100 anaesthetics by endotracheal intubation were carried out within 3 months. All patients were examined phoniatrically and laryngoscopically before and after the anaesthetic. 31% of the patients exhibited no morphological or functional disorders of the larynx. The other patients exhibited minimal (26%), flight (24%) or moderate (19%) postintubation complications. The incidence of postintubation compications is independent of intubation-time, age and sex of the patients, and the size of the tube. An asymmetry of the larynx however favoured the incidence of moderate postintubation complications.", "contents": "[The short-time-intubation as a cause of morphological and functional disorders of the larynx (author's transl)]. In the G\u00f6ttingen ORL-hospital 100 anaesthetics by endotracheal intubation were carried out within 3 months. All patients were examined phoniatrically and laryngoscopically before and after the anaesthetic. 31% of the patients exhibited no morphological or functional disorders of the larynx. The other patients exhibited minimal (26%), flight (24%) or moderate (19%) postintubation complications. The incidence of postintubation compications is independent of intubation-time, age and sex of the patients, and the size of the tube. An asymmetry of the larynx however favoured the incidence of moderate postintubation complications."}
{"id": "PMID:134203", "title": "[Bony synechia in the vocal process area following translaryngeal endotracheal long term intubation (author's transl)].", "content": "The very rare case of a bony synechia of both processus vocales with following vocal fold paralysis is shown by ventilation insufficiency of the larynx as a result of longtime intubation. Great importance is attached to the pathophysiologic mode of origin.", "contents": "[Bony synechia in the vocal process area following translaryngeal endotracheal long term intubation (author's transl)]. The very rare case of a bony synechia of both processus vocales with following vocal fold paralysis is shown by ventilation insufficiency of the larynx as a result of longtime intubation. Great importance is attached to the pathophysiologic mode of origin."}
{"id": "PMID:134204", "title": "[Cicatrical stenoses of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "16 cases of laryngeal (14 laryngo-tracheal) stenosis. 8 patients suffered from relatively uncomplicated subglottic cicatrices. These were treated after ventral cricotomy by excision, epithelial covering and tamponades or stents. In 7 cases with severe stenoses we performed a complete cricotomy and thyrotomy. The larynx was widened by implantation of a composite graft taken from the ear between the split posterior wall of the circoid (Rethi's maneouver). The following open treatment with tamponades or stents succeeded in 6 cases. Surgical correction of laryngeal stenoses should create a wide lumen with solid epithelial lining. Uncomplicated cases took 10 weeks, complicated cases 11 months in average until the laryngo-tracheostoma could be closed.", "contents": "[Cicatrical stenoses of the larynx (author's transl)]. 16 cases of laryngeal (14 laryngo-tracheal) stenosis. 8 patients suffered from relatively uncomplicated subglottic cicatrices. These were treated after ventral cricotomy by excision, epithelial covering and tamponades or stents. In 7 cases with severe stenoses we performed a complete cricotomy and thyrotomy. The larynx was widened by implantation of a composite graft taken from the ear between the split posterior wall of the circoid (Rethi's maneouver). The following open treatment with tamponades or stents succeeded in 6 cases. Surgical correction of laryngeal stenoses should create a wide lumen with solid epithelial lining. Uncomplicated cases took 10 weeks, complicated cases 11 months in average until the laryngo-tracheostoma could be closed."}
{"id": "PMID:134205", "title": "[Laminotomy after R\u00e9thi. Report of treatment of 8 stenoses and 3 atresias of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "Eight stenoses and 3 atresias of the larynx were treated by laminotomy after R\u00e9thi. The commonest indication was a perichondritis stenosis of the cricoid after prolonged intubation. Stenosis of the cricoid followed subactue laryngitis in two cases. The arytenoids were also ankylosed in 5 cases requiring a further procedure to widen the glottis. The operation may also be used as an additional procedure in selected cases of supraglottic and glottic stenosis. The operation has also proved useful in stenoses and atresias of the laryngo-tracheal junction area. Nearly all cases require an obturator keel for 3-6 months. This is removed endoscopically in cases of closed treatment, while a plastic closure of the laryngotracheal lumen is necessary after open operations. The respiratory function was restored satisfactorily in all but one patient, who developed perichondritis of the thyroid cartilage. The quality of the voice depends on the mobility of the vocal process of the arytenoids.", "contents": "[Laminotomy after R\u00e9thi. Report of treatment of 8 stenoses and 3 atresias of the larynx (author's transl)]. Eight stenoses and 3 atresias of the larynx were treated by laminotomy after R\u00e9thi. The commonest indication was a perichondritis stenosis of the cricoid after prolonged intubation. Stenosis of the cricoid followed subactue laryngitis in two cases. The arytenoids were also ankylosed in 5 cases requiring a further procedure to widen the glottis. The operation may also be used as an additional procedure in selected cases of supraglottic and glottic stenosis. The operation has also proved useful in stenoses and atresias of the laryngo-tracheal junction area. Nearly all cases require an obturator keel for 3-6 months. This is removed endoscopically in cases of closed treatment, while a plastic closure of the laryngotracheal lumen is necessary after open operations. The respiratory function was restored satisfactorily in all but one patient, who developed perichondritis of the thyroid cartilage. The quality of the voice depends on the mobility of the vocal process of the arytenoids."}
{"id": "PMID:134206", "title": "[Laser surgery of the vocal cord. An experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "In animals the endolaryngeal application of laser rays of the Nd: YAG Laser MediLas (lambda = 1.06 mum) was tested under microsurgical conditions, the early and late alterations of the vocal cords caused by a dosage of 17 watt/mm2 fractioned over 7 sec were endoscopically observed and studied by light- and electronmicroscopy. A circumscribed vocal cord edema induced by laser entails no functional impairment whatsoever. Histologically the laser lesions can be interpreted as epithelial defect with a reactive inflammation of the adjacent connective tissue. A fundamental loss in substance cannot be realized. The superficial defect healed within 18 days; after 7 weeks the zone of regeneration and the undamaged part of the vocal cord could no longer be differentiated neither by light- nor by electronmicroscopy. Laser surgery has the special merit of permitting a touchless and bloodless operation. These experiences with the Nd: YAG Laser MediLas encourage us to use this procedure in clinical tests for the therapy of benignant squamous epithelium hyperplasia of vocal cords.", "contents": "[Laser surgery of the vocal cord. An experimental study (author's transl)]. In animals the endolaryngeal application of laser rays of the Nd: YAG Laser MediLas (lambda = 1.06 mum) was tested under microsurgical conditions, the early and late alterations of the vocal cords caused by a dosage of 17 watt/mm2 fractioned over 7 sec were endoscopically observed and studied by light- and electronmicroscopy. A circumscribed vocal cord edema induced by laser entails no functional impairment whatsoever. Histologically the laser lesions can be interpreted as epithelial defect with a reactive inflammation of the adjacent connective tissue. A fundamental loss in substance cannot be realized. The superficial defect healed within 18 days; after 7 weeks the zone of regeneration and the undamaged part of the vocal cord could no longer be differentiated neither by light- nor by electronmicroscopy. Laser surgery has the special merit of permitting a touchless and bloodless operation. These experiences with the Nd: YAG Laser MediLas encourage us to use this procedure in clinical tests for the therapy of benignant squamous epithelium hyperplasia of vocal cords."}
{"id": "PMID:134207", "title": "[Problems in the therapy of laryngeal papillomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The course of the disease is evaluated in 51 patients (21 children, 30 adults). Surgical removal was considered as the method of choice. Other methods did not improve the results. During the last years the number of adult patients with this disease has been increasing in our clinic. 50% of the adults and 25% of the children required only one surgical procedure. If the papillomas began in infancy the course of the disease was difficult and the number of recurrences very high. 61% of all patients kept a chronic hoarseness. A decisive turn of the therapy did not occur during the last years, even though the therapeutic risk has been diminished due to microsurgery and the intervals between the operations could be increased. According to other authors, ultrasound or CO2- Laser appear to shorten the length of the disease in some cases.", "contents": "[Problems in the therapy of laryngeal papillomas (author's transl)]. The course of the disease is evaluated in 51 patients (21 children, 30 adults). Surgical removal was considered as the method of choice. Other methods did not improve the results. During the last years the number of adult patients with this disease has been increasing in our clinic. 50% of the adults and 25% of the children required only one surgical procedure. If the papillomas began in infancy the course of the disease was difficult and the number of recurrences very high. 61% of all patients kept a chronic hoarseness. A decisive turn of the therapy did not occur during the last years, even though the therapeutic risk has been diminished due to microsurgery and the intervals between the operations could be increased. According to other authors, ultrasound or CO2- Laser appear to shorten the length of the disease in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:134208", "title": "[Preservation of a vertical mucosa strip for one stage gullet reconstruction after radical resection of the pharynx and larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "17 out of 22 patients with a squamous cell cancer of the Hypopharynx (T2-T4,N1-N3) are treated by resection of the pharynx and larynx, combined with radical neck-dissection on both sides, total strumectomy and full course of radio-therapy, reaching from the base of the skull down to the madiastinum. For the immediate reconstruction of a nutritional pathway the preservation of a vertical tumor free strip of the pharyngeal wall at least 15 mm broad is recommended. The remaining mucosa resected at least 20 mm from the margin of the tumor, and the edges controlled by frozen sections can be sutured over a nasal gastric tube of 18 or 16 charr. The reconstruction has several advantages. Though the observation time of 15 months is short, the recurrence rate seems not to be higher than after total resection of the pharynx and larynx.", "contents": "[Preservation of a vertical mucosa strip for one stage gullet reconstruction after radical resection of the pharynx and larynx (author's transl)]. 17 out of 22 patients with a squamous cell cancer of the Hypopharynx (T2-T4,N1-N3) are treated by resection of the pharynx and larynx, combined with radical neck-dissection on both sides, total strumectomy and full course of radio-therapy, reaching from the base of the skull down to the madiastinum. For the immediate reconstruction of a nutritional pathway the preservation of a vertical tumor free strip of the pharyngeal wall at least 15 mm broad is recommended. The remaining mucosa resected at least 20 mm from the margin of the tumor, and the edges controlled by frozen sections can be sutured over a nasal gastric tube of 18 or 16 charr. The reconstruction has several advantages. Though the observation time of 15 months is short, the recurrence rate seems not to be higher than after total resection of the pharynx and larynx."}
{"id": "PMID:134209", "title": "[A new improved speech-aid for laryngektomized patients (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a report about the new electro-acoustic speech-aid which can be worn unnoticed with a chain around the neck by laryngektomized patients. The battery and electronic parts of the apparatus is underneath the clothing. The hand must not be held on the level with the neck, compared to other apparatus, therefore the new apparatus allows to give a maximum convenience in movement. The use of the apparatus remains unnoticed, which is also an advantage.", "contents": "[A new improved speech-aid for laryngektomized patients (author's transl)]. This is a report about the new electro-acoustic speech-aid which can be worn unnoticed with a chain around the neck by laryngektomized patients. The battery and electronic parts of the apparatus is underneath the clothing. The hand must not be held on the level with the neck, compared to other apparatus, therefore the new apparatus allows to give a maximum convenience in movement. The use of the apparatus remains unnoticed, which is also an advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:134211", "title": "[Observation of the course of leukoplakia in the Larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "During a period of 15 years biopsies of the larynx of 3000 patients were taken out. At 319 patients the first histodiagnosis \"Leukoplakia\" was made. 10% carcinomas were found out later on grounds of observation of the course and by letter. 7% of these carcinomas occured within 1 year after the first histodiagnosis of \"Leukoplakia\". The first biopsy of these 7% carcinomas diagnosed as a \"Leukoplakia\" must be interpreted as a biopsy out of the marginal area of an already existent carcinoma. 3% of the carcinomas developed from the \"Leukoplakia\" just in the following years.", "contents": "[Observation of the course of leukoplakia in the Larynx (author's transl)]. During a period of 15 years biopsies of the larynx of 3000 patients were taken out. At 319 patients the first histodiagnosis \"Leukoplakia\" was made. 10% carcinomas were found out later on grounds of observation of the course and by letter. 7% of these carcinomas occured within 1 year after the first histodiagnosis of \"Leukoplakia\". The first biopsy of these 7% carcinomas diagnosed as a \"Leukoplakia\" must be interpreted as a biopsy out of the marginal area of an already existent carcinoma. 3% of the carcinomas developed from the \"Leukoplakia\" just in the following years."}
{"id": "PMID:134212", "title": "[Complications and errors in the management of nose bleeding (author's transl)].", "content": "Nose bleeding is a common symptom which is easy to control in 90% of cases, but under certain circumstances and in the presence of various undertaking conditions life itself may be at risk. Even considering that treatment is very often undertaken in emergency conditions, mistakes leading to serious complications occur repeatedly. The most important errors are: an inadequate history, the use of inappropriate or wrongly positioned packing, poor supervision after haemostasis, the mistaken use of chemical cautery, often on both sides, failure to replace the blood loss in time, and delay in undertaking arterial ligation where indicated. The prevention of these and other errors is discussed and detailed report is presented of a case with a post traumatic cavernous sinus fistula.", "contents": "[Complications and errors in the management of nose bleeding (author's transl)]. Nose bleeding is a common symptom which is easy to control in 90% of cases, but under certain circumstances and in the presence of various undertaking conditions life itself may be at risk. Even considering that treatment is very often undertaken in emergency conditions, mistakes leading to serious complications occur repeatedly. The most important errors are: an inadequate history, the use of inappropriate or wrongly positioned packing, poor supervision after haemostasis, the mistaken use of chemical cautery, often on both sides, failure to replace the blood loss in time, and delay in undertaking arterial ligation where indicated. The prevention of these and other errors is discussed and detailed report is presented of a case with a post traumatic cavernous sinus fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:134213", "title": "[SMR, Septoplasty and the surgical treatment of septal perforations (author's transl)].", "content": "Submucous Resektion (SMR) operation ascribed to Killian-quite commonly taught-has serious deficiencies in some clinical situations. The more rational and conversative technique of septoplasty is explained and its principles and indications discussed. Postsurgical deformities after inappropriate SMR (i.e. septal perforation) can be avoided by performing a well executed conversative septoplasty. Complications of SMR as well as septoplasty are discussed. Some basic principles and indications for closure of nasal septal perforations are described.", "contents": "[SMR, Septoplasty and the surgical treatment of septal perforations (author's transl)]. Submucous Resektion (SMR) operation ascribed to Killian-quite commonly taught-has serious deficiencies in some clinical situations. The more rational and conversative technique of septoplasty is explained and its principles and indications discussed. Postsurgical deformities after inappropriate SMR (i.e. septal perforation) can be avoided by performing a well executed conversative septoplasty. Complications of SMR as well as septoplasty are discussed. Some basic principles and indications for closure of nasal septal perforations are described."}
{"id": "PMID:134214", "title": "[Faults and risks in rhinoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "Because obstruction of nasal breathing accompanies a large proportion of the noses which appear to require correction externally, internal and external correction of the nose must always be carried out at the same time. Corrective rhinoplasties are not rarely connected with a certain risk because of a false estimation of the patient's psychic situation and too high expectations concerning the postoperative result. The various problems of the corrective procedure for crooked nose and saddle nose are described as well as the possibilities of using cartilaginous and bony transplants or Silastic implants. The use of histoacryl tissue glue to stick cartilage together in the reconstruction of a saddle nose can only be recommended with great reservations. The method carries a risk of persistent graft damage as a result of exothermic polymerisation processes and various end and split products of histoacryl can cause a long term inflammation and partial necrosis of the strut. The use of Cialitstored homologous cartilage can be recommended. However, in several cases (about 5%) a certain kind of inflammation around the homologous transplants could be observed, perhaps as a consequence of an immunological reaction or as a reaction against the mercury salt in the Cialit solution. The experiences with Silastic implants were very disappointing. In corrective rhinoplasties in childhood the anatomical and functional characteristics of the still developing midface must be taken into consideration. In adults, both esthetic and functional aspects must be borne in mind. The medico-legal situation and the importance of the preoperative informed consent of the patient are discussed.", "contents": "[Faults and risks in rhinoplasty (author's transl)]. Because obstruction of nasal breathing accompanies a large proportion of the noses which appear to require correction externally, internal and external correction of the nose must always be carried out at the same time. Corrective rhinoplasties are not rarely connected with a certain risk because of a false estimation of the patient's psychic situation and too high expectations concerning the postoperative result. The various problems of the corrective procedure for crooked nose and saddle nose are described as well as the possibilities of using cartilaginous and bony transplants or Silastic implants. The use of histoacryl tissue glue to stick cartilage together in the reconstruction of a saddle nose can only be recommended with great reservations. The method carries a risk of persistent graft damage as a result of exothermic polymerisation processes and various end and split products of histoacryl can cause a long term inflammation and partial necrosis of the strut. The use of Cialitstored homologous cartilage can be recommended. However, in several cases (about 5%) a certain kind of inflammation around the homologous transplants could be observed, perhaps as a consequence of an immunological reaction or as a reaction against the mercury salt in the Cialit solution. The experiences with Silastic implants were very disappointing. In corrective rhinoplasties in childhood the anatomical and functional characteristics of the still developing midface must be taken into consideration. In adults, both esthetic and functional aspects must be borne in mind. The medico-legal situation and the importance of the preoperative informed consent of the patient are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134215", "title": "[Local anaesthesia--modern outlook, faults and complications (author's transl)].", "content": "Development of general anaesthesia has reduced the amount of operations performed by local anaesthesia considerably. Inevitably this will cause than junior traines in large hospitals will be less informed and instructed in local anaesthesia than his demand will be after he has left the hospital. New results of mechanism of action of local anaesthesia are given and compared with other similar drugs. Tetracain is less efficient than the drugs of the amidtype as far as surface anaesthesia activity is concerned and Procain is surpassed by amidtype anaesthesia drugs for infiltration and conductive anaesthesia use.", "contents": "[Local anaesthesia--modern outlook, faults and complications (author's transl)]. Development of general anaesthesia has reduced the amount of operations performed by local anaesthesia considerably. Inevitably this will cause than junior traines in large hospitals will be less informed and instructed in local anaesthesia than his demand will be after he has left the hospital. New results of mechanism of action of local anaesthesia are given and compared with other similar drugs. Tetracain is less efficient than the drugs of the amidtype as far as surface anaesthesia activity is concerned and Procain is surpassed by amidtype anaesthesia drugs for infiltration and conductive anaesthesia use."}
{"id": "PMID:134216", "title": "[Dangers of anaesthesia in oto-rhino-laryngology].", "content": "The indication for general anesthesia in otorhino-laryngologic procedures are discussed, as well as anesthesia accidents leading to malpractice suits, situations in which a surgeon has to supervise anesthesia due to the lack of a properly trained anesthesiologist and the number of physicans that should be trained in performing an intubation, of pharyngo-laryngeal pathway obstructions, blood loss, pathological reflexes and the prophylaxis of adrenergic heart irritation.", "contents": "[Dangers of anaesthesia in oto-rhino-laryngology]. The indication for general anesthesia in otorhino-laryngologic procedures are discussed, as well as anesthesia accidents leading to malpractice suits, situations in which a surgeon has to supervise anesthesia due to the lack of a properly trained anesthesiologist and the number of physicans that should be trained in performing an intubation, of pharyngo-laryngeal pathway obstructions, blood loss, pathological reflexes and the prophylaxis of adrenergic heart irritation."}
{"id": "PMID:134217", "title": "[Complications during and following tonsillectomy].", "content": "Not considering the complications due to anesthesia, postoperative hemorrhage is certainly the most frequent complication following tonsillectomy. When injury of a major vessel can be ruled out as the cause of bleeding, a discrete disturbance of hemostasis must be considered. These are mainly thrombocytopathies or a pathologically increased fibrinolysis which were not detected by routine tests and the past history. Preoperatively one should ask for more or less regular use of analgesics containing salicylates which should not be administered postoperatively. The worst attitude is case of a post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage is to do nothing or to rely on non-specific measures hoping that the bleeding will stop anyway.", "contents": "[Complications during and following tonsillectomy]. Not considering the complications due to anesthesia, postoperative hemorrhage is certainly the most frequent complication following tonsillectomy. When injury of a major vessel can be ruled out as the cause of bleeding, a discrete disturbance of hemostasis must be considered. These are mainly thrombocytopathies or a pathologically increased fibrinolysis which were not detected by routine tests and the past history. Preoperatively one should ask for more or less regular use of analgesics containing salicylates which should not be administered postoperatively. The worst attitude is case of a post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage is to do nothing or to rely on non-specific measures hoping that the bleeding will stop anyway."}
{"id": "PMID:134218", "title": "[Side-effects and complications following suspension laryngoscopy].", "content": "The following report deals with the frequency of side-effects following suspension laryngoscopy and ways to avoid them, based on the evaluation of 800 cases. As there was only a low rate of complications established (4,5 per cent) which is mainly caused by tooth damages and intubation-lesions, the preoperative information may be limited to those two points.", "contents": "[Side-effects and complications following suspension laryngoscopy]. The following report deals with the frequency of side-effects following suspension laryngoscopy and ways to avoid them, based on the evaluation of 800 cases. As there was only a low rate of complications established (4,5 per cent) which is mainly caused by tooth damages and intubation-lesions, the preoperative information may be limited to those two points."}
{"id": "PMID:134219", "title": "[Mistakes and complications by the esophagoscopy].", "content": "The most frequent and typical mistakes, complications are specialties of esophagoscopy are reported. They are documented by some examples of the endoscopical practise. Mainly it is referred to the history, the inspection previous to the esophagoscopy, the preparation and the technique of the esophagoscopy. The cases concerning the removal of the foreign bodies dangerous to the esophagus and the obligation to inform the patient are emphasized.", "contents": "[Mistakes and complications by the esophagoscopy]. The most frequent and typical mistakes, complications are specialties of esophagoscopy are reported. They are documented by some examples of the endoscopical practise. Mainly it is referred to the history, the inspection previous to the esophagoscopy, the preparation and the technique of the esophagoscopy. The cases concerning the removal of the foreign bodies dangerous to the esophagus and the obligation to inform the patient are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:134220", "title": "[Tracheotomy-faults and complications].", "content": "Complications associated with tracheotomy are reduced by prompt operation when indications develop, by meticulous technical performance of operation and careful postoperative care. The selection of intratracheal tube according to size and form is one measure to reduce both mortality and morbidity. Among the complications are dry hemorrhagic tracheobronchitis with crusts, severe arrosion bleeding and quite frequently secondary tracheal stenosis. In some cases it is more advisable to perform the tracheostomy in which the trachea is brought to the skin and sewed in place-providing a permanent opening.", "contents": "[Tracheotomy-faults and complications]. Complications associated with tracheotomy are reduced by prompt operation when indications develop, by meticulous technical performance of operation and careful postoperative care. The selection of intratracheal tube according to size and form is one measure to reduce both mortality and morbidity. Among the complications are dry hemorrhagic tracheobronchitis with crusts, severe arrosion bleeding and quite frequently secondary tracheal stenosis. In some cases it is more advisable to perform the tracheostomy in which the trachea is brought to the skin and sewed in place-providing a permanent opening."}
{"id": "PMID:134221", "title": "[Mistakes and dangers in the treatment of facial fractures].", "content": "On the basis of the general principles of treatment, the mistakes and dangers are described in the reduction of the following fractures: Nasal fracture and nasoorbital fracture, Le Fort fractures, malar fracture, zygomatic arch fracture, blow-out-fracture. For optimal functional and cosmetic results the collaboration of different specialities is necessary. Serious complications in the treatment of orbital floor fractures (optic nerve damage, increased intraorbital pressure with visual loss due to hemorrhage or edema) are discussed in detail. Late sequelae of unrecognized or faulty treated facial fractures are considered well as the dangers in the management of facial fractures in children.", "contents": "[Mistakes and dangers in the treatment of facial fractures]. On the basis of the general principles of treatment, the mistakes and dangers are described in the reduction of the following fractures: Nasal fracture and nasoorbital fracture, Le Fort fractures, malar fracture, zygomatic arch fracture, blow-out-fracture. For optimal functional and cosmetic results the collaboration of different specialities is necessary. Serious complications in the treatment of orbital floor fractures (optic nerve damage, increased intraorbital pressure with visual loss due to hemorrhage or edema) are discussed in detail. Late sequelae of unrecognized or faulty treated facial fractures are considered well as the dangers in the management of facial fractures in children."}
{"id": "PMID:134222", "title": "[Therapy of tracheal and laryngeal injuries].", "content": "Injuries of larynx and trachea often lead to late manifestations of damages difficult to correct. Early treatment is necessary to avoid functional impairment. Severe damage to the larynx as well as trachea should be treated by early surgical measures. Ruptured trachea requires direct end to end anastomosis. In some cases it is well advisable to reconstruct only the dorsal half of the trachea connecting the ventral part to the outer skin. After severe damage to the neck this tracheal-laryngeal fissure (or \"open trachea-laryngeal window\") is of little or no risk (i.e. always \"open\" for inspection and correction) and gives sufficient results in almost every case.", "contents": "[Therapy of tracheal and laryngeal injuries]. Injuries of larynx and trachea often lead to late manifestations of damages difficult to correct. Early treatment is necessary to avoid functional impairment. Severe damage to the larynx as well as trachea should be treated by early surgical measures. Ruptured trachea requires direct end to end anastomosis. In some cases it is well advisable to reconstruct only the dorsal half of the trachea connecting the ventral part to the outer skin. After severe damage to the neck this tracheal-laryngeal fissure (or \"open trachea-laryngeal window\") is of little or no risk (i.e. always \"open\" for inspection and correction) and gives sufficient results in almost every case."}
{"id": "PMID:134225", "title": "[Test over the \"Hearing through the openings of the skull after trepanation\" in the General Hospital in Hamburg in the year of 1835].", "content": "Investigations of the French physician Perier on patients after a trepanation of their skulls have shown that talking can be understood in the case of hermetically closed ears by means of the trepanation scar. If the ears were closed and if the trepanation scars were covered by the hand, the patient would hear nothing. Due to these observations, Perier had suggested to treat deafness by trepanation. Johann Carl George Fricke, the first \"dirigating surgeon\" of the newly erected General Hospital in Hamburg (1823) has taken up these suggestions and carried out similar investigations on two patients. He had a relative great number of patients with head injuries on hand who required a trepanation in many cases. His investigations have shown that any hearing through a trepanation scar has been most likely caused by an illusion and he did see in the observations of Perier and his investigation results only a confirmation of the generally known experience that a perception of a sound will also be caused by a vibration of the skull bone. An attempt to cure deafness by trepanation was rejected as an irrational and not to be approved undertaking", "contents": "[Test over the \"Hearing through the openings of the skull after trepanation\" in the General Hospital in Hamburg in the year of 1835]. Investigations of the French physician Perier on patients after a trepanation of their skulls have shown that talking can be understood in the case of hermetically closed ears by means of the trepanation scar. If the ears were closed and if the trepanation scars were covered by the hand, the patient would hear nothing. Due to these observations, Perier had suggested to treat deafness by trepanation. Johann Carl George Fricke, the first \"dirigating surgeon\" of the newly erected General Hospital in Hamburg (1823) has taken up these suggestions and carried out similar investigations on two patients. He had a relative great number of patients with head injuries on hand who required a trepanation in many cases. His investigations have shown that any hearing through a trepanation scar has been most likely caused by an illusion and he did see in the observations of Perier and his investigation results only a confirmation of the generally known experience that a perception of a sound will also be caused by a vibration of the skull bone. An attempt to cure deafness by trepanation was rejected as an irrational and not to be approved undertaking"}
{"id": "PMID:134226", "title": "[Management of multiple laryngeal papillomas in cases of grown up persons].", "content": "The method of grafting autogenous oral mucous flaps for glottic reconstruction allows a very radical resection of multiple laryneal papillomas. In 13 cases of operated grown up persons after a time between 6 and 37 months there has been no recurrence in the transplantated region and the vocal cords are normal in function.", "contents": "[Management of multiple laryngeal papillomas in cases of grown up persons]. The method of grafting autogenous oral mucous flaps for glottic reconstruction allows a very radical resection of multiple laryneal papillomas. In 13 cases of operated grown up persons after a time between 6 and 37 months there has been no recurrence in the transplantated region and the vocal cords are normal in function."}
{"id": "PMID:134227", "title": "[The Cannula-free tracheostoma after total exstirpation of the larynx].", "content": "An operative modification of the design of a tracheostoma which uses no cannula is described. This modification considerably simplifies follow-up care and the requisite speech therapy is more successful. The extension of the tracheostoma is achieved by means of an parallel incision which widens the trachea with the acid of 2 tough threads on each side, which are fastened to the clavicle. The threads are left in place for a considerable time. Among other advantages, the patient is relieved of bearing foreign material for the rest of his life. The voice returns better and faster according to our experience. Rehabilitation problems are noticeably simpler to solve, since the feeling, that one must bear a cannula, which would be in constant need of care, is absent, Thereby one is not as aware that he is indeed suffering and the desire for extra retirement benefits is not present. The fifteen patients successfully treated by us, show clearly less dependence on the physician and other hospital personal", "contents": "[The Cannula-free tracheostoma after total exstirpation of the larynx]. An operative modification of the design of a tracheostoma which uses no cannula is described. This modification considerably simplifies follow-up care and the requisite speech therapy is more successful. The extension of the tracheostoma is achieved by means of an parallel incision which widens the trachea with the acid of 2 tough threads on each side, which are fastened to the clavicle. The threads are left in place for a considerable time. Among other advantages, the patient is relieved of bearing foreign material for the rest of his life. The voice returns better and faster according to our experience. Rehabilitation problems are noticeably simpler to solve, since the feeling, that one must bear a cannula, which would be in constant need of care, is absent, Thereby one is not as aware that he is indeed suffering and the desire for extra retirement benefits is not present. The fifteen patients successfully treated by us, show clearly less dependence on the physician and other hospital personal"}
{"id": "PMID:134228", "title": "[Fine structure of human nasal mucosa in acute allergic reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "The fine structure of the acute allergic reaction is described in the human nasal mucosa. Subsequent to intranasal allergic testing with positive reaction characteristic changes are seen after different time intervals: Massive transudation into the dilated intercellular spaces, loss of epithelial junctions, extrusion of epithelial cells into the nasal lumen; increase permeability of capillaries and venules with increase of fenestrations and pinocytotic vesicles, edema of the cytoplasm and dilatation of intercellular junctions in the endothelium. Characteristic for the later stages are pronounced lesions of the vessel walls with interruption of cell junctions interstitial edema. endothelial gaps  and loss of endothelial cells. The endothelial basal membrane usually remains intact. The findings are compared with those described for the acute hyperergic reaction in animals and chronic allergic changes in the human nasal mucosa.", "contents": "[Fine structure of human nasal mucosa in acute allergic reaction (author's transl)]. The fine structure of the acute allergic reaction is described in the human nasal mucosa. Subsequent to intranasal allergic testing with positive reaction characteristic changes are seen after different time intervals: Massive transudation into the dilated intercellular spaces, loss of epithelial junctions, extrusion of epithelial cells into the nasal lumen; increase permeability of capillaries and venules with increase of fenestrations and pinocytotic vesicles, edema of the cytoplasm and dilatation of intercellular junctions in the endothelium. Characteristic for the later stages are pronounced lesions of the vessel walls with interruption of cell junctions interstitial edema. endothelial gaps  and loss of endothelial cells. The endothelial basal membrane usually remains intact. The findings are compared with those described for the acute hyperergic reaction in animals and chronic allergic changes in the human nasal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:134229", "title": "[The significance of IgE in the differential diagnosis of vasomotoric rhinopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 94 patients with allergic and non-allergic rhinopathy, we performed quantitative IgE-determinations in the serum as well as in the nasal secretion. 34 patients had a vasomotor rhinitis, 40 patients a pollinosis and 20 a perennial allergic rhinitis. Statistically, the IgE-values were in pollinosis and in perennial alllergic rhinitis-in the serum as well as in the nasal secretion-significantly higher than in vasomotor rhinitis. Due to the great range of variation of the values in all groups of patients examined, an assignment ot a certain group of diseases was not possible individually. As in some patients the secretion concentrations were higher than the corresponding serum values, we presume that IgE is produced-at least to some extent-also in the mucosa.", "contents": "[The significance of IgE in the differential diagnosis of vasomotoric rhinopathy (author's transl)]. In 94 patients with allergic and non-allergic rhinopathy, we performed quantitative IgE-determinations in the serum as well as in the nasal secretion. 34 patients had a vasomotor rhinitis, 40 patients a pollinosis and 20 a perennial allergic rhinitis. Statistically, the IgE-values were in pollinosis and in perennial alllergic rhinitis-in the serum as well as in the nasal secretion-significantly higher than in vasomotor rhinitis. Due to the great range of variation of the values in all groups of patients examined, an assignment ot a certain group of diseases was not possible individually. As in some patients the secretion concentrations were higher than the corresponding serum values, we presume that IgE is produced-at least to some extent-also in the mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:134230", "title": "[The frequency-calorigram an analogous representation of the caloric nystagmus reaction].", "content": "A new diagram is proposed for the analogous representation of the vestibular reactions to carloric stimulation (calorigram). It provides a centripetal scale for both ears with exchangeable parameters. The response is given by pointers representing both the intensity and direction of the nystagmus. The arrangement facilitates the visual recognition of typical vestibular disorders, and allows the synoptical comparison of follow up-tests. Its usefulness was proved by the application in 1100 caloric examinations, in which the maximal postcaloric frequency of the nystagmus was evaluated from the ENG and recorded in the frequency calorigram.", "contents": "[The frequency-calorigram an analogous representation of the caloric nystagmus reaction]. A new diagram is proposed for the analogous representation of the vestibular reactions to carloric stimulation (calorigram). It provides a centripetal scale for both ears with exchangeable parameters. The response is given by pointers representing both the intensity and direction of the nystagmus. The arrangement facilitates the visual recognition of typical vestibular disorders, and allows the synoptical comparison of follow up-tests. Its usefulness was proved by the application in 1100 caloric examinations, in which the maximal postcaloric frequency of the nystagmus was evaluated from the ENG and recorded in the frequency calorigram."}
{"id": "PMID:134231", "title": "[The velocity of the fast phase of nystagmus].", "content": "For the development of a computer program for nystagmus analysis the characteristics of the parameters duration, amplitude and velocity of the fast nystagmus phase were studied as well as their dependence on stimulus intensity. The results show that the duration is constant and not dependent on strength of stimulus. The amplitude was found to be approximately proportional to the velocity in the range of applied intensities but generally an exponential relation is suggested. Examples for evaluations of nystagmograms by means of a computer are shown. The analysis of these parameters is assumed to be of diagnostic importance.", "contents": "[The velocity of the fast phase of nystagmus]. For the development of a computer program for nystagmus analysis the characteristics of the parameters duration, amplitude and velocity of the fast nystagmus phase were studied as well as their dependence on stimulus intensity. The results show that the duration is constant and not dependent on strength of stimulus. The amplitude was found to be approximately proportional to the velocity in the range of applied intensities but generally an exponential relation is suggested. Examples for evaluations of nystagmograms by means of a computer are shown. The analysis of these parameters is assumed to be of diagnostic importance."}
{"id": "PMID:134232", "title": "[Reduction of the bloodflow in the vestibular centre].", "content": "The little writing of nystagmus or \"petite \u00e9criture\" is a very striking observation in the examination of the vestibular function by means of the pendular test. The \"petite \u00e9criture\" can be found in patients with reduction of the bloodflow in the vestibular centre. The \"petite \u00e9curiture\" has an average amplitude of 3.5 degrees during the high pendular acceleration (15-18 degrees sec2). It seems to be a variation of the central nystagmus-typ (\u00e9criture centrale) found after more effective irritations of the vestibular centre for example encephalitis or contusion of the brainstem.", "contents": "[Reduction of the bloodflow in the vestibular centre]. The little writing of nystagmus or \"petite \u00e9criture\" is a very striking observation in the examination of the vestibular function by means of the pendular test. The \"petite \u00e9criture\" can be found in patients with reduction of the bloodflow in the vestibular centre. The \"petite \u00e9curiture\" has an average amplitude of 3.5 degrees during the high pendular acceleration (15-18 degrees sec2). It seems to be a variation of the central nystagmus-typ (\u00e9criture centrale) found after more effective irritations of the vestibular centre for example encephalitis or contusion of the brainstem."}
{"id": "PMID:134233", "title": "[ORL-symptomatology of \"subclavian steal\" syndrome].", "content": "A female patient with subclavian steal syndrome is presented in this paper. She was treated originally in the ORL department because of objective ear sensations and of Meni\u00e8re's disease. Otological symptoms of the steal effect, e.g. dizziness, uni- or bilateral internal ear disorders and tinnitus are discussed in view of literature data and of the case history. In the differential diagnosis of above symptoms the ORL physician should also consider subclavian steal syndrome", "contents": "[ORL-symptomatology of \"subclavian steal\" syndrome]. A female patient with subclavian steal syndrome is presented in this paper. She was treated originally in the ORL department because of objective ear sensations and of Meni\u00e8re's disease. Otological symptoms of the steal effect, e.g. dizziness, uni- or bilateral internal ear disorders and tinnitus are discussed in view of literature data and of the case history. In the differential diagnosis of above symptoms the ORL physician should also consider subclavian steal syndrome"}
{"id": "PMID:134234", "title": "[The determination of the sum potential amplitude for the prognostication of facial paresis of viral etiology].", "content": "In 29 patients with facial pareses of viral etiology the sum potential amplitude of the M. orbicularis oris was determined in a comparison of the two sides for prognostication purposes. If the sum potential amplitude is reduced by less than 70 per cent a return of good functions can be expected within 6-8 weeks. If the reduction of the sum potential amplitude lies between 70 and 95 per cent, a reliable prognosis is not possible, whereas with values below 95 per cent the paresis does not improve at all or hardly improves within 6-8 weeks. An evaluation of the returned function, about 1 year after the beginning of the paresis, i.e. at a time when the regeneration is basically completed, shows that all cases with an originally poor function (judged 6-8 weeks after onset of paresis) had changed into cases with a moderate function, and all cases with an originally moderate function had turned into cases with a good function. In another study concerning patients with idiopathic facial paresis the same method yielded results comparable to those of the above-mentioned study, so that the conclusion can be drawn that in the prognostication of the peripheral facial paresis by means of determining the sum potential amplitude-regardless of whether the facial paresis is of viral or idiopathic etiology-the same yardsticks have to be applied.", "contents": "[The determination of the sum potential amplitude for the prognostication of facial paresis of viral etiology]. In 29 patients with facial pareses of viral etiology the sum potential amplitude of the M. orbicularis oris was determined in a comparison of the two sides for prognostication purposes. If the sum potential amplitude is reduced by less than 70 per cent a return of good functions can be expected within 6-8 weeks. If the reduction of the sum potential amplitude lies between 70 and 95 per cent, a reliable prognosis is not possible, whereas with values below 95 per cent the paresis does not improve at all or hardly improves within 6-8 weeks. An evaluation of the returned function, about 1 year after the beginning of the paresis, i.e. at a time when the regeneration is basically completed, shows that all cases with an originally poor function (judged 6-8 weeks after onset of paresis) had changed into cases with a moderate function, and all cases with an originally moderate function had turned into cases with a good function. In another study concerning patients with idiopathic facial paresis the same method yielded results comparable to those of the above-mentioned study, so that the conclusion can be drawn that in the prognostication of the peripheral facial paresis by means of determining the sum potential amplitude-regardless of whether the facial paresis is of viral or idiopathic etiology-the same yardsticks have to be applied."}
{"id": "PMID:134235", "title": "[Gustatory disturbances in multiple sclerosis].", "content": "90 patients with advanced multiple sclerosis were examined electrogustometrically and with taste solutions. In 4 cases only the bitter sensation was diminished all over the tongue. 4 other patients showed a prolonged latency. Besides a unilateral dissociated hypogenusia in 4 patients there were no further serious taste disturbances. One man showed a taste and sensory hyperpathia on one side of the body.", "contents": "[Gustatory disturbances in multiple sclerosis]. 90 patients with advanced multiple sclerosis were examined electrogustometrically and with taste solutions. In 4 cases only the bitter sensation was diminished all over the tongue. 4 other patients showed a prolonged latency. Besides a unilateral dissociated hypogenusia in 4 patients there were no further serious taste disturbances. One man showed a taste and sensory hyperpathia on one side of the body."}
{"id": "PMID:134236", "title": "[Aequidensitometrie of the labyrinthic capsule with special regard of the bottom of the internal auditory meatus].", "content": "It has been proved by densitometry that the thickness of the separating wall between the basal coil and the fundus of the internal auditory meastus as well as the thickness of the labyrinthic wall increase with age. The mineral contents is simultaneously reduced. The diameter of the cochlear canal is also reduced with age. These facts have been demonstrated by aequidensitometry and by summation color pictures of aequidensites.", "contents": "[Aequidensitometrie of the labyrinthic capsule with special regard of the bottom of the internal auditory meatus]. It has been proved by densitometry that the thickness of the separating wall between the basal coil and the fundus of the internal auditory meastus as well as the thickness of the labyrinthic wall increase with age. The mineral contents is simultaneously reduced. The diameter of the cochlear canal is also reduced with age. These facts have been demonstrated by aequidensitometry and by summation color pictures of aequidensites."}
{"id": "PMID:134237", "title": "[Postnatal development of the tectorial membrane's marginal net of the rabbit. Correlations with the typical marginal structures of the adult squirrel monkey].", "content": "To date the structure of the marginal net of the tectorial membrane has not been sufficiently described, its function is unclear and can only be understood after further detailed analysis. The limiting factor in these experiments is that mostly the applied routine preparation techniques always unspecifically change the tectorial membrane. The preparation techniques have now been modified so far that the induced changes can be kept at a minimum. Examinations were carried out parallely with the stereo microscope, the light microscope, the scanning and transmission electron microscopes; results were compared and ensured. 1. The normal structure of the marginal net of the adult squirrel monkey was compared with that of the adult rabbit. The similarity suggests to study for the first time the development of the marginal net in the embryologically more easily accessable rabbit by means of scanning electron microscope. 2. The refined preparation technique enables a reproducable investigation of the tectorial membrane in a lifted off state and subsequently in a large area even in a not lifted off state. 3. During the various steps of preparation the marginal zone is deformed much stronger than the rest of the membrane. 4. In the squirrel monkey a distinctly developed marginal net seems to be combined with the presence of a fourth row of other hair cells. To this conclusion leads the following observation: the impressions of the sensory cell hairs on the bottom side of the tectorial membrane are found predominately in the cross connections of the marginal net. 5. The marginal net of the rabbit shows a development from basal to apical. Thereby the hair cells are covered with fibres of the tectorial membrane up to the Hensen's cells. 6. On the fifth day characteristic holes are growing in the marginal area and the fibres withdraw from the Hensen' cells. This development proceeds in the rabbit more than in the squirrel monkey, the emerged net structure is reduced to the advantage of the marginal band. 7. A new technique allows the same spot to be observed by the scanning as well as the transmission electron microscopes. The interdental cells examinated in this way showed a strong activity of synthesis in the \"3d\" stage.", "contents": "[Postnatal development of the tectorial membrane's marginal net of the rabbit. Correlations with the typical marginal structures of the adult squirrel monkey]. To date the structure of the marginal net of the tectorial membrane has not been sufficiently described, its function is unclear and can only be understood after further detailed analysis. The limiting factor in these experiments is that mostly the applied routine preparation techniques always unspecifically change the tectorial membrane. The preparation techniques have now been modified so far that the induced changes can be kept at a minimum. Examinations were carried out parallely with the stereo microscope, the light microscope, the scanning and transmission electron microscopes; results were compared and ensured. 1. The normal structure of the marginal net of the adult squirrel monkey was compared with that of the adult rabbit. The similarity suggests to study for the first time the development of the marginal net in the embryologically more easily accessable rabbit by means of scanning electron microscope. 2. The refined preparation technique enables a reproducable investigation of the tectorial membrane in a lifted off state and subsequently in a large area even in a not lifted off state. 3. During the various steps of preparation the marginal zone is deformed much stronger than the rest of the membrane. 4. In the squirrel monkey a distinctly developed marginal net seems to be combined with the presence of a fourth row of other hair cells. To this conclusion leads the following observation: the impressions of the sensory cell hairs on the bottom side of the tectorial membrane are found predominately in the cross connections of the marginal net. 5. The marginal net of the rabbit shows a development from basal to apical. Thereby the hair cells are covered with fibres of the tectorial membrane up to the Hensen's cells. 6. On the fifth day characteristic holes are growing in the marginal area and the fibres withdraw from the Hensen' cells. This development proceeds in the rabbit more than in the squirrel monkey, the emerged net structure is reduced to the advantage of the marginal band. 7. A new technique allows the same spot to be observed by the scanning as well as the transmission electron microscopes. The interdental cells examinated in this way showed a strong activity of synthesis in the \"3d\" stage."}
{"id": "PMID:134245", "title": "Subcutaneous, isogeneic transplantation of duct-ligated pancreas in streptozotocin diabetic mice: relationships between recovery and hormone contents in transplants or host pancreas.", "content": "Recovery from diabetes was observed in streptozotocin-treated mice that received subcutaneous, isogeneic transplants of duct-ligated pancreas. Transplants excised from recovered hosts contained both immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucagon (IRG), indicating that both A and B cells capable of hormone storage were present. The IRI content in transplants, although only one sixth of that transplanted 6 wk earlier, was still 21/2 times greater than that in the host pancreas and was inversely related to the plasma glucose of the recipient during and after recovery. The IRI content in the transplant added to that in the host pancreas totaled 13% of the IRI found in the normal mouse pancreas, which sufficed for over-all recovery from diabetes but was insufficient to provide normal glucose tolerance and  insulin response to a major glucose challenge. The abnormally high content of glucagon noted in the pancreas of hyperglycemic, sham transplanted mice was reduced by one-half in the pancreas of those transplanted mice returning to normal plasma glucose and insulin. Thus, the insulin content of the transplant was important to the recovery of isografted mice, but in addition, and perhaps as a consequence of recovery, there was a slight increase in the insulin storage capacity of the host pancreas and a marked reduction of glucagon compared to the content of these hormones in the pancreas of hyperglycemic, sham transplanted mice.", "contents": "Subcutaneous, isogeneic transplantation of duct-ligated pancreas in streptozotocin diabetic mice: relationships between recovery and hormone contents in transplants or host pancreas. Recovery from diabetes was observed in streptozotocin-treated mice that received subcutaneous, isogeneic transplants of duct-ligated pancreas. Transplants excised from recovered hosts contained both immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and glucagon (IRG), indicating that both A and B cells capable of hormone storage were present. The IRI content in transplants, although only one sixth of that transplanted 6 wk earlier, was still 21/2 times greater than that in the host pancreas and was inversely related to the plasma glucose of the recipient during and after recovery. The IRI content in the transplant added to that in the host pancreas totaled 13% of the IRI found in the normal mouse pancreas, which sufficed for over-all recovery from diabetes but was insufficient to provide normal glucose tolerance and  insulin response to a major glucose challenge. The abnormally high content of glucagon noted in the pancreas of hyperglycemic, sham transplanted mice was reduced by one-half in the pancreas of those transplanted mice returning to normal plasma glucose and insulin. Thus, the insulin content of the transplant was important to the recovery of isografted mice, but in addition, and perhaps as a consequence of recovery, there was a slight increase in the insulin storage capacity of the host pancreas and a marked reduction of glucagon compared to the content of these hormones in the pancreas of hyperglycemic, sham transplanted mice."}
{"id": "PMID:134247", "title": "[Are unknown ciliates responsible for uncharacteristic pains in the lower abdomen (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported about unknown cells, looking like ciliates, found in the Douglas exudate in women with uncharacteristic pains in the lower abdomen. These self-moving cells were found in 10 out of 48 patients. The clinical results are discussed. There is a possibility that these cells are responsible as well for the uncharacteristic pains in the abdomen as perhaps for the infertility of the patient.", "contents": "[Are unknown ciliates responsible for uncharacteristic pains in the lower abdomen (author's transl)]. It is reported about unknown cells, looking like ciliates, found in the Douglas exudate in women with uncharacteristic pains in the lower abdomen. These self-moving cells were found in 10 out of 48 patients. The clinical results are discussed. There is a possibility that these cells are responsible as well for the uncharacteristic pains in the abdomen as perhaps for the infertility of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:134248", "title": "[Thallium intoxication treated by hemodialysis, forced diuresis and antidote (author's transl)].", "content": "Mode of action and toxicity of thallium and former treatment of thallium intoxication are described. A case of thallium poisoning with a lethal dose of thallous sulfate which was successfully treated by hemodialysis, forced diuresis and antidote is reported. 43 percent of the thallium could be eliminated by continuous hemodialysis during 72 hours and forced diuresis within the third and seventh day after ingestion of the poison. The dialysance of thallium was 111,1 ml/min with a blood flow of 200 ml/min. Later damage can be prevented by early maximal elimination of thallium.", "contents": "[Thallium intoxication treated by hemodialysis, forced diuresis and antidote (author's transl)]. Mode of action and toxicity of thallium and former treatment of thallium intoxication are described. A case of thallium poisoning with a lethal dose of thallous sulfate which was successfully treated by hemodialysis, forced diuresis and antidote is reported. 43 percent of the thallium could be eliminated by continuous hemodialysis during 72 hours and forced diuresis within the third and seventh day after ingestion of the poison. The dialysance of thallium was 111,1 ml/min with a blood flow of 200 ml/min. Later damage can be prevented by early maximal elimination of thallium."}
{"id": "PMID:134249", "title": "[Treatment of lumbar disk herniation with depot cortisone intrathecally and peridurally (author's transl)].", "content": "During an operation for lumbar disk herniation, 160 patients were injected - intrathecally and peridurally, against the affected nerve root - one ampoule of Volon A40. The postoperative course was compared to that stated in 160 patients who had been operated in the same way without this medication. The irritation of the spinal root effected by the disk prolapse and the manipulation during the operation was immediately influenced in a favourable manner by Volon A40. The patients had no more complaints from the first postoperative day on. Mobilization of the patient could be started about three to four days earlier. During recurrency operations, the root did not show any adhesions. Prevention of postoperative cicatrization around the root appears to be an essential condition for a permanent state without complaints. The percutaneous intrathecal and peridural application of Volon A40 has proved to be efficacious in cases of lumbar root irritation, which can neither be treated surgically nor be influenced by a physical therapy.", "contents": "[Treatment of lumbar disk herniation with depot cortisone intrathecally and peridurally (author's transl)]. During an operation for lumbar disk herniation, 160 patients were injected - intrathecally and peridurally, against the affected nerve root - one ampoule of Volon A40. The postoperative course was compared to that stated in 160 patients who had been operated in the same way without this medication. The irritation of the spinal root effected by the disk prolapse and the manipulation during the operation was immediately influenced in a favourable manner by Volon A40. The patients had no more complaints from the first postoperative day on. Mobilization of the patient could be started about three to four days earlier. During recurrency operations, the root did not show any adhesions. Prevention of postoperative cicatrization around the root appears to be an essential condition for a permanent state without complaints. The percutaneous intrathecal and peridural application of Volon A40 has proved to be efficacious in cases of lumbar root irritation, which can neither be treated surgically nor be influenced by a physical therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:134253", "title": "Gene order in the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Four different types of crosses have been used to establish the order of the four genes in the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa, which encode the following proteins involved in the inducible catabolism of quinic acid: a regulatory (activator) protein (qa-1), catabolic dehydroquinase (qa-2), quinate dehydrogenase (qa-3), and dehydroshikimate dehydrase (qa-4). The four crosses involved (1) the ordering of the four qa genes relative to the closely-linked me-7 locus; (2) the ordering of the three other qa genes relative to a qa-1S mutant; (3) the use of a three factor cross--qa-3 X qa-4 qa-2 and (4) the use of four factor crosses--qa-1S X qa-3 qa-4 qa-2. The results of all four types of crosses agree in establishing an apparently definitive proximal to distal order, within the right arm of linkage group VII, i.e., qa-1 qa-3 qa-4 qa-2 me-7. The significance of a definitive establishment of the gene order within the qa cluster for an understanding of the organization and mechanism of genetic regulation in this cluster is discussed.", "contents": "Gene order in the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa. Four different types of crosses have been used to establish the order of the four genes in the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa, which encode the following proteins involved in the inducible catabolism of quinic acid: a regulatory (activator) protein (qa-1), catabolic dehydroquinase (qa-2), quinate dehydrogenase (qa-3), and dehydroshikimate dehydrase (qa-4). The four crosses involved (1) the ordering of the four qa genes relative to the closely-linked me-7 locus; (2) the ordering of the three other qa genes relative to a qa-1S mutant; (3) the use of a three factor cross--qa-3 X qa-4 qa-2 and (4) the use of four factor crosses--qa-1S X qa-3 qa-4 qa-2. The results of all four types of crosses agree in establishing an apparently definitive proximal to distal order, within the right arm of linkage group VII, i.e., qa-1 qa-3 qa-4 qa-2 me-7. The significance of a definitive establishment of the gene order within the qa cluster for an understanding of the organization and mechanism of genetic regulation in this cluster is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134256", "title": "[Chemical suturing of myosin and actin to capron fiber].", "content": "Immobilization of myosin, actin, actomyosin and subfragment S1 on kapron fibre was achieved with the help of glutaric aldehyde. The ATPase activity of myosin and its ability to interact with actin is preserved; while the ATPase activity of S1 subfragment decreases considerably. The immobilization on kapron fibre changes the pH-dependance of ATPase activity of myosin and that of subfragment S1, shifting the maximum to low pH zone (pH 5.5), and increases the thermostability of the enzyme. The ions of Ca++ in all cases act as an activating agent on ATPase while the ions of Mg++ either do not affect myosin and subfragment S1 at all, or increase the activity in the case of the immobilized of actomyosin but to a lesser degree than the ions of Ca++. The immobilized actin preserves its ability to form actomyosin complex.", "contents": "[Chemical suturing of myosin and actin to capron fiber]. Immobilization of myosin, actin, actomyosin and subfragment S1 on kapron fibre was achieved with the help of glutaric aldehyde. The ATPase activity of myosin and its ability to interact with actin is preserved; while the ATPase activity of S1 subfragment decreases considerably. The immobilization on kapron fibre changes the pH-dependance of ATPase activity of myosin and that of subfragment S1, shifting the maximum to low pH zone (pH 5.5), and increases the thermostability of the enzyme. The ions of Ca++ in all cases act as an activating agent on ATPase while the ions of Mg++ either do not affect myosin and subfragment S1 at all, or increase the activity in the case of the immobilized of actomyosin but to a lesser degree than the ions of Ca++. The immobilized actin preserves its ability to form actomyosin complex."}
{"id": "PMID:134258", "title": "Bronchial obstruction: A main morphopathogenic factor in pulmonary diseases. Comparison of anatomoclinical and experimental facts.", "content": "The histopathologic investigation of 300 resected lungs, especially with carcinomatous lesions, as well as of the experimental material provided by bronchial ligature and by intratracheal injections of viscous substances, permits the demonstration of the effects of acute and chronic bronchial obstruction and of their evolution. In acute obstructions, the process is dominated by circulatory changes and in the chronic ones by lesions of large alveolocytes, by changes in the lung lipidic metabolism induced by the hypoventilation, as well as by alveolar reactions with lipospongiocytary macrophages and giant cells. In both modalities, the bronchial obstructive process evolves to lung atelectasis with organization of affected areas, exclusion of lobuli and bronchiolar alveolization. The bronchial obstruction, an important morphological expression of the aerogenic component in lung pathogenesis, appears to be a main factor in the reshuffling of damaged lung areas by cellulo-fibrillar restructuration.", "contents": "Bronchial obstruction: A main morphopathogenic factor in pulmonary diseases. Comparison of anatomoclinical and experimental facts. The histopathologic investigation of 300 resected lungs, especially with carcinomatous lesions, as well as of the experimental material provided by bronchial ligature and by intratracheal injections of viscous substances, permits the demonstration of the effects of acute and chronic bronchial obstruction and of their evolution. In acute obstructions, the process is dominated by circulatory changes and in the chronic ones by lesions of large alveolocytes, by changes in the lung lipidic metabolism induced by the hypoventilation, as well as by alveolar reactions with lipospongiocytary macrophages and giant cells. In both modalities, the bronchial obstructive process evolves to lung atelectasis with organization of affected areas, exclusion of lobuli and bronchiolar alveolization. The bronchial obstruction, an important morphological expression of the aerogenic component in lung pathogenesis, appears to be a main factor in the reshuffling of damaged lung areas by cellulo-fibrillar restructuration."}
{"id": "PMID:134259", "title": "Morphological study of the thymus of Jensen tumor-bearing rats after tumoral, non-tumoral antigens and thiamine diphosphate administration.", "content": "The morphological changes produced in the thymus of Jensen tumor-bearing rats after specific immune stimulation (glycoprotein 8 obtained from Jensen tumor, bovine serumalbumin (BSA), tuberculoprotein, gylcoprotein 5 from normal rat blood) and after non-specific one (thiamine diphosphate (TDP)) were studied. The changes produced by associating the antigenic action and TDP were reviewed, too. Morphological investigations were preformed 24 hours and 7 days after beginning of treatments. Twenty-four hours and 7 days after specific (tuberculoprotein and BSA) or non-specific (TDP) stimulation, similar morphologic changes were observed in the thymus: vasodilatation, thymocyte agglomeration in perivascular sheaths and their intravascular migration. When TDP was associated with gylcoprotein 8 or tuberculin - PPD more pronounced morphological modifications were observed 24 hours after treatment, while associating it with glycoprotein 5 or BSA obvious changes have been produced after 7 days. Gylcoprotein 5 and 8 did not induced any modifications in the thymus structure.", "contents": "Morphological study of the thymus of Jensen tumor-bearing rats after tumoral, non-tumoral antigens and thiamine diphosphate administration. The morphological changes produced in the thymus of Jensen tumor-bearing rats after specific immune stimulation (glycoprotein 8 obtained from Jensen tumor, bovine serumalbumin (BSA), tuberculoprotein, gylcoprotein 5 from normal rat blood) and after non-specific one (thiamine diphosphate (TDP)) were studied. The changes produced by associating the antigenic action and TDP were reviewed, too. Morphological investigations were preformed 24 hours and 7 days after beginning of treatments. Twenty-four hours and 7 days after specific (tuberculoprotein and BSA) or non-specific (TDP) stimulation, similar morphologic changes were observed in the thymus: vasodilatation, thymocyte agglomeration in perivascular sheaths and their intravascular migration. When TDP was associated with gylcoprotein 8 or tuberculin - PPD more pronounced morphological modifications were observed 24 hours after treatment, while associating it with glycoprotein 5 or BSA obvious changes have been produced after 7 days. Gylcoprotein 5 and 8 did not induced any modifications in the thymus structure."}
{"id": "PMID:134260", "title": "Renal pathomorphologic aspects in cirrhogenic diseases of the liver.", "content": "The pathomorphogenesis of renal lesions in the course of cirrhogenic diseases of the liver was studied on a human and experimental material. The development of membranoproliferative glomerulopathy, of tubular lesions, interstitial reactive infiltrates and sclerosis processes in the advanced stages of cirrhosis were observed. An important role in the determining of these lesions was played by immunologic perturbations in the entire organism.", "contents": "Renal pathomorphologic aspects in cirrhogenic diseases of the liver. The pathomorphogenesis of renal lesions in the course of cirrhogenic diseases of the liver was studied on a human and experimental material. The development of membranoproliferative glomerulopathy, of tubular lesions, interstitial reactive infiltrates and sclerosis processes in the advanced stages of cirrhosis were observed. An important role in the determining of these lesions was played by immunologic perturbations in the entire organism."}
{"id": "PMID:134263", "title": "Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries, and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. VIIth note. Epitheliocapillary relationships in hypothysis and thyroid during experimentally conditioned immunity.", "content": "The participation of the thyroid and of the anterior hypophysis during a complex process of experimentally conditioned immunity was studied in order to establish the concrete modalities of integration of these glands by the central integrative mechanisms. Quantitative microscopy, mathematical and statistical methods, demonstrative graphs, a new mode of expression of correlation types between the phasic quantitative variations of the immune process, as well as a division of the anterior hypophysis into cell groups were used. These methods show that the hypophysis and the thyroid participate in the immunogenic processes with all their constituents (epithelia, mesenchymal cells, capillaries). The importance of the participation vary from one lot to the other. The epithelium dynamics dominated that of capillaries in the glandular organs belonging to the IInd organizational step (with reduced stroma), which allows the consideration of an epitheliocapillary stereotype of organs belonging to the IIIrd step (stroma-rich) described in the VIth note.", "contents": "Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries, and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. VIIth note. Epitheliocapillary relationships in hypothysis and thyroid during experimentally conditioned immunity. The participation of the thyroid and of the anterior hypophysis during a complex process of experimentally conditioned immunity was studied in order to establish the concrete modalities of integration of these glands by the central integrative mechanisms. Quantitative microscopy, mathematical and statistical methods, demonstrative graphs, a new mode of expression of correlation types between the phasic quantitative variations of the immune process, as well as a division of the anterior hypophysis into cell groups were used. These methods show that the hypophysis and the thyroid participate in the immunogenic processes with all their constituents (epithelia, mesenchymal cells, capillaries). The importance of the participation vary from one lot to the other. The epithelium dynamics dominated that of capillaries in the glandular organs belonging to the IInd organizational step (with reduced stroma), which allows the consideration of an epitheliocapillary stereotype of organs belonging to the IIIrd step (stroma-rich) described in the VIth note."}
{"id": "PMID:134267", "title": "Histopathology of some carcinomatous and pseudocarcinomatous aspects of the thyroid.", "content": "The authors studied the histopathology of some true carcinomatous and pseudocarcinomatous aspects of the thyroid. Some peculiar aspects occuring after therapy with thyreostatics are underlined: papillary structures, giant polymorphous, hyperchromic or light vesicular nuclei. These lesions are not to be confused with true neoplastic pictures. The criteria in discriminating between thyroid adenoma and follicular adenocarcinoma are also discussed.", "contents": "Histopathology of some carcinomatous and pseudocarcinomatous aspects of the thyroid. The authors studied the histopathology of some true carcinomatous and pseudocarcinomatous aspects of the thyroid. Some peculiar aspects occuring after therapy with thyreostatics are underlined: papillary structures, giant polymorphous, hyperchromic or light vesicular nuclei. These lesions are not to be confused with true neoplastic pictures. The criteria in discriminating between thyroid adenoma and follicular adenocarcinoma are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134268", "title": "Histologic aspects in pleural diseases revealed by needle biopsy.", "content": "In 59 patients, 18 to 82 years old, with pleural exudates, a number of 78 needle biopsies were performed in view of establishing the etiologic diagnosis. The diagnosis was: pleural tuberculosis in 9 cases, acute or chronic non-tuberculous inflammation in 8 cases, postinfectious sequelae in 6 cases, secondary malignant neoplasia in 10 cases; 2 mesotheliomas, and in 24 cases the aspect was normal or the minimal alterations found were not conclusive. The proportion of confirmations was of 81% for tuberculosis and 37% for cancer. The method is recommended as being of particular value in establishing the etiologic diagnosis of pleural exudates.", "contents": "Histologic aspects in pleural diseases revealed by needle biopsy. In 59 patients, 18 to 82 years old, with pleural exudates, a number of 78 needle biopsies were performed in view of establishing the etiologic diagnosis. The diagnosis was: pleural tuberculosis in 9 cases, acute or chronic non-tuberculous inflammation in 8 cases, postinfectious sequelae in 6 cases, secondary malignant neoplasia in 10 cases; 2 mesotheliomas, and in 24 cases the aspect was normal or the minimal alterations found were not conclusive. The proportion of confirmations was of 81% for tuberculosis and 37% for cancer. The method is recommended as being of particular value in establishing the etiologic diagnosis of pleural exudates."}
{"id": "PMID:134270", "title": "Effect of colchicine and prednisolone upon the peptidergic neurosecretory product in Cyprinus carpio L.", "content": "After a treatment with physiological doses of colchicine and prednisolone, the rapid transport of the neurosecretory granules in the preoptico-neurohypophyseal tract of Cyprinus carpio L. is blocked. This fact is manifested by the accumulation of neurosecretory granules and of Hering's bodies at the level of fibres of preoptico-neurohypophyseal tract, and on the contrary, by the significant reduction of neurosecretory product in the nerve fibres of the neurohypophysis. The neurotubules which participate in the rapid axonal flux of neurosecretory granules do not suffer detectable ultrastructural changes.", "contents": "Effect of colchicine and prednisolone upon the peptidergic neurosecretory product in Cyprinus carpio L. After a treatment with physiological doses of colchicine and prednisolone, the rapid transport of the neurosecretory granules in the preoptico-neurohypophyseal tract of Cyprinus carpio L. is blocked. This fact is manifested by the accumulation of neurosecretory granules and of Hering's bodies at the level of fibres of preoptico-neurohypophyseal tract, and on the contrary, by the significant reduction of neurosecretory product in the nerve fibres of the neurohypophysis. The neurotubules which participate in the rapid axonal flux of neurosecretory granules do not suffer detectable ultrastructural changes."}
{"id": "PMID:134272", "title": "Histoenzymatic activity of leucine aminopeptidase in normal bone marrow cells.", "content": "Human, monkey, cat and rat bone marrow cells were studied for the histochemical localization of leucine aminopeptidase activity. The granulocytes have a weak enzymic activity in the immature cells and a very strong one in the differentiated cells. The lymphopoiesis is characterized by a strong reaction in the lymphoblasts and different degrees of the enzyme activity in the lymphocytes. In the erythropoiesis, the undifferentiated cells are strongly positive, while the erythrocytes are negative. The immature and mature cells of the megakariocytic line show a weak leucine aminopeptidase activity.", "contents": "Histoenzymatic activity of leucine aminopeptidase in normal bone marrow cells. Human, monkey, cat and rat bone marrow cells were studied for the histochemical localization of leucine aminopeptidase activity. The granulocytes have a weak enzymic activity in the immature cells and a very strong one in the differentiated cells. The lymphopoiesis is characterized by a strong reaction in the lymphoblasts and different degrees of the enzyme activity in the lymphocytes. In the erythropoiesis, the undifferentiated cells are strongly positive, while the erythrocytes are negative. The immature and mature cells of the megakariocytic line show a weak leucine aminopeptidase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:134271", "title": "Kinetics of alkaline phosphatase active cells in the thymus of growing rabbits.", "content": "The kinetics of alkaline phosphatase active cells is followed up by quantitation in the thymus of newborn rabbits, of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 months old, as well as in adult ones. The proportion of these cells appears to be the lowest in newborn rabbits (2 per cent), increases up to 8 per cent in the 2-month-old and up to 15.3 per cent in the 3-month old rabbits. This maximal proportion rapidly decreases one month later, reaching values round about 1 per cent of all thymus cells in adult rabbits. This kinetics seems to reflect the process of functional maturation of the rabbit lymphoid system, the alkaline phosphatase active cells representing the thymocytes which differentiate in T cells or a subpopulation of them only.", "contents": "Kinetics of alkaline phosphatase active cells in the thymus of growing rabbits. The kinetics of alkaline phosphatase active cells is followed up by quantitation in the thymus of newborn rabbits, of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 months old, as well as in adult ones. The proportion of these cells appears to be the lowest in newborn rabbits (2 per cent), increases up to 8 per cent in the 2-month-old and up to 15.3 per cent in the 3-month old rabbits. This maximal proportion rapidly decreases one month later, reaching values round about 1 per cent of all thymus cells in adult rabbits. This kinetics seems to reflect the process of functional maturation of the rabbit lymphoid system, the alkaline phosphatase active cells representing the thymocytes which differentiate in T cells or a subpopulation of them only."}
{"id": "PMID:134274", "title": "Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenitis: remarks about two cases.", "content": "Two patients with clinical and pathological symptoms of so-called angioimmunoblastic lymphadenitis are presented. Both patients were over 50, with multiple lymphadenopathies, fever, pruritus and hyperglobulinemia. The lymph node changes exhibited a characteristic histological triad consisting of diffuse lymphoid proliferation, small arborizing vessels proliferation and paraamyloid-like amorphous material deposition. As previous authors suggested, the disease seems to be the expression of a prolonged hyperimmune response induced by the hypersensitivity to certain factors.", "contents": "Angio-immunoblastic lymphadenitis: remarks about two cases. Two patients with clinical and pathological symptoms of so-called angioimmunoblastic lymphadenitis are presented. Both patients were over 50, with multiple lymphadenopathies, fever, pruritus and hyperglobulinemia. The lymph node changes exhibited a characteristic histological triad consisting of diffuse lymphoid proliferation, small arborizing vessels proliferation and paraamyloid-like amorphous material deposition. As previous authors suggested, the disease seems to be the expression of a prolonged hyperimmune response induced by the hypersensitivity to certain factors."}
{"id": "PMID:134275", "title": "Anorectal melanoma. Problems of histopathologic diagnosis.", "content": "The present study discusses, in the light of the comparatively restricted data in the speciality literature, two cases of anorectal melanoma emphasizing the histologic diagnostic difficulties linked to appraisal of the limits of the benign naevus formations, predominance of the achromatous zones, alternation of the benign and sarcomatous fascicular proliferations and those of the anaplastic carcinoma type. Stress is laid on the importance for the diagnosis of the histologic examination and of serial sections, in all pedunculate formations in the anorectal region as well as of the tests applied for detecting melanin.", "contents": "Anorectal melanoma. Problems of histopathologic diagnosis. The present study discusses, in the light of the comparatively restricted data in the speciality literature, two cases of anorectal melanoma emphasizing the histologic diagnostic difficulties linked to appraisal of the limits of the benign naevus formations, predominance of the achromatous zones, alternation of the benign and sarcomatous fascicular proliferations and those of the anaplastic carcinoma type. Stress is laid on the importance for the diagnosis of the histologic examination and of serial sections, in all pedunculate formations in the anorectal region as well as of the tests applied for detecting melanin."}
{"id": "PMID:134277", "title": "Experimental data asserting the immune morpho-pathogenic component of chronic inflammatory processes.", "content": "The action of several agents (Mycobacteria, Aspergillus, silicium dioxide, beryllium salts, phospholipids, incomplete and complete Freund adjuvant, a.o.) was analysed on the rabbit lung. The developmental analysis of experimental processes induced by intravenous or intratracheal injections showed that after a first inflammatory phase an immune one was formed, demonstrated by epithelioid cells, lymphocytes and plasma cells. In some cases, several waves of immune cells could be demonstrated in the evolution of the morphopathologic picture, even in the phases when the initial antigens were resorbed; these restructurations could be induced by endoantigens produced by tissular changes, by cell differentiations, by common or immune vascular lesions. The intrication of an immune sequence in the stereotyped development determined the prolongation of the process duration, the complications of relationships between sequences, the process maintenance. The experimental analysis was able to decode this complicated evolution.", "contents": "Experimental data asserting the immune morpho-pathogenic component of chronic inflammatory processes. The action of several agents (Mycobacteria, Aspergillus, silicium dioxide, beryllium salts, phospholipids, incomplete and complete Freund adjuvant, a.o.) was analysed on the rabbit lung. The developmental analysis of experimental processes induced by intravenous or intratracheal injections showed that after a first inflammatory phase an immune one was formed, demonstrated by epithelioid cells, lymphocytes and plasma cells. In some cases, several waves of immune cells could be demonstrated in the evolution of the morphopathologic picture, even in the phases when the initial antigens were resorbed; these restructurations could be induced by endoantigens produced by tissular changes, by cell differentiations, by common or immune vascular lesions. The intrication of an immune sequence in the stereotyped development determined the prolongation of the process duration, the complications of relationships between sequences, the process maintenance. The experimental analysis was able to decode this complicated evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:134282", "title": "[The effect of fominoben on the EEG of Parkinson patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The intravenous or intramuscular application of Fominoben in parkinson patients with pathological EEG causes an intensification of general changes and localized slow wave groups. After a short increased psychic and motor excitability at the beginning of the injection there is a relaxed psychic and motor attitude. The passive tremor is also intensified during the injection but them markedly decreases. This improvement lasts about 4 to 6 hours.", "contents": "[The effect of fominoben on the EEG of Parkinson patients (author's transl)]. The intravenous or intramuscular application of Fominoben in parkinson patients with pathological EEG causes an intensification of general changes and localized slow wave groups. After a short increased psychic and motor excitability at the beginning of the injection there is a relaxed psychic and motor attitude. The passive tremor is also intensified during the injection but them markedly decreases. This improvement lasts about 4 to 6 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:134279", "title": "Statistical probability applied in the study of the thyroid of immunized rats.", "content": "The study of the statistical significance was applied in the investigation of several analogous lots, in the thyroid of rats during the experimentally conditioned immunity. The method is described and some examples of calculus are presented with the indication of parameters with the highest and the lowest statistical significance.", "contents": "Statistical probability applied in the study of the thyroid of immunized rats. The study of the statistical significance was applied in the investigation of several analogous lots, in the thyroid of rats during the experimentally conditioned immunity. The method is described and some examples of calculus are presented with the indication of parameters with the highest and the lowest statistical significance."}
{"id": "PMID:134292", "title": "[Influence of adequate stimulation on the impulse electrical activity of isolated frog muscle spindles].", "content": "Impulse activity of an isolated frog muscle spindle was investigated using mechanical stimulation of various amplitude, rate and form. It is found out that firing frequency during linear-increasing stimulation is determined by the amplitude of the stimulus and alteration of firing frequency by the rate of the stimulation increase. At sinusoidal stimulation the impulsation \"repeates\" the form of the stimulus, i.e. the muscle spindle is influenced not only by its amplitude or rate, but also by its acceleration. The sensitivity to accelerations may depend on changes in discharge threshold during alteration of the tension rate change.", "contents": "[Influence of adequate stimulation on the impulse electrical activity of isolated frog muscle spindles]. Impulse activity of an isolated frog muscle spindle was investigated using mechanical stimulation of various amplitude, rate and form. It is found out that firing frequency during linear-increasing stimulation is determined by the amplitude of the stimulus and alteration of firing frequency by the rate of the stimulation increase. At sinusoidal stimulation the impulsation \"repeates\" the form of the stimulus, i.e. the muscle spindle is influenced not only by its amplitude or rate, but also by its acceleration. The sensitivity to accelerations may depend on changes in discharge threshold during alteration of the tension rate change."}
{"id": "PMID:134291", "title": "Spastic paresis after 6-aminonicotinamide: metabolic disorders in the spinal cord and electromyographically recorded changes in the hind limbs of rats.", "content": "In rats the application of 10 mg/kg 6-amino-nicotinamide (6-AN) leads to an accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate, by inhibition of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the pentose phosphate pathway, in the cells of the spinal cord. The accumulation reaches its maximum after 18-24 h. It seems that there exists a relationship between the accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate and the lesion of the neuroglia, which is found in electron microscopic studies. Symptoms of a spastic paresis only develop later when the spinal interneurones are destroyed as a consequence of the lesion of the neuroglia. The accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate almost exceeds the 400 fold of the norm. No considerable differences are found between the effects of a dose of 35 mg 6-AN/kg and one of 10 mg 6-AN/kg. Free gluconate is identified enzymically in the cells of the spinal cords of the rats treated with 6-AN. The compound is very probably formed by dephosphorylation and diffuses into the blood. 6-Phosphogluconate is an inhibitor of the phosphoglucose isomerase. Its accumulation shifts the equilibrium towards glucose 6-phosphate. The lactate concentration decreases as compared with the untreated controls. Muscular action potentials are recorded extracellularly with a concentric needle electrode from the musculus gastrocnemius of rats treated with 6-AN. First activations of the electromyograms are found 48 h after the application of 10 mg 6-AN/kg. The electrical activities increase during the time in which a progressive destruction of the interneurones occurs. The electromyogram displays a permanent state of excitation with high amplitudes and an increased frequency. The continuity and intensity of the increased activity recorded by the electromyograph is the most important pathological finding. p-Chlorophenyl-GABA and, still more so, chlorpromazine cause temporary reduction of the excitation processes and an electromyogram nearly at rest. Under the same conditions, haloperidol is only slightly effective. The symptoms developed by the chemical destruction of the interneurones of the spinal cord, with rigidity and spasticity of the hind limbs, are suitable for testing antispastic drugs.", "contents": "Spastic paresis after 6-aminonicotinamide: metabolic disorders in the spinal cord and electromyographically recorded changes in the hind limbs of rats. In rats the application of 10 mg/kg 6-amino-nicotinamide (6-AN) leads to an accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate, by inhibition of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase in the pentose phosphate pathway, in the cells of the spinal cord. The accumulation reaches its maximum after 18-24 h. It seems that there exists a relationship between the accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate and the lesion of the neuroglia, which is found in electron microscopic studies. Symptoms of a spastic paresis only develop later when the spinal interneurones are destroyed as a consequence of the lesion of the neuroglia. The accumulation of 6-phosphogluconate almost exceeds the 400 fold of the norm. No considerable differences are found between the effects of a dose of 35 mg 6-AN/kg and one of 10 mg 6-AN/kg. Free gluconate is identified enzymically in the cells of the spinal cords of the rats treated with 6-AN. The compound is very probably formed by dephosphorylation and diffuses into the blood. 6-Phosphogluconate is an inhibitor of the phosphoglucose isomerase. Its accumulation shifts the equilibrium towards glucose 6-phosphate. The lactate concentration decreases as compared with the untreated controls. Muscular action potentials are recorded extracellularly with a concentric needle electrode from the musculus gastrocnemius of rats treated with 6-AN. First activations of the electromyograms are found 48 h after the application of 10 mg 6-AN/kg. The electrical activities increase during the time in which a progressive destruction of the interneurones occurs. The electromyogram displays a permanent state of excitation with high amplitudes and an increased frequency. The continuity and intensity of the increased activity recorded by the electromyograph is the most important pathological finding. p-Chlorophenyl-GABA and, still more so, chlorpromazine cause temporary reduction of the excitation processes and an electromyogram nearly at rest. Under the same conditions, haloperidol is only slightly effective. The symptoms developed by the chemical destruction of the interneurones of the spinal cord, with rigidity and spasticity of the hind limbs, are suitable for testing antispastic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:134293", "title": "Intravenous probenecid loading. Effects on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid probenecid levels and on monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid.", "content": "Probenecid blocks the active transport from cerebrospinal fluid to blood of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, thus increasing cerebrospinal fluid levels of these products of central monoamine metabolism. The half-life in plasma of probenecid given as a single intravenous infusion (40 mg per kilogram of body weight) to patients with either Huntington's chorea or Parkinson's disease averaged about 6.6 hours. In cerebrospinal fluid, peak values for homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid occurred in samples collected 8 hours after the 1-hour probenecid infusion was started. Even after 4 hours, however, levels of both monoamine metabolites were significantly increased. There was a positive correlation between cerebrospinal fluid levels of probenecid and the increase in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid but not homovanillic acid. Compared with the oral administration of probenecid, the intravenous infusion technique produced more consistent elevations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid probenecid levels, greater increases in cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid values, and fewer gastrointestinal side effects.", "contents": "Intravenous probenecid loading. Effects on plasma and cerebrospinal fluid probenecid levels and on monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid. Probenecid blocks the active transport from cerebrospinal fluid to blood of homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, thus increasing cerebrospinal fluid levels of these products of central monoamine metabolism. The half-life in plasma of probenecid given as a single intravenous infusion (40 mg per kilogram of body weight) to patients with either Huntington's chorea or Parkinson's disease averaged about 6.6 hours. In cerebrospinal fluid, peak values for homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid occurred in samples collected 8 hours after the 1-hour probenecid infusion was started. Even after 4 hours, however, levels of both monoamine metabolites were significantly increased. There was a positive correlation between cerebrospinal fluid levels of probenecid and the increase in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid but not homovanillic acid. Compared with the oral administration of probenecid, the intravenous infusion technique produced more consistent elevations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid probenecid levels, greater increases in cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid values, and fewer gastrointestinal side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:134294", "title": "Cardiomyopathy and short stature associated with mitochondrial and/or lipid storage myopathy of skeletal muscle.", "content": "The patient described in this report was an 11-year-old girl with a negligible heart murmur. The length was below 10th percentile. There appeared to be a cardiomyopathy with, at that moment, no signs of obstruction. There were no evident clinical symptoms of myopathy of skeletal muscle. However, electromyography was myopathic. Biochemical studies revealed no abnormalities. In muscle biopsy sections, the Sudan staining reactions revealed the presence of large amounts of sudanophilic droplets, predominantly in type I fibers. Electronmicroscopy demonstrated lipid excess and accumulations of enlarged, mostly rounded mitochondria in a subsarcolemmal location, with closely packed cristae. In many mitochondria a dense osmiophilic material was present in the spaces between the cristal membranes. The patient's parents were first cousins. One of her brothers who died at the age of 4 1/2 years presumably suffered from the same disease. The pattern of inheritance is most probably autosomal recessive.", "contents": "Cardiomyopathy and short stature associated with mitochondrial and/or lipid storage myopathy of skeletal muscle. The patient described in this report was an 11-year-old girl with a negligible heart murmur. The length was below 10th percentile. There appeared to be a cardiomyopathy with, at that moment, no signs of obstruction. There were no evident clinical symptoms of myopathy of skeletal muscle. However, electromyography was myopathic. Biochemical studies revealed no abnormalities. In muscle biopsy sections, the Sudan staining reactions revealed the presence of large amounts of sudanophilic droplets, predominantly in type I fibers. Electronmicroscopy demonstrated lipid excess and accumulations of enlarged, mostly rounded mitochondria in a subsarcolemmal location, with closely packed cristae. In many mitochondria a dense osmiophilic material was present in the spaces between the cristal membranes. The patient's parents were first cousins. One of her brothers who died at the age of 4 1/2 years presumably suffered from the same disease. The pattern of inheritance is most probably autosomal recessive."}
{"id": "PMID:134295", "title": "Intelligence structure and personality in various types of physical handicap in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "Intelligence structure and personality were assessed in a sample of 104 physically disabled children of normal intelligence (IQ is greater than or equal to 85). Findings were compared to those of healthy controls matched by age, sex, rank order and number of siblings and socioeconomic status. Physically handicapped children had lower scores in all subtests  of a multi-factorial intelligence test. Furthermore five different subgroups of physically disabled children could be discriminated along one factor marked by different variables of visual perception. Personality of the total group of handicapped children was different when compared to normal controls. This specific personality pattern may be labeled: lack of emotional integration into social environment without conflict. Various subgroups of physically handicapped children differed only little as far as personality is concerned.", "contents": "Intelligence structure and personality in various types of physical handicap in childhood and adolescence. Intelligence structure and personality were assessed in a sample of 104 physically disabled children of normal intelligence (IQ is greater than or equal to 85). Findings were compared to those of healthy controls matched by age, sex, rank order and number of siblings and socioeconomic status. Physically handicapped children had lower scores in all subtests  of a multi-factorial intelligence test. Furthermore five different subgroups of physically disabled children could be discriminated along one factor marked by different variables of visual perception. Personality of the total group of handicapped children was different when compared to normal controls. This specific personality pattern may be labeled: lack of emotional integration into social environment without conflict. Various subgroups of physically handicapped children differed only little as far as personality is concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:134336", "title": "[Diptera fauna from the nests of birds on the Volga-Kama State Preserve].", "content": "504 nests of 11 species of birds were examined in the Volga-Kama state reserve. 57,430 specimens of Diptera belonging to 19 species and 13 families were collected from the nests. The schemes of the life cycle of Diptera, nest-burrow parasites of birds (Carnus hemapterus Nitzsch, Stenepteryx hirundinis L., Protocalliphora azurea Fallen) are given and some moments of the ecology of nonparasitic species are illustrated.", "contents": "[Diptera fauna from the nests of birds on the Volga-Kama State Preserve]. 504 nests of 11 species of birds were examined in the Volga-Kama state reserve. 57,430 specimens of Diptera belonging to 19 species and 13 families were collected from the nests. The schemes of the life cycle of Diptera, nest-burrow parasites of birds (Carnus hemapterus Nitzsch, Stenepteryx hirundinis L., Protocalliphora azurea Fallen) are given and some moments of the ecology of nonparasitic species are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:134338", "title": "[Parasitism of larvae of the fly, Lucilia bufonivora, Moniez, 1876, on Anura].", "content": "In 1951 to 1973 there were recorded cases of myiasis in four species of Amphibia (Pelobates fuscus, Bufo bufo, B. viridis, Rana arvalis) from the Volga-Kama state reserve (the Tatar ASSR). In arid 1972 the number of Rana arvalis with myiasis reached to 20-25%. Observations were conducted on the development of Lucilia bufonivora from the egg laying to the host death and hatching of imago.", "contents": "[Parasitism of larvae of the fly, Lucilia bufonivora, Moniez, 1876, on Anura]. In 1951 to 1973 there were recorded cases of myiasis in four species of Amphibia (Pelobates fuscus, Bufo bufo, B. viridis, Rana arvalis) from the Volga-Kama state reserve (the Tatar ASSR). In arid 1972 the number of Rana arvalis with myiasis reached to 20-25%. Observations were conducted on the development of Lucilia bufonivora from the egg laying to the host death and hatching of imago."}
{"id": "PMID:134339", "title": "[Importance of ixodid ticks in the transmission and preservation of the causative agent of Crimean hemorrhagic fever in foci of the infection].", "content": "Experimental infection of Hyalomma plumbeum Panz., Rhipicephalus rossicus Jak. et K. Jak. and Dermacentor marginatus Sulz. with the virus of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever has shown that preimaginal phases of the above ticks easily receive an infection agent from the infected donor, preserve it for a long time, transmit it through a bite during feeding to susceptible animals; during metamorphosis they transmit this agent to the subsequent developmental phases as well as to the progeny of the infected individuals from one generation to another.", "contents": "[Importance of ixodid ticks in the transmission and preservation of the causative agent of Crimean hemorrhagic fever in foci of the infection]. Experimental infection of Hyalomma plumbeum Panz., Rhipicephalus rossicus Jak. et K. Jak. and Dermacentor marginatus Sulz. with the virus of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever has shown that preimaginal phases of the above ticks easily receive an infection agent from the infected donor, preserve it for a long time, transmit it through a bite during feeding to susceptible animals; during metamorphosis they transmit this agent to the subsequent developmental phases as well as to the progeny of the infected individuals from one generation to another."}
{"id": "PMID:134341", "title": "[Gladular formations in cercariae and the main trends in their evolution].", "content": "Hystological studies of glandular formations in 16 species of cercariae were carried out. Their secretion was found to contain acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides, mucins, mucoproteins and elastin. The classification of types of glands is specified. The glands can be of the following types: cystognic case forming, mucoid and glands of penetration. The glands performing uncertain functions and caudal ones are separated into a special group. On the basis of obtained data on the uniformity of chemical compounds of the secretion of glands belonging to different groups their common origin has been suggested. It has been shown that the main trends of the evolution of glandular formations in cercariae depends on the evolution of the life cycle of trematodes.", "contents": "[Gladular formations in cercariae and the main trends in their evolution]. Hystological studies of glandular formations in 16 species of cercariae were carried out. Their secretion was found to contain acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides, mucins, mucoproteins and elastin. The classification of types of glands is specified. The glands can be of the following types: cystognic case forming, mucoid and glands of penetration. The glands performing uncertain functions and caudal ones are separated into a special group. On the basis of obtained data on the uniformity of chemical compounds of the secretion of glands belonging to different groups their common origin has been suggested. It has been shown that the main trends of the evolution of glandular formations in cercariae depends on the evolution of the life cycle of trematodes."}
{"id": "PMID:134342", "title": "[Virulent properties of Leishmania tropica major strains isolated from sandflies in the subzone of the northern deserts].", "content": "On the territory of the Karakalpak ASSR the infection of sand flies Ph. papatasi, Ph. caucasicus, Ph. andrejevi and Ph. monogolensis with the agent L. tropica major ammounts, on the average, to 39.3%. The virulence of 88 investigated strains of Leishmania for white mice estimated by their infection and the duration of incubation was found to be different; one half of the strains had high, one third--average, and the other strains--low virulence.", "contents": "[Virulent properties of Leishmania tropica major strains isolated from sandflies in the subzone of the northern deserts]. On the territory of the Karakalpak ASSR the infection of sand flies Ph. papatasi, Ph. caucasicus, Ph. andrejevi and Ph. monogolensis with the agent L. tropica major ammounts, on the average, to 39.3%. The virulence of 88 investigated strains of Leishmania for white mice estimated by their infection and the duration of incubation was found to be different; one half of the strains had high, one third--average, and the other strains--low virulence."}
{"id": "PMID:134343", "title": "[Life cycle of Ixodes lividus Koch under the conditions in Leningrad Province].", "content": "Under conditions prevailing in the Leningrad region I. lividus has, in general, a one year life cycle. Having engorged on swallows overwintering larvae come off in burrows and in 24-26 days moult for nymphs. In a fortnight after 4-5 day feeding on nestlings the latter transform into imagos. After passing the stages of the postmoulting development (3-4 days), feeding on nestlings (5-7 days), rest (7-8 days) and oviposition (14-18 days) the females die. Larvae of a new generation appear in August-September. However, 2.8 to 6.5% of individuals in a population, due to late feeding of larvae or mortality of hosts, stop in their development at phases of imago and nymph and hibernate together with larvae. In an overwintering population they accounted for 3.4-5.0%.", "contents": "[Life cycle of Ixodes lividus Koch under the conditions in Leningrad Province]. Under conditions prevailing in the Leningrad region I. lividus has, in general, a one year life cycle. Having engorged on swallows overwintering larvae come off in burrows and in 24-26 days moult for nymphs. In a fortnight after 4-5 day feeding on nestlings the latter transform into imagos. After passing the stages of the postmoulting development (3-4 days), feeding on nestlings (5-7 days), rest (7-8 days) and oviposition (14-18 days) the females die. Larvae of a new generation appear in August-September. However, 2.8 to 6.5% of individuals in a population, due to late feeding of larvae or mortality of hosts, stop in their development at phases of imago and nymph and hibernate together with larvae. In an overwintering population they accounted for 3.4-5.0%."}
{"id": "PMID:134346", "title": "Aortic smooth muscle cells reaction in rat spontaneous hypertension.", "content": "Parallel morphometric, karyometric and ultrastructural studies of the aortic wall in Okamoto-Aoki rats with short term (3-6 months) and long-term (12-16 months) spontaneous hypertension have revealed a progressive thickening of the medial layer, which is associated with an increaase in the mean nuclear area of the arterial medial smooth muscles and reduction in their mean number per unit area. Electron microscopic studies have shown a multiplication of the intracellular components of aortic smooth muscle cells as a base for their enlargement, as well as small single foci of smooth muscle hyperplasia in the area of the innermost interlamellar space in parts of the aortic wall with intimal thickening. Results of these studies allow the conclusion, that hypertrophy is a reaction of arterial smooth muscle cells to an increased mechanical load in hypertension which, in turn, is responsible for the thickening of arterial with Hyperplasia - increase in smooth muscle cells' number in the media - played a subordinate role. The reaction of the aortic wall to elevate blood pressure is interpreted as a manifestation of the normally limited division capacity of smooth muscle cells in mammals, which does not allow an increase in its cellular components. The function of existing arterial smooth muscle smooth cells is enhanced, instead, by hyperplasia of their specific organelles and augmentation of their volume.", "contents": "Aortic smooth muscle cells reaction in rat spontaneous hypertension. Parallel morphometric, karyometric and ultrastructural studies of the aortic wall in Okamoto-Aoki rats with short term (3-6 months) and long-term (12-16 months) spontaneous hypertension have revealed a progressive thickening of the medial layer, which is associated with an increaase in the mean nuclear area of the arterial medial smooth muscles and reduction in their mean number per unit area. Electron microscopic studies have shown a multiplication of the intracellular components of aortic smooth muscle cells as a base for their enlargement, as well as small single foci of smooth muscle hyperplasia in the area of the innermost interlamellar space in parts of the aortic wall with intimal thickening. Results of these studies allow the conclusion, that hypertrophy is a reaction of arterial smooth muscle cells to an increased mechanical load in hypertension which, in turn, is responsible for the thickening of arterial with Hyperplasia - increase in smooth muscle cells' number in the media - played a subordinate role. The reaction of the aortic wall to elevate blood pressure is interpreted as a manifestation of the normally limited division capacity of smooth muscle cells in mammals, which does not allow an increase in its cellular components. The function of existing arterial smooth muscle smooth cells is enhanced, instead, by hyperplasia of their specific organelles and augmentation of their volume."}
{"id": "PMID:134344", "title": "[Fungus, Metarrhizium anisopliae, as a possible regulator of the number of horseflies].", "content": "In water bodies of the flood-plains of the Ili and Turgen rivers (Alma-Ata district) there were found larvae of Tabanus autumnalis infected with the fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae. Experiments on the infection of T. autumnalis with this fungus yielded 100% mortality of larvae and adult insects. The possibility of creation of an artificial infection nidus under natural conditions was established.", "contents": "[Fungus, Metarrhizium anisopliae, as a possible regulator of the number of horseflies]. In water bodies of the flood-plains of the Ili and Turgen rivers (Alma-Ata district) there were found larvae of Tabanus autumnalis infected with the fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae. Experiments on the infection of T. autumnalis with this fungus yielded 100% mortality of larvae and adult insects. The possibility of creation of an artificial infection nidus under natural conditions was established."}
{"id": "PMID:134348", "title": "In vitro contractility of the hypertrophied right ventricle of rats with pulmonary hypertension due to confinement in \"hypoxic cages\".", "content": "Four weeks' confinement of rats in individual airtight cages with walls of defined permeability for respiratory gases induced hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. Parameters of isometric contractility of strips of hypertrophied right myocardium did not show significant changes when compared with the parameters of the inotropic state of slices of normal right ventricle.", "contents": "In vitro contractility of the hypertrophied right ventricle of rats with pulmonary hypertension due to confinement in \"hypoxic cages\". Four weeks' confinement of rats in individual airtight cages with walls of defined permeability for respiratory gases induced hypoxic pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy. Parameters of isometric contractility of strips of hypertrophied right myocardium did not show significant changes when compared with the parameters of the inotropic state of slices of normal right ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:134349", "title": "Measurement of Na K ATPase activity in segments of proximal tubules from superficial and juxtamedullary rat nephrons during antidiuresis.", "content": "The role of active sodium transport in the partes rectae of subcortical and juxtamedullary proximal nephrons has not yet been established. Recent knowledge of the histotopographical positions of both types of pars recta has now enabled them to be accurately distinguished and isolated from freeze-dried sections. Na K ATPase activity was measured in single dissected tubular segments by an ultramicro method. No significant difference in Na K ATPase activity in the partes rectae from subcortical and juxtamedullary nephrons could be detected.", "contents": "Measurement of Na K ATPase activity in segments of proximal tubules from superficial and juxtamedullary rat nephrons during antidiuresis. The role of active sodium transport in the partes rectae of subcortical and juxtamedullary proximal nephrons has not yet been established. Recent knowledge of the histotopographical positions of both types of pars recta has now enabled them to be accurately distinguished and isolated from freeze-dried sections. Na K ATPase activity was measured in single dissected tubular segments by an ultramicro method. No significant difference in Na K ATPase activity in the partes rectae from subcortical and juxtamedullary nephrons could be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:134350", "title": "Structural and enzymatic properties of cardiac myosin in ischaemic and non-ischaemic regions of the rat myocardium.", "content": "In rats with ligation of the left coronary artery changes in ATPase activity and structure of cardiac myosin in both ischaemic and non-ischaemic zones of the myocardium were followed. In control animals, ATPase activity and the structure of the myosin molecule in right and left ventricles did not differ. Non-specific factors, such as anaesthesia and thoracotomy, can result in a decrease or an increase in ATPase activity respectively. One hour after ligation of the left coronary artery ATPase activity increased in the right, non-ischaemic myocardium and there was a significant right-to-left difference. Four hours after ligation, ATPase activity in both ventricles significantly decreased and the right-left difference disappeared. Within 48 h, normal values were found only in the non-ischaemic right ventricle. Ligation of the left coronary artery results after 48 h in the formation of structural alterations in cardiac myosin, primarily in the left, ischaemic myocardium. These changes are characterised by the formation of myosin aggregates, which have a significantly lower ATPase activity in comparison with monomeric myosin.", "contents": "Structural and enzymatic properties of cardiac myosin in ischaemic and non-ischaemic regions of the rat myocardium. In rats with ligation of the left coronary artery changes in ATPase activity and structure of cardiac myosin in both ischaemic and non-ischaemic zones of the myocardium were followed. In control animals, ATPase activity and the structure of the myosin molecule in right and left ventricles did not differ. Non-specific factors, such as anaesthesia and thoracotomy, can result in a decrease or an increase in ATPase activity respectively. One hour after ligation of the left coronary artery ATPase activity increased in the right, non-ischaemic myocardium and there was a significant right-to-left difference. Four hours after ligation, ATPase activity in both ventricles significantly decreased and the right-left difference disappeared. Within 48 h, normal values were found only in the non-ischaemic right ventricle. Ligation of the left coronary artery results after 48 h in the formation of structural alterations in cardiac myosin, primarily in the left, ischaemic myocardium. These changes are characterised by the formation of myosin aggregates, which have a significantly lower ATPase activity in comparison with monomeric myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:134351", "title": "Ventilatory response to CO2 at rest and during positive and negative work in normoxia and hyperoxia.", "content": "Ventilation versus alveolar PCO2 relationships were determined by the steady-state method in 6 normal male subjects at rest and during positive and negative work at one load in both normoxic and hyperoxic condition. In 5 subjects the slopes of the VE-PACO2 lines during positive and negative work increased in normoxia as compared with rest. This effect was less evident in hyperoxia. It was also found that the slopes of the VE-PACO2 lines in positive and in negative work were about the same in both normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. Oxygen uptake and CO2 production during positive work is higher than during negative work. These results suggest that: 1) the disagreement between various authors on the change of the slope of the VE-PACO2 line may be due to the differences in the method of calculation of the slope or the method of the determination of VE-PACO2 lines; 2) the stimuli from the muscle spindles in the working muscle during exercise probably do not contribute to the increase in ventilatory response to CO2; 3) the increased slope of the normoxic VE-PACO2 line during exercise may be due to the interaction of several factors such as impulses from working muscles, chemosensitivity of central or peripheral chemoreceptors, adrenal-sympathetic pathways or temperature; 4) respiratory oscilations of PAO2 or PACO2 do not seem to influence the respiratory response to CO2.", "contents": "Ventilatory response to CO2 at rest and during positive and negative work in normoxia and hyperoxia. Ventilation versus alveolar PCO2 relationships were determined by the steady-state method in 6 normal male subjects at rest and during positive and negative work at one load in both normoxic and hyperoxic condition. In 5 subjects the slopes of the VE-PACO2 lines during positive and negative work increased in normoxia as compared with rest. This effect was less evident in hyperoxia. It was also found that the slopes of the VE-PACO2 lines in positive and in negative work were about the same in both normoxic and hyperoxic conditions. Oxygen uptake and CO2 production during positive work is higher than during negative work. These results suggest that: 1) the disagreement between various authors on the change of the slope of the VE-PACO2 line may be due to the differences in the method of calculation of the slope or the method of the determination of VE-PACO2 lines; 2) the stimuli from the muscle spindles in the working muscle during exercise probably do not contribute to the increase in ventilatory response to CO2; 3) the increased slope of the normoxic VE-PACO2 line during exercise may be due to the interaction of several factors such as impulses from working muscles, chemosensitivity of central or peripheral chemoreceptors, adrenal-sympathetic pathways or temperature; 4) respiratory oscilations of PAO2 or PACO2 do not seem to influence the respiratory response to CO2."}
{"id": "PMID:134352", "title": "Time dependent effects on contractile properties, fibre population, myosin light chains and enzymes of energy metabolism in intermittently and continuously stimulated fast twitch muscles of the rabbit.", "content": "Fast-twitch tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus rabbit muscles were subjected to long-term intermittent (8 h daily) or continuous (24 h daily) indirect stimulation with a frequency pattern resembling that of a slow motoneuron. Increases in time to peak of isometric twitch contraction were observed without parallel changes in the pattern of myosin light chains or alterations in the distribution of slow and fast fibres as discernible by the histochemical ATPase reaction. However, changes in the fibre population and in the myosin light chain pattern were observed after intermittent stimulation periods exceeding 40 days or continuous stimulation periods longer than 20 days. Under these conditions even higher increases were found in contraction time. In one animal a complete change in fbire population was observed. In this case myosin light chains of the slow (LCS1, LCS2) and of the fast type (LCf1) were obviously synthetized simultaneously within the same fibre. Early changes in the enzyme activity pattern of energy metabolism indicated a conversion of the fibres including their mitochondrial population. These changes and the earlier reported changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum are probably responsible for the early changes in contractile properties which occur before the transformation of the myosin.", "contents": "Time dependent effects on contractile properties, fibre population, myosin light chains and enzymes of energy metabolism in intermittently and continuously stimulated fast twitch muscles of the rabbit. Fast-twitch tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus rabbit muscles were subjected to long-term intermittent (8 h daily) or continuous (24 h daily) indirect stimulation with a frequency pattern resembling that of a slow motoneuron. Increases in time to peak of isometric twitch contraction were observed without parallel changes in the pattern of myosin light chains or alterations in the distribution of slow and fast fibres as discernible by the histochemical ATPase reaction. However, changes in the fibre population and in the myosin light chain pattern were observed after intermittent stimulation periods exceeding 40 days or continuous stimulation periods longer than 20 days. Under these conditions even higher increases were found in contraction time. In one animal a complete change in fbire population was observed. In this case myosin light chains of the slow (LCS1, LCS2) and of the fast type (LCf1) were obviously synthetized simultaneously within the same fibre. Early changes in the enzyme activity pattern of energy metabolism indicated a conversion of the fibres including their mitochondrial population. These changes and the earlier reported changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum are probably responsible for the early changes in contractile properties which occur before the transformation of the myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:134353", "title": "Different changes in contractile and histochemical properties of reinnervated and regenerated slow soleus muslces of the guinea-pig.", "content": "The changes in contraction time (CT) and histochemical muscle fibre pattern are compared with respect to ATPase activity of the slow soleus muscle of the guniea-pig during regeneration in free grafts and reinnervation after nerve interruption. Interruption of the nerve by crushing at birth results first in prolongation of CT which later returns to normal (control) values. A homogeneous fibre pattern is established related to the homogeneity of the motor units constituting the muscle. In the regenerating muscle CT and muscle fibre pattern of the graft repeat the changes during postnatal development, i.e. CT shows progressive prolongation accompanied by transformation of a heterogeneous (fibres of high and low ATPase activity) to a homogeneous (fibres of low activity only) fibre pattern. However, the regenerating muscle also shows an initial phase with slow CT. Thus the changes in reinnervation and regeneration of the muscle after birth differ, the reinnervated muscle revealing only prolongation, the regenerated muscle a temporary shortening followed by prolongation, i.e. a biphasic development of CT.", "contents": "Different changes in contractile and histochemical properties of reinnervated and regenerated slow soleus muslces of the guinea-pig. The changes in contraction time (CT) and histochemical muscle fibre pattern are compared with respect to ATPase activity of the slow soleus muscle of the guniea-pig during regeneration in free grafts and reinnervation after nerve interruption. Interruption of the nerve by crushing at birth results first in prolongation of CT which later returns to normal (control) values. A homogeneous fibre pattern is established related to the homogeneity of the motor units constituting the muscle. In the regenerating muscle CT and muscle fibre pattern of the graft repeat the changes during postnatal development, i.e. CT shows progressive prolongation accompanied by transformation of a heterogeneous (fibres of high and low ATPase activity) to a homogeneous (fibres of low activity only) fibre pattern. However, the regenerating muscle also shows an initial phase with slow CT. Thus the changes in reinnervation and regeneration of the muscle after birth differ, the reinnervated muscle revealing only prolongation, the regenerated muscle a temporary shortening followed by prolongation, i.e. a biphasic development of CT."}
{"id": "PMID:134354", "title": "Enzymatic changes in hypertrophied fast-twitch skeletal muscle.", "content": "Fast-twitch plantaris muscles of female rats were subjected to unilateral compensatory overload, induced by partial excision of synergistic muscles. One group of rats remained sedentary whereas another was subjected to a supplemental program of treadmill exercise consisting of walking 3 m/min, 65% grade, 2 h/day, 5 days/week. Groups of rats were sacrificed after 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks and their muscles were weighed and analyzed for protein, citrate synthase, phosphofructokinase (PFK) and myofibril ATPase. Absolute and relative (muscle weight/body weight) muscle weights were much greater in both overloaded groups as compared to contralateral controls. However, treadmill exercise also increased the absolute and relative muscle mass of control plantaris muscles in the exercising group as compared tonormal sedentary contralateral controls. Citrate synthase activity was decreased in overloaded, sedentary muscles as compared to contralateral controls, but after 8 weeks of exercise, it returned to normal levels. PFK was decreased in both sedentary and exercised overloaded muscles throughout the 8 week period. Myofibril ATPase showed a tendency to be reduced in sedentary, overloaded muscles, and was significantly reduced in overloaded, exercising muscles. These results collectively suggest that certain fibers of overloaded fast-patterns take on similar in certain aspects to that normally seen in differentiated slow-twitch muscle fibers.", "contents": "Enzymatic changes in hypertrophied fast-twitch skeletal muscle. Fast-twitch plantaris muscles of female rats were subjected to unilateral compensatory overload, induced by partial excision of synergistic muscles. One group of rats remained sedentary whereas another was subjected to a supplemental program of treadmill exercise consisting of walking 3 m/min, 65% grade, 2 h/day, 5 days/week. Groups of rats were sacrificed after 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks and their muscles were weighed and analyzed for protein, citrate synthase, phosphofructokinase (PFK) and myofibril ATPase. Absolute and relative (muscle weight/body weight) muscle weights were much greater in both overloaded groups as compared to contralateral controls. However, treadmill exercise also increased the absolute and relative muscle mass of control plantaris muscles in the exercising group as compared tonormal sedentary contralateral controls. Citrate synthase activity was decreased in overloaded, sedentary muscles as compared to contralateral controls, but after 8 weeks of exercise, it returned to normal levels. PFK was decreased in both sedentary and exercised overloaded muscles throughout the 8 week period. Myofibril ATPase showed a tendency to be reduced in sedentary, overloaded muscles, and was significantly reduced in overloaded, exercising muscles. These results collectively suggest that certain fibers of overloaded fast-patterns take on similar in certain aspects to that normally seen in differentiated slow-twitch muscle fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:134359", "title": "Effect of dehydration on the healing of experimental corneal ulcer.", "content": "A 10% solution of glycerol was used for dehydration of the cornea in the course of its experimental ulcer in 24 rabbits. Biomicroscopical, pathological and histochemical observations were carried out. It was shown that dehydration favorably influences the course of healing of corneal ulcer. An earlier return by the reaction for corneal acid mucopolysaccharides with a control cornea was also observed after application of glycerol.", "contents": "Effect of dehydration on the healing of experimental corneal ulcer. A 10% solution of glycerol was used for dehydration of the cornea in the course of its experimental ulcer in 24 rabbits. Biomicroscopical, pathological and histochemical observations were carried out. It was shown that dehydration favorably influences the course of healing of corneal ulcer. An earlier return by the reaction for corneal acid mucopolysaccharides with a control cornea was also observed after application of glycerol."}
{"id": "PMID:134373", "title": "Myosin-mediated Ca++-regulation of actomyosin-adenosinetriphosphatase from porcine aorta.", "content": "The nature of the Ca++-sensitive regulatory system for contraction of vascular smooth muscle is considered in detail. Smooth muscle actomyosin prepared from the medial layer of porcine aorta is analyzed chemically and its ATPase (adenosinetriphosphatase, EC 3.6.1.14) activities are investigated. The Mg++-ATPase of this vascular actomyosin is sensitive to the concentration of calcium in the range from 0.1 mM to 10 nM. The calcium sensitivity is maintained in the presence of excess pure actin from skeletal muscle and is abolished in the presence of pure skeletal myosin. It is concluded that the regulatory properties of this natural actomyosin from smooth muscle are in the myosin portion of the protein complex and are not bound to actin-tropomyosin as in skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Myosin-mediated Ca++-regulation of actomyosin-adenosinetriphosphatase from porcine aorta. The nature of the Ca++-sensitive regulatory system for contraction of vascular smooth muscle is considered in detail. Smooth muscle actomyosin prepared from the medial layer of porcine aorta is analyzed chemically and its ATPase (adenosinetriphosphatase, EC 3.6.1.14) activities are investigated. The Mg++-ATPase of this vascular actomyosin is sensitive to the concentration of calcium in the range from 0.1 mM to 10 nM. The calcium sensitivity is maintained in the presence of excess pure actin from skeletal muscle and is abolished in the presence of pure skeletal myosin. It is concluded that the regulatory properties of this natural actomyosin from smooth muscle are in the myosin portion of the protein complex and are not bound to actin-tropomyosin as in skeletal muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:134374", "title": "ATP binding to a protease-resistant core of actin.", "content": "Actin can be cleaved by trypsin or chymotrypsin into a large, autonomous fragment with approximately 80% of the mass of the undegraded polypeptide. The protease-resistant cores obtained with either enzyme are very similar. Although the fragment does not bind calcium ions and fails to polymerize to the filamentous form of actin or to stimulate myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity, it retains the full capacity to bind ATP. This observation suggests that it represents an independent functional unit. Cleavage of globular actin with either trypsin or chymotrypsin occurs with half-times of 3 min, while that of filamentous actin proceeds with reaction half-times of 20 min for trypsin and nearly 2 hr for chymotrypsin. Denaturation and renaturation of the trypsin-resistant core shows that approximately 20% of the molecules refold to functional forms which indicates that the fragment can be considered as an independent unit of folding as well.", "contents": "ATP binding to a protease-resistant core of actin. Actin can be cleaved by trypsin or chymotrypsin into a large, autonomous fragment with approximately 80% of the mass of the undegraded polypeptide. The protease-resistant cores obtained with either enzyme are very similar. Although the fragment does not bind calcium ions and fails to polymerize to the filamentous form of actin or to stimulate myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity, it retains the full capacity to bind ATP. This observation suggests that it represents an independent functional unit. Cleavage of globular actin with either trypsin or chymotrypsin occurs with half-times of 3 min, while that of filamentous actin proceeds with reaction half-times of 20 min for trypsin and nearly 2 hr for chymotrypsin. Denaturation and renaturation of the trypsin-resistant core shows that approximately 20% of the molecules refold to functional forms which indicates that the fragment can be considered as an independent unit of folding as well."}
{"id": "PMID:134381", "title": "Effects of tetrahydropapaveroline on dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in rat brain in vivo.", "content": "HVA and 5-HIAA levels have been assayed in the rat brain at different time intervals after acute or chronic i.p. administration of tetrahydropapaveroline (THP), 8 and 60 mg/kg. In addition, the influence of THP pretreatment on the L-dopa-induced HVA increase in the rat brain as well as the PCPA-induced 5-HIAA decrease have been studied. The results support the possibility that THP may displace brain monoamines in vivo. This property of THP may be related to certain side effects of L-dopa long-term therapy in parkinsonism.", "contents": "Effects of tetrahydropapaveroline on dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in rat brain in vivo. HVA and 5-HIAA levels have been assayed in the rat brain at different time intervals after acute or chronic i.p. administration of tetrahydropapaveroline (THP), 8 and 60 mg/kg. In addition, the influence of THP pretreatment on the L-dopa-induced HVA increase in the rat brain as well as the PCPA-induced 5-HIAA decrease have been studied. The results support the possibility that THP may displace brain monoamines in vivo. This property of THP may be related to certain side effects of L-dopa long-term therapy in parkinsonism."}
{"id": "PMID:134382", "title": "Calcium exchangeable fraction of sarcoplasmic reticulum in hypertrophic dog heart.", "content": "Cardiac hypertrophy in weaning beagle dogs was obtained by a loose aortic banding with a 10-mm Dacron-Teflon band, positioned 1 cm distal from the aortic valve 9 months later all animals developed left ventricular hypertrophy without signs of heart failure. Sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins as well as their calcium-exchanging properties were measured in hypertrophic heart and in those from sham-operated control animals. The calcium exchangeable fraction for hypertrophic heart was found to the higher than for controls, while sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins obtained from hypertrophic hearts were lower than those obtained from control animals. It is probable that the increase in the calcium exchangeable fraction could represent a mechanism of compensation in an early stage of the development of the hypertrophic heart whose sarcoplasmic reticulum fraction is not adequately developed.", "contents": "Calcium exchangeable fraction of sarcoplasmic reticulum in hypertrophic dog heart. Cardiac hypertrophy in weaning beagle dogs was obtained by a loose aortic banding with a 10-mm Dacron-Teflon band, positioned 1 cm distal from the aortic valve 9 months later all animals developed left ventricular hypertrophy without signs of heart failure. Sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins as well as their calcium-exchanging properties were measured in hypertrophic heart and in those from sham-operated control animals. The calcium exchangeable fraction for hypertrophic heart was found to the higher than for controls, while sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins obtained from hypertrophic hearts were lower than those obtained from control animals. It is probable that the increase in the calcium exchangeable fraction could represent a mechanism of compensation in an early stage of the development of the hypertrophic heart whose sarcoplasmic reticulum fraction is not adequately developed."}
{"id": "PMID:134383", "title": "Barrier free access; right or privilege.", "content": "Physically handicapped individuals and the elderly have for too long been denied access to public facilities and transportation systems. Barrier free access is a fundamental guarantee necessary for all handicapped and elderly if they are to become and remain contributing members of our society. A review is provided of legislation, constitutional theories, and current litigation within the context of providing a barrier free environment.", "contents": "Barrier free access; right or privilege. Physically handicapped individuals and the elderly have for too long been denied access to public facilities and transportation systems. Barrier free access is a fundamental guarantee necessary for all handicapped and elderly if they are to become and remain contributing members of our society. A review is provided of legislation, constitutional theories, and current litigation within the context of providing a barrier free environment."}
{"id": "PMID:134386", "title": "Successful treatment of acute vascular insufficiency in a hand by intra-arterial fibrinolysin, heparin, and reserpine. Case report.", "content": "A patient is presented who presumably had multiple drugs injected intra-arterially in the right hand. Clinical signs and angiographic evidence of severe vascular insufficiency were well demonstrated. Therapy with fibrinolysin, reserpine, and heparin was followed by a return of normal circulation.", "contents": "Successful treatment of acute vascular insufficiency in a hand by intra-arterial fibrinolysin, heparin, and reserpine. Case report. A patient is presented who presumably had multiple drugs injected intra-arterially in the right hand. Clinical signs and angiographic evidence of severe vascular insufficiency were well demonstrated. Therapy with fibrinolysin, reserpine, and heparin was followed by a return of normal circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:134387", "title": "Differential effects of para-chlorophenylalanine on self-stimulation in caudate-putamen and lateral hypothalamus.", "content": "Rats were prepared with chronic bipolar electrodes aimed at either the caudate-putamen or lateral hypothalamus and those displaying consistent self-stimulation were given additional training at half-maximal current intensities. All subjects received an intragastric injection of para-chlorophenylalanine (400 mg/kg) and self-stimulation tests continued until pre-injection rates were re-established. Responding in both brain areas was suppressed 24 h after drug treatment. The next day, self-stimulation rates in the hypothalamus increased to 115% of pre-drug levels reaching a level of 180% by the third day of post-drug testing. In contrast, self-stimulation of sites in the neostriatum continued to decline, with minimal levels reaching 48% of control on the fourth post-drug day. Self-stimulation rates in both groups had returned to control levels by post-drug day 6. These data indicate that the role of serotonergic mechanisms in brain stimulation is locus specific, and that the specific nature of this role may be determined by interaction with other neurochemical systems. The possible interaction between dopaminergic and serotinergic mechanisms in the neostriatum is discussed as a model of self-stimulation in this region of the brain.", "contents": "Differential effects of para-chlorophenylalanine on self-stimulation in caudate-putamen and lateral hypothalamus. Rats were prepared with chronic bipolar electrodes aimed at either the caudate-putamen or lateral hypothalamus and those displaying consistent self-stimulation were given additional training at half-maximal current intensities. All subjects received an intragastric injection of para-chlorophenylalanine (400 mg/kg) and self-stimulation tests continued until pre-injection rates were re-established. Responding in both brain areas was suppressed 24 h after drug treatment. The next day, self-stimulation rates in the hypothalamus increased to 115% of pre-drug levels reaching a level of 180% by the third day of post-drug testing. In contrast, self-stimulation of sites in the neostriatum continued to decline, with minimal levels reaching 48% of control on the fourth post-drug day. Self-stimulation rates in both groups had returned to control levels by post-drug day 6. These data indicate that the role of serotonergic mechanisms in brain stimulation is locus specific, and that the specific nature of this role may be determined by interaction with other neurochemical systems. The possible interaction between dopaminergic and serotinergic mechanisms in the neostriatum is discussed as a model of self-stimulation in this region of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:134388", "title": "The effect of increased brain GABA produced by amino-oxyacetic acid on arousal in rats.", "content": "Previous work has reported behavioral arousal in the rat to be inversely related to cortical GABA production. Therefore the effects of an increase in brain GABA levels, induced by amino-oxyacetic acid, on measures of behavioural arousal such as rearing and ambulation were examined. The increase in GABA was immediately associated with decreased rearing, however the behaviour was later indistinguishable from control values while the levels of brain GABA remained raised. It was suggested that the return to normal behaviour that occurred while brain GABA levels were increased, reflected an interaction between excitatory and inhibitory systems, and that a compensation had occurred to return the balance to normal. The pre-treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, known to deplete brain noradrenaline and dopamine, prevented the characteristic return of normal behaviour that followed the injection of amino-oxyacetic acid. This data is consistent with GABA and noradrenaline or dopamine-mediated systems interacting in the control of behavioural arousal. The depletion of serotonin with p-chloro-phenylalanine did not prevent the characteristic recovery of behaviour that followed the injection of amino-oxyacetic acid.", "contents": "The effect of increased brain GABA produced by amino-oxyacetic acid on arousal in rats. Previous work has reported behavioral arousal in the rat to be inversely related to cortical GABA production. Therefore the effects of an increase in brain GABA levels, induced by amino-oxyacetic acid, on measures of behavioural arousal such as rearing and ambulation were examined. The increase in GABA was immediately associated with decreased rearing, however the behaviour was later indistinguishable from control values while the levels of brain GABA remained raised. It was suggested that the return to normal behaviour that occurred while brain GABA levels were increased, reflected an interaction between excitatory and inhibitory systems, and that a compensation had occurred to return the balance to normal. The pre-treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, known to deplete brain noradrenaline and dopamine, prevented the characteristic return of normal behaviour that followed the injection of amino-oxyacetic acid. This data is consistent with GABA and noradrenaline or dopamine-mediated systems interacting in the control of behavioural arousal. The depletion of serotonin with p-chloro-phenylalanine did not prevent the characteristic recovery of behaviour that followed the injection of amino-oxyacetic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:134389", "title": "The response of fast and slow nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres in isolated cat muscle spindles to fusimotor stimulation, and the effect of intrafusal contraction on the sensory endings.", "content": "1. The mechanical behaviour of intrafusal muscle fibres during fusimotor stimulation and passive stretch was observed directly in muscle spindles isolated from the cat tenuissimus muscle. 2. Mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres are of three functional types. Most spindles contain one slow nuclear bag fibre, one fast nuclear bag fibre, and four or five nuclear chain fibres. 3. Contraction in slow nuclear bag fibres is characterized by a long latency and very slow initial velocity, whereas the latency for the other intrafusal fibres is short and the inital velocity rapid. The mean time for maximum contraction (at 75 Hz to 100 Hz) and relaxation is significantly longer for slow nuclear bag fibres (0-8s) than for other intrafusal fibres (0-5 s). The contraction time of fast nuclear bag fibres is sometimes longer than that of nuclear chain fibres but the mean values are not significantly different; a difference in the time to attain 90% contraction is more obvious. 4. At low stimulation frequencies (10 Hz) contraction in slow nuclear bag fibres and in most fast nuclear bag fibres is smooth whereas nuclear chain fibres exhibit marked oscillations. Single stimuli elicit small local twitches in nuclear chain fibres and occasionally in fast nuclear bag fibres but produce no visible effect in slow nuclear bag fibres. 5. Maximum contraction of slow and fast nuclear bag fibres at body temperature is attained at a stimulation frequency of 75 Hz to 100 Hz, whereas a frequency of 150 Hz or more is required for maximum contraction of nuclear chain fibres. At 50 Hz at body temperature contraction in nuclear bag fibres is at least half the maximum, whereas in many spindles nuclear chain fibres show only a very small contraction at this frequency. 6. Contraction in slow nuclear bag fibres occurs at one or two discrete foci, most of which lie in the intracapsular region beyond the end of the fluid space. Weak contraction extends the primary sensory spiral by a small amount (2%-8%) at a low velocity (5%-10%s-1). When the fibre is passively stretched the spiral opens and then creeps back to about 75% of the extension at the end of the stretch due to yielding in the poles of fibre; creep is complete in 0-5s to 2-5s. 7. Contraction in fast nuclear bag fibres also occurs at one or two discrete foci, most of which lie in the intracapsular region beyond the end of the fluid space. Shortening of sarcomeres at the foci and extension of the sensory spiral are, however, up to eight times greater (up to 25%) than in slow nuclear bag fibres, and the velocity of stretch of the spiral is three to eight times greater (25%-40%s-1). Fast nuclear bag fibres exhibit little or no creep following passive stretch. 8. Contraction in the nuclear chain fibre bundle is localized to the intracapsular region, centered on a point in the intracapsular region between 0-9 mm and 1-6 mm from the spindle equator. Maximal contraction stretches primary and secondary sensory endings by 15% to 20%, at 30% to 40% s-1...", "contents": "The response of fast and slow nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres in isolated cat muscle spindles to fusimotor stimulation, and the effect of intrafusal contraction on the sensory endings. 1. The mechanical behaviour of intrafusal muscle fibres during fusimotor stimulation and passive stretch was observed directly in muscle spindles isolated from the cat tenuissimus muscle. 2. Mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres are of three functional types. Most spindles contain one slow nuclear bag fibre, one fast nuclear bag fibre, and four or five nuclear chain fibres. 3. Contraction in slow nuclear bag fibres is characterized by a long latency and very slow initial velocity, whereas the latency for the other intrafusal fibres is short and the inital velocity rapid. The mean time for maximum contraction (at 75 Hz to 100 Hz) and relaxation is significantly longer for slow nuclear bag fibres (0-8s) than for other intrafusal fibres (0-5 s). The contraction time of fast nuclear bag fibres is sometimes longer than that of nuclear chain fibres but the mean values are not significantly different; a difference in the time to attain 90% contraction is more obvious. 4. At low stimulation frequencies (10 Hz) contraction in slow nuclear bag fibres and in most fast nuclear bag fibres is smooth whereas nuclear chain fibres exhibit marked oscillations. Single stimuli elicit small local twitches in nuclear chain fibres and occasionally in fast nuclear bag fibres but produce no visible effect in slow nuclear bag fibres. 5. Maximum contraction of slow and fast nuclear bag fibres at body temperature is attained at a stimulation frequency of 75 Hz to 100 Hz, whereas a frequency of 150 Hz or more is required for maximum contraction of nuclear chain fibres. At 50 Hz at body temperature contraction in nuclear bag fibres is at least half the maximum, whereas in many spindles nuclear chain fibres show only a very small contraction at this frequency. 6. Contraction in slow nuclear bag fibres occurs at one or two discrete foci, most of which lie in the intracapsular region beyond the end of the fluid space. Weak contraction extends the primary sensory spiral by a small amount (2%-8%) at a low velocity (5%-10%s-1). When the fibre is passively stretched the spiral opens and then creeps back to about 75% of the extension at the end of the stretch due to yielding in the poles of fibre; creep is complete in 0-5s to 2-5s. 7. Contraction in fast nuclear bag fibres also occurs at one or two discrete foci, most of which lie in the intracapsular region beyond the end of the fluid space. Shortening of sarcomeres at the foci and extension of the sensory spiral are, however, up to eight times greater (up to 25%) than in slow nuclear bag fibres, and the velocity of stretch of the spiral is three to eight times greater (25%-40%s-1). Fast nuclear bag fibres exhibit little or no creep following passive stretch. 8. Contraction in the nuclear chain fibre bundle is localized to the intracapsular region, centered on a point in the intracapsular region between 0-9 mm and 1-6 mm from the spindle equator. Maximal contraction stretches primary and secondary sensory endings by 15% to 20%, at 30% to 40% s-1..."}
{"id": "PMID:134390", "title": "Response of membrane-bound ATPase of Micrococcus luteus to heat and ultraviolet light.", "content": "It is shown that the properties of ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of Micrococcus luteus depend only to some extent on the state of the membrane to which it is attached. Its interaction with the membrane appears to be largely controlled by polar forces. It is shown, however, that the UV-sensitivity of the membrane-bound ATPase is also significantly influenced by the state of membrane lipids.", "contents": "Response of membrane-bound ATPase of Micrococcus luteus to heat and ultraviolet light. It is shown that the properties of ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of Micrococcus luteus depend only to some extent on the state of the membrane to which it is attached. Its interaction with the membrane appears to be largely controlled by polar forces. It is shown, however, that the UV-sensitivity of the membrane-bound ATPase is also significantly influenced by the state of membrane lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:134391", "title": "Changes in the structuredness of cytoplasmic matrix (SCM) induced in mixed lymphocyte interactions.", "content": "Mixed lymphocyte interactions were used to trigger lymphocytes into the cell cycle. The results show that changes in the biophysical state of the cytoplasmic matrix, i.e. in the SCM, are an early indicator of the onset of progression of cells into the cell cycle.", "contents": "Changes in the structuredness of cytoplasmic matrix (SCM) induced in mixed lymphocyte interactions. Mixed lymphocyte interactions were used to trigger lymphocytes into the cell cycle. The results show that changes in the biophysical state of the cytoplasmic matrix, i.e. in the SCM, are an early indicator of the onset of progression of cells into the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:134395", "title": "[Postoperative disease].", "content": "Post-operative disease, which is well known clinically, is characterised in the laboratory and metabolically by a succession of two stages=an initial short stage, lasting a few days, marked by intensive catabolism and, after a change, there is a second phase, much longer, lasting several weeks, anabolic in nature, during which are reconstituted the reserves lost during the first phase. The mechanism of post-operative disease enters into the general field of post-aggressive reaction bringing into play an adrenocorticoid process. But a whole series of factors, included in the agression without neuro-endocrine background, cause diffuse metabolic disturbances in the organism with their own appearance of severity. Occurring at the same time as the operation, they may also occur in the pre and postoperative periods. In order to minimise and shorten the post-operative disease, it is important to combat as far as possible, these different specific factors by good preparation, correct anesthetic and surgical techniques and the prevention and treatment of complications. One should also pay attention to nutritional problems. When, before operation, patients are particularly under-nourished, or when, after operation, muscle wasting lasts abnormally owing to the temporary incapacity of the digestive tract to fulfil its role, or when catabolism takes on a dangerous appearance owing to the magnitude of the surgical aggression, or the onset of a complication, such as suppuration, it is essential to administer a high calory diet, either by venous catheter in a large vein, or, by continuous administration through a gastric catheter and using the nutripump.", "contents": "[Postoperative disease]. Post-operative disease, which is well known clinically, is characterised in the laboratory and metabolically by a succession of two stages=an initial short stage, lasting a few days, marked by intensive catabolism and, after a change, there is a second phase, much longer, lasting several weeks, anabolic in nature, during which are reconstituted the reserves lost during the first phase. The mechanism of post-operative disease enters into the general field of post-aggressive reaction bringing into play an adrenocorticoid process. But a whole series of factors, included in the agression without neuro-endocrine background, cause diffuse metabolic disturbances in the organism with their own appearance of severity. Occurring at the same time as the operation, they may also occur in the pre and postoperative periods. In order to minimise and shorten the post-operative disease, it is important to combat as far as possible, these different specific factors by good preparation, correct anesthetic and surgical techniques and the prevention and treatment of complications. One should also pay attention to nutritional problems. When, before operation, patients are particularly under-nourished, or when, after operation, muscle wasting lasts abnormally owing to the temporary incapacity of the digestive tract to fulfil its role, or when catabolism takes on a dangerous appearance owing to the magnitude of the surgical aggression, or the onset of a complication, such as suppuration, it is essential to administer a high calory diet, either by venous catheter in a large vein, or, by continuous administration through a gastric catheter and using the nutripump."}
{"id": "PMID:134396", "title": "[Bladder tumors. Diagnosis and therapeutic indications].", "content": "These originate from the vesical mucosa in 90p. 100 of cases. Hematuria was the first symptom in 3 cases out of 4. Intravenous urography and urinary cytology examined by Papanicolaou's method, are routine examinations for detection, but cystoscopy alone permits precise inventory of the lesions. Endoscopic resection and pathological examination of the fragments, will show the degree of malignancy of the tumour, its penetration in depth within the wall of the bladder, its degree of dedifferentation, all factors which with the site, the size, effects on the upper urinary apparatus and the existence of lymph node involvement on lymphography, may modify the indications for treatment. Benign or border line tumours which do not infiltrate the muscularis mucosae will be treated mainly by resection or endoscopic coagulation. Frankly malignant tumours should be treated by the association of cobalt and surgery. Partial cystectomy is sufficient for tumours of the mobile parts; total cystectomy is necessary for tumours of the trigone of the bladder with pass-by of the urine into the skin, by direct or transileal means, into the sigmoid or into an intestinal substitution bladder anastomosed to the membranous urethra. Treatment with radiotherapy alone should be reserved for patients in poor general condition and strongly dedifferentiated tumours.", "contents": "[Bladder tumors. Diagnosis and therapeutic indications]. These originate from the vesical mucosa in 90p. 100 of cases. Hematuria was the first symptom in 3 cases out of 4. Intravenous urography and urinary cytology examined by Papanicolaou's method, are routine examinations for detection, but cystoscopy alone permits precise inventory of the lesions. Endoscopic resection and pathological examination of the fragments, will show the degree of malignancy of the tumour, its penetration in depth within the wall of the bladder, its degree of dedifferentation, all factors which with the site, the size, effects on the upper urinary apparatus and the existence of lymph node involvement on lymphography, may modify the indications for treatment. Benign or border line tumours which do not infiltrate the muscularis mucosae will be treated mainly by resection or endoscopic coagulation. Frankly malignant tumours should be treated by the association of cobalt and surgery. Partial cystectomy is sufficient for tumours of the mobile parts; total cystectomy is necessary for tumours of the trigone of the bladder with pass-by of the urine into the skin, by direct or transileal means, into the sigmoid or into an intestinal substitution bladder anastomosed to the membranous urethra. Treatment with radiotherapy alone should be reserved for patients in poor general condition and strongly dedifferentiated tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:134397", "title": "[Supra-selective vagotomy in the rat. A new experimental model. Preliminary results].", "content": "An original experimental model of highly selective vagotomy in the rat is proposed. The operative technique by microsurgery is described. The mechanical consequences of vagotomy are studied immediately and some time after the operation. Radio-cinematographic and E.M.G. studies, carried out, confirm the selective character of this vagotomy. The mildness of the symptoms observed at some time after the operation and the prevention of restraint ulcers by highly selective vagotomy are emphasized.", "contents": "[Supra-selective vagotomy in the rat. A new experimental model. Preliminary results]. An original experimental model of highly selective vagotomy in the rat is proposed. The operative technique by microsurgery is described. The mechanical consequences of vagotomy are studied immediately and some time after the operation. Radio-cinematographic and E.M.G. studies, carried out, confirm the selective character of this vagotomy. The mildness of the symptoms observed at some time after the operation and the prevention of restraint ulcers by highly selective vagotomy are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:134398", "title": "[Simplification of the orthotopic hepatic transplantation in the dog. 20 cases without decompression of the sub-hepatic cave system].", "content": "Although the human orthotopic transplantation technique is settled, the animal transplantation is still useful as it can be a helpful training for the human transplant and allows to test the hepatic parenchyma means of preservation value, as well as the immuno-depressing treatments qualities. Up to now, the orthotopic hepatic canine transplantation was complicated by the necessity of decompressing the splanchnic and cava regions of the recipient dog during the hepatectomy and the graft. During this experimentation, the 20 dogs orthotopic hepatic transplantations were done by decompressing only the splanchnic veinous system with a porto-jugular by-pass and by letting the inferior vena cava clamped during the hepatectomy and the transplant settlement. All the dogs survived this operation. The haemodynamic studies showed that the porto-jugular bypass was efficient to decompress the veinous splanchnic system and principally that the systemic arterial pressure gave a slight drop when the bypass was opened, the infra hepatic vena cava being clamped. It is therefore proved that the dog orthotopic hepatic transplantation may be done only be decompressing the veinous splanchnic system which is a technical simplification, avoiding particularly the temporary porto-cava anastomosis or the settlement of a second femoro-jugular shunt.", "contents": "[Simplification of the orthotopic hepatic transplantation in the dog. 20 cases without decompression of the sub-hepatic cave system]. Although the human orthotopic transplantation technique is settled, the animal transplantation is still useful as it can be a helpful training for the human transplant and allows to test the hepatic parenchyma means of preservation value, as well as the immuno-depressing treatments qualities. Up to now, the orthotopic hepatic canine transplantation was complicated by the necessity of decompressing the splanchnic and cava regions of the recipient dog during the hepatectomy and the graft. During this experimentation, the 20 dogs orthotopic hepatic transplantations were done by decompressing only the splanchnic veinous system with a porto-jugular by-pass and by letting the inferior vena cava clamped during the hepatectomy and the transplant settlement. All the dogs survived this operation. The haemodynamic studies showed that the porto-jugular bypass was efficient to decompress the veinous splanchnic system and principally that the systemic arterial pressure gave a slight drop when the bypass was opened, the infra hepatic vena cava being clamped. It is therefore proved that the dog orthotopic hepatic transplantation may be done only be decompressing the veinous splanchnic system which is a technical simplification, avoiding particularly the temporary porto-cava anastomosis or the settlement of a second femoro-jugular shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:134401", "title": "[Splenohepatoplasty in the treatment of hepatic cirrhosis].", "content": "The authors review the patho-physiologic arguments that have determined B\u00e9nichoux to recommend spleno-hepatoplasty in the treatment of hepatic cirrhosis, and present a group of 7 personal observations in which they have tested this type of intervention. The technique employed is described, as well as the follow-up of the cases that had a favourable evolution. In one of the observations differences between the samples obtained by bioptic puncture before the intervention and those obtained at one and two years after surgery, have demonstrated a marked reduction in the intensity of inflammatory reactions, as well as evident reparation processes in the hepatocytes. The authors consider the intervention as a new type of therapy, allowing for re-vascularization of the ischaemic hepatic tissue, as well as for a slow porto-caval derivation with remarkable results for the cirrhotic patients.", "contents": "[Splenohepatoplasty in the treatment of hepatic cirrhosis]. The authors review the patho-physiologic arguments that have determined B\u00e9nichoux to recommend spleno-hepatoplasty in the treatment of hepatic cirrhosis, and present a group of 7 personal observations in which they have tested this type of intervention. The technique employed is described, as well as the follow-up of the cases that had a favourable evolution. In one of the observations differences between the samples obtained by bioptic puncture before the intervention and those obtained at one and two years after surgery, have demonstrated a marked reduction in the intensity of inflammatory reactions, as well as evident reparation processes in the hepatocytes. The authors consider the intervention as a new type of therapy, allowing for re-vascularization of the ischaemic hepatic tissue, as well as for a slow porto-caval derivation with remarkable results for the cirrhotic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:134400", "title": "[Clinical aspects and surgical treatment of traumatic lesions of the colon].", "content": "In a group of 71 patients with traumatic lesions of the colon 14 deaths were recorded, representing 19.7% of the total. In 27 patients with isolated colon lesions surgery successfully solved all the cases without any death. Death-rates increased when traumatic lesions of the colon were associated with those of other abdominal organs. From the etiological viewpoint the lesions of the colon were due in 45 cases to pointed weapons, in 4 cases to firearms and in 22 cases to abdominal contusion. Three patients died during surgery, in whom attempts were made far the repair of associated visceral lesions far more severe than the colon lesion. In 68 patients the following surgical interventions were made: 51 primary sutures with peritoneal drainage; 10 colectomies followed by immediate recovery of the transit (4 right hemicolectomies, 4 sigmoidectomies, 2 colectomies of the tranverse); 4 interventions of the Hartman type; one exteriorisation of the sigmoid; one suture associated with transverse caecostomy and exteriorization of the ends.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and surgical treatment of traumatic lesions of the colon]. In a group of 71 patients with traumatic lesions of the colon 14 deaths were recorded, representing 19.7% of the total. In 27 patients with isolated colon lesions surgery successfully solved all the cases without any death. Death-rates increased when traumatic lesions of the colon were associated with those of other abdominal organs. From the etiological viewpoint the lesions of the colon were due in 45 cases to pointed weapons, in 4 cases to firearms and in 22 cases to abdominal contusion. Three patients died during surgery, in whom attempts were made far the repair of associated visceral lesions far more severe than the colon lesion. In 68 patients the following surgical interventions were made: 51 primary sutures with peritoneal drainage; 10 colectomies followed by immediate recovery of the transit (4 right hemicolectomies, 4 sigmoidectomies, 2 colectomies of the tranverse); 4 interventions of the Hartman type; one exteriorisation of the sigmoid; one suture associated with transverse caecostomy and exteriorization of the ends."}
{"id": "PMID:134402", "title": "[Mechanism of production of porcelain gallbladder].", "content": "An observation is presented, of a case, of particular demonstrative value, of \"porcelain gall-bladder\", in which the authors were able to evidence the intervention of three local pathogenic factors: chronic inclavation of a stone in the bladder neck and obliteration of the cystic duct (which eliminated from the physiological viewpoint the gall-bladder); a chronic inflammation of the wall and ischaemia of the entire organ following the previous obliteration of the cystic artery. These factors are only in exceptional circumstances met in the same patient and this explains the rarity of this complication of biliary lithiasis.", "contents": "[Mechanism of production of porcelain gallbladder]. An observation is presented, of a case, of particular demonstrative value, of \"porcelain gall-bladder\", in which the authors were able to evidence the intervention of three local pathogenic factors: chronic inclavation of a stone in the bladder neck and obliteration of the cystic duct (which eliminated from the physiological viewpoint the gall-bladder); a chronic inflammation of the wall and ischaemia of the entire organ following the previous obliteration of the cystic artery. These factors are only in exceptional circumstances met in the same patient and this explains the rarity of this complication of biliary lithiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:134403", "title": "[Ulcer recurrence after vagotomy].", "content": "In the author's statistics concerning vagotomy with simple gastric draining, performed for gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers (a number of 556 total abdominal vagotomies, 196 selective gastric vagotomies, 179 selective high vagotomies), ulcerous recidives occured 23 times (2,4%). The authors conclude on the following aspects: -- ulcerous recidives occur more frequently following classical, selective gastric vagotomy; -- the diagnosis of ulcerous recidive is difficult and it should be based on clinical and para-clinical explorations, as well as on \"test-therapy\"; -- the efficiency of iterative vagotomy raises the problem of the incomplete vagotomy in the etiology of the recidivating ulcers.", "contents": "[Ulcer recurrence after vagotomy]. In the author's statistics concerning vagotomy with simple gastric draining, performed for gastric ulcers and duodenal ulcers (a number of 556 total abdominal vagotomies, 196 selective gastric vagotomies, 179 selective high vagotomies), ulcerous recidives occured 23 times (2,4%). The authors conclude on the following aspects: -- ulcerous recidives occur more frequently following classical, selective gastric vagotomy; -- the diagnosis of ulcerous recidive is difficult and it should be based on clinical and para-clinical explorations, as well as on \"test-therapy\"; -- the efficiency of iterative vagotomy raises the problem of the incomplete vagotomy in the etiology of the recidivating ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:134404", "title": "[Incomplete chronic duodenal stenosis caused by compression by the aorta and mesenteric artery].", "content": "In the light of data from the literature, as well as on the personal observations made in 5 cases of chronic, imcomplete duodenal stenosis through aortic-mesenteric pincers that have been hospitalized and operated, the authors stress: the complexity of the syndrome, the difficulties encountered in the establishment of the diagnosis, the severe consequences of the evolution, the necessity to apply surgical treatment as soon as possible.", "contents": "[Incomplete chronic duodenal stenosis caused by compression by the aorta and mesenteric artery]. In the light of data from the literature, as well as on the personal observations made in 5 cases of chronic, imcomplete duodenal stenosis through aortic-mesenteric pincers that have been hospitalized and operated, the authors stress: the complexity of the syndrome, the difficulties encountered in the establishment of the diagnosis, the severe consequences of the evolution, the necessity to apply surgical treatment as soon as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:134406", "title": "[Total hypertrophy of 1 lower limb associated with/banded osteosclerosis, vascular flat nevus and acrocyanosis].", "content": "Forty years have gone by since the first case of total hypertrophy of the lower limb, associated with plane vascular naevus and partial \"banded\" osteosclerosis, was published, in 1935 by Al R\u0103dulescu. No similar case was found in this time. The authors present now two cases of R\u0103dulescu syndrome, identical with the first case, demonstrated with clinical, radiological and morphopathologic elements. A detailed differential diagnosis is made, which confirms the R\u0103dulescu syndrome, a separate, well-defined morbid entity.", "contents": "[Total hypertrophy of 1 lower limb associated with/banded osteosclerosis, vascular flat nevus and acrocyanosis]. Forty years have gone by since the first case of total hypertrophy of the lower limb, associated with plane vascular naevus and partial \"banded\" osteosclerosis, was published, in 1935 by Al R\u0103dulescu. No similar case was found in this time. The authors present now two cases of R\u0103dulescu syndrome, identical with the first case, demonstrated with clinical, radiological and morphopathologic elements. A detailed differential diagnosis is made, which confirms the R\u0103dulescu syndrome, a separate, well-defined morbid entity."}
{"id": "PMID:134408", "title": "[Current management of anesthesia and intensive therapy of expansive processes with intracranial hypertension].", "content": "The transitive cerebral distension which is necessary for the neuro-surgeon during interventions is obtained by moderate controlled hyperventilation, deliberate arterial hypotension, application of the anti-sludge therapy for the cerebral microcirculation. Only the initial mannitol dose applied is useful for the subject with intra-cranial hypertension. Mannitol is not active in cases with cerebral oedema due to severe cerebral contusion. In such cases corticoids are the major therapeutic indication. The anti-sludge effects of mega-doses of thiamine in cases with severe disturbances in the microcirculation of basal nuclei and profound comatose conditions, makes possible to apply therapeutic dehydration and is associated with an increase in the resistance of the cerebral tissue to hypoxia. Volatile anesthetic agents increase the intra-cranial pressure in patients with expanding intra-cranial processes. Thiamine neuroleptanalgesia and synaptanalgesia, with or without xylocaine potentiation, have resulted in a satisfactory cerebral distension. Controlled hypotension and increased pressure are, for the time being, just a prospective field.", "contents": "[Current management of anesthesia and intensive therapy of expansive processes with intracranial hypertension]. The transitive cerebral distension which is necessary for the neuro-surgeon during interventions is obtained by moderate controlled hyperventilation, deliberate arterial hypotension, application of the anti-sludge therapy for the cerebral microcirculation. Only the initial mannitol dose applied is useful for the subject with intra-cranial hypertension. Mannitol is not active in cases with cerebral oedema due to severe cerebral contusion. In such cases corticoids are the major therapeutic indication. The anti-sludge effects of mega-doses of thiamine in cases with severe disturbances in the microcirculation of basal nuclei and profound comatose conditions, makes possible to apply therapeutic dehydration and is associated with an increase in the resistance of the cerebral tissue to hypoxia. Volatile anesthetic agents increase the intra-cranial pressure in patients with expanding intra-cranial processes. Thiamine neuroleptanalgesia and synaptanalgesia, with or without xylocaine potentiation, have resulted in a satisfactory cerebral distension. Controlled hypotension and increased pressure are, for the time being, just a prospective field."}
{"id": "PMID:134410", "title": "[Prognostic value of the chromosome pattern in tumors of the urinary bladder].", "content": "Cytodiagnostic and histopathological studies were made in 42 cases of epithelial urinary bladder tumours. The correlation was investigated between the modal chromosomal number, the frequency of the structural chromosomal aberrations and the degree of histologic malignancy (cellular anaplasy and invasion of the bladder wall). The proliferative rate was also determined of the analized tumours. In all the epithelial tumours that have been studied it was noted that the more malignant the tumour, the higher was the value of the modal chromosomal number, and the more frequent the chromosomal abnormalities. The proliferative rate of polyploid tumours was significantly higher as compared with that of the diploid ones. The presence of a polyploid mitotic population, as well as of structural chromosomal disturbances in a tumour with a low degree of malignancy, as demonstrated histologically, may have a prognostic significance.", "contents": "[Prognostic value of the chromosome pattern in tumors of the urinary bladder]. Cytodiagnostic and histopathological studies were made in 42 cases of epithelial urinary bladder tumours. The correlation was investigated between the modal chromosomal number, the frequency of the structural chromosomal aberrations and the degree of histologic malignancy (cellular anaplasy and invasion of the bladder wall). The proliferative rate was also determined of the analized tumours. In all the epithelial tumours that have been studied it was noted that the more malignant the tumour, the higher was the value of the modal chromosomal number, and the more frequent the chromosomal abnormalities. The proliferative rate of polyploid tumours was significantly higher as compared with that of the diploid ones. The presence of a polyploid mitotic population, as well as of structural chromosomal disturbances in a tumour with a low degree of malignancy, as demonstrated histologically, may have a prognostic significance."}
{"id": "PMID:134434", "title": "[Problems of occupational paedagogy in rehabilitation (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the framework of a work science focusing on the disabled, occupational paedagogy (Arbeitsp\u00e4dagogik) offers- from its methods and objectives- useful approaches to the industrial resettlement of the disabled. The different models of occupational paedagogy and the experience gained from then (Taylor, M\u00fcnsterberg, Moede, Baumgarten, Twi-methode, Riedel) can be easily adapted to and integrated with special requirements of vocational rehabilitation. In the light of human work valuation as an existential dimension of \"Being-in-the-world\", resettlement in open industry with the help of occupational paedagogy and the related measures for a job organisation suitable for the disabled, are discussed from a human ecological viewpoint. Possibilities of on-the-job-training are formulated in recommendations which are in accordance with the Johannes Riedel model of occupational paedagogy. The influence that inadequacies of general vocational training have on an invalidism before retirement emphasises the necessity of obviating the danger of excessive work demand caused by modern industrial conditions, by preventive measures of occupational paedagogy.", "contents": "[Problems of occupational paedagogy in rehabilitation (author's transl)]. Within the framework of a work science focusing on the disabled, occupational paedagogy (Arbeitsp\u00e4dagogik) offers- from its methods and objectives- useful approaches to the industrial resettlement of the disabled. The different models of occupational paedagogy and the experience gained from then (Taylor, M\u00fcnsterberg, Moede, Baumgarten, Twi-methode, Riedel) can be easily adapted to and integrated with special requirements of vocational rehabilitation. In the light of human work valuation as an existential dimension of \"Being-in-the-world\", resettlement in open industry with the help of occupational paedagogy and the related measures for a job organisation suitable for the disabled, are discussed from a human ecological viewpoint. Possibilities of on-the-job-training are formulated in recommendations which are in accordance with the Johannes Riedel model of occupational paedagogy. The influence that inadequacies of general vocational training have on an invalidism before retirement emphasises the necessity of obviating the danger of excessive work demand caused by modern industrial conditions, by preventive measures of occupational paedagogy."}
{"id": "PMID:134435", "title": "[Suitable dwellings also for the disabled (author's transl)].", "content": "(1) The construction and adaptation of dwelling which are supposed to provide a permanent focal point in the lives of the disabled are approved in purely residential areas. (2) Von den verschiedenen M\u00f6glichkeiten tr\u00e4gerschaftlicher Zuordnung einer Wohnst\u00e4tte f\u00fcr Behinderte erscheint der eingetragene Verein als die geeignetste Rechtsform. (3) Wohnst\u00e4tten mit mindestens sechs Behinderten unterliegen den Bestimmungen des Heimgesetzes (Heimvertrag, Mitwirkung). (4) W\u00fcnschenswert w\u00e4re es, dass die Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Arbeit Zuwendungen wenigstens in dem Umfange gew\u00e4hrt, dass auf dem Gebiet des Wohnst\u00e4ttenbaues f\u00fcr Behinderte ausreichende Erfahrungen gesammelt werden k\u00f6nnen. (5) Die Toleranzbreite des Gesetzgebers in bezug auf sexuelles Verhalten in Wohnst\u00e4tten etwa f\u00fcr geistig Behinderte ist gr\u00f6sser als vielfach angenommen. (2) Of the various bodies which come in question as a responsible agency for running these dwellings, the registered association seems to have the most appropriate legal form. (3) Dwellings providing accommodation for six and more disabled persons are goverened by the regulations of the Residential Homes Law (home contract, participation). (4) It would be welcome if the Federal Employment Offices were to grant allowances sufficient to permit, at least, the gaining of the necessary experience in this field of building construction. (5) The legislative degree of tolerance with regard to sexual behaviour in dwellings, for instance, as far as the mentally handicapped are concerned, is larger than often thought.", "contents": "[Suitable dwellings also for the disabled (author's transl)]. (1) The construction and adaptation of dwelling which are supposed to provide a permanent focal point in the lives of the disabled are approved in purely residential areas. (2) Von den verschiedenen M\u00f6glichkeiten tr\u00e4gerschaftlicher Zuordnung einer Wohnst\u00e4tte f\u00fcr Behinderte erscheint der eingetragene Verein als die geeignetste Rechtsform. (3) Wohnst\u00e4tten mit mindestens sechs Behinderten unterliegen den Bestimmungen des Heimgesetzes (Heimvertrag, Mitwirkung). (4) W\u00fcnschenswert w\u00e4re es, dass die Bundesanstalt f\u00fcr Arbeit Zuwendungen wenigstens in dem Umfange gew\u00e4hrt, dass auf dem Gebiet des Wohnst\u00e4ttenbaues f\u00fcr Behinderte ausreichende Erfahrungen gesammelt werden k\u00f6nnen. (5) Die Toleranzbreite des Gesetzgebers in bezug auf sexuelles Verhalten in Wohnst\u00e4tten etwa f\u00fcr geistig Behinderte ist gr\u00f6sser als vielfach angenommen. (2) Of the various bodies which come in question as a responsible agency for running these dwellings, the registered association seems to have the most appropriate legal form. (3) Dwellings providing accommodation for six and more disabled persons are goverened by the regulations of the Residential Homes Law (home contract, participation). (4) It would be welcome if the Federal Employment Offices were to grant allowances sufficient to permit, at least, the gaining of the necessary experience in this field of building construction. (5) The legislative degree of tolerance with regard to sexual behaviour in dwellings, for instance, as far as the mentally handicapped are concerned, is larger than often thought."}
{"id": "PMID:134436", "title": "Audiogenic seizures in mice: influence of agents affecting brain serotonin.", "content": "Brain serotonin levels and susceptibility to audiogenic seizures were examined in a strain of inbred audiosusceptible mice and in control mice at intervals from two hours to one week after treatment with several agents known to modify serotonin metabolism. Although p-chlorophenylalanine produced a gradual decrease in brain serotonin there appeared to be no temporal correlation between this effect and the rapid reduction in seizure susceptibility. 5-Hydroxytryptophan and tranylcypromine led to significant increases in serotonin, but only the former caused a proportinal reduction in seizure activity. Reserpine and alpha-propyldopacetamide decreased serotonin levels but only reserpine caused an intensification of seizure activity proportional to serotonin changes. On the basis of our data, effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan and reserpine on seizure susceptibility appear to be linked to observed brain serotonin levels; further studies are needed to elucidate the mode of action of p-chlorophenylalanine.", "contents": "Audiogenic seizures in mice: influence of agents affecting brain serotonin. Brain serotonin levels and susceptibility to audiogenic seizures were examined in a strain of inbred audiosusceptible mice and in control mice at intervals from two hours to one week after treatment with several agents known to modify serotonin metabolism. Although p-chlorophenylalanine produced a gradual decrease in brain serotonin there appeared to be no temporal correlation between this effect and the rapid reduction in seizure susceptibility. 5-Hydroxytryptophan and tranylcypromine led to significant increases in serotonin, but only the former caused a proportinal reduction in seizure activity. Reserpine and alpha-propyldopacetamide decreased serotonin levels but only reserpine caused an intensification of seizure activity proportional to serotonin changes. On the basis of our data, effects of 5-hydroxytryptophan and reserpine on seizure susceptibility appear to be linked to observed brain serotonin levels; further studies are needed to elucidate the mode of action of p-chlorophenylalanine."}
{"id": "PMID:134437", "title": "Effects of exercise training and exhaustion on 45Ca uptake by rat skeletal muscle mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticular 45Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+-ATPase activity were determined in skeletal muscle from exercise trained and non-trained rats at rest or following short-term exhaustive exercise. In trained rats exercised to exhaustion, mitochondrial 45Ca2+ uptake was significantly depressed when compared to non-trained rats at rest. Ca2+-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum from trained rats exercised to exhaustion was significantly increased as compared to trained rats at rest. These data suggest that the disruptive influence of Ca2+ accumulation in mitochondria isolated following exhaustive exercise may be diminished as a result of training.", "contents": "Effects of exercise training and exhaustion on 45Ca uptake by rat skeletal muscle mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticular 45Ca2+ uptake and Ca2+-ATPase activity were determined in skeletal muscle from exercise trained and non-trained rats at rest or following short-term exhaustive exercise. In trained rats exercised to exhaustion, mitochondrial 45Ca2+ uptake was significantly depressed when compared to non-trained rats at rest. Ca2+-ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum from trained rats exercised to exhaustion was significantly increased as compared to trained rats at rest. These data suggest that the disruptive influence of Ca2+ accumulation in mitochondria isolated following exhaustive exercise may be diminished as a result of training."}
{"id": "PMID:134440", "title": "[Structural aspects at the individual level in the epidemiological process in human toxoplasmosis].", "content": "Intradermoreaction with toxoplasmin in apparently healthy subjects gave positive reactions in 13% of the cases. The mothers of children with neuropsychical diseases and congenital malformations were positive to toxoplasmin in 62-63% of the cases and with the Sabin-Feldman reaction in 9.6-13.8%. High proportions of positive results. (29.1-30%) were obtained with both tests in the children with neuropsychical diseases and congenital malformations. Host-parasite relationships in the early period of embryonic development deeply affects the normal evolution of the embryo and foetus. The individual structural level of the epidemiologic human toxoplasmosis process is conditioned by the moment at which the host-parasite relationships are established.", "contents": "[Structural aspects at the individual level in the epidemiological process in human toxoplasmosis]. Intradermoreaction with toxoplasmin in apparently healthy subjects gave positive reactions in 13% of the cases. The mothers of children with neuropsychical diseases and congenital malformations were positive to toxoplasmin in 62-63% of the cases and with the Sabin-Feldman reaction in 9.6-13.8%. High proportions of positive results. (29.1-30%) were obtained with both tests in the children with neuropsychical diseases and congenital malformations. Host-parasite relationships in the early period of embryonic development deeply affects the normal evolution of the embryo and foetus. The individual structural level of the epidemiologic human toxoplasmosis process is conditioned by the moment at which the host-parasite relationships are established."}
{"id": "PMID:134441", "title": "[Intense blood hyperosinophilia in Hymenolepis nana infestation. Considerations on 2 cases].", "content": "Two cases of infestation with Hymenolepis nana are reported in which evidence was found of intense blood hypereosinophilia (in average 50%); this is not in keeping with the classical data on parasitic hyperosinophilia, thus confirming the strictly individual character of the eosinophilic reactions in parasitoses, as also sustained by other authors.", "contents": "[Intense blood hyperosinophilia in Hymenolepis nana infestation. Considerations on 2 cases]. Two cases of infestation with Hymenolepis nana are reported in which evidence was found of intense blood hypereosinophilia (in average 50%); this is not in keeping with the classical data on parasitic hyperosinophilia, thus confirming the strictly individual character of the eosinophilic reactions in parasitoses, as also sustained by other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:134443", "title": "[Bacteriocins and their ecological position].", "content": "The author discusses the position of bacteriocins in ecology on the basis of the data accumulated to date in the speciality literature, referring to: (a)the great and varied number of bacteriocinogenic bacterial strains; (b)the classification of bacteriocins in terms of their structure, chemical composition and physico-chemical properties; (c)spectrum of activity; (d)elements of differentiation and similarity with other ecologic systems (virsuses, the genetic entities of other microorganisms, interrelations, bacteriocinogeny and certain genetic recombination phenomena). Bacteriocinogeny is regarded as a biologic process, the result of natural selection. Stress is laid on the importance of the bacteriocinogenic and bacteriocinosensitive properties, next to the lysogeny of bacteria, for the classification of microorganisms. It is foreseen that in the future purified bacteriocins may perhaps be used in therapy, at least in certain cases.", "contents": "[Bacteriocins and their ecological position]. The author discusses the position of bacteriocins in ecology on the basis of the data accumulated to date in the speciality literature, referring to: (a)the great and varied number of bacteriocinogenic bacterial strains; (b)the classification of bacteriocins in terms of their structure, chemical composition and physico-chemical properties; (c)spectrum of activity; (d)elements of differentiation and similarity with other ecologic systems (virsuses, the genetic entities of other microorganisms, interrelations, bacteriocinogeny and certain genetic recombination phenomena). Bacteriocinogeny is regarded as a biologic process, the result of natural selection. Stress is laid on the importance of the bacteriocinogenic and bacteriocinosensitive properties, next to the lysogeny of bacteria, for the classification of microorganisms. It is foreseen that in the future purified bacteriocins may perhaps be used in therapy, at least in certain cases."}
{"id": "PMID:134444", "title": "[Staphylococcal infections in the Cluj-Napoca Clinic of Infectious Diseases during the years 1967-1972].", "content": "Over a six year period, in the Clinic of Communicable Diseases of Cluj Napoca, 2301 patients with staphylococcal infections were admitted to the Clinic, representing 8% of the total number of patients admitted, and 3513 staphylococcal strains were isolated. A number of 43 of the 2301 patients died (1.8%), but staphylococcal infection was actually the cause of death in only 35 cases (1.5%) (septicemia, staphylococcal meningitis and pulmonary infections). Eight of the patients died from the basic disease (hepatitis, tetanus, paratyphoid C fever etc.). A number of 2246 Staphylococcus hemolyticus aureus, 80 non-hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus and 162 Staphylococcus albus strains were isolated; most of the strains were resistant to antibiotics in different proportions.", "contents": "[Staphylococcal infections in the Cluj-Napoca Clinic of Infectious Diseases during the years 1967-1972]. Over a six year period, in the Clinic of Communicable Diseases of Cluj Napoca, 2301 patients with staphylococcal infections were admitted to the Clinic, representing 8% of the total number of patients admitted, and 3513 staphylococcal strains were isolated. A number of 43 of the 2301 patients died (1.8%), but staphylococcal infection was actually the cause of death in only 35 cases (1.5%) (septicemia, staphylococcal meningitis and pulmonary infections). Eight of the patients died from the basic disease (hepatitis, tetanus, paratyphoid C fever etc.). A number of 2246 Staphylococcus hemolyticus aureus, 80 non-hemolytic Staphylococcus aureus and 162 Staphylococcus albus strains were isolated; most of the strains were resistant to antibiotics in different proportions."}
{"id": "PMID:134445", "title": "[Diagnostic value of serum conjugated bile acids in viral hepatitis].", "content": "Total and conjugated biliary acids were determined in a lot of 105 subjects, including 15 healthy persons, 60 with acute viral hepatitis, 10 with chronic evolutive hepatitis, 10 with cholecystophaties and dyskinesia and 10 with obstructive jaundice. A marked diminution in the proportion of conjugated biliary acids was found in acute hepatitis and cholecystopathies. Chenodioxycholic and dioxycholic acid increase in acute diseases of the liver, whereas cholic acid increases in obstructive jaundice and chronic hepatitis, with a consecutive almost threefold reduction of th ratio of trihydroxycholanic to dihydroxycholanic acids in acute lesions of the liver cells. The ratio of glycoconjugated acids to taurocholic acids is smaller inchronic hepatitis and diseases of the gallbladder than in acute hepatitis and obstructive jaudice. Study of these ratios may represent an element of differential diagnosis in diseases of the liver and viral hepatitis. Determination of the biliary acids may have a prognostic value since an increase in these acids persists with the hepatic lesions. Determination of the biliary acids is technically difficult and may be used for diagnostic purposes only within the context of other hepatic explorations.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of serum conjugated bile acids in viral hepatitis]. Total and conjugated biliary acids were determined in a lot of 105 subjects, including 15 healthy persons, 60 with acute viral hepatitis, 10 with chronic evolutive hepatitis, 10 with cholecystophaties and dyskinesia and 10 with obstructive jaundice. A marked diminution in the proportion of conjugated biliary acids was found in acute hepatitis and cholecystopathies. Chenodioxycholic and dioxycholic acid increase in acute diseases of the liver, whereas cholic acid increases in obstructive jaundice and chronic hepatitis, with a consecutive almost threefold reduction of th ratio of trihydroxycholanic to dihydroxycholanic acids in acute lesions of the liver cells. The ratio of glycoconjugated acids to taurocholic acids is smaller inchronic hepatitis and diseases of the gallbladder than in acute hepatitis and obstructive jaudice. Study of these ratios may represent an element of differential diagnosis in diseases of the liver and viral hepatitis. Determination of the biliary acids may have a prognostic value since an increase in these acids persists with the hepatic lesions. Determination of the biliary acids is technically difficult and may be used for diagnostic purposes only within the context of other hepatic explorations."}
{"id": "PMID:134446", "title": "[Evaluation of the etiopathogenic significance of E. coli serotypes 0 1--0 25].", "content": "A study was carried out on the incidence of E. coli serogroups 01--025, under different clinical and epidemiologic conditions, with a view to evaluating their etiopathogenic significance and the efficiency of immunofluoresence as a rapid laboratory method of diagnosis. A total number of 1542 samples were collected from humans (1075 feces samples and 467 urine samples from cases of urinary infection), and 387 from animals. The samples were collected from cases of enteritis and from healthy children and adults: 285 samples from infantile enteritis cases; 200 samples from adults with enteritis; 31 samples from healthy children: and 559 samples from healthy adults. These E. coli serogroups were found in humans, in both pathologic and normal conditions. The proportion of isolations of E. coli serogroups 01--025 was greater in the feces samples from healthy subjects than in the samples from enternal or urinary infections (48.80% as against 23.21%), demonstrating the opportunist character of these germs. Positive results were obtained in 30.23% of the products of animal origin (monkeys, dogs, chickens), pointing to the wide spread of these serogroups in nature. Serogroups 04 and 025 were predominant in both the human and animal products. The rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis cannot be applied to these serogroups owing to the multiple and varied antigenic fractions. The laboratory diagnosis can only be established in pure cultures by identification of the groups, by biochemical and serolgic methods, by agglutination reactions on slides and in test tubes.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the etiopathogenic significance of E. coli serotypes 0 1--0 25]. A study was carried out on the incidence of E. coli serogroups 01--025, under different clinical and epidemiologic conditions, with a view to evaluating their etiopathogenic significance and the efficiency of immunofluoresence as a rapid laboratory method of diagnosis. A total number of 1542 samples were collected from humans (1075 feces samples and 467 urine samples from cases of urinary infection), and 387 from animals. The samples were collected from cases of enteritis and from healthy children and adults: 285 samples from infantile enteritis cases; 200 samples from adults with enteritis; 31 samples from healthy children: and 559 samples from healthy adults. These E. coli serogroups were found in humans, in both pathologic and normal conditions. The proportion of isolations of E. coli serogroups 01--025 was greater in the feces samples from healthy subjects than in the samples from enternal or urinary infections (48.80% as against 23.21%), demonstrating the opportunist character of these germs. Positive results were obtained in 30.23% of the products of animal origin (monkeys, dogs, chickens), pointing to the wide spread of these serogroups in nature. Serogroups 04 and 025 were predominant in both the human and animal products. The rapid immunofluorescence diagnosis cannot be applied to these serogroups owing to the multiple and varied antigenic fractions. The laboratory diagnosis can only be established in pure cultures by identification of the groups, by biochemical and serolgic methods, by agglutination reactions on slides and in test tubes."}
{"id": "PMID:134451", "title": "[Lumbar discography (author's transl)].", "content": "Discography appears to be the only means to give radiological, strictly anatomical and clear visual data on the nucleus of a disc. It is a comparatively simple and technically easy technique as long as one has the right tools and personnel. While it is disagreeable for the patient, it is not dangerous if strict asepsis can be applied. Discography gives an uncomplicated and unequivocal interpretation with sufficiently precise discometric and sensory signs which enable us to identify the lesion reliably. Tolerance and harmlessness of the technique are by now established. The indications refer to disc pathology and are indispensable before any arthrodesis carried out for pain in the lumbar spine or spondylolisthesis. These indications are now being extended to all problems of reports or difficult diagnosis of vertebral pathology. Discography also has a special and essential place with sciatica, particularly when radiculography is negative.", "contents": "[Lumbar discography (author's transl)]. Discography appears to be the only means to give radiological, strictly anatomical and clear visual data on the nucleus of a disc. It is a comparatively simple and technically easy technique as long as one has the right tools and personnel. While it is disagreeable for the patient, it is not dangerous if strict asepsis can be applied. Discography gives an uncomplicated and unequivocal interpretation with sufficiently precise discometric and sensory signs which enable us to identify the lesion reliably. Tolerance and harmlessness of the technique are by now established. The indications refer to disc pathology and are indispensable before any arthrodesis carried out for pain in the lumbar spine or spondylolisthesis. These indications are now being extended to all problems of reports or difficult diagnosis of vertebral pathology. Discography also has a special and essential place with sciatica, particularly when radiculography is negative."}
{"id": "PMID:134448", "title": "[Observations on a trichinellosis focus].", "content": "Following the consumption of porc infested with Trichinella spiralis, there were 21 cases of trichinellosis, of which 15 clinical forms and 6 subclinical cases. The clinical picture was polymorphous, characteristic. In one case of an expectant mother, the pregnancy evolved up to term and the child was born normally. Histologic examination of the maternal placenta revealed the presence oe encapsulated parasites. Eosinophilia, increasing up to 50%, was found in all the cases, as well as a slight increase in transaminases, alpha2-globulins, leukocytes and erythrocytic sedimeatation rate. The diagnosis was established on the basis of the epidemiologic and immunologic data, clinical picture, eosinophilia and especially the positive trichinoscopic examination of the infested meat and muscle biopsy puncture performed in two of the patients. In 7 cases Mintezol combined with Prednison was administered. Thrombophlebitic complications developed in 4 cases and corticotherapy was interrupted since it was considered to contribute to the complications.", "contents": "[Observations on a trichinellosis focus]. Following the consumption of porc infested with Trichinella spiralis, there were 21 cases of trichinellosis, of which 15 clinical forms and 6 subclinical cases. The clinical picture was polymorphous, characteristic. In one case of an expectant mother, the pregnancy evolved up to term and the child was born normally. Histologic examination of the maternal placenta revealed the presence oe encapsulated parasites. Eosinophilia, increasing up to 50%, was found in all the cases, as well as a slight increase in transaminases, alpha2-globulins, leukocytes and erythrocytic sedimeatation rate. The diagnosis was established on the basis of the epidemiologic and immunologic data, clinical picture, eosinophilia and especially the positive trichinoscopic examination of the infested meat and muscle biopsy puncture performed in two of the patients. In 7 cases Mintezol combined with Prednison was administered. Thrombophlebitic complications developed in 4 cases and corticotherapy was interrupted since it was considered to contribute to the complications."}
{"id": "PMID:134452", "title": "Restoration of defective cellular immunity by levamisole in a patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy.", "content": "A 71-year-old woman presented with acutely developed symptoms of generalized lymphadenopathy, intermittent maculo-papular skin rash, pruritus, weight loss, hepato-splenomegaly, pleural exsudate and alternating breast swellings. The histopathological picture of biopsies from a lymph node and from the skin was diagnostic for immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, and the serum concentrations of IgG and IgA were increased. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to various antigens were totally extinguished and the number of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was consistently very low. The number of both T- and B-lymphocytes further decreased during cytostatic treatment and the patient contracted numerous infections. During intermittent treatment with Levamisole the infectious episodes ceased, the cellular immune response was reestablished and the pathological hyperimmuneglobulinaemia suppressed. It is suggested that the primary immunological defect in this disease could be a failing cellular immunity, and that the hyperplasia and hyper-reactivity of the B-cell system are a secondary phenomenon.", "contents": "Restoration of defective cellular immunity by levamisole in a patient with immunoblastic lymphadenopathy. A 71-year-old woman presented with acutely developed symptoms of generalized lymphadenopathy, intermittent maculo-papular skin rash, pruritus, weight loss, hepato-splenomegaly, pleural exsudate and alternating breast swellings. The histopathological picture of biopsies from a lymph node and from the skin was diagnostic for immunoblastic lymphadenopathy, and the serum concentrations of IgG and IgA were increased. Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to various antigens were totally extinguished and the number of T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood was consistently very low. The number of both T- and B-lymphocytes further decreased during cytostatic treatment and the patient contracted numerous infections. During intermittent treatment with Levamisole the infectious episodes ceased, the cellular immune response was reestablished and the pathological hyperimmuneglobulinaemia suppressed. It is suggested that the primary immunological defect in this disease could be a failing cellular immunity, and that the hyperplasia and hyper-reactivity of the B-cell system are a secondary phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:134447", "title": "[Fuctional-metabolic disorders in typhoid infection].", "content": "The complex biologic investigation of thyphoid fever is dictated by the necessity of instituting a pathogenetic therapy, especially in the toxic and complex forms. Performing 178 fuctional-metabolic tests in 50 cases of typhoid fever (of which 10 severe and complicated forms), the authors established the prognostic value energy deficiency (approximately P), lactate, alkaline reserve and GPT. Azotemia is only characteristic in the forms with renal involvement, and the other transaminases may be positive even whe the liver is not enlarged. In one case of repeated digestive hemorrhage no evidence could be found of the mechanism of consumption coagulopathy.", "contents": "[Fuctional-metabolic disorders in typhoid infection]. The complex biologic investigation of thyphoid fever is dictated by the necessity of instituting a pathogenetic therapy, especially in the toxic and complex forms. Performing 178 fuctional-metabolic tests in 50 cases of typhoid fever (of which 10 severe and complicated forms), the authors established the prognostic value energy deficiency (approximately P), lactate, alkaline reserve and GPT. Azotemia is only characteristic in the forms with renal involvement, and the other transaminases may be positive even whe the liver is not enlarged. In one case of repeated digestive hemorrhage no evidence could be found of the mechanism of consumption coagulopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:134449", "title": "[Haloperidol, reserpine, l-dopa and amantidine in the treatment of Huntington chorea (author's transl)].", "content": "Two drugs that should reduce striatal dopamine activity (haloperidol and reserpine) and two other drugs that should increase it (L-Dopa and amantadine) have been successively adminstered to six patients suffering from Huntington's Chorea. The most effective treatment in reducing hyperkinesis was haloperidol, followed by reserpine. Treatment with L-Dopa did not have appreciable effect, on this type of involuntary movements. Against some theoretical expectations administration of amantadine was followed by a slight improvement in the control of involuntary activity.", "contents": "[Haloperidol, reserpine, l-dopa and amantidine in the treatment of Huntington chorea (author's transl)]. Two drugs that should reduce striatal dopamine activity (haloperidol and reserpine) and two other drugs that should increase it (L-Dopa and amantadine) have been successively adminstered to six patients suffering from Huntington's Chorea. The most effective treatment in reducing hyperkinesis was haloperidol, followed by reserpine. Treatment with L-Dopa did not have appreciable effect, on this type of involuntary movements. Against some theoretical expectations administration of amantadine was followed by a slight improvement in the control of involuntary activity."}
{"id": "PMID:134450", "title": "[Group B vitamins in some typical Italian cheese: Parmigiano-reggiano, Pecorino romano and Gorgonzola (author's transl)].", "content": "The levels of Vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, PP and Calcium pantothenate were determined in typical italian cheese: Parmigiano-reggiano, Pecorino romano and Gorgonzola. The authors avaluated vitamin contents different from product; to product these differences being possibly due to both similar quantitative diversities of the milk, used and to particular variations associated with the processing techniques.", "contents": "[Group B vitamins in some typical Italian cheese: Parmigiano-reggiano, Pecorino romano and Gorgonzola (author's transl)]. The levels of Vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, PP and Calcium pantothenate were determined in typical italian cheese: Parmigiano-reggiano, Pecorino romano and Gorgonzola. The authors avaluated vitamin contents different from product; to product these differences being possibly due to both similar quantitative diversities of the milk, used and to particular variations associated with the processing techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:134454", "title": "Pulmonary edema of acute overdose reaction and near-drowning: some radiographic and physiologic comparisons.", "content": "Both acute overdose reaction and near-drowning may present as pulmonary edema. With both, the heart is usually not enlarged and clearing occurs within 48 hours, unless complicated by infection or aspiration. In near-drowning there is metabolic acidosis, whereas in acute overdose reaction there is combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis.", "contents": "Pulmonary edema of acute overdose reaction and near-drowning: some radiographic and physiologic comparisons. Both acute overdose reaction and near-drowning may present as pulmonary edema. With both, the heart is usually not enlarged and clearing occurs within 48 hours, unless complicated by infection or aspiration. In near-drowning there is metabolic acidosis, whereas in acute overdose reaction there is combined respiratory and metabolic acidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:134458", "title": "A study of 3891 cases of mycoses in the tropics.", "content": "4103 cases suspected of mycoses were analysed as to sex, age and site of disease and 3891 were proved cases. This group formed 50% of total mycoses or 13-93% of all dermatoses recorded in the Government General Hospital, Madras, during the period of study. There were 66-26% adult female, 27-6% adult male and 6-14% were below 13 years. Dermatophytoses were found in 73-5%; the other common diseases were tinea versicolor (17-68%) and candidiasis (12-43%). Multiple sites of involvement or more than 1 disease in the same individual were mostly observed. The incidence of piedra (0-1%) and deep mycoses (0-156%) was very low. Mycetoma was the common disease (5/6) in deep mycoses. In dermatophytoses, tinea corporis (49-71%) and tinea cruris (47-85%) commonest; tinea axillaris (3-42%), tinea capitis (1-72%) and tinea barbae (1-29%) were less common. The incidence of tinea manuum, tinea pedis and tinea unguium was similar (4-97%-6-38%). High temperature and humidity were related to the higher incidence of tinea corporis, tinea cruris and tinea versicolor. Mainly children suffered from tinea capitis. All other mycoses were commonly found in adults between 2nd and 3rd decades. In all mycoses but candidiasis, female predominated. Cutaneous candidiasis was mainly a problem of housewives. Among the dermatophytes Trichophyton violaceum was predominant (33-7%) followed by T. rubrum (32-6%). Trichophyton schoenleinii and M. gypseum were rarely isolated. From mycetoma, Madurella mycetomii, Nocardia braziliensis, N. asteroides and Actinomadura spp. were isolated. Demonstration of Cryptococcus laurentii in 1 case is reported in this area for the first time.", "contents": "A study of 3891 cases of mycoses in the tropics. 4103 cases suspected of mycoses were analysed as to sex, age and site of disease and 3891 were proved cases. This group formed 50% of total mycoses or 13-93% of all dermatoses recorded in the Government General Hospital, Madras, during the period of study. There were 66-26% adult female, 27-6% adult male and 6-14% were below 13 years. Dermatophytoses were found in 73-5%; the other common diseases were tinea versicolor (17-68%) and candidiasis (12-43%). Multiple sites of involvement or more than 1 disease in the same individual were mostly observed. The incidence of piedra (0-1%) and deep mycoses (0-156%) was very low. Mycetoma was the common disease (5/6) in deep mycoses. In dermatophytoses, tinea corporis (49-71%) and tinea cruris (47-85%) commonest; tinea axillaris (3-42%), tinea capitis (1-72%) and tinea barbae (1-29%) were less common. The incidence of tinea manuum, tinea pedis and tinea unguium was similar (4-97%-6-38%). High temperature and humidity were related to the higher incidence of tinea corporis, tinea cruris and tinea versicolor. Mainly children suffered from tinea capitis. All other mycoses were commonly found in adults between 2nd and 3rd decades. In all mycoses but candidiasis, female predominated. Cutaneous candidiasis was mainly a problem of housewives. Among the dermatophytes Trichophyton violaceum was predominant (33-7%) followed by T. rubrum (32-6%). Trichophyton schoenleinii and M. gypseum were rarely isolated. From mycetoma, Madurella mycetomii, Nocardia braziliensis, N. asteroides and Actinomadura spp. were isolated. Demonstration of Cryptococcus laurentii in 1 case is reported in this area for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:134461", "title": "The technique of primary arterial ligation for cancer of the colon as suggested by venous and lymphatic outflow studies.", "content": "Because veins and lymphatics constitute the major pathways for metastatic spread of cancer of the colon, the dynamics of venous and lymphatic outflow from the intestine were studied in dogs with use of electromagnetic flowmeter for the veins and cannulation and gravimetric measurement for the lymph. Venour ligation produced sixfold increases in lymph flow. Venous outflow doubled when adjacent veins were occluded but dropped when marginal vessels were ligated. Simultaneous ligation of arteries and veins caused significant decreases in lymph outflow (to 26% of control), but if arterial collaterals remained intact, lymph flow rose more than twofold. Venous outflow doubled after simultaneous occulusion of adjacent arteries and veins, but dropped as marginal vessels were ligated. Arterial ligation alone was most satisfactory, resulting in significant rapid decreases in lymph flow (to 32% of control) and venous flow (to 5% of control. As suggested by these studies, primary arterial ligation, followed by marginal vessel ligation, is being used as a modification of the \"no touch\" technique for cancer of the colon.", "contents": "The technique of primary arterial ligation for cancer of the colon as suggested by venous and lymphatic outflow studies. Because veins and lymphatics constitute the major pathways for metastatic spread of cancer of the colon, the dynamics of venous and lymphatic outflow from the intestine were studied in dogs with use of electromagnetic flowmeter for the veins and cannulation and gravimetric measurement for the lymph. Venour ligation produced sixfold increases in lymph flow. Venous outflow doubled when adjacent veins were occluded but dropped when marginal vessels were ligated. Simultaneous ligation of arteries and veins caused significant decreases in lymph outflow (to 26% of control), but if arterial collaterals remained intact, lymph flow rose more than twofold. Venous outflow doubled after simultaneous occulusion of adjacent arteries and veins, but dropped as marginal vessels were ligated. Arterial ligation alone was most satisfactory, resulting in significant rapid decreases in lymph flow (to 32% of control) and venous flow (to 5% of control. As suggested by these studies, primary arterial ligation, followed by marginal vessel ligation, is being used as a modification of the \"no touch\" technique for cancer of the colon."}
{"id": "PMID:134462", "title": "Down syndrome in British Columbia, 1952-73: incidence and mean maternal age.", "content": "Records of children with Down syndrome (DS) at the BC Health Surveillance Registry were linked to their Birth Registrations to derive maternal ages. Incidence and maternal-age specific rates were calculated for 1952-73. Mean maternal age has declined both for normal and DS children, the latter to a marked degree, so that in 1972-73 80% were born to women under 35 years. Using maternal age of 40 and over as an indication for amniocentesis would only detect 10% of DS children. The crude incidence rate (mean 1.28/1000 livebirths) has not changed appreciably over the study period except for 1969 in which a statistically significant peak occurred. The standarized rate showed an increasing trend but it is not clear whether this was a true biological increase or resulted from better ascertainment.", "contents": "Down syndrome in British Columbia, 1952-73: incidence and mean maternal age. Records of children with Down syndrome (DS) at the BC Health Surveillance Registry were linked to their Birth Registrations to derive maternal ages. Incidence and maternal-age specific rates were calculated for 1952-73. Mean maternal age has declined both for normal and DS children, the latter to a marked degree, so that in 1972-73 80% were born to women under 35 years. Using maternal age of 40 and over as an indication for amniocentesis would only detect 10% of DS children. The crude incidence rate (mean 1.28/1000 livebirths) has not changed appreciably over the study period except for 1969 in which a statistically significant peak occurred. The standarized rate showed an increasing trend but it is not clear whether this was a true biological increase or resulted from better ascertainment."}
{"id": "PMID:134466", "title": "HLA antigens and susceptibility to psoriasis vulgaris in a non-Caucasian population.", "content": "Fifty-four unrelated Japanese patients with psoriasis vulgaris were tissue typed using the Sixth International Histocompatibility Workshop antisera. Two control groups were included in this study: Thirty-one pustulosis palmaris et plantaris and 17 seborrheic dermatitis as a disease control and 66 normal, healthy, unrelated Japanses as a reference. HLA-Al (P = 0.0065) from the A locus and HLA-BW37 (P = 0.0164) from the B locus were found to occur with increased frequency in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. No significant difference in antigen frequencies in pustulosis palmaris et plantaris was found, however, HLA-AW30 and/or AW31 and HLA-B12 occurred with increased frequency in seborrheic dermatitis. No linkage between psoriasis and HLA was observed in eight families. Therefore our findings in Japanese do not confirm the previous observation made in Caucasians of an association between psoriasis vulgaris and HLA-B13 or BW17.", "contents": "HLA antigens and susceptibility to psoriasis vulgaris in a non-Caucasian population. Fifty-four unrelated Japanese patients with psoriasis vulgaris were tissue typed using the Sixth International Histocompatibility Workshop antisera. Two control groups were included in this study: Thirty-one pustulosis palmaris et plantaris and 17 seborrheic dermatitis as a disease control and 66 normal, healthy, unrelated Japanses as a reference. HLA-Al (P = 0.0065) from the A locus and HLA-BW37 (P = 0.0164) from the B locus were found to occur with increased frequency in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. No significant difference in antigen frequencies in pustulosis palmaris et plantaris was found, however, HLA-AW30 and/or AW31 and HLA-B12 occurred with increased frequency in seborrheic dermatitis. No linkage between psoriasis and HLA was observed in eight families. Therefore our findings in Japanese do not confirm the previous observation made in Caucasians of an association between psoriasis vulgaris and HLA-B13 or BW17."}
{"id": "PMID:134469", "title": "Left ventricular stiffness and chamber geometry in the pressure-overloaded hypertrophied heart.", "content": "Pressure-overloaded hypertrophy of the left ventricle (LV) was produced by coarctation of the ascending aorta in 7 dogs. The overall mean weight of the left ventricle (LVW) was 7.86 +/- 1.49 (S.D.) g/kg body weight; (normal, 5.99 +/- 0.70 g/kg: p less than 0.05). After potassium arrest, pressure-volume (P-V) relationships were examined with the left ventricles isolated from the normals and from the dogs of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH-dogs). In both groups, the P-V relationships could be expressed by an equation deltaV=a-be-cP throughout the range of filling pressure of 2.5 to 35 cmH2O, where deltav was the actual volume change of LV, P intraventricular pressure, and a, b and c constants. A sensitive index of LV stiffness, the half-inflation pressure (h), was defined as 1n (2b/a)/c. In hypertrophied hearts, h was 10.5 +/- 0.7 cmH2O; (normal 8.0 +/- 0.4 cmH2O; P less than 0.001). The ratio of LVW to LVVp=h (the left ventricular volume at h) in hypertrophy, which was related to the LV chamber geometry, was 3.1 +/- 0.6 in contrast with the normal value of 2.0 +/- 0.3. The development of concentric hypertrophy was thus demonstrated. Moreover, h was closely correlated with LVW/LVVp=h in both the normals and the LVH-dogs (r=0.83; p less than 0.01). On the other hand, an index of LV wall stiffness h/LVW/LVVP=h was relatively constant. Therefore, the increase of LV stiffness in the LVH-dogs was attributed to the change in chamber geometry.", "contents": "Left ventricular stiffness and chamber geometry in the pressure-overloaded hypertrophied heart. Pressure-overloaded hypertrophy of the left ventricle (LV) was produced by coarctation of the ascending aorta in 7 dogs. The overall mean weight of the left ventricle (LVW) was 7.86 +/- 1.49 (S.D.) g/kg body weight; (normal, 5.99 +/- 0.70 g/kg: p less than 0.05). After potassium arrest, pressure-volume (P-V) relationships were examined with the left ventricles isolated from the normals and from the dogs of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH-dogs). In both groups, the P-V relationships could be expressed by an equation deltaV=a-be-cP throughout the range of filling pressure of 2.5 to 35 cmH2O, where deltav was the actual volume change of LV, P intraventricular pressure, and a, b and c constants. A sensitive index of LV stiffness, the half-inflation pressure (h), was defined as 1n (2b/a)/c. In hypertrophied hearts, h was 10.5 +/- 0.7 cmH2O; (normal 8.0 +/- 0.4 cmH2O; P less than 0.001). The ratio of LVW to LVVp=h (the left ventricular volume at h) in hypertrophy, which was related to the LV chamber geometry, was 3.1 +/- 0.6 in contrast with the normal value of 2.0 +/- 0.3. The development of concentric hypertrophy was thus demonstrated. Moreover, h was closely correlated with LVW/LVVp=h in both the normals and the LVH-dogs (r=0.83; p less than 0.01). On the other hand, an index of LV wall stiffness h/LVW/LVVP=h was relatively constant. Therefore, the increase of LV stiffness in the LVH-dogs was attributed to the change in chamber geometry."}
{"id": "PMID:134470", "title": "The effect of oxisuran on differential inhibition of cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "Oxisuran, 2-[(methylsulfinyl) acetyl] pyridine suppressed allogeneic skin graft rejection in rats. In PHA responses and one way mixed lymphocyte culture, suppression of cell-mediated immunity was indicated. However, little inhibition of PFCs was observed with Oxisuran, and unlike Azathioprine or Neocarzinostatin, Oxisuran did not concomitantly suppress antibody-producing system in rats. These data suggest that selective suppression of cell-mediated immunological responses by Oxisuran is possible in rats, and Oxisuran may be a better immunosuppressant for clinical organ transplantation.", "contents": "The effect of oxisuran on differential inhibition of cell-mediated immunity. Oxisuran, 2-[(methylsulfinyl) acetyl] pyridine suppressed allogeneic skin graft rejection in rats. In PHA responses and one way mixed lymphocyte culture, suppression of cell-mediated immunity was indicated. However, little inhibition of PFCs was observed with Oxisuran, and unlike Azathioprine or Neocarzinostatin, Oxisuran did not concomitantly suppress antibody-producing system in rats. These data suggest that selective suppression of cell-mediated immunological responses by Oxisuran is possible in rats, and Oxisuran may be a better immunosuppressant for clinical organ transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:134471", "title": "Exocrine pancreas of streptozotocin-diabetes rats treated with insulin.", "content": "The effect of insulin treatment on the exocrine pancreas of streptozotocin-diabetes rats was investigated by light and electron microscopy. In the diabetic rats treated with daily lente insulin injection for four weeks, the islets became hyperplastic and proliferative, although degenerative and atrophic islets caused by streptozotocin remained if diabetic rats were not treated with insulin. Fibrosis and degeneration of the acinar cells were not found in all the diabetic rats by light microscopic examinations. Electron microscopic examinations showed that acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas of the diabetic rats without insulin treatment were characterized by irregular dilatation and prominent lamellar arrangement of rough endoplasmic reticulum and by nuclear pyknosis. After one hour of a single injection of regular insulin, rough endoplasmic reticulum of the acinar cells of the diabetic rats was rapidly activated and many intracisternal granules appeared. When the daily injection of insulin was continued, the acinar cells became to show regular arrangement of rough endoplasmic reticulum, much less vacuolarizations and less immature zymogen granules in comparison with those of the untreated diabetic rats. Exocrine pancreas of the insulin-treated rats revealed a lot of autophagic vacuoles which were supposed to derive from lysosomes. These results suggested that insulin had a repairing effect on the damaged acinar cells in diabetic state.", "contents": "Exocrine pancreas of streptozotocin-diabetes rats treated with insulin. The effect of insulin treatment on the exocrine pancreas of streptozotocin-diabetes rats was investigated by light and electron microscopy. In the diabetic rats treated with daily lente insulin injection for four weeks, the islets became hyperplastic and proliferative, although degenerative and atrophic islets caused by streptozotocin remained if diabetic rats were not treated with insulin. Fibrosis and degeneration of the acinar cells were not found in all the diabetic rats by light microscopic examinations. Electron microscopic examinations showed that acinar cells of the exocrine pancreas of the diabetic rats without insulin treatment were characterized by irregular dilatation and prominent lamellar arrangement of rough endoplasmic reticulum and by nuclear pyknosis. After one hour of a single injection of regular insulin, rough endoplasmic reticulum of the acinar cells of the diabetic rats was rapidly activated and many intracisternal granules appeared. When the daily injection of insulin was continued, the acinar cells became to show regular arrangement of rough endoplasmic reticulum, much less vacuolarizations and less immature zymogen granules in comparison with those of the untreated diabetic rats. Exocrine pancreas of the insulin-treated rats revealed a lot of autophagic vacuoles which were supposed to derive from lysosomes. These results suggested that insulin had a repairing effect on the damaged acinar cells in diabetic state."}
{"id": "PMID:134472", "title": "Synthesis of new steroid haptens for radioimmunoassay. Part II. 15beta-Carboxyethylmercaptodehydroepiandrosterone bovine serum albumin conjugate. Specific antiserum for solid-phase radioimmunoassay of dehydroepiandrosterone.", "content": "Antiserum for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) was raised in rabbits with the conjugate obtained by coupling 15beta-carboxyethylmercapto-dehydroepiandrosterone with bovine serum albumin. The antiserum proved to have high affinity and specificity for DHA and showed only minor cross-reaction to androst-5-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol (3.5%). The Rivanol-treated antiserum was covalently coupled to Enzacryl Polyacetal to evaluate its utility in solid-phase RIA.", "contents": "Synthesis of new steroid haptens for radioimmunoassay. Part II. 15beta-Carboxyethylmercaptodehydroepiandrosterone bovine serum albumin conjugate. Specific antiserum for solid-phase radioimmunoassay of dehydroepiandrosterone. Antiserum for radioimmunoassay (RIA) of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) was raised in rabbits with the conjugate obtained by coupling 15beta-carboxyethylmercapto-dehydroepiandrosterone with bovine serum albumin. The antiserum proved to have high affinity and specificity for DHA and showed only minor cross-reaction to androst-5-ene-3beta, 17beta-diol (3.5%). The Rivanol-treated antiserum was covalently coupled to Enzacryl Polyacetal to evaluate its utility in solid-phase RIA."}
{"id": "PMID:134473", "title": "[Therapeutic problems in the infraposition of deciduous molars and molars].", "content": "Reflections on the nomenclature, aetiology and genesis are followed by seven case reports. Apart from the description of a new aspect of genesis and apart from therapeutical discussions of the single case, the authors draw some conclusions. The infraposition of deciduous molars requires orthodontic therapy, whereas that of permanent molars necessitates treatment at a special clinic. Suggestions for desirable further studies mark the end of the paper.", "contents": "[Therapeutic problems in the infraposition of deciduous molars and molars]. Reflections on the nomenclature, aetiology and genesis are followed by seven case reports. Apart from the description of a new aspect of genesis and apart from therapeutical discussions of the single case, the authors draw some conclusions. The infraposition of deciduous molars requires orthodontic therapy, whereas that of permanent molars necessitates treatment at a special clinic. Suggestions for desirable further studies mark the end of the paper."}
{"id": "PMID:134476", "title": "Adverse reactions to short-course regimens containing streptomycin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin in Hong Kong.", "content": "Three studies of drug toxicity were made in Chinese adults with pulmonary tuberculosis admitted concurrently to short-course antituberculosis regimens. The first was of streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide given daily (SHZ regimen), three times a week (S3H3Z3 regimen) or twice a week (S2H2Z2 regimen). The second was of pyrazinamide in the SHZ regimen and PAS in the standard daily combination of streptomycin plus isoniazid plus PAS (SPH regimen). The third was of the SHZ regimen and these 3 drugs plus rifampicin daily (SHRZ regimen). In study 1 (174 SHZ, 185 S3H3Z3, 182 S2H2Z2 patients), the incidence of arthralgia was associated with the number of doses per week (P less than 0.001). The incidence of other reactions, most of which were cutaneous or vestibular, or symptomless increases in the serum alanine transaminase (AIT) concentration, was similar on all 3 regimens. In study 2 (142 SHZ, 137 SPH patients), hepatic reactions occurred on the SHZ but not on the SPH regimen (P less than 0.002), serum AIT concentrations were distributed over a higher range on the SHZ regimen, and 2 patients had jaundice. Gastrointestinal reactions were more frequent on the SPH regimen (P = 0.06). Arthralgia was commoner on the SHZ regimen (P less than 0.05). In study 3 (38 SHZ, 41 SHRZ patients), the incidence of hepatic reactions, jaundice and arthralgia was similar in the 2 regimens. On the pyrazinamide regimens combined, hepatic reactions were marginally more frequent in patients with Australia antigen or antibody either before or during chemotherapy (P = 0.09). Serum uric acid concentrations were higher in patients on daily than on intermittent pyrazinamide (P less than 0.005), and in patients with arthralgia on the daily pyrazinamide regimen than in matched controls (P = 0.07).", "contents": "Adverse reactions to short-course regimens containing streptomycin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide and rifampicin in Hong Kong. Three studies of drug toxicity were made in Chinese adults with pulmonary tuberculosis admitted concurrently to short-course antituberculosis regimens. The first was of streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide given daily (SHZ regimen), three times a week (S3H3Z3 regimen) or twice a week (S2H2Z2 regimen). The second was of pyrazinamide in the SHZ regimen and PAS in the standard daily combination of streptomycin plus isoniazid plus PAS (SPH regimen). The third was of the SHZ regimen and these 3 drugs plus rifampicin daily (SHRZ regimen). In study 1 (174 SHZ, 185 S3H3Z3, 182 S2H2Z2 patients), the incidence of arthralgia was associated with the number of doses per week (P less than 0.001). The incidence of other reactions, most of which were cutaneous or vestibular, or symptomless increases in the serum alanine transaminase (AIT) concentration, was similar on all 3 regimens. In study 2 (142 SHZ, 137 SPH patients), hepatic reactions occurred on the SHZ but not on the SPH regimen (P less than 0.002), serum AIT concentrations were distributed over a higher range on the SHZ regimen, and 2 patients had jaundice. Gastrointestinal reactions were more frequent on the SPH regimen (P = 0.06). Arthralgia was commoner on the SHZ regimen (P less than 0.05). In study 3 (38 SHZ, 41 SHRZ patients), the incidence of hepatic reactions, jaundice and arthralgia was similar in the 2 regimens. On the pyrazinamide regimens combined, hepatic reactions were marginally more frequent in patients with Australia antigen or antibody either before or during chemotherapy (P = 0.09). Serum uric acid concentrations were higher in patients on daily than on intermittent pyrazinamide (P less than 0.005), and in patients with arthralgia on the daily pyrazinamide regimen than in matched controls (P = 0.07)."}
{"id": "PMID:134477", "title": "[Mucopolysaccharide content in the wool of sheep of different breeds].", "content": "The content of acid mucopolysaccharides was studied in wool from sheep of different species. In particular it was shown that the wool of fine fleece sheep is notable for the highest content of mucopolysaccharides. A comparatively lower quantity of mucopolysaccharides was found in the woold of hair sheep. The content of mucopolysaccharides in wool is closely connected with it structure; i.e. with the ratio of individual keratoses in it.", "contents": "[Mucopolysaccharide content in the wool of sheep of different breeds]. The content of acid mucopolysaccharides was studied in wool from sheep of different species. In particular it was shown that the wool of fine fleece sheep is notable for the highest content of mucopolysaccharides. A comparatively lower quantity of mucopolysaccharides was found in the woold of hair sheep. The content of mucopolysaccharides in wool is closely connected with it structure; i.e. with the ratio of individual keratoses in it."}
{"id": "PMID:134478", "title": "[Effect of myosin and its fragments on some creatine kinase properties].", "content": "Some properties of creatine kinase were investigated in a two-enzyme system, myosin ATPase-creatine kinase. A rise in the creatine activity in the presence of native myosin was demonstrated. The addition of proteolytic fragments of myosin caused a similar effect. Thermostability of creatine kinase in the presence of native myosin increased. Blocking of amino groups of myosin by TNBS had no effect on its activating capacity, but decreased its influence on thermostability of creatine kinase. Localization of the binding sites of creatine kinase on the myosin molecule is discussed in the present work.", "contents": "[Effect of myosin and its fragments on some creatine kinase properties]. Some properties of creatine kinase were investigated in a two-enzyme system, myosin ATPase-creatine kinase. A rise in the creatine activity in the presence of native myosin was demonstrated. The addition of proteolytic fragments of myosin caused a similar effect. Thermostability of creatine kinase in the presence of native myosin increased. Blocking of amino groups of myosin by TNBS had no effect on its activating capacity, but decreased its influence on thermostability of creatine kinase. Localization of the binding sites of creatine kinase on the myosin molecule is discussed in the present work."}
{"id": "PMID:134479", "title": "[Comparative study of the effect of some psychotropic substancces on the activity of brain Na+, K+-ATPase in vitro].", "content": "The activity of Na+, K+-ATPase from bovine brain in vitro was studied as affected by some neuroleptics (levomepromazine, chlorpromazine, perphenazine and haloperidol), antidepressants (imipramine and iproniazid) and psychostimulants (amphetamine) as well as by benactyzine and procaine. The degree of the enzyme inhibition by these drugs estimated by means of I 50 and apparent inhibitor constants (Ki) or rate constants (k) was different. Sensitivity of the brain Na+, K+-ATPase to the drugs decreased in the following order: levomepromazine, chlorpromazine, perphenazine, haloperidol, imipramine, iproniazid, benactyzine, procaine and amphetamine. Competition for the enzyme was revealed between sodium and some of the drugs investigated (levomepromazine, chlorpromazine, perphenazine and impramine) as well as between potassium and other drugs (haloperidol, genactyzine and amphetamine). It is suggested that the inhibition of the brain Na+, K+-ATPase by psychotropic drugs may be a part in the biochemical mechanism of their sedative-tranquilizing activity.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the effect of some psychotropic substancces on the activity of brain Na+, K+-ATPase in vitro]. The activity of Na+, K+-ATPase from bovine brain in vitro was studied as affected by some neuroleptics (levomepromazine, chlorpromazine, perphenazine and haloperidol), antidepressants (imipramine and iproniazid) and psychostimulants (amphetamine) as well as by benactyzine and procaine. The degree of the enzyme inhibition by these drugs estimated by means of I 50 and apparent inhibitor constants (Ki) or rate constants (k) was different. Sensitivity of the brain Na+, K+-ATPase to the drugs decreased in the following order: levomepromazine, chlorpromazine, perphenazine, haloperidol, imipramine, iproniazid, benactyzine, procaine and amphetamine. Competition for the enzyme was revealed between sodium and some of the drugs investigated (levomepromazine, chlorpromazine, perphenazine and impramine) as well as between potassium and other drugs (haloperidol, genactyzine and amphetamine). It is suggested that the inhibition of the brain Na+, K+-ATPase by psychotropic drugs may be a part in the biochemical mechanism of their sedative-tranquilizing activity."}
{"id": "PMID:134480", "title": "[Study of the fibrinogen splitting products in the blood plasma in hyperfibrinolysis].", "content": "Dependence between the content of fibrinogen splitting products, rate of their formation and activation degree of the fibrinolytic system was studied in human and rabbit blood under conditions of hyperfibrinolysis in the experiments in vitro and in vivo. The effect of proteinases inhibitors on fibrinolysis and fibrinogen splitting products activation with streptokinase was also examined in the in vitro and in vivo experiments.", "contents": "[Study of the fibrinogen splitting products in the blood plasma in hyperfibrinolysis]. Dependence between the content of fibrinogen splitting products, rate of their formation and activation degree of the fibrinolytic system was studied in human and rabbit blood under conditions of hyperfibrinolysis in the experiments in vitro and in vivo. The effect of proteinases inhibitors on fibrinolysis and fibrinogen splitting products activation with streptokinase was also examined in the in vitro and in vivo experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:134484", "title": "Rehabilitation of patients with low back disorders in the County of Uppsala.", "content": "Low back pain is a common cause of inability to work. At the Rehabilitation Centre of the Uppsala County Council an annual number of more than 100 patients with this condition undergo an investigation aimed at evaluating their capacity for work and their need for rehabilitation. By compiling and analysing the information recorded in the case journals of the patients with low back disorders during the years 1969 to 1971, it was hoped that more knowledge would be gained about the factors constituting a hindrance to rehabilitation. The present paper is a preliminary report on an analysis of 47 case journals unsystematically selected from the entire material. The study verifies a number of previously reported observations, e.g. the low frequency of roentgenological changes. It is also noted that in a remarkably large number of patients no or only slight abnormalities were found  on physical examination. Compared with the results of other investigations, there was a very low frequency of concurrent psychiatric disorders and abuse of alcohol. It was considered from this analysis that the information in the case journal material in question is adequate for elucidating the relevant problems in the planned larger investigation; further, it provides motivation for a future follow-up study.", "contents": "Rehabilitation of patients with low back disorders in the County of Uppsala. Low back pain is a common cause of inability to work. At the Rehabilitation Centre of the Uppsala County Council an annual number of more than 100 patients with this condition undergo an investigation aimed at evaluating their capacity for work and their need for rehabilitation. By compiling and analysing the information recorded in the case journals of the patients with low back disorders during the years 1969 to 1971, it was hoped that more knowledge would be gained about the factors constituting a hindrance to rehabilitation. The present paper is a preliminary report on an analysis of 47 case journals unsystematically selected from the entire material. The study verifies a number of previously reported observations, e.g. the low frequency of roentgenological changes. It is also noted that in a remarkably large number of patients no or only slight abnormalities were found  on physical examination. Compared with the results of other investigations, there was a very low frequency of concurrent psychiatric disorders and abuse of alcohol. It was considered from this analysis that the information in the case journal material in question is adequate for elucidating the relevant problems in the planned larger investigation; further, it provides motivation for a future follow-up study."}
{"id": "PMID:134481", "title": "[Kinetic properties of the Ca2+--ATPase in the skeletal muscle sarcolemma of the rabbit normally and in E-avitaminotic dystrophy].", "content": "The article deals with values of seeming Michaelis' constants (for ATP) obtained at different temperatures and Michaelis' constants (for Ca ATP) obtained at 30degrees C with pathology and in norm for sarcolemma Ca2+-ATPase. It follows from the analysis of the Ca2+ total concentration effect (the ATP total concentration being constant) on the activation energy of ATP hydrolysis reactions that with pathology sarcolemma possesses, evidently, a greater adsorption affinity to Ca2+ (the enzyme activator) than in norm. The thermoinactivation properties of the enzyme are studied. It is shown that the inactivation coefficient with pathology increases more rapidly with a temperature rise than in norm. It indicates to the fact that the enzyme from the dystrophic muscles is more labile to the heat effect than from the normal ones.", "contents": "[Kinetic properties of the Ca2+--ATPase in the skeletal muscle sarcolemma of the rabbit normally and in E-avitaminotic dystrophy]. The article deals with values of seeming Michaelis' constants (for ATP) obtained at different temperatures and Michaelis' constants (for Ca ATP) obtained at 30degrees C with pathology and in norm for sarcolemma Ca2+-ATPase. It follows from the analysis of the Ca2+ total concentration effect (the ATP total concentration being constant) on the activation energy of ATP hydrolysis reactions that with pathology sarcolemma possesses, evidently, a greater adsorption affinity to Ca2+ (the enzyme activator) than in norm. The thermoinactivation properties of the enzyme are studied. It is shown that the inactivation coefficient with pathology increases more rapidly with a temperature rise than in norm. It indicates to the fact that the enzyme from the dystrophic muscles is more labile to the heat effect than from the normal ones."}
{"id": "PMID:134485", "title": "Uptake and distribution of 3H testosterone in tissues of male Praomys (Mastomys) Natalensis: an in vivo and in vitro study on the prostate.", "content": "Following the administration of labelled testosterone into 4-6 month old intact, or 24 h orchiectomized Praomys (Mastomys) Natalensis, the uptake of radioactivity by the prostate and other tissues was measured at different intervals. Two hours after the injection of the hormone, the concentration of radioactivity in the prostate was significantly higher than in most of the other organs, but less than that of the liver and kidney. Most of the radioactivity taken up by the liver and kidney disappeared 8-16 h after the administration of the hormone. Orchiectomy enhanced the uptake of the radioactivity by the prostate. Administration of unlabelled testosterone prior to the injection of labelled hormone or the addition of unlabelled testosterone in the incubation media significantly reduced the uptake of radioactivity by the prostate. These changes did not occur in the non target tissues. In an in vitro system prostatic tissue took up significantly more radioactivity than the diaphragm. These findings have been compared with the results of the similar experiments reported on the prostate of the male rat and the female Mastomys.", "contents": "Uptake and distribution of 3H testosterone in tissues of male Praomys (Mastomys) Natalensis: an in vivo and in vitro study on the prostate. Following the administration of labelled testosterone into 4-6 month old intact, or 24 h orchiectomized Praomys (Mastomys) Natalensis, the uptake of radioactivity by the prostate and other tissues was measured at different intervals. Two hours after the injection of the hormone, the concentration of radioactivity in the prostate was significantly higher than in most of the other organs, but less than that of the liver and kidney. Most of the radioactivity taken up by the liver and kidney disappeared 8-16 h after the administration of the hormone. Orchiectomy enhanced the uptake of the radioactivity by the prostate. Administration of unlabelled testosterone prior to the injection of labelled hormone or the addition of unlabelled testosterone in the incubation media significantly reduced the uptake of radioactivity by the prostate. These changes did not occur in the non target tissues. In an in vitro system prostatic tissue took up significantly more radioactivity than the diaphragm. These findings have been compared with the results of the similar experiments reported on the prostate of the male rat and the female Mastomys."}
{"id": "PMID:134489", "title": "[Cancer of the gallbladder].", "content": "The problems of diagnosis and treatment of the disease are analysed basing on the experience with 26 observations of gallbladder cancer. According to the authors' opinion the progress could be achieved only in the complex exploration, including roentgenocontrast examination of biliary passages, duodenography under conditions of artificial hypotension, ultrasonic biolocation of the gallbladder, hepatoscanning, dynamic scannography, selective angiography and combined laparoscopy. As a result of the performed combined laparoscopy cancer of the gallbladder was diagnosed in 11 of 15 examined patients. Recommendations for surgical therapy are given.", "contents": "[Cancer of the gallbladder]. The problems of diagnosis and treatment of the disease are analysed basing on the experience with 26 observations of gallbladder cancer. According to the authors' opinion the progress could be achieved only in the complex exploration, including roentgenocontrast examination of biliary passages, duodenography under conditions of artificial hypotension, ultrasonic biolocation of the gallbladder, hepatoscanning, dynamic scannography, selective angiography and combined laparoscopy. As a result of the performed combined laparoscopy cancer of the gallbladder was diagnosed in 11 of 15 examined patients. Recommendations for surgical therapy are given."}
{"id": "PMID:134490", "title": "[Postoperative cicatrical hernias of the Spigelian line].", "content": "Among 640 patients operated upon due to multiple recurrences of ventral hernias Spigelian hernia was revealed in 11 cases, and primary surgery for Spigelian hernia was performed only in one case. The diagnosis of Spigelian hernias in this category of patients presents considerable difficulties. It is the authors' opinion that operative treatment of Spigelian hernias after repeat operations on abdominal organs should be performed with application of allomaterials. As an alloprosthesis the authors recommend to use a specially manufactured material from Lavsan threads No 200 with 2-3 mm mesh. An examination of patients 10-12 years following herniotomy indicated that neither recurrent hernia nor complications related with the utilization of Lavsan alloprosthesis were noted in any case.", "contents": "[Postoperative cicatrical hernias of the Spigelian line]. Among 640 patients operated upon due to multiple recurrences of ventral hernias Spigelian hernia was revealed in 11 cases, and primary surgery for Spigelian hernia was performed only in one case. The diagnosis of Spigelian hernias in this category of patients presents considerable difficulties. It is the authors' opinion that operative treatment of Spigelian hernias after repeat operations on abdominal organs should be performed with application of allomaterials. As an alloprosthesis the authors recommend to use a specially manufactured material from Lavsan threads No 200 with 2-3 mm mesh. An examination of patients 10-12 years following herniotomy indicated that neither recurrent hernia nor complications related with the utilization of Lavsan alloprosthesis were noted in any case."}
{"id": "PMID:134487", "title": "Experimental study on the closure of large defects of the oral cavity using a free island flap with microvascular anastomosis.", "content": "The present study demonstrates that a free island flap with microvascular anastomosis may be used for the closure of a large defect in the oral cavity of the pig. In control cases, when a similar flap was transferred without microvascular anastomosis, a total and rapid slough occurred. Technical details are important in this kind of surgery. The island flap should be sized appropriately, cautiously defatted, and sutured into the defect before doing the microvascular anastomosis. Tension, torsion, or kinking of the vessels to be anastomosed must be meticulously avoided. In suturing these small vessels, microvascular techniques must be strictly adhered to. No anticoagulation is needed. The free island flap does not need to be perfused. Close observation of the flap's capillary refill, tissue turgor, and color is essential in the early postoperative period. More recently, Doppler technique has enabled us to monitor blood flow in the flap more accurately. If initial signs of venous congestion or arterial insufficiency are noted, examination of the anastomotic site can and should be done. Revision, if indicated, may result in rescue of the flap (as it was described in pig No. 8). The results of this experimental study allowed us recently to use this method successfully in two patients. Both had oral cavity carcinomas. In the first, the flap measured 5x7x2 cm and in the second 9x10x1.5 cm. They are now nine weeks and five weeks respectively, without any signs of failure. The details will be given when we have a series of patients adequate for a definitive report.", "contents": "Experimental study on the closure of large defects of the oral cavity using a free island flap with microvascular anastomosis. The present study demonstrates that a free island flap with microvascular anastomosis may be used for the closure of a large defect in the oral cavity of the pig. In control cases, when a similar flap was transferred without microvascular anastomosis, a total and rapid slough occurred. Technical details are important in this kind of surgery. The island flap should be sized appropriately, cautiously defatted, and sutured into the defect before doing the microvascular anastomosis. Tension, torsion, or kinking of the vessels to be anastomosed must be meticulously avoided. In suturing these small vessels, microvascular techniques must be strictly adhered to. No anticoagulation is needed. The free island flap does not need to be perfused. Close observation of the flap's capillary refill, tissue turgor, and color is essential in the early postoperative period. More recently, Doppler technique has enabled us to monitor blood flow in the flap more accurately. If initial signs of venous congestion or arterial insufficiency are noted, examination of the anastomotic site can and should be done. Revision, if indicated, may result in rescue of the flap (as it was described in pig No. 8). The results of this experimental study allowed us recently to use this method successfully in two patients. Both had oral cavity carcinomas. In the first, the flap measured 5x7x2 cm and in the second 9x10x1.5 cm. They are now nine weeks and five weeks respectively, without any signs of failure. The details will be given when we have a series of patients adequate for a definitive report."}
{"id": "PMID:134501", "title": "Adaptation of mice to carbon monoxide and the effect of splenectomy.", "content": "The adaptation of normal and splenectomized mice to increasing concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) in air, and their subsequent long-term survival in it were studied. From the 10th day onwards the concentration of CO was maintained at 0.24%, which produced a carboxyhaemoglobin level of about 74% in the blood, and which was normally lethal within 24 h. However, the non-splenectomized mice survived in this envirment for an average of 47 days, but splenectomized moce survived for 101 days. During adaptation to CO there were marked increases in the haematocrit level and the concentration haemoglobin, a massive release of reticulocytes into the circulation, and increases in blood volume, spleen and heart weight. However, changes in the above haematological parameters were significantly less in splenectomized than in normal animals. These differences were attributed to the loss of the erythropoietic reservees of the spleen. In splenctomized mice which survived for over 90 days in CO there was histological evidence for the development of extramedullary erythropoiesis, as well as increased erythropoietic activity in the marrow of the tail vertebrae, which occurred earlier. Deaths were most frequently associated with massive internal haemorrhages in both groups of animals. This is discussed in relations to histological and haematological findings. Also in both groups, there was evidence that both hypertrophy and hyperplasia of heart muscle fibres occurred during adaptation to breathing CO.", "contents": "Adaptation of mice to carbon monoxide and the effect of splenectomy. The adaptation of normal and splenectomized mice to increasing concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) in air, and their subsequent long-term survival in it were studied. From the 10th day onwards the concentration of CO was maintained at 0.24%, which produced a carboxyhaemoglobin level of about 74% in the blood, and which was normally lethal within 24 h. However, the non-splenectomized mice survived in this envirment for an average of 47 days, but splenectomized moce survived for 101 days. During adaptation to CO there were marked increases in the haematocrit level and the concentration haemoglobin, a massive release of reticulocytes into the circulation, and increases in blood volume, spleen and heart weight. However, changes in the above haematological parameters were significantly less in splenectomized than in normal animals. These differences were attributed to the loss of the erythropoietic reservees of the spleen. In splenctomized mice which survived for over 90 days in CO there was histological evidence for the development of extramedullary erythropoiesis, as well as increased erythropoietic activity in the marrow of the tail vertebrae, which occurred earlier. Deaths were most frequently associated with massive internal haemorrhages in both groups of animals. This is discussed in relations to histological and haematological findings. Also in both groups, there was evidence that both hypertrophy and hyperplasia of heart muscle fibres occurred during adaptation to breathing CO."}
{"id": "PMID:134502", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the growth of filaments and sarcomeres in mechanically overloaded human hearts.", "content": "The ultrastructure of myocardial cells was studied in four patients with left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy due to aortic and/or mitral valvular disease. Signs of cellular lysis and synthesis were present in juxtanuclear, interfibrillar, and subsarcolemmal areas. Subsarcolemmal areas contained a granular matrix with foci of polyribosomes, mitochondria, well preserved membranes, a proliferating sarcoplasmic reticulum, and thick and thin filaments and Z-band formations at different stages of development. Z-band substance and thin filaments appeared in the cytoplasm in close proximity to free polyribosomes and endoplasmic membranes and were seemingly not associated with the sarcolemma. These findings were interpreted as evidence for a proteosynthetic activity leading to the formation of new myofibrils and sarcomeres during the chronic stage of hypertrophy. Comparative studies showed that this process has much in common with the genesis of contractile cardiac units in the mammalian embryo. Anomalous Z-band accumulations were studied in normal myocardial cells of various vertebrates and in cells of the overloaded human heart. No evidence of a proteosynthetic activity was detected in the expanded Z-bands.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the growth of filaments and sarcomeres in mechanically overloaded human hearts. The ultrastructure of myocardial cells was studied in four patients with left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy due to aortic and/or mitral valvular disease. Signs of cellular lysis and synthesis were present in juxtanuclear, interfibrillar, and subsarcolemmal areas. Subsarcolemmal areas contained a granular matrix with foci of polyribosomes, mitochondria, well preserved membranes, a proliferating sarcoplasmic reticulum, and thick and thin filaments and Z-band formations at different stages of development. Z-band substance and thin filaments appeared in the cytoplasm in close proximity to free polyribosomes and endoplasmic membranes and were seemingly not associated with the sarcolemma. These findings were interpreted as evidence for a proteosynthetic activity leading to the formation of new myofibrils and sarcomeres during the chronic stage of hypertrophy. Comparative studies showed that this process has much in common with the genesis of contractile cardiac units in the mammalian embryo. Anomalous Z-band accumulations were studied in normal myocardial cells of various vertebrates and in cells of the overloaded human heart. No evidence of a proteosynthetic activity was detected in the expanded Z-bands."}
{"id": "PMID:134511", "title": "A simplified technique for postmortem evaluation of coronary arteries.", "content": "The growth of complex diagnostic and therapeutic technologies in the clinical management of cardiovascular diseases has mandated a more comprehensive and detailed analysis of cases which reach the pathology laboratory. This report describes in detail the relatively simple techniques and protocol which we have employed for postmortem evaluation of the coronary vascular bed and myocardium. The key elements include the use of a pigmented gelatin mass containing radiopaque material (Barosperse), proper injection technique with simultaneous filling of the main coronary vessels at identical pressures, postmortem arteriography, cardiac dissection, and histologic confirmation of coronary and myocardial lesions. Three cases with sharply differing cardiac diseases are presented to illustrate the kind of information which may be obtained with this approach. Our experience in terms of frequency and distribution of occlusive coronary vascular disease and the relationship to age and sex has been summarized. Significant disease (> 75% lumenal obstruction) was identified angiographically and confirmed by dissection in 46 of 57 cases of clinically suspected disease. None of six hearts from patients without clinical evidence for cardiovascular disease demonstrated actual or angiographically false-positive occlusive coronary disease. It is suggested that a more detailed analysis of the coronary vascular bed can be accomplished in the pathology laboratory with this relatively simple approach and that important information bearing on clinical management can be reliably obtained.", "contents": "A simplified technique for postmortem evaluation of coronary arteries. The growth of complex diagnostic and therapeutic technologies in the clinical management of cardiovascular diseases has mandated a more comprehensive and detailed analysis of cases which reach the pathology laboratory. This report describes in detail the relatively simple techniques and protocol which we have employed for postmortem evaluation of the coronary vascular bed and myocardium. The key elements include the use of a pigmented gelatin mass containing radiopaque material (Barosperse), proper injection technique with simultaneous filling of the main coronary vessels at identical pressures, postmortem arteriography, cardiac dissection, and histologic confirmation of coronary and myocardial lesions. Three cases with sharply differing cardiac diseases are presented to illustrate the kind of information which may be obtained with this approach. Our experience in terms of frequency and distribution of occlusive coronary vascular disease and the relationship to age and sex has been summarized. Significant disease (> 75% lumenal obstruction) was identified angiographically and confirmed by dissection in 46 of 57 cases of clinically suspected disease. None of six hearts from patients without clinical evidence for cardiovascular disease demonstrated actual or angiographically false-positive occlusive coronary disease. It is suggested that a more detailed analysis of the coronary vascular bed can be accomplished in the pathology laboratory with this relatively simple approach and that important information bearing on clinical management can be reliably obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:134512", "title": "[Morphology of the cells in the peritoneal exsudate and phosphatase activity of the peritoneal macrophages experimentally aged rats treated with the intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus 19 (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors study the morphology of the cells in the peritoneal exsudate and the phosphatase activity of the peritoneal macrophages, obtained from rats with Selye's Progeria-like syndrome. Judging by their morphologic characteristics the macrophages of the experimentally aged rats, before and after contact with Brucella abortus 19 do not differ from those obtained from the unsubjected to experimental ageing rats. The acid phosphatase activity and the adenosinetriphosphatase activity of the macrophages prior to contact with Brucella abortus 19 are nearly identical for both groups of animals. Following contact the activity of the enzymes increases but this increase is slower by aged rats and reaches its maximum 1--2 days later.", "contents": "[Morphology of the cells in the peritoneal exsudate and phosphatase activity of the peritoneal macrophages experimentally aged rats treated with the intracellular bacterium Brucella abortus 19 (author's transl)]. The authors study the morphology of the cells in the peritoneal exsudate and the phosphatase activity of the peritoneal macrophages, obtained from rats with Selye's Progeria-like syndrome. Judging by their morphologic characteristics the macrophages of the experimentally aged rats, before and after contact with Brucella abortus 19 do not differ from those obtained from the unsubjected to experimental ageing rats. The acid phosphatase activity and the adenosinetriphosphatase activity of the macrophages prior to contact with Brucella abortus 19 are nearly identical for both groups of animals. Following contact the activity of the enzymes increases but this increase is slower by aged rats and reaches its maximum 1--2 days later."}
{"id": "PMID:134514", "title": "[Immunological aspects in lung diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The immunological aspects of allergic disorders of the lung (Type I-IV by Gell and Coombs, drug hypersensitivity, auto-immune diseases) and non-allergic lung diseases (emphysema in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, bronchial carcinoma) are described. The short review is closed with remarks about the immunological defence in the bronchial mucosa.", "contents": "[Immunological aspects in lung diseases (author's transl)]. The immunological aspects of allergic disorders of the lung (Type I-IV by Gell and Coombs, drug hypersensitivity, auto-immune diseases) and non-allergic lung diseases (emphysema in alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, bronchial carcinoma) are described. The short review is closed with remarks about the immunological defence in the bronchial mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:134515", "title": "Hyperalimentation in infants.", "content": "Experiences gained in 150 newborns and infants receiving a complete parenteral nutrition are summarized. An infusion pattern for the complete parenteral nutrition of newborns is presented. Technical questions of parenteral nutrition are discussed. Finally the treatment of 2 newborns with inborn errors of the gastrointestinal tract is reported.", "contents": "Hyperalimentation in infants. Experiences gained in 150 newborns and infants receiving a complete parenteral nutrition are summarized. An infusion pattern for the complete parenteral nutrition of newborns is presented. Technical questions of parenteral nutrition are discussed. Finally the treatment of 2 newborns with inborn errors of the gastrointestinal tract is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:134516", "title": "[The Bland-White-Garland syndrome in adult age].", "content": "The clinical and post-mortem findings in a 59-year-old female patient with an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery are described. This case in the age over fifty is the fourth to be published. The clinical picture was characterized as an antero-lateral myocardial infarction with disturbances of the conduction and with a mitral insufficiency. At autopsy fibrotic areas resulting from myocardial infarction were found in the ventricular septum and in the anterior as well in the posterior muscular wall of the heart. The histological alterations of the arterial wall suggested that the function of the central part of the left coronary artery was that of a vene, while the peripheral parts served as arterio-venous  anastomoses. The occurrence of this anomaly in our autopsy material was 0.1 0/00. The pathophysiology is discussed.", "contents": "[The Bland-White-Garland syndrome in adult age]. The clinical and post-mortem findings in a 59-year-old female patient with an anomalous origin of the left coronary artery are described. This case in the age over fifty is the fourth to be published. The clinical picture was characterized as an antero-lateral myocardial infarction with disturbances of the conduction and with a mitral insufficiency. At autopsy fibrotic areas resulting from myocardial infarction were found in the ventricular septum and in the anterior as well in the posterior muscular wall of the heart. The histological alterations of the arterial wall suggested that the function of the central part of the left coronary artery was that of a vene, while the peripheral parts served as arterio-venous  anastomoses. The occurrence of this anomaly in our autopsy material was 0.1 0/00. The pathophysiology is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134517", "title": "[Defects in erythrocyte glycolysis enzymes as the cause of nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia].", "content": "Hereditary non-spherocytary haemolytic anaemias have their cause in enzymopathies of the pentose phosphate cycle and the glycolysis of the erythrocytes. The 11 known enzyme defects of the erythrocytary glycolysis in consequence of the reduced preparation of adenosine triphosphatase condition a deficient stability of the membrane of the erythrocytes. Therefore, the increased autohaemolysis in normal osmotic resistance is a reference to these forms of anaemia, which are particularly to be differentiated from hereditary sperocytoses. In Middle Europe the deficiency of pyruvate kinase plays the greatest part among the otherwise rarely diagnosed enzymopenic haemolytic anaemias.", "contents": "[Defects in erythrocyte glycolysis enzymes as the cause of nonspherocytic hemolytic anemia]. Hereditary non-spherocytary haemolytic anaemias have their cause in enzymopathies of the pentose phosphate cycle and the glycolysis of the erythrocytes. The 11 known enzyme defects of the erythrocytary glycolysis in consequence of the reduced preparation of adenosine triphosphatase condition a deficient stability of the membrane of the erythrocytes. Therefore, the increased autohaemolysis in normal osmotic resistance is a reference to these forms of anaemia, which are particularly to be differentiated from hereditary sperocytoses. In Middle Europe the deficiency of pyruvate kinase plays the greatest part among the otherwise rarely diagnosed enzymopenic haemolytic anaemias."}
{"id": "PMID:134518", "title": "[Suspicion of Down's syndrome based on patients obstetrical history and clinical data (author's transl)].", "content": "At the university women's clinic Zurich between 1963 and 1974, 29 babies in a total of 32255 babies were born with Down's syndrome. 11 of these had a cardiac vitium and 2 an intestinal malformation. 5 babies died during the first year of life. This high morbidity demands an analysis of the criteria in the obstetrical history and clinical picture in order to reach a diagnosis in those cases which would otherwise not be diagnosed if one used the normal criteric for amniocentesis in early pregnancy. Maternal age was the only relevant factor to emerge. In 6 pregnancies a tentative diagnosis for poor intrauterine growth was made in which only one case showed a retarded growth of the bipariental diameter. In all 7 cases in which cephalometry was performed after the 24 week of pregnancy, the concurrent hormonal parameters showed significantly lowered oestriol levels with normal HPL levels. From this information we draw the conclusion that transabdominal amniocentesis should be performed in in pregnancies with permanently low oestriol levels and normal HPL levels; especially in cases which clinically appear \"small for dates\" and for which there is no other explanation such as anencephaly for the low maternal oestriol levels.", "contents": "[Suspicion of Down's syndrome based on patients obstetrical history and clinical data (author's transl)]. At the university women's clinic Zurich between 1963 and 1974, 29 babies in a total of 32255 babies were born with Down's syndrome. 11 of these had a cardiac vitium and 2 an intestinal malformation. 5 babies died during the first year of life. This high morbidity demands an analysis of the criteria in the obstetrical history and clinical picture in order to reach a diagnosis in those cases which would otherwise not be diagnosed if one used the normal criteric for amniocentesis in early pregnancy. Maternal age was the only relevant factor to emerge. In 6 pregnancies a tentative diagnosis for poor intrauterine growth was made in which only one case showed a retarded growth of the bipariental diameter. In all 7 cases in which cephalometry was performed after the 24 week of pregnancy, the concurrent hormonal parameters showed significantly lowered oestriol levels with normal HPL levels. From this information we draw the conclusion that transabdominal amniocentesis should be performed in in pregnancies with permanently low oestriol levels and normal HPL levels; especially in cases which clinically appear \"small for dates\" and for which there is no other explanation such as anencephaly for the low maternal oestriol levels."}
{"id": "PMID:134520", "title": "[Incidence and degree of unwanted adverse effects of corticoids in childhood: results of dermatological studies in children with chronic diseases in the age group of 1-15 years].", "content": "Out of 416 children suffering from atopic diseases 288 (69.2%) were treated topically, systemically or topically and systemically with corticosteroid preparations by the general practitioners. In 236 (81.9%) of these cases, children between the age of 1 and 15 years, developed undesirable, in part irreversible side effects. In some of the cases, topical corticosteroids by skin absorption also caused systemic side effects. It is therefore questionable if the application of corticosteroids during childhood in atopic diseases is really a therapeutic advance.", "contents": "[Incidence and degree of unwanted adverse effects of corticoids in childhood: results of dermatological studies in children with chronic diseases in the age group of 1-15 years]. Out of 416 children suffering from atopic diseases 288 (69.2%) were treated topically, systemically or topically and systemically with corticosteroid preparations by the general practitioners. In 236 (81.9%) of these cases, children between the age of 1 and 15 years, developed undesirable, in part irreversible side effects. In some of the cases, topical corticosteroids by skin absorption also caused systemic side effects. It is therefore questionable if the application of corticosteroids during childhood in atopic diseases is really a therapeutic advance."}
{"id": "PMID:134521", "title": "[Clinical trial with benzoyl peroxide shampoo in seborrhea oleosa].", "content": "The effectiveness of Shampoo containing benzoyl peroxide against oily hair and dandruff has been studied in a clinical trial. The shampoo has proved a precious therpeutic adjunct for these conditions. The probable mechanism of action is summarized on the basis of references.", "contents": "[Clinical trial with benzoyl peroxide shampoo in seborrhea oleosa]. The effectiveness of Shampoo containing benzoyl peroxide against oily hair and dandruff has been studied in a clinical trial. The shampoo has proved a precious therpeutic adjunct for these conditions. The probable mechanism of action is summarized on the basis of references."}
{"id": "PMID:134522", "title": "[Studies on ozone therapy of acne vulgaris].", "content": "Ozone therapy using the Vapozone 9, an instrument in normal commercial usage, has been carried out on the forehead of 16 male test persons on 7 consecutive days. Before the treatment began and at the end of the treatment period the skin surface lipids on the unchanged skin (casual level) and two hours after defatting the skin (replacement sum) were taken by direct extraction and analysed by means of thin layer chromatography. The results of these investigations rule out a decrease in the free fatty acids by this therapy. As a result of this finding it may assumed that no desinfecting effect on the corynebacterium acnes and other lipasereleasing microorganisms can be attributed to ozone therapy.", "contents": "[Studies on ozone therapy of acne vulgaris]. Ozone therapy using the Vapozone 9, an instrument in normal commercial usage, has been carried out on the forehead of 16 male test persons on 7 consecutive days. Before the treatment began and at the end of the treatment period the skin surface lipids on the unchanged skin (casual level) and two hours after defatting the skin (replacement sum) were taken by direct extraction and analysed by means of thin layer chromatography. The results of these investigations rule out a decrease in the free fatty acids by this therapy. As a result of this finding it may assumed that no desinfecting effect on the corynebacterium acnes and other lipasereleasing microorganisms can be attributed to ozone therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:134524", "title": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on the immune response to sheep erythrocytes in the mouse. II. A study of enzyme activities in the draining lymph node.", "content": "Young adult CFW mice, injected with sheep erythrocytes, were treated with cyclophosphamide and sacrificed at different times. The activity of acid phosphatase and for non-specific esterase was measured by semi-quantitative methods in smears prepared from cell suspension of draining lymph node. In cyclophosphamide-treated mice was noted a significant decrease in acid phosphatase activity in lymphoid cells, expressed both as average activity in single lymphoid cell and a decrease in proportion of cells exhibiting enzyme activity. Also a short-term decrease was observed in activity of non-specific esterase caused both by disappearance of highly active large lymphoid and blast cells as well as decrease in percentage of enzyme-positive small lymphocytes.", "contents": "Effect of cyclophosphamide on the immune response to sheep erythrocytes in the mouse. II. A study of enzyme activities in the draining lymph node. Young adult CFW mice, injected with sheep erythrocytes, were treated with cyclophosphamide and sacrificed at different times. The activity of acid phosphatase and for non-specific esterase was measured by semi-quantitative methods in smears prepared from cell suspension of draining lymph node. In cyclophosphamide-treated mice was noted a significant decrease in acid phosphatase activity in lymphoid cells, expressed both as average activity in single lymphoid cell and a decrease in proportion of cells exhibiting enzyme activity. Also a short-term decrease was observed in activity of non-specific esterase caused both by disappearance of highly active large lymphoid and blast cells as well as decrease in percentage of enzyme-positive small lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:134525", "title": "Studies on the mechanism of specific immunological unresponsiveness. II. Immunological properties of lymphoid cells from normal, immunized and immunologically unresponsive mice transferred into lethally irradiated recipients.", "content": "The immunological capacity of lymphoid cells from mice rendered tolerant to high and low doses of BSA was investigated. The tolerance was induced by multiple injections of high and low doses of antigen through the period of 30 days. Lymph node and bone marrow cells from tolerant animals were transferred into lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. After 10 days, when lymphoid organs of the recipients were repopulated with the injected cells, challenge injection of the same antigen incorporated into complete Freund's adjuvant was given. The immune response of the transferred cells in the recipients was evaluated by analysis of the specific antibodies in the sera. Lymphoid cells from donors rendered toloerant with high doses of antigen recovered their reactivity 20 days after the transfer to the level of reaction of normal cells. Lymphoid cells from donors receiving multiple injection of low doses of BSA remained tolerant after the transfer through the entire observation period. According to the cellular events in the donors during the period of tolerance induction, and the behaviour of the transferred lymphoid cells in the new recipients, it seems possible that tolerance induced with high doses of BSA corresponded to the B-cell tolerance, while low doses of antigen most likely induced tolerance of T-cell population. The possible cellular mechanisms of B and T-cell tolerance were discussed.", "contents": "Studies on the mechanism of specific immunological unresponsiveness. II. Immunological properties of lymphoid cells from normal, immunized and immunologically unresponsive mice transferred into lethally irradiated recipients. The immunological capacity of lymphoid cells from mice rendered tolerant to high and low doses of BSA was investigated. The tolerance was induced by multiple injections of high and low doses of antigen through the period of 30 days. Lymph node and bone marrow cells from tolerant animals were transferred into lethally irradiated syngeneic recipients. After 10 days, when lymphoid organs of the recipients were repopulated with the injected cells, challenge injection of the same antigen incorporated into complete Freund's adjuvant was given. The immune response of the transferred cells in the recipients was evaluated by analysis of the specific antibodies in the sera. Lymphoid cells from donors rendered toloerant with high doses of antigen recovered their reactivity 20 days after the transfer to the level of reaction of normal cells. Lymphoid cells from donors receiving multiple injection of low doses of BSA remained tolerant after the transfer through the entire observation period. According to the cellular events in the donors during the period of tolerance induction, and the behaviour of the transferred lymphoid cells in the new recipients, it seems possible that tolerance induced with high doses of BSA corresponded to the B-cell tolerance, while low doses of antigen most likely induced tolerance of T-cell population. The possible cellular mechanisms of B and T-cell tolerance were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134526", "title": "Cr-releasing cytotoxicity tests: study of parameters influencing their reliability.", "content": "Parameters which are of interest for the better performance of the Cr-releasing cytotoxicity tests were examined, such as type of cells used as targets; influence of various media on the viability of the cells, on uptake of radioactive chromium and on nonspecific chromium release; and influence of specific activity of chromium on the extent of labelling of the targets. The test has been applied to follow the course of primary and secondary immune responses to H-2 alloantigens.", "contents": "Cr-releasing cytotoxicity tests: study of parameters influencing their reliability. Parameters which are of interest for the better performance of the Cr-releasing cytotoxicity tests were examined, such as type of cells used as targets; influence of various media on the viability of the cells, on uptake of radioactive chromium and on nonspecific chromium release; and influence of specific activity of chromium on the extent of labelling of the targets. The test has been applied to follow the course of primary and secondary immune responses to H-2 alloantigens."}
{"id": "PMID:134527", "title": "A histoautoradiographic study of the localization of antigen and specific antibodies in the rabbit spleen. I. Comparison of the primary and secondary immune response.", "content": "The localization of antigen (chicken serum albumin) and specific antibodies in sections from the spleens of rabbits after primary and secondary immunization was studied by means of histoautoradiography. After primary immunization, both antigen and antibodies were demonstrated in the lymphoid follicles consistently between 3 and 42 days after injection. Antigen was detected in addition in the marginal zone on the 5th day, and antibody-forming cells in the marginal zone and periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths between 3 and 9 days after immunization. After secondary immunization, follicular antigen trapping was detected as early as 2 hours after injection, reaching a peak in the follicles and marginal zone on the 3rd day after immunization. At later periods of time the presence of antigen in the follicles was less prominent than that of specific antibodies. The numbers of antibody-forming cells were 10-100-fold higher in the secondary than in the primary response. The findings are discussed in relation to the role of antigen-antibody complex in the lymphoid follicles in the development of the capacity to produce the secondary type of immune response.", "contents": "A histoautoradiographic study of the localization of antigen and specific antibodies in the rabbit spleen. I. Comparison of the primary and secondary immune response. The localization of antigen (chicken serum albumin) and specific antibodies in sections from the spleens of rabbits after primary and secondary immunization was studied by means of histoautoradiography. After primary immunization, both antigen and antibodies were demonstrated in the lymphoid follicles consistently between 3 and 42 days after injection. Antigen was detected in addition in the marginal zone on the 5th day, and antibody-forming cells in the marginal zone and periarteriolar lymphocyte sheaths between 3 and 9 days after immunization. After secondary immunization, follicular antigen trapping was detected as early as 2 hours after injection, reaching a peak in the follicles and marginal zone on the 3rd day after immunization. At later periods of time the presence of antigen in the follicles was less prominent than that of specific antibodies. The numbers of antibody-forming cells were 10-100-fold higher in the secondary than in the primary response. The findings are discussed in relation to the role of antigen-antibody complex in the lymphoid follicles in the development of the capacity to produce the secondary type of immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:134528", "title": "[Microfluorometric demonstration of thyroglobulin antibodies with the defined antigen substrate spheres (DASS) system].", "content": "Previous investigations showed that quantitative immunofluorescence using antigens covalently bound to agarose particles represents a reproducible and sensitive assay for antibodies in experimental antisera. In this paper data are presented which show that also thyroglobulin antibodies in patients sera can be demonstrated using the defined antigen substrate spheres (DASS) system with thyroglobulin as antigen. Sera of 45 patients with various thyroid diseases were investigated for the presence of thyroglobulin antibodies using passive haemagglutination and the quantitative immunofluorescence technique. Comparable results were obtained with both techniques. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed.", "contents": "[Microfluorometric demonstration of thyroglobulin antibodies with the defined antigen substrate spheres (DASS) system]. Previous investigations showed that quantitative immunofluorescence using antigens covalently bound to agarose particles represents a reproducible and sensitive assay for antibodies in experimental antisera. In this paper data are presented which show that also thyroglobulin antibodies in patients sera can be demonstrated using the defined antigen substrate spheres (DASS) system with thyroglobulin as antigen. Sera of 45 patients with various thyroid diseases were investigated for the presence of thyroglobulin antibodies using passive haemagglutination and the quantitative immunofluorescence technique. Comparable results were obtained with both techniques. Advantages and disadvantages of both methods are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134529", "title": "Guinea pig histocompatibility antigens. III. Analysis of normal lymphocyte transfer (NLT) reactions among guinea pigs with serologically defined phenotypes (GPL-AB locus and I region).", "content": "The normal lymphocyte transfer (NLT) reaction occurring upon intradermal injection of lymphocytes into a normal recipient may be considered as a kind of mixed lymphocyte reaction in vivo. In previous experiments, we have defined serologically a number of guinea pig lymphocyte antigens, controlled either by a GPL-A locus (equivalent of H-2 D locus in mice) or by a so-called I region (equivalent to the I region in mice). The I region also appears to control a number of immune response genes in the guinea pig. Using guinea pig inbred strains (such as 2, 13, OM3, BE), guinea pig families homozygous for their GPL-A antigens and serologically characterized outbreds, it has been possible to show that antigens of the I region probably play a higher role in NLT reactions. No NLT reactions occur among outbred animals of a closed colony which have been bred to homozygozity for their GPL-A antigens and thereby probably possess haplotype homozygozity for their major histocompatibility complex. The NLT reaction among serologically characterized guinea pigs may become a convenient way to detect new specificities and recombinant progeny.", "contents": "Guinea pig histocompatibility antigens. III. Analysis of normal lymphocyte transfer (NLT) reactions among guinea pigs with serologically defined phenotypes (GPL-AB locus and I region). The normal lymphocyte transfer (NLT) reaction occurring upon intradermal injection of lymphocytes into a normal recipient may be considered as a kind of mixed lymphocyte reaction in vivo. In previous experiments, we have defined serologically a number of guinea pig lymphocyte antigens, controlled either by a GPL-A locus (equivalent of H-2 D locus in mice) or by a so-called I region (equivalent to the I region in mice). The I region also appears to control a number of immune response genes in the guinea pig. Using guinea pig inbred strains (such as 2, 13, OM3, BE), guinea pig families homozygous for their GPL-A antigens and serologically characterized outbreds, it has been possible to show that antigens of the I region probably play a higher role in NLT reactions. No NLT reactions occur among outbred animals of a closed colony which have been bred to homozygozity for their GPL-A antigens and thereby probably possess haplotype homozygozity for their major histocompatibility complex. The NLT reaction among serologically characterized guinea pigs may become a convenient way to detect new specificities and recombinant progeny."}
{"id": "PMID:134530", "title": "Purification of a human serum protein (\"factor E\") which enhances cobra venom factor-induced indirect lysis. Identification with the fifth component of complement.", "content": "Complexes formed of Cobra venom factor (CVF) and activated factor B (B) by interaction of CVF and B with trypsin or factor D are capable of activating the third and fifth complement component. When incubated with sheep or guinea pig red cells and guinea pig serum in the presence of EDTA, these CVFB complexes produce \"indirect lysis\". Addition of a human serum factor, earlier designated as factor E (6), greatly enhances the efficiency of this lytic system. The component with this activity has been purified to homogeneity (disc and immunoelectrophoresis). In chromatographic fractionations it was inseparable from the fifth complement component, it was inactivated by and reacted with several anti-C5 antisera, and kinetics of inactivation by heat (56 degrees C) and trypsin were the same for factor E and hemolytic C5 activities. It is concluded that factor E is the fifth component of human complement. Guinea pig C5 is not capable of supporting indirect lysis in a comparable manner, for as yet unknown reasons. Some possible explanations are discussed.", "contents": "Purification of a human serum protein (\"factor E\") which enhances cobra venom factor-induced indirect lysis. Identification with the fifth component of complement. Complexes formed of Cobra venom factor (CVF) and activated factor B (B) by interaction of CVF and B with trypsin or factor D are capable of activating the third and fifth complement component. When incubated with sheep or guinea pig red cells and guinea pig serum in the presence of EDTA, these CVFB complexes produce \"indirect lysis\". Addition of a human serum factor, earlier designated as factor E (6), greatly enhances the efficiency of this lytic system. The component with this activity has been purified to homogeneity (disc and immunoelectrophoresis). In chromatographic fractionations it was inseparable from the fifth complement component, it was inactivated by and reacted with several anti-C5 antisera, and kinetics of inactivation by heat (56 degrees C) and trypsin were the same for factor E and hemolytic C5 activities. It is concluded that factor E is the fifth component of human complement. Guinea pig C5 is not capable of supporting indirect lysis in a comparable manner, for as yet unknown reasons. Some possible explanations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134531", "title": "[Electron microscopic detection of blood group antigen A on human erythrocytes by means of ferritin- and gold-labelled protectin of helix pomatia].", "content": "By means of ferritin- and gold-labelled protectin from the albumen gland of the edible snail Helix pomatia the blood group antigen A was located on human erythrocytes of groups A1, A2 and A1B. With erythrocytes of groups O and B the reaction is negative. The antigen is focally distributed on the outer surface of the cell membrane. Cells from groups A1 and A1B have an antigen A concentration about 4 times greater than A2 cells. The numbers of particles after tagging with ferritin or gold are comparable. The gold particles show an extremely high contrast and are therefore very suitable for the immunoelectron microscopic localization of antigens.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic detection of blood group antigen A on human erythrocytes by means of ferritin- and gold-labelled protectin of helix pomatia]. By means of ferritin- and gold-labelled protectin from the albumen gland of the edible snail Helix pomatia the blood group antigen A was located on human erythrocytes of groups A1, A2 and A1B. With erythrocytes of groups O and B the reaction is negative. The antigen is focally distributed on the outer surface of the cell membrane. Cells from groups A1 and A1B have an antigen A concentration about 4 times greater than A2 cells. The numbers of particles after tagging with ferritin or gold are comparable. The gold particles show an extremely high contrast and are therefore very suitable for the immunoelectron microscopic localization of antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:134532", "title": "Immunologic effects of morphine in rodents, rabbits, monkeys, and cats.", "content": "The effects of prolonged morphine administration on immunologic reactivity against morphine was studied in a number of animal species: rabbit, monkey, guinea pig, rat, and cat. Some evidence for increased serum binding of 14C-labeled morphine was noted after morphine treatment in all test species, with the rabbit the best responder and the cat showing little or no response. In addition to measurements on serum binding of 14C-labeled morphine, other methods (measurement of serum binding of 14C-labeled codeine and methadone, competitive inhibition tests, radial immunodiffusion, and passive hemagglutination) were used for one or more of the species. Overall, results with these test methods have shown that prolonged morphine administration can result in immunologic responsiveness to morphine in animals.", "contents": "Immunologic effects of morphine in rodents, rabbits, monkeys, and cats. The effects of prolonged morphine administration on immunologic reactivity against morphine was studied in a number of animal species: rabbit, monkey, guinea pig, rat, and cat. Some evidence for increased serum binding of 14C-labeled morphine was noted after morphine treatment in all test species, with the rabbit the best responder and the cat showing little or no response. In addition to measurements on serum binding of 14C-labeled morphine, other methods (measurement of serum binding of 14C-labeled codeine and methadone, competitive inhibition tests, radial immunodiffusion, and passive hemagglutination) were used for one or more of the species. Overall, results with these test methods have shown that prolonged morphine administration can result in immunologic responsiveness to morphine in animals."}
{"id": "PMID:134533", "title": "Stimulation of the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system in adjuvant arthritis in the rat.", "content": "The administration of mycobacterial adjuvant produced a stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic function. The degree of such a stimulation was greater in Lewis than in AVN inbred strain of rats. There was no relationship between the degree of RES stimulation and clinical signs of adjuvant-induced arthritis.", "contents": "Stimulation of the phagocytic activity of the reticuloendothelial system in adjuvant arthritis in the rat. The administration of mycobacterial adjuvant produced a stimulation of the reticuloendothelial system (RES) phagocytic function. The degree of such a stimulation was greater in Lewis than in AVN inbred strain of rats. There was no relationship between the degree of RES stimulation and clinical signs of adjuvant-induced arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:134534", "title": "[Demonstration of cellular antibodies against streptococcal antigens in children (author's transl)].", "content": "In a group of 48 children the following streptococcal antigens were tested by means of the lymphocyte transformation test: group A streptococcal M1- and M19-protein, mucopeptide, polysaccharides from group A and group C streptococci, erythrogenic toxins and streptokinase. Specific transformations were obtained only by M-proteins. Erythrogenic toxines induced an unspecific stimulation comparable to the mitogenic activity of phytohaemagglutinins. No reactions could be found with streptococcal mucopeptide, the group-specific carbohydrates of groups A and C-streptococci and streptokinase, resp. A significant difference was seen in the group of young children (mean age 5 years) between the specific transformability by M1-protein (a common type) and M19-protein (a rare type). No difference was seen with both M-proteins in the group of older children (mean age 11 years). In both groups of children no differences exist in the number of positive cutaneous reactions after injection of M1- and M19-proteins, but the intensity of reactions (diameters of erythema) were more pronounced with the M-protein of the common type 1.", "contents": "[Demonstration of cellular antibodies against streptococcal antigens in children (author's transl)]. In a group of 48 children the following streptococcal antigens were tested by means of the lymphocyte transformation test: group A streptococcal M1- and M19-protein, mucopeptide, polysaccharides from group A and group C streptococci, erythrogenic toxins and streptokinase. Specific transformations were obtained only by M-proteins. Erythrogenic toxines induced an unspecific stimulation comparable to the mitogenic activity of phytohaemagglutinins. No reactions could be found with streptococcal mucopeptide, the group-specific carbohydrates of groups A and C-streptococci and streptokinase, resp. A significant difference was seen in the group of young children (mean age 5 years) between the specific transformability by M1-protein (a common type) and M19-protein (a rare type). No difference was seen with both M-proteins in the group of older children (mean age 11 years). In both groups of children no differences exist in the number of positive cutaneous reactions after injection of M1- and M19-proteins, but the intensity of reactions (diameters of erythema) were more pronounced with the M-protein of the common type 1."}
{"id": "PMID:134535", "title": "[Experiences with DNCB sensitization in normal human individuals of various age groups (author's transl)].", "content": "Using DNCB contact sensitization, the primary cellular immune response of 40 normal individuals was investigated. The response to DNCB in the younger age group was higher and stronger than in the older age group, suggesting a decrease of T-cell function in elderly subjects. The simultaneous application of a high (1000 mug) and a low (100 mug) dose of DNCB for quantitation of the reactivity gave good results. However, in several cases - especially in the younger age group - the local reactions reached unexpected intensity followed by long lasting pigmentation. One investigator exhibited contact eczema on both hands after sensitization by merely touching the skin area of a previous DNCB reaction. Because of the potent immunogenicity of this substance and the possibility of cross reactions with numerous similar antigens widely used in the chemical and related industry, this test should only be applied in selected cases.", "contents": "[Experiences with DNCB sensitization in normal human individuals of various age groups (author's transl)]. Using DNCB contact sensitization, the primary cellular immune response of 40 normal individuals was investigated. The response to DNCB in the younger age group was higher and stronger than in the older age group, suggesting a decrease of T-cell function in elderly subjects. The simultaneous application of a high (1000 mug) and a low (100 mug) dose of DNCB for quantitation of the reactivity gave good results. However, in several cases - especially in the younger age group - the local reactions reached unexpected intensity followed by long lasting pigmentation. One investigator exhibited contact eczema on both hands after sensitization by merely touching the skin area of a previous DNCB reaction. Because of the potent immunogenicity of this substance and the possibility of cross reactions with numerous similar antigens widely used in the chemical and related industry, this test should only be applied in selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:134536", "title": "Active immunization against tetanus in guinea-pigs. An attempt to evaluate \"rapid immunization\" with tetanus vaccine.", "content": "The effect of 3 schedules for tetanus vaccination on the immunity developed by guinea-pigs was investigated, using 1.5 Lf adsorbed tetanus toxoid injected subcutaneously. The following injection schedules were used: a) 5 injections: initially and after 3, 7, 10, and 13 days; b) 3 injections:: initially and after 2 and 4 weeks; c) 2 injections: initially and after 4 weeks. Blood samples were taken after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks and the titres of tetanus antitoxin were recorded. No significant difference in the titres was observed within 2 weeks. Immunity was also tested by challenge with different amounts of tetanus toxin after 1 week, 10 days, 2, 3, and 8 weeks. A tendency to a higher immunity with schedule a) was observed after 10 days to 2 weeks; thereafter no acceleration of immunity could be shown. The results indicate that frequent injections over a short period of time do not establish rapid immunity against tetanus.", "contents": "Active immunization against tetanus in guinea-pigs. An attempt to evaluate \"rapid immunization\" with tetanus vaccine. The effect of 3 schedules for tetanus vaccination on the immunity developed by guinea-pigs was investigated, using 1.5 Lf adsorbed tetanus toxoid injected subcutaneously. The following injection schedules were used: a) 5 injections: initially and after 3, 7, 10, and 13 days; b) 3 injections:: initially and after 2 and 4 weeks; c) 2 injections: initially and after 4 weeks. Blood samples were taken after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks and the titres of tetanus antitoxin were recorded. No significant difference in the titres was observed within 2 weeks. Immunity was also tested by challenge with different amounts of tetanus toxin after 1 week, 10 days, 2, 3, and 8 weeks. A tendency to a higher immunity with schedule a) was observed after 10 days to 2 weeks; thereafter no acceleration of immunity could be shown. The results indicate that frequent injections over a short period of time do not establish rapid immunity against tetanus."}
{"id": "PMID:134537", "title": "[BPO-Specific, complement-dependant cell-lysis of differently sensitized sheep red cells: evaluation of haptenic groups and their influence on IgM and IgG-induced lysis (author's transl)].", "content": "Sheep erythrocytes were coated with bencylpenicilloyl-(BPO)groups. Different incubation periods resulted in erythrocyte preparations with different hapten density. Complement dependent lysis induced by IgM or IgG antibodies was studied with the cell preparations. The calculation of hapten density on the erythrocyte surface was not possible by direct measurement of coupled radioactive BPO since more than 90% of radioactive material was found in the soluble supernatant after osmotic cell lysis and less than 10% was fixed to the cellular membrane. Measurement of membrane bound immunologically relevant BPO-groups was achieved, therefore, by comparison of the inhibitory capacity of the test cells with that of a standard cell preparation. The latter consisted of tannic acid treated erythrocytes coated with protein complexed radioactive BPO. Surface hapten density of the different target cell preparations varied between 1.9 x 10(5) and 4.8 10(5) BPO-groups per cell depending on the time of incubation. Complement dependent antibody mediated cell lysis was significantly reduced by reduction of haptenic sites per target cell, IgG induced lysis being much more affected than hemolysis induced by IgM antibodies. Statistical calculations led to the conclusion that 18,000 protein islets per cell bearing 4 or more BPO-groups are not sufficient for hemolysis induced by IgG antibodies. 48,000 protein islets with this hapten density are necessary for \"optimal\" sensitization. IgG antibodies must be apparently bound to the cell surface in bivalent form.", "contents": "[BPO-Specific, complement-dependant cell-lysis of differently sensitized sheep red cells: evaluation of haptenic groups and their influence on IgM and IgG-induced lysis (author's transl)]. Sheep erythrocytes were coated with bencylpenicilloyl-(BPO)groups. Different incubation periods resulted in erythrocyte preparations with different hapten density. Complement dependent lysis induced by IgM or IgG antibodies was studied with the cell preparations. The calculation of hapten density on the erythrocyte surface was not possible by direct measurement of coupled radioactive BPO since more than 90% of radioactive material was found in the soluble supernatant after osmotic cell lysis and less than 10% was fixed to the cellular membrane. Measurement of membrane bound immunologically relevant BPO-groups was achieved, therefore, by comparison of the inhibitory capacity of the test cells with that of a standard cell preparation. The latter consisted of tannic acid treated erythrocytes coated with protein complexed radioactive BPO. Surface hapten density of the different target cell preparations varied between 1.9 x 10(5) and 4.8 10(5) BPO-groups per cell depending on the time of incubation. Complement dependent antibody mediated cell lysis was significantly reduced by reduction of haptenic sites per target cell, IgG induced lysis being much more affected than hemolysis induced by IgM antibodies. Statistical calculations led to the conclusion that 18,000 protein islets per cell bearing 4 or more BPO-groups are not sufficient for hemolysis induced by IgG antibodies. 48,000 protein islets with this hapten density are necessary for \"optimal\" sensitization. IgG antibodies must be apparently bound to the cell surface in bivalent form."}
{"id": "PMID:134538", "title": "Active immunization against tetanus in man. II. Combined active and passive prophylaxis with human tetanus immune globulin.", "content": "19 Persons were actively immunized with adsorbed tetanus toxoid and were simultaneously given tetanus immune globulin of human origin, TIG(H), in doses of 500-1500 IU. Their antitoxin titres were followed for 1 year. Seven persons were given only TIG(H), 500 IU and 1500 IU and their antitoxin titres were followed for 3 months to 1 year. For comparison, 30 military recruits were actively immunized with adsorbed tetanus toxiod according to common practice. Their antitoxin titres were followed for 1 year. The response to complete active immunization could not be demonstrated to be impaired by passive immunization, when 500 IU or 1500 IU OF TIG(H) were given simultaneously with toxoid. The titres were in accordance with those achieved by active immunization of the recruits.", "contents": "Active immunization against tetanus in man. II. Combined active and passive prophylaxis with human tetanus immune globulin. 19 Persons were actively immunized with adsorbed tetanus toxoid and were simultaneously given tetanus immune globulin of human origin, TIG(H), in doses of 500-1500 IU. Their antitoxin titres were followed for 1 year. Seven persons were given only TIG(H), 500 IU and 1500 IU and their antitoxin titres were followed for 3 months to 1 year. For comparison, 30 military recruits were actively immunized with adsorbed tetanus toxiod according to common practice. Their antitoxin titres were followed for 1 year. The response to complete active immunization could not be demonstrated to be impaired by passive immunization, when 500 IU or 1500 IU OF TIG(H) were given simultaneously with toxoid. The titres were in accordance with those achieved by active immunization of the recruits."}
{"id": "PMID:134539", "title": "T- and B-areas in immune reactions. Volume changes in T and B cell compartments of the rat spleen following intravenous administration of a thymus-dependent (SRBC) and a thymus-independent (paratyphoid vaccin-endotoxin) antigen. A histometric study.", "content": "In the white pulp of rat spleens cell numbers were studied in the different compartments following intravenous administration of comparable doses of paratyphoid vaccine (PTV, thymus-independent) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC, thymus-dependent). In the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS) both cell concentration and volume were measured. For the follicles and the marginal zone only volume was recorded in the first 5 days following antigen administration. Additionally, histologic observations were made. In the thymus-dependent area PTV caused oedema 12-24 hours after administration. Following SRBC administration an increase in lymphocyte numbers occurred until the second day, probably representing an influx of T cells from the recirculating pool. Both antigens gave rise to a plasmacellular reaction in the peripheral PALS (2nd-4th day). In the bone marrow-dependent areas a massive shift of medium-sized lymphocytes from the marginal zone to the follicles took place in the first 24 hours following PTV administration. These cells subsequently transformed into blasts. After SRBC (6 and 12 hours) only a few marginal zone lymphocytes seemed to migrate into the follicles. It is aruged that the endotoxin present in PTV is responsible for the fact that, following administration of the antigen, all marginal zone (B) cells responded. Endotoxin stimulation might provide a model for the fate of marginal zone cells stimulated by other agents, such as antigen (stimulating antigen binding B cells) or antigen-antibody complexes (stimulating Fc-receptor B cells).", "contents": "T- and B-areas in immune reactions. Volume changes in T and B cell compartments of the rat spleen following intravenous administration of a thymus-dependent (SRBC) and a thymus-independent (paratyphoid vaccin-endotoxin) antigen. A histometric study. In the white pulp of rat spleens cell numbers were studied in the different compartments following intravenous administration of comparable doses of paratyphoid vaccine (PTV, thymus-independent) and sheep red blood cells (SRBC, thymus-dependent). In the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS) both cell concentration and volume were measured. For the follicles and the marginal zone only volume was recorded in the first 5 days following antigen administration. Additionally, histologic observations were made. In the thymus-dependent area PTV caused oedema 12-24 hours after administration. Following SRBC administration an increase in lymphocyte numbers occurred until the second day, probably representing an influx of T cells from the recirculating pool. Both antigens gave rise to a plasmacellular reaction in the peripheral PALS (2nd-4th day). In the bone marrow-dependent areas a massive shift of medium-sized lymphocytes from the marginal zone to the follicles took place in the first 24 hours following PTV administration. These cells subsequently transformed into blasts. After SRBC (6 and 12 hours) only a few marginal zone lymphocytes seemed to migrate into the follicles. It is aruged that the endotoxin present in PTV is responsible for the fact that, following administration of the antigen, all marginal zone (B) cells responded. Endotoxin stimulation might provide a model for the fate of marginal zone cells stimulated by other agents, such as antigen (stimulating antigen binding B cells) or antigen-antibody complexes (stimulating Fc-receptor B cells)."}
{"id": "PMID:134540", "title": "Asimple test for immunogenicity of colloidal infusion solutions- the draining lymph node activation.", "content": "The increasing number of lymphocytes with nucleoli synthesizing RNA in the mouse lymph nodes, draining the site of injection of infusion solutions, was used as a marker for their immunogenicity. The percentage of \"active\" lymphocytes significantly increased 3 days after the administration of preparations based on bovine serum or human haemoglobin which were found immunogenic when testing for antibody formation. Such a reaction was not elicited in mice treated with Physiogel, Dextran and Duxon which do not cause any production of antibodies. The described test may serve as a rapid and economical assay for the immunogenicity of infusion solutions and other substances.", "contents": "Asimple test for immunogenicity of colloidal infusion solutions- the draining lymph node activation. The increasing number of lymphocytes with nucleoli synthesizing RNA in the mouse lymph nodes, draining the site of injection of infusion solutions, was used as a marker for their immunogenicity. The percentage of \"active\" lymphocytes significantly increased 3 days after the administration of preparations based on bovine serum or human haemoglobin which were found immunogenic when testing for antibody formation. Such a reaction was not elicited in mice treated with Physiogel, Dextran and Duxon which do not cause any production of antibodies. The described test may serve as a rapid and economical assay for the immunogenicity of infusion solutions and other substances."}
{"id": "PMID:134541", "title": "[Immunity against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection by means of active immunization using homologous neuraminidase (author's transl)].", "content": "Neuraminidase may play a role as a pathogenic factor in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection. The protective effect of active immunization with purified neuraminidase was therefore tested in an infection experiment in white mice. Mice were immunized 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 times i.p. with Erysipelothrix neuraminidase. A control group received 10 injections with physiological saline. The infective dose varied between 7 and 7 x 10(7) cells. While all control animals infected with 7 x 10(1) germs died, the lethal effect could be reduced to 50% and 25% in animals immunized twice and 4 times, respectively. Only animals immunized 8 and 10 times were still partly protected against germ numbers of 10(3)-10(4). Germ numbers of 10(5) and more were almost always fatal even in highly immunized animals. Even a high immunization with neuraminidase could only lower the lethal by a maximum factor of 10(4) germs used.", "contents": "[Immunity against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection by means of active immunization using homologous neuraminidase (author's transl)]. Neuraminidase may play a role as a pathogenic factor in Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection. The protective effect of active immunization with purified neuraminidase was therefore tested in an infection experiment in white mice. Mice were immunized 2, 4, 6, 8 or 10 times i.p. with Erysipelothrix neuraminidase. A control group received 10 injections with physiological saline. The infective dose varied between 7 and 7 x 10(7) cells. While all control animals infected with 7 x 10(1) germs died, the lethal effect could be reduced to 50% and 25% in animals immunized twice and 4 times, respectively. Only animals immunized 8 and 10 times were still partly protected against germ numbers of 10(3)-10(4). Germ numbers of 10(5) and more were almost always fatal even in highly immunized animals. Even a high immunization with neuraminidase could only lower the lethal by a maximum factor of 10(4) germs used."}
{"id": "PMID:134542", "title": "Membrane associated antigens of human malignant melanoma. II. Leucocyte migration studies with formalin fixed human melanoma cells.", "content": "The leucocyte migration test from caillary tubes was examined for its usefulness as an assay for cell-mediated immunity in melanoma patients. Formalin fixed melanoma cells either obtained from established cell lines or freshly excised tumors were used as antigen source. From a group of 33 melanoma patients 14 reacted positively (42%) when fixed cultured cells were used, whereas, no positive reactions were found in a group of 14 control donors. However, a considerable proportion of patients with chronic inflammatory processes of the skin reacted positively (4/17 = 24%). A smaller proportion of positive reactions were found in melanoma patients when fixed melanoma cells from excised tumors were used (1/16 = 6%). The positive results in the group with chronic inflammatory processes may be explained as reactions against melanoma associated, but not melanoma-specific, antigens. Three possible reasons are discussed for the low frequency of positive reactions with cells from excised tumors: 1. the cells used in this study display only a few of the antigenic determinants typical for malignant melanoma, 2. antigen expression is quantitatively lower. 3. the surface antigens are covered by blocking factors.", "contents": "Membrane associated antigens of human malignant melanoma. II. Leucocyte migration studies with formalin fixed human melanoma cells. The leucocyte migration test from caillary tubes was examined for its usefulness as an assay for cell-mediated immunity in melanoma patients. Formalin fixed melanoma cells either obtained from established cell lines or freshly excised tumors were used as antigen source. From a group of 33 melanoma patients 14 reacted positively (42%) when fixed cultured cells were used, whereas, no positive reactions were found in a group of 14 control donors. However, a considerable proportion of patients with chronic inflammatory processes of the skin reacted positively (4/17 = 24%). A smaller proportion of positive reactions were found in melanoma patients when fixed melanoma cells from excised tumors were used (1/16 = 6%). The positive results in the group with chronic inflammatory processes may be explained as reactions against melanoma associated, but not melanoma-specific, antigens. Three possible reasons are discussed for the low frequency of positive reactions with cells from excised tumors: 1. the cells used in this study display only a few of the antigenic determinants typical for malignant melanoma, 2. antigen expression is quantitatively lower. 3. the surface antigens are covered by blocking factors."}
{"id": "PMID:134543", "title": "[Active enhancement of canine kidney allografts (author's transl)].", "content": "In 32 beagles heterotopic renal allotransplantations and bilateral nephrectomies were carried out. Control animals (5 dogs) survived 9.4 +/- 1.6 days. 22 recipients were pretreated with donor-specific semisoluble spleen antigen; 5 recipients pretreated with the antigen alone (780 mg/kg body weight) survived 16.6 +/- 2.3 days. A pretreatment with antigen combined with 5 mg/kg body weight Prednisolone resulted in no significant prolongation of survival time (5 animals), but 5 dogs survived significantly longer after pretreatment with the antigen and 50 mg/kg body weight Prednisolone (27.4 +/- 2,7 days). In 5 recipients after preoperative application of 3 doses Prednisolone alone (50 mg/kg body weight each) no prolongation of survival time could be observed (10.2 +/- 0.7 days). We found no correlation between lymphocytotoxic antibody titre and survival time.", "contents": "[Active enhancement of canine kidney allografts (author's transl)]. In 32 beagles heterotopic renal allotransplantations and bilateral nephrectomies were carried out. Control animals (5 dogs) survived 9.4 +/- 1.6 days. 22 recipients were pretreated with donor-specific semisoluble spleen antigen; 5 recipients pretreated with the antigen alone (780 mg/kg body weight) survived 16.6 +/- 2.3 days. A pretreatment with antigen combined with 5 mg/kg body weight Prednisolone resulted in no significant prolongation of survival time (5 animals), but 5 dogs survived significantly longer after pretreatment with the antigen and 50 mg/kg body weight Prednisolone (27.4 +/- 2,7 days). In 5 recipients after preoperative application of 3 doses Prednisolone alone (50 mg/kg body weight each) no prolongation of survival time could be observed (10.2 +/- 0.7 days). We found no correlation between lymphocytotoxic antibody titre and survival time."}
{"id": "PMID:134544", "title": "Cell-mediated hypersensitivity in guinea-pigs infected with toxoplasms gondii.", "content": "This investigation demonstrated delayed hypersensitivity by macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) and skin-testing (ST) at 4, 8, 12, and 17 weeks and by lymphocyte transformation (LT) at 4, 12, and 17 weeks after infection of guinea-pigs (GP) with Toxoplasma gondii (C-37 strain). MMI and LT were both most pronounced at 4 and 17 weeks post-infection. GP immunized with toxoplasmin in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) demonstrated positive blast transformation and ST, but GP immunized with phosphate buffered saline in CFA did not. MMI was demonstrated with both immunizing preparations. Positive dye test and indirect hemagglutination test titers from 4 through 17 weeks were found.", "contents": "Cell-mediated hypersensitivity in guinea-pigs infected with toxoplasms gondii. This investigation demonstrated delayed hypersensitivity by macrophage migration inhibition (MMI) and skin-testing (ST) at 4, 8, 12, and 17 weeks and by lymphocyte transformation (LT) at 4, 12, and 17 weeks after infection of guinea-pigs (GP) with Toxoplasma gondii (C-37 strain). MMI and LT were both most pronounced at 4 and 17 weeks post-infection. GP immunized with toxoplasmin in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) demonstrated positive blast transformation and ST, but GP immunized with phosphate buffered saline in CFA did not. MMI was demonstrated with both immunizing preparations. Positive dye test and indirect hemagglutination test titers from 4 through 17 weeks were found."}
{"id": "PMID:134545", "title": "Spontaneous and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in melanoma patients and healthy control presons.", "content": "Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against 51Cr labeled allogeneic target cells of a human melanoma cell line (IGR3) were determined with purified effector lymphocytes and defibrinated whole blood from 14 melanoma patients and 13 healthy control persons. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation (fraction F); subsequently the phagocytic and adherent cells were removed and the supernating cell population (fraction fff) was passaged through IgG anti-IgG columns to obtain a B cell free lymphocyte suspension (fraction fff-c). cells from the 3 lymphocyte fractions and from defibrinated whole blood were simultaneously tested for cytotoxic activity against unsensitized IGR3 target cells (SCMC assay) and IGR3 cells perviously sensitized with a rabbit anti-melanoma IgG (ADCC assay). Dose-response curves were established with all lymphocyte fractions and with whole blood. The following results were obtained. 1. With all lymphocyte fractions tested, ADCC was approximately 15 time higher than SCMC, whereas with whole blood, the difference tended to be less pronounced. 2. Elimination of phagoctic and adherent cells had no significant effect on SCMC and ADCC. 3. Passage over IgG anti-IgG columns drastically reduced cytotoxicity in both assays without, however, completely abolishing it. 4. The only difference seen between lymphocyte cytotoxicity of melanoma patients and control persons was a slight, but non-significant depression of SCMC and ADCC in melanoma patients. The results confirm and extend our previous report that SCMC against an allogeneic tumor cell-line is due to not-specific \"Null\" or \"K\" cell-activity rather than to specific T cell cytotoxicity. In one experiment freshly explanted melanoma cells were labeled with 51Cr and reacted wiht autologous blood and purified lymphocyte fractions. It was found that cellular cytotoxicity depending on serum factors (ADCC) was an effective lytic mechanism, whereas T cell-mediated cytotoxicity could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Spontaneous and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in melanoma patients and healthy control presons. Spontaneous cell-mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against 51Cr labeled allogeneic target cells of a human melanoma cell line (IGR3) were determined with purified effector lymphocytes and defibrinated whole blood from 14 melanoma patients and 13 healthy control persons. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation (fraction F); subsequently the phagocytic and adherent cells were removed and the supernating cell population (fraction fff) was passaged through IgG anti-IgG columns to obtain a B cell free lymphocyte suspension (fraction fff-c). cells from the 3 lymphocyte fractions and from defibrinated whole blood were simultaneously tested for cytotoxic activity against unsensitized IGR3 target cells (SCMC assay) and IGR3 cells perviously sensitized with a rabbit anti-melanoma IgG (ADCC assay). Dose-response curves were established with all lymphocyte fractions and with whole blood. The following results were obtained. 1. With all lymphocyte fractions tested, ADCC was approximately 15 time higher than SCMC, whereas with whole blood, the difference tended to be less pronounced. 2. Elimination of phagoctic and adherent cells had no significant effect on SCMC and ADCC. 3. Passage over IgG anti-IgG columns drastically reduced cytotoxicity in both assays without, however, completely abolishing it. 4. The only difference seen between lymphocyte cytotoxicity of melanoma patients and control persons was a slight, but non-significant depression of SCMC and ADCC in melanoma patients. The results confirm and extend our previous report that SCMC against an allogeneic tumor cell-line is due to not-specific \"Null\" or \"K\" cell-activity rather than to specific T cell cytotoxicity. In one experiment freshly explanted melanoma cells were labeled with 51Cr and reacted wiht autologous blood and purified lymphocyte fractions. It was found that cellular cytotoxicity depending on serum factors (ADCC) was an effective lytic mechanism, whereas T cell-mediated cytotoxicity could not be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:134546", "title": "Strong expression of Fc-receptors on leukemic cells in hairy cell leukemia.", "content": "The neoplastic cells of a patient with hairy cell leukemia were found to express a high Fc-receptor actitivy on their surface. When the Fc-receptors were determined quantitatively by measuring the uptake of 125I-labelled aggregated IgG under saturation conditions, it was found that the hariy cells bound approximately 3 times more aggregated IgG than normal adherent mononuclear cells. The bound 125I-Agg. IgG was evenly distributed on the cell surface when the cells were labelled at 4 degrees C and was rapidly redistributed in form of a cap at one cell pole during incubation at 20 degrees C.", "contents": "Strong expression of Fc-receptors on leukemic cells in hairy cell leukemia. The neoplastic cells of a patient with hairy cell leukemia were found to express a high Fc-receptor actitivy on their surface. When the Fc-receptors were determined quantitatively by measuring the uptake of 125I-labelled aggregated IgG under saturation conditions, it was found that the hariy cells bound approximately 3 times more aggregated IgG than normal adherent mononuclear cells. The bound 125I-Agg. IgG was evenly distributed on the cell surface when the cells were labelled at 4 degrees C and was rapidly redistributed in form of a cap at one cell pole during incubation at 20 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:134547", "title": "Experimental pulpal immunization. I. Route of application and demonstration of immune response.", "content": "The experimental exposure of the pulpal room of rabbit teeth made it possible to apply an ovalbumin agar gel deposit into the pulpal room and subsequently investigate the immune response. Diffusion of antigen from the agar into environment was proven. After 3 weekly applications 5 rabbits showed hemagglutinating anti-ovalbumin titers between 1:128 and 1:512, while 7 rabbits receiving 10 weekly applications had titers between 1:8000 and 1:128,000. Control rabbits which received the agar deposit alone showed no antibody response. Control rabbits which obtained 3 identical weekly doses of ovalbumin in PBS by subcutaneous injection showed an identical immune response as animals immunized via the pulpal room. Specificity of antibodies was ascertained by passive hemagglutination with control antigens and hemagglutination inhibition. Intradermal injection of ovalbumin in 3 rabbits which obtained pulpal immunization, induced an Arthus reaction. The precipitating property of ovalbumin antibodies and their identity with defined ovalbumin antisera was proven by gel diffusion. The results obtained show, that antigens present in the pulpal room provide a strong immunogenic stimulus.", "contents": "Experimental pulpal immunization. I. Route of application and demonstration of immune response. The experimental exposure of the pulpal room of rabbit teeth made it possible to apply an ovalbumin agar gel deposit into the pulpal room and subsequently investigate the immune response. Diffusion of antigen from the agar into environment was proven. After 3 weekly applications 5 rabbits showed hemagglutinating anti-ovalbumin titers between 1:128 and 1:512, while 7 rabbits receiving 10 weekly applications had titers between 1:8000 and 1:128,000. Control rabbits which received the agar deposit alone showed no antibody response. Control rabbits which obtained 3 identical weekly doses of ovalbumin in PBS by subcutaneous injection showed an identical immune response as animals immunized via the pulpal room. Specificity of antibodies was ascertained by passive hemagglutination with control antigens and hemagglutination inhibition. Intradermal injection of ovalbumin in 3 rabbits which obtained pulpal immunization, induced an Arthus reaction. The precipitating property of ovalbumin antibodies and their identity with defined ovalbumin antisera was proven by gel diffusion. The results obtained show, that antigens present in the pulpal room provide a strong immunogenic stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:134549", "title": "[Determination of the origin of drugs by measuring natural isotope contents: D/H and 13C/12C ratios of some diazepam samples (author's transl)].", "content": "The precise determination of the natural isotopic abundance ratios of carbon and hydrogen in several production batches of the commercial product 7-chlor-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-on (diazepam) gave results which allowed certain batches to be differentiated. The differences in the ratios appear to be mainly due to differences in the isotopic composition of the (fossile) starting materials of the synthesis. The measurement of the natural isotopic ratios may therefore offer another possibility to determine the origin of a drug.", "contents": "[Determination of the origin of drugs by measuring natural isotope contents: D/H and 13C/12C ratios of some diazepam samples (author's transl)]. The precise determination of the natural isotopic abundance ratios of carbon and hydrogen in several production batches of the commercial product 7-chlor-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-on (diazepam) gave results which allowed certain batches to be differentiated. The differences in the ratios appear to be mainly due to differences in the isotopic composition of the (fossile) starting materials of the synthesis. The measurement of the natural isotopic ratios may therefore offer another possibility to determine the origin of a drug."}
{"id": "PMID:134551", "title": "New and uncommon indole- and imidazole-alkylamines in skins of amphibians from Australia and Papua New Guinea.", "content": "Extracts of the skin of some amphibians from Australia and Papua New Guinea contained, in addition to the usual 5-hydroxyindolealkylamines and histamine: a. two new, hitherto unknown indolealkylamines, i.e. O-sulphate of bufotenidine and 2-(3-indolyl) ethyltrimethylammonium, a quaternary ammonium base of tryptamine. The rare O-sulphate of bufotenine was also present, the occurrence of which had previously been demonstrated only in the skin of some South American toads; b. a series of uncommon imidazolealkylamines, such as N'-acetylhistamine, N'-methylhistamine, N',N'-dimethylhistamine, spinaceamine and 6-methylspinaceamine. It appears evident that amphibian skin continues to be an exceptionally rich source of aromatic amines.", "contents": "New and uncommon indole- and imidazole-alkylamines in skins of amphibians from Australia and Papua New Guinea. Extracts of the skin of some amphibians from Australia and Papua New Guinea contained, in addition to the usual 5-hydroxyindolealkylamines and histamine: a. two new, hitherto unknown indolealkylamines, i.e. O-sulphate of bufotenidine and 2-(3-indolyl) ethyltrimethylammonium, a quaternary ammonium base of tryptamine. The rare O-sulphate of bufotenine was also present, the occurrence of which had previously been demonstrated only in the skin of some South American toads; b. a series of uncommon imidazolealkylamines, such as N'-acetylhistamine, N'-methylhistamine, N',N'-dimethylhistamine, spinaceamine and 6-methylspinaceamine. It appears evident that amphibian skin continues to be an exceptionally rich source of aromatic amines."}
{"id": "PMID:134552", "title": "Isolation of beta, beta-caroten-2-ol from an insect, Cerura vinula (Lepidoptera).", "content": "The monohydroxy carotenoid from the moth Cerura vinula has been shown to be beta, beta-caroten-2-ol on the basis of electronic, infrared, proton magnetic-resonance, and mass spectra. On acid treatment in the presence of molecular oxygen this carotenoid is dehydrogenated to 4',5-retro-beta,beta-caroten-2-one. The identification of beta,beta-caroten-2-ol by its retro product, its time course of acetylation, and its chromatographic properties relative to beta,beta-caroten-3-ol and beta,beta-caroten-4-ol is discussed. This is the first demonstration of a 2-hydroxylated carotenoid in an insect. Implications on the biogenesis of this pigment are considered.", "contents": "Isolation of beta, beta-caroten-2-ol from an insect, Cerura vinula (Lepidoptera). The monohydroxy carotenoid from the moth Cerura vinula has been shown to be beta, beta-caroten-2-ol on the basis of electronic, infrared, proton magnetic-resonance, and mass spectra. On acid treatment in the presence of molecular oxygen this carotenoid is dehydrogenated to 4',5-retro-beta,beta-caroten-2-one. The identification of beta,beta-caroten-2-ol by its retro product, its time course of acetylation, and its chromatographic properties relative to beta,beta-caroten-3-ol and beta,beta-caroten-4-ol is discussed. This is the first demonstration of a 2-hydroxylated carotenoid in an insect. Implications on the biogenesis of this pigment are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:134553", "title": "The juvenile hormones in blood of larvae and adults of Manduca sexta (Joh.).", "content": "The juvenile hormones (JH) in extracts of Manduca sexta blood were converted to 10-(2,4-dichlorobenzoyloxy)-11-methoxy derivatives and quantitatively determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Early IVth instar larvae contained 0.62 ng JH-I, 1.1ng JH-II and 0.07 ng JH-III per ml blood. Early Vth instar larvae, and adult of both sexes contained the hormones in concentration from 0 to 0.24 ng/ml blood. No hormone was detected in late Vth instar (wandering) larvae. The detection limit in our experiments was less than or equal to 0.003 ng/ml blood.", "contents": "The juvenile hormones in blood of larvae and adults of Manduca sexta (Joh.). The juvenile hormones (JH) in extracts of Manduca sexta blood were converted to 10-(2,4-dichlorobenzoyloxy)-11-methoxy derivatives and quantitatively determined by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Early IVth instar larvae contained 0.62 ng JH-I, 1.1ng JH-II and 0.07 ng JH-III per ml blood. Early Vth instar larvae, and adult of both sexes contained the hormones in concentration from 0 to 0.24 ng/ml blood. No hormone was detected in late Vth instar (wandering) larvae. The detection limit in our experiments was less than or equal to 0.003 ng/ml blood."}
{"id": "PMID:134554", "title": "Molecular size of the diapause hormone of the silkworm Bombyx mori.", "content": "The diapause hormone (DH) responsible for arrested development of the silkworm Bombix mori consists of two active principles of peptide (A and B). Since both hormones form aggregates in aqueous phases, the molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography of Merckogel OR 6000 using methanol-dichloromethane mixture as the developing agent. Gramicidins and modified peptides soluble in the organic solvents were used as the standard markers for the molecular weight measurements of the hormones. The molecular weights of DH-A and -B are estimated to be 3300 +/- 400 and 2000 +/- 200, respectively.", "contents": "Molecular size of the diapause hormone of the silkworm Bombyx mori. The diapause hormone (DH) responsible for arrested development of the silkworm Bombix mori consists of two active principles of peptide (A and B). Since both hormones form aggregates in aqueous phases, the molecular weights were determined by gel permeation chromatography of Merckogel OR 6000 using methanol-dichloromethane mixture as the developing agent. Gramicidins and modified peptides soluble in the organic solvents were used as the standard markers for the molecular weight measurements of the hormones. The molecular weights of DH-A and -B are estimated to be 3300 +/- 400 and 2000 +/- 200, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:134555", "title": "Ribose conformations of 8-azapurine nucleosides in solution.", "content": "The ribose conformations of 8-azaadenosine, 8-azaguanosine, and 8-azainosine have been studied using proton magnetic resonance in ND3 solutions, in D2O solutions, and in pyridine solutions. The temperature was varied between -60 and +40 degrees C in ND3 and between +10 and +60 degrees C in D20 solutions. The analysis is based on the two state S in equilibrium N model of the ribose moiety proposed by Altona and Sundaralingam. In D2O, the 8-aza substitution destabilizes the gg rotamer and simultaneously diminishes the population of the S state of the ribose. It is deduced that the anti population of the base is greater in the 8-azapurine(beta)ribosides than in the common purine(beta)-ribosides.", "contents": "Ribose conformations of 8-azapurine nucleosides in solution. The ribose conformations of 8-azaadenosine, 8-azaguanosine, and 8-azainosine have been studied using proton magnetic resonance in ND3 solutions, in D2O solutions, and in pyridine solutions. The temperature was varied between -60 and +40 degrees C in ND3 and between +10 and +60 degrees C in D20 solutions. The analysis is based on the two state S in equilibrium N model of the ribose moiety proposed by Altona and Sundaralingam. In D2O, the 8-aza substitution destabilizes the gg rotamer and simultaneously diminishes the population of the S state of the ribose. It is deduced that the anti population of the base is greater in the 8-azapurine(beta)ribosides than in the common purine(beta)-ribosides."}
{"id": "PMID:134556", "title": "Fractionated precipitation of acid macropolyanions by dialysis, a simple method for the estimation of DNA in complex biological samples.", "content": "After efficient extraction by para-aminosalicylate, chopping, grinding and eventual sonication, the macropolyanions are transformed into their cetyltrimethylammonium salts. These have differing solubilities, strongly depending on ionic strength. The cationic detergent-macropolyanionic salts are solubilized by high salt concentration. Salt is then dialysed out, rendering the polyanions highly insoluble in a sequential fashion. The insolubilized components are determined quantitatively by monitoring turbidity, which in case of DNA is strictly proportionate to its concentration. This relation is not affected by other components. This makes DNA determination possible even in crude aqueous extracts. The method has been applied to different objects, such as bacteria, plants, animals, soil and activated sludge. The method may prove to be especially useful in research of environmental poisons e.g. in rivers, lakes or clarifiers.", "contents": "Fractionated precipitation of acid macropolyanions by dialysis, a simple method for the estimation of DNA in complex biological samples. After efficient extraction by para-aminosalicylate, chopping, grinding and eventual sonication, the macropolyanions are transformed into their cetyltrimethylammonium salts. These have differing solubilities, strongly depending on ionic strength. The cationic detergent-macropolyanionic salts are solubilized by high salt concentration. Salt is then dialysed out, rendering the polyanions highly insoluble in a sequential fashion. The insolubilized components are determined quantitatively by monitoring turbidity, which in case of DNA is strictly proportionate to its concentration. This relation is not affected by other components. This makes DNA determination possible even in crude aqueous extracts. The method has been applied to different objects, such as bacteria, plants, animals, soil and activated sludge. The method may prove to be especially useful in research of environmental poisons e.g. in rivers, lakes or clarifiers."}
{"id": "PMID:134558", "title": "Loading of human red blood cells with DNA and RNA.", "content": "Human erythrocytes were suspended in Hank's solution containing mammalian or viral DNA or RNA. After dialysis at 0 degrees C first against water and subsequently against Hank's solution, and a further incubation at 37 degrees C, the erythrocytes were found to be loaded with the nucleic acids. The nucleic acid trapped in the erythrocytes exhibited up to 35 per cent of the external concentration.", "contents": "Loading of human red blood cells with DNA and RNA. Human erythrocytes were suspended in Hank's solution containing mammalian or viral DNA or RNA. After dialysis at 0 degrees C first against water and subsequently against Hank's solution, and a further incubation at 37 degrees C, the erythrocytes were found to be loaded with the nucleic acids. The nucleic acid trapped in the erythrocytes exhibited up to 35 per cent of the external concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:134559", "title": "[Initiation in a polyribosome-dependent protein-synthesizing cell-free system from Saccharomyces (author's transl)].", "content": "A method to prepare polyribosomes from yeasts by using the french-press is described. The highest yield of polyribosomes was derived from late log-phase cells. These polyribosomes, incubated in a cell-free system, were able to reinitiate protein synthesis, which was shown by inhibiting aminoacid incorporation by aurintricarboxylic acid, edeine and sodiumfluoride. We developed the translational system in order to look for the optimal ion-conditions of a DNA-dependent protein-synthesizing system. We found out that at the optimal MgCl2-concentration (6 mM) protein synthesis was strongly inhibited by Mangan ions which are required for transcription in yeast. If protein-synthesis was carried out with 2 mM and 3 mM MgCl2 maximal aminoacid incorporation was observed at 2 mM and 1.5 mM MnCl2.", "contents": "[Initiation in a polyribosome-dependent protein-synthesizing cell-free system from Saccharomyces (author's transl)]. A method to prepare polyribosomes from yeasts by using the french-press is described. The highest yield of polyribosomes was derived from late log-phase cells. These polyribosomes, incubated in a cell-free system, were able to reinitiate protein synthesis, which was shown by inhibiting aminoacid incorporation by aurintricarboxylic acid, edeine and sodiumfluoride. We developed the translational system in order to look for the optimal ion-conditions of a DNA-dependent protein-synthesizing system. We found out that at the optimal MgCl2-concentration (6 mM) protein synthesis was strongly inhibited by Mangan ions which are required for transcription in yeast. If protein-synthesis was carried out with 2 mM and 3 mM MgCl2 maximal aminoacid incorporation was observed at 2 mM and 1.5 mM MnCl2."}
{"id": "PMID:134557", "title": "Characterization of mitochondrial DNA from the pika (Ochotona rufescens rufescens).", "content": "Further to anatomical and physiological studies performed on the pika (Ochotona rufescens rufescens), a new laboratory animal, the main characteristics of the mitochondrial DNA from its liver are defined. The buoyant density of this DNA is 1.695 g/cm3, its length 5.30 mum,, i.e., 3.17 times that of the replicative form of phiX 174. It could have approximately 16 500 base pairs. The DNA from the pika is very similar to that of the rat or the rabbit, although these animals show great physiological differences.", "contents": "Characterization of mitochondrial DNA from the pika (Ochotona rufescens rufescens). Further to anatomical and physiological studies performed on the pika (Ochotona rufescens rufescens), a new laboratory animal, the main characteristics of the mitochondrial DNA from its liver are defined. The buoyant density of this DNA is 1.695 g/cm3, its length 5.30 mum,, i.e., 3.17 times that of the replicative form of phiX 174. It could have approximately 16 500 base pairs. The DNA from the pika is very similar to that of the rat or the rabbit, although these animals show great physiological differences."}
{"id": "PMID:134560", "title": "Differences in the lipid distribution in subcellular fractions of mouse fibroblasts derived from logarithmic and stationary growth.", "content": "The lipid class compositions of subcellular fractions of SV40-transformed mouse fibroblasts derived from the logarithmic and stationary growth phase were compared. Cell populations of the stationary growth phase showed a relative decrease of the protein content and an increase of triglycerides and alkoxydiglycerides which could be located in the non-sedimenting fraction and in the nuclei and mitochondria containing fraction, respectively. Futheron, distinct shifts in the subcellular distribution of those lipid classes could be observed which exhibited no relative overall increase or decrease when the cells of both growth phases were compared. In the crude plasma membrane fraction the ratio \"lipid class/protein\" remained about constant with the exception of the phospholipids and alkoxydiglycerides.", "contents": "Differences in the lipid distribution in subcellular fractions of mouse fibroblasts derived from logarithmic and stationary growth. The lipid class compositions of subcellular fractions of SV40-transformed mouse fibroblasts derived from the logarithmic and stationary growth phase were compared. Cell populations of the stationary growth phase showed a relative decrease of the protein content and an increase of triglycerides and alkoxydiglycerides which could be located in the non-sedimenting fraction and in the nuclei and mitochondria containing fraction, respectively. Futheron, distinct shifts in the subcellular distribution of those lipid classes could be observed which exhibited no relative overall increase or decrease when the cells of both growth phases were compared. In the crude plasma membrane fraction the ratio \"lipid class/protein\" remained about constant with the exception of the phospholipids and alkoxydiglycerides."}
{"id": "PMID:134562", "title": "The accessory sex glands as the repository for juvenile hormone in male cecropia moths.", "content": "Gas chromatographic determinations, bioassays, and radio-labelling experiments show that the juvenile hormone in adult male Hyalophora cecropia is accumulated exclusively in the accessory sex glands. Moths do not store measurable quantities of juvenile hormone if their accessory sex glands are removed shortly after adult eclosion.", "contents": "The accessory sex glands as the repository for juvenile hormone in male cecropia moths. Gas chromatographic determinations, bioassays, and radio-labelling experiments show that the juvenile hormone in adult male Hyalophora cecropia is accumulated exclusively in the accessory sex glands. Moths do not store measurable quantities of juvenile hormone if their accessory sex glands are removed shortly after adult eclosion."}
{"id": "PMID:134563", "title": "Kinetic properties of Mg, Ca ATPase from various Escherichia coli mutants.", "content": "The ATPase is not lacking in the ATPase mutants DL 54 and AN 120 but has very different kinetic properties including a higher Cl- optimum and higher Km values for MgATP. In AN 120, the ATPase activity also has a higher Mg2+ optimum.", "contents": "Kinetic properties of Mg, Ca ATPase from various Escherichia coli mutants. The ATPase is not lacking in the ATPase mutants DL 54 and AN 120 but has very different kinetic properties including a higher Cl- optimum and higher Km values for MgATP. In AN 120, the ATPase activity also has a higher Mg2+ optimum."}
{"id": "PMID:134564", "title": "Contribution of monofunctional adducts formed by furocoumarins with DNA to the inhibition of nucleic acids synthesis.", "content": "In addition to the bifunctional adducts (cross-linkages), that furocoumarins on radiation at 365 nm form in DNA, monofunctional adducts also proved able to inhibit the nucleic acid synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "contents": "Contribution of monofunctional adducts formed by furocoumarins with DNA to the inhibition of nucleic acids synthesis. In addition to the bifunctional adducts (cross-linkages), that furocoumarins on radiation at 365 nm form in DNA, monofunctional adducts also proved able to inhibit the nucleic acid synthesis in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:134565", "title": "[Small-angle x-ray and sedimentation studies on alpha-haemocyanin H. pomatia (halve molecules) in glycerol and sucrose solutions (author's transl)].", "content": "The alpha-haemocyanin molecules of Helix pomatia were decomposed into halves and studied in solution by small-angle X-ray scattering. The following parameters of the molecule could be obtained: radius of gyration, volume, molecular weight, overall shape and dimensions of the molecule. With small-angle X-ray scattering fluctuations of the electron density within the protein cause parasitic scattering at larger angles. According to Stuhrmann and Kirste it is possible to eliminate it mathematically by varying the electron density of the buffer. For this purpose different quantities of glycerol respectively saccharose were added to the solvent to study the scattering of alpha-haemocyanin halves in solvents of varied electron density. The change of the isopotential specific volume of haemocyanin and the strong increase of the statistical errors of its scattering by decreasing of the excess scattering of solution over solvent per unit volume did not allow an application of the method of Stuhrmann and Kirste. The data obtained for alpha-haemocanin halves in different solvents are given. Besides also the sedimentation of the alpha-haemocyanin halves were studied in solutions containing varied amounts of glycerol and saccharose. An attempt was made to calculate the change of the partial specific volume of haemocyanin by adding glycerol or saccharose.", "contents": "[Small-angle x-ray and sedimentation studies on alpha-haemocyanin H. pomatia (halve molecules) in glycerol and sucrose solutions (author's transl)]. The alpha-haemocyanin molecules of Helix pomatia were decomposed into halves and studied in solution by small-angle X-ray scattering. The following parameters of the molecule could be obtained: radius of gyration, volume, molecular weight, overall shape and dimensions of the molecule. With small-angle X-ray scattering fluctuations of the electron density within the protein cause parasitic scattering at larger angles. According to Stuhrmann and Kirste it is possible to eliminate it mathematically by varying the electron density of the buffer. For this purpose different quantities of glycerol respectively saccharose were added to the solvent to study the scattering of alpha-haemocyanin halves in solvents of varied electron density. The change of the isopotential specific volume of haemocyanin and the strong increase of the statistical errors of its scattering by decreasing of the excess scattering of solution over solvent per unit volume did not allow an application of the method of Stuhrmann and Kirste. The data obtained for alpha-haemocanin halves in different solvents are given. Besides also the sedimentation of the alpha-haemocyanin halves were studied in solutions containing varied amounts of glycerol and saccharose. An attempt was made to calculate the change of the partial specific volume of haemocyanin by adding glycerol or saccharose."}
{"id": "PMID:134561", "title": "Particle movement in heliozoan axopods associated with lateral displacement of highly ordered membrane domains.", "content": "Freeze-fracture studies reveal that extrusive organelles displaying saltatory particle movements in centrohelidian axopod are attached to highly ordered domains within the plasma membrane. It is postulated that the motive force for lateral displacement of these membrane domains with the adhering organelle is located immediately underneath the plasma membrane being either part of the peripheral membrane proteins or attached filaments alined parallel to the axopodial microtubules. The attachment domain is interpreted as a \"frozen\" membrane area preventing untimely organelle discharge by membrane fusion.", "contents": "Particle movement in heliozoan axopods associated with lateral displacement of highly ordered membrane domains. Freeze-fracture studies reveal that extrusive organelles displaying saltatory particle movements in centrohelidian axopod are attached to highly ordered domains within the plasma membrane. It is postulated that the motive force for lateral displacement of these membrane domains with the adhering organelle is located immediately underneath the plasma membrane being either part of the peripheral membrane proteins or attached filaments alined parallel to the axopodial microtubules. The attachment domain is interpreted as a \"frozen\" membrane area preventing untimely organelle discharge by membrane fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:134567", "title": "[Coalpha/Cobeta-isomerism of corrinoids. Partial synthesis and Escherichia coli activity of further isomer pairs of the (Co-methyl)-corrinoids (author's transl)].", "content": "In 2-methyladenyl-(Cobeta-methyl)-cobamide and in adenyl-(cobeta-methyl)-cobamide the nucleotide base is coordinated to the cobalt atom in neutral and weak acidic aqueous solutions (in the corresponding adenosylcorrinoids the nucleotide base is not coordinated). 2-Methylthioadenyl-(Cobeta-methyl)-cobamide resembles, with regard to the coordination of the nucleotide base, the benzimidazole-corrinoids. The partial synthesis via cobalt (I) corrinoids results in a variable proportion: (Coalpha-methyl) isomer/(Cobeta-methyl) isomer, e. g. 7/93 (cobalamin) and 50/50 (p-cresylcobamide). This proportion is generally low, if in the corresponding cyanocorrinoid the nucleotide base is firmly coordinated; it is high, if the coordination in the corresponding cyanocorrinoid is weak or absent. These results are compatible with the assumption that in the cobalt (I) corrinoids the nucleotide base is to a certain extent coordinated. In Escherichia coli 113-3 the examined (Coalpha-methyl)-corrinoids show a weaker bioactivity than the corresponding (Cobeta-methyl)-corrinoids.", "contents": "[Coalpha/Cobeta-isomerism of corrinoids. Partial synthesis and Escherichia coli activity of further isomer pairs of the (Co-methyl)-corrinoids (author's transl)]. In 2-methyladenyl-(Cobeta-methyl)-cobamide and in adenyl-(cobeta-methyl)-cobamide the nucleotide base is coordinated to the cobalt atom in neutral and weak acidic aqueous solutions (in the corresponding adenosylcorrinoids the nucleotide base is not coordinated). 2-Methylthioadenyl-(Cobeta-methyl)-cobamide resembles, with regard to the coordination of the nucleotide base, the benzimidazole-corrinoids. The partial synthesis via cobalt (I) corrinoids results in a variable proportion: (Coalpha-methyl) isomer/(Cobeta-methyl) isomer, e. g. 7/93 (cobalamin) and 50/50 (p-cresylcobamide). This proportion is generally low, if in the corresponding cyanocorrinoid the nucleotide base is firmly coordinated; it is high, if the coordination in the corresponding cyanocorrinoid is weak or absent. These results are compatible with the assumption that in the cobalt (I) corrinoids the nucleotide base is to a certain extent coordinated. In Escherichia coli 113-3 the examined (Coalpha-methyl)-corrinoids show a weaker bioactivity than the corresponding (Cobeta-methyl)-corrinoids."}
{"id": "PMID:134566", "title": "Studies on optically active pesticides, I synthesis and herbicidal activity of d(+) and 1(-) methyl-2-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-propionate.", "content": "d(+) and 1(-) Methyl-2-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-propionate (common name chlorfenprop-methyl; trade mark Bidisin) were prepared and their herbicidal activities studied on Avena fatua L. and Avena sativa L. (\"Fl\u00e4mingskrone\"). The 1(-) enantiomer was found to be twice as active as the racemate; the d(+) form almost inactive.", "contents": "Studies on optically active pesticides, I synthesis and herbicidal activity of d(+) and 1(-) methyl-2-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-propionate. d(+) and 1(-) Methyl-2-chloro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-propionate (common name chlorfenprop-methyl; trade mark Bidisin) were prepared and their herbicidal activities studied on Avena fatua L. and Avena sativa L. (\"Fl\u00e4mingskrone\"). The 1(-) enantiomer was found to be twice as active as the racemate; the d(+) form almost inactive."}
{"id": "PMID:134569", "title": "[6.7-Dihydroxycoumarin (Aesculetin) as a substrate for catechol-o-methyltransferase (author's transl)].", "content": "6,7-Dihydroxycoumarin (Aesculetin) was found to be a substrate of rat liver Catechol-O-methylfransferase (COMT) (EC 2.1.1.6). Incubation of this substrate with S-Adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine and/or S-Adenosylmethionin-hydrogensulfate in the presence of COMT yields the highly fluorescent compounds 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin (Scopoletin) and 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (Isoscopoletin) in the ration of about 2:1. The O-methylated products obtained from Aesculetin were identified after separation by thin layer chromatography mainly by the reversed isotope dilution technique. The fluorescence of the isolated methylethers was proportional to concentration within the range from 10(-5)-10(-7) M. A reciprocal plot of activity versus substrate concentration gives a Km of 1 X 10(-6) M.", "contents": "[6.7-Dihydroxycoumarin (Aesculetin) as a substrate for catechol-o-methyltransferase (author's transl)]. 6,7-Dihydroxycoumarin (Aesculetin) was found to be a substrate of rat liver Catechol-O-methylfransferase (COMT) (EC 2.1.1.6). Incubation of this substrate with S-Adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine and/or S-Adenosylmethionin-hydrogensulfate in the presence of COMT yields the highly fluorescent compounds 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin (Scopoletin) and 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin (Isoscopoletin) in the ration of about 2:1. The O-methylated products obtained from Aesculetin were identified after separation by thin layer chromatography mainly by the reversed isotope dilution technique. The fluorescence of the isolated methylethers was proportional to concentration within the range from 10(-5)-10(-7) M. A reciprocal plot of activity versus substrate concentration gives a Km of 1 X 10(-6) M."}
{"id": "PMID:134568", "title": "[Polymer linked N-(hexyl)-5-azido-2-nitro-benzoic acid amide; a photoreactive resin for the immobilization of ligands (author's transl)].", "content": "The preparation of a new photochemically-activatable polymer was accomplished by condensation of aminohexyl-6-yl-agarose with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of 5-azido-2-nitro-benzoic acid. The latter compound was obtained by diazotization of 5-amino-2-nitro-benzoic acid, exchange of the diazonium group through azide and condensation with N-hydroxysuccinimide. As shown for the photolysis on the monomer level, irradiation of the polymer led to the intermediate formation of a highly reactive nitrene, which is able to immobilize ligands e. g. L-phenylalanine to the polymer.", "contents": "[Polymer linked N-(hexyl)-5-azido-2-nitro-benzoic acid amide; a photoreactive resin for the immobilization of ligands (author's transl)]. The preparation of a new photochemically-activatable polymer was accomplished by condensation of aminohexyl-6-yl-agarose with the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of 5-azido-2-nitro-benzoic acid. The latter compound was obtained by diazotization of 5-amino-2-nitro-benzoic acid, exchange of the diazonium group through azide and condensation with N-hydroxysuccinimide. As shown for the photolysis on the monomer level, irradiation of the polymer led to the intermediate formation of a highly reactive nitrene, which is able to immobilize ligands e. g. L-phenylalanine to the polymer."}
{"id": "PMID:134570", "title": "Nutritional requirement for 4-aminobenzoate caused by mutation of dihydropteroate synthetase.", "content": "Aerobacter aerogenes mutant 62-1 AC requires high concentrations of 4-aminobenzoate for growth. The mutant accumulates N-glucosyl-4-aminobenzoate and has an intact 4-aminobenzoate synthetase (Bacher, Gilch, Rappold, and Lingens, Z. Naturforsch. 28 c, 614-617 [1973]). On the other hand the ability of the mutant to synthesize dihydropteroate is markedly reduced. The dihydropteroate synthetase level of mutant 62-1 AC is 1% as compared to the parent strain. Spontaneous revertants of mutant 62-1 AC show wild type levels of dihydropteroate synthetase. We conclude that the requirement for 4-aminobenzoate in mutant 62-1 AC is due to poor utilization of 4-aminobenzoate as a consequence of the low level of dihydropteroate synthetase activity.", "contents": "Nutritional requirement for 4-aminobenzoate caused by mutation of dihydropteroate synthetase. Aerobacter aerogenes mutant 62-1 AC requires high concentrations of 4-aminobenzoate for growth. The mutant accumulates N-glucosyl-4-aminobenzoate and has an intact 4-aminobenzoate synthetase (Bacher, Gilch, Rappold, and Lingens, Z. Naturforsch. 28 c, 614-617 [1973]). On the other hand the ability of the mutant to synthesize dihydropteroate is markedly reduced. The dihydropteroate synthetase level of mutant 62-1 AC is 1% as compared to the parent strain. Spontaneous revertants of mutant 62-1 AC show wild type levels of dihydropteroate synthetase. We conclude that the requirement for 4-aminobenzoate in mutant 62-1 AC is due to poor utilization of 4-aminobenzoate as a consequence of the low level of dihydropteroate synthetase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:134571", "title": "Properties of an antiserum against Streptomyces hydrogenans 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "content": "Antiserum against crystallized 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Streptomyces hydrogenans was used for different immunodiffusion and immunoprecipitation tests to quantify the bacterial enzyme in cell-free supernatants of the microorganism. After immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis the molecular weight of the subunits of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was calculated to be 27 300 +/- 700.", "contents": "Properties of an antiserum against Streptomyces hydrogenans 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Antiserum against crystallized 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase from Streptomyces hydrogenans was used for different immunodiffusion and immunoprecipitation tests to quantify the bacterial enzyme in cell-free supernatants of the microorganism. After immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis the molecular weight of the subunits of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was calculated to be 27 300 +/- 700."}
{"id": "PMID:134573", "title": "[Effect of N-methyl-N-beta-chloroethylhydrazine and its benzaldehydhydrazone on RNA-and protein synthesis as well as metabolism of synchronously growing yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (author's transl)].", "content": "N-methyl-N-beta-chloroethylhydrazine and its benzaldehydhydrazone inhibit the influx of [6-3H]-uracil and L-[U-14C]leucin in yeast cells as well as the incorporation in RNA and protein. Experiments with synchronously and asynchronously growing cells showed the N-methyl-N-beta-chloroethylhydrazine essentially influences the dividing phase while the benzaldehydhydrazone is more effective in the growth phase. The effect of these two substances on respiration, glycolysis and the concentration of fructose-1,6-diphosphate, triose phosphate, and adenosine triphosphate is small.", "contents": "[Effect of N-methyl-N-beta-chloroethylhydrazine and its benzaldehydhydrazone on RNA-and protein synthesis as well as metabolism of synchronously growing yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (author's transl)]. N-methyl-N-beta-chloroethylhydrazine and its benzaldehydhydrazone inhibit the influx of [6-3H]-uracil and L-[U-14C]leucin in yeast cells as well as the incorporation in RNA and protein. Experiments with synchronously and asynchronously growing cells showed the N-methyl-N-beta-chloroethylhydrazine essentially influences the dividing phase while the benzaldehydhydrazone is more effective in the growth phase. The effect of these two substances on respiration, glycolysis and the concentration of fructose-1,6-diphosphate, triose phosphate, and adenosine triphosphate is small."}
{"id": "PMID:134574", "title": "Pyramidal cells with different densities of dendritic spines in the cortex of the mouse.", "content": "Neighbouring pyramidal cells in the mouse cortex sometimes have different densities of dentritic spines. This was shown by a quantitative analysis of 10 neurons. For this, a method was worked out which corrects for the spines hidden behind (and in front of) the dendrite. The main result is that there is a positive correlation between the spine densities on different parts of the dendritic tree of one neuron. The possible functional meaning of these findings is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Pyramidal cells with different densities of dendritic spines in the cortex of the mouse. Neighbouring pyramidal cells in the mouse cortex sometimes have different densities of dentritic spines. This was shown by a quantitative analysis of 10 neurons. For this, a method was worked out which corrects for the spines hidden behind (and in front of) the dendrite. The main result is that there is a positive correlation between the spine densities on different parts of the dendritic tree of one neuron. The possible functional meaning of these findings is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134572", "title": "[Effect of N-methyl-N-beta-chloroethyl-hydrazine-HCl on the growth and multiplication of yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (author's transl)].", "content": "N-Methyl-N-beta-chloroethyl-hydrazine-HCl and its benzaldehydhydrazone inhibit growth and multiplication of yeast cells. The DNA-synthesis is partially blocked. After removal of the substances the rate of this synthesis is much more increased than that of RNA and protein. The both substances we tested are more effective than simple alkylhydrazines.", "contents": "[Effect of N-methyl-N-beta-chloroethyl-hydrazine-HCl on the growth and multiplication of yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) (author's transl)]. N-Methyl-N-beta-chloroethyl-hydrazine-HCl and its benzaldehydhydrazone inhibit growth and multiplication of yeast cells. The DNA-synthesis is partially blocked. After removal of the substances the rate of this synthesis is much more increased than that of RNA and protein. The both substances we tested are more effective than simple alkylhydrazines."}
{"id": "PMID:134575", "title": "Light and dark adaptation of crayfish visual cells depending on extracellular calcium concentration.", "content": "Lowering of extracellular Ca2+-concentration from 14 X 10(-3) M to ca. 10(-6) M (using 1 mM ethyleneglycol bis (beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA)) results in weaker light adaptation by a 2 s light exposure and faster dark adaptation (half time 45 +/- 1%) of crayfish visual cells.", "contents": "Light and dark adaptation of crayfish visual cells depending on extracellular calcium concentration. Lowering of extracellular Ca2+-concentration from 14 X 10(-3) M to ca. 10(-6) M (using 1 mM ethyleneglycol bis (beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA)) results in weaker light adaptation by a 2 s light exposure and faster dark adaptation (half time 45 +/- 1%) of crayfish visual cells."}
{"id": "PMID:134576", "title": "[Occurrence of an acetylcholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.7) in the haemolymph of the mussel Mytilus edulis (author's transl)].", "content": "A cholinesterase deriving from the hemolymph of the mussel Mytilus edulis was partially purified by use of gel-permeation and ion-exchange chromatography; the specifity to different substrates or inhibitors indicates clearly the occurrence of a \"true\" acetylcholinesterase.", "contents": "[Occurrence of an acetylcholinesterase (E.C. 3.1.1.7) in the haemolymph of the mussel Mytilus edulis (author's transl)]. A cholinesterase deriving from the hemolymph of the mussel Mytilus edulis was partially purified by use of gel-permeation and ion-exchange chromatography; the specifity to different substrates or inhibitors indicates clearly the occurrence of a \"true\" acetylcholinesterase."}
{"id": "PMID:134578", "title": "1H and 13C NMR study of proton transfer in azoles. Mechanism of proton transfer in pyrazole in solutions containing bis-(acetylacetonato) nickel (II).", "content": "Proton transfer in pyrazole systems involving interaction with a paramagnetic transition metal complex has been studied with 1H and 13C NMR techniques. Kinetics of the ligand exchange in the pyrazole complex of bis-(acetylacetonato)nickel (II) has been investigated, and hyperfine coupling constants for the interaction of the nickel unpaired electron with the ligand nuclei in the complex have been determined. Catalytic admixtures of bis-(acetylacetonato)nickel (II) are shown to modify the mechanism of the proton transfer in pyrazole. The spectral data are discussed in terms of outer-sphere coordination and cooperative proton transfer effects.", "contents": "1H and 13C NMR study of proton transfer in azoles. Mechanism of proton transfer in pyrazole in solutions containing bis-(acetylacetonato) nickel (II). Proton transfer in pyrazole systems involving interaction with a paramagnetic transition metal complex has been studied with 1H and 13C NMR techniques. Kinetics of the ligand exchange in the pyrazole complex of bis-(acetylacetonato)nickel (II) has been investigated, and hyperfine coupling constants for the interaction of the nickel unpaired electron with the ligand nuclei in the complex have been determined. Catalytic admixtures of bis-(acetylacetonato)nickel (II) are shown to modify the mechanism of the proton transfer in pyrazole. The spectral data are discussed in terms of outer-sphere coordination and cooperative proton transfer effects."}
{"id": "PMID:134577", "title": "[The distribution space of physically dissolved oxygen in aqueous solutions of organic substances].", "content": "In order to evaluate the distribution of molecular oxygen in biological systems, the oxygen solubility (ml/ml atm) at 37 degrees C in aqueous solutions of thirty organic substances with different concentrations was measured by the classical Van Slyke principle. The oxygen solubility always (with the exception of hemoglobin) decreases exponentially with increasing concentration of the respective substance. In all cases this behavior is described highly significant by a simple empiric exponential function, when the substance concentration as well as the oxygen solubility of pure water is given. The influence of one substance on oxygen solubility contributes additively to the over-all solubility value of a solution of several dissolved substances. Changes in oxygen, solubility and, therefore, oxygen distribution in aqueous solutions may be related to three main phenomena: 1. restriction of the free water volume by the specific partial volume of a dissolved substance (e.g. urea solutions), 2. existence of non-solvent water for oxygen especially in solutions of amino acids), 3. adsorption of oxygen at the interphase in a heterogenous system (e.g. protein solutions).", "contents": "[The distribution space of physically dissolved oxygen in aqueous solutions of organic substances]. In order to evaluate the distribution of molecular oxygen in biological systems, the oxygen solubility (ml/ml atm) at 37 degrees C in aqueous solutions of thirty organic substances with different concentrations was measured by the classical Van Slyke principle. The oxygen solubility always (with the exception of hemoglobin) decreases exponentially with increasing concentration of the respective substance. In all cases this behavior is described highly significant by a simple empiric exponential function, when the substance concentration as well as the oxygen solubility of pure water is given. The influence of one substance on oxygen solubility contributes additively to the over-all solubility value of a solution of several dissolved substances. Changes in oxygen, solubility and, therefore, oxygen distribution in aqueous solutions may be related to three main phenomena: 1. restriction of the free water volume by the specific partial volume of a dissolved substance (e.g. urea solutions), 2. existence of non-solvent water for oxygen especially in solutions of amino acids), 3. adsorption of oxygen at the interphase in a heterogenous system (e.g. protein solutions)."}
{"id": "PMID:134581", "title": "[Synthesis of 5-azido-3-nitro-omega-bromo-acetophenone- a photochemically active bifunctional reagent for the cross-linking of biopolymers].", "content": "The photochemically activatable heterobifunctional reagent 5-azido-3-nitro-omega-bromo-acetophenone (3) was synthesized by condensation of 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride with diethyl malonate, acid-catalyzed decarboxylation of the formed malonester derivative 1 to 3,5-dinitro-acetophenone (2a), selective reduction of one nitro group in 2a to 5-amino-3-nitro-acetophenone (2b) and diazotization to 2c. Nucleophilic displacement of the diazonium group in 2c by sodium azide forms 5-azido-3-nitro-acetophenone (2d) which gives 3 after bromination. Compound 3 is photochemically labile and forms an highly reactive nitrene during ultraviolet irradiation. Since compound 3 is able to alkylate amino- or mercapto-groups of amino acids or nucleosides via its bromoacetyl residue, the bifunctional reagent 3 should cross link proteins or nucleic acids after nitrene generation.", "contents": "[Synthesis of 5-azido-3-nitro-omega-bromo-acetophenone- a photochemically active bifunctional reagent for the cross-linking of biopolymers]. The photochemically activatable heterobifunctional reagent 5-azido-3-nitro-omega-bromo-acetophenone (3) was synthesized by condensation of 3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride with diethyl malonate, acid-catalyzed decarboxylation of the formed malonester derivative 1 to 3,5-dinitro-acetophenone (2a), selective reduction of one nitro group in 2a to 5-amino-3-nitro-acetophenone (2b) and diazotization to 2c. Nucleophilic displacement of the diazonium group in 2c by sodium azide forms 5-azido-3-nitro-acetophenone (2d) which gives 3 after bromination. Compound 3 is photochemically labile and forms an highly reactive nitrene during ultraviolet irradiation. Since compound 3 is able to alkylate amino- or mercapto-groups of amino acids or nucleosides via its bromoacetyl residue, the bifunctional reagent 3 should cross link proteins or nucleic acids after nitrene generation."}
{"id": "PMID:134583", "title": "[Synthesis of a fragment of the active center of the streptococcal proteinase (EC 3.4.22.10), IX].", "content": "The synthesis of the protected pentapeptide tert-butyloxycarbonly-Gln-Ile-Met-Lys(X)-Gly-p-nitrobenzylester (X = benzyloxycarbonyl, 3-chlor-benzyloxycarbonyl) which is part of the carboxylend of a partial sequence of the active center of the streptococcal proteinase is described. Side reactions are observed if the tert-butyloxycarbonyl-protective group is cleaved by trifluoroacetic acid, not with HC1/dioxane. Obviously the presence of methionine is responsible for the formation of by products. Formation of methioninesulfoxide of tert-butylsulfoniummethionine could not be proved. tert-butyloxycarbonyl-Gln-1-hydroxybenzotriazolylester was obtained in a crystalline state from the reaction of tert-butyloxycarbonyl-Gln, dicyclohexylcarbodiimid and 1-hydroxybenzotriazol.", "contents": "[Synthesis of a fragment of the active center of the streptococcal proteinase (EC 3.4.22.10), IX]. The synthesis of the protected pentapeptide tert-butyloxycarbonly-Gln-Ile-Met-Lys(X)-Gly-p-nitrobenzylester (X = benzyloxycarbonyl, 3-chlor-benzyloxycarbonyl) which is part of the carboxylend of a partial sequence of the active center of the streptococcal proteinase is described. Side reactions are observed if the tert-butyloxycarbonyl-protective group is cleaved by trifluoroacetic acid, not with HC1/dioxane. Obviously the presence of methionine is responsible for the formation of by products. Formation of methioninesulfoxide of tert-butylsulfoniummethionine could not be proved. tert-butyloxycarbonyl-Gln-1-hydroxybenzotriazolylester was obtained in a crystalline state from the reaction of tert-butyloxycarbonyl-Gln, dicyclohexylcarbodiimid and 1-hydroxybenzotriazol."}
{"id": "PMID:134580", "title": "X-ray diffraction studies on the structure of alpha-chitin.", "content": "The structure for alpha-chitin originally proposed by Carlstr\u00f6m is generally considered to be the true structure. However, it fails to account for several remaining problems of chitin structure which include a complete explanation of the infrared spectrum and also the different properties of alpha- and beta-chitins. We have reexamined the structure by X-ray diffraction using automatic rigid subunit least-squares refinement and also the difference Fourier method. The R-value was reduced from 0.31 to 0.22 by a number of small modifications to the structure proposed by Carlstr\u00f6m. Consideration of symmetry suggests that two distinct types of statistical modifications could be present in the structure, both of which would allow complete intersheet hydrogen bonding between O6H groups within the general framework of Carlstr\u00f6m structure. The X-ray results give some support to one of these modifications. However, it is predictable that both would affect the X-ray diffraction only marginally so that a clear proof lies beyond the present sensitivity of the method. The proposed extra hydrogen bonding in alpha-chitin provide the first clear explanation for the different properties of these kinds of chitin.", "contents": "X-ray diffraction studies on the structure of alpha-chitin. The structure for alpha-chitin originally proposed by Carlstr\u00f6m is generally considered to be the true structure. However, it fails to account for several remaining problems of chitin structure which include a complete explanation of the infrared spectrum and also the different properties of alpha- and beta-chitins. We have reexamined the structure by X-ray diffraction using automatic rigid subunit least-squares refinement and also the difference Fourier method. The R-value was reduced from 0.31 to 0.22 by a number of small modifications to the structure proposed by Carlstr\u00f6m. Consideration of symmetry suggests that two distinct types of statistical modifications could be present in the structure, both of which would allow complete intersheet hydrogen bonding between O6H groups within the general framework of Carlstr\u00f6m structure. The X-ray results give some support to one of these modifications. However, it is predictable that both would affect the X-ray diffraction only marginally so that a clear proof lies beyond the present sensitivity of the method. The proposed extra hydrogen bonding in alpha-chitin provide the first clear explanation for the different properties of these kinds of chitin."}
{"id": "PMID:134584", "title": "[Activity of aminotransferases in the blue green alga Anacystis nidulans].", "content": "The blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans (strain L 1402-1) was grown at +37 degrees C in air (0.03 vol% CO2 and in air enriched with 3.0 vol% CO2. The effects of several inhibitors on the activity of aminotransferases, 14CO2 fixation and radioactive photosynthetic products of Anacystis were studied. No serine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity could be found in 10-2 M isonicotinyl hydrazide (INH); under the influence of this inhibitor aspartate and alanine aminotransferase were decreased about 49% respectively 17.6%. Serine-pyruvate and alanine aminotransferase activity decreased to more than 50% in 10-3 M glyoxalbisulfite. The obtained inhibitory effect of 10-4 M HPMS on serine-pyruvate aminotransferase (35%) was stronger than one the other aminotransferases. DCMU (5 x 10-6 M) inhibition on alanine aminotransferase activity was 83.7%. Under the influence of 10-3 M glyoxalbisulfite no 14C-labelled amino acids could be detected after 5 min photosynthesis; 14C-labelling of phosphoenolpyruvate, malate, phosphoglycolate and glycolic acid increased. Isonicotinyl hydrazide (10-2 M) caused in comparison to the control experiment a lower radioactivity in aspartate glutamate and phosphoenolpyruvate. The results are discussed with reference fo the operation of the glycolate pathway and a carboxylation reaction of phosphoenol-pyruvate in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans.", "contents": "[Activity of aminotransferases in the blue green alga Anacystis nidulans]. The blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans (strain L 1402-1) was grown at +37 degrees C in air (0.03 vol% CO2 and in air enriched with 3.0 vol% CO2. The effects of several inhibitors on the activity of aminotransferases, 14CO2 fixation and radioactive photosynthetic products of Anacystis were studied. No serine-pyruvate aminotransferase activity could be found in 10-2 M isonicotinyl hydrazide (INH); under the influence of this inhibitor aspartate and alanine aminotransferase were decreased about 49% respectively 17.6%. Serine-pyruvate and alanine aminotransferase activity decreased to more than 50% in 10-3 M glyoxalbisulfite. The obtained inhibitory effect of 10-4 M HPMS on serine-pyruvate aminotransferase (35%) was stronger than one the other aminotransferases. DCMU (5 x 10-6 M) inhibition on alanine aminotransferase activity was 83.7%. Under the influence of 10-3 M glyoxalbisulfite no 14C-labelled amino acids could be detected after 5 min photosynthesis; 14C-labelling of phosphoenolpyruvate, malate, phosphoglycolate and glycolic acid increased. Isonicotinyl hydrazide (10-2 M) caused in comparison to the control experiment a lower radioactivity in aspartate glutamate and phosphoenolpyruvate. The results are discussed with reference fo the operation of the glycolate pathway and a carboxylation reaction of phosphoenol-pyruvate in the blue-green alga Anacystis nidulans."}
{"id": "PMID:134586", "title": "[Structure-reactivity relationships and delayed neurotoxicity of organophosphorus compounds].", "content": "A correlation has been found between the reactivity in the alkaline hydrolysis reaction of a new series of organophosphates and their ability or disability to produce the clinical manifestations of delayed neurotoxicity in hen. At a dose of 1000 mg/kg only compounds exceeding a lower limit of reactivity (about 6x10-2 M-1S-1) are active.", "contents": "[Structure-reactivity relationships and delayed neurotoxicity of organophosphorus compounds]. A correlation has been found between the reactivity in the alkaline hydrolysis reaction of a new series of organophosphates and their ability or disability to produce the clinical manifestations of delayed neurotoxicity in hen. At a dose of 1000 mg/kg only compounds exceeding a lower limit of reactivity (about 6x10-2 M-1S-1) are active."}
{"id": "PMID:134585", "title": "[On the protein composition of ribonucleoprotein particles before and after fertilization fo sea urchin eggs (Echinus esculentus)].", "content": "Experiments indicate that eggs and embryos of the North Sea sea urchin Echinus esculentus are excellent material to investigate the regulation of protein synthesis before and after fertilization. The dormant egg contains several proteins which are absent from embryos. Such additional proteins have been detected on the small ribosomal subunits, in the salt wash of whole ribosomes, and associated with cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoprotein particles.", "contents": "[On the protein composition of ribonucleoprotein particles before and after fertilization fo sea urchin eggs (Echinus esculentus)]. Experiments indicate that eggs and embryos of the North Sea sea urchin Echinus esculentus are excellent material to investigate the regulation of protein synthesis before and after fertilization. The dormant egg contains several proteins which are absent from embryos. Such additional proteins have been detected on the small ribosomal subunits, in the salt wash of whole ribosomes, and associated with cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoprotein particles."}
{"id": "PMID:134588", "title": "Detachment of segments from DNA double strands as detected by time resolved Rayleigh light scattering.", "content": "Calf thymus DNA was irradiated oxygen saturated 0.01 N NaCl solution with 2 mus pulses of 15 MeV electrons. By monitoring the decrease of light scattering intensity after the pulse, two modes of decrease were detected: The fast decrease (tau 1/2 approximately 0.8 ms) is ascribed to the separation of DNA fragments produced by double strand breaks at positions directly opposite to each other. The slow decrease (tau 1/2 approximately 8 s) is attributed to the detachment of segments generated by single strand breaks at sites on the alternate strands being separated by about 10 nucleotide units.", "contents": "Detachment of segments from DNA double strands as detected by time resolved Rayleigh light scattering. Calf thymus DNA was irradiated oxygen saturated 0.01 N NaCl solution with 2 mus pulses of 15 MeV electrons. By monitoring the decrease of light scattering intensity after the pulse, two modes of decrease were detected: The fast decrease (tau 1/2 approximately 0.8 ms) is ascribed to the separation of DNA fragments produced by double strand breaks at positions directly opposite to each other. The slow decrease (tau 1/2 approximately 8 s) is attributed to the detachment of segments generated by single strand breaks at sites on the alternate strands being separated by about 10 nucleotide units."}
{"id": "PMID:134592", "title": "Studies on the host-parasite interaction and role of esterases during biting of the Indian cattle leech, Poecilobdella granulosa.", "content": "Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the salivary glands has unfolded the significant fact that salivary glands are of two types, one being enzymatically negative and the other showing positive activity. Activity of these enzymes has been linked with the operation of glandular dynamics, particularly concerning the synthetic and secretory processes. The enzymes have been seen localized in the core of jaw. Contrary to it they are absent in the papillary and interpapillary zones of the jaw. Absence of esterases in the papillary and interpapillary ductules has been correlated with its possible non-involvement in the synthesis of vasodilating and anticoagulating materials. The experiments on effect of biting on host tissue give a faint indication of vascular dilation due to bite. Likewise, experiments on enzymatic state of a salivary gland after leech-bite reveal that the diminution of the reactive coverage area in the salivary glands reaches its maximum in the case of ATPase, indicating thereby its more involvement in salivary functions than those of esterases and acid phosphatase.", "contents": "Studies on the host-parasite interaction and role of esterases during biting of the Indian cattle leech, Poecilobdella granulosa. Histochemical localization of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase in the salivary glands has unfolded the significant fact that salivary glands are of two types, one being enzymatically negative and the other showing positive activity. Activity of these enzymes has been linked with the operation of glandular dynamics, particularly concerning the synthetic and secretory processes. The enzymes have been seen localized in the core of jaw. Contrary to it they are absent in the papillary and interpapillary zones of the jaw. Absence of esterases in the papillary and interpapillary ductules has been correlated with its possible non-involvement in the synthesis of vasodilating and anticoagulating materials. The experiments on effect of biting on host tissue give a faint indication of vascular dilation due to bite. Likewise, experiments on enzymatic state of a salivary gland after leech-bite reveal that the diminution of the reactive coverage area in the salivary glands reaches its maximum in the case of ATPase, indicating thereby its more involvement in salivary functions than those of esterases and acid phosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:134589", "title": "Nucleoside triphosphate levels in Streptomyces hydrogenans during growth and induction of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.", "content": "Levels of the purine nucleoside triphosphates are decreasing towards the end of log phase growth of Streptomyces hydrogenans. Induction of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by addition of 11beta,21-dihydroxy-4,17(20)-pregnadien-3-one to the growth medium leads to a pronounced drop in purine nucleoside triphosphate levels with is irreversible in contrast to the initial loss and later accumulation of RNA.", "contents": "Nucleoside triphosphate levels in Streptomyces hydrogenans during growth and induction of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Levels of the purine nucleoside triphosphates are decreasing towards the end of log phase growth of Streptomyces hydrogenans. Induction of 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase by addition of 11beta,21-dihydroxy-4,17(20)-pregnadien-3-one to the growth medium leads to a pronounced drop in purine nucleoside triphosphate levels with is irreversible in contrast to the initial loss and later accumulation of RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:134590", "title": "Sulfated macromolecules in early embryos of Limnaea.", "content": "An attempt has been made to partially characterize the substance responsible for the rhythmic incorporation of 35S (inorganic sulfate) in the course of the cell cycle in early Limnaea embryos. This trichloroacetic acid (TCA) insoluble substance is partly pronase sensitive, and dissociable into two fractions after treatment with NaCl. One of these remains TCA-insoluble while the other is TCA soluble but precipitable by cetyl pyridinium chloride. Thus, unlike in some other higher organisms, the major part of the inorganic sulfate is incorporated here into a fraction which is not a single mycopolysaccharide, but is more likely to be a protein-mucopolysaccharide complex, rather like the chondromucoprotein of chick-embryo cartilage.", "contents": "Sulfated macromolecules in early embryos of Limnaea. An attempt has been made to partially characterize the substance responsible for the rhythmic incorporation of 35S (inorganic sulfate) in the course of the cell cycle in early Limnaea embryos. This trichloroacetic acid (TCA) insoluble substance is partly pronase sensitive, and dissociable into two fractions after treatment with NaCl. One of these remains TCA-insoluble while the other is TCA soluble but precipitable by cetyl pyridinium chloride. Thus, unlike in some other higher organisms, the major part of the inorganic sulfate is incorporated here into a fraction which is not a single mycopolysaccharide, but is more likely to be a protein-mucopolysaccharide complex, rather like the chondromucoprotein of chick-embryo cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:134591", "title": "[Studies on the rectal pads of the honey bee Apis mellifca].", "content": "According to earlier investigations young bees show a rectal fluid hypo-osmotic to the haemolymph. It had been assumed, however, that in certain situations honey bees have to be economical with water and simultaneously form a rectal fluid hyperosmotic to the haemolymph. The latter has been confirmed by the present investigation.", "contents": "[Studies on the rectal pads of the honey bee Apis mellifca]. According to earlier investigations young bees show a rectal fluid hypo-osmotic to the haemolymph. It had been assumed, however, that in certain situations honey bees have to be economical with water and simultaneously form a rectal fluid hyperosmotic to the haemolymph. The latter has been confirmed by the present investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:134601", "title": "[Quantitative determination of immunoglobulins in the saliva. Comparative studies in squamous cell carcinomas of the mouth mucosa].", "content": "Immunological processes have been increasingly gaining in importance in the development and proliferation of tumours inhuman. Quantitative determinations of immunoglobulins IgG and IgA in the saliva of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa showed a significant difference in IgG concentration as compared with patients affected with inflammatory intraoral diseases.", "contents": "[Quantitative determination of immunoglobulins in the saliva. Comparative studies in squamous cell carcinomas of the mouth mucosa]. Immunological processes have been increasingly gaining in importance in the development and proliferation of tumours inhuman. Quantitative determinations of immunoglobulins IgG and IgA in the saliva of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oral mucosa showed a significant difference in IgG concentration as compared with patients affected with inflammatory intraoral diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:134604", "title": "[A contribution to the problem of reducing the size of the tongue for orthodontic purposes].", "content": "After a summary of the theoretic basis for the indication of an operative reduction of the tongue by the therapy of malocclusion, the results of the tests were individually analysed. A sure influence of the reduction of the tongue can only be proved for the averting of a threatening relapse after an operation of progenia. The ability of speech stayed without any influence in 12 cases and in 3 cases it got better or worse. The numerous late sequels in form and function of the tongue make it necessary to be carefully in indication of the reduction of the tongue by the therapy of malocclusion.", "contents": "[A contribution to the problem of reducing the size of the tongue for orthodontic purposes]. After a summary of the theoretic basis for the indication of an operative reduction of the tongue by the therapy of malocclusion, the results of the tests were individually analysed. A sure influence of the reduction of the tongue can only be proved for the averting of a threatening relapse after an operation of progenia. The ability of speech stayed without any influence in 12 cases and in 3 cases it got better or worse. The numerous late sequels in form and function of the tongue make it necessary to be carefully in indication of the reduction of the tongue by the therapy of malocclusion."}
{"id": "PMID:134606", "title": "[Genetic and gynecologic prevention of congenital developmental disorders].", "content": "The authores investigated 273 women who bore one or more children with birth defects. These defects were classified genetically as polygenic inherited. The authors describe the bases and results of preconceptional care as a method to reduce the risk of polygenic inherited birth defects.", "contents": "[Genetic and gynecologic prevention of congenital developmental disorders]. The authores investigated 273 women who bore one or more children with birth defects. These defects were classified genetically as polygenic inherited. The authors describe the bases and results of preconceptional care as a method to reduce the risk of polygenic inherited birth defects."}
{"id": "PMID:134607", "title": "[Problems, methodology and 1st results in the prenatal cytogenic diagnosis of genetic defects].", "content": "24 patients were admitted for the prenatal diagnostics of genetic defects. In 20 patients a culture of amniotic fluid cells was necessary; Indicators for a culture of amniotic fluid cells were: state after the birth of a child with mongolism (12), D/G-translocation in the mother (1), familial burden of mongolism (2), sex determination for X-chromosomally inherited progressive muscular dystrophy and haemophilia (4), and the influence of exogenic noxae (1). For sex diagnostics only a smear preparation was obtained in one case. 3 women had an abortion before admission to the hospital and amniocentesis. No indication for cultivation of amniotic fluid cells exists in 4 cases. Therefore a culture of amniotic fluid cells was performed in 16 patients. In one patient the culture of amniotic fluid cells was unsuccessful. Problems and indications are considered in detail.", "contents": "[Problems, methodology and 1st results in the prenatal cytogenic diagnosis of genetic defects]. 24 patients were admitted for the prenatal diagnostics of genetic defects. In 20 patients a culture of amniotic fluid cells was necessary; Indicators for a culture of amniotic fluid cells were: state after the birth of a child with mongolism (12), D/G-translocation in the mother (1), familial burden of mongolism (2), sex determination for X-chromosomally inherited progressive muscular dystrophy and haemophilia (4), and the influence of exogenic noxae (1). For sex diagnostics only a smear preparation was obtained in one case. 3 women had an abortion before admission to the hospital and amniocentesis. No indication for cultivation of amniotic fluid cells exists in 4 cases. Therefore a culture of amniotic fluid cells was performed in 16 patients. In one patient the culture of amniotic fluid cells was unsuccessful. Problems and indications are considered in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:134608", "title": "[Flow fluorescence-photometry in ovarian carcinomas with and without effusion].", "content": "By flow microfluorometry the DNA distribution curve of the cell nuclei of 39 adnex tumors, mainly ovarian carcinomas, was measured. 47% of the malignant tumor cell populations were diploid, the other ones were heteroploid (i.e. polyploid, tetraploid, aneuploid stem lines). Heteroploid tumors had the worse prognosis. In 8 cases effusions were analysed (7 ascites, 1 pleura). It is possible to diagnose a malignant tumor from effussion fluid by impulse cytophotometry. But in one case a great difference was found between the primary tumor and the ascites fluid, which only shows the DNA distribution of an irritative effusion. The value of impulse cytophotometry for clinical purposes is discussed.", "contents": "[Flow fluorescence-photometry in ovarian carcinomas with and without effusion]. By flow microfluorometry the DNA distribution curve of the cell nuclei of 39 adnex tumors, mainly ovarian carcinomas, was measured. 47% of the malignant tumor cell populations were diploid, the other ones were heteroploid (i.e. polyploid, tetraploid, aneuploid stem lines). Heteroploid tumors had the worse prognosis. In 8 cases effusions were analysed (7 ascites, 1 pleura). It is possible to diagnose a malignant tumor from effussion fluid by impulse cytophotometry. But in one case a great difference was found between the primary tumor and the ascites fluid, which only shows the DNA distribution of an irritative effusion. The value of impulse cytophotometry for clinical purposes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134612", "title": "[Rupture of the mitral chordae tendinae].", "content": "Twenty-seven cases of ruptured chordae tendineae have been discovered during surgery for mitral regurgitation (9,3 %) : the highest incidence of ruptured chordae tendineae has been found among pure mitral insufficiency (36 %). In thirteen cases, the rupture was isolated, without any other valvular lesion. The syndrome described as characteristic of rupture was present in one third of our patients : isolated cases do not differ clinically from the others but for a more frequent acute evolution. In pure or predominant mitral regurgitation, surgery seems needed when clinical aggravation, acute or progressive, cannot be explained by arrhythmia, anaemia, pulmonary embolism, hyperthyroidism.", "contents": "[Rupture of the mitral chordae tendinae]. Twenty-seven cases of ruptured chordae tendineae have been discovered during surgery for mitral regurgitation (9,3 %) : the highest incidence of ruptured chordae tendineae has been found among pure mitral insufficiency (36 %). In thirteen cases, the rupture was isolated, without any other valvular lesion. The syndrome described as characteristic of rupture was present in one third of our patients : isolated cases do not differ clinically from the others but for a more frequent acute evolution. In pure or predominant mitral regurgitation, surgery seems needed when clinical aggravation, acute or progressive, cannot be explained by arrhythmia, anaemia, pulmonary embolism, hyperthyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:134615", "title": "Rise in dehydroepiandrosterone and oestrogens during clomiphene administration in normal men.", "content": "Serum concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone, and urinary excretion of individual 17-ketosteroids, oestrogenic substances and free cortisol was investigated in 12 normal men after a daily administration of 50 mg clomiphene citrate for 14 days. A significant increase in the serum concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone was seen after 8 days with a further increase when measured a week later. The percentual increase in urinary excretion of oestrogens and dehydroepiandrosterone was of the same order as the increase in serum testosterone concentrations whereas the increase in androsterone and a aetiocholanolone was significantly lower. The excretion of free cortisol was unaltered. The study that measurements of oestrogens in the urine might be used as a parameter of the stimulatory effect of clomiphene on the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis in man. In addition, of the results support the hypothesis of an independent effect of clomiphene on adrenal steroidogenesis, not related to the production of glucocorticoids.", "contents": "Rise in dehydroepiandrosterone and oestrogens during clomiphene administration in normal men. Serum concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone, and urinary excretion of individual 17-ketosteroids, oestrogenic substances and free cortisol was investigated in 12 normal men after a daily administration of 50 mg clomiphene citrate for 14 days. A significant increase in the serum concentrations of LH, FSH and testosterone was seen after 8 days with a further increase when measured a week later. The percentual increase in urinary excretion of oestrogens and dehydroepiandrosterone was of the same order as the increase in serum testosterone concentrations whereas the increase in androsterone and a aetiocholanolone was significantly lower. The excretion of free cortisol was unaltered. The study that measurements of oestrogens in the urine might be used as a parameter of the stimulatory effect of clomiphene on the hypothalamic - pituitary - gonadal axis in man. In addition, of the results support the hypothesis of an independent effect of clomiphene on adrenal steroidogenesis, not related to the production of glucocorticoids."}
{"id": "PMID:134616", "title": "\"Timing\" of ovulation by laparoscopy and evaluation of some physico-chemical parameters.", "content": "The Authors describe the laparoscopic aspects of spontaneous human ovulation and correlate it with the evaluation of basal body temperature, the total urinary oestrogens, pregnanediol and urinary LH and some hematic values of 17-beta-estradiol, 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone and rogesterone. They find that the rise in temperature and the oestrogenuria peak precede ovulation by some hours in the great ovulation by sompe hours in the great majority of cases. They analyze the validity of the other parameters studied, and show a relatively constant behavior, with regard to ovulation, in the mean evaluation of several cases. In the individual analysis, on the contrary, this relation is difficult to find and less significant. The Authors stress the importance of comparing the physico-chemical evaluations with the biological phenomenon of ovulation directly ascertained by means of laparoscopy.", "contents": "\"Timing\" of ovulation by laparoscopy and evaluation of some physico-chemical parameters. The Authors describe the laparoscopic aspects of spontaneous human ovulation and correlate it with the evaluation of basal body temperature, the total urinary oestrogens, pregnanediol and urinary LH and some hematic values of 17-beta-estradiol, 17-alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone and rogesterone. They find that the rise in temperature and the oestrogenuria peak precede ovulation by some hours in the great ovulation by sompe hours in the great majority of cases. They analyze the validity of the other parameters studied, and show a relatively constant behavior, with regard to ovulation, in the mean evaluation of several cases. In the individual analysis, on the contrary, this relation is difficult to find and less significant. The Authors stress the importance of comparing the physico-chemical evaluations with the biological phenomenon of ovulation directly ascertained by means of laparoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:134618", "title": "Histological and histochemical aspects of the mucosa of the nasal conchae in the zebu (Bos indicus).", "content": "In various respiratory areas of the mucosa of the nasal conchae of the zebu (Bos indicus) there is a quantitative variation of goblet cells. The glands are tubular or tubulo-alveolar, having morphologically serous and mucous cells. The excretory ducts are formed by non-secreting cells. The goblet cells and glands elaborate a glycoprotein. The carbohydrate portion is probably an association of neutral mucopolysaccharides, sulphated acid mucopolysacchardies and sialic acid and its proteic portion contains alpha-amino radicals. Tryptophan- and tyrosine-rich proteins are demonstrated only in the glandular secretion.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical aspects of the mucosa of the nasal conchae in the zebu (Bos indicus). In various respiratory areas of the mucosa of the nasal conchae of the zebu (Bos indicus) there is a quantitative variation of goblet cells. The glands are tubular or tubulo-alveolar, having morphologically serous and mucous cells. The excretory ducts are formed by non-secreting cells. The goblet cells and glands elaborate a glycoprotein. The carbohydrate portion is probably an association of neutral mucopolysaccharides, sulphated acid mucopolysacchardies and sialic acid and its proteic portion contains alpha-amino radicals. Tryptophan- and tyrosine-rich proteins are demonstrated only in the glandular secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:134619", "title": "Chemo-architectonic studies in a submammalian brain. Adenosine triphosphatase and simple esterase in the diencephalon and mesencephalon.", "content": "The present report deals with the histo-enzymological mapping of adenosine triphosphatase and simple esterase in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of Uromastix hardwickii. The enzymatic make-up, in both cases, does not differ markedly in the various nuclei; few variations, of course, occur in some midbrain areas like pretectal nuclei. The latter are intensely positive for ATPase, while these nuclei are moderate to simple esterase. Nevertheless, one of the most interesting results pertaining to simple esterase activity is of a high order in the fiber tracts in comparison to ATPase. The other interesting feature relates to the fact that generally intensely positive nuclei, in ATPase preparations, are those which have extensive efferent fibres. The metabolic significance of high degree of ATPase activity vis-a-vis extensive efferent connections has been exhaustively discussed, besides the possible significance of the general data obtained.", "contents": "Chemo-architectonic studies in a submammalian brain. Adenosine triphosphatase and simple esterase in the diencephalon and mesencephalon. The present report deals with the histo-enzymological mapping of adenosine triphosphatase and simple esterase in the diencephalon and mesencephalon of Uromastix hardwickii. The enzymatic make-up, in both cases, does not differ markedly in the various nuclei; few variations, of course, occur in some midbrain areas like pretectal nuclei. The latter are intensely positive for ATPase, while these nuclei are moderate to simple esterase. Nevertheless, one of the most interesting results pertaining to simple esterase activity is of a high order in the fiber tracts in comparison to ATPase. The other interesting feature relates to the fact that generally intensely positive nuclei, in ATPase preparations, are those which have extensive efferent fibres. The metabolic significance of high degree of ATPase activity vis-a-vis extensive efferent connections has been exhaustively discussed, besides the possible significance of the general data obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:134621", "title": "Cysts of the semilunar cartilage of the knee. A light and electron microscopic study.", "content": "The semilunar cartilages of the knee of six cases showing various degrees of mucoid degeneration with cyst formation were studied with the light microscope. Three cases were selected for electron microscopic observation which revealed that some of the cystic spaces filled with mucoid material were lined by synovial cells. Masses of mucinous, alcian bluc positive material (acid mucopolysaccharides) were observed also among degenerated and intact bundles of collagen. It is concluded that the accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides in meniscial cysts is at least in part a product of secretion of synovial cells. This observation explains the high incidence of recurrence of meniscial cysts after incomplete surgical excision and supports the concept that it is an active rather than a degenerative process.", "contents": "Cysts of the semilunar cartilage of the knee. A light and electron microscopic study. The semilunar cartilages of the knee of six cases showing various degrees of mucoid degeneration with cyst formation were studied with the light microscope. Three cases were selected for electron microscopic observation which revealed that some of the cystic spaces filled with mucoid material were lined by synovial cells. Masses of mucinous, alcian bluc positive material (acid mucopolysaccharides) were observed also among degenerated and intact bundles of collagen. It is concluded that the accumulation of acid mucopolysaccharides in meniscial cysts is at least in part a product of secretion of synovial cells. This observation explains the high incidence of recurrence of meniscial cysts after incomplete surgical excision and supports the concept that it is an active rather than a degenerative process."}
{"id": "PMID:134622", "title": "Muscle spindle control during locomotor movements generated by the deafferented spinal cord.", "content": "In acute spinalized (Th 12) cats, treated with DOPA, curarized or with all lumbosacral dorsal roots transected, stepping patterns were elicited in the hindlimbs by continuous electrical stimulation of the dorsal roots. Single primary endings in dorsal root filaments or single gamma and alpha efferents in muscle nerve filaments from flexors and extensors were recorded together with the efferent nerve activity to various hindlimb muscles. The experiments showed a clear coactivation of the intra- and extrafusal system to the same muscle. The alpha efferent discharges typically started with a very short first interspike interval. It is concluded that there exists a central spinal alpha-gamma-linkage for locomotion in the hindlimbs.", "contents": "Muscle spindle control during locomotor movements generated by the deafferented spinal cord. In acute spinalized (Th 12) cats, treated with DOPA, curarized or with all lumbosacral dorsal roots transected, stepping patterns were elicited in the hindlimbs by continuous electrical stimulation of the dorsal roots. Single primary endings in dorsal root filaments or single gamma and alpha efferents in muscle nerve filaments from flexors and extensors were recorded together with the efferent nerve activity to various hindlimb muscles. The experiments showed a clear coactivation of the intra- and extrafusal system to the same muscle. The alpha efferent discharges typically started with a very short first interspike interval. It is concluded that there exists a central spinal alpha-gamma-linkage for locomotion in the hindlimbs."}
{"id": "PMID:134620", "title": "[Study of the cerebral circulatory resistance by the D\u00f6ppler effect and rheography (author's transl)].", "content": "A correlation is made between the index of circulatory resistance given by ultrasonic flow-measurement and rheography. Patients with normal and increased blood pressure were studied. The characteristics of the transient and of the permanent ischaemic attacks are defined.", "contents": "[Study of the cerebral circulatory resistance by the D\u00f6ppler effect and rheography (author's transl)]. A correlation is made between the index of circulatory resistance given by ultrasonic flow-measurement and rheography. Patients with normal and increased blood pressure were studied. The characteristics of the transient and of the permanent ischaemic attacks are defined."}
{"id": "PMID:134623", "title": "Quantitative measures of enzyme activities in type I and type II muscle fibres of man after training.", "content": "The effect of 7 to 8 weeks of physical training on oxidative and glycolytic enzyme activities in the 2 major fibre types of human quadriceps femoris muscle has been investigated. 2 groups of 4 and 5 subjects respectively were trained at the same total work-load on a bicycle ergometer 3 days per week using interval exercise with maximal intensity (I.T.) or continuous exercise with submaximal intensity (C.T.). Succcinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities were determined on crude homogenates of muscle biopsy samples and on pools of type I and type II fibres dissected from freeze-dried samples taken before and after training. Crude homogenate SDH activity increased to the same extent in both groups, average increases were 27.5% (I.T.) and 22% (C.T.) respectively. Only type I-SDH increased in the C.T. group (p less than 0.01), the average increase being 32%. On the other hand only type II-SDH increased in the I.T. group (p less than 0.01), with an average increase of 49%. No changes in PFK activity could be detected. The results of the present study emphasize the great adaptability in oxidative potential of both the two major human skeletal muscle fibre types and further that this adaptation seems to be related to the pattern of fibre recruitment during exercise.", "contents": "Quantitative measures of enzyme activities in type I and type II muscle fibres of man after training. The effect of 7 to 8 weeks of physical training on oxidative and glycolytic enzyme activities in the 2 major fibre types of human quadriceps femoris muscle has been investigated. 2 groups of 4 and 5 subjects respectively were trained at the same total work-load on a bicycle ergometer 3 days per week using interval exercise with maximal intensity (I.T.) or continuous exercise with submaximal intensity (C.T.). Succcinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and phosphofructokinase (PFK) activities were determined on crude homogenates of muscle biopsy samples and on pools of type I and type II fibres dissected from freeze-dried samples taken before and after training. Crude homogenate SDH activity increased to the same extent in both groups, average increases were 27.5% (I.T.) and 22% (C.T.) respectively. Only type I-SDH increased in the C.T. group (p less than 0.01), the average increase being 32%. On the other hand only type II-SDH increased in the I.T. group (p less than 0.01), with an average increase of 49%. No changes in PFK activity could be detected. The results of the present study emphasize the great adaptability in oxidative potential of both the two major human skeletal muscle fibre types and further that this adaptation seems to be related to the pattern of fibre recruitment during exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:134624", "title": "Sectorial posterior rhizotomy, a new technique of surgical treatment for spasticity.", "content": "After their experience of Foerster's operation and its technical modifications in 80 cases the authors report a new concept of analysis and treatment of spasticity in lower limbs. Spasticity of the different muscle groups is classified either as \"useful spasticity\" or \"handicapping spasticity\". The first has to be preserved, the second must be reduced. In order to achieve this purpose a new technique is presented, based on operative sectorial identification of the posterior rootlets subserving the \"handicapping spasticity\" by electrophysiological stimulation, muscle testing, and E.M.G. studies. The conus medullaris and cauda equina are exposed by T 11-L 1 laminectomy, performed in the lateral position. The clinical and E.M.G. evaluation of responses to stimulation enables the surgeon to establish a map of rootlet groups which are marked with coloured threads. Selective resection of \"handicapping posterior rootlets\" is then performed after several tests of the mapping. The rootlets subserving useful spasticity are carefully preserved. Ten cases are reported, comprising five cases of cerebral palsy operated upon since 1974 and five cases of posttraumatic spastic paraplegia from the same period. Pre and postoperative findings are summarized. The technical features of this procedure are discussed and compared with other surgical procedures. The problem of the rootlet reflex arch is considered in the light of the effects of stimulation of anterior and posterior rootlets at the same level.", "contents": "Sectorial posterior rhizotomy, a new technique of surgical treatment for spasticity. After their experience of Foerster's operation and its technical modifications in 80 cases the authors report a new concept of analysis and treatment of spasticity in lower limbs. Spasticity of the different muscle groups is classified either as \"useful spasticity\" or \"handicapping spasticity\". The first has to be preserved, the second must be reduced. In order to achieve this purpose a new technique is presented, based on operative sectorial identification of the posterior rootlets subserving the \"handicapping spasticity\" by electrophysiological stimulation, muscle testing, and E.M.G. studies. The conus medullaris and cauda equina are exposed by T 11-L 1 laminectomy, performed in the lateral position. The clinical and E.M.G. evaluation of responses to stimulation enables the surgeon to establish a map of rootlet groups which are marked with coloured threads. Selective resection of \"handicapping posterior rootlets\" is then performed after several tests of the mapping. The rootlets subserving useful spasticity are carefully preserved. Ten cases are reported, comprising five cases of cerebral palsy operated upon since 1974 and five cases of posttraumatic spastic paraplegia from the same period. Pre and postoperative findings are summarized. The technical features of this procedure are discussed and compared with other surgical procedures. The problem of the rootlet reflex arch is considered in the light of the effects of stimulation of anterior and posterior rootlets at the same level."}
{"id": "PMID:134627", "title": "Oxidation and reduction of copper ions in catalytic reactions of Rhus laccase.", "content": "1) It was demonstrated by colorimetric as well as EPR measurements that the native (aerobic, resting state) Rhus vernicifera laccase contains both Cu2+ and Cu+ (total Cu content was 4.0 gram atoms/mole). The ratio of Cu2+ to total Cu in laccase varied (42-90%) in samples of latex collected from various districts. The absorption maximum at 615 nm was proportional to the content of total Cu in the enzyme sample. Laccase activity was found to almost parallel the content of the Cu2+ form. The oxidized minus reduced difference absorbance of the enzyme at 330 nm shoulder was proportional to the amount of Cu2+. 2) Steady state level of oxidation of laccase copper during the laccase copper catalytic action, the rates of reduction by substrates and the oxidation by O2 were determined by following absorbance changes at 615 and 330 nm by the stopped flow method. 3) All the results from titrimetric and kinetic experiments were consistent with the laccase model previously proposed by Makino and Ogura in which a laccase molecule contains 1 Cu(615) and 3 Cu(330). Our expanded model states that a laccase sample originally contains active as well as inactive enzymes. In the active enzyme, Cu ions are reactive to O2 but in the inactive enzyme, Cu can be oxidized only by oxidizing agents such as H2O2 or ferricyanide, or by a slow intermolecular electron transfer from Cu(615) to the active enzyme. In both species of enzyme rapid reduction of Cu2+ ions by substrate takes place. In comparative studies of the reactivities of Cu ions in various copper proteins, we would like to suggest that oxidatic activity of a copper protein is due to the Cu+ form of the enzyme ions with O2.", "contents": "Oxidation and reduction of copper ions in catalytic reactions of Rhus laccase. 1) It was demonstrated by colorimetric as well as EPR measurements that the native (aerobic, resting state) Rhus vernicifera laccase contains both Cu2+ and Cu+ (total Cu content was 4.0 gram atoms/mole). The ratio of Cu2+ to total Cu in laccase varied (42-90%) in samples of latex collected from various districts. The absorption maximum at 615 nm was proportional to the content of total Cu in the enzyme sample. Laccase activity was found to almost parallel the content of the Cu2+ form. The oxidized minus reduced difference absorbance of the enzyme at 330 nm shoulder was proportional to the amount of Cu2+. 2) Steady state level of oxidation of laccase copper during the laccase copper catalytic action, the rates of reduction by substrates and the oxidation by O2 were determined by following absorbance changes at 615 and 330 nm by the stopped flow method. 3) All the results from titrimetric and kinetic experiments were consistent with the laccase model previously proposed by Makino and Ogura in which a laccase molecule contains 1 Cu(615) and 3 Cu(330). Our expanded model states that a laccase sample originally contains active as well as inactive enzymes. In the active enzyme, Cu ions are reactive to O2 but in the inactive enzyme, Cu can be oxidized only by oxidizing agents such as H2O2 or ferricyanide, or by a slow intermolecular electron transfer from Cu(615) to the active enzyme. In both species of enzyme rapid reduction of Cu2+ ions by substrate takes place. In comparative studies of the reactivities of Cu ions in various copper proteins, we would like to suggest that oxidatic activity of a copper protein is due to the Cu+ form of the enzyme ions with O2."}
{"id": "PMID:134629", "title": "Platelets, Arthus-type reactions and inflammatory mediators.", "content": "The release of inflammatory mediators and the appearance of necrohaemorrhagic lesions induced by subcutaneous implantation of sponges containing antiplatelet serum globulins were studied in control and thrombocyto-penic rats. In thrombocytopenic animals, antiplatelet globulins caused a greater release of prostaglanding-like material and 5-hydroxytryptamine as well as larger inflammatory lesions. Thus, platelet integrity is not necessary for the induction of lesions by antiplatelet globulins and the mediators in the sponge exudates must have originated from leucocytes or damaged tissues. Mast cells seem not to be involved in the production of 5-hydroxytryptamine in this inflammatory reaction. It is suggested that in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) an Arthus-type hypersensitivity reaction, rather than the thrombocytopenia itself, is the cause of the vascular lesions and their manifestations.", "contents": "Platelets, Arthus-type reactions and inflammatory mediators. The release of inflammatory mediators and the appearance of necrohaemorrhagic lesions induced by subcutaneous implantation of sponges containing antiplatelet serum globulins were studied in control and thrombocyto-penic rats. In thrombocytopenic animals, antiplatelet globulins caused a greater release of prostaglanding-like material and 5-hydroxytryptamine as well as larger inflammatory lesions. Thus, platelet integrity is not necessary for the induction of lesions by antiplatelet globulins and the mediators in the sponge exudates must have originated from leucocytes or damaged tissues. Mast cells seem not to be involved in the production of 5-hydroxytryptamine in this inflammatory reaction. It is suggested that in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) an Arthus-type hypersensitivity reaction, rather than the thrombocytopenia itself, is the cause of the vascular lesions and their manifestations."}
{"id": "PMID:134631", "title": "Reappraisal of the functional significance of the coronary collateral circulation.", "content": "A review of data in 465 patients with complete obstruction of either the left anterior descending or right coronary artery was undertaken to evaluate the functional role of the collateral circulation. Complete obstruction of a dominant right coronary artery was observed in 288 patients, 83 percent with distal filling and visualization of the posterior descending artery by way of collateral vessels. Complete obstruction of the left anterior descending artery was noted in 177 patients, 71 percent with filling and visualization distal to the obstruction by way of collateral vessels. Among patients with obstruction of the left anterior descending artery, there was a significantly greater frequency of congestive heart failure and cardiomegaly in those without collateral vessels than in those with collateral vessels. The former also had a significantly greater frequency of both electrocardiographic evidence of an anterior wall myocardial infarction and angiographic findings of anterior wall asynergy. The frequency of inferior myocardial infarction and inferior wall asynergy was not influenced by the presence of collateral vessels. These observations indicate that the collateral circulation plays a significant protective role in the presence of obstruction of the left anterior descending artery, which is not apparent with obstruction of the right coronary artery.", "contents": "Reappraisal of the functional significance of the coronary collateral circulation. A review of data in 465 patients with complete obstruction of either the left anterior descending or right coronary artery was undertaken to evaluate the functional role of the collateral circulation. Complete obstruction of a dominant right coronary artery was observed in 288 patients, 83 percent with distal filling and visualization of the posterior descending artery by way of collateral vessels. Complete obstruction of the left anterior descending artery was noted in 177 patients, 71 percent with filling and visualization distal to the obstruction by way of collateral vessels. Among patients with obstruction of the left anterior descending artery, there was a significantly greater frequency of congestive heart failure and cardiomegaly in those without collateral vessels than in those with collateral vessels. The former also had a significantly greater frequency of both electrocardiographic evidence of an anterior wall myocardial infarction and angiographic findings of anterior wall asynergy. The frequency of inferior myocardial infarction and inferior wall asynergy was not influenced by the presence of collateral vessels. These observations indicate that the collateral circulation plays a significant protective role in the presence of obstruction of the left anterior descending artery, which is not apparent with obstruction of the right coronary artery."}
{"id": "PMID:134632", "title": "Analysis of wall dynamics and directional components of left ventricular contraction in man.", "content": "The extent and rate of left ventricular wall thickening during systole has previously been shown to be a useful measure of regional ventricular function and to play an important role in the ejection of blood from the left ventricle. The relation among systolic wall thickening, the directional components of contraction, ejection fraction and force velocity measurements is therefore of interest in understanding the dynamics of contraction of the intact ventricle. This report describes a theoretical basis and method for using ventricular angiograms to quantify the separate contributions of longitudinal shortening, circumferential shortening and systolic wall thickening to overall ventricular performance in man. One hundred twenty-two patients with valvular, coronary or myocardial heart disease were studied with biplane angiocardiography during diagnostic cardiac catheterizations. The percent contribution of directional components to total work or power developed by a mid-wall equatorial element of myocardium was shown to be: longitudinal, 14 percent in normal and diseased ventricles; circumferential, 45 percent in normal, increasing to 55 percent in dilated ventricles (P less than 0.005); wall thickening, 40 percent in normal, decreasing to 31 percent in dilated ventricles (P less than 0.001). Thus, left ventricular contraction, which is expressed as systolic wall thickening, quantified separately from inward wall displacement due to mid-wall circumferential shortening, accounts for nearly half of segmental left ventricular work and power. The rate and extent of ventricular wall thickening correlated closely with ejection fraction (r = 0.92 and 0.95, respectively) and with velocity of circumferential shortening (r = 0.90 and 0.80, respectively). Previous models of ventricular and myocardial mechanics that include computations of mid-wall longitudinal and circumferential stress and strain do not appear to account for the large contribution of systolic wall thickening to the performance of the intact heart. Force-velocity relations as heretofore described may therefore be partial descriptors of myocardial function in the intact ventricle.", "contents": "Analysis of wall dynamics and directional components of left ventricular contraction in man. The extent and rate of left ventricular wall thickening during systole has previously been shown to be a useful measure of regional ventricular function and to play an important role in the ejection of blood from the left ventricle. The relation among systolic wall thickening, the directional components of contraction, ejection fraction and force velocity measurements is therefore of interest in understanding the dynamics of contraction of the intact ventricle. This report describes a theoretical basis and method for using ventricular angiograms to quantify the separate contributions of longitudinal shortening, circumferential shortening and systolic wall thickening to overall ventricular performance in man. One hundred twenty-two patients with valvular, coronary or myocardial heart disease were studied with biplane angiocardiography during diagnostic cardiac catheterizations. The percent contribution of directional components to total work or power developed by a mid-wall equatorial element of myocardium was shown to be: longitudinal, 14 percent in normal and diseased ventricles; circumferential, 45 percent in normal, increasing to 55 percent in dilated ventricles (P less than 0.005); wall thickening, 40 percent in normal, decreasing to 31 percent in dilated ventricles (P less than 0.001). Thus, left ventricular contraction, which is expressed as systolic wall thickening, quantified separately from inward wall displacement due to mid-wall circumferential shortening, accounts for nearly half of segmental left ventricular work and power. The rate and extent of ventricular wall thickening correlated closely with ejection fraction (r = 0.92 and 0.95, respectively) and with velocity of circumferential shortening (r = 0.90 and 0.80, respectively). Previous models of ventricular and myocardial mechanics that include computations of mid-wall longitudinal and circumferential stress and strain do not appear to account for the large contribution of systolic wall thickening to the performance of the intact heart. Force-velocity relations as heretofore described may therefore be partial descriptors of myocardial function in the intact ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:134633", "title": "Prolapse of the mitral valve is described in two patients with the Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid.", "content": "Prolapse of the mitral valve is described in two patients with the Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. This association has not been described previously. It is probable, however, that this association is not a rare one, but that clinical features of the prolapsing mitral valve are obscured by those resulting from the malformed tricuspid valve. Opportunity also was provided to study anatomically the mitral valve of a patient known to have a systolic click and a late systolic murmur (the Barlow syndrome). Although there have been several anatomic descriptions of floppy mitral valve at necropsy, they have been extremely rare in patients known to have the classic auscultatory features of the Barlow syndrome.", "contents": "Prolapse of the mitral valve is described in two patients with the Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid. Prolapse of the mitral valve is described in two patients with the Ebstein's anomaly of the tricuspid valve. This association has not been described previously. It is probable, however, that this association is not a rare one, but that clinical features of the prolapsing mitral valve are obscured by those resulting from the malformed tricuspid valve. Opportunity also was provided to study anatomically the mitral valve of a patient known to have a systolic click and a late systolic murmur (the Barlow syndrome). Although there have been several anatomic descriptions of floppy mitral valve at necropsy, they have been extremely rare in patients known to have the classic auscultatory features of the Barlow syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:134638", "title": "T and B lymphocytes in patients with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Individuals with Down's syndrome are thought to have abnormalities of immune function. Studies to quantify the number of peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes and serum immunoglobulins in 12 individuals and 12 sex and age matched control subjects were performed. Hepatitis B antigen and antihyroglobulin antibodies as markers of possible immune dysfunction were determined. The numbers of circulating T and B cells, and the level of serum immunoglobulins in children with Down's syndrome did not differ from nonretarded control children. Circulating hepatitis B antigen and antihyroglobulin antibodies were not present. These studies indicated that quantitative abnormalities of T and B cells are not present in children with Down's syndrome. The data did not exclude the existence of qualitative abnormalities.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes in patients with Down's syndrome. Individuals with Down's syndrome are thought to have abnormalities of immune function. Studies to quantify the number of peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes and serum immunoglobulins in 12 individuals and 12 sex and age matched control subjects were performed. Hepatitis B antigen and antihyroglobulin antibodies as markers of possible immune dysfunction were determined. The numbers of circulating T and B cells, and the level of serum immunoglobulins in children with Down's syndrome did not differ from nonretarded control children. Circulating hepatitis B antigen and antihyroglobulin antibodies were not present. These studies indicated that quantitative abnormalities of T and B cells are not present in children with Down's syndrome. The data did not exclude the existence of qualitative abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:134639", "title": "Hysterosalpingographic follow-up of laparoscopic sterilization.", "content": "Two hundred and fifty of 323 laparoscopically sterilized patients had hysterosalpingographic (HSG) follow-up. A Foley catheter was used in hysterosalpingography. Of these patients, 3.6 per cent demonstrated fistula; 1.2 per cent were found to have round ligament burns, and 0.618 per cent became pregnant. Mechanism of fistula formation, prevention, and management is discussed. The incidence of intrauterine pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy after laparoscopic sterilization is discussed, and the literature is reviewed. Based on these data, it is concluded that HSG follow-up is helpful in teaching institutions and where the laparoscopic sterilization is carried out by inexperienced operators. Routine HSG follow-up is not recommended.", "contents": "Hysterosalpingographic follow-up of laparoscopic sterilization. Two hundred and fifty of 323 laparoscopically sterilized patients had hysterosalpingographic (HSG) follow-up. A Foley catheter was used in hysterosalpingography. Of these patients, 3.6 per cent demonstrated fistula; 1.2 per cent were found to have round ligament burns, and 0.618 per cent became pregnant. Mechanism of fistula formation, prevention, and management is discussed. The incidence of intrauterine pregnancy and ectopic pregnancy after laparoscopic sterilization is discussed, and the literature is reviewed. Based on these data, it is concluded that HSG follow-up is helpful in teaching institutions and where the laparoscopic sterilization is carried out by inexperienced operators. Routine HSG follow-up is not recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:134635", "title": "Disposition and regulation of body potassium: an overview.", "content": "Most of filtered K+ is reabsorbed passively in the proximal tubule since the tubular fluid (TF): plasma (P) concentration ratio is almost identical to the equilibrium value calculated from the transtubular potential difference. In the loop of Henle, K+ also moves passively along chemical and electrical gradients. Only 5-10% of the filtered K+ remains in the early distal convoluted tubule. In the distal convoluted tubule TF/P K+ is lower than the calculated equilibrium value suggesting that K+ is passively secreted and actively reabsorbed. Most of the excreted K+ had been secreted by the end of the distal convoluted tubule. Aldosterone increases K+ secretion in this segment, an effect that may be dissociated from the effect on Na+. The relation between K+ secretion and Na+ absorption is the consequence of the luminal electronegativity produced by Na+ absorption and is not stoichiometric. Acidosis and alkalosis decrease and increase K+ secretion in the distal tubule respectively; this is not due to reciprocal changes in H+ secretion. Normally, some K+ is reabsorbed in the collecting duct. During K+ deprivation and loading the collecting duct may participate in the conservation or elimination of K+ respectively. Adaptation to chronic K+-loading consists of renal and extrarenal factors. The extrarenal mechanism is aldosterone-dependent and consists of rapid uptake of K+ by muscle. The renal mechanism consists of increased K+ secretion by the distal tubule. Luminal electronegativity and increased K+ pool in the distal tubular cell play a crucial role.", "contents": "Disposition and regulation of body potassium: an overview. Most of filtered K+ is reabsorbed passively in the proximal tubule since the tubular fluid (TF): plasma (P) concentration ratio is almost identical to the equilibrium value calculated from the transtubular potential difference. In the loop of Henle, K+ also moves passively along chemical and electrical gradients. Only 5-10% of the filtered K+ remains in the early distal convoluted tubule. In the distal convoluted tubule TF/P K+ is lower than the calculated equilibrium value suggesting that K+ is passively secreted and actively reabsorbed. Most of the excreted K+ had been secreted by the end of the distal convoluted tubule. Aldosterone increases K+ secretion in this segment, an effect that may be dissociated from the effect on Na+. The relation between K+ secretion and Na+ absorption is the consequence of the luminal electronegativity produced by Na+ absorption and is not stoichiometric. Acidosis and alkalosis decrease and increase K+ secretion in the distal tubule respectively; this is not due to reciprocal changes in H+ secretion. Normally, some K+ is reabsorbed in the collecting duct. During K+ deprivation and loading the collecting duct may participate in the conservation or elimination of K+ respectively. Adaptation to chronic K+-loading consists of renal and extrarenal factors. The extrarenal mechanism is aldosterone-dependent and consists of rapid uptake of K+ by muscle. The renal mechanism consists of increased K+ secretion by the distal tubule. Luminal electronegativity and increased K+ pool in the distal tubular cell play a crucial role."}
{"id": "PMID:134636", "title": "Left atrial size in patients with atrial fibrillation: an echocardiographic study.", "content": "Left atrial dimensions were recorded echocardiographically in 50 patients with atrial fibrillation. Fibrillatory wave amplitude (f wave) was measured in lead V1 of standard electrocardiograms for all patients. Left atrial dimensions (LAD), LAD compared to body surface area (LAD/M2) and the ratio of LAD to aortic root diameter (LAD/AR) were calculated. There was no significant correlation between f wave size and LAD (p = 0.6480), between f wave size and LAD/M2 (p = .6721), or between f wave size and LAD/AR (p = .1157), nor was there any association between LAD and the etiology of the heart disease. F wave size did correlate (p = .0073) with the age of the patient, the older the individual, the more likely was he to have fine atrial fibrillation (peak to trough f wave less than 0.5 mm).", "contents": "Left atrial size in patients with atrial fibrillation: an echocardiographic study. Left atrial dimensions were recorded echocardiographically in 50 patients with atrial fibrillation. Fibrillatory wave amplitude (f wave) was measured in lead V1 of standard electrocardiograms for all patients. Left atrial dimensions (LAD), LAD compared to body surface area (LAD/M2) and the ratio of LAD to aortic root diameter (LAD/AR) were calculated. There was no significant correlation between f wave size and LAD (p = 0.6480), between f wave size and LAD/M2 (p = .6721), or between f wave size and LAD/AR (p = .1157), nor was there any association between LAD and the etiology of the heart disease. F wave size did correlate (p = .0073) with the age of the patient, the older the individual, the more likely was he to have fine atrial fibrillation (peak to trough f wave less than 0.5 mm)."}
{"id": "PMID:134640", "title": "Mechanics and electrolyte composition of arterial smooth muscle in developing dogs.", "content": "The effects of age on arterial smooth muscles (SM) mechanics and electrolyte composition were studied during growth and development in six litters of puppies and their mothers from isolated segments of carotid, renal, mesenteric, and iliac arteries. An increase in the maximum wall stress following both norepinephrine (NE) and potassium (K) was found with age at all sites. The ratio of the stress response for K/NE was found to decrease with age. The maximum stress response for both NE and K shifted to lower values of wall strain with age in the same manner that passive stress-strain curves were shifted. The maximum diameter re3 (3 SM activator to SM activator were not significantly altered with age, but they were better maintained at higher transmural pressure in older animals. Chemical analysis indicated \"cell\" water, Mg, and K contents decreased with age, as did extracellular water, Na, and Cl. Na anhe suggest that changes in SM excitation-contraction coupling occur with age. Passive wall elements appear to interact with the contractile elements in determining wall responses to SM activation.", "contents": "Mechanics and electrolyte composition of arterial smooth muscle in developing dogs. The effects of age on arterial smooth muscles (SM) mechanics and electrolyte composition were studied during growth and development in six litters of puppies and their mothers from isolated segments of carotid, renal, mesenteric, and iliac arteries. An increase in the maximum wall stress following both norepinephrine (NE) and potassium (K) was found with age at all sites. The ratio of the stress response for K/NE was found to decrease with age. The maximum stress response for both NE and K shifted to lower values of wall strain with age in the same manner that passive stress-strain curves were shifted. The maximum diameter re3 (3 SM activator to SM activator were not significantly altered with age, but they were better maintained at higher transmural pressure in older animals. Chemical analysis indicated \"cell\" water, Mg, and K contents decreased with age, as did extracellular water, Na, and Cl. Na anhe suggest that changes in SM excitation-contraction coupling occur with age. Passive wall elements appear to interact with the contractile elements in determining wall responses to SM activation."}
{"id": "PMID:134641", "title": "DDE feeding and plasma osmoregulation in ducks, guillemots, and puffins.", "content": "To assess the possibility that organochlorine pesticide disruption of osmoregulation is responsible for recent large kills of young seabirds, we have studied the effects of DDE feeding (10-250 ppm) on plasma osmoregulation and nasal gland function in the following species: mallared and white Pekin ducks (both Anas platyrhynchos), black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), and common (Fratercula arctica). Other investigators have recently reported that dietary DDE (10-1,000 ppm) inhibits nasal gland secretion in freshwater-maintained mallards; our initial experiments with white Pekins showed no such inhibition during either freshwater or seawater maintainance. Moreover, DDE had minimal effects on plasma electrolyte levels and total nasal gland Na-K-ATPase activities in all species studied. Liver DDE levels in experimental ducks and guillemots were comparable to those reported for seabirds found dead after kills; levels in starved experimental puffins were much higher. Thus DDE at environmental levels does not affect osmoregulation or nasal gland Na-K-ATPase either in ducks or in two species of oceanic birds.", "contents": "DDE feeding and plasma osmoregulation in ducks, guillemots, and puffins. To assess the possibility that organochlorine pesticide disruption of osmoregulation is responsible for recent large kills of young seabirds, we have studied the effects of DDE feeding (10-250 ppm) on plasma osmoregulation and nasal gland function in the following species: mallared and white Pekin ducks (both Anas platyrhynchos), black guillemot (Cepphus grylle), and common (Fratercula arctica). Other investigators have recently reported that dietary DDE (10-1,000 ppm) inhibits nasal gland secretion in freshwater-maintained mallards; our initial experiments with white Pekins showed no such inhibition during either freshwater or seawater maintainance. Moreover, DDE had minimal effects on plasma electrolyte levels and total nasal gland Na-K-ATPase activities in all species studied. Liver DDE levels in experimental ducks and guillemots were comparable to those reported for seabirds found dead after kills; levels in starved experimental puffins were much higher. Thus DDE at environmental levels does not affect osmoregulation or nasal gland Na-K-ATPase either in ducks or in two species of oceanic birds."}
{"id": "PMID:134642", "title": "Attempted experimental cross infections with mammalian guinea-worms, Dracunculus spp. (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea).", "content": "Dracunculus medinensis and D. insignis are morphologically indistinguishable. Experiments to test the susceptibility of various mammalian hosts to these two guinea worm species are described. Infective 3rd-stage larvae of D. medinensis were administered to each of four raccons (Procyon lotor): infective 3rd-stage larvae of D. insignis were administered to a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), two dogs, two ferrets (Mustela putorius furo), and a marten (Martes americana). D. medinensis was not found in the raccoons when necropsies were performed on days 247, 283, 354, and 390 post-infection, respectively. Nine female D. insignis containing eggs, embryos, and motile 1st-stage larvae were found in the rhesus monkey 180 days post-infection. Lesions had not formed and the larvae were presumed to be immature and not yet infective as they were comparatively inactive and attempts to infect suitable copepods failed. D. insignis was not found in the dogs or the marten, although both ferrets were successfully infected. Variations in susceptibility of various mammalian species to the guinea worm are discussed together with comments on variations in migration routes and sites of emergence in hosts which may be partially refractory. D. insignis and D. medinensis may represent physiological strains of a single species, or they may in fact be two distinct species which have evolved in different geographical locations.", "contents": "Attempted experimental cross infections with mammalian guinea-worms, Dracunculus spp. (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea). Dracunculus medinensis and D. insignis are morphologically indistinguishable. Experiments to test the susceptibility of various mammalian hosts to these two guinea worm species are described. Infective 3rd-stage larvae of D. medinensis were administered to each of four raccons (Procyon lotor): infective 3rd-stage larvae of D. insignis were administered to a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), two dogs, two ferrets (Mustela putorius furo), and a marten (Martes americana). D. medinensis was not found in the raccoons when necropsies were performed on days 247, 283, 354, and 390 post-infection, respectively. Nine female D. insignis containing eggs, embryos, and motile 1st-stage larvae were found in the rhesus monkey 180 days post-infection. Lesions had not formed and the larvae were presumed to be immature and not yet infective as they were comparatively inactive and attempts to infect suitable copepods failed. D. insignis was not found in the dogs or the marten, although both ferrets were successfully infected. Variations in susceptibility of various mammalian species to the guinea worm are discussed together with comments on variations in migration routes and sites of emergence in hosts which may be partially refractory. D. insignis and D. medinensis may represent physiological strains of a single species, or they may in fact be two distinct species which have evolved in different geographical locations."}
{"id": "PMID:134637", "title": "Fluorimetric method for the detection of anti-DNA antibodies in serum.", "content": "A method for the detection of native anti-DNA antibodies in serum is described. The method is based on the reactivity of fluorescein isothiocyanate with DNA, forming a complex capable of combining with anti-DNA antibodies. The fluorescein content of the precipitated fluorescein-DNA anti-DNA complex is then measured in a fluorometer. The assay is accurate, highly reproducible, and inexpensive to perform. Comparative studies performed with the Farr assay show the fluorimetric method to be more sensitive in detecting anti-DNA antibodies in the serum of SLE patients.", "contents": "Fluorimetric method for the detection of anti-DNA antibodies in serum. A method for the detection of native anti-DNA antibodies in serum is described. The method is based on the reactivity of fluorescein isothiocyanate with DNA, forming a complex capable of combining with anti-DNA antibodies. The fluorescein content of the precipitated fluorescein-DNA anti-DNA complex is then measured in a fluorometer. The assay is accurate, highly reproducible, and inexpensive to perform. Comparative studies performed with the Farr assay show the fluorimetric method to be more sensitive in detecting anti-DNA antibodies in the serum of SLE patients."}
{"id": "PMID:134643", "title": "Exploding the myths of hernia repair.", "content": "Sacred prinicples guiding surgical repair of groin hernias have remained basically unaltered since their inception. This may explain the failure of results to improve significantly over the years. Ten hallowed concepts have been critically analyzed in the light of modern technology and contemporary experience. Although challenging established surgical traditions invariably invites debate, it is essential to scientific progress.", "contents": "Exploding the myths of hernia repair. Sacred prinicples guiding surgical repair of groin hernias have remained basically unaltered since their inception. This may explain the failure of results to improve significantly over the years. Ten hallowed concepts have been critically analyzed in the light of modern technology and contemporary experience. Although challenging established surgical traditions invariably invites debate, it is essential to scientific progress."}
{"id": "PMID:134644", "title": "Delayed and recurring infection in postoperative abdominal wounds.", "content": "Delayed and recurring wound infection in the abdominal wall of twenty-five patients, producing a variety of signs and symptoms months or years after original operations, were most frequently associated with silk sutures and endogenous infection due to Escherichia coli. The restorative procedures employed at a small community hospital varied from incision and drainage to en bloc wound excision. Timing of operations, culture data, pre- and postoperative antibiotics, and changes in the type of suture material were important adjuncts to therapy.", "contents": "Delayed and recurring infection in postoperative abdominal wounds. Delayed and recurring wound infection in the abdominal wall of twenty-five patients, producing a variety of signs and symptoms months or years after original operations, were most frequently associated with silk sutures and endogenous infection due to Escherichia coli. The restorative procedures employed at a small community hospital varied from incision and drainage to en bloc wound excision. Timing of operations, culture data, pre- and postoperative antibiotics, and changes in the type of suture material were important adjuncts to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:134645", "title": "Prosthetic arteriovenous fistula for vascular access in hemodialysis.", "content": "Vascular access through subcutaneous prosthetic arteriovenous fistulas was studied in eighteen dogs. Dacron velour and woven Dacron grafts (6 mm diameter) were constructed across the lower abdomen between the common femoral artery and the opposite common femoral vein. In heparinized animals 197 percutaneous punctures were made with a \"14 guage hemodialysis cannula at weekly intervals. Over a period of one and a half years there was no instance of infection. One of the fourteen Dacron velous and all four woven Dacron fistulas thrombosed. These data suggested the feasibility of achieving repetitive blood access through Dacron velour vascular prostheses. Nineteen Dacron velour fistula bypasses between the brachial artery and median basilic vein were performed in fifteen selected patients for a total dialysis period of ninety-six months. Failed standard subcutaneous fistulas or absence of suitable vessels in the upper extremity were indications for the primary procedure. Of three looped forearm fistulas, two thrombosed at twenty-two and two months. Complications among sixteen straight bypasses in the arm included two graft infections and one cannula tract infection. There were no instances of thrombosis in this group. The advantages of single needle dialysis in these high risk patients have been emphasized. Eleven grafts are presently functioning two to nine months postoperatively. Our preliminary results suggest that a Dacron velour fistula merits consideration as an alternative for vascular access in maintenance hemodialysis.", "contents": "Prosthetic arteriovenous fistula for vascular access in hemodialysis. Vascular access through subcutaneous prosthetic arteriovenous fistulas was studied in eighteen dogs. Dacron velour and woven Dacron grafts (6 mm diameter) were constructed across the lower abdomen between the common femoral artery and the opposite common femoral vein. In heparinized animals 197 percutaneous punctures were made with a \"14 guage hemodialysis cannula at weekly intervals. Over a period of one and a half years there was no instance of infection. One of the fourteen Dacron velous and all four woven Dacron fistulas thrombosed. These data suggested the feasibility of achieving repetitive blood access through Dacron velour vascular prostheses. Nineteen Dacron velour fistula bypasses between the brachial artery and median basilic vein were performed in fifteen selected patients for a total dialysis period of ninety-six months. Failed standard subcutaneous fistulas or absence of suitable vessels in the upper extremity were indications for the primary procedure. Of three looped forearm fistulas, two thrombosed at twenty-two and two months. Complications among sixteen straight bypasses in the arm included two graft infections and one cannula tract infection. There were no instances of thrombosis in this group. The advantages of single needle dialysis in these high risk patients have been emphasized. Eleven grafts are presently functioning two to nine months postoperatively. Our preliminary results suggest that a Dacron velour fistula merits consideration as an alternative for vascular access in maintenance hemodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:134648", "title": "The HLA linkage group and disease susceptibility.", "content": "The HLA linkage group, located on chromosome 6, is composed of serologically defined (SD-) loci (HLA-A, -B and -C) and of a MLC (= mixed lymphocyte culture-) or lymphocyte defined (LD-) locus (HLA-D). Different alleles of these loci are linked together as well as with loci for the synthesis of some complement components and the properdin factor B (= Bf-system) by strong positive linkage disequilibria (gametic association). The indication of a HLA linked genetic control of immunoresponsiveness makes the HLA system one of the biologically most important immunogenetic systems in man. The associations, found between single HLA determinants and diseases, can be explained in different ways, but may contribute to a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of diseases and of the biological role of the HLA linkage group.", "contents": "The HLA linkage group and disease susceptibility. The HLA linkage group, located on chromosome 6, is composed of serologically defined (SD-) loci (HLA-A, -B and -C) and of a MLC (= mixed lymphocyte culture-) or lymphocyte defined (LD-) locus (HLA-D). Different alleles of these loci are linked together as well as with loci for the synthesis of some complement components and the properdin factor B (= Bf-system) by strong positive linkage disequilibria (gametic association). The indication of a HLA linked genetic control of immunoresponsiveness makes the HLA system one of the biologically most important immunogenetic systems in man. The associations, found between single HLA determinants and diseases, can be explained in different ways, but may contribute to a better understanding of the etiopathogenesis of diseases and of the biological role of the HLA linkage group."}
{"id": "PMID:134649", "title": "Histochemical evaluation of enzymes in the rabbit corneal endothelium after short-term storage.", "content": "Isolated rabbit corneae were stored at a temperature of 4 degrees C in McCoy's 5a medium (modified) containing 5% dextran T 40 and gentamycin sulphate (250 mug/ml) for a varied number of days. The endothelium of the corneae was examined by light- and electron-microscopic histochemical methods for ATPase, TPPase, and SDH. The activity of each enzyme in the endothelia, stored for 6 days, was found to resemble the enzyme activities in the fresh corneal endothelium. By 8 days, the SDH activity was lowered and specific staining for ATPase and TPPase was decreased. In the 12 day-stored endothelium, the SDH and TPPase activities could not be detected. From these results, it was gathered that the isolated cornea stored in the medium for 6 days may be used in keratoplasty.", "contents": "Histochemical evaluation of enzymes in the rabbit corneal endothelium after short-term storage. Isolated rabbit corneae were stored at a temperature of 4 degrees C in McCoy's 5a medium (modified) containing 5% dextran T 40 and gentamycin sulphate (250 mug/ml) for a varied number of days. The endothelium of the corneae was examined by light- and electron-microscopic histochemical methods for ATPase, TPPase, and SDH. The activity of each enzyme in the endothelia, stored for 6 days, was found to resemble the enzyme activities in the fresh corneal endothelium. By 8 days, the SDH activity was lowered and specific staining for ATPase and TPPase was decreased. In the 12 day-stored endothelium, the SDH and TPPase activities could not be detected. From these results, it was gathered that the isolated cornea stored in the medium for 6 days may be used in keratoplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:134655", "title": "Allergic reaction to allopurinol with cross-reactivity to oxypurinol.", "content": "A 25-year-old white man with gout and nephropathy and with a previous reaction to allopurinol was given a trial dose of oxypurinol. He developed malaise, a generalized erythematous reaction with edema, pruritus, and emesis; this was clinically identical to the reaction he experienced with allopurinol. When the patient's lymphocytes were exposed in vitro to oxypurinol and allopurinol, increased DNA synthesis was observed, suggesting an immunologic basis for the reaction. This patient indicates that clinical cross reactivity to allopurinol and oxypurinol does occur and may be of an immunologic basis. There is a need for additional xanthine oxidase inhibitors for such patients.", "contents": "Allergic reaction to allopurinol with cross-reactivity to oxypurinol. A 25-year-old white man with gout and nephropathy and with a previous reaction to allopurinol was given a trial dose of oxypurinol. He developed malaise, a generalized erythematous reaction with edema, pruritus, and emesis; this was clinically identical to the reaction he experienced with allopurinol. When the patient's lymphocytes were exposed in vitro to oxypurinol and allopurinol, increased DNA synthesis was observed, suggesting an immunologic basis for the reaction. This patient indicates that clinical cross reactivity to allopurinol and oxypurinol does occur and may be of an immunologic basis. There is a need for additional xanthine oxidase inhibitors for such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:134657", "title": "[Mongolism: an encephalopathy \"not like others\"].", "content": "Considering ancient and new aspects to Langdon Down's disease, the author points out: the varieties of evolution, due to associate physical and sensorial defects and peculiarly to the differences of intellectual level and ego structuration. They are under dependence of social and familial factors. A demonstration is given in Lyon by a sheltered workshop where mongolian adults have found good possibilities. Sexual and sentimental life is a problem of great difficulties connected with conscient and inconscient reactions of normal adult (parents and \"educateurs\").", "contents": "[Mongolism: an encephalopathy \"not like others\"]. Considering ancient and new aspects to Langdon Down's disease, the author points out: the varieties of evolution, due to associate physical and sensorial defects and peculiarly to the differences of intellectual level and ego structuration. They are under dependence of social and familial factors. A demonstration is given in Lyon by a sheltered workshop where mongolian adults have found good possibilities. Sexual and sentimental life is a problem of great difficulties connected with conscient and inconscient reactions of normal adult (parents and \"educateurs\")."}
{"id": "PMID:134659", "title": "Studies on the nature of autoimmunity in myasthenia gravis. Evidence for an immunodeficiency type.", "content": "Clinical and laboratory data continue to support the concept of a genetically determined breakdown of immunological tolerance in myasthenia gravis with immunological damage to the motor end plates. The demonstration of impaired function of thymus-derived lymphocytes and of IgA deficiency correlate well with the clinical data in which there is an increase incidence of autoimmune diseases associated with anergy. Whilst the exact pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis is unknown, the available data support the concept of an immune deficiency disorder.", "contents": "Studies on the nature of autoimmunity in myasthenia gravis. Evidence for an immunodeficiency type. Clinical and laboratory data continue to support the concept of a genetically determined breakdown of immunological tolerance in myasthenia gravis with immunological damage to the motor end plates. The demonstration of impaired function of thymus-derived lymphocytes and of IgA deficiency correlate well with the clinical data in which there is an increase incidence of autoimmune diseases associated with anergy. Whilst the exact pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis is unknown, the available data support the concept of an immune deficiency disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:134663", "title": "Selective arteriography of the celiac artery in patients with thoracic sarcoidosis.", "content": "In this paper on hepatosplenic sarcoidosis the authors confirmed currently accepted concepts and further refined the examination of liver and spleen by selective arteriography of the celiac artery. In addition, they emphasized the frequency of hepatosplenomegaly in sarcoidosis as well as the speckled aspect of the parenchyma of both organs, which appeared dotted with innumerable small lacunae. This appearance was not strictly pathognomonic of sarcoidosis. Cortisone treatment caused reversion to a normal pattern in the patients.", "contents": "Selective arteriography of the celiac artery in patients with thoracic sarcoidosis. In this paper on hepatosplenic sarcoidosis the authors confirmed currently accepted concepts and further refined the examination of liver and spleen by selective arteriography of the celiac artery. In addition, they emphasized the frequency of hepatosplenomegaly in sarcoidosis as well as the speckled aspect of the parenchyma of both organs, which appeared dotted with innumerable small lacunae. This appearance was not strictly pathognomonic of sarcoidosis. Cortisone treatment caused reversion to a normal pattern in the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:134664", "title": "[Use of BrdU in the study of cell cycle in normal and abnormal subjects].", "content": "Chromosome modifications induced by BrdU allow a study of the cell division cycle during, at least, three consecutive generations. Among normal lymphocytes, the cell cycle varies in duration, but for the majority of cells, is a little shorter than twenty hours. In trisomy 21 individuals, the mean cell cycle is shorter, around 16 hours. In Fanconi's anemia, the cell cycle is slowed down and its duration is approximatively twice that of normal individuals. Endoreduplicating cells seem to have the cycle of longest duration.", "contents": "[Use of BrdU in the study of cell cycle in normal and abnormal subjects]. Chromosome modifications induced by BrdU allow a study of the cell division cycle during, at least, three consecutive generations. Among normal lymphocytes, the cell cycle varies in duration, but for the majority of cells, is a little shorter than twenty hours. In trisomy 21 individuals, the mean cell cycle is shorter, around 16 hours. In Fanconi's anemia, the cell cycle is slowed down and its duration is approximatively twice that of normal individuals. Endoreduplicating cells seem to have the cycle of longest duration."}
{"id": "PMID:134666", "title": "Calcium-binding proteins.", "content": "Calcium binding, which appears to be either specific or physiologically significant, has been reported for 70 norminally \"different\" proteins. First, I catalog these proteins. Only a few recent or general references can be cited. Those proteins that serve critical physiological functions or that may be regarded as chemical prototypes are discussed in more detail. Second, I present several generalizations. Inevitably the logic here is cyclic in that the generalizations dictate which data from all those available are actually presented. In order to focus our attention in the catalog, I outline these generalizations: 1. An examination of the five calcium-binding proteins of known structure does not reveal a correlation between ligand type and/or geometry and Ca2+ affinity or selectivity. 2. For many of the enzymes supposedly activated or stabilized by Ca2+ the available data dot not allow one to judge the physiological significance of the calcium binding or its contribution of the enzymic mechanism. 3. Of the enzymes requiring Ca2 and concanavalin A, only the nuclease of Staphylococcus and possibly phospholipase appear to bind Ca2 at the active site. 4. The calcium affinities of most of the extracellular enzymes are low, pKd = 3 to 4. This is consistent with the fact that the Ca2+ concentration of the extracellular environment is about 10(-3) M. 5. The cytosol concentration of free Ca2+ in most if not all eukaryotic cells is from 10(-6) to 10(-8) M. Following a stimulus to the cell after which Ca2+ functions as a second messenger, the free Ca2+ may rise to 10(-6) to 10(-5) M. The reported affinities of most enzymes of the cytosol are too low to be physiologically significant. 6. Several intracellular enzymes or enzyme activators have pKd values between 5 and 8. These enzymes therefore may be turned on and off or \"modulated\" in response to extracellular stimuli. 7. There is a distinct conceptual difference between extracellular enzymes that are \"activated\" by Ca2+ and those intracellular enzymes that are modulated by Ca2+. The activated proteins bind Ca2+ upon secretion or upon incorporation into a secretory vesicle and retain it throughout their functional lifetimes. The modulated proteins may bind and release Ca2+ many times in response to varying concentrations of this second messenger. 8. Several of the calcium-modulated proteins contain a characteristic conformation, consisting of a helix, calcium-binding loop, and second helix, referred to as the \"EF hand\". These proteins are homologous, that is, evolutionarily related.", "contents": "Calcium-binding proteins. Calcium binding, which appears to be either specific or physiologically significant, has been reported for 70 norminally \"different\" proteins. First, I catalog these proteins. Only a few recent or general references can be cited. Those proteins that serve critical physiological functions or that may be regarded as chemical prototypes are discussed in more detail. Second, I present several generalizations. Inevitably the logic here is cyclic in that the generalizations dictate which data from all those available are actually presented. In order to focus our attention in the catalog, I outline these generalizations: 1. An examination of the five calcium-binding proteins of known structure does not reveal a correlation between ligand type and/or geometry and Ca2+ affinity or selectivity. 2. For many of the enzymes supposedly activated or stabilized by Ca2+ the available data dot not allow one to judge the physiological significance of the calcium binding or its contribution of the enzymic mechanism. 3. Of the enzymes requiring Ca2 and concanavalin A, only the nuclease of Staphylococcus and possibly phospholipase appear to bind Ca2 at the active site. 4. The calcium affinities of most of the extracellular enzymes are low, pKd = 3 to 4. This is consistent with the fact that the Ca2+ concentration of the extracellular environment is about 10(-3) M. 5. The cytosol concentration of free Ca2+ in most if not all eukaryotic cells is from 10(-6) to 10(-8) M. Following a stimulus to the cell after which Ca2+ functions as a second messenger, the free Ca2+ may rise to 10(-6) to 10(-5) M. The reported affinities of most enzymes of the cytosol are too low to be physiologically significant. 6. Several intracellular enzymes or enzyme activators have pKd values between 5 and 8. These enzymes therefore may be turned on and off or \"modulated\" in response to extracellular stimuli. 7. There is a distinct conceptual difference between extracellular enzymes that are \"activated\" by Ca2+ and those intracellular enzymes that are modulated by Ca2+. The activated proteins bind Ca2+ upon secretion or upon incorporation into a secretory vesicle and retain it throughout their functional lifetimes. The modulated proteins may bind and release Ca2+ many times in response to varying concentrations of this second messenger. 8. Several of the calcium-modulated proteins contain a characteristic conformation, consisting of a helix, calcium-binding loop, and second helix, referred to as the \"EF hand\". These proteins are homologous, that is, evolutionarily related."}
{"id": "PMID:134670", "title": "Clindamycin vs placebo as adjunctive therapy in moderately severe acne.", "content": "Eighty-three patients with moderately severe acne were entered into a double-blind study utilizing clindamycin and placebo. Counts of comedones and pustules were made at intervals during a 13-week period. Clindamycin resulted in noticeable improvement of acne in 85% of subjects while in the placebo group improvement was present in 38%. There was also an unexplained reduction of total comedone count in the clindamycin-treated group. Severe side effects occurred in two of 44 patients receiving clindamycin (diarrhea, 1 and rash, 1); although an additional eight patients receiving clindamycin experienced mild diarrhea, discontinuation of therapy was not required. Clindamycin appears to be a valuable additional drug in the treatment of acne.", "contents": "Clindamycin vs placebo as adjunctive therapy in moderately severe acne. Eighty-three patients with moderately severe acne were entered into a double-blind study utilizing clindamycin and placebo. Counts of comedones and pustules were made at intervals during a 13-week period. Clindamycin resulted in noticeable improvement of acne in 85% of subjects while in the placebo group improvement was present in 38%. There was also an unexplained reduction of total comedone count in the clindamycin-treated group. Severe side effects occurred in two of 44 patients receiving clindamycin (diarrhea, 1 and rash, 1); although an additional eight patients receiving clindamycin experienced mild diarrhea, discontinuation of therapy was not required. Clindamycin appears to be a valuable additional drug in the treatment of acne."}
{"id": "PMID:134665", "title": "[The acquisition of antibody diversity studied in anuran amphibians (author's transl)].", "content": "For T and B lymphocytes, the capacity of recognizing diverse antigens is acquired early in ontogeny. This is shown for T cells by graft rejection and mixed leucocyte reaction experiments and for B cells by the heterogeneity of antibody response in young larvae which only possess a small number of lymphocytes. Thus any proposed mechanism for the generation of antibody diversity in frogs has to take into account: (a) that such diversity is acquired within about 21-30 days after fertilization in larvae whose lymphocyte generation time is 36-40 h; (b) that genetically identical animals have similar immune responses as revealed by mixed leucocyte reaction for T cell responses and by isoelectric focussing patterns for anti-dinitrophenyl and anti-sheep red blood cells antibodies for B cells.", "contents": "[The acquisition of antibody diversity studied in anuran amphibians (author's transl)]. For T and B lymphocytes, the capacity of recognizing diverse antigens is acquired early in ontogeny. This is shown for T cells by graft rejection and mixed leucocyte reaction experiments and for B cells by the heterogeneity of antibody response in young larvae which only possess a small number of lymphocytes. Thus any proposed mechanism for the generation of antibody diversity in frogs has to take into account: (a) that such diversity is acquired within about 21-30 days after fertilization in larvae whose lymphocyte generation time is 36-40 h; (b) that genetically identical animals have similar immune responses as revealed by mixed leucocyte reaction for T cell responses and by isoelectric focussing patterns for anti-dinitrophenyl and anti-sheep red blood cells antibodies for B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:134671", "title": "Alopecia areata and Down syndrome.", "content": "The skin of 214 institutionalized patients with the Down syndrome was carefully examined. There were 19 cases of alopecia areata and four cases of vitiligo. Since persons with the Down syndrome are predisposed to immunological deficiency in thymus-dependent (T-cell) function, findings from the skin examinations suggest that immunologic factors might contribute to the increased incidence of vitiligo and alopecia areata seen in the Down syndrome. Syringoma was also common and affected female patients twice as frequently as male patients.", "contents": "Alopecia areata and Down syndrome. The skin of 214 institutionalized patients with the Down syndrome was carefully examined. There were 19 cases of alopecia areata and four cases of vitiligo. Since persons with the Down syndrome are predisposed to immunological deficiency in thymus-dependent (T-cell) function, findings from the skin examinations suggest that immunologic factors might contribute to the increased incidence of vitiligo and alopecia areata seen in the Down syndrome. Syringoma was also common and affected female patients twice as frequently as male patients."}
{"id": "PMID:134674", "title": "Epidemic Norwegian scabies.", "content": "Norwegian scabies is an ectoparasitic infestation by Sarcoptes scabiei, characterized by hyperkeratotic lesions of the hands, feet, ears, and scalp, which contain many mites. An epidemic of Norwegian scabies involved 22 patients in a 25-patient ward of mentally and physically handicapped persons (mostly mongoloids). The pathogenesis of the prolific mite population is unclear, but either a specific immunologic deficit or the inability to effectively eliminate the mites by scratching is a plausible possibility.", "contents": "Epidemic Norwegian scabies. Norwegian scabies is an ectoparasitic infestation by Sarcoptes scabiei, characterized by hyperkeratotic lesions of the hands, feet, ears, and scalp, which contain many mites. An epidemic of Norwegian scabies involved 22 patients in a 25-patient ward of mentally and physically handicapped persons (mostly mongoloids). The pathogenesis of the prolific mite population is unclear, but either a specific immunologic deficit or the inability to effectively eliminate the mites by scratching is a plausible possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:134675", "title": "Topically applied antibiotics in acne vulgaris: clinical response and suppression of Corynebacterium acnes in open comedones.", "content": "Topical antibiotics were used on patients with acne vulgaris. Corynebacterium acnes organisms from open comedones were quantitated during treatment, and the progress of the disease was evaluated. Clindamycin lotion completely suppressed the growth of C acnes organisms, whereas erythromycin and tetracycline did not depress the C acnes counts. Taken as a group, these antibiotics gave a substantial improvement of the disease on the treated side as compared with paired untreated sides  of the face and back.", "contents": "Topically applied antibiotics in acne vulgaris: clinical response and suppression of Corynebacterium acnes in open comedones. Topical antibiotics were used on patients with acne vulgaris. Corynebacterium acnes organisms from open comedones were quantitated during treatment, and the progress of the disease was evaluated. Clindamycin lotion completely suppressed the growth of C acnes organisms, whereas erythromycin and tetracycline did not depress the C acnes counts. Taken as a group, these antibiotics gave a substantial improvement of the disease on the treated side as compared with paired untreated sides  of the face and back."}
{"id": "PMID:134676", "title": "Leukocytoclastic vasculitis.", "content": "Patients with leukocytoclastic vasculitis have purpuric, palpable lesions, most commonly on the lower part of the legs. Systemic involvement, particularly of the kidneys, is found frequently. Characteristic pathological features include necrosis of small vessels within the dermis, infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes within and around the vessel walls, hemorrhage, and occasionally thrombosis. Immunofluorescence study frequently shows granular deposits of immunoglobulins and complement in vessel walls. Etiologic agents that have been implicated include infection, foreign proteins, chemicals, drugs, and a variety of diseases. The mechanism causing tissue damage is thought to be mediated by immune complexes, although specific antigens have only occasionally been unequivocally identified. Treatment includes bedrest, corticosteroids, and sometimes, cytotoxic agents.", "contents": "Leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Patients with leukocytoclastic vasculitis have purpuric, palpable lesions, most commonly on the lower part of the legs. Systemic involvement, particularly of the kidneys, is found frequently. Characteristic pathological features include necrosis of small vessels within the dermis, infiltration by polymorphonuclear leukocytes within and around the vessel walls, hemorrhage, and occasionally thrombosis. Immunofluorescence study frequently shows granular deposits of immunoglobulins and complement in vessel walls. Etiologic agents that have been implicated include infection, foreign proteins, chemicals, drugs, and a variety of diseases. The mechanism causing tissue damage is thought to be mediated by immune complexes, although specific antigens have only occasionally been unequivocally identified. Treatment includes bedrest, corticosteroids, and sometimes, cytotoxic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:134677", "title": "[Disturbed distribution of surface glycoconjugates of the plasma cell membrane in psoriasis. Cytochemical detection using the alcianblue-lanthan-reaction (author's transl)].", "content": "Lanthanum has been used as a tracer for the intercellular space and the surface coats in different epithelia including human epidermis, however, lanthanum compounds may or may not penetrate into skin specimes and reaction product may or may not be present in the intercellular space. After treatment with alcian blue prior exposure to lanthanum the trilaminar plasma membrane was more regularly stained and a thin coat of reaction product corresponding to superficial glycoconjugates outlined the cell surface and filled the narrow intercellular space in normal epidermis. In psoriatic epidermis the quantity of superficial membrane-bound glycoconjugates was rather reduced, their distribution and compartmentalization was profoundly changed and the outer leaflet of the trilaminar plasma membrane was not always clearly seen, having a \"moth-eaten appearance\" in some places. These findings show once more that alterations of the cell membranes and their surface architecture are present in psoriasis. They may play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease, influencing the activities of membrane-bound enzymes and the flow of the epidermal growth control mechanism. The glycocalyx may serve in this mechanism as an accumulator of energy rich compounds or as a receptor site of membrane-bound ezymes. According to our views it represents a \"ground substance\" of epidermal origin, which controls the social behaviour of the keratinocytes in tissue.", "contents": "[Disturbed distribution of surface glycoconjugates of the plasma cell membrane in psoriasis. Cytochemical detection using the alcianblue-lanthan-reaction (author's transl)]. Lanthanum has been used as a tracer for the intercellular space and the surface coats in different epithelia including human epidermis, however, lanthanum compounds may or may not penetrate into skin specimes and reaction product may or may not be present in the intercellular space. After treatment with alcian blue prior exposure to lanthanum the trilaminar plasma membrane was more regularly stained and a thin coat of reaction product corresponding to superficial glycoconjugates outlined the cell surface and filled the narrow intercellular space in normal epidermis. In psoriatic epidermis the quantity of superficial membrane-bound glycoconjugates was rather reduced, their distribution and compartmentalization was profoundly changed and the outer leaflet of the trilaminar plasma membrane was not always clearly seen, having a \"moth-eaten appearance\" in some places. These findings show once more that alterations of the cell membranes and their surface architecture are present in psoriasis. They may play a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease, influencing the activities of membrane-bound enzymes and the flow of the epidermal growth control mechanism. The glycocalyx may serve in this mechanism as an accumulator of energy rich compounds or as a receptor site of membrane-bound ezymes. According to our views it represents a \"ground substance\" of epidermal origin, which controls the social behaviour of the keratinocytes in tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:134679", "title": "Chemotherapy for malignant Zollinger-Ellison tumors: successful treatment with streptozocin and fluorouracil.", "content": "Streptozocin is of value in the treatment of malignant insulinomas, but has not previously been shown to be effective against Zollinger-Ellison tumors, which secrete gastrin. This patient's malignant gastrinoma responded to treatment with streptozocin and fluorouracil. Tumor regression was verified by the disappearance of the epigastric mass, improvement of liver function, and reduction of serum gastrin levels to one third of the pretreatment level. The patient has been in remission for more than two years and has had no further treatment since the first year.", "contents": "Chemotherapy for malignant Zollinger-Ellison tumors: successful treatment with streptozocin and fluorouracil. Streptozocin is of value in the treatment of malignant insulinomas, but has not previously been shown to be effective against Zollinger-Ellison tumors, which secrete gastrin. This patient's malignant gastrinoma responded to treatment with streptozocin and fluorouracil. Tumor regression was verified by the disappearance of the epigastric mass, improvement of liver function, and reduction of serum gastrin levels to one third of the pretreatment level. The patient has been in remission for more than two years and has had no further treatment since the first year."}
{"id": "PMID:134680", "title": "[Activities and properties of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in homogenates of renal cortex, liver, myocardium and small-intestine mucosa in sheep].", "content": "Studies conducted into the activity of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in homogenate of several tissues of sheep and against the background of pH 7.5 (tris-HCl buffer) have shown highest enzyme activity to develop in renal cortex and cerebral cortex followed, in declining order of quotation, by liver, myocardium, and mucous membrane of small intestine. ATPase activities were studied also in the presence of pH-values between 7.2 and 8.95 (tris-HCl buffer) and between 8.6 and 11 (piperazine buffer), with the pH optimum of ATPase in the above tissues having been found to lie at approximately 9.0. Different concentrations of Mg ions were added, and maximum ATPase activity of 2 mMol ATP was obtained by adding 2 mMol Mg. Decline in ATPase activity should be expected in the case of hypomagnesaemia. Addition of different concentrations of sodium and potassium ions gave in most of the tissues tested maximum activity in response to 10 mMol potassium and 68 mMol sodium. Na-K ATPase could be inhibited by oubain particularly in cerebral and renal cortex.", "contents": "[Activities and properties of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in homogenates of renal cortex, liver, myocardium and small-intestine mucosa in sheep]. Studies conducted into the activity of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in homogenate of several tissues of sheep and against the background of pH 7.5 (tris-HCl buffer) have shown highest enzyme activity to develop in renal cortex and cerebral cortex followed, in declining order of quotation, by liver, myocardium, and mucous membrane of small intestine. ATPase activities were studied also in the presence of pH-values between 7.2 and 8.95 (tris-HCl buffer) and between 8.6 and 11 (piperazine buffer), with the pH optimum of ATPase in the above tissues having been found to lie at approximately 9.0. Different concentrations of Mg ions were added, and maximum ATPase activity of 2 mMol ATP was obtained by adding 2 mMol Mg. Decline in ATPase activity should be expected in the case of hypomagnesaemia. Addition of different concentrations of sodium and potassium ions gave in most of the tissues tested maximum activity in response to 10 mMol potassium and 68 mMol sodium. Na-K ATPase could be inhibited by oubain particularly in cerebral and renal cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:134681", "title": "Preexisting glomerulonephritis in allografted kidneys. Occurrence in man.", "content": "Biopsy specimens were taken from 43 renal allografts after completion of the anastomoses. In five kidneys from four donors, mesangial lesions compatible with preexisting glomerulonephritis were found. Immunofluorescence study of three kidneys indicated immunecomplex pathogenesis. In one donor, congenital heart disease was present: the others were free of manifest (renal) disease. Clinical follow-up data and repeated renal biopsy specimens indicated an uneventful course of these allografts. Awareness of this kind of lesions is useful for interpretation of glomerular lesions in biopsy specimens from renal transplants.", "contents": "Preexisting glomerulonephritis in allografted kidneys. Occurrence in man. Biopsy specimens were taken from 43 renal allografts after completion of the anastomoses. In five kidneys from four donors, mesangial lesions compatible with preexisting glomerulonephritis were found. Immunofluorescence study of three kidneys indicated immunecomplex pathogenesis. In one donor, congenital heart disease was present: the others were free of manifest (renal) disease. Clinical follow-up data and repeated renal biopsy specimens indicated an uneventful course of these allografts. Awareness of this kind of lesions is useful for interpretation of glomerular lesions in biopsy specimens from renal transplants."}
{"id": "PMID:134682", "title": "Virus \"Tamdy\"--a new arbovirus, isolated in the Uzbee S.S.R. and Turkmen S.S.R. from ticks Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum Schulee et Schlottke, 1929, and Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum Panzer, 1796.", "content": "Eleven virus strains were isolated from ticks Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum Schulce et Schlottke, 1929, and Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum Panzer, 1796,collected in 1971-1974 in desert regions of the Uzbee S.S.R. and the Turkmen S.S.R. According to CF test the strains were closely related to each other and not antigenically connected with viruses from antigenic groups A, B, California, CHF-Congo, Bakau, Bunyamwera, Gajam, Kaisodi, Qalyub, Kemerovo, Quaranfil, Simbu, Turlock, Hughes, Uukuniemi, Tete and 21 ungrouped viruses isolated from ticks. The virus was named \"Tamdy\" after the place of isolation of a prototype strain LEIV-1308 Uz. The virus does not agglutinate goose erythrocytes, it is pathogenic for suckling mice and 3 weeks old mice by intracerebral infection. Replication of a virus with CPE in cell cultures--L, Rh, A1--and without CPE--in pig embryo kidney cell cultures--was demonstrated. According to ultrafiltration and electron microscope data the size of the virus is about 90 nm. It is rather sensitive to lipid solvents and is an RNA-virus. Morphologically the virus resembles the Bunyaviridae.", "contents": "Virus \"Tamdy\"--a new arbovirus, isolated in the Uzbee S.S.R. and Turkmen S.S.R. from ticks Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum Schulee et Schlottke, 1929, and Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum Panzer, 1796. Eleven virus strains were isolated from ticks Hyalomma asiaticum asiaticum Schulce et Schlottke, 1929, and Hyalomma plumbeum plumbeum Panzer, 1796,collected in 1971-1974 in desert regions of the Uzbee S.S.R. and the Turkmen S.S.R. According to CF test the strains were closely related to each other and not antigenically connected with viruses from antigenic groups A, B, California, CHF-Congo, Bakau, Bunyamwera, Gajam, Kaisodi, Qalyub, Kemerovo, Quaranfil, Simbu, Turlock, Hughes, Uukuniemi, Tete and 21 ungrouped viruses isolated from ticks. The virus was named \"Tamdy\" after the place of isolation of a prototype strain LEIV-1308 Uz. The virus does not agglutinate goose erythrocytes, it is pathogenic for suckling mice and 3 weeks old mice by intracerebral infection. Replication of a virus with CPE in cell cultures--L, Rh, A1--and without CPE--in pig embryo kidney cell cultures--was demonstrated. According to ultrafiltration and electron microscope data the size of the virus is about 90 nm. It is rather sensitive to lipid solvents and is an RNA-virus. Morphologically the virus resembles the Bunyaviridae."}
{"id": "PMID:134683", "title": "Evaluation of patients with progressive intellectual deterioration.", "content": "Sixty consecutive patients with progressive intellectual deterioration were evaluated by a specific protocol. Eighteen (30%) were found to have an underlying disease potentially reversible by medical or surgical therapy. Sixteen patients had a specific diagnosable but untreatable disease as a cause of dementia. The laboratory and radiologic tests of the protocol that uncovered treatable illnesses were the radioisotope brain scan (two cases of bilateral subdural hematoma), the pneumoencephalogram (seven patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus), thyroid function screen, and liver function studies (one case each). Unrewarding tests included serum barbiturate, bromide, vitamin B12, and folate levels.", "contents": "Evaluation of patients with progressive intellectual deterioration. Sixty consecutive patients with progressive intellectual deterioration were evaluated by a specific protocol. Eighteen (30%) were found to have an underlying disease potentially reversible by medical or surgical therapy. Sixteen patients had a specific diagnosable but untreatable disease as a cause of dementia. The laboratory and radiologic tests of the protocol that uncovered treatable illnesses were the radioisotope brain scan (two cases of bilateral subdural hematoma), the pneumoencephalogram (seven patients with normal-pressure hydrocephalus), thyroid function screen, and liver function studies (one case each). Unrewarding tests included serum barbiturate, bromide, vitamin B12, and folate levels."}
{"id": "PMID:134692", "title": "Occupational contact dermatitis in 100 consecutive patients.", "content": "One hundred consecutive cases of occupational contact dermatitis diagnosed in Warsaw are discussed. In 79 subjects allergic and in 21 patients irritant occupational dermatitis was found. The most numerous group were workers employed with epoxy resins (20 persons), next came masons (14 subjects), and third medical staff members (12 persons). In 46 patients the standard series was sufficient for diagnosis of allergic occupational contact dermatitis, but in thirty three cases it was indispensable to test them with additional subsances.", "contents": "Occupational contact dermatitis in 100 consecutive patients. One hundred consecutive cases of occupational contact dermatitis diagnosed in Warsaw are discussed. In 79 subjects allergic and in 21 patients irritant occupational dermatitis was found. The most numerous group were workers employed with epoxy resins (20 persons), next came masons (14 subjects), and third medical staff members (12 persons). In 46 patients the standard series was sufficient for diagnosis of allergic occupational contact dermatitis, but in thirty three cases it was indispensable to test them with additional subsances."}
{"id": "PMID:134693", "title": "[Nickel sensitization in  women and its relevance to occupation].", "content": "213 women and 26 men out of 7835 persons examined in the course of 9 years (1967--1975) had a positive reaction to nickle sulfate. The frequency of the sensitization to nickel increased during this time, from 0.9 to 5.01%. 121 of the sensitized women were less than 30 years old. The first manifestations of that contact eczema due to metal ions appeared on the earlobes, the fingers in the ring-region, the hands, the wrists and the neck. In most of the men but only in 20 women (1 photograph, 19 metallists), a professional cause could be revealed, and an occupational disease was recognized. In the other women, a non-professional cause was found. No hair-dresser had been sensitized to nickel, by an occupational contact. The increase of the allergy ot nickel from 1967 to 1975 was mainly due to wearing costume-jewelry since the localisation of the contact eczemas ofter corresponded to the trend of fashion. Before demanding the recognition as an occupational disease in case of positive tests, the relevance of the latter to the occupation of the subject should be elucidated.", "contents": "[Nickel sensitization in  women and its relevance to occupation]. 213 women and 26 men out of 7835 persons examined in the course of 9 years (1967--1975) had a positive reaction to nickle sulfate. The frequency of the sensitization to nickel increased during this time, from 0.9 to 5.01%. 121 of the sensitized women were less than 30 years old. The first manifestations of that contact eczema due to metal ions appeared on the earlobes, the fingers in the ring-region, the hands, the wrists and the neck. In most of the men but only in 20 women (1 photograph, 19 metallists), a professional cause could be revealed, and an occupational disease was recognized. In the other women, a non-professional cause was found. No hair-dresser had been sensitized to nickel, by an occupational contact. The increase of the allergy ot nickel from 1967 to 1975 was mainly due to wearing costume-jewelry since the localisation of the contact eczemas ofter corresponded to the trend of fashion. Before demanding the recognition as an occupational disease in case of positive tests, the relevance of the latter to the occupation of the subject should be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:134698", "title": "Cartilage proteoglycans. Structure and heterogeneity of the protein core and the effects of specific protein modifications on the binding to hyaluronate.", "content": "Purified proteoglycans extracted from pig laryngeal cartilage in 0.15 M-NaCl and 4 M-guanidinium chloride were analysed and their amino acid compositions determined. Selective modification of amino acid residues on the protein core confirmed that binding to hyaluronate was a function of the protein core, and was dependent on disulphide bridges, intact arginine and tryptophan residues, and epsilon-amino groups of lysine. Fluorescence measurement suggested that tryptophan was not involved in direct subsite interactions with the hyaluronate. The polydispersity in size and heterogeneity in composition of the aggregating proteoglycan was compatible with a structure based on a protein core containing a globular hyaluronate-binding region and an extended region of variable length also containing a variable degree of substitution with chondroitin sulphate chains. The non-aggregated proteoglycan extracted preferentially in 0.15 M-NaCl, which was unable to bind to hyaluronate, contained less cysteine and tryptophan than did other aggregating proteoglycans and may be deficient in the hyaluronate-binding region. Its small average size and low protein and keratan sulphate contents suggest that it may be a fragment of the chondroitin sulphate-bearing region of aggregating proteoglycan produced by proteolytic cleavage of newly synthesized molecules before their secretion from the cell.", "contents": "Cartilage proteoglycans. Structure and heterogeneity of the protein core and the effects of specific protein modifications on the binding to hyaluronate. Purified proteoglycans extracted from pig laryngeal cartilage in 0.15 M-NaCl and 4 M-guanidinium chloride were analysed and their amino acid compositions determined. Selective modification of amino acid residues on the protein core confirmed that binding to hyaluronate was a function of the protein core, and was dependent on disulphide bridges, intact arginine and tryptophan residues, and epsilon-amino groups of lysine. Fluorescence measurement suggested that tryptophan was not involved in direct subsite interactions with the hyaluronate. The polydispersity in size and heterogeneity in composition of the aggregating proteoglycan was compatible with a structure based on a protein core containing a globular hyaluronate-binding region and an extended region of variable length also containing a variable degree of substitution with chondroitin sulphate chains. The non-aggregated proteoglycan extracted preferentially in 0.15 M-NaCl, which was unable to bind to hyaluronate, contained less cysteine and tryptophan than did other aggregating proteoglycans and may be deficient in the hyaluronate-binding region. Its small average size and low protein and keratan sulphate contents suggest that it may be a fragment of the chondroitin sulphate-bearing region of aggregating proteoglycan produced by proteolytic cleavage of newly synthesized molecules before their secretion from the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:134699", "title": "The electrophoretic heterogeneity of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycans.", "content": "1. Proteoglycans were extracted from bovine nasal cartilage with 2.0M-CaC2 or with 0.15M-KCl followed by 2.0M-CaC2.. Proteoglycan fractions were prepared from the extracts by density-gradient centrifugation in CsCl under 'associative' and 'dissociative' conditions. 2. The heterogeneity of the proteoglycan fractions was investigated by large-pore-gel electrophoresis. It was concluded that extracts made with 2.0M-CaCl2 or sequential 2.0M-CaCl2 contain two major species of proteoglycan 'subunit' of different hydrodynamic size, together with proteoglycan aggregates. Both 'subunits' have mobilities that are greater than those of proteoglycans obtained from pig articular cartilage McDevitt & Muir (1971) Anal. Biochem. 44, 612-622] and are therefore probably smaller in size than the latter. 3. Proteoglycan fractions isolated from cartilage extracted lith 0.15M-KCl separated into two main components on large-pore-gel electrophoresis with mobilities greater than those of proteoglycans extracted with 2.0M-CaCl2. Proteoglycans extracted at low ionic strength from bovine nasal cartilage are of similar hydrodynamic size to those extracted from pig articular cartilage under the same conditions [McDevitt & Muir (1971) Anal. Biochem. 44, 612-622]. 4. The role of endogenous proteolytic enzymes in producing proteoglycan heterogeneity, particularly in low-ionic-strength cartilage extracts is discussed. 5. Hyaluronic acid and 'link proteins' were present in the proteoglycan fraction separated from KCl extracts as well as in the fraction separated from CaCl2 extracts. Hyaluronic acid can only be identified in proteoglycan fractions by large-pore-gel electrophoresis after proteolysis and further purification of the fraction. 6. Collagen was extracted by both salt solutions and was tentatively identified as type II. Small amounts of collagen appear to be associated with the proteoglycan-aggregate fraction from the high-ionic-strength extract but not with the corresponding fraction from the KCl extract.", "contents": "The electrophoretic heterogeneity of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycans. 1. Proteoglycans were extracted from bovine nasal cartilage with 2.0M-CaC2 or with 0.15M-KCl followed by 2.0M-CaC2.. Proteoglycan fractions were prepared from the extracts by density-gradient centrifugation in CsCl under 'associative' and 'dissociative' conditions. 2. The heterogeneity of the proteoglycan fractions was investigated by large-pore-gel electrophoresis. It was concluded that extracts made with 2.0M-CaCl2 or sequential 2.0M-CaCl2 contain two major species of proteoglycan 'subunit' of different hydrodynamic size, together with proteoglycan aggregates. Both 'subunits' have mobilities that are greater than those of proteoglycans obtained from pig articular cartilage McDevitt & Muir (1971) Anal. Biochem. 44, 612-622] and are therefore probably smaller in size than the latter. 3. Proteoglycan fractions isolated from cartilage extracted lith 0.15M-KCl separated into two main components on large-pore-gel electrophoresis with mobilities greater than those of proteoglycans extracted with 2.0M-CaCl2. Proteoglycans extracted at low ionic strength from bovine nasal cartilage are of similar hydrodynamic size to those extracted from pig articular cartilage under the same conditions [McDevitt & Muir (1971) Anal. Biochem. 44, 612-622]. 4. The role of endogenous proteolytic enzymes in producing proteoglycan heterogeneity, particularly in low-ionic-strength cartilage extracts is discussed. 5. Hyaluronic acid and 'link proteins' were present in the proteoglycan fraction separated from KCl extracts as well as in the fraction separated from CaCl2 extracts. Hyaluronic acid can only be identified in proteoglycan fractions by large-pore-gel electrophoresis after proteolysis and further purification of the fraction. 6. Collagen was extracted by both salt solutions and was tentatively identified as type II. Small amounts of collagen appear to be associated with the proteoglycan-aggregate fraction from the high-ionic-strength extract but not with the corresponding fraction from the KCl extract."}
{"id": "PMID:134700", "title": "Nitrogenases from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Clostridium pasteurianum. Kinetic investigations of cross-reactions as a probe of the enzyme mechanism.", "content": "In combination with the Mo-Fe protein of nitrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae, the Fe protein of nitrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum forms an active enzyme with novel properties different from those of either of the homologous nitrogenases. The steady-state rates of reduction of acetylene and H+ are 12% of those of the homologous system from C.pasteurianim. Acetylene reductase activity exhibited an approx. 10min lag at 30 degrees C before the rate of reduction became linear, consistent with a once-only activation step being necessary for acetylene reduction to occur. No such lag was observed for H2 evolution. The activity with N2 as a reducible substrate was very low, implying that acetylene reductase activity is not necessarily an accurate indication of nitrogen-fixing ability. This is of particular relevance to studies on mutant and agronomically important organisms. Stopped-flow spectrophotometric studies showed unimolecular electron transfer from the Fe protein to the Mo-Fe protein to occur at the same rate (k2 = 2.5 X 10(2)s-1) and with the same dependence on ATP concentration (apparent KD = 400 muM) as with the homologous Klebsiella nitrogenase. However, an ATP/2e ratio of 50 was obtained for H2 evolution, indicating that ATP hydrolysis had been uncoupled from electron transfer to substrate. These data indicate that ATP has at least two roles in the mechanism of nitrogenase action. The combination of the Mo-Fe protein of nitrogenase of C.pasteurianim and the Fe protein of K.pneumoniae were inactive in all the above reactions, except for a weak adenosine triphosphatase activity, 0.5% of that of the homologous K.pneumoniae system.", "contents": "Nitrogenases from Klebsiella pneumoniae and Clostridium pasteurianum. Kinetic investigations of cross-reactions as a probe of the enzyme mechanism. In combination with the Mo-Fe protein of nitrogenase from Klebsiella pneumoniae, the Fe protein of nitrogenase from Clostridium pasteurianum forms an active enzyme with novel properties different from those of either of the homologous nitrogenases. The steady-state rates of reduction of acetylene and H+ are 12% of those of the homologous system from C.pasteurianim. Acetylene reductase activity exhibited an approx. 10min lag at 30 degrees C before the rate of reduction became linear, consistent with a once-only activation step being necessary for acetylene reduction to occur. No such lag was observed for H2 evolution. The activity with N2 as a reducible substrate was very low, implying that acetylene reductase activity is not necessarily an accurate indication of nitrogen-fixing ability. This is of particular relevance to studies on mutant and agronomically important organisms. Stopped-flow spectrophotometric studies showed unimolecular electron transfer from the Fe protein to the Mo-Fe protein to occur at the same rate (k2 = 2.5 X 10(2)s-1) and with the same dependence on ATP concentration (apparent KD = 400 muM) as with the homologous Klebsiella nitrogenase. However, an ATP/2e ratio of 50 was obtained for H2 evolution, indicating that ATP hydrolysis had been uncoupled from electron transfer to substrate. These data indicate that ATP has at least two roles in the mechanism of nitrogenase action. The combination of the Mo-Fe protein of nitrogenase of C.pasteurianim and the Fe protein of K.pneumoniae were inactive in all the above reactions, except for a weak adenosine triphosphatase activity, 0.5% of that of the homologous K.pneumoniae system."}
{"id": "PMID:134701", "title": "The formation of a stable complex between dissociated proteoglycan and hyaluronic acid in the absence of a link protein.", "content": "A proteoglycan fraction prepared from bovine articular cartilage under dissociative conditions was shown to interact with three purified hyaluronic acid preparations to form stable complexes in the analytical ultracentrifuge. It is concluded from these experiments that, although link proteins are associated with hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans in complexes between these macromolecular constituents.", "contents": "The formation of a stable complex between dissociated proteoglycan and hyaluronic acid in the absence of a link protein. A proteoglycan fraction prepared from bovine articular cartilage under dissociative conditions was shown to interact with three purified hyaluronic acid preparations to form stable complexes in the analytical ultracentrifuge. It is concluded from these experiments that, although link proteins are associated with hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans in complexes between these macromolecular constituents."}
{"id": "PMID:134702", "title": "The metabolic fate of intravenously injected peptide-bound chondroitin sulphate in the rat.", "content": "The degradation of intravenously administered chondroitin sulphate-peptide, obtained by trypsin digestion of rat cartilage preparations labelled in vitro with 35S (and, in some cases, with 3H), was studied in rats. As with free chains of chondroitin sulphate, the major site of accumulation and degradation in the body was the liver, although peptide-linked chains were taken up more rapidly than free chains. In the first 2h after intravenous injection of a chondroitin sulphate-peptide fraction, labelled macromolecular components were excreted in the urine. These were shown to be chondroitin sulphate-peptide of the same degree of sulphation but of smaller average size than the injected material. A similar observation was made when free chains of chondroitin sulphate from the same source were administered intravenously. An isolated perfused rat kidney failed to de-sulphate circulating chondroitin sulphate-peptide, but a component of lower average molecular weight was excreted in the urine. When a chondroitin sulphate-peptide fraction of relatively larger hydrodynamic volume was administered, very little chondroitin sulphate appeared in the urine in the first 2h. It was concluded that, depending on size and/or peptide content, the chondroitin sulphate-peptide released from connective tissues into the circulation would probably be subjected to one of two alternative fates. The smaller fragments are more likely to be excreted in the urine, whereas the larger ones are taken up by the liver and there degraded to inorganic sulphate and undefined carbohydrate components.", "contents": "The metabolic fate of intravenously injected peptide-bound chondroitin sulphate in the rat. The degradation of intravenously administered chondroitin sulphate-peptide, obtained by trypsin digestion of rat cartilage preparations labelled in vitro with 35S (and, in some cases, with 3H), was studied in rats. As with free chains of chondroitin sulphate, the major site of accumulation and degradation in the body was the liver, although peptide-linked chains were taken up more rapidly than free chains. In the first 2h after intravenous injection of a chondroitin sulphate-peptide fraction, labelled macromolecular components were excreted in the urine. These were shown to be chondroitin sulphate-peptide of the same degree of sulphation but of smaller average size than the injected material. A similar observation was made when free chains of chondroitin sulphate from the same source were administered intravenously. An isolated perfused rat kidney failed to de-sulphate circulating chondroitin sulphate-peptide, but a component of lower average molecular weight was excreted in the urine. When a chondroitin sulphate-peptide fraction of relatively larger hydrodynamic volume was administered, very little chondroitin sulphate appeared in the urine in the first 2h. It was concluded that, depending on size and/or peptide content, the chondroitin sulphate-peptide released from connective tissues into the circulation would probably be subjected to one of two alternative fates. The smaller fragments are more likely to be excreted in the urine, whereas the larger ones are taken up by the liver and there degraded to inorganic sulphate and undefined carbohydrate components."}
{"id": "PMID:134717", "title": "Comparative study of the hypoglycaemic and antilipolytic effects of four antidiabetic agents administered i.v.", "content": "The effects of i.v. administration of equipotent doses of glycodiazine, glibenclamide, desaglybuzol and glydiazinamide on the level of blood sugar and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) have been assessed in 30 diabetic patients and 24 healthy controls. Glibenclamide proved to have the most potent hypoglycaemic effect in diabetics. The decrease in blood sugar level was less sustained after glycodiazine as compared with the other three drugs. This is due mostly to differences in dynamics of insulin secretion. Glibenclamide also proved to have pronounced and most sustained antilipolytic action. In contrast, desaglybuzol, like phenformin (a biguanide), failed to cause a drop in the level of plasma FFA and hence can be recommended in obese diabetic patients.", "contents": "Comparative study of the hypoglycaemic and antilipolytic effects of four antidiabetic agents administered i.v. The effects of i.v. administration of equipotent doses of glycodiazine, glibenclamide, desaglybuzol and glydiazinamide on the level of blood sugar and plasma free fatty acids (FFA) have been assessed in 30 diabetic patients and 24 healthy controls. Glibenclamide proved to have the most potent hypoglycaemic effect in diabetics. The decrease in blood sugar level was less sustained after glycodiazine as compared with the other three drugs. This is due mostly to differences in dynamics of insulin secretion. Glibenclamide also proved to have pronounced and most sustained antilipolytic action. In contrast, desaglybuzol, like phenformin (a biguanide), failed to cause a drop in the level of plasma FFA and hence can be recommended in obese diabetic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:134718", "title": "Effect of fominoben-HCl on circulation, pulmonary gas exchange and acid-base balance at rest and during exercise.", "content": "The effect of 3'-chloro-2'-[N-methyl-N[(morpholino-carbonyl)methyl]aminomethyl]benzanilide-hydrochloride (forminoben-HCl, Noleptan) on pulse rates and blood pressures, ventilation and gas exchange, and acid base balance was studied in eleven patients aged 31 to 72 years at rest and during a standardised excercise. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased at rest before and 10 min after work as well as during work. Mean alveolar ventilation was reduced by 9% at rest and was unchanged during work. No changes occurred in mean alveolar-arterial oxygen differences or in mean anatomical right-to-left shunt. In a few individual patients with grossly impaired intrapulmonary gas exchange, however, an improvement with regard to alveolar ventilation in relation to oxygen uptake and the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Effect of fominoben-HCl on circulation, pulmonary gas exchange and acid-base balance at rest and during exercise. The effect of 3'-chloro-2'-[N-methyl-N[(morpholino-carbonyl)methyl]aminomethyl]benzanilide-hydrochloride (forminoben-HCl, Noleptan) on pulse rates and blood pressures, ventilation and gas exchange, and acid base balance was studied in eleven patients aged 31 to 72 years at rest and during a standardised excercise. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased at rest before and 10 min after work as well as during work. Mean alveolar ventilation was reduced by 9% at rest and was unchanged during work. No changes occurred in mean alveolar-arterial oxygen differences or in mean anatomical right-to-left shunt. In a few individual patients with grossly impaired intrapulmonary gas exchange, however, an improvement with regard to alveolar ventilation in relation to oxygen uptake and the alveolar-arterial oxygen tension difference could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:134715", "title": "Effects of certain antirheumatic drugs on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Inhibition of mitogen- and antigen-stimulated incorporation of tritiated thymidine.", "content": "The effects of antirheumatic drugs on in vitro responses of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined and found to affect phytomitogen, antigen, and mixed lymphocyte responses. The drugs and concentrations (mumg/ml) at which 50% inhibition (ID50) of phytomitogen stimulation occurred were acetylsalicylic acid, 80; phenylbutazone, 150; indomethacin, 250; sodium aurothiomalate, 200; hydroxychloroquine, 75; D-penicillamine, 400; hydrocortisone, 50; naproxen, 350; and sodium meclofenamate, 175. Acetaminophen enhanced blastogenesis by 100% at 200 mug/ml, but was 50% inhibitory at 500 mug/ml. Other drugs had no effects. Numbers of viable cells in cultures with and without mitogens and drugs were generally similar at beginnings and ends of experiments. Stimulated cell cultures containing combinations of drugs exhibited greater inhibition than did cultures of individual drugs. Inhibition by drugs was greater when cells were cultured in medium alone than in medium with 20% plasma. Cells exposed overnight to phenylbutazone, indomethacin, sodium aurothiomalate, or sodium meclofenamate, then washed and stimulated, responded generally as well as did cells not exposed to drugs. Because some of these drugs exhibited effects at concentrations approaching therapeutic levels, these findings may be pertinent to clinical investigations of cellular immune responses of patients on drug therapy and to possible mechanisms of action for certain drugs.", "contents": "Effects of certain antirheumatic drugs on normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Inhibition of mitogen- and antigen-stimulated incorporation of tritiated thymidine. The effects of antirheumatic drugs on in vitro responses of normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes were examined and found to affect phytomitogen, antigen, and mixed lymphocyte responses. The drugs and concentrations (mumg/ml) at which 50% inhibition (ID50) of phytomitogen stimulation occurred were acetylsalicylic acid, 80; phenylbutazone, 150; indomethacin, 250; sodium aurothiomalate, 200; hydroxychloroquine, 75; D-penicillamine, 400; hydrocortisone, 50; naproxen, 350; and sodium meclofenamate, 175. Acetaminophen enhanced blastogenesis by 100% at 200 mug/ml, but was 50% inhibitory at 500 mug/ml. Other drugs had no effects. Numbers of viable cells in cultures with and without mitogens and drugs were generally similar at beginnings and ends of experiments. Stimulated cell cultures containing combinations of drugs exhibited greater inhibition than did cultures of individual drugs. Inhibition by drugs was greater when cells were cultured in medium alone than in medium with 20% plasma. Cells exposed overnight to phenylbutazone, indomethacin, sodium aurothiomalate, or sodium meclofenamate, then washed and stimulated, responded generally as well as did cells not exposed to drugs. Because some of these drugs exhibited effects at concentrations approaching therapeutic levels, these findings may be pertinent to clinical investigations of cellular immune responses of patients on drug therapy and to possible mechanisms of action for certain drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:134719", "title": "Effect of some antirheumatics on connective tissue components.", "content": "The effects of a number of classical and modern antirheumatics on the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans and collagen were studied comparatively. The experimental results indicate that the antirheumatics deeply affect the metabolism of the main components of connective tissue. With regard to the methods used for testing, it may be stated that phenylbutazone, flufenamic acid, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid and trimetazone belong to the most effective of the entire series of antirheumatics tested.", "contents": "Effect of some antirheumatics on connective tissue components. The effects of a number of classical and modern antirheumatics on the biosynthesis of glycosaminoglycans and collagen were studied comparatively. The experimental results indicate that the antirheumatics deeply affect the metabolism of the main components of connective tissue. With regard to the methods used for testing, it may be stated that phenylbutazone, flufenamic acid, ibuprofen, mefenamic acid and trimetazone belong to the most effective of the entire series of antirheumatics tested."}
{"id": "PMID:134720", "title": "[On the biological characterization of the outbred strain of Chbb : NMRI (SPF) mice / 1st comm.: Characterization of breeding stock under constant conditions of nutrition (Part II) (author's transl)].", "content": "The second part continued the biological characteization of the outbred strain Chbb : NMRI (SPF) (formerly NMRI/T\u00fcbingen/Kisslegg/Biberach) mice. The results obtained from 7 generations (F9 to F 15-generations) refer to the following parameters: loss of breeding animals, conception rate, ability to build a nest, litter size at birth and weaning, loss of young animals, litter weight at birth and weaning, intervals between two births and efficienty quota.", "contents": "[On the biological characterization of the outbred strain of Chbb : NMRI (SPF) mice / 1st comm.: Characterization of breeding stock under constant conditions of nutrition (Part II) (author's transl)]. The second part continued the biological characteization of the outbred strain Chbb : NMRI (SPF) (formerly NMRI/T\u00fcbingen/Kisslegg/Biberach) mice. The results obtained from 7 generations (F9 to F 15-generations) refer to the following parameters: loss of breeding animals, conception rate, ability to build a nest, litter size at birth and weaning, loss of young animals, litter weight at birth and weaning, intervals between two births and efficienty quota."}
{"id": "PMID:134716", "title": "Carrageenin-induced arthritis. II. Effect of intraarticular injection of carrageenin on the synthesis of proteoglycan in articular cartilage.", "content": "An inflammation of the periarticular tissue induced by the intraarticular injection of carrageenin caused a 40-75% decrease in the rate of proteoglycan synthesis in the articular cartilage. This decrease was determined both in vitro and in vivo. Provided that the collagen network of the cartilage was not disrupted, the chondrocytes were able to recover this synthetic ability and exhibited rates of synthesis above those of the controls. This ability resulted in a net replacement of the proteoglycan lost during the initial period of inflammation.", "contents": "Carrageenin-induced arthritis. II. Effect of intraarticular injection of carrageenin on the synthesis of proteoglycan in articular cartilage. An inflammation of the periarticular tissue induced by the intraarticular injection of carrageenin caused a 40-75% decrease in the rate of proteoglycan synthesis in the articular cartilage. This decrease was determined both in vitro and in vivo. Provided that the collagen network of the cartilage was not disrupted, the chondrocytes were able to recover this synthetic ability and exhibited rates of synthesis above those of the controls. This ability resulted in a net replacement of the proteoglycan lost during the initial period of inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:134721", "title": "[Studies on pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of ipratropiumbromide in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies into the human pharmacokinetics of (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1 alphaH, 5 alphaH-tropanium-bromide- (+/-)-tropate (ipratropium bromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) following inhalation and oral and i.v. administration are described. The substance was labelled with 14C. The plasma level (total radioactivity) recorded following oral administration was characterised by a low but broad plateau persisting for several hours. After i.v. injection rapid elimination from the plasma was observed in the first phase. The plasma level following inhalation was characterised by an initially rapid absorption and the curve subsequently resembled that following oral administration. An equi-bronchodilatory dose following inhalation produced a blood level 1000 times lower than those following oral dosing. The half-life of elimination lay between 3.2 and 3.8 h for all routes of administration. The maxima were recorded at 3 h. Cumulative renal excretion was 9.3% following oral administration, 72.1% following i.v. route and 3.2% after inhalation. 88.5% were excreted via the faeces following oral dosing, 6.3% following i.v. application and 69.4% after inhalation. Ipratropiumbromide is partly metabolised. After 4 h, the percentage of unchanged substance in relation to total activity in the urine was 24% (oral), 46% (i.v.) and 13% (inhalation). One of eight metabolites-- six in very small amounts-- was identified as N-isopropyl-methyl-nortropiumbromide.", "contents": "[Studies on pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of ipratropiumbromide in man (author's transl)]. Studies into the human pharmacokinetics of (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1 alphaH, 5 alphaH-tropanium-bromide- (+/-)-tropate (ipratropium bromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) following inhalation and oral and i.v. administration are described. The substance was labelled with 14C. The plasma level (total radioactivity) recorded following oral administration was characterised by a low but broad plateau persisting for several hours. After i.v. injection rapid elimination from the plasma was observed in the first phase. The plasma level following inhalation was characterised by an initially rapid absorption and the curve subsequently resembled that following oral administration. An equi-bronchodilatory dose following inhalation produced a blood level 1000 times lower than those following oral dosing. The half-life of elimination lay between 3.2 and 3.8 h for all routes of administration. The maxima were recorded at 3 h. Cumulative renal excretion was 9.3% following oral administration, 72.1% following i.v. route and 3.2% after inhalation. 88.5% were excreted via the faeces following oral dosing, 6.3% following i.v. application and 69.4% after inhalation. Ipratropiumbromide is partly metabolised. After 4 h, the percentage of unchanged substance in relation to total activity in the urine was 24% (oral), 46% (i.v.) and 13% (inhalation). One of eight metabolites-- six in very small amounts-- was identified as N-isopropyl-methyl-nortropiumbromide."}
{"id": "PMID:134722", "title": "[On the problem of Side Effects of Anticholinergic Drugs Depending on the Route of Application/Inhalation versus intravenous injection of ipratropiumbromide].", "content": "In four different trial series the effect of (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH, 5alphaH-tropanium-bromide-(+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) on the stimulated salivary secretion and pulse rate in a total of 43 healthy volunteers was investigated in a cross-over comparison using atropine sulphate and placebo administered by inhalation (metered dose inhaler) and by i.v. injection. All the trial preparations were administered in increasing doses at 30-min intervals in a double-blind procedure. The maximal dose by inhalation in this context was 2.4 mg (60 times the single therapeutic dose), and the maximal i.v. dose was 0.28 mg. The stimulated salivary secretion was not influenced by doses up to 2.4 mg of ipratropiumbromide by inhalation. Following inhalation of 1.6 mg and 2.4 mg atropine sulphate by means of metered dose inhaler of linear, statistically significant inhibition of stimulated salivary secretion was observed (p less than 0.001). Following i.v. administration of ipratropiumbromide, a statistically significant decrease in stimulated salivary secretion was observed following a total dose of 0.28 mg (p less than 0.001). Following inhalation the changes in pulse rate all occurred within the placebo or confidence limits. Following i.v. administration the pulse rate showed a statistically significant increase after a total dose of 0.28 mg. Dryness of the mouth was observed by several volunteers following the maximum dose of ipratropiumbromide, All volunteers in this trial series observed dryness of the mouth inhalation of atropine sulphate.", "contents": "[On the problem of Side Effects of Anticholinergic Drugs Depending on the Route of Application/Inhalation versus intravenous injection of ipratropiumbromide]. In four different trial series the effect of (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH, 5alphaH-tropanium-bromide-(+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) on the stimulated salivary secretion and pulse rate in a total of 43 healthy volunteers was investigated in a cross-over comparison using atropine sulphate and placebo administered by inhalation (metered dose inhaler) and by i.v. injection. All the trial preparations were administered in increasing doses at 30-min intervals in a double-blind procedure. The maximal dose by inhalation in this context was 2.4 mg (60 times the single therapeutic dose), and the maximal i.v. dose was 0.28 mg. The stimulated salivary secretion was not influenced by doses up to 2.4 mg of ipratropiumbromide by inhalation. Following inhalation of 1.6 mg and 2.4 mg atropine sulphate by means of metered dose inhaler of linear, statistically significant inhibition of stimulated salivary secretion was observed (p less than 0.001). Following i.v. administration of ipratropiumbromide, a statistically significant decrease in stimulated salivary secretion was observed following a total dose of 0.28 mg (p less than 0.001). Following inhalation the changes in pulse rate all occurred within the placebo or confidence limits. Following i.v. administration the pulse rate showed a statistically significant increase after a total dose of 0.28 mg. Dryness of the mouth was observed by several volunteers following the maximum dose of ipratropiumbromide, All volunteers in this trial series observed dryness of the mouth inhalation of atropine sulphate."}
{"id": "PMID:134723", "title": "[Short Communication: Rotation-viscosimetric determinations of the effect of ipratropiumbromide on bronchial excretion/a double blind study].", "content": "In a double blind cross-over study using randomized selection the effects of 3 x 2 puffs (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1aH, 5aH-tropaniumbromide-(+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) (0.02 mg per puff) from a metered dose inhaler were compared with placebo in 25 patients. The parameters studied were the amount of morning sputum, sputum viscosity as measured by rotational viscosimetry and total airways resistance (Rt) measured by whole-body plethysmography during 2 successive treatment periods, each of 5 days, sepraated by 2 rest days. The patient material consisted of 16 males and 9 females, ages 21-66 (mean 47), 15 of whom had bronchial asthma and 10 chronic bronchitis. Both groups received multiple supplementary viscosity or volume but the Rt was significantly decreased by 11-15% only after ipratropiumbromide when measured 10 min after inhalation. Non-characteristic side effects occurred with equal frequency in the ipratropiumbromide and placebo groups. Therefore ipratropiumbromide has a clear bronchospasmolytic action without secretion-inhibiting properties if used in therapeutic dosage.", "contents": "[Short Communication: Rotation-viscosimetric determinations of the effect of ipratropiumbromide on bronchial excretion/a double blind study]. In a double blind cross-over study using randomized selection the effects of 3 x 2 puffs (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1aH, 5aH-tropaniumbromide-(+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) (0.02 mg per puff) from a metered dose inhaler were compared with placebo in 25 patients. The parameters studied were the amount of morning sputum, sputum viscosity as measured by rotational viscosimetry and total airways resistance (Rt) measured by whole-body plethysmography during 2 successive treatment periods, each of 5 days, sepraated by 2 rest days. The patient material consisted of 16 males and 9 females, ages 21-66 (mean 47), 15 of whom had bronchial asthma and 10 chronic bronchitis. Both groups received multiple supplementary viscosity or volume but the Rt was significantly decreased by 11-15% only after ipratropiumbromide when measured 10 min after inhalation. Non-characteristic side effects occurred with equal frequency in the ipratropiumbromide and placebo groups. Therefore ipratropiumbromide has a clear bronchospasmolytic action without secretion-inhibiting properties if used in therapeutic dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:134724", "title": "[Ipratropium bromide in controlled clinical trials. Short communication (II): Time-response measurements of pulmonary function after ipratropium bromide and isoprenaline].", "content": "(8R)-3alpha-Hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH, 5alphaH, 5alphaH-tropaniumbromide (+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) was compared with isoprenaline in a cross-over study with randomized selection in 12 stable asthmatics, using total airways resistance (Rt) measured by whole-body plethysmography, peak expiratory flow (PEF) and pulse rate as parameters. 2 puffs ipratropiumbromide (0.02 mg per puff) or isoprenaline (0.1 mg per puff) were administered by metered dose inhaler and measurements taken at 5, 20, 35, 50, 90 min, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h later. Drugs were given on alternate days. Rt decreased significantly (p less than 0.001) for 4 h to 53% of the initial value after ipratropiumbromide and to 70% of the initial value after isoprenaline, but only for about 2 h after the latter. The maximum 20-min effect on Rt was almost the same for both drugs. The difference in the time course of the bronchodilation was also significant. The rise in PEF after 4 h following ipratropiumbromide was similarly highly significant (p less than 0.001); as for Rt the time course for both drugs ran nearly parallel. Neither substance caused a significant rise in pulse rate at the dosages used.", "contents": "[Ipratropium bromide in controlled clinical trials. Short communication (II): Time-response measurements of pulmonary function after ipratropium bromide and isoprenaline]. (8R)-3alpha-Hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH, 5alphaH, 5alphaH-tropaniumbromide (+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) was compared with isoprenaline in a cross-over study with randomized selection in 12 stable asthmatics, using total airways resistance (Rt) measured by whole-body plethysmography, peak expiratory flow (PEF) and pulse rate as parameters. 2 puffs ipratropiumbromide (0.02 mg per puff) or isoprenaline (0.1 mg per puff) were administered by metered dose inhaler and measurements taken at 5, 20, 35, 50, 90 min, 2, 3, 4, and 6 h later. Drugs were given on alternate days. Rt decreased significantly (p less than 0.001) for 4 h to 53% of the initial value after ipratropiumbromide and to 70% of the initial value after isoprenaline, but only for about 2 h after the latter. The maximum 20-min effect on Rt was almost the same for both drugs. The difference in the time course of the bronchodilation was also significant. The rise in PEF after 4 h following ipratropiumbromide was similarly highly significant (p less than 0.001); as for Rt the time course for both drugs ran nearly parallel. Neither substance caused a significant rise in pulse rate at the dosages used."}
{"id": "PMID:134725", "title": "[Ipratropium Bromide, an Anticholinergic Bronchodilator/Behavior of airways resistance in patients with reversible respiratory obstruction following inhalation of various doses of ipratropium bromide].", "content": "A dose- and time-response study using different doses of an inhaled derivative of atropine, (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1 aH, 5aH-tropaniumbromide-(+/-)-tropate (Sch 1000, ipratropium bromide, Atrovent) was performed in 12 patients with reversible chronic obstructuve airways disease. The drug was shown to be an effective bronchodilator with the typical action of reducing airways resistance with 2 puffs (0.02 mg per puff). Increasing the dose to 4 and 8 puffs did not produce any relevant difference in time response. The onset of action was rapid and reached a maximum between 30 and 60 min after inhalation. The duration of bronchodilation was maintained during the observation period of 3 h. 30 min after inhalation the results corresponded to those following the inhalation of 2 puffs of orciprenaline (0.75 mg per puff). Isolated side-effects were independent of the dosage.", "contents": "[Ipratropium Bromide, an Anticholinergic Bronchodilator/Behavior of airways resistance in patients with reversible respiratory obstruction following inhalation of various doses of ipratropium bromide]. A dose- and time-response study using different doses of an inhaled derivative of atropine, (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1 aH, 5aH-tropaniumbromide-(+/-)-tropate (Sch 1000, ipratropium bromide, Atrovent) was performed in 12 patients with reversible chronic obstructuve airways disease. The drug was shown to be an effective bronchodilator with the typical action of reducing airways resistance with 2 puffs (0.02 mg per puff). Increasing the dose to 4 and 8 puffs did not produce any relevant difference in time response. The onset of action was rapid and reached a maximum between 30 and 60 min after inhalation. The duration of bronchodilation was maintained during the observation period of 3 h. 30 min after inhalation the results corresponded to those following the inhalation of 2 puffs of orciprenaline (0.75 mg per puff). Isolated side-effects were independent of the dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:134726", "title": "[A new method for technical synthesis of tertiary and quaternary d,1-tropic acid esters of some N-subsituted nortropan- and granatan-3-oles (author's transl)].", "content": "A new technically feasible method for synthesizing atropine is described. This method can also be applied to N-substituted nortropan- and granatan-3-oles. The quaternization of these basic tropic acid ester yields new substances which have a pharmacological profile different from that of atropine. The stereoselectivity of the quanternization reaction is discussed.", "contents": "[A new method for technical synthesis of tertiary and quaternary d,1-tropic acid esters of some N-subsituted nortropan- and granatan-3-oles (author's transl)]. A new technically feasible method for synthesizing atropine is described. This method can also be applied to N-substituted nortropan- and granatan-3-oles. The quaternization of these basic tropic acid ester yields new substances which have a pharmacological profile different from that of atropine. The stereoselectivity of the quanternization reaction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134727", "title": "[General pharmacology and secretion inhibitory action of (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropanium bromide-(+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide) (author's transl)].", "content": "(8r)-3alpha-Hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropaniumbromide-(+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000) is a quaternary tropic acid tropane ester with pronounced anticholinergic activities (inhibition of secretion and spasmolysis). The effect of the substance of all parasympathetically innervated organs ist 1.4 to 2 times stronger than that of atropine. As an inhibitor of the secretion of free hydrochloric acid in the stomach it proved to be 5 times more effective than atropine. Central activities were not observed. The duration of action of Sch 1000 exceeds that of atropine by far.", "contents": "[General pharmacology and secretion inhibitory action of (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropanium bromide-(+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide) (author's transl)]. (8r)-3alpha-Hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropaniumbromide-(+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000) is a quaternary tropic acid tropane ester with pronounced anticholinergic activities (inhibition of secretion and spasmolysis). The effect of the substance of all parasympathetically innervated organs ist 1.4 to 2 times stronger than that of atropine. As an inhibitor of the secretion of free hydrochloric acid in the stomach it proved to be 5 times more effective than atropine. Central activities were not observed. The duration of action of Sch 1000 exceeds that of atropine by far."}
{"id": "PMID:134728", "title": "[The effect of (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropaniumbromide-(+/-)-tropate ((ipratropiumbromide) on tracheobronchial spasm, bronchial and salivary secretions, ECG and heart rate (author's transl)].", "content": "At very low doses (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropaniumbromide-(+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) and atropine inhibit acetylcholine-induced bronchospasms in guinea-pigs and dogs. The dose ratio main effect vs. most sensitive side effect (inhibition of saliva secretion) is 1:10 for i.v. injection and 1:100 for aerosol application. When both compounds are administered in a nebulized form bronchodilatation occurs immediately. The maximum effect of Sch 1000 occurs somewhat later than that of atropine but the duration of action is much longer. Bronchial secretion in guinea-pigs is increased by small doses of Sch 1000 and atropine. These doses correspond to bronchodilating doses.", "contents": "[The effect of (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropaniumbromide-(+/-)-tropate ((ipratropiumbromide) on tracheobronchial spasm, bronchial and salivary secretions, ECG and heart rate (author's transl)]. At very low doses (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropaniumbromide-(+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) and atropine inhibit acetylcholine-induced bronchospasms in guinea-pigs and dogs. The dose ratio main effect vs. most sensitive side effect (inhibition of saliva secretion) is 1:10 for i.v. injection and 1:100 for aerosol application. When both compounds are administered in a nebulized form bronchodilatation occurs immediately. The maximum effect of Sch 1000 occurs somewhat later than that of atropine but the duration of action is much longer. Bronchial secretion in guinea-pigs is increased by small doses of Sch 1000 and atropine. These doses correspond to bronchodilating doses."}
{"id": "PMID:134729", "title": "[Toxicological studies on ipratropiumbromide (author's transl)].", "content": "The acute, subacute and chronic toxicity of (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropaniumbromide (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) was studied on mice, rats, dogs and monkeys following oral, s.c., i.v. administration and inhalation. With toxic doses all typical symptoms of atropine or atropine derivatives were present, like mydriasis, dryness of the mucosa and meteorism with coprostasis. It was not possible to determine the LC50 of the substance due to its low toxicity.", "contents": "[Toxicological studies on ipratropiumbromide (author's transl)]. The acute, subacute and chronic toxicity of (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropaniumbromide (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) was studied on mice, rats, dogs and monkeys following oral, s.c., i.v. administration and inhalation. With toxic doses all typical symptoms of atropine or atropine derivatives were present, like mydriasis, dryness of the mucosa and meteorism with coprostasis. It was not possible to determine the LC50 of the substance due to its low toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:134730", "title": "[Reproductive toxicological investigations with ipratropiumbromide (author's transl)].", "content": "In investigations of the effect of the bronchospasmolytic (8r)-3alpha-e (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) on the reproductive function in the mouse, rat and rabbit, no teratogenic effect was demonstrated following administration by either gavage or inhalation. Extremely high dose resulted in mortality in pregnant animals and reduction in foetal birthweight. Similarly, no evidence of impaired fertility or perinatal survival due to the substance was found. Postnatal development progressed normally.", "contents": "[Reproductive toxicological investigations with ipratropiumbromide (author's transl)]. In investigations of the effect of the bronchospasmolytic (8r)-3alpha-e (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) on the reproductive function in the mouse, rat and rabbit, no teratogenic effect was demonstrated following administration by either gavage or inhalation. Extremely high dose resulted in mortality in pregnant animals and reduction in foetal birthweight. Similarly, no evidence of impaired fertility or perinatal survival due to the substance was found. Postnatal development progressed normally."}
{"id": "PMID:134731", "title": "[Studies on the pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of ipratropium bromide in the rat and dog].", "content": "The pharmacokinetics of the bronchodilator (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropanium-bromide-(+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) were studied in the rat and the dog after administering radioactive material (14C). The blood level of Sch 1000 following oral dosing showed plateaus in both the rat and the dog over a period of 2--8 h following administration. Subsequent elimination from the blood occurs with a half-life of 7h (rat) and 10 (dog). The half-life of elimination following i.v. administration is 1.9 h (rat) and 3.4 h (dog). In the rat biliary excretion occurs to the extent of 3.2% following oral dosing and 17.7% following i.v. application. In the same species renal excretion is 5.5% following oral administration and 58% following i.v. administration. Renal excretion in the dog, on the other hand, averaged 28% following oral and 55% following i.v. dosing, respectively. On the basis of a comparison of the areas under the blood level curves and also from the renal excretion following oral and i.v. dosing, i.e. disregarding absorption by gastrointestinal tissue, absorption was calculated as being 12% in the rat and 38% in the dog. Absorption in the rat after 1--3 h was calculated at 17--35% including the gastrointestinal tissue. Four metabolites and the unchanged substance could be detected in the 8-h urine of the rat. In the urine of the dog, the percentage of unchanged substance fell from a maximum of 81% (after 1 h) to 20% (after 47 h) in terms of radioactivity in the urine.", "contents": "[Studies on the pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of ipratropium bromide in the rat and dog]. The pharmacokinetics of the bronchodilator (8r)-3alpha-hydroxy-8-isopropyl-1alphaH,5alphaH-tropanium-bromide-(+/-)-tropate (ipratropiumbromide, Sch 1000, Atrovent) were studied in the rat and the dog after administering radioactive material (14C). The blood level of Sch 1000 following oral dosing showed plateaus in both the rat and the dog over a period of 2--8 h following administration. Subsequent elimination from the blood occurs with a half-life of 7h (rat) and 10 (dog). The half-life of elimination following i.v. administration is 1.9 h (rat) and 3.4 h (dog). In the rat biliary excretion occurs to the extent of 3.2% following oral dosing and 17.7% following i.v. application. In the same species renal excretion is 5.5% following oral administration and 58% following i.v. administration. Renal excretion in the dog, on the other hand, averaged 28% following oral and 55% following i.v. dosing, respectively. On the basis of a comparison of the areas under the blood level curves and also from the renal excretion following oral and i.v. dosing, i.e. disregarding absorption by gastrointestinal tissue, absorption was calculated as being 12% in the rat and 38% in the dog. Absorption in the rat after 1--3 h was calculated at 17--35% including the gastrointestinal tissue. Four metabolites and the unchanged substance could be detected in the 8-h urine of the rat. In the urine of the dog, the percentage of unchanged substance fell from a maximum of 81% (after 1 h) to 20% (after 47 h) in terms of radioactivity in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:134732", "title": "[Pharmacological influence on central serotonergic mechanisms in man and its consequences on sleep (author's transl)].", "content": "Central serotonergic mechanisms were investigated in three experiments: 1. Chronic administration (four weeks) of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5 HTP 600 mg/day) plus decarboxylase inhibitor (Ro 4-4602) reduces slow-wave sleep (stages 3 + 4 = SWS) without influencing other sleep parameters. 2. Clozapine reduces SWS, increases paradoxical sleep (REM) and dissociates sleep mechanisms so that increased REM in NREM stage 1 occurs. Central serotonin levels seem to remain unaffected. 3. Parachlormethylamphetamine, a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, normalises irregular sleep and narcoleptic and cataleptic attacks of narcoleptic syndrome as well. 4. Central serotonergic mechanisms are described as having a boundary-setting function.", "contents": "[Pharmacological influence on central serotonergic mechanisms in man and its consequences on sleep (author's transl)]. Central serotonergic mechanisms were investigated in three experiments: 1. Chronic administration (four weeks) of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5 HTP 600 mg/day) plus decarboxylase inhibitor (Ro 4-4602) reduces slow-wave sleep (stages 3 + 4 = SWS) without influencing other sleep parameters. 2. Clozapine reduces SWS, increases paradoxical sleep (REM) and dissociates sleep mechanisms so that increased REM in NREM stage 1 occurs. Central serotonin levels seem to remain unaffected. 3. Parachlormethylamphetamine, a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, normalises irregular sleep and narcoleptic and cataleptic attacks of narcoleptic syndrome as well. 4. Central serotonergic mechanisms are described as having a boundary-setting function."}
{"id": "PMID:134743", "title": "Prognosis in unstable angina.", "content": "A retrospective study was made of 158 patients with unstable angina admitted to a coronary care unit over a 4-year period. Twenty patients (13 per cent) had myocardial infarcts while in hospital, and of these 3 died; three others died without preceding evidence of myocardial infarction. There was thus an acute mortality rate of 4 per cent. Patients with persisting angina after the first 24 hours and those without a previous history of myocardial ischaemia were more likely to develop a myocardial infarct or to die in hospital. Follow-up information, ranging from 3 to 7 years, was available in 144 of 152 hospital survivors. Patients older than 60 years (P less than 0-05), with cardiomegaly (P less than 0-01) and with pulmonary venous congestion (P less than 0-05) were found to have significantly increased long-term mortality. Long-term mortality was also found to rise with increasing coronary prognostic index. The average mortality rate for the whole group of hospital survivors was about 5 per cent per annum. Of the 111 patients who were alive at follow-up, 19 (17%) had had a myocardial infarct after leaving hospital, and a similar number had moderate or severe angina.", "contents": "Prognosis in unstable angina. A retrospective study was made of 158 patients with unstable angina admitted to a coronary care unit over a 4-year period. Twenty patients (13 per cent) had myocardial infarcts while in hospital, and of these 3 died; three others died without preceding evidence of myocardial infarction. There was thus an acute mortality rate of 4 per cent. Patients with persisting angina after the first 24 hours and those without a previous history of myocardial ischaemia were more likely to develop a myocardial infarct or to die in hospital. Follow-up information, ranging from 3 to 7 years, was available in 144 of 152 hospital survivors. Patients older than 60 years (P less than 0-05), with cardiomegaly (P less than 0-01) and with pulmonary venous congestion (P less than 0-05) were found to have significantly increased long-term mortality. Long-term mortality was also found to rise with increasing coronary prognostic index. The average mortality rate for the whole group of hospital survivors was about 5 per cent per annum. Of the 111 patients who were alive at follow-up, 19 (17%) had had a myocardial infarct after leaving hospital, and a similar number had moderate or severe angina."}
{"id": "PMID:134744", "title": "A calcium-sensitive preparation from Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Differential ultracentrifugation of an extract of the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum yields a high-speed fraction which exhibits calcium-sensitive adenosine triphosphate activity at low ionic strength. The rate of inorganic phosphate production increased from 2- to 25-fold in different preparations when the calcium concentration was increased from about 10(-8) to 10(-5) M. Complement fixation using specific antibody to Physarum myosin showed the fraction to contain 3% myosin. By electron microscopy, actin-like microfilaments 50--150 nm long were present. Addition of pure rabbit F-actin or myosin to this fraction activated the ATPase measured in EGTA and so partially reversed the calcium sensitivity. If muscle myosin was added to the supernatant from which the fraction was centrifuged, a \"hybrid complex\" was obtained which included actin and additional protein from the plasmodium, and this hybrid was also calcium sensitive. Over 85% of the calcium-sensitive, magnesium-activated ATPase could be precipitated by sequential \"hybrid\" formation. The calcium sensitivity of the hybrid was maximal when formed at the lowest ratios of added myosin to Physarum proteins. It is concluded that the results do not allow a simple interpretation along the lines of either actin-linked or myosin-linked sensitivity. Evidence consistent with both a form of actin-linked and myosin-linked sensitivity is present in our results.", "contents": "A calcium-sensitive preparation from Physarum polycephalum. Differential ultracentrifugation of an extract of the plasmodium of Physarum polycephalum yields a high-speed fraction which exhibits calcium-sensitive adenosine triphosphate activity at low ionic strength. The rate of inorganic phosphate production increased from 2- to 25-fold in different preparations when the calcium concentration was increased from about 10(-8) to 10(-5) M. Complement fixation using specific antibody to Physarum myosin showed the fraction to contain 3% myosin. By electron microscopy, actin-like microfilaments 50--150 nm long were present. Addition of pure rabbit F-actin or myosin to this fraction activated the ATPase measured in EGTA and so partially reversed the calcium sensitivity. If muscle myosin was added to the supernatant from which the fraction was centrifuged, a \"hybrid complex\" was obtained which included actin and additional protein from the plasmodium, and this hybrid was also calcium sensitive. Over 85% of the calcium-sensitive, magnesium-activated ATPase could be precipitated by sequential \"hybrid\" formation. The calcium sensitivity of the hybrid was maximal when formed at the lowest ratios of added myosin to Physarum proteins. It is concluded that the results do not allow a simple interpretation along the lines of either actin-linked or myosin-linked sensitivity. Evidence consistent with both a form of actin-linked and myosin-linked sensitivity is present in our results."}
{"id": "PMID:134745", "title": "Role of the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotides as intermediates in the uncoupler-induced hydrolysis of extramitochondrial ATP.", "content": "1. A formula is given that describes the appearance of [14C]ATPADP outside the mitochondria after the addition of [14C] 1atp during the steady-state uncoupler-induced hydrolysis of extramitochondrial ATP. If the transported adenine nucleotides equilibrate with the intramitochondrial pool, [14C]ADP0 would be expected to appear with a lag phase that corresponds with the time needed for the radioactive labelling of the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool. 2. The rates of formation of [14C]ADP outside the mitochondria after addition of [14C]ATP during the steady-state uncoupler-induced ATP hydrolysis catalysed by rat-liver mitochondria at 0 degree C were measured. 3. In the presence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone the time course  of the [14]ADPo formation  was the same as that predicted on the basis of the above assumption. 4. In the presence of the less effective uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol, the time course of [14C]ADPo formation was not consistent with the theoretical predictions: no lag phase was present and the measured rate was higher than the maximal calculated rate. These results can be explained by assuming a functional interaction between the adenine nucleotide translocator and the mitochondrial ATPase (F1). 5. It is concluded that under phosphorylating as well as dephosphorylating conditions, the adenine nucleotide translocator and the mitochondrial ATPase can be functionally linked to catalyse phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of extramitochondrial ADP or ATP, without participation of the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotides.", "contents": "Role of the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotides as intermediates in the uncoupler-induced hydrolysis of extramitochondrial ATP. 1. A formula is given that describes the appearance of [14C]ATPADP outside the mitochondria after the addition of [14C] 1atp during the steady-state uncoupler-induced hydrolysis of extramitochondrial ATP. If the transported adenine nucleotides equilibrate with the intramitochondrial pool, [14C]ADP0 would be expected to appear with a lag phase that corresponds with the time needed for the radioactive labelling of the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool. 2. The rates of formation of [14C]ADP outside the mitochondria after addition of [14C]ATP during the steady-state uncoupler-induced ATP hydrolysis catalysed by rat-liver mitochondria at 0 degree C were measured. 3. In the presence of carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone the time course  of the [14]ADPo formation  was the same as that predicted on the basis of the above assumption. 4. In the presence of the less effective uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol, the time course of [14C]ADPo formation was not consistent with the theoretical predictions: no lag phase was present and the measured rate was higher than the maximal calculated rate. These results can be explained by assuming a functional interaction between the adenine nucleotide translocator and the mitochondrial ATPase (F1). 5. It is concluded that under phosphorylating as well as dephosphorylating conditions, the adenine nucleotide translocator and the mitochondrial ATPase can be functionally linked to catalyse phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of extramitochondrial ADP or ATP, without participation of the intramitochondrial adenine nucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:134746", "title": "The (Na + K+)-dependent ATPase. Mode of inhibition of ADP/ATP exchange activity by MgC12.", "content": "Na+-dependent ADP/ATP exchange activity, of a (Na++K+)-dependent ATPase preparation from eel electric organ, was measured in terms of the incorporation of 14C into ATP during incubations with labeled ATP and [14C]ADP. Estimates of initial rates of exchange were possible by keeping changes in nucleotide concentrations, from both exchange and extraneous hydrolytic processes, to less than 10%. Under these conditions, increases in MgC12 concentration, from 0.2 to 3 mM, generally inhibited this exchange activity. The concentrations of free Mg2+, Mg-ATP, and Mg-adp present, with a range of MgC12, ATP, and ADP concentrations, were calculated from measured dissociation constants. Inhibition was associated with Mg-ATP as well as with Mg2+, at concentrations from 0.4 to 1 mM (Mg-ADP, in the same concentration range, probably inhibited also). The affinity of the enzyme for these inhibitors is in fair correspondence with demonstrated affinties for Mg2+, Mg-atp, and Mg-ADP at low affinity substrate sites, measured kinetically. These observations are considered in terms of a dimeric enzyme with high and low affinity substrates sites: ADP/ATP exchange being catalyzed at the high affinity sites, with inhibition occurring through occupancy by Mg2+, Mg-ATP, or Mg-ADP, of the low affinity sites, thereby pulling the reaction process away from those steps involved in exchange.", "contents": "The (Na + K+)-dependent ATPase. Mode of inhibition of ADP/ATP exchange activity by MgC12. Na+-dependent ADP/ATP exchange activity, of a (Na++K+)-dependent ATPase preparation from eel electric organ, was measured in terms of the incorporation of 14C into ATP during incubations with labeled ATP and [14C]ADP. Estimates of initial rates of exchange were possible by keeping changes in nucleotide concentrations, from both exchange and extraneous hydrolytic processes, to less than 10%. Under these conditions, increases in MgC12 concentration, from 0.2 to 3 mM, generally inhibited this exchange activity. The concentrations of free Mg2+, Mg-ATP, and Mg-adp present, with a range of MgC12, ATP, and ADP concentrations, were calculated from measured dissociation constants. Inhibition was associated with Mg-ATP as well as with Mg2+, at concentrations from 0.4 to 1 mM (Mg-ADP, in the same concentration range, probably inhibited also). The affinity of the enzyme for these inhibitors is in fair correspondence with demonstrated affinties for Mg2+, Mg-atp, and Mg-ADP at low affinity substrate sites, measured kinetically. These observations are considered in terms of a dimeric enzyme with high and low affinity substrates sites: ADP/ATP exchange being catalyzed at the high affinity sites, with inhibition occurring through occupancy by Mg2+, Mg-ATP, or Mg-ADP, of the low affinity sites, thereby pulling the reaction process away from those steps involved in exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:134747", "title": "Aspects of the mechanism of action of local anesthetics on the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. The effect was studied of local anesthetics (tetracaine, dibucaine, procaine and xylocaine) on the forward and the backward reactions of the calcium pump of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. 2. The inhibition of the rate of calcium uptake, the rate of calcium-dependent ATP splitting and the rate of calcium-dependent ATP-ADP phosphate exchange by sarcoplasmic reticulum in the presence of the above drugs is at least partially due to the inhibition of the phosphoprotein formation from ATP. 3. The rate of the ADP-induced calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum and the rate of ATP synthesis driven by the calcium efflux are inhibited on account of a reduction of the phosphoprotein formation by orthophosphate. 4. The phosphorylation of calcium transport ATPase by either ATP or orthophosphate is diminished by the local anesthetics owing to a reduction in the apparent calcium affinity of sarcoplasmic reticulum emmbranes on the outside and on the inside, respectively. 5. The drug-induced calcium efflux from calcium-preloaded sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, a reaction not requiring ADP, is probably not mediated by calcium transport ATPase.", "contents": "Aspects of the mechanism of action of local anesthetics on the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscle. 1. The effect was studied of local anesthetics (tetracaine, dibucaine, procaine and xylocaine) on the forward and the backward reactions of the calcium pump of skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. 2. The inhibition of the rate of calcium uptake, the rate of calcium-dependent ATP splitting and the rate of calcium-dependent ATP-ADP phosphate exchange by sarcoplasmic reticulum in the presence of the above drugs is at least partially due to the inhibition of the phosphoprotein formation from ATP. 3. The rate of the ADP-induced calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum and the rate of ATP synthesis driven by the calcium efflux are inhibited on account of a reduction of the phosphoprotein formation by orthophosphate. 4. The phosphorylation of calcium transport ATPase by either ATP or orthophosphate is diminished by the local anesthetics owing to a reduction in the apparent calcium affinity of sarcoplasmic reticulum emmbranes on the outside and on the inside, respectively. 5. The drug-induced calcium efflux from calcium-preloaded sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, a reaction not requiring ADP, is probably not mediated by calcium transport ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:134748", "title": "On the amount of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase available for transepithelial sodium ion transport in the amphibian skin.", "content": "Pretreatment of frog skin epithelium homogenates with sodium dodecyl sulphate in the presence of ATP reveals levels of ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity usually higher and occasionally far higher than those required to sustain maximum rates of Na+ transport. This supports the view that Na+ transport involves only a fraction of the epithelial cells.", "contents": "On the amount of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase available for transepithelial sodium ion transport in the amphibian skin. Pretreatment of frog skin epithelium homogenates with sodium dodecyl sulphate in the presence of ATP reveals levels of ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity usually higher and occasionally far higher than those required to sustain maximum rates of Na+ transport. This supports the view that Na+ transport involves only a fraction of the epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:134751", "title": "Fibrinolysis in normal plasma and blood: evidence for significant mechanisms independent of the plasminogen-plasmin system.", "content": "Fibrinolytic activity of normal plasma and blood has been measured by 125l-fibrin solid phase assay. Activity of plasma is not affected by removal of plasminogenplasmin by affinity chromatography. Activities of euglobulin and pseudoglobulin fractions are approximately equal. epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) (10 mM), tranexamic acid (10 mM), diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP, 50 mM), and soybean and lima bean trypsin inhibitors (100 mug/ml) do not inhibit plasma activity at concentrations that inhibit pure plasmin and urokinase-activated plasma. Activity is not affected by glass contact and is not inhibited by inhibitors of contact or enzymatic activation of Hageman factor (hexadimethrine bromide, 100 mug/ml; cytochrome C, 250 mug/ml; spermidine, 2 mM; phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, 1 mM). It is inhibited partially (30%-40%) by heating (56 degrees C, 30 min) and by zymosan (2.5 mg/ml; 40%-90% inhibition), and is increased by hydrazine (20 mM), salicylaldoxime (20 mM), DFP (50 mM), and tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMe, 10 mM)-the latter two at concentrations known to inhibit Cls of the classic, and factor D of the alternate complement pathways. Increase fibrinolytic activity with TAMe is associated with reciprocal decrease in classic and alternate complement pathway activity. It is concluded that normal plasma fibrinolytic activity is relatively independent of plasmin as the ultimate fibrinolytic enzyme, that Hageman factor-dependent pathways are of minor importance, and that significant heat-stable and heat-labile nonplasmin fibrinolytic activities are operative. These may include proteinases involved in complement activation, and in common control of classic and alternate complement pathways, as well as other nonplasmin proteinases.", "contents": "Fibrinolysis in normal plasma and blood: evidence for significant mechanisms independent of the plasminogen-plasmin system. Fibrinolytic activity of normal plasma and blood has been measured by 125l-fibrin solid phase assay. Activity of plasma is not affected by removal of plasminogenplasmin by affinity chromatography. Activities of euglobulin and pseudoglobulin fractions are approximately equal. epsilon-aminocaproic acid (EACA) (10 mM), tranexamic acid (10 mM), diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP, 50 mM), and soybean and lima bean trypsin inhibitors (100 mug/ml) do not inhibit plasma activity at concentrations that inhibit pure plasmin and urokinase-activated plasma. Activity is not affected by glass contact and is not inhibited by inhibitors of contact or enzymatic activation of Hageman factor (hexadimethrine bromide, 100 mug/ml; cytochrome C, 250 mug/ml; spermidine, 2 mM; phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride, 1 mM). It is inhibited partially (30%-40%) by heating (56 degrees C, 30 min) and by zymosan (2.5 mg/ml; 40%-90% inhibition), and is increased by hydrazine (20 mM), salicylaldoxime (20 mM), DFP (50 mM), and tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAMe, 10 mM)-the latter two at concentrations known to inhibit Cls of the classic, and factor D of the alternate complement pathways. Increase fibrinolytic activity with TAMe is associated with reciprocal decrease in classic and alternate complement pathway activity. It is concluded that normal plasma fibrinolytic activity is relatively independent of plasmin as the ultimate fibrinolytic enzyme, that Hageman factor-dependent pathways are of minor importance, and that significant heat-stable and heat-labile nonplasmin fibrinolytic activities are operative. These may include proteinases involved in complement activation, and in common control of classic and alternate complement pathways, as well as other nonplasmin proteinases."}
{"id": "PMID:134752", "title": "[T-cell leukemias of adulthood].", "content": "9 adult patients suffering from different forms of T-cell-malignancies were investigated: 4 patients with T-ALL; 1-T-ALL-CLL mixed form (prolymphocytic); 2 T-CLL; 2 S\u00e9zary-syndrome. The clinical peculiarities of the different forms of leukemias were compared: involvement of lymph nodes and spleen, of the central nervous system and the skin was frequent; in contrast to the findings in S\u00e9zary-syndrome, bone marrow infiltration was prominent. Light and electron microscopic morphology of the malignant cells are described. In all cases a strong activity of acid phosphatase was demonstrated, in one patient prominent deposits of glycogen. The T-cell-quality of the respective malignant cell population as well as the B-T-cell distribution of the remaining \"normal\" lymphocytes were shown by the following cell markers: demonstration of T-cell-antigen, resp. membrane immunoglobulins with the aid of specific heterologous antisera conjugated with peroxidase, 125iodine or fluoresceine; complement consumtion or cytotoxicity with such antisera; spontaneous rosette formation with sheep red cells or with acrylic acid beads. Usually, there was a good coincidence in results obtained with the different markers. In two patients, however, T-cells demonstrated by anti-T-globulin were not able to form T-rosettes. Responsiveness of the malignant T-cells and also of the remaining \"normal\" blood lymphocytes to different mitogens usually was depressed, immunoglobulin levels in the blood mostly were normal. Taking all findings into consideration, T-cell-leukemias of the adult represent a special group of hematological malignancies; the different subgroups show similarities; transitional forms occur.", "contents": "[T-cell leukemias of adulthood]. 9 adult patients suffering from different forms of T-cell-malignancies were investigated: 4 patients with T-ALL; 1-T-ALL-CLL mixed form (prolymphocytic); 2 T-CLL; 2 S\u00e9zary-syndrome. The clinical peculiarities of the different forms of leukemias were compared: involvement of lymph nodes and spleen, of the central nervous system and the skin was frequent; in contrast to the findings in S\u00e9zary-syndrome, bone marrow infiltration was prominent. Light and electron microscopic morphology of the malignant cells are described. In all cases a strong activity of acid phosphatase was demonstrated, in one patient prominent deposits of glycogen. The T-cell-quality of the respective malignant cell population as well as the B-T-cell distribution of the remaining \"normal\" lymphocytes were shown by the following cell markers: demonstration of T-cell-antigen, resp. membrane immunoglobulins with the aid of specific heterologous antisera conjugated with peroxidase, 125iodine or fluoresceine; complement consumtion or cytotoxicity with such antisera; spontaneous rosette formation with sheep red cells or with acrylic acid beads. Usually, there was a good coincidence in results obtained with the different markers. In two patients, however, T-cells demonstrated by anti-T-globulin were not able to form T-rosettes. Responsiveness of the malignant T-cells and also of the remaining \"normal\" blood lymphocytes to different mitogens usually was depressed, immunoglobulin levels in the blood mostly were normal. Taking all findings into consideration, T-cell-leukemias of the adult represent a special group of hematological malignancies; the different subgroups show similarities; transitional forms occur."}
{"id": "PMID:134753", "title": "Starting procedures for the isolation and purification of granulocyte chalone activities.", "content": "Several starting materials and procedures for the extraction and purification of granulocyte chalone activities were tested and evaluated. Among others, leuko-adhesion of bovine blood granulocytes on nylon and cotton wool and direct extraction with polar organic solvents were found suitable. Following PVP-leukapheresis ascites fluids were collected from rats, purified by ultrafiltration and Sephadex G 25 chromatography to yield 2 inhibitors at Ve/Vo = 2.1 and 2.6 and one stimulator at 2.0 by the in vitro 3H-thymidine test. Fraction 2.1, which has met the criteria of a granulocyte chalone by the diffusion chamber and agar colony test, was found thermostabile and to contain several peptides. Yet evidence for the peptide nature of the inhibitor is not conclusive. Extracts from bovine blood granulocytes contained only the inhibitor at 2.1. Problems related to the in vitro test for chalone activity were discussed.", "contents": "Starting procedures for the isolation and purification of granulocyte chalone activities. Several starting materials and procedures for the extraction and purification of granulocyte chalone activities were tested and evaluated. Among others, leuko-adhesion of bovine blood granulocytes on nylon and cotton wool and direct extraction with polar organic solvents were found suitable. Following PVP-leukapheresis ascites fluids were collected from rats, purified by ultrafiltration and Sephadex G 25 chromatography to yield 2 inhibitors at Ve/Vo = 2.1 and 2.6 and one stimulator at 2.0 by the in vitro 3H-thymidine test. Fraction 2.1, which has met the criteria of a granulocyte chalone by the diffusion chamber and agar colony test, was found thermostabile and to contain several peptides. Yet evidence for the peptide nature of the inhibitor is not conclusive. Extracts from bovine blood granulocytes contained only the inhibitor at 2.1. Problems related to the in vitro test for chalone activity were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134754", "title": "Stereospecific actions of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) on colonic temperature in the rat at various ambient temperatures.", "content": "The R(-) and S(+)-isomers of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) produce a dose-dependent hypothermia in rats kept in the cold (6 degrees C). 2 This hypothermia was linearly dependent upon ambient temperature and the R(-)-isomer was considerably more potent than the S(+)-isomer. 3 A statistically significant tachyphylaxis was observed when R(-)-DOM was administered on two successive days. The response seven days after the second injection was similar to that on the first day of injection. 4 The hypothermia induced by R(-) and S(+)-DOM was antagonized by methysergide but not by p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) or pimozide. Methysergide, PCPA or pimozide alone did not elicit hypothermia at the doses used. The results indicate that R(-) and S(+)-DOM act at post-synaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors.", "contents": "Stereospecific actions of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) on colonic temperature in the rat at various ambient temperatures. The R(-) and S(+)-isomers of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) produce a dose-dependent hypothermia in rats kept in the cold (6 degrees C). 2 This hypothermia was linearly dependent upon ambient temperature and the R(-)-isomer was considerably more potent than the S(+)-isomer. 3 A statistically significant tachyphylaxis was observed when R(-)-DOM was administered on two successive days. The response seven days after the second injection was similar to that on the first day of injection. 4 The hypothermia induced by R(-) and S(+)-DOM was antagonized by methysergide but not by p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) or pimozide. Methysergide, PCPA or pimozide alone did not elicit hypothermia at the doses used. The results indicate that R(-) and S(+)-DOM act at post-synaptic 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:134755", "title": "The possible involvement of Na+ ions in corticosterone-induced hypercontractility in the rat anococcygeus muscle.", "content": "The possibility that corticosterone-induced hypercontractility in the rat anococcygeus muscle might be due to an intramuscular redistribution of Na+ was investigated. 2 The contractility of the isolated muscle to noradrenaline (NA) was directly dependent on the Na+ concentration of the Krebs solution. 3 There was a linear relationship between the maximum contractile response of the muscle to NA and the Na+ concentration of the Krebs solution. 4 Muscle contractility was also increased by the presence of ouabain (10(-4)M) in the bathing medium. 5 Muscles from rats treated with corticosterone exhibited increases in both total and ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity. 6 The relationship between corticosterone, Na+ distribution, and muscle contractility is discussed.", "contents": "The possible involvement of Na+ ions in corticosterone-induced hypercontractility in the rat anococcygeus muscle. The possibility that corticosterone-induced hypercontractility in the rat anococcygeus muscle might be due to an intramuscular redistribution of Na+ was investigated. 2 The contractility of the isolated muscle to noradrenaline (NA) was directly dependent on the Na+ concentration of the Krebs solution. 3 There was a linear relationship between the maximum contractile response of the muscle to NA and the Na+ concentration of the Krebs solution. 4 Muscle contractility was also increased by the presence of ouabain (10(-4)M) in the bathing medium. 5 Muscles from rats treated with corticosterone exhibited increases in both total and ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity. 6 The relationship between corticosterone, Na+ distribution, and muscle contractility is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134759", "title": "[Influence of L-leucine overloading on the level of free amino acids in the diabetic rat].", "content": "Alloxan injection in the rat results in a large increase of branched free amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) in the blood, liver and muscle; it decreases most of the non essential free amino acids in liver. L-leucine administration in the diabetic rat results in a large decrease of plasma corticosterone. It increases free leucine but decreases free isoleucine and valine in blood and muscle. It decreases most of the essential free amino acids in liver.", "contents": "[Influence of L-leucine overloading on the level of free amino acids in the diabetic rat]. Alloxan injection in the rat results in a large increase of branched free amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, valine) in the blood, liver and muscle; it decreases most of the non essential free amino acids in liver. L-leucine administration in the diabetic rat results in a large decrease of plasma corticosterone. It increases free leucine but decreases free isoleucine and valine in blood and muscle. It decreases most of the essential free amino acids in liver."}
{"id": "PMID:134760", "title": "[Afferent projections to the locus coeruleus nucleus in the cat. Study by the horseradish peroxidase technic].", "content": "Using a retrograde tracer technique with horseradish peroxidase, we have revealed some afferent projections to the locus coeruleus complex from the contralateral pontine tegmentum, raphe nuclei, substantia nigra, nucleus of the solitory tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and other regions of the ponto-bulbar reticular formation as well as from hypothalamic and preoptic areas.", "contents": "[Afferent projections to the locus coeruleus nucleus in the cat. Study by the horseradish peroxidase technic]. Using a retrograde tracer technique with horseradish peroxidase, we have revealed some afferent projections to the locus coeruleus complex from the contralateral pontine tegmentum, raphe nuclei, substantia nigra, nucleus of the solitory tract, dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and other regions of the ponto-bulbar reticular formation as well as from hypothalamic and preoptic areas."}
{"id": "PMID:134761", "title": "[Asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres in man: a bridge binding the 1st and the 2d temporal gyri, superior face of the 2d temporal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus].", "content": "The autors study 76 human brains, 36 of which are dissected. They observe a \"T1 T2 bridge\" over the first temporal and second temporal gyri more often on the left side than on the right. They find the maximal width of the superior face of the second temporal gyrus predominant on the right side in 70% of cases, on the left side in 15% and equivalent on both sides in 15%. The fusiform gyrus is found wider on the left side in 53% of cases, on the right in 22% and equivalent on both sides in 25%.", "contents": "[Asymmetry of the cerebral hemispheres in man: a bridge binding the 1st and the 2d temporal gyri, superior face of the 2d temporal gyrus, and fusiform gyrus]. The autors study 76 human brains, 36 of which are dissected. They observe a \"T1 T2 bridge\" over the first temporal and second temporal gyri more often on the left side than on the right. They find the maximal width of the superior face of the second temporal gyrus predominant on the right side in 70% of cases, on the left side in 15% and equivalent on both sides in 15%. The fusiform gyrus is found wider on the left side in 53% of cases, on the right in 22% and equivalent on both sides in 25%."}
{"id": "PMID:134762", "title": "[Turnover of free adenine nucleotides of the isolated and perfused rabbit heart].", "content": "The turnover of free adenine nucleotides was studied in the perfused rabbit heart by the decline in radioactivity 3 h 30 after administration of a single pulse of tritiated adenine. The radioactivity of the perfusate was followed during the experiments. About 7% of the labelled adenine nucleotides were renewed by hour and 1,5% of the radioactivity was lossed by hour in the perfusion fluid.", "contents": "[Turnover of free adenine nucleotides of the isolated and perfused rabbit heart]. The turnover of free adenine nucleotides was studied in the perfused rabbit heart by the decline in radioactivity 3 h 30 after administration of a single pulse of tritiated adenine. The radioactivity of the perfusate was followed during the experiments. About 7% of the labelled adenine nucleotides were renewed by hour and 1,5% of the radioactivity was lossed by hour in the perfusion fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:134763", "title": "[Motricity of the female genital apparatus in mammals. Hormonal correlations].", "content": "The motility and the pharmacological reactivity of the uterine tract of mammals are linked with the ovarian cycle and the gestation. In the birds, the study of general scheme of the hormonal mechanism and the uterine motility involued in the ovulation, the egg formation and the uterine dilatation can be used as an experimental model of the mammalian gestation.", "contents": "[Motricity of the female genital apparatus in mammals. Hormonal correlations]. The motility and the pharmacological reactivity of the uterine tract of mammals are linked with the ovarian cycle and the gestation. In the birds, the study of general scheme of the hormonal mechanism and the uterine motility involued in the ovulation, the egg formation and the uterine dilatation can be used as an experimental model of the mammalian gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:134764", "title": "[Release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) under the influence of gastric distention in the rabbit. Demonstration by radioimmunoassay].", "content": "In this investigation, are studied in rabbits, the effects of gastric distention upon plasma concentration of vasopressin; the arginine-vasopressine is determined by a very sensitive radio-immunologic method. Increases of intragastric ballonet pressure up to 10-20 cmH2O induce significant rise in plasma vasopressin concentrations averaging 21 +/- 3,7 muU/ml (base line 6,25 +/- 2,3 muU/ml). Increase of vasopressin is associated with significantly lowered diuresis. Intravenous injections of nicotine induce similar decrease in urine flow and increase of plasma AVP concentrations up to 12,01 +/- 1,7 muU/ml.", "contents": "[Release of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) under the influence of gastric distention in the rabbit. Demonstration by radioimmunoassay]. In this investigation, are studied in rabbits, the effects of gastric distention upon plasma concentration of vasopressin; the arginine-vasopressine is determined by a very sensitive radio-immunologic method. Increases of intragastric ballonet pressure up to 10-20 cmH2O induce significant rise in plasma vasopressin concentrations averaging 21 +/- 3,7 muU/ml (base line 6,25 +/- 2,3 muU/ml). Increase of vasopressin is associated with significantly lowered diuresis. Intravenous injections of nicotine induce similar decrease in urine flow and increase of plasma AVP concentrations up to 12,01 +/- 1,7 muU/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:134765", "title": "[Kinetic study of the accumulation of anaphasic abnormalities in a synchronized population of meristematic root cells of Allium sativum L].", "content": "A population of meristematic root cells of Allium sativum L. is previously synchronized thanks to Hydroxyurea. When it reaches mitosis, this population undergoes the action of different antimetabolic drugs which slightly check the normal operating of the mitotic spindle without preventing chromosomic separation. In such conditions we can obtain from 30 to 50 slightly altered anaphasic cells out of 1000 cells. This is enough to allow us to contemplate the electronic microscope study of these abnormalities.", "contents": "[Kinetic study of the accumulation of anaphasic abnormalities in a synchronized population of meristematic root cells of Allium sativum L]. A population of meristematic root cells of Allium sativum L. is previously synchronized thanks to Hydroxyurea. When it reaches mitosis, this population undergoes the action of different antimetabolic drugs which slightly check the normal operating of the mitotic spindle without preventing chromosomic separation. In such conditions we can obtain from 30 to 50 slightly altered anaphasic cells out of 1000 cells. This is enough to allow us to contemplate the electronic microscope study of these abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:134766", "title": "[Accumulation of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn and Co in the ovary of Carcinus maenas L. during ovogenesis].", "content": "During ovogenesis the ovary of Carcinus maenas shows a continuous accumulation of Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn and Co. For Zn the accumulation seems to stop for gonad indexes near 6.5. The goal of this accumulation is not determined. Nevertheless we suppose that it is in relation with the role of organic reserves that possess the female sexual cells in decapods and with the synthesis of enzymes and hemocyanin.", "contents": "[Accumulation of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, Mn and Co in the ovary of Carcinus maenas L. during ovogenesis]. During ovogenesis the ovary of Carcinus maenas shows a continuous accumulation of Fe, Cu, Mg, Mn and Co. For Zn the accumulation seems to stop for gonad indexes near 6.5. The goal of this accumulation is not determined. Nevertheless we suppose that it is in relation with the role of organic reserves that possess the female sexual cells in decapods and with the synthesis of enzymes and hemocyanin."}
{"id": "PMID:134767", "title": "[Metabolism of the Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, MN and Co in the ovum of Cancer irroratus (decapod crustacean)].", "content": "The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Co in the eggs of Cancer irroratus show variations in relation with time running out after laying, that is to say with embryogenesis. The increase of the rates of Fe, Mn and Mg is independant of the variations of the water content. Inversely, the decrease of Cu and Zn concentrations is in close relation with the increase of water content during the same period. The increase of Fe, Mn and Mg concentrations seems to be essentially under the dependance of physico-chemical, rather than biochemical, process in connection with the chitinous nature of the membranes surrounding the egg.", "contents": "[Metabolism of the Fe, Cu, Zn, Mg, MN and Co in the ovum of Cancer irroratus (decapod crustacean)]. The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn and Co in the eggs of Cancer irroratus show variations in relation with time running out after laying, that is to say with embryogenesis. The increase of the rates of Fe, Mn and Mg is independant of the variations of the water content. Inversely, the decrease of Cu and Zn concentrations is in close relation with the increase of water content during the same period. The increase of Fe, Mn and Mg concentrations seems to be essentially under the dependance of physico-chemical, rather than biochemical, process in connection with the chitinous nature of the membranes surrounding the egg."}
{"id": "PMID:134768", "title": "[Study of adenine mononucleotides of the adductor muscle of the oyster by fractionation on a PEI cellulose column].", "content": "Adenine mononucleotides of transulucent and white parts in the adductor muscle of Japanese oyster are identified and measured after the separation on PEI-cellulose column. The studies are performed on oysters kept in aerated sea water aquarium. Results obtained for both tissues are compared each other and with the literature data.", "contents": "[Study of adenine mononucleotides of the adductor muscle of the oyster by fractionation on a PEI cellulose column]. Adenine mononucleotides of transulucent and white parts in the adductor muscle of Japanese oyster are identified and measured after the separation on PEI-cellulose column. The studies are performed on oysters kept in aerated sea water aquarium. Results obtained for both tissues are compared each other and with the literature data."}
{"id": "PMID:134769", "title": "[Study of a further case of bisalbuminemia in Brittany].", "content": "A rapidly migrating variant of albumin has been discovered in a 28-year-old breton woman. At least eight relatives also bear the trait. This new variant is described in terms of its electrophoretic mobilities, immunological properties and heat- and storage stability. Two other reports of the slow type are presented, but no family study was performed in these cases. It is suggested that bisalbuminaemia could be a relatively common inherited condition in Brittany.", "contents": "[Study of a further case of bisalbuminemia in Brittany]. A rapidly migrating variant of albumin has been discovered in a 28-year-old breton woman. At least eight relatives also bear the trait. This new variant is described in terms of its electrophoretic mobilities, immunological properties and heat- and storage stability. Two other reports of the slow type are presented, but no family study was performed in these cases. It is suggested that bisalbuminaemia could be a relatively common inherited condition in Brittany."}
{"id": "PMID:134770", "title": "[Demonstration of a critical period of ovarian activity in the control of early receptivity induced by estrogen in the female rat with 4-day cycles].", "content": "A significant decrease in early receptivity during the night from dioestrus II to prooestrus was observed in estrogen-treated 4-day cyclic rats following bilateral ovariectomy on dioestrus II at 4-5 p.m. Early receptivity appeared then to be dependent on the presence of ovary at this stage of the cycle. The mechanism whereby the adrenals may compensate for the ovaries when removed on dioestrus I, at 10-11 a. m. (Roos et al. 1973), was not observed in the present experimental conditions.", "contents": "[Demonstration of a critical period of ovarian activity in the control of early receptivity induced by estrogen in the female rat with 4-day cycles]. A significant decrease in early receptivity during the night from dioestrus II to prooestrus was observed in estrogen-treated 4-day cyclic rats following bilateral ovariectomy on dioestrus II at 4-5 p.m. Early receptivity appeared then to be dependent on the presence of ovary at this stage of the cycle. The mechanism whereby the adrenals may compensate for the ovaries when removed on dioestrus I, at 10-11 a. m. (Roos et al. 1973), was not observed in the present experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:134771", "title": "[Mechanisms operating in the action of pheromones on the estrous cycle of the guinea-pig].", "content": "An increase in follicular growth was observed on the 6th and 8th days of the period of vaginal closure (PVC) in adult cyclic female guinea-pigs exposed to the odor of male urine from the beginning of this period. No statistically significant decrease in peripheral blood progesterone level occured on the same days of the PVC following exposure to the odor of male urine.", "contents": "[Mechanisms operating in the action of pheromones on the estrous cycle of the guinea-pig]. An increase in follicular growth was observed on the 6th and 8th days of the period of vaginal closure (PVC) in adult cyclic female guinea-pigs exposed to the odor of male urine from the beginning of this period. No statistically significant decrease in peripheral blood progesterone level occured on the same days of the PVC following exposure to the odor of male urine."}
{"id": "PMID:134772", "title": "[Modality of the antimitotic acitivity of the diamine cis-dichloroplatinum (II) studied on the plant cell].", "content": "In the order of decreasing doses, cis-platinum (II) diamine dichloride acting on root meristem of Allium sativum produces first an irreversible metostatic effect quickly followed by lethal effect, then a variable mitodepression accompanied by important chromosomal alterations: numerous disruptions and stickiness. This chromatoclasic effect persists at very low concentrations but stathmodieretic effect is not observed. The chromatoclasic activity of the compound is compared to that of other antitumoral drugs.", "contents": "[Modality of the antimitotic acitivity of the diamine cis-dichloroplatinum (II) studied on the plant cell]. In the order of decreasing doses, cis-platinum (II) diamine dichloride acting on root meristem of Allium sativum produces first an irreversible metostatic effect quickly followed by lethal effect, then a variable mitodepression accompanied by important chromosomal alterations: numerous disruptions and stickiness. This chromatoclasic effect persists at very low concentrations but stathmodieretic effect is not observed. The chromatoclasic activity of the compound is compared to that of other antitumoral drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:134773", "title": "[Histochemical study of the adrenal cortex of the rat after epiphysectomy].", "content": "The authors investigate the effects of pinealectomy on male rat's adrenal cortex. Fat material accumulates in the fascicular and reticular zones; different enzyme activities show light variations in operated animals. The frequent presence of mitochondrial multilamellar structures in pinealectomized rats is discussed.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of the adrenal cortex of the rat after epiphysectomy]. The authors investigate the effects of pinealectomy on male rat's adrenal cortex. Fat material accumulates in the fascicular and reticular zones; different enzyme activities show light variations in operated animals. The frequent presence of mitochondrial multilamellar structures in pinealectomized rats is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134774", "title": "[Presence of conjugated noradrenaline in the walls of the nest of Vespula germanica Linn\u00e9].", "content": "Conjugated noradrenaline (NA) has been identified as a constituant of the walls of a Vespid wasp: Vespula germanica Linne. Concentrations range between 1,8 mug/g (external wall) and 18 mug/g (internal structure). Probably NA originates from the saliva of the Hymenoptera.", "contents": "[Presence of conjugated noradrenaline in the walls of the nest of Vespula germanica Linn\u00e9]. Conjugated noradrenaline (NA) has been identified as a constituant of the walls of a Vespid wasp: Vespula germanica Linne. Concentrations range between 1,8 mug/g (external wall) and 18 mug/g (internal structure). Probably NA originates from the saliva of the Hymenoptera."}
{"id": "PMID:134775", "title": "[Urinary clearance of noradrenaline in the dog].", "content": "Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and noradrenaline clearance are highly correlated in anesthetized dogs (ratio CNA-3H/GFR approximately 1).", "contents": "[Urinary clearance of noradrenaline in the dog]. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and noradrenaline clearance are highly correlated in anesthetized dogs (ratio CNA-3H/GFR approximately 1)."}
{"id": "PMID:134776", "title": "[Influence of the nutritional state on exercise induced hyperlactacidemia].", "content": "In normal man, food ingested two hours before the beginning of physical exercise increases the lactacidemia (+ 27%).", "contents": "[Influence of the nutritional state on exercise induced hyperlactacidemia]. In normal man, food ingested two hours before the beginning of physical exercise increases the lactacidemia (+ 27%)."}
{"id": "PMID:134777", "title": "[Histological study of the voluntary traumatic inclusion of a foreign body in the gingival mucosa].", "content": "First histological features of traditional tattooing of gingival mucosae using smoke-black are reported. They show the complete tolerance of connective tissue. The microscopic examination occurs several weeks or months after the tattoo was done. Thus, one can notice that carbon particles localize particularly around blood vessels (small arteries), and that never arises inflammatory reaction of any type.", "contents": "[Histological study of the voluntary traumatic inclusion of a foreign body in the gingival mucosa]. First histological features of traditional tattooing of gingival mucosae using smoke-black are reported. They show the complete tolerance of connective tissue. The microscopic examination occurs several weeks or months after the tattoo was done. Thus, one can notice that carbon particles localize particularly around blood vessels (small arteries), and that never arises inflammatory reaction of any type."}
{"id": "PMID:134778", "title": "[Presence of a membrane system associated with the nucleus in the gamete of Pomacentrus leucostictus (teleostean fish)].", "content": "In the course of spermiogenesis of Pomacentrus leucostictus, a membraneous formation in the shape of a stack of saccules is applied to the nuclear envelope of the spermatid and persists into the spermatozoon stage. This formation occurs at the time the nuclear envelope of the spermatid forms, just at the end of the last maturation division.", "contents": "[Presence of a membrane system associated with the nucleus in the gamete of Pomacentrus leucostictus (teleostean fish)]. In the course of spermiogenesis of Pomacentrus leucostictus, a membraneous formation in the shape of a stack of saccules is applied to the nuclear envelope of the spermatid and persists into the spermatozoon stage. This formation occurs at the time the nuclear envelope of the spermatid forms, just at the end of the last maturation division."}
{"id": "PMID:134779", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the spermatozoid of Centrorhynchus milvus Ward 1956 (Paleacanthocephala, Polymorphidae)].", "content": "The Centrorhynchus milvus spermatozoon is a filiform cell. The free part of the flagellum measure 2 mu and is situated in front of the gamete. The centriole is no more visible but an axial tubule formation is found at the anterior extremity of the flagellum. This Polymorphidae spermatozoon shows a reversed anatomy like the one we described for the first time with an acanthocephala wich belongs to the Rhadinorhynchidae family.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the spermatozoid of Centrorhynchus milvus Ward 1956 (Paleacanthocephala, Polymorphidae)]. The Centrorhynchus milvus spermatozoon is a filiform cell. The free part of the flagellum measure 2 mu and is situated in front of the gamete. The centriole is no more visible but an axial tubule formation is found at the anterior extremity of the flagellum. This Polymorphidae spermatozoon shows a reversed anatomy like the one we described for the first time with an acanthocephala wich belongs to the Rhadinorhynchidae family."}
{"id": "PMID:134780", "title": "[Phosphlipids and neutral lipids of the testis of the monkey as a function of sexual maturity].", "content": "Biochemicals analysis of lipid parameters of testicular extracts of 14 monkeys (Cercopithecide) was found to confirm prior observations made with the same species by histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. Total lipids decrease with sexual activity; contrariwise total cholesterol increase; both parameters, however, showing higher levels in the absence of sexual activity. Phospholipids increase with sexual maturity after puberty but revert to normal with the cessation of spermatogenesis. Chromatographic separation reveals the specific variations of triglycerides the total being higher during pre-puberty and in animals lacking sexual potency. Phospholipid constituents are constant and may be classified in order of their concentration with lecithin being the major constituent. These observations though somewhat fragmentary and representing a rather small population will stimulate new studies and at the present time, agree with similar work done on other species of animals.", "contents": "[Phosphlipids and neutral lipids of the testis of the monkey as a function of sexual maturity]. Biochemicals analysis of lipid parameters of testicular extracts of 14 monkeys (Cercopithecide) was found to confirm prior observations made with the same species by histochemical and histoenzymatic methods. Total lipids decrease with sexual activity; contrariwise total cholesterol increase; both parameters, however, showing higher levels in the absence of sexual activity. Phospholipids increase with sexual maturity after puberty but revert to normal with the cessation of spermatogenesis. Chromatographic separation reveals the specific variations of triglycerides the total being higher during pre-puberty and in animals lacking sexual potency. Phospholipid constituents are constant and may be classified in order of their concentration with lecithin being the major constituent. These observations though somewhat fragmentary and representing a rather small population will stimulate new studies and at the present time, agree with similar work done on other species of animals."}
{"id": "PMID:134781", "title": "[Prenatal development of monoamine neurons in the rat].", "content": "The histofluorescence method allows the study of the prenatal development of monoamines neurons in the foetal rat brain. Certain patterns of this development can be defined: the locus niger and the raphe appears fluorescent on the 14th day, the locus coeruleus on the 15th day. These systems differentiate independently in various areas of the neural axis. Their maturation are progressive: first for the DA system, then for the NA and the 5 HT systems. The mechanisms for synthesis and storage of amines precede the complete development of the effector structures.", "contents": "[Prenatal development of monoamine neurons in the rat]. The histofluorescence method allows the study of the prenatal development of monoamines neurons in the foetal rat brain. Certain patterns of this development can be defined: the locus niger and the raphe appears fluorescent on the 14th day, the locus coeruleus on the 15th day. These systems differentiate independently in various areas of the neural axis. Their maturation are progressive: first for the DA system, then for the NA and the 5 HT systems. The mechanisms for synthesis and storage of amines precede the complete development of the effector structures."}
{"id": "PMID:134782", "title": "[Modifications by BCG of the mortality of the irradiated mouse].", "content": "Freeze-dried Bacillus Calmette Guerin (B.C.G.) of Institut Pasteur was given by intravenous route to mice at 1,2 and 4 mg/kg before and after gamma irradiation of animals by 1 000 rad. B.C.G. 1 mg/kg injected the day or the day after irradiation has a protective effect (mortality reduced from 77% for controls to 58% and 50% for treated mice). B.C.G. given before irradiation in single or double doses increased mortality.", "contents": "[Modifications by BCG of the mortality of the irradiated mouse]. Freeze-dried Bacillus Calmette Guerin (B.C.G.) of Institut Pasteur was given by intravenous route to mice at 1,2 and 4 mg/kg before and after gamma irradiation of animals by 1 000 rad. B.C.G. 1 mg/kg injected the day or the day after irradiation has a protective effect (mortality reduced from 77% for controls to 58% and 50% for treated mice). B.C.G. given before irradiation in single or double doses increased mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:134783", "title": "[Effects of different metabolites of vitamin D3 and of calcium concentration on the intestinal absorption of strontium].", "content": "The effect of calcium concentration and vitamin B3 25 OHD3 and 1.25 diOHD3 upon intestinal strontium transport was studied in vitamin D deficient rats with duodenal perfusion in situ. When the calcium concentration was increased, the strontium passive absorption was decreased. The vitamin D3 and its derivatives increased intestinal strontium transport significantly and this increment was not modified by calcium. In our experiment, calcium is competitive with strontium only in passive absorption.", "contents": "[Effects of different metabolites of vitamin D3 and of calcium concentration on the intestinal absorption of strontium]. The effect of calcium concentration and vitamin B3 25 OHD3 and 1.25 diOHD3 upon intestinal strontium transport was studied in vitamin D deficient rats with duodenal perfusion in situ. When the calcium concentration was increased, the strontium passive absorption was decreased. The vitamin D3 and its derivatives increased intestinal strontium transport significantly and this increment was not modified by calcium. In our experiment, calcium is competitive with strontium only in passive absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:134784", "title": "[Study of the threshold dose of penicillin which induces an epileptogenic focus during ontogenesis in the rabbit].", "content": "A local application on the cortex surface of a very small drop of Ringer solution containing Penicillin was performed to establish the threshold dose required to elicit and epileptogenic focus and consequently the occuring latency of it. Threshold doses are small (20 - 60 International Units) and show a significant decrease during the maturation of the C.N.S. On the other hand latencies, whatever the animal's age, decrease fairly. The results are confronted to the various supposed modes of action of penicillin, modes which involve a dysfonctioning of the Na+ and K+ ionic pump.", "contents": "[Study of the threshold dose of penicillin which induces an epileptogenic focus during ontogenesis in the rabbit]. A local application on the cortex surface of a very small drop of Ringer solution containing Penicillin was performed to establish the threshold dose required to elicit and epileptogenic focus and consequently the occuring latency of it. Threshold doses are small (20 - 60 International Units) and show a significant decrease during the maturation of the C.N.S. On the other hand latencies, whatever the animal's age, decrease fairly. The results are confronted to the various supposed modes of action of penicillin, modes which involve a dysfonctioning of the Na+ and K+ ionic pump."}
{"id": "PMID:134785", "title": "[Biosynthesis of thyroglobulin in an adult lamprey, Lampetra planeri (Bloch)].", "content": "Thyroglobuline (Tg) biosynthesis has been studied in an adult fresh water lamprey Lampetra planeri (Bloch), by injection in coelomic cavity or by in vitro incorporation in follicles of branchial region of various radioactive labels: 125I-, 3H-leucine, 3H-mannose, 3H-galactose, N-acetyl mannosamine and 3H-N-acetylglucosamine. Labelling by all theses substances, present in Tg of mammals, proceeds efficiently in two hours. It has been demonstrated that the cyclostome studied synthetizes a 18 S iodinated glycoprotein analogous to Tg of higher vertebrates by its molecular size. It contains all the same hexose and N-acetyl derivatives of these in its sugar moiety and the same iodinated aminoacids. Purified 18 S Tg of the lamprey has been prepared; it is very poor in iodine (127I) and has a very low T3 and T4 content.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of thyroglobulin in an adult lamprey, Lampetra planeri (Bloch)]. Thyroglobuline (Tg) biosynthesis has been studied in an adult fresh water lamprey Lampetra planeri (Bloch), by injection in coelomic cavity or by in vitro incorporation in follicles of branchial region of various radioactive labels: 125I-, 3H-leucine, 3H-mannose, 3H-galactose, N-acetyl mannosamine and 3H-N-acetylglucosamine. Labelling by all theses substances, present in Tg of mammals, proceeds efficiently in two hours. It has been demonstrated that the cyclostome studied synthetizes a 18 S iodinated glycoprotein analogous to Tg of higher vertebrates by its molecular size. It contains all the same hexose and N-acetyl derivatives of these in its sugar moiety and the same iodinated aminoacids. Purified 18 S Tg of the lamprey has been prepared; it is very poor in iodine (127I) and has a very low T3 and T4 content."}
{"id": "PMID:134786", "title": "[Effect of phascoline and phascolosomine, new natural guanide derivatives, on cultured rat cardiac cells].", "content": "Two new biological guanido compounds from sipunculid worms, phascocoline [N-(3-guanidinopropionyl)-2-hydroxy-n-heptylamine] and phascolosomine [N-(3-guanidinoisobutyryl)-2-methoxy-n-heptylamine], have been tested for their effect on cultured rat heart cells. Both compounds were found to stop the beating of the cells at concentrations greater than or equal 10(-3) M, the effect being observed after 30 minutes for phascolosomine and after 24 hours for phascoline. At 10(-4) M concentration, the same compounds did not stop the beats but slowed the rhythm after 24 hours of contact. Assays performed with the hydrolysis products of phascoline and phascolosomine, beta-guanidinopropionic acid and 2-hydroxyheptylamine for the former, and beta-guanidinoisobutyric acid and 2-methoxy-n-heptylamine for the latter, have shown that the biological activity is located in the aminoalcool or aminoether moiety of the molelcule. It has been found that the effect on cultured rat heart cells was reversible at concentrations less than or equal 10(-3) M.", "contents": "[Effect of phascoline and phascolosomine, new natural guanide derivatives, on cultured rat cardiac cells]. Two new biological guanido compounds from sipunculid worms, phascocoline [N-(3-guanidinopropionyl)-2-hydroxy-n-heptylamine] and phascolosomine [N-(3-guanidinoisobutyryl)-2-methoxy-n-heptylamine], have been tested for their effect on cultured rat heart cells. Both compounds were found to stop the beating of the cells at concentrations greater than or equal 10(-3) M, the effect being observed after 30 minutes for phascolosomine and after 24 hours for phascoline. At 10(-4) M concentration, the same compounds did not stop the beats but slowed the rhythm after 24 hours of contact. Assays performed with the hydrolysis products of phascoline and phascolosomine, beta-guanidinopropionic acid and 2-hydroxyheptylamine for the former, and beta-guanidinoisobutyric acid and 2-methoxy-n-heptylamine for the latter, have shown that the biological activity is located in the aminoalcool or aminoether moiety of the molelcule. It has been found that the effect on cultured rat heart cells was reversible at concentrations less than or equal 10(-3) M."}
{"id": "PMID:134787", "title": "[Cyto-immunological study of the anterior pituitary somatotropin cells of male and female adult Peking, Barbary and hybrid (from crossing male Peking X female Barbary) ducks and of male ducklings of the 3 races)].", "content": "The anti-human-STH immunserum applied on hypophysis sections of adults males and females Peking (Anas platyrhynchos L.) Barbary (Cairina moschata L.) and Hybrid (from the mating male Peking X female Barbary) ducks, marks orangeophils, oval- or round shaped, PAS negative cells exclusively localized in the caudal lobe of the pars distalis. In the males ducklings of the three races this immunserum reveals numerous and partially exhausted cells. The authors conclude that the acidophils alpha cells observed in the caudal lobe of the duck are somatotrophic cells.", "contents": "[Cyto-immunological study of the anterior pituitary somatotropin cells of male and female adult Peking, Barbary and hybrid (from crossing male Peking X female Barbary) ducks and of male ducklings of the 3 races)]. The anti-human-STH immunserum applied on hypophysis sections of adults males and females Peking (Anas platyrhynchos L.) Barbary (Cairina moschata L.) and Hybrid (from the mating male Peking X female Barbary) ducks, marks orangeophils, oval- or round shaped, PAS negative cells exclusively localized in the caudal lobe of the pars distalis. In the males ducklings of the three races this immunserum reveals numerous and partially exhausted cells. The authors conclude that the acidophils alpha cells observed in the caudal lobe of the duck are somatotrophic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:134788", "title": "[Comparative study in the guinea pig, cat and dog of hypothalamo-infundibular nervous fibers immunoreactive to an anti-LH-RH immune serum].", "content": "In the median eminence of guinea pig, cat and dog some axons of the hypothalamo-infundibular tract are immunoreactive with anti LH-RH. In these three species, the axons have a similar topography and area of peripheric terminations. These one occur at the capillaries of Mantelplexus. It was also shown, in the cat, that these areas of termination exhibit a strong monoamine fluorescence.", "contents": "[Comparative study in the guinea pig, cat and dog of hypothalamo-infundibular nervous fibers immunoreactive to an anti-LH-RH immune serum]. In the median eminence of guinea pig, cat and dog some axons of the hypothalamo-infundibular tract are immunoreactive with anti LH-RH. In these three species, the axons have a similar topography and area of peripheric terminations. These one occur at the capillaries of Mantelplexus. It was also shown, in the cat, that these areas of termination exhibit a strong monoamine fluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:134789", "title": "[Study on a synchronized population of the antimitotic effect of cycloheximide at various phases of the cell cycle in Allium sativum L].", "content": "The effect on the entry in mitosis, induced in synchronized meristematic cells of Allium sativum L. by a treatment with cycloheximide (10 mug/ml-30 min) at different phases of the cell cycle has been investigated. In all cases cells enter mitosis after a long delay but it appears that the delay induced on G1 cells is longer. Incorporation of 3H leucine is immediately inhibited at any stage of the cell cycle.", "contents": "[Study on a synchronized population of the antimitotic effect of cycloheximide at various phases of the cell cycle in Allium sativum L]. The effect on the entry in mitosis, induced in synchronized meristematic cells of Allium sativum L. by a treatment with cycloheximide (10 mug/ml-30 min) at different phases of the cell cycle has been investigated. In all cases cells enter mitosis after a long delay but it appears that the delay induced on G1 cells is longer. Incorporation of 3H leucine is immediately inhibited at any stage of the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:134790", "title": "[Study of the role or weaning and of androgens in the determinism of adrenal sexual dimorphism at the moment of puberty in the guinea pig].", "content": "Sexual dimorphism of the adrenal, which appears at puberty in guinea-pig, is not the fact of weaning. This dimorphism is suppressed by castration in male or injection of testosterone in female. Testis androgens are the cause of the lower values of plasma and adrenal cortisol concentrations and of adrenal weight noticed in male compared with female between days 20 and 90 of postnatal life.", "contents": "[Study of the role or weaning and of androgens in the determinism of adrenal sexual dimorphism at the moment of puberty in the guinea pig]. Sexual dimorphism of the adrenal, which appears at puberty in guinea-pig, is not the fact of weaning. This dimorphism is suppressed by castration in male or injection of testosterone in female. Testis androgens are the cause of the lower values of plasma and adrenal cortisol concentrations and of adrenal weight noticed in male compared with female between days 20 and 90 of postnatal life."}
{"id": "PMID:134792", "title": "[Neurophysins of Mammals: evolution and biological signification].", "content": "Neurohypophysial hormone-Neurophysin complexes have been prepared from posterior pituitary glands of Artiodactyla (ox, sheep, pig), Perissodactyla (horse) and Cetacea (whale), by fractionated salt precipitation. The components have been separated by molecular sieving in 0.2 M acetic acid and neurophysins have been purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Two types of neurophysins, MSEL-neurophysins and VLDV-neurophysins, can be distinguished according to the amino acid residues in positions 2, 3, 6 and 7. MSEL-neurophysins of sheep, ox and pig have been characterized by the amino acid sequence. Ovine and bovine MSEL-neurophysins are nearly identical (one substitution out of 95 residues) and porcine MSEL-neurophysin is very similar (four substitutions and an apparent 3-residue C-terminal deletion). The biological function of neurophysins might be the carriage of neurohypophysial hormones but in this respect, each type of neurophysin is not clearly specific for a given hormone. On the other hand, each neurophysin might share a common precursor with a neurohypophysial hormone, the two parts remaining associated after cleavage. However, in the sheep posterior pituitary gland, the molar proportions of the two types of neurophysins, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, are not equal, MSEL-neurophysin being more abundant than the other components. If a common precursor exists, neurophysins and neurohypophysial hormones are not merely produced by a simple cleavage mechanism.", "contents": "[Neurophysins of Mammals: evolution and biological signification]. Neurohypophysial hormone-Neurophysin complexes have been prepared from posterior pituitary glands of Artiodactyla (ox, sheep, pig), Perissodactyla (horse) and Cetacea (whale), by fractionated salt precipitation. The components have been separated by molecular sieving in 0.2 M acetic acid and neurophysins have been purified by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-50. Two types of neurophysins, MSEL-neurophysins and VLDV-neurophysins, can be distinguished according to the amino acid residues in positions 2, 3, 6 and 7. MSEL-neurophysins of sheep, ox and pig have been characterized by the amino acid sequence. Ovine and bovine MSEL-neurophysins are nearly identical (one substitution out of 95 residues) and porcine MSEL-neurophysin is very similar (four substitutions and an apparent 3-residue C-terminal deletion). The biological function of neurophysins might be the carriage of neurohypophysial hormones but in this respect, each type of neurophysin is not clearly specific for a given hormone. On the other hand, each neurophysin might share a common precursor with a neurohypophysial hormone, the two parts remaining associated after cleavage. However, in the sheep posterior pituitary gland, the molar proportions of the two types of neurophysins, oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, are not equal, MSEL-neurophysin being more abundant than the other components. If a common precursor exists, neurophysins and neurohypophysial hormones are not merely produced by a simple cleavage mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:134793", "title": "[Uptake and storage of indolamines in the ultimobranchial body of the fetal murine thyroid. 1-Autoradiographic histological study].", "content": "Incorporation of 3H-5 HTP is studied in ultimobranchial cells and thyroid cells of the mouse foetus from the 13th day to the 18th day of gestation. The APUD characteristics of these cells are first observed on the 14th day when the U.B. bodies are included in the thyroid anlage. The silver granules are then localized on the parafollicular cell cords from which C cells of the adult thyroid arize.", "contents": "[Uptake and storage of indolamines in the ultimobranchial body of the fetal murine thyroid. 1-Autoradiographic histological study]. Incorporation of 3H-5 HTP is studied in ultimobranchial cells and thyroid cells of the mouse foetus from the 13th day to the 18th day of gestation. The APUD characteristics of these cells are first observed on the 14th day when the U.B. bodies are included in the thyroid anlage. The silver granules are then localized on the parafollicular cell cords from which C cells of the adult thyroid arize."}
{"id": "PMID:134794", "title": "[Electrophoretic analysis of intestinal acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in the Discoglossus tadpole treated by thyroxine].", "content": "Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used to separate the two isoenzymes of intestional acid phosphatase (PI and P2) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (G1 and G2) in Discoglossus pictus tadpoles treated by thyroxine. When the isoenzyme activities of each pair are expressed as percentages, the activity of the slower form (P2 or G2) increases significantly when the tadpoles are treated by the hormone.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic analysis of intestinal acid phosphatase and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase in the Discoglossus tadpole treated by thyroxine]. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis has been used to separate the two isoenzymes of intestional acid phosphatase (PI and P2) and N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase (G1 and G2) in Discoglossus pictus tadpoles treated by thyroxine. When the isoenzyme activities of each pair are expressed as percentages, the activity of the slower form (P2 or G2) increases significantly when the tadpoles are treated by the hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:134795", "title": "[Polychromatism of the egg shell in the domestic quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). 5. Augmentation of the incidence of phenodeviants through consanguinity].", "content": "An observation of interest is that brother-sister inbreeding appears to have increased the size of protoporphyrin spots of wild type egg-shells in japanese quail. Phenodeviant theory can explain the modalities of trait segregation.", "contents": "[Polychromatism of the egg shell in the domestic quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). 5. Augmentation of the incidence of phenodeviants through consanguinity]. An observation of interest is that brother-sister inbreeding appears to have increased the size of protoporphyrin spots of wild type egg-shells in japanese quail. Phenodeviant theory can explain the modalities of trait segregation."}
{"id": "PMID:134796", "title": "[Polychromatism of the egg shell in the domestic quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). 6. Comparison with polychromatism in related species].", "content": "Polychromatism and pigments of five Phasianides egg-shells others than japanese quail are studied. Polychromatism modalities and pigments repartitions are species specific.", "contents": "[Polychromatism of the egg shell in the domestic quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). 6. Comparison with polychromatism in related species]. Polychromatism and pigments of five Phasianides egg-shells others than japanese quail are studied. Polychromatism modalities and pigments repartitions are species specific."}
{"id": "PMID:134797", "title": "[Variations of triglycerides and of plasma free fatty acids in the rat as a function of the duration of cold maintenance].", "content": "During the first day of rat exposure to cold (4 degrees C), there was a rapid and regular decrease in plasmatic triglyceride levels and an increase in the free fatty acid ones. These levels remained constant for one week then, untill the third week, they changed slowly and reached the typical levels found in cold acclimated animals. After six weeks of cold exposure, triglycerides were 2.5 fold lesser than in controls and free fatty acids were increased by 50%.", "contents": "[Variations of triglycerides and of plasma free fatty acids in the rat as a function of the duration of cold maintenance]. During the first day of rat exposure to cold (4 degrees C), there was a rapid and regular decrease in plasmatic triglyceride levels and an increase in the free fatty acid ones. These levels remained constant for one week then, untill the third week, they changed slowly and reached the typical levels found in cold acclimated animals. After six weeks of cold exposure, triglycerides were 2.5 fold lesser than in controls and free fatty acids were increased by 50%."}
{"id": "PMID:134798", "title": "[In-situ intestinal loop study of the carbohydrate and phosphate modulation of calcium absorption].", "content": "Absorption of 45Ca from a 10 or 20 mM CaCl2 solution given into rat by injection in jejunal or ileal loops in situ is lowered by sodium phosphate and enhanced by L-xylose. Curves relative to the magnitude of absorption depending of doses of phosphate (5 to 50 mM) or carbohydrate (10 to 150 mM) are similar to those which account for the effect of activators or inhibitors upon the activity of enzymes.", "contents": "[In-situ intestinal loop study of the carbohydrate and phosphate modulation of calcium absorption]. Absorption of 45Ca from a 10 or 20 mM CaCl2 solution given into rat by injection in jejunal or ileal loops in situ is lowered by sodium phosphate and enhanced by L-xylose. Curves relative to the magnitude of absorption depending of doses of phosphate (5 to 50 mM) or carbohydrate (10 to 150 mM) are similar to those which account for the effect of activators or inhibitors upon the activity of enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:134799", "title": "[Effect of frequency on the loudness of short sounds: comparison between 2 near frequencies, 500 and 1000 Hz].", "content": "Loudness egalizations between short tone (1 to 400 ms) and a long reference tone (800 ms) were made. Two frequencies, 500 and 1000 Hz, were employed. Loudness comparisons were made at 20, 40 and 80 dB SL. Results show a frequency effect on the loudness of short tones. Some partial recuperation of loudness appears, it is greater for the high level.", "contents": "[Effect of frequency on the loudness of short sounds: comparison between 2 near frequencies, 500 and 1000 Hz]. Loudness egalizations between short tone (1 to 400 ms) and a long reference tone (800 ms) were made. Two frequencies, 500 and 1000 Hz, were employed. Loudness comparisons were made at 20, 40 and 80 dB SL. Results show a frequency effect on the loudness of short tones. Some partial recuperation of loudness appears, it is greater for the high level."}
{"id": "PMID:134800", "title": "[Pharmacological analysis of the inhibition of peristalsis of the isolated guinea-pig ileum by tetramethylammonium].", "content": "Tetramethylammonium in small concentrations contracted the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig isolated ileum, but had no effect on the peristaltic reflex. However, in high concentrations, it contracted the longitudinal muscle and blocked the peristaltic reflex. Acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, eserine and neostigmine antagonized the peristaltic block previously produced by tetramethylammonium. On the other hand, propionylcholine, butyrylcholine, nicotine, pilocarpine, arecoline, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine did not remove the peristaltic block. From these experiments, it is concluded that the predominant sites of the depressive effect of tetramethylammonium on the peristalsis are the cholinoceptive ganglia of myenteric plexus subserving the peristaltic reflex of guinea-pig isolated ileum.", "contents": "[Pharmacological analysis of the inhibition of peristalsis of the isolated guinea-pig ileum by tetramethylammonium]. Tetramethylammonium in small concentrations contracted the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig isolated ileum, but had no effect on the peristaltic reflex. However, in high concentrations, it contracted the longitudinal muscle and blocked the peristaltic reflex. Acetylcholine, methacholine, carbachol, eserine and neostigmine antagonized the peristaltic block previously produced by tetramethylammonium. On the other hand, propionylcholine, butyrylcholine, nicotine, pilocarpine, arecoline, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine did not remove the peristaltic block. From these experiments, it is concluded that the predominant sites of the depressive effect of tetramethylammonium on the peristalsis are the cholinoceptive ganglia of myenteric plexus subserving the peristaltic reflex of guinea-pig isolated ileum."}
{"id": "PMID:134801", "title": "[Influence of a lathyric agent and of hypercholesterolemic serum on cell cultures of fetal rabbit aorta].", "content": "Cell cultures of foetal rabbit aorta are cultivated with a lathyric agent (beta-amino-propio-nitrile) or with an hypercholesterolemic serum; if morphological features, in these two cases, correspond with modifications observed, in vivo, when adult rabbits are respectively submitted to the same treatment, enzymatic activities of collagen metabolism vary in opposite way. Therefore, the influence of different parameters to be studied on vascular cell functions become easier.", "contents": "[Influence of a lathyric agent and of hypercholesterolemic serum on cell cultures of fetal rabbit aorta]. Cell cultures of foetal rabbit aorta are cultivated with a lathyric agent (beta-amino-propio-nitrile) or with an hypercholesterolemic serum; if morphological features, in these two cases, correspond with modifications observed, in vivo, when adult rabbits are respectively submitted to the same treatment, enzymatic activities of collagen metabolism vary in opposite way. Therefore, the influence of different parameters to be studied on vascular cell functions become easier."}
{"id": "PMID:134802", "title": "[Demonstration of antibodies during experimental toxocarosis using antigenic extract prepared from the adult parasit].", "content": "The detection of antibodies in subjects with visceral larva migrans syndrome caused by Toxocara canis is usually carried out with antigenic larvae, whose preparation presents some difficulties. Results obtained using extracts prepared from adult parasites show that such antigens are quite suitable for the detection of antibodies present in visceral larva migrans syndrome. This phenomenon is easily understood when one considers that there are numerous antigenic points in common between the different stages of the evolution of this parasite.", "contents": "[Demonstration of antibodies during experimental toxocarosis using antigenic extract prepared from the adult parasit]. The detection of antibodies in subjects with visceral larva migrans syndrome caused by Toxocara canis is usually carried out with antigenic larvae, whose preparation presents some difficulties. Results obtained using extracts prepared from adult parasites show that such antigens are quite suitable for the detection of antibodies present in visceral larva migrans syndrome. This phenomenon is easily understood when one considers that there are numerous antigenic points in common between the different stages of the evolution of this parasite."}
{"id": "PMID:134803", "title": "[Conditions and limits of serum LH radioimmunoassay in normal, hypophysectomized or castred rats].", "content": "Serum LH was measured by radioimmunoassay (NIAMD Kits) free and linked hormones were separated by double antibodies method. Influence of concentration on antibody-hormone complex is studied. Hypophysectomised rats serum does not modify results. The standard (rat LH-RP1) has the same action as serum LH. Rat serum LH contents are measured in normal or castred rats.", "contents": "[Conditions and limits of serum LH radioimmunoassay in normal, hypophysectomized or castred rats]. Serum LH was measured by radioimmunoassay (NIAMD Kits) free and linked hormones were separated by double antibodies method. Influence of concentration on antibody-hormone complex is studied. Hypophysectomised rats serum does not modify results. The standard (rat LH-RP1) has the same action as serum LH. Rat serum LH contents are measured in normal or castred rats."}
{"id": "PMID:134804", "title": "[Influence of microflora on the metabolism of L-threonine at the level of the rat digestive tract].", "content": "Intestinal tissues are found to incorporate L threonine 14CU at faster rate in the absence of microflora. Most of the radioactivity of the digestive contents occurs in the TCA soluble compounds, except in the coecum and large intestine of the conventional rats where the microflora synthetized its own proteins from the labelled digestive material. Free threonine is the main labelled soluble compound in the conventional rats digestive contents. In the other hand, in the germfree rats digestive contents, radioactivity of the other compounds is found in higher concentration than free threonine.", "contents": "[Influence of microflora on the metabolism of L-threonine at the level of the rat digestive tract]. Intestinal tissues are found to incorporate L threonine 14CU at faster rate in the absence of microflora. Most of the radioactivity of the digestive contents occurs in the TCA soluble compounds, except in the coecum and large intestine of the conventional rats where the microflora synthetized its own proteins from the labelled digestive material. Free threonine is the main labelled soluble compound in the conventional rats digestive contents. In the other hand, in the germfree rats digestive contents, radioactivity of the other compounds is found in higher concentration than free threonine."}
{"id": "PMID:134805", "title": "[Variations of various enzymatic activities of the Krebs cycle (malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase) during experimental ischemic shock in the rat. Influence of adenosine 5' triphosphoric acid].", "content": "During the ischemic shock caused by the removal of tourniquets placed on the hind paws of the rat, a marked decrease in the enzyme activities of Krebs cycle yielding ATP (malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase) at the level of the gastrocnemius muscle and the liver, was observed together with a plasma increase of these enzymes. The intraperitoneal injection of ATP diminishes significantly the variations observed.", "contents": "[Variations of various enzymatic activities of the Krebs cycle (malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase) during experimental ischemic shock in the rat. Influence of adenosine 5' triphosphoric acid]. During the ischemic shock caused by the removal of tourniquets placed on the hind paws of the rat, a marked decrease in the enzyme activities of Krebs cycle yielding ATP (malate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, succinate dehydrogenase) at the level of the gastrocnemius muscle and the liver, was observed together with a plasma increase of these enzymes. The intraperitoneal injection of ATP diminishes significantly the variations observed."}
{"id": "PMID:134806", "title": "[Influence of an hypolipemic agent on the incorporation of 14C-labelled precursors in hepatic and serous lipids of the rat].", "content": "The action of a new hypolipidemic agent, the calcium diacetone-(ceto 2)-gulonate (D.C.G.Ca), on cholesterol and other lipid compounds biosynthesis has been studied in rats. The incorporation of 14C labelled acetate and mevalonate in liver and serum lipids of control rats has been compared with that of rats previously treated with D.C.G.Ca. No action of this compound has been noted on cholesterol biosynthesis after the mevalonate stage, which is an important result in consideration of therapeutic risks. Otherwise, a significant decrease of 14C-acetate incorporation in triglycerides has been observed in treated rats.", "contents": "[Influence of an hypolipemic agent on the incorporation of 14C-labelled precursors in hepatic and serous lipids of the rat]. The action of a new hypolipidemic agent, the calcium diacetone-(ceto 2)-gulonate (D.C.G.Ca), on cholesterol and other lipid compounds biosynthesis has been studied in rats. The incorporation of 14C labelled acetate and mevalonate in liver and serum lipids of control rats has been compared with that of rats previously treated with D.C.G.Ca. No action of this compound has been noted on cholesterol biosynthesis after the mevalonate stage, which is an important result in consideration of therapeutic risks. Otherwise, a significant decrease of 14C-acetate incorporation in triglycerides has been observed in treated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:134807", "title": "[Influence of lead on the microflora of the soil].", "content": "In the soil, bacteria are not inhibited by lead. In vitro great sensibility of bacteria and resistance phenomena of gram plus bacteria are showed. Lead is attracted by clay-humic complexes and becomes unavailable for microorganisms.", "contents": "[Influence of lead on the microflora of the soil]. In the soil, bacteria are not inhibited by lead. In vitro great sensibility of bacteria and resistance phenomena of gram plus bacteria are showed. Lead is attracted by clay-humic complexes and becomes unavailable for microorganisms."}
{"id": "PMID:134808", "title": "[Modifications of motility and respiratory activity of human spermatozoa following congelation in liquid nitrogen].", "content": "By using a polarographic technique it has been noticed that the respiratory activity of human sperms was increased after addition of cryoprotector medium to semen. But this activity was markedly reduced after freezing in liquid nitrogen. We suppose that freezing causes a damage of some metabolic structures of cells which affects more severely their respiratory activity than their motility.", "contents": "[Modifications of motility and respiratory activity of human spermatozoa following congelation in liquid nitrogen]. By using a polarographic technique it has been noticed that the respiratory activity of human sperms was increased after addition of cryoprotector medium to semen. But this activity was markedly reduced after freezing in liquid nitrogen. We suppose that freezing causes a damage of some metabolic structures of cells which affects more severely their respiratory activity than their motility."}
{"id": "PMID:134809", "title": "[Exploration of digestive electrophysiology using a new technic : electrointraperitoneography (EIG)].", "content": "A new and simple method, the electrointraperitoneography (E.I.G.) is described and used for the recording of the digestive motility in conscious dogs and in anesthetized rabbits and rats. With the E.I.G. method, we have found the two types of potentials which characterise the electrical activity of the small intestine : the basic electrical rhythm (B.E.R.) and the action potentials (spikes).", "contents": "[Exploration of digestive electrophysiology using a new technic : electrointraperitoneography (EIG)]. A new and simple method, the electrointraperitoneography (E.I.G.) is described and used for the recording of the digestive motility in conscious dogs and in anesthetized rabbits and rats. With the E.I.G. method, we have found the two types of potentials which characterise the electrical activity of the small intestine : the basic electrical rhythm (B.E.R.) and the action potentials (spikes)."}
{"id": "PMID:134810", "title": "[Influence of captivity on the pituitary gonadotropic area and correlative modifications of the sexual cycle in Serranus cabrilla Linn\u00e9 (Teleosts, Serrinidae)].", "content": "In Serranus cabrilla, ventral pars distalis contains characteristic gonadotropic cells which present morphological and functional variations in relation with sexual cycle and captivity. Their secretory activity, particularly marked when confinement begins before spawning, and gonads evolution are examined within various experimental conditions.", "contents": "[Influence of captivity on the pituitary gonadotropic area and correlative modifications of the sexual cycle in Serranus cabrilla Linn\u00e9 (Teleosts, Serrinidae)]. In Serranus cabrilla, ventral pars distalis contains characteristic gonadotropic cells which present morphological and functional variations in relation with sexual cycle and captivity. Their secretory activity, particularly marked when confinement begins before spawning, and gonads evolution are examined within various experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:134811", "title": "[Resistance and facilitation gradient in synchronized cardiac stimulation in the dog].", "content": "Electrical stimulation synchronized on spontaneous or paced cardiac rhythms demonstrates, in dogs : 1) phenomena of intermittent capture (I.C.), and intermittent loss (I.L.) of control, at all moments in the idastole ; 2) constant lowering of Excitability Threshold (E.T.) and Pacing Threshold (P.T.). These experiments confirm the existence of Resistance Gradients (including I.C. and I.L. phenomena) and Facilitation Gradients (measuring E.T. and P.T. lowerings). These gradients -- that we previously described in human pacing -- are parameters of the cardiac excitability.", "contents": "[Resistance and facilitation gradient in synchronized cardiac stimulation in the dog]. Electrical stimulation synchronized on spontaneous or paced cardiac rhythms demonstrates, in dogs : 1) phenomena of intermittent capture (I.C.), and intermittent loss (I.L.) of control, at all moments in the idastole ; 2) constant lowering of Excitability Threshold (E.T.) and Pacing Threshold (P.T.). These experiments confirm the existence of Resistance Gradients (including I.C. and I.L. phenomena) and Facilitation Gradients (measuring E.T. and P.T. lowerings). These gradients -- that we previously described in human pacing -- are parameters of the cardiac excitability."}
{"id": "PMID:134812", "title": "[Reactivity of the somesthesic cortex (S1) during the wakefulness-sleep cycle in the rat].", "content": "The changes in amplitude of the activities evoked in the S1 cortex by stimulation of the specific radiations have been studied during the sleep-waking cycle. The recovery mode of these activities after a short or long delay has been tested by the paired stimuli method. Results are in general agreement with those described in the cat.", "contents": "[Reactivity of the somesthesic cortex (S1) during the wakefulness-sleep cycle in the rat]. The changes in amplitude of the activities evoked in the S1 cortex by stimulation of the specific radiations have been studied during the sleep-waking cycle. The recovery mode of these activities after a short or long delay has been tested by the paired stimuli method. Results are in general agreement with those described in the cat."}
{"id": "PMID:134813", "title": "[Synchronous electric activity with inspiration in the vastus lateralis muscle of the anesthesied dog breathing spontaneously].", "content": "In the dog, under chloralose or pentobarbitone anesthesia and breathing spontaneously, a muscular electrical activity of low voltage synchronous with respiration was observed in m. vastus lateralis. The mean maximum amplitude of this activity is inversely linked with respiratory rate. When the respiratory frequency is equal or exceeds 25 cycles per minute this activity disappears. Such a phenomenon seems to be related to the activity of the respiratory centre.", "contents": "[Synchronous electric activity with inspiration in the vastus lateralis muscle of the anesthesied dog breathing spontaneously]. In the dog, under chloralose or pentobarbitone anesthesia and breathing spontaneously, a muscular electrical activity of low voltage synchronous with respiration was observed in m. vastus lateralis. The mean maximum amplitude of this activity is inversely linked with respiratory rate. When the respiratory frequency is equal or exceeds 25 cycles per minute this activity disappears. Such a phenomenon seems to be related to the activity of the respiratory centre."}
{"id": "PMID:134814", "title": "[Genetic study on the intersexuality of males with female genital apertures in the oniscoid Armadillidium vulgare Latr.: interpretation and modalities of hereditary transmission].", "content": "The males with female genital apertures of the Niort population of A. vulgare are genetic males that have been made intersexual by two factors which are probably epigenetic : one is feminizing, the other masculinizing. The transmission of the masculinizing factor seems to be controlled by a genetic mechanism which, in the crossing of an intersexe with a genetic female, makes half the female issue turn into neo-males and intersexes.", "contents": "[Genetic study on the intersexuality of males with female genital apertures in the oniscoid Armadillidium vulgare Latr.: interpretation and modalities of hereditary transmission]. The males with female genital apertures of the Niort population of A. vulgare are genetic males that have been made intersexual by two factors which are probably epigenetic : one is feminizing, the other masculinizing. The transmission of the masculinizing factor seems to be controlled by a genetic mechanism which, in the crossing of an intersexe with a genetic female, makes half the female issue turn into neo-males and intersexes."}
{"id": "PMID:134815", "title": "[Bioecological consequences of an accidental hydrocarbon discharge on the rocky shore of the high Normandy coast. Results one year after the oil pollution on the november 26th 1974].", "content": "We have followed, during one year, the ecological consequences of an accidental oil pollution on four rocky shores of the norman coast. In the shores where the detergents have not been used, the mussels have progressively excreted the hydrocarbons accumulated in their organism ; the other fixed animals have not been changed. In the shores where the detergents have been used their spreading had not only noxious demoecological consequences, but also synecological consequences with modifications of the fixed species which have colonized the rocks. These observations prove that the use of detergents to clean the polluted shores is not without care.", "contents": "[Bioecological consequences of an accidental hydrocarbon discharge on the rocky shore of the high Normandy coast. Results one year after the oil pollution on the november 26th 1974]. We have followed, during one year, the ecological consequences of an accidental oil pollution on four rocky shores of the norman coast. In the shores where the detergents have not been used, the mussels have progressively excreted the hydrocarbons accumulated in their organism ; the other fixed animals have not been changed. In the shores where the detergents have been used their spreading had not only noxious demoecological consequences, but also synecological consequences with modifications of the fixed species which have colonized the rocks. These observations prove that the use of detergents to clean the polluted shores is not without care."}
{"id": "PMID:134816", "title": "[Hemodynamic study of postural regulation in the dog treated or not treated with levomepromazine].", "content": "Analysis of hemodynamic parameters in untreated and treated dogs (levomepromazine 5 mg/kg i.v.) during supine and erect position showed, 1) that the regulation of cerebral blood flow remained in the anaesthetized (pentobarbital 25 mg/kg i.v.) dogs ; 2) that the sympathetic reaction induced different effects in various vascular regions ; 3) that levomepromazine induced an impairement of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the encephalic irrigation.", "contents": "[Hemodynamic study of postural regulation in the dog treated or not treated with levomepromazine]. Analysis of hemodynamic parameters in untreated and treated dogs (levomepromazine 5 mg/kg i.v.) during supine and erect position showed, 1) that the regulation of cerebral blood flow remained in the anaesthetized (pentobarbital 25 mg/kg i.v.) dogs ; 2) that the sympathetic reaction induced different effects in various vascular regions ; 3) that levomepromazine induced an impairement of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of the encephalic irrigation."}
{"id": "PMID:134817", "title": "[Period of sensitivity of the rabbit fetus to the embryopathic and lethal action of D-glucose in intraovular injection].", "content": "We studied the effect of injection of D-glucose in rabbit foetus ovulary liquid at the 14th, 16th and 18th day of pregnancy. Injection of 14th and 16th day determined a high percentage of foetal death and limb necrosis. On and after the 18th day of pregnancy, the foetus is insensible to the treatment. The 18th day is, in the rabbit, the period of a new hormonal equilibre establishment.", "contents": "[Period of sensitivity of the rabbit fetus to the embryopathic and lethal action of D-glucose in intraovular injection]. We studied the effect of injection of D-glucose in rabbit foetus ovulary liquid at the 14th, 16th and 18th day of pregnancy. Injection of 14th and 16th day determined a high percentage of foetal death and limb necrosis. On and after the 18th day of pregnancy, the foetus is insensible to the treatment. The 18th day is, in the rabbit, the period of a new hormonal equilibre establishment."}
{"id": "PMID:134818", "title": "[Chronologic and quantitative modalities of luteinization and ovulation in the female rat exposed to FSH action at the beginning of 4-day cycles].", "content": "Female Wistar rats were injected with two successive doses of 150 mug FSH on dioestrus I (5 p. m.) and dioestrus II (9 a.m.) of 4-day cycles. Superovulation and formation of an increased number of corpora lutea with included oocytes occurred in these animals. Meprobamate or pentobarbitone injections at 11.30 a.m. et 1.30 p.m. respectively completely blocked ovulation and luteinization phenomena in FSH-treated females. Ovulation normally occurred in FSH-treated females injected with meprobamate at 5.30 p.m. It was concluded that no modification of timing of the 'critical period' resulted from FSH treatment.", "contents": "[Chronologic and quantitative modalities of luteinization and ovulation in the female rat exposed to FSH action at the beginning of 4-day cycles]. Female Wistar rats were injected with two successive doses of 150 mug FSH on dioestrus I (5 p. m.) and dioestrus II (9 a.m.) of 4-day cycles. Superovulation and formation of an increased number of corpora lutea with included oocytes occurred in these animals. Meprobamate or pentobarbitone injections at 11.30 a.m. et 1.30 p.m. respectively completely blocked ovulation and luteinization phenomena in FSH-treated females. Ovulation normally occurred in FSH-treated females injected with meprobamate at 5.30 p.m. It was concluded that no modification of timing of the 'critical period' resulted from FSH treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:134819", "title": "[Recovery after fasting in the rat placed either on spontaneous diet choice or on imposed diet conditions].", "content": "During recovery from a five days' fasting, rats fed with separately presented glucids, proteins and lipids, show a 22 days' increase of the total caloric intake, and thus the fasting caloric lack is exactly compensated. On the contrary, rats fed with choice between proteins or glucids-lipids mixture (with various ratios) do not show such an increase, and thus do not compensate. The conclusion is, that the alimentary conditions are determinant in these kinds of experimentations.", "contents": "[Recovery after fasting in the rat placed either on spontaneous diet choice or on imposed diet conditions]. During recovery from a five days' fasting, rats fed with separately presented glucids, proteins and lipids, show a 22 days' increase of the total caloric intake, and thus the fasting caloric lack is exactly compensated. On the contrary, rats fed with choice between proteins or glucids-lipids mixture (with various ratios) do not show such an increase, and thus do not compensate. The conclusion is, that the alimentary conditions are determinant in these kinds of experimentations."}
{"id": "PMID:134820", "title": "[Chromosome modifications induced in mouse spermatogonia through exposure to high-energy neutrons].", "content": "The incidence of reciprocal translocations induced in mouse spermatogonia has been studied in CBA mice given X-ray or neutron exposure. Analysis of dividing spermatocytes at diakinesis-first metaphase stage of meiosis shows that in X-irradiated mice there is a linear dose-response relationship. After exposure to fast neutrons the yield of translocations follows a humped curve with a maximum of chromosome exchanges after exposure to 100 rad.", "contents": "[Chromosome modifications induced in mouse spermatogonia through exposure to high-energy neutrons]. The incidence of reciprocal translocations induced in mouse spermatogonia has been studied in CBA mice given X-ray or neutron exposure. Analysis of dividing spermatocytes at diakinesis-first metaphase stage of meiosis shows that in X-irradiated mice there is a linear dose-response relationship. After exposure to fast neutrons the yield of translocations follows a humped curve with a maximum of chromosome exchanges after exposure to 100 rad."}
{"id": "PMID:134821", "title": "[Study of chromosome characteristics of artificially-induced ascite tumors].", "content": "Some ascite tumours have been induced in rat by intraperitoneal injection of RadLV and in mouse by intraperitoneal injection of RadLV, or of protozoa such as Trypanosoma brucei and Toxoplasma gondii. Cytological examination of the resulting ascite tumours has shown that chromosome aberrations were associated with the presence of C and A viral particles.", "contents": "[Study of chromosome characteristics of artificially-induced ascite tumors]. Some ascite tumours have been induced in rat by intraperitoneal injection of RadLV and in mouse by intraperitoneal injection of RadLV, or of protozoa such as Trypanosoma brucei and Toxoplasma gondii. Cytological examination of the resulting ascite tumours has shown that chromosome aberrations were associated with the presence of C and A viral particles."}
{"id": "PMID:134822", "title": "[Endogenous prostaglandins and decrease of sensitivity to noradrenaline in the rat].", "content": "In the Rat, desensitization to noradrenaline induced by perfusion of large doses of noradrenaline (0.5 to 0.75 mug/mn/100 g), is not suppressed by indomethacine (1 to 5 mg/100 g). Synthesis and release of endogenous prostaglandins of the PGE group are not the cause of the desensitization.", "contents": "[Endogenous prostaglandins and decrease of sensitivity to noradrenaline in the rat]. In the Rat, desensitization to noradrenaline induced by perfusion of large doses of noradrenaline (0.5 to 0.75 mug/mn/100 g), is not suppressed by indomethacine (1 to 5 mg/100 g). Synthesis and release of endogenous prostaglandins of the PGE group are not the cause of the desensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:134823", "title": "[Relative biological efficiency of neutrons (2 MeV) and X-rays for mastocytoma cell division capacity].", "content": "The effects of 2 MeV neutrons were compared with those of 200 kV X-rays for the criterion of lethality in mastocytoma cells of ascites type. The cells prepared as suspension were exposed to the radiations in vitro under aerobic condition and transplanted in the abdominal cavity of mice. Their viability was estimated according to the growing speed of the excreted amount of urinary 5-HIAA in the host animal. The RBE varied between a value of 3.1 at the 10 per cent level of cell survival to 1.8 for the mean lethal dose (Do).", "contents": "[Relative biological efficiency of neutrons (2 MeV) and X-rays for mastocytoma cell division capacity]. The effects of 2 MeV neutrons were compared with those of 200 kV X-rays for the criterion of lethality in mastocytoma cells of ascites type. The cells prepared as suspension were exposed to the radiations in vitro under aerobic condition and transplanted in the abdominal cavity of mice. Their viability was estimated according to the growing speed of the excreted amount of urinary 5-HIAA in the host animal. The RBE varied between a value of 3.1 at the 10 per cent level of cell survival to 1.8 for the mean lethal dose (Do)."}
{"id": "PMID:134824", "title": "[Characteristics of a mastocytoma cell line adapted to in-vitro culture].", "content": "A cell line adapted to in vitro culture was obtained starting from ascites type mastocytoma cells which were maintained by successive transplantation in mice. The cells make colonies in liquid culture medium as well as on agar plate. In comparison under microscope and of behaviour in abdominal cavity of mice, no difference was detected between cells of this cell line and those of original one.", "contents": "[Characteristics of a mastocytoma cell line adapted to in-vitro culture]. A cell line adapted to in vitro culture was obtained starting from ascites type mastocytoma cells which were maintained by successive transplantation in mice. The cells make colonies in liquid culture medium as well as on agar plate. In comparison under microscope and of behaviour in abdominal cavity of mice, no difference was detected between cells of this cell line and those of original one."}
{"id": "PMID:134825", "title": "[Distribution of terminal intragenicular depolarization of visual afferences during reserpine PGO activity].", "content": "The distribution during reserpine-induced PGO spikes of terminal depolarization among the visual afferents in cat lateral geniculate nucleus was studied. The terminal depolarization was found to be distributed rather evenly among the crossed and uncrossed retinal afferents of different conduction velocities.", "contents": "[Distribution of terminal intragenicular depolarization of visual afferences during reserpine PGO activity]. The distribution during reserpine-induced PGO spikes of terminal depolarization among the visual afferents in cat lateral geniculate nucleus was studied. The terminal depolarization was found to be distributed rather evenly among the crossed and uncrossed retinal afferents of different conduction velocities."}
{"id": "PMID:134826", "title": "[Characteristics of unitary afferent discharges of neuromuscular spindles in man].", "content": "The primary ending of muscle spindle in man shows a dynamic and static sensitivity to stretch, but the dynamic and vibratory sensitivities as well as conduction velocity of the afferent fibres seem to be relatively low in comparison to those described in the cat.", "contents": "[Characteristics of unitary afferent discharges of neuromuscular spindles in man]. The primary ending of muscle spindle in man shows a dynamic and static sensitivity to stretch, but the dynamic and vibratory sensitivities as well as conduction velocity of the afferent fibres seem to be relatively low in comparison to those described in the cat."}
{"id": "PMID:134827", "title": "[Effect of therapy using the \"receptor-destroying enzyme\" of T and B cells on antibody production].", "content": "Being interested in knowing if there is any relation between the sialic acid present on the surface of the immunocyte and the antibody formation by the latter, an attempt was made to treat immunocytes, T and B, by RDE before their inoculation into irradiated mice. C57Bl mice of more than 8 weeks of age were used throughout. Cells derived from thymus and those from bone marrow were used as T- and B-cells, respectively. On intravenous injection into irradiated mice of syngeneic T and B cells associated with SRBC, if the T cells were treated by RDE beforehand, the antibody production, as expressed in number of PFC/spleen, was remarkably suppressed when compared with that of mice inoculated with normal cells. It was not the case with the B cells. These facts would permit us to suppose that the sialic acid present on the surface of T cell has an intimate relation with the recognition of antigen by this cell, or else, with the mechanism of transmission of antigenic informations from T cell to B cell.", "contents": "[Effect of therapy using the \"receptor-destroying enzyme\" of T and B cells on antibody production]. Being interested in knowing if there is any relation between the sialic acid present on the surface of the immunocyte and the antibody formation by the latter, an attempt was made to treat immunocytes, T and B, by RDE before their inoculation into irradiated mice. C57Bl mice of more than 8 weeks of age were used throughout. Cells derived from thymus and those from bone marrow were used as T- and B-cells, respectively. On intravenous injection into irradiated mice of syngeneic T and B cells associated with SRBC, if the T cells were treated by RDE beforehand, the antibody production, as expressed in number of PFC/spleen, was remarkably suppressed when compared with that of mice inoculated with normal cells. It was not the case with the B cells. These facts would permit us to suppose that the sialic acid present on the surface of T cell has an intimate relation with the recognition of antigen by this cell, or else, with the mechanism of transmission of antigenic informations from T cell to B cell."}
{"id": "PMID:134828", "title": "Reproducibility of vitamin assays with mutants of Neurospora crassa maintained by freeze-drying.", "content": "Three mutant strains (ATCC 9277, ATCC 9278, ATCC 9683) of Neurospora crassa requiring choline, inositol, and p-aminobenzoic acid respectively for normal growth were deposited at the ATCC by G.W. Beadle 30 years ago and were preserved at various time intervals by freeze-drying. Each preservation batch yielded cultures that, when used for biological assays, exhibited the same biochemical properties as they originally possessed. The freeze-drying technique is shown to be applicable to preserving biological properties of sporulating fungi for bioassay over prolonged periods of time.", "contents": "Reproducibility of vitamin assays with mutants of Neurospora crassa maintained by freeze-drying. Three mutant strains (ATCC 9277, ATCC 9278, ATCC 9683) of Neurospora crassa requiring choline, inositol, and p-aminobenzoic acid respectively for normal growth were deposited at the ATCC by G.W. Beadle 30 years ago and were preserved at various time intervals by freeze-drying. Each preservation batch yielded cultures that, when used for biological assays, exhibited the same biochemical properties as they originally possessed. The freeze-drying technique is shown to be applicable to preserving biological properties of sporulating fungi for bioassay over prolonged periods of time."}
{"id": "PMID:134829", "title": "Influence of long-term treatment with dipyridamole on the aorta-stenosed rabbit heart: morphometric and functional investigations.", "content": "The well-known effects of dipyridamole on the increase of the coronary vessel system and on cardiac metabolism suggest that dipyridamole may have a favourable influence on the chronic pressure loaded heart. In the model of the aorta-stenosed growing rabbit the cardiomegaly was diminished after a 3-month treatment using high doses of dipyridamole. Histometrically a marked decrease of the enlargement of the cross-sectional area of muscle fibres was found. It is assumed that dipyridamole retards myocardial hypertrophy and stimulates hyperplasia. Simultaneously the impairment of distinct parameters of cardiac contractility in the aorta-stenosed heart was prevented in growing rabbits by long-term dipyridamole treatment.", "contents": "Influence of long-term treatment with dipyridamole on the aorta-stenosed rabbit heart: morphometric and functional investigations. The well-known effects of dipyridamole on the increase of the coronary vessel system and on cardiac metabolism suggest that dipyridamole may have a favourable influence on the chronic pressure loaded heart. In the model of the aorta-stenosed growing rabbit the cardiomegaly was diminished after a 3-month treatment using high doses of dipyridamole. Histometrically a marked decrease of the enlargement of the cross-sectional area of muscle fibres was found. It is assumed that dipyridamole retards myocardial hypertrophy and stimulates hyperplasia. Simultaneously the impairment of distinct parameters of cardiac contractility in the aorta-stenosed heart was prevented in growing rabbits by long-term dipyridamole treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:134846", "title": "Rickettsioses studies. 1. Natural foci of rickettsioses in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.", "content": "Ixodid ticks collected in the Armenian SSR during 1971 and 1974 were positive for rickettsiae of the spotted fever group, as confirmed by haemocyte tests and by isolation experiments. Serum specimens collected from human beings and from domestic and wild animals in the same areas contained antibodies against such rickettsiae and against Coxiella burnetii. These results indicate the existence of mixed natural foci of rickettsioses of the spotted fever group and of Q fever in the Armenian SSR.", "contents": "Rickettsioses studies. 1. Natural foci of rickettsioses in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Ixodid ticks collected in the Armenian SSR during 1971 and 1974 were positive for rickettsiae of the spotted fever group, as confirmed by haemocyte tests and by isolation experiments. Serum specimens collected from human beings and from domestic and wild animals in the same areas contained antibodies against such rickettsiae and against Coxiella burnetii. These results indicate the existence of mixed natural foci of rickettsioses of the spotted fever group and of Q fever in the Armenian SSR."}
{"id": "PMID:134848", "title": "Shed preconceived ideas...look, listen... A response to Sheridan's position on the spontaneous play of handicapped children.", "content": "Sheridan's article concerning the importance of spontaneous play for learning in handicapped children reflects both a historical and a contemporary negative valuation of 'handicapment'. Specifically, the authors suggest that contemporary views of handicapment fail to take into consideration the social and cultural concomitants of handicapment and in fact create an atmosphere wherein learned helplessness and self-fulfilling prophesies thrive. This state of affairs can only serve to perpetuate contemporary negative valuations of those individuals culturally labelled as 'handicapped'.", "contents": "Shed preconceived ideas...look, listen... A response to Sheridan's position on the spontaneous play of handicapped children. Sheridan's article concerning the importance of spontaneous play for learning in handicapped children reflects both a historical and a contemporary negative valuation of 'handicapment'. Specifically, the authors suggest that contemporary views of handicapment fail to take into consideration the social and cultural concomitants of handicapment and in fact create an atmosphere wherein learned helplessness and self-fulfilling prophesies thrive. This state of affairs can only serve to perpetuate contemporary negative valuations of those individuals culturally labelled as 'handicapped'."}
{"id": "PMID:134849", "title": "Parent's meetings in a hospital day centre.", "content": "This paper is an attempt to describe a project of parent meetings in a day centre for young handicapped children. It tries to reconcile social worker activity with sociological theory of disability and deviance and to weigh the relative balance of parent and professional contributions to care.", "contents": "Parent's meetings in a hospital day centre. This paper is an attempt to describe a project of parent meetings in a day centre for young handicapped children. It tries to reconcile social worker activity with sociological theory of disability and deviance and to weigh the relative balance of parent and professional contributions to care."}
{"id": "PMID:134850", "title": "Children with a handicap and their families.", "content": "The mothers' perceptions of the emotional and social stresses experienced by families who have children suffering from spina bifida, cerebral palsy or a limb deficiency, and the mothers' suggestions for easing situations that were causing them concern are recorded in this study. One hundred and sixteen mothers were interviewed. The children were between the ages of five and ten years at the time of the interview and were patients at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. The study investigates the problems of attending a public hospital and draws attention to the difficulties in communication between the hospital staff and parents. It emphasizes the physical demands made on the parents, particularly the mothers, in caring for a handicapped child and indicates the lack of supporting services in the home, such as home help and child minding services. The effect on the parental relationship and on brothers and sisters is studied and attention is drawn to the need for ongoing social work support to the parents, and that brothers and sisters should be included in the counselling services. Some of the difficulties encountered by the child with a handicap are recorded, in particular the problems of socialization and leisure time occupation. The parents' difficulties in rearing a handicapped child are discussed including their problem in talking to the child about his handicap. The mothers' comments about community attitudes to their child, and ways of alleviating these are also mentioned.", "contents": "Children with a handicap and their families. The mothers' perceptions of the emotional and social stresses experienced by families who have children suffering from spina bifida, cerebral palsy or a limb deficiency, and the mothers' suggestions for easing situations that were causing them concern are recorded in this study. One hundred and sixteen mothers were interviewed. The children were between the ages of five and ten years at the time of the interview and were patients at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne. The study investigates the problems of attending a public hospital and draws attention to the difficulties in communication between the hospital staff and parents. It emphasizes the physical demands made on the parents, particularly the mothers, in caring for a handicapped child and indicates the lack of supporting services in the home, such as home help and child minding services. The effect on the parental relationship and on brothers and sisters is studied and attention is drawn to the need for ongoing social work support to the parents, and that brothers and sisters should be included in the counselling services. Some of the difficulties encountered by the child with a handicap are recorded, in particular the problems of socialization and leisure time occupation. The parents' difficulties in rearing a handicapped child are discussed including their problem in talking to the child about his handicap. The mothers' comments about community attitudes to their child, and ways of alleviating these are also mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:134852", "title": "Left atrial enlargement. Echocardiographic assessment of electrocardiographic criteria.", "content": "A comparison of electrocardiographic manifestations of left atrial enlargement (LAE) and left atrial size by echocardiography was made in 307 patients in sinus rhythm. Electrocardiographic criteria used were L:P wave duration in lead II equal to or greater than 0.12 sec; Va: the ratio of the duration of negative terminal P in V1 to the P-R segment equal to or greater than 1.0; Vb: a negative P terminal force in V1 less than -0.03 mm sec. The echocardiographic diagnosis of left atrial enlargement was based on 1) transverse dimension greater than 4.0 cm; or 2) a ratio of transverse atrial to transverse aortic root dimension greater than 1.17. In the presence of left atrial enlargement, a combination of criteria occurred more often than a single criterion. The overall predictive index of the electrocardiogram for left atrial enlargement was 63% (excluding criterion Vb raised probability to 80%); and that for absence of left atrial enlargement was 78%. The index of coarse versus fine fibrillary waves was unreliable in predicting left atrial enlargement. Changes in P wave morphology may be used as a reasonably specific but less sensitive indicator of left atrial enlargement.", "contents": "Left atrial enlargement. Echocardiographic assessment of electrocardiographic criteria. A comparison of electrocardiographic manifestations of left atrial enlargement (LAE) and left atrial size by echocardiography was made in 307 patients in sinus rhythm. Electrocardiographic criteria used were L:P wave duration in lead II equal to or greater than 0.12 sec; Va: the ratio of the duration of negative terminal P in V1 to the P-R segment equal to or greater than 1.0; Vb: a negative P terminal force in V1 less than -0.03 mm sec. The echocardiographic diagnosis of left atrial enlargement was based on 1) transverse dimension greater than 4.0 cm; or 2) a ratio of transverse atrial to transverse aortic root dimension greater than 1.17. In the presence of left atrial enlargement, a combination of criteria occurred more often than a single criterion. The overall predictive index of the electrocardiogram for left atrial enlargement was 63% (excluding criterion Vb raised probability to 80%); and that for absence of left atrial enlargement was 78%. The index of coarse versus fine fibrillary waves was unreliable in predicting left atrial enlargement. Changes in P wave morphology may be used as a reasonably specific but less sensitive indicator of left atrial enlargement."}
{"id": "PMID:134853", "title": "Retina, tear and serum beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities in diabetic patients.", "content": "In previous studies, beta-N-acetyglucosaminidase activities were found to be markedly decreased in streptozotocin diabetic rat kidney, while that of the liver, spleen and intestine remained unchanged. The decrease in total kidney enzyme activity was in parallel with a decrease in the enzyme activity of the main isozyme of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, of which little or none was contained in the other three tissues. The present paper reports that the retina, also sensitive to diabetic microangiopathy, showed a similar isozyme pattern to that of kidney, composed of mainly type II isoenzyme of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Type II isoenzyme was not detectable in any of the other materials tested including human and rat erythrocytes, lymphocytes and platelets, and human buccal epithelia and saliva, except human tear. The physiologic significance of the human tear beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase is unknown, but this enzyme was found to contain a considerable amount of Type II isoenzyme, and the enzyme activities were decreased in poorly controlled diabetic patients. Patients with retinopathy also showed markedly lowered tear enzyme activity. The diabetic patients were followed up for several months with occasional ophthalmoscopic examination and determination of serum beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. As a result, changes in the latter were found to be useful as an indicator of the development of microangiopathy.", "contents": "Retina, tear and serum beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activities in diabetic patients. In previous studies, beta-N-acetyglucosaminidase activities were found to be markedly decreased in streptozotocin diabetic rat kidney, while that of the liver, spleen and intestine remained unchanged. The decrease in total kidney enzyme activity was in parallel with a decrease in the enzyme activity of the main isozyme of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, of which little or none was contained in the other three tissues. The present paper reports that the retina, also sensitive to diabetic microangiopathy, showed a similar isozyme pattern to that of kidney, composed of mainly type II isoenzyme of beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Type II isoenzyme was not detectable in any of the other materials tested including human and rat erythrocytes, lymphocytes and platelets, and human buccal epithelia and saliva, except human tear. The physiologic significance of the human tear beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase is unknown, but this enzyme was found to contain a considerable amount of Type II isoenzyme, and the enzyme activities were decreased in poorly controlled diabetic patients. Patients with retinopathy also showed markedly lowered tear enzyme activity. The diabetic patients were followed up for several months with occasional ophthalmoscopic examination and determination of serum beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. As a result, changes in the latter were found to be useful as an indicator of the development of microangiopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:134854", "title": "Some glycolytic enzymes in normal cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue and blood plasma of infants.", "content": "The activities of several glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase) as well as glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase and (Mg2+)ATPase in normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood plasma samples, from 12 healthy infants, aged 2-18 months, and in supernatants from brain tissue slices, taken during neurosurgical operations from infants of the same range of age were estimated. The values obtained confirm the high activity of the above enzymes found in animal brains, and indicate an independence of these activities in blood plasma and CSF. The origin of the activities of the investigated enzymes in CSF seems to be mainly, if not, exclusively, from brain tissue. This might be useful for detection of brain tissue damage as was earlier proven with LDH activity in CSF.", "contents": "Some glycolytic enzymes in normal cerebrospinal fluid, brain tissue and blood plasma of infants. The activities of several glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase) as well as glycerol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase and (Mg2+)ATPase in normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood plasma samples, from 12 healthy infants, aged 2-18 months, and in supernatants from brain tissue slices, taken during neurosurgical operations from infants of the same range of age were estimated. The values obtained confirm the high activity of the above enzymes found in animal brains, and indicate an independence of these activities in blood plasma and CSF. The origin of the activities of the investigated enzymes in CSF seems to be mainly, if not, exclusively, from brain tissue. This might be useful for detection of brain tissue damage as was earlier proven with LDH activity in CSF."}
{"id": "PMID:134851", "title": "Children abandoned in long-stay hospitals.", "content": "This study, financed by the Buttle Trust, investigates some aspects of the problems of abandonment of children in hospital, employing a sample of sixty-eight children from six selected hospitals, who meet a given definition of abandonment. Almost a fifth of the total population of children in the hospitals studied meet this definition; about a third of the sample are abandoned early in their lives, and for the remainder, admission itself appears to be a factor in abandonment.", "contents": "Children abandoned in long-stay hospitals. This study, financed by the Buttle Trust, investigates some aspects of the problems of abandonment of children in hospital, employing a sample of sixty-eight children from six selected hospitals, who meet a given definition of abandonment. Almost a fifth of the total population of children in the hospitals studied meet this definition; about a third of the sample are abandoned early in their lives, and for the remainder, admission itself appears to be a factor in abandonment."}
{"id": "PMID:134855", "title": "Mechanisms of the acquired erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies in blood diseases.", "content": "Acquired enzymatic activity defects of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase, glucose phosphate isomerase and phosphofructokinase have been studied in patients with acute myeloid leukemias, sideroblastic refractory anemias and unclassified acquired dyserythropoiesis. 6 patients with acute myeloid leukemia had a lowered erythrocyte pyruvate kinase activity; in 5 of them the concentration of the \"pyruvate kinase\"-antigen was parallely decreased, in such a manner that the ratio enzyme activity/immunologic reactivity (i.e. the molecular specific activity) was normal. In 1 patient with acute leukemia, 4 with refractory anemia and 1 with acquired dyserythropoiesis the defect of the pyruvate kinase activity was associated with a normal antigen concentration (and, therefore, the molecular specific activity in whole hemolysate was lowered). The enzyme activity was restored by incubation with SH reagents in two cases and by partial purification as often as it was performed. The electrofocusing pattern of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase was normal in both these types of defects. In two patients with so-called \"acquired dyserythropoiesis\" an erythrocyte glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency has been detected; in both the cases it was associated with a parallel decrease of the antigen concentration. The residual enzyme had a normal electrofocusing and electrophoretic pattern and a normal heat stability; the enzyme activity could not be restored by any treatment. In 1 patient with erythroleukemia and in 1 other with acquired dyserythropoiesis the erythrocyte phosphofructokinase activity was lowered. The enzyme activity was not restored by cross incubation in isologous plasma or by the SH reagents. In one case immunologic study could be performed, indicating that the enzyme defect was mainly due to the decreased ratio of the muscle type subunit of the erythrocyte phosphofructokinase. The electrofocusing pattern of deficient phosphofructokinases was normal. Finally, we point out the probable existence of several direct mechanisms, genetic and post translational, accounting for the acquired enzyme defects of red blood cells in various blood disorders.", "contents": "Mechanisms of the acquired erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies in blood diseases. Acquired enzymatic activity defects of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase, glucose phosphate isomerase and phosphofructokinase have been studied in patients with acute myeloid leukemias, sideroblastic refractory anemias and unclassified acquired dyserythropoiesis. 6 patients with acute myeloid leukemia had a lowered erythrocyte pyruvate kinase activity; in 5 of them the concentration of the \"pyruvate kinase\"-antigen was parallely decreased, in such a manner that the ratio enzyme activity/immunologic reactivity (i.e. the molecular specific activity) was normal. In 1 patient with acute leukemia, 4 with refractory anemia and 1 with acquired dyserythropoiesis the defect of the pyruvate kinase activity was associated with a normal antigen concentration (and, therefore, the molecular specific activity in whole hemolysate was lowered). The enzyme activity was restored by incubation with SH reagents in two cases and by partial purification as often as it was performed. The electrofocusing pattern of erythrocyte pyruvate kinase was normal in both these types of defects. In two patients with so-called \"acquired dyserythropoiesis\" an erythrocyte glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency has been detected; in both the cases it was associated with a parallel decrease of the antigen concentration. The residual enzyme had a normal electrofocusing and electrophoretic pattern and a normal heat stability; the enzyme activity could not be restored by any treatment. In 1 patient with erythroleukemia and in 1 other with acquired dyserythropoiesis the erythrocyte phosphofructokinase activity was lowered. The enzyme activity was not restored by cross incubation in isologous plasma or by the SH reagents. In one case immunologic study could be performed, indicating that the enzyme defect was mainly due to the decreased ratio of the muscle type subunit of the erythrocyte phosphofructokinase. The electrofocusing pattern of deficient phosphofructokinases was normal. Finally, we point out the probable existence of several direct mechanisms, genetic and post translational, accounting for the acquired enzyme defects of red blood cells in various blood disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:134859", "title": "A comparison of the dermatogram with other indices for the diagnosis of Down's syndrome.", "content": "The Dermatogram, a dermatoglyphic nomogram based upon four pattern areas, was compared with three other indices for the diagnosis of Down's syndrome (D.S.). The measure of diagnostic accuracy used was the percentage of patients scoring outside reported overlap scores between normal and D.S. The Dermatogram correctly diagnosed 79% of 119 D.S. patients. Two other indices, using more pattern areas and requiring calculations, correctly diagnosed more patients (81 and 87%), but one had several incorrect diagnoses and the other was less efficient when scored on a small sample of normal, karyotyped, non-D.S. retardates. The Dermatogram is suggested for use as a rapid diagnostic screen. For patients in the Dermatogram overlap, added discrimination may be obtained from secondary scoring on other indices.", "contents": "A comparison of the dermatogram with other indices for the diagnosis of Down's syndrome. The Dermatogram, a dermatoglyphic nomogram based upon four pattern areas, was compared with three other indices for the diagnosis of Down's syndrome (D.S.). The measure of diagnostic accuracy used was the percentage of patients scoring outside reported overlap scores between normal and D.S. The Dermatogram correctly diagnosed 79% of 119 D.S. patients. Two other indices, using more pattern areas and requiring calculations, correctly diagnosed more patients (81 and 87%), but one had several incorrect diagnoses and the other was less efficient when scored on a small sample of normal, karyotyped, non-D.S. retardates. The Dermatogram is suggested for use as a rapid diagnostic screen. For patients in the Dermatogram overlap, added discrimination may be obtained from secondary scoring on other indices."}
{"id": "PMID:134860", "title": "In vitro monitoring of cadaver kidney donor pretreatment by lymphocyte culture.", "content": "Fourteen cadaver kidney donors were pretreated with a rapid infusion of 5 g of cyclophosphamide and 5 g of methylprednisolone in an attempt to reduce graft immunogenicity by altering immunogenic \"passenger\" leucocytes. The effects of this drug infusion on peripheral lymphocytes were monitored by measuring the ability of donor lymphocytes to respond and to stimulate recipient cells in mixed lymphocyte culture and by measuring their ability to respond to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation before and after infusion of the drugs. Pretreatment severely decreased the ability of donor cells to function in these tests, but the maximum effect was not seen until several hours after completion of the infusion. The results of this study suggest that donor nephrectomy should be delayed for at least 4 hr after pretreatment to obtain maximum lymphocyte effect using this regimen. This type of in vitro testing may provide means of monitoring donor pretreatment and comparing different pretreatment protocols in human cadaveric allotransplantation.", "contents": "In vitro monitoring of cadaver kidney donor pretreatment by lymphocyte culture. Fourteen cadaver kidney donors were pretreated with a rapid infusion of 5 g of cyclophosphamide and 5 g of methylprednisolone in an attempt to reduce graft immunogenicity by altering immunogenic \"passenger\" leucocytes. The effects of this drug infusion on peripheral lymphocytes were monitored by measuring the ability of donor lymphocytes to respond and to stimulate recipient cells in mixed lymphocyte culture and by measuring their ability to respond to phytohaemagglutinin stimulation before and after infusion of the drugs. Pretreatment severely decreased the ability of donor cells to function in these tests, but the maximum effect was not seen until several hours after completion of the infusion. The results of this study suggest that donor nephrectomy should be delayed for at least 4 hr after pretreatment to obtain maximum lymphocyte effect using this regimen. This type of in vitro testing may provide means of monitoring donor pretreatment and comparing different pretreatment protocols in human cadaveric allotransplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:134861", "title": "Comparison of heart sarcolemmal enzyme activities in normal and cardiomyopathic (UM-X7.1) hamsters.", "content": "1. The activities of some membrane-bound enzymes such as adenylate cyclase, Na+ + K+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+ + K+-ATPase), Ca2+-stimulated ATPase and Mg2+-stimulated ATPase were examined in heart sarcolemmal fractions from control and cardiomyopathic hamsters at different stages of heart failure. 2. The basal adenylate cyclase activity in sarcolemma from cardiomyopathic animals with early, moderate and late stages of heart failure was not different from the control values whereas the sodium fluoride- and catecholamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were depressed in cardiomyopathic sarcolemma at moderate and late stages. 3. The sarcolemmal Na+ + K+-ATPase activity was decreased and the non-specific phosphatase activity was increased at early, moderate and late stages of heart failure. 4. The sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase activity was decreased at moderate and late stages whereas the Mg2+-ATPase activity was decreased at the late stages of heart failure only. 5. A marked decrease was found in calcium binding by heart sarcolemma from cardiomyopathic hamsters at late stages of failure. 6. These results suggest that dramatic sarcolemmal changes are associated with heart failure, and support the view that membrane abnormalities play a crucial role in the development of myocardial dysfunction, cyclase, calcium binding, heart failure, heart membranes, sarcolemmal enzymes.", "contents": "Comparison of heart sarcolemmal enzyme activities in normal and cardiomyopathic (UM-X7.1) hamsters. 1. The activities of some membrane-bound enzymes such as adenylate cyclase, Na+ + K+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Na+ + K+-ATPase), Ca2+-stimulated ATPase and Mg2+-stimulated ATPase were examined in heart sarcolemmal fractions from control and cardiomyopathic hamsters at different stages of heart failure. 2. The basal adenylate cyclase activity in sarcolemma from cardiomyopathic animals with early, moderate and late stages of heart failure was not different from the control values whereas the sodium fluoride- and catecholamine-stimulated adenylate cyclase activities were depressed in cardiomyopathic sarcolemma at moderate and late stages. 3. The sarcolemmal Na+ + K+-ATPase activity was decreased and the non-specific phosphatase activity was increased at early, moderate and late stages of heart failure. 4. The sarcolemmal Ca2+-ATPase activity was decreased at moderate and late stages whereas the Mg2+-ATPase activity was decreased at the late stages of heart failure only. 5. A marked decrease was found in calcium binding by heart sarcolemma from cardiomyopathic hamsters at late stages of failure. 6. These results suggest that dramatic sarcolemmal changes are associated with heart failure, and support the view that membrane abnormalities play a crucial role in the development of myocardial dysfunction, cyclase, calcium binding, heart failure, heart membranes, sarcolemmal enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:134864", "title": "Glucocorticoid and starvation effect on glycosaminoglycans in vascular connective tissue. Biochemical studies on repair processes in rabbit aorta.", "content": "Male rabbits were injured by a single mechanical dilatation injury of aorta and then injected with prednisone 2 mg/kg or saline for 14 days or subjected to starvation. The biosynthesis of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans as evaluated by the uptake of 35S-sulfate and the content of the glycosaminoglycans were measured on the intima-media layer of the descending thoracic aorta. The results indicate that prednisone may inhibit the biosynthesis of heparan and/or dermatan sulfate while starvation increases the biosynthesis of all the sulfated glycosaminoglycans. No alterations were observed in the total amount of glycosaminoglycans in aorta following glucocorticoid injection or starvation. The metabolism of aortic glycosaminoglycans during repair is less sensitive to the action of prednisone than in undamaged aorta. This contrasts with the effect of prednisone on the metabolism of aortic collagen.", "contents": "Glucocorticoid and starvation effect on glycosaminoglycans in vascular connective tissue. Biochemical studies on repair processes in rabbit aorta. Male rabbits were injured by a single mechanical dilatation injury of aorta and then injected with prednisone 2 mg/kg or saline for 14 days or subjected to starvation. The biosynthesis of the sulfated glycosaminoglycans as evaluated by the uptake of 35S-sulfate and the content of the glycosaminoglycans were measured on the intima-media layer of the descending thoracic aorta. The results indicate that prednisone may inhibit the biosynthesis of heparan and/or dermatan sulfate while starvation increases the biosynthesis of all the sulfated glycosaminoglycans. No alterations were observed in the total amount of glycosaminoglycans in aorta following glucocorticoid injection or starvation. The metabolism of aortic glycosaminoglycans during repair is less sensitive to the action of prednisone than in undamaged aorta. This contrasts with the effect of prednisone on the metabolism of aortic collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:134865", "title": "Site of hydrolysis of collagen by hot trichloroacetic acid.", "content": "When calfskin collagen is treated with trichloroacetic acid at 90 degrees C, it is hydrolyzed to a mixture of peptides, some of which are quite small. Cleavage of collagen by acid seems to occur at bonds between proline (or hydroxyproline) and other amino acids, with only a limited specificity for which amino acid donates its amino group to the susceptible peptide bond.", "contents": "Site of hydrolysis of collagen by hot trichloroacetic acid. When calfskin collagen is treated with trichloroacetic acid at 90 degrees C, it is hydrolyzed to a mixture of peptides, some of which are quite small. Cleavage of collagen by acid seems to occur at bonds between proline (or hydroxyproline) and other amino acids, with only a limited specificity for which amino acid donates its amino group to the susceptible peptide bond."}
{"id": "PMID:134866", "title": "A sensitive automated procedure for the determination of glucuronic acid.", "content": "A newly automated method for the detection of uronic acids, particularly glucuronic acid is described. Data showing the limitations of this method are also presented. The advantages of the method are: (1) greatly increased sensitivity compared to the carbazole methods and increased range; (2) lowered interference from other sugars, proteins and salts; (3) variability to allow small sample volumes and/or continuous flow; (4) a more stable color reagent solution.", "contents": "A sensitive automated procedure for the determination of glucuronic acid. A newly automated method for the detection of uronic acids, particularly glucuronic acid is described. Data showing the limitations of this method are also presented. The advantages of the method are: (1) greatly increased sensitivity compared to the carbazole methods and increased range; (2) lowered interference from other sugars, proteins and salts; (3) variability to allow small sample volumes and/or continuous flow; (4) a more stable color reagent solution."}
{"id": "PMID:134867", "title": "Measurement of some viscoelastic properties of rat skin following repeated load.", "content": "The influence of age and of corticosteroid treatment on viscoelastic properties of skin samples has been studied in rats. Hysteresis curves were evaluated with increased extension for each cycle. Maximum stress and modulus of elasticity were increased by age and by 10 days' prednisolone treatment. However, hysteresis indicating viscous properties measured by the ratio of energy dissipation versus energy input was only slightly decreased by age and almost unchanged by prednisolone treatment. The same holds true for the residual extension, another parameter of viscosity. In another experimental series the effects of repeated loading were studied. Again the parameters indicating elasticity were increased by age and prednisolone treatment but the parameters of viscosity were only slightly decreased by age.", "contents": "Measurement of some viscoelastic properties of rat skin following repeated load. The influence of age and of corticosteroid treatment on viscoelastic properties of skin samples has been studied in rats. Hysteresis curves were evaluated with increased extension for each cycle. Maximum stress and modulus of elasticity were increased by age and by 10 days' prednisolone treatment. However, hysteresis indicating viscous properties measured by the ratio of energy dissipation versus energy input was only slightly decreased by age and almost unchanged by prednisolone treatment. The same holds true for the residual extension, another parameter of viscosity. In another experimental series the effects of repeated loading were studied. Again the parameters indicating elasticity were increased by age and prednisolone treatment but the parameters of viscosity were only slightly decreased by age."}
{"id": "PMID:134868", "title": "RNA biosynthesis in the chick embryo during development and its relation to collagen synthesis.", "content": "A study of RNA synthesis in the legs and wings of chick embryos suggests synthesis of specific RNA's as a function of development. An increase in RNA at day 10 was followed by an increase in collagen synthesis. That RNA had a sedimentation coefficient of 23S and several of the characteristics of mRNA. Thus it appeared to contain a poly A sequence since it was retained on poly U coated-filters, it was not methylated, and its synthesis was not inhibited by low doses of actinomycin D. That RNA was found able to direct protein synthesis in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ. In the presence of that RNA, a small amount of protein was synthesized that migrated in acrylamide gel electrophoresis with the alpha chains of collagen and was partially digested by bacterial collagenase.", "contents": "RNA biosynthesis in the chick embryo during development and its relation to collagen synthesis. A study of RNA synthesis in the legs and wings of chick embryos suggests synthesis of specific RNA's as a function of development. An increase in RNA at day 10 was followed by an increase in collagen synthesis. That RNA had a sedimentation coefficient of 23S and several of the characteristics of mRNA. Thus it appeared to contain a poly A sequence since it was retained on poly U coated-filters, it was not methylated, and its synthesis was not inhibited by low doses of actinomycin D. That RNA was found able to direct protein synthesis in a cell-free system derived from wheat germ. In the presence of that RNA, a small amount of protein was synthesized that migrated in acrylamide gel electrophoresis with the alpha chains of collagen and was partially digested by bacterial collagenase."}
{"id": "PMID:134869", "title": "Effect of hydrophobic elastin ligands on the stress-strain properties of elastin fibers.", "content": "Alkyl sodium sulfates as well as sodium oleate previously shown to bind to insoluble elastin markedly decrease the tensile strength of fibers of ligament elastin. This effect correlates with the increasing number of carbon atoms in the detergent molecules. These data support previously proposed models which emphasize the importance of hydrophobic bonding to the elastic properties of this connective tissue protein.", "contents": "Effect of hydrophobic elastin ligands on the stress-strain properties of elastin fibers. Alkyl sodium sulfates as well as sodium oleate previously shown to bind to insoluble elastin markedly decrease the tensile strength of fibers of ligament elastin. This effect correlates with the increasing number of carbon atoms in the detergent molecules. These data support previously proposed models which emphasize the importance of hydrophobic bonding to the elastic properties of this connective tissue protein."}
{"id": "PMID:134870", "title": "The physical properties of elastic fibers and elastolysis.", "content": "The effects of two forms of elastase on the Young's Modulus of elastic tissue have been studied. The monomeric, calcium poor form of the enzyme lowers the value of the Young's Modulus before an appreciable amount of protein is taken into solution. The polymeric, calcium rich enzyme on the other hand degrades the protein before reduction in Young's Modulus occurs. On the basis of these observations, it is confirmed that the enzyme/substrate complex in elastolysis is formed by interaction through a co-ordinately bound calcium atom and that this atom can be derived either from the substrate, where it stabilises the molecule, or from the enzyme.", "contents": "The physical properties of elastic fibers and elastolysis. The effects of two forms of elastase on the Young's Modulus of elastic tissue have been studied. The monomeric, calcium poor form of the enzyme lowers the value of the Young's Modulus before an appreciable amount of protein is taken into solution. The polymeric, calcium rich enzyme on the other hand degrades the protein before reduction in Young's Modulus occurs. On the basis of these observations, it is confirmed that the enzyme/substrate complex in elastolysis is formed by interaction through a co-ordinately bound calcium atom and that this atom can be derived either from the substrate, where it stabilises the molecule, or from the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:134871", "title": "A stabilised tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane adduct in reduced collagen.", "content": "The reduction of collagen with sodium [3H] borohydride in the presence of Tris buffer results in the stabilization of a Schiff base adduct which is formed between allysine residues and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. The reduced, radioactive derivative of this adduct has been identified in hydrolyzates or reduced collagen. It elutes before hydroxylysine on an amino acid analyzer column close to the position of dihydroxylysinonorleucine. Similar artifacts may occur when aldehydes present in or added to proteins react with Tris or other amines prior to reduction.", "contents": "A stabilised tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane adduct in reduced collagen. The reduction of collagen with sodium [3H] borohydride in the presence of Tris buffer results in the stabilization of a Schiff base adduct which is formed between allysine residues and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane. The reduced, radioactive derivative of this adduct has been identified in hydrolyzates or reduced collagen. It elutes before hydroxylysine on an amino acid analyzer column close to the position of dihydroxylysinonorleucine. Similar artifacts may occur when aldehydes present in or added to proteins react with Tris or other amines prior to reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:134872", "title": "A convenient method for the identification and estimation of soluble elastin synthesis in vitro.", "content": "A method is described by which newly synthesized soluble elastin can be routinely and conveniently identified and estimated in vitro without the need for unlabelled carrier tropoelastin. Aortic tissue from 11 day old chick embryos is incubated in the presence of [14C] L-proline and [3H] L-valine and the distributions of [14C] proline-, [14C] hydroxyproline-and [3H] valine-labelled proteins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels are determined. Soluble elastin is identified as a [14C] hydroxyproline-labelled peak of molecular weight approximately 70,000 daltons which also incorporates large quantities of [3H] valine and has a [14C] hydroxyproline/[14C] proline ratio of about 0.2. Whereas the hydroxyproline label can be used to estimate newly synthesized soluble elastin even after several hours of incubation, similar use of the [3H] valine label is limited to short incubation times. Paradoxically, the quantity of [14C] hydroxyproline-labelled soluble elastin detected by the assay decreases with increased incubation time. This fall-off in labelled soluble elastin is not due to an increase in the rate of crosslinking of the protein over the course of the incubation. Soluble elastin is detectable both in tissue extract and medium fractions. The presence of hydroxyproline-labelled protein fragments in the medium fraction is evidence of proteolytic breakdown of collagen or elastin or both proteins. This proteolytic activity is augmented by the inclusion of serum in the incubation medium and is not inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride. The method provides a convenient assay by which factors affecting the synthesis and secretion of soluble elastin may be studied.", "contents": "A convenient method for the identification and estimation of soluble elastin synthesis in vitro. A method is described by which newly synthesized soluble elastin can be routinely and conveniently identified and estimated in vitro without the need for unlabelled carrier tropoelastin. Aortic tissue from 11 day old chick embryos is incubated in the presence of [14C] L-proline and [3H] L-valine and the distributions of [14C] proline-, [14C] hydroxyproline-and [3H] valine-labelled proteins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels are determined. Soluble elastin is identified as a [14C] hydroxyproline-labelled peak of molecular weight approximately 70,000 daltons which also incorporates large quantities of [3H] valine and has a [14C] hydroxyproline/[14C] proline ratio of about 0.2. Whereas the hydroxyproline label can be used to estimate newly synthesized soluble elastin even after several hours of incubation, similar use of the [3H] valine label is limited to short incubation times. Paradoxically, the quantity of [14C] hydroxyproline-labelled soluble elastin detected by the assay decreases with increased incubation time. This fall-off in labelled soluble elastin is not due to an increase in the rate of crosslinking of the protein over the course of the incubation. Soluble elastin is detectable both in tissue extract and medium fractions. The presence of hydroxyproline-labelled protein fragments in the medium fraction is evidence of proteolytic breakdown of collagen or elastin or both proteins. This proteolytic activity is augmented by the inclusion of serum in the incubation medium and is not inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride. The method provides a convenient assay by which factors affecting the synthesis and secretion of soluble elastin may be studied."}
{"id": "PMID:134873", "title": "Significance of peritoneoscopic examination, direct cholangiography and cytological examination of aspirated bile in the diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic malignancies.", "content": "The roles played by peritoneoscopic examination, direct cholangiography and cytological examination of aspirated bile at the time of direct cholangiography were studied in 140 patients with various biliary and pancreatic diseases. Both peritoneoscopic and cholangiographic examinations were important in detecting the lesion, and cytological examination was effective in deciding the nature of the lesion. The detection rate of the cancer cells in aspirated bile depended upon the location of aspiration in relation to that of the lesion. The closer the distance the better was the detection rate. The combined use of these three diagnostic methods contributed to correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Significance of peritoneoscopic examination, direct cholangiography and cytological examination of aspirated bile in the diagnosis of biliary and pancreatic malignancies. The roles played by peritoneoscopic examination, direct cholangiography and cytological examination of aspirated bile at the time of direct cholangiography were studied in 140 patients with various biliary and pancreatic diseases. Both peritoneoscopic and cholangiographic examinations were important in detecting the lesion, and cytological examination was effective in deciding the nature of the lesion. The detection rate of the cancer cells in aspirated bile depended upon the location of aspiration in relation to that of the lesion. The closer the distance the better was the detection rate. The combined use of these three diagnostic methods contributed to correct diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:134875", "title": "The lipid-chemical features of the biopsied human liver tissues of patients with malignant neoplastic diseases.", "content": "In order to clarify the differences in lipid metabolism between malignant neoplastic and benign cases, livers of patients were biopsied under peritoneoscopy. One half of each sample was subjected to histologic examination and the other half to lipid analyses by means of thin layer chromatography and gas lipid chromatography. Histologic examination was necessary to confirm whether the lipid metabolism in the liver of patients would be influenced by hepatic disease or not. The most significant differences between malignant and benign cases were observed when the ratio of fatty acid content of the phospholipid fraction to that of triglyceride was calculated for each patient. These ratios were over 2.20 in 40 cases out of 47 malignant neoplastic cases without benign hepatic diseases and in 3 out of 4 malignant neoplastic cases combined with benign hepatic diseases, but were under 2.19 in 35 benign cases. Moreover, 4 cases of early gastric cancer and a case of relatively early pancreatic cancer included in the malignant cases mentioned above also showed the ratios over 3.00. This finding would be applicable for the clinical diagnosis of the malignant neoplastic diseases.", "contents": "The lipid-chemical features of the biopsied human liver tissues of patients with malignant neoplastic diseases. In order to clarify the differences in lipid metabolism between malignant neoplastic and benign cases, livers of patients were biopsied under peritoneoscopy. One half of each sample was subjected to histologic examination and the other half to lipid analyses by means of thin layer chromatography and gas lipid chromatography. Histologic examination was necessary to confirm whether the lipid metabolism in the liver of patients would be influenced by hepatic disease or not. The most significant differences between malignant and benign cases were observed when the ratio of fatty acid content of the phospholipid fraction to that of triglyceride was calculated for each patient. These ratios were over 2.20 in 40 cases out of 47 malignant neoplastic cases without benign hepatic diseases and in 3 out of 4 malignant neoplastic cases combined with benign hepatic diseases, but were under 2.19 in 35 benign cases. Moreover, 4 cases of early gastric cancer and a case of relatively early pancreatic cancer included in the malignant cases mentioned above also showed the ratios over 3.00. This finding would be applicable for the clinical diagnosis of the malignant neoplastic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:134880", "title": "Hydrocephalus in Down's syndrome.", "content": "An infant with hydrocephalus, aqueductal stenosis and partial agenesis of the corpus callosum in association with Down's syndrome is reported. Review of the literature reveals that hydrocephalus is infrequent in Down's syndrome. Of special interest is the occurrence of agenesis of the corpus callosum in our patient, a lesion often reported with other chromosomal abnormalities, but not previously observed in Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Hydrocephalus in Down's syndrome. An infant with hydrocephalus, aqueductal stenosis and partial agenesis of the corpus callosum in association with Down's syndrome is reported. Review of the literature reveals that hydrocephalus is infrequent in Down's syndrome. Of special interest is the occurrence of agenesis of the corpus callosum in our patient, a lesion often reported with other chromosomal abnormalities, but not previously observed in Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:134881", "title": "[Problem of biological tolerance of vessel prostheses from dacron and synthetic fibre material].", "content": "In human beings there have been no observations of heterogenous sarcoma after application of macromolecular artificial implants although such materials have been applied for the last 25 years. Only benign granulomas and inflammatory processes have been described. This paper describes the appearance of double-refraction artificial particles in macrophages and in granulomas encapsulated in the neighborhood of Dacron arterial prosthesis and synthetic suture materials. These processes are possibly an expression of a biological discharge of the implants.", "contents": "[Problem of biological tolerance of vessel prostheses from dacron and synthetic fibre material]. In human beings there have been no observations of heterogenous sarcoma after application of macromolecular artificial implants although such materials have been applied for the last 25 years. Only benign granulomas and inflammatory processes have been described. This paper describes the appearance of double-refraction artificial particles in macrophages and in granulomas encapsulated in the neighborhood of Dacron arterial prosthesis and synthetic suture materials. These processes are possibly an expression of a biological discharge of the implants."}
{"id": "PMID:134884", "title": "Acne vulgaris: new concepts in pathogenesis and treatment.", "content": "The successful management of acne involves a careful detailing of the factors involved in pathogenesis to ensure confidence and co-operation with the now quite successful therapeutic measures available.", "contents": "Acne vulgaris: new concepts in pathogenesis and treatment. The successful management of acne involves a careful detailing of the factors involved in pathogenesis to ensure confidence and co-operation with the now quite successful therapeutic measures available."}
{"id": "PMID:134888", "title": "Lipid ordering and enzymic activities in chromaffin granule membranes.", "content": "1. The interaction of a variety of fluorescent probes with the membranes of adrenal medullary chromaffin granules is described. 2. Changes in the motional properties of the bound probes with temperature were investigated and evidence is presented which indicates that ordering of the membrane lipids occurs below 33 degrees C. 3. The ordering is characteristics of the membrane lipids and is retained by sonicated aqueous dispersions of the total lipid extracted from chromaffin granule membranes. 4. The ATPase and NADH:acceptor oxidoreductase activities of the chromaffin granule membrane have discontinuous Arrhenius temperature versus activity relationships with 'transitions' at 33 degrees C. 5. The ATPase has a second transition at 36.5 degrees C. 6. The 33 degrees C 'transition' for the NADH:acceptor oxidoreductase is removed by treatment with the detergent Triton X-100. 7. The correlation between the onset of lipid ordering and the change in activation energy of the membrane-bound enzyme activities is discussed in terms of the co-operative interactions of the different membrane components. The possible role of lipid ordering in exocytosis is discussed.", "contents": "Lipid ordering and enzymic activities in chromaffin granule membranes. 1. The interaction of a variety of fluorescent probes with the membranes of adrenal medullary chromaffin granules is described. 2. Changes in the motional properties of the bound probes with temperature were investigated and evidence is presented which indicates that ordering of the membrane lipids occurs below 33 degrees C. 3. The ordering is characteristics of the membrane lipids and is retained by sonicated aqueous dispersions of the total lipid extracted from chromaffin granule membranes. 4. The ATPase and NADH:acceptor oxidoreductase activities of the chromaffin granule membrane have discontinuous Arrhenius temperature versus activity relationships with 'transitions' at 33 degrees C. 5. The ATPase has a second transition at 36.5 degrees C. 6. The 33 degrees C 'transition' for the NADH:acceptor oxidoreductase is removed by treatment with the detergent Triton X-100. 7. The correlation between the onset of lipid ordering and the change in activation energy of the membrane-bound enzyme activities is discussed in terms of the co-operative interactions of the different membrane components. The possible role of lipid ordering in exocytosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134889", "title": "Nicotinamide-dependent one-electron and two-electron (flavin) oxidoreduction: thermodynamics, kinetics, and mechanism.", "content": "1. Biological nicotinamide-dependent oxidoreduction consists of reversible 2e- oxidoreduction of substrates. A mechanism involving subsequent 1e- steps is shown to be very unfavourable due to the high energy of the nicotinamide radical. 2. Free energy relationships provide a convenient tool, allowing one to differentiate between hydride transfer and hydrogen atom transfer. It is concluded that biological nicotinamide-dependent, as well as flavin-nicotinamide oxidoreduction, proceed via hydride transfer but not via hydrogen atom transfer. 3. In flavin-nicotinamide oxidoreduction, flavin-nicotinamide charge transfer complexes are very likely the catalytic intermediates, preceding transfer of hydride ion. The energy of the long-wavelength charge transfer transition of zwitterionic oxidized-nicotinamide/reduced-flavin complexes is strongly dependent on polarity. It is maximal in a highly polar environment. 4. 5-Deazaflavins show the high thermodynamic radical instability of nicotinamides. They have to be considered as nicotinamide analog 2e- oxidoreductants rather than flavin analogs, therefore, lacking the ability to catalyze reversible 1e- oxidoreduction, essential for many flavoenzymes.", "contents": "Nicotinamide-dependent one-electron and two-electron (flavin) oxidoreduction: thermodynamics, kinetics, and mechanism. 1. Biological nicotinamide-dependent oxidoreduction consists of reversible 2e- oxidoreduction of substrates. A mechanism involving subsequent 1e- steps is shown to be very unfavourable due to the high energy of the nicotinamide radical. 2. Free energy relationships provide a convenient tool, allowing one to differentiate between hydride transfer and hydrogen atom transfer. It is concluded that biological nicotinamide-dependent, as well as flavin-nicotinamide oxidoreduction, proceed via hydride transfer but not via hydrogen atom transfer. 3. In flavin-nicotinamide oxidoreduction, flavin-nicotinamide charge transfer complexes are very likely the catalytic intermediates, preceding transfer of hydride ion. The energy of the long-wavelength charge transfer transition of zwitterionic oxidized-nicotinamide/reduced-flavin complexes is strongly dependent on polarity. It is maximal in a highly polar environment. 4. 5-Deazaflavins show the high thermodynamic radical instability of nicotinamides. They have to be considered as nicotinamide analog 2e- oxidoreductants rather than flavin analogs, therefore, lacking the ability to catalyze reversible 1e- oxidoreduction, essential for many flavoenzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:134890", "title": "Localization and possible role of an adenosine triphosphatase in Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum.", "content": "1. Evidence is presented that the ATPase activity detected in cell extracts of Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum is bound to the cytoplasmic membrane rather than to the chlorobium vesicles. 2. The activity of this ATPase is inhibited in vitro by various carbodiimides, phloridzin and sodium azide. 3. The apparent Km for ATP is approximately 0.2 mM and the enzyme shows product inhibition by ADP. 4. Photophosphorylation, characterized in vivo, is inhibited by many of the compounds that inhibit the ATPase.", "contents": "Localization and possible role of an adenosine triphosphatase in Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum. 1. Evidence is presented that the ATPase activity detected in cell extracts of Chlorobium thiosulfatophilum is bound to the cytoplasmic membrane rather than to the chlorobium vesicles. 2. The activity of this ATPase is inhibited in vitro by various carbodiimides, phloridzin and sodium azide. 3. The apparent Km for ATP is approximately 0.2 mM and the enzyme shows product inhibition by ADP. 4. Photophosphorylation, characterized in vivo, is inhibited by many of the compounds that inhibit the ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:134891", "title": "Membrane-bound F1 ATPase from Micrococcus Sp. ATCC 398E. Purificationa and characterization ny affinity chromatography.", "content": "A chemically reactive ATP analogue, 6-[(3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl)thio]-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine 5'-triphosphate (Nbs6ITP) has been synthesized. It has the ability to form stable thioether bonds between the 6-position of the purine ring and aliphatic mercapto groups. The nucleotide moiety of the reagent has been covalently bound to agarose, via iminobispropylamine and N-acetyl-homocysteine as space with the purpose of producing an affinity chromatography material. The affinity matrix binds solubilized F1 ATPase from a crude extract of Micrococcus sp. membranes. Afterwards the enzyme can be selectively eluted from the column at a defined ATP concentration. This method is superior to the conventional purification with respect to speed and convenince of the preparation. The affinity chromatography leads in a one-step process to the same purity to enzyme, substituting several steps of the conventional method. In addition, the affinity matrix was used for binding studies. Although the presence of Mg2+ ions is a prerequisite for the hydrolysis of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates, evidence is presented indicating that the binding of the nucleoside triphosphates to highly purified F1 ATPase from Micrococcus sp. appears not to be influenced by Mg2+ ion concentrations so far examined.", "contents": "Membrane-bound F1 ATPase from Micrococcus Sp. ATCC 398E. Purificationa and characterization ny affinity chromatography. A chemically reactive ATP analogue, 6-[(3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl)thio]-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine 5'-triphosphate (Nbs6ITP) has been synthesized. It has the ability to form stable thioether bonds between the 6-position of the purine ring and aliphatic mercapto groups. The nucleotide moiety of the reagent has been covalently bound to agarose, via iminobispropylamine and N-acetyl-homocysteine as space with the purpose of producing an affinity chromatography material. The affinity matrix binds solubilized F1 ATPase from a crude extract of Micrococcus sp. membranes. Afterwards the enzyme can be selectively eluted from the column at a defined ATP concentration. This method is superior to the conventional purification with respect to speed and convenince of the preparation. The affinity chromatography leads in a one-step process to the same purity to enzyme, substituting several steps of the conventional method. In addition, the affinity matrix was used for binding studies. Although the presence of Mg2+ ions is a prerequisite for the hydrolysis of nucleoside 5'-triphosphates, evidence is presented indicating that the binding of the nucleoside triphosphates to highly purified F1 ATPase from Micrococcus sp. appears not to be influenced by Mg2+ ion concentrations so far examined."}
{"id": "PMID:134892", "title": "Localization on mitochondrial DNA of mutations leading to a loss of rutamycin-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Four cytoplasmic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae showing loss of mitochondrial rutamycin-sensitive ATPase activity but having significant cytochrome oxidase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase have been isolated. Genetic studies indicate the mutations to be closely linked to each other and have been assigned to a new locus, PHO1. The mutations show a low frequency of recombination with the OL12 locus, suggesting a linkage to this marker. They are not, however, linked to the OLI1 locus. Linkage of the ATPase mutations to the OLI2 locus is also indicated by restoration of wild-type diploids by sigma- clones that retain the segment of mitochondrial DNA carrying OLI2. Based on the recombinants issued from crosses of the mutants with a triple drug-resistant strain and an analysis of the resistance markers present in sigma- clones that are effective in restoring a wild-type phenotype, the PHO1 locus has been placed in the segment of DNA located between PAR1 and OLI2.", "contents": "Localization on mitochondrial DNA of mutations leading to a loss of rutamycin-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase. Four cytoplasmic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae showing loss of mitochondrial rutamycin-sensitive ATPase activity but having significant cytochrome oxidase and NADH-cytochrome c reductase have been isolated. Genetic studies indicate the mutations to be closely linked to each other and have been assigned to a new locus, PHO1. The mutations show a low frequency of recombination with the OL12 locus, suggesting a linkage to this marker. They are not, however, linked to the OLI1 locus. Linkage of the ATPase mutations to the OLI2 locus is also indicated by restoration of wild-type diploids by sigma- clones that retain the segment of mitochondrial DNA carrying OLI2. Based on the recombinants issued from crosses of the mutants with a triple drug-resistant strain and an analysis of the resistance markers present in sigma- clones that are effective in restoring a wild-type phenotype, the PHO1 locus has been placed in the segment of DNA located between PAR1 and OLI2."}
{"id": "PMID:134893", "title": "A low-molecular-weight ATPase from wheat-seedling mitochondria.", "content": "An ATPase which strikingly differed from the mitochondrial ATPases of yeast and of animal tissues was obtained when wheat seedling mitochondria, or electron transport particles derived from them, were subjected to ultrasonication and treated with ammonium sulphate. The enzyme which was purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sephadex (A50) failed to be inactivated as low as 43 000. The enzyme preparation was capable of hydrolysing ADP, in addition to ATP, and several other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. In contrast to the ATPase of animal mitochondria, the activity of the wheat enzyme was almost as insensitive to oligomycin in intact mitochondria as it was after isolation from the organelles.", "contents": "A low-molecular-weight ATPase from wheat-seedling mitochondria. An ATPase which strikingly differed from the mitochondrial ATPases of yeast and of animal tissues was obtained when wheat seedling mitochondria, or electron transport particles derived from them, were subjected to ultrasonication and treated with ammonium sulphate. The enzyme which was purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 and DEAE-Sephadex (A50) failed to be inactivated as low as 43 000. The enzyme preparation was capable of hydrolysing ADP, in addition to ATP, and several other nucleoside diphosphates and triphosphates. In contrast to the ATPase of animal mitochondria, the activity of the wheat enzyme was almost as insensitive to oligomycin in intact mitochondria as it was after isolation from the organelles."}
{"id": "PMID:134894", "title": "The subunits of rabbit-muscle phosphofructokinase. A search for sequence repetition.", "content": "Rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase uniformly carboxymethylated with iodo[2-14C]acetate consists of subunits with a molecular weight of 80 000 +/- 5000. The subunit polypeptide chain contains 16 and 52 residues respectively of cysteine and arginine and, contrary to previous results, peptide mapping experiments gave no indication that phosphofructokinase chains yield fewer than the expected numbers of cysteine and arginine containing peptides. To test further for the possible occurrence of repeat sequences within a single subunit chain, cysteine-containing peptides were isolated and sequenced from tryptic and thermolytic digests of s-[2-14C]carboxymethylated phosphofructokinase. In all, 15 different cysteine sequences (comprising a total of 104 residues) were identified, showing that not more than one of an expected 16 cysteine-containing sequences is repeated, and that the subunits of phosphofructokinase are of unique sequence along their entire length. The near quantitative isolation of several cysteine-containing peptides shows further that all subunits are of similar if not identical sequence.", "contents": "The subunits of rabbit-muscle phosphofructokinase. A search for sequence repetition. Rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase uniformly carboxymethylated with iodo[2-14C]acetate consists of subunits with a molecular weight of 80 000 +/- 5000. The subunit polypeptide chain contains 16 and 52 residues respectively of cysteine and arginine and, contrary to previous results, peptide mapping experiments gave no indication that phosphofructokinase chains yield fewer than the expected numbers of cysteine and arginine containing peptides. To test further for the possible occurrence of repeat sequences within a single subunit chain, cysteine-containing peptides were isolated and sequenced from tryptic and thermolytic digests of s-[2-14C]carboxymethylated phosphofructokinase. In all, 15 different cysteine sequences (comprising a total of 104 residues) were identified, showing that not more than one of an expected 16 cysteine-containing sequences is repeated, and that the subunits of phosphofructokinase are of unique sequence along their entire length. The near quantitative isolation of several cysteine-containing peptides shows further that all subunits are of similar if not identical sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:134895", "title": "Symphysiotomy or transpubic approach to traumatic strictures of the posterior urethra.", "content": "The trans-symphyseal or transpubic approach is a useful technique which gives a very good exposure of the prostatic and membraneous urethra. We have used it on seven patients, for repair of post-traumatic strictures of the posterior urethra, complementary to the transperineal route in most difficult cases. This technique has allowed a correct anastomosis between the distal and the prostatic urethra in all these cases. The short-term results are good and no lasting orthopaedic sequelae have been observed.", "contents": "Symphysiotomy or transpubic approach to traumatic strictures of the posterior urethra. The trans-symphyseal or transpubic approach is a useful technique which gives a very good exposure of the prostatic and membraneous urethra. We have used it on seven patients, for repair of post-traumatic strictures of the posterior urethra, complementary to the transperineal route in most difficult cases. This technique has allowed a correct anastomosis between the distal and the prostatic urethra in all these cases. The short-term results are good and no lasting orthopaedic sequelae have been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:134896", "title": "Modern trends of surgical treatment in male infertility: alloplastic spermatocele in cases of excretory azoospermia.", "content": "It is demonstrated in 30 rats that implantation of a cup-shaped silicone prothesis upon the head and the tail of the epididymis can serve as an alloplastic spermatocele. The implantation of six similar protheses upon the epididymis in bulls confirms the results obtained in rats. Spermatozoa aspirated from this prothesis up to 4 months after operation showed good morphology and motility which improved: (1) the earlier they were obtained after surgery, and (2) the nearer the tail of the epididymis, the prothesis was implanted.", "contents": "Modern trends of surgical treatment in male infertility: alloplastic spermatocele in cases of excretory azoospermia. It is demonstrated in 30 rats that implantation of a cup-shaped silicone prothesis upon the head and the tail of the epididymis can serve as an alloplastic spermatocele. The implantation of six similar protheses upon the epididymis in bulls confirms the results obtained in rats. Spermatozoa aspirated from this prothesis up to 4 months after operation showed good morphology and motility which improved: (1) the earlier they were obtained after surgery, and (2) the nearer the tail of the epididymis, the prothesis was implanted."}
{"id": "PMID:134897", "title": "Long-term treatment with beta-blockers after myocardial infarction.", "content": "162 patients discharged from hospital after mycardial infarction were randomly allocated to two groups, one received alprenolol 400 mg daily and the other served as the control. The period of follow-up was two years and all other treatment given was standardized. The two groups did not differ with respect to risk factors for myocardial infarction, the course of the acute infarct or treatment during follow-up. After two years one patient in the group treated with alprenolol had died suddenly as compared to nine in the control group. During the same period four fresh infarcts had occurred in the alprenolol group compared to 15 in the control group. Both these differences were statistically significant. Only four patients were obliged to discontinue beta-blocker treatment because of suspected side-effects. Long-term post-infarction treatment with beta-blockers appears to be an effective form of secondary therapy without serious side-effects.", "contents": "Long-term treatment with beta-blockers after myocardial infarction. 162 patients discharged from hospital after mycardial infarction were randomly allocated to two groups, one received alprenolol 400 mg daily and the other served as the control. The period of follow-up was two years and all other treatment given was standardized. The two groups did not differ with respect to risk factors for myocardial infarction, the course of the acute infarct or treatment during follow-up. After two years one patient in the group treated with alprenolol had died suddenly as compared to nine in the control group. During the same period four fresh infarcts had occurred in the alprenolol group compared to 15 in the control group. Both these differences were statistically significant. Only four patients were obliged to discontinue beta-blocker treatment because of suspected side-effects. Long-term post-infarction treatment with beta-blockers appears to be an effective form of secondary therapy without serious side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:134898", "title": "A comparison between amantadine and bromocriptine using the stereotyped behaviour response test (SBR) in the rat.", "content": "Amantadine (100 mg/kg), apomorphine (2.5-10 mg/kg) and bromocriptine (10-50 mg/kg) all produced stereotyped behaviour in the rat. Apomorphine was rapid in onset and of short duration, amantadine was slower to reach a maximum and bromocriptine had a delayed onset of 50 min and a prolonged action. Amantadine and bromocriptine were antagonised by pimozide (1 mg/kg for 30 min) suggesting an action on dopamine receptors, and by D,L-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (150 mg/kg for 3 h) suggesting an indirect action. Amantadine, though not bromocriptine, antagonised apomorphine and amantadine also reversed the SBR due to bromocriptine. Pretreatment of rats with p-chlorophenylalanine (100 mg/kg twice daily for 2 days) had no effect on bromocriptine. The significance of these results is discussed with reference to the proposed mechanism of action of bromocriptine and to the use of multiple drug therapy in Parkinsonism.", "contents": "A comparison between amantadine and bromocriptine using the stereotyped behaviour response test (SBR) in the rat. Amantadine (100 mg/kg), apomorphine (2.5-10 mg/kg) and bromocriptine (10-50 mg/kg) all produced stereotyped behaviour in the rat. Apomorphine was rapid in onset and of short duration, amantadine was slower to reach a maximum and bromocriptine had a delayed onset of 50 min and a prolonged action. Amantadine and bromocriptine were antagonised by pimozide (1 mg/kg for 30 min) suggesting an action on dopamine receptors, and by D,L-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (150 mg/kg for 3 h) suggesting an indirect action. Amantadine, though not bromocriptine, antagonised apomorphine and amantadine also reversed the SBR due to bromocriptine. Pretreatment of rats with p-chlorophenylalanine (100 mg/kg twice daily for 2 days) had no effect on bromocriptine. The significance of these results is discussed with reference to the proposed mechanism of action of bromocriptine and to the use of multiple drug therapy in Parkinsonism."}
{"id": "PMID:134899", "title": "Hyperactivity induced by tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives injected into the nucleus accumbens.", "content": "Several derivatives of tetrahydroisoquinoline were injected bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens of rat 2 h after a nialamide pretreatment and activity recorded in cages fitted with photocells. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline, 6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dihydroxy-1-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-isoquinoline (tetrahydropapaveroline) and 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline caused virtually no change in locomotor activity and 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 2-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline caused only modest hyperactivity responses. However, 3-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 3-methyl-6,7-methylenedioxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline were both shown to markedly increase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Of these two compounds, the 3-methyl-6,7-methylenedioxyderivatives was most active and equalled the effectiveness of dopamine. The responses to dopamine and to 3-methyl-6,7-methylenedioxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline were both threshold at 3.125 mug and maximum at 50 mug. Both effects developed within 1-2 h and persisted for at least 6 h. The hyperactivity induced by dopamine was antagonised in a dose-dependent manner by haloperidol: propranolol and aceperone were without effect. Similar results were obtained for these blocking agents against the responses to 3-methyl-6,7-methylenedioxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline but aceperone and propranolol, in addition to haloperidol, were shown to inhibit the hyperactivity induced by 3-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline.", "contents": "Hyperactivity induced by tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives injected into the nucleus accumbens. Several derivatives of tetrahydroisoquinoline were injected bilaterally into the nucleus accumbens of rat 2 h after a nialamide pretreatment and activity recorded in cages fitted with photocells. 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinoline, 6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dihydroxy-1-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-isoquinoline (tetrahydropapaveroline) and 6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline caused virtually no change in locomotor activity and 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 2-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline caused only modest hyperactivity responses. However, 3-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 3-methyl-6,7-methylenedioxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline were both shown to markedly increase activity in a dose-dependent manner. Of these two compounds, the 3-methyl-6,7-methylenedioxyderivatives was most active and equalled the effectiveness of dopamine. The responses to dopamine and to 3-methyl-6,7-methylenedioxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline were both threshold at 3.125 mug and maximum at 50 mug. Both effects developed within 1-2 h and persisted for at least 6 h. The hyperactivity induced by dopamine was antagonised in a dose-dependent manner by haloperidol: propranolol and aceperone were without effect. Similar results were obtained for these blocking agents against the responses to 3-methyl-6,7-methylenedioxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline but aceperone and propranolol, in addition to haloperidol, were shown to inhibit the hyperactivity induced by 3-methyl-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline."}
{"id": "PMID:134902", "title": "Mechanism of action of granulopoiesis inhibiting factor (chalone). I. Evidence for a receptor protein on bone marrow cells.", "content": "Rat bone marrow cells respond to granulopoiesis inhibiting factor by a reduced incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Cells treated with low concentrations of trypsin lose their ability to respond to the factor if protein synthesis is partially inhibited by low doses of cycloheximide. Responsiveness is retained if protein synthesis is permitted after enzyme treatment. The data suggest that a protein receptor on the external surface of the target cells is required for the action of granulopoiesis inhibiting factor on bone marrow cells.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of granulopoiesis inhibiting factor (chalone). I. Evidence for a receptor protein on bone marrow cells. Rat bone marrow cells respond to granulopoiesis inhibiting factor by a reduced incorporation of tritiated thymidine. Cells treated with low concentrations of trypsin lose their ability to respond to the factor if protein synthesis is partially inhibited by low doses of cycloheximide. Responsiveness is retained if protein synthesis is permitted after enzyme treatment. The data suggest that a protein receptor on the external surface of the target cells is required for the action of granulopoiesis inhibiting factor on bone marrow cells."}
{"id": "PMID:134903", "title": "The acid mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) in secondary cultures of embryonic rat fibroblasts.", "content": "In secondary cultures of embryonic rat fibroblasts the protein-free acid mucopolysaccharides were separated by cetylpyridinium chloride fractionation and identified afterwards. The following acid mucopolysaccharides were found: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin, 2 heparan sulphate fractions, chondroitin-4-sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, and dermatan sulphate.", "contents": "The acid mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) in secondary cultures of embryonic rat fibroblasts. In secondary cultures of embryonic rat fibroblasts the protein-free acid mucopolysaccharides were separated by cetylpyridinium chloride fractionation and identified afterwards. The following acid mucopolysaccharides were found: hyaluronic acid, chondroitin, 2 heparan sulphate fractions, chondroitin-4-sulphate, chondroitin-6-sulphate, and dermatan sulphate."}
{"id": "PMID:134904", "title": "The dynamics of histoenzymatic changes in the kidney in acute poisoning with benzene.", "content": "The experiments were carried out in mice which were divided into 4 experimental groups and a control group. In the course of the experiment SD, NADH2-tetrazolium reductase; ATP-ase, G-6-P-ase and AP were observed. It was found that acute benzene intoxication causes the disturbances in the enzymatic activities of the cells of the main segment of the nephron. The impairment of tissue respiration and oxygen phosphorylation and of active transport is due to benzene intoxication. Benzene leads to injury of the endoplasmatic reticulum in the cells of the kidney.", "contents": "The dynamics of histoenzymatic changes in the kidney in acute poisoning with benzene. The experiments were carried out in mice which were divided into 4 experimental groups and a control group. In the course of the experiment SD, NADH2-tetrazolium reductase; ATP-ase, G-6-P-ase and AP were observed. It was found that acute benzene intoxication causes the disturbances in the enzymatic activities of the cells of the main segment of the nephron. The impairment of tissue respiration and oxygen phosphorylation and of active transport is due to benzene intoxication. Benzene leads to injury of the endoplasmatic reticulum in the cells of the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:134905", "title": "[Effects of 4-hydroxypentenal on the noncancerous and the cancerous ectocervix uteri hominis (author's transl)].", "content": "4-hydroxy-2,3-transpentenal (HPE) represents the 5-C-homologue of a series of hitherto unknown alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes. The marked inhibition of DNA-biosynthesis by these chemical compounds, particularly by HPE, suggests blocking of mitosis by HPE due to direct action on the S-phase. It is known that DNA-biosynthesis as well as energy metabolism are generally more disturbed by HPE in animal tumor cells (Ehrlich ascites and solid tumors, NK/Ly sarcoma 37, sarcoma 180, plasmocytoma G, murine Harding-Passey melanoma) than in normal cells (liver, kidney, jejunum, spleen, thymus); for details see BICKIS et al. 1969; RINDLER et al. 1970; KAPFER et al. 1972). After systemic administration of HPE the concentration of the cytotoxic agent in the blood caysed a bituceabke but merely selective inhibition of the metabolism in experimental animal tumors; however, it was not sufficient to produce therapeutic results. The low stability of HPE in the blood and in the peritoneal cavity is to be attributed to its affinity to SH-groups. Therefore the biological tests had to be confined to the local administration of HPE. In this histological study of the action of HPE the substance was administered directly to the human portio vaginalis uteri (ecto- and endocervix) in cases of carcinomatous alterations, in cases of non-carcinomatous affections as well as in normal portions. In this test 42 women were treated with HPE. 3 patients were observed clinically only, the other 39 cases were investigated also histologically. The histological studies were performed on the extirpated uterus (36 cases), the resected portio (1 case) and only on a conus (2 cases). In 17 of these patients examined histologically the portio was clinically free of pathological symptoms. They suffered from such more or less commonplace gynecological disorders as displacement of the uterus, incontinentia urinae relativa, uterus myomatosus, endometriosis and cystical adnexal tumors. 7 patients suffered from ectopies, 8 from Ca coli uteri, 7 were affected by invasive cancer of the cervix. 8 of the patients were older than 50 years, the others were aged between 25 and 50 years. Mode of HPE administration: 1. Application of a small HPE-soaked linen patch fixed on a Sta Seal impression of the vagina (Sta Seal=dental silicon impression paste). 2. Application by means of a small linen patch in a portio cap. The inner surface of a portio cap corresponding to the vaginal uterus in shape and size was coated with a circular linen patch. The unneeded segment was cut off. After moistening with the aldehyde (HPE) it was fit tightly to the inner surface of the cap and, in situ, to the portio surface as well. In several cases the portio  did not fill the cap completely and did not contact the tissue in the region of the os uteri. Consequently, there the aldehyde effect was lower than in the lateral regions of the portio. Therefor 3...", "contents": "[Effects of 4-hydroxypentenal on the noncancerous and the cancerous ectocervix uteri hominis (author's transl)]. 4-hydroxy-2,3-transpentenal (HPE) represents the 5-C-homologue of a series of hitherto unknown alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehydes. The marked inhibition of DNA-biosynthesis by these chemical compounds, particularly by HPE, suggests blocking of mitosis by HPE due to direct action on the S-phase. It is known that DNA-biosynthesis as well as energy metabolism are generally more disturbed by HPE in animal tumor cells (Ehrlich ascites and solid tumors, NK/Ly sarcoma 37, sarcoma 180, plasmocytoma G, murine Harding-Passey melanoma) than in normal cells (liver, kidney, jejunum, spleen, thymus); for details see BICKIS et al. 1969; RINDLER et al. 1970; KAPFER et al. 1972). After systemic administration of HPE the concentration of the cytotoxic agent in the blood caysed a bituceabke but merely selective inhibition of the metabolism in experimental animal tumors; however, it was not sufficient to produce therapeutic results. The low stability of HPE in the blood and in the peritoneal cavity is to be attributed to its affinity to SH-groups. Therefore the biological tests had to be confined to the local administration of HPE. In this histological study of the action of HPE the substance was administered directly to the human portio vaginalis uteri (ecto- and endocervix) in cases of carcinomatous alterations, in cases of non-carcinomatous affections as well as in normal portions. In this test 42 women were treated with HPE. 3 patients were observed clinically only, the other 39 cases were investigated also histologically. The histological studies were performed on the extirpated uterus (36 cases), the resected portio (1 case) and only on a conus (2 cases). In 17 of these patients examined histologically the portio was clinically free of pathological symptoms. They suffered from such more or less commonplace gynecological disorders as displacement of the uterus, incontinentia urinae relativa, uterus myomatosus, endometriosis and cystical adnexal tumors. 7 patients suffered from ectopies, 8 from Ca coli uteri, 7 were affected by invasive cancer of the cervix. 8 of the patients were older than 50 years, the others were aged between 25 and 50 years. Mode of HPE administration: 1. Application of a small HPE-soaked linen patch fixed on a Sta Seal impression of the vagina (Sta Seal=dental silicon impression paste). 2. Application by means of a small linen patch in a portio cap. The inner surface of a portio cap corresponding to the vaginal uterus in shape and size was coated with a circular linen patch. The unneeded segment was cut off. After moistening with the aldehyde (HPE) it was fit tightly to the inner surface of the cap and, in situ, to the portio surface as well. In several cases the portio  did not fill the cap completely and did not contact the tissue in the region of the os uteri. Consequently, there the aldehyde effect was lower than in the lateral regions of the portio. Therefor 3..."}
{"id": "PMID:134906", "title": "The influence of age on the wound healing of experimental myocardial infarction in rats.", "content": "In 6-weeks-old, 5-months-old and 21-months-old rats myocardial infarction was induced by coronary artery ligature. After performing the ligature the animals were administered 3H-thymidine, 3H-proline or 35S-sulphate at different times. The following parameters were determined: number of DNA- and tropocollagen-synthesizing connective tissue cells at the infarction border and at the infarction site; mean silver grain density above the nuclei or cells; duration of a cycle; number of mitoses, and incorporation of radioactive sulphate at the infarction site. In addition, the labelling and mitotic indices as well as the percentage of the standard deviation from the mean values were estimated. The following results were obtained: 1. The rate of granulation tissue formation in the necrotic zone is determined by the mitotic activity of the cells. With advancing age the cell cycles are being prolonged which results in retardation of wound healing. 2. The disturbed DNA-replication in old age is not associated with a time shift in the occurrence of the mitotic and labelling peaks. 3. With advancing age the number of fibroblasts synthesizing collagen precursors decreases. There exists no age-dependence of the 3H-proline incorporation rate, of the intracellular  transport, of the synthesis of collagen precursor and of the release of labelled tropocollagen. In all age-groups under study these processes last approximately 4 hours. 4. Collagen fibre formation is accompanied by an increased synthesis of acid mucopolysaccharides. In infarction callosities the content of acid mucopolysaccharides mostly is constant. 5. The proliferating endothelial cells have a pronounced metabolic activity and a markedly short generation time.", "contents": "The influence of age on the wound healing of experimental myocardial infarction in rats. In 6-weeks-old, 5-months-old and 21-months-old rats myocardial infarction was induced by coronary artery ligature. After performing the ligature the animals were administered 3H-thymidine, 3H-proline or 35S-sulphate at different times. The following parameters were determined: number of DNA- and tropocollagen-synthesizing connective tissue cells at the infarction border and at the infarction site; mean silver grain density above the nuclei or cells; duration of a cycle; number of mitoses, and incorporation of radioactive sulphate at the infarction site. In addition, the labelling and mitotic indices as well as the percentage of the standard deviation from the mean values were estimated. The following results were obtained: 1. The rate of granulation tissue formation in the necrotic zone is determined by the mitotic activity of the cells. With advancing age the cell cycles are being prolonged which results in retardation of wound healing. 2. The disturbed DNA-replication in old age is not associated with a time shift in the occurrence of the mitotic and labelling peaks. 3. With advancing age the number of fibroblasts synthesizing collagen precursors decreases. There exists no age-dependence of the 3H-proline incorporation rate, of the intracellular  transport, of the synthesis of collagen precursor and of the release of labelled tropocollagen. In all age-groups under study these processes last approximately 4 hours. 4. Collagen fibre formation is accompanied by an increased synthesis of acid mucopolysaccharides. In infarction callosities the content of acid mucopolysaccharides mostly is constant. 5. The proliferating endothelial cells have a pronounced metabolic activity and a markedly short generation time."}
{"id": "PMID:134907", "title": "Affinity chromatographic preparation of arterial heavy meromyosin subfragment-1.", "content": "Heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 (HMM S-1) was prepared by papain digestion of arterial myosin or actomyosin and was purified by agarose-ATP affinity chromatography. Proteolysis of crude arterial myosin suspensions was preceded by solubilization. HMM-S-1 thus obtained consisted mainly of a 90,000 dalton polypeptide and fully retained the K+- and Ca2+-ATPase of the parent myosin. Its affinity to agarose-ATP was comparable to that of skeletal muscle HMM S-1.", "contents": "Affinity chromatographic preparation of arterial heavy meromyosin subfragment-1. Heavy meromyosin subfragment-1 (HMM S-1) was prepared by papain digestion of arterial myosin or actomyosin and was purified by agarose-ATP affinity chromatography. Proteolysis of crude arterial myosin suspensions was preceded by solubilization. HMM-S-1 thus obtained consisted mainly of a 90,000 dalton polypeptide and fully retained the K+- and Ca2+-ATPase of the parent myosin. Its affinity to agarose-ATP was comparable to that of skeletal muscle HMM S-1."}
{"id": "PMID:134910", "title": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: environmental contaminant and molecular probe.", "content": "The chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans are formed as trace contaminants during the synthesis of a number of commercially important chemicals. The prototype compound of this group, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), is one of the most potent low molecular weight toxins and teratogens known, and its inadvertent dispersion in the environment has caused concern about the potential hazard to human health. In studying the biochemical effects of TCDD, it was found to be extraordinarily potent as an inducer of two hepatic enzymes: 1) delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in heme synthesis, and 2) aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, a cytochrome P-450-mediated microsomal monooxygenase. Among a series of halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins there is an excellent correlation between their toxic potency and their potency as inducers of these two enzymes. The administration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)) to certain inbred strains of mice induces aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, while other inbred strains fail to respond; and the trait of aryl hydrocarbon responsiveness is inherited as an autosomal dominant. TCDD, about 30,000 times as potent as MC, induces all strains whether responsive or nonresponsive to MC; however, the responsive strains are more sensitive (ED 50 approximately 1 X 10(-9) mole/kg) to TCDD than are the nonresponsive strains (ED50 larger than or equal to 1 X 10(-8) mole/kg). The results suggest that the mutation in the nonresponsive strains results in a ligand binding site (an induction receptor) that has a diminished affinity for MC and TCDD. The correlation among the halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins, between their potency as toxins and their potency as inducers of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, is discussed in relationship to various proposed mechanisms of toxicity.", "contents": "2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: environmental contaminant and molecular probe. The chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans are formed as trace contaminants during the synthesis of a number of commercially important chemicals. The prototype compound of this group, 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), is one of the most potent low molecular weight toxins and teratogens known, and its inadvertent dispersion in the environment has caused concern about the potential hazard to human health. In studying the biochemical effects of TCDD, it was found to be extraordinarily potent as an inducer of two hepatic enzymes: 1) delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase, the initial and rate-limiting enzyme in heme synthesis, and 2) aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, a cytochrome P-450-mediated microsomal monooxygenase. Among a series of halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins there is an excellent correlation between their toxic potency and their potency as inducers of these two enzymes. The administration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)) to certain inbred strains of mice induces aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, while other inbred strains fail to respond; and the trait of aryl hydrocarbon responsiveness is inherited as an autosomal dominant. TCDD, about 30,000 times as potent as MC, induces all strains whether responsive or nonresponsive to MC; however, the responsive strains are more sensitive (ED 50 approximately 1 X 10(-9) mole/kg) to TCDD than are the nonresponsive strains (ED50 larger than or equal to 1 X 10(-8) mole/kg). The results suggest that the mutation in the nonresponsive strains results in a ligand binding site (an induction receptor) that has a diminished affinity for MC and TCDD. The correlation among the halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins, between their potency as toxins and their potency as inducers of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, is discussed in relationship to various proposed mechanisms of toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:134911", "title": "A clip applicator for laparoscopic sterilization.", "content": "Laparoscopic sterilization using spring-loaded clips promises to reduce complications encountered with other sterilization techniques. A second-puncture clip applicator for laparoscopic sterilization has been developed which has several advantages over the single-puncture method, allowing a full visual field and more accurate placement of the clips. A description of the applicator, its assembly, operative procedure, and preliminary results are reported.", "contents": "A clip applicator for laparoscopic sterilization. Laparoscopic sterilization using spring-loaded clips promises to reduce complications encountered with other sterilization techniques. A second-puncture clip applicator for laparoscopic sterilization has been developed which has several advantages over the single-puncture method, allowing a full visual field and more accurate placement of the clips. A description of the applicator, its assembly, operative procedure, and preliminary results are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:134912", "title": "Laparoscopic recovery of sperm from peritoneal fluid, in patients with negative or poor Sims-Huhner test.", "content": "Several opinions about the importance of the Sims-Huhner test (SHT) are reported in the literature. Paradoxical are the results relative to conception following a positive or negative SHT. Pregnancy frequently occurs in women with a negative or poor SHT. This observation prompted the author to look for the presence of sperm in peritoneal fluid during laparoscopy in eight patients with a negative SHT and in three with a poor SHT. Complete evaluation was performed to rule out other infertility causes. The peritoneal fluid was aspirated from the cul-de-sac and again after washing the Douglas space and fimbriated portion of the fallopian tubes with 5 to 10 ml of normal saline solution, using a Verres needle. Samples were processed with the Sayk unit, by a special cytosedimentation technique developed for study of the cerebrospinal fluid. In six of the eight patients with a negative SHT and in the three with a poor SHT, sperm were found in the aspirate. No immature or morphologically abnormal sperm were recovered. This procedure illustrates the limitation of the long-accepted SHT in the prognosis for infertile couples. Investigations to eliminate the fixed stage in the processing are being studied to standardize the test.", "contents": "Laparoscopic recovery of sperm from peritoneal fluid, in patients with negative or poor Sims-Huhner test. Several opinions about the importance of the Sims-Huhner test (SHT) are reported in the literature. Paradoxical are the results relative to conception following a positive or negative SHT. Pregnancy frequently occurs in women with a negative or poor SHT. This observation prompted the author to look for the presence of sperm in peritoneal fluid during laparoscopy in eight patients with a negative SHT and in three with a poor SHT. Complete evaluation was performed to rule out other infertility causes. The peritoneal fluid was aspirated from the cul-de-sac and again after washing the Douglas space and fimbriated portion of the fallopian tubes with 5 to 10 ml of normal saline solution, using a Verres needle. Samples were processed with the Sayk unit, by a special cytosedimentation technique developed for study of the cerebrospinal fluid. In six of the eight patients with a negative SHT and in the three with a poor SHT, sperm were found in the aspirate. No immature or morphologically abnormal sperm were recovered. This procedure illustrates the limitation of the long-accepted SHT in the prognosis for infertile couples. Investigations to eliminate the fixed stage in the processing are being studied to standardize the test."}
{"id": "PMID:134913", "title": "[Human chorionic somatomammotropin: hCS (human placental lactogen : hPL) and estriol secretion in abnormal pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In regard to its biological and immunological characteristics, human chorionic somatomammotropin, otherwise known as human placental lactogen, can be found in its activity as a metabolism regulating hormone during pregnancy.....", "contents": "[Human chorionic somatomammotropin: hCS (human placental lactogen : hPL) and estriol secretion in abnormal pregnancy (author's transl)]. In regard to its biological and immunological characteristics, human chorionic somatomammotropin, otherwise known as human placental lactogen, can be found in its activity as a metabolism regulating hormone during pregnancy....."}
{"id": "PMID:134915", "title": "[Electronmicroscopic studies on allergic vasculitis].", "content": "Electron microscopic investigations were carried out on cutaneous lesions of different morphological appearances in 8 cases of vasculitis allergica Ruiter. The endothelial damages observed (defoliating, vacuolisation, forming of microvilli and bizarre membrane structures within the lumen, interruption of the endothelial continuity) put the question for participating of a Shwartzman phenomenon. The multilayered formation of the basement membrane or their homogeneous spreading may be a sequence of damage and a compensation phenomenon. It is quite possible that filamentous structures, being within the basal cytoplasm of the endothelial cells, represent immune-complexes. During the necrobiotic phase, the perivascular infiltrates partly consists of leucocytes, fibrin, and debris, and during the later phagocytotic phase, the infiltrates partly consists of lymphocytes and histiocytes (macrophages). The findings are explained as morphological substratum of the Arthus-reaction.", "contents": "[Electronmicroscopic studies on allergic vasculitis]. Electron microscopic investigations were carried out on cutaneous lesions of different morphological appearances in 8 cases of vasculitis allergica Ruiter. The endothelial damages observed (defoliating, vacuolisation, forming of microvilli and bizarre membrane structures within the lumen, interruption of the endothelial continuity) put the question for participating of a Shwartzman phenomenon. The multilayered formation of the basement membrane or their homogeneous spreading may be a sequence of damage and a compensation phenomenon. It is quite possible that filamentous structures, being within the basal cytoplasm of the endothelial cells, represent immune-complexes. During the necrobiotic phase, the perivascular infiltrates partly consists of leucocytes, fibrin, and debris, and during the later phagocytotic phase, the infiltrates partly consists of lymphocytes and histiocytes (macrophages). The findings are explained as morphological substratum of the Arthus-reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:134917", "title": "[Etiology and morbidity of drug exanthemas from a clinical viewpoint].", "content": "After a brief discussion of the potential errors and uncertainies of statistics about etiology and epidemiology of drug eruptions the 144 cases, seen from 1968 to 1974 in our dermatological clinic, are analysed and compared with the data from the years 1957 to 1965 respectively the quantities of special drugs, consumed during one year in Dresden city. The results are: significant increase of drugs eruptions (from 0,9% in 1957 to 1965 to 1,9% in 1968 to 1974) among the hospitalised patients; absolute and relative increase of penicillin- (36,7%) and chloramphenicolreactions (21,6%) combined with a decreasing importance of sulfonamides and barbiturates among the causes of drug rashes; increase of urticarial - and decrease of fixed exanthemas: a yearly frequency of 3 to 4 clinically treated ore diagnosticated drug eruptions/100 000 inhabitants respectively 1 to 2 chloramphenicol and 1--5 penicillin-rashes/10 000 treatments. Even if only 10% of the drug eruptions are diagnosticated by us and 90% in other clinics or ambulances the frequency of penicillin-rashes merely amounts to 1 to 5%.", "contents": "[Etiology and morbidity of drug exanthemas from a clinical viewpoint]. After a brief discussion of the potential errors and uncertainies of statistics about etiology and epidemiology of drug eruptions the 144 cases, seen from 1968 to 1974 in our dermatological clinic, are analysed and compared with the data from the years 1957 to 1965 respectively the quantities of special drugs, consumed during one year in Dresden city. The results are: significant increase of drugs eruptions (from 0,9% in 1957 to 1965 to 1,9% in 1968 to 1974) among the hospitalised patients; absolute and relative increase of penicillin- (36,7%) and chloramphenicolreactions (21,6%) combined with a decreasing importance of sulfonamides and barbiturates among the causes of drug rashes; increase of urticarial - and decrease of fixed exanthemas: a yearly frequency of 3 to 4 clinically treated ore diagnosticated drug eruptions/100 000 inhabitants respectively 1 to 2 chloramphenicol and 1--5 penicillin-rashes/10 000 treatments. Even if only 10% of the drug eruptions are diagnosticated by us and 90% in other clinics or ambulances the frequency of penicillin-rashes merely amounts to 1 to 5%."}
{"id": "PMID:134919", "title": "The importance of PAPS in determining sulfation in gastrointestinal mucosa.", "content": "The in vitro sulfation of glycoproteins, mucopolysaccharides and lipids was studied with rat stomach, duodenum and colon mucosal scrapings. In the presence of Na2 35SO4, the incorporation of label was colon greater than stomach greater than or equal to duodenum. In the presence of [35S] 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAP35S), the incorporation of label was colon = stomach greater than duodenum. The 35S was incorporated into glycoprotein, mucopolysaccharide and sulfatide. It is suggested that the availability of PAPS may be an important factor in determining the differences in sulfation previously observed histochemically in several species, namely that in vivo colonic mucosa far exceeds stomach mucosa in synthesis of sulfated polyanions.", "contents": "The importance of PAPS in determining sulfation in gastrointestinal mucosa. The in vitro sulfation of glycoproteins, mucopolysaccharides and lipids was studied with rat stomach, duodenum and colon mucosal scrapings. In the presence of Na2 35SO4, the incorporation of label was colon greater than stomach greater than or equal to duodenum. In the presence of [35S] 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAP35S), the incorporation of label was colon = stomach greater than duodenum. The 35S was incorporated into glycoprotein, mucopolysaccharide and sulfatide. It is suggested that the availability of PAPS may be an important factor in determining the differences in sulfation previously observed histochemically in several species, namely that in vivo colonic mucosa far exceeds stomach mucosa in synthesis of sulfated polyanions."}
{"id": "PMID:134920", "title": "Dynamics of sulfonylurea-induced insulin release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas.", "content": "In the isolated perfused rat pancreas various sulfonylurea drugs were tested with a basal glucose level of 1 mg/ml in the perfusion buffer and were found to cause a biphasic insulin response. NOVOCS 476, a new and potent sulfonylurea, and glibenclamide qualitatively differed from tolbutamide, glibornuride, glipizide, and glisoxepide, which were all alike in terms of the relationship between first and second phases of insulin release.", "contents": "Dynamics of sulfonylurea-induced insulin release from the isolated perfused rat pancreas. In the isolated perfused rat pancreas various sulfonylurea drugs were tested with a basal glucose level of 1 mg/ml in the perfusion buffer and were found to cause a biphasic insulin response. NOVOCS 476, a new and potent sulfonylurea, and glibenclamide qualitatively differed from tolbutamide, glibornuride, glipizide, and glisoxepide, which were all alike in terms of the relationship between first and second phases of insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:134921", "title": "The development of retinopathy in sucrose-fed and streptozotocin-diabetic rats.", "content": "Normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats have been maintained for 6--11 months on completely balanced, reconstituted diets in which the sole source of carbohydrate was either 68% corn starch or 68% sucrose. The retinal vascular system was isolated by trypsin digestion and examined histologically for the presence of tortuosity and irregularity of capillary diameter, increased PAS-positive deposits, microaneurysms, loss of pericytes, endothelial proliferation, acellularity and strand formation. None of these pathological changes occurred in normal rats fed a starch-rich diet, but all developed to a similar extent in the sucrose-fed normal rats and the starch-fed diabetic group. The changes were more severe in sucrose-fed diabetic rats after 6 months. In all groups the retinopathy progressed with time. The possibility that a factor common to both the ingestion of a sucrose-rich diet and streptozotocin diabetes in rats has been considered since, histologically, the retinopathy observed was identical both with respect to severity and rate of development in normoglycaemia, sucrose-fed and hyperglycaemia, starch-fed diabetic rats.", "contents": "The development of retinopathy in sucrose-fed and streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats have been maintained for 6--11 months on completely balanced, reconstituted diets in which the sole source of carbohydrate was either 68% corn starch or 68% sucrose. The retinal vascular system was isolated by trypsin digestion and examined histologically for the presence of tortuosity and irregularity of capillary diameter, increased PAS-positive deposits, microaneurysms, loss of pericytes, endothelial proliferation, acellularity and strand formation. None of these pathological changes occurred in normal rats fed a starch-rich diet, but all developed to a similar extent in the sucrose-fed normal rats and the starch-fed diabetic group. The changes were more severe in sucrose-fed diabetic rats after 6 months. In all groups the retinopathy progressed with time. The possibility that a factor common to both the ingestion of a sucrose-rich diet and streptozotocin diabetes in rats has been considered since, histologically, the retinopathy observed was identical both with respect to severity and rate of development in normoglycaemia, sucrose-fed and hyperglycaemia, starch-fed diabetic rats."}
{"id": "PMID:134922", "title": "Cell division and cytodifferentiation of odontoblasts.", "content": "The chronological delay of overt cytodifferentiation of odontoblasts in isochronal and heterochronal associations between inner dental epithelium and preameloblasts was analysed. The in vitro action of FUdR of tooth germs was summarised. The respective role of cell interaction and specific cell cycle was discussed.", "contents": "Cell division and cytodifferentiation of odontoblasts. The chronological delay of overt cytodifferentiation of odontoblasts in isochronal and heterochronal associations between inner dental epithelium and preameloblasts was analysed. The in vitro action of FUdR of tooth germs was summarised. The respective role of cell interaction and specific cell cycle was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134938", "title": "Plasma precursors of estrogen. III. Conversion of plasma dehydroisoandrosterone to estrogen in young nonpregnant women.", "content": "The utilization of plasma dehydroisoandrosterone for estrogen production was studied in 4 normal young nonpregnant women and in one young surgical castrate woman. The mean transfer constant for total conversion to estrogen, [sigma] DE-BU' was 0.0016 of which about one third (0.0005) could be accounted for by conversion of dehydroisoandrosterone first to plasma androstenedione which in turn was converted to estrone. The remaining fractional conversion appeared to result principally in estradiol formation via a pathway probably not involving plasma androstenedione. The conversion of plasma dehydroisoandrosterone to estrogen was similar in the surgical castrate to that observed in the ovulating women. It is concluded that plasma dehydroisoandrosterone is converted to estrogen at extraglandular site(s) but this contribution represents only a minor fraction of total estrogen production in normal young women.", "contents": "Plasma precursors of estrogen. III. Conversion of plasma dehydroisoandrosterone to estrogen in young nonpregnant women. The utilization of plasma dehydroisoandrosterone for estrogen production was studied in 4 normal young nonpregnant women and in one young surgical castrate woman. The mean transfer constant for total conversion to estrogen, [sigma] DE-BU' was 0.0016 of which about one third (0.0005) could be accounted for by conversion of dehydroisoandrosterone first to plasma androstenedione which in turn was converted to estrone. The remaining fractional conversion appeared to result principally in estradiol formation via a pathway probably not involving plasma androstenedione. The conversion of plasma dehydroisoandrosterone to estrogen was similar in the surgical castrate to that observed in the ovulating women. It is concluded that plasma dehydroisoandrosterone is converted to estrogen at extraglandular site(s) but this contribution represents only a minor fraction of total estrogen production in normal young women."}
{"id": "PMID:134941", "title": "[Effects of divalent cations on the muscle spindle of frogs].", "content": "Afferent discharges were recorded in the nerve from the isolated muscle spindle of the m. extensor longus digiti IV of the bullfrog. Discharges of about 10 Hz generated by a sustained stretch were reduced concentration-dependently when Ca2+, Mg2+ or Mn2+ (1.0 approximately 8.0 mM) was added to normal Ringer's solution containing 2.0 mM Ca2+. In terms of the decrease of discharges following the addition of Ca2+ or Mn2+ (4.0 mM), abortive spikes were observed. With an excess of Mg2+ (4.0 mM), abortive spikes were not apparent. Removal of Ca2+ from the Ringer's solution caused an increase in the rate of discharges, and normal levels were restored by the addition of Ca2+ (2.0 mM), Mg2+ (2.3 mM) or Mn2+ (1.8 mM). Application of much higher concentrations of these ions to the nerve trunk produced no alterations in the conduction of afferent discharges. It appears that Ca2+ in the external medium contributes to the inhibition of the mechanism responsible for generating afferent discharges in the muscle spindle and that Ca2+ action is not specific since Mg2+ and Mn2+ can act as substitutes for Ca2+ to regulate afferent discharges.", "contents": "[Effects of divalent cations on the muscle spindle of frogs]. Afferent discharges were recorded in the nerve from the isolated muscle spindle of the m. extensor longus digiti IV of the bullfrog. Discharges of about 10 Hz generated by a sustained stretch were reduced concentration-dependently when Ca2+, Mg2+ or Mn2+ (1.0 approximately 8.0 mM) was added to normal Ringer's solution containing 2.0 mM Ca2+. In terms of the decrease of discharges following the addition of Ca2+ or Mn2+ (4.0 mM), abortive spikes were observed. With an excess of Mg2+ (4.0 mM), abortive spikes were not apparent. Removal of Ca2+ from the Ringer's solution caused an increase in the rate of discharges, and normal levels were restored by the addition of Ca2+ (2.0 mM), Mg2+ (2.3 mM) or Mn2+ (1.8 mM). Application of much higher concentrations of these ions to the nerve trunk produced no alterations in the conduction of afferent discharges. It appears that Ca2+ in the external medium contributes to the inhibition of the mechanism responsible for generating afferent discharges in the muscle spindle and that Ca2+ action is not specific since Mg2+ and Mn2+ can act as substitutes for Ca2+ to regulate afferent discharges."}
{"id": "PMID:134942", "title": "[Effect of drugs affecting sodium permeability on the muscle spindle of frogs].", "content": "Afferent discharges of about 10 Hz were recorded in the nerve from the isolated muscle spindle of the m. extensor longus digiti IV of the bullfrog subjected to a sustained stretch. When grayanotoxin-I, ventridine or aconitine was added to the Ringer's solution, the rate of discharges markedly increased and thereafter decreased. In these terms of decrease of discharges, abortive spikes were observed. The rate of discharges was markedly decreased by the application of procaine, diphenylhydantoin, chlorpromazine or tetrodotoxin. With the latter three drugs, abortive spikes were observed in the course of decrease of discharges. Increase of the discharge rate induced by grayanotoxin-I, veratridine and aconitine was antagonized by procain. No alteration was evident in the conduction of afferent discharges, when test drugs were applied to the nerve trunk in concentrations sufficient to change the rate of discharges when applied to the muscle spindle. These results suggest that the rate of the muscle spindle discharges is closely related to sodium permeability of the membrane.", "contents": "[Effect of drugs affecting sodium permeability on the muscle spindle of frogs]. Afferent discharges of about 10 Hz were recorded in the nerve from the isolated muscle spindle of the m. extensor longus digiti IV of the bullfrog subjected to a sustained stretch. When grayanotoxin-I, ventridine or aconitine was added to the Ringer's solution, the rate of discharges markedly increased and thereafter decreased. In these terms of decrease of discharges, abortive spikes were observed. The rate of discharges was markedly decreased by the application of procaine, diphenylhydantoin, chlorpromazine or tetrodotoxin. With the latter three drugs, abortive spikes were observed in the course of decrease of discharges. Increase of the discharge rate induced by grayanotoxin-I, veratridine and aconitine was antagonized by procain. No alteration was evident in the conduction of afferent discharges, when test drugs were applied to the nerve trunk in concentrations sufficient to change the rate of discharges when applied to the muscle spindle. These results suggest that the rate of the muscle spindle discharges is closely related to sodium permeability of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:134943", "title": "Influence of cholinergic drugs on the lateral geniculate phasic waves.", "content": "The lateral geniculate phasic wave (GL wave, GLW) was studied at awaking, during the REM period of sleep (REMP) and after administration of reserpine (RSP) and parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). The GLWs were classified by the time relation to the eye movements (EMs) into three groups of the GL-preceding GLW (GLWs precede EMs or concur with EMs), the EM-preceding GLW (EMs precede GLWs) and the EM-discording GLW (GLWs not associated with EMs). Changes in occurrence of thus classified GLWs and in the EM-GLW time (time delay between EM and GLW) were examined with supplementary administration of eserine and atropine. The results were as follows: 1. During the REMP, the EM-GLW time of the GL-preceding GLW showed shortening by eserine and prolongation by atropine. On the other hand, the EM-GLW time of the EM-preceding GLW was recognized no definite affection. 2. After the administration of RSP and PCPA, the GL-preceding GLWs increased soon after the eserine injection whereas markedly decreased after atropine. In the atropine-pretreated cats, the occurrence of the GL-preceding GLWs by RSP was inhibited. These drugs exerted little influence on the occurrence of the EM-preceding GLWs. 3. These results suggest that cholinergic mechanisms underlie the production of the GL-preceding GLWs but don't play an important role in the production of the EM-preceding GLWs.", "contents": "Influence of cholinergic drugs on the lateral geniculate phasic waves. The lateral geniculate phasic wave (GL wave, GLW) was studied at awaking, during the REM period of sleep (REMP) and after administration of reserpine (RSP) and parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). The GLWs were classified by the time relation to the eye movements (EMs) into three groups of the GL-preceding GLW (GLWs precede EMs or concur with EMs), the EM-preceding GLW (EMs precede GLWs) and the EM-discording GLW (GLWs not associated with EMs). Changes in occurrence of thus classified GLWs and in the EM-GLW time (time delay between EM and GLW) were examined with supplementary administration of eserine and atropine. The results were as follows: 1. During the REMP, the EM-GLW time of the GL-preceding GLW showed shortening by eserine and prolongation by atropine. On the other hand, the EM-GLW time of the EM-preceding GLW was recognized no definite affection. 2. After the administration of RSP and PCPA, the GL-preceding GLWs increased soon after the eserine injection whereas markedly decreased after atropine. In the atropine-pretreated cats, the occurrence of the GL-preceding GLWs by RSP was inhibited. These drugs exerted little influence on the occurrence of the EM-preceding GLWs. 3. These results suggest that cholinergic mechanisms underlie the production of the GL-preceding GLWs but don't play an important role in the production of the EM-preceding GLWs."}
{"id": "PMID:134944", "title": "An analysis of the first one thousand cerebral ACTA scans.", "content": "The first 1000 ACTA Scans of the brain are analyzed. ACTA Scanning is ideal for evaluating the ventricular system and other CSF containing spaces. High density lesions, such as intracerebral hematomas are depicted with great consistency. The method is less reliable for detecting subdural hematomas. For brain tumor screening, intravenously applied contrast agents are mandatory, so that tumors with subtle density changes can be identified more positively.", "contents": "An analysis of the first one thousand cerebral ACTA scans. The first 1000 ACTA Scans of the brain are analyzed. ACTA Scanning is ideal for evaluating the ventricular system and other CSF containing spaces. High density lesions, such as intracerebral hematomas are depicted with great consistency. The method is less reliable for detecting subdural hematomas. For brain tumor screening, intravenously applied contrast agents are mandatory, so that tumors with subtle density changes can be identified more positively."}
{"id": "PMID:134945", "title": "[Super-selective cerebral angiography. III. Diagnostic use and therapeutic possibilities of the telescopic catheterization technic in the circulation area of the external carotid artery in man].", "content": "The diagnostic value and technical versatility of the previously described telescopic catheter system was demonstrated in 15 patients by super-selective angiography of the external carotid artery. It was possible in all patients to catheterise the individual branches with the F-catheter; the polyethylene-S-catheter could then be passed 3 to 5 cm, beyond the tip of the F-catheter. In almost half the patients, spasm of the injected artery was observed, particularly of the superficial temporal and external occipital arteries; this was reversed by intravenous papaverine and did not interfere with detailed diagnosis. It was usually possible to obtain filling of peripheral vessels, thereby demonstrating the territory of the middle meningeal artery, the scalp, sub-mandibular gland and the pinna. There were no complications as a result of the catheterisation. The usefulness and advantages of the telescopic catheter system for therapeutic neuro-radiological procedures, with embolisation of external branches in man, are discussed.", "contents": "[Super-selective cerebral angiography. III. Diagnostic use and therapeutic possibilities of the telescopic catheterization technic in the circulation area of the external carotid artery in man]. The diagnostic value and technical versatility of the previously described telescopic catheter system was demonstrated in 15 patients by super-selective angiography of the external carotid artery. It was possible in all patients to catheterise the individual branches with the F-catheter; the polyethylene-S-catheter could then be passed 3 to 5 cm, beyond the tip of the F-catheter. In almost half the patients, spasm of the injected artery was observed, particularly of the superficial temporal and external occipital arteries; this was reversed by intravenous papaverine and did not interfere with detailed diagnosis. It was usually possible to obtain filling of peripheral vessels, thereby demonstrating the territory of the middle meningeal artery, the scalp, sub-mandibular gland and the pinna. There were no complications as a result of the catheterisation. The usefulness and advantages of the telescopic catheter system for therapeutic neuro-radiological procedures, with embolisation of external branches in man, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:134946", "title": "[Determination of skull volume (author's transl)].", "content": "Various means for indirect skull volume determination were investigated. For this purpose--the procedure of direct measurement of skull volume was improved first, using a latex method. The examinations were carried out on 20 macerated skulls, which were x-rayed in the usual manner and stereoscopically also. Various distances and planes were then determined from the radiographs and varied calculations carried out. From these calculations it appears that skull volume can be simply determined most accurately from the product of transverse diameter (greatest width) and the area of median plane.", "contents": "[Determination of skull volume (author's transl)]. Various means for indirect skull volume determination were investigated. For this purpose--the procedure of direct measurement of skull volume was improved first, using a latex method. The examinations were carried out on 20 macerated skulls, which were x-rayed in the usual manner and stereoscopically also. Various distances and planes were then determined from the radiographs and varied calculations carried out. From these calculations it appears that skull volume can be simply determined most accurately from the product of transverse diameter (greatest width) and the area of median plane."}
{"id": "PMID:134947", "title": "[Cervical myelography with water-soluble contrast medium (Metrizamide). Technique and preliminary results (author's transl)].", "content": "Use of a water-soluble contrast medium for cervical spinal diagnosis has become possible with the introduction of Metrizamide (Amipaqque). Injection of contrast at the C.1/2 level by a lateral approach results in excellent visualisation of the cervical theca with previously unobtainable detail. This technique, which is so far not well known, allows a rapid examination and when used with the new, well tolerated contrast media provides optimal diagnostic results.", "contents": "[Cervical myelography with water-soluble contrast medium (Metrizamide). Technique and preliminary results (author's transl)]. Use of a water-soluble contrast medium for cervical spinal diagnosis has become possible with the introduction of Metrizamide (Amipaqque). Injection of contrast at the C.1/2 level by a lateral approach results in excellent visualisation of the cervical theca with previously unobtainable detail. This technique, which is so far not well known, allows a rapid examination and when used with the new, well tolerated contrast media provides optimal diagnostic results."}
{"id": "PMID:134948", "title": "[Radiological aspects of cervical chordomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological findings in two patients with histologically verified cervical chordomas are described and compared with 40 others described in the literature. There is no typical radiographic picture. Our cases showed benign-looking, extensive bone erosions of vertebral bodies and neural arches. In addition, there was destruction of the related discs and a soft tissue mass at the level of the bony lesions.", "contents": "[Radiological aspects of cervical chordomas (author's transl)]. The radiological findings in two patients with histologically verified cervical chordomas are described and compared with 40 others described in the literature. There is no typical radiographic picture. Our cases showed benign-looking, extensive bone erosions of vertebral bodies and neural arches. In addition, there was destruction of the related discs and a soft tissue mass at the level of the bony lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:134949", "title": "[Pharmaco-angiography with Priscolin in progressive scleroderma (author's transl)].", "content": "The morphological and haemodynamic findings in the vessels of the forearm and hand in 21 patients with progressive scleroderma are described. In these patients, brachial arteriograms have been carried out before instituting fibrinolytic therapy. Injections were carried out before and after intra-arterial Priscolin and the results were compared. Obliterative changes in the digital arteries are already present during the oedematous stage. Between the oedematous and advanced stages, there are vascular changes of progressive severity. In the sclerotic stage, the changes may be less marked, but more often consist of advanced obliterative vascular disease; this cannot be distinguished from the atrophic stage. The haemodynamics of the digital arteries can be influenced by Priscolin and this provides some information regarding the arterial side of the dermal micro-circulation. Even during the oedematous stage one can observe contrast stasis which is irreversible and not influenced by Priscolin.", "contents": "[Pharmaco-angiography with Priscolin in progressive scleroderma (author's transl)]. The morphological and haemodynamic findings in the vessels of the forearm and hand in 21 patients with progressive scleroderma are described. In these patients, brachial arteriograms have been carried out before instituting fibrinolytic therapy. Injections were carried out before and after intra-arterial Priscolin and the results were compared. Obliterative changes in the digital arteries are already present during the oedematous stage. Between the oedematous and advanced stages, there are vascular changes of progressive severity. In the sclerotic stage, the changes may be less marked, but more often consist of advanced obliterative vascular disease; this cannot be distinguished from the atrophic stage. The haemodynamics of the digital arteries can be influenced by Priscolin and this provides some information regarding the arterial side of the dermal micro-circulation. Even during the oedematous stage one can observe contrast stasis which is irreversible and not influenced by Priscolin."}
{"id": "PMID:134950", "title": "[The topography of the hepatic vein orifices (author's transl)].", "content": "The termination of the hepatic veins in the inferior vena cava was studied in 157 bodies. Two types of termination were observed: a cranial group close to the diaphragm with orifices varying between 4 and 25 mm., and a caudal group with orifices between 0.5 and 7 mm. In the first group, three types can be distinguished. In type I (45%) there are two, in type II (40%) there are three and in type III(15%) four hepatic veins which terminate in the vena cava. The caudal group showed no regular pattern. In performing selective angiography of the hepatic veins and during pressure measurements via hepatic vein catheters, it should be remembered that in 55% more than two ostia are present in the inferior vena cava.", "contents": "[The topography of the hepatic vein orifices (author's transl)]. The termination of the hepatic veins in the inferior vena cava was studied in 157 bodies. Two types of termination were observed: a cranial group close to the diaphragm with orifices varying between 4 and 25 mm., and a caudal group with orifices between 0.5 and 7 mm. In the first group, three types can be distinguished. In type I (45%) there are two, in type II (40%) there are three and in type III(15%) four hepatic veins which terminate in the vena cava. The caudal group showed no regular pattern. In performing selective angiography of the hepatic veins and during pressure measurements via hepatic vein catheters, it should be remembered that in 55% more than two ostia are present in the inferior vena cava."}
{"id": "PMID:134951", "title": "[Hepatic vein angiography for the demonstration of intrahepatic tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen patients with suspicion of metastases of the liver were examined in order to demonstrate the angiographic signs and the diagnostic possibilities of retrograde hepatic vein angiography. By this method, in all of our patients a scintigraphically doubtful or suspicious finding could be cleared up. Since hepatic vein angiography is superior to arteriography, sonography and scintigraphy with regard to identification of minor metastases, but is technically a complicated special examination, it should be applied as an extended diagnostic measure additionally to the other examinations.", "contents": "[Hepatic vein angiography for the demonstration of intrahepatic tumours (author's transl)]. Fifteen patients with suspicion of metastases of the liver were examined in order to demonstrate the angiographic signs and the diagnostic possibilities of retrograde hepatic vein angiography. By this method, in all of our patients a scintigraphically doubtful or suspicious finding could be cleared up. Since hepatic vein angiography is superior to arteriography, sonography and scintigraphy with regard to identification of minor metastases, but is technically a complicated special examination, it should be applied as an extended diagnostic measure additionally to the other examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:134952", "title": "[Embolisation of malignant renal tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "We have carried out embolisation of malignant renal tumours using homogenised muscle in a number of patients. Since October 1974, this has been done 22 times; in six cases the tumour was inoperable. Pre-operative embolisation of resectable renal tumours makes the operative procedures easier and reduces operative risks in older patients. Haematuria, which can cause bladder obstruction, is considered a particular indication in the presence of an inoperable tumour. Tumour growth can be reduced or there may even be regression. There were no significant complications as a result of embolisation of renal tumours with autologous homogenised muscle.", "contents": "[Embolisation of malignant renal tumours (author's transl)]. We have carried out embolisation of malignant renal tumours using homogenised muscle in a number of patients. Since October 1974, this has been done 22 times; in six cases the tumour was inoperable. Pre-operative embolisation of resectable renal tumours makes the operative procedures easier and reduces operative risks in older patients. Haematuria, which can cause bladder obstruction, is considered a particular indication in the presence of an inoperable tumour. Tumour growth can be reduced or there may even be regression. There were no significant complications as a result of embolisation of renal tumours with autologous homogenised muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:134953", "title": "[Urographic effects of different states of diuresis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 35 patients with normal renal function antidiuretic hormone (DDAVP) effected a significant contraction of renal pelvis and calices, while in 10 other cases an enlargement of the roentgenological size of the kidneys was caused by the administration of the diuretic furosemide (Lasix). These results suggest a dependence of urographic findings from the state of diuresis.", "contents": "[Urographic effects of different states of diuresis (author's transl)]. In 35 patients with normal renal function antidiuretic hormone (DDAVP) effected a significant contraction of renal pelvis and calices, while in 10 other cases an enlargement of the roentgenological size of the kidneys was caused by the administration of the diuretic furosemide (Lasix). These results suggest a dependence of urographic findings from the state of diuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:134954", "title": "[Renal toxicity of contrast media. Experimental study on dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments injecting Indian ink have confirmed the theory that postangiographic renal damage is due primarily to ischaemia. Cortical ischaemia is due to vascular spasm and sludging caused by contrast medium. Current and previous experimental findings suggest the following course in the pathomechanism: vasospasm reduced blood velocity--aggregation of erythrocytes--further deterioration in the circulation--microemboli--irreversible sludge formation--arterial and venous thromboses--ischaemic foci--necrosis or infarction. It is not possible to prevent this damage by alpha blocking sympathicolytic drugs.", "contents": "[Renal toxicity of contrast media. Experimental study on dogs (author's transl)]. Experiments injecting Indian ink have confirmed the theory that postangiographic renal damage is due primarily to ischaemia. Cortical ischaemia is due to vascular spasm and sludging caused by contrast medium. Current and previous experimental findings suggest the following course in the pathomechanism: vasospasm reduced blood velocity--aggregation of erythrocytes--further deterioration in the circulation--microemboli--irreversible sludge formation--arterial and venous thromboses--ischaemic foci--necrosis or infarction. It is not possible to prevent this damage by alpha blocking sympathicolytic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:134955", "title": "Waldenstr\u00f6ms macroglobulinaemia and intravenous contrast media.", "content": "In vivo and in vitro studies have been performed in a group of patients with immunoproliferative diseases to evaluate the risk of serious reactions due to serum jelling after intravenous injection of iodinated contrast media. Sol-jell convertion and/or turbidimetric variations have not been observed when either sera or plasmas have been mixed with variable amounts of a methylglucamine salt of ioglycamic acid (MGI) and other compounds. In addition, no side-effects have been clinically recorded in three patients with Waldenstr\u00f6ms macroglobulinaemia (WM) whose sera and/or plasmas had been studied in vitro, when they have been submitted to intravenous contrast examinations. The results suggest that there is not an evidence of a relationship between iodinated contrast media and fatal reactions due to sol-jell alterations in patients with WM and therefore a radiological examination using contrast media may be carried out in those patients.", "contents": "Waldenstr\u00f6ms macroglobulinaemia and intravenous contrast media. In vivo and in vitro studies have been performed in a group of patients with immunoproliferative diseases to evaluate the risk of serious reactions due to serum jelling after intravenous injection of iodinated contrast media. Sol-jell convertion and/or turbidimetric variations have not been observed when either sera or plasmas have been mixed with variable amounts of a methylglucamine salt of ioglycamic acid (MGI) and other compounds. In addition, no side-effects have been clinically recorded in three patients with Waldenstr\u00f6ms macroglobulinaemia (WM) whose sera and/or plasmas had been studied in vitro, when they have been submitted to intravenous contrast examinations. The results suggest that there is not an evidence of a relationship between iodinated contrast media and fatal reactions due to sol-jell alterations in patients with WM and therefore a radiological examination using contrast media may be carried out in those patients."}
{"id": "PMID:134956", "title": "[Roentgenmorphologic findings in single homotransplantation of non immunosuppressive treated canine lungs (author's transl)].", "content": "According to plain chest roentgenography correlated to needle biopsies the following grades in the course of rejection after single lungtransplantation could be evaluated. 1) Begin of rejection: perihilar alveolar infiltrate. 2) Increase of the infiltrates (positive Airbronchogram). 3) Almost total consolidation of the graft. 4) Complete consolidation of the graft, mediastinal hernia caused by the own lung.", "contents": "[Roentgenmorphologic findings in single homotransplantation of non immunosuppressive treated canine lungs (author's transl)]. According to plain chest roentgenography correlated to needle biopsies the following grades in the course of rejection after single lungtransplantation could be evaluated. 1) Begin of rejection: perihilar alveolar infiltrate. 2) Increase of the infiltrates (positive Airbronchogram). 3) Almost total consolidation of the graft. 4) Complete consolidation of the graft, mediastinal hernia caused by the own lung."}
{"id": "PMID:134957", "title": "[Painless phlebography (author's transl)].", "content": "The routine employment and wide indications for ascending phlebography for evaluating the deep and superficial systems prior to specific therapy makes it desirable that the patient should feel as little pain as possible. By using suitable measures before and after the examination, optimal position of the patient and appropriate choice of instruments, as well as local anaesthesia with a Dermo-Jet pressure injector, it is possible to render the examination almost completely painless.", "contents": "[Painless phlebography (author's transl)]. The routine employment and wide indications for ascending phlebography for evaluating the deep and superficial systems prior to specific therapy makes it desirable that the patient should feel as little pain as possible. By using suitable measures before and after the examination, optimal position of the patient and appropriate choice of instruments, as well as local anaesthesia with a Dermo-Jet pressure injector, it is possible to render the examination almost completely painless."}
{"id": "PMID:134958", "title": "[Picture quality and film mammography. I. The physical parameters of the filming system (gradation, sensitivity, definition and granularity) and the effect of exposure geometry (author's transl)].", "content": "The physical parameters of three radiographic filming systems used for mammography were analysed (industrial film without screens, lo dose system (Dupont), industrial film with lo dose screens). Their effect on image quality was studied and the influence of the exposure geometry on sharpness and detail was investigated experimentally. Geometrical unsharpness so reduces the difference in definition between screenless industrial film and a film-screen combination that the total unsharpness at the centre of the breast parenchyma of an average breast becomes approximately the same. In particular, recognition of fine detail (microcalcification) is reduced by geometric unsharpness. Final grading of the three film systems is only possible after development of a concept of film quality which takes account of the parameters of the filming system and of exposlre geometry, together with physiological and practical requirements (paper II).", "contents": "[Picture quality and film mammography. I. The physical parameters of the filming system (gradation, sensitivity, definition and granularity) and the effect of exposure geometry (author's transl)]. The physical parameters of three radiographic filming systems used for mammography were analysed (industrial film without screens, lo dose system (Dupont), industrial film with lo dose screens). Their effect on image quality was studied and the influence of the exposure geometry on sharpness and detail was investigated experimentally. Geometrical unsharpness so reduces the difference in definition between screenless industrial film and a film-screen combination that the total unsharpness at the centre of the breast parenchyma of an average breast becomes approximately the same. In particular, recognition of fine detail (microcalcification) is reduced by geometric unsharpness. Final grading of the three film systems is only possible after development of a concept of film quality which takes account of the parameters of the filming system and of exposlre geometry, together with physiological and practical requirements (paper II)."}
{"id": "PMID:134959", "title": "[New intensifying screens in clinical radiology. II. Examinations in clinical practice].", "content": "A clinically applicable procedure for testing new intensifying rare earth screens, as well as the special Siemens' screen is described. The results are related to universal screens. The film-screen combination alpha 4XD (gadolinium oxysulphide with normal, green sensitive film) results in a reduction of radiation dose to half with detail comparable with universal screens. The Siemens' special screen has similar advantages. Screens with a higher intensification factor and reduction of the mAs to one sixth results in loss of detail. This does not necessarily reduce their clinical use if they are used for appropriate purposes. The results of this clinically orientated technique agreed well with physically objective methods using lead grids. The advantages of the new screens are discussed in terms of their practical application.", "contents": "[New intensifying screens in clinical radiology. II. Examinations in clinical practice]. A clinically applicable procedure for testing new intensifying rare earth screens, as well as the special Siemens' screen is described. The results are related to universal screens. The film-screen combination alpha 4XD (gadolinium oxysulphide with normal, green sensitive film) results in a reduction of radiation dose to half with detail comparable with universal screens. The Siemens' special screen has similar advantages. Screens with a higher intensification factor and reduction of the mAs to one sixth results in loss of detail. This does not necessarily reduce their clinical use if they are used for appropriate purposes. The results of this clinically orientated technique agreed well with physically objective methods using lead grids. The advantages of the new screens are discussed in terms of their practical application."}
{"id": "PMID:134965", "title": "[Diarrhea in immunopathies].", "content": "The main symptom in immunologic diseases of the gut is diarrhea. This is true for heterosensitization as well as for autosensitization, for local as well as for generalized diseases. Since the immunopathogenetic mechanism is connected with the presence of the antigen, the manifestation is depending on its local and temporal persistence. Elimination of the antigenic factor terminates the diarrhea. In autosensitization this is not possible; therefore an antiphlogistic and immunosuppressive therapy is necessary.", "contents": "[Diarrhea in immunopathies]. The main symptom in immunologic diseases of the gut is diarrhea. This is true for heterosensitization as well as for autosensitization, for local as well as for generalized diseases. Since the immunopathogenetic mechanism is connected with the presence of the antigen, the manifestation is depending on its local and temporal persistence. Elimination of the antigenic factor terminates the diarrhea. In autosensitization this is not possible; therefore an antiphlogistic and immunosuppressive therapy is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:134966", "title": "[Amyloidosis as a manifestation and origin of presenile and senile degeneration].", "content": "1. All essential attributes of the amyloidosis in aged persons (\"senile amyloidosis\") correspond to the condition which in younger individuals develops after infections, particularly following tuberculosis and lymphogranulomatosis, as so-called secondary amyloid degeneration, and also manifests many features of the so-called primary amyloidosis, not connected with infections. 2. Amyloid depositions in the brain, cardiac muscle, and in pancreatic islets (the \"senile amyloidotic triad\") dominate the morbid anatomic aspect. However, we know no organ or tissue which necessarily remains spared. The number of involved organs and tissues, in general, increases with the progressive aging of the patients. In those persons living long enough, amyloidosis affects every individual and probably all organs and tissues. 3. Contrary to the so-called secondary amyloidosis, in many cases of senile amyloidosis the spleen, liver and kidney remain intact. 4. In the so-called Alzheimers disease, in which both clinically and pathoanatomically a particularly destructive cerebral amyloidosis in relatively young persons prevails, just as in the common senile dementia of aged persons, the brain condition is associated with a systemic amyloid degeneration of many other organs. 5. Several cerebral and cardiac lesions due to amyloid accumulations can probably be diagnosed electrographically. Thus, through these already known morbid anatomical observations we have the promise of an essential enrichment of diagnostic perspectives. 6. In general, the etiologic manifoldness of amyloidosis presently seems to be incomparable. Infections, ionizing radiation, traumatic lesions in human pathology, the introduction of chemically definable substances, infections, and stress consequent to social burdening, proved effective in spontaneous and experimental amyloid degeneration of animals. 7. The demonstration of a tuberculous infection with the help of postmortem radiographs, as well as with the employment of histologic and microbiologic procedures to provide the evidence of acid fast bacilli in calcified remnants of pulmonary foci, proved to be eminently successful methods in the exploration of causes of senile tuberculosis and amyloidosis: Tuberculosis, after its invasion of the organism in early childhood, with its toxic and immunobiologic influences, holds it under its spell for an entire, even very long life and can be considered the most frequent cause of senile amyloidosis. 8. Chromosomal disturbances, with their hereditary manifestations, or, as in cases of mongoloid idiocy, associated with individual deformations, may present as amyloidoses. 9. Amyloid deposits in human pathology may develop by the transformation of normal structures, like cartilage, osteoid tissue, vascular elastic fibers, and also from scar hyalin and from fibrin. 10. We observed the disappearance of cerebral and cardiac amyloid accumulations producing typical defects. 11. Amyloidosis represents one of the most frequent spontaneous diseases of animals...", "contents": "[Amyloidosis as a manifestation and origin of presenile and senile degeneration]. 1. All essential attributes of the amyloidosis in aged persons (\"senile amyloidosis\") correspond to the condition which in younger individuals develops after infections, particularly following tuberculosis and lymphogranulomatosis, as so-called secondary amyloid degeneration, and also manifests many features of the so-called primary amyloidosis, not connected with infections. 2. Amyloid depositions in the brain, cardiac muscle, and in pancreatic islets (the \"senile amyloidotic triad\") dominate the morbid anatomic aspect. However, we know no organ or tissue which necessarily remains spared. The number of involved organs and tissues, in general, increases with the progressive aging of the patients. In those persons living long enough, amyloidosis affects every individual and probably all organs and tissues. 3. Contrary to the so-called secondary amyloidosis, in many cases of senile amyloidosis the spleen, liver and kidney remain intact. 4. In the so-called Alzheimers disease, in which both clinically and pathoanatomically a particularly destructive cerebral amyloidosis in relatively young persons prevails, just as in the common senile dementia of aged persons, the brain condition is associated with a systemic amyloid degeneration of many other organs. 5. Several cerebral and cardiac lesions due to amyloid accumulations can probably be diagnosed electrographically. Thus, through these already known morbid anatomical observations we have the promise of an essential enrichment of diagnostic perspectives. 6. In general, the etiologic manifoldness of amyloidosis presently seems to be incomparable. Infections, ionizing radiation, traumatic lesions in human pathology, the introduction of chemically definable substances, infections, and stress consequent to social burdening, proved effective in spontaneous and experimental amyloid degeneration of animals. 7. The demonstration of a tuberculous infection with the help of postmortem radiographs, as well as with the employment of histologic and microbiologic procedures to provide the evidence of acid fast bacilli in calcified remnants of pulmonary foci, proved to be eminently successful methods in the exploration of causes of senile tuberculosis and amyloidosis: Tuberculosis, after its invasion of the organism in early childhood, with its toxic and immunobiologic influences, holds it under its spell for an entire, even very long life and can be considered the most frequent cause of senile amyloidosis. 8. Chromosomal disturbances, with their hereditary manifestations, or, as in cases of mongoloid idiocy, associated with individual deformations, may present as amyloidoses. 9. Amyloid deposits in human pathology may develop by the transformation of normal structures, like cartilage, osteoid tissue, vascular elastic fibers, and also from scar hyalin and from fibrin. 10. We observed the disappearance of cerebral and cardiac amyloid accumulations producing typical defects. 11. Amyloidosis represents one of the most frequent spontaneous diseases of animals..."}
{"id": "PMID:134967", "title": "[Treatment of the climacteric symptom complex with a new combined hormone preparation].", "content": "A total of 387 women with severe climacteric complaints were treated for a period of 4 years with a new combined hormone preparation containing 200 mg DHEAO (dehydroepiandrosterone oenanthate) and 4 mg oestradiol valerate in 1 ml oily solution. As a depot preparation it has a duration of action of about 6 weeks when administered parenterally. The therapeutic effect is as good as that of the known androgen-oestrogen combinations. There were no observations of voice changes or hirsutism as signs of virilisation. Hormone-cytological studies in all cases showed that proliferation of the endometrium in the sense of hyperplasia cannot be induced by the administered hormones. Cytologically, there is no evidence at all for an androgenic effect. With the exception of transient mastodynia, no mammary changes were observed. Curettage must be performed in existing or suddenly occurring bleeding disturbances, and continuous cytological and hormone-cytological studies are advisable.", "contents": "[Treatment of the climacteric symptom complex with a new combined hormone preparation]. A total of 387 women with severe climacteric complaints were treated for a period of 4 years with a new combined hormone preparation containing 200 mg DHEAO (dehydroepiandrosterone oenanthate) and 4 mg oestradiol valerate in 1 ml oily solution. As a depot preparation it has a duration of action of about 6 weeks when administered parenterally. The therapeutic effect is as good as that of the known androgen-oestrogen combinations. There were no observations of voice changes or hirsutism as signs of virilisation. Hormone-cytological studies in all cases showed that proliferation of the endometrium in the sense of hyperplasia cannot be induced by the administered hormones. Cytologically, there is no evidence at all for an androgenic effect. With the exception of transient mastodynia, no mammary changes were observed. Curettage must be performed in existing or suddenly occurring bleeding disturbances, and continuous cytological and hormone-cytological studies are advisable."}
{"id": "PMID:134971", "title": "[Application of the immunofluorescente (fluorescent antibody technique) in clinical immunology.--II. Application and significance (author's transl)].", "content": "The fluorescent antibody technique is nowadays mainly a technique, which is routinely carried out in all clinical-immunological laboratories. The main fields of application in clinical immunology are the determination of autoantibodies (e.g. ANA, AMA, smooth muscle antibodies, parietal cell antibodies), detection of B-lymphocytes as well as bacterial antigens (e.g. Treponema pallidum). Furthermore the demonstration of deposits of immune complexes in tissues (e.g. glomerulonephritis, periarteriitis nodosa). The presented paper shows the different fields of application of the fluorescent antibody technique. It is pointed out that the FAT could be only one out of the variety of methods in clinical-immunological investigations.", "contents": "[Application of the immunofluorescente (fluorescent antibody technique) in clinical immunology.--II. Application and significance (author's transl)]. The fluorescent antibody technique is nowadays mainly a technique, which is routinely carried out in all clinical-immunological laboratories. The main fields of application in clinical immunology are the determination of autoantibodies (e.g. ANA, AMA, smooth muscle antibodies, parietal cell antibodies), detection of B-lymphocytes as well as bacterial antigens (e.g. Treponema pallidum). Furthermore the demonstration of deposits of immune complexes in tissues (e.g. glomerulonephritis, periarteriitis nodosa). The presented paper shows the different fields of application of the fluorescent antibody technique. It is pointed out that the FAT could be only one out of the variety of methods in clinical-immunological investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:134976", "title": "Experimental measurement of microcirculation in myocardial infarction by using radioactive microspheres.", "content": "Changes in regional blood flow in myocardial infarction experimentally induced in adult dogs have been assessed before and after treatment with normal saline, heparin and a thrombolytic agent. The technic used to measure the local blood flow and its distribution is based on the sequential injection of radioactive microspheres labeled with different isotopes. The resulting data showed that an average of 2.6% of the dose given is distributed in the normal left ventricular wall. Following infarct formation, this value drops to a mean of 0.45%. No appreciable increase was noticed after six hours of normal saline administration. After six hours of heparin infusion, the regional blood flow doubled, provided that the time elapsed between obstruction and the beginning of treatment did not exceed three hours. Fibrinolytic treatment resulted in a remarkable increase of regional blood flow (up to three times that of the postinfarction state). The shorter the time between the beginning of obstruction and commencement of treatment the better the restoration in the regional blood flow.", "contents": "Experimental measurement of microcirculation in myocardial infarction by using radioactive microspheres. Changes in regional blood flow in myocardial infarction experimentally induced in adult dogs have been assessed before and after treatment with normal saline, heparin and a thrombolytic agent. The technic used to measure the local blood flow and its distribution is based on the sequential injection of radioactive microspheres labeled with different isotopes. The resulting data showed that an average of 2.6% of the dose given is distributed in the normal left ventricular wall. Following infarct formation, this value drops to a mean of 0.45%. No appreciable increase was noticed after six hours of normal saline administration. After six hours of heparin infusion, the regional blood flow doubled, provided that the time elapsed between obstruction and the beginning of treatment did not exceed three hours. Fibrinolytic treatment resulted in a remarkable increase of regional blood flow (up to three times that of the postinfarction state). The shorter the time between the beginning of obstruction and commencement of treatment the better the restoration in the regional blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:134977", "title": "Etiology of postobstructive diuresis: ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase deficit and elevated solute excretion in the postobstructed dog kidney.", "content": "A selective deficit in ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase has been shown in unilaterally obstructed dog kidneys; the deficit correlates inversely with Na+ and K+ excretion following relief of obstruction. It is postulated that the enzymatic defect may play a role in the etiology of postobstructive diuresis.", "contents": "Etiology of postobstructive diuresis: ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase deficit and elevated solute excretion in the postobstructed dog kidney. A selective deficit in ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase has been shown in unilaterally obstructed dog kidneys; the deficit correlates inversely with Na+ and K+ excretion following relief of obstruction. It is postulated that the enzymatic defect may play a role in the etiology of postobstructive diuresis."}
{"id": "PMID:134980", "title": "Biochemical variations in the matrix of human tendons in relation to age and pathological conditions.", "content": "With increasing age, the human tendon shows an increase of collagen and a diminution of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins. Similar findings have recently been reported by other authors in the tendons of mammals. Fragments of tendon affected by tendinosis, obtained dlring suture and tenoplasty operations, were also examined. Marked diminution of collagen and an increase of acid mucopolysaccharides and structural glycoproteins were found as compared with the control tendon.", "contents": "Biochemical variations in the matrix of human tendons in relation to age and pathological conditions. With increasing age, the human tendon shows an increase of collagen and a diminution of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins. Similar findings have recently been reported by other authors in the tendons of mammals. Fragments of tendon affected by tendinosis, obtained dlring suture and tenoplasty operations, were also examined. Marked diminution of collagen and an increase of acid mucopolysaccharides and structural glycoproteins were found as compared with the control tendon."}
{"id": "PMID:134984", "title": "Dysplasia of the tricuspid valve in the dog and cat.", "content": "Dysplasia of the tricuspid valve in 14 dogs and 13 cats was studied. The clinical, electrocardiographic, radiographic, hemodynamic, angiocardiographic, and pathologic findings were reviewed in each species. Alterations of the tricuspid valve complex included long, thick septal leaflets adhered to the septum; absent or short, stout fused chordae tendineae; hypertrophic fused papillary muscles; insertion of papillary muscles directly into the lateral leaflets; incomplete development of the valvular tissue; and enlargement of the right atrium and ventricle. Additional intracardiac anomalies included malformation of the mitral valve complex (5 dogs and 3 cats), ventricular septal defect (3 dogs and 3 cats), pulmonary stenosis (1 dog and 1 cat), aortic stenosis (1 dog and 1 cat), and persistent left cranial vena cava (1 dog).", "contents": "Dysplasia of the tricuspid valve in the dog and cat. Dysplasia of the tricuspid valve in 14 dogs and 13 cats was studied. The clinical, electrocardiographic, radiographic, hemodynamic, angiocardiographic, and pathologic findings were reviewed in each species. Alterations of the tricuspid valve complex included long, thick septal leaflets adhered to the septum; absent or short, stout fused chordae tendineae; hypertrophic fused papillary muscles; insertion of papillary muscles directly into the lateral leaflets; incomplete development of the valvular tissue; and enlargement of the right atrium and ventricle. Additional intracardiac anomalies included malformation of the mitral valve complex (5 dogs and 3 cats), ventricular septal defect (3 dogs and 3 cats), pulmonary stenosis (1 dog and 1 cat), aortic stenosis (1 dog and 1 cat), and persistent left cranial vena cava (1 dog)."}
{"id": "PMID:134985", "title": "Vagal afferents essential for abdominal muscle activity during lung inflation in cats.", "content": "Maintained inflation of the lung evokes abdominal muscle activity in anesthetized cats only if the vagus nerves are intact, indicating the importance of vagal receptors. The location of these receptors was determined in 14 anesthetized cats by comparing prevagotomy inflation responses of the abdominal muscles and diaphragm to the responses obtained after section of the thoracic vagi at one of three different levels. The abdominal muscle and diaphragm responses to maintained lung inflation persisted following vagotomy below the roots of the lung or denervation of the heart and great vessels. Denervation at the root of the lung, however, abolished the abdominal muscle response and the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex of the diaphragm. It is concluded that pulmonary receptors are essential for the abdominal expiratory activity, but vagal receptors in the abdomen, esophagus, trachea, heart and great vessels are not.", "contents": "Vagal afferents essential for abdominal muscle activity during lung inflation in cats. Maintained inflation of the lung evokes abdominal muscle activity in anesthetized cats only if the vagus nerves are intact, indicating the importance of vagal receptors. The location of these receptors was determined in 14 anesthetized cats by comparing prevagotomy inflation responses of the abdominal muscles and diaphragm to the responses obtained after section of the thoracic vagi at one of three different levels. The abdominal muscle and diaphragm responses to maintained lung inflation persisted following vagotomy below the roots of the lung or denervation of the heart and great vessels. Denervation at the root of the lung, however, abolished the abdominal muscle response and the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex of the diaphragm. It is concluded that pulmonary receptors are essential for the abdominal expiratory activity, but vagal receptors in the abdomen, esophagus, trachea, heart and great vessels are not."}
{"id": "PMID:134993", "title": "Short-term and serial memory in autistic, retarded, and normal children.", "content": "Experimental data on memory ability of autistic children is scarce and contradictory. It is suggested that this may in part be the result of failure to control for acquisition of the correct response before memory is tested. In the first experiment reported, acquisition was controlled in a delayed-response visual discrimination task. The performance of autistic children was compared with MA matched normal and retarded controls. Recall deteriorated with increasing delay interval in each group. There were no significant group differences. The second experiment was designed to measure the effects of interference on memory using a serial memory task. No differences were found among groups in rate of learning, although the autistic children improved significantly on the second and longer series. There was no relationship between performance on the STM and the serial memory tasks over the same time intervals for any group. The results are interpreted as supporting the view that when MA and response acquisition level are equated with normal and retarded children in a memory task, autistic children do not show any specific memory deficits.", "contents": "Short-term and serial memory in autistic, retarded, and normal children. Experimental data on memory ability of autistic children is scarce and contradictory. It is suggested that this may in part be the result of failure to control for acquisition of the correct response before memory is tested. In the first experiment reported, acquisition was controlled in a delayed-response visual discrimination task. The performance of autistic children was compared with MA matched normal and retarded controls. Recall deteriorated with increasing delay interval in each group. There were no significant group differences. The second experiment was designed to measure the effects of interference on memory using a serial memory task. No differences were found among groups in rate of learning, although the autistic children improved significantly on the second and longer series. There was no relationship between performance on the STM and the serial memory tasks over the same time intervals for any group. The results are interpreted as supporting the view that when MA and response acquisition level are equated with normal and retarded children in a memory task, autistic children do not show any specific memory deficits."}
{"id": "PMID:134994", "title": "Proton translocating ATPase of a thermophilic bacterium. Morphology, subunits, and chemical composition.", "content": "1. A stable membrane-bound ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] (TF0-F1) capable of proton translocation in reconstituted vesicles was purified from the thermophilic bacterium PS3 cultured in medium containing L-[U-14C]amino acids. 2. TF0-F1 was composed of a catalytic moiety (TF1) and a hydrophobic moiety (TF0). TF1 contained 3 polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 56,000, 3 of 53,000, 1 of 32,000, 1 of 15,500, and 1 of 11,000. TF0 contained 1 chain of 19,000, 2 of 13,500, and 5 of 5,400 daltons. TF1 was dissociated into subunits much less readily than F1. 3. TF1 consisted of 95A particles arrayed in hexagonal microcrystals. TF0-F1 consisted of a sphere (TF1) and a stalk plus base (TF0) which was buried in the membrane of the proton translocating vesicles. 4. Vesicles capable of energy transformation were formed when TF1 came in contact with the surface of liposomes containing TF0. On addition of phospholipids, the helix content of TF0 increased 3-fold. The role of F0 in forming channels for protons is discussed. 5. The amino acid compositions of TF0, TF1, and TF0-F1 were compared. TF0 was not hydrophobic, despite its interaction with phospholipids. The phospholipid composition and other properties of the proton translocating vesicles were examined. Vesicles reconstituted from a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylgly-cerol, and cardiolipin in the same ratio as in the membranes had the highest activity.", "contents": "Proton translocating ATPase of a thermophilic bacterium. Morphology, subunits, and chemical composition. 1. A stable membrane-bound ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] (TF0-F1) capable of proton translocation in reconstituted vesicles was purified from the thermophilic bacterium PS3 cultured in medium containing L-[U-14C]amino acids. 2. TF0-F1 was composed of a catalytic moiety (TF1) and a hydrophobic moiety (TF0). TF1 contained 3 polypeptide chains with molecular weights of 56,000, 3 of 53,000, 1 of 32,000, 1 of 15,500, and 1 of 11,000. TF0 contained 1 chain of 19,000, 2 of 13,500, and 5 of 5,400 daltons. TF1 was dissociated into subunits much less readily than F1. 3. TF1 consisted of 95A particles arrayed in hexagonal microcrystals. TF0-F1 consisted of a sphere (TF1) and a stalk plus base (TF0) which was buried in the membrane of the proton translocating vesicles. 4. Vesicles capable of energy transformation were formed when TF1 came in contact with the surface of liposomes containing TF0. On addition of phospholipids, the helix content of TF0 increased 3-fold. The role of F0 in forming channels for protons is discussed. 5. The amino acid compositions of TF0, TF1, and TF0-F1 were compared. TF0 was not hydrophobic, despite its interaction with phospholipids. The phospholipid composition and other properties of the proton translocating vesicles were examined. Vesicles reconstituted from a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylgly-cerol, and cardiolipin in the same ratio as in the membranes had the highest activity."}
{"id": "PMID:134995", "title": "Calcium sensitivity of abalone, Haliotis discus, myosin.", "content": "Superprecipitation was observed with abalone myosin and purified rabbit actin in the presence of calcium ions, but was not observed in the absence of calcium. The Mg-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity of abalone myosin and rabbit actin in the absence of calcium ions (EGTA present) showed about 60% inhibition as compared with values in the presence of calcium ions. The calcium sensitivity may be attributable to abalone myosin, as in the case of scallop myosin.", "contents": "Calcium sensitivity of abalone, Haliotis discus, myosin. Superprecipitation was observed with abalone myosin and purified rabbit actin in the presence of calcium ions, but was not observed in the absence of calcium. The Mg-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity of abalone myosin and rabbit actin in the absence of calcium ions (EGTA present) showed about 60% inhibition as compared with values in the presence of calcium ions. The calcium sensitivity may be attributable to abalone myosin, as in the case of scallop myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:134996", "title": "Dynein 2. A new adenosine triphosphatase from sea urchin sperm flagella.", "content": "A new ATPase electrophoretically and immunologically distinct from the dynein ATPase studied previously has been solublized and purified from sea urchin sperm flagella. This ATPase has properties similar to those of dynein ATPase. Therefore, we propose that the two ATPases be considered as dynein isoenzymes, with previously studied dynein being known as dynein 1, and the newly discovered ATPase as dynein 2. Some physicochemical and enzymatic properties of dynein 2 have been determined. The molecular weight calculated from the sedimentation coefficient (12.3 \"/- 1 S) and Stokes radius (12.8 \"/- 0.4 nm) is 690,000 +/- 70,000. The molecular weight of the high molecular weight subunit of dynein 2 has been determined to be 325,000 +/- 40,000 by Na dodecyl-SO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzymatic properties of dynein 1 and dynein 2 are similar in substrate specificity, pH optimum, and Mg2+ requirement for ATPase activity, but they differ in their Michaelis constant and in their dependence of ATPase activity upon salt concentration. Digestion of dynein 2 with trypsin yields an ATPase-containing protein fragment, similar to Fragment A obtained from dynein 1. An antiserum prepared against Fragment A from dynein 1 did not precipitate dynein 2 or inhibit its ATPase activity.", "contents": "Dynein 2. A new adenosine triphosphatase from sea urchin sperm flagella. A new ATPase electrophoretically and immunologically distinct from the dynein ATPase studied previously has been solublized and purified from sea urchin sperm flagella. This ATPase has properties similar to those of dynein ATPase. Therefore, we propose that the two ATPases be considered as dynein isoenzymes, with previously studied dynein being known as dynein 1, and the newly discovered ATPase as dynein 2. Some physicochemical and enzymatic properties of dynein 2 have been determined. The molecular weight calculated from the sedimentation coefficient (12.3 \"/- 1 S) and Stokes radius (12.8 \"/- 0.4 nm) is 690,000 +/- 70,000. The molecular weight of the high molecular weight subunit of dynein 2 has been determined to be 325,000 +/- 40,000 by Na dodecyl-SO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzymatic properties of dynein 1 and dynein 2 are similar in substrate specificity, pH optimum, and Mg2+ requirement for ATPase activity, but they differ in their Michaelis constant and in their dependence of ATPase activity upon salt concentration. Digestion of dynein 2 with trypsin yields an ATPase-containing protein fragment, similar to Fragment A obtained from dynein 1. An antiserum prepared against Fragment A from dynein 1 did not precipitate dynein 2 or inhibit its ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:134997", "title": "Isolation of a human plasmin-derived, functionally active, light (B) chain capable of forming with streptokinase an equimolar light (B) chain-streptokinase complex with plasminogen activator activity.", "content": "A functionally active human plasmin light (B) chain derivative, stabilized by the streptomyces plasmin inhibitor leupeptin, was isolated from a partially reduced and alkylated enzyme preparation by an affinity chromatography method with a L-lysine-substituted Sepharose column. This light (B) chain derivative was found to be relatively homogeneous by electrophoretic analysis in both an acrylamide gel/dodecyl sulfate system and on cellulose acetate. It possessed approximately 3% of the proteolytic activity (casein substrate) of the original enzyme, and it incorporated 0.09 mol of [3H]diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate per mol of protein. It contained 3.1 +/- 0.3 carboxymethylated cysteines per mol of protein and can be designated as a CmCys5-light (B) chain (CmCys)3. When this isolated light (B) chain derivative was mixed in equal molar amounts with streptokinase, the mixture developed both human and bovine plasminogen activator activities; the bovine activator activity was approximately 66% of the bovine activator activity of the equimolar human plasmin-streptokinase complex. Although this complex now incorporated 0.50 mol of [3H]diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate per mol of protein, its proteolytic activity, on a molar basis, was the same as the proteolytic activity of the isolated light (B) chain derivative. It was shown by electrophoretic analysis in both an acrylamide gel/epsilon-aminocaproic acid system and on cellulose acetate that the light (B) chain derivative and streptokinase forms an equimolar light (B) chain-streptokinase complex, indicating that the binding site for streptokinase is located on the light (B) chain of the enzyme. A functionally active equimolar light (B) chain-streptokinase complex was also isolated from a partially reduced and alkylated equimolar human plasmin-streptokinase complex by the affinity chromatography method. The plasminogen activator activities (human and bovine) of this light (B) chain-streptokinase complex were similar to those of the plasmin-streptokinase complex from which it was derived. Although this complex incorporated 0.70 mol of [3H]diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate per mol of protein, its proteolytic activity, on a molar basis, was only 14% of proteolytic activity of the plasmin-streptokinase complex.", "contents": "Isolation of a human plasmin-derived, functionally active, light (B) chain capable of forming with streptokinase an equimolar light (B) chain-streptokinase complex with plasminogen activator activity. A functionally active human plasmin light (B) chain derivative, stabilized by the streptomyces plasmin inhibitor leupeptin, was isolated from a partially reduced and alkylated enzyme preparation by an affinity chromatography method with a L-lysine-substituted Sepharose column. This light (B) chain derivative was found to be relatively homogeneous by electrophoretic analysis in both an acrylamide gel/dodecyl sulfate system and on cellulose acetate. It possessed approximately 3% of the proteolytic activity (casein substrate) of the original enzyme, and it incorporated 0.09 mol of [3H]diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate per mol of protein. It contained 3.1 +/- 0.3 carboxymethylated cysteines per mol of protein and can be designated as a CmCys5-light (B) chain (CmCys)3. When this isolated light (B) chain derivative was mixed in equal molar amounts with streptokinase, the mixture developed both human and bovine plasminogen activator activities; the bovine activator activity was approximately 66% of the bovine activator activity of the equimolar human plasmin-streptokinase complex. Although this complex now incorporated 0.50 mol of [3H]diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate per mol of protein, its proteolytic activity, on a molar basis, was the same as the proteolytic activity of the isolated light (B) chain derivative. It was shown by electrophoretic analysis in both an acrylamide gel/epsilon-aminocaproic acid system and on cellulose acetate that the light (B) chain derivative and streptokinase forms an equimolar light (B) chain-streptokinase complex, indicating that the binding site for streptokinase is located on the light (B) chain of the enzyme. A functionally active equimolar light (B) chain-streptokinase complex was also isolated from a partially reduced and alkylated equimolar human plasmin-streptokinase complex by the affinity chromatography method. The plasminogen activator activities (human and bovine) of this light (B) chain-streptokinase complex were similar to those of the plasmin-streptokinase complex from which it was derived. Although this complex incorporated 0.70 mol of [3H]diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate per mol of protein, its proteolytic activity, on a molar basis, was only 14% of proteolytic activity of the plasmin-streptokinase complex."}
{"id": "PMID:134998", "title": "Isolation and characterization of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor from human plasma. A novel proteinase inhibitor which inhibits activator-induced clot lysis.", "content": "A procedure is presented for purifying a novel proteinase inhibitor in human plasma whose apparent unique biological property is to inhibit efficiently the lysis of fibrin clots induced by plasminogen activator. The final product is homogeneous as judged by disc gel electrophoresis, and immunoelectrophoresis. Its molecular weight estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis or sedimentation equilibrium is 67,000 and 63,000, respectively. The inhibitor is a glycoprotein consisting polypeptide chain containing 11.7% carbohyrate. It migrates in the alpha2-globulin region in immunoelectrophoresis. The inhibitor is chemically and immunologically different from all the other known inhibitors in plasma. Inhibition of plasmin by the inhibitor is almost instantaneous even at 0 degrees, in contrast to the slow inhibition of urokinase (plasminogen activator in urine). Plasminogen activation by urokinase-induced clot lysis is inhibited by the inhibitor mainly through a mechanism of instantaneous inhibition of plasmin formed and not through the inhibition of urokinase. The inhibitor also inhibits trypsin. Consequently, it is suggested that this newly identified inhibitor is named alpha2-plasmin inhibitor or alpha2-proteinase inhibitor. A specific antibody directed against the inhibitor neutralizes virtually all inhibitory activity of plasma to activator-induced clot lysis. Immunochemical quantitation of the inhibitor was specific antiserum to the inhibitor and the purified inhibitor as a standard indicates that the concentration of the inhibitory in the serum of a healthy man is in or near the range of 5 to 7 mg/100 ml, which is the lowest concentration among the concentration of the proteinase inhibitors in plasma. The inhibitor and plasmin, trypsin, or urokinase form a complex which cannot be dissociated with denaturing and reducing agents. The formation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex occurs on a 1:1 molar basis and is associated with the cleavage of a unique peptide bone, which is most clearly demonstrated in the interaction of the inhibitor and beta-trypsin. In the complex formation between the inhibitor and plasmin, the inhibitor is cross-linked with the light chain which contains the active site of plasmin. It is suggested that, in a fashion analogous to complex formation between alpha1-antitrypsin and trypsin, the cross-links are formed between the active site serine of the enzyme and the newly formed COOH-terminal residue of the inhibitor, with cleavage of a peptide bond.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor from human plasma. A novel proteinase inhibitor which inhibits activator-induced clot lysis. A procedure is presented for purifying a novel proteinase inhibitor in human plasma whose apparent unique biological property is to inhibit efficiently the lysis of fibrin clots induced by plasminogen activator. The final product is homogeneous as judged by disc gel electrophoresis, and immunoelectrophoresis. Its molecular weight estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis or sedimentation equilibrium is 67,000 and 63,000, respectively. The inhibitor is a glycoprotein consisting polypeptide chain containing 11.7% carbohyrate. It migrates in the alpha2-globulin region in immunoelectrophoresis. The inhibitor is chemically and immunologically different from all the other known inhibitors in plasma. Inhibition of plasmin by the inhibitor is almost instantaneous even at 0 degrees, in contrast to the slow inhibition of urokinase (plasminogen activator in urine). Plasminogen activation by urokinase-induced clot lysis is inhibited by the inhibitor mainly through a mechanism of instantaneous inhibition of plasmin formed and not through the inhibition of urokinase. The inhibitor also inhibits trypsin. Consequently, it is suggested that this newly identified inhibitor is named alpha2-plasmin inhibitor or alpha2-proteinase inhibitor. A specific antibody directed against the inhibitor neutralizes virtually all inhibitory activity of plasma to activator-induced clot lysis. Immunochemical quantitation of the inhibitor was specific antiserum to the inhibitor and the purified inhibitor as a standard indicates that the concentration of the inhibitory in the serum of a healthy man is in or near the range of 5 to 7 mg/100 ml, which is the lowest concentration among the concentration of the proteinase inhibitors in plasma. The inhibitor and plasmin, trypsin, or urokinase form a complex which cannot be dissociated with denaturing and reducing agents. The formation of the enzyme-inhibitor complex occurs on a 1:1 molar basis and is associated with the cleavage of a unique peptide bone, which is most clearly demonstrated in the interaction of the inhibitor and beta-trypsin. In the complex formation between the inhibitor and plasmin, the inhibitor is cross-linked with the light chain which contains the active site of plasmin. It is suggested that, in a fashion analogous to complex formation between alpha1-antitrypsin and trypsin, the cross-links are formed between the active site serine of the enzyme and the newly formed COOH-terminal residue of the inhibitor, with cleavage of a peptide bond."}
{"id": "PMID:134999", "title": "Action of ATP-dependent DNase from Hemophilus influenzae on cross-linked DNA molecules.", "content": "The ATP-dependent DNase from Hemophilus influenzae digests double-stranded linear DNA molecules exonucleolytically while hydrolyzing large amounts of ATP to ADP. Various cross-linked linear duplex DNA molecules are partially resistant to the exonuclease action. Vaccinia DNA, containing natural terminal cross-links (probably in the form of terminal single-stranded loops), is much more slowly degraded than comparable \"open-ended\" DNA molecules, and ATP is consumed at a proportionately lower rate. It is postulated that the vaccinia DNA molecules undergo slow terminal cleavage by the single strand specific endonuclease activity of the enzyme, and are then rapidly degraded by the double strand exonuclease activity. Phage T7 DNA, containing an average of 100 4',5'8-trimethylpsoralen cross-links/molecule at random internal sites, is digested only to the extent of 2 to 3%. However, ATP hydrolysis continues at a linear rate long after DNA digestion has ceased. A stable enzyme-DNA complex is formed as demonstrated by co-sedimentation of DNA and ATPase activity in sucrose gradients. The hypothesis is advanced that the enzyme digests exonucleolytically to the first cross-link at each end of the DNA molecules where further movement is prevented. The enzyme then remains bound at the cross-links and functions continuously as an ATPase.", "contents": "Action of ATP-dependent DNase from Hemophilus influenzae on cross-linked DNA molecules. The ATP-dependent DNase from Hemophilus influenzae digests double-stranded linear DNA molecules exonucleolytically while hydrolyzing large amounts of ATP to ADP. Various cross-linked linear duplex DNA molecules are partially resistant to the exonuclease action. Vaccinia DNA, containing natural terminal cross-links (probably in the form of terminal single-stranded loops), is much more slowly degraded than comparable \"open-ended\" DNA molecules, and ATP is consumed at a proportionately lower rate. It is postulated that the vaccinia DNA molecules undergo slow terminal cleavage by the single strand specific endonuclease activity of the enzyme, and are then rapidly degraded by the double strand exonuclease activity. Phage T7 DNA, containing an average of 100 4',5'8-trimethylpsoralen cross-links/molecule at random internal sites, is digested only to the extent of 2 to 3%. However, ATP hydrolysis continues at a linear rate long after DNA digestion has ceased. A stable enzyme-DNA complex is formed as demonstrated by co-sedimentation of DNA and ATPase activity in sucrose gradients. The hypothesis is advanced that the enzyme digests exonucleolytically to the first cross-link at each end of the DNA molecules where further movement is prevented. The enzyme then remains bound at the cross-links and functions continuously as an ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:135001", "title": "Long term effects of radiation of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Total lymphocyte counts, and the percentage of T and B lymphocytes and monocytes in untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were not significantly different from those observed in normal donors. At the completion of radiotherapy, the mean total lymphocyte count of 503/mm3 was 4 SD below the mean for normal controls. Although a group of 26 patients in continuous complete remission from 12 to 111 mo after radiation treatment regained normal total numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes, they exhibited a striking T lymphocytopenia and B lymphocytosis. Concomitantly, there was a significant increase of null (neither T nor B) lymphocytes. The response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and tetanus toxoid before treatment was significantly impaired. 1-10 yr after completion of treatment there seemed to be little or no recovery of these responses. The capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond to allo-antigens on foreign lymphocytes in vitro (mixed lymphocyte reaction) was normal in nine untreated patients. However, the mixed lymphocyte reaction was markedly impaired during the first 2 yr after treatment. There was a partial and progressive restoration of the mixed lymphocyte reaction during the next 3 yr, and normal responses were observed in patients in continuous complete remission for 5 yr or more. The in vivo response to dinitrochlorobenzene was also examined. 88% (15/17) of patients initially sensitive to dinitrochlorobenzene were anergic to the allergen at the completion of a course of radiotherapy, but nine of these regained their hypersensitivity response during the 1st yr after treatment. This data suggests that there is a sustained alteration in both the number and function of circulating T cells after radiation therapy in patients with Hodgkin's disease which may persist for as long as 10 yr after treatment. The restoration of cell mediated immune functions after radiotherapy is time dependent and its kinetics may differ for various T-cell functions. The implications of these findings with respect to the state of immunological competence after radiotherapy are discussed.", "contents": "Long term effects of radiation of T and B lymphocytes in peripheral blood of patients with Hodgkin's disease. Total lymphocyte counts, and the percentage of T and B lymphocytes and monocytes in untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease were not significantly different from those observed in normal donors. At the completion of radiotherapy, the mean total lymphocyte count of 503/mm3 was 4 SD below the mean for normal controls. Although a group of 26 patients in continuous complete remission from 12 to 111 mo after radiation treatment regained normal total numbers of lymphocytes and monocytes, they exhibited a striking T lymphocytopenia and B lymphocytosis. Concomitantly, there was a significant increase of null (neither T nor B) lymphocytes. The response of peripheral blood lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and tetanus toxoid before treatment was significantly impaired. 1-10 yr after completion of treatment there seemed to be little or no recovery of these responses. The capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond to allo-antigens on foreign lymphocytes in vitro (mixed lymphocyte reaction) was normal in nine untreated patients. However, the mixed lymphocyte reaction was markedly impaired during the first 2 yr after treatment. There was a partial and progressive restoration of the mixed lymphocyte reaction during the next 3 yr, and normal responses were observed in patients in continuous complete remission for 5 yr or more. The in vivo response to dinitrochlorobenzene was also examined. 88% (15/17) of patients initially sensitive to dinitrochlorobenzene were anergic to the allergen at the completion of a course of radiotherapy, but nine of these regained their hypersensitivity response during the 1st yr after treatment. This data suggests that there is a sustained alteration in both the number and function of circulating T cells after radiation therapy in patients with Hodgkin's disease which may persist for as long as 10 yr after treatment. The restoration of cell mediated immune functions after radiotherapy is time dependent and its kinetics may differ for various T-cell functions. The implications of these findings with respect to the state of immunological competence after radiotherapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135002", "title": "Glomerular basement membrane: biosynthesis and chemical composition in the streptozotocin diabetic rat.", "content": "To study the effect of streptozotocin induced diabetes on glomerular basement membrane (GBM) synthesis, an isolated rat glomerular preparation has been developed, and its metabolic properties have been defined. The chemical composition of normal rat GBM isolated from this preparation closely resembles human GBM. Incubation with [U-14C] lysine leads to prompt incorporation of label into GBM and the subsequent appearance of labeled hydroxylysine. A 1-h lag before detection of labeled hydroxylysine in GBM suggests a delay in the release of GBM precursors. Significantly lower counts appeared in the nondialyzable fraction of the medium than in insoluble GBM during pulse-chase experiments, and labeled hydroxylysine accounted for a lower portion of the total counts in the medium (0.85%) than in the GBM (1.98%). Isolated glomeruli were prepared from streptozotocin diabetic rats of 4-6 wks duration. After incubation with [ U-14C] lysine recovery of label in diabetic GBM (88.98+/-8.26 nmol/g GBM) did not differ from age matched controls (82.52 +/- 8.26 nmol/g GBM). In pulse-chase experiments recovery of label in hydroxylysine of diabetic GBM (o.473 +/- 0.082 nmol/g GBM) did not differ from age matched controls (0567+/-0.065 nmol/g GBM). These findings indicate normal rates of GBM synthesis and hydroxylation of lysine residues in animals with streptozotocin diabetes.", "contents": "Glomerular basement membrane: biosynthesis and chemical composition in the streptozotocin diabetic rat. To study the effect of streptozotocin induced diabetes on glomerular basement membrane (GBM) synthesis, an isolated rat glomerular preparation has been developed, and its metabolic properties have been defined. The chemical composition of normal rat GBM isolated from this preparation closely resembles human GBM. Incubation with [U-14C] lysine leads to prompt incorporation of label into GBM and the subsequent appearance of labeled hydroxylysine. A 1-h lag before detection of labeled hydroxylysine in GBM suggests a delay in the release of GBM precursors. Significantly lower counts appeared in the nondialyzable fraction of the medium than in insoluble GBM during pulse-chase experiments, and labeled hydroxylysine accounted for a lower portion of the total counts in the medium (0.85%) than in the GBM (1.98%). Isolated glomeruli were prepared from streptozotocin diabetic rats of 4-6 wks duration. After incubation with [ U-14C] lysine recovery of label in diabetic GBM (88.98+/-8.26 nmol/g GBM) did not differ from age matched controls (82.52 +/- 8.26 nmol/g GBM). In pulse-chase experiments recovery of label in hydroxylysine of diabetic GBM (o.473 +/- 0.082 nmol/g GBM) did not differ from age matched controls (0567+/-0.065 nmol/g GBM). These findings indicate normal rates of GBM synthesis and hydroxylation of lysine residues in animals with streptozotocin diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:135003", "title": "Screening for fetal chromosome aberrations in early pregnancy.", "content": "Seven years' experience in prenatal screening for fetal chromosome aberrations in the west of Scotland is reviewed. Fetal chromosome analysis was undertaken in 716 pregnancies, 49% of which were judged to be at substantial risk of a fetal chromosome aberration. A chromosome aberration was found in 26 pregnancies, 14 of which were sufficiently severe to justify termination: the latter included nine cases of trisomic Down's syndrome, two cases of translocation, two cases of XXY Klinefelter's syndrome and one case of the triple-X syndrome. Ten pregnancies with balanced fetal chromosomal translocations and two with extra, small metacentric chromosomes of no clinical significance continued normally in pregnancy. Prenatal diagnosis permitted many mothers at risk the opportunity of having a family which otherwise they would not have attempted, and saved a number of pregnancies which would have been terminated solely on the risk, rather than the diagnosis, of fetal abnormality. An unexpectedly high frequency (6-6%) of severe fetal chromosome aberrations was found in pregnancies of mothers aged 40 years and over. In the maternal age groups 35-39 years the frequency was 1-4%. It is concluded that specialized cytogenetic facilities are urgently required to allow older mothers the option of prenatal screening. This is also required for younger mothers who have previously had a child with Down's syndrome, and for families at risk of chromosomal translocation and X-linked disease. Prenatal screening is best provided on a regional basis by a department of medical genetics experienced in genetic counselling, human cytogenetics, and cell culture techniques, working in close collaboration with obstetrical colleagues and the ultrasound department.", "contents": "Screening for fetal chromosome aberrations in early pregnancy. Seven years' experience in prenatal screening for fetal chromosome aberrations in the west of Scotland is reviewed. Fetal chromosome analysis was undertaken in 716 pregnancies, 49% of which were judged to be at substantial risk of a fetal chromosome aberration. A chromosome aberration was found in 26 pregnancies, 14 of which were sufficiently severe to justify termination: the latter included nine cases of trisomic Down's syndrome, two cases of translocation, two cases of XXY Klinefelter's syndrome and one case of the triple-X syndrome. Ten pregnancies with balanced fetal chromosomal translocations and two with extra, small metacentric chromosomes of no clinical significance continued normally in pregnancy. Prenatal diagnosis permitted many mothers at risk the opportunity of having a family which otherwise they would not have attempted, and saved a number of pregnancies which would have been terminated solely on the risk, rather than the diagnosis, of fetal abnormality. An unexpectedly high frequency (6-6%) of severe fetal chromosome aberrations was found in pregnancies of mothers aged 40 years and over. In the maternal age groups 35-39 years the frequency was 1-4%. It is concluded that specialized cytogenetic facilities are urgently required to allow older mothers the option of prenatal screening. This is also required for younger mothers who have previously had a child with Down's syndrome, and for families at risk of chromosomal translocation and X-linked disease. Prenatal screening is best provided on a regional basis by a department of medical genetics experienced in genetic counselling, human cytogenetics, and cell culture techniques, working in close collaboration with obstetrical colleagues and the ultrasound department."}
{"id": "PMID:135004", "title": "Similarities in the physiological bases of an abnormal grooming behavior in thyroidectomized cats and in cats with lesions of the central nervous system.", "content": "Thyroidectomized cats display a dissociation of the appetitive and consummatory components of grooming behavior when the body surface is tactually stimulated, an abnormal behavior that also occurs in cats with pontile or frontal neocortical lesions. Systemic administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) abolishes the abnormal behavior, whereas dihydroxyphenylalanine administration does not, and p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) administration induces the abnormal grooming behavior in thyroidectomized cats that are not displaying the abnormal behavior because of spontaneous seasonal reversions. Microinjections of 5-HTP or serotonin into the superior colliculi also abolish the abnormal grooming behavior in thyroidectomized cats. Lesions of the superior colliculi prevent the development of the abnormal behavior after thyroidectomy, even with PCPA treatment. These pharmacological results in thyroidectomized cats parallel the behavioral effects observed in cats with pontile or frontal neocortical lesions.", "contents": "Similarities in the physiological bases of an abnormal grooming behavior in thyroidectomized cats and in cats with lesions of the central nervous system. Thyroidectomized cats display a dissociation of the appetitive and consummatory components of grooming behavior when the body surface is tactually stimulated, an abnormal behavior that also occurs in cats with pontile or frontal neocortical lesions. Systemic administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) abolishes the abnormal behavior, whereas dihydroxyphenylalanine administration does not, and p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) administration induces the abnormal grooming behavior in thyroidectomized cats that are not displaying the abnormal behavior because of spontaneous seasonal reversions. Microinjections of 5-HTP or serotonin into the superior colliculi also abolish the abnormal grooming behavior in thyroidectomized cats. Lesions of the superior colliculi prevent the development of the abnormal behavior after thyroidectomy, even with PCPA treatment. These pharmacological results in thyroidectomized cats parallel the behavioral effects observed in cats with pontile or frontal neocortical lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:135009", "title": "Water fluoridation and congenital malformations: no association.", "content": "The incidence of selected congenital malformations in areas with fluoride supplementation of public water supplies was compared with the incidence in areas where the water supply is deficient in fluoride. Comparison of the incidences of several common birth defects (including Down's syndrome) in fluoridated and nonfluoridated areas revealed no substantial or significant differences in which there was a consistent pattern for both sets of data.", "contents": "Water fluoridation and congenital malformations: no association. The incidence of selected congenital malformations in areas with fluoride supplementation of public water supplies was compared with the incidence in areas where the water supply is deficient in fluoride. Comparison of the incidences of several common birth defects (including Down's syndrome) in fluoridated and nonfluoridated areas revealed no substantial or significant differences in which there was a consistent pattern for both sets of data."}
{"id": "PMID:135006", "title": "A review of controlled surveys of dental disease in handicapped persons.", "content": "The need is demonstrated for large scale, definitive, standardized epidemiologic investigations of dental disease in those handicapped groups for whom this information is unavailable. Treatment needs of all groups should also be assessed, because this is not readily deduced from the indices of dental disease reviewed in this article. While a preventive orientation in dental care for the handicapped is most desirable, it must be emphasized that priorities in prevention and treatment should focus as much on periodontal disease as on caries, and due consideration must also be given to malocclusion. Current methods of preventing periodontal disease in the handicapped are quite inadequate.", "contents": "A review of controlled surveys of dental disease in handicapped persons. The need is demonstrated for large scale, definitive, standardized epidemiologic investigations of dental disease in those handicapped groups for whom this information is unavailable. Treatment needs of all groups should also be assessed, because this is not readily deduced from the indices of dental disease reviewed in this article. While a preventive orientation in dental care for the handicapped is most desirable, it must be emphasized that priorities in prevention and treatment should focus as much on periodontal disease as on caries, and due consideration must also be given to malocclusion. Current methods of preventing periodontal disease in the handicapped are quite inadequate."}
{"id": "PMID:135011", "title": "Intact humoral and cell-mediated immunity in chronic marijuana smoking.", "content": "The immune system of 12 healthy chronic marijuana-smoking adults was evaluated while they smoked marijuana daily for 64 consecutive days under controlled hospitalized conditions. Studies included enumeration of B and T cell subpopulations, lymphocyte proliferative responses to PHA and to allogeneic cells, and serum immunoglobulin levels. Percent B cells, initially low in 2 patients, became normal. Baseline total B cells, determined either by surface immunoglobulins (338 cells/mm3 +/- 60 SEM) or complement receptors (162 cells/mms +/- 27) were significantly (p less than 0.05) less than control but increased to normal (485 +/- 97 and 239 +/- 47) over time. Percent T cells, initially low (less than 40%) in 4 patients, became normal. Baseline T cells (951 cells/mm3 +/- 70 SEM), significantly lower than controls (2,010 +/- 210, p less than 0.05), increased to normal by day 63 (1,875 +/- 281). In vitro lymphocyte response to graded doses of PHA and to allogeneic cells was normal initially and did not change over time. Serum IgG (1,064 +/- 33), IgA (166 +/- 13), and IgM (96 +/- 6) were normal. Serum IgE levels increased in 4 subjects without evidence of allergy. Short-term chronic marijuana use does not have a substantial adverse effect on B or T cells of young healthy adults.", "contents": "Intact humoral and cell-mediated immunity in chronic marijuana smoking. The immune system of 12 healthy chronic marijuana-smoking adults was evaluated while they smoked marijuana daily for 64 consecutive days under controlled hospitalized conditions. Studies included enumeration of B and T cell subpopulations, lymphocyte proliferative responses to PHA and to allogeneic cells, and serum immunoglobulin levels. Percent B cells, initially low in 2 patients, became normal. Baseline total B cells, determined either by surface immunoglobulins (338 cells/mm3 +/- 60 SEM) or complement receptors (162 cells/mms +/- 27) were significantly (p less than 0.05) less than control but increased to normal (485 +/- 97 and 239 +/- 47) over time. Percent T cells, initially low (less than 40%) in 4 patients, became normal. Baseline T cells (951 cells/mm3 +/- 70 SEM), significantly lower than controls (2,010 +/- 210, p less than 0.05), increased to normal by day 63 (1,875 +/- 281). In vitro lymphocyte response to graded doses of PHA and to allogeneic cells was normal initially and did not change over time. Serum IgG (1,064 +/- 33), IgA (166 +/- 13), and IgM (96 +/- 6) were normal. Serum IgE levels increased in 4 subjects without evidence of allergy. Short-term chronic marijuana use does not have a substantial adverse effect on B or T cells of young healthy adults."}
{"id": "PMID:135007", "title": "Periodontal disease among children with Down's syndrome and their siblings.", "content": "The prevalence and severity of periodontal disease were determined in a group of individuals with Down's syndrome and a group of their selected siblings. Prevalence and severity of the disease were measured by the PI of Russell and were greatest in the children with Down's syndrome--more than threefold greater. The siblings demonstrated an experience not unlike that of the US population.", "contents": "Periodontal disease among children with Down's syndrome and their siblings. The prevalence and severity of periodontal disease were determined in a group of individuals with Down's syndrome and a group of their selected siblings. Prevalence and severity of the disease were measured by the PI of Russell and were greatest in the children with Down's syndrome--more than threefold greater. The siblings demonstrated an experience not unlike that of the US population."}
{"id": "PMID:135008", "title": "Developmental changes of calcium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase in rat submandibular gland.", "content": "Developmental changes in Ca2-+ ATPase activity were determined in submandibular glands of the rat from the fetus to the 300-day-old rat. Ca2+-ATPase in the homogenate fraction showed a rapid increase from the fetus to the 5-day-old rat, and from the 20- to 30-day-old rat. In the microsomal fraction, enzyme activity increased from the fetus to the 10-day-old rat, and after that is remained at almost the same level. Oscillatory phenomena of Ca2+-ATPase were observed in zymogen and mitochondrial fractions.", "contents": "Developmental changes of calcium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase in rat submandibular gland. Developmental changes in Ca2-+ ATPase activity were determined in submandibular glands of the rat from the fetus to the 300-day-old rat. Ca2+-ATPase in the homogenate fraction showed a rapid increase from the fetus to the 5-day-old rat, and from the 20- to 30-day-old rat. In the microsomal fraction, enzyme activity increased from the fetus to the 10-day-old rat, and after that is remained at almost the same level. Oscillatory phenomena of Ca2+-ATPase were observed in zymogen and mitochondrial fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:135016", "title": "The bionomics of the free-living larvae and the transmission of Dictyocaulus filaria between lambs in North-East England.", "content": "The bionomics of the free-living larvae of Dictyocaulus filaria on pasture, and the transmission of infection between lambs, were studied during different seasons of the year in North-East England. The rate of development of first-stage larvae to the third stage took 4-9 days in late spring and summer, 1 1/2-4 weeks in autumn and 5 1/2-7 weeks in winter. The proportion of first-stage larvae developing to the third stage ranged from 10-28% in autumn and winter, and 2-25% in spring and summer. The rate of mortality of the third-stage larvae was approximately logarithmic in nature, although the survival time was shorter in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. Third stage larvae were able to survive from autumn until the spring of the following year in sufficient numbers to perpetuate transmission but not to cause clinical disease. In a transmission study, the survival of the infective larvae on the experimental plot was poor in summer, but the larval population increased in the autumn and then declined slowly throughout the winter. Infection in the susceptible lambs was related to the level of infection on the herbage increasing in severity from early summer to late autumn. However, those lambs infected in the summer were resistant to the heavy autumn challenge of larvae on pasture.", "contents": "The bionomics of the free-living larvae and the transmission of Dictyocaulus filaria between lambs in North-East England. The bionomics of the free-living larvae of Dictyocaulus filaria on pasture, and the transmission of infection between lambs, were studied during different seasons of the year in North-East England. The rate of development of first-stage larvae to the third stage took 4-9 days in late spring and summer, 1 1/2-4 weeks in autumn and 5 1/2-7 weeks in winter. The proportion of first-stage larvae developing to the third stage ranged from 10-28% in autumn and winter, and 2-25% in spring and summer. The rate of mortality of the third-stage larvae was approximately logarithmic in nature, although the survival time was shorter in spring and summer than in autumn and winter. Third stage larvae were able to survive from autumn until the spring of the following year in sufficient numbers to perpetuate transmission but not to cause clinical disease. In a transmission study, the survival of the infective larvae on the experimental plot was poor in summer, but the larval population increased in the autumn and then declined slowly throughout the winter. Infection in the susceptible lambs was related to the level of infection on the herbage increasing in severity from early summer to late autumn. However, those lambs infected in the summer were resistant to the heavy autumn challenge of larvae on pasture."}
{"id": "PMID:135026", "title": "Broader investigation into the external environment of the specific antigen of the infectious agent in epizootiological observation and study of the structure of natural foci of plague.", "content": "The possibilities of detection of the infectious agent in natural foci of plague can be expanded to some extent by using the method of search for the specific FI capsular antigen of the plague microbe in such objects of the external environment which have not yet been subjected to laboratory analysis and serological analysis in particular. Such objects include soil from the burrow and the substrate of the nest of the rodent as well as the fleas of rodents and regurgitations of birds of prey. The effectivity and suitability of examination of these objects using immuno-adsorption reactions with standard erythrocyte diagnostics (passive haemagglutination reaction, antibody neutralization reaction) were demonstrated experimentally and confirmed under field conditions in various geographical and ecological zones of the Caucasus. Thus in 1971, an earlier unknown natural focus of plague was found in the Mount Elbrus massif by means of serological analysis of the substrate of the nest and of the soil from the burrows of rodents. It can be expected that broadened serological search for the FI antigen of plague will prove useful in the study of the structure of natural foci of plague, in the reconnaissance or retrospective investigation of poorly explored territories and in the solution of some questions concerning the epizootiology of plague, such as the survival of the infectious agent in the inter-epizootic period, telluric plague, etc.", "contents": "Broader investigation into the external environment of the specific antigen of the infectious agent in epizootiological observation and study of the structure of natural foci of plague. The possibilities of detection of the infectious agent in natural foci of plague can be expanded to some extent by using the method of search for the specific FI capsular antigen of the plague microbe in such objects of the external environment which have not yet been subjected to laboratory analysis and serological analysis in particular. Such objects include soil from the burrow and the substrate of the nest of the rodent as well as the fleas of rodents and regurgitations of birds of prey. The effectivity and suitability of examination of these objects using immuno-adsorption reactions with standard erythrocyte diagnostics (passive haemagglutination reaction, antibody neutralization reaction) were demonstrated experimentally and confirmed under field conditions in various geographical and ecological zones of the Caucasus. Thus in 1971, an earlier unknown natural focus of plague was found in the Mount Elbrus massif by means of serological analysis of the substrate of the nest and of the soil from the burrows of rodents. It can be expected that broadened serological search for the FI antigen of plague will prove useful in the study of the structure of natural foci of plague, in the reconnaissance or retrospective investigation of poorly explored territories and in the solution of some questions concerning the epizootiology of plague, such as the survival of the infectious agent in the inter-epizootic period, telluric plague, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:135027", "title": "Results of virological and serological studies of three influenza A Hong-Kong epidemics in Leningrad.", "content": "An analysis of morbidity of the population in the course of 3 influenza A/Hong-Kong epidemics showed a pronounced decrease in influenza affection of adult population in the last epidemic in 1971--1972. Comparative studies of the diagnostic value of CFR and HIT demonstrated identical sensitivity of CFR as a method of influenza diagnostics in both the epidemic and interepidemic periods. HIT was suitable for the detection of influenza only in the epidemic period. In the interepidemic period, the percentage of influenza infection diagnosed by means of HIT ammounted to only 23--24 of all serologically confirmed cases of influenza. The highest percentage of virus isolation was observed when material from patients with serologically confirmed influenza was used. All strains of influenza A virus isolated in 1969 and 1970 were similar in their sensitivity to inhibitors of animal sera. During the last influenza epidemic, 2 of the 136 isolated strains were found to be resistant to gamma inhibitors and highly sensitive to the inhibitors showed their close relationship to gamma inhibitors. Antigenic analysis of the influenza A strains isolated during the 3 influenza epidemics revealed changes in the antigenic structure of the agents of the influenza epidemic in Leningrad in comparison with the standard strain A/Hong-Kong/I/68 (H3N2).", "contents": "Results of virological and serological studies of three influenza A Hong-Kong epidemics in Leningrad. An analysis of morbidity of the population in the course of 3 influenza A/Hong-Kong epidemics showed a pronounced decrease in influenza affection of adult population in the last epidemic in 1971--1972. Comparative studies of the diagnostic value of CFR and HIT demonstrated identical sensitivity of CFR as a method of influenza diagnostics in both the epidemic and interepidemic periods. HIT was suitable for the detection of influenza only in the epidemic period. In the interepidemic period, the percentage of influenza infection diagnosed by means of HIT ammounted to only 23--24 of all serologically confirmed cases of influenza. The highest percentage of virus isolation was observed when material from patients with serologically confirmed influenza was used. All strains of influenza A virus isolated in 1969 and 1970 were similar in their sensitivity to inhibitors of animal sera. During the last influenza epidemic, 2 of the 136 isolated strains were found to be resistant to gamma inhibitors and highly sensitive to the inhibitors showed their close relationship to gamma inhibitors. Antigenic analysis of the influenza A strains isolated during the 3 influenza epidemics revealed changes in the antigenic structure of the agents of the influenza epidemic in Leningrad in comparison with the standard strain A/Hong-Kong/I/68 (H3N2)."}
{"id": "PMID:135028", "title": "Broader investigation into the external environment of the specific antigen of the infectious agent in epizootiological observation and study of the structure of natural foci of plague.", "content": "The possibilities of detection of the infectious agent in natural foci of plague can be expanded to some extent by using the method of search for the specific FI capsular antigen of the plague microbe in such objects of the external environment which have not yet been subjected to laboratory analysis and serological analysis in particular. Such objects include soil from the burrow and the substrate of the nest of the rodent as well as the fleas of rodents and regurgitations of birds of prey. The effectivity and suitability of examination of these objects using immuno-adsorption reactions with standard erythrocyte diagnostics (passive haemagglutination reaction, antibody neutralization reaction) were demonstrated experimentally and confirmed under field conditions in various geographical and ecological zones of the Caucasus. Thus in 1971, an earlier unknown natural focus of plague was found in the Mount Elbrus massif by means of serological analysis of the substrate of the nest and of the soil from the burrows of rodents. It can be expected that broadened serological search for the FI antigen of plague will prove useful in the study of the structure of natural foci of plague, in the reconnaissance or retrospective investigation of poorly explored territories and in the solution of some questions concerning the epizootiology of plague, such as the survival of the infectious agent in the inter-epizootic period, telluric plague, etc.", "contents": "Broader investigation into the external environment of the specific antigen of the infectious agent in epizootiological observation and study of the structure of natural foci of plague. The possibilities of detection of the infectious agent in natural foci of plague can be expanded to some extent by using the method of search for the specific FI capsular antigen of the plague microbe in such objects of the external environment which have not yet been subjected to laboratory analysis and serological analysis in particular. Such objects include soil from the burrow and the substrate of the nest of the rodent as well as the fleas of rodents and regurgitations of birds of prey. The effectivity and suitability of examination of these objects using immuno-adsorption reactions with standard erythrocyte diagnostics (passive haemagglutination reaction, antibody neutralization reaction) were demonstrated experimentally and confirmed under field conditions in various geographical and ecological zones of the Caucasus. Thus in 1971, an earlier unknown natural focus of plague was found in the Mount Elbrus massif by means of serological analysis of the substrate of the nest and of the soil from the burrows of rodents. It can be expected that broadened serological search for the FI antigen of plague will prove useful in the study of the structure of natural foci of plague, in the reconnaissance or retrospective investigation of poorly explored territories and in the solution of some questions concerning the epizootiology of plague, such as the survival of the infectious agent in the inter-epizootic period, telluric plague, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:135029", "title": "Culture conditions for induction of suppressor cells in vitro.", "content": "Culture conditions have been established for optimal generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). The responder cell concentration was found to be most critical. In general the more active the proliferation was, the lower was the optimum for CTL generation. Optimal proliferation was usually found to occur at lower cell concentrations than optimal CTL generation. Above the optimal CTL generation proliferation also decreased, most likely due to overcrowding. These observations were made on both unpurified and nylon wool-passaged spleen cells, though the latter generally produced higher levels of cytotoxic activity per equal number of harvested cells. Cells prestimulated for 2 or 4 days in the absence or presence of antigen (M-locus differences) were unable to mount an effective response when restimulated with another antigen presenting an H-2 difference. This hyporesponsiveness was not due to the exhaustion of the culture medium or the presence of dead cells (since these were removed before restimulation). A high degree of hyporesponsiveness was also induced in the absence of antigen during prestimulation which rendered antigenic competition highly unlikely. Overcrowding could be excluded since the observed inhibition could not be diluted out by lowering the responder cell concentrations. A carry-over of CTL destroying newly added antigen (Fitch et al., 1975) could not account for our observations since in the system utilized (M-locus stimulation) there was no generation of CTL (Festerstein, 1973; R\u00f6llinghoff et al., 1975). The development of suppressor cells would seem the most likley explanation of the data.", "contents": "Culture conditions for induction of suppressor cells in vitro. Culture conditions have been established for optimal generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). The responder cell concentration was found to be most critical. In general the more active the proliferation was, the lower was the optimum for CTL generation. Optimal proliferation was usually found to occur at lower cell concentrations than optimal CTL generation. Above the optimal CTL generation proliferation also decreased, most likely due to overcrowding. These observations were made on both unpurified and nylon wool-passaged spleen cells, though the latter generally produced higher levels of cytotoxic activity per equal number of harvested cells. Cells prestimulated for 2 or 4 days in the absence or presence of antigen (M-locus differences) were unable to mount an effective response when restimulated with another antigen presenting an H-2 difference. This hyporesponsiveness was not due to the exhaustion of the culture medium or the presence of dead cells (since these were removed before restimulation). A high degree of hyporesponsiveness was also induced in the absence of antigen during prestimulation which rendered antigenic competition highly unlikely. Overcrowding could be excluded since the observed inhibition could not be diluted out by lowering the responder cell concentrations. A carry-over of CTL destroying newly added antigen (Fitch et al., 1975) could not account for our observations since in the system utilized (M-locus stimulation) there was no generation of CTL (Festerstein, 1973; R\u00f6llinghoff et al., 1975). The development of suppressor cells would seem the most likley explanation of the data."}
{"id": "PMID:135032", "title": "Sarcoid.", "content": "Patients with sarcoidosis were separated into those treated or not treated with prednisone. Skin test reactivity of both groups was clearly diminished but a significant decrease in T-cells was seen only in the steroid-treated group and this was not sufficient to explain the profound energy. Lymphocyte stimulation studies generally revealed elevated baseline incorporation of [3H]thymidine and reduced stimulation. Factors were present in the plasmsa of 1/4 to 1/3 of the patients which suppressed normal lymphocyte stimulation. When cells from 3 sarcoid patients were precultured in vitro, recovery towards normal occurred with a drop of the elevated baseline and rise in peak response.", "contents": "Sarcoid. Patients with sarcoidosis were separated into those treated or not treated with prednisone. Skin test reactivity of both groups was clearly diminished but a significant decrease in T-cells was seen only in the steroid-treated group and this was not sufficient to explain the profound energy. Lymphocyte stimulation studies generally revealed elevated baseline incorporation of [3H]thymidine and reduced stimulation. Factors were present in the plasmsa of 1/4 to 1/3 of the patients which suppressed normal lymphocyte stimulation. When cells from 3 sarcoid patients were precultured in vitro, recovery towards normal occurred with a drop of the elevated baseline and rise in peak response."}
{"id": "PMID:135033", "title": "Hepatitis A and Down's syndrome: lack of an association.", "content": "The occurrence of hepatitis A early in pregnancy has been reported to result in increased births of children with Down's syndrome. Eleven sets of paired sera were obtained before conception and during pregnancy from women who delivered infants with Down's syndrome. These sera were tested for antibody to hepatitis A virus with use of immune electron microscopy. None of the women had seroconversions or increases in levels of antibody to hepatitis A virus. No evidence of an association between hepatitis A and Down's syndrome was found in the women studied.", "contents": "Hepatitis A and Down's syndrome: lack of an association. The occurrence of hepatitis A early in pregnancy has been reported to result in increased births of children with Down's syndrome. Eleven sets of paired sera were obtained before conception and during pregnancy from women who delivered infants with Down's syndrome. These sera were tested for antibody to hepatitis A virus with use of immune electron microscopy. None of the women had seroconversions or increases in levels of antibody to hepatitis A virus. No evidence of an association between hepatitis A and Down's syndrome was found in the women studied."}
{"id": "PMID:135036", "title": "Studies of subcellular control factors in hearts of uremic rats.", "content": "Subcellular fractions in hearts from rats with severe acute uremia (24 hours after total nephrectomy) and moderate chronic uremia (2 weeks after five sixths nephrectomy) were studied and compared with preparations from acute and chronic sham-operated rats, respectively. Calcium- and magnesium-sensitive actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities were normal in both groups. Acute uremia was associated with a significant depression of sarcolemmal Na+,K+ ATPase activity. Calcium transport by fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum was also depressed in the presence and absence of oxalate in acute uremia. Mitochondrial calcium transport and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) concentrations were normal in these animals. Chronic uremic animals showed no abnormal subcellular mechanisms. These data suggest a direct effect of acute uremia on some membrane functions in myocardial cells. The discrepancies observed between acute and chronic uremic groups may be due to a different degree of uremic state. The observation of depressed calcium transport by fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) in acute uremic hearts which were previously shown to have increased contractile reserve suggests that studies of calcium transport in FSR may not always truly reflect the contractile capacity of the heart.", "contents": "Studies of subcellular control factors in hearts of uremic rats. Subcellular fractions in hearts from rats with severe acute uremia (24 hours after total nephrectomy) and moderate chronic uremia (2 weeks after five sixths nephrectomy) were studied and compared with preparations from acute and chronic sham-operated rats, respectively. Calcium- and magnesium-sensitive actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities were normal in both groups. Acute uremia was associated with a significant depression of sarcolemmal Na+,K+ ATPase activity. Calcium transport by fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum was also depressed in the presence and absence of oxalate in acute uremia. Mitochondrial calcium transport and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (CP) concentrations were normal in these animals. Chronic uremic animals showed no abnormal subcellular mechanisms. These data suggest a direct effect of acute uremia on some membrane functions in myocardial cells. The discrepancies observed between acute and chronic uremic groups may be due to a different degree of uremic state. The observation of depressed calcium transport by fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) in acute uremic hearts which were previously shown to have increased contractile reserve suggests that studies of calcium transport in FSR may not always truly reflect the contractile capacity of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:135037", "title": "Mineralocorticoid activity of 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone and related steroids.", "content": "16beta-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (16beta-OH-DHEA) and related C19-steroids have recently been reported to be etiologic in low-renin essential hypertension. The mineralocorticoid potency of 16beta-OH-DHEA and several C19-steroids (16-oxo-A-diol, 16-oxo-testosterone, 16beta-OH-epiandrosterone, 5-androstene-3beta, 16beta,17beta-triol, 19beta-OH-testosterone, 18-OH-DHEA, and 16alpha-OH-DHEA) were investigated in two different rat bioassay systems under a variety of experimental conditions. In all but one instance, only negligible mineralocorticoid activity was observed, usually less than 0.1 per cent that of aldosterone. Since 16beta-OH-DHEA has negligible mineralocorticoid activity in the rat bioassay and the toad bladder assay (as reported by others), does not cause hypertension when injected chronically into the rat, and does not displace aldosterone from its renal receptors, it appears unlikely to be etiologic in low-renin essential hypertension. On the other hand, when 16-oxo-testosterone was injected intraperitoneally instead of subcutaneously, it demonstrated a slight increase in mineralocorticoid activity (from less than 0.1 per cent to 0.2 per cent) which equaled that of 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) injected subcutaneously. Thus, the possibility remains that 16-oxo-testosterone or a closely related metabolite may have sufficient mineralocorticoid activity to be involved in certain forms of hypertension in man.", "contents": "Mineralocorticoid activity of 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone and related steroids. 16beta-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (16beta-OH-DHEA) and related C19-steroids have recently been reported to be etiologic in low-renin essential hypertension. The mineralocorticoid potency of 16beta-OH-DHEA and several C19-steroids (16-oxo-A-diol, 16-oxo-testosterone, 16beta-OH-epiandrosterone, 5-androstene-3beta, 16beta,17beta-triol, 19beta-OH-testosterone, 18-OH-DHEA, and 16alpha-OH-DHEA) were investigated in two different rat bioassay systems under a variety of experimental conditions. In all but one instance, only negligible mineralocorticoid activity was observed, usually less than 0.1 per cent that of aldosterone. Since 16beta-OH-DHEA has negligible mineralocorticoid activity in the rat bioassay and the toad bladder assay (as reported by others), does not cause hypertension when injected chronically into the rat, and does not displace aldosterone from its renal receptors, it appears unlikely to be etiologic in low-renin essential hypertension. On the other hand, when 16-oxo-testosterone was injected intraperitoneally instead of subcutaneously, it demonstrated a slight increase in mineralocorticoid activity (from less than 0.1 per cent to 0.2 per cent) which equaled that of 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) injected subcutaneously. Thus, the possibility remains that 16-oxo-testosterone or a closely related metabolite may have sufficient mineralocorticoid activity to be involved in certain forms of hypertension in man."}
{"id": "PMID:135039", "title": "Correlation of enzymatic activity, muscle myoglobin concentration and lung morphology with activity metabolism in snakes.", "content": "In vitro activity of the anaerobic enzymes phosphofructokinase and lactic dehydrogenase from axial muscle tissue of Coluber constrictor, Crotalus viridis and Lichanura roseofusca was shown to correlate with levels of lactate production during activity by these snakes. Additionally, gross and histological lung structure and axial muscle myoglobin concentration were investigated in these species. Coluber was shown to have the most complex lung structure and highest muscle myoglobin content. These are interpreted to be correlated with high aerobic scope in Coluber. Finally, the ophidian saccular lung is postulated to assist in maintenance of high tidal volume.", "contents": "Correlation of enzymatic activity, muscle myoglobin concentration and lung morphology with activity metabolism in snakes. In vitro activity of the anaerobic enzymes phosphofructokinase and lactic dehydrogenase from axial muscle tissue of Coluber constrictor, Crotalus viridis and Lichanura roseofusca was shown to correlate with levels of lactate production during activity by these snakes. Additionally, gross and histological lung structure and axial muscle myoglobin concentration were investigated in these species. Coluber was shown to have the most complex lung structure and highest muscle myoglobin content. These are interpreted to be correlated with high aerobic scope in Coluber. Finally, the ophidian saccular lung is postulated to assist in maintenance of high tidal volume."}
{"id": "PMID:135079", "title": "Studies on niacin biosynthesis from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in streptozotocin diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Biosynthesis of niacin from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-OHAA) in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats was studied in vivo and in vitro. Streptozotocin (SZ) diabetic rats were found to excrete lesser quantities of 3-OHAA, quinolinic acid, niacin and N1-methylnicotinamide (nmn) in their urines following 3-OHAA administration than corresponding normal rats. In vitro studies indicated that SZ diabetic livers form less quinolinic acid from 3-OHAA than normal livers. It appears that this may be due to elevated picolinic carboxylase activity in the livers of SZ diabetic rats.", "contents": "Studies on niacin biosynthesis from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in streptozotocin diabetic rats in vivo and in vitro. Biosynthesis of niacin from 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-OHAA) in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats was studied in vivo and in vitro. Streptozotocin (SZ) diabetic rats were found to excrete lesser quantities of 3-OHAA, quinolinic acid, niacin and N1-methylnicotinamide (nmn) in their urines following 3-OHAA administration than corresponding normal rats. In vitro studies indicated that SZ diabetic livers form less quinolinic acid from 3-OHAA than normal livers. It appears that this may be due to elevated picolinic carboxylase activity in the livers of SZ diabetic rats."}
{"id": "PMID:135081", "title": "Biological basis for vestibuloplasty procedures.", "content": "There may be two distinct processes in the healing of open wounds, particularly of vestibuloplasty wounds. The first is the active process of contraction which is limited by grafting. The second is remodeling and includes the subgraft, graft, and changes in peripheral tissue (maturation). The perioral musculature may have an influence on the vestibuloplasty wound and this may explain loss in the vestibular depth. The biology of open wounds is discussed in terms of vestibuloplasty wounds.", "contents": "Biological basis for vestibuloplasty procedures. There may be two distinct processes in the healing of open wounds, particularly of vestibuloplasty wounds. The first is the active process of contraction which is limited by grafting. The second is remodeling and includes the subgraft, graft, and changes in peripheral tissue (maturation). The perioral musculature may have an influence on the vestibuloplasty wound and this may explain loss in the vestibular depth. The biology of open wounds is discussed in terms of vestibuloplasty wounds."}
{"id": "PMID:135082", "title": "Changes in surface ATPase of rat spermatozoa in transit from the caput to the cauda epididymidis.", "content": "Rat spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis were found to have a lower activity of the surface ATPase than the spermatozoa from the caput region. The enzyme from spermatozoa of both regions had the same Michaelis constant (Km) for ATP of 5 X 10(-4) M. It was partly inhibited by ouabain and fluoride, but strongly inhibited by Cu2+, Zn2+,p-chloromercuribenzoate, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulphonate Triton X-100, Lubrol-PX, urea, guanidine hydrochloride, sodium dodecyl sulphate and glycerylphosphorylcholine. The enzyme of the spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis was more sensitive to inhibition by ouabain and fluoride but less sensitive to inhibition by Cu2+ than that of the cells form the caput region. The Arrhenius plot of the temperature dependence of enzymatic activity varied for the cells from the caput and cauda epididymidis. The differences in the enzyme properties of spermatozoa from the two regions of the epididymis suggested that the decline in the activity during epididymal maturation may reflect changes in the lipids and sulphydryl groups of the sperm membrane.", "contents": "Changes in surface ATPase of rat spermatozoa in transit from the caput to the cauda epididymidis. Rat spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis were found to have a lower activity of the surface ATPase than the spermatozoa from the caput region. The enzyme from spermatozoa of both regions had the same Michaelis constant (Km) for ATP of 5 X 10(-4) M. It was partly inhibited by ouabain and fluoride, but strongly inhibited by Cu2+, Zn2+,p-chloromercuribenzoate, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulphonate Triton X-100, Lubrol-PX, urea, guanidine hydrochloride, sodium dodecyl sulphate and glycerylphosphorylcholine. The enzyme of the spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis was more sensitive to inhibition by ouabain and fluoride but less sensitive to inhibition by Cu2+ than that of the cells form the caput region. The Arrhenius plot of the temperature dependence of enzymatic activity varied for the cells from the caput and cauda epididymidis. The differences in the enzyme properties of spermatozoa from the two regions of the epididymis suggested that the decline in the activity during epididymal maturation may reflect changes in the lipids and sulphydryl groups of the sperm membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:135096", "title": "Control of synthesis of mRNA's for T4 bacteriophage-specific dihydrofolate reductase and deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase.", "content": "A 30 degrees C, functional messengers for dCMP hydroxymethylase first appeared 3 to 6 min postinfection and reached their maximum levels at 12 min. Chloramphenicol, added before the phage, reduced the rate of mRNA accumulation. When the antibiotic was added 6 min postinfection, mRNA levels increased at their normal rate but there was no obvious repression of messenger accumulation. Delaying the addition of drug until 8 or 12 min had progressively less effect on the pattern of hydroxymethylase mRNA metabolism. When chloramphenicol was present from preinfection times or from 6 min postinfection, all hydroxymethylase mRNA's synthesized were stable; at later times, however, the ability of the drug to stabilize mRNA decreased with its ability to delay the turnoff of mRNA production. An overaccumulation of hydroxymethylase mRNA was also seen when phage-specific DNA synthesis was inhibited either by mutational lesion in an essential viral gene or by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. By min 20 of a DNA-negative program, hydroxymethylase mRNA synthesis was repressed to the point where it no longer compensated for decay. However, a finite level of hydroxymethylase mRNA synthesis was maintained at later times of a DNA-negative infection. Such results indicate that replication of the phage chromosome is necessary but not sufficient for a complete turnoff of hydroxymethylase mRNA production. Functions controlled by the maturation-defective proteins (the products of genes 55 and 33) played only a minor role in the regulation of hydroxymethylase mRNA, metabolism. Thus, we favor the hypothesis that a complete turnoff of hydroxymethylase messenger production requires one or more new proteins as well as an interval of DNA replication. The absence of DNA synthesis had no particular effect upon dihydrofolate reductase messenger production. The preinfection addition of chloramphenicol likewise had little effect on dihydrofolate reductase messenger metabolism. These latter data imply that prior synthesis of a phage-coded protein synthesis may not be required for the turnoff of reductase messenger production.", "contents": "Control of synthesis of mRNA's for T4 bacteriophage-specific dihydrofolate reductase and deoxycytidylate hydroxymethylase. A 30 degrees C, functional messengers for dCMP hydroxymethylase first appeared 3 to 6 min postinfection and reached their maximum levels at 12 min. Chloramphenicol, added before the phage, reduced the rate of mRNA accumulation. When the antibiotic was added 6 min postinfection, mRNA levels increased at their normal rate but there was no obvious repression of messenger accumulation. Delaying the addition of drug until 8 or 12 min had progressively less effect on the pattern of hydroxymethylase mRNA metabolism. When chloramphenicol was present from preinfection times or from 6 min postinfection, all hydroxymethylase mRNA's synthesized were stable; at later times, however, the ability of the drug to stabilize mRNA decreased with its ability to delay the turnoff of mRNA production. An overaccumulation of hydroxymethylase mRNA was also seen when phage-specific DNA synthesis was inhibited either by mutational lesion in an essential viral gene or by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. By min 20 of a DNA-negative program, hydroxymethylase mRNA synthesis was repressed to the point where it no longer compensated for decay. However, a finite level of hydroxymethylase mRNA synthesis was maintained at later times of a DNA-negative infection. Such results indicate that replication of the phage chromosome is necessary but not sufficient for a complete turnoff of hydroxymethylase mRNA production. Functions controlled by the maturation-defective proteins (the products of genes 55 and 33) played only a minor role in the regulation of hydroxymethylase mRNA, metabolism. Thus, we favor the hypothesis that a complete turnoff of hydroxymethylase messenger production requires one or more new proteins as well as an interval of DNA replication. The absence of DNA synthesis had no particular effect upon dihydrofolate reductase messenger production. The preinfection addition of chloramphenicol likewise had little effect on dihydrofolate reductase messenger metabolism. These latter data imply that prior synthesis of a phage-coded protein synthesis may not be required for the turnoff of reductase messenger production."}
{"id": "PMID:135100", "title": "[Ototoxicity of spectinomycin (author's transl)].", "content": "Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic, but different in chemical structure from other aminocyclitol antibiotics such as streptomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin. Spectinomycin clinically has been proven to be highly effective in the intramuscular single-dose treatment of gonorrhea. According to NOVAK et al. (1974), all evidence from pharmacological and clinical efficacy studies to date indicates that spectinomycin is free from ototoxic effects at the dose levels recommended for single-dose treatment of gonorrhea (2 or 4 g) or repeated i.m. or i.v. doses, 8g/day. The present experimental study has been made to evaluate the ontoxocic effects of spectinomycin in Hartley strain guinea pigs given i.m. a single-high dose (800 mg/kg or 1,600 mg/kg) and repeated-slightly higher dose (80 mg/kg or 160 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks) respectively. Differential frequency pinna reflex test in frequency range from 20 KHz to 500 Hz revealed that no animals showed disappearance of pinna reflex in the frequencies tested. Histologic examination in serial celloidin sections of the cochlea and vestibulum disclosed that a few animals given a single-high dose of spectinomycin (800 mg/kg or 1,600 mg/kg) and repeated-slightly higher dose or spectinomycin (80 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks) respectively showed limited mild damage of outer hair cells in the spiral organ and of hair cells in the vestibular organ. There were histologically a few focal necrosis in the liver and scattered interstitial cell infiltration around the proximal convoluted tubules which are lined with regenerated epithelial cells in some animals given the single-high dose (800 mg/kg or 1,600 mg/kg) or repeated-slightly higher dose (80 mg/kg or 160 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks) of spectinomycin. Positive correlation between the extent of the hair cell damage and the injury of the liver and kidney was not confirmed. The present study suggests that administration of spectinomycin at the dose levels recommended for single-dose treatment of gonorrhea (2 or 4 g) most probably is free from ototoxic effect.", "contents": "[Ototoxicity of spectinomycin (author's transl)]. Spectinomycin is an aminocyclitol antibiotic, but different in chemical structure from other aminocyclitol antibiotics such as streptomycin, kanamycin and gentamicin. Spectinomycin clinically has been proven to be highly effective in the intramuscular single-dose treatment of gonorrhea. According to NOVAK et al. (1974), all evidence from pharmacological and clinical efficacy studies to date indicates that spectinomycin is free from ototoxic effects at the dose levels recommended for single-dose treatment of gonorrhea (2 or 4 g) or repeated i.m. or i.v. doses, 8g/day. The present experimental study has been made to evaluate the ontoxocic effects of spectinomycin in Hartley strain guinea pigs given i.m. a single-high dose (800 mg/kg or 1,600 mg/kg) and repeated-slightly higher dose (80 mg/kg or 160 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks) respectively. Differential frequency pinna reflex test in frequency range from 20 KHz to 500 Hz revealed that no animals showed disappearance of pinna reflex in the frequencies tested. Histologic examination in serial celloidin sections of the cochlea and vestibulum disclosed that a few animals given a single-high dose of spectinomycin (800 mg/kg or 1,600 mg/kg) and repeated-slightly higher dose or spectinomycin (80 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks) respectively showed limited mild damage of outer hair cells in the spiral organ and of hair cells in the vestibular organ. There were histologically a few focal necrosis in the liver and scattered interstitial cell infiltration around the proximal convoluted tubules which are lined with regenerated epithelial cells in some animals given the single-high dose (800 mg/kg or 1,600 mg/kg) or repeated-slightly higher dose (80 mg/kg or 160 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks) of spectinomycin. Positive correlation between the extent of the hair cell damage and the injury of the liver and kidney was not confirmed. The present study suggests that administration of spectinomycin at the dose levels recommended for single-dose treatment of gonorrhea (2 or 4 g) most probably is free from ototoxic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:135095", "title": "[Experimental restoration of the renal artery. Comparative study of 3 procedures (author's transl)].", "content": "Presentation of theee procedures of experimental revascularization of the renal artery under microscopically controlled surgered (study of 19 dogs): --10 dacron velvet grafts, --6 hypogastric autografts, --3 spleno-renal autografts. Results obtained by three means of investigation: selective angiography, measurement of renal flow using radioactive xenon, microscopic study of the anastomoses and the grafts: --10 dacron 10 failures, --6 hypogastric autografts, 4 successes 2 failures, --3 spleno-renal autografts, 3 successes. Comparative study of the different experimental and clinical works on these subjects. Dacron grafts must be banned for calibers less than 4 mm in diameter. Hypogastric autografts give good congruence of the anastomoses, poses no problems with preservstion, but necessitates two sutures which spoil the results. Spleno-renal autografts, when possible, seem to be an ideal means connnection. A single suture, no nutritional problems and rapidity of execution.", "contents": "[Experimental restoration of the renal artery. Comparative study of 3 procedures (author's transl)]. Presentation of theee procedures of experimental revascularization of the renal artery under microscopically controlled surgered (study of 19 dogs): --10 dacron velvet grafts, --6 hypogastric autografts, --3 spleno-renal autografts. Results obtained by three means of investigation: selective angiography, measurement of renal flow using radioactive xenon, microscopic study of the anastomoses and the grafts: --10 dacron 10 failures, --6 hypogastric autografts, 4 successes 2 failures, --3 spleno-renal autografts, 3 successes. Comparative study of the different experimental and clinical works on these subjects. Dacron grafts must be banned for calibers less than 4 mm in diameter. Hypogastric autografts give good congruence of the anastomoses, poses no problems with preservstion, but necessitates two sutures which spoil the results. Spleno-renal autografts, when possible, seem to be an ideal means connnection. A single suture, no nutritional problems and rapidity of execution."}
{"id": "PMID:135102", "title": "Vectorcardiographic findings in Friedreich's ataxia.", "content": "Cardiac manifestations in Friedreich's ataxia occur frequently. We have studied 17 cases of Friedreich's ataxia, of which 94% showed a disturbance of the repolarization in the scalar ECG, 29% showed evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy. These changes are not specific but typical of Friedreich's ataxia. Vectorcardiograms were taken with the Frank-system. The vectorcardiographic findings showed not only the same changes as seen in the sclar ECG, but furthermore an atypical configuration of the QRS-loop was evident, which was not recognized in the scalar ECG. According to our experience compared with the scalar ECT, the vectorcardiographic investigations can be considered a more useful method in the diagnosis of Friedreich's ataxia.", "contents": "Vectorcardiographic findings in Friedreich's ataxia. Cardiac manifestations in Friedreich's ataxia occur frequently. We have studied 17 cases of Friedreich's ataxia, of which 94% showed a disturbance of the repolarization in the scalar ECG, 29% showed evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy. These changes are not specific but typical of Friedreich's ataxia. Vectorcardiograms were taken with the Frank-system. The vectorcardiographic findings showed not only the same changes as seen in the sclar ECG, but furthermore an atypical configuration of the QRS-loop was evident, which was not recognized in the scalar ECG. According to our experience compared with the scalar ECT, the vectorcardiographic investigations can be considered a more useful method in the diagnosis of Friedreich's ataxia."}
{"id": "PMID:135103", "title": "Coronary artery fistula draining into left ventricle: case report and review.", "content": "A 6-year-old boy with coronary artery fistula emptying into the left ventricle was reported. An attempt was made to outline clinical manifestations of this disease which have not yet been fully described, based on the experience of the present case and a review of 14 previously reported cases. It is concluded that clinical signs and symptoms are not specific for this anomaly and retrograde aortography is required to establish the definite diagnosis of the lesion. Authors' views are expounded as to the location of maximal intensity of the murmur, genesis of the systolic murmur and electrocardiographic features.", "contents": "Coronary artery fistula draining into left ventricle: case report and review. A 6-year-old boy with coronary artery fistula emptying into the left ventricle was reported. An attempt was made to outline clinical manifestations of this disease which have not yet been fully described, based on the experience of the present case and a review of 14 previously reported cases. It is concluded that clinical signs and symptoms are not specific for this anomaly and retrograde aortography is required to establish the definite diagnosis of the lesion. Authors' views are expounded as to the location of maximal intensity of the murmur, genesis of the systolic murmur and electrocardiographic features."}
{"id": "PMID:135112", "title": "[Accuracy and variability of medical interpretation of the electrocardiogram].", "content": "The accuracy of medical interpretation of the ECG, the variability of electrocardiographic conclusions drawn by different physicians and by a specialist when re-analyzing the same ECG were considered. Three experienced physicians analyzed 700 ECG independently from one another. The electrocardiographic inferences were contrasted against the autopsy, roentgenographic and clinical findings. A paired comparison of electrocardiographic conclusions made by the physicians with respect to the principal groups of these conclusions was undertaken. The mean frequency of complete concurrence of the conclusions varied from 26 to 89 per cent, depending upon the type of the electrocardiographic conclusion. Subject to comparison were also conclusions drawn by a single physician with a two-fold analysis of the same ECG. In this case the frequency of divergent inferences amounted to 43 per cent.", "contents": "[Accuracy and variability of medical interpretation of the electrocardiogram]. The accuracy of medical interpretation of the ECG, the variability of electrocardiographic conclusions drawn by different physicians and by a specialist when re-analyzing the same ECG were considered. Three experienced physicians analyzed 700 ECG independently from one another. The electrocardiographic inferences were contrasted against the autopsy, roentgenographic and clinical findings. A paired comparison of electrocardiographic conclusions made by the physicians with respect to the principal groups of these conclusions was undertaken. The mean frequency of complete concurrence of the conclusions varied from 26 to 89 per cent, depending upon the type of the electrocardiographic conclusion. Subject to comparison were also conclusions drawn by a single physician with a two-fold analysis of the same ECG. In this case the frequency of divergent inferences amounted to 43 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:135113", "title": "[Thrombocyte aggregation in depression and activation of the anticoagulation system of blood in animals].", "content": "It was demonstrated in rat experiments that function inhibition of the anticoagulation system by means of intravenous injections of high doses of antiplasmin and aminasine resulted not only in certain changes in the blood coagulation parameters, but also in increased platelets aggregation. The appearance of increased quantities of free thrombin in the circulating blood may be one of the mechanisms favouring increased aggregation of platelets. The activation of the function of the anticoagulation system induced in experimental animals by intravenous injections of low doses of adrenalin, antiplasmin (12 U/200 g of body weight) and tissue thromboplastin results, along with hypocoagulation and enhanced enzymatic and non-enzymatic fibrinolysis, in a decreased platelets aggregation.", "contents": "[Thrombocyte aggregation in depression and activation of the anticoagulation system of blood in animals]. It was demonstrated in rat experiments that function inhibition of the anticoagulation system by means of intravenous injections of high doses of antiplasmin and aminasine resulted not only in certain changes in the blood coagulation parameters, but also in increased platelets aggregation. The appearance of increased quantities of free thrombin in the circulating blood may be one of the mechanisms favouring increased aggregation of platelets. The activation of the function of the anticoagulation system induced in experimental animals by intravenous injections of low doses of adrenalin, antiplasmin (12 U/200 g of body weight) and tissue thromboplastin results, along with hypocoagulation and enhanced enzymatic and non-enzymatic fibrinolysis, in a decreased platelets aggregation."}
{"id": "PMID:135114", "title": "Multiple pumps for sodium reabsorption by the perfused kidney.", "content": "Several distinct transport mechanisms responsible for sodium reabsorption by the rat kidney can be identified by studying the function of isolated perfused kidneys. Approximately one-half of the fractional sodium reabsorption by the isolated perfused rat kidney appears to depend on Na-K-adenosine triphosphatase (AT-Pase) and is inhibited by ouabain. About 10 to 20% is associated with the reabsorption of bicarbonate and is blocked by acetazolamide. This fraction of transported sodium is unaffected by ouabain and therefore does not involve Na-K-ATPase. Neither furosemide nor ethacrynic acid produce further inhibition of sodium reabsorption in a kidney already exposed to ouabain and acetazolamide. Most of the residual transport of sodium is inhibited by cooling the perfused kidney, suggesting that it is powered by metabolic rather than physical sources of energy.", "contents": "Multiple pumps for sodium reabsorption by the perfused kidney. Several distinct transport mechanisms responsible for sodium reabsorption by the rat kidney can be identified by studying the function of isolated perfused kidneys. Approximately one-half of the fractional sodium reabsorption by the isolated perfused rat kidney appears to depend on Na-K-adenosine triphosphatase (AT-Pase) and is inhibited by ouabain. About 10 to 20% is associated with the reabsorption of bicarbonate and is blocked by acetazolamide. This fraction of transported sodium is unaffected by ouabain and therefore does not involve Na-K-ATPase. Neither furosemide nor ethacrynic acid produce further inhibition of sodium reabsorption in a kidney already exposed to ouabain and acetazolamide. Most of the residual transport of sodium is inhibited by cooling the perfused kidney, suggesting that it is powered by metabolic rather than physical sources of energy."}
{"id": "PMID:135115", "title": "Soluble immune complexes in sera of patients with nephritis.", "content": "Binding of radioactively labeled C1q was used to detect soluble antigen-antibody complexes in sera collected at the time of renal biopsy from 104 patients with immunofluorescent findings consistent with immune-complex disease. In comparison with data obtained with sera from 85 healthy donors, significantly elevated C1q binding activity was demonstrated in sera from 22 patients. C1q binding was elevated in all four patients whose dominant histologic finding on bright field microscopy was an intense interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate. High C1q binding activity was found preferentially in sera from patients who had diffuse rather than focal histologic abnormalities by light microscopy, heavy glomerular deposits of C4 and C3 by immunofluorescence and elevated serum creatinine concentrations. However, there were many patients with similar immunofluorescent and bright field microscopic changes in whom circulating complexes were not detected and there was no correlation between the pattern of glomerular localization of immune complexes and the C1q binding activity of the sera. Serial measurements of C1q binding activity in the sera from three patients over a 90-day interval emphasized that immune complexes may be demonstrated by this technique only intermittently in the sera of some patients with renal biopsy evidence of immune-complex disease. Nevertheless, these observations suggest that the C1q binding test may be a useful tool to monitor disease activity in patients with immunologically mediated renal disease.", "contents": "Soluble immune complexes in sera of patients with nephritis. Binding of radioactively labeled C1q was used to detect soluble antigen-antibody complexes in sera collected at the time of renal biopsy from 104 patients with immunofluorescent findings consistent with immune-complex disease. In comparison with data obtained with sera from 85 healthy donors, significantly elevated C1q binding activity was demonstrated in sera from 22 patients. C1q binding was elevated in all four patients whose dominant histologic finding on bright field microscopy was an intense interstitial mononuclear cell infiltrate. High C1q binding activity was found preferentially in sera from patients who had diffuse rather than focal histologic abnormalities by light microscopy, heavy glomerular deposits of C4 and C3 by immunofluorescence and elevated serum creatinine concentrations. However, there were many patients with similar immunofluorescent and bright field microscopic changes in whom circulating complexes were not detected and there was no correlation between the pattern of glomerular localization of immune complexes and the C1q binding activity of the sera. Serial measurements of C1q binding activity in the sera from three patients over a 90-day interval emphasized that immune complexes may be demonstrated by this technique only intermittently in the sera of some patients with renal biopsy evidence of immune-complex disease. Nevertheless, these observations suggest that the C1q binding test may be a useful tool to monitor disease activity in patients with immunologically mediated renal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:135122", "title": "[The fluorescein angiographic picture of hereditary colloid bodies (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present five patients with dominant hereditary colloid bodies of the retinal centre from two family trees. Their fluoroangiographical pictures confirm the variable clinical manifestations and ophthalmological findings which because of the special colloid bodies arrangement show a resemblance to the Hutchinson-Tay, Holthouse-Batton, Doyne and Klaingutti cases, also within the framework of a single family tree. With the help of the angiogram the type and development stage can be followed, while this disease passes from functionally and ophthalmologically unimportant lesions into the final stage of atrophy and the fibrous conversion of the whole rear eye pole.", "contents": "[The fluorescein angiographic picture of hereditary colloid bodies (author's transl)]. The authors present five patients with dominant hereditary colloid bodies of the retinal centre from two family trees. Their fluoroangiographical pictures confirm the variable clinical manifestations and ophthalmological findings which because of the special colloid bodies arrangement show a resemblance to the Hutchinson-Tay, Holthouse-Batton, Doyne and Klaingutti cases, also within the framework of a single family tree. With the help of the angiogram the type and development stage can be followed, while this disease passes from functionally and ophthalmologically unimportant lesions into the final stage of atrophy and the fibrous conversion of the whole rear eye pole."}
{"id": "PMID:135123", "title": "[Electron-microscopic delineation of acid mucopolysaccharides in the trabecular meshwork (author's transl)].", "content": "The presence of acid mucopolysaccharides in the trabecular meshwork was repeatedly investigated histochemically. The electron microscopical demonstration of glycosaminoglycanes with Ruthenium red was to be emphasized. In the material gained by trabeculectomy in 13 patients, a Ruthenium-positive, up to 30 nm thick film of varying degree could be demonstrated on the endothelium of the trabecular meshwork.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopic delineation of acid mucopolysaccharides in the trabecular meshwork (author's transl)]. The presence of acid mucopolysaccharides in the trabecular meshwork was repeatedly investigated histochemically. The electron microscopical demonstration of glycosaminoglycanes with Ruthenium red was to be emphasized. In the material gained by trabeculectomy in 13 patients, a Ruthenium-positive, up to 30 nm thick film of varying degree could be demonstrated on the endothelium of the trabecular meshwork."}
{"id": "PMID:135124", "title": "Malignant hyperthermia syndrome--evidence for denervation changes in human skeletal muscle.", "content": "The presence of denervation-like changes and abnormal mitochondria in the muscle of carriers of the malignant hyperthermia syndrome suggest a neuropathic basis for the human syndrome. A defect in mitochondrial ATP synthesis resulting from denervation, and potentiated by some general anaesthetics, may be the primary muscle fibre lesion in the human malignant hyperthermic syndrome.", "contents": "Malignant hyperthermia syndrome--evidence for denervation changes in human skeletal muscle. The presence of denervation-like changes and abnormal mitochondria in the muscle of carriers of the malignant hyperthermia syndrome suggest a neuropathic basis for the human syndrome. A defect in mitochondrial ATP synthesis resulting from denervation, and potentiated by some general anaesthetics, may be the primary muscle fibre lesion in the human malignant hyperthermic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:135126", "title": "Some parasites and other organisms of wild rodents in the vicinity of an SPF unit.", "content": "80 Rattus norvegicus and 63 Mus musculus caught near the Laboratory Animals Centre, were examined for parasites and other organisms: 32 parasite species were found and 2 species of Mycoplasma. A small number of individuals were tested and found positive serologically for species of Leptospira.", "contents": "Some parasites and other organisms of wild rodents in the vicinity of an SPF unit. 80 Rattus norvegicus and 63 Mus musculus caught near the Laboratory Animals Centre, were examined for parasites and other organisms: 32 parasite species were found and 2 species of Mycoplasma. A small number of individuals were tested and found positive serologically for species of Leptospira."}
{"id": "PMID:135127", "title": "The establishment of a breeding nucleus of category 4 Dutch rabbits.", "content": "A method is described for establishing a breeding nucleus of Category 4 Dutch rabbits. The problems of hand-rearing, causes of mortality and the failure of the does to lactate normally are discussed.", "contents": "The establishment of a breeding nucleus of category 4 Dutch rabbits. A method is described for establishing a breeding nucleus of Category 4 Dutch rabbits. The problems of hand-rearing, causes of mortality and the failure of the does to lactate normally are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135125", "title": "[Tryptophan-load in progressive scleroderma (author's transl)].", "content": "This presentation describes effects of oral tryptophan loading (5.0 g DL) on tryptophan metabolism in healthy subjects (n = 10) and persons with progressive scleroderma. N1-methylnicotinamide (N1MN), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3 HAA), kynurine (KN), tryptamin (TA), xantheurenic acid (XA) were determinated. Alterations of tryptophan metabolism were evaluated by 24 h urinary excretions of the following metabolites: 5-hydroxy indolacetic acid (5 HAA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The pathological pathways were discussed, especially the way and influence of serotonine.", "contents": "[Tryptophan-load in progressive scleroderma (author's transl)]. This presentation describes effects of oral tryptophan loading (5.0 g DL) on tryptophan metabolism in healthy subjects (n = 10) and persons with progressive scleroderma. N1-methylnicotinamide (N1MN), 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3 HAA), kynurine (KN), tryptamin (TA), xantheurenic acid (XA) were determinated. Alterations of tryptophan metabolism were evaluated by 24 h urinary excretions of the following metabolites: 5-hydroxy indolacetic acid (5 HAA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The pathological pathways were discussed, especially the way and influence of serotonine."}
{"id": "PMID:135132", "title": "Transaortic repair of double-outlet right ventricle with situs versus, l-loop, l-malposition (I,L,L), subaortic ventricular septal defect, and associated anomalies.", "content": "Successful total correction of a rare form of double-outlet right ventricle (I.L.L.) is reported wherein transaortic construction of the ventricular baffle was used. Surgical approach to the defect was unsatisfactory through a right ventriculotomy. Excellent exposure was achieved through the aortic valve. Correction of partial anomalous venous return from the left lung, pulmonary debanding, and repair of the pulmonary artery were also done. Double superior venae cavae made special venous cannulation necessary. Cardiac catheterization at one year documented successful repair. This case illustrates the usefulness of the transaortic approach to a ventricular septal defect when repair through a ventriculotomy is difficult or impossible.", "contents": "Transaortic repair of double-outlet right ventricle with situs versus, l-loop, l-malposition (I,L,L), subaortic ventricular septal defect, and associated anomalies. Successful total correction of a rare form of double-outlet right ventricle (I.L.L.) is reported wherein transaortic construction of the ventricular baffle was used. Surgical approach to the defect was unsatisfactory through a right ventriculotomy. Excellent exposure was achieved through the aortic valve. Correction of partial anomalous venous return from the left lung, pulmonary debanding, and repair of the pulmonary artery were also done. Double superior venae cavae made special venous cannulation necessary. Cardiac catheterization at one year documented successful repair. This case illustrates the usefulness of the transaortic approach to a ventricular septal defect when repair through a ventriculotomy is difficult or impossible."}
{"id": "PMID:135133", "title": "Aortic homograft obstruction.", "content": "At the Mayo Clinic from September 1967, to November 1972, 128 patients underwent operations in which an aortic homograft was used to establish right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery continuity. Recently, we studied 18 of these patients who had calcified, obstructed aortic homografts. Seven patients had histories of significant dysrhythmias, all of which required medication and two of which were life threatening. Seventeen of the patients had systemic or suprasystemic pressure in the right ventricle before replacement of the calcified homografts. After placement of the homograft with a Hancock prosthesis, the pressure in the right ventricle of 12 patients was one half the systemic pressure or less. There were no operative deaths, and only 2 patients developed any significant postoperative problems.", "contents": "Aortic homograft obstruction. At the Mayo Clinic from September 1967, to November 1972, 128 patients underwent operations in which an aortic homograft was used to establish right ventricle-to-pulmonary artery continuity. Recently, we studied 18 of these patients who had calcified, obstructed aortic homografts. Seven patients had histories of significant dysrhythmias, all of which required medication and two of which were life threatening. Seventeen of the patients had systemic or suprasystemic pressure in the right ventricle before replacement of the calcified homografts. After placement of the homograft with a Hancock prosthesis, the pressure in the right ventricle of 12 patients was one half the systemic pressure or less. There were no operative deaths, and only 2 patients developed any significant postoperative problems."}
{"id": "PMID:135134", "title": "Aortic valve replacement with the De Bakey valve.", "content": "De Bakey prostheses were inserted in 29 patients with aortic valve disease between October, 1970, and May, 1972. Ten patients have died, but all but one of the remaining 19 have beel followed for a minimum of 19 months. Evaluation of the results in these subjects indicates that the function of the De Bakey valve compares favorably with that of other aortic valve prostheses.", "contents": "Aortic valve replacement with the De Bakey valve. De Bakey prostheses were inserted in 29 patients with aortic valve disease between October, 1970, and May, 1972. Ten patients have died, but all but one of the remaining 19 have beel followed for a minimum of 19 months. Evaluation of the results in these subjects indicates that the function of the De Bakey valve compares favorably with that of other aortic valve prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:135135", "title": "Gluconeogenesis in isolated rat hepatic parenchymal cells. IX. Differential effects of glucagon and epinephrine on phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase.", "content": "The isolated hepatocyte preparation (from 24-hour fasted rats) comprised a homogeneous population of intact cells as shown by electron microscopy. Homogenates of hepatocytes were incubated for 10 minutes in an ionic buffer solution containing 1.5% gelatin with and without hormones and centrifuged at 27,500 X g for 30 minutes, and the supernatant fractions were assayed for enzyme activities. Hexokinase activity was absent, although it was easily detectable in the same fraction of intact liver. The activity of glucokinase was uninfluenced by any of the hormones. The assayable activity of fructose diphosphatase was not increased by glucagon, monobutyryl cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (mb-cAMP), or epinephrine, nor was it inhibited by insulin. The activities of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were not increased by insulin; however, glucagon and mb-cAMP inhibited the assayable activity of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase to 20 to 25% of control values. Epinephrine did not influence the assayable activity of either enzyme, although it stimulated gluconeogenesis as markedly as did glucagon and mb-cAMP. When liver cell homogenates were subjected to centrifugation at higher forces (37,400 X g for 60 minutes or greater), the assayable activity of phosphofructokinase in supernatant fractions began to diminish. Additional loss of phosphofructokinase activity was observed in supernates prepared from cells that had been incubated with epinephrine; however, in these supernatant fractions, pyruvate kinase activity did not differ from control values. The results reported here demonstrate (1) a behavior of phosphofructokinase which is not predictable on the basis of its known solubility properties, and (2) differential effects of glucagon and epinephrine on the activity of phosphofructokinase which suggest that separate mechanisms are operative in stimulation of glucoeogenesis by glucagon and epinephrine.", "contents": "Gluconeogenesis in isolated rat hepatic parenchymal cells. IX. Differential effects of glucagon and epinephrine on phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. The isolated hepatocyte preparation (from 24-hour fasted rats) comprised a homogeneous population of intact cells as shown by electron microscopy. Homogenates of hepatocytes were incubated for 10 minutes in an ionic buffer solution containing 1.5% gelatin with and without hormones and centrifuged at 27,500 X g for 30 minutes, and the supernatant fractions were assayed for enzyme activities. Hexokinase activity was absent, although it was easily detectable in the same fraction of intact liver. The activity of glucokinase was uninfluenced by any of the hormones. The assayable activity of fructose diphosphatase was not increased by glucagon, monobutyryl cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophosphate (mb-cAMP), or epinephrine, nor was it inhibited by insulin. The activities of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase were not increased by insulin; however, glucagon and mb-cAMP inhibited the assayable activity of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase to 20 to 25% of control values. Epinephrine did not influence the assayable activity of either enzyme, although it stimulated gluconeogenesis as markedly as did glucagon and mb-cAMP. When liver cell homogenates were subjected to centrifugation at higher forces (37,400 X g for 60 minutes or greater), the assayable activity of phosphofructokinase in supernatant fractions began to diminish. Additional loss of phosphofructokinase activity was observed in supernates prepared from cells that had been incubated with epinephrine; however, in these supernatant fractions, pyruvate kinase activity did not differ from control values. The results reported here demonstrate (1) a behavior of phosphofructokinase which is not predictable on the basis of its known solubility properties, and (2) differential effects of glucagon and epinephrine on the activity of phosphofructokinase which suggest that separate mechanisms are operative in stimulation of glucoeogenesis by glucagon and epinephrine."}
{"id": "PMID:135139", "title": "[Details of a denounced physician (E.N.T.) suspected of bodily injury, and the following expert judgement (author's transl)].", "content": "An otologist was denounced and the patient's case history was confiscated because after tonsillectomy an absecess and a thrombosis of the vena jugularis interna had developed. The procedure and the medical aspect how at first being judged by the lawyer and the public prosecutor are described. On the base of the given medical opinion the court quashed proceedings. Because of the growing number of denouncements this casuistic paper ends with four guiding principles to protect against unjustified medicolegal blame.", "contents": "[Details of a denounced physician (E.N.T.) suspected of bodily injury, and the following expert judgement (author's transl)]. An otologist was denounced and the patient's case history was confiscated because after tonsillectomy an absecess and a thrombosis of the vena jugularis interna had developed. The procedure and the medical aspect how at first being judged by the lawyer and the public prosecutor are described. On the base of the given medical opinion the court quashed proceedings. Because of the growing number of denouncements this casuistic paper ends with four guiding principles to protect against unjustified medicolegal blame."}
{"id": "PMID:135140", "title": "[Comparative clinical, histomorphological and immunological investigations into etiological aspects of polyposis nasi et sinuum (author's transl)].", "content": "43 patients with polyps affecting the nose and the sinuses were examined for immunological deficiencies on the basis of clinical, histomorphological and immunological findings. Constant histological findings were a chronic non-specific inflammation of varying intensity; immune-histologically a varyingly dense collection of Ig-producing cells with intracellular and extracellular immunoglobulins was observed. A determination of the immunoglobulins in the serum allowed no conclusion to be drawn as to the local condition of the mucosa. Hypertensitivity reactions played no role as a causal pathogenetic factor in the development of polyposis. In a third of the cases, however, polypi led to a secondary bronchial asthma. After the surgical removal of the polypi from the nose and paranasal sinuses, not only an improvement in nasal breathing and in the aeration of the sinuses was regularly achieved, but obstructive disorders of ventilation also disappeared.", "contents": "[Comparative clinical, histomorphological and immunological investigations into etiological aspects of polyposis nasi et sinuum (author's transl)]. 43 patients with polyps affecting the nose and the sinuses were examined for immunological deficiencies on the basis of clinical, histomorphological and immunological findings. Constant histological findings were a chronic non-specific inflammation of varying intensity; immune-histologically a varyingly dense collection of Ig-producing cells with intracellular and extracellular immunoglobulins was observed. A determination of the immunoglobulins in the serum allowed no conclusion to be drawn as to the local condition of the mucosa. Hypertensitivity reactions played no role as a causal pathogenetic factor in the development of polyposis. In a third of the cases, however, polypi led to a secondary bronchial asthma. After the surgical removal of the polypi from the nose and paranasal sinuses, not only an improvement in nasal breathing and in the aeration of the sinuses was regularly achieved, but obstructive disorders of ventilation also disappeared."}
{"id": "PMID:135141", "title": "[Influence of reserpine on the nasal mucous membrane (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of reserpine on the nasal mucous membrane in the various conditions of its autonomic denervation was investigated in the rabbits. Histochemical analysis of a acetylcholine esterase and quantitative measurements of acetylcholine were performed. The results point out that reserpine influence is found only on the vascular elements in the mucous membrane and not on the subepithelial glands. Analogically it was concluded that in some patients with arterial hypertension who were treated with reserpine, its side effect, nasal obstruction, was caused only by vasodilatation. In rhinitis vasomotorica, in the addition to the vasodilatation the abounding secretion of subepithelial mucous glands is present. The performed experiments also point out that resection of the vidian nerve in resistant cases of vasomotor rhinitis with aboundant secretion is reasonable.", "contents": "[Influence of reserpine on the nasal mucous membrane (author's transl)]. The influence of reserpine on the nasal mucous membrane in the various conditions of its autonomic denervation was investigated in the rabbits. Histochemical analysis of a acetylcholine esterase and quantitative measurements of acetylcholine were performed. The results point out that reserpine influence is found only on the vascular elements in the mucous membrane and not on the subepithelial glands. Analogically it was concluded that in some patients with arterial hypertension who were treated with reserpine, its side effect, nasal obstruction, was caused only by vasodilatation. In rhinitis vasomotorica, in the addition to the vasodilatation the abounding secretion of subepithelial mucous glands is present. The performed experiments also point out that resection of the vidian nerve in resistant cases of vasomotor rhinitis with aboundant secretion is reasonable."}
{"id": "PMID:135142", "title": "[Complications using imidazolin derivates and neomycin containing substances in irrigation therapy of the maxillary sinus (author's transl)].", "content": "A 5-year-old boy, who suffered from a chronical maxillary sinusitis was treated by daily irrigations with an imidazolin derivate, followed by neomycin-containing solutions via drainage plastic tubes. 2 hours after the irrigation the boy showed signs of a generalized hyperergic reaction with unconciousness, bradycardy and hypertonus. After 18 hours the boy had recovered completely without incidents of nephrotoxic, ototoxic or neuronal damage. The toxic effects of Privin and Nebacetin are discussed.", "contents": "[Complications using imidazolin derivates and neomycin containing substances in irrigation therapy of the maxillary sinus (author's transl)]. A 5-year-old boy, who suffered from a chronical maxillary sinusitis was treated by daily irrigations with an imidazolin derivate, followed by neomycin-containing solutions via drainage plastic tubes. 2 hours after the irrigation the boy showed signs of a generalized hyperergic reaction with unconciousness, bradycardy and hypertonus. After 18 hours the boy had recovered completely without incidents of nephrotoxic, ototoxic or neuronal damage. The toxic effects of Privin and Nebacetin are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135143", "title": "[Report on clinical positive evidence of the nerve excitability test in facial palsy (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative studies of case controls of Bell's palsy, posttraumatic and postoperative palsies in relation to the clinical positive evidence of the nerve excitability test are demonstrated. While an absolutely parallel reaction of clinical function restitution and electrical excitability is observed in Bell's palsy and in posttraumatic late palsy, on the other hand this congruence will not be observed in postoperative palsies (in intact anatomical conduction of the nerve) in most of the investigated cases. In these cases the clinical restitution of isolated movements of the mimetic muscles has further improved than the excitability test demonstrates. The exact developmental mechanism remains still open.", "contents": "[Report on clinical positive evidence of the nerve excitability test in facial palsy (author's transl)]. Comparative studies of case controls of Bell's palsy, posttraumatic and postoperative palsies in relation to the clinical positive evidence of the nerve excitability test are demonstrated. While an absolutely parallel reaction of clinical function restitution and electrical excitability is observed in Bell's palsy and in posttraumatic late palsy, on the other hand this congruence will not be observed in postoperative palsies (in intact anatomical conduction of the nerve) in most of the investigated cases. In these cases the clinical restitution of isolated movements of the mimetic muscles has further improved than the excitability test demonstrates. The exact developmental mechanism remains still open."}
{"id": "PMID:135144", "title": "[Determination of the latency for the prognosis of Bell's palsy (author's transl)].", "content": "In a previous study the authors discussed the value of the determination of the compound action potential amplitude of the m. orbicularis oris following supramaximal stimuli of the facial nerve for the prognosis of facial paresis. In this study they investigate the suitability of the determination of the latency periods for an early prognosis. The latency periods in 20 normal subjects and 26 patients with idiopathic facial paresis were messured and continuously checked. The study reveals that a difference of more than 0.5 msec. between the latency periods of normal and paretic patients does not even permit the proof of peripheral lesions in patients with partial denervation or absent or insufficient recovery. Ocassionally, even shorter latency were observed in paretic patients, which are probably due to a local increase of the threshold for supramaximal stimuli around the stimulation electrode. The necessary increase of the stimulus intensity probably leads to a nervous excitation further distally. Contrary to the observations of other authors these studies indicate that the determination of the latency does not constitute a useful prognostic criterion for idiopathic facial paresis; for an early prognosis the measurement of latency is less reliable than the determination of the compound action potential amplitude.", "contents": "[Determination of the latency for the prognosis of Bell's palsy (author's transl)]. In a previous study the authors discussed the value of the determination of the compound action potential amplitude of the m. orbicularis oris following supramaximal stimuli of the facial nerve for the prognosis of facial paresis. In this study they investigate the suitability of the determination of the latency periods for an early prognosis. The latency periods in 20 normal subjects and 26 patients with idiopathic facial paresis were messured and continuously checked. The study reveals that a difference of more than 0.5 msec. between the latency periods of normal and paretic patients does not even permit the proof of peripheral lesions in patients with partial denervation or absent or insufficient recovery. Ocassionally, even shorter latency were observed in paretic patients, which are probably due to a local increase of the threshold for supramaximal stimuli around the stimulation electrode. The necessary increase of the stimulus intensity probably leads to a nervous excitation further distally. Contrary to the observations of other authors these studies indicate that the determination of the latency does not constitute a useful prognostic criterion for idiopathic facial paresis; for an early prognosis the measurement of latency is less reliable than the determination of the compound action potential amplitude."}
{"id": "PMID:135145", "title": "[Methods for oscillography on the temporal bone preparation (author's transl)].", "content": "Oscillography of the middle ear structure on the temporal bone preparation are of essential importance for the expansion of our knowledge concerning physiological process and thus also for the further development of operation techniques that improve hearing. With the increased technical possibilities we are now able to make processes in the range of only few A measurable and visible. Accordingly, the methods employed for this purpose are complicated and manifold. The goal of this paper is to summarize these techniques as far as possible, to describe them in an understandable way, and to briefly point out their pros and cons. Optical methods, nearly all of which are in use today, as well as new methods such as laser interferometry and the Moessbauer technique, which can be performed only in few laboratories, are discussed.", "contents": "[Methods for oscillography on the temporal bone preparation (author's transl)]. Oscillography of the middle ear structure on the temporal bone preparation are of essential importance for the expansion of our knowledge concerning physiological process and thus also for the further development of operation techniques that improve hearing. With the increased technical possibilities we are now able to make processes in the range of only few A measurable and visible. Accordingly, the methods employed for this purpose are complicated and manifold. The goal of this paper is to summarize these techniques as far as possible, to describe them in an understandable way, and to briefly point out their pros and cons. Optical methods, nearly all of which are in use today, as well as new methods such as laser interferometry and the Moessbauer technique, which can be performed only in few laboratories, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135146", "title": "[Experimental studies on the question of the enzymatic destruction of the ossicular bones during middle ear inflammations (author's transl)].", "content": "The proteolytic activity of purulent middle ear secretions from patients with cholesteatoma, chronic otitis media, acute otitis media and radical mastoid cavities were investigated. The proteolytic activity in the secretions from cases with cholesteatoma is higher than from patients with other chronic otitis media. The collagenolytic effect of the matrix of cholesteatoma combined with the high level of the bacterial and leukocytic proteinases in the middle ear secretions is undoubtedly one of the main factors in the destruction of the ossicular bones.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the question of the enzymatic destruction of the ossicular bones during middle ear inflammations (author's transl)]. The proteolytic activity of purulent middle ear secretions from patients with cholesteatoma, chronic otitis media, acute otitis media and radical mastoid cavities were investigated. The proteolytic activity in the secretions from cases with cholesteatoma is higher than from patients with other chronic otitis media. The collagenolytic effect of the matrix of cholesteatoma combined with the high level of the bacterial and leukocytic proteinases in the middle ear secretions is undoubtedly one of the main factors in the destruction of the ossicular bones."}
{"id": "PMID:135147", "title": "[Morphology and clinical significance of syringomas of the external auditory canal (author's transl)].", "content": "Syringomas of the external auditory canal (\"ceruminomas\"), are very rare their morphology is varied and their clinical course hardly predictable. Their nomenclature is controversial and easily misunderstood. Two cases of syringomas of the external auditory canal are reported (one adenoma and one adenoid-cystic carcinoma) which were also studied by means of electron microscopy. The morphology and clinical significance of these tumors is discussed.", "contents": "[Morphology and clinical significance of syringomas of the external auditory canal (author's transl)]. Syringomas of the external auditory canal (\"ceruminomas\"), are very rare their morphology is varied and their clinical course hardly predictable. Their nomenclature is controversial and easily misunderstood. Two cases of syringomas of the external auditory canal are reported (one adenoma and one adenoid-cystic carcinoma) which were also studied by means of electron microscopy. The morphology and clinical significance of these tumors is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135148", "title": "[Late results of stapedectomy after 15 years (author's transl)].", "content": "Stapedectomy in Otosclerosis in using polyethylene struts or stainless-steel wire protheses results in permanent correction of the postoperative gap. The use of stainless-steel wire protheses however is successful with 94% of the patients regarding the postoperative gap, compared to 89% of the patients in using the polyethylene struts. The postoperative decrement of bone conduction is statistically significantly lower in the stainless-steel wire protheses than in polyethylene struts.", "contents": "[Late results of stapedectomy after 15 years (author's transl)]. Stapedectomy in Otosclerosis in using polyethylene struts or stainless-steel wire protheses results in permanent correction of the postoperative gap. The use of stainless-steel wire protheses however is successful with 94% of the patients regarding the postoperative gap, compared to 89% of the patients in using the polyethylene struts. The postoperative decrement of bone conduction is statistically significantly lower in the stainless-steel wire protheses than in polyethylene struts."}
{"id": "PMID:135149", "title": "[Pantopaque cisternography in diagnosis of acustic neuromas (author's transl)].", "content": "In 6 out of 37 patients, examined by pantopaque cisternography the suspect of a acustic neuroma could be strengthened. All of these tumors showed growth beyond the internal auditory meatus. Smaller intrameatal tumors were not found. The indication for cisternography were made almost according to the demands from Fisch and Wegm\u00fcller, therefore it is asked, wether it should not be better to follow the methods of Valvassori who sometimes performes cisternography based on audiometric findings alone. As results of our own experience and similar cases reported elsewhere, this seems justified. Because of the small amount of contrast medium used the side-effects of Pantopaque-cisternography are practically nil.", "contents": "[Pantopaque cisternography in diagnosis of acustic neuromas (author's transl)]. In 6 out of 37 patients, examined by pantopaque cisternography the suspect of a acustic neuroma could be strengthened. All of these tumors showed growth beyond the internal auditory meatus. Smaller intrameatal tumors were not found. The indication for cisternography were made almost according to the demands from Fisch and Wegm\u00fcller, therefore it is asked, wether it should not be better to follow the methods of Valvassori who sometimes performes cisternography based on audiometric findings alone. As results of our own experience and similar cases reported elsewhere, this seems justified. Because of the small amount of contrast medium used the side-effects of Pantopaque-cisternography are practically nil."}
{"id": "PMID:135150", "title": "[Tumours of the parotid gland--results of their treatment and some peculiarities (author's transl)].", "content": "148 cases of parotid gland tumours which had been treated during the last 15 years were analysed histomorphologically: There was found in 54.1% mixed tumour (pleomorphic adenoma), 11.5% epithelial malignant tumour, 4.1% sarcoma, 7.4% primary metastasis, 22.9% other benignant tumours. In 2.5% of 80 cases of mixed tumour a malignant degeneration was revealed. Some cases of double tumours and more seldom tumours as for instance lymphoepithelioma and malignant papillary cystadenoma are presented. A critical appraisal of primary sarcomas is following, but also a comment to the problem of primary metastasis in the parotid gland. The author's opinion is now: favourable therapeutic results can be reached in cases of small and modestly enlarged mixed tumours by means of the so-called \"extracapsular\" or \"extended extracapsular\" removal on the understanding that a critical casuistic choice was made and a skilled surgical procedure was applied. On this way relapses have been observed in 2.6% of the author's cases till now. A five years survival time of epithelial malignant tumours was found in 17.7% (88.2% of all epithelial malignant tumours had been treated at stage III and IV). All patients suffering from a sarcoma died within a period of 1/2 to 3 1/2 years after therapy except a case of Hodgkin's sarcoma (8 1/2 years). Primary metastasis in the parotid gland in cases of malignant tumours of head and skull sometimes was discovered in the author's cases, the infavourable prognosis of which was similar to primary malignant tumours at all.", "contents": "[Tumours of the parotid gland--results of their treatment and some peculiarities (author's transl)]. 148 cases of parotid gland tumours which had been treated during the last 15 years were analysed histomorphologically: There was found in 54.1% mixed tumour (pleomorphic adenoma), 11.5% epithelial malignant tumour, 4.1% sarcoma, 7.4% primary metastasis, 22.9% other benignant tumours. In 2.5% of 80 cases of mixed tumour a malignant degeneration was revealed. Some cases of double tumours and more seldom tumours as for instance lymphoepithelioma and malignant papillary cystadenoma are presented. A critical appraisal of primary sarcomas is following, but also a comment to the problem of primary metastasis in the parotid gland. The author's opinion is now: favourable therapeutic results can be reached in cases of small and modestly enlarged mixed tumours by means of the so-called \"extracapsular\" or \"extended extracapsular\" removal on the understanding that a critical casuistic choice was made and a skilled surgical procedure was applied. On this way relapses have been observed in 2.6% of the author's cases till now. A five years survival time of epithelial malignant tumours was found in 17.7% (88.2% of all epithelial malignant tumours had been treated at stage III and IV). All patients suffering from a sarcoma died within a period of 1/2 to 3 1/2 years after therapy except a case of Hodgkin's sarcoma (8 1/2 years). Primary metastasis in the parotid gland in cases of malignant tumours of head and skull sometimes was discovered in the author's cases, the infavourable prognosis of which was similar to primary malignant tumours at all."}
{"id": "PMID:135151", "title": "[Unusual concrement in the submandibular gland (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short general view about the diagnosis and therapy of the sialolithiasis of the gland an extremely big sialolith, which weighs 42 g, which is 5.2 cm long and shows a thickness of 2 cm is reported.", "contents": "[Unusual concrement in the submandibular gland (author's transl)]. After a short general view about the diagnosis and therapy of the sialolithiasis of the gland an extremely big sialolith, which weighs 42 g, which is 5.2 cm long and shows a thickness of 2 cm is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:135152", "title": "[On the secretion of BAEE-esterase activity (kallikrein) in normal human parotid glands in rest and under stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "Kallikrein is an important mediator in microcirculation. Therefore, this work has been concerned with the excretion of kallikrein from human parotid glands. In 40 healthy persons kallikrein concentrations in resting parotid saliva were estimated. Subsequently, the glands were stimulated either by ascorbic acid or by subcutaneous injection of pilocarpin and the changes in BAEE-esterase activity were measured. The results show a significant increase of excreted enzyme on stimulation. Continuous stimulation, however, leads to exhaustion of the capacity of the glands within 40 min. After cessation of stimulation basal secretion rates are restored in the next 15 min. Kallikrein secretion is compared to the secretion of total protein, lysozym and immunglobulin A.", "contents": "[On the secretion of BAEE-esterase activity (kallikrein) in normal human parotid glands in rest and under stimulation (author's transl)]. Kallikrein is an important mediator in microcirculation. Therefore, this work has been concerned with the excretion of kallikrein from human parotid glands. In 40 healthy persons kallikrein concentrations in resting parotid saliva were estimated. Subsequently, the glands were stimulated either by ascorbic acid or by subcutaneous injection of pilocarpin and the changes in BAEE-esterase activity were measured. The results show a significant increase of excreted enzyme on stimulation. Continuous stimulation, however, leads to exhaustion of the capacity of the glands within 40 min. After cessation of stimulation basal secretion rates are restored in the next 15 min. Kallikrein secretion is compared to the secretion of total protein, lysozym and immunglobulin A."}
{"id": "PMID:135153", "title": "[On the classification of pathological timbres of the voice by hearing (author's transl)].", "content": "This is a form to diagnose as well healthy as pathological voices by hearing; it is meant to be practically experienced and criticized. It could by applied by laryngologists in future times who examine the voice of young people who intend to start the training for a job which mainly causes them to use their voice. You will find some groups of adjectives: two of them in juxtaposition and others which are in some close relation to one another. Thus we have got a set of instruments to fix the main audible differences of the voice and its changes, e.g. during some medical treatment. The complete structured list of adjectives concerning possible characteristic features of the voice is meant to help the laryngologist to classify those vocal impressions which seem typical to him.", "contents": "[On the classification of pathological timbres of the voice by hearing (author's transl)]. This is a form to diagnose as well healthy as pathological voices by hearing; it is meant to be practically experienced and criticized. It could by applied by laryngologists in future times who examine the voice of young people who intend to start the training for a job which mainly causes them to use their voice. You will find some groups of adjectives: two of them in juxtaposition and others which are in some close relation to one another. Thus we have got a set of instruments to fix the main audible differences of the voice and its changes, e.g. during some medical treatment. The complete structured list of adjectives concerning possible characteristic features of the voice is meant to help the laryngologist to classify those vocal impressions which seem typical to him."}
{"id": "PMID:135154", "title": "[The actual stage of objective audiometry (ERA) (author's transl)].", "content": "Evoked Response Audiometry (ERA) comprises a few electrophysiological tests utilizing acoustic evoked potentials as a audiometric criterion. Some potentials with different latencies (early, late and very late potentials) which are mainly used in routine audiometry are reviewed, the practical procedure of the tests (Electrocochleography, Cortical Audiometry and CNV-Audiometry) as well as their results are discussed. Today objective audiometry should be a clinical routine examination which can provide additional and more information than conventional audiometry.", "contents": "[The actual stage of objective audiometry (ERA) (author's transl)]. Evoked Response Audiometry (ERA) comprises a few electrophysiological tests utilizing acoustic evoked potentials as a audiometric criterion. Some potentials with different latencies (early, late and very late potentials) which are mainly used in routine audiometry are reviewed, the practical procedure of the tests (Electrocochleography, Cortical Audiometry and CNV-Audiometry) as well as their results are discussed. Today objective audiometry should be a clinical routine examination which can provide additional and more information than conventional audiometry."}
{"id": "PMID:135155", "title": "[Experiences gained with B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry (author's transl)].", "content": "477 B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiograms were classified according to Jerger, and the percentage rates of the individual types were juxtaposed as concerns the frequency-sliding and frequency-constant methods. By means of the frequency-constant method a higher percentage of pathological conditions can be demonstrated. In two patients with retro-cochlear defects (pontine-angle tumor) the defect cannot be pinpointed at all by means of the frequency-sliding method. The results are demonstrated to depend on the frequency in the case of the frequency-constant method.", "contents": "[Experiences gained with B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry (author's transl)]. 477 B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiograms were classified according to Jerger, and the percentage rates of the individual types were juxtaposed as concerns the frequency-sliding and frequency-constant methods. By means of the frequency-constant method a higher percentage of pathological conditions can be demonstrated. In two patients with retro-cochlear defects (pontine-angle tumor) the defect cannot be pinpointed at all by means of the frequency-sliding method. The results are demonstrated to depend on the frequency in the case of the frequency-constant method."}
{"id": "PMID:135156", "title": "[Electrocochleography as a neurootological tool (author's transl)].", "content": "A series of 13 patients where surgery confirmed retrocochlear lesions in the cerebellopontine angle was tested preoperatively by electro-cochleography. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Compound action potentials (CAP) of the acoustic nerve could be registered by electro-cochleography in all patients regardless of the fact whether hearing on the side of the lesion could be demonstrated in pure tone audiometry or not. 2. The threshold latency for the 2 kHz sinustone-burst elicited compound action potential was within the normal range if hearing on the side of the lesion could be shown in pure tone audiometry. Threshold latency for 2 kHz CAP was shortened pathologically when hearing on the side of the lesion was absent in pure tone audiometry.", "contents": "[Electrocochleography as a neurootological tool (author's transl)]. A series of 13 patients where surgery confirmed retrocochlear lesions in the cerebellopontine angle was tested preoperatively by electro-cochleography. The following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Compound action potentials (CAP) of the acoustic nerve could be registered by electro-cochleography in all patients regardless of the fact whether hearing on the side of the lesion could be demonstrated in pure tone audiometry or not. 2. The threshold latency for the 2 kHz sinustone-burst elicited compound action potential was within the normal range if hearing on the side of the lesion could be shown in pure tone audiometry. Threshold latency for 2 kHz CAP was shortened pathologically when hearing on the side of the lesion was absent in pure tone audiometry."}
{"id": "PMID:135157", "title": "[Longitudinal audiometric studies concerning progression of noise induced hearing loss (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of occupational hearing loss is very important for the recommendation to change the work place. 1960 Dieroff has described a phasic development of noise induced hearing loss. After ten years in noisy environment no further development of hearing impairment was determinable. Recent investigations point to a logarithmical respectively linear dependence of noise induced permanent threshold shift on the duration of exposure to noise. During our observation over a period of two years of employees working on noisy jobs, no stay of noise induced permanent threshold shift proceeding could be stated after ten or twenty years. As the raiting sound level of the working places, which we have studied, had only approx. 60 to 100 dB(A), it can be assumed, that under these conditions the noise induced hearing loss developes delayed and the noise induced permanent threshold shift increases as long as it must be worked under noisy conditions. The noise induced hearing loss depends on the intensity of noise exposure of the different groups. Also the group of storehouse- and court personnel as well as the drivers, being exposed only to a raiting sound level of approx. 65-75 dB(A), showed a significant higher noise induced permanent threshold shift than the group of administrative employees.", "contents": "[Longitudinal audiometric studies concerning progression of noise induced hearing loss (author's transl)]. The development of occupational hearing loss is very important for the recommendation to change the work place. 1960 Dieroff has described a phasic development of noise induced hearing loss. After ten years in noisy environment no further development of hearing impairment was determinable. Recent investigations point to a logarithmical respectively linear dependence of noise induced permanent threshold shift on the duration of exposure to noise. During our observation over a period of two years of employees working on noisy jobs, no stay of noise induced permanent threshold shift proceeding could be stated after ten or twenty years. As the raiting sound level of the working places, which we have studied, had only approx. 60 to 100 dB(A), it can be assumed, that under these conditions the noise induced hearing loss developes delayed and the noise induced permanent threshold shift increases as long as it must be worked under noisy conditions. The noise induced hearing loss depends on the intensity of noise exposure of the different groups. Also the group of storehouse- and court personnel as well as the drivers, being exposed only to a raiting sound level of approx. 65-75 dB(A), showed a significant higher noise induced permanent threshold shift than the group of administrative employees."}
{"id": "PMID:135158", "title": "[A proposal for a method of precalculation of hearing losses (author's transl)].", "content": "Three well-known procedures for the determination of auditory noxiousness from noise level and time of exposure are discussed and the theoretically expected 4 kHz hearing losses in selected textile and metal workers exposed to noise are compared with the measured PTS values. The method after Kraak showed the best correlation between noise load and hearing loss. On the basis of these results a noise level table with intervals of 2-3 dB between 85 and 110 dB(A) was developped, from which the noise load after 1 to 40 working years can be read off in figures. After evaluation of 256 noise opinions a method for determination of maximum noise doses is proposed. The table presented may be used in the determination of characteristic coefficients.", "contents": "[A proposal for a method of precalculation of hearing losses (author's transl)]. Three well-known procedures for the determination of auditory noxiousness from noise level and time of exposure are discussed and the theoretically expected 4 kHz hearing losses in selected textile and metal workers exposed to noise are compared with the measured PTS values. The method after Kraak showed the best correlation between noise load and hearing loss. On the basis of these results a noise level table with intervals of 2-3 dB between 85 and 110 dB(A) was developped, from which the noise load after 1 to 40 working years can be read off in figures. After evaluation of 256 noise opinions a method for determination of maximum noise doses is proposed. The table presented may be used in the determination of characteristic coefficients."}
{"id": "PMID:135159", "title": "[The problem of severe noise induced hearing loss (author's transl)].", "content": "It can be observed that even after severe and long-lasting occupational exposure to noise the hardness of hearing caused by that noise is usually only low or medium-grade. Therefore the question is being examined whether there are any particular causal conditions for those rare cases in which the hardness of hearing caused by noise is more than medium-grade. High noise levels and high frequencies, together with continual constrained physical posture during work, seem to be such conditions according to the statistical evaluation of a wide range of observation data. In such cases the expert is required to assume a highly critical attitude. The diagnosis and in particular the simulation and aggravation tests call for improvement by way of an objectification.", "contents": "[The problem of severe noise induced hearing loss (author's transl)]. It can be observed that even after severe and long-lasting occupational exposure to noise the hardness of hearing caused by that noise is usually only low or medium-grade. Therefore the question is being examined whether there are any particular causal conditions for those rare cases in which the hardness of hearing caused by noise is more than medium-grade. High noise levels and high frequencies, together with continual constrained physical posture during work, seem to be such conditions according to the statistical evaluation of a wide range of observation data. In such cases the expert is required to assume a highly critical attitude. The diagnosis and in particular the simulation and aggravation tests call for improvement by way of an objectification."}
{"id": "PMID:135160", "title": "[Remarks about tympanoplastic (personel methods) (author's transl)].", "content": "A valuable aeration of the middle ear from the Eustachian tube to the aditus ad antrum is realized by the implantation of a one inch long part of the Vena saphena magna. A tube of polyethylene introduced in the ostium of the Eustachian tube maintains the vein in position during 3-4 weeks, the intima of the vein is an empeachment for synechia with the promontorium. By a special incision the deeper tissues of the ear are formed to a pediculated flap. The splitting of this flap enables the formation of a superficial thin flap, which includes the skin of the external auditory conduct. Applicated on the fascia, a consolidated and fixed neotympanon is realized, the deeper, thicker flap is filling the excavation of the bone. The cartilage of the concha is a valuable substitute of the bridge and the posterior wall of the external auditory conduct.", "contents": "[Remarks about tympanoplastic (personel methods) (author's transl)]. A valuable aeration of the middle ear from the Eustachian tube to the aditus ad antrum is realized by the implantation of a one inch long part of the Vena saphena magna. A tube of polyethylene introduced in the ostium of the Eustachian tube maintains the vein in position during 3-4 weeks, the intima of the vein is an empeachment for synechia with the promontorium. By a special incision the deeper tissues of the ear are formed to a pediculated flap. The splitting of this flap enables the formation of a superficial thin flap, which includes the skin of the external auditory conduct. Applicated on the fascia, a consolidated and fixed neotympanon is realized, the deeper, thicker flap is filling the excavation of the bone. The cartilage of the concha is a valuable substitute of the bridge and the posterior wall of the external auditory conduct."}
{"id": "PMID:135161", "title": "[A contribution to the radiological diagnosis of adenoids (author's transl)].", "content": "In 164 children we found a high grade correlation between radiological size of adenoids and intraoperativ findings. This is underlining the importance of X-ray diagnosis for adenoids compared to other examinations.", "contents": "[A contribution to the radiological diagnosis of adenoids (author's transl)]. In 164 children we found a high grade correlation between radiological size of adenoids and intraoperativ findings. This is underlining the importance of X-ray diagnosis for adenoids compared to other examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:135162", "title": "[The arthritis of the cricoarytenoid joint, a rare postintubation complication and its novel treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of aphonia following a long-time endotracheal intubation is presented. The paramedian position of the left and the incomplete adduction of the right vocal cord were caused by a complete, respectively partial ankylosis of the cricoarytenoid joints. The ankylosis was the result of an arthritis during the intubation period. A nearly normal mobility of the vocal cords and a normal voice was achieved by translaryngeal injections of Fludrocortisone and Hyaluronidase into the cricoarytenoid joints and by their passive mobilisation.", "contents": "[The arthritis of the cricoarytenoid joint, a rare postintubation complication and its novel treatment (author's transl)]. A case of aphonia following a long-time endotracheal intubation is presented. The paramedian position of the left and the incomplete adduction of the right vocal cord were caused by a complete, respectively partial ankylosis of the cricoarytenoid joints. The ankylosis was the result of an arthritis during the intubation period. A nearly normal mobility of the vocal cords and a normal voice was achieved by translaryngeal injections of Fludrocortisone and Hyaluronidase into the cricoarytenoid joints and by their passive mobilisation."}
{"id": "PMID:135163", "title": "[Comparison of the effectiveness of antivertiginous drugs by double blind procedure. The effect of diazepam, dimenhydrinate and sulpirid on the human vestibular spontaneous nystagmus (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of Diazepam (Valium), Dimenhydrinate (Vomex A, Novomina, Epha Retard), Sulpirid (Dogmatil) and Placebo has been investigated in regard to the intensity of pathological vestibular spontaneous nystagmus by application of the double blind method on 50 patients with peripheral vestibular (n = 37) and central vestibular (n = 12) diseases, as well as on a case of spontaneous nystagmus of undefined origin. Since by acute vestibular disease the intensity of spontaneous nystagmus is generally closely related to the severity of vertigo, the influence on a pathological spontaneous nystagmus by antivertiginosa seems to be a dependable criterium in the evaluation of their effectiveness. Dimenhydrinate (2 mg/kg KG) and Sulpirid (2.86 mg/kg KG) led to a statistically significant reduction, however not in the case of Diazepam and Placebo. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of Dimenhydrinate and Sulpirid is not definitely predictable in individual cases: in 2 out of 10 patients the preparations were without effect. Characteristics and areas of indication of Dimenhydrinate and Sulpirid are described in greater detail.", "contents": "[Comparison of the effectiveness of antivertiginous drugs by double blind procedure. The effect of diazepam, dimenhydrinate and sulpirid on the human vestibular spontaneous nystagmus (author's transl)]. The effect of Diazepam (Valium), Dimenhydrinate (Vomex A, Novomina, Epha Retard), Sulpirid (Dogmatil) and Placebo has been investigated in regard to the intensity of pathological vestibular spontaneous nystagmus by application of the double blind method on 50 patients with peripheral vestibular (n = 37) and central vestibular (n = 12) diseases, as well as on a case of spontaneous nystagmus of undefined origin. Since by acute vestibular disease the intensity of spontaneous nystagmus is generally closely related to the severity of vertigo, the influence on a pathological spontaneous nystagmus by antivertiginosa seems to be a dependable criterium in the evaluation of their effectiveness. Dimenhydrinate (2 mg/kg KG) and Sulpirid (2.86 mg/kg KG) led to a statistically significant reduction, however not in the case of Diazepam and Placebo. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of Dimenhydrinate and Sulpirid is not definitely predictable in individual cases: in 2 out of 10 patients the preparations were without effect. Characteristics and areas of indication of Dimenhydrinate and Sulpirid are described in greater detail."}
{"id": "PMID:135164", "title": "[The laryngeal cyst of the new born (author's transl)].", "content": "Only 30 cases of cysts of the ventricular cord in the new born baby have been published. Because of the respiratory stridor one third of the cases died soon or later. The other 2/3 were treated by endolaryngeal procedures. With a case of a new born suffering from a large cyst of the ventricular cord the author demonstrates the possible danger and inefficiency of different endolaryngeal procedures. Only the external operation through the thyrohyoid membrane with complete removal of the cyst - without tracheotomy--resulted in permanent cure.", "contents": "[The laryngeal cyst of the new born (author's transl)]. Only 30 cases of cysts of the ventricular cord in the new born baby have been published. Because of the respiratory stridor one third of the cases died soon or later. The other 2/3 were treated by endolaryngeal procedures. With a case of a new born suffering from a large cyst of the ventricular cord the author demonstrates the possible danger and inefficiency of different endolaryngeal procedures. Only the external operation through the thyrohyoid membrane with complete removal of the cyst - without tracheotomy--resulted in permanent cure."}
{"id": "PMID:135165", "title": "[Histiocytosis X and its importance in Otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)].", "content": "Histiocytosis X is an entity of neoplastic diseases of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. In the own case material, half of the patients presented with clinical symptoms originating in the head and neck areas (7/14). With respect to the clinical course, localized histiocytosis X should be distinguished from acute-disseminated and chronic-disseminated disease, the three corresponding with the classical eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian's and Abt-Letterer-Siwe's disease; transitional forms are well-known. Therapy is surgical in cases of localized eosinophilic granuloma and cytostatic in cases of disseminated disease; in the latter Vinca-alkaloids and corticosteroids are preferably used. Any kind of treatment, however, has to be individualized and modifications result from the thorough observation of the clinical course, which is unpredictable for the individual case. Planning an individual concept of therapy for each patient is most important and should be done by surgeons together with the pediatric oncologist.", "contents": "[Histiocytosis X and its importance in Otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)]. Histiocytosis X is an entity of neoplastic diseases of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. In the own case material, half of the patients presented with clinical symptoms originating in the head and neck areas (7/14). With respect to the clinical course, localized histiocytosis X should be distinguished from acute-disseminated and chronic-disseminated disease, the three corresponding with the classical eosinophilic granuloma, Hand-Sch\u00fcller-Christian's and Abt-Letterer-Siwe's disease; transitional forms are well-known. Therapy is surgical in cases of localized eosinophilic granuloma and cytostatic in cases of disseminated disease; in the latter Vinca-alkaloids and corticosteroids are preferably used. Any kind of treatment, however, has to be individualized and modifications result from the thorough observation of the clinical course, which is unpredictable for the individual case. Planning an individual concept of therapy for each patient is most important and should be done by surgeons together with the pediatric oncologist."}
{"id": "PMID:135166", "title": "[Lipomas of the neck (author's transl)].", "content": "Histological particularities, clinical details, diagnosis, malignant transformation and therapy of adipose tissue tumors of the neck are demonstrated. This will be completed by the discription of two cases, concerning this problem.", "contents": "[Lipomas of the neck (author's transl)]. Histological particularities, clinical details, diagnosis, malignant transformation and therapy of adipose tissue tumors of the neck are demonstrated. This will be completed by the discription of two cases, concerning this problem."}
{"id": "PMID:135167", "title": "[Coagulation abnormalities in the patients with malignant tumours of the larynx and pharynx (author's transl)].", "content": "In 8 of 41 examined patients with larynx tumour and in 6 of 7 those with pharynx tumours we found hypercoagulability using specific coagulation test. In two of our patients laboratory tests pointed out on the disseminated intravascular coagulation, that became clinically manifest just during radiotherapy. The routine coagulation tests cannot detect the coagulation abnormality in the majority of cases and therefore in the patients with malignant tumours specific tests for discovering the ICF (intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis) syndrom are to be made.", "contents": "[Coagulation abnormalities in the patients with malignant tumours of the larynx and pharynx (author's transl)]. In 8 of 41 examined patients with larynx tumour and in 6 of 7 those with pharynx tumours we found hypercoagulability using specific coagulation test. In two of our patients laboratory tests pointed out on the disseminated intravascular coagulation, that became clinically manifest just during radiotherapy. The routine coagulation tests cannot detect the coagulation abnormality in the majority of cases and therefore in the patients with malignant tumours specific tests for discovering the ICF (intravascular coagulation and fibrinolysis) syndrom are to be made."}
{"id": "PMID:135168", "title": "[Schmincke carcinoma of the nasopharynx (author's transl)].", "content": "92 patients suffering from malignant nasopharynx tumors have been examined. They were classified according to their histological diagnosis and compared in point of view clinical particularity and prognosis. The lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) is the most common malignant tumor of this organ. It differs clearly in its clinical behaviour from all other tumors of the nasopharynx. Particularly striking is the early and - apart from rare exeptions - regular involvement of the regional neck lymphnodes. This fact allows an early recognition of the small primary tumor - with its consealed site and poor clinical symptoms - and improves consequently the 3-year-survival-rate of the LEC decisively. By combination of radiological and surgical treatment of the involved neck lymphnodes, the prognosis of the LEC can be further improved. Following our own findings and recent results from the tumor virus research we want to point out that LEC has to be considered as a special disease with its proper etiology and clinical appearance.", "contents": "[Schmincke carcinoma of the nasopharynx (author's transl)]. 92 patients suffering from malignant nasopharynx tumors have been examined. They were classified according to their histological diagnosis and compared in point of view clinical particularity and prognosis. The lymphoepithelial carcinoma (LEC) is the most common malignant tumor of this organ. It differs clearly in its clinical behaviour from all other tumors of the nasopharynx. Particularly striking is the early and - apart from rare exeptions - regular involvement of the regional neck lymphnodes. This fact allows an early recognition of the small primary tumor - with its consealed site and poor clinical symptoms - and improves consequently the 3-year-survival-rate of the LEC decisively. By combination of radiological and surgical treatment of the involved neck lymphnodes, the prognosis of the LEC can be further improved. Following our own findings and recent results from the tumor virus research we want to point out that LEC has to be considered as a special disease with its proper etiology and clinical appearance."}
{"id": "PMID:135169", "title": "[Singer and actor under medical attention of the laryngologist].", "content": "Singers and actors offer special problems to the laryngologist as far as their personality is concerned as the individual intensity of their vocal usage. A successful therapeutical approach requires that the doctor is able to involve himself into the physical and psychic conditions of an artistic usage of the voice; he also should be as well open to singing as to music in general. Knowledge in pathophysiology of larynx and voice, experiences in phoniatry and psychological interests will enable the larngologist to solve such medical problems which occur when working on diseases of the voice of singers and actors. Based on these few remarks, the report deals with the following short chapters: doctor and singer, the most frequent causes of vocal disorders, the \"dry throat' of the singer, coughing out of custom, vocal nodules, the prevention of damages of the voice, the singer's voice under endocrine influences, possible damages of the voice in connection with operations and - the actor with an ill voice.", "contents": "[Singer and actor under medical attention of the laryngologist]. Singers and actors offer special problems to the laryngologist as far as their personality is concerned as the individual intensity of their vocal usage. A successful therapeutical approach requires that the doctor is able to involve himself into the physical and psychic conditions of an artistic usage of the voice; he also should be as well open to singing as to music in general. Knowledge in pathophysiology of larynx and voice, experiences in phoniatry and psychological interests will enable the larngologist to solve such medical problems which occur when working on diseases of the voice of singers and actors. Based on these few remarks, the report deals with the following short chapters: doctor and singer, the most frequent causes of vocal disorders, the \"dry throat' of the singer, coughing out of custom, vocal nodules, the prevention of damages of the voice, the singer's voice under endocrine influences, possible damages of the voice in connection with operations and - the actor with an ill voice."}
{"id": "PMID:135170", "title": "[Collapse of nasal ala].", "content": "The enlargements of the inner valve is achieved by dividing the upper lateral cartilages from the septum and the coverage of this defect by a flap from the cranial border of the lower lateral cartilages. The usefullness of the so-called low lateral osteotomy and the implantation of a cartilagegraft into the ala is stressed.", "contents": "[Collapse of nasal ala]. The enlargements of the inner valve is achieved by dividing the upper lateral cartilages from the septum and the coverage of this defect by a flap from the cranial border of the lower lateral cartilages. The usefullness of the so-called low lateral osteotomy and the implantation of a cartilagegraft into the ala is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:135171", "title": "[Reconstruction following surgical removal of extensive malignant tumors of the mouth and pharynx].", "content": "Large tumors in the oral and hypopharyngeal areas require wide surgical excision with closure either by simple direct means or with replacement of soft tissue and the use of local mucosal flaps, regional skin flaps or visceral transplantation. Five examples have been chosen to explain the proposed methods of treatment with special emphasis on the use of the Bakamjian flap. A detailed description of a combined procedure using part of the colon as an oesophageal replacement is given.", "contents": "[Reconstruction following surgical removal of extensive malignant tumors of the mouth and pharynx]. Large tumors in the oral and hypopharyngeal areas require wide surgical excision with closure either by simple direct means or with replacement of soft tissue and the use of local mucosal flaps, regional skin flaps or visceral transplantation. Five examples have been chosen to explain the proposed methods of treatment with special emphasis on the use of the Bakamjian flap. A detailed description of a combined procedure using part of the colon as an oesophageal replacement is given."}
{"id": "PMID:135172", "title": "[Functional results of tracheoplasties].", "content": "There is a direct correlation between airway resistance and residual tracheal lumen in tracheostenosis. Airway resistance has been recorded in 185 patients with tracheostenosis using body plethysmograph. High grade stenosis of the trachea is better diagnosed with body plethysmograph compared with direct inspection, a pertinent observation mainly in bordering cases. Tracheoplasties were performed in 74 patients using the body plethysmograph. Postoperative courses and functional results were observed. The average tracheal diameter was 8-9 mm at the end of our study with corresponding airway resistance of 24-34 mm H2O/l u. sec. These functional results reflect a good tolerance to average labour impound.", "contents": "[Functional results of tracheoplasties]. There is a direct correlation between airway resistance and residual tracheal lumen in tracheostenosis. Airway resistance has been recorded in 185 patients with tracheostenosis using body plethysmograph. High grade stenosis of the trachea is better diagnosed with body plethysmograph compared with direct inspection, a pertinent observation mainly in bordering cases. Tracheoplasties were performed in 74 patients using the body plethysmograph. Postoperative courses and functional results were observed. The average tracheal diameter was 8-9 mm at the end of our study with corresponding airway resistance of 24-34 mm H2O/l u. sec. These functional results reflect a good tolerance to average labour impound."}
{"id": "PMID:135173", "title": "[Our results with partial vertical laryngectomies].", "content": "The method of covering a broad endolaryngeal defect following extensive partial surgery of the larynx by means of the fascia of the sternohyoid muscle is presented. Of 71 cases of vertical and combined vertical and horizontal partial laryngectomy recurrence was seen in 15 cases, nine of them died. The fascia showed resistance to all postoperative complications and there was not a single case of rejection. In only 4 cases it was not possible to carry out decannulation because of postirradiation complications in the form of oedema, stenosis or fixation of the cricoarythenoid joint.", "contents": "[Our results with partial vertical laryngectomies]. The method of covering a broad endolaryngeal defect following extensive partial surgery of the larynx by means of the fascia of the sternohyoid muscle is presented. Of 71 cases of vertical and combined vertical and horizontal partial laryngectomy recurrence was seen in 15 cases, nine of them died. The fascia showed resistance to all postoperative complications and there was not a single case of rejection. In only 4 cases it was not possible to carry out decannulation because of postirradiation complications in the form of oedema, stenosis or fixation of the cricoarythenoid joint."}
{"id": "PMID:135174", "title": "[Functional results after radiation therapy and chordectomy for carcinoma of the vocal cord].", "content": "A report is given on the results of comparative clinical, stroboscopical and sonagraphical investigations in 40 patients who were treated on account of vocal cord carcinoma in the T1-T3 stages at the E. N. T. clinic of Jena during 1956-1973. The therapeutic treatment was institial irradiation, chordectomy, or irradiation only. Clinicomorphological changes of the healthly vocal cord were observed with nearly all procedures used. The incidence was considerably higher with iradiated patients. The best functional late results appeared after institial irradiation and irradiation. The vocal rehabilitation after chordectomy may be considered promising, too. From the results obtained we can conclude that when deciding on the selection of further medical procedure the analyses of functional late results should be taken into account, considering, of course, the stage of the disease and the greatest remedial success. The group of people mentioned should be given in any case together with tumor aftertreatment in a phoniatric follow-up, since the psychological stress present may be considerably reduced for the benefit of optimal rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Functional results after radiation therapy and chordectomy for carcinoma of the vocal cord]. A report is given on the results of comparative clinical, stroboscopical and sonagraphical investigations in 40 patients who were treated on account of vocal cord carcinoma in the T1-T3 stages at the E. N. T. clinic of Jena during 1956-1973. The therapeutic treatment was institial irradiation, chordectomy, or irradiation only. Clinicomorphological changes of the healthly vocal cord were observed with nearly all procedures used. The incidence was considerably higher with iradiated patients. The best functional late results appeared after institial irradiation and irradiation. The vocal rehabilitation after chordectomy may be considered promising, too. From the results obtained we can conclude that when deciding on the selection of further medical procedure the analyses of functional late results should be taken into account, considering, of course, the stage of the disease and the greatest remedial success. The group of people mentioned should be given in any case together with tumor aftertreatment in a phoniatric follow-up, since the psychological stress present may be considerably reduced for the benefit of optimal rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:135175", "title": "[Functional results obtained by radium contact irradiation of the glottic carcinoma].", "content": "45 patients having been treated with radium contact irradiation on account of a glottic carcinoma were continually checked up with a view to ascertaining the functional results obtained. By means of indirect and direct laryngoscopy as well as by stroboscopy vocal organ and vocal quality were tested for a period of few days up to 3 years 6 months. The findings were systematically compiled in a schedule, analized and discussed.", "contents": "[Functional results obtained by radium contact irradiation of the glottic carcinoma]. 45 patients having been treated with radium contact irradiation on account of a glottic carcinoma were continually checked up with a view to ascertaining the functional results obtained. By means of indirect and direct laryngoscopy as well as by stroboscopy vocal organ and vocal quality were tested for a period of few days up to 3 years 6 months. The findings were systematically compiled in a schedule, analized and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135176", "title": "[Preoperative irradiation of larynx and hypopharynx carcinoma].", "content": "30 patients with carcinoma of the larynx or hypopharynx were irradiated preoperatively with a dosis of 1,500 to 4,500 rads. The results are compared with those of an identical group of patients who were only operated. The operation was mostly partial (20 cases). In laryngeal cancer the cure rate after two years was 69% and 47%, in hypopharyngeal cancer 43% and 28% respectively.", "contents": "[Preoperative irradiation of larynx and hypopharynx carcinoma]. 30 patients with carcinoma of the larynx or hypopharynx were irradiated preoperatively with a dosis of 1,500 to 4,500 rads. The results are compared with those of an identical group of patients who were only operated. The operation was mostly partial (20 cases). In laryngeal cancer the cure rate after two years was 69% and 47%, in hypopharyngeal cancer 43% and 28% respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:135177", "title": "[Value of clinical history, skin testing and nasal allergen challenge in the diagnose of perennial rhinopathia].", "content": "In 64 out-patients suffering from perennial and partly from additional saisonal rhinopathia correlations between clinical history, skin testing (prick test) and nasal provocation tests were investigated. Most patients showed several positive skin tests to common allergens particular to grass pollen, house dust and mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssimus). 123 nasal provocation tests were done. The correlation between history and skin test or nasal challenge was very strong for grass pollen (agreement in 78%), but very unsatisfctory for house dust and mites. Even in patients with positive skin tests to house dust and mites the history was only  positive in 50-60%. Therefore the diagnose of perennial rhinopathia due to house dust and/or mites is only relevant if the nasal provocation gives a positive result. But if skin test are negative, nasal allergen challenge seldom showed positive reactions. For practical purpose nasal provocation is unneccessary if the skin test is negative. But the nasal provocation test don't give an absolutely right diagnose, because neither the environmental concentration nor the nasal threshold generally are known. Therefore, it is difficult to decide in many cases, if a reaction is positive because of testing a relevant allergen or because a latent allergen was overdosed. Finally the investigations show that simple and reproducible methods like the nasal forced expiratory volume in one second are sufficient to detect a positive nasal reaction.", "contents": "[Value of clinical history, skin testing and nasal allergen challenge in the diagnose of perennial rhinopathia]. In 64 out-patients suffering from perennial and partly from additional saisonal rhinopathia correlations between clinical history, skin testing (prick test) and nasal provocation tests were investigated. Most patients showed several positive skin tests to common allergens particular to grass pollen, house dust and mites (Dermatophagoides pteronyssimus). 123 nasal provocation tests were done. The correlation between history and skin test or nasal challenge was very strong for grass pollen (agreement in 78%), but very unsatisfctory for house dust and mites. Even in patients with positive skin tests to house dust and mites the history was only  positive in 50-60%. Therefore the diagnose of perennial rhinopathia due to house dust and/or mites is only relevant if the nasal provocation gives a positive result. But if skin test are negative, nasal allergen challenge seldom showed positive reactions. For practical purpose nasal provocation is unneccessary if the skin test is negative. But the nasal provocation test don't give an absolutely right diagnose, because neither the environmental concentration nor the nasal threshold generally are known. Therefore, it is difficult to decide in many cases, if a reaction is positive because of testing a relevant allergen or because a latent allergen was overdosed. Finally the investigations show that simple and reproducible methods like the nasal forced expiratory volume in one second are sufficient to detect a positive nasal reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:135178", "title": "[Percent distribution of B-Lymphocytes in human tonsils at various ages].", "content": "B-Lymphocytes of the classes G, M and A were determined by use of heavy-chain-specific fluorescent antisera from 67 children between 2 and 14 years of age and from 15 adults up to 60 years of age. Tonsils from which viable cell suspensions were investigated for B-Cells were classified histologically, according to their degree of lymphatic hyperplasia and inflammation. With increasing age, a statiscally significant decrease in percent G- and M-cells was observed while A-cells remained unchanged. With increasing severity and extent of inflammation and lymphatic hyperplasia, there occured a mild increase in percent M-cells. G-cells did not exhibit major changes under such conditions. It is suggested, that the tonsil may represent an early and fast reaching immunocompetent organ primarily determined for the production of large molecular IgM and IgA of less specificity.", "contents": "[Percent distribution of B-Lymphocytes in human tonsils at various ages]. B-Lymphocytes of the classes G, M and A were determined by use of heavy-chain-specific fluorescent antisera from 67 children between 2 and 14 years of age and from 15 adults up to 60 years of age. Tonsils from which viable cell suspensions were investigated for B-Cells were classified histologically, according to their degree of lymphatic hyperplasia and inflammation. With increasing age, a statiscally significant decrease in percent G- and M-cells was observed while A-cells remained unchanged. With increasing severity and extent of inflammation and lymphatic hyperplasia, there occured a mild increase in percent M-cells. G-cells did not exhibit major changes under such conditions. It is suggested, that the tonsil may represent an early and fast reaching immunocompetent organ primarily determined for the production of large molecular IgM and IgA of less specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:135179", "title": "[Chronic headache: experiences of 5 years interdisciplinary work].", "content": "Inspired by the work of Bonica (Seattle, USA), the university clinic of Mainz has formed a study-group (existing since 5 years) which deals not only with the problems but also with the interpretation and treatment of chronic pain. Through the interdisciplinary co-work between collegues from different branches, 618 patients afflicted with chronic headache were examined and therapeutic plans were developed. These therapeutic plans have in general proved to be very successful compared to single, limited treatments by the different branches of medicine. Important experiences for the otolaryngologist as well as the general work to the organisation are discovered in detail.", "contents": "[Chronic headache: experiences of 5 years interdisciplinary work]. Inspired by the work of Bonica (Seattle, USA), the university clinic of Mainz has formed a study-group (existing since 5 years) which deals not only with the problems but also with the interpretation and treatment of chronic pain. Through the interdisciplinary co-work between collegues from different branches, 618 patients afflicted with chronic headache were examined and therapeutic plans were developed. These therapeutic plans have in general proved to be very successful compared to single, limited treatments by the different branches of medicine. Important experiences for the otolaryngologist as well as the general work to the organisation are discovered in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:135180", "title": "[The proteincomposition of human parotid saliva in acute and chronic parotitis. Quantitativ densitometry of single protein-fractions in comparison to normal secretions].", "content": "By means of acrylamidgelectrophoresis parotid secretions of patients with acute and chronic parotitis were examined. Thereby significant changes in protein patterns of electrophoretic separation were found. Especially two bands are described in detail. One in the cathodal near gel region, the isoamylases, and the otherone in the anodal part of the gel, identified as albumin. In rest and under stimulation these bands show signficant changes compared to normal secretions. Furthermore information about the capacity of the parotid gland parenchyma is won by observing the changes of amylase bands in rest and under stimulation in chronic parotitis without actute exacerbations. The amylase shows a remarked decreased secretion in chronic parotitis under stimulation corresponding to parenchymalteration. The same happens with the albuminexcretion as parameter for ductlesions. In chronic parotitis albmuninexcretion goes parallel to duct changes in sialography. Therefore by discelectrophoretic separation of native parotid saliva a helpful mean for diagnostic use is given, besides sialography and scintigraphy.", "contents": "[The proteincomposition of human parotid saliva in acute and chronic parotitis. Quantitativ densitometry of single protein-fractions in comparison to normal secretions]. By means of acrylamidgelectrophoresis parotid secretions of patients with acute and chronic parotitis were examined. Thereby significant changes in protein patterns of electrophoretic separation were found. Especially two bands are described in detail. One in the cathodal near gel region, the isoamylases, and the otherone in the anodal part of the gel, identified as albumin. In rest and under stimulation these bands show signficant changes compared to normal secretions. Furthermore information about the capacity of the parotid gland parenchyma is won by observing the changes of amylase bands in rest and under stimulation in chronic parotitis without actute exacerbations. The amylase shows a remarked decreased secretion in chronic parotitis under stimulation corresponding to parenchymalteration. The same happens with the albuminexcretion as parameter for ductlesions. In chronic parotitis albmuninexcretion goes parallel to duct changes in sialography. Therefore by discelectrophoretic separation of native parotid saliva a helpful mean for diagnostic use is given, besides sialography and scintigraphy."}
{"id": "PMID:135181", "title": "[The influence of sclerosing medicaments on the tissue of the nasal septum An experimental examination].", "content": "A vessel schlerosing medicament is being injected submucously into the septum cartilage of the rabbit. The reaction of epithelium, of vessel wall and cartilage surface is being investigated light-microscopically and intravital-microscopically. The result is a firmly compressed tissue connective with circular narrowed vessels.", "contents": "[The influence of sclerosing medicaments on the tissue of the nasal septum An experimental examination]. A vessel schlerosing medicament is being injected submucously into the septum cartilage of the rabbit. The reaction of epithelium, of vessel wall and cartilage surface is being investigated light-microscopically and intravital-microscopically. The result is a firmly compressed tissue connective with circular narrowed vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:135182", "title": "[A new evaporation-apparatus for the artifical climatisation in intensive care on the field of ENT].", "content": "Description of a new air-humidifying apparatus working on the basis of evaporation and thus imitating the humdifying mechanism of the nose. The checked data of efficiency are optimal. The device is suited for using with tracheotomies and laryngectomies during the first post-operative phase. It simplifies post-operative care and diminishes the risk of bronchial infection.", "contents": "[A new evaporation-apparatus for the artifical climatisation in intensive care on the field of ENT]. Description of a new air-humidifying apparatus working on the basis of evaporation and thus imitating the humdifying mechanism of the nose. The checked data of efficiency are optimal. The device is suited for using with tracheotomies and laryngectomies during the first post-operative phase. It simplifies post-operative care and diminishes the risk of bronchial infection."}
{"id": "PMID:135183", "title": "[Noise risk due to dental turbines].", "content": "Sound level measurements and frequency analyses were carried out on dental turbines in order to assess the risk of hearing defects due to the noise caused by such turbines. The measured values were related to other factors (exposure time, noise pauses) and the overall situation was evaluated. A major leasion of the auditory organ due to the noise caused by dental turbines seems unlikely.", "contents": "[Noise risk due to dental turbines]. Sound level measurements and frequency analyses were carried out on dental turbines in order to assess the risk of hearing defects due to the noise caused by such turbines. The measured values were related to other factors (exposure time, noise pauses) and the overall situation was evaluated. A major leasion of the auditory organ due to the noise caused by dental turbines seems unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:135184", "title": "[Analyses of objectifiable ear noises].", "content": "The clinical aspects and therapeutical possibilities are presented for two extremely different cases of objectifiable noises in the ears. A specific experimental method (earphones and bone conductor served as microphones) permitted a stereophonic recording. After several amplifications it was possible to tape the noises. By means of two-ray-oscillography and time extension it was possible to analyze the structure of the noises in various ways (oscillogram, synchrony, etc.) Furthermore, sonagraphic analyses of the traditional type as well as isobar sonagraphy were performed. The results achieved were surprising and completely new: It was possible to clearly present, besides typical sound superimpositions, partial tones of varying intensity in sine form up to the 1,5000 Hz range.", "contents": "[Analyses of objectifiable ear noises]. The clinical aspects and therapeutical possibilities are presented for two extremely different cases of objectifiable noises in the ears. A specific experimental method (earphones and bone conductor served as microphones) permitted a stereophonic recording. After several amplifications it was possible to tape the noises. By means of two-ray-oscillography and time extension it was possible to analyze the structure of the noises in various ways (oscillogram, synchrony, etc.) Furthermore, sonagraphic analyses of the traditional type as well as isobar sonagraphy were performed. The results achieved were surprising and completely new: It was possible to clearly present, besides typical sound superimpositions, partial tones of varying intensity in sine form up to the 1,5000 Hz range."}
{"id": "PMID:135185", "title": "[Biophysical considerations of laser surgery and the application in otolaryngology (author's transl)].", "content": "In the paper biological mechanisms of laser radiation on tissue are summerized. The specific features of different types of lasers are considered, e.g. wavelength. Focussing problems to rise the power density are described. The advantages and disadvantages of laser surgery are discussed. It is shown that the laser is well suited for an otolaryngological microsurgery. The present applications in otolgaryngology consist of about 25 papers which are evaluated and concentrated. Later surgery of the larynx is of special interest. Many clinical applications have been performed. Further experimental work exists in the region of the oral and nasal cavities, of the face and the neck. Some basic research without clinical application has been performed on the cochlea and the semicircular canals. The advantages of laser surgery are e.g. lack of blood, high precision, good healing of the wound.", "contents": "[Biophysical considerations of laser surgery and the application in otolaryngology (author's transl)]. In the paper biological mechanisms of laser radiation on tissue are summerized. The specific features of different types of lasers are considered, e.g. wavelength. Focussing problems to rise the power density are described. The advantages and disadvantages of laser surgery are discussed. It is shown that the laser is well suited for an otolaryngological microsurgery. The present applications in otolgaryngology consist of about 25 papers which are evaluated and concentrated. Later surgery of the larynx is of special interest. Many clinical applications have been performed. Further experimental work exists in the region of the oral and nasal cavities, of the face and the neck. Some basic research without clinical application has been performed on the cochlea and the semicircular canals. The advantages of laser surgery are e.g. lack of blood, high precision, good healing of the wound."}
{"id": "PMID:135186", "title": "[Rupture of the round window membrane (author's transl)].", "content": "Five cases of round window membrane rupture were described and under went surgery with gelfoam and/or adipose tissue repair. Short term post-operative follow-ups for a period of three to five months showed complete recovery of vestibular function yet only slight to moderate recovery of the cochlear. The clinical complex of sudden S.N. hearing loss, tinnitus with or without vertigo and ataxia is not uncommon and often presents a diagnostic problem. The patient is anxious to prevent further attacks and yearning for a cure from this relatively disabling condition. Among other causes, viral labyrinthitis and labyrinthine vascular occlusion have been blamed. R.W. membrane rupture, whatever is its underylying factor, as a cause of this clinical complex is well established. A well-planned management i.e. bed rest and/or properly timed exploratory tympanotomy with round window membrane tissue grafting may lead to a partial or total cure.", "contents": "[Rupture of the round window membrane (author's transl)]. Five cases of round window membrane rupture were described and under went surgery with gelfoam and/or adipose tissue repair. Short term post-operative follow-ups for a period of three to five months showed complete recovery of vestibular function yet only slight to moderate recovery of the cochlear. The clinical complex of sudden S.N. hearing loss, tinnitus with or without vertigo and ataxia is not uncommon and often presents a diagnostic problem. The patient is anxious to prevent further attacks and yearning for a cure from this relatively disabling condition. Among other causes, viral labyrinthitis and labyrinthine vascular occlusion have been blamed. R.W. membrane rupture, whatever is its underylying factor, as a cause of this clinical complex is well established. A well-planned management i.e. bed rest and/or properly timed exploratory tympanotomy with round window membrane tissue grafting may lead to a partial or total cure."}
{"id": "PMID:135187", "title": "[Rupture of the round window membrane after slight head injury with flush of perilymph probably caused by large opening of aquaeductus cochleae (author's transl)].", "content": "A ringing deaf ear was noticed after slight head injury without loss of consciousness nor fracture of the skull. After performig tympanotomy a ruptured round window membrane with excessive flush of perilymph was found. We might rightly assume that this was induced by a large opening of aquaeductus cochleae combined with the force of inertia of the cerebral liquor and the direction of the push to the round window (blow behind the left ear).", "contents": "[Rupture of the round window membrane after slight head injury with flush of perilymph probably caused by large opening of aquaeductus cochleae (author's transl)]. A ringing deaf ear was noticed after slight head injury without loss of consciousness nor fracture of the skull. After performig tympanotomy a ruptured round window membrane with excessive flush of perilymph was found. We might rightly assume that this was induced by a large opening of aquaeductus cochleae combined with the force of inertia of the cerebral liquor and the direction of the push to the round window (blow behind the left ear)."}
{"id": "PMID:135188", "title": "[Nomenclature of tympanoplastic and stapes surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Suggestions are made regarding the nomenclature of middle ear surgery which is partially based on previous terminology. By means of this nomenclature, reconstructive procedures can be defined shortly and precisely by a single term both from an anatomical and a functional point of view thus facilitating a statistical analysis.", "contents": "[Nomenclature of tympanoplastic and stapes surgery (author's transl)]. Suggestions are made regarding the nomenclature of middle ear surgery which is partially based on previous terminology. By means of this nomenclature, reconstructive procedures can be defined shortly and precisely by a single term both from an anatomical and a functional point of view thus facilitating a statistical analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:135189", "title": "[Clinical, pathological and therapeutic aspects of cholesteatoma in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Middle ear cholesteatoma in childhood is discussed on the basis of 117 operated cases. Early diagnosis was rare, even after fetid otorrhea of long duration; occassionally they presented as acute mastoiditis. The cholesteatoma occurred mostly in older children (90%) and extended to the antrum (73%) or beyond it (54%), with destruction of the ossicles (77%); the hearing often remained normal. Tympanic membrane perforations were usually small, relatively often they were central. More than 50% of the children had normal mastoid pneumatization, usually there were no typical radiological signs of cholesteatoma. Tympanoplasty was most frequently type III (68.5%), the postoperative hearing gain in this group was 47.3%. Residual or recurrent cholesteatoma occurred in 8.5%.", "contents": "[Clinical, pathological and therapeutic aspects of cholesteatoma in children (author's transl)]. Middle ear cholesteatoma in childhood is discussed on the basis of 117 operated cases. Early diagnosis was rare, even after fetid otorrhea of long duration; occassionally they presented as acute mastoiditis. The cholesteatoma occurred mostly in older children (90%) and extended to the antrum (73%) or beyond it (54%), with destruction of the ossicles (77%); the hearing often remained normal. Tympanic membrane perforations were usually small, relatively often they were central. More than 50% of the children had normal mastoid pneumatization, usually there were no typical radiological signs of cholesteatoma. Tympanoplasty was most frequently type III (68.5%), the postoperative hearing gain in this group was 47.3%. Residual or recurrent cholesteatoma occurred in 8.5%."}
{"id": "PMID:135190", "title": "[Successful decompression of the acoustic nerve after postarachnitic hearing damage (author's transl)].", "content": "Arachnitic adhesions of the pontine angle can damage the VIIIth cranial nerve to complete hearing loss. If there exists only a circumscript damage of the myeline sheet, this functional loss is reversible after decompression of the nerve. Preoperatively, the electrocochleography and the cisternoscopy discover this type of nerve damage and so, the probability of the postoperative hearing recovery is quite predictable.", "contents": "[Successful decompression of the acoustic nerve after postarachnitic hearing damage (author's transl)]. Arachnitic adhesions of the pontine angle can damage the VIIIth cranial nerve to complete hearing loss. If there exists only a circumscript damage of the myeline sheet, this functional loss is reversible after decompression of the nerve. Preoperatively, the electrocochleography and the cisternoscopy discover this type of nerve damage and so, the probability of the postoperative hearing recovery is quite predictable."}
{"id": "PMID:135191", "title": "[Improved prognosis of malignant oropharynx tumors by preoperative therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Reference is made on 142 malignant tumours of the tongue and tonsils inclusively, separated in two groups. Group A consists of 46 patients treated with sandwich X-ray therapy and radically operated in between. Group B resembles 96 patients subjected post operatively to a noninterrupted radiotherapy course. The 5 years minimal survival rate (MSR) of all tumourpatients is only 12 per cent due to the high amount of T3 stages with mostly fixed unilateral and sometimes contralateral metastase in the regional lymphnodes. If one, however, opposes the MSR of A and B, there is a significant meliorated prognosis for patients, who have been operated in connection with a systematically applied X-ray therapy according to the sandwich method.", "contents": "[Improved prognosis of malignant oropharynx tumors by preoperative therapy (author's transl)]. Reference is made on 142 malignant tumours of the tongue and tonsils inclusively, separated in two groups. Group A consists of 46 patients treated with sandwich X-ray therapy and radically operated in between. Group B resembles 96 patients subjected post operatively to a noninterrupted radiotherapy course. The 5 years minimal survival rate (MSR) of all tumourpatients is only 12 per cent due to the high amount of T3 stages with mostly fixed unilateral and sometimes contralateral metastase in the regional lymphnodes. If one, however, opposes the MSR of A and B, there is a significant meliorated prognosis for patients, who have been operated in connection with a systematically applied X-ray therapy according to the sandwich method."}
{"id": "PMID:135192", "title": "[Possibilities and problems in the synchronization therapy of malignant tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "New cell kinetic research results promise successful possibilities in conservative tumour therapy. The sensitivity towards radiation and many cytostatic agents is phase dependent so that the possibility must be found to receive a homogenous cell population. Following partial synchronization a cell phase specific tumour therapy can be initiated. We use the synchronized radiation therapy since 4 years. The results in 24 patients treated up to now are not significant. The basic priniciple is clear, but there are still many unsolved problems.", "contents": "[Possibilities and problems in the synchronization therapy of malignant tumours (author's transl)]. New cell kinetic research results promise successful possibilities in conservative tumour therapy. The sensitivity towards radiation and many cytostatic agents is phase dependent so that the possibility must be found to receive a homogenous cell population. Following partial synchronization a cell phase specific tumour therapy can be initiated. We use the synchronized radiation therapy since 4 years. The results in 24 patients treated up to now are not significant. The basic priniciple is clear, but there are still many unsolved problems."}
{"id": "PMID:135193", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of the nasoethmoidal encephaloceles (author's transl)].", "content": "Two typical cases of nasoethmoidal encephaloceles with liquorrhoea, which were operated on by neurosurgeons, are demonstrated. In one case, polyposis of the nose had been operated on twice in childhood, due to the ignorance of the cause with the result of a liquorrhoea. The second patient showed recurrent meningitis with nasal liquorrhoea and turricephaly. The tentative diagnosis of a nasoethmoidal enceplaocele which was suspected by x-ray-tomography and radio-isotopetest could be certified by the aid of detail-angiography. The neurosurgical technique of intracranial, intradural resection of the encephalocele and closure of the liquor fistual with an acrylic flap is shown.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of the nasoethmoidal encephaloceles (author's transl)]. Two typical cases of nasoethmoidal encephaloceles with liquorrhoea, which were operated on by neurosurgeons, are demonstrated. In one case, polyposis of the nose had been operated on twice in childhood, due to the ignorance of the cause with the result of a liquorrhoea. The second patient showed recurrent meningitis with nasal liquorrhoea and turricephaly. The tentative diagnosis of a nasoethmoidal enceplaocele which was suspected by x-ray-tomography and radio-isotopetest could be certified by the aid of detail-angiography. The neurosurgical technique of intracranial, intradural resection of the encephalocele and closure of the liquor fistual with an acrylic flap is shown."}
{"id": "PMID:135194", "title": "[Malignant lymphomas and immunosialadenitis (author's transl].", "content": "Immune sialadenitis with or without clinical symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome represents an inflammation of the salivary duct system with considerable proliferation of the immunoactive lymphoproliferative system. By prolonged stimulation the immune system can turn into malignant lymphoma, mainly of immunocytoma or immunoblastic sarcoma type. In four out of 77 cases from the salivary gland register of the Institute of Pathology, University of Hamburg, showing myoepithelial sialadenitis, malignant lymphomas associated with chronic myoepithelial lymphadenitis were observed. According to the new \"Kiel-classification\" (Lennert) of malignant lymphomas two of the cases represented a diffuse germinoblastoma (lymphoblastoma Brill-Symmers), one a immunocytic lymphoma and one a immunoblastic sarcoma (reticulum cell sarcoma). From literature 16 further observations of malignant lymphoma occuring in the area of the major salivary glands in association with immune sialadenitis (Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome) were collected, likewise 25 other cases with lymphomas outside of the major salivary glands and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. It is suggested that the above average frequency of malignant lymphomas in immune sialadenitis may result from a secondary malignant transformation of immune cells due to prolonged stimulation. Local rapidly appearing tumorous alterations of the salivary glands in chronic immune sialadenitis are, therefore, always be suspicious of the development of a malignant lymphoma and demand adequate therapy.", "contents": "[Malignant lymphomas and immunosialadenitis (author's transl]. Immune sialadenitis with or without clinical symptoms of Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome represents an inflammation of the salivary duct system with considerable proliferation of the immunoactive lymphoproliferative system. By prolonged stimulation the immune system can turn into malignant lymphoma, mainly of immunocytoma or immunoblastic sarcoma type. In four out of 77 cases from the salivary gland register of the Institute of Pathology, University of Hamburg, showing myoepithelial sialadenitis, malignant lymphomas associated with chronic myoepithelial lymphadenitis were observed. According to the new \"Kiel-classification\" (Lennert) of malignant lymphomas two of the cases represented a diffuse germinoblastoma (lymphoblastoma Brill-Symmers), one a immunocytic lymphoma and one a immunoblastic sarcoma (reticulum cell sarcoma). From literature 16 further observations of malignant lymphoma occuring in the area of the major salivary glands in association with immune sialadenitis (Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome) were collected, likewise 25 other cases with lymphomas outside of the major salivary glands and Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. It is suggested that the above average frequency of malignant lymphomas in immune sialadenitis may result from a secondary malignant transformation of immune cells due to prolonged stimulation. Local rapidly appearing tumorous alterations of the salivary glands in chronic immune sialadenitis are, therefore, always be suspicious of the development of a malignant lymphoma and demand adequate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:135195", "title": "Puncture of the gallbladder during peritoneoscopy - technique and diagnostic relevance (author's transl).", "content": "Peritoneoscopic puncture of the gallbladder for transvesical cholecysto-cholangiography and for aspiration of bile for chemical and bacteriological analysis is performed rather rarely because of a seemingly high rate of complications. The risk however is low if an appropriate technique is used. In our series the gallbladder was punctured in 110 cases; a local peritonitis subsiding under conservative treatment occured as a complication in only one case. Peritoneoscopic puncture of the gallbladder is indicated in the following conditions: extrahepatic occlusion of the bile duct system of unknown origin, nonvisualization of the gallbladder during cholangiography, biliary dyskinesia, typical biliary colics with normal X-ray findings. In addition, gallbladder puncture should be done if any suspicion of gallbladder disease arises during peritoneoscopy. The procedure as well as technical variations for cholecysto-cholangiography and for X-ray investigation of the pancreatic duct system are described.", "contents": "Puncture of the gallbladder during peritoneoscopy - technique and diagnostic relevance (author's transl). Peritoneoscopic puncture of the gallbladder for transvesical cholecysto-cholangiography and for aspiration of bile for chemical and bacteriological analysis is performed rather rarely because of a seemingly high rate of complications. The risk however is low if an appropriate technique is used. In our series the gallbladder was punctured in 110 cases; a local peritonitis subsiding under conservative treatment occured as a complication in only one case. Peritoneoscopic puncture of the gallbladder is indicated in the following conditions: extrahepatic occlusion of the bile duct system of unknown origin, nonvisualization of the gallbladder during cholangiography, biliary dyskinesia, typical biliary colics with normal X-ray findings. In addition, gallbladder puncture should be done if any suspicion of gallbladder disease arises during peritoneoscopy. The procedure as well as technical variations for cholecysto-cholangiography and for X-ray investigation of the pancreatic duct system are described."}
{"id": "PMID:135196", "title": "[Peritoneoscopy with 2 optical devices: reduced risk - better diagnostic results (author's transl)].", "content": "Peritoneoscopy with 2 optical devices was performed in two cases; the technique of this procedure is described. The method allows inspection of areas, which cannot be seen during routine peritoneoscopy, especially of the anterior abdominal wall and of intraabdominal organs covered by adhesions. In addition, this method allows to find out, whether the anterior abdominal wall and vessels in it were injured by the troikart; the risk of the procedure is reduced thereby. Using a second optical device allows to visualize areas, which cannot be studied during routine peritoneoscopy because of intraabdominal adhesions. Thus better diagnostic results can be achieved with this method as compared to the routine technique.", "contents": "[Peritoneoscopy with 2 optical devices: reduced risk - better diagnostic results (author's transl)]. Peritoneoscopy with 2 optical devices was performed in two cases; the technique of this procedure is described. The method allows inspection of areas, which cannot be seen during routine peritoneoscopy, especially of the anterior abdominal wall and of intraabdominal organs covered by adhesions. In addition, this method allows to find out, whether the anterior abdominal wall and vessels in it were injured by the troikart; the risk of the procedure is reduced thereby. Using a second optical device allows to visualize areas, which cannot be studied during routine peritoneoscopy because of intraabdominal adhesions. Thus better diagnostic results can be achieved with this method as compared to the routine technique."}
{"id": "PMID:135199", "title": "The response to acupuncture therapy in patients with chronic disabling pain.", "content": "Twenty-one patients had acupuncture treatment for chronic, disabling pain. Ten (47.5%) thought they had obtained worthwhile relief by the time treatment was completed. Six (30%) had no or negligible benefit and five (25%) had some aggravation of their pain at some stage of the procedure. In this group of patients, with the technique we describe, we were unable to achieve the high degree of short-term success claimed by other workers.  Until further scientific studies can confirm the value of acupuncture in medical practice, we urge caution in the use of this procedure.", "contents": "The response to acupuncture therapy in patients with chronic disabling pain. Twenty-one patients had acupuncture treatment for chronic, disabling pain. Ten (47.5%) thought they had obtained worthwhile relief by the time treatment was completed. Six (30%) had no or negligible benefit and five (25%) had some aggravation of their pain at some stage of the procedure. In this group of patients, with the technique we describe, we were unable to achieve the high degree of short-term success claimed by other workers.  Until further scientific studies can confirm the value of acupuncture in medical practice, we urge caution in the use of this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:135200", "title": "The anatomy of the lumbar intervertebral disc syndrome.", "content": "Four elements of the nervous system may be involved in the production of the lumbar intervertebral disc syndrome. These are the lumbosacral nerve roots, the spinal nerves, the dorsal rami and the sinuvertebral nerves. Each nerve is associated with a particular group of pathological conditions which may irritate the nerve and produce symptoms. The anatomy of each nerve determines which particular conditions may irritate it. Moreover, one or both of two mechanisms may be involved in symptom production. The type of nerve irritated determines which mechanism is involved. In the first mechanism, low back pain and referred lower limb symptoms are produced when afferent fibres from dorsal and ventral rami are stimulated where they pass in common through spinal nerves or nerve roots. In the second mechanism, dorsal rami or sinuvertebral nerves are stimulated. This directly produces low back pain, but referred pain is produced by reflex mechanisms in the spinal cord.", "contents": "The anatomy of the lumbar intervertebral disc syndrome. Four elements of the nervous system may be involved in the production of the lumbar intervertebral disc syndrome. These are the lumbosacral nerve roots, the spinal nerves, the dorsal rami and the sinuvertebral nerves. Each nerve is associated with a particular group of pathological conditions which may irritate the nerve and produce symptoms. The anatomy of each nerve determines which particular conditions may irritate it. Moreover, one or both of two mechanisms may be involved in symptom production. The type of nerve irritated determines which mechanism is involved. In the first mechanism, low back pain and referred lower limb symptoms are produced when afferent fibres from dorsal and ventral rami are stimulated where they pass in common through spinal nerves or nerve roots. In the second mechanism, dorsal rami or sinuvertebral nerves are stimulated. This directly produces low back pain, but referred pain is produced by reflex mechanisms in the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:135198", "title": "On a possible connection between deficiency of cervical and Bartholin secretion, the use of vaginal lubricants and the incidence of Down's anomaly.", "content": "The rate of mongolism is well known to increase with maternal age and has been suggested by German to be connected with the frequency of intercourse. The occurrence is discussed in relation to the possible use of vaginal lubricants as a consequence of deficient cervical and Bartholin secretion. The implications of this idea are discussed.", "contents": "On a possible connection between deficiency of cervical and Bartholin secretion, the use of vaginal lubricants and the incidence of Down's anomaly. The rate of mongolism is well known to increase with maternal age and has been suggested by German to be connected with the frequency of intercourse. The occurrence is discussed in relation to the possible use of vaginal lubricants as a consequence of deficient cervical and Bartholin secretion. The implications of this idea are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135203", "title": "DNA homologies among homothallic, pseudo-homothallic and heterothallic species of Neurospora.", "content": "Highly purified DNAs from three homothallic species Neurospora africana, N. dodgei and N. lineolata; three reference strains representing authentic heterothallic species, N. crassa, N. intermedia and N. sitophila; and two strains of pseudo-homothallic species N. tetrasperma were characterized by spectrophotometry and DNA reassociation using hydroxyapatite chromatography. All of these known species are closely related on the basis of DNA characteristics such as base composition and thermal denaturation profiles of major DNA components. Minor components of ascospore DNA was, however, only 5-7% of total DNA instead of 15-20% minor component DNA shown by mycelial DNA. Species belonging to same group were not distinguishable morphologically, but all of these species were distinguishable by DNA:DNA homology studies. Greater DNA homology was noticed between DNAs of heterothallic species and DNAs of pseudohomothallic species than DNA of true homothallic species. Difference on DNA-nucleotide sequences among homothallic species was very little. Pseudo-homothallic species N. tetrasperma was found to be distinctly different from homothallic species but closer to heterothallic species based on such studies.", "contents": "DNA homologies among homothallic, pseudo-homothallic and heterothallic species of Neurospora. Highly purified DNAs from three homothallic species Neurospora africana, N. dodgei and N. lineolata; three reference strains representing authentic heterothallic species, N. crassa, N. intermedia and N. sitophila; and two strains of pseudo-homothallic species N. tetrasperma were characterized by spectrophotometry and DNA reassociation using hydroxyapatite chromatography. All of these known species are closely related on the basis of DNA characteristics such as base composition and thermal denaturation profiles of major DNA components. Minor components of ascospore DNA was, however, only 5-7% of total DNA instead of 15-20% minor component DNA shown by mycelial DNA. Species belonging to same group were not distinguishable morphologically, but all of these species were distinguishable by DNA:DNA homology studies. Greater DNA homology was noticed between DNAs of heterothallic species and DNAs of pseudohomothallic species than DNA of true homothallic species. Difference on DNA-nucleotide sequences among homothallic species was very little. Pseudo-homothallic species N. tetrasperma was found to be distinctly different from homothallic species but closer to heterothallic species based on such studies."}
{"id": "PMID:135205", "title": "[The induction of chromosome loss and gain by colchicine (author's transl)].", "content": "The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the standard systems used for mutagen screening. The colchicine-containing drugs Colchicum-Dispert and Colchysat Burger were fed at extremely low concentrations (1:300 000 and 1:50 000 respectively) to Drosophila females. Among their offspring a remarkably high frequency of aneuploid individuals (XO and XXY flies) were found. These aneuploids correspond karyotypically to the human Ullrich-Turner (XO) and Klinefelter's (XXY) syndromes and result from chromosome loss (XO) and chromosome gain (XXY). The maximum aneuploidy frequency observed after colchicine feeding was 24 times the control value. Depending on their size the aneuploidy frequencies are as great as those obtained by X-irradiation with some hundred or some thousand R.", "contents": "[The induction of chromosome loss and gain by colchicine (author's transl)]. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is one of the standard systems used for mutagen screening. The colchicine-containing drugs Colchicum-Dispert and Colchysat Burger were fed at extremely low concentrations (1:300 000 and 1:50 000 respectively) to Drosophila females. Among their offspring a remarkably high frequency of aneuploid individuals (XO and XXY flies) were found. These aneuploids correspond karyotypically to the human Ullrich-Turner (XO) and Klinefelter's (XXY) syndromes and result from chromosome loss (XO) and chromosome gain (XXY). The maximum aneuploidy frequency observed after colchicine feeding was 24 times the control value. Depending on their size the aneuploidy frequencies are as great as those obtained by X-irradiation with some hundred or some thousand R."}
{"id": "PMID:135207", "title": "[Histochemical investigations in scleroderma (author's transl)].", "content": "The behavior of proteoglycanes was examined by histochemical methods in excised particles of skin from patients with progressive (n = 24) and circumscribed (n = 74) scleroderma. A method described by Ishikawa was principally used. An increase of the proteoglycanes was shown preferentially in the vascular and perivascular regions in progressive scleroderma and in the interfibrous space of the connective tissue in circumscribed scleroderma. While the vascular sclerosis is prominent from the clinical point of view in progressive scleroderma, the disease processes are found in collagen connective tissue of the corium in morphea.", "contents": "[Histochemical investigations in scleroderma (author's transl)]. The behavior of proteoglycanes was examined by histochemical methods in excised particles of skin from patients with progressive (n = 24) and circumscribed (n = 74) scleroderma. A method described by Ishikawa was principally used. An increase of the proteoglycanes was shown preferentially in the vascular and perivascular regions in progressive scleroderma and in the interfibrous space of the connective tissue in circumscribed scleroderma. While the vascular sclerosis is prominent from the clinical point of view in progressive scleroderma, the disease processes are found in collagen connective tissue of the corium in morphea."}
{"id": "PMID:135208", "title": "Mutation induction by rodent liver microsomal metabolities of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The mutagenic activities of aflatoxins B1 and G1 were studied in the ad-3 test system of Neurospora crassa by treatment of conidia with aflatoxin and liver homogenate for 2 h. No significant increase in the ad-3 mutation frequency over the spontaneous frequency was observed when either aflatoxin or mammalian liver homogenate was omitted from the test system. The ad-3 mutation frequencies increased to between 29 and 87/10(6) survivors, which is a 73- to 217-fold increase over the average spontaneous ad-3 mutation frequency (0.4/10(6) survivors), after conidia of N. crassa were treated with 0.67 mM aflatoxin B1, hamster liver homogenate, and a NADPH generating system. A 9- to 15-fold increase in the mutation frequency over the spontaneous mutation frequency was found when 0.67 mM of aflatoxin G1 instead of aflatoxin B1 was used in the test system. Treatment of conidia with 0.44 mM aflatoxin B1 mice liver homogenate and a NADPH generating system caused a small, but significant increase in the ad-3 mutation frequencies. No significant increase in the mutation frequency was found when a single sample of human liver homogenate was used in the test system. These studies show that metabolic activation is necessary for the expression of the mutagenic activity of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in N. crassa.", "contents": "Mutation induction by rodent liver microsomal metabolities of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in Neurospora crassa. The mutagenic activities of aflatoxins B1 and G1 were studied in the ad-3 test system of Neurospora crassa by treatment of conidia with aflatoxin and liver homogenate for 2 h. No significant increase in the ad-3 mutation frequency over the spontaneous frequency was observed when either aflatoxin or mammalian liver homogenate was omitted from the test system. The ad-3 mutation frequencies increased to between 29 and 87/10(6) survivors, which is a 73- to 217-fold increase over the average spontaneous ad-3 mutation frequency (0.4/10(6) survivors), after conidia of N. crassa were treated with 0.67 mM aflatoxin B1, hamster liver homogenate, and a NADPH generating system. A 9- to 15-fold increase in the mutation frequency over the spontaneous mutation frequency was found when 0.67 mM of aflatoxin G1 instead of aflatoxin B1 was used in the test system. Treatment of conidia with 0.44 mM aflatoxin B1 mice liver homogenate and a NADPH generating system caused a small, but significant increase in the ad-3 mutation frequencies. No significant increase in the mutation frequency was found when a single sample of human liver homogenate was used in the test system. These studies show that metabolic activation is necessary for the expression of the mutagenic activity of aflatoxins B1 and G1 in N. crassa."}
{"id": "PMID:135212", "title": "Assessment of the role of laparoscopic ovarian biopsy.", "content": "Seventy-four patients with either endocrine and/or infertility problems were subjected to laparoscopic ovarian biopsy. The patients were divided into 4 categories: those with primary amenorrhea, secondary amenorrhea, ovarian androgenic hyperfunction, and infertility. The results were critically examined to evaluate the procedure in the investigation and treatment of each of these disorders. It was concluded that laparoscopic ovarian biopsy is most helpful in primary amenorrhea but justified in secondary amenorrhea only if a histologic diagnosis of premature ovarian failure is though to be essential. Patients with ovarian androgenic hyperplasia should not be candidates for the procedure as the laparoscopic appearance of the ovaries offered equally valuable information and the hazards of biopsy in this particular group of patients outweighed its diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness. The ovarian biopsy offered very little benefit for the infertility patients.", "contents": "Assessment of the role of laparoscopic ovarian biopsy. Seventy-four patients with either endocrine and/or infertility problems were subjected to laparoscopic ovarian biopsy. The patients were divided into 4 categories: those with primary amenorrhea, secondary amenorrhea, ovarian androgenic hyperfunction, and infertility. The results were critically examined to evaluate the procedure in the investigation and treatment of each of these disorders. It was concluded that laparoscopic ovarian biopsy is most helpful in primary amenorrhea but justified in secondary amenorrhea only if a histologic diagnosis of premature ovarian failure is though to be essential. Patients with ovarian androgenic hyperplasia should not be candidates for the procedure as the laparoscopic appearance of the ovaries offered equally valuable information and the hazards of biopsy in this particular group of patients outweighed its diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness. The ovarian biopsy offered very little benefit for the infertility patients."}
{"id": "PMID:135213", "title": "Nonelectric laparoscopic sterilization. Experience with a silastic band.", "content": "In an attempt to avoid the serious complications of electrosurgical sterilization via laparoscopy, specially designed applicators have been used to apply a silastic band to the fallopian tube, thereby occluding it. Two hundred and eighty cases have been performed, 70 of which have been followed for more than 1 year. There have been no pregnancies. The technic is relatively simple. Complications result when the tube is excessively thickened, when the tube is fixed in position by adhesion, or when the tube is grasped too close to the cornua or too rapidly. These complications have been relatively few and can be easily avoided.", "contents": "Nonelectric laparoscopic sterilization. Experience with a silastic band. In an attempt to avoid the serious complications of electrosurgical sterilization via laparoscopy, specially designed applicators have been used to apply a silastic band to the fallopian tube, thereby occluding it. Two hundred and eighty cases have been performed, 70 of which have been followed for more than 1 year. There have been no pregnancies. The technic is relatively simple. Complications result when the tube is excessively thickened, when the tube is fixed in position by adhesion, or when the tube is grasped too close to the cornua or too rapidly. These complications have been relatively few and can be easily avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:135240", "title": "[Responsiveness of lymphocytes to stimulation by pha and autologous blasts in acute lymphatic leukemias during remission (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper deals with the question how far the lymphocytes of acute lymphatic leukemia patients in remission can be stimulated by PHA and autologous blasts in the MLC-Test. The lymphocyte stimulation by PHA showed considerable variation dependent on the phase of therapy. A significant reduction of the responsiveness to PHA stimulation was found during the prophylactic reinduction treatment with Vincristin and Prednisolon compared with the results during maintenance therapy. The examination of lymphocyte stimulation by conserved autologous blasts in the mixed lymphocyte culture-test yielded positive results in one of three children at the beginning of remission and in 2 of 3 children during the consolidated remission period.", "contents": "[Responsiveness of lymphocytes to stimulation by pha and autologous blasts in acute lymphatic leukemias during remission (author's transl)]. The paper deals with the question how far the lymphocytes of acute lymphatic leukemia patients in remission can be stimulated by PHA and autologous blasts in the MLC-Test. The lymphocyte stimulation by PHA showed considerable variation dependent on the phase of therapy. A significant reduction of the responsiveness to PHA stimulation was found during the prophylactic reinduction treatment with Vincristin and Prednisolon compared with the results during maintenance therapy. The examination of lymphocyte stimulation by conserved autologous blasts in the mixed lymphocyte culture-test yielded positive results in one of three children at the beginning of remission and in 2 of 3 children during the consolidated remission period."}
{"id": "PMID:135241", "title": "[Special problems of pacemaker-therapy in infants and children (author's transl)].", "content": "The special problems of pacemaker-therapy in infants and children are reported and compared with those of adults. The possibilities of application of pacemakers and the indications for temporary or permanent use are discussed. Special attention is paid to the disadvantages of presently available pacemakers for children due to electro-physiologic and hemodynamic facts. Complications of pacemaker-therapy and wishes in regard to technical improvements of pacemakers are discussed too. The possibilities of checking pacemaker patients are also mentioned. The therapeutic value of pacemaker for pediatric patients is analysed, using the results of the literature and an own experience with an infant, which is discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Special problems of pacemaker-therapy in infants and children (author's transl)]. The special problems of pacemaker-therapy in infants and children are reported and compared with those of adults. The possibilities of application of pacemakers and the indications for temporary or permanent use are discussed. Special attention is paid to the disadvantages of presently available pacemakers for children due to electro-physiologic and hemodynamic facts. Complications of pacemaker-therapy and wishes in regard to technical improvements of pacemakers are discussed too. The possibilities of checking pacemaker patients are also mentioned. The therapeutic value of pacemaker for pediatric patients is analysed, using the results of the literature and an own experience with an infant, which is discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:135242", "title": "Transplantation of Hymenolepis diminuta into naive, immune and irradiated mice.", "content": "Almost 100% of 7- to 10-day-old Hymenolepis diminuta became established when surgically transplanted from donor mice into the duodenum of naive recipient mice. Transplanted tapeworms survived 8-12 days, by which time they had survived much longer in total than they would have done in the donor. Mice previously immunized by a primary infection rejected transplants within 4 days. Sub-lethal irradiation (550 rad) delayed rejection by immune mice but such mice still rejected worms much more quickly than did naive mice. Surgery was shown to delay by 2-3 days the rejection of worms by naive mice, and the importance of circumventing surgery by administering the worms per os is emphasized. Prospects for reconstituting irradiated immune mice are considered vis-\u00e0-vis work with nematodes, and the differences which, on present knowledge, appear to exist between nematode and cestode rejection are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Transplantation of Hymenolepis diminuta into naive, immune and irradiated mice. Almost 100% of 7- to 10-day-old Hymenolepis diminuta became established when surgically transplanted from donor mice into the duodenum of naive recipient mice. Transplanted tapeworms survived 8-12 days, by which time they had survived much longer in total than they would have done in the donor. Mice previously immunized by a primary infection rejected transplants within 4 days. Sub-lethal irradiation (550 rad) delayed rejection by immune mice but such mice still rejected worms much more quickly than did naive mice. Surgery was shown to delay by 2-3 days the rejection of worms by naive mice, and the importance of circumventing surgery by administering the worms per os is emphasized. Prospects for reconstituting irradiated immune mice are considered vis-\u00e0-vis work with nematodes, and the differences which, on present knowledge, appear to exist between nematode and cestode rejection are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135243", "title": "Liver plasma membrane enzyme activities following glutaraldehyde fixation.", "content": "The Wachstein-Meisel ATPase histochemical method has been previously used to demonstrate the ultrastructural localization of this enzyme in both whole liver and isolated plasma membranes following fixation in glutaraldehyde. In the present study biochemical assay, of liver plasma membrane enzymes following fixation in cold 2.5% glutaraldehyde showed that approximately 40% of Mg2+-ATPase, but only 4% of (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity remained in membranes from either control or ANIT-treated rats. In addition, 5'-nucleotidase activity was almost abolished by fixation. The present results indicate that the Wachstein-Meisel method, when applied to biliary canaliculi, can reliably be used to demonstrate the ultrastructural, histochemical localization of Mg2+-ATPase but not that of (NA+-K+)-ATPase. Furthermore, the method permits a valid comparison to be made of the relative Mg2+-ATPase activity in normal and chemically damaged biliary canaliculi.", "contents": "Liver plasma membrane enzyme activities following glutaraldehyde fixation. The Wachstein-Meisel ATPase histochemical method has been previously used to demonstrate the ultrastructural localization of this enzyme in both whole liver and isolated plasma membranes following fixation in glutaraldehyde. In the present study biochemical assay, of liver plasma membrane enzymes following fixation in cold 2.5% glutaraldehyde showed that approximately 40% of Mg2+-ATPase, but only 4% of (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity remained in membranes from either control or ANIT-treated rats. In addition, 5'-nucleotidase activity was almost abolished by fixation. The present results indicate that the Wachstein-Meisel method, when applied to biliary canaliculi, can reliably be used to demonstrate the ultrastructural, histochemical localization of Mg2+-ATPase but not that of (NA+-K+)-ATPase. Furthermore, the method permits a valid comparison to be made of the relative Mg2+-ATPase activity in normal and chemically damaged biliary canaliculi."}
{"id": "PMID:135250", "title": "The invalid passenger and air transport.", "content": "I have shown some of the problems which can arise when invalids are transported by air. There is no doubt that they are all fully manageable provided there has been adequate planning. Anyone with a problem in this field should contact the relevant airline medical department, or one of the organizations specializing in aeromedical evacuation. In the United Kingdom these are:- (1) Europ Assistance Limited, 269-273 High Street, Croydon, Surrey (telephone: 01-686 0102). (2) St. John Ambulance, Aeromedical Section, I Grosvenor Gardens, London SWI (telephone: 01-235 5231). (3) Transcare Limited, Group House, Woodlands Avenue, Acton, London W3 (telephone: 01-992 5077).", "contents": "The invalid passenger and air transport. I have shown some of the problems which can arise when invalids are transported by air. There is no doubt that they are all fully manageable provided there has been adequate planning. Anyone with a problem in this field should contact the relevant airline medical department, or one of the organizations specializing in aeromedical evacuation. In the United Kingdom these are:- (1) Europ Assistance Limited, 269-273 High Street, Croydon, Surrey (telephone: 01-686 0102). (2) St. John Ambulance, Aeromedical Section, I Grosvenor Gardens, London SWI (telephone: 01-235 5231). (3) Transcare Limited, Group House, Woodlands Avenue, Acton, London W3 (telephone: 01-992 5077)."}
{"id": "PMID:135257", "title": "Myosin-paramyosin cofilaments: enzymatic interactions with F-actin.", "content": "The interaction between paramyosin and myosin has been studied by enzymological methods. Clam adductor paramyosin inhibits the actin-activated, Mg2+-requiring ATPase of both clam adductor and rabbit skeletal muscle myosins. Myosin and paramyosin must be rapidly coprecipitated for this inhibition. Incubation with F-actin in the absence of ATP does not alter this effect. This inhibition follows a hyperbolic function with respect to paramyosin concentration. Slow precipitation by dialysis of myosin and paramyosin together leads to copolymers with actin-activated ATPase equivalent to that of slowly formed myosin filaments. Both kinds of slowly formed filaments have enzymatic properties distinct from those of the rapidly precipitated proteins. Paramyosin is competitive with F-actin for their effects upon myosin. The apparent affinity of myosin for F-actin is markedly reduced by association with paramyosin, but the extrapolated maximal velocity of actomyosin is unaffected. The specificity of this inhibition is strongly suggested by marked quantitative differences between native and cleaved paramyosins. No inhibition of intrinsic myosin ATPase by paramyosin is seen. These studies suggest that at least two types of condition-dependent association between myosin and paramyosin are possible. One class of interactions is associated with enzymic inhibition in rapidly coprecipitated filaments, whereas slowly formed cofilaments exhibit catalytic activity similar to that of identically treat-d myosin and have a characteristic 14.5 nm axial repeat.", "contents": "Myosin-paramyosin cofilaments: enzymatic interactions with F-actin. The interaction between paramyosin and myosin has been studied by enzymological methods. Clam adductor paramyosin inhibits the actin-activated, Mg2+-requiring ATPase of both clam adductor and rabbit skeletal muscle myosins. Myosin and paramyosin must be rapidly coprecipitated for this inhibition. Incubation with F-actin in the absence of ATP does not alter this effect. This inhibition follows a hyperbolic function with respect to paramyosin concentration. Slow precipitation by dialysis of myosin and paramyosin together leads to copolymers with actin-activated ATPase equivalent to that of slowly formed myosin filaments. Both kinds of slowly formed filaments have enzymatic properties distinct from those of the rapidly precipitated proteins. Paramyosin is competitive with F-actin for their effects upon myosin. The apparent affinity of myosin for F-actin is markedly reduced by association with paramyosin, but the extrapolated maximal velocity of actomyosin is unaffected. The specificity of this inhibition is strongly suggested by marked quantitative differences between native and cleaved paramyosins. No inhibition of intrinsic myosin ATPase by paramyosin is seen. These studies suggest that at least two types of condition-dependent association between myosin and paramyosin are possible. One class of interactions is associated with enzymic inhibition in rapidly coprecipitated filaments, whereas slowly formed cofilaments exhibit catalytic activity similar to that of identically treat-d myosin and have a characteristic 14.5 nm axial repeat."}
{"id": "PMID:135258", "title": "Restoration of oxidative phosphorylation by purified N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive latent adenosinetriphosphatase from Mycobacterium phlei.", "content": "The N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)-sensitive latent adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) (EC 3.6.1.3; ATP phosphohydrolase) from Mycobacterium phlei has been purified to homogeneity and used to resotre oxidative phosphorylation to detergent-extracted membranes. The phosphorylation was inhibited by DCCD any by tetraphenylboron and valinomycin. The enzyme was solubilized from the membrane vesicles by treatment with cholate followed by extraction with Triton X-100. After partial purification on a sucrose gradient, the enzyme was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on Sepharose coupled to ADP. The DCCD-sensitive latent ATPase of coupling factor from M. phlei consists of two components, the latent ATPase (Bcf4), which is insensitive to DCCD, and an intrinsic membrane component, BCF0. This hydrophobic portion of the DCCD-sensitive ATPase was partially purified on a sucrose gradient after solubilization with detergents from membrane vesicles that had been first depleted of the BCF4 by washing with 0.25 M sucrose. When BCF0 was combined with purified BCF4, the latent ATPase of the resulting complex was sensitive to DCCD. Moreover, like the purified DCCD-sensitive latent ATPase, the combined BCF4 and BCF0 restored coupled phosphorylation to detergent-extracted membranes.", "contents": "Restoration of oxidative phosphorylation by purified N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive latent adenosinetriphosphatase from Mycobacterium phlei. The N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)-sensitive latent adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) (EC 3.6.1.3; ATP phosphohydrolase) from Mycobacterium phlei has been purified to homogeneity and used to resotre oxidative phosphorylation to detergent-extracted membranes. The phosphorylation was inhibited by DCCD any by tetraphenylboron and valinomycin. The enzyme was solubilized from the membrane vesicles by treatment with cholate followed by extraction with Triton X-100. After partial purification on a sucrose gradient, the enzyme was purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography on Sepharose coupled to ADP. The DCCD-sensitive latent ATPase of coupling factor from M. phlei consists of two components, the latent ATPase (Bcf4), which is insensitive to DCCD, and an intrinsic membrane component, BCF0. This hydrophobic portion of the DCCD-sensitive ATPase was partially purified on a sucrose gradient after solubilization with detergents from membrane vesicles that had been first depleted of the BCF4 by washing with 0.25 M sucrose. When BCF0 was combined with purified BCF4, the latent ATPase of the resulting complex was sensitive to DCCD. Moreover, like the purified DCCD-sensitive latent ATPase, the combined BCF4 and BCF0 restored coupled phosphorylation to detergent-extracted membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:135259", "title": "Differences among sulfated proteoglycans synthesized in nonchondrogenic cells, presumptive chondroblasts, and chondroblasts.", "content": "The sulfated proteoglycans synthesized by definitive chondroblasts in cultured 10-day chick vertebral or epiphyseal cartilages were characterized by their sedimentation profile in a sucrose gradient and their susceptibility to chondroitinase ABC (EC 4.2.2.4; chondroitin ABC lyase). These sulfated proteoglycans were indistinguishable from those synthesized by definitive chondroblasts that emerge from older cultures of somites plus notochord or in older cultures of limb buds. The sulfated proteoglycans of these definitive chondroblasts are readily distinguished from those synthesized by their mother cells, the presumptive chondroblasts, or those synthesized by dedifferentiated or bromodeoxyuridine-suppressed chondroblasts. However, the sulfated proteoglycans synthesized by presumptive chondroblasts or by dedifferentiated or bromodeoxyuridine-suppressed chondroblasts cannot be dintinguished by these techniques from those synthesized by (i) blastodisc cells, (ii) fibroblasts, (iii) spinal cord cells, or (iv) skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle cells. Addition of glycosaminoglycans or collagen to the medium did not induce somite or limb presumptive chondroblasts to synthesize the chondroblast-unique sulfated proteoglycans. Cells moving from the presumptive chondroblast compartment into the chondroblast compartment acquire not only the option to initiate the synthesis of chondroblast-unique collagen chains, but also the capacity to synthesize chondroblast-unique sulfated proteoglycans.", "contents": "Differences among sulfated proteoglycans synthesized in nonchondrogenic cells, presumptive chondroblasts, and chondroblasts. The sulfated proteoglycans synthesized by definitive chondroblasts in cultured 10-day chick vertebral or epiphyseal cartilages were characterized by their sedimentation profile in a sucrose gradient and their susceptibility to chondroitinase ABC (EC 4.2.2.4; chondroitin ABC lyase). These sulfated proteoglycans were indistinguishable from those synthesized by definitive chondroblasts that emerge from older cultures of somites plus notochord or in older cultures of limb buds. The sulfated proteoglycans of these definitive chondroblasts are readily distinguished from those synthesized by their mother cells, the presumptive chondroblasts, or those synthesized by dedifferentiated or bromodeoxyuridine-suppressed chondroblasts. However, the sulfated proteoglycans synthesized by presumptive chondroblasts or by dedifferentiated or bromodeoxyuridine-suppressed chondroblasts cannot be dintinguished by these techniques from those synthesized by (i) blastodisc cells, (ii) fibroblasts, (iii) spinal cord cells, or (iv) skeletal, cardiac, or smooth muscle cells. Addition of glycosaminoglycans or collagen to the medium did not induce somite or limb presumptive chondroblasts to synthesize the chondroblast-unique sulfated proteoglycans. Cells moving from the presumptive chondroblast compartment into the chondroblast compartment acquire not only the option to initiate the synthesis of chondroblast-unique collagen chains, but also the capacity to synthesize chondroblast-unique sulfated proteoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:135260", "title": "Inhibition of erythrocyte sickling by cystamine, a thiol reagent.", "content": "Incubation of sickle cells with cystamine, a thiol reagnet, resulted in the formation of an intracellular S-ethylamine derivative. The rate of the reaction was dependent upon the cystamine concentration, the temperature, and the duration of the incubation. The cystamine-treated cells demonstrated a marked inhibition of sickling under hypoxic conditions, a decrease in their mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and a significant increase in their oxygen affinity. The oxygen affinity of these cells was less dependent on their mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration than that of untreated sickle cells. The minimum gelling concentration of S-ethylamine doxyhemoglobin S was slightly increased. Cystamine did not affect the intracellular pH nor the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate level. The exact contribution of the interrelated factors in cystamine inhibition of sickling (changes in oxygen affinity, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and minimum gelling concentration) has yet to be determined.", "contents": "Inhibition of erythrocyte sickling by cystamine, a thiol reagent. Incubation of sickle cells with cystamine, a thiol reagnet, resulted in the formation of an intracellular S-ethylamine derivative. The rate of the reaction was dependent upon the cystamine concentration, the temperature, and the duration of the incubation. The cystamine-treated cells demonstrated a marked inhibition of sickling under hypoxic conditions, a decrease in their mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and a significant increase in their oxygen affinity. The oxygen affinity of these cells was less dependent on their mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration than that of untreated sickle cells. The minimum gelling concentration of S-ethylamine doxyhemoglobin S was slightly increased. Cystamine did not affect the intracellular pH nor the 2,3-diphosphoglycerate level. The exact contribution of the interrelated factors in cystamine inhibition of sickling (changes in oxygen affinity, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and minimum gelling concentration) has yet to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:135262", "title": "Congenic strains of mice susceptible and resistant to mouse hepatitis virus.", "content": "A congenic strain of C3HSS mice, which is histocompatible with C3H mice but differs from them in susceptibility to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), has been developed by introducing the gene for susceptibility to the MHV-PRI virus from the PRI mice. This was accomplished by continual back-crossing of the hybrids to the C3H mice, but at the same time by selection of susceptibility by use of macrophage culture tests. After 20 back-crosses, a strain homozygous for susceptibility was produced by brother-sister mating of individual mice whose potential for carrying the recessive gene for resistance was tested in progeny. Since the original choice of mice for breeding was based on in vitro macrophage susceptibility, and since highly susceptible mice were developed on the same basis, it seems evident that macrophage susceptibility is an integral aspect of mouse susceptibility. The continued production of almost 50% susceptible mice in the back-crosses is further evidence of the dominant one-locus explanation of genetic susceptibility to this agent. Incomplete penetrance may also be present in 8 and 9 week old mice of the C3HSS strain since there was a sharp decrease in susceptibility of these mice even though their macrophages in culture maintained full susceptibility.", "contents": "Congenic strains of mice susceptible and resistant to mouse hepatitis virus. A congenic strain of C3HSS mice, which is histocompatible with C3H mice but differs from them in susceptibility to mouse hepatitis virus (MHV), has been developed by introducing the gene for susceptibility to the MHV-PRI virus from the PRI mice. This was accomplished by continual back-crossing of the hybrids to the C3H mice, but at the same time by selection of susceptibility by use of macrophage culture tests. After 20 back-crosses, a strain homozygous for susceptibility was produced by brother-sister mating of individual mice whose potential for carrying the recessive gene for resistance was tested in progeny. Since the original choice of mice for breeding was based on in vitro macrophage susceptibility, and since highly susceptible mice were developed on the same basis, it seems evident that macrophage susceptibility is an integral aspect of mouse susceptibility. The continued production of almost 50% susceptible mice in the back-crosses is further evidence of the dominant one-locus explanation of genetic susceptibility to this agent. Incomplete penetrance may also be present in 8 and 9 week old mice of the C3HSS strain since there was a sharp decrease in susceptibility of these mice even though their macrophages in culture maintained full susceptibility."}
{"id": "PMID:135263", "title": "Effects of experimental diabetes on intestinal strontium absorption in the rat.", "content": "Control and streptozotocin diabetic rats were studied at 5 and 12 days after induction of diabetes. Strontium absorption was measured by in situ perfusion of duodenum and ileum. Duodenal absorptive capacity (absorption per unit length) and absorptive specific activity (absorption per gram of dry weight mucosa) were depressed. Depression was present both at 5 days, when mucosal growth is similar in controls and diabetics, and at 12 days, when mucosal growth is 50% greater in diabetics. Effects of diabetes on ileal absorption were minimal in comparison with effects on duodenum. This depression of duodenal strontium absorption in the diabetic rat is analogous to effects of diabetes on calcium absorption and may be mediated by abnormal vitamin D metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of experimental diabetes on intestinal strontium absorption in the rat. Control and streptozotocin diabetic rats were studied at 5 and 12 days after induction of diabetes. Strontium absorption was measured by in situ perfusion of duodenum and ileum. Duodenal absorptive capacity (absorption per unit length) and absorptive specific activity (absorption per gram of dry weight mucosa) were depressed. Depression was present both at 5 days, when mucosal growth is similar in controls and diabetics, and at 12 days, when mucosal growth is 50% greater in diabetics. Effects of diabetes on ileal absorption were minimal in comparison with effects on duodenum. This depression of duodenal strontium absorption in the diabetic rat is analogous to effects of diabetes on calcium absorption and may be mediated by abnormal vitamin D metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:135264", "title": "Circulating factors controlling cell proliferation.", "content": "Dipolid human fibroblast-rich tissues contain a macromolecule with a molecular weight between 30,000 and 50,000 daltons which will inhibit the proliferation of fibroblasts in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (i.e., inhibit both 3H-thymidine uptake as well as the normal increase in cell number). The inhibitor is destroyed by trypsin but not by ribonuclease or deoxyribonuclease, and it is thermolabile. It has an acid IEP. It is not cytotoxic, and its inhibitory activity appears to be completely reversible. This fibroblast endogenous inhibitor does not interfere with the proliferation of DNA synthesis by human lymphocytes, bronchial carcinoma cells, or HeLa cells. The activity does not appear to be species specific. Therefore, we suggest that it is quite possible that the control of fibroblast proliferation resides in a fibroblast chalone. Diploid human fibroblasts, in contrast to chicken or mouse fibroblasts or heteroploid fibroblasts in general, stringently require serum for their proliferation. All of this mitogenic activity of calf serum can be concentrated in a molecular weight range around 100,000 daltons by ultrafiltration. All of the mitogenic activity within this molecular weight class can be concentrated at a pH of 5.2 via isoelectric focusing, and all of the activity at this isoelectric point can be concentrated in one peak on preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This latter material is homogeneous at three different pH's in analytical gel electrophoresis as well as in SDS electrophoresis. This purified serum mitogen for diploid human fibroblasts in vitro also works in vivo and represents as much as 0.5% of calf serum protein, albeit there is much less of this protein in adult cow or horse. It is composed of two equal subunits weighing about 60,000 daltons each and contains about 2 moles of sialic acid, one S-S bond, and 6 moles of hexose per subunit. There is a reciprocal relationship between the biological activity of fibroblast inhibitor and serum mitogen, but there is no apparent direct interaction between these two proteins. Addition of pure serum mitogen to diploid human fibroblasts in vitro results in the release of commensurable chalone activity into the medium and a reciprocal loss of mitogen from the medium. Therefore, we propose that serum contains a single macromolecule which competes with endogenous chalone on the surface of diploid human fibroblasts and that this functions as an anti-chalone for the fibroblast.", "contents": "Circulating factors controlling cell proliferation. Dipolid human fibroblast-rich tissues contain a macromolecule with a molecular weight between 30,000 and 50,000 daltons which will inhibit the proliferation of fibroblasts in the G1 phase of the cell cycle (i.e., inhibit both 3H-thymidine uptake as well as the normal increase in cell number). The inhibitor is destroyed by trypsin but not by ribonuclease or deoxyribonuclease, and it is thermolabile. It has an acid IEP. It is not cytotoxic, and its inhibitory activity appears to be completely reversible. This fibroblast endogenous inhibitor does not interfere with the proliferation of DNA synthesis by human lymphocytes, bronchial carcinoma cells, or HeLa cells. The activity does not appear to be species specific. Therefore, we suggest that it is quite possible that the control of fibroblast proliferation resides in a fibroblast chalone. Diploid human fibroblasts, in contrast to chicken or mouse fibroblasts or heteroploid fibroblasts in general, stringently require serum for their proliferation. All of this mitogenic activity of calf serum can be concentrated in a molecular weight range around 100,000 daltons by ultrafiltration. All of the mitogenic activity within this molecular weight class can be concentrated at a pH of 5.2 via isoelectric focusing, and all of the activity at this isoelectric point can be concentrated in one peak on preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This latter material is homogeneous at three different pH's in analytical gel electrophoresis as well as in SDS electrophoresis. This purified serum mitogen for diploid human fibroblasts in vitro also works in vivo and represents as much as 0.5% of calf serum protein, albeit there is much less of this protein in adult cow or horse. It is composed of two equal subunits weighing about 60,000 daltons each and contains about 2 moles of sialic acid, one S-S bond, and 6 moles of hexose per subunit. There is a reciprocal relationship between the biological activity of fibroblast inhibitor and serum mitogen, but there is no apparent direct interaction between these two proteins. Addition of pure serum mitogen to diploid human fibroblasts in vitro results in the release of commensurable chalone activity into the medium and a reciprocal loss of mitogen from the medium. Therefore, we propose that serum contains a single macromolecule which competes with endogenous chalone on the surface of diploid human fibroblasts and that this functions as an anti-chalone for the fibroblast."}
{"id": "PMID:135265", "title": "Stimulation of a specific drive (predatory behaviour) by p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) in the rat.", "content": "In contrast to wild rats the percentage of animals showing predatory behaviour is very low among laboratory rats. Stimulation of this specific drive by systemic drug application has been mentioned only for pCPA and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinole. As detailed investigations concerning this stimulating property of pCPA are not published, the effect was studied in selected non-biting rats (without starvation and isolation) regarding dose- and time-dependence after single and repeated drug administration; further, D- and L-isomers of pCPA were included in the investigation. After single oral application of 200 to 3200 mg/kg DL-pCPA a dose-dependent stimulation of predatory behaviour was found. Smaller doses (200 or 400 mg/kg p.o.) given repeatedly on 3 consecutive days showed effects comparable with those after single administration of much higher doses (1600 or 3200 mg/kg p.o.). With repeated oral application of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg on 10 consecutive days no difference was found between D- and L-pCPA concerning efficacy and time course of drug effect. Both after single and repeated administration in all series of tests the effect reached its maximum not before several days and faded almost completely in the drug-free after-period. D-methamphetamine HCl, investigated comparatively as a CNS stimulant, provoked no predatory behaviour in a wide dose-range (0.125 to 8.0 mg/kg p.o.) with repeated administration on 10 consecutive days. Within the control groups (total number of rats = 100) no animal showed predatory attach during an observation-period of at least 3 weeks.", "contents": "Stimulation of a specific drive (predatory behaviour) by p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) in the rat. In contrast to wild rats the percentage of animals showing predatory behaviour is very low among laboratory rats. Stimulation of this specific drive by systemic drug application has been mentioned only for pCPA and delta9-tetrahydrocannabinole. As detailed investigations concerning this stimulating property of pCPA are not published, the effect was studied in selected non-biting rats (without starvation and isolation) regarding dose- and time-dependence after single and repeated drug administration; further, D- and L-isomers of pCPA were included in the investigation. After single oral application of 200 to 3200 mg/kg DL-pCPA a dose-dependent stimulation of predatory behaviour was found. Smaller doses (200 or 400 mg/kg p.o.) given repeatedly on 3 consecutive days showed effects comparable with those after single administration of much higher doses (1600 or 3200 mg/kg p.o.). With repeated oral application of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg on 10 consecutive days no difference was found between D- and L-pCPA concerning efficacy and time course of drug effect. Both after single and repeated administration in all series of tests the effect reached its maximum not before several days and faded almost completely in the drug-free after-period. D-methamphetamine HCl, investigated comparatively as a CNS stimulant, provoked no predatory behaviour in a wide dose-range (0.125 to 8.0 mg/kg p.o.) with repeated administration on 10 consecutive days. Within the control groups (total number of rats = 100) no animal showed predatory attach during an observation-period of at least 3 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:135268", "title": "Parachlorophenylalanine potentiates facilitatory effects of mescaline on shuttlebox escape/avoidance in rats.", "content": "Acute parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA) pretreatment (150 mg/kg, i.p., 24 h beforehand) potentiated facilitatory effects of mescaline (39.6 mg/kg i.p.) on shuttlebox escape/avoidance in hooded rats, tested in two different situations: 1. during aquisition of avoidance behavior (Experiment 1); and 2. in stable pretrained poor avoiders (Experiment 2). pCPA alone did not influence avoidance behavior in either situation. Mescaline, with pCPA pretreatment, may be associated with long-term behavioral effects; all rats treated with this combination were later found to be poor avoiders, unable to achieve a stable baseline of good avoidance. pCPA significantly depleted brain norepinephrine and dopamine, as well as serotonin, measured after testing in the second situation.", "contents": "Parachlorophenylalanine potentiates facilitatory effects of mescaline on shuttlebox escape/avoidance in rats. Acute parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA) pretreatment (150 mg/kg, i.p., 24 h beforehand) potentiated facilitatory effects of mescaline (39.6 mg/kg i.p.) on shuttlebox escape/avoidance in hooded rats, tested in two different situations: 1. during aquisition of avoidance behavior (Experiment 1); and 2. in stable pretrained poor avoiders (Experiment 2). pCPA alone did not influence avoidance behavior in either situation. Mescaline, with pCPA pretreatment, may be associated with long-term behavioral effects; all rats treated with this combination were later found to be poor avoiders, unable to achieve a stable baseline of good avoidance. pCPA significantly depleted brain norepinephrine and dopamine, as well as serotonin, measured after testing in the second situation."}
{"id": "PMID:135269", "title": "Acute increases by p-chlorophenylalanine of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in the rat.", "content": "The stereotyped behavioral syndrome induced in the rat by apomorphine was enhanced by acute systemic administration of PCPA. This effect was dependent on the dose of PCPA and half-maximal at approximately 150 mg/kg, i.p.; it occurred within 30 min, was greatest between 1 and 5 h and had nearly disappeared by 24 h after an acute dose of PCPA. A similar effect was not found at 24 or 48 h following 3 repeated doses of PCPA of 300 mg/kg/day. This effect of PCPA was not reversed by 5-HTP or by high doses of a decarboxylase inhibitor. PCPA alone did not produce stereotyped behavior, although it produced some behavioral excitation in high doses following inhibition of monoamine oxidase. This acute behavioral effect of PCPA to potentiate apomorphine-induced stereotyped responses is unexplained. It does not seem to be due to depletion of 5-HT or to the formation of an amine as an active metabolite. We suggest that PCPA can have behavioral excitatory actions independent of its 5-HT-depleting action.", "contents": "Acute increases by p-chlorophenylalanine of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in the rat. The stereotyped behavioral syndrome induced in the rat by apomorphine was enhanced by acute systemic administration of PCPA. This effect was dependent on the dose of PCPA and half-maximal at approximately 150 mg/kg, i.p.; it occurred within 30 min, was greatest between 1 and 5 h and had nearly disappeared by 24 h after an acute dose of PCPA. A similar effect was not found at 24 or 48 h following 3 repeated doses of PCPA of 300 mg/kg/day. This effect of PCPA was not reversed by 5-HTP or by high doses of a decarboxylase inhibitor. PCPA alone did not produce stereotyped behavior, although it produced some behavioral excitation in high doses following inhibition of monoamine oxidase. This acute behavioral effect of PCPA to potentiate apomorphine-induced stereotyped responses is unexplained. It does not seem to be due to depletion of 5-HT or to the formation of an amine as an active metabolite. We suggest that PCPA can have behavioral excitatory actions independent of its 5-HT-depleting action."}
{"id": "PMID:135270", "title": "Tape test as a simple new method for the study of compounds increasing the problem-solving ability of the rat.", "content": "A simple new method, the \"tape test\" has been developed for studying the enhancement of learning by drugs in \"learning-dull\" rats. A piece of adhesive tape is pressed on the left front pad of the rats. The time of tape removal by the animal, i.e., the problem-solving time is measured. In our experiments the selected learning-dull rats were used which were unable to remove the tape within 60 s observed on 3 consecutive days. The problem-solving ability of the rats was studied on 4 consecutive days, by posttrial administration. The problem-solving ability was found to be increased after treatment with different drugs such as para-chlorphenylalanine (PCPA), pemolin, orotic acid, vitamin B12. The stimulatory effect of vitamin B12 could be inhibited by vincristine.", "contents": "Tape test as a simple new method for the study of compounds increasing the problem-solving ability of the rat. A simple new method, the \"tape test\" has been developed for studying the enhancement of learning by drugs in \"learning-dull\" rats. A piece of adhesive tape is pressed on the left front pad of the rats. The time of tape removal by the animal, i.e., the problem-solving time is measured. In our experiments the selected learning-dull rats were used which were unable to remove the tape within 60 s observed on 3 consecutive days. The problem-solving ability of the rats was studied on 4 consecutive days, by posttrial administration. The problem-solving ability was found to be increased after treatment with different drugs such as para-chlorphenylalanine (PCPA), pemolin, orotic acid, vitamin B12. The stimulatory effect of vitamin B12 could be inhibited by vincristine."}
{"id": "PMID:135310", "title": "[Are we pushing the disabled intellectually into a ghetto? (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].", "content": "Disabled people not only encounter barriers in their physical environment (in the form of steps which social rehabilitation is making efforts to level, remove or overcome through ramps) but also in the intellectual and emotional fields (in the life and thinking habits of our society, in expressions, song texts, etc.) i.e. basic expressions which seem to be applicable to the lives of the non-disabled but which prevent the disabled's access to life in the community. The examples given are: \"What you are depends on what you have\", \"the world is beautiful\", \"everything will turn out all right\". These expressions are, at least, as detrimental to full integration as the steps at the entrance to the post-office. The elimination of these sayings would not be beneficial to the disabled alone, but to all people: our life would become more honest and less strained. Phrases of the Biblical Message serve as the example for a thinking model which could give the impetus to a common learning process of tension release. Efforts to lessen the restraint (that is to correct the cited expressions) are called \"weltanschauliche Rehabilitation\", but whether this should rather be understood as a part of social rehabilitation or its parallel is a question which still remains unanswered.", "contents": "[Are we pushing the disabled intellectually into a ghetto? (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. Disabled people not only encounter barriers in their physical environment (in the form of steps which social rehabilitation is making efforts to level, remove or overcome through ramps) but also in the intellectual and emotional fields (in the life and thinking habits of our society, in expressions, song texts, etc.) i.e. basic expressions which seem to be applicable to the lives of the non-disabled but which prevent the disabled's access to life in the community. The examples given are: \"What you are depends on what you have\", \"the world is beautiful\", \"everything will turn out all right\". These expressions are, at least, as detrimental to full integration as the steps at the entrance to the post-office. The elimination of these sayings would not be beneficial to the disabled alone, but to all people: our life would become more honest and less strained. Phrases of the Biblical Message serve as the example for a thinking model which could give the impetus to a common learning process of tension release. Efforts to lessen the restraint (that is to correct the cited expressions) are called \"weltanschauliche Rehabilitation\", but whether this should rather be understood as a part of social rehabilitation or its parallel is a question which still remains unanswered."}
{"id": "PMID:135311", "title": "[Youth work with the disabled--a contribution to social rehabilitation (author's transl)].", "content": "It is particularly the disabled children and adolescents who suffer most from marginal group life in our society. For a sound social and emotional development they need interaction with their peers. Youth group activities as carried out in the Federal Republic of Germany, for instance by the Georgspfadfinder, provide the disabled young people with living space which enable them to train social skills and come to terms with the environment. These wide-ranging, common activities can help to change the attitudes of all participants, thus enhancing the process of social integration.", "contents": "[Youth work with the disabled--a contribution to social rehabilitation (author's transl)]. It is particularly the disabled children and adolescents who suffer most from marginal group life in our society. For a sound social and emotional development they need interaction with their peers. Youth group activities as carried out in the Federal Republic of Germany, for instance by the Georgspfadfinder, provide the disabled young people with living space which enable them to train social skills and come to terms with the environment. These wide-ranging, common activities can help to change the attitudes of all participants, thus enhancing the process of social integration."}
{"id": "PMID:135312", "title": "[Socio-economic aspects of rehabilitation (author's transl)].", "content": "Rehabilitation must not only be identified as the total services provided for disabled persons, but also in relation to its effects on society as a whole. In addition to the general interdependency between socio-political measures, prime emphasis is placed on the principal social and economic relationships. In particular, attention is drawn to the specific characteristic of human work as an expression of personality, investment in human beings, productivity of rehabilitation efforts, and aspects of operating efficiency.", "contents": "[Socio-economic aspects of rehabilitation (author's transl)]. Rehabilitation must not only be identified as the total services provided for disabled persons, but also in relation to its effects on society as a whole. In addition to the general interdependency between socio-political measures, prime emphasis is placed on the principal social and economic relationships. In particular, attention is drawn to the specific characteristic of human work as an expression of personality, investment in human beings, productivity of rehabilitation efforts, and aspects of operating efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:135313", "title": "[Therapy with the help of a horse - attempt at a situational analysis (author's transl)].", "content": "With December 31, 1974 being the target day, the Kuratorium f\u00fcr Therapeutisches Reiten carried out a questionnaire survey amongst its members. Of these questionnaires, 89, predominantly completed by physical therapists, were usuable. As a result of this study it was possible for the first time to collect a number of facts relevant to hippotherapy and therapeutic riding based on a total of 154 415 registered equistrian therapies. Amongst other things, the survey provided informative details regarding physicians' and physical therapists' assistance in hippotherapy and therapeutic riding, its practical implementation, indications and accident risks involved.", "contents": "[Therapy with the help of a horse - attempt at a situational analysis (author's transl)]. With December 31, 1974 being the target day, the Kuratorium f\u00fcr Therapeutisches Reiten carried out a questionnaire survey amongst its members. Of these questionnaires, 89, predominantly completed by physical therapists, were usuable. As a result of this study it was possible for the first time to collect a number of facts relevant to hippotherapy and therapeutic riding based on a total of 154 415 registered equistrian therapies. Amongst other things, the survey provided informative details regarding physicians' and physical therapists' assistance in hippotherapy and therapeutic riding, its practical implementation, indications and accident risks involved."}
{"id": "PMID:135314", "title": "[The problem complex of the disabled and the marginal group theory - socio-scientific approaches designed to explain the social discrimination of the disabled (author's transl)].", "content": "The position of disabled people in societies such as the Federal Republic of Germany, is characterised by the status of marginal groups in the sense of social discrimination. As can be demonstrated by the discrimination shown towards the disabled in employment, there are two different paradigms of the socio-scientific marginal group theory suitable for explaining this fact. According to the socio-psychological approach, vocational discrimination is understood as a sort of social punishment for the violation of norms and values. The socio-economic approach, on the contrary, considers the unfavourable job situation of the disabled a by-product of a general development towards underemployment and the de-manning programme in capitalistic systems. In some respect, the theoretical approach seems to be more resonable, but to comprehend adequately the marginal group status of the disabled, it is necessary to integrate both the socio-economic and socio-psychological theory components.", "contents": "[The problem complex of the disabled and the marginal group theory - socio-scientific approaches designed to explain the social discrimination of the disabled (author's transl)]. The position of disabled people in societies such as the Federal Republic of Germany, is characterised by the status of marginal groups in the sense of social discrimination. As can be demonstrated by the discrimination shown towards the disabled in employment, there are two different paradigms of the socio-scientific marginal group theory suitable for explaining this fact. According to the socio-psychological approach, vocational discrimination is understood as a sort of social punishment for the violation of norms and values. The socio-economic approach, on the contrary, considers the unfavourable job situation of the disabled a by-product of a general development towards underemployment and the de-manning programme in capitalistic systems. In some respect, the theoretical approach seems to be more resonable, but to comprehend adequately the marginal group status of the disabled, it is necessary to integrate both the socio-economic and socio-psychological theory components."}
{"id": "PMID:135315", "title": "[Organisational pre-requisites for the improvement of the social integration of disabled children by means of sport (author's transl)].", "content": "Physical education of physically handicapped and sensorily imparied children - with its general goals and, especially, its efforts to improve social integration - is understood as an essential part of rehabilitation. The pre-requisites, possibilities and limits of setting up sports teams are discussed on the basis of the types of disabilities suffered by the team members. In addition to homogenous and non-homogenous teams, sports teams should be developed in which the disabled are active alonside the non-disabled. More than ever, sports will be for those disabled who are able to participate - a means of enlarging social contacts. The personality of the sports teacher, who must have a broad knowledge of the methods applied in sports for the disabled, is considered a decisive factor on whom success or failure depends. The given examples are based on experiences gained by the author and his colleagues. The setting up of such sports teams should be followed by new approaches in the clubs and associations activities, as well as in the financing of sports for the disabled. Suggestions are made on how this can be realised.", "contents": "[Organisational pre-requisites for the improvement of the social integration of disabled children by means of sport (author's transl)]. Physical education of physically handicapped and sensorily imparied children - with its general goals and, especially, its efforts to improve social integration - is understood as an essential part of rehabilitation. The pre-requisites, possibilities and limits of setting up sports teams are discussed on the basis of the types of disabilities suffered by the team members. In addition to homogenous and non-homogenous teams, sports teams should be developed in which the disabled are active alonside the non-disabled. More than ever, sports will be for those disabled who are able to participate - a means of enlarging social contacts. The personality of the sports teacher, who must have a broad knowledge of the methods applied in sports for the disabled, is considered a decisive factor on whom success or failure depends. The given examples are based on experiences gained by the author and his colleagues. The setting up of such sports teams should be followed by new approaches in the clubs and associations activities, as well as in the financing of sports for the disabled. Suggestions are made on how this can be realised."}
{"id": "PMID:135316", "title": "[On the problem of tolerance tests as final measure of medical rehabilitation (author's transl)].", "content": "Work load evolvers from objectively describable and measurable tasks, which can be adjusted in intensity or duration. These tasks must be performed by different people; showing identical loads, as a rule, produce different effects on different people. This fact, i.e. different persons - different effects with identical loads, is, in ergonomics, operationally called strain (Laurig, W. 1975). Hence, strain is not only the consequence of work load, but also dependent upon the differences inherent in persons under the same load. In addition to the independent of the operations to be performed, there can occur further loads, i.e., physical environment influences. Hence the purpose of testing the work load of the disabled is to assess wide-ranging types of physical and psycho-mental loads with respect to their individual strain intensity and to develop, on the basis of the findings, appropriate proposals for career plans.", "contents": "[On the problem of tolerance tests as final measure of medical rehabilitation (author's transl)]. Work load evolvers from objectively describable and measurable tasks, which can be adjusted in intensity or duration. These tasks must be performed by different people; showing identical loads, as a rule, produce different effects on different people. This fact, i.e. different persons - different effects with identical loads, is, in ergonomics, operationally called strain (Laurig, W. 1975). Hence, strain is not only the consequence of work load, but also dependent upon the differences inherent in persons under the same load. In addition to the independent of the operations to be performed, there can occur further loads, i.e., physical environment influences. Hence the purpose of testing the work load of the disabled is to assess wide-ranging types of physical and psycho-mental loads with respect to their individual strain intensity and to develop, on the basis of the findings, appropriate proposals for career plans."}
{"id": "PMID:135317", "title": "[Attitudes towards the disabled: how is a change possible? (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)].", "content": "On the basis of short definitions of the terms \"attitudes\" and \"prejudices\", a report is made on important studies carried out under the aspects of \"lack of information\", \"social distance\" and \"social labelling\". Available evidence indicates that the functional problems of prejudices towards the disabled and, consequently, the reasons for their origin have not been sufficiently examined. Overall societal approaches based on the Marx theory cannot yield satisfactory results. On the basis of an interactive approach, prejudices are characterised by manifestations of disturbed interpersonal communication and interaction. The consequences of these facts, which are relevant to the change of attitudes, are summarised in ten theses. These should be evaluated in a practical adult education programme.", "contents": "[Attitudes towards the disabled: how is a change possible? (AUTHOR'S TRANSL)]. On the basis of short definitions of the terms \"attitudes\" and \"prejudices\", a report is made on important studies carried out under the aspects of \"lack of information\", \"social distance\" and \"social labelling\". Available evidence indicates that the functional problems of prejudices towards the disabled and, consequently, the reasons for their origin have not been sufficiently examined. Overall societal approaches based on the Marx theory cannot yield satisfactory results. On the basis of an interactive approach, prejudices are characterised by manifestations of disturbed interpersonal communication and interaction. The consequences of these facts, which are relevant to the change of attitudes, are summarised in ten theses. These should be evaluated in a practical adult education programme."}
{"id": "PMID:135318", "title": "[Disabled children in the federal republic of Germany in 1974 (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the scope of an additional micro-census inquiry--carried out in 1974--the Federal Statistical Office in Wiesbaden assessed the number of physically, mentally and psychologically impaired children. The results are differentiated according to the types of disability and therapy, age, in-patient treatment and special school attendance. Furthermore, the estimated results are compared with earlier surveys of the Federal Statistical Office and other estimates.", "contents": "[Disabled children in the federal republic of Germany in 1974 (author's transl)]. Within the scope of an additional micro-census inquiry--carried out in 1974--the Federal Statistical Office in Wiesbaden assessed the number of physically, mentally and psychologically impaired children. The results are differentiated according to the types of disability and therapy, age, in-patient treatment and special school attendance. Furthermore, the estimated results are compared with earlier surveys of the Federal Statistical Office and other estimates."}
{"id": "PMID:135319", "title": "[Considerations on the selection of training programmes in vocational training centres for disabled adolescents (author's transl)].", "content": "Professional workers in vocational research are often asked what kinds of vocational training will be made available in the future for certain groups of people. An answer can be provided neither by demand prognoses nor by analyses carried out to determine the tendency of chance on the labour market. All the more so as today's scientific methods make it almost impossible to obtain reliable data on future vocational structures. When disabled adolescents chose their careers it becomes especially evident that permanent vocational resettlement is only possible when professionals from the various disciplines are closely co-operating in the selection and structuring of the different training programmes. On the other hand, the above considerations reveal the research gaps which have to be bridged if vocational training centres are to provide the disabled adolescents with an equilibrated selection of vocational training programmes. These considerations are presented here to a larger group of professionals from whom the author would appreciate incentives and critical comments.", "contents": "[Considerations on the selection of training programmes in vocational training centres for disabled adolescents (author's transl)]. Professional workers in vocational research are often asked what kinds of vocational training will be made available in the future for certain groups of people. An answer can be provided neither by demand prognoses nor by analyses carried out to determine the tendency of chance on the labour market. All the more so as today's scientific methods make it almost impossible to obtain reliable data on future vocational structures. When disabled adolescents chose their careers it becomes especially evident that permanent vocational resettlement is only possible when professionals from the various disciplines are closely co-operating in the selection and structuring of the different training programmes. On the other hand, the above considerations reveal the research gaps which have to be bridged if vocational training centres are to provide the disabled adolescents with an equilibrated selection of vocational training programmes. These considerations are presented here to a larger group of professionals from whom the author would appreciate incentives and critical comments."}
{"id": "PMID:135320", "title": "[Psychological rehabilitation as social learning process--on the application of the communication therapy in rehabilitation (author's transl)].", "content": "As, from the socio-psychological point of view, disability constitutes a communication problem, it was studied in how far the principles of communication therapy - originally developed for the treatment of marriage and family problems - can be applied to the psychological rehabilitation of the disabled. The author and her colleagues are of the opinion that the communication therapeutic approach can essentially improve the rehabilitation process, especially through the direct involvement of everyday social partners.", "contents": "[Psychological rehabilitation as social learning process--on the application of the communication therapy in rehabilitation (author's transl)]. As, from the socio-psychological point of view, disability constitutes a communication problem, it was studied in how far the principles of communication therapy - originally developed for the treatment of marriage and family problems - can be applied to the psychological rehabilitation of the disabled. The author and her colleagues are of the opinion that the communication therapeutic approach can essentially improve the rehabilitation process, especially through the direct involvement of everyday social partners."}
{"id": "PMID:135321", "title": "[Industrial therapy 1975 (author's transl)].", "content": "The transition to industrial therapy following a preparatory period in a handicraft work therapeutic unit constitutes for the patients a decisive step from rehabilitation in a hospital to other rehabilitation facilities. Described are work principles, time of practice, payment, projects, social protection of labour, patients, working time, transitional period, assessment, theoretical instruction and work under real working conditions.", "contents": "[Industrial therapy 1975 (author's transl)]. The transition to industrial therapy following a preparatory period in a handicraft work therapeutic unit constitutes for the patients a decisive step from rehabilitation in a hospital to other rehabilitation facilities. Described are work principles, time of practice, payment, projects, social protection of labour, patients, working time, transitional period, assessment, theoretical instruction and work under real working conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:135322", "title": "[On the problem complex of the new act on the severely handicapped with respect to the workshop for the disabled (author's transl)].", "content": "One group of the disabled, i.e., the most severely handicapped, will not be able to benefit from the improvements brought about by the new Act on the Severely Handicapped, if the statutory orders of the Federal Government and the provisions of the Federal Employment Office are implemented as planned. In this event it would become extremely difficult for the severely physically handicapped to participate in the life of the community. The article demonstrates how a sheltered workshop for the disabled which, in part, looks after the most severely handicapped needing special care: - will not achieve recognition under 55 of the Act on the Severely Handicapped, - will not benefit from either institutional or individual support provided by the organisations of - the labour administration, - will not obtain contracts from either industrial or public enterprises because the orders cannot be set off against the equalisation payment, - cannot help their disabled employees to become eligible for social security benefits. This development which for the most severely handicapped represents a step backwards must be removed from those who are the most afflicted. It must not happen that efforts made at school to promote and integrate the disabled terminate in segregated facilities (nursing homes), which are run under different subsidy regulations. What is needed is a concept for appropriate care and support of the most severely handicapped and their integration into suitably equipped small groups within workshops for the disabled.", "contents": "[On the problem complex of the new act on the severely handicapped with respect to the workshop for the disabled (author's transl)]. One group of the disabled, i.e., the most severely handicapped, will not be able to benefit from the improvements brought about by the new Act on the Severely Handicapped, if the statutory orders of the Federal Government and the provisions of the Federal Employment Office are implemented as planned. In this event it would become extremely difficult for the severely physically handicapped to participate in the life of the community. The article demonstrates how a sheltered workshop for the disabled which, in part, looks after the most severely handicapped needing special care: - will not achieve recognition under 55 of the Act on the Severely Handicapped, - will not benefit from either institutional or individual support provided by the organisations of - the labour administration, - will not obtain contracts from either industrial or public enterprises because the orders cannot be set off against the equalisation payment, - cannot help their disabled employees to become eligible for social security benefits. This development which for the most severely handicapped represents a step backwards must be removed from those who are the most afflicted. It must not happen that efforts made at school to promote and integrate the disabled terminate in segregated facilities (nursing homes), which are run under different subsidy regulations. What is needed is a concept for appropriate care and support of the most severely handicapped and their integration into suitably equipped small groups within workshops for the disabled."}
{"id": "PMID:135325", "title": "Effects of tranylcypromine on 5-HT uptake and its interaction with PCPA on rat brain 5-HT.", "content": "The effect of p-chlorophenylalanine-treatment in rats receiving chronic treatment with tranylcypromine on brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels was examined. This treatment schedule was similar to that followed in depressed patients undergoing treatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor. PCPA completely obviated the elevation in serotonin and further reduced 5-HIAA levels of animals treated chronically with tranylcypromine. These effects correlated with PCPA-induced reversal in the clinical improvement achieved by tranylcypromine. In in vitro studies, tranylcypromine was found to inhibit 5-HT uptake into synaptosomes with a minimal action on the spontaneous release of the amine.", "contents": "Effects of tranylcypromine on 5-HT uptake and its interaction with PCPA on rat brain 5-HT. The effect of p-chlorophenylalanine-treatment in rats receiving chronic treatment with tranylcypromine on brain serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels was examined. This treatment schedule was similar to that followed in depressed patients undergoing treatment with the monoamine oxidase inhibitor. PCPA completely obviated the elevation in serotonin and further reduced 5-HIAA levels of animals treated chronically with tranylcypromine. These effects correlated with PCPA-induced reversal in the clinical improvement achieved by tranylcypromine. In in vitro studies, tranylcypromine was found to inhibit 5-HT uptake into synaptosomes with a minimal action on the spontaneous release of the amine."}
{"id": "PMID:135330", "title": "[Importance of the virology laboratory in the diagnosis of virus diseases].", "content": "Introduction. Principles of the Modern Diagnosis in Virology--isolation of the causative agent;--histologic and electronoptical diagnosis;--serologic. Efficiency of the viral diagnosis. Modern and Rapid Diagnostic Methods--progress in the technology of cell cultures and immunofluorescence;--new serologic methods.", "contents": "[Importance of the virology laboratory in the diagnosis of virus diseases]. Introduction. Principles of the Modern Diagnosis in Virology--isolation of the causative agent;--histologic and electronoptical diagnosis;--serologic. Efficiency of the viral diagnosis. Modern and Rapid Diagnostic Methods--progress in the technology of cell cultures and immunofluorescence;--new serologic methods."}
{"id": "PMID:135331", "title": "[Circulating Salmonella serotypes isolated in the territory served by the Sanitary-antiepidemic Center of Covasna County].", "content": "During the 1967-1973 period, the authors followed up the circulation of various Salmonella serotypes and found new serotypes linked to the particular epidemiologic aspects recorded within a small district, without highly populated centers. The results showed a steady increase in the strains isolated during the last 3--4 years. Among the total 2103 strains isolated, S. panama, S. typhimurium and S. bredeney were predominant. The number of serotypes isolated varied between 10 (1968--1969) and 16 (1972). Salmonella strains were incriminated in the etiology of a fairly high proportion of the acute digestive disorders.", "contents": "[Circulating Salmonella serotypes isolated in the territory served by the Sanitary-antiepidemic Center of Covasna County]. During the 1967-1973 period, the authors followed up the circulation of various Salmonella serotypes and found new serotypes linked to the particular epidemiologic aspects recorded within a small district, without highly populated centers. The results showed a steady increase in the strains isolated during the last 3--4 years. Among the total 2103 strains isolated, S. panama, S. typhimurium and S. bredeney were predominant. The number of serotypes isolated varied between 10 (1968--1969) and 16 (1972). Salmonella strains were incriminated in the etiology of a fairly high proportion of the acute digestive disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:135333", "title": "[Evolution of enterobiasis demonstrated by the action of active and passive detection with a (modified) NIH method in Oradea].", "content": "The incidence of enterobiosis in the infantile population of Oradea was followed up by a modified NIH laboratory method. Active detection revealed an incidence of a latent state of enterobiosis of 21.9% in 1970, which fell to 3.9% in 1973. By passive detection, enterobiosis was found to decrease from 22.6% in 1970 to 16.1% in 1973, owing to the efficiency of the investigations and treatment applied.", "contents": "[Evolution of enterobiasis demonstrated by the action of active and passive detection with a (modified) NIH method in Oradea]. The incidence of enterobiosis in the infantile population of Oradea was followed up by a modified NIH laboratory method. Active detection revealed an incidence of a latent state of enterobiosis of 21.9% in 1970, which fell to 3.9% in 1973. By passive detection, enterobiosis was found to decrease from 22.6% in 1970 to 16.1% in 1973, owing to the efficiency of the investigations and treatment applied."}
{"id": "PMID:135332", "title": "[Evolution of immunity to Toxoplasma gondii in an apparently healthy human population].", "content": "In order to detect the evolution of the immune background in infections with T. gondii, investigations were carried out by the indirect immunofluorescence test in 231 apparently healthy subjects, belonging to different age-groups, from three rural localities in Moldavia. A second serologic test was performed after various intervals (6 months, 16 months, 5 years). The results showed that:--The evolution of the immune background appears to be conditioned by the factor time, significant variations only being recorded after longer intervals (5 years).--The immune background is relatively stable and durable; the state of individual immunity, however, although durable appears to be limited in time.--Serologic conversion per age-groups differs, new cases appearing in principle in the 5--9 years age-group and the negative results being obtained in the 10--14 years age-group and after the age of 15 years.--The 5--9 years age-group presents a particular reactivity, evidenced by the high proportion of ascending titers.", "contents": "[Evolution of immunity to Toxoplasma gondii in an apparently healthy human population]. In order to detect the evolution of the immune background in infections with T. gondii, investigations were carried out by the indirect immunofluorescence test in 231 apparently healthy subjects, belonging to different age-groups, from three rural localities in Moldavia. A second serologic test was performed after various intervals (6 months, 16 months, 5 years). The results showed that:--The evolution of the immune background appears to be conditioned by the factor time, significant variations only being recorded after longer intervals (5 years).--The immune background is relatively stable and durable; the state of individual immunity, however, although durable appears to be limited in time.--Serologic conversion per age-groups differs, new cases appearing in principle in the 5--9 years age-group and the negative results being obtained in the 10--14 years age-group and after the age of 15 years.--The 5--9 years age-group presents a particular reactivity, evidenced by the high proportion of ascending titers."}
{"id": "PMID:135334", "title": "[Improvement of rapid laboratory methods for the diagnosis of streptococcal infections].", "content": "In 1975, clinical and epidemiological investigations were carried out on streptococcal infections, affecting 261 persons in a children's community. Rapid laboratory tests were used, employing commercial sodium amyl polyethylen microtablets. Of the total persons investigated 24.5% (64) presented primary streptococcal infections and 0.3% (1) complications. Environmental complications was 5% greater in the communities with scarlet fever foci than in the intact communities. The absence of late manifestations in the 1--4 year-old children attests to the effectiveness of the preventive measures taken.", "contents": "[Improvement of rapid laboratory methods for the diagnosis of streptococcal infections]. In 1975, clinical and epidemiological investigations were carried out on streptococcal infections, affecting 261 persons in a children's community. Rapid laboratory tests were used, employing commercial sodium amyl polyethylen microtablets. Of the total persons investigated 24.5% (64) presented primary streptococcal infections and 0.3% (1) complications. Environmental complications was 5% greater in the communities with scarlet fever foci than in the intact communities. The absence of late manifestations in the 1--4 year-old children attests to the effectiveness of the preventive measures taken."}
{"id": "PMID:135335", "title": "[Diagnostic value of blood fibrinogen in leptospirosis].", "content": "A study was carried out on the value of the presumptive diagnosis of fibrinogenemia in the uncharacteristic forms of leptospirosis, during the first eight days of the disease, in 42 cases, as compared to that of erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The results of fibrinogenemia determinations were more suggestive of the diagnosis at the beginning of the disease.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of blood fibrinogen in leptospirosis]. A study was carried out on the value of the presumptive diagnosis of fibrinogenemia in the uncharacteristic forms of leptospirosis, during the first eight days of the disease, in 42 cases, as compared to that of erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The results of fibrinogenemia determinations were more suggestive of the diagnosis at the beginning of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:135344", "title": "[Observations of a histochemical nature on the walls of the cerebral arteries of human subjects of various ages].", "content": "It has been studied the mucopolysaccharides in some arteries of the circle of Willis in someone subjects from few months to 85 years. The mucopolysaccharides are localisated mainly in the intima and media tonaca and they tend to increase, quantitatively, until to 50 years; the mucopolysaccharides are in all the vasal layers, particularly in the membrane elastica interna and in the tonaca media placed shelter. These mucopolysaccharides tend to increase with aging.", "contents": "[Observations of a histochemical nature on the walls of the cerebral arteries of human subjects of various ages]. It has been studied the mucopolysaccharides in some arteries of the circle of Willis in someone subjects from few months to 85 years. The mucopolysaccharides are localisated mainly in the intima and media tonaca and they tend to increase, quantitatively, until to 50 years; the mucopolysaccharides are in all the vasal layers, particularly in the membrane elastica interna and in the tonaca media placed shelter. These mucopolysaccharides tend to increase with aging."}
{"id": "PMID:135345", "title": "[Further comparative anatomical observations on some histochemical aspects of the salivary glands of rodents in the course of development. II].", "content": "The PAS and protein reaction positive secretion can be found in the parotid and inframandibular gland of rabbit on the 22nd pregnancy day only in the perinuclear zone. On the contrary during the last developmental phase it is localized in the apical zone of the cells and after the birth in all the cytoplasm with the exception of the terminal tracts of the inframandibular gland, which are always PAS negative but positive to the reaction to MPS sulfurated acids. Assumptions are made about the presence of the secretion in the gland cells during the fetal period.", "contents": "[Further comparative anatomical observations on some histochemical aspects of the salivary glands of rodents in the course of development. II]. The PAS and protein reaction positive secretion can be found in the parotid and inframandibular gland of rabbit on the 22nd pregnancy day only in the perinuclear zone. On the contrary during the last developmental phase it is localized in the apical zone of the cells and after the birth in all the cytoplasm with the exception of the terminal tracts of the inframandibular gland, which are always PAS negative but positive to the reaction to MPS sulfurated acids. Assumptions are made about the presence of the secretion in the gland cells during the fetal period."}
{"id": "PMID:135347", "title": "Erythrocyte enzymes in myelomatosis.", "content": "The activity of the erythrocyte enzymes: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, glutathion reductase and ATPase were measured in 8 patients with untreated myelomatosis. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly increased. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase values were negatively correlated with the glomerular filtration rate as measured by 51Cr-EDTA clearance. The results support the existence of a shortened red cell survival in peripheral blood related to the degree of renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Erythrocyte enzymes in myelomatosis. The activity of the erythrocyte enzymes: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, glutathion reductase and ATPase were measured in 8 patients with untreated myelomatosis. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was significantly increased. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase values were negatively correlated with the glomerular filtration rate as measured by 51Cr-EDTA clearance. The results support the existence of a shortened red cell survival in peripheral blood related to the degree of renal insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:135348", "title": "Insulin allergy: an approach to therapy.", "content": "Insulin can evoke local and systemic hypersensitivity responses after injection. Many individuals receiving commercial insulin preparations experience local reactions, usually of short duration. A case of severe, persistent insulin-induced skin allergy and the use of therapy, including hyposensitization, to alleviate symptoms are discussed.", "contents": "Insulin allergy: an approach to therapy. Insulin can evoke local and systemic hypersensitivity responses after injection. Many individuals receiving commercial insulin preparations experience local reactions, usually of short duration. A case of severe, persistent insulin-induced skin allergy and the use of therapy, including hyposensitization, to alleviate symptoms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135349", "title": "[Structure of hospitalization of an urban population in cases requiring resuscitation and intensive therapy].", "content": "Data on the structural characteristics of the hospitalized and regularities governing the factors underlying the need among residents of the cities of Novokuznetsk, Ryazan and Novgorod for reanimation and intensive therapy in connection with accidents, poisonings and traumas, as well as circulatory disturbances and diseases of digestive organs are presented. More than one half of all cases of hospitalization in connection with cardiovascular diseases involve myocardial infarction and lesions of the cerebral vessels. The greatest number of hospitalization cases with diseases involving the organs of digestion had as their cause gastroduodenal ulcer and cholelithiasis.", "contents": "[Structure of hospitalization of an urban population in cases requiring resuscitation and intensive therapy]. Data on the structural characteristics of the hospitalized and regularities governing the factors underlying the need among residents of the cities of Novokuznetsk, Ryazan and Novgorod for reanimation and intensive therapy in connection with accidents, poisonings and traumas, as well as circulatory disturbances and diseases of digestive organs are presented. More than one half of all cases of hospitalization in connection with cardiovascular diseases involve myocardial infarction and lesions of the cerebral vessels. The greatest number of hospitalization cases with diseases involving the organs of digestion had as their cause gastroduodenal ulcer and cholelithiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:135350", "title": "[Effect of industrial and socioeconomic factors on morbidity levels with temporary work loss among workers and employees of specialized state farms].", "content": "Specialization of the agricultural industry at state farms brings changes into conditions of work, affects the disease incidence involving temporary incapacitation among state farm workers. The sick-rate among those of them who are engaged in dairy and vegetable-growing state farms is higher that among workers of the cattle breeding ones. A higher level complex mechanization of labour-consuming processes in cattle breeding and plant growing mitigates the influence exercised by specialization of the state farm agricultural production. The disease-incidence with temporary incapacitation is affected not only by occupational, but also by non-occupational factors.", "contents": "[Effect of industrial and socioeconomic factors on morbidity levels with temporary work loss among workers and employees of specialized state farms]. Specialization of the agricultural industry at state farms brings changes into conditions of work, affects the disease incidence involving temporary incapacitation among state farm workers. The sick-rate among those of them who are engaged in dairy and vegetable-growing state farms is higher that among workers of the cattle breeding ones. A higher level complex mechanization of labour-consuming processes in cattle breeding and plant growing mitigates the influence exercised by specialization of the state farm agricultural production. The disease-incidence with temporary incapacitation is affected not only by occupational, but also by non-occupational factors."}
{"id": "PMID:135351", "title": "[Analysis of work input of the department heads of central regional hospitals].", "content": "Organization of the work performed by 59 medical department heads who concurrently act as off-staff district specialists was studied. Investigations were being carried out over the years 1972 through 1974 in 14 central district hospitals of the Tula region serving as a base. The bulk of the time spent by the department heads was found to be devoted to the work at the inpatient department (67-88 per cent of the total time), with that spent at the polyclinic comprising merely 7.3-13.6 per cent and extrahospital work taking up 3.8-7.7 per cent of the total time. The main shortcoming in the organization of their activities is the absence of a precise planning of the hours accorking to the types of activity, with only 18.6-50.7 per cent of the available time spent in discharging their primary functions, while desk work and other kinds of activity, as well as interruptions and management chores taking up 28.5 to 47.1 per cent of the working time. This forms a reserve for broadening the basic activity of the department heads and for improving the quality of diagnosing and treating the patients. The article carries a number of recommendations for rationalization of the work performed by department heads.", "contents": "[Analysis of work input of the department heads of central regional hospitals]. Organization of the work performed by 59 medical department heads who concurrently act as off-staff district specialists was studied. Investigations were being carried out over the years 1972 through 1974 in 14 central district hospitals of the Tula region serving as a base. The bulk of the time spent by the department heads was found to be devoted to the work at the inpatient department (67-88 per cent of the total time), with that spent at the polyclinic comprising merely 7.3-13.6 per cent and extrahospital work taking up 3.8-7.7 per cent of the total time. The main shortcoming in the organization of their activities is the absence of a precise planning of the hours accorking to the types of activity, with only 18.6-50.7 per cent of the available time spent in discharging their primary functions, while desk work and other kinds of activity, as well as interruptions and management chores taking up 28.5 to 47.1 per cent of the working time. This forms a reserve for broadening the basic activity of the department heads and for improving the quality of diagnosing and treating the patients. The article carries a number of recommendations for rationalization of the work performed by department heads."}
{"id": "PMID:135352", "title": "[Age and professional characteristics of loss of work time by middle medical personnel].", "content": "Wast of working time and distraction from basic duties over a period of one year in different age and professional groups of the paramedical personnel were studied in 2 regions and 1 territory of the RSFSR. The investigation showed that on all occasions and on account of all causes the waste of productive time and distraction from primary duties occurred among the personnel of young age. In senior age groups this figures were noted to be on decline. Essential age-specific features common to the frequency and duration of lost working time and distraction from basic duties were found to be associated with temporary incapacitation, leaves of absence due to pregnancy and confinement, care of children, etc. The existence of a definite connection of the factors under study and posts occupied by paramedical workers was established.", "contents": "[Age and professional characteristics of loss of work time by middle medical personnel]. Wast of working time and distraction from basic duties over a period of one year in different age and professional groups of the paramedical personnel were studied in 2 regions and 1 territory of the RSFSR. The investigation showed that on all occasions and on account of all causes the waste of productive time and distraction from primary duties occurred among the personnel of young age. In senior age groups this figures were noted to be on decline. Essential age-specific features common to the frequency and duration of lost working time and distraction from basic duties were found to be associated with temporary incapacitation, leaves of absence due to pregnancy and confinement, care of children, etc. The existence of a definite connection of the factors under study and posts occupied by paramedical workers was established."}
{"id": "PMID:135362", "title": "Progression of popliteal aneurysmal disease following popliteal aneurysm resection with graft: a twenty year experience.", "content": "Multifocal occurrence of peripheral atherosclerotic aneurysm is well known. However, little attention has been directed to subsequent progressive aneurysmal development adjacent to sites of previously resected and grafted popliteal aneurysms. During a 20 year follow-up study of 79 patients with 115 popliteal aneurysms, we have observed the development of six atherosclerotic femoropopliteal aneurysms adjacent to the original aneurysm site in four patients, occurring 5 months to 10 years (average, 5 1/2 years) after the initial operation. Operative repaire was accomplished successfully of five of the six aneurysms; one popliteal aneurysm has not been operlateral popliteal aneurysm (46 percent). Fifty-seven patients (72 percent) presented with complications of the aneurysm, including 35 with thrombosis. As initial therapy, 69 grafting procedures were performed on 58 patients; nine extremities had sympathectomy only; four aneurysms were ligated or resected without grafting; and four extremities required amputation as the only procedure. Among patients with grafts, nine subsequent amputations were necessary in the early postoperative period, all occurring in patients presenting with thrombosed aneurysms. No patient who developed pedal pulses in the period immediately after operation required amputation. In addition, two patients developed aneurysmal degeneration in popliteal homografts. These data demonstrate the progressive nature of popliteal aneurysmal disease and emphasize the need for regular and life-long follow-up.", "contents": "Progression of popliteal aneurysmal disease following popliteal aneurysm resection with graft: a twenty year experience. Multifocal occurrence of peripheral atherosclerotic aneurysm is well known. However, little attention has been directed to subsequent progressive aneurysmal development adjacent to sites of previously resected and grafted popliteal aneurysms. During a 20 year follow-up study of 79 patients with 115 popliteal aneurysms, we have observed the development of six atherosclerotic femoropopliteal aneurysms adjacent to the original aneurysm site in four patients, occurring 5 months to 10 years (average, 5 1/2 years) after the initial operation. Operative repaire was accomplished successfully of five of the six aneurysms; one popliteal aneurysm has not been operlateral popliteal aneurysm (46 percent). Fifty-seven patients (72 percent) presented with complications of the aneurysm, including 35 with thrombosis. As initial therapy, 69 grafting procedures were performed on 58 patients; nine extremities had sympathectomy only; four aneurysms were ligated or resected without grafting; and four extremities required amputation as the only procedure. Among patients with grafts, nine subsequent amputations were necessary in the early postoperative period, all occurring in patients presenting with thrombosed aneurysms. No patient who developed pedal pulses in the period immediately after operation required amputation. In addition, two patients developed aneurysmal degeneration in popliteal homografts. These data demonstrate the progressive nature of popliteal aneurysmal disease and emphasize the need for regular and life-long follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:135363", "title": "Cardiac surgery in geriatric patients.", "content": "From June, 1960, to January, 1976, 157 patients 65 years or older had elective operations with cardiopulmonary bypass. Ninety-three patients had one or two valves replaced, 47 had coronary artery surgery, and 17 had both. The operative mortality rate was 22.6 percent (21 of 93), 19.1 percent (nine of 47), and 5.8 percent (one of 17), respectively. The over-all mortality rate was 19.7 percent (31 of 157). The mortality rate of patients of 65 to 69 years of age was 20 percent (22 of 110) and 19 percent (9 of 47) in patients 70 years or more. Ninety-four of these operations were performed within the last 3 years, with a reduction in patients' mortality rate to 9.6 percent (nine of 94). A retrospective study revealed a significant correlation between operative mortality rate and preoperative heart size. We could find no correlation between operative mortality rate and diabetes, smoking history, or hyperlipidemia. The major causes of death were myocardial infarction (68 percent-21 of 31), pulmonary complications (35 percent-11 of 31), infections (29 percent-nine of 31), and renal failure (29 percent-nine of 31) or combinations thereof. The patients who died had 2.5 times the number of complications of the survivors. Ninety percent of our patients in the past 3 years have survived their operation. Therefore, elective cardiac operations can be performed with an acceptable mortality rate in patients over the age of 65 years.", "contents": "Cardiac surgery in geriatric patients. From June, 1960, to January, 1976, 157 patients 65 years or older had elective operations with cardiopulmonary bypass. Ninety-three patients had one or two valves replaced, 47 had coronary artery surgery, and 17 had both. The operative mortality rate was 22.6 percent (21 of 93), 19.1 percent (nine of 47), and 5.8 percent (one of 17), respectively. The over-all mortality rate was 19.7 percent (31 of 157). The mortality rate of patients of 65 to 69 years of age was 20 percent (22 of 110) and 19 percent (9 of 47) in patients 70 years or more. Ninety-four of these operations were performed within the last 3 years, with a reduction in patients' mortality rate to 9.6 percent (nine of 94). A retrospective study revealed a significant correlation between operative mortality rate and preoperative heart size. We could find no correlation between operative mortality rate and diabetes, smoking history, or hyperlipidemia. The major causes of death were myocardial infarction (68 percent-21 of 31), pulmonary complications (35 percent-11 of 31), infections (29 percent-nine of 31), and renal failure (29 percent-nine of 31) or combinations thereof. The patients who died had 2.5 times the number of complications of the survivors. Ninety percent of our patients in the past 3 years have survived their operation. Therefore, elective cardiac operations can be performed with an acceptable mortality rate in patients over the age of 65 years."}
{"id": "PMID:135364", "title": "Cerium nitrate: a new topical antiseptic for extensive burns.", "content": "The wounds of 60 burned patients were treated topically with cerium nitrate, which was applied either as a cream or in aqueous solution. Cerium nitrate has a potent antiseptic effect in human burn wounds, especially against gram negative bacteria and fungi. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recovered from the wounds infrequently and never predominated. Fungi were practically never found. No patient treated with cerium developed a necrotizing wound infection. Analysis of the detailed bacteriological data indicated that, in contrast to previous results with use of the nitrate or sulfadiazine salts of silver, when gram negative species predominated, the flora tended to be predominantly gram positive when cerium was used. Therefore, some patients were treated simultaneously with cerium nitrate and silver sulfadiazine; this resulted in an even more efficient suppression of the wound flora than was observed previously with either cerium alone or silver salts alone; results with the simultaneous topical therapy in patients with injuries that previously were uniformly lethal were excellent. No toxicity attributable to the use of cerium was observed, although one instance of methemoglobinemia due to nitrate was documented. The adsorption of topically applied cerium essentially is nil. The use of cerium nitrate was associated with a nearly 50 percent reduction in the anticipated death rate. Cerium nitrate is a promising new topical antiseptic agent for the treatment of burns, particularly when it is used in combination with silver sulfadiazine.", "contents": "Cerium nitrate: a new topical antiseptic for extensive burns. The wounds of 60 burned patients were treated topically with cerium nitrate, which was applied either as a cream or in aqueous solution. Cerium nitrate has a potent antiseptic effect in human burn wounds, especially against gram negative bacteria and fungi. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recovered from the wounds infrequently and never predominated. Fungi were practically never found. No patient treated with cerium developed a necrotizing wound infection. Analysis of the detailed bacteriological data indicated that, in contrast to previous results with use of the nitrate or sulfadiazine salts of silver, when gram negative species predominated, the flora tended to be predominantly gram positive when cerium was used. Therefore, some patients were treated simultaneously with cerium nitrate and silver sulfadiazine; this resulted in an even more efficient suppression of the wound flora than was observed previously with either cerium alone or silver salts alone; results with the simultaneous topical therapy in patients with injuries that previously were uniformly lethal were excellent. No toxicity attributable to the use of cerium was observed, although one instance of methemoglobinemia due to nitrate was documented. The adsorption of topically applied cerium essentially is nil. The use of cerium nitrate was associated with a nearly 50 percent reduction in the anticipated death rate. Cerium nitrate is a promising new topical antiseptic agent for the treatment of burns, particularly when it is used in combination with silver sulfadiazine."}
{"id": "PMID:135365", "title": "Extra-anatomic bypasses for aortoiliac disease in high-risk patients.", "content": "A series of 75 patients, with an average age of 65 years, underwent the following extra-anatomic bypasses involving the crossover femorofemoral principle: femorofemoral (F-F), 54 patients; aortofemorofemoral (A-F-F), 12 patients; common iliac-femorofemoral (CI-F-F), six patients; and axillofemorofemoral (Ax-F-F), three patients. Fifty eight of the 75 patients (77 percent) initially presented with rest pain or gangrene. The operative mortality rate in this high-risk group of patients was 4 percent. Analysis by the life-table method showed the graft patency rate to be 91.1 percent at one year and 87.4 percent at 18 months. There have been no graft failures or deaths in the series of 20 patients followed longer than 18 months. Two amputations followed graft failures and nine of the remaining 11 amputations were done in patients with patent grafts during the same period of hospitalization, reflecting the severity of their gangrene upon admission. High-risk patients who are not suitable for crossover F-F grafts without an inflow procedure may be suitable for a CI-F-F or A-F-F bypass before being considered for an Ax-F-F bypass.", "contents": "Extra-anatomic bypasses for aortoiliac disease in high-risk patients. A series of 75 patients, with an average age of 65 years, underwent the following extra-anatomic bypasses involving the crossover femorofemoral principle: femorofemoral (F-F), 54 patients; aortofemorofemoral (A-F-F), 12 patients; common iliac-femorofemoral (CI-F-F), six patients; and axillofemorofemoral (Ax-F-F), three patients. Fifty eight of the 75 patients (77 percent) initially presented with rest pain or gangrene. The operative mortality rate in this high-risk group of patients was 4 percent. Analysis by the life-table method showed the graft patency rate to be 91.1 percent at one year and 87.4 percent at 18 months. There have been no graft failures or deaths in the series of 20 patients followed longer than 18 months. Two amputations followed graft failures and nine of the remaining 11 amputations were done in patients with patent grafts during the same period of hospitalization, reflecting the severity of their gangrene upon admission. High-risk patients who are not suitable for crossover F-F grafts without an inflow procedure may be suitable for a CI-F-F or A-F-F bypass before being considered for an Ax-F-F bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:135378", "title": "Preparation of antisera specific for human B cells by immunization of rabbits with immune complexes.", "content": "Three rabbit antisera are described which are specific without absorption (titer 1:100) for separated human B cells, as measured by complement and non-complement fixing assays. The method of production of these sera involved injections of rabbits with precipitin lines formed between 10mul of three separate detergent solubilized membrane preparations and 4mul aliquots of rabbit antisera to human B cells. In addition to being B cell specific, the three sera block the MLC reaction, inhibit aggregated IgG binding to B cells, and show differential degrees of B cell lysis when tested on a panel of separated B and T cells. These and other properties suggest that the target specificities of the antibodies are the human equivalent of the murine Ia antigens.", "contents": "Preparation of antisera specific for human B cells by immunization of rabbits with immune complexes. Three rabbit antisera are described which are specific without absorption (titer 1:100) for separated human B cells, as measured by complement and non-complement fixing assays. The method of production of these sera involved injections of rabbits with precipitin lines formed between 10mul of three separate detergent solubilized membrane preparations and 4mul aliquots of rabbit antisera to human B cells. In addition to being B cell specific, the three sera block the MLC reaction, inhibit aggregated IgG binding to B cells, and show differential degrees of B cell lysis when tested on a panel of separated B and T cells. These and other properties suggest that the target specificities of the antibodies are the human equivalent of the murine Ia antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:135383", "title": "Pooled stimulating cells as a \"standard stimulator\" in mixed lymphocyte culture.", "content": "Lymphocytes from normal unrelated donors were pooled and used as stimulating cells in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Different pools, each consisting of cells from 20 or 30 different donors, stimulated approximately the same amount of 3H-thymidine incorporation by a given responder, and this \"plateau level\" of incorporation was different for different responders. Stimulation by pools of 20 cells was highly correlated with the general \"responsiveness\" of responding cells as measured by their mean response to a large panel of stimulating cells. Such pools may be useful as \"standard stimulators\" in quantitating MLC stimulation, and perhaps also in evaluating lymphocyte responsiveness of patients.", "contents": "Pooled stimulating cells as a \"standard stimulator\" in mixed lymphocyte culture. Lymphocytes from normal unrelated donors were pooled and used as stimulating cells in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Different pools, each consisting of cells from 20 or 30 different donors, stimulated approximately the same amount of 3H-thymidine incorporation by a given responder, and this \"plateau level\" of incorporation was different for different responders. Stimulation by pools of 20 cells was highly correlated with the general \"responsiveness\" of responding cells as measured by their mean response to a large panel of stimulating cells. Such pools may be useful as \"standard stimulators\" in quantitating MLC stimulation, and perhaps also in evaluating lymphocyte responsiveness of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:135384", "title": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and chronic renal allograft rejection.", "content": "Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCMC) was studied retrospectively in 20 long-term (1.3-11 years) renal allograft recipients. The serum of all seven patients having persistent proteinuria greater than 1 g/24 hr exhibited positive ADCMC activity to donor lymphocytes. All 11 patients having a negative ADCMC test had normal levels of urinary protein (mean + 0.28 +/- 0.06 (SE) g/24 hr). Two patients had a positive ADCMC test but had normal urinary proteins and no evidence of chronic rejection. In the ADCMC positive group, the mean serum creatinine values were significantly higher and the mean creatinine clearance values were significantly lower than in the ADCMC negative group. There was no significant positive correlation between the presence of ADCMC and the number of HL-A mismatches identified or the response to donor lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte culture tests in the two groups. Two patients had transplant nephrectomy and histologically showed both glomerular and arterial lesions of chronic rejection. Post-transplant ADCMC activity showed a significant correlation with proteinuria, decreased creatinine clearance, and elevated serum creatinine, and suggests that the chronic rejection syndrome may be related to ADCMC activity in the recipient.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and chronic renal allograft rejection. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCMC) was studied retrospectively in 20 long-term (1.3-11 years) renal allograft recipients. The serum of all seven patients having persistent proteinuria greater than 1 g/24 hr exhibited positive ADCMC activity to donor lymphocytes. All 11 patients having a negative ADCMC test had normal levels of urinary protein (mean + 0.28 +/- 0.06 (SE) g/24 hr). Two patients had a positive ADCMC test but had normal urinary proteins and no evidence of chronic rejection. In the ADCMC positive group, the mean serum creatinine values were significantly higher and the mean creatinine clearance values were significantly lower than in the ADCMC negative group. There was no significant positive correlation between the presence of ADCMC and the number of HL-A mismatches identified or the response to donor lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte culture tests in the two groups. Two patients had transplant nephrectomy and histologically showed both glomerular and arterial lesions of chronic rejection. Post-transplant ADCMC activity showed a significant correlation with proteinuria, decreased creatinine clearance, and elevated serum creatinine, and suggests that the chronic rejection syndrome may be related to ADCMC activity in the recipient."}
{"id": "PMID:135385", "title": "Suppressor mechanisms in neonatally acquired tolerance to a Gross virus-induced lymphoma in rats.", "content": "Tolerance to a highly immunogenic Gross virus-induced tumour in Wistar/Furth rats (C58NT)D was produced by neonatal infection of the rats with the virus. These rats failed to reject the tumours when challenged 8 weeks after virus inoculation and to mount the appropriate cell-mediated immune response to the tumour. The mechanisms involved were studied in vivo by adoptive transfers into sub-lethally irradiated rats of tumour cells mixed with spleen cells and/or sera from normal, tolerant, or tumour immune rats, and in vitro by a 51Cr release assay involving similar mixtures. The results indicate the presence of a suppression mechanism which is sensitive to irradiation and abolished by trypsinisation. Weak blocking factors can also be detected in serum. An interpretation in terms of the release of virion proteins from infected cells is proposed, although participation of suppressor lymphocytes has not been excluded.", "contents": "Suppressor mechanisms in neonatally acquired tolerance to a Gross virus-induced lymphoma in rats. Tolerance to a highly immunogenic Gross virus-induced tumour in Wistar/Furth rats (C58NT)D was produced by neonatal infection of the rats with the virus. These rats failed to reject the tumours when challenged 8 weeks after virus inoculation and to mount the appropriate cell-mediated immune response to the tumour. The mechanisms involved were studied in vivo by adoptive transfers into sub-lethally irradiated rats of tumour cells mixed with spleen cells and/or sera from normal, tolerant, or tumour immune rats, and in vitro by a 51Cr release assay involving similar mixtures. The results indicate the presence of a suppression mechanism which is sensitive to irradiation and abolished by trypsinisation. Weak blocking factors can also be detected in serum. An interpretation in terms of the release of virion proteins from infected cells is proposed, although participation of suppressor lymphocytes has not been excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:135386", "title": "Correlation of the relative response index with marrow graft rejection in patients with aplastic anemia.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with severe aplastic anemia were treated with cyclophosphamide or total body irradiation and an infusion of marrow from a genotypically HLA-identical sibling donor. Engraftment occurred in all patients but rejection was noted in 12. Mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) tests undertaken before grafting to determine donor-recipient histocompatibility were analyzed retrospectively. The response of patient cells to sibling cells in mixed culture was compared to the response of patient cells to cells of an unrelated individual and expressed as a relative response index (RRI). Of the 12 patients who showed positive RRI to donor leukocytes in pregraft MLCs, 9 rejected their grafts, wheras of 23 patients with negative RRI only three rejected their grafts (P LESS THAN 0.005). The results suggest that the MLC test can detect individuals who are most likely to reject their HLA identical sibling graft.", "contents": "Correlation of the relative response index with marrow graft rejection in patients with aplastic anemia. Thirty-four patients with severe aplastic anemia were treated with cyclophosphamide or total body irradiation and an infusion of marrow from a genotypically HLA-identical sibling donor. Engraftment occurred in all patients but rejection was noted in 12. Mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) tests undertaken before grafting to determine donor-recipient histocompatibility were analyzed retrospectively. The response of patient cells to sibling cells in mixed culture was compared to the response of patient cells to cells of an unrelated individual and expressed as a relative response index (RRI). Of the 12 patients who showed positive RRI to donor leukocytes in pregraft MLCs, 9 rejected their grafts, wheras of 23 patients with negative RRI only three rejected their grafts (P LESS THAN 0.005). The results suggest that the MLC test can detect individuals who are most likely to reject their HLA identical sibling graft."}
{"id": "PMID:135395", "title": "Mesothelioma of spermatic cord: electron microscopic and histochemical characteristics of its mucopolysaccharides.", "content": "A mesothelioma of the spermatic cord occurred at the site of multiple hernial repairs. The aggressive biologic behavior of this tumor is exhibited by its early lymph node invasion and extensive metastases to the pleural cavities, lungs, and spleen. These tumor cells contained a large amount of stable of stable glycogen-like carbohydrate insoluble in formalin and tolerating postmortem changes. Electron microscopy revealed features similar to those mesotheliomas arising from body cavities.", "contents": "Mesothelioma of spermatic cord: electron microscopic and histochemical characteristics of its mucopolysaccharides. A mesothelioma of the spermatic cord occurred at the site of multiple hernial repairs. The aggressive biologic behavior of this tumor is exhibited by its early lymph node invasion and extensive metastases to the pleural cavities, lungs, and spleen. These tumor cells contained a large amount of stable of stable glycogen-like carbohydrate insoluble in formalin and tolerating postmortem changes. Electron microscopy revealed features similar to those mesotheliomas arising from body cavities."}
{"id": "PMID:135396", "title": "Immunologic considerations in renovascular hypertension.", "content": "For decases certain diseases, such as glomerulonephritis, polyarteritis nodosa, scleroderma and serum sickness, have been linked with autoimmune pathogenesis. During recent years a host of additional diseases traditionally thought to have some genetic predisposition but with obscure etiology have been suspected of being autoimmune in nature. Rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, myasthenia gravis and thyroiditis are diseases of widely divergent organ systems, yet may well have common pathways of pathology via immune complexing mechanisms. Herein we present evidence supporting the concept that renal artery stenosis (occurring primarily in association with the middle aortic syndrome or after renal transplantation) is of immune etiology. Although the specific antigenic agent is still to be defined there is growing acceptance of the theory that medium and large vessels are subject to autoimmune vasculitis in many aspects similar to the autoimmune affections of small vessels. Several cases are presented. Some of these suggest an immune reaction by the natural history but without evidence of immunochemical reactants in the involved vessels, presumably because active disease was arrested at the time to study. In other cases immunofluorescent preparations demonstrate reactants in the walls of the vessels to document the hypothesis more convincingly.", "contents": "Immunologic considerations in renovascular hypertension. For decases certain diseases, such as glomerulonephritis, polyarteritis nodosa, scleroderma and serum sickness, have been linked with autoimmune pathogenesis. During recent years a host of additional diseases traditionally thought to have some genetic predisposition but with obscure etiology have been suspected of being autoimmune in nature. Rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, myasthenia gravis and thyroiditis are diseases of widely divergent organ systems, yet may well have common pathways of pathology via immune complexing mechanisms. Herein we present evidence supporting the concept that renal artery stenosis (occurring primarily in association with the middle aortic syndrome or after renal transplantation) is of immune etiology. Although the specific antigenic agent is still to be defined there is growing acceptance of the theory that medium and large vessels are subject to autoimmune vasculitis in many aspects similar to the autoimmune affections of small vessels. Several cases are presented. Some of these suggest an immune reaction by the natural history but without evidence of immunochemical reactants in the involved vessels, presumably because active disease was arrested at the time to study. In other cases immunofluorescent preparations demonstrate reactants in the walls of the vessels to document the hypothesis more convincingly."}
{"id": "PMID:135397", "title": "Reduction cystoplasty in prune belly syndrome.", "content": "Reduction cystoplasty is a useful procedure to treat a large, poorly functioning bladder in boys with prune belly syndrome who are candidates for urinary tract reconstruction. The technique includes elliptical resection of all anomalous urachal tissue and sufficient detrusor dome to reduce bladder capacity to average size and to create a spherical detrusor. Improved detrusor function and a satisfactory or excellent result can be expected.", "contents": "Reduction cystoplasty in prune belly syndrome. Reduction cystoplasty is a useful procedure to treat a large, poorly functioning bladder in boys with prune belly syndrome who are candidates for urinary tract reconstruction. The technique includes elliptical resection of all anomalous urachal tissue and sufficient detrusor dome to reduce bladder capacity to average size and to create a spherical detrusor. Improved detrusor function and a satisfactory or excellent result can be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:135402", "title": "[Evaluation of the results of auto- and alloplasty of defects of the anterior abdominal wall].", "content": "Since 1961 till present time 331 plastic reconstructions of the abdominal wall were performed, in 192 of these only proper patients' tissues being employed, in 110--autoplasty with alloplasty, in 29--alloplasty with a capron mesh. Death in the immediate postoperative period was noted in 4 patients due to cardiopulmonary insufficiency, insult and thrombosis of pulmonary vessels. The late results within the terms from 1 to 29 years were followed up in 297 patients.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the results of auto- and alloplasty of defects of the anterior abdominal wall]. Since 1961 till present time 331 plastic reconstructions of the abdominal wall were performed, in 192 of these only proper patients' tissues being employed, in 110--autoplasty with alloplasty, in 29--alloplasty with a capron mesh. Death in the immediate postoperative period was noted in 4 patients due to cardiopulmonary insufficiency, insult and thrombosis of pulmonary vessels. The late results within the terms from 1 to 29 years were followed up in 297 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:135411", "title": "[Detection of late lung cancer metastases].", "content": "The authors report the data on lung cancer metastases in abdominal and retroperitoneal space organs in 174 patients died due to postoperative complications during 2 months following resection of the lung. Distant metastases were recognized in 32 cases (18.3%). 29 of 49 metastases (58%) were detected in abdominal organs. In stages I-II remote metastases were found in 2 of 32 cases, in stage III--in 29 of 142 cases, i.e. 35 times as frequently. Laparoscopy and laparotomy, performed if indicated, are conclusive surgical methods of establishing the precise diagnosis of the tumor spread, and these allow the elaboration of a rational plan of treatment in lung cancer patients.", "contents": "[Detection of late lung cancer metastases]. The authors report the data on lung cancer metastases in abdominal and retroperitoneal space organs in 174 patients died due to postoperative complications during 2 months following resection of the lung. Distant metastases were recognized in 32 cases (18.3%). 29 of 49 metastases (58%) were detected in abdominal organs. In stages I-II remote metastases were found in 2 of 32 cases, in stage III--in 29 of 142 cases, i.e. 35 times as frequently. Laparoscopy and laparotomy, performed if indicated, are conclusive surgical methods of establishing the precise diagnosis of the tumor spread, and these allow the elaboration of a rational plan of treatment in lung cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:135417", "title": "Attitudes of California dermatologists toward Worker's Compensation: results of a survey.", "content": "A survey-questionnaire on Worker's Compensation sent to 492 California dermatologists produced 268 replies, a recovery rate of 54 percent, representing approximately 10 percent of the practicing dermatologists in the United States. A total of 75 percent replied they treat Worker's Compensation patients; most of the 25 percent who replied they do not gave strong reasons for refusing to assume the care of these patients. The answers to the questionnaire given by the 201 California dermatologists who treat Worker's Compensation patients are tabulated and discussed. Although there exists considerable misunderstanding among physicians, insurance companies and employers on many aspects of Worker's Compensation, the situation is not without hope for improvement. Better knowledge of work procedures, more availability of precise information on the ingredients of work contactants and cooperation among the interested parties should improve the quality of care for these patients in the future.", "contents": "Attitudes of California dermatologists toward Worker's Compensation: results of a survey. A survey-questionnaire on Worker's Compensation sent to 492 California dermatologists produced 268 replies, a recovery rate of 54 percent, representing approximately 10 percent of the practicing dermatologists in the United States. A total of 75 percent replied they treat Worker's Compensation patients; most of the 25 percent who replied they do not gave strong reasons for refusing to assume the care of these patients. The answers to the questionnaire given by the 201 California dermatologists who treat Worker's Compensation patients are tabulated and discussed. Although there exists considerable misunderstanding among physicians, insurance companies and employers on many aspects of Worker's Compensation, the situation is not without hope for improvement. Better knowledge of work procedures, more availability of precise information on the ingredients of work contactants and cooperation among the interested parties should improve the quality of care for these patients in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:135412", "title": "[Vitamins K and E and the functional state of connective tissue].", "content": "The function of the connective tissue in the skin of albino rats with the vitamin K deficiency was studied. Changes both in the cellular elements and in the fibrous structures (deranged differentiation of cellular elements, changes in the collagenformation, accumulation of acid mucopolysaccarides, etc.) were revealed. All of the mentioned changes are eliminated not only by introduction of vicasol, but also by that of alpha-tocopherol.", "contents": "[Vitamins K and E and the functional state of connective tissue]. The function of the connective tissue in the skin of albino rats with the vitamin K deficiency was studied. Changes both in the cellular elements and in the fibrous structures (deranged differentiation of cellular elements, changes in the collagenformation, accumulation of acid mucopolysaccarides, etc.) were revealed. All of the mentioned changes are eliminated not only by introduction of vicasol, but also by that of alpha-tocopherol."}
{"id": "PMID:135413", "title": "[Nutrition of the population of Kazakhstan].", "content": "Basic results of research on the problem of nutrition in Kazakhstan over the whole period of the Soviet system are reported. In the Republic main attention was focussed on the study of the actual dietary pattern of the population in different geographic zones. The results of investigations served as a background to proposals aimed at rationalizing the dietary for the population of Kazakhstan, at working out standard rates of the foodstuffs consumption, approved by the State Planning Commission of the Kazakh SSR back in 1973. The principal objectives for further research work in the Republic are outlined.", "contents": "[Nutrition of the population of Kazakhstan]. Basic results of research on the problem of nutrition in Kazakhstan over the whole period of the Soviet system are reported. In the Republic main attention was focussed on the study of the actual dietary pattern of the population in different geographic zones. The results of investigations served as a background to proposals aimed at rationalizing the dietary for the population of Kazakhstan, at working out standard rates of the foodstuffs consumption, approved by the State Planning Commission of the Kazakh SSR back in 1973. The principal objectives for further research work in the Republic are outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:135420", "title": "[Animal experiment studies on parenteral utilization of maltose].", "content": "The utilisation of parenterally administered maltose was investigated in the anaesthetized rat, and in rats fixed in metabolic cages. Additionally, the metabolism of maltose was measured with the isolated perfused rat liver. During intravenous infusion of 0.3 g, 0.6 g or 1.2 g maltose (corresponding to 0.9 g, 1.8 g or 3.6 g/kg bodyweight) per hour a steady-state for maltose in blood was attained. Blood glucose concentration rose during the maltose infusions. The utilisation of parenterally administered maltose was established by a high rate of glycogen storage in the liver and by a decrease in concentration of free fatty acids in serum. During the 72 hour infusion of maltose at a rate of 0.23 g/hour (corresponding to 0.70 g/kg bodyweight) a constant blood maltose concentration of 60 mg/100 ml was measured. Simultaneously, the blood glucose concentration increased. The excretion of maltose and of glucose was approximately 5% of the total amount administered intravenously. The nitrogen sparing effect of maltose was equal to that of glucose (or glucose substitutes). In the streptozotocindiabetic rats, the renal excretion of maltose and glucose was 20-30% of the total amount. Moreover, blood glucose concentration was elevated significantly during maltose infusion. In the isolated perfused rat liver maltose hydrolysis was established. However, the glucose obtained by this hydrolysis was not metabolized by the isolated organ as was observed for glucose. On the other hand, the glucose substitutes (fructose, xylitol, sorbitol) are also partially transformed to glucose by the isolated liver. These substances, however, were additionally utilized by this organ in other ways. On the basis of these results it is concluded that maltose is metabolized following its intravenous application. Therefore, maltose should have advantages compared to glucose because of the lower osmotic pressure. The metabolism of maltose, however, is similar to that of glucose. The advantages of the glucose substitutes (fructose, sorbitol, xylitol) are not shared by maltose.", "contents": "[Animal experiment studies on parenteral utilization of maltose]. The utilisation of parenterally administered maltose was investigated in the anaesthetized rat, and in rats fixed in metabolic cages. Additionally, the metabolism of maltose was measured with the isolated perfused rat liver. During intravenous infusion of 0.3 g, 0.6 g or 1.2 g maltose (corresponding to 0.9 g, 1.8 g or 3.6 g/kg bodyweight) per hour a steady-state for maltose in blood was attained. Blood glucose concentration rose during the maltose infusions. The utilisation of parenterally administered maltose was established by a high rate of glycogen storage in the liver and by a decrease in concentration of free fatty acids in serum. During the 72 hour infusion of maltose at a rate of 0.23 g/hour (corresponding to 0.70 g/kg bodyweight) a constant blood maltose concentration of 60 mg/100 ml was measured. Simultaneously, the blood glucose concentration increased. The excretion of maltose and of glucose was approximately 5% of the total amount administered intravenously. The nitrogen sparing effect of maltose was equal to that of glucose (or glucose substitutes). In the streptozotocindiabetic rats, the renal excretion of maltose and glucose was 20-30% of the total amount. Moreover, blood glucose concentration was elevated significantly during maltose infusion. In the isolated perfused rat liver maltose hydrolysis was established. However, the glucose obtained by this hydrolysis was not metabolized by the isolated organ as was observed for glucose. On the other hand, the glucose substitutes (fructose, xylitol, sorbitol) are also partially transformed to glucose by the isolated liver. These substances, however, were additionally utilized by this organ in other ways. On the basis of these results it is concluded that maltose is metabolized following its intravenous application. Therefore, maltose should have advantages compared to glucose because of the lower osmotic pressure. The metabolism of maltose, however, is similar to that of glucose. The advantages of the glucose substitutes (fructose, sorbitol, xylitol) are not shared by maltose."}
{"id": "PMID:135421", "title": "[The value of the dynamic dehydroepiandrosterone-test compared to the static measurement of total urinary estrogen excretion in the diagnosis of the condition of the feto-placental-unit (author's transl)].", "content": "In a comparative study in 84 pregnant women the condition of the feto-placental-unit was examined through the utilization of the DHEA-test and by the measurement of total urinary estrogen excretion. The test consists of intravenous injection of 50 mg DHEA-S to the mother and measurement of the total estrogen increase during the following 24 hour period as compared to the values before injection. When the condition of the feto-placentalunit is good an increase of estrogens is seen as a consequence of the transformation of DHEA to estrogens by the placenta. The difference between total urinary estrogen excretion before and after the injection of DHEA is considered as a measure of placental function. The results of estrogen determinations and the DHEA test were correlated to placental histology, cardiotocogram, colour of the amniotic fluid, Apgar-score, stillbirth, birthweight, and transfer of newborns to pediatry. We found that in cases with normal estrogen values and especially in cases with a good increase of estrogen excretion following DHEA-S-load there was a high probability of there being no acute risk for the fetus. The DHEA-test has a higher prognostic value than the analysis of urinary estrogen excretion alone, because it is better able to predict pathological findings of the reference parameters cited above. Possible reasons for an insufficient increase of estrogens in the DHEA-test without clinical pathology are discussed. When only a short time remains before birth, a better accord between test-results and clinical findings can be observed. This suggests a weekly repetition of the test.", "contents": "[The value of the dynamic dehydroepiandrosterone-test compared to the static measurement of total urinary estrogen excretion in the diagnosis of the condition of the feto-placental-unit (author's transl)]. In a comparative study in 84 pregnant women the condition of the feto-placental-unit was examined through the utilization of the DHEA-test and by the measurement of total urinary estrogen excretion. The test consists of intravenous injection of 50 mg DHEA-S to the mother and measurement of the total estrogen increase during the following 24 hour period as compared to the values before injection. When the condition of the feto-placentalunit is good an increase of estrogens is seen as a consequence of the transformation of DHEA to estrogens by the placenta. The difference between total urinary estrogen excretion before and after the injection of DHEA is considered as a measure of placental function. The results of estrogen determinations and the DHEA test were correlated to placental histology, cardiotocogram, colour of the amniotic fluid, Apgar-score, stillbirth, birthweight, and transfer of newborns to pediatry. We found that in cases with normal estrogen values and especially in cases with a good increase of estrogen excretion following DHEA-S-load there was a high probability of there being no acute risk for the fetus. The DHEA-test has a higher prognostic value than the analysis of urinary estrogen excretion alone, because it is better able to predict pathological findings of the reference parameters cited above. Possible reasons for an insufficient increase of estrogens in the DHEA-test without clinical pathology are discussed. When only a short time remains before birth, a better accord between test-results and clinical findings can be observed. This suggests a weekly repetition of the test."}
{"id": "PMID:135422", "title": "[Recurrence of gonorrhea caused by gonorrheal paraurethritis].", "content": "The case of a patient with a recurrence of gonorrhoea due to a concomitant gonorrhoic infection of a paraurethral duct, which was not healed by the initial routine penicillin treatment, is reported.", "contents": "[Recurrence of gonorrhea caused by gonorrheal paraurethritis]. The case of a patient with a recurrence of gonorrhoea due to a concomitant gonorrhoic infection of a paraurethral duct, which was not healed by the initial routine penicillin treatment, is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:135441", "title": "[The reaction of the pulpal blood circulation to thermal stimuli].", "content": "The present paper characterizes the reactions of the systemcirculation and microcirculation of the pulpa to the effects of temperature changes from--30 degrees C to +55 degrees C. In the range between 25 degrees C and 50 degrees C an increase of the blood flow rate can be observed. By long-standing action of temperatures above 40 degrees C and below 25 degrees C a dilatation of the blood vessels and a decrease of the blood flow rate are caused, thus leading to aggregations, capillary stoppage, and finally to thrombosis of entire pulpa sections. In addition to the outline of the critical initial alterations of the microcirculation in the course of inflammation the clinical conclusions towards crown and cavity preparation by means of water spray cooling, concerning thermal sensibility tests, and cryo-surgical operations are discussed.", "contents": "[The reaction of the pulpal blood circulation to thermal stimuli]. The present paper characterizes the reactions of the systemcirculation and microcirculation of the pulpa to the effects of temperature changes from--30 degrees C to +55 degrees C. In the range between 25 degrees C and 50 degrees C an increase of the blood flow rate can be observed. By long-standing action of temperatures above 40 degrees C and below 25 degrees C a dilatation of the blood vessels and a decrease of the blood flow rate are caused, thus leading to aggregations, capillary stoppage, and finally to thrombosis of entire pulpa sections. In addition to the outline of the critical initial alterations of the microcirculation in the course of inflammation the clinical conclusions towards crown and cavity preparation by means of water spray cooling, concerning thermal sensibility tests, and cryo-surgical operations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135442", "title": "[Technological studies on high pressure polymerization of dental plastic materials].", "content": "The author in his present paper reports a program of comparative materials testing of which the purpose was to assess the value of positive pressure polymerization of thermosets. This particular program required polymerization temperature measurements. K-value determinations, and cone indentation hardness tests to be made on samples of plastic material polymerized under positive liquid or steam pressure and in cuvets, respectively, the conditions of polymerization being those which are used in actual practice. The results obtained indicated a favorable influence of positive liquid pressure polymerization on the final hardness of the plastic material.", "contents": "[Technological studies on high pressure polymerization of dental plastic materials]. The author in his present paper reports a program of comparative materials testing of which the purpose was to assess the value of positive pressure polymerization of thermosets. This particular program required polymerization temperature measurements. K-value determinations, and cone indentation hardness tests to be made on samples of plastic material polymerized under positive liquid or steam pressure and in cuvets, respectively, the conditions of polymerization being those which are used in actual practice. The results obtained indicated a favorable influence of positive liquid pressure polymerization on the final hardness of the plastic material."}
{"id": "PMID:135443", "title": "[The therapy of condylar fractures. Clinical study for the evaluation of various modes of treatment].", "content": "The treatment of condylar fractures is a matter of controversy. After re-examination of 219 patients, who had previous fractures of the mandibular condyle with dislocation, treated by open reduction, conservative or functional methods, the following observations are made: The conservative treatment will lead to the most favourable results. After functional treatment the condylar remodelling is rare and in majority of cases the function of medial pterygoid muscle is not restored.", "contents": "[The therapy of condylar fractures. Clinical study for the evaluation of various modes of treatment]. The treatment of condylar fractures is a matter of controversy. After re-examination of 219 patients, who had previous fractures of the mandibular condyle with dislocation, treated by open reduction, conservative or functional methods, the following observations are made: The conservative treatment will lead to the most favourable results. After functional treatment the condylar remodelling is rare and in majority of cases the function of medial pterygoid muscle is not restored."}
{"id": "PMID:135444", "title": "[The importance of individual mesio-distal crown diameters in occlusion].", "content": "The mesio-distal crown diameters of 50 former orthodontic patients without extractions and of 50 cases with extractions were measured. The differences of the sum of the crown diameters of the upper and lower dental bow are analysed. The results support the importance of the individual analysis of the situation of all the crown diameters with respect to diagnosis.", "contents": "[The importance of individual mesio-distal crown diameters in occlusion]. The mesio-distal crown diameters of 50 former orthodontic patients without extractions and of 50 cases with extractions were measured. The differences of the sum of the crown diameters of the upper and lower dental bow are analysed. The results support the importance of the individual analysis of the situation of all the crown diameters with respect to diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:135458", "title": "Chemical characteristics of chalones isolated from bovine spleen.", "content": "Isolation of spleen chalones from the postmicrosomal supernatant is described. Two glycoprotein fractions homogeneous on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis were obtained. In the biological test on mice, the preparation of 38 000 mol. wt. inhibited mitosis in spleen cells, and the low-molecular fraction (2100 mol. wt.) in thymus cells, showing respectively the properties of chalones B and T.", "contents": "Chemical characteristics of chalones isolated from bovine spleen. Isolation of spleen chalones from the postmicrosomal supernatant is described. Two glycoprotein fractions homogeneous on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis were obtained. In the biological test on mice, the preparation of 38 000 mol. wt. inhibited mitosis in spleen cells, and the low-molecular fraction (2100 mol. wt.) in thymus cells, showing respectively the properties of chalones B and T."}
{"id": "PMID:135459", "title": "[Control intensity of glycolytic enzymes in ultrasonic hemolysates of erythrocytes].", "content": "By addition of enzyme the control intensity was determined on the pacemaker enzymes hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, as well as on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase and the pyruvate kinase with a control intensity of almost 0 in ultrasonic hemolysates from erythrocyte concentrate. This hemolysate approximately reflects the conditions existing in the intact cell with regard to glycolytic rate, ATP supply, and metabolite concentration. It is therefore suitable as a cell model, excluding the membrane, for studying inner control factors. For HK, PFK, GAPD, and PK predictions based on the linear glycolytic model about the significance of these enzymes for the regulation of the glycolytic rate could be confirmed.", "contents": "[Control intensity of glycolytic enzymes in ultrasonic hemolysates of erythrocytes]. By addition of enzyme the control intensity was determined on the pacemaker enzymes hexokinase and phosphofructokinase, as well as on glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase and the pyruvate kinase with a control intensity of almost 0 in ultrasonic hemolysates from erythrocyte concentrate. This hemolysate approximately reflects the conditions existing in the intact cell with regard to glycolytic rate, ATP supply, and metabolite concentration. It is therefore suitable as a cell model, excluding the membrane, for studying inner control factors. For HK, PFK, GAPD, and PK predictions based on the linear glycolytic model about the significance of these enzymes for the regulation of the glycolytic rate could be confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:135460", "title": "Thorium induced testicular changes in rats.", "content": "Daily intraperitoneal administration of thorium nitrate produced progressive morphological and biochemical alterations with the increase in thorium concentration in rat testis. The degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules increased with the duration of treatment and after 90 days calcification occurred in about 25% of the tubules and in the connective tissue of the tunica albuginea. The activity of adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase increased markedly as a result of thorium administration. An attempt has been made to interrelate histopathological and enzymatic changes and the metal concentration in the testicular tissue.", "contents": "Thorium induced testicular changes in rats. Daily intraperitoneal administration of thorium nitrate produced progressive morphological and biochemical alterations with the increase in thorium concentration in rat testis. The degenerative changes in the seminiferous tubules increased with the duration of treatment and after 90 days calcification occurred in about 25% of the tubules and in the connective tissue of the tunica albuginea. The activity of adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase increased markedly as a result of thorium administration. An attempt has been made to interrelate histopathological and enzymatic changes and the metal concentration in the testicular tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:135461", "title": "[Variation of mechanical and biochemical parameters of pressure-loaded rabbit hearts following chronic administration of dipyridamole].", "content": "After constricting the aorta ascendens of rabbits, the influence of chronic administration of dipyridamole (8 mg/kg i.m. on 6 out of 7 days of the week for 3 months) upon heart hypertrophy, hemodynamics and the hydroxyproline content in the right and left ventricles, the incorporation rate of 2-[14C]-glycine into the actomyosin and soluble protein of the left ventricle was studied. The dipyridamole treatment had no effect on the increase in systolic pressure, the contractility index of the aorta-stenosed animals and heart rate. In contrast, the hypertrophic development, and consequently the increase in hydroxyproline concentration and the increased incorporation rate of 2-[14C]-glycine into the soluble protein were inhibited. The possible mechanism of action of dipyridamole on the development of heart hypertrophy in the rabbit is discussed.", "contents": "[Variation of mechanical and biochemical parameters of pressure-loaded rabbit hearts following chronic administration of dipyridamole]. After constricting the aorta ascendens of rabbits, the influence of chronic administration of dipyridamole (8 mg/kg i.m. on 6 out of 7 days of the week for 3 months) upon heart hypertrophy, hemodynamics and the hydroxyproline content in the right and left ventricles, the incorporation rate of 2-[14C]-glycine into the actomyosin and soluble protein of the left ventricle was studied. The dipyridamole treatment had no effect on the increase in systolic pressure, the contractility index of the aorta-stenosed animals and heart rate. In contrast, the hypertrophic development, and consequently the increase in hydroxyproline concentration and the increased incorporation rate of 2-[14C]-glycine into the soluble protein were inhibited. The possible mechanism of action of dipyridamole on the development of heart hypertrophy in the rabbit is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135462", "title": "[Monosaccharide-dependent potassium ion influx across the microvilli membrane of the rat jejunum].", "content": "1. The condidtions were studied under which the Na+-dependently transported monosaccharides influence the K+-influx across the microvilli membrane of rat jejunum. 2. The Na+-dependent, energy requiring transport of monosaccharides causes a decrease of the K+-influx, whereas monosaccharides metabolizable by the intestinal mucosal cells - under suitable conditions - induce an increase in the K+-influx. 3. These results indicate that the K+-influx may be controlled by an energy dependent system in the microvilli membrane, which is influenced by metabolism and monosaccharide transport. It is discussed that this control system may be a (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.", "contents": "[Monosaccharide-dependent potassium ion influx across the microvilli membrane of the rat jejunum]. 1. The condidtions were studied under which the Na+-dependently transported monosaccharides influence the K+-influx across the microvilli membrane of rat jejunum. 2. The Na+-dependent, energy requiring transport of monosaccharides causes a decrease of the K+-influx, whereas monosaccharides metabolizable by the intestinal mucosal cells - under suitable conditions - induce an increase in the K+-influx. 3. These results indicate that the K+-influx may be controlled by an energy dependent system in the microvilli membrane, which is influenced by metabolism and monosaccharide transport. It is discussed that this control system may be a (Na+ + K+)-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:135464", "title": "Characterization of Mg-ATPase and (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPase in smooth muscular cells of the sheep's common carotid artery.", "content": "The Mg-ATPase and (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPase in the mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of smooth muscular cells of the sheep's common carotid artery have been characterized in more detail. Optimal enzyme activities were found for all ATPases to be at pH 7.5-8.0 and 45 degrees C-50 degrees C. The energies of activation were found to be at 5-9 kcal/mole for both ATPases. Two-thirds of the (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPase were found to be ouabain-sensitive and thus attributed to the coupled (Na, K)-transport system. The pI 50 values of ouabain for microsomal and mitochondrial fractions are 6.3 and 6.0, respectively. The highest activity of (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPase is at 5-10 mM K+ and more than 50 mM Na+. One-third of the (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPase activity was found to be due to a stimulation of Mg-ATPase by Na+ alone, which is not inhibited by ouabain. The relationship of this activity to the ouabain-sensitive part of the (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPase and to Na+-transport is discussed. For the Mg-ATPases apparent KM(ATP) values were determined to be 1.4 and 1.0 mM, resp., and for the (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPases 0.15 and 0.14 mM, resp.", "contents": "Characterization of Mg-ATPase and (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPase in smooth muscular cells of the sheep's common carotid artery. The Mg-ATPase and (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPase in the mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of smooth muscular cells of the sheep's common carotid artery have been characterized in more detail. Optimal enzyme activities were found for all ATPases to be at pH 7.5-8.0 and 45 degrees C-50 degrees C. The energies of activation were found to be at 5-9 kcal/mole for both ATPases. Two-thirds of the (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPase were found to be ouabain-sensitive and thus attributed to the coupled (Na, K)-transport system. The pI 50 values of ouabain for microsomal and mitochondrial fractions are 6.3 and 6.0, respectively. The highest activity of (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPase is at 5-10 mM K+ and more than 50 mM Na+. One-third of the (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPase activity was found to be due to a stimulation of Mg-ATPase by Na+ alone, which is not inhibited by ouabain. The relationship of this activity to the ouabain-sensitive part of the (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPase and to Na+-transport is discussed. For the Mg-ATPases apparent KM(ATP) values were determined to be 1.4 and 1.0 mM, resp., and for the (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg-ATPases 0.15 and 0.14 mM, resp."}
{"id": "PMID:135465", "title": "The uptake in the pancreatic islets of nicotinamide, nicotinic acid and tryptophan and their ability to prevent streptozotocin diabetes in mice.", "content": "The uptake of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-precursors nicotinamide, nicotinic acid and tryptophan in the pancreatic islets of mice was studied by use of autoradiographic methods. The ability of these substances to prevent streptoxotocin diabetes was studied in the same species. It was found that only nicotinamide was strongly accumulated in the pancreatic islets and nicotinamide was also the only NAD-precursor which protected against the streptoxotocin diabetes. Apparently there is a relationship between the ability of the NAD-precursors to be taken up in the pancreatic islets and their ability to prevent streptoxotocin diabetes.", "contents": "The uptake in the pancreatic islets of nicotinamide, nicotinic acid and tryptophan and their ability to prevent streptozotocin diabetes in mice. The uptake of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-precursors nicotinamide, nicotinic acid and tryptophan in the pancreatic islets of mice was studied by use of autoradiographic methods. The ability of these substances to prevent streptoxotocin diabetes was studied in the same species. It was found that only nicotinamide was strongly accumulated in the pancreatic islets and nicotinamide was also the only NAD-precursor which protected against the streptoxotocin diabetes. Apparently there is a relationship between the ability of the NAD-precursors to be taken up in the pancreatic islets and their ability to prevent streptoxotocin diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:135466", "title": "A cytochemical analysis of the follicular cells and the yolk in the growing oocytes of Octopus vulgaris (Cephalopoda, Mollusca).", "content": "From an examination of the structural and cytochemical data obtained on the follicular epithelium and on the growing oocytes of Octopus vulgaris it has been possible to establish that, during the evitellogenetic period, the follicular cells penetrate into the oocyte cytoplasm and assume the form of cords. The yolk, which meanwhile has been constituted also through the probable contribution of material metiated by the follicular cells, is seen to be rich in neutral glycoproteins, proteins with sulphydrilic and thiolic radicals and proteins tyrosine and tryptophan containing, but is lacking in glycogen and in acid mucopolysaccharides.", "contents": "A cytochemical analysis of the follicular cells and the yolk in the growing oocytes of Octopus vulgaris (Cephalopoda, Mollusca). From an examination of the structural and cytochemical data obtained on the follicular epithelium and on the growing oocytes of Octopus vulgaris it has been possible to establish that, during the evitellogenetic period, the follicular cells penetrate into the oocyte cytoplasm and assume the form of cords. The yolk, which meanwhile has been constituted also through the probable contribution of material metiated by the follicular cells, is seen to be rich in neutral glycoproteins, proteins with sulphydrilic and thiolic radicals and proteins tyrosine and tryptophan containing, but is lacking in glycogen and in acid mucopolysaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:135467", "title": "Effect of testosterone administration on the epiphyseal cartilage of hypophysectomized rats.", "content": "For the study of the mechanism of action of testosterone histological, carbohydrate-, and enzyme histochemical investigations were carried out on the epiphyseal cartilage of (1) hypophysectomized rats treated with testosterone [(THX group); (2)] hypophysectomized rats without hormonal treatment (HX group), and (3) intact, untreated control rats. The results were compared with the data obtained in a previous experiment in which intact rats were treated with testosterone (T group). The experiments showed that testosterone exerts a peripheral direct effect on the enzyme system of the epiphyseal cartilage cells by changing their metabolism in the direction of early ageing. This effect elicits characteristic changes in enzyme activity of the cartilage cells if normal hypophyseal activity is present. Impairment and ossification of the epiphyseal cartilage ensue also in hypophysectomized animals treated with testosterone (THX), even faster than in animals subjected only to hypophysectomy (HX), but this process has lost its characteristic feature: the initial increase of enzyme activity in the cartilage cells. Thus, the presence or absence of the hypophysis only modifies the effect of testosterone. Presumably, the latter effect - though not asserting itself through the hypophysis - is highly dependent on hypophyseal activity, that is, on the presence of the hormones produced or mediated by the hypophysis. If testosterone does influence the secretion of these hormones and the activity of the hypothalamus, a central effect of testosterone seems also to be involved in the changes of the epiphyseal cartilage disc.", "contents": "Effect of testosterone administration on the epiphyseal cartilage of hypophysectomized rats. For the study of the mechanism of action of testosterone histological, carbohydrate-, and enzyme histochemical investigations were carried out on the epiphyseal cartilage of (1) hypophysectomized rats treated with testosterone [(THX group); (2)] hypophysectomized rats without hormonal treatment (HX group), and (3) intact, untreated control rats. The results were compared with the data obtained in a previous experiment in which intact rats were treated with testosterone (T group). The experiments showed that testosterone exerts a peripheral direct effect on the enzyme system of the epiphyseal cartilage cells by changing their metabolism in the direction of early ageing. This effect elicits characteristic changes in enzyme activity of the cartilage cells if normal hypophyseal activity is present. Impairment and ossification of the epiphyseal cartilage ensue also in hypophysectomized animals treated with testosterone (THX), even faster than in animals subjected only to hypophysectomy (HX), but this process has lost its characteristic feature: the initial increase of enzyme activity in the cartilage cells. Thus, the presence or absence of the hypophysis only modifies the effect of testosterone. Presumably, the latter effect - though not asserting itself through the hypophysis - is highly dependent on hypophyseal activity, that is, on the presence of the hormones produced or mediated by the hypophysis. If testosterone does influence the secretion of these hormones and the activity of the hypothalamus, a central effect of testosterone seems also to be involved in the changes of the epiphyseal cartilage disc."}
{"id": "PMID:135468", "title": "Histochemical observation of the mycetomes of Idiocerus clypealis Leth.", "content": "Histochemical tests on the mycetomes and mycetocytes of Idiocerus clypealis show positive PAS and Congo red reactions for the presence of glycogen and glycoprotein (amyloid). The mycetocytes failed to take alcian blue and methyl green pyronin Y stains showing the absence of mucopolysaccharides and RNA respectively. Positive millions and bromophenol blue reactions prove that they contain tyrosine and general proteins. The presence of lipids and lipoprotein is shown by a positive stain with sudan black B.", "contents": "Histochemical observation of the mycetomes of Idiocerus clypealis Leth. Histochemical tests on the mycetomes and mycetocytes of Idiocerus clypealis show positive PAS and Congo red reactions for the presence of glycogen and glycoprotein (amyloid). The mycetocytes failed to take alcian blue and methyl green pyronin Y stains showing the absence of mucopolysaccharides and RNA respectively. Positive millions and bromophenol blue reactions prove that they contain tyrosine and general proteins. The presence of lipids and lipoprotein is shown by a positive stain with sudan black B."}
{"id": "PMID:135469", "title": "Distribution of adenosine triphosphatase and thamine pyrophosphatase in the digestive system of Heteropneustes fossils.", "content": "Histochemical localization of adenosine triphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase in the digestive system of the teleost fish, Heteropneustes fossilis has been studied. In the stomach, ATPase activity is observed in the mucosa, gastric glands and muscularis. The activity is stronger in the muscularis. Very weak TPPase activity is localized only in the mucosa and gastric glands. In the intestinal mucosa ATPase activity is stronger especially, along the brush border. Mild activity is also found in the connective tissue network and their nuclei, muscularis and serosa. In the posterior portion of the intestine and rectum, the localization pattern is similar to that of intestine but the activity is weaker. TPPase activity in the intestine and rectum is restricted only to the goblet shaped mucus secreting cells. In the liver, strong activity of ATPase and moderate activity of TPPase are found in the cytoplasm as well as the nuclei of the hepatic cells.", "contents": "Distribution of adenosine triphosphatase and thamine pyrophosphatase in the digestive system of Heteropneustes fossils. Histochemical localization of adenosine triphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase in the digestive system of the teleost fish, Heteropneustes fossilis has been studied. In the stomach, ATPase activity is observed in the mucosa, gastric glands and muscularis. The activity is stronger in the muscularis. Very weak TPPase activity is localized only in the mucosa and gastric glands. In the intestinal mucosa ATPase activity is stronger especially, along the brush border. Mild activity is also found in the connective tissue network and their nuclei, muscularis and serosa. In the posterior portion of the intestine and rectum, the localization pattern is similar to that of intestine but the activity is weaker. TPPase activity in the intestine and rectum is restricted only to the goblet shaped mucus secreting cells. In the liver, strong activity of ATPase and moderate activity of TPPase are found in the cytoplasm as well as the nuclei of the hepatic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:135470", "title": "A histochemical investigation on mucopolysaccharides in the dog sympathetic ganglia.", "content": "A histochemical study in the dog Superior Cervical ganglion and in the Cervicothoracic or Stellate ganglion is reported. The mucopolysaccharide composition of these ganglia are studied by means of five histochemical techniques. The different histochemical composition between the neurons of these ganglia is investigated. In the sections stained with the PAS technique some neurons appeared more intensely stained than the others. With Thionin or Toluidine blue some neurones appeared more metachromatic than others. A peculiar distribution of the Nissl bodies, related with metachromasia, is reported. In sections stained with the Colloidal Iron method yellow neurons like those presented in the dorsal root ganglia were not found in the sympathetic ganglia. This fact suggests that the yellow neurons might be a different type of neuron. The possibility that the staining variations associated to the distribution of the Nissl bodies perhaps correspond to different functional states of the same type of neurons is also suggested.", "contents": "A histochemical investigation on mucopolysaccharides in the dog sympathetic ganglia. A histochemical study in the dog Superior Cervical ganglion and in the Cervicothoracic or Stellate ganglion is reported. The mucopolysaccharide composition of these ganglia are studied by means of five histochemical techniques. The different histochemical composition between the neurons of these ganglia is investigated. In the sections stained with the PAS technique some neurons appeared more intensely stained than the others. With Thionin or Toluidine blue some neurones appeared more metachromatic than others. A peculiar distribution of the Nissl bodies, related with metachromasia, is reported. In sections stained with the Colloidal Iron method yellow neurons like those presented in the dorsal root ganglia were not found in the sympathetic ganglia. This fact suggests that the yellow neurons might be a different type of neuron. The possibility that the staining variations associated to the distribution of the Nissl bodies perhaps correspond to different functional states of the same type of neurons is also suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:135471", "title": "Clinical and morphological studies in streptozotocin diabetic pregnant rats.", "content": "Diabetes was induced in pregnant rats by administration of streptozotocin and the changes of the feto-placental unit were investigated. Dead fetuses were found in 12% of the untreated diabetic animals. In comparison to the controls, the fetal weights were significantly smaller and placental weights greater in diabetic animals. The changes were clearly characterized by the ratio fetal placental weight. Edema and cystic degeneration were characteristic of insulin treated diabetic placentas while fibrosis and ischemia were observed mainly in untreated animals. Insulin treatment resulted in hemorrhages and necrosis in the placenta of normal pregnant rats; the change is ascribed to hypoglycaemia.", "contents": "Clinical and morphological studies in streptozotocin diabetic pregnant rats. Diabetes was induced in pregnant rats by administration of streptozotocin and the changes of the feto-placental unit were investigated. Dead fetuses were found in 12% of the untreated diabetic animals. In comparison to the controls, the fetal weights were significantly smaller and placental weights greater in diabetic animals. The changes were clearly characterized by the ratio fetal placental weight. Edema and cystic degeneration were characteristic of insulin treated diabetic placentas while fibrosis and ischemia were observed mainly in untreated animals. Insulin treatment resulted in hemorrhages and necrosis in the placenta of normal pregnant rats; the change is ascribed to hypoglycaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:135472", "title": "Seasonal study of the adrenal gland of some Indian avian species.", "content": "Adrenal glands of eight Indian species of birds, namely Columba livia, Passer domesticus, Corvus splendens, Acridotheres tristis, Acridotheres ginginianus, Milvus migrans, Francolinus pondicerianus and Bubulcus ibis were examined during the sexually active and inactive phases of their annual reproductive cycles. Excepting A ginginianus and M. migrans, among members of either sex of the remaining six species the weight of the adrenal gland increases during the period of sexual activity. Histologically, the interrenal tissue of these birds could be divided into a peripheral subcapsular zone and a central zone. The cytochemical content of these two zones varies between sexual activity and inactivity. In sexually active birds of both sexes, interrenal cells of the central zone exhibit an increased concentration of alkaline phosphatase, glycogen, acid mucopolysaccharides and gross lipids, while in the subcapsular interrenal cells there is a prominent increase of ascorbic acid content. Cytochemical contents of chromaffin cells remain unchanged except acid phosphatase, which increases during the sexually active phase.", "contents": "Seasonal study of the adrenal gland of some Indian avian species. Adrenal glands of eight Indian species of birds, namely Columba livia, Passer domesticus, Corvus splendens, Acridotheres tristis, Acridotheres ginginianus, Milvus migrans, Francolinus pondicerianus and Bubulcus ibis were examined during the sexually active and inactive phases of their annual reproductive cycles. Excepting A ginginianus and M. migrans, among members of either sex of the remaining six species the weight of the adrenal gland increases during the period of sexual activity. Histologically, the interrenal tissue of these birds could be divided into a peripheral subcapsular zone and a central zone. The cytochemical content of these two zones varies between sexual activity and inactivity. In sexually active birds of both sexes, interrenal cells of the central zone exhibit an increased concentration of alkaline phosphatase, glycogen, acid mucopolysaccharides and gross lipids, while in the subcapsular interrenal cells there is a prominent increase of ascorbic acid content. Cytochemical contents of chromaffin cells remain unchanged except acid phosphatase, which increases during the sexually active phase."}
{"id": "PMID:135473", "title": "Tubal sterilization. With special reference to electrocoagulation through the laparoscope.", "content": "In the past 5 years 1 168 tubal sterilizations have been performed. One thousand and twelve of these were performed by dividing the tube by diathermy through the laparoscope. Since the first cases, and with increasing experience, complications have been infrequent, at the most a slight bleeding from the mesosalpinx. So far we have had ten failures, probably due to lack of experience. In every failure it was found at re-examination that the tube had not been divided-at least at one side. The method is quick and simple. The patient suffers little inconvenience, has a very small scar and is in hospital only a short time. It has been used in post-partum cases, but is not suitable for patients who have had several abdominal operations.", "contents": "Tubal sterilization. With special reference to electrocoagulation through the laparoscope. In the past 5 years 1 168 tubal sterilizations have been performed. One thousand and twelve of these were performed by dividing the tube by diathermy through the laparoscope. Since the first cases, and with increasing experience, complications have been infrequent, at the most a slight bleeding from the mesosalpinx. So far we have had ten failures, probably due to lack of experience. In every failure it was found at re-examination that the tube had not been divided-at least at one side. The method is quick and simple. The patient suffers little inconvenience, has a very small scar and is in hospital only a short time. It has been used in post-partum cases, but is not suitable for patients who have had several abdominal operations."}
{"id": "PMID:135476", "title": "Heart volume and myocardial connective tissue during development and regression of thyroxine-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats.", "content": "To determine whether development and regression of cardiac hypertrophy are accompanied by changes in heart volume and to learn whether a change in heart volume is associated with changes in the myocardial connective tissue, cardiac hypertrophy was induced in rats by administration of thyroxine. Rats were given L-thyroxine for 4 weeks. Heart volume was estimated radiologically in vivo at the start of the experiment and at 1- or 2-week intervals for 7 weeks. At each of these stages a number of rats were killed, their hearts were weighed and determinations were made of the myocardial contents of DNA, of collagen measured as hydroxyproline, and of glycosaminoglycans, measured as uronic acid. After thyroxine treatment the ratio of left heart ventricle weight to body weight and of heart volume to body weight rose significantly. The increase in heart weight was greater than the increase in heart volume. At the same time, there was a significant decrease in the concentration of hydroxyproline. After discontinuation of thyroxine treatment heart volume, heart weight and the concentration of myocardial collagen returned to normal within 2 weeks. However, the total amount of myocardial collagen was still less than normal at 2 weeks. The results suggest that the decrease in the amount of myocardial collagen associated with thyroxine-induced cardiac hypertrophy--because it results in a weakening of the supporting properties of the myocardial connective tissue framework--might contribute to a slight increase in in vivo heart volume.", "contents": "Heart volume and myocardial connective tissue during development and regression of thyroxine-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. To determine whether development and regression of cardiac hypertrophy are accompanied by changes in heart volume and to learn whether a change in heart volume is associated with changes in the myocardial connective tissue, cardiac hypertrophy was induced in rats by administration of thyroxine. Rats were given L-thyroxine for 4 weeks. Heart volume was estimated radiologically in vivo at the start of the experiment and at 1- or 2-week intervals for 7 weeks. At each of these stages a number of rats were killed, their hearts were weighed and determinations were made of the myocardial contents of DNA, of collagen measured as hydroxyproline, and of glycosaminoglycans, measured as uronic acid. After thyroxine treatment the ratio of left heart ventricle weight to body weight and of heart volume to body weight rose significantly. The increase in heart weight was greater than the increase in heart volume. At the same time, there was a significant decrease in the concentration of hydroxyproline. After discontinuation of thyroxine treatment heart volume, heart weight and the concentration of myocardial collagen returned to normal within 2 weeks. However, the total amount of myocardial collagen was still less than normal at 2 weeks. The results suggest that the decrease in the amount of myocardial collagen associated with thyroxine-induced cardiac hypertrophy--because it results in a weakening of the supporting properties of the myocardial connective tissue framework--might contribute to a slight increase in in vivo heart volume."}
{"id": "PMID:135477", "title": "Mg2+- and Ca2+-stimulated ATPase at the outer surface of human peripheral lymphocytes and hematopoietic cell lines. Correlation between enzyme activity and immunoglobulin secretion.", "content": "A Mg2+- and Ca2+-dependent ATPase at the outer surface of human peripheral lymphocytes and hematopoietic cell lines has been studied. The enzyme activity varied about 60 fold between the extremes of the cell lines tested. There was no simple relationship between surface-ATPase activity and cell surface area. Nor was the presence of villi or any other morphological characteristic at the cell surface decisive for the degree of surface-ATPase activity. A correlation was, however, found between the ATPase activity and a phenomenon probably involving a contractile process namely immunoglobulin secretion, but it was not possible to establish an interdependence of these cell characteristics.", "contents": "Mg2+- and Ca2+-stimulated ATPase at the outer surface of human peripheral lymphocytes and hematopoietic cell lines. Correlation between enzyme activity and immunoglobulin secretion. A Mg2+- and Ca2+-dependent ATPase at the outer surface of human peripheral lymphocytes and hematopoietic cell lines has been studied. The enzyme activity varied about 60 fold between the extremes of the cell lines tested. There was no simple relationship between surface-ATPase activity and cell surface area. Nor was the presence of villi or any other morphological characteristic at the cell surface decisive for the degree of surface-ATPase activity. A correlation was, however, found between the ATPase activity and a phenomenon probably involving a contractile process namely immunoglobulin secretion, but it was not possible to establish an interdependence of these cell characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:135478", "title": "Conduction of activity between muscles in the terminal region of the common bile duct and in the neighboring duodenum.", "content": "The relationship between muscle activity at the terminal region of the common bile duct and the duodenal muscle was examined in rabbits. The rhythmic muscle activity in the terminal region was synchronous with duodenal muscle activity. The activity of the latter muscle preceded the former. The activity at the terminal region synchronous with the rhythmic activity of the duodenal muscle sometimes disappeared spontaneously. The muscle activity of the ampulla and the spincter at the terminal region was sometimes independently lost. The conduction of excitation from the duodenal muscle to the terminal region appeared to be performed at several sites. The existence of a \"conduction-shunt path\" between the terminal region and the duodenum, as well as between the ampulla and the sphincter appeared probably. Some quantitative differences were found between the spincter, ampulla and duodenum in inhibitory effects to stimulation of splanchnic nerves and reflex effects and to excitatory effects of cholecystokinin-pancreoxymin and caerulein. These results seem to indicate that the sympathetic nerves and the intramural cholinergic neurones controlling these region carry out activities quantitatively different from each other.", "contents": "Conduction of activity between muscles in the terminal region of the common bile duct and in the neighboring duodenum. The relationship between muscle activity at the terminal region of the common bile duct and the duodenal muscle was examined in rabbits. The rhythmic muscle activity in the terminal region was synchronous with duodenal muscle activity. The activity of the latter muscle preceded the former. The activity at the terminal region synchronous with the rhythmic activity of the duodenal muscle sometimes disappeared spontaneously. The muscle activity of the ampulla and the spincter at the terminal region was sometimes independently lost. The conduction of excitation from the duodenal muscle to the terminal region appeared to be performed at several sites. The existence of a \"conduction-shunt path\" between the terminal region and the duodenum, as well as between the ampulla and the sphincter appeared probably. Some quantitative differences were found between the spincter, ampulla and duodenum in inhibitory effects to stimulation of splanchnic nerves and reflex effects and to excitatory effects of cholecystokinin-pancreoxymin and caerulein. These results seem to indicate that the sympathetic nerves and the intramural cholinergic neurones controlling these region carry out activities quantitatively different from each other."}
{"id": "PMID:135479", "title": "Methemoglobinemia induced by chlorphenamidine.", "content": "A 76-year old farmer ingested 100 g of chlorphenamidine (Galectron), a plant acaricle, for the purpose of suicide. Gastric lavage was performed and the patient survived. Methemoglobinemia was noted after emergency treatment and was still present at 20 hours after ingestion of the compound. The patient was lethargic for at least 50 hours. Moderate neutrophilic leukocytosis and kidney injury were observed.", "contents": "Methemoglobinemia induced by chlorphenamidine. A 76-year old farmer ingested 100 g of chlorphenamidine (Galectron), a plant acaricle, for the purpose of suicide. Gastric lavage was performed and the patient survived. Methemoglobinemia was noted after emergency treatment and was still present at 20 hours after ingestion of the compound. The patient was lethargic for at least 50 hours. Moderate neutrophilic leukocytosis and kidney injury were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:135480", "title": "Detection of liver HBc antigen and its antibody in sera from viral hepatitis by the immunofluorescent complement technique.", "content": "Hepatitis B core antigen (HBc Ag) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) were detected in the liver tissue of a patient with chronic aggressive hepatitis by the immunofluorescent complement technique. The presence of anti-HBc was examined by the same method in 67 human sera previously tested for HBs Ag, anti-HBs and s-GPT levels. HBc Ag was localized mainly in the nucleus and sometimes in the cytoplasm of the hepatic cells. HBs Ag was found only in the cytoplasm. The focal area of HBc Ag positive hepatic cells seemed to correspond to the HBs Ag positive cells. Double staining demonstrated the simultaneous presence of HBs Ag and HBc Ag in individual cells. Anti-HBc positive serum was found in 46 (68.7%) cases. Forty-eight (71.6%) indicated a combination of HBs Ag and anti-HBc.", "contents": "Detection of liver HBc antigen and its antibody in sera from viral hepatitis by the immunofluorescent complement technique. Hepatitis B core antigen (HBc Ag) and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) were detected in the liver tissue of a patient with chronic aggressive hepatitis by the immunofluorescent complement technique. The presence of anti-HBc was examined by the same method in 67 human sera previously tested for HBs Ag, anti-HBs and s-GPT levels. HBc Ag was localized mainly in the nucleus and sometimes in the cytoplasm of the hepatic cells. HBs Ag was found only in the cytoplasm. The focal area of HBc Ag positive hepatic cells seemed to correspond to the HBs Ag positive cells. Double staining demonstrated the simultaneous presence of HBs Ag and HBc Ag in individual cells. Anti-HBc positive serum was found in 46 (68.7%) cases. Forty-eight (71.6%) indicated a combination of HBs Ag and anti-HBc."}
{"id": "PMID:135481", "title": "Detection of HBs antigen in routine paraffin embedded liver tissue by enzyme-labelled antibody technique.", "content": "HB surface antigen (HBs Ag) was detected using the enzyme-labelled antibody technique on routinely processed liver biopsy material fixed in Bouin's fixative and embedded in paraffin. Of 85 examined specimens, 45 cases were HBs Ag positive by both the immunofluorescent test and the enzyme labelled antibody technique. The remaining 40 cases were negative by both techniques. The specificity of HBs Ag detected by the enzyme-labelled antibody technique was confirmed by the blocking test using guinea pig specific HBs antibody. The results indicate that the enzyme-labelled antibody technique may be useful for detecting HBs Ag on routine paraffin sections.", "contents": "Detection of HBs antigen in routine paraffin embedded liver tissue by enzyme-labelled antibody technique. HB surface antigen (HBs Ag) was detected using the enzyme-labelled antibody technique on routinely processed liver biopsy material fixed in Bouin's fixative and embedded in paraffin. Of 85 examined specimens, 45 cases were HBs Ag positive by both the immunofluorescent test and the enzyme labelled antibody technique. The remaining 40 cases were negative by both techniques. The specificity of HBs Ag detected by the enzyme-labelled antibody technique was confirmed by the blocking test using guinea pig specific HBs antibody. The results indicate that the enzyme-labelled antibody technique may be useful for detecting HBs Ag on routine paraffin sections."}
{"id": "PMID:135484", "title": "Preserved cellular immunity in smoldering acute leukemia.", "content": "\"Smoldering acute leukemia\", a variant of acute myelogenous leukemia, has been recognized with frequent incidence in recent years. This is chracterized by benign clinical course, poor physical findings, leukopenia and mild anemia in the peripheral blood, and apparent infiltration of abnormal myeloblasts in the bone marrow. Immunological studies of the host defence mechanism were made, because the pathogenesis of its \"smoldering\" course has never been well understood. Nine cases, seen during last 2 years, were investigated for immunological profile, especially the cellular immunity. Purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test, i.e., tuberculin test, was found to be positive in 8 of 9 cases (88.9%). Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensitization test showed to be positive in 4 of 6 cases examined (66.9%). Peripheral lymphocyte balstogenesis by stimulating with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was evaluated using the smear counting method. The blastoid lymphocyte ratio was 55% at the median value (range: 31-68%), compared with 63% in normal young control (age: 25-32) and 41% in normal aged control (age: 60-75). In this report, the cellular immunity in smoldering acute leukemia was proved to be preserved at the normal level and to be more competent than that in aged group. The preserved cellular immunity is considered to explain the phenomenon of \"smoldering\", in other words, the exacerbating proliferation of leukemic cells is suppressed  by immuno-surveillance system.", "contents": "Preserved cellular immunity in smoldering acute leukemia. \"Smoldering acute leukemia\", a variant of acute myelogenous leukemia, has been recognized with frequent incidence in recent years. This is chracterized by benign clinical course, poor physical findings, leukopenia and mild anemia in the peripheral blood, and apparent infiltration of abnormal myeloblasts in the bone marrow. Immunological studies of the host defence mechanism were made, because the pathogenesis of its \"smoldering\" course has never been well understood. Nine cases, seen during last 2 years, were investigated for immunological profile, especially the cellular immunity. Purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test, i.e., tuberculin test, was found to be positive in 8 of 9 cases (88.9%). Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensitization test showed to be positive in 4 of 6 cases examined (66.9%). Peripheral lymphocyte balstogenesis by stimulating with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was evaluated using the smear counting method. The blastoid lymphocyte ratio was 55% at the median value (range: 31-68%), compared with 63% in normal young control (age: 25-32) and 41% in normal aged control (age: 60-75). In this report, the cellular immunity in smoldering acute leukemia was proved to be preserved at the normal level and to be more competent than that in aged group. The preserved cellular immunity is considered to explain the phenomenon of \"smoldering\", in other words, the exacerbating proliferation of leukemic cells is suppressed  by immuno-surveillance system."}
{"id": "PMID:135485", "title": "Absence of anti-neocarzinostatin (NCS) antibody production in leukemia patients treated with NCS.", "content": "Neocarzinostain (NCS) was first used by Hiraki and his colleagues for induction chemotherapy in acute leukemia. This new anti-tumor agent is a polypeptide with a high molecular weight of 10,700 daltons. Anti-NCS antibody was produced in rabbits administered NCS intramuscularly with or without adjuvant. The production of anti-NCS antibody in patients treated with NCS was investigated. Forty three leukemia cases of various types were examined totally 65  times. Two mg of NCS for four consecutive days by intravenous drip infusion followed by 7 to 10 days of pause was repeatedly administered. The total amounts ranged 8 to 174 mg and the total periods 4 to 87 days. The methods used to measure the antibody titer are the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test on microplate and the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in guinea pigs. The sera of all patients showed only non-specific agglutination at less than 2(3) dilution by PHA test, and to confirm these results four patient sera were tested by PCA reaction. The production of anti-NCS antibody was not detected in patients by PHA test and PCA reaction. The anaphylactic reaction and other adverse reactions due to anti-NCS adtibody production were not demonstrated in patients. Anti-NCS antibody was not detected by these experiments in the dose schedule administered.", "contents": "Absence of anti-neocarzinostatin (NCS) antibody production in leukemia patients treated with NCS. Neocarzinostain (NCS) was first used by Hiraki and his colleagues for induction chemotherapy in acute leukemia. This new anti-tumor agent is a polypeptide with a high molecular weight of 10,700 daltons. Anti-NCS antibody was produced in rabbits administered NCS intramuscularly with or without adjuvant. The production of anti-NCS antibody in patients treated with NCS was investigated. Forty three leukemia cases of various types were examined totally 65  times. Two mg of NCS for four consecutive days by intravenous drip infusion followed by 7 to 10 days of pause was repeatedly administered. The total amounts ranged 8 to 174 mg and the total periods 4 to 87 days. The methods used to measure the antibody titer are the passive hemagglutination (PHA) test on microplate and the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction in guinea pigs. The sera of all patients showed only non-specific agglutination at less than 2(3) dilution by PHA test, and to confirm these results four patient sera were tested by PCA reaction. The production of anti-NCS antibody was not detected in patients by PHA test and PCA reaction. The anaphylactic reaction and other adverse reactions due to anti-NCS adtibody production were not demonstrated in patients. Anti-NCS antibody was not detected by these experiments in the dose schedule administered."}
{"id": "PMID:135486", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of myeloma cells.", "content": "The surface structure of myeloma cells was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The cells were collected from the pleural effusion of a multiple myeloma patient and purified by Conray-Ficoll gradient sedimentation. The cell size ranged from 8 mu to 12 mu in diameter and the microvilli were from 0.8 mu to 1.2 mu in length. The surfaces of the majority of the observed myeloma cells were more villous than lymphocytes.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of myeloma cells. The surface structure of myeloma cells was examined by scanning electron microscopy. The cells were collected from the pleural effusion of a multiple myeloma patient and purified by Conray-Ficoll gradient sedimentation. The cell size ranged from 8 mu to 12 mu in diameter and the microvilli were from 0.8 mu to 1.2 mu in length. The surfaces of the majority of the observed myeloma cells were more villous than lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:135487", "title": "Macromolecular lactate dehydrogenase linked to serum IgG of a patient with liver cirrhosis.", "content": "An anomalous zymogram of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum from a patient with liver cirrhosis was reported. Agar-gel electrophoresis of serum showed an extra LDH band close to the anodic side of LDH5 and a wide band of LDH5. Gel filtration of patient's serum in Sephadex G-200 demonstrated an abnormal LDH fraction eluted between immunoglobulin G (IgG) and macroglobulin in addition to a normal LDH component. Chromatographically abnormal LDH was demonstrated on agar gel as extra and wide LDH5 bands and resembled closely human hepatic LDH in various physico-chemical properties such as inhibition by urea or substrate, stability against heat, and Michaelis-Menten's constant. Immunological analyses demonstrated that abnormal LDH could be in the state combined with IgG. Molecular weight of the complex estimated by gel filtration was approximately 300,000. Mixtures of the heated patient's serum with normal or patient's hepatic LDH showed abnormal LDH fraction by gel filtration, whereas abnormal fraction was not demonstrated when heated normal serum was mixed with normal or the patient's hepatic LDH. These results strongly suggest that the occurrence of anomalous LDH zymogram in patient's serum is due to a formation of LDH-IgG complex, which is based on the binding of essentially normal hepatic LDH and abnormal IgG.", "contents": "Macromolecular lactate dehydrogenase linked to serum IgG of a patient with liver cirrhosis. An anomalous zymogram of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the serum from a patient with liver cirrhosis was reported. Agar-gel electrophoresis of serum showed an extra LDH band close to the anodic side of LDH5 and a wide band of LDH5. Gel filtration of patient's serum in Sephadex G-200 demonstrated an abnormal LDH fraction eluted between immunoglobulin G (IgG) and macroglobulin in addition to a normal LDH component. Chromatographically abnormal LDH was demonstrated on agar gel as extra and wide LDH5 bands and resembled closely human hepatic LDH in various physico-chemical properties such as inhibition by urea or substrate, stability against heat, and Michaelis-Menten's constant. Immunological analyses demonstrated that abnormal LDH could be in the state combined with IgG. Molecular weight of the complex estimated by gel filtration was approximately 300,000. Mixtures of the heated patient's serum with normal or patient's hepatic LDH showed abnormal LDH fraction by gel filtration, whereas abnormal fraction was not demonstrated when heated normal serum was mixed with normal or the patient's hepatic LDH. These results strongly suggest that the occurrence of anomalous LDH zymogram in patient's serum is due to a formation of LDH-IgG complex, which is based on the binding of essentially normal hepatic LDH and abnormal IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:135488", "title": "A case of alcaptonuria with fatal  cardiovascular disturbance.", "content": "A case of alcaptonuria combined with aortic insufficiency was found in a 28-year-old male. The patient was palpitating at admission. The daily excretion of homogentisic acid was 2.0-6.0 g. Electrocardiography indicated atrial fibrillation and left ventricular hypertrophy with a ST-T change and right axis deviation. Cartilage tissues in the knee-joints showed no pigmentation. Vertebral X-ray revealed no calcification. The patient's history disclosed a family intermarriage in his grandparents. The patient's mother noticed the presence of black stains on diapers in his infancy and brown pigmentation on the skin and sclera in childhood. No kin had similar symptoms.", "contents": "A case of alcaptonuria with fatal  cardiovascular disturbance. A case of alcaptonuria combined with aortic insufficiency was found in a 28-year-old male. The patient was palpitating at admission. The daily excretion of homogentisic acid was 2.0-6.0 g. Electrocardiography indicated atrial fibrillation and left ventricular hypertrophy with a ST-T change and right axis deviation. Cartilage tissues in the knee-joints showed no pigmentation. Vertebral X-ray revealed no calcification. The patient's history disclosed a family intermarriage in his grandparents. The patient's mother noticed the presence of black stains on diapers in his infancy and brown pigmentation on the skin and sclera in childhood. No kin had similar symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:135489", "title": "Experimental studies of tumor immunotherapy. I. Macrophage migration inhibitory activity as an immunological parameter.", "content": "The macrophage migration inhibition activity [MI activity) was stable in sensitized lymphocyte-to-marcophage ratios of 1:5 to 1:20 in mice. Antigen protein concentrations under 100 mug/ml did not induce nonspecific macrophage migration inhibition. Inhibition of tumor proliferation and survival was observed after a combined injection of BCG and MH-134 cells. After a single injection of MH-134 tumor cells, MI activity was reinforced and prolonged, demonstrating the clear effects of BCG as adjuvant. In DDS mice MI activity was weakened in the regional lymph node after a subcutaneous injection of just above or below 10(5) Ehrlich cancer cells previously treated with mitomycin C. This finding suggests the presence of an optimal tumor antigen concentration.", "contents": "Experimental studies of tumor immunotherapy. I. Macrophage migration inhibitory activity as an immunological parameter. The macrophage migration inhibition activity [MI activity) was stable in sensitized lymphocyte-to-marcophage ratios of 1:5 to 1:20 in mice. Antigen protein concentrations under 100 mug/ml did not induce nonspecific macrophage migration inhibition. Inhibition of tumor proliferation and survival was observed after a combined injection of BCG and MH-134 cells. After a single injection of MH-134 tumor cells, MI activity was reinforced and prolonged, demonstrating the clear effects of BCG as adjuvant. In DDS mice MI activity was weakened in the regional lymph node after a subcutaneous injection of just above or below 10(5) Ehrlich cancer cells previously treated with mitomycin C. This finding suggests the presence of an optimal tumor antigen concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:135492", "title": "[Standardization of in-vitro methods for diagnosing allergic disorders].", "content": "The various \"in vitro\" techniques were studied and the conclusion was reached that the hemagglutination and complement fixation tests were the most suitable for diagnosis. Sera were selected from 377 patients with very positive intracutaneous reactions to the antigens in question, the distribution being as follows: 110 sera positive to milk, 114 sera positive to eggs, 95 sera with a very marked intracutaneous reaction with gramineous pollen, and 58 with house dust. By means of the hemagglutionation technique of Boyden and the complement fixation test of Kolmer with these antigens, it was determined that the diagnostic reliability for food substances was 94,4% in the sera with positive anamnesis. For milk, there was 100% reliability in bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. With respect to pollen, hemagglutination gave 100% reliability in patients with positive anamnesis. The percentage with complement fixation was somewhat lower. Comparing the diagnostic reliability with hemagglutination, house dust gave an arithmetic average of 82,6% in positive anamnesis. With these antigens, hemagglutination by Boyden's technique appears the most suitable method.", "contents": "[Standardization of in-vitro methods for diagnosing allergic disorders]. The various \"in vitro\" techniques were studied and the conclusion was reached that the hemagglutination and complement fixation tests were the most suitable for diagnosis. Sera were selected from 377 patients with very positive intracutaneous reactions to the antigens in question, the distribution being as follows: 110 sera positive to milk, 114 sera positive to eggs, 95 sera with a very marked intracutaneous reaction with gramineous pollen, and 58 with house dust. By means of the hemagglutionation technique of Boyden and the complement fixation test of Kolmer with these antigens, it was determined that the diagnostic reliability for food substances was 94,4% in the sera with positive anamnesis. For milk, there was 100% reliability in bronchial asthma and atopic dermatitis. With respect to pollen, hemagglutination gave 100% reliability in patients with positive anamnesis. The percentage with complement fixation was somewhat lower. Comparing the diagnostic reliability with hemagglutination, house dust gave an arithmetic average of 82,6% in positive anamnesis. With these antigens, hemagglutination by Boyden's technique appears the most suitable method."}
{"id": "PMID:135493", "title": "[Macrophage depletion test in guinea pigs].", "content": "In the present investigations heterologous lymphokine-containing fluids were examined in albino guinea pigs for their macrophage depletion activity. Cell-free ascites from Ehrlich ascites tumor and leukemia L 1210 of mice as well as supernatants of PHA-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures were used. Ascites of Ehrlich's ascitic tumor and Leukemia L 1210 led to a significant depletion of macrophages. The application of supernatants of PHA-stimulated human lymphocyte cultures resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of peritoneal macrophages. On the other hand, a stimulation of the number of peritoneal macrophages by control supernatants of non-stimulated lymphocyte cultures was observed. The findings indicate the existence of two lymphokines having opposite effects.", "contents": "[Macrophage depletion test in guinea pigs]. In the present investigations heterologous lymphokine-containing fluids were examined in albino guinea pigs for their macrophage depletion activity. Cell-free ascites from Ehrlich ascites tumor and leukemia L 1210 of mice as well as supernatants of PHA-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures were used. Ascites of Ehrlich's ascitic tumor and Leukemia L 1210 led to a significant depletion of macrophages. The application of supernatants of PHA-stimulated human lymphocyte cultures resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of peritoneal macrophages. On the other hand, a stimulation of the number of peritoneal macrophages by control supernatants of non-stimulated lymphocyte cultures was observed. The findings indicate the existence of two lymphokines having opposite effects."}
{"id": "PMID:135495", "title": "Allergic asthma and NBT dye reduction by granulocytes.", "content": "The nitro-blue tetrazolium dye reduction test according to modified Park's et al. method in asthmatic children with pollen allergy during remission and status asthmaticus was performed. In patients with status asthmaticus high rate of spontaneous NBT reduction by peripheral phagocytes was found. The routine investigations allowed to exclude bacterial infection as a cause of asthma attacks. It is suggested that allergic reaction may change cellular metabolism providing to increase of NBT reduction.", "contents": "Allergic asthma and NBT dye reduction by granulocytes. The nitro-blue tetrazolium dye reduction test according to modified Park's et al. method in asthmatic children with pollen allergy during remission and status asthmaticus was performed. In patients with status asthmaticus high rate of spontaneous NBT reduction by peripheral phagocytes was found. The routine investigations allowed to exclude bacterial infection as a cause of asthma attacks. It is suggested that allergic reaction may change cellular metabolism providing to increase of NBT reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:135496", "title": "The values of alpha-1-antitrypsin in bronchial secretion in infants with spastic bronchitis and bronchopneumonia.", "content": "The alpha-1-antitrypsin values in bronchial secretion in fifty infants suffering from spastic bronchitis and/or bronchopneumonia were determined longitudinally. It was found that alpha-1-antitrypsin is regularly present in bronchial secretion. However, since alpha-1-antitrypsin was present only in the second sample of bronchial secretion in some investigated infants, it is necessary to determine it twice during the acute respiratory diseases at intervals of 3 days from appearance of the first clinical symptoms. Alpha-1-antitrypsin is present in bronchial secretion during the acute respiratory diseases in infants as long as physical finding exists on lungs. That points to the fact that this protein in bronchial secretion does not behave only as acute phase reactant but it represents a component of nonspezific defence mechanism of respiratory tract against infection. The alpha-1-antitrypsin determination in bronchial secretion in infants with acute respiratory diseases is of clinical importance since it can be used as the indicator for application of enzymatic secretolytics during these diseases.", "contents": "The values of alpha-1-antitrypsin in bronchial secretion in infants with spastic bronchitis and bronchopneumonia. The alpha-1-antitrypsin values in bronchial secretion in fifty infants suffering from spastic bronchitis and/or bronchopneumonia were determined longitudinally. It was found that alpha-1-antitrypsin is regularly present in bronchial secretion. However, since alpha-1-antitrypsin was present only in the second sample of bronchial secretion in some investigated infants, it is necessary to determine it twice during the acute respiratory diseases at intervals of 3 days from appearance of the first clinical symptoms. Alpha-1-antitrypsin is present in bronchial secretion during the acute respiratory diseases in infants as long as physical finding exists on lungs. That points to the fact that this protein in bronchial secretion does not behave only as acute phase reactant but it represents a component of nonspezific defence mechanism of respiratory tract against infection. The alpha-1-antitrypsin determination in bronchial secretion in infants with acute respiratory diseases is of clinical importance since it can be used as the indicator for application of enzymatic secretolytics during these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:135497", "title": "[Pulmonary autoantibodies in bronchial asthma patients undergoing cave and climate therapy in Bystr\u00e1].", "content": "Pulmonary autoantibodies were determined by us in the sera of 37 patients who underwent a 6-week speleo- and climatotherapy in the cave of Bystr\u00e1. The titres found in both groups of patients showed no difference. Global evaluation revealed a high incidence of pulmonary autoantibodies. We saw a direct relationship between the titre and the degree of severity of the disease or the clinical condition. The demonstration of circulating pulmonary autoantibodies in bronchial asthma is possibly not only of diagnostic value but also of prognostic importance.", "contents": "[Pulmonary autoantibodies in bronchial asthma patients undergoing cave and climate therapy in Bystr\u00e1]. Pulmonary autoantibodies were determined by us in the sera of 37 patients who underwent a 6-week speleo- and climatotherapy in the cave of Bystr\u00e1. The titres found in both groups of patients showed no difference. Global evaluation revealed a high incidence of pulmonary autoantibodies. We saw a direct relationship between the titre and the degree of severity of the disease or the clinical condition. The demonstration of circulating pulmonary autoantibodies in bronchial asthma is possibly not only of diagnostic value but also of prognostic importance."}
{"id": "PMID:135498", "title": "[Effect of 17beta-estradiol-3-monobenzoate on humoral antibody formation in mice].", "content": "17beta-Estradiol-3-monobenzoate injected s.c. in mice led to a dose-dependent stimulation of the global reticuloendothelial clearance function. Furthermore, a significant depression of serum hemagglutinin levels, being independent of the anitgen dose, was noticed. Although a slight decrease of antigen-sensitive (memory) cells was revealed, estradiol treatment before priming failed to impair immunological memory as assayed by hemagglutinin titers in the secondary reaction. Estradiol administration was followed by charakteristic organ weight changes (liver, thymus, adrenals). According to the literature it is suggested that estradiol, like diethylstilbestrol, is capable of depressing humoral antibody formation by differential effects on the reticuloendothelial system.", "contents": "[Effect of 17beta-estradiol-3-monobenzoate on humoral antibody formation in mice]. 17beta-Estradiol-3-monobenzoate injected s.c. in mice led to a dose-dependent stimulation of the global reticuloendothelial clearance function. Furthermore, a significant depression of serum hemagglutinin levels, being independent of the anitgen dose, was noticed. Although a slight decrease of antigen-sensitive (memory) cells was revealed, estradiol treatment before priming failed to impair immunological memory as assayed by hemagglutinin titers in the secondary reaction. Estradiol administration was followed by charakteristic organ weight changes (liver, thymus, adrenals). According to the literature it is suggested that estradiol, like diethylstilbestrol, is capable of depressing humoral antibody formation by differential effects on the reticuloendothelial system."}
{"id": "PMID:135499", "title": "[Some problems of pollinosis therapy].", "content": "Proceeding from the importance of the specific hypo- resp. desensitization for a causal therapy of pollinosis aerobiological, botanical, phenological and serological results are discussed, the application of which in anamnesis, testing and composition of diagnosticals and therapeuticals will lead to an increase of the efficiency of this kind of treatment.", "contents": "[Some problems of pollinosis therapy]. Proceeding from the importance of the specific hypo- resp. desensitization for a causal therapy of pollinosis aerobiological, botanical, phenological and serological results are discussed, the application of which in anamnesis, testing and composition of diagnosticals and therapeuticals will lead to an increase of the efficiency of this kind of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:135501", "title": "[Mixed organ culture as new possibility for study of cellular immune phenomena according to Krebs].", "content": "A method for the detection of cellular tumor-versus-host relations is described, which consist in cultivating human tumor material together with autologous lymphocytes in one organ system and in determinating tumor and lymphocyte DNA synthesis separately before and after mixed organ culture. Advantages and disadvantages of this method are discussed. 58 human tumors were investigated (40 mammary, 13 gastric, 5 bronchial cancers). 37 tumors showed a sufficient in vitro growth. In about 50% of the mixed organ cultures, there was an increase in lymphocyte DNA synthesis compared to the controls. On the other hand, only in 9 cases a decrease in the tumor DNS synthesis could be observed under the influence of autologous lymphocytes. The investigations emphasize the individuality of the tumor-versus-host relations and lead to the consequence of a routine determination of the immune profile by a spectrum of several methods in tumor patients as a prognostic and therapeutic aid.", "contents": "[Mixed organ culture as new possibility for study of cellular immune phenomena according to Krebs]. A method for the detection of cellular tumor-versus-host relations is described, which consist in cultivating human tumor material together with autologous lymphocytes in one organ system and in determinating tumor and lymphocyte DNA synthesis separately before and after mixed organ culture. Advantages and disadvantages of this method are discussed. 58 human tumors were investigated (40 mammary, 13 gastric, 5 bronchial cancers). 37 tumors showed a sufficient in vitro growth. In about 50% of the mixed organ cultures, there was an increase in lymphocyte DNA synthesis compared to the controls. On the other hand, only in 9 cases a decrease in the tumor DNS synthesis could be observed under the influence of autologous lymphocytes. The investigations emphasize the individuality of the tumor-versus-host relations and lead to the consequence of a routine determination of the immune profile by a spectrum of several methods in tumor patients as a prognostic and therapeutic aid."}
{"id": "PMID:135502", "title": "[Effect of synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients on leukocyte migration].", "content": "By means of the migration inhibition test, the influence of the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients on normal blood lymphocytes was investigated. There was the hypothesis that the migration inhibitory factor is already formed in the synovial membrane of rheumatoid arthritis patients. In 35 cases a migration inhibition could be demonstrated, in 3 cases the migration of normal lymphocytes remained uninfluenced, in 6 cases a migration enhancement occurred. The demonstration of the rheumatic factor in the synovial fluids used was partly positive, partly negative. Especially the demonstration of a migration enhancement--this phenomenon could be reproduced repeatedly--cannot yet be interpreted unequivocally and requires further investigations.", "contents": "[Effect of synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients on leukocyte migration]. By means of the migration inhibition test, the influence of the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients on normal blood lymphocytes was investigated. There was the hypothesis that the migration inhibitory factor is already formed in the synovial membrane of rheumatoid arthritis patients. In 35 cases a migration inhibition could be demonstrated, in 3 cases the migration of normal lymphocytes remained uninfluenced, in 6 cases a migration enhancement occurred. The demonstration of the rheumatic factor in the synovial fluids used was partly positive, partly negative. Especially the demonstration of a migration enhancement--this phenomenon could be reproduced repeatedly--cannot yet be interpreted unequivocally and requires further investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:135503", "title": "[Lymphocyte transformation test used for the diagnosis of delayed reaction bacterial allergies].", "content": "The results obtained show firstly, that, when allergy testing is performed, a positive delayed reaction indispensably has to be taken into consideration. Secondly, that there is a good correspondence between positive skin tests and the LTT. Thirdly, that, after 1 year's desensibilisation treatment, a specific tolerance has not appeared yet.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte transformation test used for the diagnosis of delayed reaction bacterial allergies]. The results obtained show firstly, that, when allergy testing is performed, a positive delayed reaction indispensably has to be taken into consideration. Secondly, that there is a good correspondence between positive skin tests and the LTT. Thirdly, that, after 1 year's desensibilisation treatment, a specific tolerance has not appeared yet."}
{"id": "PMID:135504", "title": "[Comparative study on lymphocyte stimulation by PHA and bacterial endotoxins, particularly in malignant tumor and allergy patients].", "content": "In a group of 37 tumor patients with predominantly advanced disease, LPS stimulation (LPS of Sh. sonnei and Sh. flexneri) resulted in a significant increase of the transformation rates caused, most probably, by the high proportion of B cells. On the other hand, allergics (drug allergies) did not differ from controls. It seems possible that B cell stimulation by bacterial endotoxins can be used for the assessment of the reactivity of the organism.", "contents": "[Comparative study on lymphocyte stimulation by PHA and bacterial endotoxins, particularly in malignant tumor and allergy patients]. In a group of 37 tumor patients with predominantly advanced disease, LPS stimulation (LPS of Sh. sonnei and Sh. flexneri) resulted in a significant increase of the transformation rates caused, most probably, by the high proportion of B cells. On the other hand, allergics (drug allergies) did not differ from controls. It seems possible that B cell stimulation by bacterial endotoxins can be used for the assessment of the reactivity of the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:135505", "title": "[Immunoglobulin E and its relation to bronchial asthma].", "content": "This paper presents a comparison of the levels of IgE in blood serum in a group of healthy persons, a group of persons suffering on asthma bronchiale of an infectious type and of the group of patients suffering in atopic type of asthma bronchiale. The quantitative estimation of IgE in sera was accomplished by the radioimmunoassay \"Phadebas IgE Test\". The blood levels of IgE of healthy persons and those suffering on infectious asthma bronchiale had no striking differences. The patients suffering on atopic asthma bronchiale showed a tremendous rise of blood IgE, that could be suppressed by the therapeutic application of corticosteroids (Triamcinolon). After the withdrawal of corticosteroids a new rise of blood IgE has been observed. During the application of corticosteroids there was an evident suppression of plasmatic cortisol levels, which rose after their therapeutic withdrawal.", "contents": "[Immunoglobulin E and its relation to bronchial asthma]. This paper presents a comparison of the levels of IgE in blood serum in a group of healthy persons, a group of persons suffering on asthma bronchiale of an infectious type and of the group of patients suffering in atopic type of asthma bronchiale. The quantitative estimation of IgE in sera was accomplished by the radioimmunoassay \"Phadebas IgE Test\". The blood levels of IgE of healthy persons and those suffering on infectious asthma bronchiale had no striking differences. The patients suffering on atopic asthma bronchiale showed a tremendous rise of blood IgE, that could be suppressed by the therapeutic application of corticosteroids (Triamcinolon). After the withdrawal of corticosteroids a new rise of blood IgE has been observed. During the application of corticosteroids there was an evident suppression of plasmatic cortisol levels, which rose after their therapeutic withdrawal."}
{"id": "PMID:135506", "title": "[Purification of skin reactive factor (SRF) in mice].", "content": "For the purification and further characterisation of the skin-reactive factor (SRF) of the mouse, the SRF-containing ascitic fluid of Ehrlich ascites tumor was exposed to different separation or elution procedures. After preliminary purification by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation when the total activity was not in the dialysable supernatant, gel-chromatographic separation (Sephadex G-200), immune electrophoretic investigations as well as ion exchange chromatography were performed. The skin-reactive activity in fraction I of gel chromatiography is presumably caused by a toxic substance with skin-irritating properties. The SRF demonstrable in fraction II/2 has a molecular weight similar to that of albumin, can be found in the ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephadex A-50-column) in fraction III, and is of proteinic nature.", "contents": "[Purification of skin reactive factor (SRF) in mice]. For the purification and further characterisation of the skin-reactive factor (SRF) of the mouse, the SRF-containing ascitic fluid of Ehrlich ascites tumor was exposed to different separation or elution procedures. After preliminary purification by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation when the total activity was not in the dialysable supernatant, gel-chromatographic separation (Sephadex G-200), immune electrophoretic investigations as well as ion exchange chromatography were performed. The skin-reactive activity in fraction I of gel chromatiography is presumably caused by a toxic substance with skin-irritating properties. The SRF demonstrable in fraction II/2 has a molecular weight similar to that of albumin, can be found in the ion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sephadex A-50-column) in fraction III, and is of proteinic nature."}
{"id": "PMID:135507", "title": "[Leukocyte migration inhibition test in skin chamber--an in-vivo method].", "content": "For the demonstration of a cell-mediated sensitisation, tuberculin allergics, chromate allergics, penicillin allergics, and controls were investigated. The method used was the measurement of leukocyte migration inhibition in a Teflon skin chamber with and without addition of antigen, which approaches to testing under in vivo conditions. In 10 of 11 tuberculin allergics, 6 of 7 chromate allergics, and 7 penicillin allergics, a clear inhibition of leucocyte migration after addition of antigen could be observed (maximum 16 h after addition of antigen). In 16 unsensitised controls no significant migration inhibition appeared. Possible advantages of this method over in vitro methods and intracutaneous tests are discussed.", "contents": "[Leukocyte migration inhibition test in skin chamber--an in-vivo method]. For the demonstration of a cell-mediated sensitisation, tuberculin allergics, chromate allergics, penicillin allergics, and controls were investigated. The method used was the measurement of leukocyte migration inhibition in a Teflon skin chamber with and without addition of antigen, which approaches to testing under in vivo conditions. In 10 of 11 tuberculin allergics, 6 of 7 chromate allergics, and 7 penicillin allergics, a clear inhibition of leucocyte migration after addition of antigen could be observed (maximum 16 h after addition of antigen). In 16 unsensitised controls no significant migration inhibition appeared. Possible advantages of this method over in vitro methods and intracutaneous tests are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135508", "title": "Echocardiographic abnormalities in acute rheumatic fever.", "content": "The echocardiographic velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and left atrial dimension were measured serially in two groups of children with acute rheumatic fever: Group I, six patients with valve regurgitation without congestive heart failure, and Group II, seven patients with regurgitation and congestive heart failure. In Group I, the initial velocity of circumferential fiber shortening was increased to 1.90 +/- 0.31 circumferences per second (circ/sec) (mean +/- standard deviation). In group II, it was decreased (1.18+/-0.25). In group I velocity of circumferential fiber shortening subsequently decreased but remained above the normal level; in Group II it increased to exceed the expected normal value. Concurrent changes in left atrial dimension were observed in both groups. The initial left atrial dimension of Group I (2.2 +/- 0.75 cm/m2) was slightly increased and returned to normal (1.70 +/- 0.32) on follow-up study. The left atrial dimension of Group II was greatly increased initially (2.70 +/- 0.81 cm/m2) and remained large (2.50 +/- 0.67). Three patients in Group II experienced rebound during corticosteroid withdrawal. In each the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening decreased, suggesting impaired cardiac contractility. The echocardiogram thus facilitates serial assessment of the severity of carditis in acute rheumatic fever.", "contents": "Echocardiographic abnormalities in acute rheumatic fever. The echocardiographic velocity of circumferential fiber shortening and left atrial dimension were measured serially in two groups of children with acute rheumatic fever: Group I, six patients with valve regurgitation without congestive heart failure, and Group II, seven patients with regurgitation and congestive heart failure. In Group I, the initial velocity of circumferential fiber shortening was increased to 1.90 +/- 0.31 circumferences per second (circ/sec) (mean +/- standard deviation). In group II, it was decreased (1.18+/-0.25). In group I velocity of circumferential fiber shortening subsequently decreased but remained above the normal level; in Group II it increased to exceed the expected normal value. Concurrent changes in left atrial dimension were observed in both groups. The initial left atrial dimension of Group I (2.2 +/- 0.75 cm/m2) was slightly increased and returned to normal (1.70 +/- 0.32) on follow-up study. The left atrial dimension of Group II was greatly increased initially (2.70 +/- 0.81 cm/m2) and remained large (2.50 +/- 0.67). Three patients in Group II experienced rebound during corticosteroid withdrawal. In each the velocity of circumferential fiber shortening decreased, suggesting impaired cardiac contractility. The echocardiogram thus facilitates serial assessment of the severity of carditis in acute rheumatic fever."}
{"id": "PMID:135509", "title": "Cardiac involvement in the Kugelbert-Welander syndrome.", "content": "Two cases of the Kugelberg-Welander syndrome (juvenile form of progressive spinal muscular atrophy) associated with cardiomyopathy and cardiomegaly are presented. The first patient, a 24 year old man, had atrial flutter with complete atrioventricular (A-V) block due to A-H block. Echocardiography revealed an increase in the left atrial and right ventricular dimensions. The second patient was a 26 year old man whose electrocardiogram revealed an A-V junctional rhythm, deep Q wave in leads I, aVL and V5 to V6 and an RS pattern in lead V1. Histologic examination of the myocardium in Case 2 showed slight interstitial fibrosis. Review of previously reported cases shows that (1) the atrium, the ventricular myocardium and A-V conducting tissue may be involved, and (2) atrial arrhythmias, A-V conduction disturbances and congestive heart failure may occur in the Kugelberg-Welander syndrome.", "contents": "Cardiac involvement in the Kugelbert-Welander syndrome. Two cases of the Kugelberg-Welander syndrome (juvenile form of progressive spinal muscular atrophy) associated with cardiomyopathy and cardiomegaly are presented. The first patient, a 24 year old man, had atrial flutter with complete atrioventricular (A-V) block due to A-H block. Echocardiography revealed an increase in the left atrial and right ventricular dimensions. The second patient was a 26 year old man whose electrocardiogram revealed an A-V junctional rhythm, deep Q wave in leads I, aVL and V5 to V6 and an RS pattern in lead V1. Histologic examination of the myocardium in Case 2 showed slight interstitial fibrosis. Review of previously reported cases shows that (1) the atrium, the ventricular myocardium and A-V conducting tissue may be involved, and (2) atrial arrhythmias, A-V conduction disturbances and congestive heart failure may occur in the Kugelberg-Welander syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:135511", "title": "Acupuncture in chronic pain.", "content": "A course of 10 daily acupuncture treatments was given to 200 patients who suffered from chronic pain syndromes of at least one year duration and the result assessed at the end of the course of treatment and after an interval of at least 2 months. Treatments were individualized using needling of body loci distally and near the site of pain, and ear acupuncture. In 38 patients suffering from chronic headaches, including 13 cases of migraine-type headache, 81% reported an improvement in their condition, but only one patient was pain free for the 2-month observation period. In 162 patients with other chronic pain problems, 99 or 61% were improved or pain free at the end of treatment; in 69 of these a worthwhile degree of improvement persisted over the observation period of 2 months. Thirteen percent of all patients did not respond to acupuncture and in 26% the response was considered as transient only. Daily treatments are not more effective than weekly or biweekly treatments. Pain in the neck and shoulder region, in the knee and low back pain responded to acupuncture with prolonged improvement in over 50% of the patients treated. Facial pain syndromes and pain in the region of the trunk were least responsive and only 3 of 11 patients with post-herpetic neuralgia reported still having less pain after 2 months. Needling of effective loci and particularly ear needling often causes an instantaneous reduction or disappearance of pain; the speed of this response can only be explained by a mechanism within the nervous system. Based on our experience acupuncture represents a useful therapeutic modality in the management of pain.", "contents": "Acupuncture in chronic pain. A course of 10 daily acupuncture treatments was given to 200 patients who suffered from chronic pain syndromes of at least one year duration and the result assessed at the end of the course of treatment and after an interval of at least 2 months. Treatments were individualized using needling of body loci distally and near the site of pain, and ear acupuncture. In 38 patients suffering from chronic headaches, including 13 cases of migraine-type headache, 81% reported an improvement in their condition, but only one patient was pain free for the 2-month observation period. In 162 patients with other chronic pain problems, 99 or 61% were improved or pain free at the end of treatment; in 69 of these a worthwhile degree of improvement persisted over the observation period of 2 months. Thirteen percent of all patients did not respond to acupuncture and in 26% the response was considered as transient only. Daily treatments are not more effective than weekly or biweekly treatments. Pain in the neck and shoulder region, in the knee and low back pain responded to acupuncture with prolonged improvement in over 50% of the patients treated. Facial pain syndromes and pain in the region of the trunk were least responsive and only 3 of 11 patients with post-herpetic neuralgia reported still having less pain after 2 months. Needling of effective loci and particularly ear needling often causes an instantaneous reduction or disappearance of pain; the speed of this response can only be explained by a mechanism within the nervous system. Based on our experience acupuncture represents a useful therapeutic modality in the management of pain."}
{"id": "PMID:135512", "title": "Growth failure with pericardial constriction. The syndrome of mulibrey nanism.", "content": "The features of the syndrome of mulibrey nanism, an autosomal recessive disorder of unknown pathogenesis, include severe growth failure, yellow pigmentation of the retina, evidence of pericardial constriction, J-shaped sella turcica, and fibrous dysplasia of bones. To date, 24 individuals from Finland and a boy from Egypt have been reported with the syndrome. The patient reviewed in this article is the first known affected child from the United States. It is important that physicians look for this disorder in children with severe growth failure and hepatomegaly because of the potential seriousness of undetected pericardial constriction.", "contents": "Growth failure with pericardial constriction. The syndrome of mulibrey nanism. The features of the syndrome of mulibrey nanism, an autosomal recessive disorder of unknown pathogenesis, include severe growth failure, yellow pigmentation of the retina, evidence of pericardial constriction, J-shaped sella turcica, and fibrous dysplasia of bones. To date, 24 individuals from Finland and a boy from Egypt have been reported with the syndrome. The patient reviewed in this article is the first known affected child from the United States. It is important that physicians look for this disorder in children with severe growth failure and hepatomegaly because of the potential seriousness of undetected pericardial constriction."}
{"id": "PMID:135514", "title": "The limbic system in Alzheimer's disease. A neuropathologic investigation.", "content": "The morphologic alterations of Alzheimer's disease, presenile and senile dementia, have conventionally been associated with the cerebral cortex; however, it is clear that other areas of the brain, notably the hippocampus and amygdala, are involved as well. These structures, together with others such as the fornix, cingulate gyrus, septal nuclei, and mamillary bodies, constitute the limbic system, which has been recognized as the anatomic substrate of memory, emotion, and learning. Disturbances in these modalities are central to the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease; therefore, the limbic system was studied in its entirety in 9 patients with Alzheimer's disease and in 3 elderly individuals with Down's syndrome, in whom identical morphologic lesions were present. The findings disclose that the limbic system is regularly involved in Alzheimer's disease, to a severe degree and in a distinctively patterned distribution.", "contents": "The limbic system in Alzheimer's disease. A neuropathologic investigation. The morphologic alterations of Alzheimer's disease, presenile and senile dementia, have conventionally been associated with the cerebral cortex; however, it is clear that other areas of the brain, notably the hippocampus and amygdala, are involved as well. These structures, together with others such as the fornix, cingulate gyrus, septal nuclei, and mamillary bodies, constitute the limbic system, which has been recognized as the anatomic substrate of memory, emotion, and learning. Disturbances in these modalities are central to the clinical expression of Alzheimer's disease; therefore, the limbic system was studied in its entirety in 9 patients with Alzheimer's disease and in 3 elderly individuals with Down's syndrome, in whom identical morphologic lesions were present. The findings disclose that the limbic system is regularly involved in Alzheimer's disease, to a severe degree and in a distinctively patterned distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:135515", "title": "Changing sexual problems in adults.", "content": "In the framework of a symposium on changing sexual behavior in a changing society problems are discussed which the modified mores have created for a number of individuals or groups, for therapeutic intervention and research concepts. Examples, assumed to be not isolated to one or the other case, are used as illustrations.", "contents": "Changing sexual problems in adults. In the framework of a symposium on changing sexual behavior in a changing society problems are discussed which the modified mores have created for a number of individuals or groups, for therapeutic intervention and research concepts. Examples, assumed to be not isolated to one or the other case, are used as illustrations."}
{"id": "PMID:135516", "title": "Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum associated with trisomy 21.", "content": "An intraluminal duodenal diverticulum is an uncommon congenital abnormality that may produce intermittent ostruction. The true pathogenesis of this lesion is still disputed, but it probably results from ballooning of a congenital web or diaphragm with prolonged peristalsis. An intraluminal \"wind sock\"-like structure filed with barium and surrounded by a radiolucent halo is the classic and diagnostic radiologic appearance. An association with trisomy 21 is made.", "contents": "Intraluminal duodenal diverticulum associated with trisomy 21. An intraluminal duodenal diverticulum is an uncommon congenital abnormality that may produce intermittent ostruction. The true pathogenesis of this lesion is still disputed, but it probably results from ballooning of a congenital web or diaphragm with prolonged peristalsis. An intraluminal \"wind sock\"-like structure filed with barium and surrounded by a radiolucent halo is the classic and diagnostic radiologic appearance. An association with trisomy 21 is made."}
{"id": "PMID:135519", "title": "[On the molecular mechanism of action of galanthamine, an antagonist of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants (author's transl)].", "content": "In clinical anaesthesia, galanthamine hydrobromide (Nivalin), an alkaloid of galanthus nivalis (common snowdrop) is used to reverse the neuromuscular blocking effect of curare-type muscle relaxants. A comparative study of the inhibition by galanthamine of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; PH 7,2; substrate; acetylthiocholine) and of pseudocholinesterase (ChE; ph 7,7; substrate: butyrylthiocholine) was carried out by means of a colorimetric assay technique at 25 degrees C. AChE (pI50 = 5.5; Ki = 5.2 X 10(-8) M) has an approximately 100-fold higher affinity to galanthamine than has ChE (pI50 = 3.7; Ki = 2.9 X 10(-6) M). The kinetic analysis of the inhibition which is instantaneously reversible upon dilution revealed a pure competitive mechanism of action for both enzymes. Supported by a calculation of the change in free binding energy (AChE: delta F = 9.9 kcal X mole-1; ChE: delta F = -7.6 kcal X mole-1), galanthamine is thought to decrease the rate of hydrolysis by a reversible binding to the anionic site of the active centre (\"prosthetic inhibitor\") thus impairing the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex.", "contents": "[On the molecular mechanism of action of galanthamine, an antagonist of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants (author's transl)]. In clinical anaesthesia, galanthamine hydrobromide (Nivalin), an alkaloid of galanthus nivalis (common snowdrop) is used to reverse the neuromuscular blocking effect of curare-type muscle relaxants. A comparative study of the inhibition by galanthamine of acetylcholinesterase (AChE; PH 7,2; substrate; acetylthiocholine) and of pseudocholinesterase (ChE; ph 7,7; substrate: butyrylthiocholine) was carried out by means of a colorimetric assay technique at 25 degrees C. AChE (pI50 = 5.5; Ki = 5.2 X 10(-8) M) has an approximately 100-fold higher affinity to galanthamine than has ChE (pI50 = 3.7; Ki = 2.9 X 10(-6) M). The kinetic analysis of the inhibition which is instantaneously reversible upon dilution revealed a pure competitive mechanism of action for both enzymes. Supported by a calculation of the change in free binding energy (AChE: delta F = 9.9 kcal X mole-1; ChE: delta F = -7.6 kcal X mole-1), galanthamine is thought to decrease the rate of hydrolysis by a reversible binding to the anionic site of the active centre (\"prosthetic inhibitor\") thus impairing the formation of the enzyme-substrate complex."}
{"id": "PMID:135522", "title": "[Mechanisms of congenital erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies associated with hemolytic anemia].", "content": "The search for a mechanism for red cell enzyme deficiency associated with congenital hemolytic anemia, requires one to determine the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the enzyme reaction and study the physico-chemical and immunological characteristics of the protein which supports enzyme activity. The technique of iso-electric focalisation and the use of specific anti-enzyme antibodies, is the reason for recent progress in the understanding of the mechanism of these deficiencies. Examples of application of these techniques are given in relation to glucose-6-dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, glucose phosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase and phosphoglycerate kinase of deficiencies showing the multiplicity of the molecular mechanisms.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of congenital erythrocyte enzyme deficiencies associated with hemolytic anemia]. The search for a mechanism for red cell enzyme deficiency associated with congenital hemolytic anemia, requires one to determine the kinetic and thermodynamic properties of the enzyme reaction and study the physico-chemical and immunological characteristics of the protein which supports enzyme activity. The technique of iso-electric focalisation and the use of specific anti-enzyme antibodies, is the reason for recent progress in the understanding of the mechanism of these deficiencies. Examples of application of these techniques are given in relation to glucose-6-dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, glucose phosphate isomerase, phosphofructokinase and phosphoglycerate kinase of deficiencies showing the multiplicity of the molecular mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:135520", "title": "Anaphylactic shock following althesin. A case report.", "content": "The authors present a case of anaphylactic shock in a 9-year-old girl with heamorrhagic rash developing during anaesthesia. Shock was controlled with steroids, antihistamine drugs and dextran. The authors find it important to consider the possibility of the development of intravascular clotting in anaphylactic shock and the necessity of seeking a history of any allergy in patients before althesin anaesthesia.", "contents": "Anaphylactic shock following althesin. A case report. The authors present a case of anaphylactic shock in a 9-year-old girl with heamorrhagic rash developing during anaesthesia. Shock was controlled with steroids, antihistamine drugs and dextran. The authors find it important to consider the possibility of the development of intravascular clotting in anaphylactic shock and the necessity of seeking a history of any allergy in patients before althesin anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:135524", "title": "[Cytogenetic study of 257 mentally deficient patients in psychiatric hospitals].", "content": "Cytogenetic survey of 257 mentally retarded individuals. A cytogenetic inquiry was undertaken among 257 patients with mental retardation of two psychiatric hospitals. 25 patients show chromosomes anomalies (10%). We found: --18 trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome); --3 sexual chromosome anomalies: 47, XYY syndrome; 47, XYY/46, XY mosa\u00efcism; 47, XXY, or Klinefelter syndrom; --1 partial delection of long arm of chromosome number 18 (46, XX, 18 q--); --3 translocations; 45, XX, t (1, 13) (p 36, q 11); 46, XX, t (5 p--, 18 p+) (p 12, p 11); 46, XY, t (9, 19) (q 21, p 18). We also found 9 large Y chromosomes (46, XY q+), 8 cases of variant chromosomes, 1 case with chromosomes associations..., we report a case of masculine Turner phenotype or Noonan syndrom.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic study of 257 mentally deficient patients in psychiatric hospitals]. Cytogenetic survey of 257 mentally retarded individuals. A cytogenetic inquiry was undertaken among 257 patients with mental retardation of two psychiatric hospitals. 25 patients show chromosomes anomalies (10%). We found: --18 trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome); --3 sexual chromosome anomalies: 47, XYY syndrome; 47, XYY/46, XY mosa\u00efcism; 47, XXY, or Klinefelter syndrom; --1 partial delection of long arm of chromosome number 18 (46, XX, 18 q--); --3 translocations; 45, XX, t (1, 13) (p 36, q 11); 46, XX, t (5 p--, 18 p+) (p 12, p 11); 46, XY, t (9, 19) (q 21, p 18). We also found 9 large Y chromosomes (46, XY q+), 8 cases of variant chromosomes, 1 case with chromosomes associations..., we report a case of masculine Turner phenotype or Noonan syndrom."}
{"id": "PMID:135521", "title": "Clinical electromyomechanographic and electromyographic studies in decurarization with pymadine.", "content": "The authors present a clinical evaluation of a new drug - pymadine - reversing the non-depolarization block. The drug was administered to 21 patients. Full return of neuromuscular conduction was obtained. The drug is not an anticholinergic agent, has no side effects and does not require atropine administration. The authors recommend its use in patients with high cardiovascular and respiratory operative risk.", "contents": "Clinical electromyomechanographic and electromyographic studies in decurarization with pymadine. The authors present a clinical evaluation of a new drug - pymadine - reversing the non-depolarization block. The drug was administered to 21 patients. Full return of neuromuscular conduction was obtained. The drug is not an anticholinergic agent, has no side effects and does not require atropine administration. The authors recommend its use in patients with high cardiovascular and respiratory operative risk."}
{"id": "PMID:135526", "title": "Isolation of exocellular polymer from Zoogloea strains MP6 and 106 and from activated sludge.", "content": "Exocellular polymer was isolated from zoogloeae of Zoogloea strains MP6 and 106 and from activated sludge flocs by blending samples with phosphate buffer and precipitation of solubilized polymer with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Samples of polymer from these sources were similar and yielded amino sugars as the principal components after acid hydrolysis.", "contents": "Isolation of exocellular polymer from Zoogloea strains MP6 and 106 and from activated sludge. Exocellular polymer was isolated from zoogloeae of Zoogloea strains MP6 and 106 and from activated sludge flocs by blending samples with phosphate buffer and precipitation of solubilized polymer with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Samples of polymer from these sources were similar and yielded amino sugars as the principal components after acid hydrolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:135527", "title": "Staphylococci from the feces of different animal species: biotypes of Staphylococcus aureus strains of sheep and goat origin.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus was found in 96% of the rectal swabs from 133 sheep and in 80% of the swabs from 125 goats. Seventy-seven percent of the isolates from both hosts exhibited the fibrinolytic and growth characteristics of human biotype A on human plasma and crystal violet agar, respectively, but 99% of these isolates resembled S. aureus of animal origin in their other properties. Only 21% of the sheep and 24% of the goat isolates were clearly identifiable as human biotype A and animal biotypes B and C.", "contents": "Staphylococci from the feces of different animal species: biotypes of Staphylococcus aureus strains of sheep and goat origin. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 96% of the rectal swabs from 133 sheep and in 80% of the swabs from 125 goats. Seventy-seven percent of the isolates from both hosts exhibited the fibrinolytic and growth characteristics of human biotype A on human plasma and crystal violet agar, respectively, but 99% of these isolates resembled S. aureus of animal origin in their other properties. Only 21% of the sheep and 24% of the goat isolates were clearly identifiable as human biotype A and animal biotypes B and C."}
{"id": "PMID:135525", "title": "[Dimorphism in \"Ustilago cynodontis\". II--Glucidic metabolism (author's transl)].", "content": "The glucidic metabolism has been studied in four strains of Ustilago cynodontis. Two of them--M1 and M7--are mycelial strains, the two others --L1 and L7--being yeast like are respectively issued from M1 and M7. The results obtained show that the choice between the different glucidic catabolism pathways takes place at the phosphofructokinase level. When the phosphofructokinase is lacking (M1) the catabolism occurs via the pentose phosphate cycle followed by the last glycolytic reactions (between triose-phosphates and pyruvic acid). When the phosphofructokinase is present it always enters into competition with a very active phosphoglucose isomerase which makes it ineffective (L1, M7, L7). In those cases the catabolism still proceeds through the pentose cycle either completely (L7) or incompletely (L1, M7), depending in the presence or the absence of transketolase. In the last case it is the phosphoketolases which carry out the conversion between fructose-5-phosphate, xylulose-6-phosphate and acetyl-phosphate.", "contents": "[Dimorphism in \"Ustilago cynodontis\". II--Glucidic metabolism (author's transl)]. The glucidic metabolism has been studied in four strains of Ustilago cynodontis. Two of them--M1 and M7--are mycelial strains, the two others --L1 and L7--being yeast like are respectively issued from M1 and M7. The results obtained show that the choice between the different glucidic catabolism pathways takes place at the phosphofructokinase level. When the phosphofructokinase is lacking (M1) the catabolism occurs via the pentose phosphate cycle followed by the last glycolytic reactions (between triose-phosphates and pyruvic acid). When the phosphofructokinase is present it always enters into competition with a very active phosphoglucose isomerase which makes it ineffective (L1, M7, L7). In those cases the catabolism still proceeds through the pentose cycle either completely (L7) or incompletely (L1, M7), depending in the presence or the absence of transketolase. In the last case it is the phosphoketolases which carry out the conversion between fructose-5-phosphate, xylulose-6-phosphate and acetyl-phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:135533", "title": "Qualitative changes with age of proteoglycans of human lumbar discs.", "content": "A detailed study of the biochemistry of each of the lower lumbar intervertebral discs from 3 spines aged 8, 16, and 44 years has shown progressive changes down the spine in a number of biochemical parameters. These were most apparent in the 44-year-old spine. The chemical composition of proteoglycans of the nucleus pulposus and of its constituent proteoglycans differed from those of the corresponding annulus fibrosus of all three spines. The interaction of proteoglycans with collagen, as assessed by extractability, changed markedly with advancing age, while the molecular size of the proteoglycans from both regions decreased and their keratan sulphate content increased. These changes would be expected to affect the mechanical properties of the disc.", "contents": "Qualitative changes with age of proteoglycans of human lumbar discs. A detailed study of the biochemistry of each of the lower lumbar intervertebral discs from 3 spines aged 8, 16, and 44 years has shown progressive changes down the spine in a number of biochemical parameters. These were most apparent in the 44-year-old spine. The chemical composition of proteoglycans of the nucleus pulposus and of its constituent proteoglycans differed from those of the corresponding annulus fibrosus of all three spines. The interaction of proteoglycans with collagen, as assessed by extractability, changed markedly with advancing age, while the molecular size of the proteoglycans from both regions decreased and their keratan sulphate content increased. These changes would be expected to affect the mechanical properties of the disc."}
{"id": "PMID:135534", "title": "False aneurysms of the femoral artery: a challenge in management.", "content": "Forty patients with aneurysms of the femoral arteries were evaluated. Thirty had 34 false aneurysms and 23 were secondary to disruption of the suture line of a graft-to-artery anastomosis. All the false aneurysms were found in association with a synthetic material used as a bypass or arterial substitute. No direct relationship was found between the suture material and the incidence of anastomotic aneurysms in this series. Infection associated with the development of a false aneurysm was followed by a high incidence of amputation. Various techniques of repair have been used to restore the flow and preserve the viability of the limb. Recommendations are made to decrease the incidence of this complication.", "contents": "False aneurysms of the femoral artery: a challenge in management. Forty patients with aneurysms of the femoral arteries were evaluated. Thirty had 34 false aneurysms and 23 were secondary to disruption of the suture line of a graft-to-artery anastomosis. All the false aneurysms were found in association with a synthetic material used as a bypass or arterial substitute. No direct relationship was found between the suture material and the incidence of anastomotic aneurysms in this series. Infection associated with the development of a false aneurysm was followed by a high incidence of amputation. Various techniques of repair have been used to restore the flow and preserve the viability of the limb. Recommendations are made to decrease the incidence of this complication."}
{"id": "PMID:135535", "title": "[Enlarged heart caused by massive subepicardial lipomatosis with idiopathic dilatation of the right cavities].", "content": "The case is reported of a man of 48 with known longstanding gross cardiomegaly which was completely asymptomatic. Angiocardiography and coronary arteriography showed dilatation of the right side of the heart, and especially of the auricle. In addition, the ventricle was separated from the diphragm by a transparent non-fluid area. At operation, gross dilatation of the right atrium was confirmed, but no causative lesion could be found; there was also marked lipomatosis which involved particularly the area beneath the right ventricle. It is difficult to classify this most unusual case as either a classical dilatation of the right atrium, idiopathic or secondary, or as a cardiac lipoma or lipomatosis.", "contents": "[Enlarged heart caused by massive subepicardial lipomatosis with idiopathic dilatation of the right cavities]. The case is reported of a man of 48 with known longstanding gross cardiomegaly which was completely asymptomatic. Angiocardiography and coronary arteriography showed dilatation of the right side of the heart, and especially of the auricle. In addition, the ventricle was separated from the diphragm by a transparent non-fluid area. At operation, gross dilatation of the right atrium was confirmed, but no causative lesion could be found; there was also marked lipomatosis which involved particularly the area beneath the right ventricle. It is difficult to classify this most unusual case as either a classical dilatation of the right atrium, idiopathic or secondary, or as a cardiac lipoma or lipomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:135536", "title": "[Indications for prosthetic replacement of the aortic valve].", "content": "There is no controversy about the prosthetic replacement of the aortic valve in cases in which there is a disorder of function or cardiac failure, or in cases with a tight aortic stenosis, even if it appears to be well-tolerated clinically. It is especially critical in cases of aortic incompetence with marked cardiac enlargement, but the problems are not overwhelming. The indications for operation in very advanced cases with cardiac failure which is refractory, or in aged patients, are discussed.", "contents": "[Indications for prosthetic replacement of the aortic valve]. There is no controversy about the prosthetic replacement of the aortic valve in cases in which there is a disorder of function or cardiac failure, or in cases with a tight aortic stenosis, even if it appears to be well-tolerated clinically. It is especially critical in cases of aortic incompetence with marked cardiac enlargement, but the problems are not overwhelming. The indications for operation in very advanced cases with cardiac failure which is refractory, or in aged patients, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135537", "title": "[Anomalous ventricular contractile performance in experimental chronic aortic insufficiency in the dog].", "content": "Hemodynamics and right (RV) and left (LV) ventricular performances of anaesthetized, closed-chest animals were studied in normal control dogs (N) and in dogs with aortic insufficiency (AI), the latter intervention being performed 33 months before verification. In dogs with AI, LV was hypertrophied (N = 49.6 +/- 6.3 g; AI = 98.7 +/- 10.1, p less than 0.001); forward stroke volume was slightly decreased (N = 20.0 +/- 2.2 ml; IA = 14.6 +/- 5.4 ml, p = NS);LV and diastolic pressure was increased (N = 9.4 +/- 1.4 mmHg; IA = 16.7 +/- 2.9, p less than 0.05); both RV and LV myocardial performace index (e.g. dP/dt max, peak VCE, Vmax) were normals. Relative pressure/velocity of shortening and wall stress/velocity of shortening relationships, however, were decreased, when measured during L.V. isovolumetric beats. LV stiffness of arrested heart was increased in proportions with hypertrophy extent. Thus, myocardial performance of chronically volume-overloaded heart appears to be depressed before the stage of the circulatory failure.", "contents": "[Anomalous ventricular contractile performance in experimental chronic aortic insufficiency in the dog]. Hemodynamics and right (RV) and left (LV) ventricular performances of anaesthetized, closed-chest animals were studied in normal control dogs (N) and in dogs with aortic insufficiency (AI), the latter intervention being performed 33 months before verification. In dogs with AI, LV was hypertrophied (N = 49.6 +/- 6.3 g; AI = 98.7 +/- 10.1, p less than 0.001); forward stroke volume was slightly decreased (N = 20.0 +/- 2.2 ml; IA = 14.6 +/- 5.4 ml, p = NS);LV and diastolic pressure was increased (N = 9.4 +/- 1.4 mmHg; IA = 16.7 +/- 2.9, p less than 0.05); both RV and LV myocardial performace index (e.g. dP/dt max, peak VCE, Vmax) were normals. Relative pressure/velocity of shortening and wall stress/velocity of shortening relationships, however, were decreased, when measured during L.V. isovolumetric beats. LV stiffness of arrested heart was increased in proportions with hypertrophy extent. Thus, myocardial performance of chronically volume-overloaded heart appears to be depressed before the stage of the circulatory failure."}
{"id": "PMID:135538", "title": "Femorofemoral bypass graft in intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation.", "content": "Femorofemoral arterial crossover grafts were used in three patients to avoid or correct limb ischemia during intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. In retrospec, these grafts should have been used in two earlier patients in whom the balloon was removed prematurely. They are applied to the femoral artery just distal to the site of insertion of the balloon or the the balloon access graft. Removal of the graft at the time of the balloon removal is optional.", "contents": "Femorofemoral bypass graft in intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Femorofemoral arterial crossover grafts were used in three patients to avoid or correct limb ischemia during intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. In retrospec, these grafts should have been used in two earlier patients in whom the balloon was removed prematurely. They are applied to the femoral artery just distal to the site of insertion of the balloon or the the balloon access graft. Removal of the graft at the time of the balloon removal is optional."}
{"id": "PMID:135539", "title": "Surgical management of aplasia cutis congenita.", "content": "A child born without scalp, or dura to cover the brain (aplasia cutis congenita) was successfully treated by a multidiscipline team. A coexisting rupture omphalocele forced a change in treatment from the currently recommended regimen of mandatory early scalp closure. Homograft skin was used to protect the brain during the time the omphalocele was treated and skin flaps were delayed. Fluoroscein dye was utilized to determine flap viability and predicted ischemia until after a third delaying procedure was performed. The successful outcome suggests that the present philosophy of early surgical closure being essential for survival in infants with large cranial defects can be altered and, in fact, permanent full-thickness flaps may be designed, tested for viability, and delayed while homograft skin protects the infant's brain from infection and thrombosis.", "contents": "Surgical management of aplasia cutis congenita. A child born without scalp, or dura to cover the brain (aplasia cutis congenita) was successfully treated by a multidiscipline team. A coexisting rupture omphalocele forced a change in treatment from the currently recommended regimen of mandatory early scalp closure. Homograft skin was used to protect the brain during the time the omphalocele was treated and skin flaps were delayed. Fluoroscein dye was utilized to determine flap viability and predicted ischemia until after a third delaying procedure was performed. The successful outcome suggests that the present philosophy of early surgical closure being essential for survival in infants with large cranial defects can be altered and, in fact, permanent full-thickness flaps may be designed, tested for viability, and delayed while homograft skin protects the infant's brain from infection and thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:135540", "title": "[Growth of oocytes and follicles in Tylopoda].", "content": "The investigation of the growth of oocytes by methods of total determination of the number of normally developing and atretic folliculi and by specific histochemical methods allows to follow the succession of correlative changes between the egg-cell growth rate and the complication of its trophicity and the folliculum as a whole. The species peculiarities of the oocyte growth in the secondary and tertiary follicles and histochemical parameters of their maturation are found.", "contents": "[Growth of oocytes and follicles in Tylopoda]. The investigation of the growth of oocytes by methods of total determination of the number of normally developing and atretic folliculi and by specific histochemical methods allows to follow the succession of correlative changes between the egg-cell growth rate and the complication of its trophicity and the folliculum as a whole. The species peculiarities of the oocyte growth in the secondary and tertiary follicles and histochemical parameters of their maturation are found."}
{"id": "PMID:135544", "title": "[Vertical vergence pathways].", "content": "Two pathways for vertical vergence probably exist: the cortical one carrying a psycho-optical reflex, the other sub-cortical connected to the vestibular apparatus and more probably to the otolith system. The sub-cortical pathway is essentially a vestibulo-cerebellar oculomotor pathway; but in addition there certainly exist direct vestibulo-oculomotor connections and long tracts passing through the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and the reticular formation.", "contents": "[Vertical vergence pathways]. Two pathways for vertical vergence probably exist: the cortical one carrying a psycho-optical reflex, the other sub-cortical connected to the vestibular apparatus and more probably to the otolith system. The sub-cortical pathway is essentially a vestibulo-cerebellar oculomotor pathway; but in addition there certainly exist direct vestibulo-oculomotor connections and long tracts passing through the interstitial nucleus of Cajal and the reticular formation."}
{"id": "PMID:135545", "title": "[Value of functional and electrophysiological studies in amblyopia].", "content": "In a group of patients suffering from amblyopia, the authors confront the results after orthoptic treatment with data provided by functional and electrophysiological examination. In 37 patients the clinical diagnosis of functional amblyopia had been made, but in 8 of these cases complimentary functional and electrophysiological examinations showed organic perturbations. This explains the failure, in these cases, of the orthoptic treatment. In the remaining 29 patients, clinical forms of functional amblyopia were found. In this group, the authors studied 20 cases showing no improvement with treatment: in 15 out of the 20 the VERs were pathological. In the 9 remaining cases which have showed improvement the VER'S were never abnormal. VER study can be undertaken, without general anaesthesia, as from 3 to 4 years of age. The authors conclude that all clinical forms of amblyopia should undergo VER investigation: patients showing pathological changes should be excluded from orthoptic treatment, from which they have no possibility of deriving benefit.", "contents": "[Value of functional and electrophysiological studies in amblyopia]. In a group of patients suffering from amblyopia, the authors confront the results after orthoptic treatment with data provided by functional and electrophysiological examination. In 37 patients the clinical diagnosis of functional amblyopia had been made, but in 8 of these cases complimentary functional and electrophysiological examinations showed organic perturbations. This explains the failure, in these cases, of the orthoptic treatment. In the remaining 29 patients, clinical forms of functional amblyopia were found. In this group, the authors studied 20 cases showing no improvement with treatment: in 15 out of the 20 the VERs were pathological. In the 9 remaining cases which have showed improvement the VER'S were never abnormal. VER study can be undertaken, without general anaesthesia, as from 3 to 4 years of age. The authors conclude that all clinical forms of amblyopia should undergo VER investigation: patients showing pathological changes should be excluded from orthoptic treatment, from which they have no possibility of deriving benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:135546", "title": "[Electroretinography in nephronophthisis. Role of the Senior-Loken syndrome].", "content": "The authors report 20 cases of a syndrome named nephronophtisis and probably the same as the syndrome of medullar cystic disease. In all cases systematic electroretinography is performed. Nine cases show important deterioration of the outline. These cases can be included in the syndrome of Senior-Loken. The pathogenesis and familial character of this disease are discussed. The disturbances that appeared between the ocular and renal lesions suggest that there are probably two genes rather than a single pleiotropic gene.", "contents": "[Electroretinography in nephronophthisis. Role of the Senior-Loken syndrome]. The authors report 20 cases of a syndrome named nephronophtisis and probably the same as the syndrome of medullar cystic disease. In all cases systematic electroretinography is performed. Nine cases show important deterioration of the outline. These cases can be included in the syndrome of Senior-Loken. The pathogenesis and familial character of this disease are discussed. The disturbances that appeared between the ocular and renal lesions suggest that there are probably two genes rather than a single pleiotropic gene."}
{"id": "PMID:135547", "title": "[Local adaptation curves evoked by the pupillo-motor reflex].", "content": "We have studied local dark-adaptation curves using the pupillary reflex. The results obtained indicate that the dark-adaptation curves produced by central and peripheral stimulation are variable and are in principle similar to the psychophysical curves obtained in matching conditions. This result demonstrates that the pupillary reflex is triggered by two different types of receptors which have the same characteristics as the cones and the rods, and that the system of the pupillary receptors and the optical pathways is identical.", "contents": "[Local adaptation curves evoked by the pupillo-motor reflex]. We have studied local dark-adaptation curves using the pupillary reflex. The results obtained indicate that the dark-adaptation curves produced by central and peripheral stimulation are variable and are in principle similar to the psychophysical curves obtained in matching conditions. This result demonstrates that the pupillary reflex is triggered by two different types of receptors which have the same characteristics as the cones and the rods, and that the system of the pupillary receptors and the optical pathways is identical."}
{"id": "PMID:135548", "title": "[Scanning electron microscopy study of experimental chorioretinitis in guinea pigs].", "content": "Retinal lesions are described with the scanning electron microscope in the uveo retinitis induced in guinea pigs by immunization with rod outer segments of bovine retina. The two surfaces in contact of the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors are separated from each other and observed on flat preparations. On the epithelial side, the evolution of the degenerescence of epithelial cells is observed, from the early disappearance of villosities until the total destruction of the cells. Through lacks in the epithelial layer where the choroid appears, inflammatory cells migrate towards the retina. The impairement of the visual cells is characterized by progressive destruction of outer then inner segments, with preservation of the external limiting membrane. In some areas the degenerative process reaches the layer of visual cells nuclei. Macrophages, and local clusters of lymphocytes are seen in contact with the retinal surface.", "contents": "[Scanning electron microscopy study of experimental chorioretinitis in guinea pigs]. Retinal lesions are described with the scanning electron microscope in the uveo retinitis induced in guinea pigs by immunization with rod outer segments of bovine retina. The two surfaces in contact of the pigment epithelium and the photoreceptors are separated from each other and observed on flat preparations. On the epithelial side, the evolution of the degenerescence of epithelial cells is observed, from the early disappearance of villosities until the total destruction of the cells. Through lacks in the epithelial layer where the choroid appears, inflammatory cells migrate towards the retina. The impairement of the visual cells is characterized by progressive destruction of outer then inner segments, with preservation of the external limiting membrane. In some areas the degenerative process reaches the layer of visual cells nuclei. Macrophages, and local clusters of lymphocytes are seen in contact with the retinal surface."}
{"id": "PMID:135549", "title": "[Acetylcholine of bovine iris and cholinergic effects of pilocarpine].", "content": "The authors extracted acetylcholine (ACh) from bovine iris and carried out biological assay on guinea pig ileum. One of the pairs of irides were subjected in vivo for an hour to an aqueous solution of pilocarpine HCl 3 per cent, with the loading dose instilled in the conjunctival sac at the rate of ten times three drops in intervals of three minutes. The bio-assays of tissue extracts of pilocarpinised iris after one hour's action and the control studies present the following values: the amount of ACh in the pilocarpinised irides was 0,70 mug and in the controls it was 0,58 mug of ACh/150 mg of tissue. The remaining proportion of the elevated dose of pilocarpine applied to the iris tissue, one hour after the in vivo action, was comparable only to 1,5 mug of free pilocarpine or to a fifth of the ACh in the iris (0,12 mug). The results of these experiments demonstrate a complete decomposition of the pilocarpine as well as the existence of a certain limitation of elevation of the cholinergic tone in the iris tissues. The authors support data in the literature which indicates that pilocarpine raises the ACh levels. They do not attribute a fundamental importance to the raised loading dose of pilocarpine concerning the desired effect of a maximal elevation of cholinergic tone in order to achieve a favourable clinical effect in glaucoma.", "contents": "[Acetylcholine of bovine iris and cholinergic effects of pilocarpine]. The authors extracted acetylcholine (ACh) from bovine iris and carried out biological assay on guinea pig ileum. One of the pairs of irides were subjected in vivo for an hour to an aqueous solution of pilocarpine HCl 3 per cent, with the loading dose instilled in the conjunctival sac at the rate of ten times three drops in intervals of three minutes. The bio-assays of tissue extracts of pilocarpinised iris after one hour's action and the control studies present the following values: the amount of ACh in the pilocarpinised irides was 0,70 mug and in the controls it was 0,58 mug of ACh/150 mg of tissue. The remaining proportion of the elevated dose of pilocarpine applied to the iris tissue, one hour after the in vivo action, was comparable only to 1,5 mug of free pilocarpine or to a fifth of the ACh in the iris (0,12 mug). The results of these experiments demonstrate a complete decomposition of the pilocarpine as well as the existence of a certain limitation of elevation of the cholinergic tone in the iris tissues. The authors support data in the literature which indicates that pilocarpine raises the ACh levels. They do not attribute a fundamental importance to the raised loading dose of pilocarpine concerning the desired effect of a maximal elevation of cholinergic tone in order to achieve a favourable clinical effect in glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:135553", "title": "Non-invasive assessment of the heart in the hypertensive.", "content": "The prevalence of signs of heart involvement was studied non-invasively with orthogonal and conventional ECG, apexcardiogram, carotid pulse tracing and phonocardiogram in a group of untreated hypertensives (n = 35) and a reference group (n = 73). All were derived by screening a random population sample of 50-year-old men.", "contents": "Non-invasive assessment of the heart in the hypertensive. The prevalence of signs of heart involvement was studied non-invasively with orthogonal and conventional ECG, apexcardiogram, carotid pulse tracing and phonocardiogram in a group of untreated hypertensives (n = 35) and a reference group (n = 73). All were derived by screening a random population sample of 50-year-old men."}
{"id": "PMID:135557", "title": "Insufficiency of hypertrophied heart.", "content": "There are two types of compensatory hypertrophy of the heart. In valvular diseases, systemic hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension, the resultant hypertrophy compensates the increased load on the organ and is designated as hypertrophy due to overload. In ischemic disease, hereditary cardiomyopathies and myocarditis, the hypertrophy compensates for the functional insufficiency of the damaged myocardial tissue and is designated as hypertrophy due to damage. It is shown in this paper that increase in cardiac mass in both types of compensatory hypertrophy prevents acute cardiac insufficiency but at the same time is a non-balanced form of growth. As a result, in severe hypertrophy a disturbance of normal proportions at all levels of cardiac structural integration occurs. Disturbances of this type which gradually become causes of cardiac insufficiency are the main subject of this paper.", "contents": "Insufficiency of hypertrophied heart. There are two types of compensatory hypertrophy of the heart. In valvular diseases, systemic hypertension and pulmonary arterial hypertension, the resultant hypertrophy compensates the increased load on the organ and is designated as hypertrophy due to overload. In ischemic disease, hereditary cardiomyopathies and myocarditis, the hypertrophy compensates for the functional insufficiency of the damaged myocardial tissue and is designated as hypertrophy due to damage. It is shown in this paper that increase in cardiac mass in both types of compensatory hypertrophy prevents acute cardiac insufficiency but at the same time is a non-balanced form of growth. As a result, in severe hypertrophy a disturbance of normal proportions at all levels of cardiac structural integration occurs. Disturbances of this type which gradually become causes of cardiac insufficiency are the main subject of this paper."}
{"id": "PMID:135561", "title": "Temperature adaptation in fish.", "content": "Altering the body temperature of fish causes immediate changes in both the functional and biochemical properties of secretory epithelial tissues. The present account describes how the intestinal tract of the goldfish adapts to regulate its function after a sudden exposure to a change in environmental temperature. Adaptation can be seen to take place in three distinct steps. The first stage, occurring 15-20h after the change in environmental temperature, alters the ability of actively transported non-electrolytes to increase the microvillar membrane permeability to sodium. The passive permeability of the cells to sodium is also regulated at this stage. The second adaptive change involves changes in membrane phospholipids and amino acid transport. This occurs after about 32-48h. Regulation is still not complete, however, the intracellular sodium remaining low and intracellular potassium remaining high for 2-3 weeks. There is then a final regulation of sodium-pump activity. This change, which is concerned with pump turnover rather than with number of pump sites, is probably connected with the synthesis of new cells. These changes are discussed in detail, and an attempt is made to relate fine changes in phospholipid fatty acyl composition to known changes in membrane function.", "contents": "Temperature adaptation in fish. Altering the body temperature of fish causes immediate changes in both the functional and biochemical properties of secretory epithelial tissues. The present account describes how the intestinal tract of the goldfish adapts to regulate its function after a sudden exposure to a change in environmental temperature. Adaptation can be seen to take place in three distinct steps. The first stage, occurring 15-20h after the change in environmental temperature, alters the ability of actively transported non-electrolytes to increase the microvillar membrane permeability to sodium. The passive permeability of the cells to sodium is also regulated at this stage. The second adaptive change involves changes in membrane phospholipids and amino acid transport. This occurs after about 32-48h. Regulation is still not complete, however, the intracellular sodium remaining low and intracellular potassium remaining high for 2-3 weeks. There is then a final regulation of sodium-pump activity. This change, which is concerned with pump turnover rather than with number of pump sites, is probably connected with the synthesis of new cells. These changes are discussed in detail, and an attempt is made to relate fine changes in phospholipid fatty acyl composition to known changes in membrane function."}
{"id": "PMID:135563", "title": "Total serum cholesterol and urinary dehydroepiandrosterone in humans.", "content": "The relationship between urinary excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and total serum cholesterol was evaluated in an epidemiological study of coronary risk factors. The results of this study show statistically significant negative correlation (r = -0.238; P -0.014) between the urinary excretion of DHEA (mg/g creatinine) and total serum cholesterol. Total serum cholesterol (r = 0.278) and to a lesser extent. DHEA (R = 0.021) were found to be correlated with age. However, it was determined that the correlation between serum cholesterol and urinary DHEA was not attributable to the effect of age, since the partial correlation coefficient between serum cholesterol and urinary DHEA adjusted for age (r = 0.240) was found to be statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Negative but non-significant correlations were also found between urinary excretion of DHEA and many of the accepted risk factors for coronary heart disease.", "contents": "Total serum cholesterol and urinary dehydroepiandrosterone in humans. The relationship between urinary excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and total serum cholesterol was evaluated in an epidemiological study of coronary risk factors. The results of this study show statistically significant negative correlation (r = -0.238; P -0.014) between the urinary excretion of DHEA (mg/g creatinine) and total serum cholesterol. Total serum cholesterol (r = 0.278) and to a lesser extent. DHEA (R = 0.021) were found to be correlated with age. However, it was determined that the correlation between serum cholesterol and urinary DHEA was not attributable to the effect of age, since the partial correlation coefficient between serum cholesterol and urinary DHEA adjusted for age (r = 0.240) was found to be statistically significant (P less than 0.05). Negative but non-significant correlations were also found between urinary excretion of DHEA and many of the accepted risk factors for coronary heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:135571", "title": "Orthogonal electrocardiogram, apex cardiogram, and atrial sound in normotensive and hypertensive 50-year-old men.", "content": "The prevalence of signs of heart involvement was studied non-invasively in a group of untreated hypertensives (n=35) and a reference group (n=73), all derived from a random population sample of 50-year-old men. Signs of left ventricular hypertrophy were studied by means of orthogonal electrocardiography and conventional electrocardiography. Signs of decreased distensibility of the left ventricle were studied by apex cardiography and registration of atrial sounds. Left ventricular hypertrophy among hypertensives was significantly more common according to orthogonal electrocardiography (33%) than according to conventional electrocardiography (9%), indicating that the former may be a better method for detection of left ventricular hypertrophy than the latter. In the hypertension group the amplitude of the R wave in lead X on orthogonal electrocardiography was positively correlated to casual diastolic blood pressure (r=0-40) and to diastolic blood pressure after one hour's rest (r=0-65). The degree of pressure load leading to left ventricular hypertrophy seems to be better reflected by resting than by casual blood pressure. There was no hypertensive subject with both signs of left ventricular hypertrophy on orthogonal electrocardiography and either an a/H ratio over 15 per cent or an abnormal atrial sound, indicating two different forms of cardiac involvement as the result of hypertension. Casual blood pressures became normal during rest in hypertensives with a/H ratio over 15 per cent on apex cardiography or abnormal  atrial sound, not in hypertensives with signs of left ventricular hypertrophy on orthogonal electrocardiography.", "contents": "Orthogonal electrocardiogram, apex cardiogram, and atrial sound in normotensive and hypertensive 50-year-old men. The prevalence of signs of heart involvement was studied non-invasively in a group of untreated hypertensives (n=35) and a reference group (n=73), all derived from a random population sample of 50-year-old men. Signs of left ventricular hypertrophy were studied by means of orthogonal electrocardiography and conventional electrocardiography. Signs of decreased distensibility of the left ventricle were studied by apex cardiography and registration of atrial sounds. Left ventricular hypertrophy among hypertensives was significantly more common according to orthogonal electrocardiography (33%) than according to conventional electrocardiography (9%), indicating that the former may be a better method for detection of left ventricular hypertrophy than the latter. In the hypertension group the amplitude of the R wave in lead X on orthogonal electrocardiography was positively correlated to casual diastolic blood pressure (r=0-40) and to diastolic blood pressure after one hour's rest (r=0-65). The degree of pressure load leading to left ventricular hypertrophy seems to be better reflected by resting than by casual blood pressure. There was no hypertensive subject with both signs of left ventricular hypertrophy on orthogonal electrocardiography and either an a/H ratio over 15 per cent or an abnormal atrial sound, indicating two different forms of cardiac involvement as the result of hypertension. Casual blood pressures became normal during rest in hypertensives with a/H ratio over 15 per cent on apex cardiography or abnormal  atrial sound, not in hypertensives with signs of left ventricular hypertrophy on orthogonal electrocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:135572", "title": "Treatment of scleroderma heart by D-penicillamine.", "content": "A case of severe diffuse systemic sclerosis with cardiomegaly and cardiac failure is described. Treatment with D-penicillamine caused a pronounced decrease in heart size, together with clinical improvement. The use of penicillamine in scleroderma heart has not previously been reported.", "contents": "Treatment of scleroderma heart by D-penicillamine. A case of severe diffuse systemic sclerosis with cardiomegaly and cardiac failure is described. Treatment with D-penicillamine caused a pronounced decrease in heart size, together with clinical improvement. The use of penicillamine in scleroderma heart has not previously been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:135573", "title": "The effect of long term tetracycline treatment for acne vulgaris on the occurrence of R factors in the intestinal flora of man.", "content": "R factors are known to be the most important mechanism of antimicrobial resistance of intestinal flora. Short courses with therapeutic doses (1000 mg/day) of tetracycline select for strains containing transferable resistance factors to more than one antimicrobial agent. In this report we show that long term treatment with very low doses (100 mg/day) of tetracycline for acne vulgaris has an equally strong effect favouring establishment of resistent strains and R factors in the intestinal flora of patients.", "contents": "The effect of long term tetracycline treatment for acne vulgaris on the occurrence of R factors in the intestinal flora of man. R factors are known to be the most important mechanism of antimicrobial resistance of intestinal flora. Short courses with therapeutic doses (1000 mg/day) of tetracycline select for strains containing transferable resistance factors to more than one antimicrobial agent. In this report we show that long term treatment with very low doses (100 mg/day) of tetracycline for acne vulgaris has an equally strong effect favouring establishment of resistent strains and R factors in the intestinal flora of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:135570", "title": "[Surgical treatment of congenital interruption and hypoplasia of the aortic arch].", "content": "Three patients with interruption and seven with hypoplasia of the aortic arch were treated surgically. The subclavian artery and the aortic isthmus were employed for reconstructing the aortic arch in five, and a Dacron prosthesis was used to restore the aortic continuity in five. A ductus arteriosus coexisted in all patients and a ventricular or atrial septal defect in nine. Congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension were prominent clinical features, and the role of the ductus and other intracardiac anomalies on their pathogenesis in discussed. Six patients, one with an interrupted and five with a hypoplastic arch survived but three have evidence of either pulmonary vascular disease or significant pulmonary hypertension. Only one patient with hypoplasia of the arch is now considered cured after his ventricular septal defect was closed in a second operation. The analysis of this and other series in the literature indicate a high mortality rate of the conditions; however, early surgical treatment, which is the only effective means to control heart failure and avoid the effects of prolonged pulmonary hypertension, has brought upon a decline in mortality in recent years.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of congenital interruption and hypoplasia of the aortic arch]. Three patients with interruption and seven with hypoplasia of the aortic arch were treated surgically. The subclavian artery and the aortic isthmus were employed for reconstructing the aortic arch in five, and a Dacron prosthesis was used to restore the aortic continuity in five. A ductus arteriosus coexisted in all patients and a ventricular or atrial septal defect in nine. Congestive heart failure and pulmonary hypertension were prominent clinical features, and the role of the ductus and other intracardiac anomalies on their pathogenesis in discussed. Six patients, one with an interrupted and five with a hypoplastic arch survived but three have evidence of either pulmonary vascular disease or significant pulmonary hypertension. Only one patient with hypoplasia of the arch is now considered cured after his ventricular septal defect was closed in a second operation. The analysis of this and other series in the literature indicate a high mortality rate of the conditions; however, early surgical treatment, which is the only effective means to control heart failure and avoid the effects of prolonged pulmonary hypertension, has brought upon a decline in mortality in recent years."}
{"id": "PMID:135574", "title": "Hypersensitivity to bacteria in eczema. III. Arthus-like responses to bacterial antigens without specific antibody.", "content": "Seven patients with a macroscopic response resembling an Arthus reaction, and occurring 2-4 h after intracutaneous injections of staphylococcal particulate antigens or total staphylococcal extract, were examined for the appropriate specific antibodies that activate complement, and by immunofluorescence for antigen, immunoglobulin and complement in the reaction site. Four of the patients had serum antibody, and skin reactions with the typical features of early Arthus reactions and containing immunoglobulin, complement and antigen. Three patients had apparently 'non-allergic' responses. They lacked appropriate antibody in serum and immunoglobulin deposits in the lesions, though all except one had complement deposits in reaction sites. One of the three nevertheless had histological changes typical of an Arthus response. Lymphocytes teased from the reaction site skin of one patient with a 'non-allergic' 4 h response comprised 35 B cells bearing IgG out of 200 counted. The nature of the 'non-allergic' response reaching a maximum size at about 4 h macroscopically and in some instances microscopically resembling an Arthus response, is still to be determined but it illustrates the caution necessary in interpretation of skin tests with bacterial antigens.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity to bacteria in eczema. III. Arthus-like responses to bacterial antigens without specific antibody. Seven patients with a macroscopic response resembling an Arthus reaction, and occurring 2-4 h after intracutaneous injections of staphylococcal particulate antigens or total staphylococcal extract, were examined for the appropriate specific antibodies that activate complement, and by immunofluorescence for antigen, immunoglobulin and complement in the reaction site. Four of the patients had serum antibody, and skin reactions with the typical features of early Arthus reactions and containing immunoglobulin, complement and antigen. Three patients had apparently 'non-allergic' responses. They lacked appropriate antibody in serum and immunoglobulin deposits in the lesions, though all except one had complement deposits in reaction sites. One of the three nevertheless had histological changes typical of an Arthus response. Lymphocytes teased from the reaction site skin of one patient with a 'non-allergic' 4 h response comprised 35 B cells bearing IgG out of 200 counted. The nature of the 'non-allergic' response reaching a maximum size at about 4 h macroscopically and in some instances microscopically resembling an Arthus response, is still to be determined but it illustrates the caution necessary in interpretation of skin tests with bacterial antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:135576", "title": "Factor VIII and human platelet aggregation. IV. Effect of proteolytic enzymes on platelet aggregation by factor VIII.", "content": "During digestion of highly purified bovine factor VIII or neuraminidase-treated human factor VIII by plasmin the procoagulant activity is destroyed more rapidly than the aggregating activity. At an intermediate stage, fragments are transiently formed, which inhibit platelet aggregation by the respective undigested materials, but without corssed inhibition. During proteolysis by plasmin, human factor VIII retains antigenic and restocetin cofactor properties. Contrary to previous observations obtained with less purified preparations, plasmin digest of human or bovine factor VIII do not inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Thrombin and reptilase do not modify the aggragating activities of bovine and neuraminidase-treated human factor VIII.", "contents": "Factor VIII and human platelet aggregation. IV. Effect of proteolytic enzymes on platelet aggregation by factor VIII. During digestion of highly purified bovine factor VIII or neuraminidase-treated human factor VIII by plasmin the procoagulant activity is destroyed more rapidly than the aggregating activity. At an intermediate stage, fragments are transiently formed, which inhibit platelet aggregation by the respective undigested materials, but without corssed inhibition. During proteolysis by plasmin, human factor VIII retains antigenic and restocetin cofactor properties. Contrary to previous observations obtained with less purified preparations, plasmin digest of human or bovine factor VIII do not inhibit ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Thrombin and reptilase do not modify the aggragating activities of bovine and neuraminidase-treated human factor VIII."}
{"id": "PMID:135577", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of ovarian artery aneurysm in the puerperium. Two case reports and a review of the literature.", "content": "A case of spontaneous puerperal rupture of an aneurysm of a branch of the right ovarian artery is reported and the histological and histochemical changes in the vessel wall are described. Identical changes were also seen in a similar case, previously reported. Some of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of these unusual vascular lesions are discussed.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of ovarian artery aneurysm in the puerperium. Two case reports and a review of the literature. A case of spontaneous puerperal rupture of an aneurysm of a branch of the right ovarian artery is reported and the histological and histochemical changes in the vessel wall are described. Identical changes were also seen in a similar case, previously reported. Some of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of these unusual vascular lesions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135578", "title": "Relationships of the spectrin complex of human erythrocyte membranes to the actomyosins of muscle cells.", "content": "Important similarities are reported between human smooth muscle actomyosin and the human erythrocyte spectrin complex, primarily components 1, 2, and 5 (Fairbanks G., Steck, T.L., and Wallach, D.F.H. (1971), Biochemistry 10, 2606). The actin-like protein, component 5, is identical with human uterine actin in its ability to form 50-70-A filaments to stimulate myosin ATPase activity, and to bind rabbit heavy meromyoson specit heavy meromyosin specifically. Antibodies to human smooth muscle myosin(uterine) were prepared which were monospecific. A weak but specific cross-reaction of these antisera with components 1 and/or 2 (spectrin) was characterized and at least 25% of the antimyosin antibodies showed a low affinity reaction iwth spectrin. Antibodies generated against a soluble complex of spectrin components 1 and 2 reacted only with component 1 and did not cross-react with myosin. In addition to these structural similarities between smooth muscle actomyosin and the spectrin complex, we have found that spectrin is involved in ATP-dependent erythrocyte shape changes (Sheetz, M.P., Painter, R.G., AND Singer, S.J. (1976B), Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Cell Motility (in press) and, therefore, the spectrin complex is also a mechanochemical protein system.", "contents": "Relationships of the spectrin complex of human erythrocyte membranes to the actomyosins of muscle cells. Important similarities are reported between human smooth muscle actomyosin and the human erythrocyte spectrin complex, primarily components 1, 2, and 5 (Fairbanks G., Steck, T.L., and Wallach, D.F.H. (1971), Biochemistry 10, 2606). The actin-like protein, component 5, is identical with human uterine actin in its ability to form 50-70-A filaments to stimulate myosin ATPase activity, and to bind rabbit heavy meromyoson specit heavy meromyosin specifically. Antibodies to human smooth muscle myosin(uterine) were prepared which were monospecific. A weak but specific cross-reaction of these antisera with components 1 and/or 2 (spectrin) was characterized and at least 25% of the antimyosin antibodies showed a low affinity reaction iwth spectrin. Antibodies generated against a soluble complex of spectrin components 1 and 2 reacted only with component 1 and did not cross-react with myosin. In addition to these structural similarities between smooth muscle actomyosin and the spectrin complex, we have found that spectrin is involved in ATP-dependent erythrocyte shape changes (Sheetz, M.P., Painter, R.G., AND Singer, S.J. (1976B), Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Cell Motility (in press) and, therefore, the spectrin complex is also a mechanochemical protein system."}
{"id": "PMID:135579", "title": "Sulfhydryl group modification of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.", "content": "Modification of calcium-translocating sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes (SR) with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (Nbs2) reveals four classes (kinetic sets) of sulfhydryl groups. Of the 25 mol/1.5 X 10(5) G OF SR protein (i.e., containing 1 mol of ATPase protein) estimated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, 8 mol are unreactive, while 7, 8, and 2 mol display pseudo-first-order rate constants (k1) of 0.16, 0.68, and 8.3 min(-1), respectively (25 decrees C, pH 7.8, 4 MM Nbs2). Under these conditions, the Ca-ATPase activity is lost with k1 = 0.73 min(-1), whereas the Ca-independent ATPase activity is essentially unchanged. These results are little changed by the presence of Mg2+ or Ba2+ in the modification mixture, while Ca2+ or Sr2+ causes all 16-17 reactable sulfhydryls to be modified with k1 = 0.50 and 0.53 min(-1), respectively. The corresponding values for the loss of Ca-ATPase activity are 0.53 and 0.67 min(-1); this suggests that blocking of only one of the 16-17 SH groups inactivates the enzyme, i.e., that there is a single \"essential\" SH group. The midpoint of the transition between the Ca2+-free and Ca2+-modification patterns occurs at a free Ca2+ concentration of about 0.9 muM, implying that it is Ca2+ binding at the active sites (KD = 0.1 muM), rather than at the low-affinity nonspecific sites, that effects a conformation change in the ATPase protein (which contains greater than 90% of the cysteines). A calcium-induced conformation change is also suggested by increased ultraviolet absorbance spectrum of the purified ATPase protein upon calcium binding. If protein-lipid interaction is disrupted with deoxycholate or Triton X-100 (which does not destroy the Ca-ATPase activity and hence presumably leaves the tertiary structure of the ATPase protein largely intact), 95% of the sulfhydryls react with Nbs2 considerably faster; thus, at 2 mg/ml o- deoxycholate, 14 groups react with k1 greater than 20, 5 with k1 = 2.3, and 5 with k1 = 0.4 min(-1). These results suggest that the inaccessibility of SH groups in the absence of detergents is due to extensive interaction of the bilayer phospholipids with the ATPase protein.", "contents": "Sulfhydryl group modification of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. Modification of calcium-translocating sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes (SR) with 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoate) (Nbs2) reveals four classes (kinetic sets) of sulfhydryl groups. Of the 25 mol/1.5 X 10(5) G OF SR protein (i.e., containing 1 mol of ATPase protein) estimated in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, 8 mol are unreactive, while 7, 8, and 2 mol display pseudo-first-order rate constants (k1) of 0.16, 0.68, and 8.3 min(-1), respectively (25 decrees C, pH 7.8, 4 MM Nbs2). Under these conditions, the Ca-ATPase activity is lost with k1 = 0.73 min(-1), whereas the Ca-independent ATPase activity is essentially unchanged. These results are little changed by the presence of Mg2+ or Ba2+ in the modification mixture, while Ca2+ or Sr2+ causes all 16-17 reactable sulfhydryls to be modified with k1 = 0.50 and 0.53 min(-1), respectively. The corresponding values for the loss of Ca-ATPase activity are 0.53 and 0.67 min(-1); this suggests that blocking of only one of the 16-17 SH groups inactivates the enzyme, i.e., that there is a single \"essential\" SH group. The midpoint of the transition between the Ca2+-free and Ca2+-modification patterns occurs at a free Ca2+ concentration of about 0.9 muM, implying that it is Ca2+ binding at the active sites (KD = 0.1 muM), rather than at the low-affinity nonspecific sites, that effects a conformation change in the ATPase protein (which contains greater than 90% of the cysteines). A calcium-induced conformation change is also suggested by increased ultraviolet absorbance spectrum of the purified ATPase protein upon calcium binding. If protein-lipid interaction is disrupted with deoxycholate or Triton X-100 (which does not destroy the Ca-ATPase activity and hence presumably leaves the tertiary structure of the ATPase protein largely intact), 95% of the sulfhydryls react with Nbs2 considerably faster; thus, at 2 mg/ml o- deoxycholate, 14 groups react with k1 greater than 20, 5 with k1 = 2.3, and 5 with k1 = 0.4 min(-1). These results suggest that the inaccessibility of SH groups in the absence of detergents is due to extensive interaction of the bilayer phospholipids with the ATPase protein."}
{"id": "PMID:135580", "title": "Studies of 1-deoxy-D-fructose, 1-deoxy-D-glucitol, and 1-deoxy-D-minnitol as antimetabolites.", "content": "1-Deoxy-D-fructose was synthesized in 27% yield from D-glucosamine in a three-step procedure involving Raney nickel desulfurization and oxidative deamination with 3,5-di-tert-butyl- 1,2-benzoquinone applied to appropriate intermediates. 1-Deoxyfructose and its reduction products, 1-deoxyglucitol and 1-deoxymannitol, were tested as substrates and antimetabolites. For sheep liver glucitol dehydrogenase, the Km is 53 mM for 1-deoxymannitol, were tested as substrates and antimetabolites. For sheep liver glucitol dehydrogenase, the Km is 53 mM for 1-deoxyglucitol and 89 mM for 1-deoxymannitol with maximal velocities 33 and 18%, respectively, of that with glucitol as substrate. These results require substantial revision of the long-accepted polyol substrate structural requirements for this enzyme which have been reported to include a 1-hydroxy group and a cis-2,4-dihydroxy configuration. Km is 614 and 280 mM for yeast and muscle hexokinases, respectively, acting on 1-deoxyfructose; maximal velocities are 2 and 5% of those obtained with fructose. 1-Deoxyfructose 6-phosphate is a competitive inhibitor of phosphoglucose isomerase with a Ki of 1.1 mM; this is about the same as Km for the natural substrates. It is also an effective inhibitor of phosphofructokinase but does not alter the cooperativity of the enzyme interaction with fructose 6-phosphate nor exhibit cooperativity in its own interaction therewith. These results suggest that the 1-hydroxy group is not crucial for binding but does play a role in the cooperative interactions of this allosteric protein. At equivalent concentrations, 1-deoxyfructose is somewhat better than 2-deoxyglucose as an inhibitor of erythrocyte glycolysis; the 1-deoxypolyols are ineffective. All three 1-deoxy compounds are readily, though incompletely, absorbed from the intestine of mice; most of the absorbed dose appears in the urine unchanged within 24 h. Whether given by oral or intraperitoneal routes, 2 to 6% of administered deoxypolyol or deoxyketose appears in the urine as ketose or polyol, respectively. No acute toxic effects or growth retardation are noted for any of the 1-deoxy analogues when given to mice at levels where 2-deoxyglucose has such effects. The properties of these 1-deoxy sugar analogues recommend them for further studies of enzyme mechanisms, for metabolic studies, and for testing as therapeutic agents against such organisms as certain mammalian parasites with heavy reliance on glycolysis.", "contents": "Studies of 1-deoxy-D-fructose, 1-deoxy-D-glucitol, and 1-deoxy-D-minnitol as antimetabolites. 1-Deoxy-D-fructose was synthesized in 27% yield from D-glucosamine in a three-step procedure involving Raney nickel desulfurization and oxidative deamination with 3,5-di-tert-butyl- 1,2-benzoquinone applied to appropriate intermediates. 1-Deoxyfructose and its reduction products, 1-deoxyglucitol and 1-deoxymannitol, were tested as substrates and antimetabolites. For sheep liver glucitol dehydrogenase, the Km is 53 mM for 1-deoxymannitol, were tested as substrates and antimetabolites. For sheep liver glucitol dehydrogenase, the Km is 53 mM for 1-deoxyglucitol and 89 mM for 1-deoxymannitol with maximal velocities 33 and 18%, respectively, of that with glucitol as substrate. These results require substantial revision of the long-accepted polyol substrate structural requirements for this enzyme which have been reported to include a 1-hydroxy group and a cis-2,4-dihydroxy configuration. Km is 614 and 280 mM for yeast and muscle hexokinases, respectively, acting on 1-deoxyfructose; maximal velocities are 2 and 5% of those obtained with fructose. 1-Deoxyfructose 6-phosphate is a competitive inhibitor of phosphoglucose isomerase with a Ki of 1.1 mM; this is about the same as Km for the natural substrates. It is also an effective inhibitor of phosphofructokinase but does not alter the cooperativity of the enzyme interaction with fructose 6-phosphate nor exhibit cooperativity in its own interaction therewith. These results suggest that the 1-hydroxy group is not crucial for binding but does play a role in the cooperative interactions of this allosteric protein. At equivalent concentrations, 1-deoxyfructose is somewhat better than 2-deoxyglucose as an inhibitor of erythrocyte glycolysis; the 1-deoxypolyols are ineffective. All three 1-deoxy compounds are readily, though incompletely, absorbed from the intestine of mice; most of the absorbed dose appears in the urine unchanged within 24 h. Whether given by oral or intraperitoneal routes, 2 to 6% of administered deoxypolyol or deoxyketose appears in the urine as ketose or polyol, respectively. No acute toxic effects or growth retardation are noted for any of the 1-deoxy analogues when given to mice at levels where 2-deoxyglucose has such effects. The properties of these 1-deoxy sugar analogues recommend them for further studies of enzyme mechanisms, for metabolic studies, and for testing as therapeutic agents against such organisms as certain mammalian parasites with heavy reliance on glycolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:135583", "title": "[Chemiosmotic mechanism of transport of biological macromolecules through bacterial membranes].", "content": "A general mechanism of the nucleic acids transport through bacterial membranes during genetic transformation, transfection, viral infection and bacterial conjugation, has been developed. The uptake of nucleic acid occurs due to the symport with H+ ions down to an electrochemical potential gradient (\"minus\" inside) generated by respiration or ATP hydrolysis within recipient cells. The nucleic acid anions of non--lethal viruses are extruded from the negatively charged host cell cytoplasm by electrostatic repulsion. The difference of electrochemical potentials between the conjugating cells cytoplasms is considered as a driving force for the transport of DNA from the donor to the recipient cell.", "contents": "[Chemiosmotic mechanism of transport of biological macromolecules through bacterial membranes]. A general mechanism of the nucleic acids transport through bacterial membranes during genetic transformation, transfection, viral infection and bacterial conjugation, has been developed. The uptake of nucleic acid occurs due to the symport with H+ ions down to an electrochemical potential gradient (\"minus\" inside) generated by respiration or ATP hydrolysis within recipient cells. The nucleic acid anions of non--lethal viruses are extruded from the negatively charged host cell cytoplasm by electrostatic repulsion. The difference of electrochemical potentials between the conjugating cells cytoplasms is considered as a driving force for the transport of DNA from the donor to the recipient cell."}
{"id": "PMID:135584", "title": "[Effect of storage conditions on the kinetic properties of myosin ATPase].", "content": "\"Substrate inhibition\", which has been described earlier for myosin Ca-ATPase in low ionic strength KCl solution [1], is found to take place also at high KCl concentration and under partial modification of enzyme thiol groups with p-CMB. \"Substrate inhibition\" disappeared when increasing Ca2+ concentration up to 25-40 mM. These kinetic properties are characteristic for fresh isolated enzyme and myosin preparations stored in 0.5 M KCl. They may change under storage of enzyme preparations at higher KCl concentrations: no \"substrate inhibition\" is observed after 6-8-day storage of myosin preparations in 3 M KCl at the presence of 4-5 mM CaCl2. The data on optical rotation dispersion and analytical ultracentrifugation have shown that the storage of myosin in 3 M KCl is accompanied by structural changes of the protein.", "contents": "[Effect of storage conditions on the kinetic properties of myosin ATPase]. \"Substrate inhibition\", which has been described earlier for myosin Ca-ATPase in low ionic strength KCl solution [1], is found to take place also at high KCl concentration and under partial modification of enzyme thiol groups with p-CMB. \"Substrate inhibition\" disappeared when increasing Ca2+ concentration up to 25-40 mM. These kinetic properties are characteristic for fresh isolated enzyme and myosin preparations stored in 0.5 M KCl. They may change under storage of enzyme preparations at higher KCl concentrations: no \"substrate inhibition\" is observed after 6-8-day storage of myosin preparations in 3 M KCl at the presence of 4-5 mM CaCl2. The data on optical rotation dispersion and analytical ultracentrifugation have shown that the storage of myosin in 3 M KCl is accompanied by structural changes of the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:135585", "title": "The use of velour as a vascular prosthesis.", "content": "Knitted Dacron cloth fabricated into tubes has gained widespread acceptance as an arterial prosthesis. Continued research and development in the field of vascular prostheses is required because existing materials are not ideal. This paper relates general developments in vascular prosthesis research and focuses on specific results with Dacron velour materials. The nature of the velour surface offers several advantages that are important in designing a more satisfactory prosthesis.", "contents": "The use of velour as a vascular prosthesis. Knitted Dacron cloth fabricated into tubes has gained widespread acceptance as an arterial prosthesis. Continued research and development in the field of vascular prostheses is required because existing materials are not ideal. This paper relates general developments in vascular prosthesis research and focuses on specific results with Dacron velour materials. The nature of the velour surface offers several advantages that are important in designing a more satisfactory prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:135587", "title": "Causal mechanisms of multiple acquired red cell enzyme defects in a patient with acquired dyserythropoiesis.", "content": "A patient with an unclassified form of acquired dyserythropoiesis was found to have multiple defects in erythrocyte enzyme activity, involving especially pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), and phosphofructokinase (PFK). The PK activity defect was associated with a normal concentration of PK-related antigen, and the enzyme could be reactivated during the procedure of partial purification of the enzyme. The concentration of GPI-related antigen was as reduced as the GPI enzymatic activity, and the defect was not improved by any treatment (cross-incubation of red cells or treatment of the hemolysate by SH reagents); the residual enzyme had a normal stability to heat, and a normal electrophoretic and electrofocusing pattern. The PFK activity defect was not improved either by cross-incubation of red cells or by treatment with SH reagents. Immunologic data with antimuscle and antileukocyte antisera seemed to indicate that the defect involved especially the muscle-type subunit of erythrocyte PFK. In agreement with this assumption was the fact that deficient PFK was markedly more inhibited by ATP than normal enzyme. Changes similar to those of deficient PFK herein studied were noted for PFK of unfractionated erythrocytes from premature newborns or of \"old\" erythrocytes from full-term infants. It appeared that each of the three enzyme defects detected in the patient could be due to a different mechanism, involving post-translational changes, decreased synthesis, and possible reversion of the genetic regulation mechanisms of the abnormal erythroid precursors toward a fetal type. The possible relationships between these various phenomena and the nature of a hypothetical common underlying cause are discussed.", "contents": "Causal mechanisms of multiple acquired red cell enzyme defects in a patient with acquired dyserythropoiesis. A patient with an unclassified form of acquired dyserythropoiesis was found to have multiple defects in erythrocyte enzyme activity, involving especially pyruvate kinase (PK), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), and phosphofructokinase (PFK). The PK activity defect was associated with a normal concentration of PK-related antigen, and the enzyme could be reactivated during the procedure of partial purification of the enzyme. The concentration of GPI-related antigen was as reduced as the GPI enzymatic activity, and the defect was not improved by any treatment (cross-incubation of red cells or treatment of the hemolysate by SH reagents); the residual enzyme had a normal stability to heat, and a normal electrophoretic and electrofocusing pattern. The PFK activity defect was not improved either by cross-incubation of red cells or by treatment with SH reagents. Immunologic data with antimuscle and antileukocyte antisera seemed to indicate that the defect involved especially the muscle-type subunit of erythrocyte PFK. In agreement with this assumption was the fact that deficient PFK was markedly more inhibited by ATP than normal enzyme. Changes similar to those of deficient PFK herein studied were noted for PFK of unfractionated erythrocytes from premature newborns or of \"old\" erythrocytes from full-term infants. It appeared that each of the three enzyme defects detected in the patient could be due to a different mechanism, involving post-translational changes, decreased synthesis, and possible reversion of the genetic regulation mechanisms of the abnormal erythroid precursors toward a fetal type. The possible relationships between these various phenomena and the nature of a hypothetical common underlying cause are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135588", "title": "Mechanisms involved in enhancement of plasma fibrinolytic activity by chloroform.", "content": "The effects of a single 1-min extraction with chloroform (CHCl3) on plasma fibrinolytic activity has been examined by 125I-fibrin solid phase assay, using normal plasma and plasma depleted of plasminogen (PLG) by lysine-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Fibrinolytic activity of normal plasma is increased (40%-175%), and more than 95% of antiplasmin activity is removed. The increase is demonstrable in PLG-depleted plasma, and is not inhibited by tranexamic acid (0.01 M). Purified PLG is not activated to plasmin by ChCl3 treatment. Bio-Gel A 0.5 m fractionation of CHCl3-extracted, PLG-depleted plasma reveals fractions with the following activities: (1) streptokinase-activatable, PLG-independent fibrinolytic activities; (2) PLG activator activities; and (3) plasmin-stimulated but PLG-independent fibrinolytic activities, which include activities inhibited by hexadimethrine bromide and which cofractionate in part with plasmin-stimulated procoagulant activities. In addition, similar fractionation of nonextracted plasma reveals two non-plasmin fibrinolytic activities (approximately 30,000 and 13,000 daltons) activated by streptokinase and plasmin, respectively. The findings indicate that the enhanced fibrinolytic activity resulting from CHCl3 treatment is independent of plasmin as the ultimate fibrinolytic enzyme, although activities stimulated by plasmin may contribute, and that such treatment is a useful maneuver for study of PLG-dependent and PLG-independent fibrinolytic mechanisms, and their interactions.", "contents": "Mechanisms involved in enhancement of plasma fibrinolytic activity by chloroform. The effects of a single 1-min extraction with chloroform (CHCl3) on plasma fibrinolytic activity has been examined by 125I-fibrin solid phase assay, using normal plasma and plasma depleted of plasminogen (PLG) by lysine-Sepharose affinity chromatography. Fibrinolytic activity of normal plasma is increased (40%-175%), and more than 95% of antiplasmin activity is removed. The increase is demonstrable in PLG-depleted plasma, and is not inhibited by tranexamic acid (0.01 M). Purified PLG is not activated to plasmin by ChCl3 treatment. Bio-Gel A 0.5 m fractionation of CHCl3-extracted, PLG-depleted plasma reveals fractions with the following activities: (1) streptokinase-activatable, PLG-independent fibrinolytic activities; (2) PLG activator activities; and (3) plasmin-stimulated but PLG-independent fibrinolytic activities, which include activities inhibited by hexadimethrine bromide and which cofractionate in part with plasmin-stimulated procoagulant activities. In addition, similar fractionation of nonextracted plasma reveals two non-plasmin fibrinolytic activities (approximately 30,000 and 13,000 daltons) activated by streptokinase and plasmin, respectively. The findings indicate that the enhanced fibrinolytic activity resulting from CHCl3 treatment is independent of plasmin as the ultimate fibrinolytic enzyme, although activities stimulated by plasmin may contribute, and that such treatment is a useful maneuver for study of PLG-dependent and PLG-independent fibrinolytic mechanisms, and their interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:135592", "title": "Fetal cervical hypertension in breech presentation.", "content": "A review has been made of Down's syndrome patients who were radiographed as fetuses and the majority were found to be in abnormal postures, often \"star gazing\". Further review of \"star gazing\" fetuses showed that two of eight were normal and the rest were abnormal. Hypotonia was a frequent association.", "contents": "Fetal cervical hypertension in breech presentation. A review has been made of Down's syndrome patients who were radiographed as fetuses and the majority were found to be in abnormal postures, often \"star gazing\". Further review of \"star gazing\" fetuses showed that two of eight were normal and the rest were abnormal. Hypotonia was a frequent association."}
{"id": "PMID:135594", "title": "Deaths from coronary artery disease and coalworkers' pneumoconiosis.", "content": "When pneumoconiosis makes a material contribution to a miner's death benefit is paid to his widow. Doctors from the Department of Health and Social Security have argued that extensive pneumoconiosis not only does not increase the risks of death if coronary thrombosis develops but also that it may exert a beneficial effect. This view has been put to the National Insurance Commissioners on at least three occasions recently. There are however, several reasons for coming to the opposite conclusion. THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT PROGRESSIVE MASSIVE FIBROSIS Reduces mortality or the development of atheroma, and until such evidence is produced it is unwise to believe that the presence of any severe disease improves anyone's changes of surviving coronary thrombosis. Rather, it should be recongised that any disease which produces a high mortality is inevitably associated with a lower  mortality from other conditions. As doctors from the Department will continue to argue that severe pneumoconiosis does not increase the risk of death from coronary thrombosis informed readers are asked to adjudicate between the conflicting views.", "contents": "Deaths from coronary artery disease and coalworkers' pneumoconiosis. When pneumoconiosis makes a material contribution to a miner's death benefit is paid to his widow. Doctors from the Department of Health and Social Security have argued that extensive pneumoconiosis not only does not increase the risks of death if coronary thrombosis develops but also that it may exert a beneficial effect. This view has been put to the National Insurance Commissioners on at least three occasions recently. There are however, several reasons for coming to the opposite conclusion. THERE IS NO EVIDENCE THAT PROGRESSIVE MASSIVE FIBROSIS Reduces mortality or the development of atheroma, and until such evidence is produced it is unwise to believe that the presence of any severe disease improves anyone's changes of surviving coronary thrombosis. Rather, it should be recongised that any disease which produces a high mortality is inevitably associated with a lower  mortality from other conditions. As doctors from the Department will continue to argue that severe pneumoconiosis does not increase the risk of death from coronary thrombosis informed readers are asked to adjudicate between the conflicting views."}
{"id": "PMID:135599", "title": "Separation of functional Schwann cells and neurons from normal peripheral nerve tissue.", "content": "A method has been devised for obtaining viable cultures of normal sensory neurons and normal Schwann cells from rat dorsal root ganglia, using cytosine arabinoside and fluorodeoxyuridine for control of non-neuronal cell proliferation. These cultures were used to demonstrate (a) that Schwann cells could be generated and maintained in culture free of fibroblast contamination, (b) that Schwann cells could exist in either a quiescent or proliferative state, depending on the absence of neurons, (c) that sensory ganglia could be obtained that would provide an outgrowth of axons entirely free of non-neuronal cells even in the absence of antimitotic agents, and (d) that quiescent Schwann cells, induced to proliferate by 'bare' axons, could ensheath and, in time, myelinate some of these axons.", "contents": "Separation of functional Schwann cells and neurons from normal peripheral nerve tissue. A method has been devised for obtaining viable cultures of normal sensory neurons and normal Schwann cells from rat dorsal root ganglia, using cytosine arabinoside and fluorodeoxyuridine for control of non-neuronal cell proliferation. These cultures were used to demonstrate (a) that Schwann cells could be generated and maintained in culture free of fibroblast contamination, (b) that Schwann cells could exist in either a quiescent or proliferative state, depending on the absence of neurons, (c) that sensory ganglia could be obtained that would provide an outgrowth of axons entirely free of non-neuronal cells even in the absence of antimitotic agents, and (d) that quiescent Schwann cells, induced to proliferate by 'bare' axons, could ensheath and, in time, myelinate some of these axons."}
{"id": "PMID:135600", "title": "Differential effects of para-chlorophenylalanine on amphetamine-induced locomotion and stereotypy.", "content": "Amphetamine-induced locomotion and stereotypy were concurrently evaluated in order to determine if pretreatment with para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) (which is reported to facilitate some of the effects of amphetamine) results in a behavioral pattern similar to the augmentation previously reported to occur with repeated amphetamine administration. In the present study the behavioral response of rats was characterized after administration of saline or various doses of D-amphetamine (0.5, 2.5 and 4.0 mg/kg) for 48 h following PCPA (300 mg/kg) or vehicle injection. The predominant effects produced by the low dose of D-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg), i.e., enhanced crossovers and rearings, were found to be significantly elevated after PCPA administration. This effect persisted (relative to PCPA controls) when the response of non-PCPA pretreated animals returned to corresponding control levels, thus indicating that the two drugs acted synergistically. However, while the locomotor component of the amphetamine response was potentiated by PCPA pretreatment, the more focused stereotypies produced by higher doses of amphetamine (2.5 and 4.0 mg/kg) were significantly displaced by enhanced crossovers and rearings. These differential effects of PCPA on amphetamine-induced locomotion and stereotypy are in contrast to the uniform pattern of behavioral augmentation resulting from repeated amphetamine administration. The relationship between the various behavioral components of the amphetamine response and the possible neurochemical mechanisms subserving their interaction are discussed.", "contents": "Differential effects of para-chlorophenylalanine on amphetamine-induced locomotion and stereotypy. Amphetamine-induced locomotion and stereotypy were concurrently evaluated in order to determine if pretreatment with para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) (which is reported to facilitate some of the effects of amphetamine) results in a behavioral pattern similar to the augmentation previously reported to occur with repeated amphetamine administration. In the present study the behavioral response of rats was characterized after administration of saline or various doses of D-amphetamine (0.5, 2.5 and 4.0 mg/kg) for 48 h following PCPA (300 mg/kg) or vehicle injection. The predominant effects produced by the low dose of D-amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg), i.e., enhanced crossovers and rearings, were found to be significantly elevated after PCPA administration. This effect persisted (relative to PCPA controls) when the response of non-PCPA pretreated animals returned to corresponding control levels, thus indicating that the two drugs acted synergistically. However, while the locomotor component of the amphetamine response was potentiated by PCPA pretreatment, the more focused stereotypies produced by higher doses of amphetamine (2.5 and 4.0 mg/kg) were significantly displaced by enhanced crossovers and rearings. These differential effects of PCPA on amphetamine-induced locomotion and stereotypy are in contrast to the uniform pattern of behavioral augmentation resulting from repeated amphetamine administration. The relationship between the various behavioral components of the amphetamine response and the possible neurochemical mechanisms subserving their interaction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135604", "title": "[Cytophotometric assays of ribonucleic acids in Ehrlich tumor cells].", "content": "The RNA content was measured in individual mouse Ehrlich ascites tumour cells by absorption cytophotometry after gallocyanin chrome alum staining. The cellular RNA content doubles during the preparation for mitosis and is twice as high as in an hyperdiploid line in an hypertetraploid cell lines.", "contents": "[Cytophotometric assays of ribonucleic acids in Ehrlich tumor cells]. The RNA content was measured in individual mouse Ehrlich ascites tumour cells by absorption cytophotometry after gallocyanin chrome alum staining. The cellular RNA content doubles during the preparation for mitosis and is twice as high as in an hyperdiploid line in an hypertetraploid cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:135605", "title": "[Implantation defect in the mouse treated by WR 1339 triton: study after transplantation of ova].", "content": "Doses of 600 to 800 mg/kg of Triton W.R. 1339 from day 1 to 4 is very noxious in the mouse. In only 12 to 20% of animals the gestation is not interrupted. The morphology of the morulas examined on day 4 and the results of transplantation experiments on pseudopregnant mice gives evidence that Triton W.R. 1339 has no a direct toxic effect on the fertilized egg but acts probably on the maternal organism.", "contents": "[Implantation defect in the mouse treated by WR 1339 triton: study after transplantation of ova]. Doses of 600 to 800 mg/kg of Triton W.R. 1339 from day 1 to 4 is very noxious in the mouse. In only 12 to 20% of animals the gestation is not interrupted. The morphology of the morulas examined on day 4 and the results of transplantation experiments on pseudopregnant mice gives evidence that Triton W.R. 1339 has no a direct toxic effect on the fertilized egg but acts probably on the maternal organism."}
{"id": "PMID:135601", "title": "Diphenylhydantoin facilitation of labile, protein-independent memory.", "content": "Diphenylhydantoin (DPH 10(-4)M) administered subcutaneously to chicks 5 min after a one-trial passive avoidance learning task successfully counteracted amnesia induced by pretreatment 5 min before learning with ouabain or cycloheximide (CXM). Biochemical assays confirmed that in chick forebrain homogenate DPH at concentrations of 1 and 5 X 10(-4)M enhanced Na+/K+ ATP'ase activity. Since both DPH and ouabain inhibit post-tetanic potentiation, the results support the hypothesis of an initial labile phase of memory based on sodium pump (Na+/K+ ATP'ase) activity. DPH was less effective in counteracting ouabain-induced amnesia if administered later than 10 min after learning and CXM-induced amnesia if administered later than 30 min after learning. This suggests that the effect of DPH on CXM-induced amnesia is through enhancement of Na+/K+ ATP'ase activity. It was suggested that the possible hyperpolarization of membrane potential associated with sodium pump activity may serve to mark the labile memory trace, enabling formation of a more permanent trace through protein synthesis.", "contents": "Diphenylhydantoin facilitation of labile, protein-independent memory. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH 10(-4)M) administered subcutaneously to chicks 5 min after a one-trial passive avoidance learning task successfully counteracted amnesia induced by pretreatment 5 min before learning with ouabain or cycloheximide (CXM). Biochemical assays confirmed that in chick forebrain homogenate DPH at concentrations of 1 and 5 X 10(-4)M enhanced Na+/K+ ATP'ase activity. Since both DPH and ouabain inhibit post-tetanic potentiation, the results support the hypothesis of an initial labile phase of memory based on sodium pump (Na+/K+ ATP'ase) activity. DPH was less effective in counteracting ouabain-induced amnesia if administered later than 10 min after learning and CXM-induced amnesia if administered later than 30 min after learning. This suggests that the effect of DPH on CXM-induced amnesia is through enhancement of Na+/K+ ATP'ase activity. It was suggested that the possible hyperpolarization of membrane potential associated with sodium pump activity may serve to mark the labile memory trace, enabling formation of a more permanent trace through protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:135606", "title": "[Determination of the action of WR 1339 triton on the 1st stages of gestation in the mouse: action of progesterone].", "content": "Injection of 600 to 800 mg/kg of Triton W.R. 1339 from day 1 to day 4 of pregnancy is highly noxious in the mouse. Only 12 to 20% of females continue their pregnancy. The causes of this action could be determined. Triton W.R. 1339 has not a direct toxic action on the fertilized ovum, but impairs the hormonal balance of the pregnant mouse, inducing a progesterone deficiency. Daily injection of 5 mg progesterone per animal from day 1-17 or from day 4 to 17 improve pregnancy performance or suppresses completely the noxious action of Triton W.R. 1339.", "contents": "[Determination of the action of WR 1339 triton on the 1st stages of gestation in the mouse: action of progesterone]. Injection of 600 to 800 mg/kg of Triton W.R. 1339 from day 1 to day 4 of pregnancy is highly noxious in the mouse. Only 12 to 20% of females continue their pregnancy. The causes of this action could be determined. Triton W.R. 1339 has not a direct toxic action on the fertilized ovum, but impairs the hormonal balance of the pregnant mouse, inducing a progesterone deficiency. Daily injection of 5 mg progesterone per animal from day 1-17 or from day 4 to 17 improve pregnancy performance or suppresses completely the noxious action of Triton W.R. 1339."}
{"id": "PMID:135602", "title": "Selective blockage of the sensory terminal activites by micro-application of tetrodotoxin in the frog muscle spindle.", "content": "Micro-application of tetrodotoxin to the sensory nerve terminal of the frog muscle spindle made a semi-blocked condition, in which propagated spikes were blocked selectively but reversibly, while abortive spikes survived. In the semi-blocked condition an antidromic spike was often followed by an abortive spike without a significant pause, in contrast with the normal condition in which the antidromic spike was always followed by an abortive spike or a propagated spike with a pause more than 50-100 msec. An analysis of the spike train as a stochastic point process suggests that the abortive spikes originate at the places which the antidromic spike can scarcely invade in the semi-blocked condition.", "contents": "Selective blockage of the sensory terminal activites by micro-application of tetrodotoxin in the frog muscle spindle. Micro-application of tetrodotoxin to the sensory nerve terminal of the frog muscle spindle made a semi-blocked condition, in which propagated spikes were blocked selectively but reversibly, while abortive spikes survived. In the semi-blocked condition an antidromic spike was often followed by an abortive spike without a significant pause, in contrast with the normal condition in which the antidromic spike was always followed by an abortive spike or a propagated spike with a pause more than 50-100 msec. An analysis of the spike train as a stochastic point process suggests that the abortive spikes originate at the places which the antidromic spike can scarcely invade in the semi-blocked condition."}
{"id": "PMID:135607", "title": "[Action of prostaglandin F2 alpha on pregnancy in mice. Prevention of its abortive property by progesterone].", "content": "Prostaglandin F2alpha determines a high proportion of abortions in the mouse when administered before implantation at a dose level of 2 mg/kg. After implantation between days 6-8 or 7-9, doses 20 times higher are necessary to produce the effect. Daily progesterone administration, 5 mg per animal, from day 1 to day 17 allow the evolution of pregnancy in 60% of the mice even when 120 mg/kg prostaglandin is given. This dose determines usually 100% abortions. No teratogenic effect has been observed.", "contents": "[Action of prostaglandin F2 alpha on pregnancy in mice. Prevention of its abortive property by progesterone]. Prostaglandin F2alpha determines a high proportion of abortions in the mouse when administered before implantation at a dose level of 2 mg/kg. After implantation between days 6-8 or 7-9, doses 20 times higher are necessary to produce the effect. Daily progesterone administration, 5 mg per animal, from day 1 to day 17 allow the evolution of pregnancy in 60% of the mice even when 120 mg/kg prostaglandin is given. This dose determines usually 100% abortions. No teratogenic effect has been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:135608", "title": "[Analysis of the abortive action induced by prostaglandin F2 alpha in the mouse. Study of ova and their transplantation].", "content": "In mice PGF2 alpha injections (120 mg/kg from first to the 4th day) determines a high proportion of early abortions. The mechanism of this action has been investigated by transplantation of blastocysts removed from PGF2 alpha treated mice to pseudopregnant mice. The results of transplantation experiments indicate that the percentage of implantation is the same whether the eggs are taken from PFG2alpha treated or control mice. The number of eggs present in the uterine horns 84 hours after fertilization is 40 % lower than in control animals. At an earlier stage, 60 hours after fertilization, the uterus of PGF2 alpha treated females contains 85 % of eggs as compared to 20 % in controls. This proportion is reversed in the fallopian tubes. It can therefore be concluded that the high abortion rate of PGF 2 alpha treated mice is not due to an embryotoxic effect but to a faster transport of the fertilized eggs which reach therefore the uterus before implantation can take place.", "contents": "[Analysis of the abortive action induced by prostaglandin F2 alpha in the mouse. Study of ova and their transplantation]. In mice PGF2 alpha injections (120 mg/kg from first to the 4th day) determines a high proportion of early abortions. The mechanism of this action has been investigated by transplantation of blastocysts removed from PGF2 alpha treated mice to pseudopregnant mice. The results of transplantation experiments indicate that the percentage of implantation is the same whether the eggs are taken from PFG2alpha treated or control mice. The number of eggs present in the uterine horns 84 hours after fertilization is 40 % lower than in control animals. At an earlier stage, 60 hours after fertilization, the uterus of PGF2 alpha treated females contains 85 % of eggs as compared to 20 % in controls. This proportion is reversed in the fallopian tubes. It can therefore be concluded that the high abortion rate of PGF 2 alpha treated mice is not due to an embryotoxic effect but to a faster transport of the fertilized eggs which reach therefore the uterus before implantation can take place."}
{"id": "PMID:135609", "title": "[Influence of anti-lactate dehydrogenase M antibodies on the proliferation of KB tumor cells].", "content": "The IgG antilactate-dehydrogenase M inhibits the corresponding isozyme in the KB tumoral cells cultivated in vitro. It has an inhibitory action on the prliferation of these cells. These data corroborate those obtained previously with chemical inhibitors of LDH-M.", "contents": "[Influence of anti-lactate dehydrogenase M antibodies on the proliferation of KB tumor cells]. The IgG antilactate-dehydrogenase M inhibits the corresponding isozyme in the KB tumoral cells cultivated in vitro. It has an inhibitory action on the prliferation of these cells. These data corroborate those obtained previously with chemical inhibitors of LDH-M."}
{"id": "PMID:135610", "title": "[Epistatic disequilibrium in an experimental population of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)].", "content": "In an experimental population of the japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica, two polymorphic ovoglobulin loci, two polymorphic esterase loci, and PGD versus G-6-PD loci are in epistatic disequilibrium. Epistatic interactions occur between structurally and physiologically very closely related proteins and enzymes.", "contents": "[Epistatic disequilibrium in an experimental population of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)]. In an experimental population of the japanese quail Coturnix coturnix japonica, two polymorphic ovoglobulin loci, two polymorphic esterase loci, and PGD versus G-6-PD loci are in epistatic disequilibrium. Epistatic interactions occur between structurally and physiologically very closely related proteins and enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:135611", "title": "[Electrical activity of cultured cells of the guinea pig heart. Comparison with the rat].", "content": "For the first time, action potentials were recorded with the use of microelectrodes from myocardial cells beating spontaneously which were obtained by trypsination of guinea-pig embryonic hearts. 4-5 weeks old embryos have been found most suitable for such experiments. The development of cultures and the recordings obtained were compared to those observed in rat hearts under the same experimental conditions. These results showed that inspite of the known physiological differences between adult rat hearts and adult guinea-pig hearts, the cardiomyoblasts cultured under the same conditions possess common features relating to the repolarization phase of action potential, specially a lack of the plateau.", "contents": "[Electrical activity of cultured cells of the guinea pig heart. Comparison with the rat]. For the first time, action potentials were recorded with the use of microelectrodes from myocardial cells beating spontaneously which were obtained by trypsination of guinea-pig embryonic hearts. 4-5 weeks old embryos have been found most suitable for such experiments. The development of cultures and the recordings obtained were compared to those observed in rat hearts under the same experimental conditions. These results showed that inspite of the known physiological differences between adult rat hearts and adult guinea-pig hearts, the cardiomyoblasts cultured under the same conditions possess common features relating to the repolarization phase of action potential, specially a lack of the plateau."}
{"id": "PMID:135612", "title": "[Excito-motor action of succinyldicholine and other cholinic esters on the spinal cord of the mouse].", "content": "We have realized on mice the spinal animal experiment, cutting the spinal chord below the bulb during artificial respiration. We have observed that the cholin esters and particularly the succinyldicholin injected into a caudal vein produce muscular contractions, of which we give a graphic. After having discussed these experimental results, we conclude that every cholin ester has an excitatory effect on the spinal chord. It must now be determined which of these esters is the normal medullary transmitter.", "contents": "[Excito-motor action of succinyldicholine and other cholinic esters on the spinal cord of the mouse]. We have realized on mice the spinal animal experiment, cutting the spinal chord below the bulb during artificial respiration. We have observed that the cholin esters and particularly the succinyldicholin injected into a caudal vein produce muscular contractions, of which we give a graphic. After having discussed these experimental results, we conclude that every cholin ester has an excitatory effect on the spinal chord. It must now be determined which of these esters is the normal medullary transmitter."}
{"id": "PMID:135613", "title": "[Development of tectum-striatum and striatum-tectum connections in the chick].", "content": "In the chick, polyphasic evoked responses displaying a first negative component have been registered in the superficial part of the \"Wulst\" after stimulation in the depth of the contra or ipsilateral optic tectum, as early as the first hours following hatching. Moreover, responses on the surface of the tectum have been elicited by contra or ipsilateral stimulation of the Wulst. Latencies of both responses decrease markedly with increasing age but, in the whole, ipsilateral responses remain more latent than contralateral responses.", "contents": "[Development of tectum-striatum and striatum-tectum connections in the chick]. In the chick, polyphasic evoked responses displaying a first negative component have been registered in the superficial part of the \"Wulst\" after stimulation in the depth of the contra or ipsilateral optic tectum, as early as the first hours following hatching. Moreover, responses on the surface of the tectum have been elicited by contra or ipsilateral stimulation of the Wulst. Latencies of both responses decrease markedly with increasing age but, in the whole, ipsilateral responses remain more latent than contralateral responses."}
{"id": "PMID:135614", "title": "[Variations in the loudness of a brief sound compared to another brief sound as a function of the duration of both sounds].", "content": "Loudness equalizations between two short 2500 Hz tones (15 to 120 ms, about 50 dB SPL) were made. One tone, either the first or the second one, was twice as long as the other. The intensity level differences between tones of the same loudness were calculated. Results show that the relations between duration and loudness of the tones differ for different subjects. Nevertheless the calculated differences diminished with subject experience. Subject evaluations in accordance with the intensity levels of tones, i.e. independently of the duration, were quite often obtained even for the pairs 15 ms-30 ms.", "contents": "[Variations in the loudness of a brief sound compared to another brief sound as a function of the duration of both sounds]. Loudness equalizations between two short 2500 Hz tones (15 to 120 ms, about 50 dB SPL) were made. One tone, either the first or the second one, was twice as long as the other. The intensity level differences between tones of the same loudness were calculated. Results show that the relations between duration and loudness of the tones differ for different subjects. Nevertheless the calculated differences diminished with subject experience. Subject evaluations in accordance with the intensity levels of tones, i.e. independently of the duration, were quite often obtained even for the pairs 15 ms-30 ms."}
{"id": "PMID:135615", "title": "[Action of L-azetidine in in vitro culture on the formation of uropygial invaginations and the branching of glandular buds in the duck embryo].", "content": "Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, a proline analogue which depresses collagen deposition in extracellular spaces, stops uropygial invaginations morphogenesis and epithelial buds branching in vitro. The results show that uninterrupted collagen synthesis is necessary for preen gland morphogenesis.", "contents": "[Action of L-azetidine in in vitro culture on the formation of uropygial invaginations and the branching of glandular buds in the duck embryo]. Azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, a proline analogue which depresses collagen deposition in extracellular spaces, stops uropygial invaginations morphogenesis and epithelial buds branching in vitro. The results show that uninterrupted collagen synthesis is necessary for preen gland morphogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:135616", "title": "[Relationship between evaluation of the duration and loudness of short sounds].", "content": "The relation between loudness and duration judgments of short tones was investigated. Sounds (15 to 120 ms, 2500 Hz, about dB SPL), were exposed in pairs; one tone of the pair, the first or the second one, was twice as long as the other. Subjects had to compare the loudness of the tones, or the duration, or the loudness and the duration at the same time. Results show that the loudness judgments are independent of experiences with duration judgments and of immediate duration judgments, but duration judgments were less precise when loudness judged at the same time.", "contents": "[Relationship between evaluation of the duration and loudness of short sounds]. The relation between loudness and duration judgments of short tones was investigated. Sounds (15 to 120 ms, 2500 Hz, about dB SPL), were exposed in pairs; one tone of the pair, the first or the second one, was twice as long as the other. Subjects had to compare the loudness of the tones, or the duration, or the loudness and the duration at the same time. Results show that the loudness judgments are independent of experiences with duration judgments and of immediate duration judgments, but duration judgments were less precise when loudness judged at the same time."}
{"id": "PMID:135617", "title": "[Anticomplement actions of heparin-like and protamine-like substances].", "content": "A reciprocal inhibition exist in vitro between the anticomplementary activity of protamine and heparin like substances. The concentration required for inhibition is approximately of the same order for the both groups of substances.", "contents": "[Anticomplement actions of heparin-like and protamine-like substances]. A reciprocal inhibition exist in vitro between the anticomplementary activity of protamine and heparin like substances. The concentration required for inhibition is approximately of the same order for the both groups of substances."}
{"id": "PMID:135618", "title": "[Cyto-immunological study of the somatostatin hypothalamic peptidergic system in the fox (Vulpes vulpes)].", "content": "Immunocytological investigations on the hypothalamus of the red fox with rabbit anti-SRIF showed large or small perikarya in the supra-optical and paraventricular nuclei. In the median eminence SRIF-positive nerve fibres and their endings have a characteristic distribution in areas different from those of LH-RH containing nerve fibres.", "contents": "[Cyto-immunological study of the somatostatin hypothalamic peptidergic system in the fox (Vulpes vulpes)]. Immunocytological investigations on the hypothalamus of the red fox with rabbit anti-SRIF showed large or small perikarya in the supra-optical and paraventricular nuclei. In the median eminence SRIF-positive nerve fibres and their endings have a characteristic distribution in areas different from those of LH-RH containing nerve fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:135619", "title": "[Effects of atropine sulfate on the hypothalamic LH-RH cells of the guinea-pig].", "content": "A single 30 mg/kg., s.c. injection of atropine sulfate into male guinea pigs produces a storage of LH-RH immunoreactive material in hypothalamic neurons. In diestrus female there is no increase of immunoreactive LH-RH substance in neuron and in eminential terminals; the rate of LH-RH synthesis may be still slight. The LH-RH immunoreactive neuronal increase, in male may be related to an atropine blockade of LH-RH portal cession, perhaps via infundibular dopaminergic neurons.", "contents": "[Effects of atropine sulfate on the hypothalamic LH-RH cells of the guinea-pig]. A single 30 mg/kg., s.c. injection of atropine sulfate into male guinea pigs produces a storage of LH-RH immunoreactive material in hypothalamic neurons. In diestrus female there is no increase of immunoreactive LH-RH substance in neuron and in eminential terminals; the rate of LH-RH synthesis may be still slight. The LH-RH immunoreactive neuronal increase, in male may be related to an atropine blockade of LH-RH portal cession, perhaps via infundibular dopaminergic neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:135620", "title": "[Muscle synergy in isometric flexion of the elbow].", "content": "A technique was developed for calculating the torque generated by two individual muscles (biceps brachii and brachioradialis) that contribute to the isometric flexion of the elbow. The external torque is the sum of individual torques which are unknown. Each individual torque (CB or CBR) can be related to the corresponding integrated surface EMG (QB or QBR) by means of coefficients (pB or PBR). A block of several equations C = pB QB + pBR QBR is obtained by exploring several experimental conditions. In these conditions, isometric flexion efforts of the elbow were associated to isometric efforts of supination or pronation so as to vary integrated EMG by reciprocal inhibition. By means of a least square method it was possible to know the coefficients PB and PBR. With these coefficients, it was possible to calculate the individual torques generated by the biceps brachii and brachioradialis muscles in each experimental condition.", "contents": "[Muscle synergy in isometric flexion of the elbow]. A technique was developed for calculating the torque generated by two individual muscles (biceps brachii and brachioradialis) that contribute to the isometric flexion of the elbow. The external torque is the sum of individual torques which are unknown. Each individual torque (CB or CBR) can be related to the corresponding integrated surface EMG (QB or QBR) by means of coefficients (pB or PBR). A block of several equations C = pB QB + pBR QBR is obtained by exploring several experimental conditions. In these conditions, isometric flexion efforts of the elbow were associated to isometric efforts of supination or pronation so as to vary integrated EMG by reciprocal inhibition. By means of a least square method it was possible to know the coefficients PB and PBR. With these coefficients, it was possible to calculate the individual torques generated by the biceps brachii and brachioradialis muscles in each experimental condition."}
{"id": "PMID:135621", "title": "[Conditioning of the avoidance to the contact call in the red face lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis, Aves, Psittacidae)].", "content": "Two experiments were run on 10 lovebirds to test the reinforcing effect of the social call in an operant conditioning task. In the first experiment, the reinforced behavior (perching) which provoked the occurence of the call decreased. In the second experiment, where the same behavior stopped the continuous emission of the call, the behavior increased. This behavior may results from an avoidance to the call recorded from a lovebird which do not belong to the group of our experimental birds.", "contents": "[Conditioning of the avoidance to the contact call in the red face lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis, Aves, Psittacidae)]. Two experiments were run on 10 lovebirds to test the reinforcing effect of the social call in an operant conditioning task. In the first experiment, the reinforced behavior (perching) which provoked the occurence of the call decreased. In the second experiment, where the same behavior stopped the continuous emission of the call, the behavior increased. This behavior may results from an avoidance to the call recorded from a lovebird which do not belong to the group of our experimental birds."}
{"id": "PMID:135622", "title": "[Effect of noncontingent electric shocks on subsequent avoidance learning in the rat, in a maze situation].", "content": "Rats were put in a Y maze and then pretreated with 0, 1, 3, or 10 noncontingent electric shocks. One day later, they were given an avoidance conditioning in the same apparatus. The 1-preshock group performed as well as the o-preshock group (control group). As compared to the control group, we found a facilitation of the avoidance response in the 3-preshock group and an impairment of the escape response in the 10-preshock groups. The impairment was still shown by the subjects when 3 weeks elapsed between the 10-preshock session and the learning session.", "contents": "[Effect of noncontingent electric shocks on subsequent avoidance learning in the rat, in a maze situation]. Rats were put in a Y maze and then pretreated with 0, 1, 3, or 10 noncontingent electric shocks. One day later, they were given an avoidance conditioning in the same apparatus. The 1-preshock group performed as well as the o-preshock group (control group). As compared to the control group, we found a facilitation of the avoidance response in the 3-preshock group and an impairment of the escape response in the 10-preshock groups. The impairment was still shown by the subjects when 3 weeks elapsed between the 10-preshock session and the learning session."}
{"id": "PMID:135623", "title": "[The curve of the intraventricular pressure-volume relationships is not mono-exponential].", "content": "The graphic and statistic investigations have let us to assert that the right ventricular P/V relationship's curve is characterized by two successive segments: linear and exponential respectively. We have proposed an interpretation based on Roach's and Burton's works. Interest of information about this curve is double: 1) it is a function of the ventricular cavity volume; 2) it gives a general idea about the mode of ventricular filling.", "contents": "[The curve of the intraventricular pressure-volume relationships is not mono-exponential]. The graphic and statistic investigations have let us to assert that the right ventricular P/V relationship's curve is characterized by two successive segments: linear and exponential respectively. We have proposed an interpretation based on Roach's and Burton's works. Interest of information about this curve is double: 1) it is a function of the ventricular cavity volume; 2) it gives a general idea about the mode of ventricular filling."}
{"id": "PMID:135624", "title": "[Characterization of various digestive enzyme activities of Palaemon serratus Pennant (Crustacea, Decapoda) after polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis].", "content": "Soluble proteins of hepatopancreatic, extracts of Palaemon serratus (Crustacea, Deapoda) are separated by polyacrylamide gradient gel electoresis. The characterisation of the enzymatic activities is carried out directly on the polyacrylamide gel. The zymogram includes the following activities: acid and alcalin phosphatses, phosphamidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase and twenty bands with esterasic activities. The molecular weights are indicated.", "contents": "[Characterization of various digestive enzyme activities of Palaemon serratus Pennant (Crustacea, Decapoda) after polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis]. Soluble proteins of hepatopancreatic, extracts of Palaemon serratus (Crustacea, Deapoda) are separated by polyacrylamide gradient gel electoresis. The characterisation of the enzymatic activities is carried out directly on the polyacrylamide gel. The zymogram includes the following activities: acid and alcalin phosphatses, phosphamidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta-glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase and twenty bands with esterasic activities. The molecular weights are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:135627", "title": "[Experimental role of the unicellular algae Prototheca and Chlorella (Chlorellaceae) in anti-cancer immunogenesis (murine BP8 sarcoma)].", "content": "Bacteria and Yeasts are able to induce, when inoculated into laboratory rodents, a general stimulation of defences by an immune process. We could estimate that unicellular algae would induce the same phenomenon because the chemical compounds of their walls are related to those of the precedings microorganisms specially to bacteria. Indeed, two Chlorellaceae, Prototheca segbwema and Chlorella pyrenoidosa are respectively protecting 78% and 82% CH3 mice against the sarcoma BP8 grafting.", "contents": "[Experimental role of the unicellular algae Prototheca and Chlorella (Chlorellaceae) in anti-cancer immunogenesis (murine BP8 sarcoma)]. Bacteria and Yeasts are able to induce, when inoculated into laboratory rodents, a general stimulation of defences by an immune process. We could estimate that unicellular algae would induce the same phenomenon because the chemical compounds of their walls are related to those of the precedings microorganisms specially to bacteria. Indeed, two Chlorellaceae, Prototheca segbwema and Chlorella pyrenoidosa are respectively protecting 78% and 82% CH3 mice against the sarcoma BP8 grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:135628", "title": "[Mixed lymphocyte culture and HLA typing in a family with a recombination between loci of the major HLA histocompatibility system].", "content": "A new case of recombination at the HLA region has been established by mixte lymphocyte culture in the family of potential kidney recipient. Serological family study, MLC and HLA typing were performed to localize the recombination. This corroborates the primordial interest of MLC in family pretransplant matching.", "contents": "[Mixed lymphocyte culture and HLA typing in a family with a recombination between loci of the major HLA histocompatibility system]. A new case of recombination at the HLA region has been established by mixte lymphocyte culture in the family of potential kidney recipient. Serological family study, MLC and HLA typing were performed to localize the recombination. This corroborates the primordial interest of MLC in family pretransplant matching."}
{"id": "PMID:135629", "title": "[Action of difluorodichloromethane (FC 12) and of adrenaline on the isolated rabbit heart].", "content": "Does difluorodichloromethane (FC 12) sensitize the cardiac muscle in vitro to epinephrine-induced arrhythmia ? We have tried to answer this question by comparing : the action of epinephrine alone on the isolated rabbit heart perfused by an ordinary nutritive solution  and the action of epinephrine on the heart perfused by a nutritive solution containing various concentrations of FC 12. The results are: 1) the general action of epinephrine (inotropic and chronotropic positive effects, increase of coronary flow) is not significantly modified by the action of FC 12. 2) FC 12 does not sensitize the rabbit heart in vitro to the arrhythmogenic action of epinephrine. The few cases of arrthymia recorded under the action of adrenalin do not necessarily occur in the presence of FC 12, but rather depend on the weakened state of the preparation.", "contents": "[Action of difluorodichloromethane (FC 12) and of adrenaline on the isolated rabbit heart]. Does difluorodichloromethane (FC 12) sensitize the cardiac muscle in vitro to epinephrine-induced arrhythmia ? We have tried to answer this question by comparing : the action of epinephrine alone on the isolated rabbit heart perfused by an ordinary nutritive solution  and the action of epinephrine on the heart perfused by a nutritive solution containing various concentrations of FC 12. The results are: 1) the general action of epinephrine (inotropic and chronotropic positive effects, increase of coronary flow) is not significantly modified by the action of FC 12. 2) FC 12 does not sensitize the rabbit heart in vitro to the arrhythmogenic action of epinephrine. The few cases of arrthymia recorded under the action of adrenalin do not necessarily occur in the presence of FC 12, but rather depend on the weakened state of the preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:135630", "title": "[Attempt to obtain in vitro pre-erythrocyte forms of Plasmodium vivax in human liver cell cultures inoculated with sporozoites].", "content": "Using sporozoites of a strain of Plasmodium vivax of North Korean origin maintained in human subjects and in Anopheles atroparvus, the authors inoculated human liver cell cultures (primary cultures and Ist subcultures). The appearance of some rare intracytoplasmic forms is described, which are thought to be very likely connected with the pre-erythrocytic cycle of P. vivax. Further attempts are nevertheless necessary to confirm, or invalidate, the obtained results.", "contents": "[Attempt to obtain in vitro pre-erythrocyte forms of Plasmodium vivax in human liver cell cultures inoculated with sporozoites]. Using sporozoites of a strain of Plasmodium vivax of North Korean origin maintained in human subjects and in Anopheles atroparvus, the authors inoculated human liver cell cultures (primary cultures and Ist subcultures). The appearance of some rare intracytoplasmic forms is described, which are thought to be very likely connected with the pre-erythrocytic cycle of P. vivax. Further attempts are nevertheless necessary to confirm, or invalidate, the obtained results."}
{"id": "PMID:135631", "title": "[Annual cycle of oxygen consumption (QO 2) in a hibernating animalthe garden dormouse: reduction of the QO 2 and hypothermia following fasting].", "content": "A circannual cycle of oxygen consumption (QO2) was observed in active garden dormice maintained during 19 months under external conditions for temperature and lighting. QO2 was minimum in october and maximum in may. In the same animals deprivation of food induced hypothermia and a 23% decrease in QO2 which always preceeded hypothermia. No circannual rhythm was noted in the amplitude of this reduction.", "contents": "[Annual cycle of oxygen consumption (QO 2) in a hibernating animalthe garden dormouse: reduction of the QO 2 and hypothermia following fasting]. A circannual cycle of oxygen consumption (QO2) was observed in active garden dormice maintained during 19 months under external conditions for temperature and lighting. QO2 was minimum in october and maximum in may. In the same animals deprivation of food induced hypothermia and a 23% decrease in QO2 which always preceeded hypothermia. No circannual rhythm was noted in the amplitude of this reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:135632", "title": "[The hypotensive action of bradykinin in the guinea pig and cat].", "content": "In the guinea-pig as in the cat, the duration of the bradykinin general arterial hypotension is reduced by indometacine. This decrease is due to the inhibition of the synthesis of endogenous vasodilatator prostaglandins. The guinea-pig and the cat present the same type of reactivity for bradykinin as the rabbit, the dog and the rat.", "contents": "[The hypotensive action of bradykinin in the guinea pig and cat]. In the guinea-pig as in the cat, the duration of the bradykinin general arterial hypotension is reduced by indometacine. This decrease is due to the inhibition of the synthesis of endogenous vasodilatator prostaglandins. The guinea-pig and the cat present the same type of reactivity for bradykinin as the rabbit, the dog and the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:135633", "title": "[Influence of thymectomy on the lymphoid regeneration of hematopoietic bone marrow after sublethal irradiation].", "content": "In C57BL mice, bone marrow lymphoid regeneration after a sublethal irradiation is modified by a graft of normal marrow cells. This effect is suppressed in thymectomized mice since a lymphoid peak is observed after a 350 R irradiation; its composition is heterogeneous: small lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and peculier cells named \"X cells\". The same phenomenon is observed in mice where all the thymocytes and thymus derived and peripheral lymphocytes are destroyed. These results exclude that bone marrow lymphoid regeneration after irradiation is due to a migration of lymphoid cells of thymic origin to the marrow. They could be explained by the effect of a humoral thymic factor on marrow lymphopoiesis.", "contents": "[Influence of thymectomy on the lymphoid regeneration of hematopoietic bone marrow after sublethal irradiation]. In C57BL mice, bone marrow lymphoid regeneration after a sublethal irradiation is modified by a graft of normal marrow cells. This effect is suppressed in thymectomized mice since a lymphoid peak is observed after a 350 R irradiation; its composition is heterogeneous: small lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and peculier cells named \"X cells\". The same phenomenon is observed in mice where all the thymocytes and thymus derived and peripheral lymphocytes are destroyed. These results exclude that bone marrow lymphoid regeneration after irradiation is due to a migration of lymphoid cells of thymic origin to the marrow. They could be explained by the effect of a humoral thymic factor on marrow lymphopoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:135634", "title": "[Influence of body position on the urinary output of adrenaline and noradrenaline].", "content": "In normal subjects in basal conditions, urinary excretion of noradrenaline is directly related to the hydrostatic pressure changes induced by the body posture in the dependant parts of the venous system. Adrenaline elimination is no influenced by these factors.", "contents": "[Influence of body position on the urinary output of adrenaline and noradrenaline]. In normal subjects in basal conditions, urinary excretion of noradrenaline is directly related to the hydrostatic pressure changes induced by the body posture in the dependant parts of the venous system. Adrenaline elimination is no influenced by these factors."}
{"id": "PMID:135635", "title": "[Presence in the heart of Protopterus annectens (Fishes, Dipneuste) of nodal and conducting cells histologically distinct from common myocardial cells].", "content": "Contrary to Francis and Davies's assumption according to which the impulse-conducting system of the Homoiothermal Vertebrates is a neomorphic structure, we have been able to identify in the heart of a Poikilothermal (Protopterus) impulse-conducting cells which possess distinctive histological characters.", "contents": "[Presence in the heart of Protopterus annectens (Fishes, Dipneuste) of nodal and conducting cells histologically distinct from common myocardial cells]. Contrary to Francis and Davies's assumption according to which the impulse-conducting system of the Homoiothermal Vertebrates is a neomorphic structure, we have been able to identify in the heart of a Poikilothermal (Protopterus) impulse-conducting cells which possess distinctive histological characters."}
{"id": "PMID:135636", "title": "[Annual lipid cycle of the grassland Varanian lizard].", "content": "The circannual chronobiology of Varanus exanthematicus exanthematicus Bosc, lacertilian reptile of Senegal, is characterized by a period of rest from January to June (dry season) and a period of activity from July to December (wet season). The study of the lipids metabolism shows a two month deplacement period: as a matter of fact from November to April the lipogenesis prevails, while from May to October it is the lipolysis. These two phases correspond to the periodicity of the development of the gonads, which are at rest from November to April and in activity from May to October. The synchronism of the phases of lipolysis and of gonads muturation argues in favour of the lipids utilization for the growth of the gonads.", "contents": "[Annual lipid cycle of the grassland Varanian lizard]. The circannual chronobiology of Varanus exanthematicus exanthematicus Bosc, lacertilian reptile of Senegal, is characterized by a period of rest from January to June (dry season) and a period of activity from July to December (wet season). The study of the lipids metabolism shows a two month deplacement period: as a matter of fact from November to April the lipogenesis prevails, while from May to October it is the lipolysis. These two phases correspond to the periodicity of the development of the gonads, which are at rest from November to April and in activity from May to October. The synchronism of the phases of lipolysis and of gonads muturation argues in favour of the lipids utilization for the growth of the gonads."}
{"id": "PMID:135637", "title": "[Unusual traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta with avulsion of the left subclavian artery].", "content": "Of the many cases of traumatic rupture of the aorta diagnosed each year at l\"H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-Coeur, Montreal, most patients are already in irreversible shock when seen. However, during the period Oct. 1, 1974 to Sept. 30, 1975, prompt surgical treatment saved six patients. One of these six patients had a complete trans-section of the aortic arch between the left carotid and left subclavian arteries with avulsion and slight retraction of the left subclavian artery. Repair of the aortic arch and left subclavian artery was accomplished without extracorporeal circulation. A sutureless temporary bypass shunt was created by (a) cannulating the ascending and descending aorta, the cannulas being secured with purse-string sutures and joined by a 3/8-inch (94-mm) polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube connected to a \"double T\" adapter, and (b) joining two small PVC tubes from the adapter with two straight cannulas, a no. 14 being inserted into the innominate artery and a no. 12 being inserted into the left carotid artery. With this temporary bypass created, the ascending and descending aorta and aortic arch vessels were all clamped. Aortic continuity was re-established with a tubular Dacron graft (diameter, 19 mm) to which was anastomosed a side-arm of knitted Dacron (diameter, 10 mm) to repair the left subclavian artery. Throughout the temporary perfusion the brain, spinal cord and all abdominal viscera were well protected. No sign of ventricular distension was detected. This report is the first in which complete transsection of the aortic arch has been managed by a sutureless bypass shunt allowing perfusion of all aortic arch vessels without extracorporeal circulation.", "contents": "[Unusual traumatic rupture of the thoracic aorta with avulsion of the left subclavian artery]. Of the many cases of traumatic rupture of the aorta diagnosed each year at l\"H\u00f4pital du Sacr\u00e9-Coeur, Montreal, most patients are already in irreversible shock when seen. However, during the period Oct. 1, 1974 to Sept. 30, 1975, prompt surgical treatment saved six patients. One of these six patients had a complete trans-section of the aortic arch between the left carotid and left subclavian arteries with avulsion and slight retraction of the left subclavian artery. Repair of the aortic arch and left subclavian artery was accomplished without extracorporeal circulation. A sutureless temporary bypass shunt was created by (a) cannulating the ascending and descending aorta, the cannulas being secured with purse-string sutures and joined by a 3/8-inch (94-mm) polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tube connected to a \"double T\" adapter, and (b) joining two small PVC tubes from the adapter with two straight cannulas, a no. 14 being inserted into the innominate artery and a no. 12 being inserted into the left carotid artery. With this temporary bypass created, the ascending and descending aorta and aortic arch vessels were all clamped. Aortic continuity was re-established with a tubular Dacron graft (diameter, 19 mm) to which was anastomosed a side-arm of knitted Dacron (diameter, 10 mm) to repair the left subclavian artery. Throughout the temporary perfusion the brain, spinal cord and all abdominal viscera were well protected. No sign of ventricular distension was detected. This report is the first in which complete transsection of the aortic arch has been managed by a sutureless bypass shunt allowing perfusion of all aortic arch vessels without extracorporeal circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:135638", "title": "Reactivity of lymphocytes from primary neoplasms of lymphoid tissues.", "content": "Proliferative responses by blood and tumor lymphocytes to plant mitogens and allogeneic leukocyte antigens were tested concomitantly on 12 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 10 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and seven with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In 13 control studies, 3H-thymidine incorporation by blood and lymph node lymphocytes was brisk and, overall, comparable. With Hodgkin's disease, where extent of disease involvement and lymphocyte-depleted tumor histology were factors in the degree of responsiveness, incorporation was higher or at least comparable by tumor lymphocytes when compared with incorporation by autologous blood lymphocytes. Lymph node lymphocytes, especially with clinically stable disease, were more responsive than blood lymphocytes with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Conversely, tumor lymphocytes were hyporesponsive compared with autologous blood lymphocytes with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, where prognosis is usually less favorable than with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Plasma from four out of 33 patients, although not lymphocytotoxic, inhibited lymphoproliferative responses.", "contents": "Reactivity of lymphocytes from primary neoplasms of lymphoid tissues. Proliferative responses by blood and tumor lymphocytes to plant mitogens and allogeneic leukocyte antigens were tested concomitantly on 12 patients with Hodgkin's disease, 10 with chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and seven with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In 13 control studies, 3H-thymidine incorporation by blood and lymph node lymphocytes was brisk and, overall, comparable. With Hodgkin's disease, where extent of disease involvement and lymphocyte-depleted tumor histology were factors in the degree of responsiveness, incorporation was higher or at least comparable by tumor lymphocytes when compared with incorporation by autologous blood lymphocytes. Lymph node lymphocytes, especially with clinically stable disease, were more responsive than blood lymphocytes with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Conversely, tumor lymphocytes were hyporesponsive compared with autologous blood lymphocytes with non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, where prognosis is usually less favorable than with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Plasma from four out of 33 patients, although not lymphocytotoxic, inhibited lymphoproliferative responses."}
{"id": "PMID:135639", "title": "Cytogenetic studies and clinical implications in patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome.", "content": "Chromosome studies were carried out on 11 National Institutes of Health (N.I.H.) patients who had the diagnosis of S\u00e9zary syndrome. Heteroploidy, multiple markers including minute and ring chromosomes, and a lack of modality and clone formation, were the common chromosomal findings in this syndrome. Abundant spontaneous division of heteroploid cells in unstimulated peripheral blood cultures, a high percentage of heteroploid cells in stimulated culture, and finally, clone formation, are signs of a fulminant process and lead to the terminal phase of this disease. Early chemotherapeutic eradication of these heteroploid neoplastic cells would, therefore, be the treatment of choice in this disease.", "contents": "Cytogenetic studies and clinical implications in patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome. Chromosome studies were carried out on 11 National Institutes of Health (N.I.H.) patients who had the diagnosis of S\u00e9zary syndrome. Heteroploidy, multiple markers including minute and ring chromosomes, and a lack of modality and clone formation, were the common chromosomal findings in this syndrome. Abundant spontaneous division of heteroploid cells in unstimulated peripheral blood cultures, a high percentage of heteroploid cells in stimulated culture, and finally, clone formation, are signs of a fulminant process and lead to the terminal phase of this disease. Early chemotherapeutic eradication of these heteroploid neoplastic cells would, therefore, be the treatment of choice in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:135640", "title": "Identification and characterization of the insulin receptor in the R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma of the rat.", "content": "The binding of labeled insulin to dissociated R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma cells from diabetic and intact rats was investigated in vitro. At 20 degrees, specific binding (total binding minus binding in the presence of 1000-fold excess or 10(-6) M unlabeled insulin) reached a plateau at 45 to 60 min and was directly related to the number of cells used. Degradation of labeled insulin, as measured by trichloroacetic acid precipitation, was related to the number of cells used, was not prevented by trasylol or phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (general proteolytic enzyme inhibitors), but was prevented by addition of 1 to 2% bovine serum albumin to the incubation medium. Specificity of insulisulin, and desoctapeptide insulin were capable of competing for insulin binding in an order of potency related to their relative biological activity; prolactin and glucagon were unable to compete for insulin binding. Scatchard analysis of the binding data demonstrated a curvilinear-plot; specific binding (over the concentration range of 10(-11) to 10(-10) M insulin) showed a high affinity (Kd approximately 1 to 3 X 10(-10) M), and the estimated number of sites was greater in tumors from diabetic animals than in tumors from intact animals or intact animals given insulin prior to sacrifice. Reversibility of insulin binding was studied by dissociation experiments; dissociation was enhanced in the presence of added unlabeled insulin compared to dissociation examined under conditions of \"infinite\" dilutions only. Maximum dissociation of bound insulin was observed in the presence of 10(-7) M unlabeled insulin, with less of an effect at lower or higher concentrations of added insulin (no effect seen at 10(-10) M insulin). Two techniques were investigated for separating cells from unbound labeled insulin; the procedure using centrifugation was found to be more efficient. Thus, in the R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma, data obtained on saturability, reversibility, and specificity of insulin binding indicate the existence of an insulin receptor with properties similar to those found in normal cells.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of the insulin receptor in the R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma of the rat. The binding of labeled insulin to dissociated R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma cells from diabetic and intact rats was investigated in vitro. At 20 degrees, specific binding (total binding minus binding in the presence of 1000-fold excess or 10(-6) M unlabeled insulin) reached a plateau at 45 to 60 min and was directly related to the number of cells used. Degradation of labeled insulin, as measured by trichloroacetic acid precipitation, was related to the number of cells used, was not prevented by trasylol or phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (general proteolytic enzyme inhibitors), but was prevented by addition of 1 to 2% bovine serum albumin to the incubation medium. Specificity of insulisulin, and desoctapeptide insulin were capable of competing for insulin binding in an order of potency related to their relative biological activity; prolactin and glucagon were unable to compete for insulin binding. Scatchard analysis of the binding data demonstrated a curvilinear-plot; specific binding (over the concentration range of 10(-11) to 10(-10) M insulin) showed a high affinity (Kd approximately 1 to 3 X 10(-10) M), and the estimated number of sites was greater in tumors from diabetic animals than in tumors from intact animals or intact animals given insulin prior to sacrifice. Reversibility of insulin binding was studied by dissociation experiments; dissociation was enhanced in the presence of added unlabeled insulin compared to dissociation examined under conditions of \"infinite\" dilutions only. Maximum dissociation of bound insulin was observed in the presence of 10(-7) M unlabeled insulin, with less of an effect at lower or higher concentrations of added insulin (no effect seen at 10(-10) M insulin). Two techniques were investigated for separating cells from unbound labeled insulin; the procedure using centrifugation was found to be more efficient. Thus, in the R3230AC mammary adenocarcinoma, data obtained on saturability, reversibility, and specificity of insulin binding indicate the existence of an insulin receptor with properties similar to those found in normal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:135641", "title": "Inhibition of membrane transport of 5-fluoro[6-3H]deoxyuridine into L5178Y mouse leukemia cells.", "content": "The influx of 1.0 muM 5-fluoro[6-3H]deoxyuridine (5F[6-3H]dUrd) into L5178Y mouse leukemia cells followed a linear function with time from 2 to 10 min. Ammonium 5-bromodeoxyuridine 5'-methylphosphonate (BrdUrd-OPO2Me) inhibited the membrane transport of 5F[6-3H]dUrd into L5178Y cells. Influx of 5F[6-3H]dUrd into inhibited cells was observed from zero to 3 min; after 3 min the net rate of 5F[6-3H]dUrd uptake into the cells treated with 18 muM BrdUrd-OPO2Me was almost zero. The cellular uptake of 2'-deoxy[6-3H]uridine or 5-bromo[6-3H]deoxyuridine was inhibited by BrdUrd-OPO2Me. The L5178Y cells were grown for 96 hr in a medium that contained tritium-labeled BruDur-OPO2Me. An analysis of the labeled products in the growth medium showed that the ester linkage is not cleaved to separate the [3H]methylphosphonate group and the nucleoside moiety of BrdUrd-OPO2[3H]Me. The activity of thymidine kinase in a cell-free preparation from L5178Y cells was demonstrated. Although 37 muM 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine produced an inhibition of approximately 45% in kinase activity, BrdUrd-OPO2Me had no effect on enzyme activity. The results indicate that BrdUrd-OPO2Me is an inhibitor of the cell membrane transport of the 5-fluoro and 5-bromo derivatives of 2'-deoxy[6-3H]uridine.", "contents": "Inhibition of membrane transport of 5-fluoro[6-3H]deoxyuridine into L5178Y mouse leukemia cells. The influx of 1.0 muM 5-fluoro[6-3H]deoxyuridine (5F[6-3H]dUrd) into L5178Y mouse leukemia cells followed a linear function with time from 2 to 10 min. Ammonium 5-bromodeoxyuridine 5'-methylphosphonate (BrdUrd-OPO2Me) inhibited the membrane transport of 5F[6-3H]dUrd into L5178Y cells. Influx of 5F[6-3H]dUrd into inhibited cells was observed from zero to 3 min; after 3 min the net rate of 5F[6-3H]dUrd uptake into the cells treated with 18 muM BrdUrd-OPO2Me was almost zero. The cellular uptake of 2'-deoxy[6-3H]uridine or 5-bromo[6-3H]deoxyuridine was inhibited by BrdUrd-OPO2Me. The L5178Y cells were grown for 96 hr in a medium that contained tritium-labeled BruDur-OPO2Me. An analysis of the labeled products in the growth medium showed that the ester linkage is not cleaved to separate the [3H]methylphosphonate group and the nucleoside moiety of BrdUrd-OPO2[3H]Me. The activity of thymidine kinase in a cell-free preparation from L5178Y cells was demonstrated. Although 37 muM 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine produced an inhibition of approximately 45% in kinase activity, BrdUrd-OPO2Me had no effect on enzyme activity. The results indicate that BrdUrd-OPO2Me is an inhibitor of the cell membrane transport of the 5-fluoro and 5-bromo derivatives of 2'-deoxy[6-3H]uridine."}
{"id": "PMID:135642", "title": "Protein synthesis in dextran sulfate-treated ascites tumor cells.", "content": "Treatment of ascites tumor cells with dextran sulfate resulted in a marked inhibition of the incorporation of [14C]valine into protein in the presence of a high Na+ medium. Amino acid incorporation was restored after i.p. injection of these cells into mice or by exposure of the cells to ascites fluid in vitro. In a medium high in K+ and low in Na+, [14C]valine incorporation into protein took place in dextran treated cells. Rotenone inhibited the reaction, which could be restored by addition of both inorganic phosphate and either glucose or glucose 6-phosphate. Quercetin, an inhibitor of the Na+-K+-ATPase, markedly depressed the incorporation of [14C]valine into protein in intact sdviyrd tumor cells in a high Na+ medium. There was little or no inhibition of protein synthesis in dextran sulfate treated cells when tested in a high K+-low Na+ medium. These experiments suggest a relationship between protein synthesis and the operation of the membranous Na+-K+-ATPase.", "contents": "Protein synthesis in dextran sulfate-treated ascites tumor cells. Treatment of ascites tumor cells with dextran sulfate resulted in a marked inhibition of the incorporation of [14C]valine into protein in the presence of a high Na+ medium. Amino acid incorporation was restored after i.p. injection of these cells into mice or by exposure of the cells to ascites fluid in vitro. In a medium high in K+ and low in Na+, [14C]valine incorporation into protein took place in dextran treated cells. Rotenone inhibited the reaction, which could be restored by addition of both inorganic phosphate and either glucose or glucose 6-phosphate. Quercetin, an inhibitor of the Na+-K+-ATPase, markedly depressed the incorporation of [14C]valine into protein in intact sdviyrd tumor cells in a high Na+ medium. There was little or no inhibition of protein synthesis in dextran sulfate treated cells when tested in a high K+-low Na+ medium. These experiments suggest a relationship between protein synthesis and the operation of the membranous Na+-K+-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:135643", "title": "Dihydroergotamine: an effective treatment for postural hypotension due to antihypertensive drugs (ganglion-blocking agents excepted).", "content": "In this study the effect of DHE on postural hypotension induced by major antihypertensive drugs was evaluated in 40 patients. 30 patients were treated with methyldopa, five with guanoxan sulphate and five with bethanidine sulphate. To obtain a more accurate picture of the effectiveness of DHE and to test the reproducibility of its effect, each patient was observed during five separate, successive periods: in the first period the antihypertensive agent was given alone; in the second period it was given along with placebo; in the third period it was given with DHE; in the fourth period the antihypertensive agent was given alone again; and in the fifth period it was again given with DHE. In the third and in the fifth period, DHE was administered at the same time as the antihypertensive agent in a dose of 9-15 mg/24 h (3-5 mg three times daily). The first dose was given 1 h before rising, and the daily dosage was progressively increased. The beneficial effect of DHE on postural hypotension was evaluated by assessing the clinical symptoms in a semiquantitative manner and by measuring the arterial blood pressure and heart rate in a recumbent and standing position. The results were classified as follows: excellent, good, moderate and no response. In most cases, DHE was found to be an effective drug for the treatment of postural hypotension, an improvement in clinical symptoms being noted in 57.5% of patients tested (excellent and good results). In these patients the standing arterial blood pressure showed a significant response (p less than 0.01). DHE did not interfere with the therapeutic effect of the antihypertensive agents. Furthermore, DHE did not affect the heart rate, nor did it give rise to any adverse reactions.", "contents": "Dihydroergotamine: an effective treatment for postural hypotension due to antihypertensive drugs (ganglion-blocking agents excepted). In this study the effect of DHE on postural hypotension induced by major antihypertensive drugs was evaluated in 40 patients. 30 patients were treated with methyldopa, five with guanoxan sulphate and five with bethanidine sulphate. To obtain a more accurate picture of the effectiveness of DHE and to test the reproducibility of its effect, each patient was observed during five separate, successive periods: in the first period the antihypertensive agent was given alone; in the second period it was given along with placebo; in the third period it was given with DHE; in the fourth period the antihypertensive agent was given alone again; and in the fifth period it was again given with DHE. In the third and in the fifth period, DHE was administered at the same time as the antihypertensive agent in a dose of 9-15 mg/24 h (3-5 mg three times daily). The first dose was given 1 h before rising, and the daily dosage was progressively increased. The beneficial effect of DHE on postural hypotension was evaluated by assessing the clinical symptoms in a semiquantitative manner and by measuring the arterial blood pressure and heart rate in a recumbent and standing position. The results were classified as follows: excellent, good, moderate and no response. In most cases, DHE was found to be an effective drug for the treatment of postural hypotension, an improvement in clinical symptoms being noted in 57.5% of patients tested (excellent and good results). In these patients the standing arterial blood pressure showed a significant response (p less than 0.01). DHE did not interfere with the therapeutic effect of the antihypertensive agents. Furthermore, DHE did not affect the heart rate, nor did it give rise to any adverse reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:135644", "title": "Effect of mechanical stimulation on cell proliferation in mouse epidermis and on growth regulation by endogenous factors (chalones).", "content": "Mechanical stimulation of dorsal mouse skin by skin massage or removal of the horny layer results in a mutually comparable increase in DNA-labelling and mitotic activity. However, only after injury such as removal of the horny layer hyperplasia develops. This phenomenon, called \"hyperplastic transformation\" is characterized by a transient abolition of the epidermal G1 chalone responsiveness. There is some indication that the susceptibility to a heat labile factor, probably the epidermal G2 chalone, is not affected. Skin massage neither interferes with the responsiveness to epidermal G1 chalone nor induces \"hyperplastic transformation\". Mouse tail epidermis shows a \"functional hyperplasia\" and responds to the G1 chalone. To explain these observations, it is assumed that the epidermal stem cell population is heterogeneous consisting of G1 chalone-sensitive and G1 chalone-insensitive cells.", "contents": "Effect of mechanical stimulation on cell proliferation in mouse epidermis and on growth regulation by endogenous factors (chalones). Mechanical stimulation of dorsal mouse skin by skin massage or removal of the horny layer results in a mutually comparable increase in DNA-labelling and mitotic activity. However, only after injury such as removal of the horny layer hyperplasia develops. This phenomenon, called \"hyperplastic transformation\" is characterized by a transient abolition of the epidermal G1 chalone responsiveness. There is some indication that the susceptibility to a heat labile factor, probably the epidermal G2 chalone, is not affected. Skin massage neither interferes with the responsiveness to epidermal G1 chalone nor induces \"hyperplastic transformation\". Mouse tail epidermis shows a \"functional hyperplasia\" and responds to the G1 chalone. To explain these observations, it is assumed that the epidermal stem cell population is heterogeneous consisting of G1 chalone-sensitive and G1 chalone-insensitive cells."}
{"id": "PMID:135645", "title": "Differentiation of the plasma membrane of hepatic cells in monolayer cultures.", "content": "Hepatocytes from rats were isolated by treatment with trypsin and cultured. Plasma membranes at different culture stages were observed by electron microscopy. The activities of 5' nucleotidase and adenosinetriphosphatase on the plasma membranes were examined. The cell coat was also studied by use of the concanavalin A-peroxidase technique. The surfaces of single cells, covered with microvilli, are the site of adenosinetriphosphatase activity only and are devoid of 5'-nucleotidase activity. After a few h of culture, the cells are grouped together in tight clusters or long trails and are separated by an intercellular space of 250 A, partially permeable to lanthanum nitrate. The juxtaposed plasma membranes on which 5'-nucleotidase and adenosinetriphosphatase activities occur also delimit spaces similar to bile canaliculi. The formation of junction complexes and their permeability to lanthanum nitrate was also studied. No enzymatic activity is observed at the junctions. The numerous tight junctions, impervious to the tracer, are always accompanied by a profusion of microfilaments. Mature desmosomes are rare, and are present only in the form of \"maculae adhaerentes diminutae.\" The gap junctions, nearly always permeable to the tracer, form rapidly and assume a variety of shapes (trail, bulge and ring-like), the significance of which is open to discussion. The use of concanavalin A permits localization of the free sugar sites on the surface of the cells, in the pinocytotic vesicles and in the internal space of the gap junctions.", "contents": "Differentiation of the plasma membrane of hepatic cells in monolayer cultures. Hepatocytes from rats were isolated by treatment with trypsin and cultured. Plasma membranes at different culture stages were observed by electron microscopy. The activities of 5' nucleotidase and adenosinetriphosphatase on the plasma membranes were examined. The cell coat was also studied by use of the concanavalin A-peroxidase technique. The surfaces of single cells, covered with microvilli, are the site of adenosinetriphosphatase activity only and are devoid of 5'-nucleotidase activity. After a few h of culture, the cells are grouped together in tight clusters or long trails and are separated by an intercellular space of 250 A, partially permeable to lanthanum nitrate. The juxtaposed plasma membranes on which 5'-nucleotidase and adenosinetriphosphatase activities occur also delimit spaces similar to bile canaliculi. The formation of junction complexes and their permeability to lanthanum nitrate was also studied. No enzymatic activity is observed at the junctions. The numerous tight junctions, impervious to the tracer, are always accompanied by a profusion of microfilaments. Mature desmosomes are rare, and are present only in the form of \"maculae adhaerentes diminutae.\" The gap junctions, nearly always permeable to the tracer, form rapidly and assume a variety of shapes (trail, bulge and ring-like), the significance of which is open to discussion. The use of concanavalin A permits localization of the free sugar sites on the surface of the cells, in the pinocytotic vesicles and in the internal space of the gap junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:135646", "title": "Developmental aspects of the innervation of skeletal muscle fibers in the chick embryo.", "content": "The M. complexus in the chick, commonly called the hatching muscle, undergoes conspicuous growth during the latter stages of embryonic development. Myogenesis of this muscle was compared to that of M. biceps femoris with regard to development of types of muscle fiber and their innervation. In both muscles beta fibers are of relatively uniform size and show little growth in diameter between 12 days of development and hatching; alpha fibers develop continuously and display a wide range of diameters at all stages. Initial thickenings on the sarcolemma of beta fibers where axons are closely approximate were first observed at 10 days of development in both muscles. In both muscles beta fibers are innervated prior to alpha fibers. Terminal axon networks bridge intercellular spaces and contact beta fibers in different myogenic clusters. alpha fibers that develop on the surface membrane of beta fibers exhibit focal thickenings of the membrane and some cell projections  that are directed toward axon-beta fiber contacts. These changes occurred only in alpha fibers of M. complexus. At 14 days of embryogenesis, the processes of synaptogenesis and of myelin formation are less advanced in M. biceps femoris than in M. complexus. At this stage alpha fibers were observed to be innervated in M. complexus, but not yet in M. biceps femoris. Each beta fiber was observed to be encircled by several preterminal axons. It is concluded that the earlier development of M. complexus is correlated with an equally early development of nerve-muscle interactions.", "contents": "Developmental aspects of the innervation of skeletal muscle fibers in the chick embryo. The M. complexus in the chick, commonly called the hatching muscle, undergoes conspicuous growth during the latter stages of embryonic development. Myogenesis of this muscle was compared to that of M. biceps femoris with regard to development of types of muscle fiber and their innervation. In both muscles beta fibers are of relatively uniform size and show little growth in diameter between 12 days of development and hatching; alpha fibers develop continuously and display a wide range of diameters at all stages. Initial thickenings on the sarcolemma of beta fibers where axons are closely approximate were first observed at 10 days of development in both muscles. In both muscles beta fibers are innervated prior to alpha fibers. Terminal axon networks bridge intercellular spaces and contact beta fibers in different myogenic clusters. alpha fibers that develop on the surface membrane of beta fibers exhibit focal thickenings of the membrane and some cell projections  that are directed toward axon-beta fiber contacts. These changes occurred only in alpha fibers of M. complexus. At 14 days of embryogenesis, the processes of synaptogenesis and of myelin formation are less advanced in M. biceps femoris than in M. complexus. At this stage alpha fibers were observed to be innervated in M. complexus, but not yet in M. biceps femoris. Each beta fiber was observed to be encircled by several preterminal axons. It is concluded that the earlier development of M. complexus is correlated with an equally early development of nerve-muscle interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:135656", "title": "Myocardial contractile function and myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity in chemically sympathectomized rats.", "content": "The contractile properties and contractile protein enzymatic activity of skeletal muscle can be altered by neural influences. To determine whether similar influences apply to cardiac muscle, adult rats were chemically sympathectomized by intravenous injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). After 2 weeks of treatment, rats were anesthetized and an index of myocardial contractility (max dP/dt) was measured in situ. Max dP/dt was depressed in 6-OHDA-treated rats [4560 +/- 420 (mean +/- SE) mm Hg/sec] when compared to controls (6710 +/- 580 mm Hg/sec). Sympathectomy was verified by reduced hemodynamic responsiveness to tyramine injections. After functional measurements had been completed, the heart was excised. Myofibrils were prepared from left ventricular tissue and analyzed for ATPase activity. Myofibrillar protein yield averaged 38 +/- 2 mg/g in controls and was not significantly different in 6-OHDA rats. Myofibrillar ATPase activity was 0.314 +/- 0.014 mumol P1/mg per min in controls. Enzyme activity was significantly reduced to 0.230 +/- 0.020 mumol P1/mg per min in 6-OHDA rats. The results demonstrate that a chronic reduction in sympathetic stimulation to the heart results in a depression of an index of myocardial contractile function which is accompanied by reduced myofibrillar ATPase activity. Acute (16-18 hours) chemical sympathectomy depressed the contractile function index without altering ATPase activity. Bilateral adrenalectomy produced no further decrement in myofibrillar ATPase activity in chronically (2 weeks) sympathectomized rats. Therefore, it appears that the changes in contractile protein enzymatic properties are mediated by sympathetic neural influences and may involve the synthesis of new contractile protein(s) with altered enzymatic properties.", "contents": "Myocardial contractile function and myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity in chemically sympathectomized rats. The contractile properties and contractile protein enzymatic activity of skeletal muscle can be altered by neural influences. To determine whether similar influences apply to cardiac muscle, adult rats were chemically sympathectomized by intravenous injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). After 2 weeks of treatment, rats were anesthetized and an index of myocardial contractility (max dP/dt) was measured in situ. Max dP/dt was depressed in 6-OHDA-treated rats [4560 +/- 420 (mean +/- SE) mm Hg/sec] when compared to controls (6710 +/- 580 mm Hg/sec). Sympathectomy was verified by reduced hemodynamic responsiveness to tyramine injections. After functional measurements had been completed, the heart was excised. Myofibrils were prepared from left ventricular tissue and analyzed for ATPase activity. Myofibrillar protein yield averaged 38 +/- 2 mg/g in controls and was not significantly different in 6-OHDA rats. Myofibrillar ATPase activity was 0.314 +/- 0.014 mumol P1/mg per min in controls. Enzyme activity was significantly reduced to 0.230 +/- 0.020 mumol P1/mg per min in 6-OHDA rats. The results demonstrate that a chronic reduction in sympathetic stimulation to the heart results in a depression of an index of myocardial contractile function which is accompanied by reduced myofibrillar ATPase activity. Acute (16-18 hours) chemical sympathectomy depressed the contractile function index without altering ATPase activity. Bilateral adrenalectomy produced no further decrement in myofibrillar ATPase activity in chronically (2 weeks) sympathectomized rats. Therefore, it appears that the changes in contractile protein enzymatic properties are mediated by sympathetic neural influences and may involve the synthesis of new contractile protein(s) with altered enzymatic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:135657", "title": "Report of the Inter-Society Commission for Heart Disease Resources. Medical instrumentation in peripheral vascular disease. Resource and planning guidelines for the hospital and physician.", "content": "This is a resource and planning guideline for hospitals and physicians. The status of medical instrumentation in peripheral vascular disease diagnosis is reviewed and the application of examination methods to categories of vascular disease discussed. Resour", "contents": "Report of the Inter-Society Commission for Heart Disease Resources. Medical instrumentation in peripheral vascular disease. Resource and planning guidelines for the hospital and physician. This is a resource and planning guideline for hospitals and physicians. The status of medical instrumentation in peripheral vascular disease diagnosis is reviewed and the application of examination methods to categories of vascular disease discussed. Resour"}
{"id": "PMID:135659", "title": "Sarcolemmal membrane changes related to enzyme release in the imipramine/serotonin experimental animal model.", "content": "We report specific findings in the imipramine/serotonin animal model that are consistent with sarcolemmal membrane alterations. Among these findings are cytoplasmic enzyme release, diminished uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyrate (an amino acid analog), decreased oxygen consumption in isolated rat diaphragm, and ribosuria. Furthermore, we describe for the first time the release of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase from a source other than cardiac tissue; that is, isolated diaphragms from imipramine/serotonin-treated animals release increased amounts of MB isoenzyme as compared to diaphragms from control animals. We believe the similarities between this animal model and the human disease (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) support a genetically determined generalized membrane abnormality in the pathogenesis of this form of muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Sarcolemmal membrane changes related to enzyme release in the imipramine/serotonin experimental animal model. We report specific findings in the imipramine/serotonin animal model that are consistent with sarcolemmal membrane alterations. Among these findings are cytoplasmic enzyme release, diminished uptake of alpha-aminoisobutyrate (an amino acid analog), decreased oxygen consumption in isolated rat diaphragm, and ribosuria. Furthermore, we describe for the first time the release of the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase from a source other than cardiac tissue; that is, isolated diaphragms from imipramine/serotonin-treated animals release increased amounts of MB isoenzyme as compared to diaphragms from control animals. We believe the similarities between this animal model and the human disease (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) support a genetically determined generalized membrane abnormality in the pathogenesis of this form of muscular dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:135660", "title": "Metabolic response of humans to ingestion of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide.", "content": "The identification of nicotinamide-N1-oxide as a metabolite in the urine of a schizophrenic patient prompted a study of the relative metabolism of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide in mental patients and healthy volunteers. Metabolites quantified included N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, N1-methylnicotinamide, nicotinuric acid, and nicotinamide-N1-oxide. More of most of these metabolites evidently was excreted after nicotinamide ingestion than after nicotinic acid. At the highest doses (3000 mg/day), the relative proportions of these metabolites in the urine were changed. There were only slight difference between healthy individuals and mental patients in the quantities of metabolites excreted, and no statistically significant trends were noted.", "contents": "Metabolic response of humans to ingestion of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. The identification of nicotinamide-N1-oxide as a metabolite in the urine of a schizophrenic patient prompted a study of the relative metabolism of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide in mental patients and healthy volunteers. Metabolites quantified included N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide, N1-methyl-4-pyridone-3-carboxamide, N1-methylnicotinamide, nicotinuric acid, and nicotinamide-N1-oxide. More of most of these metabolites evidently was excreted after nicotinamide ingestion than after nicotinic acid. At the highest doses (3000 mg/day), the relative proportions of these metabolites in the urine were changed. There were only slight difference between healthy individuals and mental patients in the quantities of metabolites excreted, and no statistically significant trends were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:135661", "title": "[Diphenoloxidases: presence in the membrane of human erythrocyte (author's transl)].", "content": "Diphenoloxidases, enzymes which accelerate the auto-oxidation of epinephrine and Dopa, have been described by one of us in blood platelets. Earlier we identified these enzymes in different animal species and particularly in human red blood cells. With the object of localising these enzymes and of understanding their function in vivo, we separated the ghosts of red blood cells according to the method described by Fairbanks G., Steck, T.L. and Wallach, D.F.H. (1971) (Biochemistry 1, 2606) and using the protease inhibitors diisopropylfuorophosphate (DFP) (10(-3) M) and 6-aminocaproic acid 10(-2) M in sodium phosphate buffer, 5 X 10(-3) M (pH 8). These ghosts, totally free of haemoglobin, were first of all pulverised in liquid nitrogen then treated ultrasonically. The supernant shows the presence of a band of diphenoloxidase activity on starch gel electrophoresis and two bands on isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide gel pH 5 to pH 8 after incubation with 0.02 M Dopa, 0.076 M Tris, 0.005 M citric acid, 0.004 M magnesium, pH 8.7 for 2 h at 37 degrees C. These enzymes differ from (Na, K)-ATPase in that they are neither inhibited by DFP (10(-1) M) nor by EDTA (10(-2) M) but are inhibited by lead acetate 10(-2) M. Like (Na, K)-ATPase diphenoloxidases are present at membranes level. The role in vivo of these diphenoloxidases in ATPase activity of red blood cells is discussed.", "contents": "[Diphenoloxidases: presence in the membrane of human erythrocyte (author's transl)]. Diphenoloxidases, enzymes which accelerate the auto-oxidation of epinephrine and Dopa, have been described by one of us in blood platelets. Earlier we identified these enzymes in different animal species and particularly in human red blood cells. With the object of localising these enzymes and of understanding their function in vivo, we separated the ghosts of red blood cells according to the method described by Fairbanks G., Steck, T.L. and Wallach, D.F.H. (1971) (Biochemistry 1, 2606) and using the protease inhibitors diisopropylfuorophosphate (DFP) (10(-3) M) and 6-aminocaproic acid 10(-2) M in sodium phosphate buffer, 5 X 10(-3) M (pH 8). These ghosts, totally free of haemoglobin, were first of all pulverised in liquid nitrogen then treated ultrasonically. The supernant shows the presence of a band of diphenoloxidase activity on starch gel electrophoresis and two bands on isoelectrofocusing in polyacrylamide gel pH 5 to pH 8 after incubation with 0.02 M Dopa, 0.076 M Tris, 0.005 M citric acid, 0.004 M magnesium, pH 8.7 for 2 h at 37 degrees C. These enzymes differ from (Na, K)-ATPase in that they are neither inhibited by DFP (10(-1) M) nor by EDTA (10(-2) M) but are inhibited by lead acetate 10(-2) M. Like (Na, K)-ATPase diphenoloxidases are present at membranes level. The role in vivo of these diphenoloxidases in ATPase activity of red blood cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135662", "title": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin (Pi) types in Down's syndrome.", "content": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin (Pi) phenotypes have been determined in 40 patients suffering from Down's syndrome. Thirty-six of the patients were found to have a normal M phenotype, whereas two deficient phenotypes of the MS variety were observed. In addition, two M variants were noted. The significance of an M variant phenotype in some patients with Down's syndrome is not completely understood and is currently under investigation. Since the majority of the patients had a normal alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotype, the results of this study indicate that a deficiency in alpha-1-antitrypsin plays no role in the respiratory fragility of individuals with Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Alpha-1-antitrypsin (Pi) types in Down's syndrome. Alpha-1-antitrypsin (Pi) phenotypes have been determined in 40 patients suffering from Down's syndrome. Thirty-six of the patients were found to have a normal M phenotype, whereas two deficient phenotypes of the MS variety were observed. In addition, two M variants were noted. The significance of an M variant phenotype in some patients with Down's syndrome is not completely understood and is currently under investigation. Since the majority of the patients had a normal alpha-1-antitrypsin phenotype, the results of this study indicate that a deficiency in alpha-1-antitrypsin plays no role in the respiratory fragility of individuals with Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:135664", "title": "Association of overt glomerulonephritis and liver disease: a study of 34 patients.", "content": "Thirty-four patients with overt glomerulonephritis and chronic liver disease were studied. Kidney specimens were examined by light, electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. Plasma C3 levels were measured and a search for cryoglobulinemia was carried out in all patients. Twenty-six out of the thirty-four patients had an immune complex type glomerulonephritis (membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis or glomerulosclerosis with mesangial deposits) suggestive of hepatic glomerulonephritis. The glomerular deposits almost always contained IgA and very frequently other immunoglobulins as well as C3. The membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis was characterized by severe renal symptoms, mixed cryoglobulinemia and the frequent finding of low C3 levels. These data suggest that there is a linkage between liver disease and glomerulonephritis. The immunomorphological type of glomerulonephritis and the cryoglobulinemia are both suggestive of an immune complex disease. The lowering of the C3 levels could be due to activation of complement components by immune complexes, to hepatic hyposynthesis, or to a combination of the two.", "contents": "Association of overt glomerulonephritis and liver disease: a study of 34 patients. Thirty-four patients with overt glomerulonephritis and chronic liver disease were studied. Kidney specimens were examined by light, electron and immunofluorescence microscopy. Plasma C3 levels were measured and a search for cryoglobulinemia was carried out in all patients. Twenty-six out of the thirty-four patients had an immune complex type glomerulonephritis (membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis or glomerulosclerosis with mesangial deposits) suggestive of hepatic glomerulonephritis. The glomerular deposits almost always contained IgA and very frequently other immunoglobulins as well as C3. The membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis was characterized by severe renal symptoms, mixed cryoglobulinemia and the frequent finding of low C3 levels. These data suggest that there is a linkage between liver disease and glomerulonephritis. The immunomorphological type of glomerulonephritis and the cryoglobulinemia are both suggestive of an immune complex disease. The lowering of the C3 levels could be due to activation of complement components by immune complexes, to hepatic hyposynthesis, or to a combination of the two."}
{"id": "PMID:135665", "title": "Persistent intravascular C3 activation after bilateral nephrectomy in patients with thrombotic microangiopathy.", "content": "Four patients with thrombotic microangiopathy had evidence of intravascular C3 activation on presentation which persisted after bilateral nephrectomy. In several serum samples, C3-splitting activity was not associated with the presence of circulating immune complexes, which were detected in all four patients before nephrectomy and in three after nephrectomy.", "contents": "Persistent intravascular C3 activation after bilateral nephrectomy in patients with thrombotic microangiopathy. Four patients with thrombotic microangiopathy had evidence of intravascular C3 activation on presentation which persisted after bilateral nephrectomy. In several serum samples, C3-splitting activity was not associated with the presence of circulating immune complexes, which were detected in all four patients before nephrectomy and in three after nephrectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:135666", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and streptozotocin. I. Clinical results in patients with advanced sarcoma.", "content": "In a prospectively randomized study, 17 evaluable patients treated with adriamycin alone, 60 mg/m2 intravenously every 3 wk, were compared with 14 patients treated with adriamycin in the same dose and schedule plus streptozotocin. 500 mg/m2/day intravenously for 5 days every 3 wk. All patients had advanced sarcomas, but none had previously received either adriamycin or streptozotocin. Objective responses were seen in 9 patients on the single drug arm (4 with more than 50% tumor shrinkage and 5 with stabilization of disease), and in 8 patients given the combination drug arm (2 with more than 50% tumor shrinkage and 6 with stabilization of disease). Duration of response and survival from treatment for both treatment groups were similar. Transient hepatic dysfunction, renal function abnormalities, and nausea with vomiting were additive in the combination drug arm, the last two limiting therapy most. Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mucositis appeared to be synergistically increased in patients receiving both adriamycin and streptozotocin. Patients with abnormal pretreatment renal function were able to tolerate the combination therapy without undue incidence of severity of renal toxicity. Patients who developed transient streptozotocin-related renal dysfunction were able to tolerate further doses of streptozotocin after their renal parameters normalized. Adriamycin in combination with streptozotocin did not offer any therapeutic advantage over adriamycin alone.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and streptozotocin. I. Clinical results in patients with advanced sarcoma. In a prospectively randomized study, 17 evaluable patients treated with adriamycin alone, 60 mg/m2 intravenously every 3 wk, were compared with 14 patients treated with adriamycin in the same dose and schedule plus streptozotocin. 500 mg/m2/day intravenously for 5 days every 3 wk. All patients had advanced sarcomas, but none had previously received either adriamycin or streptozotocin. Objective responses were seen in 9 patients on the single drug arm (4 with more than 50% tumor shrinkage and 5 with stabilization of disease), and in 8 patients given the combination drug arm (2 with more than 50% tumor shrinkage and 6 with stabilization of disease). Duration of response and survival from treatment for both treatment groups were similar. Transient hepatic dysfunction, renal function abnormalities, and nausea with vomiting were additive in the combination drug arm, the last two limiting therapy most. Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and mucositis appeared to be synergistically increased in patients receiving both adriamycin and streptozotocin. Patients with abnormal pretreatment renal function were able to tolerate the combination therapy without undue incidence of severity of renal toxicity. Patients who developed transient streptozotocin-related renal dysfunction were able to tolerate further doses of streptozotocin after their renal parameters normalized. Adriamycin in combination with streptozotocin did not offer any therapeutic advantage over adriamycin alone."}
{"id": "PMID:135667", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and streptozotocin. II. Clincopharmacologic correlation of augmented adriamycin toxicity caused by streptozotocin.", "content": "Plasma pharmacokinetics were compared in patients with advanced sarcomas receiving adriamycin, 60 mg/m2 intravenously (iv) on day 1 every 3 wk in combination with streptozotocin, 500 mg/m2/day iv on days 1 to 5 every 3 wk, and patients receiving adriamycin alone in the same dose and schedule. The combination-treated group had greater adriamycin drug exposure (concentration X time) when serial plasma levels were analyzed by fluorescence assay and by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The plasma t 1/2 of adriamycin equivalents measured by fluorescence assay was also significantly prolonged in the combination-treated group. These changes correlated well with an increase in adriamycin-related toxicity--mucositis and myelosuppression-seen in the patients who received the combination drug therapy. Plasma streptozotocin kinetics and the incidence of streptozotocin-related side effects--hepatic and renal function abnormalities--were those published for streptozotocin alone. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that the increased incidence of adriamycin side effects is due to streptozotocin-related hepatic dysfunction, affecting both the detoxification and excretion of adriamycin. Combination of other drugs with adriamycin should take into account their potential for inducing hepatic dysfunction which may affect the therapeutic index of adriamycin.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with adriamycin and streptozotocin. II. Clincopharmacologic correlation of augmented adriamycin toxicity caused by streptozotocin. Plasma pharmacokinetics were compared in patients with advanced sarcomas receiving adriamycin, 60 mg/m2 intravenously (iv) on day 1 every 3 wk in combination with streptozotocin, 500 mg/m2/day iv on days 1 to 5 every 3 wk, and patients receiving adriamycin alone in the same dose and schedule. The combination-treated group had greater adriamycin drug exposure (concentration X time) when serial plasma levels were analyzed by fluorescence assay and by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The plasma t 1/2 of adriamycin equivalents measured by fluorescence assay was also significantly prolonged in the combination-treated group. These changes correlated well with an increase in adriamycin-related toxicity--mucositis and myelosuppression-seen in the patients who received the combination drug therapy. Plasma streptozotocin kinetics and the incidence of streptozotocin-related side effects--hepatic and renal function abnormalities--were those published for streptozotocin alone. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that the increased incidence of adriamycin side effects is due to streptozotocin-related hepatic dysfunction, affecting both the detoxification and excretion of adriamycin. Combination of other drugs with adriamycin should take into account their potential for inducing hepatic dysfunction which may affect the therapeutic index of adriamycin."}
{"id": "PMID:135669", "title": "Variations in size of the bony lumbar canal in patients with prolapse of lumbar intervertebral discs.", "content": "Prolapse of the lumbar intervertebral disc is one of the commonly accepted causes of low back pain. Most patients respond well to conservative treatment, but some may not respond at all. Though the reason for this variation is not clearly understood, it is felt that a developmentally narrow spinal canal might have some relation to the persistence of backache and sciatica. The canal was therefore measured at each of the lumbar vertebral level by a method described by Jones and Thomson (1969) in 100 consecutive patients operated upon for prolapsed lumbar intervertebral discs, in 100 normal patients for comparison. This method does not give direct measurements of the bony spinal canal but provides a ratio of the size of the canal to the adjacent vertebral body. We found a trend towards the presence of a narrower than normal lumbar canal in patients with prolapsed lumbar intervertebral discs. It is concluded that in patients with prolapsed lumbar intervertebral discs necessitating operation, the canal tends to be narrower than normal, and such narrowing enhances the effect of any disc protrusion leading to severe symptoms of backache and sciatica.", "contents": "Variations in size of the bony lumbar canal in patients with prolapse of lumbar intervertebral discs. Prolapse of the lumbar intervertebral disc is one of the commonly accepted causes of low back pain. Most patients respond well to conservative treatment, but some may not respond at all. Though the reason for this variation is not clearly understood, it is felt that a developmentally narrow spinal canal might have some relation to the persistence of backache and sciatica. The canal was therefore measured at each of the lumbar vertebral level by a method described by Jones and Thomson (1969) in 100 consecutive patients operated upon for prolapsed lumbar intervertebral discs, in 100 normal patients for comparison. This method does not give direct measurements of the bony spinal canal but provides a ratio of the size of the canal to the adjacent vertebral body. We found a trend towards the presence of a narrower than normal lumbar canal in patients with prolapsed lumbar intervertebral discs. It is concluded that in patients with prolapsed lumbar intervertebral discs necessitating operation, the canal tends to be narrower than normal, and such narrowing enhances the effect of any disc protrusion leading to severe symptoms of backache and sciatica."}
{"id": "PMID:135673", "title": "Total anomalous pulmonary venous return with associated patent ductus arteriosus. Two cases with successful correction.", "content": "A large patent ductus arteriosus associated with total anomalous pulmonary venous return results in a unique hemodynamic pattern, and long-term survival has been rare. Two patients, aged five and 18 years, underwent successful surgical repair of supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous return and an associated large patent ductus arteriosus. The association of the Noonan syndrome in the 18-year-old woman is of additional interest.", "contents": "Total anomalous pulmonary venous return with associated patent ductus arteriosus. Two cases with successful correction. A large patent ductus arteriosus associated with total anomalous pulmonary venous return results in a unique hemodynamic pattern, and long-term survival has been rare. Two patients, aged five and 18 years, underwent successful surgical repair of supracardiac total anomalous pulmonary venous return and an associated large patent ductus arteriosus. The association of the Noonan syndrome in the 18-year-old woman is of additional interest."}
{"id": "PMID:135681", "title": "Increased reactivity of responding cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction by a thymic humoral factor.", "content": "A thymic humoral factor (THF) induces competence in a certain sector of the lymphoid cell population. The target cell for THF activity was studied using the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Cells from various lymphoid tissues (responding cells) were preincubated in THF for 1 hour and then mixed with mitomycin-C-treated cells (stimulating cells). The results obtained indicate that THF increases MLC competence of lymphocytes from spleen and thymus origin of intact mice and that of spleen of thymus-deprived mice. In contrast, no enhancing effect in the MLC response by THF could be observed when bone marrow-derived spleen cells, cortisone-resistant thymocytes or lymph node cells were used as responding cells. These results confirm our hypothesis that THF leads to differentiation of young thymus-derived (T) cells, promoting them to maturation and thus to the acquisition of full immune competence.", "contents": "Increased reactivity of responding cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction by a thymic humoral factor. A thymic humoral factor (THF) induces competence in a certain sector of the lymphoid cell population. The target cell for THF activity was studied using the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Cells from various lymphoid tissues (responding cells) were preincubated in THF for 1 hour and then mixed with mitomycin-C-treated cells (stimulating cells). The results obtained indicate that THF increases MLC competence of lymphocytes from spleen and thymus origin of intact mice and that of spleen of thymus-deprived mice. In contrast, no enhancing effect in the MLC response by THF could be observed when bone marrow-derived spleen cells, cortisone-resistant thymocytes or lymph node cells were used as responding cells. These results confirm our hypothesis that THF leads to differentiation of young thymus-derived (T) cells, promoting them to maturation and thus to the acquisition of full immune competence."}
{"id": "PMID:135682", "title": "Lymphocyte membrane receptors in human lymphoid leukemias.", "content": "Membrane-bound immunoglobulins, receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG and receptors for the third component of human or murine complement were used as B cell membrane markers to study peripheral blood lymphocytes from twenty-two patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), five patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and one patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome. The capacity of human T cells of forming \"spontaneous rosettes\" with sheep erythrocytes was employed as T cell membrane marker. In nineteen out of twenty-seven CLL or ALL cases tested a larger percentage of cells than that found in normal individuals expressed at least one of the three B cell membrane markers studied. In the patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome the percentage of cells forming \"spontaneous rosettes\" with sheep erythrocytes was larger than the normal, while cells bearing B cells markers were below the normal values.", "contents": "Lymphocyte membrane receptors in human lymphoid leukemias. Membrane-bound immunoglobulins, receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG and receptors for the third component of human or murine complement were used as B cell membrane markers to study peripheral blood lymphocytes from twenty-two patients with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), five patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and one patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome. The capacity of human T cells of forming \"spontaneous rosettes\" with sheep erythrocytes was employed as T cell membrane marker. In nineteen out of twenty-seven CLL or ALL cases tested a larger percentage of cells than that found in normal individuals expressed at least one of the three B cell membrane markers studied. In the patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome the percentage of cells forming \"spontaneous rosettes\" with sheep erythrocytes was larger than the normal, while cells bearing B cells markers were below the normal values."}
{"id": "PMID:135683", "title": "Effect of delayed addition of 2-mercaptoethanol on the generation of mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mixed leukocyte cultures.", "content": "The generation of mouse cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) in primary or secondary mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) is greatly enhanced by the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) to the culture medium. This enhancement can be equally demonstrated with either reduced or oxidized 2-ME. Addition of 2-ME to MLC as late as 3 days after the initiation of the culture results in a peak CTL response which is nearly as high as the one in cultures containing 2-ME throughout the 4 day-incubation period. Quantitative analysis of the CTL response in MLC supplemented with 2-ME on day 3 shows a 50-fold increase in lytic activity within 24 h, suggesting that cell differentiation, in addition to proliferation may be affected by this agent.", "contents": "Effect of delayed addition of 2-mercaptoethanol on the generation of mouse cytotoxic T lymphocytes in mixed leukocyte cultures. The generation of mouse cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) in primary or secondary mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) is greatly enhanced by the addition of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) to the culture medium. This enhancement can be equally demonstrated with either reduced or oxidized 2-ME. Addition of 2-ME to MLC as late as 3 days after the initiation of the culture results in a peak CTL response which is nearly as high as the one in cultures containing 2-ME throughout the 4 day-incubation period. Quantitative analysis of the CTL response in MLC supplemented with 2-ME on day 3 shows a 50-fold increase in lytic activity within 24 h, suggesting that cell differentiation, in addition to proliferation may be affected by this agent."}
{"id": "PMID:135684", "title": "Mixed lymphocyte reactivity of human lymphocytes primed in vitro. I. Secondary response to allogenic lymphocytes.", "content": "In order to study the mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity of human lymphocytes primed in vitro, a nucleopore culture chamber technique allowing human lymphocytes to be cultured for a period of at least two weeks has been developed. During the primary culture period in nucleopore chambers, human lymphocytes were sensitized against mitomycin-treated allogenic stimulating cells. It was shown that the stimulated lymphocytes underwent a blastogenic reaction and the results suggest a reversion to the state of small, resting, primed lymphocytes. In vitro primed lymphocytes displayed allogenic memory. This was characteristic of a secondary response, which is shown by the following: 1) acceleration, the peak of thymidine incorporation occurring on day 4,2) specificity, the accelerated response was observed only when the primed lymphocytes were confronted with the cell used for priming. Contact with a third party cell did not produce this kind of activation. 3) Amplitude; the peak DNA synthesis response was greater than that of unprimed lymphocytes cultivated for the same length of time.", "contents": "Mixed lymphocyte reactivity of human lymphocytes primed in vitro. I. Secondary response to allogenic lymphocytes. In order to study the mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity of human lymphocytes primed in vitro, a nucleopore culture chamber technique allowing human lymphocytes to be cultured for a period of at least two weeks has been developed. During the primary culture period in nucleopore chambers, human lymphocytes were sensitized against mitomycin-treated allogenic stimulating cells. It was shown that the stimulated lymphocytes underwent a blastogenic reaction and the results suggest a reversion to the state of small, resting, primed lymphocytes. In vitro primed lymphocytes displayed allogenic memory. This was characteristic of a secondary response, which is shown by the following: 1) acceleration, the peak of thymidine incorporation occurring on day 4,2) specificity, the accelerated response was observed only when the primed lymphocytes were confronted with the cell used for priming. Contact with a third party cell did not produce this kind of activation. 3) Amplitude; the peak DNA synthesis response was greater than that of unprimed lymphocytes cultivated for the same length of time."}
{"id": "PMID:135685", "title": "Isolation on discontinuous gradients of bovine albumin of a subpopulation of human lymphocytes exhibiting precursor characteristics.", "content": "Purified subpopulations of lymphocytes were obtained from discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradients and by rosetting sheep erythrocytes (E) or EAC1-3. Cells from layers 1 to 3 of the BSA gradient which failed to rosette with E were highly reactive with EAC1-3 and with anti-human IgM. Demonstrating a high spontaneous rate of DNA synthesis and primitive morphology, these cells responded to pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A and alloantigens, but not to phytohemagglutinin or soluble antigens. Constituting from 0.5% to 3.0% of all lymphocytes from each of the tissues studied, these lymphocytes appear to represent an earlier stage in human lymphocyte development distinct from both T and B cells.", "contents": "Isolation on discontinuous gradients of bovine albumin of a subpopulation of human lymphocytes exhibiting precursor characteristics. Purified subpopulations of lymphocytes were obtained from discontinuous bovine serum albumin (BSA) gradients and by rosetting sheep erythrocytes (E) or EAC1-3. Cells from layers 1 to 3 of the BSA gradient which failed to rosette with E were highly reactive with EAC1-3 and with anti-human IgM. Demonstrating a high spontaneous rate of DNA synthesis and primitive morphology, these cells responded to pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A and alloantigens, but not to phytohemagglutinin or soluble antigens. Constituting from 0.5% to 3.0% of all lymphocytes from each of the tissues studied, these lymphocytes appear to represent an earlier stage in human lymphocyte development distinct from both T and B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:135686", "title": "Cell-free media of mixed lymphocyte cultures augmenting sensitization in vitro of mouse T lymphocytes against allogeneic fibroblasts.", "content": "Using an in vitro mouse lymphocyte anti-fibroblast reaction (AFR), we recently reported that the addition of allogeneic stimulator lymphocytes to the sensitization phase of the AFR enhanced sensitization to fibroblast antigens as evidenced by a marked increase in the cytolytic activity of the sensitized lymphocyte population. In the present report we studied the mechanism of this helper effect by testing the capacity of cell-free media derived from 48-h mixed spleen cultures to enhance anti-fibroblast sensitization. We found that such cell-free media could produce a marked helper effect when applied to the sensitization phase of the AFR, but not when added to the cytolytic effector phase. The stimulator cells in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) did not have to be syngeneic with the sensitizing fibroblasts in the AFR in order for the helper effect to be demonstrated. Lymphocytes sensitized to fibroblast antigens in the presence of MLC medium retained their specificity of the effector phase. Our data suggest that the MLC medium acts by enhancing differentiation processes of antigen-triggered lymphocytes. Generation of helper activity by the MLC was abolished by 1000 r irradiation of the responder cells. By using nu/nu and normal spleens, both from two different strains, as cell sources for the MLC, we found that the generation of helper activity depended on T cells capable of proliferation. Furthermore, stimulator lymphocytes differing from responder lymphocytes by non-H-2 alloantigens as well as by point mutation with the H-2 complex were capable of eliciting helper factor(s). Thus, soluble factor(s) produced in a MLC, which are dependent on T lymphocyte proliferation, have the capacity to enhance the sensitization of mouse lymphocytes against antigens present on allogeneic fibroblasts.", "contents": "Cell-free media of mixed lymphocyte cultures augmenting sensitization in vitro of mouse T lymphocytes against allogeneic fibroblasts. Using an in vitro mouse lymphocyte anti-fibroblast reaction (AFR), we recently reported that the addition of allogeneic stimulator lymphocytes to the sensitization phase of the AFR enhanced sensitization to fibroblast antigens as evidenced by a marked increase in the cytolytic activity of the sensitized lymphocyte population. In the present report we studied the mechanism of this helper effect by testing the capacity of cell-free media derived from 48-h mixed spleen cultures to enhance anti-fibroblast sensitization. We found that such cell-free media could produce a marked helper effect when applied to the sensitization phase of the AFR, but not when added to the cytolytic effector phase. The stimulator cells in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) did not have to be syngeneic with the sensitizing fibroblasts in the AFR in order for the helper effect to be demonstrated. Lymphocytes sensitized to fibroblast antigens in the presence of MLC medium retained their specificity of the effector phase. Our data suggest that the MLC medium acts by enhancing differentiation processes of antigen-triggered lymphocytes. Generation of helper activity by the MLC was abolished by 1000 r irradiation of the responder cells. By using nu/nu and normal spleens, both from two different strains, as cell sources for the MLC, we found that the generation of helper activity depended on T cells capable of proliferation. Furthermore, stimulator lymphocytes differing from responder lymphocytes by non-H-2 alloantigens as well as by point mutation with the H-2 complex were capable of eliciting helper factor(s). Thus, soluble factor(s) produced in a MLC, which are dependent on T lymphocyte proliferation, have the capacity to enhance the sensitization of mouse lymphocytes against antigens present on allogeneic fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:135687", "title": "Micromethods for induction and assay of mouse mixed lymphocyte reactions and cytotoxicity.", "content": "A new method in which induction of mixed lymphocyte responses and cytotoxicity can be performed under identical conditions is described. This enables the investigation of the relationship between MLR and cytotoxicity. A micro method for the 51Cr release assay for cytotoxicity is described using both mitogen-induced blasts and tumors as target cells. Under the conditions used data obtained is suitable for linear regression analysis, enabling quantitative comparisons to be made.", "contents": "Micromethods for induction and assay of mouse mixed lymphocyte reactions and cytotoxicity. A new method in which induction of mixed lymphocyte responses and cytotoxicity can be performed under identical conditions is described. This enables the investigation of the relationship between MLR and cytotoxicity. A micro method for the 51Cr release assay for cytotoxicity is described using both mitogen-induced blasts and tumors as target cells. Under the conditions used data obtained is suitable for linear regression analysis, enabling quantitative comparisons to be made."}
{"id": "PMID:135688", "title": "Stimulation of mixed lymphocyte cultures and cytotoxic responses: evidence that T cells express SD but not LD antigens, whereas B cells express both.", "content": "By separating T and B cells from stimulator spleens it has been found that mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) and cytotoxic cells are generated in responder T cell populations by B but not by T stimulator cells in a wide variety of strain combinations. It is suggested that MLR-stimulating or LD antigens are expressed on B but not T cells, and that their presence is necessary in order to generate cototoxic responses to H-2K and/or H-2D (or SD) antigens which are present on both T and B cells. The finding that B cells and macrophages stimulate MLR is consistent with the hypothesis that Ia antigens, expressed on both these cell types but not on nylon column purified peripheral T cells, are the MLR-stimulating or LD determinants.", "contents": "Stimulation of mixed lymphocyte cultures and cytotoxic responses: evidence that T cells express SD but not LD antigens, whereas B cells express both. By separating T and B cells from stimulator spleens it has been found that mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) and cytotoxic cells are generated in responder T cell populations by B but not by T stimulator cells in a wide variety of strain combinations. It is suggested that MLR-stimulating or LD antigens are expressed on B but not T cells, and that their presence is necessary in order to generate cototoxic responses to H-2K and/or H-2D (or SD) antigens which are present on both T and B cells. The finding that B cells and macrophages stimulate MLR is consistent with the hypothesis that Ia antigens, expressed on both these cell types but not on nylon column purified peripheral T cells, are the MLR-stimulating or LD determinants."}
{"id": "PMID:135689", "title": "T cell proliferation in the mixed lymphocyte culture does not necessarily result in the generation of cytotoxic T effector cells.", "content": "It was tested whether T lymphocytes, when stimulated in vitro by M locus-coded lymphocyte activating determinants (LAD), are able to mediate cytotoxic effector functions. The assay for cytotoxicity included both the use of purified appropriate target cells (i.e. purified lipopolysaccharide blasts) as well as the use of phytohemagglutinin dependent cytolysis as a model for detecting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Although strong proliferative responses were obtained in the mixed lymphocyte culture, the T cell blast generated did not display any detectable cytotoxic effector function. Thus, it is concluded that LAD, at least in the M locus-dependent system, do have the capacity to induce T cell proliferation but do not induce CTL.", "contents": "T cell proliferation in the mixed lymphocyte culture does not necessarily result in the generation of cytotoxic T effector cells. It was tested whether T lymphocytes, when stimulated in vitro by M locus-coded lymphocyte activating determinants (LAD), are able to mediate cytotoxic effector functions. The assay for cytotoxicity included both the use of purified appropriate target cells (i.e. purified lipopolysaccharide blasts) as well as the use of phytohemagglutinin dependent cytolysis as a model for detecting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Although strong proliferative responses were obtained in the mixed lymphocyte culture, the T cell blast generated did not display any detectable cytotoxic effector function. Thus, it is concluded that LAD, at least in the M locus-dependent system, do have the capacity to induce T cell proliferation but do not induce CTL."}
{"id": "PMID:135690", "title": "Effect of tryptaminergic drugs on electroshock fighting behaviour in rats.", "content": "The effect of some tryptaminergic drugs on electroshock fighting behaviour in rats was determined. Reserpine and tetrabenazine reduced the fighting responses while 5-hydroxytryptophan increased the fighting responses in normal as well as reserpine-treated animals. p-Chlorophenylalanine, a specific depletor of brain serotonin, also reduced the fighting responses. The results suggest that an increase of brain serotonin may have a facilitatory effect on electroshock fighting behaviour and a decrease of brain serotonin may impair fighting behaviour.", "contents": "Effect of tryptaminergic drugs on electroshock fighting behaviour in rats. The effect of some tryptaminergic drugs on electroshock fighting behaviour in rats was determined. Reserpine and tetrabenazine reduced the fighting responses while 5-hydroxytryptophan increased the fighting responses in normal as well as reserpine-treated animals. p-Chlorophenylalanine, a specific depletor of brain serotonin, also reduced the fighting responses. The results suggest that an increase of brain serotonin may have a facilitatory effect on electroshock fighting behaviour and a decrease of brain serotonin may impair fighting behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:135696", "title": "Effect of substrate pretreatment on renal organic ion transport in the adult rat.", "content": "The ability of renal cortical slices to accumulate PAH and NMN was not significantly affected by pretreatment of adult rats with large doses of PAH. Pretreatment of adult rats with THAM significantly increased PAH accumulation but had no effect on NMN. Inulin and PAH clearance and filtration fraction were significantly decreased by PAH pretreatment but unaffected by THAM pretreatment. The effects of pretreatment on transport are probably due to non-specific toxicity.", "contents": "Effect of substrate pretreatment on renal organic ion transport in the adult rat. The ability of renal cortical slices to accumulate PAH and NMN was not significantly affected by pretreatment of adult rats with large doses of PAH. Pretreatment of adult rats with THAM significantly increased PAH accumulation but had no effect on NMN. Inulin and PAH clearance and filtration fraction were significantly decreased by PAH pretreatment but unaffected by THAM pretreatment. The effects of pretreatment on transport are probably due to non-specific toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:135703", "title": "Hyperinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia following pancreatic islet transplantation in diabetic rats.", "content": "Fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI), plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG), body weight, and caloric intake were measured in long-term islet-isografted rats eight to 10 months following intraperitoneal islet transplantation in in age-matched, sham-operated, concurrently followed normal and diabetic controls. Islet recipients had normal body weights, but they were significantly polyphagic, hyperinsulinemic, and hyperglucagonemic when compared with normals. Fasting blood glucose levels were reduced by 10 per cent. Several factors may be related to the occurrence of these abnormalities in long-term islet-isografted rats, including (1) the mass of islets transplanted, (2) the age of donor tissue, (3) the heterotopic location of islet grafts, and (4) the lack of normal innervation of transplanted islet cells.", "contents": "Hyperinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia following pancreatic islet transplantation in diabetic rats. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI), plasma immunoreactive glucagon (IRG), body weight, and caloric intake were measured in long-term islet-isografted rats eight to 10 months following intraperitoneal islet transplantation in in age-matched, sham-operated, concurrently followed normal and diabetic controls. Islet recipients had normal body weights, but they were significantly polyphagic, hyperinsulinemic, and hyperglucagonemic when compared with normals. Fasting blood glucose levels were reduced by 10 per cent. Several factors may be related to the occurrence of these abnormalities in long-term islet-isografted rats, including (1) the mass of islets transplanted, (2) the age of donor tissue, (3) the heterotopic location of islet grafts, and (4) the lack of normal innervation of transplanted islet cells."}
{"id": "PMID:135704", "title": "Effects of streptozotocin in vitro on proinsulin biosynthesis, insulin release and ATP content of isolated rat islets of Langerhans.", "content": "Proinsulin synthesis, insulin release and intracellular ATP concentrations were measured in isolated rat islets of Langerhans under control conditions in vitro incubation and after treatment with several concentrations of streptozotocin for different periods of time. It was found that streptozotocin inhibited proinsulin synthesis, as well as insulin release, in a time and concentration dependent manner. The characteristics of the inhibition of these two processes were similar in general terms, but one dissimilarity was noted, i.e. after 60 min exposure to a high concentration of streptozotocin, proinsulin synthesis was inhibited more than insulin release. ATP content was reduced by high concentrations of streptozotocin, but it was found that proinsulin synthesis and insulin release could be inhibited without any effect on ATP content by a low (6.22 mM) concentration of streptozotocin. The effect of streptozotocin on proinsulin synthesis was judged to be the result of a target specificity for the B-cell rather than a specific effect on proinsulin relative to total protein synthesis.", "contents": "Effects of streptozotocin in vitro on proinsulin biosynthesis, insulin release and ATP content of isolated rat islets of Langerhans. Proinsulin synthesis, insulin release and intracellular ATP concentrations were measured in isolated rat islets of Langerhans under control conditions in vitro incubation and after treatment with several concentrations of streptozotocin for different periods of time. It was found that streptozotocin inhibited proinsulin synthesis, as well as insulin release, in a time and concentration dependent manner. The characteristics of the inhibition of these two processes were similar in general terms, but one dissimilarity was noted, i.e. after 60 min exposure to a high concentration of streptozotocin, proinsulin synthesis was inhibited more than insulin release. ATP content was reduced by high concentrations of streptozotocin, but it was found that proinsulin synthesis and insulin release could be inhibited without any effect on ATP content by a low (6.22 mM) concentration of streptozotocin. The effect of streptozotocin on proinsulin synthesis was judged to be the result of a target specificity for the B-cell rather than a specific effect on proinsulin relative to total protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:135705", "title": "Streptozotocin: its excretion and metabolism in the rat.", "content": "The excretion of radioisotope following the administration of three specifically 14C-labelled forms of streptozotocin was investigated in the rat using ureter and bile duct cannulation techniques. The urine collected during the first hour following the administration of the drug contained the highest proportion of injected radioactivity (approximately 34% with (3'-methyl-14C)-streptozotocin and approximately 40% each with (1-14C)-and (2'-14C)-streptozotocin. Over the entire experimental period (6 hours), approximately 70% of the injected radioactivity of (1-14C)- and (2'-14C)-streptozotocin appeared in the urine. With (3'-methyl-14C)-streptozotocin, only 53% of the injected radioactivity appeared in the urine over the same period. In contrast to the high urinary excretion, less than 3% of the injected radioactivity from all three radiolabelled streptozotocin samples appeared in the bile. The in vivo and in vitro metabolism of streptozotocin was also investigated. In addition to substantial amounts of unchanged drug, three radiolabelled metabolites (two major and one minor) were detected in the urine during the 6 hour collection period following the administration of (1-14C)- and (2'-14C)-streptozotocin. In contrast, only unchanged (3'-methyl-14C)-streptozotocin was detected in the urine collected over the same period following the administration of the methyl labelled drug. The two major metabolites were also produced when (1-14C)-and (2'-14C)-streptozotocin were incubated with a rat liver supernatant fraction (100,000 X g). The liver was further demonstrated to be the major site of metabolism in isolated liver perfusion studies in which both (1-14C)- and (2'-14C)-streptozotocin were quantitatively converted to the two major metabolites. The two major metabolites of (1-14C)-streptozotocin, whether produced in vivo or in vitro, were chromatographically homogenous with the two major metabolites formed from (2'-14C)-streptozotocin. Nicotinamide pretreatment had no apparent effect on the urinary excretion of streptozotocin and its metabolites.", "contents": "Streptozotocin: its excretion and metabolism in the rat. The excretion of radioisotope following the administration of three specifically 14C-labelled forms of streptozotocin was investigated in the rat using ureter and bile duct cannulation techniques. The urine collected during the first hour following the administration of the drug contained the highest proportion of injected radioactivity (approximately 34% with (3'-methyl-14C)-streptozotocin and approximately 40% each with (1-14C)-and (2'-14C)-streptozotocin. Over the entire experimental period (6 hours), approximately 70% of the injected radioactivity of (1-14C)- and (2'-14C)-streptozotocin appeared in the urine. With (3'-methyl-14C)-streptozotocin, only 53% of the injected radioactivity appeared in the urine over the same period. In contrast to the high urinary excretion, less than 3% of the injected radioactivity from all three radiolabelled streptozotocin samples appeared in the bile. The in vivo and in vitro metabolism of streptozotocin was also investigated. In addition to substantial amounts of unchanged drug, three radiolabelled metabolites (two major and one minor) were detected in the urine during the 6 hour collection period following the administration of (1-14C)- and (2'-14C)-streptozotocin. In contrast, only unchanged (3'-methyl-14C)-streptozotocin was detected in the urine collected over the same period following the administration of the methyl labelled drug. The two major metabolites were also produced when (1-14C)-and (2'-14C)-streptozotocin were incubated with a rat liver supernatant fraction (100,000 X g). The liver was further demonstrated to be the major site of metabolism in isolated liver perfusion studies in which both (1-14C)- and (2'-14C)-streptozotocin were quantitatively converted to the two major metabolites. The two major metabolites of (1-14C)-streptozotocin, whether produced in vivo or in vitro, were chromatographically homogenous with the two major metabolites formed from (2'-14C)-streptozotocin. Nicotinamide pretreatment had no apparent effect on the urinary excretion of streptozotocin and its metabolites."}
{"id": "PMID:135706", "title": "[The VCG in ventricular septal defect in the first two years of life. Qualitative and quantitative analyses (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of 37 patients, less than 2 years old, with a ventricular septal defect of variable degree, and a left to right shunt, were studied by vectorcardiography. The duration, the direction and the aspect of the QRS loop on the three orthogonal planes, the voltage of the 0.01; 0.02; 0.04 vectors, the right and the left maximum spatial vectors and their projection on the H and F planes were analyzed and correlated to the right ventricular systolic pressure and Qp/Qs. A clockwise or an eight-type loop on the frontal plane, regardless of RVSP, was observed; on the H plane the loop is, usually, counterclockwise when the pressure is low or medium, and can be of the eight-type but never clockwise when the pressure is systemic. Very interestingly, the quantitative analysis showed a consistent increase of the LMSV. A progressive relationship between the spatial vectors and the right ventricular pressure was noted. The diagnosis of combined ventricular hypertrophy depend upon the following findings: the majority of cases showed a large, counterclockwise and anterior QRS loop on the H with the maximum vector to the left and anteriorly; in all cases the 0.01; 0.02; 0.04 vectors were enlarged, thus warranting the diagnosis of combined ventricular hypertrophy in the first few months of life. 4 cases with low RVSP presented increased initial forces to the right and anteriorly directed, while the major portion of the loop was in the left posterior quadrant on the H plane, with a counterclockwise direction. In our view, the differential diagnosis between this type of aspect and that of diastolic overload of the left ventricle can rest only on the increased voltage of the 0,02 vector which means both systolic and diastolic overload of the right ventricle when accompanied by an increased 0.01 vector which indicates volume overload of left ventricle. Likewise only a quantitative analysis can help in differentiating a combined ventricular hypertrophy from a normal tracing in children under 6 months who show an eight-type loop on the H plane with initial and medium vectors directed anteriorly to the left and counterclockwise, and terminal vectors to the right, posteriorly and clockwise, or in those cases with an anterior clockwise loop on the H plane. Moreover, in the first month of life, the VCG of large VSD with increased pulmonary flux and pressure, can be differentiated from the normal by the QRS loop on the H plane which is clockwise, with initial vectors directed to the left and anteriorly with increased LMSV.", "contents": "[The VCG in ventricular septal defect in the first two years of life. Qualitative and quantitative analyses (author's transl)]. A group of 37 patients, less than 2 years old, with a ventricular septal defect of variable degree, and a left to right shunt, were studied by vectorcardiography. The duration, the direction and the aspect of the QRS loop on the three orthogonal planes, the voltage of the 0.01; 0.02; 0.04 vectors, the right and the left maximum spatial vectors and their projection on the H and F planes were analyzed and correlated to the right ventricular systolic pressure and Qp/Qs. A clockwise or an eight-type loop on the frontal plane, regardless of RVSP, was observed; on the H plane the loop is, usually, counterclockwise when the pressure is low or medium, and can be of the eight-type but never clockwise when the pressure is systemic. Very interestingly, the quantitative analysis showed a consistent increase of the LMSV. A progressive relationship between the spatial vectors and the right ventricular pressure was noted. The diagnosis of combined ventricular hypertrophy depend upon the following findings: the majority of cases showed a large, counterclockwise and anterior QRS loop on the H with the maximum vector to the left and anteriorly; in all cases the 0.01; 0.02; 0.04 vectors were enlarged, thus warranting the diagnosis of combined ventricular hypertrophy in the first few months of life. 4 cases with low RVSP presented increased initial forces to the right and anteriorly directed, while the major portion of the loop was in the left posterior quadrant on the H plane, with a counterclockwise direction. In our view, the differential diagnosis between this type of aspect and that of diastolic overload of the left ventricle can rest only on the increased voltage of the 0,02 vector which means both systolic and diastolic overload of the right ventricle when accompanied by an increased 0.01 vector which indicates volume overload of left ventricle. Likewise only a quantitative analysis can help in differentiating a combined ventricular hypertrophy from a normal tracing in children under 6 months who show an eight-type loop on the H plane with initial and medium vectors directed anteriorly to the left and counterclockwise, and terminal vectors to the right, posteriorly and clockwise, or in those cases with an anterior clockwise loop on the H plane. Moreover, in the first month of life, the VCG of large VSD with increased pulmonary flux and pressure, can be differentiated from the normal by the QRS loop on the H plane which is clockwise, with initial vectors directed to the left and anteriorly with increased LMSV."}
{"id": "PMID:135707", "title": "[Influence of left anterior hemiblock on electrocardiographic indices of left ventricular hypertrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of left anterior hemiblock (LAH) on some electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was investigated. 131 subjects were studied: 34 of them were normal (control group); 30 were carriers of isolated LAH; 38 were carriers of isolated LVH; 29 showed a pattern of combined LVH and LAH. The maximal voltages of QRS waves in leads usually analyzed for LVH, the QRS duration and the time of onset of the intrinsicoid deflection were compared among the groups. The specificity, the sensitivity and the performance of some LVH criteria were examined as well. LAH has been shown to conceal LVH on precordial leads, while it tends to make LVH more manifest on limb leads. The Romhilt and Estes' point score system proved to be the least affected by LAH. On the grounds of theoretical considerations and of empirical trials, we suggest modifying the Romhilt and Estes' point score system; furthermore we suggest modifying Sokolow's and Grant's criteria only when LAH is present. Such modified criteria have improved the accuracy of LVH prevision.", "contents": "[Influence of left anterior hemiblock on electrocardiographic indices of left ventricular hypertrophy (author's transl)]. The influence of left anterior hemiblock (LAH) on some electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) was investigated. 131 subjects were studied: 34 of them were normal (control group); 30 were carriers of isolated LAH; 38 were carriers of isolated LVH; 29 showed a pattern of combined LVH and LAH. The maximal voltages of QRS waves in leads usually analyzed for LVH, the QRS duration and the time of onset of the intrinsicoid deflection were compared among the groups. The specificity, the sensitivity and the performance of some LVH criteria were examined as well. LAH has been shown to conceal LVH on precordial leads, while it tends to make LVH more manifest on limb leads. The Romhilt and Estes' point score system proved to be the least affected by LAH. On the grounds of theoretical considerations and of empirical trials, we suggest modifying the Romhilt and Estes' point score system; furthermore we suggest modifying Sokolow's and Grant's criteria only when LAH is present. Such modified criteria have improved the accuracy of LVH prevision."}
{"id": "PMID:135709", "title": "[Frequency of genes and blood groups of the ABO, MN, Rh and P systems among Belorussians and Poles in the Grodno region].", "content": "A distribution of the gene frequencies and blood groups of the ABO, Rh, NM and P system in the poles and the byelorussians in the Grodno region is investigated. The following frequencies of genes in the byelorussians were revealed: r(0)-0,6210; p(A)--0.2451; q(B)--0,1339; D--0,6093; d--0,3907; M--0,6063; N--0,3937; P(+)-- 0,4971; P(--)--0,5029; and in the poles: r(0)--0,6284; p(A)--0,2353; q(B)--0,1363; D--0,6065; d - 0,3935; M - 0,6093; N - 0,0397; P(+) - 0,4966; P(-) - 0,5034. No statistically reliable differences were revealed in frequencies of the alleles and phenotypes of the investigated systems in the poles and byelorussians. By comparison of the same isoantigen systems of the byelorussians in the Grodno region with the common population of the byelorussians in the BSSR it was found that statistically significant differences do not exist. The comparison of the poles in the Grodno region with the poles in the Polish People's Republic showed a statistically reliable difference of their genofunds in terms of the gene frequencies: r(0), p(A), D, d, P(+), P(-). This confirms the hypothesis about an indigenous origin of the poles in the Grodno region.", "contents": "[Frequency of genes and blood groups of the ABO, MN, Rh and P systems among Belorussians and Poles in the Grodno region]. A distribution of the gene frequencies and blood groups of the ABO, Rh, NM and P system in the poles and the byelorussians in the Grodno region is investigated. The following frequencies of genes in the byelorussians were revealed: r(0)-0,6210; p(A)--0.2451; q(B)--0,1339; D--0,6093; d--0,3907; M--0,6063; N--0,3937; P(+)-- 0,4971; P(--)--0,5029; and in the poles: r(0)--0,6284; p(A)--0,2353; q(B)--0,1363; D--0,6065; d - 0,3935; M - 0,6093; N - 0,0397; P(+) - 0,4966; P(-) - 0,5034. No statistically reliable differences were revealed in frequencies of the alleles and phenotypes of the investigated systems in the poles and byelorussians. By comparison of the same isoantigen systems of the byelorussians in the Grodno region with the common population of the byelorussians in the BSSR it was found that statistically significant differences do not exist. The comparison of the poles in the Grodno region with the poles in the Polish People's Republic showed a statistically reliable difference of their genofunds in terms of the gene frequencies: r(0), p(A), D, d, P(+), P(-). This confirms the hypothesis about an indigenous origin of the poles in the Grodno region."}
{"id": "PMID:135710", "title": "[Inbreeding, endogamy and exogamy among relatives of schizophrenia patients].", "content": "An increased frequency of consanguineous marriages among the parents of schizophrenic patients in comparison with the control group of exogenous-somatic patients (infections, trauma) was found. Endogamy among the parents of schizophrenic patients and the control group was practically the same. The data obtained indicate a certain, but not the leading, role of inbreeding in the etiology of schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Inbreeding, endogamy and exogamy among relatives of schizophrenia patients]. An increased frequency of consanguineous marriages among the parents of schizophrenic patients in comparison with the control group of exogenous-somatic patients (infections, trauma) was found. Endogamy among the parents of schizophrenic patients and the control group was practically the same. The data obtained indicate a certain, but not the leading, role of inbreeding in the etiology of schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:135711", "title": "[Characteristics of inbreeding of the population and distribution of schizophrenia in one of the rural regions of Azerbaijan].", "content": "The investigation was carried out in Pushkin region of Azerbaijan SSR. The coefficient of inbreeding was found to be 0,01306 and 0,01142 in 2 typical villages; the frequency of consanguineous marriage in both villages was 30%. The occurrence of consanguineous marriage is explained by a little migration of the population, large families and a stability of marriage traditions. An increased frequency of parental consanguinities of sporadic schizophrenic patients in comparison with the average one was found. This indicates the determination of somes cases by rare recessive genes.", "contents": "[Characteristics of inbreeding of the population and distribution of schizophrenia in one of the rural regions of Azerbaijan]. The investigation was carried out in Pushkin region of Azerbaijan SSR. The coefficient of inbreeding was found to be 0,01306 and 0,01142 in 2 typical villages; the frequency of consanguineous marriage in both villages was 30%. The occurrence of consanguineous marriage is explained by a little migration of the population, large families and a stability of marriage traditions. An increased frequency of parental consanguinities of sporadic schizophrenic patients in comparison with the average one was found. This indicates the determination of somes cases by rare recessive genes."}
{"id": "PMID:135712", "title": "[Medico-genetic study of isolates in Uzbekistan. IV. Clinico-biochemical diagnosis of hereditary diseases].", "content": "An exhaustive clinico-biochemical examination of the population of two kishlaks of the Samarkand Region, viz. Karakent (210 persons) and Ishan (248 persons) was carried out. The program of this examination permitted to exclude over 160 forms of hereditary pathology. A total of 45 persons affected with diseases belonging to 12 nosological forms were revealed in the course of the examination. Among the diseases observed only 5 are hereditary sensu stricto, viz. myoclonus-epilepsy, Bonevi-Ulrich's syndrome, imperfect osteogenesis, pigment choreoretinite and Down's syndrome, others belong to diseases with a pronounced hereditary predisposition. The main part of this group comprises neuro-psychic diseases, such as non-differentiated olygophreny (5.0%), epilepsy (1.3%), schizophreny; many of these cases have a familial character, particularly in Karakent. Besides the persons suffering from diseases, 20 heterozygous carriers of beta-thalassemia and 17 heterozygous carriers of G6PD-deficiency were discovered in the kishlaks examined. On the whole the frequency of the diseases revealed did not exceed the level in the general population. Despite the different degree of isolation of the kishlaks examined (Karakent is isolated on a religious basis, F = 0.0064; while Ishan is a desintagrated isolate, F = = 0.0014), no substantial differences between them in the distribution of pathological phenomena were observed. On the basis of the experience of this expedition recomendations are proposed concerning the origination and accomplishment of medico-genetic expeditions. A scheme is proposed for the performance of medico-genetic examination through several stages. The first stage in the composition of tentative maps of the distribution of hereditary diseases within a region on the basis of the information obtained from the medical personnel and from the examination of the documents of district and regional hospitals. Subsequently the primary information is specified, the regions to be examined are determined, as well as concrete tasks and the staff of the expedition. The conclusive stage is the medico-genetic examination proper, including clinical, biochemical, immunological and cytogenetic diagnoses of hereditary pathological phenomena. The place of the disposition is a village or a district hospital. More complicated laboratory studies should be performed on the basis of the institution by which the expedition is formed. The results obtained by such expeditions would be important for the investigation of the problems of genogeography, for the discovery of new forms of mutant alleles, for the investigation of the causes and the conditions of the formation of the definite populational structure, of clinical polymorphism of human hereditary diseases.", "contents": "[Medico-genetic study of isolates in Uzbekistan. IV. Clinico-biochemical diagnosis of hereditary diseases]. An exhaustive clinico-biochemical examination of the population of two kishlaks of the Samarkand Region, viz. Karakent (210 persons) and Ishan (248 persons) was carried out. The program of this examination permitted to exclude over 160 forms of hereditary pathology. A total of 45 persons affected with diseases belonging to 12 nosological forms were revealed in the course of the examination. Among the diseases observed only 5 are hereditary sensu stricto, viz. myoclonus-epilepsy, Bonevi-Ulrich's syndrome, imperfect osteogenesis, pigment choreoretinite and Down's syndrome, others belong to diseases with a pronounced hereditary predisposition. The main part of this group comprises neuro-psychic diseases, such as non-differentiated olygophreny (5.0%), epilepsy (1.3%), schizophreny; many of these cases have a familial character, particularly in Karakent. Besides the persons suffering from diseases, 20 heterozygous carriers of beta-thalassemia and 17 heterozygous carriers of G6PD-deficiency were discovered in the kishlaks examined. On the whole the frequency of the diseases revealed did not exceed the level in the general population. Despite the different degree of isolation of the kishlaks examined (Karakent is isolated on a religious basis, F = 0.0064; while Ishan is a desintagrated isolate, F = = 0.0014), no substantial differences between them in the distribution of pathological phenomena were observed. On the basis of the experience of this expedition recomendations are proposed concerning the origination and accomplishment of medico-genetic expeditions. A scheme is proposed for the performance of medico-genetic examination through several stages. The first stage in the composition of tentative maps of the distribution of hereditary diseases within a region on the basis of the information obtained from the medical personnel and from the examination of the documents of district and regional hospitals. Subsequently the primary information is specified, the regions to be examined are determined, as well as concrete tasks and the staff of the expedition. The conclusive stage is the medico-genetic examination proper, including clinical, biochemical, immunological and cytogenetic diagnoses of hereditary pathological phenomena. The place of the disposition is a village or a district hospital. More complicated laboratory studies should be performed on the basis of the institution by which the expedition is formed. The results obtained by such expeditions would be important for the investigation of the problems of genogeography, for the discovery of new forms of mutant alleles, for the investigation of the causes and the conditions of the formation of the definite populational structure, of clinical polymorphism of human hereditary diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:135713", "title": "The left ventricle in emphysema and chronic bronchitis.", "content": "There's no doubt that chronic obstructive lung disease can have a disastrous impact on the heart's right ventricle--often producing hypertrophy or even failure--but its effects on the left ventricle are less clear. Some researchers speculate that disease of the right ventricle leads to disease of the left, while others consider the lung disease itself to be the more likely mechanism. Ordinarily, the left ventricle holds up well, even in far-advanced emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Recognizing the cases that do occur is important, however, since only minimal left ventricular failure can seriously compromise respiratory function. Treatment is the same as for left ventricular failure of any cause, but special precautions should be observed, particularly in prescribing diuretics. If frank pulmonary edema supervenes, mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen are necessary.", "contents": "The left ventricle in emphysema and chronic bronchitis. There's no doubt that chronic obstructive lung disease can have a disastrous impact on the heart's right ventricle--often producing hypertrophy or even failure--but its effects on the left ventricle are less clear. Some researchers speculate that disease of the right ventricle leads to disease of the left, while others consider the lung disease itself to be the more likely mechanism. Ordinarily, the left ventricle holds up well, even in far-advanced emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Recognizing the cases that do occur is important, however, since only minimal left ventricular failure can seriously compromise respiratory function. Treatment is the same as for left ventricular failure of any cause, but special precautions should be observed, particularly in prescribing diuretics. If frank pulmonary edema supervenes, mechanical ventilation and supplemental oxygen are necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:135715", "title": "The study of variability and strain selection in Streptomyces atroolivaceus. III. Isolation and preliminary characteristics of mutants impaired in the biosynthesis of mithramycin.", "content": "Mutants of Streptomyces atroolivaceus blocked in the biosynthesis of mithramycin were isolated both by natural selection and after treatment with mutagenic factors (UV and gamma rays, nitrous acid). Both physical factors were more effective than nitrous acid. The selection was complicated by a high instability of isolates, out of which 20-80% (depending on their origin) reversed spontaneously to the parent type. The primary screening (selection of morphological variants and determination of their activity using the method of agar blocks) made it possible to detect only potentially non-productive strains; however, the final selection had to be performed always under submerged conditions. Fifty-four stable non-productive mutants were divided, according to results of the chromatographic analysis, in five groups differing in production of six biologically inactive metabolites (compounds A-H). The mutants did not accumulate chromomycinone, chromocyclomycin and chromocyclin. On mixed cultivation none of the pairs of mutants was capable of cosynthesis of mithramycin or new compounds differing from standard metabolites. Possible causes of the above results are discussed.", "contents": "The study of variability and strain selection in Streptomyces atroolivaceus. III. Isolation and preliminary characteristics of mutants impaired in the biosynthesis of mithramycin. Mutants of Streptomyces atroolivaceus blocked in the biosynthesis of mithramycin were isolated both by natural selection and after treatment with mutagenic factors (UV and gamma rays, nitrous acid). Both physical factors were more effective than nitrous acid. The selection was complicated by a high instability of isolates, out of which 20-80% (depending on their origin) reversed spontaneously to the parent type. The primary screening (selection of morphological variants and determination of their activity using the method of agar blocks) made it possible to detect only potentially non-productive strains; however, the final selection had to be performed always under submerged conditions. Fifty-four stable non-productive mutants were divided, according to results of the chromatographic analysis, in five groups differing in production of six biologically inactive metabolites (compounds A-H). The mutants did not accumulate chromomycinone, chromocyclomycin and chromocyclin. On mixed cultivation none of the pairs of mutants was capable of cosynthesis of mithramycin or new compounds differing from standard metabolites. Possible causes of the above results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135717", "title": "Dehydroepiandrosterone concentration in adipose tissue of normal and overweight subjects.", "content": "Unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone has been isolated from human abdominal adipose tissue and identified by double isotope derivatization and recrystallization to constant isotope ratio. Gas chromatography with electron capture detection revealed an actual dehydroepiandrosterone concentration between 0.32 to 2.82 mug/g in adipose tissue of normal and overweight subjects. The approximate dehydroepiandrosterone content of the total adipose tissue mass varied between 30 and 173 mg in subjects with severe obesity.", "contents": "Dehydroepiandrosterone concentration in adipose tissue of normal and overweight subjects. Unconjugated dehydroepiandrosterone has been isolated from human abdominal adipose tissue and identified by double isotope derivatization and recrystallization to constant isotope ratio. Gas chromatography with electron capture detection revealed an actual dehydroepiandrosterone concentration between 0.32 to 2.82 mug/g in adipose tissue of normal and overweight subjects. The approximate dehydroepiandrosterone content of the total adipose tissue mass varied between 30 and 173 mg in subjects with severe obesity."}
{"id": "PMID:135718", "title": "The influence of streptozotocin diabetes on adrenal function in male rats.", "content": "Male Wistar rats were treated with an i.v. dose of 100 mg/kg of Streptozotocin (STZ). Either 5 days or 1, 2 or 3 months after induction of diabetes, the adrenal function of these animals was studied. Short course diabetes (5 days) was accompanied by adrenal hypertrophy and high plasma corticosterone levels; during later periods the diabetic rats consistenly showed signs of adrenal hyperactivity, yet both adrenal weight and plasma corticosterone tended to be lower than in the 5 day-treated animals. Adrenal incubations with 14C-progesterone showed that 5 days and one month diabetic animals synthesized more deoxycorticosterone than controls; production of corticosterone and 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone was normal at all time periods studied. Synthesis of 18-hydroxycorticosterone, a compound which affects sodium metabolism, was increased in 5 day-treated rats; thereafter, the function of the zona glomerulosa seemed to be impaired in diabetic rats. These results suggest that early after induction of diabetes there is adrenal hyperfunction of the mixed type (i.e. gluco and mineralcorticoid), and that in the later periods (2-3 months), the deranged metabolism of the diabetic rat acts as a chronic stress.", "contents": "The influence of streptozotocin diabetes on adrenal function in male rats. Male Wistar rats were treated with an i.v. dose of 100 mg/kg of Streptozotocin (STZ). Either 5 days or 1, 2 or 3 months after induction of diabetes, the adrenal function of these animals was studied. Short course diabetes (5 days) was accompanied by adrenal hypertrophy and high plasma corticosterone levels; during later periods the diabetic rats consistenly showed signs of adrenal hyperactivity, yet both adrenal weight and plasma corticosterone tended to be lower than in the 5 day-treated animals. Adrenal incubations with 14C-progesterone showed that 5 days and one month diabetic animals synthesized more deoxycorticosterone than controls; production of corticosterone and 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone was normal at all time periods studied. Synthesis of 18-hydroxycorticosterone, a compound which affects sodium metabolism, was increased in 5 day-treated rats; thereafter, the function of the zona glomerulosa seemed to be impaired in diabetic rats. These results suggest that early after induction of diabetes there is adrenal hyperfunction of the mixed type (i.e. gluco and mineralcorticoid), and that in the later periods (2-3 months), the deranged metabolism of the diabetic rat acts as a chronic stress."}
{"id": "PMID:135719", "title": "Decay of succinate dehydrogenase activity in rat skeletal muscle following streptozotocin injection.", "content": "Succinate dehydrogenase activities of 4 skeletal muscles with widely divergent fiber compositions were determined in rats that recieved either 70 or 80 mg streptozotocin per kg body wt at various time intervals following injection. Enzyme activities in all muscles declined to a lower final level and exhibited a more rapid decay in animals receiving the larger dosage. White gastrocnemius muscle, which contains no slow-twitch fibers, experienced the greatest relative loss of activity, and soleus muscle, possessing the highest proportion of slow-twitch fibers, the smallest loss. The findings indicate that extrapancreatic effects of the drug may have been partially responsible for the differential effects of the 2 dosages on the muscles.", "contents": "Decay of succinate dehydrogenase activity in rat skeletal muscle following streptozotocin injection. Succinate dehydrogenase activities of 4 skeletal muscles with widely divergent fiber compositions were determined in rats that recieved either 70 or 80 mg streptozotocin per kg body wt at various time intervals following injection. Enzyme activities in all muscles declined to a lower final level and exhibited a more rapid decay in animals receiving the larger dosage. White gastrocnemius muscle, which contains no slow-twitch fibers, experienced the greatest relative loss of activity, and soleus muscle, possessing the highest proportion of slow-twitch fibers, the smallest loss. The findings indicate that extrapancreatic effects of the drug may have been partially responsible for the differential effects of the 2 dosages on the muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:135722", "title": "A parent-implemented early intervention program for preschool children.", "content": "The Regional Intervention Program is a data-based, parent-implemented early intervention program providing comprehensive services to parents and their handicapped preschool children in a 26-county area of middle Tennessee. The program's service modules teach parents how to manage their child's behavior and how to teach their child essential prelanguage, language, and self-help skills. The preschool component develops the child's motor, language, and peer-interaction skills in order to prepare him for placement in a preschool in the community. A liaison module conducts follow-up on each family every six months. Several evaluation components ensure that the program is accountable to both the funding source and the families served.", "contents": "A parent-implemented early intervention program for preschool children. The Regional Intervention Program is a data-based, parent-implemented early intervention program providing comprehensive services to parents and their handicapped preschool children in a 26-county area of middle Tennessee. The program's service modules teach parents how to manage their child's behavior and how to teach their child essential prelanguage, language, and self-help skills. The preschool component develops the child's motor, language, and peer-interaction skills in order to prepare him for placement in a preschool in the community. A liaison module conducts follow-up on each family every six months. Several evaluation components ensure that the program is accountable to both the funding source and the families served."}
{"id": "PMID:135724", "title": "The specificity of anti-actin serum.", "content": "The immunogenicity of smooth muscle actin is increased by ageing at 4 degrees for at least a week. Rabbits lacking natural smooth muscle antibodies were injected with 1 mg of aged purified actin in adjuvant. Fourteen out of thirty-six rabbits produced serum antibodies which precipitated with actin solution, but not with smooth muscle tropomyosin, myosin, light or heavy meromyosin or with other unidentified non-actin proteins in crude extracts. Analysis of crude actin extract before and after precipitation by antiserum (i) by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and (ii) for its stimulating effect on myosin ATPase activity showed that actin was selectively removed. The precipitate itself, analysed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel, showed one band in the actin position, and otherwise only bands representing immunoglobulins. The antiserum also inhibited the ability of actin to stimulate myosin ATPase activity, and prevented polymerization of G-actin to F-actin, as shown by viscosity and EM studies. On immunoflouresence with cryostat tissue sections or cell cultures, anti-actin serum stained smooth muscle fibres and many non-muscle cells, in the latter staining the microfilaments. The staining was prevented by absorbing the antiserum with actin (16 mug per 5 mul serum), and was abolished by pretreatment of the cells with cytochalasin B. No species specificity was demonstrated for these anti-actin antibodies.", "contents": "The specificity of anti-actin serum. The immunogenicity of smooth muscle actin is increased by ageing at 4 degrees for at least a week. Rabbits lacking natural smooth muscle antibodies were injected with 1 mg of aged purified actin in adjuvant. Fourteen out of thirty-six rabbits produced serum antibodies which precipitated with actin solution, but not with smooth muscle tropomyosin, myosin, light or heavy meromyosin or with other unidentified non-actin proteins in crude extracts. Analysis of crude actin extract before and after precipitation by antiserum (i) by Sephadex G-200 chromatography and (ii) for its stimulating effect on myosin ATPase activity showed that actin was selectively removed. The precipitate itself, analysed on SDS-polyacrylamide gel, showed one band in the actin position, and otherwise only bands representing immunoglobulins. The antiserum also inhibited the ability of actin to stimulate myosin ATPase activity, and prevented polymerization of G-actin to F-actin, as shown by viscosity and EM studies. On immunoflouresence with cryostat tissue sections or cell cultures, anti-actin serum stained smooth muscle fibres and many non-muscle cells, in the latter staining the microfilaments. The staining was prevented by absorbing the antiserum with actin (16 mug per 5 mul serum), and was abolished by pretreatment of the cells with cytochalasin B. No species specificity was demonstrated for these anti-actin antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:135725", "title": "Human thymus cells: blastogenic response to mitogens, antigens and allogeneic cells.", "content": "Over 90 per cent of the thymus cells from each of twenty-six donors were T lymphocytes, identified by E-rosetting and less than 3 per cent of the cells were B lymphocytes identified by EAC-rosetting. With advancing age, the proportion of T lymphocytes decreased while that of B lymphocytes increased. The degree of (3H)thymidine incorporation of thymus cells was inversely proportional to the age of the thymus-cell donor. The PHA or PWM- induced blastogenic response of thymus cells gradually increased with advancing age when the response was expressed as the stimulation index. However, the actual rate of (3H)thymidine incorporation in all three groups was rather similar when cells were cultured with mitogens. The difference in stimulation index was due to the variation in incorporation rate in cultures without stimulants. The PHA response was approximately four-fold higher than that of PWM response. Thymus cell response to allogeneic lyphocytes, on the other hand, had no correlation with the age of thymus donor. The most surprising result in the present study was that the thymus cells from each of ten donors, aged 1-14 years, were incapable of responding to all four different recall antigens. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from nine to ten randomly selected age-matched children responded very well to one or more antigens.", "contents": "Human thymus cells: blastogenic response to mitogens, antigens and allogeneic cells. Over 90 per cent of the thymus cells from each of twenty-six donors were T lymphocytes, identified by E-rosetting and less than 3 per cent of the cells were B lymphocytes identified by EAC-rosetting. With advancing age, the proportion of T lymphocytes decreased while that of B lymphocytes increased. The degree of (3H)thymidine incorporation of thymus cells was inversely proportional to the age of the thymus-cell donor. The PHA or PWM- induced blastogenic response of thymus cells gradually increased with advancing age when the response was expressed as the stimulation index. However, the actual rate of (3H)thymidine incorporation in all three groups was rather similar when cells were cultured with mitogens. The difference in stimulation index was due to the variation in incorporation rate in cultures without stimulants. The PHA response was approximately four-fold higher than that of PWM response. Thymus cell response to allogeneic lyphocytes, on the other hand, had no correlation with the age of thymus donor. The most surprising result in the present study was that the thymus cells from each of ten donors, aged 1-14 years, were incapable of responding to all four different recall antigens. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from nine to ten randomly selected age-matched children responded very well to one or more antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:135726", "title": "T and B lymphocytes. Exclusive role as responders and stimulators in human one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "content": "Four different combinations of one-way mixed lymphocyte reactions between human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes (at a ratio of 1:1), purified by the E-rosetting technique, were carried our. A significant mixed lymphocyte reaction was observed only in a combination in which T lymphocytes, as responding cells, and B lymphocytes, as stimulating cells, were utilized. No significant mixed lymphocyte reaction was noted in the other three combinations of cells, using T or B lymphocytes as responders and T lymphocytes as stimulators, and also B lymphocytes as both responders and stimulators. Mixed lymphocyte reactions between T lymphocytes as responders (at constant concentration) and T and B lymphocytes as stimulators (varying proportions) showed that the response decreased proportionately with decreasing numbers of B cells and increasing numbers of T cells used as stimulators. Addition of increasing numbers of stimulating T cells to a constant number of stimulating B cells did not suppress or enhance the T-cell response to B cells. These observations indicate that the human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes play an exclusive role as responding cells and stimulating cells, respectively.", "contents": "T and B lymphocytes. Exclusive role as responders and stimulators in human one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction. Four different combinations of one-way mixed lymphocyte reactions between human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes (at a ratio of 1:1), purified by the E-rosetting technique, were carried our. A significant mixed lymphocyte reaction was observed only in a combination in which T lymphocytes, as responding cells, and B lymphocytes, as stimulating cells, were utilized. No significant mixed lymphocyte reaction was noted in the other three combinations of cells, using T or B lymphocytes as responders and T lymphocytes as stimulators, and also B lymphocytes as both responders and stimulators. Mixed lymphocyte reactions between T lymphocytes as responders (at constant concentration) and T and B lymphocytes as stimulators (varying proportions) showed that the response decreased proportionately with decreasing numbers of B cells and increasing numbers of T cells used as stimulators. Addition of increasing numbers of stimulating T cells to a constant number of stimulating B cells did not suppress or enhance the T-cell response to B cells. These observations indicate that the human peripheral blood T and B lymphocytes play an exclusive role as responding cells and stimulating cells, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:135727", "title": "A new framework for health.", "content": "In summary, it has been proposed that the concept of health be conceived of not as a single continuum, but rather in terms of a two-dimensional space whose dimensions are defined in relation to the two underlying system processes that they reflect. Such a conceptualization has several important implications. First, it views health as a function of the operation of system processes, and is conceptually isomorphic to a more general theory of systems. That is, health is seen as the result of the operation of system processes; and the definition is consistent with a theory of system processes. The traditional one-dimensional conception of health ignores the distinction between the two fundamentally different processes and treats them as though they were the same. This inattention to the nature of the processes whose operation results in health as an outcome has created much of the conceptual confusion--i.e., it has led to situations in which the conceptualization is not powerful enough to account for observed variability. For example, it is obvious to all concerned that all people who have no detectable morbidity are not equally healthy, although a disease-oriented definition of health (e.g., health as the absence of disease) offers no way of differentiating conceptually between such people. A second implication of the conceptualization is that it eliminates some of the contradictions between one-dimensional definitions and real-world experiences. Health need no longer be seen as either the absence of disease or the expression of developmental processes. Under the proposed conception, the contributions of both negative and positive forces are acknowledged as vital components of general health. Furthermore, analogies drawn from work in other areas suggest a model of how the processes underlying the dimensions interact--that actualization becomes possible when equilibrium is reasonably well maintained. Probably the most far-reaching implication, however, involves the broadening of the scope of the term \"health\" and the potential impact of the potential impact of that broadening on the kind of data used in making community health level assessments. The measurement of health levels in the past has centered on aggregate mortality and morbidity rates as surrogates for \"health9\" In terms of the proposed framework, such measures may provide some insight into the equilibrium dimensions but are clearly inadequate for assessing actualization.", "contents": "A new framework for health. In summary, it has been proposed that the concept of health be conceived of not as a single continuum, but rather in terms of a two-dimensional space whose dimensions are defined in relation to the two underlying system processes that they reflect. Such a conceptualization has several important implications. First, it views health as a function of the operation of system processes, and is conceptually isomorphic to a more general theory of systems. That is, health is seen as the result of the operation of system processes; and the definition is consistent with a theory of system processes. The traditional one-dimensional conception of health ignores the distinction between the two fundamentally different processes and treats them as though they were the same. This inattention to the nature of the processes whose operation results in health as an outcome has created much of the conceptual confusion--i.e., it has led to situations in which the conceptualization is not powerful enough to account for observed variability. For example, it is obvious to all concerned that all people who have no detectable morbidity are not equally healthy, although a disease-oriented definition of health (e.g., health as the absence of disease) offers no way of differentiating conceptually between such people. A second implication of the conceptualization is that it eliminates some of the contradictions between one-dimensional definitions and real-world experiences. Health need no longer be seen as either the absence of disease or the expression of developmental processes. Under the proposed conception, the contributions of both negative and positive forces are acknowledged as vital components of general health. Furthermore, analogies drawn from work in other areas suggest a model of how the processes underlying the dimensions interact--that actualization becomes possible when equilibrium is reasonably well maintained. Probably the most far-reaching implication, however, involves the broadening of the scope of the term \"health\" and the potential impact of the potential impact of that broadening on the kind of data used in making community health level assessments. The measurement of health levels in the past has centered on aggregate mortality and morbidity rates as surrogates for \"health9\" In terms of the proposed framework, such measures may provide some insight into the equilibrium dimensions but are clearly inadequate for assessing actualization."}
{"id": "PMID:135728", "title": "Maximizing health system output with political and administrative constraints using mathematical programming.", "content": "Decisions about delivery programs to improve health status are characterized by indivisibilities or \"lumpiness,\" interdependencies between case types with varying health output, high fixed costs, administrative constraints, and qualitative quity and political considerations. The nature of the constraints and the goal of health services strongly suggest a mathematical programming model to maximize a comprehensive measure of health status. In a previously unreported development, binary integer programming can be extended to consider shared fixed costs, a widespread problem in optimizing effectiveness measures such as health status. The model proposed here applies conceptually across all target populations and health programs and could be used to optimize the output of a total health system. The effects of such optimization would be appropriately reflected in the weighted life expectancy computed as a social indicator.", "contents": "Maximizing health system output with political and administrative constraints using mathematical programming. Decisions about delivery programs to improve health status are characterized by indivisibilities or \"lumpiness,\" interdependencies between case types with varying health output, high fixed costs, administrative constraints, and qualitative quity and political considerations. The nature of the constraints and the goal of health services strongly suggest a mathematical programming model to maximize a comprehensive measure of health status. In a previously unreported development, binary integer programming can be extended to consider shared fixed costs, a widespread problem in optimizing effectiveness measures such as health status. The model proposed here applies conceptually across all target populations and health programs and could be used to optimize the output of a total health system. The effects of such optimization would be appropriately reflected in the weighted life expectancy computed as a social indicator."}
{"id": "PMID:135738", "title": "Spectinomycin - experimental investigations on possible side-effects.", "content": "Experimental investigations were performed to elaborate the immunogenic and anaphylactoid properties of spectinomycin. In guinea-pigs, no allergy against spectinomycin could be elicited. Furthermore, the absence of immunologic cross-reactions between spectinomycin and penicillin could be confirmed. The anaphylactoid activity of spectinomycin was found to be of very low order. No mast cell degranulating action could be observed. The data collected in this study permit the statement that - as far as acute unwanted actions of antibiotics are concerned - spectinomycin is an extremely safe drug.", "contents": "Spectinomycin - experimental investigations on possible side-effects. Experimental investigations were performed to elaborate the immunogenic and anaphylactoid properties of spectinomycin. In guinea-pigs, no allergy against spectinomycin could be elicited. Furthermore, the absence of immunologic cross-reactions between spectinomycin and penicillin could be confirmed. The anaphylactoid activity of spectinomycin was found to be of very low order. No mast cell degranulating action could be observed. The data collected in this study permit the statement that - as far as acute unwanted actions of antibiotics are concerned - spectinomycin is an extremely safe drug."}
{"id": "PMID:135739", "title": "Integration and control of circulatory function.", "content": "In this chapter we have emphasized especially the intrinsic controls of the circulation, such as the autoregulation mechanism for control of local blood flow, automatic control of cardiac output, long-term control of arterial pressure, long-term control of blood volume, and automatic distribution of fluids between the circulation and the interstitial spaces. The reasons for emphasizing these mechanisms are several: first, many experiments have now shown that the intrinsic mechanisms can provide highly stable long-term control of the circulation. Second, the value of the nervous and hormonal controls have probably been greatly overemphasized in the past. And, third, there are special complexities of the intrinsic controls--such as nonlinearities, delay in responses, and other effects--that have made these difficult to understand; it is probably these difficulties that have led to their underemphasis. However, we have not meant to take from the nervous and hormonal systems their true importance in circulatory control. For instance, intrinsic mechanisms have almost no capability for acute arterial pressure control (only for long-term control), and they have no mechanism for providing the drive necessary to make the animal ingest water and electrolytes. These require the nervous controls. Also, nervous reflexes are important in enhancing the effectiveness of blood volume control and control of cardiac pumping. Among the hormonal mechanisms, the renin-angiotensin system can provide a modest degree of arterial pressure control when the pressure falls below normal by eliciting a vasoconstrictor response in the peripheral blood vessels. However, this system seems to have an even more important renal function, a direct effect on kidneys to cause fluid retention; this in turn increases the body fluid volume and in this way increases the arterial pressure. Finally, the roles of ADH and aldosterone in the control of blood volume have probably been greatly overemphasized. On the other hand, both clinical experience and experimental studies are beginning to demonstrate that the thirst/ADH system is probably by far the most potent mechanism that we have for control of extracellular fluid sodium ion concentration. On the other hand, the aldosterone mechanism seems to be our primary control system for maintaining a normal extracellular fluid concentration of potassium.", "contents": "Integration and control of circulatory function. In this chapter we have emphasized especially the intrinsic controls of the circulation, such as the autoregulation mechanism for control of local blood flow, automatic control of cardiac output, long-term control of arterial pressure, long-term control of blood volume, and automatic distribution of fluids between the circulation and the interstitial spaces. The reasons for emphasizing these mechanisms are several: first, many experiments have now shown that the intrinsic mechanisms can provide highly stable long-term control of the circulation. Second, the value of the nervous and hormonal controls have probably been greatly overemphasized in the past. And, third, there are special complexities of the intrinsic controls--such as nonlinearities, delay in responses, and other effects--that have made these difficult to understand; it is probably these difficulties that have led to their underemphasis. However, we have not meant to take from the nervous and hormonal systems their true importance in circulatory control. For instance, intrinsic mechanisms have almost no capability for acute arterial pressure control (only for long-term control), and they have no mechanism for providing the drive necessary to make the animal ingest water and electrolytes. These require the nervous controls. Also, nervous reflexes are important in enhancing the effectiveness of blood volume control and control of cardiac pumping. Among the hormonal mechanisms, the renin-angiotensin system can provide a modest degree of arterial pressure control when the pressure falls below normal by eliciting a vasoconstrictor response in the peripheral blood vessels. However, this system seems to have an even more important renal function, a direct effect on kidneys to cause fluid retention; this in turn increases the body fluid volume and in this way increases the arterial pressure. Finally, the roles of ADH and aldosterone in the control of blood volume have probably been greatly overemphasized. On the other hand, both clinical experience and experimental studies are beginning to demonstrate that the thirst/ADH system is probably by far the most potent mechanism that we have for control of extracellular fluid sodium ion concentration. On the other hand, the aldosterone mechanism seems to be our primary control system for maintaining a normal extracellular fluid concentration of potassium."}
{"id": "PMID:135740", "title": "On-line impedance analysis system for studying the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia.", "content": "The response of the pulmonary circulation to hypoxia is generally assessed in terms of cardiac output and pulmonary vascular resistance. However, due to pulsatility, the opposition to blood flow can be described accurately only by the input impedance to the pulmonary bed. For assessment of impedance, a system was developed consisting of implantable pressure transducers and an improved muitichannel continuous wave Doppler flow meter. A computer system was used to analyze the data, which was based on power output of the right heart, power dissipation in the pulmonary circulation, and impedance spectra. Data have been obtained from dogs exposed to various levels of acute hypoxia.", "contents": "On-line impedance analysis system for studying the pulmonary vascular response to hypoxia. The response of the pulmonary circulation to hypoxia is generally assessed in terms of cardiac output and pulmonary vascular resistance. However, due to pulsatility, the opposition to blood flow can be described accurately only by the input impedance to the pulmonary bed. For assessment of impedance, a system was developed consisting of implantable pressure transducers and an improved muitichannel continuous wave Doppler flow meter. A computer system was used to analyze the data, which was based on power output of the right heart, power dissipation in the pulmonary circulation, and impedance spectra. Data have been obtained from dogs exposed to various levels of acute hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:135749", "title": "The innervation of muscle spindles in the snake, Elaphe quadrivirgata.", "content": "The morphology and distribution of sensory endings in snake (Elaphe quadrivirgata) muscle spindles was studied in silver preparations. The sensory axon supplying long-capsule spindles often bifurcates before or after penetrating the capsule and runs for some distance along the intrafusal fibre. The sensory axon supplying short-capsule spindles penetrates the capsule at a sharp angle, and, without ramification, terminates abruptly on the intrafusal fibre. The sensory terminal is composed of terminal bulbs and small links. In long-capsule spindles the sensory ending is arranged longitudinally in one or two rows. The sensory ending in short-capsule spindles ramifies extensively, covering densely the intrafusal fibre. The area occupied by sensory bulbs was estimated to be slightly higher in short-capsule (15-17?) THAN IN LONG-CAPSULE SPINDLES (12-13). The functional significance of these findings is discussed. Motor innervation of muscle spindles in the snake Elaphe quadrivirgata was studied using AchE staining for light microscopy in conjection with electron microscopy. In the polar region of either type of spindle, the majority of the motor endings are of grape type. In long-capsule spindles plate endings may occur in the spindle pole as well as in the capsular region. Motor endings in the capsular region are mostly of plate type. Plate endings rarely occur in short-capsule spindles. Identified single motor endings were studied by electron microscopy. Intrafusal grape endings are characterized by a smooth post-synaptic membrane. Intrafusal plate endings in the polar region are characterized by junctional folds or gutterings; plate endings in the capsular region show less developed gutterings or indentations. The distribution of intrafusal motor endings was examined along the length of single intrafusal fibres. The long-capsule spindle often receives asymmetrical motor innervation around the capsular region, whereas motor endings in the short-capsule spindle distribute more symmetrically.", "contents": "The innervation of muscle spindles in the snake, Elaphe quadrivirgata. The morphology and distribution of sensory endings in snake (Elaphe quadrivirgata) muscle spindles was studied in silver preparations. The sensory axon supplying long-capsule spindles often bifurcates before or after penetrating the capsule and runs for some distance along the intrafusal fibre. The sensory axon supplying short-capsule spindles penetrates the capsule at a sharp angle, and, without ramification, terminates abruptly on the intrafusal fibre. The sensory terminal is composed of terminal bulbs and small links. In long-capsule spindles the sensory ending is arranged longitudinally in one or two rows. The sensory ending in short-capsule spindles ramifies extensively, covering densely the intrafusal fibre. The area occupied by sensory bulbs was estimated to be slightly higher in short-capsule (15-17?) THAN IN LONG-CAPSULE SPINDLES (12-13). The functional significance of these findings is discussed. Motor innervation of muscle spindles in the snake Elaphe quadrivirgata was studied using AchE staining for light microscopy in conjection with electron microscopy. In the polar region of either type of spindle, the majority of the motor endings are of grape type. In long-capsule spindles plate endings may occur in the spindle pole as well as in the capsular region. Motor endings in the capsular region are mostly of plate type. Plate endings rarely occur in short-capsule spindles. Identified single motor endings were studied by electron microscopy. Intrafusal grape endings are characterized by a smooth post-synaptic membrane. Intrafusal plate endings in the polar region are characterized by junctional folds or gutterings; plate endings in the capsular region show less developed gutterings or indentations. The distribution of intrafusal motor endings was examined along the length of single intrafusal fibres. The long-capsule spindle often receives asymmetrical motor innervation around the capsular region, whereas motor endings in the short-capsule spindle distribute more symmetrically."}
{"id": "PMID:135754", "title": "Inhibition of glucose metabolism by n-hexadecane in Cladosporium (Amorphotheca) resinae.", "content": "When Cladosporium resinae is provided with n-hexadecane and glucose, n-hexadecane is used preferentially. Studies using [14C]glucose indicated that n-hexadecane did not inhibit glucose uptake but did retard oxidation of glucose to CO2 and assimilation of glucose carbon into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material. Glucose could be recovered quantitatively from hydrocarbon-grown cells that had been transferred to glucose. Four enzymes that may be involved in glucose metabolism, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-phosphate isomerase, and succinate dehydrogenase, were not detected in cells grown on hexadecane but were present in cells grown on glucose. Addition of hexadecane to extracts of glucose-grown cells resulted in immediate loss of activity for each of the four enzymes, but two other enzymes did not directly involved in glucose metabolism, adenosine triphosphatase and alanine-ketoacid aminotransferase, were not inhibited by hexadecane in vitro. Cells grown on hexadecane and transferred to glucose metabolize intracellular hexadecane; after 1 day, activity of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucosephosphate isomerase, and succinate dehydrogenase could be detected and 22% of the intracellular hydrocarbon had been metabolized. Hexadecane-grown cells transferred to glucose plus cycloheximide showed the same level of activity of all the four enzymes as cells transferred to glucose alone. Thus, intracellular n-hexadecane or a metabolite of hexadecane can inthesis of those enzymes is not inhibited.", "contents": "Inhibition of glucose metabolism by n-hexadecane in Cladosporium (Amorphotheca) resinae. When Cladosporium resinae is provided with n-hexadecane and glucose, n-hexadecane is used preferentially. Studies using [14C]glucose indicated that n-hexadecane did not inhibit glucose uptake but did retard oxidation of glucose to CO2 and assimilation of glucose carbon into trichloroacetic acid-insoluble material. Glucose could be recovered quantitatively from hydrocarbon-grown cells that had been transferred to glucose. Four enzymes that may be involved in glucose metabolism, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-phosphate isomerase, and succinate dehydrogenase, were not detected in cells grown on hexadecane but were present in cells grown on glucose. Addition of hexadecane to extracts of glucose-grown cells resulted in immediate loss of activity for each of the four enzymes, but two other enzymes did not directly involved in glucose metabolism, adenosine triphosphatase and alanine-ketoacid aminotransferase, were not inhibited by hexadecane in vitro. Cells grown on hexadecane and transferred to glucose metabolize intracellular hexadecane; after 1 day, activity of hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glucosephosphate isomerase, and succinate dehydrogenase could be detected and 22% of the intracellular hydrocarbon had been metabolized. Hexadecane-grown cells transferred to glucose plus cycloheximide showed the same level of activity of all the four enzymes as cells transferred to glucose alone. Thus, intracellular n-hexadecane or a metabolite of hexadecane can inthesis of those enzymes is not inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:135755", "title": "Transport of vitamin B12 in tonB mutants of Escherichia coli.", "content": "It is known that the tonB mutation in Escherichia coli is responsible for a defect in the transport of iron chelates. These are transported by systems that involve outer membrane components. We found that tonB mutants were also deficient in the secondary, energy-dependent phase of vitamin B12 transport, although the mutants have normal levels of B12 receptors on their cell surface. In addition, tonB mutants derived from vitamin B12 auxotrophs required elevated levels of B12 for normal growth. Maltose uptake, mediated by another transport system involving an outer membrane component, was unaffected by the tonB mutation.", "contents": "Transport of vitamin B12 in tonB mutants of Escherichia coli. It is known that the tonB mutation in Escherichia coli is responsible for a defect in the transport of iron chelates. These are transported by systems that involve outer membrane components. We found that tonB mutants were also deficient in the secondary, energy-dependent phase of vitamin B12 transport, although the mutants have normal levels of B12 receptors on their cell surface. In addition, tonB mutants derived from vitamin B12 auxotrophs required elevated levels of B12 for normal growth. Maltose uptake, mediated by another transport system involving an outer membrane component, was unaffected by the tonB mutation."}
{"id": "PMID:135756", "title": "Properties of Escherichia coli mutants with alterations in Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "A mutant Escherichia coli, selected for resistance to the antibiotic neomycin, was unable to utilize nonfermentable carbon sources for growth. Two strains were selected from this mutant on the basis of their ability to grow utilizing succinate as a carbon source. All three strains had approximately equal amounts of the Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (EC 3.6.1.3) protein, but the activity of the enzyme differed in each strain. The Mg2+-ATPase from each of the three strains lost activity upon solubilization and appeared to undergo rapid dissociation once solubilized. This dissociation is similar to that described for the wild type after cold exposure.", "contents": "Properties of Escherichia coli mutants with alterations in Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase. A mutant Escherichia coli, selected for resistance to the antibiotic neomycin, was unable to utilize nonfermentable carbon sources for growth. Two strains were selected from this mutant on the basis of their ability to grow utilizing succinate as a carbon source. All three strains had approximately equal amounts of the Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) (EC 3.6.1.3) protein, but the activity of the enzyme differed in each strain. The Mg2+-ATPase from each of the three strains lost activity upon solubilization and appeared to undergo rapid dissociation once solubilized. This dissociation is similar to that described for the wild type after cold exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:135757", "title": "Transport of vitamin B12 in Escherichia coli: energy dependence.", "content": "This paper presents some evidence that the osmotic shock-sensitive, energy-dependent transfer of vitamin B12 from outer membrane receptor sites into the interior of cells of Escherichia coli requires an energized inner membrane, without obligatory intermediation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). The experiments measured the effects of glucose, D-lactate, anaerobiosis, arsenate, cyanide, and 2,4-dinitrophenol upon the rates of B12 transport by starved cells of E. coli KBT001, which possesses a functional Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Ca,MgATPase), and of E. coli AN120, which lacks this enzyme. Both strains were able to utilize glucose and D-lactate aerobically to potentiate B12 transport, indicating that the Ca,MgATPase was not essential for this process. When respiratory electron transport was blocked, either by cyanide or by anaerobic conditions, and the primary source of energy for the cells was presumably ATP from glucose fermentation, the rate of B12 transport was much reduced in E. coli AN120 but not in E.coli KBT001. These results support the view that the CaMgATPase can play a role in B12 transport but only when the energy for this process must be derived from ATP. The results of experiments with arsenate also supported the conclusion that the generation of phosphate bond energy was not absolutely required for B12 transport.", "contents": "Transport of vitamin B12 in Escherichia coli: energy dependence. This paper presents some evidence that the osmotic shock-sensitive, energy-dependent transfer of vitamin B12 from outer membrane receptor sites into the interior of cells of Escherichia coli requires an energized inner membrane, without obligatory intermediation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP). The experiments measured the effects of glucose, D-lactate, anaerobiosis, arsenate, cyanide, and 2,4-dinitrophenol upon the rates of B12 transport by starved cells of E. coli KBT001, which possesses a functional Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Ca,MgATPase), and of E. coli AN120, which lacks this enzyme. Both strains were able to utilize glucose and D-lactate aerobically to potentiate B12 transport, indicating that the Ca,MgATPase was not essential for this process. When respiratory electron transport was blocked, either by cyanide or by anaerobic conditions, and the primary source of energy for the cells was presumably ATP from glucose fermentation, the rate of B12 transport was much reduced in E. coli AN120 but not in E.coli KBT001. These results support the view that the CaMgATPase can play a role in B12 transport but only when the energy for this process must be derived from ATP. The results of experiments with arsenate also supported the conclusion that the generation of phosphate bond energy was not absolutely required for B12 transport."}
{"id": "PMID:135758", "title": "Regulation of hypoxanthine transport in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Hypoxanthine uptake and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.2.8) were determined in germinated conidia from the adenine auxotrophic strains ad-1 and ad-8 and the double mutant strain ad-1 ad-8. The mutant strain ad-1 appears to lack aminoimidazolecarboximide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.3) or inosine 5'monophosphate cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.1.10) activities, or both, whereas the ad-8 strain lacks adenylosuccinate synthase activity (EC 6.3.4.4). Normal (or wild-type) hypoxanthine transport capacity was found to the ad-1 conidia, whereas the ad-8 strains failed to take up any hypoxanthine. The double mutant strains showed intermediate transport capacities. Similar results were obtained for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase activity assayed in germinated conidia. The ad-1 strain showed greatest activity, the ad-8 strain showed the least activity, and the double mutant strain showed intermediate activity levels. Ion-exchange chromatography of the growth media revealed that in the presence of NH+/4, the ad-8 strain excreted hypoxanthine or inosine, the ad-1 strain did not excrete any purines, and the ad-1 ad-8 double mutant strain excreted uric acid. In the absence of NH+/4, none of the strains excreted any detectable purine compounds.", "contents": "Regulation of hypoxanthine transport in Neurospora crassa. Hypoxanthine uptake and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase activity (EC 2.4.2.8) were determined in germinated conidia from the adenine auxotrophic strains ad-1 and ad-8 and the double mutant strain ad-1 ad-8. The mutant strain ad-1 appears to lack aminoimidazolecarboximide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (EC 2.1.2.3) or inosine 5'monophosphate cyclohydrolase (EC 3.5.1.10) activities, or both, whereas the ad-8 strain lacks adenylosuccinate synthase activity (EC 6.3.4.4). Normal (or wild-type) hypoxanthine transport capacity was found to the ad-1 conidia, whereas the ad-8 strains failed to take up any hypoxanthine. The double mutant strains showed intermediate transport capacities. Similar results were obtained for hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl-transferase activity assayed in germinated conidia. The ad-1 strain showed greatest activity, the ad-8 strain showed the least activity, and the double mutant strain showed intermediate activity levels. Ion-exchange chromatography of the growth media revealed that in the presence of NH+/4, the ad-8 strain excreted hypoxanthine or inosine, the ad-1 strain did not excrete any purines, and the ad-1 ad-8 double mutant strain excreted uric acid. In the absence of NH+/4, none of the strains excreted any detectable purine compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:135759", "title": "Glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities during intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on Escherichia coli.", "content": "Selected enzyme activities were measured in extracts of the total cell pellets obtained at various times during aerobic intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J on anaerobically grown Escherichia coli substrate cells. Initially, the glycolytic enzyme activities were associated with the input of E. coli and the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities with the input of bdellovibrios. During the first 90 min of Bdellovibrio development, the glycolytic activities declined about 25 to 60%, whereas the tricarboxylic acid cycle activities increased about 10%. Between 110 and 180 min, the glycolytic activities decreased to trace levels and tricarboxylic acid cycle activities increased about 50 to 90%. Both bdellovibrio cell extracts and the cell-free growth menstruum (obtained after bdellovibrio growth on E. coli) caused the inactivation of glycolytic enzymes in E. coli extracts.", "contents": "Glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities during intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus on Escherichia coli. Selected enzyme activities were measured in extracts of the total cell pellets obtained at various times during aerobic intraperiplasmic growth of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus 109J on anaerobically grown Escherichia coli substrate cells. Initially, the glycolytic enzyme activities were associated with the input of E. coli and the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activities with the input of bdellovibrios. During the first 90 min of Bdellovibrio development, the glycolytic activities declined about 25 to 60%, whereas the tricarboxylic acid cycle activities increased about 10%. Between 110 and 180 min, the glycolytic activities decreased to trace levels and tricarboxylic acid cycle activities increased about 50 to 90%. Both bdellovibrio cell extracts and the cell-free growth menstruum (obtained after bdellovibrio growth on E. coli) caused the inactivation of glycolytic enzymes in E. coli extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:135760", "title": "Synthesis of the acid-soluble proteins in early cleaving embryos of the sea urchin. Cyclic synthesis of histones.", "content": "Synthesis of the acid-soluble proteins in the early cleavage stage of the sea urichin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, was investigated. As detected by the incorporation of lysine, the acid-soluble proteins were synthesized periodically even before the first cleavage, differing from the pattern of incorporation of tryptophan into the fraction. Cyclic synthesis occurred almost in parallel with DNA synthesis. However, the phase and periodicity of cyclic synthesis of the acid-soluble protein fraction were quite different from those found in the hot TCA-insoluble (acid-insoluble) protein fraction. The acid-soluble proteins were adsorbed on cation exchange resin, Amberlite CG-50, and gave an elution profile similar to that found for calf thymus histones. The migration pattern of these proteins on acrylamide gel also resembled that of histones.", "contents": "Synthesis of the acid-soluble proteins in early cleaving embryos of the sea urchin. Cyclic synthesis of histones. Synthesis of the acid-soluble proteins in the early cleavage stage of the sea urichin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, was investigated. As detected by the incorporation of lysine, the acid-soluble proteins were synthesized periodically even before the first cleavage, differing from the pattern of incorporation of tryptophan into the fraction. Cyclic synthesis occurred almost in parallel with DNA synthesis. However, the phase and periodicity of cyclic synthesis of the acid-soluble protein fraction were quite different from those found in the hot TCA-insoluble (acid-insoluble) protein fraction. The acid-soluble proteins were adsorbed on cation exchange resin, Amberlite CG-50, and gave an elution profile similar to that found for calf thymus histones. The migration pattern of these proteins on acrylamide gel also resembled that of histones."}
{"id": "PMID:135761", "title": "Kinetics of mucopolysaccharide and glycoprotein synthesis by chick embryo chondrocytes. Effect of D-glucose concentration in the culture medium.", "content": "Late log cultures of chick embryo vertebral chondrocytes in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium with 10% fetal calf serum consume D-glucose from the culture medium at a rate of approximately 0.40 mumol per h per 10(6) cells. When the D-glucose concentration in the medium drops below 1 mumol per ml the glycogen stores are rapidly exhausted, and cell growth ceases. 35SO4(2)- is incorporated into chondroitin-6-SO4 and chondroitin-4-SO4 at linear rates of 1.2 and 0.4 nmol per h per 10(6) cells, respectively, until the D-glucose level in the medium drops below 1 mumol per ml, but there is always a slight lag in the initial appearance of chondroitin-4-SO4. Throughout the period of 35SO4 2- labeling, the amount of chondroitin-6-SO4 that is recovered in the cells exceeds the amount that is recovered in the medium, but the opposite is true for chondroitin-4-SO4. However, when cells prelabeled with 35SO4(2-) are then transferred to a label-free medium, the secretion of chondroitin sulfates proceeds at much slower rates, and the kinetics of chondroitin-6-SO4 and chondroitin-4-SO4 secretion are very similar. In this chase experiment the chondroitin sulfates are recovered quantitatively after a 24-h incubation period, indicating that these embryonic chondrocytes do not degrade the chondroitin sulfates under these culture conditions. The rate of incorporation of counts from D-[14C]glucosamine into mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins increase with time. This nonlinear rate results from a progressive increase in the specific activity of the UDP-N-acetyl-D-[14C]hexosamine pool as the D-glucose in the culture medium is depleted. A linear relationship is demonstrated between the logarithm of the 14C counts per min per nmol of UDP-N-acetylhexosamine and the logarithm of the concentration of D-glucose in the culture medium over a range of 1 to 20 mumol of D-glucose per ml. The relative rates of appearance of counts from 35SO4(2-) and D-[14]glucosamine in chondroitin 4-SO4 and chondroitin-6-SO4 are used to calculate the specific activity of the UDP-N-acetyl-D-[14C]hexosamine pool at each stage in the labeling period. The resulting values are then used to calculate the rates of synthesis of the nonsulfated polymers, namely, chondroitin, hyaluronic acid, and glycoprotein.", "contents": "Kinetics of mucopolysaccharide and glycoprotein synthesis by chick embryo chondrocytes. Effect of D-glucose concentration in the culture medium. Late log cultures of chick embryo vertebral chondrocytes in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium with 10% fetal calf serum consume D-glucose from the culture medium at a rate of approximately 0.40 mumol per h per 10(6) cells. When the D-glucose concentration in the medium drops below 1 mumol per ml the glycogen stores are rapidly exhausted, and cell growth ceases. 35SO4(2)- is incorporated into chondroitin-6-SO4 and chondroitin-4-SO4 at linear rates of 1.2 and 0.4 nmol per h per 10(6) cells, respectively, until the D-glucose level in the medium drops below 1 mumol per ml, but there is always a slight lag in the initial appearance of chondroitin-4-SO4. Throughout the period of 35SO4 2- labeling, the amount of chondroitin-6-SO4 that is recovered in the cells exceeds the amount that is recovered in the medium, but the opposite is true for chondroitin-4-SO4. However, when cells prelabeled with 35SO4(2-) are then transferred to a label-free medium, the secretion of chondroitin sulfates proceeds at much slower rates, and the kinetics of chondroitin-6-SO4 and chondroitin-4-SO4 secretion are very similar. In this chase experiment the chondroitin sulfates are recovered quantitatively after a 24-h incubation period, indicating that these embryonic chondrocytes do not degrade the chondroitin sulfates under these culture conditions. The rate of incorporation of counts from D-[14C]glucosamine into mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins increase with time. This nonlinear rate results from a progressive increase in the specific activity of the UDP-N-acetyl-D-[14C]hexosamine pool as the D-glucose in the culture medium is depleted. A linear relationship is demonstrated between the logarithm of the 14C counts per min per nmol of UDP-N-acetylhexosamine and the logarithm of the concentration of D-glucose in the culture medium over a range of 1 to 20 mumol of D-glucose per ml. The relative rates of appearance of counts from 35SO4(2-) and D-[14]glucosamine in chondroitin 4-SO4 and chondroitin-6-SO4 are used to calculate the specific activity of the UDP-N-acetyl-D-[14C]hexosamine pool at each stage in the labeling period. The resulting values are then used to calculate the rates of synthesis of the nonsulfated polymers, namely, chondroitin, hyaluronic acid, and glycoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:135762", "title": "Endo-beta-galactosidase of Escherichia freundii. Purification and endoglycosidic action on keratan sulfates, oligosaccharides, and blood group active glycoprotein.", "content": "Endo-beta-galactosidase was purified 4400-fold from a culture filtrate of Escherichia freundii with 45% recovery. The enzyme preparation was practically free of exoglycosidases, sulfatase, and proteases. This enzyme hydrolyzed several keratan sulfates, endoglycosidically releasing oligosaccharides of various molecular sizes. Among the digestion products of the corneal keratan sulfate, the structure of a disaccharride and a tetrasaccharride were shown to be 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucosyl-(1 leads to 3)-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactose, respectively. These oligosaccharide structures indicate that this enzyme specifically hydrolyzes the galactosidic bonds in which nonsulfated galactose residues participate. The enzyme could also hydrolyze a small oligosaccharide such as lacto-N-neotetraitol as follows: Gal(beta 1 leads to 4)GlcNAc(beta 1 leads to 3)Gal(beta 1 leads to 4) sorbitol leads to Gal(beta 1 leads to 4)GlcNAc(beta 1 leads to 3)Gal + sorbitol AB active blood group substance could be hydrolyzed by this enzyme only after Smith degradation. After enzymatic digestion small oligosaccharides and resistant macromolecules were produced. These findings indicate that the enzyme should be useful in studying the precise structures of keratan sulfates, related glycoproteins, and oligosaccharides.", "contents": "Endo-beta-galactosidase of Escherichia freundii. Purification and endoglycosidic action on keratan sulfates, oligosaccharides, and blood group active glycoprotein. Endo-beta-galactosidase was purified 4400-fold from a culture filtrate of Escherichia freundii with 45% recovery. The enzyme preparation was practically free of exoglycosidases, sulfatase, and proteases. This enzyme hydrolyzed several keratan sulfates, endoglycosidically releasing oligosaccharides of various molecular sizes. Among the digestion products of the corneal keratan sulfate, the structure of a disaccharride and a tetrasaccharride were shown to be 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucosyl-(1 leads to 3)-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-6-O-sulfo-beta-D-glucosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactose, respectively. These oligosaccharide structures indicate that this enzyme specifically hydrolyzes the galactosidic bonds in which nonsulfated galactose residues participate. The enzyme could also hydrolyze a small oligosaccharide such as lacto-N-neotetraitol as follows: Gal(beta 1 leads to 4)GlcNAc(beta 1 leads to 3)Gal(beta 1 leads to 4) sorbitol leads to Gal(beta 1 leads to 4)GlcNAc(beta 1 leads to 3)Gal + sorbitol AB active blood group substance could be hydrolyzed by this enzyme only after Smith degradation. After enzymatic digestion small oligosaccharides and resistant macromolecules were produced. These findings indicate that the enzyme should be useful in studying the precise structures of keratan sulfates, related glycoproteins, and oligosaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:135763", "title": "Activator activities of the transient forms of the human plasminogen-streptokinase complex during its proteolytic conversion to the stable activator complex.", "content": "When human plasminogen and the bacterial protein streptokinase are mixed, a tight equimolar complex is formed in which an active center of well defined hydrolytic activity developes; this event precedes the cleavage of the plasminogen chain, i.e. the conversion to plasmin. Immediately after the formation of the complex, a series of proteolytic transformations occurs which, within a few minutes, results in at least two cleavages in the plasminogen, and at least five cleavages in the streptokinase peptide chains. None of the fragments so created seem to dissociate from the main body of the complex, but the activator activity, when measured by a rapid bovine clot-lysis system, undergoes a characteristic pattern of fluctuation coincident with the fragmentation of the two components. When the latter process is followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, the state of fragmentation of the activator can be correlated with the measured activator activities. By manipulating the temperature, and by the introduction of inhibitors, it was possible to slow down, or temporarily arrest, the fragmentation at certain stages, allowing the identification in a number of cases of the predominant activator species, and the determination of a characteristic relative activator activity for it. By the use of such relative activities, it was possible to carry out a calculation, based on electrophoretic analysis alone, which predicted reasonably successfully the kinetics of activator fluctuation.", "contents": "Activator activities of the transient forms of the human plasminogen-streptokinase complex during its proteolytic conversion to the stable activator complex. When human plasminogen and the bacterial protein streptokinase are mixed, a tight equimolar complex is formed in which an active center of well defined hydrolytic activity developes; this event precedes the cleavage of the plasminogen chain, i.e. the conversion to plasmin. Immediately after the formation of the complex, a series of proteolytic transformations occurs which, within a few minutes, results in at least two cleavages in the plasminogen, and at least five cleavages in the streptokinase peptide chains. None of the fragments so created seem to dissociate from the main body of the complex, but the activator activity, when measured by a rapid bovine clot-lysis system, undergoes a characteristic pattern of fluctuation coincident with the fragmentation of the two components. When the latter process is followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, the state of fragmentation of the activator can be correlated with the measured activator activities. By manipulating the temperature, and by the introduction of inhibitors, it was possible to slow down, or temporarily arrest, the fragmentation at certain stages, allowing the identification in a number of cases of the predominant activator species, and the determination of a characteristic relative activator activity for it. By the use of such relative activities, it was possible to carry out a calculation, based on electrophoretic analysis alone, which predicted reasonably successfully the kinetics of activator fluctuation."}
{"id": "PMID:135764", "title": "Effect of inosine 5' -(beta, gamma-imido) triphosphate and other nucleotides on beef heart mitochondrial ATPase.", "content": "The effects of various substrates and alternative substrates on the hydrolytic activity of beef heart mitochondrial ATPase was examined. It was found that ATP or ADP, ITP hydrolysis showed positive cooperativity. IDP inhibited ITP hydrolysis and caused positive cooperativity. When ITP was present during an ATP hydrolysis assay, the rate of ATP hydrolysis was stimulated. IDP had no effect on ATP hydrolysis rates. A nonhydrolyzable ITP analog, inosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido)triphosphate (IMP-P(NH)P), was synthesized and purified. It was found to be a potent competitive inhibitor of ITP and GTP hydrolytic activity. However, this beta-gamma-imido-bridged ITP analog was found to change the ITP and GTP hydrolysis kinetics from linear to positively cooperative. This compound inhibited ATP hydrolysis at substrate concentrations of 100 muM and lower, and stimulated ATP hydrolysis at substrate concentrations between 100 muM and 2 mM. IMP-P(NH)P had no effect on ATP hydrolysis when the substrate concentration was above 2 mM. In the presence of the activating anion, bicarbonate, IMP-P(NH)P inhibited ATP hydrolysis competitively, and induced positive cooperativity. IMP-P(NH)P had no effect on the ATP equilibrium Pi exchange, the ITP equilibrium Pi exchange, or ATP synthesis catalyzed by beef heart submitochondrial particles.", "contents": "Effect of inosine 5' -(beta, gamma-imido) triphosphate and other nucleotides on beef heart mitochondrial ATPase. The effects of various substrates and alternative substrates on the hydrolytic activity of beef heart mitochondrial ATPase was examined. It was found that ATP or ADP, ITP hydrolysis showed positive cooperativity. IDP inhibited ITP hydrolysis and caused positive cooperativity. When ITP was present during an ATP hydrolysis assay, the rate of ATP hydrolysis was stimulated. IDP had no effect on ATP hydrolysis rates. A nonhydrolyzable ITP analog, inosine 5'-(beta, gamma-imido)triphosphate (IMP-P(NH)P), was synthesized and purified. It was found to be a potent competitive inhibitor of ITP and GTP hydrolytic activity. However, this beta-gamma-imido-bridged ITP analog was found to change the ITP and GTP hydrolysis kinetics from linear to positively cooperative. This compound inhibited ATP hydrolysis at substrate concentrations of 100 muM and lower, and stimulated ATP hydrolysis at substrate concentrations between 100 muM and 2 mM. IMP-P(NH)P had no effect on ATP hydrolysis when the substrate concentration was above 2 mM. In the presence of the activating anion, bicarbonate, IMP-P(NH)P inhibited ATP hydrolysis competitively, and induced positive cooperativity. IMP-P(NH)P had no effect on the ATP equilibrium Pi exchange, the ITP equilibrium Pi exchange, or ATP synthesis catalyzed by beef heart submitochondrial particles."}
{"id": "PMID:135765", "title": "Biochemical response to dacron vascular prosthesis.", "content": "Dacron vascular prostheses were examined under both light and electron microscopes from 1 to 1184 days after implantation in the thoracic aorta of 96 dogs. Each Dacron fiber of the implanted prostheses was found to be covered with a single layer, which closely resembled the outer half leaflet of plasma membrane. The control experiment in vitro revealed that when untreated Dacron fibers were dipped into a solution of lecithin, the fibers became covered with monomolecular leaflets of lecithin micelles. On the basis of the in vivo and in vitro findings, it was suggested that the implanted Dacron fibers of vascular prosthesis were covered at an early stage with a monomolecular micelle layer of phospholipid or phospholipoproteins originating from the living body, and thus became adapted to the living body.", "contents": "Biochemical response to dacron vascular prosthesis. Dacron vascular prostheses were examined under both light and electron microscopes from 1 to 1184 days after implantation in the thoracic aorta of 96 dogs. Each Dacron fiber of the implanted prostheses was found to be covered with a single layer, which closely resembled the outer half leaflet of plasma membrane. The control experiment in vitro revealed that when untreated Dacron fibers were dipped into a solution of lecithin, the fibers became covered with monomolecular leaflets of lecithin micelles. On the basis of the in vivo and in vitro findings, it was suggested that the implanted Dacron fibers of vascular prosthesis were covered at an early stage with a monomolecular micelle layer of phospholipid or phospholipoproteins originating from the living body, and thus became adapted to the living body."}
{"id": "PMID:135766", "title": "Interactions of actin, myosin, and an actin-binding protein of rabbit pulmonary macrophages. III. Effects of cytochalasin B.", "content": "Low concentrations (greater than or equal to 10(-7) M) of cytochalasin B reversibly inhibit the temperature-dependent gelation of actin by an actin-binding protein. The cytochalasin B concentrations which maximally inhibit actin gel formation are 10-fold lower than the concentrations which maximally impair phagocytosis by intact macrophages. Cytochalasin B also prevents the polymerization of monomeric actin in sucrose extracts of macrophages in the absence but not the presence of 0.1 M CKl. 10(-6) M cytochalasin B dissolves macrophage extract gels and gels comprised of purified actin and actin-binding protein by dissociating actin-binding protein from actin filaments. This concentration of cytochalasin B, however, does not depolymerize the actin filatments.", "contents": "Interactions of actin, myosin, and an actin-binding protein of rabbit pulmonary macrophages. III. Effects of cytochalasin B. Low concentrations (greater than or equal to 10(-7) M) of cytochalasin B reversibly inhibit the temperature-dependent gelation of actin by an actin-binding protein. The cytochalasin B concentrations which maximally inhibit actin gel formation are 10-fold lower than the concentrations which maximally impair phagocytosis by intact macrophages. Cytochalasin B also prevents the polymerization of monomeric actin in sucrose extracts of macrophages in the absence but not the presence of 0.1 M CKl. 10(-6) M cytochalasin B dissolves macrophage extract gels and gels comprised of purified actin and actin-binding protein by dissociating actin-binding protein from actin filaments. This concentration of cytochalasin B, however, does not depolymerize the actin filatments."}
{"id": "PMID:135767", "title": "The control of mitosis in Physarum polycephalum: the effect of delaying mitosis and evidence for the operation of the control mechanism in the absence of growth.", "content": "Possible mechanisms coordinating the control of mitosis and DNA synthesis with growth were experimentally tested in Physarum polycephalum by the response of plasmodia to 2 different kinds of perturbation of the DNA:mass ratio. Mitosis and DNA synthesis were delayed without stopping growth either by the use of fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) or puromycin, in both cases the delayed mitosis was followed by a single shortened intermitotic period, as predicted by all the mechanisms considered and substantiating a basic assumption made that the time of mitosis is homeostatically controlled to maintain a constant DNA:mass ratio. When more than 50% of the DNA was destroyed by ultraviolet irradiation 2 consecutive mitoses could occur even when growth was completely stopped by starvation. This result can only be accounted for by 2 of the 5 models considered, a finding which agrees with the results of previous experiments which were also consistent with only these 2 mechanisms.", "contents": "The control of mitosis in Physarum polycephalum: the effect of delaying mitosis and evidence for the operation of the control mechanism in the absence of growth. Possible mechanisms coordinating the control of mitosis and DNA synthesis with growth were experimentally tested in Physarum polycephalum by the response of plasmodia to 2 different kinds of perturbation of the DNA:mass ratio. Mitosis and DNA synthesis were delayed without stopping growth either by the use of fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) or puromycin, in both cases the delayed mitosis was followed by a single shortened intermitotic period, as predicted by all the mechanisms considered and substantiating a basic assumption made that the time of mitosis is homeostatically controlled to maintain a constant DNA:mass ratio. When more than 50% of the DNA was destroyed by ultraviolet irradiation 2 consecutive mitoses could occur even when growth was completely stopped by starvation. This result can only be accounted for by 2 of the 5 models considered, a finding which agrees with the results of previous experiments which were also consistent with only these 2 mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:135768", "title": "Puberty in girls: correlation of serum levels of gonadotropins, prolactin, androgens, estrogens, and progestins with physical changes.", "content": "Twenty-seven girls aged 8 to 18 were studied in a longitudinal prospective fashion. Serum samples were collected at 6 month intervals up to 4 years and radioassayed for hormones of pituitary, ovarian, and adrenal origin. A progressive elevation of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone/FSH), estradiol (E2), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), and androstenedione (delta4) occurred during puberty and continued until menarche. The onset of puberty occurred concomitantly with an elevation of estrone (E1) dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS), and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH-P). Prolactin (Prol) and progesterone (Prog) concentrations did not change during puberty until after menarche. After menarche, levels of LH and FSH were comparable with menstruating adult females. Concentrations of E2 and Prog were lower during the second half of the cycle among most regularly menstruating subjects than expected during the luteal phase. LH and Prog levels indirectly suggest that ovulation occurs in a few girls within months after menarche.", "contents": "Puberty in girls: correlation of serum levels of gonadotropins, prolactin, androgens, estrogens, and progestins with physical changes. Twenty-seven girls aged 8 to 18 were studied in a longitudinal prospective fashion. Serum samples were collected at 6 month intervals up to 4 years and radioassayed for hormones of pituitary, ovarian, and adrenal origin. A progressive elevation of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone/FSH), estradiol (E2), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), and androstenedione (delta4) occurred during puberty and continued until menarche. The onset of puberty occurred concomitantly with an elevation of estrone (E1) dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS), and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OH-P). Prolactin (Prol) and progesterone (Prog) concentrations did not change during puberty until after menarche. After menarche, levels of LH and FSH were comparable with menstruating adult females. Concentrations of E2 and Prog were lower during the second half of the cycle among most regularly menstruating subjects than expected during the luteal phase. LH and Prog levels indirectly suggest that ovulation occurs in a few girls within months after menarche."}
{"id": "PMID:135769", "title": "Failure of serotonin inhibitor to effect nocturnal GH and prolactin secretion in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion was evaluated in seven patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. GH and PRL levels following sleep and 24 h mean serum GH and PRL concentrations were normal in these subjects. Overnight GH and PRL concentrations were evaluated in four of these patients before and following administration of the serotonin inhibitor, parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Although PCPA produced a significant decrease in urinary 5HIAA concentrations, the treatment had no significant effect on GH and PRL levels. These findings raise the possibility that serotonin may not be involved in nocturnal GH and PRL secretion in these patients.", "contents": "Failure of serotonin inhibitor to effect nocturnal GH and prolactin secretion in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) secretion was evaluated in seven patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. GH and PRL levels following sleep and 24 h mean serum GH and PRL concentrations were normal in these subjects. Overnight GH and PRL concentrations were evaluated in four of these patients before and following administration of the serotonin inhibitor, parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Although PCPA produced a significant decrease in urinary 5HIAA concentrations, the treatment had no significant effect on GH and PRL levels. These findings raise the possibility that serotonin may not be involved in nocturnal GH and PRL secretion in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:135770", "title": "Comparison of heat shocking and acridine orange treatment in phage typing of nontypable strains of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Forty-five percent of 108 nontypable strains of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical and environmental sources were phage typable after heat shock and acridine orange treatment. Although phage patterns were produced by different types of treatment, the same phage groups were present, showing specificity. The newly typable strains appear to be similar in phage group distribution to the primary typable strains typed at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital during the same time period. Ten of the originally nontypable S. aureus strains that showed lytic patterns after heat shock or acridine orange treatment were subcultured four times from the treated culture and then tested again with bacteriophages. Phage patterns were still present in 8 of the 10 strains without any further treatment. These findings are compatible with the findings of other workers, who have shown that the insensitivity of primary nontypable S. aureus strains to phage is linked to phage-resistant genes in extrachromosomal genetic elements that can be \"cured\" by both heat shock and acridine treatment.", "contents": "Comparison of heat shocking and acridine orange treatment in phage typing of nontypable strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Forty-five percent of 108 nontypable strains of Staphylococcus aureus from clinical and environmental sources were phage typable after heat shock and acridine orange treatment. Although phage patterns were produced by different types of treatment, the same phage groups were present, showing specificity. The newly typable strains appear to be similar in phage group distribution to the primary typable strains typed at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital during the same time period. Ten of the originally nontypable S. aureus strains that showed lytic patterns after heat shock or acridine orange treatment were subcultured four times from the treated culture and then tested again with bacteriophages. Phage patterns were still present in 8 of the 10 strains without any further treatment. These findings are compatible with the findings of other workers, who have shown that the insensitivity of primary nontypable S. aureus strains to phage is linked to phage-resistant genes in extrachromosomal genetic elements that can be \"cured\" by both heat shock and acridine treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:135771", "title": "A case of small-cell S\u00e9zary's syndrome with null-cell features.", "content": "A case of the small-cell variant of S\u00e9zary's syndrome (SS) is reported in which the SS cells lacked the surface-marker characteristics of both T- and B-cells. In particular, the SS cells failed to form E-rosettes even with a sensitive technique using 2-amino-ethylisothiouronium bromide (AET)-treated sheep red blood cells. The significance of these findings is briefly considered in relation to the existing literature.", "contents": "A case of small-cell S\u00e9zary's syndrome with null-cell features. A case of the small-cell variant of S\u00e9zary's syndrome (SS) is reported in which the SS cells lacked the surface-marker characteristics of both T- and B-cells. In particular, the SS cells failed to form E-rosettes even with a sensitive technique using 2-amino-ethylisothiouronium bromide (AET)-treated sheep red blood cells. The significance of these findings is briefly considered in relation to the existing literature."}
{"id": "PMID:135806", "title": "Cytochemical study of the distribution of adenosine triphosphatase in the pancreas of the dog.", "content": "Dog pancreatic tissue, incubated in a modified Wachstein-Meisel medium, showed two different adenosine triphosphatase activities. One of them is located at the apical border of the cells lining the intralobular ducts and of the centroacinar cells and is stimulated by HCO3-, depressed by SCN- and OCN- and completely abolished by CN-. The other is located at the intracellular clefts of the epithelium lining the interlobular ducts and is stimulated by Mg++. These findings correlate well with the results of incubation of homogenates of fresh and fixed tissues. Their significance with respect to the role of different segments of the duct system in the formation of the pancreatic juice is discussed.", "contents": "Cytochemical study of the distribution of adenosine triphosphatase in the pancreas of the dog. Dog pancreatic tissue, incubated in a modified Wachstein-Meisel medium, showed two different adenosine triphosphatase activities. One of them is located at the apical border of the cells lining the intralobular ducts and of the centroacinar cells and is stimulated by HCO3-, depressed by SCN- and OCN- and completely abolished by CN-. The other is located at the intracellular clefts of the epithelium lining the interlobular ducts and is stimulated by Mg++. These findings correlate well with the results of incubation of homogenates of fresh and fixed tissues. Their significance with respect to the role of different segments of the duct system in the formation of the pancreatic juice is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135807", "title": "Age-associated decline in the in vitro development of cytotoxic lymphocytes in NZB mice.", "content": "The development of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) in in vitro mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) was investigated in young (14 weeks), middle (40 weeks), and aged (80 weeks) NZB mice. Cytotoxic activity against H-2B alloantigens was measured by using the 51Cr release assay. The antigen dose to elicit the optimum development of CL in vitro was the same for all ages of NZB mice, but the level of the development of CL was consistently low and could be delayed by up to 24 hr in aged mice. This decline in the frequency of autoantibody against red blood cells nor to the decrease of the frequency of omega-positive cells in aged NZB mice. Aged (83 weeks) DBA/2 mice showed a similar decline in the development of CL. This decline of T cell function in aged NZB mice might be related to a physiologic aging process rather than to autoimmune disease.", "contents": "Age-associated decline in the in vitro development of cytotoxic lymphocytes in NZB mice. The development of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) in in vitro mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) was investigated in young (14 weeks), middle (40 weeks), and aged (80 weeks) NZB mice. Cytotoxic activity against H-2B alloantigens was measured by using the 51Cr release assay. The antigen dose to elicit the optimum development of CL in vitro was the same for all ages of NZB mice, but the level of the development of CL was consistently low and could be delayed by up to 24 hr in aged mice. This decline in the frequency of autoantibody against red blood cells nor to the decrease of the frequency of omega-positive cells in aged NZB mice. Aged (83 weeks) DBA/2 mice showed a similar decline in the development of CL. This decline of T cell function in aged NZB mice might be related to a physiologic aging process rather than to autoimmune disease."}
{"id": "PMID:135808", "title": "Mixed lymphocyte reactions: augmentation by drugs that inhibit stimulator cell protein synthesis.", "content": "Inhibiting the protein synthesis of F1 stimulator cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) can enhance the DNA synthetic response and cytotoxic activity of the responder parental lymphocytes, independent of the number of stimulator cells used. Thus stimulator lymphocytes act not only as a source of antigen but play an additional regulatory role in the MLR.", "contents": "Mixed lymphocyte reactions: augmentation by drugs that inhibit stimulator cell protein synthesis. Inhibiting the protein synthesis of F1 stimulator cells in a mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) can enhance the DNA synthetic response and cytotoxic activity of the responder parental lymphocytes, independent of the number of stimulator cells used. Thus stimulator lymphocytes act not only as a source of antigen but play an additional regulatory role in the MLR."}
{"id": "PMID:135774", "title": "[Deficiency in placental sulfatase. Description of a recent case].", "content": "Synthesis of oestrogens occurs, during the greater part of pregnancy, in the placenta starting with two fetal precursors: DHA-S and 16 OH DHA-S. In the case of a deficit in sulphatase, an enzyme which is mainly localised in the placenta, these precursors cannot be transformed so that the level of oestrogens stays very low, without the level of secretion of progesterone being altered. Faced with such hormonal abnormalities it is worth while remembering the diagnosis of placental enzyme deficiency. In fact, this abnormality has no repercussions on the progress of the pregnancy and carries no danger for the fetus. It is therefore unnecessary to carry out untimely treatments thinking: fetal distress or adrenal agenesis be it primary or secondary (due to anencephaly) will occur. The diagnosis depends on simple dynamic tests: the mother receives an injection of free DHA and DHA-S, and enzyme study of the placenta can be confirmed in vitro. There seems to be a link between this abnormality and the sex of the fetus. All cases were followed by the birth of a normal boy. Finally, placental suphatase deficiency is rare, but it would appear that increased usage of hormone levels will reveal a rising number of such cases.", "contents": "[Deficiency in placental sulfatase. Description of a recent case]. Synthesis of oestrogens occurs, during the greater part of pregnancy, in the placenta starting with two fetal precursors: DHA-S and 16 OH DHA-S. In the case of a deficit in sulphatase, an enzyme which is mainly localised in the placenta, these precursors cannot be transformed so that the level of oestrogens stays very low, without the level of secretion of progesterone being altered. Faced with such hormonal abnormalities it is worth while remembering the diagnosis of placental enzyme deficiency. In fact, this abnormality has no repercussions on the progress of the pregnancy and carries no danger for the fetus. It is therefore unnecessary to carry out untimely treatments thinking: fetal distress or adrenal agenesis be it primary or secondary (due to anencephaly) will occur. The diagnosis depends on simple dynamic tests: the mother receives an injection of free DHA and DHA-S, and enzyme study of the placenta can be confirmed in vitro. There seems to be a link between this abnormality and the sex of the fetus. All cases were followed by the birth of a normal boy. Finally, placental suphatase deficiency is rare, but it would appear that increased usage of hormone levels will reveal a rising number of such cases."}
{"id": "PMID:135809", "title": "Mitogen-stimulated glutaraldehyde-fixed spleen cells: ability to stimulate in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and generate effector cells in cell-mediated lympholysis.", "content": "Mouse spleen cells treated with glutaralde lose their stimulating ability in the MLR. If the spleen cells are first converted to a blastogenic state by lipopolysaccharide and subsequently fixed with glutaraldehyde, their stimulating capacity is maintained.", "contents": "Mitogen-stimulated glutaraldehyde-fixed spleen cells: ability to stimulate in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and generate effector cells in cell-mediated lympholysis. Mouse spleen cells treated with glutaralde lose their stimulating ability in the MLR. If the spleen cells are first converted to a blastogenic state by lipopolysaccharide and subsequently fixed with glutaraldehyde, their stimulating capacity is maintained."}
{"id": "PMID:135810", "title": "Regulatory effect of interferon on T cells in vitro.", "content": "Purified human lymphocyte interferon (PIF) was added to mixed lymphocyte cultures; DNA synthesis was measured and killer-cell generation was determined. At certain concentrations, PIF ingibited proliferation, but at the same time increased the killer efficiency of the resultant culture cells. It is suggested that lymphokines, apart from their normal mediator function, may play a role as regulators of the generating immune response.", "contents": "Regulatory effect of interferon on T cells in vitro. Purified human lymphocyte interferon (PIF) was added to mixed lymphocyte cultures; DNA synthesis was measured and killer-cell generation was determined. At certain concentrations, PIF ingibited proliferation, but at the same time increased the killer efficiency of the resultant culture cells. It is suggested that lymphokines, apart from their normal mediator function, may play a role as regulators of the generating immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:135775", "title": "[Risk and prevention of complications in gynecologic laparoscopy. Survey of 100,000 cases].", "content": "The author having learned the true character and the value for teaching of his own complications set out a questionnaire which would draw a line distinguishing between complications that seemed in retrospect to have been inevitable and those that could be attributed to the inexperience or lack of care of the operator. The analysis of 194 severe complications occurring in 100,000 laparoscopies performed over 20 years includes 53 cardio-respiratory complications, of which 15 were fatal, 122 injuries or burns due to the instrument, of which 4 were fatal and 18 different complications. No statistical conclusions can be drawn because the figures are approximate and probably below the true levels. But a calculated comparison of the risks can be significant, so long as one avoids mixing up the operators who are well trained, careful and personnally responsible for their actions with those who work hurriedly without proper estimation of the difficulties and dangers. Most opinions agree that apart from the risk of embolus and of general anaesthesia there is no risk of a fatal complication due to laparoscopy. This is particularly true of cardio-respiratory complications, which can be avoided if empirically proven prophylactic measures are taken which take into account the various theories of the aetiology and pathology, which are still being studies. From the results of this enquiry it emerges that certain criteria of care have to be followed which are too often neglected, but they should be applied systematically even when they appear to be unnecessary.", "contents": "[Risk and prevention of complications in gynecologic laparoscopy. Survey of 100,000 cases]. The author having learned the true character and the value for teaching of his own complications set out a questionnaire which would draw a line distinguishing between complications that seemed in retrospect to have been inevitable and those that could be attributed to the inexperience or lack of care of the operator. The analysis of 194 severe complications occurring in 100,000 laparoscopies performed over 20 years includes 53 cardio-respiratory complications, of which 15 were fatal, 122 injuries or burns due to the instrument, of which 4 were fatal and 18 different complications. No statistical conclusions can be drawn because the figures are approximate and probably below the true levels. But a calculated comparison of the risks can be significant, so long as one avoids mixing up the operators who are well trained, careful and personnally responsible for their actions with those who work hurriedly without proper estimation of the difficulties and dangers. Most opinions agree that apart from the risk of embolus and of general anaesthesia there is no risk of a fatal complication due to laparoscopy. This is particularly true of cardio-respiratory complications, which can be avoided if empirically proven prophylactic measures are taken which take into account the various theories of the aetiology and pathology, which are still being studies. From the results of this enquiry it emerges that certain criteria of care have to be followed which are too often neglected, but they should be applied systematically even when they appear to be unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:135812", "title": "Sensitization to Schistosoma mansoni antigen in uninfected children born to infected mothers.", "content": "Sensitization to Schistosoma mansoni antigen in uninfected children born to infected or uninfected mothers was studied by intradermal reaction. Immediate skin reaction, Arthus phenomenon, and delayed skin responses were noted. The skin response at 24 hr was positive in 48.1% of the uninfected children born to infected mothers, and in only 7.5% of uninfected (control) children born to uninfected mothers. Areas of skin reactions were also larger in the group born to infected mothers. Both of these differences were statistically significant. There were no significant variations according to age or sex. Only one immediate skin reaction was noted in each group, and Arthus phenomenon was never observed.", "contents": "Sensitization to Schistosoma mansoni antigen in uninfected children born to infected mothers. Sensitization to Schistosoma mansoni antigen in uninfected children born to infected or uninfected mothers was studied by intradermal reaction. Immediate skin reaction, Arthus phenomenon, and delayed skin responses were noted. The skin response at 24 hr was positive in 48.1% of the uninfected children born to infected mothers, and in only 7.5% of uninfected (control) children born to uninfected mothers. Areas of skin reactions were also larger in the group born to infected mothers. Both of these differences were statistically significant. There were no significant variations according to age or sex. Only one immediate skin reaction was noted in each group, and Arthus phenomenon was never observed."}
{"id": "PMID:135816", "title": "Part I: abnormal patterns and physiological variations in magnetocardiograms.", "content": "Magnetocardiograms (MCGs) of six subjects with representative cardiac abnormalities and of one well-studied normal subject are compared with the 12-lead ECGs and VCGs of these subjects. The MCGs are recordings of the component of the magnetic vector which is normal to the skin, measured across the chest on a 5 cm X 5 am grid; an example is also presented of a sequence of instantaneous MCG maps. The heart abnormalities include myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, intraventricular conduction disturbances, and ventricular hypertrophy. The various MCG maps of the normal subject show MCG changes as a result of changes in body morphology (loss of weight), changes in the subject's position during recording, and changes as a result of exercise. They are presented as a basis for understanding some of the variability of MCG maps.", "contents": "Part I: abnormal patterns and physiological variations in magnetocardiograms. Magnetocardiograms (MCGs) of six subjects with representative cardiac abnormalities and of one well-studied normal subject are compared with the 12-lead ECGs and VCGs of these subjects. The MCGs are recordings of the component of the magnetic vector which is normal to the skin, measured across the chest on a 5 cm X 5 am grid; an example is also presented of a sequence of instantaneous MCG maps. The heart abnormalities include myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, intraventricular conduction disturbances, and ventricular hypertrophy. The various MCG maps of the normal subject show MCG changes as a result of changes in body morphology (loss of weight), changes in the subject's position during recording, and changes as a result of exercise. They are presented as a basis for understanding some of the variability of MCG maps."}
{"id": "PMID:135817", "title": "Endocrine effects of masturbation in men.", "content": "The levels of pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), oestrone, oestradiol, cortisol and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured in the peripheral plasma of a group of young, apparently healthy males before and after masturbation. The same steroids were also determined in a control study, in which the psychological antipation of masturbation was encouraged, but the physical act was not carried out. The plasma levels of all steroids were significantly increased after masturbation, whereas steroid levels remained unchanged in the control study. The most marked changes after masturbation were observed in pregnenolone and DHA levels. No alterations were observed in the plasma levels of LH. Both before and after masturbation plasma levels of testosterone were significantly correlated to those of DHT and oestradiol, but not to those of the other steroids studied. On the other hand, cortisol levels were significantly correlated to those of pregnenolone, DHA, androstenedione and oestrone. In the same subjects, the levels of pregnenolone, DHA, androstenedione, testosterone and DHT, androstenedione and oestrone. In the same subjects, the levels of pregnenolone, DHA, androstenedione, testosterone and DHT in seminal plasma were also estimated; they were all significantly correlated to the levels of the corresponding steroid in the systemic blood withdrawn both before and after masturbation. As a practical consequence, the results indicate that whenever both blood and semen are analysed, blood sampling must precede semen collection.", "contents": "Endocrine effects of masturbation in men. The levels of pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), androstenedione, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), oestrone, oestradiol, cortisol and luteinizing hormone (LH) were measured in the peripheral plasma of a group of young, apparently healthy males before and after masturbation. The same steroids were also determined in a control study, in which the psychological antipation of masturbation was encouraged, but the physical act was not carried out. The plasma levels of all steroids were significantly increased after masturbation, whereas steroid levels remained unchanged in the control study. The most marked changes after masturbation were observed in pregnenolone and DHA levels. No alterations were observed in the plasma levels of LH. Both before and after masturbation plasma levels of testosterone were significantly correlated to those of DHT and oestradiol, but not to those of the other steroids studied. On the other hand, cortisol levels were significantly correlated to those of pregnenolone, DHA, androstenedione and oestrone. In the same subjects, the levels of pregnenolone, DHA, androstenedione, testosterone and DHT, androstenedione and oestrone. In the same subjects, the levels of pregnenolone, DHA, androstenedione, testosterone and DHT in seminal plasma were also estimated; they were all significantly correlated to the levels of the corresponding steroid in the systemic blood withdrawn both before and after masturbation. As a practical consequence, the results indicate that whenever both blood and semen are analysed, blood sampling must precede semen collection."}
{"id": "PMID:135818", "title": "Metabolism of androgens in vitro by human foetal skin.", "content": "Fresh scalp, genital, chest and axillary skin from human foetuses of 12-41 weeks' maturity was incubated in Krebs improved Ringer I medium with (7alpha-3h)dehydroepiandrosterone, (7alpha-3H)testosterone and (7alpha-3H)androstenedione. The metabolites identified were androstenedione, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol, 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol,  5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol and testosterone. The results provide evidence for the presence of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, delta4-5 isomerase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, delta4-3-oxosteroid-5alpha reductase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human foetal skin. There were quantitative differences in the various enzyme activities between different body sites and skin specimens of different gestational age. 5alpha-Reductase activity was particularly high in genital skin. 3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase delta4-5 isomerase activity was low in skin from a 12-week foetus, but high in skin specimens from 28-, 38- and 41-week foetuses. 17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was already high in the skin of the 12-week foetus and remained so in the older foetuses. These results were correlated with the development of the foetal sebaceous glands, and were in general agreement with a parallel enzyme histochemical study. The role of androgen metabolism in human foetal skin is discussed.", "contents": "Metabolism of androgens in vitro by human foetal skin. Fresh scalp, genital, chest and axillary skin from human foetuses of 12-41 weeks' maturity was incubated in Krebs improved Ringer I medium with (7alpha-3h)dehydroepiandrosterone, (7alpha-3H)testosterone and (7alpha-3H)androstenedione. The metabolites identified were androstenedione, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol, 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol,  5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol and testosterone. The results provide evidence for the presence of 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, delta4-5 isomerase, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, delta4-3-oxosteroid-5alpha reductase and 3alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in human foetal skin. There were quantitative differences in the various enzyme activities between different body sites and skin specimens of different gestational age. 5alpha-Reductase activity was particularly high in genital skin. 3beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase delta4-5 isomerase activity was low in skin from a 12-week foetus, but high in skin specimens from 28-, 38- and 41-week foetuses. 17beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was already high in the skin of the 12-week foetus and remained so in the older foetuses. These results were correlated with the development of the foetal sebaceous glands, and were in general agreement with a parallel enzyme histochemical study. The role of androgen metabolism in human foetal skin is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135819", "title": "Evidence for the presence of nasal salt glands in the roadrunner and the Coturnix quail.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether or not the nasal glands of the roadrunner and the Coturnix quail show cytological specializations for salt secretion. In addition, the Na-K ATPase content of the quail gland was determined before and after drinking of saline solutions, in an effort to evaluate the functional status of the gland. The ability to maintain weight while drinking salt water was also measured as a general index of tolerance to saline conditions. The ultrastructure of the nasal glands of the roadrunner injected with salt and of quail drinking 200 mM NaCl was similar to that of salt glands in reptiles and the fresh-water acclimated duck. Numerous lateral cell evaginations and abundant mitochondria were present in the principal cell types. There was a significant increase in quail nasal gland Na-K ATPase when young birds were offered only saline solutions to drink. The ability of Coturnix quail to maintain weight while drinking saline solutions improves with age and at adulthood is comparable to that of some North American desert quail. Roadrunners were previously known to possess functional salt glands whereas quail were not. However the characteristic fine structure and the high Na-KATPase content of the quail nasal gland suggest that it is a salt gland.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of nasal salt glands in the roadrunner and the Coturnix quail. The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether or not the nasal glands of the roadrunner and the Coturnix quail show cytological specializations for salt secretion. In addition, the Na-K ATPase content of the quail gland was determined before and after drinking of saline solutions, in an effort to evaluate the functional status of the gland. The ability to maintain weight while drinking salt water was also measured as a general index of tolerance to saline conditions. The ultrastructure of the nasal glands of the roadrunner injected with salt and of quail drinking 200 mM NaCl was similar to that of salt glands in reptiles and the fresh-water acclimated duck. Numerous lateral cell evaginations and abundant mitochondria were present in the principal cell types. There was a significant increase in quail nasal gland Na-K ATPase when young birds were offered only saline solutions to drink. The ability of Coturnix quail to maintain weight while drinking saline solutions improves with age and at adulthood is comparable to that of some North American desert quail. Roadrunners were previously known to possess functional salt glands whereas quail were not. However the characteristic fine structure and the high Na-KATPase content of the quail nasal gland suggest that it is a salt gland."}
{"id": "PMID:135820", "title": "Action of dantrolene sodium in spasticity with low dependence on fusimotor drive.", "content": "The effects of dantrolene sodium, an anti-spasticity drug with a site of action within the muscle fibres, were studied in 19 patients with spastic paresis. Oral doses were successively increased from 100 mg/day to a maximal tolerated level or up to 800 mg/day. Trial periods were 8-13 weeks. The responses of stretch reflexes to local cooling over the spastic muscles were used to differentiate alpha and gamma spasticity. In the knee extensor and flexor muscle groups, cryo-negative alpha-spasticity was seen in 25 and cryo-positive gamma-spasticity in 4 muscle groups. Ankle clonus was cryo-positive in 14 of 15 cases. Resistance to passive knee joint movements, ankle clonus and isometric or isokinetic muscle strength was determined quantitatively. The gait was recorded by intermittent-light photography and the muscle activation patterns  in gait were studied in recordings of the average EMG from limb muscles. Functional disability and spasms were assessed from clinical examinations and interviews. Passive resistance at slow (6%/sec) and fast (30 degrees/sec) knee joint movements decreased by 32% in the extensor muscles (p = 0.005 resp. 0.001) and by 23-26% in the flexor muscles (not significant). Reduced passive resistance was observed in 16 of the muscles with alpha-spasticity and in all 4 of the muscle groups with gamma-spasticity. Clonus was diminished or abolished in 14 of 15 patients with this sign. Maximal isometric or isokinetic muscle strength was unaltered in the majority of the patients. In a few the strength was increased, in some it was decreased. The averaged EMG activity during walking as studied in 10 patients were increased in 35 of the 57 muscle groups examined. In some muscle groups, exaggerated activity attributable to spastic reflexes was reduced. Motor disability was decreased significantly in 10 patients. It was not significantly changed in 5 and deteriorated in 4 patients. Drowsiness and subjective muscle weakness were the most frequent side-effects. SGOT and SGPT were increased in 3 cases.", "contents": "Action of dantrolene sodium in spasticity with low dependence on fusimotor drive. The effects of dantrolene sodium, an anti-spasticity drug with a site of action within the muscle fibres, were studied in 19 patients with spastic paresis. Oral doses were successively increased from 100 mg/day to a maximal tolerated level or up to 800 mg/day. Trial periods were 8-13 weeks. The responses of stretch reflexes to local cooling over the spastic muscles were used to differentiate alpha and gamma spasticity. In the knee extensor and flexor muscle groups, cryo-negative alpha-spasticity was seen in 25 and cryo-positive gamma-spasticity in 4 muscle groups. Ankle clonus was cryo-positive in 14 of 15 cases. Resistance to passive knee joint movements, ankle clonus and isometric or isokinetic muscle strength was determined quantitatively. The gait was recorded by intermittent-light photography and the muscle activation patterns  in gait were studied in recordings of the average EMG from limb muscles. Functional disability and spasms were assessed from clinical examinations and interviews. Passive resistance at slow (6%/sec) and fast (30 degrees/sec) knee joint movements decreased by 32% in the extensor muscles (p = 0.005 resp. 0.001) and by 23-26% in the flexor muscles (not significant). Reduced passive resistance was observed in 16 of the muscles with alpha-spasticity and in all 4 of the muscle groups with gamma-spasticity. Clonus was diminished or abolished in 14 of 15 patients with this sign. Maximal isometric or isokinetic muscle strength was unaltered in the majority of the patients. In a few the strength was increased, in some it was decreased. The averaged EMG activity during walking as studied in 10 patients were increased in 35 of the 57 muscle groups examined. In some muscle groups, exaggerated activity attributable to spastic reflexes was reduced. Motor disability was decreased significantly in 10 patients. It was not significantly changed in 5 and deteriorated in 4 patients. Drowsiness and subjective muscle weakness were the most frequent side-effects. SGOT and SGPT were increased in 3 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:135821", "title": "Discharges of single hindlimb afferents in the freely moving cat.", "content": "1. Implanted semimicroelectrodes were used to record single afferent fiber discharges from L7 dorsal roots during unrestrained walking in the conscious cat. 2. A series of tests were used to identify an afferent during a short period of anesthesia following each recording session. The majority of afferents were from muscle spindle primary endings in hindlimb muscles. 3. Ankle extensor spindle primaries generally showed their highest firing rates during that phase of stepping in which they were passively stretched. During active muscle contraction there was evidence of fusimotor drive, although this was not usually sufficient to entirely overcome the unloading effect of rapid muscle shortening. The variability of firing rate from cycle to cycle was considerably greater for the phase of active muscle contraction. The EMG response to brisk stretches of the ankle extensor muscle indicated a rapid (disynaptic or trisynaptic) reflex arc in the conscious animal. 4. Knee flexor spindle primaries showed similarly higher firing rates during passive muscle stretching in the step cycle. The shorter periods of presumed alpha-gamma coactivation corresponded to the much more phasic role of these muscles in stepping. 5. Tendon organs in the physiological extensors of the toes were mainly active during stance, although some discharges were usually seen during the swing phase. It is suggested that previous experiments on mesencephalic preparations may have led to an exaggerated view of the degree of alpha-gamma coactivation during normal stepping movements.", "contents": "Discharges of single hindlimb afferents in the freely moving cat. 1. Implanted semimicroelectrodes were used to record single afferent fiber discharges from L7 dorsal roots during unrestrained walking in the conscious cat. 2. A series of tests were used to identify an afferent during a short period of anesthesia following each recording session. The majority of afferents were from muscle spindle primary endings in hindlimb muscles. 3. Ankle extensor spindle primaries generally showed their highest firing rates during that phase of stepping in which they were passively stretched. During active muscle contraction there was evidence of fusimotor drive, although this was not usually sufficient to entirely overcome the unloading effect of rapid muscle shortening. The variability of firing rate from cycle to cycle was considerably greater for the phase of active muscle contraction. The EMG response to brisk stretches of the ankle extensor muscle indicated a rapid (disynaptic or trisynaptic) reflex arc in the conscious animal. 4. Knee flexor spindle primaries showed similarly higher firing rates during passive muscle stretching in the step cycle. The shorter periods of presumed alpha-gamma coactivation corresponded to the much more phasic role of these muscles in stepping. 5. Tendon organs in the physiological extensors of the toes were mainly active during stance, although some discharges were usually seen during the swing phase. It is suggested that previous experiments on mesencephalic preparations may have led to an exaggerated view of the degree of alpha-gamma coactivation during normal stepping movements."}
{"id": "PMID:135822", "title": "Reflex responses of human soleus muscle to small perturbations.", "content": "1. A small branch of the nerve to soleus muscle in normal human subjects was stimulated intramuscularly with a needle electrode while the subjects were maintaining a steady voluntary contraction. The EMG and force fluctuations produced by these stimuli were recorded and averaged. 2. In addition to the M-wave produced directly by stimulating motoneurons and the resultant twitch contraction, one or more EMG waves were seen with a latency greater than 100 ms. These later waves produced further contractions, and when there were several later waves, the EMG and force fluctuations appeared as a damped oscillation with a frequency between 5.5 and 8 Hz. 3. By varying the angle of the ankle and hence the time course of the twitch contraction, the timing of the latter waves was shown to be closely related to the contraction time. Thus, the later waves appeared to be produced reflexly by the tension fluctuations, rather than directly by the stimulus. 4. The frequency response function between the tension fluctuations and the reflux EMG responses was computed. The gain agreed with that of primary muscle spindle afferents, but the phase data showed extra lags consistent with a time delay which was too long to be spinal in origin. This reflex probably involves supraspinal centers.", "contents": "Reflex responses of human soleus muscle to small perturbations. 1. A small branch of the nerve to soleus muscle in normal human subjects was stimulated intramuscularly with a needle electrode while the subjects were maintaining a steady voluntary contraction. The EMG and force fluctuations produced by these stimuli were recorded and averaged. 2. In addition to the M-wave produced directly by stimulating motoneurons and the resultant twitch contraction, one or more EMG waves were seen with a latency greater than 100 ms. These later waves produced further contractions, and when there were several later waves, the EMG and force fluctuations appeared as a damped oscillation with a frequency between 5.5 and 8 Hz. 3. By varying the angle of the ankle and hence the time course of the twitch contraction, the timing of the latter waves was shown to be closely related to the contraction time. Thus, the later waves appeared to be produced reflexly by the tension fluctuations, rather than directly by the stimulus. 4. The frequency response function between the tension fluctuations and the reflux EMG responses was computed. The gain agreed with that of primary muscle spindle afferents, but the phase data showed extra lags consistent with a time delay which was too long to be spinal in origin. This reflex probably involves supraspinal centers."}
{"id": "PMID:135823", "title": "Localization of radiolabeled enzyme inhibitors in the adrenal gland.", "content": "Tissue distribution studies were performed in rats and dogs at five time intervals between 10 min and 24 hr after the intravenous injection of one of the following radiolabeled adrenocortical enzyme inhibitors: 3H-amino-glutethimide, 125I-3-iodoaminoglutethimide, 3H-SKF-12185, 125I-3-SKF-12185, 3H-metyrapone. 3H-metyrapol. 3H-amphenone B, and 3H-SU-10603. In rats, 3H-SKF-12185 showed the highest uptake in the whole adrenal (3.5% kg dose/gm at 1 hr). In dogs, 3H-metyrapol showed the highest uptake in the adrenal cortex (9% kg dose/gm at 1 hr), and the peak cortex-to-liver concentration ratio was 57 at 2 hr. These peaks uptakes were comparable to those obtained with the conventional iodocholesterols, but they were reached much earlier, with elimination of most of the adrenal radioactivity by 24 hr. These properties would permit the use of 123I as the label and a higher tracer dose, resulting in a higher photon flux. Thus, the radiolabeled enzyme inhibitors show promise as adrenal-scanning agents, with a markedly shortened scanning procedure, a lower absorbed radiation dose, and better resolution.", "contents": "Localization of radiolabeled enzyme inhibitors in the adrenal gland. Tissue distribution studies were performed in rats and dogs at five time intervals between 10 min and 24 hr after the intravenous injection of one of the following radiolabeled adrenocortical enzyme inhibitors: 3H-amino-glutethimide, 125I-3-iodoaminoglutethimide, 3H-SKF-12185, 125I-3-SKF-12185, 3H-metyrapone. 3H-metyrapol. 3H-amphenone B, and 3H-SU-10603. In rats, 3H-SKF-12185 showed the highest uptake in the whole adrenal (3.5% kg dose/gm at 1 hr). In dogs, 3H-metyrapol showed the highest uptake in the adrenal cortex (9% kg dose/gm at 1 hr), and the peak cortex-to-liver concentration ratio was 57 at 2 hr. These peaks uptakes were comparable to those obtained with the conventional iodocholesterols, but they were reached much earlier, with elimination of most of the adrenal radioactivity by 24 hr. These properties would permit the use of 123I as the label and a higher tracer dose, resulting in a higher photon flux. Thus, the radiolabeled enzyme inhibitors show promise as adrenal-scanning agents, with a markedly shortened scanning procedure, a lower absorbed radiation dose, and better resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:135825", "title": "Biochemical and cellular changes in skin and lymph during Arthus and mixed hypersensitivity reactions in rabbits.", "content": "The object of this investigation was to determine whether the pathological events which occur during the Arthus and mixed hypersensitivity reaction could be monitored biochemically and whether changes in enzyme concentrations would reflect the severity of tissue damage either in the skin itself or in the lymph draining the lesion. The initial increase in vascular permeability which resulted in oedema formation in the tissue was reflected by a large increase in the water and protein content of the tissues, however, there was no increase in either the protein concentration or flow of the lymph. The increases in the total enzyme content in the lesion could not always be related to the macroscopic appearance of the reaction site. However, the severity of the reaction did appear to be related to the concentration of cathepsin D in the oedema fluid present at the reaction site. Although the release of enzymes was reflected in the local lymph in the case of LDH and beta-glucuronidase there was no increase in of the concentration cathepsin D in the lymph draining the lesion.", "contents": "Biochemical and cellular changes in skin and lymph during Arthus and mixed hypersensitivity reactions in rabbits. The object of this investigation was to determine whether the pathological events which occur during the Arthus and mixed hypersensitivity reaction could be monitored biochemically and whether changes in enzyme concentrations would reflect the severity of tissue damage either in the skin itself or in the lymph draining the lesion. The initial increase in vascular permeability which resulted in oedema formation in the tissue was reflected by a large increase in the water and protein content of the tissues, however, there was no increase in either the protein concentration or flow of the lymph. The increases in the total enzyme content in the lesion could not always be related to the macroscopic appearance of the reaction site. However, the severity of the reaction did appear to be related to the concentration of cathepsin D in the oedema fluid present at the reaction site. Although the release of enzymes was reflected in the local lymph in the case of LDH and beta-glucuronidase there was no increase in of the concentration cathepsin D in the lymph draining the lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:135836", "title": "Effects of grayanotoxin I on cardiac Na + K + -adenosine triphosphatase activity, transmembrane potential and myocardial contractile force.", "content": "The relationship between altered transmembrane sodium movements and myocardial contractility was studied by opposing the action of the sodium pump with grayanotoxin I (GTX), an agent previously shown to increase resting sodium influx. GTX failed to affect Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase activity in vitro in concentrations as high as 0.1 mM. In electrically driven left atrial preparations of guinea-pig hearts, 1 mugM GTX produced a slight depolarization and appeared to decrease the upstroke velocity of the action potential, GTX (0.1-1 mugM) also produced a positive inotropic effect which developed over a 20-minute period. At higher concentrations, GTX produced arrhythmias. These effects of GTX were also observed in the presence of 10 mugM propranolol. Positive inotropic and arrhythmic effects of GTX were reversible after washout of the drug. These effects of GTX were also reversed by tetrodotoxin, an agent which has been shown to counteract the effect of GTX on sodium permeability. These data are consistent with a hypothesis that altered transmembrane sodium movement effects myocardial contractility.", "contents": "Effects of grayanotoxin I on cardiac Na + K + -adenosine triphosphatase activity, transmembrane potential and myocardial contractile force. The relationship between altered transmembrane sodium movements and myocardial contractility was studied by opposing the action of the sodium pump with grayanotoxin I (GTX), an agent previously shown to increase resting sodium influx. GTX failed to affect Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase activity in vitro in concentrations as high as 0.1 mM. In electrically driven left atrial preparations of guinea-pig hearts, 1 mugM GTX produced a slight depolarization and appeared to decrease the upstroke velocity of the action potential, GTX (0.1-1 mugM) also produced a positive inotropic effect which developed over a 20-minute period. At higher concentrations, GTX produced arrhythmias. These effects of GTX were also observed in the presence of 10 mugM propranolol. Positive inotropic and arrhythmic effects of GTX were reversible after washout of the drug. These effects of GTX were also reversed by tetrodotoxin, an agent which has been shown to counteract the effect of GTX on sodium permeability. These data are consistent with a hypothesis that altered transmembrane sodium movement effects myocardial contractility."}
{"id": "PMID:135837", "title": "Cardiac Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase inhibition by ouabain and myocardial sodium: a computer simulation.", "content": "The major evidence against the hypothesis that Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+-ATPase) inhibition is the mechanism of the positive inotropic action of digitalis is that the myocardial sodium content does not increase at the time of the inotropic response. In order to understand the relationship between sodium pump inhibition and myocardial sodium content, a computer simulation of the intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) during a cycle of myocardial function was performed. The model for the computer simulation is a small compartment adjacent to the inner surface of the sarcolemma. The change in [Na+]i in this compartment is determined by the rate of sodium influx (published data utilized) and the rate of active sodium transport was estimated from the activities of partially purified dog heart Na+, K+-ATPase preparations assayed with various concentrations of sodium and ouabain. The initial rapid sodium influx results in maximal sodium pump activation, but the pump activity decreases with time as the [Na+]i decreases. Thus, the sodium pump functions at a rate close to its maximal velocity during the initial phase of each cycle but at reduced rates during the later phase. Inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase by ouabain decreases the maximal velocity during the intiial phase of each cycle but at reduced rates during the later phase. Inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase by ouabain decreases the maximal velocity of the sodium pump but increases the time in each cycle at which the sodium pump operates at its highest possible rate under these conditions, i.e., a rate close to the inhibited maximal velocity. A 40% inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity, caused by inotropic concentrations of ouabain, increases the peak [Na+]i but fails to cause intracellular sodium accumulation since [Na+]i approaches control levels before the beginning of the next cardiac cycle. With greater enzyme inhibition, caused by arrhythmic concentrations of ouabain, [Na+]i fails to return to the precycle level and thus each subsequent cycle causes a progressive accumulation of myocardial sodium. Computer simulation predicts that a positive inotropic concentration of ouabain causes a myocardial sodium accumulation at a high heart rate but not at a lower heart rate. This was confirmed by experiments with Langendorff preparations of guinea-pig hearts. It is concluded that a moderate sodium pump inhibition by inotropic concentrations of ouabain enhances the intracellular sodium transient (a transient increase in intracellular sodium concentration associated with each membrane excitation) but does not cause a significant myocardial sodium accumulation at normal heart rates. A progressive myocardial sodium accumulation occurs only when the degree of Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition exceeds a critical magnitude.", "contents": "Cardiac Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase inhibition by ouabain and myocardial sodium: a computer simulation. The major evidence against the hypothesis that Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+, K+-ATPase) inhibition is the mechanism of the positive inotropic action of digitalis is that the myocardial sodium content does not increase at the time of the inotropic response. In order to understand the relationship between sodium pump inhibition and myocardial sodium content, a computer simulation of the intracellular sodium concentration ([Na+]i) during a cycle of myocardial function was performed. The model for the computer simulation is a small compartment adjacent to the inner surface of the sarcolemma. The change in [Na+]i in this compartment is determined by the rate of sodium influx (published data utilized) and the rate of active sodium transport was estimated from the activities of partially purified dog heart Na+, K+-ATPase preparations assayed with various concentrations of sodium and ouabain. The initial rapid sodium influx results in maximal sodium pump activation, but the pump activity decreases with time as the [Na+]i decreases. Thus, the sodium pump functions at a rate close to its maximal velocity during the initial phase of each cycle but at reduced rates during the later phase. Inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase by ouabain decreases the maximal velocity during the intiial phase of each cycle but at reduced rates during the later phase. Inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase by ouabain decreases the maximal velocity of the sodium pump but increases the time in each cycle at which the sodium pump operates at its highest possible rate under these conditions, i.e., a rate close to the inhibited maximal velocity. A 40% inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity, caused by inotropic concentrations of ouabain, increases the peak [Na+]i but fails to cause intracellular sodium accumulation since [Na+]i approaches control levels before the beginning of the next cardiac cycle. With greater enzyme inhibition, caused by arrhythmic concentrations of ouabain, [Na+]i fails to return to the precycle level and thus each subsequent cycle causes a progressive accumulation of myocardial sodium. Computer simulation predicts that a positive inotropic concentration of ouabain causes a myocardial sodium accumulation at a high heart rate but not at a lower heart rate. This was confirmed by experiments with Langendorff preparations of guinea-pig hearts. It is concluded that a moderate sodium pump inhibition by inotropic concentrations of ouabain enhances the intracellular sodium transient (a transient increase in intracellular sodium concentration associated with each membrane excitation) but does not cause a significant myocardial sodium accumulation at normal heart rates. A progressive myocardial sodium accumulation occurs only when the degree of Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition exceeds a critical magnitude."}
{"id": "PMID:135838", "title": "Regeneration of afferent and efferent fibres to muscle spindles after nerve injury in adults cats.", "content": "1. The nerves to cat peroneus longus and tenuissimus muscles were either cut or crushed close to the muscle and the afferent and efferent nerve supply to the muscle spindles was studied electrophysiologically between 2 and 32 weeks later. 2. Recovery was more rapid and complete after crush than section for both afferent and efferent fibres. After recovery from either procedure normal primary and secondary afferents and static and dynamic gamma efferent fibres were found. 3. Some abnormally occurring neurones were found. One group consisted of beta fibres which had a static action on muscle spindles. Static beta fibres are very rarely found in normal muscles. 4. The results indicate that some guidance mechanism exists which after crush injuries of nerves may restore muscle receptor function almost to normal. Even after nerve section some muscle spindles may become correctly reinnervated.", "contents": "Regeneration of afferent and efferent fibres to muscle spindles after nerve injury in adults cats. 1. The nerves to cat peroneus longus and tenuissimus muscles were either cut or crushed close to the muscle and the afferent and efferent nerve supply to the muscle spindles was studied electrophysiologically between 2 and 32 weeks later. 2. Recovery was more rapid and complete after crush than section for both afferent and efferent fibres. After recovery from either procedure normal primary and secondary afferents and static and dynamic gamma efferent fibres were found. 3. Some abnormally occurring neurones were found. One group consisted of beta fibres which had a static action on muscle spindles. Static beta fibres are very rarely found in normal muscles. 4. The results indicate that some guidance mechanism exists which after crush injuries of nerves may restore muscle receptor function almost to normal. Even after nerve section some muscle spindles may become correctly reinnervated."}
{"id": "PMID:135840", "title": "The responses of human muscle spindle endings to vibration of non-contracting muscles.", "content": "1. In micro-electrode recordings from the human peroneal and tibial nerves, the responses of thirty-two primary spindle endings, thirteen secondary spindle endings and three Golgi tendon organs were studied during vibration of the tendons of the receptor-bearing muscles in the leg. The amplitude of the applied vibration was 1-5 mm and the frequency was varied from 20 to 220 Hz. As checked with e.m.g. and torque measurements, the muscles of the leg were relaxed during the sequences analysed. 2. Providing that the vibrator was accurately applied, all endings responded with discharges phase-locked to the vibration cycles, the discharge rates being at the vibration frequency or at subharmonics of that frequency. The response to vibration was of abrupt onset and offset, was maintained for the duration of vibration, and was not subject to fluctuation with changes in attention or with remote muscle contraction. 3. The maximal discharge rate that could be achieved varied from one ending to the next, and increased with the length of the receptor-bearing muscle. For endings driven at their maximal rate an increase in vibration frequency produced a decrease in discharge rates as the ending changed to a subharmonic pattern of response. The converse occurred on decreasing vibration frequency. 4. For any given muscle length, primary endings could generally be driven to higher rates than secondary endings but there was a wide range of responsiveness within each group and a significant overlap between the groups. At medium muscle length, the most responsive primary endings could be driven up to 220 Hz but secondary endings did not reach discharge rates higher than 100 Hz. 5. With combined vibration and passive movements, primary endings exhibited maximal vibration responsiveness during the stretching phases, sometimes firing twice per vibration cycle. During the shortening phases, however, they usually ceased responding to the vibratory stimulus. The vibration responsiveness of secondary endings was not potentiated to the same extent by on-going muscle stretch or reduced to the same extent by on-going muscle shortening. Thus, during shortening, secondary endings may be more responsive than primary endings. 6. The responses of primary endings to tendon taps were reduced during muscle vibration, a reduction which probably contributes to vibration-induced suppression of tendon jerks. Additionally, as the muscle shortened after tendon percussion, there was a transient pause in the response to vibration.", "contents": "The responses of human muscle spindle endings to vibration of non-contracting muscles. 1. In micro-electrode recordings from the human peroneal and tibial nerves, the responses of thirty-two primary spindle endings, thirteen secondary spindle endings and three Golgi tendon organs were studied during vibration of the tendons of the receptor-bearing muscles in the leg. The amplitude of the applied vibration was 1-5 mm and the frequency was varied from 20 to 220 Hz. As checked with e.m.g. and torque measurements, the muscles of the leg were relaxed during the sequences analysed. 2. Providing that the vibrator was accurately applied, all endings responded with discharges phase-locked to the vibration cycles, the discharge rates being at the vibration frequency or at subharmonics of that frequency. The response to vibration was of abrupt onset and offset, was maintained for the duration of vibration, and was not subject to fluctuation with changes in attention or with remote muscle contraction. 3. The maximal discharge rate that could be achieved varied from one ending to the next, and increased with the length of the receptor-bearing muscle. For endings driven at their maximal rate an increase in vibration frequency produced a decrease in discharge rates as the ending changed to a subharmonic pattern of response. The converse occurred on decreasing vibration frequency. 4. For any given muscle length, primary endings could generally be driven to higher rates than secondary endings but there was a wide range of responsiveness within each group and a significant overlap between the groups. At medium muscle length, the most responsive primary endings could be driven up to 220 Hz but secondary endings did not reach discharge rates higher than 100 Hz. 5. With combined vibration and passive movements, primary endings exhibited maximal vibration responsiveness during the stretching phases, sometimes firing twice per vibration cycle. During the shortening phases, however, they usually ceased responding to the vibratory stimulus. The vibration responsiveness of secondary endings was not potentiated to the same extent by on-going muscle stretch or reduced to the same extent by on-going muscle shortening. Thus, during shortening, secondary endings may be more responsive than primary endings. 6. The responses of primary endings to tendon taps were reduced during muscle vibration, a reduction which probably contributes to vibration-induced suppression of tendon jerks. Additionally, as the muscle shortened after tendon percussion, there was a transient pause in the response to vibration."}
{"id": "PMID:135841", "title": "The responses of human muscle spindle endings to vibration during isometric contraction.", "content": "1. An human subjects, vibration of amplitude 1-5 mm and frequency 20-220 Hz was applied to the tendons of muscles in the leg to examine the effects on the discharge of primary and secondary endings during manoeuvres designed to alter the level of fusimotor drive. 2. In four experiments, the peroneal nerve was completely blocked with lidocaine proximal to the recording site in order to de-efferent spindle endings temporarily. The responses to muscle stretch and vibration, as seen in multi-unit recordings and in single unit recordings, were similar during the block as in the relaxed state prior to the block. Thus, these experiments provided no evidence for a functionally effective resting fusimotor drive. 3. The responses to vibration of nine primary endings and four secondary endings were examined during isometric voluntary contractions of the receptor-bearing muscles. Providing that the endings were responding submaximally in the relaxed state, voluntary contraction enhanced the response to vibration, suggesting co-activation of the fusimotor system sufficient to compensate for mechanical unloading. Unloading effects were observed during contractions of neighbouring synergistic muscles, indicating a close spatial relationship between the co-activated skeletomotor and fusimotor outflows. 4. Recordings were obtained from ten primary endings and seven secondary endings during isometric reflex contractions resulting from the vibratory stimulus (TVR contractions). For twelve endings, the appearance of the tonic vibration reflex in the receptor-bearing muscle resulted in a significant decrease in the response to vibration, suggesting that the endings were unloaded by the extrafusal contraction. On voluntary suppression of the reflex contraction spindle responses reverted to their previous levels. 5. These results suggest that the tonic vibration reflex, like the tendon jerk reflex, operates predominantly or exclusively on alpha motoneurones and that it does not utilize the same cortically originating efferent pathways as are used in the performance of voluntary contractions.", "contents": "The responses of human muscle spindle endings to vibration during isometric contraction. 1. An human subjects, vibration of amplitude 1-5 mm and frequency 20-220 Hz was applied to the tendons of muscles in the leg to examine the effects on the discharge of primary and secondary endings during manoeuvres designed to alter the level of fusimotor drive. 2. In four experiments, the peroneal nerve was completely blocked with lidocaine proximal to the recording site in order to de-efferent spindle endings temporarily. The responses to muscle stretch and vibration, as seen in multi-unit recordings and in single unit recordings, were similar during the block as in the relaxed state prior to the block. Thus, these experiments provided no evidence for a functionally effective resting fusimotor drive. 3. The responses to vibration of nine primary endings and four secondary endings were examined during isometric voluntary contractions of the receptor-bearing muscles. Providing that the endings were responding submaximally in the relaxed state, voluntary contraction enhanced the response to vibration, suggesting co-activation of the fusimotor system sufficient to compensate for mechanical unloading. Unloading effects were observed during contractions of neighbouring synergistic muscles, indicating a close spatial relationship between the co-activated skeletomotor and fusimotor outflows. 4. Recordings were obtained from ten primary endings and seven secondary endings during isometric reflex contractions resulting from the vibratory stimulus (TVR contractions). For twelve endings, the appearance of the tonic vibration reflex in the receptor-bearing muscle resulted in a significant decrease in the response to vibration, suggesting that the endings were unloaded by the extrafusal contraction. On voluntary suppression of the reflex contraction spindle responses reverted to their previous levels. 5. These results suggest that the tonic vibration reflex, like the tendon jerk reflex, operates predominantly or exclusively on alpha motoneurones and that it does not utilize the same cortically originating efferent pathways as are used in the performance of voluntary contractions."}
{"id": "PMID:135844", "title": "A Mobile Laparoscopy Unit.", "content": "Our experience has led us to the construction of a Mobile Laparoscopy Unit. This unit increases safety and permits the adequate performance of laparoscopy. The Mobile Laparoscopy Unit is an alternative to a special laparoscopy room.", "contents": "A Mobile Laparoscopy Unit. Our experience has led us to the construction of a Mobile Laparoscopy Unit. This unit increases safety and permits the adequate performance of laparoscopy. The Mobile Laparoscopy Unit is an alternative to a special laparoscopy room."}
{"id": "PMID:135846", "title": "Immunity to tumor antigens: potential implications in human neuroblastoma.", "content": "Immune reactions to tumor-specific and tumor-associated antigens have been demonstrated in animals with neoplasms with in vitro and in vovo techniques. Some of the antigens detected in vitro induce transplantation resistance in vivo, while others do not. Human neuroblastoma cells cultivated in vitro have been shown to possess common antigens to which lymphocytes from neuroblastoma patients react. Whether it is possible to augment the immune reactivity of patients with neuroblastoma to these common antigens and, if so, whether this heightened immune reactivity would have clinically beneficial effects are as yet unknown. These reactions are complex, involving both cellular and humoral mechanisms. The fact that one type of immune response can be detected to one type of antigen present in a tumor in vitro does not necessarily mean that the immune response is effective in vivo. Responses to other tumor antigens may be deficient, or the immune response may be depressed. This may be due to active suppression of and/or selective deficiencies in critical cell populations required for an augmented immune response; this possibility may be evaluated with techniques allowing for in vitro sensitization to tumor antigens.", "contents": "Immunity to tumor antigens: potential implications in human neuroblastoma. Immune reactions to tumor-specific and tumor-associated antigens have been demonstrated in animals with neoplasms with in vitro and in vovo techniques. Some of the antigens detected in vitro induce transplantation resistance in vivo, while others do not. Human neuroblastoma cells cultivated in vitro have been shown to possess common antigens to which lymphocytes from neuroblastoma patients react. Whether it is possible to augment the immune reactivity of patients with neuroblastoma to these common antigens and, if so, whether this heightened immune reactivity would have clinically beneficial effects are as yet unknown. These reactions are complex, involving both cellular and humoral mechanisms. The fact that one type of immune response can be detected to one type of antigen present in a tumor in vitro does not necessarily mean that the immune response is effective in vivo. Responses to other tumor antigens may be deficient, or the immune response may be depressed. This may be due to active suppression of and/or selective deficiencies in critical cell populations required for an augmented immune response; this possibility may be evaluated with techniques allowing for in vitro sensitization to tumor antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:135847", "title": "Evidence that mismatched bases in heteroduplex T4 bacteriophage are recognized in vivo.", "content": "T4 heteroduplex heterozygotes are lost selectively after prolonged incubation of phage-infected Escherichia coli cells under nonreplicating conditions. The loss of heterozygosity occurs for four out of six rII sites tested and is not dependent upon T4 v gene function. The results are interpreted to indicate the existence of a base-specific system for the recognition of mismatched bases in intracellular DNA.", "contents": "Evidence that mismatched bases in heteroduplex T4 bacteriophage are recognized in vivo. T4 heteroduplex heterozygotes are lost selectively after prolonged incubation of phage-infected Escherichia coli cells under nonreplicating conditions. The loss of heterozygosity occurs for four out of six rII sites tested and is not dependent upon T4 v gene function. The results are interpreted to indicate the existence of a base-specific system for the recognition of mismatched bases in intracellular DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:135853", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of different programs of physical rehabilitation in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "The conducted randomized comparative study of 305 patients with acute myocardial infarction included into different programmes of physical rehabilitation has demonstrated that better results are achieved with fast rehabilitation in those with a relatively mild and moderate course of the disease, and with comparatively slower rehabilitation--in those with severe lesions. The regimen of motor activity has to be recommended on an individual basis to the infarction patients, with due regard of the severity of their state and its prognosis. A programme of rehabilitation is presented that prescribes the scope and tempo of motor activity extension depending on the severity and prognosis of the lesion determined mathematically on the basis of the described original technique.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of different programs of physical rehabilitation in acute myocardial infarct]. The conducted randomized comparative study of 305 patients with acute myocardial infarction included into different programmes of physical rehabilitation has demonstrated that better results are achieved with fast rehabilitation in those with a relatively mild and moderate course of the disease, and with comparatively slower rehabilitation--in those with severe lesions. The regimen of motor activity has to be recommended on an individual basis to the infarction patients, with due regard of the severity of their state and its prognosis. A programme of rehabilitation is presented that prescribes the scope and tempo of motor activity extension depending on the severity and prognosis of the lesion determined mathematically on the basis of the described original technique."}
{"id": "PMID:135874", "title": "[Renal involvement in malaria (author's transl)].", "content": "Malaria infection leads to renal involvement. Reversible proteinuria accompanies many plasmodial infections. Chronic malarial nephrotic syndrome is specifically associated with quartan malaria. Acute renal failure is restricted to infections with Plasmodium falciparum. The pathogenesis of renal involvement during malarial infections includes immunological mechanisms. It is now realized that there exist at least two types of immunological processes: acute transient immune-complex glomerulonephritis with reversible proteinuria and chronic immune-complex glomerulonephritis with irreversible nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "[Renal involvement in malaria (author's transl)]. Malaria infection leads to renal involvement. Reversible proteinuria accompanies many plasmodial infections. Chronic malarial nephrotic syndrome is specifically associated with quartan malaria. Acute renal failure is restricted to infections with Plasmodium falciparum. The pathogenesis of renal involvement during malarial infections includes immunological mechanisms. It is now realized that there exist at least two types of immunological processes: acute transient immune-complex glomerulonephritis with reversible proteinuria and chronic immune-complex glomerulonephritis with irreversible nephrotic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:135884", "title": "Spherical microparticles in human myocardium: an ultrastructural study.", "content": "Clusters of spherical microparticles (SMP) that averaged 500 A in diameter and were composed of dense cores surrounded by single trilaminar membranes were found in operatively obtained myocardial biopsies from 29 of 70 patients with various types of heart diseases including: left atrial myocardium (14 patients) and right atrial myocardium (four patients) of 14 patients with mitral valvular disease; left ventricular myocardium of three of 16 patients with aortic valvular disease, three of 16 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and two of four patients with combined mitral and aortic valvular disease; and crista supraventricularis muscle of seven of 20 patients with congenital heart diseases associated with muscular obstruction to right ventricular outflow. SMP were consistently associated with interstitial fibrosis and with degeneration of the muscle cells. SMP occurred along the outer surfaces on the sides and free ends of muscle cells in areas of fibrosis, in the widened spaces between membranes of partially dissociated intercellular junctions, and within cytoplasmic vesicles considered to be phagocytic. SMP frequently were joined together by minute nexuses that were structurally identical with those forming parts of intercellular junctions of muscle cells. Evidence is presented to show that SMP occur commonly in tissues other than myocardium. It is concluded that SMP form in the heart as part of a process that mediates the remodeling of cellular surfaces, especially those of intercellular junctions undergoing dissociation.", "contents": "Spherical microparticles in human myocardium: an ultrastructural study. Clusters of spherical microparticles (SMP) that averaged 500 A in diameter and were composed of dense cores surrounded by single trilaminar membranes were found in operatively obtained myocardial biopsies from 29 of 70 patients with various types of heart diseases including: left atrial myocardium (14 patients) and right atrial myocardium (four patients) of 14 patients with mitral valvular disease; left ventricular myocardium of three of 16 patients with aortic valvular disease, three of 16 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and two of four patients with combined mitral and aortic valvular disease; and crista supraventricularis muscle of seven of 20 patients with congenital heart diseases associated with muscular obstruction to right ventricular outflow. SMP were consistently associated with interstitial fibrosis and with degeneration of the muscle cells. SMP occurred along the outer surfaces on the sides and free ends of muscle cells in areas of fibrosis, in the widened spaces between membranes of partially dissociated intercellular junctions, and within cytoplasmic vesicles considered to be phagocytic. SMP frequently were joined together by minute nexuses that were structurally identical with those forming parts of intercellular junctions of muscle cells. Evidence is presented to show that SMP occur commonly in tissues other than myocardium. It is concluded that SMP form in the heart as part of a process that mediates the remodeling of cellular surfaces, especially those of intercellular junctions undergoing dissociation."}
{"id": "PMID:135880", "title": "[Effect of a 22-day space flight on the metabolism of rat skeletal muscle tissue].", "content": "Skeletal muscles of flight rats showed no changes in the content of glycogen, adenosine triphosphatase activity of myosin and protein content in protein fractions (except the T fraction where the protein content increased on the 1st and returned to the normal on the 26th postflight day). On the 1st postflight day activities of aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase of sarcoplasmatic proteins were elevated and the isoenzyme spectrum of LDH was changed as if in muscular atrophy. The amount of free amino acids in muscles was lowered. On the 26 the postflight day the enzymic activity of sarcoplasmatic proteins remained increased whereas the isoenzyme spectrum of LDH returned to the normal and the amount of free amino acids grew significantly. In the microsomal fraction of muscles the phospholipid content decreased on the 1st and returned to the normal on the 26th postflight day.", "contents": "[Effect of a 22-day space flight on the metabolism of rat skeletal muscle tissue]. Skeletal muscles of flight rats showed no changes in the content of glycogen, adenosine triphosphatase activity of myosin and protein content in protein fractions (except the T fraction where the protein content increased on the 1st and returned to the normal on the 26th postflight day). On the 1st postflight day activities of aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase of sarcoplasmatic proteins were elevated and the isoenzyme spectrum of LDH was changed as if in muscular atrophy. The amount of free amino acids in muscles was lowered. On the 26 the postflight day the enzymic activity of sarcoplasmatic proteins remained increased whereas the isoenzyme spectrum of LDH returned to the normal and the amount of free amino acids grew significantly. In the microsomal fraction of muscles the phospholipid content decreased on the 1st and returned to the normal on the 26th postflight day."}
{"id": "PMID:135881", "title": "[Cellular and molecular aspects of adaptation].", "content": "An attempt is made to summarize the hypotheses of the mechanisms of the effect of adverse environmental factors on the structural and functional organization of the cell published in the literature. On the basis of the literature data and his own findings the author concludes that changes in cell structures are primary. The material foundation for these changes are biological membranes whose chemical composition and physical properties dictate stability of cell substructures. The complex of nonspecific changes in the cell leads to supercellular and superorgan adaptive reactions at whose level adaptation develops.", "contents": "[Cellular and molecular aspects of adaptation]. An attempt is made to summarize the hypotheses of the mechanisms of the effect of adverse environmental factors on the structural and functional organization of the cell published in the literature. On the basis of the literature data and his own findings the author concludes that changes in cell structures are primary. The material foundation for these changes are biological membranes whose chemical composition and physical properties dictate stability of cell substructures. The complex of nonspecific changes in the cell leads to supercellular and superorgan adaptive reactions at whose level adaptation develops."}
{"id": "PMID:135885", "title": "Dynamics of the chest wall during speech production: function of the thorax, rib cage, diaphragm, and abdomen.", "content": "Anteroposterior diameters of the rib cage and abdomen and esophageal and gastric pressures were measured in normal subjects in upright and supine body positions during respiratory maneuvers and utterance tasks. Data were charted in relative motion diagrams and various motion-pressure diagrams which enabled graphic solution for muscular pressures exerted by the chest wall and individually by the thorax, rib cage, diaphragm, and abdomen during utterances. Behaviors of the chest wall and its parts were found to depend upon lung volume, utterance loudness, body position, and utterance task. For utterances encompassing most of the vital capacity, chest wall effort was at first net inspiratory and later net expiratory. The former was governed predominately by the rib cage and the abdomen in the upright body position and by the diaphragm in the supine position. For conversational speech, chest wall effort was continuously expiratory, control being vested in the rib cage and the abdomen in the upright body position and typically in the rib cage alone in the supine position. Mechanisms operating during the utterances are discussed, particularly those involved with conversational speech production. We conclude that the abdomen occupies an especially important role in running conversational speech in that it mechanically tunes the diaphragm to increase the latter's inspiratory efficiency and thus enables man to minimally interrupt his ongoing speech for needed inspiratory pauses. We also discuss the relevance of our findings to clinical endeavors.", "contents": "Dynamics of the chest wall during speech production: function of the thorax, rib cage, diaphragm, and abdomen. Anteroposterior diameters of the rib cage and abdomen and esophageal and gastric pressures were measured in normal subjects in upright and supine body positions during respiratory maneuvers and utterance tasks. Data were charted in relative motion diagrams and various motion-pressure diagrams which enabled graphic solution for muscular pressures exerted by the chest wall and individually by the thorax, rib cage, diaphragm, and abdomen during utterances. Behaviors of the chest wall and its parts were found to depend upon lung volume, utterance loudness, body position, and utterance task. For utterances encompassing most of the vital capacity, chest wall effort was at first net inspiratory and later net expiratory. The former was governed predominately by the rib cage and the abdomen in the upright body position and by the diaphragm in the supine position. For conversational speech, chest wall effort was continuously expiratory, control being vested in the rib cage and the abdomen in the upright body position and typically in the rib cage alone in the supine position. Mechanisms operating during the utterances are discussed, particularly those involved with conversational speech production. We conclude that the abdomen occupies an especially important role in running conversational speech in that it mechanically tunes the diaphragm to increase the latter's inspiratory efficiency and thus enables man to minimally interrupt his ongoing speech for needed inspiratory pauses. We also discuss the relevance of our findings to clinical endeavors."}
{"id": "PMID:135882", "title": "[Protein fractions and their enzyme activity in rat myocardium after a 22-hour space flight].", "content": "No significant changes in the content of sarcoplasmatic and myofibrillar proteins were found in the myocardium of rats that made a 22-day flight onboard the biosatellite. On the 2nd and 26th postflight days the activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases of sarcoplasmatic proteins was increased and the total activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme spectrum remained unchanged. On the 2nd postflight day the ATPase activity of myosin of the myocardium was substantially lowered and on the 26th postflight day it returned to the normal. This decline in the ATPase activity of myosin can be regarded as an adaptive reaction to weightlessness.", "contents": "[Protein fractions and their enzyme activity in rat myocardium after a 22-hour space flight]. No significant changes in the content of sarcoplasmatic and myofibrillar proteins were found in the myocardium of rats that made a 22-day flight onboard the biosatellite. On the 2nd and 26th postflight days the activity of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases of sarcoplasmatic proteins was increased and the total activity of lactate dehydrogenase and its isoenzyme spectrum remained unchanged. On the 2nd postflight day the ATPase activity of myosin of the myocardium was substantially lowered and on the 26th postflight day it returned to the normal. This decline in the ATPase activity of myosin can be regarded as an adaptive reaction to weightlessness."}
{"id": "PMID:135891", "title": "[Experience with endemic dermatological diseases in the Peruvian wilderness: mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and Brazilian foliaceous pemphigus].", "content": "With the setting up of a rural-medical post in the region of Pachitea-Pichis river, affluent of the Alto Ucayali, in the year 1973, the authors made the diagnosis of 120 cases of pigmentary Leishmaniasis (1,2 % of the total population). 55 % of this series corresponded to pure cutaneous forms and 65 were of the muco-cutaneous type, 21 of the latter being mutilating. Sixty per cent were young males working as wood labourers or farmers. The treatment with Repodral (Etilofen) was useful only in the initial froms. Brezilian Pemhigus foliaceous which is considered endemic in the same geographical area responded wery well to treatment with prednisolone.", "contents": "[Experience with endemic dermatological diseases in the Peruvian wilderness: mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and Brazilian foliaceous pemphigus]. With the setting up of a rural-medical post in the region of Pachitea-Pichis river, affluent of the Alto Ucayali, in the year 1973, the authors made the diagnosis of 120 cases of pigmentary Leishmaniasis (1,2 % of the total population). 55 % of this series corresponded to pure cutaneous forms and 65 were of the muco-cutaneous type, 21 of the latter being mutilating. Sixty per cent were young males working as wood labourers or farmers. The treatment with Repodral (Etilofen) was useful only in the initial froms. Brezilian Pemhigus foliaceous which is considered endemic in the same geographical area responded wery well to treatment with prednisolone."}
{"id": "PMID:135892", "title": "[Demodecidosis and rosaceiform dermatitis].", "content": "The authors refer those dermatoses called \"Rosacea like\" or \"Rosaceiform Dermatitis\" that always offer differential diagnosis with Rosacea. Some of them supposedly have tuberculous etiology. They employ a special technique the \"skin surface biopsy\" to demonstrate the presence of \"Demodex folliculorus\" inside the pilosebaceous follicle in sufficient amount, that one can consider a certain etiologic role in those dermatoses. For treatment they use \"Danish ointment\" (olysulphine ointment) with important improvement of the disease. They conclude that this technique and the improvement obtained with the treatment can help to make an adequate correlation and diagnosis of such dermatoses.", "contents": "[Demodecidosis and rosaceiform dermatitis]. The authors refer those dermatoses called \"Rosacea like\" or \"Rosaceiform Dermatitis\" that always offer differential diagnosis with Rosacea. Some of them supposedly have tuberculous etiology. They employ a special technique the \"skin surface biopsy\" to demonstrate the presence of \"Demodex folliculorus\" inside the pilosebaceous follicle in sufficient amount, that one can consider a certain etiologic role in those dermatoses. For treatment they use \"Danish ointment\" (olysulphine ointment) with important improvement of the disease. They conclude that this technique and the improvement obtained with the treatment can help to make an adequate correlation and diagnosis of such dermatoses."}
{"id": "PMID:135895", "title": "[Diphtheria in the area of antibiotics (author's transl)].", "content": "In D\u00fcsseldorf repeated incidences of severe membranous angina were observed, several cases of which had a fatal outcome. Though the bacteriological proof could only be firnished in one case, in the rest of the cases there was also the strong suspicion of diphtheria. To guarantee the final diagnosis, it is necessary, to make the throat swab before the antibiotic therapy begins since only a single dosis of penicillin jeopardises the demonstration of the infection agent. It must urgently be minded of the necessity, that in cases of suspicion a diphtheria antitoxin should be given in good time, not waiting for the bacteriological clarification, since already a whole generation of physicians from their personal experience is no longer up to date on the clinical picture of diphtheria.", "contents": "[Diphtheria in the area of antibiotics (author's transl)]. In D\u00fcsseldorf repeated incidences of severe membranous angina were observed, several cases of which had a fatal outcome. Though the bacteriological proof could only be firnished in one case, in the rest of the cases there was also the strong suspicion of diphtheria. To guarantee the final diagnosis, it is necessary, to make the throat swab before the antibiotic therapy begins since only a single dosis of penicillin jeopardises the demonstration of the infection agent. It must urgently be minded of the necessity, that in cases of suspicion a diphtheria antitoxin should be given in good time, not waiting for the bacteriological clarification, since already a whole generation of physicians from their personal experience is no longer up to date on the clinical picture of diphtheria."}
{"id": "PMID:135896", "title": "[A female mutational falsetto? (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper reports about a female mutational falsetto, that means an unusual high (309 Hz base frequency) fundamental frequency of the speaking voice in a 19-year-old girl. The psychological background and the epicrisis as well as the practical negative result of the hormon- and metabolism examination allow the diagnosis of this rare disturbance of the voice, the formal classification of which would on the other hand also allow the statement of a phononeurosis with a too high fundamental frequency of the speaking voice because the behavior of the voice from the menarche (12 years) up to the first examination does not seem assured definately. The individual median fundamental frequency of the speaking voice has inally been obtained at 270 Hz. Energy range of the speaking voice has been measured, glottography and sonagraphy has been carried out, all of which show the course of treatment clearly. It has been remarked critically that there has to be found a method to better reproduce the hearing impression in a figure. Investigations according to this have been made.", "contents": "[A female mutational falsetto? (author's transl)]. This paper reports about a female mutational falsetto, that means an unusual high (309 Hz base frequency) fundamental frequency of the speaking voice in a 19-year-old girl. The psychological background and the epicrisis as well as the practical negative result of the hormon- and metabolism examination allow the diagnosis of this rare disturbance of the voice, the formal classification of which would on the other hand also allow the statement of a phononeurosis with a too high fundamental frequency of the speaking voice because the behavior of the voice from the menarche (12 years) up to the first examination does not seem assured definately. The individual median fundamental frequency of the speaking voice has inally been obtained at 270 Hz. Energy range of the speaking voice has been measured, glottography and sonagraphy has been carried out, all of which show the course of treatment clearly. It has been remarked critically that there has to be found a method to better reproduce the hearing impression in a figure. Investigations according to this have been made."}
{"id": "PMID:135897", "title": "[Experiments on intelligibility of esophagus-speech (author's transl)].", "content": "An electroacustic voice amplifier with a formant-specific amplitude frequency response has been developed, which leads to a remarkable increasing of intellegibility.", "contents": "[Experiments on intelligibility of esophagus-speech (author's transl)]. An electroacustic voice amplifier with a formant-specific amplitude frequency response has been developed, which leads to a remarkable increasing of intellegibility."}
{"id": "PMID:135898", "title": "[Spirographic examination of laryngitis virogenes in children (author's transl)].", "content": "As a result of spirographic examinations and laryngoscopy in 87 children the performance of spirographic examinations only enabled the diagnosis of Laryngitis virogenes without laryngoscopy.", "contents": "[Spirographic examination of laryngitis virogenes in children (author's transl)]. As a result of spirographic examinations and laryngoscopy in 87 children the performance of spirographic examinations only enabled the diagnosis of Laryngitis virogenes without laryngoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:135899", "title": "[Tonsillectomy and leukemia in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 752 leukemic adult patients 99 were tonsillectomized and among 752 strictly selected healthy persons (\"individual matched pairs\") 182. This difference is significant and shows the same results as earlier examinations in leukemic children by Matzker and Klasen. Authors suggest further controls of these impressioning statisticts. New aspects of tonsillar pathophysiology and also indication for adenotonsillectomy are induced.", "contents": "[Tonsillectomy and leukemia in adults (author's transl)]. Among 752 leukemic adult patients 99 were tonsillectomized and among 752 strictly selected healthy persons (\"individual matched pairs\") 182. This difference is significant and shows the same results as earlier examinations in leukemic children by Matzker and Klasen. Authors suggest further controls of these impressioning statisticts. New aspects of tonsillar pathophysiology and also indication for adenotonsillectomy are induced."}
{"id": "PMID:135900", "title": "[Tuberculosis of tongue (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a nodular form of tuberculosis of the tongue in a 91-year-old patient, which was cured completely by exstirpation and tuberculostatic therapy. The histologic examination of this \"tumor of the tongue\" lead to the radiologic proof of a chronic-specific lung process, which is interpreted as the source of the tuberculosis of the tongue by blood-stream dissemination. Discussion of the clinical and morphological forms of the tuberculosis of the tongue, of the differential diagnosis, as well as references to the importance of histologic examinations of ulcers of the tongue resulting in the detection of a specific lung process in some cases.", "contents": "[Tuberculosis of tongue (author's transl)]. Report on a nodular form of tuberculosis of the tongue in a 91-year-old patient, which was cured completely by exstirpation and tuberculostatic therapy. The histologic examination of this \"tumor of the tongue\" lead to the radiologic proof of a chronic-specific lung process, which is interpreted as the source of the tuberculosis of the tongue by blood-stream dissemination. Discussion of the clinical and morphological forms of the tuberculosis of the tongue, of the differential diagnosis, as well as references to the importance of histologic examinations of ulcers of the tongue resulting in the detection of a specific lung process in some cases."}
{"id": "PMID:135901", "title": "[Types of noise in audiometry-examples from theoretical and routine work (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of noise types, which are used in audiometry, is pointed out and theory of noise is discussed. Besides practical examples of noise are compared with theoretical considerations. Comparison shows that exact theoretical definitions are mostly not fulfilled. In general, however, common types of noise are of satisfactory quality.", "contents": "[Types of noise in audiometry-examples from theoretical and routine work (author's transl)]. The importance of noise types, which are used in audiometry, is pointed out and theory of noise is discussed. Besides practical examples of noise are compared with theoretical considerations. Comparison shows that exact theoretical definitions are mostly not fulfilled. In general, however, common types of noise are of satisfactory quality."}
{"id": "PMID:135902", "title": "[Experiences in high frequency audiometry and possible applications (author's transl)].", "content": "Observations on the ultrasonic perception of noise-impaired persons gave rise to use the high frequency audiometry described by Fletcher for the early recognition of noise-induced damages. Using commercial equipment we found that the earpiece was not adapted to high frequency conditions. The adaptation problem and ways of modification are described in detail. After having improved the coupling features reproducible hearing curves were obtained. Examinations were carried out on workers, whose noise exposure exceeded the critical intensity by only a few dB. The following 3 categories of impairment were found: 1. Normal hearing between 125 and 8,000 Hz as well as in the high frequency region. 2. Unsignificant noise-induced impairments between 125 and 8,000 Hz; no high frequency hearing. 3. Acoustic hearing; no high frequency hearing. The results are discussed. It is supposed that high frequency hearing losses due to noise and chemical noxious exposure (streptomycin) are valuable in diagnostics and prognostics. Accordingly persons are to be assessed as noise sensitive, when there is no more high frequency hearing before practising noise work.", "contents": "[Experiences in high frequency audiometry and possible applications (author's transl)]. Observations on the ultrasonic perception of noise-impaired persons gave rise to use the high frequency audiometry described by Fletcher for the early recognition of noise-induced damages. Using commercial equipment we found that the earpiece was not adapted to high frequency conditions. The adaptation problem and ways of modification are described in detail. After having improved the coupling features reproducible hearing curves were obtained. Examinations were carried out on workers, whose noise exposure exceeded the critical intensity by only a few dB. The following 3 categories of impairment were found: 1. Normal hearing between 125 and 8,000 Hz as well as in the high frequency region. 2. Unsignificant noise-induced impairments between 125 and 8,000 Hz; no high frequency hearing. 3. Acoustic hearing; no high frequency hearing. The results are discussed. It is supposed that high frequency hearing losses due to noise and chemical noxious exposure (streptomycin) are valuable in diagnostics and prognostics. Accordingly persons are to be assessed as noise sensitive, when there is no more high frequency hearing before practising noise work."}
{"id": "PMID:135903", "title": "[Results in the diagnostic of patients with non-acute conductive hearing loss (author's transl)].", "content": "70 patients who are suffering from a sound perception deafness without any acute reason, were stationary examined by a certain diagnostic scheme. We want to report the results of the evaluation of this so-called diagnostic check. Simultaneously the question will be discussed, whether such a diagnostic scheme will meet its expenditure.", "contents": "[Results in the diagnostic of patients with non-acute conductive hearing loss (author's transl)]. 70 patients who are suffering from a sound perception deafness without any acute reason, were stationary examined by a certain diagnostic scheme. We want to report the results of the evaluation of this so-called diagnostic check. Simultaneously the question will be discussed, whether such a diagnostic scheme will meet its expenditure."}
{"id": "PMID:135904", "title": "[Investigations to monaural and binaural time resolution of short interruptions within a defined signal (author's transl)].", "content": "The perception threshold of short interruptions of signals was examined as a result of time resolution ability. Main interest was brought to the dichotic signal representation, were different structures between both ears provoke specific hearing sensations. As variables of interruption perception we chose the parameters onset and duration of the interruption and signal duration and intensity. The comparison of the monaural and dichotic perception threshold showed significant differences concerning time resolution. Further experiments gave correlations between speech discrimination with noise, troubles in selective hearing and perception of short interruptions. Compared to standard values the binaural perception was significantly reduced.", "contents": "[Investigations to monaural and binaural time resolution of short interruptions within a defined signal (author's transl)]. The perception threshold of short interruptions of signals was examined as a result of time resolution ability. Main interest was brought to the dichotic signal representation, were different structures between both ears provoke specific hearing sensations. As variables of interruption perception we chose the parameters onset and duration of the interruption and signal duration and intensity. The comparison of the monaural and dichotic perception threshold showed significant differences concerning time resolution. Further experiments gave correlations between speech discrimination with noise, troubles in selective hearing and perception of short interruptions. Compared to standard values the binaural perception was significantly reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:135905", "title": "[Topodiagnostic ERA results at a female patient with multiple sclerosis in the brainstem (author's transl)].", "content": "At a female patient suffering from multiple sclerosis with demyelinisation mainly in the pontine and mesencephalic tegmentum, the five early potentials consisting of the compound action potential of the acoustic nerve (Pot. I) and the four brainstem potentials (Pot. II-V) as well as the slow evoked vertex-potential were registered. The threshold behaviour, the characteristic curve and the latency curve of all potentials were obtained, and thereby damages of the central acoustic pathways found out. A topodiagnostic is tried by means of the alterations of the peripheral and central ERA, and by means of the informations described in the literature. A control registration, carried out four weeks later, demonstrated an improvement of the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Topodiagnostic ERA results at a female patient with multiple sclerosis in the brainstem (author's transl)]. At a female patient suffering from multiple sclerosis with demyelinisation mainly in the pontine and mesencephalic tegmentum, the five early potentials consisting of the compound action potential of the acoustic nerve (Pot. I) and the four brainstem potentials (Pot. II-V) as well as the slow evoked vertex-potential were registered. The threshold behaviour, the characteristic curve and the latency curve of all potentials were obtained, and thereby damages of the central acoustic pathways found out. A topodiagnostic is tried by means of the alterations of the peripheral and central ERA, and by means of the informations described in the literature. A control registration, carried out four weeks later, demonstrated an improvement of the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:135906", "title": "[Recording and evaluation of audiometric data before and after operations in the middle ear a proposal for standardization (author's transl)].", "content": "For audiological analysis of the results of operations in the middle ear raising of audiometric values in 10 dB ranges is sufficient, differentiated for bone and air conduction, pre- and postoperatively for frequencies of 0.5/1/2/4/8 kHz. Mean values of frequencies of 0.5/1/2 kHz for air and bone conduction as well as for sound conduction component raised for each patient are used for statistical analysis exclusively. Two hypotheses are under trial, i.e. bone conduction does not change after operation and that postoperative sound conduction component remains possibly small. An audiogramm-like presentation of the results is preferred to frequency distribution curves. Data processing programmes, suited for several computer systems are available.", "contents": "[Recording and evaluation of audiometric data before and after operations in the middle ear a proposal for standardization (author's transl)]. For audiological analysis of the results of operations in the middle ear raising of audiometric values in 10 dB ranges is sufficient, differentiated for bone and air conduction, pre- and postoperatively for frequencies of 0.5/1/2/4/8 kHz. Mean values of frequencies of 0.5/1/2 kHz for air and bone conduction as well as for sound conduction component raised for each patient are used for statistical analysis exclusively. Two hypotheses are under trial, i.e. bone conduction does not change after operation and that postoperative sound conduction component remains possibly small. An audiogramm-like presentation of the results is preferred to frequency distribution curves. Data processing programmes, suited for several computer systems are available."}
{"id": "PMID:135907", "title": "[A contribution to the treatment of otomycoses (author's transl)].", "content": "It is reported about the treatment of 39 cases of otomycosis with the local specificum Clotrimazol (chemical term: Bis-phemil-(2 chlorphenyl-)1 imidazol-methan), on the market as \"Canestan\". In 35 cases complete and permanent healing was observed within a period of 8-12 days. In 2 cases the treatment took 3 weeks. Since irritations of the concha or the cheek below the concha respectively happened only in 2 cases, the compatibility can be regarded as good.", "contents": "[A contribution to the treatment of otomycoses (author's transl)]. It is reported about the treatment of 39 cases of otomycosis with the local specificum Clotrimazol (chemical term: Bis-phemil-(2 chlorphenyl-)1 imidazol-methan), on the market as \"Canestan\". In 35 cases complete and permanent healing was observed within a period of 8-12 days. In 2 cases the treatment took 3 weeks. Since irritations of the concha or the cheek below the concha respectively happened only in 2 cases, the compatibility can be regarded as good."}
{"id": "PMID:135919", "title": "Descending thoracic aortofemoral bypass for distal aortic reconstruction after removal of an infected dacron prosthesis.", "content": "A simplified technique of descending thoracic aortofemoral bypass is presented. This technique was employed successfully in a patient in whom an infected aortofemoral Dacron bypass was removed and an axillofemoral reconstruction had failed.", "contents": "Descending thoracic aortofemoral bypass for distal aortic reconstruction after removal of an infected dacron prosthesis. A simplified technique of descending thoracic aortofemoral bypass is presented. This technique was employed successfully in a patient in whom an infected aortofemoral Dacron bypass was removed and an axillofemoral reconstruction had failed."}
{"id": "PMID:135915", "title": "[Competing ability of Rhizobium trifolii strains and efficiency of clover nitraginization on spent peat mosses].", "content": "The competing ability of active strains of clover nodule bacteria was assayed in vegetation and field experiments. The competing ability of the industrial strains 311a and 347a was found to be sufficiently high. These strains increased the yield of clover on exhausted turf peats of the Kirovsk Region by 26--29%. The stimulating effect was observed also with new strains 313b and 329b. The optimal dose for inoculation of clover seeds in these conditions is 50,000 nodule bacteria per one seed. Inoculation should be conducted by a strain with a high competing ability.", "contents": "[Competing ability of Rhizobium trifolii strains and efficiency of clover nitraginization on spent peat mosses]. The competing ability of active strains of clover nodule bacteria was assayed in vegetation and field experiments. The competing ability of the industrial strains 311a and 347a was found to be sufficiently high. These strains increased the yield of clover on exhausted turf peats of the Kirovsk Region by 26--29%. The stimulating effect was observed also with new strains 313b and 329b. The optimal dose for inoculation of clover seeds in these conditions is 50,000 nodule bacteria per one seed. Inoculation should be conducted by a strain with a high competing ability."}
{"id": "PMID:135920", "title": "[Long term therapy over nine years with Spironolacton in hydropic cardiac insufficiency].", "content": "The effect of the aldosterone-antagonist Spironolacton in decompensated hydropic cardiac insufficiency is explored with patients not re-compensated under a glycosid-diuretica-therapy. This analysis is based on the clinical records and other documents of 34 patients with most serious oedematous cardiac insufficiency of different genesis. For elucidation of the result of the clinical treatment two casuistic cases are described. The probability of mortality or survival-rate is calculated, periods of observation could be achieved up to more than nine years. It is endeavoured to compare the results with observations of patients-collectives, that are known from the literature. Statistically significant decreases in weight are objectified. When examining the reactions of blood-pressure at the Spironolacton-therapy no statistically significant alterations of blood-pressure could be observed with those cardiac-decompensated patients. 6.25 per cent of the considered serum-potassium-data were underneath the limitations of lower standard, at 1.875 per cent of the measured values a hyperkalemia existed. No clinical side-effects could be observed except the incidence of a gynaecomastia with two male patients. A protracted therapy with Spironolacton for patients with decompensated hydropical myocardial insufficiency is appropriated to support recompensation in addition to the hitherto conventional possibilities of therapy, and to maintain this achieved re-compensation.", "contents": "[Long term therapy over nine years with Spironolacton in hydropic cardiac insufficiency]. The effect of the aldosterone-antagonist Spironolacton in decompensated hydropic cardiac insufficiency is explored with patients not re-compensated under a glycosid-diuretica-therapy. This analysis is based on the clinical records and other documents of 34 patients with most serious oedematous cardiac insufficiency of different genesis. For elucidation of the result of the clinical treatment two casuistic cases are described. The probability of mortality or survival-rate is calculated, periods of observation could be achieved up to more than nine years. It is endeavoured to compare the results with observations of patients-collectives, that are known from the literature. Statistically significant decreases in weight are objectified. When examining the reactions of blood-pressure at the Spironolacton-therapy no statistically significant alterations of blood-pressure could be observed with those cardiac-decompensated patients. 6.25 per cent of the considered serum-potassium-data were underneath the limitations of lower standard, at 1.875 per cent of the measured values a hyperkalemia existed. No clinical side-effects could be observed except the incidence of a gynaecomastia with two male patients. A protracted therapy with Spironolacton for patients with decompensated hydropical myocardial insufficiency is appropriated to support recompensation in addition to the hitherto conventional possibilities of therapy, and to maintain this achieved re-compensation."}
{"id": "PMID:135917", "title": "[Microbiological characteristics of the lakes in the Yaroslavl region].", "content": "The paper presents data concerning the activity of microflora in water and ooze deposits of lakes of the Yaroslavl Region. Microbiological processes in water depend mainly on the rate of production or organic substance at the account of phytoplankton photosynthesis, which varies from 0.18 to 6.3 gC/m2. Destruction of organic substance in water of most lakes exceeded production. Production of bacterial biomass was within limits of 0.2--5.8 gC/m2/day and lower, as a rule, than production of phytoplankton. The number of bacteria in different lakes varied from 1.7 to 35 X 10(6) per 1 ml. Heterotrophic assimilation of carbon dioxide was rather high and reached 34 mcgC/litre/day, its ratio to biomass being ca. 6.8%. The total number of bacteria in ooze deposits of lakes varied from 0.6 to 2.7 X 10(9) g/m2. Aerobic destruction varied from 0.03 to 0.78 gC/m2.", "contents": "[Microbiological characteristics of the lakes in the Yaroslavl region]. The paper presents data concerning the activity of microflora in water and ooze deposits of lakes of the Yaroslavl Region. Microbiological processes in water depend mainly on the rate of production or organic substance at the account of phytoplankton photosynthesis, which varies from 0.18 to 6.3 gC/m2. Destruction of organic substance in water of most lakes exceeded production. Production of bacterial biomass was within limits of 0.2--5.8 gC/m2/day and lower, as a rule, than production of phytoplankton. The number of bacteria in different lakes varied from 1.7 to 35 X 10(6) per 1 ml. Heterotrophic assimilation of carbon dioxide was rather high and reached 34 mcgC/litre/day, its ratio to biomass being ca. 6.8%. The total number of bacteria in ooze deposits of lakes varied from 0.6 to 2.7 X 10(9) g/m2. Aerobic destruction varied from 0.03 to 0.78 gC/m2."}
{"id": "PMID:135916", "title": "[Characteristics of the microflora of soddy-podzol soil during single-crop cultivation of agricultural plants and during crop rotation].", "content": "Structural organization of microbial populations in soddy-podzolic soil was studied during growth of agricultural plants in monoculture and in crop rotation. The content of bacteria and their biomass decreased when plants were grown in monoculture. The content of actinomycetes, bacilli and oligonitrophilic microorganisms increased in soil during crop rotation as compared with monocultures, suggesting a higher rate of mobilization processes. The content of microscopic fingi in soil increased when lupine was grown in monoculture. Growth of plants in monoculture affects the cenotic structure of soil microflora. The composition of active soil microflora was characterized by a wider spectrum of microbial forms during crop rotation of monocultures.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the microflora of soddy-podzol soil during single-crop cultivation of agricultural plants and during crop rotation]. Structural organization of microbial populations in soddy-podzolic soil was studied during growth of agricultural plants in monoculture and in crop rotation. The content of bacteria and their biomass decreased when plants were grown in monoculture. The content of actinomycetes, bacilli and oligonitrophilic microorganisms increased in soil during crop rotation as compared with monocultures, suggesting a higher rate of mobilization processes. The content of microscopic fingi in soil increased when lupine was grown in monoculture. Growth of plants in monoculture affects the cenotic structure of soil microflora. The composition of active soil microflora was characterized by a wider spectrum of microbial forms during crop rotation of monocultures."}
{"id": "PMID:135924", "title": "Serotonin vascular reactivity and other clinical pharmacological investigations in two intestinal carcinoid patients.", "content": "In two patients with carcinoid syndrome, a reduced venoreactivity to serotonin (5-HT) was found by means of the venoconstriction test. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) treatment increased 5-HT venoreactivity. A normal noradrenaline venoreactivity was detected before and during PCPA administration. The altered platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity corrected by PCPA treatment. The abnormal 5-HT turnover may alter the synthesis of MAO and provoke the production of isoenzymes. Low plasma amine oxidase and high plasma histaminase activity were found in 1 of these 2 patients. A low level of plasma prekallikrein in the two patients remained unchanged during PCPA administration.", "contents": "Serotonin vascular reactivity and other clinical pharmacological investigations in two intestinal carcinoid patients. In two patients with carcinoid syndrome, a reduced venoreactivity to serotonin (5-HT) was found by means of the venoconstriction test. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) treatment increased 5-HT venoreactivity. A normal noradrenaline venoreactivity was detected before and during PCPA administration. The altered platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity corrected by PCPA treatment. The abnormal 5-HT turnover may alter the synthesis of MAO and provoke the production of isoenzymes. Low plasma amine oxidase and high plasma histaminase activity were found in 1 of these 2 patients. A low level of plasma prekallikrein in the two patients remained unchanged during PCPA administration."}
{"id": "PMID:135926", "title": "Sex, migraine and serotonin interrelationships.", "content": "Sexual deficiency or frank impotence in man could be due to an imbalance of monoamines, particularly 5-HT, at the mating center level. An absolute or relative excess of 5-HT seems to antagonize testosterone at the level of the mating center receptors in the brain. Plasma testosterone levels in so-called psychological impotence are normal. When the 5-HT concentration in sexually deficient men is sufficiently decreased with parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) treatment and testosterone levels increased following its administration, a vivid sexual stimulation appears in about half of the untractable cases. Similar results are observed by substituting testosterone with monoamine oxydase inhibitor (MAOI) in PCPA-treated volunteers. Furthermore, MAOI-PCPA are administered to emphasize the brain shift between serotonin and catecholamines. Yet the PCPA-MAOI treatment avoids the prostate carcinogenic risk of testosterone administration in aging males, and seems to have euphorizing effects stronger than those expected only from MAOI therapy. Because of the several side effects of PCPA-MAOI testosterone, the present experiments should be interpreted very cautiously.", "contents": "Sex, migraine and serotonin interrelationships. Sexual deficiency or frank impotence in man could be due to an imbalance of monoamines, particularly 5-HT, at the mating center level. An absolute or relative excess of 5-HT seems to antagonize testosterone at the level of the mating center receptors in the brain. Plasma testosterone levels in so-called psychological impotence are normal. When the 5-HT concentration in sexually deficient men is sufficiently decreased with parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) treatment and testosterone levels increased following its administration, a vivid sexual stimulation appears in about half of the untractable cases. Similar results are observed by substituting testosterone with monoamine oxydase inhibitor (MAOI) in PCPA-treated volunteers. Furthermore, MAOI-PCPA are administered to emphasize the brain shift between serotonin and catecholamines. Yet the PCPA-MAOI treatment avoids the prostate carcinogenic risk of testosterone administration in aging males, and seems to have euphorizing effects stronger than those expected only from MAOI therapy. Because of the several side effects of PCPA-MAOI testosterone, the present experiments should be interpreted very cautiously."}
{"id": "PMID:135933", "title": "Overdose of lioresal.", "content": "This is the first reported case of a major overdose of Lioresal (baclofen or CIBA BA-346467). A 29-year-old woman with known Huntington's disease took from 900 to 970 mg of Lioresal, a cogener of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) used experimentally to treat muscle spasm. She was admitted in deep coma with absent brain stem reflexes and without spontaneous respiration, and she required cardiovascular support. Her pupils were fixed at 3 mm and unreactive for 48 hours. She continued to require intensive support for a total of 72 hours and had one seizure during the recovery phase. Her eventual recovery was complete. No specific antidotes are currently available for overdose of Lioresal and supportive care is the only method of treatment for overdose.", "contents": "Overdose of lioresal. This is the first reported case of a major overdose of Lioresal (baclofen or CIBA BA-346467). A 29-year-old woman with known Huntington's disease took from 900 to 970 mg of Lioresal, a cogener of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) used experimentally to treat muscle spasm. She was admitted in deep coma with absent brain stem reflexes and without spontaneous respiration, and she required cardiovascular support. Her pupils were fixed at 3 mm and unreactive for 48 hours. She continued to require intensive support for a total of 72 hours and had one seizure during the recovery phase. Her eventual recovery was complete. No specific antidotes are currently available for overdose of Lioresal and supportive care is the only method of treatment for overdose."}
{"id": "PMID:135936", "title": "Ectopic gestation: a consideration of new and controversial issues relating to pathogenesis and management.", "content": "In this chapter on ectopic gestation are have attempted to elucidate new and controversial issues in this area. In summary, we identify the following items as \"nominative imperatives\": I. Meticulous review of the classic etiologic concepts of ectopic gestation indicates that these concepts are no longer tenable although certain of them may be operative in specific instances. Review of certain veterinary work, animal experimentation, and pathologic and clinical observations in primates lends support to the hypothesis that failure of the ovum to implant may be related to delayed (post-midcycle) ovulation followed by shortening of the luteal phase with defective endometrial development and by a bleeding episode that simulates menstruation. II. Review of the literature indicates that the woman who has a tubal pregnancy has about a 50 to 60 percent chance of never becoming pregnant again. Among those who do conceive, at least 10 percent, and possibly more, develop another ectopic gestation. Only one-third of the women who have a tubal pregnancy will ever succeed in delivering a healthy child. Obviously this unhappy prognosis is the basis for many of our recommendations for management. The woman who had had a tubal pregnancy should consider the use of mechanical contraception after the midcycle to prevent recurrent ectopic pregnancy. This is obviously a suggestion based on the etiologic theory that we espouse. The prophylactic use of anti-Rh immunoglobulin is necessary in ectopic gestation in Rh-negative gravidas. III. In terms of the relation of ectopic pregnancy to intrauterine devices, the most authoritative statement than can be found is that of Lehfeldt, who states that the IUD is 99.5 percent effective in preventing intrauterine pregnancy, 95 percent effective in preventing tubal ectopic gestation, and is ineffective against ovarian implantation. Nonetheless, the fact that one in 23 IUD pregnancies is ectopic makes consideration of this diagnosis mandatory. IV. In terms of diagnostic assistance that can be provided by the radiologist, a comprehensive summary of their capabilities is presented. Laparoscopy is considered a valuable aid in establishing the diagnosis of unruptured ectopic pregnancy. A new, highly sensitive radioimmunoassay with specific affinity for the beta subunit of HCG is described that can detect very low levels of HCG when routine pregnancy tests are negative. It appears that this test can be of enormous help in diagnosing the early, unruptured tubal pregnancy. V. In a consideration of the role of conservative operations in the management of tubal pregnancy, we take the position that the modern gynecologist must acknowledge the possibility of conservative operations. It is obvious that success is most likely, when the surgeon is confronted with an early, unruptured ectopic gestation and that the feasibility of a linear salpingostomy must be acknowledged. VI...", "contents": "Ectopic gestation: a consideration of new and controversial issues relating to pathogenesis and management. In this chapter on ectopic gestation are have attempted to elucidate new and controversial issues in this area. In summary, we identify the following items as \"nominative imperatives\": I. Meticulous review of the classic etiologic concepts of ectopic gestation indicates that these concepts are no longer tenable although certain of them may be operative in specific instances. Review of certain veterinary work, animal experimentation, and pathologic and clinical observations in primates lends support to the hypothesis that failure of the ovum to implant may be related to delayed (post-midcycle) ovulation followed by shortening of the luteal phase with defective endometrial development and by a bleeding episode that simulates menstruation. II. Review of the literature indicates that the woman who has a tubal pregnancy has about a 50 to 60 percent chance of never becoming pregnant again. Among those who do conceive, at least 10 percent, and possibly more, develop another ectopic gestation. Only one-third of the women who have a tubal pregnancy will ever succeed in delivering a healthy child. Obviously this unhappy prognosis is the basis for many of our recommendations for management. The woman who had had a tubal pregnancy should consider the use of mechanical contraception after the midcycle to prevent recurrent ectopic pregnancy. This is obviously a suggestion based on the etiologic theory that we espouse. The prophylactic use of anti-Rh immunoglobulin is necessary in ectopic gestation in Rh-negative gravidas. III. In terms of the relation of ectopic pregnancy to intrauterine devices, the most authoritative statement than can be found is that of Lehfeldt, who states that the IUD is 99.5 percent effective in preventing intrauterine pregnancy, 95 percent effective in preventing tubal ectopic gestation, and is ineffective against ovarian implantation. Nonetheless, the fact that one in 23 IUD pregnancies is ectopic makes consideration of this diagnosis mandatory. IV. In terms of diagnostic assistance that can be provided by the radiologist, a comprehensive summary of their capabilities is presented. Laparoscopy is considered a valuable aid in establishing the diagnosis of unruptured ectopic pregnancy. A new, highly sensitive radioimmunoassay with specific affinity for the beta subunit of HCG is described that can detect very low levels of HCG when routine pregnancy tests are negative. It appears that this test can be of enormous help in diagnosing the early, unruptured tubal pregnancy. V. In a consideration of the role of conservative operations in the management of tubal pregnancy, we take the position that the modern gynecologist must acknowledge the possibility of conservative operations. It is obvious that success is most likely, when the surgeon is confronted with an early, unruptured ectopic gestation and that the feasibility of a linear salpingostomy must be acknowledged. VI..."}
{"id": "PMID:135938", "title": "Laparoscopy: is it replacing clinical acumen?", "content": "One thousand sixty-one laparoscopic procedures (80% for diagnostic indications and 20% for therapeutic indications) performed during a 51-month period were reviewed to assess the effectiveness of laparoscopy in improving clinical diagnosis and avoiding major surgery. The error in preoperative clinical assessment as compared to postlaparoscopic diagnosis was approximately 50%: disease was suspected more often than found. Pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, and ovarian cyst were the entities most often confused. Tubal coagulation was the most common procedure performed for therapeutic reasons. The complication rate for all laparoscopies and associated procedures was 2.6%.", "contents": "Laparoscopy: is it replacing clinical acumen? One thousand sixty-one laparoscopic procedures (80% for diagnostic indications and 20% for therapeutic indications) performed during a 51-month period were reviewed to assess the effectiveness of laparoscopy in improving clinical diagnosis and avoiding major surgery. The error in preoperative clinical assessment as compared to postlaparoscopic diagnosis was approximately 50%: disease was suspected more often than found. Pelvic inflammatory disease, endometriosis, and ovarian cyst were the entities most often confused. Tubal coagulation was the most common procedure performed for therapeutic reasons. The complication rate for all laparoscopies and associated procedures was 2.6%."}
{"id": "PMID:135932", "title": "[Spinal painful syndromes and occupations].", "content": "In cooperation with the Rehabilitation Section of the Polish Academy of Sciences 1250 manual workers doing work overburdening the spine were examined. It was found that low back pain syndromes were present in from 15% to 37% of these workers. The causes of pains may be seen in faulty posture and inappropriate technique of work. In order to meet the requirements of their occupational work these workers should have prophylactic kinesitherapy and practical training in proper technique of work. The spondylological prophylaxis comprises a number of elements including exercises, daytime regimen, nutrition habits, protection against the consequences of stress and ruling out of pathogenetic factors in occupational work.", "contents": "[Spinal painful syndromes and occupations]. In cooperation with the Rehabilitation Section of the Polish Academy of Sciences 1250 manual workers doing work overburdening the spine were examined. It was found that low back pain syndromes were present in from 15% to 37% of these workers. The causes of pains may be seen in faulty posture and inappropriate technique of work. In order to meet the requirements of their occupational work these workers should have prophylactic kinesitherapy and practical training in proper technique of work. The spondylological prophylaxis comprises a number of elements including exercises, daytime regimen, nutrition habits, protection against the consequences of stress and ruling out of pathogenetic factors in occupational work."}
{"id": "PMID:135957", "title": "Comparison of mental development in individuals with mosaic and trisomy 21 Down's syndrome.", "content": "During the past 15 years about 350 children with Down's syndrome have been seen at Children's Hospital of Los Angeles for psychological evaluation along with medical visits and other laboratory tests. Among this group there were 25 mosaic Down's syndrome children identified by chromosome analyses. They were matched for sex and chronological age with 25 trisomy 21 subjects and compared on psychological tests. The mosaic group demonstrated significantly higher intellectual potential, better verbal facility, and less visual perceptual difficulties than the trisomy 21 group. Their behavioral adjustment and personality characterisitcs were similar to those observed in other types of Down's syndrome. Since present psychological assessment techniques do not permit reaching valid conclusions about the ultimate intellectual status in very young infants with Down's syndrome, physicians and other professionals need to be careful when recommending early placement outside the home based merely upon the diagnosis.", "contents": "Comparison of mental development in individuals with mosaic and trisomy 21 Down's syndrome. During the past 15 years about 350 children with Down's syndrome have been seen at Children's Hospital of Los Angeles for psychological evaluation along with medical visits and other laboratory tests. Among this group there were 25 mosaic Down's syndrome children identified by chromosome analyses. They were matched for sex and chronological age with 25 trisomy 21 subjects and compared on psychological tests. The mosaic group demonstrated significantly higher intellectual potential, better verbal facility, and less visual perceptual difficulties than the trisomy 21 group. Their behavioral adjustment and personality characterisitcs were similar to those observed in other types of Down's syndrome. Since present psychological assessment techniques do not permit reaching valid conclusions about the ultimate intellectual status in very young infants with Down's syndrome, physicians and other professionals need to be careful when recommending early placement outside the home based merely upon the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:135961", "title": "The inhibitory effect of reserpine on the active sodium transport across the frog bladder.", "content": "1. The effects of reserpine and harman derivatives on the sodium transport across the frog bladder were examined using a short-circuit current method. The effects of harman derivatives on the Na,K-ATPase activity of the frog kidney were also investigated. 2. Reserpine and harman derivatives inhibited active sodium transport of the frog bladder and their inhibitory effect decreased as reserpine greater than harmine greater than harmaline = harman greater than harmalol. 3. Harman derivatives inhibited Na,K-ATPase activity of the frog kidney. 4. These results suggest that reserpine and harman derivatives inhibit active sodium transport by suppressing the Na,K-ATPase activity of the frog bladder.", "contents": "The inhibitory effect of reserpine on the active sodium transport across the frog bladder. 1. The effects of reserpine and harman derivatives on the sodium transport across the frog bladder were examined using a short-circuit current method. The effects of harman derivatives on the Na,K-ATPase activity of the frog kidney were also investigated. 2. Reserpine and harman derivatives inhibited active sodium transport of the frog bladder and their inhibitory effect decreased as reserpine greater than harmine greater than harmaline = harman greater than harmalol. 3. Harman derivatives inhibited Na,K-ATPase activity of the frog kidney. 4. These results suggest that reserpine and harman derivatives inhibit active sodium transport by suppressing the Na,K-ATPase activity of the frog bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:135962", "title": "Sensory terminal responses of frog muscle spindle recorded across vaseline gap onto intrafusal muscle fibre.", "content": "When electrical activities of the sensory terminal in the frog muscle spindle were recorded across a vaseline gap which was oriented transversely to the intrafusal muscle bundle (IFM-gap), large and small spikes occurred in coincidence with propagated and abortive spikes respectively recorded across the axon-gap. The IFM-gap placed on the receptor region displayed triphasic spikes in which the first small positive deflection occurred approximately 0.2 ms prior to the propagated and abortive spikes. No such deflection was observed when the IFM-gap was placed more than 50 mum away from the receptor region. Increasing the distance from the receptor region to the IFM-gap resulted in an exponential decay in the amplitudes of both the large and small spikes. Regardless of the position of the IFM-gap relative to the receptor region, bimodal distributions in the amplitude histograms of the large spikes, and large variations in the shapes of the small spikes were observed. These results indicate that the IFM-gap responses may represent electrical activity of the non-myelinated branches, along which propagated impulses may arise from at lest two separate origins, while abortive spikes arise from many more sites.", "contents": "Sensory terminal responses of frog muscle spindle recorded across vaseline gap onto intrafusal muscle fibre. When electrical activities of the sensory terminal in the frog muscle spindle were recorded across a vaseline gap which was oriented transversely to the intrafusal muscle bundle (IFM-gap), large and small spikes occurred in coincidence with propagated and abortive spikes respectively recorded across the axon-gap. The IFM-gap placed on the receptor region displayed triphasic spikes in which the first small positive deflection occurred approximately 0.2 ms prior to the propagated and abortive spikes. No such deflection was observed when the IFM-gap was placed more than 50 mum away from the receptor region. Increasing the distance from the receptor region to the IFM-gap resulted in an exponential decay in the amplitudes of both the large and small spikes. Regardless of the position of the IFM-gap relative to the receptor region, bimodal distributions in the amplitude histograms of the large spikes, and large variations in the shapes of the small spikes were observed. These results indicate that the IFM-gap responses may represent electrical activity of the non-myelinated branches, along which propagated impulses may arise from at lest two separate origins, while abortive spikes arise from many more sites."}
{"id": "PMID:135963", "title": "[Deficiency in placental sulfatase. Clinical and biochemical study of 3 cases].", "content": "Placental sulfatase deficiency is currently undetected because of the lack of clinical manifestation. However, such a diagnosis should be borne in mind as it would be unadequate to undertake drastic therapy thinking of acute foetal disease or anencephaly. In the case of a clear answer, the dynamic tests allow to diagnose prenatally the defect causing paradoxical low excretion of maternal urinary estrogens and so, to await in perfect safety for the birth of an healthy baby. The enzymatic defect can be confirmed by the biochemical study of placenta tissue in vitro. In the case of an unclear answer to the DHA-S and free DHA tests, we recommend to determine the foetal chromosomal sex before ascertaining the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Deficiency in placental sulfatase. Clinical and biochemical study of 3 cases]. Placental sulfatase deficiency is currently undetected because of the lack of clinical manifestation. However, such a diagnosis should be borne in mind as it would be unadequate to undertake drastic therapy thinking of acute foetal disease or anencephaly. In the case of a clear answer, the dynamic tests allow to diagnose prenatally the defect causing paradoxical low excretion of maternal urinary estrogens and so, to await in perfect safety for the birth of an healthy baby. The enzymatic defect can be confirmed by the biochemical study of placenta tissue in vitro. In the case of an unclear answer to the DHA-S and free DHA tests, we recommend to determine the foetal chromosomal sex before ascertaining the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:135968", "title": "[Intralymphatic B.C.G. infusions. Preliminary results (40 cases)].", "content": "A new route of administration for BCG aimed at stimulating immunity in cancer patients is presented. 40 patients received an intra-lymphatic infusion of BCG and in 20 lymphnode dissection was carried out for bacteriological and histological study. Details of technique and the results are given with regard to the effects of BCG on pelvic and pre-vertebral nodes after injection via a foot vessel.", "contents": "[Intralymphatic B.C.G. infusions. Preliminary results (40 cases)]. A new route of administration for BCG aimed at stimulating immunity in cancer patients is presented. 40 patients received an intra-lymphatic infusion of BCG and in 20 lymphnode dissection was carried out for bacteriological and histological study. Details of technique and the results are given with regard to the effects of BCG on pelvic and pre-vertebral nodes after injection via a foot vessel."}
{"id": "PMID:135974", "title": "Skin problems in children.", "content": "Common skin problems in 340 children routinely seen during a winter period, included napkin rashes in infants, atopic eczema throughout childrhood, and acne vulgaris in late childhood. Skin infections and psoriasis were also commonly seen. If possible, when topical steroid preparations more potent than hydrocortisone cream BPC are used in children, they should be used sparingly and for short periods only.", "contents": "Skin problems in children. Common skin problems in 340 children routinely seen during a winter period, included napkin rashes in infants, atopic eczema throughout childrhood, and acne vulgaris in late childhood. Skin infections and psoriasis were also commonly seen. If possible, when topical steroid preparations more potent than hydrocortisone cream BPC are used in children, they should be used sparingly and for short periods only."}
{"id": "PMID:135973", "title": "The effect of noradrenergic receptor blocking agents on 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover in the brain of rats.", "content": "Phenoxybenzamine (PB), phentolamine (PT) and aceperone (AC) in doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg increased cerebral noradrenaline (NA) turnover so these doses were regarded as blocking brain NA receptors. PB (50 mg/kg), PT (50  mg/kg) and AC (25 and 50 mg/kg) accelerated also the turnover of brain 5-HT. PT in a dose of 25 mg/kg counteracted deceleration of 5-HT turnover induced by clonidine but not by quipazine. Almost the same extent of decrease in 5-HIAA concentration after quipazine was observed in controls as in the rats pretreated with NA blockers in a dose of 25 mg/kg. On the contrary PT given in a dose of 50 mg/kg antagonized significantly the effect of quipazine. The results indicate that NA blockig agents given in lower doses do not affect the 5-HT system, however after higher doses such effect is possible.", "contents": "The effect of noradrenergic receptor blocking agents on 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover in the brain of rats. Phenoxybenzamine (PB), phentolamine (PT) and aceperone (AC) in doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg increased cerebral noradrenaline (NA) turnover so these doses were regarded as blocking brain NA receptors. PB (50 mg/kg), PT (50  mg/kg) and AC (25 and 50 mg/kg) accelerated also the turnover of brain 5-HT. PT in a dose of 25 mg/kg counteracted deceleration of 5-HT turnover induced by clonidine but not by quipazine. Almost the same extent of decrease in 5-HIAA concentration after quipazine was observed in controls as in the rats pretreated with NA blockers in a dose of 25 mg/kg. On the contrary PT given in a dose of 50 mg/kg antagonized significantly the effect of quipazine. The results indicate that NA blockig agents given in lower doses do not affect the 5-HT system, however after higher doses such effect is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:135983", "title": "Inter and intra diurnal variations of DNA, RNA and protein synthetic activity in newborn, infant and young adult mouse livers.", "content": "The present report is a continuation of our previous studies on the observations of macromolecule precursors incorporated into the liver of newborn (1-10 days), infant (11-21 days) and young adult (41-50 days) old mice C57BLfemale X C3Hmale Fl and 3-hour interval circadian rhythm in livers of 15 day-old mice. 3H thymidine, 3H uridine and 3H leucine were used for studying incorporation into the macromolecules. DNA, RNA and protein were prepared by a modified Kirby's procedure. The data obtained indicate fluctuation of DNA activity approximately at 5-day intervals with a decreasing tendency up to 50 days of age. In 15-day-old mice, the peak of synthetic DNA activity was observed at 9.00 a.m. and the lowest values were found the next day at 6.00 a.m. Our results should provide fundamental data from which it would be possible to speculate whether the hepatocarcinogenic effect of different compounds with or without a special affinity to induce hepatoma may be correlated to different macromolecular synthetic activity.", "contents": "Inter and intra diurnal variations of DNA, RNA and protein synthetic activity in newborn, infant and young adult mouse livers. The present report is a continuation of our previous studies on the observations of macromolecule precursors incorporated into the liver of newborn (1-10 days), infant (11-21 days) and young adult (41-50 days) old mice C57BLfemale X C3Hmale Fl and 3-hour interval circadian rhythm in livers of 15 day-old mice. 3H thymidine, 3H uridine and 3H leucine were used for studying incorporation into the macromolecules. DNA, RNA and protein were prepared by a modified Kirby's procedure. The data obtained indicate fluctuation of DNA activity approximately at 5-day intervals with a decreasing tendency up to 50 days of age. In 15-day-old mice, the peak of synthetic DNA activity was observed at 9.00 a.m. and the lowest values were found the next day at 6.00 a.m. Our results should provide fundamental data from which it would be possible to speculate whether the hepatocarcinogenic effect of different compounds with or without a special affinity to induce hepatoma may be correlated to different macromolecular synthetic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:135984", "title": "The relation between ATPASE activity and light chains of myosin in developing, adult and denervated muscles of several animals species.", "content": "Ca2+ATPase activity and light chains of myosin, fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in developing, adult and denervated fast, slow and cardiac muscles of the rat, guinea-pig, cat, rabbit and chick were studied. It has been shown that in normal adult muscles the electrophoretic pattern of light chains of myosin reflects the myosin ATPase activity only when muscles from the same animal species are compared. In homologous muscles from adult animals differing in size, the size-dependent difference in myosin ATPase activity is not revealed in the electrophoretic pattern. Both in developing and in denervated muscle, changes in myosin ATPase activity are either connected with changes in the pattern of light chains of myosin or this pattern does not change. This relation is different in fast and slow muscles and also differs in chick and rabbit muscles. There are several possibilities of explaining the relation between ATPase activity of myosin and the pattern of light chains of myosin. The observation that myosin from the soleus muscle of 1-month-old rabbit contains light chains corresponding to both fast and slow type of myosin, indicates that the change in myosin ATPase activity during development is due to changes in the ratio between the fast and slow type of myosin.", "contents": "The relation between ATPASE activity and light chains of myosin in developing, adult and denervated muscles of several animals species. Ca2+ATPase activity and light chains of myosin, fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, in developing, adult and denervated fast, slow and cardiac muscles of the rat, guinea-pig, cat, rabbit and chick were studied. It has been shown that in normal adult muscles the electrophoretic pattern of light chains of myosin reflects the myosin ATPase activity only when muscles from the same animal species are compared. In homologous muscles from adult animals differing in size, the size-dependent difference in myosin ATPase activity is not revealed in the electrophoretic pattern. Both in developing and in denervated muscle, changes in myosin ATPase activity are either connected with changes in the pattern of light chains of myosin or this pattern does not change. This relation is different in fast and slow muscles and also differs in chick and rabbit muscles. There are several possibilities of explaining the relation between ATPase activity of myosin and the pattern of light chains of myosin. The observation that myosin from the soleus muscle of 1-month-old rabbit contains light chains corresponding to both fast and slow type of myosin, indicates that the change in myosin ATPase activity during development is due to changes in the ratio between the fast and slow type of myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:135985", "title": "Effect of reserpine on the calcium content of rat aorta at different stages of development.", "content": "The preadministration of reserpine (2.5 mg/kg b.w. per os) 24 hours before the experiment did not statistically significantly affect the calcium content of the aorta of 21- and 42-day-old rats. In 90-day-old and older rats it produced a statistically significant decrease in the calcium content of the thoracic segment of the aorta, however.", "contents": "Effect of reserpine on the calcium content of rat aorta at different stages of development. The preadministration of reserpine (2.5 mg/kg b.w. per os) 24 hours before the experiment did not statistically significantly affect the calcium content of the aorta of 21- and 42-day-old rats. In 90-day-old and older rats it produced a statistically significant decrease in the calcium content of the thoracic segment of the aorta, however."}
{"id": "PMID:135986", "title": "Influence of starvation on lactic dehydrogenase activity in the serum and brain of rats of different ages.", "content": "The authors investigated the effect of 24 hours' acute deprivation of food and liquids on lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the serum, cerebral cortex, subcortical formations and medulla oblongata of 6- and 14-day-old and adult rats. Young rats were starved by separating half of a standard litter from the female for 24 hours. LDH activity was determined by means of Sevac-test-LDH (Imuna, Czechoslovakia) and was expressed in I.U./litre serum or 1 kg tissue wet weight. The samples were prepared at 0 degrees C. LDH activity in the various parts of the CNS was measured in the supernatant of homogenates of the above tissues and the greatest possible destruction of the tissues was ensured by freezing and thawing the homogenates prior to centrifugation. The specimens were incubated at 37 degrees C. Extinction was measured on a SPECOL (G.D.R.) apparatus at 505 nm wavelength. We found that 24 hours' deprivation of food and liquids, together with sensory deprivation in the youngest age groups, significantly reduced LDH activity in both the serum and the cerebral cortex of 6-day-old rats. In adult rats, starvation and thirst raised LDH activity, but the only statistically significant increase was in the medulla oblongata. Under our experimental conditions, LDH activity rose during development by 274% in the cerebral cortex, by 233% in subcortical formations and by 173% in the medulla oblongata. The differences betwen these developmental trends are statistically significant.", "contents": "Influence of starvation on lactic dehydrogenase activity in the serum and brain of rats of different ages. The authors investigated the effect of 24 hours' acute deprivation of food and liquids on lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the serum, cerebral cortex, subcortical formations and medulla oblongata of 6- and 14-day-old and adult rats. Young rats were starved by separating half of a standard litter from the female for 24 hours. LDH activity was determined by means of Sevac-test-LDH (Imuna, Czechoslovakia) and was expressed in I.U./litre serum or 1 kg tissue wet weight. The samples were prepared at 0 degrees C. LDH activity in the various parts of the CNS was measured in the supernatant of homogenates of the above tissues and the greatest possible destruction of the tissues was ensured by freezing and thawing the homogenates prior to centrifugation. The specimens were incubated at 37 degrees C. Extinction was measured on a SPECOL (G.D.R.) apparatus at 505 nm wavelength. We found that 24 hours' deprivation of food and liquids, together with sensory deprivation in the youngest age groups, significantly reduced LDH activity in both the serum and the cerebral cortex of 6-day-old rats. In adult rats, starvation and thirst raised LDH activity, but the only statistically significant increase was in the medulla oblongata. Under our experimental conditions, LDH activity rose during development by 274% in the cerebral cortex, by 233% in subcortical formations and by 173% in the medulla oblongata. The differences betwen these developmental trends are statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:135987", "title": "Influence of cerebrolysin(r) on the resistance of rats to anoxia.", "content": "Single injections of Cerebrolysin(R) did not affect the resistance of rats to anoxia, irrespective of age. Cerebrolysin(R) significantly raised the resistance of the young of females injected ten times i.p. with the same dose during pregnancy. The repeated (5-fold) administration of Cerebrolysin(R) significantly raised the resistance of 35-day-old rats to anoxia and, in high concentrations, it also increased the resistance of adult rats. The effect of Cerebrolysin(R) is correlated to the proportion of amino acids, aligopeptides and the nucleotides they contain. The mere administration of a mixture of amino acids or of some other hydrolysate (Testolysin) was ineffective in this respect.", "contents": "Influence of cerebrolysin(r) on the resistance of rats to anoxia. Single injections of Cerebrolysin(R) did not affect the resistance of rats to anoxia, irrespective of age. Cerebrolysin(R) significantly raised the resistance of the young of females injected ten times i.p. with the same dose during pregnancy. The repeated (5-fold) administration of Cerebrolysin(R) significantly raised the resistance of 35-day-old rats to anoxia and, in high concentrations, it also increased the resistance of adult rats. The effect of Cerebrolysin(R) is correlated to the proportion of amino acids, aligopeptides and the nucleotides they contain. The mere administration of a mixture of amino acids or of some other hydrolysate (Testolysin) was ineffective in this respect."}
{"id": "PMID:135988", "title": "Incorporation of intravenously administered urea-15N into sheep plasma proteins and their amide groups.", "content": "Two sheep with a low and high nitrogen intake (7.6 and 24 g N/day respectively) were given a single intravenous dose of 15N-labelled urea (15.3 mg 15N/kg b.w.) The findings were as follows. The greater part of non-retained 15N from the administered dose was excreted during the first day after the intravenous administration of 15N-urea. Daily excretion in the faeces amounted to 1.35-2.37% of the 15N in the given dose. With a low N intake, more 15N from the given dose (59.4%) was retained in the N pool than with a high N intake (50.5%). The net passage of 15N into the rumen and 15N incorporation into the amide-N of the plasma proteins was likewise greater. 15N incorporation into the amide-N of the plasma proteins rose steadily for 3 days. The porportion of amidic 15N in the plasma proteins rose steadily for 3 days. The proportion of amidic 15N in the plasma protein total 15N changed on the second and third day after administering 15N-urea from 8% to 16%, with the maximum at the beginning of the second day. The amount of 15N incorporated into the proteins in 1 litre plasma attained up to 3% of the given dose. It is concluded from the results that the synthesis of amino acids and their amide groups is both a quantitatively and a qualitatively important metabolic route for the reutilization of blood urea nitrogen for protein synthesis in ruminants.", "contents": "Incorporation of intravenously administered urea-15N into sheep plasma proteins and their amide groups. Two sheep with a low and high nitrogen intake (7.6 and 24 g N/day respectively) were given a single intravenous dose of 15N-labelled urea (15.3 mg 15N/kg b.w.) The findings were as follows. The greater part of non-retained 15N from the administered dose was excreted during the first day after the intravenous administration of 15N-urea. Daily excretion in the faeces amounted to 1.35-2.37% of the 15N in the given dose. With a low N intake, more 15N from the given dose (59.4%) was retained in the N pool than with a high N intake (50.5%). The net passage of 15N into the rumen and 15N incorporation into the amide-N of the plasma proteins was likewise greater. 15N incorporation into the amide-N of the plasma proteins rose steadily for 3 days. The porportion of amidic 15N in the plasma proteins rose steadily for 3 days. The proportion of amidic 15N in the plasma protein total 15N changed on the second and third day after administering 15N-urea from 8% to 16%, with the maximum at the beginning of the second day. The amount of 15N incorporated into the proteins in 1 litre plasma attained up to 3% of the given dose. It is concluded from the results that the synthesis of amino acids and their amide groups is both a quantitatively and a qualitatively important metabolic route for the reutilization of blood urea nitrogen for protein synthesis in ruminants."}
{"id": "PMID:135989", "title": "Haemoglobin types in peripheral blood and bone marrow cells in rats after a single blood loss.", "content": "The authors studied quantitative changes in the synthesis of haemoglobin types in rat peripheral erythrocytes and in the cells of the bone marrow erythrocytic series after a single blood loss. They demonstrated that raised synthesis of given haemoglobin types could be found in the peripheral cells 5-7 days after blood loss. These changes could already be detected in the bone marrow cells 24 hours after blood loss. The question of the probable site and level of the origin of altered haemoglobin synthesis is discussed.", "contents": "Haemoglobin types in peripheral blood and bone marrow cells in rats after a single blood loss. The authors studied quantitative changes in the synthesis of haemoglobin types in rat peripheral erythrocytes and in the cells of the bone marrow erythrocytic series after a single blood loss. They demonstrated that raised synthesis of given haemoglobin types could be found in the peripheral cells 5-7 days after blood loss. These changes could already be detected in the bone marrow cells 24 hours after blood loss. The question of the probable site and level of the origin of altered haemoglobin synthesis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:135990", "title": "Effect of papaverine on the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of the guinea-pig caecum.", "content": "Electrical and mechanical activity of smooth muscle of the guinea-pig caecum was recorded by means of the sucrose-gap technique. The responses of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle to acetycholine were differently affected by changes of extracellular calcium concentration (0.8, 2.5 and 7.5 mM). The contractions of both preparations were depressed at high Ca++ concentrations, whereas at low Ca++ concentrations only contractions of the circular smooth muscle were augmented. The stimulatory effect of acetylcholine was decreased by papaverine in both preparations at all three concentrations of Ca++. This inhibition was the greater the lower the concentration of extracellular Ca++ and this process was more pronounced in the circular muscle. The ability of papaverine to counteract the effect of lowered concentrations of extracellular Ca++ on membrane excitability may well explain its inhibitory effect upon intestinal smooth muscle.", "contents": "Effect of papaverine on the longitudinal and circular smooth muscle of the guinea-pig caecum. Electrical and mechanical activity of smooth muscle of the guinea-pig caecum was recorded by means of the sucrose-gap technique. The responses of longitudinal and circular smooth muscle to acetycholine were differently affected by changes of extracellular calcium concentration (0.8, 2.5 and 7.5 mM). The contractions of both preparations were depressed at high Ca++ concentrations, whereas at low Ca++ concentrations only contractions of the circular smooth muscle were augmented. The stimulatory effect of acetylcholine was decreased by papaverine in both preparations at all three concentrations of Ca++. This inhibition was the greater the lower the concentration of extracellular Ca++ and this process was more pronounced in the circular muscle. The ability of papaverine to counteract the effect of lowered concentrations of extracellular Ca++ on membrane excitability may well explain its inhibitory effect upon intestinal smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:135991", "title": "The absolute eosinophil count in experimental animals.", "content": "The values of the absolute eosinophil count in certain laboratory animals were examined and were compared with values in healthy humans. The method and the results extend the possibility of detecting and studying changes in biological processes in the organism of experimental animals.", "contents": "The absolute eosinophil count in experimental animals. The values of the absolute eosinophil count in certain laboratory animals were examined and were compared with values in healthy humans. The method and the results extend the possibility of detecting and studying changes in biological processes in the organism of experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:135992", "title": "Effect of prolonged exposure to a magnetic field on the haematopoietic stem cell.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of prolonged exposure (3, 4 and 5 months) to the action of a magnetic field of 180-200 gauss formed by the poles of a rotating permanent magnet on the haematopoietic stem cells of mouse bone marrow donors. The effect of the field was evaluated from the ability of the donors' bone marrow cells to form haematopoietic colonies in the spleen of lethally irradiated mice. It was found that the number of stem cells was not reduced by the action of the above magnetic field and that proliferative capacity was likewide unimpaired.", "contents": "Effect of prolonged exposure to a magnetic field on the haematopoietic stem cell. The authors studied the effect of prolonged exposure (3, 4 and 5 months) to the action of a magnetic field of 180-200 gauss formed by the poles of a rotating permanent magnet on the haematopoietic stem cells of mouse bone marrow donors. The effect of the field was evaluated from the ability of the donors' bone marrow cells to form haematopoietic colonies in the spleen of lethally irradiated mice. It was found that the number of stem cells was not reduced by the action of the above magnetic field and that proliferative capacity was likewide unimpaired."}
{"id": "PMID:135993", "title": "Effect of rhythmic alternation of protein depletion and repletion on the proportion and properties of haemoglobin in the rat.", "content": "The authors submit the results of a study of the effect of rhytmic alternation of protein depletion and repletion on the quantitative and qualitative proportion of haemoglobin in the rat. The results show that four weeks' depletion caused significant changes in the studied parameters, but that two weeks' repletion restored them to normal. The organism's responses to repeated depletion-repletion states were heterogeneous as regards the size, quality and trend of the changes, indicating that the organism's defences against depletion can be influenced by repeated administration in the form of a kind of \"training\". The mechanism of action of the above changes is at present still unknown.", "contents": "Effect of rhythmic alternation of protein depletion and repletion on the proportion and properties of haemoglobin in the rat. The authors submit the results of a study of the effect of rhytmic alternation of protein depletion and repletion on the quantitative and qualitative proportion of haemoglobin in the rat. The results show that four weeks' depletion caused significant changes in the studied parameters, but that two weeks' repletion restored them to normal. The organism's responses to repeated depletion-repletion states were heterogeneous as regards the size, quality and trend of the changes, indicating that the organism's defences against depletion can be influenced by repeated administration in the form of a kind of \"training\". The mechanism of action of the above changes is at present still unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:135994", "title": "A hybrid modular set for on-line preprocessing of data in electrophysiology.", "content": "An introductory review of hardware aspects of on-line experimental data processing reveals that the combination of a specialized (hard-wired) preprocessing unit coupled with a programmable laboratory computer is an optimal set up for an electrophysiological laboratory. The paper deals with a proposed modular system, which makes the assembly of a large number of different preprocessing units possible. Some practical applications of the preprocessing units coupled with a LINC (D.E.C.) computer are presented in conclusion.", "contents": "A hybrid modular set for on-line preprocessing of data in electrophysiology. An introductory review of hardware aspects of on-line experimental data processing reveals that the combination of a specialized (hard-wired) preprocessing unit coupled with a programmable laboratory computer is an optimal set up for an electrophysiological laboratory. The paper deals with a proposed modular system, which makes the assembly of a large number of different preprocessing units possible. Some practical applications of the preprocessing units coupled with a LINC (D.E.C.) computer are presented in conclusion."}
{"id": "PMID:135997", "title": "Muscosal and serosal effects of insulin on ion contents of the frog urinary bladder.", "content": "When applied in vitro at the serosal border of the bladder of Rana temporaria insulin (1.7.10(-5) M) brings about a decrease in the tissue sodium content, suggesting a stimulation of the pump extruding sodium ions from epithelial cells. On the other hand, the application of insulin at the two sides of the bladder results in a significant increase of the sodium content of the tissue. It is hence concluded that the contact of the hormone with the mucosal membranes of the epithelial cells of the bladder enhances sodium entry across the membranes. The effect if so pronounced that it obscures the stimulation of the pumps localized at the opposite pole of the cells.", "contents": "Muscosal and serosal effects of insulin on ion contents of the frog urinary bladder. When applied in vitro at the serosal border of the bladder of Rana temporaria insulin (1.7.10(-5) M) brings about a decrease in the tissue sodium content, suggesting a stimulation of the pump extruding sodium ions from epithelial cells. On the other hand, the application of insulin at the two sides of the bladder results in a significant increase of the sodium content of the tissue. It is hence concluded that the contact of the hormone with the mucosal membranes of the epithelial cells of the bladder enhances sodium entry across the membranes. The effect if so pronounced that it obscures the stimulation of the pumps localized at the opposite pole of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:135998", "title": "Absence of a thyroxine effect on the sodium content in the frog urinary bladder.", "content": "As a contribution to the discussion whether in vitro thyroxine effects occur at all on anuran epithelial membranes it has been shown that thyroxine 10(-6) and 10(-4) M) produces neither a detectable change in the content of ions and water in the tissue of the urinary bladder of Rana temporaria, nor a change in the oxygen consumption of the bladder or skin of this frog species.", "contents": "Absence of a thyroxine effect on the sodium content in the frog urinary bladder. As a contribution to the discussion whether in vitro thyroxine effects occur at all on anuran epithelial membranes it has been shown that thyroxine 10(-6) and 10(-4) M) produces neither a detectable change in the content of ions and water in the tissue of the urinary bladder of Rana temporaria, nor a change in the oxygen consumption of the bladder or skin of this frog species."}
{"id": "PMID:135999", "title": "Effect of single feeding on the acetylcholine content of the diaphragm and extensor digitorum longus of albino rats.", "content": "The acetylcholine (ACh) concentration was determined in the diaphragm, extensor digitorum longus and atria of rats with permanent access to food and in single-fed animals. single feeding caused a statistically highly significant increase in the ACh content of the atria, but did not significantly affect the ACh content of the skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Effect of single feeding on the acetylcholine content of the diaphragm and extensor digitorum longus of albino rats. The acetylcholine (ACh) concentration was determined in the diaphragm, extensor digitorum longus and atria of rats with permanent access to food and in single-fed animals. single feeding caused a statistically highly significant increase in the ACh content of the atria, but did not significantly affect the ACh content of the skeletal muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:136000", "title": "Lactate and malate dehydrogenases in the muscles and male genital tract of the rabbit.", "content": "Average lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme patterns the content of H subunits, total LDH activity, total malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity and the m- MDH/s-MDH ratio were determined in twelve muscles and the male genital tract of the rabbit. LDH(1) was the predominant form in the heart, soleus and masseter muscles, LDH(3) in the lingual muscles and LDH(5) in the other muscles analysed. In the muscles, an increase in the percentual proportion of M subunits was accompanied, by a proportional increase in total LDH activity and a decrease in total MDH activity, especially m-MDH. LDH isoenzyme patterns and LDH and MDH activities are useful for obtaining some idea about the proportion of individual muscle fibres. Activity accounted for by H subunits was roughly the same in all the muscles analysed, indicating that the synthesis of H subunits is independent of the type of muscle fibre and of the oxygen supply of the muscular tissue, and also that isoenzymes composed chiefly of H subunits are not localized preferentially in the mitochondria. Similar relationships between LDH isoenzymes and LDH and MDH activities were found in the testicular and epididymal tissues. The tests and the head of the epididymis mainly contain LDH isoenzymes composed of H subunits. The total LDH activity in these tissues is relatively low and their MDH activity is relatively high compared with the body and tail of the epididymis. The proportion of H subunits in the ampulla, the seminal vesicles, the coagulating glands and the prostate is also high. Cowper's glands have a high LDH(5) and LDH(4) concentration. One of two LDHx isoenzymes were found in the testes and spermatozoa.", "contents": "Lactate and malate dehydrogenases in the muscles and male genital tract of the rabbit. Average lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzyme patterns the content of H subunits, total LDH activity, total malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activity and the m- MDH/s-MDH ratio were determined in twelve muscles and the male genital tract of the rabbit. LDH(1) was the predominant form in the heart, soleus and masseter muscles, LDH(3) in the lingual muscles and LDH(5) in the other muscles analysed. In the muscles, an increase in the percentual proportion of M subunits was accompanied, by a proportional increase in total LDH activity and a decrease in total MDH activity, especially m-MDH. LDH isoenzyme patterns and LDH and MDH activities are useful for obtaining some idea about the proportion of individual muscle fibres. Activity accounted for by H subunits was roughly the same in all the muscles analysed, indicating that the synthesis of H subunits is independent of the type of muscle fibre and of the oxygen supply of the muscular tissue, and also that isoenzymes composed chiefly of H subunits are not localized preferentially in the mitochondria. Similar relationships between LDH isoenzymes and LDH and MDH activities were found in the testicular and epididymal tissues. The tests and the head of the epididymis mainly contain LDH isoenzymes composed of H subunits. The total LDH activity in these tissues is relatively low and their MDH activity is relatively high compared with the body and tail of the epididymis. The proportion of H subunits in the ampulla, the seminal vesicles, the coagulating glands and the prostate is also high. Cowper's glands have a high LDH(5) and LDH(4) concentration. One of two LDHx isoenzymes were found in the testes and spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:136001", "title": "Effect of d-6-methyl-8-ergoline-i-ylacetamide (Deprenon) on the FSH content of the pituitary in castrated female rats.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of Deprenon (D-6-methyl-8-ergoline-I-acetylamide tartrate) on the FSH content of the adenohypophysis of female rats which had been castrated 3 and 6 weeks previously. The FSH content, determined by the method of Johnson and Naqui (1970), is expressed at the mean weights of the recipients' ovaries compared with a group given only 30 I.U. HCG. Within 30 min after administration, a single peroral dose of 0.5 mg Deprenon/kg produced a drop in the pituitary FSH content. This was not very pronounced 3 weeks after castration, but was highly significant 6 weeks after castration, when the amount of FSH in the control animals' pituitaries rose.", "contents": "Effect of d-6-methyl-8-ergoline-i-ylacetamide (Deprenon) on the FSH content of the pituitary in castrated female rats. The authors studied the effect of Deprenon (D-6-methyl-8-ergoline-I-acetylamide tartrate) on the FSH content of the adenohypophysis of female rats which had been castrated 3 and 6 weeks previously. The FSH content, determined by the method of Johnson and Naqui (1970), is expressed at the mean weights of the recipients' ovaries compared with a group given only 30 I.U. HCG. Within 30 min after administration, a single peroral dose of 0.5 mg Deprenon/kg produced a drop in the pituitary FSH content. This was not very pronounced 3 weeks after castration, but was highly significant 6 weeks after castration, when the amount of FSH in the control animals' pituitaries rose."}
{"id": "PMID:136002", "title": "Causes of experimental pulmonary hypertension in rats.", "content": "Experimental pulmonary hypertension was induced in young male rats by means of tracheoconstriction and repeated injections of aqueous bean (Phaseolus vulg.) extract into the trachea. After 120 days, the blood pressure of the experimental and control animals was measured in the pulmonary artery with a shaped polyethylene catheter, without opening the chest. In all the experimental animals the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery was higher than in the controls. The mean pressure in the pulmonary artery of the experimental rats was 25 +/- 1 torr and in the controls 16 +/- 0.4 torr. The right ventricle of the experimental animals was larger than in the controls. No difference was found between the systemic blood pressure values, measured in the femoral artery, in the experimental animals and the controls. The experimental animals had a faster heart rate. Cardiac output, measured by the dye dilution method, was the same in the control and experimental animals and there was likewise no difference in the PO2 PCO2 and pH values in the arterial blood. The inhalation of oxygen instead of air did not affect the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary blood vessels were evaluated quantitatively in histological sections of the experimental and control animal's lungs. There was no different between  the thickness of the media of the distal pulmonary vessels, expressed as a percentage of the outer diameter of the vessel, in the experimental animals and the controls. A media thicker than 7% was found in 15% of the evaluated vessels from experimental animals and in 8% of those from the controls. No correlation between the mean thickness of the media and the mean blood pressure in the pulmonary artery was found in any of the animals.", "contents": "Causes of experimental pulmonary hypertension in rats. Experimental pulmonary hypertension was induced in young male rats by means of tracheoconstriction and repeated injections of aqueous bean (Phaseolus vulg.) extract into the trachea. After 120 days, the blood pressure of the experimental and control animals was measured in the pulmonary artery with a shaped polyethylene catheter, without opening the chest. In all the experimental animals the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery was higher than in the controls. The mean pressure in the pulmonary artery of the experimental rats was 25 +/- 1 torr and in the controls 16 +/- 0.4 torr. The right ventricle of the experimental animals was larger than in the controls. No difference was found between the systemic blood pressure values, measured in the femoral artery, in the experimental animals and the controls. The experimental animals had a faster heart rate. Cardiac output, measured by the dye dilution method, was the same in the control and experimental animals and there was likewise no difference in the PO2 PCO2 and pH values in the arterial blood. The inhalation of oxygen instead of air did not affect the blood pressure in the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary blood vessels were evaluated quantitatively in histological sections of the experimental and control animal's lungs. There was no different between  the thickness of the media of the distal pulmonary vessels, expressed as a percentage of the outer diameter of the vessel, in the experimental animals and the controls. A media thicker than 7% was found in 15% of the evaluated vessels from experimental animals and in 8% of those from the controls. No correlation between the mean thickness of the media and the mean blood pressure in the pulmonary artery was found in any of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:136008", "title": "Congenital complete heart block. Radiographic findings in 13 patients without associated defects.", "content": "The radiographic findings in 13 patients with congenital complete heart block without associated anomalies are presented to illustrate characteristic features. Findings related to the increased stroke volume in these patients include: (a) simulated shunt vasculature; (b) pulmonary venous pypertension with redistribution of blood flow to the upper lungs, and, in one patient, peribronchial edema; (c) cardiomegaly with right ventricular, pulmonary artery, left atrial, left ventricular, and aortic enlargement; and (d) variation in cardiac size on serial examinations. Less commonly seen were findings related to atrioventricular dissociation with transitory marked pulmonary venous hypertension present in one patient when left atrial contraction occurred during ventricular systole when the mitral valve was closed.", "contents": "Congenital complete heart block. Radiographic findings in 13 patients without associated defects. The radiographic findings in 13 patients with congenital complete heart block without associated anomalies are presented to illustrate characteristic features. Findings related to the increased stroke volume in these patients include: (a) simulated shunt vasculature; (b) pulmonary venous pypertension with redistribution of blood flow to the upper lungs, and, in one patient, peribronchial edema; (c) cardiomegaly with right ventricular, pulmonary artery, left atrial, left ventricular, and aortic enlargement; and (d) variation in cardiac size on serial examinations. Less commonly seen were findings related to atrioventricular dissociation with transitory marked pulmonary venous hypertension present in one patient when left atrial contraction occurred during ventricular systole when the mitral valve was closed."}
{"id": "PMID:136009", "title": "[The endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal epithelium and the metabolism of biogenic amines in the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "After a review on the historical development of morphological investigations of entero-endocrine cells, dating back to 1870, a detailed synoptical review of the current stage of findings in this field is given. At the present time nine different endocrine cell types can be distinguished in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Criteria for this differentiation are properties concerning specific staining methods, aldehyde-induced fluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructure. From present results it is obvious that distinct cell types are responsible for the synthesis of defined polypeptide hormones (e.g. gastrin, secretin, enterogastrone). The metabolism of amines, in relation to the endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract is of particular interest here. Points investigated include the uniqueness of endocrine cells, with regard to the metabolism of biogenic amines (\"APUD-cells\") and the possibility of serotonin synthesis by a definite cell type, i.e. by the EC-cell (\"enterochromaffin\" cell). In our experimental animal, male Wistarrats, seven different entero-endocrine cell types can be discerned by ultrastructural means: EC-, ECL-, G-, AL-, EG-, D- and D1-cells. The I-cell (found in other species) can hardly be distinguished from the AL-cell by ultrastructural means and the S-cells, as found in other species, are not to be found at all. Only some of the cited cell types can be seen by fluorescence microscopy. After formaldehyde-treatment of the tissue, the \"enterochromaffin\" cell shows a yellow, serotonin-specific fluorescence. This cell corresponds in shape, number and distribution to the ultrastructurally defined EC-cell. EC-cells are found predominantly in the pyloric region and the duodenum and less frequently in the middle- and hindgut and the cardiac region; seldomly EC-cells are encountered in the oxyntic gland area of the stomach. In the rat gastro-intestinal tract, number and fluorescent intensity of EC-cells does not always correspond with the serotonin content of a certain region--sometimes the level of serotonin is largely determined by the mast cells, which in the rat also contain serotonin. For example, the high serotonin content of the oxyntic gland area, which contains very few EC-cells, has to be contributed nearly exclusively to mast cell serotonin. Mast cells can be domonstrated by fluorescence microscopy, due to their histamine content, after treatment of the tissue with o-phthalaldehyde (OPD). It seems likely that the histamine content, especially that of the so-called \"atypical mast cells\" of the mucosa, is inversely related to their respective serotonin content. --In addition to mast cells, OPD-treatment leads to a fluorescence in some of the entero-endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal epithelium. In the gastric epithelium these fluorescing cells should be regarded as histamine-containing ECL-cells and glucagon-containing AL-cells while in the colonic epithelium they are considered to be glucagon-containing AL-cells...", "contents": "[The endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal epithelium and the metabolism of biogenic amines in the gastrointestinal tract (author's transl)]. After a review on the historical development of morphological investigations of entero-endocrine cells, dating back to 1870, a detailed synoptical review of the current stage of findings in this field is given. At the present time nine different endocrine cell types can be distinguished in the epithelium of the gastrointestinal tract. Criteria for this differentiation are properties concerning specific staining methods, aldehyde-induced fluorescence, immunohistochemistry, and ultrastructure. From present results it is obvious that distinct cell types are responsible for the synthesis of defined polypeptide hormones (e.g. gastrin, secretin, enterogastrone). The metabolism of amines, in relation to the endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract is of particular interest here. Points investigated include the uniqueness of endocrine cells, with regard to the metabolism of biogenic amines (\"APUD-cells\") and the possibility of serotonin synthesis by a definite cell type, i.e. by the EC-cell (\"enterochromaffin\" cell). In our experimental animal, male Wistarrats, seven different entero-endocrine cell types can be discerned by ultrastructural means: EC-, ECL-, G-, AL-, EG-, D- and D1-cells. The I-cell (found in other species) can hardly be distinguished from the AL-cell by ultrastructural means and the S-cells, as found in other species, are not to be found at all. Only some of the cited cell types can be seen by fluorescence microscopy. After formaldehyde-treatment of the tissue, the \"enterochromaffin\" cell shows a yellow, serotonin-specific fluorescence. This cell corresponds in shape, number and distribution to the ultrastructurally defined EC-cell. EC-cells are found predominantly in the pyloric region and the duodenum and less frequently in the middle- and hindgut and the cardiac region; seldomly EC-cells are encountered in the oxyntic gland area of the stomach. In the rat gastro-intestinal tract, number and fluorescent intensity of EC-cells does not always correspond with the serotonin content of a certain region--sometimes the level of serotonin is largely determined by the mast cells, which in the rat also contain serotonin. For example, the high serotonin content of the oxyntic gland area, which contains very few EC-cells, has to be contributed nearly exclusively to mast cell serotonin. Mast cells can be domonstrated by fluorescence microscopy, due to their histamine content, after treatment of the tissue with o-phthalaldehyde (OPD). It seems likely that the histamine content, especially that of the so-called \"atypical mast cells\" of the mucosa, is inversely related to their respective serotonin content. --In addition to mast cells, OPD-treatment leads to a fluorescence in some of the entero-endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal epithelium. In the gastric epithelium these fluorescing cells should be regarded as histamine-containing ECL-cells and glucagon-containing AL-cells while in the colonic epithelium they are considered to be glucagon-containing AL-cells..."}
{"id": "PMID:136010", "title": "Behavioral evidence for the stimulation of CNS serotonin receptors by high doses of LSD.", "content": "Systemic administration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to rats induces a behavioral syndrome--consisting of tremor, rigidity, Straub tail, hindlimb abduction, lateral head weaving and reciprocal forepaw treading--which is a reflection of increased activation of central serotonin receptors. Utilizing this behavioral measure, a marked supersensitivity to LSD was observed in rats whose serotonin nerve terminals had been selectively destroyed, and a dramatic tolerance to LSD was observed following its repeated administration to normal rats. These data provide direct evidence that LSD can stimulate CNS serotonin receptors to a degree which markedly affects behavior.", "contents": "Behavioral evidence for the stimulation of CNS serotonin receptors by high doses of LSD. Systemic administration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) to rats induces a behavioral syndrome--consisting of tremor, rigidity, Straub tail, hindlimb abduction, lateral head weaving and reciprocal forepaw treading--which is a reflection of increased activation of central serotonin receptors. Utilizing this behavioral measure, a marked supersensitivity to LSD was observed in rats whose serotonin nerve terminals had been selectively destroyed, and a dramatic tolerance to LSD was observed following its repeated administration to normal rats. These data provide direct evidence that LSD can stimulate CNS serotonin receptors to a degree which markedly affects behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:136014", "title": "[Sporadic Down's syndrome with isochromosome or translocation 21q/21q (author's transl)].", "content": "One boy with Down's syndrome was found to be a rearranged chromosome 21q/21q. Cytogenetic analysis by G-banding techniques did not show if the rearranged chromosome was a translocation or an isochromosome. The karyotype of both parents was normal.", "contents": "[Sporadic Down's syndrome with isochromosome or translocation 21q/21q (author's transl)]. One boy with Down's syndrome was found to be a rearranged chromosome 21q/21q. Cytogenetic analysis by G-banding techniques did not show if the rearranged chromosome was a translocation or an isochromosome. The karyotype of both parents was normal."}
{"id": "PMID:136018", "title": "[Ender's flexible nail. Theoretical and biomechanical study. Technic, indications and results in the treatment of cervico-trochanteric fractures].", "content": "The authors describe the Ender's technique in the treatment of fractures of the trochanteric region. They realise a blind nailing, introducing \"elastic\" nails in the region of the medial condyle, under Xray control. The authors have conducted a biomechanical study comparing this type of nailing with nail-plating (extensometry and mathematical theory). 51 patients were operated-on. The results are analysed. The authors point out that the surgical procedure is very fast and simple, therefore they support it for aged people.", "contents": "[Ender's flexible nail. Theoretical and biomechanical study. Technic, indications and results in the treatment of cervico-trochanteric fractures]. The authors describe the Ender's technique in the treatment of fractures of the trochanteric region. They realise a blind nailing, introducing \"elastic\" nails in the region of the medial condyle, under Xray control. The authors have conducted a biomechanical study comparing this type of nailing with nail-plating (extensometry and mathematical theory). 51 patients were operated-on. The results are analysed. The authors point out that the surgical procedure is very fast and simple, therefore they support it for aged people."}
{"id": "PMID:136019", "title": "[Congenital elevation of the scapula in children. Anatomo-pathological and therapeutic study apropos of 27 cases].", "content": "The authors have treated 27 cases of congenital elevation of the scapula in children. 21 were operated on. They describe 3 types of the deformity which was often associated with other congenital lesions local (spine, ribs) or general. Two types of operations were performed: Schrock's procedure (partial excision of the scapula) and Woodward's procedure (dissection and re-insertion of muscles). The second one was followed by better results. Operations must be cautiously decided for they may be the cause of severe complications.", "contents": "[Congenital elevation of the scapula in children. Anatomo-pathological and therapeutic study apropos of 27 cases]. The authors have treated 27 cases of congenital elevation of the scapula in children. 21 were operated on. They describe 3 types of the deformity which was often associated with other congenital lesions local (spine, ribs) or general. Two types of operations were performed: Schrock's procedure (partial excision of the scapula) and Woodward's procedure (dissection and re-insertion of muscles). The second one was followed by better results. Operations must be cautiously decided for they may be the cause of severe complications."}
{"id": "PMID:136023", "title": "[Surgery in a plastic air-filled chamber. Current possibilities].", "content": "The authors have made an assessment of the use of an isolating operation chamber in 137 operations, primarily for the insertion of prostheses the the hip or knee, but also for the shoulder. The isolating chamber can be used equally well for hip, knee, shoulder or other surgery. The unit is made in the form of a plastic balloon, the air inside is sterile. Inflation is maintained by air passed through filters said to give complete sterility. The chamber is fitted with gloves to allow work to be done inside it. It is adherent to the skin of the patient and its wall is incised at the same time as the skin. The result is a very satisfactory isolation of the wound, eliminating faults in aseptic technique but requiring fresh sterilisation for each new procedure. Their assessment has shown that this enclosure can be used without any major problem of adaptation.", "contents": "[Surgery in a plastic air-filled chamber. Current possibilities]. The authors have made an assessment of the use of an isolating operation chamber in 137 operations, primarily for the insertion of prostheses the the hip or knee, but also for the shoulder. The isolating chamber can be used equally well for hip, knee, shoulder or other surgery. The unit is made in the form of a plastic balloon, the air inside is sterile. Inflation is maintained by air passed through filters said to give complete sterility. The chamber is fitted with gloves to allow work to be done inside it. It is adherent to the skin of the patient and its wall is incised at the same time as the skin. The result is a very satisfactory isolation of the wound, eliminating faults in aseptic technique but requiring fresh sterilisation for each new procedure. Their assessment has shown that this enclosure can be used without any major problem of adaptation."}
{"id": "PMID:136020", "title": "[Surgical technics in tumors of the spine].", "content": "The authors have treated two hydatic cysts, three plasmocytomas, one chondrosarcoma, one osteogenic sarcoma and four metastasis at the level of the spine. The surgical procedures may be either palliative or curative. In metastatic lesions, posterior decompression was associated with internal fixation for prevention or improvement of neurological signs, providing more comfort during the patient's survival. Curative procedures were achieved a two-stages excision of the vertebra by anterior and posterior approachs, grafting and fixation using Harrington's rods. Surgery was followed by chemotherapy and roentgentherapy it should be started before onset on neurological troubles. Early results were gratifying flaccid paraplegia excluded.", "contents": "[Surgical technics in tumors of the spine]. The authors have treated two hydatic cysts, three plasmocytomas, one chondrosarcoma, one osteogenic sarcoma and four metastasis at the level of the spine. The surgical procedures may be either palliative or curative. In metastatic lesions, posterior decompression was associated with internal fixation for prevention or improvement of neurological signs, providing more comfort during the patient's survival. Curative procedures were achieved a two-stages excision of the vertebra by anterior and posterior approachs, grafting and fixation using Harrington's rods. Surgery was followed by chemotherapy and roentgentherapy it should be started before onset on neurological troubles. Early results were gratifying flaccid paraplegia excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:136021", "title": "[Bimalleolar fractures and their equivalents].", "content": "The authors have reviewed 194 malleolar fractures. 164 cases were treated conservatively. Less of half of them led to satisfactory results. 44 cases were operated on either primitively or after failure of conservative treatment. 29 satisfactory results were noted on 33 cases reviewed after a one year (or more) follow-up. Both foci were systematically approached, including the cases where a ruptured fragment existed in place of the malleolar fracture. Important third posterior fragments were fixed by a postero-lateral approach in prone position. Usually the lateral malleoli were fixed by screwing or plating or wiring. Medial malleoli were fixed by screwing or wiring. In some cases, collapse of the tibial roof had to be treated by grafting. The authors emphasize the importance of a fair repair of such lesions which should be recognized by tomographs. Indications are detailed. In any case, treatment should be applied in emergency for avoiding early blisters.", "contents": "[Bimalleolar fractures and their equivalents]. The authors have reviewed 194 malleolar fractures. 164 cases were treated conservatively. Less of half of them led to satisfactory results. 44 cases were operated on either primitively or after failure of conservative treatment. 29 satisfactory results were noted on 33 cases reviewed after a one year (or more) follow-up. Both foci were systematically approached, including the cases where a ruptured fragment existed in place of the malleolar fracture. Important third posterior fragments were fixed by a postero-lateral approach in prone position. Usually the lateral malleoli were fixed by screwing or plating or wiring. Medial malleoli were fixed by screwing or wiring. In some cases, collapse of the tibial roof had to be treated by grafting. The authors emphasize the importance of a fair repair of such lesions which should be recognized by tomographs. Indications are detailed. In any case, treatment should be applied in emergency for avoiding early blisters."}
{"id": "PMID:136024", "title": "[Fractures of the odontoid process of the axis].", "content": "Analysis of 15 cases of fracture of the odontoid process of the axis, with a follow-up time of 18 months to 9 years. In 6 cases (40 p. 100) the diagnosis of the fracture was made with a delay extending from one week to 3 months after the accident. The only case complicated with neurological findings was a fracture of the dens without radiological displacement. All patients have been treated conservatively. Twelve fractures united after 4 to 6 months immobilisation. In two cases a tight and stable non-union has developed. In only one case the pseudarthrosis was loose and unstable, and required a surgical fusion. The functional result was dominated by a restriction of movements of the head, variable in its importance, but practically constant.", "contents": "[Fractures of the odontoid process of the axis]. Analysis of 15 cases of fracture of the odontoid process of the axis, with a follow-up time of 18 months to 9 years. In 6 cases (40 p. 100) the diagnosis of the fracture was made with a delay extending from one week to 3 months after the accident. The only case complicated with neurological findings was a fracture of the dens without radiological displacement. All patients have been treated conservatively. Twelve fractures united after 4 to 6 months immobilisation. In two cases a tight and stable non-union has developed. In only one case the pseudarthrosis was loose and unstable, and required a surgical fusion. The functional result was dominated by a restriction of movements of the head, variable in its importance, but practically constant."}
{"id": "PMID:136025", "title": "[Early general complications of total hinged knee prosthesis].", "content": "16 early deaths (within 24 hours) were observed after 758 knee joint replacements. In eight instances the patient died during the operation, and the other eight few hours later. The author discussed several possible causes: toxicity of the monomere, fat embolism hyperpressure in the medullary canal, hemorrhage. Several per and post operative precautions are recomanded.", "contents": "[Early general complications of total hinged knee prosthesis]. 16 early deaths (within 24 hours) were observed after 758 knee joint replacements. In eight instances the patient died during the operation, and the other eight few hours later. The author discussed several possible causes: toxicity of the monomere, fat embolism hyperpressure in the medullary canal, hemorrhage. Several per and post operative precautions are recomanded."}
{"id": "PMID:136022", "title": "[Fracture-dislocations of the upper end of the humerus].", "content": "30 cases have been collected and treated by the authors. They classify the anatomical types according to the direction and nature of the fracture line. The treatment is more difficult when the fracture is intra-capsular than when it is extra capsular, that is metaphysial or below the tuberosities. A particular type was described, called \"vertical fracture\" by the authors. The major complication was a persistent joint stiffness, commonly bound to an avascular necrosis of the humeral head, especially in intra-capsular fractures. An orthopaedic reduction should always be attempted when the fracture is impacted. In the other cases, the treatment should be surgical aiming at obtaining a reduction of the dislocation and fixation of the fracture. The opportunity of an early arthroplasty in intra-capsular, comminuted fractures with extruded capital fragments is discussed.", "contents": "[Fracture-dislocations of the upper end of the humerus]. 30 cases have been collected and treated by the authors. They classify the anatomical types according to the direction and nature of the fracture line. The treatment is more difficult when the fracture is intra-capsular than when it is extra capsular, that is metaphysial or below the tuberosities. A particular type was described, called \"vertical fracture\" by the authors. The major complication was a persistent joint stiffness, commonly bound to an avascular necrosis of the humeral head, especially in intra-capsular fractures. An orthopaedic reduction should always be attempted when the fracture is impacted. In the other cases, the treatment should be surgical aiming at obtaining a reduction of the dislocation and fixation of the fracture. The opportunity of an early arthroplasty in intra-capsular, comminuted fractures with extruded capital fragments is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136026", "title": "[Treatment of flexion-pronation contracture of the wrist in hemiplegic children].", "content": "Thirty-three cases of infantile spastic hemiplegia have been treated surgically for wrist deformity in flexion, pronation and ulnar deviation. The authors used Green's technique in most of the cases (transplantation of flexor carpi ulnaris to the extensores carpi) either in isolation or in association with lengthening of the pronator teres. The indications for surgery are given and the details of surgical technique and postoperative care are described. The complications are described and the factors affecting prognosis are analysed. Half of the cases had good or excellent results; five were failures.", "contents": "[Treatment of flexion-pronation contracture of the wrist in hemiplegic children]. Thirty-three cases of infantile spastic hemiplegia have been treated surgically for wrist deformity in flexion, pronation and ulnar deviation. The authors used Green's technique in most of the cases (transplantation of flexor carpi ulnaris to the extensores carpi) either in isolation or in association with lengthening of the pronator teres. The indications for surgery are given and the details of surgical technique and postoperative care are described. The complications are described and the factors affecting prognosis are analysed. Half of the cases had good or excellent results; five were failures."}
{"id": "PMID:136027", "title": "[Treatment of open leg fractures by double frame external fixation].", "content": "The authors review 36 cases of compound fractures of the tibia of type II and III (Cauchoix Classification). The treatment used was: 1. Careful cleansing of the sound. 2. The use of an external fixation (Hoffmann) as a double frame. 3. Continous irrigation. The authors stress that initial reduction should be accurate and that stability can be obtained by compression. Additional treatment was often needed, dependent on the stage of skin healing and the state of bone union. For the skin, Davis grafts or cross-leg flaps were used. For bone union, tibio-fibular grafts or reinforcing cancellous bone grafts (Papineau's technique) were used.", "contents": "[Treatment of open leg fractures by double frame external fixation]. The authors review 36 cases of compound fractures of the tibia of type II and III (Cauchoix Classification). The treatment used was: 1. Careful cleansing of the sound. 2. The use of an external fixation (Hoffmann) as a double frame. 3. Continous irrigation. The authors stress that initial reduction should be accurate and that stability can be obtained by compression. Additional treatment was often needed, dependent on the stage of skin healing and the state of bone union. For the skin, Davis grafts or cross-leg flaps were used. For bone union, tibio-fibular grafts or reinforcing cancellous bone grafts (Papineau's technique) were used."}
{"id": "PMID:136028", "title": "Para-osteo-arthropathies in paraplegia. Personal sergical experience.", "content": "The authors have observed a number of cases of ectopic ossification in patients in a rehabilitation centre for paraplegia. They review the clinical features of the condition, its frequency and its localization. The time of onset and the spontaneous evolution of the condition was found to be variable. Operations were performed on 35 joints - 16 hips, 13 knees and 6 elbows. The results are described. The authors emphasize the value of serial scintigrams before surgery to assess the maturation of ossification. Operations based on the results of such investigations appear to have been followed by a lower rate of recurrence.", "contents": "Para-osteo-arthropathies in paraplegia. Personal sergical experience. The authors have observed a number of cases of ectopic ossification in patients in a rehabilitation centre for paraplegia. They review the clinical features of the condition, its frequency and its localization. The time of onset and the spontaneous evolution of the condition was found to be variable. Operations were performed on 35 joints - 16 hips, 13 knees and 6 elbows. The results are described. The authors emphasize the value of serial scintigrams before surgery to assess the maturation of ossification. Operations based on the results of such investigations appear to have been followed by a lower rate of recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:136029", "title": "Astragalectomy in children. Results, technics, and indications based on personal experience in 33 cases.", "content": "The authors have operated on 33 equinovarus feet, (14 patients) with various condition--myelomeningocele, arthrogryposis, club foot or dwarfism. The results were poor, only 11 being satisfactory. Some failures were due to incorrect tecunique. The authors describe the technique which they consider to be the best. This procedure appears to have its main indication in myelomeningocele and arthrogryposis when the feet are severely deformed and rigid.", "contents": "Astragalectomy in children. Results, technics, and indications based on personal experience in 33 cases. The authors have operated on 33 equinovarus feet, (14 patients) with various condition--myelomeningocele, arthrogryposis, club foot or dwarfism. The results were poor, only 11 being satisfactory. Some failures were due to incorrect tecunique. The authors describe the technique which they consider to be the best. This procedure appears to have its main indication in myelomeningocele and arthrogryposis when the feet are severely deformed and rigid."}
{"id": "PMID:136031", "title": "[Modifications induced through beta receptors in adrenergic nervous system and gastric ulcers (author's transl)].", "content": "The experimental relation between adrenergic nervous system and ulcus has been studied. Administration of adrenaline to rats did not induce any ulcers, or showed any noteworthy modification in the studied pH, acidity and peptic activity of gastric content parameters. The number of ulcers induced by the Shay method, acidity and peptic activity decreased after beta receptor blockage. Ko-592 did not induce any significant change on these parameters when the animals were subjected to stress conditions by restraint. Beta receptors discretely participate in ulcer pathology.", "contents": "[Modifications induced through beta receptors in adrenergic nervous system and gastric ulcers (author's transl)]. The experimental relation between adrenergic nervous system and ulcus has been studied. Administration of adrenaline to rats did not induce any ulcers, or showed any noteworthy modification in the studied pH, acidity and peptic activity of gastric content parameters. The number of ulcers induced by the Shay method, acidity and peptic activity decreased after beta receptor blockage. Ko-592 did not induce any significant change on these parameters when the animals were subjected to stress conditions by restraint. Beta receptors discretely participate in ulcer pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:136032", "title": "Molecular weight analysis of proteinuria in experimental glomerulopathies.", "content": "The quantity of urinary proteins and their molecular weight composition was analyzed in different experimental glomerulopathies using the SDS-PAA-electrophoresis. Masugi nephritis, heterologous and autologous immune complex nephritis as well as D-penicillamine induced glomerulonephritis were studied in rabbits, guinea pigs and rats. The procedure allows (1) to distinguish physiological from low grade glomerular proteinuria by their respective characteristic patterns in early disease stages (2) to follow up the disease course of individual animals without sacrifice and (3) to discriminate species specificity of physiological urinary proteins. It is recommended to use this technique of urinary protein analysis in experimental conditions, where mild glomerular damage is expected.", "contents": "Molecular weight analysis of proteinuria in experimental glomerulopathies. The quantity of urinary proteins and their molecular weight composition was analyzed in different experimental glomerulopathies using the SDS-PAA-electrophoresis. Masugi nephritis, heterologous and autologous immune complex nephritis as well as D-penicillamine induced glomerulonephritis were studied in rabbits, guinea pigs and rats. The procedure allows (1) to distinguish physiological from low grade glomerular proteinuria by their respective characteristic patterns in early disease stages (2) to follow up the disease course of individual animals without sacrifice and (3) to discriminate species specificity of physiological urinary proteins. It is recommended to use this technique of urinary protein analysis in experimental conditions, where mild glomerular damage is expected."}
{"id": "PMID:136033", "title": "[Fatty acid patterns and glucose tolerance in Huntington's chorea (author's transl)].", "content": "Fatty acid patterns of plasma lipids and glucose-tolerance in Huntington's chorea. 25 patients with Huntington's chorea of various manifestation (9 predisposed symptomefree, 5 with light and 11 with severe manifestation) had studies of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. These studies measured glucose-tolerance tests, insulin-, HGH-secretion, serum lipids and plasma fatty acid conposition of the cholesterylesters, triglycerides and phospholipids. The reactive insulin- but not HGH-levels were significantly raised, 32 % of the patients with Huntington's chorea had abnormal glucose-tolerance tests, compared with 3.2 % in a control group. Duration of symptoms correlated with higher cholesterol levels. Minor deviations were found in the fatty acid patterns in various lipid clases.", "contents": "[Fatty acid patterns and glucose tolerance in Huntington's chorea (author's transl)]. Fatty acid patterns of plasma lipids and glucose-tolerance in Huntington's chorea. 25 patients with Huntington's chorea of various manifestation (9 predisposed symptomefree, 5 with light and 11 with severe manifestation) had studies of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. These studies measured glucose-tolerance tests, insulin-, HGH-secretion, serum lipids and plasma fatty acid conposition of the cholesterylesters, triglycerides and phospholipids. The reactive insulin- but not HGH-levels were significantly raised, 32 % of the patients with Huntington's chorea had abnormal glucose-tolerance tests, compared with 3.2 % in a control group. Duration of symptoms correlated with higher cholesterol levels. Minor deviations were found in the fatty acid patterns in various lipid clases."}
{"id": "PMID:136034", "title": "A simple bubble-flowmeter with quasicontinuous registration.", "content": "The construction of a simple bubble-flow-meter is described. The instrument has the following features: 1. automatic bubble injection, 2. precise measurement of the bubble passage time by a digital counter, 3. quasicontinuous registration of the flow rate, 4. alternative run with clear fluid (water) and coloured fluid (blood), 5. low volume, 6. closed measuring system for measurements in low and high pressure systems.", "contents": "A simple bubble-flowmeter with quasicontinuous registration. The construction of a simple bubble-flow-meter is described. The instrument has the following features: 1. automatic bubble injection, 2. precise measurement of the bubble passage time by a digital counter, 3. quasicontinuous registration of the flow rate, 4. alternative run with clear fluid (water) and coloured fluid (blood), 5. low volume, 6. closed measuring system for measurements in low and high pressure systems."}
{"id": "PMID:136039", "title": "The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen on lymphocyte transformation in vitro.", "content": "Crude preparations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) inhibited phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and allogeneic cell (MLC) lymphocyte stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in vitro as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation, whereas purified hCG was not inhibitory except at very high concentrations. Sephadex G-100 chromatography of crude hCG showed that the inhibitory effect on PHA lymphocyte stimulation eluted in those fractions after hormonally active hCG. In addition, purified human placental lactogen (hPL) did not inhibit lymphocyte transformation except at very high concentrations. These data suggest that the immunosuppressive activities found in crude preparations are not due to the hormones but to contaminating material.", "contents": "The effect of human chorionic gonadotropin and placental lactogen on lymphocyte transformation in vitro. Crude preparations of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) inhibited phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and allogeneic cell (MLC) lymphocyte stimulation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in vitro as measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation, whereas purified hCG was not inhibitory except at very high concentrations. Sephadex G-100 chromatography of crude hCG showed that the inhibitory effect on PHA lymphocyte stimulation eluted in those fractions after hormonally active hCG. In addition, purified human placental lactogen (hPL) did not inhibit lymphocyte transformation except at very high concentrations. These data suggest that the immunosuppressive activities found in crude preparations are not due to the hormones but to contaminating material."}
{"id": "PMID:136041", "title": "3,4,3',4'-Tetrachloro azoxybenzene and azobenzene: potent inducers of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase.", "content": "Two unwanted contaminants, 3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB) and 3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB), formed in the commercial synthesis of 3,4-dichloroaniline or of herbicides made from 3,4-dichloroaniline, were responsible for three outbreaks of acne among chemical workers. TCAOB and TCAB are approximately isosteric to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, two well-known contaminants that cause acne. All four of these agents are potent inducers of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and compete for stereospecific binding sites in the hepatic cytosol, which are thought to be the receptor sites for the induction of this enzyme. Among the chlorinated azoxy and azobenzenes, the potency of a congener to induce aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity correlates with its binding affinity for the hepatic cytosol specific binding sites and its capacity to induce acne; this relation between structure and activity parallels that observed for the chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans.", "contents": "3,4,3',4'-Tetrachloro azoxybenzene and azobenzene: potent inducers of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Two unwanted contaminants, 3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAOB) and 3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazobenzene (TCAB), formed in the commercial synthesis of 3,4-dichloroaniline or of herbicides made from 3,4-dichloroaniline, were responsible for three outbreaks of acne among chemical workers. TCAOB and TCAB are approximately isosteric to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzofuran, two well-known contaminants that cause acne. All four of these agents are potent inducers of hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity and compete for stereospecific binding sites in the hepatic cytosol, which are thought to be the receptor sites for the induction of this enzyme. Among the chlorinated azoxy and azobenzenes, the potency of a congener to induce aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity correlates with its binding affinity for the hepatic cytosol specific binding sites and its capacity to induce acne; this relation between structure and activity parallels that observed for the chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans."}
{"id": "PMID:136038", "title": "[Psychosomatic aspects of extra-articular rheumatism].", "content": "The author discusses the psychosomatic aspects of certain extra-articular rheumatic pains. He distinguishes between cervical, dorsal, lumbar, and brachial psychosomatic pain on the basis of an understanding of the phenomena. Neurophysiological and anatomo-pathological correlations are discussed. On the basis of this knowledge of psychosomatic disease therapeutic ideas are put forward that are important both for the generalist and for the rheumatologist.", "contents": "[Psychosomatic aspects of extra-articular rheumatism]. The author discusses the psychosomatic aspects of certain extra-articular rheumatic pains. He distinguishes between cervical, dorsal, lumbar, and brachial psychosomatic pain on the basis of an understanding of the phenomena. Neurophysiological and anatomo-pathological correlations are discussed. On the basis of this knowledge of psychosomatic disease therapeutic ideas are put forward that are important both for the generalist and for the rheumatologist."}
{"id": "PMID:136043", "title": "Chronic mesenteric arterial insufficiency: results of revascularization in 33 cases.", "content": "The symptoms of mesenteric arterial insufficiency and the advantages of surgical revascularization have become widely recognized in recent years. Follow-up data are accumulating on patients who have had surgery for revascularization. In this study we report on 33 patients who had mesenteric revascularization for intestinal angina. Twenty-nine patients presented with postprandial pain; most had weight loss. Abdominal bruits were heard preoperatively in 26 patients. Aortogram demonstrated involvement of one mesenteric vessel in 13 (39%) patients and two or more vessels in 20 (61%). Revascularization was accomplished with the use of a Dacron graft or an autogenous vein bypass graft to 48 vessels. Endarterectomy and patch angioplasty were done once. One patient died in the early postoperative period. Of the other 32 patients, 30 (94%) had relief of symptoms. Eight patients died from 8 to 135 months after operation, but only one died from mesenteric vascular occlusion and bowel infarction. Five years after operation, 83% of the patients were alive; in ten years, 62%.", "contents": "Chronic mesenteric arterial insufficiency: results of revascularization in 33 cases. The symptoms of mesenteric arterial insufficiency and the advantages of surgical revascularization have become widely recognized in recent years. Follow-up data are accumulating on patients who have had surgery for revascularization. In this study we report on 33 patients who had mesenteric revascularization for intestinal angina. Twenty-nine patients presented with postprandial pain; most had weight loss. Abdominal bruits were heard preoperatively in 26 patients. Aortogram demonstrated involvement of one mesenteric vessel in 13 (39%) patients and two or more vessels in 20 (61%). Revascularization was accomplished with the use of a Dacron graft or an autogenous vein bypass graft to 48 vessels. Endarterectomy and patch angioplasty were done once. One patient died in the early postoperative period. Of the other 32 patients, 30 (94%) had relief of symptoms. Eight patients died from 8 to 135 months after operation, but only one died from mesenteric vascular occlusion and bowel infarction. Five years after operation, 83% of the patients were alive; in ten years, 62%."}
{"id": "PMID:136044", "title": "Human sexuality: an interdisciplinary program for health care professionals and the physically disabled.", "content": "The central feature of a program in human sexuality for health care professionals and persons with physical disabilities developed at the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research (TIRR) is a 2 1/2-day Sexual Attitude Reassessment (SAR) Workshop. Although the content of this Workshop has many features in common with ones used elsewhere, its organization, financing, and development are relatively unique. Based in a small, specialty hospital in the South, it is a low-budget, largely self-supporting program run by an extradepartmental, multidisciplinary staff. Evaluations of 12 workshops involving over 500 disabled and ablebodied participants are compared with similar data reported in the literature along with information (before and after the workshop) concerning the participants' attitudes, behavior, and satisfaction regarding various sexual activities. There were programmatic, institutional, and community problems unique to developing this program, but it has unusual potential for personal and staff development, intrainstitutional team building and broader community service.", "contents": "Human sexuality: an interdisciplinary program for health care professionals and the physically disabled. The central feature of a program in human sexuality for health care professionals and persons with physical disabilities developed at the Texas Institute for Rehabilitation and Research (TIRR) is a 2 1/2-day Sexual Attitude Reassessment (SAR) Workshop. Although the content of this Workshop has many features in common with ones used elsewhere, its organization, financing, and development are relatively unique. Based in a small, specialty hospital in the South, it is a low-budget, largely self-supporting program run by an extradepartmental, multidisciplinary staff. Evaluations of 12 workshops involving over 500 disabled and ablebodied participants are compared with similar data reported in the literature along with information (before and after the workshop) concerning the participants' attitudes, behavior, and satisfaction regarding various sexual activities. There were programmatic, institutional, and community problems unique to developing this program, but it has unusual potential for personal and staff development, intrainstitutional team building and broader community service."}
{"id": "PMID:136049", "title": "The heart in cardiomyopathy: a postmortem study.", "content": "Thirty-five consecutive cases of cardiomyopathy were studied at postmortem examination. The morbid anatomical changes found in the heart are described, with particular reference to ventricular hypertrophy. Contrary to most views, right ventricular predominance is found to be common in cardiomyopathy as seen in Blacks in and around Durban. No apparent couse for predominant right ventricular hypertrophy was found in this study.", "contents": "The heart in cardiomyopathy: a postmortem study. Thirty-five consecutive cases of cardiomyopathy were studied at postmortem examination. The morbid anatomical changes found in the heart are described, with particular reference to ventricular hypertrophy. Contrary to most views, right ventricular predominance is found to be common in cardiomyopathy as seen in Blacks in and around Durban. No apparent couse for predominant right ventricular hypertrophy was found in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:136051", "title": "Applications for laparoscopy in general surgery.", "content": "Laparoscopy is a safe and accurate procedure within its capabilities. Laparotomy, although usually safe, continues to have complications and in certain contexts can be avoided by the appropriate use of laparoscopy. Recognition and application of its specific general surgical applications should stimulate its use and encourage a renewed interest in the technique.", "contents": "Applications for laparoscopy in general surgery. Laparoscopy is a safe and accurate procedure within its capabilities. Laparotomy, although usually safe, continues to have complications and in certain contexts can be avoided by the appropriate use of laparoscopy. Recognition and application of its specific general surgical applications should stimulate its use and encourage a renewed interest in the technique."}
{"id": "PMID:136055", "title": "Descriptive epidemiology of small-bowel atresia in metropolitan Atlanta.", "content": "The epidemiological characteristics are presented of 46 children with small-bowel atresia, ascertained over a 6-year period by an active, population-based birth defect surveillance program in Atlanta, Georgia. The malformation occurred at a rate of 2.7/10,000 livebirths. The previously reported association of duodenal atresia and Down syndrome was confirmed was confirmed. No instances of familial association were noted, nor was any excessive prenatal exposure to drugs found. Thirty-two instances of isolated small-bowel atresia were analyzed in detail. The frequency of the isolated defect for blacks was twice that for whites because of a higher rate for black females. The isolated defect was commonest in the winter months. The relation between isolated small-bowel atresia, birth weight, and mortality was discussed. This small series cannot readily be subdivided into distinct epidemiological groups on the basis of the location of the atretic lesions along the length of the small bowel.", "contents": "Descriptive epidemiology of small-bowel atresia in metropolitan Atlanta. The epidemiological characteristics are presented of 46 children with small-bowel atresia, ascertained over a 6-year period by an active, population-based birth defect surveillance program in Atlanta, Georgia. The malformation occurred at a rate of 2.7/10,000 livebirths. The previously reported association of duodenal atresia and Down syndrome was confirmed was confirmed. No instances of familial association were noted, nor was any excessive prenatal exposure to drugs found. Thirty-two instances of isolated small-bowel atresia were analyzed in detail. The frequency of the isolated defect for blacks was twice that for whites because of a higher rate for black females. The isolated defect was commonest in the winter months. The relation between isolated small-bowel atresia, birth weight, and mortality was discussed. This small series cannot readily be subdivided into distinct epidemiological groups on the basis of the location of the atretic lesions along the length of the small bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:136056", "title": "Biological properties of dialysable peptides derived from plasmin digestion of bovine fibrinogen preparations.", "content": "Dialysable peptides (M. W. less than 12,000) were obtained by plasmin digests of purified bovine fibrinogen. The biological effects of these peptides were studied in rats in three different test systems: ADP-induced platelet aggregation, isolated atria contractility and vascular permeability. The effects induced by the peptides were: inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, increase in the frequency of isolated atria contractions and local increase in vascular permeability. All these activities were concentration dependent. Six micrograms of the peptides were still effective in increasing vascular permeability; in the in vitro systems the smallest effective dose ranged between 165 and 650 mug/ml. Following elution through a Sephadex G-25 gel with bidistilled water, four fractions were obtained. The second fraction (M.W. about 5,000) was the most active, followed by the first and then the third one; the fourth fraction was inactive. These data suggest that local accumulation of peptides in vivo may be of clinical relevancy.", "contents": "Biological properties of dialysable peptides derived from plasmin digestion of bovine fibrinogen preparations. Dialysable peptides (M. W. less than 12,000) were obtained by plasmin digests of purified bovine fibrinogen. The biological effects of these peptides were studied in rats in three different test systems: ADP-induced platelet aggregation, isolated atria contractility and vascular permeability. The effects induced by the peptides were: inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation, increase in the frequency of isolated atria contractions and local increase in vascular permeability. All these activities were concentration dependent. Six micrograms of the peptides were still effective in increasing vascular permeability; in the in vitro systems the smallest effective dose ranged between 165 and 650 mug/ml. Following elution through a Sephadex G-25 gel with bidistilled water, four fractions were obtained. The second fraction (M.W. about 5,000) was the most active, followed by the first and then the third one; the fourth fraction was inactive. These data suggest that local accumulation of peptides in vivo may be of clinical relevancy."}
{"id": "PMID:136066", "title": "An estimate of the recombination frequency between the B locus and the D locus within the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "Mixed leukocyte culture studies on 120 families, including 120 HLA haplo-identical siblings and 210 HLA-identical siblings, were analyzed for unusual patterns of reactivity. Three discrepant reactions were noted in which cells from HLA-identical siblings showed strong mutual stimulation. These data provide an estimate of 0.0065 as the recombination frequency between the HLA-B and HLA-D regions of the major histocompatibility chromosome in man. When combined with the data of Keuning et al. (1975), the value is 0.0068 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.0022 to 0.0158.", "contents": "An estimate of the recombination frequency between the B locus and the D locus within the major histocompatibility complex. Mixed leukocyte culture studies on 120 families, including 120 HLA haplo-identical siblings and 210 HLA-identical siblings, were analyzed for unusual patterns of reactivity. Three discrepant reactions were noted in which cells from HLA-identical siblings showed strong mutual stimulation. These data provide an estimate of 0.0065 as the recombination frequency between the HLA-B and HLA-D regions of the major histocompatibility chromosome in man. When combined with the data of Keuning et al. (1975), the value is 0.0068 with a 95% confidence interval of 0.0022 to 0.0158."}
{"id": "PMID:136067", "title": "Histological aspects of cervical ripening.", "content": "There is a close relationship between the rate of the uterine cervix opening during parturition and the presence or absence of a completely ripened cervix. In order to learn the basic pattern of the ripening of cervix, histological and histochemical studies were performed on the human uterine cervix during pregnancy. It was noted that the collagen bundles disintegrated into fine fibers and also underwent quantitative changes during the ripening process of the cervix. During pregnancy, the number of connective tissue cells was increased, but that of mast cells was decreased. Acid mucopolysaccharides in the cervical ground substance were found to increase in late pregnancy.", "contents": "Histological aspects of cervical ripening. There is a close relationship between the rate of the uterine cervix opening during parturition and the presence or absence of a completely ripened cervix. In order to learn the basic pattern of the ripening of cervix, histological and histochemical studies were performed on the human uterine cervix during pregnancy. It was noted that the collagen bundles disintegrated into fine fibers and also underwent quantitative changes during the ripening process of the cervix. During pregnancy, the number of connective tissue cells was increased, but that of mast cells was decreased. Acid mucopolysaccharides in the cervical ground substance were found to increase in late pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:136068", "title": "Atypical Hurler syndrome without alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency.", "content": "Three atypical patients with clinical and laboratory findings of Hurler syndrome, but without alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency, are described. Clinical features included characteristic facies, mental retardation, corneal clouding, dysostosis multiplex, restriction of joint mobility, and hepatosplenomegaly. Excessive amounts of chondroitin sulfate B and heparitin sulfate were excreted in the urine. alpha-L-Iduronidase activities in leucocytes and liver tissues were within the normal range or somewhat elevated.", "contents": "Atypical Hurler syndrome without alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency. Three atypical patients with clinical and laboratory findings of Hurler syndrome, but without alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency, are described. Clinical features included characteristic facies, mental retardation, corneal clouding, dysostosis multiplex, restriction of joint mobility, and hepatosplenomegaly. Excessive amounts of chondroitin sulfate B and heparitin sulfate were excreted in the urine. alpha-L-Iduronidase activities in leucocytes and liver tissues were within the normal range or somewhat elevated."}
{"id": "PMID:136071", "title": "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in plasma: hydrolysis, extraction and radioimmunoassay.", "content": "At pH 4.5, the hydrolysis of 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one 3-sulfate (DHA-SO4) to DHA was complete within 75 min at 120 degrees or 4h at 100 degrees. In the same conditions, the 3alpha-SO4 of androsterone was stable, and only 8.5% of the 3beta-SO4 of epiandrosterone hydrolysed to epiandrosterone. Of the sulfates of 5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol, 100% of the 3beta-mono-SO4, 2% OF THE 17BETA-MONO-SO4 and none of the 3beta, 17beta-di-SO4 was converted to 5-androstenediol. Denatured plasma proteins adsorbed DHA. The recovery of DHA from plasma diluted 1:100, 58.7 +/- 6.2% (mean +/- S.D.). In similar conditions the recovery of cholesterol from plasma diluted 1:20, was 0.12 - 1.76% (mean, 0.44%). A radioimmunoassay for DHA in extracts of hydrolysed plasma is described. Results for normal subjects in the age range 17-45y were 192 +/- 73mug/dl (22 men) and 158 +/- 57mug/dl (40 women).", "contents": "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in plasma: hydrolysis, extraction and radioimmunoassay. At pH 4.5, the hydrolysis of 3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one 3-sulfate (DHA-SO4) to DHA was complete within 75 min at 120 degrees or 4h at 100 degrees. In the same conditions, the 3alpha-SO4 of androsterone was stable, and only 8.5% of the 3beta-SO4 of epiandrosterone hydrolysed to epiandrosterone. Of the sulfates of 5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol, 100% of the 3beta-mono-SO4, 2% OF THE 17BETA-MONO-SO4 and none of the 3beta, 17beta-di-SO4 was converted to 5-androstenediol. Denatured plasma proteins adsorbed DHA. The recovery of DHA from plasma diluted 1:100, 58.7 +/- 6.2% (mean +/- S.D.). In similar conditions the recovery of cholesterol from plasma diluted 1:20, was 0.12 - 1.76% (mean, 0.44%). A radioimmunoassay for DHA in extracts of hydrolysed plasma is described. Results for normal subjects in the age range 17-45y were 192 +/- 73mug/dl (22 men) and 158 +/- 57mug/dl (40 women)."}
{"id": "PMID:136072", "title": "Inability of normal and activated thymus-derived cells to act as cytotoxic effector cells against antibody-coated targets.", "content": "Thymus lymphocytes activated in vitro by a T cell mitogen (concanavalin A (Con A)) did not form Fc rosettes nor were they cytotoxic against untreated or antiserum-coated target cells. Con A activated spleen cells were cytotoxic against target cells, but they did not display an increased cytotoxic effect against antibody-coated YAC targets, when compared to normal spleen cells. Con A-activated spleen cells as well as cells activated by a mixed lymphocyte culture did not form Fc rosettes. Thus, activated cytotoxic T cells did not form Fc rosettes nor did they cause cytotoxicity on antibody-coated target cells. Antibody coating of the target cells did not suppress expression of cytotoxicity of activated T cells.", "contents": "Inability of normal and activated thymus-derived cells to act as cytotoxic effector cells against antibody-coated targets. Thymus lymphocytes activated in vitro by a T cell mitogen (concanavalin A (Con A)) did not form Fc rosettes nor were they cytotoxic against untreated or antiserum-coated target cells. Con A activated spleen cells were cytotoxic against target cells, but they did not display an increased cytotoxic effect against antibody-coated YAC targets, when compared to normal spleen cells. Con A-activated spleen cells as well as cells activated by a mixed lymphocyte culture did not form Fc rosettes. Thus, activated cytotoxic T cells did not form Fc rosettes nor did they cause cytotoxicity on antibody-coated target cells. Antibody coating of the target cells did not suppress expression of cytotoxicity of activated T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:136073", "title": "Hemopoietic reconstitution obtained in F1 hybrids by grafting of parental marrow cells.", "content": "T-cell tolerance to CML and MLR determinants in tetraparental bone marrow chimeras, prepared by injecting lethally x-irradiated F1 hybrids with bone marrow cells from both parental strains, is most likely due to clonal deletion. Tolerance to CML, but not to the host's MLR, determinants is observed when lethally x-irradiated F1 hybrids are repopulated with bone marrow from one parental strain only. The results demonstrate that removal of T cells from donor cells, as well as exclusion of a HVG reaction, make it possible to transplant bone marrow between allogeneic individuals.", "contents": "Hemopoietic reconstitution obtained in F1 hybrids by grafting of parental marrow cells. T-cell tolerance to CML and MLR determinants in tetraparental bone marrow chimeras, prepared by injecting lethally x-irradiated F1 hybrids with bone marrow cells from both parental strains, is most likely due to clonal deletion. Tolerance to CML, but not to the host's MLR, determinants is observed when lethally x-irradiated F1 hybrids are repopulated with bone marrow from one parental strain only. The results demonstrate that removal of T cells from donor cells, as well as exclusion of a HVG reaction, make it possible to transplant bone marrow between allogeneic individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:136078", "title": "[Change in the ATPase activity of glycerinated muscle fibers under the influence of urethane].", "content": "The influence of uretane on ATPase activity and contractility of frog glycerinated muscle fibers was studied. Parallel decrease of contractility and ATPase activity of glycerinated muscles takes place upon toxic uretane concentration (1.01 M). A lower uretane concentration (0.34 M) inducing considerable increase of conservation time contractive reaction maintains a higher ATPase activity than does the control one; ATPase activity of the actomyosin from these models is the same as the control one.", "contents": "[Change in the ATPase activity of glycerinated muscle fibers under the influence of urethane]. The influence of uretane on ATPase activity and contractility of frog glycerinated muscle fibers was studied. Parallel decrease of contractility and ATPase activity of glycerinated muscles takes place upon toxic uretane concentration (1.01 M). A lower uretane concentration (0.34 M) inducing considerable increase of conservation time contractive reaction maintains a higher ATPase activity than does the control one; ATPase activity of the actomyosin from these models is the same as the control one."}
{"id": "PMID:136079", "title": "[ATPase activity of subcellular rat brain fractions following hyperoxia].", "content": "The total Mg2+-ATPase and Na+, K+-ATPase activity was studied in the fractions of \"400 g X for 20 min\" and \"900 g X for 30 min\" conditionally called the fraction of the external cellular membranes and total fraction of mitochondria. The subcellular fractions were isolated from great hemispheres and stem part of the rat brain. The brain of control animals and those during a severe spasmodic attact induced by the oxygen action at a pressure of 6 ati was studied. The total ATPase activity is established to be practically the same in the studied brain areas and unchanged with hyperoxia. Hyperoxia accompanying by convulsions results in an increase in the activity of Mg2+-ATPase and in a decrease in that of Na+, K+-ATPase both in the cerebral cortex and the stem part. The authors suppose that the decrease in the enzyme activity may occur due to an inhibitory effect on it of the lipids reoxidation products formed in the brain with hyperoxia.", "contents": "[ATPase activity of subcellular rat brain fractions following hyperoxia]. The total Mg2+-ATPase and Na+, K+-ATPase activity was studied in the fractions of \"400 g X for 20 min\" and \"900 g X for 30 min\" conditionally called the fraction of the external cellular membranes and total fraction of mitochondria. The subcellular fractions were isolated from great hemispheres and stem part of the rat brain. The brain of control animals and those during a severe spasmodic attact induced by the oxygen action at a pressure of 6 ati was studied. The total ATPase activity is established to be practically the same in the studied brain areas and unchanged with hyperoxia. Hyperoxia accompanying by convulsions results in an increase in the activity of Mg2+-ATPase and in a decrease in that of Na+, K+-ATPase both in the cerebral cortex and the stem part. The authors suppose that the decrease in the enzyme activity may occur due to an inhibitory effect on it of the lipids reoxidation products formed in the brain with hyperoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:136085", "title": "Evaluation of oxfendazole against natural infections of gastro-intestinal nematodes and lung-worms in calves.", "content": "The anthelmintic activity of oxfendazole (Syntex) was tested in calves at dosages of 2-5 and 5-0 mg per kg. At both dose levels, oxfendazole showed 100 per cent efficacy against adult Ostertagia ostertagi, O lyrata, O cremensis, fifth stage Ostertagia spp and adult Haemonchus spp. Against adult Cooperia oncophora, efficacy was 99.8 per cent and 100 per cent at doses of 2.5 mg per kg and 5.0 mg per kg respectively while at both dose levels 100 per cent activity was recorded against C surnabada and fourth and fifth stage Cooperia spp. One hundred per cent efficacy was obtained with both dose levels against adult and fifth stage Dictyodaulus viviaprus; against Trichuris spp, percentage efficacy was 92 and 100 per cent at doses 2.5 and 5.0 mg per kg respectively. Oxfendazole showed higher efficacy than levamisole against Ostertagia spp but against the other species encountered, both anthelmintics possessed similar efficacy. Both anthelmintics significantly increased the calves' weight gains.", "contents": "Evaluation of oxfendazole against natural infections of gastro-intestinal nematodes and lung-worms in calves. The anthelmintic activity of oxfendazole (Syntex) was tested in calves at dosages of 2-5 and 5-0 mg per kg. At both dose levels, oxfendazole showed 100 per cent efficacy against adult Ostertagia ostertagi, O lyrata, O cremensis, fifth stage Ostertagia spp and adult Haemonchus spp. Against adult Cooperia oncophora, efficacy was 99.8 per cent and 100 per cent at doses of 2.5 mg per kg and 5.0 mg per kg respectively while at both dose levels 100 per cent activity was recorded against C surnabada and fourth and fifth stage Cooperia spp. One hundred per cent efficacy was obtained with both dose levels against adult and fifth stage Dictyodaulus viviaprus; against Trichuris spp, percentage efficacy was 92 and 100 per cent at doses 2.5 and 5.0 mg per kg respectively. Oxfendazole showed higher efficacy than levamisole against Ostertagia spp but against the other species encountered, both anthelmintics possessed similar efficacy. Both anthelmintics significantly increased the calves' weight gains."}
{"id": "PMID:136081", "title": "[Effect of carnosine and anserine on excitation and contraction of fatigued skeletal muscle].", "content": "The effect of dipeptides (carnosine and anserine) on a neuromuscular preparation under fatigue or diplacine blocking is shown to result in a significant restoration of the muscle contraction. The analysis of this phenomenon evidences that synaptic processes are not responsible for the restoration, at least under the given experimental conditions. At the same time, the absence of any effect of the compounds studied on the maximal rate of isotonic shortening and on the tension of glycerinized fibres and ATPPase of native and desenitized actomyosine indicates that the contractile mechanism is not involved in the effect described. On the other hand, the dipeptides restore the value of the transmembrane potential depolarized by exhaustion, increase the amplitude of isometric twitch and the value of maximal load under isotonic conditions. Moreover, the time of the contractile cycle in the presence of the dipeptides is considcted to the processes of electromechanical coupling in skeletal muscles.", "contents": "[Effect of carnosine and anserine on excitation and contraction of fatigued skeletal muscle]. The effect of dipeptides (carnosine and anserine) on a neuromuscular preparation under fatigue or diplacine blocking is shown to result in a significant restoration of the muscle contraction. The analysis of this phenomenon evidences that synaptic processes are not responsible for the restoration, at least under the given experimental conditions. At the same time, the absence of any effect of the compounds studied on the maximal rate of isotonic shortening and on the tension of glycerinized fibres and ATPPase of native and desenitized actomyosine indicates that the contractile mechanism is not involved in the effect described. On the other hand, the dipeptides restore the value of the transmembrane potential depolarized by exhaustion, increase the amplitude of isometric twitch and the value of maximal load under isotonic conditions. Moreover, the time of the contractile cycle in the presence of the dipeptides is considcted to the processes of electromechanical coupling in skeletal muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:136090", "title": "[Restriction and modification in Staphylococcus aureus: properties of resistance plasmids and prophages].", "content": "Experiments on elimination and transfer of resistance-plasmids in S. aureus (controlling resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline) show that these plasmids have no restricting influence on phages used for typing of staphylococci. Prophages in lysogenic strains control a mechanism of restriction and modification which is active on phages and on chromosomal markers. The resistance-plasmids used in these experiments are insensitive to prophage controlled restriction.", "contents": "[Restriction and modification in Staphylococcus aureus: properties of resistance plasmids and prophages]. Experiments on elimination and transfer of resistance-plasmids in S. aureus (controlling resistance to penicillin, chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline) show that these plasmids have no restricting influence on phages used for typing of staphylococci. Prophages in lysogenic strains control a mechanism of restriction and modification which is active on phages and on chromosomal markers. The resistance-plasmids used in these experiments are insensitive to prophage controlled restriction."}
{"id": "PMID:136091", "title": "[The adaption growth of the heart in the higher (experimental autoradiographic researches in rats) (author's transl)].", "content": "There was examined the influence of the age on the development of a compensatory hypertrophy of the heart in 4 to 16 month old masculin Wistar-rats autoradiographically. The valuation took place at various times after stenosing of the aorta and application of 3H-thymidine separatly in both ventricular walls by counting of the nuclei of the marked muscle- and connective tissue cells of the heart and their mitosis. For the connective tissue cells computation of the 3H-thymidin- and of the mitotic index. Determination of the body- and heart weight.", "contents": "[The adaption growth of the heart in the higher (experimental autoradiographic researches in rats) (author's transl)]. There was examined the influence of the age on the development of a compensatory hypertrophy of the heart in 4 to 16 month old masculin Wistar-rats autoradiographically. The valuation took place at various times after stenosing of the aorta and application of 3H-thymidine separatly in both ventricular walls by counting of the nuclei of the marked muscle- and connective tissue cells of the heart and their mitosis. For the connective tissue cells computation of the 3H-thymidin- and of the mitotic index. Determination of the body- and heart weight."}
{"id": "PMID:136087", "title": "[Present diet and energy expenditure of young sportsmen-swimmers of Alma-Ata].", "content": "From pertinent investigations it follows that the daily food allowances for young swimmers of the sporting-type boarding school in Alma-Ata fully cover their needs for such main ingredients as protein, fats, carbohydrates and conform to the amount of energy expended by them. One should, however, point out some serious qualitative drawbacks in the dietary of the school inmates, such as an insufficient content of vitamins \"B2\" and \"C\" in the daily food ration. The data obtained may be of use in formulating an optimal dietary for the young swimmers of the boarding school in question.", "contents": "[Present diet and energy expenditure of young sportsmen-swimmers of Alma-Ata]. From pertinent investigations it follows that the daily food allowances for young swimmers of the sporting-type boarding school in Alma-Ata fully cover their needs for such main ingredients as protein, fats, carbohydrates and conform to the amount of energy expended by them. One should, however, point out some serious qualitative drawbacks in the dietary of the school inmates, such as an insufficient content of vitamins \"B2\" and \"C\" in the daily food ration. The data obtained may be of use in formulating an optimal dietary for the young swimmers of the boarding school in question."}
{"id": "PMID:136099", "title": "The influence of platelet aggregation inhibitors on metastasis formation in mice (3LL).", "content": "Platelets were suggested to play a specific role in the haematogenous spread of experimental tumours. To test this hypothesis mice were treated with various inhibitors or platelet function (acetyl-salicylic acid, RA 233, bencyclan-, cyproheptadine). The effect of treatment on the development of lung colonies after i.v. tumour cell injection as well as on the formation of spontaneous metastases from the solid Lewis-lung carcinoma was evaluated. A significant increase of lung colonies after pretreatment with the platelet aggregation inhibitors was found. The effect of long term treatment on spontaneous metastasis formation gave equivocal results. The present investigations do not support the importance of the integrity of platelet function as a prerequisite for metastasis formation.", "contents": "The influence of platelet aggregation inhibitors on metastasis formation in mice (3LL). Platelets were suggested to play a specific role in the haematogenous spread of experimental tumours. To test this hypothesis mice were treated with various inhibitors or platelet function (acetyl-salicylic acid, RA 233, bencyclan-, cyproheptadine). The effect of treatment on the development of lung colonies after i.v. tumour cell injection as well as on the formation of spontaneous metastases from the solid Lewis-lung carcinoma was evaluated. A significant increase of lung colonies after pretreatment with the platelet aggregation inhibitors was found. The effect of long term treatment on spontaneous metastasis formation gave equivocal results. The present investigations do not support the importance of the integrity of platelet function as a prerequisite for metastasis formation."}
{"id": "PMID:136100", "title": "On the biochemical mechanism of tumorigenesis in mouse skin. VII. The effects of tumor promoters on 3H-choline and 3H-glycerol incorporation into mouse epidermal phosphatidylcholine in relation to their effects on 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA.", "content": "The kinetics of the stimulation of phospholipid and DNA biosynthesis in mouse epidermis after treatment with various tumor promoting agents has been investigated. 3H-choline and 3H-glycerol were used as precursors for phosphatidylcholine. An early stimulation of 3H-choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine is observed which always precedes the stimulation of 3H-thymidine incorporation into epidermal DNA. This is interpreted as being a manifestation of the proliferation of cellular membranes in preparation for cell division. Appreciable differences are observed in the incorporation of 3H-choline and 3H-glycerol into phosphatidylcholine, the possible reasons for which are discussed. It is concluded that 3H-choline incorporation is a more reliable parameter for the measurement of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis than 3H-glycerol incorporation. The relationship between those effects on phospholipid synthesis and the tumor promoting activity of the substances tested is discussed.", "contents": "On the biochemical mechanism of tumorigenesis in mouse skin. VII. The effects of tumor promoters on 3H-choline and 3H-glycerol incorporation into mouse epidermal phosphatidylcholine in relation to their effects on 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA. The kinetics of the stimulation of phospholipid and DNA biosynthesis in mouse epidermis after treatment with various tumor promoting agents has been investigated. 3H-choline and 3H-glycerol were used as precursors for phosphatidylcholine. An early stimulation of 3H-choline incorporation into phosphatidylcholine is observed which always precedes the stimulation of 3H-thymidine incorporation into epidermal DNA. This is interpreted as being a manifestation of the proliferation of cellular membranes in preparation for cell division. Appreciable differences are observed in the incorporation of 3H-choline and 3H-glycerol into phosphatidylcholine, the possible reasons for which are discussed. It is concluded that 3H-choline incorporation is a more reliable parameter for the measurement of phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis than 3H-glycerol incorporation. The relationship between those effects on phospholipid synthesis and the tumor promoting activity of the substances tested is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136101", "title": "Thrombogenic activity of mouse and human tumors: effects on platelets, coagulation, and fibrinolysis, and possible significance for metastases.", "content": "Twelve mouse tumors and 29 human malignancies were assayed in vitro for their capacity to aggregate platelets and induce release of radiolabelled serotonin, and for their ability to coagulate blood plasma and digest the fibrin clot. It was discovered that many human and mouse tumors can induce release of radiolabelled serotonin but that the quantitative relationships between this activity of tumors and their capacity to aggregate platelets was variable, permitting tumors to be classified into 3 different types. The procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity was also quite variable. Since no correlation was found between the 4 assayed tumor activities they appear to be independent, separate thrombogenic properties of tumors. Although the information gathered by this study is still fragmentary, some speculations can be made about the role of these activities in treatment of malignant tumors and in determing patterns of body distribution and control of metastases.", "contents": "Thrombogenic activity of mouse and human tumors: effects on platelets, coagulation, and fibrinolysis, and possible significance for metastases. Twelve mouse tumors and 29 human malignancies were assayed in vitro for their capacity to aggregate platelets and induce release of radiolabelled serotonin, and for their ability to coagulate blood plasma and digest the fibrin clot. It was discovered that many human and mouse tumors can induce release of radiolabelled serotonin but that the quantitative relationships between this activity of tumors and their capacity to aggregate platelets was variable, permitting tumors to be classified into 3 different types. The procoagulant and fibrinolytic activity was also quite variable. Since no correlation was found between the 4 assayed tumor activities they appear to be independent, separate thrombogenic properties of tumors. Although the information gathered by this study is still fragmentary, some speculations can be made about the role of these activities in treatment of malignant tumors and in determing patterns of body distribution and control of metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:136102", "title": "Some new congeners of the anticancer agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). Synthesis of bifunctional analogs and water soluble derivatives and preliminary evaluation of their chemotherapeutic potential.", "content": "The synthesis of new analogs of the anticancer agent BCNU is described. It involves the preparation of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamoylazide and its reaction with aliphatic diamines and aminoalcohols to yield 1,1'-polymethylenebis 3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureas and 1-(omega-hydroxyalkyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl-3-nitrosoureas. Screening for chemotherapeutic activities of the newly synthesized nitrosoureas against rat leukemia L 5222 and s.c. Walker carcinosarcoma 256 revealed remarkable differences between individual compounds. The water soluble 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrousourea was the most active compound of this series, effecting 90% cures in i.p. inoculated L5222 leukemia.", "contents": "Some new congeners of the anticancer agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). Synthesis of bifunctional analogs and water soluble derivatives and preliminary evaluation of their chemotherapeutic potential. The synthesis of new analogs of the anticancer agent BCNU is described. It involves the preparation of N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosocarbamoylazide and its reaction with aliphatic diamines and aminoalcohols to yield 1,1'-polymethylenebis 3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureas and 1-(omega-hydroxyalkyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl-3-nitrosoureas. Screening for chemotherapeutic activities of the newly synthesized nitrosoureas against rat leukemia L 5222 and s.c. Walker carcinosarcoma 256 revealed remarkable differences between individual compounds. The water soluble 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrousourea was the most active compound of this series, effecting 90% cures in i.p. inoculated L5222 leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:136103", "title": "Development of meningeal leukemia in rats by intracerebral or intrameningeal inoculation of the acute transplantable leukemia L 5222.", "content": "An experimental model of meningeal leukemia is developed by intracerebral or intrameningeal inoculation of cells from the transplantable acute rat leukemia L 5222. The histopathological pattern is similar to that observed in central nervous system leukemia in man. The leukemia L 5222 becomes systemic 2 days after intracerebral inoculation.", "contents": "Development of meningeal leukemia in rats by intracerebral or intrameningeal inoculation of the acute transplantable leukemia L 5222. An experimental model of meningeal leukemia is developed by intracerebral or intrameningeal inoculation of cells from the transplantable acute rat leukemia L 5222. The histopathological pattern is similar to that observed in central nervous system leukemia in man. The leukemia L 5222 becomes systemic 2 days after intracerebral inoculation."}
{"id": "PMID:136104", "title": "Mutagenicity of beta-oxidized N,N,-di-n-propylnitrosamine derivatives in S. typhimurium mediated by rat and hamster tissues.", "content": "The relative abilities of liver, kidney and lung fractions from untreated or phenobarbitone-pretreated rats and hamsters to convert N,N-di-n-propylnitrosamine and several beta-oxidized synthetic putative intermediates into mutagens was quantitatively compared in a tissue-mediated mutagenicity assay with S. typhimurium TA 1530 in vitro. With one exception, namely, N,N-di(2-acetoxy-n-propyl)nitrosamine, liver was the most active tissue from hamsters; in rats also, only liver fractions were able to activate some nitroso-compounds to mutagens. The highest enzyme-mediated mutagenicities were observed with N-2-hydroxy-n-propyl-N-n-propylnitrosamine, N,N-di-n-propylnitrosamine and N,N-di(2-acetoxy-n-propyl)nitrosamine. Hamster lung tissue converted N,N-di-n-propylnitrosamine, N-2-hydroxy-n-propyl-N-n-propylnitrosamine and N,N-di(2-acetoxy-n-propyl)nitrosamine into mutagens; activity with the latter compound was greater with lung tissue than with liver tissue when untreated animals were used. N-methyl-N-n-propylnitrosamine was mutagenic in the presence of hamster liver fraction but less so than N,N-di-n-propylnitrosamine. The results of the mutagenicity assays using various tissues are qualitatively compared to sites of tumour formation in rats and hamsters by these N-nitrosamines.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of beta-oxidized N,N,-di-n-propylnitrosamine derivatives in S. typhimurium mediated by rat and hamster tissues. The relative abilities of liver, kidney and lung fractions from untreated or phenobarbitone-pretreated rats and hamsters to convert N,N-di-n-propylnitrosamine and several beta-oxidized synthetic putative intermediates into mutagens was quantitatively compared in a tissue-mediated mutagenicity assay with S. typhimurium TA 1530 in vitro. With one exception, namely, N,N-di(2-acetoxy-n-propyl)nitrosamine, liver was the most active tissue from hamsters; in rats also, only liver fractions were able to activate some nitroso-compounds to mutagens. The highest enzyme-mediated mutagenicities were observed with N-2-hydroxy-n-propyl-N-n-propylnitrosamine, N,N-di-n-propylnitrosamine and N,N-di(2-acetoxy-n-propyl)nitrosamine. Hamster lung tissue converted N,N-di-n-propylnitrosamine, N-2-hydroxy-n-propyl-N-n-propylnitrosamine and N,N-di(2-acetoxy-n-propyl)nitrosamine into mutagens; activity with the latter compound was greater with lung tissue than with liver tissue when untreated animals were used. N-methyl-N-n-propylnitrosamine was mutagenic in the presence of hamster liver fraction but less so than N,N-di-n-propylnitrosamine. The results of the mutagenicity assays using various tissues are qualitatively compared to sites of tumour formation in rats and hamsters by these N-nitrosamines."}
{"id": "PMID:136105", "title": "On thrombocytopenia developing in mice bearing a spontaneously metastasizing tumor.", "content": "Thrombocytopenia was observed in mice during development and metastatization of Lewis Lung Carcinoma (3LL). Survival of labelled platelets was not modified throughout the observation period, whereas platelet turn-over was markedly reduced, suggesting a defective platelet production. An increase in the splenic platelet pool could be excluded. Other hematological data indicated that, among blood cells, only platelet production was impaired. The origin of thrombocytopenia occurring during spontaneous metastatization of 3LL seems to be quite different from the mechanism of the decrease in platelet count observed after rapid intravenous injection of the same tumoral cells.", "contents": "On thrombocytopenia developing in mice bearing a spontaneously metastasizing tumor. Thrombocytopenia was observed in mice during development and metastatization of Lewis Lung Carcinoma (3LL). Survival of labelled platelets was not modified throughout the observation period, whereas platelet turn-over was markedly reduced, suggesting a defective platelet production. An increase in the splenic platelet pool could be excluded. Other hematological data indicated that, among blood cells, only platelet production was impaired. The origin of thrombocytopenia occurring during spontaneous metastatization of 3LL seems to be quite different from the mechanism of the decrease in platelet count observed after rapid intravenous injection of the same tumoral cells."}
{"id": "PMID:136106", "title": "[Effect of trenimon on single phases of the cell cycle of Yoshida ascites tumor cells (author's transl)].", "content": "Yoshida ascites tumor cells were synchronized in suspension cultures with thymidine in excess or with fluordeoxyuridine. Cells were washed after incubation with thymidine or treated with thymidine after incubation with fluordeoxyuridine. 2 h after terminating the S phase blockade 74--80% of the cells are S phase cells, 6 h later 70--80% of the cells had accumulated in the G 2 phase. Cultures enriched with cells of the S phase or the G 2 phase were treated with Trenimon. Increase of cell numbers within the following 48 h was inhibited in both cases in the same order of magnitude. In addition cells in various phases of growth were separated by density gradient zentrifugation and treated with Trenimon. Again cell numbers after 48 h were identical.", "contents": "[Effect of trenimon on single phases of the cell cycle of Yoshida ascites tumor cells (author's transl)]. Yoshida ascites tumor cells were synchronized in suspension cultures with thymidine in excess or with fluordeoxyuridine. Cells were washed after incubation with thymidine or treated with thymidine after incubation with fluordeoxyuridine. 2 h after terminating the S phase blockade 74--80% of the cells are S phase cells, 6 h later 70--80% of the cells had accumulated in the G 2 phase. Cultures enriched with cells of the S phase or the G 2 phase were treated with Trenimon. Increase of cell numbers within the following 48 h was inhibited in both cases in the same order of magnitude. In addition cells in various phases of growth were separated by density gradient zentrifugation and treated with Trenimon. Again cell numbers after 48 h were identical."}
{"id": "PMID:136107", "title": "Some aspects of blood borne tumour emboli associated with thrombosis.", "content": "The ultrastructural morphology of the tumour cycle which has as one of its features the blood-borne tumour embolus associated with thrombosis is illustrated by examples of four phases. (1) The intrinsic vasculature of tumours influences the process of intravasation of tumour cells to form bloodborne emboli. Scanning electron microscopy of melanoma tumours reveals channels containing erythrocytes which are sinusoidal in appearance. (2) The reaction of the circulating blood to the villi and folds of tumour cells is to coat the surface with plasma proteins and platelets. Walker 256 carcinoma cells become encrusted with platelets following agitation with rat platelet rich plasma. (3) Damaged endothelium appears to provide a more secure adhesional site for the tumour embolus. Platelets on a damaged site may provide an active adhesional region for the platelets on the passing embolus. (4) Tumour cells migrate through the endothelial layer from the adherent embolus and can be held up at the level of the basement membrane of the endothelium.", "contents": "Some aspects of blood borne tumour emboli associated with thrombosis. The ultrastructural morphology of the tumour cycle which has as one of its features the blood-borne tumour embolus associated with thrombosis is illustrated by examples of four phases. (1) The intrinsic vasculature of tumours influences the process of intravasation of tumour cells to form bloodborne emboli. Scanning electron microscopy of melanoma tumours reveals channels containing erythrocytes which are sinusoidal in appearance. (2) The reaction of the circulating blood to the villi and folds of tumour cells is to coat the surface with plasma proteins and platelets. Walker 256 carcinoma cells become encrusted with platelets following agitation with rat platelet rich plasma. (3) Damaged endothelium appears to provide a more secure adhesional site for the tumour embolus. Platelets on a damaged site may provide an active adhesional region for the platelets on the passing embolus. (4) Tumour cells migrate through the endothelial layer from the adherent embolus and can be held up at the level of the basement membrane of the endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:136108", "title": "Cancer mortality in W\u00fcrttemberg, 1910 and 1970.", "content": "The results of a special survey of cancer mortality statistics in selected areas of the Ober- and Unterland of W\u00fcrttemberg in the period 1908--1912 were compared with the official mortality statistics of the same region for 1969--1972. In the Oberland, formerly part of an area of high cancer mortality comprising the adjacent regions of Bavaria, Austria, Switzerland, and Baden, the overall cancer mortality showed a marked fall in both sexes. In the Unterland, where cancer mortality was previously low, the overall death rate increased in men and did not change in women. These variations are largely accounted for by changes in mortality from cancer of the stomach and bronchus. The death rates from gastric cancer observed around 1900 in the Oberland of W\u00fcrttemberg and adjacent regions of the neighbouring countries are among the highest recorded even in the world. Since the fall of gastric cancer noted is very marked and this disease is still the leading cause of death from cancer today, the Oberland of W\u00fcrttemberg seems to be uniquely suited for the search of environmental factors which associate with this decline. In theremainder of cancer sites changes over time were less striking and/or observed already in other countries.", "contents": "Cancer mortality in W\u00fcrttemberg, 1910 and 1970. The results of a special survey of cancer mortality statistics in selected areas of the Ober- and Unterland of W\u00fcrttemberg in the period 1908--1912 were compared with the official mortality statistics of the same region for 1969--1972. In the Oberland, formerly part of an area of high cancer mortality comprising the adjacent regions of Bavaria, Austria, Switzerland, and Baden, the overall cancer mortality showed a marked fall in both sexes. In the Unterland, where cancer mortality was previously low, the overall death rate increased in men and did not change in women. These variations are largely accounted for by changes in mortality from cancer of the stomach and bronchus. The death rates from gastric cancer observed around 1900 in the Oberland of W\u00fcrttemberg and adjacent regions of the neighbouring countries are among the highest recorded even in the world. Since the fall of gastric cancer noted is very marked and this disease is still the leading cause of death from cancer today, the Oberland of W\u00fcrttemberg seems to be uniquely suited for the search of environmental factors which associate with this decline. In theremainder of cancer sites changes over time were less striking and/or observed already in other countries."}
{"id": "PMID:136109", "title": "Vascular and extravascular spaces in a transplantable rat tumour after local X-ray irradiation.", "content": "Local X-ray irradiation of a transplantable rat tumour in a single dose of 3000 R increased significantly the extracellular space of this tumor as estimated by the plasma-tissue equilibration of 51Cr-EDTA, while the plasma and red blood cell volume as estimated with 125I-labeled albumin and 59Fe-labelled erythrocytes after sacrifice by bleeding under ether anaesthesia were unchanged. These results combined signified a decreased cell volume of cells, excluding red blood cells.", "contents": "Vascular and extravascular spaces in a transplantable rat tumour after local X-ray irradiation. Local X-ray irradiation of a transplantable rat tumour in a single dose of 3000 R increased significantly the extracellular space of this tumor as estimated by the plasma-tissue equilibration of 51Cr-EDTA, while the plasma and red blood cell volume as estimated with 125I-labeled albumin and 59Fe-labelled erythrocytes after sacrifice by bleeding under ether anaesthesia were unchanged. These results combined signified a decreased cell volume of cells, excluding red blood cells."}
{"id": "PMID:136110", "title": "Serum and whole blood of rats resistant to sensitive to Jensen tumor effect on the acceptance (taking) and growth of Jensen tumor grafts.", "content": "The results obtained by concomitent inoculation of four kinds of homologous sera or blood into Wistar and Long Evans rat grafted with Jensen tumors are analysed as regards taking and growth of the grafts. The four kinds are: 1. serum from rats naturally resistant to Jensen graft (R1); 2. serum from rats that became resistant to Jensen graft after the initial tumor graft was excised (R2);3. serum from normal sensitive rats (S); 4. serum from tumorbearing rats in an advanced stage of development (B). Experiments were repeated four times. All sera proved to stimulate tumor takes and growth, but that effect was more obvious will the serum or blood from rats naturally resistant to Jensen tumor (R1). the results are discussed.", "contents": "Serum and whole blood of rats resistant to sensitive to Jensen tumor effect on the acceptance (taking) and growth of Jensen tumor grafts. The results obtained by concomitent inoculation of four kinds of homologous sera or blood into Wistar and Long Evans rat grafted with Jensen tumors are analysed as regards taking and growth of the grafts. The four kinds are: 1. serum from rats naturally resistant to Jensen graft (R1); 2. serum from rats that became resistant to Jensen graft after the initial tumor graft was excised (R2);3. serum from normal sensitive rats (S); 4. serum from tumorbearing rats in an advanced stage of development (B). Experiments were repeated four times. All sera proved to stimulate tumor takes and growth, but that effect was more obvious will the serum or blood from rats naturally resistant to Jensen tumor (R1). the results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136111", "title": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in monitoring the course of testicular tumours.", "content": "In 29 patients with metastasising testicular tumours serial determination of HCG was performed for monitoring cytostatic chemotherapy. Clinical remissions and stable disease were accompanied by normalisation of elevated HCG values in 85% and 80% of all cases, respectively. Despite the normalisation of HCG levels, no complete disappearance of clinically detectable tumour lesions could be seen in the herein presented cases. Seventeen percent of the patients showed normal HCG levels, although they had progressive disease. Recurrent disease was associated with preceeding increase of HCG in only 33% of the cases. Because of the frequency of mixed tumour tissues in teratomas, additional methods for monitoring therapy should be used.", "contents": "Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in monitoring the course of testicular tumours. In 29 patients with metastasising testicular tumours serial determination of HCG was performed for monitoring cytostatic chemotherapy. Clinical remissions and stable disease were accompanied by normalisation of elevated HCG values in 85% and 80% of all cases, respectively. Despite the normalisation of HCG levels, no complete disappearance of clinically detectable tumour lesions could be seen in the herein presented cases. Seventeen percent of the patients showed normal HCG levels, although they had progressive disease. Recurrent disease was associated with preceeding increase of HCG in only 33% of the cases. Because of the frequency of mixed tumour tissues in teratomas, additional methods for monitoring therapy should be used."}
{"id": "PMID:136112", "title": "High-fibre, low-saturated-fat diet and the aetiology of colo-rectal carcinomata in a low-risk population.", "content": "The Chilean population exhibits a very low risk for colo-rectal cancer. The farm workers have a high-fibre, low-saturated-fat diet and also an extremely low age-adjusted death rate for colonic and rectal cancer, in each sex. A highly significant positive correlation between age-adjusted death rates from arteriosclerotic heart disease in males and colonic and rectal cancer death rates suggests that high levels of saturated fats and/or cholesterol in the diet may be incriminated for high death rates from large bowel cancer. It is concluded that high plant fibre content and low levels of saturated fats and/or cholesterol in the diet may be important factors influencing the very low age-adjusted death rates from colo-rectal carcinoma in Chilean farm workers.", "contents": "High-fibre, low-saturated-fat diet and the aetiology of colo-rectal carcinomata in a low-risk population. The Chilean population exhibits a very low risk for colo-rectal cancer. The farm workers have a high-fibre, low-saturated-fat diet and also an extremely low age-adjusted death rate for colonic and rectal cancer, in each sex. A highly significant positive correlation between age-adjusted death rates from arteriosclerotic heart disease in males and colonic and rectal cancer death rates suggests that high levels of saturated fats and/or cholesterol in the diet may be incriminated for high death rates from large bowel cancer. It is concluded that high plant fibre content and low levels of saturated fats and/or cholesterol in the diet may be important factors influencing the very low age-adjusted death rates from colo-rectal carcinoma in Chilean farm workers."}
{"id": "PMID:136113", "title": "[High voltage electrophoretic separation of iodoamino acids from tissue of thyroid neoplasms and non-malignant thyroid changes (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described of high voltage electrophoretic separation of iodoamino acids from thin-needle biopsy of the thyroid gland and from resected tissue of thyroid neoplasms. Different patterns of iodoamino acids in malignant and non-malignant diseases of the thyroid gland were found.", "contents": "[High voltage electrophoretic separation of iodoamino acids from tissue of thyroid neoplasms and non-malignant thyroid changes (author's transl)]. A method is described of high voltage electrophoretic separation of iodoamino acids from thin-needle biopsy of the thyroid gland and from resected tissue of thyroid neoplasms. Different patterns of iodoamino acids in malignant and non-malignant diseases of the thyroid gland were found."}
{"id": "PMID:136114", "title": "Distribution and carcinogenic action of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (SDMH) in rats.", "content": "The radioactivity in the blood, bile, and contents from different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract was estimated for different time intervals up to 24 h after 3H-SDMH injection to rats. 65% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine. Of the total quantity of radioactive products entering the intestine, 96% is brought with bile and only 4% from the circulation through the wall of the intestine. This latter small amount of SDMH metabolites plays a leading role in the genesis of intestinal tumours. This conclusion was proved by the observation that the intestinal tumours developed in different isolated segments of the gut where the entry of bile was excluded and by published data indicating that SDMH is excreted unchanged in the bile. It was shown that the carcinogenic effect depends upon the dose schedule of carcinogen treatment, probably, due to the changes in the SDMH metabolism. The optimal conditions for induction of intestinal tumours occur after administration of SDMH in a dose of 21 mg/kg body weight once a week. Hypothetic SDMH metabolic pathways leading to tumour production have been considered in the light of available experimental data.", "contents": "Distribution and carcinogenic action of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (SDMH) in rats. The radioactivity in the blood, bile, and contents from different parts of the gastro-intestinal tract was estimated for different time intervals up to 24 h after 3H-SDMH injection to rats. 65% of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine. Of the total quantity of radioactive products entering the intestine, 96% is brought with bile and only 4% from the circulation through the wall of the intestine. This latter small amount of SDMH metabolites plays a leading role in the genesis of intestinal tumours. This conclusion was proved by the observation that the intestinal tumours developed in different isolated segments of the gut where the entry of bile was excluded and by published data indicating that SDMH is excreted unchanged in the bile. It was shown that the carcinogenic effect depends upon the dose schedule of carcinogen treatment, probably, due to the changes in the SDMH metabolism. The optimal conditions for induction of intestinal tumours occur after administration of SDMH in a dose of 21 mg/kg body weight once a week. Hypothetic SDMH metabolic pathways leading to tumour production have been considered in the light of available experimental data."}
{"id": "PMID:136115", "title": "Prevention of 3,4-benzopyrene carcinogenesis in presence of putrescine.", "content": "The 3,4-Benzopyrene (3,4-BP) carcinogenesis can be postponed or even completely inhibited in the presence of Putrescine (P). A single s.c. injection of 2.52 mg 3,4-BP in 0.5 ml tricaprylin on female mice (NMRI-strains, 4--5 weeks old, 20--25 g of body weight) induced locally malignant tumors (sarcomas and carcinomas) up to 97% of the animals treated. (132 mice with tumors from 136 animals treated). Animals injected with 3,4-BP plus 10 mg putrescine showed a considerable reduction of tumor incidence. Only three from 38 mice treated developed tumors (8%). The prevention of tumor could not be further improved with higher putrescine amounts, for example 15 mg and 20 mg P. These concentrations were moreover toxic to the animals. Histologically, the tumors developed in the presence of putrescine were rather poor in malignant cells and mitoses were also rare, in contrast to the usual 3,4-BP tumors which were rich in polymorph cells and mitoses.", "contents": "Prevention of 3,4-benzopyrene carcinogenesis in presence of putrescine. The 3,4-Benzopyrene (3,4-BP) carcinogenesis can be postponed or even completely inhibited in the presence of Putrescine (P). A single s.c. injection of 2.52 mg 3,4-BP in 0.5 ml tricaprylin on female mice (NMRI-strains, 4--5 weeks old, 20--25 g of body weight) induced locally malignant tumors (sarcomas and carcinomas) up to 97% of the animals treated. (132 mice with tumors from 136 animals treated). Animals injected with 3,4-BP plus 10 mg putrescine showed a considerable reduction of tumor incidence. Only three from 38 mice treated developed tumors (8%). The prevention of tumor could not be further improved with higher putrescine amounts, for example 15 mg and 20 mg P. These concentrations were moreover toxic to the animals. Histologically, the tumors developed in the presence of putrescine were rather poor in malignant cells and mitoses were also rare, in contrast to the usual 3,4-BP tumors which were rich in polymorph cells and mitoses."}
{"id": "PMID:136118", "title": "Chemical composition of the nasal gland secretions from the marsh deer Odocoileus (Dorcelaphus) dichotomus (Illiger).", "content": "The secretion of the nasal gland from the marsh deer (Odocoileus dichotomus) has shown to be a lipid mixture predominantly containing cholesterol esters, mono- and diester waxes, the latter of which containing 2-hydroxy fatty acids. The alcoholic constituents of the mono- and diester waxes contain considerable amounts of mono-unsaturated homologues, all with the double bonds in (omega-9)-position.", "contents": "Chemical composition of the nasal gland secretions from the marsh deer Odocoileus (Dorcelaphus) dichotomus (Illiger). The secretion of the nasal gland from the marsh deer (Odocoileus dichotomus) has shown to be a lipid mixture predominantly containing cholesterol esters, mono- and diester waxes, the latter of which containing 2-hydroxy fatty acids. The alcoholic constituents of the mono- and diester waxes contain considerable amounts of mono-unsaturated homologues, all with the double bonds in (omega-9)-position."}
{"id": "PMID:136119", "title": "Induced isoflavonoids from fungus-infected stems of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan).", "content": "Four antifungal isoflavones [7-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-(1); 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-(2); 5,7,2',4'-tetrahydroxy-(3); 5,2',4'-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-(4)] and one isoflavanone [(5,2'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxy-(7)] have been isolated from the fungus-infected stems of Cajanus cajan. A sixth compound has been provisionally identified as 5,2'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone (5). The structure of 5,2'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavanone (cajanol) was confirmed by synthesis from ferreirin (5,7,2'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavanone).", "contents": "Induced isoflavonoids from fungus-infected stems of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). Four antifungal isoflavones [7-hydroxy-4'-methoxy-(1); 5,7,4'-trihydroxy-(2); 5,7,2',4'-tetrahydroxy-(3); 5,2',4'-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-(4)] and one isoflavanone [(5,2'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxy-(7)] have been isolated from the fungus-infected stems of Cajanus cajan. A sixth compound has been provisionally identified as 5,2'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavone (5). The structure of 5,2'-dihydroxy-7,4'-dimethoxyisoflavanone (cajanol) was confirmed by synthesis from ferreirin (5,7,2'-trihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavanone)."}
{"id": "PMID:136120", "title": "[O-Methylation of epinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin in yeasts (author's transl)].", "content": "In the yeasts C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. stellatoidea but not in C. krusei, R.rubra, and S. cerevisiae enzyme activity was found by which--as by the catechol-O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.6) found in the liver--the O-methylation of epinephrine to metanephrine and paranephrine, of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid to 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid, and of 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin to 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin and 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin is catalysed. When the substrates 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, or 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin or epinephrine were incubated in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine and S-adenosylmethionine hydrogensulfate with a 100 000 X g supernatant of C. albicans, C. tropicalis or C. stellatoidea the corresponding O-methylethers were detected in the extracts of the incubation medium by thin-layer chromatography. Final identification of the isomeric radioactive O-methylethers obtained from 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin was performed after thin-layer chromatographic separation by the reversed isotope dilution technique. The radioactive m- and p-O-methyl derivatives from epinephrine were separated by thin-layer chromatography and then cleaved with periodate to the corresponding aldehydes which were also identified mainly by the reversed isotope dilution technique.", "contents": "[O-Methylation of epinephrine, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin in yeasts (author's transl)]. In the yeasts C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. stellatoidea but not in C. krusei, R.rubra, and S. cerevisiae enzyme activity was found by which--as by the catechol-O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.6) found in the liver--the O-methylation of epinephrine to metanephrine and paranephrine, of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid to 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid, and of 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin to 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin and 6-hydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin is catalysed. When the substrates 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, or 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin or epinephrine were incubated in the presence of S-adenosyl-L-[methyl-14C]methionine and S-adenosylmethionine hydrogensulfate with a 100 000 X g supernatant of C. albicans, C. tropicalis or C. stellatoidea the corresponding O-methylethers were detected in the extracts of the incubation medium by thin-layer chromatography. Final identification of the isomeric radioactive O-methylethers obtained from 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 6,7-dihydroxycoumarin was performed after thin-layer chromatographic separation by the reversed isotope dilution technique. The radioactive m- and p-O-methyl derivatives from epinephrine were separated by thin-layer chromatography and then cleaved with periodate to the corresponding aldehydes which were also identified mainly by the reversed isotope dilution technique."}
{"id": "PMID:136121", "title": "Unusual photochemical transformation of 5-ethylorotate to 5-ethylidenehydroorotate.", "content": "Ultraviolet irradiation of 5-ethylorotate in aqueous medium led to formation of 5-ethylidenehydroorotate via a 1,3-hydrogen rearrangement from the ethylene group of the 5-substituent to the ring C6. The same product was also obtained by an alternate pathway via a hitherto unidentified intermediate. The structure of this unusual pyrimidine analogue, established in the solid state by X-ray diffraction, was shown with the aid of spectroscopic methods to be the same in solution, and some of its properties are described. Heating of 5-ethylidenehydroorotate in the solid state led by direct conversion to a mixture of the parent 5-ethylorotate and 5-ethyluracil. By contrast, ultraviolet irradiation in aqueous medium resulted in quantitative photochemical conversion of the photoproduct to 5-ethyluracil.", "contents": "Unusual photochemical transformation of 5-ethylorotate to 5-ethylidenehydroorotate. Ultraviolet irradiation of 5-ethylorotate in aqueous medium led to formation of 5-ethylidenehydroorotate via a 1,3-hydrogen rearrangement from the ethylene group of the 5-substituent to the ring C6. The same product was also obtained by an alternate pathway via a hitherto unidentified intermediate. The structure of this unusual pyrimidine analogue, established in the solid state by X-ray diffraction, was shown with the aid of spectroscopic methods to be the same in solution, and some of its properties are described. Heating of 5-ethylidenehydroorotate in the solid state led by direct conversion to a mixture of the parent 5-ethylorotate and 5-ethyluracil. By contrast, ultraviolet irradiation in aqueous medium resulted in quantitative photochemical conversion of the photoproduct to 5-ethyluracil."}
{"id": "PMID:136122", "title": "The crystal structure of the pyrimidine analogue calcium 5-ethylidenehydroorotate-1.5 hydrate, a photoproduct of ethylorotate.", "content": "X-ray diffraction methods have been employed to establish the crystal structure of a new, unusual pyrimidine analogue, 5-ethylidenehydroorotate, obtained by a photochemical rearrangement of 5-ethylorotate. Crystals of the calcium salt of the title compound are monoclinic, space group Pc, cell constants a=14.631, b=10.038, c=19.168 A, beta=137.7 degrees, and contain four molecules, two cations and three water molecules per asymmetric unit. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to R=5.2% on the basis of 2653 diffractometer measured data. The four independent molecules represent two pairs of enantiomers with slightly differing conformations linked together by an intricate system of hydrogen bonding and Ca2+-coordination (pentagonal bipyrimidal). The structure of the compound in aqueous medium, established by spectral methods, is the same as that in the crystal.", "contents": "The crystal structure of the pyrimidine analogue calcium 5-ethylidenehydroorotate-1.5 hydrate, a photoproduct of ethylorotate. X-ray diffraction methods have been employed to establish the crystal structure of a new, unusual pyrimidine analogue, 5-ethylidenehydroorotate, obtained by a photochemical rearrangement of 5-ethylorotate. Crystals of the calcium salt of the title compound are monoclinic, space group Pc, cell constants a=14.631, b=10.038, c=19.168 A, beta=137.7 degrees, and contain four molecules, two cations and three water molecules per asymmetric unit. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to R=5.2% on the basis of 2653 diffractometer measured data. The four independent molecules represent two pairs of enantiomers with slightly differing conformations linked together by an intricate system of hydrogen bonding and Ca2+-coordination (pentagonal bipyrimidal). The structure of the compound in aqueous medium, established by spectral methods, is the same as that in the crystal."}
{"id": "PMID:136123", "title": "[Synthesis and catalytic properties of peptides with hydrolytic activity (author's transl)].", "content": "The synthesis by conventional methods of the peptides Z-Asp-Cys-NH2, Z-Asp-Gly-Cys-NH2, Z-Glu-Gly-Cys-NH2, Z-His-Ala-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2, Z-His-Ala-Asp-Gly-Cys-NH2 and Z-His-Ala-Asp-Gly-OCH2 is described. Cystin was used for SH-protection; reduction of the disulfides was performed by mercaptoethanol. The hydrolytic activity of these peptides with p-nitrophenylacetate as substrate was compared with the activity of a number of peptides described in the literature.", "contents": "[Synthesis and catalytic properties of peptides with hydrolytic activity (author's transl)]. The synthesis by conventional methods of the peptides Z-Asp-Cys-NH2, Z-Asp-Gly-Cys-NH2, Z-Glu-Gly-Cys-NH2, Z-His-Ala-Gly-Gly-Cys-NH2, Z-His-Ala-Asp-Gly-Cys-NH2 and Z-His-Ala-Asp-Gly-OCH2 is described. Cystin was used for SH-protection; reduction of the disulfides was performed by mercaptoethanol. The hydrolytic activity of these peptides with p-nitrophenylacetate as substrate was compared with the activity of a number of peptides described in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:136124", "title": "An isocratic high-pressure liquid chromatographic purification method for radioactively labeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates.", "content": "A method is described for the rapid purification of radioactively labeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates from their spontaneously emerging hydrolysis products deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, and deoxyribonucleoside. The separations which are finished within 3 min or less are carried out on a 0.1 X 5 cm column filled with LiChrosorb-NH2, using isocratic elution with 0.025 M potassium phosphate, pH 6.8, in a high-pressure liquid chromatograph at room temperature and a flow rate of 30 ml-h-1 (flow velocity 63.7 cm-min-1).", "contents": "An isocratic high-pressure liquid chromatographic purification method for radioactively labeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. A method is described for the rapid purification of radioactively labeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates from their spontaneously emerging hydrolysis products deoxyribonucleoside diphosphate, deoxyribonucleoside monophosphate, and deoxyribonucleoside. The separations which are finished within 3 min or less are carried out on a 0.1 X 5 cm column filled with LiChrosorb-NH2, using isocratic elution with 0.025 M potassium phosphate, pH 6.8, in a high-pressure liquid chromatograph at room temperature and a flow rate of 30 ml-h-1 (flow velocity 63.7 cm-min-1)."}
{"id": "PMID:136125", "title": "The determination of the DNA base composition in 19 species of adriatic sponges with high-pressure liquid cation-exchange chromatography.", "content": "The (adenine+thymine)/(guanine+cytosine) base ratios of 19 species of adriatic sponges have been determined by high-pressure liquid cation-exchange chromatography. The base ratios vary from 1.49 (Mycale massa) to 0.63 (Hippospongia communis) according to an (A+T) content of 59.7 and 38.6 mol%, respectively. The DNAs of sponges of the order Keratosa showed marked differences in their (A+T) contents (39.5 to 58.8 mol%) whereas those of Tetractinellida and Halichondrina were nearly identical (39.3 to 40.8 and 49.5 to 49.8 mol%, respectively). The 5-methylcytosine (5MC) content was determined in 8 sponge DNAs by a semiquantitative method. The values differed from 0.8 to 2.2 mol% of 5MC.", "contents": "The determination of the DNA base composition in 19 species of adriatic sponges with high-pressure liquid cation-exchange chromatography. The (adenine+thymine)/(guanine+cytosine) base ratios of 19 species of adriatic sponges have been determined by high-pressure liquid cation-exchange chromatography. The base ratios vary from 1.49 (Mycale massa) to 0.63 (Hippospongia communis) according to an (A+T) content of 59.7 and 38.6 mol%, respectively. The DNAs of sponges of the order Keratosa showed marked differences in their (A+T) contents (39.5 to 58.8 mol%) whereas those of Tetractinellida and Halichondrina were nearly identical (39.3 to 40.8 and 49.5 to 49.8 mol%, respectively). The 5-methylcytosine (5MC) content was determined in 8 sponge DNAs by a semiquantitative method. The values differed from 0.8 to 2.2 mol% of 5MC."}
{"id": "PMID:136126", "title": "Incorporation of T4 phage DNA into a specific DNA fraction from the higher plant Matthiola incana.", "content": "Isolated T4 phage DNA (sigma=1.694 g/ml) is applied to seedlings of the crucifer Matthiola incana (DNA density sigma=1.698 g/ml). The phage DNA can partly be reextracted from the plants in a specific DNA fraction, which is predominantly characterized by its unusual high density (high density complex=HDC; sigma=1.724 g/ml). DNA:DNA hybridization studies show that phage specific DNA sequences are preserved in the HDC. Results of BrdUrd labeling of the plant DNA before and during incubation with T4DNA suggest that the HDC is composed of T4DNA and a plant DNA component of high density. The analysis of ultrasonicated HDC confirms this suggestion. The ability of plant cells to recognize and handle T4 DNA specifically is discussed.", "contents": "Incorporation of T4 phage DNA into a specific DNA fraction from the higher plant Matthiola incana. Isolated T4 phage DNA (sigma=1.694 g/ml) is applied to seedlings of the crucifer Matthiola incana (DNA density sigma=1.698 g/ml). The phage DNA can partly be reextracted from the plants in a specific DNA fraction, which is predominantly characterized by its unusual high density (high density complex=HDC; sigma=1.724 g/ml). DNA:DNA hybridization studies show that phage specific DNA sequences are preserved in the HDC. Results of BrdUrd labeling of the plant DNA before and during incubation with T4DNA suggest that the HDC is composed of T4DNA and a plant DNA component of high density. The analysis of ultrasonicated HDC confirms this suggestion. The ability of plant cells to recognize and handle T4 DNA specifically is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136127", "title": "The influence of oxygen on nitrite reduction in a reconstituted system.", "content": "Data regarding the role of oxygen in nitrite reduction are presented. In an NADPH-generating system including homogeneously purified ferredoxin-NADP reductase, ferredoxin (or flavodoxin) and nitrite reductase from the alga Bumilleriopsis filiformis, oxygen and nitrite can be reduced simultaneously. In air, rates of 1.2 mumol nitrite reduced-min-1-mg-1 nitrite reductase are obtained, which are physiologically feasible. Ferredoxin is inhibited non-competitively by oxygen during nitrite reduction. Oxygen uptake due to the oxidase reaction of ferredoxin-NADP reductase mediated by flavodoxin from Chlorella fusca and ferredoxin from Bumilleriopsis involves superoxide and is inhibited by the nitrite reducing system.", "contents": "The influence of oxygen on nitrite reduction in a reconstituted system. Data regarding the role of oxygen in nitrite reduction are presented. In an NADPH-generating system including homogeneously purified ferredoxin-NADP reductase, ferredoxin (or flavodoxin) and nitrite reductase from the alga Bumilleriopsis filiformis, oxygen and nitrite can be reduced simultaneously. In air, rates of 1.2 mumol nitrite reduced-min-1-mg-1 nitrite reductase are obtained, which are physiologically feasible. Ferredoxin is inhibited non-competitively by oxygen during nitrite reduction. Oxygen uptake due to the oxidase reaction of ferredoxin-NADP reductase mediated by flavodoxin from Chlorella fusca and ferredoxin from Bumilleriopsis involves superoxide and is inhibited by the nitrite reducing system."}
{"id": "PMID:136128", "title": "Spectral properties of fluorescent dyes in lecithin vesicles. Probes for the structure of lipid bilayer membranes and for membrane potentials.", "content": "Three fluorescent dyes (a merocyanin, a cyanin and a modified umbeliferon) have been incorporated into vesicles from three different lecithins. Their absorption spectrum, emission spectrum and fluorescence polarization in the lipid vesicles has been studied and compared with the spectral properties in homogeneous organic solutions. The reactivity of lipid bound dyes with reagents in the aqueous phase was investigated. The location of various dyes in the lipid membrane and their use as indicators of phase transitions or membrane potentials are discussed.", "contents": "Spectral properties of fluorescent dyes in lecithin vesicles. Probes for the structure of lipid bilayer membranes and for membrane potentials. Three fluorescent dyes (a merocyanin, a cyanin and a modified umbeliferon) have been incorporated into vesicles from three different lecithins. Their absorption spectrum, emission spectrum and fluorescence polarization in the lipid vesicles has been studied and compared with the spectral properties in homogeneous organic solutions. The reactivity of lipid bound dyes with reagents in the aqueous phase was investigated. The location of various dyes in the lipid membrane and their use as indicators of phase transitions or membrane potentials are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136129", "title": "Effect of an antiserum to a thylakoid membrane polypeptide on the primary photoreaction of photosystem II.", "content": "As was described previously, an antiserum to polypeptide 11000 inhibited photosynthetic electron transport on the oxygen evolving side of photosystem II. The effect of the antiserum on chloroplasts from two tobacco mutants also clearly showed that the inhibition site is on the photosystem II-side of the electron transport chain. One of the two tobacco mutants lacks the oxygen evolving capacity but exhibits some electron transport with tetramethyl benzidine, an artificial donor to PS II. In this mutant electron transport was barely inhibited. The effect of the antiserum on the primary photoevents showed that the initial amplitude of the absorption change of chlorophyll aII at 690 nm and that of the primary electron acceptor X320 at 334 nm both diminished in the presence of the antiserum. Both signals were restored upon addition of diphenylcarbazide another artificial donor to photosystem II. Comparison of the degree of inhibition on the amplitudes of the fast and slow components of the 690 nm absorption change with the manometrically measured inhibition of electron transport shows that besides a full inactivation of a part of the reaction centers of photosystem II another part apparently mediates a fast cyclic electron flow around photosystem II as reported by Renger and Wolff earlier for tris-treated chloroplasts. Moreover, the antiserum affects the low temperature fluorescence in a way which is opposite to Murata's effect of the Mg2+-ion induced inhibition of energy spill-over from photosystem II to phytosystem I. The antiserum under the condition in which the Hill reaction is inhibited lowered the 686 nm emission and enhanced the 732 nm emission which indicates an enhanced energy spill-over to photosystem I.", "contents": "Effect of an antiserum to a thylakoid membrane polypeptide on the primary photoreaction of photosystem II. As was described previously, an antiserum to polypeptide 11000 inhibited photosynthetic electron transport on the oxygen evolving side of photosystem II. The effect of the antiserum on chloroplasts from two tobacco mutants also clearly showed that the inhibition site is on the photosystem II-side of the electron transport chain. One of the two tobacco mutants lacks the oxygen evolving capacity but exhibits some electron transport with tetramethyl benzidine, an artificial donor to PS II. In this mutant electron transport was barely inhibited. The effect of the antiserum on the primary photoevents showed that the initial amplitude of the absorption change of chlorophyll aII at 690 nm and that of the primary electron acceptor X320 at 334 nm both diminished in the presence of the antiserum. Both signals were restored upon addition of diphenylcarbazide another artificial donor to photosystem II. Comparison of the degree of inhibition on the amplitudes of the fast and slow components of the 690 nm absorption change with the manometrically measured inhibition of electron transport shows that besides a full inactivation of a part of the reaction centers of photosystem II another part apparently mediates a fast cyclic electron flow around photosystem II as reported by Renger and Wolff earlier for tris-treated chloroplasts. Moreover, the antiserum affects the low temperature fluorescence in a way which is opposite to Murata's effect of the Mg2+-ion induced inhibition of energy spill-over from photosystem II to phytosystem I. The antiserum under the condition in which the Hill reaction is inhibited lowered the 686 nm emission and enhanced the 732 nm emission which indicates an enhanced energy spill-over to photosystem I."}
{"id": "PMID:136130", "title": "[Chromosomal structure of Pseudomonas testosteroni. II. Activity of the endogenous RNA-polymerase (author's transl)].", "content": "After careful lysis the nucleoid of Pseudomonas testosteroni can be isolated in three different forms with compact and unfolded DNA structures. The released nucleoids contain endogenous DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity using the chromosomal DNA as a template. RNA synthesis is proportional to duration of RNA-polymerase reaction and amount of DNA-protein-complexes. The sensitivity towards ionic strength and rifampicin indicates that a part of RNA-polymerase activity is tightly bound to the chromosomal DNA.", "contents": "[Chromosomal structure of Pseudomonas testosteroni. II. Activity of the endogenous RNA-polymerase (author's transl)]. After careful lysis the nucleoid of Pseudomonas testosteroni can be isolated in three different forms with compact and unfolded DNA structures. The released nucleoids contain endogenous DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase activity using the chromosomal DNA as a template. RNA synthesis is proportional to duration of RNA-polymerase reaction and amount of DNA-protein-complexes. The sensitivity towards ionic strength and rifampicin indicates that a part of RNA-polymerase activity is tightly bound to the chromosomal DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:136131", "title": "Variable composition of cytochrome b6-f particles.", "content": "Cytochrome b6-f particles were prepared from chloroplasts of spinach and the heterokont alga Bumilleriopsis filiformis using digitonin in comparison with non-ionic detergents. The cytochrome b6-f particles are solubilized in different amounts according to chemical structure and HLB value of the detergent (see Griffin, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1, 311 [1949]). Also the ratio of the two cytochromes in the isolated particle depends on the detergent used. In case of spinach, it varies from Cyt b6:f=1.5:1 to 4.9:1. These investigations do not strengthen the idea that a cytochrome b6-f complex with a stoichiometric composition is present in the photosynthetic membrane. Application of different detergents is a means for selective solubilization of thylakoid membrane components.", "contents": "Variable composition of cytochrome b6-f particles. Cytochrome b6-f particles were prepared from chloroplasts of spinach and the heterokont alga Bumilleriopsis filiformis using digitonin in comparison with non-ionic detergents. The cytochrome b6-f particles are solubilized in different amounts according to chemical structure and HLB value of the detergent (see Griffin, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 1, 311 [1949]). Also the ratio of the two cytochromes in the isolated particle depends on the detergent used. In case of spinach, it varies from Cyt b6:f=1.5:1 to 4.9:1. These investigations do not strengthen the idea that a cytochrome b6-f complex with a stoichiometric composition is present in the photosynthetic membrane. Application of different detergents is a means for selective solubilization of thylakoid membrane components."}
{"id": "PMID:136133", "title": "[A special attaching-mechanism between the cortex radiatus externus and the follicle epithelium of the oocytes of Gobio gobio (author's transl)].", "content": "The cortex radiatus externus and the follicle epithelium of the freshwater teleost Gobio gobio are firmly attached together by a special attaching-mechanism. The apical surface of the plugs of the cortex radiatus externus has recesses and excavations which fit in the short projections of the follicle cells and prevent moving of these cells on the egg membranes. This attaching-mechanism also assists in fastening the oocytes (eggs) on the substrate.", "contents": "[A special attaching-mechanism between the cortex radiatus externus and the follicle epithelium of the oocytes of Gobio gobio (author's transl)]. The cortex radiatus externus and the follicle epithelium of the freshwater teleost Gobio gobio are firmly attached together by a special attaching-mechanism. The apical surface of the plugs of the cortex radiatus externus has recesses and excavations which fit in the short projections of the follicle cells and prevent moving of these cells on the egg membranes. This attaching-mechanism also assists in fastening the oocytes (eggs) on the substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:136132", "title": "On the cross-section structure of the mitochondrial cristae-membrane as revealed by x-ray diffraction.", "content": "Mitochondria were isolated using sorbitol and high buffer concentration in the medium. X-ray diffraction patterns arising from the mitochondrial cristae-membrane were recorded in the fully dried state and in two different states in humidity. The Q-function evaluation of these X-ray diffraction diagrams resulted in electron density cross-section profiles, which consist of two main peaks of opposite sign and one, respectively two, smaller peaks. The total thickness of the membrane amounts to 120 A in the dry and 140 A to 160 A in the wet state. An interpretation of the cross-section profile is tentatively proposed.", "contents": "On the cross-section structure of the mitochondrial cristae-membrane as revealed by x-ray diffraction. Mitochondria were isolated using sorbitol and high buffer concentration in the medium. X-ray diffraction patterns arising from the mitochondrial cristae-membrane were recorded in the fully dried state and in two different states in humidity. The Q-function evaluation of these X-ray diffraction diagrams resulted in electron density cross-section profiles, which consist of two main peaks of opposite sign and one, respectively two, smaller peaks. The total thickness of the membrane amounts to 120 A in the dry and 140 A to 160 A in the wet state. An interpretation of the cross-section profile is tentatively proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:136142", "title": "Effect of antirheumatic drugs on neutral protease from human leucocyte granules.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of 38 antirheumatic and other agents on purified neutral protease from human polymorphonuclear leucocytes has been studied by determining the decrease in enzyme activity on Z-Ala-NPH as substrate. Analgesics, salicylates, cytostatic agents and steroids, as well as D-penicillamine, colchicine, allopurinol, chlorzoxazone and chlorpromazine, either had no effect on neutral protease or inhibited it only to a very small extent. Typical antirheumatic agents like gold and pyrazolone derivatives suppressed the activity of the enzyme at a concentration of 10(-5)M. The two sulphonated polysaccharides Arteparon and pentosan polysulphate (SP 54) were the most potent inhibitors of neutral protease (inhibition down to 10(-8)M). Increasing concentrations of various inorganic salts gradually suppressed the effect of some otherwise effective drugs on neutral protease. The drugs were completely ineffective at a salt concentration of 0.5 M. At physiological concentrations, however, this effect was insignificant. Inhibition of neutral protease may be one way in which some antirheumatic drugs exert a therapeutic effect in rheumatic diseases.", "contents": "Effect of antirheumatic drugs on neutral protease from human leucocyte granules. The inhibitory effect of 38 antirheumatic and other agents on purified neutral protease from human polymorphonuclear leucocytes has been studied by determining the decrease in enzyme activity on Z-Ala-NPH as substrate. Analgesics, salicylates, cytostatic agents and steroids, as well as D-penicillamine, colchicine, allopurinol, chlorzoxazone and chlorpromazine, either had no effect on neutral protease or inhibited it only to a very small extent. Typical antirheumatic agents like gold and pyrazolone derivatives suppressed the activity of the enzyme at a concentration of 10(-5)M. The two sulphonated polysaccharides Arteparon and pentosan polysulphate (SP 54) were the most potent inhibitors of neutral protease (inhibition down to 10(-8)M). Increasing concentrations of various inorganic salts gradually suppressed the effect of some otherwise effective drugs on neutral protease. The drugs were completely ineffective at a salt concentration of 0.5 M. At physiological concentrations, however, this effect was insignificant. Inhibition of neutral protease may be one way in which some antirheumatic drugs exert a therapeutic effect in rheumatic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:136157", "title": "[Myocardiopathia gravidarum].", "content": "8 cases of the clinical syndrom known as cardiomyopathy of pregnancy have been presented. In 6 of them cardiac insufficiency during the last weeks of pregnancy was the prevailing symptomatology. In 2 the characteristic symptoms consisted of severe arrythmia at the beginning of the puerperium. Common symptoms were cardiomegaly and characteristic changes in the electrocardiogram. In all patients the disease subsided entirely some weeks after delivery.", "contents": "[Myocardiopathia gravidarum]. 8 cases of the clinical syndrom known as cardiomyopathy of pregnancy have been presented. In 6 of them cardiac insufficiency during the last weeks of pregnancy was the prevailing symptomatology. In 2 the characteristic symptoms consisted of severe arrythmia at the beginning of the puerperium. Common symptoms were cardiomegaly and characteristic changes in the electrocardiogram. In all patients the disease subsided entirely some weeks after delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:136161", "title": "[Serologic pattern of meningococci in a focus of infection].", "content": "The authors present the results of typing of meningococci (isolated from the patients and carriers) by the sera of serological groups A, B, C, D, X, Y, and Z made at the Leningrad Institute of Vaccine and Sera. The causative agents of serological group A were most frequently isolated from the patients with the generalized forms of meningococcus infection. The percentage of detection of meningococci of serological group A was the greatest in the patients and much less in the carriers in and outside the foci of this infection. Many dissociated cultures were revealed among the strains isolated from the carriers. Sera of the Leningrad Institute of Vaccine and Sera have permitted typing of meningococci cultures belonging to various serological groups in accordance with the international classification.", "contents": "[Serologic pattern of meningococci in a focus of infection]. The authors present the results of typing of meningococci (isolated from the patients and carriers) by the sera of serological groups A, B, C, D, X, Y, and Z made at the Leningrad Institute of Vaccine and Sera. The causative agents of serological group A were most frequently isolated from the patients with the generalized forms of meningococcus infection. The percentage of detection of meningococci of serological group A was the greatest in the patients and much less in the carriers in and outside the foci of this infection. Many dissociated cultures were revealed among the strains isolated from the carriers. Sera of the Leningrad Institute of Vaccine and Sera have permitted typing of meningococci cultures belonging to various serological groups in accordance with the international classification."}
{"id": "PMID:136158", "title": "[Functional properties of fragments of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the fast and slow muscles of Rana ridibunda frogs].", "content": "It has been demonstrated that fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) from slow rectus abdominis muscle exhibits lower Ca/ATP ratio, lower Ca2+ uptake and higher Ca2+ release from the vesicles as compared to the reticulum from fast sartorius muscle. The rate of Ca2+ uptake by sartorius muscle is equal to 4.78, that by rectus abdominis muscle -- to 2.90 muM/min/mg of protein. The value of Km for the release of calcium from FSR of rectus abdominis muscle is equal to 1.25-10(-5)M, of sartotius muscle -- to 2.5-10(-5)M. Therefore, sarcoplasmic reticulum of the abdominal muscle exhibits lower capacity to retain the accumulated calcium.", "contents": "[Functional properties of fragments of the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the fast and slow muscles of Rana ridibunda frogs]. It has been demonstrated that fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) from slow rectus abdominis muscle exhibits lower Ca/ATP ratio, lower Ca2+ uptake and higher Ca2+ release from the vesicles as compared to the reticulum from fast sartorius muscle. The rate of Ca2+ uptake by sartorius muscle is equal to 4.78, that by rectus abdominis muscle -- to 2.90 muM/min/mg of protein. The value of Km for the release of calcium from FSR of rectus abdominis muscle is equal to 1.25-10(-5)M, of sartotius muscle -- to 2.5-10(-5)M. Therefore, sarcoplasmic reticulum of the abdominal muscle exhibits lower capacity to retain the accumulated calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:136162", "title": "[Phage-typing of typhoid cultures and results of use of this method in anti-epidemic practice in the Azerbaijan SSR].", "content": "This work was aimed at the study of the phage-type pattern of the causative agents of typhoid fever isolated in the Azerbaijan SSR in 1960-1973. As revealed, the following 26 phage-types circulated in Azerbaijan during the period under study: A, B1, B2, B3, C1, C4, C5, D1, D2, D4, D8, E1, E2, E3, E5, F1, F2, I1, M1N, T, 28, 38, 39, 40 and 46. The most widespread were phage-types A (22.86%), E1 (13.96%), F1 (9.74%), F2 (6.70%), and 28 (5.71%) constituting over half of the typed typhoid strains. Sources and ways of transmission of the infection were deciphered with the aid of phage-typing typhoid cultures.", "contents": "[Phage-typing of typhoid cultures and results of use of this method in anti-epidemic practice in the Azerbaijan SSR]. This work was aimed at the study of the phage-type pattern of the causative agents of typhoid fever isolated in the Azerbaijan SSR in 1960-1973. As revealed, the following 26 phage-types circulated in Azerbaijan during the period under study: A, B1, B2, B3, C1, C4, C5, D1, D2, D4, D8, E1, E2, E3, E5, F1, F2, I1, M1N, T, 28, 38, 39, 40 and 46. The most widespread were phage-types A (22.86%), E1 (13.96%), F1 (9.74%), F2 (6.70%), and 28 (5.71%) constituting over half of the typed typhoid strains. Sources and ways of transmission of the infection were deciphered with the aid of phage-typing typhoid cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:136163", "title": "[Blood groups of the ABO system of chronic carriers of typhoid bacteria and typhoid patients in Uzbekistan].", "content": "Blood groups of the ABO system were studied in 186 chronic carriers of typhoid bacilli and in 392 patients with typhoid fever from various districts of the Uzbek SSR. In comparison with control (healthy persons), carriers displayed a higher percentage of persons with A (II) blood group (50.88 and 42.64 against 37.51 and 32.13 in control) and a lesser percentage of persons with the O (I) blood group (21.05 and 22.48 against 32.93 and 32.07 in control). These data demonstrated that predisposition of persons with the A (II) blood group to chronic typhoid carrier state was characteristic of the Asian part of the country. In comparison with control, there were significantly less persons with the O (I) blood group and more with the AB (IV) blood group. Possible correlative mechanisms between the blood group and the typhoid infection and the development of chronic typhoid carrier state is discussed.", "contents": "[Blood groups of the ABO system of chronic carriers of typhoid bacteria and typhoid patients in Uzbekistan]. Blood groups of the ABO system were studied in 186 chronic carriers of typhoid bacilli and in 392 patients with typhoid fever from various districts of the Uzbek SSR. In comparison with control (healthy persons), carriers displayed a higher percentage of persons with A (II) blood group (50.88 and 42.64 against 37.51 and 32.13 in control) and a lesser percentage of persons with the O (I) blood group (21.05 and 22.48 against 32.93 and 32.07 in control). These data demonstrated that predisposition of persons with the A (II) blood group to chronic typhoid carrier state was characteristic of the Asian part of the country. In comparison with control, there were significantly less persons with the O (I) blood group and more with the AB (IV) blood group. Possible correlative mechanisms between the blood group and the typhoid infection and the development of chronic typhoid carrier state is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136164", "title": "Oral D2O administration and enzymatic changes in rat testis.", "content": "Heavy water caused marked gradual decrease in the weight of the body as well as the testes throughout the treatment interval ranging from 1 to 6 weeks. Following D2O oral administration, an overall significant fall in the activity of acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase was registered. On the other hand, the activity of lactic and succinic dehydrogenases, alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase increases following D2O treatment. These changes in the enzyme activity are suggestive of an altered metabolism of the testes in response to D2O administration. Our data corroborate the view that biological systems do discriminate between H2 and D2.", "contents": "Oral D2O administration and enzymatic changes in rat testis. Heavy water caused marked gradual decrease in the weight of the body as well as the testes throughout the treatment interval ranging from 1 to 6 weeks. Following D2O oral administration, an overall significant fall in the activity of acid phosphatase and glucose-6-phosphatase was registered. On the other hand, the activity of lactic and succinic dehydrogenases, alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase increases following D2O treatment. These changes in the enzyme activity are suggestive of an altered metabolism of the testes in response to D2O administration. Our data corroborate the view that biological systems do discriminate between H2 and D2."}
{"id": "PMID:136165", "title": "Cyanoketone-induced inhibition of adrenal 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid oxidoreductase activity in female and male rats in vitro.", "content": "The inhibition of adrenal 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid oxidoreductase activity was studied in vitro 24 h after a single injection of 2alpha-cyano-4,4, 17alpha-trimethyl-5-androsten-17beta-ol-3-one (cyanoketone) to adult castrated female and male rats. The inhibition of conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione was about 80% as compared to adult castrated control rats treated with vehicle only. The conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione was also inhibited by about 80% in both sexes. The activity of 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid oxidoreductase was greater both in cyanoketone-treated and control female rats as compared to the corresponding male rats. It is concluded that the previously observed sex differences in response to cyanoketone in vivo are not due to a lower affinity of male adrenal 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid oxidoreductase to cyanoketone.", "contents": "Cyanoketone-induced inhibition of adrenal 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid oxidoreductase activity in female and male rats in vitro. The inhibition of adrenal 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid oxidoreductase activity was studied in vitro 24 h after a single injection of 2alpha-cyano-4,4, 17alpha-trimethyl-5-androsten-17beta-ol-3-one (cyanoketone) to adult castrated female and male rats. The inhibition of conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione was about 80% as compared to adult castrated control rats treated with vehicle only. The conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone and 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione was also inhibited by about 80% in both sexes. The activity of 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid oxidoreductase was greater both in cyanoketone-treated and control female rats as compared to the corresponding male rats. It is concluded that the previously observed sex differences in response to cyanoketone in vivo are not due to a lower affinity of male adrenal 3beta-hydroxy-delta5-steroid oxidoreductase to cyanoketone."}
{"id": "PMID:136166", "title": "Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulas. Clinical symptomatology.", "content": "The symptomatology in six cases with spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulas is discussed. All six patients presented with exophthalmos, dilated veins, pain and restriction of ocular movements. In four patients a bruit was found objectively as well as subjectively, four patients exhibited an increase of the intraocular pressure and in three cases vision was impaired. Of special interest is the finding that discrete symptoms such as venous congestion and slight pain appeared early in the course of the disease in all patients, and that in some of the patients an increase in intraocular pressure as well as disturbances in ocular motility were diagnosed long before the appearance of the exophthalmos.", "contents": "Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulas. Clinical symptomatology. The symptomatology in six cases with spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulas is discussed. All six patients presented with exophthalmos, dilated veins, pain and restriction of ocular movements. In four patients a bruit was found objectively as well as subjectively, four patients exhibited an increase of the intraocular pressure and in three cases vision was impaired. Of special interest is the finding that discrete symptoms such as venous congestion and slight pain appeared early in the course of the disease in all patients, and that in some of the patients an increase in intraocular pressure as well as disturbances in ocular motility were diagnosed long before the appearance of the exophthalmos."}
{"id": "PMID:136171", "title": "Hypertrophy, hyperplasia and structural dilatation of the human heart.", "content": "The human heart can exceed the critical heart weight of 500 g in the course of pathological structural adaptation. This abnormal growth is performed not only by an increase in size (hypertrophy) but also in number (hyperplasia) of cardiac muscle cells. Coronary insufficiency, dilatation and chronic heart failure are noted frequently in hearts above this critical heart weight. Chronic heart failure is not a direct consequence of local destruction and scar formation following coronary insufficiency. Unlike acute cardiac dilatation with failure, chronic dilatation is not associated with stretching or overstretching of cardiac muscle cells. Starling's law is not applicable for explaining heart failure in these chronic cases. Chronic dilatation is a structural dilatation (Gefugedilatation) produced by sliding displacements (slippage) of heart muscle cells leading to a decrease in the number of muscle layers in the ventricular wall. Chronic heart failure in man therefore is rather a physical consequence of structural dilatation which severely impairs the working conditions, the efficiency and the effectiveness of the heart muscle cells than an immediate result of coronary insufficiency of inflammation with local metabolic alterations, which, of course, additionally impair the quality of the myocardium and the conducting system.", "contents": "Hypertrophy, hyperplasia and structural dilatation of the human heart. The human heart can exceed the critical heart weight of 500 g in the course of pathological structural adaptation. This abnormal growth is performed not only by an increase in size (hypertrophy) but also in number (hyperplasia) of cardiac muscle cells. Coronary insufficiency, dilatation and chronic heart failure are noted frequently in hearts above this critical heart weight. Chronic heart failure is not a direct consequence of local destruction and scar formation following coronary insufficiency. Unlike acute cardiac dilatation with failure, chronic dilatation is not associated with stretching or overstretching of cardiac muscle cells. Starling's law is not applicable for explaining heart failure in these chronic cases. Chronic dilatation is a structural dilatation (Gefugedilatation) produced by sliding displacements (slippage) of heart muscle cells leading to a decrease in the number of muscle layers in the ventricular wall. Chronic heart failure in man therefore is rather a physical consequence of structural dilatation which severely impairs the working conditions, the efficiency and the effectiveness of the heart muscle cells than an immediate result of coronary insufficiency of inflammation with local metabolic alterations, which, of course, additionally impair the quality of the myocardium and the conducting system."}
{"id": "PMID:136167", "title": "Congenital perceptive hearing loss and atopic dermatitis.", "content": "Two brothers were suffering from perceptive hearing loss, atopic dermatitis and mild palmophantar keratoderma. There was a predisposition to atopic disease in the maternal family, and palmoplantar keratosis as a dominant trait in the paternal family. Atopoc dermatitis and palmoplantar keratoderma separately have been reported to co-exist with hearing loss, but a combination of all three has not so far been reported.", "contents": "Congenital perceptive hearing loss and atopic dermatitis. Two brothers were suffering from perceptive hearing loss, atopic dermatitis and mild palmophantar keratoderma. There was a predisposition to atopic disease in the maternal family, and palmoplantar keratosis as a dominant trait in the paternal family. Atopoc dermatitis and palmoplantar keratoderma separately have been reported to co-exist with hearing loss, but a combination of all three has not so far been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:136172", "title": "Effects of physical training and detraining on intrinsic cardiac control mechanisms.", "content": "The effects of a moderate physical training program on the hearts of rats have been studied. The mechanical responses of these hearts are improved. Possible contributing factors in this improvement are increased coronary reserve and capacity to deliver oxygen to the myocardium, increased myocardial glycogen stores and increased turnover of fatty acids through the endogenous triglyceride pool. Myocardial oxidative compounds and high energy phosphate stores are not altered. Major changes are found in the energy utilization pathways. Actomyosin, myosin, and heavy meromyosin ATPase activity and binding activity of isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum are all enhanced. Sulfhydryl control of the active site of myosin ATPase is altered. The biochemical effects of conditioning are short lived when training is decreased or discontinued.", "contents": "Effects of physical training and detraining on intrinsic cardiac control mechanisms. The effects of a moderate physical training program on the hearts of rats have been studied. The mechanical responses of these hearts are improved. Possible contributing factors in this improvement are increased coronary reserve and capacity to deliver oxygen to the myocardium, increased myocardial glycogen stores and increased turnover of fatty acids through the endogenous triglyceride pool. Myocardial oxidative compounds and high energy phosphate stores are not altered. Major changes are found in the energy utilization pathways. Actomyosin, myosin, and heavy meromyosin ATPase activity and binding activity of isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum are all enhanced. Sulfhydryl control of the active site of myosin ATPase is altered. The biochemical effects of conditioning are short lived when training is decreased or discontinued."}
{"id": "PMID:136173", "title": "Collagen metabolism of the rat heart during experimental cardiac hypertrophy and the effect of digitoxin treatment.", "content": "In cardiac hypertrophy the total content of collagen is increased in the myocardium. The first indicator of the increased activity of connective tissue cells is an increase in the activity of prolyl hydroxylase of the myocardium. This is later followed by an increase in the rate of collagen synthesis and subsequently collagen is accumulated in the myocardium. Digitoxin treatment prevents the hypertrophy and the accumulation of proteins to the myocardium. This effect of digitoxin is, at least partly, explained by a decreased transport of amino acids into the cells, The results emphasize the importance of amino acid supply to the process of hypertrophy.", "contents": "Collagen metabolism of the rat heart during experimental cardiac hypertrophy and the effect of digitoxin treatment. In cardiac hypertrophy the total content of collagen is increased in the myocardium. The first indicator of the increased activity of connective tissue cells is an increase in the activity of prolyl hydroxylase of the myocardium. This is later followed by an increase in the rate of collagen synthesis and subsequently collagen is accumulated in the myocardium. Digitoxin treatment prevents the hypertrophy and the accumulation of proteins to the myocardium. This effect of digitoxin is, at least partly, explained by a decreased transport of amino acids into the cells, The results emphasize the importance of amino acid supply to the process of hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:136175", "title": "The effect of complete and partial deconditioning on exercise-induced cardiovascular changes in the rat.", "content": "Exercise conditioning of young male rats by swimming for 1 h, 5 times per week for 10 weeks results in a reduced gain in body weight, cardiac hypertrophy and hyperplasia, an increase in myocardial capillary density, and an increase in cross-sectional laminal areas of extracoronary collateral arteries. The effects of partial or complete deconditioning on these changes were studied by randomizing young male rats exercise-conditioned for 10 weeks to groups either kept sedentary or subjected to varying amounts of exercise for a second 10-week period. Their hearts were compared with those of unexercised controls using quantitative histologic measurements. During the second 10 weeks, exercise conditioning was found not to continue to suppress weight gain. However, frequent relative short-duration exercise sessions (as little as 15 min per session) frequently prevented an accelerated increase in body weight associated with deconditioning. A complete regression of exercise-induced cardiovascular adaptive changes occurred when wxercise was discontinued completely for 10 weeks or the duration of sessions was cut to 15 min. In order to maintain cardiac hypertrophy, exercise had to be continued for 1 h, 5 times per week while hyperplasia could be maintained with shorter duration, less frequent sessions (30 min, twice a week). The maintenance of increased myocardial capillary density required a similar amount of exercise, and at least 1 h of exercise once a week was necessary to maintain the enlargement of ECA.20", "contents": "The effect of complete and partial deconditioning on exercise-induced cardiovascular changes in the rat. Exercise conditioning of young male rats by swimming for 1 h, 5 times per week for 10 weeks results in a reduced gain in body weight, cardiac hypertrophy and hyperplasia, an increase in myocardial capillary density, and an increase in cross-sectional laminal areas of extracoronary collateral arteries. The effects of partial or complete deconditioning on these changes were studied by randomizing young male rats exercise-conditioned for 10 weeks to groups either kept sedentary or subjected to varying amounts of exercise for a second 10-week period. Their hearts were compared with those of unexercised controls using quantitative histologic measurements. During the second 10 weeks, exercise conditioning was found not to continue to suppress weight gain. However, frequent relative short-duration exercise sessions (as little as 15 min per session) frequently prevented an accelerated increase in body weight associated with deconditioning. A complete regression of exercise-induced cardiovascular adaptive changes occurred when wxercise was discontinued completely for 10 weeks or the duration of sessions was cut to 15 min. In order to maintain cardiac hypertrophy, exercise had to be continued for 1 h, 5 times per week while hyperplasia could be maintained with shorter duration, less frequent sessions (30 min, twice a week). The maintenance of increased myocardial capillary density required a similar amount of exercise, and at least 1 h of exercise once a week was necessary to maintain the enlargement of ECA.20"}
{"id": "PMID:136176", "title": "Coronary blood flow and myocardial O2 consumption in hypertrophied cardiac muscle in dogs.", "content": "In dogs with experimental cardiac hypertrophy in resting conditions, coronary blood flow and myocardial O2 consumption increased proportionately to the cardiac mass; coronary flow and O2 consumption per gram of myocardium, therefore, ranged within normal values. The coronary reserve, neasured as the percentage increase in the coronary blood flow from rest till peak flow during reactive hyperaemia, was noticeably reduced, because it was partially utilized, even at rest, and consequently the possibility of an increase in flow after exercise or stress was diminished.", "contents": "Coronary blood flow and myocardial O2 consumption in hypertrophied cardiac muscle in dogs. In dogs with experimental cardiac hypertrophy in resting conditions, coronary blood flow and myocardial O2 consumption increased proportionately to the cardiac mass; coronary flow and O2 consumption per gram of myocardium, therefore, ranged within normal values. The coronary reserve, neasured as the percentage increase in the coronary blood flow from rest till peak flow during reactive hyperaemia, was noticeably reduced, because it was partially utilized, even at rest, and consequently the possibility of an increase in flow after exercise or stress was diminished."}
{"id": "PMID:136183", "title": "The clinical course of primary myocardial disease in infants and children.", "content": "A total of 161 infants and children, ranging in age from 1 day to 17 years at initial encounter (mean, 3.7 years), was seen over a 30 year period with primary myocardial disease (idiopathic myocarditis, nonobstructive cardiomyopathy, endocardial fibroelastosis, and an anatomically unknown category). These patients were observed from 1 hour to 23 years after initial encounter and cardiac disease has resolved in 27 per cent, resulted in death in 35 per cent, and continues in 38 per cent. The majority were first referred to us with congestive heart failure; all exhibited ST-T changes and cardiomegaly, 67 of 150 had left ventricular hypertrophy, 23 of 151 arrhythmias, and 55 of 153 pulmonary vascular congestion. Initial ventricular depolarization abnormalities were very frequent. Significant clinical predictors of fatal outcome included pulmonary vascular congestion, \"northwest\" axis deviation, and a cardiac index less than three L./min./M.2. Death occurred during the first year after initial encounter in 44 of 57 who died, and in all 13 with proved myocarditis. Primary myocardial disease is a serious disease of infancy and childhood, resulting in death or residual cardiac disease in three fourths of those affected.", "contents": "The clinical course of primary myocardial disease in infants and children. A total of 161 infants and children, ranging in age from 1 day to 17 years at initial encounter (mean, 3.7 years), was seen over a 30 year period with primary myocardial disease (idiopathic myocarditis, nonobstructive cardiomyopathy, endocardial fibroelastosis, and an anatomically unknown category). These patients were observed from 1 hour to 23 years after initial encounter and cardiac disease has resolved in 27 per cent, resulted in death in 35 per cent, and continues in 38 per cent. The majority were first referred to us with congestive heart failure; all exhibited ST-T changes and cardiomegaly, 67 of 150 had left ventricular hypertrophy, 23 of 151 arrhythmias, and 55 of 153 pulmonary vascular congestion. Initial ventricular depolarization abnormalities were very frequent. Significant clinical predictors of fatal outcome included pulmonary vascular congestion, \"northwest\" axis deviation, and a cardiac index less than three L./min./M.2. Death occurred during the first year after initial encounter in 44 of 57 who died, and in all 13 with proved myocarditis. Primary myocardial disease is a serious disease of infancy and childhood, resulting in death or residual cardiac disease in three fourths of those affected."}
{"id": "PMID:136184", "title": "Echocardiographic assessment of the severity of aortic stenosis in children and adolescents.", "content": "The magnitude of ventricular hypertrophy in response to afterloading is determined by wall stress, with wall thickness increasing in proportion to ventricular load until systolic wall stress is normalized. With use of echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular end-systolic wall thickness (Ws) and cavity transverse dimension (Ds), the pressure constant k was calculated in 16 patients without left heart obstruction according to the formula k = P-Ds/Ws. The mean value for k was 225 +/- 6.7 (standard deviation) mm Hg. From this value, left ventricular pressure was estimated in 13 patients with aortic stenosis aged 4 to 17 years using the formula P = k-Ws/Ds. No subject had evidence of cardiac failure. Peak systolic aortic pressure difference (delta P) was calculated by subtracting cuff-measured brachial arterial peak systolic pressure from the estimated left ventricular pressure. Excellent correlation was obtained between the estimated delta P and that found at cardiac catheterization (r = 0.89). In two patients, echocardiographic data predicted significant obstruction in the presence of normal electrocardiographic, vectorcardiographic and vector lead tracings. Echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for estimating the severity of aortic stenosis, in the absence of myocardial failure; it appears to be more sensitive than other currently employed techniques.", "contents": "Echocardiographic assessment of the severity of aortic stenosis in children and adolescents. The magnitude of ventricular hypertrophy in response to afterloading is determined by wall stress, with wall thickness increasing in proportion to ventricular load until systolic wall stress is normalized. With use of echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular end-systolic wall thickness (Ws) and cavity transverse dimension (Ds), the pressure constant k was calculated in 16 patients without left heart obstruction according to the formula k = P-Ds/Ws. The mean value for k was 225 +/- 6.7 (standard deviation) mm Hg. From this value, left ventricular pressure was estimated in 13 patients with aortic stenosis aged 4 to 17 years using the formula P = k-Ws/Ds. No subject had evidence of cardiac failure. Peak systolic aortic pressure difference (delta P) was calculated by subtracting cuff-measured brachial arterial peak systolic pressure from the estimated left ventricular pressure. Excellent correlation was obtained between the estimated delta P and that found at cardiac catheterization (r = 0.89). In two patients, echocardiographic data predicted significant obstruction in the presence of normal electrocardiographic, vectorcardiographic and vector lead tracings. Echocardiography offers a noninvasive method for estimating the severity of aortic stenosis, in the absence of myocardial failure; it appears to be more sensitive than other currently employed techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:136185", "title": "Truncus arteriosus and previous pulmonary arterial banding: clinical and hemodynamic assessment.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with truncus arteriosus and previous pulmonary arterial banding were evaluated 1 1/2 to 14 years (mean 7 years) after banding. Ages at the time of cardiac catheterization ranged from 3 to 18 years (mean 9 years). Current symptoms were severe in five patients and were related to truncal valve incompetence or decreased pulmonary blood flow (or both) rather than to age, duration of palliation or band location. Twenty-one of 22 patients with two pulmonary arteries were considered to be in a hemodynamically operable state at the time of study. The condition of three of five patients with a single pulmonary artery was subsequently found inoperable because of severe pulmonary vascular disease in the lung supplied by the single pulmonary artery. In patients with two pulmonary arteries, demonstration of low pressure in at least one normal-sized pulmonary artery established operability. Postoperative pressure measurements correlated well with preoperative prediction of operability, with 19 of 20 patients having a pulmonary arterial pressure less than 70 percent of systemic levels after repair. Bilateral pulmonary arterial binding may be more effective than central arterial banding (which frequently produces severe obstruction to the right pulmonary artery) in preventing pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in patients with truncus arteriosus who have two pulmonary arteries. Patients with truncus arteriosus and a single pulmonary artery with pulmonary arterial banding remain at high risk for the development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease.", "contents": "Truncus arteriosus and previous pulmonary arterial banding: clinical and hemodynamic assessment. Twenty-seven patients with truncus arteriosus and previous pulmonary arterial banding were evaluated 1 1/2 to 14 years (mean 7 years) after banding. Ages at the time of cardiac catheterization ranged from 3 to 18 years (mean 9 years). Current symptoms were severe in five patients and were related to truncal valve incompetence or decreased pulmonary blood flow (or both) rather than to age, duration of palliation or band location. Twenty-one of 22 patients with two pulmonary arteries were considered to be in a hemodynamically operable state at the time of study. The condition of three of five patients with a single pulmonary artery was subsequently found inoperable because of severe pulmonary vascular disease in the lung supplied by the single pulmonary artery. In patients with two pulmonary arteries, demonstration of low pressure in at least one normal-sized pulmonary artery established operability. Postoperative pressure measurements correlated well with preoperative prediction of operability, with 19 of 20 patients having a pulmonary arterial pressure less than 70 percent of systemic levels after repair. Bilateral pulmonary arterial binding may be more effective than central arterial banding (which frequently produces severe obstruction to the right pulmonary artery) in preventing pulmonary vascular obstructive disease in patients with truncus arteriosus who have two pulmonary arteries. Patients with truncus arteriosus and a single pulmonary artery with pulmonary arterial banding remain at high risk for the development of pulmonary vascular obstructive disease."}
{"id": "PMID:136180", "title": "[Contact dermatitis by Frullania dilatata (L) Dum].", "content": "The Bordeles School of Le Coulant described in 1966, a contact dermatitis produced by \"hepatics\" of the Frullania genus. The hepatics together with the mosses and sphagnus form the group of Bryophytes. Only the hepatics with leaves or Jungermaniales have a capacity to cause sensitivity. They grow in dark colour plates on the bark of different trees such as the chestnut-tree, acacias, poplar-trees, beech-trees,and in particular, the oak-trees and evergreen oak-trees. The conifers are rarely affected by these epiphytes. The Frullania lives in the most adverse climates, growing not only on trees, but also on surfaces such as rocks, prefering humid sites. Cases of allergy to Frullania dilatata have been registered in France by Foussereau and Maleville and by De Graciansky. In British Columbia, Mitchel has described cases of contact dermatitis by another species of Frullania, the F. tamarisci subsp. nisquallensis. There are described six cases of contact dermatitis induced by Frullania dilatata that have been studied in the last five years. The indicated growth, because it is epiphyte on forest species, sensitizes those people who through their profession or way of life, come into contact with trees or wood. All our cases were men who had some sort of contact with oak-trees. The lesions fundamentely affected the face, hands and genitales; the diagnostic was established through a patch test with the plant itself. The lesions were of acute eczema so much macroscopic as well as mircoscopic. It has been proved that the responsible substance of the sensitization belongs to the group of sesquiterpenics lactons and that it is also responsible for the contact dermatitis produced by the chrysanthemum, ragweed, pyrstrum, etc. In one of the cases reported, a positive contact test was obtained using extract of chrysanthemum, and in the other case a hyposensitization was tried but it gave negative results.", "contents": "[Contact dermatitis by Frullania dilatata (L) Dum]. The Bordeles School of Le Coulant described in 1966, a contact dermatitis produced by \"hepatics\" of the Frullania genus. The hepatics together with the mosses and sphagnus form the group of Bryophytes. Only the hepatics with leaves or Jungermaniales have a capacity to cause sensitivity. They grow in dark colour plates on the bark of different trees such as the chestnut-tree, acacias, poplar-trees, beech-trees,and in particular, the oak-trees and evergreen oak-trees. The conifers are rarely affected by these epiphytes. The Frullania lives in the most adverse climates, growing not only on trees, but also on surfaces such as rocks, prefering humid sites. Cases of allergy to Frullania dilatata have been registered in France by Foussereau and Maleville and by De Graciansky. In British Columbia, Mitchel has described cases of contact dermatitis by another species of Frullania, the F. tamarisci subsp. nisquallensis. There are described six cases of contact dermatitis induced by Frullania dilatata that have been studied in the last five years. The indicated growth, because it is epiphyte on forest species, sensitizes those people who through their profession or way of life, come into contact with trees or wood. All our cases were men who had some sort of contact with oak-trees. The lesions fundamentely affected the face, hands and genitales; the diagnostic was established through a patch test with the plant itself. The lesions were of acute eczema so much macroscopic as well as mircoscopic. It has been proved that the responsible substance of the sensitization belongs to the group of sesquiterpenics lactons and that it is also responsible for the contact dermatitis produced by the chrysanthemum, ragweed, pyrstrum, etc. In one of the cases reported, a positive contact test was obtained using extract of chrysanthemum, and in the other case a hyposensitization was tried but it gave negative results."}
{"id": "PMID:136186", "title": "Left ventricular compliance: mechanisms and clinical implications.", "content": "Left ventricular diastolic compliance is determined by the level of operating pressure and the diastolic pressure-volume relation. This relation is curvillinear and the slope of a tangent (operative chamber stiffness) to the pressure-volume curve increases as the chamber progressively fills. Such preload-dependent changes in compliance occur during any acute alteration in ventricular volume. At a given diastolic pressure, operative chamber stiffness (or its reciprocal, operative chamber compliance) is determined by the relative values for ventricular volume and muscle mass and by the stiffness of a unit of myocardium. Thus, there may be a leftward shift of the diastolic pressure-volume curve (increase in the modulus of chamber stiffness) as a consequence of ventricular hypertrophy or an increase in the stiffness of heart muscle itself (increase in modulus of muscle stiffness). To distinguish between hypertrophy and stiff muscle, it is useful to examine the modulus of chamber stiffness, derived from pressure-volume data, together with the volume/mass ratio of the ventricle. In this fashion, changes in the modulus of chamber stiffness that are inappropriate for a given volume/mass ratio may be attributed to changes in the material properties of the heart muscle. Examples of clinical and experimental pressure-volume studies are presented to illustrate the variety of mechanisms by which acute and chronic changes in ventricular chamber compliance evolve during the course of clinical heart disease. The pathophysiology of pulmonary congestion is best understood by considering the factors responsible for producing changes in chamber stiffness of the ventricle, whereas an examination of muscle stiffness is likely to provide more insight into the extent of irreversible functional and structural defects of the myocardium.", "contents": "Left ventricular compliance: mechanisms and clinical implications. Left ventricular diastolic compliance is determined by the level of operating pressure and the diastolic pressure-volume relation. This relation is curvillinear and the slope of a tangent (operative chamber stiffness) to the pressure-volume curve increases as the chamber progressively fills. Such preload-dependent changes in compliance occur during any acute alteration in ventricular volume. At a given diastolic pressure, operative chamber stiffness (or its reciprocal, operative chamber compliance) is determined by the relative values for ventricular volume and muscle mass and by the stiffness of a unit of myocardium. Thus, there may be a leftward shift of the diastolic pressure-volume curve (increase in the modulus of chamber stiffness) as a consequence of ventricular hypertrophy or an increase in the stiffness of heart muscle itself (increase in modulus of muscle stiffness). To distinguish between hypertrophy and stiff muscle, it is useful to examine the modulus of chamber stiffness, derived from pressure-volume data, together with the volume/mass ratio of the ventricle. In this fashion, changes in the modulus of chamber stiffness that are inappropriate for a given volume/mass ratio may be attributed to changes in the material properties of the heart muscle. Examples of clinical and experimental pressure-volume studies are presented to illustrate the variety of mechanisms by which acute and chronic changes in ventricular chamber compliance evolve during the course of clinical heart disease. The pathophysiology of pulmonary congestion is best understood by considering the factors responsible for producing changes in chamber stiffness of the ventricle, whereas an examination of muscle stiffness is likely to provide more insight into the extent of irreversible functional and structural defects of the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:136187", "title": "Paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum with right ventricular dilatation in the absence of shunting: report of two cases.", "content": "A history, heart murmur, electrocardiogram and chest X-ray film suggesting an atrial septal defect associated with an echocardiogram revealing paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum with a dilated right ventricle may be considered indicative of a secundum or primum defect in a young adult or child. Two patients who fulfill all these criteria and had the presumptive diagnosis of an atrial septal defect were found at cardiac catheterization to have no demonstrable left to right shunt or other significant abnormality. The results of standard T-M mode echocardiograms were verified with B scan ultrasonograms. These cases may represent an early stage in the development of a cardiomyopathy. There is no echocardiogram pathognomonic of an atrial septal defect, and patients whose history and echocardiogram suggest this defect should have further diagnostic evaluation including technetium scan or cardiac catheterization.", "contents": "Paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum with right ventricular dilatation in the absence of shunting: report of two cases. A history, heart murmur, electrocardiogram and chest X-ray film suggesting an atrial septal defect associated with an echocardiogram revealing paradoxical motion of the interventricular septum with a dilated right ventricle may be considered indicative of a secundum or primum defect in a young adult or child. Two patients who fulfill all these criteria and had the presumptive diagnosis of an atrial septal defect were found at cardiac catheterization to have no demonstrable left to right shunt or other significant abnormality. The results of standard T-M mode echocardiograms were verified with B scan ultrasonograms. These cases may represent an early stage in the development of a cardiomyopathy. There is no echocardiogram pathognomonic of an atrial septal defect, and patients whose history and echocardiogram suggest this defect should have further diagnostic evaluation including technetium scan or cardiac catheterization."}
{"id": "PMID:136189", "title": "Hemangiosarcoma of the abdominal wall following irradiation therapy of endometrial carcinoma.", "content": "A hemangiosarcoma of the abdominal wall developed in a long-standing, nonhealing radiation-induced ulcer ten years after therapeutic  irradiation for endometrial carcinoma.", "contents": "Hemangiosarcoma of the abdominal wall following irradiation therapy of endometrial carcinoma. A hemangiosarcoma of the abdominal wall developed in a long-standing, nonhealing radiation-induced ulcer ten years after therapeutic  irradiation for endometrial carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:136193", "title": "Plasma androgen levels during the menstrual cycle.", "content": "Utilizing RIA methods, T, DHT, delta 4, and DHEA levels were determined daily during a complete cycle in 15 normal young women with apparently normal ovulatory cycles. T, DHT, and delta 4 levels showed statistically significant cyclical variations, with highest values in the periovulatory period and lowest values in early follicular and late luteal phase. DHEA levels showed random variations during the cycle. The failure to detect these variations by some authors may be related to the relatively large interindividual variation in plasma levels.", "contents": "Plasma androgen levels during the menstrual cycle. Utilizing RIA methods, T, DHT, delta 4, and DHEA levels were determined daily during a complete cycle in 15 normal young women with apparently normal ovulatory cycles. T, DHT, and delta 4 levels showed statistically significant cyclical variations, with highest values in the periovulatory period and lowest values in early follicular and late luteal phase. DHEA levels showed random variations during the cycle. The failure to detect these variations by some authors may be related to the relatively large interindividual variation in plasma levels."}
{"id": "PMID:136194", "title": "Relationship of the metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate to placental blood flow: a mathematical model.", "content": "Measurable reduction of the metabolic clearance rate of DS does not reflect alterations of placental blood flow. The fact that large changes in the MCR are observed in complicated pregnancies implies a metabolic change in the placenta.", "contents": "Relationship of the metabolic clearance rate of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate to placental blood flow: a mathematical model. Measurable reduction of the metabolic clearance rate of DS does not reflect alterations of placental blood flow. The fact that large changes in the MCR are observed in complicated pregnancies implies a metabolic change in the placenta."}
{"id": "PMID:136198", "title": "Combined outpatient laparoscopic sterilization with therapeutic abortion.", "content": "Combined outpatient laparoscopic sterilization and therapeutic abortion were evaluated at Charlotte Memorial Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital. Two hundred and four patients underwent the procedure, which proved to be safe and effective, requiring only a brief hospital stay.", "contents": "Combined outpatient laparoscopic sterilization with therapeutic abortion. Combined outpatient laparoscopic sterilization and therapeutic abortion were evaluated at Charlotte Memorial Hospital and Presbyterian Hospital. Two hundred and four patients underwent the procedure, which proved to be safe and effective, requiring only a brief hospital stay."}
{"id": "PMID:136199", "title": "The laparoscopist and electrosurgery.", "content": "A brief discussion of the physics relating to electrosurgical techniques is given, the complications inherent in this technique when used at laparoscopy are discussed, and the treatment and means of preventing these accidents are reviewed.", "contents": "The laparoscopist and electrosurgery. A brief discussion of the physics relating to electrosurgical techniques is given, the complications inherent in this technique when used at laparoscopy are discussed, and the treatment and means of preventing these accidents are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:136200", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis of placental steroid sulfatase deficiency.", "content": "Placental steroid sulfatase deficiency is an unusual cause of low estriol production during pregnancy. Its importance lies in the differentiation of this disorder from the more ominous fetal defects that result in low estriol levels. Serum free estriol levels were found to be low or absent in a 25-year-old gravida 3, para 2 woman, while placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotropin levels were normal. An abdominal x-ray revealed no apparent congenital abnormalities and an oxytocin challenge test was negative. The dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) level in the patient's amniotic fluid was 6.8 to 18.4 times greater than those found in control amniotic fluids. The patient's amniotic fluid cortisol level was normal. Twenty-four hours following a normal, spontaneous labor and delivery at 39 weeks, the male infant underwent a synthetic ACTH1-24 stimulation test, with serum cortisols rising from 3.7 to 46 mug/dl at 1 hour. The placenta was morphologically normal on gross, light, and electron microscopic examinations. Steroid 3-alcohol sulfatase and arylsulfatase activities in the patient's placenta were virtually absent. These data indicate that this benign cause of low serum estriol levels may be diagnosed prenatally by elevated amniotic fluid DHEA-S levels.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis of placental steroid sulfatase deficiency. Placental steroid sulfatase deficiency is an unusual cause of low estriol production during pregnancy. Its importance lies in the differentiation of this disorder from the more ominous fetal defects that result in low estriol levels. Serum free estriol levels were found to be low or absent in a 25-year-old gravida 3, para 2 woman, while placental lactogen and chorionic gonadotropin levels were normal. An abdominal x-ray revealed no apparent congenital abnormalities and an oxytocin challenge test was negative. The dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) level in the patient's amniotic fluid was 6.8 to 18.4 times greater than those found in control amniotic fluids. The patient's amniotic fluid cortisol level was normal. Twenty-four hours following a normal, spontaneous labor and delivery at 39 weeks, the male infant underwent a synthetic ACTH1-24 stimulation test, with serum cortisols rising from 3.7 to 46 mug/dl at 1 hour. The placenta was morphologically normal on gross, light, and electron microscopic examinations. Steroid 3-alcohol sulfatase and arylsulfatase activities in the patient's placenta were virtually absent. These data indicate that this benign cause of low serum estriol levels may be diagnosed prenatally by elevated amniotic fluid DHEA-S levels."}
{"id": "PMID:136203", "title": "Mechanism of maleic acid-induced glucosuria in dog kidney.", "content": "The multiple indicator-dilution technique in vivo and isolated brush-border membranes in vitro have been used to explore the mechanism of maleic acid-induced glucosuria in dog kidney. The interaction of D-glucose with the antiluminal membrane from the peritubular fluid surface is unaltered. It is demonstrated that alpha-methyl-D-glucoside (alpha MG) enters and exits from the proximal tubular cell only across the brush-border membrane. Then using alphaMG as a reference indicator, it is shown that maleic acid does not cause complete inhibition of D-glucose interaction with the antiluminal membrane from the cytoplasmic surface. The binding of [3H]phlorizin both in vivo and in vitro is not affected by prior administration of maleic acid, indicating that D-glucose interaction with the outside surface of the brush border is also not affected by maleic acid. The data are therefore consistent with the concept that maleic acid-induced glucosuria is due either to i) partial inhibition of D-glucose movement from cytoplasm across the antiluminal membrane into the blood, ii) stimulated movement back across the brush-border membrane into urine, or iii) a combination of the two effects.", "contents": "Mechanism of maleic acid-induced glucosuria in dog kidney. The multiple indicator-dilution technique in vivo and isolated brush-border membranes in vitro have been used to explore the mechanism of maleic acid-induced glucosuria in dog kidney. The interaction of D-glucose with the antiluminal membrane from the peritubular fluid surface is unaltered. It is demonstrated that alpha-methyl-D-glucoside (alpha MG) enters and exits from the proximal tubular cell only across the brush-border membrane. Then using alphaMG as a reference indicator, it is shown that maleic acid does not cause complete inhibition of D-glucose interaction with the antiluminal membrane from the cytoplasmic surface. The binding of [3H]phlorizin both in vivo and in vitro is not affected by prior administration of maleic acid, indicating that D-glucose interaction with the outside surface of the brush border is also not affected by maleic acid. The data are therefore consistent with the concept that maleic acid-induced glucosuria is due either to i) partial inhibition of D-glucose movement from cytoplasm across the antiluminal membrane into the blood, ii) stimulated movement back across the brush-border membrane into urine, or iii) a combination of the two effects."}
{"id": "PMID:136204", "title": "Effects of diabetes on intestinal magnesium absorption in the rat.", "content": "Control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were studied at 5, 12, and 32 days after induction of diabetes. Magnesium absorption was measured by in situ perfusion of duodenum and ileum. At 5 days, duodenal mucosal growth is similar in controls and diabetics. At 12 days, mucosal growth is 50% greater in diabetics, and at 32 days, 100% greater. Ileal mucosal growth followed the same pattern but was half that of duodenum. Therefore, absorption data were expressed per centimeter segment length to define absorptive capacity of the segment and per gram dry weight of mucosa to define absorptive specific activity. Mean absorptive specific activity was lower in diabetics than controls at all time intervals. The difference was significant only for duodenum of diabetics at 32 days, when magnesium absorption declined to half that of controls. In contrast, absorptive capacity for both segments remained the same in both groups, attributable to the greater mucosal growth in diabetics. These findings for magnesium contrast with effects of diabetes on calcium transport: specific absorption and segment absorptive capacity are depressed in diabetics at both 5 and 11 days. Thus, although transport of magnesium and calcium usually tend to change in parallel in diabetes, transport of magnesium is depressed later and to a lesser degree than calcium, and segment transport capacity is maintained. The findings suggest differences in mechanism of regulation of magnesium and calcium transport.", "contents": "Effects of diabetes on intestinal magnesium absorption in the rat. Control and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were studied at 5, 12, and 32 days after induction of diabetes. Magnesium absorption was measured by in situ perfusion of duodenum and ileum. At 5 days, duodenal mucosal growth is similar in controls and diabetics. At 12 days, mucosal growth is 50% greater in diabetics, and at 32 days, 100% greater. Ileal mucosal growth followed the same pattern but was half that of duodenum. Therefore, absorption data were expressed per centimeter segment length to define absorptive capacity of the segment and per gram dry weight of mucosa to define absorptive specific activity. Mean absorptive specific activity was lower in diabetics than controls at all time intervals. The difference was significant only for duodenum of diabetics at 32 days, when magnesium absorption declined to half that of controls. In contrast, absorptive capacity for both segments remained the same in both groups, attributable to the greater mucosal growth in diabetics. These findings for magnesium contrast with effects of diabetes on calcium transport: specific absorption and segment absorptive capacity are depressed in diabetics at both 5 and 11 days. Thus, although transport of magnesium and calcium usually tend to change in parallel in diabetes, transport of magnesium is depressed later and to a lesser degree than calcium, and segment transport capacity is maintained. The findings suggest differences in mechanism of regulation of magnesium and calcium transport."}
{"id": "PMID:136205", "title": "Oxygen-induced changes in pulmonary superoxide dismutase assayed by antibody titrations.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated a 50% increase in pulmonary superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in oxygen-adapted rats and have suggested that SOD plays a significant role in the development of \"tolerance\". To further study these events, the cuprozinc SOD was purified from rat liver and found to be similar to previously purified cuprozinc superoxide dismutases. A rabbit antisera to rat cuprozinc SOD was produced and used to perform antibody titrations of SOD in the lungs of rats exposed to 85% O2 for 5 days. The absolute amount of cuprozinc SOD increased 41% by antibody titration which accounted for most, if not all, of the 48% increase demonstrated in total SOD activity. Spectrophotometric assays at pH 7.8 and 10.0 of pure rat cuprozinc SOD and crude lung homogenates suggest that there is also a manganese SOD present, but the role of that SOD in the development of oxygen tolerance has not been established.", "contents": "Oxygen-induced changes in pulmonary superoxide dismutase assayed by antibody titrations. Previous studies have demonstrated a 50% increase in pulmonary superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in oxygen-adapted rats and have suggested that SOD plays a significant role in the development of \"tolerance\". To further study these events, the cuprozinc SOD was purified from rat liver and found to be similar to previously purified cuprozinc superoxide dismutases. A rabbit antisera to rat cuprozinc SOD was produced and used to perform antibody titrations of SOD in the lungs of rats exposed to 85% O2 for 5 days. The absolute amount of cuprozinc SOD increased 41% by antibody titration which accounted for most, if not all, of the 48% increase demonstrated in total SOD activity. Spectrophotometric assays at pH 7.8 and 10.0 of pure rat cuprozinc SOD and crude lung homogenates suggest that there is also a manganese SOD present, but the role of that SOD in the development of oxygen tolerance has not been established."}
{"id": "PMID:136206", "title": "Effects of chronic hypoxia and dietary restriction on myocardial enzyme activities.", "content": "Enzyme activities were measured in homogenates of left and right ventricles of guinea pigs after 14 and 28 days' exposure to 400 mmHg barometric pressure. All animals developed anorexia and right ventricular hypertrophy. Two control groups of animals were used, one free fed and the other restricted to the amount of food chosen by the hypobaric group. The factorial design of the experiment allowed some distinction between the effects of anorexia, hypertrophy, and hypoxia. Dietary restriction was associated with a decrease in glycogen phosphorylase, hexokinase, and succinate dehydrogenase activity and an increase in the M-subunits of lactate dehydrogenase. Myocardial hypertrophy was associated with an increase in the activity of the enzymes of the glycolytic pathway down as far as phosphoglycerate kinase and an increase in the M-subunits of lactate dehydrogenase. Chronic hypoxia seemed specifically to be associated with an increase in the H-subunits of lactate dehydrogenase and possibly a slight transient increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity. Mixing studies indicated that changes in enzyme activities were likely to be due to changes in enzyme concentrations.", "contents": "Effects of chronic hypoxia and dietary restriction on myocardial enzyme activities. Enzyme activities were measured in homogenates of left and right ventricles of guinea pigs after 14 and 28 days' exposure to 400 mmHg barometric pressure. All animals developed anorexia and right ventricular hypertrophy. Two control groups of animals were used, one free fed and the other restricted to the amount of food chosen by the hypobaric group. The factorial design of the experiment allowed some distinction between the effects of anorexia, hypertrophy, and hypoxia. Dietary restriction was associated with a decrease in glycogen phosphorylase, hexokinase, and succinate dehydrogenase activity and an increase in the M-subunits of lactate dehydrogenase. Myocardial hypertrophy was associated with an increase in the activity of the enzymes of the glycolytic pathway down as far as phosphoglycerate kinase and an increase in the M-subunits of lactate dehydrogenase. Chronic hypoxia seemed specifically to be associated with an increase in the H-subunits of lactate dehydrogenase and possibly a slight transient increase in succinate dehydrogenase activity. Mixing studies indicated that changes in enzyme activities were likely to be due to changes in enzyme concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:136202", "title": "Providing for the severely handicapped: a case for competency-based preparation of occupational therapists.", "content": "Recent court decisions that mandate the development of new instructional alternatives for severely handicapped children will have significant implications for occupational therapists. Focusing on such issues as mainstreaming, accountability, and certification standards, this paper places in perspective the problems and trends that have led to this new challenge. It also provides suggestions for the development and disposition of training programs that can ultimately result in more appropriate programming for the handicapped children in the new population to be served in the public schools. Illustrated with examples of competency components and behavioral objectives, competency-based occupational therapy preparation programs are emphasized.", "contents": "Providing for the severely handicapped: a case for competency-based preparation of occupational therapists. Recent court decisions that mandate the development of new instructional alternatives for severely handicapped children will have significant implications for occupational therapists. Focusing on such issues as mainstreaming, accountability, and certification standards, this paper places in perspective the problems and trends that have led to this new challenge. It also provides suggestions for the development and disposition of training programs that can ultimately result in more appropriate programming for the handicapped children in the new population to be served in the public schools. Illustrated with examples of competency components and behavioral objectives, competency-based occupational therapy preparation programs are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:136207", "title": "Potassium secretion by colonic mucosal cells after potassium adaptation.", "content": "Recent studies have demonstrated that chronic potassium loading increases Na-K-ATPase specific activity in kidney tissue and suggest that this enzyme plays a role in renal potassium adaptation. Studies of fluid and electrolyte movement, potential difference (PD), AND Na-K-ATPase were performed in colon and jejunum of the rat in order to further characterize the relationship of Na-K-ATPase to potassium secretion. Experimental rats fed 2.6 meq K/gm diet for 7 days were compared to a control group fed 0.13 meq K/gm. In the colon, chronic potassium loading increased potassium secretion from 0.8 +/- 0.2 to 3.9 +/- 0.9 mueq/min per g tissue (P less than 0.01) and PD from 27 +/- 5.0 to 54 +/- 2.6 mV (P less than 0.001), lumen negative, as Na-K-ATPase increased from 5.0 +/- 0.5 to 11.4 +/- 1.0 muM Pi/mg protein per h (P less than 0.001). In contrast, there was no change in PD, potassium movement, or Na-K-ATPase in the jejunum of potassium-loaded rats. Colonic movement of water, sodium, and chloride was similar in the control and potassium-loaded rats. These results indicate that increased Na-K-ATPase is associated with both increased PD and increased potassium secretion in the colon and provide additional evidence suggesting that Na-K-ATPase may be important in the control of transepithelial potassium movement.", "contents": "Potassium secretion by colonic mucosal cells after potassium adaptation. Recent studies have demonstrated that chronic potassium loading increases Na-K-ATPase specific activity in kidney tissue and suggest that this enzyme plays a role in renal potassium adaptation. Studies of fluid and electrolyte movement, potential difference (PD), AND Na-K-ATPase were performed in colon and jejunum of the rat in order to further characterize the relationship of Na-K-ATPase to potassium secretion. Experimental rats fed 2.6 meq K/gm diet for 7 days were compared to a control group fed 0.13 meq K/gm. In the colon, chronic potassium loading increased potassium secretion from 0.8 +/- 0.2 to 3.9 +/- 0.9 mueq/min per g tissue (P less than 0.01) and PD from 27 +/- 5.0 to 54 +/- 2.6 mV (P less than 0.001), lumen negative, as Na-K-ATPase increased from 5.0 +/- 0.5 to 11.4 +/- 1.0 muM Pi/mg protein per h (P less than 0.001). In contrast, there was no change in PD, potassium movement, or Na-K-ATPase in the jejunum of potassium-loaded rats. Colonic movement of water, sodium, and chloride was similar in the control and potassium-loaded rats. These results indicate that increased Na-K-ATPase is associated with both increased PD and increased potassium secretion in the colon and provide additional evidence suggesting that Na-K-ATPase may be important in the control of transepithelial potassium movement."}
{"id": "PMID:136208", "title": "Saturation kinetics of sodium efflux across isolated frog skin.", "content": "Measurement of Na efflux across the frog skin epithelium from the serosal side to the outside (JNa 3 leads to 1) in a new chamber specifically designed to avoid edge damage shows that JNa 3 leads to 1 exhibits saturation kinetics with a maximal efflux (Jmax) of 31.8 nmol/cm2 per h and an apparent KNa of 4.0 mM. In contrast, JNa 3 leads to 1 measured in conventional chambers and efflux determinations in the new chamber of substances that pass the epithelium via extracellular pathways (polyethylene glycol 900, sucrose, mannitol) exhibit a linear relationship between the efflux of the substance in question and its concentration in the bath. In addition, changes in external Na concentration do not cause substantial changes in JNa 3 leads to 1. The saturation remains but both Jmax and KNa increase after application of ouabain. Amiloride, as well as dinitrophenol, eliminates the saturation and JNa 3 leads to 1 becomes a linear function of Na concentration. The separate effects of ouabain and amiloride suggest that these two inhibitors  which are known to affect two distinctly different steps in the active transport pathway act also on two separate steps of JNa 3 leads to 1: the passage across the inward- (serosal) and outward-facing (apical) cell membranes of the epithelial cells, respectively. The action of dinitrophenol indicates the involvement of metabolism in JNa 3 leads to 1 probably at the latter of the two steps. The results suggest strongly that JNa 3 leads to 1 proceeds not via a paracellular but via a transcellular pathway that interacts with the active transport pathway.", "contents": "Saturation kinetics of sodium efflux across isolated frog skin. Measurement of Na efflux across the frog skin epithelium from the serosal side to the outside (JNa 3 leads to 1) in a new chamber specifically designed to avoid edge damage shows that JNa 3 leads to 1 exhibits saturation kinetics with a maximal efflux (Jmax) of 31.8 nmol/cm2 per h and an apparent KNa of 4.0 mM. In contrast, JNa 3 leads to 1 measured in conventional chambers and efflux determinations in the new chamber of substances that pass the epithelium via extracellular pathways (polyethylene glycol 900, sucrose, mannitol) exhibit a linear relationship between the efflux of the substance in question and its concentration in the bath. In addition, changes in external Na concentration do not cause substantial changes in JNa 3 leads to 1. The saturation remains but both Jmax and KNa increase after application of ouabain. Amiloride, as well as dinitrophenol, eliminates the saturation and JNa 3 leads to 1 becomes a linear function of Na concentration. The separate effects of ouabain and amiloride suggest that these two inhibitors  which are known to affect two distinctly different steps in the active transport pathway act also on two separate steps of JNa 3 leads to 1: the passage across the inward- (serosal) and outward-facing (apical) cell membranes of the epithelial cells, respectively. The action of dinitrophenol indicates the involvement of metabolism in JNa 3 leads to 1 probably at the latter of the two steps. The results suggest strongly that JNa 3 leads to 1 proceeds not via a paracellular but via a transcellular pathway that interacts with the active transport pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:136209", "title": "Reporting of Down's syndrome from birth certificate data in the State of Minnesota.", "content": "Following a study of 421 suspected cases of Down's syndrome which were referred during a 10-year period to the Human Genetics Unit of the Minnesota Department of Health for chromosomal analysis, the following conclusions were reached: 1. There was an overall underreporting on the matched birth certificate of 52% of the cytogenetically confirmed cases. 2. This underreporting on birth certificates was greater (79%) for those born in the years 1946-1964 when less specific information was requested than in more recent years (36%), 1967-1974, when identification of the abnormality was requested.", "contents": "Reporting of Down's syndrome from birth certificate data in the State of Minnesota. Following a study of 421 suspected cases of Down's syndrome which were referred during a 10-year period to the Human Genetics Unit of the Minnesota Department of Health for chromosomal analysis, the following conclusions were reached: 1. There was an overall underreporting on the matched birth certificate of 52% of the cytogenetically confirmed cases. 2. This underreporting on birth certificates was greater (79%) for those born in the years 1946-1964 when less specific information was requested than in more recent years (36%), 1967-1974, when identification of the abnormality was requested."}
{"id": "PMID:136210", "title": "Renal artery false aneurysm. An unusual complication of prosthetic patch angioplasty.", "content": "False aneurysm formation in a twenty-nine year old black woman treated for renovascular hypertension secondary to fibromuscular hyperplasia by knitted Dacron prosthetic patch angioplasty is reported. Etiologic mechanisms are discussed. The most likely factors leading to false aneurysm formation in this patient are disproportionate compliance between the arterial wall and the prosthesis and increased rigidity of the prosthesis, associated with increased shearing and vibratory stress. This patient was treated successfully by resection of the prosthetic path and involved artery with end-to-end reanastomosis of the artery.", "contents": "Renal artery false aneurysm. An unusual complication of prosthetic patch angioplasty. False aneurysm formation in a twenty-nine year old black woman treated for renovascular hypertension secondary to fibromuscular hyperplasia by knitted Dacron prosthetic patch angioplasty is reported. Etiologic mechanisms are discussed. The most likely factors leading to false aneurysm formation in this patient are disproportionate compliance between the arterial wall and the prosthesis and increased rigidity of the prosthesis, associated with increased shearing and vibratory stress. This patient was treated successfully by resection of the prosthetic path and involved artery with end-to-end reanastomosis of the artery."}
{"id": "PMID:136211", "title": "Cryoultramicroscopy of the retina and choroid in rat.", "content": "Preparations of ultrathin frozen sections of the retina and choroid in rat were studied by the new technique of Tokuyasu (1973). All membrane structures were observable in ultrathin frozen sections, so that this method is likely to be most valuable for the morphologic study of membranes. However, there are some disadvantages to the use of this technique in that identification of some intracellular organelles such as ribosomes and glycogen is difficult. A fibrous dense network was observed in the interphotoreceptor spaces, the intermicrovilli spaces of the pigment epithelium, and it appeared in the space between the photoreceptor and the microvilli. The network almost disappeared after treatment with hyaluronidase for 30 min, suggesting that it may consist of aid mucopolysaccharide.", "contents": "Cryoultramicroscopy of the retina and choroid in rat. Preparations of ultrathin frozen sections of the retina and choroid in rat were studied by the new technique of Tokuyasu (1973). All membrane structures were observable in ultrathin frozen sections, so that this method is likely to be most valuable for the morphologic study of membranes. However, there are some disadvantages to the use of this technique in that identification of some intracellular organelles such as ribosomes and glycogen is difficult. A fibrous dense network was observed in the interphotoreceptor spaces, the intermicrovilli spaces of the pigment epithelium, and it appeared in the space between the photoreceptor and the microvilli. The network almost disappeared after treatment with hyaluronidase for 30 min, suggesting that it may consist of aid mucopolysaccharide."}
{"id": "PMID:136212", "title": "[The influence of cortisol treatment on the development of diabetic cataracts in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of daily subcutaneous cortisol injections (10 mg/kg) on the development of cataracts in streptozotocine (STR) diabetes was studied in 6 groups of Wistar rats (n = 10). Cataracts occurred only in the two groups subjected to high STR doses (60 mg/kg). We were astonished to find that in cortisol-treated diabetic animals there were lower blood glucose levels, fewer cases of glucosuria, and less pronounced cataracts than in rats treated with STR only. As STR had been administered after the start of cortisol therapy, it is assumed that the steroid had caused a protection of pancreatic B cells against STR and the onset of a less severe diabetes.", "contents": "[The influence of cortisol treatment on the development of diabetic cataracts in rats (author's transl)]. The influence of daily subcutaneous cortisol injections (10 mg/kg) on the development of cataracts in streptozotocine (STR) diabetes was studied in 6 groups of Wistar rats (n = 10). Cataracts occurred only in the two groups subjected to high STR doses (60 mg/kg). We were astonished to find that in cortisol-treated diabetic animals there were lower blood glucose levels, fewer cases of glucosuria, and less pronounced cataracts than in rats treated with STR only. As STR had been administered after the start of cortisol therapy, it is assumed that the steroid had caused a protection of pancreatic B cells against STR and the onset of a less severe diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:136217", "title": "The bulbourethral gland of the rat. Fine structure and histochemistry.", "content": "The bulbourethral gland of the rat was studied, using ordinary light microscopy, electron microscopy and histochemistry. It is a lobular gland and, centrally in each lobe, there is a duct, the ampulla, into which the alveoli drain, either directly or via a very short and narrow ductule. In some glands all the alveoli are cyst-like dilated. The alveoli and ampullae are bounded by tall glandular cells with flattened basal nuclei. The cytoplasm is full of secretion granules. There is only one large secretory duct into which all the ampullae open and this leave the gland at one end. In the electron microscope the granules can be seen to be surrounded by a unit membrane, but quite often several granules flow together in a large irregular mess. Some granules have dense corn-like structure, while others are quite light. A non-membrane bounded mass can often be seen in the luminal part of the cells, this projects as a dome in the alveolar lumen. Myoepithelial cells can be seen around the secretory cells. The histochemical investigation showed that the gland cells are in between mucous and seromucous cells. In the main they contain acid mucosubstances, but also some neutral mucosubstances. The acid mucosubstances consist mainly of sulfated acid mucosubstances and a smaller amount of carboxylated acid mucosubstances (sialomucin).", "contents": "The bulbourethral gland of the rat. Fine structure and histochemistry. The bulbourethral gland of the rat was studied, using ordinary light microscopy, electron microscopy and histochemistry. It is a lobular gland and, centrally in each lobe, there is a duct, the ampulla, into which the alveoli drain, either directly or via a very short and narrow ductule. In some glands all the alveoli are cyst-like dilated. The alveoli and ampullae are bounded by tall glandular cells with flattened basal nuclei. The cytoplasm is full of secretion granules. There is only one large secretory duct into which all the ampullae open and this leave the gland at one end. In the electron microscope the granules can be seen to be surrounded by a unit membrane, but quite often several granules flow together in a large irregular mess. Some granules have dense corn-like structure, while others are quite light. A non-membrane bounded mass can often be seen in the luminal part of the cells, this projects as a dome in the alveolar lumen. Myoepithelial cells can be seen around the secretory cells. The histochemical investigation showed that the gland cells are in between mucous and seromucous cells. In the main they contain acid mucosubstances, but also some neutral mucosubstances. The acid mucosubstances consist mainly of sulfated acid mucosubstances and a smaller amount of carboxylated acid mucosubstances (sialomucin)."}
{"id": "PMID:136218", "title": "The fine structure of the outer capsule of the snout muscle spindle in the Japanese lesser shrew-mole.", "content": "The fine structure of the outer capsule of the snout muscle spindles of the Japanese lesser shrew-mole (42 spindles from 9 animals) was described electron microscopically. The capsule of the snout muscle spindle is composed of 5 to 6 layers of the so-called capsule cells derived from the perineural epithelium of the peripheral nerve which supplies the spindle. The capsule cells revealed the presence of numerous pinocytotic vesicles, granular endoplasmic reticulum, abundant ribosomes, mitochondria, dense bodies, microvesicles and Golgi complex. It would be highly suggestive of their secretory or transporting activity. The various types of plication within the capsule of the muscle spindle were detected in the equatorial region. By means of such projections the functioning surface of the outer capsule has been enormously increased.", "contents": "The fine structure of the outer capsule of the snout muscle spindle in the Japanese lesser shrew-mole. The fine structure of the outer capsule of the snout muscle spindles of the Japanese lesser shrew-mole (42 spindles from 9 animals) was described electron microscopically. The capsule of the snout muscle spindle is composed of 5 to 6 layers of the so-called capsule cells derived from the perineural epithelium of the peripheral nerve which supplies the spindle. The capsule cells revealed the presence of numerous pinocytotic vesicles, granular endoplasmic reticulum, abundant ribosomes, mitochondria, dense bodies, microvesicles and Golgi complex. It would be highly suggestive of their secretory or transporting activity. The various types of plication within the capsule of the muscle spindle were detected in the equatorial region. By means of such projections the functioning surface of the outer capsule has been enormously increased."}
{"id": "PMID:136219", "title": "The mucopolysaccharide pattern in the retina after laser treatment.", "content": "Albino mouse retinas were irradiated with a ruby pulse laser. After irradiation, an increase in acid mucopolysaccharide was observed in the interreceptor matrix.", "contents": "The mucopolysaccharide pattern in the retina after laser treatment. Albino mouse retinas were irradiated with a ruby pulse laser. After irradiation, an increase in acid mucopolysaccharide was observed in the interreceptor matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:136221", "title": "Influence of medication on development of serum antibody to swine dysentery as detected with indirect fluorescent antibody method.", "content": "Serums from 119 swine exposed to swine dysentery inoculum, and medicated with various drugs, were tested for antibodies to the large spirochete, using the indirect fluorescent antibody test, and were compared in tests with known positive serums from 18 nonmedicated swine which had recovered naturally. An inverse relationship existed between the efficacy of the drug and the serum antibody titer (highest dilution of the serum producing immunofluorescence of large spirochetes). The more efficacious drugs or doses resulted in lesser development of serum antibody. Diarrhea usually seemed necessary for the development of serum antibody. With the less efficacious drugs, there were more days of diarrhea. Some swine had diarrhea but did not develop an antibody titer, and a few swine had a titer but did not develop diarrhea. Swine which developed a titer were more immune against reexposure with infective inoculum. The medicaments, especially those given at higher concentrations, seemed to resolve the diarrhea or prevent the development of diarrhea, occurrences which were necessary for the development of immunity.", "contents": "Influence of medication on development of serum antibody to swine dysentery as detected with indirect fluorescent antibody method. Serums from 119 swine exposed to swine dysentery inoculum, and medicated with various drugs, were tested for antibodies to the large spirochete, using the indirect fluorescent antibody test, and were compared in tests with known positive serums from 18 nonmedicated swine which had recovered naturally. An inverse relationship existed between the efficacy of the drug and the serum antibody titer (highest dilution of the serum producing immunofluorescence of large spirochetes). The more efficacious drugs or doses resulted in lesser development of serum antibody. Diarrhea usually seemed necessary for the development of serum antibody. With the less efficacious drugs, there were more days of diarrhea. Some swine had diarrhea but did not develop an antibody titer, and a few swine had a titer but did not develop diarrhea. Swine which developed a titer were more immune against reexposure with infective inoculum. The medicaments, especially those given at higher concentrations, seemed to resolve the diarrhea or prevent the development of diarrhea, occurrences which were necessary for the development of immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:136223", "title": "In vitro susceptibility and resistance of animal staphylococci to macrolide antibiotics and related compounds.", "content": "Strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry, pigs and cases of bovine mastitis and strains of S. hyicus isolated from pigs were examined for their susceptibility of the macrolides and other related antibiotics. The susceptibility of these strains to erythromycin, oleandomycin, tylosin, spiramycin, lincomycin, clindamycin, virginiamycin, and its components virginiamycin S and M, was tested by the quantitative plate dilution method. With S. aureus, 3 p. 100 of the bovine, 12 p. 100 of the avian and 53 p. 100 of porcine isolated were found to be resistant. With S. hyicus strains 76 p. 100 were found to be resistant. Most resistant strains showed the generalized constitutive macrolide-resistance type. Twelve p. 100 of the porcine S. aureus strains were resistant to the virginiamycin component M.", "contents": "In vitro susceptibility and resistance of animal staphylococci to macrolide antibiotics and related compounds. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from poultry, pigs and cases of bovine mastitis and strains of S. hyicus isolated from pigs were examined for their susceptibility of the macrolides and other related antibiotics. The susceptibility of these strains to erythromycin, oleandomycin, tylosin, spiramycin, lincomycin, clindamycin, virginiamycin, and its components virginiamycin S and M, was tested by the quantitative plate dilution method. With S. aureus, 3 p. 100 of the bovine, 12 p. 100 of the avian and 53 p. 100 of porcine isolated were found to be resistant. With S. hyicus strains 76 p. 100 were found to be resistant. Most resistant strains showed the generalized constitutive macrolide-resistance type. Twelve p. 100 of the porcine S. aureus strains were resistant to the virginiamycin component M."}
{"id": "PMID:136224", "title": "Detection of aneuploid cells in fibroblast cultures from the father of two trisomy 21 patients.", "content": "Karyotype analysis was performed on successive cultures of fibroblasts from the parents of two trisomic 21 patients. Starting from the 7th passage in the father cultures an aneuploid clone showing an extra E-like chromosome was found, which eventually overgrew the cell population. The significance of this cytogenetic finding is discussed in relation to the recurrence of the trisomy in the family.", "contents": "Detection of aneuploid cells in fibroblast cultures from the father of two trisomy 21 patients. Karyotype analysis was performed on successive cultures of fibroblasts from the parents of two trisomic 21 patients. Starting from the 7th passage in the father cultures an aneuploid clone showing an extra E-like chromosome was found, which eventually overgrew the cell population. The significance of this cytogenetic finding is discussed in relation to the recurrence of the trisomy in the family."}
{"id": "PMID:136225", "title": "[Partial trisomy of chromosome 21 by maternal translocation t(15;21) (q26.2; q21)].", "content": "A balanced reciprocal translocation, t(15;21) (q262;q21) was observed in the mother and maternal grandfather of two patients. The propositus, who received the abnormal chromosome 15 from his mother, is trisomic for the distal part of chromosome 21, and his phenotype is that of classical trisomy 21. His sister, who is trisomic for the proximal part of 21q, is slightly retarded but developmentally normal otherwise.", "contents": "[Partial trisomy of chromosome 21 by maternal translocation t(15;21) (q26.2; q21)]. A balanced reciprocal translocation, t(15;21) (q262;q21) was observed in the mother and maternal grandfather of two patients. The propositus, who received the abnormal chromosome 15 from his mother, is trisomic for the distal part of chromosome 21, and his phenotype is that of classical trisomy 21. His sister, who is trisomic for the proximal part of 21q, is slightly retarded but developmentally normal otherwise."}
{"id": "PMID:136229", "title": "Safety of long-term tetracycline therapy for acne.", "content": "Results of blood chemistry studies using an automated multiple analysis system and blood cell counts for 325 patients receiving long-term low-dosage tetracycline hydrochloride therapy continuously for three years or longer revealed minimal changes in all but one patient. This patient developed a transient hyperbilirubinemia with mild juandice while taking 500 mg of tetracycline daily.", "contents": "Safety of long-term tetracycline therapy for acne. Results of blood chemistry studies using an automated multiple analysis system and blood cell counts for 325 patients receiving long-term low-dosage tetracycline hydrochloride therapy continuously for three years or longer revealed minimal changes in all but one patient. This patient developed a transient hyperbilirubinemia with mild juandice while taking 500 mg of tetracycline daily."}
{"id": "PMID:136226", "title": "Role of suppressor cells in antibody-induced inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reactions.", "content": "Facilitating immune sera (FIS) have both in vivo enhancing and in vitro blocking properties. They inhibit the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in the mouse. In the present report, we studied the inhibitory capacity of these sera after removal of populations of suppressor cells both in vivo by adult thymectomy and in vitro by depletion of histamine-receptor-bearing cells (HRC). A significant decrease of the MLR inhibition by FIS after either of these depletions was observed. It appeared therfore that facilitating antibodies and thymus-dependant and/or HRC could cooperate in the antibody-induced inhibition of the MLR in the mouse.", "contents": "Role of suppressor cells in antibody-induced inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reactions. Facilitating immune sera (FIS) have both in vivo enhancing and in vitro blocking properties. They inhibit the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in the mouse. In the present report, we studied the inhibitory capacity of these sera after removal of populations of suppressor cells both in vivo by adult thymectomy and in vitro by depletion of histamine-receptor-bearing cells (HRC). A significant decrease of the MLR inhibition by FIS after either of these depletions was observed. It appeared therfore that facilitating antibodies and thymus-dependant and/or HRC could cooperate in the antibody-induced inhibition of the MLR in the mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:136232", "title": "Effect of lithium on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in mice.", "content": "Administration of lithium carbonate (2 mEq/kg) i.p., twice daily for 3 days to mice did not significantly after brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels; however, brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-H1AA) accumulation after i.p. injection of probenecid (200 mg/kg) was significantly increased in lithium pretreated animals. Brain 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activity was enhanced by lithium pretreatment while brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was unaltered. After i.p. injection of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline (100 mg/kg) the accumulation of brain 5-HT was greater in lithium treated than control mice, while the decrease in brain 5-HT levels after i.p. treatment with the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA 300 mg/kg) was significantly less in lithium pretreated mice.", "contents": "Effect of lithium on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism in mice. Administration of lithium carbonate (2 mEq/kg) i.p., twice daily for 3 days to mice did not significantly after brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels; however, brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-H1AA) accumulation after i.p. injection of probenecid (200 mg/kg) was significantly increased in lithium pretreated animals. Brain 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activity was enhanced by lithium pretreatment while brain monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was unaltered. After i.p. injection of the monoamine oxidase inhibitor pargyline (100 mg/kg) the accumulation of brain 5-HT was greater in lithium treated than control mice, while the decrease in brain 5-HT levels after i.p. treatment with the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA 300 mg/kg) was significantly less in lithium pretreated mice."}
{"id": "PMID:136233", "title": "Effects of para-chlorophenylalanine and tryptophan on learning of a brightness discrimination in rats.", "content": "Both the learning of brightness discrimination, discrimination reversal and a simple oddity problem, and the pain-sensitivity to electric shock were studied in rats treated with 100 mg/kg of D, L-parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), 100 mg/kg of D, L-tryptophan (TP) or 2.0 ml/kg of control solution (CS). At the end of the last behavioral session all animals were killed and the levels and rate of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) synthesis were measured. PCPA treatments produce rats which are more effective in coping with a problem; these animals were similar in that both the levels and turnover rate of brain 5-HT and the pain-sensitivity were lower. Results are tentatively explained suggesting that these differences in learning ability could be a result of the drug's action in pain-sensitivity. The possibility that 5-HT might be responsible for these differences is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of para-chlorophenylalanine and tryptophan on learning of a brightness discrimination in rats. Both the learning of brightness discrimination, discrimination reversal and a simple oddity problem, and the pain-sensitivity to electric shock were studied in rats treated with 100 mg/kg of D, L-parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), 100 mg/kg of D, L-tryptophan (TP) or 2.0 ml/kg of control solution (CS). At the end of the last behavioral session all animals were killed and the levels and rate of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) synthesis were measured. PCPA treatments produce rats which are more effective in coping with a problem; these animals were similar in that both the levels and turnover rate of brain 5-HT and the pain-sensitivity were lower. Results are tentatively explained suggesting that these differences in learning ability could be a result of the drug's action in pain-sensitivity. The possibility that 5-HT might be responsible for these differences is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136235", "title": "A reduced pyridine nucleotides-diaphorase activity associated to the assimilatory nitrite reductase complex from Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The Neurospora crassa assimilatory NAD(P)H-nitrite reductase complex has associated a NAD(P)H-diaphorase activity. 1. This NAD(P)H-diaphorase activity can use either mammalian cytochrome c, 2,6--dichlorophenol-indophenol, ferricyanide, or menadione as electron acceptor from the reduced pyridine nucleotides, and requires flavin adenine dinucleotide for maximal activity. 2. It is inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, 1 muM, and it is unaffected by cyanide, sulfite, or arsenite at concentrations which completely inhibit the NAD(P)H-nitrite reductase activity. 3. Flavin adenine dinucleotide specifically protects the NAD(P)H-diaphorase activities, but not the NAD(P)H-nitrite reductase activities, against thermal inactivation. 4. In vitro preincubation of the Neurospora crassa nitrite reductase complex with reduced pyridine nucleotides plus flavin adenine dinucleotide inactivates the NAD(P)H-nitrite reductase activities, but does not affect the NAD(P)H-diaphorase activities, indicating that this nitrite reductase inactivation occurs in the part of the enzyme that contain the nitrite reducing center.", "contents": "A reduced pyridine nucleotides-diaphorase activity associated to the assimilatory nitrite reductase complex from Neurospora crassa. The Neurospora crassa assimilatory NAD(P)H-nitrite reductase complex has associated a NAD(P)H-diaphorase activity. 1. This NAD(P)H-diaphorase activity can use either mammalian cytochrome c, 2,6--dichlorophenol-indophenol, ferricyanide, or menadione as electron acceptor from the reduced pyridine nucleotides, and requires flavin adenine dinucleotide for maximal activity. 2. It is inhibited by p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, 1 muM, and it is unaffected by cyanide, sulfite, or arsenite at concentrations which completely inhibit the NAD(P)H-nitrite reductase activity. 3. Flavin adenine dinucleotide specifically protects the NAD(P)H-diaphorase activities, but not the NAD(P)H-nitrite reductase activities, against thermal inactivation. 4. In vitro preincubation of the Neurospora crassa nitrite reductase complex with reduced pyridine nucleotides plus flavin adenine dinucleotide inactivates the NAD(P)H-nitrite reductase activities, but does not affect the NAD(P)H-diaphorase activities, indicating that this nitrite reductase inactivation occurs in the part of the enzyme that contain the nitrite reducing center."}
{"id": "PMID:136236", "title": "Human left ventricular ultrastructure. Clinical and laboratory catheterization correlation.", "content": "Biopsy specimens of the myocardium for electron microscopical study were taken from patients who were having surgical operations for correction of aortic and mitral valve lesions. Ultranstructural changes characteristic of hypertrophy and ischemia were found in the left ventricles of groups with aortic and mitral lesions. The severity of the cardiomyopathy was greater in hearts that had aortic lesions than in those that had mitral lesions. Both groups, however, displayed degenerative changes to an extent not readily appreciated or expected when their clinical histories and catheterization data were obtained.", "contents": "Human left ventricular ultrastructure. Clinical and laboratory catheterization correlation. Biopsy specimens of the myocardium for electron microscopical study were taken from patients who were having surgical operations for correction of aortic and mitral valve lesions. Ultranstructural changes characteristic of hypertrophy and ischemia were found in the left ventricles of groups with aortic and mitral lesions. The severity of the cardiomyopathy was greater in hearts that had aortic lesions than in those that had mitral lesions. Both groups, however, displayed degenerative changes to an extent not readily appreciated or expected when their clinical histories and catheterization data were obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:136237", "title": "Arm veins for peripheral arterial reconstruction.", "content": "The ipsilateral saphenous vein has become accepted as the best available material for femoropopliteal bypass and for arterial patch grafts as well as for visceral and cardiac bypasses. However, in a few patients, nonavailability or nonsuitability of the saphenous vein forces use of some other material. We report an experience with 32 operations using arm veins. Among the 11 long vein grafts, seven composite vein-Dacron or vein-vein grafts, and 14 vein patch grafts during the past six years, there were no infections or aneurysms and only nine thrombotic failures have been detected to date, to our knowledge. Our present indications are (1) ipsilateral saphenous vein is not available or is not suitable, (2) only a short graft or patch is needed and the saphenous vein may therefore be saved for the future, (3) to join to a saphenous graft or to a Dacron composite graft for additional length, and (4) to reconstruct an arm artery. Our experiences using cephalic and basilic veins confirms them as a useful source of autogenous material for arterial reconstruction.", "contents": "Arm veins for peripheral arterial reconstruction. The ipsilateral saphenous vein has become accepted as the best available material for femoropopliteal bypass and for arterial patch grafts as well as for visceral and cardiac bypasses. However, in a few patients, nonavailability or nonsuitability of the saphenous vein forces use of some other material. We report an experience with 32 operations using arm veins. Among the 11 long vein grafts, seven composite vein-Dacron or vein-vein grafts, and 14 vein patch grafts during the past six years, there were no infections or aneurysms and only nine thrombotic failures have been detected to date, to our knowledge. Our present indications are (1) ipsilateral saphenous vein is not available or is not suitable, (2) only a short graft or patch is needed and the saphenous vein may therefore be saved for the future, (3) to join to a saphenous graft or to a Dacron composite graft for additional length, and (4) to reconstruct an arm artery. Our experiences using cephalic and basilic veins confirms them as a useful source of autogenous material for arterial reconstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:136238", "title": "[Neuromuscular spindles of several amphibia and reptiles].", "content": "The work presents data on the structure and innervation of the nerve-muscle spindles in the soleus of the lake from Rana ridibunda, Bufo bufo, turtle Testudo horsfieldi, lizzard Lacerta agilis. The animals under study were shown to have different structure and innervation of these receptors. The thickness of the spindle connective tissue capsule has certain correlation with the width of the subcapsular space. The innervation apparatus in the muscle spindles of reptiles and turtles are similar in the following: sensory nerve terminations in the equatorial area of the spindle are represented by reticulars, bushes, loops and in the lizzard there appear annulo-spirals with a small amount of coils. The character of motor nerve terminations  in polar zones of intrafusal muscle fibres in the spindles of reptiles is similar to that of the extrafusal fibres: in the shape of \"bayonets\" and end bundles (Endb\u00fcuschel). In the muscle fibres of the turtle and lizzard in addition to typical motor plaques there occur trail endings.", "contents": "[Neuromuscular spindles of several amphibia and reptiles]. The work presents data on the structure and innervation of the nerve-muscle spindles in the soleus of the lake from Rana ridibunda, Bufo bufo, turtle Testudo horsfieldi, lizzard Lacerta agilis. The animals under study were shown to have different structure and innervation of these receptors. The thickness of the spindle connective tissue capsule has certain correlation with the width of the subcapsular space. The innervation apparatus in the muscle spindles of reptiles and turtles are similar in the following: sensory nerve terminations in the equatorial area of the spindle are represented by reticulars, bushes, loops and in the lizzard there appear annulo-spirals with a small amount of coils. The character of motor nerve terminations  in polar zones of intrafusal muscle fibres in the spindles of reptiles is similar to that of the extrafusal fibres: in the shape of \"bayonets\" and end bundles (Endb\u00fcuschel). In the muscle fibres of the turtle and lizzard in addition to typical motor plaques there occur trail endings."}
{"id": "PMID:136239", "title": "Some effects of pressure treatment on actomyosin systems.", "content": "Natural actomyosin, actin and myosin, have been pressurized at up to 150 MN/m2 for 1 h at 0 degrees C and examined 3-5 h later. Pressurization of myosin resulted in the formation of aggregates with a molecular weight approximately that expected for a dimer, whereas with F-actin depolymerization occurred. With actomyosin, a gel to sol transition was promoted. Viscosity and light-scattering measurements indicated that pressurization results in a large measure of disaggregation of actomyosin in solution. Pressurization of actomyosin resulted in a greater decrease in the calcium-sensitive, than in the calcium-independent, Mg2+ ATPase activity. The Ca2+ and K+-EDTA ATPase activities of myosin were inhibited to about the same extent.", "contents": "Some effects of pressure treatment on actomyosin systems. Natural actomyosin, actin and myosin, have been pressurized at up to 150 MN/m2 for 1 h at 0 degrees C and examined 3-5 h later. Pressurization of myosin resulted in the formation of aggregates with a molecular weight approximately that expected for a dimer, whereas with F-actin depolymerization occurred. With actomyosin, a gel to sol transition was promoted. Viscosity and light-scattering measurements indicated that pressurization results in a large measure of disaggregation of actomyosin in solution. Pressurization of actomyosin resulted in a greater decrease in the calcium-sensitive, than in the calcium-independent, Mg2+ ATPase activity. The Ca2+ and K+-EDTA ATPase activities of myosin were inhibited to about the same extent."}
{"id": "PMID:136242", "title": "Effects of methylcholanthrene on epidermal growth regulators. II. Variations in the S-factor.", "content": "There is increasing evidence to support the existence of tissue-specific growth-inhibitory chemical substances which can be found in extract homogenized cells. In the epidermis, two such tissue-specific factors (which also have cell-cycle specificity) have been found. These factors act specifically on different phases of the cell cycle (epidermal G1 and G2 chalones, respectively). This paper concerns a study of the effect of 20-methylcholanthrene on the epidermal G1 chalone. The variations in epidermal G2 inhibitor after such treatment were described in a previous paper. Hairless mice received a single topical application of 0.2 ml 0.5% solution of the carcinogen. The short time effect of the carcinogen application on epidermal DNA synthesis was first studied. Other groups of carcinogen-treated mice were then killed at similar time intervals, and the treated area of skin was homogenized and extracted with water. The inhibitory effect of these extracts on normal epidermal G1 cells was assayed in normal hairless mice. The obtained inhibition was registered as an expression of G1 inhibitor concentration in the skin extracts. The first experiment confirmed that a single carcinogen application provokes a short block in epidermal DNA synthesis, followed by a high, biomodal peak of increased activity with the first and maximum peak on day 2, and a smaller peak on day 8 after treatment. The second experiment showed that the content of G1 chalone in the skins of treated animals varied inversely to the alterations in epidermal DNA synthesis, revealing almost no chalone activity on day 2, and reduced chalone activity on day 8.", "contents": "Effects of methylcholanthrene on epidermal growth regulators. II. Variations in the S-factor. There is increasing evidence to support the existence of tissue-specific growth-inhibitory chemical substances which can be found in extract homogenized cells. In the epidermis, two such tissue-specific factors (which also have cell-cycle specificity) have been found. These factors act specifically on different phases of the cell cycle (epidermal G1 and G2 chalones, respectively). This paper concerns a study of the effect of 20-methylcholanthrene on the epidermal G1 chalone. The variations in epidermal G2 inhibitor after such treatment were described in a previous paper. Hairless mice received a single topical application of 0.2 ml 0.5% solution of the carcinogen. The short time effect of the carcinogen application on epidermal DNA synthesis was first studied. Other groups of carcinogen-treated mice were then killed at similar time intervals, and the treated area of skin was homogenized and extracted with water. The inhibitory effect of these extracts on normal epidermal G1 cells was assayed in normal hairless mice. The obtained inhibition was registered as an expression of G1 inhibitor concentration in the skin extracts. The first experiment confirmed that a single carcinogen application provokes a short block in epidermal DNA synthesis, followed by a high, biomodal peak of increased activity with the first and maximum peak on day 2, and a smaller peak on day 8 after treatment. The second experiment showed that the content of G1 chalone in the skins of treated animals varied inversely to the alterations in epidermal DNA synthesis, revealing almost no chalone activity on day 2, and reduced chalone activity on day 8."}
{"id": "PMID:136243", "title": "DNA and the cell cycle.", "content": "The cell cycle and its significance for pathology is reviewed. The molecular basis and questions of regulation in the cell cycle are discussed, along with deviations from the normal cycle in the form of polyploidy formation and aneuploidy in tumor cells. Automated prescreening processes may play a role in the future in daily routine diagnosis. Methods of cytophotometry with the possibility for objective pattern recognition will become significant in pathology in many ways, both in research and in routine work.", "contents": "DNA and the cell cycle. The cell cycle and its significance for pathology is reviewed. The molecular basis and questions of regulation in the cell cycle are discussed, along with deviations from the normal cycle in the form of polyploidy formation and aneuploidy in tumor cells. Automated prescreening processes may play a role in the future in daily routine diagnosis. Methods of cytophotometry with the possibility for objective pattern recognition will become significant in pathology in many ways, both in research and in routine work."}
{"id": "PMID:136244", "title": "[Occupational dermatoses due to polyurethane drugs].", "content": "Twenty cases of occupational dermatoses caused by isocyanates, especially diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and tri-isocyanate-triphenylmethane are reported. The handling of patch test substances is described. Personal in test laboratories have to be considered as persons at risk. Findings give some evidence for cross-sensitization between MDI and the corresponding diamine diaminodiphenylmethane. Moreover, it is supposed that MDI may give rise to cross-sensitization to p-phenylene diamine and chemically related compounds.", "contents": "[Occupational dermatoses due to polyurethane drugs]. Twenty cases of occupational dermatoses caused by isocyanates, especially diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and tri-isocyanate-triphenylmethane are reported. The handling of patch test substances is described. Personal in test laboratories have to be considered as persons at risk. Findings give some evidence for cross-sensitization between MDI and the corresponding diamine diaminodiphenylmethane. Moreover, it is supposed that MDI may give rise to cross-sensitization to p-phenylene diamine and chemically related compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:136245", "title": "[Occupational dermatoses of workers in a detergent factory].", "content": "133 female and 34 male workers of a detergents factory were subdivided into 3 groups according to the pathological state of their skin. The 129 persons of the first group showed slight disorders of the skin of their hands and forearms, the 31 subjects in the second group were free from skin disorders while the 7 persons of the third group showed eczematous symptoms. Patch tests were performed in these subjects using the following allergens: potassium dichromate, nickel sulfate, cobaltous chloride, formaline and paraphenylenediamine. Moreover, patch tests and wetting tests were carried out using the detergent powder manufactured in the factory. The results were mostly negative. In 66 cases of skin disorders, functional tests were performed that revealed disturbances of the barrier function of the skin (diminution of the alkali resistance by 62.2%, prolongation of the neutralization time by 75.6%, increase of the permeability by 33.2%). In 81.5% of the workers, a dermatosis due to overstrain was diagnosed.", "contents": "[Occupational dermatoses of workers in a detergent factory]. 133 female and 34 male workers of a detergents factory were subdivided into 3 groups according to the pathological state of their skin. The 129 persons of the first group showed slight disorders of the skin of their hands and forearms, the 31 subjects in the second group were free from skin disorders while the 7 persons of the third group showed eczematous symptoms. Patch tests were performed in these subjects using the following allergens: potassium dichromate, nickel sulfate, cobaltous chloride, formaline and paraphenylenediamine. Moreover, patch tests and wetting tests were carried out using the detergent powder manufactured in the factory. The results were mostly negative. In 66 cases of skin disorders, functional tests were performed that revealed disturbances of the barrier function of the skin (diminution of the alkali resistance by 62.2%, prolongation of the neutralization time by 75.6%, increase of the permeability by 33.2%). In 81.5% of the workers, a dermatosis due to overstrain was diagnosed."}
{"id": "PMID:136250", "title": "3-oxo acid coenzyme A-transferase in normal and diabetic rat muscle.", "content": "The amounts of succinyl-CoA--3-oxo acid CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) decrease progressively in skeletal muscle in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, reaching after 10 days about 50% of the value in normal rat muscle. Electrofocusing studies indicate the occurrence of partial proteolysis of the enzyme in diabetic muscle. However, several functional parameters relating to acetoacetate utilization, including substrate inhibition, are quite similar for muscle transferase preparations from normal and diseased rats. The development of pathological ketoacidosis is discussed in the light of these observations.", "contents": "3-oxo acid coenzyme A-transferase in normal and diabetic rat muscle. The amounts of succinyl-CoA--3-oxo acid CoA-transferase (EC 2.8.3.5) decrease progressively in skeletal muscle in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, reaching after 10 days about 50% of the value in normal rat muscle. Electrofocusing studies indicate the occurrence of partial proteolysis of the enzyme in diabetic muscle. However, several functional parameters relating to acetoacetate utilization, including substrate inhibition, are quite similar for muscle transferase preparations from normal and diseased rats. The development of pathological ketoacidosis is discussed in the light of these observations."}
{"id": "PMID:136249", "title": "Glucose metabolism in perfused skeletal muscle. Effects of starvation, diabetes, fatty acids, acetoacetate, insulin and exercise on glucose uptake and disposition.", "content": "1. The regulation of glucose uptake and disposition in skeletal muscle was studied in the isolated perfused rat hindquarter. 2. Insulin and exercise, induced by sciatic-nerve stimulation, enhanced glucose uptake about tenfold in fed and starved rats, but were without effect in rats with diabetic ketoacidosis. 3. At rest, the oxidation of lactate (0.44 mumol/min per 30 g muscle in fed rats) was decreased by 75% in both starved and diabetic rats, whereas the release of alanine and lactate (0.41 and 1.35 mumol/min per 30 g respectively in the fed state) was increased. Glycolysis, defined as the sum of lactate+alanine release and lactate oxidation, was not decreased in either starvation or diabetes. 4. In all groups, exercise tripled O2 consumption (from approximately 8 to approximately 25 mumol/min per 30 g of muscle) and increased the release and oxidation of lactate five- to ten-fold. The differences in lactate release between fed, starved and diabetic rats observed at rest were no longer apparent; however, lactate oxidation was still several times greater in the fed group. 5. Perfusion of the hindquarter of a fed rat with palmitate, octanoate or acetoacetate did not alter glucose uptake or lactate release in either resting or exercising muslce; however, lactate oxidation was significantly inhibited by acetoacetate, which also increased the intracellular concentration of acetyl-CoA. 6. The data suggest that neither that neither glycolysis nor the capacity for glucose transport are inhbitied in the perfused hindquarter during starvation or perfusion with fatty acids or ketone bodies. On the other hand, lactate oxidation is inhibited, suggesting diminished activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase. 7. Differences in the regulation of glucose metabolism in heart and skeletal muscle and the role of the glucose/fatty acid cycle in each tissue are discussed.", "contents": "Glucose metabolism in perfused skeletal muscle. Effects of starvation, diabetes, fatty acids, acetoacetate, insulin and exercise on glucose uptake and disposition. 1. The regulation of glucose uptake and disposition in skeletal muscle was studied in the isolated perfused rat hindquarter. 2. Insulin and exercise, induced by sciatic-nerve stimulation, enhanced glucose uptake about tenfold in fed and starved rats, but were without effect in rats with diabetic ketoacidosis. 3. At rest, the oxidation of lactate (0.44 mumol/min per 30 g muscle in fed rats) was decreased by 75% in both starved and diabetic rats, whereas the release of alanine and lactate (0.41 and 1.35 mumol/min per 30 g respectively in the fed state) was increased. Glycolysis, defined as the sum of lactate+alanine release and lactate oxidation, was not decreased in either starvation or diabetes. 4. In all groups, exercise tripled O2 consumption (from approximately 8 to approximately 25 mumol/min per 30 g of muscle) and increased the release and oxidation of lactate five- to ten-fold. The differences in lactate release between fed, starved and diabetic rats observed at rest were no longer apparent; however, lactate oxidation was still several times greater in the fed group. 5. Perfusion of the hindquarter of a fed rat with palmitate, octanoate or acetoacetate did not alter glucose uptake or lactate release in either resting or exercising muslce; however, lactate oxidation was significantly inhibited by acetoacetate, which also increased the intracellular concentration of acetyl-CoA. 6. The data suggest that neither that neither glycolysis nor the capacity for glucose transport are inhbitied in the perfused hindquarter during starvation or perfusion with fatty acids or ketone bodies. On the other hand, lactate oxidation is inhibited, suggesting diminished activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase. 7. Differences in the regulation of glucose metabolism in heart and skeletal muscle and the role of the glucose/fatty acid cycle in each tissue are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136263", "title": "Kinetics of salicylate metabolism.", "content": "1 Nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis or non-inflammatory backache were given soluble aspirin (65 mg/kg body weight) daily. There was no significant difference between the plasma salicylate of those with rheumatoid arthritis and those with backache. 2 Two patients had plasma salicylate values that differed significantly from the remainder but neither these results nor the marginal differences between plasma salicylate levels of the others could be explained by individual variations in the capacity for excreting salicyluric acid or salicyl phenolic glucuronide. 3 Increasing the dose of aspirin in four patients demonstrated the reduced proportions of salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide excreted at high doses and the increased importance of unchanged salicylic acid as an excretory pathway. These findings are consistent with a limiting capacity for salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide synthesis and excretion. 4 The findings in one patient suggested that inter-subject variations in the capacity for producing salicyl phenolic glucuronide and salicyluric acid may have an effect on plasma salicylate levels at high doses of aspirin.", "contents": "Kinetics of salicylate metabolism. 1 Nine patients with rheumatoid arthritis or non-inflammatory backache were given soluble aspirin (65 mg/kg body weight) daily. There was no significant difference between the plasma salicylate of those with rheumatoid arthritis and those with backache. 2 Two patients had plasma salicylate values that differed significantly from the remainder but neither these results nor the marginal differences between plasma salicylate levels of the others could be explained by individual variations in the capacity for excreting salicyluric acid or salicyl phenolic glucuronide. 3 Increasing the dose of aspirin in four patients demonstrated the reduced proportions of salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide excreted at high doses and the increased importance of unchanged salicylic acid as an excretory pathway. These findings are consistent with a limiting capacity for salicyluric acid and salicyl phenolic glucuronide synthesis and excretion. 4 The findings in one patient suggested that inter-subject variations in the capacity for producing salicyl phenolic glucuronide and salicyluric acid may have an effect on plasma salicylate levels at high doses of aspirin."}
{"id": "PMID:136264", "title": "Tuberculosis after corticosteroid therapy.", "content": "Fourteen episodes of reactivation of tuberculosis after corticosteroid administration are reported. In most a disease impairing the host defences was present and four were taking additional immunosuppressants. The most common presenting symptoms were productive cough and malaise. Bacteriological diagnosis required bronchoscopy in three cases. Response to antituberculosis therapy was good. Five of the 14 episodes manifested dissemination of pulmonary tuberculosis with four occurring in patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids and other immunosuppressants. No prolongation of sputum conversion time was noted in the patients. The published effects of corticosteroids on the tuberculous state are reviewed. Because INH administration may cause liver damage in a small minority of patients, a reassessment is required of the need for INH chemoprophylaxis when corticosteroids are used in patients with healed tuberculosis.", "contents": "Tuberculosis after corticosteroid therapy. Fourteen episodes of reactivation of tuberculosis after corticosteroid administration are reported. In most a disease impairing the host defences was present and four were taking additional immunosuppressants. The most common presenting symptoms were productive cough and malaise. Bacteriological diagnosis required bronchoscopy in three cases. Response to antituberculosis therapy was good. Five of the 14 episodes manifested dissemination of pulmonary tuberculosis with four occurring in patients receiving high-dose corticosteroids and other immunosuppressants. No prolongation of sputum conversion time was noted in the patients. The published effects of corticosteroids on the tuberculous state are reviewed. Because INH administration may cause liver damage in a small minority of patients, a reassessment is required of the need for INH chemoprophylaxis when corticosteroids are used in patients with healed tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:136265", "title": "Macrophage inhibitor factor (MIF) in cutaneous lymphoproliferative diseases.", "content": "Macrophage migration inhibitor factor (MIF) activity in the sera of patients with mycosis fungoides, S\u00e9zary syndrome, and cutaneous lymphoma was observed in the sera of eight of the ten patients with stage II (infiltrative) mycosis fungoides, but in only one of the eight patients with stage I and in neither of the two patients with stage III mycosis fungoides. Two of the three patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome had MIF in the serum. No MIF was observed in cutaneous lymphoma. These data support the concept that S\u00e9zary syndrome and mycosis fungoides are T-cell diseases, and transitional, prelymphomatous diseases.", "contents": "Macrophage inhibitor factor (MIF) in cutaneous lymphoproliferative diseases. Macrophage migration inhibitor factor (MIF) activity in the sera of patients with mycosis fungoides, S\u00e9zary syndrome, and cutaneous lymphoma was observed in the sera of eight of the ten patients with stage II (infiltrative) mycosis fungoides, but in only one of the eight patients with stage I and in neither of the two patients with stage III mycosis fungoides. Two of the three patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome had MIF in the serum. No MIF was observed in cutaneous lymphoma. These data support the concept that S\u00e9zary syndrome and mycosis fungoides are T-cell diseases, and transitional, prelymphomatous diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:136266", "title": "Plasma volume, intravascular albumin and its transcapillary escape rate in patients with extensive skin disease.", "content": "Plasma volume and plasma concentration and transcapillary escape rate of albumin (TER alb), i.e. the fraction of intravascular mass of albumin that passes to the extravascular space per unit time, were determined using 125I-labelled human albumin in eight patients with extensive skin disease. Plasma volume and plasma albumin concentration were reduced (P less than 0-05). Thus the intravascular albumin mass was moderately decreased to an average of 0-55 +/- 0-06 (s.d.) g/cm height compared with a normal mean value of 0-77 +/- 0-07 (s.d.) g/cm. This 29% decrease is statistically significant (P less than 0-001). The transcapillary escape rate of albumin (TER alb) was significantly elevated, mean 8-6 +/- 1-1 (s.d.) % X h-1, as compared to normal subjects, mean 5-6 +/- 1-1 (s.d.) % X h-1, (+54%, P less than 0-001). The same patients were studied again after a 1-week treatment with prednisone, 25-60 mg per day. Plasma albumin concentration, plasma volume and intravascular mass of albumin were unchanged, while TER alb decreased significantly during treatment, mean 5-9 +/- 0-8 (s.d.) % X h-1, (P less than 0-01). It is suggested that displacement of albumin into the skin and loss of albumin from the skin are the dominating mechanisms of the reduction in the intravascular albumin mass in patients with extensive skin disease.", "contents": "Plasma volume, intravascular albumin and its transcapillary escape rate in patients with extensive skin disease. Plasma volume and plasma concentration and transcapillary escape rate of albumin (TER alb), i.e. the fraction of intravascular mass of albumin that passes to the extravascular space per unit time, were determined using 125I-labelled human albumin in eight patients with extensive skin disease. Plasma volume and plasma albumin concentration were reduced (P less than 0-05). Thus the intravascular albumin mass was moderately decreased to an average of 0-55 +/- 0-06 (s.d.) g/cm height compared with a normal mean value of 0-77 +/- 0-07 (s.d.) g/cm. This 29% decrease is statistically significant (P less than 0-001). The transcapillary escape rate of albumin (TER alb) was significantly elevated, mean 8-6 +/- 1-1 (s.d.) % X h-1, as compared to normal subjects, mean 5-6 +/- 1-1 (s.d.) % X h-1, (+54%, P less than 0-001). The same patients were studied again after a 1-week treatment with prednisone, 25-60 mg per day. Plasma albumin concentration, plasma volume and intravascular mass of albumin were unchanged, while TER alb decreased significantly during treatment, mean 5-9 +/- 0-8 (s.d.) % X h-1, (P less than 0-01). It is suggested that displacement of albumin into the skin and loss of albumin from the skin are the dominating mechanisms of the reduction in the intravascular albumin mass in patients with extensive skin disease."}
{"id": "PMID:136267", "title": "Studies on calcium transport and calcium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of erythrocyte membranes in hereditary spherocytosis.", "content": "Evidence has been recently presented of a relative deficiency of Ca2+ - dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of erythrocyte membranes obtained from patients with hereditary spherocytosis. We have sought to confirm these findings by measuring calcium efflux from intact erythrocytes of patients with hereditary spherocytosis, as well as erythrocyte calcium concentrations, but find both these parameters to be normal. Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity, as well as Ca2+ -dependent membrane phosphorylation was also not found to be deficient in erythrocyte membranes from subjects with hereditary spherocytosis. These studies do not support the postulate that an accumulation of calcium affects the deformability of erythrocytes and their subsequent destruction in the spleen.", "contents": "Studies on calcium transport and calcium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of erythrocyte membranes in hereditary spherocytosis. Evidence has been recently presented of a relative deficiency of Ca2+ - dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of erythrocyte membranes obtained from patients with hereditary spherocytosis. We have sought to confirm these findings by measuring calcium efflux from intact erythrocytes of patients with hereditary spherocytosis, as well as erythrocyte calcium concentrations, but find both these parameters to be normal. Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity, as well as Ca2+ -dependent membrane phosphorylation was also not found to be deficient in erythrocyte membranes from subjects with hereditary spherocytosis. These studies do not support the postulate that an accumulation of calcium affects the deformability of erythrocytes and their subsequent destruction in the spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:136268", "title": "Laparoscopic sterilization with an elasticated silicone ring.", "content": "A method of laparoscopic sterilization using an elasticated silicone ring is described. It was used in 155 patients over a period of 13 months by 12 gynaecologists. There were 12 complications specifically related to the method and only one of them required laparotomy. One tubal patency was discovered, but no pregnancy occurred in a total follow-up period of 81-25 years. Many patients had pain in the first 24 hours after operation but only 3 per cent had pain after three months.", "contents": "Laparoscopic sterilization with an elasticated silicone ring. A method of laparoscopic sterilization using an elasticated silicone ring is described. It was used in 155 patients over a period of 13 months by 12 gynaecologists. There were 12 complications specifically related to the method and only one of them required laparotomy. One tubal patency was discovered, but no pregnancy occurred in a total follow-up period of 81-25 years. Many patients had pain in the first 24 hours after operation but only 3 per cent had pain after three months."}
{"id": "PMID:136269", "title": "Inhibition of (Na+, K+)adenosine triphosphatase and its partial reactions by quercetin.", "content": "The bioflavonoid, quercetin, inhibited the (Na+, K+)adenosine triphosphatase purified from the electric organ of electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) or from lamb kidney. An analysis of its mode of action revealed that the formation of phosphoenzyme from Pi but not from ATP was inhibited. Quercetin increased the amount of ADP-sensitive phosphoenzyme (E1--P), indicating an inhibition of the conversion of E1--P to the ADP-insensitive form (E2--P). The rate of dephosphorylation of the phosphoenzyme formed from ATP was slowed by quercetin. These results suggest that quercetin inhibits the formation of E2--P from either Pi or E1-P as well as the hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme. Its mode of action is therefore different from that of ouabain and other inhibitors of the Na+, K+)adenosine triphosphatase.", "contents": "Inhibition of (Na+, K+)adenosine triphosphatase and its partial reactions by quercetin. The bioflavonoid, quercetin, inhibited the (Na+, K+)adenosine triphosphatase purified from the electric organ of electric eel (Electrophorus electricus) or from lamb kidney. An analysis of its mode of action revealed that the formation of phosphoenzyme from Pi but not from ATP was inhibited. Quercetin increased the amount of ADP-sensitive phosphoenzyme (E1--P), indicating an inhibition of the conversion of E1--P to the ADP-insensitive form (E2--P). The rate of dephosphorylation of the phosphoenzyme formed from ATP was slowed by quercetin. These results suggest that quercetin inhibits the formation of E2--P from either Pi or E1-P as well as the hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme. Its mode of action is therefore different from that of ouabain and other inhibitors of the Na+, K+)adenosine triphosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:136270", "title": "Calorimetric studies of the interaction of magnesium and phosphate with Na+, K+) ATPase: evidence for a ligand-induced conformational change in the enzyme.", "content": "The phosphorylation of (Na+, K+)ATPase from the electric organ of the electric eel is dependent on Mg2+. The amount of phosphoenzyme formed was increased by K+ and decreased by Na+. Kinetic analyses indicate that a ternary complex of ATPase, Pi and Mg2+ is formed prior to phosphorylation of the protein. Calorimetric studies revealed extraordinarily large enthalpy changes associated with the binding of Mg2+ (-49 kcal/mol) and of Pi (-42 kcal/mol), indicating a thermodynamically significant conformational change in the enzyme. The dissociation constant for the binding of Mg2+ and Pi derived from calorimetric measurements is in good agreement with the value obtained from the kinetic studies. These results indicate that ion binding induces a conformational change in the enzyme which is a prerequisite for phosphorylation by Pi.", "contents": "Calorimetric studies of the interaction of magnesium and phosphate with Na+, K+) ATPase: evidence for a ligand-induced conformational change in the enzyme. The phosphorylation of (Na+, K+)ATPase from the electric organ of the electric eel is dependent on Mg2+. The amount of phosphoenzyme formed was increased by K+ and decreased by Na+. Kinetic analyses indicate that a ternary complex of ATPase, Pi and Mg2+ is formed prior to phosphorylation of the protein. Calorimetric studies revealed extraordinarily large enthalpy changes associated with the binding of Mg2+ (-49 kcal/mol) and of Pi (-42 kcal/mol), indicating a thermodynamically significant conformational change in the enzyme. The dissociation constant for the binding of Mg2+ and Pi derived from calorimetric measurements is in good agreement with the value obtained from the kinetic studies. These results indicate that ion binding induces a conformational change in the enzyme which is a prerequisite for phosphorylation by Pi."}
{"id": "PMID:136271", "title": "Heart phosphofructokinase: allosteric kinetics with fructose 6-sulfate.", "content": "The allosteric regulation of heart phosphofructokinase was studied at pH 6.9 with an alternative substrate, fructose 6-sulfate. The alternative substrate allowed kinetic studies to be carried out at high enzyme concentrations (0.1 mg/ml) where the effect of allosteric ligands on enzyme physical structure has been studied. A Km for ATP binding (8-10 muM) in the presence of saturating AMP concentrations was found which agreed well with the value obtained at pH 8.2, ATP inhibitory effects closely followed saturation of its substrate site. Hill plots for ATP inhibition gave an interaction coefficient of 3.5 indicating cooperatively between at least four enzyme subunits. Neither AMP nor fructose 6-sulfate affected the cooperativity between the ATP inhibitory sites but only increased the inhibitory threshold. As the ATP concentration was increased from suboptimal to inhibitory levels, interaction coefficients for AMP and fructose 6-sulfate changed from 1 to 2. Increasing citrate concentration resulted in an increase in the interaction coefficient for fructose 6-sulfate to a value of 1.9. Citrate inhibition was synergistic with ATP inhibition with an interaction coefficient of 2. The data indicate that  allosteric kinetics of the enzyme can be shown at high enzyme concentrations with the alternative substrate. ATP inhibition appears to involve interaction between at least four subunits, while citrate, AMP, and fructose 6-sulfate interact minimally with two subunits.", "contents": "Heart phosphofructokinase: allosteric kinetics with fructose 6-sulfate. The allosteric regulation of heart phosphofructokinase was studied at pH 6.9 with an alternative substrate, fructose 6-sulfate. The alternative substrate allowed kinetic studies to be carried out at high enzyme concentrations (0.1 mg/ml) where the effect of allosteric ligands on enzyme physical structure has been studied. A Km for ATP binding (8-10 muM) in the presence of saturating AMP concentrations was found which agreed well with the value obtained at pH 8.2, ATP inhibitory effects closely followed saturation of its substrate site. Hill plots for ATP inhibition gave an interaction coefficient of 3.5 indicating cooperatively between at least four enzyme subunits. Neither AMP nor fructose 6-sulfate affected the cooperativity between the ATP inhibitory sites but only increased the inhibitory threshold. As the ATP concentration was increased from suboptimal to inhibitory levels, interaction coefficients for AMP and fructose 6-sulfate changed from 1 to 2. Increasing citrate concentration resulted in an increase in the interaction coefficient for fructose 6-sulfate to a value of 1.9. Citrate inhibition was synergistic with ATP inhibition with an interaction coefficient of 2. The data indicate that  allosteric kinetics of the enzyme can be shown at high enzyme concentrations with the alternative substrate. ATP inhibition appears to involve interaction between at least four subunits, while citrate, AMP, and fructose 6-sulfate interact minimally with two subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:136272", "title": "Mechanism of inhibition of relaxation by N-ethylmaleimide treatment of myosin.", "content": "It has remained unexplained why N-ethylmalaeimide (NEM) treatment of myosin can inhibit relaxation in actomyosin systems from rabbit skeletal muscle which appear to be regulated solely through tropomyosin and troponin. Since rigor complexes between (nucleotide-free) myosin and actin affect the tropinin-tropomyosin system, the possibility was explored that, as a result of NEM treatment, some of the myosin maintains rigor complexes with actin in the presence of ATP which might be responsible for inhibition of relaxation. Evidence is presented indicating that such a mechanism might account for the effects of NEM treatment. First, after exhaustive NEM treatment of heavy meromysin (HMM), acto-HMM complexes were no longer dissociated by ATP. Second, admixture of such NEM-treated, enzymatically inactive HMM or myosin to native regulated actomyosin or acto-HMM inhibited relaxation.", "contents": "Mechanism of inhibition of relaxation by N-ethylmaleimide treatment of myosin. It has remained unexplained why N-ethylmalaeimide (NEM) treatment of myosin can inhibit relaxation in actomyosin systems from rabbit skeletal muscle which appear to be regulated solely through tropomyosin and troponin. Since rigor complexes between (nucleotide-free) myosin and actin affect the tropinin-tropomyosin system, the possibility was explored that, as a result of NEM treatment, some of the myosin maintains rigor complexes with actin in the presence of ATP which might be responsible for inhibition of relaxation. Evidence is presented indicating that such a mechanism might account for the effects of NEM treatment. First, after exhaustive NEM treatment of heavy meromysin (HMM), acto-HMM complexes were no longer dissociated by ATP. Second, admixture of such NEM-treated, enzymatically inactive HMM or myosin to native regulated actomyosin or acto-HMM inhibited relaxation."}
{"id": "PMID:136273", "title": "Myosin and actomyosin from human skeletal muscle.", "content": "Human skeletal natural actomyosin contained actin, tropomyosin, troponin and myosin components as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Purified human myosin contained at least three light chains having molecular weights (+/-2000) of 25 000, 18 000 and 15 000. Inhibitory and calcium binding components of troponin were identified in an actin-tropomyosin-troponin complex extracted from acetone-dried muscle powder at 37 degrees C. Activation of the Mg-ATPase activity of Ca2+-sensitive human natural or reconstituted actomyosin was half maximal at approximately 3.4 muM Ca2+ concentration (CaEGTA binding constant equals 4.4 - 10(5) at pH 6.8). Subfragment 1, isolated from the human heavy meromyosin by digestion with papain, appeared as a single peak after DEAE-cellulose chromatography. In the pH 6-9 range, the Ca2+-ATPase activity of the subfragment 1 was 1.8- and 4-fold higher that the original heavy meromyosin and myosin, respectively. The ATPase activities of human myosin and its fragments were 6-10 fold lower than those of corresponding proteins from rabbit fast skeletal muscle. Human myosin lost approximately 60% of the Ca2+-ATPase activity at pH 9 without a concomitant change in the number of distribution of its light chains. These findings indicate that human skeletal muscle myosin resembles other slow and fast mammalian muscles. Regulation of human skeletal actomyosin by Ca2+ is similar to that of rabbit fast or slow muscle.", "contents": "Myosin and actomyosin from human skeletal muscle. Human skeletal natural actomyosin contained actin, tropomyosin, troponin and myosin components as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Purified human myosin contained at least three light chains having molecular weights (+/-2000) of 25 000, 18 000 and 15 000. Inhibitory and calcium binding components of troponin were identified in an actin-tropomyosin-troponin complex extracted from acetone-dried muscle powder at 37 degrees C. Activation of the Mg-ATPase activity of Ca2+-sensitive human natural or reconstituted actomyosin was half maximal at approximately 3.4 muM Ca2+ concentration (CaEGTA binding constant equals 4.4 - 10(5) at pH 6.8). Subfragment 1, isolated from the human heavy meromyosin by digestion with papain, appeared as a single peak after DEAE-cellulose chromatography. In the pH 6-9 range, the Ca2+-ATPase activity of the subfragment 1 was 1.8- and 4-fold higher that the original heavy meromyosin and myosin, respectively. The ATPase activities of human myosin and its fragments were 6-10 fold lower than those of corresponding proteins from rabbit fast skeletal muscle. Human myosin lost approximately 60% of the Ca2+-ATPase activity at pH 9 without a concomitant change in the number of distribution of its light chains. These findings indicate that human skeletal muscle myosin resembles other slow and fast mammalian muscles. Regulation of human skeletal actomyosin by Ca2+ is similar to that of rabbit fast or slow muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:136274", "title": "Immunochemical studies on the large polypeptide of electrophorus electroplax (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.", "content": "Antibodies against Lubrol-solubilized Electrophorus electroplax (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) and its 96 000-dalton polypeptide (P96) were raised in rabbits. The P96 antibody does not cross react with the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from mammalian species and tissues, but it cross reacts with the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from both Electrophorus electroplax and brain. The combination of enzyme with anti-P96 is found  to inhibit phosphoryl enzyme formation to the same extent that it inhibits enzyme activity. The rate of K+-sensitive dephosphorylation of phosphoryl enzyme appears to be unchanged. These are also found to be true with the antibody against the whole enzyme. Upon tryptic digestion of the enzyme-anti-P96 complex only the large polypeptide of the enzyme is protected. In the case of enzyme-anti-Lubrol-solubilized enzyme complex, both the large and small polypeptides are protected, whereas preimmune sera are without any protecting effect. The data indicate that the phosphoryl acceptor polypeptide and the Lubrol-solubilized electroplax (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from which the polypeptide is derived are phylogenetically distinct from those of the mammalian (Na+ + K+)-ATPases. The selective tryptic resistance of the enzyme-anti-P96 complex indicates that the two polypeptides are spatially well separated, possibly on opposite sides of the membrane.", "contents": "Immunochemical studies on the large polypeptide of electrophorus electroplax (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. Antibodies against Lubrol-solubilized Electrophorus electroplax (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) and its 96 000-dalton polypeptide (P96) were raised in rabbits. The P96 antibody does not cross react with the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from mammalian species and tissues, but it cross reacts with the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from both Electrophorus electroplax and brain. The combination of enzyme with anti-P96 is found  to inhibit phosphoryl enzyme formation to the same extent that it inhibits enzyme activity. The rate of K+-sensitive dephosphorylation of phosphoryl enzyme appears to be unchanged. These are also found to be true with the antibody against the whole enzyme. Upon tryptic digestion of the enzyme-anti-P96 complex only the large polypeptide of the enzyme is protected. In the case of enzyme-anti-Lubrol-solubilized enzyme complex, both the large and small polypeptides are protected, whereas preimmune sera are without any protecting effect. The data indicate that the phosphoryl acceptor polypeptide and the Lubrol-solubilized electroplax (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from which the polypeptide is derived are phylogenetically distinct from those of the mammalian (Na+ + K+)-ATPases. The selective tryptic resistance of the enzyme-anti-P96 complex indicates that the two polypeptides are spatially well separated, possibly on opposite sides of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:136275", "title": "Comparative studies on amino and thiol groups in myosins from different sources.", "content": "Myosins from rabbit white and red skeletal, rabbit heart, fish skeletal and chicken gizzard muscles, as well as from human platelets were subjected to trinitrophenylation by trinitrobenzene sulfonate and alkylation by N-ethylmeleimide which affected their amino and thiol groups, respectively. The blocking of amino groups was carried out in the presence or in the absence of Mg-ADP and was followed both spectrophotometrically and enzymatically. Essential amino groups, whose modification throughly changes the enzymic characteristics of myosin, were found in heart and in all skeletal muscle myosins but were absent in myosins from chicken gizzard muscle and from human platelets. The reaction of these amino groups was highly retarded in the presence of Mg-ADP. Alkylation of thiols led to loss of the K+-activated ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) in all myosins. However, the rate of loss of activity varied from one myosin to another and, for a given myosin, was affected by the presence of nucleotides and by the value of the ionic strength. The change in Ca(2+)-activated ATPase activity (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) on alkylation was influenced by the presence of Mg - ADP during the reaction. In the absence of this nucleotide, the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity increased and reached a plateau as a consequence of modification. The extent of activation largely depended on the origin of the myosin. When alkylation was carried out in the presence of Mg-ADP, the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity as a function of time exhibited a maximum but the descending part of the curve was absent in myosins from heart and gizzard muscles.", "contents": "Comparative studies on amino and thiol groups in myosins from different sources. Myosins from rabbit white and red skeletal, rabbit heart, fish skeletal and chicken gizzard muscles, as well as from human platelets were subjected to trinitrophenylation by trinitrobenzene sulfonate and alkylation by N-ethylmeleimide which affected their amino and thiol groups, respectively. The blocking of amino groups was carried out in the presence or in the absence of Mg-ADP and was followed both spectrophotometrically and enzymatically. Essential amino groups, whose modification throughly changes the enzymic characteristics of myosin, were found in heart and in all skeletal muscle myosins but were absent in myosins from chicken gizzard muscle and from human platelets. The reaction of these amino groups was highly retarded in the presence of Mg-ADP. Alkylation of thiols led to loss of the K+-activated ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) in all myosins. However, the rate of loss of activity varied from one myosin to another and, for a given myosin, was affected by the presence of nucleotides and by the value of the ionic strength. The change in Ca(2+)-activated ATPase activity (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) on alkylation was influenced by the presence of Mg - ADP during the reaction. In the absence of this nucleotide, the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity increased and reached a plateau as a consequence of modification. The extent of activation largely depended on the origin of the myosin. When alkylation was carried out in the presence of Mg-ADP, the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity as a function of time exhibited a maximum but the descending part of the curve was absent in myosins from heart and gizzard muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:136277", "title": "Membrane-bound interferon specific cell receptor system: role in the establishment and amplification of the antiviral state.", "content": "The cell membrane, in addition to other functions, plays an important role in regulating cell metabolism governed by messenger proteins (or other substances) acting from the outside. The interferon receptor system located in the cell membrane (used as a model) might consist of two components: a binding site and an activator site. As shown by experiments based on competition between interferons for the same receptor, binding is not necessarily followed by activation of the antiviral state. It is possible that polysaccharid residues present in gangliosides play an important role in binding. A critical concentration of interferon molecules in contact with the receptors is needed to induce the antiviral state, which is thus a cooperative process. The activation and probably the amplification of the response require free membrane-bound energy and the integrity of the cytoskeletal components of the cell. Modifications in cell membrane structure can change the response to interferon; on the other hand, interferon might induce changes in the cell membrane which finally result in an altered response to toxins and, in some instances, in recovery of lost contact inhibition in transformed cells.", "contents": "Membrane-bound interferon specific cell receptor system: role in the establishment and amplification of the antiviral state. The cell membrane, in addition to other functions, plays an important role in regulating cell metabolism governed by messenger proteins (or other substances) acting from the outside. The interferon receptor system located in the cell membrane (used as a model) might consist of two components: a binding site and an activator site. As shown by experiments based on competition between interferons for the same receptor, binding is not necessarily followed by activation of the antiviral state. It is possible that polysaccharid residues present in gangliosides play an important role in binding. A critical concentration of interferon molecules in contact with the receptors is needed to induce the antiviral state, which is thus a cooperative process. The activation and probably the amplification of the response require free membrane-bound energy and the integrity of the cytoskeletal components of the cell. Modifications in cell membrane structure can change the response to interferon; on the other hand, interferon might induce changes in the cell membrane which finally result in an altered response to toxins and, in some instances, in recovery of lost contact inhibition in transformed cells."}
{"id": "PMID:136278", "title": "In vitro phagocytosis of Candida albicans by peripheral polymorphonuclear neutrophils of patients with recurrent infections:Case reports of serum-dependent abnormalities.", "content": "The \"in vitro\" phagocytosis of C. albicans by peripheral polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) of 25 healthy subjects and of 27 patients with recurrent infections was performed in autologous serum and in normal pooled AB serum. In AB serum PMN of the patients phagocytosed C. albicans significantly better than PMN of healthy subjects. In 9 out of 27 patients the phagocytosis of C. albicans by the patient's PMN was markedly lower in autologous serum than in AB serum. Four patients with extreme serum-dependent abnormalities in the phagocytosis of C. albicans by their PMN's are described more in detail.", "contents": "In vitro phagocytosis of Candida albicans by peripheral polymorphonuclear neutrophils of patients with recurrent infections:Case reports of serum-dependent abnormalities. The \"in vitro\" phagocytosis of C. albicans by peripheral polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) of 25 healthy subjects and of 27 patients with recurrent infections was performed in autologous serum and in normal pooled AB serum. In AB serum PMN of the patients phagocytosed C. albicans significantly better than PMN of healthy subjects. In 9 out of 27 patients the phagocytosis of C. albicans by the patient's PMN was markedly lower in autologous serum than in AB serum. Four patients with extreme serum-dependent abnormalities in the phagocytosis of C. albicans by their PMN's are described more in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:136279", "title": "[Na, K-ATP-ase and acetylcholinesterase activity of the membrane structures of the rat brain and spinal cord during the seizure process].", "content": "The activity of ATP-ase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in crude mitochondrial fraction (CMF) and microsomal fraction of rat brain cortex and the spinal cord was studied in clonic seizures evoked by electroshock and 5 min after them. Inhibition of the Na, K-ATP-ase activity of the CMF of the brain at the clonic phase of convulsions and an increase in the activity of this enzyme in all the fractions of the tissues under study at the postconvulsive period were revealed. The activity of Ca-ATP-ase in the CMF of the brain increased during the convulsions and decreased at the postconfulsive period. The activity of Mg-ATP-ase remained unchanged. The AChE activity, as a rule increased during the convulsions, and grew even more during the postconvulsive period; the spinal cord tissue displayed a reduction of the activation effect. A possibility of structural reconstructions in the excitable neuron membranes during the convulsive activity is discussed.", "contents": "[Na, K-ATP-ase and acetylcholinesterase activity of the membrane structures of the rat brain and spinal cord during the seizure process]. The activity of ATP-ase and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in crude mitochondrial fraction (CMF) and microsomal fraction of rat brain cortex and the spinal cord was studied in clonic seizures evoked by electroshock and 5 min after them. Inhibition of the Na, K-ATP-ase activity of the CMF of the brain at the clonic phase of convulsions and an increase in the activity of this enzyme in all the fractions of the tissues under study at the postconvulsive period were revealed. The activity of Ca-ATP-ase in the CMF of the brain increased during the convulsions and decreased at the postconfulsive period. The activity of Mg-ATP-ase remained unchanged. The AChE activity, as a rule increased during the convulsions, and grew even more during the postconvulsive period; the spinal cord tissue displayed a reduction of the activation effect. A possibility of structural reconstructions in the excitable neuron membranes during the convulsive activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136280", "title": "[Mechanism of inhibition of the glycolytic activity of the myocardium during the early postnatal period].", "content": "Reduction of the activity of glycolysis and glycogenolysis regularly observed in the developing cardiac muscle was not associated with reduction of the glycolytic system, but was due to the regulatory inhibition of the phosphofructokinase link in the glycolytic link. This was indicated by a 4.5-fold increase in the rat heart of the ratio of the active masses of the phosphofructokinase reaction in the course of 2 weeks of the postnatal development.", "contents": "[Mechanism of inhibition of the glycolytic activity of the myocardium during the early postnatal period]. Reduction of the activity of glycolysis and glycogenolysis regularly observed in the developing cardiac muscle was not associated with reduction of the glycolytic system, but was due to the regulatory inhibition of the phosphofructokinase link in the glycolytic link. This was indicated by a 4.5-fold increase in the rat heart of the ratio of the active masses of the phosphofructokinase reaction in the course of 2 weeks of the postnatal development."}
{"id": "PMID:136290", "title": "Activity in vitro of ten antimicrobial agents against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A study of the correlation between the sensitivities.", "content": "105 Belgian strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were tested for their sensitivity to penicillin, ampicillin, rifampicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, spectinomycin, sulphamethoxazole, trimethroprim, and a combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethroprim in a 5:1 ratio. Distribution and median values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are given and discussed. 42 per cent. of strains were relatively resistant to penicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 0-04 mug/ml.), but only 2 per cent. showed high-level resistance (MIC greater than or equal to 0-38 mug/ml.), which is comparable with the prevalence of decreased sensitivity found in other European countries. A significant positive correlation (P less than or equal to 0-01, rank correlation coefficient) is found between the sensitivities to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin, except for the ampicillin-erythromycin and ampicillin-tetracycline pairs. Rifampicin is correlated with tetracycline. No correlation is found between the sensitivities to spectinomycin and any of the other drugs. The combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim in a 5:1 ratio also shows a significant positive correlation with penicillin and ampicillin and with sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim separately.", "contents": "Activity in vitro of ten antimicrobial agents against Neisseria gonorrhoeae. A study of the correlation between the sensitivities. 105 Belgian strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae were tested for their sensitivity to penicillin, ampicillin, rifampicin, erythromycin, tetracycline, streptomycin, spectinomycin, sulphamethoxazole, trimethroprim, and a combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethroprim in a 5:1 ratio. Distribution and median values of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are given and discussed. 42 per cent. of strains were relatively resistant to penicillin (MIC greater than or equal to 0-04 mug/ml.), but only 2 per cent. showed high-level resistance (MIC greater than or equal to 0-38 mug/ml.), which is comparable with the prevalence of decreased sensitivity found in other European countries. A significant positive correlation (P less than or equal to 0-01, rank correlation coefficient) is found between the sensitivities to penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, and streptomycin, except for the ampicillin-erythromycin and ampicillin-tetracycline pairs. Rifampicin is correlated with tetracycline. No correlation is found between the sensitivities to spectinomycin and any of the other drugs. The combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim in a 5:1 ratio also shows a significant positive correlation with penicillin and ampicillin and with sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim separately."}
{"id": "PMID:136291", "title": "Nuclear suppressors of the [poky] cytoplasmic mutant in Neurospora crassa. I. Genetics and respiratory properties.", "content": "Six nuclear suppressors of the (poky) cytoplasmic mutant (sup-1, sup-3, sup-4, sup-5, sup-10, sup-14) have been obtained in Neurospora crassa. The sup genes suppress the slow growth phenotype of (poky), and alleviate, at least partially, the deficiency of cyanide sensitive respiratory activity in the mycelium of this cytoplasmic mutant. The six suppressors are nonallelic, suppress the phenotypic effects of (stp-Bl) in addition to (poky), but have no effect on the phenotype expression of the (mi-3) cytoplasmic mutant. On the basis of experimentally established molecular defects in (poky) and on the basis of hypothetical consideration, it is proposed that the sup mutations affect the structure and properties of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins.", "contents": "Nuclear suppressors of the [poky] cytoplasmic mutant in Neurospora crassa. I. Genetics and respiratory properties. Six nuclear suppressors of the (poky) cytoplasmic mutant (sup-1, sup-3, sup-4, sup-5, sup-10, sup-14) have been obtained in Neurospora crassa. The sup genes suppress the slow growth phenotype of (poky), and alleviate, at least partially, the deficiency of cyanide sensitive respiratory activity in the mycelium of this cytoplasmic mutant. The six suppressors are nonallelic, suppress the phenotypic effects of (stp-Bl) in addition to (poky), but have no effect on the phenotype expression of the (mi-3) cytoplasmic mutant. On the basis of experimentally established molecular defects in (poky) and on the basis of hypothetical consideration, it is proposed that the sup mutations affect the structure and properties of mitochondrial ribosomal proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:136293", "title": "The significance of low back pain in older adults.", "content": "A retrospective study of the practice of an orthopedic surgeon at a university teaching hospital was done to evaluate the significance of low back pain in older adults. All 259 patients in a 3-year period 50 years of age and over whose presenting complaint was low back pain or sciatica or both were identified and classified by final diagnosis. A comparison was similarly identified and classified. Systemic disease, particularly cancer, was much more prevalent in the older group. It was demonstrated that a simple screening routine consisting of measuring the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase and calcium would identify all cases of unsuspected malignant disease--that is, at least one of the values would be abnormal in every case.", "contents": "The significance of low back pain in older adults. A retrospective study of the practice of an orthopedic surgeon at a university teaching hospital was done to evaluate the significance of low back pain in older adults. All 259 patients in a 3-year period 50 years of age and over whose presenting complaint was low back pain or sciatica or both were identified and classified by final diagnosis. A comparison was similarly identified and classified. Systemic disease, particularly cancer, was much more prevalent in the older group. It was demonstrated that a simple screening routine consisting of measuring the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase and calcium would identify all cases of unsuspected malignant disease--that is, at least one of the values would be abnormal in every case."}
{"id": "PMID:136294", "title": "Low back pain in the workman in Canada.", "content": "Groups of 25 Workmen's Compensation Board patients (WCP group) and 25 non-Workmen's Compensation Board patients (NWCP group) hospitalized because of low back pain were compared. The WCP group had a significantly higher male:female ratio, incidence of sudden onset and precipitating factors, and prevalence of weakness, decreased reflexes and sensory loss. Surgical treatment and multiple operations were significantly more frequent in the WCP group, as was complete long-term relief or worsening after operation. Adequate partial relief was significantly more frequent in the NWCP group. The differences suggest more severe conditions in the workmen. Prevalence of psychological factors was not significantly different, although a trend was observed for this to be greater in the WCP group.", "contents": "Low back pain in the workman in Canada. Groups of 25 Workmen's Compensation Board patients (WCP group) and 25 non-Workmen's Compensation Board patients (NWCP group) hospitalized because of low back pain were compared. The WCP group had a significantly higher male:female ratio, incidence of sudden onset and precipitating factors, and prevalence of weakness, decreased reflexes and sensory loss. Surgical treatment and multiple operations were significantly more frequent in the WCP group, as was complete long-term relief or worsening after operation. Adequate partial relief was significantly more frequent in the NWCP group. The differences suggest more severe conditions in the workmen. Prevalence of psychological factors was not significantly different, although a trend was observed for this to be greater in the WCP group."}
{"id": "PMID:136295", "title": "Plasma amino acids in patients with the carcinoid syndrome.", "content": "Plasma tryptophan (Trp) is reported to be decreased in some patients with the carcinoid syndrome. To determine if the plasma levels of other amino acids are also altered in the carcinoid syndrome, we used a fas-liquid chromatographic method to determine the plasma amino acid concentration of nine patients with the carcinoid syndrome and nine age-matched healthy control subjects. In comparison to the control subjects, the patients with the carcinoid syndrome had decreased plasma concentration of valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile), lysine (Lys), and ornithine (Orn), and an increased plasma concentration of methionine (Met). With the exception of a decrease in urinary excretion of proline (Pro) and hydroxyporline (Hyp), the patients with the carcinoid syndrome had normal quantities of amino acids in their urine. Plasma Met returned to normal when serotonin production by the tumor was reduced 60% by parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA); the other amino acid abnormalities persisted. Further studies are needed to determine the significance of these amino acid abnormalities.", "contents": "Plasma amino acids in patients with the carcinoid syndrome. Plasma tryptophan (Trp) is reported to be decreased in some patients with the carcinoid syndrome. To determine if the plasma levels of other amino acids are also altered in the carcinoid syndrome, we used a fas-liquid chromatographic method to determine the plasma amino acid concentration of nine patients with the carcinoid syndrome and nine age-matched healthy control subjects. In comparison to the control subjects, the patients with the carcinoid syndrome had decreased plasma concentration of valine (Val), isoleucine (Ile), lysine (Lys), and ornithine (Orn), and an increased plasma concentration of methionine (Met). With the exception of a decrease in urinary excretion of proline (Pro) and hydroxyporline (Hyp), the patients with the carcinoid syndrome had normal quantities of amino acids in their urine. Plasma Met returned to normal when serotonin production by the tumor was reduced 60% by parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA); the other amino acid abnormalities persisted. Further studies are needed to determine the significance of these amino acid abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:136296", "title": "Pharmacology of antitumor agents from higher plants.", "content": "Some pharmacologic properties of nine antitumor agents from higher plants are described. The agents are vincristine, vinblastine the epiodophyllotoxin derivatives VM-26 and VP-16-213, maytansine, bruceantin, thalicarpine, camptothecin, and lapachol. When sufficient information is available, the agents are discussed with regard to their antitumor activity, mechanism of action, pharmacologic disposition, structure-activity relationships, and toxicity.", "contents": "Pharmacology of antitumor agents from higher plants. Some pharmacologic properties of nine antitumor agents from higher plants are described. The agents are vincristine, vinblastine the epiodophyllotoxin derivatives VM-26 and VP-16-213, maytansine, bruceantin, thalicarpine, camptothecin, and lapachol. When sufficient information is available, the agents are discussed with regard to their antitumor activity, mechanism of action, pharmacologic disposition, structure-activity relationships, and toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:136297", "title": "Effect of digitoxin on cardiac hypertrophy induced by pericardiectomy and exercise.", "content": "Removal of the pericardium in combination with a mild exercise programme of swimming resulted in a significant increase in heart weight and heart weight/body weight ratio of young rats. Heart weight/body weight ratios were 3.46+/-0.25 in the sedentary control animals, 4.16+/-0.26 in pericardiectomized animals swimming 2 h each day, and 4.60+/-0.22 in pericardiectomized animals swimming 6h/d. The effect of pericardiectomy on the development of cardiac hypertrophy is additive to that of mild exercise (2h/d) but not to prolonged exercise (6h/d). The administration of digitoxin significantly decreased the development of cardiac hypertrophy in pericardiectomized animals that were exercised for 2 h/d but not those exercised for 6 h/d. These findings further substantiate the physiological effect on the heart of the pericardium. The effects of pericardiectomy should be considered in experimental studies of cardiac hypertrophy and in clinical studies involving cardiac surgery.", "contents": "Effect of digitoxin on cardiac hypertrophy induced by pericardiectomy and exercise. Removal of the pericardium in combination with a mild exercise programme of swimming resulted in a significant increase in heart weight and heart weight/body weight ratio of young rats. Heart weight/body weight ratios were 3.46+/-0.25 in the sedentary control animals, 4.16+/-0.26 in pericardiectomized animals swimming 2 h each day, and 4.60+/-0.22 in pericardiectomized animals swimming 6h/d. The effect of pericardiectomy on the development of cardiac hypertrophy is additive to that of mild exercise (2h/d) but not to prolonged exercise (6h/d). The administration of digitoxin significantly decreased the development of cardiac hypertrophy in pericardiectomized animals that were exercised for 2 h/d but not those exercised for 6 h/d. These findings further substantiate the physiological effect on the heart of the pericardium. The effects of pericardiectomy should be considered in experimental studies of cardiac hypertrophy and in clinical studies involving cardiac surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:136298", "title": "Myocardial sarcolemmal ATPase in dogs with induced mitral insufficiency.", "content": "A study of the sarcolemmal Na+K+ATPase in the left failing heart due to induced mitral insufficiency was made in dogs. The sarcolemmal Na+K+ATPase markedly increased in the failing left ventricle. There was no change in the ATPase in the nonfailing right ventricle of the same dog. It was observed that during the early period of mitral incompetence, when there was an increase in the index of myocardial contractility, there was also a decrease in the sarcolemmal Na+K+-ATPase activity. There was no change in the MPG++-ATPase of the sarcolemmal fractions of either the failing or nonfailing ventricle. These results indicate that sarcolemmal Na+K+-ATPase appears to be involved in the reduction of the myocardial contractility during heart failure.", "contents": "Myocardial sarcolemmal ATPase in dogs with induced mitral insufficiency. A study of the sarcolemmal Na+K+ATPase in the left failing heart due to induced mitral insufficiency was made in dogs. The sarcolemmal Na+K+ATPase markedly increased in the failing left ventricle. There was no change in the ATPase in the nonfailing right ventricle of the same dog. It was observed that during the early period of mitral incompetence, when there was an increase in the index of myocardial contractility, there was also a decrease in the sarcolemmal Na+K+-ATPase activity. There was no change in the MPG++-ATPase of the sarcolemmal fractions of either the failing or nonfailing ventricle. These results indicate that sarcolemmal Na+K+-ATPase appears to be involved in the reduction of the myocardial contractility during heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:136300", "title": "Surface glycosaminoglycans as a differentiation cofactor in neuroblastoma cell cultures.", "content": "The possible role of surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in neuronal maturation occuring in neuroblastoma cultures has been investigated. GAGs of neuroblastoma cells, grown in suspension and monolayer, were labelled with 3H-glucosamine and 35S-sulfate. Neuron maturation, following cell adhesion to culture dishes, is accompanied by an increased ability of the cells to retain heparan sulfate (HS) on their surface, which is otherwise lost into the culture medium. The role of surface HS as a cofactor of cellular differentiation is discussed.", "contents": "Surface glycosaminoglycans as a differentiation cofactor in neuroblastoma cell cultures. The possible role of surface glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in neuronal maturation occuring in neuroblastoma cultures has been investigated. GAGs of neuroblastoma cells, grown in suspension and monolayer, were labelled with 3H-glucosamine and 35S-sulfate. Neuron maturation, following cell adhesion to culture dishes, is accompanied by an increased ability of the cells to retain heparan sulfate (HS) on their surface, which is otherwise lost into the culture medium. The role of surface HS as a cofactor of cellular differentiation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136301", "title": "Changes in the stimulatory capability of mouse small thymocytes to give a proliferation of allogenic spleen cells during differentiation.", "content": "Our previous studies on surface antigenic properties of murine small thymocyte subpopulations raised the hypothesis that some of the least dense cells, which possibly were precursor T cells, differentiated into the most dense cells which have the properties of mature T cells. Thus, the stimulatory capacity of the least dense was compared with that of the most dense by one-way mixed leukocyte culture. A marked difference in capacity between both subpopulations was found, i.e., the capacity of the least dense was the strongest of all subclasses, whereas that of the most dense was the weakest. It was concluded from discussions on this difference that the finding supported the hypothesis.", "contents": "Changes in the stimulatory capability of mouse small thymocytes to give a proliferation of allogenic spleen cells during differentiation. Our previous studies on surface antigenic properties of murine small thymocyte subpopulations raised the hypothesis that some of the least dense cells, which possibly were precursor T cells, differentiated into the most dense cells which have the properties of mature T cells. Thus, the stimulatory capacity of the least dense was compared with that of the most dense by one-way mixed leukocyte culture. A marked difference in capacity between both subpopulations was found, i.e., the capacity of the least dense was the strongest of all subclasses, whereas that of the most dense was the weakest. It was concluded from discussions on this difference that the finding supported the hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:136315", "title": "[Perfection of an experimental schedule for the quantitative evaluation of trans-abscissic acid by biological tests].", "content": "Using gas-liquid chromatography, we have studied the kinetics of the isomerization from trans-ABA to cis-ABA under the effect of short ultraviolet-light (254 nm). At first, for a given volume, the conditions required to reach 50% isomerization were determined. Then the method was adapted to the use of extracts. It is thus possible to estimate the amount of trans-ABA in extracts with a suitable biological test.", "contents": "[Perfection of an experimental schedule for the quantitative evaluation of trans-abscissic acid by biological tests]. Using gas-liquid chromatography, we have studied the kinetics of the isomerization from trans-ABA to cis-ABA under the effect of short ultraviolet-light (254 nm). At first, for a given volume, the conditions required to reach 50% isomerization were determined. Then the method was adapted to the use of extracts. It is thus possible to estimate the amount of trans-ABA in extracts with a suitable biological test."}
{"id": "PMID:136316", "title": "[The role of distinct membrane components of the enzyme in the ouabain sensitivity of Na+/K+ ATPase].", "content": "Purified plasma membranes from a cell line derived from the murine plasmocytoma MOPC 173 exhibited a 50% inhibition of the Na+K+ ATPase by 120 muM ouabain. EDTA treatment of such membranes induced a drop in the ouabain concentration needed for 50% inhibition to 0.4 muM. Supernatants obtained after EDTA treatment were able to complement with Ca(++) + Mg++ the washed EDTA treated membranes which recover their original resistance.", "contents": "[The role of distinct membrane components of the enzyme in the ouabain sensitivity of Na+/K+ ATPase]. Purified plasma membranes from a cell line derived from the murine plasmocytoma MOPC 173 exhibited a 50% inhibition of the Na+K+ ATPase by 120 muM ouabain. EDTA treatment of such membranes induced a drop in the ouabain concentration needed for 50% inhibition to 0.4 muM. Supernatants obtained after EDTA treatment were able to complement with Ca(++) + Mg++ the washed EDTA treated membranes which recover their original resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:136320", "title": "Hemodynamics after surgical repair with right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit.", "content": "To assess the results of cardiac repair utilizing a right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit, we reviewed postoperative hemodynamic data in 16 patients catheterized 0.5 to 5 years after repair. In 12 patients, a Hancock conduit (dacron conduit with porcine valve) was used; the conduit in the remaining four patients was made with an aortic homograft. All patients in whom an aortic homograft was utilized developed severe obstruction and calcification of their graft. The majority of patients, 9/12, with a Hancock conduit, had only mild to moderate conduit obstruction; the remaining three had severe obstruction (gradients greater than 70 mm Hg). The sites of Hancock conduit obstruction were at the distal end of the conduit in 8/12, proximal end of conduit in 6/12, and at the porcine valve in 4/12 patients. The data suggest that repair with a Hancock conduit is hemodynamically more satisfactory than with aortic homograft.", "contents": "Hemodynamics after surgical repair with right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit. To assess the results of cardiac repair utilizing a right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit, we reviewed postoperative hemodynamic data in 16 patients catheterized 0.5 to 5 years after repair. In 12 patients, a Hancock conduit (dacron conduit with porcine valve) was used; the conduit in the remaining four patients was made with an aortic homograft. All patients in whom an aortic homograft was utilized developed severe obstruction and calcification of their graft. The majority of patients, 9/12, with a Hancock conduit, had only mild to moderate conduit obstruction; the remaining three had severe obstruction (gradients greater than 70 mm Hg). The sites of Hancock conduit obstruction were at the distal end of the conduit in 8/12, proximal end of conduit in 6/12, and at the porcine valve in 4/12 patients. The data suggest that repair with a Hancock conduit is hemodynamically more satisfactory than with aortic homograft."}
{"id": "PMID:136321", "title": "Relationship between right ventricular muscle bundles and pulmonary valve. Significance in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum.", "content": "The normal pulmonary valvular cusps and related sinuses lie superimposed upon specific muscle bundles of the right ventricular infundibulum. Most prominent of such muscle bundles are those related to the right and left (posterior) pulmonary valvular cusps and sinuses. Least prominent is the muscle bundle related to the anterior pulmonary cusp and sinus. In pulmonary valvular atresia with intact septum the normal relationships are accentuated by right ventricular hypertrophy. A transpulmonary valvotomy done either through the region of the right or left (posterior) cusp tends to extend through subjacent muscle. The opening made through the region of the anterior cusp is more apt to lead directly into the right ventricular cavity.", "contents": "Relationship between right ventricular muscle bundles and pulmonary valve. Significance in pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum. The normal pulmonary valvular cusps and related sinuses lie superimposed upon specific muscle bundles of the right ventricular infundibulum. Most prominent of such muscle bundles are those related to the right and left (posterior) pulmonary valvular cusps and sinuses. Least prominent is the muscle bundle related to the anterior pulmonary cusp and sinus. In pulmonary valvular atresia with intact septum the normal relationships are accentuated by right ventricular hypertrophy. A transpulmonary valvotomy done either through the region of the right or left (posterior) cusp tends to extend through subjacent muscle. The opening made through the region of the anterior cusp is more apt to lead directly into the right ventricular cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:136317", "title": "Developmental training by parents of the very young child with potential handicap.", "content": "Fifteen children aged 9 to 15 months, who were on the observation register of a city, and considered to be showing signs of delayed development, were studied over a 3-month period. Following assessment, the parents were shown ways in which they could train their children appropriate to their development levels, in separate fields of locomotion, social development, language, and hand-eye coordination. Eight out of 13 children with delay showed significant improvement in general quotients of development over the 3 months. This occurred in 5 out of 7 children with no signs of neurological abnormality at the time of the study, and in 3 out of 6 children with signs of neurological disorder. Two children without delay showed no significant improvement. Parents' reactions are discussed, and a description is given of the way in which this project was designed, suggesting implications for future implications for future Community Health services.", "contents": "Developmental training by parents of the very young child with potential handicap. Fifteen children aged 9 to 15 months, who were on the observation register of a city, and considered to be showing signs of delayed development, were studied over a 3-month period. Following assessment, the parents were shown ways in which they could train their children appropriate to their development levels, in separate fields of locomotion, social development, language, and hand-eye coordination. Eight out of 13 children with delay showed significant improvement in general quotients of development over the 3 months. This occurred in 5 out of 7 children with no signs of neurological abnormality at the time of the study, and in 3 out of 6 children with signs of neurological disorder. Two children without delay showed no significant improvement. Parents' reactions are discussed, and a description is given of the way in which this project was designed, suggesting implications for future implications for future Community Health services."}
{"id": "PMID:136322", "title": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Evaluation by gated cardiac blood pool scanning.", "content": "The gated radionuclide cardiac blood pool scan (GCS) can be used to visualize the entire profile of the interventricular septum and left ventricular contraction. Twenty-two patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, nine with valvular aortic stenosis and six normals, underwent echocardiography and GCS. All patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy had asymmetric septal hypertrophy and 14 of 22 had resting systolic anterior motion of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve on echocardiogram. In eight patients with aortic stenosis with adequate echocardiograms, two had asymmetric septal hypertrophy and none had systolic anterior motion. The GCS demonstrated disproportionate upper septal thickening in 11; septal flattening in 16; cavity obliteration in 17; and a filling defect in the region of the left ventricular outflow tract in 16 of the 22 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In the nine patients with valvular aortic stenosis, two demonstrated septal flattening, two cavity obliteration, two an outflow tract defect, and none disproportionate upper septal thickening. Both patients with cavity obliteration demonstrated asymmetric septal hypertrophy on echocardiogram. One normal control patient had septal flattening. Thus the gated cardiac blood pool scan provides an atraumatic technique for the evaluation of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which complements the echocardiogram.", "contents": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Evaluation by gated cardiac blood pool scanning. The gated radionuclide cardiac blood pool scan (GCS) can be used to visualize the entire profile of the interventricular septum and left ventricular contraction. Twenty-two patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, nine with valvular aortic stenosis and six normals, underwent echocardiography and GCS. All patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy had asymmetric septal hypertrophy and 14 of 22 had resting systolic anterior motion of the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve on echocardiogram. In eight patients with aortic stenosis with adequate echocardiograms, two had asymmetric septal hypertrophy and none had systolic anterior motion. The GCS demonstrated disproportionate upper septal thickening in 11; septal flattening in 16; cavity obliteration in 17; and a filling defect in the region of the left ventricular outflow tract in 16 of the 22 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. In the nine patients with valvular aortic stenosis, two demonstrated septal flattening, two cavity obliteration, two an outflow tract defect, and none disproportionate upper septal thickening. Both patients with cavity obliteration demonstrated asymmetric septal hypertrophy on echocardiogram. One normal control patient had septal flattening. Thus the gated cardiac blood pool scan provides an atraumatic technique for the evaluation of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which complements the echocardiogram."}
{"id": "PMID:136318", "title": "Special unit care of the preschool child with severe physical or mental handicaps.", "content": "The provision of special care units for the severely physically and mentally handicapped preschool child is discussed. Types of handicap and ethnic origin of the children passing through such a special care unit in a two year period are considered. Management of the special care unit is discussed and the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the care of the child emphasized.", "contents": "Special unit care of the preschool child with severe physical or mental handicaps. The provision of special care units for the severely physically and mentally handicapped preschool child is discussed. Types of handicap and ethnic origin of the children passing through such a special care unit in a two year period are considered. Management of the special care unit is discussed and the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the care of the child emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:136323", "title": "A methodology for establishing a diagnostic index for syndromes of unknown etiology.", "content": "A method has been developed to test for heterogeneity in syndromes of unknown etiology and to distinguish between patients with and without the syndrome. The validity of the method was tested on a group of patients suspected of having a syndrome that can be diagnosed by other means (Down syndrome), and was found to be effective. The method was then applied to a group of patients suspected of having a syndrome of unknown etiology (de Lange). It was shown that the group appears to be heterogeneous. A preliminary diagnosis of having or not having the syndrome was made in about 80% of the patients.", "contents": "A methodology for establishing a diagnostic index for syndromes of unknown etiology. A method has been developed to test for heterogeneity in syndromes of unknown etiology and to distinguish between patients with and without the syndrome. The validity of the method was tested on a group of patients suspected of having a syndrome that can be diagnosed by other means (Down syndrome), and was found to be effective. The method was then applied to a group of patients suspected of having a syndrome of unknown etiology (de Lange). It was shown that the group appears to be heterogeneous. A preliminary diagnosis of having or not having the syndrome was made in about 80% of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:136319", "title": "Early education for handicapped children.", "content": "Early education is an integral part of daily living. Early \"special\" education for handicapped children involves adapting the daily living environment to enable each individual child to make the optimum use of such ability and development potential as he has. Parents are the first and most important educator s of their children. It is the role of professional people to guide this early education via the parents. Early assessment, as a basis for such educational planning is discussed in general terms.", "contents": "Early education for handicapped children. Early education is an integral part of daily living. Early \"special\" education for handicapped children involves adapting the daily living environment to enable each individual child to make the optimum use of such ability and development potential as he has. Parents are the first and most important educator s of their children. It is the role of professional people to guide this early education via the parents. Early assessment, as a basis for such educational planning is discussed in general terms."}
{"id": "PMID:136324", "title": "Spontaneous and PHA-induced rosetting of human blood, tonsil lymphocytes and MLC blasts with sheep, human and horse erythrocytes.", "content": "Compared to peripheral blood lymphocytes the ability of human tonsil T cells and MLC blasts to bind sheep, human and horse erythrocytes was found to be increased. Tonsil and MLC T cells were able to bind sheep red blood cells without any cold incubation, i.e. they were 'early' rosettes, and higher percentage of human and horse erythrocyte rosettes were formed by these cells. Low doses of phytohaemagglutinin increased the proportion of rosettes between peripheral blood, tonsil, MLC cells and human and horse erythrocytes. PHA acted only on T cells, and not on B cells, lymphoblastoid B and other cell lines. On the ground of the stronger rosetting property of MLC blasts and tonsil cells, it is likely that the T cells responsible for binding of horse and human erythrocytes after PHA treatment are 'early' or 'active' rosetting cells.", "contents": "Spontaneous and PHA-induced rosetting of human blood, tonsil lymphocytes and MLC blasts with sheep, human and horse erythrocytes. Compared to peripheral blood lymphocytes the ability of human tonsil T cells and MLC blasts to bind sheep, human and horse erythrocytes was found to be increased. Tonsil and MLC T cells were able to bind sheep red blood cells without any cold incubation, i.e. they were 'early' rosettes, and higher percentage of human and horse erythrocyte rosettes were formed by these cells. Low doses of phytohaemagglutinin increased the proportion of rosettes between peripheral blood, tonsil, MLC cells and human and horse erythrocytes. PHA acted only on T cells, and not on B cells, lymphoblastoid B and other cell lines. On the ground of the stronger rosetting property of MLC blasts and tonsil cells, it is likely that the T cells responsible for binding of horse and human erythrocytes after PHA treatment are 'early' or 'active' rosetting cells."}
{"id": "PMID:136325", "title": "Evidence for immune complexes involving anti-lymphocyte antibodies associated with hypocomplementaemia in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL).", "content": "Unmeasurable total haemolytic complement (C) was observed in serum of a patient with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and recurrent non-hereditary angioedema. Analysis of C components immunochemically demonstrated a marked reduction of C1q and C1s inhibitor, undetectable C1r, C1s and an elevated B. Haemolytic C1, C4 and C2 were less than 5 percent of normal, functional C1s inhibitor was absent. Cryoglobulin and C1q precipitins were present in the serum. Of special interest was the presence of high levels of cold-reactive antilymphocyte antibody, determined by both C-dependent cytotoxicity and indirect immunofluorescence. The antibody exhibited specificities for both autologous lymphocytes and lymphocytes from normal donors; cytotoxic activity for autologous leukaemia cells was removed by absorption with normal isologous tonsil lymphocytes. Specific enrichment of this antibody relative to the serum level was demonstrated in the cryoglobulin and its isolated 19S fractions. Free lymphocyte surface antigen was also demonstrated by gel diffusion using specific rabbit antilymphocyte antiserum. These data strongly suggest the presence of pathogenetically significant circulating complexes of lymphocyte surface antigen and specific antibody in certain patients with CLL.", "contents": "Evidence for immune complexes involving anti-lymphocyte antibodies associated with hypocomplementaemia in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Unmeasurable total haemolytic complement (C) was observed in serum of a patient with untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and recurrent non-hereditary angioedema. Analysis of C components immunochemically demonstrated a marked reduction of C1q and C1s inhibitor, undetectable C1r, C1s and an elevated B. Haemolytic C1, C4 and C2 were less than 5 percent of normal, functional C1s inhibitor was absent. Cryoglobulin and C1q precipitins were present in the serum. Of special interest was the presence of high levels of cold-reactive antilymphocyte antibody, determined by both C-dependent cytotoxicity and indirect immunofluorescence. The antibody exhibited specificities for both autologous lymphocytes and lymphocytes from normal donors; cytotoxic activity for autologous leukaemia cells was removed by absorption with normal isologous tonsil lymphocytes. Specific enrichment of this antibody relative to the serum level was demonstrated in the cryoglobulin and its isolated 19S fractions. Free lymphocyte surface antigen was also demonstrated by gel diffusion using specific rabbit antilymphocyte antiserum. These data strongly suggest the presence of pathogenetically significant circulating complexes of lymphocyte surface antigen and specific antibody in certain patients with CLL."}
{"id": "PMID:136326", "title": "Elimination and serum protein binding of phenylbutazone in patients with renal insufficiency.", "content": "In uremic patients the serum protein binding of phenylbutazone was significantly decreased. The concentration of the dialyzable drug estimated by equilibrium dialysis was increased by 117-1100% (mean +/-SD = 502 +/- 236%). No correlation exists between the serum protein binding of phenylbutazone and the concentration of serum albumin, urea and creatinine. The serum protein binding of glymidine was also decreased in the uremic patients (dialyzable fraction increased by 214%). The apparent plasma levels of phenylbutazone immediately after its ingestion (600 mg per os) were decreased in uremic patients (44.5 +/- 11 mug/ml) in comparison with healthy subjects (66.3 +/- 17.3 mug/ml). The half life of phenylbutazone was decreased in the uremic patients (41.7 +/- 12.4 hr) in comparison with healthy volunteers (58.9 +/- 14.9 hr). It is suggested that the accelerated elimination of phenylbutazone in uremic patients is caused by an altered distribution of the drug caused by its decreased serum protein binding.", "contents": "Elimination and serum protein binding of phenylbutazone in patients with renal insufficiency. In uremic patients the serum protein binding of phenylbutazone was significantly decreased. The concentration of the dialyzable drug estimated by equilibrium dialysis was increased by 117-1100% (mean +/-SD = 502 +/- 236%). No correlation exists between the serum protein binding of phenylbutazone and the concentration of serum albumin, urea and creatinine. The serum protein binding of glymidine was also decreased in the uremic patients (dialyzable fraction increased by 214%). The apparent plasma levels of phenylbutazone immediately after its ingestion (600 mg per os) were decreased in uremic patients (44.5 +/- 11 mug/ml) in comparison with healthy subjects (66.3 +/- 17.3 mug/ml). The half life of phenylbutazone was decreased in the uremic patients (41.7 +/- 12.4 hr) in comparison with healthy volunteers (58.9 +/- 14.9 hr). It is suggested that the accelerated elimination of phenylbutazone in uremic patients is caused by an altered distribution of the drug caused by its decreased serum protein binding."}
{"id": "PMID:136329", "title": "Dityrosine in collagen.", "content": "Dityrosine was formed by the action of peracetic acid and sodium peroxide on soluble collagens. Dityrosine was also detected in native insoluble collagen, but only from old animals. Dityrosine was identified by amino acid analysis, fluorescence absorption and mass spectra.", "contents": "Dityrosine in collagen. Dityrosine was formed by the action of peracetic acid and sodium peroxide on soluble collagens. Dityrosine was also detected in native insoluble collagen, but only from old animals. Dityrosine was identified by amino acid analysis, fluorescence absorption and mass spectra."}
{"id": "PMID:136330", "title": "Fibroblast DNA synthesis activation in sponge induced granulation tissue. The effect of antineutrophil serum and cyclophosphamide.", "content": "DNA synthesis in rat and rabbit polyvinyl sponge induced granulation tissue has been studied using thymidine (methyl-3H). Synthesis was determined by measurement of thymidine incorporation into cold trichloroacetic acid insoluble material and by autoradiography. Granulation tissue was removed and immediately incubated in vitro in the presence of thymidine (methyl-3H) for three hours. The label was incorporated into the nuclei of fibroblasts and, to a lesser extent, of endothelial cells. The labeled material was 93% lysable by DNase and its synthesis was inhibited by hydroxyurea and bleomycin. In this system synthesis was linear for two hours and then ceased. A marked increase in DNA synthesis occurred in tissue harvested at 44 hours after sponge implantation. This rise was confirmed by autoradiographic studies which showed an increase in nuclear labeling at two days after implantation. Neutropenia produced by injections of antineutrophil serum or cyclophosphamide failed to inhibit activation of DNA synthesis in fibroblasts or endothelial cells. Amonocytosis also had no effect on this process. Rates of thymidine incorporation into DNA and thymidine phosphates in vivo were similar to those found during in vitro incubations of granulation tissue.", "contents": "Fibroblast DNA synthesis activation in sponge induced granulation tissue. The effect of antineutrophil serum and cyclophosphamide. DNA synthesis in rat and rabbit polyvinyl sponge induced granulation tissue has been studied using thymidine (methyl-3H). Synthesis was determined by measurement of thymidine incorporation into cold trichloroacetic acid insoluble material and by autoradiography. Granulation tissue was removed and immediately incubated in vitro in the presence of thymidine (methyl-3H) for three hours. The label was incorporated into the nuclei of fibroblasts and, to a lesser extent, of endothelial cells. The labeled material was 93% lysable by DNase and its synthesis was inhibited by hydroxyurea and bleomycin. In this system synthesis was linear for two hours and then ceased. A marked increase in DNA synthesis occurred in tissue harvested at 44 hours after sponge implantation. This rise was confirmed by autoradiographic studies which showed an increase in nuclear labeling at two days after implantation. Neutropenia produced by injections of antineutrophil serum or cyclophosphamide failed to inhibit activation of DNA synthesis in fibroblasts or endothelial cells. Amonocytosis also had no effect on this process. Rates of thymidine incorporation into DNA and thymidine phosphates in vivo were similar to those found during in vitro incubations of granulation tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:136331", "title": "A simple microassay of prolyl hydroxylase applicable to skin punch biopsy specimens.", "content": "A method is described for the assay of prolyl hydroxylase. The method is rapid, avoids the use of vacuum distillation equipment and can be applied to small tissue samples such as skin biopsies.", "contents": "A simple microassay of prolyl hydroxylase applicable to skin punch biopsy specimens. A method is described for the assay of prolyl hydroxylase. The method is rapid, avoids the use of vacuum distillation equipment and can be applied to small tissue samples such as skin biopsies."}
{"id": "PMID:136328", "title": "Auto-immunological basis of disk degeneration.", "content": "Ninety-four subjects were divided into 5 groups according to symptoms and radiologic findings to devise a test for immunoglobin levels and lymphocyte microstimulation. Cellular immunity to disk antigens can be demonstrated in disk degeneration which may be primary or secondary. The serum level of IgM, irrespective of the age of the individual was significantly higher in patients with backache than asymptomatic patients.", "contents": "Auto-immunological basis of disk degeneration. Ninety-four subjects were divided into 5 groups according to symptoms and radiologic findings to devise a test for immunoglobin levels and lymphocyte microstimulation. Cellular immunity to disk antigens can be demonstrated in disk degeneration which may be primary or secondary. The serum level of IgM, irrespective of the age of the individual was significantly higher in patients with backache than asymptomatic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:136337", "title": "Neuroleptic induced extrapyramidal symptoms.", "content": "All currently marketed neuroleptics induce extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). These EPS are a function of biological sensitivity, neuroleptic molecular structure, dose, age, sex, and duration of neuroleptic treatment. Because of their association with EPS, at times irreversible, and their modest efficacy in the non-schizophrenic patients, neuroleptic administration should be limited predominantly to schizophrenic patients. Furthermore EPS should not be used as a guideline for the efficacy of neuroleptics as formerly assumed. For EPS may occur at subtherapeutic doses of neuroleptics and may be absent in patients experiencing clinical response. Neuroleptic dose should be the lowest efficacious dose required to provide symptom remission. In addition, antiparkinsonian (AP) agents should be administered predominently contraactively and not routinely in combination with neuroleptics. With the judicious administration of neuroleptic agents and AP medication, distressing EPS can be prevented or minimized, while providing control of schizophrenic symptoms.", "contents": "Neuroleptic induced extrapyramidal symptoms. All currently marketed neuroleptics induce extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). These EPS are a function of biological sensitivity, neuroleptic molecular structure, dose, age, sex, and duration of neuroleptic treatment. Because of their association with EPS, at times irreversible, and their modest efficacy in the non-schizophrenic patients, neuroleptic administration should be limited predominantly to schizophrenic patients. Furthermore EPS should not be used as a guideline for the efficacy of neuroleptics as formerly assumed. For EPS may occur at subtherapeutic doses of neuroleptics and may be absent in patients experiencing clinical response. Neuroleptic dose should be the lowest efficacious dose required to provide symptom remission. In addition, antiparkinsonian (AP) agents should be administered predominently contraactively and not routinely in combination with neuroleptics. With the judicious administration of neuroleptic agents and AP medication, distressing EPS can be prevented or minimized, while providing control of schizophrenic symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:136341", "title": "Estrogen (EB) and EB + progesterone (P) induced changes in pituitary sodium, potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity (ATPase).", "content": "Estradiol-benzoate (EB) injected into previously ovariectomized (OVX) rats, increased pituitary ATPase activity 69% over controls, within one hour of treatment. Twelve hours after injection, ATPase activity was not significantly different from controls. Progesterone [(P): 5mg/100gBW] administered in conjunction with EB elicited an analogous response. AT at time of EB and EB+P induced increments in pituitary ATPase activity, plasma LH levels were dramatically reduced to normal, intact diestrous control levels. Post-castrational elevations in FSH were also suppressed after one hour of treatment with EB, but not following EB+P administration. The results suggest that the inhibitory actions of EB and EB+P on post-castrational LH levels may be related to modulation by these steroids of pituitary membrane ATPase activity.", "contents": "Estrogen (EB) and EB + progesterone (P) induced changes in pituitary sodium, potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity (ATPase). Estradiol-benzoate (EB) injected into previously ovariectomized (OVX) rats, increased pituitary ATPase activity 69% over controls, within one hour of treatment. Twelve hours after injection, ATPase activity was not significantly different from controls. Progesterone [(P): 5mg/100gBW] administered in conjunction with EB elicited an analogous response. AT at time of EB and EB+P induced increments in pituitary ATPase activity, plasma LH levels were dramatically reduced to normal, intact diestrous control levels. Post-castrational elevations in FSH were also suppressed after one hour of treatment with EB, but not following EB+P administration. The results suggest that the inhibitory actions of EB and EB+P on post-castrational LH levels may be related to modulation by these steroids of pituitary membrane ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:136336", "title": "Suprahepatic interposition of the colon in association with Down's syndrome: report of a case.", "content": "A patient in whom suprahepatic interposition of the colon was found with primary trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) is described. While both syndromes are rare, their coincidental occurrence in the same patient has not been previously reported. The possibility that a chromosomal abnormality may exist in patients who have suprahepatic interposition of the colon is entertained.", "contents": "Suprahepatic interposition of the colon in association with Down's syndrome: report of a case. A patient in whom suprahepatic interposition of the colon was found with primary trisomy 21 (Down's syndrome) is described. While both syndromes are rare, their coincidental occurrence in the same patient has not been previously reported. The possibility that a chromosomal abnormality may exist in patients who have suprahepatic interposition of the colon is entertained."}
{"id": "PMID:136342", "title": "Subcutaneous, isogeneic transplantation of either duct-ligated pancreas or isolated islets in streptozotocin diabetic mice.", "content": "Recovery from hyperglycemia was observed in streptozotocin diabetic mice that received subcutaneous, isogeneic transplants of either isolated islets or duct-ligated pancreas. Transplants of isolated islets obtained from collagenase-digested adult pancreas provided recovery from hyperglycemia, but the incidence of recovery depended on the amount of islet tissue initially transplanted. Hyperplastic, insulin-rich islets obtained from the pancreas of obese hyperglycemic mice (ob/ob) allowed recovery between 3 and 6 weeks, whereas an equivalent number of islets obtained from non-obese, normal donors gave only partial recovery after 8 weeks. Implantation of pancreatic endocrine tissue obtained from adult donors whose pancreatic ducts were ligated several weeks earlier, led to consistent recovery within 8 to 10 weeks. The content of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) extracted from transplants of mice recovering from hyperglycemia was 16 to 19% of that found in the normal mouse pancreas and was about 4 times greater than that remaining in the recepient's own pancreas. Transplants removed from hosts that did not recover contained a relatively small amount of IRI indicating that these transplants contained insufficient insulin stores to allow recovery form hyperglycemia.", "contents": "Subcutaneous, isogeneic transplantation of either duct-ligated pancreas or isolated islets in streptozotocin diabetic mice. Recovery from hyperglycemia was observed in streptozotocin diabetic mice that received subcutaneous, isogeneic transplants of either isolated islets or duct-ligated pancreas. Transplants of isolated islets obtained from collagenase-digested adult pancreas provided recovery from hyperglycemia, but the incidence of recovery depended on the amount of islet tissue initially transplanted. Hyperplastic, insulin-rich islets obtained from the pancreas of obese hyperglycemic mice (ob/ob) allowed recovery between 3 and 6 weeks, whereas an equivalent number of islets obtained from non-obese, normal donors gave only partial recovery after 8 weeks. Implantation of pancreatic endocrine tissue obtained from adult donors whose pancreatic ducts were ligated several weeks earlier, led to consistent recovery within 8 to 10 weeks. The content of immunoreactive insulin (IRI) extracted from transplants of mice recovering from hyperglycemia was 16 to 19% of that found in the normal mouse pancreas and was about 4 times greater than that remaining in the recepient's own pancreas. Transplants removed from hosts that did not recover contained a relatively small amount of IRI indicating that these transplants contained insufficient insulin stores to allow recovery form hyperglycemia."}
{"id": "PMID:136343", "title": "Some properties of thyroidal membrane adenosinetriphosphatase and iodide uptake: effects of basic polyamino acids.", "content": "Poly L-lysine, poly L-ornithine, and histone significantly inhibited the iodide uptake by the thyroid slices, as previously reported. These basic polymers diminshed Na, K-ATPase and concomitantly markedly elevated Mg-ATPase activity in the NaI-treated microsomal preparation and the plasma membrane fraction obtained from thyroid. Poly L-glutamic acid, which was noneffetive to the iodide uptake in vitro, did not show such phenomenon. K-dependent p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity which is considered to reflect the terminal step of the reaction sequence of Na, K-ATPase was also inhibited by poly L-lysine. The effects mentioned above of poly L-lysine and other basic polyamino acids on membrane ATPase system were only found in the preparations from thyroid. The inhibitory effect of these reagents on thyroidal iodide uptake was discussed in terms of the change in membrane ATPase activities.", "contents": "Some properties of thyroidal membrane adenosinetriphosphatase and iodide uptake: effects of basic polyamino acids. Poly L-lysine, poly L-ornithine, and histone significantly inhibited the iodide uptake by the thyroid slices, as previously reported. These basic polymers diminshed Na, K-ATPase and concomitantly markedly elevated Mg-ATPase activity in the NaI-treated microsomal preparation and the plasma membrane fraction obtained from thyroid. Poly L-glutamic acid, which was noneffetive to the iodide uptake in vitro, did not show such phenomenon. K-dependent p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity which is considered to reflect the terminal step of the reaction sequence of Na, K-ATPase was also inhibited by poly L-lysine. The effects mentioned above of poly L-lysine and other basic polyamino acids on membrane ATPase system were only found in the preparations from thyroid. The inhibitory effect of these reagents on thyroidal iodide uptake was discussed in terms of the change in membrane ATPase activities."}
{"id": "PMID:136344", "title": "Salt inactivation as a mechanistic probe of membrane-bound chloroplast coupling factor 1.", "content": "Conditions are reported under which ATP protects membrane-bound coupling factor 1 against sodium bromide inactivation. The presence of Mg2+ was found to be obligatory for this protection. ADP and GTP also protected the enzyme against salt inactivation but to a much smaller extent. Other nucleotides tested were ineffective. At low ATP concentrations ADP prevented the effect of ATP and modified the saturation curve for ATP from hyperbolic to sigmoidal. Treatment of chloroplasts with 0.4 M MgCl2 or 2 M LiCl resulted in inactivation of photophosphorylation. In contrast to NaBr-depleted particles the MgCl2 or LiCl-depleted chloroplasts can be reconstituted by purified coupling factor 1. A binding site for Mg2+ and two different sites for ATP upon the coupling factor 1 are suggested to explain the mechanism of their protection against salt inactivation.", "contents": "Salt inactivation as a mechanistic probe of membrane-bound chloroplast coupling factor 1. Conditions are reported under which ATP protects membrane-bound coupling factor 1 against sodium bromide inactivation. The presence of Mg2+ was found to be obligatory for this protection. ADP and GTP also protected the enzyme against salt inactivation but to a much smaller extent. Other nucleotides tested were ineffective. At low ATP concentrations ADP prevented the effect of ATP and modified the saturation curve for ATP from hyperbolic to sigmoidal. Treatment of chloroplasts with 0.4 M MgCl2 or 2 M LiCl resulted in inactivation of photophosphorylation. In contrast to NaBr-depleted particles the MgCl2 or LiCl-depleted chloroplasts can be reconstituted by purified coupling factor 1. A binding site for Mg2+ and two different sites for ATP upon the coupling factor 1 are suggested to explain the mechanism of their protection against salt inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:136345", "title": "Identification and some properties of a new fast-reacting plasmin inhibitor in human plasma.", "content": "Fresh plasma was seeded with trace amounts of highly purified biologically intact iodine-labelled plasminogen and the plasmin-inhibitor complexes formed after activation with streptokinase or urokinase separated by gel filtration. Two radioactive peaks were observed, the first one eluted in the void volume and the second one just before the 7-S globulin peak. In incompletely activated samples, the second peak was always predominant over the first one. Both components were purified with high yield by a combination of affinity chromatography on lysine-agarose and gel filtration, and investigated by dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. Neither component reacted with antisera against alpha1-antitrypsin, antithrombin III, C1-esterase inhibitor, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor or alpha1-antichymotrypsin. The component of the first peak appeared to be a complex between plasmin and alpha2-macroglobulin which reacted with antisera against human plasminogen and against alpha2-macroglobulin. The component of the second peak had a molecular weight (Mr) of 120000-140000 by dodecyl-sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and lpon reduction displayed a doublet band with an Mr of 65000-70000 and a band with Mr 11000. It reacted with antisera against plasminogen and with antisera raised against this complex and absorbed with purified plasminogen. The latter antisera reacted with a single component in plasma which is different from the above-mentioned plasma protease inhibitors. Specific removal of this component from plasma by immuno-absorption resulted in disappearance of the fast-reacting antiplasmin activity whereas alpha2-macroglobulin was found to represent the slower-reacting plasmin-neutralizing activity. In the presence of normal plasma levels of these proteins, the specific removal or absence of alpha1-antitrypsin, antithrombin III or C1-esterase inhibitor did not alter the inactivation rate of plasmin when added to plasma in quimolar amounts to that of plasminogen. It is concluded that only two plasma proteins are important in the binding of plasmin generated by activation of the plasma plasminogen, namely a fast-reacting inhibitor which is different from the known plasma protease inhibitors and which we have provisionally named antiplasmin, and alpha2-macroglobulin, which reacts more slowly.", "contents": "Identification and some properties of a new fast-reacting plasmin inhibitor in human plasma. Fresh plasma was seeded with trace amounts of highly purified biologically intact iodine-labelled plasminogen and the plasmin-inhibitor complexes formed after activation with streptokinase or urokinase separated by gel filtration. Two radioactive peaks were observed, the first one eluted in the void volume and the second one just before the 7-S globulin peak. In incompletely activated samples, the second peak was always predominant over the first one. Both components were purified with high yield by a combination of affinity chromatography on lysine-agarose and gel filtration, and investigated by dodecylsulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis. Neither component reacted with antisera against alpha1-antitrypsin, antithrombin III, C1-esterase inhibitor, inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor or alpha1-antichymotrypsin. The component of the first peak appeared to be a complex between plasmin and alpha2-macroglobulin which reacted with antisera against human plasminogen and against alpha2-macroglobulin. The component of the second peak had a molecular weight (Mr) of 120000-140000 by dodecyl-sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and lpon reduction displayed a doublet band with an Mr of 65000-70000 and a band with Mr 11000. It reacted with antisera against plasminogen and with antisera raised against this complex and absorbed with purified plasminogen. The latter antisera reacted with a single component in plasma which is different from the above-mentioned plasma protease inhibitors. Specific removal of this component from plasma by immuno-absorption resulted in disappearance of the fast-reacting antiplasmin activity whereas alpha2-macroglobulin was found to represent the slower-reacting plasmin-neutralizing activity. In the presence of normal plasma levels of these proteins, the specific removal or absence of alpha1-antitrypsin, antithrombin III or C1-esterase inhibitor did not alter the inactivation rate of plasmin when added to plasma in quimolar amounts to that of plasminogen. It is concluded that only two plasma proteins are important in the binding of plasmin generated by activation of the plasma plasminogen, namely a fast-reacting inhibitor which is different from the known plasma protease inhibitors and which we have provisionally named antiplasmin, and alpha2-macroglobulin, which reacts more slowly."}
{"id": "PMID:136346", "title": "Comparison between strontium and calcium uptake by the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The ATP-supported uptake of strontium by the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum is monophasic and proceeds more rapidly than the fast uptake of calcium. Strontium uptake is not activated by Pi. The accumulation of strontium is nearly proportional to the external strontium concentration even in the millimolar range. Internal and external strontium quickly equilibrate. One mole of strontium is stored for every mole of ATP split by the Sr2+-activated ATPase. In the absence of oxalate most of the strontium is taken up with a transport ratio of one. On the opposite, the transport ratio of calcium decreases immediately, especially when ADP is not instantaneously phosphorylated to ATP. In this case, energy conversion is uncoupled more effectively by the simultaneous action of ADP and free internal calcium, resulting in the interruption of the fast uptake. After depletion of ATP most of the stored strontium is released and the remaining fraction appears to be not exchangeable. Strontium activates the slow uptake of calcium, but reduces the amplitude of the fast uptake. The calcium induced release of strontium, and vice versa, is partial and transient. The strontium activated ATPase does not transport calcium at low ionic calcium concentrations.", "contents": "Comparison between strontium and calcium uptake by the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. The ATP-supported uptake of strontium by the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum is monophasic and proceeds more rapidly than the fast uptake of calcium. Strontium uptake is not activated by Pi. The accumulation of strontium is nearly proportional to the external strontium concentration even in the millimolar range. Internal and external strontium quickly equilibrate. One mole of strontium is stored for every mole of ATP split by the Sr2+-activated ATPase. In the absence of oxalate most of the strontium is taken up with a transport ratio of one. On the opposite, the transport ratio of calcium decreases immediately, especially when ADP is not instantaneously phosphorylated to ATP. In this case, energy conversion is uncoupled more effectively by the simultaneous action of ADP and free internal calcium, resulting in the interruption of the fast uptake. After depletion of ATP most of the stored strontium is released and the remaining fraction appears to be not exchangeable. Strontium activates the slow uptake of calcium, but reduces the amplitude of the fast uptake. The calcium induced release of strontium, and vice versa, is partial and transient. The strontium activated ATPase does not transport calcium at low ionic calcium concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:136347", "title": "Study of the excitability cycle of the blink reflex in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "The trigemino-facial reflex was studied in 7 patients affected by Huntington's chorea and in 10 patients affected by Parkinson's disease. The results show a different behavior of the habituation phenomenon in the two groups of patients: it is enhanced in the choreic and abolished in the parkinsonian patients. The main changes concern the time course of the second phase (the first inhibitory phase) of the reflex excitability cycle, in fact, the inhibitory phase appears very pronounced and prolonged in huntingtonian patients and reduced or abolished in parkinsonian patients. Some pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the control of the trigeminofacial reflex excitability are discussed with particular regard to the role of the hemispheric structures.", "contents": "Study of the excitability cycle of the blink reflex in Huntington's chorea. The trigemino-facial reflex was studied in 7 patients affected by Huntington's chorea and in 10 patients affected by Parkinson's disease. The results show a different behavior of the habituation phenomenon in the two groups of patients: it is enhanced in the choreic and abolished in the parkinsonian patients. The main changes concern the time course of the second phase (the first inhibitory phase) of the reflex excitability cycle, in fact, the inhibitory phase appears very pronounced and prolonged in huntingtonian patients and reduced or abolished in parkinsonian patients. Some pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the control of the trigeminofacial reflex excitability are discussed with particular regard to the role of the hemispheric structures."}
{"id": "PMID:136356", "title": "Cellular responses to murine alloantigens of the major histocompatibility complex: the role of cell subpopulations that express different quantities of H-2 associated antigenic markers.", "content": "Subsets of lymphoid cells that function in the initiation and differentiation of cell-mediated responses to H-2-coded alloantigens were defined with an antiserum raised between congenic resistant lines of mice that differed for a limited number of components of the H-2 complex. Only those cells that express \"Ia markers\" can stimulate responses to H-2K, D and/or I region antigens in mixed lymphoid cell cultures, even though all lymphoid cells apparently express the H-2K and H-2D-coded private antigens. Ia markers, therefore, serve to distinguish the subset of cells which includes as its members the stimulating cells. The Ia marker(s) is expressed on the cell membrane of at least one of the two T cell subsets that collaborate in the development of T effector cells to H-2-associated alloantigens, i.e. precursors and helpers. The cells remaining after lysis with our antiserum plus complement no longer can respond in the MLR. Syngeneic non-T cells cannot reconstitute the response. Most activated and proliferating cells express the Ia determinant(s). A proportion of T effector or killer cells, however, does not express the Ia markers. We suggest, therefore, that the MLR-responsive cell in normal lymph nodes is an \"activated\" cell and the \"Ia markers\" are involved in the differentiation of T precursor to T effector cells. The end stage T effector probably is devoid of the Ia marker.", "contents": "Cellular responses to murine alloantigens of the major histocompatibility complex: the role of cell subpopulations that express different quantities of H-2 associated antigenic markers. Subsets of lymphoid cells that function in the initiation and differentiation of cell-mediated responses to H-2-coded alloantigens were defined with an antiserum raised between congenic resistant lines of mice that differed for a limited number of components of the H-2 complex. Only those cells that express \"Ia markers\" can stimulate responses to H-2K, D and/or I region antigens in mixed lymphoid cell cultures, even though all lymphoid cells apparently express the H-2K and H-2D-coded private antigens. Ia markers, therefore, serve to distinguish the subset of cells which includes as its members the stimulating cells. The Ia marker(s) is expressed on the cell membrane of at least one of the two T cell subsets that collaborate in the development of T effector cells to H-2-associated alloantigens, i.e. precursors and helpers. The cells remaining after lysis with our antiserum plus complement no longer can respond in the MLR. Syngeneic non-T cells cannot reconstitute the response. Most activated and proliferating cells express the Ia determinant(s). A proportion of T effector or killer cells, however, does not express the Ia markers. We suggest, therefore, that the MLR-responsive cell in normal lymph nodes is an \"activated\" cell and the \"Ia markers\" are involved in the differentiation of T precursor to T effector cells. The end stage T effector probably is devoid of the Ia marker."}
{"id": "PMID:136357", "title": "Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells. III Differentiation of concanavalin A-activated cytotoxic effector cells.", "content": "The maturation of selected T cell responses in the lymphoid organs of irradiated CBA mice was followed after adoptive transfer of syngeneic fetal liver cells. Mitogenic responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was found to reach control values 3 weeks after reconstitution in the thymus, spleen, and lymph node, of fetal liver repopulated animals. Spleen and lymph node cell reactivity in mixed lymphocyte culture reactions required 6 weeks to reach significant values. However, the ability of spleen cell suspensions to be activated by Con A into cytotoxic effector lymphocytes appeared after only 2 to 3 weeks. It is concluded that two functionally distinct T cell subpopulations exist in the spleen, one which can be activated into cytotoxic effector lymphocytes by Con A, and one which responds to alloantigens by DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity against tumor cells. III Differentiation of concanavalin A-activated cytotoxic effector cells. The maturation of selected T cell responses in the lymphoid organs of irradiated CBA mice was followed after adoptive transfer of syngeneic fetal liver cells. Mitogenic responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A) was found to reach control values 3 weeks after reconstitution in the thymus, spleen, and lymph node, of fetal liver repopulated animals. Spleen and lymph node cell reactivity in mixed lymphocyte culture reactions required 6 weeks to reach significant values. However, the ability of spleen cell suspensions to be activated by Con A into cytotoxic effector lymphocytes appeared after only 2 to 3 weeks. It is concluded that two functionally distinct T cell subpopulations exist in the spleen, one which can be activated into cytotoxic effector lymphocytes by Con A, and one which responds to alloantigens by DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:136358", "title": "Effects of prolonged ethanol administration on the noradrenaline levels of rat heart.", "content": "The effect of prolonged administration of ethanol on the noradrenaline concentration of the heart was investigated in rats. After 4 weeks there was no difference in the catecholamine levels between control and ethanol consuming rats. After 12 and 24 weeks there was a highly significant increase in heart noradrenaline concentration in hearts of experimental rats. These findings may indicate a delay in the effect of ethanol in cardiac tissue. It is further suggested that continued exposure to high levels of catecholamine may play a role in the development of cardiomyopathy in chronic alcoholism.", "contents": "Effects of prolonged ethanol administration on the noradrenaline levels of rat heart. The effect of prolonged administration of ethanol on the noradrenaline concentration of the heart was investigated in rats. After 4 weeks there was no difference in the catecholamine levels between control and ethanol consuming rats. After 12 and 24 weeks there was a highly significant increase in heart noradrenaline concentration in hearts of experimental rats. These findings may indicate a delay in the effect of ethanol in cardiac tissue. It is further suggested that continued exposure to high levels of catecholamine may play a role in the development of cardiomyopathy in chronic alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:136359", "title": "Effect of biogenic amines and GABA on ATPase activities in mouse tissue.", "content": "ATPase activities were studied in brain, kidney and liver (13,000 X g pellet) fraction from the mouse. Dopamine and norepinephrine added in vitro showed a dose-dependent stimulation of Na+ and K+ activated and oligomycin sensitive Mg2+ ATPase activities in brain but not kidney and liver tissue fractions. GABA and serotonin had no effect on ATPase in brain, but inhibited oligomycin sensitive Mg2+ ATPase activities in kidney and liver. The relationship between the enhancement of ATPase activity by neurotransmitters in brain and the neuronal excitation is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of biogenic amines and GABA on ATPase activities in mouse tissue. ATPase activities were studied in brain, kidney and liver (13,000 X g pellet) fraction from the mouse. Dopamine and norepinephrine added in vitro showed a dose-dependent stimulation of Na+ and K+ activated and oligomycin sensitive Mg2+ ATPase activities in brain but not kidney and liver tissue fractions. GABA and serotonin had no effect on ATPase in brain, but inhibited oligomycin sensitive Mg2+ ATPase activities in kidney and liver. The relationship between the enhancement of ATPase activity by neurotransmitters in brain and the neuronal excitation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136360", "title": "Ultrastructural cytology of regenerating tendon--an experimental study.", "content": "Cellular differentiations in regenerating tendon tissue of rats and guinea pigs were examined by the aid of the electron microscope. Fibroblasts with certain variations were found as basic cell types. Corresponding to the organelle composition classical fibroblasts, fibroblasts with histiocyte-like features and fibroblasts with myoide differentiations (comparable to the so-called myofibroblasts) were identified. Furthermore, proliferating capillaries with remarkable pericytic activities among other things producing fibroblast-like features must be mentioned. This fact led to the conclusion, that a part of fibroblasts in the proliferating connective tissue during tendon repair may derive from pericytes. Our ultrastructural investigations showed proof of the great plasticity of fibroblasts which function as stem cells in connective tissue regeneration.", "contents": "Ultrastructural cytology of regenerating tendon--an experimental study. Cellular differentiations in regenerating tendon tissue of rats and guinea pigs were examined by the aid of the electron microscope. Fibroblasts with certain variations were found as basic cell types. Corresponding to the organelle composition classical fibroblasts, fibroblasts with histiocyte-like features and fibroblasts with myoide differentiations (comparable to the so-called myofibroblasts) were identified. Furthermore, proliferating capillaries with remarkable pericytic activities among other things producing fibroblast-like features must be mentioned. This fact led to the conclusion, that a part of fibroblasts in the proliferating connective tissue during tendon repair may derive from pericytes. Our ultrastructural investigations showed proof of the great plasticity of fibroblasts which function as stem cells in connective tissue regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:136361", "title": "Regional and subcellular distribution of superoxide dismutase in brain.", "content": "Superoxide dismutase has been found to be widely distributed and of approximately the same specific activity in all regions of human brain examined. It is not reduced during degeneration of the basal ganglia in Huntington's Chorea. After subcellular fractionation of human and guinea-pig cerebral cortex, the highest specific activity of the enzyme was found in the soluble fraction.", "contents": "Regional and subcellular distribution of superoxide dismutase in brain. Superoxide dismutase has been found to be widely distributed and of approximately the same specific activity in all regions of human brain examined. It is not reduced during degeneration of the basal ganglia in Huntington's Chorea. After subcellular fractionation of human and guinea-pig cerebral cortex, the highest specific activity of the enzyme was found in the soluble fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:136362", "title": "The central tubuli in distal segments of olfactory cilia lack dynein arms.", "content": "By means of the tannic acid-glutaraldehyde fixation method, the lack of dynein bridges between the central two tubuli in distal segments of mouse olfactory cilia is demonstrated. Consequently, these organelles are supposed to be unable to beat actively, in contrast to the proximal ciliary shafts.", "contents": "The central tubuli in distal segments of olfactory cilia lack dynein arms. By means of the tannic acid-glutaraldehyde fixation method, the lack of dynein bridges between the central two tubuli in distal segments of mouse olfactory cilia is demonstrated. Consequently, these organelles are supposed to be unable to beat actively, in contrast to the proximal ciliary shafts."}
{"id": "PMID:136374", "title": "Plasma insulin response to glibornuride in thyrotoxicosis.", "content": "The glycemic and insulinemic response to i.v. glibornuride injection has been studied in a group of 8 euthyroid subjects and in a group of 9 thyrotoxic patients before and after reserpine treatment. In thyrotoxic patients sulfonylurea did not lower blood glucose more than in normal subjects. The plasma insulin response, however, was definitely higher than that of the controls in the first few minutes; after the 20th minute, however, levels of insulinemia were not appreciably different in the two groups. Insulin delivery rate was greater in hyperthyroid patients than in the controls. Administration of reserpine for a few days, did not modify either insulin response or blood glucose fall in thyrotoxic patients.", "contents": "Plasma insulin response to glibornuride in thyrotoxicosis. The glycemic and insulinemic response to i.v. glibornuride injection has been studied in a group of 8 euthyroid subjects and in a group of 9 thyrotoxic patients before and after reserpine treatment. In thyrotoxic patients sulfonylurea did not lower blood glucose more than in normal subjects. The plasma insulin response, however, was definitely higher than that of the controls in the first few minutes; after the 20th minute, however, levels of insulinemia were not appreciably different in the two groups. Insulin delivery rate was greater in hyperthyroid patients than in the controls. Administration of reserpine for a few days, did not modify either insulin response or blood glucose fall in thyrotoxic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:136376", "title": "Metabolic and morphologic studies in intraportal-islet-transplanted rats.", "content": "The intraportal injection of 350 to 1,000 isolated islets into streptozotocin-diabetic rats immediately normalized (approximately 24 hours) fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels. Polyuria, polydipsia, and hyperglucagonemia disappeared more gradually over a 2-to-12-week period--the time required for normalization varying with the severity of the diabetes and the number of islets transplanted. In long-term islet-transplanted rats (greater than five months), the hepatic insulin and glucagon reserves averaged 50 per cent and 25 per cent, respectively, of the corresponding normal pancreatic hormone content. Glucagon was increased slightly in the pancreas of streptozotocin-diabetic rats and decreased considerably in transplanted animals. However, total pancreatic glucagon (i.e. pancreatic and hepatic reserves) in transplanted animals was the same as the pancreatic content of normal control rats, indicating the presence of feedback control mechanism(s) in the regulation of pancreatic glucagon reserves. Long-term transplanted islets demonstrated well-granulated A-, B-, and D-cell movement out of the vascular space and the formation of narrow intercellular spaces and junctional complexes with surrounding hepatocytes.", "contents": "Metabolic and morphologic studies in intraportal-islet-transplanted rats. The intraportal injection of 350 to 1,000 isolated islets into streptozotocin-diabetic rats immediately normalized (approximately 24 hours) fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels. Polyuria, polydipsia, and hyperglucagonemia disappeared more gradually over a 2-to-12-week period--the time required for normalization varying with the severity of the diabetes and the number of islets transplanted. In long-term islet-transplanted rats (greater than five months), the hepatic insulin and glucagon reserves averaged 50 per cent and 25 per cent, respectively, of the corresponding normal pancreatic hormone content. Glucagon was increased slightly in the pancreas of streptozotocin-diabetic rats and decreased considerably in transplanted animals. However, total pancreatic glucagon (i.e. pancreatic and hepatic reserves) in transplanted animals was the same as the pancreatic content of normal control rats, indicating the presence of feedback control mechanism(s) in the regulation of pancreatic glucagon reserves. Long-term transplanted islets demonstrated well-granulated A-, B-, and D-cell movement out of the vascular space and the formation of narrow intercellular spaces and junctional complexes with surrounding hepatocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:136379", "title": "Abnormal glucose tolerance and arginine tolerance tests in Huntington's disease.", "content": "Neuropathological studies of Huntington's disease reveal neuronal atrophy, lipofuscin accumulation and other findings characteristic of the aged brain, although the onset of disease is only the fourth decade. The pathology is limited to specific areas such as the caudate nucleus, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. 14 patients with documented Huntington's disease (mean age of 44.4 years with a range of 27-79 years) were studied by oral glucose tolerance tests (GTT) and intravenous arginine tolerance tests performed under standardized metabolic conditions. Seven of the 14 patients had impaired carbohydrate tolerance. Mean plasma glucose level at 2h was 90.4+/-6.2 mg/100 ml in the patients with a normal GTT and 148.1+/-8.9 mg/100 ml in the patients with a diabetic type GTT. Mean peak insulin level in the nondiabetic group occurred at 1/2 h and was 60.2+/-10.1 muU/ml, but in the diabetic group the peak insulin level occurred at 2h and was 155.9+/-33.8 mgU/ml. There was failure of suppression of growth hormone during the GTT, with a rise to abnormally high levels at 5h (18.6+/-5.6 ng/ml). Arginine infusion resulted in normal glucose and insulin rise in the nondiabetic patients with Huntington's disease. However, arginine infusion provoked an elevated insulin response in those with a diabetic GTT, and an exaggerated growth hormone response in the majority of the patients. It is uncertain whether these observations are related to abnormal cerebral aging per se, direct hypothalamic neuronal degeneration, or perhaps a relative imbalance of intracerebral neurotransmitters including dopamine.", "contents": "Abnormal glucose tolerance and arginine tolerance tests in Huntington's disease. Neuropathological studies of Huntington's disease reveal neuronal atrophy, lipofuscin accumulation and other findings characteristic of the aged brain, although the onset of disease is only the fourth decade. The pathology is limited to specific areas such as the caudate nucleus, cerebral cortex and hypothalamus. 14 patients with documented Huntington's disease (mean age of 44.4 years with a range of 27-79 years) were studied by oral glucose tolerance tests (GTT) and intravenous arginine tolerance tests performed under standardized metabolic conditions. Seven of the 14 patients had impaired carbohydrate tolerance. Mean plasma glucose level at 2h was 90.4+/-6.2 mg/100 ml in the patients with a normal GTT and 148.1+/-8.9 mg/100 ml in the patients with a diabetic type GTT. Mean peak insulin level in the nondiabetic group occurred at 1/2 h and was 60.2+/-10.1 muU/ml, but in the diabetic group the peak insulin level occurred at 2h and was 155.9+/-33.8 mgU/ml. There was failure of suppression of growth hormone during the GTT, with a rise to abnormally high levels at 5h (18.6+/-5.6 ng/ml). Arginine infusion resulted in normal glucose and insulin rise in the nondiabetic patients with Huntington's disease. However, arginine infusion provoked an elevated insulin response in those with a diabetic GTT, and an exaggerated growth hormone response in the majority of the patients. It is uncertain whether these observations are related to abnormal cerebral aging per se, direct hypothalamic neuronal degeneration, or perhaps a relative imbalance of intracerebral neurotransmitters including dopamine."}
{"id": "PMID:136388", "title": "Cytochemical study of adrenal medulla of pigeons exposed to high altitude.", "content": "The concentration of adrenomedullary catechol hormones along with various types of mucopolysaccharides was studied in groups of control pigeons kept at sea level and in those exposed to high altitudes (1150,3490 and 4880 m, at 24, 8 and 2 degrees C respectively) of the Himalayan range. The exposed birds displayed an appreciable depletion of noradrenaline and periodate-reactive neutral mucopolysaccharides was noted, whereas the basophilia of the adrenomedullary tissue resulting from the presence of by weakly acidic muco-substances was slightly increased. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "Cytochemical study of adrenal medulla of pigeons exposed to high altitude. The concentration of adrenomedullary catechol hormones along with various types of mucopolysaccharides was studied in groups of control pigeons kept at sea level and in those exposed to high altitudes (1150,3490 and 4880 m, at 24, 8 and 2 degrees C respectively) of the Himalayan range. The exposed birds displayed an appreciable depletion of noradrenaline and periodate-reactive neutral mucopolysaccharides was noted, whereas the basophilia of the adrenomedullary tissue resulting from the presence of by weakly acidic muco-substances was slightly increased. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136389", "title": "[Experimental studies on anthelmintics (XXVI). Biochemical and pharmacological studies of 4-iodothymol on Ascaris lumbricoides suum].", "content": "We have shown previously that 4-iodothymol (IT) produces a contraction in Ascaris muscle, probably due to the myogenic action. In this paper, the effects of IT on the carbohydrate metabolism in Ascaris muscle have been investigated in comparison with those of hexylresorcinol (Hex), santonin (S) and piperazine (Pip). (1) Hex (200 approximately 400 mug/ml) showed a strong nonspecific inhibition on the formation of succinate from fumarate in muscle homogenate, the phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity in cytoplasm, and the electron transfer activity in mitochondria. (2) S(100 approximately 400 mug/ml) and Pip (100 approximately 400 mug/ml) were inneffective on these activities. (3) IT inhibited the formation of succinate from glucose and fumarate in muscle homogenate (100 approximately 400 mug/ml), the PFK activity in cytoplasm (400 mug/ml), and the mitochondrial succinate oxidase system (25 approximately 400 mug/ml). These results suggest that IT elicits the wormcidal action by inhibiting the energy metabolism of Ascaris muscle mitochondria.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on anthelmintics (XXVI). Biochemical and pharmacological studies of 4-iodothymol on Ascaris lumbricoides suum]. We have shown previously that 4-iodothymol (IT) produces a contraction in Ascaris muscle, probably due to the myogenic action. In this paper, the effects of IT on the carbohydrate metabolism in Ascaris muscle have been investigated in comparison with those of hexylresorcinol (Hex), santonin (S) and piperazine (Pip). (1) Hex (200 approximately 400 mug/ml) showed a strong nonspecific inhibition on the formation of succinate from fumarate in muscle homogenate, the phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity in cytoplasm, and the electron transfer activity in mitochondria. (2) S(100 approximately 400 mug/ml) and Pip (100 approximately 400 mug/ml) were inneffective on these activities. (3) IT inhibited the formation of succinate from glucose and fumarate in muscle homogenate (100 approximately 400 mug/ml), the PFK activity in cytoplasm (400 mug/ml), and the mitochondrial succinate oxidase system (25 approximately 400 mug/ml). These results suggest that IT elicits the wormcidal action by inhibiting the energy metabolism of Ascaris muscle mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:136390", "title": "[Relationship between biogenic amines and analgesic action of difenamizole in heat induced reflexes].", "content": "Effects of drugs that modify catecholaminergic or tryptaminergic mechanisms were determined in experimental animals regarding the analgesic action of difenamizole, morphine, and aminopyrine. Analgesia was assessed by the hot plate method in mice and the hot water induced tail withdrawal reflex in rats. Both 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and L-dopa potentiated the analgesic action of morphine, but antagonized the action of difenamizole in the hot plate test. p-Chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT), and reserpine antagonized the effect of morphine as assessed by this same test. alpha-MT potentiated the analgesic action of difenamizole. The analgesic action of aminopyrine was hardly modified in the hot plate method by pretreatment with 5-HTP, pCPA, L-dopa, and alpha-MT. In rats, 5-HTP antagonized the effect of morphine, while pCPA, L-dopa, and alpha-MT caused no appreciable change in the analgesic action of morphine in the hot water induced tail withdrawal reflex. The effect of difenamizole was not modified by pretreatment with these monoamine-related drugs. On the other hand, brain 5-hydroxytryptamine content was increased by pretreatment with 5-HTP in both tests. These results suggest that the analgesic action of difenamizole and morphine, as measured in the hot plate test in mice, may be mediated by catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine, but that other mechanisms may be involved in the hot water induced tail withdrawal relfex in rats. In addition, the biogenic amines may play a different role depending on the type of analgesic.", "contents": "[Relationship between biogenic amines and analgesic action of difenamizole in heat induced reflexes]. Effects of drugs that modify catecholaminergic or tryptaminergic mechanisms were determined in experimental animals regarding the analgesic action of difenamizole, morphine, and aminopyrine. Analgesia was assessed by the hot plate method in mice and the hot water induced tail withdrawal reflex in rats. Both 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and L-dopa potentiated the analgesic action of morphine, but antagonized the action of difenamizole in the hot plate test. p-Chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT), and reserpine antagonized the effect of morphine as assessed by this same test. alpha-MT potentiated the analgesic action of difenamizole. The analgesic action of aminopyrine was hardly modified in the hot plate method by pretreatment with 5-HTP, pCPA, L-dopa, and alpha-MT. In rats, 5-HTP antagonized the effect of morphine, while pCPA, L-dopa, and alpha-MT caused no appreciable change in the analgesic action of morphine in the hot water induced tail withdrawal reflex. The effect of difenamizole was not modified by pretreatment with these monoamine-related drugs. On the other hand, brain 5-hydroxytryptamine content was increased by pretreatment with 5-HTP in both tests. These results suggest that the analgesic action of difenamizole and morphine, as measured in the hot plate test in mice, may be mediated by catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine, but that other mechanisms may be involved in the hot water induced tail withdrawal relfex in rats. In addition, the biogenic amines may play a different role depending on the type of analgesic."}
{"id": "PMID:136391", "title": "A study of psychomotor epilepsy with \"kindled\" cat preparations.", "content": "Seizure development was examined in amygdaloid (AM), hippocampal (HIPP) and septal (SEPT) \"KINDLED\" CATS BY  BEHAVIORAL AND Electrographic methods. hipp seizure developed into motor seizure after establishing secondary epileptogenesis in AM and globys paliidus. A secondary epileptogenesis in the hippocampus was not necessary for AM seizures to develop into generalized conculsions. The SEPT seizure development was almost identical to the hippocampal seizure development. This latter finding suggests that psychomotor epilepsy may not only ne triggered by the HIPP and AM focus but by the septum and its related structures. In the second experiment, the effect of various neuroactive agents on the interictal dischage frequency was studied in AM and HIPP kindled cats. Clear antagonistic action of L-Dopa against reserpine or alpha-MPT induced increase of IID frequency was observed. Viewed in conjunction with our previous assay study of catecholamine that showed a marked depletion of both norepinephrine and dopamine, in hippocampal kindled cat brain, it can be concluded that catecholamine inhibits the establishment and activation of the kindled epileptic neurocircuits.", "contents": "A study of psychomotor epilepsy with \"kindled\" cat preparations. Seizure development was examined in amygdaloid (AM), hippocampal (HIPP) and septal (SEPT) \"KINDLED\" CATS BY  BEHAVIORAL AND Electrographic methods. hipp seizure developed into motor seizure after establishing secondary epileptogenesis in AM and globys paliidus. A secondary epileptogenesis in the hippocampus was not necessary for AM seizures to develop into generalized conculsions. The SEPT seizure development was almost identical to the hippocampal seizure development. This latter finding suggests that psychomotor epilepsy may not only ne triggered by the HIPP and AM focus but by the septum and its related structures. In the second experiment, the effect of various neuroactive agents on the interictal dischage frequency was studied in AM and HIPP kindled cats. Clear antagonistic action of L-Dopa against reserpine or alpha-MPT induced increase of IID frequency was observed. Viewed in conjunction with our previous assay study of catecholamine that showed a marked depletion of both norepinephrine and dopamine, in hippocampal kindled cat brain, it can be concluded that catecholamine inhibits the establishment and activation of the kindled epileptic neurocircuits."}
{"id": "PMID:136392", "title": "Current angiographic approach to diagnosis and therapy of acute gastrointestinal bleeding.", "content": "The author's current angiographic approach to the diagnosis and therapy of acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is summarized and discussed. It is based on the authors' experience with diagnostic studies in more than 300 acute GI bleeders and the use of various angiotherapeutic techniques in 138 of them as well as the experience of others. A \"moderately aggressive angiographic approach\" is advocated for the diagnosis of acute GI bleeding in most patients with angiography used as needed after emergency endoscopy and preliminary medical therapy. Vasoconstrictive angiotherapy with selective intraarterial use of vasopressin is partially giving way to low dose, intravenous infusion of vasopressin and, where possible, to direct vascular occlusion. Selective transcatheter embolic occlusion of bleeding vessels is in indicated cases an accepted method for controlling arterial bleeding. Medical gelatin (Gelfoam) is the current authors' embolization material of choice. Selective variceal occlusion offers promising means for management of bleeding from gastroesophageal varices. Its possible combination with transcatheter intrahepatic portosystemic shunting might also provide non-surgical relief of portal hypertension.", "contents": "Current angiographic approach to diagnosis and therapy of acute gastrointestinal bleeding. The author's current angiographic approach to the diagnosis and therapy of acute gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is summarized and discussed. It is based on the authors' experience with diagnostic studies in more than 300 acute GI bleeders and the use of various angiotherapeutic techniques in 138 of them as well as the experience of others. A \"moderately aggressive angiographic approach\" is advocated for the diagnosis of acute GI bleeding in most patients with angiography used as needed after emergency endoscopy and preliminary medical therapy. Vasoconstrictive angiotherapy with selective intraarterial use of vasopressin is partially giving way to low dose, intravenous infusion of vasopressin and, where possible, to direct vascular occlusion. Selective transcatheter embolic occlusion of bleeding vessels is in indicated cases an accepted method for controlling arterial bleeding. Medical gelatin (Gelfoam) is the current authors' embolization material of choice. Selective variceal occlusion offers promising means for management of bleeding from gastroesophageal varices. Its possible combination with transcatheter intrahepatic portosystemic shunting might also provide non-surgical relief of portal hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:136393", "title": "[Interpretation of the x-ray signs of osteoporosis as special aspect of the new haemodynamic biostatic theory of osteoporosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the author's new haemodynamic biostatic theory of osteoporosis the typical symptoms of osteoporosis are demonstrated by X-ray, revised, interpreted and completed. Atrophy of trabeculae related to osteoporosis, consequences for vertebrae bodies and vertebrae column are chronologically explained. Introduction and distribution of force are discussed and the special importance of muscular system and discs to maintain supporting capacity is emphasized.", "contents": "[Interpretation of the x-ray signs of osteoporosis as special aspect of the new haemodynamic biostatic theory of osteoporosis (author's transl)]. Based on the author's new haemodynamic biostatic theory of osteoporosis the typical symptoms of osteoporosis are demonstrated by X-ray, revised, interpreted and completed. Atrophy of trabeculae related to osteoporosis, consequences for vertebrae bodies and vertebrae column are chronologically explained. Introduction and distribution of force are discussed and the special importance of muscular system and discs to maintain supporting capacity is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:136394", "title": "[Measurements of bone mineral concentration (\"hydroxylapatite-volume values\") and of bone density in vitro and in vivo with a densitometric method using beams of two different energies (author's transl)].", "content": "The densitometric method of Rassow-Str\u00fcter (1969) using beams of two energies permits separate estimations of bone mineral and connective tissue concentrations in bone; their sum indicates bone density. The value of the method has been examined and the early results of in-vitro and in-vivo measurements are quoted. The former were obtained from pairs of macerated calcanei and vertebral bodies embedded in resin blocks. The in-vivo estimations were concerned with obtaining normal values in healthy children aged four to fifteen years and adults aged 18 to 54 years. Standard deviation, obtained from measurements of four different points of both calcanei in adults was KM 12% for Hydroxylapatite-volume values, and for bone density 14%. The average value for KM for the whole group is 198 mg/cm3 with 17% standard deviation of the single measurements compared with the average. The following-up measurements for children with renal disease do not yet allow final conclusions about the correlation of the clinical aspects of case to the measured bone parameters and their value as independent criteria. For 16 nursing mothers a significantly lower average HA volume value KM = 149 mg/cm3 +/- 21% was found.", "contents": "[Measurements of bone mineral concentration (\"hydroxylapatite-volume values\") and of bone density in vitro and in vivo with a densitometric method using beams of two different energies (author's transl)]. The densitometric method of Rassow-Str\u00fcter (1969) using beams of two energies permits separate estimations of bone mineral and connective tissue concentrations in bone; their sum indicates bone density. The value of the method has been examined and the early results of in-vitro and in-vivo measurements are quoted. The former were obtained from pairs of macerated calcanei and vertebral bodies embedded in resin blocks. The in-vivo estimations were concerned with obtaining normal values in healthy children aged four to fifteen years and adults aged 18 to 54 years. Standard deviation, obtained from measurements of four different points of both calcanei in adults was KM 12% for Hydroxylapatite-volume values, and for bone density 14%. The average value for KM for the whole group is 198 mg/cm3 with 17% standard deviation of the single measurements compared with the average. The following-up measurements for children with renal disease do not yet allow final conclusions about the correlation of the clinical aspects of case to the measured bone parameters and their value as independent criteria. For 16 nursing mothers a significantly lower average HA volume value KM = 149 mg/cm3 +/- 21% was found."}
{"id": "PMID:136395", "title": "[Pulmonary vessel calibre on in- and expiratory chest radiographs in young and old normal people (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes in pulmonary blood flow as see on chest radiographs have assumed considerable importance recently in the evaluation of left ventricular insufficiency. In order to study the results of poor radiographs on the evaluation of pulmonary haemodynamics, blood-flow patterns were studied in 39 individuals of various ages during normal inspiration, during the Valsalva manoeuvre and during expiration. All had normal lungs. The results indicate that changes in blood-flow patterns and loss of marginal definition of basal vessels are unreliable signs of left-sided insufficiency in old patients or in unco-operative patients, in the presence of a high diaphragm and in the supine position.", "contents": "[Pulmonary vessel calibre on in- and expiratory chest radiographs in young and old normal people (author's transl)]. Changes in pulmonary blood flow as see on chest radiographs have assumed considerable importance recently in the evaluation of left ventricular insufficiency. In order to study the results of poor radiographs on the evaluation of pulmonary haemodynamics, blood-flow patterns were studied in 39 individuals of various ages during normal inspiration, during the Valsalva manoeuvre and during expiration. All had normal lungs. The results indicate that changes in blood-flow patterns and loss of marginal definition of basal vessels are unreliable signs of left-sided insufficiency in old patients or in unco-operative patients, in the presence of a high diaphragm and in the supine position."}
{"id": "PMID:136396", "title": "[Large solitary aneurysm of the left coronary artery. Plain films and angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of coronary aneurysms has for a long time been made at autopsy. After a general review of coronary artery aneurysms, a large aneurysm of the circumflex branch of the left coronary is described; this was diagnosed by selective coronary angiography and successfully treated by surgery. The results are compared with six other reported cases of pre-operatively diagnosed coronary artery aneurysms. Since complications, such as rupture, embolisation or infarction, are common in large coronary aneurysms, early diagnosis is desirable. An abnormal bulge of the cardiac contour or circular calcification within or at the edge of the cardiac shadow may be suggestive of the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Large solitary aneurysm of the left coronary artery. Plain films and angiography (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of coronary aneurysms has for a long time been made at autopsy. After a general review of coronary artery aneurysms, a large aneurysm of the circumflex branch of the left coronary is described; this was diagnosed by selective coronary angiography and successfully treated by surgery. The results are compared with six other reported cases of pre-operatively diagnosed coronary artery aneurysms. Since complications, such as rupture, embolisation or infarction, are common in large coronary aneurysms, early diagnosis is desirable. An abnormal bulge of the cardiac contour or circular calcification within or at the edge of the cardiac shadow may be suggestive of the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:136397", "title": "[Confluent pulmonary deposits from carcinoma of the breast under cytostatic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Cases of disintegrating pulmonary metastases are presented. Most interesting are cavitations which occur under cytostatic therapy. An increasing number of cavitous metastases might be seen under propagated cytostatic therapy.", "contents": "[Confluent pulmonary deposits from carcinoma of the breast under cytostatic therapy (author's transl)]. Cases of disintegrating pulmonary metastases are presented. Most interesting are cavitations which occur under cytostatic therapy. An increasing number of cavitous metastases might be seen under propagated cytostatic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:136398", "title": "[Anomalies of the inferior vena cava (author's transl)].", "content": "After a detailed account of the developmental anatomy of the inferior vena cava, which arises from various segments, an attempt is made at a systematic classification of anomalies of the inferior vena cava. For this purpose, the angiographic appearances and available literature have been considered. The following anomalies have been distinguished: 1. left-sided position, 2. duplication, 3. anomalous insertion into the left atrium, 4. agenesis and 5. stenosis and occlusion.", "contents": "[Anomalies of the inferior vena cava (author's transl)]. After a detailed account of the developmental anatomy of the inferior vena cava, which arises from various segments, an attempt is made at a systematic classification of anomalies of the inferior vena cava. For this purpose, the angiographic appearances and available literature have been considered. The following anomalies have been distinguished: 1. left-sided position, 2. duplication, 3. anomalous insertion into the left atrium, 4. agenesis and 5. stenosis and occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:136399", "title": "[Renal cystography--a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure (author's transl)].", "content": "Pre-operatively, renal cysts can be distinguished with certainty from solid tumours only by their direct radiological demonstration; this is best done by double contrast methods after percutaneous puncture (renal cystography). By introducing a small amount of oily contrast medium, the cyst may be cured at the same time. The method is described and the results in different patients are reported. This combined diagnostic-therapeutic procedure is proposed as an alternative to surgery of renal cysts and is recommended as the method of choice in old patients and those carrying an increased risk.", "contents": "[Renal cystography--a diagnostic and therapeutic procedure (author's transl)]. Pre-operatively, renal cysts can be distinguished with certainty from solid tumours only by their direct radiological demonstration; this is best done by double contrast methods after percutaneous puncture (renal cystography). By introducing a small amount of oily contrast medium, the cyst may be cured at the same time. The method is described and the results in different patients are reported. This combined diagnostic-therapeutic procedure is proposed as an alternative to surgery of renal cysts and is recommended as the method of choice in old patients and those carrying an increased risk."}
{"id": "PMID:136400", "title": "[Indirect lymphography of the retrosternal lymphatics and of the thoracic duct (author's transl)].", "content": "Successful demonstration of the retrosternal lymphatics and of the thoracic duct after infradiaphragmatic injection is reported, using a contrast medium developed by the author. The lymphatics opacify after 45 minutes. After fourteen days the substance can no longer be seen radiogically. Following some preliminary investigations, it is proposed to try the method in humans. The importance of the lymphatic pathways in medial carcinomas of the breast and in the movement of carcinoma cells from the peritoneal cavity and the liver is stressed.", "contents": "[Indirect lymphography of the retrosternal lymphatics and of the thoracic duct (author's transl)]. Successful demonstration of the retrosternal lymphatics and of the thoracic duct after infradiaphragmatic injection is reported, using a contrast medium developed by the author. The lymphatics opacify after 45 minutes. After fourteen days the substance can no longer be seen radiogically. Following some preliminary investigations, it is proposed to try the method in humans. The importance of the lymphatic pathways in medial carcinomas of the breast and in the movement of carcinoma cells from the peritoneal cavity and the liver is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:136401", "title": "[The mechanism of contrast filling of the liver following lymphography (author's transl)].", "content": "Contrast filling of the liver after lymphography is described in one patient. The authors agree with the literature which indicates the significance of lymphatic blocks and caval obstruction. A splenoportogram was demonstrated during the performance of a cavogram and in this way direct contrast filling of the liver is demonstrated for the first time.", "contents": "[The mechanism of contrast filling of the liver following lymphography (author's transl)]. Contrast filling of the liver after lymphography is described in one patient. The authors agree with the literature which indicates the significance of lymphatic blocks and caval obstruction. A splenoportogram was demonstrated during the performance of a cavogram and in this way direct contrast filling of the liver is demonstrated for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:136402", "title": "[Extra-thoracic sarcoidosis of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and of the spleen with ascites. Comments on the problem of lymphatic obstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "Sarcoidosis without radiologically demonstrable intrathoracic changes is described, in which there was involvement of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and of the spleen, together with ascites. Contrary to descriptions in the literature of the lymphographic findings in sarcoidosis, there is evidence of lymphatic obstruction and at operation fluid was found in the peritoneal cavity. The relationship between the lymphatic obstruction which was associated with low-grade peritoneal involvement and the increased amount of peritoneal fluid is discussed.", "contents": "[Extra-thoracic sarcoidosis of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and of the spleen with ascites. Comments on the problem of lymphatic obstruction (author's transl)]. Sarcoidosis without radiologically demonstrable intrathoracic changes is described, in which there was involvement of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes and of the spleen, together with ascites. Contrary to descriptions in the literature of the lymphographic findings in sarcoidosis, there is evidence of lymphatic obstruction and at operation fluid was found in the peritoneal cavity. The relationship between the lymphatic obstruction which was associated with low-grade peritoneal involvement and the increased amount of peritoneal fluid is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136403", "title": "[A modified method for labeling erythrocytes with 99mTc (author's transl)].", "content": "A modified method for labeling erythrocytes with 99mTc-sodium pertechnetate for spleenic scintigraphy is described. In vitro investigations have shown that by omitting the customary process of washing and by simultaneous alteration of the erythrocytes during the tin incubation period, the duration of erythrocyte labeling can be considerably reduced. A yield of 96 of 98% can be achieved. The effect of the tin on the erythrocytes is further investigated. The effect of the incubation period and temperature, of the plasma in the erythrocyte suspension, of stirring and agitation, of the dispersion liquid and tin concentration were studied. The method proves satisfactory in 56 controlled spleenic scintigrams.", "contents": "[A modified method for labeling erythrocytes with 99mTc (author's transl)]. A modified method for labeling erythrocytes with 99mTc-sodium pertechnetate for spleenic scintigraphy is described. In vitro investigations have shown that by omitting the customary process of washing and by simultaneous alteration of the erythrocytes during the tin incubation period, the duration of erythrocyte labeling can be considerably reduced. A yield of 96 of 98% can be achieved. The effect of the tin on the erythrocytes is further investigated. The effect of the incubation period and temperature, of the plasma in the erythrocyte suspension, of stirring and agitation, of the dispersion liquid and tin concentration were studied. The method proves satisfactory in 56 controlled spleenic scintigrams."}
{"id": "PMID:136404", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of cardiovascular reactions to renal contrast media using an impedance method (author's transl)].", "content": "The hemodynamic changes during intravenous urography were studied in 120 non-selected patients (60 patients with bolus injection, 60 with infusion: 30 of each group with methylglucamine ioxitalamate, while the other 30 with sodium methylglucamine diatrizoate). There was a uniform statistically significant increase in heart rate (p less than 10(-9) as well as in cardiac output (p less than 10(-9)) (measured by means of a non-invasive impedance method). The observed changes were more marked following bolus injection than infusion. With the application of methylglucamine ioxitalamate the increase in heart rate, but not in cardiac output, was significantly less (p less than 0,01) than with that of sodium methylglucamine diatrizoate.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of cardiovascular reactions to renal contrast media using an impedance method (author's transl)]. The hemodynamic changes during intravenous urography were studied in 120 non-selected patients (60 patients with bolus injection, 60 with infusion: 30 of each group with methylglucamine ioxitalamate, while the other 30 with sodium methylglucamine diatrizoate). There was a uniform statistically significant increase in heart rate (p less than 10(-9) as well as in cardiac output (p less than 10(-9)) (measured by means of a non-invasive impedance method). The observed changes were more marked following bolus injection than infusion. With the application of methylglucamine ioxitalamate the increase in heart rate, but not in cardiac output, was significantly less (p less than 0,01) than with that of sodium methylglucamine diatrizoate."}
{"id": "PMID:136405", "title": "Complications by translumbar aortography.", "content": "The complications resulting from different methods of translumbar aortography were evaluated by checking 1192 examinations performed with 1) a cannula, 2) a straight catheter, and 3) a curved catheter. The latter method was found to be far more safe than the other two. According to the complication rates found in the literature the curved catheter translumbar method is also safer than the transaxillar and comparable to transfemoral aortography by the Seldinger method.", "contents": "Complications by translumbar aortography. The complications resulting from different methods of translumbar aortography were evaluated by checking 1192 examinations performed with 1) a cannula, 2) a straight catheter, and 3) a curved catheter. The latter method was found to be far more safe than the other two. According to the complication rates found in the literature the curved catheter translumbar method is also safer than the transaxillar and comparable to transfemoral aortography by the Seldinger method."}
{"id": "PMID:136410", "title": "[New aspects on the mode of action of cardiac glycosides].", "content": "A dissociation of the therapeutic from the toxic effects of cardiac glycosides has repeatedly been described. Whereas it is generally accepted that the toxic effects of cardiac glycosides are based on an inhibition of the Na+-K+-ATPase, the mechanism of action of therapeutic concentrations of cardiac glycosides still remains uncertain. To test the hypothesis, that cardiac glycosides might be transported into a distinct compartment of the myocardium with the Na+-K-ATPase acting as a carrier, the interaction of some inhibitors of this enzyme (digitoxin, dihydroouabain, cassaine, N-ethylmaleimide, p-hydroxy-mercuribenzoate, ethacrynic acid, spironolactone) with ouabain was studied at different levels of cardiac glycoside actions: Myocardial function, cardiac uptake and subcellular distribution and binding to the Na+-K+-ATPase. The following results were obtained: All cardioactive drugs (ethacrynic acid and spironolactone showed no such effects) reduced dose-dependently the inotropic action of ouabain and in high concentrations increased its toxicity. The same drugs inhibited dose-dependently the cardiac uptake of ouabain without affecting the subcellular distribution pattern of ouabain. The binding of ouabain to the Na+-K+-ATPase was influenced in a similar way by these drugs, showing a competitive type of interaction with digitoxin, dihydroouabain and cassaine and a non-competitive mechanism with N-ethylmaleimide and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. These results support the concept of a cardiac glycoside-ATPase interaction as a basis for the therapeutic action of these drugs. This may be explained either by a direct influence of cardiac glycosides on the ATPase activity and/or by a carrier mediated cardiac glycoside-transport into a distinct compartment of the myocardial cell.", "contents": "[New aspects on the mode of action of cardiac glycosides]. A dissociation of the therapeutic from the toxic effects of cardiac glycosides has repeatedly been described. Whereas it is generally accepted that the toxic effects of cardiac glycosides are based on an inhibition of the Na+-K+-ATPase, the mechanism of action of therapeutic concentrations of cardiac glycosides still remains uncertain. To test the hypothesis, that cardiac glycosides might be transported into a distinct compartment of the myocardium with the Na+-K-ATPase acting as a carrier, the interaction of some inhibitors of this enzyme (digitoxin, dihydroouabain, cassaine, N-ethylmaleimide, p-hydroxy-mercuribenzoate, ethacrynic acid, spironolactone) with ouabain was studied at different levels of cardiac glycoside actions: Myocardial function, cardiac uptake and subcellular distribution and binding to the Na+-K+-ATPase. The following results were obtained: All cardioactive drugs (ethacrynic acid and spironolactone showed no such effects) reduced dose-dependently the inotropic action of ouabain and in high concentrations increased its toxicity. The same drugs inhibited dose-dependently the cardiac uptake of ouabain without affecting the subcellular distribution pattern of ouabain. The binding of ouabain to the Na+-K+-ATPase was influenced in a similar way by these drugs, showing a competitive type of interaction with digitoxin, dihydroouabain and cassaine and a non-competitive mechanism with N-ethylmaleimide and p-hydroxymercuribenzoate. These results support the concept of a cardiac glycoside-ATPase interaction as a basis for the therapeutic action of these drugs. This may be explained either by a direct influence of cardiac glycosides on the ATPase activity and/or by a carrier mediated cardiac glycoside-transport into a distinct compartment of the myocardial cell."}
{"id": "PMID:136411", "title": "[Liver tumors. Laparoscopic aspects].", "content": "A review is given on laparoscopic possibilities in the differentiation of tumours of the liver. Benign lesions are rare and usually discovered by chance. Primary cancer of the liver can be verified ante finem in a maximum of 40% of the cases. Characteristic is the endoscopic picture in the case of haemangiosarcoma after arsenic, Thorotrast, vinyl chloride (marked capsular fibrosis, net-like marking, \"restless\" surface of theliver). All the tumours need to be confirmed histologically. A tumour-like appearance is presented by echinococcus alveolaris and coarse-nodular granulomatous changes (sarcoidosis, lymphogranulomatosis, etc.).", "contents": "[Liver tumors. Laparoscopic aspects]. A review is given on laparoscopic possibilities in the differentiation of tumours of the liver. Benign lesions are rare and usually discovered by chance. Primary cancer of the liver can be verified ante finem in a maximum of 40% of the cases. Characteristic is the endoscopic picture in the case of haemangiosarcoma after arsenic, Thorotrast, vinyl chloride (marked capsular fibrosis, net-like marking, \"restless\" surface of theliver). All the tumours need to be confirmed histologically. A tumour-like appearance is presented by echinococcus alveolaris and coarse-nodular granulomatous changes (sarcoidosis, lymphogranulomatosis, etc.)."}
{"id": "PMID:136418", "title": "[Considerations regarding the influence of intrauterine and early postnatal diseases and nutritional deficiencies on immunity and disease epidemiology (author's transl)].", "content": "Malnutrition, infectious and toxic stress, hormonal and enzymatic deficiencies as well as graft versus host reactions during the last trimester of pregnancy and during the first six months of life lead to persistent depressions of cell mediated immunity. The subsequent imbalance between the cell mediated and humoral system of immunity leads to differences in disease prevalence in poor and rich populations. Particularly leprosy, tuberculosis, viral disease as for instance frequently fatal measles and diseases due to complexes between humoral antibody and bacterial components as for example acute rheumatic fever occur with increased frequency in B (+) T (-) populations. Desturbances of immune surveillance due to suppression of specific cell mediated immune function leads to an increased frequency of neoplasia, particularly B-cell lymphoma and gastrointestinal tumors. Populations in which the T-cell system can mature without interference show a trend towards diseases in which excessive T-cell response plays a major role, as for instance rheumatoid arthritis, Sj\u00f6gren syndrome, terminal ileitis, autoimmune angiopathies, multiple sclerosis and possibly also disseminated lupus erythematodes.", "contents": "[Considerations regarding the influence of intrauterine and early postnatal diseases and nutritional deficiencies on immunity and disease epidemiology (author's transl)]. Malnutrition, infectious and toxic stress, hormonal and enzymatic deficiencies as well as graft versus host reactions during the last trimester of pregnancy and during the first six months of life lead to persistent depressions of cell mediated immunity. The subsequent imbalance between the cell mediated and humoral system of immunity leads to differences in disease prevalence in poor and rich populations. Particularly leprosy, tuberculosis, viral disease as for instance frequently fatal measles and diseases due to complexes between humoral antibody and bacterial components as for example acute rheumatic fever occur with increased frequency in B (+) T (-) populations. Desturbances of immune surveillance due to suppression of specific cell mediated immune function leads to an increased frequency of neoplasia, particularly B-cell lymphoma and gastrointestinal tumors. Populations in which the T-cell system can mature without interference show a trend towards diseases in which excessive T-cell response plays a major role, as for instance rheumatoid arthritis, Sj\u00f6gren syndrome, terminal ileitis, autoimmune angiopathies, multiple sclerosis and possibly also disseminated lupus erythematodes."}
{"id": "PMID:136419", "title": "A micromethod for the activation of human blood lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "A micro culture system is described in which 2.5 X 10(4) human blood lymphocytes in aliquots of 100 mul are stimulated by PHA, Pokeweed, \"Varidase\" antigen, allogeneic small lymphocytes or mitomycin-C-treated allogeneic LCL cells. Careful regulation of the pH by a combination of bicarbonate and MOPS buffers seems to be important for detecting a response to weak stimuli. High and reproducible levels of activation by powerful stimuli (PHA and LCL cells) can be recorded from even smaller cultures (10(4) responding cells in 40 mul aliquots). The technique allows large numbers of replicate cultures to be set up from a single blood sample so that the time course and/or dose-response relationships can be examined for a range of differen mitogens.", "contents": "A micromethod for the activation of human blood lymphocytes in vitro. A micro culture system is described in which 2.5 X 10(4) human blood lymphocytes in aliquots of 100 mul are stimulated by PHA, Pokeweed, \"Varidase\" antigen, allogeneic small lymphocytes or mitomycin-C-treated allogeneic LCL cells. Careful regulation of the pH by a combination of bicarbonate and MOPS buffers seems to be important for detecting a response to weak stimuli. High and reproducible levels of activation by powerful stimuli (PHA and LCL cells) can be recorded from even smaller cultures (10(4) responding cells in 40 mul aliquots). The technique allows large numbers of replicate cultures to be set up from a single blood sample so that the time course and/or dose-response relationships can be examined for a range of differen mitogens."}
{"id": "PMID:136420", "title": "I. Evidence that lymphotoxin activity involves both cytotoxic and stimulating factors.", "content": "This paper describes experiments undertaken to determine more uniform conditions for the generation of cytotoxic lymphokine--'lymphotoxin' (LT) in differently stimulated rat lymphocyte cultures, and to compare the sensitivity of different test systems for detecting rat LT activity in vitro. Wistar rat lymphoid cells were activated by culture with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) with semi-allogeneic (Wistar x August) F1 lymphoid cells. Lymphocyte supernatants harvested between 1 and 8 days were tested for their effect on metabolism and viability of cultured mouse fibroblasts (L-929 cells) by four methods: (i) inhibition of [14C]leucine incorporation; (ii) total and viable cell counts in test tube cultures ('macro test'); (iii) viable cell counts in microtitre plates ('microtest'); and (iv) chromium (51Cr) release from chromated L-cell monolayers. Cytotoxic effects on target cells of lymphocyte supernatants were evident after 3 days of PHA stimulation and 6 days of mixed lymphocyte culture, and the most sensitive indication of cytotoxic activity provided by inhibition of amino-acid incorporation and by loss of viable L cells from monolayers in tube cultures. In dilutions greater than 1:16-1:32 both cytotoxic supernatants exhibited a stimulating effect on target-cell proliferation. Stimulation of L cells growth was also observed when monolayers were exposed for 24 h to 'early' (24 h) PHA undiluted supernatants. At a later time of exposure to these supernatants a considerable loss of total and viable cells in the monolayers was evident. The results indicated that both cytotoxic and growth-stimulating lymphokines could be generated during activation of rat lymphocytes. A hypothesis is suggested whereby 'lymphotoxin' activity in vitro arises from the sequential effects of stimulating and cytotoxic lymphokine, and whereby the balance of these effects in vivo might determine the response of fibroblasts involved in reactions of chronic allergic inflammation.", "contents": "I. Evidence that lymphotoxin activity involves both cytotoxic and stimulating factors. This paper describes experiments undertaken to determine more uniform conditions for the generation of cytotoxic lymphokine--'lymphotoxin' (LT) in differently stimulated rat lymphocyte cultures, and to compare the sensitivity of different test systems for detecting rat LT activity in vitro. Wistar rat lymphoid cells were activated by culture with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) with semi-allogeneic (Wistar x August) F1 lymphoid cells. Lymphocyte supernatants harvested between 1 and 8 days were tested for their effect on metabolism and viability of cultured mouse fibroblasts (L-929 cells) by four methods: (i) inhibition of [14C]leucine incorporation; (ii) total and viable cell counts in test tube cultures ('macro test'); (iii) viable cell counts in microtitre plates ('microtest'); and (iv) chromium (51Cr) release from chromated L-cell monolayers. Cytotoxic effects on target cells of lymphocyte supernatants were evident after 3 days of PHA stimulation and 6 days of mixed lymphocyte culture, and the most sensitive indication of cytotoxic activity provided by inhibition of amino-acid incorporation and by loss of viable L cells from monolayers in tube cultures. In dilutions greater than 1:16-1:32 both cytotoxic supernatants exhibited a stimulating effect on target-cell proliferation. Stimulation of L cells growth was also observed when monolayers were exposed for 24 h to 'early' (24 h) PHA undiluted supernatants. At a later time of exposure to these supernatants a considerable loss of total and viable cells in the monolayers was evident. The results indicated that both cytotoxic and growth-stimulating lymphokines could be generated during activation of rat lymphocytes. A hypothesis is suggested whereby 'lymphotoxin' activity in vitro arises from the sequential effects of stimulating and cytotoxic lymphokine, and whereby the balance of these effects in vivo might determine the response of fibroblasts involved in reactions of chronic allergic inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:136425", "title": "Biogenic amines and affective disorders. A critical analysis.", "content": "The evidence linking biogenic amines and affective disorders is critically reviewed. Surveyed are studies on the level of biogenic amines and their metabolites in the brain, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with affective conditions; the effects of biogenic amine precursors, depletors and blockers on affective states and the action of present methods of treatment of these disorders on the level of biogenic amines. Reference is also made to the existence of various disease states where abnormalities of biogenic amines exist in the absence of affective disorders. The review fails to uncover convincing evidence that affective disorders are related to abnormal levels of biogenic amines. Reasons are outlined why the \"catecholamine hypothesis\" and related theories can neither be proven nor disproven with the available techniques.", "contents": "Biogenic amines and affective disorders. A critical analysis. The evidence linking biogenic amines and affective disorders is critically reviewed. Surveyed are studies on the level of biogenic amines and their metabolites in the brain, blood, urine and cerebrospinal fluid of patients with affective conditions; the effects of biogenic amine precursors, depletors and blockers on affective states and the action of present methods of treatment of these disorders on the level of biogenic amines. Reference is also made to the existence of various disease states where abnormalities of biogenic amines exist in the absence of affective disorders. The review fails to uncover convincing evidence that affective disorders are related to abnormal levels of biogenic amines. Reasons are outlined why the \"catecholamine hypothesis\" and related theories can neither be proven nor disproven with the available techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:136428", "title": "[Hemosiderin pigmentation in Sez\u00e1ry's syndrome].", "content": "A 75 year old woman suffering from Sezary syndrome with edemas and excessive pigmentations is presented. In previous observations, pigmentation was caused by melanosis. In our patient it is caused by hemosiderosis. The origin of the pigmentation by a purpura-pigmentosa-progressiva-like mechanism or by the tumor disease itself is discussed.", "contents": "[Hemosiderin pigmentation in Sez\u00e1ry's syndrome]. A 75 year old woman suffering from Sezary syndrome with edemas and excessive pigmentations is presented. In previous observations, pigmentation was caused by melanosis. In our patient it is caused by hemosiderosis. The origin of the pigmentation by a purpura-pigmentosa-progressiva-like mechanism or by the tumor disease itself is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136429", "title": "[Trichosporon capitatum as pathogen of dermatomycoses].", "content": "Three cases of dermatomcycosis are reported, caused by Trichosporon capitatum, a yeast-like organism, belonging to genus Trichosporon of the Cryptococcaceae, which till now was isolated out of dermatological material only in a few cases. One of the lesions, characterized as \"leuconychia mycotica\", is a problematic task with regard to the treatment, for it is a professional infection in an offset-printer. A glycerol containing fluid for wiping his printing machine was detected as reservoir of yeastlike agents and continuously scattering infection cause. The pathogenic role of Trichosporon capitatum is discussed with regard to the present literature and to the three reported cases.", "contents": "[Trichosporon capitatum as pathogen of dermatomycoses]. Three cases of dermatomcycosis are reported, caused by Trichosporon capitatum, a yeast-like organism, belonging to genus Trichosporon of the Cryptococcaceae, which till now was isolated out of dermatological material only in a few cases. One of the lesions, characterized as \"leuconychia mycotica\", is a problematic task with regard to the treatment, for it is a professional infection in an offset-printer. A glycerol containing fluid for wiping his printing machine was detected as reservoir of yeastlike agents and continuously scattering infection cause. The pathogenic role of Trichosporon capitatum is discussed with regard to the present literature and to the three reported cases."}
{"id": "PMID:136430", "title": "[Ultrastructure and microflora in follicles and comedones].", "content": "The resident flora of skin surface, sebaceous follicles, and acne comedones: Pityrosporum, micrococci, and corynebacterium (propionibacterium) acnes is described. The nomenclature, topography, incidence, pathogenic role, and especially the ultrastructural morphology of these organisms are presented.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure and microflora in follicles and comedones]. The resident flora of skin surface, sebaceous follicles, and acne comedones: Pityrosporum, micrococci, and corynebacterium (propionibacterium) acnes is described. The nomenclature, topography, incidence, pathogenic role, and especially the ultrastructural morphology of these organisms are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:136432", "title": "Effect of calcium on creatine kinase activity of cerebellum.", "content": "The effect of Ca++ ions on the histochemical activity of creatine kinase (CK) was investigated in striated muscle and cerebellum of the rat. The intensity and pattern of CK activity was unchanged in the striated muscle when Ca++ was present in the incubation medium instead of Mg++. In the cerebellum, however, Ca++ inhibited the enzymatic activity except in the Purkinje cells.", "contents": "Effect of calcium on creatine kinase activity of cerebellum. The effect of Ca++ ions on the histochemical activity of creatine kinase (CK) was investigated in striated muscle and cerebellum of the rat. The intensity and pattern of CK activity was unchanged in the striated muscle when Ca++ was present in the incubation medium instead of Mg++. In the cerebellum, however, Ca++ inhibited the enzymatic activity except in the Purkinje cells."}
{"id": "PMID:136433", "title": "[Mersilene mesh in reconstruction of the osseous walls of the pneumatised skull (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of Mersilene mesh in reconstruction of the stable walls anterior to the air-containing sinus cavities is emphasized. The basic advantage of the technique employed is the need for tissue covering on only one side of the mesh. Subsequent penetration of the mesh by connective tissue with secondary epithelialization from adjacent mucosa develops a stable wall, even in the presence of local infection. The possibility for good fixation to surrounding bone, immediate availability as well as good cosmetic and functional results recommend its application to selected patients.", "contents": "[Mersilene mesh in reconstruction of the osseous walls of the pneumatised skull (author's transl)]. The use of Mersilene mesh in reconstruction of the stable walls anterior to the air-containing sinus cavities is emphasized. The basic advantage of the technique employed is the need for tissue covering on only one side of the mesh. Subsequent penetration of the mesh by connective tissue with secondary epithelialization from adjacent mucosa develops a stable wall, even in the presence of local infection. The possibility for good fixation to surrounding bone, immediate availability as well as good cosmetic and functional results recommend its application to selected patients."}
{"id": "PMID:136434", "title": "Analogs and conversion products of streptozotocin.", "content": "Reduction of the nitroso group in streptozotocin (1a) has led to cyclized products rather than a semicarbazide (1c). Some analogs (1e, 9a, 9b, 9c and 9d) of streptozotocin in which the nitroso group was replaced by other groups have been prepared.", "contents": "Analogs and conversion products of streptozotocin. Reduction of the nitroso group in streptozotocin (1a) has led to cyclized products rather than a semicarbazide (1c). Some analogs (1e, 9a, 9b, 9c and 9d) of streptozotocin in which the nitroso group was replaced by other groups have been prepared."}
{"id": "PMID:136443", "title": "Activation of calcium transport in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum by monovalent cations.", "content": "The rates of calcium transport and Ca2+-dependent ATP hydrolysis by rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum were stimulated by monovalent cations. The rate of decomposition of phosphoprotein intermediate of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum was also increased by these ions to an extent that is sufficient to account for the stimulation of calcium transport and Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity. The order of effectiveness of monovalent cations tested at saturating concentrations in increasing rate of phosphoprotein decomposition is: K+, Na+ greater than Rb+, NH4+ greater than Cs+ greater than Li+, choline+, Tris+.", "contents": "Activation of calcium transport in skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum by monovalent cations. The rates of calcium transport and Ca2+-dependent ATP hydrolysis by rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum were stimulated by monovalent cations. The rate of decomposition of phosphoprotein intermediate of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum was also increased by these ions to an extent that is sufficient to account for the stimulation of calcium transport and Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity. The order of effectiveness of monovalent cations tested at saturating concentrations in increasing rate of phosphoprotein decomposition is: K+, Na+ greater than Rb+, NH4+ greater than Cs+ greater than Li+, choline+, Tris+."}
{"id": "PMID:136444", "title": "Chemical cross-linking studies of chloroplast coupling factor 1.", "content": "Cross-linking reagents have been used to link covalently adjacent subunits of solubilized spinach chloroplast coupling factor 1, which is a latent ATPase. 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate, and dimethylsuberimidate are able to form bridges of 3 to 11 A between amino groups, and hydrogen peroxide and the o-phenanthroline-cupric ion complex catalyze the oxidation of intrinsic sulfhydryl groups. The five individual subunit bands (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) and several new aggregate bands can be separated by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The same four fastest moving aggregate bands, as characterized by their mobilities, migrate more slowly than the heaviest subunit band and appear with all of the cross-linkers employed. The subunit composition of the aggregate bands has been determined through the use of the reversible cross-linkers, dimethyldithiobispropionimidate, (o-phenanthroline)2Cu(II), and H2O2, and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in which aggregates are separated in the first dimension, the disulfide cross-links are cleaved, and the individual subunits present in the aggregates are separated in the second dimension. The subunits are detected by Coomassie brilliant blue staining and by labeling some of the sulfhydryl groups of the gamma and epsilon subunits with radioactive N-ethylmaleimide. The results obtained indicate that the alpha and beta subunits can cross-link directly with each of the other subunits, that two beta subunits are adjacent, and that gamma epsilon, gamma epsilon 2, alpha delta, and beta delta aggregates are present. A minimal subunit stoichiometry consistent with these results is alpha 2 beta 2 gamma delta epsilon 2. A possible structural model of the coupling factor is derived from the data. Similar, but less extensive, experiments have been carried out with the heat-activated coupling factor (which is an ATPase); no differences in the spatial arrangement of subunits are detected from the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of the cross-linked aggregates.", "contents": "Chemical cross-linking studies of chloroplast coupling factor 1. Cross-linking reagents have been used to link covalently adjacent subunits of solubilized spinach chloroplast coupling factor 1, which is a latent ATPase. 1,5-Difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate, and dimethylsuberimidate are able to form bridges of 3 to 11 A between amino groups, and hydrogen peroxide and the o-phenanthroline-cupric ion complex catalyze the oxidation of intrinsic sulfhydryl groups. The five individual subunit bands (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) and several new aggregate bands can be separated by means of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The same four fastest moving aggregate bands, as characterized by their mobilities, migrate more slowly than the heaviest subunit band and appear with all of the cross-linkers employed. The subunit composition of the aggregate bands has been determined through the use of the reversible cross-linkers, dimethyldithiobispropionimidate, (o-phenanthroline)2Cu(II), and H2O2, and two-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in which aggregates are separated in the first dimension, the disulfide cross-links are cleaved, and the individual subunits present in the aggregates are separated in the second dimension. The subunits are detected by Coomassie brilliant blue staining and by labeling some of the sulfhydryl groups of the gamma and epsilon subunits with radioactive N-ethylmaleimide. The results obtained indicate that the alpha and beta subunits can cross-link directly with each of the other subunits, that two beta subunits are adjacent, and that gamma epsilon, gamma epsilon 2, alpha delta, and beta delta aggregates are present. A minimal subunit stoichiometry consistent with these results is alpha 2 beta 2 gamma delta epsilon 2. A possible structural model of the coupling factor is derived from the data. Similar, but less extensive, experiments have been carried out with the heat-activated coupling factor (which is an ATPase); no differences in the spatial arrangement of subunits are detected from the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of the cross-linked aggregates."}
{"id": "PMID:136445", "title": "Removal of \"tightly bound\" nucleotides from soluble mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase (F1).", "content": "Soluble mitochondrial ATPase (F1) from beef heart prepared in this laboratory contained approximately 1.8 mol of ADP and 0 mol of ATP/mol of F1 which were not removed by repeated precipitation of the enzyme with ammonium sulfate solution or by gel filtration in low ionic strength buffer containing EDTA. This enzyme had full coupling activity. Treatment of the enzyme with trypsin (5 mug/mg of F1 for 3 min) reduced the \"tightly bound\" ADP to zero, abolished coupling activity, but had no effect on the ATPase activity, stability, or membrane-binding capability of the F1. When the trypsin concentration was varied between 0 and 5 mug/mg of F1, tightly bound ADP was removed to varying degrees, and a correlation was seen between amount of residual tightly bound ADP and residual coupling activity. Gel filtration of the native F1 in high ionic strength buffer containing EDTA also caused complete loss of tightly bound ADP and coupling ability, whereas ATPase activity, stability, and membrane-binding capability were retained. The ADP-depleted F1 preparations were unable to rebind normal amounts of ADP or any ATP in simple reloading experiments. The results strongly suggest that tightly bound ADP is required for ATP synthesis and for energy-coupled ATP hydrolysis on F1. The results also suggest that ATP synthesis and energy-linked ATP hydrolysis rather than involving one nucleotide binding site on F1, involve a series or \"cluster\" of sites. The ATP hydrolysis site may represent one component of this cluster. The results show that nonenergy-coupled ATP hydrolysis on F1 can occur in the absence of tightly bound ADP or ATP.", "contents": "Removal of \"tightly bound\" nucleotides from soluble mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase (F1). Soluble mitochondrial ATPase (F1) from beef heart prepared in this laboratory contained approximately 1.8 mol of ADP and 0 mol of ATP/mol of F1 which were not removed by repeated precipitation of the enzyme with ammonium sulfate solution or by gel filtration in low ionic strength buffer containing EDTA. This enzyme had full coupling activity. Treatment of the enzyme with trypsin (5 mug/mg of F1 for 3 min) reduced the \"tightly bound\" ADP to zero, abolished coupling activity, but had no effect on the ATPase activity, stability, or membrane-binding capability of the F1. When the trypsin concentration was varied between 0 and 5 mug/mg of F1, tightly bound ADP was removed to varying degrees, and a correlation was seen between amount of residual tightly bound ADP and residual coupling activity. Gel filtration of the native F1 in high ionic strength buffer containing EDTA also caused complete loss of tightly bound ADP and coupling ability, whereas ATPase activity, stability, and membrane-binding capability were retained. The ADP-depleted F1 preparations were unable to rebind normal amounts of ADP or any ATP in simple reloading experiments. The results strongly suggest that tightly bound ADP is required for ATP synthesis and for energy-coupled ATP hydrolysis on F1. The results also suggest that ATP synthesis and energy-linked ATP hydrolysis rather than involving one nucleotide binding site on F1, involve a series or \"cluster\" of sites. The ATP hydrolysis site may represent one component of this cluster. The results show that nonenergy-coupled ATP hydrolysis on F1 can occur in the absence of tightly bound ADP or ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:136446", "title": "Removal of \"tightly bound\" nucleotides from phosphorylating submitochondrial particles.", "content": "Phosphorylating submitochondrial particles from beef heart (ETPH) prepared here contained about 2.4 nmol of ATP and 1.9 nmol of ADP/mg of protein after repeated washing of the particles. Essentially all of the \"tightly bound \" ATP and ADP was removed by trypsin treatment. The trypsin-treated ETPH had increased ATPase activity, undiminished NADH oxidase and succinate oxidase activity, but energy-coupling activity (ATP-driven reversed electron transfer) was abolished. Removal of half the ATP and ADP occurred at low levels of trypsin and was associated with loss of half of the coupling activity. Gel filtration of ETPH in high ionic strength buffer also removed ADP and ATP from the particles, resulting in loss of energy-coupling activity, while ATPase activity was increased. The results support the contention that the tightly bound ADP is essential in energy coupling in mitochondria. Tightly bound ATP may also play an essential role.", "contents": "Removal of \"tightly bound\" nucleotides from phosphorylating submitochondrial particles. Phosphorylating submitochondrial particles from beef heart (ETPH) prepared here contained about 2.4 nmol of ATP and 1.9 nmol of ADP/mg of protein after repeated washing of the particles. Essentially all of the \"tightly bound \" ATP and ADP was removed by trypsin treatment. The trypsin-treated ETPH had increased ATPase activity, undiminished NADH oxidase and succinate oxidase activity, but energy-coupling activity (ATP-driven reversed electron transfer) was abolished. Removal of half the ATP and ADP occurred at low levels of trypsin and was associated with loss of half of the coupling activity. Gel filtration of ETPH in high ionic strength buffer also removed ADP and ATP from the particles, resulting in loss of energy-coupling activity, while ATPase activity was increased. The results support the contention that the tightly bound ADP is essential in energy coupling in mitochondria. Tightly bound ATP may also play an essential role."}
{"id": "PMID:136447", "title": "Exposure of free amino groups in the coupling factor of energized spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "Spinach chloroplasts were incubated in the dark with methyl acetimidate in order to amidinate and thereby protect free amino groups. An energy-dependent attack on the coupling factor (CF1) of these amidinated chloroplasts by trinitrobenzenesulfonate was apparent in a second reaction, as long as the reagent was applied in the light or after an acid-base transition. Trinitrophenyl residues approached one each on the alpha and beta subunits, and two to three on the gamma subunit polypeptide of CF1. Accompanying trinitrophenylation was an inhibition of the ATPase activity of CF1 due to a major decrease in the affinity for ATP; however, neither the maximal ATPase rate nor the ability of the protein to serve as a coupling factor for EDTA-extracted chloroplasts was affected. Trinitrophenylation and consequent inhibition of ATPase were 50% prevented by the presence of phosphate, or ADP, or ATP during exposure to trinitrobenzenesulfonate. The protective effects of adenylates were additive with those of phosphate. The ratio of trinitrophenyl groups on the three subunits concerned was the same whether phosphate or ATP was providing 50% protection, or whether neither was present. It is inferred that a conformational change occurs in the amidinated coupling factor when a proton activity gradient is placed across the membranes, and effective ligands tend to prevent the resulting exposure of free amino groups from a previously hidden location.", "contents": "Exposure of free amino groups in the coupling factor of energized spinach chloroplasts. Spinach chloroplasts were incubated in the dark with methyl acetimidate in order to amidinate and thereby protect free amino groups. An energy-dependent attack on the coupling factor (CF1) of these amidinated chloroplasts by trinitrobenzenesulfonate was apparent in a second reaction, as long as the reagent was applied in the light or after an acid-base transition. Trinitrophenyl residues approached one each on the alpha and beta subunits, and two to three on the gamma subunit polypeptide of CF1. Accompanying trinitrophenylation was an inhibition of the ATPase activity of CF1 due to a major decrease in the affinity for ATP; however, neither the maximal ATPase rate nor the ability of the protein to serve as a coupling factor for EDTA-extracted chloroplasts was affected. Trinitrophenylation and consequent inhibition of ATPase were 50% prevented by the presence of phosphate, or ADP, or ATP during exposure to trinitrobenzenesulfonate. The protective effects of adenylates were additive with those of phosphate. The ratio of trinitrophenyl groups on the three subunits concerned was the same whether phosphate or ATP was providing 50% protection, or whether neither was present. It is inferred that a conformational change occurs in the amidinated coupling factor when a proton activity gradient is placed across the membranes, and effective ligands tend to prevent the resulting exposure of free amino groups from a previously hidden location."}
{"id": "PMID:136448", "title": "Restoration of calcium transport in the trypsin-treated (Ca+ + Mg2+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum exposed th sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "content": "When sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles are exposed to trypsin for 1 min the adenosine triphosphatase (Mr = 102,000) is cleaved to fragments of Mr = 45,000 and 55,000. The purified ATPase, containing both fragments, transports Ca2+ when incorporated into vesicles containing excess phospholipid. The two fragments can only be dissociated in solutions containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Ca2+ transport activity is restored in SDS-dissociated preparations in a series of steps involving dilution with 5 volumes of 5% phospholipids in 0.75% sodium cholate, incubation in ice for 30 min, and passage through an anion exchange column. Vesicles formed in this procedure regain high Ca2+ transport activity if they are incubated in SDS solution at 24 degrees for less than 20 min. However, the extent of renaturation diminishes if the vesicles are incubated for longer periods and little acitivity is recovered in vesicles incubated longer than 60 min at 24 degrees.", "contents": "Restoration of calcium transport in the trypsin-treated (Ca+ + Mg2+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum exposed th sodium dodecyl sulfate. When sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles are exposed to trypsin for 1 min the adenosine triphosphatase (Mr = 102,000) is cleaved to fragments of Mr = 45,000 and 55,000. The purified ATPase, containing both fragments, transports Ca2+ when incorporated into vesicles containing excess phospholipid. The two fragments can only be dissociated in solutions containing 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Ca2+ transport activity is restored in SDS-dissociated preparations in a series of steps involving dilution with 5 volumes of 5% phospholipids in 0.75% sodium cholate, incubation in ice for 30 min, and passage through an anion exchange column. Vesicles formed in this procedure regain high Ca2+ transport activity if they are incubated in SDS solution at 24 degrees for less than 20 min. However, the extent of renaturation diminishes if the vesicles are incubated for longer periods and little acitivity is recovered in vesicles incubated longer than 60 min at 24 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:136449", "title": "Behavior of the Ca2+ transport sites linked with the phosphorylation reaction of ATPase purified from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Both the formation and decay of phosphorylated ATPase, and Ca2+ release from and rebinding to transport sites alpha sites) on the enzyme have been investigated in the pre- and post-steady states by means of rapid mixing acid quench technique and a stopped flow technique, respectively. At a relatively high concentration of enzyme (10 muM protein) and a low concentration of free Ca2+ (1.42 muM), rapid changes in the Ca2+ affinity of the transport sites could be monitored with the use of a Ca2+ indicator dye, Arsenazo III. As the enzyme becomes phosphorylated, Ca2+ is released. In the early stages, the ratio of Ca2+ released to acid-stable phosphoenzyme is less than 2, while at the maximum of Ca2+ release, which occurs later than the maximum phosphorylation, it is greater than 2. Assuming that phosphorylation of the enzyme releases both Ca2+ bound to it (Ikemoto, N. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 7219), these data are consistent with the sequential formation of two acid-stable intermediates differing in Ca2+ affinity and a third acid-labile phosphorylated species of low Ca2+ affinity. The changes in Ca2+ affinity are probably related to changes in the structure of the ATPase transport protein that are involved in the Ca2+ translocation in the intact sarcoplasmic reticulum. As the ATP is being used up, Ca2+ rebinding occurs concomitantly with the decay of phosphoenzyme. The comparison of the time courses of Ca2+ rebinding with that of dephosphorylation in the post-steady state suggests that interactions among phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated ATPase molecular may also be involved in the Ca2+ affinity changes.", "contents": "Behavior of the Ca2+ transport sites linked with the phosphorylation reaction of ATPase purified from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Both the formation and decay of phosphorylated ATPase, and Ca2+ release from and rebinding to transport sites alpha sites) on the enzyme have been investigated in the pre- and post-steady states by means of rapid mixing acid quench technique and a stopped flow technique, respectively. At a relatively high concentration of enzyme (10 muM protein) and a low concentration of free Ca2+ (1.42 muM), rapid changes in the Ca2+ affinity of the transport sites could be monitored with the use of a Ca2+ indicator dye, Arsenazo III. As the enzyme becomes phosphorylated, Ca2+ is released. In the early stages, the ratio of Ca2+ released to acid-stable phosphoenzyme is less than 2, while at the maximum of Ca2+ release, which occurs later than the maximum phosphorylation, it is greater than 2. Assuming that phosphorylation of the enzyme releases both Ca2+ bound to it (Ikemoto, N. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 7219), these data are consistent with the sequential formation of two acid-stable intermediates differing in Ca2+ affinity and a third acid-labile phosphorylated species of low Ca2+ affinity. The changes in Ca2+ affinity are probably related to changes in the structure of the ATPase transport protein that are involved in the Ca2+ translocation in the intact sarcoplasmic reticulum. As the ATP is being used up, Ca2+ rebinding occurs concomitantly with the decay of phosphoenzyme. The comparison of the time courses of Ca2+ rebinding with that of dephosphorylation in the post-steady state suggests that interactions among phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated ATPase molecular may also be involved in the Ca2+ affinity changes."}
{"id": "PMID:136450", "title": "5-bromodeoxyuridine may alter the differentiative program of the embryonic pancreas.", "content": "The thymidine analog, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), inhibits the differentiation of the acinar cells of the embryonic rat pancreas, while having little effect on the growth of the tissue. The BrdU-treated pancreas contains elevated alkaline phosphatase and carbonic anhydrase activities, and, unlike the normal pancreas, contains numerous extracellular fluid-filled vacuoles, surrounded by ductlike cells. Both alkaline phosphatase and carbonic anhydrase activities are located preferentially in the ductlike cells lining the vacuoles. The biochemical, morphological, and functional features of these epithelial cells are therefore characteristic of the normal pancreatic duct cell. Thus, in the exocrine pancreas, BrdU seems to alter the normal program of differentiation by favoring the functional duct cells while inhibiting the differentiation of acinar cells.", "contents": "5-bromodeoxyuridine may alter the differentiative program of the embryonic pancreas. The thymidine analog, 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), inhibits the differentiation of the acinar cells of the embryonic rat pancreas, while having little effect on the growth of the tissue. The BrdU-treated pancreas contains elevated alkaline phosphatase and carbonic anhydrase activities, and, unlike the normal pancreas, contains numerous extracellular fluid-filled vacuoles, surrounded by ductlike cells. Both alkaline phosphatase and carbonic anhydrase activities are located preferentially in the ductlike cells lining the vacuoles. The biochemical, morphological, and functional features of these epithelial cells are therefore characteristic of the normal pancreatic duct cell. Thus, in the exocrine pancreas, BrdU seems to alter the normal program of differentiation by favoring the functional duct cells while inhibiting the differentiation of acinar cells."}
{"id": "PMID:136451", "title": "Isolation and characterization of subcellular membranes of Entamoeba invadens.", "content": "A method is described for the isolation of subcellular membranes of Entamoeba invadens. Plasma membranes were obtained by rate centrifugation followed by isopycnic centrifugation on a sucrose gradient. Intact phagolysosomes floated in a 10% sucrose solution providing a simple technique for isolation. Phagolysosomal membranes were collected by isopycnic centrifugation, after lysis of the phagolysosomes. Microsomes were obtained by differential centrifugation. Membrane fractions were examined by electron microscopy, and the contamination of each fraction was determined with marker enzymes. Mg2+-ATPase is associated with the plasma membrane. Acid phosphatase (beta-glycerophosphate) was associated mainly with phagolysosmal membranes. Plasma membranes also contained acid phosphatase activity which hydrolyzes p-nitrophenylphosphate but not beta-glycerophosphate. The localization of the two phosphatases was confirmed cytochemically. Isolated plasma membranes were contaminated with phagolysosomal membranes (15%) and with microsomes (25%). No more than 5% of the phagolysosomal membrane fraction consisted of plasma membranes. Contamination of the microsomes by plasma and phagolysosomal membranes was 10% and 7%, respectively. Plasma membranes and phagolysosomal membranes had a high ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid (0.93 and 1.05 mumol/mumol, respectively). Microsomes were relatively poor in cholesterol (0.39 mumol/mumol). Microsomes, plasma, and phagolysosomal membranes contained increasing amounts of spingolipids (12%, 17%, and 28%). Phagolysosomal membranes had a high percentage of phosphatidylserine but little phosphatidylcholine. Microsomes were rich in phosphatidylcholine (45%). Differences in phospholipid composition between plasma and phagolysosomal membranes are discussed in view of the phagocytic process.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of subcellular membranes of Entamoeba invadens. A method is described for the isolation of subcellular membranes of Entamoeba invadens. Plasma membranes were obtained by rate centrifugation followed by isopycnic centrifugation on a sucrose gradient. Intact phagolysosomes floated in a 10% sucrose solution providing a simple technique for isolation. Phagolysosomal membranes were collected by isopycnic centrifugation, after lysis of the phagolysosomes. Microsomes were obtained by differential centrifugation. Membrane fractions were examined by electron microscopy, and the contamination of each fraction was determined with marker enzymes. Mg2+-ATPase is associated with the plasma membrane. Acid phosphatase (beta-glycerophosphate) was associated mainly with phagolysosmal membranes. Plasma membranes also contained acid phosphatase activity which hydrolyzes p-nitrophenylphosphate but not beta-glycerophosphate. The localization of the two phosphatases was confirmed cytochemically. Isolated plasma membranes were contaminated with phagolysosomal membranes (15%) and with microsomes (25%). No more than 5% of the phagolysosomal membrane fraction consisted of plasma membranes. Contamination of the microsomes by plasma and phagolysosomal membranes was 10% and 7%, respectively. Plasma membranes and phagolysosomal membranes had a high ratio of cholesterol to phospholipid (0.93 and 1.05 mumol/mumol, respectively). Microsomes were relatively poor in cholesterol (0.39 mumol/mumol). Microsomes, plasma, and phagolysosomal membranes contained increasing amounts of spingolipids (12%, 17%, and 28%). Phagolysosomal membranes had a high percentage of phosphatidylserine but little phosphatidylcholine. Microsomes were rich in phosphatidylcholine (45%). Differences in phospholipid composition between plasma and phagolysosomal membranes are discussed in view of the phagocytic process."}
{"id": "PMID:136452", "title": "The effect of antidynein 1 serum on the movement of reactivated sea urchin sperm.", "content": "Rabbit antiserum prepared against an ATPase-containing tryptic fragment of dynein by Ogawa and Mohri (J. Biol. Chem. 250: 6476-6483) specifically inhibited the ATPase activity of dynein 1 and not that of dynein 2. Varying amounts of this antidynein 1 serum were added to demembranated sperm while they were swimming in reactivating solution containing 1 mM ATP. The sperm continued to form regularly propagated flagellar bending waves, but the beat frequency decreased gradually with time, the greater part of the change occurring in the first 15 min. The beat frequency after 1 h was a function of the amount of antiserum used, and could be as low as 1 Hz. The waveforms of the treated sperm resembled those of normal reactivated sperm except that the bend angles of both the principal and reverse bends were larger in the proximal portion of flagellum. The ATPase activity and corresponding beat frequency of sperm which had been pretreated with varying amounts of antidynein 1 serum for 15 min at 0 degrees C and then diluted were both decreased as a function of the amount of antiserum added, the ATPase activity of homogenized, nonmotile sperm also decreased upon pretreatment with antiserum, but the percentage decrease was less than for motile sperm. For moderate to low concentrations of antiserum, the rates of reaction with motile and with rigor sperm were almost identical. The overall results suggest that antidynein 1 inhibits the functioning of the dynein arms, probably by blocking the ATPase sites of the dynein 1.", "contents": "The effect of antidynein 1 serum on the movement of reactivated sea urchin sperm. Rabbit antiserum prepared against an ATPase-containing tryptic fragment of dynein by Ogawa and Mohri (J. Biol. Chem. 250: 6476-6483) specifically inhibited the ATPase activity of dynein 1 and not that of dynein 2. Varying amounts of this antidynein 1 serum were added to demembranated sperm while they were swimming in reactivating solution containing 1 mM ATP. The sperm continued to form regularly propagated flagellar bending waves, but the beat frequency decreased gradually with time, the greater part of the change occurring in the first 15 min. The beat frequency after 1 h was a function of the amount of antiserum used, and could be as low as 1 Hz. The waveforms of the treated sperm resembled those of normal reactivated sperm except that the bend angles of both the principal and reverse bends were larger in the proximal portion of flagellum. The ATPase activity and corresponding beat frequency of sperm which had been pretreated with varying amounts of antidynein 1 serum for 15 min at 0 degrees C and then diluted were both decreased as a function of the amount of antiserum added, the ATPase activity of homogenized, nonmotile sperm also decreased upon pretreatment with antiserum, but the percentage decrease was less than for motile sperm. For moderate to low concentrations of antiserum, the rates of reaction with motile and with rigor sperm were almost identical. The overall results suggest that antidynein 1 inhibits the functioning of the dynein arms, probably by blocking the ATPase sites of the dynein 1."}
{"id": "PMID:136453", "title": "Glucose and ATP levels in pancreatic islet tissue of normal and diabetic rats.", "content": "It has been suggested that the hyperglucagonemia observed in diabetic animals and man may be due to an impairment of glucose uptake and metabolism by the alpha-cells resulting in a decreased production of ATP. To test this hypothesis glucose, ATP, glucagon, and insulin were measured in pancreatic islets of normal and alloxan or streptozotocin diabetic rats. Two experimental approaches were used. In the first, the pancreas was perfused in vitro for assessing insulin and glucagon release due to 10 mM amino acids with and without 5 mM glucose. These perfusions were performed in the presence and absence of insulin. After perfusion, the pancreas was frozen and processed for analysis of islet glucose, ATP, insulin, and glucagon content. The second approach was to investigate the islet sucrose, urea, and glucose spaces together with ATP, insulin, and glucagon content in vivo in normal and in insulin-treated and untreated streptozotocin diabetic rats. Perfusion of the pancreas in vitro with 5 mM glucose resulted in higher glucose content of normal islets than in alloxan and streptozotocin diabetic islets. Similarly in the in vivo studies, the intracellular glucose space of the streptozotocin diabetic islets was 30% the value found in normals. In the in vivo experiments, despite the relatively small intracellular glucose space of alpha-cell islets, the ATP content of these islets was only 15-20% lower than the ATP content of normal islets. In the in vitro experiments, perfusion with glucose resulted in ATP contents of alpha-cell islets and of normal mixed alpha-beta-cell islets which were indistinguishable. However, the ATP content of alpha-cell islets was maintained for prolonged periods in the absence of glucose in contrast to mixed islets, composed primarily of beta-cells, in which the ATP level decreased by 45% when glucose-free medium was perfused for sustained periods. Finally, insulin infused in high concentrations or administered to the diabetic animal had no effect on the glucose spaces or the ATP contents of normal or alpha-cell islets. It can be calculated that in vivo the intracellular glucose level of islets from streptozotocin treated rats is approximately 15 mM. Since in normals an extracellular glucose concentration of this magnitude inhibits stimulated glucagon release completely, it would seem unlikely that a lack of intracellular glucose is the cause of the apparent glucose \"blindness\" of the alpha-cells in diabetes. In fact, in perfusion studies as little as 2.5 mM free intracellular glucose was sufficient to suppress glucagon secretion from diabetic alpha-cells. The results of the ATP measurements clearly eliminate a possible energy deficit of diabetic alpha-cells as cause of the apparent glucose resistance of alpha-cells.", "contents": "Glucose and ATP levels in pancreatic islet tissue of normal and diabetic rats. It has been suggested that the hyperglucagonemia observed in diabetic animals and man may be due to an impairment of glucose uptake and metabolism by the alpha-cells resulting in a decreased production of ATP. To test this hypothesis glucose, ATP, glucagon, and insulin were measured in pancreatic islets of normal and alloxan or streptozotocin diabetic rats. Two experimental approaches were used. In the first, the pancreas was perfused in vitro for assessing insulin and glucagon release due to 10 mM amino acids with and without 5 mM glucose. These perfusions were performed in the presence and absence of insulin. After perfusion, the pancreas was frozen and processed for analysis of islet glucose, ATP, insulin, and glucagon content. The second approach was to investigate the islet sucrose, urea, and glucose spaces together with ATP, insulin, and glucagon content in vivo in normal and in insulin-treated and untreated streptozotocin diabetic rats. Perfusion of the pancreas in vitro with 5 mM glucose resulted in higher glucose content of normal islets than in alloxan and streptozotocin diabetic islets. Similarly in the in vivo studies, the intracellular glucose space of the streptozotocin diabetic islets was 30% the value found in normals. In the in vivo experiments, despite the relatively small intracellular glucose space of alpha-cell islets, the ATP content of these islets was only 15-20% lower than the ATP content of normal islets. In the in vitro experiments, perfusion with glucose resulted in ATP contents of alpha-cell islets and of normal mixed alpha-beta-cell islets which were indistinguishable. However, the ATP content of alpha-cell islets was maintained for prolonged periods in the absence of glucose in contrast to mixed islets, composed primarily of beta-cells, in which the ATP level decreased by 45% when glucose-free medium was perfused for sustained periods. Finally, insulin infused in high concentrations or administered to the diabetic animal had no effect on the glucose spaces or the ATP contents of normal or alpha-cell islets. It can be calculated that in vivo the intracellular glucose level of islets from streptozotocin treated rats is approximately 15 mM. Since in normals an extracellular glucose concentration of this magnitude inhibits stimulated glucagon release completely, it would seem unlikely that a lack of intracellular glucose is the cause of the apparent glucose \"blindness\" of the alpha-cells in diabetes. In fact, in perfusion studies as little as 2.5 mM free intracellular glucose was sufficient to suppress glucagon secretion from diabetic alpha-cells. The results of the ATP measurements clearly eliminate a possible energy deficit of diabetic alpha-cells as cause of the apparent glucose resistance of alpha-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:136454", "title": "The S\u00e9zary syndrome: a malignant proliferation of helper T cells.", "content": "The S\u00e9zary syndrome is a frequently lethal disease characterized by circulating malignant cells of thymus-derived (T)-cell origin. The capacity of circulating malignant lymphocytes from patients with this syndrome to synthesize immunoglobulins and to function as helper or suppressor cells regulating immunoglobulin synthesis by bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes was determined. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal individuals had geometric mean immunoglobulin synthetic rates of 4,910 ng for IgM, 1,270 ng for IgA, and 1,625 ng for IgG per 2 X 10(6) cells in culture with pokeweed mitogen for 7 days. Purified normal B cells had geometric mean synthetic rates of 198 ng for IgM, 145 ng for IgA, and 102 ng for IgG. Leukemic cells from patients with the S\u00e9zary syndrome produced essentially no immunoglobulins. Adding normal T cells to normal B cells restored their immunoglobin producing capacity. Leukemic cells from four of five patients tested had a similar capacity to help immunoglobulin synthesis by purified normal B cells. Additionally, S\u00e9zary cells from one patient studied induced a nearly 10-fold increase in IgA synthesis by lymphocytes from a child with ataxia telangiectasia and selective IgA deficiency. Furthermore, these S\u00e9zary cells induced more than a 500-fold increase in IgG and IgA synthesis by lymphocytes from a child with Nezelof's syndrome. When S\u00e9zary cells were added to normal unfractionated lymphocytes, they did not suppress immunoglobulin biosynthesis. In addition, unlike the situation observed when large numbers of normal T cells were added to purified B cells, there was no depression of immunoglobulin synthesis at very high malignant T-cell to B-cell ratios. These data support the view that S\u00e9zary T cells do not express suppressor cell activity. The results presented in this paper suggest that neoplastic lymphocytes from the majority of patients with the S\u00e9zary syndrome originate from a subset of T cells programmed exclusively for helper-like interactions with B cells in their production of immunoglobulin molecules.", "contents": "The S\u00e9zary syndrome: a malignant proliferation of helper T cells. The S\u00e9zary syndrome is a frequently lethal disease characterized by circulating malignant cells of thymus-derived (T)-cell origin. The capacity of circulating malignant lymphocytes from patients with this syndrome to synthesize immunoglobulins and to function as helper or suppressor cells regulating immunoglobulin synthesis by bone marrow-derived (B) lymphocytes was determined. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from normal individuals had geometric mean immunoglobulin synthetic rates of 4,910 ng for IgM, 1,270 ng for IgA, and 1,625 ng for IgG per 2 X 10(6) cells in culture with pokeweed mitogen for 7 days. Purified normal B cells had geometric mean synthetic rates of 198 ng for IgM, 145 ng for IgA, and 102 ng for IgG. Leukemic cells from patients with the S\u00e9zary syndrome produced essentially no immunoglobulins. Adding normal T cells to normal B cells restored their immunoglobin producing capacity. Leukemic cells from four of five patients tested had a similar capacity to help immunoglobulin synthesis by purified normal B cells. Additionally, S\u00e9zary cells from one patient studied induced a nearly 10-fold increase in IgA synthesis by lymphocytes from a child with ataxia telangiectasia and selective IgA deficiency. Furthermore, these S\u00e9zary cells induced more than a 500-fold increase in IgG and IgA synthesis by lymphocytes from a child with Nezelof's syndrome. When S\u00e9zary cells were added to normal unfractionated lymphocytes, they did not suppress immunoglobulin biosynthesis. In addition, unlike the situation observed when large numbers of normal T cells were added to purified B cells, there was no depression of immunoglobulin synthesis at very high malignant T-cell to B-cell ratios. These data support the view that S\u00e9zary T cells do not express suppressor cell activity. The results presented in this paper suggest that neoplastic lymphocytes from the majority of patients with the S\u00e9zary syndrome originate from a subset of T cells programmed exclusively for helper-like interactions with B cells in their production of immunoglobulin molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:136471", "title": "Antibodies to guinea pig lymphokines. IV. Suppression of the mixed leukocyte culture reaction by anti-lymphokine globulin.", "content": "An antiserum, (anti-lymphokine globulin, ALyG) directed against highly purified products of activated lymphocytes, inhibits the proliferation of responding cells in guinea pig mixed leukocyte cultures ((MLC). This serum recognizes three newly synthesized lymphocyte products (one of them being migration inhibition factor (MIF) which are involved in the mediation of delayed hypersensitivity reactions in vivo. Since ALyG does not appear to contain cytotoxic antibodies against guinea pig lymphocyte antigens and its inhibitory activity cannot be removed by absorption with lymphoid cells it seems likely that the inhibition of MLC reactivity is not mediated by the lysis of stimulator or responder cells and its target is not the lymphocyte per se but possibly some factor elaborated during MLC response. By contrast, antisera with specificity for histocompatibility (H) antigens can inhibit the MLC when the appropriate H antigens are present on the responding and/or stimulating cell population. However, this inhibitory of the antisera can be effectively absorbed with lymphoid cells bearing the appropriate H antigens. The addition of ALyG even 48 hr after the initiation of culture results in a marked inhibition of MLC reactivity. This finding is consistent with the elaboration of a mitogenic factor or signal during the first 48 hr of culture and the delivery of this signal to the responding cell population. Thus, ALyG does not appear to interfere with the synthesis of this factor but must be present after its release in order to block responder cell proliferation. Furthermore, the stimulatory effect of this MLC mitogenic factor, but not of PPD-induced mitogenic factor on \"third party\" cells can be completely inhibited when the cells are cultured in the presence of ALyG. These findings suggest that the MLC-mitogenic factor in this system is identical to or cross-reactive with one or both of the newly synthesized molecules recognized by the ALyG.", "contents": "Antibodies to guinea pig lymphokines. IV. Suppression of the mixed leukocyte culture reaction by anti-lymphokine globulin. An antiserum, (anti-lymphokine globulin, ALyG) directed against highly purified products of activated lymphocytes, inhibits the proliferation of responding cells in guinea pig mixed leukocyte cultures ((MLC). This serum recognizes three newly synthesized lymphocyte products (one of them being migration inhibition factor (MIF) which are involved in the mediation of delayed hypersensitivity reactions in vivo. Since ALyG does not appear to contain cytotoxic antibodies against guinea pig lymphocyte antigens and its inhibitory activity cannot be removed by absorption with lymphoid cells it seems likely that the inhibition of MLC reactivity is not mediated by the lysis of stimulator or responder cells and its target is not the lymphocyte per se but possibly some factor elaborated during MLC response. By contrast, antisera with specificity for histocompatibility (H) antigens can inhibit the MLC when the appropriate H antigens are present on the responding and/or stimulating cell population. However, this inhibitory of the antisera can be effectively absorbed with lymphoid cells bearing the appropriate H antigens. The addition of ALyG even 48 hr after the initiation of culture results in a marked inhibition of MLC reactivity. This finding is consistent with the elaboration of a mitogenic factor or signal during the first 48 hr of culture and the delivery of this signal to the responding cell population. Thus, ALyG does not appear to interfere with the synthesis of this factor but must be present after its release in order to block responder cell proliferation. Furthermore, the stimulatory effect of this MLC mitogenic factor, but not of PPD-induced mitogenic factor on \"third party\" cells can be completely inhibited when the cells are cultured in the presence of ALyG. These findings suggest that the MLC-mitogenic factor in this system is identical to or cross-reactive with one or both of the newly synthesized molecules recognized by the ALyG."}
{"id": "PMID:136472", "title": "Immunity to Plasmodium Berghei yoelii in mice. I. The course of infection in T cell and B cell deficient mice.", "content": "The course of infection with 17X nonlethal Plasmodium berghei yoelii was examined in BALB/c mice which were deficient in either T cells or B cells. Markedly increased parasitemia and mortality were observed in athymic (nude) mice which had been backcrossed on a BALB/c background (T cell deficient) compared to similar mice which had been grafted with neonatal BALB/c thymus, and were also observed in BALB/c mice suppressed from birth with goat antiserum to mouse mu-chain (B cell deficient) compared to age- and sex-matched BALB/c controls. These results establish the requirement for the presence of both T cells and B cells for effective resistance to an intercurrent infection with 17XNL P.b. yoelii in adult BALB/c mice. Mechanisms by which the requirement for both T cells and B cells could be explained were discussed. The model of mu suppression was shown to be a valuable tool for an evaluation of the cellular basis of immunity to an infectious disease.", "contents": "Immunity to Plasmodium Berghei yoelii in mice. I. The course of infection in T cell and B cell deficient mice. The course of infection with 17X nonlethal Plasmodium berghei yoelii was examined in BALB/c mice which were deficient in either T cells or B cells. Markedly increased parasitemia and mortality were observed in athymic (nude) mice which had been backcrossed on a BALB/c background (T cell deficient) compared to similar mice which had been grafted with neonatal BALB/c thymus, and were also observed in BALB/c mice suppressed from birth with goat antiserum to mouse mu-chain (B cell deficient) compared to age- and sex-matched BALB/c controls. These results establish the requirement for the presence of both T cells and B cells for effective resistance to an intercurrent infection with 17XNL P.b. yoelii in adult BALB/c mice. Mechanisms by which the requirement for both T cells and B cells could be explained were discussed. The model of mu suppression was shown to be a valuable tool for an evaluation of the cellular basis of immunity to an infectious disease."}
{"id": "PMID:136473", "title": "Mechanism of mastocytoma-mediated suppression of lymphocyte reactivity.", "content": "Previously we have shown that mitomycin-treated P-815 (H-2d) cells (P-815m) inhibit the in vitro response of C57BL/6 spleen cells to mitogens and DBA/2 alloantigens. The present data indicate that P-815m cells also inhibit the response of C57BL/6 spleen cells to AKR (H-2k)-stimulating cells and that the inhibition does not appear to be the result of crowding. Subpopulations of spleen cells obtained by density gradient centrifucation or after renoval of glass-adherent cells are all sensitive to the inhibitory effects of P-815m. We also show that P-815m cells appears to operate both in vitro and in vivo. The experiments characterize the suppression of MLC reactivity by cell-free preparations of sonicated P-815 mastocytoma cells. The results suggest that the inhibition is not removed by ultracentrifugation, ultra-violet irradiation, or dialysis of the sonicate. P-815 sonicates subjected to chloroform extraction, heating at 56 degrees C, 0.1 mu filtration, or treatment with anit-minute virus of mice serum are still inhibitory. This inhibition is resistant to RNAase treatment but destroyed by pronase. P-815 sonicate suppresses the response of C57BL/6 spleen cells to both DBA/2 and AKR-stimulating spleen. Inhibition of MLC reactivity is only seen if P-815 sonicate is added within the first 48 hr after the initiation of culture. These results indicate that the inhibition of MLC by sonicates of P-815 cells is due to a nondialyzable protein whose effects are not H-2 restricted and are acting on the early phase of sensitization.", "contents": "Mechanism of mastocytoma-mediated suppression of lymphocyte reactivity. Previously we have shown that mitomycin-treated P-815 (H-2d) cells (P-815m) inhibit the in vitro response of C57BL/6 spleen cells to mitogens and DBA/2 alloantigens. The present data indicate that P-815m cells also inhibit the response of C57BL/6 spleen cells to AKR (H-2k)-stimulating cells and that the inhibition does not appear to be the result of crowding. Subpopulations of spleen cells obtained by density gradient centrifucation or after renoval of glass-adherent cells are all sensitive to the inhibitory effects of P-815m. We also show that P-815m cells appears to operate both in vitro and in vivo. The experiments characterize the suppression of MLC reactivity by cell-free preparations of sonicated P-815 mastocytoma cells. The results suggest that the inhibition is not removed by ultracentrifugation, ultra-violet irradiation, or dialysis of the sonicate. P-815 sonicates subjected to chloroform extraction, heating at 56 degrees C, 0.1 mu filtration, or treatment with anit-minute virus of mice serum are still inhibitory. This inhibition is resistant to RNAase treatment but destroyed by pronase. P-815 sonicate suppresses the response of C57BL/6 spleen cells to both DBA/2 and AKR-stimulating spleen. Inhibition of MLC reactivity is only seen if P-815 sonicate is added within the first 48 hr after the initiation of culture. These results indicate that the inhibition of MLC by sonicates of P-815 cells is due to a nondialyzable protein whose effects are not H-2 restricted and are acting on the early phase of sensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:136474", "title": "Effect of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase on the generation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro.", "content": "Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN))12.5 units/2 X 10(6) cells/ml) continuously present for a standard 5-day MLC will significant (p less than 0.02) increase the cytotoxic activity generated by a given number of responding spleen cells without reducing the specificity. Heat-inactiviated VCN produced no such augmentation. This augmented cytotoxicity could be reproduced by preincubating (1 hr) the responding spleen cells with VCN (25 units/2.5 X 10(6) cells/ml) before addition of stimulating spleen cells. Preincubating the stimulator spleen cells with VCN had no effect. VCN preincubation of target cells or presensitized effector cells produced no augmentation. The addition of soluble VCN to the killing assay also did not increase cytotoxicity. Thus, VCN acts only during the generation of specifically sensitized cytotoxic T cells. When the effect of VCN on MLC reactivity, cell recovery and total cytotoxicity (lytic units/10(6) cells) were compared, it became apparent that VCN increases the proliferation of responder cells after stimulation resulting in both an increased number of cells and also an increase in the proportion of specifically sensitized cytotoxic cells in the culture. VCN treatment of responder cell membrane apparently permits a more ready response to allogenic antigens in culture facilitating both increased proliferation and the increased development of specific cytotoxic killers.", "contents": "Effect of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase on the generation of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in vitro. Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (VCN))12.5 units/2 X 10(6) cells/ml) continuously present for a standard 5-day MLC will significant (p less than 0.02) increase the cytotoxic activity generated by a given number of responding spleen cells without reducing the specificity. Heat-inactiviated VCN produced no such augmentation. This augmented cytotoxicity could be reproduced by preincubating (1 hr) the responding spleen cells with VCN (25 units/2.5 X 10(6) cells/ml) before addition of stimulating spleen cells. Preincubating the stimulator spleen cells with VCN had no effect. VCN preincubation of target cells or presensitized effector cells produced no augmentation. The addition of soluble VCN to the killing assay also did not increase cytotoxicity. Thus, VCN acts only during the generation of specifically sensitized cytotoxic T cells. When the effect of VCN on MLC reactivity, cell recovery and total cytotoxicity (lytic units/10(6) cells) were compared, it became apparent that VCN increases the proliferation of responder cells after stimulation resulting in both an increased number of cells and also an increase in the proportion of specifically sensitized cytotoxic cells in the culture. VCN treatment of responder cell membrane apparently permits a more ready response to allogenic antigens in culture facilitating both increased proliferation and the increased development of specific cytotoxic killers."}
{"id": "PMID:136475", "title": "Activation of cytotoxic function in T lymphocytes.", "content": "The requirements for activation of cytotoxic function in mouse T lymphocytes were investigated. Initial generation of cytotoxicity in normal lymphocytes was equal in magnitude with either Con A or specific alloantigen, and in either case required DNA synthesis. Cytotoxic function in MLC-primed cells could also be regenerated by Con A, the magnitude and target specificity of the cytotoxicity thus generated being indistinguishable from that recalled by specific alloantigen. Cytotoxicity could also be regenerated by third party-stimulating cells; however, the cytotoxicity evoked by third party cells was always specific only for target cells of the original stimulating cell H-2 genotype. The data presented suggest that there are a number of ways to activate cytotoxicity in effector T cells, and are most consistent with a model for T cell triggering that minimizes a strict informational function of antigen-receptor interactions.", "contents": "Activation of cytotoxic function in T lymphocytes. The requirements for activation of cytotoxic function in mouse T lymphocytes were investigated. Initial generation of cytotoxicity in normal lymphocytes was equal in magnitude with either Con A or specific alloantigen, and in either case required DNA synthesis. Cytotoxic function in MLC-primed cells could also be regenerated by Con A, the magnitude and target specificity of the cytotoxicity thus generated being indistinguishable from that recalled by specific alloantigen. Cytotoxicity could also be regenerated by third party-stimulating cells; however, the cytotoxicity evoked by third party cells was always specific only for target cells of the original stimulating cell H-2 genotype. The data presented suggest that there are a number of ways to activate cytotoxicity in effector T cells, and are most consistent with a model for T cell triggering that minimizes a strict informational function of antigen-receptor interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:136476", "title": "The fluorescein-antifluorescein quenching system as a model for assaying changes in antibody function.", "content": "A rapid, simple and inexpensive procedure is presented for utilizing the fluorescein-antifluorescein quenching reaction as a model system to monitor and evaluate changes in antibody function brought about by conjugation and modification procedures. Experiments showing 1) the gradual loss of antigen-binding activity during dinitrophenylation, 2) the partial loss and subsequent recovery of activity during the reversible blocking of amino groups by citraconylation and 3) the quantitative release of bound fluorescein during guanidine denaturation were performed to demonstrate the versatility of the model.", "contents": "The fluorescein-antifluorescein quenching system as a model for assaying changes in antibody function. A rapid, simple and inexpensive procedure is presented for utilizing the fluorescein-antifluorescein quenching reaction as a model system to monitor and evaluate changes in antibody function brought about by conjugation and modification procedures. Experiments showing 1) the gradual loss of antigen-binding activity during dinitrophenylation, 2) the partial loss and subsequent recovery of activity during the reversible blocking of amino groups by citraconylation and 3) the quantitative release of bound fluorescein during guanidine denaturation were performed to demonstrate the versatility of the model."}
{"id": "PMID:136497", "title": "Two restriction and modification systems in Staphylococcus aureus NCTC8325.", "content": "The presence of two distinct host specificities in Staphylococcus aureus strain NCTC8325 was revealed by the isolation of restriction- and modification-deficient mutants. The two host specificity systems, designated S1 and S2, are both active on phage 80mualpha but are not additive in their restricting activity. Restriction-deficient, modification-proficient mutants were invariably affected in both restriction systems. The functional relationship between these two systems is discussed.", "contents": "Two restriction and modification systems in Staphylococcus aureus NCTC8325. The presence of two distinct host specificities in Staphylococcus aureus strain NCTC8325 was revealed by the isolation of restriction- and modification-deficient mutants. The two host specificity systems, designated S1 and S2, are both active on phage 80mualpha but are not additive in their restricting activity. Restriction-deficient, modification-proficient mutants were invariably affected in both restriction systems. The functional relationship between these two systems is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136498", "title": "Peritoneal bypass in the treatment of hydrocephalus: historical review and abdominal complications.", "content": "The development of intraperitoneal shunting systems is presented chronologically and a review is made of the wide variety of intraperitoneal complications which have occured to date.", "contents": "Peritoneal bypass in the treatment of hydrocephalus: historical review and abdominal complications. The development of intraperitoneal shunting systems is presented chronologically and a review is made of the wide variety of intraperitoneal complications which have occured to date."}
{"id": "PMID:136499", "title": "The effect of the local anaesthetic bupivacaine on the muscle spindle of rat.", "content": "The effects of a long-lasting local anaesthetic, bupivacaine, in combination with hyaluronidase, on the intrafusal muscle fibres of adult rat muscle spindles have been investigated by light and electron microscopy. Necrotic changes in the axial bundle are present within 4 h of the combined drug injection and are widespread by 2 days. The equatorial nucleation of the spindle is lost owing to the necrosis of the myonuclei. Satellite cells, however, appear to survive these changes, even where the underlying muscle fibres are grossly necrotic. Sensory nerve terminals undergo necrosis during this period and plate-type fusimotor nerve terminals withdraw from the degenerating muscle fibres. Macrophage infiltration and early regeneration of the axial bundle is apparent by the third day. Myoblasts first appear at the periphery of the affected muscle fibres, but decrease in number as regeneration proceeds. By the end of the third week, regeneration of the muscle component is complete and re-innervating fusimotor nerve terminals established. The encapsulated regions of the spindle remain abnormal, without recognizable bags or chains of nuclei, although the muscle fibres differ both in size and ultrastructure. Regenerating sensory axons make contacts with the intrafusal bundle that differ in their configuration and ultrastructure from normal terminals. The production of enucleated spindles is discussed in the light of the morphogenetic influences of the spindle nerve terminals, as well as the possible use of such a model in discovering the function of nuclear bags and nuclear chains.", "contents": "The effect of the local anaesthetic bupivacaine on the muscle spindle of rat. The effects of a long-lasting local anaesthetic, bupivacaine, in combination with hyaluronidase, on the intrafusal muscle fibres of adult rat muscle spindles have been investigated by light and electron microscopy. Necrotic changes in the axial bundle are present within 4 h of the combined drug injection and are widespread by 2 days. The equatorial nucleation of the spindle is lost owing to the necrosis of the myonuclei. Satellite cells, however, appear to survive these changes, even where the underlying muscle fibres are grossly necrotic. Sensory nerve terminals undergo necrosis during this period and plate-type fusimotor nerve terminals withdraw from the degenerating muscle fibres. Macrophage infiltration and early regeneration of the axial bundle is apparent by the third day. Myoblasts first appear at the periphery of the affected muscle fibres, but decrease in number as regeneration proceeds. By the end of the third week, regeneration of the muscle component is complete and re-innervating fusimotor nerve terminals established. The encapsulated regions of the spindle remain abnormal, without recognizable bags or chains of nuclei, although the muscle fibres differ both in size and ultrastructure. Regenerating sensory axons make contacts with the intrafusal bundle that differ in their configuration and ultrastructure from normal terminals. The production of enucleated spindles is discussed in the light of the morphogenetic influences of the spindle nerve terminals, as well as the possible use of such a model in discovering the function of nuclear bags and nuclear chains."}
{"id": "PMID:136500", "title": "Analysis of muscle receptor connections by spike-triggered averaging. 1. Spindle primary and tendon organ afferents.", "content": "1. The synaptic connections of 44 single identified muscle spindle Ia afferents and of 21 Golgi tendon organ (Ib) afferents from medial gastrocnemius (MG) were studied in 46 cats by the spike-triggered averaging of synaptic noise in 803 motoneurons of various types. 2. The well-known monosynaptic Ia excitatory connections were confirmed and their characteristics examined in 113 cells. The method was used at greater sensitivity than before and revealed that, in addition to the larger EPSPs of the order of 300 muV, there were many below the previously reported lower 17-muV limit. 3. By studying the Ia disynaptic inhibitory pathway with quick stretch-evoked Ia volleys and by spike-triggered averaging (STA), it was shown that the latter method can reveal disynaptic and possibly trisynaptic excitatory connections. This is believed to depend on having continuous activity in the relevant interneurons. 4. Latencies of individual connections showed broad distributions and arguments are advanced for setting working limits to mono- and disynaptic paths for Ia excitation and inhibition. Monosynaptic EPSP latency from cord entry was 0.4-1.1 ms and disynaptic inhibition was 1.2-2.4 ms. It was recognized that the boundaries are not rigid and monosynaptic Ia EPSPs may have latencies up to 1.5 ms. 5. Rise times of disynaptic PSPs were, on average, significantly longer than monosynaptic, but individual disynaptic responses could have values within the monosynaptic range. 6. A small diphasic wave shortly preceding the monosynaptic EPSPs was interpreted as a presynaptic spike. Its timing was consistent with this and, as such, permitted estimates to be made of central conduction time. 7. An early negative wave (latency less than or equal 1.1 ms) of small emplitude was sometimes detected in antagonist motoneurons when triggering from Ia afferents. It was found tha extracellular fields could be detected due to single Ia afferent excitations and efforts were made to see if the early negative wave could be explained by this. In a few cases there was evidence that a very short-latency IPSP might be occuring. This evidence and its implications are discussed with attention to the new factors which have to be considered in using the spike-triggered averaging method at very high sensitivity.  8. Ib effect were di- or trisynaptic. They were excitatory to 18% of synergists and to 28% of antagonists. They were inhibitory to 41% of synergists and to 19% of antagonists. The Ib IPSPs were larger than the EPSPs.", "contents": "Analysis of muscle receptor connections by spike-triggered averaging. 1. Spindle primary and tendon organ afferents. 1. The synaptic connections of 44 single identified muscle spindle Ia afferents and of 21 Golgi tendon organ (Ib) afferents from medial gastrocnemius (MG) were studied in 46 cats by the spike-triggered averaging of synaptic noise in 803 motoneurons of various types. 2. The well-known monosynaptic Ia excitatory connections were confirmed and their characteristics examined in 113 cells. The method was used at greater sensitivity than before and revealed that, in addition to the larger EPSPs of the order of 300 muV, there were many below the previously reported lower 17-muV limit. 3. By studying the Ia disynaptic inhibitory pathway with quick stretch-evoked Ia volleys and by spike-triggered averaging (STA), it was shown that the latter method can reveal disynaptic and possibly trisynaptic excitatory connections. This is believed to depend on having continuous activity in the relevant interneurons. 4. Latencies of individual connections showed broad distributions and arguments are advanced for setting working limits to mono- and disynaptic paths for Ia excitation and inhibition. Monosynaptic EPSP latency from cord entry was 0.4-1.1 ms and disynaptic inhibition was 1.2-2.4 ms. It was recognized that the boundaries are not rigid and monosynaptic Ia EPSPs may have latencies up to 1.5 ms. 5. Rise times of disynaptic PSPs were, on average, significantly longer than monosynaptic, but individual disynaptic responses could have values within the monosynaptic range. 6. A small diphasic wave shortly preceding the monosynaptic EPSPs was interpreted as a presynaptic spike. Its timing was consistent with this and, as such, permitted estimates to be made of central conduction time. 7. An early negative wave (latency less than or equal 1.1 ms) of small emplitude was sometimes detected in antagonist motoneurons when triggering from Ia afferents. It was found tha extracellular fields could be detected due to single Ia afferent excitations and efforts were made to see if the early negative wave could be explained by this. In a few cases there was evidence that a very short-latency IPSP might be occuring. This evidence and its implications are discussed with attention to the new factors which have to be considered in using the spike-triggered averaging method at very high sensitivity.  8. Ib effect were di- or trisynaptic. They were excitatory to 18% of synergists and to 28% of antagonists. They were inhibitory to 41% of synergists and to 19% of antagonists. The Ib IPSPs were larger than the EPSPs."}
{"id": "PMID:136501", "title": "Analysis of muscle receptor connections by spike-triggered averaging. 2. Spindle group II afferents.", "content": "1. The spike-triggered averaging (STA) method has been used to study synaptic connections of nine spindle group II afferents from medial gastrocnemius to 151 motoneurons of leg muscles in the cat. 2. EPSPs were found in 40 cells, predominantly of triceps surae with latency from cord entry ranging from 0.3 to 4.2 ms. Those with latency less than or equal to 1.4 ms were deduced to be monosynaptic in confirmation of Kirkwood and Sears (13). Mean amplitude for MG-LGS cells was 30.1 muV and mean rise time 1.0 ms (compared with 65.4 muV and 1.0 ms for monosynaptic Ia EPSPs from the preceding report (26)). It is argued that monosynaptic latency for spindle group II afferents could be as large as 1.65 ms. 3. The occurrence of a presynaptic spike permitted the division of EPSP latencies into central conduction time and synaptic delay components. Sindle group II central conduction times were significantly longer than those of Ia afferents, while there were no differences in the synaptic delays associated with the two afferent types. 4. EPSPs of longer latency were judged to be di- or trisynaptic. They were smaller and had longer rise times than the monosynaptic effects. Evidence is presented to show that short rise time of an individual PSP does not guarantee that it is monosynaptic. Rise times are different only on a population basis. 5. Inhibitory responses were found with latencies and mean rise times appropriate for di- and trisynaptic connections. Their mean amplitude was 4.6 muV. 6. The distribution of EPSPs and IPSPs was generally consistent with their exerting stretch reflex effects similar to that of Ia afferents and inconsistent with the inclusion of them in the grouping known as \"flexor reflex afferents.\"", "contents": "Analysis of muscle receptor connections by spike-triggered averaging. 2. Spindle group II afferents. 1. The spike-triggered averaging (STA) method has been used to study synaptic connections of nine spindle group II afferents from medial gastrocnemius to 151 motoneurons of leg muscles in the cat. 2. EPSPs were found in 40 cells, predominantly of triceps surae with latency from cord entry ranging from 0.3 to 4.2 ms. Those with latency less than or equal to 1.4 ms were deduced to be monosynaptic in confirmation of Kirkwood and Sears (13). Mean amplitude for MG-LGS cells was 30.1 muV and mean rise time 1.0 ms (compared with 65.4 muV and 1.0 ms for monosynaptic Ia EPSPs from the preceding report (26)). It is argued that monosynaptic latency for spindle group II afferents could be as large as 1.65 ms. 3. The occurrence of a presynaptic spike permitted the division of EPSP latencies into central conduction time and synaptic delay components. Sindle group II central conduction times were significantly longer than those of Ia afferents, while there were no differences in the synaptic delays associated with the two afferent types. 4. EPSPs of longer latency were judged to be di- or trisynaptic. They were smaller and had longer rise times than the monosynaptic effects. Evidence is presented to show that short rise time of an individual PSP does not guarantee that it is monosynaptic. Rise times are different only on a population basis. 5. Inhibitory responses were found with latencies and mean rise times appropriate for di- and trisynaptic connections. Their mean amplitude was 4.6 muV. 6. The distribution of EPSPs and IPSPs was generally consistent with their exerting stretch reflex effects similar to that of Ia afferents and inconsistent with the inclusion of them in the grouping known as \"flexor reflex afferents.\""}
{"id": "PMID:136502", "title": "Kinetic modifications of the acetylcholinesterase and (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase in rat erythrocytes by cholesterol feeding.", "content": "The influence of cholesterol on the membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase and (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase was studied in erythrocytes of five groups of male rats fed different fat-supplemented diets. Two groups of rats were fed essential fatty acid (EFA) sufficient diets with 5% lard or corn oil as the dietary fat, and two groups were fed EFA-deficient diets: a basic, fat-free diet and the same diet supplemented with 5% hydrogenated beef fat. One additional group of rats was fed a stock diet. The kinetic changes recorded were in the degree of the cooperativity of the inhibition by F- of the acetylcholinesterase and the activation by Ca2+, and by Mg2+ of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. The kinetic behavior of the enzymes was only modified by cholesterol feeding when they were bound to a membrane with a high fatty acid fluidity (e.g. derived from rats fed the corn oil-supplemented diet). The enzymes from a membrane with a low fatty acid fluidity (e.g. derived from rats fed a lard-supplemented diet) were not altered by cholesterol feeding. The changes were noticeable after 24 hours of cholesterol feeding. It is suggested that the in vivo cholesterol sites are involved in a regulatory mechanism for mammalian membrane-bound enzymes.", "contents": "Kinetic modifications of the acetylcholinesterase and (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase in rat erythrocytes by cholesterol feeding. The influence of cholesterol on the membrane-bound acetylcholinesterase and (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase was studied in erythrocytes of five groups of male rats fed different fat-supplemented diets. Two groups of rats were fed essential fatty acid (EFA) sufficient diets with 5% lard or corn oil as the dietary fat, and two groups were fed EFA-deficient diets: a basic, fat-free diet and the same diet supplemented with 5% hydrogenated beef fat. One additional group of rats was fed a stock diet. The kinetic changes recorded were in the degree of the cooperativity of the inhibition by F- of the acetylcholinesterase and the activation by Ca2+, and by Mg2+ of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. The kinetic behavior of the enzymes was only modified by cholesterol feeding when they were bound to a membrane with a high fatty acid fluidity (e.g. derived from rats fed the corn oil-supplemented diet). The enzymes from a membrane with a low fatty acid fluidity (e.g. derived from rats fed a lard-supplemented diet) were not altered by cholesterol feeding. The changes were noticeable after 24 hours of cholesterol feeding. It is suggested that the in vivo cholesterol sites are involved in a regulatory mechanism for mammalian membrane-bound enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:136503", "title": "Properties and physiological effects of thermal carbon black.", "content": "Studies have been carried out to determine the possible physiological effects of contact with carbon black made by the thermal process. Contact was made by ingestion, skin application and/or inhalation. Ingestion and/or skin application do not appear to lead to any changes from the normal. Inhalation exposures do not produce pulmonary function changes (antemortem or postmortem studies) but may lead to moderate to severe \"perifocal\" emphysema in Rhesus monkeys (not observed in guinea pigs). Inhalation studies also suggest right ventricular septal and to a degree, left ventricular hypertrophy in Rhesus monkeys as an effect. Additional studies are necessary to support these finding and consideration must be given to the variability among exposed subjects as compared to controls.", "contents": "Properties and physiological effects of thermal carbon black. Studies have been carried out to determine the possible physiological effects of contact with carbon black made by the thermal process. Contact was made by ingestion, skin application and/or inhalation. Ingestion and/or skin application do not appear to lead to any changes from the normal. Inhalation exposures do not produce pulmonary function changes (antemortem or postmortem studies) but may lead to moderate to severe \"perifocal\" emphysema in Rhesus monkeys (not observed in guinea pigs). Inhalation studies also suggest right ventricular septal and to a degree, left ventricular hypertrophy in Rhesus monkeys as an effect. Additional studies are necessary to support these finding and consideration must be given to the variability among exposed subjects as compared to controls."}
{"id": "PMID:136510", "title": "Potassium release from the rat submaxillary gland in vitro. II. Induction by parasympathomimetic secretagogues.", "content": "The kinetics of K+ release from an in vitro system of rat submaxillary gland slices were studied after stimulation with parasympathomimetic secretagogues. The slices were incubated at 37degreesC in an oxygenated, enriched Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium in the presence and in the absence of Ca++ and of ouabain and, in some experiments, in the presence of the specific antagonists atropine (5 x 10(-6) and 2 x 10(-5) M), phentolamine (2 x 10(-5) M) or propranolol (2 x 10(-5) M. K+ release was elicited by the addition of acetylcholine (2 x 10(-5) M), pilocarpine (2 x 10(-5) M) and carbamylcholine (10(-9) to 2 x 10(-5) M). The results demonstrate that: 1) The selective stimulation of cholinergic receptors induces a rapid net release of K+ from the slices. After 10 minutes of incubation, the percent K+ released after a 2 x 10(-5) M dose of each of the three secretagogues was, respectively, 20.8%, 15.5%, and 19%. 2) The response to carbamylcholine does not occur when Ca++ is absent from the medium and is blocked by atropine but not by phentolamine or by propranolol. Atropine (5 x 10(-6) M) causes a 17-fold shift to the right on the dose-response curve to carbamylcholine. 3) The magnitude of K+ release is the ratio of two opposing mechanisms, a passive efflux and an active reuptake. The latter depends on the activity of the ouabain-sensitive Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase. 4) The sensitivity of the slice system to carbamylcholine seems to be greater than that to norepinephrine in terms of net K+ release after equimolar doses of 2 x 10(-5) M and also in terms of the dose required to induce a half maximal passive K+ efflux. However, the maximal passive K+ efflux is similar after both types of secretagogue and amounts of approximately 45% of the K+ present in the slices.", "contents": "Potassium release from the rat submaxillary gland in vitro. II. Induction by parasympathomimetic secretagogues. The kinetics of K+ release from an in vitro system of rat submaxillary gland slices were studied after stimulation with parasympathomimetic secretagogues. The slices were incubated at 37degreesC in an oxygenated, enriched Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium in the presence and in the absence of Ca++ and of ouabain and, in some experiments, in the presence of the specific antagonists atropine (5 x 10(-6) and 2 x 10(-5) M), phentolamine (2 x 10(-5) M) or propranolol (2 x 10(-5) M. K+ release was elicited by the addition of acetylcholine (2 x 10(-5) M), pilocarpine (2 x 10(-5) M) and carbamylcholine (10(-9) to 2 x 10(-5) M). The results demonstrate that: 1) The selective stimulation of cholinergic receptors induces a rapid net release of K+ from the slices. After 10 minutes of incubation, the percent K+ released after a 2 x 10(-5) M dose of each of the three secretagogues was, respectively, 20.8%, 15.5%, and 19%. 2) The response to carbamylcholine does not occur when Ca++ is absent from the medium and is blocked by atropine but not by phentolamine or by propranolol. Atropine (5 x 10(-6) M) causes a 17-fold shift to the right on the dose-response curve to carbamylcholine. 3) The magnitude of K+ release is the ratio of two opposing mechanisms, a passive efflux and an active reuptake. The latter depends on the activity of the ouabain-sensitive Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase. 4) The sensitivity of the slice system to carbamylcholine seems to be greater than that to norepinephrine in terms of net K+ release after equimolar doses of 2 x 10(-5) M and also in terms of the dose required to induce a half maximal passive K+ efflux. However, the maximal passive K+ efflux is similar after both types of secretagogue and amounts of approximately 45% of the K+ present in the slices."}
{"id": "PMID:136511", "title": "Distribution of fusimotor axons to intrafusal muscle fibres in cat tenuissimus spindles as determined by the glycogen-depletion method.", "content": "1. The distribution of fusimotor axons to bag1, bag2 and chain muscle fibres in cat tenuissimus spindles has been studied using a modification of the glycogen-depletion technique of Edstrrom & Kugelberg (1968). Single fusimotor axons were stimulated intermittently at 40-100/sec for long periods (30-90 sec) during blood occlusion. Portions of muscle containing the activated spindles were quick-frozen, fixed in absolute ethanol during freeze-substitution, and then embedded in paraffin wax. Serial transverse sections were stained for glycogen using the periodic acid-Schiff method, and examined for depletion. 2. Dynamic gamma axons (i.e. those that increase the dynamic index of primary-ending responses to ramp stretches of large amplitude) depleted bag1 fibres almost exclusively. 3. Static gamma axons (i.e. those that reduce or abolish the dynamic index) depleted both bag and chain fibres. Bag1 and bag2 fibres were depleted about equally. 4. A single static gamma axon may activate both bag and chain fibres in one spindle (the most common pattern), chain fibres only in another, and bag fibres only in a third spindle. 5. Static gamma axons with conduction velocities less than 25 m/sec also had a non-selective distribution, but no depletion was observed in bag2 fibres. 6. The zones of depletion produced by dynamic gamma axons were distributed more or less equally in the intra- and extracapsular parts of spindle poles, whereas those produced by static gamma axons were mainly intracapsular. 7. The results are compared with the glycogen-depletion studies of Brown & Butler (1973, 1975) and our own study of the distribution of static gamma axons to spindles in which all other motor axons had degenerated (Barker, Emonet-D\u00e9nand, Laporte, Proske & Stacey, 1973). The implications of the finding that both static gamma and dynamic gamma axons activate bag1 fibres are discussed.", "contents": "Distribution of fusimotor axons to intrafusal muscle fibres in cat tenuissimus spindles as determined by the glycogen-depletion method. 1. The distribution of fusimotor axons to bag1, bag2 and chain muscle fibres in cat tenuissimus spindles has been studied using a modification of the glycogen-depletion technique of Edstrrom & Kugelberg (1968). Single fusimotor axons were stimulated intermittently at 40-100/sec for long periods (30-90 sec) during blood occlusion. Portions of muscle containing the activated spindles were quick-frozen, fixed in absolute ethanol during freeze-substitution, and then embedded in paraffin wax. Serial transverse sections were stained for glycogen using the periodic acid-Schiff method, and examined for depletion. 2. Dynamic gamma axons (i.e. those that increase the dynamic index of primary-ending responses to ramp stretches of large amplitude) depleted bag1 fibres almost exclusively. 3. Static gamma axons (i.e. those that reduce or abolish the dynamic index) depleted both bag and chain fibres. Bag1 and bag2 fibres were depleted about equally. 4. A single static gamma axon may activate both bag and chain fibres in one spindle (the most common pattern), chain fibres only in another, and bag fibres only in a third spindle. 5. Static gamma axons with conduction velocities less than 25 m/sec also had a non-selective distribution, but no depletion was observed in bag2 fibres. 6. The zones of depletion produced by dynamic gamma axons were distributed more or less equally in the intra- and extracapsular parts of spindle poles, whereas those produced by static gamma axons were mainly intracapsular. 7. The results are compared with the glycogen-depletion studies of Brown & Butler (1973, 1975) and our own study of the distribution of static gamma axons to spindles in which all other motor axons had degenerated (Barker, Emonet-D\u00e9nand, Laporte, Proske & Stacey, 1973). The implications of the finding that both static gamma and dynamic gamma axons activate bag1 fibres are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136512", "title": "Laparoscopy in Macaca mulatta: specialized equipment employed and initial observations.", "content": "Laparoscopy in rhesus monkeys and specialized equipment developed or adapted for this procedure are described. Repeated laparoscopy in the same animal throughout the menstrual cycle showed by morphological and hormonal criteria that this technique does not significantly influence follicular growth, ovulation, luteal function or cycle length. Observations of the side of ovulation and other follicle/corpus luteum relationships are also described.", "contents": "Laparoscopy in Macaca mulatta: specialized equipment employed and initial observations. Laparoscopy in rhesus monkeys and specialized equipment developed or adapted for this procedure are described. Repeated laparoscopy in the same animal throughout the menstrual cycle showed by morphological and hormonal criteria that this technique does not significantly influence follicular growth, ovulation, luteal function or cycle length. Observations of the side of ovulation and other follicle/corpus luteum relationships are also described."}
{"id": "PMID:136513", "title": "Technique of laparoscopy in the chimpanzee.", "content": "We have developed the technique of laparoscopy in the chimpanzee using a modification of the standard human procedure. The technique requires careful management, but permits repeated examination, high quality photography, ovarian biopsy, follicle aspiration and injections into the ovary. The chimpanzee may thus be useful for evaluating new techniques or instrumentation intended for human patients. In addition, laparoscopy access to the internal genitalia enhances the value of the chimpanzee as an experimental model.", "contents": "Technique of laparoscopy in the chimpanzee. We have developed the technique of laparoscopy in the chimpanzee using a modification of the standard human procedure. The technique requires careful management, but permits repeated examination, high quality photography, ovarian biopsy, follicle aspiration and injections into the ovary. The chimpanzee may thus be useful for evaluating new techniques or instrumentation intended for human patients. In addition, laparoscopy access to the internal genitalia enhances the value of the chimpanzee as an experimental model."}
{"id": "PMID:136514", "title": "The development of modern endoscopy.", "content": "The development of endoscopic techniques and instruments is traced from Bozzini's light transmitter in the early 1800's to the present. Early use of laparoscopes, cystoscopes, hysteroscopes and culdoscopes is described. While the site of use of these instruments differs, certain general aspects are similar. Modern instrumentation permits visualization into almost any body cavity.", "contents": "The development of modern endoscopy. The development of endoscopic techniques and instruments is traced from Bozzini's light transmitter in the early 1800's to the present. Early use of laparoscopes, cystoscopes, hysteroscopes and culdoscopes is described. While the site of use of these instruments differs, certain general aspects are similar. Modern instrumentation permits visualization into almost any body cavity."}
{"id": "PMID:136515", "title": "Laparoscopic techniques for biomedical research.", "content": "The techniques used for laparoscopic observation of reproductive systems in 23 species are described. The application of various techniques to biomedical research is examined, and the methods used for laparoscopic follicular aspiration and injection, as well as the techniques for uterine flushing collection from swine and nonhuman primates, and oviductal deposition of test solutions are described.", "contents": "Laparoscopic techniques for biomedical research. The techniques used for laparoscopic observation of reproductive systems in 23 species are described. The application of various techniques to biomedical research is examined, and the methods used for laparoscopic follicular aspiration and injection, as well as the techniques for uterine flushing collection from swine and nonhuman primates, and oviductal deposition of test solutions are described."}
{"id": "PMID:136516", "title": "Analytical isolation of plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells: identification of Na, K-ATPase rich membranes and the distribution of enzyme activities.", "content": "A procedure was developed for the analytical isolation of brush border and basal lateral plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells. Brush border fragments were collected by low speed centrifugation, disrupted in hypertonic sorbitol, and subjected to density gradient centrifugation for separation of plasma membranes from nuclei and core material. Sucrase specific activity in the purified brush border plasma membranes was increased fortyfold with respect to the initial homogenate. Basal lateral membrane were harvested from the low speed supernatant and resolved from other subcellular components by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. Recovery of Na, K-ATPase activity was 94%, and 61% of the recovered activity was present in a single symmetrical peak. The specific activity of Na, K-ATPase was increased twelvefold, and it was purified with respect to sucrase, succinic dehydrogenase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, nonspecific esterase, beta-glucuronidase, DNA, and RNA. The observed purification factors are comparable to results reported for other purification procedures, and the yield of Na, K-ATPase is greater by a factor of two than those reported for other procedures which produce no net increase in the Na, K-ATPase activity. Na, K-ATPase rich membranes are shown to originate from the basal lateral plasma membranes by the patterns of labeling that were produced when either isolated cells or everted gut sacs were incubated with the slowly permeating reagent 35S-p-(diazonium)-benzenesulfonic acid. In the former case subsequently purified Na, K-ATPase rich and sucrase rich membranes are labeled to the same extent, while in the latter there is a tenfold excess of label in the sucrase rich membranes. The plasma membrane fractions were in both cases more heavily labeled than intracellular protein. Alkaline phosphatase and calcium-stimulated ATPase were present at comparable levels on the two aspects of the epithelial cell plasma membrane, and 25% of the acid phosphatase activity was present on the basal lateral membrane, while it was absent from the brush border membrane. Less than 6% of the total Na, K-ATPase was present in brush border membranes.", "contents": "Analytical isolation of plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells: identification of Na, K-ATPase rich membranes and the distribution of enzyme activities. A procedure was developed for the analytical isolation of brush border and basal lateral plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells. Brush border fragments were collected by low speed centrifugation, disrupted in hypertonic sorbitol, and subjected to density gradient centrifugation for separation of plasma membranes from nuclei and core material. Sucrase specific activity in the purified brush border plasma membranes was increased fortyfold with respect to the initial homogenate. Basal lateral membrane were harvested from the low speed supernatant and resolved from other subcellular components by equilibrium density gradient centrifugation. Recovery of Na, K-ATPase activity was 94%, and 61% of the recovered activity was present in a single symmetrical peak. The specific activity of Na, K-ATPase was increased twelvefold, and it was purified with respect to sucrase, succinic dehydrogenase, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase, nonspecific esterase, beta-glucuronidase, DNA, and RNA. The observed purification factors are comparable to results reported for other purification procedures, and the yield of Na, K-ATPase is greater by a factor of two than those reported for other procedures which produce no net increase in the Na, K-ATPase activity. Na, K-ATPase rich membranes are shown to originate from the basal lateral plasma membranes by the patterns of labeling that were produced when either isolated cells or everted gut sacs were incubated with the slowly permeating reagent 35S-p-(diazonium)-benzenesulfonic acid. In the former case subsequently purified Na, K-ATPase rich and sucrase rich membranes are labeled to the same extent, while in the latter there is a tenfold excess of label in the sucrase rich membranes. The plasma membrane fractions were in both cases more heavily labeled than intracellular protein. Alkaline phosphatase and calcium-stimulated ATPase were present at comparable levels on the two aspects of the epithelial cell plasma membrane, and 25% of the acid phosphatase activity was present on the basal lateral membrane, while it was absent from the brush border membrane. Less than 6% of the total Na, K-ATPase was present in brush border membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:136517", "title": "Localization of Na/K-ATPase sites in the secretory and reabsorptive epithelia of perfused eccrine sweat glands: a question to the role of the enzyme in secretion.", "content": "Na/K-ATPase sites in both the secretory and reabsorptive epithelia of isolated and microperfused human eccrine sweat glands are localized cytologically. Localization was accomplished through autoradiography of bound 3H-ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the enzyme. Ouabain binding characteristics were determined to ensure maximum specific binding. Enzyme sites are localized only on the basolateral surface of both epithelia in spite of the fact that sodium transport is reversed, i.e., secretory: blood to lumen and reabsorptive: lumen to blood. In view of these findings and in comparison with other recent observations, the role of Na/K-ATPase in secretory electrolyte transport is questioned.", "contents": "Localization of Na/K-ATPase sites in the secretory and reabsorptive epithelia of perfused eccrine sweat glands: a question to the role of the enzyme in secretion. Na/K-ATPase sites in both the secretory and reabsorptive epithelia of isolated and microperfused human eccrine sweat glands are localized cytologically. Localization was accomplished through autoradiography of bound 3H-ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the enzyme. Ouabain binding characteristics were determined to ensure maximum specific binding. Enzyme sites are localized only on the basolateral surface of both epithelia in spite of the fact that sodium transport is reversed, i.e., secretory: blood to lumen and reabsorptive: lumen to blood. In view of these findings and in comparison with other recent observations, the role of Na/K-ATPase in secretory electrolyte transport is questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:136519", "title": "Ruthenium red-staining coat of paired neoplastic and nonneoplastic mouse cell lines in cluture.", "content": "The ruthenium red-staining coat (RRSC) of a pair of neoplastic and nonneoplastic cell lines derived from a common pool of mouse embryo cells was examined by electron microscopy. The object was to establish whether a thickening of RRSC is associated with \"spontaneous\" neoplastic transformation of cells in culture. Ruthenium red has an affinity for acid mucopolysaccharides of the cell coat. Differences in thickness of RRSC between cells of these neoplastic and nonneoplastic lines were negligible.", "contents": "Ruthenium red-staining coat of paired neoplastic and nonneoplastic mouse cell lines in cluture. The ruthenium red-staining coat (RRSC) of a pair of neoplastic and nonneoplastic cell lines derived from a common pool of mouse embryo cells was examined by electron microscopy. The object was to establish whether a thickening of RRSC is associated with \"spontaneous\" neoplastic transformation of cells in culture. Ruthenium red has an affinity for acid mucopolysaccharides of the cell coat. Differences in thickness of RRSC between cells of these neoplastic and nonneoplastic lines were negligible."}
{"id": "PMID:136520", "title": "Evidence for a colon chalone.", "content": "The molecular weight fractions of 10,000-50,000 daltons prepared from \"used\" medium obtained during cultivation of human colon carcinoma cells (SW-48) in vitro inhibited the proliferation and DNA synthesis of these cells. Fractions exceeding 50,000 daltons were not inhibitory; those less than 10,000 daltons were cytotoxic. The inhibitory fraction did not affect either proliferation of human fibroblasts or transformation of human lymphocytes in vitro. Similar fractions from the colon mucosa of other species inhibited the proliferation of SW-48 cells, whereas extracts of dog jejunum or lung did not. This mitotic inhibition was completely reversible and could be destroyed by preincubation with trypsin. Therefore, colon cells appear to contain a cell- (but not species) specific, endogenous mitotic inhibitor or chalone.", "contents": "Evidence for a colon chalone. The molecular weight fractions of 10,000-50,000 daltons prepared from \"used\" medium obtained during cultivation of human colon carcinoma cells (SW-48) in vitro inhibited the proliferation and DNA synthesis of these cells. Fractions exceeding 50,000 daltons were not inhibitory; those less than 10,000 daltons were cytotoxic. The inhibitory fraction did not affect either proliferation of human fibroblasts or transformation of human lymphocytes in vitro. Similar fractions from the colon mucosa of other species inhibited the proliferation of SW-48 cells, whereas extracts of dog jejunum or lung did not. This mitotic inhibition was completely reversible and could be destroyed by preincubation with trypsin. Therefore, colon cells appear to contain a cell- (but not species) specific, endogenous mitotic inhibitor or chalone."}
{"id": "PMID:136523", "title": "Clindamycin and diarrhea.", "content": "Of 298 outpatients receiving clindamycin for a variety of indications, diarrhea developed in ten (3.4%); none were diagnosed as having pseudo-membranous colitis. This is well within the range of relative frequencies of diarrhea development (0% to 22.2%) reported in 45 previous studies. Reliance solely on computer-recorded instances of diarrhea yielded a substantial underestimate of diarrhea occurence, but the rate was still significantly higher (P less than .05) in clindamycin users than in nonusers.", "contents": "Clindamycin and diarrhea. Of 298 outpatients receiving clindamycin for a variety of indications, diarrhea developed in ten (3.4%); none were diagnosed as having pseudo-membranous colitis. This is well within the range of relative frequencies of diarrhea development (0% to 22.2%) reported in 45 previous studies. Reliance solely on computer-recorded instances of diarrhea yielded a substantial underestimate of diarrhea occurence, but the rate was still significantly higher (P less than .05) in clindamycin users than in nonusers."}
{"id": "PMID:136524", "title": "Unsuspected substantial pericardial effusions detected by echocardiography.", "content": "In a consecutive series of 1,225 routine echocardiograms, a pericardial effusion (PE) was present in 15% and was considered substantial in 10%. Sixty-one percent (68/111) of the latter were clinically unsuspected. A retrospective analysis of these patients showed that 60% (41/68) had underlying heart disease such as congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, or asymmetric septal hypertrophy without other discernible causes for PE. In patients referred specifically for suspected pericardial effusion, 67% (29/43) had diseases recognized as causes of pericardial effusion. Unsuspected substantial PE are commonly detected by echocardiography, especially in patients with underlying heart disease.", "contents": "Unsuspected substantial pericardial effusions detected by echocardiography. In a consecutive series of 1,225 routine echocardiograms, a pericardial effusion (PE) was present in 15% and was considered substantial in 10%. Sixty-one percent (68/111) of the latter were clinically unsuspected. A retrospective analysis of these patients showed that 60% (41/68) had underlying heart disease such as congestive heart failure, left ventricular hypertrophy, or asymmetric septal hypertrophy without other discernible causes for PE. In patients referred specifically for suspected pericardial effusion, 67% (29/43) had diseases recognized as causes of pericardial effusion. Unsuspected substantial PE are commonly detected by echocardiography, especially in patients with underlying heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:136525", "title": "Peritoneoscopy in Hodgkin disease. Confirmation of results by laparotomy.", "content": "Peritoneoscopy was used to evaluate the liver in 35 previously untreated patients with Hodgkin disease. Four were found to have hepatic involvement. Of the 31 patients with normal peritoneoscopies, only one had liver disease demonstrated subsequently at confirmatory exploratory laparotomy. The diagnostic accuracy of peritoneoscopy was 93% for patients at high risk for hepatic disease and 97% for all patients studied. Morbidity from the procedure was minimal. There was no mortality. Peritoneoscopy is a highly accurate staging procedure that should be considered as an antecedent or as an alternative to laparotomy in patients with Hodgkin disease. Its accuracy and minimal morbidity should be considered in the critical selection process of determining which individuals should undergo laparotomy.", "contents": "Peritoneoscopy in Hodgkin disease. Confirmation of results by laparotomy. Peritoneoscopy was used to evaluate the liver in 35 previously untreated patients with Hodgkin disease. Four were found to have hepatic involvement. Of the 31 patients with normal peritoneoscopies, only one had liver disease demonstrated subsequently at confirmatory exploratory laparotomy. The diagnostic accuracy of peritoneoscopy was 93% for patients at high risk for hepatic disease and 97% for all patients studied. Morbidity from the procedure was minimal. There was no mortality. Peritoneoscopy is a highly accurate staging procedure that should be considered as an antecedent or as an alternative to laparotomy in patients with Hodgkin disease. Its accuracy and minimal morbidity should be considered in the critical selection process of determining which individuals should undergo laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:136527", "title": "Ultrastructural changes in hypertrophied myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "In seven arbitrarily selected groups of 3-, 5-, 9-, 11-, 15-, and 21-week and one-year-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (F25-26), qualitative as well as quantitative light and electron microscope studies were conducted on the myocardium in the left ventricular papillary muscle and lateral wall. Age-and body-weight-matched groups of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats were employed as controls. In the strain of SHR used in this study blood pressure was significantly higher than in the controls in the 7th week of age, reached sustained levels (approximately 180 mmHg) in the 15th week of age and remained higher thereafter. The heart weight/body weight ratio gradually increased in SHR after the 15th week of age. In 3-week-old SHR, there was no significant difference in fine structure of the myocardium in comparison with control animals. The cardiocytes were small in size and rapidly growing. Myofibrillogenesis seemed to occur in association with juvenile forms of intercalated discs, subsarcolemmal dense mats, occasional Z band expansions and unorganized filamentous structures in the periphery of preexisting myofibrils. In 5- and 9-week-old SHR, the muscle fiber diameters in the papillary muscle were significantly larger than those in control animals of the same age. Subcellular structures of many cardiocytes were, however, apparently equal in both papillary muscle and lateral wall of the left ventricle in SHR and control animals. In 11-week-old SHR, the cardiocytes were moderately hypertrophied in both papillary muscle and lateral wall. The myofibrils were significantly increased in mass in association with altered intercalated discs, extended subsarcolemmal dense mats and unorganized filamentous structures in the periphery of preexisting myofibrils. Focal interstitial fibroses occurred in in the myocardium, and tunnel capillaries appeared in some hypertrophied cardiocytes. In 15-week-old SHR, the cardiocytes had markedly hypertrophied in accordance with the establishment of sustained hypertension. The intracellular volume ratios of myofibrils and T system had increased significantly whereas the mitochondrial volume had markedly decreased resulting in a significant increase in the myofibril/mitochondria volume ratio. There were marked changes in the intercalated discs associated with numerous immature sarcomers, and frequent abnormal Z band expansions. Interstitial fibroses had markedly increased in number and extent. In 21-week-old SHR, in addition to findings similar to those in 15-week-old SHR, heterogeneous changes of the contractile material, mitochondria and sarcoplasmic matrix were more prominent, suggesting heterogeneous malfunctions in later stages of cardiac hypertrophy. In one-year-old SHR, subcellular changes in many cardiocytes qualitatively resembled those in 21-week-old SHR. Interstitial fibroses and tunnel capillaries were also increased in extent and number...", "contents": "Ultrastructural changes in hypertrophied myocardium of spontaneously hypertensive rats. In seven arbitrarily selected groups of 3-, 5-, 9-, 11-, 15-, and 21-week and one-year-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (F25-26), qualitative as well as quantitative light and electron microscope studies were conducted on the myocardium in the left ventricular papillary muscle and lateral wall. Age-and body-weight-matched groups of normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats were employed as controls. In the strain of SHR used in this study blood pressure was significantly higher than in the controls in the 7th week of age, reached sustained levels (approximately 180 mmHg) in the 15th week of age and remained higher thereafter. The heart weight/body weight ratio gradually increased in SHR after the 15th week of age. In 3-week-old SHR, there was no significant difference in fine structure of the myocardium in comparison with control animals. The cardiocytes were small in size and rapidly growing. Myofibrillogenesis seemed to occur in association with juvenile forms of intercalated discs, subsarcolemmal dense mats, occasional Z band expansions and unorganized filamentous structures in the periphery of preexisting myofibrils. In 5- and 9-week-old SHR, the muscle fiber diameters in the papillary muscle were significantly larger than those in control animals of the same age. Subcellular structures of many cardiocytes were, however, apparently equal in both papillary muscle and lateral wall of the left ventricle in SHR and control animals. In 11-week-old SHR, the cardiocytes were moderately hypertrophied in both papillary muscle and lateral wall. The myofibrils were significantly increased in mass in association with altered intercalated discs, extended subsarcolemmal dense mats and unorganized filamentous structures in the periphery of preexisting myofibrils. Focal interstitial fibroses occurred in in the myocardium, and tunnel capillaries appeared in some hypertrophied cardiocytes. In 15-week-old SHR, the cardiocytes had markedly hypertrophied in accordance with the establishment of sustained hypertension. The intracellular volume ratios of myofibrils and T system had increased significantly whereas the mitochondrial volume had markedly decreased resulting in a significant increase in the myofibril/mitochondria volume ratio. There were marked changes in the intercalated discs associated with numerous immature sarcomers, and frequent abnormal Z band expansions. Interstitial fibroses had markedly increased in number and extent. In 21-week-old SHR, in addition to findings similar to those in 15-week-old SHR, heterogeneous changes of the contractile material, mitochondria and sarcoplasmic matrix were more prominent, suggesting heterogeneous malfunctions in later stages of cardiac hypertrophy. In one-year-old SHR, subcellular changes in many cardiocytes qualitatively resembled those in 21-week-old SHR. Interstitial fibroses and tunnel capillaries were also increased in extent and number..."}
{"id": "PMID:136528", "title": "Biochemical aspects of experimental cardiac hypertrophy.", "content": "In experimental cardiac hypertrophy induced by aortic constriction of rats, the hypertrophy was established after 5-7 days. The basic biochemical changes for increasing tissue mass; increases in protein, nucleic acid, and polyamine synthesis started to occur between 2 and 8 hours followed by an increase in uridine nucleotide pools via predominance of \"salvage\" pathway. Although the precise coupling mechanism between mechanical stress and biochemical changes is still obscure, an interval between increased load and DNA transcription may be quite short. Some of the key enzymes regulating these processes showed a biphasic response the reason of which is not clear. The established hypertrophied heart muscle showed a decrease in velocity of isotonic shortening and an increase in resting tension. The former alteration is referred to a decrease in myosin ATPase activity and an disorder in excitation-contraction coupling mechanism, and the latter is supposed to be due to an increase in collagen in heart muscle.", "contents": "Biochemical aspects of experimental cardiac hypertrophy. In experimental cardiac hypertrophy induced by aortic constriction of rats, the hypertrophy was established after 5-7 days. The basic biochemical changes for increasing tissue mass; increases in protein, nucleic acid, and polyamine synthesis started to occur between 2 and 8 hours followed by an increase in uridine nucleotide pools via predominance of \"salvage\" pathway. Although the precise coupling mechanism between mechanical stress and biochemical changes is still obscure, an interval between increased load and DNA transcription may be quite short. Some of the key enzymes regulating these processes showed a biphasic response the reason of which is not clear. The established hypertrophied heart muscle showed a decrease in velocity of isotonic shortening and an increase in resting tension. The former alteration is referred to a decrease in myosin ATPase activity and an disorder in excitation-contraction coupling mechanism, and the latter is supposed to be due to an increase in collagen in heart muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:136529", "title": "Hemodynamic studies on hypertrophied hearts in man.", "content": "A total of 31 patients were studied during cardiac catheterization. Hemodynamics in 9 cases with cardiac hypertrophy secondary to chronic volume load (MI, AI) and in 9 cases with cardiomyopathy were compared to those in 5 normal cases, 5 cases with MS and 5 cases with near normal left ventricle. A hypertrophied left ventricle had an enlarged cavity, an increased wall mass and an elevated systolic midwall tension. Peak systolic stress in left ventricular wall was normal in compensated patients with volume load, but below normal in compensated patients with cardiomyopathy. Peak systolic stress was elevated in decompensated patients either with regurgitation or with cardiomyopathy. The significance of this stress difference between volume over load and cardiomyopathy was discussed. Depressed pump function was observed in hypertrophied left ventricle especially in cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Hemodynamic studies on hypertrophied hearts in man. A total of 31 patients were studied during cardiac catheterization. Hemodynamics in 9 cases with cardiac hypertrophy secondary to chronic volume load (MI, AI) and in 9 cases with cardiomyopathy were compared to those in 5 normal cases, 5 cases with MS and 5 cases with near normal left ventricle. A hypertrophied left ventricle had an enlarged cavity, an increased wall mass and an elevated systolic midwall tension. Peak systolic stress in left ventricular wall was normal in compensated patients with volume load, but below normal in compensated patients with cardiomyopathy. Peak systolic stress was elevated in decompensated patients either with regurgitation or with cardiomyopathy. The significance of this stress difference between volume over load and cardiomyopathy was discussed. Depressed pump function was observed in hypertrophied left ventricle especially in cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:136531", "title": "Outcomes of children with rheumatic fever not diagnosed by revised (1965) Jones criteria.", "content": "The Jones criteria proposed in 1944 for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever (RF) underwent a modification in 1955, and then a revision in 1965. The importance of establishing antecedent streptococcal infection was stressed, and the criteria became more difficult to meet with. Thirty-two children, whose clinical and laboratory manifestations met the modified but not the revised Jones criteria were encountered at the National Taiwan University Hospital during 1967-1971. They were labeled as probable RF, and were treated and follwed for 1 month to 6 years (average 3.7 years). The diagnosis in each case was evaluated in the light of their outcomes. The diagnosis of RF was justified in 27 cases based upon the following observation: Favorable responses to anti-rheumatic treatment (27 cases); normalization of the enlarged heart with disappearance of the murmurs (3 cases); normalization of the enlarged heart with persistence of the murmurs (5 cases); significant reduction of the enlarged heart (12 cases); typical RF recurrence (8 cases); development of pure mitral stenosis (1 case); valvular pathology verified at surgery or autopsy (4 cases). The diagnosis in the rest of 5 cases remained not confirmed or negated because that: the enlarged heart stayed unchanged (1 case); the child remained uneventful and free of cardiac involvement (2 cases); and the patient died and no postmortem study obtained (2 cases). The risk factors leading to underdiagnosis in these patients are: 1) late coming under observation; 2) no response in ASO titers; 3) limited studies for the evidence of streptococcal infection; and 4) drug induced modification of the clinical manifestations. This study implicates that patients who are very suspicious of RF on the clinical grounds, yet fail to meet the revised Jones criteria, especially those with established valvular heart disease, should be labeled as cases of probable RF, and be treated, followed, and placed on prolonged chemoprophylaxis until proved otherwise. Recurrence of RF may thus by prevented, and the regression or even natural healing of the rheumatic heart disease will become a possibility.", "contents": "Outcomes of children with rheumatic fever not diagnosed by revised (1965) Jones criteria. The Jones criteria proposed in 1944 for the diagnosis of rheumatic fever (RF) underwent a modification in 1955, and then a revision in 1965. The importance of establishing antecedent streptococcal infection was stressed, and the criteria became more difficult to meet with. Thirty-two children, whose clinical and laboratory manifestations met the modified but not the revised Jones criteria were encountered at the National Taiwan University Hospital during 1967-1971. They were labeled as probable RF, and were treated and follwed for 1 month to 6 years (average 3.7 years). The diagnosis in each case was evaluated in the light of their outcomes. The diagnosis of RF was justified in 27 cases based upon the following observation: Favorable responses to anti-rheumatic treatment (27 cases); normalization of the enlarged heart with disappearance of the murmurs (3 cases); normalization of the enlarged heart with persistence of the murmurs (5 cases); significant reduction of the enlarged heart (12 cases); typical RF recurrence (8 cases); development of pure mitral stenosis (1 case); valvular pathology verified at surgery or autopsy (4 cases). The diagnosis in the rest of 5 cases remained not confirmed or negated because that: the enlarged heart stayed unchanged (1 case); the child remained uneventful and free of cardiac involvement (2 cases); and the patient died and no postmortem study obtained (2 cases). The risk factors leading to underdiagnosis in these patients are: 1) late coming under observation; 2) no response in ASO titers; 3) limited studies for the evidence of streptococcal infection; and 4) drug induced modification of the clinical manifestations. This study implicates that patients who are very suspicious of RF on the clinical grounds, yet fail to meet the revised Jones criteria, especially those with established valvular heart disease, should be labeled as cases of probable RF, and be treated, followed, and placed on prolonged chemoprophylaxis until proved otherwise. Recurrence of RF may thus by prevented, and the regression or even natural healing of the rheumatic heart disease will become a possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:136532", "title": "Giant T wave inversion as a manifestation of asymmetrical apical hypertrophy (AAH) of the left ventricle. Echocardiographic and ultrasono-cardiotomographic study.", "content": "Left ventricular scanning by echocardiography and ultrasono-cardiotomography was performed to search the possible muscular abnormality in 9 cases with giant T wave inversion without documented cause. The deeply inverted T wave was more than 1.2 mV (average was 1.63 mV) in the left precordial leads. All the cases had electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy of obscure origin and ischemic episode was absent. Conventional echo beam direction to measure the short axis of the left ventricle disclosed almost normal thickness and movement of both interventricular septum (IVS) and the posterior wasll (PW), so that the report of these cases is frequently within normal limits. However, ultrasono-cardiotomography (sector B scan) disclosed the fairly localized hypertrophy near the left ventricular apex, and conventional echocardiography also revealed the same area of either IVS or PW or both below the insertion of the papillary muscles, when the scanning towards the apex was performed (asymmetrical apical hypertrophy: AAH). Control study of 9 cases with IHSS showed asymmetrical septal hypertrophy (ASH) with almost equally hypertrophied IVS from base to apex. All cases had inverted T waves, but these were of lesser degree. Three cases had relatively deep T wave compatible with those of AAH, and these cases also had the apical hypertrophy of considerable degree (unusual type of IHSS, i.e., intermediate type between AAH and ASH). The close relationship between the depth of the inverted T waves and the Apex/Mid wall thickness ratios suggests that the altered recovery process of the hypertrophied apical musculature is responsible for the giant T wave inversion of heretofore unsolved origin. Until the connective link of AAH to the other forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is disclosed, the cases with such a T wave and the apical hypertrophy may be designated as asymmetrical apical hypertrophy (AAH).", "contents": "Giant T wave inversion as a manifestation of asymmetrical apical hypertrophy (AAH) of the left ventricle. Echocardiographic and ultrasono-cardiotomographic study. Left ventricular scanning by echocardiography and ultrasono-cardiotomography was performed to search the possible muscular abnormality in 9 cases with giant T wave inversion without documented cause. The deeply inverted T wave was more than 1.2 mV (average was 1.63 mV) in the left precordial leads. All the cases had electrocardiographic left ventricular hypertrophy of obscure origin and ischemic episode was absent. Conventional echo beam direction to measure the short axis of the left ventricle disclosed almost normal thickness and movement of both interventricular septum (IVS) and the posterior wasll (PW), so that the report of these cases is frequently within normal limits. However, ultrasono-cardiotomography (sector B scan) disclosed the fairly localized hypertrophy near the left ventricular apex, and conventional echocardiography also revealed the same area of either IVS or PW or both below the insertion of the papillary muscles, when the scanning towards the apex was performed (asymmetrical apical hypertrophy: AAH). Control study of 9 cases with IHSS showed asymmetrical septal hypertrophy (ASH) with almost equally hypertrophied IVS from base to apex. All cases had inverted T waves, but these were of lesser degree. Three cases had relatively deep T wave compatible with those of AAH, and these cases also had the apical hypertrophy of considerable degree (unusual type of IHSS, i.e., intermediate type between AAH and ASH). The close relationship between the depth of the inverted T waves and the Apex/Mid wall thickness ratios suggests that the altered recovery process of the hypertrophied apical musculature is responsible for the giant T wave inversion of heretofore unsolved origin. Until the connective link of AAH to the other forms of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is disclosed, the cases with such a T wave and the apical hypertrophy may be designated as asymmetrical apical hypertrophy (AAH)."}
{"id": "PMID:136535", "title": "The neuropathology of subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy, \"SMON\", in the humans: --with special reference to the quinoform intoxication.", "content": "The detailed neuropathology of the 16 autopsy cases of the acute to chronic \"SMON\" of different ages together with those reported before and at the \"SMON\" Research Commission has been described and reviewed. This was compared with the alreadyknown neurological disorders, particularly systemic and/or pseudosystemic degeneration of the long tracts of the spinal cord with polyneuropathy together with the \"SMON\"-like diseases caused by certain neurotoxic and/or neurotropic agents. It has been concluded that \"SMON\" can be belonged to a subgroup of some endemic diseases within the main group of combined degenerations associated with complex nutritional deficiency or toxic interference of tissue metabolism. Since an excess and mal-administration of quinoform in quantity, time and space were identified in a great majority of the autopsy cases, quinoform could comprize the most important etiology for the \"SMON\" onset. This view also was supported by the almost complete reconstruction of the neuropathology of the human \"SMON\" in the experimental animals intoxicated with quinoform which disclosed a precise neurotropism from the autoradiograms of the same animals. As compared with the similar lesions in SLE,hepatocerebral diseases, etc., the pathogenesis and clinicopathological relationship of \"SMON\" was speculated. The accerelating and/or modifying factors for the SMON\" onset aside from quinoform were discussed.", "contents": "The neuropathology of subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy, \"SMON\", in the humans: --with special reference to the quinoform intoxication. The detailed neuropathology of the 16 autopsy cases of the acute to chronic \"SMON\" of different ages together with those reported before and at the \"SMON\" Research Commission has been described and reviewed. This was compared with the alreadyknown neurological disorders, particularly systemic and/or pseudosystemic degeneration of the long tracts of the spinal cord with polyneuropathy together with the \"SMON\"-like diseases caused by certain neurotoxic and/or neurotropic agents. It has been concluded that \"SMON\" can be belonged to a subgroup of some endemic diseases within the main group of combined degenerations associated with complex nutritional deficiency or toxic interference of tissue metabolism. Since an excess and mal-administration of quinoform in quantity, time and space were identified in a great majority of the autopsy cases, quinoform could comprize the most important etiology for the \"SMON\" onset. This view also was supported by the almost complete reconstruction of the neuropathology of the human \"SMON\" in the experimental animals intoxicated with quinoform which disclosed a precise neurotropism from the autoradiograms of the same animals. As compared with the similar lesions in SLE,hepatocerebral diseases, etc., the pathogenesis and clinicopathological relationship of \"SMON\" was speculated. The accerelating and/or modifying factors for the SMON\" onset aside from quinoform were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136537", "title": "Neurotoxity of iodoxyquinoline: a further study on beagle dogs.", "content": "Eight beagle dogs were treated orally with iodoxyquinoline (chinoform, clioquinol) again, and all of them manifested similar neurologic symptoms to those observed in our previous experiments on mongrel dogs, beagle dogs, cats and a monkey. The neurologic symptoms were identical both clinically and pathologically with those of subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy (abbreviated to SMON) in man. In the present study, the neurologic manifestations evolved with less total chinoform doses (5.1-13.8 g/kg) in shorter periods (19-47 days) and there was no difference between each group on the increasing dosage and on fixed dosage. It is discussed in the present paper that onset of the neurologic symptoms is associated with unconjugated chinoform levels in the blood.", "contents": "Neurotoxity of iodoxyquinoline: a further study on beagle dogs. Eight beagle dogs were treated orally with iodoxyquinoline (chinoform, clioquinol) again, and all of them manifested similar neurologic symptoms to those observed in our previous experiments on mongrel dogs, beagle dogs, cats and a monkey. The neurologic symptoms were identical both clinically and pathologically with those of subacute myelo-optico-neuropathy (abbreviated to SMON) in man. In the present study, the neurologic manifestations evolved with less total chinoform doses (5.1-13.8 g/kg) in shorter periods (19-47 days) and there was no difference between each group on the increasing dosage and on fixed dosage. It is discussed in the present paper that onset of the neurologic symptoms is associated with unconjugated chinoform levels in the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:136538", "title": "Prognosis of SMON patients.", "content": "The following points have become clear on prognosis of SMON through the analysis of 981 cases collected. 1) The prognosis of the old whose ages were 60 year old or over is not favorable, when compared with that of the young. However, there is no prognostic difference between male and female. 2) The cummulative death rate of SMON which was calculated by the life table method is approx twice as much as the generally expected value. 3) Approximately 80% of the patients showed some sort of improvement 7 to 12 months after the onset of the disease. The rate for 13 months or over if nearly the same. 4) The abdominal symptoms found at the time of the onset of the disease decreased markedly in the course of the disease. 5) Among neurological symptoms, the prognosis of motor disorders is more favorable. The complete recovery of sensory disturbances was extremely rare, but approx 60% showed more or less favorable in the course of the illness. Approximately 40% of the cases with visual disturbances completely recovered or showed favorable improvement, whereas 9% of them became worse. As for the prognosis of visual impairment, it is more serious than other symptoms. 6) The patients who had been administered clioquinol over long period displayed a higher rate of severe or moderate motor, sensory and visual disturbances, compared with the group with short-term administration of clioquinol. The death rate was also higher in the former group. 7) The rate of relapse as a whole was 16.7% and 68% of them was seen within 18 months after the onset. There is no difference in relapse according to sex. There was seen a high rate of relapse in the group of longterm administration of clioquinol. 8) A 10.5% of total cases were either unable to walk or in need of assistance in walking, whereas the rate of patients who cannot get dressed or who cannot defecate unassisted was lower. 9) Approximately 65% returned to the job in 12 months or more after the onset. The employment rate was not different according to sex, whereas it was lower along with the age advances. 10) Approximately 20% were not received medical treatment. The rate of non-treated patients is higher in the younger patients. The rate of hospitalized patients was higher in the older patients.", "contents": "Prognosis of SMON patients. The following points have become clear on prognosis of SMON through the analysis of 981 cases collected. 1) The prognosis of the old whose ages were 60 year old or over is not favorable, when compared with that of the young. However, there is no prognostic difference between male and female. 2) The cummulative death rate of SMON which was calculated by the life table method is approx twice as much as the generally expected value. 3) Approximately 80% of the patients showed some sort of improvement 7 to 12 months after the onset of the disease. The rate for 13 months or over if nearly the same. 4) The abdominal symptoms found at the time of the onset of the disease decreased markedly in the course of the disease. 5) Among neurological symptoms, the prognosis of motor disorders is more favorable. The complete recovery of sensory disturbances was extremely rare, but approx 60% showed more or less favorable in the course of the illness. Approximately 40% of the cases with visual disturbances completely recovered or showed favorable improvement, whereas 9% of them became worse. As for the prognosis of visual impairment, it is more serious than other symptoms. 6) The patients who had been administered clioquinol over long period displayed a higher rate of severe or moderate motor, sensory and visual disturbances, compared with the group with short-term administration of clioquinol. The death rate was also higher in the former group. 7) The rate of relapse as a whole was 16.7% and 68% of them was seen within 18 months after the onset. There is no difference in relapse according to sex. There was seen a high rate of relapse in the group of longterm administration of clioquinol. 8) A 10.5% of total cases were either unable to walk or in need of assistance in walking, whereas the rate of patients who cannot get dressed or who cannot defecate unassisted was lower. 9) Approximately 65% returned to the job in 12 months or more after the onset. The employment rate was not different according to sex, whereas it was lower along with the age advances. 10) Approximately 20% were not received medical treatment. The rate of non-treated patients is higher in the younger patients. The rate of hospitalized patients was higher in the older patients."}
{"id": "PMID:136545", "title": "[Some metabolic values of acid mucopolysaccharides in myopia (author's transl)].", "content": "The study group consisted of 82 children aged 9 to 14 years with the following forms of myopia: progressive (37 cases), stable (22 cases), congenital stable (11 cases) and incipient (12 cases). During the period of progression in myopia, a significant increase was found in the 24-hour-excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides. In the patients with stable and congenital stable forms the excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides did not differ significantly from that in the control group of emmetropic and hypermetropic children. The results of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and of the carbazol and orcinol reactions showed predominant excretion of A and C chondroitinsulphates in patients with myopia.", "contents": "[Some metabolic values of acid mucopolysaccharides in myopia (author's transl)]. The study group consisted of 82 children aged 9 to 14 years with the following forms of myopia: progressive (37 cases), stable (22 cases), congenital stable (11 cases) and incipient (12 cases). During the period of progression in myopia, a significant increase was found in the 24-hour-excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides. In the patients with stable and congenital stable forms the excretion of acid mucopolysaccharides did not differ significantly from that in the control group of emmetropic and hypermetropic children. The results of electrophoresis on cellulose acetate and of the carbazol and orcinol reactions showed predominant excretion of A and C chondroitinsulphates in patients with myopia."}
{"id": "PMID:136547", "title": "Morphometry and autoradiography of early hypertrophic changes in the ventricular myocardium of adult rat: an electron microscopic study.", "content": "The ultrastructural composition of left ventricular myocardium and myocytes has been investigated at 20 hours after the surgical production of a subdiaphragmatic aortic stenosis in the adult rat. Morphometric analysis shows a 20% increase in the size of myocytes resulting principally from a 36% increase in mitochondrial volume and a 78% increase in the volumes occupied by smooth endoplasmic reticulum and matrix. Myofibrillar volume is increased only 4%. Measurements of the size and shape of individual mitochondria indicate that the augmentation of this compartment is wholly accountable by the enlargement of preexisting mitochondria. Quantitative autoradiographic analysis following a 2-hour pulse labeling with 3H-leucine shows that the rate of incorporation of newly synthesized proteins is practically uniform throughout all structural components of the sarcoplasm 18 to 20 hours after aortic banding. The conclusion is reached that this interval of hypertrophic response is a transition period characterized by an increasing rate of synthesis of contractile proteins overtaking a previously greater rate of mitochondrial synthesis.", "contents": "Morphometry and autoradiography of early hypertrophic changes in the ventricular myocardium of adult rat: an electron microscopic study. The ultrastructural composition of left ventricular myocardium and myocytes has been investigated at 20 hours after the surgical production of a subdiaphragmatic aortic stenosis in the adult rat. Morphometric analysis shows a 20% increase in the size of myocytes resulting principally from a 36% increase in mitochondrial volume and a 78% increase in the volumes occupied by smooth endoplasmic reticulum and matrix. Myofibrillar volume is increased only 4%. Measurements of the size and shape of individual mitochondria indicate that the augmentation of this compartment is wholly accountable by the enlargement of preexisting mitochondria. Quantitative autoradiographic analysis following a 2-hour pulse labeling with 3H-leucine shows that the rate of incorporation of newly synthesized proteins is practically uniform throughout all structural components of the sarcoplasm 18 to 20 hours after aortic banding. The conclusion is reached that this interval of hypertrophic response is a transition period characterized by an increasing rate of synthesis of contractile proteins overtaking a previously greater rate of mitochondrial synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:136548", "title": "Surface alterations induced by stress in gastric mucosa: protective effect of zolimidine. A transmission and scanning electron microscope investigation.", "content": "The fine structure of gastric epithelial cells of normal rats and of rats restrained at low temperature has been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The observation of the normal mucosa has revealed that in comparison with the cells overlying the flat surface of the stomach, those covering the plicae have a different surface structure with numerous microvilli and a peculiar organization of intercellular junctions. Restrained animals initially showed swelling of the foveolae that was followed by a detachment of the superficial cells leading to severe stomach erosions. It is postulated that the first modification induced by stress is a decrease in the amount of mucus granules and a weakness of the mucous protective barrier. This was confirmed by the results obtained by pretreating rats with zolimidine. This substance, which has been shown to increase secretion and synthesis of gastric mucus, completely protected the animals from the stress-induced damage of the stomach surface. Furthermore, this treatment produced an enlargement of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in the surface of the Golgi apparatus in the epithelial cells.", "contents": "Surface alterations induced by stress in gastric mucosa: protective effect of zolimidine. A transmission and scanning electron microscope investigation. The fine structure of gastric epithelial cells of normal rats and of rats restrained at low temperature has been examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The observation of the normal mucosa has revealed that in comparison with the cells overlying the flat surface of the stomach, those covering the plicae have a different surface structure with numerous microvilli and a peculiar organization of intercellular junctions. Restrained animals initially showed swelling of the foveolae that was followed by a detachment of the superficial cells leading to severe stomach erosions. It is postulated that the first modification induced by stress is a decrease in the amount of mucus granules and a weakness of the mucous protective barrier. This was confirmed by the results obtained by pretreating rats with zolimidine. This substance, which has been shown to increase secretion and synthesis of gastric mucus, completely protected the animals from the stress-induced damage of the stomach surface. Furthermore, this treatment produced an enlargement of the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in the surface of the Golgi apparatus in the epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:136549", "title": "Some changes in the properties of dynein ATPase in situ and after extraction following heat treatment of cilia.", "content": "Glycerol-extracted cilia from Tetrahymena pyriformis were demembranated by treatment with Triton X-100 and then heated for up to 30 min at temperatures between 34-38 degrees C. Heat treatment caused an uncoupling of the ATPase from motility as indicated by an increase in ATPase activity and a loss of pellet height response. After heat treatment, the ATPase activity of the dynein in situ differed from that in unheated cilia as shown by an increased sensitivity to a lower temperature of assay (0 degrees C) and by a loss of the activation normally observed upon reaction with N-ethylmaleimide or p-phenylenedimaleimide. Upon extraction of the heat-treated cilia by Tris-EDTA, there was a large loss in ATPase activity so that the heat-treated cilia yielded a crude dynein fraction with a lower specific activity compared with that obtained from unheated controls. The difference was not due to a change in the amount of protein recovered or in the amount of ATPase activity which remained unextracted. Resolution of the crude dynein by sucrose density sedimentation indicated that activity was lost from both the 14S and 30S peaks but more so from the latter than from the former. Thus dynein in situ in cilia in which the ATPase has been uncoupled from motility by gentle heat treatment differs in several important respects from dynein inside unheated cilia.", "contents": "Some changes in the properties of dynein ATPase in situ and after extraction following heat treatment of cilia. Glycerol-extracted cilia from Tetrahymena pyriformis were demembranated by treatment with Triton X-100 and then heated for up to 30 min at temperatures between 34-38 degrees C. Heat treatment caused an uncoupling of the ATPase from motility as indicated by an increase in ATPase activity and a loss of pellet height response. After heat treatment, the ATPase activity of the dynein in situ differed from that in unheated cilia as shown by an increased sensitivity to a lower temperature of assay (0 degrees C) and by a loss of the activation normally observed upon reaction with N-ethylmaleimide or p-phenylenedimaleimide. Upon extraction of the heat-treated cilia by Tris-EDTA, there was a large loss in ATPase activity so that the heat-treated cilia yielded a crude dynein fraction with a lower specific activity compared with that obtained from unheated controls. The difference was not due to a change in the amount of protein recovered or in the amount of ATPase activity which remained unextracted. Resolution of the crude dynein by sucrose density sedimentation indicated that activity was lost from both the 14S and 30S peaks but more so from the latter than from the former. Thus dynein in situ in cilia in which the ATPase has been uncoupled from motility by gentle heat treatment differs in several important respects from dynein inside unheated cilia."}
{"id": "PMID:136550", "title": "Functional organization of the outer membrane of escherichia coli: phage and colicin receptors as components of iron uptake systems.", "content": "The functional interaction of outer membrane proteins of E. coli can be studied using phage and colicin receptors which are essential components of penetration systems. The uptake of ferric iron in the form of the ferrichrome complex requires the ton A and ton B functions in the outer membrane of E. coli. The ton A gene product is the receptor protein for phage T5 and is required together with the ton B function by the phages T1 and \u00f880 to infect cells and by colicin M and the antibiotic albomycin, a structural analogue of ferrichrome, to kill cells. The ton B function is necessary for the uptake of ferric iron complexed by citrate. Iron complexed by enterochelin is only transported in the presence of the ton B and feu functions. Cells which have lost the feu function are resistant to the colicins B, I or V while ton B mutants are resistant to all 3 colicins. The interaction of the ton A, ton B, and feu functions apparently permits quite different \"substrates\" to overcome the permeability barrier of the outer membrane. It was shown for ferrichrome dependent iron uptake that the complexing agent was not altered and could be used repeatedly. Only very low amounts of 3H-labeled ferrichrome were found in the cell. It is possible that the iron is mobilized in the membrane and that desferri-ferrichrome is released into the medium without having entered the cytoplasm. Growth on ferrichrome as the sole iron source was used to select revertants of T5 resistant ton A mutants. All revertants exhibited wild-type properties with the exception of partial revertants. In these 4 strains, as in the ton A mutants, the ton A protein was not detectable by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses of outer membranes. Albomycin resistant mutants were selected and shown to fall into 5 categories: 1) ton A; 2) ton B mutants; 3) mutants with no iron transport defects and normal ton A/ton B functions, which might be target site mutants; 4) mutants which were deficient in ferrichrome-mediated iron uptake but had normal ton A/ton B functions. We tentatively consider that the defect might be located in the active transport system of the cytoplasmic membrane; 5) a variety of mutants with the following general properties: most of them were resistant to colicin M, transported iron poorly, and, like ton B mutants, contained additional proteins in the outer membrane. The outer membrane protein patterns of wild-type and ton B mutant strains were compared by slab gel electrophoresis in an attempt to identify a ton B protein. It was observed that under most growth conditions, ton B mutants overproduced 3 proteins of molecular weights 74,000-83,000. In extracted, iron-deficient medium, both the wild-type and ton B mutant strains had similar large amounts of these proteins in their outer membranes. The appearance of these proteins was suppressed by excess iron in both wild-type and mutant. From this evidence it is apparent that the proteins appear as a response to low intracellular iron rather than being controlled by the ton B gene...", "contents": "Functional organization of the outer membrane of escherichia coli: phage and colicin receptors as components of iron uptake systems. The functional interaction of outer membrane proteins of E. coli can be studied using phage and colicin receptors which are essential components of penetration systems. The uptake of ferric iron in the form of the ferrichrome complex requires the ton A and ton B functions in the outer membrane of E. coli. The ton A gene product is the receptor protein for phage T5 and is required together with the ton B function by the phages T1 and \u00f880 to infect cells and by colicin M and the antibiotic albomycin, a structural analogue of ferrichrome, to kill cells. The ton B function is necessary for the uptake of ferric iron complexed by citrate. Iron complexed by enterochelin is only transported in the presence of the ton B and feu functions. Cells which have lost the feu function are resistant to the colicins B, I or V while ton B mutants are resistant to all 3 colicins. The interaction of the ton A, ton B, and feu functions apparently permits quite different \"substrates\" to overcome the permeability barrier of the outer membrane. It was shown for ferrichrome dependent iron uptake that the complexing agent was not altered and could be used repeatedly. Only very low amounts of 3H-labeled ferrichrome were found in the cell. It is possible that the iron is mobilized in the membrane and that desferri-ferrichrome is released into the medium without having entered the cytoplasm. Growth on ferrichrome as the sole iron source was used to select revertants of T5 resistant ton A mutants. All revertants exhibited wild-type properties with the exception of partial revertants. In these 4 strains, as in the ton A mutants, the ton A protein was not detectable by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses of outer membranes. Albomycin resistant mutants were selected and shown to fall into 5 categories: 1) ton A; 2) ton B mutants; 3) mutants with no iron transport defects and normal ton A/ton B functions, which might be target site mutants; 4) mutants which were deficient in ferrichrome-mediated iron uptake but had normal ton A/ton B functions. We tentatively consider that the defect might be located in the active transport system of the cytoplasmic membrane; 5) a variety of mutants with the following general properties: most of them were resistant to colicin M, transported iron poorly, and, like ton B mutants, contained additional proteins in the outer membrane. The outer membrane protein patterns of wild-type and ton B mutant strains were compared by slab gel electrophoresis in an attempt to identify a ton B protein. It was observed that under most growth conditions, ton B mutants overproduced 3 proteins of molecular weights 74,000-83,000. In extracted, iron-deficient medium, both the wild-type and ton B mutant strains had similar large amounts of these proteins in their outer membranes. The appearance of these proteins was suppressed by excess iron in both wild-type and mutant. From this evidence it is apparent that the proteins appear as a response to low intracellular iron rather than being controlled by the ton B gene..."}
{"id": "PMID:136551", "title": "The closure of abdominal wounds in cancer patients.", "content": "A total of 102 abdominal surgical wounds in cancer patients were closed with absorbable suture material. The object of the study was to evaluate whether patients with cancer having possible wound healing impairments could be closed with absorbable sutures, thereby omitting the difficulties involved with retention sutures or nonabsorbable material. Polyglycolic acid sutures were used in the fascia in all of these patients, and they were studied regarding the incidence of wound infection, wound dehiscence, and incisional hernias. There were no instances of wound dehiscence in the entire series. A wound infection rate of 14.8% was encountered. The incidence of incisional hernia following either infection or primary healing was noted to be markedly decreased. The rate of wound dehiscence and wound hernia was sufficiently low to lead us to recommend this type of abdominal wound closure in all cancer patients.", "contents": "The closure of abdominal wounds in cancer patients. A total of 102 abdominal surgical wounds in cancer patients were closed with absorbable suture material. The object of the study was to evaluate whether patients with cancer having possible wound healing impairments could be closed with absorbable sutures, thereby omitting the difficulties involved with retention sutures or nonabsorbable material. Polyglycolic acid sutures were used in the fascia in all of these patients, and they were studied regarding the incidence of wound infection, wound dehiscence, and incisional hernias. There were no instances of wound dehiscence in the entire series. A wound infection rate of 14.8% was encountered. The incidence of incisional hernia following either infection or primary healing was noted to be markedly decreased. The rate of wound dehiscence and wound hernia was sufficiently low to lead us to recommend this type of abdominal wound closure in all cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:136556", "title": "[The fistula of the first branchial cleft A critical presentation of its pathogenesis and its clinical and surgical problems. A description of one case combined with a fistula auris congenita (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of congenital fistula of the first branchial cleft (Ohr-Hals-Fistel) is presented. Based on the previously published cases the anatomical and clinical aspects of the disease are summed up. Pathogenesis is discussed on the underlying principles of embryological basic research, centering on Hochstetter's \"Entwicklungsgeschichte der Ohrmuschel und des \u00e4usseren Geh\u00f6rganges des Menschen\" (1948), a publication that is hardly known. Some hypotheses on the genesis of the fistula of the first branchial cleft are criticised and a new hypothesis is developed to the effect that the fistula is caused by a disturbance in the development of the external ear channel. A few critical remarks are added concerning the discussion on the genesis of fistula auris congenita.", "contents": "[The fistula of the first branchial cleft A critical presentation of its pathogenesis and its clinical and surgical problems. A description of one case combined with a fistula auris congenita (author's transl)]. A case of congenital fistula of the first branchial cleft (Ohr-Hals-Fistel) is presented. Based on the previously published cases the anatomical and clinical aspects of the disease are summed up. Pathogenesis is discussed on the underlying principles of embryological basic research, centering on Hochstetter's \"Entwicklungsgeschichte der Ohrmuschel und des \u00e4usseren Geh\u00f6rganges des Menschen\" (1948), a publication that is hardly known. Some hypotheses on the genesis of the fistula of the first branchial cleft are criticised and a new hypothesis is developed to the effect that the fistula is caused by a disturbance in the development of the external ear channel. A few critical remarks are added concerning the discussion on the genesis of fistula auris congenita."}
{"id": "PMID:136557", "title": "[Animal experiments concerning the neurotoxicity of aminoglycosid antibiotics. Electron microscopic findings regarding dose--depending mitochondrial damage in the cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "In 34 guinea pigs (plus 8 healthy animals for control) Gentamicin, Tobramycin and Amikacin show a characteristic pattern of mitochondrial damage in the cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig after a 10-day-administration of 4/40 mg/kg body weight Gentamicin, 4/50 mg/kg Tobramycin, respectively 15/75/150 mg/kg Amikacin. Amikacin causes the most pronounced physiological damage observed by the early loss of Preyer reflex and general toxic signs--these observations correspond with the morphological findings. By the evaluation of morphological findings we are convinced that there is indication for a direct neurotoxic effect on mitochondria in the cochlea nucleus regarding the dose and time of administration.", "contents": "[Animal experiments concerning the neurotoxicity of aminoglycosid antibiotics. Electron microscopic findings regarding dose--depending mitochondrial damage in the cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig (author's transl)]. In 34 guinea pigs (plus 8 healthy animals for control) Gentamicin, Tobramycin and Amikacin show a characteristic pattern of mitochondrial damage in the cochlear nucleus of the guinea pig after a 10-day-administration of 4/40 mg/kg body weight Gentamicin, 4/50 mg/kg Tobramycin, respectively 15/75/150 mg/kg Amikacin. Amikacin causes the most pronounced physiological damage observed by the early loss of Preyer reflex and general toxic signs--these observations correspond with the morphological findings. By the evaluation of morphological findings we are convinced that there is indication for a direct neurotoxic effect on mitochondria in the cochlea nucleus regarding the dose and time of administration."}
{"id": "PMID:136558", "title": "[Morphological findings of the mucosa after irradiation with an argon-laser an animal experiment (author's transl)].", "content": "The macroscopical and lightmicroscopical findings at the mucosa of the hamster cheek pouch after irradiation with an Argon-Ionlaser (wave-length 0.488 mum, power 200 mW, beam diameter 0.5 mm, power density 100 W/cm2) are described immediately, 1; 2,5; 5 and 10 days after irradiation. The mucosa was exposed 10 sec, 30 sec, 1, 2, 5 and 10 min to the radiation. With growing laser dosis the lesions of the mucosa and the postoperative healing time increases.A clinically useful optimal mucosa lesion with a short healing duration (within 5-10 days) is obtained only by application of a low and a middle laser dosis. There are two kinds of mucosa destruction by laser: 1. The destruction can be producing a coagulation necrosis with subsequent unbloody sloughing, resulting in an ulcus with rapid healing by complete reepithelisation and a small amount of connective tissue. 2. An immediate destruction is obtained by carbonisation of tissue after application of a middle to high laser dosis resulting in an ulcus with slow healing and also complete reepithelisation and small connective tissue. The typical laser lesion consists of 3 zones: The carbonisation zone is surrounded by a small coagulation zone followed by a zone of granulation tissue including thrombs and necrosis of the vessel walls. The unbloody procedure is based on an occlusion of the vessels immediately during laser radiation and later on by thrombosis in the periphery of the lesions. The possible clinical applications are discussed.", "contents": "[Morphological findings of the mucosa after irradiation with an argon-laser an animal experiment (author's transl)]. The macroscopical and lightmicroscopical findings at the mucosa of the hamster cheek pouch after irradiation with an Argon-Ionlaser (wave-length 0.488 mum, power 200 mW, beam diameter 0.5 mm, power density 100 W/cm2) are described immediately, 1; 2,5; 5 and 10 days after irradiation. The mucosa was exposed 10 sec, 30 sec, 1, 2, 5 and 10 min to the radiation. With growing laser dosis the lesions of the mucosa and the postoperative healing time increases.A clinically useful optimal mucosa lesion with a short healing duration (within 5-10 days) is obtained only by application of a low and a middle laser dosis. There are two kinds of mucosa destruction by laser: 1. The destruction can be producing a coagulation necrosis with subsequent unbloody sloughing, resulting in an ulcus with rapid healing by complete reepithelisation and a small amount of connective tissue. 2. An immediate destruction is obtained by carbonisation of tissue after application of a middle to high laser dosis resulting in an ulcus with slow healing and also complete reepithelisation and small connective tissue. The typical laser lesion consists of 3 zones: The carbonisation zone is surrounded by a small coagulation zone followed by a zone of granulation tissue including thrombs and necrosis of the vessel walls. The unbloody procedure is based on an occlusion of the vessels immediately during laser radiation and later on by thrombosis in the periphery of the lesions. The possible clinical applications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136559", "title": "[A study on the closure of radical cavities. Animal experiments (author's transl)].", "content": "Preserved homograft bone chips were implanted into the middle ears of 12 rabbits with close contact of the graft with the bony wall of the bulla. Bone new formation was observed in all grafts, but remodelling was incomplete after a year. The bone chips were connected to the graft bed by new host bone. The homograft was identified by radioactive labelling. For bone new formation the intercellular substance of the transplant was removed by thost tissue and was partly reused in bone new formation.", "contents": "[A study on the closure of radical cavities. Animal experiments (author's transl)]. Preserved homograft bone chips were implanted into the middle ears of 12 rabbits with close contact of the graft with the bony wall of the bulla. Bone new formation was observed in all grafts, but remodelling was incomplete after a year. The bone chips were connected to the graft bed by new host bone. The homograft was identified by radioactive labelling. For bone new formation the intercellular substance of the transplant was removed by thost tissue and was partly reused in bone new formation."}
{"id": "PMID:136560", "title": "[Penicillin levels in tonsillar tissue and serum after intramuscular and oral application (author's transl)].", "content": "Penicillin levels were determined in both serum and tonsillar tissue 1-2 h (29 patients) and 3-4 h (16 patients) after intramuscular application of Penicillin-G resp. oral doses of Penicillin-V. All tonsils were found to contain different amounts of Penicillin. Concentrations of antibiotic in the tonsillar tissues are dependent on the respective serum levels. The serum-tonsil-difference of the Penicillin levels increases significantly in adults. The efficiency of oral and intramuscular Penicillin application and the occasionally described failure of oral Penicillin medication are discussed with regard to the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for group A streptococci.", "contents": "[Penicillin levels in tonsillar tissue and serum after intramuscular and oral application (author's transl)]. Penicillin levels were determined in both serum and tonsillar tissue 1-2 h (29 patients) and 3-4 h (16 patients) after intramuscular application of Penicillin-G resp. oral doses of Penicillin-V. All tonsils were found to contain different amounts of Penicillin. Concentrations of antibiotic in the tonsillar tissues are dependent on the respective serum levels. The serum-tonsil-difference of the Penicillin levels increases significantly in adults. The efficiency of oral and intramuscular Penicillin application and the occasionally described failure of oral Penicillin medication are discussed with regard to the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for group A streptococci."}
{"id": "PMID:136561", "title": "[Classification of malignant lymphomas of the neck: combined morphological, immunocytological, serological and tissues culture studies (author's transl)].", "content": "81 untreated malignant lymphomas of the neck were classified morphologically according to the German Kiel classification and to the American classification of Rappaport and Berard and these tumors were typed immunologically as to their T- or B-cell nature. Cells from 16 of these patients were subsequently grown in tissue culture for periods up to seven months. Tissue culture cells were monitored as to spontaneous variations in the morphologic cell type and to the expression of T- or B-cell surface determinants. In addition in 10 patients sera were tested for anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies. The results of these investigations were correlated with the course of the individual neoplastic disease. Significantly elevated titers against EBV antigens were detected primarily in 8 of 10 patients, mainly in lymphocytic lymphomas respective lymphoplasmacytoid immunocytomas. All such neoplasms belonged immunologically to B-cell lymphomas and were readily grown in tissue culture. The morphological cell type and the expression of B-cell determinants showed some variation during the culture period. In contrast,lymphomas of EBV-negative patients or patients with low EBV-titers grew poorly in tissue culture and remained morphologically more stabile. Immunocytologically they belonged to tumors with B- and T-cell deficiency and were classified primarily as histiocytic lymphomas and as Hodgkin's lymphomas. The clinical course in slow proliferating tumors seemed to be rather disadvantageous.", "contents": "[Classification of malignant lymphomas of the neck: combined morphological, immunocytological, serological and tissues culture studies (author's transl)]. 81 untreated malignant lymphomas of the neck were classified morphologically according to the German Kiel classification and to the American classification of Rappaport and Berard and these tumors were typed immunologically as to their T- or B-cell nature. Cells from 16 of these patients were subsequently grown in tissue culture for periods up to seven months. Tissue culture cells were monitored as to spontaneous variations in the morphologic cell type and to the expression of T- or B-cell surface determinants. In addition in 10 patients sera were tested for anti-Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies. The results of these investigations were correlated with the course of the individual neoplastic disease. Significantly elevated titers against EBV antigens were detected primarily in 8 of 10 patients, mainly in lymphocytic lymphomas respective lymphoplasmacytoid immunocytomas. All such neoplasms belonged immunologically to B-cell lymphomas and were readily grown in tissue culture. The morphological cell type and the expression of B-cell determinants showed some variation during the culture period. In contrast,lymphomas of EBV-negative patients or patients with low EBV-titers grew poorly in tissue culture and remained morphologically more stabile. Immunocytologically they belonged to tumors with B- and T-cell deficiency and were classified primarily as histiocytic lymphomas and as Hodgkin's lymphomas. The clinical course in slow proliferating tumors seemed to be rather disadvantageous."}
{"id": "PMID:136562", "title": "[Simultaneous estimations of flowrate, protein, immunoglobulin a and lysozyme secretion of human parotid glands with whartin tumours and scintigraphic and sialographic examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "7 patients with uni- and bilateral Whartin tumors are examined. In comparison to sialographic and scintigraphic findings simultaneous estimations of flowrate, total protein, immunoglobulin A and lysozyme excretion of these glands in rest and under stimulation are done. Thereby the following results were found: 1. Flowrate is normal like in glands with pleomorphic adenomas. 2. Total protein secretion is significant lower in stimulated secretions. 3. Immunoglobulin A secretion is diminished in stimulated secretions, lysozyme is diminished under rest and stimulation.", "contents": "[Simultaneous estimations of flowrate, protein, immunoglobulin a and lysozyme secretion of human parotid glands with whartin tumours and scintigraphic and sialographic examinations (author's transl)]. 7 patients with uni- and bilateral Whartin tumors are examined. In comparison to sialographic and scintigraphic findings simultaneous estimations of flowrate, total protein, immunoglobulin A and lysozyme excretion of these glands in rest and under stimulation are done. Thereby the following results were found: 1. Flowrate is normal like in glands with pleomorphic adenomas. 2. Total protein secretion is significant lower in stimulated secretions. 3. Immunoglobulin A secretion is diminished in stimulated secretions, lysozyme is diminished under rest and stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:136563", "title": "[Reconstructive surgery of the lips (author's transl)].", "content": "In reconstructive surgery of the lips after resection of tumours the method of Fries will grow to be a most universal procedure. Clinical examples show the advantage of this method which, especially in case of necessary excision of the regional lymphnodes can successfully be combined with a methodical variation.", "contents": "[Reconstructive surgery of the lips (author's transl)]. In reconstructive surgery of the lips after resection of tumours the method of Fries will grow to be a most universal procedure. Clinical examples show the advantage of this method which, especially in case of necessary excision of the regional lymphnodes can successfully be combined with a methodical variation."}
{"id": "PMID:136564", "title": "[Excessive auricular keloid after correction of a protruding ear (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of a large auricular keloid after a correction of a protruding ear. Healing by excision and dermatoplasty.", "contents": "[Excessive auricular keloid after correction of a protruding ear (author's transl)]. Report of a large auricular keloid after a correction of a protruding ear. Healing by excision and dermatoplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:136565", "title": "[The prognostic evaluation of Bell's palsy by combined functional diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 82 patients with Bell's palsy nerve excitability test (NET) and electrogustometry (EGM) were performed and the stapedius muscle reflex (SMR) was measured on the day of admission. The comparison of test results with the final outcome of the disease allowed the following observations: in cases with normal SMR a soon and complete regeneration may most probably be expected. The EGM seems to be of prognostic value during the first couple of days after onset only; together with a loss of stapedial function a threshold difference of 15 EGU or more indicates an unfortunate course of the disease. The NET does not say anything about prognosis before the third day after onset. When the threshold of electrical excitability on both sides differs 3.5 mA or more an incomplete recovery has strongly to be expected; however, during the first two weeks a normal excitability does not exclude an incomplete recovery; only after that time such finding means a good prognosis. Those cases with pathological results in all three function tests made a--sometimes severe--defective recovery. These observations suggest, that the above function tests supplement each other very well and that a combined application of these tests can improve prognostic evaluation of Bell's palsy. It seems of special value that by means of these tests cases with a bad prognosis may be already recognized on the third or fourth day after onset with a relatively high reliability.", "contents": "[The prognostic evaluation of Bell's palsy by combined functional diagnosis (author's transl)]. In 82 patients with Bell's palsy nerve excitability test (NET) and electrogustometry (EGM) were performed and the stapedius muscle reflex (SMR) was measured on the day of admission. The comparison of test results with the final outcome of the disease allowed the following observations: in cases with normal SMR a soon and complete regeneration may most probably be expected. The EGM seems to be of prognostic value during the first couple of days after onset only; together with a loss of stapedial function a threshold difference of 15 EGU or more indicates an unfortunate course of the disease. The NET does not say anything about prognosis before the third day after onset. When the threshold of electrical excitability on both sides differs 3.5 mA or more an incomplete recovery has strongly to be expected; however, during the first two weeks a normal excitability does not exclude an incomplete recovery; only after that time such finding means a good prognosis. Those cases with pathological results in all three function tests made a--sometimes severe--defective recovery. These observations suggest, that the above function tests supplement each other very well and that a combined application of these tests can improve prognostic evaluation of Bell's palsy. It seems of special value that by means of these tests cases with a bad prognosis may be already recognized on the third or fourth day after onset with a relatively high reliability."}
{"id": "PMID:136566", "title": "[Neurootological diagnostic in children by means of cranio-corpo-graphy (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the different tests of the neurootological test battery, especially Cranio-Corpo-Graphy, is very useful for objectively investigating children. This method can be performed together with the Unterberger's stepping procedure. Then the blind-folded patient has to make 80-100 steps on the spot. This procedure should be completed within 1 min. For the fotographic recordings lights are installed in a helmet which is placed on the head and are also attached to both shoulders. The Polaroid-film is exposed during the whole duration of the test. Thus the body and head movements can be recorded as light tracings. For evaluating the tracings quantitatively it is necessary to superimpose in a second exposure a coordinate system. We usually take a polar coordinate system which is been produced in the hite of the head of the patient. Typical reactional patterns are used for differentiating peripheral from central or combined peripheral and central vestibular spinal lesions. Especially the Unterberger's stepping procedure is apt to be applied on the children's gaming behaviour. In cases of congenital or early children's torticollis, the amount of angular deflection of the head can be measured by means of Cranio-Corpo-Graphy.", "contents": "[Neurootological diagnostic in children by means of cranio-corpo-graphy (author's transl)]. Among the different tests of the neurootological test battery, especially Cranio-Corpo-Graphy, is very useful for objectively investigating children. This method can be performed together with the Unterberger's stepping procedure. Then the blind-folded patient has to make 80-100 steps on the spot. This procedure should be completed within 1 min. For the fotographic recordings lights are installed in a helmet which is placed on the head and are also attached to both shoulders. The Polaroid-film is exposed during the whole duration of the test. Thus the body and head movements can be recorded as light tracings. For evaluating the tracings quantitatively it is necessary to superimpose in a second exposure a coordinate system. We usually take a polar coordinate system which is been produced in the hite of the head of the patient. Typical reactional patterns are used for differentiating peripheral from central or combined peripheral and central vestibular spinal lesions. Especially the Unterberger's stepping procedure is apt to be applied on the children's gaming behaviour. In cases of congenital or early children's torticollis, the amount of angular deflection of the head can be measured by means of Cranio-Corpo-Graphy."}
{"id": "PMID:136567", "title": "[Pseudocaloric nystagmus (author's transl)].", "content": "A pseudocaloric nystagmus is, in its strict sense, a spontaneous nystagmus activated by the unspecific stimulus of syringing the auditory canal. 40 patients with a unilateral, peripheral-vestibular defect were examined electronystagmographically. With most patients the 30 degrees caloric stimulation gave an incorrect result of the degree of hypoexcitability with all parameters (duration, maximum frequency and maximum intensity). This incorrect result was most pronounced with patients after neurectomy of the vestibular nerve, who frequently had a heavily reduced reaction of the healthy ear. For quantitative measurement of genuine pseudocaloric effects, by a special method of examination (as for instance by consideration of the \"maximum spontaneous nystagmus\"), the \"real\" vestibular excitability was calculated. Data exceeding this value were regarded as genuine pseudocaloric nystagmus. At stimulation temperatures of 44 degrees to 17 degrees C they were so low as to be negligible. They were only found with 5 of the 40 patients and amounted to only 10-20% of the reaction of the healthy ear. However, with ice water there frequently were considerable pseudocaloric reactions. So testing with ice water is not appropriate.", "contents": "[Pseudocaloric nystagmus (author's transl)]. A pseudocaloric nystagmus is, in its strict sense, a spontaneous nystagmus activated by the unspecific stimulus of syringing the auditory canal. 40 patients with a unilateral, peripheral-vestibular defect were examined electronystagmographically. With most patients the 30 degrees caloric stimulation gave an incorrect result of the degree of hypoexcitability with all parameters (duration, maximum frequency and maximum intensity). This incorrect result was most pronounced with patients after neurectomy of the vestibular nerve, who frequently had a heavily reduced reaction of the healthy ear. For quantitative measurement of genuine pseudocaloric effects, by a special method of examination (as for instance by consideration of the \"maximum spontaneous nystagmus\"), the \"real\" vestibular excitability was calculated. Data exceeding this value were regarded as genuine pseudocaloric nystagmus. At stimulation temperatures of 44 degrees to 17 degrees C they were so low as to be negligible. They were only found with 5 of the 40 patients and amounted to only 10-20% of the reaction of the healthy ear. However, with ice water there frequently were considerable pseudocaloric reactions. So testing with ice water is not appropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:136568", "title": "[Gustatory disturbances as sideeffect of medical treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "A review of the pharmacological induced taste disorders is given. Many patients complain only of a spontaneous metallic, bitter or salty sensation in their mouths. More serious is the development of a dissociated hypogeusia or even an ageusia. 7 cases with gustatory disturbances caused by orally given medicine are presented. The phenylbutazone, oxyphedrine, carbamazepine, Muskel-Trancopal comp. (Chlormezanon, Paracetamol) and Lioresal (baclofen) were accused to have caused a partial or complete loss of taste. After the treatment had been discontinued it took weeks or even months for a complete recovery.", "contents": "[Gustatory disturbances as sideeffect of medical treatment (author's transl)]. A review of the pharmacological induced taste disorders is given. Many patients complain only of a spontaneous metallic, bitter or salty sensation in their mouths. More serious is the development of a dissociated hypogeusia or even an ageusia. 7 cases with gustatory disturbances caused by orally given medicine are presented. The phenylbutazone, oxyphedrine, carbamazepine, Muskel-Trancopal comp. (Chlormezanon, Paracetamol) and Lioresal (baclofen) were accused to have caused a partial or complete loss of taste. After the treatment had been discontinued it took weeks or even months for a complete recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:136569", "title": "[Therapeutic results in the treatment of otitis media in children with and without cleft palate (author's transl)].", "content": "Therapeutic results in the treatment of secretory otitis media were compared in children with and without cleft palate. The children were treated by the implantation of a ventilation tube. Pre- and postoperative data of a total of 551 patients were evaluated by a computer system. Following results were obtained: 1. Severity of change in the mean air-bone gap in patients with and without cleft palate was nearly the same. 2. The men airbone gap in both series after treatment showed no significant difference. 3. After evaluating impedance measurements, children without cleft palate showed a slight improvement of pressure patterns in the middle ear, on the contrary, children with cleft palate showed a significant pressure decrease. --Because of deterioration of pressure pattern in children with cleft palate, in spite of intensive treatment, implantation of a ventilatory tube for a longer period is necessary.", "contents": "[Therapeutic results in the treatment of otitis media in children with and without cleft palate (author's transl)]. Therapeutic results in the treatment of secretory otitis media were compared in children with and without cleft palate. The children were treated by the implantation of a ventilation tube. Pre- and postoperative data of a total of 551 patients were evaluated by a computer system. Following results were obtained: 1. Severity of change in the mean air-bone gap in patients with and without cleft palate was nearly the same. 2. The men airbone gap in both series after treatment showed no significant difference. 3. After evaluating impedance measurements, children without cleft palate showed a slight improvement of pressure patterns in the middle ear, on the contrary, children with cleft palate showed a significant pressure decrease. --Because of deterioration of pressure pattern in children with cleft palate, in spite of intensive treatment, implantation of a ventilatory tube for a longer period is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:136570", "title": "[Immunglobulins in serum of laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer patients (author's transl)].", "content": "The majority of our laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer patients had increased serum immunoglobulin values, which normalised in nearly all of the patients examined six month after successful surgical treatment. The decreased values of the serum immunoglobulins were found in patients with advanced tumours as well as in those with T1 and T2 tumours. Some of these latter patients also had a deficient cellular immune response, and it is likely that a combined immune deficiency was the leading factor which caused the malignancy in those patients.", "contents": "[Immunglobulins in serum of laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer patients (author's transl)]. The majority of our laryngeal and pharyngeal cancer patients had increased serum immunoglobulin values, which normalised in nearly all of the patients examined six month after successful surgical treatment. The decreased values of the serum immunoglobulins were found in patients with advanced tumours as well as in those with T1 and T2 tumours. Some of these latter patients also had a deficient cellular immune response, and it is likely that a combined immune deficiency was the leading factor which caused the malignancy in those patients."}
{"id": "PMID:136571", "title": "[The microstructural surface of the non cornified squamous cell carcinoma of the human cord (author's transl)].", "content": "The microstructural surface of non cornified squamous cell carcinomas of human vocal cords are described scanning-electron-microscopically. Numerous bud-like cytoplasmic protuberances like microvilli, mostly close together are found, so that a considerable enlargement of the cell-surface results. For this reason a possible metabolism with resorptive function on the surface of non cornified squamous cell carcinomas might be drawn scanning-electron-microscopically. The surface of normal squamous cells of human vocal cords show microplicae mostly parallel arranged to each other. In the margin of non cornified squamous cell carcinomas there are as well bud-like cytoplasmic protuberances like microvilli as microplicae.", "contents": "[The microstructural surface of the non cornified squamous cell carcinoma of the human cord (author's transl)]. The microstructural surface of non cornified squamous cell carcinomas of human vocal cords are described scanning-electron-microscopically. Numerous bud-like cytoplasmic protuberances like microvilli, mostly close together are found, so that a considerable enlargement of the cell-surface results. For this reason a possible metabolism with resorptive function on the surface of non cornified squamous cell carcinomas might be drawn scanning-electron-microscopically. The surface of normal squamous cells of human vocal cords show microplicae mostly parallel arranged to each other. In the margin of non cornified squamous cell carcinomas there are as well bud-like cytoplasmic protuberances like microvilli as microplicae."}
{"id": "PMID:136572", "title": "[A new staging for the inverting papilloma of the paranasal sinuses (author's transl)].", "content": "A new staging for the \"inverting papilloma/ (i.P.), an expansive growth without lymphnode- and distant metastases, is suggested by means of bone-destructions which can be seen on X-ray films. The TNM-system should not be applied.", "contents": "[A new staging for the inverting papilloma of the paranasal sinuses (author's transl)]. A new staging for the \"inverting papilloma/ (i.P.), an expansive growth without lymphnode- and distant metastases, is suggested by means of bone-destructions which can be seen on X-ray films. The TNM-system should not be applied."}
{"id": "PMID:136573", "title": "[Acrylamid- and immunelectrophoretic separations of human parotid secretions from individuals with parotid tumors, chronic parotitis and sialadenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "After previous examinations in normal parotid glands in this paper secretion of proteins in parotid glands with pleomorphic adenomas, Whartin tumors, parotid carcinomas, chronic parotitis and sialadenosis should be studied. Different discelectrophoretic and immunelectrophoretic runs were done. Thereby we got the following changes in electrophoreses: Pleomorphic adenomas generally show a more palid pattern in band-structure, caused by the diminished proteinconcentration in the secretions. Most remarkable are thereby the c1 and d1-4-bands. Immunelectrophoretic separations are normal. Whartin tumors show a different bandpattern in the anodal near gel region, which is enpowered by immunelectrophoretic runs. Secretions from parotid carcinomas show a characteristic change in bandstructure. There are found added bands which result from serumproteins as immunelectrophoretic examinations proof. The same is found in glands with parotitis in contrary to glands with sialadenosis.", "contents": "[Acrylamid- and immunelectrophoretic separations of human parotid secretions from individuals with parotid tumors, chronic parotitis and sialadenosis (author's transl)]. After previous examinations in normal parotid glands in this paper secretion of proteins in parotid glands with pleomorphic adenomas, Whartin tumors, parotid carcinomas, chronic parotitis and sialadenosis should be studied. Different discelectrophoretic and immunelectrophoretic runs were done. Thereby we got the following changes in electrophoreses: Pleomorphic adenomas generally show a more palid pattern in band-structure, caused by the diminished proteinconcentration in the secretions. Most remarkable are thereby the c1 and d1-4-bands. Immunelectrophoretic separations are normal. Whartin tumors show a different bandpattern in the anodal near gel region, which is enpowered by immunelectrophoretic runs. Secretions from parotid carcinomas show a characteristic change in bandstructure. There are found added bands which result from serumproteins as immunelectrophoretic examinations proof. The same is found in glands with parotitis in contrary to glands with sialadenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:136574", "title": "[Misleading x-ray diagnosis due to maxillary sinus asymmetries (author's transl)].", "content": "Asymmetries of the maxillary sinus with partial or total radiographic opacity mislead to the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. Using three radiographic standard projections, computerised planimetric analysis and cephalometric studies helped to explain radiological opacity in 26 patients. So called \"mucosal thickening\" may be due to varying development of the zygomatic recess. Total opacity was caused not only by unilateral volume difference exceeding 30%, but also by straightning of the first lateral line in basal views of small and moderate sized sinuses. Cephalometric analysis in maxillary sinus asymmetry revealed ipsilateral transversal underdevelopment of facial- and skullbone. Reduced pneumatisation of the ethmoid, spenoid, mastoid and frontal sinus in diminishing order was also ipsilateral. Using photostat analysis there was nevertheless no correlation between facial- and coexisting maxillary sinus asymmetry.", "contents": "[Misleading x-ray diagnosis due to maxillary sinus asymmetries (author's transl)]. Asymmetries of the maxillary sinus with partial or total radiographic opacity mislead to the diagnosis of chronic sinusitis. Using three radiographic standard projections, computerised planimetric analysis and cephalometric studies helped to explain radiological opacity in 26 patients. So called \"mucosal thickening\" may be due to varying development of the zygomatic recess. Total opacity was caused not only by unilateral volume difference exceeding 30%, but also by straightning of the first lateral line in basal views of small and moderate sized sinuses. Cephalometric analysis in maxillary sinus asymmetry revealed ipsilateral transversal underdevelopment of facial- and skullbone. Reduced pneumatisation of the ethmoid, spenoid, mastoid and frontal sinus in diminishing order was also ipsilateral. Using photostat analysis there was nevertheless no correlation between facial- and coexisting maxillary sinus asymmetry."}
{"id": "PMID:136575", "title": "[Early cancer detection in the oro-pharyngo-laryngeal area: analysis of a regional screening project (author's transl)].", "content": "During a six months lasting screening project 6866 persons were examined free of cost. Inspection of the mouth, endoscopy of the naso-hypopharynx and larynx with the Wolf-endoscope after v. Stuckrad, and palpation of the neck were included. Every sixth person required further diagnosis or treatment. Precanceroses were found in almost 3%, and up to now malignomas were found in 0.3% of the screened persons. Among these 14 cases of cancer were 9 carcinomas of the larynx. This comparatively high percentage of precanceroses and cancer favors the endoscopic screening of patients with organ-related symptoms and of high risk groups.", "contents": "[Early cancer detection in the oro-pharyngo-laryngeal area: analysis of a regional screening project (author's transl)]. During a six months lasting screening project 6866 persons were examined free of cost. Inspection of the mouth, endoscopy of the naso-hypopharynx and larynx with the Wolf-endoscope after v. Stuckrad, and palpation of the neck were included. Every sixth person required further diagnosis or treatment. Precanceroses were found in almost 3%, and up to now malignomas were found in 0.3% of the screened persons. Among these 14 cases of cancer were 9 carcinomas of the larynx. This comparatively high percentage of precanceroses and cancer favors the endoscopic screening of patients with organ-related symptoms and of high risk groups."}
{"id": "PMID:136576", "title": "[Incus homograft--histological study of implanted ossicles (author's transl)].", "content": "The methodes of obtaining, preparing and storing of ossicles for homoiotransplantation is described. Using this method, 21 patients have been operated. Four reoperations have been performed, and in two cases implants were found and subsequently subjected to histological analysis. The method of preparing the histological slides is described. The study of examined homografts revealed the normal bone structure and signs of revitalisation, which is clearly shown in the micrographs. On the basis of functional results and histological examination, the authors conclude that the use of devitalised homografts is recommanded in total and/or partial defects of ossicles.", "contents": "[Incus homograft--histological study of implanted ossicles (author's transl)]. The methodes of obtaining, preparing and storing of ossicles for homoiotransplantation is described. Using this method, 21 patients have been operated. Four reoperations have been performed, and in two cases implants were found and subsequently subjected to histological analysis. The method of preparing the histological slides is described. The study of examined homografts revealed the normal bone structure and signs of revitalisation, which is clearly shown in the micrographs. On the basis of functional results and histological examination, the authors conclude that the use of devitalised homografts is recommanded in total and/or partial defects of ossicles."}
{"id": "PMID:136577", "title": "[Experiences gained in the treatment of oto- and rhinogenic meningitides, 1965-1975 (author's transl)].", "content": "The studies permit the conclusion that morbidity and mortality due to purulent oto- or rhinogenic meningitides have not essentially changed over the past eleven years despite antibiotics that are more effective and can be given in higher doses than so far. Resistent strains of bacteria, allergies and insufficient antibiotic therapy are probable causes for that fact. Under certain circumstances a sufficient and specific antibiotic therapy may delay surgical intervention or make it even unnecessary. Advanced age and additional diseases seem neither to influence operability nor to increase morbidity.", "contents": "[Experiences gained in the treatment of oto- and rhinogenic meningitides, 1965-1975 (author's transl)]. The studies permit the conclusion that morbidity and mortality due to purulent oto- or rhinogenic meningitides have not essentially changed over the past eleven years despite antibiotics that are more effective and can be given in higher doses than so far. Resistent strains of bacteria, allergies and insufficient antibiotic therapy are probable causes for that fact. Under certain circumstances a sufficient and specific antibiotic therapy may delay surgical intervention or make it even unnecessary. Advanced age and additional diseases seem neither to influence operability nor to increase morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:136578", "title": "[Indication for operation in the area of the nasopharynx and the middle of the base of skull (author's transl)].", "content": "For the treatment of malignancies of the nasopharynx and the middle of the base of skull the high voltage irradiation is the therapy of first choice. It can also be used in combination with cytostatic drugs or in the form of synchronization. The indication for operative procedure with functional lesions is given only in few cases. Today, operative approach is only indicated for benign pathological changes. The removal of small benign tumors, posterior conchotomy or hyperplastic tubal elevations can be performed perorally directly looking through a nasopharyngeal endoscope. The same is true for the removal of cicatricial stenoses or mucosal scars. With deformations (choanal atresia) the transpalatinal way of approach is preferred to others. This method is also convenient for large tumors of the nasopharynx, the choanas and middle of the base of skull. If this topographic region is exceeded a large combined operation (transmaxillary, paralateronasal, transpterygoidal, transcygomatical, retro-submandibular) will be necessary. With plastic reconstruction a good functional result can be obtained. This is shown with own examples.", "contents": "[Indication for operation in the area of the nasopharynx and the middle of the base of skull (author's transl)]. For the treatment of malignancies of the nasopharynx and the middle of the base of skull the high voltage irradiation is the therapy of first choice. It can also be used in combination with cytostatic drugs or in the form of synchronization. The indication for operative procedure with functional lesions is given only in few cases. Today, operative approach is only indicated for benign pathological changes. The removal of small benign tumors, posterior conchotomy or hyperplastic tubal elevations can be performed perorally directly looking through a nasopharyngeal endoscope. The same is true for the removal of cicatricial stenoses or mucosal scars. With deformations (choanal atresia) the transpalatinal way of approach is preferred to others. This method is also convenient for large tumors of the nasopharynx, the choanas and middle of the base of skull. If this topographic region is exceeded a large combined operation (transmaxillary, paralateronasal, transpterygoidal, transcygomatical, retro-submandibular) will be necessary. With plastic reconstruction a good functional result can be obtained. This is shown with own examples."}
{"id": "PMID:136579", "title": "[Septal deviations in children and extern nasal deformities (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe septal deviations in children produce external deformities of the nose. These deformities usually increase with the years according to our observation. Early correction of severe septal deviations in children prevents therefore further deformities.", "contents": "[Septal deviations in children and extern nasal deformities (author's transl)]. Severe septal deviations in children produce external deformities of the nose. These deformities usually increase with the years according to our observation. Early correction of severe septal deviations in children prevents therefore further deformities."}
{"id": "PMID:136580", "title": "Craniofacial and mandibular osseous contour reconstruction: the use of a new \"combination\" graft.", "content": "The use of autogenous bone graft to repair major defects is most feasible biologically. When the bone could not be shaped or carved to fit a given defect, the use of solid alloplastic biomaterial implants gained wide popularity. We are describing a new method wherein a \"combination\" graft is used. It possesses the advantage of the dependence on autogenous cancellous bone graft, and the added bone inducing capability of a recently developing biomaterial implant (Polyurethane-Terephthalate). The results obtained in the repair of major defects in patients after ablative surgery, or as sequelae of trauma, document the advantages of this new mode of treatment. In selected patients with major defects due to deficiency or absence of the osseous framework of the face, the use of \"combination\" grafts has proven to be the most appropriate form of repair.", "contents": "Craniofacial and mandibular osseous contour reconstruction: the use of a new \"combination\" graft. The use of autogenous bone graft to repair major defects is most feasible biologically. When the bone could not be shaped or carved to fit a given defect, the use of solid alloplastic biomaterial implants gained wide popularity. We are describing a new method wherein a \"combination\" graft is used. It possesses the advantage of the dependence on autogenous cancellous bone graft, and the added bone inducing capability of a recently developing biomaterial implant (Polyurethane-Terephthalate). The results obtained in the repair of major defects in patients after ablative surgery, or as sequelae of trauma, document the advantages of this new mode of treatment. In selected patients with major defects due to deficiency or absence of the osseous framework of the face, the use of \"combination\" grafts has proven to be the most appropriate form of repair."}
{"id": "PMID:136584", "title": "Lipid composition of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The lipids of Neurospora crassa, isolated in pure form from freeze-dried mycelium, were found to contain squalene, sterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, geranylgeraniol, free sterols, carotenoids, cardiolipin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, and phosphatidic acid. The above compounds were isolated in pure form by column and thin layer chromatography and were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and chromatographic mobilities. Fatty acid moieties were characterized by gas liquid chromatographic retention times of their methyl esters relative to those of authentic standards. The fatty acid composition of the triglycerides was found to be similar to that of phosphatidic acid, cardiolipin, and lecithin.", "contents": "Lipid composition of Neurospora crassa. The lipids of Neurospora crassa, isolated in pure form from freeze-dried mycelium, were found to contain squalene, sterol esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids, geranylgeraniol, free sterols, carotenoids, cardiolipin, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl serine, and phosphatidic acid. The above compounds were isolated in pure form by column and thin layer chromatography and were characterized by infrared spectroscopy and chromatographic mobilities. Fatty acid moieties were characterized by gas liquid chromatographic retention times of their methyl esters relative to those of authentic standards. The fatty acid composition of the triglycerides was found to be similar to that of phosphatidic acid, cardiolipin, and lecithin."}
{"id": "PMID:136591", "title": "Canine immune complex diseases.", "content": "Though not conclusive, our primary findings indicate that a feature common to many of our tumor and ICD patients is depressed cortisol production. Additionally, the response to ACTH adrenal cortex stimulation tests, at 2-hour intervals between rest and stimulation, have ranged from negative to substantially less than would be expected in normal subjects. Peripheral plasma cortisol values for dogs, at rest and 2 hours after ACTH stimulation, respectively, have been reported as 2-10 and 25-30 mug/dl, 3-8 and 7.5-18 mug/dl, and 1-12.5 and 9.5-22 mug/dl. For representative patients, our resting values have been 1.2-5.2 mug/dl, vs 1.2-7.6 mug after ACTH stimulation (Table 2). Altogether we have studied 42 cases in detail, and we feel that a post-ACTH level of 8.0 mug/dl or less is a conservative indication of adrenocortical insufficiency; all levels have been between 1 and 8 mug/dl. We believe these low cortisol levels indicate either a genetically-induced adrenal cortical insufficiency (evident at 2 months to 1 year of age) or an immune complex adrenal cortical suppression (occurring after 1 year of age in association with other immunodeficiency disorders). Our studies demonstrate a need for biphasic therapy. We have found it necessary to not only initiate cortisone acetate therapy to support the deficient adrenal cortical secretion, but also use other immunosuppressive drugs to control the ICD. If the target organ has been suppressed or destroyed, the need for supplementation is obvious. However, other immune-injury moieties must be suppressed also, eg, ANA, anti-IgG antibodies, etc.", "contents": "Canine immune complex diseases. Though not conclusive, our primary findings indicate that a feature common to many of our tumor and ICD patients is depressed cortisol production. Additionally, the response to ACTH adrenal cortex stimulation tests, at 2-hour intervals between rest and stimulation, have ranged from negative to substantially less than would be expected in normal subjects. Peripheral plasma cortisol values for dogs, at rest and 2 hours after ACTH stimulation, respectively, have been reported as 2-10 and 25-30 mug/dl, 3-8 and 7.5-18 mug/dl, and 1-12.5 and 9.5-22 mug/dl. For representative patients, our resting values have been 1.2-5.2 mug/dl, vs 1.2-7.6 mug after ACTH stimulation (Table 2). Altogether we have studied 42 cases in detail, and we feel that a post-ACTH level of 8.0 mug/dl or less is a conservative indication of adrenocortical insufficiency; all levels have been between 1 and 8 mug/dl. We believe these low cortisol levels indicate either a genetically-induced adrenal cortical insufficiency (evident at 2 months to 1 year of age) or an immune complex adrenal cortical suppression (occurring after 1 year of age in association with other immunodeficiency disorders). Our studies demonstrate a need for biphasic therapy. We have found it necessary to not only initiate cortisone acetate therapy to support the deficient adrenal cortical secretion, but also use other immunosuppressive drugs to control the ICD. If the target organ has been suppressed or destroyed, the need for supplementation is obvious. However, other immune-injury moieties must be suppressed also, eg, ANA, anti-IgG antibodies, etc."}
{"id": "PMID:136592", "title": "Super suppressor action spectrum in Neurospora.", "content": "The action of super suppressors mapping at eight separate loci upon ten different nonsense mutants is examined. These suppressors can be subdivided into seven classes based upon their capacity to restore function to the test mutants.", "contents": "Super suppressor action spectrum in Neurospora. The action of super suppressors mapping at eight separate loci upon ten different nonsense mutants is examined. These suppressors can be subdivided into seven classes based upon their capacity to restore function to the test mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:136593", "title": "The foetal development of the rabbit lung: a cytologic, cytochemical and histoenzymatic study.", "content": "The developmental peculiarities of the rabbit lung were analyzed in foetuses of 14 and 23 days, and in newborns having respired 30 min. and 48 hrs. Cytochemical, histoenzymatic and quantiative cytologic methods were used. The parallel evolution of epithelial and mesenchymal cells was quantified using conventional fields. The development of air spaces was morphometrically appreciated. Acid and neutral mucopolysaccarides, nucleic acids, and enzymic activities (AcPh-ase, AlkPh-ase, ATP-ase, AMP-ase, SDH, MDH, LDG, G1-6-ph-DH, proline-oxydase, hydroxyproline-2-epimerase, unspecific esterase, TwE-ase, beta-gal-ase and beta-gluc-ase, alanyl- and leucineaminopeptidase) were investigated. This complex analysis showed that in a first phase the development mainly involved the epithelial cells, while the proliferation of mesenchymal ones remained constant. In a second phase, the epithelial cell increase became slower, and the mesenchymal cells were decreasing. At the same time the air spaces were continuously increasing. During this process, neutral mucopolysaccharides were synthesized in epithelial cells and in cartilaginous nodules, and sometimes in mesenchymal cells. The RNA was continuously increasing both in epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The high enzymic activities in the 14-day foetuses appeared to be limited to AcPh-ase, AlkPh-ase, and SDH in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells, the LDH in epithelial and the ATP-ase and AMP-ase mainly in mesenchymal cells. At the same time, the G1-6-ph-DH obviously marked the epithelial cell differentiation. In the other foetal and newborn lungs, the enzymic activities appeared to be more various by limitation of AcPh-ase to epithelial elements and of AlkPh-ase to mesenchymal and vascular ones, by activation of proline-oxydase and especially of hydroxyproline-2-epimerase in pleura and peribronchovascularly, by intensification of the unspecific esterase: the other enzymes active in the 14-day foetuses were now weaker. The activity of beta-gal-ase, beta-gluc-ase, and of peptidases was missing during the entire development of the foetal rabbit lung. The corroboration of these data suggested the relation between the differentiation of enzymic activities and the development of foetal rabbit lung, the strong relations between AcPh-ase activity and the epithelial elements, and of AlkPh-ase and ATP-ase with the mesodermo-mesenchymal ones, the marking of epithelial cell differentiation by the G1-6-ph-DH activity, the presence of SDH in the basal corpuscles of differentiating cili, the increase of enzymes making inactive the hydroxyproline in zones in which connective tissue is developing, the low differentiation of hydrolases (related to the absence of air and blood transport of products) and the lack of peptidase activity corresponding to the reduced pulmonary degradation of proteins (as in adult lungs).", "contents": "The foetal development of the rabbit lung: a cytologic, cytochemical and histoenzymatic study. The developmental peculiarities of the rabbit lung were analyzed in foetuses of 14 and 23 days, and in newborns having respired 30 min. and 48 hrs. Cytochemical, histoenzymatic and quantiative cytologic methods were used. The parallel evolution of epithelial and mesenchymal cells was quantified using conventional fields. The development of air spaces was morphometrically appreciated. Acid and neutral mucopolysaccarides, nucleic acids, and enzymic activities (AcPh-ase, AlkPh-ase, ATP-ase, AMP-ase, SDH, MDH, LDG, G1-6-ph-DH, proline-oxydase, hydroxyproline-2-epimerase, unspecific esterase, TwE-ase, beta-gal-ase and beta-gluc-ase, alanyl- and leucineaminopeptidase) were investigated. This complex analysis showed that in a first phase the development mainly involved the epithelial cells, while the proliferation of mesenchymal ones remained constant. In a second phase, the epithelial cell increase became slower, and the mesenchymal cells were decreasing. At the same time the air spaces were continuously increasing. During this process, neutral mucopolysaccharides were synthesized in epithelial cells and in cartilaginous nodules, and sometimes in mesenchymal cells. The RNA was continuously increasing both in epithelial and mesenchymal cells. The high enzymic activities in the 14-day foetuses appeared to be limited to AcPh-ase, AlkPh-ase, and SDH in both epithelial and mesenchymal cells, the LDH in epithelial and the ATP-ase and AMP-ase mainly in mesenchymal cells. At the same time, the G1-6-ph-DH obviously marked the epithelial cell differentiation. In the other foetal and newborn lungs, the enzymic activities appeared to be more various by limitation of AcPh-ase to epithelial elements and of AlkPh-ase to mesenchymal and vascular ones, by activation of proline-oxydase and especially of hydroxyproline-2-epimerase in pleura and peribronchovascularly, by intensification of the unspecific esterase: the other enzymes active in the 14-day foetuses were now weaker. The activity of beta-gal-ase, beta-gluc-ase, and of peptidases was missing during the entire development of the foetal rabbit lung. The corroboration of these data suggested the relation between the differentiation of enzymic activities and the development of foetal rabbit lung, the strong relations between AcPh-ase activity and the epithelial elements, and of AlkPh-ase and ATP-ase with the mesodermo-mesenchymal ones, the marking of epithelial cell differentiation by the G1-6-ph-DH activity, the presence of SDH in the basal corpuscles of differentiating cili, the increase of enzymes making inactive the hydroxyproline in zones in which connective tissue is developing, the low differentiation of hydrolases (related to the absence of air and blood transport of products) and the lack of peptidase activity corresponding to the reduced pulmonary degradation of proteins (as in adult lungs)."}
{"id": "PMID:136594", "title": "A new experimental model of overgrowth and consecutive exencephaly.", "content": "By intraamniotic injection of a.d. diluted rat or rabbit blood plasma in 3-day chick embryos overgrowth and consecutive cranioschisis and exencephaly may be induced. Control experiments exclude colloid-osmotic mechanism. Morphological changes suggest an early general disturbance of brain wall morphogenesis and differentiation.", "contents": "A new experimental model of overgrowth and consecutive exencephaly. By intraamniotic injection of a.d. diluted rat or rabbit blood plasma in 3-day chick embryos overgrowth and consecutive cranioschisis and exencephaly may be induced. Control experiments exclude colloid-osmotic mechanism. Morphological changes suggest an early general disturbance of brain wall morphogenesis and differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:136595", "title": "Histochemical observations of the folate metabolism in the human principal gastric glands.", "content": "By means of two original histochemical methods, the folate metabolism was investigated in the gastric glands proper. The presence of a high concentration of folic acid and dihydrofolate reductase in the parietal cells suggests a straight metabolic interrelation between the intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 and folate in these gland cells.", "contents": "Histochemical observations of the folate metabolism in the human principal gastric glands. By means of two original histochemical methods, the folate metabolism was investigated in the gastric glands proper. The presence of a high concentration of folic acid and dihydrofolate reductase in the parietal cells suggests a straight metabolic interrelation between the intrinsic factor, vitamin B12 and folate in these gland cells."}
{"id": "PMID:136599", "title": "The aid of some cytochemical methods in pleural effusion diagnosis.", "content": "Some cytochemical reactions were performed in order to complete the diagnosis possibilities of pleural effusions from patients with neoplasia and with other diseases. Qualitative reactions were performed on the smears for alkaline phosphatase (samples from 46 patients) for nonspecific esterases (samples from 30 patients), for acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides (samples from 35 patients) and for nucleic acids (samples from 85 patients). On the presented material the presence of alkaline phosphatase could be considered as a malignancy criterium. The activity of nonspecific esterases in the overwhelming majority of the cases cannot represent an aid in distinguishing neoplastic cells. Acid and neutral mucopolysaccarides do not generally constitute a neoplastic criterium, but a helping element in the diagnosis of some mesotheliomas. The evidencing of nucleic acids is very important for the demonstration of nucleoli which are considered as a principal criterium in malignancy.", "contents": "The aid of some cytochemical methods in pleural effusion diagnosis. Some cytochemical reactions were performed in order to complete the diagnosis possibilities of pleural effusions from patients with neoplasia and with other diseases. Qualitative reactions were performed on the smears for alkaline phosphatase (samples from 46 patients) for nonspecific esterases (samples from 30 patients), for acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides (samples from 35 patients) and for nucleic acids (samples from 85 patients). On the presented material the presence of alkaline phosphatase could be considered as a malignancy criterium. The activity of nonspecific esterases in the overwhelming majority of the cases cannot represent an aid in distinguishing neoplastic cells. Acid and neutral mucopolysaccarides do not generally constitute a neoplastic criterium, but a helping element in the diagnosis of some mesotheliomas. The evidencing of nucleic acids is very important for the demonstration of nucleoli which are considered as a principal criterium in malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:136600", "title": "Dynamics of protein modifications in the skeletal muscle following formol injection.", "content": "The concentrated formol injections in the skeletal muscle of rat induce the appearance of histological modifications of the destructive type, followed after a period of time by modifications of the restoring-regenerative type. The histochemical reactions for the demonstration of proteins undergo significant alterations during these processes. In a first stage the reactions are negative while during the restoration stage -- together with the appearance of myoblasts sarcoblasts and muscular buds -- they become intensely positive, as an expression of protein synthesis intensification.", "contents": "Dynamics of protein modifications in the skeletal muscle following formol injection. The concentrated formol injections in the skeletal muscle of rat induce the appearance of histological modifications of the destructive type, followed after a period of time by modifications of the restoring-regenerative type. The histochemical reactions for the demonstration of proteins undergo significant alterations during these processes. In a first stage the reactions are negative while during the restoration stage -- together with the appearance of myoblasts sarcoblasts and muscular buds -- they become intensely positive, as an expression of protein synthesis intensification."}
{"id": "PMID:136605", "title": "Marrow transplantation for treatment of aplastic anemia. An analysis of factors associated with graft rejection.", "content": "Seventy-three consecutive patients with severe aplastic anemia were treated by marrow grafts from normal, HLA-identical siblings, and 68 lived long enough to demonstrate engraftment. In 21 patients the garft was rejected, and 19 of these patients died. This analysis, using a binary logistic regression model, was aimed at identifying factors that predicted marrow-graft rejection. Of the 24 factors entered into the analysis, only two strongly correlated with graft rejection: a positive relative response index in mixed leukocyte culture indicating sensitization of patient against donor (P less than 0.01); and a low number of marrow cells ( less than 3 X 10(8) cells per kilogram) used for transplantation (P less than 0.01). These findings suggest that more powerful immunosuppressive conditioning regimens should be used in patients who are sensitized, and that the greatest possible amount of donor marrow, perhaps supplemented by stem cells derived from the peripheral blood, should be obtained.", "contents": "Marrow transplantation for treatment of aplastic anemia. An analysis of factors associated with graft rejection. Seventy-three consecutive patients with severe aplastic anemia were treated by marrow grafts from normal, HLA-identical siblings, and 68 lived long enough to demonstrate engraftment. In 21 patients the garft was rejected, and 19 of these patients died. This analysis, using a binary logistic regression model, was aimed at identifying factors that predicted marrow-graft rejection. Of the 24 factors entered into the analysis, only two strongly correlated with graft rejection: a positive relative response index in mixed leukocyte culture indicating sensitization of patient against donor (P less than 0.01); and a low number of marrow cells ( less than 3 X 10(8) cells per kilogram) used for transplantation (P less than 0.01). These findings suggest that more powerful immunosuppressive conditioning regimens should be used in patients who are sensitized, and that the greatest possible amount of donor marrow, perhaps supplemented by stem cells derived from the peripheral blood, should be obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:136606", "title": "Use of peritoneoscopy for initial staging and posttherapy evaluation of patients with ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "Forty patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma had peritoneoscopy within 1 month of their exploratory laparotomy as part of their pretreatment evaluation. Of 12 patients (58%) believed to have disease localized to the pelvis (stage 1 or II) at laparotomy staging 7 were found to have more advanced disease (stage III) at peritoneoscopy and thus required a change in therapy. Involvement of the diaphragm with metastatic ovarian carcinoma was found in 63% of all patients. This finding again necessitated a change in therapy, since the right hemidiaphragm is shielded along with the liver when abdominal radiotherapy is used. Peritoneoscopy supplied the only followable findings with which to gauge response to therapy in 40% of the patients and also supplied followable findings in 78% of all patients studied. Second-look peritoneoscopy was performed in all patients achieving an apparent clinical remission with chemotherapy. Active disease was found in 43% of these patients, which thus precluded the need for laparotomy.", "contents": "Use of peritoneoscopy for initial staging and posttherapy evaluation of patients with ovarian carcinoma. Forty patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma had peritoneoscopy within 1 month of their exploratory laparotomy as part of their pretreatment evaluation. Of 12 patients (58%) believed to have disease localized to the pelvis (stage 1 or II) at laparotomy staging 7 were found to have more advanced disease (stage III) at peritoneoscopy and thus required a change in therapy. Involvement of the diaphragm with metastatic ovarian carcinoma was found in 63% of all patients. This finding again necessitated a change in therapy, since the right hemidiaphragm is shielded along with the liver when abdominal radiotherapy is used. Peritoneoscopy supplied the only followable findings with which to gauge response to therapy in 40% of the patients and also supplied followable findings in 78% of all patients studied. Second-look peritoneoscopy was performed in all patients achieving an apparent clinical remission with chemotherapy. Active disease was found in 43% of these patients, which thus precluded the need for laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:136602", "title": "Spleen and lymph node reticulofibrosis in \"chemically thyroidectomized\" rats.", "content": "The effects of the X-rays on the peripherial lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen) in male adult wistar rats \"chemically thyroidectomized\" (methylthiouracil) have been studied. Spontaneous death of these animals 9 days after the irradiation was determined by the hypoplasia (aplasia) of the hematogenous bone marrow. The spleen and lymph node changes -- represented by the lymphoid tissue depletion and reticulofibrosis -- in the experimental animals were similar to those observed in animals sacrificed 6-8 months after irradiation. They differed from the latter by the absence of the macromolecular hyperstability of the reticular and collagenous fibers, which is proper to early ageing by X-rays.", "contents": "Spleen and lymph node reticulofibrosis in \"chemically thyroidectomized\" rats. The effects of the X-rays on the peripherial lymphoid organs (lymph nodes and spleen) in male adult wistar rats \"chemically thyroidectomized\" (methylthiouracil) have been studied. Spontaneous death of these animals 9 days after the irradiation was determined by the hypoplasia (aplasia) of the hematogenous bone marrow. The spleen and lymph node changes -- represented by the lymphoid tissue depletion and reticulofibrosis -- in the experimental animals were similar to those observed in animals sacrificed 6-8 months after irradiation. They differed from the latter by the absence of the macromolecular hyperstability of the reticular and collagenous fibers, which is proper to early ageing by X-rays."}
{"id": "PMID:136607", "title": "Products of the major histocompatibility complex and their relationship to the immune response.", "content": "The genes of the major histocompatibility complex were first known for the part they played in transplant rejection. Recently, however, it has become clear that the products of that region have an important part to play in the control of the immune response, through their effects both on cooperative and on aggressive interactions between cells. It is now possible to guess at the mechanisms which may underly the association of some major histocompatibility antigens with disease.", "contents": "Products of the major histocompatibility complex and their relationship to the immune response. The genes of the major histocompatibility complex were first known for the part they played in transplant rejection. Recently, however, it has become clear that the products of that region have an important part to play in the control of the immune response, through their effects both on cooperative and on aggressive interactions between cells. It is now possible to guess at the mechanisms which may underly the association of some major histocompatibility antigens with disease."}
{"id": "PMID:136609", "title": "[Diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis].", "content": "The fact that a large number of pancreatic explorations have been proposed shows that now are really satisfactory. Generally speaking, it is true that instrumental techniques are relatively affirmative, whereas less aggressive methods are more uncertain. It is shown that a proper association of simple tests offers the general practitioner a 75% certainty of diagnosing pancreatic disease. Scintiscanning, zonography, angiography and retrograde pancreatography have been proposed in recent years, but they are complicated and demand considerable experience. In combination, they permit certain diagnosis in about 95% of cases. An experimenter may specialise in one or several of these techniques. Diagnosis of pancreatic disease is beyond the capacity of the general practitioner and requires the cooperation of several specialists, or examination at a large medical centre.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis]. The fact that a large number of pancreatic explorations have been proposed shows that now are really satisfactory. Generally speaking, it is true that instrumental techniques are relatively affirmative, whereas less aggressive methods are more uncertain. It is shown that a proper association of simple tests offers the general practitioner a 75% certainty of diagnosing pancreatic disease. Scintiscanning, zonography, angiography and retrograde pancreatography have been proposed in recent years, but they are complicated and demand considerable experience. In combination, they permit certain diagnosis in about 95% of cases. An experimenter may specialise in one or several of these techniques. Diagnosis of pancreatic disease is beyond the capacity of the general practitioner and requires the cooperation of several specialists, or examination at a large medical centre."}
{"id": "PMID:136621", "title": "Pharmacological inhibition of salivary glands: a possible therapy for sialosis and sialoadenitis. Effect of experimentally induced beta-receptor block on the rat parotid gland.", "content": "An increase of alpha-amylase concentration and specific amylase activity (correlated to protein content) was evident already after 3 days in the parotid glands of rats treated with 2 X 2 mg/day of propranolol hydrochloride. After separation of amylase into isoenzymes, only the specific isoamylase activities were enhanced. In contrast to treatment with a guanethidine derivative (guanoxane), these changes have persisted after 3 weeks. On the strength of these results, functional inhibition of the salivary glands (i.e. blockade of secretion by beta-sympatholytic agnets) is discussed as a therapeutical possibility for the management of sialosis and sialoadenitis.", "contents": "Pharmacological inhibition of salivary glands: a possible therapy for sialosis and sialoadenitis. Effect of experimentally induced beta-receptor block on the rat parotid gland. An increase of alpha-amylase concentration and specific amylase activity (correlated to protein content) was evident already after 3 days in the parotid glands of rats treated with 2 X 2 mg/day of propranolol hydrochloride. After separation of amylase into isoenzymes, only the specific isoamylase activities were enhanced. In contrast to treatment with a guanethidine derivative (guanoxane), these changes have persisted after 3 weeks. On the strength of these results, functional inhibition of the salivary glands (i.e. blockade of secretion by beta-sympatholytic agnets) is discussed as a therapeutical possibility for the management of sialosis and sialoadenitis."}
{"id": "PMID:136625", "title": "Reflection on the 1976 Toronto Olympiad for the physically disabled.", "content": "A report is given on the various aspects of the 1976 Olympiad of the Physically Disabled. The aspects discussed are the historical background, planning and preparation of the Games, accommodation for amputees, blind and paraplegics, transport, games site, organisation of sports events, medical supervision, publicity of the Games, standards of performance and records and last, but by no means least, politics and sport.", "contents": "Reflection on the 1976 Toronto Olympiad for the physically disabled. A report is given on the various aspects of the 1976 Olympiad of the Physically Disabled. The aspects discussed are the historical background, planning and preparation of the Games, accommodation for amputees, blind and paraplegics, transport, games site, organisation of sports events, medical supervision, publicity of the Games, standards of performance and records and last, but by no means least, politics and sport."}
{"id": "PMID:136626", "title": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans in three layers of human aorta: their different constitution and anticoagulant function.", "content": "1) Constitutional difference of the acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) in the three layers, the intima, media and adventitia, of normal human aorta was investigated by electrophoretic characterization and enzymatic analyses with other chemical determinations. The anticoagulant activity of the AGAG in the three layers of human aorta was compared by thrombelastography. 2) The analytical data indicated that the AGAG in the three layers out consisted of chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfates and hyaluronic acid. It was found that the proportion of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfates was increased in order from the intima to the adventitia. 3) The predominant anticoagulant actihan in the inner layers referred to the concentration of glucuronic acid on thrombelastogram. The phenomenon was evidenced to be related with the constitutional difference of the AGAG in the three layers.", "contents": "Acidic glycosaminoglycans in three layers of human aorta: their different constitution and anticoagulant function. 1) Constitutional difference of the acidic glycosaminoglycans (AGAG) in the three layers, the intima, media and adventitia, of normal human aorta was investigated by electrophoretic characterization and enzymatic analyses with other chemical determinations. The anticoagulant activity of the AGAG in the three layers of human aorta was compared by thrombelastography. 2) The analytical data indicated that the AGAG in the three layers out consisted of chondroitin 4-sulfate, chondroitin 6-sulfate, dermatan sulfate, heparan sulfates and hyaluronic acid. It was found that the proportion of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfates was increased in order from the intima to the adventitia. 3) The predominant anticoagulant actihan in the inner layers referred to the concentration of glucuronic acid on thrombelastogram. The phenomenon was evidenced to be related with the constitutional difference of the AGAG in the three layers."}
{"id": "PMID:136628", "title": "Fungal infections of the skin in children.", "content": "Fungal infections of the skin in children are common and may mimic many other dermatoses. Diagnostic techniques are simple and inexpensive; Wood's light examination, KOH wet mounts, and preferably fungal culture should be performed on all suspected lesions.", "contents": "Fungal infections of the skin in children. Fungal infections of the skin in children are common and may mimic many other dermatoses. Diagnostic techniques are simple and inexpensive; Wood's light examination, KOH wet mounts, and preferably fungal culture should be performed on all suspected lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:136632", "title": "The clinical course of cardiac disease in Down's syndrome.", "content": "There was 230 patients with heart disease among 369 infants and children with Down's syndrome. The majority exhibited defects of the endocardial cushion variety and approximately one quarte had complete atrioventricular canals (CAVC). Pulmonary artery hypertension was uniform in catheterized patients in this latter group and frequent in all left-to-right shunts. Medical and surgical mortality was high (33%) in these 230 children and especially in those with CAVC and tetralogy of Fallot. Only 4% (76 of 1,916) of infants with critical heart disease in New England had Down's syndrome and the most frequent lesion encountered was complete atrioventricular canal.", "contents": "The clinical course of cardiac disease in Down's syndrome. There was 230 patients with heart disease among 369 infants and children with Down's syndrome. The majority exhibited defects of the endocardial cushion variety and approximately one quarte had complete atrioventricular canals (CAVC). Pulmonary artery hypertension was uniform in catheterized patients in this latter group and frequent in all left-to-right shunts. Medical and surgical mortality was high (33%) in these 230 children and especially in those with CAVC and tetralogy of Fallot. Only 4% (76 of 1,916) of infants with critical heart disease in New England had Down's syndrome and the most frequent lesion encountered was complete atrioventricular canal."}
{"id": "PMID:136640", "title": "The role of the fusimotor system with respect to the contribution of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles to the respiratory tidal volume.", "content": "The efferent electrical activity in the phrenic nerve can be quantified in such a way that it gives a good correlation to tidal volume. After administration of the drug benzoctamine this relationship changes: more phrenic nerve activity is needed for the same tidal volume. No changes were found in the neuro-muscular transmission from the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm. There was no alteration in dynamic compliance of the lungs or in airway resistance. The afferent phrenic nerve activity from proprioceptors in the diaphragm did not change. It seems unlikely that respiratory neurons in the brainstem were affected since the sensitivity of the respiratory system to CO2 did not change. It is known that the tonic fusimotoneuron activity is suppressed at a supraspinal level by benzoctamine. Since intercostal muscles have muscle spindles and the diaphragm hardly has any, the intercostal muscle activity will be affected more than diaphragmatic activity by benzoctamine. This could actually be shown by quantifying the electromyogram of inspiratory external intercostal muscles. The tidal volume regulation is controlled by the vagal feedback loop. In order to reach a certain tidal volume after administration of benzoctamine, the contribution of the diaphragm has to increase because the activity of the intercostal muscles is diminished.", "contents": "The role of the fusimotor system with respect to the contribution of the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles to the respiratory tidal volume. The efferent electrical activity in the phrenic nerve can be quantified in such a way that it gives a good correlation to tidal volume. After administration of the drug benzoctamine this relationship changes: more phrenic nerve activity is needed for the same tidal volume. No changes were found in the neuro-muscular transmission from the phrenic nerve to the diaphragm. There was no alteration in dynamic compliance of the lungs or in airway resistance. The afferent phrenic nerve activity from proprioceptors in the diaphragm did not change. It seems unlikely that respiratory neurons in the brainstem were affected since the sensitivity of the respiratory system to CO2 did not change. It is known that the tonic fusimotoneuron activity is suppressed at a supraspinal level by benzoctamine. Since intercostal muscles have muscle spindles and the diaphragm hardly has any, the intercostal muscle activity will be affected more than diaphragmatic activity by benzoctamine. This could actually be shown by quantifying the electromyogram of inspiratory external intercostal muscles. The tidal volume regulation is controlled by the vagal feedback loop. In order to reach a certain tidal volume after administration of benzoctamine, the contribution of the diaphragm has to increase because the activity of the intercostal muscles is diminished."}
{"id": "PMID:136641", "title": "Evidence for myosin-linked regulation in guinea pig taenia coli muscle.", "content": "The ATPase activity of actomyosin prepared from taenia coli muscle of guinea pig was found to increase upon adding rabbit skeletal heavy meromyosin (HMM) in the absence of Ca2+. SDS-gel electrophoresis of muscle homogenates did not reveal the presence of troponin. Ca2+-regulation in taenia coli muscle thus appears to be myosin-linked. The glycerinated muscles which did not develop any tension in the presence of EGTA contracted after irrigation with rabbit skeletal myosin. Skeletal HMM could also cause tension generation in strips of glycerinated taenia coli in the presence of EGTA. The tension developed by the muscles in the presence of Ca2+ was increased if HMM was added. The HMM-induced tension was associated with a marked increase in ATPase activity both in the presence and in the absence of Ca2+. No HMM-associated tension could be detected when inactivated HMM was employed or when MgATP was substituted with Mg-pyrophosphate or Mg-AMP-PNP. The mechanical effect of HMM probably results from a mechanochemical interaction between the added HMM and muscle actin.", "contents": "Evidence for myosin-linked regulation in guinea pig taenia coli muscle. The ATPase activity of actomyosin prepared from taenia coli muscle of guinea pig was found to increase upon adding rabbit skeletal heavy meromyosin (HMM) in the absence of Ca2+. SDS-gel electrophoresis of muscle homogenates did not reveal the presence of troponin. Ca2+-regulation in taenia coli muscle thus appears to be myosin-linked. The glycerinated muscles which did not develop any tension in the presence of EGTA contracted after irrigation with rabbit skeletal myosin. Skeletal HMM could also cause tension generation in strips of glycerinated taenia coli in the presence of EGTA. The tension developed by the muscles in the presence of Ca2+ was increased if HMM was added. The HMM-induced tension was associated with a marked increase in ATPase activity both in the presence and in the absence of Ca2+. No HMM-associated tension could be detected when inactivated HMM was employed or when MgATP was substituted with Mg-pyrophosphate or Mg-AMP-PNP. The mechanical effect of HMM probably results from a mechanochemical interaction between the added HMM and muscle actin."}
{"id": "PMID:136642", "title": "Analysis of the dynamic responses of deefferented primary muscle spindle endings to ramp stretch.", "content": "A detailed analysis of the complex dynamic response of 8 deefferented primary muscle spindle endings to ramp stretches of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) was made in anaesthetized cats. The analysis was based on Lennerstand's linear muscle spindle model, in which the dynamic peak, i.e. the peak frequency at the end of the dynamic phase of a ramp stretch, is assumed to consist of three components: a position response, a slow velocity response, and a quick velocity response. The components of the dynamic peaks analysed were fairly well correlated with the static behaviour of the primary muscle spindle endings, the latter, in turn, being regarded as an indicator of the spindles' location in the non-homogeneous extrafusal muscle. The results thus provide a satisfactory explanation of the high correlations between the static and gross dynamic behaviour of deefferented primary muscle spindle endings of the EDL previously reported from our laboratory.", "contents": "Analysis of the dynamic responses of deefferented primary muscle spindle endings to ramp stretch. A detailed analysis of the complex dynamic response of 8 deefferented primary muscle spindle endings to ramp stretches of the extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) was made in anaesthetized cats. The analysis was based on Lennerstand's linear muscle spindle model, in which the dynamic peak, i.e. the peak frequency at the end of the dynamic phase of a ramp stretch, is assumed to consist of three components: a position response, a slow velocity response, and a quick velocity response. The components of the dynamic peaks analysed were fairly well correlated with the static behaviour of the primary muscle spindle endings, the latter, in turn, being regarded as an indicator of the spindles' location in the non-homogeneous extrafusal muscle. The results thus provide a satisfactory explanation of the high correlations between the static and gross dynamic behaviour of deefferented primary muscle spindle endings of the EDL previously reported from our laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:136644", "title": "Studies on the biological role of DNA methylation. II. Role of phiX174 DNA methylation in the process of viral progeny DNA synthesis.", "content": "In vivo inhibition of bacteriophage phiX174 DNA methylation by nicotinamide resulted in the accumulation of replicative intermediates with multiple-genome length single-stranded \"tails\". These abnormal replicative intermediates could not be chased into viral single-stranded circular DNA. The effect of nicotinamide on phage maturation and accumulation of abnormal replicative intermediates could be reversed by washing out the inhibitor. The results suggest that the single methyl group present in the viral DNA serves as a recognition site for a specific endonuclease, probably the gene A protein product, that is responsible for the excision of the single-stranded one-genome long viral DNA, before final maturation of the virus occurs.", "contents": "Studies on the biological role of DNA methylation. II. Role of phiX174 DNA methylation in the process of viral progeny DNA synthesis. In vivo inhibition of bacteriophage phiX174 DNA methylation by nicotinamide resulted in the accumulation of replicative intermediates with multiple-genome length single-stranded \"tails\". These abnormal replicative intermediates could not be chased into viral single-stranded circular DNA. The effect of nicotinamide on phage maturation and accumulation of abnormal replicative intermediates could be reversed by washing out the inhibitor. The results suggest that the single methyl group present in the viral DNA serves as a recognition site for a specific endonuclease, probably the gene A protein product, that is responsible for the excision of the single-stranded one-genome long viral DNA, before final maturation of the virus occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:136654", "title": "[Fractionation of a preparation of fibrinolytic enzymes \"tricholysin\" formed from Trichotecium roseum Lk. ex Fr. on carboxymethyl-sephadex C-50].", "content": "A preparation of fibrinolytic enzymes that produced a specific effect on blood fibrinolysis in animals was isolated from the culture liquid filtrate of the fungus Trichothecium roseum. By gel filtration on KM-Sephadex G-50 six fractions differing in their fibrinolytic, esterase and caseinolytic activities were obtained. The most effective fibrinolytic agents were the first and fourth fractions that had high fibrinolytic and esterase activities and a low caseinolytic activity.", "contents": "[Fractionation of a preparation of fibrinolytic enzymes \"tricholysin\" formed from Trichotecium roseum Lk. ex Fr. on carboxymethyl-sephadex C-50]. A preparation of fibrinolytic enzymes that produced a specific effect on blood fibrinolysis in animals was isolated from the culture liquid filtrate of the fungus Trichothecium roseum. By gel filtration on KM-Sephadex G-50 six fractions differing in their fibrinolytic, esterase and caseinolytic activities were obtained. The most effective fibrinolytic agents were the first and fourth fractions that had high fibrinolytic and esterase activities and a low caseinolytic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:136664", "title": "The role of serotonergic pathways in isolation-induced aggression in mice.", "content": "Male mice that became aggressive following four weeks of social isolation were treated with seven known serotonin receptor antagonists. All of the antiserotonergic drugs selectively antagonized the fighting behavior of the isolated mice; the antiaggressive activity was selective since, at antifighting doses, none of the drugs either significantly altered spontaneous motor activity or impaired inclined-screen performance. Antagonism of 5-HTP-induced head-twitch was used as an in vivo measure of antiserotonergic activity and a statistically significant correlation existed between potency as an antiserotonergic and potency as an antiaggressive. PCPA, a serotonin depletor, also significantly antagonized isolation-induced aggression for at least 24 hr postdrug administration. The interrelationship between cholinergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the mediation of isolation aggression was investigated. The involvement of serotonergic systems in isolation-induced aggression is discussed.", "contents": "The role of serotonergic pathways in isolation-induced aggression in mice. Male mice that became aggressive following four weeks of social isolation were treated with seven known serotonin receptor antagonists. All of the antiserotonergic drugs selectively antagonized the fighting behavior of the isolated mice; the antiaggressive activity was selective since, at antifighting doses, none of the drugs either significantly altered spontaneous motor activity or impaired inclined-screen performance. Antagonism of 5-HTP-induced head-twitch was used as an in vivo measure of antiserotonergic activity and a statistically significant correlation existed between potency as an antiserotonergic and potency as an antiaggressive. PCPA, a serotonin depletor, also significantly antagonized isolation-induced aggression for at least 24 hr postdrug administration. The interrelationship between cholinergic and serotonergic mechanisms in the mediation of isolation aggression was investigated. The involvement of serotonergic systems in isolation-induced aggression is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136665", "title": "Sexual behavior in castrated male rats treated with monoamine synthesis inhibitors and testosterone.", "content": "Castrated male rats treated daily with the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 20 mg/kg) started to display mounts, intromissions and ejaculations more rapidly in response to daily treatment with testosterone propionate (TP, 0.15 mg/kg) than NaCl-treated rats. Daily treatment with the catecholamine (CA) synthesis inhibitor alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT, 20 mg/kg) had no effect on the behavioral response to subsequent TP treatment. The acceleration of TP-induced sexual behavior by PCPA pretreatment was inhibited by pretreatment with DL-5-HTP (20 mg/kg) but not with L-DOPA (12.5 mg/kg). Analyses of brain monoamines showed that the PCPA treatment reduced brain 5-HT levels and produced a marked inhibition of the 5-HT synthesis. The 5-HTP treatment restored brain 5-HT levels to normal. Daily treatment with PCPA also reduced brain CA levels and inhibited the CA synthesis but these biochemical effects were not related to the effects of PCPA on sexual behavior. Daily treatment with PCPA (40 mg/kg for 12 days) or treatment with 126 mg/kg PCPA for 3 days induced the complete pattern of sexual behavior in 5 of 9 and 19 of 30 castrated rats respectively without concurrent TP treatment. It is suggested that 5-HT exerts a modulating influence on sexual behavior in male rats.", "contents": "Sexual behavior in castrated male rats treated with monoamine synthesis inhibitors and testosterone. Castrated male rats treated daily with the 5-HT synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 20 mg/kg) started to display mounts, intromissions and ejaculations more rapidly in response to daily treatment with testosterone propionate (TP, 0.15 mg/kg) than NaCl-treated rats. Daily treatment with the catecholamine (CA) synthesis inhibitor alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alpha-MT, 20 mg/kg) had no effect on the behavioral response to subsequent TP treatment. The acceleration of TP-induced sexual behavior by PCPA pretreatment was inhibited by pretreatment with DL-5-HTP (20 mg/kg) but not with L-DOPA (12.5 mg/kg). Analyses of brain monoamines showed that the PCPA treatment reduced brain 5-HT levels and produced a marked inhibition of the 5-HT synthesis. The 5-HTP treatment restored brain 5-HT levels to normal. Daily treatment with PCPA also reduced brain CA levels and inhibited the CA synthesis but these biochemical effects were not related to the effects of PCPA on sexual behavior. Daily treatment with PCPA (40 mg/kg for 12 days) or treatment with 126 mg/kg PCPA for 3 days induced the complete pattern of sexual behavior in 5 of 9 and 19 of 30 castrated rats respectively without concurrent TP treatment. It is suggested that 5-HT exerts a modulating influence on sexual behavior in male rats."}
{"id": "PMID:136666", "title": "Stimulation of mounting behavior but not lordosis behavior in ovariectomized female rats by p-chlorophenylalanine.", "content": "Treatment with 126 mg/kg of the 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) for 3 days or daily treatment with 40 mg/kg of PCPA stimulated the display of mounting behavior, including ejaculatory patterns, by ovariactomized hormonally untreated female rats. PCPA treatment failed to induce lordosis behavior and did not affect the induction of lordosis behavior by daily injections of 2.0 mug/kg estradiol benzoate. These results show that mounting and lordosis behavior can be dissociated and it is suggested that these two sexual behavior patterns may be regulated by different neurotransmission mechanisms.", "contents": "Stimulation of mounting behavior but not lordosis behavior in ovariectomized female rats by p-chlorophenylalanine. Treatment with 126 mg/kg of the 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis inhibitor p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) for 3 days or daily treatment with 40 mg/kg of PCPA stimulated the display of mounting behavior, including ejaculatory patterns, by ovariactomized hormonally untreated female rats. PCPA treatment failed to induce lordosis behavior and did not affect the induction of lordosis behavior by daily injections of 2.0 mug/kg estradiol benzoate. These results show that mounting and lordosis behavior can be dissociated and it is suggested that these two sexual behavior patterns may be regulated by different neurotransmission mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:136667", "title": "Ecological variation of three types of suicide.", "content": "The hypothesis has been tested that three types of suicide ('old and handicapped', 'sociopathic' and 'depressed') will vary in prevalence across ecologically defined urban areas. The hypothesis is supported with respect to 'old and handicapped' suicide, which predominated in middle-class areas with established residents of middle-class status; and with respect to 'sociopathic' suicide, which predominates in central areas with high rates of social pathology of all kinds, and poor housing conditions.", "contents": "Ecological variation of three types of suicide. The hypothesis has been tested that three types of suicide ('old and handicapped', 'sociopathic' and 'depressed') will vary in prevalence across ecologically defined urban areas. The hypothesis is supported with respect to 'old and handicapped' suicide, which predominated in middle-class areas with established residents of middle-class status; and with respect to 'sociopathic' suicide, which predominates in central areas with high rates of social pathology of all kinds, and poor housing conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:136668", "title": "Autonomic actions and interactions of mianserin hydrochloride (Org. GB 94) and amitriptyline in patients with depressive illness.", "content": "The clinical pharmacology of mianserin hydrochloride was studied in patients suffering from a primary depressive illness after steady-state plasma concentration of the drug had been achieved. The results were compared with those found with amitriptyline in both open and double-blind studies. The two drugs are equally effective in their antidepressive effect. Mianserin hydrochloride appears to be free of anticholinergic effects as assessed by the measurement of salivary volume, pupil diameter and the interactions with guanethidine and thymoxamine on the pupil. No peripheral adrenergic interaction as studied by the tyramine dose-pressor-response test were observed in patients treated with mianserin hydrochloride (20 mg three times daily).", "contents": "Autonomic actions and interactions of mianserin hydrochloride (Org. GB 94) and amitriptyline in patients with depressive illness. The clinical pharmacology of mianserin hydrochloride was studied in patients suffering from a primary depressive illness after steady-state plasma concentration of the drug had been achieved. The results were compared with those found with amitriptyline in both open and double-blind studies. The two drugs are equally effective in their antidepressive effect. Mianserin hydrochloride appears to be free of anticholinergic effects as assessed by the measurement of salivary volume, pupil diameter and the interactions with guanethidine and thymoxamine on the pupil. No peripheral adrenergic interaction as studied by the tyramine dose-pressor-response test were observed in patients treated with mianserin hydrochloride (20 mg three times daily)."}
{"id": "PMID:136669", "title": "A comparison of iocetamic acid and sodium iopodate in cholecystography.", "content": "Cholecystography was carried out on 456 consecutive patients using varying dosage schedules of cholebrine (iocetamic acid) tablets and biloptin (sodium iopodate) tablets. The density of gall-bladder gave the impression of a slightly greater opacification with cholebrin tablets. Quality of common duct demonstration was equally good with both media, with those patients having a morning dose of contrast giving the best demonstration.", "contents": "A comparison of iocetamic acid and sodium iopodate in cholecystography. Cholecystography was carried out on 456 consecutive patients using varying dosage schedules of cholebrine (iocetamic acid) tablets and biloptin (sodium iopodate) tablets. The density of gall-bladder gave the impression of a slightly greater opacification with cholebrin tablets. Quality of common duct demonstration was equally good with both media, with those patients having a morning dose of contrast giving the best demonstration."}
{"id": "PMID:136670", "title": "[Surgical rehabilitation of nonfunctioning bilio-digestive shunts].", "content": "The authors consider the internal biliary derivations as a choice procedure for the resolution of various pathological conditions of the biliary pathways and of the pancreas. They are based on the experience accumulated in the course of a total of 416 derivations performed in the last 10 years. The confrontation with particular problems raised by 40 re-interventions for failure of internal biliary derivations has determined an analysis of causes, clinical manifestations and possibilities to solve the disturbances. Categories are discussed, in which these patients can be classified and clinical observations are presented, in connection with the etiopathogeny of the non-functioning of the derivations. Possibilities are also presented for the resolution of the problems in each particular case. Two technical possibilities are presented for the correction of non-functioning biliary-digestive anastomoses, by performing bilio-biliary anastomoses.", "contents": "[Surgical rehabilitation of nonfunctioning bilio-digestive shunts]. The authors consider the internal biliary derivations as a choice procedure for the resolution of various pathological conditions of the biliary pathways and of the pancreas. They are based on the experience accumulated in the course of a total of 416 derivations performed in the last 10 years. The confrontation with particular problems raised by 40 re-interventions for failure of internal biliary derivations has determined an analysis of causes, clinical manifestations and possibilities to solve the disturbances. Categories are discussed, in which these patients can be classified and clinical observations are presented, in connection with the etiopathogeny of the non-functioning of the derivations. Possibilities are also presented for the resolution of the problems in each particular case. Two technical possibilities are presented for the correction of non-functioning biliary-digestive anastomoses, by performing bilio-biliary anastomoses."}
{"id": "PMID:136672", "title": "[Treatment of postoperative digestive fistulas by perfusion-aspiration].", "content": "The experience of the First Surgical Clinic from Tirgu-Mure\u015f is described, concerning the treatment of postoperative digestive fistulae in a group of 13 patients. The fact is stressed that the occurrence of such fistulae is more frequent following gastrectomies with gastrojejunostomy, gastrectomies for neo-plastic lesions, extensive gastrectomies--as compared with total gastrectomies. The method I of Tr\u00e9moli\u00e8res is used with a perfusion system in which a cathether is inserted in the drain tube avoiding the dilaceration of the local adherences. An element of prognosis is provided by the follow-up of the secretions pH, acidification indicating a positive evolution.", "contents": "[Treatment of postoperative digestive fistulas by perfusion-aspiration]. The experience of the First Surgical Clinic from Tirgu-Mure\u015f is described, concerning the treatment of postoperative digestive fistulae in a group of 13 patients. The fact is stressed that the occurrence of such fistulae is more frequent following gastrectomies with gastrojejunostomy, gastrectomies for neo-plastic lesions, extensive gastrectomies--as compared with total gastrectomies. The method I of Tr\u00e9moli\u00e8res is used with a perfusion system in which a cathether is inserted in the drain tube avoiding the dilaceration of the local adherences. An element of prognosis is provided by the follow-up of the secretions pH, acidification indicating a positive evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:136673", "title": "[Original technic for conservative treatment of \"lateral\" duodenal fistulas].", "content": "An original technique is presented, resulting in the spectacular recovery in only 3-7 days of \"lateral\" duodenal fistulae by their transformation from the \"alkaline\" to the \"acidic\" type. The author achieved this by administration, either by mouth or by intra-duodenal route, with the aid of the Eihorn tube, in continuous perfusion, of a lactic acid solution concentrated at 6 g%--not exceeding 3.000 ml over a 24 hours period, partially eliminated through the fistulous traject which is cured in the process. The condition to obtain the recovery is to provide continuous lactic acid perfusion. The patient should not receive any food by mouth but the feeding will be provided by direct jejunal infusion and parenterally, until the complete closure of the fistula. The author describes in detail several conditions which are considered as of prime importance for the resolution of any type of duodenal fistula and also suggests some new formula for jejunal alimentation and for the protection of the teguments around the fistula.", "contents": "[Original technic for conservative treatment of \"lateral\" duodenal fistulas]. An original technique is presented, resulting in the spectacular recovery in only 3-7 days of \"lateral\" duodenal fistulae by their transformation from the \"alkaline\" to the \"acidic\" type. The author achieved this by administration, either by mouth or by intra-duodenal route, with the aid of the Eihorn tube, in continuous perfusion, of a lactic acid solution concentrated at 6 g%--not exceeding 3.000 ml over a 24 hours period, partially eliminated through the fistulous traject which is cured in the process. The condition to obtain the recovery is to provide continuous lactic acid perfusion. The patient should not receive any food by mouth but the feeding will be provided by direct jejunal infusion and parenterally, until the complete closure of the fistula. The author describes in detail several conditions which are considered as of prime importance for the resolution of any type of duodenal fistula and also suggests some new formula for jejunal alimentation and for the protection of the teguments around the fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:136674", "title": "[Details concerning a surgical technic in a case of esophagotracheal fistula].", "content": "The authors present a surgical technique for the treatment of oeso-tracheal fistula located in the left supra-hylar fossa, by mobilization of the aorta and ligature of the first intercostal arteries, which provide sufficient light for the surgical procedures. The technique described is illustrated by a personal observation demonstrating its value by the simplicity of the post-operative evolution and the complete recovery. Stressing the difficulty encountered in the pre- and intraoperative localization of the fistula, the authors consider that the technique proposed by them is the type of the necessity technique, the only one allowing to perform a direct surgical approach of the fistula at this level.", "contents": "[Details concerning a surgical technic in a case of esophagotracheal fistula]. The authors present a surgical technique for the treatment of oeso-tracheal fistula located in the left supra-hylar fossa, by mobilization of the aorta and ligature of the first intercostal arteries, which provide sufficient light for the surgical procedures. The technique described is illustrated by a personal observation demonstrating its value by the simplicity of the post-operative evolution and the complete recovery. Stressing the difficulty encountered in the pre- and intraoperative localization of the fistula, the authors consider that the technique proposed by them is the type of the necessity technique, the only one allowing to perform a direct surgical approach of the fistula at this level."}
{"id": "PMID:136677", "title": "[Supra-vaterian duodenal ulcer perforated into the transverse colon. Severe state of cachexia].", "content": "In connection with a clinical observation the authors refer on this rare complication of duodenal ulcer situated above the Vater ampula. Fistulization in the transverse colon led to a short-circulting of the small bowel and an advanced cachectic condition. Surgery consisted in the suppression of the fistula that had developed between the duodenum and the colon, associated with anterior duodeno-papillo-antrectomy, Judo piloroplastia and bilateral, sub-diaphragmatic troncular vagotomy, and resulted in the recovery of the patient.", "contents": "[Supra-vaterian duodenal ulcer perforated into the transverse colon. Severe state of cachexia]. In connection with a clinical observation the authors refer on this rare complication of duodenal ulcer situated above the Vater ampula. Fistulization in the transverse colon led to a short-circulting of the small bowel and an advanced cachectic condition. Surgery consisted in the suppression of the fistula that had developed between the duodenum and the colon, associated with anterior duodeno-papillo-antrectomy, Judo piloroplastia and bilateral, sub-diaphragmatic troncular vagotomy, and resulted in the recovery of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:136676", "title": "[Acute Meckel's diverticulitis perforated by a foreign body].", "content": "The authors present the case of a patient with acute, right iliac fossa abdominal syndrome, simulating acute apendicitis. In the course of the intervention it was noted that the syndrome was determined by an acute Meckel diverticulitis, perforated by a foreign body (fish bone). In view of making the diagnosis of acute diverticulitis, that cannot be assessed before surgery, the importance is stressed of the correlation of the clinical aspects with the apendicular lesions found in the course of the operation, and, when there is no satisfactory concordance, careful checking of the cecum becomes necessary, as well as of the right annexe and of the ileon over at least three feet.", "contents": "[Acute Meckel's diverticulitis perforated by a foreign body]. The authors present the case of a patient with acute, right iliac fossa abdominal syndrome, simulating acute apendicitis. In the course of the intervention it was noted that the syndrome was determined by an acute Meckel diverticulitis, perforated by a foreign body (fish bone). In view of making the diagnosis of acute diverticulitis, that cannot be assessed before surgery, the importance is stressed of the correlation of the clinical aspects with the apendicular lesions found in the course of the operation, and, when there is no satisfactory concordance, careful checking of the cecum becomes necessary, as well as of the right annexe and of the ileon over at least three feet."}
{"id": "PMID:136679", "title": "[Serum acetylcholinesterase changes after pancuronium administration].", "content": "The acetylcholinesterase activity was followed, as a variant of true cholinesterase, in three groups on non-selected patients: 10 of these were under local anesthesia with lidocaine, 12 were under general anesthesia with thiopenthal and halotane and 43 were under the same type of general anesthesia, that had also been given Pancuronium as a muscle relaxant. A slight inhibition was noted of the enzyme activities in the course of local anesthesia and a more significant one in the course of general anesthesia. The enzyme concentrations were lower in those patients that had also received Pancuronium, suggesting a cummulative inhibitory effect on serum acetylcholinesterase. The changes were not significant from the statistical viewpoint.", "contents": "[Serum acetylcholinesterase changes after pancuronium administration]. The acetylcholinesterase activity was followed, as a variant of true cholinesterase, in three groups on non-selected patients: 10 of these were under local anesthesia with lidocaine, 12 were under general anesthesia with thiopenthal and halotane and 43 were under the same type of general anesthesia, that had also been given Pancuronium as a muscle relaxant. A slight inhibition was noted of the enzyme activities in the course of local anesthesia and a more significant one in the course of general anesthesia. The enzyme concentrations were lower in those patients that had also received Pancuronium, suggesting a cummulative inhibitory effect on serum acetylcholinesterase. The changes were not significant from the statistical viewpoint."}
{"id": "PMID:136680", "title": "[Preventive action of pancuronium in cardiac rhythm disorders in children induced by administration of succinylcholine].", "content": "The author noted the development of tahycardia following the administration of succinylcholine, while repeated administration of the drug was followed by marked bradycardia in most of the children who received it. Administration of Pancuronium in amounts of 0,01 mg/kg of body weight, three minutes before the administration of succinylcholine resulted in the development of only very slight changes in the heart rhythm with a mean bradycardia of --0,7. Pancuronium was proved to provide prophylactic effects in rhythm disturbances occuring after intravenous reinjection of succinylcholine and this effect was superior to that obtained with d-tubocurarine.", "contents": "[Preventive action of pancuronium in cardiac rhythm disorders in children induced by administration of succinylcholine]. The author noted the development of tahycardia following the administration of succinylcholine, while repeated administration of the drug was followed by marked bradycardia in most of the children who received it. Administration of Pancuronium in amounts of 0,01 mg/kg of body weight, three minutes before the administration of succinylcholine resulted in the development of only very slight changes in the heart rhythm with a mean bradycardia of --0,7. Pancuronium was proved to provide prophylactic effects in rhythm disturbances occuring after intravenous reinjection of succinylcholine and this effect was superior to that obtained with d-tubocurarine."}
{"id": "PMID:136741", "title": "Maternal immunocompetence. II. Proliferative responses of maternal lymphocytes in vitro and inhibition by serum from pregnant rats.", "content": "Peripheral blood and splenic lymphocytes from interstrain (L X BN) or intrastrain (L X L) primigravida rats were equivalent to those from virgin L females in their in vitro DNA synthetic responses to paternal strain cells (BN), to unrelated allogeneic cells (ACI), and to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Heat-inactivated serum from pregnant L rats, when compared to serum from virgin or postpartum L rats, regularly suppressed the in vitro response of L lymphocytes to paternal and allogeneic cells. The response of L cells to PHA was not suppressed. The degree of inhibition was related to the final concentration of pregnant serum in culture, concentrations above 2% producing more than 80% inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte reaction. The inhibiting sera were not cytotoxic by a sensitive 51Cr release assay. Histoincompatibility between mother and fetus is not required for production of this inhibitory effect, since it is consistently present in intrastrain (L X L) pregnant rats. Among interstrain pregnant rats, the degree of inhibition is influenced by, but not specific for paternal-strain alloantigens. Thus, the proliferative function of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes from pregnant rats is intrinsically normal, but the response to allogeneic cells can be altered by factors present in pregnant serum.", "contents": "Maternal immunocompetence. II. Proliferative responses of maternal lymphocytes in vitro and inhibition by serum from pregnant rats. Peripheral blood and splenic lymphocytes from interstrain (L X BN) or intrastrain (L X L) primigravida rats were equivalent to those from virgin L females in their in vitro DNA synthetic responses to paternal strain cells (BN), to unrelated allogeneic cells (ACI), and to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Heat-inactivated serum from pregnant L rats, when compared to serum from virgin or postpartum L rats, regularly suppressed the in vitro response of L lymphocytes to paternal and allogeneic cells. The response of L cells to PHA was not suppressed. The degree of inhibition was related to the final concentration of pregnant serum in culture, concentrations above 2% producing more than 80% inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte reaction. The inhibiting sera were not cytotoxic by a sensitive 51Cr release assay. Histoincompatibility between mother and fetus is not required for production of this inhibitory effect, since it is consistently present in intrastrain (L X L) pregnant rats. Among interstrain pregnant rats, the degree of inhibition is influenced by, but not specific for paternal-strain alloantigens. Thus, the proliferative function of thymus-derived (T) lymphocytes from pregnant rats is intrinsically normal, but the response to allogeneic cells can be altered by factors present in pregnant serum."}
{"id": "PMID:136742", "title": "Role of the thymus in generation of lymphocyte functions. I. Demonstration of lymphocytes reactive to mitogens and allogeneic cells in the embryonic mouse thymus in organ culture.", "content": "The thymuses of 14-day-old CBA mouse embryos cultured for 14 days in organ cultures supplemented with mouse serum contained lymphocytes that were highly reactive to the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and leukoagglutinin (LA) and to irradiated allogeneic spleen cells in vitro. In contrast, thymocytes derived from fetal-calf-serum-supplemented organ cultures displayed much weaker responses to the two mitogens and little or no response to the allogeneic spleen cells. Control thymocytes obtained from 1-month-old CBA mice responded well to Con A but not to LA. The responses of these cells to allogeneic spleen cells were delayed compared with the organ-culture-derived cells, which responded promptly, with a maximum already on culture day 2-3. The results demonstrate that the organ culture system provides a convenient model for further study of the generation of immunoreactive cells in the mouse thymus.", "contents": "Role of the thymus in generation of lymphocyte functions. I. Demonstration of lymphocytes reactive to mitogens and allogeneic cells in the embryonic mouse thymus in organ culture. The thymuses of 14-day-old CBA mouse embryos cultured for 14 days in organ cultures supplemented with mouse serum contained lymphocytes that were highly reactive to the mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and leukoagglutinin (LA) and to irradiated allogeneic spleen cells in vitro. In contrast, thymocytes derived from fetal-calf-serum-supplemented organ cultures displayed much weaker responses to the two mitogens and little or no response to the allogeneic spleen cells. Control thymocytes obtained from 1-month-old CBA mice responded well to Con A but not to LA. The responses of these cells to allogeneic spleen cells were delayed compared with the organ-culture-derived cells, which responded promptly, with a maximum already on culture day 2-3. The results demonstrate that the organ culture system provides a convenient model for further study of the generation of immunoreactive cells in the mouse thymus."}
{"id": "PMID:136743", "title": "Back symptoms in nursing aides in a geriatric hospital. An interview study with special reference to the incidence of low-back symptoms.", "content": "The incidence of back symptoms, particularly in the lumbar region, was investigated in 267 female nursing aides in a geriatric hospital. The overall incidence of low-back symptoms was 46.8%. Low-back insufficiency was present in 40%, lumbago in 18.4% and sciatica in 7.6%. Nursing aides with low-back symptoms had a higher incidence of cervical and thoracic spine symptoms than those without low-back symptoms. Recurrence of low-back symptoms had been common, appearing in 82%. Nursing aides with lowback symptoms considered their work more stressful to the spine than those without low-back symptoms. No relationship was found between different kinds of lifting technique and the incidence of low-back symptoms.", "contents": "Back symptoms in nursing aides in a geriatric hospital. An interview study with special reference to the incidence of low-back symptoms. The incidence of back symptoms, particularly in the lumbar region, was investigated in 267 female nursing aides in a geriatric hospital. The overall incidence of low-back symptoms was 46.8%. Low-back insufficiency was present in 40%, lumbago in 18.4% and sciatica in 7.6%. Nursing aides with low-back symptoms had a higher incidence of cervical and thoracic spine symptoms than those without low-back symptoms. Recurrence of low-back symptoms had been common, appearing in 82%. Nursing aides with lowback symptoms considered their work more stressful to the spine than those without low-back symptoms. No relationship was found between different kinds of lifting technique and the incidence of low-back symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:136744", "title": "Alcohol problems among male disability pensioners.", "content": "The study covers two materials from Malm\u00f6: 1. All 235 men who were granted temporary or permanent disability pension for the first time in 1964. 2. A group of 235 men randomly chosen from the 893 men who were granted temporary or permanent disability pension for the first time in 1974. In both materials, the number of convictions for drunkenness during the period 1932-74 was about 4.5 times as high as for Swedish men of the same age. One pensioner in three had been convicted. During the period 1939-74, one pensioner in ten in each material had been subjected to compulsory treatment by Temperance Boards.", "contents": "Alcohol problems among male disability pensioners. The study covers two materials from Malm\u00f6: 1. All 235 men who were granted temporary or permanent disability pension for the first time in 1964. 2. A group of 235 men randomly chosen from the 893 men who were granted temporary or permanent disability pension for the first time in 1974. In both materials, the number of convictions for drunkenness during the period 1932-74 was about 4.5 times as high as for Swedish men of the same age. One pensioner in three had been convicted. During the period 1939-74, one pensioner in ten in each material had been subjected to compulsory treatment by Temperance Boards."}
{"id": "PMID:136745", "title": "Men with disability pension.", "content": "In 1964, temporary or permanent disability pension was granted to 2.9 per thousand of all men in Malm\u00f6 aged 16 to 66 years. The figure for 1974 was 10.6 per thousand, i.e. 3.7 times as high. The 235 men who in 1964 for the first time had been granted temporary or permanent disability pension by the Regional Social Insurance Office were compared with 235 men chosen at random from the 893 who in 1974 had been granted these benefits for the first time. The relation between temporary and permanent disability pension in the 1964 material was 1:2, and in the 1974 material, 1:4. In the 1964 material, the average age was 54.9 years; in the latter 57.4. The main diagnoses mental disorders, diseases of circulatory system, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system represent about 70% of the cases in each of the materials.", "contents": "Men with disability pension. In 1964, temporary or permanent disability pension was granted to 2.9 per thousand of all men in Malm\u00f6 aged 16 to 66 years. The figure for 1974 was 10.6 per thousand, i.e. 3.7 times as high. The 235 men who in 1964 for the first time had been granted temporary or permanent disability pension by the Regional Social Insurance Office were compared with 235 men chosen at random from the 893 who in 1974 had been granted these benefits for the first time. The relation between temporary and permanent disability pension in the 1964 material was 1:2, and in the 1974 material, 1:4. In the 1964 material, the average age was 54.9 years; in the latter 57.4. The main diagnoses mental disorders, diseases of circulatory system, and diseases of the musculoskeletal system represent about 70% of the cases in each of the materials."}
{"id": "PMID:136746", "title": "[Filariasis in patients returned from the tropics. Studies on 64 cases].", "content": "A discussion is presented on the epidemiological and clinical aspects of filariasis in persons returning from tropical countries. In our population filariasis is mainly imported from central and western Africa, especially Cameroon. Missionaries and voluntary workers spending periods of years in the tropics are particularly exposed. About 50% of the patients are normal on clinical examination and 40% do not even evidence symptoms due to the low parasite density. Therefore, demonstration of the parasite, which is the diagnostic aim, is often very difficult and requires special techniques. Whenever parasite demonstration is impossible, itching, eosinophilia and a positive immunofluorescence reaction are important diagnostic signs, but they may occasionally develop years after the subject's return. Treatment is by diethylcarbamazine and suramine; their administration and side effects are described and 2 cases involving severe reactions due to inadequate treatment are cited.", "contents": "[Filariasis in patients returned from the tropics. Studies on 64 cases]. A discussion is presented on the epidemiological and clinical aspects of filariasis in persons returning from tropical countries. In our population filariasis is mainly imported from central and western Africa, especially Cameroon. Missionaries and voluntary workers spending periods of years in the tropics are particularly exposed. About 50% of the patients are normal on clinical examination and 40% do not even evidence symptoms due to the low parasite density. Therefore, demonstration of the parasite, which is the diagnostic aim, is often very difficult and requires special techniques. Whenever parasite demonstration is impossible, itching, eosinophilia and a positive immunofluorescence reaction are important diagnostic signs, but they may occasionally develop years after the subject's return. Treatment is by diethylcarbamazine and suramine; their administration and side effects are described and 2 cases involving severe reactions due to inadequate treatment are cited."}
{"id": "PMID:136747", "title": "[The value of the thrombocytopenia test in the specific diagnosis of drug allergy, especially drug-exanthema].", "content": "125 thrombocytopenia tests (so-called thrombocytopenic index) from 94 patients with suspected drug allergies and negative skin tests were critically examined to determine the value of this in vivo method in the clarification of drug allergy. A consistent decrease of 20% or more in thrombocytes was rated as significant and therefore indicative of drug sensitization. 78.4% of the tests were in agreement with the expected result. Clinically relevant drug sensitivity was apparent in 30.4% of the tests, while the possibility of allergy could be eliminated in 48%. 16.8% of the results were inconclusive and 4.8% were false negatives. A flare-up occurred after 5.6% of the tests. A leukocyte count was considered unnecessary since it proved to be unrelated to a drop in thrombocytes and the existence of drug allergy. The thrombocyte test is a practical and valuable method for investigation of drug allergies, especially as the available in vitro tests are too complex to be used routinely in a diagnostic test program. However, the results must be considered critically in conjunction with an accurate case history, the clinical symptoms and the course of the disease. In the case of blisters and erythema exsudativum multiforme-like drug exanthema, renewed exposure to the suspected drug must be avoided due to the possible danger of a drug reaction. The latest research results have helped to clarify the underlying mechanism of the thrombocyte decrease.", "contents": "[The value of the thrombocytopenia test in the specific diagnosis of drug allergy, especially drug-exanthema]. 125 thrombocytopenia tests (so-called thrombocytopenic index) from 94 patients with suspected drug allergies and negative skin tests were critically examined to determine the value of this in vivo method in the clarification of drug allergy. A consistent decrease of 20% or more in thrombocytes was rated as significant and therefore indicative of drug sensitization. 78.4% of the tests were in agreement with the expected result. Clinically relevant drug sensitivity was apparent in 30.4% of the tests, while the possibility of allergy could be eliminated in 48%. 16.8% of the results were inconclusive and 4.8% were false negatives. A flare-up occurred after 5.6% of the tests. A leukocyte count was considered unnecessary since it proved to be unrelated to a drop in thrombocytes and the existence of drug allergy. The thrombocyte test is a practical and valuable method for investigation of drug allergies, especially as the available in vitro tests are too complex to be used routinely in a diagnostic test program. However, the results must be considered critically in conjunction with an accurate case history, the clinical symptoms and the course of the disease. In the case of blisters and erythema exsudativum multiforme-like drug exanthema, renewed exposure to the suspected drug must be avoided due to the possible danger of a drug reaction. The latest research results have helped to clarify the underlying mechanism of the thrombocyte decrease."}
{"id": "PMID:136761", "title": "Allergic delayed skin reactions from lipid fractions of trichophytin.", "content": "Crude trichophytin was fractionated to find out if its lipid fraction could cause inflammatory delayed allergic skin reactions in dermatophyte-sensitized guinea pigs. The following fractions were obtained: polysaccharide-peptide, total lipids, total lipids without free fatty acids and free fatty acids. The crude trichophytin and polysaccharide-peptide fraction gave rise to strong and equal allergic delayed skin reactions after 24 h. The total lipids gave statistically significant weaker, but clearly positive reactions, and of the same degree as the free fatty acid fraction. The total lipids without free fatty acids did not produce reactions in the sensitized animals, indicating that free fatty acids are responsible for the allergic skin reactions. In some cases the free fatty acids showed comparatively intense reactions. It can be concluded that free fatty acids are antigenic substances that are, sometimes, involved in the allergic delayed skin reactions in dermatophytosis.", "contents": "Allergic delayed skin reactions from lipid fractions of trichophytin. Crude trichophytin was fractionated to find out if its lipid fraction could cause inflammatory delayed allergic skin reactions in dermatophyte-sensitized guinea pigs. The following fractions were obtained: polysaccharide-peptide, total lipids, total lipids without free fatty acids and free fatty acids. The crude trichophytin and polysaccharide-peptide fraction gave rise to strong and equal allergic delayed skin reactions after 24 h. The total lipids gave statistically significant weaker, but clearly positive reactions, and of the same degree as the free fatty acid fraction. The total lipids without free fatty acids did not produce reactions in the sensitized animals, indicating that free fatty acids are responsible for the allergic skin reactions. In some cases the free fatty acids showed comparatively intense reactions. It can be concluded that free fatty acids are antigenic substances that are, sometimes, involved in the allergic delayed skin reactions in dermatophytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:136772", "title": "Passive enhancement of isolated pancreatic islet allografts.", "content": "Pancreatic islets from DA, Lewis, or DA X Lewis F1 rats were transplanted into the portal vein of Lewis or DA recipients made diabetic by prior treatment with Streptozotocin. The islets corrected the hyperglycaemia within 48 hr but were rejected within 5 days in all combinations. Passive enhancement of homozygous Lewis or DA islets with Lewis anti-DA or DA anti-Lewis antiserum in a single dose of 500 mul delayed rejection for several days, but where DA X Lewis F1 islets were used, rejection was delayed markedly with two of five animals in both the DA X Lewis F1 to DA and in DA microliters and 2.5 ml of enhancing serum were less effective than 500 mul in suppressing rejection. Thus, passive enhancement of allogeneic pancreatic islets was extremely effective in suppressing or delaying rejection of DA X Lewis F1 islets but was able to delay rejection of homozygous pancreatic islets by only a few days.", "contents": "Passive enhancement of isolated pancreatic islet allografts. Pancreatic islets from DA, Lewis, or DA X Lewis F1 rats were transplanted into the portal vein of Lewis or DA recipients made diabetic by prior treatment with Streptozotocin. The islets corrected the hyperglycaemia within 48 hr but were rejected within 5 days in all combinations. Passive enhancement of homozygous Lewis or DA islets with Lewis anti-DA or DA anti-Lewis antiserum in a single dose of 500 mul delayed rejection for several days, but where DA X Lewis F1 islets were used, rejection was delayed markedly with two of five animals in both the DA X Lewis F1 to DA and in DA microliters and 2.5 ml of enhancing serum were less effective than 500 mul in suppressing rejection. Thus, passive enhancement of allogeneic pancreatic islets was extremely effective in suppressing or delaying rejection of DA X Lewis F1 islets but was able to delay rejection of homozygous pancreatic islets by only a few days."}
{"id": "PMID:136773", "title": "Treatment of bone marrow aplasia by mismatched bone marrow transplantation after conditioning with antilymphocyte globulin--long-term results.", "content": "Twenty patients with very severe bone marrow aplasia were treated with mismatched bone marrow transplants. Engraftment and transitory chimerism (from 2-10 months) not complicated by secondary disease occurred in 4 patients. Of these, 3 are still alive after 5 years, with a compensated hematologic status. Engraftment failed in 16 patients; only 1 of these is still alive after 5 years.", "contents": "Treatment of bone marrow aplasia by mismatched bone marrow transplantation after conditioning with antilymphocyte globulin--long-term results. Twenty patients with very severe bone marrow aplasia were treated with mismatched bone marrow transplants. Engraftment and transitory chimerism (from 2-10 months) not complicated by secondary disease occurred in 4 patients. Of these, 3 are still alive after 5 years, with a compensated hematologic status. Engraftment failed in 16 patients; only 1 of these is still alive after 5 years."}
{"id": "PMID:136771", "title": "The mode of action of p,p'=DDT on mammalian mitochondria.", "content": "In rats treated with single, sublethal doses of p,p'-DDT oxidative phosphorylation efficiency, respiratory activity and \"latent\" ATPase activity in liver and brain mitochondria were determined. A time- and dose-dependent decrease in oxidative phosphorylation efficiency was found. Time-dependent suppression of respiratory activity in state 3 was noticed and a stimulation of mitochondrial ATPase activity 24 h after DDT treatment in liver and brain mitochondria was found. The correlation between time-dependent changes in the brain mitochondrial fraction and distribution of DDT in brain after a single, oral dose is discussed. It is suggested that changes in mitochondria were caused by DDT and its metabolites. It is concluded that the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation especially in brain mitochondria could be responsible for some DDT intoxication symptoms in mammals.", "contents": "The mode of action of p,p'=DDT on mammalian mitochondria. In rats treated with single, sublethal doses of p,p'-DDT oxidative phosphorylation efficiency, respiratory activity and \"latent\" ATPase activity in liver and brain mitochondria were determined. A time- and dose-dependent decrease in oxidative phosphorylation efficiency was found. Time-dependent suppression of respiratory activity in state 3 was noticed and a stimulation of mitochondrial ATPase activity 24 h after DDT treatment in liver and brain mitochondria was found. The correlation between time-dependent changes in the brain mitochondrial fraction and distribution of DDT in brain after a single, oral dose is discussed. It is suggested that changes in mitochondria were caused by DDT and its metabolites. It is concluded that the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation especially in brain mitochondria could be responsible for some DDT intoxication symptoms in mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:136783", "title": "[Diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous hematomas of the anterior abdominal wall].", "content": "According to the authors' data the clinic of this affection is characterized by an acute pain and the appearance of tumescence in the region of musculus rectus abdominis. The diagnosis was proved to be difficult, and all patients were directed to the clinic with improper diagnosis. The treatment is only surgical, i. e. the removal of hematoma and ligation of both ends of the ruptured inferior epigastric artery. In the national literature the authors found the description of 62 examples of this disease and report 7 personal observations.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and treatment of spontaneous hematomas of the anterior abdominal wall]. According to the authors' data the clinic of this affection is characterized by an acute pain and the appearance of tumescence in the region of musculus rectus abdominis. The diagnosis was proved to be difficult, and all patients were directed to the clinic with improper diagnosis. The treatment is only surgical, i. e. the removal of hematoma and ligation of both ends of the ruptured inferior epigastric artery. In the national literature the authors found the description of 62 examples of this disease and report 7 personal observations."}
{"id": "PMID:136784", "title": "[Prevention of suppuration in open fractures].", "content": "The authors have elaborated the complex of prophylactic measures against suppuration in treatment of open bone fractures, a special attention being given to the use of specific and nonspecific antistaphylococcic drugs: antibiotics of a wide spectrum of action, adsorbed staphylococcic anatoxin and staphyloccic polyvalent bacteriophage. Therapeutic measures and the results of their utilization are described.", "contents": "[Prevention of suppuration in open fractures]. The authors have elaborated the complex of prophylactic measures against suppuration in treatment of open bone fractures, a special attention being given to the use of specific and nonspecific antistaphylococcic drugs: antibiotics of a wide spectrum of action, adsorbed staphylococcic anatoxin and staphyloccic polyvalent bacteriophage. Therapeutic measures and the results of their utilization are described."}
{"id": "PMID:136785", "title": "[Diagnostic laparocentesis in closed abdominal injury].", "content": "To improve the diagnosis of closed abdominal trauma since 1966 the authors have been widely employing laparocentesis. The results of using abdominal punctures an 260 patients are reported. The method proved to be reliable in 97.7%. The use of laparocentesis enabled the authors to reduce the number of errors by 7.3 times, to shorten the terms of establishing the diagnosis by 4 times as compared with the control group of patients (190 subjects in whom the recognition of abdominal injuries is based on common clinical symptoms).", "contents": "[Diagnostic laparocentesis in closed abdominal injury]. To improve the diagnosis of closed abdominal trauma since 1966 the authors have been widely employing laparocentesis. The results of using abdominal punctures an 260 patients are reported. The method proved to be reliable in 97.7%. The use of laparocentesis enabled the authors to reduce the number of errors by 7.3 times, to shorten the terms of establishing the diagnosis by 4 times as compared with the control group of patients (190 subjects in whom the recognition of abdominal injuries is based on common clinical symptoms)."}
{"id": "PMID:136786", "title": "Lungworm infection (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi) of horses and donkeys.", "content": "Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (Cobbold 1884) infects the respiratory tract of horses, donkeys, mules, hinnies and zebra. A review of the literature has been given by Round (1972). In the western hemisphere it is popularly believed that donkeys are the natural host and that horses become infected by association with infected donkeys. There is scant documentary evidence for this and, in the Soviet Union, patent infections may reach 70 per cent without mention of donkey association (Koulikov 1935, Borovkova 1948, Akramovskii 1952a). Poynter (1963) considered the infection to be rare in the United Kingdom although cases had been reported by Fletcher (1960) and Holmes (1960). The lack of precise data on this parasite has led to the assumption that it behaves like D filaria and D viviparaus of ruminants. Studies made in the United Kingdom have shown that there are some important differences (Round, 1972).", "contents": "Lungworm infection (Dictyocaulus arnfieldi) of horses and donkeys. Dictyocaulus arnfieldi (Cobbold 1884) infects the respiratory tract of horses, donkeys, mules, hinnies and zebra. A review of the literature has been given by Round (1972). In the western hemisphere it is popularly believed that donkeys are the natural host and that horses become infected by association with infected donkeys. There is scant documentary evidence for this and, in the Soviet Union, patent infections may reach 70 per cent without mention of donkey association (Koulikov 1935, Borovkova 1948, Akramovskii 1952a). Poynter (1963) considered the infection to be rare in the United Kingdom although cases had been reported by Fletcher (1960) and Holmes (1960). The lack of precise data on this parasite has led to the assumption that it behaves like D filaria and D viviparaus of ruminants. Studies made in the United Kingdom have shown that there are some important differences (Round, 1972)."}
{"id": "PMID:136798", "title": "[Role of Na and Cl ions in retaining noradrenaline and serotonin in the meso-diencephalic region of the rat brain and in the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid on that process].", "content": "It has been previously reported from this laboratory that CABA affects the retention of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) in rat brain tissue [2, 3, 4]. The addition of GABA (100 mug/ml) to the incubation medium enhances significantly the loss of NE from slices while the loss of 5-HT is, on the contrary, significantly smaller than that observed from slices incubated parallely for the same period. It has also been shown that this effect is observed only in a balanced ionic medium [1]. With the purpose of finding out the importance of Na+ and Cl- ions in the storage of monoamines and in the effect of GABA on this process in the present report we studied the effect of GABA on the loss of NE and 5-HT from slices of rat mesodiencephalic region incubated in media free of Na+ and Cl- ions. The effect of GABA on Na+, K+-ATP-ase activity, an enzyme involved in the active transport of monoamines, was also studied. The results obtained indicate that loss of both NE and 5-HT from slices was significantly enhanced in a Na+-free medium and that on addition of GABA (100 mug/ml) to such a medium no significant changes GABA were noted. In a Cl--free medium loss of NE from slices was enhanced while that of 5-HT was not affected. When GABA was added to such a medium the usual pattern so far observed in our experiments, i.e. an enhancement in the loss of NE from slices, was found to be reversed. The pronounced decrease of NE observed in a Cl--free medium was found to be partially checked by the addition of GABA, the difference observed being statistically significant. Thus, in a Cl--free medium GABA seems to display an effect on NE storage opposite to that observed in a normal medium. Incubation in a Cl--free medium did not induce any noticeable change in the retention of 5-HT in slices. However, when GABA was added to slices incubated in a Cl--free medium, it no more displayed its usual effect, i.e. it did not inhibit the loss of 5-HT from slices. Under the given experimental conditions, GABA added to a balanced ionic medium did not effect Na+,K+-ATP-ase activity. This is in good agreement with previous results from our laboratory [4] where GABA was shown to have no effect on the uptake of NE and 5-HT by slices of rat brain, an active, carrier-mediated process coupled with Na+,K+-ATP-ase activity.", "contents": "[Role of Na and Cl ions in retaining noradrenaline and serotonin in the meso-diencephalic region of the rat brain and in the action of gamma-aminobutyric acid on that process]. It has been previously reported from this laboratory that CABA affects the retention of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-HT) in rat brain tissue [2, 3, 4]. The addition of GABA (100 mug/ml) to the incubation medium enhances significantly the loss of NE from slices while the loss of 5-HT is, on the contrary, significantly smaller than that observed from slices incubated parallely for the same period. It has also been shown that this effect is observed only in a balanced ionic medium [1]. With the purpose of finding out the importance of Na+ and Cl- ions in the storage of monoamines and in the effect of GABA on this process in the present report we studied the effect of GABA on the loss of NE and 5-HT from slices of rat mesodiencephalic region incubated in media free of Na+ and Cl- ions. The effect of GABA on Na+, K+-ATP-ase activity, an enzyme involved in the active transport of monoamines, was also studied. The results obtained indicate that loss of both NE and 5-HT from slices was significantly enhanced in a Na+-free medium and that on addition of GABA (100 mug/ml) to such a medium no significant changes GABA were noted. In a Cl--free medium loss of NE from slices was enhanced while that of 5-HT was not affected. When GABA was added to such a medium the usual pattern so far observed in our experiments, i.e. an enhancement in the loss of NE from slices, was found to be reversed. The pronounced decrease of NE observed in a Cl--free medium was found to be partially checked by the addition of GABA, the difference observed being statistically significant. Thus, in a Cl--free medium GABA seems to display an effect on NE storage opposite to that observed in a normal medium. Incubation in a Cl--free medium did not induce any noticeable change in the retention of 5-HT in slices. However, when GABA was added to slices incubated in a Cl--free medium, it no more displayed its usual effect, i.e. it did not inhibit the loss of 5-HT from slices. Under the given experimental conditions, GABA added to a balanced ionic medium did not effect Na+,K+-ATP-ase activity. This is in good agreement with previous results from our laboratory [4] where GABA was shown to have no effect on the uptake of NE and 5-HT by slices of rat brain, an active, carrier-mediated process coupled with Na+,K+-ATP-ase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:136799", "title": "[Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid and noradrenaline on the ATPase activity of rat brain tissue].", "content": "Inasmuch as the highest concentrations of transmitter substances occur in the mesodiencephalic region of the brain, which according to our results possesses quite high Na+,K+-ATP-ase activity, in the present study we tried the effect of norepinephrine (NE) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on Na+, K+-ATP-ase activity of rat mesodiencephalic region. The results obtained indicate that in homogenates NE (5-10(-4) M) stimulates Na+, K+-ATP-ase activity about 3.6 times, while equimolar amounts of GABA have no effect. Higher concentrations of GABA (1.10(-3) M and 3.10(-3) M), as well as changes in the length of the preincubation period with GABA, failed to affect enzyme activity. Effect of transmitters was next studied on ATP-ase activity of synaptosomal fractions of the mesodiencephalic region. Here also a statistically significant increase of enzyme activity was observed from NE but not from GABA. Changes in ATP-ase activity of rat brain synaptosomal fractions were also not observed in in vivo studies 20 min after i.p. administrations of 5 mg/kg GABA. The results of the present study indicate that NE stimulates Na+, K+-ATP-ase activity of rat brain mesodiencephalic region while under the given experimental conditions GABA does not seem to have any effect.", "contents": "[Effect of gamma-aminobutyric acid and noradrenaline on the ATPase activity of rat brain tissue]. Inasmuch as the highest concentrations of transmitter substances occur in the mesodiencephalic region of the brain, which according to our results possesses quite high Na+,K+-ATP-ase activity, in the present study we tried the effect of norepinephrine (NE) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on Na+, K+-ATP-ase activity of rat mesodiencephalic region. The results obtained indicate that in homogenates NE (5-10(-4) M) stimulates Na+, K+-ATP-ase activity about 3.6 times, while equimolar amounts of GABA have no effect. Higher concentrations of GABA (1.10(-3) M and 3.10(-3) M), as well as changes in the length of the preincubation period with GABA, failed to affect enzyme activity. Effect of transmitters was next studied on ATP-ase activity of synaptosomal fractions of the mesodiencephalic region. Here also a statistically significant increase of enzyme activity was observed from NE but not from GABA. Changes in ATP-ase activity of rat brain synaptosomal fractions were also not observed in in vivo studies 20 min after i.p. administrations of 5 mg/kg GABA. The results of the present study indicate that NE stimulates Na+, K+-ATP-ase activity of rat brain mesodiencephalic region while under the given experimental conditions GABA does not seem to have any effect."}
{"id": "PMID:136806", "title": "[Primary multiple malignant tumors].", "content": "Since 1946 in the Kalinin Province 430 cases with primary multiple tumors were registered--0.39 per cent to all primary oncological patients. Among these patients there were 285 females (0.42%) and 145 males (0.33%). Synchronous tumors were found in 46 cases, metachronous--in 384. The results of radical treatment for recurrent tumors were no worse than for solitary tumors of the same localization.", "contents": "[Primary multiple malignant tumors]. Since 1946 in the Kalinin Province 430 cases with primary multiple tumors were registered--0.39 per cent to all primary oncological patients. Among these patients there were 285 females (0.42%) and 145 males (0.33%). Synchronous tumors were found in 46 cases, metachronous--in 384. The results of radical treatment for recurrent tumors were no worse than for solitary tumors of the same localization."}
{"id": "PMID:136807", "title": "[Epidemiology of stomach cancer in North Caucasus].", "content": "The study of gastric cancer epidemiology in the North Caucasus has indicated that this disease shows a definite regularity in its spread--sharply pronounced regionality, conditioned by natural (geochemical and hydrochemical) local conditions. Geohydrochemical conditions of the region determine differences in the gastric cancer incidence among Russian population living in different geographical zones. Fluctuations in the incidence of gastric cancer morbidity between males and females are mostly conditioned by different habits of nutrition and alcohol consumption. The incidence of gastric cancer is largely influenced by national habits of nutrition. The prophylaxis of gastric cancer is the complex hygienic problem.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of stomach cancer in North Caucasus]. The study of gastric cancer epidemiology in the North Caucasus has indicated that this disease shows a definite regularity in its spread--sharply pronounced regionality, conditioned by natural (geochemical and hydrochemical) local conditions. Geohydrochemical conditions of the region determine differences in the gastric cancer incidence among Russian population living in different geographical zones. Fluctuations in the incidence of gastric cancer morbidity between males and females are mostly conditioned by different habits of nutrition and alcohol consumption. The incidence of gastric cancer is largely influenced by national habits of nutrition. The prophylaxis of gastric cancer is the complex hygienic problem."}
{"id": "PMID:136811", "title": "[Acute bronchodilator effect of chinoxaline, prednisolone, ipratropium bromide and fenoterol tested by whole-body plethysmography (author's transl)].", "content": "The acute bronchodilator effect of chinoxaline, prednisolone and ipratropium bromide was tested by whole-body plethysmography in 18 patients with chronic obstructive airway disease over a period of 60 min. The subsequent administration of fenoterol by a metered dose inhaler demonstrated the possibility of further bronchodilation. Chinoxaline (80 mg i.v.) was followed by a statistically-significant decrease in airway resistance to 82.66% of the baseline value after 5 min. (maximum reduction) and to 87.11% after 60 min.; fenoterol (0.4 mg = 2 puffs) caused a further marked decrease to 49.61% after 20 min. Prednisolone (250 mg i.v.) did not produce statistically-significant acute bronchodilation. Airway resistance decreased to a minimum level of 89.16% after 20 min. and to 90.77% after 60 min.; however, following fenoterol (0.4 mg = 2 puffs) the airway resistance was reduced to 45.72%. Ipratropium bromide inhalation (0.08 mg = 4 puffs) resulted in the greatest bronchodilatory response, with a statistically-significant effect from the 5th to the 60th min. Airway resistance was 64.66% after 5 min., 63.22% after 10 min., 58.94% after 20 min., 57.72% after 30 min. and 51.22% after 60 min. (maximum reduction); fenoterol (0.4 mg = 2 puffs) caused only a slight further decrease to 48.32%.", "contents": "[Acute bronchodilator effect of chinoxaline, prednisolone, ipratropium bromide and fenoterol tested by whole-body plethysmography (author's transl)]. The acute bronchodilator effect of chinoxaline, prednisolone and ipratropium bromide was tested by whole-body plethysmography in 18 patients with chronic obstructive airway disease over a period of 60 min. The subsequent administration of fenoterol by a metered dose inhaler demonstrated the possibility of further bronchodilation. Chinoxaline (80 mg i.v.) was followed by a statistically-significant decrease in airway resistance to 82.66% of the baseline value after 5 min. (maximum reduction) and to 87.11% after 60 min.; fenoterol (0.4 mg = 2 puffs) caused a further marked decrease to 49.61% after 20 min. Prednisolone (250 mg i.v.) did not produce statistically-significant acute bronchodilation. Airway resistance decreased to a minimum level of 89.16% after 20 min. and to 90.77% after 60 min.; however, following fenoterol (0.4 mg = 2 puffs) the airway resistance was reduced to 45.72%. Ipratropium bromide inhalation (0.08 mg = 4 puffs) resulted in the greatest bronchodilatory response, with a statistically-significant effect from the 5th to the 60th min. Airway resistance was 64.66% after 5 min., 63.22% after 10 min., 58.94% after 20 min., 57.72% after 30 min. and 51.22% after 60 min. (maximum reduction); fenoterol (0.4 mg = 2 puffs) caused only a slight further decrease to 48.32%."}
{"id": "PMID:136812", "title": "[Die therapeutischen Grundlagen des exogen-allergisch ausgel\u00f6sten Bronchospasmus].", "content": "A brief survey is given on the current theories and knowledge of therapy of bronchospasm. The results, obtained in 11 patients with proven atopy, regarding their response to the anticholinergic inhalant ipratropium-bromide (Atrovent) after artificial bronchospasm induced by specific allergen and acetylcholin, respectively, are being discussed. The therapeutic response was largely dependent on the level of preceding bronchospasm, quantitated by airway resistance. This phenomenon was more pronounced in allergen than in acetylcholin-induced asthma. The differences were of statistical significance by means of covariant analysis. The clinically relevant aspects of this finding are being discussed.", "contents": "[Die therapeutischen Grundlagen des exogen-allergisch ausgel\u00f6sten Bronchospasmus]. A brief survey is given on the current theories and knowledge of therapy of bronchospasm. The results, obtained in 11 patients with proven atopy, regarding their response to the anticholinergic inhalant ipratropium-bromide (Atrovent) after artificial bronchospasm induced by specific allergen and acetylcholin, respectively, are being discussed. The therapeutic response was largely dependent on the level of preceding bronchospasm, quantitated by airway resistance. This phenomenon was more pronounced in allergen than in acetylcholin-induced asthma. The differences were of statistical significance by means of covariant analysis. The clinically relevant aspects of this finding are being discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136813", "title": "[Onset of action and maximum effect of bronchodilators administered by a metered dose inhaler. Clinical investigations with fenoterol, hexoprenaline, ipratropium bromide, isoprenaline, orciprenaline, salbutamol and terbutaline (author's transl)].", "content": "The acute effect of bronchodilatory metered dose inhalers was tested by whole-body plethysmography in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease. All patients had already used metered dose inhalers. The 18 patients of group A were successfully using the parasympatholytic drug ipratropium bromide. The onset of action of hexoprenaline, salbutamol and terbutaline was slightly quicker than that of ipratropium bromide but the maximum bronchodilation was similar. The 18 patients of group B considered adrenergics to be much more effective. Mean values showed that the onset of bronchodilation and maximum effect with fenoterol, isoprenaline, and orciprenaline was quicker and stronger than after ipratropium bromide over the first 20 minutes. Following ipratropium bromide the single resistance diagrams of group B, with the exception of 4 patients, showed bronchodilation equal to that of group A and also to that obtained following adrenergics in group B. The patients apparently judged bronchodilation on the basis of the adrenergic side effects rather than by improvement of dyspnoea. There were 3 patients, however, who repeatedly showed better bronchodilation in response to adrenergics than parasympholytic agents, not depending of the way of application.", "contents": "[Onset of action and maximum effect of bronchodilators administered by a metered dose inhaler. Clinical investigations with fenoterol, hexoprenaline, ipratropium bromide, isoprenaline, orciprenaline, salbutamol and terbutaline (author's transl)]. The acute effect of bronchodilatory metered dose inhalers was tested by whole-body plethysmography in patients with chronic obstructive airway disease. All patients had already used metered dose inhalers. The 18 patients of group A were successfully using the parasympatholytic drug ipratropium bromide. The onset of action of hexoprenaline, salbutamol and terbutaline was slightly quicker than that of ipratropium bromide but the maximum bronchodilation was similar. The 18 patients of group B considered adrenergics to be much more effective. Mean values showed that the onset of bronchodilation and maximum effect with fenoterol, isoprenaline, and orciprenaline was quicker and stronger than after ipratropium bromide over the first 20 minutes. Following ipratropium bromide the single resistance diagrams of group B, with the exception of 4 patients, showed bronchodilation equal to that of group A and also to that obtained following adrenergics in group B. The patients apparently judged bronchodilation on the basis of the adrenergic side effects rather than by improvement of dyspnoea. There were 3 patients, however, who repeatedly showed better bronchodilation in response to adrenergics than parasympholytic agents, not depending of the way of application."}
{"id": "PMID:136814", "title": "[On the origin of meiotic errors with special reference to trisomy 21 (author's transl)].", "content": "The origin of the supernumetary chromosome 21 in Down's syndrome was traced by the use of polymorphic regions of this chromosome. The present results interpretated in the light of the extensive literature may be summarized as follows; 1. The meiotic error involved in trisomy 21 can take place in both sexes and occurs at random. It occurs twice as frequently in the female than in the male. This situation is paralleled by the 2:1 ratio found in XXY-syndrome concerning the supernumerary X. 2. In both sexes non-disjunction occurred twice as frequently in the first than in the second meiotic division. 3. The rate of meiotic errors is largely dependent on age. The present study confirms the increase in meiotic errors with age of mother; moreover, increasing age of the father seems to enhance non-disjunction in spermatogenesis. Trisomy 21 on the basis of sporadic translocation in the child seems to be independent of the parental age. The present study includes two cases of translocation 21/21. In both cases the errors took place in mothers aged 18 and 19, respectively. 4. A new finding consists in the observation that previous pregnancies and deliveries may influence errors in oogenesis. In cases of maternal origin significantly more previous pregnancies and deliveries were found than in cases of trisomy of paternal origin. 5. A study of quinacrine polymorphism of chromosome numbers 1, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22 and Y showed no significant difference between parents of children with Down's syndrome and controls. Moreover, the parents in whom the non-disjunction exists in parents of trisomic children, it cannot be detected by such methods. Recent observations made in the course of prenatal diagnosis contradict such an individual predisposition. The present results, after confirmation and augmentation, especially by implementation of biochemical methods, should prove of importance in genetic counseling and as guidelines in the indications for prenatal diagnosis.", "contents": "[On the origin of meiotic errors with special reference to trisomy 21 (author's transl)]. The origin of the supernumetary chromosome 21 in Down's syndrome was traced by the use of polymorphic regions of this chromosome. The present results interpretated in the light of the extensive literature may be summarized as follows; 1. The meiotic error involved in trisomy 21 can take place in both sexes and occurs at random. It occurs twice as frequently in the female than in the male. This situation is paralleled by the 2:1 ratio found in XXY-syndrome concerning the supernumerary X. 2. In both sexes non-disjunction occurred twice as frequently in the first than in the second meiotic division. 3. The rate of meiotic errors is largely dependent on age. The present study confirms the increase in meiotic errors with age of mother; moreover, increasing age of the father seems to enhance non-disjunction in spermatogenesis. Trisomy 21 on the basis of sporadic translocation in the child seems to be independent of the parental age. The present study includes two cases of translocation 21/21. In both cases the errors took place in mothers aged 18 and 19, respectively. 4. A new finding consists in the observation that previous pregnancies and deliveries may influence errors in oogenesis. In cases of maternal origin significantly more previous pregnancies and deliveries were found than in cases of trisomy of paternal origin. 5. A study of quinacrine polymorphism of chromosome numbers 1, 3, 9, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 22 and Y showed no significant difference between parents of children with Down's syndrome and controls. Moreover, the parents in whom the non-disjunction exists in parents of trisomic children, it cannot be detected by such methods. Recent observations made in the course of prenatal diagnosis contradict such an individual predisposition. The present results, after confirmation and augmentation, especially by implementation of biochemical methods, should prove of importance in genetic counseling and as guidelines in the indications for prenatal diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:136815", "title": "[Sulindac: Clinical test of a new antiinflammatory agent in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "Sulindac, a new non steroidal antiinflammatory agent has been compared with acetylsalicylic-acid in a six week controlled double blind study in 28 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In continuation of this study all patients have been treated with Sulindac up to 18 months. Sulindac has proved to be statistically significant superior to acetylsalicylic-acid as regarding the achieve of pain during the day, of morning stiffness, of gripping of the right hand and evaluation of patients response to the drug. Moreover markedly fewer adverse reactions especially of the gastrointestinal tract were seen. During the following long term study, when 19 patients were treated with Sulindac, a further statistically significant improvement of all controlled parameters up to the complete relief of complaints was observed. A reduction of the daily dose could be established. Laboratory evaluations as well as controlls of EKG and blood pressure showed no evidence of any organ toxicity of this drug.", "contents": "[Sulindac: Clinical test of a new antiinflammatory agent in rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. Sulindac, a new non steroidal antiinflammatory agent has been compared with acetylsalicylic-acid in a six week controlled double blind study in 28 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. In continuation of this study all patients have been treated with Sulindac up to 18 months. Sulindac has proved to be statistically significant superior to acetylsalicylic-acid as regarding the achieve of pain during the day, of morning stiffness, of gripping of the right hand and evaluation of patients response to the drug. Moreover markedly fewer adverse reactions especially of the gastrointestinal tract were seen. During the following long term study, when 19 patients were treated with Sulindac, a further statistically significant improvement of all controlled parameters up to the complete relief of complaints was observed. A reduction of the daily dose could be established. Laboratory evaluations as well as controlls of EKG and blood pressure showed no evidence of any organ toxicity of this drug."}
{"id": "PMID:136817", "title": "[Animal experiment studies on the treatment of fecal incontinence by means of artificial sphincter].", "content": "Animal experiments concerning replacing the intestinal sphincter by a hydraulic system are reported. The investigations were carried out an minipigs. The sphincter system functioned well. Several complications occurred, however, which are described in detail.", "contents": "[Animal experiment studies on the treatment of fecal incontinence by means of artificial sphincter]. Animal experiments concerning replacing the intestinal sphincter by a hydraulic system are reported. The investigations were carried out an minipigs. The sphincter system functioned well. Several complications occurred, however, which are described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:136818", "title": "Acute pancreatitis induced by intrapancreatic complement activation in the rat.", "content": "Acute necrotizing pancreatitis was introduced in rats by intrapancreatic complement activation. As an immunopathogenetic model for complement activation an intrapancreatic Arthus reaction was produced by intraductal injection of rabbit IgG into sensitized animals. Antibody independent complement activation was accomplished by intraductal injection of particulated inulin and cobra venom factor resp. As shwon by histological and immunohistological examination the development of acinar cell necroses and the consecutive inflammatory reaction followed an identical course in all three models. The generation of cytolytically active complement is suggested to be the common link in the formal pathogenesis of the initial membrane demage of the acinar cells which enables its autodigestion by pancreatic enzymes. The region of the initial complement activation within the pancreas but not the mode of its activation (by immunological or non-immunological processes) determine the topography of acinar cell necroses and connective tissue proliferation.", "contents": "Acute pancreatitis induced by intrapancreatic complement activation in the rat. Acute necrotizing pancreatitis was introduced in rats by intrapancreatic complement activation. As an immunopathogenetic model for complement activation an intrapancreatic Arthus reaction was produced by intraductal injection of rabbit IgG into sensitized animals. Antibody independent complement activation was accomplished by intraductal injection of particulated inulin and cobra venom factor resp. As shwon by histological and immunohistological examination the development of acinar cell necroses and the consecutive inflammatory reaction followed an identical course in all three models. The generation of cytolytically active complement is suggested to be the common link in the formal pathogenesis of the initial membrane demage of the acinar cells which enables its autodigestion by pancreatic enzymes. The region of the initial complement activation within the pancreas but not the mode of its activation (by immunological or non-immunological processes) determine the topography of acinar cell necroses and connective tissue proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:136821", "title": "Early changes of glandular stomach in Wistar rats ingesting N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG): with special reference to light microscopic, electron microscopic, and enzyme histochemical study of the regenerating epithelium induced by MNNG.", "content": "Early mucosal changes of the glandular stomach in Wistar rats ingesting N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were studied. Special attention was paid to clarifying the localization and chronological relationship between the expected regenerative changes and the succeeding carcinoma. For this purpose, drinking water of MNNG at a low concentration was given to the inbred Wistar rats which were sacrificed every second week during the first 35 weeks. In the 5th week, localized erosions appeared, which were constantly observed through about the 20th week. These changes were always located near the midpoint of the lesser curvature. Epithelial cells, which were found there, were studied with light and electron microscope, and with enzyme histochemistry. It has been observed that these cells corresponded with the so-called immature cells in the normal gastric epithelium and also with the regenerating epithelial cells, which were obtained from the vicinity of mechanically induced ulcer of the stomach. From about the 20th week 2 cases showing ectopic gland, 4 adenomatous changes, 2 early carcinomas, and 5 invasive carcinomas were found. All these lesions were located on the lesser curvature, near its midpoint, i.e. exactly the same area where regularly the erosions were observed.", "contents": "Early changes of glandular stomach in Wistar rats ingesting N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG): with special reference to light microscopic, electron microscopic, and enzyme histochemical study of the regenerating epithelium induced by MNNG. Early mucosal changes of the glandular stomach in Wistar rats ingesting N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were studied. Special attention was paid to clarifying the localization and chronological relationship between the expected regenerative changes and the succeeding carcinoma. For this purpose, drinking water of MNNG at a low concentration was given to the inbred Wistar rats which were sacrificed every second week during the first 35 weeks. In the 5th week, localized erosions appeared, which were constantly observed through about the 20th week. These changes were always located near the midpoint of the lesser curvature. Epithelial cells, which were found there, were studied with light and electron microscope, and with enzyme histochemistry. It has been observed that these cells corresponded with the so-called immature cells in the normal gastric epithelium and also with the regenerating epithelial cells, which were obtained from the vicinity of mechanically induced ulcer of the stomach. From about the 20th week 2 cases showing ectopic gland, 4 adenomatous changes, 2 early carcinomas, and 5 invasive carcinomas were found. All these lesions were located on the lesser curvature, near its midpoint, i.e. exactly the same area where regularly the erosions were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:136822", "title": "Stages of transformation in the development of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine-induced transitional cell carcinomas in the urinary bladder of rats.", "content": "The histogenesis of papillary and nonpapillary transitional cell carcinomas were studied morphologically and autoradiographically in 177 female Wistar rats after oral application of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine with varying exposure and induction times. By far the largest proportion of carcinomas developed by a malignant transformation of preexisting papillomas or their precursors, the papillary hyperplasias. The transition into a focally malignant growth did not take place abruptly, but occurred stepwise through different successive stages of transformation, each having its own distinct morphological character. The first stage consisted of a focal, sharpely defined cellular atypia. In a further stage carcinomata in situ developed out of the atypical foci and progressed finally in a last stage of transformation into a circumscript infiltrative growth. The successive development of each stage occurred independent of any further carcinogen application after transformation was initiated at the molecular level. The number of papillomas with transformation stages increased with a lengthening of the exposure and induction time. 74.4% of all the registered papillomas had been transformed. Consequently papillomas must be considered potentially highly malignant. The 3H-TdR index was 4.2 times higher in atypical urothelial areas (7.6%) and 7.5 times higher in carcinomata in situ (14.3%) than in the surrounding papillomatous structures which appeared light microscopically benign. The latter demonstrated a rather constant 3H-TdR index, whether they bordered on atypical foci (1.8%) or carcinomata in situ (1.9%). The length of exposure and induction time exercised no significant influence on the degree of proliferative activity. The development of transitional cell carcinomas from a primary carcinoma in situ (intraurothelial carcinoma) played a much less significant role.", "contents": "Stages of transformation in the development of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine-induced transitional cell carcinomas in the urinary bladder of rats. The histogenesis of papillary and nonpapillary transitional cell carcinomas were studied morphologically and autoradiographically in 177 female Wistar rats after oral application of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine with varying exposure and induction times. By far the largest proportion of carcinomas developed by a malignant transformation of preexisting papillomas or their precursors, the papillary hyperplasias. The transition into a focally malignant growth did not take place abruptly, but occurred stepwise through different successive stages of transformation, each having its own distinct morphological character. The first stage consisted of a focal, sharpely defined cellular atypia. In a further stage carcinomata in situ developed out of the atypical foci and progressed finally in a last stage of transformation into a circumscript infiltrative growth. The successive development of each stage occurred independent of any further carcinogen application after transformation was initiated at the molecular level. The number of papillomas with transformation stages increased with a lengthening of the exposure and induction time. 74.4% of all the registered papillomas had been transformed. Consequently papillomas must be considered potentially highly malignant. The 3H-TdR index was 4.2 times higher in atypical urothelial areas (7.6%) and 7.5 times higher in carcinomata in situ (14.3%) than in the surrounding papillomatous structures which appeared light microscopically benign. The latter demonstrated a rather constant 3H-TdR index, whether they bordered on atypical foci (1.8%) or carcinomata in situ (1.9%). The length of exposure and induction time exercised no significant influence on the degree of proliferative activity. The development of transitional cell carcinomas from a primary carcinoma in situ (intraurothelial carcinoma) played a much less significant role."}
{"id": "PMID:136823", "title": "[Experimental methods of creating V X 2 bone tumour in rabbits (author's transl)].", "content": "V X 2-carcinomas were induced in rabbit femurs by various methods. Inoculation near the periosteum after injury of the condylus medialis femoris was considered most successful. Results of 124 inoculations and 10 controls are demonstrated by angiograms, pharmakoangiograms and histologic photographs. Injury of periosteum and bone favors the taking and spreading of malignant growth.", "contents": "[Experimental methods of creating V X 2 bone tumour in rabbits (author's transl)]. V X 2-carcinomas were induced in rabbit femurs by various methods. Inoculation near the periosteum after injury of the condylus medialis femoris was considered most successful. Results of 124 inoculations and 10 controls are demonstrated by angiograms, pharmakoangiograms and histologic photographs. Injury of periosteum and bone favors the taking and spreading of malignant growth."}
{"id": "PMID:136824", "title": "Increased incidence of carcinoma of the breast in Buffalo strain rats with one kidney ingesting N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl)acetamide.", "content": "The role of the kidney in carcinogenesis of the breast was studied in inbred Buffalo strain female rats ingesting 0.04% N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl)acetamide. The experimental groups consisted of intact female rats 5 weeks of age with both kidneys intact and female rats with a uninephrectomy. The incidence of carcinomas of the breast and the number of rats with multiple carcinomas, poorly and undifferentiated carcinomas was greater in rats with a uninephrectomy. N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl)acetamide and its active metabolites apparently were not excreted as rapidly in the rats with one kidney as in the animals with both kidneys intact. The metabolites were then returned to the breast and/or other organs.", "contents": "Increased incidence of carcinoma of the breast in Buffalo strain rats with one kidney ingesting N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl)acetamide. The role of the kidney in carcinogenesis of the breast was studied in inbred Buffalo strain female rats ingesting 0.04% N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl)acetamide. The experimental groups consisted of intact female rats 5 weeks of age with both kidneys intact and female rats with a uninephrectomy. The incidence of carcinomas of the breast and the number of rats with multiple carcinomas, poorly and undifferentiated carcinomas was greater in rats with a uninephrectomy. N-4-(4'-fluorobiphenyl)acetamide and its active metabolites apparently were not excreted as rapidly in the rats with one kidney as in the animals with both kidneys intact. The metabolites were then returned to the breast and/or other organs."}
{"id": "PMID:136825", "title": "Effect of different sex of tumour bearing mice and of ovariectomy on the proliferation kinetics of a solid, transplantable mammary carcinoma (C3H-mouse).", "content": "The aim of the present investigation was to study the influence of sex of tumour bearing mice and of ovariectomy on the proliferation kinetics of a solid, transplantable mammary carcinoma (C3H-mouse). According to the growth curves the tumour growth was delayed in spayed female and in male mice compared with normal female animals. This was due to a longer cell cycle time of tumour cells in the former, mainly caused by a prolonged presynthetic gap (TG1). Concerning the growth fraction and the cell loss factor, essential differences could not be detected. Thus, the solid tumour displayed a distinct though partial disengagement of growth from hormonal dependence.", "contents": "Effect of different sex of tumour bearing mice and of ovariectomy on the proliferation kinetics of a solid, transplantable mammary carcinoma (C3H-mouse). The aim of the present investigation was to study the influence of sex of tumour bearing mice and of ovariectomy on the proliferation kinetics of a solid, transplantable mammary carcinoma (C3H-mouse). According to the growth curves the tumour growth was delayed in spayed female and in male mice compared with normal female animals. This was due to a longer cell cycle time of tumour cells in the former, mainly caused by a prolonged presynthetic gap (TG1). Concerning the growth fraction and the cell loss factor, essential differences could not be detected. Thus, the solid tumour displayed a distinct though partial disengagement of growth from hormonal dependence."}
{"id": "PMID:136826", "title": "Combined staging and grading of renal cell carcinoma.", "content": "After surgical removal of renal cell cancers we can compare and contrast 3 prognostically differing groups by combining staging after Robson and histologic grading of malignancy. Good cancers (grade 1, stage I or II) have an (uncorrected) 5-year-survival rate of 93%, bad cancers (grade 3, Robson stage II or III) one of 35%. The remaining tumors (intermediate cancers) have a 5-year-survival rate of 64%. Classification in 3 groups is also advisable for future comparison of end result reports.", "contents": "Combined staging and grading of renal cell carcinoma. After surgical removal of renal cell cancers we can compare and contrast 3 prognostically differing groups by combining staging after Robson and histologic grading of malignancy. Good cancers (grade 1, stage I or II) have an (uncorrected) 5-year-survival rate of 93%, bad cancers (grade 3, Robson stage II or III) one of 35%. The remaining tumors (intermediate cancers) have a 5-year-survival rate of 64%. Classification in 3 groups is also advisable for future comparison of end result reports."}
{"id": "PMID:136827", "title": "Absence of carcinogenic effects of estradiol mustard (NSC-112259) in rats.", "content": "Estradiol mustard (NSC 112259) was subcutaneously injected to female Sprague-Dawley-rats in weekly doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg up to a total dose (Dmax) of 500 or 760 mg/kg respectively. Treatments reduced significantly the mean survival time. No carcinogenic properties were observed. Most of the estrogen mustard treated animals died from ovarian abscesses or peritonitis following pyometras. Toxic injuries were attributed to the chronical estrogenic stimulus.", "contents": "Absence of carcinogenic effects of estradiol mustard (NSC-112259) in rats. Estradiol mustard (NSC 112259) was subcutaneously injected to female Sprague-Dawley-rats in weekly doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg up to a total dose (Dmax) of 500 or 760 mg/kg respectively. Treatments reduced significantly the mean survival time. No carcinogenic properties were observed. Most of the estrogen mustard treated animals died from ovarian abscesses or peritonitis following pyometras. Toxic injuries were attributed to the chronical estrogenic stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:136828", "title": "Development of tumors in the glandular stomach of rats after oral administration of carcinogens. I. Histological findings.", "content": "Experimental carcinomas in the glandular stomach of rats were induced by oral administration of MNNG (M-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidin) for 35 weeks or ENNG (N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidin) for 20 weeks. Rats were killed at different times after beginning of carcinogen treatment and tissue specimens were prepared for histologic investigation. Particular interest was placed on the development of tumors and on pathological findings possibly contributing to early diagnosis of stomach cancer. During the development of tumors, several dysplastic reactions were observed in the antral mucosa. They could be classified into 4 groups: One was regenerative hyperplasia (1) that meant irregular glandular proliferations without cell atypism at the margin of erosions and ulcers. This lesion was mainly found 1-9 weeks after administration of MNNG. In glandular hyperplasia (2) either crypts or glands were extended and mucosal layers were thickened. No signs of cell atypism were observed. This lesion was mainly found 12-17 weeks after administration of MNNG. Dysplasia (3) was combined with considerable structural modifications and cellular atypism. However, this lesion was limited to the mucosal layer. Neoplastic changes (4) were characterized by marked cellular atypism and extension to tunica submucosa and tunica serosa. Some tumors showed the histological patterns of benign tumors, but most of them were adenocarcinomas. In some cases metastases into pancreas, liver and lymph nodes and in one case into the 12th rib were observed. No particular enzyme patterns were found by histochemistry.", "contents": "Development of tumors in the glandular stomach of rats after oral administration of carcinogens. I. Histological findings. Experimental carcinomas in the glandular stomach of rats were induced by oral administration of MNNG (M-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidin) for 35 weeks or ENNG (N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidin) for 20 weeks. Rats were killed at different times after beginning of carcinogen treatment and tissue specimens were prepared for histologic investigation. Particular interest was placed on the development of tumors and on pathological findings possibly contributing to early diagnosis of stomach cancer. During the development of tumors, several dysplastic reactions were observed in the antral mucosa. They could be classified into 4 groups: One was regenerative hyperplasia (1) that meant irregular glandular proliferations without cell atypism at the margin of erosions and ulcers. This lesion was mainly found 1-9 weeks after administration of MNNG. In glandular hyperplasia (2) either crypts or glands were extended and mucosal layers were thickened. No signs of cell atypism were observed. This lesion was mainly found 12-17 weeks after administration of MNNG. Dysplasia (3) was combined with considerable structural modifications and cellular atypism. However, this lesion was limited to the mucosal layer. Neoplastic changes (4) were characterized by marked cellular atypism and extension to tunica submucosa and tunica serosa. Some tumors showed the histological patterns of benign tumors, but most of them were adenocarcinomas. In some cases metastases into pancreas, liver and lymph nodes and in one case into the 12th rib were observed. No particular enzyme patterns were found by histochemistry."}
{"id": "PMID:136829", "title": "Development of tumors in the glandular stomach of rats after oral administration of carcinogens. II. Different cell types in antral carcinoma as revealed by electron microscopy.", "content": "In the present study electron microscopic investigations of tumors of the glandular stomach of rats induced by oral administration of MNNG or ENNG are dealt with. The aim of the study was to describe the different cell types found in the carcinoma and to elucidate the possible relationship between the undifferentiated carcinoma cells and the more differentiated cell types found in the tumor. The results show that besides undifferentiaded carcinoma cells, several differentiated cell types such as goblet cells, endocrine cells, cells with lamellated inclusions in their cytoplasm, and squamous carcinoma cells can be observed. The most conspicuous findings were carcinomatous gland cells with well differentiated microvilli on their luminal surface and typical tonofilamentous structures in their cytoplasm. These cells exhibited signs of the squamous epithelium and of gland cells. Therefore they may be considered as intermediate variants between adenocarcinoma cells and squamous carcinoma cells. The occurrence of such intermediate steps points to the possibility of differentiation by cell division of adenocarcinoma cells into several metaplastic cell types in the experimental stomach carcinoma induced by MNNG or ENNG.", "contents": "Development of tumors in the glandular stomach of rats after oral administration of carcinogens. II. Different cell types in antral carcinoma as revealed by electron microscopy. In the present study electron microscopic investigations of tumors of the glandular stomach of rats induced by oral administration of MNNG or ENNG are dealt with. The aim of the study was to describe the different cell types found in the carcinoma and to elucidate the possible relationship between the undifferentiated carcinoma cells and the more differentiated cell types found in the tumor. The results show that besides undifferentiaded carcinoma cells, several differentiated cell types such as goblet cells, endocrine cells, cells with lamellated inclusions in their cytoplasm, and squamous carcinoma cells can be observed. The most conspicuous findings were carcinomatous gland cells with well differentiated microvilli on their luminal surface and typical tonofilamentous structures in their cytoplasm. These cells exhibited signs of the squamous epithelium and of gland cells. Therefore they may be considered as intermediate variants between adenocarcinoma cells and squamous carcinoma cells. The occurrence of such intermediate steps points to the possibility of differentiation by cell division of adenocarcinoma cells into several metaplastic cell types in the experimental stomach carcinoma induced by MNNG or ENNG."}
{"id": "PMID:136830", "title": "[Function and reserve of the hypertrophic left ventricle in aortic valve disease].", "content": "Left ventricular function was analyzed by angiography in 31 patients with aortic valve disease and in 12 patients without heart disease (control group). Ejection fraction, percentage shortening of minor equator, mean velocity of fiber shortening and men left atrial pressure were considered as parameters of left ventricular function. Contractile reserve was tested by a single postextrasystolic beat. Patients with pure aortic stenosis and an increase of left ventricular muscle mass to 220% of the normal value showed no impairment of left ventricular function. Patients with pure aortic regurgitation and a left ventricular muscle mass of 260% of normal showed no significantly impaired function. Both groups increased ejection fraction and percentage shortening of the minor equator after premature beat comparable to the control group. Patients with combined lesions of the aortic valve had a left ventricular muscle mass of 360% of normal. This group showed decreased ejection fraction, percentage shortening of minor equator and mean velocity of fiber shortening as compared to the control group while mean left atrial pressure was significantly elevated. After premature beat all parameters remained depressed as compared to control group. We conclude that the degree of hypertrophy determinates cardiac function in aortic valve disease. Moderate hypertrophy shows normal function at rest, while severe hypertrophy shows impaired function.", "contents": "[Function and reserve of the hypertrophic left ventricle in aortic valve disease]. Left ventricular function was analyzed by angiography in 31 patients with aortic valve disease and in 12 patients without heart disease (control group). Ejection fraction, percentage shortening of minor equator, mean velocity of fiber shortening and men left atrial pressure were considered as parameters of left ventricular function. Contractile reserve was tested by a single postextrasystolic beat. Patients with pure aortic stenosis and an increase of left ventricular muscle mass to 220% of the normal value showed no impairment of left ventricular function. Patients with pure aortic regurgitation and a left ventricular muscle mass of 260% of normal showed no significantly impaired function. Both groups increased ejection fraction and percentage shortening of the minor equator after premature beat comparable to the control group. Patients with combined lesions of the aortic valve had a left ventricular muscle mass of 360% of normal. This group showed decreased ejection fraction, percentage shortening of minor equator and mean velocity of fiber shortening as compared to the control group while mean left atrial pressure was significantly elevated. After premature beat all parameters remained depressed as compared to control group. We conclude that the degree of hypertrophy determinates cardiac function in aortic valve disease. Moderate hypertrophy shows normal function at rest, while severe hypertrophy shows impaired function."}
{"id": "PMID:136831", "title": "[Bio-compatibility of different plastics (polyoxymethylene-copolymer, polyethylensterephthalate, polyethylene, polytetrafluorethylene) (author's transl)].", "content": "The bio-compatibility of different plastic materials were examined after their implantation in the back-muscle of 6-months-old male rabbits. Twelve weeks after the implantation chemical measurements (DNS-concentration of the tissue) and histological investigations of the surrounding tissue demonstrated for polyethylene the best bio-compatibility.", "contents": "[Bio-compatibility of different plastics (polyoxymethylene-copolymer, polyethylensterephthalate, polyethylene, polytetrafluorethylene) (author's transl)]. The bio-compatibility of different plastic materials were examined after their implantation in the back-muscle of 6-months-old male rabbits. Twelve weeks after the implantation chemical measurements (DNS-concentration of the tissue) and histological investigations of the surrounding tissue demonstrated for polyethylene the best bio-compatibility."}
{"id": "PMID:136851", "title": "[Histological and histochemical changes in stomach mucosa in sick people with iron deficiency anemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The stomach mucosa of 33 sick people with iron deficiency anemia was studied by the method of aspiration biopsy. In 73.7% of the cases the authors found a chronic gastritis. The high percentage (48.4%) of chronic gastritis with structural changes of the mucosa (pseudopyloric or intestinal metaplasia) is impressive. The advanced atrophic process is accompanied by the increased production of mucus by the principal cells and a reduction of the hydrochloric acid-producing parietal cells. With the increase of neutral mucopolysaccharides in the mucus an increase of acid mucopolysaccharides and the appearance of sulphated complexes is accompanied. There is a compensatory and protectory reaction of the mucosa towards deeper peptic lesions.", "contents": "[Histological and histochemical changes in stomach mucosa in sick people with iron deficiency anemia (author's transl)]. The stomach mucosa of 33 sick people with iron deficiency anemia was studied by the method of aspiration biopsy. In 73.7% of the cases the authors found a chronic gastritis. The high percentage (48.4%) of chronic gastritis with structural changes of the mucosa (pseudopyloric or intestinal metaplasia) is impressive. The advanced atrophic process is accompanied by the increased production of mucus by the principal cells and a reduction of the hydrochloric acid-producing parietal cells. With the increase of neutral mucopolysaccharides in the mucus an increase of acid mucopolysaccharides and the appearance of sulphated complexes is accompanied. There is a compensatory and protectory reaction of the mucosa towards deeper peptic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:136852", "title": "Staphylococcus aureus strains of phage group II and their possible relation to animal staphylococci. 2. Biochemical properties.", "content": "The investigations carried out show that the two main serologic types of phage group II are biochemically different. Contrary to strains of serologic 263-2, staphylococci belonging to type i1-2 do not produce haemoglobinase, are positive in cristal-violet test, produce mostly beta haemolysin, disclose higher lipolytic activity and as a rule possess dark orange pigment. In the first part of this work it was shown, that the serologic types under discussion differ also in respect of the presence of polysaccharide 263, epidemiology, phage typing and resistance to antibiotics. The data mentioned above seem to constitute sufficient base for the subdivision of phage group II into two subunits. It should be stressed that some properties of staphylococci belonging to type i1-2 seem to indicate their possible relation to animal strains of biotype B.", "contents": "Staphylococcus aureus strains of phage group II and their possible relation to animal staphylococci. 2. Biochemical properties. The investigations carried out show that the two main serologic types of phage group II are biochemically different. Contrary to strains of serologic 263-2, staphylococci belonging to type i1-2 do not produce haemoglobinase, are positive in cristal-violet test, produce mostly beta haemolysin, disclose higher lipolytic activity and as a rule possess dark orange pigment. In the first part of this work it was shown, that the serologic types under discussion differ also in respect of the presence of polysaccharide 263, epidemiology, phage typing and resistance to antibiotics. The data mentioned above seem to constitute sufficient base for the subdivision of phage group II into two subunits. It should be stressed that some properties of staphylococci belonging to type i1-2 seem to indicate their possible relation to animal strains of biotype B."}
{"id": "PMID:136857", "title": "Histochemical study of mucopolysaccharides in the subthalamic region of rats.", "content": "Histological sections of the Subthalamic region of rats were treated with solutions of: Toluidin Blue, Thionin, Alcian Blue and Colloidal Iron. The microscopic observation of the histological sections treated with those histochemic reactions showed the existence in the Subthalamic region of three neuronal types, differentiated between them because of the morphologic and histochemic points of view. In the LUY's Subthalamic nucleus was observed only one neuronal type, while in the nucleus of the FOREL's field and in the Zona incerta were found two very special types of neurons (alpha and beta) differentiated between them because of their reaction before the Collidal Iron. It is suggested the possibility that those different types of neurons have different functional characteristics.", "contents": "Histochemical study of mucopolysaccharides in the subthalamic region of rats. Histological sections of the Subthalamic region of rats were treated with solutions of: Toluidin Blue, Thionin, Alcian Blue and Colloidal Iron. The microscopic observation of the histological sections treated with those histochemic reactions showed the existence in the Subthalamic region of three neuronal types, differentiated between them because of the morphologic and histochemic points of view. In the LUY's Subthalamic nucleus was observed only one neuronal type, while in the nucleus of the FOREL's field and in the Zona incerta were found two very special types of neurons (alpha and beta) differentiated between them because of their reaction before the Collidal Iron. It is suggested the possibility that those different types of neurons have different functional characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:136860", "title": "Spontaneous alpha-toxin mutants of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Prolonged cultivation of strain Wood 46 in fluid cultures resulted in a selection of mutants with low or no haemolytic activity. In one group of mutants, four out of five strains showed no production of alpha-toxin when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by double diffusion in agar. Two major extracellular proteins which have been identified by other methods as degradation products of alpha-toxin were also absent. The absence of alpha-toxin did not affect growth in fluid or solid media. Fibrinolysin was produced by these mutants but at a much lower rate than by the wild type. A second group of mutants was characterized by a slow rate of growth on rabbit blood agar and showed a heterogeneous extracellular protein pattern. These mutants had a high growth rate in fluid medium consisting of acid hydrolysed proteins. Production of fibrinolysin was absent or low in three out of four mutants in the second group. The slow growth and low production of alpha-haemolysin in rabbit blood agar probably was caused by deficient extracellular proteolytic activity of the mutants.", "contents": "Spontaneous alpha-toxin mutants of Staphylococcus aureus. Prolonged cultivation of strain Wood 46 in fluid cultures resulted in a selection of mutants with low or no haemolytic activity. In one group of mutants, four out of five strains showed no production of alpha-toxin when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by double diffusion in agar. Two major extracellular proteins which have been identified by other methods as degradation products of alpha-toxin were also absent. The absence of alpha-toxin did not affect growth in fluid or solid media. Fibrinolysin was produced by these mutants but at a much lower rate than by the wild type. A second group of mutants was characterized by a slow rate of growth on rabbit blood agar and showed a heterogeneous extracellular protein pattern. These mutants had a high growth rate in fluid medium consisting of acid hydrolysed proteins. Production of fibrinolysin was absent or low in three out of four mutants in the second group. The slow growth and low production of alpha-haemolysin in rabbit blood agar probably was caused by deficient extracellular proteolytic activity of the mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:136861", "title": "Restitution of streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in nude mice with pancreatic grafts from the rat.", "content": "Transplants of 1-3 rat pancreases have proven to restitute streptozotocin induced diabetes in athymic nude mice. One out of 9 diabetic nude mice showed restitution following subcutaneous implantation of 1 rat pancreas. Three out of 6 nude mice were restituted by 2-3 grafts. Implants of rat submandibular gland did not restitute nude mice similarly treated with streptozotocin. The model seems of interest in studies of inter-species transplantation of pancreas.", "contents": "Restitution of streptozotocin induced diabetes mellitus in nude mice with pancreatic grafts from the rat. Transplants of 1-3 rat pancreases have proven to restitute streptozotocin induced diabetes in athymic nude mice. One out of 9 diabetic nude mice showed restitution following subcutaneous implantation of 1 rat pancreas. Three out of 6 nude mice were restituted by 2-3 grafts. Implants of rat submandibular gland did not restitute nude mice similarly treated with streptozotocin. The model seems of interest in studies of inter-species transplantation of pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:136862", "title": "The serology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa analysed by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods. V. Thermostability, resistance to degradation by plasmin activity and storage conditions of a polyvalent P. aeruginosa reference standard-antigen.", "content": "The stability of a polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigen (St-Ag) was analysed under different experimental conditions by quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods. St-Ag did not undergo proteolytic degradation by plasmin which is present in the corresponding polyvalent rabbit antiserum (St-Ab) against St-Ag. Storage at -30 degrees C for up to 4 years caused no qualitative changes in St-Ag and, after 1 year, only minor quantitative changes could be revealed. Repeated thawing and freezing caused no changes in St-Ag whereas storage at 4 degrees C, or at room temperature, caused gradual degradation of most of the antigens of St-Ag, beginning after 1 week. Heating up to 40 degrees C for 2 min did not change St-Ag, but heating for longer periods of time or at higher temperatures gradually destroyed most of the antigens of St-Ag. The most thermostable antigen in St-Ag was number 37 which is related to the group specific O antigens.", "contents": "The serology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa analysed by means of quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods. V. Thermostability, resistance to degradation by plasmin activity and storage conditions of a polyvalent P. aeruginosa reference standard-antigen. The stability of a polyvalent Pseudomonas aeruginosa antigen (St-Ag) was analysed under different experimental conditions by quantitative immunoelectrophoretic methods. St-Ag did not undergo proteolytic degradation by plasmin which is present in the corresponding polyvalent rabbit antiserum (St-Ab) against St-Ag. Storage at -30 degrees C for up to 4 years caused no qualitative changes in St-Ag and, after 1 year, only minor quantitative changes could be revealed. Repeated thawing and freezing caused no changes in St-Ag whereas storage at 4 degrees C, or at room temperature, caused gradual degradation of most of the antigens of St-Ag, beginning after 1 week. Heating up to 40 degrees C for 2 min did not change St-Ag, but heating for longer periods of time or at higher temperatures gradually destroyed most of the antigens of St-Ag. The most thermostable antigen in St-Ag was number 37 which is related to the group specific O antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:136863", "title": "Effect of 2-mercaptoethanol on the mixed leukocyte reaction in man. Probable effect on blastogenic factor stabilization.", "content": "When 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) is added to human mixed leukocyte cultures at the beginning of the culture period, only a very weak effect is seen. When 2-ME is added after a few days' culture, a marked enhancement of cellular transformation occurs. 2-ME can also enhance the effect of blastogenic factor (BF) containing media and it is possible that this effect depends on a stabilization or protection of BF preventing the break-down of BF in cellular systems.", "contents": "Effect of 2-mercaptoethanol on the mixed leukocyte reaction in man. Probable effect on blastogenic factor stabilization. When 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) is added to human mixed leukocyte cultures at the beginning of the culture period, only a very weak effect is seen. When 2-ME is added after a few days' culture, a marked enhancement of cellular transformation occurs. 2-ME can also enhance the effect of blastogenic factor (BF) containing media and it is possible that this effect depends on a stabilization or protection of BF preventing the break-down of BF in cellular systems."}
{"id": "PMID:136859", "title": "Studies on difference in cellular immune-response between the human tonsil and blood lymphocytes.", "content": "Tonsillar and blood lymphocytes in a viable state were separated from tuberculin-sensitive tonsillectomized patients. The difference in the response to various cellular immunological stimulation between both lymphocyte groups was studied. Tonsillar lymphocytes without adherent cells could not respond well to PPD, while blood lymphocytes responded far better than tonsillar lymphocytes did to PPD when adherent cells were absent. PHA and PWM stimulated tonsillar and blood lymphocytes irrespective of the presence of adherent cells. However, in case of PWM stimulation, 3H-TdR incorporation was more remarkable in tonsillar lymphocytes than in blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, the lymphocytes which react to homologous cells also existed in the tonsils as in blood. These results suggest that there might be lymphocyte-subpopulations showing a difference of functional roles or of maturing-process between tonsil and blood lymphocytes.", "contents": "Studies on difference in cellular immune-response between the human tonsil and blood lymphocytes. Tonsillar and blood lymphocytes in a viable state were separated from tuberculin-sensitive tonsillectomized patients. The difference in the response to various cellular immunological stimulation between both lymphocyte groups was studied. Tonsillar lymphocytes without adherent cells could not respond well to PPD, while blood lymphocytes responded far better than tonsillar lymphocytes did to PPD when adherent cells were absent. PHA and PWM stimulated tonsillar and blood lymphocytes irrespective of the presence of adherent cells. However, in case of PWM stimulation, 3H-TdR incorporation was more remarkable in tonsillar lymphocytes than in blood lymphocytes. Furthermore, the lymphocytes which react to homologous cells also existed in the tonsils as in blood. These results suggest that there might be lymphocyte-subpopulations showing a difference of functional roles or of maturing-process between tonsil and blood lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:136864", "title": "General immunocompetence and tumour-directed, cell-mediated hypersensitivity in vitro in patients with renal carcinoma.", "content": "Thirteen patients with renal carcinoma were examined for tumour-directed, cell-mediated hypersensitivity (TCMH) by means of the leucocyte migration technique, and for general immunocompetence (GIC) by means of quantitation of T- and B-cells in peripheral blood and studies of lymphocyte transformation in vitro using a panel of antigens and mitogens. Eight out of 13 patients had evidence of TCMH, six out of 13 had abnormal GIC. Any correlation between the presence of TCMH and normal/abnormal GIC was not found. There was a trend towards a positive correlation between the absence of distant metastases and evidence of TCMH. If both TCMH and GIC were considered, significant correlation between the presence of distant metastases, lack of TCMH and/or abnormal GIC was demonstrated. It is concluded that the defect TCMH usually found in patients with renal carcinoma and disseminated disease cannot be explained exclusively by defects in GIC.", "contents": "General immunocompetence and tumour-directed, cell-mediated hypersensitivity in vitro in patients with renal carcinoma. Thirteen patients with renal carcinoma were examined for tumour-directed, cell-mediated hypersensitivity (TCMH) by means of the leucocyte migration technique, and for general immunocompetence (GIC) by means of quantitation of T- and B-cells in peripheral blood and studies of lymphocyte transformation in vitro using a panel of antigens and mitogens. Eight out of 13 patients had evidence of TCMH, six out of 13 had abnormal GIC. Any correlation between the presence of TCMH and normal/abnormal GIC was not found. There was a trend towards a positive correlation between the absence of distant metastases and evidence of TCMH. If both TCMH and GIC were considered, significant correlation between the presence of distant metastases, lack of TCMH and/or abnormal GIC was demonstrated. It is concluded that the defect TCMH usually found in patients with renal carcinoma and disseminated disease cannot be explained exclusively by defects in GIC."}
{"id": "PMID:136865", "title": "Fatiguability and fibre composition of human skeletal muscle.", "content": "The fatiguability of the quadriceps muscle was investigated in 10 male subjects (25-40 yrs), with inter-individual differences in fibre composition of their vastus lateralis muscles (range 25-65% fast twitch, FT, muscle fibres). Fatiguability was assessed as the decline in maximal force (in % of initial values) with 50 repeated isokinetic knee-extensions at fast angular velocity (3.14 rad/s). Each contraction lasted 0.5 s and the rest periods were about 0.7 s. Every subject was tested on two occasions and the standard deviation for a single determination of fatiguability was 1.4%. The decline in force after 50 contractions was on the average about 45%. The individual values varied, however, and a linear correlation was present between fatiguability and % FT fibres (r = 0.86, p less than 0.01). It was concluded that development of fatigue in human skeletal muscle performing repeated fast dynamic contractions with maximal effort was most marked in muscles with a high proportion FT fibres. This finding was in conformity with earlier results from animal skeletal muscle preparations.", "contents": "Fatiguability and fibre composition of human skeletal muscle. The fatiguability of the quadriceps muscle was investigated in 10 male subjects (25-40 yrs), with inter-individual differences in fibre composition of their vastus lateralis muscles (range 25-65% fast twitch, FT, muscle fibres). Fatiguability was assessed as the decline in maximal force (in % of initial values) with 50 repeated isokinetic knee-extensions at fast angular velocity (3.14 rad/s). Each contraction lasted 0.5 s and the rest periods were about 0.7 s. Every subject was tested on two occasions and the standard deviation for a single determination of fatiguability was 1.4%. The decline in force after 50 contractions was on the average about 45%. The individual values varied, however, and a linear correlation was present between fatiguability and % FT fibres (r = 0.86, p less than 0.01). It was concluded that development of fatigue in human skeletal muscle performing repeated fast dynamic contractions with maximal effort was most marked in muscles with a high proportion FT fibres. This finding was in conformity with earlier results from animal skeletal muscle preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:136866", "title": "The evaluation of synthetic oxygen carriers by perfusion of isolated rat liver.", "content": "The perfluorochemical FC-80 emulsion was added as oxygen carrier to a synthetic medium used for perfusion of isolated rat liver. The oxygen carrying function of FC-80 was evaluated from measurements of serum albumin synthesis and incorporation of 14C-lysine into the proteins in the medium. The effect of changes in flow rate of the medium on the evaluation of FC-80 was investigated. The results show that there is a correlation between the serum protein synthesis and the oxygen supply only when the liver is hypoxic. In hypoxic liver both the addition of FC-80 and the increase of the flow rate improve the oxygen supply which is indicated by increased serum protein synthesis. The effect of FC-80 on serum protein synthesis is different at different flow rates. For the evaluation of the oxygen carrying function of FC emulsions from the metabolic function of the liver such a flow rate and affluent PO2 are optimal in which the FC is a limiting factor for sufficient oxygen supply.", "contents": "The evaluation of synthetic oxygen carriers by perfusion of isolated rat liver. The perfluorochemical FC-80 emulsion was added as oxygen carrier to a synthetic medium used for perfusion of isolated rat liver. The oxygen carrying function of FC-80 was evaluated from measurements of serum albumin synthesis and incorporation of 14C-lysine into the proteins in the medium. The effect of changes in flow rate of the medium on the evaluation of FC-80 was investigated. The results show that there is a correlation between the serum protein synthesis and the oxygen supply only when the liver is hypoxic. In hypoxic liver both the addition of FC-80 and the increase of the flow rate improve the oxygen supply which is indicated by increased serum protein synthesis. The effect of FC-80 on serum protein synthesis is different at different flow rates. For the evaluation of the oxygen carrying function of FC emulsions from the metabolic function of the liver such a flow rate and affluent PO2 are optimal in which the FC is a limiting factor for sufficient oxygen supply."}
{"id": "PMID:136868", "title": "The presence of phosphate-binding protein in inner mitochondrial membrane.", "content": "Phosphate-binding protein(s) was found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of calf heart by Sephadex G-200 and G-25 gel filtration. The binding activity was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and competed by a large amount of cold phosphate. The amount of phosphate bound to the fraction was 29 nmoles per mg of protein. Affinity chromatography with phosphate-bound Sepharose 4B confirmed the presence of phosphate-binding protein(s) in the active fraction of mitochondrial membrane fractionated by gel filtration.", "contents": "The presence of phosphate-binding protein in inner mitochondrial membrane. Phosphate-binding protein(s) was found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of calf heart by Sephadex G-200 and G-25 gel filtration. The binding activity was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and competed by a large amount of cold phosphate. The amount of phosphate bound to the fraction was 29 nmoles per mg of protein. Affinity chromatography with phosphate-bound Sepharose 4B confirmed the presence of phosphate-binding protein(s) in the active fraction of mitochondrial membrane fractionated by gel filtration."}
{"id": "PMID:136869", "title": "Target cells of human adenovirus type 12 in subtentorial brain tissue of newborn mice. I. Cyto-histomorphologic and immunofluorescent microscopic studies.", "content": "Human adenovirus type 12 (Ad 12) was inoculated through subtentorial route into inbred newborn mice (C3H/BifB/Ki), and sequential changes of the brain and tumor induction were examined by histological and immunofluorescent methods. Two days after virus inoculation, Ad 12 specific tumor antigen (fluorescent T-antigen) appeared in the cells of ependymal and subventricular matrix layers, choroid plexuses and leptomeninges in the subtentorial as well as the supratentorial brains. After 10 days, these fluorescent positive cells decreased gradually in number but still remained focally beneath the ependyma. Sixty days later, early tumor nodules were detected in the same regions in which remained the fluorescent cells. After 107 days, neurological signs and well-developed tumors were noted in 25 of 63 (30.1%) mice examined. In the cerebellum, both of T-antigens and tumors were limited around the IVth ventricle, but not in the granular layers. Histomorphologically, the tumors were of primitive neuroectodermal origin and consisted of the cells resembling immature matrix cells in the subventricular zone. These findings strongly suggest that the virus has a selective affinity to the remaining matrix cells, but not to cerebellar granular cells, at least, in newborn mice.", "contents": "Target cells of human adenovirus type 12 in subtentorial brain tissue of newborn mice. I. Cyto-histomorphologic and immunofluorescent microscopic studies. Human adenovirus type 12 (Ad 12) was inoculated through subtentorial route into inbred newborn mice (C3H/BifB/Ki), and sequential changes of the brain and tumor induction were examined by histological and immunofluorescent methods. Two days after virus inoculation, Ad 12 specific tumor antigen (fluorescent T-antigen) appeared in the cells of ependymal and subventricular matrix layers, choroid plexuses and leptomeninges in the subtentorial as well as the supratentorial brains. After 10 days, these fluorescent positive cells decreased gradually in number but still remained focally beneath the ependyma. Sixty days later, early tumor nodules were detected in the same regions in which remained the fluorescent cells. After 107 days, neurological signs and well-developed tumors were noted in 25 of 63 (30.1%) mice examined. In the cerebellum, both of T-antigens and tumors were limited around the IVth ventricle, but not in the granular layers. Histomorphologically, the tumors were of primitive neuroectodermal origin and consisted of the cells resembling immature matrix cells in the subventricular zone. These findings strongly suggest that the virus has a selective affinity to the remaining matrix cells, but not to cerebellar granular cells, at least, in newborn mice."}
{"id": "PMID:136870", "title": "Early prediction of acute rejection after inbred rat kidney transplantation using macrophage migration inhibition test.", "content": "In order to formulate an early diagnostic method for acute rejection after kidney transplantation, macrophage migration inhibition test (MIT) was carried out with lapse of time after inbred rat kidney allotransplantation. The mean survival time of rat kidney allograft was found to be 7.07 +/- 1.34 days. On the other hand, in the group treated with rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte serum (ALS) the mean survival time was lengthened to 14.15 +/- 2.14 days (p less than 0.05). The corresponding antigen used for MIT was prepared with donor kidney by ultrasonication, and its protein concentration at 180 mug/ml was the most optimal as not to elicit non-specific inhibition of macrophages. In the control group, activity of macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF activity) turned positive 3 days after the transplantation, and it became strongly positive by 5 or 7 dyas at the period when rejection crisis appeared frequently. ALS-treated group showed a lower MIF activity than the control group (p less than 0.05) and on 7-12 dyas before rejection crisis appeared frequently, MIF activity became strongly positive. These findings suggest that this MIT is simple and will be proved to be useful in predicting the acute rejection as well as in controlling the immunosuppression.", "contents": "Early prediction of acute rejection after inbred rat kidney transplantation using macrophage migration inhibition test. In order to formulate an early diagnostic method for acute rejection after kidney transplantation, macrophage migration inhibition test (MIT) was carried out with lapse of time after inbred rat kidney allotransplantation. The mean survival time of rat kidney allograft was found to be 7.07 +/- 1.34 days. On the other hand, in the group treated with rabbit anti-rat lymphocyte serum (ALS) the mean survival time was lengthened to 14.15 +/- 2.14 days (p less than 0.05). The corresponding antigen used for MIT was prepared with donor kidney by ultrasonication, and its protein concentration at 180 mug/ml was the most optimal as not to elicit non-specific inhibition of macrophages. In the control group, activity of macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF activity) turned positive 3 days after the transplantation, and it became strongly positive by 5 or 7 dyas at the period when rejection crisis appeared frequently. ALS-treated group showed a lower MIF activity than the control group (p less than 0.05) and on 7-12 dyas before rejection crisis appeared frequently, MIF activity became strongly positive. These findings suggest that this MIT is simple and will be proved to be useful in predicting the acute rejection as well as in controlling the immunosuppression."}
{"id": "PMID:136871", "title": "Experimental studies of tumor immunotherapy. II. Tumor immunotherapy following tumor extirpation.", "content": "In order to approach human cancer immunotherapy, the author carried out the immunotherapy with BCG on mice having homotransplanted cancer, observed the posttransplantation results with lapse of time, conduced daily macrophage inhibition test (MI test) and found the immunotherapy to be effective. At the same time the MI test proved to be a useful criterion in determining the course of cancer progress and effectiveness of the immunotherapy.", "contents": "Experimental studies of tumor immunotherapy. II. Tumor immunotherapy following tumor extirpation. In order to approach human cancer immunotherapy, the author carried out the immunotherapy with BCG on mice having homotransplanted cancer, observed the posttransplantation results with lapse of time, conduced daily macrophage inhibition test (MI test) and found the immunotherapy to be effective. At the same time the MI test proved to be a useful criterion in determining the course of cancer progress and effectiveness of the immunotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:136872", "title": "An extremely basic monoclonal IgG in an aged apoplectic patient with prolonged bacterial infection.", "content": "A case with prolonged bacterial infection accompanied by an abnormal serum protein which migrated in the post-gamma region on electrophoresis is presented. The abnormal protein was identified as IgG with gamma-type light chain moiety. The patient suffered from prolonged pneumonia and cholecystitis, Bone marrow aspiration and skeletal x-rays did not indicate multiple myeloma.", "contents": "An extremely basic monoclonal IgG in an aged apoplectic patient with prolonged bacterial infection. A case with prolonged bacterial infection accompanied by an abnormal serum protein which migrated in the post-gamma region on electrophoresis is presented. The abnormal protein was identified as IgG with gamma-type light chain moiety. The patient suffered from prolonged pneumonia and cholecystitis, Bone marrow aspiration and skeletal x-rays did not indicate multiple myeloma."}
{"id": "PMID:136873", "title": "Human cell line (HGC-27) derived from the metastatic lymph node of gastric cancer.", "content": "A cell line (HGC-27) was established by culture of the metastatic lymph node from a gastric cancer patient diagnosed histologically as undifferentiated carcinoma. HGC-27 cells were polygonal or short spindle-shaped and adhered to glass surfaces as a monolayer. The cells were probably derived from gastric cancer cells, as their origin from mesenchymal tissues can be excluded morphologically and enzyme-histochemically. Enzyme activities were generally negative or low, except for adenosine triphosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase and leucine aminopeptidase. These scanty findings might reflect the undifferentiated character of the original tumor cells. The cloning efficiency was 5.3% in liquid medium and 1.0% in soft agar. The doubling time was about 17 hr. Chromosomal analysis revealed a mode of 109 and 110 chromosomes.", "contents": "Human cell line (HGC-27) derived from the metastatic lymph node of gastric cancer. A cell line (HGC-27) was established by culture of the metastatic lymph node from a gastric cancer patient diagnosed histologically as undifferentiated carcinoma. HGC-27 cells were polygonal or short spindle-shaped and adhered to glass surfaces as a monolayer. The cells were probably derived from gastric cancer cells, as their origin from mesenchymal tissues can be excluded morphologically and enzyme-histochemically. Enzyme activities were generally negative or low, except for adenosine triphosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase and leucine aminopeptidase. These scanty findings might reflect the undifferentiated character of the original tumor cells. The cloning efficiency was 5.3% in liquid medium and 1.0% in soft agar. The doubling time was about 17 hr. Chromosomal analysis revealed a mode of 109 and 110 chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:136874", "title": "Immunogenetic aspects of allotransplantation.", "content": "It now appears unequivocal that three markers exist in a linkage group in chromosome 6 of man: HLA-A, HLA-B and PGM3 (Fig. 1.) Tentatively, two other HLA loci and one Ir gene have been mapped close to HLA-B. The probable map order is HLA-A - HLA-C - HLA-B - HLA-D - Ir. The biological functions of these loci are unknown. However, HLA-A, B and C are important in allograft rejection. Other closely linked loci (HDR, CML) appear to be important in the first events of the allograft rejection (first set) and in generation of killer cells. HLA-D might be important in cellular recognition and graft-versus-host reactions (matching at HLA-D decreases the incidence and severity of graft-versus-host disease), and the Ir genes in the defense against infections. HLA-B and HLA-D loci are important markers in studies of disease susceptibility. HLA-B locus antigens HLA-B27 and HLA-B8 are frequently associated with arthritic or autoimmune disorders. HLA-D determinants have been found in association with multiple sclerosis and C2 deficiency (HLA-DW2); juvenile diabetes and Addison's disease (HLA-DW3) and adult type of rheumatoid arthritis (HLA-DW4).", "contents": "Immunogenetic aspects of allotransplantation. It now appears unequivocal that three markers exist in a linkage group in chromosome 6 of man: HLA-A, HLA-B and PGM3 (Fig. 1.) Tentatively, two other HLA loci and one Ir gene have been mapped close to HLA-B. The probable map order is HLA-A - HLA-C - HLA-B - HLA-D - Ir. The biological functions of these loci are unknown. However, HLA-A, B and C are important in allograft rejection. Other closely linked loci (HDR, CML) appear to be important in the first events of the allograft rejection (first set) and in generation of killer cells. HLA-D might be important in cellular recognition and graft-versus-host reactions (matching at HLA-D decreases the incidence and severity of graft-versus-host disease), and the Ir genes in the defense against infections. HLA-B and HLA-D loci are important markers in studies of disease susceptibility. HLA-B locus antigens HLA-B27 and HLA-B8 are frequently associated with arthritic or autoimmune disorders. HLA-D determinants have been found in association with multiple sclerosis and C2 deficiency (HLA-DW2); juvenile diabetes and Addison's disease (HLA-DW3) and adult type of rheumatoid arthritis (HLA-DW4)."}
{"id": "PMID:136876", "title": "Clinical, functional and pathogenetic aspects of bronchial reactivity to prostaglandins F2alpha, E1, and E2.", "content": "Based on our results and on those reported in literature, we may draw the following conclusions. As a rule, asthmatic patients are markedly more sensitive than normal subjects to the bronchoconstrictive action of PGF2alpha by aerosol. However, the individual response is quite variable, which predicts and justifies some exceptions. On this subject, we found a peculiar exception in a female patient with extrinsic asthma, who tolerated abnormally large amounts of PGF2alpha. In contrast, we found a normal subject, who developed a bronchial hypersensitivity to PGF2alpha of frankly asthmatic type, following a moderate postinfluenzal bronchitis. Intravenously PGF2alpha loses the most part of its bronchoconstrictive effect, probably because it is rapidly metabolized before it may reach the bronchial receptors involved in the bronchospastic response. On the contrary, the action on vascular smooth muscle of the pulmonary circulation is evident, just because it is reached before the above transformation, mainly performed by 15-PG-dehydrogenase. An important component of the PGF2alpha-induced bronchospasm, although varying individually, is surely nonspecific, as it is shown by the protection obtained with an atropine-like agent. The moderate but significant protection obtained with DSCG, may be interpreted in a way similar to the one exerted again by DSCG on other nonspecific stimuli. Since indoramine has no effect in preventing PGF2alpha-induced bronchospasm, the intervention of bronchial alpha-receptors in the pathogenesis of this type of bronchospasm may be excluded. Nonsteroid antiinflammatory agents do not seem to change in asthmatic patients bronchial reactivity to PGF2alpha, as was found recently with other specific and nonspecific stimuli. Our studies do not modify current thought regarding the poor present therapeutic value of PGE as bronchodilator agents. Prospects are no better with the stereoisomer of PGF2alpha, PGF2beta (41), with endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2 (42) and with the analogues 15-methyl-PGE2, 15-epi-PGA2, and 8-iso-PGE1 (43). However, it is reassuring that, even in the absence of a demonstrable bronchodilator effect, both PGE1 and PGE2 are capable to prevent in a large degree the specifically and nonspecifically induced bronchospasm.", "contents": "Clinical, functional and pathogenetic aspects of bronchial reactivity to prostaglandins F2alpha, E1, and E2. Based on our results and on those reported in literature, we may draw the following conclusions. As a rule, asthmatic patients are markedly more sensitive than normal subjects to the bronchoconstrictive action of PGF2alpha by aerosol. However, the individual response is quite variable, which predicts and justifies some exceptions. On this subject, we found a peculiar exception in a female patient with extrinsic asthma, who tolerated abnormally large amounts of PGF2alpha. In contrast, we found a normal subject, who developed a bronchial hypersensitivity to PGF2alpha of frankly asthmatic type, following a moderate postinfluenzal bronchitis. Intravenously PGF2alpha loses the most part of its bronchoconstrictive effect, probably because it is rapidly metabolized before it may reach the bronchial receptors involved in the bronchospastic response. On the contrary, the action on vascular smooth muscle of the pulmonary circulation is evident, just because it is reached before the above transformation, mainly performed by 15-PG-dehydrogenase. An important component of the PGF2alpha-induced bronchospasm, although varying individually, is surely nonspecific, as it is shown by the protection obtained with an atropine-like agent. The moderate but significant protection obtained with DSCG, may be interpreted in a way similar to the one exerted again by DSCG on other nonspecific stimuli. Since indoramine has no effect in preventing PGF2alpha-induced bronchospasm, the intervention of bronchial alpha-receptors in the pathogenesis of this type of bronchospasm may be excluded. Nonsteroid antiinflammatory agents do not seem to change in asthmatic patients bronchial reactivity to PGF2alpha, as was found recently with other specific and nonspecific stimuli. Our studies do not modify current thought regarding the poor present therapeutic value of PGE as bronchodilator agents. Prospects are no better with the stereoisomer of PGF2alpha, PGF2beta (41), with endoperoxides PGG2 and PGH2 (42) and with the analogues 15-methyl-PGE2, 15-epi-PGA2, and 8-iso-PGE1 (43). However, it is reassuring that, even in the absence of a demonstrable bronchodilator effect, both PGE1 and PGE2 are capable to prevent in a large degree the specifically and nonspecifically induced bronchospasm."}
{"id": "PMID:136877", "title": "[Cell mediated immunity in sarcoidosis patients].", "content": "In vitro tests, lymphocyte transformation tests, and leukocyte migration inhibition tests were carried out on nineteen patients with different stages of sarcoidosis. In all patients there was found a defect of cell-mediated immunity, which was most strongly pronounced in the remission phase of the disease. It is believed that the disturbance of cell-mediated immunity is a result of the disease. It is possible for such a disturbance to be intensified in the further course of disease. It appears that this disturbance may be compensated for by the system of B lymphocytes, through humoral antibodies, because clinical phenomena manifest in the patients and corresponding to the deficiency of immunity demonstrated in vitro could not be observed.", "contents": "[Cell mediated immunity in sarcoidosis patients]. In vitro tests, lymphocyte transformation tests, and leukocyte migration inhibition tests were carried out on nineteen patients with different stages of sarcoidosis. In all patients there was found a defect of cell-mediated immunity, which was most strongly pronounced in the remission phase of the disease. It is believed that the disturbance of cell-mediated immunity is a result of the disease. It is possible for such a disturbance to be intensified in the further course of disease. It appears that this disturbance may be compensated for by the system of B lymphocytes, through humoral antibodies, because clinical phenomena manifest in the patients and corresponding to the deficiency of immunity demonstrated in vitro could not be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:136878", "title": "[The biology of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart, 1897) (acarina:astigmata). I. Colonization of mites on new matresses].", "content": "The prevalence of the house-dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in four different kinds of test mattresses was investigated. In a first series of experiments the mites showed no preference to any of the mattresses - irrespective of the stuffing material - when the surface was smooth and unstitched. In a second series of experiments two buttons each were sewed on on both sides of the mattresses. Subsequently the mites showed a distinct preference to the depressed area around the buttons. These findings were confirmed in used mattresses provided by patients. The importance of these \"nishes\" in relation to mite allergies is discussed.", "contents": "[The biology of the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Trouessart, 1897) (acarina:astigmata). I. Colonization of mites on new matresses]. The prevalence of the house-dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in four different kinds of test mattresses was investigated. In a first series of experiments the mites showed no preference to any of the mattresses - irrespective of the stuffing material - when the surface was smooth and unstitched. In a second series of experiments two buttons each were sewed on on both sides of the mattresses. Subsequently the mites showed a distinct preference to the depressed area around the buttons. These findings were confirmed in used mattresses provided by patients. The importance of these \"nishes\" in relation to mite allergies is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136879", "title": "[Cellular immune reactivity to streptolysin O and E. Coli in premature infants and prenatally dystrophic newborns].", "content": "A total of 62 neonates were examined by means of the in vitro lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) using streptolysin O and E. coli antigen with a view to determinating whether prematurely born babies and prenatally dystrophic neonates differ in their prenatal immunization by bacterial antigens or whether the immunological capabilities are different in the different groups examined. Positive controls with addition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and negative blank controls were also used. The results were the same in the two groups of test subjects, suggesting prenatal antigen contact in 30 to 72 percent of all infants tested, but without statistically evident differences being observed between the groups.", "contents": "[Cellular immune reactivity to streptolysin O and E. Coli in premature infants and prenatally dystrophic newborns]. A total of 62 neonates were examined by means of the in vitro lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) using streptolysin O and E. coli antigen with a view to determinating whether prematurely born babies and prenatally dystrophic neonates differ in their prenatal immunization by bacterial antigens or whether the immunological capabilities are different in the different groups examined. Positive controls with addition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and negative blank controls were also used. The results were the same in the two groups of test subjects, suggesting prenatal antigen contact in 30 to 72 percent of all infants tested, but without statistically evident differences being observed between the groups."}
{"id": "PMID:136880", "title": "[Quantitative changes of immunoglobulins in immunization with staphylococcal toxoid].", "content": "It was determined the amount of the three classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) and the titre of the alfa-antitoxins in the serum of hyperimmunized donors of plasma against the staphylococcus aureus. An increase of the IgG and the titre of the alfa-antitoxins was established during the immunisazions course. In the light of the contemporary knowledge about the immune reactions in the staphylococcusinfection it was assumed, that the obtained plasma from donors immunized with staphylococcus aureus should provide a satisfactory effect by its clinical use.", "contents": "[Quantitative changes of immunoglobulins in immunization with staphylococcal toxoid]. It was determined the amount of the three classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM) and the titre of the alfa-antitoxins in the serum of hyperimmunized donors of plasma against the staphylococcus aureus. An increase of the IgG and the titre of the alfa-antitoxins was established during the immunisazions course. In the light of the contemporary knowledge about the immune reactions in the staphylococcusinfection it was assumed, that the obtained plasma from donors immunized with staphylococcus aureus should provide a satisfactory effect by its clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:136881", "title": "Serum immunoglobulin and complement levels in patients with psoriasis vulgaris.", "content": "In 102 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, divided into group with slight psoriatic form and the group with severe psoriatic form, the serum immunoglobulin and complement levels were determined. The quantitation of immunglobulin and complement was carried out by single radial immundiffusion. It was found that the IgM levels were significantly decreased in both investigated groups. The IgA and IgG levels were significantly increased only in patients with severe psoriatic form. While the beta1A (C'3) levels were significantly increased in both investigated groups the beta1E (C') levels were not significantly changed compared to control group. It is concluded that the immunoglobulin imbalance in patients with psoriasis, opposite to complement, is depended on the severity of clinical form.", "contents": "Serum immunoglobulin and complement levels in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. In 102 patients with psoriasis vulgaris, divided into group with slight psoriatic form and the group with severe psoriatic form, the serum immunoglobulin and complement levels were determined. The quantitation of immunglobulin and complement was carried out by single radial immundiffusion. It was found that the IgM levels were significantly decreased in both investigated groups. The IgA and IgG levels were significantly increased only in patients with severe psoriatic form. While the beta1A (C'3) levels were significantly increased in both investigated groups the beta1E (C') levels were not significantly changed compared to control group. It is concluded that the immunoglobulin imbalance in patients with psoriasis, opposite to complement, is depended on the severity of clinical form."}
{"id": "PMID:136882", "title": "Stimulation of lymphocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients by mitogens and IgG.", "content": "In the first part of this work patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 36 cases and normal subjects, 49 cases have been studied by lymphocyte cultures stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and Con A convalently bound to sepharose 4 B (Con A-S). The comparisons between the two groups have shown a significant difference between the RA lymphocytes and the control lymphocytes stimulated by PHA and Con A. However no statistical difference has been found between the two lymphocytes populations stimulated by PWM and Con A-S. In view to determining the lymphocyte population stimulated by each mitogen, separations of B- and T-cells from peripheral blood have been performed according to the ability for the T-cells population to bind the sheep red blood-cells (rosette forming cells). The T-cell rich population was only stimulated by PHA, Con A and PWM. Although the T-cell depleted one has shown no response to these mitogens, a response to Con A-S was elicited. In the second part of this work, patients with RA, patients with positive tuberculin (PPD) skin-tests and controls were studied. The lymphocytes from these groups were cultured in serum-free medium to obtain cell-free supernatants. These lymphocyte cultures were preincubated with the appropriate antigen or reconstituted after removal of the cells. Supernants from RA lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by undenaturated IgG induced an inhibition of the leucocyte migration, as well as the supernatants from tuberculin-sensitized lymphocytes. However, supernatants from non-RA lymphocytes or tuberculin-unsensitized lymphocytes did not show such an inhibition. These MIF like supernatants have been studied by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. A MIF like activity has been found for PPD and IgG supernatants between the chymotrypsinogen (MW 23,000) and the lysozyme (MW 17,000). This MIF like activity could be due to RA lymphocytes stimulated by undenatured IgG.", "contents": "Stimulation of lymphocytes from rheumatoid arthritis patients by mitogens and IgG. In the first part of this work patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 36 cases and normal subjects, 49 cases have been studied by lymphocyte cultures stimulated by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and Con A convalently bound to sepharose 4 B (Con A-S). The comparisons between the two groups have shown a significant difference between the RA lymphocytes and the control lymphocytes stimulated by PHA and Con A. However no statistical difference has been found between the two lymphocytes populations stimulated by PWM and Con A-S. In view to determining the lymphocyte population stimulated by each mitogen, separations of B- and T-cells from peripheral blood have been performed according to the ability for the T-cells population to bind the sheep red blood-cells (rosette forming cells). The T-cell rich population was only stimulated by PHA, Con A and PWM. Although the T-cell depleted one has shown no response to these mitogens, a response to Con A-S was elicited. In the second part of this work, patients with RA, patients with positive tuberculin (PPD) skin-tests and controls were studied. The lymphocytes from these groups were cultured in serum-free medium to obtain cell-free supernatants. These lymphocyte cultures were preincubated with the appropriate antigen or reconstituted after removal of the cells. Supernants from RA lymphocytes stimulated in vitro by undenaturated IgG induced an inhibition of the leucocyte migration, as well as the supernatants from tuberculin-sensitized lymphocytes. However, supernatants from non-RA lymphocytes or tuberculin-unsensitized lymphocytes did not show such an inhibition. These MIF like supernatants have been studied by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. A MIF like activity has been found for PPD and IgG supernatants between the chymotrypsinogen (MW 23,000) and the lysozyme (MW 17,000). This MIF like activity could be due to RA lymphocytes stimulated by undenatured IgG."}
{"id": "PMID:136883", "title": "[Studies with the macrophage migration inhibition test in patients with rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "The authors intended to investigate whether lymphokinins can be verified in rheumatoid arthritis, and if so - to what extent. They used the macrophage-migrations-inhibition test (MMIT). The validity of the experimental model was therefore tested in patients with tuberculosis. In 97 examinations with 76 exactly defined R.A.-patients no significant migrationsinhibitions were present, apart from single findings. Various synovialis extracts and R.A.-synovia were used. The experimental conditions were varied up to a maximum factor of 8. The results obtained were discussed from the point of view of methodical accuracy, unsatisfactory preparation of antigens and possible double inhibition effects.", "contents": "[Studies with the macrophage migration inhibition test in patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. The authors intended to investigate whether lymphokinins can be verified in rheumatoid arthritis, and if so - to what extent. They used the macrophage-migrations-inhibition test (MMIT). The validity of the experimental model was therefore tested in patients with tuberculosis. In 97 examinations with 76 exactly defined R.A.-patients no significant migrationsinhibitions were present, apart from single findings. Various synovialis extracts and R.A.-synovia were used. The experimental conditions were varied up to a maximum factor of 8. The results obtained were discussed from the point of view of methodical accuracy, unsatisfactory preparation of antigens and possible double inhibition effects."}
{"id": "PMID:136884", "title": "[Antibody deficiency syndrome and chromosome aberrations].", "content": "Chromosome analyses were made on culture lymphozytes from peripheral blood in 37 patients with humoral and local antibody deficiency syndrome. In one child with humoral IgA-deficiency a ploidymutation of sex chromosomes - a Klinefelter-Syndrome - and a structural variante of chromosome 16 were detected - karyotype 47, XXY, 16q+. No aberrations of chromosomes 18 and 21 were found out in these phenotypic completely normal children. Patients with secret-IgA-deficiency in mucosae had normal karyotypes. Theoretical aspects of possible connection of antibody deficiency syndrome and chromosomal anomalies are discussed.", "contents": "[Antibody deficiency syndrome and chromosome aberrations]. Chromosome analyses were made on culture lymphozytes from peripheral blood in 37 patients with humoral and local antibody deficiency syndrome. In one child with humoral IgA-deficiency a ploidymutation of sex chromosomes - a Klinefelter-Syndrome - and a structural variante of chromosome 16 were detected - karyotype 47, XXY, 16q+. No aberrations of chromosomes 18 and 21 were found out in these phenotypic completely normal children. Patients with secret-IgA-deficiency in mucosae had normal karyotypes. Theoretical aspects of possible connection of antibody deficiency syndrome and chromosomal anomalies are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136885", "title": "[The immunobiology of M-proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes. I. Isolation and purification of M-proteins from group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) type 1].", "content": "Streptococci of group A, type 1, are lysed by use of phage associated lysin, which is characterized as a N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminidase. This enzyme has no proteolytic activity. Type specific protein antigens are isolated and purified by ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose of the crude extract, concentrated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The immunization tests are carried out on monkeys and rabbits.", "contents": "[The immunobiology of M-proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes. I. Isolation and purification of M-proteins from group A streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes) type 1]. Streptococci of group A, type 1, are lysed by use of phage associated lysin, which is characterized as a N-Acetyl-D-glucosaminidase. This enzyme has no proteolytic activity. Type specific protein antigens are isolated and purified by ion exchange chromatography on CM-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose of the crude extract, concentrated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. The immunization tests are carried out on monkeys and rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:136887", "title": "[The immunobiology of M-proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes. III. Immunization of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)].", "content": "Rhesus monkeys were used for the examination of immunogenicity of various preparations of M-antigens of Streptococcus pyogenes, types 1, 12, and 19. The antigens were applied in various dosages, but always with alumniumhydroxide as adjuvant. The challenge infection was provided by the homologous type, in some cases by an additional heterologous type. After intravenous infection all the animals fell ill, as the high dose of infective agents led to poisoning. The majority of immunized animals, however, did not show an increase of antistreptolysin titers with the type 1-infections - a sign of the absence of any reproduction of the injected streptococci in the animal organism. This behaviour was also observed in animals where no protective antibodies (bactericidal and long-chain antibodies) were verified before the infection. The electrocardiographic findings also indicate the protective effect of M-protein vaccines. In all control animals changes were seen which indicated an acute myocarditis. Normal electrocardiograms were obtained from the monkeys which had been immunized and afterwards infected. The administration of antigen every two weeks over a period of one year did not lead to the occurrence of any visible allergy in the skin test. The lymphocyte transformation test showed an increased rate of transformation in some immunized and infected animals, but this is not type-specific.", "contents": "[The immunobiology of M-proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes. III. Immunization of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)]. Rhesus monkeys were used for the examination of immunogenicity of various preparations of M-antigens of Streptococcus pyogenes, types 1, 12, and 19. The antigens were applied in various dosages, but always with alumniumhydroxide as adjuvant. The challenge infection was provided by the homologous type, in some cases by an additional heterologous type. After intravenous infection all the animals fell ill, as the high dose of infective agents led to poisoning. The majority of immunized animals, however, did not show an increase of antistreptolysin titers with the type 1-infections - a sign of the absence of any reproduction of the injected streptococci in the animal organism. This behaviour was also observed in animals where no protective antibodies (bactericidal and long-chain antibodies) were verified before the infection. The electrocardiographic findings also indicate the protective effect of M-protein vaccines. In all control animals changes were seen which indicated an acute myocarditis. Normal electrocardiograms were obtained from the monkeys which had been immunized and afterwards infected. The administration of antigen every two weeks over a period of one year did not lead to the occurrence of any visible allergy in the skin test. The lymphocyte transformation test showed an increased rate of transformation in some immunized and infected animals, but this is not type-specific."}
{"id": "PMID:136888", "title": "Isolated dextroversion of the heart with asymmetric septal hypertrophy.", "content": "Dextroversion of the heart is an uncommon congenital anomaly characterized by situs solitus (normal position) of thoracic and abdominal viscera with right cardiac apex. Isolated dextroversion, i.e., without associated congenital heart disease, is rare, but its occurrence permits adult survival, setting the stage for late development of acquired heart disease. The patient herein reported was known since childhood to have a right thoracic heart that represented isolated uncomplicated dextroversion. He presented in the sixth decade with a new murmur that proved to be due to asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) with obstruction. This combination of anomalies is possible only if dextroversion exists without ventricular inversion, since aortic-anterior mitral leaflet continuity is obligatory for obstructive ASH. This paper presented clinical, phonocardiographic, vectorcardiographic, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, angiocardiographic, and intracardiac electrophysiologic information on the unique combination of isolated dextroversion of the heart with obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy.", "contents": "Isolated dextroversion of the heart with asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Dextroversion of the heart is an uncommon congenital anomaly characterized by situs solitus (normal position) of thoracic and abdominal viscera with right cardiac apex. Isolated dextroversion, i.e., without associated congenital heart disease, is rare, but its occurrence permits adult survival, setting the stage for late development of acquired heart disease. The patient herein reported was known since childhood to have a right thoracic heart that represented isolated uncomplicated dextroversion. He presented in the sixth decade with a new murmur that proved to be due to asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) with obstruction. This combination of anomalies is possible only if dextroversion exists without ventricular inversion, since aortic-anterior mitral leaflet continuity is obligatory for obstructive ASH. This paper presented clinical, phonocardiographic, vectorcardiographic, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, angiocardiographic, and intracardiac electrophysiologic information on the unique combination of isolated dextroversion of the heart with obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:136890", "title": "Myocardial perfusion imaging and gated cardiac blood pool scanning: clinical application.", "content": "Myocardial perfusion imaging with thallium-201 and gated cardiac blood pool scanning are finding increasing use in clinical cardiology. These noninvasive techniques have been found useful in detecting myocardial infarction independent of the electrocardiogram and determining the site and extent of the infarct as well as its effect on left ventricular function. These studies provide important prognostic data and are proving to be of value in evaluating patients with cardiogenic shock. Neither the thallium-201 myocardial perfusion image nor the gated cardiac blood pool scan can distinguish between acute and chronic myocardial damage. In clinical situations where this is important, infarct avid imaging with technetium-99m pyrophosphate allows determination of whether a given perfusion defect or wall motion abnormality is acute. Myocardial perfusion imaging with thallium-201 at rest and after exercise is also proving to be of value in evaluating patients with suspected ischemic heart disease. Initial studies suggest that the technique may be more sensitive than exercise electrocardiography and is of special value in minimizing the occurrence of false positive exercise tests for the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. The combined tracers technique is also of value in the evaluation of patients undergoing coronary bypass graft surgery and those with cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Myocardial perfusion imaging and gated cardiac blood pool scanning: clinical application. Myocardial perfusion imaging with thallium-201 and gated cardiac blood pool scanning are finding increasing use in clinical cardiology. These noninvasive techniques have been found useful in detecting myocardial infarction independent of the electrocardiogram and determining the site and extent of the infarct as well as its effect on left ventricular function. These studies provide important prognostic data and are proving to be of value in evaluating patients with cardiogenic shock. Neither the thallium-201 myocardial perfusion image nor the gated cardiac blood pool scan can distinguish between acute and chronic myocardial damage. In clinical situations where this is important, infarct avid imaging with technetium-99m pyrophosphate allows determination of whether a given perfusion defect or wall motion abnormality is acute. Myocardial perfusion imaging with thallium-201 at rest and after exercise is also proving to be of value in evaluating patients with suspected ischemic heart disease. Initial studies suggest that the technique may be more sensitive than exercise electrocardiography and is of special value in minimizing the occurrence of false positive exercise tests for the diagnosis of ischemic heart disease. The combined tracers technique is also of value in the evaluation of patients undergoing coronary bypass graft surgery and those with cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:136891", "title": "Role of hypertension in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.", "content": "Clinical, experimental and pathologic studies strongly indicate that hypertension is a major factor in coronary heart disease, sudden death, stroke congestive heart failure and renal insufficiency. The deleterious effect of the elevated blood pressure on the cardiovascular system appears to be due mainly to the mechanical stress placed on the heart and blood vessels. Humoral factors and vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin, catecholamines and prostaglandins may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive cardiovascular disease but this role has not yet been defined and is probably secondary. Hypertension and the resulting increase in tangential tension on the myocardial and arterial walls, leads to the development of hypertensive heart disease and congestive heart failure as well as hypertensive vascular disease that affects not only the kidneys but also the heart and brain. Hypertensive vascular disease involves both large and small arteries as well as arterioles and is characterized by fibromuscular thickening of the intima and media with luminal narrowing of the small arteries and arterioles. The physical stress of hypertension on the arterial wall also results in the aggravation and acceleration of atherosclerosis, particularly of the coronary and cerebral vessels. Moreover, hypertension appears to increase the susceptibility of the small and large arteries to atherosclerosis. Thus the patient with hypertension is a candidate for both hypertensive and atherosclerotic vascular disease of the coronary and cerebral vessels leading to occlusive disease of both the large and small arteries and resulting in myocardial infarction and stroke. Other major complications of hypertensive vascular disease include rupture and thrombotic occlusion of blood vessels, especially in the brain. Disease of the arterial media, which begins in childhood with the deposition of calcium in the vessels, may be an important cause of arterial hypertension. This form of hypertension may manifest itself in adults as arteriosclerotic hypertension and lead to cardiovascular complications very similar to those of essential hypertension. The relation of arteriosclerotic hypertension to nutritional factors, including dietary salt intake, deserves study.", "contents": "Role of hypertension in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Clinical, experimental and pathologic studies strongly indicate that hypertension is a major factor in coronary heart disease, sudden death, stroke congestive heart failure and renal insufficiency. The deleterious effect of the elevated blood pressure on the cardiovascular system appears to be due mainly to the mechanical stress placed on the heart and blood vessels. Humoral factors and vasoactive hormones such as angiotensin, catecholamines and prostaglandins may play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertensive cardiovascular disease but this role has not yet been defined and is probably secondary. Hypertension and the resulting increase in tangential tension on the myocardial and arterial walls, leads to the development of hypertensive heart disease and congestive heart failure as well as hypertensive vascular disease that affects not only the kidneys but also the heart and brain. Hypertensive vascular disease involves both large and small arteries as well as arterioles and is characterized by fibromuscular thickening of the intima and media with luminal narrowing of the small arteries and arterioles. The physical stress of hypertension on the arterial wall also results in the aggravation and acceleration of atherosclerosis, particularly of the coronary and cerebral vessels. Moreover, hypertension appears to increase the susceptibility of the small and large arteries to atherosclerosis. Thus the patient with hypertension is a candidate for both hypertensive and atherosclerotic vascular disease of the coronary and cerebral vessels leading to occlusive disease of both the large and small arteries and resulting in myocardial infarction and stroke. Other major complications of hypertensive vascular disease include rupture and thrombotic occlusion of blood vessels, especially in the brain. Disease of the arterial media, which begins in childhood with the deposition of calcium in the vessels, may be an important cause of arterial hypertension. This form of hypertension may manifest itself in adults as arteriosclerotic hypertension and lead to cardiovascular complications very similar to those of essential hypertension. The relation of arteriosclerotic hypertension to nutritional factors, including dietary salt intake, deserves study."}
{"id": "PMID:136892", "title": "New mineralocorticoids and adrenocorticosteroids in hypertension.", "content": "Alterations in steroidogenesis have been demonstrated in experimental and human hypertension. It is highly likely that increased secretion of the nonaldosterone mineralocorticoid deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) may initiate or perpetuate hypertension, or both. It is possible that 16 beta-hydroxydehydroeplandrosterone (16beta-OH-DHEA) directly induces the hypertensive process in animals. The significance of the findings of increased secretion of 16 alpha, 18-dihydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (16alpha, 18-diOH-DOC) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) cannot now be appreciated. Neither has been examined experimentally for its ability to induce hypertension, and the former compound is not a mineralocorticoid. It does possess the curious property of increasing mineralocorticoid activity of other steroids, by altering either their metabolism or mode of action. Variations in the mineralocorticoid hypertensive syndrome or, more aptly, the steroid hypertensive syndrome could account for the hypertension in a substantial portion of patients with reduced plasma renin activity.", "contents": "New mineralocorticoids and adrenocorticosteroids in hypertension. Alterations in steroidogenesis have been demonstrated in experimental and human hypertension. It is highly likely that increased secretion of the nonaldosterone mineralocorticoid deoxycorticosterone (DOC) and 18-hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (18-OH-DOC) may initiate or perpetuate hypertension, or both. It is possible that 16 beta-hydroxydehydroeplandrosterone (16beta-OH-DHEA) directly induces the hypertensive process in animals. The significance of the findings of increased secretion of 16 alpha, 18-dihydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone (16alpha, 18-diOH-DOC) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) cannot now be appreciated. Neither has been examined experimentally for its ability to induce hypertension, and the former compound is not a mineralocorticoid. It does possess the curious property of increasing mineralocorticoid activity of other steroids, by altering either their metabolism or mode of action. Variations in the mineralocorticoid hypertensive syndrome or, more aptly, the steroid hypertensive syndrome could account for the hypertension in a substantial portion of patients with reduced plasma renin activity."}
{"id": "PMID:136893", "title": "Dynamic changes in left ventricular wall thickness and their use in analyzing cardiac function in the conscious dog.", "content": "The thickness of the left ventricular free wall and internal chamber diameter were continuously measured by pairs of ultrasonic crystals together with left ventricular pressure in normal conscious dogs. During the resting state, wall thickness decreased abruptly with the onset of atrial contraction from 10.5 mm to an average end-diastolic valueof9.8 mm. In contrast to most previous studies, there was no change in wall thickness during isovolumic systole, and with ejection the wall thickened by 31.3 percent of end-diastolic wall thickness. Atrial pacing, phenylephrine, isoproterenol and propranolol produced significant changes in chamber size with reciprocal changes in wall thickness. In addition, changes in the extent and velocity of left ventricular chamber shortening in the minor equator were associated with comparable reciprocal changes in the extent and velocity of free wall thickening (correlation coefficients 0.97 to 0.99). During acute coronary occlusion, progressive reductions in the extent and velocity of regional wall shortening with partial ischemia were associated with comparable changes in systolic wall thickening characteristics (r = 0.96 and 0.95), and holosystolic elongation in fully ischemic areas was associated with holosystolic wall thinning. During chronic pressure overload, despite wall thickening, the relation between chamber shortening and wall thickening were retained and direct computation of dynamic wall stress variations was possible. These measurements allowed precise definition of the dynamics of the left ventricular wall during normal and abnormal cardiac states. The demonstration that in the absence of regional dysfunction analysis of wall thickness in a single region of ventricular free wall can be used to describe myocardial and overall left ventricular function, as well as regional function in the presence of ischemia, constitutes a new approach to the assessment of cardiac function that has potential for echocardiographic applications.", "contents": "Dynamic changes in left ventricular wall thickness and their use in analyzing cardiac function in the conscious dog. The thickness of the left ventricular free wall and internal chamber diameter were continuously measured by pairs of ultrasonic crystals together with left ventricular pressure in normal conscious dogs. During the resting state, wall thickness decreased abruptly with the onset of atrial contraction from 10.5 mm to an average end-diastolic valueof9.8 mm. In contrast to most previous studies, there was no change in wall thickness during isovolumic systole, and with ejection the wall thickened by 31.3 percent of end-diastolic wall thickness. Atrial pacing, phenylephrine, isoproterenol and propranolol produced significant changes in chamber size with reciprocal changes in wall thickness. In addition, changes in the extent and velocity of left ventricular chamber shortening in the minor equator were associated with comparable reciprocal changes in the extent and velocity of free wall thickening (correlation coefficients 0.97 to 0.99). During acute coronary occlusion, progressive reductions in the extent and velocity of regional wall shortening with partial ischemia were associated with comparable changes in systolic wall thickening characteristics (r = 0.96 and 0.95), and holosystolic elongation in fully ischemic areas was associated with holosystolic wall thinning. During chronic pressure overload, despite wall thickening, the relation between chamber shortening and wall thickening were retained and direct computation of dynamic wall stress variations was possible. These measurements allowed precise definition of the dynamics of the left ventricular wall during normal and abnormal cardiac states. The demonstration that in the absence of regional dysfunction analysis of wall thickness in a single region of ventricular free wall can be used to describe myocardial and overall left ventricular function, as well as regional function in the presence of ischemia, constitutes a new approach to the assessment of cardiac function that has potential for echocardiographic applications."}
{"id": "PMID:136895", "title": "Complement consumption in acute disseminated intravascular coagulation without antecedent immunopathology.", "content": "Complement component C3, component C4, and total hemolytic complement CH50 were measured in blood from ten patients with acute disseminated intravascular coagulation (aDIC) syndromes. The study group was selected on the basis of history to exclude antecedent immunologic, infectious, or hepatic disease. The mortality rate was high (90%), the average duration of illness short (8.5 days), and the utilization of blood products extensive. The behaviors of C3 and C4 were found to be analogous to fibrinogen, plasminogen, antiplasmin, and platelets. CH50 activity paralled C3 and C4, as well as results of the soluble coagulation factor screening tests. It is concluded that serum complement is consumed as part of the multisystem dysfunction, aDIC, and that in conjunction with traditional indicators it may be utilized to gauge the severity of this syndrome.", "contents": "Complement consumption in acute disseminated intravascular coagulation without antecedent immunopathology. Complement component C3, component C4, and total hemolytic complement CH50 were measured in blood from ten patients with acute disseminated intravascular coagulation (aDIC) syndromes. The study group was selected on the basis of history to exclude antecedent immunologic, infectious, or hepatic disease. The mortality rate was high (90%), the average duration of illness short (8.5 days), and the utilization of blood products extensive. The behaviors of C3 and C4 were found to be analogous to fibrinogen, plasminogen, antiplasmin, and platelets. CH50 activity paralled C3 and C4, as well as results of the soluble coagulation factor screening tests. It is concluded that serum complement is consumed as part of the multisystem dysfunction, aDIC, and that in conjunction with traditional indicators it may be utilized to gauge the severity of this syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:136896", "title": "Immunologic studies of human plasma cells.", "content": "Purified plasma cell suspensions were produced from 3 subjects with malignant plasma cell disease. Various physical, biological, and immunological properties of these cells were studied. Neoplastic human plasmablasts were found to be denser than their mature forms, in contrast to the usual relationship of the lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid series. The human plasma cells did not respond to phytohemagglutinin stimulation and were found to be weakly reactive in mixed lymphocyte-plasma cell cultures. Potent antisera was produced against such cells, and the antisera demonstrated a broad cross reactivity with various human lymphocyte populations. The data suggest a lymphoid origin for human plasma cells and possibly a specific relationship to B-type lymphocytes.", "contents": "Immunologic studies of human plasma cells. Purified plasma cell suspensions were produced from 3 subjects with malignant plasma cell disease. Various physical, biological, and immunological properties of these cells were studied. Neoplastic human plasmablasts were found to be denser than their mature forms, in contrast to the usual relationship of the lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid series. The human plasma cells did not respond to phytohemagglutinin stimulation and were found to be weakly reactive in mixed lymphocyte-plasma cell cultures. Potent antisera was produced against such cells, and the antisera demonstrated a broad cross reactivity with various human lymphocyte populations. The data suggest a lymphoid origin for human plasma cells and possibly a specific relationship to B-type lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:136897", "title": "Moral and cognitive development of moderately retarded, mildly retarded, and nonretarded individuals.", "content": "The relationships of moral maturity, cognitive reasoning, MA, and CA were investigated with three IQ groups. The subjects were 20 moderately retarded, 20 mildly retarded, and 20 nonretarded individuals matched for MA. The findings indicated that moderately retarded individuals are at lower levels of cognitive reasoning and moral maturity than MA-matched mildly retarded and nonretarded individuals. The findings also indicated a stronger relationship between moral maturity and cognitive reasoning than between MA and moral maturity or MA and cognitive reasoning. The findings were discussed in terms of the positions of Kohlberg and Gilligan (1971) and Taylor and Achenback (1975).", "contents": "Moral and cognitive development of moderately retarded, mildly retarded, and nonretarded individuals. The relationships of moral maturity, cognitive reasoning, MA, and CA were investigated with three IQ groups. The subjects were 20 moderately retarded, 20 mildly retarded, and 20 nonretarded individuals matched for MA. The findings indicated that moderately retarded individuals are at lower levels of cognitive reasoning and moral maturity than MA-matched mildly retarded and nonretarded individuals. The findings also indicated a stronger relationship between moral maturity and cognitive reasoning than between MA and moral maturity or MA and cognitive reasoning. The findings were discussed in terms of the positions of Kohlberg and Gilligan (1971) and Taylor and Achenback (1975)."}
{"id": "PMID:136898", "title": "Performance of persons with Down's syndrome on two projective techniques.", "content": "A comparison was made of the Rorschach responses and the Human Figure Drawings of a group of 21 Down's syndrome subjects and the responses of a group of 21 other mentally retarded persons (non-Down's syndrome group). Statistically significant differences on the Rorschach were indicative of a better differentiated visual perceptual ability in the Down's syndrome group. The traditional stereotype of the person with Down's syndrome as having a better self-concept and being more affectionate and cooperative was supported by the Rorschach results. This was not substantiated by the Human Figure Drawings, in which the non-Down's syndrome group performed significantly better than the Down's syndrome group.", "contents": "Performance of persons with Down's syndrome on two projective techniques. A comparison was made of the Rorschach responses and the Human Figure Drawings of a group of 21 Down's syndrome subjects and the responses of a group of 21 other mentally retarded persons (non-Down's syndrome group). Statistically significant differences on the Rorschach were indicative of a better differentiated visual perceptual ability in the Down's syndrome group. The traditional stereotype of the person with Down's syndrome as having a better self-concept and being more affectionate and cooperative was supported by the Rorschach results. This was not substantiated by the Human Figure Drawings, in which the non-Down's syndrome group performed significantly better than the Down's syndrome group."}
{"id": "PMID:136901", "title": "Regulation of immunity and inflammation by mediators from macrophages.", "content": "Mononuclear phagocytes secrete a number of materials into the extracellular environment. The materials secreted by phagocytes can be grouped into three categories: a) enzymes affecting extracellular proteins (collagenase, elastase, lysosomal proteases, plasminogen activators), b) materials involved in defense processes (complement proteins, interferons, lysozyme), and c) factors regulating activities of surrounding cells. The latter include lymphostimulatory molecules, a colony-stimulating factor, and inhibitors of cell growth. The conditions for secretion of the materials depend on the activity of the phagocytes. The lymphostimulatory molecules secreted by macrophages exert various effects: 1) an increase in DNA synthesis of lymphocytes, 2) a maturation of early thymocytes to mature T cells, and 3) the differentiation of some B cells to antibody-secreting cells. The mitogenic principle has been partially isolated as a protein of 15,000 to 20,000 daltons. The secretion of lymphostimulatory molecules is increased following uptake of various materials by macrophages or by addition of activated T cells to macrophage cultures.", "contents": "Regulation of immunity and inflammation by mediators from macrophages. Mononuclear phagocytes secrete a number of materials into the extracellular environment. The materials secreted by phagocytes can be grouped into three categories: a) enzymes affecting extracellular proteins (collagenase, elastase, lysosomal proteases, plasminogen activators), b) materials involved in defense processes (complement proteins, interferons, lysozyme), and c) factors regulating activities of surrounding cells. The latter include lymphostimulatory molecules, a colony-stimulating factor, and inhibitors of cell growth. The conditions for secretion of the materials depend on the activity of the phagocytes. The lymphostimulatory molecules secreted by macrophages exert various effects: 1) an increase in DNA synthesis of lymphocytes, 2) a maturation of early thymocytes to mature T cells, and 3) the differentiation of some B cells to antibody-secreting cells. The mitogenic principle has been partially isolated as a protein of 15,000 to 20,000 daltons. The secretion of lymphostimulatory molecules is increased following uptake of various materials by macrophages or by addition of activated T cells to macrophage cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:136902", "title": "The role of the child in abuse: a review of the literature.", "content": "Current theories generally emphasize the role of the parent in the etiology of child abuse, and frequently fail to consider other factors, in particular the role of the child. This paper reviews the literature and discusses the role of the child in abuse, with special attention to identification of particular types of children who may be most at risk.", "contents": "The role of the child in abuse: a review of the literature. Current theories generally emphasize the role of the parent in the etiology of child abuse, and frequently fail to consider other factors, in particular the role of the child. This paper reviews the literature and discusses the role of the child in abuse, with special attention to identification of particular types of children who may be most at risk."}
{"id": "PMID:136903", "title": "Properties of immobilized guinea pig hindlimb muscles.", "content": "Guinea pig hindlimbs were unilaterally immobilized at resting length to evaluate histochemical, biochemical, and contractile properties of immobilized muscle. Contralateral limbs remained unrestrained. Four weeks later contractile properties were measured under chloral hydrate anesthesia. Average time-to-peak tension of the immobilized soleus was 30% less, whereas that of the gastrocnemius was not significantly changed relative to contralateral muscles. Immobilized soleus muscles acquired as much as 25% fibers with high alkaline myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity; these fibers do not occur in the normal muscle. Neither the immobilized soleus nor gastrocnemius fatigued more quickly than their contralateral counterparts. In the immobilized gastrocnemius myofibrillar protein (mg/g muscle) decreased to 76% and maximum tetanic tension to 70% of contralateral values. However, tetanic tension per gram wet muscle weight or 100 mg myofibrillar protein was significantly greater in the immobilized gastrocnemius. No specific factor responsible for the increased tetanic tension could be identified.", "contents": "Properties of immobilized guinea pig hindlimb muscles. Guinea pig hindlimbs were unilaterally immobilized at resting length to evaluate histochemical, biochemical, and contractile properties of immobilized muscle. Contralateral limbs remained unrestrained. Four weeks later contractile properties were measured under chloral hydrate anesthesia. Average time-to-peak tension of the immobilized soleus was 30% less, whereas that of the gastrocnemius was not significantly changed relative to contralateral muscles. Immobilized soleus muscles acquired as much as 25% fibers with high alkaline myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase activity; these fibers do not occur in the normal muscle. Neither the immobilized soleus nor gastrocnemius fatigued more quickly than their contralateral counterparts. In the immobilized gastrocnemius myofibrillar protein (mg/g muscle) decreased to 76% and maximum tetanic tension to 70% of contralateral values. However, tetanic tension per gram wet muscle weight or 100 mg myofibrillar protein was significantly greater in the immobilized gastrocnemius. No specific factor responsible for the increased tetanic tension could be identified."}
{"id": "PMID:136911", "title": "[Muscle spindles in denervated and reinnervated m. soleus of the rat. I. Changes in number, distribution and length of muscle spindles].", "content": "After a transient or permanent unilateral denervation of the soleus muscle of the rat the number, distribution and length of muscle spindles were determined. The results were compared with those of the contralateral innervated muscle and with the data received from investigating soleus muscles of normal uninjured rats. Denervation (with or without reinnervation) reduces the number of muscle spindles by nearly 50%. The typical uniform distribution of muscle spindles in the muscle remains almost unchanged. The remaining muscle spindles grow longer. The same findings are observed in the contralateral still innervated muscles, too. Consequently a comparison of the denervated (reinnervated) muscle exclusively with its contralateral muscle does not show different counts of muscle spindles. Therefore in such investigations the contralateral muscle is of dubious value as a mean of control. As regards number, distribution and length of muscle spindles there exist only small differences between the various strains of rats.", "contents": "[Muscle spindles in denervated and reinnervated m. soleus of the rat. I. Changes in number, distribution and length of muscle spindles]. After a transient or permanent unilateral denervation of the soleus muscle of the rat the number, distribution and length of muscle spindles were determined. The results were compared with those of the contralateral innervated muscle and with the data received from investigating soleus muscles of normal uninjured rats. Denervation (with or without reinnervation) reduces the number of muscle spindles by nearly 50%. The typical uniform distribution of muscle spindles in the muscle remains almost unchanged. The remaining muscle spindles grow longer. The same findings are observed in the contralateral still innervated muscles, too. Consequently a comparison of the denervated (reinnervated) muscle exclusively with its contralateral muscle does not show different counts of muscle spindles. Therefore in such investigations the contralateral muscle is of dubious value as a mean of control. As regards number, distribution and length of muscle spindles there exist only small differences between the various strains of rats."}
{"id": "PMID:136912", "title": "[Muscle spindles in denervated and reinnervated m. soleus of the rat. II. Changes in the extra- and intrafusal muscle fibers].", "content": "After a transient or permanent unilateral denervation of the soleus muscle of the rat changes were investigated of extra- and intrafusal muscle fibres of the denervated (reinnervated) muscle as well as its contralateral still innervated muscle. Those data which were obtained from normal muscles of uninjured rats served as control. The changes of permanent denervated muscles were clear and statistically significant. The extrafusal muscle fibres show a considerable atrophy. The nuclear-chain fibres exhibit a decrease of their calibres. The extent of this atrophy is not as pronounced as in extrafusal muscle fibres. The nuclear-bag fibres show 12 weeks after denervation a small atrophy (or pseudoatrophy) and 18 weeks after denervation a significant hypertrophy. At the same time the number of nuclear-bag fibres is increasing. Besides the increase in number of intrafusal muscle fibres per muscle spindle, a change is observed of proportion of both intrafusal fibre types in favour of nuclear-bag fibres. The hypertrophy and the increase in number of the nuclear-bag fibres are discussed in connection with their functional properties.", "contents": "[Muscle spindles in denervated and reinnervated m. soleus of the rat. II. Changes in the extra- and intrafusal muscle fibers]. After a transient or permanent unilateral denervation of the soleus muscle of the rat changes were investigated of extra- and intrafusal muscle fibres of the denervated (reinnervated) muscle as well as its contralateral still innervated muscle. Those data which were obtained from normal muscles of uninjured rats served as control. The changes of permanent denervated muscles were clear and statistically significant. The extrafusal muscle fibres show a considerable atrophy. The nuclear-chain fibres exhibit a decrease of their calibres. The extent of this atrophy is not as pronounced as in extrafusal muscle fibres. The nuclear-bag fibres show 12 weeks after denervation a small atrophy (or pseudoatrophy) and 18 weeks after denervation a significant hypertrophy. At the same time the number of nuclear-bag fibres is increasing. Besides the increase in number of intrafusal muscle fibres per muscle spindle, a change is observed of proportion of both intrafusal fibre types in favour of nuclear-bag fibres. The hypertrophy and the increase in number of the nuclear-bag fibres are discussed in connection with their functional properties."}
{"id": "PMID:136913", "title": "The major histocompatibility complex and its relationship to allergic disease.", "content": "Two tests, the mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) tests, have been used as in vitro models of the in vivo allograft reaction. These tests have been applied to histocompatibility testing for transplantation as well as to assay of immune function. They involve the use of peripheral blood lymphocytes as \"responding\" cells in mixed leukocyte culture or as \"stimulating\" cells in the generation of a proliferative or a cytotoxic response. The proliferative events in MLC are primarily in response to LD antigens of the major histocompatibility complex; the cytotoxic cells use as their targets the SD antigens of that complex. A new method for defining the LD antigens, the primed LD typing (PLT) test, is based on in vitro sensitization of lymphocytes to certain LD antigens of the major histocompatibility complex and their subsequent restimulation with test cells.", "contents": "The major histocompatibility complex and its relationship to allergic disease. Two tests, the mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) tests, have been used as in vitro models of the in vivo allograft reaction. These tests have been applied to histocompatibility testing for transplantation as well as to assay of immune function. They involve the use of peripheral blood lymphocytes as \"responding\" cells in mixed leukocyte culture or as \"stimulating\" cells in the generation of a proliferative or a cytotoxic response. The proliferative events in MLC are primarily in response to LD antigens of the major histocompatibility complex; the cytotoxic cells use as their targets the SD antigens of that complex. A new method for defining the LD antigens, the primed LD typing (PLT) test, is based on in vitro sensitization of lymphocytes to certain LD antigens of the major histocompatibility complex and their subsequent restimulation with test cells."}
{"id": "PMID:136914", "title": "Efficacy of albendazole against Haemonchus, Nematodirus, Dictyocaulus, and Monieza of sheep.", "content": "Albendazole was highly efficacious in the removal of monospecific and mixed infection of Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus spathiger, and Dictyocaulus filaria from sheep. A dose level of 5 mg/kg removed nearly all gastrointestinal nematodes, and 10 mg/kg removed all lungworms. Tapeworms of the genus Moniezia were completely removed by a dose level of 10 hg/kg.", "contents": "Efficacy of albendazole against Haemonchus, Nematodirus, Dictyocaulus, and Monieza of sheep. Albendazole was highly efficacious in the removal of monospecific and mixed infection of Haemonchus contortus, Nematodirus spathiger, and Dictyocaulus filaria from sheep. A dose level of 5 mg/kg removed nearly all gastrointestinal nematodes, and 10 mg/kg removed all lungworms. Tapeworms of the genus Moniezia were completely removed by a dose level of 10 hg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:136916", "title": "In vitro and in vivo studies with thymosin in cancer patients.", "content": "Thymosin, fraction V, prepared by the method of Goldstein et al., was studied in in vitro lymphocyte cultures with cells obtained from normal subjects and patients with disseminated cancer. Thymosin lowered blastogenic activity in some patients, did not affect it in others, and increased counts in still others. There was a statistically significant depression in baseline (prethymosin) counts from both normals and patients when individuals whose counts increased in the presence of thymosin were compared with other subjects. We conclude that thymosin tended to raise depressed blastogenesis into the normal range without causing supranormal activity or without itself acting as a mitogen or antigen. Eighty-two in vivo courses in thymosin were given to 32 patients. Analysis of the first thymosin courses in these 32 patients shows that immunologic reconstitution occurred in patients with originally depressed T-cell function and numbers, whereas little change was apparent in patients with initially intact tests of T-cell activity. Clinical effects were equivocal; however, no systematic clinical trial was conducted. Toxicity was minimal (four of the 32 patients); in each case, it consisted of inflammation at the injection site. The in vitro and in vivo results of this study suggest that thymosin therapy modulates and partially normalizes T-lymphocyte numbers and function.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo studies with thymosin in cancer patients. Thymosin, fraction V, prepared by the method of Goldstein et al., was studied in in vitro lymphocyte cultures with cells obtained from normal subjects and patients with disseminated cancer. Thymosin lowered blastogenic activity in some patients, did not affect it in others, and increased counts in still others. There was a statistically significant depression in baseline (prethymosin) counts from both normals and patients when individuals whose counts increased in the presence of thymosin were compared with other subjects. We conclude that thymosin tended to raise depressed blastogenesis into the normal range without causing supranormal activity or without itself acting as a mitogen or antigen. Eighty-two in vivo courses in thymosin were given to 32 patients. Analysis of the first thymosin courses in these 32 patients shows that immunologic reconstitution occurred in patients with originally depressed T-cell function and numbers, whereas little change was apparent in patients with initially intact tests of T-cell activity. Clinical effects were equivocal; however, no systematic clinical trial was conducted. Toxicity was minimal (four of the 32 patients); in each case, it consisted of inflammation at the injection site. The in vitro and in vivo results of this study suggest that thymosin therapy modulates and partially normalizes T-lymphocyte numbers and function."}
{"id": "PMID:136915", "title": "[Down's syndrome with G/G \"tandem\" translocation (author's transl)].", "content": "A three month old male with Down's Syndrome is presented. Cytogenetic studies reveal a count of 46 chromosomes with a G/G \"tandem\" translocation. New staining techniques show the marker chromosome closed at both ends and with two symmetrical bands.", "contents": "[Down's syndrome with G/G \"tandem\" translocation (author's transl)]. A three month old male with Down's Syndrome is presented. Cytogenetic studies reveal a count of 46 chromosomes with a G/G \"tandem\" translocation. New staining techniques show the marker chromosome closed at both ends and with two symmetrical bands."}
{"id": "PMID:136919", "title": "Cutaneous reactions to practolol. Clinical and histopathological study.", "content": "In twelve patients with cutaneous reactions to practolol the clinical appearance of the rash was variable, including eczematous, exanthematous, lichenoid, and psoriasiform eruptions, and one exfoliative dermatitis. The development of the rash and its reappearance after oral challenge were slow. But histological findings were almost identical and were not those of any other drug eruption. Vacuolated and dyskeratotic epidermal cells and mild disorganization with extra mitoses of the epidermal cells were seen.", "contents": "Cutaneous reactions to practolol. Clinical and histopathological study. In twelve patients with cutaneous reactions to practolol the clinical appearance of the rash was variable, including eczematous, exanthematous, lichenoid, and psoriasiform eruptions, and one exfoliative dermatitis. The development of the rash and its reappearance after oral challenge were slow. But histological findings were almost identical and were not those of any other drug eruption. Vacuolated and dyskeratotic epidermal cells and mild disorganization with extra mitoses of the epidermal cells were seen."}
{"id": "PMID:136920", "title": "A skin reaction to pindololum, a beta-blocking drug.", "content": "The case is described of a man aged 61, who developed a psoriasiform skin reaction to pindololum after taking 5 mg b.i.d. for seven days. The dermatitis reappeared after resumption of the drug on two occasions. The histology showed a lichenoid eruption.", "contents": "A skin reaction to pindololum, a beta-blocking drug. The case is described of a man aged 61, who developed a psoriasiform skin reaction to pindololum after taking 5 mg b.i.d. for seven days. The dermatitis reappeared after resumption of the drug on two occasions. The histology showed a lichenoid eruption."}
{"id": "PMID:136921", "title": "Induction of generalized pustular psoriasis by topical use of betamethasone-dipropionate ointment in psoriasis.", "content": "Three patients with chronic discoid psoriasis are described as having a generalized pustular eruption provoked by the topical use of betamethasone-dipropionate ointment (0.05%) over extensive skin areas for two or three weeks. All the lesions were nearly healed when the rash erupted. It is suggested that the potent topical steroid was absorbed through the damaged psoriatic skin, resulting in a systemic effect and a generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP). It was estimated that the patients absorbed at least 1.5 mg betamethasone per day during the application period.(i.e. 3 tablets of CelestonaR 0.5 mg). Just as steroids systemically are contraindicated in chronic discoid psoriasis by the risk of GPP, potent topical steroids must be avoided over large psoriatic skin areas.", "contents": "Induction of generalized pustular psoriasis by topical use of betamethasone-dipropionate ointment in psoriasis. Three patients with chronic discoid psoriasis are described as having a generalized pustular eruption provoked by the topical use of betamethasone-dipropionate ointment (0.05%) over extensive skin areas for two or three weeks. All the lesions were nearly healed when the rash erupted. It is suggested that the potent topical steroid was absorbed through the damaged psoriatic skin, resulting in a systemic effect and a generalized pustular psoriasis (GPP). It was estimated that the patients absorbed at least 1.5 mg betamethasone per day during the application period.(i.e. 3 tablets of CelestonaR 0.5 mg). Just as steroids systemically are contraindicated in chronic discoid psoriasis by the risk of GPP, potent topical steroids must be avoided over large psoriatic skin areas."}
{"id": "PMID:136922", "title": "Chalone-induced inhibition in DNA synthesis of human psoriatic epidermal cells cultured in diffusion chambers in mice.", "content": "Pieces of human psoriatic skin and suspensions of mouse bone marrow cells as non-epidermal control tissue were cultured for four days in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally in 40 mice. The mice were divided into three groups. On the second and third day of the culture partially purified epidermal extract containing epidermal chalone, granulocyte extract containing granulocyte chalone, and Hanks' solution were injected intraperitoneally into the mice of the three groups, respectively. On the fourth day, incorporation of 3H-TdR into the diffusion chamber cultures and various epithelia and several non-epidermal tissues of the host animal was studied autoradiographically and radiochemically. The results showed that the epidermal chalone induced a marked, statistically significant, depression in the labelling index of the cultured psoriatic epidermal cells and in the number of labelled cells in the host ear epidermis (31% and 62%, respectively); the other host epithelia were not significantly inhibited. A crude granulocyte extract used in most experiments was clearly toxic; the semipurified granulocyte chalone used in one experiment had no effect on the psoriatic and cultures, but affected weakly the cultured bone marrow cells. Neither the epidermal nor the granulocyte extract had any inhibitory effect on the non-epidermal tissues studied.", "contents": "Chalone-induced inhibition in DNA synthesis of human psoriatic epidermal cells cultured in diffusion chambers in mice. Pieces of human psoriatic skin and suspensions of mouse bone marrow cells as non-epidermal control tissue were cultured for four days in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally in 40 mice. The mice were divided into three groups. On the second and third day of the culture partially purified epidermal extract containing epidermal chalone, granulocyte extract containing granulocyte chalone, and Hanks' solution were injected intraperitoneally into the mice of the three groups, respectively. On the fourth day, incorporation of 3H-TdR into the diffusion chamber cultures and various epithelia and several non-epidermal tissues of the host animal was studied autoradiographically and radiochemically. The results showed that the epidermal chalone induced a marked, statistically significant, depression in the labelling index of the cultured psoriatic epidermal cells and in the number of labelled cells in the host ear epidermis (31% and 62%, respectively); the other host epithelia were not significantly inhibited. A crude granulocyte extract used in most experiments was clearly toxic; the semipurified granulocyte chalone used in one experiment had no effect on the psoriatic and cultures, but affected weakly the cultured bone marrow cells. Neither the epidermal nor the granulocyte extract had any inhibitory effect on the non-epidermal tissues studied."}
{"id": "PMID:136923", "title": "[Development of drug resistance and the cross resistance in Shigella to certain chemotherapeutic preparations in vitro].", "content": "A total of 700 Shigella cultures isolated in different regions of the Ukraine in 1974 and occasionally in 1971-1973 were studied. No cultures resistant to furazolidone or enteroseptol were found. Under the experimental conditions resistance to nitrofuran and especially oxycholine preparations in Shigella developed slowly when the cultures were passaged in broths with increasing concentrations of the drugs. Cross resistance in Shigella was observed with respect to (a) various nitrofuran preparations, less pronounced with respect to furacryline and (b) enteroseptol and 5-NOK. No cross resistance was noted between the above groups of the chemotherapeutics and levomycetin and tetracycline. 5-NOK inhibited the resistance development to streptomycin, while enteroseptol inhibited the development of resistance to furazolidone in Shigella. The studies showed that in the near future there will be observed no mass development of resistance to furazolidone and enteroseptol in Shigella.", "contents": "[Development of drug resistance and the cross resistance in Shigella to certain chemotherapeutic preparations in vitro]. A total of 700 Shigella cultures isolated in different regions of the Ukraine in 1974 and occasionally in 1971-1973 were studied. No cultures resistant to furazolidone or enteroseptol were found. Under the experimental conditions resistance to nitrofuran and especially oxycholine preparations in Shigella developed slowly when the cultures were passaged in broths with increasing concentrations of the drugs. Cross resistance in Shigella was observed with respect to (a) various nitrofuran preparations, less pronounced with respect to furacryline and (b) enteroseptol and 5-NOK. No cross resistance was noted between the above groups of the chemotherapeutics and levomycetin and tetracycline. 5-NOK inhibited the resistance development to streptomycin, while enteroseptol inhibited the development of resistance to furazolidone in Shigella. The studies showed that in the near future there will be observed no mass development of resistance to furazolidone and enteroseptol in Shigella."}
{"id": "PMID:136924", "title": "[Results of using morphocycline for the treatment of fresh, uncomplicated gonorrhea in men].", "content": "A total of 30 males suffering from fresh non-complicated gonorrhea were treated with morphocycline (N-morpholinmethyltetracycline). The diagnosis in all cases was confirmed by bacterioscopic and cultural tests. The drug was administered intravenously in a dose of 0.15 mg 2 times at an interval of 12 hours. Stable recovery was observed in 17 patients. Resistance to the treatment was found in 4 patients and relapses of the disease within 1 to 9 days after the treatment discontinuation were registered in 9 patients. It was concluded that morphocycline in the usual doses was not sufficiently effective.", "contents": "[Results of using morphocycline for the treatment of fresh, uncomplicated gonorrhea in men]. A total of 30 males suffering from fresh non-complicated gonorrhea were treated with morphocycline (N-morpholinmethyltetracycline). The diagnosis in all cases was confirmed by bacterioscopic and cultural tests. The drug was administered intravenously in a dose of 0.15 mg 2 times at an interval of 12 hours. Stable recovery was observed in 17 patients. Resistance to the treatment was found in 4 patients and relapses of the disease within 1 to 9 days after the treatment discontinuation were registered in 9 patients. It was concluded that morphocycline in the usual doses was not sufficiently effective."}
{"id": "PMID:136925", "title": "Skin lesions induced by penicillamine. Occurrence in a patient with hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson Disease).", "content": "A 41-year-old patient with hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson disease), who had been treated for 15 years with penicillamine, developed small white papules at sites of venipuncture in the antecubital fossae and at surgical suture sites. Histologically, these papules showed focal areas of connective tissue degeneration in the dermis, but there was no evidence of inclusion cysts. The changes most likely resulted from the effect of penicillamine on new connective tissue formation at the sites of injury. The patient also developed crinkling of the skin of her face and neck while on the penicillamine regimen, and these changes were attributed, at least in part, to the effects of this drug on connective tissue.", "contents": "Skin lesions induced by penicillamine. Occurrence in a patient with hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson Disease). A 41-year-old patient with hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson disease), who had been treated for 15 years with penicillamine, developed small white papules at sites of venipuncture in the antecubital fossae and at surgical suture sites. Histologically, these papules showed focal areas of connective tissue degeneration in the dermis, but there was no evidence of inclusion cysts. The changes most likely resulted from the effect of penicillamine on new connective tissue formation at the sites of injury. The patient also developed crinkling of the skin of her face and neck while on the penicillamine regimen, and these changes were attributed, at least in part, to the effects of this drug on connective tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:136926", "title": "Nevus of Ota with ipsilateral congenital cataract.", "content": "A mongoloid woman had a nevus of Ota, an ipsilateral congenital cataract, and upper extremity hemiatrophy. To our knowledge, no similar patient has been previously reported. We review the literature concerning the nevus of Ota and cataracts in mongoloid indivuduals.", "contents": "Nevus of Ota with ipsilateral congenital cataract. A mongoloid woman had a nevus of Ota, an ipsilateral congenital cataract, and upper extremity hemiatrophy. To our knowledge, no similar patient has been previously reported. We review the literature concerning the nevus of Ota and cataracts in mongoloid indivuduals."}
{"id": "PMID:136927", "title": "Pemphigus in a patient treated with penicillamine for generalized  morphea.", "content": "A 56-year-old woman with generalized morphea was treated with penicillamine. Four months after commencing treatment, she developed an eruption clinically, histologically, and immunopathologically consistent with pemphigus. The eruption disappeared following withdrawal of the drug. It is suggested that penicillamine initiated epidermal damage.", "contents": "Pemphigus in a patient treated with penicillamine for generalized  morphea. A 56-year-old woman with generalized morphea was treated with penicillamine. Four months after commencing treatment, she developed an eruption clinically, histologically, and immunopathologically consistent with pemphigus. The eruption disappeared following withdrawal of the drug. It is suggested that penicillamine initiated epidermal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:136929", "title": "Types of mesenchymal reactions in the carcinoma of uterine cervix.", "content": "In the cervical cancer stroma three essential types of mesenchymal reaction: myxoid, fibrogenic with angioplasia and fibroblastic low-differentiated were disclosed. The border membrane of cancer foci is composed of fibroblast layer and ground substance abundant in Ac-MPS of the hyaluronic acid type. This substance is the basal immunosuppressive factor of cancer cells in situ (TIS). Similar activity is exhibited by the pathologic mesenchymal proteins of fibrynoid and hyaline type. The level of chemical differentiation of the mesenchyma, changes according to the maturity of cellular factor in connective tissue.  Ac-MPS of the hyaluronic acid type prevail in the ground substance of the myxoid and fibroblastic mesenchyma, while the substances containing sulfuric groups predominate in the tissue matrix exhibiting fibrogenic tendencies.", "contents": "Types of mesenchymal reactions in the carcinoma of uterine cervix. In the cervical cancer stroma three essential types of mesenchymal reaction: myxoid, fibrogenic with angioplasia and fibroblastic low-differentiated were disclosed. The border membrane of cancer foci is composed of fibroblast layer and ground substance abundant in Ac-MPS of the hyaluronic acid type. This substance is the basal immunosuppressive factor of cancer cells in situ (TIS). Similar activity is exhibited by the pathologic mesenchymal proteins of fibrynoid and hyaline type. The level of chemical differentiation of the mesenchyma, changes according to the maturity of cellular factor in connective tissue.  Ac-MPS of the hyaluronic acid type prevail in the ground substance of the myxoid and fibroblastic mesenchyma, while the substances containing sulfuric groups predominate in the tissue matrix exhibiting fibrogenic tendencies."}
{"id": "PMID:136930", "title": "[Reactivity of the smooth muscle tissue of the large intestine under conditions of experimental obstruction].", "content": "Morphohistochemical and autoradiographic techniques were used to study the reactivity of the large intestine tunica mascularis under experimental ileus. The smooth muscle cells are subjected to pronounced changes. At early terms (1-2 days) reactive-compensatory reactions are observed. They include increased metabolic processes, hypertrophy of myocytes, their increased synthetic and proliferative activity. Simultaneously there appear degenerative phonomena which become predominant on the 4th-6th days. The level of metabolism in the smooth muscle tissue drops and the synthetic and proliferative activity of myocytes decreases. They undergo atrophy and lyse.", "contents": "[Reactivity of the smooth muscle tissue of the large intestine under conditions of experimental obstruction]. Morphohistochemical and autoradiographic techniques were used to study the reactivity of the large intestine tunica mascularis under experimental ileus. The smooth muscle cells are subjected to pronounced changes. At early terms (1-2 days) reactive-compensatory reactions are observed. They include increased metabolic processes, hypertrophy of myocytes, their increased synthetic and proliferative activity. Simultaneously there appear degenerative phonomena which become predominant on the 4th-6th days. The level of metabolism in the smooth muscle tissue drops and the synthetic and proliferative activity of myocytes decreases. They undergo atrophy and lyse."}
{"id": "PMID:136931", "title": "[Functional, morphologic and histochemical changes in the myocardium and their role in the development of cor pulmonale following pulmonary resection].", "content": "Functional, morphological and histochemical alterations were studied in 32 dogs within the period of 5 days--18 months after resection of 32-80% of the pulmonary tissue. According to the presence of hypertrophy of the heart right ventricle wall, morphological changes of the myocardium and disorders in the functional features of the cardiovascular activity all the animals were divided into 4 groups: 1--control animals; 2--experimental animals without hypertrophy of the right ventricle wall; 3--experimental animals with hypertrophy of the right ventricle wall in the stage of compensation; 4--experimental animals with hypertrophy of the right ventricle wall in the stage of decompensation. In the myocardium of the second group animals a decrease of aerobic processes and an increase of anaerobic ones were found to take place. The aerobic processes increased and the anaerobic processes decreased in the myocardium of dogs having hypertrophy of the right ventricle wall in the stage compensation. In the muscle of the decompensated pulmonary heart there occurred a pronounced decrease of aerobic and anaerobic processes, a disturbance of the protein and fat metabolism. All this resulted in a decreased contractive function of the myocardium with distrubed hemodynamics. The investigations have shown the interrelationships of morphological, histochemical and ECG alterations in the dynamics of the pulmonary heart development after resection of lungs.", "contents": "[Functional, morphologic and histochemical changes in the myocardium and their role in the development of cor pulmonale following pulmonary resection]. Functional, morphological and histochemical alterations were studied in 32 dogs within the period of 5 days--18 months after resection of 32-80% of the pulmonary tissue. According to the presence of hypertrophy of the heart right ventricle wall, morphological changes of the myocardium and disorders in the functional features of the cardiovascular activity all the animals were divided into 4 groups: 1--control animals; 2--experimental animals without hypertrophy of the right ventricle wall; 3--experimental animals with hypertrophy of the right ventricle wall in the stage of compensation; 4--experimental animals with hypertrophy of the right ventricle wall in the stage of decompensation. In the myocardium of the second group animals a decrease of aerobic processes and an increase of anaerobic ones were found to take place. The aerobic processes increased and the anaerobic processes decreased in the myocardium of dogs having hypertrophy of the right ventricle wall in the stage compensation. In the muscle of the decompensated pulmonary heart there occurred a pronounced decrease of aerobic and anaerobic processes, a disturbance of the protein and fat metabolism. All this resulted in a decreased contractive function of the myocardium with distrubed hemodynamics. The investigations have shown the interrelationships of morphological, histochemical and ECG alterations in the dynamics of the pulmonary heart development after resection of lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:136933", "title": "[Irvine-Gass syndrome. Statistical and angiographic study].", "content": "This study is based on a detailed investigation of 12 cases of Irvine-Gass syndrome which was observed during the examination of 350 patients operated for pathological or senile cataract. The authors have found that: Males were affected more than females. Arteriol hypertension increases the frequency of the disease. The syndrome was found at an increase frequency in cases of nuclear cataract and in case where cataract was extracted by cryo-extraction. The bulge of the vitreous within the anterior chamber (without rupture of the anterior hyaloid membrane) causes a higher frequency of the disease. A similar observation was made when there was an incarceration of the vitreous to the surgical wound. The retreat of the edema was faster when the syndrome appeared earlier than the cataract operation. Whereas the restoration of good visual acuity did not depend upon the time of appearance of the disease. During the fluorescein study the following was observed. The possible participation of the chorio-capillaris layer in the pathogenicity of the disease. The diffusion of the fluorescein diminished with the improvement of the disease. Fluorescein angiography is unquestionably superior to simple ophthalmoscopy or the coloured photograph of the fundus of the eye, because the full extent of the existing damage can be revealed only through this method.", "contents": "[Irvine-Gass syndrome. Statistical and angiographic study]. This study is based on a detailed investigation of 12 cases of Irvine-Gass syndrome which was observed during the examination of 350 patients operated for pathological or senile cataract. The authors have found that: Males were affected more than females. Arteriol hypertension increases the frequency of the disease. The syndrome was found at an increase frequency in cases of nuclear cataract and in case where cataract was extracted by cryo-extraction. The bulge of the vitreous within the anterior chamber (without rupture of the anterior hyaloid membrane) causes a higher frequency of the disease. A similar observation was made when there was an incarceration of the vitreous to the surgical wound. The retreat of the edema was faster when the syndrome appeared earlier than the cataract operation. Whereas the restoration of good visual acuity did not depend upon the time of appearance of the disease. During the fluorescein study the following was observed. The possible participation of the chorio-capillaris layer in the pathogenicity of the disease. The diffusion of the fluorescein diminished with the improvement of the disease. Fluorescein angiography is unquestionably superior to simple ophthalmoscopy or the coloured photograph of the fundus of the eye, because the full extent of the existing damage can be revealed only through this method."}
{"id": "PMID:136934", "title": "[Keratoacanthoma of the eyelid. Reflections apropos of a case].", "content": "The report on a case of keratoacanthome emphasizes once again the ambiguous character presented by that tumour and the need for a careful watching of its behaviour.", "contents": "[Keratoacanthoma of the eyelid. Reflections apropos of a case]. The report on a case of keratoacanthome emphasizes once again the ambiguous character presented by that tumour and the need for a careful watching of its behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:136935", "title": "[Surgical anatomy of corneoscleral limbus].", "content": "A study of surgical dissection of the corneo-scleral limbus is described, using a comparison between per-operative photographical and histological slides of the same operative place. It confirms  the discovery of the constitutive elements of the limbus when the lamellisation of the sclera is made very deep, in a supra ciliaris situation. This technique makes clear the exact place of the scleral spur as an essential surgical spot. Also it shows the disproportion existing between the diameter of the instruments made for Schlemm's canal catheterism and the size of the canal itself.", "contents": "[Surgical anatomy of corneoscleral limbus]. A study of surgical dissection of the corneo-scleral limbus is described, using a comparison between per-operative photographical and histological slides of the same operative place. It confirms  the discovery of the constitutive elements of the limbus when the lamellisation of the sclera is made very deep, in a supra ciliaris situation. This technique makes clear the exact place of the scleral spur as an essential surgical spot. Also it shows the disproportion existing between the diameter of the instruments made for Schlemm's canal catheterism and the size of the canal itself."}
{"id": "PMID:136936", "title": "[Macular changes in pigmentary retinopathy].", "content": "Macular alterations in pigmentary retinopathy may be divised into three groups: 1) Macular lesions in global tapeto retinal degeneration in Leber's disease with a chorioretinal aplasia involving at once both central peripheric retina. 2) Late macular degenerative phenomenons associated to pigmentary retinopathy, and presenting various ophthalmoscopic aspects. --atrophic macular degeneration;--isolated microkystic macular degeneration;--lamellar hote;--microkystic macular degeneration involving vitreous modifications (Goldmann-Favre's disease). 3) Kystoidal macular oedema in pigmentary retinopathy. These different aspects are studied on the ophthalmoscopic, fluorographic, functional, genetic and anatomo-pathologic points of view from our personnal study and a survey of the different observations found in literature. Their ethiopathogenesis remains hypothetic.", "contents": "[Macular changes in pigmentary retinopathy]. Macular alterations in pigmentary retinopathy may be divised into three groups: 1) Macular lesions in global tapeto retinal degeneration in Leber's disease with a chorioretinal aplasia involving at once both central peripheric retina. 2) Late macular degenerative phenomenons associated to pigmentary retinopathy, and presenting various ophthalmoscopic aspects. --atrophic macular degeneration;--isolated microkystic macular degeneration;--lamellar hote;--microkystic macular degeneration involving vitreous modifications (Goldmann-Favre's disease). 3) Kystoidal macular oedema in pigmentary retinopathy. These different aspects are studied on the ophthalmoscopic, fluorographic, functional, genetic and anatomo-pathologic points of view from our personnal study and a survey of the different observations found in literature. Their ethiopathogenesis remains hypothetic."}
{"id": "PMID:136937", "title": "[Oxyphil adenoma with granular cells (oncocytoma) of the caruncle].", "content": "The histological appearance of an oncocytoma of the caruncle is reported, and the authors review the principle ocular sites for this rare and inusual tumour. They discuss the various hypotheses which have been advanced on the subject of their origin, particularly following ultrastructural findings which show chiefly a multiplication in the number of mitochondria which explains the granular appearance of the oncocytes on light microscopy.", "contents": "[Oxyphil adenoma with granular cells (oncocytoma) of the caruncle]. The histological appearance of an oncocytoma of the caruncle is reported, and the authors review the principle ocular sites for this rare and inusual tumour. They discuss the various hypotheses which have been advanced on the subject of their origin, particularly following ultrastructural findings which show chiefly a multiplication in the number of mitochondria which explains the granular appearance of the oncocytes on light microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:136938", "title": "[Ciliated cells of corneal endothelium. Functional and morphological aspects compared to cilia of other organs].", "content": "The presence of ciliated cells has been demonstrated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in corneal endothelium. This study has been carried out on human cornea in normal and pathological cases and on rabbit's normal cornea. Another study has been lead on regeneration of endothelium after freeze destruction. The cilia cells described have a normal structure. The cilia has nine peripheral groups of tubules without any tubule in the center. The cilia seem to be more numerous in case of corneal disease and during the regeneration of corneal endothelium. The authors compare the presence of ciliated cells in different tissues. This suggest that the potency to form single cilia is present in almost every kind of tissue but there is no proof of their pathological importance. In the corneal endothelium, as in the kidney, cilia seem to have no function of fluid transportation but the possibility for cilia to be a receptor is discussed.", "contents": "[Ciliated cells of corneal endothelium. Functional and morphological aspects compared to cilia of other organs]. The presence of ciliated cells has been demonstrated by scanning and transmission electron microscopy in corneal endothelium. This study has been carried out on human cornea in normal and pathological cases and on rabbit's normal cornea. Another study has been lead on regeneration of endothelium after freeze destruction. The cilia cells described have a normal structure. The cilia has nine peripheral groups of tubules without any tubule in the center. The cilia seem to be more numerous in case of corneal disease and during the regeneration of corneal endothelium. The authors compare the presence of ciliated cells in different tissues. This suggest that the potency to form single cilia is present in almost every kind of tissue but there is no proof of their pathological importance. In the corneal endothelium, as in the kidney, cilia seem to have no function of fluid transportation but the possibility for cilia to be a receptor is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136942", "title": "[Opacification of the crystalline lens after trabeculectomy. Study of 95 cases].", "content": "In a study of lens opacification following trabeculectomy in 95 cases observed for 6 months to 2 1/2 years. 28 per cent were found to have lens opacities within an average of one year. Post-op\u00e9rative complications do not determine the development of cataracts, but they are a predisposing factor chiefly acting on the delay in opacification. It seems that the contribution of trabeculectomy in reducing the frequency of flat anterior chambers and prolonged hypotony when compared with the classical fistulising operations, can only delay the appearance of post-operative cataracts without diminishing the frequency. This frequency reaches 50 per cent after the age of 70 in the same titre as the classical fistulising procedures.", "contents": "[Opacification of the crystalline lens after trabeculectomy. Study of 95 cases]. In a study of lens opacification following trabeculectomy in 95 cases observed for 6 months to 2 1/2 years. 28 per cent were found to have lens opacities within an average of one year. Post-op\u00e9rative complications do not determine the development of cataracts, but they are a predisposing factor chiefly acting on the delay in opacification. It seems that the contribution of trabeculectomy in reducing the frequency of flat anterior chambers and prolonged hypotony when compared with the classical fistulising operations, can only delay the appearance of post-operative cataracts without diminishing the frequency. This frequency reaches 50 per cent after the age of 70 in the same titre as the classical fistulising procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:136944", "title": "[Vogt's crocodile shagreen dystrophy or Valerio's mosaic degeneration. Histological and ultrastructural study].", "content": "A description of a case of Vogt-Valerio corneal dystrophy of spontaneous evolution. The authors studied the histology and ultrastructure of the anterior layers of the cornea removed during keratoplasty. They analysed the lesions found at the level of the epithelium especially the calcific impregnation of Bowman's membrane and the anterior stoma. They suggest that there is localised calcification layed down during the primitive development of the connective tissue in Bowmann's membrane and of the connective tissue of the anterior cornea.", "contents": "[Vogt's crocodile shagreen dystrophy or Valerio's mosaic degeneration. Histological and ultrastructural study]. A description of a case of Vogt-Valerio corneal dystrophy of spontaneous evolution. The authors studied the histology and ultrastructure of the anterior layers of the cornea removed during keratoplasty. They analysed the lesions found at the level of the epithelium especially the calcific impregnation of Bowman's membrane and the anterior stoma. They suggest that there is localised calcification layed down during the primitive development of the connective tissue in Bowmann's membrane and of the connective tissue of the anterior cornea."}
{"id": "PMID:136945", "title": "[Local indomethacin and early postcontusive ocular reaction in rabbits].", "content": "The local administration of a solution of indomethacin into the conjunctival fornix of the rabbit eye before anterior segment contusion has a marked inhibition on early post-contusion hypertonia. This result strongly suggests that local indomethacin could be of value in the treatment of accidental trauma to the eye as well as in the prevention of reactions following surgical trauma.", "contents": "[Local indomethacin and early postcontusive ocular reaction in rabbits]. The local administration of a solution of indomethacin into the conjunctival fornix of the rabbit eye before anterior segment contusion has a marked inhibition on early post-contusion hypertonia. This result strongly suggests that local indomethacin could be of value in the treatment of accidental trauma to the eye as well as in the prevention of reactions following surgical trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:136946", "title": "[Acetylcholine in the bovine choroid and the cholinergic effect of pilocarpine].", "content": "In this study the authors have compared the cholinergic tone in a collection of bovine choroids after instillation of pilocarpine in the conjunctival fornix in one group using the opposite choroid from the same animal as a control. The tests for acetylcholine (ACh) were assayed on guinea-pig ileum. The choroidal nerves in the pilocarpinised eyes had an average level of 0,50 mug of ACh, the homologous choroidal nerves of the controls had an average level of 0,45 mug of standard ACh per 150 mg of tissue. The pilocarpine had been instilled in the conjunctival fornix as a 3 per cent aqueous solution of pilocarpine HCl, ten times three drops in intervals of three minutes. One hour after the last application the animals were sacrificed and the eyes enucleated. The authors discuss the clinica importance of the infiltration of pilocarpine into the choroid.", "contents": "[Acetylcholine in the bovine choroid and the cholinergic effect of pilocarpine]. In this study the authors have compared the cholinergic tone in a collection of bovine choroids after instillation of pilocarpine in the conjunctival fornix in one group using the opposite choroid from the same animal as a control. The tests for acetylcholine (ACh) were assayed on guinea-pig ileum. The choroidal nerves in the pilocarpinised eyes had an average level of 0,50 mug of ACh, the homologous choroidal nerves of the controls had an average level of 0,45 mug of standard ACh per 150 mg of tissue. The pilocarpine had been instilled in the conjunctival fornix as a 3 per cent aqueous solution of pilocarpine HCl, ten times three drops in intervals of three minutes. One hour after the last application the animals were sacrificed and the eyes enucleated. The authors discuss the clinica importance of the infiltration of pilocarpine into the choroid."}
{"id": "PMID:136948", "title": "[Ocular localizations of disseminated candidiasis].", "content": "The frequency of disseminated candida infections has considerably increased in the last five years. A presentation of 9 cases of disseminated candida infections localised to the choroid and retina: --review of the literature; --discussion on factors favouring the development of disseminated candida infections, poor general state, antibiotic treatment, impairment of immunological defenses, abdominal or cardio-vascular intervention; --discussion of local and general diagnostic and prognostic features.", "contents": "[Ocular localizations of disseminated candidiasis]. The frequency of disseminated candida infections has considerably increased in the last five years. A presentation of 9 cases of disseminated candida infections localised to the choroid and retina: --review of the literature; --discussion on factors favouring the development of disseminated candida infections, poor general state, antibiotic treatment, impairment of immunological defenses, abdominal or cardio-vascular intervention; --discussion of local and general diagnostic and prognostic features."}
{"id": "PMID:136949", "title": "[Gradual disappearance of macular hyalin verrucosities].", "content": "Spontaneous gradual absorption of macular colloid bodies can be seen in some patients on retinographies and angiographies routinely made at regular intervals during several years. In some cases the colloid bodies become confluent before resorbing. Confluence of drusen may lead to a large hyalin detachment of the pigment epithelium which should be differienciated from serous detachment. In some other cases small drusens spontaneously disappear without prior confluence. The absorption of samll drusen can lead to a ring shape transitory stage. Usually the natural course eventually leads to a geographic--or areolar--atrophy of the pigment epithelium on the posterior pole.", "contents": "[Gradual disappearance of macular hyalin verrucosities]. Spontaneous gradual absorption of macular colloid bodies can be seen in some patients on retinographies and angiographies routinely made at regular intervals during several years. In some cases the colloid bodies become confluent before resorbing. Confluence of drusen may lead to a large hyalin detachment of the pigment epithelium which should be differienciated from serous detachment. In some other cases small drusens spontaneously disappear without prior confluence. The absorption of samll drusen can lead to a ring shape transitory stage. Usually the natural course eventually leads to a geographic--or areolar--atrophy of the pigment epithelium on the posterior pole."}
{"id": "PMID:136951", "title": "[Vitreoretinal dysgenesis. Persistance and hyperplasia of the primitive vitreous body. Treatment].", "content": "The authors report five cases of persistant hyperplastic vitreous with four regressive cataracts. An anterior surgery technique is proposed with keratotomy and excision of the cataract and the persistant hyperplastic vitreous. Anatomic result is always good; even a visual acuity is possible.", "contents": "[Vitreoretinal dysgenesis. Persistance and hyperplasia of the primitive vitreous body. Treatment]. The authors report five cases of persistant hyperplastic vitreous with four regressive cataracts. An anterior surgery technique is proposed with keratotomy and excision of the cataract and the persistant hyperplastic vitreous. Anatomic result is always good; even a visual acuity is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:136953", "title": "[Na-K-ATPase activity in the normal aging crystalline lens and in senile cataract].", "content": "Activity of Na-K-ATPase decreases in normal bovine and human lens with age. In senile cataract this tendency continues to some extent. In most lenses, clear or opaque, the presence of an inhibitor to Na-K-ATPase can be demonstrated. Its activity which is not influenced by a dialysis, seems to vary greatly. So it is impossible for the moment being to draw conclusions on this special point, except perhaps a certain increase of the inhibition during aging.", "contents": "[Na-K-ATPase activity in the normal aging crystalline lens and in senile cataract]. Activity of Na-K-ATPase decreases in normal bovine and human lens with age. In senile cataract this tendency continues to some extent. In most lenses, clear or opaque, the presence of an inhibitor to Na-K-ATPase can be demonstrated. Its activity which is not influenced by a dialysis, seems to vary greatly. So it is impossible for the moment being to draw conclusions on this special point, except perhaps a certain increase of the inhibition during aging."}
{"id": "PMID:136952", "title": "[Pachymetry in the study of preservation of the cornea].", "content": "Rabbit corneas were preserved for between 7 and 14 days at + 4 degrees C in a whole eye in synthetic media (T.C. 199 and T.C. Earle) with or without added Dextran. In the absence of Dextran the corneas preserved at + 4 degrees C became thick. This thickening increased with the length of conservation. Dextran limited the hydration of the stroma. Measurement of the variations of corneal thickness during perfusion for 6 hours at 30 degrees C in T.C. Earle could be used as an index of the function of the corneal endothelium. Even after 14 days of preservation at + 4 degrees C the corneal endothelium retained the ability to reduce or prevent hydration during perfusion at 30 degrees C. Histological studies showed good conservation of the cellular structure after 7 days  at + 4 degrees C. Pyknosis appeared after 14 days conservation. T.C. 199 preserved endothelial function better than T.C. Earle.", "contents": "[Pachymetry in the study of preservation of the cornea]. Rabbit corneas were preserved for between 7 and 14 days at + 4 degrees C in a whole eye in synthetic media (T.C. 199 and T.C. Earle) with or without added Dextran. In the absence of Dextran the corneas preserved at + 4 degrees C became thick. This thickening increased with the length of conservation. Dextran limited the hydration of the stroma. Measurement of the variations of corneal thickness during perfusion for 6 hours at 30 degrees C in T.C. Earle could be used as an index of the function of the corneal endothelium. Even after 14 days of preservation at + 4 degrees C the corneal endothelium retained the ability to reduce or prevent hydration during perfusion at 30 degrees C. Histological studies showed good conservation of the cellular structure after 7 days  at + 4 degrees C. Pyknosis appeared after 14 days conservation. T.C. 199 preserved endothelial function better than T.C. Earle."}
{"id": "PMID:136961", "title": "The magnesium-ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of bovine cardiac Myosin and its subfragment-1.", "content": "The kinetics of the Mg2+-dependent ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) activity of bovine cardiac myosin and its papain subfragment-1 were studied by using steady-state and pre-steady-state techniques, and results were compared with published values for the corresponding processes in the ATPase mechanism of rabbit skeletal-muscle myosin subfragment-1. The catalytic-centreactivity for cardiac subfragment-1 is 0.019s-1, which is less than one-third of that determined for the rabbit protein. The ATP-induced isomerization process, measured from enhancement of protein fluorescence on substrate binding, is similarly decreased in rate, as is also the isomerization process associated with ADP release. However, the equilibrium constant for ATP cleavage, measured by quenched-flow by using [gamma-32P]ATP, shows little difference in the two species. Other experiments were carried out to investigate the rate of association of actin with subfragment-1 by light-scattering changes and also the rate of dissociation of the complex by ATP. The dissociation rate increases with increasing substrate concentration, to a maximum at high ATP concentrations, with a rate constant of about 2000s-1. It appears that isomerization processes which may involve conformational changes have substantially lower rate constants for the cardiac proteins, whereas equilibrium constants for substrate binding and cleavage are not significantly different. These differences may be related to the functional properties of these myosins in their different muscle types. Kinetic heterogeneity has been detected in both steady-state and transient processes, and this is discussed in relation to the apparent chemical homogeneity of cardiac myosin.", "contents": "The magnesium-ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of bovine cardiac Myosin and its subfragment-1. The kinetics of the Mg2+-dependent ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) activity of bovine cardiac myosin and its papain subfragment-1 were studied by using steady-state and pre-steady-state techniques, and results were compared with published values for the corresponding processes in the ATPase mechanism of rabbit skeletal-muscle myosin subfragment-1. The catalytic-centreactivity for cardiac subfragment-1 is 0.019s-1, which is less than one-third of that determined for the rabbit protein. The ATP-induced isomerization process, measured from enhancement of protein fluorescence on substrate binding, is similarly decreased in rate, as is also the isomerization process associated with ADP release. However, the equilibrium constant for ATP cleavage, measured by quenched-flow by using [gamma-32P]ATP, shows little difference in the two species. Other experiments were carried out to investigate the rate of association of actin with subfragment-1 by light-scattering changes and also the rate of dissociation of the complex by ATP. The dissociation rate increases with increasing substrate concentration, to a maximum at high ATP concentrations, with a rate constant of about 2000s-1. It appears that isomerization processes which may involve conformational changes have substantially lower rate constants for the cardiac proteins, whereas equilibrium constants for substrate binding and cleavage are not significantly different. These differences may be related to the functional properties of these myosins in their different muscle types. Kinetic heterogeneity has been detected in both steady-state and transient processes, and this is discussed in relation to the apparent chemical homogeneity of cardiac myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:136962", "title": "A method for determining the adenosine triphosphatase content of energy-transducing membranes. reaction of 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan with the adenosine triphosphatase of bovine heart submitochondrial particles.", "content": "1. Modification of a single amino acid residue by introduction of the nitrobenzofurazan group inactivates mitochondrial ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) when membrane-bound in submitochondrial particles. The similarity between the reactions of both membrane-bound and isolated ATPase with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan indicates that the single essential tryosine residue identified in the isolated enzyme [Ferguson, Loyd, Lyons & Radda (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 54, 117-126] Is also a feature of the membrane-bound ATPase. 2. A procedure is presented for estimating the ATPase content of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is based on the specificity of the incorporation of the nitrobenzofurazan group, and the ready removal of this group by compounds that contain a thiol group. This method indicates that 8.5% of the membrane protein is ATPase. The procedure should be applicable to the titration of the energy-transducing ATPases of bacterial plasma membranes and of the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. 3. Combination of the data obtained on the ATPase content of the bovine heart inner mitochondrial membrane with a titration of the cytochrome bc1 complex with antimycin indicates that these two components of the membrane are present in approximately equal amounts.", "contents": "A method for determining the adenosine triphosphatase content of energy-transducing membranes. reaction of 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan with the adenosine triphosphatase of bovine heart submitochondrial particles. 1. Modification of a single amino acid residue by introduction of the nitrobenzofurazan group inactivates mitochondrial ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) when membrane-bound in submitochondrial particles. The similarity between the reactions of both membrane-bound and isolated ATPase with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan indicates that the single essential tryosine residue identified in the isolated enzyme [Ferguson, Loyd, Lyons & Radda (1975) Eur. J. Biochem. 54, 117-126] Is also a feature of the membrane-bound ATPase. 2. A procedure is presented for estimating the ATPase content of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is based on the specificity of the incorporation of the nitrobenzofurazan group, and the ready removal of this group by compounds that contain a thiol group. This method indicates that 8.5% of the membrane protein is ATPase. The procedure should be applicable to the titration of the energy-transducing ATPases of bacterial plasma membranes and of the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. 3. Combination of the data obtained on the ATPase content of the bovine heart inner mitochondrial membrane with a titration of the cytochrome bc1 complex with antimycin indicates that these two components of the membrane are present in approximately equal amounts."}
{"id": "PMID:136963", "title": "Proteins of the kidney microvillus membrane. Identification of subunits after sodium dodecylsullphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis.", "content": "The proteins of microvilli prepared from pig kidney were analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The typical pattern stained for protein revealed five major bands, four of which also stained for carbohydrate, and about 15 minor bands. For descriptive purposes the bands were designated numerically by their apparent molecular weights (X10(-3). Well-characterized proteins were identified with four of the five major bands. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, a serine proteinase that may be specifically labelled with di-isopropyl [32P]phosphorofluoridate, was assigned to band 130. Aminopeptidase M was assigned to band 160, though when released from the membrane by a proteinase, this protein comprises three polypeptides each of lower apparent molecular weight than the native enzyme. Neutral endopeptidase can be assigned to band 95 and actin to band 42. The fifth major band (180) is an extrinsic glycoprotein that has not been identified with any microvillus enzyme activity. These four proteins contribute 21% of the microvillus-membrane protein. Kidney microvillus actin was characterized by a variety of properties and was similar to muscle actin. A computer analysis of the gel pattern indicates that it comprises 9.0% of the microvillus protein. Myosin is not present in the microvillus, but another protein associated with band 95, with properties that distinguish it from neutral endopeptidase, was tentatively identified as alpha-actinin. Alkaline phosphatase was identified as a monomeric polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 80000; it is a minor protein of the microvillus and is not discernible as a discrete band in the gel pattern. These and other results permit a model of the organization of the microvillus protein to be suggested. The computer program used has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50070 (12 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa. Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1976) 153,5.", "contents": "Proteins of the kidney microvillus membrane. Identification of subunits after sodium dodecylsullphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. The proteins of microvilli prepared from pig kidney were analysed by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate. The typical pattern stained for protein revealed five major bands, four of which also stained for carbohydrate, and about 15 minor bands. For descriptive purposes the bands were designated numerically by their apparent molecular weights (X10(-3). Well-characterized proteins were identified with four of the five major bands. Dipeptidyl peptidase IV, a serine proteinase that may be specifically labelled with di-isopropyl [32P]phosphorofluoridate, was assigned to band 130. Aminopeptidase M was assigned to band 160, though when released from the membrane by a proteinase, this protein comprises three polypeptides each of lower apparent molecular weight than the native enzyme. Neutral endopeptidase can be assigned to band 95 and actin to band 42. The fifth major band (180) is an extrinsic glycoprotein that has not been identified with any microvillus enzyme activity. These four proteins contribute 21% of the microvillus-membrane protein. Kidney microvillus actin was characterized by a variety of properties and was similar to muscle actin. A computer analysis of the gel pattern indicates that it comprises 9.0% of the microvillus protein. Myosin is not present in the microvillus, but another protein associated with band 95, with properties that distinguish it from neutral endopeptidase, was tentatively identified as alpha-actinin. Alkaline phosphatase was identified as a monomeric polypeptide with an apparent molecular weight of 80000; it is a minor protein of the microvillus and is not discernible as a discrete band in the gel pattern. These and other results permit a model of the organization of the microvillus protein to be suggested. The computer program used has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50070 (12 pages) at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa. Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1976) 153,5."}
{"id": "PMID:136970", "title": "Histochemical investigation of adjuvant-induced arthritis.", "content": "Rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis were observed to have increased alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase (two isozymes), and ATPase activity in the radial zone of articular cartilage, at the osteochondral junction, and in the bone marrow elements. A qualitative and quantitative reduction azure A, PAS colloidal iron, alcian blud critical electrolyte concentration staining (0.4 and 0.9 M (mg Cl2) was also observed in corresponding areas. These findings suggest the degradation of the articular cartilage matrix with possible simultaneous or resultant calcification.", "contents": "Histochemical investigation of adjuvant-induced arthritis. Rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis were observed to have increased alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase (two isozymes), and ATPase activity in the radial zone of articular cartilage, at the osteochondral junction, and in the bone marrow elements. A qualitative and quantitative reduction azure A, PAS colloidal iron, alcian blud critical electrolyte concentration staining (0.4 and 0.9 M (mg Cl2) was also observed in corresponding areas. These findings suggest the degradation of the articular cartilage matrix with possible simultaneous or resultant calcification."}
{"id": "PMID:136976", "title": "Performance and application of the Quantiflex air/oxygen mixer.", "content": "The Quantiflex air/oxygen mixer is designed to dispense mixtures of air and oxygen with separate controls for total gas flow rate and oxygen concentration of the mixture within the range 21-100%. A monitoring flowmeter is provided for the mixture and also, as a safety measure, for the oxygen component. This serves as an indicator that oxygen is flowing and also permits independent calculation of the oxygen concentration of the mixture. Delivered oxygen concentrations were found to be within +/- 2% of the indicated value at flow rates between 4 and 12 litre/min with the input pressures of either or both gases at 208-415 kPa (30-60 lbf/in2.) gauge, and with or without an output pressure of 20 kPa. At total flow rates of 1.5-2 litre/min there was a maximum discrepancy of 4% below and 8% above the indicated concentration in some delivered concentrations. Acceptability, ease, accuracy and quickness of use by nurses were compared with current methods using separate flowmeters for air and oxygen and calculating the required flow rates by means of arithmetic, graph and special-purpose slide-rule (Blease). The Quantiflex prototype was the most acceptable, the easiest, the most accurate and the fastest of the techniques investigated.", "contents": "Performance and application of the Quantiflex air/oxygen mixer. The Quantiflex air/oxygen mixer is designed to dispense mixtures of air and oxygen with separate controls for total gas flow rate and oxygen concentration of the mixture within the range 21-100%. A monitoring flowmeter is provided for the mixture and also, as a safety measure, for the oxygen component. This serves as an indicator that oxygen is flowing and also permits independent calculation of the oxygen concentration of the mixture. Delivered oxygen concentrations were found to be within +/- 2% of the indicated value at flow rates between 4 and 12 litre/min with the input pressures of either or both gases at 208-415 kPa (30-60 lbf/in2.) gauge, and with or without an output pressure of 20 kPa. At total flow rates of 1.5-2 litre/min there was a maximum discrepancy of 4% below and 8% above the indicated concentration in some delivered concentrations. Acceptability, ease, accuracy and quickness of use by nurses were compared with current methods using separate flowmeters for air and oxygen and calculating the required flow rates by means of arithmetic, graph and special-purpose slide-rule (Blease). The Quantiflex prototype was the most acceptable, the easiest, the most accurate and the fastest of the techniques investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:136978", "title": "New findings in pulmonary arteries of rats with hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Rats have been kept in a hypobaric chamber, and thus hypoxic, for up to 28 days in order to study the structural changes in the pulmonary arteries during the development of pulmonary hypertension. Rats were studied after 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days at a pressure of 380 mmHg. Right ventricular hypertrophy was demonstrated after 5 days in the hypoxic environment but increased up to 10 days. After pulmonary arterial injection microscopic counts of small arteries showed that vessels up to 200 mum external diameter were gradually \"lost\", reducing the ratio of arterial to alveolar number significantly by 14 days. No vestiges of these vessels were found with light microscopy. At the same time a gradual increase in arterial wall thickness was demonstrated and also progressive extension of muscle into smaller and more peripheral vessels than normal. In  both these features maximum increase was reached by 14 days of exposure though changes were apparent after only 3. Similar changes have been found in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis using the same measuring techniques.", "contents": "New findings in pulmonary arteries of rats with hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Rats have been kept in a hypobaric chamber, and thus hypoxic, for up to 28 days in order to study the structural changes in the pulmonary arteries during the development of pulmonary hypertension. Rats were studied after 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days at a pressure of 380 mmHg. Right ventricular hypertrophy was demonstrated after 5 days in the hypoxic environment but increased up to 10 days. After pulmonary arterial injection microscopic counts of small arteries showed that vessels up to 200 mum external diameter were gradually \"lost\", reducing the ratio of arterial to alveolar number significantly by 14 days. No vestiges of these vessels were found with light microscopy. At the same time a gradual increase in arterial wall thickness was demonstrated and also progressive extension of muscle into smaller and more peripheral vessels than normal. In  both these features maximum increase was reached by 14 days of exposure though changes were apparent after only 3. Similar changes have been found in patients with cystic fibrosis and chronic bronchitis using the same measuring techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:136979", "title": "Induction of an autologous immune-complex glomerulonephritis in the rat by intravenous injection of heterologous anti-rat kidney tubular antibody IV: Effect of injection of HgCl2 prior to the antibody.", "content": "Autologous immune-complex glomerulonephritis developed in rats injected s.c. with HgCl2 2 days before the injection of anti-tubular fraction 3 antibody. The glomerulonephritis was progressive and characterized by granular deposition of IgG and C-3, with proteinuria from the eighth week onwards. Granular densities and severe glomerular basement membrane changes were observed when the experiment was terminated after 9 months. A possible mechanism of the glomerular lesion is discussed.", "contents": "Induction of an autologous immune-complex glomerulonephritis in the rat by intravenous injection of heterologous anti-rat kidney tubular antibody IV: Effect of injection of HgCl2 prior to the antibody. Autologous immune-complex glomerulonephritis developed in rats injected s.c. with HgCl2 2 days before the injection of anti-tubular fraction 3 antibody. The glomerulonephritis was progressive and characterized by granular deposition of IgG and C-3, with proteinuria from the eighth week onwards. Granular densities and severe glomerular basement membrane changes were observed when the experiment was terminated after 9 months. A possible mechanism of the glomerular lesion is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:136980", "title": "A slow interconversion between active and inactive states of the (Na-K)ATPase.", "content": "We have examined slow changes in the rate of ATP hydrolysis for purified dog kidney Na+ and K+ stimulated adenosine triphosphatase [(Na-K)ATPase] at various concentrations of free Mg2+, Mg-ATP, K+, and Na+. The effect of these ligands on the rate of ATP hydrolysis is explained by a rapid binding step determining the initial rate of turnover followed by a slow conformational change. Inactivation of enzyme stored in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid occurs upon adding free Mg2+, Mg-ATP, and K+; reactivation may be achieved if the concentration of these ligands is reduced. Because of the slow conformational change, the affinities for ligands affecting inactivation are time dependent. A model is presented to explain the effects of free Mg2+ and Ma-ATP on (Na-K)ATPase activity.", "contents": "A slow interconversion between active and inactive states of the (Na-K)ATPase. We have examined slow changes in the rate of ATP hydrolysis for purified dog kidney Na+ and K+ stimulated adenosine triphosphatase [(Na-K)ATPase] at various concentrations of free Mg2+, Mg-ATP, K+, and Na+. The effect of these ligands on the rate of ATP hydrolysis is explained by a rapid binding step determining the initial rate of turnover followed by a slow conformational change. Inactivation of enzyme stored in the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid occurs upon adding free Mg2+, Mg-ATP, and K+; reactivation may be achieved if the concentration of these ligands is reduced. Because of the slow conformational change, the affinities for ligands affecting inactivation are time dependent. A model is presented to explain the effects of free Mg2+ and Ma-ATP on (Na-K)ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:136981", "title": "Two functional states of sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase.", "content": "The \"total\" ATPase activity of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles includes a Ca2+-independent component (\"basic\") and Ca2+-dependent component (\"extra\"). Only the \"extra\" ATPase is coupled to Ca2+ transport. These activities can be measured under conditions in which the observed rates approximate maximal velocities. The \"basic\" ATPase is predominant in one of the various SR fractions obtained by prolonged density-gradient centrifugation of SR preparations already purified by repeated differential centrifugations and extractions at high ionic strength. This fraction (low dnesity, high cholesterol) has a protein composition nearly identical with that of other SR fractions in which the \"extra\" ATPase is predominant. In these other fractions the ratio of \"extra\" to \"basic\" ATPase activities is temperature dependent, being approximately 9.0 at 40 degrees C and 0.5 at 4 degrees C. In all the fractions and at all temperatures studied, similar steady-state levels of phosphorylated SR protein are obtained in the presence of ATP and Ca2+. Furthermore, in all cases the \"basic\" (Ca2+-independent) ATPase acquires total Ca2+ dependence upon addition of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. This detergent also transforms the complex substrate dependence of the SRATPase into a simple dependence, displaying a single value for the apparent Km. The experimental findings indicate that the ATPase of rabbit SR exists in two distinct functional states (E1 and E2), only one of which (E2) is coupled to Ca2+ transport. The E1 in equilibrium E2 equilibrium is temperature-dependent and entropy-driven, indicative of its relation to the physical state of the ATPase protein in its membrane environment. Thenonlinearity of Arrhenius plots of Ca2+-dependent (\"extra\") ATPase activity and Ca2+ transport is explained in terms of simultaneous contribtuions from both the free energy of activation of enzyme catalysis and the free energy of conversion of E1 to E2. Thermal equilibrium between the two functional states is drastically altered by factors which affect membrane structure and local viscosity.", "contents": "Two functional states of sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase. The \"total\" ATPase activity of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles includes a Ca2+-independent component (\"basic\") and Ca2+-dependent component (\"extra\"). Only the \"extra\" ATPase is coupled to Ca2+ transport. These activities can be measured under conditions in which the observed rates approximate maximal velocities. The \"basic\" ATPase is predominant in one of the various SR fractions obtained by prolonged density-gradient centrifugation of SR preparations already purified by repeated differential centrifugations and extractions at high ionic strength. This fraction (low dnesity, high cholesterol) has a protein composition nearly identical with that of other SR fractions in which the \"extra\" ATPase is predominant. In these other fractions the ratio of \"extra\" to \"basic\" ATPase activities is temperature dependent, being approximately 9.0 at 40 degrees C and 0.5 at 4 degrees C. In all the fractions and at all temperatures studied, similar steady-state levels of phosphorylated SR protein are obtained in the presence of ATP and Ca2+. Furthermore, in all cases the \"basic\" (Ca2+-independent) ATPase acquires total Ca2+ dependence upon addition of the nonionic detergent Triton X-100. This detergent also transforms the complex substrate dependence of the SRATPase into a simple dependence, displaying a single value for the apparent Km. The experimental findings indicate that the ATPase of rabbit SR exists in two distinct functional states (E1 and E2), only one of which (E2) is coupled to Ca2+ transport. The E1 in equilibrium E2 equilibrium is temperature-dependent and entropy-driven, indicative of its relation to the physical state of the ATPase protein in its membrane environment. Thenonlinearity of Arrhenius plots of Ca2+-dependent (\"extra\") ATPase activity and Ca2+ transport is explained in terms of simultaneous contribtuions from both the free energy of activation of enzyme catalysis and the free energy of conversion of E1 to E2. Thermal equilibrium between the two functional states is drastically altered by factors which affect membrane structure and local viscosity."}
{"id": "PMID:136982", "title": "Proteolytic fragmentation of fibrinogen. II. kinetic modeling of the digestion of human and bovine fibrinogen plasmin or trypsin.", "content": "The kinetic data presented in the previous paper (Mihalyi, E., et al. (1976), Biochemistry 15, preceding paper in this issue), with respect to the fragmentation of human the bovine fibrinogen by either plasmin or trypsin, were compared with several chemical kinetic models. The models were derived mathematically on the basis of the three-nodular  structure of fibrinogen (Hall, C.E., and Sayter, H.S. (1959), J. BiophysBiochem. Ctyol. 5, 11) and the asymmetrical cleavage sequence first proposed by Marder, V.J., et. al. ((1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 2111). The parameters were determined by nonlinear curve fitting. The whole process could be described accurately by only two rate constants. Several variant models were tested and, although a clear cut choice cannot be made,  one of these, the protected three-bonds model, appears to give the best fit in most cases. This model assumes that the chain segment that distinguishes F from X protects certain other chains (the bonds) from proteolytic cleavage.", "contents": "Proteolytic fragmentation of fibrinogen. II. kinetic modeling of the digestion of human and bovine fibrinogen plasmin or trypsin. The kinetic data presented in the previous paper (Mihalyi, E., et al. (1976), Biochemistry 15, preceding paper in this issue), with respect to the fragmentation of human the bovine fibrinogen by either plasmin or trypsin, were compared with several chemical kinetic models. The models were derived mathematically on the basis of the three-nodular  structure of fibrinogen (Hall, C.E., and Sayter, H.S. (1959), J. BiophysBiochem. Ctyol. 5, 11) and the asymmetrical cleavage sequence first proposed by Marder, V.J., et. al. ((1969) J. Biol. Chem. 244, 2111). The parameters were determined by nonlinear curve fitting. The whole process could be described accurately by only two rate constants. Several variant models were tested and, although a clear cut choice cannot be made,  one of these, the protected three-bonds model, appears to give the best fit in most cases. This model assumes that the chain segment that distinguishes F from X protects certain other chains (the bonds) from proteolytic cleavage."}
{"id": "PMID:136985", "title": "Proteins required for the binding of mitrochondrial ATPase to the mitochondrial inner membrane.", "content": "1. Isolated F1 (mitochondrial ATPase) binds to urea-treated submitochondrial particles suspended in sucrose/Tris/EDTA with a dissociation constant of 0.1 muM. 2. About one-third of the F1 and the oligomycin-sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP) are lost during preparation of submitochondrial particles prepared at high pH (A particles). None is lost from particles treated with trypsin (T particles). 3. After further treatment with alkali of urea-treated particles, binding of F1 requires the addition of OSCP. Maximum binding is reached when both OSCP and Fc2 are added. The concentration of F1-binding sites in the presence of both OSCP and Fc2 is about the same as that in TU particles. 4. After further extraction with silicotungstate of urea- and alkali-treated particles, OSCP no longer induces binding of F1, unless Fc2 is also present. Fc2 induces binding in the absence of OSCP but with a lower binding constant and, in contrast to results under all the other conditions studied in this paper, the ATPase activity is oligomycin insensitive. 5. It is tentatively concluded that OSCP is the binding site for F1 and Fc2 is the binding site for OSCP.", "contents": "Proteins required for the binding of mitrochondrial ATPase to the mitochondrial inner membrane. 1. Isolated F1 (mitochondrial ATPase) binds to urea-treated submitochondrial particles suspended in sucrose/Tris/EDTA with a dissociation constant of 0.1 muM. 2. About one-third of the F1 and the oligomycin-sensitivity conferring protein (OSCP) are lost during preparation of submitochondrial particles prepared at high pH (A particles). None is lost from particles treated with trypsin (T particles). 3. After further treatment with alkali of urea-treated particles, binding of F1 requires the addition of OSCP. Maximum binding is reached when both OSCP and Fc2 are added. The concentration of F1-binding sites in the presence of both OSCP and Fc2 is about the same as that in TU particles. 4. After further extraction with silicotungstate of urea- and alkali-treated particles, OSCP no longer induces binding of F1, unless Fc2 is also present. Fc2 induces binding in the absence of OSCP but with a lower binding constant and, in contrast to results under all the other conditions studied in this paper, the ATPase activity is oligomycin insensitive. 5. It is tentatively concluded that OSCP is the binding site for F1 and Fc2 is the binding site for OSCP."}
{"id": "PMID:136986", "title": "Relationship between cell surface protease activity and doubling time in various normal and transformed cells.", "content": "A sensitive method for measuring cell surface and secreted protease activity utilizing 3H-labelled casein is described. The method is based upon proteolytic degradation of the casein substrate into trichloracetic acid soluble 3H-labelled peptides. Utilizing the radioassay we found that all cultured cell lines examined contain cell surface proteolytic activity which is not secreted into the media. The protease activity was found to be due to protease(s) other than plasminogen activator or plasmin. A comparison of surface protease activity of normal and transformed mouse epidermal cells indicated that the transformed cells contained approximately 3--1 times more proteolytic activity than the normal cells. Surface protease activity was also correlated with the doubling times of various cultured cells. The results indicated that cultured cells with doubling times of greater than three days possess less surface protease activity than cells with shorter doubling times. In order to determine changes in the levels of surface protease activity during the cell cycle several cell lines were synchronized. In synchronized rabbit aortic fibroblasts, mouse transformed epidermal cells and human melanoma cells, a marked increase in surface protease activity was observed during or before mitosis. The protease levels decreased following mitosis. The results suggest that in culture, cell surface protease(s) may be important factor in regulating the rate of cell growth.", "contents": "Relationship between cell surface protease activity and doubling time in various normal and transformed cells. A sensitive method for measuring cell surface and secreted protease activity utilizing 3H-labelled casein is described. The method is based upon proteolytic degradation of the casein substrate into trichloracetic acid soluble 3H-labelled peptides. Utilizing the radioassay we found that all cultured cell lines examined contain cell surface proteolytic activity which is not secreted into the media. The protease activity was found to be due to protease(s) other than plasminogen activator or plasmin. A comparison of surface protease activity of normal and transformed mouse epidermal cells indicated that the transformed cells contained approximately 3--1 times more proteolytic activity than the normal cells. Surface protease activity was also correlated with the doubling times of various cultured cells. The results indicated that cultured cells with doubling times of greater than three days possess less surface protease activity than cells with shorter doubling times. In order to determine changes in the levels of surface protease activity during the cell cycle several cell lines were synchronized. In synchronized rabbit aortic fibroblasts, mouse transformed epidermal cells and human melanoma cells, a marked increase in surface protease activity was observed during or before mitosis. The protease levels decreased following mitosis. The results suggest that in culture, cell surface protease(s) may be important factor in regulating the rate of cell growth."}
{"id": "PMID:136987", "title": "Structure of beef heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase. Arrangement of subunits as disclosed by cross-linking reagents and selective labeling by radioactive ligands.", "content": "1. The following bifunctional reagents, dimethylsuberimidiate, dimethyladipimidate, methylmercaptobutyrimidate have been used to produce dimers between the neighboring subunits of beef heart F1-ATPase. 2. Treatment of beef heart F1-ATPase with dimethylsuberimidate or dimethyladipimidate resulted in the formation of four cross-linked products. Their molecular weights determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 11 500, 105 000, 95 000 and 80 000, respectively. The products of molecular weight 115 000 and 105 000 were predominant and could be detected at the early stage of the cross-linking reaction. Treatment of beef heart F1-ATPase with methylmercaptobutyrimidate resulted in the accumulation of the product of molecular weight 115 000 and in traces of products of lower molecular weight. When the cross-linked products obtained with methylmercaptobutyrimidate were cleaved by beta-mercaptoethanol, the original gel electrophoresis pattern was restored. 3. Cross-linking of beef heart F1-ATPase by dimethylsuberimidate, dimethyladipimidate and methylmercaptobutyrimidate was accompanied by a loss of the ATPase activity. Cleavage of the cross-linked products obtained with methylmercaptobutyrimidate did not restore the original ATPase activity. 4. Identification of subunits A and B in the products of molecular weight 115 000 and 105 000 was achieved by specific labeling of subunit A with N-[14C]ethylmaleimide and of subunit B by chloronitro [14C]benzooxodiazole. Both products were able to bind N-[14C]ethylmaleimide; only the 105 000 dalton product was able to bind chloronitro [14C]benzooxodiazole. 5. The product of molecular weight 115 000 obtained by treatment of beef heart ATPase with methylmercaptobutyrimidate could bind N-[14C]ethylmaleimide. Its cleavage, following N-[14C]ethylmaleimide binding, yielded one labeled peptide identified with subunit A by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 6. The above results indicate that the product of molecular weight 115 000 is a dimer containing two subunits A and that the product of molecular weight 105 000 is a dimer containing one subunit A and one subunit B. It can therefore be concluded that, in beef heart F1-ATPase, the A subunits are close to each other and that subunit A is close to subunit B. In contrast the B sublnits are probably too far from each other to be cross-linked by dimethylsuberimidate, dimethyladipimidate or methylmercaptobutyrimidate.", "contents": "Structure of beef heart mitochondrial F1-ATPase. Arrangement of subunits as disclosed by cross-linking reagents and selective labeling by radioactive ligands. 1. The following bifunctional reagents, dimethylsuberimidiate, dimethyladipimidate, methylmercaptobutyrimidate have been used to produce dimers between the neighboring subunits of beef heart F1-ATPase. 2. Treatment of beef heart F1-ATPase with dimethylsuberimidate or dimethyladipimidate resulted in the formation of four cross-linked products. Their molecular weights determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis were 11 500, 105 000, 95 000 and 80 000, respectively. The products of molecular weight 115 000 and 105 000 were predominant and could be detected at the early stage of the cross-linking reaction. Treatment of beef heart F1-ATPase with methylmercaptobutyrimidate resulted in the accumulation of the product of molecular weight 115 000 and in traces of products of lower molecular weight. When the cross-linked products obtained with methylmercaptobutyrimidate were cleaved by beta-mercaptoethanol, the original gel electrophoresis pattern was restored. 3. Cross-linking of beef heart F1-ATPase by dimethylsuberimidate, dimethyladipimidate and methylmercaptobutyrimidate was accompanied by a loss of the ATPase activity. Cleavage of the cross-linked products obtained with methylmercaptobutyrimidate did not restore the original ATPase activity. 4. Identification of subunits A and B in the products of molecular weight 115 000 and 105 000 was achieved by specific labeling of subunit A with N-[14C]ethylmaleimide and of subunit B by chloronitro [14C]benzooxodiazole. Both products were able to bind N-[14C]ethylmaleimide; only the 105 000 dalton product was able to bind chloronitro [14C]benzooxodiazole. 5. The product of molecular weight 115 000 obtained by treatment of beef heart ATPase with methylmercaptobutyrimidate could bind N-[14C]ethylmaleimide. Its cleavage, following N-[14C]ethylmaleimide binding, yielded one labeled peptide identified with subunit A by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. 6. The above results indicate that the product of molecular weight 115 000 is a dimer containing two subunits A and that the product of molecular weight 105 000 is a dimer containing one subunit A and one subunit B. It can therefore be concluded that, in beef heart F1-ATPase, the A subunits are close to each other and that subunit A is close to subunit B. In contrast the B sublnits are probably too far from each other to be cross-linked by dimethylsuberimidate, dimethyladipimidate or methylmercaptobutyrimidate."}
{"id": "PMID:136988", "title": "The purification and quantitation of myosin from cultured cells.", "content": "Myosin has been purified from the following cultured cell lines: normal rat kidney fibroblast (NRK), HeLa-Rhino (HeLa), human choriocarcinoma, human acute lymphoblastic leukemia, rat hepatoma (HTC), monkey kidney (VERO), pigmented mouse melanoma, Y-1 rat adrenal cortex, and growth hormone-secreting GH-1. Myosin constitutes 0.5-5.4% of the protein of these cells. It was not detected in washed human erythrocytes or in two types of mouse plasmacytoma cells. Two methods for the purification of myosin from cultured cells have been employed. With Method I highly purified myosin was prepared by Sepharose 4B and DEAE-cellulose chromatography from 10(10) L-929 cells as well as from mouse uterus. Those myosins have similar molecular and subunit weights as well as ATPase activity but are immunologically distinct. Method II involving ultracentrifugation and Sepharose 4B chromatography, is suitable for the production of moderately pure myosin in good yield from as few as 5-10(7) cells (five 100-mm Petrie dishes).", "contents": "The purification and quantitation of myosin from cultured cells. Myosin has been purified from the following cultured cell lines: normal rat kidney fibroblast (NRK), HeLa-Rhino (HeLa), human choriocarcinoma, human acute lymphoblastic leukemia, rat hepatoma (HTC), monkey kidney (VERO), pigmented mouse melanoma, Y-1 rat adrenal cortex, and growth hormone-secreting GH-1. Myosin constitutes 0.5-5.4% of the protein of these cells. It was not detected in washed human erythrocytes or in two types of mouse plasmacytoma cells. Two methods for the purification of myosin from cultured cells have been employed. With Method I highly purified myosin was prepared by Sepharose 4B and DEAE-cellulose chromatography from 10(10) L-929 cells as well as from mouse uterus. Those myosins have similar molecular and subunit weights as well as ATPase activity but are immunologically distinct. Method II involving ultracentrifugation and Sepharose 4B chromatography, is suitable for the production of moderately pure myosin in good yield from as few as 5-10(7) cells (five 100-mm Petrie dishes)."}
{"id": "PMID:136989", "title": "Studies on the enzymatic synthesis of enterochelin in Escherichia coli K-12. Four polypeptides involved in the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate to enterochelin.", "content": "Four gene products involved in the enzymatic synthesis of enterochelin from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, L-serine and ATP (Luke, R.K.L. and Gibson, F. (1971) J. Bacteriol. 107,557-562; Woodrow, G.C., Young, I.G. and Gibson, F. (1975) J. Bacteriol. 124, 1-6) have been partially purified using a previously reported fractionation procedure (Bryce, G.F. and Brot, N. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 1708-1715). The products of genes E, F and G have been separated from each other and correspond to the E1, E2 and E3 activities described by Bryce and Brot. These three gene products were not completely separated from the product of gene D. We refer to these gene products as components E, F, G and D of the enzymic apparatus for biosynthesis of enterochelin. Certain properties and functions of the four semi-purified components have been investigated. The E component is involved in the activation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate and the F component in the activation of L-serine. The D component physically associates with the F and G components during gel filtration and chromatography on DEAE Sephadex. It is proposed that the synthesis of enterochelin from L-serine and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid is catalysed in vivo by a multienzyme complex, enterochelin synthetase.", "contents": "Studies on the enzymatic synthesis of enterochelin in Escherichia coli K-12. Four polypeptides involved in the conversion of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate to enterochelin. Four gene products involved in the enzymatic synthesis of enterochelin from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate, L-serine and ATP (Luke, R.K.L. and Gibson, F. (1971) J. Bacteriol. 107,557-562; Woodrow, G.C., Young, I.G. and Gibson, F. (1975) J. Bacteriol. 124, 1-6) have been partially purified using a previously reported fractionation procedure (Bryce, G.F. and Brot, N. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 1708-1715). The products of genes E, F and G have been separated from each other and correspond to the E1, E2 and E3 activities described by Bryce and Brot. These three gene products were not completely separated from the product of gene D. We refer to these gene products as components E, F, G and D of the enzymic apparatus for biosynthesis of enterochelin. Certain properties and functions of the four semi-purified components have been investigated. The E component is involved in the activation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate and the F component in the activation of L-serine. The D component physically associates with the F and G components during gel filtration and chromatography on DEAE Sephadex. It is proposed that the synthesis of enterochelin from L-serine and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid is catalysed in vivo by a multienzyme complex, enterochelin synthetase."}
{"id": "PMID:136990", "title": "Ouabain-receptor interactions in (Na+ + K+)-ATPase preparations. A contribution to the problem of nonlinear Scatchard plots.", "content": "Specific [3H]ouabain binding to rat and guinea pig skeletal muscle (musculus soleus) was studied using a rapid centrifugation and a filtration method. Both assays gave identical results: the incubation of the cell membranes in 50 mM imidazole/HCl buffer pH 7.25 or 7.4 MgCl2, Pi caused a time dependent loss of (Na+ +K+)-ATPase activity indicating an alteration of the membrane preparation. Ouabain binding properties were changed concomitantly. If ouabain binding was allowed to proceed until equilibrium was reached (3 min in rat and 10 min in guinea pig) at 37 degrees C the data plotted according to Scatchard followed a straight line. The dissociation constants of the ouabain-receptor-complexes of the rat cell membrane preparation as calculated from the slope of the plot (KD = 134 nM) and from the ratio of the dissociation and association rate constants (KD = 175 nM) agreed within experimental error with that determined by Clausen and Hansen [(1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 345, 387-404] in intact soleus muscles (KD = 210 nM). If ouabain binding was allowed to proceed for a longer period, however, nonlinear Scatchard plots resulted with an identical maximal number of binding sites but inconstant and decreased affinity for the cardiac glycoside. Experimental evidence is presented that nonlinear Scatchard plots often obtained in hormone (drug)-receptor binding experiments may (among other things) be the result of damaged cell membrane particles in vitro.", "contents": "Ouabain-receptor interactions in (Na+ + K+)-ATPase preparations. A contribution to the problem of nonlinear Scatchard plots. Specific [3H]ouabain binding to rat and guinea pig skeletal muscle (musculus soleus) was studied using a rapid centrifugation and a filtration method. Both assays gave identical results: the incubation of the cell membranes in 50 mM imidazole/HCl buffer pH 7.25 or 7.4 MgCl2, Pi caused a time dependent loss of (Na+ +K+)-ATPase activity indicating an alteration of the membrane preparation. Ouabain binding properties were changed concomitantly. If ouabain binding was allowed to proceed until equilibrium was reached (3 min in rat and 10 min in guinea pig) at 37 degrees C the data plotted according to Scatchard followed a straight line. The dissociation constants of the ouabain-receptor-complexes of the rat cell membrane preparation as calculated from the slope of the plot (KD = 134 nM) and from the ratio of the dissociation and association rate constants (KD = 175 nM) agreed within experimental error with that determined by Clausen and Hansen [(1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 345, 387-404] in intact soleus muscles (KD = 210 nM). If ouabain binding was allowed to proceed for a longer period, however, nonlinear Scatchard plots resulted with an identical maximal number of binding sites but inconstant and decreased affinity for the cardiac glycoside. Experimental evidence is presented that nonlinear Scatchard plots often obtained in hormone (drug)-receptor binding experiments may (among other things) be the result of damaged cell membrane particles in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:136991", "title": "Labelling of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes with 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl chloride.", "content": "1. Sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes were labelled with 1-dimethylaminonaphtalene-5-sulfonyl chloride (DnsCl). Analyses of the dansylated membranes demonstrated that the most of the dye was associated with ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) and phosphatidylethanolamine in the membranes. 2. Dansylation of the membranes could be performed without significant decrease in the ATPase activity. 3. Partial differentiation of fluorescence of Dns-phosphatidylethanolamine from that of Dns-ATPase could be achieved by changing excitation wavelength; Dns-ATPase emmitted in the shorter wavelength region, while Dns-phosphatidylethanolamine emmitted in the longer wavelength region. 4. Fluorescence polarization of the dye bound to the membranes indicated that both the ATPase and phosphatidylethanolamine were strongly immobilized in the membranes, while the ratio of freely rotating dye to the \"frozen\" dye bound to the ATPase was larger than that bound to the phosphatide.", "contents": "Labelling of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes with 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfonyl chloride. 1. Sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes were labelled with 1-dimethylaminonaphtalene-5-sulfonyl chloride (DnsCl). Analyses of the dansylated membranes demonstrated that the most of the dye was associated with ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) and phosphatidylethanolamine in the membranes. 2. Dansylation of the membranes could be performed without significant decrease in the ATPase activity. 3. Partial differentiation of fluorescence of Dns-phosphatidylethanolamine from that of Dns-ATPase could be achieved by changing excitation wavelength; Dns-ATPase emmitted in the shorter wavelength region, while Dns-phosphatidylethanolamine emmitted in the longer wavelength region. 4. Fluorescence polarization of the dye bound to the membranes indicated that both the ATPase and phosphatidylethanolamine were strongly immobilized in the membranes, while the ratio of freely rotating dye to the \"frozen\" dye bound to the ATPase was larger than that bound to the phosphatide."}
{"id": "PMID:136992", "title": "Positional and species analysis of membrane phospholipids extracted from goldfish adapted to different environmental temperatures.", "content": "1. The proportion of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides in microsomal fractions of goldfish intestine increases at low environmental temperatures. The fatty acyl composition also changes, the proportion of C22:6 and C20:4 fatty acids increasing in positions 1 and 2 and position 2 respectively. The proportion of C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids falls in position 1 and there is an apparent switch of C18:1 and C20:1 fatty acids from position 2 to position 1. 2. The proportion of choline phosphoglycerides does not depend on the previous environmental temperature of the fish. Temperature-dependent changes in fatty acyl composition in positions 1 and 2 take place in a way similar to that described for ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, but in this case C22:6 substitution is confined to position 2. 3. Choline phosphoglycerides have been further separated into 7 different molecular species. The amounts of species 3 to 7 increase and the amount of species 2 decreases at low adaptation temperature. These changes only account for part of total change in fatty acyl composition. The remaining changes occur by chain substitution within species. 4. Present results show temperature adaptation to be highly complex, involving both quantitative and qualitative changes in different phospholipids. The possible physiological significance of these changes are discussed together with the effects these changes might have on cholesterol-phospholipid interactions.", "contents": "Positional and species analysis of membrane phospholipids extracted from goldfish adapted to different environmental temperatures. 1. The proportion of ethanolamine phosphoglycerides in microsomal fractions of goldfish intestine increases at low environmental temperatures. The fatty acyl composition also changes, the proportion of C22:6 and C20:4 fatty acids increasing in positions 1 and 2 and position 2 respectively. The proportion of C16:0 and C18:0 fatty acids falls in position 1 and there is an apparent switch of C18:1 and C20:1 fatty acids from position 2 to position 1. 2. The proportion of choline phosphoglycerides does not depend on the previous environmental temperature of the fish. Temperature-dependent changes in fatty acyl composition in positions 1 and 2 take place in a way similar to that described for ethanolamine phosphoglycerides, but in this case C22:6 substitution is confined to position 2. 3. Choline phosphoglycerides have been further separated into 7 different molecular species. The amounts of species 3 to 7 increase and the amount of species 2 decreases at low adaptation temperature. These changes only account for part of total change in fatty acyl composition. The remaining changes occur by chain substitution within species. 4. Present results show temperature adaptation to be highly complex, involving both quantitative and qualitative changes in different phospholipids. The possible physiological significance of these changes are discussed together with the effects these changes might have on cholesterol-phospholipid interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:136993", "title": "Energy-rich phosphates and transintestinal transport in rat intestine incubated in vitro at different temperatures.", "content": "In the present work, the transported fluid and the tissue content of ATP, ADP and AMP has been evaluated in the jejunum rat intestine which was everted and incubated in vitro both at 28 degrees C and at 38 degrees C for 1 h. The energy-rich phosphates have been measured in the tissue at the beginning and at the end of the experiment as well as in vivo. These determinations have been made in the total intestine and in the scraped mucosa. ATP and ADP content are higher in vivo and lower but constant at 28 degrees C in vitro; on the contrary, at 38 degrees C in vitro, the initial and final content of these adenilic nucleotides are both lower than at 28 degrees C. Under all these conditions the AMP content does not vary appreciably. Wet weight to dry weight ratios ahve been reported for mucosal and submucosal tissues in unincubated and incubated intestines. In some experiments, fluid transport (measured as an actual serosal volume increase) was determined every 20 min during a 1-h incubation. At 28 degrees C, fluid transport is constant throughout the time of the experiment, but at 38 degrees C, there is a progressive decrease of the transported fluid. Fluid transport and ATP content of the intestine seem to be directly related. The transport activity which is lower at 38 degrees C than at 28 degrees C, seems to be due to a low availability of energy-rich phosphates.", "contents": "Energy-rich phosphates and transintestinal transport in rat intestine incubated in vitro at different temperatures. In the present work, the transported fluid and the tissue content of ATP, ADP and AMP has been evaluated in the jejunum rat intestine which was everted and incubated in vitro both at 28 degrees C and at 38 degrees C for 1 h. The energy-rich phosphates have been measured in the tissue at the beginning and at the end of the experiment as well as in vivo. These determinations have been made in the total intestine and in the scraped mucosa. ATP and ADP content are higher in vivo and lower but constant at 28 degrees C in vitro; on the contrary, at 38 degrees C in vitro, the initial and final content of these adenilic nucleotides are both lower than at 28 degrees C. Under all these conditions the AMP content does not vary appreciably. Wet weight to dry weight ratios ahve been reported for mucosal and submucosal tissues in unincubated and incubated intestines. In some experiments, fluid transport (measured as an actual serosal volume increase) was determined every 20 min during a 1-h incubation. At 28 degrees C, fluid transport is constant throughout the time of the experiment, but at 38 degrees C, there is a progressive decrease of the transported fluid. Fluid transport and ATP content of the intestine seem to be directly related. The transport activity which is lower at 38 degrees C than at 28 degrees C, seems to be due to a low availability of energy-rich phosphates."}
{"id": "PMID:136994", "title": "Studies on the glycoprotein component of (Na+ +K+)-ATPase from dog fish salt gland. Binding to concanavalin A and removal of sialic acid by neuraminidase.", "content": "1. The presence of concanavalin A binding sugars in the glycoprotein component of a partially purified (Na++K+) ATPase preparation from dog fish salt gland was demonstrated by binding of a Triton X-100 extract of the enzyme and isolated glycoprotein to concanavalin A-Sepharose, and by binding of membrane-associated enzyme to free concanavalin A. 2. The binding of concanavalin A to the glycoprotein in both membrane-associated enzyme and a Lubrol extract of the enzyme had no effect on (Na++K+)-ATPase activity. Binding was completely inhibited by methyl-alpha-mannoside. Also, enzyme activity was not affected by removal of 50% of glycoprotein sialic acid by neuraminidase. These results suggest that the carbohydrate moiety of the glycoprotein does not play a catalytic role in the (Na++K+)-ATPase. 3. When a Triton X-100 extract of (Na++K+)-ATPase was chromatographed on concanavalin A-Sepharose, 37% of total protein was bound to the column and eluted by methyl-alpha-mannoside. The bound fraction was free of lipid, and contained not only the glycoprotein but also the large protein which is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme, and small amounts of other membrane derived proteins. The ratio of large protein to glycoprotein, as measured by the relative Coomassie blue absorbance of the two proteins separated by gel electrophoresis, was the same in the bound fraction as in the membrane. These results suggest that the glycoprotein and lareg protein are either associated together in the membrane or become associated during lipid replacement by Triton.", "contents": "Studies on the glycoprotein component of (Na+ +K+)-ATPase from dog fish salt gland. Binding to concanavalin A and removal of sialic acid by neuraminidase. 1. The presence of concanavalin A binding sugars in the glycoprotein component of a partially purified (Na++K+) ATPase preparation from dog fish salt gland was demonstrated by binding of a Triton X-100 extract of the enzyme and isolated glycoprotein to concanavalin A-Sepharose, and by binding of membrane-associated enzyme to free concanavalin A. 2. The binding of concanavalin A to the glycoprotein in both membrane-associated enzyme and a Lubrol extract of the enzyme had no effect on (Na++K+)-ATPase activity. Binding was completely inhibited by methyl-alpha-mannoside. Also, enzyme activity was not affected by removal of 50% of glycoprotein sialic acid by neuraminidase. These results suggest that the carbohydrate moiety of the glycoprotein does not play a catalytic role in the (Na++K+)-ATPase. 3. When a Triton X-100 extract of (Na++K+)-ATPase was chromatographed on concanavalin A-Sepharose, 37% of total protein was bound to the column and eluted by methyl-alpha-mannoside. The bound fraction was free of lipid, and contained not only the glycoprotein but also the large protein which is the catalytic subunit of the enzyme, and small amounts of other membrane derived proteins. The ratio of large protein to glycoprotein, as measured by the relative Coomassie blue absorbance of the two proteins separated by gel electrophoresis, was the same in the bound fraction as in the membrane. These results suggest that the glycoprotein and lareg protein are either associated together in the membrane or become associated during lipid replacement by Triton."}
{"id": "PMID:136998", "title": "Studies of soluble rat liver mitochondrial acid ATPases. I. Purification and catalytic properties of ATPase 1.", "content": "A method for isolation of a soluble ATPase from rat liver mitochondria after freeze thaw cycling is described. Two enzymatically active fractions were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography (ATPase 1 and ATPase 2). ATPase 1 has been purified 300 fold. ATPase 1 was homogenous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 5.8-6.0 and the optimum temperature was 45 degrees C. The enzyme follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics: Km (9 X 10(-4) M), Vmax (23,6 mumoles Pi released X min -1 X mg protein -1). The enzyme hydrolysed nucleoside triphosphates, but was inactive upon nucleoside di and monophosphates, glucose 6-phosphate, phosphoserine, pyrophosphate and glycerol 2-phosphate. In contrast to membrane bound ATPase, cations have no effect on the enzyme activity. Nucleoside di and mono phosphates and glycerol 2 phosphate inhibited competitively the enzyme. The enzyme was not affected by oligomycin, but was stimulated by lactate, 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol.", "contents": "Studies of soluble rat liver mitochondrial acid ATPases. I. Purification and catalytic properties of ATPase 1. A method for isolation of a soluble ATPase from rat liver mitochondria after freeze thaw cycling is described. Two enzymatically active fractions were separated by DEAE-cellulose chromatography (ATPase 1 and ATPase 2). ATPase 1 has been purified 300 fold. ATPase 1 was homogenous as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH of the enzyme was 5.8-6.0 and the optimum temperature was 45 degrees C. The enzyme follows Michaelis-Menten kinetics: Km (9 X 10(-4) M), Vmax (23,6 mumoles Pi released X min -1 X mg protein -1). The enzyme hydrolysed nucleoside triphosphates, but was inactive upon nucleoside di and monophosphates, glucose 6-phosphate, phosphoserine, pyrophosphate and glycerol 2-phosphate. In contrast to membrane bound ATPase, cations have no effect on the enzyme activity. Nucleoside di and mono phosphates and glycerol 2 phosphate inhibited competitively the enzyme. The enzyme was not affected by oligomycin, but was stimulated by lactate, 2-mercaptoethanol and dithiothreitol."}
{"id": "PMID:136999", "title": "[Mechanism of action of the specific inhibitor of respiration and phosphorylation in mitochondria--n-(N,N-di-2-chlorethyl)aminophenylacetic acid].", "content": "An electrophilous inhibitor, p-(N,N-di-2-chloroethyl)amino-phenylacetic acid (I), specifically disturbs the mechanism of respiration and phosphorylation coupling in mitochondria. I inhibits respiration and ATPase activity in intact mitochondria and does not affect these processes in mitochondria and submitochondrial particles with partially or completely impaired coupling system. The data obtained show that I inhibits protonophoric function of NADH-ferricianide reductase from submitochondrial particles soluble ATPases from bovine heart and Micrococcus lysodeikticus mitochondria adsorded on octane water interface and has no effect on respective enzymes in water solutions. Cation-transferring enzymes are shown to behave with respect to the inhibitor on lipid water interface like respective enzymes in intact mitochondria, while in water solutions they behave like those in systems with the impaired coupling mechanism. Effect of I on protonophoric function of oligomycin-sensitive ATPase and bacteriorhodopsin plaques isolated from Halobacterium halobium is also studied. It is shown that the precence or the absence of I effect is due to a nature of lipid in the enzymatic complex. I is found also to inhibit specifically the transport of Ca2+ from water to octane in the presence of Ca2+-ATP-ase from rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "[Mechanism of action of the specific inhibitor of respiration and phosphorylation in mitochondria--n-(N,N-di-2-chlorethyl)aminophenylacetic acid]. An electrophilous inhibitor, p-(N,N-di-2-chloroethyl)amino-phenylacetic acid (I), specifically disturbs the mechanism of respiration and phosphorylation coupling in mitochondria. I inhibits respiration and ATPase activity in intact mitochondria and does not affect these processes in mitochondria and submitochondrial particles with partially or completely impaired coupling system. The data obtained show that I inhibits protonophoric function of NADH-ferricianide reductase from submitochondrial particles soluble ATPases from bovine heart and Micrococcus lysodeikticus mitochondria adsorded on octane water interface and has no effect on respective enzymes in water solutions. Cation-transferring enzymes are shown to behave with respect to the inhibitor on lipid water interface like respective enzymes in intact mitochondria, while in water solutions they behave like those in systems with the impaired coupling mechanism. Effect of I on protonophoric function of oligomycin-sensitive ATPase and bacteriorhodopsin plaques isolated from Halobacterium halobium is also studied. It is shown that the precence or the absence of I effect is due to a nature of lipid in the enzymatic complex. I is found also to inhibit specifically the transport of Ca2+ from water to octane in the presence of Ca2+-ATP-ase from rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:137000", "title": "Further studies on the major histocompatibility complex as a genetic marker for schizophrenia.", "content": "Our results seem to indicate the existence of a locus in the major histocompatibity complex (MHC) region, correlated to schizophrenic illness and strictly linked to the loci HL-A and MLR. The associations found between these last loci and the disease can probably be explained by a linkage disequilibrium or a selective pressure between the allelles of the three loci. Our results also indicate that the genetic systems investigated may be useful diagnostically as a genetic marker for schizophrenia. But the real meaning of their relationships to the illness has to be further investigated.", "contents": "Further studies on the major histocompatibility complex as a genetic marker for schizophrenia. Our results seem to indicate the existence of a locus in the major histocompatibity complex (MHC) region, correlated to schizophrenic illness and strictly linked to the loci HL-A and MLR. The associations found between these last loci and the disease can probably be explained by a linkage disequilibrium or a selective pressure between the allelles of the three loci. Our results also indicate that the genetic systems investigated may be useful diagnostically as a genetic marker for schizophrenia. But the real meaning of their relationships to the illness has to be further investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:137002", "title": "Effect of thaliblastine on transplantable tumours in mice.", "content": "The antitumour activity of the alkaloid thaliblastine was studied on 7 ascitic and solid transplantable tumours in mice. It was found that the compound has a pronounced antitumour effect on ascitic tumour of Ehrlich, NK/Ly lymphoma (i.p.), sarcoma 37 (s.c. and i.p.), sarcoma 180 (s.c.) and Lewis lung carcinoma (i.m.). With a number of tumours, it was found that the single and intermittent drug administration exerts a better therapeutic effect than the chronic treatment.", "contents": "Effect of thaliblastine on transplantable tumours in mice. The antitumour activity of the alkaloid thaliblastine was studied on 7 ascitic and solid transplantable tumours in mice. It was found that the compound has a pronounced antitumour effect on ascitic tumour of Ehrlich, NK/Ly lymphoma (i.p.), sarcoma 37 (s.c. and i.p.), sarcoma 180 (s.c.) and Lewis lung carcinoma (i.m.). With a number of tumours, it was found that the single and intermittent drug administration exerts a better therapeutic effect than the chronic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:137003", "title": "Metabolism of [4C]crufomate (4-t-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate) by the sheep.", "content": "Twenty-five metabolites were isolated from the urine, feces or plasma of sheep given single oral doses of [14C]crufomate (4-t-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate). These metabolites resulted from one or more of the following transformations: oxidatin of a methyl group in the t-butyl moiety to yield either an alcohol or a carboxylic acid; hydrolysis of the phosphate and phosphate and phosphoramidate bonds; oxidatin of the N-methyl group to yield N-formyl phosphoramidates; methylation of the N-formyl group to yield N-methyl-N-formyl phosphoramidates; oxidative N-demethylation; conjugation with glucuronic acid. No ring-hydroxylation of dechlorination was observed, and no crufonate was isolated from the urine, feces or plasma.", "contents": "Metabolism of [4C]crufomate (4-t-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate) by the sheep. Twenty-five metabolites were isolated from the urine, feces or plasma of sheep given single oral doses of [14C]crufomate (4-t-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate). These metabolites resulted from one or more of the following transformations: oxidatin of a methyl group in the t-butyl moiety to yield either an alcohol or a carboxylic acid; hydrolysis of the phosphate and phosphate and phosphoramidate bonds; oxidatin of the N-methyl group to yield N-formyl phosphoramidates; methylation of the N-formyl group to yield N-methyl-N-formyl phosphoramidates; oxidative N-demethylation; conjugation with glucuronic acid. No ring-hydroxylation of dechlorination was observed, and no crufonate was isolated from the urine, feces or plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:137004", "title": "Synthesis and mass spectrometry of crufomate metabolites and related compounds.", "content": "Phosphates and phosphoramidates related to 2-chloro-4-t-butylphenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate (crufomate) were synthesized to aid in the identification of crufomate metabolites. Deuterium labeling metastable determinations and precise mass measurements were used to establish fragmentation pathways. Evidence was obtained for the rearrangement of an N-formyl phosphoramidate (the expected result of oxidative metabolism of N-methyl phosphoramidates) to an iminomethyl phosphate.", "contents": "Synthesis and mass spectrometry of crufomate metabolites and related compounds. Phosphates and phosphoramidates related to 2-chloro-4-t-butylphenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate (crufomate) were synthesized to aid in the identification of crufomate metabolites. Deuterium labeling metastable determinations and precise mass measurements were used to establish fragmentation pathways. Evidence was obtained for the rearrangement of an N-formyl phosphoramidate (the expected result of oxidative metabolism of N-methyl phosphoramidates) to an iminomethyl phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:137005", "title": "Mass spectral characterization of the glucuronide conjugates of crufomate (4-t-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate) metabolites.", "content": "Seven sheep metabolites of crufomate (4-t-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate) were characterized as glucuronide conjugates by interpretation of mass spectral data obtained from ths of the methyl esters.", "contents": "Mass spectral characterization of the glucuronide conjugates of crufomate (4-t-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate) metabolites. Seven sheep metabolites of crufomate (4-t-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate) were characterized as glucuronide conjugates by interpretation of mass spectral data obtained from ths of the methyl esters."}
{"id": "PMID:137023", "title": "Effect of aminophylline on tryptophan and other aromatic amino acids in plasma, brain and other tissues and on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism.", "content": "1 Aminophylline and other methylxanthines increase brain tryptophan and hence 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover. The mechanism of this effect of aminophylline was investigated. 2 At lower doses (greater than 100 mg/kg i.p.) the brain tryptophan increase could be explained by the lipolytic action of the drug, i.e. increased plasma unesterified fatty acid freeing plasma tryptophan from protein binding so that it became available to the brain. 3 Plasma unesterified fatty acid did not increase when aminophylline (109 mg/kg i.p.) was given to nicotinamide-treated rats but as both plasma total and free tryptophan rose, a tryptophan increase in the brain still occurred. 4 The rise in brain tryptophan concentration following the injection of a higher dose of the drug (150 mg/kg i.p.) could no longer be explained by a rise of plasma free tryptophan as the ratio of brain tryptophan to plasma free tryptophan rose considerably. Plasma total tryptophan fell and the plasma insulin concentration rose. 5 The increase of brain tryptophan concentration after injection of 150 mg/kg aminophylline appeared specific for this amino acid as brain tyrosine and phenyllanine did not increase. However as their plasma concentrations fell the brain/plasma ratio for all three amino acids rose. 6 The higher dose of aminophylline increased the muscle concentration of tryptophan but that of tyrosine fell and that of phenylalanine remained unaltered. The liver concentrations were not affected. 7 The aminophylline-induced increase of the ratio of brain tryptophan of plasma free tryptophan no longer occurred when the drug was given to animals injected with the beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent propranolol or the diabetogenic agent streptozotocin. 8 The changes in brain tryptophan upon aminophylline injection may be explained by (a) increased availability of plasma tryptophan to the brain due to increased lipolysis and (b) increased effectiveness of uptake of tryptophan by the brain due to increased insulin secretion.", "contents": "Effect of aminophylline on tryptophan and other aromatic amino acids in plasma, brain and other tissues and on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine metabolism. 1 Aminophylline and other methylxanthines increase brain tryptophan and hence 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover. The mechanism of this effect of aminophylline was investigated. 2 At lower doses (greater than 100 mg/kg i.p.) the brain tryptophan increase could be explained by the lipolytic action of the drug, i.e. increased plasma unesterified fatty acid freeing plasma tryptophan from protein binding so that it became available to the brain. 3 Plasma unesterified fatty acid did not increase when aminophylline (109 mg/kg i.p.) was given to nicotinamide-treated rats but as both plasma total and free tryptophan rose, a tryptophan increase in the brain still occurred. 4 The rise in brain tryptophan concentration following the injection of a higher dose of the drug (150 mg/kg i.p.) could no longer be explained by a rise of plasma free tryptophan as the ratio of brain tryptophan to plasma free tryptophan rose considerably. Plasma total tryptophan fell and the plasma insulin concentration rose. 5 The increase of brain tryptophan concentration after injection of 150 mg/kg aminophylline appeared specific for this amino acid as brain tyrosine and phenyllanine did not increase. However as their plasma concentrations fell the brain/plasma ratio for all three amino acids rose. 6 The higher dose of aminophylline increased the muscle concentration of tryptophan but that of tyrosine fell and that of phenylalanine remained unaltered. The liver concentrations were not affected. 7 The aminophylline-induced increase of the ratio of brain tryptophan of plasma free tryptophan no longer occurred when the drug was given to animals injected with the beta-adrenoreceptor blocking agent propranolol or the diabetogenic agent streptozotocin. 8 The changes in brain tryptophan upon aminophylline injection may be explained by (a) increased availability of plasma tryptophan to the brain due to increased lipolysis and (b) increased effectiveness of uptake of tryptophan by the brain due to increased insulin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:137024", "title": "The burst abdominal wound: a mechanical approach.", "content": "The burst abdominal wound has a mechanical cause. It is the results of suture breaking, knot slipping, the intact suture cutting out of the tissues or protrusion of gut or omentum between stitches. Measurements of abdominal girth and the xiphoid-pubis distance before and during abdominal distension show that a wound may lengthen by 30 per cent if distension occurs. An adequate reserve of suture length in the wound is necessary to allow this lengthening to occur and to ensure a minimal resulting rise in tension between the sutures and the tissues. Three variables present in every continuous wound closure--the suture length inserted, the wound fasical length and the number of stitches--determine the stitch interval and the size of the tissue bite, which are the two vital factors in wound strength under the surgeon's control. These variables may be expressed by the ratio of the length of suture (SL) inserted to the wound length (WL), the ratio SL:WL. Analytical and clinical evidence is presented to show that: 1. Deep wound disruption (evisceration and ventral hernia) is associated with the use of an SL: WL ratio of 2: 1 or less-the lower the ratio, the greater is the risk of a burst wound. 2. Wound disruption because of cutting out of sutures can be prevented by the use of non-absorbable continuous sutures at 1-cm intervals and an SL:WL ratio of 4:1 or more.", "contents": "The burst abdominal wound: a mechanical approach. The burst abdominal wound has a mechanical cause. It is the results of suture breaking, knot slipping, the intact suture cutting out of the tissues or protrusion of gut or omentum between stitches. Measurements of abdominal girth and the xiphoid-pubis distance before and during abdominal distension show that a wound may lengthen by 30 per cent if distension occurs. An adequate reserve of suture length in the wound is necessary to allow this lengthening to occur and to ensure a minimal resulting rise in tension between the sutures and the tissues. Three variables present in every continuous wound closure--the suture length inserted, the wound fasical length and the number of stitches--determine the stitch interval and the size of the tissue bite, which are the two vital factors in wound strength under the surgeon's control. These variables may be expressed by the ratio of the length of suture (SL) inserted to the wound length (WL), the ratio SL:WL. Analytical and clinical evidence is presented to show that: 1. Deep wound disruption (evisceration and ventral hernia) is associated with the use of an SL: WL ratio of 2: 1 or less-the lower the ratio, the greater is the risk of a burst wound. 2. Wound disruption because of cutting out of sutures can be prevented by the use of non-absorbable continuous sutures at 1-cm intervals and an SL:WL ratio of 4:1 or more."}
{"id": "PMID:137025", "title": "The embryology and surgical management of gastroschisis.", "content": "Thirteen cases of gastroschisis are presented and a reduction in the operative mortality to 15 per cent is recorded. The aetiology of the condition is discussed and the opinion expressed that it represents the result of an intra-uterine rupture of an incarcerated \"hernia into the cord\" rather than any specific failure of development of the abdominal wall musculature. Early skin closure and the creation of a ventral hernia remain the surgical treatment of choice, but it is recognized that the use of a prosthetic sac may occasionally be necessary. Infection is not the most important single factor influencing mortality, and the prolonged administration of prophylactic antibiotics is justified on this basis. Skilled management of the protracted ileus is essential. In view of the low incidence of serious coexistent malformations the children who survive the initial operation can be offered the prospect of a life of normal duration and quality.", "contents": "The embryology and surgical management of gastroschisis. Thirteen cases of gastroschisis are presented and a reduction in the operative mortality to 15 per cent is recorded. The aetiology of the condition is discussed and the opinion expressed that it represents the result of an intra-uterine rupture of an incarcerated \"hernia into the cord\" rather than any specific failure of development of the abdominal wall musculature. Early skin closure and the creation of a ventral hernia remain the surgical treatment of choice, but it is recognized that the use of a prosthetic sac may occasionally be necessary. Infection is not the most important single factor influencing mortality, and the prolonged administration of prophylactic antibiotics is justified on this basis. Skilled management of the protracted ileus is essential. In view of the low incidence of serious coexistent malformations the children who survive the initial operation can be offered the prospect of a life of normal duration and quality."}
{"id": "PMID:137032", "title": "[Early renal hemodynamic modifications following the ablation of the controlateral kidney].", "content": "Instantaneous measurements of renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have been performed in anesthetized dogs to determine if removal of one kidney induces early functional adaptation in the remaining kidney. Increases in RBF (10%) and GFR (20%) were observed within the first minutes after exclusion of controlateral kidney; these are the earliest events described until now. These observations favour the concept that a functional adjustement may contribute to development of compensatory renal hypertrophy.", "contents": "[Early renal hemodynamic modifications following the ablation of the controlateral kidney]. Instantaneous measurements of renal blood flow (RBF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) have been performed in anesthetized dogs to determine if removal of one kidney induces early functional adaptation in the remaining kidney. Increases in RBF (10%) and GFR (20%) were observed within the first minutes after exclusion of controlateral kidney; these are the earliest events described until now. These observations favour the concept that a functional adjustement may contribute to development of compensatory renal hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:137033", "title": "[Study at the level of the jejunal mucosa of the effects of various carbohydrate compounds on the activity of various enzymes localized in brush borders. Augmentation of phosphatase activity].", "content": "On rat jejunum the effects of sorbitol or NaH2PO4 on the activity of various enzymes localized in brush borders was investigated: glycosidases, amino-peptidase, alkaline phosphatase. The activity of phosphatase varies under the influence of these compounds (and others carbohydrates) in the same sense and the same extact than they induce variations of Ca absorption.", "contents": "[Study at the level of the jejunal mucosa of the effects of various carbohydrate compounds on the activity of various enzymes localized in brush borders. Augmentation of phosphatase activity]. On rat jejunum the effects of sorbitol or NaH2PO4 on the activity of various enzymes localized in brush borders was investigated: glycosidases, amino-peptidase, alkaline phosphatase. The activity of phosphatase varies under the influence of these compounds (and others carbohydrates) in the same sense and the same extact than they induce variations of Ca absorption."}
{"id": "PMID:137034", "title": "[Radioimmunoassay of tetrahydroaldosterone in urine].", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for urinary tetrahydroaldosterone is described. An antiserum, elicited by a 3-carboxy-methyloxime 18-21 aldosterone diacetate conjugated to bovine serumalbumine, with which tetrahydroaldosterone cross reacts, is used. The method is specific, sensitive (10 pg/tube), accurate, reproducible (7%), thus allowing sufficient reliability for clinical applications. In 19 normal adults subjects under unrestricted sodium intake, the urinary tetrahydroaldosterone averaged 59,8+/-29,4 mug/24 h.", "contents": "[Radioimmunoassay of tetrahydroaldosterone in urine]. A radioimmunoassay for urinary tetrahydroaldosterone is described. An antiserum, elicited by a 3-carboxy-methyloxime 18-21 aldosterone diacetate conjugated to bovine serumalbumine, with which tetrahydroaldosterone cross reacts, is used. The method is specific, sensitive (10 pg/tube), accurate, reproducible (7%), thus allowing sufficient reliability for clinical applications. In 19 normal adults subjects under unrestricted sodium intake, the urinary tetrahydroaldosterone averaged 59,8+/-29,4 mug/24 h."}
{"id": "PMID:137035", "title": "[Influence of succinimide on experimental rat urinary calculi].", "content": "An experimental study made on rat shows an inhibitrice activity of succinimide on formation of others kinds of urinary stones than those constituted with Ca oxalate and suggests the existence of a non specific anticrystallizing effect.", "contents": "[Influence of succinimide on experimental rat urinary calculi]. An experimental study made on rat shows an inhibitrice activity of succinimide on formation of others kinds of urinary stones than those constituted with Ca oxalate and suggests the existence of a non specific anticrystallizing effect."}
{"id": "PMID:137036", "title": "[Influence of puromycin on the regression of Mullerian ducts in chick embryos submitted to a testicular graft].", "content": "Puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, strongly reduces the incidence of retrogression of the mullerian ducts provoked by testicular graft in the female chick embryo.", "contents": "[Influence of puromycin on the regression of Mullerian ducts in chick embryos submitted to a testicular graft]. Puromycin, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, strongly reduces the incidence of retrogression of the mullerian ducts provoked by testicular graft in the female chick embryo."}
{"id": "PMID:137037", "title": "[Inhibiting effect of the testis on the ovary of the chick embryo].", "content": "The testicular hormone responsible for the retrogression of the mullerian ducts in the female chick embryo submitted to an embryonic testicular graft, causes an atrophy of the two, cortical and medullary, parts of this gonad, which is more marked at the level of the cortex.", "contents": "[Inhibiting effect of the testis on the ovary of the chick embryo]. The testicular hormone responsible for the retrogression of the mullerian ducts in the female chick embryo submitted to an embryonic testicular graft, causes an atrophy of the two, cortical and medullary, parts of this gonad, which is more marked at the level of the cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:137038", "title": "[Study of the extracellular macromolecular meshwork elaborated by rat aortic cells in secondary culture].", "content": "Rat aortic smooth muscle cells isolated by digestion of the vessels by elastase and trypsin and grown in subculture, are examinated by phase, optic and electron microscopy for their ability to synthesize connective tissue components. Large amounts of extracellular material accumulates within the spaces between the cell; it consists of amorphous substance identified histochemically as elastin, of 110 A microfibrils and of periodic fibrils (430-490 A); the chemical nature of these two last components is discussed.", "contents": "[Study of the extracellular macromolecular meshwork elaborated by rat aortic cells in secondary culture]. Rat aortic smooth muscle cells isolated by digestion of the vessels by elastase and trypsin and grown in subculture, are examinated by phase, optic and electron microscopy for their ability to synthesize connective tissue components. Large amounts of extracellular material accumulates within the spaces between the cell; it consists of amorphous substance identified histochemically as elastin, of 110 A microfibrils and of periodic fibrils (430-490 A); the chemical nature of these two last components is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137039", "title": "[Reversal of the depressive power of cyclophosphamide on the anti-infectious defense of the mouse by means of a somatic antigen from Bacillus subtilis].", "content": "In the experimental conditions reported the cyclophosphamide increases the pathogenic effect of Escherichia coli in mice. Treating the animals with a somatic antigen of Bacillus subtilis, reverses the aggravating effect of cyclophosphamide on the experimental infection. Similar results are obtained through the parenteral and the rectal routes. This antigen does not limit either the leucopenient effect of cyclophosphamide nor its blocking effect on the synthesis of sheep red blood cells antibody in mice.", "contents": "[Reversal of the depressive power of cyclophosphamide on the anti-infectious defense of the mouse by means of a somatic antigen from Bacillus subtilis]. In the experimental conditions reported the cyclophosphamide increases the pathogenic effect of Escherichia coli in mice. Treating the animals with a somatic antigen of Bacillus subtilis, reverses the aggravating effect of cyclophosphamide on the experimental infection. Similar results are obtained through the parenteral and the rectal routes. This antigen does not limit either the leucopenient effect of cyclophosphamide nor its blocking effect on the synthesis of sheep red blood cells antibody in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:137040", "title": "[The effect of somatic antigen from Bacillus subtilis on migration of mouse macrophages].", "content": "The migration of mice peritoneal macrophages has been studied on agar plates. The migration of the macrophages from mice treated by the intra peritoneal route by a somatic antigen of Bacillus subtilis, was 37% less than the migration of the macrophage from control mice. The presence of the antigen in the gel did not modify the migration of macrophages in either treated or control mice. This confirms the non specific character of the activity of this antigen.", "contents": "[The effect of somatic antigen from Bacillus subtilis on migration of mouse macrophages]. The migration of mice peritoneal macrophages has been studied on agar plates. The migration of the macrophages from mice treated by the intra peritoneal route by a somatic antigen of Bacillus subtilis, was 37% less than the migration of the macrophage from control mice. The presence of the antigen in the gel did not modify the migration of macrophages in either treated or control mice. This confirms the non specific character of the activity of this antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:137041", "title": "[Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone content of the testis during guinea pig].", "content": "The fetal guinea-pig testis synthetizes testosterone and reduces it in 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The embryonic period which goes from the gonadla differentiation (on day 23) up to the beginning of the sex ducts differentiation (on day 29) is characterized in male guinea-pig by a very important testicular load in testosterone and DHT.", "contents": "[Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone content of the testis during guinea pig]. The fetal guinea-pig testis synthetizes testosterone and reduces it in 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone. The embryonic period which goes from the gonadla differentiation (on day 23) up to the beginning of the sex ducts differentiation (on day 29) is characterized in male guinea-pig by a very important testicular load in testosterone and DHT."}
{"id": "PMID:137042", "title": "[Is there either agenesis or regression of the Mullerian duct in female bird embryos under the influence of male hormone?].", "content": "The natural occurence of \"Free-Martinism\" in Birds and the chorio-allanto\u00efc grafting experiments of testis fragments on female chick host-embryos allow to the authors to define the manner provoking the entire or partial disappearance of the m\u00fcllerian ducts and to state exactly if the phenomenon is a agenesis or a regression.", "contents": "[Is there either agenesis or regression of the Mullerian duct in female bird embryos under the influence of male hormone?]. The natural occurence of \"Free-Martinism\" in Birds and the chorio-allanto\u00efc grafting experiments of testis fragments on female chick host-embryos allow to the authors to define the manner provoking the entire or partial disappearance of the m\u00fcllerian ducts and to state exactly if the phenomenon is a agenesis or a regression."}
{"id": "PMID:137043", "title": "[Fixation of various lectins at the surface of Crithidia luciliae].", "content": "Suspensions of Crithidia luciliae have been treated with 30 lectins: protozoans are agglutinated only by lectins inhibited with oses of structures I an II according to M\u00e4kel\u00e4, and by lectins the site of fixation of which are unknown. The use of 5 lectins conjugated to fluorescein corroborate that lectins in congruity with group I and II, contrarily to those of group III, fasten upon the membrane and the flagella of Crithidia luciliae.", "contents": "[Fixation of various lectins at the surface of Crithidia luciliae]. Suspensions of Crithidia luciliae have been treated with 30 lectins: protozoans are agglutinated only by lectins inhibited with oses of structures I an II according to M\u00e4kel\u00e4, and by lectins the site of fixation of which are unknown. The use of 5 lectins conjugated to fluorescein corroborate that lectins in congruity with group I and II, contrarily to those of group III, fasten upon the membrane and the flagella of Crithidia luciliae."}
{"id": "PMID:137044", "title": "[Influence of intestinal microflora on the amino acid composition of lamb feces].", "content": "6 conventional and 5 germfree male lambs were fed ad libitum a UHT sterilized cow milk. Body weight and food intake were recorded. Whole feces were collected for 5 consecutive days. Growth rate reached 259 g/d for the germfree. Daily fecal excretion of dry matter and nitrogenous compounds are not found different in the two groups of animals. The influence of intestinal microflora appears on the biochemical composition of the feces. As compared to the conventional fecal proteins from germfree lambs are very high in threonine and serine and low in lysine. Moreover the difference of amino acid composition between these two groups come not only from the histidine alanine and arginine composition of bacteries; it also involves the high levels of threonine serine cystine and tyrosine of the endogenous digestive proteins.", "contents": "[Influence of intestinal microflora on the amino acid composition of lamb feces]. 6 conventional and 5 germfree male lambs were fed ad libitum a UHT sterilized cow milk. Body weight and food intake were recorded. Whole feces were collected for 5 consecutive days. Growth rate reached 259 g/d for the germfree. Daily fecal excretion of dry matter and nitrogenous compounds are not found different in the two groups of animals. The influence of intestinal microflora appears on the biochemical composition of the feces. As compared to the conventional fecal proteins from germfree lambs are very high in threonine and serine and low in lysine. Moreover the difference of amino acid composition between these two groups come not only from the histidine alanine and arginine composition of bacteries; it also involves the high levels of threonine serine cystine and tyrosine of the endogenous digestive proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:137045", "title": "[Appearance of phosphatase reticular cells in the spleen parenchyme of normal and tumor-bearing mice].", "content": "The splenic mouse parenchyma presents 3 reticular cells types revealed by histo-enzymatic technics: the phagocytic cells show a strong phosphatasic acid activity, the endothelial cells possess a phosphatasic alcalin or adenosine-triphosphatasic reaction, the perithelial cells are 5' nucleotidasic. These different cells are distributed by forming specific topographic structures in the splenic tissue. The phosphatasic alcalin reticular cells seem to be, with their distribution, characteristic elements of mouse spleen. Indeed the modifications in tumoral animal interest chiefly this cell category. In this case, the reticular cells form a deep and large membrane between marginal zone and perivascular lymphoid sheath of the white pulp. These different reticular cells probably react for the defense system of the animal.", "contents": "[Appearance of phosphatase reticular cells in the spleen parenchyme of normal and tumor-bearing mice]. The splenic mouse parenchyma presents 3 reticular cells types revealed by histo-enzymatic technics: the phagocytic cells show a strong phosphatasic acid activity, the endothelial cells possess a phosphatasic alcalin or adenosine-triphosphatasic reaction, the perithelial cells are 5' nucleotidasic. These different cells are distributed by forming specific topographic structures in the splenic tissue. The phosphatasic alcalin reticular cells seem to be, with their distribution, characteristic elements of mouse spleen. Indeed the modifications in tumoral animal interest chiefly this cell category. In this case, the reticular cells form a deep and large membrane between marginal zone and perivascular lymphoid sheath of the white pulp. These different reticular cells probably react for the defense system of the animal."}
{"id": "PMID:137046", "title": "[Relationship between the presence of microfilaments and the cell cycle of HeLa cells in synchronus culture].", "content": "Some cytoplasmic organelles have showed characteristic variations which are related to the different cell cycle phases, in thymidine synchonized HeLa cells in culture. In these cells, the most modified organelles were intracytoplasmic membranes (endoplasmic reticulum) and microfilament arrangements. Microfilaments were numerous under the cell membrane, but also some of them were dispersed in dense bundles. These structures were seen around the nucleus, 12-14 h after removal of excess thymidine (G1). They migrated to the periphery of the cell during S and G2. During mitosis, they were directly under superficial membrane-associated microfilaments.", "contents": "[Relationship between the presence of microfilaments and the cell cycle of HeLa cells in synchronus culture]. Some cytoplasmic organelles have showed characteristic variations which are related to the different cell cycle phases, in thymidine synchonized HeLa cells in culture. In these cells, the most modified organelles were intracytoplasmic membranes (endoplasmic reticulum) and microfilament arrangements. Microfilaments were numerous under the cell membrane, but also some of them were dispersed in dense bundles. These structures were seen around the nucleus, 12-14 h after removal of excess thymidine (G1). They migrated to the periphery of the cell during S and G2. During mitosis, they were directly under superficial membrane-associated microfilaments."}
{"id": "PMID:137047", "title": "[Evolvement of systems of serotonin uptake in rat hypothalamus during its development].", "content": "Kinetics of 3H serotonin accumulation into slices from hypothalamus have been compared in adult, puppy and foetus rat. In 15 days-old, as in adult rat, there are two components of 5 HT accumulation corresponding to the low and high affinity transport systems. For this latter, Km and Vmax values are much higher in adult than in 15 days old rat (in adult, Km=1,3 X 10(-7) and Vmax=0,33 X 10(-10); in 15 days old rat, Km=0,5 X 10(-7) and Vmax=0,125 X 10(-10)). On the opposite, in the 7 days old rat and in the 21 days old foetus, it is only possible to arbitrarely define one uptake system corresponding to the following apparent values: in the 7 days old rat, Km= 5 X 10(-7) and Vmax=2 X 10(-10), in the foetus, Km=0,2 X 10(-7) and Vmax=0,15 X 10(-10). These results showed important developmental differences in affinity of 3H serotonin to hypothalamus. The low and high affinity uptake systems existing in adult are only individualized in the 15 days old little rat.", "contents": "[Evolvement of systems of serotonin uptake in rat hypothalamus during its development]. Kinetics of 3H serotonin accumulation into slices from hypothalamus have been compared in adult, puppy and foetus rat. In 15 days-old, as in adult rat, there are two components of 5 HT accumulation corresponding to the low and high affinity transport systems. For this latter, Km and Vmax values are much higher in adult than in 15 days old rat (in adult, Km=1,3 X 10(-7) and Vmax=0,33 X 10(-10); in 15 days old rat, Km=0,5 X 10(-7) and Vmax=0,125 X 10(-10)). On the opposite, in the 7 days old rat and in the 21 days old foetus, it is only possible to arbitrarely define one uptake system corresponding to the following apparent values: in the 7 days old rat, Km= 5 X 10(-7) and Vmax=2 X 10(-10), in the foetus, Km=0,2 X 10(-7) and Vmax=0,15 X 10(-10). These results showed important developmental differences in affinity of 3H serotonin to hypothalamus. The low and high affinity uptake systems existing in adult are only individualized in the 15 days old little rat."}
{"id": "PMID:137048", "title": "[Antigenic and blood group activity of lamb gastric mucoproteins].", "content": "The antigenic properties of a lamb mucin and of a glycoprotein isolated from it are investigated. The proteins are studied by immunoelectrophoresis of the mucin and of the glycoprotein against either a sheep serum antiserum or an exclusively glycoprotein antiserum. No serum protein could be shown in the mucin. In addition, the glycoprotein gives a precipitin line only with the specific antiserum; its antigenic power seems to be concealed in the original mucin. The carbohydrates are studied through the investigation of the blood group activities by the hemagglutination inhibition technique. The mucin and the isolated glycoprotein show the same types of activities: they both prevent the agglutination of A1 and 0 red cells. The presence of two blood group activities in that glycoportein and its non-reactivity against A2 red cells corroborate the hypothesis that carbohydrate chains must be branched for the elicitation of these activities in a single molecule.", "contents": "[Antigenic and blood group activity of lamb gastric mucoproteins]. The antigenic properties of a lamb mucin and of a glycoprotein isolated from it are investigated. The proteins are studied by immunoelectrophoresis of the mucin and of the glycoprotein against either a sheep serum antiserum or an exclusively glycoprotein antiserum. No serum protein could be shown in the mucin. In addition, the glycoprotein gives a precipitin line only with the specific antiserum; its antigenic power seems to be concealed in the original mucin. The carbohydrates are studied through the investigation of the blood group activities by the hemagglutination inhibition technique. The mucin and the isolated glycoprotein show the same types of activities: they both prevent the agglutination of A1 and 0 red cells. The presence of two blood group activities in that glycoportein and its non-reactivity against A2 red cells corroborate the hypothesis that carbohydrate chains must be branched for the elicitation of these activities in a single molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:137049", "title": "[Comparative study of the insulin-secreting effects of L (+) and of D (-) sodium lactate].", "content": "Both sodium 6(+) and D(-) lactate stimulate insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas; however the insulin secretory effect of the L(+) form is much superior to that of the D(-) form. Glucagon secretion is not modified by the two isomers.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the insulin-secreting effects of L (+) and of D (-) sodium lactate]. Both sodium 6(+) and D(-) lactate stimulate insulin secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas; however the insulin secretory effect of the L(+) form is much superior to that of the D(-) form. Glucagon secretion is not modified by the two isomers."}
{"id": "PMID:137050", "title": "[Correlation between lactate output and insulin secretion of the isolated perfused rat pancreas under the influence of high concentrations of phenformin].", "content": "On the isolated perfused rat pancreas phenformin at high concentrations (10 mg/1, 50 mg/1 and 100 mg/1) provokes an increase of the insulin and lactate output in the effluent liquid. In no case is glucagon secretion modified by this substance. There exists a statistically significant correlations between the increase in insulin output and the increase in lactate output induced by phenformin.", "contents": "[Correlation between lactate output and insulin secretion of the isolated perfused rat pancreas under the influence of high concentrations of phenformin]. On the isolated perfused rat pancreas phenformin at high concentrations (10 mg/1, 50 mg/1 and 100 mg/1) provokes an increase of the insulin and lactate output in the effluent liquid. In no case is glucagon secretion modified by this substance. There exists a statistically significant correlations between the increase in insulin output and the increase in lactate output induced by phenformin."}
{"id": "PMID:137051", "title": "[Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glucose. Action on insulin and glucagon secretion].", "content": "ATP stimulates glucagon and insulin secretions from the isolated perfused rat pancreas. This effect is modulated by glucose. Glucagon secretion is stimulated by ATP only in the absence or in the presence of a low glucose concentration (0.5 g/1). As to insulin secretion, it is strongly stimulated only in the presence of a glucose concentration of 1.5 g/1.", "contents": "[Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and glucose. Action on insulin and glucagon secretion]. ATP stimulates glucagon and insulin secretions from the isolated perfused rat pancreas. This effect is modulated by glucose. Glucagon secretion is stimulated by ATP only in the absence or in the presence of a low glucose concentration (0.5 g/1). As to insulin secretion, it is strongly stimulated only in the presence of a glucose concentration of 1.5 g/1."}
{"id": "PMID:137052", "title": "[Allometry and linear correlation coefficients binding the volumes of the different pituitary gland lobes, of the pituitary gland, of the subfornical organ and of the pineal gland to body weight and to hypothalamic volume in Rodents and in a Lagomorphe].", "content": "The morphometric study of the hypophysis, of the subfornical organ and of the pineal gland of 41 Rodents and one Lagomorphe shows that the anterior lobe of the hypophysis as well as the total hypophysis are better correlated to body weight than to the volume of the hypothalamus, while it is the contrary for the pars nervosa. The volume of the intermediate lobe varies very much from one species to another for the same body weight. The high value of the allometry coefficient of the pineal gland on somatic weight (1.25) is due to the fact that the heavy Rodents of our temperate climates have a large epiphysis while the small african Rodents possess a small pineal gland.", "contents": "[Allometry and linear correlation coefficients binding the volumes of the different pituitary gland lobes, of the pituitary gland, of the subfornical organ and of the pineal gland to body weight and to hypothalamic volume in Rodents and in a Lagomorphe]. The morphometric study of the hypophysis, of the subfornical organ and of the pineal gland of 41 Rodents and one Lagomorphe shows that the anterior lobe of the hypophysis as well as the total hypophysis are better correlated to body weight than to the volume of the hypothalamus, while it is the contrary for the pars nervosa. The volume of the intermediate lobe varies very much from one species to another for the same body weight. The high value of the allometry coefficient of the pineal gland on somatic weight (1.25) is due to the fact that the heavy Rodents of our temperate climates have a large epiphysis while the small african Rodents possess a small pineal gland."}
{"id": "PMID:137053", "title": "[Variations of the glucose 6 phosphodehydrogenase activity at the level of the diencephalon and of the gonads of the dormouse (Glis glis L.) during the annual cycle].", "content": "Activity levels of G6-PDH in the diencephalon and testes of Glis glis during the annual cycle show comparable variations. In the autumn, this activity is low and the gonads are inactive. At the anset of hibernation, this activity increases and becomes maximal during the period preceeding awakening. At mid-hibernation, the seminiferous tubules display in important enzymatic activity. Awakening is marked by a fall in enzymatic activity level that is a little more precosius of the diencephalon. The variations of enzymatic activity levels of G6-PDH in the diencephalon are similar in the female with an autumnal minimum and a maximal activity at the end of hibernation.", "contents": "[Variations of the glucose 6 phosphodehydrogenase activity at the level of the diencephalon and of the gonads of the dormouse (Glis glis L.) during the annual cycle]. Activity levels of G6-PDH in the diencephalon and testes of Glis glis during the annual cycle show comparable variations. In the autumn, this activity is low and the gonads are inactive. At the anset of hibernation, this activity increases and becomes maximal during the period preceeding awakening. At mid-hibernation, the seminiferous tubules display in important enzymatic activity. Awakening is marked by a fall in enzymatic activity level that is a little more precosius of the diencephalon. The variations of enzymatic activity levels of G6-PDH in the diencephalon are similar in the female with an autumnal minimum and a maximal activity at the end of hibernation."}
{"id": "PMID:137054", "title": "[Involution of gonadotrophic cells of the pituitary gland in the male frog, Rana esculenta, after section of the pituitary stem].", "content": "One and two months after section of the hypophyseal stalk in the male frog. Rana esculenta, and involution of numerous gonadotrophic cells, contrasting with the normal aspect of the eosinophilic cells can be observed.", "contents": "[Involution of gonadotrophic cells of the pituitary gland in the male frog, Rana esculenta, after section of the pituitary stem]. One and two months after section of the hypophyseal stalk in the male frog. Rana esculenta, and involution of numerous gonadotrophic cells, contrasting with the normal aspect of the eosinophilic cells can be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:137055", "title": "[Action of 5-bromodeoxyuridine as a function of time on the aspect of chromosomes. Attempt at interpretation].", "content": "The different aspects of chromosomes in culture with B.U.D.R. are described. The times of B.U.D.R. action are 1/2, 1, 2 and 3 mitotic cycles. Four different aspects are obtained. For each time, 250 mitosis are studied, and classified. The results seem to confirm the semiconservative replication.", "contents": "[Action of 5-bromodeoxyuridine as a function of time on the aspect of chromosomes. Attempt at interpretation]. The different aspects of chromosomes in culture with B.U.D.R. are described. The times of B.U.D.R. action are 1/2, 1, 2 and 3 mitotic cycles. Four different aspects are obtained. For each time, 250 mitosis are studied, and classified. The results seem to confirm the semiconservative replication."}
{"id": "PMID:137056", "title": "[Immunocytologic detection of peptides immunologically related to LRH and to SRIF in the garden dormouse under various conditions].", "content": "Immunocytologic technics have allowed us to detect appreciable and progressively increasing amounts of LRH and of SRIF in the median eminence of the dormouse during hibernation at 6 degrees C. In animals conditioned to darkness at 22 degrees C with the ovarian involution that is very important, there exists a nearly total disappearance of LRH while the amount of SRIF remains high. On the contrary permanent lighting at 22 degrees C responsible of an important reactivation of the genital sphere provoques a massive accumulation of LHR in the median eminence; SRIF is present in large amounts during the first weeks but diminishes of the experience is prolonged.", "contents": "[Immunocytologic detection of peptides immunologically related to LRH and to SRIF in the garden dormouse under various conditions]. Immunocytologic technics have allowed us to detect appreciable and progressively increasing amounts of LRH and of SRIF in the median eminence of the dormouse during hibernation at 6 degrees C. In animals conditioned to darkness at 22 degrees C with the ovarian involution that is very important, there exists a nearly total disappearance of LRH while the amount of SRIF remains high. On the contrary permanent lighting at 22 degrees C responsible of an important reactivation of the genital sphere provoques a massive accumulation of LHR in the median eminence; SRIF is present in large amounts during the first weeks but diminishes of the experience is prolonged."}
{"id": "PMID:137057", "title": "[Experimental study of the sensitizing power of methoxyflurane].", "content": "Methyoxyflurane, a halogenated general anaesthetic, showed a net sensibilizing effect in the guinea-pig when tested experimentally by the Magnusson and Klingman technique. According to these authors classification it may be classed as of \"moderate allergenicity\". In addition, the sensibilisation reaction obtained is prolonged. It remains at a similar level for 2 to 7 weeks after the end of the sensibilisation phase.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the sensitizing power of methoxyflurane]. Methyoxyflurane, a halogenated general anaesthetic, showed a net sensibilizing effect in the guinea-pig when tested experimentally by the Magnusson and Klingman technique. According to these authors classification it may be classed as of \"moderate allergenicity\". In addition, the sensibilisation reaction obtained is prolonged. It remains at a similar level for 2 to 7 weeks after the end of the sensibilisation phase."}
{"id": "PMID:137058", "title": "[Study of human pineal gland with scanning electron microscope and using Castaing's microsound].", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy of the human pineal gland showed two types of concretions, both which may be covered by micro-concretions, as well as the irregular surface of a cyst and group of formations considered as the endings of epiphyseal cell processes in a perivascular space.", "contents": "[Study of human pineal gland with scanning electron microscope and using Castaing's microsound]. Scanning electron microscopy of the human pineal gland showed two types of concretions, both which may be covered by micro-concretions, as well as the irregular surface of a cyst and group of formations considered as the endings of epiphyseal cell processes in a perivascular space."}
{"id": "PMID:137059", "title": "[Correlations linking hypophysis and epiphysis volumes to body weight and brain weight in Simian and in man].", "content": "The human hypophyseal and epiphyseal volumes are quantitatively conformable to those of the simians studied. In simians and man, the hypophysis is better correlated to body weight and to brain weight than the epiphysis, as already observed by us in other Mammals (Insectivora, Prosimiano, Rodents and Chiroptera). The pineal gland must be correlated to a non essential somatic function that varies from one species to another at constant somatic weight.", "contents": "[Correlations linking hypophysis and epiphysis volumes to body weight and brain weight in Simian and in man]. The human hypophyseal and epiphyseal volumes are quantitatively conformable to those of the simians studied. In simians and man, the hypophysis is better correlated to body weight and to brain weight than the epiphysis, as already observed by us in other Mammals (Insectivora, Prosimiano, Rodents and Chiroptera). The pineal gland must be correlated to a non essential somatic function that varies from one species to another at constant somatic weight."}
{"id": "PMID:137060", "title": "[Reactional behavior of young crayfish towards metallic fons (Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cr): effect of temperature and sediments].", "content": "Reactional behaviour of two species of young crayfishes to different concentrations in chlorures (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cr) in option with breeding water is analysed. Discrimination capacity is more feeble with O. limosus. Physiological differences are confirmed by the raising of temperature or the presence of sediments. One interpretation of the ecological repartition of the two species A. pallipes and O. limosus is proposed on this basis.", "contents": "[Reactional behavior of young crayfish towards metallic fons (Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cr): effect of temperature and sediments]. Reactional behaviour of two species of young crayfishes to different concentrations in chlorures (Zn, Cu, Pb and Cr) in option with breeding water is analysed. Discrimination capacity is more feeble with O. limosus. Physiological differences are confirmed by the raising of temperature or the presence of sediments. One interpretation of the ecological repartition of the two species A. pallipes and O. limosus is proposed on this basis."}
{"id": "PMID:137061", "title": "[Compared effects of heavy metal ions (Cr+IV and Pb2+) on the respiratory intensity of 2 Crustacea Decapoda Brachyoura: Macropodia rostrata and Pachygrapsus marmoratus].", "content": "The effects on the crab's respiration of the sublethal metallic concentrations are analysed upon in toto organic structures and upon their very sensitive organs in the best and stressing conditions of temperature and of salinity. There is a connection between the metallic concentrations causing respiration deteriorations and the bearable metallic concentrations (starting lethal thresholds). In the same way there is a good correlation between the level of bioaccumulation and the metabolic depletion of the tissues. It's well proved by this research that a lethal metallic concentration in the best conditions of temperature and of salinity can greatly reduce the ability of the population to survive in the natural conditions of thermic and salin stress.", "contents": "[Compared effects of heavy metal ions (Cr+IV and Pb2+) on the respiratory intensity of 2 Crustacea Decapoda Brachyoura: Macropodia rostrata and Pachygrapsus marmoratus]. The effects on the crab's respiration of the sublethal metallic concentrations are analysed upon in toto organic structures and upon their very sensitive organs in the best and stressing conditions of temperature and of salinity. There is a connection between the metallic concentrations causing respiration deteriorations and the bearable metallic concentrations (starting lethal thresholds). In the same way there is a good correlation between the level of bioaccumulation and the metabolic depletion of the tissues. It's well proved by this research that a lethal metallic concentration in the best conditions of temperature and of salinity can greatly reduce the ability of the population to survive in the natural conditions of thermic and salin stress."}
{"id": "PMID:137062", "title": "[Conditioning of slow electrocortical activity evoked by sensory stimulation and by a reflex movement in man].", "content": "Slow cerebral waves are recorded from 10 adults during an experiment consisting of the application of isolated or coupled sensorial stimulations, the weak sound occuring 880 msec prior to the strong light when coupled. Prior to coupling, the stimulations evoke on the vertex generally negative slow waves which would indicate an orientation reaction. After coupling, the responses to sound become constantly negative and are considered as waves described as \"negative contingent variations\". To the contrary, responses to light are inverted and become constantly positive. Such a phenomenon equally observed during experiments consisting of sound coupled to a reflex movement recalls the resolution of the negative contingent variation, the decision wave and the motor potentiel that accompanies the execution of voluntary movement, however here, it is produced during conditioning which does not require active motor participation by the subject. These results demonstrate that the simple coupling of two stimulations following the protocol developed by Pavlov provokes in man a complex collection of responses containing a motor component analogous to that which one observes in more elaborate experiments destined to prove the anticipation of the decision.", "contents": "[Conditioning of slow electrocortical activity evoked by sensory stimulation and by a reflex movement in man]. Slow cerebral waves are recorded from 10 adults during an experiment consisting of the application of isolated or coupled sensorial stimulations, the weak sound occuring 880 msec prior to the strong light when coupled. Prior to coupling, the stimulations evoke on the vertex generally negative slow waves which would indicate an orientation reaction. After coupling, the responses to sound become constantly negative and are considered as waves described as \"negative contingent variations\". To the contrary, responses to light are inverted and become constantly positive. Such a phenomenon equally observed during experiments consisting of sound coupled to a reflex movement recalls the resolution of the negative contingent variation, the decision wave and the motor potentiel that accompanies the execution of voluntary movement, however here, it is produced during conditioning which does not require active motor participation by the subject. These results demonstrate that the simple coupling of two stimulations following the protocol developed by Pavlov provokes in man a complex collection of responses containing a motor component analogous to that which one observes in more elaborate experiments destined to prove the anticipation of the decision."}
{"id": "PMID:137063", "title": "[Response of a membrane in a cochlear model to continuous and transient sounds].", "content": "Using enlarged mechanical models of the cochlea and true stimuli sinusoidal or transient, the authors give photographics documents which point out in objective way the \"basilar\" membrane responses. With pure tones, the membrane vibrates along its entire length no matter what the frequency. With transients, there is a maximum displacement in varying sites but always near the base.", "contents": "[Response of a membrane in a cochlear model to continuous and transient sounds]. Using enlarged mechanical models of the cochlea and true stimuli sinusoidal or transient, the authors give photographics documents which point out in objective way the \"basilar\" membrane responses. With pure tones, the membrane vibrates along its entire length no matter what the frequency. With transients, there is a maximum displacement in varying sites but always near the base."}
{"id": "PMID:137064", "title": "[Electrophysiologic study of the cholinergic receptor of the myocardial membrane].", "content": "A double sucrose gap voltage clamp technic has been used to study the extra-current induced by acetylcholine (Iach) on the myocardial membrane on frog atrial trabeculae. I) No desensitization of the Iach current is noted for repeated perfusions of Ach. II) The Iach current is suppressed by atropine. III) The reversal potential Each is more negative than the resting potential --20 mV less than or equal to Each less than or equal to OmV.IV) The relationship Iach/Holding potential for various [K+]o shows a) That Each behaved as a potassium electrode, b) an inward going rectification. These results indicate that the cholinergic receptor might be related with the gk1 channel.", "contents": "[Electrophysiologic study of the cholinergic receptor of the myocardial membrane]. A double sucrose gap voltage clamp technic has been used to study the extra-current induced by acetylcholine (Iach) on the myocardial membrane on frog atrial trabeculae. I) No desensitization of the Iach current is noted for repeated perfusions of Ach. II) The Iach current is suppressed by atropine. III) The reversal potential Each is more negative than the resting potential --20 mV less than or equal to Each less than or equal to OmV.IV) The relationship Iach/Holding potential for various [K+]o shows a) That Each behaved as a potassium electrode, b) an inward going rectification. These results indicate that the cholinergic receptor might be related with the gk1 channel."}
{"id": "PMID:137065", "title": "[Influence of estradiol on the capacity to produce antibodies during experimental amebiasis of the female golden hamster].", "content": "During experimental tissular amibiasis, the level of circulating antibodies, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence, is lower in female castrated golden hamsters who have been implanted with a pellet of oestradiol than in castrated control animals. Antibodies are first detected in the serum twenty four hours after infestation and their level becomes maximal near the fourteenth day.", "contents": "[Influence of estradiol on the capacity to produce antibodies during experimental amebiasis of the female golden hamster]. During experimental tissular amibiasis, the level of circulating antibodies, as detected by indirect immunofluorescence, is lower in female castrated golden hamsters who have been implanted with a pellet of oestradiol than in castrated control animals. Antibodies are first detected in the serum twenty four hours after infestation and their level becomes maximal near the fourteenth day."}
{"id": "PMID:137066", "title": "[Observations on the mutagenic power of hycanthone in mammals].", "content": "Male mice from the C57Bl strain were given 150 mg/kg of hycanthone, an antischistosomial drug. Spermatocytes derived from the treated spermatogonia as well as the spermatocytes from the F1 male offspring sired the first three weeks after treatment were examined for the presence of chromosome rearrangements. Since no reciprocal translocation was recorded, it is concluded that treatment with hycanthone is not susceptible to produce transmissible chromosome anomalies in male mammalian germ cells.", "contents": "[Observations on the mutagenic power of hycanthone in mammals]. Male mice from the C57Bl strain were given 150 mg/kg of hycanthone, an antischistosomial drug. Spermatocytes derived from the treated spermatogonia as well as the spermatocytes from the F1 male offspring sired the first three weeks after treatment were examined for the presence of chromosome rearrangements. Since no reciprocal translocation was recorded, it is concluded that treatment with hycanthone is not susceptible to produce transmissible chromosome anomalies in male mammalian germ cells."}
{"id": "PMID:137067", "title": "[Effects of the cis-dichloro-diammino-platinum(II)-deoxyribonucleic acid on normal and cancerous cells].", "content": "The effects of cis-dichloro-diammino-platinum(II) (cis-Pt) bound to DNA have been compared to those of free cis-Pt in mouse Ehrlich tumour cells, in peritoneal macrophages and in chick embryo fibroblasts cultivated in vitro. Cis-Pt has no antimitotic activity anymore when linked to DNA. This would be due to the fact that free cis-Pt is not released from cis-Pt-DNA complex inside lysosomes.", "contents": "[Effects of the cis-dichloro-diammino-platinum(II)-deoxyribonucleic acid on normal and cancerous cells]. The effects of cis-dichloro-diammino-platinum(II) (cis-Pt) bound to DNA have been compared to those of free cis-Pt in mouse Ehrlich tumour cells, in peritoneal macrophages and in chick embryo fibroblasts cultivated in vitro. Cis-Pt has no antimitotic activity anymore when linked to DNA. This would be due to the fact that free cis-Pt is not released from cis-Pt-DNA complex inside lysosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:137068", "title": "[Annual protidic cycle and electrophoregrams of the savanna varan].", "content": "The circannual chronobiology of Varanus exanthematicus exanthematicus Bose, lacertilian reptile of Senegal, is characterized by a period of rest from January to June during the dry season and a period of activity from July to December during the wet season. The study of proteidemia and of the ratio of weight and height shows that the hydratation of corporal compartments is average from November to April and undergoes through changes from May to October. The electrophoresis of proteins shows the total disappearance of one of the fraction during the complete metabolic rest of the Varanus (from January to April). Finally the study of the electrophoresis of lipoproteins leads to the hypothesis that the Varanus can only make an insufficient biosynthesis of lipoproteins during the animal over feeding; besides this biosynthesis seems to be pratically stopped from January to May.", "contents": "[Annual protidic cycle and electrophoregrams of the savanna varan]. The circannual chronobiology of Varanus exanthematicus exanthematicus Bose, lacertilian reptile of Senegal, is characterized by a period of rest from January to June during the dry season and a period of activity from July to December during the wet season. The study of proteidemia and of the ratio of weight and height shows that the hydratation of corporal compartments is average from November to April and undergoes through changes from May to October. The electrophoresis of proteins shows the total disappearance of one of the fraction during the complete metabolic rest of the Varanus (from January to April). Finally the study of the electrophoresis of lipoproteins leads to the hypothesis that the Varanus can only make an insufficient biosynthesis of lipoproteins during the animal over feeding; besides this biosynthesis seems to be pratically stopped from January to May."}
{"id": "PMID:137069", "title": "A second form of the single-strand specific endonuclease of Neurospora crassa which is associated with a double-strand exonuclease.", "content": "A second form of single-strand specific endonuclease, which is stable to heating up to 74 degrees C and does not bind strongly to phosphocellulose, has been partially purified from extracts of mycelia of wild-type Neurospora crassa. The endonuclease is associated with an equally heat-stable exonuclease which degrades linear but not circular double-stranded DNA and does not attack double-stranded RNA. The exonuclease probably also degrades single-stranded DNA. Both endonuclease and exonuclease activities are inhibited by 0.1-0.5 mM ATP. The exonuclease is preferentially inhibited by a variety of agents and preferentially inactivated by trypsin. A DNA-unwinding activity has also been detected in the nuclease preparation. Protease(s) present in the nuclease preparation destroy the DNA-unwinding and exonuclease activities on incubation at 37 degrees C, but do not affect the endonuclease activity. However, the heat-stability and chromatographic properties of the endonuclease are affected by this treatment. The altered properties of the endonuclease are very similar to those of the single-strand specific endonuclease which has been previously described. The combined nuclease activities of the unaltered preparational make up a putative recombination nuclease of N. crassa.", "contents": "A second form of the single-strand specific endonuclease of Neurospora crassa which is associated with a double-strand exonuclease. A second form of single-strand specific endonuclease, which is stable to heating up to 74 degrees C and does not bind strongly to phosphocellulose, has been partially purified from extracts of mycelia of wild-type Neurospora crassa. The endonuclease is associated with an equally heat-stable exonuclease which degrades linear but not circular double-stranded DNA and does not attack double-stranded RNA. The exonuclease probably also degrades single-stranded DNA. Both endonuclease and exonuclease activities are inhibited by 0.1-0.5 mM ATP. The exonuclease is preferentially inhibited by a variety of agents and preferentially inactivated by trypsin. A DNA-unwinding activity has also been detected in the nuclease preparation. Protease(s) present in the nuclease preparation destroy the DNA-unwinding and exonuclease activities on incubation at 37 degrees C, but do not affect the endonuclease activity. However, the heat-stability and chromatographic properties of the endonuclease are affected by this treatment. The altered properties of the endonuclease are very similar to those of the single-strand specific endonuclease which has been previously described. The combined nuclease activities of the unaltered preparational make up a putative recombination nuclease of N. crassa."}
{"id": "PMID:137070", "title": "Pancreatic islet cell carcinoma with hypercalcemia and hypergastrinemia: response to streptozotocin.", "content": "A patient with metastatic islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas, recurrent peptic ulcer disease, and hypergastrinemia (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) developed symptomatic hypercalcemia and renal insufficiency; she was treated with streptozotocin after parathyroidectomy failed to control her hypercalcemia. Shortly after somewhat less than the usual recommended dose of streptozotocin was administered, the serum calcium concentration fell to near normal with complete resolution of symptoms. Seven months after therapy, mild hypocalcemia, consistent with her degree of renal impairment was noted. However, mild hypercalcemia recurred 13 months after therapy. Shortly after streptozotocin therapy, the mean serum gastrin concentration fell to near normal with radiographic disappearance of the anastomotic ulcer. At 7 and 13 months after therapy, serum gastrin levels were normal. Streptozotocin therapy was accomplished without major complications; specifically, without a detrimental effect on the creatinine clearance. Thus, although hypercalcemia in patients with pancreatic islet cell tumors is often due to associated primary hyperparathyroidism, in some patients it may be due to secretion of a hypercalcemic substance from the tumor and may respond to streptozotocin. Similarly, hypergastrinemia in patients with islet cell tumors may also respond to streptozotocin.", "contents": "Pancreatic islet cell carcinoma with hypercalcemia and hypergastrinemia: response to streptozotocin. A patient with metastatic islet cell carcinoma of the pancreas, recurrent peptic ulcer disease, and hypergastrinemia (Zollinger-Ellison syndrome) developed symptomatic hypercalcemia and renal insufficiency; she was treated with streptozotocin after parathyroidectomy failed to control her hypercalcemia. Shortly after somewhat less than the usual recommended dose of streptozotocin was administered, the serum calcium concentration fell to near normal with complete resolution of symptoms. Seven months after therapy, mild hypocalcemia, consistent with her degree of renal impairment was noted. However, mild hypercalcemia recurred 13 months after therapy. Shortly after streptozotocin therapy, the mean serum gastrin concentration fell to near normal with radiographic disappearance of the anastomotic ulcer. At 7 and 13 months after therapy, serum gastrin levels were normal. Streptozotocin therapy was accomplished without major complications; specifically, without a detrimental effect on the creatinine clearance. Thus, although hypercalcemia in patients with pancreatic islet cell tumors is often due to associated primary hyperparathyroidism, in some patients it may be due to secretion of a hypercalcemic substance from the tumor and may respond to streptozotocin. Similarly, hypergastrinemia in patients with islet cell tumors may also respond to streptozotocin."}
{"id": "PMID:137071", "title": "Epithelioid sarcoma: case report with ultrastructural review, histogenetic discussion, and chemotherapeutic data.", "content": "A case of abdominal wall epithelioid sarcoma, studied by light and electron microscopy over a 3-year period, is presented. Ultrastructurally, there appear to be two types of tumor cells, light and dark, which differ by virtue of a heavier concentration of microfibrils and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum in the dark cells. Both tumor cell types contain prominent Golgi systems, abundant free ribosomes, and numerous pinocytotic vesicles. The ultrastructural characteristics of the tumor cells resembel those of epithelioid cells of experimental human granulomas, as well as those of normal human synovium. A multifaceted relationship between histiocytes and synovial cells is demonstrated and it is concluded that the tumor is probably derived from mesenchymal reserve cells capable of differentiating a long histiocytic or synovial lines. Preliminary chemotherapeutic data are reviewed.", "contents": "Epithelioid sarcoma: case report with ultrastructural review, histogenetic discussion, and chemotherapeutic data. A case of abdominal wall epithelioid sarcoma, studied by light and electron microscopy over a 3-year period, is presented. Ultrastructurally, there appear to be two types of tumor cells, light and dark, which differ by virtue of a heavier concentration of microfibrils and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum in the dark cells. Both tumor cell types contain prominent Golgi systems, abundant free ribosomes, and numerous pinocytotic vesicles. The ultrastructural characteristics of the tumor cells resembel those of epithelioid cells of experimental human granulomas, as well as those of normal human synovium. A multifaceted relationship between histiocytes and synovial cells is demonstrated and it is concluded that the tumor is probably derived from mesenchymal reserve cells capable of differentiating a long histiocytic or synovial lines. Preliminary chemotherapeutic data are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:137072", "title": "Surface membrane nucleoside triphosphatase activity and tumorigenicity of cultured liver epithelial cells.", "content": "A cell surface-located nucleoside triphosphatase activity can be assayed in liver epithelial cultures in situ with the incubation of intact cells in a medium containing [gamma-32P]adenosine triphosphate and correlated with the tumorigenicity of these cells in neonatal Wistar rats. The ectoenzyme activity of normal diploid cell lines is minimal, whereas a considerably high activity has been found in all tumorigenic cell lines tested. The optimum condition for the adenosinetriphosphatase activity is physiological with regard to osmolarity, ionic composition, pH, and substrate concentration in the medium. The enzyme is significantly stimulated by Ca2+, and its activation is controlled by Mg2+. Histochemical examinations indicate that glutaraldehyde-fixed cells of tumorigenic lines have Ca2+-stimulated adenosinetriphosphatase activity on the external surface. The isotopic assay of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis by intact cells may provide a rapid method for screening oncogenesis in vitro of liver epithelial cells.", "contents": "Surface membrane nucleoside triphosphatase activity and tumorigenicity of cultured liver epithelial cells. A cell surface-located nucleoside triphosphatase activity can be assayed in liver epithelial cultures in situ with the incubation of intact cells in a medium containing [gamma-32P]adenosine triphosphate and correlated with the tumorigenicity of these cells in neonatal Wistar rats. The ectoenzyme activity of normal diploid cell lines is minimal, whereas a considerably high activity has been found in all tumorigenic cell lines tested. The optimum condition for the adenosinetriphosphatase activity is physiological with regard to osmolarity, ionic composition, pH, and substrate concentration in the medium. The enzyme is significantly stimulated by Ca2+, and its activation is controlled by Mg2+. Histochemical examinations indicate that glutaraldehyde-fixed cells of tumorigenic lines have Ca2+-stimulated adenosinetriphosphatase activity on the external surface. The isotopic assay of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis by intact cells may provide a rapid method for screening oncogenesis in vitro of liver epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:137073", "title": "Purification of carcinoembryonic antigen by removal of contaminating mucopolysaccharides.", "content": "The fraction of carcinoembryonic antigen preparations not bound by concanavalin A was studied. A significant portion of this nonbound fraction of low antigenic activity was shown to be mucopolysaccharides by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, cellulose acetate strip electrophoresis, and depolymerization by bovine testicular hyaluronidase.", "contents": "Purification of carcinoembryonic antigen by removal of contaminating mucopolysaccharides. The fraction of carcinoembryonic antigen preparations not bound by concanavalin A was studied. A significant portion of this nonbound fraction of low antigenic activity was shown to be mucopolysaccharides by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, cellulose acetate strip electrophoresis, and depolymerization by bovine testicular hyaluronidase."}
{"id": "PMID:137074", "title": "The effect of cyclophosphamide and other drugs on the incidence of pulmonary metastases in mice.", "content": "A study was made of the effect of various cytotoxic drugs on the ability of i.v.-injected KHT sarcoma cells to form lung colonies in syngeneic C3H mice. Some enhancement of the number of lung colonies following an i.v. injection was seen following pretreatment of the mice with actinomycin D and mithramycin, while pretreatment with vinblastine, bleomycin, methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, or 5-fluorouracil had little or no effect on lung colony formation. Pretreatment of the mice with cyclophosphamide, however, greatly increased lung colony formation (by a factor of approximately 100). This enhancement in lung colony formation was maximal when the drug was given 24 hr prio to the injection of tumor cells, but was seen as early as 2 hr and persisted as long as 8 weeks prior to the tumor cell injection. The degree of enhancement of lung colony formation was related to the dose of cyclophosphamide and was present in weaning as well as adult mice. This enhancement was not significantly reversed by anticoagulation with either aspirin or warfarin. Immunosuppression by whole-body irradiation did not affect the number of lung colonies seen in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. The mechanism by which cyclophosphamide enhances metastatic tumor growth within the lung is not known. The major effect, however, does not appear to be mediated  either by specific immunological or clotting factors.", "contents": "The effect of cyclophosphamide and other drugs on the incidence of pulmonary metastases in mice. A study was made of the effect of various cytotoxic drugs on the ability of i.v.-injected KHT sarcoma cells to form lung colonies in syngeneic C3H mice. Some enhancement of the number of lung colonies following an i.v. injection was seen following pretreatment of the mice with actinomycin D and mithramycin, while pretreatment with vinblastine, bleomycin, methotrexate, cytosine arabinoside, or 5-fluorouracil had little or no effect on lung colony formation. Pretreatment of the mice with cyclophosphamide, however, greatly increased lung colony formation (by a factor of approximately 100). This enhancement in lung colony formation was maximal when the drug was given 24 hr prio to the injection of tumor cells, but was seen as early as 2 hr and persisted as long as 8 weeks prior to the tumor cell injection. The degree of enhancement of lung colony formation was related to the dose of cyclophosphamide and was present in weaning as well as adult mice. This enhancement was not significantly reversed by anticoagulation with either aspirin or warfarin. Immunosuppression by whole-body irradiation did not affect the number of lung colonies seen in cyclophosphamide-treated mice. The mechanism by which cyclophosphamide enhances metastatic tumor growth within the lung is not known. The major effect, however, does not appear to be mediated  either by specific immunological or clotting factors."}
{"id": "PMID:137075", "title": "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase as a possible shunt for the control of steroid metabolism in human mammary carcinoma.", "content": "Human primary mammary tumors were examined to determine what factors were of importance in deciding relative rates of sulfurylation of dehydroepiandrosterone and 17beta-estradiol, such rates having been shown to correlate with the patient's prognosis and response to adrenalectomy (T. L. Dao and P.R. Libby. Enzymic Synthesis of Steroid Sulfate by Mammary Cancer and Its Clinical Implications. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs, 34: 205-210, 1971). The sulfurylation of dehydroepiandrosterone and 17beta-estradiol was studied in 41 tumors in vitro using tumor cytosol, adenosine triphosphate, [35S]SO42-, Mg2+, and added steroid. Six tumors showed no sulfurylating ability, 9 sulfurylated dehydroepiandrosterone at a rate greater than that for 17beta-estradiol (ratio, greater than 1), and 26 sulfurylated dehydroepiandrosterone at a rate lower than that for 17beta-estradiol (ratio, less than 1). Evidence was obtained that low levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase were responsible for ratios of less than 1, in many instances. Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate synthesis and steroid sulfotransferase activities were measured in 30 tumors. A significant correlation was found between synthesis of the former and levels of estrogen sulfotransferase, but this relationship did not hold for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase, again due to low levels of this enzyme in many tumors. It is suggested that dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate formation in the tumors is mainly controlled by the sulfotransferase, which acts as a shunt in regulating the level of free dehydroepiandrosterone, and related compounds, available for metabolism to steroids influencing the growth of mammary epithelial cells.", "contents": "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase as a possible shunt for the control of steroid metabolism in human mammary carcinoma. Human primary mammary tumors were examined to determine what factors were of importance in deciding relative rates of sulfurylation of dehydroepiandrosterone and 17beta-estradiol, such rates having been shown to correlate with the patient's prognosis and response to adrenalectomy (T. L. Dao and P.R. Libby. Enzymic Synthesis of Steroid Sulfate by Mammary Cancer and Its Clinical Implications. Natl. Cancer Inst. Monographs, 34: 205-210, 1971). The sulfurylation of dehydroepiandrosterone and 17beta-estradiol was studied in 41 tumors in vitro using tumor cytosol, adenosine triphosphate, [35S]SO42-, Mg2+, and added steroid. Six tumors showed no sulfurylating ability, 9 sulfurylated dehydroepiandrosterone at a rate greater than that for 17beta-estradiol (ratio, greater than 1), and 26 sulfurylated dehydroepiandrosterone at a rate lower than that for 17beta-estradiol (ratio, less than 1). Evidence was obtained that low levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase were responsible for ratios of less than 1, in many instances. Adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate synthesis and steroid sulfotransferase activities were measured in 30 tumors. A significant correlation was found between synthesis of the former and levels of estrogen sulfotransferase, but this relationship did not hold for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase, again due to low levels of this enzyme in many tumors. It is suggested that dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate formation in the tumors is mainly controlled by the sulfotransferase, which acts as a shunt in regulating the level of free dehydroepiandrosterone, and related compounds, available for metabolism to steroids influencing the growth of mammary epithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:137076", "title": "Legislation concerning chemical carcinogens in several industrialized countries.", "content": "A survey was carried out on legislation in 14 industrialized countries relating to the prevention of occupational cancers. Two types of legislation were considered in particular: that dealing specifically with chemical carcinogens in the working environment, and that relating to compensation for occupational cancers. The survey revealed that legislation prohibiting the manufacture of chemicals known to be carcinogenic in humans or known to represent a possible cancer hazard to humans exists only in a limited number of the 14 countries considered and does not cover the same chemicals in each country. Legislation concerning monetary compensation is more common in these countreis than is legislation providing for primary prevention. There are two fundamental deficiencies in even the more comprehensive legislation. First, some chemicals for which carcinogenicity in humans has been proved are still produced in large quantities and are not covered by legislation. Second, the criteria used to determine which chemicals may be hazardous to humans when only experimental evidence of carcinogenicity exists are overexclusive, while the allowed concentrations of some of the chemicals recognized as possibly hazardous to humans appear to be very high.", "contents": "Legislation concerning chemical carcinogens in several industrialized countries. A survey was carried out on legislation in 14 industrialized countries relating to the prevention of occupational cancers. Two types of legislation were considered in particular: that dealing specifically with chemical carcinogens in the working environment, and that relating to compensation for occupational cancers. The survey revealed that legislation prohibiting the manufacture of chemicals known to be carcinogenic in humans or known to represent a possible cancer hazard to humans exists only in a limited number of the 14 countries considered and does not cover the same chemicals in each country. Legislation concerning monetary compensation is more common in these countreis than is legislation providing for primary prevention. There are two fundamental deficiencies in even the more comprehensive legislation. First, some chemicals for which carcinogenicity in humans has been proved are still produced in large quantities and are not covered by legislation. Second, the criteria used to determine which chemicals may be hazardous to humans when only experimental evidence of carcinogenicity exists are overexclusive, while the allowed concentrations of some of the chemicals recognized as possibly hazardous to humans appear to be very high."}
{"id": "PMID:137077", "title": "The repair of X-ray induced chromosomal damage in trisomy 2-and normal diploid lymphocytes.", "content": "The frequency of chromosomal aberrations produced by X-rays is greater in lymphocytes cultured from trisomy 21 patients (Down's syndrome) than from normal diploid donors. This increase, which can be detected by a micronucleus assay for chromosomal damage, was postulated by us to result from a defect in the rejoining system which repairs chromosomal breaks. The postulated defect would result in a longer rejoining time, therapy permitting more movement of broken ends and thus enhancing the frequency of exchanges. To test this possibility, the time required for the rejoining (repair) of chromosome breaks was measured in lymphocytes from five Down's syndrome (four trisomy 21 and one D/G translocation partial trisomy 21) donors, from a monosomy 21 donor, and from five diploid donors. The rejoining time was reduced in the Down's syndrome lymphocytes in comparison to the normal diploid and monosomy 21 lymphocytes. Thus the repair of chromosome breaks, far from being defective as evidenced by a longer rejoining time in Down's syndrome cells, occurred more rapidly than in normal cells. A mechanism is proposed by which reduced rejoining times would increase aberration frequencies as a consequence of competition between a (hypothetical) error-free repair system and the error-prone repair system that generates chromosomal aberrations. We suggest that the alteration in the rejoining of chromosomal aberrations may underlie the increased susceptibility of people with Down's syndrome to leukemia.", "contents": "The repair of X-ray induced chromosomal damage in trisomy 2-and normal diploid lymphocytes. The frequency of chromosomal aberrations produced by X-rays is greater in lymphocytes cultured from trisomy 21 patients (Down's syndrome) than from normal diploid donors. This increase, which can be detected by a micronucleus assay for chromosomal damage, was postulated by us to result from a defect in the rejoining system which repairs chromosomal breaks. The postulated defect would result in a longer rejoining time, therapy permitting more movement of broken ends and thus enhancing the frequency of exchanges. To test this possibility, the time required for the rejoining (repair) of chromosome breaks was measured in lymphocytes from five Down's syndrome (four trisomy 21 and one D/G translocation partial trisomy 21) donors, from a monosomy 21 donor, and from five diploid donors. The rejoining time was reduced in the Down's syndrome lymphocytes in comparison to the normal diploid and monosomy 21 lymphocytes. Thus the repair of chromosome breaks, far from being defective as evidenced by a longer rejoining time in Down's syndrome cells, occurred more rapidly than in normal cells. A mechanism is proposed by which reduced rejoining times would increase aberration frequencies as a consequence of competition between a (hypothetical) error-free repair system and the error-prone repair system that generates chromosomal aberrations. We suggest that the alteration in the rejoining of chromosomal aberrations may underlie the increased susceptibility of people with Down's syndrome to leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:137078", "title": "Thalicarpine (NSC-68075): plasma decay and urinary excretion in man.", "content": "The plasma decay and urinary excretion of 3H-thalicarpine were studied in a total of 19 patients at doses of 300-1900 mg/m2. Plasma decay was triexponential with a terminal phase half-life of 198-1386 hours in five patients. Urinary excretion was slow and erratic, a total of 19.84% of the dose being excreted in 285 hours in nine patients. Only small amounts of unchanged thalicarpine appeared in the cerebrospinal fluid. The data indicate extensive localization of thalicarpine in the tissues and the danger of drug accumulation if it is given at short dose intervals.", "contents": "Thalicarpine (NSC-68075): plasma decay and urinary excretion in man. The plasma decay and urinary excretion of 3H-thalicarpine were studied in a total of 19 patients at doses of 300-1900 mg/m2. Plasma decay was triexponential with a terminal phase half-life of 198-1386 hours in five patients. Urinary excretion was slow and erratic, a total of 19.84% of the dose being excreted in 285 hours in nine patients. Only small amounts of unchanged thalicarpine appeared in the cerebrospinal fluid. The data indicate extensive localization of thalicarpine in the tissues and the danger of drug accumulation if it is given at short dose intervals."}
{"id": "PMID:137080", "title": "Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) chalone effects on nascent DNA synthesis and DNA polymerase alpha and beta.", "content": "EAT chalone effects on nascent DNA synthesis and DNA polymerase were examined. Concentration related inhibition of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation into EAT cell DNA was noted over a chalone range of 50-200 mug/ml. RNA synthesis was not affected, but protein synthesis decreased an average of 82% during 3 hr. Nascent DNA pulse-labeled for 2 min was normally incorporated into bulk DNA in the presence of chalone, but crude alpha- and beta-polymerase activities were inhibited. Crude DNA polymerase for C3H mouse kidney and spleen was also partially inhibited by EAT chalone, suggesting non-specific inhibition of DNA polymerase. Preincubation studies of chalone with crude EAT DNA polymerase or 'gapped' DNA primer had no effect on chalone activity. Chalone may control mitotic activity by inhibiting alpha- and beta-polymerase activity, thereby decreasing nascent DNA synthesis. Nascent DNA is incorporated normally into bulk DNA in the presence of chalone, indicating the DNA ligase is not inhibited.", "contents": "Ehrlich ascites tumor (EAT) chalone effects on nascent DNA synthesis and DNA polymerase alpha and beta. EAT chalone effects on nascent DNA synthesis and DNA polymerase were examined. Concentration related inhibition of 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation into EAT cell DNA was noted over a chalone range of 50-200 mug/ml. RNA synthesis was not affected, but protein synthesis decreased an average of 82% during 3 hr. Nascent DNA pulse-labeled for 2 min was normally incorporated into bulk DNA in the presence of chalone, but crude alpha- and beta-polymerase activities were inhibited. Crude DNA polymerase for C3H mouse kidney and spleen was also partially inhibited by EAT chalone, suggesting non-specific inhibition of DNA polymerase. Preincubation studies of chalone with crude EAT DNA polymerase or 'gapped' DNA primer had no effect on chalone activity. Chalone may control mitotic activity by inhibiting alpha- and beta-polymerase activity, thereby decreasing nascent DNA synthesis. Nascent DNA is incorporated normally into bulk DNA in the presence of chalone, indicating the DNA ligase is not inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:137085", "title": "The mechanical characteristics of hypertrophied rabbit cardiac muscle in the absence of congestive heart failure: the contractile and series elastic elements.", "content": "Right ventricular papillary muscles from normal rabbits and rabbits with sustained pulmonary artery constriction (67% decrease in external diameter) were studied at several resting muscle lengths and at an early instant in the isometric twitch. Instantaneous force-velocity data were obtained at 30-38% of time to peak tension (TPT) and at 96%, 98%, and 100% of the resting muscle length at which active twitch tension was maximal. Unloaded shortening velocity (Vmax) was estimated with a linearized form of the Hill hyperbolic formula, and was depressed in hypertrophy to 36% less than normal. We found that Vmax did not change with muscle length in the normal or hypertrophied muscles; therefore there was a length- and time-independent depression of contractile element shortening capacity that was consistent with previous work from this laboratory which demonstrated a depression of myosin and actomyosin ATPase activity in hypertrophy.", "contents": "The mechanical characteristics of hypertrophied rabbit cardiac muscle in the absence of congestive heart failure: the contractile and series elastic elements. Right ventricular papillary muscles from normal rabbits and rabbits with sustained pulmonary artery constriction (67% decrease in external diameter) were studied at several resting muscle lengths and at an early instant in the isometric twitch. Instantaneous force-velocity data were obtained at 30-38% of time to peak tension (TPT) and at 96%, 98%, and 100% of the resting muscle length at which active twitch tension was maximal. Unloaded shortening velocity (Vmax) was estimated with a linearized form of the Hill hyperbolic formula, and was depressed in hypertrophy to 36% less than normal. We found that Vmax did not change with muscle length in the normal or hypertrophied muscles; therefore there was a length- and time-independent depression of contractile element shortening capacity that was consistent with previous work from this laboratory which demonstrated a depression of myosin and actomyosin ATPase activity in hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:137086", "title": "Recuperative potential of cardiac muscle following relief of pressure overload hypertrophy and right ventricular failure in the cat.", "content": "This study examined the recuperative potential of cat hearts subjected to experimental right ventricular pressure overload (for a 10- to 14-day period) which provoked hypertrophy with and without congestive heart failure. Five groups of cats were studied: normal controls; one group with 70% pulmonary artery constriction which produced right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH); one group with an 87% constriction which also produced right ventricular hypertrophy but with congestive heart failure (CHF); and two groups which had been similarly subjected to pressure overload but which had been allowed a recovery period of 30 days after relief of the pressure overload. Both the 70% and 87% pulmonic constrictions were associated with extensive right ventricular hypertrophy, depression of myocardial contractile function, and severe redlction of cardiac norepinephrine stores (normal, 1.42 mug/g: RVH, 0.11 mug/g; CHF, 0.01 mug/g). After a 30-day period of relief from the pulmonic constriction normal hemodynamic function returned. In cats in which RVH had been relieved, right ventricular weight and contractile function were normal but catecholamine depletion persisted. Cats with relieved CHF showed depressed contractile function and depleted myocardial norepinephrine, and the right ventricular weight did not return to normal. Cardiac muscle of all pressure-overloaded nonrelieved hearts showed depressed velocity of shortening and depressed ability to sustain load. Cats with RVH alone regained normal muscle shortening velocity and load-bearing ability after relief. However, cardiac muscle from the CHF-relieved group recovered only unloaded shortening velocity while the ability to sustain load remained depressed. We conclude that the recuperative potential of myocardium damaged by pressure overload is adequate provided congestive heart failure has not occurred. Heart failure produces a persistent reduction in force-generating ability of the myocardium. Hypertrophy due to pressure overload, with or without CHF, leads to cardiac catecholamine depletion which is not readily reversed by relief of the overload.", "contents": "Recuperative potential of cardiac muscle following relief of pressure overload hypertrophy and right ventricular failure in the cat. This study examined the recuperative potential of cat hearts subjected to experimental right ventricular pressure overload (for a 10- to 14-day period) which provoked hypertrophy with and without congestive heart failure. Five groups of cats were studied: normal controls; one group with 70% pulmonary artery constriction which produced right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH); one group with an 87% constriction which also produced right ventricular hypertrophy but with congestive heart failure (CHF); and two groups which had been similarly subjected to pressure overload but which had been allowed a recovery period of 30 days after relief of the pressure overload. Both the 70% and 87% pulmonic constrictions were associated with extensive right ventricular hypertrophy, depression of myocardial contractile function, and severe redlction of cardiac norepinephrine stores (normal, 1.42 mug/g: RVH, 0.11 mug/g; CHF, 0.01 mug/g). After a 30-day period of relief from the pulmonic constriction normal hemodynamic function returned. In cats in which RVH had been relieved, right ventricular weight and contractile function were normal but catecholamine depletion persisted. Cats with relieved CHF showed depressed contractile function and depleted myocardial norepinephrine, and the right ventricular weight did not return to normal. Cardiac muscle of all pressure-overloaded nonrelieved hearts showed depressed velocity of shortening and depressed ability to sustain load. Cats with RVH alone regained normal muscle shortening velocity and load-bearing ability after relief. However, cardiac muscle from the CHF-relieved group recovered only unloaded shortening velocity while the ability to sustain load remained depressed. We conclude that the recuperative potential of myocardium damaged by pressure overload is adequate provided congestive heart failure has not occurred. Heart failure produces a persistent reduction in force-generating ability of the myocardium. Hypertrophy due to pressure overload, with or without CHF, leads to cardiac catecholamine depletion which is not readily reversed by relief of the overload."}
{"id": "PMID:137087", "title": "A possible molecular mechanism of the action of digitalis: ouabain action on calcium binding to sites associated with a purified sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase from kidney.", "content": "Calcium binding at 0 degrees C to a purified sheep kidney Na+,K+-ATPase was described by linear Scatchard plots. Binding at saturating free calcium was 65-80 nmol/mg of protein, or 30-40 mol of calcium/mol of enzyme. Aqueous emulsions of lipids extracted from Na+,K+-ATPase yielded dissociation constants and maximum calcium-binding values that were similar to those for native Na+,K+-ATPase. Phospholipase A treatment markedly reduced calcium binding. Pretreatment of native Na+,K+-ATPase with ouabain increased the dissociation constant for calcium binding from 131 +/- 7 to 192 +/- 7 muM without altering maximum calcium binding. Ouabain pretreatment did not affect calcium binding to extracted phospholipids, ouabain-insensitive ATPases, or heat denatured Na+,K+-ATPase, Na+ and K+ (5-20 mM) increased the dissociation constants for calcium, which suggests competition between the monovalent cations and calcium for the binding sites. At higher concentrations of monovalent cations, ouabain increased the apparent affinity of binding sites for calcium. Extrapolation to physiological cation concentrations revealed that the ouabain-induced increase in apparent affinity for calcium may be as much as 2- to 3-fold. These results suggest: (1) calcium binds to phospholipids associated with Na+,K+-ATPase; (2) ouabain interaction with Na+,K+-ATPase induces a perturbation that is transmitted to adjacent phospholipids, altering their affinity for calcium; and (3) at physiological concentrations of Na+ or K+, or both, ouabain interaction with Na+,K+-ATPase may lead to an increased pool of membrane-bound calcium.", "contents": "A possible molecular mechanism of the action of digitalis: ouabain action on calcium binding to sites associated with a purified sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase from kidney. Calcium binding at 0 degrees C to a purified sheep kidney Na+,K+-ATPase was described by linear Scatchard plots. Binding at saturating free calcium was 65-80 nmol/mg of protein, or 30-40 mol of calcium/mol of enzyme. Aqueous emulsions of lipids extracted from Na+,K+-ATPase yielded dissociation constants and maximum calcium-binding values that were similar to those for native Na+,K+-ATPase. Phospholipase A treatment markedly reduced calcium binding. Pretreatment of native Na+,K+-ATPase with ouabain increased the dissociation constant for calcium binding from 131 +/- 7 to 192 +/- 7 muM without altering maximum calcium binding. Ouabain pretreatment did not affect calcium binding to extracted phospholipids, ouabain-insensitive ATPases, or heat denatured Na+,K+-ATPase, Na+ and K+ (5-20 mM) increased the dissociation constants for calcium, which suggests competition between the monovalent cations and calcium for the binding sites. At higher concentrations of monovalent cations, ouabain increased the apparent affinity of binding sites for calcium. Extrapolation to physiological cation concentrations revealed that the ouabain-induced increase in apparent affinity for calcium may be as much as 2- to 3-fold. These results suggest: (1) calcium binds to phospholipids associated with Na+,K+-ATPase; (2) ouabain interaction with Na+,K+-ATPase induces a perturbation that is transmitted to adjacent phospholipids, altering their affinity for calcium; and (3) at physiological concentrations of Na+ or K+, or both, ouabain interaction with Na+,K+-ATPase may lead to an increased pool of membrane-bound calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:137088", "title": "An assay for total hexosamine and a differential assay for glucosamine and galactosamine.", "content": "Two new procedures are presented for quantitative determination of glucosamine and galactosamine. One, which is proposed for total hexosamine, yields chromogens of equal intensity with equal concentration of glucosamine and galactosamine. There is addition of the correspondent chromogens when they are present in mixtures. The procedure is presented as a manual as well as an automated assay. The other procedure is a differential assay which allows the detection of galactosamine without interference by glucosamine. By the two procedures, the hexosamines present in acid mucopolysaccharides and/or glycoproteins can be determined.", "contents": "An assay for total hexosamine and a differential assay for glucosamine and galactosamine. Two new procedures are presented for quantitative determination of glucosamine and galactosamine. One, which is proposed for total hexosamine, yields chromogens of equal intensity with equal concentration of glucosamine and galactosamine. There is addition of the correspondent chromogens when they are present in mixtures. The procedure is presented as a manual as well as an automated assay. The other procedure is a differential assay which allows the detection of galactosamine without interference by glucosamine. By the two procedures, the hexosamines present in acid mucopolysaccharides and/or glycoproteins can be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:137089", "title": "Transport ATPases of cardiac sarcolemma in experimental uremia.", "content": "Uremia was induced in rats and rabbits by unilateral nephrectomy and partial resection of the contralateral kidney. The effectiveness of the procedure was checked by determining serum urea levels that 7 days after operation were found to be more than twice as high in the operated than in the sham operated animals. Serum electrolytes at this time did not show significant alterations. In the cardiac sarcolemma from both kinds of animals the specific (Na+,K+)-ATPase activity was significantly decreased in the uremic animals. The basic, Mg2+-dependent ATPase was not affected.", "contents": "Transport ATPases of cardiac sarcolemma in experimental uremia. Uremia was induced in rats and rabbits by unilateral nephrectomy and partial resection of the contralateral kidney. The effectiveness of the procedure was checked by determining serum urea levels that 7 days after operation were found to be more than twice as high in the operated than in the sham operated animals. Serum electrolytes at this time did not show significant alterations. In the cardiac sarcolemma from both kinds of animals the specific (Na+,K+)-ATPase activity was significantly decreased in the uremic animals. The basic, Mg2+-dependent ATPase was not affected."}
{"id": "PMID:137092", "title": "Macrophage clearance function and immune complex disease in New Zealand Black/White F1 hybrid mice.", "content": "Macrophage clearance function in NZB, NZW, NZB/W, Ajax and B10D2 new mice was assessed by measurement of the rate of clearance (KPVP) of intravenously-injected 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). There were significant strain and age-related variations in KPVP. In particular there was a marked fall in KPVP in NZB/W mice with increasing age. This fall was most apparent in female NZB/W and preceded the age at which renal disease usually develops in these animals. We suggest that ineffective macrophage function and production of low affinity antibody contribute to the early development of immune complex glomerulonephritis in these mice.", "contents": "Macrophage clearance function and immune complex disease in New Zealand Black/White F1 hybrid mice. Macrophage clearance function in NZB, NZW, NZB/W, Ajax and B10D2 new mice was assessed by measurement of the rate of clearance (KPVP) of intravenously-injected 125I-labelled polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). There were significant strain and age-related variations in KPVP. In particular there was a marked fall in KPVP in NZB/W mice with increasing age. This fall was most apparent in female NZB/W and preceded the age at which renal disease usually develops in these animals. We suggest that ineffective macrophage function and production of low affinity antibody contribute to the early development of immune complex glomerulonephritis in these mice."}
{"id": "PMID:137093", "title": "Concanavalin A-activated suppressor cells in normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes.", "content": "A 24-hr preincubation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes in the presence of Con A renders them suppressive for the response of untreated cells to soluble antigens, allogeneic cells and Con A.", "contents": "Concanavalin A-activated suppressor cells in normal human peripheral blood lymphocytes. A 24-hr preincubation of human peripheral blood lymphocytes in the presence of Con A renders them suppressive for the response of untreated cells to soluble antigens, allogeneic cells and Con A."}
{"id": "PMID:137099", "title": "Interdependence of Na-excretion, plasma electrolytes, plasma volume and renal Na-K-ATPase-activity in hypertensive rats.", "content": "Hypertensive Goldblatt-rats have higher than normal Na-appetite and an enhanced Na-output. They have normal plasma Na- and K-concentration and kidney weight but a significantly reduced plasma volume. The amount of renal membrane protein and the renal Na-K-ATPase-activity of hypertensive rats was found to be significantly below that of controls. In order to evaluate the role of Na-appetite, Na-excretion rate and renal Na-K-ATPase-activity in the electrolyte balance, Goldblatt-rats with a stable hypertension and control animals were put for 8 days on a Na-free diet. Na-excretion rate of control rats reached a minimum (13 muEq/100 g x 24 hr) within 5 days and was maintained on this level up to the end of the experiment. Na-free diet did not alter either the kidney weight or the amount of membrane protein of the animals. However, in salt-free fed control rats total renal Na-K-ATPase-activity was found elevated by about 10% as compared to animals maintained on normal diet. Goldblatt-rats continuously excreted significantly higher amounts of Na (35 muEq/100 g x 24 hr), had sharply reduced plasma volume and plasma Na- concentration. The renal Na-K-ATPase-activity should no adaptation in gold blatt-rats. In all animals studied the rate of Na-excretion showed a close indirect correlation with the renal Na-K-ATPase-activity. It is concluded, that Goldblatt-rats depend on dietary Na to a higher extent than controls because of their reduced capacity to retain Na. The increased Na-appetite of hypertensive rats is a factor secondary to Na-loss.", "contents": "Interdependence of Na-excretion, plasma electrolytes, plasma volume and renal Na-K-ATPase-activity in hypertensive rats. Hypertensive Goldblatt-rats have higher than normal Na-appetite and an enhanced Na-output. They have normal plasma Na- and K-concentration and kidney weight but a significantly reduced plasma volume. The amount of renal membrane protein and the renal Na-K-ATPase-activity of hypertensive rats was found to be significantly below that of controls. In order to evaluate the role of Na-appetite, Na-excretion rate and renal Na-K-ATPase-activity in the electrolyte balance, Goldblatt-rats with a stable hypertension and control animals were put for 8 days on a Na-free diet. Na-excretion rate of control rats reached a minimum (13 muEq/100 g x 24 hr) within 5 days and was maintained on this level up to the end of the experiment. Na-free diet did not alter either the kidney weight or the amount of membrane protein of the animals. However, in salt-free fed control rats total renal Na-K-ATPase-activity was found elevated by about 10% as compared to animals maintained on normal diet. Goldblatt-rats continuously excreted significantly higher amounts of Na (35 muEq/100 g x 24 hr), had sharply reduced plasma volume and plasma Na- concentration. The renal Na-K-ATPase-activity should no adaptation in gold blatt-rats. In all animals studied the rate of Na-excretion showed a close indirect correlation with the renal Na-K-ATPase-activity. It is concluded, that Goldblatt-rats depend on dietary Na to a higher extent than controls because of their reduced capacity to retain Na. The increased Na-appetite of hypertensive rats is a factor secondary to Na-loss."}
{"id": "PMID:137100", "title": "The function of (Na+, K+)-ATPase in the thick ascending limb of Henles loop.", "content": "The content and the properties of (Na+, K+)-ATPase in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL) are related to the rate and the characteristics of the transport of NaCl which has been measured in the isolated perfused cortical portion of the TAL by Burg and Green (Am. J. Physiol, 224, 659, 1973) and in the medullary portion of the TAL by Rocha and Kokko (J. Clin. Invest. 52, 612, 1973). It is concluded that the ouabain-sensitive, active transport of NaCl across the epithelium consists of primary active transport of Na and secondary active transport of Cl and that it is driven by the sodium pump or (Na+, K+)-ATPase.", "contents": "The function of (Na+, K+)-ATPase in the thick ascending limb of Henles loop. The content and the properties of (Na+, K+)-ATPase in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle (TAL) are related to the rate and the characteristics of the transport of NaCl which has been measured in the isolated perfused cortical portion of the TAL by Burg and Green (Am. J. Physiol, 224, 659, 1973) and in the medullary portion of the TAL by Rocha and Kokko (J. Clin. Invest. 52, 612, 1973). It is concluded that the ouabain-sensitive, active transport of NaCl across the epithelium consists of primary active transport of Na and secondary active transport of Cl and that it is driven by the sodium pump or (Na+, K+)-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:137102", "title": "The effect of Ca ion antagonist verapamil on ouabain inhibition of renal sodium reabsorption. Studies in the isolated perfused rat kidney.", "content": "Evaluation of a possible role of NaK-ATPase in transtubular sodium reabsorption is difficult, since ouabain doses that inhibit this enzyme system in vitro completely [1, 11], cannot be applied in vivo. Thus studies in the isolated perfused rat kidney were carried out [3, 11, 13, 15]. However, in this model, supramaximal doses of ouabain as used to block NaK-ATPase completely induced a potent vasoconstriction, which lowers the filtered load of sodium. Thus, a meaningful quantitative comparison of sodium transport in control and in experimental phases of ouabain inhibition has not been possible. At submaximal doses, in which filtered Na-loads are still comparable, transport activity was only reduced to approximately 50% [15]. In the following experiments we reinvestigated the relationship between inhibition of renal NaK-ATPase and the reduction of Na-reabsorption by ouabain under more appropriate conditions. Previously we have observed that verapamil (syn.: iproveratril, Isoptin), a Ca ion antagonist [2, 4, 6], effectively prevents autoregulation, and a fact which is pertinent for the present experiments, blocks this vasoconstrictive action of ouabain. Thus, using the Ca antagonist verapamil, it was possible to evaluate the inhibiting effect of this glycoside on renal sodium transport quantitatively without the hazards introduced by ouabain vasoconstriction which by the same token lowers filtered load.", "contents": "The effect of Ca ion antagonist verapamil on ouabain inhibition of renal sodium reabsorption. Studies in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Evaluation of a possible role of NaK-ATPase in transtubular sodium reabsorption is difficult, since ouabain doses that inhibit this enzyme system in vitro completely [1, 11], cannot be applied in vivo. Thus studies in the isolated perfused rat kidney were carried out [3, 11, 13, 15]. However, in this model, supramaximal doses of ouabain as used to block NaK-ATPase completely induced a potent vasoconstriction, which lowers the filtered load of sodium. Thus, a meaningful quantitative comparison of sodium transport in control and in experimental phases of ouabain inhibition has not been possible. At submaximal doses, in which filtered Na-loads are still comparable, transport activity was only reduced to approximately 50% [15]. In the following experiments we reinvestigated the relationship between inhibition of renal NaK-ATPase and the reduction of Na-reabsorption by ouabain under more appropriate conditions. Previously we have observed that verapamil (syn.: iproveratril, Isoptin), a Ca ion antagonist [2, 4, 6], effectively prevents autoregulation, and a fact which is pertinent for the present experiments, blocks this vasoconstrictive action of ouabain. Thus, using the Ca antagonist verapamil, it was possible to evaluate the inhibiting effect of this glycoside on renal sodium transport quantitatively without the hazards introduced by ouabain vasoconstriction which by the same token lowers filtered load."}
{"id": "PMID:137103", "title": "Echocardiographic patterns in scleroderma.", "content": "The echocardiograms of two patients with sclerodermatous cardiac disease are described. In one patient the pattern was that of a congestive cardiomyopathy with ventricular dilatation and reduced wall motion. In the second patient the pattern was that of an infiltrative cardiomyopathy with thickened walls and reduced wall motion in the absence of ventricular dilatation. Echocardiographic studies are useful in the early detection of pericardial involvement and primary or secondary myocardial involvement by scleroderma and in following the progression of the disease process.", "contents": "Echocardiographic patterns in scleroderma. The echocardiograms of two patients with sclerodermatous cardiac disease are described. In one patient the pattern was that of a congestive cardiomyopathy with ventricular dilatation and reduced wall motion. In the second patient the pattern was that of an infiltrative cardiomyopathy with thickened walls and reduced wall motion in the absence of ventricular dilatation. Echocardiographic studies are useful in the early detection of pericardial involvement and primary or secondary myocardial involvement by scleroderma and in following the progression of the disease process."}
{"id": "PMID:137105", "title": "The relationship between affective and cognitive development in Down's Syndrome infants.", "content": "A close association between affective expression and cognitive development was demonstrated in a longitudinal study of 14 Down's syndrome infants. It was found that the Down's syndrome infants laughed to groups of stimulus items in the same order as did previous samples of normal infants. Although the process was delayed by several months, the retarded babies too laughed first at physically intrusive items and only later to items calling for greater cognitive sophistication. In addition, cognitive developmental status, assessed by the Bayley and Uzgiris-Hunt scales, paralleled and was predicted by the level of affective development. Predictive and concurrent correlations between Bayley mental scores and various indices of affectivity ranged from .68 to .92. There was striking individual consistency across affective, mental, and motor measures, suggesting the organized nature of retarded development. Finally, since Down's syndrome infants frequently smiled under conditions when normal babies would laugh, a role for tension production, in addition to cognitive factors, was suggested in accounting for the behavior of these infants.", "contents": "The relationship between affective and cognitive development in Down's Syndrome infants. A close association between affective expression and cognitive development was demonstrated in a longitudinal study of 14 Down's syndrome infants. It was found that the Down's syndrome infants laughed to groups of stimulus items in the same order as did previous samples of normal infants. Although the process was delayed by several months, the retarded babies too laughed first at physically intrusive items and only later to items calling for greater cognitive sophistication. In addition, cognitive developmental status, assessed by the Bayley and Uzgiris-Hunt scales, paralleled and was predicted by the level of affective development. Predictive and concurrent correlations between Bayley mental scores and various indices of affectivity ranged from .68 to .92. There was striking individual consistency across affective, mental, and motor measures, suggesting the organized nature of retarded development. Finally, since Down's syndrome infants frequently smiled under conditions when normal babies would laugh, a role for tension production, in addition to cognitive factors, was suggested in accounting for the behavior of these infants."}
{"id": "PMID:137107", "title": "Reverse fluorescent chromosome banding with chromomycin and DAPI.", "content": "Two DNA binding guanine-specific antibiotics, chromomycin A3 (CMA) and the closely related mithramycin (MM), were used as chromosome fluorescent dyes. Root-tip metaphase chromosomes of three plant species and human metaphase chromosomes were sequentially stained with CMA or MM and the DNA binding AT-specific fluorochrome 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). In some cases a non-fluorescent counterstain was used as contrasting agent: methyl green in conjunction with CMA, and actinomycin D (AMD) in combination with DAPI.--In all three plant species, Vicia faba, Scilla siberica, and Ornithogalum caudatum, the nucleolus organiser regions and/or associated heterochromatin displayed very bright fluorescence with CMA and MM and, in general, heterochromatic segments (C-bands) which were bright with CMA and MM were pale with DAPI whereas segments which were dim with CMA and MM displayed very bright fluorescence with DAPI.--Human metaphase chromosomes showed a small longitudinal differentiation in CMA fluorescence, which was essentially the reverse of the banding pattern obtained with AMD/DAPI double-staining, but of lower contrast. The cma-banding pattern appears to be similar to the pattern found by R-banding procedures.", "contents": "Reverse fluorescent chromosome banding with chromomycin and DAPI. Two DNA binding guanine-specific antibiotics, chromomycin A3 (CMA) and the closely related mithramycin (MM), were used as chromosome fluorescent dyes. Root-tip metaphase chromosomes of three plant species and human metaphase chromosomes were sequentially stained with CMA or MM and the DNA binding AT-specific fluorochrome 4'-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). In some cases a non-fluorescent counterstain was used as contrasting agent: methyl green in conjunction with CMA, and actinomycin D (AMD) in combination with DAPI.--In all three plant species, Vicia faba, Scilla siberica, and Ornithogalum caudatum, the nucleolus organiser regions and/or associated heterochromatin displayed very bright fluorescence with CMA and MM and, in general, heterochromatic segments (C-bands) which were bright with CMA and MM were pale with DAPI whereas segments which were dim with CMA and MM displayed very bright fluorescence with DAPI.--Human metaphase chromosomes showed a small longitudinal differentiation in CMA fluorescence, which was essentially the reverse of the banding pattern obtained with AMD/DAPI double-staining, but of lower contrast. The cma-banding pattern appears to be similar to the pattern found by R-banding procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:137110", "title": "Insulin-treatment of diabetic rats: effects on duodenal calcium absorption.", "content": "We tested the hypothesis that depressed duodenal calcium absorption in the streptozotocin diabetic rat is the consequence of diabetes rather than nephrotoxicity of the diabetogenic agent causing abnormal renal vitamin D metabolism. We treated streptozotocin diabetic rats with insulin and compared their duodenal calcium transport response with that of untreated diabetics and matched controls. Insulin treatment restored depressed calcium transport of diabetics to control levels in in vivo studies and significantly increased calcium transport in vitro. Previous studies showed that even in uncontrolled diabetes the mucosa retains the ability to respond to an end organ stimulus enhancing calcium transport: 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol corrects the defect, but vitamin D and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol are ineffective. Since 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is synthesized in the kidney, these findings, in conjunction with the current study, are consistent with the association of experimental diabetes with a renal defect depressing synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Since insulin treatment restores duodenal calcium transport, the renal defects is unlikely to be caused by streptozotocin nephrotoxicity.", "contents": "Insulin-treatment of diabetic rats: effects on duodenal calcium absorption. We tested the hypothesis that depressed duodenal calcium absorption in the streptozotocin diabetic rat is the consequence of diabetes rather than nephrotoxicity of the diabetogenic agent causing abnormal renal vitamin D metabolism. We treated streptozotocin diabetic rats with insulin and compared their duodenal calcium transport response with that of untreated diabetics and matched controls. Insulin treatment restored depressed calcium transport of diabetics to control levels in in vivo studies and significantly increased calcium transport in vitro. Previous studies showed that even in uncontrolled diabetes the mucosa retains the ability to respond to an end organ stimulus enhancing calcium transport: 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol corrects the defect, but vitamin D and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol are ineffective. Since 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is synthesized in the kidney, these findings, in conjunction with the current study, are consistent with the association of experimental diabetes with a renal defect depressing synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. Since insulin treatment restores duodenal calcium transport, the renal defects is unlikely to be caused by streptozotocin nephrotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:137111", "title": "Role of testosterone and its metabolites in the differentiation of the mammary gland in rats.", "content": "The capacity of various androgens to virilize the differentiating mammary gland in the female rat fetus has been determined. Testosterone, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (3alpha-diol), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) virilize the anlagen of the mammary gland by suppressing nipple formation but 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol, androsterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate do not affect female mammary differentiation. However, unlike the genitalia and wolffian ducts of the female rat fetus in which the masculinizing potency of DHT and 3alpha-diol is greater than that of testosterone, testosterone is more potent than its metabolites DHT and 3alpha-diol, in virilizing the mammary gland. The results suggest that testosterone is the fetal androgen mediating masculine development of the mammary gland.", "contents": "Role of testosterone and its metabolites in the differentiation of the mammary gland in rats. The capacity of various androgens to virilize the differentiating mammary gland in the female rat fetus has been determined. Testosterone, 5alpha-androstane-3alpha, 17beta-diol (3alpha-diol), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) virilize the anlagen of the mammary gland by suppressing nipple formation but 5alpha-androstane-3beta, 17beta-diol, androsterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate do not affect female mammary differentiation. However, unlike the genitalia and wolffian ducts of the female rat fetus in which the masculinizing potency of DHT and 3alpha-diol is greater than that of testosterone, testosterone is more potent than its metabolites DHT and 3alpha-diol, in virilizing the mammary gland. The results suggest that testosterone is the fetal androgen mediating masculine development of the mammary gland."}
{"id": "PMID:137112", "title": "Steroids in fluids and sperm entering and leaving the bovine epididymis, epididymal tissue, and accessory sex gland secretions.", "content": "Ten steroids which may have a role in the process of sperm maturation within the epididymis were quantified by competitive protein binding or radioimmunoassay. Rete testis fluid (RTF) carrying testicular sperm into the epididymis was rich  in dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone (21 +/- 2 and 33 +/- 3 ng/ml) while cauda eipididymal plasma (CEP) around sperm which have completed maturation had high levels of progesterone, dihydrotestosterone, 3beta-androstanediol, dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone (7.4 +/- 0.8, 20.3 +/- 1.1, 6.5 +/- 0.4, 8.0 +/- 0.7 and 11.5 +/- 0.7 ng/ml). About 4 mug of steroids enter the epidymis daily in RTF, but less than 1% was found in CEP; the balance presumably was absorbed by the epithelium in the proximal caput epididymidis. Nevertheless, tissue levels of total 17beta-OH androgens were lower in the proximal caput than in the distal caput or corpus epididymidis. In all zones of the epididymis, dihydrotestosterone accounted fro about 70% of the total 17beta-OH androgens found in the nuclear fraction. In the cytoplasmic fraction, however, dihydrotestosterone predominated only in the distal caput and corpus epididymidis. In the cauda epididymidis, CEP and sperm probably accounted for less than 35% of the total 17beta-OH androgens and less than 25% of the dihydrotesterone. The progesterone concentration of the cauda than in the caput epidymidis. Twice washed testicular sperm contained more testosterone than cauda epididymal or ejaculated sperm (16.6 +/- 1.9, 1.6 +/- 0.2 and 1.5 +/- 0.3 ng/10(9) sperm, respectively), but less progesterone (0.5 +/- 0.1, 1.3 +/- 0.2 and 1.0 +/- 0.4 ng/10(9) sperm, respectively). As a consequence of mixture with estrogen-rich prostatic fluid (150 +/- 9 pg/ml), ejaculated sperm contained a relatively high amount of estrogens (112 +/- 15 pg/10(9) sperm). These studies revealed marked differences in steroid profiles of fluids entering and leaving the epididymis and of infertile testicular and fertile cauda epididymal sperm.", "contents": "Steroids in fluids and sperm entering and leaving the bovine epididymis, epididymal tissue, and accessory sex gland secretions. Ten steroids which may have a role in the process of sperm maturation within the epididymis were quantified by competitive protein binding or radioimmunoassay. Rete testis fluid (RTF) carrying testicular sperm into the epididymis was rich  in dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone (21 +/- 2 and 33 +/- 3 ng/ml) while cauda eipididymal plasma (CEP) around sperm which have completed maturation had high levels of progesterone, dihydrotestosterone, 3beta-androstanediol, dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone (7.4 +/- 0.8, 20.3 +/- 1.1, 6.5 +/- 0.4, 8.0 +/- 0.7 and 11.5 +/- 0.7 ng/ml). About 4 mug of steroids enter the epidymis daily in RTF, but less than 1% was found in CEP; the balance presumably was absorbed by the epithelium in the proximal caput epididymidis. Nevertheless, tissue levels of total 17beta-OH androgens were lower in the proximal caput than in the distal caput or corpus epididymidis. In all zones of the epididymis, dihydrotestosterone accounted fro about 70% of the total 17beta-OH androgens found in the nuclear fraction. In the cytoplasmic fraction, however, dihydrotestosterone predominated only in the distal caput and corpus epididymidis. In the cauda epididymidis, CEP and sperm probably accounted for less than 35% of the total 17beta-OH androgens and less than 25% of the dihydrotesterone. The progesterone concentration of the cauda than in the caput epidymidis. Twice washed testicular sperm contained more testosterone than cauda epididymal or ejaculated sperm (16.6 +/- 1.9, 1.6 +/- 0.2 and 1.5 +/- 0.3 ng/10(9) sperm, respectively), but less progesterone (0.5 +/- 0.1, 1.3 +/- 0.2 and 1.0 +/- 0.4 ng/10(9) sperm, respectively). As a consequence of mixture with estrogen-rich prostatic fluid (150 +/- 9 pg/ml), ejaculated sperm contained a relatively high amount of estrogens (112 +/- 15 pg/10(9) sperm). These studies revealed marked differences in steroid profiles of fluids entering and leaving the epididymis and of infertile testicular and fertile cauda epididymal sperm."}
{"id": "PMID:137114", "title": "Blockade of the tonic hindlimb extensor component of maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures by drugs acting on muscle and muscle spindle systems: a perspective on method.", "content": "Blockade of tonic hindlimb extension (THE) in the maximal electroshock seizure test was demonstrated for C-28'882-Ba, a muscle spindle suppressant, chlorpromazine, a depressant of fusimotor drive, and gallamine, a neuromuscular blocking drug. These agents also blocked THE produced by very large doses of pentylenetetrazol. Dantrolene, a muscle contraction antagonist, and MI-65-S, a muscle spindle suppressant, significantly delayed THE. The data indicate that blockade of THE may be effected at a multiplicity of loci and may not be an expression of an \"anticonvulsant\" effect.", "contents": "Blockade of the tonic hindlimb extensor component of maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazol-induced seizures by drugs acting on muscle and muscle spindle systems: a perspective on method. Blockade of tonic hindlimb extension (THE) in the maximal electroshock seizure test was demonstrated for C-28'882-Ba, a muscle spindle suppressant, chlorpromazine, a depressant of fusimotor drive, and gallamine, a neuromuscular blocking drug. These agents also blocked THE produced by very large doses of pentylenetetrazol. Dantrolene, a muscle contraction antagonist, and MI-65-S, a muscle spindle suppressant, significantly delayed THE. The data indicate that blockade of THE may be effected at a multiplicity of loci and may not be an expression of an \"anticonvulsant\" effect."}
{"id": "PMID:137115", "title": "Use of the tissue slice technique for evaluation of renal transport processes.", "content": "A detailed discussion of the tissue slice technique for evaluation of transport phenomena is presented. Information is given concerning the preparation of tissue slices and the advantages of this procedure over corresponding in vivo techniques. In addition, the relationship of the in vitro renal transport of organic substances to in vivo renal function is discussed in detail. Finally, certain pitfalls related to in vitro slice transport studies are presented.", "contents": "Use of the tissue slice technique for evaluation of renal transport processes. A detailed discussion of the tissue slice technique for evaluation of transport phenomena is presented. Information is given concerning the preparation of tissue slices and the advantages of this procedure over corresponding in vivo techniques. In addition, the relationship of the in vitro renal transport of organic substances to in vivo renal function is discussed in detail. Finally, certain pitfalls related to in vitro slice transport studies are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:137116", "title": "Differential effects of nephrotoxic agents on renal transport and metabolism by use of in vitro techniques.", "content": "A number of studies by the author and other investigators are reviewed in which the in vitro kidney slice technique has been used to evaluate the nephrotoxicity of various compounds. The kidney slice technique can be used to determine the effect of prior drug treatment of laboratory animals on renal organic acid (p-aminohippurate) or organic base (N-methylnicotinamide) transport, on glucose synthesis, and on oxygen consumption by renal coritical slices. The nephrotoxic agents uranyl nitrate and potassium dichromate exert inhibitory effects on renal function, althouhg both agents enhance organic base transport at low doses and potassium dichromate enhances organic acid transport at moderate doses. Enhanced PAH transport has been found to be a sensitive indicator of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity, while inhibition of other parameters has been reported. The tissue slice method is less effective in evaluation chronic nephrotoxicity such as that produced by lead. The inhibitory effect of mercurial diuretics has been shown to be due to the general depression of metabolic activity by mercury. The kidney slice technique has been found to be a sensitive indicator in the assessment of halogenated hydrocarbon-induced nephrotoxicity. Differential effects of compounds on in vitro organic acid and base trasport provides information about the transport of these compounds as well as about their nephrotoxicity. Although it is often desirable to perform in vivo tests or other in vitro renal function tests, the kidney slice technique has proved to be extremely useful in toxicological evaluations.", "contents": "Differential effects of nephrotoxic agents on renal transport and metabolism by use of in vitro techniques. A number of studies by the author and other investigators are reviewed in which the in vitro kidney slice technique has been used to evaluate the nephrotoxicity of various compounds. The kidney slice technique can be used to determine the effect of prior drug treatment of laboratory animals on renal organic acid (p-aminohippurate) or organic base (N-methylnicotinamide) transport, on glucose synthesis, and on oxygen consumption by renal coritical slices. The nephrotoxic agents uranyl nitrate and potassium dichromate exert inhibitory effects on renal function, althouhg both agents enhance organic base transport at low doses and potassium dichromate enhances organic acid transport at moderate doses. Enhanced PAH transport has been found to be a sensitive indicator of gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity, while inhibition of other parameters has been reported. The tissue slice method is less effective in evaluation chronic nephrotoxicity such as that produced by lead. The inhibitory effect of mercurial diuretics has been shown to be due to the general depression of metabolic activity by mercury. The kidney slice technique has been found to be a sensitive indicator in the assessment of halogenated hydrocarbon-induced nephrotoxicity. Differential effects of compounds on in vitro organic acid and base trasport provides information about the transport of these compounds as well as about their nephrotoxicity. Although it is often desirable to perform in vivo tests or other in vitro renal function tests, the kidney slice technique has proved to be extremely useful in toxicological evaluations."}
{"id": "PMID:137120", "title": "Propagated responses produced by pacemaker stimuli falling within the QRS complex.", "content": "In a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, propagated responses followed testing stimuli (St2) delivered within the wide QRS complexes elicited by driving stimuli (St1). This phenomenon was not seen at all St1-St2 which produced the minimal V1-V2 interval. It appeared at St1-St2 intervals which resulted in the largest difference between St1-St2 intervals, probably because of the marked asymmetry of propagation occurring very early in the cycle. More studies are required to determine whether this was due to a shift of the vulnerable period toward early systole (suigenesis to idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis) or to more complex types of intraventricular reentry. In other clinical conditions a similar mechanism could explain the multiple responses produced by pacemaker stimuli falling at the end of ventricular depolarization and also by \"properly synchronized' low intensity transthoracic electrical discharges.", "contents": "Propagated responses produced by pacemaker stimuli falling within the QRS complex. In a patient with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, propagated responses followed testing stimuli (St2) delivered within the wide QRS complexes elicited by driving stimuli (St1). This phenomenon was not seen at all St1-St2 which produced the minimal V1-V2 interval. It appeared at St1-St2 intervals which resulted in the largest difference between St1-St2 intervals, probably because of the marked asymmetry of propagation occurring very early in the cycle. More studies are required to determine whether this was due to a shift of the vulnerable period toward early systole (suigenesis to idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis) or to more complex types of intraventricular reentry. In other clinical conditions a similar mechanism could explain the multiple responses produced by pacemaker stimuli falling at the end of ventricular depolarization and also by \"properly synchronized' low intensity transthoracic electrical discharges."}
{"id": "PMID:137121", "title": "Generation of cytotoxic cells in absence of blastogenesis by mouse leukemic cells in mixed cultures.", "content": "Primary virus-induced murine leukemias and transplantable leukemic cell lines, originally induced by virus, chemical or physical agents, failed to stimulate normal spleen cells differing at the H-2 complex or at Mls locus in the one-way mixed leukocyte culture. Lack of stimulation seems at least partially due to a nonspecific inhibitory effect since in a \"three-party\" culture system the leukemic cells interfered with the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) of normal allogeneic cells. Characterization of the leukemic cell populations used, according to their T or B cell origin, disclosed that in most cases T cell markers were present. Also, no Ia antigens were detected on leukemic cells. Furthermore, using a 51Cr release assay, leukemic cells could sensitize allogeneic normal lymphocytes to kill specifically normal as well as leukemic targets, even when no MLR was detected in parallel cultures.", "contents": "Generation of cytotoxic cells in absence of blastogenesis by mouse leukemic cells in mixed cultures. Primary virus-induced murine leukemias and transplantable leukemic cell lines, originally induced by virus, chemical or physical agents, failed to stimulate normal spleen cells differing at the H-2 complex or at Mls locus in the one-way mixed leukocyte culture. Lack of stimulation seems at least partially due to a nonspecific inhibitory effect since in a \"three-party\" culture system the leukemic cells interfered with the mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR) of normal allogeneic cells. Characterization of the leukemic cell populations used, according to their T or B cell origin, disclosed that in most cases T cell markers were present. Also, no Ia antigens were detected on leukemic cells. Furthermore, using a 51Cr release assay, leukemic cells could sensitize allogeneic normal lymphocytes to kill specifically normal as well as leukemic targets, even when no MLR was detected in parallel cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:137124", "title": "Absence of the gamma-spindle loop in the reinnervated hind leg muscles of the cat: \"alpha-muscle\".", "content": "Degeneration of afferent and efferent fibres supplying leg muscles was elicited by applying dry ice to the sciatic nerve in the mid femoral region. Two months after the denervation the cats showed practically normal walking activity. After 3 months the twitch tension of the reinnervated muslce (triceps surae) was almost similar to the tension developed by the non-operated contralateral control muscle. Afferent discharges with a pattern typical for muscle spindles could rarely be found before the end of the 4th month. The muscle spindles which could be recorded before the end of the 6th month showed mainly phasic responses to ramp-and-hold stretches and only a few of them exhibited a pause during muscle contraction. None of them showed any sign of gamma innervation, as tested by several independent  gamma-activating or gamma-blocking precedures. The conduction velocities of the regenerated afferent and effenent fibres were lower than those of the normal fibres; they gradually recovered with time after the operation but did not reach normal values by the end of the 6th month. Fibre histograms revealed that the afferent fibres of groups I, II and III had regenerated, while of the efferent fibres only those corresponding to the alpha group had regenerated. Since during the period of observation the reinnervated muscles lack the support of a functioning gamma innervation, it is proposed to call them \"alpha muscles\".", "contents": "Absence of the gamma-spindle loop in the reinnervated hind leg muscles of the cat: \"alpha-muscle\". Degeneration of afferent and efferent fibres supplying leg muscles was elicited by applying dry ice to the sciatic nerve in the mid femoral region. Two months after the denervation the cats showed practically normal walking activity. After 3 months the twitch tension of the reinnervated muslce (triceps surae) was almost similar to the tension developed by the non-operated contralateral control muscle. Afferent discharges with a pattern typical for muscle spindles could rarely be found before the end of the 4th month. The muscle spindles which could be recorded before the end of the 6th month showed mainly phasic responses to ramp-and-hold stretches and only a few of them exhibited a pause during muscle contraction. None of them showed any sign of gamma innervation, as tested by several independent  gamma-activating or gamma-blocking precedures. The conduction velocities of the regenerated afferent and effenent fibres were lower than those of the normal fibres; they gradually recovered with time after the operation but did not reach normal values by the end of the 6th month. Fibre histograms revealed that the afferent fibres of groups I, II and III had regenerated, while of the efferent fibres only those corresponding to the alpha group had regenerated. Since during the period of observation the reinnervated muscles lack the support of a functioning gamma innervation, it is proposed to call them \"alpha muscles\"."}
{"id": "PMID:137130", "title": "Details of glycosaminoglycan conformations and intermolecular interactions.", "content": "Among the mucopolysaccharides, similarities of chemical constitution are manifested in the similar molecular conformations that can be assumed by most of them. The differences, however, result in a preference for particular conformations. Small amounts of one glycosaminoglycan in a mixture can change the conformational preference of the major component. Advances in the techniques of fiber diffraction analysis allow us to visualize the roles of water and ions in some of these structures and to rationalize the strikingly different effects produced by Ca2+ and Na+ in hyaluronate systems, for example.", "contents": "Details of glycosaminoglycan conformations and intermolecular interactions. Among the mucopolysaccharides, similarities of chemical constitution are manifested in the similar molecular conformations that can be assumed by most of them. The differences, however, result in a preference for particular conformations. Small amounts of one glycosaminoglycan in a mixture can change the conformational preference of the major component. Advances in the techniques of fiber diffraction analysis allow us to visualize the roles of water and ions in some of these structures and to rationalize the strikingly different effects produced by Ca2+ and Na+ in hyaluronate systems, for example."}
{"id": "PMID:137156", "title": "The effects of fasting and streptozotocin diabetes on hepatic triglyceride lipase activity in the rat.", "content": "The activity of hepatic triglyceride lipase in the rat was reduced by fasting. Withdrawal of insulin from insulin-treated streptozotocin-diabetic rats resulted in a decrease in hepatic triglyceride lipase activity. The behavior of the enzyme in both situations was similar to that of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. It is concluded that hepatic triglyceride lipase, like adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase, is under hormonal regulation by insulin.", "contents": "The effects of fasting and streptozotocin diabetes on hepatic triglyceride lipase activity in the rat. The activity of hepatic triglyceride lipase in the rat was reduced by fasting. Withdrawal of insulin from insulin-treated streptozotocin-diabetic rats resulted in a decrease in hepatic triglyceride lipase activity. The behavior of the enzyme in both situations was similar to that of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase. It is concluded that hepatic triglyceride lipase, like adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase, is under hormonal regulation by insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:137157", "title": "Axonal dwindling in early experimental diabetes. I. A study of cross sectioned nerves.", "content": "A diminution of the cross sectional area of myelinated fibres in the common peroneal nerve was observed in rats four weeks after the induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. Small fibres were affected more than larger ones and the axon reduction was twice that of the myelin sheath. The fibre diminution and the decreased axon/myelin ratio may explain the slowing of nerve conduction in experimental diabetes.", "contents": "Axonal dwindling in early experimental diabetes. I. A study of cross sectioned nerves. A diminution of the cross sectional area of myelinated fibres in the common peroneal nerve was observed in rats four weeks after the induction of diabetes with streptozotocin. Small fibres were affected more than larger ones and the axon reduction was twice that of the myelin sheath. The fibre diminution and the decreased axon/myelin ratio may explain the slowing of nerve conduction in experimental diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:137158", "title": "Axonal dwindling in early experimental diabetes. II. A study of isolated nerve fibres.", "content": "In a morphometric study of isolated fibres of the common peroneal nerve in short-term diabetic rats reduced fibre calibre was observed. No segmental demyelination or remyelination was found, but the nodes of Ranvier were slightly widened and paronodal bulbi were swollen relative to fibre calibre. It is suggested that axonal dwindling is the primary event in experimental diabetes. The reduction of the myelin sheath may be a consequence of the abnormal nerve cell offshoot. The results obtained suggest that streptozotocin diabetes in the rat is a useful model for the elucidation of diabetic neuropathy.", "contents": "Axonal dwindling in early experimental diabetes. II. A study of isolated nerve fibres. In a morphometric study of isolated fibres of the common peroneal nerve in short-term diabetic rats reduced fibre calibre was observed. No segmental demyelination or remyelination was found, but the nodes of Ranvier were slightly widened and paronodal bulbi were swollen relative to fibre calibre. It is suggested that axonal dwindling is the primary event in experimental diabetes. The reduction of the myelin sheath may be a consequence of the abnormal nerve cell offshoot. The results obtained suggest that streptozotocin diabetes in the rat is a useful model for the elucidation of diabetic neuropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:137160", "title": "Proliferative response of T lymphocytes to allogeneic tumor without generation of killer T lymphocytes in the presence of Ehrlich ascites tumor fluid.", "content": "The presence of cell-free Ehrlich ascites tumor fluid in an appropriate concentration was shown to permit a proliferative response, strictly dependent on the presence of Thy-1-positive lymphocytes, to proceed when introduced on the initiation of mixed lymphocyte-tumor reaction of C57BL/6 lymphocytes and Mitomycin-C-treated C3H/He myeloma cells, while it clearly inhibited the development of cytotoxic killer T lymphocytes toward the priming allogeic tumor cells. The fluid had no effect, however, when added to normally primed spleen cells at the onset of cytotoxicity test. Further investigation of the mechanism in vitro by ascitic tumor fluid selectively suppresses the generation of killer T lymphocyte activity to allogeneic target cells may lead to a better understanding of the suppressed T-cell responses observed in Ehrlich tumor-bearing animals, and additionally, may provide an intriguing information about the interactions between the distinct T-cell subsets responsible for proliferative response and generation of killer T lymphocytes.", "contents": "Proliferative response of T lymphocytes to allogeneic tumor without generation of killer T lymphocytes in the presence of Ehrlich ascites tumor fluid. The presence of cell-free Ehrlich ascites tumor fluid in an appropriate concentration was shown to permit a proliferative response, strictly dependent on the presence of Thy-1-positive lymphocytes, to proceed when introduced on the initiation of mixed lymphocyte-tumor reaction of C57BL/6 lymphocytes and Mitomycin-C-treated C3H/He myeloma cells, while it clearly inhibited the development of cytotoxic killer T lymphocytes toward the priming allogeic tumor cells. The fluid had no effect, however, when added to normally primed spleen cells at the onset of cytotoxicity test. Further investigation of the mechanism in vitro by ascitic tumor fluid selectively suppresses the generation of killer T lymphocyte activity to allogeneic target cells may lead to a better understanding of the suppressed T-cell responses observed in Ehrlich tumor-bearing animals, and additionally, may provide an intriguing information about the interactions between the distinct T-cell subsets responsible for proliferative response and generation of killer T lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:137161", "title": "Caffeine potentiation on lethality of L-1210 cells treated with neocarzinostatin.", "content": "The caffeine potentiation on lethality of L-1210 cells treated with Neocarzinostatin was studied. Colony formation of L-1210 cells treated with Neocarzinostatin was significantly decreased by incubation of the cells for 48 hr with 0.5 mM of caffeine which alone did not affect the growth rate and colony-forming ability of the cells. These results indicate that Neocarzinostatin may induce repairable damage in DNA of L-1210 cells.", "contents": "Caffeine potentiation on lethality of L-1210 cells treated with neocarzinostatin. The caffeine potentiation on lethality of L-1210 cells treated with Neocarzinostatin was studied. Colony formation of L-1210 cells treated with Neocarzinostatin was significantly decreased by incubation of the cells for 48 hr with 0.5 mM of caffeine which alone did not affect the growth rate and colony-forming ability of the cells. These results indicate that Neocarzinostatin may induce repairable damage in DNA of L-1210 cells."}
{"id": "PMID:137162", "title": "Regulation of phosphate metabolism in Neurospora crassa: identification of the structural gene for repressible alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "Five additional mutants of Neurospora crassa have been isolated that lack the repressible alkaline phosphatase. The mutations in these strains map at a previously assigned locus on Linkage Group V designated pho-2 (GLEASON and METZENBERG 1974). The five new mutants, as well as three previously isolated by GLEASON and METZENBERG (1974), were examined for the presence of cross-reacting material to antibody prepared against purified wild-type enzyme. Two of the mutants produced high levels of cross-reacting material, thus providing evidence that the pho-2 locus includes the structural gene for the repressible alkaline phosphatase. Two revertants were obtained from one of the mutants that contained cross-reacting material. Neither revertant produced an enzyme that could be distinguished physicochemically from that of wild type. A method for measuring very low levels of repressible alkaline phosphatase in crude extracts is also described.", "contents": "Regulation of phosphate metabolism in Neurospora crassa: identification of the structural gene for repressible alkaline phosphatase. Five additional mutants of Neurospora crassa have been isolated that lack the repressible alkaline phosphatase. The mutations in these strains map at a previously assigned locus on Linkage Group V designated pho-2 (GLEASON and METZENBERG 1974). The five new mutants, as well as three previously isolated by GLEASON and METZENBERG (1974), were examined for the presence of cross-reacting material to antibody prepared against purified wild-type enzyme. Two of the mutants produced high levels of cross-reacting material, thus providing evidence that the pho-2 locus includes the structural gene for the repressible alkaline phosphatase. Two revertants were obtained from one of the mutants that contained cross-reacting material. Neither revertant produced an enzyme that could be distinguished physicochemically from that of wild type. A method for measuring very low levels of repressible alkaline phosphatase in crude extracts is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:137163", "title": "Regulation of phosphate metabolism in Neurospora crassa: identification of the structural gene for repressible acid phosphatase.", "content": "A mutant of Neurospora crassa with an altered repressible acid phosphatase has been isolated. The enzyme is much more thermolabile than that of wild type, and has an increased Michaelis constant. Tests of allelic interactions (in partial diploids) and in vitro mixing experiments were consistent with the mutation being in the structural gene for the enzyme. This gene, pho-3, was found to be located in the right arm of Linkage Group IV (LGIV). Thus, pho-3 and the structural gene for repressible alkaline phosphatase, pho-2 (LG V), map in separate linkage groups and cannot be part of the same operon. Neither of these structural genes is linked to the known regulatory genes, nuc-1 (LG I), nuc-2 (LG II), and preg (LG II).", "contents": "Regulation of phosphate metabolism in Neurospora crassa: identification of the structural gene for repressible acid phosphatase. A mutant of Neurospora crassa with an altered repressible acid phosphatase has been isolated. The enzyme is much more thermolabile than that of wild type, and has an increased Michaelis constant. Tests of allelic interactions (in partial diploids) and in vitro mixing experiments were consistent with the mutation being in the structural gene for the enzyme. This gene, pho-3, was found to be located in the right arm of Linkage Group IV (LGIV). Thus, pho-3 and the structural gene for repressible alkaline phosphatase, pho-2 (LG V), map in separate linkage groups and cannot be part of the same operon. Neither of these structural genes is linked to the known regulatory genes, nuc-1 (LG I), nuc-2 (LG II), and preg (LG II)."}
{"id": "PMID:137164", "title": "[Incidence and manifestations of the heterozygosity of the gene causing diabetes].", "content": "A model of intermediate inheritance of diabetes mellitus is given, according to which juvenile diabetes developes in persons homozygous for the mutant gene, and a part of heterozygous carrier of the mutant gene has late diabetes mellitus. A large group of diabetes cases (about 50%), which are not due to direct diabetes heredity, is taken into account. Calculations are carried out on the basis of Hardy-Weinberg law from the patient questionaire data. The frequency of juvenile diabetes (developing within first thirty years) is 0,028% in the Leningrad population, the frequency of heterozygous diabetes gene carrier being 3,28%. Penetrancy of the diabetes gene in heterozygous state, as estimated from registrable (clinically expressed) forms of the disease, is 8,4%. The risk of juvenile diabetes in children, if one of the parents has juvenile diabetes, is 1,65% (3,3%-1/2), the frequency of heterozygous carriers in the population being 3,3%. The analysis of questionaire data of diabetes patients produced results, which were close to expected and indirectly confirmed the accurancy of the model proposed.", "contents": "[Incidence and manifestations of the heterozygosity of the gene causing diabetes]. A model of intermediate inheritance of diabetes mellitus is given, according to which juvenile diabetes developes in persons homozygous for the mutant gene, and a part of heterozygous carrier of the mutant gene has late diabetes mellitus. A large group of diabetes cases (about 50%), which are not due to direct diabetes heredity, is taken into account. Calculations are carried out on the basis of Hardy-Weinberg law from the patient questionaire data. The frequency of juvenile diabetes (developing within first thirty years) is 0,028% in the Leningrad population, the frequency of heterozygous diabetes gene carrier being 3,28%. Penetrancy of the diabetes gene in heterozygous state, as estimated from registrable (clinically expressed) forms of the disease, is 8,4%. The risk of juvenile diabetes in children, if one of the parents has juvenile diabetes, is 1,65% (3,3%-1/2), the frequency of heterozygous carriers in the population being 3,3%. The analysis of questionaire data of diabetes patients produced results, which were close to expected and indirectly confirmed the accurancy of the model proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:137165", "title": "[Genetic analysis of microcephaly].", "content": "A clinical genetic examination of 22 cases of hereditary microcephaly in 11 families was carried out. Parent consanguinity (first and second cousins) was ascertained in 7 families. Genetic analysis of the experimental material performed by Weinberg's method showed significantly recessive course of the genuine microcephaly inheritance. High frequency of low degree mental retardation (30%) among probable recessive genes carriers of microcephaly (of the parents and their siblings) was ascertained and that confirmed the possibility of gene heterozygous state manifestation. The gene frequency fluctuated from 0,0042 to 0,024. About 3500 people might show low forms of mental retardation in connection with probable non-penetration (about 30%) of the microcephaly genes being in heterozygols state.", "contents": "[Genetic analysis of microcephaly]. A clinical genetic examination of 22 cases of hereditary microcephaly in 11 families was carried out. Parent consanguinity (first and second cousins) was ascertained in 7 families. Genetic analysis of the experimental material performed by Weinberg's method showed significantly recessive course of the genuine microcephaly inheritance. High frequency of low degree mental retardation (30%) among probable recessive genes carriers of microcephaly (of the parents and their siblings) was ascertained and that confirmed the possibility of gene heterozygous state manifestation. The gene frequency fluctuated from 0,0042 to 0,024. About 3500 people might show low forms of mental retardation in connection with probable non-penetration (about 30%) of the microcephaly genes being in heterozygols state."}
{"id": "PMID:137166", "title": "[Viability of beta-thalassemia hetero- and homozygotes in several populations of Central Asia].", "content": "Viability of hetero- and homozygotes for beta-thalassemia was studied in two isolated populations born after 1950 in conditions of malaria absence. Pregnancy outcomes and probability to get 16 years old were compared in marriages, in which one or both parents were heterozygous for beta-thalassemia, and in marriages, with both parents being normal. The ratio of children with normal genotype and children heterozygous for beta-thalassemia in families, where one parent was heterozygous for beta-thalassemia. Preliminary conclusions are made on the basis of the data obtained. Viability of children in families where one parent is heterozygous for beta-thalassemia is found to decrease in the absence of selective factors (malaria) as compared with normal children. The highest viability decrease was observed in the progeny of those families where both parents were heterozygous beta-thalassemia. Elimination mainly takes place within the first year of life.", "contents": "[Viability of beta-thalassemia hetero- and homozygotes in several populations of Central Asia]. Viability of hetero- and homozygotes for beta-thalassemia was studied in two isolated populations born after 1950 in conditions of malaria absence. Pregnancy outcomes and probability to get 16 years old were compared in marriages, in which one or both parents were heterozygous for beta-thalassemia, and in marriages, with both parents being normal. The ratio of children with normal genotype and children heterozygous for beta-thalassemia in families, where one parent was heterozygous for beta-thalassemia. Preliminary conclusions are made on the basis of the data obtained. Viability of children in families where one parent is heterozygous for beta-thalassemia is found to decrease in the absence of selective factors (malaria) as compared with normal children. The highest viability decrease was observed in the progeny of those families where both parents were heterozygous beta-thalassemia. Elimination mainly takes place within the first year of life."}
{"id": "PMID:137181", "title": "Cholangiography in the jaundiced patient.", "content": "Though local practice will reflect the previously acquired expertise of the operators, it seems reasonable to employ a minimum of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, and, ideally, this in combination with ERCP for preoperative cholangiography in patients with cholestatic jaundice. Few cases will defy both techniques. The morbidity is well known and if properly anticipated can be reduced to a minimum by judicious use of antibacterial agents and early surgical intervention when appropriate. Grey-scale ultrasonography by indicating the diameter of the bile ducts enables one to select percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography for dilated ducts and ERCP for non-dilated ducts with an almost 100% success rate for the former and only slightly less for the latter in experienced hands.", "contents": "Cholangiography in the jaundiced patient. Though local practice will reflect the previously acquired expertise of the operators, it seems reasonable to employ a minimum of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography, and, ideally, this in combination with ERCP for preoperative cholangiography in patients with cholestatic jaundice. Few cases will defy both techniques. The morbidity is well known and if properly anticipated can be reduced to a minimum by judicious use of antibacterial agents and early surgical intervention when appropriate. Grey-scale ultrasonography by indicating the diameter of the bile ducts enables one to select percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography for dilated ducts and ERCP for non-dilated ducts with an almost 100% success rate for the former and only slightly less for the latter in experienced hands."}
{"id": "PMID:137182", "title": "[Congenital diaphyseal venous dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "A condition is described in which there is congenital ectasia of the veins in the lower extremities, in the tibia as well as in the soft tissues of the leg. The most striking symptom is bone pain, and the soft tissues are involved only to a limited degree. The condition has therefore been called \"congenital diaphyseal venous dysplasia\".", "contents": "[Congenital diaphyseal venous dysplasia (author's transl)]. A condition is described in which there is congenital ectasia of the veins in the lower extremities, in the tibia as well as in the soft tissues of the leg. The most striking symptom is bone pain, and the soft tissues are involved only to a limited degree. The condition has therefore been called \"congenital diaphyseal venous dysplasia\"."}
{"id": "PMID:137183", "title": "Landmarks of the knee joint of the lateral radiograph during rotation.", "content": "On specimens of human knee joints a study was made of the contours on the lateral radiograph during rotation up to 45 degrees inwards and outwards. The most important characteristics of the femoral condyles are the situation of the limiting groove on the condylar joint surface. The best for identifying the tibial condyles is the lateral intercondylar tubercle which proceeds backwards in an even, convex arch continuing direct in the posterior contour of the lateral tibial condyle.", "contents": "Landmarks of the knee joint of the lateral radiograph during rotation. On specimens of human knee joints a study was made of the contours on the lateral radiograph during rotation up to 45 degrees inwards and outwards. The most important characteristics of the femoral condyles are the situation of the limiting groove on the condylar joint surface. The best for identifying the tibial condyles is the lateral intercondylar tubercle which proceeds backwards in an even, convex arch continuing direct in the posterior contour of the lateral tibial condyle."}
{"id": "PMID:137184", "title": "[An analysis of the radiological appearance of osteoplastic metastases and osteitis deformans (Paget's disease) (author's transl)].", "content": "The validity of individual radiological signs for the differentiation of osteoplastic bone metastases from osteitis deformans has been investigated quantitatively (103 skeletal metastases from carcinoma of the prostate, 45 cases of Paget's disease, two osteoplastic bone metastases from a carcinoma of rectum and bronchus). The similarities were demonstrated by three cases observed by us. Problems in the quantitative evaluation of the radiographs are discussed.", "contents": "[An analysis of the radiological appearance of osteoplastic metastases and osteitis deformans (Paget's disease) (author's transl)]. The validity of individual radiological signs for the differentiation of osteoplastic bone metastases from osteitis deformans has been investigated quantitatively (103 skeletal metastases from carcinoma of the prostate, 45 cases of Paget's disease, two osteoplastic bone metastases from a carcinoma of rectum and bronchus). The similarities were demonstrated by three cases observed by us. Problems in the quantitative evaluation of the radiographs are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137185", "title": "[The radiological and scintigraphic findings in psoriatic arthropathy (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological and scintigraphic findings in the skeletons of patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthropathy are described. The results indicate that is it possible to detect inflammatory disease in joints by scintigraphy in patients who have not yet developed symptoms. The effect of treatment can be satisfactorily followed by serial scans. Further investigations and observations will be required to show whether the paravertebral calcification and syndesmophyte formation which has been described is really pathognomonic for psoriatic arthropathy.", "contents": "[The radiological and scintigraphic findings in psoriatic arthropathy (author's transl)]. The radiological and scintigraphic findings in the skeletons of patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthropathy are described. The results indicate that is it possible to detect inflammatory disease in joints by scintigraphy in patients who have not yet developed symptoms. The effect of treatment can be satisfactorily followed by serial scans. Further investigations and observations will be required to show whether the paravertebral calcification and syndesmophyte formation which has been described is really pathognomonic for psoriatic arthropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:137186", "title": "[Congenital bowing of the tibia in neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen (author's transl)].", "content": "There is a close, but not constant, relationship between congenital bowing of the tibia or infantile pseudo-arthrosis of the tibia and von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. In about 40% it is possible to confirm the diagnosis by examining relatives, but the radiological findings and the course of the disease, as well as by histological examination. Anterior bowing with dysplastic-sclerotic bone changes results in the \"high risk tibia\". This may lead to a pathological fracture. Treatment depends on the clinical findings and radiological changes. It should be aimed at preventing pathological fractures and pseudarthrosis.", "contents": "[Congenital bowing of the tibia in neurofibromatosis von Recklinghausen (author's transl)]. There is a close, but not constant, relationship between congenital bowing of the tibia or infantile pseudo-arthrosis of the tibia and von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. In about 40% it is possible to confirm the diagnosis by examining relatives, but the radiological findings and the course of the disease, as well as by histological examination. Anterior bowing with dysplastic-sclerotic bone changes results in the \"high risk tibia\". This may lead to a pathological fracture. Treatment depends on the clinical findings and radiological changes. It should be aimed at preventing pathological fractures and pseudarthrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:137187", "title": "[Cerebral anatomy on computerised tomograms (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt has been made to show which anatomical structures of the skull and brain can be demonstrated by analysing 668 computerised tomograms of normal brains. Many parts of the bony skull, the cisterns and ventricles and physiological calcification of the pineal body, choroid plexus and falx can be clearly identified. Frequently it is possible to distinguish between grey and white matter in the basal ganglia. After intravenous contrast injection it is sometimes possible to identify arteries and other pathways and vascular structures by their increased contrast. Because of the constant topographic relations in the brain, it is possible to identify these structures with certainty on the computerised tomogram.", "contents": "[Cerebral anatomy on computerised tomograms (author's transl)]. An attempt has been made to show which anatomical structures of the skull and brain can be demonstrated by analysing 668 computerised tomograms of normal brains. Many parts of the bony skull, the cisterns and ventricles and physiological calcification of the pineal body, choroid plexus and falx can be clearly identified. Frequently it is possible to distinguish between grey and white matter in the basal ganglia. After intravenous contrast injection it is sometimes possible to identify arteries and other pathways and vascular structures by their increased contrast. Because of the constant topographic relations in the brain, it is possible to identify these structures with certainty on the computerised tomogram."}
{"id": "PMID:137188", "title": "[Angio-tomographic aspects of cerebral aneurysms and angiomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Angio-tomography is a selective radiological method which can be used to complement serial angiographs in order to demonstrate better detail. This results from the fact that selective levels can be demonstrated without super-imposition of bone or other vessels. Angio-tomography combines the advantages of tomography, subtraction and selective procedures. The method has been used for all types of intracranial disease; aneurysms and angiomas are the most common conditions for which angio-tomography has been employed. The present paper is based on a total of 60 cerebral aneurysms and angiomas in various situations; angiotomography was indicated for these amongst a larger material of intracranial vascular malformations in which the diagnosis was possible without its use. The indications consist of: 1) Demonstration of very small aneurysms and their differentiation from vessel loops, 2) Demonstration of the origin of an aneurysm which is situated at the confluence of several major vessels, 3) Point of origin of a so-called hugeaneurysms which cannot otherwise be shown by oblique views, 4) Demonstration of so-called micro-angiomas and of the afferent and efferent vessels in central arterio-venous malformations. Unusual aneurysms of the internal carotid artery, of the anterior choroidal and vertebral arteries are described. Some new concepts in the localisation of aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery are discussed. Many of the examinations were carried out with an angio-tomographic apparatus made in the department.", "contents": "[Angio-tomographic aspects of cerebral aneurysms and angiomas (author's transl)]. Angio-tomography is a selective radiological method which can be used to complement serial angiographs in order to demonstrate better detail. This results from the fact that selective levels can be demonstrated without super-imposition of bone or other vessels. Angio-tomography combines the advantages of tomography, subtraction and selective procedures. The method has been used for all types of intracranial disease; aneurysms and angiomas are the most common conditions for which angio-tomography has been employed. The present paper is based on a total of 60 cerebral aneurysms and angiomas in various situations; angiotomography was indicated for these amongst a larger material of intracranial vascular malformations in which the diagnosis was possible without its use. The indications consist of: 1) Demonstration of very small aneurysms and their differentiation from vessel loops, 2) Demonstration of the origin of an aneurysm which is situated at the confluence of several major vessels, 3) Point of origin of a so-called hugeaneurysms which cannot otherwise be shown by oblique views, 4) Demonstration of so-called micro-angiomas and of the afferent and efferent vessels in central arterio-venous malformations. Unusual aneurysms of the internal carotid artery, of the anterior choroidal and vertebral arteries are described. Some new concepts in the localisation of aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery are discussed. Many of the examinations were carried out with an angio-tomographic apparatus made in the department."}
{"id": "PMID:137189", "title": "[The diagnosis of cerebellopontine tumours by tomography after positive contrast cisternography (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-one tumours in the cerebello-pontine angle were found as a result of 207 Duroliopaque cisternograms. In all 37 patients who came to operation, the position and size of the tumour, as shown radiologically, could be confirmed. The value of positive contrast cisternography was greatest in the smaller tumours. 35 tumours were less than 2.5 cm. in their vertical diameter. Twenty-four tumours were predominantly extra-meatal, were predominantly extra-meatal, four predominantly intra-meatal and 13 extra- and intra-meatal as well. In only 23 patients was there enlargement of the internal acoustic meatus, either absolutely or by comparison with the other side. In 18 patients there was no significant difference in the meati on the two sides. These facts and the observation that there may be idiopathic meatal widening in the presence of typical symptoms of an acoustic neuroma, but without a tumour being present, underlines the importance of positive contrast cisternography. A high degree of accuracy for tumour less than 2.5 cm. can only be obtained by using the method in conjunction with multi-dimensional tomography.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of cerebellopontine tumours by tomography after positive contrast cisternography (author's transl)]. Forty-one tumours in the cerebello-pontine angle were found as a result of 207 Duroliopaque cisternograms. In all 37 patients who came to operation, the position and size of the tumour, as shown radiologically, could be confirmed. The value of positive contrast cisternography was greatest in the smaller tumours. 35 tumours were less than 2.5 cm. in their vertical diameter. Twenty-four tumours were predominantly extra-meatal, were predominantly extra-meatal, four predominantly intra-meatal and 13 extra- and intra-meatal as well. In only 23 patients was there enlargement of the internal acoustic meatus, either absolutely or by comparison with the other side. In 18 patients there was no significant difference in the meati on the two sides. These facts and the observation that there may be idiopathic meatal widening in the presence of typical symptoms of an acoustic neuroma, but without a tumour being present, underlines the importance of positive contrast cisternography. A high degree of accuracy for tumour less than 2.5 cm. can only be obtained by using the method in conjunction with multi-dimensional tomography."}
{"id": "PMID:137190", "title": "[A new film changer for use with an image intensifier (author's transl)].", "content": "A new film changer is described which permits serial films to be obtained, it can be used without attenuation of radiation to the image intensifier. Details of the serial changer, such as speed and resolution are described.", "contents": "[A new film changer for use with an image intensifier (author's transl)]. A new film changer is described which permits serial films to be obtained, it can be used without attenuation of radiation to the image intensifier. Details of the serial changer, such as speed and resolution are described."}
{"id": "PMID:137191", "title": "[Evaluation of experimental arterial occlusion, with special reference to its complications (micro-spheres, Histo-Acryl, Paladur, alternating and direct currents (author's transl)].", "content": "Permanent arterial occlusion can be obtained experimentally by using plastic micro-spheres, polymerising materials (Histo-Acryl, Paladur) and direct current thrombosis. Certain limitations in their use arise from the properties of the substances. In our experience, plastic microspheres are not suitable for blocking entire organs or large vascular territories. They are more appropriate for occlusion of individual, small vessels by super-selective injections. Sole use of polymerising materials is not possible; they are best used in combination with other techniques (magnets, balloon catheters). Induction of thrombosis by small direct currents (50 volt, 10 mA). produces permanent and complete occlusion. The method can be used selectively or super-selectively. Unwanted thrombosis can be avoided by using catheters with the smallest possible external diameters.", "contents": "[Evaluation of experimental arterial occlusion, with special reference to its complications (micro-spheres, Histo-Acryl, Paladur, alternating and direct currents (author's transl)]. Permanent arterial occlusion can be obtained experimentally by using plastic micro-spheres, polymerising materials (Histo-Acryl, Paladur) and direct current thrombosis. Certain limitations in their use arise from the properties of the substances. In our experience, plastic microspheres are not suitable for blocking entire organs or large vascular territories. They are more appropriate for occlusion of individual, small vessels by super-selective injections. Sole use of polymerising materials is not possible; they are best used in combination with other techniques (magnets, balloon catheters). Induction of thrombosis by small direct currents (50 volt, 10 mA). produces permanent and complete occlusion. The method can be used selectively or super-selectively. Unwanted thrombosis can be avoided by using catheters with the smallest possible external diameters."}
{"id": "PMID:137192", "title": "[The application of sonography in the differential diagnosis of space-occupying renal lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Two dimensional ultrasound echography is a reliable method for demonstrating the topography of retroperitoneal space-occupoing lesions which causes little inconvenience to the patient. This is particularly the case in the upper abdomen, where the differentiation between renal, suprarenal, pancreatic and splenic lesions has been difficult. The criteria for the differential diagnosis of sonographic findings are described and discussed. Echography should be used before invasive methods, particularly angiography, are employed.", "contents": "[The application of sonography in the differential diagnosis of space-occupying renal lesions (author's transl)]. Two dimensional ultrasound echography is a reliable method for demonstrating the topography of retroperitoneal space-occupoing lesions which causes little inconvenience to the patient. This is particularly the case in the upper abdomen, where the differentiation between renal, suprarenal, pancreatic and splenic lesions has been difficult. The criteria for the differential diagnosis of sonographic findings are described and discussed. Echography should be used before invasive methods, particularly angiography, are employed."}
{"id": "PMID:137193", "title": "[Urographic investigations on the effect of high dose progestagen therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The relationship between high dose progestagen treatment and changes on the intravenous urogram were studied in 27 patients. For this purpose, six specific features in the urogram were examined. Our findings in the patients available to use indicate that there is no demonstrable dilatation of the renal pelves and ureters as a result of the administration of progestational substances alone. These results are discussed in relation to the relevant literature.", "contents": "[Urographic investigations on the effect of high dose progestagen therapy (author's transl)]. The relationship between high dose progestagen treatment and changes on the intravenous urogram were studied in 27 patients. For this purpose, six specific features in the urogram were examined. Our findings in the patients available to use indicate that there is no demonstrable dilatation of the renal pelves and ureters as a result of the administration of progestational substances alone. These results are discussed in relation to the relevant literature."}
{"id": "PMID:137194", "title": "[Film quality in film mammography. Article II: Signal/noise ratio of the recording system as a quantitative measure of quality. Final evaluation of recording systems (author's transl)].", "content": "During consideration of three film mammographic systems (see article I), the concept of signal/noise ratio is developed as a quantitative measure of film quality. The ability to recognise detail related to detail size, film blackening and exposure geometry was studied for various systems, and the quality profiles are discussed. There is a considerable difference in quality between industrial films without screens and film-screen combinations; however, exposure geometry during mammography has a considerable effect which tends to reduce the difference. Consequently, detail sizes of 200 mu to 1,000 mu (including the majority of mammographic micro-calcifications) are shown about equally well. Contrast for the lo-dose system (D = 1.1) is somewhat less than for adequately exposed industrial film (D = 2.0) or for Cronex 75 m with lo-dose screen (D = 1.5 to 2.0). The lo-dose system (D = 1.1) is 8.6 times more sensitive than Cronex 75 m (D = 2.0), and the system Cronex 75 m with lo-dose screens is 11.6 times more sensitive. Over-exposure with the lo-dose system, contrary to industrial film, rapidly leads to unsatisfactory results (loss of contrast and increased granularity for D greater than 1.5). On the other hand it is often not possible to obtain an adequate exposure (D = 2.0) when using industrial film. For these reasons it is often an advantage to examine large breasts (with considerable geometric unsharpness) and the dense breasts of young women with a film-screen combination (eg. lo-dose system) which requires approximately one eighth of the dose necessary for industrial film. For small or easily compressable breasts (little geometric unsharpness) best results are obtained, using an adequate exposure by employing industrial film; radiation dose it then acceptable. Detailed analysis of the systems has shown that the recording system unsharpness of film-screen combinations in mammography should be reduced.", "contents": "[Film quality in film mammography. Article II: Signal/noise ratio of the recording system as a quantitative measure of quality. Final evaluation of recording systems (author's transl)]. During consideration of three film mammographic systems (see article I), the concept of signal/noise ratio is developed as a quantitative measure of film quality. The ability to recognise detail related to detail size, film blackening and exposure geometry was studied for various systems, and the quality profiles are discussed. There is a considerable difference in quality between industrial films without screens and film-screen combinations; however, exposure geometry during mammography has a considerable effect which tends to reduce the difference. Consequently, detail sizes of 200 mu to 1,000 mu (including the majority of mammographic micro-calcifications) are shown about equally well. Contrast for the lo-dose system (D = 1.1) is somewhat less than for adequately exposed industrial film (D = 2.0) or for Cronex 75 m with lo-dose screen (D = 1.5 to 2.0). The lo-dose system (D = 1.1) is 8.6 times more sensitive than Cronex 75 m (D = 2.0), and the system Cronex 75 m with lo-dose screens is 11.6 times more sensitive. Over-exposure with the lo-dose system, contrary to industrial film, rapidly leads to unsatisfactory results (loss of contrast and increased granularity for D greater than 1.5). On the other hand it is often not possible to obtain an adequate exposure (D = 2.0) when using industrial film. For these reasons it is often an advantage to examine large breasts (with considerable geometric unsharpness) and the dense breasts of young women with a film-screen combination (eg. lo-dose system) which requires approximately one eighth of the dose necessary for industrial film. For small or easily compressable breasts (little geometric unsharpness) best results are obtained, using an adequate exposure by employing industrial film; radiation dose it then acceptable. Detailed analysis of the systems has shown that the recording system unsharpness of film-screen combinations in mammography should be reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:137200", "title": "Some effects of experimentally-induced diabetes on pituitary-testicular relationships in rats.", "content": "The effect of experimentally-induced diabetes mellitus on reproductive organ weights, serum and pituitary gonadotropin levels and serum testosterone levels was studied in 3-month old rats. In experiment 1, intact rats were treated with alloxan monohydrate or streptozotocin. In experiments 2 and 3, intact and castrated rats were rendered diabetic with alloxan (experiment 2) or streptozotocin (experiment 3). The duration of each experiment was 3 weeks. In each experiment diabetes resulted in body weight losses or reduced body weight gain, elevated serum glucose concentrations and reduced assessory sex gland weights (intact rats). Serum levels of testosterone were depressed (P less than 0.05 or P less than 0.01) in diabetic rats. Serum levels of LH were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in intact diabetics than in controls when pooled data from the three experiments were compared. Serum levels of FSH were not affected by diabetes. Pituitary concentrations of FSH were elevated (P less than 0.05) in diabetics in two of the three experiments, while LH concentrations were elevated (P less than 0.05 or P less than 0.01) in diabetics in all experiments. The hypersecretion of gonadotropins in castrated rats was not affected by diabetes.", "contents": "Some effects of experimentally-induced diabetes on pituitary-testicular relationships in rats. The effect of experimentally-induced diabetes mellitus on reproductive organ weights, serum and pituitary gonadotropin levels and serum testosterone levels was studied in 3-month old rats. In experiment 1, intact rats were treated with alloxan monohydrate or streptozotocin. In experiments 2 and 3, intact and castrated rats were rendered diabetic with alloxan (experiment 2) or streptozotocin (experiment 3). The duration of each experiment was 3 weeks. In each experiment diabetes resulted in body weight losses or reduced body weight gain, elevated serum glucose concentrations and reduced assessory sex gland weights (intact rats). Serum levels of testosterone were depressed (P less than 0.05 or P less than 0.01) in diabetic rats. Serum levels of LH were significantly (P less than 0.05) lower in intact diabetics than in controls when pooled data from the three experiments were compared. Serum levels of FSH were not affected by diabetes. Pituitary concentrations of FSH were elevated (P less than 0.05) in diabetics in two of the three experiments, while LH concentrations were elevated (P less than 0.05 or P less than 0.01) in diabetics in all experiments. The hypersecretion of gonadotropins in castrated rats was not affected by diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:137201", "title": "Concentration and adenosinetriphosphatase activity on left ventricular actomyosin in Goldblatt rats during the compensatory stage of hypertrophy.", "content": "Left ventricular myocardia of Goldblatt rats with an average increase in arterial blood pressure to about 200 mm Hg showed a progressive reduction of the Ca-activated specific acotmyosin ATPase activity 4 -12 weeks after the coarctation of one renal artery, as compared with controls of the same age. During the same period, a significant increase in the concentration of contractile proteins was noticeable, whereas the content of nonprotein substances and of water corresponded to the control values. The hydroxyproline concentration, as a measure of the collagen tissue content, increased only after 24 weeks. The time course of the specific ATPase activity was closely parallel to the decrease in the unloaded myocardial shortening velocity, as estimated at the same stage by our group. This is in accordance with the assumption of a fundamental relationship between the two values. The reduced rate of energy turnover and of the shortening velocity is regarded as an adaptive mechanism which, however, has a negative effect in advanced hypertrophy when further diminution takes place. The decrease in the specific enzymatic activity of actomysin is not necessarily linked to a large increase in myocardial mass, but is already apparent at moderate degrees of hypertrophy (34%).", "contents": "Concentration and adenosinetriphosphatase activity on left ventricular actomyosin in Goldblatt rats during the compensatory stage of hypertrophy. Left ventricular myocardia of Goldblatt rats with an average increase in arterial blood pressure to about 200 mm Hg showed a progressive reduction of the Ca-activated specific acotmyosin ATPase activity 4 -12 weeks after the coarctation of one renal artery, as compared with controls of the same age. During the same period, a significant increase in the concentration of contractile proteins was noticeable, whereas the content of nonprotein substances and of water corresponded to the control values. The hydroxyproline concentration, as a measure of the collagen tissue content, increased only after 24 weeks. The time course of the specific ATPase activity was closely parallel to the decrease in the unloaded myocardial shortening velocity, as estimated at the same stage by our group. This is in accordance with the assumption of a fundamental relationship between the two values. The reduced rate of energy turnover and of the shortening velocity is regarded as an adaptive mechanism which, however, has a negative effect in advanced hypertrophy when further diminution takes place. The decrease in the specific enzymatic activity of actomysin is not necessarily linked to a large increase in myocardial mass, but is already apparent at moderate degrees of hypertrophy (34%)."}
{"id": "PMID:137202", "title": "Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase from yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification, subunit structure and kinetics.", "content": "1. A procedure for the purification of ATPase extracted by chloroform from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is reported. The yield based on submitochondrial particles was 55% and the purification was 100-fold. The isolated complex was homogenous as assessed by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, sedimentation in sucrose gradient and in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The molecular weight determined by gel filtration was 400000 +/- 20000. Ultracentrifugation yielded s020,w = 12.50 +/- 0.13 S and the laser light scattering study gave a diffusion coeficient of D20w - 2.92 X 10(-7) cm2 s-1. The amino acid composition as well as absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectra, from which the helicity of 39% was evaluated, are given. 2. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate, six components with molecular weights of 58500(alpha), 55000 (beta), 42000, 34000 (gamma), 10000(delta), and 8600 (epsilon) were observed with a stoichiometry of 3:3:1:1:1:1. The amino acid composition is given for alpha + beta and gamma as well as delta and epsilon components. 3. The maximum specific activity of the enzyme was 200 U/mg under the optimum conditions. The enzyme was inactivated by incubation at 0 degrees C and strongly inhibited by the antibiotic Dio-9 but not by oligomycin and N, N'-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide. The effects of kinetic parameters and anions on the enzyme are reported. Two active sites for Mg-ATP with Km values of 0.045mM and 0.37mM and a single activie site for Mg-ITP with Km = 0.179mM were found. A study of the temperature dependence of the maximum activity revealed a straight line in the Arrhenius plots with an activation energy of 11.0 kcal/mol (= 46 kH/mol).", "contents": "Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase from yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification, subunit structure and kinetics. 1. A procedure for the purification of ATPase extracted by chloroform from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) is reported. The yield based on submitochondrial particles was 55% and the purification was 100-fold. The isolated complex was homogenous as assessed by gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography, sedimentation in sucrose gradient and in the analytical ultracentrifuge. The molecular weight determined by gel filtration was 400000 +/- 20000. Ultracentrifugation yielded s020,w = 12.50 +/- 0.13 S and the laser light scattering study gave a diffusion coeficient of D20w - 2.92 X 10(-7) cm2 s-1. The amino acid composition as well as absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectra, from which the helicity of 39% was evaluated, are given. 2. On polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate, six components with molecular weights of 58500(alpha), 55000 (beta), 42000, 34000 (gamma), 10000(delta), and 8600 (epsilon) were observed with a stoichiometry of 3:3:1:1:1:1. The amino acid composition is given for alpha + beta and gamma as well as delta and epsilon components. 3. The maximum specific activity of the enzyme was 200 U/mg under the optimum conditions. The enzyme was inactivated by incubation at 0 degrees C and strongly inhibited by the antibiotic Dio-9 but not by oligomycin and N, N'-dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide. The effects of kinetic parameters and anions on the enzyme are reported. Two active sites for Mg-ATP with Km values of 0.045mM and 0.37mM and a single activie site for Mg-ITP with Km = 0.179mM were found. A study of the temperature dependence of the maximum activity revealed a straight line in the Arrhenius plots with an activation energy of 11.0 kcal/mol (= 46 kH/mol)."}
{"id": "PMID:137203", "title": "Lack of linkage between gene(s) controlling the synthesis of the seventh component of complement and the HLA region on chromosome No. 6 in man.", "content": "The family of an individual was studied who lacks the seventh component of complement in his serum (C7 homozygous deficiency). Both parents are C7 heterozygous-deficient. In this investigation, the following parameters were determined: complement components in functional and immunochemical tests; HLA-A,B antigens, HLA-D (MLC) determinants; the Bf system; glyoxalase I and B cell antigens. No evidence for linkage between the immunogenetic linkage group on chromosome 6 and gene(s) controlling the synthesis of the seventh component of complement was obtained. This is in according with the assumption that only genes controlling components of the initiating rather than the membrane attack unit of complement are linked to the HLA region.", "contents": "Lack of linkage between gene(s) controlling the synthesis of the seventh component of complement and the HLA region on chromosome No. 6 in man. The family of an individual was studied who lacks the seventh component of complement in his serum (C7 homozygous deficiency). Both parents are C7 heterozygous-deficient. In this investigation, the following parameters were determined: complement components in functional and immunochemical tests; HLA-A,B antigens, HLA-D (MLC) determinants; the Bf system; glyoxalase I and B cell antigens. No evidence for linkage between the immunogenetic linkage group on chromosome 6 and gene(s) controlling the synthesis of the seventh component of complement was obtained. This is in according with the assumption that only genes controlling components of the initiating rather than the membrane attack unit of complement are linked to the HLA region."}
{"id": "PMID:137205", "title": "Mitosis of maternal lymphocytes in the presence of fetal cells: possible implication in prenatal diagnosis from fetal blood samples.", "content": "The suppression of proliferation of maternal lymphocytes by the lymphocytes of their own male newborns have been tested in a PHA-induced two-way stimulation system. The mixed lymphocyte cultures of 6 out of 12 such mothers/son pairs had 23--50% metaphases with 46,XX karyotype. In 2 more cases 10% maternal metaphases have been observed. Hence, it appears that fetal lymphocytes are unable to suppress the proliferation of maternal cells completely.", "contents": "Mitosis of maternal lymphocytes in the presence of fetal cells: possible implication in prenatal diagnosis from fetal blood samples. The suppression of proliferation of maternal lymphocytes by the lymphocytes of their own male newborns have been tested in a PHA-induced two-way stimulation system. The mixed lymphocyte cultures of 6 out of 12 such mothers/son pairs had 23--50% metaphases with 46,XX karyotype. In 2 more cases 10% maternal metaphases have been observed. Hence, it appears that fetal lymphocytes are unable to suppress the proliferation of maternal cells completely."}
{"id": "PMID:137206", "title": "Genetic loci of components of the classical and alternate pathway of complement activation: a new dimension of the immunogenetic linkage group (HLA) on chromosome 6 in man.", "content": "In this review, a working hypothesis is put forward that functional cooperation of various types of cells and proteins in immune recognition, mediation and response is maintained by a common chromosomal region which evolved over millions of years from a common ancestor by gene duplication. In brief, the known functions of the H-2 complex are discussed (susceptibility and resistance to viral infection, immune response genes, T-B cell interaction as non-self recognition and response). The addition of loci of the classical and alternate pathway of complement activation to the HLA region (i.e., C2, C4 and the Bf system) is reviewed with respect to functional relationship to immune recognition and mediation mechanisms. As expected according to this hypothesis, genes for late-acting components (C3, C5, C7 and C8 in man, C5 in mice) have so far not proved to be linked to HLA.", "contents": "Genetic loci of components of the classical and alternate pathway of complement activation: a new dimension of the immunogenetic linkage group (HLA) on chromosome 6 in man. In this review, a working hypothesis is put forward that functional cooperation of various types of cells and proteins in immune recognition, mediation and response is maintained by a common chromosomal region which evolved over millions of years from a common ancestor by gene duplication. In brief, the known functions of the H-2 complex are discussed (susceptibility and resistance to viral infection, immune response genes, T-B cell interaction as non-self recognition and response). The addition of loci of the classical and alternate pathway of complement activation to the HLA region (i.e., C2, C4 and the Bf system) is reviewed with respect to functional relationship to immune recognition and mediation mechanisms. As expected according to this hypothesis, genes for late-acting components (C3, C5, C7 and C8 in man, C5 in mice) have so far not proved to be linked to HLA."}
{"id": "PMID:137217", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation in human plasma without addition of synthetic medium. A study of immune function in patients with chronic uraemia or diabetes mellitus.", "content": "The in vitro response of lymphocytes obtained from normal subjects, uraemic patients on haemodialysis and diabetic patients was studied using cultures containing either medium plus plasma (medium cultures) or plasma alone (plasma cultures). The study demonstrated that plasma alone can adequately support lymphocyte transformation induced by nonspecific mitogens (PHA and PWM) and allogeneic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction. This investigation further confirms our previously reported findings that uraemic patients undergoing haemodialysis have a normal lymphocyte response in MLC and to PHA and PWM. Plasma cultures give results similar to conventional medium cultures in subjects where lymphocyte transformation is normal. The lymphocyte hyporactivity observed in diabetics is, however, better shown in the plasma cultures. The suppressed response of the diabetic patient's lymphocytes to PHA and PWM both in the presence of autologous and normal AB plasma suggests intrinsic lymphocyte dysfunction as the explanation for impaired immune function. Plasma cultures may provide a better in vitro system for the evaluation of immune function in certain groups of patients where it is desirable to distinguish between intrinsic abnormalities of lymphocyte function and the effect of humoral immunosuppressive factors.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation in human plasma without addition of synthetic medium. A study of immune function in patients with chronic uraemia or diabetes mellitus. The in vitro response of lymphocytes obtained from normal subjects, uraemic patients on haemodialysis and diabetic patients was studied using cultures containing either medium plus plasma (medium cultures) or plasma alone (plasma cultures). The study demonstrated that plasma alone can adequately support lymphocyte transformation induced by nonspecific mitogens (PHA and PWM) and allogeneic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction. This investigation further confirms our previously reported findings that uraemic patients undergoing haemodialysis have a normal lymphocyte response in MLC and to PHA and PWM. Plasma cultures give results similar to conventional medium cultures in subjects where lymphocyte transformation is normal. The lymphocyte hyporactivity observed in diabetics is, however, better shown in the plasma cultures. The suppressed response of the diabetic patient's lymphocytes to PHA and PWM both in the presence of autologous and normal AB plasma suggests intrinsic lymphocyte dysfunction as the explanation for impaired immune function. Plasma cultures may provide a better in vitro system for the evaluation of immune function in certain groups of patients where it is desirable to distinguish between intrinsic abnormalities of lymphocyte function and the effect of humoral immunosuppressive factors."}
{"id": "PMID:137218", "title": "[(Whole body plethysmographic studies on the bronchospasmolytic effect of injectabls drugs. Comparison of aminophylline, diprophylline and hexoprenaline)].", "content": "The bronchodilator effect of intravenously administered drugs was tested by whole bodyplethysmography in 24 patients with chronic obstructive airway disease over a period of 60 min. Subsequent to this, another bronchodilator was applied by a metered dose inhaler. Aminophylline (0,24 g i.v.) was followed by a decrease of airway resistance to a maximum of 73,04% of the base line value after 30 min. and to 76,33% after 60 min; inhalation of fenoterol (0,4 mg) caused a further decrease to 47,33% after 20 min. Diprophylline (0,28 gi.v.) produced only a slight decrease to a maximum of 95,75% after 20 min. and to 99,54% after 60 min.; fenoterol (0,4mg) reduced airway resistance to 55,29%. Hexoprenaline (0,005 mg i.v.) was followed by a decrease to a maximum of 74,71% after 5 min. and to 92,83% after 60 min.; ipratropiumbromide (0,08 mg) caused a further decrease to 54,92%. A considerable increase of heart rate, from 89,25/min. to 106,15/min. occurred only after hexoprenaline. For intravenous bronchodilator therapy we prefer aminophylline. Optimal bronchodilation however, was seen only after further application of fenoterol or ipratropiumbromide by a metered dose inhaler.", "contents": "[(Whole body plethysmographic studies on the bronchospasmolytic effect of injectabls drugs. Comparison of aminophylline, diprophylline and hexoprenaline)]. The bronchodilator effect of intravenously administered drugs was tested by whole bodyplethysmography in 24 patients with chronic obstructive airway disease over a period of 60 min. Subsequent to this, another bronchodilator was applied by a metered dose inhaler. Aminophylline (0,24 g i.v.) was followed by a decrease of airway resistance to a maximum of 73,04% of the base line value after 30 min. and to 76,33% after 60 min; inhalation of fenoterol (0,4 mg) caused a further decrease to 47,33% after 20 min. Diprophylline (0,28 gi.v.) produced only a slight decrease to a maximum of 95,75% after 20 min. and to 99,54% after 60 min.; fenoterol (0,4mg) reduced airway resistance to 55,29%. Hexoprenaline (0,005 mg i.v.) was followed by a decrease to a maximum of 74,71% after 5 min. and to 92,83% after 60 min.; ipratropiumbromide (0,08 mg) caused a further decrease to 54,92%. A considerable increase of heart rate, from 89,25/min. to 106,15/min. occurred only after hexoprenaline. For intravenous bronchodilator therapy we prefer aminophylline. Optimal bronchodilation however, was seen only after further application of fenoterol or ipratropiumbromide by a metered dose inhaler."}
{"id": "PMID:137219", "title": "Comparison of the results of semi-thin sections with those of conventional paraffin histology and immunohistology in renal biopsy specimens.", "content": "One hundred renal biopsy specimens out of the routine material were investigated by the usual paraffin technique, by semi-thin sections and by the immunofluorescence technique. The findings were compared in regard of the diagnoses made by each technique. The results indicate that the paraffin technique is inadequate in a considerable proportion of the specimens, because very small glomerular lesions cannot be recognized. The semi-thin section technique enabled us to correct the light-microscopic diagnosis in 17 per cent, particularly in establishing membranous glomerulonephritis. In another 31 per cent the histologic diagnoses could be improved. The immunofluorescence technique provided evidence of active glomerulonephritis in 57 per cent (24 cases with immune complex nephritis and 3 cases with basement membrane antibody nephritis). We found a much closer correlation between results of the semi-thin section technique and immunohistology that between the paraffin technique and immunohistology.", "contents": "Comparison of the results of semi-thin sections with those of conventional paraffin histology and immunohistology in renal biopsy specimens. One hundred renal biopsy specimens out of the routine material were investigated by the usual paraffin technique, by semi-thin sections and by the immunofluorescence technique. The findings were compared in regard of the diagnoses made by each technique. The results indicate that the paraffin technique is inadequate in a considerable proportion of the specimens, because very small glomerular lesions cannot be recognized. The semi-thin section technique enabled us to correct the light-microscopic diagnosis in 17 per cent, particularly in establishing membranous glomerulonephritis. In another 31 per cent the histologic diagnoses could be improved. The immunofluorescence technique provided evidence of active glomerulonephritis in 57 per cent (24 cases with immune complex nephritis and 3 cases with basement membrane antibody nephritis). We found a much closer correlation between results of the semi-thin section technique and immunohistology that between the paraffin technique and immunohistology."}
{"id": "PMID:137224", "title": "Autoradiographic detection of mucopolysaccharide accumulation in single fibroblasts.", "content": "A method is described for localizing acid mucopolysaccharides autoradiographically in cultured cells. Normal fibroblasts and fibroblasts, from patients suffering from Mucopolysaccharidosis II disease (MPS II), were cultured for six days in the presence of 35SO4 and one day in unlabelled medium. The cultured cells were transferred to plastic film dish and, after settling, they were rapidly quenched, freeze-dried, fixed in osmium tetroxide vapour and embedded in Epon. Grain counting after autoradiography in 2 mum sections revealed a significant difference (P greater than 0.001) in 35SO4 incorporation in the perinuclear cytoplasm of MPS II cells and control cells grown under the same conditions. Autoradiography was also performed after mixing MPS II cells and control fibroblasts in a ratio 1:1-8 prior to freezing and the same ratio was found between labelled and unlabelled fibroblasts. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the present autoradiographic technique for the detection of the acid mucopolysaccharide storage at the single cell level.", "contents": "Autoradiographic detection of mucopolysaccharide accumulation in single fibroblasts. A method is described for localizing acid mucopolysaccharides autoradiographically in cultured cells. Normal fibroblasts and fibroblasts, from patients suffering from Mucopolysaccharidosis II disease (MPS II), were cultured for six days in the presence of 35SO4 and one day in unlabelled medium. The cultured cells were transferred to plastic film dish and, after settling, they were rapidly quenched, freeze-dried, fixed in osmium tetroxide vapour and embedded in Epon. Grain counting after autoradiography in 2 mum sections revealed a significant difference (P greater than 0.001) in 35SO4 incorporation in the perinuclear cytoplasm of MPS II cells and control cells grown under the same conditions. Autoradiography was also performed after mixing MPS II cells and control fibroblasts in a ratio 1:1-8 prior to freezing and the same ratio was found between labelled and unlabelled fibroblasts. These results demonstrate the feasibility of the present autoradiographic technique for the detection of the acid mucopolysaccharide storage at the single cell level."}
{"id": "PMID:137225", "title": "Histochemical sub-types of three fibre-types of avian skeletal muscle.", "content": "The soleus muscle of adult chicken was studied histochemically. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and myofibrillar ATPase reactions, with or without preincubation in K2-EDTA salt, were compared in serial frozen sections. Based upon the distributions of the above reactions, the three major fibre types distinguished were \"Type I red\", \"Type II red\" and \"Type II white\". On the basis of non preincubated ATPase reaction alone two sub-types of type I red fibres could be distinguished. However, following preincubation in a \"Cold\" solution of K2-EDTA, Type II red fibres fell into two sub-types and Type II white fibres fell into three sub-types. Amalgamating the two already existing classifications, a more elaborate classification is presented for characterizing these different sub-types. The presence of two different or a spectrum of staining variations in a seemingly homogeneous population of muscle fibres in a given fibre-type emphasizes the possible correlation between this histochemical data and the heterogeneity of contraction times of the different motor units.", "contents": "Histochemical sub-types of three fibre-types of avian skeletal muscle. The soleus muscle of adult chicken was studied histochemically. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and myofibrillar ATPase reactions, with or without preincubation in K2-EDTA salt, were compared in serial frozen sections. Based upon the distributions of the above reactions, the three major fibre types distinguished were \"Type I red\", \"Type II red\" and \"Type II white\". On the basis of non preincubated ATPase reaction alone two sub-types of type I red fibres could be distinguished. However, following preincubation in a \"Cold\" solution of K2-EDTA, Type II red fibres fell into two sub-types and Type II white fibres fell into three sub-types. Amalgamating the two already existing classifications, a more elaborate classification is presented for characterizing these different sub-types. The presence of two different or a spectrum of staining variations in a seemingly homogeneous population of muscle fibres in a given fibre-type emphasizes the possible correlation between this histochemical data and the heterogeneity of contraction times of the different motor units."}
{"id": "PMID:137226", "title": "Implications of the normalization principle for psychotic children.", "content": "The evolution of the normalization principle is described. Whereas the principle initially advocated normalizing individual lives and routines, it presently is being applied to entire human service delivery systems. The need for more data supporting proposals to normalize human service systems is discussed, as well as some disadvantages in applying this approach with psychotic children. It is concluded that a wide range of treatment options for psychotic children is needed and that these options should be evaluated based on their effectiveness with individual children.", "contents": "Implications of the normalization principle for psychotic children. The evolution of the normalization principle is described. Whereas the principle initially advocated normalizing individual lives and routines, it presently is being applied to entire human service delivery systems. The need for more data supporting proposals to normalize human service systems is discussed, as well as some disadvantages in applying this approach with psychotic children. It is concluded that a wide range of treatment options for psychotic children is needed and that these options should be evaluated based on their effectiveness with individual children."}
{"id": "PMID:137228", "title": "Characterization of qa-2 mutants of Neurospora crassa by genetic, enzymatic, and immunological techniques.", "content": "Genetic and complementation mapping studies using 20 qa-2 mutants defective for catabolic dehydroquinase indicate that the qa-2 gene encodes a single polypeptide chain and is the structural gene for catabolic dehydroquinase, a 220,000-molecular-weight protein composed of identical 10,000-molecular-weight subunits. Many qa-2 mutants are capable of reversion, but no evidence has yet been obtained for nonsense mutations in this gene. The biochemical consequences of the mutations in two complementing qa-2 strains (M239 and M204) have been determined. Both mutants have extremely low levels of catalytic activity and form a heterocaryon with about 4% of the wild-type activity. As assayed by immunological cross-reactivity, mutant M239 and the heterocaryon have nearly wild-type levels of native-molecular-weight catabolic dehydroquinase protein, whereas M204 has no detectable amount of this protein. Thus it is concluded that M239 has a mutation at or near the catalytic site which reduces the activity 10,000-fold but has little or no influence on the formation of the native multimeric structure. In contrast, M204 apparently has a mutation that severely inhibits aggregation and may have only a minor effect on the inherent potential for catalytic conversion at the reactive site. The heterocaryon would appear to form a mixed multimer with the monomeric subunits from M239 providing the aggregated structure and those from M204, the catalytically active moiety.", "contents": "Characterization of qa-2 mutants of Neurospora crassa by genetic, enzymatic, and immunological techniques. Genetic and complementation mapping studies using 20 qa-2 mutants defective for catabolic dehydroquinase indicate that the qa-2 gene encodes a single polypeptide chain and is the structural gene for catabolic dehydroquinase, a 220,000-molecular-weight protein composed of identical 10,000-molecular-weight subunits. Many qa-2 mutants are capable of reversion, but no evidence has yet been obtained for nonsense mutations in this gene. The biochemical consequences of the mutations in two complementing qa-2 strains (M239 and M204) have been determined. Both mutants have extremely low levels of catalytic activity and form a heterocaryon with about 4% of the wild-type activity. As assayed by immunological cross-reactivity, mutant M239 and the heterocaryon have nearly wild-type levels of native-molecular-weight catabolic dehydroquinase protein, whereas M204 has no detectable amount of this protein. Thus it is concluded that M239 has a mutation at or near the catalytic site which reduces the activity 10,000-fold but has little or no influence on the formation of the native multimeric structure. In contrast, M204 apparently has a mutation that severely inhibits aggregation and may have only a minor effect on the inherent potential for catalytic conversion at the reactive site. The heterocaryon would appear to form a mixed multimer with the monomeric subunits from M239 providing the aggregated structure and those from M204, the catalytically active moiety."}
{"id": "PMID:137229", "title": "Mutations in prophage phi11 that impair the transducibility of their Staphylococcus aureus lysogens for methicillin resistance.", "content": "Methicillin resistance (mec) is not transduced into Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4, but is transduced into this host after it has been lysogenized with phage phi11 and has acquired the penicillinase plasmid pI524 by a separate transduction (Cohen and Sweeney, 1970, 1973). Strain 8325-4 is competent for transformation of typical plasmid or chromosomal markers and for mec only if it is lysogenic for phi11 or a related prophage (Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m et al., 1974, 1975). A mutant strain of phi11 that was temperature sensitive (Ts) for vegetative multiplication did not mediate competence for transformation of its 8325-4 lysogen if the lysogen had been grown at a nonpermissive temperature (Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m and Philipson, 1974). We isolated four Ts mutants of phi11 that did not mediate transducibility of their 8325-4(pI524) lysogens for mec after growth at nonpermissive temperatures (40 to 42 degrees C). Transduction of typical plasmid or chromosomal markers was not affected. These phi11-Ts mutants mediated normal competence of their lysogens for transformation of a tetracycline resistance plasmid. Similarly, phi11-Ts mutants that rendered their lysogens temperature sensitive for transformation did not depress the frequency of transduction of mec. These two types of phi11-Ts mutants fell into two different genetic complementation groups that differed in the physiology of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and in the time of expression of the mutations during a single-burst growth cycle at a nonpermissive temperature. A virulent mutant of phi11, which plaqued with 100% efficiency on 8325(phi11), also failed to condition strain 8325-4 for transducibility of mec but retained the ability to confer competence for transformation of a tetracycline resistance plasmid. Different genetic loci and physiological functions are involved in phi11 mutations that affect transducibility of mec and those that affect competence for transformation of markers generally in S. aureus 8325-4.", "contents": "Mutations in prophage phi11 that impair the transducibility of their Staphylococcus aureus lysogens for methicillin resistance. Methicillin resistance (mec) is not transduced into Staphylococcus aureus 8325-4, but is transduced into this host after it has been lysogenized with phage phi11 and has acquired the penicillinase plasmid pI524 by a separate transduction (Cohen and Sweeney, 1970, 1973). Strain 8325-4 is competent for transformation of typical plasmid or chromosomal markers and for mec only if it is lysogenic for phi11 or a related prophage (Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m et al., 1974, 1975). A mutant strain of phi11 that was temperature sensitive (Ts) for vegetative multiplication did not mediate competence for transformation of its 8325-4 lysogen if the lysogen had been grown at a nonpermissive temperature (Sj\u00f6str\u00f6m and Philipson, 1974). We isolated four Ts mutants of phi11 that did not mediate transducibility of their 8325-4(pI524) lysogens for mec after growth at nonpermissive temperatures (40 to 42 degrees C). Transduction of typical plasmid or chromosomal markers was not affected. These phi11-Ts mutants mediated normal competence of their lysogens for transformation of a tetracycline resistance plasmid. Similarly, phi11-Ts mutants that rendered their lysogens temperature sensitive for transformation did not depress the frequency of transduction of mec. These two types of phi11-Ts mutants fell into two different genetic complementation groups that differed in the physiology of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis and in the time of expression of the mutations during a single-burst growth cycle at a nonpermissive temperature. A virulent mutant of phi11, which plaqued with 100% efficiency on 8325(phi11), also failed to condition strain 8325-4 for transducibility of mec but retained the ability to confer competence for transformation of a tetracycline resistance plasmid. Different genetic loci and physiological functions are involved in phi11 mutations that affect transducibility of mec and those that affect competence for transformation of markers generally in S. aureus 8325-4."}
{"id": "PMID:137230", "title": "Biosynthesis of the outer membrane receptor for vitamin B12, E colicins, and bacteriophage BF23 by Escherichia coli: kinetics of phenotypic expression after the introduction of bfe+ and bfe alleles.", "content": "The bfe locus codes for the cell surface receptor for vitamin B12, the E colicins, and bacteriophage BF23 in the Escherichia coli outer membrane. When the bfe+ allele, which is closely linked to the argH locus, was introduced into an argH bfe recipient by conjugation, arg+ recombinant cells rapidly and simultaneously acquired sensitivity to colicin E3 and phage BF23. In the reciprocal experiment introducing bfe into an argH bfe+ recipient, it was found that colicin E3-resistant, arg+ cells began to appear shortly after the arg+ recombinant population began to divide. This was far earlier than would have been predicted on the basis of 220 receptors per haploid cell. Moreover, there was a lag between the appearance of colicin resistance and the appearance of resistance to killing by phage BF23, and hence a period of time during which some arg+ recombinant cells were sensitive to the phage but resistant to the colicin. Colicin E3 added to cells during this period of time protected against phage killing, indicating that the colicin-resistant cells still had receptors capable of binding colicin on their surface. The modification of the phenotypic expression of colicin and phage resistance by inhibitors of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein synthesis was also investigated. The results obtained indicate that the receptor protein coded for by the bfe locus can exist on the cell surface in several different functional states.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the outer membrane receptor for vitamin B12, E colicins, and bacteriophage BF23 by Escherichia coli: kinetics of phenotypic expression after the introduction of bfe+ and bfe alleles. The bfe locus codes for the cell surface receptor for vitamin B12, the E colicins, and bacteriophage BF23 in the Escherichia coli outer membrane. When the bfe+ allele, which is closely linked to the argH locus, was introduced into an argH bfe recipient by conjugation, arg+ recombinant cells rapidly and simultaneously acquired sensitivity to colicin E3 and phage BF23. In the reciprocal experiment introducing bfe into an argH bfe+ recipient, it was found that colicin E3-resistant, arg+ cells began to appear shortly after the arg+ recombinant population began to divide. This was far earlier than would have been predicted on the basis of 220 receptors per haploid cell. Moreover, there was a lag between the appearance of colicin resistance and the appearance of resistance to killing by phage BF23, and hence a period of time during which some arg+ recombinant cells were sensitive to the phage but resistant to the colicin. Colicin E3 added to cells during this period of time protected against phage killing, indicating that the colicin-resistant cells still had receptors capable of binding colicin on their surface. The modification of the phenotypic expression of colicin and phage resistance by inhibitors of deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and protein synthesis was also investigated. The results obtained indicate that the receptor protein coded for by the bfe locus can exist on the cell surface in several different functional states."}
{"id": "PMID:137231", "title": "Interaction of cytoplasmic membrane and ribosomes in Escherichia coli: spectinomycin-induced disappearance of membrane protein I-19.", "content": "Incubation of Escherichia coli with spectinomycin caused the disappearance of a major protein from the cytoplasmic membrane. This protein, called \"I-19\", was not a ribosomal protein. Its disappearance was not a result of the direct action of spectinomycin on the cytoplasmic membrane, but a result of its action on ribosomes. The disappearance was specifically induced by spectinomycin, and other antibiotics such as neomycin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol had no effect. Although growth was not required for spectinomycin-induced disappearance of protein I-19 from the cytoplasmic membrane, the disappearance was not observed under conditions where protein synthesis was inhibited completely either by the addition of chloramphenicol or by cooling in ice. It is suggested that at least some ribosomes interact with the cytoplasmic membrane and that a modification of the mode of interaction through the action of spectinomycin on ribosomes caused the deletion of membrane protein I-19.", "contents": "Interaction of cytoplasmic membrane and ribosomes in Escherichia coli: spectinomycin-induced disappearance of membrane protein I-19. Incubation of Escherichia coli with spectinomycin caused the disappearance of a major protein from the cytoplasmic membrane. This protein, called \"I-19\", was not a ribosomal protein. Its disappearance was not a result of the direct action of spectinomycin on the cytoplasmic membrane, but a result of its action on ribosomes. The disappearance was specifically induced by spectinomycin, and other antibiotics such as neomycin, erythromycin, and chloramphenicol had no effect. Although growth was not required for spectinomycin-induced disappearance of protein I-19 from the cytoplasmic membrane, the disappearance was not observed under conditions where protein synthesis was inhibited completely either by the addition of chloramphenicol or by cooling in ice. It is suggested that at least some ribosomes interact with the cytoplasmic membrane and that a modification of the mode of interaction through the action of spectinomycin on ribosomes caused the deletion of membrane protein I-19."}
{"id": "PMID:137232", "title": "New class of ribonucleic acid in Neurospora associated with the outer cell envelope.", "content": "Extrinsic ribonucleic acid (RNA) can be isolated from a KCl extract of Neurospora crassa conidial cell surface products. It is heterogeneous in size. The bulk of this RNA travels as a broad band, trailing the 5.8S ribosomal marker RNA on electrophoretic gels. The extrinsic RNA, when denatured, exhibites several discrete lengths between 50,000 and 130,000 daltons. Melting profiles confirm the heterogeneity of the RNA and indicate that 58% of the bases are involved in hydrogen bonding. Analyses of alkaline hydrolysis products reveal no extensive methylation and few or none of the unusual bases present in transfer RNA. The bases are present in approximately equivalent amounts. Extrinsic RNA represents 2 to 3% of the total cellular RNA. Since this membrane-associated class of RNA does not resemble ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, or transfer RNA and since it is extracted from the cell exterior by methods used to remove extrinsic membrane molecules, we have designated it extrinsic RNA.", "contents": "New class of ribonucleic acid in Neurospora associated with the outer cell envelope. Extrinsic ribonucleic acid (RNA) can be isolated from a KCl extract of Neurospora crassa conidial cell surface products. It is heterogeneous in size. The bulk of this RNA travels as a broad band, trailing the 5.8S ribosomal marker RNA on electrophoretic gels. The extrinsic RNA, when denatured, exhibites several discrete lengths between 50,000 and 130,000 daltons. Melting profiles confirm the heterogeneity of the RNA and indicate that 58% of the bases are involved in hydrogen bonding. Analyses of alkaline hydrolysis products reveal no extensive methylation and few or none of the unusual bases present in transfer RNA. The bases are present in approximately equivalent amounts. Extrinsic RNA represents 2 to 3% of the total cellular RNA. Since this membrane-associated class of RNA does not resemble ribosomal RNA, messenger RNA, or transfer RNA and since it is extracted from the cell exterior by methods used to remove extrinsic membrane molecules, we have designated it extrinsic RNA."}
{"id": "PMID:137233", "title": "Pleiotropic phenotype of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking leucyl-, phenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid-protein transferase.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli that lacks leucyl-, phenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid-protein transferase had diminished activities of L-phenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase and tryptophanase, grew faster than its parent with aspartic acid as the sole nitrogen source, accumulated higher levels of enterochelin in the medium during iron limitation, and exhibited an abnormal morphology.", "contents": "Pleiotropic phenotype of an Escherichia coli mutant lacking leucyl-, phenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid-protein transferase. A mutant of Escherichia coli that lacks leucyl-, phenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid-protein transferase had diminished activities of L-phenylalanyl-transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase and tryptophanase, grew faster than its parent with aspartic acid as the sole nitrogen source, accumulated higher levels of enterochelin in the medium during iron limitation, and exhibited an abnormal morphology."}
{"id": "PMID:137234", "title": "Gamma-Actinin, a new regulatory protein from rabbit skeletal muscle. II. Action on actin.", "content": "The interaction of gamma-actinin and actin was investigated under various conditions. It has been shown that gamma-actinin affects the G-F transformation of actin, causing an increase in the number of actin monomers required to form a nucleus in the initial step of polymerization. Sonicated fragments of F-actin and heavy meromyosin caused the immediate polymerization of actin under the influence of gamma-actinin. Therefore, it can be concluded that gamma-actinin inhibits the nucleation step of G-F transformation. Actin filaments which were formed in the presence of gamma-actinin (F-actin) were shown to possess certain characteristic properties when compared with control F-actin. These were as follows: F-actin solution had a high critical concentration; F-actin showed a high rate of depolymerization; the flow birefringence of F-actin decreased with time upon incubation in the absence of free ATP; finally, F-actin was demonstrated to have ATP-splitting activity. These dynamic features of F-actin were accounted for in terms of an increase in the rate constant of depolymerization in F-actin under the influence of gamma-actinin.", "contents": "Gamma-Actinin, a new regulatory protein from rabbit skeletal muscle. II. Action on actin. The interaction of gamma-actinin and actin was investigated under various conditions. It has been shown that gamma-actinin affects the G-F transformation of actin, causing an increase in the number of actin monomers required to form a nucleus in the initial step of polymerization. Sonicated fragments of F-actin and heavy meromyosin caused the immediate polymerization of actin under the influence of gamma-actinin. Therefore, it can be concluded that gamma-actinin inhibits the nucleation step of G-F transformation. Actin filaments which were formed in the presence of gamma-actinin (F-actin) were shown to possess certain characteristic properties when compared with control F-actin. These were as follows: F-actin solution had a high critical concentration; F-actin showed a high rate of depolymerization; the flow birefringence of F-actin decreased with time upon incubation in the absence of free ATP; finally, F-actin was demonstrated to have ATP-splitting activity. These dynamic features of F-actin were accounted for in terms of an increase in the rate constant of depolymerization in F-actin under the influence of gamma-actinin."}
{"id": "PMID:137235", "title": "Regulatory protein of bovine tracheal smooth muscle.", "content": "Myosin B exhibiting Ca2+ sensitivity in superprecipitation and Mg-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity was extracted from tracheal smooth muscle. Repeated washing with 2mM KCl and 1 mM NaHCO3 resulted in the loss of these activities. However, on addition of native tropomyosin, the myosin B regained its original properties. Native tropomyosin is the regulatory system in this smooth muscle.", "contents": "Regulatory protein of bovine tracheal smooth muscle. Myosin B exhibiting Ca2+ sensitivity in superprecipitation and Mg-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity was extracted from tracheal smooth muscle. Repeated washing with 2mM KCl and 1 mM NaHCO3 resulted in the loss of these activities. However, on addition of native tropomyosin, the myosin B regained its original properties. Native tropomyosin is the regulatory system in this smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:137236", "title": "2,4-Dinitrophenol as a specific inhibitor of the breakdown of the actomyosin-phosphate-ADP complex.", "content": "2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) was found to cause a \"clearing response\" of myosin B in a medium in which \"superprecipitation\" of myosin B would otherwise take place. The effect of actin concentration on Mg-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] of HMM was studied in the presence and absence of DNP. The results indicate that DNP causes an increase rather than a decrease in the affinity of HMM for actin, and that it causes a decrease only in the actin-activated portion of the Mg-ATPase activity. Using a light-scattering technique, it was shown that neither the ATP-induced dissociation of acto-HMM nor subsequent reassociation is significantly affected by the presence of DNP. As for the formation of the myosin-phosphate-ADP complex in the myosin-ATPase reaction, it was shown that formation of the reactive complex is not affected by DNP. It can thus be concluded that DNP inhibits the decomposition of the actomyosin-phosphate-ADP complex, which is thought to be coupled with superprecipitation.", "contents": "2,4-Dinitrophenol as a specific inhibitor of the breakdown of the actomyosin-phosphate-ADP complex. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (DNP) was found to cause a \"clearing response\" of myosin B in a medium in which \"superprecipitation\" of myosin B would otherwise take place. The effect of actin concentration on Mg-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] of HMM was studied in the presence and absence of DNP. The results indicate that DNP causes an increase rather than a decrease in the affinity of HMM for actin, and that it causes a decrease only in the actin-activated portion of the Mg-ATPase activity. Using a light-scattering technique, it was shown that neither the ATP-induced dissociation of acto-HMM nor subsequent reassociation is significantly affected by the presence of DNP. As for the formation of the myosin-phosphate-ADP complex in the myosin-ATPase reaction, it was shown that formation of the reactive complex is not affected by DNP. It can thus be concluded that DNP inhibits the decomposition of the actomyosin-phosphate-ADP complex, which is thought to be coupled with superprecipitation."}
{"id": "PMID:137237", "title": "Effect of long-chain fatty acids and acyl-CoA on mitochondrial permeability, transport, and energy-coupling processes.", "content": "The following effects of fatty acids and acyl-CoA thioesters on energy metabolism of mitochondria can now be assumed: (1) Inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocation. This effect may increase the energy state of mitochondria respiring under state 3 conditions and decrease phosphorylation potential in the surrounding medium (the cytoplasm). (2) Increased permeability to monovalent cations. This may lead to a partial energy dissipation due to a futile recycling of K+ (or another cation), namely and energy-dependent uptake and a passive outflow. (3) True uncoupling due to increased permeability to protons. This effect probably occurs at high concentrations of fatty acids only. (4) Substrate effect. Fatty acids in the form of acyl-CoA are excellent respiratory substrates for mitochondria of most tissues. Their oxidation is coupled to the generation of high energy state of the mitochondrial membrane and, consequently, to ATP synthesis.", "contents": "Effect of long-chain fatty acids and acyl-CoA on mitochondrial permeability, transport, and energy-coupling processes. The following effects of fatty acids and acyl-CoA thioesters on energy metabolism of mitochondria can now be assumed: (1) Inhibition of adenine nucleotide translocation. This effect may increase the energy state of mitochondria respiring under state 3 conditions and decrease phosphorylation potential in the surrounding medium (the cytoplasm). (2) Increased permeability to monovalent cations. This may lead to a partial energy dissipation due to a futile recycling of K+ (or another cation), namely and energy-dependent uptake and a passive outflow. (3) True uncoupling due to increased permeability to protons. This effect probably occurs at high concentrations of fatty acids only. (4) Substrate effect. Fatty acids in the form of acyl-CoA are excellent respiratory substrates for mitochondria of most tissues. Their oxidation is coupled to the generation of high energy state of the mitochondrial membrane and, consequently, to ATP synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:137238", "title": "Calorimetric studies of the interaction of myosin with ADP.", "content": "A calorimetric titration method was used to study ADP binding to native myosin. Data were analyzed by assuming that the myosin molecule has n independent and identical sites for ADP binding. The enthalpy change (deltaH), the binding constant (K), and n were determined. In 0.5 M KCl, 0.01 M MgCl2, and 0.02 M Tris/HCl (pH 7.8), we found: at 0 degrees, deltaH = -57.1 +/- 3.2 kJ-mol-1, log K = 6.42 +/- 0.13, n = 1.49 +/- 0.07; at 12 degrees, deltaH = 73.1 +/- 3.2 kJ-mole-1, log K = 6.08 +/- 0.13, and n = 1.74 +/- 0.07. The average heat capacity change on ADP binding to myosin between 0 and 12 degrees is thus -1.4 +/- 0.4 kJ-mol-1-K-1. Reasonably consistent results were obtained at 25 degrees, suggesting ADP binding to myosin is as strongly exothermic as at lower temperatures, although further interpretation of this result seems unwarranted, mainly because of the instability of myosic at this temperature. The number of protons released on binding of ADP to myosin was determined in separate experiments. The value was 0.19 +/- 0.02 at both 0 and 12 degrees. The reaction of protons with Tris thus contributes about -9.5 kJ-mol-1 to the observed heat on ADP binding.", "contents": "Calorimetric studies of the interaction of myosin with ADP. A calorimetric titration method was used to study ADP binding to native myosin. Data were analyzed by assuming that the myosin molecule has n independent and identical sites for ADP binding. The enthalpy change (deltaH), the binding constant (K), and n were determined. In 0.5 M KCl, 0.01 M MgCl2, and 0.02 M Tris/HCl (pH 7.8), we found: at 0 degrees, deltaH = -57.1 +/- 3.2 kJ-mol-1, log K = 6.42 +/- 0.13, n = 1.49 +/- 0.07; at 12 degrees, deltaH = 73.1 +/- 3.2 kJ-mole-1, log K = 6.08 +/- 0.13, and n = 1.74 +/- 0.07. The average heat capacity change on ADP binding to myosin between 0 and 12 degrees is thus -1.4 +/- 0.4 kJ-mol-1-K-1. Reasonably consistent results were obtained at 25 degrees, suggesting ADP binding to myosin is as strongly exothermic as at lower temperatures, although further interpretation of this result seems unwarranted, mainly because of the instability of myosic at this temperature. The number of protons released on binding of ADP to myosin was determined in separate experiments. The value was 0.19 +/- 0.02 at both 0 and 12 degrees. The reaction of protons with Tris thus contributes about -9.5 kJ-mol-1 to the observed heat on ADP binding."}
{"id": "PMID:137239", "title": "Disappearance of specific proteins from the membranes of colicin-treated cells.", "content": "Two colicins that affect energy metabolism in Escherichia coli (colicins K and E1) are shown to cause loss of specific membrane proteins from treated cells. Disappearance of these proteins after treatment with colicin K occurs at low multiplicities and is independent of ATPase (EC 3.6.1.4) and phospholipase A (EC 3.1.1.4) activities. The uncouplers carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and dinitrophenol do not alter the pattern of membrane proteins.", "contents": "Disappearance of specific proteins from the membranes of colicin-treated cells. Two colicins that affect energy metabolism in Escherichia coli (colicins K and E1) are shown to cause loss of specific membrane proteins from treated cells. Disappearance of these proteins after treatment with colicin K occurs at low multiplicities and is independent of ATPase (EC 3.6.1.4) and phospholipase A (EC 3.1.1.4) activities. The uncouplers carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone and dinitrophenol do not alter the pattern of membrane proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:137240", "title": "Purification and characterization of squid brain myosin.", "content": "Myosin was extracted from frozen squid brain and purified by a modification of the procedure of Pollard et al. (Pollard, T.D., Thomas, S.M., and Niederman, R. (1974) Anal. Biochem. 60, 258-266). Myosin was eluted from Bio-Gel A-15m column as a single peak of (K+-EDTA)-activated ATPase ((K+-EDTA)-ATPase) activity with an average partition coefficient (Kav) of 0.22. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified myosin showed a predominant band with similar electrophoretic mobility as the heavy chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin, and two less intense bands near the bottom of the gel. No actin band was seen. The properties of the (K+-EDTA)-ATPase activity were: (a) the time course of the reaction was biphasic at 25 degrees but linear at 32 degrees; (b) the optimum rate of reaction was obtained between 0.3 and 0.8 M KCl; (c) the pH optimum was between 8.0 and 9.0; (d) the reaction was specific for ATP with an apparent Km of 0.19 mM. ATPase activity in 0.06 M KCl and 5 mM MgCl2 was increased about 1.5 times by a 10-fold excess of rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin and about 5 times by a 40-fold excess. The actin activation was inhibited slightly by the addition of 0.2 mM CaCl2 and completely by the addition of 10 mM CaCl2. Myosin formed arrowhead patterns with rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin as observed by electron microscopy of negatively stained samples. It also aggregated in bipolar filaments which attached to decorated actin filaments at different angles, as well as formed cross-connections and ladder-like patterns between actin filaments. These two forms of interactions between myosin and actin were abolished by treatment with MgATP.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of squid brain myosin. Myosin was extracted from frozen squid brain and purified by a modification of the procedure of Pollard et al. (Pollard, T.D., Thomas, S.M., and Niederman, R. (1974) Anal. Biochem. 60, 258-266). Myosin was eluted from Bio-Gel A-15m column as a single peak of (K+-EDTA)-activated ATPase ((K+-EDTA)-ATPase) activity with an average partition coefficient (Kav) of 0.22. In sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis, the purified myosin showed a predominant band with similar electrophoretic mobility as the heavy chain of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin, and two less intense bands near the bottom of the gel. No actin band was seen. The properties of the (K+-EDTA)-ATPase activity were: (a) the time course of the reaction was biphasic at 25 degrees but linear at 32 degrees; (b) the optimum rate of reaction was obtained between 0.3 and 0.8 M KCl; (c) the pH optimum was between 8.0 and 9.0; (d) the reaction was specific for ATP with an apparent Km of 0.19 mM. ATPase activity in 0.06 M KCl and 5 mM MgCl2 was increased about 1.5 times by a 10-fold excess of rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin and about 5 times by a 40-fold excess. The actin activation was inhibited slightly by the addition of 0.2 mM CaCl2 and completely by the addition of 10 mM CaCl2. Myosin formed arrowhead patterns with rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin as observed by electron microscopy of negatively stained samples. It also aggregated in bipolar filaments which attached to decorated actin filaments at different angles, as well as formed cross-connections and ladder-like patterns between actin filaments. These two forms of interactions between myosin and actin were abolished by treatment with MgATP."}
{"id": "PMID:137241", "title": "Assembly of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biosynthesis of calsequestrin in rat skeletal muscle cell cultures.", "content": "Temporal patterns of biosynthesis of the sarcoplasmic reticulum protein, calsequestrin, were analyzed and compared with rates of ATPase synthesis in primary cultures of rat skeletal muscle cells. Rates of synthesis were measured by the incorporation of radioactive leucine into the isolated proteins. Cells at various stages of differentiation were incubated for 2 h with tritium-labeled leucine and extracted with detergent. The extracts were incubated with antibodies specific against calsequestrin or the ATPase and immunoprecipitates were separated by disc gel electrophoresis. Incorporation of radioactivity into bands identified as calsequestrin or the ATPase was analyzed by counting of gel slices. In Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium (DME medium) containing 0.1 volume of horse serum and 0.005 volume of chick embryo extract, the cells began to fuse after about 50 h in culture, forming multinucleated myotubes. Calsequestrin synthesis was barely detectable after 24 h in culture. After 44 h, before fusion of myoblasts began, the rate of calsequestrin synthesis increased severalfold. The rate of synthesis continued to increase until about 72 h and then diminished. If cells were transferred at 44 h to DME medium containing 0.2 volume of fetal calf serum and 0.08 volume of chick embryo extract, fusion was delayed by about 20 h. In this medium the rate of calsequestrin synthesis diminished after a peak at 44 h but, by contrast, the rate of synthesis of the ATPase increased dramatically following fusion at about 80 h. If cells were transferred at about 40 h to DME medium containing 0.1 volume of horse serum and only 60 muM Ca2+ the cells did not fuse and, again, the rate of calsequestrin synthesis was diminished after a peak at about 40 h. By contrast the rate of ATPase synthesis increased sharply in spite of the lack of fusion. Both proteins were degraded with a half-life of about 20 h. These studies show that the synthesis of calsequestrin, an extrinsic membrane protein, and the ATPase, an intrinsic protein of the same membrane, are synthesized under separate control.", "contents": "Assembly of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Biosynthesis of calsequestrin in rat skeletal muscle cell cultures. Temporal patterns of biosynthesis of the sarcoplasmic reticulum protein, calsequestrin, were analyzed and compared with rates of ATPase synthesis in primary cultures of rat skeletal muscle cells. Rates of synthesis were measured by the incorporation of radioactive leucine into the isolated proteins. Cells at various stages of differentiation were incubated for 2 h with tritium-labeled leucine and extracted with detergent. The extracts were incubated with antibodies specific against calsequestrin or the ATPase and immunoprecipitates were separated by disc gel electrophoresis. Incorporation of radioactivity into bands identified as calsequestrin or the ATPase was analyzed by counting of gel slices. In Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium (DME medium) containing 0.1 volume of horse serum and 0.005 volume of chick embryo extract, the cells began to fuse after about 50 h in culture, forming multinucleated myotubes. Calsequestrin synthesis was barely detectable after 24 h in culture. After 44 h, before fusion of myoblasts began, the rate of calsequestrin synthesis increased severalfold. The rate of synthesis continued to increase until about 72 h and then diminished. If cells were transferred at 44 h to DME medium containing 0.2 volume of fetal calf serum and 0.08 volume of chick embryo extract, fusion was delayed by about 20 h. In this medium the rate of calsequestrin synthesis diminished after a peak at 44 h but, by contrast, the rate of synthesis of the ATPase increased dramatically following fusion at about 80 h. If cells were transferred at about 40 h to DME medium containing 0.1 volume of horse serum and only 60 muM Ca2+ the cells did not fuse and, again, the rate of calsequestrin synthesis was diminished after a peak at about 40 h. By contrast the rate of ATPase synthesis increased sharply in spite of the lack of fusion. Both proteins were degraded with a half-life of about 20 h. These studies show that the synthesis of calsequestrin, an extrinsic membrane protein, and the ATPase, an intrinsic protein of the same membrane, are synthesized under separate control."}
{"id": "PMID:137242", "title": "Dependence of renal (Na+ + k+)-adenosine triphosphatase activity on thyroid status.", "content": "In thyroidectomized rats, a single injection of L-2,,5,2'-triiodothyronine (T3) (50mug/100 g body weight) elicited at 45% increase in (Na+ + k+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) activity of the membrane-rich fraction of renal cortex at the optimal time of response, 48 h after injection. Three successive doses of T3 (50 mug/100 g body weight), given on alternate days, increased NaK-ATPase by 67% in the renal cortex but had no significant effect on the outer medulla or the papilla. Moreover, T3 had no effect on Mg2+-dependent adenosine trisphatase (MgATPase) in cortex, cedulla, or papilla. Three doses of T3 (50 mug/100 g body weight) given on alternate days to thyroidectomized rats elecited a 134, 79, and 46% increase in Vmax for ATP, Na4, and K+, respectively. There were no changes in the Km for ATP or the K1/2 values for Na+ and K+. Two methods were used to estimate the effect of T3 on the number of NaK-ATPase units (assumed to represent the number of Na+ pump sites); rat renal plasma membrane fractions were incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP, Mg2+, and Na+; the 32P-labeled membrane protein yeild was quantitatively dependent on Na+ and was hydrolyzed on addition of K+. There was a linear correlation between the specific activity of NaK-ATPase (Vmax) and the amount of phosphorylated intermediate formed, in renal cortical membrane fractions from thyroidectomized rats given T3 or the diluent. There was also a linear correlation between the specific activity of NaK-ATPase (Vmax) and the amount of [3H]ouabain specifically bound (Na+-, Mg2+-, APT-dependent) to the NaK-ATPase preparation. Injection of T3 resulted in a 70% increase in NaK-ATPase activity, a 79% increase in formation of the phosphorylated intermediate, and a 65% increase in the [H]ouabain specifically bound to the NaK-ATPase system. The T3-dependent increases in Vmax for ATP, Na+, and K+ and the proportionate increases in the phosphorylated intermediate and in the amount of [3H]ouabain bound indicate that T3 increases the number of NaK-ATPase units and that this increase accounts for the increase in NaK-ATPase activity.", "contents": "Dependence of renal (Na+ + k+)-adenosine triphosphatase activity on thyroid status. In thyroidectomized rats, a single injection of L-2,,5,2'-triiodothyronine (T3) (50mug/100 g body weight) elicited at 45% increase in (Na+ + k+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) activity of the membrane-rich fraction of renal cortex at the optimal time of response, 48 h after injection. Three successive doses of T3 (50 mug/100 g body weight), given on alternate days, increased NaK-ATPase by 67% in the renal cortex but had no significant effect on the outer medulla or the papilla. Moreover, T3 had no effect on Mg2+-dependent adenosine trisphatase (MgATPase) in cortex, cedulla, or papilla. Three doses of T3 (50 mug/100 g body weight) given on alternate days to thyroidectomized rats elecited a 134, 79, and 46% increase in Vmax for ATP, Na4, and K+, respectively. There were no changes in the Km for ATP or the K1/2 values for Na+ and K+. Two methods were used to estimate the effect of T3 on the number of NaK-ATPase units (assumed to represent the number of Na+ pump sites); rat renal plasma membrane fractions were incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP, Mg2+, and Na+; the 32P-labeled membrane protein yeild was quantitatively dependent on Na+ and was hydrolyzed on addition of K+. There was a linear correlation between the specific activity of NaK-ATPase (Vmax) and the amount of phosphorylated intermediate formed, in renal cortical membrane fractions from thyroidectomized rats given T3 or the diluent. There was also a linear correlation between the specific activity of NaK-ATPase (Vmax) and the amount of [3H]ouabain specifically bound (Na+-, Mg2+-, APT-dependent) to the NaK-ATPase preparation. Injection of T3 resulted in a 70% increase in NaK-ATPase activity, a 79% increase in formation of the phosphorylated intermediate, and a 65% increase in the [H]ouabain specifically bound to the NaK-ATPase system. The T3-dependent increases in Vmax for ATP, Na+, and K+ and the proportionate increases in the phosphorylated intermediate and in the amount of [3H]ouabain bound indicate that T3 increases the number of NaK-ATPase units and that this increase accounts for the increase in NaK-ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:137243", "title": "Effect of triiodothyronine on the synthesis and degradation of renal cortical (Na+ + k+)-adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "The present studies concern the roles of synthesis and degradation of the large subunit of (Na+ + k+)-adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) in the response to triiodothyronin (T3). Single doses of either the diluent of T3 (50 mug/100 g body weight) were given to two pairs of surgically thyroidectomized rats. Twenty hours after injection, the rats received 3H- or 35S-labeled methionine administered as a constant injusion into the tail vein for 1 h. The kidneys were removed either 8 h or 20 h after infusion and the eight kidneys were divided into pairs, as follows. I, 3H (diluent)/35S (T3); II, 35S (diluent)/3H (T3); III, 3H (diluent)/35S (diluent); IV, 3H (T3)/35S (T3). Partially purified NaK-ATPase was prepared from the pooled homogenates and prepared from the pooled homogenates and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAG-electrophoresis). The large subunit of NaK-ATPase was identified by (Na+ + mg2+)-dependent and K+-sensitive incorpotation of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP. This component had an estimated molecular weight of 92,000 and migrated as a single peptide in gels of varying total carylamide concentration, with respect to: (1) Coomassie blue staining, (b) (Na+ + Mg2+)-dependent, K+-sensitive incorporation of 32P from [gamma-32-P]ATP, and (c) T3-dependent enhanced incorporation of labeled methionine. T3 augmented incorporation of labeled methionine into the large subunit by 44% 8 h after infusion of the amino acid and by 61% 20 h after infusion. Incorporation of methionine into two adjacent polypeptides in the SDS gels was unaffected by thyroid status. The effect otical NaK-ATPase was assessed by a double label technique. Pairs of thyroidectomized rats were injected with either the diluent or 50 mug of T3/100 g body weight at 48-h after the first injection (diluent or T3, i.e. Day \"zero\"). Kidney cortices were processed on either Day 4 or Day 6; the partially purified NaK-ATPase fraction was prepared, labeled with [gamma-32P]ATP, and analyzed by SDS-PAG-electrophoresis. The degredation rate constants of the large subunit were similar; 0.145 and 0.124 day-1 for the hypothyroid and T3-treated groups, respectively. Thus, the T2-dependent increase in incorporation of labeled methionine into the large subunit appears to result from enhanced synthesis and this increase is sufficient to account for the entire increase in both the number of the activity of the NaK-ATPase units.", "contents": "Effect of triiodothyronine on the synthesis and degradation of renal cortical (Na+ + k+)-adenosine triphosphatase. The present studies concern the roles of synthesis and degradation of the large subunit of (Na+ + k+)-adenosine triphosphatase (NaK-ATPase) in the response to triiodothyronin (T3). Single doses of either the diluent of T3 (50 mug/100 g body weight) were given to two pairs of surgically thyroidectomized rats. Twenty hours after injection, the rats received 3H- or 35S-labeled methionine administered as a constant injusion into the tail vein for 1 h. The kidneys were removed either 8 h or 20 h after infusion and the eight kidneys were divided into pairs, as follows. I, 3H (diluent)/35S (T3); II, 35S (diluent)/3H (T3); III, 3H (diluent)/35S (diluent); IV, 3H (T3)/35S (T3). Partially purified NaK-ATPase was prepared from the pooled homogenates and prepared from the pooled homogenates and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAG-electrophoresis). The large subunit of NaK-ATPase was identified by (Na+ + mg2+)-dependent and K+-sensitive incorpotation of 32P from [gamma-32P]ATP. This component had an estimated molecular weight of 92,000 and migrated as a single peptide in gels of varying total carylamide concentration, with respect to: (1) Coomassie blue staining, (b) (Na+ + Mg2+)-dependent, K+-sensitive incorporation of 32P from [gamma-32-P]ATP, and (c) T3-dependent enhanced incorporation of labeled methionine. T3 augmented incorporation of labeled methionine into the large subunit by 44% 8 h after infusion of the amino acid and by 61% 20 h after infusion. Incorporation of methionine into two adjacent polypeptides in the SDS gels was unaffected by thyroid status. The effect otical NaK-ATPase was assessed by a double label technique. Pairs of thyroidectomized rats were injected with either the diluent or 50 mug of T3/100 g body weight at 48-h after the first injection (diluent or T3, i.e. Day \"zero\"). Kidney cortices were processed on either Day 4 or Day 6; the partially purified NaK-ATPase fraction was prepared, labeled with [gamma-32P]ATP, and analyzed by SDS-PAG-electrophoresis. The degredation rate constants of the large subunit were similar; 0.145 and 0.124 day-1 for the hypothyroid and T3-treated groups, respectively. Thus, the T2-dependent increase in incorporation of labeled methionine into the large subunit appears to result from enhanced synthesis and this increase is sufficient to account for the entire increase in both the number of the activity of the NaK-ATPase units."}
{"id": "PMID:137245", "title": "Congenital bipartite scaphoid--fact or fiction?", "content": "Whether there is such a condition as congenital bipartite scaphoid has long been debated. Five cases that fulfill the established criteria are presented, supplemented by a review of roentgenograms of 17,439 hands in which no case of bipartite scaphoid was detected. Serial sections of 196 fetal hands also failed to reveal any evidence of bipartite development of the scaphoid. We concluded that bipartite scaphoid is of traumatic origin and should be treated accordingly.", "contents": "Congenital bipartite scaphoid--fact or fiction? Whether there is such a condition as congenital bipartite scaphoid has long been debated. Five cases that fulfill the established criteria are presented, supplemented by a review of roentgenograms of 17,439 hands in which no case of bipartite scaphoid was detected. Serial sections of 196 fetal hands also failed to reveal any evidence of bipartite development of the scaphoid. We concluded that bipartite scaphoid is of traumatic origin and should be treated accordingly."}
{"id": "PMID:137246", "title": "Morphological changes of the adipose cell plasma membrane during lipolysis.", "content": "Morphological changes of the plasma membrane in the white adipose cell associated with lipid mobilization were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively on freeze-fracture replicas of epididymal adipose tissue from fasted and from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The number of plasma membrane invaginations and intramembranous particles were evaluated per square micrometer of membrane and per entire adipocyte. These two determinations show that the number per square micrometer (local concentration) of both structural features progressively increases with the duration of diabetes and fasting, while that at the same time their number per entire cell (total content) remains unchanged. These data thus show: (a) a reorganization of the adipose cell plasma membrane during lipolysis; and (b) that this reorganization can be detected only by determining the concentration and the total content of the structural features of the membrane involved.", "contents": "Morphological changes of the adipose cell plasma membrane during lipolysis. Morphological changes of the plasma membrane in the white adipose cell associated with lipid mobilization were assessed qualitatively and quantitatively on freeze-fracture replicas of epididymal adipose tissue from fasted and from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The number of plasma membrane invaginations and intramembranous particles were evaluated per square micrometer of membrane and per entire adipocyte. These two determinations show that the number per square micrometer (local concentration) of both structural features progressively increases with the duration of diabetes and fasting, while that at the same time their number per entire cell (total content) remains unchanged. These data thus show: (a) a reorganization of the adipose cell plasma membrane during lipolysis; and (b) that this reorganization can be detected only by determining the concentration and the total content of the structural features of the membrane involved."}
{"id": "PMID:137247", "title": "Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in premature infants and infants with intrauterine growth retardation.", "content": "Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood samples obtained in 128 ill newborn infants. Serial sampling was carried out in 40 infants. There were wide ranges found in the values in all gestational age groups, and there were not significant differences in the first day of life between DHAS levels in less than 30 week gestation prematures, 6819 +/- 4631 (SD) ng/ml, and near term or term infants, 4307 +/- 1498 ng/ml. Mean DHAS concentrations did not decline over the first three weeks of life in prematures less than 36 weeks gestation. In six infants, age 35-73 days, and 29-34 weeks gestation at birth, the DHAS concentration was 1068 +/- 138 ng/ml. High concentrations were frequent in prematures less than 33 weeks gestation and could be correlated to epiodes of severe clinical stress. There were no significant differences in serum DHAS levels, on the first day of life, between infants with no hyaline membrane disease, nonfatal hyaline membrane disease and fatal hyaline membrane disease. Intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) infants, who were greater than 35 weeks gestation, had significantly lower (P less than .032) DHAS levels in the first day of life than normally grown infants. The results show that there is a persistence during the postnatal period of the prominent delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid production by the adrenal cortex characteristic of the fetus. Low concentrations of serum DHAS in IUGR infants suggest that the fetal zone of the neonatal adrenal cortex is a major source of circulating DHAS in the newborn period.", "contents": "Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in premature infants and infants with intrauterine growth retardation. Serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) was measured by radioimmunoassay in blood samples obtained in 128 ill newborn infants. Serial sampling was carried out in 40 infants. There were wide ranges found in the values in all gestational age groups, and there were not significant differences in the first day of life between DHAS levels in less than 30 week gestation prematures, 6819 +/- 4631 (SD) ng/ml, and near term or term infants, 4307 +/- 1498 ng/ml. Mean DHAS concentrations did not decline over the first three weeks of life in prematures less than 36 weeks gestation. In six infants, age 35-73 days, and 29-34 weeks gestation at birth, the DHAS concentration was 1068 +/- 138 ng/ml. High concentrations were frequent in prematures less than 33 weeks gestation and could be correlated to epiodes of severe clinical stress. There were no significant differences in serum DHAS levels, on the first day of life, between infants with no hyaline membrane disease, nonfatal hyaline membrane disease and fatal hyaline membrane disease. Intrauterine growth retarded (IUGR) infants, who were greater than 35 weeks gestation, had significantly lower (P less than .032) DHAS levels in the first day of life than normally grown infants. The results show that there is a persistence during the postnatal period of the prominent delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid production by the adrenal cortex characteristic of the fetus. Low concentrations of serum DHAS in IUGR infants suggest that the fetal zone of the neonatal adrenal cortex is a major source of circulating DHAS in the newborn period."}
{"id": "PMID:137248", "title": "Increased insulin binding by hepatic plasma membranes from diabetic rats: normalization by insulin therapy.", "content": "Hepatic plasma membranes prepared from rats rendered diabetic by streptozotocin bound approximately twice as much insulin per 50 mug protein as control membranes. Glucagon binding of diabetic and control membranes was virtually identical. This increased insulin binding was not due to a nonspecific effect of streptozotocin, decreased degradation of insulin slower dissociation from its receptor, or a selective higher yield of membranes prepared from the diabetic livers. Diabetic and control membranes both showed negative cooperativity. Scatchard analysis suggested that the difference in binding was due to an enhanced binding capacity of the diabetic membranes rather than increased affinity of the binding sites. Increased insulin binding of diabetic membranes was returned to normal by insulin treatment. These data are consistent with the postulate that there is an inverse relationship between circulating insulin levels and insulin binding and that insulin may modulate its own receptor. However, since it has been reported that fat, muscle, and hepatic tissue from rats made diabetic by alloxan administration are insensitive to insulin, the capacity for binding can not be the sole factor determining the response to insulin in diabetes mellitus. Therefore, sensitivity of the diabetic liver to insulin is determined, at least in part, by events subsequent to the binding of insulin to its receptor.", "contents": "Increased insulin binding by hepatic plasma membranes from diabetic rats: normalization by insulin therapy. Hepatic plasma membranes prepared from rats rendered diabetic by streptozotocin bound approximately twice as much insulin per 50 mug protein as control membranes. Glucagon binding of diabetic and control membranes was virtually identical. This increased insulin binding was not due to a nonspecific effect of streptozotocin, decreased degradation of insulin slower dissociation from its receptor, or a selective higher yield of membranes prepared from the diabetic livers. Diabetic and control membranes both showed negative cooperativity. Scatchard analysis suggested that the difference in binding was due to an enhanced binding capacity of the diabetic membranes rather than increased affinity of the binding sites. Increased insulin binding of diabetic membranes was returned to normal by insulin treatment. These data are consistent with the postulate that there is an inverse relationship between circulating insulin levels and insulin binding and that insulin may modulate its own receptor. However, since it has been reported that fat, muscle, and hepatic tissue from rats made diabetic by alloxan administration are insensitive to insulin, the capacity for binding can not be the sole factor determining the response to insulin in diabetes mellitus. Therefore, sensitivity of the diabetic liver to insulin is determined, at least in part, by events subsequent to the binding of insulin to its receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:137261", "title": "Suprresion of in vitro lymphocyte stimulation in mice by uterine and placental extracts.", "content": "The effects of uterine extracts from virgin mice and uterine and placental extracts from mice at various stages of gestation on lymphocyte stimulation in vitro were compared. Placental and uterine extracts from mice in gestation, at 1% final concentration by volume, caused marked depression of lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) and to allogeneic cells in two-way mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). An equivalent concentration of uterine extract from virgin mice caused slight depression of uterine extract from virgin mice caused slight depression of lymphocyte reactivity. Suppression was most of lymphocyte reactivity. Suppression was most marked with uterine extracts of mice at 15 days of gestation. At least two factors of different m.w. in uterine and placental extracts were responsible for suppression of lymphocyte reactivity. The higher m.w. fraction, present in small amounts in the uteri of virgin mice, was markedly increased in uteri of pregnant mice. This fraction contained immunoglobulin G (IgG). These factors may be involved in a protective role for the fetus from rejection by the mother as an allograft, thus assuring successful pregnancy.", "contents": "Suprresion of in vitro lymphocyte stimulation in mice by uterine and placental extracts. The effects of uterine extracts from virgin mice and uterine and placental extracts from mice at various stages of gestation on lymphocyte stimulation in vitro were compared. Placental and uterine extracts from mice in gestation, at 1% final concentration by volume, caused marked depression of lymphocyte reactivity to phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) and to allogeneic cells in two-way mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). An equivalent concentration of uterine extract from virgin mice caused slight depression of uterine extract from virgin mice caused slight depression of lymphocyte reactivity. Suppression was most of lymphocyte reactivity. Suppression was most marked with uterine extracts of mice at 15 days of gestation. At least two factors of different m.w. in uterine and placental extracts were responsible for suppression of lymphocyte reactivity. The higher m.w. fraction, present in small amounts in the uteri of virgin mice, was markedly increased in uteri of pregnant mice. This fraction contained immunoglobulin G (IgG). These factors may be involved in a protective role for the fetus from rejection by the mother as an allograft, thus assuring successful pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:137262", "title": "The effect of locally injected vasoactive amines on the elicitation of delayed-type hypersensitivity.", "content": "In previous work monoamine depletion due to treatment with reserpine was shown to decrease the elicitabiltiy of DTH responses in mice. In addition, treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors prevented the reserpine-induced decrease. These findings led to the suggestion that serotonin-induced increased vascular permeability is necessary to the development of DTH reactions, perhaps by allowing bone marrow-derived macrophage precursor cells, which are obligate components of DTH responses, to migrate through specialized venules into the site of the reaction. We have compared classical drug tachyphlaxis (temporary inhibition of the effects of a drug by prior treatment with agonists) to serotonin in vessels of mouse feet with local inhibition of DTH after serotonin pretreatment of mice. During the tachyphylactic period, DTH responses are depressed. This suggests that serotonin-induced tachyphylaxis of local endothelial receptors can be responsible for DTH inhibition. In contrast, local injection of histamine has no effect on DTH and this drug is a much less potent inducer of tachyphylaxis to serotonin-mediated vasoactive reactions. On the other hand, histamine can inhibit in vitro T cell reactions, which are not affected by serotonin. These data help to further the concept that serotonin plays an important role in the regulation of DTH in mice and that it probably does so by acting on vascular endothelium.", "contents": "The effect of locally injected vasoactive amines on the elicitation of delayed-type hypersensitivity. In previous work monoamine depletion due to treatment with reserpine was shown to decrease the elicitabiltiy of DTH responses in mice. In addition, treatment with monoamine oxidase inhibitors prevented the reserpine-induced decrease. These findings led to the suggestion that serotonin-induced increased vascular permeability is necessary to the development of DTH reactions, perhaps by allowing bone marrow-derived macrophage precursor cells, which are obligate components of DTH responses, to migrate through specialized venules into the site of the reaction. We have compared classical drug tachyphlaxis (temporary inhibition of the effects of a drug by prior treatment with agonists) to serotonin in vessels of mouse feet with local inhibition of DTH after serotonin pretreatment of mice. During the tachyphylactic period, DTH responses are depressed. This suggests that serotonin-induced tachyphylaxis of local endothelial receptors can be responsible for DTH inhibition. In contrast, local injection of histamine has no effect on DTH and this drug is a much less potent inducer of tachyphylaxis to serotonin-mediated vasoactive reactions. On the other hand, histamine can inhibit in vitro T cell reactions, which are not affected by serotonin. These data help to further the concept that serotonin plays an important role in the regulation of DTH in mice and that it probably does so by acting on vascular endothelium."}
{"id": "PMID:137263", "title": "Immunologically specific cytolytic activity induced in long-term mixed leukocyte culture cells by concanavalin A.", "content": "Stimulation of cells from long-term primary MLC with Con A resulted in the generation of CTL activity comparable in magnitude to that induced by reexposure of the cells to the original stimulating cellular antigen. CTL generated by stimulation of long-term MLC cells with ConA had lytic activity specific for the original stimulating alloantigen used in primary MLC. The pattern of stimulation of long-term MLC cells with Con A differed from that of restimulation with alloantigen in that there was no detectable CTL activity the first 24 hr after Con A stimulation and the peak lytic activity occurred later. Unlike restimulation with alloantigen early lytic activity after Con A stimulation was dependent on DNA synthesis. PHA also proved to be an effective agent for stimulating cytolytic activity in long-term MLC cells. The response to PHA was comparable in magnitude to that generated by Con A. Stimulation of long-term MLC cells with T cell mitogens gave decreased cell recoveries relative to restimulation with alloantigen, however, the lytic activity per cells recovered was generally greater in the mitogen-stimulated cultures.", "contents": "Immunologically specific cytolytic activity induced in long-term mixed leukocyte culture cells by concanavalin A. Stimulation of cells from long-term primary MLC with Con A resulted in the generation of CTL activity comparable in magnitude to that induced by reexposure of the cells to the original stimulating cellular antigen. CTL generated by stimulation of long-term MLC cells with ConA had lytic activity specific for the original stimulating alloantigen used in primary MLC. The pattern of stimulation of long-term MLC cells with Con A differed from that of restimulation with alloantigen in that there was no detectable CTL activity the first 24 hr after Con A stimulation and the peak lytic activity occurred later. Unlike restimulation with alloantigen early lytic activity after Con A stimulation was dependent on DNA synthesis. PHA also proved to be an effective agent for stimulating cytolytic activity in long-term MLC cells. The response to PHA was comparable in magnitude to that generated by Con A. Stimulation of long-term MLC cells with T cell mitogens gave decreased cell recoveries relative to restimulation with alloantigen, however, the lytic activity per cells recovered was generally greater in the mitogen-stimulated cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:137264", "title": "Cytotoxic lymphocytes induced by soluble factors derived from the medium of leukocyte cultures.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to evaluate the cytotoxic capacity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes activated by either supernatants (CFM) derived from lymphocyte cultures or lymphocytes treated for 60 min at 45 degrees C. The effect of the addition of heat-treated cells on the cytotoxic activity of CFM-induced effector cells was also studied. CFM from either unmixed or mixed cultures of lymphocytes was capable of activating cytotoxic effector cells. These effector cells could kill any allogeneic target cells but failed to effect cytotoxicity on the target cells autologous to the responding cells. Both the heat-treated cells and CFM from cultures of these cells also activated lymphocytes to cytotoxic effector cells having specific receptors for nonself antigens. The question of whether heat-treated cells activate cytotoxic cells by themselves or through secreted soluble factor cannot yet be clearly answered. The findings of the present investigation suggest that expression of cytotoxicity induced in MLC is not necessarily restricted to the target cells syngeneic to the stimulator cells, but can be extended to any allogeneic target cells by the indirect effect of soluble factor secreted from stimulated cells that causes a polyclonal activation of cytotoxic precursors in the responding cell populations. The present findings also emphasize the need for caution in the use of heat-treated lymphocytes as innocent-bystander cells in MLC to provide additional cytotoxic specificities in the responder cells, since heat-treated cells alone can activate lymphocytes to cytotoxic effector cells that kill any allogeneic target cells.", "contents": "Cytotoxic lymphocytes induced by soluble factors derived from the medium of leukocyte cultures. Studies were undertaken to evaluate the cytotoxic capacity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes activated by either supernatants (CFM) derived from lymphocyte cultures or lymphocytes treated for 60 min at 45 degrees C. The effect of the addition of heat-treated cells on the cytotoxic activity of CFM-induced effector cells was also studied. CFM from either unmixed or mixed cultures of lymphocytes was capable of activating cytotoxic effector cells. These effector cells could kill any allogeneic target cells but failed to effect cytotoxicity on the target cells autologous to the responding cells. Both the heat-treated cells and CFM from cultures of these cells also activated lymphocytes to cytotoxic effector cells having specific receptors for nonself antigens. The question of whether heat-treated cells activate cytotoxic cells by themselves or through secreted soluble factor cannot yet be clearly answered. The findings of the present investigation suggest that expression of cytotoxicity induced in MLC is not necessarily restricted to the target cells syngeneic to the stimulator cells, but can be extended to any allogeneic target cells by the indirect effect of soluble factor secreted from stimulated cells that causes a polyclonal activation of cytotoxic precursors in the responding cell populations. The present findings also emphasize the need for caution in the use of heat-treated lymphocytes as innocent-bystander cells in MLC to provide additional cytotoxic specificities in the responder cells, since heat-treated cells alone can activate lymphocytes to cytotoxic effector cells that kill any allogeneic target cells."}
{"id": "PMID:137265", "title": "Bidirectional amplification of macrophage-lymphocyte interactions: enhanced lymphocyte activation factor production by activated adherent mouse peritoneal cells.", "content": "Adherent peritoneal cells (90 to 95% macrophages) from mice injected with Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG, or certain noninfectious agents such as pyran copolymer or phytohemagglutinin showed increased chemotactic and tumoricidal capacity in vitro. These activated macrophages elaborated 2 to 5 times more lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) in vitro than equal numbers of adherent cells from untreated mice. In contrast, adherent PC from mice treated with thioglycollate or mineral oil were not cytotoxic and did not produce more LAF than PC from untreated mice. Adherent PC from untreated nude mice, which have increased chemotactic and tumoricidal capacity in vitro, also exhibited enhanced LAF production compared to adherent PC from their normal littermates. Increased production of LAF was also evident with adherent PC and the macrophage-like tumor cell line P388D1 after incubation in vitro with bacterial endotoxins or with antigen-induced lymphokines. These data indicate that adherent PC can be activated either in vivo or in vitro to elaborate more LAF. Thus, activated macrophages are more effective than normal macrophages in amplification of the afferent limb of immune responses as well as in their effector functions.", "contents": "Bidirectional amplification of macrophage-lymphocyte interactions: enhanced lymphocyte activation factor production by activated adherent mouse peritoneal cells. Adherent peritoneal cells (90 to 95% macrophages) from mice injected with Mycobacterium bovis, strain BCG, or certain noninfectious agents such as pyran copolymer or phytohemagglutinin showed increased chemotactic and tumoricidal capacity in vitro. These activated macrophages elaborated 2 to 5 times more lymphocyte-activating factor (LAF) in vitro than equal numbers of adherent cells from untreated mice. In contrast, adherent PC from mice treated with thioglycollate or mineral oil were not cytotoxic and did not produce more LAF than PC from untreated mice. Adherent PC from untreated nude mice, which have increased chemotactic and tumoricidal capacity in vitro, also exhibited enhanced LAF production compared to adherent PC from their normal littermates. Increased production of LAF was also evident with adherent PC and the macrophage-like tumor cell line P388D1 after incubation in vitro with bacterial endotoxins or with antigen-induced lymphokines. These data indicate that adherent PC can be activated either in vivo or in vitro to elaborate more LAF. Thus, activated macrophages are more effective than normal macrophages in amplification of the afferent limb of immune responses as well as in their effector functions."}
{"id": "PMID:137266", "title": "Effect of intravenous or intra-amniotic injection of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate on oestrogen levels in urine and serum in late pregnancy with live anencephalic foetuses.", "content": "Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) was injected intravenously or intra-amniotically into eight volunteers carrying live anencephalic foetuses (including one microcephalic foetus). Urinary and unconjugated serum oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol were measured before and after DHAS administration. In seven pregnant women with live anencephalic foetuses the urinary excretion of oestriol was very low, and the ratio of oestriol to oestrone + oestradiol was much less than that during normal pregnancy. Increases of urinary oestrone and oestradiol but no significant change in the ratio of oestriol to oestrone + oestradiol were observed 24 h after i.v. administration of DHAS to five patients. In three patients, between 1 and 12 h after i.v. administration of DHAS (100-200 mg), the concentrations of serum oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol increased to 13-5, 6-8 and 3-1 times the control values, respectively. After injection of DHAS (200 mg) intra-amniotically into two patients, the urinary excretion of all three oestrogens increased much more on day 2 than on day 1, and the ratio of urinary oestriol to oestrone + oestradiol rose greatly. On the other hand, the concentrations of unconjugated serum oestrogens in these patients increased progressively between 1 and 12 h or more after DHAS administration, and the maximal level of serum oestriol was 9-8 times the control value while those of oestrone and oestradiol were 4-6 times and 5-0 times the control values, respectively. These results suggest that in late human pregnancy DHAS in the circulation of the mother is converted to oestriol largely via the phenolic pathway (DHAS leads to oestrone leads to oestriol), whereas DHAS circulating within the foeto-placental compartment is converted to oestriol via both the phenolic and the neutral intermediates.", "contents": "Effect of intravenous or intra-amniotic injection of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate on oestrogen levels in urine and serum in late pregnancy with live anencephalic foetuses. Dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) was injected intravenously or intra-amniotically into eight volunteers carrying live anencephalic foetuses (including one microcephalic foetus). Urinary and unconjugated serum oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol were measured before and after DHAS administration. In seven pregnant women with live anencephalic foetuses the urinary excretion of oestriol was very low, and the ratio of oestriol to oestrone + oestradiol was much less than that during normal pregnancy. Increases of urinary oestrone and oestradiol but no significant change in the ratio of oestriol to oestrone + oestradiol were observed 24 h after i.v. administration of DHAS to five patients. In three patients, between 1 and 12 h after i.v. administration of DHAS (100-200 mg), the concentrations of serum oestrone, oestradiol and oestriol increased to 13-5, 6-8 and 3-1 times the control values, respectively. After injection of DHAS (200 mg) intra-amniotically into two patients, the urinary excretion of all three oestrogens increased much more on day 2 than on day 1, and the ratio of urinary oestriol to oestrone + oestradiol rose greatly. On the other hand, the concentrations of unconjugated serum oestrogens in these patients increased progressively between 1 and 12 h or more after DHAS administration, and the maximal level of serum oestriol was 9-8 times the control value while those of oestrone and oestradiol were 4-6 times and 5-0 times the control values, respectively. These results suggest that in late human pregnancy DHAS in the circulation of the mother is converted to oestriol largely via the phenolic pathway (DHAS leads to oestrone leads to oestriol), whereas DHAS circulating within the foeto-placental compartment is converted to oestriol via both the phenolic and the neutral intermediates."}
{"id": "PMID:137267", "title": "Developmental patterns of rat muscle histochemistry.", "content": "A developmental progression of histochemical fiber typing is demonstrated in normal rat soleus muscle. By utilizing the acid lability of ATPase, the type II fibres are subdivided into type IIA, IIB and IIC. No IIB fibers are present in the newborn or adult rat soleus. In the 1-day-old animal 90% of the fibers can be differentiated into type I and II with all of the type II's demonstrating IIC characteristics. Only type I and IIC fibers are present until 18 days, when poorly differentiated IIA fibers first appear and gradually become the predominant type II fiber at the expense of IIC's. Further analysis documents the sequence of disappearance of myotubues from up to 80% of all fibers in the 1-day-old to less than 1% between 15 and 18 days. An analysis of the progression of fiber size according to type is presented.", "contents": "Developmental patterns of rat muscle histochemistry. A developmental progression of histochemical fiber typing is demonstrated in normal rat soleus muscle. By utilizing the acid lability of ATPase, the type II fibres are subdivided into type IIA, IIB and IIC. No IIB fibers are present in the newborn or adult rat soleus. In the 1-day-old animal 90% of the fibers can be differentiated into type I and II with all of the type II's demonstrating IIC characteristics. Only type I and IIC fibers are present until 18 days, when poorly differentiated IIA fibers first appear and gradually become the predominant type II fiber at the expense of IIC's. Further analysis documents the sequence of disappearance of myotubues from up to 80% of all fibers in the 1-day-old to less than 1% between 15 and 18 days. An analysis of the progression of fiber size according to type is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:137268", "title": "Specific binding of K- and I-region products of the H-2 complex to activated thymus-derived (T) cells belonging to different Ly subclasses.", "content": "Responder cells [C57BL/6J X A.TL)F1 lymph node cells depleted of bursa equivalent-derived (B) cells by filtration through nylon wool columns] were activated against incompatible K-region and I-region products together under conditions where these antigens are presented on separate stimulator cells. The resulting T blasts were stained with different concentrations of antisera directed against incompatible stimulator K-region or I-region products, or both. We obtained results that strongly suggest that in these cultures each activated responder blast stains with antiserum directed against either K-region or I-region products, but not both. Responder blasts from the same cultures were treated with antiserum and complement (C) directed against either Ly-1.2 or Ly-2.2 T-cell-specific surface antigens. Anti-Ly-1.2 serum and C specifically eliminates virtually all responder blasts staining with antiserum directed against stimulator I-region products; whereas anti-Ly-2.2 serum reduces to background levels the proportion of cells staining with antiserum against stimulator K-region products. The results obtained suggest that T cells binding stimulator K-region and I-region products, respectively, belong to two different subclasses distinguishable by their Ly phenotypes. Possible explanations for this association of T- cell subclass and specificity are discussed.", "contents": "Specific binding of K- and I-region products of the H-2 complex to activated thymus-derived (T) cells belonging to different Ly subclasses. Responder cells [C57BL/6J X A.TL)F1 lymph node cells depleted of bursa equivalent-derived (B) cells by filtration through nylon wool columns] were activated against incompatible K-region and I-region products together under conditions where these antigens are presented on separate stimulator cells. The resulting T blasts were stained with different concentrations of antisera directed against incompatible stimulator K-region or I-region products, or both. We obtained results that strongly suggest that in these cultures each activated responder blast stains with antiserum directed against either K-region or I-region products, but not both. Responder blasts from the same cultures were treated with antiserum and complement (C) directed against either Ly-1.2 or Ly-2.2 T-cell-specific surface antigens. Anti-Ly-1.2 serum and C specifically eliminates virtually all responder blasts staining with antiserum directed against stimulator I-region products; whereas anti-Ly-2.2 serum reduces to background levels the proportion of cells staining with antiserum against stimulator K-region products. The results obtained suggest that T cells binding stimulator K-region and I-region products, respectively, belong to two different subclasses distinguishable by their Ly phenotypes. Possible explanations for this association of T- cell subclass and specificity are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137269", "title": "Detection, isolation, and functional characterization of two human T-cell subclasses bearing unique differentiation antigens.", "content": "A heterologous antihuman T-cell serum (anti-TH1), raised against purified peripheral T cells, and absorbed with an autologous Ig+ line, was shown to bind specifically to T- but not to B-lymphoid cells by both a complement-dependent cytotoxic assay and indirect immunofluorescence. Whereas 90% fetal thymocytes and thymocytes were killed by anti-TH1 and complement, a consistently restricted population (50-60%) of peripheral T cells from several normal donors were lysed, indicating that anti-TH1 is directed against one or more thymus-specific antigens which are lost or reduced on a subpopulation of human T cells in the periphery. Functional analysis of the unreactive (TH1-) and reactive (TH1+) T-cell subclasses demonstrated that TH1- cells mounted a good proliferative response to a battery of specific soluble antigens (mumps, PPD, tetanus toxoid) but neither responded in MLC, nor elaborated LMF in response to tetanus toxoid. In contrast TH1+ cells proliferated in MLC and elaborated LMF but did not respond by 3H-incorporation to soluble antigens. The relevance of these findings to human T-cell functions in vivo and to previously described functional subclasses of murine T cells is discussed.", "contents": "Detection, isolation, and functional characterization of two human T-cell subclasses bearing unique differentiation antigens. A heterologous antihuman T-cell serum (anti-TH1), raised against purified peripheral T cells, and absorbed with an autologous Ig+ line, was shown to bind specifically to T- but not to B-lymphoid cells by both a complement-dependent cytotoxic assay and indirect immunofluorescence. Whereas 90% fetal thymocytes and thymocytes were killed by anti-TH1 and complement, a consistently restricted population (50-60%) of peripheral T cells from several normal donors were lysed, indicating that anti-TH1 is directed against one or more thymus-specific antigens which are lost or reduced on a subpopulation of human T cells in the periphery. Functional analysis of the unreactive (TH1-) and reactive (TH1+) T-cell subclasses demonstrated that TH1- cells mounted a good proliferative response to a battery of specific soluble antigens (mumps, PPD, tetanus toxoid) but neither responded in MLC, nor elaborated LMF in response to tetanus toxoid. In contrast TH1+ cells proliferated in MLC and elaborated LMF but did not respond by 3H-incorporation to soluble antigens. The relevance of these findings to human T-cell functions in vivo and to previously described functional subclasses of murine T cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137301", "title": "Levodopa and Huntington's chorea.", "content": "Two patients with Huntington's chorea are reported whose psychiatric and neurological symptoms greatly improved after treatment with L-dopa. In both cases the basal values of CSF HVA were markedly decreased, being increased by the treatment with L-dopa.", "contents": "Levodopa and Huntington's chorea. Two patients with Huntington's chorea are reported whose psychiatric and neurological symptoms greatly improved after treatment with L-dopa. In both cases the basal values of CSF HVA were markedly decreased, being increased by the treatment with L-dopa."}
{"id": "PMID:137302", "title": "The fine localization of ATPases in cultures in vitro of chick embryo spinal cord.", "content": "A histochemical study of the ultrastructural localization of ATPases in cultures of chick embryo spinal cord has been carried out. The localization of Ca2+ and Mg2+ activated membrane ATPases appears similar: both enzyme activities are localized on the outer surfaces of plasma membranes of all kinds of cell present in the cultures, with the exception of the membranes in direct contact with the culture medium. The results are discussed in relation to data concerning the localization and function of ATPases in vivo and in relation to the possible establishment of mechanisms of nutrient uptake and transfer in cultures of nervous tissue.", "contents": "The fine localization of ATPases in cultures in vitro of chick embryo spinal cord. A histochemical study of the ultrastructural localization of ATPases in cultures of chick embryo spinal cord has been carried out. The localization of Ca2+ and Mg2+ activated membrane ATPases appears similar: both enzyme activities are localized on the outer surfaces of plasma membranes of all kinds of cell present in the cultures, with the exception of the membranes in direct contact with the culture medium. The results are discussed in relation to data concerning the localization and function of ATPases in vivo and in relation to the possible establishment of mechanisms of nutrient uptake and transfer in cultures of nervous tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:137304", "title": "Myocardial images in nonacute coronary and noncoronary heart diseases.", "content": "To determine the variables that might affect interpretability of myocardial perfusion images in patients with acute myocardial infarctions, images obtained following intravenous administration of potassium-43 or cesium-129 were evaluated in 68 patients with nonacute coronary or noncoronary heart diseases, who were undergoing cardiac catheterization. Severe coronary arterial disease usually produces no distinctive perfusion defects in the resting state. Remote infarcts likewise tend to remain undetectable unless accompanied by wall-motion disturbances that can be detected by ventriculography. Left ventricular hypertrophy or cardiac dilatation can produce perfusion patterns indistinguishable from the ischemic defects of infarction. Right ventricular hypertrophy can cause image alterations that mimic infarcts in the left ventricle. In patients with acute myocardial infarction, sequential imaging studies with perfusion indicators should be of value in determining the effects of various therapeutic maneuvers on regional myocardial perfusion, but variations caused by conditions other than acute vascular occlusion limit the usefulness of perfusion imaging for diagnosing acute infarction. In suspected acute infarction, perfusion imaging will be used most effectively in conjunction with other imaging or nonimaging procedures that show the presence of damaged or necrotic myocardium. The information derived from this study should be generally applicable to the interpretation of imaging results obtained with the newer indicators of myocardial perfusion now in use or under development.", "contents": "Myocardial images in nonacute coronary and noncoronary heart diseases. To determine the variables that might affect interpretability of myocardial perfusion images in patients with acute myocardial infarctions, images obtained following intravenous administration of potassium-43 or cesium-129 were evaluated in 68 patients with nonacute coronary or noncoronary heart diseases, who were undergoing cardiac catheterization. Severe coronary arterial disease usually produces no distinctive perfusion defects in the resting state. Remote infarcts likewise tend to remain undetectable unless accompanied by wall-motion disturbances that can be detected by ventriculography. Left ventricular hypertrophy or cardiac dilatation can produce perfusion patterns indistinguishable from the ischemic defects of infarction. Right ventricular hypertrophy can cause image alterations that mimic infarcts in the left ventricle. In patients with acute myocardial infarction, sequential imaging studies with perfusion indicators should be of value in determining the effects of various therapeutic maneuvers on regional myocardial perfusion, but variations caused by conditions other than acute vascular occlusion limit the usefulness of perfusion imaging for diagnosing acute infarction. In suspected acute infarction, perfusion imaging will be used most effectively in conjunction with other imaging or nonimaging procedures that show the presence of damaged or necrotic myocardium. The information derived from this study should be generally applicable to the interpretation of imaging results obtained with the newer indicators of myocardial perfusion now in use or under development."}
{"id": "PMID:137305", "title": "Fluid administration in the association of patent ductus arteriosus complicating respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Daily weights and mean daily fluid volumes administered to 62 infants with birth weights of less than 2,000 gm, who required respiratory support for respiratory distress syndrome, were reviewed. In 31 infants signs of patent ductus arteriosus developed. In a comparison group of 31 infants, the mean daily fluid volume was 144 ml/kg/24 hours, and the mean body weight was 102% of expected, differing significantly from the 189 nl/kg/24 hours, and 114% of expected weight in those infants who developed PDA. Those infants who developed PDA had not differed significantly from the comparison group in either mean daily fluid volumes or expected weights prior to a period two days before clinical evidence of PDA. Seven infants developed PDA in association with increased fluid administration on more than one occasion during nursery stay. Diuresis after excessive fluid administration was associated with improvement in, or resolution of, signs of PDA in many infants. The results suggest that excessive fluid administration to premature infants with RDS may be one factor associated with the developed of PDA complicating RDS (PDA/RDS).", "contents": "Fluid administration in the association of patent ductus arteriosus complicating respiratory distress syndrome. Daily weights and mean daily fluid volumes administered to 62 infants with birth weights of less than 2,000 gm, who required respiratory support for respiratory distress syndrome, were reviewed. In 31 infants signs of patent ductus arteriosus developed. In a comparison group of 31 infants, the mean daily fluid volume was 144 ml/kg/24 hours, and the mean body weight was 102% of expected, differing significantly from the 189 nl/kg/24 hours, and 114% of expected weight in those infants who developed PDA. Those infants who developed PDA had not differed significantly from the comparison group in either mean daily fluid volumes or expected weights prior to a period two days before clinical evidence of PDA. Seven infants developed PDA in association with increased fluid administration on more than one occasion during nursery stay. Diuresis after excessive fluid administration was associated with improvement in, or resolution of, signs of PDA in many infants. The results suggest that excessive fluid administration to premature infants with RDS may be one factor associated with the developed of PDA complicating RDS (PDA/RDS)."}
{"id": "PMID:137313", "title": "A new mouthstick prosthesis for handicapped patients.", "content": "Most mouthstick prostheses previously described in the literature have severely limited application or availability. They are either highly specific and sophisticated and difficult to fabricate or very crude and unifunctional. Most do not conform to basic functional and physiologic criteria as outlined, nor are they sufficiently flexible to meet the various needs and physical capabilities of of a wide spectrum of patients. The prosthesis described is adaptable, and with the basic bite-stick and the friction-grip lock, the patient can change the form and function of the device to perform various tasks independently. The prosthesis is simple, inexpensive, and easy to fabricate and repair, and it needs no specialized or sophisticated parts. It enables handicapped patients to attain a greater degree of self-sufficiency than was previously possible, which improves their mental outlook.", "contents": "A new mouthstick prosthesis for handicapped patients. Most mouthstick prostheses previously described in the literature have severely limited application or availability. They are either highly specific and sophisticated and difficult to fabricate or very crude and unifunctional. Most do not conform to basic functional and physiologic criteria as outlined, nor are they sufficiently flexible to meet the various needs and physical capabilities of of a wide spectrum of patients. The prosthesis described is adaptable, and with the basic bite-stick and the friction-grip lock, the patient can change the form and function of the device to perform various tasks independently. The prosthesis is simple, inexpensive, and easy to fabricate and repair, and it needs no specialized or sophisticated parts. It enables handicapped patients to attain a greater degree of self-sufficiency than was previously possible, which improves their mental outlook."}
{"id": "PMID:137314", "title": "Identifying handicapped people in general practice.", "content": "This study used the age-sex register of a group medical practice as the population base for a postal and follow-up interview enquiry to locate handicapped people and examined the possibility of the combined use of a practice diagnostic index and the patients' medical records for the same purpose. The age-sex register was found to contain deficiencies and inaccuracies despite the substantial efforts of members of the practice team to maintain it, for example, 13.5 per cent of the forms were returned as the addressee was unknown at the address.The 81.5 per cent of householders who responded identified 353 impaired people who were subsequently interviewed about the nature of their impairment, the underlying condition, and the range of their activities. Depending upon the answers to these questions, a proportion of these people were classified as handicapped and were asked further questions. The number of impaired people and their distribution in sex and age-groups were broadly similar to the findings from other surveys. The diagnoses of the underlying conditions given by the impaired people were discussed with the general practitioners and confirmed or otherwise by the use of the patients' notes or the recollections of the general practitioners.It was concluded that while the use of a diagnostic index would be helpful for some conditions, there would remain a substantial number of people with a disease that is potentially disabling who would have to be approached for further screening and also a substantial number of people who are handicapped, but who would be missed.", "contents": "Identifying handicapped people in general practice. This study used the age-sex register of a group medical practice as the population base for a postal and follow-up interview enquiry to locate handicapped people and examined the possibility of the combined use of a practice diagnostic index and the patients' medical records for the same purpose. The age-sex register was found to contain deficiencies and inaccuracies despite the substantial efforts of members of the practice team to maintain it, for example, 13.5 per cent of the forms were returned as the addressee was unknown at the address.The 81.5 per cent of householders who responded identified 353 impaired people who were subsequently interviewed about the nature of their impairment, the underlying condition, and the range of their activities. Depending upon the answers to these questions, a proportion of these people were classified as handicapped and were asked further questions. The number of impaired people and their distribution in sex and age-groups were broadly similar to the findings from other surveys. The diagnoses of the underlying conditions given by the impaired people were discussed with the general practitioners and confirmed or otherwise by the use of the patients' notes or the recollections of the general practitioners.It was concluded that while the use of a diagnostic index would be helpful for some conditions, there would remain a substantial number of people with a disease that is potentially disabling who would have to be approached for further screening and also a substantial number of people who are handicapped, but who would be missed."}
{"id": "PMID:137316", "title": "A comparison of subcutaneous and preperitoneal emphysema arising from gynecologic laparoscopic procedures.", "content": "Out of 1,300 cases of gynecologic laparoscopic procedures reviewed, three incidences of preperitoneal emphysema and several incidences of subcutaneous emphysema were noted. There were a few significant differences in the diagnosis and management of these two types of emphysema. In the medical literature reviewed by the author, preperitoneal emphysema has not been discussed while subcutaneous emphysema has received quite a lot of attention. Preperitoneal emphysema is defined as a collection of air or other gas which occurs in the tissue spaces between the abdominal fascia and the ventral peritoneum.", "contents": "A comparison of subcutaneous and preperitoneal emphysema arising from gynecologic laparoscopic procedures. Out of 1,300 cases of gynecologic laparoscopic procedures reviewed, three incidences of preperitoneal emphysema and several incidences of subcutaneous emphysema were noted. There were a few significant differences in the diagnosis and management of these two types of emphysema. In the medical literature reviewed by the author, preperitoneal emphysema has not been discussed while subcutaneous emphysema has received quite a lot of attention. Preperitoneal emphysema is defined as a collection of air or other gas which occurs in the tissue spaces between the abdominal fascia and the ventral peritoneum."}
{"id": "PMID:137317", "title": "Cardenolide analogues. 1. A 17beta-unsaturated aldehyde.", "content": "A 17beta-unsaturated aldehyde analogue [3beta,14beta-dihydroxy-5beta-pregn-17beta-trans-20-en-22-al (7)] of the cardenolides was synthesized and studied. In earlier studies by Rappoport, unsaturated aldehydes were found to be highly active electrophiles, more active, for example, than unsaturated nitriles or methyl esters. The synthesis followed in part a scheme previously reported by Thomas for the syntheses of the 17beta-unsaturated nitrile 9 and the 17beta-unsaturated methyl and ethyl esters 8 and 10. Both 9 and 8 are more Na+,K+-ATPase inhibiting and slightly less inotropic than digitoxigenin (1b). However, the unsaturated aldehyde 7 was less Na+,K+-ATPase inhibiting (I50 - 9.9 +/- 0.7 X 10(-7) M) and less inotropic (100% increase in contractile force at 8.5 +/- 1.0 X 10(-6) M) than 1b (I50 - 4.6 +/- 1.6 X 10(-7) M; 100% increase at 3.0 +/- 1.0 X 10(-7) M).", "contents": "Cardenolide analogues. 1. A 17beta-unsaturated aldehyde. A 17beta-unsaturated aldehyde analogue [3beta,14beta-dihydroxy-5beta-pregn-17beta-trans-20-en-22-al (7)] of the cardenolides was synthesized and studied. In earlier studies by Rappoport, unsaturated aldehydes were found to be highly active electrophiles, more active, for example, than unsaturated nitriles or methyl esters. The synthesis followed in part a scheme previously reported by Thomas for the syntheses of the 17beta-unsaturated nitrile 9 and the 17beta-unsaturated methyl and ethyl esters 8 and 10. Both 9 and 8 are more Na+,K+-ATPase inhibiting and slightly less inotropic than digitoxigenin (1b). However, the unsaturated aldehyde 7 was less Na+,K+-ATPase inhibiting (I50 - 9.9 +/- 0.7 X 10(-7) M) and less inotropic (100% increase in contractile force at 8.5 +/- 1.0 X 10(-6) M) than 1b (I50 - 4.6 +/- 1.6 X 10(-7) M; 100% increase at 3.0 +/- 1.0 X 10(-7) M)."}
{"id": "PMID:137318", "title": "Association of D/D translocations with fetal wastage and aneuploidy. A report of four families.", "content": "Four families are described with a t(13q14q) segregating. Two of them were identified through index cases with Down's syndrome; their karotypes revealed the unusual 46,XY, -13, -14, +t(13q14q), +21. The other two families were identified through a chromosomal study of parents with repeated spontaneous abortions. Analysis of data on 3 of these 4 families and on 7 other from the published reports showed no evidence of increased fetal wastage among 13/14 carriers. However, the risk of producing offspring with various types of aneuploidy may be greater among carriers than among persons with a normal chromosome pattern. Qualitative and quantitative differences in D/D translocations may account for the observed variation in clinical findings. These differences add to the problem of determining genetic risks from an analysis of grouped data.", "contents": "Association of D/D translocations with fetal wastage and aneuploidy. A report of four families. Four families are described with a t(13q14q) segregating. Two of them were identified through index cases with Down's syndrome; their karotypes revealed the unusual 46,XY, -13, -14, +t(13q14q), +21. The other two families were identified through a chromosomal study of parents with repeated spontaneous abortions. Analysis of data on 3 of these 4 families and on 7 other from the published reports showed no evidence of increased fetal wastage among 13/14 carriers. However, the risk of producing offspring with various types of aneuploidy may be greater among carriers than among persons with a normal chromosome pattern. Qualitative and quantitative differences in D/D translocations may account for the observed variation in clinical findings. These differences add to the problem of determining genetic risks from an analysis of grouped data."}
{"id": "PMID:137319", "title": "A giant short arm of no. 21 chromosome in mother of 21/21 translocation mongol.", "content": "An extreme variation of the short arm of no. 21 chromosome in the mother of a 21/21 translocation mongol is described. The possible relation between the very long short arm of chromosome no. 21 in the mother and a centric fusion type of translocation mongolism in the offspring is discussed.", "contents": "A giant short arm of no. 21 chromosome in mother of 21/21 translocation mongol. An extreme variation of the short arm of no. 21 chromosome in the mother of a 21/21 translocation mongol is described. The possible relation between the very long short arm of chromosome no. 21 in the mother and a centric fusion type of translocation mongolism in the offspring is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137324", "title": "The cause of G2-arrest in Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with anticancer drugs.", "content": "The nature of G2-arrest was studied in Chinese hamster ovary cells after exposure to 4'-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9-)4,6-0-2-thenylidene-beta-D-glycopyranoside (VM26), 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1,3-cis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, cis-4[[[(2-chloroethyl)-nitrosoamino] carbonyl] amino]- cyclohexane carboxylic acid, or neocarzinostatin. To determine whether this G2-arrest was due to a metabolic block or to damage to the genetic material, we employed the phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation to visualize the chromosomes of the G2-blocked cells by fusing them with mitotic cells. The prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) of the treated cells were scored for their position in the cell cycle and the extent of chromosomal damage in the G2-PCC. The data revealed a significant enrichment of the G2-fraction in all the treatments. Most of the G2- PCC from the treated cells were extensively damaged, showing 10 or more breaks and exchanges per cell. These studies clearly indicated that the treated cells accumulated in G2-phase because of their failure to progress into mitosis as a direct or indirect result of the extensive damage to the chromosomes.", "contents": "The cause of G2-arrest in Chinese hamster ovary cells treated with anticancer drugs. The nature of G2-arrest was studied in Chinese hamster ovary cells after exposure to 4'-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9-)4,6-0-2-thenylidene-beta-D-glycopyranoside (VM26), 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, 1,3-cis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, cis-4[[[(2-chloroethyl)-nitrosoamino] carbonyl] amino]- cyclohexane carboxylic acid, or neocarzinostatin. To determine whether this G2-arrest was due to a metabolic block or to damage to the genetic material, we employed the phenomenon of premature chromosome condensation to visualize the chromosomes of the G2-blocked cells by fusing them with mitotic cells. The prematurely condensed chromosomes (PCC) of the treated cells were scored for their position in the cell cycle and the extent of chromosomal damage in the G2-PCC. The data revealed a significant enrichment of the G2-fraction in all the treatments. Most of the G2- PCC from the treated cells were extensively damaged, showing 10 or more breaks and exchanges per cell. These studies clearly indicated that the treated cells accumulated in G2-phase because of their failure to progress into mitosis as a direct or indirect result of the extensive damage to the chromosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:137325", "title": "Preliminary report on the therapeutic effect of mebendazole in guinea worm infection.", "content": "Mebendazole was found to be effective in the treatment of patients infected with adult guinea worms. The patients consistently reported a rapid relief of pain, tenderness and swelling. The worms emerge from the ulcers in a degenerated, fragmented form. No extraction of worms is needed as the fragments are expelled spontaneously. Some cases need repetition of treatment when fresh lesions appear but healing is as rapid as in original lesions. No side-effects were encountered in spite of repetition of the course in some cases. The drug was well tolerated by all the patients included in the present study.", "contents": "Preliminary report on the therapeutic effect of mebendazole in guinea worm infection. Mebendazole was found to be effective in the treatment of patients infected with adult guinea worms. The patients consistently reported a rapid relief of pain, tenderness and swelling. The worms emerge from the ulcers in a degenerated, fragmented form. No extraction of worms is needed as the fragments are expelled spontaneously. Some cases need repetition of treatment when fresh lesions appear but healing is as rapid as in original lesions. No side-effects were encountered in spite of repetition of the course in some cases. The drug was well tolerated by all the patients included in the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:137327", "title": "Thromboendarterectomy for anuria 4 1/2 years post-renal transplant: a case report.", "content": "A 45-year-old woman with a functioning renal transplant for more than 4 years presented with an acute myocardial infarction and anuria. Arteriograms demonstrated an occluded hypogastric artery. Thromboendarterectomy and instillation of fibrinolysin restored renal blood flow. Although death followed recurrent myocardial infarction 1 week postoperatively, urine output was improving and autopsy revealed viable renal tissue.", "contents": "Thromboendarterectomy for anuria 4 1/2 years post-renal transplant: a case report. A 45-year-old woman with a functioning renal transplant for more than 4 years presented with an acute myocardial infarction and anuria. Arteriograms demonstrated an occluded hypogastric artery. Thromboendarterectomy and instillation of fibrinolysin restored renal blood flow. Although death followed recurrent myocardial infarction 1 week postoperatively, urine output was improving and autopsy revealed viable renal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:137328", "title": "Ureteral structure and ultrastructure. Part III. The congenitally dilated ureter (megaureter).", "content": "A selected group of congenitally dilated ureters was examined under light and electron microscopy, and the findings were compared to the clinicoradiologic features of each ureter. These dilated ureters exhibit qualitative and/or quantitative muscular deficiencies. The obstructed megaureters secondary to posterior urethral valves and the megaureters with reflux show non-specific pathologic changes in response to increased work load or decompensation but infection within the ureter is detrimental to the muscle cells. The ureters in babies with prune belly syndrome suffer from reduced muscle cell population and a distinct myopathy involving the myofilaments within the muscle cells. The dysplastic ureter is morphologically and end stage ureter wherein the muscle cells are severely compromised. Whether this is an underdevelopment or exhaustion from repeated infections is a matter for speculation.", "contents": "Ureteral structure and ultrastructure. Part III. The congenitally dilated ureter (megaureter). A selected group of congenitally dilated ureters was examined under light and electron microscopy, and the findings were compared to the clinicoradiologic features of each ureter. These dilated ureters exhibit qualitative and/or quantitative muscular deficiencies. The obstructed megaureters secondary to posterior urethral valves and the megaureters with reflux show non-specific pathologic changes in response to increased work load or decompensation but infection within the ureter is detrimental to the muscle cells. The ureters in babies with prune belly syndrome suffer from reduced muscle cell population and a distinct myopathy involving the myofilaments within the muscle cells. The dysplastic ureter is morphologically and end stage ureter wherein the muscle cells are severely compromised. Whether this is an underdevelopment or exhaustion from repeated infections is a matter for speculation."}
{"id": "PMID:137329", "title": "Extraordinary bladder clots.", "content": "The patient with hematuria and clot retention who has an abnormality in urokinase-plasmin production or coagulopathy may have extraordinary clots. An understanding of the underlying disease and pathophysiology of clot formation will enable the urologist to better evaluate and treat this type of patient. Aberrations in urokinase-plasmin production or consumption occur in many disease states that may not be recognized generally.", "contents": "Extraordinary bladder clots. The patient with hematuria and clot retention who has an abnormality in urokinase-plasmin production or coagulopathy may have extraordinary clots. An understanding of the underlying disease and pathophysiology of clot formation will enable the urologist to better evaluate and treat this type of patient. Aberrations in urokinase-plasmin production or consumption occur in many disease states that may not be recognized generally."}
{"id": "PMID:137330", "title": "Spontaneous extravasation of urine from the anterior urethra.", "content": "When urine extravasates from the diseased anterior urethra the subcutaneous tissues beneath Colles' and Scarpa's layers are suffused and necrosis of these tissues is inevitable. Traditionally, surgical treatment has been incision and drainage. Despite improvements in systemic antimicrobial therapy mortality rates remain high. Since necrosis of subcutaneous tissue is inevitable and since the extent of suffusion is discernible, we have treated these patients by primary excision of all edematous subcutaneous tissue. Using patients treated conventionally at our own institution as controls we have demonstrated a significant reduction in the mortality rate. We also have demonstrated that certain findings in the initial evaluation of the patient are of value in assessing prognosis.", "contents": "Spontaneous extravasation of urine from the anterior urethra. When urine extravasates from the diseased anterior urethra the subcutaneous tissues beneath Colles' and Scarpa's layers are suffused and necrosis of these tissues is inevitable. Traditionally, surgical treatment has been incision and drainage. Despite improvements in systemic antimicrobial therapy mortality rates remain high. Since necrosis of subcutaneous tissue is inevitable and since the extent of suffusion is discernible, we have treated these patients by primary excision of all edematous subcutaneous tissue. Using patients treated conventionally at our own institution as controls we have demonstrated a significant reduction in the mortality rate. We also have demonstrated that certain findings in the initial evaluation of the patient are of value in assessing prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:137331", "title": "Mixed leukocyte culture incompatibility index for donor-recipient selection in kidney transplantation.", "content": "The mixed leukocyte culture test has been applied to selection of histocompatibility non-identical donor-recipient pairs for renal transplantation. The clinical course of transplant recipients who have histocompatibility mismatches but low mixed leukocyte culture stimulation is similar to that of mixed leukocyte culture and histocompatibility identical recipients. Living donor-recipient pairs with high mixed leukocyte culture stimulation had no better graft survival than cadaver recipients. An incompatibility index derived from mixed leukocyte culture may aid in the selection of satisfactory non-identical living related donors and may help avoid use of immunologically unsatisfactory living donors.", "contents": "Mixed leukocyte culture incompatibility index for donor-recipient selection in kidney transplantation. The mixed leukocyte culture test has been applied to selection of histocompatibility non-identical donor-recipient pairs for renal transplantation. The clinical course of transplant recipients who have histocompatibility mismatches but low mixed leukocyte culture stimulation is similar to that of mixed leukocyte culture and histocompatibility identical recipients. Living donor-recipient pairs with high mixed leukocyte culture stimulation had no better graft survival than cadaver recipients. An incompatibility index derived from mixed leukocyte culture may aid in the selection of satisfactory non-identical living related donors and may help avoid use of immunologically unsatisfactory living donors."}
{"id": "PMID:137340", "title": "Effect of humoral modulators of morphine-induced increase in locomotor activity of mice.", "content": "The effect of humoral modulators on the morphine-induced increase in locomotor activity of mice was studied. The subcutaneous administration of 10 mg/kg of morphine-HC1 produced a marked increase in locomotor activity in mice. The morphine-induced hyperactivity was potentiated by scopolamine and attenuated by physostigmine. In contrast, both methscopolamine and neostigmine, which do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, had no effect on the hyperactivity produced by morphine. Pretreatment of mice with alpha-methyltyrosine (20 mg/kg i.p., one hour), an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, significantly decreased the activity-increasing effects of morphine. On the other hand, pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalamine (3 X 320 mg/kg i.p., 24 hr), a serotonin depletor, caused no significant change in the hyperactivity. The study suggests that the activity-increasing effects of morphine are mediated by the release of catecholamines from adrenergic neurons in the brain. And the results are consistent with the hypothesis that morphine acts by retarding the release of acetylcholine at some central cholinergic synapses. It is also suggested from collected evidence that the activity-increasing effects of morphine in mice are mediated by mechanisms different from those which mediate the activity-increasing effects of morphine in rats.", "contents": "Effect of humoral modulators of morphine-induced increase in locomotor activity of mice. The effect of humoral modulators on the morphine-induced increase in locomotor activity of mice was studied. The subcutaneous administration of 10 mg/kg of morphine-HC1 produced a marked increase in locomotor activity in mice. The morphine-induced hyperactivity was potentiated by scopolamine and attenuated by physostigmine. In contrast, both methscopolamine and neostigmine, which do not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, had no effect on the hyperactivity produced by morphine. Pretreatment of mice with alpha-methyltyrosine (20 mg/kg i.p., one hour), an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, significantly decreased the activity-increasing effects of morphine. On the other hand, pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalamine (3 X 320 mg/kg i.p., 24 hr), a serotonin depletor, caused no significant change in the hyperactivity. The study suggests that the activity-increasing effects of morphine are mediated by the release of catecholamines from adrenergic neurons in the brain. And the results are consistent with the hypothesis that morphine acts by retarding the release of acetylcholine at some central cholinergic synapses. It is also suggested from collected evidence that the activity-increasing effects of morphine in mice are mediated by mechanisms different from those which mediate the activity-increasing effects of morphine in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:137345", "title": "[Efficacy and tolerance of trimethoprim sulfamoxole combination in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "CN 3123 was tested in 4 hospitals on 257 children, 218 of whom were included in the evaluation of the success of therapy. It was administered for the treatment of urinary tract infections (n = 125), bronchial infections (n = 24), intestinal infections (n = 25) and ENT infections (n = 37). The results indicated that, with a failure rate of only 7%, the drug was successfully employed. Tolerance to the medicament was good. Vomiting occurred in 7 children (2.7%) and allergic skin reactions were observed in 6 children (2.3%). A comparative study of CN 3123 and Co-trimoxazole showed the same efficacy and tolerance for both medicaments.", "contents": "[Efficacy and tolerance of trimethoprim sulfamoxole combination in childhood (author's transl)]. CN 3123 was tested in 4 hospitals on 257 children, 218 of whom were included in the evaluation of the success of therapy. It was administered for the treatment of urinary tract infections (n = 125), bronchial infections (n = 24), intestinal infections (n = 25) and ENT infections (n = 37). The results indicated that, with a failure rate of only 7%, the drug was successfully employed. Tolerance to the medicament was good. Vomiting occurred in 7 children (2.7%) and allergic skin reactions were observed in 6 children (2.3%). A comparative study of CN 3123 and Co-trimoxazole showed the same efficacy and tolerance for both medicaments."}
{"id": "PMID:137346", "title": "[Ingestion and NBT reduction capacity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in trisomy 21 (author's transl)].", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leukocytes of 30 patients suffering from Trisomy 21 between the ages of 3 months and 21 years were examined by means of a modified NBT-test. Ingestion capacity as well as NBT reduction capacity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes showed a decrease in dependence on the age of the patients examined. It is supposed that both disorders are involved in endangering patients with Trisomy 21 by infections.", "contents": "[Ingestion and NBT reduction capacity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes in trisomy 21 (author's transl)]. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes of 30 patients suffering from Trisomy 21 between the ages of 3 months and 21 years were examined by means of a modified NBT-test. Ingestion capacity as well as NBT reduction capacity of polymorphonuclear leukocytes showed a decrease in dependence on the age of the patients examined. It is supposed that both disorders are involved in endangering patients with Trisomy 21 by infections."}
{"id": "PMID:137356", "title": "Overview of early and investigational chemotherapeutic agents in solid tumors.", "content": "A tentative evaluation is proposed for the clinical status of 15 early and investigational drugs in human solid tumors.", "contents": "Overview of early and investigational chemotherapeutic agents in solid tumors. A tentative evaluation is proposed for the clinical status of 15 early and investigational drugs in human solid tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:137353", "title": "[ATP content in Candida tropicalis cells growing at different temperatures].", "content": "The thermotolerant yeast Candida tropicalis, strain T-20, was cultivated on a chemically defined medium with glucose or malt wort in flasks with shaking at three temperatures: optimal (36degreesC), supraoptimal (38degreesC) and submaximal (41degreesC). An increase of temperature within these limits caused an increase in ATP content in yeast cells and a decrease in phosphohydrolase (ATPase) activity.", "contents": "[ATP content in Candida tropicalis cells growing at different temperatures]. The thermotolerant yeast Candida tropicalis, strain T-20, was cultivated on a chemically defined medium with glucose or malt wort in flasks with shaking at three temperatures: optimal (36degreesC), supraoptimal (38degreesC) and submaximal (41degreesC). An increase of temperature within these limits caused an increase in ATP content in yeast cells and a decrease in phosphohydrolase (ATPase) activity."}
{"id": "PMID:137354", "title": "[Biological activity and mobilization of nitrogen in dark gray soil of the Chimkent Region].", "content": "Considerable amounts of easily hydrolysable nitrogen were found in the subarable layer of the dark gray soil of the Chimkent Region. The biological activity of the subarable layer was close to that of the arable layer.", "contents": "[Biological activity and mobilization of nitrogen in dark gray soil of the Chimkent Region]. Considerable amounts of easily hydrolysable nitrogen were found in the subarable layer of the dark gray soil of the Chimkent Region. The biological activity of the subarable layer was close to that of the arable layer."}
{"id": "PMID:137355", "title": "[Effect of fertilizers on the number of bacteria involved in the turnover of nitrogen in pond water of the Astrakhan Region].", "content": "The type of intensification affects the distribution of bacteria involved in turnover of nitrogen in pond water. Green fertilizers (reed) stimulate the number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the number and activity of nitrifying bacteria, to a higher degree than nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. Reed is recommended as the main means for intensification of spawning ponds of the Astrakhan Region.", "contents": "[Effect of fertilizers on the number of bacteria involved in the turnover of nitrogen in pond water of the Astrakhan Region]. The type of intensification affects the distribution of bacteria involved in turnover of nitrogen in pond water. Green fertilizers (reed) stimulate the number of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the number and activity of nitrifying bacteria, to a higher degree than nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. Reed is recommended as the main means for intensification of spawning ponds of the Astrakhan Region."}
{"id": "PMID:137357", "title": "[Dentistry for the handicapped].", "content": "The treatment of the handicapped is discussed in the light of the alterations by which they are most commonly afflicted. The relationship between such subjects and dentists is examined. The results of personal experience are presented. It is suggested that a greater degree of attention should be given to this question by the health authorities.", "contents": "[Dentistry for the handicapped]. The treatment of the handicapped is discussed in the light of the alterations by which they are most commonly afflicted. The relationship between such subjects and dentists is examined. The results of personal experience are presented. It is suggested that a greater degree of attention should be given to this question by the health authorities."}
{"id": "PMID:137364", "title": "Brain serotonin and estradiol retention in the hypothalamus and pituitary of the rat.", "content": "In order to investigate whether the capacity of hypothalamic and anterior pituitary tissue to concentrate and retain estradiol is affected by serotonin (5-HT), 3H-estradiol (3HE2) retention in these structures was measured after 5-HT synthesis inhibition by either parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) or 6-fluoro-tryptophane (6 FTrp), or after destruction of midbrain raphe nuclei containing 5-HT cell bodies, as well as after administration of the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophane (5-HTP). No modification in 3HE2 retention was observed after tryptophane hydroxylase inhibitors of raphe lesions; administration of the precursor only increased the steroid retention at very high, nonphysiological dose levels. It is concluded that the interaction of 5-HT with gonadotropic release cannot be accounted for by a direct effect on specific estrogenic receptors, but occurs at a different level of gonadotropic release regulating structures or directly on LH-RH neurons.", "contents": "Brain serotonin and estradiol retention in the hypothalamus and pituitary of the rat. In order to investigate whether the capacity of hypothalamic and anterior pituitary tissue to concentrate and retain estradiol is affected by serotonin (5-HT), 3H-estradiol (3HE2) retention in these structures was measured after 5-HT synthesis inhibition by either parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) or 6-fluoro-tryptophane (6 FTrp), or after destruction of midbrain raphe nuclei containing 5-HT cell bodies, as well as after administration of the 5-HT precursor 5-hydroxytryptophane (5-HTP). No modification in 3HE2 retention was observed after tryptophane hydroxylase inhibitors of raphe lesions; administration of the precursor only increased the steroid retention at very high, nonphysiological dose levels. It is concluded that the interaction of 5-HT with gonadotropic release cannot be accounted for by a direct effect on specific estrogenic receptors, but occurs at a different level of gonadotropic release regulating structures or directly on LH-RH neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:137366", "title": "An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States.", "content": "This paper presents the findings of an epidemiological analysis of disability among adults in the noninstitutionalized continental United States population. Data were collected through interviews with a probability sample of persons 18 and over, yielding 6,493 completed schedules comprising 80.3 percent of the sample. Distinctions were made among concepts and indicators of pathology, impairment, individual performance, and social performance. Central to the analysis were two dimensions of individual performance (physical and emotional) and two dimensions of disability in social performance (work and independent living). A number of socio-demographic characteristics were included in the analysis. The results show the relative contributions of pathology and impairment to performance on the individual level, and the relative contributions of all of these factors on social performance, that is, the two dimensions of disability. Through pathology, impairment, performance at the individual level, and the socio-demographic characteristics, it was possible to account for 38 percent of the variance in work disability and 74 percent of dependence-independence in community living. Further explanations are given for variance in work disability. Estimates of the size of populations reporting varying types and severities of disability are also presented.", "contents": "An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States. This paper presents the findings of an epidemiological analysis of disability among adults in the noninstitutionalized continental United States population. Data were collected through interviews with a probability sample of persons 18 and over, yielding 6,493 completed schedules comprising 80.3 percent of the sample. Distinctions were made among concepts and indicators of pathology, impairment, individual performance, and social performance. Central to the analysis were two dimensions of individual performance (physical and emotional) and two dimensions of disability in social performance (work and independent living). A number of socio-demographic characteristics were included in the analysis. The results show the relative contributions of pathology and impairment to performance on the individual level, and the relative contributions of all of these factors on social performance, that is, the two dimensions of disability. Through pathology, impairment, performance at the individual level, and the socio-demographic characteristics, it was possible to account for 38 percent of the variance in work disability and 74 percent of dependence-independence in community living. Further explanations are given for variance in work disability. Estimates of the size of populations reporting varying types and severities of disability are also presented."}
{"id": "PMID:137367", "title": "[Indications for selective coronary angiography].", "content": "At present, selective coronaro-angiography offers the only means of establishing the seriousness, extent and site of coronary sclerosis. It has led to the development of coronary surgery, itself a considerable advance in the treatment of coronary disease. The method is also of considerable assistance in the differential diagnosis of inexplicable ECG changes and other heart diseases. It is relatively free from risk if performed by experienced staff with suitable equipment and in line with the correct indications.", "contents": "[Indications for selective coronary angiography]. At present, selective coronaro-angiography offers the only means of establishing the seriousness, extent and site of coronary sclerosis. It has led to the development of coronary surgery, itself a considerable advance in the treatment of coronary disease. The method is also of considerable assistance in the differential diagnosis of inexplicable ECG changes and other heart diseases. It is relatively free from risk if performed by experienced staff with suitable equipment and in line with the correct indications."}
{"id": "PMID:137368", "title": "[Pericarditis in recent myocardial infarct].", "content": "Epistenocardial pericarditis, usually associated with anterior infarct, was noted in 64/400 myocardial infarct subjects admitted to an intensive care unit. No significant difference was observed with respect to this group in the case of mortality (20.6% as opposed to 26.2% in the controls) or complications of the acute stage, such as cardiac insufficiency and arrhythmia, though atrial fibrillation was more frequent (25% as against 15%). In all but one case, anticoagulant management was suspended on the appearance of pericarditis. In spite of the high frequency of atrial fibrillation, thromboembolic complications were not more frequent during brief (48-72 hr) suspension of anticoagulants. Dressler's syndrome was noted in 7 cases (1.7%), with epistenocardial pericarditis (4/7) or ventricular ectasia (3/7). Haemopericardium occurred in the case where anticoagulant management was not suspended.", "contents": "[Pericarditis in recent myocardial infarct]. Epistenocardial pericarditis, usually associated with anterior infarct, was noted in 64/400 myocardial infarct subjects admitted to an intensive care unit. No significant difference was observed with respect to this group in the case of mortality (20.6% as opposed to 26.2% in the controls) or complications of the acute stage, such as cardiac insufficiency and arrhythmia, though atrial fibrillation was more frequent (25% as against 15%). In all but one case, anticoagulant management was suspended on the appearance of pericarditis. In spite of the high frequency of atrial fibrillation, thromboembolic complications were not more frequent during brief (48-72 hr) suspension of anticoagulants. Dressler's syndrome was noted in 7 cases (1.7%), with epistenocardial pericarditis (4/7) or ventricular ectasia (3/7). Haemopericardium occurred in the case where anticoagulant management was not suspended."}
{"id": "PMID:137370", "title": "Needle laparoscopy in patients with suspected bowel adhesions.", "content": "Suspected bowel adhesions are generally considered to be a contraindication to laparoscopy. Among 32 patients who were refused laparoscopy for that reason, only 1 patient was found to have adhesions at laparotomy. To attempt preoperative diagnosis of intraabdominal adhesions, needle laparoscopy was performed in 21 patients using a 1.7-mm endoscope. In 20 of the patients it was possible to establish the presence or absence of adhesions and to determine the feasibility of laparoscopic sterilization. This preliminary evaluation suggests that needle laparoscopy may avert bowel perforation in some instances and may permit laparoscopic tubal sterilization to be performed in some women who would otherwise, because of multiple previous operations, be denied laparoscopy.", "contents": "Needle laparoscopy in patients with suspected bowel adhesions. Suspected bowel adhesions are generally considered to be a contraindication to laparoscopy. Among 32 patients who were refused laparoscopy for that reason, only 1 patient was found to have adhesions at laparotomy. To attempt preoperative diagnosis of intraabdominal adhesions, needle laparoscopy was performed in 21 patients using a 1.7-mm endoscope. In 20 of the patients it was possible to establish the presence or absence of adhesions and to determine the feasibility of laparoscopic sterilization. This preliminary evaluation suggests that needle laparoscopy may avert bowel perforation in some instances and may permit laparoscopic tubal sterilization to be performed in some women who would otherwise, because of multiple previous operations, be denied laparoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:137371", "title": "Laparoscopic tubal sterilization by the \"burn only\" technic.", "content": "A 5-year combined experience of 2857 cases of the \"burn only\" technic for laparoscopic tubal sterilization is reviewed. One method failure resulted in an ectopic gestation. There were no operator errors. One laparotomy 36 hours after the sterilization procedure was done. No hemorrhagic complications and no bowel burns were encountered. From a review of the literature and the results presented here, it seems that adequate coagulation of a generous segment of the tube is the critical factor in preventing subsequent pregnancies. Tubal division or resection appears to offer no improvement in efficacy, and when tissue is obtained for pathologic confirmation, it is often of no value. When coagulation plus division or resection is performed, the incidence of hemorrhagic complications and bowel burns increases markedly.", "contents": "Laparoscopic tubal sterilization by the \"burn only\" technic. A 5-year combined experience of 2857 cases of the \"burn only\" technic for laparoscopic tubal sterilization is reviewed. One method failure resulted in an ectopic gestation. There were no operator errors. One laparotomy 36 hours after the sterilization procedure was done. No hemorrhagic complications and no bowel burns were encountered. From a review of the literature and the results presented here, it seems that adequate coagulation of a generous segment of the tube is the critical factor in preventing subsequent pregnancies. Tubal division or resection appears to offer no improvement in efficacy, and when tissue is obtained for pathologic confirmation, it is often of no value. When coagulation plus division or resection is performed, the incidence of hemorrhagic complications and bowel burns increases markedly."}
{"id": "PMID:137373", "title": "Enzyme histochemistry of ovarina lipoid cell hyperplasia in a masculinized patient.", "content": "In an effort to better identify the specific steroids produced by histologically similar cells of certain ovarian tumors, a battery of histochemical assays was performed on a masculinizing tumor removed from a 21-year-old patient. Certain reactions were distinguished that seemed to be specific for the histologically classic luteinized stromal cell, and these reactions can be correlated with those obtained with Leydig and hilar cells. The apparent precursors of the interstitial cells (ISC) of this tumor, and to a lesser extent the immature ISC, possess unusually high cholinesterase activity, especially with the butyryl ester. The importance of the perivascular and neural elements in the process of steroidogenesis is suggested by the findings in this case.", "contents": "Enzyme histochemistry of ovarina lipoid cell hyperplasia in a masculinized patient. In an effort to better identify the specific steroids produced by histologically similar cells of certain ovarian tumors, a battery of histochemical assays was performed on a masculinizing tumor removed from a 21-year-old patient. Certain reactions were distinguished that seemed to be specific for the histologically classic luteinized stromal cell, and these reactions can be correlated with those obtained with Leydig and hilar cells. The apparent precursors of the interstitial cells (ISC) of this tumor, and to a lesser extent the immature ISC, possess unusually high cholinesterase activity, especially with the butyryl ester. The importance of the perivascular and neural elements in the process of steroidogenesis is suggested by the findings in this case."}
{"id": "PMID:137374", "title": "Sacral chordoma. A rare cause of chronic pelvic and low-back pain.", "content": "A case of sacral chordoma causing chronic, persistant low-back pain for 5 years is reported. This tumor was palpable on pelvic and rectal examination in the presacral area. Early excision is the treatment of choice for this slow growing tumor of primitive notochordal origin. Diagnosis is often late and incomplete surgical excision leads to local recurrence and eventual death. Knowledge of the existence of this rare condition, together with careful pelvic and rectal examination, are the importnat keys to diagnosis and possible curative treatment.", "contents": "Sacral chordoma. A rare cause of chronic pelvic and low-back pain. A case of sacral chordoma causing chronic, persistant low-back pain for 5 years is reported. This tumor was palpable on pelvic and rectal examination in the presacral area. Early excision is the treatment of choice for this slow growing tumor of primitive notochordal origin. Diagnosis is often late and incomplete surgical excision leads to local recurrence and eventual death. Knowledge of the existence of this rare condition, together with careful pelvic and rectal examination, are the importnat keys to diagnosis and possible curative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:137381", "title": "Immmune complex glomerular disease in argyric mice.", "content": "A mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis with prominent mesangial immunoglobulin deposits was induced in mice by single or multiple intraperitoneal injections of bovine serum albumin. The silver-labelled basement membrane in mice which had ingested 6mM silver nitrate in drinking water proved a useful marker indetermining that the immune deposits were on the intracapillary aspect of the basement membrane.", "contents": "Immmune complex glomerular disease in argyric mice. A mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis with prominent mesangial immunoglobulin deposits was induced in mice by single or multiple intraperitoneal injections of bovine serum albumin. The silver-labelled basement membrane in mice which had ingested 6mM silver nitrate in drinking water proved a useful marker indetermining that the immune deposits were on the intracapillary aspect of the basement membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:137384", "title": "Some immunological aspects of preeclampsia.", "content": "Objective immunological methods of determining the mother's immunological response to her husband's and cord leukocyte antigens are being used in a three-year study of women who develop severe preeclampsia during pregnancy. The maternal leukocyte response to the nonspecific mitogen phytohemagglutinin and nonspecific mitogen phytohemagglutinin and to paternal and cord leukocyte antigens in the mixed leukocyte culture suggests a tendency for toxemic women to be relatively hyporesponsive. No effect of autologous maternal serum is demonstrated in the group as a whole. Women's cord leukocyte response to their own maternal antigens is less in toxemic pregnancies. A significant immunosuppressive effect of autologous cord serum is observed in preeclamptic pregnancies. Serum seromucoid levels are elevated in the toxemic women during and after the index pregnancy; also, toxemic women show a lack of anti-HL-A antibody formation. Such data suggest, but do not prove, that immune mechanisms may be operative in preeclampsia.", "contents": "Some immunological aspects of preeclampsia. Objective immunological methods of determining the mother's immunological response to her husband's and cord leukocyte antigens are being used in a three-year study of women who develop severe preeclampsia during pregnancy. The maternal leukocyte response to the nonspecific mitogen phytohemagglutinin and nonspecific mitogen phytohemagglutinin and to paternal and cord leukocyte antigens in the mixed leukocyte culture suggests a tendency for toxemic women to be relatively hyporesponsive. No effect of autologous maternal serum is demonstrated in the group as a whole. Women's cord leukocyte response to their own maternal antigens is less in toxemic pregnancies. A significant immunosuppressive effect of autologous cord serum is observed in preeclamptic pregnancies. Serum seromucoid levels are elevated in the toxemic women during and after the index pregnancy; also, toxemic women show a lack of anti-HL-A antibody formation. Such data suggest, but do not prove, that immune mechanisms may be operative in preeclampsia."}
{"id": "PMID:137386", "title": "The clearance rate of maternal plasma prehormones of placental estrogen formation.", "content": "A method has been established for the determination of the placental clearance of maternal plasma prehormones by placental estrogen formation during human pregnancy. Utilizing this concept, the placental clearance is calculated as the product of the metabolic clearance rate from maternal plasma of the prehormone and its fractional conversion to estrogen by the placenta. This value equals the volume of maternal plasma cleared of that prehormone by the irreversible formation of its estrogenic product hormone per unit of time. The placental clearance rate technique can be performed by intravenous infusion of isotope-labeled prehormone and product, and the metabolic clearance rate as well as the transfer constant can be measured by techniques employing plasma values or by a combination of plasma and urinary methods. Utilizing this type of study, the placental clearance of plasma prehormones has been observed to be increased initially in women destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension but declines prior to the onset of hypertension and continues to decline until delivery is effected. Moreover, the administration of diuretics and/or the institution oental clearance of plasma prehormones from the maternal compartment in normal gravidas, in those destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension, and in gravidas who are hypertensive from any cause.", "contents": "The clearance rate of maternal plasma prehormones of placental estrogen formation. A method has been established for the determination of the placental clearance of maternal plasma prehormones by placental estrogen formation during human pregnancy. Utilizing this concept, the placental clearance is calculated as the product of the metabolic clearance rate from maternal plasma of the prehormone and its fractional conversion to estrogen by the placenta. This value equals the volume of maternal plasma cleared of that prehormone by the irreversible formation of its estrogenic product hormone per unit of time. The placental clearance rate technique can be performed by intravenous infusion of isotope-labeled prehormone and product, and the metabolic clearance rate as well as the transfer constant can be measured by techniques employing plasma values or by a combination of plasma and urinary methods. Utilizing this type of study, the placental clearance of plasma prehormones has been observed to be increased initially in women destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension but declines prior to the onset of hypertension and continues to decline until delivery is effected. Moreover, the administration of diuretics and/or the institution oental clearance of plasma prehormones from the maternal compartment in normal gravidas, in those destined to develop pregnancy-induced hypertension, and in gravidas who are hypertensive from any cause."}
{"id": "PMID:137387", "title": "Renal blood flow during ureteral obstruction measured with 133Xe wash out, 86Rb uptake techniques and with an electromagnetic flowmeter.", "content": "In moderate mannitol diuresis in the dog the ratio RBF-86Rb uptake/RBF-electromagnetic flowmeter decreased during ureteral obstruction from 0.923 - 0.705. In the same animals the ratio RBF-133Xe wash-out/RBF-electromagnetic flowmeter increased from 0.932 - 1.365. With the rubidium technique a significant redistribution of intrarenal blood flow was observed. No similar flow changes were seen with the 133Xe wash-out technique. The two methods do not measure during ureteral obstruction the true RBF. The change of 86Rb uptake by the individual segments of renal tissue is not an unequivocal proof for the intrarenal redistribution of blood flow, but this possibility cannot be definitely excluded.", "contents": "Renal blood flow during ureteral obstruction measured with 133Xe wash out, 86Rb uptake techniques and with an electromagnetic flowmeter. In moderate mannitol diuresis in the dog the ratio RBF-86Rb uptake/RBF-electromagnetic flowmeter decreased during ureteral obstruction from 0.923 - 0.705. In the same animals the ratio RBF-133Xe wash-out/RBF-electromagnetic flowmeter increased from 0.932 - 1.365. With the rubidium technique a significant redistribution of intrarenal blood flow was observed. No similar flow changes were seen with the 133Xe wash-out technique. The two methods do not measure during ureteral obstruction the true RBF. The change of 86Rb uptake by the individual segments of renal tissue is not an unequivocal proof for the intrarenal redistribution of blood flow, but this possibility cannot be definitely excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:137388", "title": "An isothermal flowmeter with improved frequency response for measuring tissue blood flow.", "content": "An isothermal flowmeter with improved frequency response for measuring tissue blood flow was developed using thermistors. Direct heating of the thermistors allows a simple construction of small (0.5 mm outer diameter) capillary probes which do not require any additional heating coil. The changes of a feedback current necessary to keep the thermistor at a constant increment above tissue temperature indicate tissue blood flow; a second thermistor compensates variations of tissue temperature. The dynamic performance of the device shows a low-pass characteristic with a cut-off frequency higher than 5 Hz. For low flow rates the output signal was found to be proportional to the flow; for higher flow rates a linearization was necessary. Since tissue temperature can be recorded continuously, intermittent quantitative in-vivo calibration seems possibly by evaluation of \"heater off\" curves in the perfused and non-perfused tissue. As the flowmeter is insensitive to tissue temperature, it can be used for long-term recordings.", "contents": "An isothermal flowmeter with improved frequency response for measuring tissue blood flow. An isothermal flowmeter with improved frequency response for measuring tissue blood flow was developed using thermistors. Direct heating of the thermistors allows a simple construction of small (0.5 mm outer diameter) capillary probes which do not require any additional heating coil. The changes of a feedback current necessary to keep the thermistor at a constant increment above tissue temperature indicate tissue blood flow; a second thermistor compensates variations of tissue temperature. The dynamic performance of the device shows a low-pass characteristic with a cut-off frequency higher than 5 Hz. For low flow rates the output signal was found to be proportional to the flow; for higher flow rates a linearization was necessary. Since tissue temperature can be recorded continuously, intermittent quantitative in-vivo calibration seems possibly by evaluation of \"heater off\" curves in the perfused and non-perfused tissue. As the flowmeter is insensitive to tissue temperature, it can be used for long-term recordings."}
{"id": "PMID:137390", "title": "Physical map of Neurospora crassa mitochondrial DNA and its transcription unit for ribosomal RNA.", "content": "A circular denaturation and restriction map of mitochondrial DNA from Neurospora crassa is presented. The map shows the position of all twelve fragments produced by restriction endonuclease Eco R I and the position of the largest Hin III fragment along the previously established map of AT-rich sequences. The two wild type strains Em 5256 and 7A differ in the lengths of two Eco R I fragments. No difference was found between the mitochondrial mutant \"poky\" and its parent strain. The position of the DNA segment carrying the transcription unit for the two ribosomal RNA molecules has been determined by molecular hybridization.", "contents": "Physical map of Neurospora crassa mitochondrial DNA and its transcription unit for ribosomal RNA. A circular denaturation and restriction map of mitochondrial DNA from Neurospora crassa is presented. The map shows the position of all twelve fragments produced by restriction endonuclease Eco R I and the position of the largest Hin III fragment along the previously established map of AT-rich sequences. The two wild type strains Em 5256 and 7A differ in the lengths of two Eco R I fragments. No difference was found between the mitochondrial mutant \"poky\" and its parent strain. The position of the DNA segment carrying the transcription unit for the two ribosomal RNA molecules has been determined by molecular hybridization."}
{"id": "PMID:137408", "title": "Effects of para-chlorophenylalanine upon brain stimulated affective attack in the cat.", "content": "Previous investigations of the effects of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on affective attack have produced equivocal results. The present report examined the effects of PCPA upon attack elicited by electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in the cat. Using a within-animals design and postdrug testing clear potentiation of affective attack patterns was observed for a number of the components of attack behavior (approach, use of forepaws, and biting). The present results may point to possible serotonergic involvement in the inhibitory control of several aspects of affective attack.", "contents": "Effects of para-chlorophenylalanine upon brain stimulated affective attack in the cat. Previous investigations of the effects of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on affective attack have produced equivocal results. The present report examined the effects of PCPA upon attack elicited by electrical stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus in the cat. Using a within-animals design and postdrug testing clear potentiation of affective attack patterns was observed for a number of the components of attack behavior (approach, use of forepaws, and biting). The present results may point to possible serotonergic involvement in the inhibitory control of several aspects of affective attack."}
{"id": "PMID:137409", "title": "Monoaminergic mediation of masculine and feminine copulatory behavior in female rats.", "content": "Ovariectomized rats treated with testosterone propionate (TP; 100 mug/kg X 6 days) and para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA; 100 mg/kg X 3 days), a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, showed more masculine copulatory behavior (including the ejaculatory pattern) than did females receiving either TP or pCPA alone. The facilitatory effect of pCPA on the masculine copulatory behavior in females was not potentiated by pargyline (50 or 100 mg/kg), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor; instead, pargyline antagonized the effect of pCPA. Apomorphine (100 mug/kg), a dopamine receptor stimulant, did not increase masculine copulatory behavior in TP treated females. Adopaminergic facilitatory effect was therefore not demonstrated. These results suggest a serotonin-mediated inhibition of masculine copulatory behavior in female rats. When feminine copulatory behavior was tested, females receiving TP plus pCPA plus pargyline, TP plus pargyline, or TP plus apomorphine displayed lordosis in response to mounting by male rats. Lordosis did not occur after administration of TP, PCPA, or pargyline, individually or in any other combination. The responses in pargyline groups are consistent with the hypothesis of a  noradrenergic facilitatory system for lordotic behavior. The responses in the apomorphine group are discussed in terms of a possible role for low level dopaminergic stimulation in facilitating lordosis.", "contents": "Monoaminergic mediation of masculine and feminine copulatory behavior in female rats. Ovariectomized rats treated with testosterone propionate (TP; 100 mug/kg X 6 days) and para-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA; 100 mg/kg X 3 days), a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, showed more masculine copulatory behavior (including the ejaculatory pattern) than did females receiving either TP or pCPA alone. The facilitatory effect of pCPA on the masculine copulatory behavior in females was not potentiated by pargyline (50 or 100 mg/kg), a monoamine oxidase inhibitor; instead, pargyline antagonized the effect of pCPA. Apomorphine (100 mug/kg), a dopamine receptor stimulant, did not increase masculine copulatory behavior in TP treated females. Adopaminergic facilitatory effect was therefore not demonstrated. These results suggest a serotonin-mediated inhibition of masculine copulatory behavior in female rats. When feminine copulatory behavior was tested, females receiving TP plus pCPA plus pargyline, TP plus pargyline, or TP plus apomorphine displayed lordosis in response to mounting by male rats. Lordosis did not occur after administration of TP, PCPA, or pargyline, individually or in any other combination. The responses in pargyline groups are consistent with the hypothesis of a  noradrenergic facilitatory system for lordotic behavior. The responses in the apomorphine group are discussed in terms of a possible role for low level dopaminergic stimulation in facilitating lordosis."}
{"id": "PMID:137410", "title": "Erythrocyte membrane cation carrier, relapse rate of manic-depressive illness and response to lithium.", "content": "Biochemical studies of manic-depressive psychosis usually correlates biochemical findings with current affective state and hence any significant findings could be secondary to mood change. The present study attempts to correlate measures of the erythrocyte membrane cation carrier with clinical events, remote in time from the biochemical assay. Eprythrocyte sodium concentration, ouabain-sensitive potassium influx and Na-K ATPase were estimated in 11 patients before and after the cross-over point in a 2-year double blind clinical trial ratio tended to suffer most episodes of affective illness in the 2 years. Patients who had a low initial Na-K ATPase or a high initial flux sodium ATPase ratio, or in whom this ratio fell most with lithium or whose Na-K ATPase rose most with lithium, clinically responded best to lithium.", "contents": "Erythrocyte membrane cation carrier, relapse rate of manic-depressive illness and response to lithium. Biochemical studies of manic-depressive psychosis usually correlates biochemical findings with current affective state and hence any significant findings could be secondary to mood change. The present study attempts to correlate measures of the erythrocyte membrane cation carrier with clinical events, remote in time from the biochemical assay. Eprythrocyte sodium concentration, ouabain-sensitive potassium influx and Na-K ATPase were estimated in 11 patients before and after the cross-over point in a 2-year double blind clinical trial ratio tended to suffer most episodes of affective illness in the 2 years. Patients who had a low initial Na-K ATPase or a high initial flux sodium ATPase ratio, or in whom this ratio fell most with lithium or whose Na-K ATPase rose most with lithium, clinically responded best to lithium."}
{"id": "PMID:137411", "title": "N-methylnicotinamide excretion and affective disorders.", "content": "N-Methylnicotinamide urinary output is examined in 38 healthy volunteers, 52 patients with secondary affective disorders (SAD), 55 patients with primary affective disorders (PAD) and 46 healthy first-degree relatives of PAD patients. The results indicate (1) that in PAD patients and their first-degree relatives the frequency of low N1-MN excretion was significantly higher (P less than 0-001) than in healthy controls and in patients with secondary affective disorders, and (2) that PAD patients have a consistently low N1-MN output, at all times constant and independent of the clinical phases of the disease. These findings provide evidence that the low N1-MN levels may represent an index of a biological background linked to a high morbidity risk for primary affective disorders. The theoretical implications deriving from these data are briefly discussed.", "contents": "N-methylnicotinamide excretion and affective disorders. N-Methylnicotinamide urinary output is examined in 38 healthy volunteers, 52 patients with secondary affective disorders (SAD), 55 patients with primary affective disorders (PAD) and 46 healthy first-degree relatives of PAD patients. The results indicate (1) that in PAD patients and their first-degree relatives the frequency of low N1-MN excretion was significantly higher (P less than 0-001) than in healthy controls and in patients with secondary affective disorders, and (2) that PAD patients have a consistently low N1-MN output, at all times constant and independent of the clinical phases of the disease. These findings provide evidence that the low N1-MN levels may represent an index of a biological background linked to a high morbidity risk for primary affective disorders. The theoretical implications deriving from these data are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137413", "title": "Erythrocyte membrane cation carrier in mania.", "content": "Erythrocyte sodium and potassium concentrations, erythrocyte membrane ATPase (Na-K specific and non-specific) and the rate of potassium influx into erythrocytes (ouabain-sensitive and insensitive) were estimated in a group of female patients suffering from mania and repeated on about two thirds of them when they had recovered. With recovery there was a statistically significant increase in the erythrocyte ouabain-sensitive potassium influx. The other parameters showed no significant overall change with recovery but the initial severity correlated significantly and negatively with the change in erythrocyte Na-K ATPase with recovery. The changes that occurred in the erythorcyte sodium concentration and Na-K ATPase activity were not random since they correlated significantly with changes in the active potassium influx.", "contents": "Erythrocyte membrane cation carrier in mania. Erythrocyte sodium and potassium concentrations, erythrocyte membrane ATPase (Na-K specific and non-specific) and the rate of potassium influx into erythrocytes (ouabain-sensitive and insensitive) were estimated in a group of female patients suffering from mania and repeated on about two thirds of them when they had recovered. With recovery there was a statistically significant increase in the erythrocyte ouabain-sensitive potassium influx. The other parameters showed no significant overall change with recovery but the initial severity correlated significantly and negatively with the change in erythrocyte Na-K ATPase with recovery. The changes that occurred in the erythorcyte sodium concentration and Na-K ATPase activity were not random since they correlated significantly with changes in the active potassium influx."}
{"id": "PMID:137414", "title": "Characteristics of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-produced discrimination in rats.", "content": "Rats were trained in a T-shaped maze to discriminate the effects produced by i.p. injections of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the no-drug state (state-dependency, StD). Several doses of both Delta8-THC (range: 0.75-5.0 mg/kg) and Delta9-THC (range: 0.75-40.0 mg/kg) were used in order to compare the number of sessions required by the animals until reaching criterion performance. An additional group of rats had to discriminate pentobarbital sodium (20.0 mg/kg) from the no-drug state. THC discrimination was proportional to dose i.e., animals that had to differentiate high doses of THC from no drug acquired the T-maze task faster than animals trained with the lower doses of THC. Acquisition data further suggest that Delta8-THC is somewhat less potent than the Delta9-isomer. Delta9-THC (10.0 mg/kg) produces strong StD, as defined by Overton (1971), since both this group and the barbiturate group reached the criterion within the first 10 training sessions. Time and dose testings suggest that stimulus properties of drugs vary in a quantitative way and that the calculated ED50 values are mainly determined by the training dose used. It was found that the higher the training dose used the higher was the corresponding ED50 value. Hashish smoke can maintain drug responding among THC-trained rats. A lowered content of brain catecholamines and/or serotonin, induced by AMPT (150 mg/kg) and PCPA (310-350 mg/kg), did not lessen Delta9-THC (2.5 mg/kg) discrimination.", "contents": "Characteristics of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)-produced discrimination in rats. Rats were trained in a T-shaped maze to discriminate the effects produced by i.p. injections of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and the no-drug state (state-dependency, StD). Several doses of both Delta8-THC (range: 0.75-5.0 mg/kg) and Delta9-THC (range: 0.75-40.0 mg/kg) were used in order to compare the number of sessions required by the animals until reaching criterion performance. An additional group of rats had to discriminate pentobarbital sodium (20.0 mg/kg) from the no-drug state. THC discrimination was proportional to dose i.e., animals that had to differentiate high doses of THC from no drug acquired the T-maze task faster than animals trained with the lower doses of THC. Acquisition data further suggest that Delta8-THC is somewhat less potent than the Delta9-isomer. Delta9-THC (10.0 mg/kg) produces strong StD, as defined by Overton (1971), since both this group and the barbiturate group reached the criterion within the first 10 training sessions. Time and dose testings suggest that stimulus properties of drugs vary in a quantitative way and that the calculated ED50 values are mainly determined by the training dose used. It was found that the higher the training dose used the higher was the corresponding ED50 value. Hashish smoke can maintain drug responding among THC-trained rats. A lowered content of brain catecholamines and/or serotonin, induced by AMPT (150 mg/kg) and PCPA (310-350 mg/kg), did not lessen Delta9-THC (2.5 mg/kg) discrimination."}
{"id": "PMID:137415", "title": "Positive skin reactions to gluten in coeliac disease.", "content": "Following intradermal challenge with a peptic-tryptic digest of gluten, visible Arthus-type skin reactions were observed in 33 per cent of a group of 55 adults with coeliac disease. Of the 23 with untreated disease positive skin reactions occurred in 52 per cent. There was an invariable association between serum gluten antibodies and the presence of a skin reaction to gluten, indicating that gluten antibody combination with gluten in the skin provides the basis of the skin response. Since no false positive reactions were found in 52 normal controls, skin testing with gluten may provide a useful adjunct to the diagnosis and management of coeliac disease, especially in the outpatient department.", "contents": "Positive skin reactions to gluten in coeliac disease. Following intradermal challenge with a peptic-tryptic digest of gluten, visible Arthus-type skin reactions were observed in 33 per cent of a group of 55 adults with coeliac disease. Of the 23 with untreated disease positive skin reactions occurred in 52 per cent. There was an invariable association between serum gluten antibodies and the presence of a skin reaction to gluten, indicating that gluten antibody combination with gluten in the skin provides the basis of the skin response. Since no false positive reactions were found in 52 normal controls, skin testing with gluten may provide a useful adjunct to the diagnosis and management of coeliac disease, especially in the outpatient department."}
{"id": "PMID:137456", "title": "[The nailing of fractures of the diaphysis of the femur by Kuntsher's method. A report of 44 cases].", "content": "The authors advocate the technique of blind medullary nailing with reaming of the medullary canal followed by a several weeks-traction in the treatment of compound fractures of the femoral shaft. This method is specially indicated in bursts of the bone, when no stability can be obtained after osteosynthesis and was used in 44 cases. In the same time blind nailing without traction was applied to 272 cases. The results were: sepsis: 0; non-unions: 0; malunions: 5; stiff knees: 3.", "contents": "[The nailing of fractures of the diaphysis of the femur by Kuntsher's method. A report of 44 cases]. The authors advocate the technique of blind medullary nailing with reaming of the medullary canal followed by a several weeks-traction in the treatment of compound fractures of the femoral shaft. This method is specially indicated in bursts of the bone, when no stability can be obtained after osteosynthesis and was used in 44 cases. In the same time blind nailing without traction was applied to 272 cases. The results were: sepsis: 0; non-unions: 0; malunions: 5; stiff knees: 3."}
{"id": "PMID:137457", "title": "[Anatomical study of the vertebral pedicles. Surgical application].", "content": "The author think that the use of plates screwed in the vertebral pedicles is the most fiable osteosynthesis at thoracic and lumbar spine level. This opinion is based on an anatomical study detailing the measurements and orientations of the pedicles. A series of 56 clinical cases treated by this method is briefly analysed.", "contents": "[Anatomical study of the vertebral pedicles. Surgical application]. The author think that the use of plates screwed in the vertebral pedicles is the most fiable osteosynthesis at thoracic and lumbar spine level. This opinion is based on an anatomical study detailing the measurements and orientations of the pedicles. A series of 56 clinical cases treated by this method is briefly analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:137458", "title": "[The etiology of hallux valgus].", "content": "Modifications of the forefoot in weightbearing are conductive to hallux valgus, some are congenital and constitutional: supination of the forefoot, adductus of the metatarsal bones, metatarsus varus primus brevis. Others are acquired: transversal flatfoot. Measurement of the different angles observed on a dorsi-plantar X-ray in relation to the external and internal limits of the Lisfranc joint has an etiological signification. To look for changes in the weightbearing configuration of the foot, an element in the formation of hallux valgus, is of use in the choice of a method of correction.", "contents": "[The etiology of hallux valgus]. Modifications of the forefoot in weightbearing are conductive to hallux valgus, some are congenital and constitutional: supination of the forefoot, adductus of the metatarsal bones, metatarsus varus primus brevis. Others are acquired: transversal flatfoot. Measurement of the different angles observed on a dorsi-plantar X-ray in relation to the external and internal limits of the Lisfranc joint has an etiological signification. To look for changes in the weightbearing configuration of the foot, an element in the formation of hallux valgus, is of use in the choice of a method of correction."}
{"id": "PMID:137459", "title": "[Fractures of the odontoid process. 94 cases, 61 treated by arthrodesis].", "content": "The authors have reviewed 94 cases of fractures of the odontoid process, 21 of the with neurological signs. The conclusions were as follows: 1) Conservative treatment in 26 cases led to 9 non-unions; 2) 27 recent fractures were operated on (arthrodesis) with 24 fusions; 3) 54 cases were treated more than 30 days after the accident: 15 ot them demonstrated neurological involvement, 34 of them were operated on; 4) The surgical technique is fully described, usually the operation aimed at fusing C1 to C2; 5) One patient died, none was aggravated, all were somewhat improved on the neurological standpoint; 6) On a functional standpoint neck mobility was less decreased after conservative treatment than after cervical fusion.", "contents": "[Fractures of the odontoid process. 94 cases, 61 treated by arthrodesis]. The authors have reviewed 94 cases of fractures of the odontoid process, 21 of the with neurological signs. The conclusions were as follows: 1) Conservative treatment in 26 cases led to 9 non-unions; 2) 27 recent fractures were operated on (arthrodesis) with 24 fusions; 3) 54 cases were treated more than 30 days after the accident: 15 ot them demonstrated neurological involvement, 34 of them were operated on; 4) The surgical technique is fully described, usually the operation aimed at fusing C1 to C2; 5) One patient died, none was aggravated, all were somewhat improved on the neurological standpoint; 6) On a functional standpoint neck mobility was less decreased after conservative treatment than after cervical fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:137460", "title": "[Growth disturbances of the upper femoral extremity: Contribution to knowledge of normal growth in therapeutic trails].", "content": "The authors have studied the growth disturbances of the upper femoral extremity in several pathological conditions. They recall that in normal hips there is one single growth plate for the cephalic nucleus and the greater trochanter. On a functional standpoint this plate can be divided into three areas. -- Disturbances in the trochanteric area lead to coxa-valga. -- Disturbances in the cephalic area lead -- Either to a downward slip of the femoral head if the lesion is medial, -- or to a coxa vara without trochanteric ascension if the lesion is more lateral. -- Disturbances in the transitional area lead to coxa valga with ascending trochanter. The growth of the cephalic area is twice more important than that of the trochanteric area as demonstrated by the study of the growth-arrestment lines. Surgical conclusions are drawn according to the type of disturbance.", "contents": "[Growth disturbances of the upper femoral extremity: Contribution to knowledge of normal growth in therapeutic trails]. The authors have studied the growth disturbances of the upper femoral extremity in several pathological conditions. They recall that in normal hips there is one single growth plate for the cephalic nucleus and the greater trochanter. On a functional standpoint this plate can be divided into three areas. -- Disturbances in the trochanteric area lead to coxa-valga. -- Disturbances in the cephalic area lead -- Either to a downward slip of the femoral head if the lesion is medial, -- or to a coxa vara without trochanteric ascension if the lesion is more lateral. -- Disturbances in the transitional area lead to coxa valga with ascending trochanter. The growth of the cephalic area is twice more important than that of the trochanteric area as demonstrated by the study of the growth-arrestment lines. Surgical conclusions are drawn according to the type of disturbance."}
{"id": "PMID:137461", "title": "[Traumatic separation of the epiphysis of the lower end of the femur].", "content": "The authors have treated 28 cases of traumatic separation of epiphysis of the lower end of the femur. They have noted the particular severity of the initial trauma. The results were less satisfactory when the child was younger and when the plate was crashed. However, 4 cases of fractures in breech delivery had rather good results. The authors think that a good reduction is essential, either close reduction fixed by Kirchner's wires or open reduction when the former is impossible.", "contents": "[Traumatic separation of the epiphysis of the lower end of the femur]. The authors have treated 28 cases of traumatic separation of epiphysis of the lower end of the femur. They have noted the particular severity of the initial trauma. The results were less satisfactory when the child was younger and when the plate was crashed. However, 4 cases of fractures in breech delivery had rather good results. The authors think that a good reduction is essential, either close reduction fixed by Kirchner's wires or open reduction when the former is impossible."}
{"id": "PMID:137462", "title": "[Anterior tarsectomy for pes cavus: indications and long term results].", "content": "The authors have reviewed 48 cases of pes cavus treated by anterior tarsectomy with an average follow-up of two years. The clinical, anatomical and radiological features of the condition are described. The results were satisfactory in two-thirds of the cases. Failures were related to unsatisfactory indications such as children under thirteen, progressive neurological disease or associated impairment of the ankle joint (arthritis, dislocation). The indications for the procedure are discussed and compared with those for Dwyer calcaneal osteotomy, triple arthrodesis, soft tissue operations (Steindler) or resection of the metatarsal heads.", "contents": "[Anterior tarsectomy for pes cavus: indications and long term results]. The authors have reviewed 48 cases of pes cavus treated by anterior tarsectomy with an average follow-up of two years. The clinical, anatomical and radiological features of the condition are described. The results were satisfactory in two-thirds of the cases. Failures were related to unsatisfactory indications such as children under thirteen, progressive neurological disease or associated impairment of the ankle joint (arthritis, dislocation). The indications for the procedure are discussed and compared with those for Dwyer calcaneal osteotomy, triple arthrodesis, soft tissue operations (Steindler) or resection of the metatarsal heads."}
{"id": "PMID:137463", "title": "[Injuries of the condylar cartilage of the knee in athletes].", "content": "The authors have observed 8 traumatic, isolated lesions of the articular cartilage of the medial condyle of the knee in young athletes (7 football players, one judoka). The clinical, radiological signs are described. Arthrographs were usually negative. On microscopical examination, the cartilage was not pathological. Excision of the fractured cartilage gave poor results.", "contents": "[Injuries of the condylar cartilage of the knee in athletes]. The authors have observed 8 traumatic, isolated lesions of the articular cartilage of the medial condyle of the knee in young athletes (7 football players, one judoka). The clinical, radiological signs are described. Arthrographs were usually negative. On microscopical examination, the cartilage was not pathological. Excision of the fractured cartilage gave poor results."}
{"id": "PMID:137464", "title": "[Results of surgical treatment for rupture of the achilles tendon].", "content": "The authors analyse the results obtained on 53 cases of rupture of the Achillis tendon. Early minor complications were numerous (26 p. 100) the average follow-up, in 38 cases, was about 6 years. A number of ankle limitations, triceps weakness were noted. All patient had a calf atrophy. Final results were not related to the surgical technique (suture or grafting using plantaris). The authors conclude that the results obtained after surgical treatment are not as good as generally thought.", "contents": "[Results of surgical treatment for rupture of the achilles tendon]. The authors analyse the results obtained on 53 cases of rupture of the Achillis tendon. Early minor complications were numerous (26 p. 100) the average follow-up, in 38 cases, was about 6 years. A number of ankle limitations, triceps weakness were noted. All patient had a calf atrophy. Final results were not related to the surgical technique (suture or grafting using plantaris). The authors conclude that the results obtained after surgical treatment are not as good as generally thought."}
{"id": "PMID:137466", "title": "[Homografts allogeneic of the knee and hip joints].", "content": "The technique and instruments of PAP, Krompecher and Jaros allow a precise preparation of the femoral head, acetabulum, femoral condyles and tibial plateau in the donor and recipient for the application of homograft transplants of joint articular surfaces of 5 millimetre thickness. In the present series, specimens were preserved by freezing at 30 degrees below zero to prevent immunologic reactions in the recipient. Immunogenic control tests in 12 patients have shown that freezing at 30 degrees below zero does not eliminate antigens in the transplant. In future, therefore, it is intended to transplant only cartilage with living cells in relation to the HLA system. The problem of prevention of infection has been solved by a special antibiotic preparation of the specimen. Radiographic examination 4 years after operation shows that only two of 12 patients had an unsatisfactory result. Function in these two hip joints is, however, better than before operation although the transplant has been partly resorbed. The technique of homograft transplantation of the hip and knee joints is suitable for young or middle-aged individuals in whom the only alternative would be an arthrodesis. For older persons a joint prosthesis is preferable.", "contents": "[Homografts allogeneic of the knee and hip joints]. The technique and instruments of PAP, Krompecher and Jaros allow a precise preparation of the femoral head, acetabulum, femoral condyles and tibial plateau in the donor and recipient for the application of homograft transplants of joint articular surfaces of 5 millimetre thickness. In the present series, specimens were preserved by freezing at 30 degrees below zero to prevent immunologic reactions in the recipient. Immunogenic control tests in 12 patients have shown that freezing at 30 degrees below zero does not eliminate antigens in the transplant. In future, therefore, it is intended to transplant only cartilage with living cells in relation to the HLA system. The problem of prevention of infection has been solved by a special antibiotic preparation of the specimen. Radiographic examination 4 years after operation shows that only two of 12 patients had an unsatisfactory result. Function in these two hip joints is, however, better than before operation although the transplant has been partly resorbed. The technique of homograft transplantation of the hip and knee joints is suitable for young or middle-aged individuals in whom the only alternative would be an arthrodesis. For older persons a joint prosthesis is preferable."}
{"id": "PMID:137467", "title": "Delayed osteosynthesis of diaphyseal femoral fractures in adults.", "content": "There is a great advantage to practise the internal fixation of femoral shaft fractures of adults by AO plate two weeks after the traumatism. This delay allows the formation of a physiological callus which protects the osteosynthesis and is a sure sign of the bone union. At the price of a longer hospitalisation of the patient, this delayed osteosynthesis leads to a quick consolidation of an exactly reduced bone. The functional readaptation is rapid and complete. This method joins the advantages of concervative and surgical treatment without their usual complications.", "contents": "Delayed osteosynthesis of diaphyseal femoral fractures in adults. There is a great advantage to practise the internal fixation of femoral shaft fractures of adults by AO plate two weeks after the traumatism. This delay allows the formation of a physiological callus which protects the osteosynthesis and is a sure sign of the bone union. At the price of a longer hospitalisation of the patient, this delayed osteosynthesis leads to a quick consolidation of an exactly reduced bone. The functional readaptation is rapid and complete. This method joins the advantages of concervative and surgical treatment without their usual complications."}
{"id": "PMID:137468", "title": "[Surgical treatment of long-standing anterio-internal instability of the knee. Personal experience].", "content": "The authors have reviewed 139 surgical procedures performed in the treatment of antero-medial instability of the knee, including 71 Slocum procedures, 54 Nicholas, procedures and 14 miscellaneous procedures. The clinical signs and surgical techniques are described in detail. The results show that Slocum's procedure was always satisfactory and that it can be done either in isolation or in association with Nicholas' procedure and medial transfer of part of the patellar tendon.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of long-standing anterio-internal instability of the knee. Personal experience]. The authors have reviewed 139 surgical procedures performed in the treatment of antero-medial instability of the knee, including 71 Slocum procedures, 54 Nicholas, procedures and 14 miscellaneous procedures. The clinical signs and surgical techniques are described in detail. The results show that Slocum's procedure was always satisfactory and that it can be done either in isolation or in association with Nicholas' procedure and medial transfer of part of the patellar tendon."}
{"id": "PMID:137469", "title": "[Technic and natural history of Papineus's operation. Excision of cancellous graft without skin closure].", "content": "The authors present a new treatment technique of osteitis, which consists of an excision of necrotic bone followed by cancellous graft bone in two operations without a skin closure. This allows a simultaneous drying, cicatrization and consolidation. The post-operative treatment necessary in order to obtain a rapid healing is particularly detailed.", "contents": "[Technic and natural history of Papineus's operation. Excision of cancellous graft without skin closure]. The authors present a new treatment technique of osteitis, which consists of an excision of necrotic bone followed by cancellous graft bone in two operations without a skin closure. This allows a simultaneous drying, cicatrization and consolidation. The post-operative treatment necessary in order to obtain a rapid healing is particularly detailed."}
{"id": "PMID:137471", "title": "[Posturographic study of total prostheses in the leg. Apropos of 88 patients examined].", "content": "By suppressing certain articular sensory receptors, the reconstructive surgery of joints using total prostheses modifies tonic postural activity and, by this means, alters the regulation of balance in the subjects of operation. This doubtless explains certain discrepancies between the apparently excellent results in respect of joint movement and muscle strength and poor utilisation of the joint in every day life (instability, use of sticks or failure to use the joint in walking). Drawing on the experience and basic work of specialists in posture, the authors have undertaken a study of tonic postural activity in patients who had received a total prosthesis in the lower limb, both from the clinical aspect and by graphic measurement using an electronic apparatus, the statokinesiometer. Fourteen normal subjects were tested to calibrate the apparatus and 8 patients suffering from established osteoarthritis of the hip were studied as controls. Analysis of tonic postural activity was made in 66 patients who had received total prostheses in the lower limb. The results showed significant disturbance in balance in ankle prostheses, minimal disturbance in knee prostheses and not significant disturbance in hip prostheses. Certain therapeutic implications are derived from this study.", "contents": "[Posturographic study of total prostheses in the leg. Apropos of 88 patients examined]. By suppressing certain articular sensory receptors, the reconstructive surgery of joints using total prostheses modifies tonic postural activity and, by this means, alters the regulation of balance in the subjects of operation. This doubtless explains certain discrepancies between the apparently excellent results in respect of joint movement and muscle strength and poor utilisation of the joint in every day life (instability, use of sticks or failure to use the joint in walking). Drawing on the experience and basic work of specialists in posture, the authors have undertaken a study of tonic postural activity in patients who had received a total prosthesis in the lower limb, both from the clinical aspect and by graphic measurement using an electronic apparatus, the statokinesiometer. Fourteen normal subjects were tested to calibrate the apparatus and 8 patients suffering from established osteoarthritis of the hip were studied as controls. Analysis of tonic postural activity was made in 66 patients who had received total prostheses in the lower limb. The results showed significant disturbance in balance in ankle prostheses, minimal disturbance in knee prostheses and not significant disturbance in hip prostheses. Certain therapeutic implications are derived from this study."}
{"id": "PMID:137472", "title": "[External fixation with autopolymerizing acrylic resin].", "content": "In November 1970, a new method of skeletal fixation was devised using self-curing acrylic resin. Manipulative reduction of the displaced fracture is made using screws inserted into the bone fragments under an image intensifier. After reduction, the proximal and distal fragments are joined together with the aid of self-curing acrylic resin. Adjacent joints can be exercised immediately after operation and the fixation is so firm that the use of a plaster cast after operation is not necessary. This simple method can be used in osteosynthesis, compression arthrodesis and various types of osteotomy.", "contents": "[External fixation with autopolymerizing acrylic resin]. In November 1970, a new method of skeletal fixation was devised using self-curing acrylic resin. Manipulative reduction of the displaced fracture is made using screws inserted into the bone fragments under an image intensifier. After reduction, the proximal and distal fragments are joined together with the aid of self-curing acrylic resin. Adjacent joints can be exercised immediately after operation and the fixation is so firm that the use of a plaster cast after operation is not necessary. This simple method can be used in osteosynthesis, compression arthrodesis and various types of osteotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:137470", "title": "[Results of Papineua's operation. Apropos of 46 cases].", "content": "The authors analyse about one and a half years later, the results of 46 Papineau operations divided in three groups depending of the initial excision. The complete healing was obtained for 44 patients and by the sole Papineau operation in 70 p. 100 of the cases, with relatively short delays: 6 months without a solution of bone continuity, 9 months with a small solution of bone continuity, 11 months in the case of major solution of bone continuity. They insist on the absence of amputation, the small number of complications and in particular of interative fractures in this series.", "contents": "[Results of Papineua's operation. Apropos of 46 cases]. The authors analyse about one and a half years later, the results of 46 Papineau operations divided in three groups depending of the initial excision. The complete healing was obtained for 44 patients and by the sole Papineau operation in 70 p. 100 of the cases, with relatively short delays: 6 months without a solution of bone continuity, 9 months with a small solution of bone continuity, 11 months in the case of major solution of bone continuity. They insist on the absence of amputation, the small number of complications and in particular of interative fractures in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:137473", "title": "[The reaction of articular cartilage to mechanical trauma. An experimental study].", "content": "Experiments were conducted in 20 rabbits to study the effects of a single measured trauma applied to the femoral articular cartilage. The author found that, at the fifteenth day, there was fibrillation localised to the area of the trauma associated with necrosis of superficial chondrocytes and clusters of young chondrocytes. Fissures in the cartilage can be seen to be lined by chondrocytes in clusters. These findings are similar to those described by other authors after different types of injury (contusion, defect, instability, repeated trauma).", "contents": "[The reaction of articular cartilage to mechanical trauma. An experimental study]. Experiments were conducted in 20 rabbits to study the effects of a single measured trauma applied to the femoral articular cartilage. The author found that, at the fifteenth day, there was fibrillation localised to the area of the trauma associated with necrosis of superficial chondrocytes and clusters of young chondrocytes. Fissures in the cartilage can be seen to be lined by chondrocytes in clusters. These findings are similar to those described by other authors after different types of injury (contusion, defect, instability, repeated trauma)."}
{"id": "PMID:137474", "title": "[Growth of the trunk and lower limbs after the menarche].", "content": "The author has made a longitudinal biometric study of the growth in height of the upper and lower segments of the body in 45 girls. He concludes that growth after the menarche is almost exclusively in the upper segment. In 80 per cent of cases, the growth of the lower segment was less than 1.5 cms. The author shows that this residual growth depends on the maturity of the skeleton at the time of puberty. It is greater when skeletal maturity is delayed. Other important factors were the height of the child at the age of 8 and the growth rate between the ages of 8 and 10 years: the bigger the child, the smaller will be the amount of growth after the menarche. The first menstruation appeared earlier when the growth rate between the ages of 8 and 10 years was greater.", "contents": "[Growth of the trunk and lower limbs after the menarche]. The author has made a longitudinal biometric study of the growth in height of the upper and lower segments of the body in 45 girls. He concludes that growth after the menarche is almost exclusively in the upper segment. In 80 per cent of cases, the growth of the lower segment was less than 1.5 cms. The author shows that this residual growth depends on the maturity of the skeleton at the time of puberty. It is greater when skeletal maturity is delayed. Other important factors were the height of the child at the age of 8 and the growth rate between the ages of 8 and 10 years: the bigger the child, the smaller will be the amount of growth after the menarche. The first menstruation appeared earlier when the growth rate between the ages of 8 and 10 years was greater."}
{"id": "PMID:137491", "title": "[Fracture-dislocation of the tarso-metartarsal joint. Classification. Treatment. Apropos of 81 cases].", "content": "The authors have treated eighty-one cases of fracture-dislocation of the tarso-metarsal joint and have studied 232 cases reported in the literature. They suggest a modification of previous classifications. In their conclusions, they consider that purely conservative treatment is inadequate. Reduction, when obtained by closed methods, should be maintained by Kirschner wires. Open reduction should be done when closed methods do not produce a perfec reduction. When several articular fractures are present, they advocate immediate reduction and arthrodesis. The results obtained after secondary arthrodesis were not as good as those obtained after primary arthrodesis.", "contents": "[Fracture-dislocation of the tarso-metartarsal joint. Classification. Treatment. Apropos of 81 cases]. The authors have treated eighty-one cases of fracture-dislocation of the tarso-metarsal joint and have studied 232 cases reported in the literature. They suggest a modification of previous classifications. In their conclusions, they consider that purely conservative treatment is inadequate. Reduction, when obtained by closed methods, should be maintained by Kirschner wires. Open reduction should be done when closed methods do not produce a perfec reduction. When several articular fractures are present, they advocate immediate reduction and arthrodesis. The results obtained after secondary arthrodesis were not as good as those obtained after primary arthrodesis."}
{"id": "PMID:137493", "title": "[Cysts of the external meniscus].", "content": "The authors have treated 20 cases of cyst of the laternal meniscus of the knee. In most of the cases, the diagnosis was made late. The clinical, radiological and pathological features are described and the etiological factors are discussed. Complete meniscectomy relieved the symptoms in 17 cases.", "contents": "[Cysts of the external meniscus]. The authors have treated 20 cases of cyst of the laternal meniscus of the knee. In most of the cases, the diagnosis was made late. The clinical, radiological and pathological features are described and the etiological factors are discussed. Complete meniscectomy relieved the symptoms in 17 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:137498", "title": "[Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on rat reproduction under different conditions of lighting (author's transl)].", "content": "Reproduction in female rats kept on artificial cycles of light/darkness, continuous lighting and continuous darkness, has been studied. Three weekly doses of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), 100 mg/kg, were given to half of the rats in each group during the two preconditioning months before copulation. An evaluation has been made of the insemination, fecundation, number of embryos, ovarian cycle and level of 5-HT in the hypothalamus. The administration of p-CPA had an inhibitory effect on the reproductive behavior, especially pronounced in rats kept under continuous lighting and under continuous darkness. The difference in 5-TH levels were greater among the groups kept on cycles of light/darkness without treatment and with p-CPA (0.05 greater than P greater than 0.01). The importance of 5-HT in the mechanisms of reproductive behavior is emphasized.", "contents": "[Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on rat reproduction under different conditions of lighting (author's transl)]. Reproduction in female rats kept on artificial cycles of light/darkness, continuous lighting and continuous darkness, has been studied. Three weekly doses of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), 100 mg/kg, were given to half of the rats in each group during the two preconditioning months before copulation. An evaluation has been made of the insemination, fecundation, number of embryos, ovarian cycle and level of 5-HT in the hypothalamus. The administration of p-CPA had an inhibitory effect on the reproductive behavior, especially pronounced in rats kept under continuous lighting and under continuous darkness. The difference in 5-TH levels were greater among the groups kept on cycles of light/darkness without treatment and with p-CPA (0.05 greater than P greater than 0.01). The importance of 5-HT in the mechanisms of reproductive behavior is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:137490", "title": "[Avascular necrosis of the femoral head following fracture of the neck. Early diagnosis using radioactive tracers].", "content": "The authors have injected Sr85 intravenously and studied its fixation in samples taken from the femoral head with a trephine in the course of reduction and fixation of fractures of the femoral neck. Thirty-eight cases were studied, of which ten developed secondary avascular necrosis of the femoral head. All the patients were followed up for more than three years. The standard technique is described in detail. The authors consider that this technique was valid. All the necroses were able to be predicted. The examination of the samples took about 15 minutes during the operation. The method makes it possible to choose between internal fixation and prosthetic replacement.", "contents": "[Avascular necrosis of the femoral head following fracture of the neck. Early diagnosis using radioactive tracers]. The authors have injected Sr85 intravenously and studied its fixation in samples taken from the femoral head with a trephine in the course of reduction and fixation of fractures of the femoral neck. Thirty-eight cases were studied, of which ten developed secondary avascular necrosis of the femoral head. All the patients were followed up for more than three years. The standard technique is described in detail. The authors consider that this technique was valid. All the necroses were able to be predicted. The examination of the samples took about 15 minutes during the operation. The method makes it possible to choose between internal fixation and prosthetic replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:137499", "title": "[Hydrolytic conditions of the conjugated steroids from human urine (author's transl)].", "content": "The hydrolisis of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate added to human urine was studied under several hydrolytic procedures. Enzymatic and acid hydrolysis with and without the previous removal of enzymic inhibitors present in the human urine were compared. The simple precipitation of inorganic ions with barium acetate before the enzymatic hydrolysis was considered an efficient procedure giving an 81% recovery of the added dehydroepiandrosterone. Since this procedure does not involve rearrangements in the steroid molecules, and because of its simplicity it is considered adequate for the determination of the urinary steroid excretion patterns in humans allowing the quantitation of some conjugates (16 alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone) otherwise not detectable because of its incomplete hydrolysis and extraction.", "contents": "[Hydrolytic conditions of the conjugated steroids from human urine (author's transl)]. The hydrolisis of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate added to human urine was studied under several hydrolytic procedures. Enzymatic and acid hydrolysis with and without the previous removal of enzymic inhibitors present in the human urine were compared. The simple precipitation of inorganic ions with barium acetate before the enzymatic hydrolysis was considered an efficient procedure giving an 81% recovery of the added dehydroepiandrosterone. Since this procedure does not involve rearrangements in the steroid molecules, and because of its simplicity it is considered adequate for the determination of the urinary steroid excretion patterns in humans allowing the quantitation of some conjugates (16 alpha-hydroxy-dehydroepiandrosterone) otherwise not detectable because of its incomplete hydrolysis and extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:137500", "title": "[Rehabilitation through social communities (author's transl)].", "content": "The author is of the opinion that rehabilitation is characterised rather by stimatisation and isolation than by overall measures persuring the aim of partnership and community organisation. As a rule, the severely handicapped set an example of a social community through their own life performance. In their social community marginal groups are unknown unless the individual considers himself and his family outsiders or marginal group, and favours this situation A desirable goal, however, is that joint efforts be made on the part of all members of the community and that these efforts be based on partnership. A means to reach this goal is through the creation of local citizen groups as co-ordinating bodies of neighbourhood self-help groups, if possible, in all local districts. The author gives some examples on how this can be realised.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation through social communities (author's transl)]. The author is of the opinion that rehabilitation is characterised rather by stimatisation and isolation than by overall measures persuring the aim of partnership and community organisation. As a rule, the severely handicapped set an example of a social community through their own life performance. In their social community marginal groups are unknown unless the individual considers himself and his family outsiders or marginal group, and favours this situation A desirable goal, however, is that joint efforts be made on the part of all members of the community and that these efforts be based on partnership. A means to reach this goal is through the creation of local citizen groups as co-ordinating bodies of neighbourhood self-help groups, if possible, in all local districts. The author gives some examples on how this can be realised."}
{"id": "PMID:137492", "title": "[Pyogenic spondylitis in adults].", "content": "The authors have treated 50 cases of non specific spondylitis in adults and reviewed the clinical signs and diagnostic problems in this condition. They advocate a systematic surgical approach to the focus. This allows identification of the organism unless the patient has previously received antibiotics. Even then, a direct approach allows histological examinations to be made and necrotic and infected tissues to be cleaned up. In 12 highly destructive lesions, a bone graft was added. The results were more satisfactory when fusion across the disc was achieved. There were only two deaths.", "contents": "[Pyogenic spondylitis in adults]. The authors have treated 50 cases of non specific spondylitis in adults and reviewed the clinical signs and diagnostic problems in this condition. They advocate a systematic surgical approach to the focus. This allows identification of the organism unless the patient has previously received antibiotics. Even then, a direct approach allows histological examinations to be made and necrotic and infected tissues to be cleaned up. In 12 highly destructive lesions, a bone graft was added. The results were more satisfactory when fusion across the disc was achieved. There were only two deaths."}
{"id": "PMID:137501", "title": "[Work physiological studies performed to optimate the lever propulsion and the seat position of a lever propelled wheelchair (author's transl)].", "content": "Spiroergometric examination with defined work loads and permanent records of the common circulatory and metabolic values were carried out on a group of healthy adults and one wheelchair occupant, using a fixed wheelchair simulator with lever propulsion, which was connected to an ergometer. Comparative studies were performed in three different seat positions in relation to the lever, as well as six different lengths of the connecting rod. The best values were measured, under steadystate conditions, with increasing lengths of the connecting rod and posterior placement of the seat unit. The results are in agreement with the experience gained by other authors with respect to arm work, and show that the optimal efficiency of hand lever work is obtained in the anterior position. In this context it proved to be particularly advantageious from the ergonomic viewpoint, if, when bending forward, as necessitated by a long connecting rod, both the upper part of the body and the trunk musculature are employed. The practical consequences of the simulator tests on an adequate wheelchair design and wheelchair prescription are discussed.", "contents": "[Work physiological studies performed to optimate the lever propulsion and the seat position of a lever propelled wheelchair (author's transl)]. Spiroergometric examination with defined work loads and permanent records of the common circulatory and metabolic values were carried out on a group of healthy adults and one wheelchair occupant, using a fixed wheelchair simulator with lever propulsion, which was connected to an ergometer. Comparative studies were performed in three different seat positions in relation to the lever, as well as six different lengths of the connecting rod. The best values were measured, under steadystate conditions, with increasing lengths of the connecting rod and posterior placement of the seat unit. The results are in agreement with the experience gained by other authors with respect to arm work, and show that the optimal efficiency of hand lever work is obtained in the anterior position. In this context it proved to be particularly advantageious from the ergonomic viewpoint, if, when bending forward, as necessitated by a long connecting rod, both the upper part of the body and the trunk musculature are employed. The practical consequences of the simulator tests on an adequate wheelchair design and wheelchair prescription are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137502", "title": "Predictive tests in Huntington's disease.", "content": "HD is a dominantly inherited disorder that affects mental and motor systems and includes a rigid form as well as the better known choreic form. Many articles have been devoted to predicting the future onset of the disease in patients who are at risk, but none of the suggested predictors is currently considered completely reliable. Members from individual families do tend to show a similar age of onset, and similar intellectual and motor abnormalities do develop within a single family; but the presence or absence of this dominant gene of high penetrance is not usually certain until the obvious physical signs appear. Predictive tests are of importance not only to decide which person may develop the disorder, but they may also offer a clue to associated or causal features of the disease. This chapter is a review of reported predictive tests in HD, emphasizing the rationale for their use. Psychological testing has often been abnormal early in the course of the disease of some patients, particularly when motor dexterity or apraxia  is tested. Family members often insist that various psychological traits enable them to predict which members are affected by the gene. These opinions are summarized. Neurophysiologic tests are briefly reviewed, including new data on increased liklihood of H-reflexes in HD. Electroencephalography was once touted as a possible predictive test but, although there is frequently an association of a low voltage EEG activity with HD, this change is too variable for certainty in prediction. Pneumoencephalography with specific measurements of caudate atrophy is of clinical interest, but a pneumoencephalogram is rarely needed for diagnosis and caudate atrophy may not actually be an early sign. Metabolic changes in HD include the biochemical effects of hypothalamic dysfunction, changes in growth hormone, and reported change in GABA levels in the CSF or brain. Provocative tests have utilized numerous drugs in an attempt to predict the onset of the disease, including particularly physostigmine and L-DOPA. All of the tests elucidate peculiarities of the disease, and all are of ethical as well as neurological interest. Many of the provocative tests utilize quantification of known neurologic features of the disease, such as reduction in saccadic movements of the eye, increased reflexes, or patterns of movement. The ethical problems in predictive tests, especially tests intended to provoke features of the disease, have been a matter of quiet controversy. Should a nontreatable disease be overtly diagnosed? And if so, will it benefit the patient? Can any of the tests tend to accelerate the patient's decline, either by physical or by psychological trauma? This chapter reviews the various predictive tests and their rationale and concludes that none of the tests are totally reliable. Many offer interesting insights into the effects of HD and do broaden the overall significance of this fascinating disorder of basal ganglion function.", "contents": "Predictive tests in Huntington's disease. HD is a dominantly inherited disorder that affects mental and motor systems and includes a rigid form as well as the better known choreic form. Many articles have been devoted to predicting the future onset of the disease in patients who are at risk, but none of the suggested predictors is currently considered completely reliable. Members from individual families do tend to show a similar age of onset, and similar intellectual and motor abnormalities do develop within a single family; but the presence or absence of this dominant gene of high penetrance is not usually certain until the obvious physical signs appear. Predictive tests are of importance not only to decide which person may develop the disorder, but they may also offer a clue to associated or causal features of the disease. This chapter is a review of reported predictive tests in HD, emphasizing the rationale for their use. Psychological testing has often been abnormal early in the course of the disease of some patients, particularly when motor dexterity or apraxia  is tested. Family members often insist that various psychological traits enable them to predict which members are affected by the gene. These opinions are summarized. Neurophysiologic tests are briefly reviewed, including new data on increased liklihood of H-reflexes in HD. Electroencephalography was once touted as a possible predictive test but, although there is frequently an association of a low voltage EEG activity with HD, this change is too variable for certainty in prediction. Pneumoencephalography with specific measurements of caudate atrophy is of clinical interest, but a pneumoencephalogram is rarely needed for diagnosis and caudate atrophy may not actually be an early sign. Metabolic changes in HD include the biochemical effects of hypothalamic dysfunction, changes in growth hormone, and reported change in GABA levels in the CSF or brain. Provocative tests have utilized numerous drugs in an attempt to predict the onset of the disease, including particularly physostigmine and L-DOPA. All of the tests elucidate peculiarities of the disease, and all are of ethical as well as neurological interest. Many of the provocative tests utilize quantification of known neurologic features of the disease, such as reduction in saccadic movements of the eye, increased reflexes, or patterns of movement. The ethical problems in predictive tests, especially tests intended to provoke features of the disease, have been a matter of quiet controversy. Should a nontreatable disease be overtly diagnosed? And if so, will it benefit the patient? Can any of the tests tend to accelerate the patient's decline, either by physical or by psychological trauma? This chapter reviews the various predictive tests and their rationale and concludes that none of the tests are totally reliable. Many offer interesting insights into the effects of HD and do broaden the overall significance of this fascinating disorder of basal ganglion function."}
{"id": "PMID:137505", "title": "Estimation of the hepatic blood flow in the dog with the Xe133 and hydrogen wash-out Au190 -colloid uptake techniques and with the electromagnetic flowmeter.", "content": "In dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbital hepatic blood flow measured with electromagnetic flowmeters placed on the hepatic artery and the portal vein was 142 +/- 10.2 ml.min(-1).100 g(-1). The flow estimated with the hydrogen clearance technique was 64 +/- 4.4 per cent, with the Xe133 wash-out technique 78 +/- 7.4 per cent and by the uptake of colloidal radiogold 96.5 +/- 5.0 per cent of the direct measurement. In the flow range between 50 and 344 ml.min-1. 100 g-1 the respective correlation coefficient between HBF measured with the hydrogen clearance technique and with the flowmeter was 0.733, between Xe133-HBF and flowmeter HBF 0.785 and between Au198-colloid HBF and the directly measured HBF was 0.815.", "contents": "Estimation of the hepatic blood flow in the dog with the Xe133 and hydrogen wash-out Au190 -colloid uptake techniques and with the electromagnetic flowmeter. In dogs anaesthetized with pentobarbital hepatic blood flow measured with electromagnetic flowmeters placed on the hepatic artery and the portal vein was 142 +/- 10.2 ml.min(-1).100 g(-1). The flow estimated with the hydrogen clearance technique was 64 +/- 4.4 per cent, with the Xe133 wash-out technique 78 +/- 7.4 per cent and by the uptake of colloidal radiogold 96.5 +/- 5.0 per cent of the direct measurement. In the flow range between 50 and 344 ml.min-1. 100 g-1 the respective correlation coefficient between HBF measured with the hydrogen clearance technique and with the flowmeter was 0.733, between Xe133-HBF and flowmeter HBF 0.785 and between Au198-colloid HBF and the directly measured HBF was 0.815."}
{"id": "PMID:137508", "title": "[Serotoninergic and adrenergic factors influencing the ovulation and reproduction in the rat].", "content": "The action of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on ovulation and reproduction in female rats with unique or repeated treatments of p-chlorophenylalane (p-CPA) was studied under different conditions of illumination. Histological studies were carried out on the tube and ovaries, controls of the ovarian cycle and of inseminations produce by vaginal deposits. An evaluation has been made of the insemination, fecundation, number of embryos, ovarian cycle and in anothers series hypothalamic determinations of 5-HT were carried out. In one group of rats the effect of intracerebrally administration (n. accumbens septi) 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) (250 mug) on ovulation was studied. The administration of a unique doses of p-CPA (300 mg/Kg) induces an inhibition of the reproductive cycle in all its phases and in all the rats. Which repeated doses (100 mg/Kg) reproduction was inhibited in rats maintained under continuous illumination and under continuous darkness. Ovulation studies revealed that follicle rupture, was inhibited with a unique dose of p-CPA (300 mg/Kg). The histological study showed, marked luteinitation of ovaries. The ovarian cycle after a unique dose of p-CPA showed continuous diestrus phases. The results may indicate that a decrease of cerebral 5-HT producing a hormonal change which leads to the disappearence of the oestrogenic phase, with consequent inhibition of rupture and decrease in receptivity of the female rat. The administration of 6-OH-DA in the n.accumbens septi inhibited follicle rupture giving rise to manifest lutteynitation. A further study on the degeneration of nerve fibres, suggests the posssibility of adrenergic influence in ovulation of septal structures.", "contents": "[Serotoninergic and adrenergic factors influencing the ovulation and reproduction in the rat]. The action of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on ovulation and reproduction in female rats with unique or repeated treatments of p-chlorophenylalane (p-CPA) was studied under different conditions of illumination. Histological studies were carried out on the tube and ovaries, controls of the ovarian cycle and of inseminations produce by vaginal deposits. An evaluation has been made of the insemination, fecundation, number of embryos, ovarian cycle and in anothers series hypothalamic determinations of 5-HT were carried out. In one group of rats the effect of intracerebrally administration (n. accumbens septi) 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OH-DA) (250 mug) on ovulation was studied. The administration of a unique doses of p-CPA (300 mg/Kg) induces an inhibition of the reproductive cycle in all its phases and in all the rats. Which repeated doses (100 mg/Kg) reproduction was inhibited in rats maintained under continuous illumination and under continuous darkness. Ovulation studies revealed that follicle rupture, was inhibited with a unique dose of p-CPA (300 mg/Kg). The histological study showed, marked luteinitation of ovaries. The ovarian cycle after a unique dose of p-CPA showed continuous diestrus phases. The results may indicate that a decrease of cerebral 5-HT producing a hormonal change which leads to the disappearence of the oestrogenic phase, with consequent inhibition of rupture and decrease in receptivity of the female rat. The administration of 6-OH-DA in the n.accumbens septi inhibited follicle rupture giving rise to manifest lutteynitation. A further study on the degeneration of nerve fibres, suggests the posssibility of adrenergic influence in ovulation of septal structures."}
{"id": "PMID:137509", "title": "[Principle histoclinical forms of iatrogenic eruptions].", "content": "The staggering multiplication of chemotherapy and polychemotherapy, in addition to artificial substances introduced into foodstuffs (such as saccharin in certain so-called fruit juices), has resulted in innumerable visceral and cutaneous disorders. Confining ourselves to \"iatrogenic\" rashes, the mechanism of which is far from being a single entity, we have riviewed the six most common varieties: recurrent fixed pigmented erythema, in which stovarsol has given way to the sulphaguanidines; pigmentogenic rashes with the renewed use of amiodarone; eczema and erythrodermia which may be due to any drug, with or without the influence of the sun; iatrogenic lichens, atebrine having provided all types; bullous conditions, sometimes the final stage of the previous group; finally, Lyell's syndrome. Our aim was to study skin biopsies in all these problems, in order to attempt to discover typical lesions.", "contents": "[Principle histoclinical forms of iatrogenic eruptions]. The staggering multiplication of chemotherapy and polychemotherapy, in addition to artificial substances introduced into foodstuffs (such as saccharin in certain so-called fruit juices), has resulted in innumerable visceral and cutaneous disorders. Confining ourselves to \"iatrogenic\" rashes, the mechanism of which is far from being a single entity, we have riviewed the six most common varieties: recurrent fixed pigmented erythema, in which stovarsol has given way to the sulphaguanidines; pigmentogenic rashes with the renewed use of amiodarone; eczema and erythrodermia which may be due to any drug, with or without the influence of the sun; iatrogenic lichens, atebrine having provided all types; bullous conditions, sometimes the final stage of the previous group; finally, Lyell's syndrome. Our aim was to study skin biopsies in all these problems, in order to attempt to discover typical lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:137510", "title": "[Cutanemucosal complications caused by sulfamides].", "content": "Cutaneous accidents due to sulfonamides have been known since 1939 and their frequency is about 1%. Allergy to a sulfonamide definitely excludes the use of all the others and causes allergy to the amine group in para: anaesthesia of the procaine type, PAS, aniline dyes, synthetic sweeteners, and hair dyes. There is no correlation between the amount ingested and the severity of the accidents. Clinically, these accidents are very polymorphous ranging from photosensitization to eruptions as serious as acute epidermal necrosis.", "contents": "[Cutanemucosal complications caused by sulfamides]. Cutaneous accidents due to sulfonamides have been known since 1939 and their frequency is about 1%. Allergy to a sulfonamide definitely excludes the use of all the others and causes allergy to the amine group in para: anaesthesia of the procaine type, PAS, aniline dyes, synthetic sweeteners, and hair dyes. There is no correlation between the amount ingested and the severity of the accidents. Clinically, these accidents are very polymorphous ranging from photosensitization to eruptions as serious as acute epidermal necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:137511", "title": "[Iatrogenic lupus-like syndromes].", "content": "The existence of iatrogenic lupus is now well-established and seems to be on the increase. A number of drugs must take the blame for these outbreaks: Hydrazine derivatives (Hydralazine, I.N.H.), anticonvulsants, Procainamide, psychotropics, antibiotics, antalgics, contraceptives. Clinically, these drugs can: --either mimic L.E. without showing any visceral or biological signs; --or aggravate a chronic L.E., or a systemic L.E. during a remission with biological symptoms appearing; --or trigger a true L.E.: all the various clinical symptoms of idiopathic L.E. may be encountered, certain articular, cutaneous symptoms predominating, renal symptoms rarely appearing. The discovery of HARGRAVES cells is the only certain biological sign to confirm systemic lupus, the existence of antinuclear antibodies or antinuclear factors merely serving as a guide to the collecting of a whole gamut of clinical and biological symptoms.", "contents": "[Iatrogenic lupus-like syndromes]. The existence of iatrogenic lupus is now well-established and seems to be on the increase. A number of drugs must take the blame for these outbreaks: Hydrazine derivatives (Hydralazine, I.N.H.), anticonvulsants, Procainamide, psychotropics, antibiotics, antalgics, contraceptives. Clinically, these drugs can: --either mimic L.E. without showing any visceral or biological signs; --or aggravate a chronic L.E., or a systemic L.E. during a remission with biological symptoms appearing; --or trigger a true L.E.: all the various clinical symptoms of idiopathic L.E. may be encountered, certain articular, cutaneous symptoms predominating, renal symptoms rarely appearing. The discovery of HARGRAVES cells is the only certain biological sign to confirm systemic lupus, the existence of antinuclear antibodies or antinuclear factors merely serving as a guide to the collecting of a whole gamut of clinical and biological symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:137512", "title": "[Lyell's acute epidermal necrosis or bullous erythroderma with Debr\u00e9-Lamy-Lamotte epidermolysis].", "content": "Acute epidermal necrosis is an exceptionally serious condition whose onset, which is sometimes preceded by a few prodomes, is marked by an eruption mainly around the orifices and rapidly extending to the whole of the tegument. Epidermal necrosis results in extensive shedding of the skin and within the space of a few hours gives the patient the appearance of having been scalded. In adults, drugs and in particular certain combinations of drugs, are responsible; the drugs mainly involved are the sulfonamides, especially delayed action sulfonamides, derivatives of butazolidine, Barbiturates, Phenindione and Penicillin. In children, on the other hand, acute epidermal necrosis is usually secondary to infection by a phase 2 coagulase positive staphylococcus aureus, this staphylococcus secreting an exotoxin which appears to act by breaking up the desmosomes. Treatment mainly consists of emergency resuscitation.", "contents": "[Lyell's acute epidermal necrosis or bullous erythroderma with Debr\u00e9-Lamy-Lamotte epidermolysis]. Acute epidermal necrosis is an exceptionally serious condition whose onset, which is sometimes preceded by a few prodomes, is marked by an eruption mainly around the orifices and rapidly extending to the whole of the tegument. Epidermal necrosis results in extensive shedding of the skin and within the space of a few hours gives the patient the appearance of having been scalded. In adults, drugs and in particular certain combinations of drugs, are responsible; the drugs mainly involved are the sulfonamides, especially delayed action sulfonamides, derivatives of butazolidine, Barbiturates, Phenindione and Penicillin. In children, on the other hand, acute epidermal necrosis is usually secondary to infection by a phase 2 coagulase positive staphylococcus aureus, this staphylococcus secreting an exotoxin which appears to act by breaking up the desmosomes. Treatment mainly consists of emergency resuscitation."}
{"id": "PMID:137514", "title": "[Oral aphthoid toxic dermatoses].", "content": "In a description of 4 cases (phenindione, 1 case; niflumic acid, 1 case; gold salts, 2 cases), the authors describe a new variety of oral toxicodermatitis characterized by an eruption of painful, infiltrated aphthoid ulcerations, not precededbybull ae, small (less than 1 cm), roundish, with a greyish yellow necrotic centre surrounded by an erythematous halo. Histological investigation reveals a compact, polymorphous inflammatory infiltrate with numerous polynuclear neutrophiles or, less commonly, eosinophiles some of which are in a state of pyknosis of leukocytoclasia, associated with phenomena of spongiosis or necrosis of the epithelium.", "contents": "[Oral aphthoid toxic dermatoses]. In a description of 4 cases (phenindione, 1 case; niflumic acid, 1 case; gold salts, 2 cases), the authors describe a new variety of oral toxicodermatitis characterized by an eruption of painful, infiltrated aphthoid ulcerations, not precededbybull ae, small (less than 1 cm), roundish, with a greyish yellow necrotic centre surrounded by an erythematous halo. Histological investigation reveals a compact, polymorphous inflammatory infiltrate with numerous polynuclear neutrophiles or, less commonly, eosinophiles some of which are in a state of pyknosis of leukocytoclasia, associated with phenomena of spongiosis or necrosis of the epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:137518", "title": "Carnitine concentration in relation to enzyme activities and substrate utilization in human skeletal muscles.", "content": "The relationships between the carnitine concentration and enzyme activities representative of different metabolic pathways, glycogenolysis, glycolysis, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, citric acid cycle, and respiratory chain were studied in skeletal muscle tissue from 18 volunteering subjects. In addition, the in vitro incorporation rates of glucose-carbon and palmitate-carbon into different metabolites, and the concentration of glycogen, triglycerides, and phospholipids were determined in the same tissue specimen. The carnitine concentration correlated positively and statistically significantly with the activities of 3-OH-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase, with the incorporation rate of palmitate-carbon into CO2, and the incorporation rate of glucose-carbon into lactate in the muscle tissue. The results indicate a coupling between the concentration of carnitine and the capacity for long-chained fatty acid oxidation in human skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Carnitine concentration in relation to enzyme activities and substrate utilization in human skeletal muscles. The relationships between the carnitine concentration and enzyme activities representative of different metabolic pathways, glycogenolysis, glycolysis, beta-oxidation of fatty acids, citric acid cycle, and respiratory chain were studied in skeletal muscle tissue from 18 volunteering subjects. In addition, the in vitro incorporation rates of glucose-carbon and palmitate-carbon into different metabolites, and the concentration of glycogen, triglycerides, and phospholipids were determined in the same tissue specimen. The carnitine concentration correlated positively and statistically significantly with the activities of 3-OH-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and citrate synthase, with the incorporation rate of palmitate-carbon into CO2, and the incorporation rate of glucose-carbon into lactate in the muscle tissue. The results indicate a coupling between the concentration of carnitine and the capacity for long-chained fatty acid oxidation in human skeletal muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:137515", "title": "[Drugs and drug combinations responsible for cutaneomucosal reactions].", "content": "The drugs and drug combinations responsible for cutaneo-mucosal reactions are very numerous, which explains why this undesireable side effect is the most frequent of all. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms are described: immunoallergic with its different types of reactions, overdosage, idiosyncrasy, drug interactions, etc. The reactions of produced vary from the maculo-papular rash to definitive staining of the skin. A few specific cases have been analyzed: the allergic reactions with penicillins, the photo-toxicity of certain tetracyclines, licheniform eruptions with gold salts or lupus erythematosus with penicillamine. Centralization of pharmacological information is desireable in order to better understand these reactions.", "contents": "[Drugs and drug combinations responsible for cutaneomucosal reactions]. The drugs and drug combinations responsible for cutaneo-mucosal reactions are very numerous, which explains why this undesireable side effect is the most frequent of all. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms are described: immunoallergic with its different types of reactions, overdosage, idiosyncrasy, drug interactions, etc. The reactions of produced vary from the maculo-papular rash to definitive staining of the skin. A few specific cases have been analyzed: the allergic reactions with penicillins, the photo-toxicity of certain tetracyclines, licheniform eruptions with gold salts or lupus erythematosus with penicillamine. Centralization of pharmacological information is desireable in order to better understand these reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:137519", "title": "Response to an offer of consultation concerning TMJ-disorder.", "content": "Based on the assumption that there is a correlation between myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD), headache and/or back pain, this study intended to assess the occurrence of MPD among persons reporting pain in their head or back. Another main purpose was to measure the response to an offer of free examination of teeth and jaws and, if needed, also free treatment of TMJ-disorder. In an electrotechnical company comprising 698 employees, a total of 27 persons attended for examination after the offer had been presented to two groups selected by two different sampling methods. Of the attendants, women, middle-aged persons, and persons from the upper social strata were overrepresented. These same categories were also the most likely to report headache and/or back pain. Ten individuals out of the 27 attendants claimed to have experienced some TMJ-disorder, and these indivuduals tended also to complain about headache and back pain. A major finding was that the response to the offer was clearly affected by social background. The response pattern was much like that known about the seeking of treatment for MPD-- and for dental treatment generally.", "contents": "Response to an offer of consultation concerning TMJ-disorder. Based on the assumption that there is a correlation between myofascial pain dysfunction (MPD), headache and/or back pain, this study intended to assess the occurrence of MPD among persons reporting pain in their head or back. Another main purpose was to measure the response to an offer of free examination of teeth and jaws and, if needed, also free treatment of TMJ-disorder. In an electrotechnical company comprising 698 employees, a total of 27 persons attended for examination after the offer had been presented to two groups selected by two different sampling methods. Of the attendants, women, middle-aged persons, and persons from the upper social strata were overrepresented. These same categories were also the most likely to report headache and/or back pain. Ten individuals out of the 27 attendants claimed to have experienced some TMJ-disorder, and these indivuduals tended also to complain about headache and back pain. A major finding was that the response to the offer was clearly affected by social background. The response pattern was much like that known about the seeking of treatment for MPD-- and for dental treatment generally."}
{"id": "PMID:137520", "title": "[Cerebrospinal fluid metabolism of biogenic amines in Huntington chorea].", "content": "CSF metabolites of dopamine (HVA), norepinephrine (MHPG) and serotonine (5HIAA) in 9 patients affected by Huntington's Chorea before and after therapy with phenotiazine derivatives (Fluphenazine) have been studied. A close relationship seems to exist between therapeutical results and CSF HVA modifications: improvement of choreatic movements is associated with marked increase in CSF HVA values. Biochemical bases of Huntington's Chorea are discussed.", "contents": "[Cerebrospinal fluid metabolism of biogenic amines in Huntington chorea]. CSF metabolites of dopamine (HVA), norepinephrine (MHPG) and serotonine (5HIAA) in 9 patients affected by Huntington's Chorea before and after therapy with phenotiazine derivatives (Fluphenazine) have been studied. A close relationship seems to exist between therapeutical results and CSF HVA modifications: improvement of choreatic movements is associated with marked increase in CSF HVA values. Biochemical bases of Huntington's Chorea are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137521", "title": "[The malignancy of early-onset epilepsy (catamnestic study)].", "content": "The originality of the present study derives from the continuous and prolonged observation of over 100 epileptics--presently late adolescents and young adults treated from childhood by the same physician. All cases of infantile epilepsy with spontaneously favourable evolution were automatically excluded. The author defines some criterions of evaluation of the remote prognosis. The earlier the epilepsy appears, the more restricted the potentiality of autonomy will be. The risk of total invalidity arises to 50% for patients whose epilepsy started before they were 6 years old. It decreases significantly when the epilepsy starts after the age of 6 years. Beside the West and Lennox syndroms cases, for which the autonomy is very reduced, the prognosis gets distinctly worse in cases of inaugural epileptic state; it is slightly better in cases with hemiconvulsive start. The numerous and serious emotional complications make also the prognosis worse as they reduce, more than the persistence of the fits and the low intellectual level, the potentiality of socioprofessional integration.", "contents": "[The malignancy of early-onset epilepsy (catamnestic study)]. The originality of the present study derives from the continuous and prolonged observation of over 100 epileptics--presently late adolescents and young adults treated from childhood by the same physician. All cases of infantile epilepsy with spontaneously favourable evolution were automatically excluded. The author defines some criterions of evaluation of the remote prognosis. The earlier the epilepsy appears, the more restricted the potentiality of autonomy will be. The risk of total invalidity arises to 50% for patients whose epilepsy started before they were 6 years old. It decreases significantly when the epilepsy starts after the age of 6 years. Beside the West and Lennox syndroms cases, for which the autonomy is very reduced, the prognosis gets distinctly worse in cases of inaugural epileptic state; it is slightly better in cases with hemiconvulsive start. The numerous and serious emotional complications make also the prognosis worse as they reduce, more than the persistence of the fits and the low intellectual level, the potentiality of socioprofessional integration."}
{"id": "PMID:137522", "title": "[Heart enlargement and arterial hypertension in renal arteriovenous fistula].", "content": "In a patient hospitalized for progressive congestive heart failure the findings were hypertension, cardiomegaly and a mass in the left upper abdomen. A murmur was audible over the tumor. Clinical suspicion of a renal newgrowth with an arteriovenous fistula was confirmed by renal angiography. After nephrectomy the heart size became normal but the hypertension could only be controlled by drugs. The causes, symptoms and signs, and pathophysiology of arteriovenous shunts are discussed. Therapy is surgical. Surgery eliminates the congestive heart failure.", "contents": "[Heart enlargement and arterial hypertension in renal arteriovenous fistula]. In a patient hospitalized for progressive congestive heart failure the findings were hypertension, cardiomegaly and a mass in the left upper abdomen. A murmur was audible over the tumor. Clinical suspicion of a renal newgrowth with an arteriovenous fistula was confirmed by renal angiography. After nephrectomy the heart size became normal but the hypertension could only be controlled by drugs. The causes, symptoms and signs, and pathophysiology of arteriovenous shunts are discussed. Therapy is surgical. Surgery eliminates the congestive heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:137524", "title": "Complete reversal of experimental diabetes mellitus in rats by a single fetal pancreas.", "content": "Complete reversal of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in adult rats will follow transplantation of a single fetal pancreas if the organ is first grown in a normal syngeneic carrier before transfer to the diabetic recipient. Careful control of the blood sugar of diabetic recipients may enhance the function of a single donor organ and thus improve histocompatibility matching.", "contents": "Complete reversal of experimental diabetes mellitus in rats by a single fetal pancreas. Complete reversal of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in adult rats will follow transplantation of a single fetal pancreas if the organ is first grown in a normal syngeneic carrier before transfer to the diabetic recipient. Careful control of the blood sugar of diabetic recipients may enhance the function of a single donor organ and thus improve histocompatibility matching."}
{"id": "PMID:137525", "title": "Huntington's disease: delayed hypersensitivity in vitro to human central nervous system antigens.", "content": "Huntington's disease is a hereditary, chronic, degenerative disease of the brain which is transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene. We have discovered that lymphocytes from patients with Huntington's disease respond to the presence of brain tissue from patients with the disease by producing migration inhibition factor, a correlate of the cellular immune response. Lymphocytes from donors without the disease do not respond to the diseased brain tissue, and lymphocytes from patients with Huntington's disease respond only rarely to brain tissue from donors without the disease.", "contents": "Huntington's disease: delayed hypersensitivity in vitro to human central nervous system antigens. Huntington's disease is a hereditary, chronic, degenerative disease of the brain which is transmitted by an autosomal dominant gene. We have discovered that lymphocytes from patients with Huntington's disease respond to the presence of brain tissue from patients with the disease by producing migration inhibition factor, a correlate of the cellular immune response. Lymphocytes from donors without the disease do not respond to the diseased brain tissue, and lymphocytes from patients with Huntington's disease respond only rarely to brain tissue from donors without the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:137537", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion.", "content": "The Abortion and Sterilisation Act, 1975, has been in force for 1 year. Experience gained in the Johannesburg area in the operation of the Act with respect to termination of pregnancies for abnormalities of the unborn child, is outlined. Relatively few abortions have, in fact, been carried out for this reason, but the number is likely to increase. Prenatal diagnosis of disease in the fetus, although not possible in all cases, has greatly facilitated the management of families in which a child with a heritable disorder may be born.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis and selective abortion. The Abortion and Sterilisation Act, 1975, has been in force for 1 year. Experience gained in the Johannesburg area in the operation of the Act with respect to termination of pregnancies for abnormalities of the unborn child, is outlined. Relatively few abortions have, in fact, been carried out for this reason, but the number is likely to increase. Prenatal diagnosis of disease in the fetus, although not possible in all cases, has greatly facilitated the management of families in which a child with a heritable disorder may be born."}
{"id": "PMID:137538", "title": "Acne infantum in an Indian child: Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Acne infantum, a variety of acne affecting the newborn and children, appears to be very rare in dark-skinned populations and has not been described in this population group in South Africa. A case of acne infantum in a dark-skinned Indian child is reported. The recent literature is reviewed and comment is made on the classification and pathogenesis of the disorder.", "contents": "Acne infantum in an Indian child: Case report and review of the literature. Acne infantum, a variety of acne affecting the newborn and children, appears to be very rare in dark-skinned populations and has not been described in this population group in South Africa. A case of acne infantum in a dark-skinned Indian child is reported. The recent literature is reviewed and comment is made on the classification and pathogenesis of the disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:137539", "title": "Surgical treatment of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with apicoaortic valved conduit.", "content": "From Aug. 13, 1975, through May, 1976, nine patients underwent creation of a left ventricular \"vent\" for relief of severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. A Dacron fabric graft containing a heterograft valve was used to establish a conduit from the left ventricle to the abdominal aorta. There were five male and four female patients in this group; their ages ranged from 4 to 72 years. All had valvular, subvalvular, or supravalvular aortic stenosis, and all but two had undergone previous surgical procedures for relief of the stenosis. All patients survived the operation and none are receiving anticoagulant therapy. All are asymptomatic at present and follow-up is approaching one year. Postoperative cardiac catheterization studies revealed gradients across the aortic valve to be reduced by approximately 90% and mean ventricular systolic pressures by 45%. Although this concept is not new, it has not been used widely and we believe its effectiveness warrants further application.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with apicoaortic valved conduit. From Aug. 13, 1975, through May, 1976, nine patients underwent creation of a left ventricular \"vent\" for relief of severe left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. A Dacron fabric graft containing a heterograft valve was used to establish a conduit from the left ventricle to the abdominal aorta. There were five male and four female patients in this group; their ages ranged from 4 to 72 years. All had valvular, subvalvular, or supravalvular aortic stenosis, and all but two had undergone previous surgical procedures for relief of the stenosis. All patients survived the operation and none are receiving anticoagulant therapy. All are asymptomatic at present and follow-up is approaching one year. Postoperative cardiac catheterization studies revealed gradients across the aortic valve to be reduced by approximately 90% and mean ventricular systolic pressures by 45%. Although this concept is not new, it has not been used widely and we believe its effectiveness warrants further application."}
{"id": "PMID:137555", "title": "gamma-dimerization, alpha-polymerization, and plasmin degradation of human fibrin. Effect of various inhibitors of factor XIII on the patterns in SDS-electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "The effect of different factor XIII inhibitors (competetive inhibition, interference with active center SH-groups in different ways, Ca2+ depletion) on the sequence of the gamma-dimerization and alpha-polymerization of fibrin is examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAE) (reduced material). They all inhibit either gamma-dimerization and alpha-polymerization or alpha-polymerization alone irrespective of the factor XIII inhibitory mechanism. Non-crosslinked fibrin and fibrin clots of different degrees of crosslinking are digested with plasmin and the lysate tested in SDS-PAE (non-reduced material) and crossed agarose gel immunoelectrophoresis (CAIE). The digests contain Fragment D and Fragment D-D respectively and Fragment E. An additional Fragment E with less anodic mobility in CAIE, and not demonstrable in SDS-PAE, is seen in increasing amounts with increasing gamma-dimerization, alpha-polymerization does not further change the CAIE patterns.", "contents": "gamma-dimerization, alpha-polymerization, and plasmin degradation of human fibrin. Effect of various inhibitors of factor XIII on the patterns in SDS-electrophoresis and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The effect of different factor XIII inhibitors (competetive inhibition, interference with active center SH-groups in different ways, Ca2+ depletion) on the sequence of the gamma-dimerization and alpha-polymerization of fibrin is examined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAE) (reduced material). They all inhibit either gamma-dimerization and alpha-polymerization or alpha-polymerization alone irrespective of the factor XIII inhibitory mechanism. Non-crosslinked fibrin and fibrin clots of different degrees of crosslinking are digested with plasmin and the lysate tested in SDS-PAE (non-reduced material) and crossed agarose gel immunoelectrophoresis (CAIE). The digests contain Fragment D and Fragment D-D respectively and Fragment E. An additional Fragment E with less anodic mobility in CAIE, and not demonstrable in SDS-PAE, is seen in increasing amounts with increasing gamma-dimerization, alpha-polymerization does not further change the CAIE patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:137557", "title": "Steroid metabolism by human mammary carcinoma.", "content": "The ability of human mammary tumors to convert 7alpha 3H-testerone to estrogens was examined in order to determine whether this bore any relationship to estrogen receptor and steroid sulfurylation levels; such levels being indicative of hormone dependency. In 8 out of 9 tumors, formation of estradiol-17beta from testosterone was demonstrated. Those tumors showing the lowest conversion of testosterone to estradiol-17beta possessed the highest levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase which lends support to data implicating sulfurylation in the regulation of steroid metabolism in human tumors. All tumors activated sulfate to adenosine-3'-phospho-5'-phosphosulfate and the concentrations were significantly correlated withe the recorded levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Estrogen receptor levels did not show any obvious relationship to the other parameters.", "contents": "Steroid metabolism by human mammary carcinoma. The ability of human mammary tumors to convert 7alpha 3H-testerone to estrogens was examined in order to determine whether this bore any relationship to estrogen receptor and steroid sulfurylation levels; such levels being indicative of hormone dependency. In 8 out of 9 tumors, formation of estradiol-17beta from testosterone was demonstrated. Those tumors showing the lowest conversion of testosterone to estradiol-17beta possessed the highest levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfotransferase which lends support to data implicating sulfurylation in the regulation of steroid metabolism in human tumors. All tumors activated sulfate to adenosine-3'-phospho-5'-phosphosulfate and the concentrations were significantly correlated withe the recorded levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. Estrogen receptor levels did not show any obvious relationship to the other parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:137559", "title": "The effects of erythrocyte-absorbed H-2 alloantisera on mixed lymphocyte culture reactions.", "content": "One-way mixed lymphocyte culture reactions were inhibited by the addition of H-2 alloantisera directed against the stimulator cell type. The sera retained their original inhibitory activity after the removal from them of conventional H-2K antibodies by exhaustive absorption with erythrocytes. The absorbed antisera had specificity for Ia but not H-2 antigens thereby indicating that the inhibitory activity of the sera is a function of antibodies against I region products. H-2 and Ia alloantisera directed against the responder cell type did not specifically inhibit culture reactions: they either had no effect or they apparently increased stimulation. This increase appeared to be immunologically specific, at least in part, and to require some heat-labile normal serum component for its elicitation. It is concluded that treatment of responder cells inactivates or destroys some normally inactive or inhibitory subpopulation such that the remaining cells respond better to allogeneic stimulation. Both the anti-stimulator and the anti-responder effects were seen with either whole serum or crude immunoglobulin preparations when one of these was added to the culture or used for pretreating cells before establishing the culture.", "contents": "The effects of erythrocyte-absorbed H-2 alloantisera on mixed lymphocyte culture reactions. One-way mixed lymphocyte culture reactions were inhibited by the addition of H-2 alloantisera directed against the stimulator cell type. The sera retained their original inhibitory activity after the removal from them of conventional H-2K antibodies by exhaustive absorption with erythrocytes. The absorbed antisera had specificity for Ia but not H-2 antigens thereby indicating that the inhibitory activity of the sera is a function of antibodies against I region products. H-2 and Ia alloantisera directed against the responder cell type did not specifically inhibit culture reactions: they either had no effect or they apparently increased stimulation. This increase appeared to be immunologically specific, at least in part, and to require some heat-labile normal serum component for its elicitation. It is concluded that treatment of responder cells inactivates or destroys some normally inactive or inhibitory subpopulation such that the remaining cells respond better to allogeneic stimulation. Both the anti-stimulator and the anti-responder effects were seen with either whole serum or crude immunoglobulin preparations when one of these was added to the culture or used for pretreating cells before establishing the culture."}
{"id": "PMID:137560", "title": "Transplantation in miniature swine. I. Fixation of the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "Three strains of miniature swine, each homozygous for a different allele of the major histocompatibility locus (MHC), have been developed by a selective breeding scheme based on tissue typing of the offspring of each generation. Prior to breeding, the original parents were reciprocally immunized by skin grafts and lymphocyte injections to produce lymphocytotoxic antisera. These antisera were then used to assess the MHC genotype of the offspring by an analysis based on selective absorption of cytotoxicity. Offspring inheriting the same serologically determined genotype were then bred sequentially. Subsequent mixed lymphocyte cultures showed a pattern of reactivity consistent with the serological genotyping, further confirming the homology between the MHC of these miniature swine and those of man and mouse. In addition to their usefulness as a model for large animal surgical transplantation, these animals provide an abundant homozygous source of histocompatibility antigens and of antihistocompatibility antisera for use in chemical characterization of products of the MHC.", "contents": "Transplantation in miniature swine. I. Fixation of the major histocompatibility complex. Three strains of miniature swine, each homozygous for a different allele of the major histocompatibility locus (MHC), have been developed by a selective breeding scheme based on tissue typing of the offspring of each generation. Prior to breeding, the original parents were reciprocally immunized by skin grafts and lymphocyte injections to produce lymphocytotoxic antisera. These antisera were then used to assess the MHC genotype of the offspring by an analysis based on selective absorption of cytotoxicity. Offspring inheriting the same serologically determined genotype were then bred sequentially. Subsequent mixed lymphocyte cultures showed a pattern of reactivity consistent with the serological genotyping, further confirming the homology between the MHC of these miniature swine and those of man and mouse. In addition to their usefulness as a model for large animal surgical transplantation, these animals provide an abundant homozygous source of histocompatibility antigens and of antihistocompatibility antisera for use in chemical characterization of products of the MHC."}
{"id": "PMID:137562", "title": "The role of the matrix substance in formation of urinary stones.", "content": "This study deals with the role of the stone matrix substance in formation of urinary stones. A series of coagulation experiments were conducted by determining the sedimentation rate of calcium carbonate suspension with respect to the following substances: sodium alginate, stone matrix substance, bovine albumin and chondroitin sulfate C, these were each added to a separate fine particle suspension of calcium carbonate. Changes in zeta-potential of the suspension particles after addition of the above materials were determined microscopically using Usui's method. The results obtained in this study indicate that sodium alginate, the matrix substance, bovine albumin and chondroitin sulfate C act on the suspension particles, and as a result, coagulation is produced by a decrease of the zeta-potential of the particles. Application of kinetic energy to the coagulate caused by sodium alginate resulted in the formation of a solid. From these results it is considered that the matrix substance is not incorporated by accident in urinary stones, but it participates in the formation of them.", "contents": "The role of the matrix substance in formation of urinary stones. This study deals with the role of the stone matrix substance in formation of urinary stones. A series of coagulation experiments were conducted by determining the sedimentation rate of calcium carbonate suspension with respect to the following substances: sodium alginate, stone matrix substance, bovine albumin and chondroitin sulfate C, these were each added to a separate fine particle suspension of calcium carbonate. Changes in zeta-potential of the suspension particles after addition of the above materials were determined microscopically using Usui's method. The results obtained in this study indicate that sodium alginate, the matrix substance, bovine albumin and chondroitin sulfate C act on the suspension particles, and as a result, coagulation is produced by a decrease of the zeta-potential of the particles. Application of kinetic energy to the coagulate caused by sodium alginate resulted in the formation of a solid. From these results it is considered that the matrix substance is not incorporated by accident in urinary stones, but it participates in the formation of them."}
{"id": "PMID:137573", "title": "Atypical quartz dust-induced pneumoconiosis in SPF rats. Aspects of the role of the lymphatic system in the pathogenesis of silicosis.", "content": "Experimental exposure to quartz dust for 100 days (= 700 h) induces in SPF rats histologic changes of the lungs, which have such striking similarities with human cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis that they may represent an animal model of human disease. Conventional stock rats, the standard model of experimental silicosis research, react upon the same dosage of quartz dust by the formation or an increase in size of perivascular lymphatic sheaths, in which epitheloid cell granulomas can arise. In SPF rats such granulomas can only be developed in the sparse pre-existent lymphatic tissue, mostly in hilar lymph nodes. The reaction of SPF rats opens an interesting aspect on the significance of the phenomenon of lymphatic \"drainage,\" as comparable reactions are only known in conventional rats following extreme dosage and in human pathology as so-called acute silicoproteinosis.", "contents": "Atypical quartz dust-induced pneumoconiosis in SPF rats. Aspects of the role of the lymphatic system in the pathogenesis of silicosis. Experimental exposure to quartz dust for 100 days (= 700 h) induces in SPF rats histologic changes of the lungs, which have such striking similarities with human cases of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis that they may represent an animal model of human disease. Conventional stock rats, the standard model of experimental silicosis research, react upon the same dosage of quartz dust by the formation or an increase in size of perivascular lymphatic sheaths, in which epitheloid cell granulomas can arise. In SPF rats such granulomas can only be developed in the sparse pre-existent lymphatic tissue, mostly in hilar lymph nodes. The reaction of SPF rats opens an interesting aspect on the significance of the phenomenon of lymphatic \"drainage,\" as comparable reactions are only known in conventional rats following extreme dosage and in human pathology as so-called acute silicoproteinosis."}
{"id": "PMID:137585", "title": "Preparation of human immunoglobulin by ammonium sulfate precipitation.", "content": "Crude IgG precipitated from plasma by the addition of an equal volume of 4 M ammonium sulfate was fractionated on DEAE-cellulose column to obtain pure IgG as shown by disc electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and gel filtration. The processed IgG was free of plasmin and plasminogen and did not undergo fragmentation or aggregation on storage at 40 degrees C for at least 4 weeks. The anticomplement activity was low and the antibody activity was retained.", "contents": "Preparation of human immunoglobulin by ammonium sulfate precipitation. Crude IgG precipitated from plasma by the addition of an equal volume of 4 M ammonium sulfate was fractionated on DEAE-cellulose column to obtain pure IgG as shown by disc electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis and gel filtration. The processed IgG was free of plasmin and plasminogen and did not undergo fragmentation or aggregation on storage at 40 degrees C for at least 4 weeks. The anticomplement activity was low and the antibody activity was retained."}
{"id": "PMID:137588", "title": "[New possibilities in the treatment of panniculosis using hyaluronidase].", "content": "364 patients were examined for changes of cutaneous and subcutaneous adipose tissue, as they appear in idiopathic panniculosis. There was not found a fundamental difference between the generalized and by far more frequently appearing partial changes of the skin, the consecutive panniculitis. The transition between the two forms is flowing. In contrast to the simple placebo test 25 patients, among them 12 cases with idiopathic panniculosis, could for the most part be treated successfully by highly dosed intravenous applications of hyaluronic acid. There was not established a connection between the decrease of the cutaneous changes and the reduction of the secretion of the mycopolysaccharides in the urine.", "contents": "[New possibilities in the treatment of panniculosis using hyaluronidase]. 364 patients were examined for changes of cutaneous and subcutaneous adipose tissue, as they appear in idiopathic panniculosis. There was not found a fundamental difference between the generalized and by far more frequently appearing partial changes of the skin, the consecutive panniculitis. The transition between the two forms is flowing. In contrast to the simple placebo test 25 patients, among them 12 cases with idiopathic panniculosis, could for the most part be treated successfully by highly dosed intravenous applications of hyaluronic acid. There was not established a connection between the decrease of the cutaneous changes and the reduction of the secretion of the mycopolysaccharides in the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:137586", "title": "[Various regularities of measles epidemic process during a period of mass vaccination of children].", "content": "A detailed epidemiological study of a number of features of measles epidemic process was carried out and the results of examination of 2282 sera from children for measles antibody were analysed. The immune portion in the republic has been brought to 97% (not including infants of the first 10 months of life). The average annual incidence rate of measles has been reduced over 10-fold. The index of the epidemiological effectiveness of the vaccine is 13.8. Sufficiently intensive immunity persists in 90-95% of the vaccinees for 10 years or more without booster. However vaccination against measles cannot eradicate epidemic outbreaks. The remaining portion of susceptible children is sufficient for maintenance of the epidemic process. Periodic rises of the incidence and seasonal variations are retained and increasing. There are no indications for a wide revaccination against measles. A method for detection of non-immune children acceptable for mass surveys is needed. Circulation of a \"wild\" virus may be conducive to selective formation of insusceptibility in some children remaining non-immune after vaccination.", "contents": "[Various regularities of measles epidemic process during a period of mass vaccination of children]. A detailed epidemiological study of a number of features of measles epidemic process was carried out and the results of examination of 2282 sera from children for measles antibody were analysed. The immune portion in the republic has been brought to 97% (not including infants of the first 10 months of life). The average annual incidence rate of measles has been reduced over 10-fold. The index of the epidemiological effectiveness of the vaccine is 13.8. Sufficiently intensive immunity persists in 90-95% of the vaccinees for 10 years or more without booster. However vaccination against measles cannot eradicate epidemic outbreaks. The remaining portion of susceptible children is sufficient for maintenance of the epidemic process. Periodic rises of the incidence and seasonal variations are retained and increasing. There are no indications for a wide revaccination against measles. A method for detection of non-immune children acceptable for mass surveys is needed. Circulation of a \"wild\" virus may be conducive to selective formation of insusceptibility in some children remaining non-immune after vaccination."}
{"id": "PMID:137590", "title": "The effect of hyperthermia on DNA repair.", "content": "In the past there were many individual observations on the value of hyperthermia in the treatment of human neoplasia but most of the information about the value of hyperthermia as a single agent or in the combined modality approach has come from laboratory investigations. Dose response curves for cell survival after exposure to heat are similar in shape to cell survival curves obtained after irradiation or treatment with some cytostatic agents. The shoulder in such curves suggests that repair of sublethal or potentially lethal damage takes place after hyperthermic treatment. On the level of molecular biology the process of cellular repair should correspond to repair of damage inflicted on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). We have shown by means of the BUdR assay that such DNA-repair synthesis does take place upon exposure to heat. Many investigations have provided evidence of a synergism between hyperthermia and ionizing irradiation or some cytostatic agents. It was suggested that such synergism might be caused by the inhibition of repair of sublethal damage by heat. After inflicting DNA damage by a strong alkylating agent (NA-AAF) we could demonstrate DNA-repair synthesis by means of the BUdR-assay during exposure to heat. At the present time results obtained by assaying DNA repair on the basis of cell survival and by means of the BUdR-assay are difficult to reconcile.", "contents": "The effect of hyperthermia on DNA repair. In the past there were many individual observations on the value of hyperthermia in the treatment of human neoplasia but most of the information about the value of hyperthermia as a single agent or in the combined modality approach has come from laboratory investigations. Dose response curves for cell survival after exposure to heat are similar in shape to cell survival curves obtained after irradiation or treatment with some cytostatic agents. The shoulder in such curves suggests that repair of sublethal or potentially lethal damage takes place after hyperthermic treatment. On the level of molecular biology the process of cellular repair should correspond to repair of damage inflicted on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). We have shown by means of the BUdR assay that such DNA-repair synthesis does take place upon exposure to heat. Many investigations have provided evidence of a synergism between hyperthermia and ionizing irradiation or some cytostatic agents. It was suggested that such synergism might be caused by the inhibition of repair of sublethal damage by heat. After inflicting DNA damage by a strong alkylating agent (NA-AAF) we could demonstrate DNA-repair synthesis by means of the BUdR-assay during exposure to heat. At the present time results obtained by assaying DNA repair on the basis of cell survival and by means of the BUdR-assay are difficult to reconcile."}
{"id": "PMID:137592", "title": "In vivo synthesis of acid mucopolysaccharides by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The biosynthesis and intracellular distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was studied in vivo by means of the precursors 35S-sulfate, 3H-glucosamine and 14C-galactosamine. It was found that the acid mucopolysaccharide present in the ascitic fluid supernatant is hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid appears to be of extracellular origin, and it is bound to proteins of the cell membrane. The ascites cells exhibit a very active production of sulfated mucopolysaccharides particularly at the mitochondria and cell membrane level. Chondroitin sulfate A is the major component but also the isomers B and C are present. The possible role of chondroitin sulfate A in the development of neoplastic characteristics of the cell is discussed.", "contents": "In vivo synthesis of acid mucopolysaccharides by Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The biosynthesis and intracellular distribution of acid mucopolysaccharides in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was studied in vivo by means of the precursors 35S-sulfate, 3H-glucosamine and 14C-galactosamine. It was found that the acid mucopolysaccharide present in the ascitic fluid supernatant is hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid appears to be of extracellular origin, and it is bound to proteins of the cell membrane. The ascites cells exhibit a very active production of sulfated mucopolysaccharides particularly at the mitochondria and cell membrane level. Chondroitin sulfate A is the major component but also the isomers B and C are present. The possible role of chondroitin sulfate A in the development of neoplastic characteristics of the cell is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137593", "title": "[On the carcinogenic action of N-nitroso compounds. 6th communication: methoxymethyl-methylnitrosamine, 1-(methoxy)-ethyl-ethylnitrosamine, methoxymethyl-ethylnitrosamine, 1-(methoxy)-ethyl-methylnitrosamine, and N-nitrosooxazolidine (author's transl)].", "content": "The compounds mentioned in the title were tested for carcinogenicity in rats. All compounds proved to be carcinogens which showed interesting differences above all in the organotropy of action and in the induction periods of tumors.", "contents": "[On the carcinogenic action of N-nitroso compounds. 6th communication: methoxymethyl-methylnitrosamine, 1-(methoxy)-ethyl-ethylnitrosamine, methoxymethyl-ethylnitrosamine, 1-(methoxy)-ethyl-methylnitrosamine, and N-nitrosooxazolidine (author's transl)]. The compounds mentioned in the title were tested for carcinogenicity in rats. All compounds proved to be carcinogens which showed interesting differences above all in the organotropy of action and in the induction periods of tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:137594", "title": "Carcinoma and dysplastic lesions of the prostate. A histomorphological analysis of 50 total prostatectomies by step-section technique.", "content": "50 prostate carcinomas which were totally prostatectomized together with removal of the seminal vesicles in all cases and pelvic lymphadenectomy in 38 cases were studied histologically. The material was cut by step-section technique in 5 mm thick slices and \"large area slides\" were made. 4 of the 50 carcinomas were morphologically circumscribed (stage I), 6 tumors were limited to the organ (stage II) and 40 prostate carcinomas had already penetrated the capsule, i.e. fascia of Denonvillier (stage III). In 12 cases the seminal vesicles were involved, regional lymph node metastases were seen 8 times. The carcinomas were mainly localized in the peripheral part of the organ (28 X in the periphery, 21 X both peripherally and centrally and only 1 X in the centre). Multifocal tumor growth was found in 30 cases (60%). The main mass of tumor was mostly situated in the middle (25 X) and caudal (15 X) zone of the prostate. During the course of tumor growth the expansion was directed centrally but then mainly longitudinal and parallel to the urethra. By progressing tumor volume there was a noticeable increase in capsular penetration as well as infiltration of the seminal vesicles and lymph node metastases. Histologically 10 carcinomas showed a uniform pattern, a unique solid and/or cribriform tumor architecture was never observed. 90% of the pluriform carcinomas consisted of the morphological stage III.", "contents": "Carcinoma and dysplastic lesions of the prostate. A histomorphological analysis of 50 total prostatectomies by step-section technique. 50 prostate carcinomas which were totally prostatectomized together with removal of the seminal vesicles in all cases and pelvic lymphadenectomy in 38 cases were studied histologically. The material was cut by step-section technique in 5 mm thick slices and \"large area slides\" were made. 4 of the 50 carcinomas were morphologically circumscribed (stage I), 6 tumors were limited to the organ (stage II) and 40 prostate carcinomas had already penetrated the capsule, i.e. fascia of Denonvillier (stage III). In 12 cases the seminal vesicles were involved, regional lymph node metastases were seen 8 times. The carcinomas were mainly localized in the peripheral part of the organ (28 X in the periphery, 21 X both peripherally and centrally and only 1 X in the centre). Multifocal tumor growth was found in 30 cases (60%). The main mass of tumor was mostly situated in the middle (25 X) and caudal (15 X) zone of the prostate. During the course of tumor growth the expansion was directed centrally but then mainly longitudinal and parallel to the urethra. By progressing tumor volume there was a noticeable increase in capsular penetration as well as infiltration of the seminal vesicles and lymph node metastases. Histologically 10 carcinomas showed a uniform pattern, a unique solid and/or cribriform tumor architecture was never observed. 90% of the pluriform carcinomas consisted of the morphological stage III."}
{"id": "PMID:137595", "title": "Pathogenesis of ascites in a murine transplantable reticulosarcoma type A.", "content": "The role of lymphatic obstruction in the formation of ascites in reticulosarcoma type A bearing mice was studied. The egress of 51Cr-labeled red blood cells (injected i.p.) from the peritoneal cavity into the peripheral blood was significantly impaired. Discovery of tumor cells in the lymphatics and on the surface of the diaphragm suggested that lymphatic obstruction by tumor cells was probably one of the factors which took, part in the formation of ascites.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of ascites in a murine transplantable reticulosarcoma type A. The role of lymphatic obstruction in the formation of ascites in reticulosarcoma type A bearing mice was studied. The egress of 51Cr-labeled red blood cells (injected i.p.) from the peritoneal cavity into the peripheral blood was significantly impaired. Discovery of tumor cells in the lymphatics and on the surface of the diaphragm suggested that lymphatic obstruction by tumor cells was probably one of the factors which took, part in the formation of ascites."}
{"id": "PMID:137605", "title": "[Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in aortic valve disease-diagnosis using echocardiography].", "content": "In three patients with valvular aortic disease in addition isiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) was proven by echocardiography. From the clinical standpoint the dynamic subvalvular stenosis was not supposed in all cases. IHSS was echocardiographically characterized by asymmetrical septum hypertrophy and systolic anterior movement of the anterior mitral leaflet. Isolated aortic valve insufficiency was found in two patients, and combined stenosis and insufficiency in one patient. Mitral leaflet fluttering - indicative of aortic valve insufficiency - was observed in two patients. The identification of the dynamic subvalvular stenosis in patients with valvular aortic disease is important for the therapeutical approach. Echocardiography is very suitable for the diagnosis of this combined heart disease.", "contents": "[Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis in aortic valve disease-diagnosis using echocardiography]. In three patients with valvular aortic disease in addition isiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) was proven by echocardiography. From the clinical standpoint the dynamic subvalvular stenosis was not supposed in all cases. IHSS was echocardiographically characterized by asymmetrical septum hypertrophy and systolic anterior movement of the anterior mitral leaflet. Isolated aortic valve insufficiency was found in two patients, and combined stenosis and insufficiency in one patient. Mitral leaflet fluttering - indicative of aortic valve insufficiency - was observed in two patients. The identification of the dynamic subvalvular stenosis in patients with valvular aortic disease is important for the therapeutical approach. Echocardiography is very suitable for the diagnosis of this combined heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:137606", "title": "[Interpretation of the cross sectional structure of skeletal muscle fibers. 2. Light and electron microscopic studies of m. rectus abdominis in Rana esculenta].", "content": "In both longitudinal and cross sections of rectus abdominis muscle of Rana esculenta three types of muscle fibres are identified by means of light and electron microscopy. A comparison is made between these fibre types in homologous muscles of frog and mammals (rat and mouse). In longitudinal sections of mammalian and frog muscle the Z-line can be used for discrimination of the fibre types A, B and C because that line is of different thickness in each type. The proportions of the thickness in frog and mammalian muscles are relatively the same, but the absolute values are different. In cross sections there are no differences between frog and mammalian muscle fibres concerning the typical form of myofibrils in type A- and B-fibres, whereas in type C-fibres the arrangement of the filaments in the Z- and H-layer is different in the members of both animal classes. The amount of mitochondria and lipid droplets is different as well. In the species examined the distribution of A-, B- and C-fibres changes within the whole muscle. In frog, this pattern depends on the level in which the muscle has been sectioned. This is not true for mammalian muscle. On the other hand both ends of the rectus abdominis muscle in frog, rat and mouse show an accumulation of B- and C-type fibres.", "contents": "[Interpretation of the cross sectional structure of skeletal muscle fibers. 2. Light and electron microscopic studies of m. rectus abdominis in Rana esculenta]. In both longitudinal and cross sections of rectus abdominis muscle of Rana esculenta three types of muscle fibres are identified by means of light and electron microscopy. A comparison is made between these fibre types in homologous muscles of frog and mammals (rat and mouse). In longitudinal sections of mammalian and frog muscle the Z-line can be used for discrimination of the fibre types A, B and C because that line is of different thickness in each type. The proportions of the thickness in frog and mammalian muscles are relatively the same, but the absolute values are different. In cross sections there are no differences between frog and mammalian muscle fibres concerning the typical form of myofibrils in type A- and B-fibres, whereas in type C-fibres the arrangement of the filaments in the Z- and H-layer is different in the members of both animal classes. The amount of mitochondria and lipid droplets is different as well. In the species examined the distribution of A-, B- and C-fibres changes within the whole muscle. In frog, this pattern depends on the level in which the muscle has been sectioned. This is not true for mammalian muscle. On the other hand both ends of the rectus abdominis muscle in frog, rat and mouse show an accumulation of B- and C-type fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:137607", "title": "Histochemical localization of capillary enzyme activities in brain smears.", "content": "Since the regulation of the vascular permeability in the CNS is dependent partly on the enzymes associated with the wall of brain capillaries, the histochemical demonstration of these enzymes may furnish further data on the function of the blood brain barrier (BBB), a new methodological approach, using brain smears was developed for the histochemical demonstration of several enzymes participating in the function of the BBB. The method presented renders possible also the subsequent demonstration of monoamines and the activity of different enzymes in the same tissue preparation. The usefulness of this simple technique in the study of brain capillary functions is discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical localization of capillary enzyme activities in brain smears. Since the regulation of the vascular permeability in the CNS is dependent partly on the enzymes associated with the wall of brain capillaries, the histochemical demonstration of these enzymes may furnish further data on the function of the blood brain barrier (BBB), a new methodological approach, using brain smears was developed for the histochemical demonstration of several enzymes participating in the function of the BBB. The method presented renders possible also the subsequent demonstration of monoamines and the activity of different enzymes in the same tissue preparation. The usefulness of this simple technique in the study of brain capillary functions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137612", "title": "[Acute lethal alcohol intoxication (author's transl)].", "content": "In 14,744 autopsy cases from an 18-year period 92 cases (of which 7 were ruled out because of decomposition were observed in which death was supposed to be due to direct acute alcoholic intoxication. In the police reports 81 persons were designated as chronic alcoholics or abusers of spirits. The blood alcohol level ranged between 2.04 and 4.92 o/oo. The cases studied were divided into two groups, one with low and the other with high lethal alcohol level. Fatty liver and cirrhosis were found with identical frequency in the two groups, whereas cardiac hypertrophy of obscure origin occurred markedly more often in the group with low lethal blood alcohol level. On the basis the possible mechanism of death in the cases with cardiac hypertrophy is discussed. Finally, the relation between the blood and urine alcohol concentrations observed in 72 cases is discussed. On the assumption that the water phase of the blood was 75 per cent of the total blood, death occurred in the persons without cardiac hypertrophy with fairly identical frequency either in the phase of absorption or the phase of elimination, whereas in the persons with cardiac hypertrophy death most often occurred in the phase of absorption. These statements should, however, be taken with some reservation, partly because the water phase of the blood may vary considerably post mortem (60-90 per cent) and partly because the urine alcohol concentration depends on serval variable factors.", "contents": "[Acute lethal alcohol intoxication (author's transl)]. In 14,744 autopsy cases from an 18-year period 92 cases (of which 7 were ruled out because of decomposition were observed in which death was supposed to be due to direct acute alcoholic intoxication. In the police reports 81 persons were designated as chronic alcoholics or abusers of spirits. The blood alcohol level ranged between 2.04 and 4.92 o/oo. The cases studied were divided into two groups, one with low and the other with high lethal alcohol level. Fatty liver and cirrhosis were found with identical frequency in the two groups, whereas cardiac hypertrophy of obscure origin occurred markedly more often in the group with low lethal blood alcohol level. On the basis the possible mechanism of death in the cases with cardiac hypertrophy is discussed. Finally, the relation between the blood and urine alcohol concentrations observed in 72 cases is discussed. On the assumption that the water phase of the blood was 75 per cent of the total blood, death occurred in the persons without cardiac hypertrophy with fairly identical frequency either in the phase of absorption or the phase of elimination, whereas in the persons with cardiac hypertrophy death most often occurred in the phase of absorption. These statements should, however, be taken with some reservation, partly because the water phase of the blood may vary considerably post mortem (60-90 per cent) and partly because the urine alcohol concentration depends on serval variable factors."}
{"id": "PMID:137616", "title": "[Testing the electric resistance as an objective diagnostic test in dental pulp diseases].", "content": "The authors test by means of a measuring device of high precision the resistence of health or sick human pulpa, comparing it to them of gums, excluding in the same time the sensibility of the patient in question. The authors corroborate the obtained dates with clinical symptomatology and the histopathological photos, discussing the possibility of objective electrical test as an expedient in the diagnosis of pulpa-affections.", "contents": "[Testing the electric resistance as an objective diagnostic test in dental pulp diseases]. The authors test by means of a measuring device of high precision the resistence of health or sick human pulpa, comparing it to them of gums, excluding in the same time the sensibility of the patient in question. The authors corroborate the obtained dates with clinical symptomatology and the histopathological photos, discussing the possibility of objective electrical test as an expedient in the diagnosis of pulpa-affections."}
{"id": "PMID:137618", "title": "[TNM-classification of oral cavity neoplasms the value of clinically measurable factors (TN)].", "content": "Problems associated with the classification of cavum oris and labial carcinomata were discussed with particular reference to patients admitted to and treated in seven different clinical hospitals where identical methods of diagnosis and case history evaluation had been used. Using electronic data processing and biostatistical methods it was possible to study the effects of two clinically detectable factors (growth of primary tumor and degree of regional metastasizing) on both the prognosis and classification according to UICC rules. It was possible to show that a determination of the size of primary tumor (T) alone was not sufficient for three homogeneous, prognostically different collectives of tumors to be satisfactorily classified by the new UICC rules. It has been shown that a classification of three collectives of tumors (new classification according to UICC rules), especially as regards the proportion of N3 metastases within the collectives of tumors, was made possible. Therefore, it will be necessary to study the prognostic influences of additional clinically determinable factors with a view to arriving at a useful and practicable classification of oral cavity carcinomata.", "contents": "[TNM-classification of oral cavity neoplasms the value of clinically measurable factors (TN)]. Problems associated with the classification of cavum oris and labial carcinomata were discussed with particular reference to patients admitted to and treated in seven different clinical hospitals where identical methods of diagnosis and case history evaluation had been used. Using electronic data processing and biostatistical methods it was possible to study the effects of two clinically detectable factors (growth of primary tumor and degree of regional metastasizing) on both the prognosis and classification according to UICC rules. It was possible to show that a determination of the size of primary tumor (T) alone was not sufficient for three homogeneous, prognostically different collectives of tumors to be satisfactorily classified by the new UICC rules. It has been shown that a classification of three collectives of tumors (new classification according to UICC rules), especially as regards the proportion of N3 metastases within the collectives of tumors, was made possible. Therefore, it will be necessary to study the prognostic influences of additional clinically determinable factors with a view to arriving at a useful and practicable classification of oral cavity carcinomata."}
{"id": "PMID:137619", "title": "[Genetic clinical studies on patients with trisomy 21 with special evaluation of morphology and pathogenesis in the orofacial area. Palate height and width in trisomy 21].", "content": "Palate height and palate width in children and adolescents suffering from trisomy 21 are being analysed on casts using clinical assessments and measurements. Special evaluation is accorded to both the problems of comparability and the relations between various exogenous disturbance factors.", "contents": "[Genetic clinical studies on patients with trisomy 21 with special evaluation of morphology and pathogenesis in the orofacial area. Palate height and width in trisomy 21]. Palate height and palate width in children and adolescents suffering from trisomy 21 are being analysed on casts using clinical assessments and measurements. Special evaluation is accorded to both the problems of comparability and the relations between various exogenous disturbance factors."}
{"id": "PMID:137620", "title": "[The number of teeth in persons who died within a 5-year period in comparison with survivors].", "content": "In reliance on dental records taken in 1965 it was examined whether or not examinees with a higher number of teeth display a better survival rate for the 5 years' periode 1965-1970 than examinees of the same age and sex but with a lower number of teeth; in other words, whether or not, the number of teeth is a suitable index for biological age, at least in the higher age-groups.", "contents": "[The number of teeth in persons who died within a 5-year period in comparison with survivors]. In reliance on dental records taken in 1965 it was examined whether or not examinees with a higher number of teeth display a better survival rate for the 5 years' periode 1965-1970 than examinees of the same age and sex but with a lower number of teeth; in other words, whether or not, the number of teeth is a suitable index for biological age, at least in the higher age-groups."}
{"id": "PMID:137623", "title": "[In vitro studies on a new fissure sealant (Concise Resin)].", "content": "The use of Concise resin--belonging to the Concise Enamel Bond System--is reported by the sealing of fissures of the premolars and molars under in vitro circumstances. On the basis of the gained results by polarisationmicroscopic and light microscopic examination of the marginal closure of the materials and his placement in the fissures, it looks suitable for using under in vivo circumstances too.", "contents": "[In vitro studies on a new fissure sealant (Concise Resin)]. The use of Concise resin--belonging to the Concise Enamel Bond System--is reported by the sealing of fissures of the premolars and molars under in vitro circumstances. On the basis of the gained results by polarisationmicroscopic and light microscopic examination of the marginal closure of the materials and his placement in the fissures, it looks suitable for using under in vivo circumstances too."}
{"id": "PMID:137624", "title": "[In vitro studies on the concise enamel bond system, based on the acid etching technic, and its clinical uses].", "content": "The clinical applications possibilities and indication--fields of the composite Concise Enamel Bond System were examined within a 10 months observation period and compared with other plastic composites.", "contents": "[In vitro studies on the concise enamel bond system, based on the acid etching technic, and its clinical uses]. The clinical applications possibilities and indication--fields of the composite Concise Enamel Bond System were examined within a 10 months observation period and compared with other plastic composites."}
{"id": "PMID:137625", "title": "[Current state of surgical treatment of oral cancer].", "content": "This paper gives an outline of basic surgical requirements that have to be fulfilled in the therapy of carcinomata in the oral cavity, the emphasis being on progress thay may be expected to be made in three particular areas: 1. Combination with cytostatic agents and individualization of additional radiotherapy. 2. Possible improvement in the immediate restoration of defective conditions due to tumors. 3. Individualization of tactical approaches to the inclusion in surgical therapy of local lymph tracks or channels. It is in this particular connection that the method of functional neck dissection should be critically reexamined in order to find new possible ways of surgical treatment of carcinomata in the cervicocephalic region.", "contents": "[Current state of surgical treatment of oral cancer]. This paper gives an outline of basic surgical requirements that have to be fulfilled in the therapy of carcinomata in the oral cavity, the emphasis being on progress thay may be expected to be made in three particular areas: 1. Combination with cytostatic agents and individualization of additional radiotherapy. 2. Possible improvement in the immediate restoration of defective conditions due to tumors. 3. Individualization of tactical approaches to the inclusion in surgical therapy of local lymph tracks or channels. It is in this particular connection that the method of functional neck dissection should be critically reexamined in order to find new possible ways of surgical treatment of carcinomata in the cervicocephalic region."}
{"id": "PMID:137626", "title": "[Foundations of modern chemotherapy of malignant tumors].", "content": "Position of tumour chemotherapy among tumour treatment. Cytostatics as a systemic active means of tumour management. Adjuvant application of chemotherapy in the postoperative period. Achievements of nowadays chemotherapy in some tumours. Rules of chemotherapy action on tumours, tumour biological considerations. Cytokinetic aspects of tumour chemotherapy. Critics on partial synchronization. Specialties of the chemotherapy in the field of head and neck tumours. Some dosage recommendations for a few drugs to be systematically or locally administered. Possibilities for potentiating of cytostatic action--by using the oncobiogram, anticoagulation or defibrination and immunostimulation, respectively. Clinical evaluation of cytostatic effectivity applying the method of randomized clinically controlled study.", "contents": "[Foundations of modern chemotherapy of malignant tumors]. Position of tumour chemotherapy among tumour treatment. Cytostatics as a systemic active means of tumour management. Adjuvant application of chemotherapy in the postoperative period. Achievements of nowadays chemotherapy in some tumours. Rules of chemotherapy action on tumours, tumour biological considerations. Cytokinetic aspects of tumour chemotherapy. Critics on partial synchronization. Specialties of the chemotherapy in the field of head and neck tumours. Some dosage recommendations for a few drugs to be systematically or locally administered. Possibilities for potentiating of cytostatic action--by using the oncobiogram, anticoagulation or defibrination and immunostimulation, respectively. Clinical evaluation of cytostatic effectivity applying the method of randomized clinically controlled study."}
{"id": "PMID:137627", "title": "[Variations in the biological behavior of neoplasms of the oral mucosa].", "content": "Up to now the biological potencies of a carcinom of the oral mucous membrane cannot be determined metrically in individual cases. Based upon investigations of the frequency of metastase formation of oral carcinoms within regional lymphatic nodes one cannot draw reliable conclusions as to the dependence of regional metastase formation upon the T-stage. Therefore surgical treatment of regional lymphatic nodes is considered necessary also in early stages.", "contents": "[Variations in the biological behavior of neoplasms of the oral mucosa]. Up to now the biological potencies of a carcinom of the oral mucous membrane cannot be determined metrically in individual cases. Based upon investigations of the frequency of metastase formation of oral carcinoms within regional lymphatic nodes one cannot draw reliable conclusions as to the dependence of regional metastase formation upon the T-stage. Therefore surgical treatment of regional lymphatic nodes is considered necessary also in early stages."}
{"id": "PMID:137628", "title": "[Clinical and morphological studies on dysostotic malformations of the jaw].", "content": "In the introduction to this paper an outline is given of dysostotic malformations of the jaw. Following this, the author reports observations made on sixty-five patients. Clinical, roentgenological, electromyographic, histological, and karyological, examinations made on this patient stock yielded numerous, hitherto undescribed results which, among other things, allow the previous classification of syndromes of the bronchial arch to be extended to include additional conditions.", "contents": "[Clinical and morphological studies on dysostotic malformations of the jaw]. In the introduction to this paper an outline is given of dysostotic malformations of the jaw. Following this, the author reports observations made on sixty-five patients. Clinical, roentgenological, electromyographic, histological, and karyological, examinations made on this patient stock yielded numerous, hitherto undescribed results which, among other things, allow the previous classification of syndromes of the bronchial arch to be extended to include additional conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:137641", "title": "[Antigenic structure of saprophytic leptospirae and their classification].", "content": "The authors present the results of study of the serological properties of 46 strains of saprophytic leptospirae of different origin. On the basis of the affinity of the antigenic structure detected in the cross microagglutination reaction (MAR) 38 strains under study were united into 8 serological groups; the rest 8 strains were serologically independent in this reaction. The fact that 9 strains of water leptospirae isolated in the Armenian SSR belonged to one serological group was proved in the cross MAR and the test of aglutinin adsorption. This serological group was new and was named L. armenica. Five individual serological types of saprophytic leptospirae were differentiated in its composition. Comparative study of the serological interrelations between the group of strains isolated in Armenia and the strains of some serological groups and serological types the closest serological connections were noted in the K-1030 (serological group Armenica) and Bovedo (serological group Andamana) strains. It is believed that the existing division of the saprophytic leptospirae into two serological groups (Semaranga and Andamana) required widening and supplement by new serological groups and serological types.", "contents": "[Antigenic structure of saprophytic leptospirae and their classification]. The authors present the results of study of the serological properties of 46 strains of saprophytic leptospirae of different origin. On the basis of the affinity of the antigenic structure detected in the cross microagglutination reaction (MAR) 38 strains under study were united into 8 serological groups; the rest 8 strains were serologically independent in this reaction. The fact that 9 strains of water leptospirae isolated in the Armenian SSR belonged to one serological group was proved in the cross MAR and the test of aglutinin adsorption. This serological group was new and was named L. armenica. Five individual serological types of saprophytic leptospirae were differentiated in its composition. Comparative study of the serological interrelations between the group of strains isolated in Armenia and the strains of some serological groups and serological types the closest serological connections were noted in the K-1030 (serological group Armenica) and Bovedo (serological group Andamana) strains. It is believed that the existing division of the saprophytic leptospirae into two serological groups (Semaranga and Andamana) required widening and supplement by new serological groups and serological types."}
{"id": "PMID:137643", "title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm with aorto-vena caval fistula and retroperitoneal rupture. Report of a case.", "content": "One successfully treated case of ruptured aortic aneurysm with aorto-caval fistula is reported. At admission a large pulsating mass was present in the abdomen, and a prominent continuous bruit was heard by stethoscopy. Surgery revealed an aortic aneurysm with a retroperitoneal rupture and a large aorto-caval communication as well. The fistula was closed with continuous sutures, and after excision of the aneurysm the arterial continuity was re-established using a \"Millinit\" dacron graft. The postoperative course was uneventful.", "contents": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm with aorto-vena caval fistula and retroperitoneal rupture. Report of a case. One successfully treated case of ruptured aortic aneurysm with aorto-caval fistula is reported. At admission a large pulsating mass was present in the abdomen, and a prominent continuous bruit was heard by stethoscopy. Surgery revealed an aortic aneurysm with a retroperitoneal rupture and a large aorto-caval communication as well. The fistula was closed with continuous sutures, and after excision of the aneurysm the arterial continuity was re-established using a \"Millinit\" dacron graft. The postoperative course was uneventful."}
{"id": "PMID:137644", "title": "Bilateral aneurysm of dacron graft following aorto-femoral graft operation. A case report.", "content": "A case of bilateral aneurysmatic widening of the Dacron graft after aorto-femoral bypass is described. The probable cause of an aneurysm in Dacron graft without any involvement of the host vessels may be the rupture of the Dacron fibres due to fatigue of the material. Furthermore, a contributory cause of aneurysm in our case may be the fact that both anastomoses were performed at nearly right angles causing turbulence.", "contents": "Bilateral aneurysm of dacron graft following aorto-femoral graft operation. A case report. A case of bilateral aneurysmatic widening of the Dacron graft after aorto-femoral bypass is described. The probable cause of an aneurysm in Dacron graft without any involvement of the host vessels may be the rupture of the Dacron fibres due to fatigue of the material. Furthermore, a contributory cause of aneurysm in our case may be the fact that both anastomoses were performed at nearly right angles causing turbulence."}
{"id": "PMID:137645", "title": "[Adult-type Gaucher's disease: an histochemical study of one case (author's transl)].", "content": "Spleen of adult-type Gaucher's disease has been investigated by histochemical technics. As usually, an overload of cerebroside (revealed by the PAS reaction for glycolipids) with beta-glucosidase deficiency has been demonstrated. But many particularities must be emphasized in this case: increase of acid MPS, high activities of pentose pathway--and glycolysis enzymes in the overload cells.", "contents": "[Adult-type Gaucher's disease: an histochemical study of one case (author's transl)]. Spleen of adult-type Gaucher's disease has been investigated by histochemical technics. As usually, an overload of cerebroside (revealed by the PAS reaction for glycolipids) with beta-glucosidase deficiency has been demonstrated. But many particularities must be emphasized in this case: increase of acid MPS, high activities of pentose pathway--and glycolysis enzymes in the overload cells."}
{"id": "PMID:137646", "title": "Muscle fibre typing with sera against myosin and actin. A comparison between enzyme- and immunohistochemical classification.", "content": "Sera raised against actin and myosin, extracted from white muscle of fish, were used for the immune-histochemical characterization of muscle fibers. It appeared that both, the actin- and the myosin serum are specific for white muscle fibres in fish. Further it was found that in both, the A- and the I-band of the sacromeres, fibre type specific proteins are present. The classification of muscle fibre types obtained with the antisera was compared with the classification obtained with some enzyme histochemical reactions. Muscle fibres that reacted positively with the two sera, also showed a high histochemical myofibrillar ATP-ase activity. The correlation with a low succinate dehydrogenase- and a high lactate dehydrogenase activity was not always found.", "contents": "Muscle fibre typing with sera against myosin and actin. A comparison between enzyme- and immunohistochemical classification. Sera raised against actin and myosin, extracted from white muscle of fish, were used for the immune-histochemical characterization of muscle fibers. It appeared that both, the actin- and the myosin serum are specific for white muscle fibres in fish. Further it was found that in both, the A- and the I-band of the sacromeres, fibre type specific proteins are present. The classification of muscle fibre types obtained with the antisera was compared with the classification obtained with some enzyme histochemical reactions. Muscle fibres that reacted positively with the two sera, also showed a high histochemical myofibrillar ATP-ase activity. The correlation with a low succinate dehydrogenase- and a high lactate dehydrogenase activity was not always found."}
{"id": "PMID:137647", "title": "[On the histotopochemistry of the uterovaginal region in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) (author's transl)].", "content": "The surface epithelium of vagina, uterovaginal region and uterus as well as the uterine and uterovaginal glands of 18 mature female quails were studied with histochemical methods. As in other avian species also in the quail a storage of spermatozoa in the lightly coiled uterovaginal glands takes place. The functional specialization of these glands is underlined by their distinct enzyme pattern. A strong reactivity of enzymes from oxidative pathways and of adenosine triphosphatase between epithelium and glandular luminal content. Alkaline phosphatase in the glandular epithelium was observed only when an egg is transported through the uterovaginal region. As in other vertebrate sperm storing sites also in the uterovaginal region of the quail the presence of a strong steroid dehydrogenase activity is registered.", "contents": "[On the histotopochemistry of the uterovaginal region in the quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) (author's transl)]. The surface epithelium of vagina, uterovaginal region and uterus as well as the uterine and uterovaginal glands of 18 mature female quails were studied with histochemical methods. As in other avian species also in the quail a storage of spermatozoa in the lightly coiled uterovaginal glands takes place. The functional specialization of these glands is underlined by their distinct enzyme pattern. A strong reactivity of enzymes from oxidative pathways and of adenosine triphosphatase between epithelium and glandular luminal content. Alkaline phosphatase in the glandular epithelium was observed only when an egg is transported through the uterovaginal region. As in other vertebrate sperm storing sites also in the uterovaginal region of the quail the presence of a strong steroid dehydrogenase activity is registered."}
{"id": "PMID:137649", "title": "[Diameter changes of muscle fiber types of the inferior oblique muscle of the rabbit following denervation].", "content": "Changes in fibre diameters of extraocular muscles of the rabbit were studied at different times after denervation. The whole inferior oblique muscle hypertrophied, while some of the muscle fibres hypertrophied and others showed atrophy, depending on the fibre type. Fibre types have been determined by their histochemical enzyme profile. In the central layer of the muscle the phasic muscle fibres, which are rich in mitochondria, exhibited a transient hypertrophy being maximal 4-5 weeks after denervation and afterwards they atrophied; other phasic muscle fibres, which are poor in mitochondria, atrophied without having shown any sign of hypertrophy. Special, putatively slow tonic muscle fibres, which have low enzyme activities, underwent small long-lasting increases of their diameters. In the superficial layer of extraocular muscle there are two types of extremely thin muscle fibres rich in mitochondira. Both these fibre types hypertrophied to the greatest degree and for a very long time. Comparable changes in fibre diameters as described here for the muscle fibre types of an extraocular muscle are known from special muscle fibres in other vertebrate", "contents": "[Diameter changes of muscle fiber types of the inferior oblique muscle of the rabbit following denervation]. Changes in fibre diameters of extraocular muscles of the rabbit were studied at different times after denervation. The whole inferior oblique muscle hypertrophied, while some of the muscle fibres hypertrophied and others showed atrophy, depending on the fibre type. Fibre types have been determined by their histochemical enzyme profile. In the central layer of the muscle the phasic muscle fibres, which are rich in mitochondria, exhibited a transient hypertrophy being maximal 4-5 weeks after denervation and afterwards they atrophied; other phasic muscle fibres, which are poor in mitochondria, atrophied without having shown any sign of hypertrophy. Special, putatively slow tonic muscle fibres, which have low enzyme activities, underwent small long-lasting increases of their diameters. In the superficial layer of extraocular muscle there are two types of extremely thin muscle fibres rich in mitochondira. Both these fibre types hypertrophied to the greatest degree and for a very long time. Comparable changes in fibre diameters as described here for the muscle fibre types of an extraocular muscle are known from special muscle fibres in other vertebrate"}
{"id": "PMID:137650", "title": "Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy. A toxic or a viral etiology?", "content": "A case report of a 46-year-old Belgian man with a subacute myelo-optic neuropathy is presented. Arguments in favour of a neurotoxic etiology are stressed.", "contents": "Subacute myelo-optic neuropathy. A toxic or a viral etiology? A case report of a 46-year-old Belgian man with a subacute myelo-optic neuropathy is presented. Arguments in favour of a neurotoxic etiology are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:137651", "title": "The pathology of brain tumors induced by murine sarcoma virus, Moloney strain.", "content": "Murine sarcoma virus, Moloney strain, was inoculated intracerebrally into 75 Spraque-Dawley rats within 24 hours after birth. Of 48 rats examined histologically within 35 days after virus inoculation, most developed granulomatous lesions in the meninges or in the cortex and in the glial nodules of the subependymal region, or in all these regions. The granulomatous lesions first appeared 8 days after virus inoculation and reached a peak about 30 days after virus inoculation. Thereafter, the lesions healed gradually to scars and disappeared. Of 27 rats that survived beyond 35 days, 10 developed brain tumors at or near the sites of cortical granulomatous lesions and subependymal glial nodules. The interval from virus inoculation to death of tumor-bearing rats was between 40 to 115 days, averaging 84 days. The predilection sites were in the subependymal region and hippocampal cerebral cortex. Three brain tumors were cultured using monolayer and rotation culture techniques. These cultured tumor cells showed morphological features very similar to those of the original tumor cells. THe tumor was classified morphologically into the astrocytoma group by light and electron microscopy and by cytological characteristics of tumor cells in tissue culture.", "contents": "The pathology of brain tumors induced by murine sarcoma virus, Moloney strain. Murine sarcoma virus, Moloney strain, was inoculated intracerebrally into 75 Spraque-Dawley rats within 24 hours after birth. Of 48 rats examined histologically within 35 days after virus inoculation, most developed granulomatous lesions in the meninges or in the cortex and in the glial nodules of the subependymal region, or in all these regions. The granulomatous lesions first appeared 8 days after virus inoculation and reached a peak about 30 days after virus inoculation. Thereafter, the lesions healed gradually to scars and disappeared. Of 27 rats that survived beyond 35 days, 10 developed brain tumors at or near the sites of cortical granulomatous lesions and subependymal glial nodules. The interval from virus inoculation to death of tumor-bearing rats was between 40 to 115 days, averaging 84 days. The predilection sites were in the subependymal region and hippocampal cerebral cortex. Three brain tumors were cultured using monolayer and rotation culture techniques. These cultured tumor cells showed morphological features very similar to those of the original tumor cells. THe tumor was classified morphologically into the astrocytoma group by light and electron microscopy and by cytological characteristics of tumor cells in tissue culture."}
{"id": "PMID:137652", "title": "Measurement of endotoxin. I. Fundamental studies of radioimmunoassay of endotoxin.", "content": "A method for estimating endotoxin by radioimmunoassay was recently introduced. The present paper describes improvements in the speed and sensitivity on this endotoxin measurement. Antigen was purified from E. coli O111: B4 (B) lipopolysaccharide by centrifugation and dialysis. Purified anti-endotoxin antibody was prepared from immunized rabbit serum. A radioimmunoassay system was established with the antigen and antibody. Dextran-coated charcoal was used to separate the antibody-bound antigen from free antigen. Experimental studies were also performed on possible factors related to the antigen-antibody reaction. Accurate measurements on quantities as low as 100 pg/ml (10ng/ml in the plasma) were performed by the dextran-coated charcoal method, and the reaction time was reduced to 2 hr at 4 degrees C. This new method does not require strict sterilization or aseptic handling, and therefore is quite practical for quantitative measurements of endotoxin.", "contents": "Measurement of endotoxin. I. Fundamental studies of radioimmunoassay of endotoxin. A method for estimating endotoxin by radioimmunoassay was recently introduced. The present paper describes improvements in the speed and sensitivity on this endotoxin measurement. Antigen was purified from E. coli O111: B4 (B) lipopolysaccharide by centrifugation and dialysis. Purified anti-endotoxin antibody was prepared from immunized rabbit serum. A radioimmunoassay system was established with the antigen and antibody. Dextran-coated charcoal was used to separate the antibody-bound antigen from free antigen. Experimental studies were also performed on possible factors related to the antigen-antibody reaction. Accurate measurements on quantities as low as 100 pg/ml (10ng/ml in the plasma) were performed by the dextran-coated charcoal method, and the reaction time was reduced to 2 hr at 4 degrees C. This new method does not require strict sterilization or aseptic handling, and therefore is quite practical for quantitative measurements of endotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:137653", "title": "Measurement of endotoxin. II. Comparison of reactivities measured by radioimmunoassay and with the Limulus test.", "content": "Various endotoxins and the extracts of gram-positive bacteria were measured immunologically by radioimmunoassay and also biologically by the Limulus test. The minimum amount of endotoxin detectable with the Limulus test was in the range from 1ng/ml to 1 mug/ml, with the lysate of sensitivity, 100 ng/ml [E. coli O111: B4 (B) lipopolysaccharide]. On the other hand, by the radioimmunoassay they were estimated in the range o- 0.3 to 10 times of dry weight. Endotoxin-like activity was detected in the ether extracts of gram-positive bacteria at a minimum concentration between 1 mug/ml and 100 mug/ml with the Limulus test. However, most of them were estimated by the radioimmunoassay to be under 1/50 of dry weight. Various substances such as thrombin, thromboplastin, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid, carrageenan and human colonic mucosal antigen had cross reactivities of various degrees in the minimum concentration from 10 mug/ml to 10 mg/ml. Compounds such as thrombin and thromboplastin cross-reacting in the Limulus test were scarcely measured by the radioimmunoassay except for polynucleotides. From this study, it has become clear that the radioimmunoassay method is quite specific and accurate for quantitative measurements of endotoxin.", "contents": "Measurement of endotoxin. II. Comparison of reactivities measured by radioimmunoassay and with the Limulus test. Various endotoxins and the extracts of gram-positive bacteria were measured immunologically by radioimmunoassay and also biologically by the Limulus test. The minimum amount of endotoxin detectable with the Limulus test was in the range from 1ng/ml to 1 mug/ml, with the lysate of sensitivity, 100 ng/ml [E. coli O111: B4 (B) lipopolysaccharide]. On the other hand, by the radioimmunoassay they were estimated in the range o- 0.3 to 10 times of dry weight. Endotoxin-like activity was detected in the ether extracts of gram-positive bacteria at a minimum concentration between 1 mug/ml and 100 mug/ml with the Limulus test. However, most of them were estimated by the radioimmunoassay to be under 1/50 of dry weight. Various substances such as thrombin, thromboplastin, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, polyadenylic-polyuridylic acid, carrageenan and human colonic mucosal antigen had cross reactivities of various degrees in the minimum concentration from 10 mug/ml to 10 mg/ml. Compounds such as thrombin and thromboplastin cross-reacting in the Limulus test were scarcely measured by the radioimmunoassay except for polynucleotides. From this study, it has become clear that the radioimmunoassay method is quite specific and accurate for quantitative measurements of endotoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:137654", "title": "The salt-resistance mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus examined by salt-sensitive mutants.", "content": "Two NaCl-sensitive mutants of S. aureus 209P (S-16 and S-23) were isolated after treatment of the parental strain with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Examination of the lipid components revealed that S-16 contained no cardiolipin and that S-23 contained only a small amount of cardiolipin. An increase of cardiolipin was indispensable for S. aureus proliferation in high NaCl medium.", "contents": "The salt-resistance mechanism of Staphylococcus aureus examined by salt-sensitive mutants. Two NaCl-sensitive mutants of S. aureus 209P (S-16 and S-23) were isolated after treatment of the parental strain with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Examination of the lipid components revealed that S-16 contained no cardiolipin and that S-23 contained only a small amount of cardiolipin. An increase of cardiolipin was indispensable for S. aureus proliferation in high NaCl medium."}
{"id": "PMID:137655", "title": "Target cells of human adenovirus type 12 in subtentorial brain tissue of newborn mice. II. Cytomorphologic and immunofluorescent microscopic studies in vitro.", "content": "The normal subtentorial brain cells of newborn mice (C3H/BifB/Ki) were cultured by the monolayer culture technique. The first subculture was inoculated with human adenovirus type 12 (Ad 12) in an attempt to achieve the transformation of the brain cells. Normal cultured cells were morphologically divided into astrocytic cells (Ac-1 cells and Ac-2 cells), immature brain cells including undifferentiated cells (Ud cells) and glioblastic cells (Gb cells), and fibroblastic cells (Fb cells). Fluorescent T-antigen first appeared in all type of cells and gradually decreased. Later, fluorescent T-antigen remained mainly in the immature brain cells (Gb cells) which grew in clusters on the epithelioid areas  of astrocytic cells. From 21 days after Ad 12 infection, transformed foci appeared in such epithelioid areas. Morphologically, the transformed cells resembled immature brain cells, especially Gb cells, in vitro. They often showed rosette-like structures, cystic spaces and trabecular patterns in the subcultures. Tumors which developed through the transplantation of the transformed cells into subcutaneous tissue and brain of mice were quite similar to original brain tumors induced by Ad 12. From these findings it is strongly suggested that, in vitro, the target cells of Ad 12 in the subtentorial tissues of the mouse brain are immature brain cells, probably Gb cells.", "contents": "Target cells of human adenovirus type 12 in subtentorial brain tissue of newborn mice. II. Cytomorphologic and immunofluorescent microscopic studies in vitro. The normal subtentorial brain cells of newborn mice (C3H/BifB/Ki) were cultured by the monolayer culture technique. The first subculture was inoculated with human adenovirus type 12 (Ad 12) in an attempt to achieve the transformation of the brain cells. Normal cultured cells were morphologically divided into astrocytic cells (Ac-1 cells and Ac-2 cells), immature brain cells including undifferentiated cells (Ud cells) and glioblastic cells (Gb cells), and fibroblastic cells (Fb cells). Fluorescent T-antigen first appeared in all type of cells and gradually decreased. Later, fluorescent T-antigen remained mainly in the immature brain cells (Gb cells) which grew in clusters on the epithelioid areas  of astrocytic cells. From 21 days after Ad 12 infection, transformed foci appeared in such epithelioid areas. Morphologically, the transformed cells resembled immature brain cells, especially Gb cells, in vitro. They often showed rosette-like structures, cystic spaces and trabecular patterns in the subcultures. Tumors which developed through the transplantation of the transformed cells into subcutaneous tissue and brain of mice were quite similar to original brain tumors induced by Ad 12. From these findings it is strongly suggested that, in vitro, the target cells of Ad 12 in the subtentorial tissues of the mouse brain are immature brain cells, probably Gb cells."}
{"id": "PMID:137656", "title": "Studies on ferrous ion-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver mitochondria. II. Relationship to incubation temperature.", "content": "Ferrous ion-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria has a lag in the induction period. The characteristics of the lag were investigated under various conditions. This lag period lengthened proportionally to increased temperature (4 degrees approximately 37 degrees C). In the presence of inorganic phosphate the lag period lengthened, reaching a maximum at about 20 degrees C, and then shortened with increased temperatute. Elongated lag periods were shown in heat-treated or protein digested mitochondria. Shortened lag periods were shown in snake venom-treated mitochondria. On the other hand, almost no lag was observed in the peroxidation of the lipid extracted from mitochondria. The lag period also varied with incubation temperature. The results suggested that certain factors, which determined lag of the induction period in membrane lipid peroxidation associate with reaction-temperature and the lipo-protein structure in mitochondrial membranes.", "contents": "Studies on ferrous ion-induced lipid peroxidation of rat liver mitochondria. II. Relationship to incubation temperature. Ferrous ion-induced lipid peroxidation in rat liver mitochondria has a lag in the induction period. The characteristics of the lag were investigated under various conditions. This lag period lengthened proportionally to increased temperature (4 degrees approximately 37 degrees C). In the presence of inorganic phosphate the lag period lengthened, reaching a maximum at about 20 degrees C, and then shortened with increased temperatute. Elongated lag periods were shown in heat-treated or protein digested mitochondria. Shortened lag periods were shown in snake venom-treated mitochondria. On the other hand, almost no lag was observed in the peroxidation of the lipid extracted from mitochondria. The lag period also varied with incubation temperature. The results suggested that certain factors, which determined lag of the induction period in membrane lipid peroxidation associate with reaction-temperature and the lipo-protein structure in mitochondrial membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:137657", "title": "Effects of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and 4-aminoazobenzene on plating efficiency, mitotic index, and macromolecular synthesis of cultured liver cells.", "content": "The response of a cultured liver cell line to azo dyes was investigated by the application of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) and 4-aminoazobenzene (AB) with observation of, in particular, the changes which occurred in plating efficiency, macromolecular synthesis and mitotic indices. The results were as follows. (1) The application of 3'-Me-DAB resulted in a decrease in size of colonies and plating efficiency of both J-5-2 cells (derived from 7-day-old rat liver tissues) and cells of the colonical clone, J-5-2cl. (2) AB caused greater inhibition of plating efficiency than did 3'-Me-DAB. (3) Both 3'-Me-DAB and AB inhibited synthesis of DNA but not of RNA or of protein. (4) AB exhibited a greater inhibitory effect on mitotic indices than did 3'-Me-DAB.", "contents": "Effects of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and 4-aminoazobenzene on plating efficiency, mitotic index, and macromolecular synthesis of cultured liver cells. The response of a cultured liver cell line to azo dyes was investigated by the application of 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) and 4-aminoazobenzene (AB) with observation of, in particular, the changes which occurred in plating efficiency, macromolecular synthesis and mitotic indices. The results were as follows. (1) The application of 3'-Me-DAB resulted in a decrease in size of colonies and plating efficiency of both J-5-2 cells (derived from 7-day-old rat liver tissues) and cells of the colonical clone, J-5-2cl. (2) AB caused greater inhibition of plating efficiency than did 3'-Me-DAB. (3) Both 3'-Me-DAB and AB inhibited synthesis of DNA but not of RNA or of protein. (4) AB exhibited a greater inhibitory effect on mitotic indices than did 3'-Me-DAB."}
{"id": "PMID:137658", "title": "A case of smoldering acute leukemia: long survival duration of 3 years and 9 months after the diagnosis.", "content": "A typical case of smoldering acute leukemia has been followed up for long-standing course. This 73 year-old woman survived 3 years and 9 months after diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia. The hematological study on admission showed hypoplastic bone marrow with 51.6% of abnormal myeloblasts, although a few myeloblasts were seen in the peripheral blood. Intensive anti-leukemia chemotherapy was withheld during the whole course except on the terminal acute phase. Three episodes of pneumonia occurred and then, the proliferation of leukemic cells subsided concomitnantly after the exacerbation of infection. The direct and/or host-mediated anti-tumor effect by infectious organism was suggestive in this case. The labeling index with 3H-TdR of leukemic cells was 4.9%, suggesting the slow multiplication. Positive tuberculin reactivity and normal ratio of lymphocyte blastogenesis confirmed the preserved cellular immunity. These factors might be considered to be closely related with the smoldering course of this particular case.", "contents": "A case of smoldering acute leukemia: long survival duration of 3 years and 9 months after the diagnosis. A typical case of smoldering acute leukemia has been followed up for long-standing course. This 73 year-old woman survived 3 years and 9 months after diagnosis of acute myelogenous leukemia. The hematological study on admission showed hypoplastic bone marrow with 51.6% of abnormal myeloblasts, although a few myeloblasts were seen in the peripheral blood. Intensive anti-leukemia chemotherapy was withheld during the whole course except on the terminal acute phase. Three episodes of pneumonia occurred and then, the proliferation of leukemic cells subsided concomitnantly after the exacerbation of infection. The direct and/or host-mediated anti-tumor effect by infectious organism was suggestive in this case. The labeling index with 3H-TdR of leukemic cells was 4.9%, suggesting the slow multiplication. Positive tuberculin reactivity and normal ratio of lymphocyte blastogenesis confirmed the preserved cellular immunity. These factors might be considered to be closely related with the smoldering course of this particular case."}
{"id": "PMID:137659", "title": "Tissue reaction to middle ear prostheses: in vivo observation (rabbit ear lobe) of polyethylene tube, stainless steel wire and absorbable gelatin sponge used in middle ear surgery.", "content": "Over the past ten years, polyethylene tube, stainless steel wire and absorbable gelatin sponge have come to be used in middle ear surgery. A modified Williams' steel chamber with a transparent central area was embedded in a rabbit ear lobe surgically, and cross-sectioned polyethylene tube, stainless steel wire or absorbable gelatin sponge were inserted respectively. The in vivo tissue reaction to each of these installed materials was observed daily microscopically. Finally, in the case of both the cross-sectioned polyethylene tube and the stainless steel wire, the chambers were fixed with 10% formalin solution and the contents stained for histological study. The results were as follows: Absorbable gelatin sponge was absorbed completely by phagocytosis in 62 days. Polyethylene tube was encapsulated by a layer of fibroblasts by day 110 in one case and by day 140 in another case; these findings were confirmed histologically on day 110 and 281. Almost all the surface of the stainless steel wire was encapsulated by a layer consisting of giant cells, on which a dense fibrous layer was superimposed by day 82. It is concluded that polyethylene tube, stainless steel wire, and absorbable gelatin sponge should be well tolerated in middle ear surgery.", "contents": "Tissue reaction to middle ear prostheses: in vivo observation (rabbit ear lobe) of polyethylene tube, stainless steel wire and absorbable gelatin sponge used in middle ear surgery. Over the past ten years, polyethylene tube, stainless steel wire and absorbable gelatin sponge have come to be used in middle ear surgery. A modified Williams' steel chamber with a transparent central area was embedded in a rabbit ear lobe surgically, and cross-sectioned polyethylene tube, stainless steel wire or absorbable gelatin sponge were inserted respectively. The in vivo tissue reaction to each of these installed materials was observed daily microscopically. Finally, in the case of both the cross-sectioned polyethylene tube and the stainless steel wire, the chambers were fixed with 10% formalin solution and the contents stained for histological study. The results were as follows: Absorbable gelatin sponge was absorbed completely by phagocytosis in 62 days. Polyethylene tube was encapsulated by a layer of fibroblasts by day 110 in one case and by day 140 in another case; these findings were confirmed histologically on day 110 and 281. Almost all the surface of the stainless steel wire was encapsulated by a layer consisting of giant cells, on which a dense fibrous layer was superimposed by day 82. It is concluded that polyethylene tube, stainless steel wire, and absorbable gelatin sponge should be well tolerated in middle ear surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:137660", "title": "A necropsy case of interstitial nephritis probably related to cefazolin and methenamine.", "content": "It is the purpose of this paper to alert the medical community on the potential nephrotoxicity of certain agents among certain patients, especially with some types of renal insufficiency. A young man, who was suffering from apparent renal disturbance, died of massive, post-operative bleeding accompanied by uremia. The uremia occurred within a very rapid clinical course and was related apparently to treatment with methenamine, a ruinary disinfectant, and cefazolin, a cephalosporin derivative. The patient was proved to have a fatal, servere interstitial nephritis based on gross and histological findings of the necropsied kidney, i.e., intense cell infiltration mainly in the interstitum of the cortex, absence of glomerular involvement, and marked softening and enlargement. The present case may suggest how to treat patients suffering from untoward renal ailments with various antibiotics.", "contents": "A necropsy case of interstitial nephritis probably related to cefazolin and methenamine. It is the purpose of this paper to alert the medical community on the potential nephrotoxicity of certain agents among certain patients, especially with some types of renal insufficiency. A young man, who was suffering from apparent renal disturbance, died of massive, post-operative bleeding accompanied by uremia. The uremia occurred within a very rapid clinical course and was related apparently to treatment with methenamine, a ruinary disinfectant, and cefazolin, a cephalosporin derivative. The patient was proved to have a fatal, servere interstitial nephritis based on gross and histological findings of the necropsied kidney, i.e., intense cell infiltration mainly in the interstitum of the cortex, absence of glomerular involvement, and marked softening and enlargement. The present case may suggest how to treat patients suffering from untoward renal ailments with various antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:137661", "title": "Peritoneoscopic diagnosis of liver surface--using a new code number system--.", "content": "A new peritoneoscopic classification of liver surface using a three digit code was developed. The first digit represents the lobular change from normal structure to nodules. The second digit represents the size of the nodule and the internodular distance. The third digit represents the pathological findings, such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis or regeneration. Furthermore, peritoneoscopic findings of necrosis of lobular size around the portal vein and patchy markings of the liver were presented. These findings were the most prominent in the course of hepatitis progression to cirrhosis.", "contents": "Peritoneoscopic diagnosis of liver surface--using a new code number system--. A new peritoneoscopic classification of liver surface using a three digit code was developed. The first digit represents the lobular change from normal structure to nodules. The second digit represents the size of the nodule and the internodular distance. The third digit represents the pathological findings, such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis or regeneration. Furthermore, peritoneoscopic findings of necrosis of lobular size around the portal vein and patchy markings of the liver were presented. These findings were the most prominent in the course of hepatitis progression to cirrhosis."}
{"id": "PMID:137666", "title": "Familial occurrence of sinus bradycardia, short PR interval, intraventricular conduction  defects, recurrent supraventricular tachycardia, and cardiomegaly.", "content": "Four members of a family presenting with sinus bradycardia, a short P-R interval, intraventricular conduction defects, recurrent supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), syncope, and cardiomegaly had His bundle studies and were found to have markedly shortened A-H intervals (30 to 55 msec.) with normal H-V times (35 to 50 msec.). Right atrial pacing at rates as high as 170 to 215 per minute failed to increase the A-H or H-V intervals significantly. The data are compatible with the presence of an A-V nodal bypass tract (James bundle) or even complete absence of an A-V node. Ventricular pacing and spontaneous ventricular premature beats resulted in a short ventriculoatrial conduction time (110 msec.) suggesting that if A-V nodal bypass tracts exist, they are utilized in an antegrade and retrograde fashion. None of the features of WPW syndrome was present. The mechanism of syncope in the mother and daughter was intermittent third-degree heart block. Both went on to develop permanent complete heart block despite electrophysiologic studies demonstrating 1:1 A-V conduction at extremely rapid atrial pacing rates and both required implantation of permanent pacemakers. The mechanism of syncope in the two brothers was possibly marked sinus bradycardia, but transient complete heart block has not been ruled out. Permanent pacemaker therapy was recommended for both. The nature of the cardiomegaly, which was mild in three patients, is not known. Although not well documented, several maternal relatives have had enlarged hearts, SVT, complete heart block, and syncope.", "contents": "Familial occurrence of sinus bradycardia, short PR interval, intraventricular conduction  defects, recurrent supraventricular tachycardia, and cardiomegaly. Four members of a family presenting with sinus bradycardia, a short P-R interval, intraventricular conduction defects, recurrent supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), syncope, and cardiomegaly had His bundle studies and were found to have markedly shortened A-H intervals (30 to 55 msec.) with normal H-V times (35 to 50 msec.). Right atrial pacing at rates as high as 170 to 215 per minute failed to increase the A-H or H-V intervals significantly. The data are compatible with the presence of an A-V nodal bypass tract (James bundle) or even complete absence of an A-V node. Ventricular pacing and spontaneous ventricular premature beats resulted in a short ventriculoatrial conduction time (110 msec.) suggesting that if A-V nodal bypass tracts exist, they are utilized in an antegrade and retrograde fashion. None of the features of WPW syndrome was present. The mechanism of syncope in the mother and daughter was intermittent third-degree heart block. Both went on to develop permanent complete heart block despite electrophysiologic studies demonstrating 1:1 A-V conduction at extremely rapid atrial pacing rates and both required implantation of permanent pacemakers. The mechanism of syncope in the two brothers was possibly marked sinus bradycardia, but transient complete heart block has not been ruled out. Permanent pacemaker therapy was recommended for both. The nature of the cardiomegaly, which was mild in three patients, is not known. Although not well documented, several maternal relatives have had enlarged hearts, SVT, complete heart block, and syncope."}
{"id": "PMID:137667", "title": "Unusual echocardiographic manifestation of pericardial effusion.", "content": "Echocardiographic and sector scanning examinations were performed in a patient with pericardial effusion. In addition to the demonstration of fluid posterior to the left ventricle and anterior to the right ventricle, as in most significant pericardial effusions, there was an echo-free space representing fluid recorded posterior to the left atrium. Several possible explanations of this finding are offered.", "contents": "Unusual echocardiographic manifestation of pericardial effusion. Echocardiographic and sector scanning examinations were performed in a patient with pericardial effusion. In addition to the demonstration of fluid posterior to the left ventricle and anterior to the right ventricle, as in most significant pericardial effusions, there was an echo-free space representing fluid recorded posterior to the left atrium. Several possible explanations of this finding are offered."}
{"id": "PMID:137668", "title": "Transient unifascicular, bifasicular and trifascicular block: electrophysiologic correlations in a patient with rate-dependent left bundle branch block and transient right bundle branch block.", "content": "Correlations of the His to ventricular (H-V) conduction time were made with the surface electrocardiogram during normal intraventricular conduction, unifascicular block (right bundle branch block), bifascicular block (left bundle branch block) and trifascicular block (right and left bundle branch block) in a patient with rate-dependent left bundle branch block who had transient right bundle branch block during recording of the His bundle electrogram. The results provide a functional confirmation of the theory that a prolonged H-V time is a manifestation of trifascicular disease.", "contents": "Transient unifascicular, bifasicular and trifascicular block: electrophysiologic correlations in a patient with rate-dependent left bundle branch block and transient right bundle branch block. Correlations of the His to ventricular (H-V) conduction time were made with the surface electrocardiogram during normal intraventricular conduction, unifascicular block (right bundle branch block), bifascicular block (left bundle branch block) and trifascicular block (right and left bundle branch block) in a patient with rate-dependent left bundle branch block who had transient right bundle branch block during recording of the His bundle electrogram. The results provide a functional confirmation of the theory that a prolonged H-V time is a manifestation of trifascicular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:137669", "title": "Surgical treatment of endocardial cushion defects.", "content": "A recent surgical experience with the spectrum of atrioventricular (A-V) canal is reviewed. Twenty-five patients underwent surgery for the partial and complete from of this defect in the 4 years from 1971 through 1974. Sixteen had a partial defect, two a transitional defect and seven complete A-V canal. The characteristic murmurs accompanied by cardiac enlargement, pulmonay overcirculation and left axis deviation in the electrocardiogram were sufficient for diagnosis in most cases. Cardiac catherization was performed in all patients preoperatively and in 11 postoperatively. The operative approach, including a double patch modification of the usual repair for complete canal, is considered. Definitive repair, rather than pulmonary arterial banding, is advocated regardless of the patient's age. The operative mortality rate is low in patients with the ostium primum type of defect but is related to associated intracardiac anomalies in those with the complete form of the defect. Residual mitral insufficiency is a common finding after surgical repair of both partial (75 percent) and complete (100 percent) A-V canal. Although no patient in the series died of florid mitral regurgitation, the long-range effects of this complication may lead to mitral valve replacement.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of endocardial cushion defects. A recent surgical experience with the spectrum of atrioventricular (A-V) canal is reviewed. Twenty-five patients underwent surgery for the partial and complete from of this defect in the 4 years from 1971 through 1974. Sixteen had a partial defect, two a transitional defect and seven complete A-V canal. The characteristic murmurs accompanied by cardiac enlargement, pulmonay overcirculation and left axis deviation in the electrocardiogram were sufficient for diagnosis in most cases. Cardiac catherization was performed in all patients preoperatively and in 11 postoperatively. The operative approach, including a double patch modification of the usual repair for complete canal, is considered. Definitive repair, rather than pulmonary arterial banding, is advocated regardless of the patient's age. The operative mortality rate is low in patients with the ostium primum type of defect but is related to associated intracardiac anomalies in those with the complete form of the defect. Residual mitral insufficiency is a common finding after surgical repair of both partial (75 percent) and complete (100 percent) A-V canal. Although no patient in the series died of florid mitral regurgitation, the long-range effects of this complication may lead to mitral valve replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:137670", "title": "Light and electron microscopic localization of ATPase in normal and degenerating testes of Syrian hamsters.", "content": "The distribution of Mg++-activated ATPase was determined with light and electron microscopy in normal and degenerating seminferous tubules. In the normal animals ATPase was localized in the interface between spermatids and Sertoli cells, in association with the cytoplasmic filaments contained within Sertoli cell processes, and in the lymphatic endothelium. ATPase activity increased in degenerating tubules as observed by light microscopy. Electron microscopic investigations of the degenerating tubules which contained only spermatogonia and Sertoli cells revealed reaction product on the outer surface of the Sertoli cell processes and within the interface between adjacent Sertoli cells. Reactaction product was also observed in the Sertoli cell processes between the cytoplasmic filaments and the cell membrane. Where filaments were absent in Sertoli cell processes, no reaction product was observed. These electron microscopic studies indicate that the increase in ATPase activity in testicular degeneration is probably a relative increase due to a loss of the germinal elements of the tubular epithelium and subsequent apposition of the Sertoli cell processes. We speculate that the ATPase activity localized within the Sertoli cell processes may be involved in providing an energy source for filament motility.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic localization of ATPase in normal and degenerating testes of Syrian hamsters. The distribution of Mg++-activated ATPase was determined with light and electron microscopy in normal and degenerating seminferous tubules. In the normal animals ATPase was localized in the interface between spermatids and Sertoli cells, in association with the cytoplasmic filaments contained within Sertoli cell processes, and in the lymphatic endothelium. ATPase activity increased in degenerating tubules as observed by light microscopy. Electron microscopic investigations of the degenerating tubules which contained only spermatogonia and Sertoli cells revealed reaction product on the outer surface of the Sertoli cell processes and within the interface between adjacent Sertoli cells. Reactaction product was also observed in the Sertoli cell processes between the cytoplasmic filaments and the cell membrane. Where filaments were absent in Sertoli cell processes, no reaction product was observed. These electron microscopic studies indicate that the increase in ATPase activity in testicular degeneration is probably a relative increase due to a loss of the germinal elements of the tubular epithelium and subsequent apposition of the Sertoli cell processes. We speculate that the ATPase activity localized within the Sertoli cell processes may be involved in providing an energy source for filament motility."}
{"id": "PMID:137671", "title": "In vivo and in vitro effects of thrombin and plasmin on human factor VIII (AHF).", "content": "The relationship between factor VIII (AHF) procoagulant activity and factor VIII-related antigen were examined in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), pulmonary embolism (PE), and coronary artery disease with or without myocardial infarction (MI). It was found that 13 of 13 patients with DIC, 17 of 17 patients with PE, and 10 of 12 patients with MI possessed a significantly elevated factor VIII-related antigen to factor VIII activity ratio (VIII-ratio). The VIII-ratio returned to normal in each of 2 patients with DIC and 1 paitent with PE after treatment with heparin, heparin and alpha-amino-caproic acid, and heparin and coumadin respectively. In contrast, the VIII-ratio was slightly elevated only in 1 of 15 patients with coronary artery insufficiency without MI. In in vitro studies, after treatment of plasma with thrombin or plasmin, factor VIII activity was lost, whereas the amount of factor VIII-related antigen remained the same or was even increased when measured by agarose quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. These observations have led us to conclude that an elevated VIII-ratio is a very sensitive indicator of intravascular coagulation.", "contents": "In vivo and in vitro effects of thrombin and plasmin on human factor VIII (AHF). The relationship between factor VIII (AHF) procoagulant activity and factor VIII-related antigen were examined in patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), pulmonary embolism (PE), and coronary artery disease with or without myocardial infarction (MI). It was found that 13 of 13 patients with DIC, 17 of 17 patients with PE, and 10 of 12 patients with MI possessed a significantly elevated factor VIII-related antigen to factor VIII activity ratio (VIII-ratio). The VIII-ratio returned to normal in each of 2 patients with DIC and 1 paitent with PE after treatment with heparin, heparin and alpha-amino-caproic acid, and heparin and coumadin respectively. In contrast, the VIII-ratio was slightly elevated only in 1 of 15 patients with coronary artery insufficiency without MI. In in vitro studies, after treatment of plasma with thrombin or plasmin, factor VIII activity was lost, whereas the amount of factor VIII-related antigen remained the same or was even increased when measured by agarose quantitative immunoelectrophoresis. These observations have led us to conclude that an elevated VIII-ratio is a very sensitive indicator of intravascular coagulation."}
{"id": "PMID:137672", "title": "Propionibacterium acnes: pathogen in central nervous system shunt infection. Report of three cases including immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Propionibacterium acnes is a pleomorphic gram-positive anaerobic rod usually isolated as a contaminant from skin. We report three cases of P. acnes infection of central nervous system shunts for hydrocephalus. The organism was seen repeatedly on gram stain in a specimen of shunt fluid in all three cases; initially, it was regarded as a contaminant. In addition, two of the patients had precipitins to extracts of their organism. Serum from normal control subjects had no such precipitins. One of the patients had an immune-complex glomerulonephritis--an entity not previously associated with anaerobic organisms. All three patients recovered after removal of the shunt and treatment with antibiotics. P. acnes is a significant pathogen in patients with central nervous system shunts.", "contents": "Propionibacterium acnes: pathogen in central nervous system shunt infection. Report of three cases including immune complex glomerulonephritis. Propionibacterium acnes is a pleomorphic gram-positive anaerobic rod usually isolated as a contaminant from skin. We report three cases of P. acnes infection of central nervous system shunts for hydrocephalus. The organism was seen repeatedly on gram stain in a specimen of shunt fluid in all three cases; initially, it was regarded as a contaminant. In addition, two of the patients had precipitins to extracts of their organism. Serum from normal control subjects had no such precipitins. One of the patients had an immune-complex glomerulonephritis--an entity not previously associated with anaerobic organisms. All three patients recovered after removal of the shunt and treatment with antibiotics. P. acnes is a significant pathogen in patients with central nervous system shunts."}
{"id": "PMID:137674", "title": "Na/K- and Mg-ATPase activity in the placenta and in maternal and cord erythrocytes of pre-eclamptic patients.", "content": "Abnormal sodium balance is known to be associated with pre-eclampsia, but no investigations have been conducted concerning the enzyme which regulates active sodium transport at the cellular level. In this study, the enzyme responsible for active sodium transport--Na/K-ATPase and a nonspecific ATPase Mg-ATPase--were assayed in the placenta and in maternal and fetal (cord) erythrocytes of pregnant women with and without pre-eclampsia. Placental ATPase activity was unaffected by pre-eclampsia. However, in infants of pre-eclamptic mothers, fetal erythrocytes were found to have significantly less activity (42 per cent) of both enzymes than fetal erythrocytes from infants of normal mothers. In pre-eclamptic mothers, erythrocyte Mg-atpase activity was significantly less (41 per cent) than normal and Na/K-ATPase activity was slightly decreased (16 per cent). These results indicate that disruption of active sodium transport in fetal erythrocytes is associated with pre-eclampsia and are not inconsistent with the hypothesis of a circulating \"toxin.\"", "contents": "Na/K- and Mg-ATPase activity in the placenta and in maternal and cord erythrocytes of pre-eclamptic patients. Abnormal sodium balance is known to be associated with pre-eclampsia, but no investigations have been conducted concerning the enzyme which regulates active sodium transport at the cellular level. In this study, the enzyme responsible for active sodium transport--Na/K-ATPase and a nonspecific ATPase Mg-ATPase--were assayed in the placenta and in maternal and fetal (cord) erythrocytes of pregnant women with and without pre-eclampsia. Placental ATPase activity was unaffected by pre-eclampsia. However, in infants of pre-eclamptic mothers, fetal erythrocytes were found to have significantly less activity (42 per cent) of both enzymes than fetal erythrocytes from infants of normal mothers. In pre-eclamptic mothers, erythrocyte Mg-atpase activity was significantly less (41 per cent) than normal and Na/K-ATPase activity was slightly decreased (16 per cent). These results indicate that disruption of active sodium transport in fetal erythrocytes is associated with pre-eclampsia and are not inconsistent with the hypothesis of a circulating \"toxin.\""}
{"id": "PMID:137675", "title": "A two-year experience with the Falope ring sterilization procedure.", "content": "The use of cautery laparoscopic sterilization procedures has two major disadvantages: (1) occasional inadvertent thermal injury to organ structures other than the Fallopian tube and (2) the inability to limit the injury to the Fallopian tube in a manner that might allow subsequent reconstructive surgery. In an effort to avoid the use of thermal energy to effect female sterilization, the Falope ring laparoscope was developed. From October, 1973, through September, 1975, 4,390 sterilization procedures were completed employing this approach; 902 cases have been completed at the Woman's Clinic of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1,741 cases were completed by gynecologists in various cities in the United States, and 1,747 procedures were completed by physicians in various locations throughout the world sponsored by the International Fertility Research Program.", "contents": "A two-year experience with the Falope ring sterilization procedure. The use of cautery laparoscopic sterilization procedures has two major disadvantages: (1) occasional inadvertent thermal injury to organ structures other than the Fallopian tube and (2) the inability to limit the injury to the Fallopian tube in a manner that might allow subsequent reconstructive surgery. In an effort to avoid the use of thermal energy to effect female sterilization, the Falope ring laparoscope was developed. From October, 1973, through September, 1975, 4,390 sterilization procedures were completed employing this approach; 902 cases have been completed at the Woman's Clinic of the Johns Hopkins Hospital, 1,741 cases were completed by gynecologists in various cities in the United States, and 1,747 procedures were completed by physicians in various locations throughout the world sponsored by the International Fertility Research Program."}
{"id": "PMID:137673", "title": "Differential uptake of tritiated digoxin in benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to measure uptake of tritiated digoxin by neoplastic tissues known to have differential contents of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na + K + ATPase), the presumed receptor for digoxin. Tumor samples were removed at the time of craniotomy in seven patients with meningiomas (Group 1) and seven patients with more malignant central nervous system tumors (Group 2) (three astrocytomas, three glioblastomas, one meduloblastoma). Patients with meningiomas were found to have a significantly higher digoxin uptake (21.8 +/- 7.3 ng/gm tumor versus 5.7 +/- 5.2 ng/gm tumor; (p less than 0.01) and a significantly greater tissue/serum ratio (13.9 +/- 11.7 versus 3.26 +/- 3.7, p less than 0.0). This study provides the first demonstration of increased uptake of digoxin by noncardiac pathologic tissues. The results are most likely due to differences in the number of digoxin receptor sites.", "contents": "Differential uptake of tritiated digoxin in benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms. The purpose of this study was to measure uptake of tritiated digoxin by neoplastic tissues known to have differential contents of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na + K + ATPase), the presumed receptor for digoxin. Tumor samples were removed at the time of craniotomy in seven patients with meningiomas (Group 1) and seven patients with more malignant central nervous system tumors (Group 2) (three astrocytomas, three glioblastomas, one meduloblastoma). Patients with meningiomas were found to have a significantly higher digoxin uptake (21.8 +/- 7.3 ng/gm tumor versus 5.7 +/- 5.2 ng/gm tumor; (p less than 0.01) and a significantly greater tissue/serum ratio (13.9 +/- 11.7 versus 3.26 +/- 3.7, p less than 0.0). This study provides the first demonstration of increased uptake of digoxin by noncardiac pathologic tissues. The results are most likely due to differences in the number of digoxin receptor sites."}
{"id": "PMID:137677", "title": "Na-K-ATPase localization in teleost urinary bladder by [3H]ouabain autoradiography.", "content": "Previous studies on the urinary bladder of the seawater-acclimated winter flounder (pseudopleuronectes americanus) demonstrated that active Na and Cl transport were ouabain sensitive. This suggested a relationship between the Na pump and Na-K-ATP-ase. The specific binding of [H]ouabain to Na-K-ATPase provides a means of localizing the site of active Na transport. In isolated bladders, a positive linear correlation (r= 0.89) was found between the active Na transport rate and the Na-K-ATPase activity. Ouabain binding by the bladder surface appeared to be saturable and relatively specific, e.g., was reduced by a high K concentration. When only the mucosal side of the bladder was exposed to 5 muM ouabain, both inhibitory effects and binding were small and are explained by finite permeability of the bladder to ouabain. In contrast, binding and inhibitory effects from the serosal side were much greater. Autoradiographs demonstrated that [3H]ouabain was bound only to the serosal side of the epithelial cells. Ultrastructural examination revealed that the area of ouabain binding coincided with the basal and lateral plasma membranes.", "contents": "Na-K-ATPase localization in teleost urinary bladder by [3H]ouabain autoradiography. Previous studies on the urinary bladder of the seawater-acclimated winter flounder (pseudopleuronectes americanus) demonstrated that active Na and Cl transport were ouabain sensitive. This suggested a relationship between the Na pump and Na-K-ATP-ase. The specific binding of [H]ouabain to Na-K-ATPase provides a means of localizing the site of active Na transport. In isolated bladders, a positive linear correlation (r= 0.89) was found between the active Na transport rate and the Na-K-ATPase activity. Ouabain binding by the bladder surface appeared to be saturable and relatively specific, e.g., was reduced by a high K concentration. When only the mucosal side of the bladder was exposed to 5 muM ouabain, both inhibitory effects and binding were small and are explained by finite permeability of the bladder to ouabain. In contrast, binding and inhibitory effects from the serosal side were much greater. Autoradiographs demonstrated that [3H]ouabain was bound only to the serosal side of the epithelial cells. Ultrastructural examination revealed that the area of ouabain binding coincided with the basal and lateral plasma membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:137678", "title": "Rectus sheath hematoma: ultrasonographic diagnosis.", "content": "Five cases of rectus sheath hematoma were correctly diagnosed by ultrasound. The main feature in each case was a well defined superficial abdominal transsonic mass; it appeared spindle shaped on longitudinal sections and ovoid on transverse sections. Ultrasonography is suggested as the procedure of choice for the diagnosis of this condition.", "contents": "Rectus sheath hematoma: ultrasonographic diagnosis. Five cases of rectus sheath hematoma were correctly diagnosed by ultrasound. The main feature in each case was a well defined superficial abdominal transsonic mass; it appeared spindle shaped on longitudinal sections and ovoid on transverse sections. Ultrasonography is suggested as the procedure of choice for the diagnosis of this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:137683", "title": "[Ecology of syngamosis in a large scale farming area].", "content": "Within recent 20 years, Czechoslovak agriculture has undergone considerable changes due to the introduction of largescale farming. Our contribution presents the results of studies on chickens (Gallus gallus f. dom.) reared traditionally on runs in an area contaminated with the eggs of Syngamus trachea distributed with pheasant faeces. In addition to postmortem examination of 336 chicken tracheae, their faeces collected for one year from the runs were examined, but syngamosis was not found. Studies on small stocks of fowl in gardens close to the fields visited regularly by roosting, Syngamus-infected pheasants disclosed an occasional incidence of syngamosis in the chickens, none in guinea fowl, but frequent infection in young and adult turkeys. Another observation was made on a chicken stock reared inside a pheasantry. Although the incidence of infection of the pheasants with syngamosis was high throughout most of the year, an occasional infection only of the chickens was observed in three months. Postmortem examination of 254 tracheae of free-living birds disclosed that the incidence of syngamosis was highest in the pheasant. - Due to the introduction of large-scale farming, numerous biotopes formerly covered with trees and shrubs, were changed into arrable land. A considerable reduction occurred in the former high stand of partridges (Perdix perdix), while the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) became widely distributed in agricultural areas. We studied the ecology of the pheasant in various biotopes by means of regular coprological examination without disturbance of the pheasants under consideration. Throughout most of the year the pheasant roosts on trees often growing in moist biotopes. In the morning and evening, the pheasant feeds regularly off the ground close to the roosting trees. From the spring onwards, throughout the summer any autumn, we observed at several sites a marked distribution of pheasants from the trees into the field where they roosted on the ground. The incidence of infection decreased considerably in pheasants, roosting on the ground of dry field biotopes, while in pheasants roosting in moist field biotopes, the incidence of infection increased considerably during the spring and remained at these levels throughout the summer until the autumn. A decrease in the incidence of infection was observed in late autumn. The incidence of infection was low during the winter and the beginning of the spring, but was present in biotopes with trees on which the pheasants from the surrounding areas concentrated. Free-living pheasants in a moist forest surrounded by fields with intensive large-scale cultivation showed a higher incidence of infection with syngamosis than pheasants from a forest pheasantry, in which rearing had to be discontinued for reasons of the death of chicks due to syngamosis. The incidence of infection increases with decreasing altitudes. The partridge (Perdix perdix) suffers less from syngamosis than does the pheasant from the same area...", "contents": "[Ecology of syngamosis in a large scale farming area]. Within recent 20 years, Czechoslovak agriculture has undergone considerable changes due to the introduction of largescale farming. Our contribution presents the results of studies on chickens (Gallus gallus f. dom.) reared traditionally on runs in an area contaminated with the eggs of Syngamus trachea distributed with pheasant faeces. In addition to postmortem examination of 336 chicken tracheae, their faeces collected for one year from the runs were examined, but syngamosis was not found. Studies on small stocks of fowl in gardens close to the fields visited regularly by roosting, Syngamus-infected pheasants disclosed an occasional incidence of syngamosis in the chickens, none in guinea fowl, but frequent infection in young and adult turkeys. Another observation was made on a chicken stock reared inside a pheasantry. Although the incidence of infection of the pheasants with syngamosis was high throughout most of the year, an occasional infection only of the chickens was observed in three months. Postmortem examination of 254 tracheae of free-living birds disclosed that the incidence of syngamosis was highest in the pheasant. - Due to the introduction of large-scale farming, numerous biotopes formerly covered with trees and shrubs, were changed into arrable land. A considerable reduction occurred in the former high stand of partridges (Perdix perdix), while the pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) became widely distributed in agricultural areas. We studied the ecology of the pheasant in various biotopes by means of regular coprological examination without disturbance of the pheasants under consideration. Throughout most of the year the pheasant roosts on trees often growing in moist biotopes. In the morning and evening, the pheasant feeds regularly off the ground close to the roosting trees. From the spring onwards, throughout the summer any autumn, we observed at several sites a marked distribution of pheasants from the trees into the field where they roosted on the ground. The incidence of infection decreased considerably in pheasants, roosting on the ground of dry field biotopes, while in pheasants roosting in moist field biotopes, the incidence of infection increased considerably during the spring and remained at these levels throughout the summer until the autumn. A decrease in the incidence of infection was observed in late autumn. The incidence of infection was low during the winter and the beginning of the spring, but was present in biotopes with trees on which the pheasants from the surrounding areas concentrated. Free-living pheasants in a moist forest surrounded by fields with intensive large-scale cultivation showed a higher incidence of infection with syngamosis than pheasants from a forest pheasantry, in which rearing had to be discontinued for reasons of the death of chicks due to syngamosis. The incidence of infection increases with decreasing altitudes. The partridge (Perdix perdix) suffers less from syngamosis than does the pheasant from the same area..."}
{"id": "PMID:137689", "title": "Significance of a prominent S wave in leads I and V6 in the electrocardiograms of middle-aged and elderly hospital patients.", "content": "The significance of a priminent S wave leads I and/or V6 in electrocardiograms of persons aged 30 years or over was studied in 1249 patients who died at hospital. A priminent S wave was found in 4.1% in lead I, in 10.5% in lead V6, and in 2.3% simultaneously in both leads in 171 patients in whom no pulmonary or cardiac disease was observed at autopsy. The occurrence of a prominent S wave in leads I and/or V6 was significantly more frequent in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases than in those without these conditions. This ECG sign was not, however, highly specific for any disease. S wave patterns were frequently found in conditions causing right ventricular overload. The SI and/or SV6 patterns were also common in patients with myohy. It is concluded that a prominent S wave in lead I alone or together with lead V6 in ECGs of middle-aged and elderly patients suggests the presence of a disease affecting the pulmonary criculation or the left ventricle of the heart.", "contents": "Significance of a prominent S wave in leads I and V6 in the electrocardiograms of middle-aged and elderly hospital patients. The significance of a priminent S wave leads I and/or V6 in electrocardiograms of persons aged 30 years or over was studied in 1249 patients who died at hospital. A priminent S wave was found in 4.1% in lead I, in 10.5% in lead V6, and in 2.3% simultaneously in both leads in 171 patients in whom no pulmonary or cardiac disease was observed at autopsy. The occurrence of a prominent S wave in leads I and/or V6 was significantly more frequent in patients with cardiopulmonary diseases than in those without these conditions. This ECG sign was not, however, highly specific for any disease. S wave patterns were frequently found in conditions causing right ventricular overload. The SI and/or SV6 patterns were also common in patients with myohy. It is concluded that a prominent S wave in lead I alone or together with lead V6 in ECGs of middle-aged and elderly patients suggests the presence of a disease affecting the pulmonary criculation or the left ventricle of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:137690", "title": "Mean electrical QRS axis on the frontal plane in electrocardiograms of middle-aged and elderly hospital patients.", "content": "The mean electrical QRS axis (AQRS) on the frontal plane was determined on electrocardiograms recorded shortly before death in 1249 patients. Cardiopulmonary diseases were sought at autopsy. Cases with CRBBE, CLBBB, WPW or idioventricular rhythm were excluded. In 171 patients without cardiopulmonary diseases, the AQRS tended to deviate to the left with age. In patients aged 30--49 the median AQRS was +55 degrees ranging between -30 degrees--90. In 99% of older patients, it stayed between -45 degrees--75 degrees. No sex difference was found. A large AQRS deviation was characteristic of patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. In one third of male pulmonary patients aged 50 or over, the AQRS pointed outside -45 degrees or +75 degrees. Rightward deviation of +90 degrees was found in 20% of younger patients. In patients aged 50 or over with myocardial infarction, rightward AQRS deviation of +75 degrees was observed in 11%, and below -45 degrees in 8% of the patients. Abnormal deviation was most common in association with inferoposterior or lateral wall infarctions. Abnormal deviation of the frontal plane QRS axis seems to coincide only with cardiac or pulmonary diseases. Extreme rightward deviation suggests a condition of right ventricular overload, but leftward deviation occurs in patients with pulmonary and with left ventricular diseases.", "contents": "Mean electrical QRS axis on the frontal plane in electrocardiograms of middle-aged and elderly hospital patients. The mean electrical QRS axis (AQRS) on the frontal plane was determined on electrocardiograms recorded shortly before death in 1249 patients. Cardiopulmonary diseases were sought at autopsy. Cases with CRBBE, CLBBB, WPW or idioventricular rhythm were excluded. In 171 patients without cardiopulmonary diseases, the AQRS tended to deviate to the left with age. In patients aged 30--49 the median AQRS was +55 degrees ranging between -30 degrees--90. In 99% of older patients, it stayed between -45 degrees--75 degrees. No sex difference was found. A large AQRS deviation was characteristic of patients with cardiopulmonary diseases. In one third of male pulmonary patients aged 50 or over, the AQRS pointed outside -45 degrees or +75 degrees. Rightward deviation of +90 degrees was found in 20% of younger patients. In patients aged 50 or over with myocardial infarction, rightward AQRS deviation of +75 degrees was observed in 11%, and below -45 degrees in 8% of the patients. Abnormal deviation was most common in association with inferoposterior or lateral wall infarctions. Abnormal deviation of the frontal plane QRS axis seems to coincide only with cardiac or pulmonary diseases. Extreme rightward deviation suggests a condition of right ventricular overload, but leftward deviation occurs in patients with pulmonary and with left ventricular diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:137691", "title": "[Prevention of abnormalities induced by 2 organophosphate insecticides (parathion and bidrin) in quail embryos].", "content": "When Quail embryos, injected with bidrin at the unincubated stage, are treated with nicotinamide, beak and leg abnormalities are prevented, but niacin has no beneficial effect on the axial deformities caused by both parathion and bidrin. In contrast, vertebral defects are greatly reduced by giving pralidoxim, an antidote known and used in organophosphorus intoxications. But this compound has no effect on beak and leg damage caused by bidrin. Two other cholinesterase reactivators, diacetylmonoxime and monoisonitrosoacetone have any effect on organophosphorus abnormalities and have no antiteratogenic action either on the beak and legs or on the vertebral column. From these observations the multiple causes of teratogenic effects induced by organophosphorus compounds are evident. Both aspects of teratogenesis, one related to the nicotinamide level, and the other related to the physiology of the cholinergic system are discussed.", "contents": "[Prevention of abnormalities induced by 2 organophosphate insecticides (parathion and bidrin) in quail embryos]. When Quail embryos, injected with bidrin at the unincubated stage, are treated with nicotinamide, beak and leg abnormalities are prevented, but niacin has no beneficial effect on the axial deformities caused by both parathion and bidrin. In contrast, vertebral defects are greatly reduced by giving pralidoxim, an antidote known and used in organophosphorus intoxications. But this compound has no effect on beak and leg damage caused by bidrin. Two other cholinesterase reactivators, diacetylmonoxime and monoisonitrosoacetone have any effect on organophosphorus abnormalities and have no antiteratogenic action either on the beak and legs or on the vertebral column. From these observations the multiple causes of teratogenic effects induced by organophosphorus compounds are evident. Both aspects of teratogenesis, one related to the nicotinamide level, and the other related to the physiology of the cholinergic system are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137693", "title": "Effects of oral zinc and vitamin A in acne.", "content": "The effects of oral zinc sulfate (corresponding to 135 mg of zinc daily) alone and in combination with vitamin A (300,000 international units) daily on acne lesions have been compared with those of vitamin A alone and of a placebo. The number of comedones, papules, pustules, and infiltrates were counted at each visit. After four weeks, there was a significant decrease in the number of papules, pustules, and infiltrates in the zinc-treated groups. The effect of zinc plus vitamin A was not better than zinc alone. After 12 weeks of treatment, the mean acne score had decreased from 100% to 15%. The mechanism for the effect of zinc therapy in acne, to our knowledge, is not presently known.\u00bf", "contents": "Effects of oral zinc and vitamin A in acne. The effects of oral zinc sulfate (corresponding to 135 mg of zinc daily) alone and in combination with vitamin A (300,000 international units) daily on acne lesions have been compared with those of vitamin A alone and of a placebo. The number of comedones, papules, pustules, and infiltrates were counted at each visit. After four weeks, there was a significant decrease in the number of papules, pustules, and infiltrates in the zinc-treated groups. The effect of zinc plus vitamin A was not better than zinc alone. After 12 weeks of treatment, the mean acne score had decreased from 100% to 15%. The mechanism for the effect of zinc therapy in acne, to our knowledge, is not presently known.\u00bf"}
{"id": "PMID:137695", "title": "Children of low birthweight in the 1946 national cohort. Behaviour and educational achievement in adolescence.", "content": "Among 12 468 legitimate single births in the first week of March 1946, 163 weighed 200 g or less (LBW group) and of these 80 survived to 18 years. 6 of the LBW survivors emigrated with their families and 5 have not been traced since birth. The remaining 69 were followed up to the age of 15 at which time two early school leavers were lost to the study. There is evidence that none of the survivors who emigrated or left the sample and serious physical or mental impairment. Compared with individually matched controls, the LBW children showed similar proportions with severe physical, mental, or behavioural handicaps. There are small and statistically nonsignificant differences in favour of the controls in ability and attainment scores at 15 years and in the level of academic qualifications gained by the age of 18. If the mean ability and attainment scores are expressed as an \"intelligence quotient\" with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, the LBW group has an average IQ of 93 and the controls of 97. Hospital stay after childbirth was much longer in 1946 than today and many LBW children spent more than 3 weeks in hospital. There is no evidence that long hospital stay was associated with problems of behaviour or learning in adolescence.", "contents": "Children of low birthweight in the 1946 national cohort. Behaviour and educational achievement in adolescence. Among 12 468 legitimate single births in the first week of March 1946, 163 weighed 200 g or less (LBW group) and of these 80 survived to 18 years. 6 of the LBW survivors emigrated with their families and 5 have not been traced since birth. The remaining 69 were followed up to the age of 15 at which time two early school leavers were lost to the study. There is evidence that none of the survivors who emigrated or left the sample and serious physical or mental impairment. Compared with individually matched controls, the LBW children showed similar proportions with severe physical, mental, or behavioural handicaps. There are small and statistically nonsignificant differences in favour of the controls in ability and attainment scores at 15 years and in the level of academic qualifications gained by the age of 18. If the mean ability and attainment scores are expressed as an \"intelligence quotient\" with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15, the LBW group has an average IQ of 93 and the controls of 97. Hospital stay after childbirth was much longer in 1946 than today and many LBW children spent more than 3 weeks in hospital. There is no evidence that long hospital stay was associated with problems of behaviour or learning in adolescence."}
{"id": "PMID:137697", "title": "Hepatic blood flow measurement. A comparison of the indocyanine green and electromagnetic techniques normal and abnormal flow states in the dog.", "content": "Very few studies have compared the total hepatic blood flow using the Indocyanine green (ICG) method with the instantaneous electromagnetic flow method under unsteady circulatory conditions. In this study, a hypotensive circulatory state was produced by rapid hemorrhage in 14 dogs. Total hepatic blood flow was measured using the ICG single injection method, comparing it with the electromagnetic flow method. After confirming the validity of the ICG single injection method in measuring total hepatic blood flow in the steady state, the experiment was then carried out using 23 normal healthy dogs. The close correlation between the ICG clearance technique and the electromagnetic values under normal steady state was confirmed. However, after hemorrhage the indirect ICG method estimated only 71% of the simultaneous electromagnetic flow value. It is reasonable to assume that while the electromagnetic method continues to measure the actual total hepatic blood flow in both the steady and unsteady states, the ICG clearance method measures only the functional hepatic blood flow which is reduced due to shunting or impaired hepatocellular function in the unsteady and hypotensive circulatory state.", "contents": "Hepatic blood flow measurement. A comparison of the indocyanine green and electromagnetic techniques normal and abnormal flow states in the dog. Very few studies have compared the total hepatic blood flow using the Indocyanine green (ICG) method with the instantaneous electromagnetic flow method under unsteady circulatory conditions. In this study, a hypotensive circulatory state was produced by rapid hemorrhage in 14 dogs. Total hepatic blood flow was measured using the ICG single injection method, comparing it with the electromagnetic flow method. After confirming the validity of the ICG single injection method in measuring total hepatic blood flow in the steady state, the experiment was then carried out using 23 normal healthy dogs. The close correlation between the ICG clearance technique and the electromagnetic values under normal steady state was confirmed. However, after hemorrhage the indirect ICG method estimated only 71% of the simultaneous electromagnetic flow value. It is reasonable to assume that while the electromagnetic method continues to measure the actual total hepatic blood flow in both the steady and unsteady states, the ICG clearance method measures only the functional hepatic blood flow which is reduced due to shunting or impaired hepatocellular function in the unsteady and hypotensive circulatory state."}
{"id": "PMID:137698", "title": "[Evaluation of left ventricular function by external methods. Comparative study of systolic intervals and apexcardiography].", "content": "In a number of conditions characterised by major disturbance of myocardial contractility (15 cases of thyrotoxicosis, 18 of hypokinetic cardiomyopathy and 9 of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), the authors have compared the results of measuring the systolic intervals as derived from the quotient PPE/TE with an analysis of the upstroke of the apex electrocardiogram derived from measurement of the t-da/dt interval and from the quotient da/dt/A. The quotient PPE/TE is markedly lowered in the hypokinetic cardiomyopathies. On the other hand this quotient does not differentiate between normal subjects and patients with thyrotoxicosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. By contrast the measurements derived from the electrocardiogram, and especially the quotient da/dt/A, differentiate very clearly between the various pathological conditions.", "contents": "[Evaluation of left ventricular function by external methods. Comparative study of systolic intervals and apexcardiography]. In a number of conditions characterised by major disturbance of myocardial contractility (15 cases of thyrotoxicosis, 18 of hypokinetic cardiomyopathy and 9 of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy), the authors have compared the results of measuring the systolic intervals as derived from the quotient PPE/TE with an analysis of the upstroke of the apex electrocardiogram derived from measurement of the t-da/dt interval and from the quotient da/dt/A. The quotient PPE/TE is markedly lowered in the hypokinetic cardiomyopathies. On the other hand this quotient does not differentiate between normal subjects and patients with thyrotoxicosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. By contrast the measurements derived from the electrocardiogram, and especially the quotient da/dt/A, differentiate very clearly between the various pathological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:137699", "title": "[Electrocardiographic and radiographic course after aortic valve replacement].", "content": "On a series of 170 aortic valve replacement - 100 aortic stenoses (AS) and 70 aortic regurgitations (AR) - with an early post operative death rate of 5.3% and a late one of 8% (with a minimum follow up of 1 year and an average one of 25.4 months, two electrocardiographic and radiological checks could be done on 123 patients, 12 months on an average after the operation, and again for 116 patients, 21 months after the operation. After a year there was a significant and substantial decrease of the left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and a moderate one of the radiological heart area (HA). The decrease of LVH (Sokolow's index and AVL) tended to be more marked for the AS group and that of HA for the AR. At the second check no further significant change of LVH or HA was noted for either group, and the average HA of the patients remained high. The mean post-operative decrease of LVH and HA was all the greater as the pre-operative value was higher; but it was independent of the stage of heart failure and of the pre-operative hemodynamic data. There was no correlation demonstrated between the amplitude of post-operative variations of HA or LVH and the main operative stages (aortic clamping, ventricular fibrillation, coronary infusion). There was no significant difference between the mean values of LVH or HA of the survivors and those of the early post-operative deaths. The mean value of pre-operative HA was higher in the patients who were to die late than in the survivors, but the difference was not statistically significant after 25.4 months. The mean pre-operative values of HA and LVH did not influence the quality of the post-operative functional result.", "contents": "[Electrocardiographic and radiographic course after aortic valve replacement]. On a series of 170 aortic valve replacement - 100 aortic stenoses (AS) and 70 aortic regurgitations (AR) - with an early post operative death rate of 5.3% and a late one of 8% (with a minimum follow up of 1 year and an average one of 25.4 months, two electrocardiographic and radiological checks could be done on 123 patients, 12 months on an average after the operation, and again for 116 patients, 21 months after the operation. After a year there was a significant and substantial decrease of the left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and a moderate one of the radiological heart area (HA). The decrease of LVH (Sokolow's index and AVL) tended to be more marked for the AS group and that of HA for the AR. At the second check no further significant change of LVH or HA was noted for either group, and the average HA of the patients remained high. The mean post-operative decrease of LVH and HA was all the greater as the pre-operative value was higher; but it was independent of the stage of heart failure and of the pre-operative hemodynamic data. There was no correlation demonstrated between the amplitude of post-operative variations of HA or LVH and the main operative stages (aortic clamping, ventricular fibrillation, coronary infusion). There was no significant difference between the mean values of LVH or HA of the survivors and those of the early post-operative deaths. The mean value of pre-operative HA was higher in the patients who were to die late than in the survivors, but the difference was not statistically significant after 25.4 months. The mean pre-operative values of HA and LVH did not influence the quality of the post-operative functional result."}
{"id": "PMID:137700", "title": "[Histochemical and histological investigations on the human fallopian tube under different hormonal influences. I. Demonstration of ATPase with special reference to reactive ciliated cells (author's transl)].", "content": "The localization of the Mg++-activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in the human Fallopian tube has been studied by means of histochemical methods. The samples were obtained from 18 women in the age from 23--62 years. Some of them were treated by various steroid hormones. Endosalpinx ciliary ATPase-activity represents dynein and is therefore an indicator of ciliary motility. Estrogens and gestagens have a different influence on the ATPase-activity. All cilia of one ciliated cell react in the same manner and may be regarded as a reaction unit. The relation of negative to positive ciliary borders differs characteristically in the tubal isthmus, ampulls and infundibulum and coincides with commonly known phenomena of egg transport through the oviduct. Postovulatory, reaction units increase in ampulla and infundibulum compared with the proliferative phase. The oviducts of postmenopausal women possess but a scanty outfit of reaction units. Short-time treatment with estrogen in the early secretory phase results in a great number of reaction units in all tubal segments; a similar treatment in the proliferative phase diminishes the reaction units in the ampulla. Midcycle progesterone treatment activates the ciliary ATPase in the isthmus. Low doses of lynestrenol (minipill) in the proliferative phase leads to a decrease of reaction units in all tubal segments; the pattern of ciliary reaction under low doses of lynestrenol at the time of ovulation coincides with that of the proliferative phase. Treatment with a contraceptive steroid (0,05 mg ethinylestradiol and 0,25 d-norgestrel) causes a considerable activation of the ciliary ATPase in all portions of the oviduct.", "contents": "[Histochemical and histological investigations on the human fallopian tube under different hormonal influences. I. Demonstration of ATPase with special reference to reactive ciliated cells (author's transl)]. The localization of the Mg++-activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) in the human Fallopian tube has been studied by means of histochemical methods. The samples were obtained from 18 women in the age from 23--62 years. Some of them were treated by various steroid hormones. Endosalpinx ciliary ATPase-activity represents dynein and is therefore an indicator of ciliary motility. Estrogens and gestagens have a different influence on the ATPase-activity. All cilia of one ciliated cell react in the same manner and may be regarded as a reaction unit. The relation of negative to positive ciliary borders differs characteristically in the tubal isthmus, ampulls and infundibulum and coincides with commonly known phenomena of egg transport through the oviduct. Postovulatory, reaction units increase in ampulla and infundibulum compared with the proliferative phase. The oviducts of postmenopausal women possess but a scanty outfit of reaction units. Short-time treatment with estrogen in the early secretory phase results in a great number of reaction units in all tubal segments; a similar treatment in the proliferative phase diminishes the reaction units in the ampulla. Midcycle progesterone treatment activates the ciliary ATPase in the isthmus. Low doses of lynestrenol (minipill) in the proliferative phase leads to a decrease of reaction units in all tubal segments; the pattern of ciliary reaction under low doses of lynestrenol at the time of ovulation coincides with that of the proliferative phase. Treatment with a contraceptive steroid (0,05 mg ethinylestradiol and 0,25 d-norgestrel) causes a considerable activation of the ciliary ATPase in all portions of the oviduct."}
{"id": "PMID:137703", "title": "[Failures of the primary procedure in the surgical treatment of retinal detachment. Apropos of 50 cases].", "content": "A study of 50 failures in retinal detachments operated on as a primary procedure (23 p. 100 of retinal detachments operated in one year). The causes of the most frequent failures relate to the anatomical severity of the detachment and the tears, but a certain number of insufficiencies in the pre-operative examination and failures of surgical procedure are discussed.", "contents": "[Failures of the primary procedure in the surgical treatment of retinal detachment. Apropos of 50 cases]. A study of 50 failures in retinal detachments operated on as a primary procedure (23 p. 100 of retinal detachments operated in one year). The causes of the most frequent failures relate to the anatomical severity of the detachment and the tears, but a certain number of insufficiencies in the pre-operative examination and failures of surgical procedure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137705", "title": "[Traumatic retinal angiopathy. Apropos of 2 cases of Purtscher's retinitis].", "content": "Two cases of traumatic retinal angiopathy (Purtscher's retinitis are described. Both have a different evolution and cause different damage, but conform to the characteristic retinal image caused by contusion. One case was due to thoracic compression without evident bone fracture, and eventually recovered normal vision, while the other has multiple bone fractures and ended in bilateral optic atrophy whith a marked visual deficit.", "contents": "[Traumatic retinal angiopathy. Apropos of 2 cases of Purtscher's retinitis]. Two cases of traumatic retinal angiopathy (Purtscher's retinitis are described. Both have a different evolution and cause different damage, but conform to the characteristic retinal image caused by contusion. One case was due to thoracic compression without evident bone fracture, and eventually recovered normal vision, while the other has multiple bone fractures and ended in bilateral optic atrophy whith a marked visual deficit."}
{"id": "PMID:137706", "title": "[Evoked visual potentials in tapeto-retinal degeneration].", "content": "A study of the behaviour of V.E.P. latencies and amplitudes in 247 eyes suffering from different clinical forms of chorio-retinal degenerations is presented. In 147 eyes the E.R.G. and the V.E.R. were simultaneously recorded, and this group was used for studying the relation ship between E.R.G., V.E.P. and visual acuity. The authors are of the opinion that the V.E.P., in that it investigates particularly the macular region, provides a clinical test of real interest in the prognosis of visual acuity in a known clinical context.", "contents": "[Evoked visual potentials in tapeto-retinal degeneration]. A study of the behaviour of V.E.P. latencies and amplitudes in 247 eyes suffering from different clinical forms of chorio-retinal degenerations is presented. In 147 eyes the E.R.G. and the V.E.R. were simultaneously recorded, and this group was used for studying the relation ship between E.R.G., V.E.P. and visual acuity. The authors are of the opinion that the V.E.P., in that it investigates particularly the macular region, provides a clinical test of real interest in the prognosis of visual acuity in a known clinical context."}
{"id": "PMID:137707", "title": "[Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Ultrastructure of chorioretinal lesions induced in guinea pigs by immunization against the outer rods of the bovine retina].", "content": "The uveoretinitis induced in guinea pigs by one systemic injection of rod outer segments from bovine retina has the following ultrastructural features : 1 to 3 weeks after the injection, first early alterations of the visual cells and pigment epithelium, phagocytosis of fragmented outer segments by macrophages, development of an inflammatory infiltrate of the uvea with numerous plasma cells. During the second month, polymorphic inflammatory reaction in the choroid, destruction of photoreceptors in large areas with preservation of the external limiting membrane or involvement of the internal layers of the retina. During the next months, fibroblastic healing processes, but persistence of a diffuse inflammation, with sub-retinal lymphoid follicles and epithelioid cells. It appears likely that pigment epithelium and outer segments of the visual cells are targets for the initial immunological attack, where humoral antibodies seem to play a major role.", "contents": "[Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis. Ultrastructure of chorioretinal lesions induced in guinea pigs by immunization against the outer rods of the bovine retina]. The uveoretinitis induced in guinea pigs by one systemic injection of rod outer segments from bovine retina has the following ultrastructural features : 1 to 3 weeks after the injection, first early alterations of the visual cells and pigment epithelium, phagocytosis of fragmented outer segments by macrophages, development of an inflammatory infiltrate of the uvea with numerous plasma cells. During the second month, polymorphic inflammatory reaction in the choroid, destruction of photoreceptors in large areas with preservation of the external limiting membrane or involvement of the internal layers of the retina. During the next months, fibroblastic healing processes, but persistence of a diffuse inflammation, with sub-retinal lymphoid follicles and epithelioid cells. It appears likely that pigment epithelium and outer segments of the visual cells are targets for the initial immunological attack, where humoral antibodies seem to play a major role."}
{"id": "PMID:137708", "title": "[Acetylcholine in the bovine ciliary body and the cholinergic action of pilocarpine].", "content": "The authors have determined the acetylcholine (ACh) content in bovine ciliary bodies. One of the ciliary bodies was subjected in vivo to the influence of an aqueous solution of pilocarpine HCl 3 p. 100 which was instilled in the conjunctival cul-de-sac (ten times at a dose of three drops every three minutes). The contralateral ciliary body of the same animal served as a control for the ACh concentration. Enucleation was performed one hour after the last instillation. The average concentration of ACh estimated in 13 control ciliary bodies was 0,40 mug of ACh, and in 13 pilocarpinised eyes 0,50 mug of ACh (for 150 mg of tissue). The questions concerning the inactivation of pilocarpine and the source of augmentation of cholinergic tone in the pilocarpinised eyes have been discussed in previous communications.", "contents": "[Acetylcholine in the bovine ciliary body and the cholinergic action of pilocarpine]. The authors have determined the acetylcholine (ACh) content in bovine ciliary bodies. One of the ciliary bodies was subjected in vivo to the influence of an aqueous solution of pilocarpine HCl 3 p. 100 which was instilled in the conjunctival cul-de-sac (ten times at a dose of three drops every three minutes). The contralateral ciliary body of the same animal served as a control for the ACh concentration. Enucleation was performed one hour after the last instillation. The average concentration of ACh estimated in 13 control ciliary bodies was 0,40 mug of ACh, and in 13 pilocarpinised eyes 0,50 mug of ACh (for 150 mg of tissue). The questions concerning the inactivation of pilocarpine and the source of augmentation of cholinergic tone in the pilocarpinised eyes have been discussed in previous communications."}
{"id": "PMID:137711", "title": "[The change of physical properties of plastics (polyoxymethylenecopolymer, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyethylene, polytetrafluorethylene) after animal implantation and autoclavation (author's transl)].", "content": "The change of physical properties of plastics (polyoxymethylene-copolymer, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyethylene, polytetrafluorethylene) and the bio-compatibility of these materials were examined by implantation in the backmuscle of 6-month-old male rabbits for 4 and 12 weeks and after autoclavation. We have found out, that after implantation and autoclavation polyethylene-terephthalate demonstrates a strong diminution of the visco-elastic qualities. Polyethylene and polytetrafluorethylene were not changed by these treatments. After an implantation of 12 weeks and an autoclavation of four times the visco-elastic properties of polyoxymethylene-copolymer were only slightly diminished by 10 to 15%. The histological investigation of the surrounding tissue demonstrated a very good bio-compatibility of polyethylene. After an implantation of 4 weeks polyoxymethylene-copolymer, polyethyleneterephthalate and polytetrafluorethylene produced a comparable foreign body reaction, which, however, was evidently diminished after an implantation of 12 weeks.", "contents": "[The change of physical properties of plastics (polyoxymethylenecopolymer, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyethylene, polytetrafluorethylene) after animal implantation and autoclavation (author's transl)]. The change of physical properties of plastics (polyoxymethylene-copolymer, polyethyleneterephthalate, polyethylene, polytetrafluorethylene) and the bio-compatibility of these materials were examined by implantation in the backmuscle of 6-month-old male rabbits for 4 and 12 weeks and after autoclavation. We have found out, that after implantation and autoclavation polyethylene-terephthalate demonstrates a strong diminution of the visco-elastic qualities. Polyethylene and polytetrafluorethylene were not changed by these treatments. After an implantation of 12 weeks and an autoclavation of four times the visco-elastic properties of polyoxymethylene-copolymer were only slightly diminished by 10 to 15%. The histological investigation of the surrounding tissue demonstrated a very good bio-compatibility of polyethylene. After an implantation of 4 weeks polyoxymethylene-copolymer, polyethyleneterephthalate and polytetrafluorethylene produced a comparable foreign body reaction, which, however, was evidently diminished after an implantation of 12 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:137712", "title": "Effect of increased pressures of oxygen, nitrogen, and helium on activity of a Na-K-Mg ATPase of beef brain.", "content": "Increased pressure of O2, N2,or He exert inhibitory or stimulatory effects on activity of Na-K-Mg ATPase obtained from beef brain cortex. Oxygen at 2 ATA and N2 at 4 ATA exert significant inhibitory effects whereas 3 & 4 ATA O2, 1-3 ATA N2 exert significant stimulatory effects. Effects of He on ATPase activity are qualitatively similar to those of N2. The effects of the gases are not qualitatively altered by the presence or absence of ATP. A pressure compensated analysis reveals that at the same pressures, O2 and N2 exert different effects of ATPase activity.", "contents": "Effect of increased pressures of oxygen, nitrogen, and helium on activity of a Na-K-Mg ATPase of beef brain. Increased pressure of O2, N2,or He exert inhibitory or stimulatory effects on activity of Na-K-Mg ATPase obtained from beef brain cortex. Oxygen at 2 ATA and N2 at 4 ATA exert significant inhibitory effects whereas 3 & 4 ATA O2, 1-3 ATA N2 exert significant stimulatory effects. Effects of He on ATPase activity are qualitatively similar to those of N2. The effects of the gases are not qualitatively altered by the presence or absence of ATP. A pressure compensated analysis reveals that at the same pressures, O2 and N2 exert different effects of ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:137713", "title": "Effects of croton oil on epidermal growth regulators (chalones).", "content": "Variations in epidermal chalones after a single surface application of methylcholanthrene have been described in previous papers. This paper reports a study of the effect of croton oil on epidermal growth regulators (G1 and G2 chalones). Hairless mice received a single topical application of 0.2 ml 0.25% acetone solution of croton oil. Control mice received only acetone. The short-term effect of croton oil on epidermal DNA synthesis and mitotic rate was studied. Other groups of croton oil-treated and acetone-treated mice were then killed at similar time intervals, and the treated area of skin was homogenized and extracted with water. The inhibitory effect of these extracts on normal epidermal DNA synthesis and mitotic rate was assayed in normal hairless mice. The resulting inhibition was interpreted as an expression of the concentration of G1 and G2 chalones, respectively, in the skin extracts. The first experiment confirmed that a single croton oil application provokes a short block in epidermal mitotic activity and probably also in DNA synthesis. This was followed by bimodal peaks of increased activity, the two maxima of mitotic rate on days 2 and 7. The concentration of the two chalones in the skins of treated animals varied in inverse proportion to the alterations in the DNA synthesis and the mitotic rate, with one exception. There was here initially a depression both of the mitotic rate and a low concentration of G2 chalone. This was interpreted as a short, initial direct effect of croton oil on the G2 chalone present at the time of application. It is concluded that croton oil application injures and kills epidermal cells, with subsequent alterations in the content of G1 and G2 chalones. This theory may explain the changes observed. The effects of croton oil on the amount of G1 and G2 chalones in the skin are probably related to the direct, toxic, cell-killing effect of croton oil, and not to its specific cancer promoting potency.", "contents": "Effects of croton oil on epidermal growth regulators (chalones). Variations in epidermal chalones after a single surface application of methylcholanthrene have been described in previous papers. This paper reports a study of the effect of croton oil on epidermal growth regulators (G1 and G2 chalones). Hairless mice received a single topical application of 0.2 ml 0.25% acetone solution of croton oil. Control mice received only acetone. The short-term effect of croton oil on epidermal DNA synthesis and mitotic rate was studied. Other groups of croton oil-treated and acetone-treated mice were then killed at similar time intervals, and the treated area of skin was homogenized and extracted with water. The inhibitory effect of these extracts on normal epidermal DNA synthesis and mitotic rate was assayed in normal hairless mice. The resulting inhibition was interpreted as an expression of the concentration of G1 and G2 chalones, respectively, in the skin extracts. The first experiment confirmed that a single croton oil application provokes a short block in epidermal mitotic activity and probably also in DNA synthesis. This was followed by bimodal peaks of increased activity, the two maxima of mitotic rate on days 2 and 7. The concentration of the two chalones in the skins of treated animals varied in inverse proportion to the alterations in the DNA synthesis and the mitotic rate, with one exception. There was here initially a depression both of the mitotic rate and a low concentration of G2 chalone. This was interpreted as a short, initial direct effect of croton oil on the G2 chalone present at the time of application. It is concluded that croton oil application injures and kills epidermal cells, with subsequent alterations in the content of G1 and G2 chalones. This theory may explain the changes observed. The effects of croton oil on the amount of G1 and G2 chalones in the skin are probably related to the direct, toxic, cell-killing effect of croton oil, and not to its specific cancer promoting potency."}
{"id": "PMID:137714", "title": "[Analysis of DNA histograms by computer (author's transl)].", "content": "Quantitative DNA cytophotometry, the study of morphology of chromosomes and cell kinetics are important approaches toward characterization of genetic information. Each approach has its own problems and limits. Difficulties with interpretation of DNA histograms arise from a lack of proper terminology, and from attempting to interpret them in terms of the existing terminologies for chromosomal analysis and cell kinetics. Aim of this research was to develop a computerized mathematical analysis of DNA histograms. As a basis for the comparison of normal with those of tumor cell populations the DNA histograms of heart muscle cells were selected for the normal cell population from 14 normal hearts of adults, 16 hypertrophic hearts, 14 non-polyploidized hearts of children, and 14 hypertrophic hearts of children with congenital malformations. Normal diploid cell populations from 7 effusions were also included. The 24 populations of malignant cells consisted of primary tumors and metastatic effusions. DNA cytophotometry was performed on single nuclei in Feulgen stained preparations by means of the UMSP/XD 50 ZEISS. The approximation of the DNA histograms by linear combination of normal distributions was done according to spline-function and calculated by means of the IBM-375. The nuclear classes 2C, 4C, and 8C show no differences between the normal, left and right heart with respect to mean values (X), standard deviations (sx), variances (sX) and coefficients of variance (sx/X). However, coefficients of variance are smaller in hypertrophic (2.15 to 8.37%) than in normal hearts of adults (8.90 to 10.85%), and larger in hypertrophic heart of children (4.06 to 7.09%). The mean values of the DNA classes 2C, 4C, 8C, and 16C vary witin +/- 18.6% with a probability of 95.5%. Benign effusions contain only 2C and 4C nuclei with a variance of 4.00% and 8.75%, respectively. In DNA histograms of malignant cells, only one third has a first peak outside of 2C +/- 18.6%. In approximately one fifth of the histrograms the position of the second or third peaks deviates significantly from normal polyploid values. Since a large proportion of polyploid nuclei is limited to only a few normal tissues, pronounced polyploidy is suggestive of malignancy in all other tissues. If in the cases containing only two DNA classes, 2C and 4C, the populations are malignant, the proportion of 4C is more than 8% while in the corresponding benign populations the proportion of 4C atains only 2.97 +/- 2.5%. In some cases a few highly polyploidized nuclei not taken into a account by our computer program are suggestive of malignancy. In only one DNA histogram out of the 24 analysed, all of these criteria are negative. In six cases the computer analyses reveal two stemlines of tumor cells with corresponding polyploid values.", "contents": "[Analysis of DNA histograms by computer (author's transl)]. Quantitative DNA cytophotometry, the study of morphology of chromosomes and cell kinetics are important approaches toward characterization of genetic information. Each approach has its own problems and limits. Difficulties with interpretation of DNA histograms arise from a lack of proper terminology, and from attempting to interpret them in terms of the existing terminologies for chromosomal analysis and cell kinetics. Aim of this research was to develop a computerized mathematical analysis of DNA histograms. As a basis for the comparison of normal with those of tumor cell populations the DNA histograms of heart muscle cells were selected for the normal cell population from 14 normal hearts of adults, 16 hypertrophic hearts, 14 non-polyploidized hearts of children, and 14 hypertrophic hearts of children with congenital malformations. Normal diploid cell populations from 7 effusions were also included. The 24 populations of malignant cells consisted of primary tumors and metastatic effusions. DNA cytophotometry was performed on single nuclei in Feulgen stained preparations by means of the UMSP/XD 50 ZEISS. The approximation of the DNA histograms by linear combination of normal distributions was done according to spline-function and calculated by means of the IBM-375. The nuclear classes 2C, 4C, and 8C show no differences between the normal, left and right heart with respect to mean values (X), standard deviations (sx), variances (sX) and coefficients of variance (sx/X). However, coefficients of variance are smaller in hypertrophic (2.15 to 8.37%) than in normal hearts of adults (8.90 to 10.85%), and larger in hypertrophic heart of children (4.06 to 7.09%). The mean values of the DNA classes 2C, 4C, 8C, and 16C vary witin +/- 18.6% with a probability of 95.5%. Benign effusions contain only 2C and 4C nuclei with a variance of 4.00% and 8.75%, respectively. In DNA histograms of malignant cells, only one third has a first peak outside of 2C +/- 18.6%. In approximately one fifth of the histrograms the position of the second or third peaks deviates significantly from normal polyploid values. Since a large proportion of polyploid nuclei is limited to only a few normal tissues, pronounced polyploidy is suggestive of malignancy in all other tissues. If in the cases containing only two DNA classes, 2C and 4C, the populations are malignant, the proportion of 4C is more than 8% while in the corresponding benign populations the proportion of 4C atains only 2.97 +/- 2.5%. In some cases a few highly polyploidized nuclei not taken into a account by our computer program are suggestive of malignancy. In only one DNA histogram out of the 24 analysed, all of these criteria are negative. In six cases the computer analyses reveal two stemlines of tumor cells with corresponding polyploid values."}
{"id": "PMID:137717", "title": "A constitutive mutation in a posttranscriptional regulator gene for a phenoloxidase and proteases in Podospora anserina.", "content": "A recessive mutation in the gene mod-2 results in the synthesis at low temperatures of a phenoloxidase and an arrest of growth, reversible by beta-phenyl-pyruvic acid, a protease inhibitor. Phenoloxidase synthesis is 5-fluorouracil resistant and cycloheximade sensitive. Suppression of both cold sensitivity and phenoloxidase synthesis by common factors (higher NH4+ concentrations or mutations) suggests that the protease, suspected to be responsible for cold sensitivity, also arises from preexisting mRNA molecules. Instead of being recessive and constitutive, the mod-2 mutations is suppressive and dominant when cold sensitivity and phenoloxidases synthesis are induced as the consequence of the nonallelic gene interactions C/D, C/E, or R/V responsible for protoplasmic incompatibility. Combinations of nonallelic incompatibility systems and several mod-2 mutations lead us to hypothesize that the translational control of the above proteins depends on conformational relationships between incompatibility gene products and mod-2.", "contents": "A constitutive mutation in a posttranscriptional regulator gene for a phenoloxidase and proteases in Podospora anserina. A recessive mutation in the gene mod-2 results in the synthesis at low temperatures of a phenoloxidase and an arrest of growth, reversible by beta-phenyl-pyruvic acid, a protease inhibitor. Phenoloxidase synthesis is 5-fluorouracil resistant and cycloheximade sensitive. Suppression of both cold sensitivity and phenoloxidase synthesis by common factors (higher NH4+ concentrations or mutations) suggests that the protease, suspected to be responsible for cold sensitivity, also arises from preexisting mRNA molecules. Instead of being recessive and constitutive, the mod-2 mutations is suppressive and dominant when cold sensitivity and phenoloxidases synthesis are induced as the consequence of the nonallelic gene interactions C/D, C/E, or R/V responsible for protoplasmic incompatibility. Combinations of nonallelic incompatibility systems and several mod-2 mutations lead us to hypothesize that the translational control of the above proteins depends on conformational relationships between incompatibility gene products and mod-2."}
{"id": "PMID:137718", "title": "The primary inhibitor of plasmin in human plasma.", "content": "A complex between plasmin and an inhibitor was isolated by affinity chromatography from urokinase-activated human plasma. The complex did not react with antibodies against any of the known proteinase inhibitors in plasma. A rabbit antiserum against the complex was produced. It contained antibodies agianst plasminogen+plasmin and an alpha2 protein. By crossed immunoelectrophoresis the alpha2 protein was shown to form a complex with plasmin, when generated by urokinase in plasma, and with purified plasmin. The alpha2 protein was eluted by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration with KD approx. 0.35, different from the other inhibitors of plasmin in plasma, and corresponding to an apparent relative molecular mass (Mr) of about 75000. By sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the Mr of the complex was found to be approx. 130000. After reduction of the complex two main bands of protein were observed, with Mr, about 72000 and 66000, probably representing an acyl-enzyme complex of plasmin-light chain and inhibitor-heavy chain, and a plasmin-heavy chain. A weak band with Mr 9000 was possibly an inhibitor-light chain. The inhibitor was partially purified and used to titrate purified plasmin of known active-site concentration. The inhibitor bound plasmin rapidly and strongly. Assuming an equimolar combining ratio, the concentration of active inhibitor in normal human plasma was estimated to be 1.1 mumol/1. A fraction about 0.3 of the antigenic inhibitor protein appeared to be functionally inactive. In plasma, plasmin is primarily bound to the inhibitor. Only after its saturation does lysis of fibrinogen and fibrin occur and a complex between plasmin and alpha2 macroglobulin appear.", "contents": "The primary inhibitor of plasmin in human plasma. A complex between plasmin and an inhibitor was isolated by affinity chromatography from urokinase-activated human plasma. The complex did not react with antibodies against any of the known proteinase inhibitors in plasma. A rabbit antiserum against the complex was produced. It contained antibodies agianst plasminogen+plasmin and an alpha2 protein. By crossed immunoelectrophoresis the alpha2 protein was shown to form a complex with plasmin, when generated by urokinase in plasma, and with purified plasmin. The alpha2 protein was eluted by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration with KD approx. 0.35, different from the other inhibitors of plasmin in plasma, and corresponding to an apparent relative molecular mass (Mr) of about 75000. By sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, the Mr of the complex was found to be approx. 130000. After reduction of the complex two main bands of protein were observed, with Mr, about 72000 and 66000, probably representing an acyl-enzyme complex of plasmin-light chain and inhibitor-heavy chain, and a plasmin-heavy chain. A weak band with Mr 9000 was possibly an inhibitor-light chain. The inhibitor was partially purified and used to titrate purified plasmin of known active-site concentration. The inhibitor bound plasmin rapidly and strongly. Assuming an equimolar combining ratio, the concentration of active inhibitor in normal human plasma was estimated to be 1.1 mumol/1. A fraction about 0.3 of the antigenic inhibitor protein appeared to be functionally inactive. In plasma, plasmin is primarily bound to the inhibitor. Only after its saturation does lysis of fibrinogen and fibrin occur and a complex between plasmin and alpha2 macroglobulin appear."}
{"id": "PMID:137719", "title": "The binding of nucleotides and bivalent cations to the calcium-and-magnesium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase from rabbit muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The binding of MgATP to purified Ca2+Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase from rabbit muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum was studied by using a flow-dialysis method. Phosphoryl-enzyme formation and catalytic activity were also measured, and all three processes demonstrated negative co-operativity, with half-saturation of all three parameters at a MgATP concentration of 40-50muM, and a Hill coefficient (h) of 0.8. The variation of the binding constant with with pH was measured and showed tighter binding of MgATP  with increasing pH over the range 6.8-8.5. Binding parameters for ATP analogues were also measured. The binding of Ca2+ in the presence and absence of ATP analogues gave half saturation at a Ca2+ concentration of 1.2-1.3muM. Hill plots of Ca2+-binding data gave a slope of 0.8. These results show that the binding of MgATP and Ca2+ can occur in a random manner, with neither substrate influencing the affinity of the enzyme for the other.", "contents": "The binding of nucleotides and bivalent cations to the calcium-and-magnesium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase from rabbit muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. The binding of MgATP to purified Ca2+Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase from rabbit muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum was studied by using a flow-dialysis method. Phosphoryl-enzyme formation and catalytic activity were also measured, and all three processes demonstrated negative co-operativity, with half-saturation of all three parameters at a MgATP concentration of 40-50muM, and a Hill coefficient (h) of 0.8. The variation of the binding constant with with pH was measured and showed tighter binding of MgATP  with increasing pH over the range 6.8-8.5. Binding parameters for ATP analogues were also measured. The binding of Ca2+ in the presence and absence of ATP analogues gave half saturation at a Ca2+ concentration of 1.2-1.3muM. Hill plots of Ca2+-binding data gave a slope of 0.8. These results show that the binding of MgATP and Ca2+ can occur in a random manner, with neither substrate influencing the affinity of the enzyme for the other."}
{"id": "PMID:137720", "title": "Re-investigation of the effects of L-glutamine and L-asparagine on the Neurospora crassa NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase.", "content": "L-Glutamine, when purified free of traces of NH4+ present in solution, does not act as an alternative substrate to NH4+ for the NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora. L-Glutamine interferes with detection of small quantities of NH4+ by Nessler's reagent. L-Asparagine is not an alternative substrate to NH4+ for this enzyme.", "contents": "Re-investigation of the effects of L-glutamine and L-asparagine on the Neurospora crassa NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase. L-Glutamine, when purified free of traces of NH4+ present in solution, does not act as an alternative substrate to NH4+ for the NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora. L-Glutamine interferes with detection of small quantities of NH4+ by Nessler's reagent. L-Asparagine is not an alternative substrate to NH4+ for this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:137721", "title": "Adenosine diphosphate binding to sodium-plus-potassium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase. The role of lipid in the nucleotide-potassium ion interplay.", "content": "Delipidated dogfish rectal-gland Na++K+-ATPase (Na++K+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase), almost devoid of hydrolytic activity, is able to bind about 2nmol of ADP/mg of protein. The \"affinity\" of delipidated enzyme for ADP is not affected by K+ in concentrations that greatly decrease the \"affinity\" of native Na++K+-ATPase. The K+-sensitivity of the ADP binding is in part restored by relipidation with dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine.", "contents": "Adenosine diphosphate binding to sodium-plus-potassium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase. The role of lipid in the nucleotide-potassium ion interplay. Delipidated dogfish rectal-gland Na++K+-ATPase (Na++K+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase), almost devoid of hydrolytic activity, is able to bind about 2nmol of ADP/mg of protein. The \"affinity\" of delipidated enzyme for ADP is not affected by K+ in concentrations that greatly decrease the \"affinity\" of native Na++K+-ATPase. The K+-sensitivity of the ADP binding is in part restored by relipidation with dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine."}
{"id": "PMID:137722", "title": "One-carbon metabolism in Neurospora crassa wild-type and in mutants partially deficient in serine hydroxymethyltransferase.", "content": "1. The concentrations of folate-dependent enzymes in Neurospora crassa Lindegren A wild type (FGSC no. 853), Ser-l mutant, strain H605a (FGSC no. 118), and for mutant, strain C-24 (FGSC no. 9), were compared during exponential growth on defined minimal media. Both mutants were partially lacking in serine hydroxymethyltransferase, but contained higher concentrations of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase than did the wild type. Mycelia of the mutants contained higher concentrations of these enzymes when growth media were supplemented with 1mM-glycine. In the wild-type, this glycine supplement also increased the specific activities of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. 5. During growth, total folate and polyglutamyl folate concentrations were greatest in the wild-type. Methylfolates were not detected in mutant Ser-l, and were only present in the for mutant after growth in glycine-supplemented media. Exogenous glycine increased folate concentration threefold in the wild type, mainly owing to increases in unsubstituted polyglutamyl derivatives. 3. Feeding experiments using 14C-labelled substrates showed that C1 units were generated from formate, glycine and serine in the wild type. Greater incorporation of 14C occurred when mycelia were cultured in glycine-supplemented media. Formate and serine were precursors of C1 units in the mutants, but the ability to cleave glycine was slight or lacking.", "contents": "One-carbon metabolism in Neurospora crassa wild-type and in mutants partially deficient in serine hydroxymethyltransferase. 1. The concentrations of folate-dependent enzymes in Neurospora crassa Lindegren A wild type (FGSC no. 853), Ser-l mutant, strain H605a (FGSC no. 118), and for mutant, strain C-24 (FGSC no. 9), were compared during exponential growth on defined minimal media. Both mutants were partially lacking in serine hydroxymethyltransferase, but contained higher concentrations of 10-formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase than did the wild type. Mycelia of the mutants contained higher concentrations of these enzymes when growth media were supplemented with 1mM-glycine. In the wild-type, this glycine supplement also increased the specific activities of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. 5. During growth, total folate and polyglutamyl folate concentrations were greatest in the wild-type. Methylfolates were not detected in mutant Ser-l, and were only present in the for mutant after growth in glycine-supplemented media. Exogenous glycine increased folate concentration threefold in the wild type, mainly owing to increases in unsubstituted polyglutamyl derivatives. 3. Feeding experiments using 14C-labelled substrates showed that C1 units were generated from formate, glycine and serine in the wild type. Greater incorporation of 14C occurred when mycelia were cultured in glycine-supplemented media. Formate and serine were precursors of C1 units in the mutants, but the ability to cleave glycine was slight or lacking."}
{"id": "PMID:137723", "title": "Location of an oligomycin-insensitive and magnesium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase in rat spleen mitochondria.", "content": "1. When rat spleen mitochondria are incubated with oxidizable substrates, added MgCl2 (greater than 150 muM free concentration) markedly stimulates state-4 respiration and lowers both the respiratory control and ADP/O ratios; this effect is reversible on addition of excess of EDTA. 2. With [gamma-32P]ATP as substrate, an Mg2+-stimulated ATPase (adenosine triphosphate) was identified in the atractyloside-insensitive and EDTA-accessible space of intact rat spleen mitochondria. 3. Oligomycin has no effect on the activity of the Mg2+-stimulated ATPase at a concentration (2.0mug/mg of protein) that completely inhibits the atractyloside-sensitive reaction. Of the two ATPase activities, only the atracytoloside sensitive reaction is stimulated (approx. 40%) by dinitrophenol. 4. On digitonin fractionation the atractyloside-insensitive Mg2+-stimulated ATPase co-purifies with the outer membrane-fraction of rat spleen mitochondria, whereas (as expected) the atractylosidesensitive activity co-purifies with the inner-membrane plus matrix fraction. 5. Stoicheiometric amounts of ADP and Pi are produced as the end products of ATP hydrolysis by purified outer-membrane fragments; no significant AMP production is detected during the time-course of the reaction. 6. The outer-membrane ATPase is present in rat kidney cortex and heart mitochondria as well as in spleen, but is absent from rat liver, thymus, brain, lung, diaphragm and skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Location of an oligomycin-insensitive and magnesium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase in rat spleen mitochondria. 1. When rat spleen mitochondria are incubated with oxidizable substrates, added MgCl2 (greater than 150 muM free concentration) markedly stimulates state-4 respiration and lowers both the respiratory control and ADP/O ratios; this effect is reversible on addition of excess of EDTA. 2. With [gamma-32P]ATP as substrate, an Mg2+-stimulated ATPase (adenosine triphosphate) was identified in the atractyloside-insensitive and EDTA-accessible space of intact rat spleen mitochondria. 3. Oligomycin has no effect on the activity of the Mg2+-stimulated ATPase at a concentration (2.0mug/mg of protein) that completely inhibits the atractyloside-sensitive reaction. Of the two ATPase activities, only the atracytoloside sensitive reaction is stimulated (approx. 40%) by dinitrophenol. 4. On digitonin fractionation the atractyloside-insensitive Mg2+-stimulated ATPase co-purifies with the outer membrane-fraction of rat spleen mitochondria, whereas (as expected) the atractylosidesensitive activity co-purifies with the inner-membrane plus matrix fraction. 5. Stoicheiometric amounts of ADP and Pi are produced as the end products of ATP hydrolysis by purified outer-membrane fragments; no significant AMP production is detected during the time-course of the reaction. 6. The outer-membrane ATPase is present in rat kidney cortex and heart mitochondria as well as in spleen, but is absent from rat liver, thymus, brain, lung, diaphragm and skeletal muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:137727", "title": "Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on pituitary hormones and testosterone in the human.", "content": "L-p-Chlorophenylalanine (L-PCPA) was given in a dosage of 1.5 g daily, to 6 healthy male subjects over a period of 12 days. No effect on plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), testosterone and other steroid hormones could be observed. These results are discussed in respect to the sexually stimulating effect of PCPA.", "contents": "Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on pituitary hormones and testosterone in the human. L-p-Chlorophenylalanine (L-PCPA) was given in a dosage of 1.5 g daily, to 6 healthy male subjects over a period of 12 days. No effect on plasma luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), growth hormone (GH), thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), testosterone and other steroid hormones could be observed. These results are discussed in respect to the sexually stimulating effect of PCPA."}
{"id": "PMID:137728", "title": "Test of reliability of echocardiographic estimation of left ventricular dimensions and volumes.", "content": "This test is based on the incompressibility of myocardium, which dictates that left ventricular wall volume remains constant throughout the cardiac cycle. The volumes occupied by the left ventricular cavity, by ventricular wall plus cavity, and hence by ventricular wall alone were estimated, both at end-systole and at end-diastole, from ecocardiographic measurements of cavity transverse dimension and wall thickness. Wall volumes were determined by assuming an ellipsoid shape (the major axis being predicted from aggression equations relating angiocardiographic and echocardiographic cavity dimensions) and also by the cube method. A discrepancy between systolic and diastolic wall volume estimates indicates either that the measurements of ventricular dimensions were unreliable or that the assumptions of ventricular geometry involved in the volume calculations were incorrect. Studies were made on 60 subjects. Using the ellipsoid formula, values for wall volume ranged from 66 to 719 ml; systolic and diastolic wall volumes correlated closely (r = 0-96, mean difference = 6-8 +/- 0-9 (SEM) %) supporting the reliability of the echocardiographic dimensions and estimates of cavity and wall volume. In the 12 patients with very large end-diastolic cavity transverse dimensions (6-5 to 8-6 cm) however, correlation was less good (r - 0-81, mean difference = 14-3 +/- 2-3 (SEM) 5). Using the cube method, which does not allow for the changing relation between minor and major cavity axes with increasing cavity size, wall volumes were greater (76 to 986 ml) but correlation was similar (r = 0-94, mean difference = 7-1 +/- 0-9 (SEM)%). Having established that it is possible to obtain close agreement between wall volumes determined at different points in the cardiac cycle, this test can be used to assess the reliability of echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions and volume estimates in individual subjects.", "contents": "Test of reliability of echocardiographic estimation of left ventricular dimensions and volumes. This test is based on the incompressibility of myocardium, which dictates that left ventricular wall volume remains constant throughout the cardiac cycle. The volumes occupied by the left ventricular cavity, by ventricular wall plus cavity, and hence by ventricular wall alone were estimated, both at end-systole and at end-diastole, from ecocardiographic measurements of cavity transverse dimension and wall thickness. Wall volumes were determined by assuming an ellipsoid shape (the major axis being predicted from aggression equations relating angiocardiographic and echocardiographic cavity dimensions) and also by the cube method. A discrepancy between systolic and diastolic wall volume estimates indicates either that the measurements of ventricular dimensions were unreliable or that the assumptions of ventricular geometry involved in the volume calculations were incorrect. Studies were made on 60 subjects. Using the ellipsoid formula, values for wall volume ranged from 66 to 719 ml; systolic and diastolic wall volumes correlated closely (r = 0-96, mean difference = 6-8 +/- 0-9 (SEM) %) supporting the reliability of the echocardiographic dimensions and estimates of cavity and wall volume. In the 12 patients with very large end-diastolic cavity transverse dimensions (6-5 to 8-6 cm) however, correlation was less good (r - 0-81, mean difference = 14-3 +/- 2-3 (SEM) 5). Using the cube method, which does not allow for the changing relation between minor and major cavity axes with increasing cavity size, wall volumes were greater (76 to 986 ml) but correlation was similar (r = 0-94, mean difference = 7-1 +/- 0-9 (SEM)%). Having established that it is possible to obtain close agreement between wall volumes determined at different points in the cardiac cycle, this test can be used to assess the reliability of echocardiographic left ventricular dimensions and volume estimates in individual subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:137729", "title": "Surgical treatment of postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm in 32 patients.", "content": "Thirty-two patients with large postinfarction left ventricular aneurysms shown at operation to consist of fibrous tissue are reported. All had angina and/or breathlessness, and none had a history of embolism. Thirty were correctly diagnosed by left ventricular cineangiography. Two of the 3 patients with inferior and 1 with an anterior aneurysm had associated ventricular septal defects, and 3 patients with an anterior aneurysm had mitral regurgitation. All had major coronary arterial lesions and 68 per cent had double or triple vessel disease. The aneurysm was excised in all patients; in 15 this was combined with saphenous vein bypass grafting of coronary arteries supplying surviving myocardium, in 3 with closure of a ventricular septal defect, and in 3 with mitral annuloplasty or replacement. Operative mortality was 6-2 per cent, and 79 per cent of the survivors are asymptomatic with average follow-up period of 18 months after operation.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of postinfarction left ventricular aneurysm in 32 patients. Thirty-two patients with large postinfarction left ventricular aneurysms shown at operation to consist of fibrous tissue are reported. All had angina and/or breathlessness, and none had a history of embolism. Thirty were correctly diagnosed by left ventricular cineangiography. Two of the 3 patients with inferior and 1 with an anterior aneurysm had associated ventricular septal defects, and 3 patients with an anterior aneurysm had mitral regurgitation. All had major coronary arterial lesions and 68 per cent had double or triple vessel disease. The aneurysm was excised in all patients; in 15 this was combined with saphenous vein bypass grafting of coronary arteries supplying surviving myocardium, in 3 with closure of a ventricular septal defect, and in 3 with mitral annuloplasty or replacement. Operative mortality was 6-2 per cent, and 79 per cent of the survivors are asymptomatic with average follow-up period of 18 months after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:137730", "title": "Diagnostic criteria for computer-aided electrocardiographic 15-lead system. Evaluation using 12 leads and Frank orthogonal leads with vector display.", "content": "The criteria for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and ischaemic heart disease by an automated 15-lead computer-aided electrocardiographic system were examined using electrocardiograms of 543 patients. Errors in the electrocardiographic diagnosis were evaluated for each lead system (Frank orthogonal 3-lead, 12-lead, and hybrid 15-lead) using clinical and catheterization data for definitive diagnosis before review of the electrocardiograms and their reports. The effects of combinations of these diagnoses and additional ventricular conduction defects were also studied. Myocardial infarction and left ventricular hypertrophy were more reliably diagnosed using 3-lead and 12-lead systems together than with either system alone. The most sensitive criteria for anterior infarction were a Q/R ratio in Z less than 0-1 and loss of the first 20 ms of anterior forces in the horizontal and sagittal planes of the vectorcardiogram. However, false positive results were frequent, particularly in association with left ventricular hypertrophy, non-specific intraventricular conduction defects, and left bundle branch system block. Our V lead criteria were more specific whether or not these associated conditions were present. No single criterion with an acceptable false positive rate could be found to be sensitive for inferior infarction in all situations. Our most sensitive criteria were those based on the limb leads, and the presence of superior forces for the first 30 ms in the frontal plane of the vectorcardiogram, but these were better in combination. Limb lead criteria were the most specific. False positive results for inferior infarction were more frequent in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy or ventricular conduction defects other than left anterior hemiblock. ST and T wave abnormalities were more apparent in the 12 leads than in the orthogonal leads. Specificity and sensitivity of criteria were poor, and specificity was decreased and sensitivity was not significantly improved by combining 3-lead with 12-lead criteria. Because of frequent measurement errors of ST, T, and also Q waves by the computer programme, in practice we have achieved increased sensitivity in the diagnosis of ischaemia and infarction with the combination of 3-lead and 12-lead systems. It is concluded that errors of diagnosis by a computer-aided system can be reduced by using multiple leads and that both 12-lead and orthogonal 3-lead systems are necessary for optimal computer diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, and ischaemia.", "contents": "Diagnostic criteria for computer-aided electrocardiographic 15-lead system. Evaluation using 12 leads and Frank orthogonal leads with vector display. The criteria for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and ischaemic heart disease by an automated 15-lead computer-aided electrocardiographic system were examined using electrocardiograms of 543 patients. Errors in the electrocardiographic diagnosis were evaluated for each lead system (Frank orthogonal 3-lead, 12-lead, and hybrid 15-lead) using clinical and catheterization data for definitive diagnosis before review of the electrocardiograms and their reports. The effects of combinations of these diagnoses and additional ventricular conduction defects were also studied. Myocardial infarction and left ventricular hypertrophy were more reliably diagnosed using 3-lead and 12-lead systems together than with either system alone. The most sensitive criteria for anterior infarction were a Q/R ratio in Z less than 0-1 and loss of the first 20 ms of anterior forces in the horizontal and sagittal planes of the vectorcardiogram. However, false positive results were frequent, particularly in association with left ventricular hypertrophy, non-specific intraventricular conduction defects, and left bundle branch system block. Our V lead criteria were more specific whether or not these associated conditions were present. No single criterion with an acceptable false positive rate could be found to be sensitive for inferior infarction in all situations. Our most sensitive criteria were those based on the limb leads, and the presence of superior forces for the first 30 ms in the frontal plane of the vectorcardiogram, but these were better in combination. Limb lead criteria were the most specific. False positive results for inferior infarction were more frequent in the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy or ventricular conduction defects other than left anterior hemiblock. ST and T wave abnormalities were more apparent in the 12 leads than in the orthogonal leads. Specificity and sensitivity of criteria were poor, and specificity was decreased and sensitivity was not significantly improved by combining 3-lead with 12-lead criteria. Because of frequent measurement errors of ST, T, and also Q waves by the computer programme, in practice we have achieved increased sensitivity in the diagnosis of ischaemia and infarction with the combination of 3-lead and 12-lead systems. It is concluded that errors of diagnosis by a computer-aided system can be reduced by using multiple leads and that both 12-lead and orthogonal 3-lead systems are necessary for optimal computer diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction, and ischaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:137731", "title": "Mitral regurgitation in coronary heart disease.", "content": "Mitral reguritation is a relatively common finding in coronary heart disease. In this series of 127 patients, selected with a view to coronary or left ventricular surgery on the basis of severity of symptoms, the incidence was 39 (31%). Mitral regurgitation is significantly more common in patients with a history or electrocardiographic evidence of previous myocardial infarction. Clinically it may present as a pan- or late systolic or even a mid-systolic, ejection type murmur at the apex or at the left sternal edge; but in 39 per cent of the patients with angiographic mitral regurgitation no murmur was present. Angiographically important mitral regurgitation (grades 2-4/4) was usually associated with a systolic murmur; this finding was independent of ejection fractions. Left ventricular enlargement clinically or radiographically is likely to accompany mitral regurgitation but left atrial enlargement (electrocardiographically or on chest x-ray) is a more reliable pointer to mitral regurgitation and pulmonary venous hypertension is even more strongly suggestive of its presence. The electrocardiographic signs of papillary muscle infarction were rare in this series (15%) and were not related to angiographic mitral regurgitation. There was no difference in the incidence of mitral regurgitation in association with anterior or inferior myocardial infarction or in distribution of coronary artery disease. There is, however, a higher incidence of mitral regurgitation in more severe coronary arterial disease (P less than 0-05). The incidence of mitral regurgitation is significantly higher with reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (P less than 0-001), with rise in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P less than 0-02), and with abnormal contraction patterns, but the severity of mitral regurgitation is not significantly related to these findings.", "contents": "Mitral regurgitation in coronary heart disease. Mitral reguritation is a relatively common finding in coronary heart disease. In this series of 127 patients, selected with a view to coronary or left ventricular surgery on the basis of severity of symptoms, the incidence was 39 (31%). Mitral regurgitation is significantly more common in patients with a history or electrocardiographic evidence of previous myocardial infarction. Clinically it may present as a pan- or late systolic or even a mid-systolic, ejection type murmur at the apex or at the left sternal edge; but in 39 per cent of the patients with angiographic mitral regurgitation no murmur was present. Angiographically important mitral regurgitation (grades 2-4/4) was usually associated with a systolic murmur; this finding was independent of ejection fractions. Left ventricular enlargement clinically or radiographically is likely to accompany mitral regurgitation but left atrial enlargement (electrocardiographically or on chest x-ray) is a more reliable pointer to mitral regurgitation and pulmonary venous hypertension is even more strongly suggestive of its presence. The electrocardiographic signs of papillary muscle infarction were rare in this series (15%) and were not related to angiographic mitral regurgitation. There was no difference in the incidence of mitral regurgitation in association with anterior or inferior myocardial infarction or in distribution of coronary artery disease. There is, however, a higher incidence of mitral regurgitation in more severe coronary arterial disease (P less than 0-05). The incidence of mitral regurgitation is significantly higher with reduction in left ventricular ejection fraction (P less than 0-001), with rise in the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (P less than 0-02), and with abnormal contraction patterns, but the severity of mitral regurgitation is not significantly related to these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:137732", "title": "Effect of myocardial infarction on components of fibrinolytic system.", "content": "A systematic investigation of the fibrinolytic system during the period after acute myocardial infarction in 42 patients showed a progressive reduction of fibrinolytic activity, with the longest lysis times on days 4 to 5 after the event. There is a concomitant rise in the levels of fibrinogen, plasminogen, and antiplasmin; only the latter parallels the delay in lysis. After 12 to 15 months, normal lysis times and fibrinogen levels were found in 24 patients re-examined. It is concluded that the reduced fibrinolytic activity in these patients was a transient phenomenon after myocardial infarction.", "contents": "Effect of myocardial infarction on components of fibrinolytic system. A systematic investigation of the fibrinolytic system during the period after acute myocardial infarction in 42 patients showed a progressive reduction of fibrinolytic activity, with the longest lysis times on days 4 to 5 after the event. There is a concomitant rise in the levels of fibrinogen, plasminogen, and antiplasmin; only the latter parallels the delay in lysis. After 12 to 15 months, normal lysis times and fibrinogen levels were found in 24 patients re-examined. It is concluded that the reduced fibrinolytic activity in these patients was a transient phenomenon after myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:137733", "title": "Structural study of pulmonary circulation and of heart in total anomalous pulmonary venous return in early infancy.", "content": "Quantitative morphometric techniques have been applied to the injected and inflated lung and to the heart in 9 infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous return dying with obstruction to pulmonary venous return. In 5 (mean age at death 55 days) pge 20 days) to an infradiaphragmatic site. Structural changes were present in the pulmonary circulation in all patients, even in the youngest, an 8-day-old child. In both types of total anomalous pulmonary venous return increased arterial muscularity was severe, as shown by increase in wall thickness and by extension of muscle into smaller and more peripheral arteries than normal; these changes tended to increase with age. Where the pulmonary venous blood drained to a supradiaphragmatic site, the severity of arterial medial hypertrophy correlated inversely with the magnitude of the pulmonary: systemic flow ratio, increasing as the pulmonary blood flow fell. Vein wall thickness was increased and in all but the youngest child the veins were 'arterialised'. At the lung periphery the arteries and alveoli appeared to have multiplied normally. Arterial size varied according to whether pulmonary venous blood drained above or below the diaphragm; the diameter of pre- and intra-acinar arteries was increased only in cases where the pulmonary venous return drained to a supradiaphragmatic site, being normal when it drained to an infradiaphragmatic site. In the heart the left ventricle was of normal size in all but one case. Dilation and severe hypertrophy of the right ventricle and septum were present only in cases of drainage to a supradiaphragmatic site. In the older patients with the latter anomaly dilation of the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle suggested that a large left-to-right shunt had preceded the onset of obstruction to pulmonary venous return and that the more severe right ventricular and septal hypertrophy in these cases might be the result of a longer duration of pulmonary hypertension. In contrast, in total anomalous pulmonary venous return to an infradiaphragmatic site it appears that obstruction to pulmonary venous return develops soon after birth and prevents a large increase in pulmonary blood flow, and thus neither the pulmonary arteries nor the right ventricle become dilated. In infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous return and obstruction to pulmonary venous return, it is striking how rapidly the pulmonary circulation develops new muscle.", "contents": "Structural study of pulmonary circulation and of heart in total anomalous pulmonary venous return in early infancy. Quantitative morphometric techniques have been applied to the injected and inflated lung and to the heart in 9 infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous return dying with obstruction to pulmonary venous return. In 5 (mean age at death 55 days) pge 20 days) to an infradiaphragmatic site. Structural changes were present in the pulmonary circulation in all patients, even in the youngest, an 8-day-old child. In both types of total anomalous pulmonary venous return increased arterial muscularity was severe, as shown by increase in wall thickness and by extension of muscle into smaller and more peripheral arteries than normal; these changes tended to increase with age. Where the pulmonary venous blood drained to a supradiaphragmatic site, the severity of arterial medial hypertrophy correlated inversely with the magnitude of the pulmonary: systemic flow ratio, increasing as the pulmonary blood flow fell. Vein wall thickness was increased and in all but the youngest child the veins were 'arterialised'. At the lung periphery the arteries and alveoli appeared to have multiplied normally. Arterial size varied according to whether pulmonary venous blood drained above or below the diaphragm; the diameter of pre- and intra-acinar arteries was increased only in cases where the pulmonary venous return drained to a supradiaphragmatic site, being normal when it drained to an infradiaphragmatic site. In the heart the left ventricle was of normal size in all but one case. Dilation and severe hypertrophy of the right ventricle and septum were present only in cases of drainage to a supradiaphragmatic site. In the older patients with the latter anomaly dilation of the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle suggested that a large left-to-right shunt had preceded the onset of obstruction to pulmonary venous return and that the more severe right ventricular and septal hypertrophy in these cases might be the result of a longer duration of pulmonary hypertension. In contrast, in total anomalous pulmonary venous return to an infradiaphragmatic site it appears that obstruction to pulmonary venous return develops soon after birth and prevents a large increase in pulmonary blood flow, and thus neither the pulmonary arteries nor the right ventricle become dilated. In infants with total anomalous pulmonary venous return and obstruction to pulmonary venous return, it is striking how rapidly the pulmonary circulation develops new muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:137734", "title": "Innate and drug-induced resistance to acute lung damage caused in rats by alpha-naphthyl thiourea (ANTU) and related compounds.", "content": "During the 3rd and 4th weeks of life rats were highly resistant to the toxic effects of alpha-naphthyl thiourea (ANTU) and of thiourea and its derivatives but toxicity developed rapidly during the following 2 weeks. Marked resistance to lung damage by toxic thioureas could be induced in older, mature rats by pretreatment with the toxic agent itself (tachyphylaxis), with other toxic and non-toxic antithyroid drugs or with iodine or iodide--even if the rats were pretreated at an early age before susceptibility to the agent developed. ANTU-tachyphylaxis was dose-dependent. Total thyroidectomy did not affect either lung damage induced by ANTU or the resistance due to tachyphylaxis or to pretreatment with iodide or the antithyroid drugs thiourea, 1-ethyl-1-phenyl thiourea or propyl thiouracil. Neither total nor medullary adrenalectomy affected ANTU toxicity. Marked resistance to ANTU-induced lung damage was induced in rats by pretreatment with either an activator (3-4 benzypyrene) or an inhibitor (SKF 525-A) of drug-metabolizine mixed-function microsomal enzyme systems; the inhibitor, sodium phenobarbitone, had no significant effect on toxicity. The sulphydryl compound, AET, induced marked resistance to ANTU; cysteine was less effective. Neither autonomic blockade with nicotine and atropine nor actinomycin D had significant effects on toxicity to ANTU. The acute pulmonary oedema induced in rats by high pressure oxygen, chemical convulsants, pressor agents and ammonium sulphate differed in many respects from that induced by toxic thioureas; it was typically haemorrhagic in nature, did not result in significant pleural effusion, did not exhibit tachyphylaxis, and was not influenced by pretreatment with iodide or derivatives of thiourea.", "contents": "Innate and drug-induced resistance to acute lung damage caused in rats by alpha-naphthyl thiourea (ANTU) and related compounds. During the 3rd and 4th weeks of life rats were highly resistant to the toxic effects of alpha-naphthyl thiourea (ANTU) and of thiourea and its derivatives but toxicity developed rapidly during the following 2 weeks. Marked resistance to lung damage by toxic thioureas could be induced in older, mature rats by pretreatment with the toxic agent itself (tachyphylaxis), with other toxic and non-toxic antithyroid drugs or with iodine or iodide--even if the rats were pretreated at an early age before susceptibility to the agent developed. ANTU-tachyphylaxis was dose-dependent. Total thyroidectomy did not affect either lung damage induced by ANTU or the resistance due to tachyphylaxis or to pretreatment with iodide or the antithyroid drugs thiourea, 1-ethyl-1-phenyl thiourea or propyl thiouracil. Neither total nor medullary adrenalectomy affected ANTU toxicity. Marked resistance to ANTU-induced lung damage was induced in rats by pretreatment with either an activator (3-4 benzypyrene) or an inhibitor (SKF 525-A) of drug-metabolizine mixed-function microsomal enzyme systems; the inhibitor, sodium phenobarbitone, had no significant effect on toxicity. The sulphydryl compound, AET, induced marked resistance to ANTU; cysteine was less effective. Neither autonomic blockade with nicotine and atropine nor actinomycin D had significant effects on toxicity to ANTU. The acute pulmonary oedema induced in rats by high pressure oxygen, chemical convulsants, pressor agents and ammonium sulphate differed in many respects from that induced by toxic thioureas; it was typically haemorrhagic in nature, did not result in significant pleural effusion, did not exhibit tachyphylaxis, and was not influenced by pretreatment with iodide or derivatives of thiourea."}
{"id": "PMID:137735", "title": "Production of intestinal and other tumours by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride in mice. II. Scanning electron microscopic and cytochemical study of colonic neoplasms.", "content": "Thum of colon induced by repeated subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine dihydrochloride in mice were studied by scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the surface composition of normal and malignant colonic epithelial cells were investigated by ultrastructural cytochemistry. The neoplastic, nodular tumour masses which protruded into the lumen of colon displayed an asymmetrical, irregular growth pattern and surface contour. In contrast to the normal surface structure, the shape of crypt openings in malignant areas was distorted and they were irregularly spaced. Cells varying in size and shape in the intercrypt regions often formed random patterns of elevations and depressions. Microvilli on neoplastic cells were larger, more club-shaped and showed more disorderly arrangement than their normal counterparts. The distribution and quantity of surface acid mucopolysaccharide content and adenosine triphosphatase activity varied considerably from cell to cell in the neoplastic epithelium while they were more uniform in the normal colonic surface cells.", "contents": "Production of intestinal and other tumours by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride in mice. II. Scanning electron microscopic and cytochemical study of colonic neoplasms. Thum of colon induced by repeated subcutaneous injections of 1,2-dimethyl-hydrazine dihydrochloride in mice were studied by scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the surface composition of normal and malignant colonic epithelial cells were investigated by ultrastructural cytochemistry. The neoplastic, nodular tumour masses which protruded into the lumen of colon displayed an asymmetrical, irregular growth pattern and surface contour. In contrast to the normal surface structure, the shape of crypt openings in malignant areas was distorted and they were irregularly spaced. Cells varying in size and shape in the intercrypt regions often formed random patterns of elevations and depressions. Microvilli on neoplastic cells were larger, more club-shaped and showed more disorderly arrangement than their normal counterparts. The distribution and quantity of surface acid mucopolysaccharide content and adenosine triphosphatase activity varied considerably from cell to cell in the neoplastic epithelium while they were more uniform in the normal colonic surface cells."}
{"id": "PMID:137736", "title": "Banked blood microfiltration. II. Dacron-wool microfilter.", "content": "It is well established that debris tends to accumulate in banked blood, the amount of debris increasing with storage time. If such a blood is transfused to a patient, it will be filtered by the capillary network of the lungs and could cause various intensities of microemboli. These can be prevented by microfiltration--the Swank IL200 transfusion filter made of Dacron wool is perfectly suitable. It removes more than 70% of the debris 29-100 mum size from four blood units and its  efficiency for particle removal is greatly increased by lactate priming.", "contents": "Banked blood microfiltration. II. Dacron-wool microfilter. It is well established that debris tends to accumulate in banked blood, the amount of debris increasing with storage time. If such a blood is transfused to a patient, it will be filtered by the capillary network of the lungs and could cause various intensities of microemboli. These can be prevented by microfiltration--the Swank IL200 transfusion filter made of Dacron wool is perfectly suitable. It removes more than 70% of the debris 29-100 mum size from four blood units and its  efficiency for particle removal is greatly increased by lactate priming."}
{"id": "PMID:137737", "title": "Treatment of peripheral corneal ulcers by limlial conjunctivectomy.", "content": "We report the rapid healing of several cases of marginal corneal ulceration of various aetiologies after the excision of a 4 to 7 mm strip of adjacent limbal conjunctiva. After conjunctivectomy the remaining conjunctiva was loosely recessed (without sutures). In one case with coexisting scleromalacia, we excised strips of adjacent bulbar conjunctiva with equally good results. Some of the cases had failed to respond to other modes of treatment including topical collagenase inhibitors. One case responded to peritomy and cryotherapy to the ulcer edges, but we have abandoned this treatment in favour of conjunctival excision. Limbal conjunctivectomy with recession is presumed to act by eliminating conjunctival sources of collagenase and proteoglycanase.", "contents": "Treatment of peripheral corneal ulcers by limlial conjunctivectomy. We report the rapid healing of several cases of marginal corneal ulceration of various aetiologies after the excision of a 4 to 7 mm strip of adjacent limbal conjunctiva. After conjunctivectomy the remaining conjunctiva was loosely recessed (without sutures). In one case with coexisting scleromalacia, we excised strips of adjacent bulbar conjunctiva with equally good results. Some of the cases had failed to respond to other modes of treatment including topical collagenase inhibitors. One case responded to peritomy and cryotherapy to the ulcer edges, but we have abandoned this treatment in favour of conjunctival excision. Limbal conjunctivectomy with recession is presumed to act by eliminating conjunctival sources of collagenase and proteoglycanase."}
{"id": "PMID:137738", "title": "Further studies on the interaction of actin with heavy meromyosin and subfragment 1 in the presence of ATP.", "content": "It has been postulated that, during the hydrolysis of ATP, both normal and SH1-blocked heavy meromyosin undergo a rate-limiting transition from a refractory state which cannot bind to actin to a nonrefractory state which can bind to actin. This model leads to several predictions which were studied in the present work. First, the fraction of heavy meromysin or subfragment 1 which remains unbound to actin when the ATPase equals Vmax should have the same properties as the original protein. In the present study it was determined that the unbound protein has normal ATPase activity which suggests that it is unbound to actin for a kinetic reason rather than because it is a permanently altered form of the myosin. Second, if the heavy meromyosin heads act independently half as much subfragment 1 as heavy meromyosin should bind to actin. Experiments in the ultracentrifuge demonstrate that about half as much subfragment 1 as heavy meromyosin sediments with the actin at Vmax. Third, the ATP turnover rate per actin monomer at infinite heavy meromyosin concentration should be much higher than the ATP turnover rate per heavy meromyosin head at infinite actin concentration. This was found to be the case for SH1-blocked heavy meromyosin since, even at very high concentrations of SH1-blocked heavy meromyosin, in the presence of a fixed actin concentration, the actin-activated ATPase rate remained proportional to the SH1-blocked heavy meromyosin concentration. All of these results tend to confirm the refractory state model for both SH1-blocked heavy meromyosin and unmodified heavy meromyosin and subfragment 1. However, the nature of the small amount of heavy meromyosin which does bind to actin in the presence of ATP at high actin concentration remains unclear.", "contents": "Further studies on the interaction of actin with heavy meromyosin and subfragment 1 in the presence of ATP. It has been postulated that, during the hydrolysis of ATP, both normal and SH1-blocked heavy meromyosin undergo a rate-limiting transition from a refractory state which cannot bind to actin to a nonrefractory state which can bind to actin. This model leads to several predictions which were studied in the present work. First, the fraction of heavy meromysin or subfragment 1 which remains unbound to actin when the ATPase equals Vmax should have the same properties as the original protein. In the present study it was determined that the unbound protein has normal ATPase activity which suggests that it is unbound to actin for a kinetic reason rather than because it is a permanently altered form of the myosin. Second, if the heavy meromyosin heads act independently half as much subfragment 1 as heavy meromyosin should bind to actin. Experiments in the ultracentrifuge demonstrate that about half as much subfragment 1 as heavy meromyosin sediments with the actin at Vmax. Third, the ATP turnover rate per actin monomer at infinite heavy meromyosin concentration should be much higher than the ATP turnover rate per heavy meromyosin head at infinite actin concentration. This was found to be the case for SH1-blocked heavy meromyosin since, even at very high concentrations of SH1-blocked heavy meromyosin, in the presence of a fixed actin concentration, the actin-activated ATPase rate remained proportional to the SH1-blocked heavy meromyosin concentration. All of these results tend to confirm the refractory state model for both SH1-blocked heavy meromyosin and unmodified heavy meromyosin and subfragment 1. However, the nature of the small amount of heavy meromyosin which does bind to actin in the presence of ATP at high actin concentration remains unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:137739", "title": "Properties of deoxycholate solubilized sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase.", "content": "The Ca2+-dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum after solubilization with deoxycholate and removal of lipid by gel chromatography exists as a mixture of monomer, dimer, and smaller amounts of higher molecular weight aggregates. The binding capcity of deoxycholate by monomeric and oligomeric forms of the ATPase is 0.3 g/g of protein at pH 8 and ionic strength 0.11. Examination in the analytical ultracentrifuge results in estimates of protein molecular weight of monomer of 115 000 +/- 7000 and of Stokes radius of 50-55 A. The results indicate an asymmetric shape of both delipidated monomer and dimer. Solubilization of ATPase vesicles by deoxycholate at high protein dilutions leads to almost instantaneous loss of ATPase activity. However, ATPase may be solubilized by deoxycholate in presence of phospholipid and sucrose in a temporarily active state. Inactivation appears to be accompanied by delipidation and conformational changes of the protein as evidenced by circular dichroism measurements. Sedimentation velocity examination of enzymatically active preparations of soluble ATPase in presence of phospholipid and sucrose strongly suggests that the major part of enzymatic activity is derived from a monomer with an asymmetric shape. The extent of formation of soluble oligomers by column chromatography was dependent on the exact conditions used for initial solubilization of ATPase. No evidence for differences among monomer and dimer fractions was obtained by isoelectric focusing and amino acid analysis. The results of these studies are compatible with electron-microscopic studies by other authors which suggest that the ATPase has an elongated shape with limited hydrophobic contact with the membrane lipid. A resemblance of delipidated oligomers with the form in which ATPase occurs in the membrane is conjectural at present.", "contents": "Properties of deoxycholate solubilized sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. The Ca2+-dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum after solubilization with deoxycholate and removal of lipid by gel chromatography exists as a mixture of monomer, dimer, and smaller amounts of higher molecular weight aggregates. The binding capcity of deoxycholate by monomeric and oligomeric forms of the ATPase is 0.3 g/g of protein at pH 8 and ionic strength 0.11. Examination in the analytical ultracentrifuge results in estimates of protein molecular weight of monomer of 115 000 +/- 7000 and of Stokes radius of 50-55 A. The results indicate an asymmetric shape of both delipidated monomer and dimer. Solubilization of ATPase vesicles by deoxycholate at high protein dilutions leads to almost instantaneous loss of ATPase activity. However, ATPase may be solubilized by deoxycholate in presence of phospholipid and sucrose in a temporarily active state. Inactivation appears to be accompanied by delipidation and conformational changes of the protein as evidenced by circular dichroism measurements. Sedimentation velocity examination of enzymatically active preparations of soluble ATPase in presence of phospholipid and sucrose strongly suggests that the major part of enzymatic activity is derived from a monomer with an asymmetric shape. The extent of formation of soluble oligomers by column chromatography was dependent on the exact conditions used for initial solubilization of ATPase. No evidence for differences among monomer and dimer fractions was obtained by isoelectric focusing and amino acid analysis. The results of these studies are compatible with electron-microscopic studies by other authors which suggest that the ATPase has an elongated shape with limited hydrophobic contact with the membrane lipid. A resemblance of delipidated oligomers with the form in which ATPase occurs in the membrane is conjectural at present."}
{"id": "PMID:137740", "title": "Mechanism of oxygen exchange in actin-activated hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate by myosin subfragment 1.", "content": "The gamma-phosphoryl groups of two intermediates (M-ATP and M-ADP-P1) in the pathway of MgATP hydrolysis by myosin undergo extensive oxygen exchange with water. Actin activates the overall rate of hydrolysis at a rate-limiting step which follows these exchange reactions. Thus, actin, by decreasing the turnover time of hydrolysis, would be expected to proportionately decrease the time available for oxygen exchange. Using subfragment 1 of myosin, the turnover time of hydrolysis can be varied over a wide range by changing the concentration of actin. An estimate for the rate constant of exchange can then be obtained by relating these turnover times to measured values for oxygen exchange (incorporation of 18O from H218O into the inorganic phosphate (Pi) released by hydrolysis). The results of such an experiment, with turnover times between 0.2 and 25 s, indicate that, for each gamma-phosphoryl group, one oxygen from the medium is added rapidly (to cleave the phosphoryl group or form a pentacoordinate phosphroyl complex); two more oxygens exchange with a rate constant, kc, of about 1 s-1; and a fourth oxygen exchanges slowly with ke about 0.2 s-1. The higher value is about 18 times smaller than the rate constant, 5-3, for the reverse cleavage step of the myosin pathway, which is postulated to be responsible for oxygen exchange. The data, then, indicate that the rate-limiting step for oxygen exchange is not k-3, but may be the rate of rotation of oxygens around the phosphorus atom, with one oxygen severely restricted by its binding to the active site. The finding that kc differs for the four oxygens in each phosphate group is related to past observations on myosin-catalyzed oxygen exchange.", "contents": "Mechanism of oxygen exchange in actin-activated hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate by myosin subfragment 1. The gamma-phosphoryl groups of two intermediates (M-ATP and M-ADP-P1) in the pathway of MgATP hydrolysis by myosin undergo extensive oxygen exchange with water. Actin activates the overall rate of hydrolysis at a rate-limiting step which follows these exchange reactions. Thus, actin, by decreasing the turnover time of hydrolysis, would be expected to proportionately decrease the time available for oxygen exchange. Using subfragment 1 of myosin, the turnover time of hydrolysis can be varied over a wide range by changing the concentration of actin. An estimate for the rate constant of exchange can then be obtained by relating these turnover times to measured values for oxygen exchange (incorporation of 18O from H218O into the inorganic phosphate (Pi) released by hydrolysis). The results of such an experiment, with turnover times between 0.2 and 25 s, indicate that, for each gamma-phosphoryl group, one oxygen from the medium is added rapidly (to cleave the phosphoryl group or form a pentacoordinate phosphroyl complex); two more oxygens exchange with a rate constant, kc, of about 1 s-1; and a fourth oxygen exchanges slowly with ke about 0.2 s-1. The higher value is about 18 times smaller than the rate constant, 5-3, for the reverse cleavage step of the myosin pathway, which is postulated to be responsible for oxygen exchange. The data, then, indicate that the rate-limiting step for oxygen exchange is not k-3, but may be the rate of rotation of oxygens around the phosphorus atom, with one oxygen severely restricted by its binding to the active site. The finding that kc differs for the four oxygens in each phosphate group is related to past observations on myosin-catalyzed oxygen exchange."}
{"id": "PMID:137741", "title": "Dynamic reversal of enzyme carboxyl group phosphorylation as the basis of the oxygen exchange catalyzed by sarcoplasmic reticulum adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Millisecond mixing and quenching experiments demonstrate an apparent t1/2 for the labeling of phosphorylated sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase by 32Pi at pH 6 and 30 degrees C of 30 to 40 ms. Under the same conditions, the rate of exchange of water oxygens with inorganic phosphate (Pi) is about 40 mol of H2O exchanged with Pi per 10(6) g of protein per s. Theoretical equations are developed for the expected 32P-labeling pattern given various comparative rates of flux between Pi and the Michaelis complex and between the Michaelis complex and phosphorylated enzyme. The results show that the rapid reversal of the formation of the phosphorylated enzyme is a major source of the oxygen exchange and are consistent with such reversal being the only source.", "contents": "Dynamic reversal of enzyme carboxyl group phosphorylation as the basis of the oxygen exchange catalyzed by sarcoplasmic reticulum adenosine triphosphatase. Millisecond mixing and quenching experiments demonstrate an apparent t1/2 for the labeling of phosphorylated sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase by 32Pi at pH 6 and 30 degrees C of 30 to 40 ms. Under the same conditions, the rate of exchange of water oxygens with inorganic phosphate (Pi) is about 40 mol of H2O exchanged with Pi per 10(6) g of protein per s. Theoretical equations are developed for the expected 32P-labeling pattern given various comparative rates of flux between Pi and the Michaelis complex and between the Michaelis complex and phosphorylated enzyme. The results show that the rapid reversal of the formation of the phosphorylated enzyme is a major source of the oxygen exchange and are consistent with such reversal being the only source."}
{"id": "PMID:137742", "title": "Reversible inhibition of (Na+, K+) ATPase by Mg2+, adenosine triphosphate, and K+.", "content": "Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis catalyzed by the plasma membrane (Na+,K+)ATPase isolated from several sources was inhibited by Mg+, provided that K+ and ATP were also present. Phosphorylation of the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) by ATP and by inorganic phosphate was also inhibited, as was p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activity. (Ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and catecholamines protected from and reversed the inhibition of ATP hydrolysis by Mg2+, K+ and ATP. EDTA was protected by chelation of Mg2+ but catecholamines acted by some other mechanism. The specificities of various nucleotides as inhibitors (in conjunction with Mg2+ and K+) and as substrates for the (Na+, K+) ATPase were strikingly different. ATP, ADP, beta,gamma-CH2-ATP and alpha,beta-CH2-ADP were active as inhibitors, whereas inosine, cytidine, uridine, and guanosine triphosphates (ITP, CTP, UTP, and GTP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were not. On the other hand, ATP and CTP were substrates and beta,gamma-NH-ATP was a competitive inhibitor of ATP hydrolysis, but not an inhibitor in conjunction with Mg2+ and K+. The Ca2+-ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum and F1, the Mg2+-ATPase from the inner mitochondrial membrane, were also inhibited by Mg2+. Catecholamines reversed inhibition of the Ca2+-ATPase, but not that of F1.", "contents": "Reversible inhibition of (Na+, K+) ATPase by Mg2+, adenosine triphosphate, and K+. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis catalyzed by the plasma membrane (Na+,K+)ATPase isolated from several sources was inhibited by Mg+, provided that K+ and ATP were also present. Phosphorylation of the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) by ATP and by inorganic phosphate was also inhibited, as was p-nitrophenyl phosphatase activity. (Ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid (EDTA) and catecholamines protected from and reversed the inhibition of ATP hydrolysis by Mg2+, K+ and ATP. EDTA was protected by chelation of Mg2+ but catecholamines acted by some other mechanism. The specificities of various nucleotides as inhibitors (in conjunction with Mg2+ and K+) and as substrates for the (Na+, K+) ATPase were strikingly different. ATP, ADP, beta,gamma-CH2-ATP and alpha,beta-CH2-ADP were active as inhibitors, whereas inosine, cytidine, uridine, and guanosine triphosphates (ITP, CTP, UTP, and GTP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were not. On the other hand, ATP and CTP were substrates and beta,gamma-NH-ATP was a competitive inhibitor of ATP hydrolysis, but not an inhibitor in conjunction with Mg2+ and K+. The Ca2+-ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum and F1, the Mg2+-ATPase from the inner mitochondrial membrane, were also inhibited by Mg2+. Catecholamines reversed inhibition of the Ca2+-ATPase, but not that of F1."}
{"id": "PMID:137743", "title": "Further purification of bovine spleen inhibitors of lymphocyte DNA synthesis (chalones).", "content": "Partially purified lymphocytic factors were obtained from boving spleen; these factors are non-cytotoxic and biologically active in vitro and in vivo: [3H]Thymidine incorporation into DNA of mitogen-stimulated mouse spleen cells in culture is inhibited; similar results are obtained with phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral human lymphocytes, where blast cells transformation is blocked. [3H]Thymidine incorporation into DNA of mitogen stimulated lymphocytes withdrawn from in vivo treated mice, is also reduced. The two factors in vitro and in vivo seem to act preferentially on mouse spleen cells compared to their action on liver, kidney and testicle cells in cluture, as far as thymidine incorporation into DNA is concerned. The following techniques were applied for their purification: 1. Homogenization of the fresh tissue in water, centrifugation, dialysis of the supernatant, centrifugation, fractionation of the supernatant by alcoholic precipitation and finally concentration in vacuo and lyophilization of the material soluble at 75% of alcohol yielded fraction F. 2. Preparation of an acetone powder from the spleen, extraction of the dry powder with water, then high speed centrifugation, followed by lyophilization of the supernatant produced fraction F'. Both fractions F and F' were further fractionated by chromatography on a Sephadex G75 column: 7 peaks were obtained (F1--F7). Biological activity was found in fraction F1, corresponding to high molecular weight material, and in  fraction F6, corresponding to low molecular weight substances. By rechromatography on Sephadex G 75, it is easy to dissociate from F1 a small molecular weight fraction which might be similar to F6 as far as elution volume and biological properties are concerned.", "contents": "Further purification of bovine spleen inhibitors of lymphocyte DNA synthesis (chalones). Partially purified lymphocytic factors were obtained from boving spleen; these factors are non-cytotoxic and biologically active in vitro and in vivo: [3H]Thymidine incorporation into DNA of mitogen-stimulated mouse spleen cells in culture is inhibited; similar results are obtained with phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral human lymphocytes, where blast cells transformation is blocked. [3H]Thymidine incorporation into DNA of mitogen stimulated lymphocytes withdrawn from in vivo treated mice, is also reduced. The two factors in vitro and in vivo seem to act preferentially on mouse spleen cells compared to their action on liver, kidney and testicle cells in cluture, as far as thymidine incorporation into DNA is concerned. The following techniques were applied for their purification: 1. Homogenization of the fresh tissue in water, centrifugation, dialysis of the supernatant, centrifugation, fractionation of the supernatant by alcoholic precipitation and finally concentration in vacuo and lyophilization of the material soluble at 75% of alcohol yielded fraction F. 2. Preparation of an acetone powder from the spleen, extraction of the dry powder with water, then high speed centrifugation, followed by lyophilization of the supernatant produced fraction F'. Both fractions F and F' were further fractionated by chromatography on a Sephadex G75 column: 7 peaks were obtained (F1--F7). Biological activity was found in fraction F1, corresponding to high molecular weight material, and in  fraction F6, corresponding to low molecular weight substances. By rechromatography on Sephadex G 75, it is easy to dissociate from F1 a small molecular weight fraction which might be similar to F6 as far as elution volume and biological properties are concerned."}
{"id": "PMID:137744", "title": "The measurement of ouabain binding and some related properties of digitonin-treated (Na+,K+)-ATPase.", "content": "1. Digitonin treated membrane preparations purified from dog kidney lose their (Na+,K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity, but the K+-phosphatase and Na+-dependent ADP-ATP exchange activities survive and remain ouabain-sensitive. Because the enzyme preparations consist largely of pure (Na+,K+)-ATPase, these effects of digitonin must be intrinsic to the Na+ pump. 2. Concomitant with these enzymatic changes, digitonin treatment alters the sensitivity of the phosphatase and exchange activities to ouabain. 3. Attempts to measure ouabain binding by the usual centrifugation or filtration methods proved unsuccessful. A filtration method involving a double 0.01 mum filter and omitting water washes is necessary to demonstrate ouabain binding. Under these conditions, ouabain binding capacity appears to be unchanged in the presence of digitonin, but the apparent dissociation constant is doubled. 4. Ouabain binding is rendered more reversible by digitonin treatment, since washing filters with water removes a large fraction of bound ouabain without affecting the retention of exchange activity. 5. The double filter method traps essentially all of the ADP-ATP exchange activity on the filter. However, a large and somewhat variable proportion of the K+-phosphatase activity passes through the filter. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel analysis of the filtrate shows that a small amount of filtrable protein catalyzed this phosphatase activity at greatly increased turnover rates. Both subunits of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase are present in this latter protein fraction.", "contents": "The measurement of ouabain binding and some related properties of digitonin-treated (Na+,K+)-ATPase. 1. Digitonin treated membrane preparations purified from dog kidney lose their (Na+,K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity, but the K+-phosphatase and Na+-dependent ADP-ATP exchange activities survive and remain ouabain-sensitive. Because the enzyme preparations consist largely of pure (Na+,K+)-ATPase, these effects of digitonin must be intrinsic to the Na+ pump. 2. Concomitant with these enzymatic changes, digitonin treatment alters the sensitivity of the phosphatase and exchange activities to ouabain. 3. Attempts to measure ouabain binding by the usual centrifugation or filtration methods proved unsuccessful. A filtration method involving a double 0.01 mum filter and omitting water washes is necessary to demonstrate ouabain binding. Under these conditions, ouabain binding capacity appears to be unchanged in the presence of digitonin, but the apparent dissociation constant is doubled. 4. Ouabain binding is rendered more reversible by digitonin treatment, since washing filters with water removes a large fraction of bound ouabain without affecting the retention of exchange activity. 5. The double filter method traps essentially all of the ADP-ATP exchange activity on the filter. However, a large and somewhat variable proportion of the K+-phosphatase activity passes through the filter. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel analysis of the filtrate shows that a small amount of filtrable protein catalyzed this phosphatase activity at greatly increased turnover rates. Both subunits of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase are present in this latter protein fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:137745", "title": "Sulphydryl groups in photosynthetic energy conservation. IV. Inhibition of the ATPase of chloroplast coupling factor 1 by sulphydryl reagents.", "content": "1. O-Iodosobenzoate and 2,2'-dithio bis-(5-nitropyridine) inhibited by about fifty per cent the ATPase activity of heat-activated chloroplast coupling factor 1 only when present during the heating but were without effect when added before or after the activation. Reversion of this inhibition was only obtained by a second heat treatment with 10 mM dithioerythritol. 2. The inhibition of the Ca2+-ATPase of coupling factor 1 by o-iodosobenzoate or 2,2'-dithio bis-(5-nitropyridine) was not additive with similar inhibitions obtained with the alkylating reagents iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide. 3. The heat-activated ATPase of o-iodosobenzoate-treated coupling factor 1 had a higher Km for ATP, without modification of V. The modified enzyme was desensitized against the allosteric inhibitor ADP.", "contents": "Sulphydryl groups in photosynthetic energy conservation. IV. Inhibition of the ATPase of chloroplast coupling factor 1 by sulphydryl reagents. 1. O-Iodosobenzoate and 2,2'-dithio bis-(5-nitropyridine) inhibited by about fifty per cent the ATPase activity of heat-activated chloroplast coupling factor 1 only when present during the heating but were without effect when added before or after the activation. Reversion of this inhibition was only obtained by a second heat treatment with 10 mM dithioerythritol. 2. The inhibition of the Ca2+-ATPase of coupling factor 1 by o-iodosobenzoate or 2,2'-dithio bis-(5-nitropyridine) was not additive with similar inhibitions obtained with the alkylating reagents iodoacetamide and N-ethylmaleimide. 3. The heat-activated ATPase of o-iodosobenzoate-treated coupling factor 1 had a higher Km for ATP, without modification of V. The modified enzyme was desensitized against the allosteric inhibitor ADP."}
{"id": "PMID:137746", "title": "The lipid requirement of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase in the human erythrocyte membrane, as studied by various highly purified phospholipases.", "content": "1. When complete hydrolysis of glycerophosphlipids and sphingomyelin in the outer membrane leaflet is brought about by treatment of intact red blood cells with phospholipase A2 and sphingomyelinase C, the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity is not affected. 2. Complete hydrolysis of sphingomyelin, by treatment of leaky ghosts with spingomyelinase C, does not lead to an inactivation of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. 3. Treatment of ghosts with phospholipase A2 (from either procine pancreas of Naja naja venom), under conditions causing an essentially complete hydrolysis of the total glycerophospholipid fraction of the membrane, results in inactivation of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase by some 80--85%. The residual activity is lost when the produced lyso-compounds (and fatty acids) are removed by subsequent treatment of the ghosts with bovine serum albumin. 4. The degree of inactivation of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase, caused by treatment of ghosts with phospholipase C, is directly proportional to the percentage by which the glycerophospholipid fraction in the inner membrane layer is degraded. 5. After essentially complete inactivation of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase by treatment of ghosts with phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus, the enzyme is reactivated by the addition of any of the glycerophospholipids, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine or lysophosphatidylcholine, but not by addition of sphingomyeline, free fatty acids or the detergent Triton X-100. 6. It is concluded that only the glycerophospholipids in the human erythrocyte membrane are involved in the maintenance of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity, and in particular that fraction of these phospholipids located in the inner half of the membrane.", "contents": "The lipid requirement of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase in the human erythrocyte membrane, as studied by various highly purified phospholipases. 1. When complete hydrolysis of glycerophosphlipids and sphingomyelin in the outer membrane leaflet is brought about by treatment of intact red blood cells with phospholipase A2 and sphingomyelinase C, the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity is not affected. 2. Complete hydrolysis of sphingomyelin, by treatment of leaky ghosts with spingomyelinase C, does not lead to an inactivation of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. 3. Treatment of ghosts with phospholipase A2 (from either procine pancreas of Naja naja venom), under conditions causing an essentially complete hydrolysis of the total glycerophospholipid fraction of the membrane, results in inactivation of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase by some 80--85%. The residual activity is lost when the produced lyso-compounds (and fatty acids) are removed by subsequent treatment of the ghosts with bovine serum albumin. 4. The degree of inactivation of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase, caused by treatment of ghosts with phospholipase C, is directly proportional to the percentage by which the glycerophospholipid fraction in the inner membrane layer is degraded. 5. After essentially complete inactivation of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase by treatment of ghosts with phospholipase C from Bacillus cereus, the enzyme is reactivated by the addition of any of the glycerophospholipids, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine or lysophosphatidylcholine, but not by addition of sphingomyeline, free fatty acids or the detergent Triton X-100. 6. It is concluded that only the glycerophospholipids in the human erythrocyte membrane are involved in the maintenance of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity, and in particular that fraction of these phospholipids located in the inner half of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:137747", "title": "Transport parameters and stoichiometry of active calcium ion extrusion in intact human red cells.", "content": "Ca2+-transport and its energy consumption were studied in intact human red cells loaded with Ca2+ by the aid of the ionophore A23187. After the complete elimination of the ionophore the passive Ca2+-permeability of the membrane returned to its normal low value, except when the intracellular Ca2+-concentration was higher than 3 mM or the ATP level fell below 100 muM. Within these limits the rate of Ca2+-extrusion was independent of the cellular ATP content but was greatly enhanced by increasing [Ca2+]i and reached a plateau at about 1 mM intracellular Ca2+-concentration. The maximum rate of Ca2+-efflux was about 85 mumol/l of cells per min at 37 degrees C, pH 7.4. The activation energy of active Ca2+-extrusion was found to be 15 200 cal/mol, and the optimum pH in the suspension was 7.7. Ca2+-efflux was not connected with the counter-transport of cations. The Ca2+-pump was not affected by ouabain or oligomycin and only partial inhibition could be achieved by the SH-reagents: ethacrynic acid, N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate or with propranolol and ruthenium red. An 80 to 95% inhibition of the active Ca2+-extrusion was brought about by 50-250 muM lanthanum, which in the above concentrations caused no aggregation or haemolysis. The inhibition of the Ca2+-pump by lanthanum was found to be reversible, the site of inhibition being at the external surface of the cell membrane. To examine the energy consumption of the Ca2+-extrusion, ATPase activity was assessed by measuring inorganic phosphate liberation in Ca2+-loaded red cells the metabolism of which was inhibited by iodoacetamide + Na+-tetrathionate. Ca2+-activated ATPase activity connected with the Ca2+-pump was distinguished from other Ca2+-ATPases by using the non-penetrating inhibitor, lanthanum. The molar ratio of Ca2+-transported per ATP split was found to be 2 : 1.", "contents": "Transport parameters and stoichiometry of active calcium ion extrusion in intact human red cells. Ca2+-transport and its energy consumption were studied in intact human red cells loaded with Ca2+ by the aid of the ionophore A23187. After the complete elimination of the ionophore the passive Ca2+-permeability of the membrane returned to its normal low value, except when the intracellular Ca2+-concentration was higher than 3 mM or the ATP level fell below 100 muM. Within these limits the rate of Ca2+-extrusion was independent of the cellular ATP content but was greatly enhanced by increasing [Ca2+]i and reached a plateau at about 1 mM intracellular Ca2+-concentration. The maximum rate of Ca2+-efflux was about 85 mumol/l of cells per min at 37 degrees C, pH 7.4. The activation energy of active Ca2+-extrusion was found to be 15 200 cal/mol, and the optimum pH in the suspension was 7.7. Ca2+-efflux was not connected with the counter-transport of cations. The Ca2+-pump was not affected by ouabain or oligomycin and only partial inhibition could be achieved by the SH-reagents: ethacrynic acid, N-ethylmaleimide and p-chloromercuribenzoate or with propranolol and ruthenium red. An 80 to 95% inhibition of the active Ca2+-extrusion was brought about by 50-250 muM lanthanum, which in the above concentrations caused no aggregation or haemolysis. The inhibition of the Ca2+-pump by lanthanum was found to be reversible, the site of inhibition being at the external surface of the cell membrane. To examine the energy consumption of the Ca2+-extrusion, ATPase activity was assessed by measuring inorganic phosphate liberation in Ca2+-loaded red cells the metabolism of which was inhibited by iodoacetamide + Na+-tetrathionate. Ca2+-activated ATPase activity connected with the Ca2+-pump was distinguished from other Ca2+-ATPases by using the non-penetrating inhibitor, lanthanum. The molar ratio of Ca2+-transported per ATP split was found to be 2 : 1."}
{"id": "PMID:137748", "title": "Control of the production and partial characterization of repressible extracellular 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase in Neurospora crass.", "content": "A new species of orthophosphate repressible extracellular 5'-nucleotidase (5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.5) was found to be released into mycelial culture media when a wild type strain of Neurospora crassa was grown on limiting amounts of phosphate. The production of 5'-nucleotidase and extracellular acid and alkaline phosphatase was inhibited by the addition of rifampicin when it was added at the later stage of mycelial growth, but not when it was added at a very early stage. The 5'-nucleotidase and extracellular alkaline phosphatase were partially purified and characterized. pH optimum of the former was 6.8 and that of the latter was higher than 10.0. The 5'-nucleotidase activity was inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and ZnCl2 at pH 6.8 and stimulated by MnCl2 and CoCl2 at pH 4.0. Alkaline phosphatase activity was stimulated by EDTA, MgCl2, CoCl2 and MnCl2. 5'-nucleotidase activity was stimulated by EDTA, MgCl2, CoCl2 and MnCl2. 5'-nucleotidase hydrolyzed various 5'-nucletides but not 3'-nucleotides or other various phosphomono- and diester compounds. Alkaline phosphatase hydrolyzed all the phosphomonoester compounds tested. Mutants, nuc-1 and nuc-2, which were originally isolated by the inability to utilize RNA or DNA as a sole source of phosphate, were unable to produce 5'-nucleotidase or six other repressible enzymes reported previously. These mutants showed no or significantly reduced growth on orthophosphate-free nucleotide media depending on the number of conidia inoculated, mainly because of loss of ability to produce these repressible extracellular phosphatases.", "contents": "Control of the production and partial characterization of repressible extracellular 5'-nucleotidase and alkaline phosphatase in Neurospora crass. A new species of orthophosphate repressible extracellular 5'-nucleotidase (5'-ribonucleotide phosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.3.5) was found to be released into mycelial culture media when a wild type strain of Neurospora crassa was grown on limiting amounts of phosphate. The production of 5'-nucleotidase and extracellular acid and alkaline phosphatase was inhibited by the addition of rifampicin when it was added at the later stage of mycelial growth, but not when it was added at a very early stage. The 5'-nucleotidase and extracellular alkaline phosphatase were partially purified and characterized. pH optimum of the former was 6.8 and that of the latter was higher than 10.0. The 5'-nucleotidase activity was inhibited by ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) and ZnCl2 at pH 6.8 and stimulated by MnCl2 and CoCl2 at pH 4.0. Alkaline phosphatase activity was stimulated by EDTA, MgCl2, CoCl2 and MnCl2. 5'-nucleotidase activity was stimulated by EDTA, MgCl2, CoCl2 and MnCl2. 5'-nucleotidase hydrolyzed various 5'-nucletides but not 3'-nucleotides or other various phosphomono- and diester compounds. Alkaline phosphatase hydrolyzed all the phosphomonoester compounds tested. Mutants, nuc-1 and nuc-2, which were originally isolated by the inability to utilize RNA or DNA as a sole source of phosphate, were unable to produce 5'-nucleotidase or six other repressible enzymes reported previously. These mutants showed no or significantly reduced growth on orthophosphate-free nucleotide media depending on the number of conidia inoculated, mainly because of loss of ability to produce these repressible extracellular phosphatases."}
{"id": "PMID:137749", "title": "Kinetic studies of the urokinase catalysed conversion of NH2-terminal lysine plasminogen to plasmin.", "content": "A method for determining initial velocities of the urokinase (EC 3.4.99.26) catalysed converstion of NH2-terminal lysine plasminogen to plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7) is presented. This reaction has been coupled with the hydrolysis of alpha-N-benzyoly-L-arginine ethyl ester, which is catalysed by plasmin, and its rate has been determined from the time course of the overall reaction. The proenzyme-enzyme conversion was found to obey the Michaelis-Menten rate equation. The following values of the kinetic parameters were obtained: the apparent Michaelis constant, Km = 40.7 +/- 6.2 muM; the catalytic constant, kc = 2.59+/-0.31 s(-1), and kc/Km = 6.36-10(4) +/- 0.24-10(4) M(-1)-s(-1).", "contents": "Kinetic studies of the urokinase catalysed conversion of NH2-terminal lysine plasminogen to plasmin. A method for determining initial velocities of the urokinase (EC 3.4.99.26) catalysed converstion of NH2-terminal lysine plasminogen to plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7) is presented. This reaction has been coupled with the hydrolysis of alpha-N-benzyoly-L-arginine ethyl ester, which is catalysed by plasmin, and its rate has been determined from the time course of the overall reaction. The proenzyme-enzyme conversion was found to obey the Michaelis-Menten rate equation. The following values of the kinetic parameters were obtained: the apparent Michaelis constant, Km = 40.7 +/- 6.2 muM; the catalytic constant, kc = 2.59+/-0.31 s(-1), and kc/Km = 6.36-10(4) +/- 0.24-10(4) M(-1)-s(-1)."}
{"id": "PMID:137750", "title": "Effect of ADP on ATPASE from a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus.", "content": "Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12016 was unable to grow at temperatures below 40 degrees C. On incubating the bacteria at the temperatures, ATP in cells disappeared, ADP was accumulated and ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) was inactivated. When the purified ATPase was incubated at the temperatures for 1 h with 0.17 mM ADP in the presence of MgCl2, the enzyme was completely inactivated. The inactivated enzyme was reactivated on dilution or dialysis or on warming at 65 degrees C. During the incubation of the enzyme sample, the absorbance spectrum of the enzyme changed. On further incubating the sample over 1.5 h, the second step of spectral change occurred together with the change of the circular dichrosim and the dissociation into a lower molecular weight species of the protein. When the enzyme was treated with ADP-MgCl2 at 65 degrees C, the inactivation and conformational change of the enzyme was not observed.", "contents": "Effect of ADP on ATPASE from a strain of Bacillus stearothermophilus. Bacillus stearothermophilus ATCC 12016 was unable to grow at temperatures below 40 degrees C. On incubating the bacteria at the temperatures, ATP in cells disappeared, ADP was accumulated and ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) was inactivated. When the purified ATPase was incubated at the temperatures for 1 h with 0.17 mM ADP in the presence of MgCl2, the enzyme was completely inactivated. The inactivated enzyme was reactivated on dilution or dialysis or on warming at 65 degrees C. During the incubation of the enzyme sample, the absorbance spectrum of the enzyme changed. On further incubating the sample over 1.5 h, the second step of spectral change occurred together with the change of the circular dichrosim and the dissociation into a lower molecular weight species of the protein. When the enzyme was treated with ADP-MgCl2 at 65 degrees C, the inactivation and conformational change of the enzyme was not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:137751", "title": "Observations on the kinetics, subunit composition, and sulfhydryl reactivity of myosin from Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "A highly purified preparation of myosin from Physarum polycephalum has been shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to contain heavy chains and only one molecular weight class of light chains, of approx. 15 000 daltons. Kinetic investigations of the Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolases, EC 3.6.1.3) at pH 8.0 gave Km and V values of 17.3 muM and 1.25 mumol Pi/min per mg, and 2.4 muM and 0.12 mumol Pi/min per mg, respectively. Adenylyl imidodiphosphate, a beta-gamma-imido ATP analog, inhibited the ATPase activity of Physarum myosin competitively with Ki values equal to 350 and 12 muM in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, respectively. The ATPase activity of Physarum myosin was inhibited at a very low rate (t1/2 = 24 h) by the ATP analog, 6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl imidodiphosphate), with concentrations of inhibitor previously shown to inactivate (t1/2 approximately 10 min) skeletal and cardiac myosins rapidly by reacting with key cysteines.", "contents": "Observations on the kinetics, subunit composition, and sulfhydryl reactivity of myosin from Physarum polycephalum. A highly purified preparation of myosin from Physarum polycephalum has been shown by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to contain heavy chains and only one molecular weight class of light chains, of approx. 15 000 daltons. Kinetic investigations of the Ca2+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolases, EC 3.6.1.3) at pH 8.0 gave Km and V values of 17.3 muM and 1.25 mumol Pi/min per mg, and 2.4 muM and 0.12 mumol Pi/min per mg, respectively. Adenylyl imidodiphosphate, a beta-gamma-imido ATP analog, inhibited the ATPase activity of Physarum myosin competitively with Ki values equal to 350 and 12 muM in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+, respectively. The ATPase activity of Physarum myosin was inhibited at a very low rate (t1/2 = 24 h) by the ATP analog, 6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl imidodiphosphate), with concentrations of inhibitor previously shown to inactivate (t1/2 approximately 10 min) skeletal and cardiac myosins rapidly by reacting with key cysteines."}
{"id": "PMID:137752", "title": "[Effect of the dielectric permeability of the non-aqueous phase on enzymatic charge transfer through an oil-water inferface].", "content": "Charge transfer across the interface between two immiscible liquids in functioning enzyme membrane systems and chlorophyll is studied. Phenomenological theory is developed describing the influence of the dielectric permeability of oil phase on the change of the potential difference at the interface during the charge transfer across oil/water. It is shown that change of the potential difference when varying dielectric permeability can be explained as a change of the activation energy of charge transfer and as change of the capacity of double electric layer. The theory is compared with experimental data based on the vibrating capacitance method in charge transfer during the action of soluble mitochondrial or bacterial ATPases and chlorophyll.", "contents": "[Effect of the dielectric permeability of the non-aqueous phase on enzymatic charge transfer through an oil-water inferface]. Charge transfer across the interface between two immiscible liquids in functioning enzyme membrane systems and chlorophyll is studied. Phenomenological theory is developed describing the influence of the dielectric permeability of oil phase on the change of the potential difference at the interface during the charge transfer across oil/water. It is shown that change of the potential difference when varying dielectric permeability can be explained as a change of the activation energy of charge transfer and as change of the capacity of double electric layer. The theory is compared with experimental data based on the vibrating capacitance method in charge transfer during the action of soluble mitochondrial or bacterial ATPases and chlorophyll."}
{"id": "PMID:137753", "title": "[IR-spectra of skeletal muscle mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum].", "content": "The existance of alpha- and beta-protein conformation in human straight abdomen muscle mitochondria and microsomal fraction was established. The stability of beta-conformation was provided by hydrophobic and lipid protein interactions. The band at 1730 cm-1, C=O stretching of the carboxyl groups, was more intensive in mitochondria, presented in microsomal fraction and disappeared after its isooctane treatment. From the reducing of NH, OH stretching frequency in microsomes films, was made a conclusion that hydrogen bonds were stronger in that membrane.", "contents": "[IR-spectra of skeletal muscle mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum]. The existance of alpha- and beta-protein conformation in human straight abdomen muscle mitochondria and microsomal fraction was established. The stability of beta-conformation was provided by hydrophobic and lipid protein interactions. The band at 1730 cm-1, C=O stretching of the carboxyl groups, was more intensive in mitochondria, presented in microsomal fraction and disappeared after its isooctane treatment. From the reducing of NH, OH stretching frequency in microsomes films, was made a conclusion that hydrogen bonds were stronger in that membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:137758", "title": "[Membrane function of the kidney].", "content": "Brush border membranes (luminal) and basal-lateral plasma membranes (contraluminal) of rat kidney proximal tubules were isolated by freeflow electrophoresis and their role in transepithelial transport was investigated. Enzymatic analysis revealed that the brush border membranes contain a bicarbonate stimulated ATPase and that the basal-lateral plasma membranes contain a Na+-K+-ATPase and a calcium stimulated ATPase. These findings suggest that an active, ATPase-mediated step in transepithelial bicarbonate or proton transport is located in the luminal membrane, whereas an active, ATPase-mediated step in transepithelial sodium and calcium transport is located in the contraluminal membrane. Transport studies with membrane vesicles demonstrated that sodium-dependent stereospecific transport systems for sugars, amino acids and phosphate are located in the brush border membrane; the basal-lateral plasma membranes contain sodium-independent transport systems for sugars; amino acids, phosphate and p-aminohippurate. The sodium-dependent systems represent sodium-substrate contransport systems which in the course of transepithelial transport derive energy from the transmembranel electrochemical potential difference of sodium for the intracellular accumulation and active transepithelial transport of sugars, amino acids and phosphate. The brush border membrane contains in addition a Na+/H+ exchange system which might be involved in the proton secretion of the proximal tubule. In the presence of a sodium gradient the permeability of the luminal membrane vesicles for L-lactate is higher than the permeability of the contraluminal membrane vesicles. This indicates that L-lactate-which is metabolized by the tubular epithelium-enters the tubular cell mainly from the tubular lumen. The role of membranes in the uptake of proteins by the tubular cell was investigated by isolation and biochemical characterization of microvilli, pinocytic vesicles and lysosomes. Pinocytic vesicles were found to be rich in acid phospholipids and glycoproteins which show a more rapid turnover than the proteins of the microvilli. It is concluded that pinocytic vesicles are biochemically defined entities with unique functions which are synthetized during the pinocytic process.", "contents": "[Membrane function of the kidney]. Brush border membranes (luminal) and basal-lateral plasma membranes (contraluminal) of rat kidney proximal tubules were isolated by freeflow electrophoresis and their role in transepithelial transport was investigated. Enzymatic analysis revealed that the brush border membranes contain a bicarbonate stimulated ATPase and that the basal-lateral plasma membranes contain a Na+-K+-ATPase and a calcium stimulated ATPase. These findings suggest that an active, ATPase-mediated step in transepithelial bicarbonate or proton transport is located in the luminal membrane, whereas an active, ATPase-mediated step in transepithelial sodium and calcium transport is located in the contraluminal membrane. Transport studies with membrane vesicles demonstrated that sodium-dependent stereospecific transport systems for sugars, amino acids and phosphate are located in the brush border membrane; the basal-lateral plasma membranes contain sodium-independent transport systems for sugars; amino acids, phosphate and p-aminohippurate. The sodium-dependent systems represent sodium-substrate contransport systems which in the course of transepithelial transport derive energy from the transmembranel electrochemical potential difference of sodium for the intracellular accumulation and active transepithelial transport of sugars, amino acids and phosphate. The brush border membrane contains in addition a Na+/H+ exchange system which might be involved in the proton secretion of the proximal tubule. In the presence of a sodium gradient the permeability of the luminal membrane vesicles for L-lactate is higher than the permeability of the contraluminal membrane vesicles. This indicates that L-lactate-which is metabolized by the tubular epithelium-enters the tubular cell mainly from the tubular lumen. The role of membranes in the uptake of proteins by the tubular cell was investigated by isolation and biochemical characterization of microvilli, pinocytic vesicles and lysosomes. Pinocytic vesicles were found to be rich in acid phospholipids and glycoproteins which show a more rapid turnover than the proteins of the microvilli. It is concluded that pinocytic vesicles are biochemically defined entities with unique functions which are synthetized during the pinocytic process."}
{"id": "PMID:137759", "title": "Obstetric and neonatal care related to outcome. A comparison of two maternity hospitals.", "content": "Infants of birthweight up to 2500 g born in 1966 in two district hospitals were followed-up until their school medical examination at six years. Neonatal mortality rates differed in the two cohorts despite similar maternal age, parity, and social class distribution; differences in the management of labour and in neonatal care may have been responsible. Numbers were small but the prevalence of mild or more severe handicaps among the survivors did not differ significantly between the cohorts; an improved mortality was not achieved at the expense of an increased overall morbidity, although there was a suggestion of a difference in cerebral palsy prevalence. It is suggested that the neonatal mortality rate in conjunction with the prevalence of handicaps among the survivors of low birthweight infants be used as an indicator of the efficacy of perinatal care.", "contents": "Obstetric and neonatal care related to outcome. A comparison of two maternity hospitals. Infants of birthweight up to 2500 g born in 1966 in two district hospitals were followed-up until their school medical examination at six years. Neonatal mortality rates differed in the two cohorts despite similar maternal age, parity, and social class distribution; differences in the management of labour and in neonatal care may have been responsible. Numbers were small but the prevalence of mild or more severe handicaps among the survivors did not differ significantly between the cohorts; an improved mortality was not achieved at the expense of an increased overall morbidity, although there was a suggestion of a difference in cerebral palsy prevalence. It is suggested that the neonatal mortality rate in conjunction with the prevalence of handicaps among the survivors of low birthweight infants be used as an indicator of the efficacy of perinatal care."}
{"id": "PMID:137760", "title": "A reappraisal of the Pfannenstiel incision.", "content": "The postoperative morbidity of incisions used in retropublic prostatectomies was examined. 350 patients with vertical midline incisions were compared with 411 patients with transverse or Pfannenstiel incisions. There was a significantly increased incidence of postoperative inguinal hernias in the group of patients who had had transverse incisions. The possible reasons for this were discussed. It was concluded that the normal architecture of the inguinal canal was deformed and weakened by extra-wide transverse incisions.", "contents": "A reappraisal of the Pfannenstiel incision. The postoperative morbidity of incisions used in retropublic prostatectomies was examined. 350 patients with vertical midline incisions were compared with 411 patients with transverse or Pfannenstiel incisions. There was a significantly increased incidence of postoperative inguinal hernias in the group of patients who had had transverse incisions. The possible reasons for this were discussed. It was concluded that the normal architecture of the inguinal canal was deformed and weakened by extra-wide transverse incisions."}
{"id": "PMID:137761", "title": "The effect of anti-thrombotic drugs on prosthetic grafts in the canine inferios vena cava.", "content": "The effect of phenylbutazone, an anti-thrombotic agent, on the occlusion rate of knitted Dacron grafts placed in the infrarenal inferior vena cava of dogs was studied. Grafts places in dogs treated with phenylbutazone remained patent significantly longer than those in untreated animals. All the grafts in the untreated group occluded, but 2 remained patent in the treated animals.", "contents": "The effect of anti-thrombotic drugs on prosthetic grafts in the canine inferios vena cava. The effect of phenylbutazone, an anti-thrombotic agent, on the occlusion rate of knitted Dacron grafts placed in the infrarenal inferior vena cava of dogs was studied. Grafts places in dogs treated with phenylbutazone remained patent significantly longer than those in untreated animals. All the grafts in the untreated group occluded, but 2 remained patent in the treated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:137762", "title": "Improvement in experimental vascular graft patency by controlled defibrinogenation.", "content": "A sensitive animal model was used to investigate treatment designed to improve vascular graft patency. A Dacron graft was inserted into the infrarenal vena cava of 30 rabbits. Half were treated with subcutaneous Arvin for 28 days after operation. This produced a significant lowering of the post operative plasma fibrinogen. The patency rate of the grafts in the treated rabbits was significantly greater than in the control rabbits.", "contents": "Improvement in experimental vascular graft patency by controlled defibrinogenation. A sensitive animal model was used to investigate treatment designed to improve vascular graft patency. A Dacron graft was inserted into the infrarenal vena cava of 30 rabbits. Half were treated with subcutaneous Arvin for 28 days after operation. This produced a significant lowering of the post operative plasma fibrinogen. The patency rate of the grafts in the treated rabbits was significantly greater than in the control rabbits."}
{"id": "PMID:137766", "title": "Inhibiton of neurons in the amygdala by dorsal raphe stimulation: mediation through a direct serotonergic pathway.", "content": "This study presents data showing that the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has a marked inhibitory influence upon neurons in the amygdala and that this inhibitory effect is mediated by a direct DRN-amygdala serotonergic pathway. The evidence may be briefly summarized as follows:(1) on the same amygdaloid cells, both iontophoresis of serotonin (5-HT) and electrical stimulation of the DRN markedly inhibited spontaneous single unit activities; (2) the latency of DRN-induced inhibition was relatively short and is compatible with the conduction velocities (which were determined by antidromic activation of the 5-HT pathway) of unmyelinated 5-HT fibers; (3) destruction of 5-HT projections by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or pharmacological depletion of 5-HT by parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) prevented the inhibitory responsed to DRN stimulation in the great majority of cells studied; (4) in PCPA-pretreated animals, injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) reversed the PCPA effect, restoring the responses of amygdaloid cells to DRN stimulation. In the amygdala, the presumptive 5-HT antagonists which we tested did not block the inhibitory effects of 5-HT except that intravenously administered LSD blocked the inhibitory responses produced by submaximal DRN stimulation. The implications of these results for the possible functions of 5-HT in the amygdala is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibiton of neurons in the amygdala by dorsal raphe stimulation: mediation through a direct serotonergic pathway. This study presents data showing that the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) has a marked inhibitory influence upon neurons in the amygdala and that this inhibitory effect is mediated by a direct DRN-amygdala serotonergic pathway. The evidence may be briefly summarized as follows:(1) on the same amygdaloid cells, both iontophoresis of serotonin (5-HT) and electrical stimulation of the DRN markedly inhibited spontaneous single unit activities; (2) the latency of DRN-induced inhibition was relatively short and is compatible with the conduction velocities (which were determined by antidromic activation of the 5-HT pathway) of unmyelinated 5-HT fibers; (3) destruction of 5-HT projections by 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) or pharmacological depletion of 5-HT by parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) prevented the inhibitory responsed to DRN stimulation in the great majority of cells studied; (4) in PCPA-pretreated animals, injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) reversed the PCPA effect, restoring the responses of amygdaloid cells to DRN stimulation. In the amygdala, the presumptive 5-HT antagonists which we tested did not block the inhibitory effects of 5-HT except that intravenously administered LSD blocked the inhibitory responses produced by submaximal DRN stimulation. The implications of these results for the possible functions of 5-HT in the amygdala is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137770", "title": "Percutaneous radiofrequency lumbar rhizolysis (rhizotomy).", "content": "Low back pain may arise from degenerative changes in the posterior joints of the lumbar spine. These joints are innervated by a branch of the posterior primary ramus, which follows an anatomically constant course. Pain impulses from these joints can be interrupted by coagulating this nerve with a radiofrequency wave, the probe having been placed in the area of the nerve percutaneously. Percutaneous lumbar rhizolysis was carried out under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis in 82 patients, most of whom had multiple level rhizolysis. Rhizolysis was successful in 67% of patients with mechanical low back pain without evidence of disc herniation and nerve-root compression or psychogenic pain, who had not previously undergone an operation for relief of the pain.", "contents": "Percutaneous radiofrequency lumbar rhizolysis (rhizotomy). Low back pain may arise from degenerative changes in the posterior joints of the lumbar spine. These joints are innervated by a branch of the posterior primary ramus, which follows an anatomically constant course. Pain impulses from these joints can be interrupted by coagulating this nerve with a radiofrequency wave, the probe having been placed in the area of the nerve percutaneously. Percutaneous lumbar rhizolysis was carried out under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis in 82 patients, most of whom had multiple level rhizolysis. Rhizolysis was successful in 67% of patients with mechanical low back pain without evidence of disc herniation and nerve-root compression or psychogenic pain, who had not previously undergone an operation for relief of the pain."}
{"id": "PMID:137772", "title": "Comparative physiologic dispositions of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-fluorouracil in mice bearing solid L1210 lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "The physiologic disposition of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR) and its metabolites, in particular the postulated active metabolite, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (FdUMP), has been studied in BDF1 mice bearing 6-day solid L1210 lymphocytic leukemia between 2 and 72 hours after a single iv dose of 14C-2-FUdR at 380 or 760 mg/kg (400-1300 microcuries/kg). FUdR itself was rapidly eliminated from tissues by urinary excretion and metabolism. However, its metabolites, including 5-fluorouracil (FU), persisted for 72 hours in the acid-soluble and -insoluble fractions of tissues. In tumor and small intestine, 60% of the 0- and 72-hour exposure to FdUMP, based on the area under the concentration-time curve, occurred between 24 and 72 hours after dosing. The results are compared with the physiologic disposition of FU after administration at 200 mg/kg iv which is an equimolar dose to FUdR at 380 mg/kg and approximately equitoxic to FUdR at 760 mg/kg. The molar concentrations of total drug equivalents, and of FU itself, after FUdR at 760 mg/kg were comparable to those after FU. However, the concentrations of FdUMP were lower than after FU, whereas the concentrations of drug equivalents incorporated into the acid-insoluble fraction, which includes equivalents incorporated into RNA, were generally higher than after FU. These data are correlated with the comparative antitumor effects and toxicity in mice of the fluorinated pyrimidines and with their clinical effectiveness.", "contents": "Comparative physiologic dispositions of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine and 5-fluorouracil in mice bearing solid L1210 lymphocytic leukemia. The physiologic disposition of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR) and its metabolites, in particular the postulated active metabolite, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine-5'-monophosphate (FdUMP), has been studied in BDF1 mice bearing 6-day solid L1210 lymphocytic leukemia between 2 and 72 hours after a single iv dose of 14C-2-FUdR at 380 or 760 mg/kg (400-1300 microcuries/kg). FUdR itself was rapidly eliminated from tissues by urinary excretion and metabolism. However, its metabolites, including 5-fluorouracil (FU), persisted for 72 hours in the acid-soluble and -insoluble fractions of tissues. In tumor and small intestine, 60% of the 0- and 72-hour exposure to FdUMP, based on the area under the concentration-time curve, occurred between 24 and 72 hours after dosing. The results are compared with the physiologic disposition of FU after administration at 200 mg/kg iv which is an equimolar dose to FUdR at 380 mg/kg and approximately equitoxic to FUdR at 760 mg/kg. The molar concentrations of total drug equivalents, and of FU itself, after FUdR at 760 mg/kg were comparable to those after FU. However, the concentrations of FdUMP were lower than after FU, whereas the concentrations of drug equivalents incorporated into the acid-insoluble fraction, which includes equivalents incorporated into RNA, were generally higher than after FU. These data are correlated with the comparative antitumor effects and toxicity in mice of the fluorinated pyrimidines and with their clinical effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:137773", "title": "Ruthenium red staining of the neural lamella of the brain of Galleria mellonella.", "content": "The outer surface of the neural lamella, the connective tissue ensheathing the brain, shows the ability to bind ruthenium red in the wax moth larva. Ruthenium red-positive material is sensitive to neuraminidase, hyaluronidase and to some extent to phospholipase C, what suggests that the negative charge on the external surface of the neural lamella depends on the presence of the anionic groups of sialic and hyaluronic acids and phospholipids.", "contents": "Ruthenium red staining of the neural lamella of the brain of Galleria mellonella. The outer surface of the neural lamella, the connective tissue ensheathing the brain, shows the ability to bind ruthenium red in the wax moth larva. Ruthenium red-positive material is sensitive to neuraminidase, hyaluronidase and to some extent to phospholipase C, what suggests that the negative charge on the external surface of the neural lamella depends on the presence of the anionic groups of sialic and hyaluronic acids and phospholipids."}
{"id": "PMID:137774", "title": "The ultrastructure and ultracytochemistry of the basement membrane of the Galleria mellonella fat body.", "content": "The fat body lobes of Galleria mellonella are surrounded by basement membrane - a fine granular layer of connective tissue. This membrane has an affinity for ruthernium red. The results obtained after treatment of the fat body with neuraminidase, hyaluronidase, phospholipase C and proteolytic enzymes suggest that glycoproteins and phospholipoproteins are constituents of this basement membrane. The basement membrane also has the ability to bind concanavalin A-peroxidase, which is associated with the presence of mannoside residues.", "contents": "The ultrastructure and ultracytochemistry of the basement membrane of the Galleria mellonella fat body. The fat body lobes of Galleria mellonella are surrounded by basement membrane - a fine granular layer of connective tissue. This membrane has an affinity for ruthernium red. The results obtained after treatment of the fat body with neuraminidase, hyaluronidase, phospholipase C and proteolytic enzymes suggest that glycoproteins and phospholipoproteins are constituents of this basement membrane. The basement membrane also has the ability to bind concanavalin A-peroxidase, which is associated with the presence of mannoside residues."}
{"id": "PMID:137785", "title": "[Functional study of cultured bone cells].", "content": "Osseous cells in culture synthesize and excrete glycosaminoglycans, collagen and alkaline phosphatases, revealed by the classical histochemical reactions. Observation of the living cells iwth the polarizing microscope, after a five day-culture, reveals the presence of micro-crystals of mineral salts only at the level of cells and cellular groupings.", "contents": "[Functional study of cultured bone cells]. Osseous cells in culture synthesize and excrete glycosaminoglycans, collagen and alkaline phosphatases, revealed by the classical histochemical reactions. Observation of the living cells iwth the polarizing microscope, after a five day-culture, reveals the presence of micro-crystals of mineral salts only at the level of cells and cellular groupings."}
{"id": "PMID:137786", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the particles reconstituted by complementation of extracts from chl-r mutants of Escherichia coli K 12].", "content": "By freeze-fracturing it is shown that the vesicles reconstituted by complementation of the chlA and chlB mutants of E. coli K 12 extracts are characterized by an asymmetric membrane bilayer. In a feature quite similar to the original intact plasma membranes, the membrane splits in two halves and the intramembranous particles are asymmetrically distributed on the two facture faces. It is proposed that the process of membrane reconstitution, which is also associated with the restoration of nitrate-reductase activity, relies on a sequence of increasing complexity of the molecular organisation.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the particles reconstituted by complementation of extracts from chl-r mutants of Escherichia coli K 12]. By freeze-fracturing it is shown that the vesicles reconstituted by complementation of the chlA and chlB mutants of E. coli K 12 extracts are characterized by an asymmetric membrane bilayer. In a feature quite similar to the original intact plasma membranes, the membrane splits in two halves and the intramembranous particles are asymmetrically distributed on the two facture faces. It is proposed that the process of membrane reconstitution, which is also associated with the restoration of nitrate-reductase activity, relies on a sequence of increasing complexity of the molecular organisation."}
{"id": "PMID:137787", "title": "Six year review of the results of freehand aortic valve replacement using an antibiotic sterilized homograft valve.", "content": "The long-term behavior of an antibiotic-treated homograft aortic valve inserted in a freehand fashion was assessed in 121 patients operated upon for aortic valve disease and followed from four to six and one-half years. There were seven hospital deaths (5.7%) and 30 late deaths, only one of which was related to the homograft valve. The six year survival was 69% (77% for single valve and 52% for multiple valve surgery). At six years 9% had important homograft aortic valve incompetence (HAVI) and most of these required reoperation. Important HAVI occurred in only 5% of patients with an aortic root diameter less than 24 mm and in 38% of those with a markedly dilated or distorted proximal aorta (P less than 0.01). The freehand aortic homograft was considered superior to prosthetic devices because of the absence of chronic anticoagulation, thromboembolism, sudden death from valve failure and significant obstruction in a small aortic root. With slightly restricted patient selection the valve failure rate is expected to fall to less than 1% per year.", "contents": "Six year review of the results of freehand aortic valve replacement using an antibiotic sterilized homograft valve. The long-term behavior of an antibiotic-treated homograft aortic valve inserted in a freehand fashion was assessed in 121 patients operated upon for aortic valve disease and followed from four to six and one-half years. There were seven hospital deaths (5.7%) and 30 late deaths, only one of which was related to the homograft valve. The six year survival was 69% (77% for single valve and 52% for multiple valve surgery). At six years 9% had important homograft aortic valve incompetence (HAVI) and most of these required reoperation. Important HAVI occurred in only 5% of patients with an aortic root diameter less than 24 mm and in 38% of those with a markedly dilated or distorted proximal aorta (P less than 0.01). The freehand aortic homograft was considered superior to prosthetic devices because of the absence of chronic anticoagulation, thromboembolism, sudden death from valve failure and significant obstruction in a small aortic root. With slightly restricted patient selection the valve failure rate is expected to fall to less than 1% per year."}
{"id": "PMID:137788", "title": "Cystic fibrosis: the effect of medium from cultured cystic fibrosis fibroblasts on ATPase activity.", "content": "Culture medium from fibroblasts of cystic fibrosis patients and controls was examined for the ability to inhibit (calcium plus magnesium)-activated ATPase and (sodium plus potassium)-activated ATPase. The ATPase systems used were both a solubilised preparation from dog-fish and a membrane associated preparation from human erythrocyes. Contrary to other reports the medium from cystic fibrosis fibroblasts did not inhibit ATPase activity.", "contents": "Cystic fibrosis: the effect of medium from cultured cystic fibrosis fibroblasts on ATPase activity. Culture medium from fibroblasts of cystic fibrosis patients and controls was examined for the ability to inhibit (calcium plus magnesium)-activated ATPase and (sodium plus potassium)-activated ATPase. The ATPase systems used were both a solubilised preparation from dog-fish and a membrane associated preparation from human erythrocyes. Contrary to other reports the medium from cystic fibrosis fibroblasts did not inhibit ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:137789", "title": "Passive transfer of autoimmune aspermogenic orchiepididymitis (AIAO) by antispermatozoa sera. Influence of the type of autoantigen and of the class of antibody.", "content": "Three different autoantigens (S, P and T), extracted and separated from guinea-pig spermatozoa, give rise to an autoimmune aspermogenic orchitis (AIAO) when injected with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). They also induce specific antibodies, such as anaphylactic (with S and P), complement-fixing (with P and T), spermotoxic (only with T) and precipitating and Arthus-inducing antibodies (only with P). Passive transfer of AIAO was attempted by injections of high total doses (15-20 ml per animal) of immune sera directed against one of the three antigens. Successful passive transfers were evaluated by the intensity of the epididymal and testicular lesions which were comparable to the actively induced ones, and by the rapid appearance of these lesions in less than 1 week and their lasting for at least 2 weeks. The disease was passively transferred with anti-P immune sera in as many as 64% of these cases and up to 40% with anti-T immune sera. Anti-S sera did not transfer AIAO more than did control normal and anti-DNP-BGG guinea-pig sera. The incidence and intensity of lesions were greatly for anti-P or slightly for anti-T increased by pretreating the future recipients with FCA. Hyperimmune sera are considerably more effective than early sera even when the latter are used in a time sequence reproducing that of the active reaction. The orchitogenic acitvity of anti-T sera appears to be localized in IgG2 DEAE fractions while that of anti-P has been found only in Ig1-containing DEAE fractions.", "contents": "Passive transfer of autoimmune aspermogenic orchiepididymitis (AIAO) by antispermatozoa sera. Influence of the type of autoantigen and of the class of antibody. Three different autoantigens (S, P and T), extracted and separated from guinea-pig spermatozoa, give rise to an autoimmune aspermogenic orchitis (AIAO) when injected with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). They also induce specific antibodies, such as anaphylactic (with S and P), complement-fixing (with P and T), spermotoxic (only with T) and precipitating and Arthus-inducing antibodies (only with P). Passive transfer of AIAO was attempted by injections of high total doses (15-20 ml per animal) of immune sera directed against one of the three antigens. Successful passive transfers were evaluated by the intensity of the epididymal and testicular lesions which were comparable to the actively induced ones, and by the rapid appearance of these lesions in less than 1 week and their lasting for at least 2 weeks. The disease was passively transferred with anti-P immune sera in as many as 64% of these cases and up to 40% with anti-T immune sera. Anti-S sera did not transfer AIAO more than did control normal and anti-DNP-BGG guinea-pig sera. The incidence and intensity of lesions were greatly for anti-P or slightly for anti-T increased by pretreating the future recipients with FCA. Hyperimmune sera are considerably more effective than early sera even when the latter are used in a time sequence reproducing that of the active reaction. The orchitogenic acitvity of anti-T sera appears to be localized in IgG2 DEAE fractions while that of anti-P has been found only in Ig1-containing DEAE fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:137790", "title": "Generation of activated lymphocytes. Analysis of giant SRBC rosettes.", "content": "Giant SRBC rosette-forming cells were detected in samples of mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. When the concentrations of mitogens were varied, the amount of [3H]TdR incorporated by the lymphocytes also varied. In general, the higher the amount of [3H]TdR incorporated, the higher were the percentages of giant rosettes. Hence the percentages of rosettes constituted a reliable index of mitogenic responses. Lymphocytes were stimulated by mitogens and cultured in the presence of cardiac glycosides or inhibitors of the synthesis of DNA, RNA or protein. The generation of giant SRBC rosette-forming cells was found to be dependent on RNA and protein synthesis and the integrity of membrane Na+ K+ ATPase, but not on DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Generation of activated lymphocytes. Analysis of giant SRBC rosettes. Giant SRBC rosette-forming cells were detected in samples of mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. When the concentrations of mitogens were varied, the amount of [3H]TdR incorporated by the lymphocytes also varied. In general, the higher the amount of [3H]TdR incorporated, the higher were the percentages of giant rosettes. Hence the percentages of rosettes constituted a reliable index of mitogenic responses. Lymphocytes were stimulated by mitogens and cultured in the presence of cardiac glycosides or inhibitors of the synthesis of DNA, RNA or protein. The generation of giant SRBC rosette-forming cells was found to be dependent on RNA and protein synthesis and the integrity of membrane Na+ K+ ATPase, but not on DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:137791", "title": "Lymphocyte tissue culture studies on human heart transplant recipients. III. Prediction of outcome of transplantation based on immunologic studies.", "content": "Using in vitro lymphocyte tissue culture screening tests human heart transplant recipients during the academic year 1973/1974 were evaluated and an attempt made to predict their post-operative rejection course. The tests involved screening for serum depressive factors and screening for the recipient's lymphocyte reactivity. A scoring system was devised whereby the laboratory results could be converted to a predicted rejection score. Of the nine patients studied, eight are still doing well. Three recipient's who had a high postoperative rejection score as determined by an independent clinical team, were correctly identified pre-operatively and one of them had to be retransplanted. These screening tests may be helpful in the future in the selection of recipients.", "contents": "Lymphocyte tissue culture studies on human heart transplant recipients. III. Prediction of outcome of transplantation based on immunologic studies. Using in vitro lymphocyte tissue culture screening tests human heart transplant recipients during the academic year 1973/1974 were evaluated and an attempt made to predict their post-operative rejection course. The tests involved screening for serum depressive factors and screening for the recipient's lymphocyte reactivity. A scoring system was devised whereby the laboratory results could be converted to a predicted rejection score. Of the nine patients studied, eight are still doing well. Three recipient's who had a high postoperative rejection score as determined by an independent clinical team, were correctly identified pre-operatively and one of them had to be retransplanted. These screening tests may be helpful in the future in the selection of recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:137793", "title": "The haemodynamic effect of an intracranial arteriovenous anomaly. A Doppler-haematotachographic study.", "content": "Determination of the mean blood flow velocity by means of Doppler haematotachography is suggested as an aid in evaluating the haemodynamic changes associated with an intracranial arteriovenous anomaly. A Doppler haematotachogram (HTG) was obtained in 13 patients with a radiologically diagnosed arteriovenous anomaly, with marked interindividual variations in dimensions and blood supply; in 6 of these patients the Doppler HTG was obtained before and after total neurosurgical extirpation. The large majority of the patients showed a significant increase in diastolic, and to a lesser degree in systolic flow velocity at the level of the common carotid artery. In most cases the flow velocity curve of the ophthalmic artery showed a decrease in amplitude. These are the most useful parameters in evaluating the haemodynamic effect of an intracranial arteriovenous anomaly. After the surgical removal of the anomaly, the carotid flow velocity decreased significantly. In the internal and external jugular veins, Doppler-haematotachographic pulse waves were registered for the first time. These may have been conducted from the internal carotid artery to the jugular veins via the arteriovenous anomaly. The usefulness of this parameter is reduced because of the cumbersome calculations required to determine the time within which an arterial pulse wave conducted via the arteriovenous anomaly reaches the jugular vein. Registration of this unusual pulse wave is solely of theoretical value.", "contents": "The haemodynamic effect of an intracranial arteriovenous anomaly. A Doppler-haematotachographic study. Determination of the mean blood flow velocity by means of Doppler haematotachography is suggested as an aid in evaluating the haemodynamic changes associated with an intracranial arteriovenous anomaly. A Doppler haematotachogram (HTG) was obtained in 13 patients with a radiologically diagnosed arteriovenous anomaly, with marked interindividual variations in dimensions and blood supply; in 6 of these patients the Doppler HTG was obtained before and after total neurosurgical extirpation. The large majority of the patients showed a significant increase in diastolic, and to a lesser degree in systolic flow velocity at the level of the common carotid artery. In most cases the flow velocity curve of the ophthalmic artery showed a decrease in amplitude. These are the most useful parameters in evaluating the haemodynamic effect of an intracranial arteriovenous anomaly. After the surgical removal of the anomaly, the carotid flow velocity decreased significantly. In the internal and external jugular veins, Doppler-haematotachographic pulse waves were registered for the first time. These may have been conducted from the internal carotid artery to the jugular veins via the arteriovenous anomaly. The usefulness of this parameter is reduced because of the cumbersome calculations required to determine the time within which an arterial pulse wave conducted via the arteriovenous anomaly reaches the jugular vein. Registration of this unusual pulse wave is solely of theoretical value."}
{"id": "PMID:137794", "title": "Sodium valproate in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "In a single-case study of Huntington's Chorea the effect of sodium valproate on motor behaviour was first compared with that of L-Dopa and than investigated further alone. Drug effect was assessed in terms of number of EMG-bursts with concurrent determinations of serum-levels of sodium valproate. The main result of this study was the development of a state of tolerance to sodium valproate.", "contents": "Sodium valproate in Huntington's chorea. In a single-case study of Huntington's Chorea the effect of sodium valproate on motor behaviour was first compared with that of L-Dopa and than investigated further alone. Drug effect was assessed in terms of number of EMG-bursts with concurrent determinations of serum-levels of sodium valproate. The main result of this study was the development of a state of tolerance to sodium valproate."}
{"id": "PMID:137796", "title": "Normal lymphocyte function in the presence of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.", "content": "Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), the psychoactive component of marijuana, in concentrations of 0.6 X 10(-4) M to 10.6 X 10(-4) M, has no effect on the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis of resting normal human lymphocytes or on their responses to phytohemagglutinin or to allogeneic lymphocytes.", "contents": "Normal lymphocyte function in the presence of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (delta-9-THC), the psychoactive component of marijuana, in concentrations of 0.6 X 10(-4) M to 10.6 X 10(-4) M, has no effect on the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis of resting normal human lymphocytes or on their responses to phytohemagglutinin or to allogeneic lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:137797", "title": "Renal hypertrophy in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.", "content": "1. Kidney weight and content of protein, RNA and DNA were measured in rats with streptozotocin diabetes of varying duration. 2. Diabetic rats had larger  kidneys than control rats: after 3 days of diabetes the weight increase was 15 per cent and after 42 days of diabetes it was 90 per cent. The protein content rose in parallel to the weight. 3 RNA content was already increased after 36 h of glycosuria, whereas DNA content was unchanged for the first 3 days of diabetes, and increased thereafter. The protein/DNA ratio increased rapidly during the first 3 days but remained constant thereafter. 4. Insulin treatment decreased the renal weight gain by about 67 per cent during the first 8 days of diabetes, but did not prevent the increase in DNA. When insulin was started after 25 days of diabetes there was only a slight regression of kidney growth.", "contents": "Renal hypertrophy in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. 1. Kidney weight and content of protein, RNA and DNA were measured in rats with streptozotocin diabetes of varying duration. 2. Diabetic rats had larger  kidneys than control rats: after 3 days of diabetes the weight increase was 15 per cent and after 42 days of diabetes it was 90 per cent. The protein content rose in parallel to the weight. 3 RNA content was already increased after 36 h of glycosuria, whereas DNA content was unchanged for the first 3 days of diabetes, and increased thereafter. The protein/DNA ratio increased rapidly during the first 3 days but remained constant thereafter. 4. Insulin treatment decreased the renal weight gain by about 67 per cent during the first 8 days of diabetes, but did not prevent the increase in DNA. When insulin was started after 25 days of diabetes there was only a slight regression of kidney growth."}
{"id": "PMID:137798", "title": "Estimation of protein-ligand binding parameters from contiuous ultrafiltration results.", "content": "A method of analyzing the result of continuous ultrafiltration experiments to obtain protein-ligand binding parameters is presented. This method employs a nonlinear least-squares regression algorithm coupled with a model of protein-ligand binding which alloww the computation of free ligand concentrations, and a second-order Runge-Kutta method to integrate free concentrations with respect to collected ultrafiltrate. The approach is general and effectively removes the constraints on maximum fraction size imposed by other methods.", "contents": "Estimation of protein-ligand binding parameters from contiuous ultrafiltration results. A method of analyzing the result of continuous ultrafiltration experiments to obtain protein-ligand binding parameters is presented. This method employs a nonlinear least-squares regression algorithm coupled with a model of protein-ligand binding which alloww the computation of free ligand concentrations, and a second-order Runge-Kutta method to integrate free concentrations with respect to collected ultrafiltrate. The approach is general and effectively removes the constraints on maximum fraction size imposed by other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:137803", "title": "The activity of four antimicrobial agents. Including three nitroimidazole compounds, against Bacteroides sp.", "content": "Forty strains of Bacteroides sp. were tested against three nitroimidazole compounds, metronidazole, tinidazole and nimorazole and the aminoglycosidic antibiotic spectinomycin. The effect of altering the inoculum and the presence of serum upon the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also noted. The three nitroimidazole compounds were all very active (average MIC = circa 0.25 mg/l). Tinidazole was twofold more active. The MIC of spectinomycin was 32 mg/l.", "contents": "The activity of four antimicrobial agents. Including three nitroimidazole compounds, against Bacteroides sp. Forty strains of Bacteroides sp. were tested against three nitroimidazole compounds, metronidazole, tinidazole and nimorazole and the aminoglycosidic antibiotic spectinomycin. The effect of altering the inoculum and the presence of serum upon the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was also noted. The three nitroimidazole compounds were all very active (average MIC = circa 0.25 mg/l). Tinidazole was twofold more active. The MIC of spectinomycin was 32 mg/l."}
{"id": "PMID:137806", "title": "[Treatment of iliac artery stenosis with low dose streptokinase (author's transl)].", "content": "Ten patients with 13 stenoses in the pelvic area were treated with low doses of streptokinase (30 000 U/h) for 72 hours. A significant improvement in the degree of stenosis was obtained as shown by post-stenotic pressure values. Biochemically there was a marked plasminaemia with moderately low fibrinogen levels. Streptokinase treatment with low doses could form an alternative method of treatment in arterial stenoses.", "contents": "[Treatment of iliac artery stenosis with low dose streptokinase (author's transl)]. Ten patients with 13 stenoses in the pelvic area were treated with low doses of streptokinase (30 000 U/h) for 72 hours. A significant improvement in the degree of stenosis was obtained as shown by post-stenotic pressure values. Biochemically there was a marked plasminaemia with moderately low fibrinogen levels. Streptokinase treatment with low doses could form an alternative method of treatment in arterial stenoses."}
{"id": "PMID:137808", "title": "Steroid hormone formation in human ovarian follicles in vitro.", "content": "Ovarian follicles of 5 to 15 mm in diameter were isolated from 45 ovaries of 34 patients in the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle. Three experiments were done. In the first, follicles were minced and incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 1 to 2muCi of testosterone-4-14C in the presence or absence of 100 IU human chorionic gonadotropan (hCG). In the second, minced follicles were incubated with 100 muCi of sodium acetate-I-14C under identical conditions. In the third, ten follicles from a single patient in the late proliferative stage of endometrial dating were cut in halves and incubated with 100 muCi of acetate-I-14C under identical conditions. The minced follicle preparation was capable of aromatizing testosterone-4-14C into radioactive estrone and estradiol in significant amounts. Incorporation of radioactive acetate into pregenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol and estrone was assessed by reverse dilution analysis with recrystallization to constant specific activity. The major radioactive products formed were androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the latter two experiments. Dehydroepiandrosterone was one of the major steroids in the second experiment. The minor products were testosterone, progesterone and pregnenolone. Smaller, but definite incorporations of radioactive acetate into estradiol and estrone occurred in the second experiment. On histological examination, the follicles were characterized by atretic changes. This distribution pattern of radioactive acetate among the steroids was considered to represent the steroidogenic profile of unstimulated or atretic follicles.", "contents": "Steroid hormone formation in human ovarian follicles in vitro. Ovarian follicles of 5 to 15 mm in diameter were isolated from 45 ovaries of 34 patients in the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle. Three experiments were done. In the first, follicles were minced and incubated in Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate buffer containing 1 to 2muCi of testosterone-4-14C in the presence or absence of 100 IU human chorionic gonadotropan (hCG). In the second, minced follicles were incubated with 100 muCi of sodium acetate-I-14C under identical conditions. In the third, ten follicles from a single patient in the late proliferative stage of endometrial dating were cut in halves and incubated with 100 muCi of acetate-I-14C under identical conditions. The minced follicle preparation was capable of aromatizing testosterone-4-14C into radioactive estrone and estradiol in significant amounts. Incorporation of radioactive acetate into pregenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol and estrone was assessed by reverse dilution analysis with recrystallization to constant specific activity. The major radioactive products formed were androstenedione and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the latter two experiments. Dehydroepiandrosterone was one of the major steroids in the second experiment. The minor products were testosterone, progesterone and pregnenolone. Smaller, but definite incorporations of radioactive acetate into estradiol and estrone occurred in the second experiment. On histological examination, the follicles were characterized by atretic changes. This distribution pattern of radioactive acetate among the steroids was considered to represent the steroidogenic profile of unstimulated or atretic follicles."}
{"id": "PMID:137809", "title": "Inhibition of actomyosin ATPase by high concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Possible basis of lesion in 5HT-induced experimental myopathy.", "content": "The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) on the ATPase activity and sulphydryl group reactivity of mammalian skeletal muscle actomyosin has been studied. 5HT inhibited the Mg2+-activated but not the Ca2+-activated ATPase activity of actomyosin. It slightly activated myosin ATPase. The sulphydryl groups of actomyosin reacting with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) were blocked by concentrations of 5HT which inhibited the Mg2+-activated ATPase. The significance of the results are discussed in relation to the muscle lesions in the experimental myopathy induced by 5HT and imipramine.", "contents": "Inhibition of actomyosin ATPase by high concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine. Possible basis of lesion in 5HT-induced experimental myopathy. The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) on the ATPase activity and sulphydryl group reactivity of mammalian skeletal muscle actomyosin has been studied. 5HT inhibited the Mg2+-activated but not the Ca2+-activated ATPase activity of actomyosin. It slightly activated myosin ATPase. The sulphydryl groups of actomyosin reacting with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) were blocked by concentrations of 5HT which inhibited the Mg2+-activated ATPase. The significance of the results are discussed in relation to the muscle lesions in the experimental myopathy induced by 5HT and imipramine."}
{"id": "PMID:137804", "title": "Pyoderma gangrenosum in Crohn's disease: report of a case.", "content": "A case of pyoderma gangrenosum of the abdominal wall occurring in a patient with histologically proven Crohn's disease of the colon is described. An aggressive surgical approach (wide excision with delayed skin grafting) resulted in rapid healing of the abdominal wall. Subsequent colectomy through the previously involved abdominal site was accomplished without complication.", "contents": "Pyoderma gangrenosum in Crohn's disease: report of a case. A case of pyoderma gangrenosum of the abdominal wall occurring in a patient with histologically proven Crohn's disease of the colon is described. An aggressive surgical approach (wide excision with delayed skin grafting) resulted in rapid healing of the abdominal wall. Subsequent colectomy through the previously involved abdominal site was accomplished without complication."}
{"id": "PMID:137810", "title": "On the influence of age on immunity in Down's syndrome.", "content": "In 23 subjects of different ages with Down's syndrome a number of parameters of non-specific defense of humoral and cellular immunity were investigated. While in all age groups complement factors C3, C4 and C5 as well as phagocytosis and NBT indices were in the normal range, a dysgammaglobulinaemia increasing with age with a hyperglobulinaemia of the IgG, IgA and IgD types was found, sparing immunoglobulins IgM and IgE. In addition the transformation capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes decreased with age. This is understood as the consequence of premature aging of the thymus-dependent immune system.", "contents": "On the influence of age on immunity in Down's syndrome. In 23 subjects of different ages with Down's syndrome a number of parameters of non-specific defense of humoral and cellular immunity were investigated. While in all age groups complement factors C3, C4 and C5 as well as phagocytosis and NBT indices were in the normal range, a dysgammaglobulinaemia increasing with age with a hyperglobulinaemia of the IgG, IgA and IgD types was found, sparing immunoglobulins IgM and IgE. In addition the transformation capacity of peripheral blood lymphocytes decreased with age. This is understood as the consequence of premature aging of the thymus-dependent immune system."}
{"id": "PMID:137814", "title": "The influence of catecholamines and serotonin on histamine uptake and metabolism by guinea pig atrium.", "content": "The influence of serotonin and catecholamines on the uptake and metabolism of 14C-histamine by isolated guinea pig atrium has been investigated. Epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin were found to reduce the histamine uptake and the formation of methylhistamine, in a dose-dependent fashion. The order of potency was epinephrine greater than norepinephrine greater than serotonin. Aliphatic diamines, such as spermine, do not affect the accumulation and metabolism of histamine. It is suggested that serotonin and catecholamines, may enhance histamine responses by decreasing the uptake and metabolism of this amine.", "contents": "The influence of catecholamines and serotonin on histamine uptake and metabolism by guinea pig atrium. The influence of serotonin and catecholamines on the uptake and metabolism of 14C-histamine by isolated guinea pig atrium has been investigated. Epinephrine, norepinephrine and serotonin were found to reduce the histamine uptake and the formation of methylhistamine, in a dose-dependent fashion. The order of potency was epinephrine greater than norepinephrine greater than serotonin. Aliphatic diamines, such as spermine, do not affect the accumulation and metabolism of histamine. It is suggested that serotonin and catecholamines, may enhance histamine responses by decreasing the uptake and metabolism of this amine."}
{"id": "PMID:137815", "title": "The induction of mounting behavior in female rats by p-chlorophenylalanine.", "content": "The effect of p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) and testosterone propionate (TP) on mounting behavior of ovariectomized female rats towards receptive and non-receptive stimulus females was studied. Both pCPA and TP facilitated mounting and the effect was intensified when these compounds were administered together. pCPA increased mounting behavior in the non-receptive stimulus condition. The results are interpreted as further evidence that pCPA affects sexual behavior in two ways: at first by a direct influence on the neutral substrate underlying masculine sexual behavior, and secondly by changing information processing of the sensory input from the partner.", "contents": "The induction of mounting behavior in female rats by p-chlorophenylalanine. The effect of p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) and testosterone propionate (TP) on mounting behavior of ovariectomized female rats towards receptive and non-receptive stimulus females was studied. Both pCPA and TP facilitated mounting and the effect was intensified when these compounds were administered together. pCPA increased mounting behavior in the non-receptive stimulus condition. The results are interpreted as further evidence that pCPA affects sexual behavior in two ways: at first by a direct influence on the neutral substrate underlying masculine sexual behavior, and secondly by changing information processing of the sensory input from the partner."}
{"id": "PMID:137820", "title": "Regional training program of laparoscopy: impact on regional care.", "content": "In response to large numbers of requests for laparoscopic sterilization, the University of North Carolina began a training program to provide this service on a regional basis throughout the state. This report reviews the final distribution of centers providing these services: one within 50 miles of every person in the state. The clinical experience of 30 private physicians (excluding experience of residency training programs) was reviewed and found to parallel the national experience in provision of services, in complications, and in pregnancies. The brief but intense training program (2 days at the University of North Carolina and one morning at the physician's hospital) was found to result in rates of complications and failures similar to national levels of performance. Should the demand for laparoscopic sterilization increase in the coming years, the region has sufficient numbers of safely trained physicians to respond.", "contents": "Regional training program of laparoscopy: impact on regional care. In response to large numbers of requests for laparoscopic sterilization, the University of North Carolina began a training program to provide this service on a regional basis throughout the state. This report reviews the final distribution of centers providing these services: one within 50 miles of every person in the state. The clinical experience of 30 private physicians (excluding experience of residency training programs) was reviewed and found to parallel the national experience in provision of services, in complications, and in pregnancies. The brief but intense training program (2 days at the University of North Carolina and one morning at the physician's hospital) was found to result in rates of complications and failures similar to national levels of performance. Should the demand for laparoscopic sterilization increase in the coming years, the region has sufficient numbers of safely trained physicians to respond."}
{"id": "PMID:137822", "title": "[Mechanical activity of the papillary muscles of the rat heart under high altitude conditions].", "content": "Mechanical activity of isolated papillary muscles in the left ventricle of rats was studied during permanent high altitude adaptation. The main computer parameters were: maximal developing tension, force of contraction, and capacity of papillary muscles at different periods of mountain adaptation (3, 15, 30 and 45 days). On the 15th day of mountain exposure, a statistically significant increase of maximal developing tension and papillary muscles activity was observed, which remained until the 45th day. Capacity was considerably increased on the 30th--45th day of adaptation. The data suggest positive effect of high altitude hypoxia on inotropic function of intact myocardium.", "contents": "[Mechanical activity of the papillary muscles of the rat heart under high altitude conditions]. Mechanical activity of isolated papillary muscles in the left ventricle of rats was studied during permanent high altitude adaptation. The main computer parameters were: maximal developing tension, force of contraction, and capacity of papillary muscles at different periods of mountain adaptation (3, 15, 30 and 45 days). On the 15th day of mountain exposure, a statistically significant increase of maximal developing tension and papillary muscles activity was observed, which remained until the 45th day. Capacity was considerably increased on the 30th--45th day of adaptation. The data suggest positive effect of high altitude hypoxia on inotropic function of intact myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:137826", "title": "[Myocardial \"bridges\". A new pathogenetic problem in angina without coronary obstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "Six patients showing at coronary angiography normal coronary arteries during dyastole, but a segmental constriction of the left anterior descending artery during systole, were studied. Four of these patients in which the degree of systolic artery narrowing was more evident had typical angina and positive stress test. In two of these cases, a probable idiopathic cardiac hypertrophy was present. The pathogenetic significance of the angiographic findings are discussed, on the basis of common knowledge of coronary physiology and of pathophysiology of angina with normal coronary arteries.", "contents": "[Myocardial \"bridges\". A new pathogenetic problem in angina without coronary obstruction (author's transl)]. Six patients showing at coronary angiography normal coronary arteries during dyastole, but a segmental constriction of the left anterior descending artery during systole, were studied. Four of these patients in which the degree of systolic artery narrowing was more evident had typical angina and positive stress test. In two of these cases, a probable idiopathic cardiac hypertrophy was present. The pathogenetic significance of the angiographic findings are discussed, on the basis of common knowledge of coronary physiology and of pathophysiology of angina with normal coronary arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:137827", "title": "[An evaluation of right ventricular compliance (author's transl)].", "content": "Right ventricular \"compliance\" and \"stiffness\" in a casuistry of 51 patients were studied with varied pressure loads, using the \"specific compliance\" (SC) index proposed by Smith and coll. (1974) for the left ventricle and the \"stiffness\" constant proposed by Gaasch and coll. (1972, 1975). The pateints were subdivided according to a hemodynamic criterion, on the basis of telediastolic volume values (RVEDV) and telediastolic pressure (RVEDP) of the right ventricle. The average \"specific compliance\" was 0.1203 +/- 0.0283 in patients with RVEDP below or equal to 7 mmHg and 0.0517 +/- 0.0269 in those with RVEDP greater than 7 mmHg. In these two groups, the respective average values of the \"stiffness\" constant were 0.0136 +/- 0.0007 and 0.0210 +/- 0.0016. Comparison of the groups showed a significant statistical difference among the indices. In the subdivision into groups with telediastolic volume, the average SC values were respectively 0.0832 +/- 0.0083 in the patients with RVEDV below 150 ml/m2; 0.1131 +/- 0.0375 in the patients with RVEDV between 150 and 200 ml/m2; 0.0650 +/- 0.0132 in the patients with RVEDV above 200 ml/m2. None of the three groups demonstrated statistically significant differences. In the telediastolic volume groups, the average values of the \"stiffness constant\" were respectively: 0.0235 +/- 0.0020; 0.149 +/- 0.0007; 0.0117 +/- 0.0006. A comparison of the three groups showed statistically significant differences for this index. The authors consider that in pressure overloading of the right ventricle with different etiopathogenesis of \"stiffness\" and \"compliance\" indices, based on the measuring of volume and pressure, are unable to give absolute measuring of the physical characteristics of the ventricular walls. Thus, recourse to methods that can evaluate wall \"stress\" are necessary. However, the parametres considered are quite useful for indicating the variations of ventricular distensibility in homogenous casuistries and are therefore comparable.", "contents": "[An evaluation of right ventricular compliance (author's transl)]. Right ventricular \"compliance\" and \"stiffness\" in a casuistry of 51 patients were studied with varied pressure loads, using the \"specific compliance\" (SC) index proposed by Smith and coll. (1974) for the left ventricle and the \"stiffness\" constant proposed by Gaasch and coll. (1972, 1975). The pateints were subdivided according to a hemodynamic criterion, on the basis of telediastolic volume values (RVEDV) and telediastolic pressure (RVEDP) of the right ventricle. The average \"specific compliance\" was 0.1203 +/- 0.0283 in patients with RVEDP below or equal to 7 mmHg and 0.0517 +/- 0.0269 in those with RVEDP greater than 7 mmHg. In these two groups, the respective average values of the \"stiffness\" constant were 0.0136 +/- 0.0007 and 0.0210 +/- 0.0016. Comparison of the groups showed a significant statistical difference among the indices. In the subdivision into groups with telediastolic volume, the average SC values were respectively 0.0832 +/- 0.0083 in the patients with RVEDV below 150 ml/m2; 0.1131 +/- 0.0375 in the patients with RVEDV between 150 and 200 ml/m2; 0.0650 +/- 0.0132 in the patients with RVEDV above 200 ml/m2. None of the three groups demonstrated statistically significant differences. In the telediastolic volume groups, the average values of the \"stiffness constant\" were respectively: 0.0235 +/- 0.0020; 0.149 +/- 0.0007; 0.0117 +/- 0.0006. A comparison of the three groups showed statistically significant differences for this index. The authors consider that in pressure overloading of the right ventricle with different etiopathogenesis of \"stiffness\" and \"compliance\" indices, based on the measuring of volume and pressure, are unable to give absolute measuring of the physical characteristics of the ventricular walls. Thus, recourse to methods that can evaluate wall \"stress\" are necessary. However, the parametres considered are quite useful for indicating the variations of ventricular distensibility in homogenous casuistries and are therefore comparable."}
{"id": "PMID:137828", "title": "Na+ transport in jejunal crypt cells.", "content": "As enterocytes migrate from crypts to villi they differentiate and mature. To examine the effect of epithelial differentiation on ion transport we studied 22Na+ efflux and (Na+--K+)-adenosine triphosphatase activity in suspensions of epithelial cells selectively isolated from different regions of the villus to compare crypt cells with villous tip cells. Enterocytes were isolated from rat jejunum by a dilation-vibration technique. Thymidine kinase, sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were measured as markers of specific cell populations. Compared to villous cells, cells from the crypt region demonstrated lower (Na\"--K+)-adenosine triphosphatase activity, lower total and passive Na+ efflux rate constants, and failure of Na+ transport to respond to an actively transported nonelectrolyte.", "contents": "Na+ transport in jejunal crypt cells. As enterocytes migrate from crypts to villi they differentiate and mature. To examine the effect of epithelial differentiation on ion transport we studied 22Na+ efflux and (Na+--K+)-adenosine triphosphatase activity in suspensions of epithelial cells selectively isolated from different regions of the villus to compare crypt cells with villous tip cells. Enterocytes were isolated from rat jejunum by a dilation-vibration technique. Thymidine kinase, sucrase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were measured as markers of specific cell populations. Compared to villous cells, cells from the crypt region demonstrated lower (Na\"--K+)-adenosine triphosphatase activity, lower total and passive Na+ efflux rate constants, and failure of Na+ transport to respond to an actively transported nonelectrolyte."}
{"id": "PMID:137824", "title": "[The relationship between systolic time intervals and the electrocardiographic pattern in essential hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Systolic time intervals at rest and after exercise were studied in 56 patients with essential hypertension. The patients were divided into groups according to the presence or absence at rest of electrocardiographic patterns of left atrial hypertrophy, and left ventricular strain. An impaired left ventricular function was shown, at rest and after exercise, in patients who had an electrocardiographic pattern of \"left ventricular strain\".", "contents": "[The relationship between systolic time intervals and the electrocardiographic pattern in essential hypertension (author's transl)]. Systolic time intervals at rest and after exercise were studied in 56 patients with essential hypertension. The patients were divided into groups according to the presence or absence at rest of electrocardiographic patterns of left atrial hypertrophy, and left ventricular strain. An impaired left ventricular function was shown, at rest and after exercise, in patients who had an electrocardiographic pattern of \"left ventricular strain\"."}
{"id": "PMID:137829", "title": "[Hereditary polymorphism in the haptoglobin system of schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects].", "content": "Hereditary polymorphism of haptoglobin is studied by means of starch gel electrophoresis in schizophrenic patients (200 persons) and in healthy people (154 persons), in habitants of Minsk. It is concluded that Minsk inhabitants do not differ considerably from the rest European population in their frequencies of haptoglobin alleles. No reliable differences in the distribution of haptoglobin genotypes were found between patients and healthy persons. However, hereditary types of haptoglobins turned to be markers of the course and the prognosis of schizophrenia.", "contents": "[Hereditary polymorphism in the haptoglobin system of schizophrenic patients and healthy subjects]. Hereditary polymorphism of haptoglobin is studied by means of starch gel electrophoresis in schizophrenic patients (200 persons) and in healthy people (154 persons), in habitants of Minsk. It is concluded that Minsk inhabitants do not differ considerably from the rest European population in their frequencies of haptoglobin alleles. No reliable differences in the distribution of haptoglobin genotypes were found between patients and healthy persons. However, hereditary types of haptoglobins turned to be markers of the course and the prognosis of schizophrenia."}
{"id": "PMID:137838", "title": "Fourier analysis of the cranium in trisomy 21.", "content": "A comparative study of individuals exhibiting the trisomy 21 syndrome (Down's) and a normal group has shown statistically significant differences in cranial shape (norma lateralis). These differences illustrate the departure from normal growth seen in individuals displaying the trisomy 21 syndrome. Fourier analysis is a preferred method since it is more efficient than conventional techniques in the analysis of complex shapes. Fourier analysis is also attractive because the series terms are orthogonal, hence independent; further, the Fourier approach allows for the control of size differences. A three-way analysis of variance was used to test for significant differences between mean Fourier coefficients. The results showed significant difference between individuals with trisomy 21 and controls. Age differences were also significant, only sex differences tended to be non-significant. Finally, the trisomy 21 sample is twice as variable as the controls.", "contents": "Fourier analysis of the cranium in trisomy 21. A comparative study of individuals exhibiting the trisomy 21 syndrome (Down's) and a normal group has shown statistically significant differences in cranial shape (norma lateralis). These differences illustrate the departure from normal growth seen in individuals displaying the trisomy 21 syndrome. Fourier analysis is a preferred method since it is more efficient than conventional techniques in the analysis of complex shapes. Fourier analysis is also attractive because the series terms are orthogonal, hence independent; further, the Fourier approach allows for the control of size differences. A three-way analysis of variance was used to test for significant differences between mean Fourier coefficients. The results showed significant difference between individuals with trisomy 21 and controls. Age differences were also significant, only sex differences tended to be non-significant. Finally, the trisomy 21 sample is twice as variable as the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:137840", "title": "Surface features of cells in human lymphoproliferative disorders. An immunoelectron microscopy study.", "content": "Peroxidase conjugated antibodies were applied to cell suspensions in order to detect surface associated immunoglobulins. Cell suspensions were fixed prior to incubation with reagents, a procedure avoiding membrane alterations induced by antibodies to surface component. By immunoelectron microscopy an identification of B lymphocytes could be made with simultaneous observation of their surface architecture. Basic findings were that normal circulating human B lymphocytes had a villous surface. This relationship was not confirmed however by examinating samples from various B and T cell proliferations establishing that surface morphology is not sufficient to categorize cells in disease. Specimens from hairy cell leukemia were also examined. Despite salient surface characteristics as revealed by the present method, the categorization of cells remains unclear.", "contents": "Surface features of cells in human lymphoproliferative disorders. An immunoelectron microscopy study. Peroxidase conjugated antibodies were applied to cell suspensions in order to detect surface associated immunoglobulins. Cell suspensions were fixed prior to incubation with reagents, a procedure avoiding membrane alterations induced by antibodies to surface component. By immunoelectron microscopy an identification of B lymphocytes could be made with simultaneous observation of their surface architecture. Basic findings were that normal circulating human B lymphocytes had a villous surface. This relationship was not confirmed however by examinating samples from various B and T cell proliferations establishing that surface morphology is not sufficient to categorize cells in disease. Specimens from hairy cell leukemia were also examined. Despite salient surface characteristics as revealed by the present method, the categorization of cells remains unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:137841", "title": "Leucocyte migration in presence of leukaemia-associated antigens in children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "The effect of leukaemia-associated antigens prepared from leukaemic lymphoblasts and myeloblasts has been studied on the migration of peripheral leucocytes obtained from children with Down's syndrome. Membrane extract from leukaemic lymphoblasts had no effect, while that from leukaemic myeloblasts was slightly inhibitory, i.e. it was \"recognized\" as antigen by the lymphocytes of children with Downs syndrome.", "contents": "Leucocyte migration in presence of leukaemia-associated antigens in children with Down's syndrome. The effect of leukaemia-associated antigens prepared from leukaemic lymphoblasts and myeloblasts has been studied on the migration of peripheral leucocytes obtained from children with Down's syndrome. Membrane extract from leukaemic lymphoblasts had no effect, while that from leukaemic myeloblasts was slightly inhibitory, i.e. it was \"recognized\" as antigen by the lymphocytes of children with Downs syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:137843", "title": "[The supposed cancer risk from mammography. Opposition to the assertions (author's transl)].", "content": "The view that exposure to diagnostic radiation presents a cancer risk to the female breast should be considered together with the fact that the major factor is ageing of the patient. This risk factor is hidden in experimental and statistical studies on cancer production by exongenous agents; for instance, in studies of radiation effects, it is inherent in the time taken. The assumption that mammography presents a cancer risk is unjustifiable and is denied.", "contents": "[The supposed cancer risk from mammography. Opposition to the assertions (author's transl)]. The view that exposure to diagnostic radiation presents a cancer risk to the female breast should be considered together with the fact that the major factor is ageing of the patient. This risk factor is hidden in experimental and statistical studies on cancer production by exongenous agents; for instance, in studies of radiation effects, it is inherent in the time taken. The assumption that mammography presents a cancer risk is unjustifiable and is denied."}
{"id": "PMID:137844", "title": "[An improved method of examining the stomach by thincoating double-contrast technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Double contrast techniques represent a considerable advance in improving diagnostic accuracy during examinations of the stomach. This technique was developed primarily by Japanese workers (H. Shirakabe and others) for the diagnosis of early carcinoma of the stomach and has reached a high degree of excellence. A particular technique of this method is the use of thin coating of the gastric mucosa. This paper deals with the principal of this examination and its use and is illustrated by a number of examples.", "contents": "[An improved method of examining the stomach by thincoating double-contrast technique (author's transl)]. Double contrast techniques represent a considerable advance in improving diagnostic accuracy during examinations of the stomach. This technique was developed primarily by Japanese workers (H. Shirakabe and others) for the diagnosis of early carcinoma of the stomach and has reached a high degree of excellence. A particular technique of this method is the use of thin coating of the gastric mucosa. This paper deals with the principal of this examination and its use and is illustrated by a number of examples."}
{"id": "PMID:137845", "title": "[The radiological findings in oesophagitis due to Crohn's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological changes in oesophagitis due to Crohn's disease are described in five patients. Like the pathological and anatomical findings, the appearances proved very variable. Neither in our own observations, nor in the literature, are there any radiological findings which are diagnostic. The diagnosis can only be made on the basis of radiological, endoscopic and histological findings.", "contents": "[The radiological findings in oesophagitis due to Crohn's disease (author's transl)]. The radiological changes in oesophagitis due to Crohn's disease are described in five patients. Like the pathological and anatomical findings, the appearances proved very variable. Neither in our own observations, nor in the literature, are there any radiological findings which are diagnostic. The diagnosis can only be made on the basis of radiological, endoscopic and histological findings."}
{"id": "PMID:137846", "title": "[The manifestations of regional enteritis (Crohn's disease) in the stomach and duodenum (author's transl)].", "content": "Involvement of the stomach and duodenum is relatively rare, but produces distrinct radiological changes. In the stomach the antrum and pyloric portion are affected most frequently. Simultaneous involvement of the duodenum is common. Typical radiological changes consist of funnelshaped narrowing of the antrum, decreased motility of the wall of the stomach, cobblestone mucosa with flat ulcers, deformity of the pylorus and first part of the duodenum and stenosing lesions of the duodenum. If the gastro-duodenal changes occur together with the typical appearances in the jejunum, ileum and colon, then the diagnosis can be made by radiology alone.", "contents": "[The manifestations of regional enteritis (Crohn's disease) in the stomach and duodenum (author's transl)]. Involvement of the stomach and duodenum is relatively rare, but produces distrinct radiological changes. In the stomach the antrum and pyloric portion are affected most frequently. Simultaneous involvement of the duodenum is common. Typical radiological changes consist of funnelshaped narrowing of the antrum, decreased motility of the wall of the stomach, cobblestone mucosa with flat ulcers, deformity of the pylorus and first part of the duodenum and stenosing lesions of the duodenum. If the gastro-duodenal changes occur together with the typical appearances in the jejunum, ileum and colon, then the diagnosis can be made by radiology alone."}
{"id": "PMID:137847", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of Crohn's disease with special reference to involvement of the stomach (double-contrast method (author's transl)].", "content": "The manifestations of Crohn's disease in the stomach can be demonstrated by a doublecontrast technique. Recognition of detailed mucosal changes, together with certain other typical findings, makes a diagnosis possible, as has been demonstrated by one case.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of Crohn's disease with special reference to involvement of the stomach (double-contrast method (author's transl)]. The manifestations of Crohn's disease in the stomach can be demonstrated by a doublecontrast technique. Recognition of detailed mucosal changes, together with certain other typical findings, makes a diagnosis possible, as has been demonstrated by one case."}
{"id": "PMID:137848", "title": "[Is there a connection between infection with Yersinia enterocolitica and regional enteritis? (Preliminary communication) (author's transl)].", "content": "After a brief description of the micro-biological, pathological, anatomical and clinical picture of infections with Yersinia enteroclitica, attention is drawn to the striking radiological similarity between three patients with Yersinia infection and regional enteritis (Crohn's disease). Whilst the radiological findings due to Yersinia infection usually resemble the group of so-called non-sclerosing ileitis (Golden) they occasionally differ from this group and resemble the findings in Crohn's disease. In each case the infection was confirmed bacteriologically. The underlying pathology has not been elucidated and it is doubtful whether there is any connection with Crohn's disease.", "contents": "[Is there a connection between infection with Yersinia enterocolitica and regional enteritis? (Preliminary communication) (author's transl)]. After a brief description of the micro-biological, pathological, anatomical and clinical picture of infections with Yersinia enteroclitica, attention is drawn to the striking radiological similarity between three patients with Yersinia infection and regional enteritis (Crohn's disease). Whilst the radiological findings due to Yersinia infection usually resemble the group of so-called non-sclerosing ileitis (Golden) they occasionally differ from this group and resemble the findings in Crohn's disease. In each case the infection was confirmed bacteriologically. The underlying pathology has not been elucidated and it is doubtful whether there is any connection with Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:137849", "title": "[The radiological appearances of caustic burns in the upper intestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy-three caustic burns of the upper gastrointestinal tract were divided into early and late effects; the radiological findings were analysed and, as far as possible, compared with the endoscopic results. The central role of radiology proved to be indisputable, particularly for the demonstration of a perforation, for the control of treatment by drugs or dilatation and before surgery. Endoscopy is of particular value in the diagnosis of caustic burns if the radiological findings are negative, for following treatment and for clarifying atypical late changes in order to exclude malignant degeneration.", "contents": "[The radiological appearances of caustic burns in the upper intestinal tract (author's transl)]. Seventy-three caustic burns of the upper gastrointestinal tract were divided into early and late effects; the radiological findings were analysed and, as far as possible, compared with the endoscopic results. The central role of radiology proved to be indisputable, particularly for the demonstration of a perforation, for the control of treatment by drugs or dilatation and before surgery. Endoscopy is of particular value in the diagnosis of caustic burns if the radiological findings are negative, for following treatment and for clarifying atypical late changes in order to exclude malignant degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:137850", "title": "[Epi- and sub-dural haematomas on computer tomograms (author's transl)].", "content": "The computer tomographic investigation of two epidural and 26 subdural haematomas is described. Various computer tomographic signs are discussed and illustrated by some examples. Measurements of absorption values of subdural haematomas were related to in-vitro experiments.", "contents": "[Epi- and sub-dural haematomas on computer tomograms (author's transl)]. The computer tomographic investigation of two epidural and 26 subdural haematomas is described. Various computer tomographic signs are discussed and illustrated by some examples. Measurements of absorption values of subdural haematomas were related to in-vitro experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:137851", "title": "[Radiological determination of skull thickness and skull thickness increase in patients with severe blood dyscrasias and hyperplasia of the red marrow (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described for measuring the thickness of the cranial bones in x-ray pictures of the skull, which in a reliable way can only be done in the frontal and the parietal bones. From the results, representative and comparable values have been obtained consisting of the mean and maximum thickness of the bones and of the mean deviation of the thickness in the bone. By using these values, the thickness has been determined in normal persons and the increase of thickness established in different patients suffering from a number of blood disorders. A scale of increasing degrees of thickening could be set up ranging form normal conditions to extraordinary enlargement. As the thickening of the bones is due to the hyperactivity of the red marrow contained in the bones, and the increase of thickness depends on the intensity of the overgrowth of the marrow and of the time of its action on the osseous substance, from the thickness of the bones a conclusion can be drawn regarding the presence, the severity and the duration of the existing blood disorder. Since, moreover, the enlargement of the bones is irreversible, an increased thickness of the cranial bones may, in patients without alterations in the blood, point to a former blood disorder.", "contents": "[Radiological determination of skull thickness and skull thickness increase in patients with severe blood dyscrasias and hyperplasia of the red marrow (author's transl)]. A method is described for measuring the thickness of the cranial bones in x-ray pictures of the skull, which in a reliable way can only be done in the frontal and the parietal bones. From the results, representative and comparable values have been obtained consisting of the mean and maximum thickness of the bones and of the mean deviation of the thickness in the bone. By using these values, the thickness has been determined in normal persons and the increase of thickness established in different patients suffering from a number of blood disorders. A scale of increasing degrees of thickening could be set up ranging form normal conditions to extraordinary enlargement. As the thickening of the bones is due to the hyperactivity of the red marrow contained in the bones, and the increase of thickness depends on the intensity of the overgrowth of the marrow and of the time of its action on the osseous substance, from the thickness of the bones a conclusion can be drawn regarding the presence, the severity and the duration of the existing blood disorder. Since, moreover, the enlargement of the bones is irreversible, an increased thickness of the cranial bones may, in patients without alterations in the blood, point to a former blood disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:137852", "title": "[Salivary gland scintigraphy after radio-iodine therapy. Functional scintigraphy of the salivary gland after high dose radio-iodine therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Following high dose radio-iodine therapy, some radiation damage to the salivary glands is to be expected since iodine is taken up by these glands. The great individual variation in the uptake makes it impossible to predict the severity of the damage. T max and maximal excretion capacity after stimulation were therefore estimated by a camera functional scintigram with digital read out in patients following radioiodine therapy (0.1-3.2 Ci); the excretion index was used as an indirect measure of salivary flow. After a dose up to 0.3 Ci there is a change of T max and maximal excretion capacity in 30% of patients; after a dose of 0.5 to 1 Ci it is found in 60 and 80% and after very high doses of 1.1 to 3.2 Ci an abnormal Tmax was found in two-thirds of all patients and reduced or absent excretion capacity in all nine patients in this group. The excretion index also depended significantly on the cumulative dose. All patients who had received very high doses showed marked hyposialia or asialia. The early results of interim examinations suggest, similar to radio-iodine induced hypothyroidism, a cumulative risk of reduced function. In view of the long survival period of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas attention should be drawn to this side effect.", "contents": "[Salivary gland scintigraphy after radio-iodine therapy. Functional scintigraphy of the salivary gland after high dose radio-iodine therapy (author's transl)]. Following high dose radio-iodine therapy, some radiation damage to the salivary glands is to be expected since iodine is taken up by these glands. The great individual variation in the uptake makes it impossible to predict the severity of the damage. T max and maximal excretion capacity after stimulation were therefore estimated by a camera functional scintigram with digital read out in patients following radioiodine therapy (0.1-3.2 Ci); the excretion index was used as an indirect measure of salivary flow. After a dose up to 0.3 Ci there is a change of T max and maximal excretion capacity in 30% of patients; after a dose of 0.5 to 1 Ci it is found in 60 and 80% and after very high doses of 1.1 to 3.2 Ci an abnormal Tmax was found in two-thirds of all patients and reduced or absent excretion capacity in all nine patients in this group. The excretion index also depended significantly on the cumulative dose. All patients who had received very high doses showed marked hyposialia or asialia. The early results of interim examinations suggest, similar to radio-iodine induced hypothyroidism, a cumulative risk of reduced function. In view of the long survival period of patients with differentiated thyroid carcinomas attention should be drawn to this side effect."}
{"id": "PMID:137853", "title": "[Clinical experience with a 30 cm. image intensifier with special reference to a 100 mm. film technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The report deals with one year's experience of two new 30 cm. image intensifiers with special reference to a 100 mm. film technique. Attention was paid to its applicability to routine work and the usefulness of this format when demonstrated to a large audience. Comparative dose measurements using the image intensifier and a direct film technique are given. The running costs have been analysed. Suggestions for further improving the technique using this format are given.", "contents": "[Clinical experience with a 30 cm. image intensifier with special reference to a 100 mm. film technique (author's transl)]. The report deals with one year's experience of two new 30 cm. image intensifiers with special reference to a 100 mm. film technique. Attention was paid to its applicability to routine work and the usefulness of this format when demonstrated to a large audience. Comparative dose measurements using the image intensifier and a direct film technique are given. The running costs have been analysed. Suggestions for further improving the technique using this format are given."}
{"id": "PMID:137854", "title": "[Pharmaco-kinetic investigations of a new gall bladder contrast medium--iodoxaminic acid (author's transl)].", "content": "Pharmaco-kinetic studies of the cholecystographic contrast medium iodoxaminic acid (Diglumin-Iodaxamate) which is characterised by low toxicity, revealed a half-value period of 93 minutes in the serum and a urinary excretion rate of 12.5% in 24 hours. This indicated the probability that this medium would be suitable for the radiological demonstration of the biliary tract when compared with known and tried contrast media.", "contents": "[Pharmaco-kinetic investigations of a new gall bladder contrast medium--iodoxaminic acid (author's transl)]. Pharmaco-kinetic studies of the cholecystographic contrast medium iodoxaminic acid (Diglumin-Iodaxamate) which is characterised by low toxicity, revealed a half-value period of 93 minutes in the serum and a urinary excretion rate of 12.5% in 24 hours. This indicated the probability that this medium would be suitable for the radiological demonstration of the biliary tract when compared with known and tried contrast media."}
{"id": "PMID:137855", "title": "[Modulation transfer function of the radiograph (author's transl)].", "content": "Individual modulation transfer functions of the recording system were related to total modulation transfer function; examples derived from radiographs of the lungs, stomach and gall bladder were used to show that proper evaluation of the radiograph requires consideration of the relationship between original contrast and detailed size. The total transfer function shows a rapid decline of the contrast factor with increasing point frequency. It has been shown that the pseudo record which could be expected from the usual transfer functions of the recording system does not, in fact, appear.", "contents": "[Modulation transfer function of the radiograph (author's transl)]. Individual modulation transfer functions of the recording system were related to total modulation transfer function; examples derived from radiographs of the lungs, stomach and gall bladder were used to show that proper evaluation of the radiograph requires consideration of the relationship between original contrast and detailed size. The total transfer function shows a rapid decline of the contrast factor with increasing point frequency. It has been shown that the pseudo record which could be expected from the usual transfer functions of the recording system does not, in fact, appear."}
{"id": "PMID:137860", "title": "The diagnostic accuracy of lymphography in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl).", "content": "Between 1972 and 1975, exploratory laparotomies were carried out on 52 otherwise untreated patients with histologically verified Hodgkin's disease in stages I, II and III following lymphography. 84% of patients with negative lymphograms had histologically normal lymph nodes. 16% of negative lymphograms were shown to have to have histologically positive lymph nodes. Two out of eight patients diagnosed as positive on lymphography (25%) proved to be false positives caused by extensive lymph node involution. The diagnostic accuracy lymphography was therefore 83%. Surgical exploration was of value only in histologically positive cases. Post-operative control by means of lymphanigiography is essential for the evaluation of the course of Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "The diagnostic accuracy of lymphography in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl). Between 1972 and 1975, exploratory laparotomies were carried out on 52 otherwise untreated patients with histologically verified Hodgkin's disease in stages I, II and III following lymphography. 84% of patients with negative lymphograms had histologically normal lymph nodes. 16% of negative lymphograms were shown to have to have histologically positive lymph nodes. Two out of eight patients diagnosed as positive on lymphography (25%) proved to be false positives caused by extensive lymph node involution. The diagnostic accuracy lymphography was therefore 83%. Surgical exploration was of value only in histologically positive cases. Post-operative control by means of lymphanigiography is essential for the evaluation of the course of Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:137861", "title": "[Echinococcus of the heart. Infundibular pulmonary stenosis due to a large solitary cyst of the ventricular septum (author's transl)].", "content": "An echinococcus cyst in the ventricular septum is described, which produced an infundibular pulmonary stenosis. Following angiography, surgical intervention could be accurately planned and proved successful. The incidence, course, radiological features and diagnosis of cardiac echinococcus are reviewed.", "contents": "[Echinococcus of the heart. Infundibular pulmonary stenosis due to a large solitary cyst of the ventricular septum (author's transl)]. An echinococcus cyst in the ventricular septum is described, which produced an infundibular pulmonary stenosis. Following angiography, surgical intervention could be accurately planned and proved successful. The incidence, course, radiological features and diagnosis of cardiac echinococcus are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:137862", "title": "[An investigation into the problem of streaming in the femoral artery by means of high speed serial angiography and synchronous pulse recording (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described which allows one to correlate pulsephase dependant streaming and movement of the vessel wall by means of synchronous registration of pulse volume curves and the appearance of streaming as shown by serial angiograms. The results  of this investigation in the femoral artery confirm the accepted view that the appearance of streaming depends on the movements of the vessel wall. The prognostic value for vessel reconstruction is discussed.", "contents": "[An investigation into the problem of streaming in the femoral artery by means of high speed serial angiography and synchronous pulse recording (author's transl)]. A method is described which allows one to correlate pulsephase dependant streaming and movement of the vessel wall by means of synchronous registration of pulse volume curves and the appearance of streaming as shown by serial angiograms. The results  of this investigation in the femoral artery confirm the accepted view that the appearance of streaming depends on the movements of the vessel wall. The prognostic value for vessel reconstruction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137863", "title": "[Calcification in mass lesions in the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "In 80 mass lesions of the kidney, we found 11 cases with calcification; six of these occurred amongst 48 tumours and five amongst 32 solitary cysts. In particular, the following were found: 1. The frequency of calcification of 12 to 14% corresponds with that given in the literature. If other radiological signs fail  indicate the nature of the space-occupying lesion, then calcification may be of diagnostic value. 2. Calcified cyst walls appear as fine, even, curvi-linear lines, Dense, irregular and extensive calcification indicates a solid tumour. 3. Ring or curvi-linear calcification in not a reliable sign of a cyst. Tumours may also show this type of calcification indicates a solid tumour. 3. Ring or curvi-linear calcification is not a reliable sign of cyst. Tumours may also show this type of calcification. Calcification occurs in solitary cyst with about the same frequency as in tumours. 4. Histologically all calcified tumours were clear cell carcinomas, mostly hypervascular. Only one case showed central necrosis.", "contents": "[Calcification in mass lesions in the kidney (author's transl)]. In 80 mass lesions of the kidney, we found 11 cases with calcification; six of these occurred amongst 48 tumours and five amongst 32 solitary cysts. In particular, the following were found: 1. The frequency of calcification of 12 to 14% corresponds with that given in the literature. If other radiological signs fail  indicate the nature of the space-occupying lesion, then calcification may be of diagnostic value. 2. Calcified cyst walls appear as fine, even, curvi-linear lines, Dense, irregular and extensive calcification indicates a solid tumour. 3. Ring or curvi-linear calcification in not a reliable sign of a cyst. Tumours may also show this type of calcification indicates a solid tumour. 3. Ring or curvi-linear calcification is not a reliable sign of cyst. Tumours may also show this type of calcification. Calcification occurs in solitary cyst with about the same frequency as in tumours. 4. Histologically all calcified tumours were clear cell carcinomas, mostly hypervascular. Only one case showed central necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:137864", "title": "[Reconstruction of the spacial configuration of the spine from stereoradiographs (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of stereo-radiographs was demonstrated by its application to scoliotic spines. Individual vertebrae were measured with a stereo-comparator. The spacial co-ordinates of standard points on the body were evaluated by a computer. Subsequently the position and size of the vertebral bodies were obtained by reconstructing a model. In this manner a spine could be built up which spacially resembled the original spine. The model spine was demonstrated on a display. The computer was able to produce any required view of the spine. An impression of depth is produced by simulated rotation of the display. By this means an excellent visual impression of the spine in three dimensions is produced. The measurements obtained can be used as the basis for further calculation.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the spacial configuration of the spine from stereoradiographs (author's transl)]. The value of stereo-radiographs was demonstrated by its application to scoliotic spines. Individual vertebrae were measured with a stereo-comparator. The spacial co-ordinates of standard points on the body were evaluated by a computer. Subsequently the position and size of the vertebral bodies were obtained by reconstructing a model. In this manner a spine could be built up which spacially resembled the original spine. The model spine was demonstrated on a display. The computer was able to produce any required view of the spine. An impression of depth is produced by simulated rotation of the display. By this means an excellent visual impression of the spine in three dimensions is produced. The measurements obtained can be used as the basis for further calculation."}
{"id": "PMID:137865", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of recurrent subluxations of the shoulder (author's transl)].", "content": "Contrast arrhrography has shown that this is a neccessary investigation in all cases of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder, in order to show the changes in the shoulder joint. The examination can be carried out in the early or late stages after trauma. The method is also indicated before carrying out reconstructive operations on the joint.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of recurrent subluxations of the shoulder (author's transl)]. Contrast arrhrography has shown that this is a neccessary investigation in all cases of recurrent dislocation of the shoulder, in order to show the changes in the shoulder joint. The examination can be carried out in the early or late stages after trauma. The method is also indicated before carrying out reconstructive operations on the joint."}
{"id": "PMID:137866", "title": "Stages and roentgenological picture of diabetic osteoarthropathy.", "content": "The course and roentgenographic signs of diabetic osteoarthropathy are discribed on the basis of literary data and of 23 cases of the author. Three stages are distinguished: in stage I dislocation, circumscribed porosis and cortical defect are observed. The characteristic sign of stage II is osteolysis, accompained by fragmentation, fracture, periosteal reaction. In stage III the healing takes place according to five radiologically distinguishable patterns. The good healing tendency is typical. Regarding the differential diagnosis of the disease, the possibility of inflammatory and tumourous changes and neurothropic osteoarthropathies of other origin must be considered.", "contents": "Stages and roentgenological picture of diabetic osteoarthropathy. The course and roentgenographic signs of diabetic osteoarthropathy are discribed on the basis of literary data and of 23 cases of the author. Three stages are distinguished: in stage I dislocation, circumscribed porosis and cortical defect are observed. The characteristic sign of stage II is osteolysis, accompained by fragmentation, fracture, periosteal reaction. In stage III the healing takes place according to five radiologically distinguishable patterns. The good healing tendency is typical. Regarding the differential diagnosis of the disease, the possibility of inflammatory and tumourous changes and neurothropic osteoarthropathies of other origin must be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:137867", "title": "[Difficulties in the differential diagnosis of a non-traumatic, active myositis ossificans during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A 28 year old patient complained of sensory disturbances and pain in the right upper arm during pregnancy. During the 32nd week of her pregnancy, a large painful mass developed in the flexor muscles which, radiographically, showed some calcification. A diagnosis of a parosseous sarcoma was made; biopsy, however, indicated a diagnosis of non-traumatic myositis ossificans. Since the histological appearances of active myositis may be vary difficult to distinguish from a juxtacortical sarcoma, a right brachial angiogram and scintiscan were obtained. The angiographic and scintigraphic findings were erroneously considered to suggest malignancy. Following delivery, the tumour was removed. Futher histology confirmed the diagnosis of localised, non-traumatic myositis ossificans. The value of radiology, biopsy, angiography and scintigraphy are discussed with reference to our experience.", "contents": "[Difficulties in the differential diagnosis of a non-traumatic, active myositis ossificans during pregnancy (author's transl)]. A 28 year old patient complained of sensory disturbances and pain in the right upper arm during pregnancy. During the 32nd week of her pregnancy, a large painful mass developed in the flexor muscles which, radiographically, showed some calcification. A diagnosis of a parosseous sarcoma was made; biopsy, however, indicated a diagnosis of non-traumatic myositis ossificans. Since the histological appearances of active myositis may be vary difficult to distinguish from a juxtacortical sarcoma, a right brachial angiogram and scintiscan were obtained. The angiographic and scintigraphic findings were erroneously considered to suggest malignancy. Following delivery, the tumour was removed. Futher histology confirmed the diagnosis of localised, non-traumatic myositis ossificans. The value of radiology, biopsy, angiography and scintigraphy are discussed with reference to our experience."}
{"id": "PMID:137868", "title": "[Sequential hepato-splenic scintigraphy for measurement of hepatic blood flow (author's transl)].", "content": "The arterial and portal components of total liver blood flow were determined quantitatively in 31 patients by means of a new, non-invasive method. Sequential hepato-splenic scintigraphy has been employed, using a scintillation camera linked to a computer system. In normals, the proportion of portal flow was 71%, whereas in patients with portal hypertension it averaged 21%. Our experience indicates that the procedure can be of considerable value in the pre-operative diagnosis and postoperative follow-up of portal hypertension.", "contents": "[Sequential hepato-splenic scintigraphy for measurement of hepatic blood flow (author's transl)]. The arterial and portal components of total liver blood flow were determined quantitatively in 31 patients by means of a new, non-invasive method. Sequential hepato-splenic scintigraphy has been employed, using a scintillation camera linked to a computer system. In normals, the proportion of portal flow was 71%, whereas in patients with portal hypertension it averaged 21%. Our experience indicates that the procedure can be of considerable value in the pre-operative diagnosis and postoperative follow-up of portal hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:137869", "title": "[Estimation of regional cerebral blood flow with the gamma-camera (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a computerized gamma camera regional cerebral blood flow and regional cerebral blood transit time are measured after injection of Xenon 133 and Technetium 99m respectively into the internal carotid artery. Equipment, technical procedures and methodology are described. Typical cases are presented to describe the usefullness of this procedure.", "contents": "[Estimation of regional cerebral blood flow with the gamma-camera (author's transl)]. Using a computerized gamma camera regional cerebral blood flow and regional cerebral blood transit time are measured after injection of Xenon 133 and Technetium 99m respectively into the internal carotid artery. Equipment, technical procedures and methodology are described. Typical cases are presented to describe the usefullness of this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:137870", "title": "[Percutaneous, transhepatic thrombosis of the coronary vein in the treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices (author's transl)].", "content": "Percutaneous, transhepatic catheterisation of the portal vein in order to occlude the gastric coronary vein was carried out in six patients with bleeding oesophageal varices. Bleeding stopped in three patients, but in the other three ceased only temporarily. Complications were one pleural effusion and one haemothorax. At autopsy, marginal portal vein thrombosis was found in two cases. The indication for this procedure is the presence of bleeding from oesophageal varices which cannot be controlled by conservative means in a patient unfit for operation. It provides an opportunity for carrying out a decompression shunt operation in the interva between the bleeds.", "contents": "[Percutaneous, transhepatic thrombosis of the coronary vein in the treatment of bleeding oesophageal varices (author's transl)]. Percutaneous, transhepatic catheterisation of the portal vein in order to occlude the gastric coronary vein was carried out in six patients with bleeding oesophageal varices. Bleeding stopped in three patients, but in the other three ceased only temporarily. Complications were one pleural effusion and one haemothorax. At autopsy, marginal portal vein thrombosis was found in two cases. The indication for this procedure is the presence of bleeding from oesophageal varices which cannot be controlled by conservative means in a patient unfit for operation. It provides an opportunity for carrying out a decompression shunt operation in the interva between the bleeds."}
{"id": "PMID:137871", "title": "[The effect of oral anti-diabetic agents (suphonyle ureas) on the excretion of intravenous biliary contrast media (author's transl)].", "content": "Sulphonyle ureas used in the oral treatment of diabetes occupy albumen-binding capacity. Hepatotropic contrast media therefore have difficulty with protein binding and renal excretion is increased. The proportion excreted through the kidneys has been determined in 50 diabetic patients on oral treatment. Demonstration of contrast in the urine was done radiologically, qualitative measurements by a subtraction method. As a control, the same group of patients were examined, having been taken off suphonyle ureas, as well as a group of 50 diabetic patients treated with insulin. While under medication, heteroptropic excretion rose on average to 55% and in some cases to 80%. This results in definite reduction of contrast filling of the biliary tree, occasionally to the extent of preventing a diagnosis. Displacement of sulphonyle urea by contrast was not observed.", "contents": "[The effect of oral anti-diabetic agents (suphonyle ureas) on the excretion of intravenous biliary contrast media (author's transl)]. Sulphonyle ureas used in the oral treatment of diabetes occupy albumen-binding capacity. Hepatotropic contrast media therefore have difficulty with protein binding and renal excretion is increased. The proportion excreted through the kidneys has been determined in 50 diabetic patients on oral treatment. Demonstration of contrast in the urine was done radiologically, qualitative measurements by a subtraction method. As a control, the same group of patients were examined, having been taken off suphonyle ureas, as well as a group of 50 diabetic patients treated with insulin. While under medication, heteroptropic excretion rose on average to 55% and in some cases to 80%. This results in definite reduction of contrast filling of the biliary tree, occasionally to the extent of preventing a diagnosis. Displacement of sulphonyle urea by contrast was not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:137876", "title": "[RI angiocardiography of idiopathic cardiomyopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "This study was aimed to evaluate the noninvasive method of radioisotopic angiocardiography for detecting a disproportionate thickning of the interventricular septum relative to the left ventricular free wall in the patient with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The experimental study was performed to compare the imaged size of myocardial wall obtained my filling up with technetium 99 m labeled sponge in biventricular cavities, with the actually measured thickness of the heart specimen. The resultant  correlation between actual and imaged size of the left ventricular wall was excellent (r = 0.95). In the clinical application of this method, a gated cardiac blood pool scan was performed after the intravenous administration of technetium 99 m labeled human serum albumin in a dose of 10 mCi. The cardiac images were obtained in anterior, 30, 35, 40 and 45 degree left anterior oblique projection, and evaluated by visual inspection and semi-quantitatively by tracing the myocardial borders. As a result, the imaged asymmetric septal hypertrophy was evident in all four patients with PMD, with a ratio of septum to left ventricular free wall of 1.35 compared to 0.76 in five patients with left ventricular hypertrophy of known heart disease, and 0.88 in twenty-one miscellaneous cardiac patients without left ventricular hypertrophy. Thus, RI angiocardiography provides a safe, repeatable method for detection and evaluation of Primary Myocardial Disease.", "contents": "[RI angiocardiography of idiopathic cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]. This study was aimed to evaluate the noninvasive method of radioisotopic angiocardiography for detecting a disproportionate thickning of the interventricular septum relative to the left ventricular free wall in the patient with idiopathic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The experimental study was performed to compare the imaged size of myocardial wall obtained my filling up with technetium 99 m labeled sponge in biventricular cavities, with the actually measured thickness of the heart specimen. The resultant  correlation between actual and imaged size of the left ventricular wall was excellent (r = 0.95). In the clinical application of this method, a gated cardiac blood pool scan was performed after the intravenous administration of technetium 99 m labeled human serum albumin in a dose of 10 mCi. The cardiac images were obtained in anterior, 30, 35, 40 and 45 degree left anterior oblique projection, and evaluated by visual inspection and semi-quantitatively by tracing the myocardial borders. As a result, the imaged asymmetric septal hypertrophy was evident in all four patients with PMD, with a ratio of septum to left ventricular free wall of 1.35 compared to 0.76 in five patients with left ventricular hypertrophy of known heart disease, and 0.88 in twenty-one miscellaneous cardiac patients without left ventricular hypertrophy. Thus, RI angiocardiography provides a safe, repeatable method for detection and evaluation of Primary Myocardial Disease."}
{"id": "PMID:137880", "title": "Sequential examination of lymphocyte proliferative capacity in patients with malignant melanoma receiving BCG immunotherapy.", "content": "A series of 42 patients with malignant melanoma treated with BCG adjuvant immunotherapy were studied for sequential changes in cellular immune reactivity to non-specific mitogens. Lymphocyte preparations were made monthly and stored in a viable condition in liquid nitrogen. After 6 months of treatment, all lymphocyte samples from an individual were recovered and tested for DNA synthesis after stimulation with PHA, PWM, Con A, PPD and MLC. The responses to the mitogens in the blastogenesis test were stable during the course of therapy. The MLC response did not increase significantly in patients treated with tumor-cell vaccines, and declined sharply in the six patients who subsequently relapsed and died. The in vitro PPD response increased 1 to 3 months after initiation of BCG in patients who were initially unresponsive to PPD in vitro. However, PPD-positive patients did not show any significant alteration of the PPD response. The PPD response did increase less sharply in patients whose disease eventually recurred than in those who remained without evidence of clinical disease. BCG therapy does not appear to correct lymphocyte proliferative defects in melanoma patients. Of the assays employed, the MLC and PPD tests appear to be the most useful as monitors of clinical status and response to therapy.", "contents": "Sequential examination of lymphocyte proliferative capacity in patients with malignant melanoma receiving BCG immunotherapy. A series of 42 patients with malignant melanoma treated with BCG adjuvant immunotherapy were studied for sequential changes in cellular immune reactivity to non-specific mitogens. Lymphocyte preparations were made monthly and stored in a viable condition in liquid nitrogen. After 6 months of treatment, all lymphocyte samples from an individual were recovered and tested for DNA synthesis after stimulation with PHA, PWM, Con A, PPD and MLC. The responses to the mitogens in the blastogenesis test were stable during the course of therapy. The MLC response did not increase significantly in patients treated with tumor-cell vaccines, and declined sharply in the six patients who subsequently relapsed and died. The in vitro PPD response increased 1 to 3 months after initiation of BCG in patients who were initially unresponsive to PPD in vitro. However, PPD-positive patients did not show any significant alteration of the PPD response. The PPD response did increase less sharply in patients whose disease eventually recurred than in those who remained without evidence of clinical disease. BCG therapy does not appear to correct lymphocyte proliferative defects in melanoma patients. Of the assays employed, the MLC and PPD tests appear to be the most useful as monitors of clinical status and response to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:137881", "title": "Why work kills. A brief history of occupational safety and health in the United States.", "content": "In the early 20th century, U.S. monopoly corporations responded to the movement against work accidents by setting up a business-controlled \"compensation-safety establishment,\" which kept down compensation costs but did little to improve working conditions. The \"establishment\" was able to keep the issue of occupational safety and health out of public debate until the late 1960's through its control of research, education, compensation, and government appointments in the area, and by creating the public impression that the problems of occupational disease were almost nonexistent. Despite the occurrence of sporadic rank-and-file uprisings, unions have been seriously involved in health and safety only since the late 1960's, when they mobilized in an effort to pass the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. The passage of the OSHA law was made possible by the help of progressive professionals, worker dissatisfaction, the new environmental consciousness, and a general climate of social unrest. Although the corporate elite, through the \"compensation-safety establishment,\" has been able to dominate the operation of the federal institutions created by the new law, the question of occupational health and safety is now on the permanent agenda of workers, unions, and the public.", "contents": "Why work kills. A brief history of occupational safety and health in the United States. In the early 20th century, U.S. monopoly corporations responded to the movement against work accidents by setting up a business-controlled \"compensation-safety establishment,\" which kept down compensation costs but did little to improve working conditions. The \"establishment\" was able to keep the issue of occupational safety and health out of public debate until the late 1960's through its control of research, education, compensation, and government appointments in the area, and by creating the public impression that the problems of occupational disease were almost nonexistent. Despite the occurrence of sporadic rank-and-file uprisings, unions have been seriously involved in health and safety only since the late 1960's, when they mobilized in an effort to pass the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. The passage of the OSHA law was made possible by the help of progressive professionals, worker dissatisfaction, the new environmental consciousness, and a general climate of social unrest. Although the corporate elite, through the \"compensation-safety establishment,\" has been able to dominate the operation of the federal institutions created by the new law, the question of occupational health and safety is now on the permanent agenda of workers, unions, and the public."}
{"id": "PMID:137884", "title": "Randomness tests on the sequence of ascal segregation classes in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Various statistical tests for randomness were made on the order of ascal classes in groups of asci from wild-type X asco crosses. There was no significant nonrandom clustering of asci of the same segregation class, nor a regular twinning of similar asci. Any apparent observed clustering of similar ascal classes is probably an artefact or due to chance. 2 x n X2 tests showed that frequencies of individual ascus classes from different perithecia were generally homogeneous, as were second division segregation frequencies. The tests described here for randomness in sequences of occurrences could be of general use in other areas of genetics.", "contents": "Randomness tests on the sequence of ascal segregation classes in Neurospora crassa. Various statistical tests for randomness were made on the order of ascal classes in groups of asci from wild-type X asco crosses. There was no significant nonrandom clustering of asci of the same segregation class, nor a regular twinning of similar asci. Any apparent observed clustering of similar ascal classes is probably an artefact or due to chance. 2 x n X2 tests showed that frequencies of individual ascus classes from different perithecia were generally homogeneous, as were second division segregation frequencies. The tests described here for randomness in sequences of occurrences could be of general use in other areas of genetics."}
{"id": "PMID:137885", "title": "National gonorrhea therapy monitoring study: adverse drug reactions.", "content": "The Center for Disease Control and cooperating clinics monitored adverse drug reactions in 6,969 patients who were treated for suspected uncomplicated gonorrhea with one of the four 1972 United States Public Health Service (USPHS) recommended regimens and returned for reexamination. Of those patients receiving the aqueous procaine penicillin G (APPG)-probenecid regimen, 2.0% had at least one adverse reaction and 0.18% experienced procaine reactions. No life-threatening reactions occurred. The overall reaction rates for the ampicillin-probenecid, tetracycline and spectinomycin regimens were 0.62%, 5.9%, and 0.61%, respectively. Our findings document the relative safety of the USPHS recommended regimens.", "contents": "National gonorrhea therapy monitoring study: adverse drug reactions. The Center for Disease Control and cooperating clinics monitored adverse drug reactions in 6,969 patients who were treated for suspected uncomplicated gonorrhea with one of the four 1972 United States Public Health Service (USPHS) recommended regimens and returned for reexamination. Of those patients receiving the aqueous procaine penicillin G (APPG)-probenecid regimen, 2.0% had at least one adverse reaction and 0.18% experienced procaine reactions. No life-threatening reactions occurred. The overall reaction rates for the ampicillin-probenecid, tetracycline and spectinomycin regimens were 0.62%, 5.9%, and 0.61%, respectively. Our findings document the relative safety of the USPHS recommended regimens."}
{"id": "PMID:137886", "title": "Acupuncture: clinical trials in the horse.", "content": "A discussion of the merits of acupuncture therapy and a review of experiments that support the neurogenic mediation of acupuncture are presented. Case reports are included as examples of the therapeutic value of acupuncture in treatment of intestinal and musculoskeletal disorders in the horse. Statistical importance cannot be credited to the clinical experiences reported here because of the small number of cases. Hopefully, the clinical success reported will encourage continued investigation of the clinical efficacy and adjunctive value of acupuncture in the veterinary profession.", "contents": "Acupuncture: clinical trials in the horse. A discussion of the merits of acupuncture therapy and a review of experiments that support the neurogenic mediation of acupuncture are presented. Case reports are included as examples of the therapeutic value of acupuncture in treatment of intestinal and musculoskeletal disorders in the horse. Statistical importance cannot be credited to the clinical experiences reported here because of the small number of cases. Hopefully, the clinical success reported will encourage continued investigation of the clinical efficacy and adjunctive value of acupuncture in the veterinary profession."}
{"id": "PMID:137887", "title": "Cytochemical characterization of the myoepithelial cells in palatine glands.", "content": "Myoepithelial cells of rat and mouse palatine glands are similar in fine structural appearance to those of other exocrine glands and smooth muscle cells. Myoepithelial cells reveal fibrils, and vesicular structures comparable to pinocytic or surface vesicles of smooth muscle cells. Lanthanum-impregnated preparations of the gland reveal that many of these vesicle-like structures are, in fact, invaginations of the plasma membrane and are continuous with the extracellular space. Observations on glandular tissue incubated for the demonstration of ATPase and adenylate cyclase have indicated that a high level of activity of these two enzymes is localized in the plasma membrane of the myoepithelial cells facing the acinar cells, and in vesicular structures along this membrane. The possibility that these enzyme activities are related to contractility of myoepithelial cells is discussed.", "contents": "Cytochemical characterization of the myoepithelial cells in palatine glands. Myoepithelial cells of rat and mouse palatine glands are similar in fine structural appearance to those of other exocrine glands and smooth muscle cells. Myoepithelial cells reveal fibrils, and vesicular structures comparable to pinocytic or surface vesicles of smooth muscle cells. Lanthanum-impregnated preparations of the gland reveal that many of these vesicle-like structures are, in fact, invaginations of the plasma membrane and are continuous with the extracellular space. Observations on glandular tissue incubated for the demonstration of ATPase and adenylate cyclase have indicated that a high level of activity of these two enzymes is localized in the plasma membrane of the myoepithelial cells facing the acinar cells, and in vesicular structures along this membrane. The possibility that these enzyme activities are related to contractility of myoepithelial cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137888", "title": "Effect of spectinomycin on peptide chain initiation.", "content": "Spectinomycin inhibits the formation and causes dissociation of performed specific cell-free initiation complexes prepared with the trinucleotide A-U-G or R17 phage RNA, fmet-RNAF and either 30S ribosomal subunits or 70S ribosomes. Both the initiation factor and the Mg2+-induced processes are subject to inhibition by spectinomycin. The only exception is the Mg2+-induced 70S initiation system formed with A-U-G which is stimulated by spectinomycin.", "contents": "Effect of spectinomycin on peptide chain initiation. Spectinomycin inhibits the formation and causes dissociation of performed specific cell-free initiation complexes prepared with the trinucleotide A-U-G or R17 phage RNA, fmet-RNAF and either 30S ribosomal subunits or 70S ribosomes. Both the initiation factor and the Mg2+-induced processes are subject to inhibition by spectinomycin. The only exception is the Mg2+-induced 70S initiation system formed with A-U-G which is stimulated by spectinomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:137890", "title": "Reflex control of expiratory airflow and duration.", "content": "Unanesthetized, unrestrained cats were studied repeatedly after placement of a permanent tracheostomy, catheters for respiratory pressure measurements, and respiratory muscle EMG electrodes. The tracheostomy was opened or closed by a remote mechanism. Opening the tracheostomy reduced tracheal pressure to zero and diverted flow from the upper airway; closing the tracheostomy reestablished the normal pathway for airflow. Opening the tracheostomy during expiration evoked reflex responses in the diaphragm, in the laryngeal abductor and in abdominal expiratory muscles. These were sustained compensatory (\"tracking\") responses which, in each case, acted to offset loss of expiratory braking by the upper airway. Occlusion of the tracheostomy during expiration produced the opposite responses. Responses to tracheostomy opening usually overcompensated for the loss of upper airway resistance, suggesting that extrathoracic tracheal receptors may participate in tracking. Changes in the expiratory time course of lung volume were accompanied by changes in the duration of expiration. These \"triggering\" responses were shown to operate independently of the tracking responses though both were eliminated by vagotomy.", "contents": "Reflex control of expiratory airflow and duration. Unanesthetized, unrestrained cats were studied repeatedly after placement of a permanent tracheostomy, catheters for respiratory pressure measurements, and respiratory muscle EMG electrodes. The tracheostomy was opened or closed by a remote mechanism. Opening the tracheostomy reduced tracheal pressure to zero and diverted flow from the upper airway; closing the tracheostomy reestablished the normal pathway for airflow. Opening the tracheostomy during expiration evoked reflex responses in the diaphragm, in the laryngeal abductor and in abdominal expiratory muscles. These were sustained compensatory (\"tracking\") responses which, in each case, acted to offset loss of expiratory braking by the upper airway. Occlusion of the tracheostomy during expiration produced the opposite responses. Responses to tracheostomy opening usually overcompensated for the loss of upper airway resistance, suggesting that extrathoracic tracheal receptors may participate in tracking. Changes in the expiratory time course of lung volume were accompanied by changes in the duration of expiration. These \"triggering\" responses were shown to operate independently of the tracking responses though both were eliminated by vagotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:137897", "title": "Characterization of ATPases of plain synaptic vesicle and coated vesicle fractions isolated from rat brains.", "content": "The plain synaptic vesicle and the ocated vesicle fractions were isolated from rat brains, and the ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activities were characterized in terms of ionic effects, drug effects, and protein components. Coated vesicle fraction contained three times as much actomysin-like proteins as plain vesicle fraction, although both fractions had an identical ratio of actin-like protein to myosin-like protein. The ATPases of these two fractions were activated by both Mg2+ and Ca2+, and, in the presence of either of the cations, were inhibited by KCl. Reserpine activated plain vesicle ATPase only in the presence of Cl-. Colchicine and vinblastine inhibited coated vesicle ATPase only. The results are consistent with the view that actomyosin-like proteins are involved in the synaptic retrieval process.", "contents": "Characterization of ATPases of plain synaptic vesicle and coated vesicle fractions isolated from rat brains. The plain synaptic vesicle and the ocated vesicle fractions were isolated from rat brains, and the ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activities were characterized in terms of ionic effects, drug effects, and protein components. Coated vesicle fraction contained three times as much actomysin-like proteins as plain vesicle fraction, although both fractions had an identical ratio of actin-like protein to myosin-like protein. The ATPases of these two fractions were activated by both Mg2+ and Ca2+, and, in the presence of either of the cations, were inhibited by KCl. Reserpine activated plain vesicle ATPase only in the presence of Cl-. Colchicine and vinblastine inhibited coated vesicle ATPase only. The results are consistent with the view that actomyosin-like proteins are involved in the synaptic retrieval process."}
{"id": "PMID:137898", "title": "Separation of myosin subfragment 1 into two fractions, one having the burst site and the other having the non-burst site.", "content": "During Mn(II)-ATP hydrolysis by myosin, the predominant intermediate formed at the burst site of the enzyme below 10 degrees is the myosin-ADP complex formed by adding ADP to myosin, while above 10 degrees it is the myosin -ADP-P1 complex generated by ATP hydroolysis (Yazawa, Morita, & Yagi (1973) J. Biochem. 74, 1107; Hozumi & Tawada (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 376, 1; Tawada & Yoshida (1975) J. Biochem. 78, 293). It is suggested that the second (non-burst) site of myosin predominantly forms the myosin-ATP complex (Hozumi & Tawada, ibid.). From these findings, it is expected that (i) myosin subfragment 1 (S1) having the burst site is bound to actin in Mn(II)-ATP solution containing ADP below 10 degrees, because it forms the S1-ADP complex even in the presence of ATP; (ii) the other S1, i.e., that having the non-burst site, is dissociated from actin, because it forms the S1-ATP complex. These two expectations were confirmed by viscosity measurements of acto-S1 solutions, giving a basis for the separation of S1 into two fractions: one having the burst site and the other having the non-burst site. S1 having the non-burst site could be extracted from partially papain [EC 3.4.22.2]-digested myofibrils of rabbit skeletal muscle with a solution containing MnCl2, ATP, and ADP at 0 degrees. S1 having the burst site was extracted from myofibrils already used for the extraction of S1 having the non-burst site, with a solution containing MgCl2 and ATP at 20 degrees. The former S1 fraction had Mg-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity, but scarcely showed any initial burst of Pi liberation. The latter S1 showed a Pi burst of more than 0.5 (M/M). The steady state ATPase activity of the former S1 was slightly higher than that of the latter. The burst size of normal S1, i.e., that extracted from papain-digested myofibrils with Mg-PPi or Mg-ATP, was 0.5 (M/M). The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the non-burst type S1 was not changed by ADP but was changed by ATP, though the difference spectrum was distinct from that of normal S1 and the difference molar extinction coefficient at 289 nm was only 20% of that of normal S1. No significant difference was seen in the compositions of these two S1's and normal S1, as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis.", "contents": "Separation of myosin subfragment 1 into two fractions, one having the burst site and the other having the non-burst site. During Mn(II)-ATP hydrolysis by myosin, the predominant intermediate formed at the burst site of the enzyme below 10 degrees is the myosin-ADP complex formed by adding ADP to myosin, while above 10 degrees it is the myosin -ADP-P1 complex generated by ATP hydroolysis (Yazawa, Morita, & Yagi (1973) J. Biochem. 74, 1107; Hozumi & Tawada (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 376, 1; Tawada & Yoshida (1975) J. Biochem. 78, 293). It is suggested that the second (non-burst) site of myosin predominantly forms the myosin-ATP complex (Hozumi & Tawada, ibid.). From these findings, it is expected that (i) myosin subfragment 1 (S1) having the burst site is bound to actin in Mn(II)-ATP solution containing ADP below 10 degrees, because it forms the S1-ADP complex even in the presence of ATP; (ii) the other S1, i.e., that having the non-burst site, is dissociated from actin, because it forms the S1-ATP complex. These two expectations were confirmed by viscosity measurements of acto-S1 solutions, giving a basis for the separation of S1 into two fractions: one having the burst site and the other having the non-burst site. S1 having the non-burst site could be extracted from partially papain [EC 3.4.22.2]-digested myofibrils of rabbit skeletal muscle with a solution containing MnCl2, ATP, and ADP at 0 degrees. S1 having the burst site was extracted from myofibrils already used for the extraction of S1 having the non-burst site, with a solution containing MgCl2 and ATP at 20 degrees. The former S1 fraction had Mg-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity, but scarcely showed any initial burst of Pi liberation. The latter S1 showed a Pi burst of more than 0.5 (M/M). The steady state ATPase activity of the former S1 was slightly higher than that of the latter. The burst size of normal S1, i.e., that extracted from papain-digested myofibrils with Mg-PPi or Mg-ATP, was 0.5 (M/M). The ultraviolet absorption spectrum of the non-burst type S1 was not changed by ADP but was changed by ATP, though the difference spectrum was distinct from that of normal S1 and the difference molar extinction coefficient at 289 nm was only 20% of that of normal S1. No significant difference was seen in the compositions of these two S1's and normal S1, as determined by SDS gel electrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:137899", "title": "Purification from Acanthamoeba castellanii of proteins that induce gelation and syneresis of F-actin.", "content": "From Acanthamoeba castellanii, we have purified four proteins each of which alone causes a solution of F-actin to gel. The four active proteins have subunit molecular weights of about 23,000, 28,000, 32,000 and 38,000, respectively; the last three may be dimers in their native proteins. Together, these four proteins account for about 97% of the gelation activity of the whole extract; not more than about 3% of the total activity of the unfractionated extract can be due to a 250,000-dalton polypeptide. Another protein fraction, purified by agarose chromatography, induces shrinking (syneresis) of gels formed from F-actin and any of the gelation factors. That fraction contains a high Ca2+-, low (K+,EDTA)-ATPase and a major polypeptide of 170,000 daltons both of which bind to actin in the shrunken gel pellet. The active fraction does not contain the previously described Acanthamoeba myosin (Pollard, T. D., and Korn, E. D. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4682-4690).", "contents": "Purification from Acanthamoeba castellanii of proteins that induce gelation and syneresis of F-actin. From Acanthamoeba castellanii, we have purified four proteins each of which alone causes a solution of F-actin to gel. The four active proteins have subunit molecular weights of about 23,000, 28,000, 32,000 and 38,000, respectively; the last three may be dimers in their native proteins. Together, these four proteins account for about 97% of the gelation activity of the whole extract; not more than about 3% of the total activity of the unfractionated extract can be due to a 250,000-dalton polypeptide. Another protein fraction, purified by agarose chromatography, induces shrinking (syneresis) of gels formed from F-actin and any of the gelation factors. That fraction contains a high Ca2+-, low (K+,EDTA)-ATPase and a major polypeptide of 170,000 daltons both of which bind to actin in the shrunken gel pellet. The active fraction does not contain the previously described Acanthamoeba myosin (Pollard, T. D., and Korn, E. D. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4682-4690)."}
{"id": "PMID:137900", "title": "Purification and properties of the P15 specific restriction endonuclease from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The specific restriction endonuclease of the Escherichia coli plasmid, P15, has been purified to apparent homogeneity by a procedure that includes DNA-cellulose chromatography as well as a new endonuclease assay. Sedimentation on glycerol gradients showed two peaks of activity with values of 11.3 S and 15.7 S. The highly purified enzyme requires ATP and Mg2+ for activity and is stimulated by S-adenosylmethionine. A methylase activity is observed in the course of the endonucleolytic reaction which protects some of the DNA sites from cleavage.", "contents": "Purification and properties of the P15 specific restriction endonuclease from Escherichia coli. The specific restriction endonuclease of the Escherichia coli plasmid, P15, has been purified to apparent homogeneity by a procedure that includes DNA-cellulose chromatography as well as a new endonuclease assay. Sedimentation on glycerol gradients showed two peaks of activity with values of 11.3 S and 15.7 S. The highly purified enzyme requires ATP and Mg2+ for activity and is stimulated by S-adenosylmethionine. A methylase activity is observed in the course of the endonucleolytic reaction which protects some of the DNA sites from cleavage."}
{"id": "PMID:137901", "title": "Activation of human plasminogen by equimolar levels of streptokinase.", "content": "Native Glu-human plasminogen (Mr approximately 92,000 with NH2-terminal glutamic acid) is able to combine directly with streptokinase in an equivalent molar ratio, to yield a stoichiometric complex. The plasminogen moiety in the complex then undergoes streptokinase-induced conformational changes. As a result of such, an active center develops in the plasminogen moiety of the complex. This proteolytically active complex then activates plasminogen in the complex to plasmin and at least two peptide bonds are cleaved in the process. The data presented in this paper reveal that initially an internal peptide bond of plasminogen (in the complex) is cleaved to yield a two-chain, disulfide-linked plasmin molecule. The heavy chain (Mr approximately 67,000 with NH2-terminal glutamic acid) of this plasmin molecule has an identical NH2-terminal amico acid as the native plasminogen. The light chain (Mr approximately 25,000 with NH2-terminal valine) of plasmin is known to be derived from the COOH-terminal portion of the parent plasminogen molecule. A second peptide is then cleaved from the NH2-terminal end of the heavy chain of plasmin producing a proteolytically modified heavy chain (Mr =60.000 with NH2-terminal lysine). This cleavage of the NH2-terminal peptide from the heavy chain of plasmin is shown to be mediated by the dissociated free plasmin present in the activation mixture. Plasmin in the streptokinase-plasmin complex is unable to cleave this NH2-terminal peptide. This same NH2-terminal peptide can also be cleaved from native Glu-plasminogen or from the Glu-plasminogen-streptokinase complex by free plasmin and not by a complex of streptokinase-plasmin. From these studies we conclude (a) in the streptokinase-plasminogen complex, the NH2-terminal peptide need not be released prior to the cleavage of the essential Arg-Val peptide bond which leads to the formation of a two chain plasmin molecule and (b) that this peptide is cleaved from the native plasminogen or from the heavy chain of the initially formed plasmin in the streptokinase complex by free plasmin and not by the plasmin associated with streptokinase. In agreement with this, plasmin associated with streptokinase was unable to cleave the NH2-terminal peptide from the isolated native heavy chain possessing glutamic acid as the NH2-terminal amino acid; whereas free plasmin readily cleaved this peptide from the same isolated Glu-heavy chain.", "contents": "Activation of human plasminogen by equimolar levels of streptokinase. Native Glu-human plasminogen (Mr approximately 92,000 with NH2-terminal glutamic acid) is able to combine directly with streptokinase in an equivalent molar ratio, to yield a stoichiometric complex. The plasminogen moiety in the complex then undergoes streptokinase-induced conformational changes. As a result of such, an active center develops in the plasminogen moiety of the complex. This proteolytically active complex then activates plasminogen in the complex to plasmin and at least two peptide bonds are cleaved in the process. The data presented in this paper reveal that initially an internal peptide bond of plasminogen (in the complex) is cleaved to yield a two-chain, disulfide-linked plasmin molecule. The heavy chain (Mr approximately 67,000 with NH2-terminal glutamic acid) of this plasmin molecule has an identical NH2-terminal amico acid as the native plasminogen. The light chain (Mr approximately 25,000 with NH2-terminal valine) of plasmin is known to be derived from the COOH-terminal portion of the parent plasminogen molecule. A second peptide is then cleaved from the NH2-terminal end of the heavy chain of plasmin producing a proteolytically modified heavy chain (Mr =60.000 with NH2-terminal lysine). This cleavage of the NH2-terminal peptide from the heavy chain of plasmin is shown to be mediated by the dissociated free plasmin present in the activation mixture. Plasmin in the streptokinase-plasmin complex is unable to cleave this NH2-terminal peptide. This same NH2-terminal peptide can also be cleaved from native Glu-plasminogen or from the Glu-plasminogen-streptokinase complex by free plasmin and not by a complex of streptokinase-plasmin. From these studies we conclude (a) in the streptokinase-plasminogen complex, the NH2-terminal peptide need not be released prior to the cleavage of the essential Arg-Val peptide bond which leads to the formation of a two chain plasmin molecule and (b) that this peptide is cleaved from the native plasminogen or from the heavy chain of the initially formed plasmin in the streptokinase complex by free plasmin and not by the plasmin associated with streptokinase. In agreement with this, plasmin associated with streptokinase was unable to cleave the NH2-terminal peptide from the isolated native heavy chain possessing glutamic acid as the NH2-terminal amino acid; whereas free plasmin readily cleaved this peptide from the same isolated Glu-heavy chain."}
{"id": "PMID:137902", "title": "Phosphorylation from adenosine triphosphate of sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase. Comparison of enzyme-ligand complexes as precursors to the phosphoenzyme.", "content": "The relative effectiveness of the ligands Mg2+, Na+, and ATP in preparing sodium plus potassium ion transport adenosine triphosphatase for phosphorylation was studied by means of a rapid mixing apparatus. Addition of 2 mM MgC12, 120 mM NaC1, and 5 muM [gamma-32P]ATP simultaneously to the free enzyme gave an initial phosphorylation rate of about 0.3 mu mol-mg-1-min-1 at 25 degrees and pH7.4. Addition of Mg2+ to the enzyme beforehand, separately or in combination with Na+ or ATP, had little effect on the initial rate. Addition of Na+ only to the enzyme beforehand increased this rate 1.5- to 3-fold. Early addition of ATP 130 ms before Na+ plus Mg2+ increased the rate 6- to 7-fold. Early addition of Na+ plus ATP was most effective; it increased the rate about 10-fold. The data indicate that Na+ and ATP bind in a random order and that each ligand potentiates the effect of the other. The rate of dissociation of ATP from the enzyme was estimated by a chase of unlabeled ATP of variable duration. This rate was slowest in the presence of Mg2+ (k = 540 min-1), most rapid in the presence of Na+ (k = 2000 min-1), and intermediate (k = 1100 min-1) in the absence of metal ions. The effect of Na+ concentration on the rate of phosphorylation was estimated when Na+ with Mg2+ was added to the enzyme-ATP complex. The rate followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a maximum of 2.9 mu mol-mg-1 and a Km of 8 mM. The effect of Na+ concentration was also estimated on the increment in the rate of phosphorylation produced by the presence of Na+ with the enzyme-ATP complex beforehand. The increment followed the same kinetics with a maximum of 3.75 mu mol-mg-1-min-1 and a Km of 5.4 mM. In both cases estimation of the Hill coefficient failed to show cooperativity between binding sites for Na+. In contrast, the dependence of ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity on Na+ concentration in the absence of K+ indicated two sites for Na+ with apparent Km values of 0.16 and 8.1 mM, respectively.", "contents": "Phosphorylation from adenosine triphosphate of sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase. Comparison of enzyme-ligand complexes as precursors to the phosphoenzyme. The relative effectiveness of the ligands Mg2+, Na+, and ATP in preparing sodium plus potassium ion transport adenosine triphosphatase for phosphorylation was studied by means of a rapid mixing apparatus. Addition of 2 mM MgC12, 120 mM NaC1, and 5 muM [gamma-32P]ATP simultaneously to the free enzyme gave an initial phosphorylation rate of about 0.3 mu mol-mg-1-min-1 at 25 degrees and pH7.4. Addition of Mg2+ to the enzyme beforehand, separately or in combination with Na+ or ATP, had little effect on the initial rate. Addition of Na+ only to the enzyme beforehand increased this rate 1.5- to 3-fold. Early addition of ATP 130 ms before Na+ plus Mg2+ increased the rate 6- to 7-fold. Early addition of Na+ plus ATP was most effective; it increased the rate about 10-fold. The data indicate that Na+ and ATP bind in a random order and that each ligand potentiates the effect of the other. The rate of dissociation of ATP from the enzyme was estimated by a chase of unlabeled ATP of variable duration. This rate was slowest in the presence of Mg2+ (k = 540 min-1), most rapid in the presence of Na+ (k = 2000 min-1), and intermediate (k = 1100 min-1) in the absence of metal ions. The effect of Na+ concentration on the rate of phosphorylation was estimated when Na+ with Mg2+ was added to the enzyme-ATP complex. The rate followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a maximum of 2.9 mu mol-mg-1 and a Km of 8 mM. The effect of Na+ concentration was also estimated on the increment in the rate of phosphorylation produced by the presence of Na+ with the enzyme-ATP complex beforehand. The increment followed the same kinetics with a maximum of 3.75 mu mol-mg-1-min-1 and a Km of 5.4 mM. In both cases estimation of the Hill coefficient failed to show cooperativity between binding sites for Na+. In contrast, the dependence of ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity on Na+ concentration in the absence of K+ indicated two sites for Na+ with apparent Km values of 0.16 and 8.1 mM, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:137903", "title": "A protein inhibitor of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase (F1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "A heat-stable protein has been detected in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which inhibits mitochondrial ATPase activity. The protein inhibitor has been isolated from extracts prepared by brief heat treatment of unbroken cell suspensions. The isolated inhibitor is a small basic protein (molecular weight close to 7000, isoelectric proint 9.05) devoid of tryptophan, tyrosine, and cysteine as well as proline. The NHP2-terminal amino acid is serine. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum shows the vibrational fine structure of the phenyl-alanine band. Like the ATPase inhibitor from bovine heart mitochondria the yeast inhibitor is rapidly destroyed by trypsin. It is also inactivated by the yeast proteinases A and B. Radioimmunological analysis indicates that the inhibitor is synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes. Its accumulation seems to be connected to the formation of the mitochondrial ATPase complex, since its specific activity is greatly reduced both in extracts obtained from the F1-ATPase-deficient nuclear mutant pet 936 and from the cytoplasmic petite mutant D 273-10B-1.", "contents": "A protein inhibitor of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase (F1) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A heat-stable protein has been detected in Saccharomyces cerevisiae which inhibits mitochondrial ATPase activity. The protein inhibitor has been isolated from extracts prepared by brief heat treatment of unbroken cell suspensions. The isolated inhibitor is a small basic protein (molecular weight close to 7000, isoelectric proint 9.05) devoid of tryptophan, tyrosine, and cysteine as well as proline. The NHP2-terminal amino acid is serine. The ultraviolet absorption spectrum shows the vibrational fine structure of the phenyl-alanine band. Like the ATPase inhibitor from bovine heart mitochondria the yeast inhibitor is rapidly destroyed by trypsin. It is also inactivated by the yeast proteinases A and B. Radioimmunological analysis indicates that the inhibitor is synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes. Its accumulation seems to be connected to the formation of the mitochondrial ATPase complex, since its specific activity is greatly reduced both in extracts obtained from the F1-ATPase-deficient nuclear mutant pet 936 and from the cytoplasmic petite mutant D 273-10B-1."}
{"id": "PMID:137904", "title": "Effect of uncoupler on \"downhill\" substrate efflux of Escherichia coli is dependent on (Mg2+, Ca2+). Adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that mutations in the unc gene of Escherichia coli K12 cause defects in energy transduction as well as a membrane-bound (Mg2+, Ca2+)-adenosine triphosphatase. We studied the effect of this mutation on the \"downhill\" efflux of methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, a suboli K12 did not show significant differences in substrate influx of efflux, a differential effect of an uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol was demonstrated. In contrast to the unc+, dinitrophenol failed to inhibit significantly the rate coefficient of efflux in the unc- strain. Analysis of spontaneous unc+ revertants of the unc- mutant provided additional evidence that a functional unc gene is necessary for dinitrophenol inhibition of efflux. Other uncouplers tested in the unc+ strain showed different effects on efflux. While arsenate, azide and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenulhydrazone caused little or no effect, 2,4-dibromophenol and pentachlorophenol increased efflux by a considerable factor.", "contents": "Effect of uncoupler on \"downhill\" substrate efflux of Escherichia coli is dependent on (Mg2+, Ca2+). Adenosine triphosphatase. Previous studies have shown that mutations in the unc gene of Escherichia coli K12 cause defects in energy transduction as well as a membrane-bound (Mg2+, Ca2+)-adenosine triphosphatase. We studied the effect of this mutation on the \"downhill\" efflux of methyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside, a suboli K12 did not show significant differences in substrate influx of efflux, a differential effect of an uncoupler, 2,4-dinitrophenol was demonstrated. In contrast to the unc+, dinitrophenol failed to inhibit significantly the rate coefficient of efflux in the unc- strain. Analysis of spontaneous unc+ revertants of the unc- mutant provided additional evidence that a functional unc gene is necessary for dinitrophenol inhibition of efflux. Other uncouplers tested in the unc+ strain showed different effects on efflux. While arsenate, azide and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenulhydrazone caused little or no effect, 2,4-dibromophenol and pentachlorophenol increased efflux by a considerable factor."}
{"id": "PMID:137906", "title": "Transport of nutrients by a thermophilic bacterium--reconstruction of vesicles from crystalline ATPase or solubilized alanine carrier.", "content": "A strain of aerobic thermophilic bacteria was selected in order to purify highly stable membrane proteins and no reconstitute proteoliposomes capable of transporting nutrients from them. These proteins responsible for the transport could be divided into (1) proteins which supply energy to the transporting system, and (2) specific nutrient carriers driven by the energy. The former included a stable ATPase (TF1) and a lipoprotein TF0) which rendered TF1 sensitive to energy transfer inhibitors. The complex of TF0 anlysis of ATP. And one of the latter reported in this paper was alanine carrier protein which was driven by proton movement. TF1 was the first crystallized ATPase in biomembranes, and was reconstituted from its five different polypeptides, two of which were necessary for ATPase activity and four of which, for proton translocation. Purification of alanine carrier and reconstitution of proteoliposomes capable of alanine accumulation were also demonstrated.", "contents": "Transport of nutrients by a thermophilic bacterium--reconstruction of vesicles from crystalline ATPase or solubilized alanine carrier. A strain of aerobic thermophilic bacteria was selected in order to purify highly stable membrane proteins and no reconstitute proteoliposomes capable of transporting nutrients from them. These proteins responsible for the transport could be divided into (1) proteins which supply energy to the transporting system, and (2) specific nutrient carriers driven by the energy. The former included a stable ATPase (TF1) and a lipoprotein TF0) which rendered TF1 sensitive to energy transfer inhibitors. The complex of TF0 anlysis of ATP. And one of the latter reported in this paper was alanine carrier protein which was driven by proton movement. TF1 was the first crystallized ATPase in biomembranes, and was reconstituted from its five different polypeptides, two of which were necessary for ATPase activity and four of which, for proton translocation. Purification of alanine carrier and reconstitution of proteoliposomes capable of alanine accumulation were also demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:137907", "title": "Why do tumor cells have a high aerobic glycolysis?", "content": "In Ehrlich ascites cells and several other tumors, the high aerobic glycolysis is maintained by generation of ADP and Pi by the plasma membrane Na+K+ ATPase. The high ATP activity is caused by a defective pump that operates at a low efficiency. Studies of the mechanism of action of the Na+K+ ATPase and other pump ATPases suggest several alternative mechanisms that might account for the decreased efficiency. The possibility of involvement of a proteolipid is under investigation.", "contents": "Why do tumor cells have a high aerobic glycolysis? In Ehrlich ascites cells and several other tumors, the high aerobic glycolysis is maintained by generation of ADP and Pi by the plasma membrane Na+K+ ATPase. The high ATP activity is caused by a defective pump that operates at a low efficiency. Studies of the mechanism of action of the Na+K+ ATPase and other pump ATPases suggest several alternative mechanisms that might account for the decreased efficiency. The possibility of involvement of a proteolipid is under investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:137908", "title": "Differences in neutral amino acid and glucose transport between brush border and basolateral plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "A comparison of L-valine and D-glucose transport was carried out with vesicles of plasma membrane isolated either from the luminal (brush border) or from the contra-luminal (basolateral) region of small intestinal epithelial cells. The existence of transport systems for both non-electrolytes was demonstrated by stereospecificity and saturability of uptake, as well as tracer coupling. Transport of L-valine and D-glucose differs markedly in the two types of plasma membrane with respect to stimulation by Na+. The presence of Na+ stimulated initial L-valine and D-glucose uptake in brush border, but not in basolateral membrane. Moreover, an electro-chemical Na+ gradient, oriented with the lower potential on the inside, supported accumulation of the non-electrolytes above medium concentration only in the brush border membrane. L-Valine and D-glucose transport also were saturated at lower concentrations in brush border (10-20 mM) than in basolateral plasma membranes (30-50 mM). A third difference between the two membranes was found in the effectiveness of known inhibitors of D-glucose transport. In brush border membranes phlorizin was more potent than phloretin and 2', 3', 4'-trihydroxy-4-methoxy chalcone and cytochalasin B did not inhibit at all. In contrast, with the basolateral plasma membranes the order of potency was changed to phloretin = 2',3',4'-trihydroxy-4-methoxy chalcone greater than cytochalasin B greater than phlorizin. These results indicate the presence of different types of transport systems for monosaccharides and neutral amino acids in the luminal and contra-luminal region of the plasma membrane. Active transepithelial transport can be explained on the basis of the different properties of the non-electrolyte transport systems in the two cellular regions and an electro-chemical Na+ gradient that is dependent on cellular metabolism.", "contents": "Differences in neutral amino acid and glucose transport between brush border and basolateral plasma membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. A comparison of L-valine and D-glucose transport was carried out with vesicles of plasma membrane isolated either from the luminal (brush border) or from the contra-luminal (basolateral) region of small intestinal epithelial cells. The existence of transport systems for both non-electrolytes was demonstrated by stereospecificity and saturability of uptake, as well as tracer coupling. Transport of L-valine and D-glucose differs markedly in the two types of plasma membrane with respect to stimulation by Na+. The presence of Na+ stimulated initial L-valine and D-glucose uptake in brush border, but not in basolateral membrane. Moreover, an electro-chemical Na+ gradient, oriented with the lower potential on the inside, supported accumulation of the non-electrolytes above medium concentration only in the brush border membrane. L-Valine and D-glucose transport also were saturated at lower concentrations in brush border (10-20 mM) than in basolateral plasma membranes (30-50 mM). A third difference between the two membranes was found in the effectiveness of known inhibitors of D-glucose transport. In brush border membranes phlorizin was more potent than phloretin and 2', 3', 4'-trihydroxy-4-methoxy chalcone and cytochalasin B did not inhibit at all. In contrast, with the basolateral plasma membranes the order of potency was changed to phloretin = 2',3',4'-trihydroxy-4-methoxy chalcone greater than cytochalasin B greater than phlorizin. These results indicate the presence of different types of transport systems for monosaccharides and neutral amino acids in the luminal and contra-luminal region of the plasma membrane. Active transepithelial transport can be explained on the basis of the different properties of the non-electrolyte transport systems in the two cellular regions and an electro-chemical Na+ gradient that is dependent on cellular metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:137909", "title": "Genetic alteration in the (Na+ + K+) ATPase transport system expressed in human lymphoblasts and their isolated plasma membranes.", "content": "A series of ouabain-resistant human lymphoblastoid lines were shown to be genetically altered in the (Na+ + K+) ATPase transport system. The sensitivity to ouabain of Rb+ uptake in intact cells and (Na+ + K+) dependent ATP hydrolysis in purified plasma membrane vesicles was compared with measurement of ouabain binding to intact cells. Preliminary evidence for at least two categories of ouabain resistance was obtained.", "contents": "Genetic alteration in the (Na+ + K+) ATPase transport system expressed in human lymphoblasts and their isolated plasma membranes. A series of ouabain-resistant human lymphoblastoid lines were shown to be genetically altered in the (Na+ + K+) ATPase transport system. The sensitivity to ouabain of Rb+ uptake in intact cells and (Na+ + K+) dependent ATP hydrolysis in purified plasma membrane vesicles was compared with measurement of ouabain binding to intact cells. Preliminary evidence for at least two categories of ouabain resistance was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:137910", "title": "Heparan sulfates of mouse cells. Analysis of parent and transformed 3T3 cell lines.", "content": "Heparan sulfate from the surface of a variety of mouse cells at different cell densities was examined by ion-exchange chromatography. The results of this analysis show that: (1) The heparan sulfate from new isolates of Swiss 3T3 cells transformed by SV40 virus (a DNA tumor virus) elutes from DEAE-cellulose at a lower ionic strength than that from the parent cell type. This finding confirms our earlier observation with an established SV40-transformed cell line (Underhill and Keller, '75) and eliminates the possibility that this change is caused by extended passage in culture. (2) For both parent and transformed 3T3 cells, the heparan sulfates from low and high density cultures were the same as judged by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. This result demonstrates that the transformation-dependent change which we have observed is independent of cell density. (3) The heparan sulfate from Balb/c 3T3 cells transformed with Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (an RNA tumor virus) elutes from DEAE-cellulose prior to that from parent Balb/c 3T3 cells. This result extends the transformation dependent change in heparan sulfate to the Balb/c 3T3 cell line and to cells transformed with an RNA virus.", "contents": "Heparan sulfates of mouse cells. Analysis of parent and transformed 3T3 cell lines. Heparan sulfate from the surface of a variety of mouse cells at different cell densities was examined by ion-exchange chromatography. The results of this analysis show that: (1) The heparan sulfate from new isolates of Swiss 3T3 cells transformed by SV40 virus (a DNA tumor virus) elutes from DEAE-cellulose at a lower ionic strength than that from the parent cell type. This finding confirms our earlier observation with an established SV40-transformed cell line (Underhill and Keller, '75) and eliminates the possibility that this change is caused by extended passage in culture. (2) For both parent and transformed 3T3 cells, the heparan sulfates from low and high density cultures were the same as judged by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. This result demonstrates that the transformation-dependent change which we have observed is independent of cell density. (3) The heparan sulfate from Balb/c 3T3 cells transformed with Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (an RNA tumor virus) elutes from DEAE-cellulose prior to that from parent Balb/c 3T3 cells. This result extends the transformation dependent change in heparan sulfate to the Balb/c 3T3 cell line and to cells transformed with an RNA virus."}
{"id": "PMID:137911", "title": "Nature of lectin-induced alteration of potassium transfer in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells.", "content": "The way in which the lectins concanavalin A (Con A) and Ricinus communis agglutinin (Ricin) alter the K+ content of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was investigated. Unidrectional and net fluxes were determined in unwashed cells during a time course following lectin addition. Total influx, ouabain sensitive influx, Mg++- and Na+-K+-ATPase activity were all unaffected. Cell ATP content was normal for at least 19 minutes after exposure to Con A. Early after contact with Ricin or Con A efflux was stimulated 2-3-fold, resulting in net K+ loss, but after 20 minutes efflux had returned to normal. Ricin and Con A acted similarly although Ricin was present at only 1/50 the concentration of Con A. When the findings are evaluated together with previous work it is suggested that a particular membrane glycoprotein may be concerned in the efflux alteration observed.", "contents": "Nature of lectin-induced alteration of potassium transfer in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The way in which the lectins concanavalin A (Con A) and Ricinus communis agglutinin (Ricin) alter the K+ content of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells was investigated. Unidrectional and net fluxes were determined in unwashed cells during a time course following lectin addition. Total influx, ouabain sensitive influx, Mg++- and Na+-K+-ATPase activity were all unaffected. Cell ATP content was normal for at least 19 minutes after exposure to Con A. Early after contact with Ricin or Con A efflux was stimulated 2-3-fold, resulting in net K+ loss, but after 20 minutes efflux had returned to normal. Ricin and Con A acted similarly although Ricin was present at only 1/50 the concentration of Con A. When the findings are evaluated together with previous work it is suggested that a particular membrane glycoprotein may be concerned in the efflux alteration observed."}
{"id": "PMID:137913", "title": "The effects of fluoxymesterone administration on testicular function.", "content": "Long term daily administration of fluoxymesterone (9alpha-fluoro-17alpha-methyl-11beta, 17beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one) was associated with a modest suppression of sperm production and a profound suppression of testosterone levels in the absence of significant effects on plasma gonadotropin levels. Nine normal male volunteers took either 10, 20, or 30 mg of fluoxymesterone daily for twelve weeks. Plasma samples were obtained for testosterone, estrogen, LH and FSH levels at biweekly intervals before, during and for up to 12 weeks after fluoxymesterone treatment. Samples were obtained for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone binding globulin and free testosterone assays at representative times before, during and after treatment. Although lower sperm counts were observed at several points during both the treatment and follow up periods, significant consistent suppression of spermatogenesis could not be demonstrated. Reduced plasma testosterone levels were seen within 24 h after beginning fluoxymesterone, and further reductions were noted throughout the treatment period. Changes in plasma estrogen levels did not correlate with fluoxymesterone administration. Neither plasma LH nor plasma FSH levels were significantly altered by fluoxymesterone. A short term study utilizing a single dose of fluoxymesterone yielded similar findings. It is proposed that fluoxymesterone has a local effect on the Leydig cell which is not mediated by gonadotropins.", "contents": "The effects of fluoxymesterone administration on testicular function. Long term daily administration of fluoxymesterone (9alpha-fluoro-17alpha-methyl-11beta, 17beta-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one) was associated with a modest suppression of sperm production and a profound suppression of testosterone levels in the absence of significant effects on plasma gonadotropin levels. Nine normal male volunteers took either 10, 20, or 30 mg of fluoxymesterone daily for twelve weeks. Plasma samples were obtained for testosterone, estrogen, LH and FSH levels at biweekly intervals before, during and for up to 12 weeks after fluoxymesterone treatment. Samples were obtained for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone binding globulin and free testosterone assays at representative times before, during and after treatment. Although lower sperm counts were observed at several points during both the treatment and follow up periods, significant consistent suppression of spermatogenesis could not be demonstrated. Reduced plasma testosterone levels were seen within 24 h after beginning fluoxymesterone, and further reductions were noted throughout the treatment period. Changes in plasma estrogen levels did not correlate with fluoxymesterone administration. Neither plasma LH nor plasma FSH levels were significantly altered by fluoxymesterone. A short term study utilizing a single dose of fluoxymesterone yielded similar findings. It is proposed that fluoxymesterone has a local effect on the Leydig cell which is not mediated by gonadotropins."}
{"id": "PMID:137914", "title": "Studies of the diurnal pattern of plasma corticosteroids and gonadotropins in two cases of feminizing adrenal carcinoma: measurements of estrogen and corticosteroid production.", "content": "Two adult men with feminizing adrenal cortical carcinoma had measurements of their 24-h plasma corticosteroid and gonadotropin patterns as well as 24-h mean hormone levels of estradiol, estetrol, 11-desoxycortisol, DHEA-S, DHEA and testosterone. Cortisol, 11-desoxycortisol and estrogen production rates were also measured. The 24-h corticosteroid patterns showed preservation of the normal 24-h episodic and circadian patterns, albeit at higher levels. The cortisol production rates were markedly elevated despite only moderate elevation of the 24-h mean cortisol level. There were elevated plasma 11-desoxycortisol levels and a markedly elevated 11-desoxycortisol production rate in one patient and THS excretion in the other. The plasma estradiol levels, urinary excretion and production rates were markedly elevated. In addition, there was a decrease in the specific activity of estriol compared with estrone and estradiol as well as measurable levels of estetrol in both patients. These latter observations coupled with the urinary immunoassayable hCG in one patient suggest that these tumors may be functioning like trophoblastic tissue. The possibility that estetrol may serve as an additional marker for tumors of trophoblastic origin is of additional interest.", "contents": "Studies of the diurnal pattern of plasma corticosteroids and gonadotropins in two cases of feminizing adrenal carcinoma: measurements of estrogen and corticosteroid production. Two adult men with feminizing adrenal cortical carcinoma had measurements of their 24-h plasma corticosteroid and gonadotropin patterns as well as 24-h mean hormone levels of estradiol, estetrol, 11-desoxycortisol, DHEA-S, DHEA and testosterone. Cortisol, 11-desoxycortisol and estrogen production rates were also measured. The 24-h corticosteroid patterns showed preservation of the normal 24-h episodic and circadian patterns, albeit at higher levels. The cortisol production rates were markedly elevated despite only moderate elevation of the 24-h mean cortisol level. There were elevated plasma 11-desoxycortisol levels and a markedly elevated 11-desoxycortisol production rate in one patient and THS excretion in the other. The plasma estradiol levels, urinary excretion and production rates were markedly elevated. In addition, there was a decrease in the specific activity of estriol compared with estrone and estradiol as well as measurable levels of estetrol in both patients. These latter observations coupled with the urinary immunoassayable hCG in one patient suggest that these tumors may be functioning like trophoblastic tissue. The possibility that estetrol may serve as an additional marker for tumors of trophoblastic origin is of additional interest."}
{"id": "PMID:137921", "title": "Double-blind study of ipratropium bromide, a new anticholinergic bronchodilator.", "content": "The efficacy and acceptability of ipratropium given by metered-dose inhaler were evaluated in two double-blind crossover tests against placebo, one preceding and one following a 2-wk period of continual open-label ipratropium treatment. Ten patients with chronic bronchitis and 10 with bronchial asthma participated. Ipratropium produced increase in FEV 1 of more than 15% within 5 min of inhalation, and this effect was maintained for 4 to 5 hr. Statistically significant mean increases over the FEV 1 baseline values were recorded after ipratropium treatment in both the initial and the final crossover tests. There were no adverse reactions to any of the placebo or ipratropium test doses or to the ipratropium treatment. Serial electrocardiograms, laboratory tests, blood pressure, and pulse rate showed no change from lthe baseline. Sputum volume and dry-weight determinations in the patients with bronchitis before and after the 14-day treatment revealed no changes.", "contents": "Double-blind study of ipratropium bromide, a new anticholinergic bronchodilator. The efficacy and acceptability of ipratropium given by metered-dose inhaler were evaluated in two double-blind crossover tests against placebo, one preceding and one following a 2-wk period of continual open-label ipratropium treatment. Ten patients with chronic bronchitis and 10 with bronchial asthma participated. Ipratropium produced increase in FEV 1 of more than 15% within 5 min of inhalation, and this effect was maintained for 4 to 5 hr. Statistically significant mean increases over the FEV 1 baseline values were recorded after ipratropium treatment in both the initial and the final crossover tests. There were no adverse reactions to any of the placebo or ipratropium test doses or to the ipratropium treatment. Serial electrocardiograms, laboratory tests, blood pressure, and pulse rate showed no change from lthe baseline. Sputum volume and dry-weight determinations in the patients with bronchitis before and after the 14-day treatment revealed no changes."}
{"id": "PMID:137922", "title": "A comparison of the bronchodilator activity of Sch 1000 and salbutamol.", "content": "The effects of the beta 2-adrenergic agonist, salbutamol, 200 mug, and the cholinergic antagonist, Sch 1000, 40 mug, have been compared in 25 asthmatic patients using a single dose, double-blind, crossover trial design. Salbutamol aerosol produces a greater degree of bronchodilatation than Sch 1000 aerosol during the initial three hours following drug administration. There is no significant difference in the bronchodilator effects of the two drugs in the interval four to eight hours after drug administration. Nonatopic patients showed less difference in bronchodilator response to each of the two drugs than atopic patients. Neither drug showed any significant adverse effect on blood pressure, pulse rate, or electrocardiogram. In six asthmatic patients the effect of the combination of salbutamol, 200 mug, and Sch 1000, 40 mug, was evaluated. The combination produced a longer duration of bronchodilatation than either drug alone when compared to placebo.", "contents": "A comparison of the bronchodilator activity of Sch 1000 and salbutamol. The effects of the beta 2-adrenergic agonist, salbutamol, 200 mug, and the cholinergic antagonist, Sch 1000, 40 mug, have been compared in 25 asthmatic patients using a single dose, double-blind, crossover trial design. Salbutamol aerosol produces a greater degree of bronchodilatation than Sch 1000 aerosol during the initial three hours following drug administration. There is no significant difference in the bronchodilator effects of the two drugs in the interval four to eight hours after drug administration. Nonatopic patients showed less difference in bronchodilator response to each of the two drugs than atopic patients. Neither drug showed any significant adverse effect on blood pressure, pulse rate, or electrocardiogram. In six asthmatic patients the effect of the combination of salbutamol, 200 mug, and Sch 1000, 40 mug, was evaluated. The combination produced a longer duration of bronchodilatation than either drug alone when compared to placebo."}
{"id": "PMID:137923", "title": "Symposium on arthritis in older persons. Section III. Osteoarthritis and back pain. Examination of the back in the geriatric patient.", "content": "Older people often complain of back pain, but it usually is not a major complaint except in the presence of serious disease such as malignancy, compression fractures from osteoporosis, or disc-space infections. When back pain is a serious symptom in the elderly patient, the physician should look beyond the obvious evidences of degenerative joint disease for these other more serious conditions. Satisfactory examination of the back does not require an undue amount of time. It is important that it be done systematically. Simple, rapid, and adequate procedures are described.", "contents": "Symposium on arthritis in older persons. Section III. Osteoarthritis and back pain. Examination of the back in the geriatric patient. Older people often complain of back pain, but it usually is not a major complaint except in the presence of serious disease such as malignancy, compression fractures from osteoporosis, or disc-space infections. When back pain is a serious symptom in the elderly patient, the physician should look beyond the obvious evidences of degenerative joint disease for these other more serious conditions. Satisfactory examination of the back does not require an undue amount of time. It is important that it be done systematically. Simple, rapid, and adequate procedures are described."}
{"id": "PMID:137924", "title": "Back pain: osteoarthritis.", "content": "Back pain is one of the chief complaints of the elderly. It may be either a chronic deep skeletal muscular pain or an acute circumscribed pain arising from nerve-root irritation. The main causes of back pain in older people are: 1) degenerative changes (spondylosis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing hyperostosis); 2) malignancy (multiple myeloma, metastases from carcinoma or lymphoma); and 3) metabolic disorders (osteoporosis, osteomalacia, chondrocalcinosis, Paget's disease). Mechanisms and variations are discussed in detail.", "contents": "Back pain: osteoarthritis. Back pain is one of the chief complaints of the elderly. It may be either a chronic deep skeletal muscular pain or an acute circumscribed pain arising from nerve-root irritation. The main causes of back pain in older people are: 1) degenerative changes (spondylosis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing hyperostosis); 2) malignancy (multiple myeloma, metastases from carcinoma or lymphoma); and 3) metabolic disorders (osteoporosis, osteomalacia, chondrocalcinosis, Paget's disease). Mechanisms and variations are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:137925", "title": "Females and illness: recent trends in sex differences in the United States.", "content": "Data from the national Health Interview Survey for 1957-72 show that females have higher age-standardized rates of acute conditions, chronic conditions, and disability due to acute conditions, compared to males. More males, however, suffer limitations of activity or mobility due to chronic conditions, Females' excess morbidity for acute conditions persists when reproduction-related events are excluded. From 1957-72, females' disadvantage for acute conditions continues unchanged. But for chronic conditions, males are \"catching up\" to females in overall prevalence, and their conditions are becoming more severe relative to females'. These trends are compatible with trends in sex mortality differences over the same period. Four types of explanation are advanced to account for females' excess morbidity: interview behavior, illness behavior, acquired health risks, and inherited health risks. Empirical evidence suggests the first two factors inflate female rates compared to males; the last two do the opposite. It is hypothesized that excess female morbidity is due primarily to social and psychological factors, and a procedure to test this is stated.", "contents": "Females and illness: recent trends in sex differences in the United States. Data from the national Health Interview Survey for 1957-72 show that females have higher age-standardized rates of acute conditions, chronic conditions, and disability due to acute conditions, compared to males. More males, however, suffer limitations of activity or mobility due to chronic conditions, Females' excess morbidity for acute conditions persists when reproduction-related events are excluded. From 1957-72, females' disadvantage for acute conditions continues unchanged. But for chronic conditions, males are \"catching up\" to females in overall prevalence, and their conditions are becoming more severe relative to females'. These trends are compatible with trends in sex mortality differences over the same period. Four types of explanation are advanced to account for females' excess morbidity: interview behavior, illness behavior, acquired health risks, and inherited health risks. Empirical evidence suggests the first two factors inflate female rates compared to males; the last two do the opposite. It is hypothesized that excess female morbidity is due primarily to social and psychological factors, and a procedure to test this is stated."}
{"id": "PMID:137935", "title": "HLA antigen studies in a family with C2 deficiency.", "content": "Two children in a family were found to be homozygous for C2 deficiency; both parents and a third child were heterozygous. C2 deficiency was associated with the HLA haplotypes carrying the antigens B18 and DW2. Antigen A10 was absent in this family. Mixed lymphocyte culture studies among the family members confirmed the association of C2 deficiency with the HLA-D locus.", "contents": "HLA antigen studies in a family with C2 deficiency. Two children in a family were found to be homozygous for C2 deficiency; both parents and a third child were heterozygous. C2 deficiency was associated with the HLA haplotypes carrying the antigens B18 and DW2. Antigen A10 was absent in this family. Mixed lymphocyte culture studies among the family members confirmed the association of C2 deficiency with the HLA-D locus."}
{"id": "PMID:137937", "title": "A reevaluation of fatty acids as inflammatory agents in acne.", "content": "The currently widely held theory that intrafollicular free fatty acids (FA) are the primary agents instigating inflammatory changes in acne is based on circumstantial evidence. There is no direct evidence that FA in physiologic concentrations are inflammatory. In the present study the quantities of FA present in isolated pilosebaceous ducts and in isolated comedones were analyzed. Using these values, the effect of FA on intracutaneous injection into human skin was investigated. The range of FA in 257 isolated pilosebaceous ducts from skin of the upper back of 10 male subjects was 0.19 to 2.43 mug, with an average of 0.89 +/- 0.75 mug of FA per duct. The mean FA content in 45 open comedones was 63.6 +/- 24.8 mug per comedone. Fatty acids for intracutaneous testing were isolated from human skin surface lipids and from hydrolyzed triglycerides purified from pooled isolated sebaceous glands. Twenty-six subjects received 100 mug of FA intracutaneously in the upper back. The response to FA injections could not be distinguished from the response to saline control injections. By 24 hr no erythema, induration, or any visible marks of inflammation were present in the skin of any of the subjects tested. At the histologic level a mild inflammatory infiltrate consisting perdominantly of lymphocytes was slightly more marked in the FA injection site than in the saline control injection site. Increasing the amount of FA injected to 500 mug still produced no visible inflammatory response in human skin. We conclude that intracutaneous injections of FA in physiologic concentrations do not produce more than a very mild inflammatory reaction in human skin and suggest that the role of Propionibacterium acnes in the pathogeneisis of acne may be more complex than merely as a source of intrafollicular lipases.", "contents": "A reevaluation of fatty acids as inflammatory agents in acne. The currently widely held theory that intrafollicular free fatty acids (FA) are the primary agents instigating inflammatory changes in acne is based on circumstantial evidence. There is no direct evidence that FA in physiologic concentrations are inflammatory. In the present study the quantities of FA present in isolated pilosebaceous ducts and in isolated comedones were analyzed. Using these values, the effect of FA on intracutaneous injection into human skin was investigated. The range of FA in 257 isolated pilosebaceous ducts from skin of the upper back of 10 male subjects was 0.19 to 2.43 mug, with an average of 0.89 +/- 0.75 mug of FA per duct. The mean FA content in 45 open comedones was 63.6 +/- 24.8 mug per comedone. Fatty acids for intracutaneous testing were isolated from human skin surface lipids and from hydrolyzed triglycerides purified from pooled isolated sebaceous glands. Twenty-six subjects received 100 mug of FA intracutaneously in the upper back. The response to FA injections could not be distinguished from the response to saline control injections. By 24 hr no erythema, induration, or any visible marks of inflammation were present in the skin of any of the subjects tested. At the histologic level a mild inflammatory infiltrate consisting perdominantly of lymphocytes was slightly more marked in the FA injection site than in the saline control injection site. Increasing the amount of FA injected to 500 mug still produced no visible inflammatory response in human skin. We conclude that intracutaneous injections of FA in physiologic concentrations do not produce more than a very mild inflammatory reaction in human skin and suggest that the role of Propionibacterium acnes in the pathogeneisis of acne may be more complex than merely as a source of intrafollicular lipases."}
{"id": "PMID:137938", "title": "Interaction of 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone with renal mineralocorticoid receptors.", "content": "A previously unidentified mineralocorticoid, 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (16beta OH-DHEA) has recently been isolated from urine extracts of patients with low-renin hypertension and reported to possess one-fortieth the mineralocorticoid potency of aldosterone by bioassay. However, using a radioreceptor assay, we demonstrate the affinity of 16beta-OH-DHEA for renal 3H-aldosterone receptors to be only 0.011 per cent that of unlabeled aldosterone. 16beta-OH-DHEA therefore would not be expected to possess significant mineralocorticoid properties unless its mechanism of action involves binding to a unique class of renal receptors. Until these discrepancies between bioassayable mineralocorticoid activity and affinity for mineralocorticoid receptors can be resolved, the role of 16beta-OH-DHEA in the pathogenesis of low-renin hypertension remains speculative.", "contents": "Interaction of 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone with renal mineralocorticoid receptors. A previously unidentified mineralocorticoid, 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (16beta OH-DHEA) has recently been isolated from urine extracts of patients with low-renin hypertension and reported to possess one-fortieth the mineralocorticoid potency of aldosterone by bioassay. However, using a radioreceptor assay, we demonstrate the affinity of 16beta-OH-DHEA for renal 3H-aldosterone receptors to be only 0.011 per cent that of unlabeled aldosterone. 16beta-OH-DHEA therefore would not be expected to possess significant mineralocorticoid properties unless its mechanism of action involves binding to a unique class of renal receptors. Until these discrepancies between bioassayable mineralocorticoid activity and affinity for mineralocorticoid receptors can be resolved, the role of 16beta-OH-DHEA in the pathogenesis of low-renin hypertension remains speculative."}
{"id": "PMID:137940", "title": "[Determination of oestrogens in pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The chemistry of oestrogens, and the metabolism of the oestrogens during pregnancy is considered. On this basis, appropriate methods of oestrogen determination have been devised for the recognition of foetuses at risk; the diagnostic significance of these methods is discussed. A method is regarded as suitable if the results can be quickly available, and give a reliable representation of the rate of oestriol production by the foeto-placental unit. Following a review of the development of eostrogen determinations, one method for the photometric measurement of total urinary oestrogens and one method for the radio-immunological determination of serum oestriol are discussed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of studies on urine and serum are summarized in a table. Finally, problems in the clinical evaluation of the results of oestriol determinations are discussed.", "contents": "[Determination of oestrogens in pregnancy (author's transl)]. The chemistry of oestrogens, and the metabolism of the oestrogens during pregnancy is considered. On this basis, appropriate methods of oestrogen determination have been devised for the recognition of foetuses at risk; the diagnostic significance of these methods is discussed. A method is regarded as suitable if the results can be quickly available, and give a reliable representation of the rate of oestriol production by the foeto-placental unit. Following a review of the development of eostrogen determinations, one method for the photometric measurement of total urinary oestrogens and one method for the radio-immunological determination of serum oestriol are discussed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of studies on urine and serum are summarized in a table. Finally, problems in the clinical evaluation of the results of oestriol determinations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137958", "title": "Tension generation by threads of contractile proteins.", "content": "Threads of contractile proteins were formed via extrusion and their isometric tensions and isotonic contraction velocities were measured. We obtained reproducible data by using a new and sensitive tensiometer. The force-velocity curves of actomyosin threads were similar to those of muscle, with isometric tensions of the order of 10g/cm2 and maximum contraction velocites of the order of 10(-2) lengths/s. The data could be fitted by Hill's equation. Addition of tropomyosin and troponin to the threads increased isometric tension and maximum contraction velocity. Threads which contained troponin and tropomyosin required Ca++ for contraction and the dependence of their isometric tension on the level of free Ca++ was like that of muscle. The dependence of tension or of contraction velocity upon temperature or upon ionic strength is similar for actomyosin threads and muscle fibers. In contrast, the dependence of most parameters which are characteristic of the actomyosin interaction in solution (or suspension) upon these variables is not similar to the dependence of the muscle fiber parameters. The conclusion we have drawn from these results is that the mechanism of tension generation in the threads is similar to the mechanism that exists in muscle. Because the protein composition of the thread system can be manipulated readily and because the tensions and velocities of the threads can be related directly to the physiological parameters of muscle fibers, the threads provide a powerful method for studying contractile proteins.", "contents": "Tension generation by threads of contractile proteins. Threads of contractile proteins were formed via extrusion and their isometric tensions and isotonic contraction velocities were measured. We obtained reproducible data by using a new and sensitive tensiometer. The force-velocity curves of actomyosin threads were similar to those of muscle, with isometric tensions of the order of 10g/cm2 and maximum contraction velocites of the order of 10(-2) lengths/s. The data could be fitted by Hill's equation. Addition of tropomyosin and troponin to the threads increased isometric tension and maximum contraction velocity. Threads which contained troponin and tropomyosin required Ca++ for contraction and the dependence of their isometric tension on the level of free Ca++ was like that of muscle. The dependence of tension or of contraction velocity upon temperature or upon ionic strength is similar for actomyosin threads and muscle fibers. In contrast, the dependence of most parameters which are characteristic of the actomyosin interaction in solution (or suspension) upon these variables is not similar to the dependence of the muscle fiber parameters. The conclusion we have drawn from these results is that the mechanism of tension generation in the threads is similar to the mechanism that exists in muscle. Because the protein composition of the thread system can be manipulated readily and because the tensions and velocities of the threads can be related directly to the physiological parameters of muscle fibers, the threads provide a powerful method for studying contractile proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:137961", "title": "Muscular dysgenesis in the mouse (mdg/mdg). I. Ultrastructural study of skeletal and cardiac muscle.", "content": "Muscular dysgenesis (mdg/mdg), transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait in the mouse, is characterized by a total inability to contract any skeletal muscle. In addition, there is fixation of posture at multiple joints at the time of birth (arthrogryposis multiplex congenital). This muscular disorder has been studied by light, phase and electron microscopic techniques, combined with cytochemical methods. The homozygous mutant fetuses (mdg/mdg) and their littermates(+/?) were studied at time intervals of from 18 to 20 days of gestation. Four litters of non mdg mice (+/+) resulting from the matings of Harvard white mice also served as controls. Structural alterations were found both in cardiac ancd skeletal intrafusal and extrafusal muscle. These changes were characterized by a deviation in the course of muscle development. The most significant change was considered to be in the contractile substance, particularly in the Z band structure. Changes in the sarcotubular system and the retarded development of the motor end plate appeared to result from this primary abnormality in contractile substance. Contraction bodies were consistently located close to close to the motor end plate. The presence of contraction bodies, and the failure of muscle-tendon junctions to form seemed to be related to an alteration of the contractile filaments. Limited longitudinal growth of the muscle fibers and disorganization of myofibrils were attributed to the incomplete development of the Z band.", "contents": "Muscular dysgenesis in the mouse (mdg/mdg). I. Ultrastructural study of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Muscular dysgenesis (mdg/mdg), transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait in the mouse, is characterized by a total inability to contract any skeletal muscle. In addition, there is fixation of posture at multiple joints at the time of birth (arthrogryposis multiplex congenital). This muscular disorder has been studied by light, phase and electron microscopic techniques, combined with cytochemical methods. The homozygous mutant fetuses (mdg/mdg) and their littermates(+/?) were studied at time intervals of from 18 to 20 days of gestation. Four litters of non mdg mice (+/+) resulting from the matings of Harvard white mice also served as controls. Structural alterations were found both in cardiac ancd skeletal intrafusal and extrafusal muscle. These changes were characterized by a deviation in the course of muscle development. The most significant change was considered to be in the contractile substance, particularly in the Z band structure. Changes in the sarcotubular system and the retarded development of the motor end plate appeared to result from this primary abnormality in contractile substance. Contraction bodies were consistently located close to close to the motor end plate. The presence of contraction bodies, and the failure of muscle-tendon junctions to form seemed to be related to an alteration of the contractile filaments. Limited longitudinal growth of the muscle fibers and disorganization of myofibrils were attributed to the incomplete development of the Z band."}
{"id": "PMID:137963", "title": "Surgical management of massive ventral hernias in children.", "content": "The management of 7 children with massive abdominal wall hernias is reviewed, utilizing a technique of stabilizing the defect by insertion of a Teflon mesh prosthesis followed by pneumoperitoneum and staged reduction. Teflon mesh has proven ideally suited for this purpose because of its flexibility, elasticity, and relative nonreactivity, allowing it to be applied directly over the surface of exposed bowel without inducing fistula formation. Although the mesh is securely incorporated into the fascial perimeter of the abdominal wall, a pseudomembrane is formed at the point of contact with the bowel surface which allows subsequent dissection and removal of the prosthesis with relative ease. Having limited the size of the defect by insertion of the mesh, an ideal situation is created for use of pneumoperitoneum to expand the peritoneal cavity and stretch the normal tissues of the abdominal wall, thus facilitating subsequent operative reduction of the ventral hernia. Utilizing this approach, excellent cosmetic and functional results have been achieved in all 7 patients.", "contents": "Surgical management of massive ventral hernias in children. The management of 7 children with massive abdominal wall hernias is reviewed, utilizing a technique of stabilizing the defect by insertion of a Teflon mesh prosthesis followed by pneumoperitoneum and staged reduction. Teflon mesh has proven ideally suited for this purpose because of its flexibility, elasticity, and relative nonreactivity, allowing it to be applied directly over the surface of exposed bowel without inducing fistula formation. Although the mesh is securely incorporated into the fascial perimeter of the abdominal wall, a pseudomembrane is formed at the point of contact with the bowel surface which allows subsequent dissection and removal of the prosthesis with relative ease. Having limited the size of the defect by insertion of the mesh, an ideal situation is created for use of pneumoperitoneum to expand the peritoneal cavity and stretch the normal tissues of the abdominal wall, thus facilitating subsequent operative reduction of the ventral hernia. Utilizing this approach, excellent cosmetic and functional results have been achieved in all 7 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:137964", "title": "Laparoscopy in childhood.", "content": "The indications and technique for laparoscopy in childhood are discussed. During the last 5 years 59 laparoscopies were carried out in the Surgical Department of the University Children's Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland, These cases are described in some detail. No complications were encountered.", "contents": "Laparoscopy in childhood. The indications and technique for laparoscopy in childhood are discussed. During the last 5 years 59 laparoscopies were carried out in the Surgical Department of the University Children's Hospital, Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland, These cases are described in some detail. No complications were encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:137965", "title": "Estrogens in maternal plasma following intraamniotic injection of (3H)-dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate in midpregnancy.", "content": "In 4 patients with normal pregnancies between the 18th and 20th week of gestation (3H7alpha)-dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate ([H]-DHEA-S) was injected intraamniotically. Maternal venous blood was drawn before and at regular intervals for 240 minutes after DHEA-injection. Thereafter, legal abortion was performed by intraamniotic instillation of prostaglandine. The conjugated steroids were hydrolyzed enzymatically and the total steroids were isolated and identified. The following labelled metabolites were determined quantitatively: Estriol (e3, estradiol-17beta (E2-17beta), estrone(E1), 16alpha-hydroxy-estrone, (16alpha-OH-DHEA), ALPHA4-androstenedione (AD) and testosterone (T). The maximal increase of all estrogen fractions in matermal plasma occurred 120-180min after intraamniotic injection of the precursor. The most prominent rise of the C18-steroids could be shown for estriol. 60-70% of all metabolites were C16-hydroxylated.", "contents": "Estrogens in maternal plasma following intraamniotic injection of (3H)-dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate in midpregnancy. In 4 patients with normal pregnancies between the 18th and 20th week of gestation (3H7alpha)-dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate ([H]-DHEA-S) was injected intraamniotically. Maternal venous blood was drawn before and at regular intervals for 240 minutes after DHEA-injection. Thereafter, legal abortion was performed by intraamniotic instillation of prostaglandine. The conjugated steroids were hydrolyzed enzymatically and the total steroids were isolated and identified. The following labelled metabolites were determined quantitatively: Estriol (e3, estradiol-17beta (E2-17beta), estrone(E1), 16alpha-hydroxy-estrone, (16alpha-OH-DHEA), ALPHA4-androstenedione (AD) and testosterone (T). The maximal increase of all estrogen fractions in matermal plasma occurred 120-180min after intraamniotic injection of the precursor. The most prominent rise of the C18-steroids could be shown for estriol. 60-70% of all metabolites were C16-hydroxylated."}
{"id": "PMID:137966", "title": "Simultaneous high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of niacin and niacinamide in multivitamin preparations: reversed-phase, ion-pairing approach.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous determination of niacin and niacinamide in multivitamin preparations was developed and evaluated. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography with dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in the mobile phase is utilized for the analysis. The accuracy and precision of the procedure were compared with those of the currently official procedure.", "contents": "Simultaneous high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of niacin and niacinamide in multivitamin preparations: reversed-phase, ion-pairing approach. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous determination of niacin and niacinamide in multivitamin preparations was developed and evaluated. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography with dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate in the mobile phase is utilized for the analysis. The accuracy and precision of the procedure were compared with those of the currently official procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:137970", "title": "[Comments on the accessory tubercle of the lumbar costiform apophysis (author's transl)].", "content": "The first results of a study of Luschka's accessory tubercle and Broca's styloid hypophysis, and especially of osteotendinitis which can arise from musculo-tendinous fatigue in this zone insertion. This osteotendinitis, whose radiological demonstration is difficult and rarely done, can possibly explain undoubtedly certain cases of localized lumbago.", "contents": "[Comments on the accessory tubercle of the lumbar costiform apophysis (author's transl)]. The first results of a study of Luschka's accessory tubercle and Broca's styloid hypophysis, and especially of osteotendinitis which can arise from musculo-tendinous fatigue in this zone insertion. This osteotendinitis, whose radiological demonstration is difficult and rarely done, can possibly explain undoubtedly certain cases of localized lumbago."}
{"id": "PMID:137971", "title": "Diagnostic and preventive services in a national incremental dental plan for children.", "content": "A modelling exercise was carried out to examine the potential expenditure in a national incremental dental program for children aged six to 13. Using Relative Value Units (RVUs) as a proxy for dollars, the relative expenditures for care per child in fluoridated and fluoride-deficient areas were assessed. Dental treatment requirements were taken from existing data as far as possible. Arrangements for the delivery of care were based on existing pocicies of the American Dental Association, an services delivered were based on the recommendations of the American Academy of Pedodontics and the American Society of Dentistry for Children. Orthodontic care was limited to space maintainers and simple interceptive care. Children were assumed to receive initial care at age six, and annual maintenance care from ages seven to 13. The results showed that although restorative care would be 49.8 percent less expensive for children in fluoridated areas, total care would be only 11.9 percent less expensive. The major reason for this difference was the high proportion of annual maintenance-care costs that would be absorbed by diagnostic and preventive services using UCR fees. The necessity for much of this care is questioned under the conditions of this model, and some methods by which the dental profession might control the relatively high cost of diagnostic-preventive services are suggested.", "contents": "Diagnostic and preventive services in a national incremental dental plan for children. A modelling exercise was carried out to examine the potential expenditure in a national incremental dental program for children aged six to 13. Using Relative Value Units (RVUs) as a proxy for dollars, the relative expenditures for care per child in fluoridated and fluoride-deficient areas were assessed. Dental treatment requirements were taken from existing data as far as possible. Arrangements for the delivery of care were based on existing pocicies of the American Dental Association, an services delivered were based on the recommendations of the American Academy of Pedodontics and the American Society of Dentistry for Children. Orthodontic care was limited to space maintainers and simple interceptive care. Children were assumed to receive initial care at age six, and annual maintenance care from ages seven to 13. The results showed that although restorative care would be 49.8 percent less expensive for children in fluoridated areas, total care would be only 11.9 percent less expensive. The major reason for this difference was the high proportion of annual maintenance-care costs that would be absorbed by diagnostic and preventive services using UCR fees. The necessity for much of this care is questioned under the conditions of this model, and some methods by which the dental profession might control the relatively high cost of diagnostic-preventive services are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:137972", "title": "The prevalence of Huntington's chorea in an area of East Anglia.", "content": "The prevalence of Huntington's chorea in East Anglia was sought by following up a series of different sources, both in hospitals and in the community. The results show that the prevalence of the disease in this area is very much higher than has previously been reported and is comparable to the highest rates known anywhere in the world.", "contents": "The prevalence of Huntington's chorea in an area of East Anglia. The prevalence of Huntington's chorea in East Anglia was sought by following up a series of different sources, both in hospitals and in the community. The results show that the prevalence of the disease in this area is very much higher than has previously been reported and is comparable to the highest rates known anywhere in the world."}
{"id": "PMID:137975", "title": "Evaluation of the fallopian tube section obtained at laparoscopic fulguration.", "content": "Three hundred tubal specimens obtained at laparoscopic coagulation and resection of the tube for sterilization done in the years 1973 and 1974 were studied. Twenty-three percent of the specimens were not identifiable as of tubal origin, and there was a lack of precision in the diagnosis in 17% of the specimens. Because of the comparable results for sterilization by well-performed coagulation alone and of coagulation with resection of a segment of tube, we feel that resection, with its assocaited hazards, is unnecessary.", "contents": "Evaluation of the fallopian tube section obtained at laparoscopic fulguration. Three hundred tubal specimens obtained at laparoscopic coagulation and resection of the tube for sterilization done in the years 1973 and 1974 were studied. Twenty-three percent of the specimens were not identifiable as of tubal origin, and there was a lack of precision in the diagnosis in 17% of the specimens. Because of the comparable results for sterilization by well-performed coagulation alone and of coagulation with resection of a segment of tube, we feel that resection, with its assocaited hazards, is unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:137976", "title": "Outpatient laparoscopic sterilization: a review of complications in 2,000 cases.", "content": "After reviewing the surgical reports of 2,000 female sterilizations by laparoscopy done in a one-year period we found a total incidence of operative complications of 3.9%. Hemorrhage was the most frequent complication (2%). There was a low incidence of bowel burns (0.15%).", "contents": "Outpatient laparoscopic sterilization: a review of complications in 2,000 cases. After reviewing the surgical reports of 2,000 female sterilizations by laparoscopy done in a one-year period we found a total incidence of operative complications of 3.9%. Hemorrhage was the most frequent complication (2%). There was a low incidence of bowel burns (0.15%)."}
{"id": "PMID:137978", "title": "Documents and documentation in laparoscopy.", "content": "Some form of documentation of laparoscopic findings is essential in the proper management of the patient. We have found a simple outline form with a schematic drawing of the pelvis to be invaluable in emphasizing the need for a systematic and thorough endoscopic examination and in providing an excellent method of recall. Photographic documentation is primarily of value to those physicians involved in research or educational programs. In addition, we have found it helpful to give the patients a printed description of the procedure beforehand, as well as written instructions concerning preoperative arrangements and postoperative care.", "contents": "Documents and documentation in laparoscopy. Some form of documentation of laparoscopic findings is essential in the proper management of the patient. We have found a simple outline form with a schematic drawing of the pelvis to be invaluable in emphasizing the need for a systematic and thorough endoscopic examination and in providing an excellent method of recall. Photographic documentation is primarily of value to those physicians involved in research or educational programs. In addition, we have found it helpful to give the patients a printed description of the procedure beforehand, as well as written instructions concerning preoperative arrangements and postoperative care."}
{"id": "PMID:137980", "title": "Studies on anticoccidial agents. 10. Synthesis and anticoccidial activity of 5-nitronicotinamide and its analogues.", "content": "5-Nitronicotinamide (1) was prepared from 5-bromonicotinoyl chloride by treatment with ammonia and then oxidation with fuming H2SO4 and 30% H202. 2-Cholor-, 2-alkoxy-2-benzyloxy,2-phenoxy-,2-alkylamino-, and 2-benzylamino-5-nitronicatinamides were also prepared via 2-chloro-3-cyano-5-nitropyridine. 2-Methyl-5-nitronicotinamide (2) was obtained from ethyl 2-methyl-5-nitronicotinate by treatment with ammonia; the 4-methyl analogue 3 was from 3-cyano-2,6-dihydroxy-4 methylpyridine by nitration, chlorination, and dechlorination, and the 6-methyl analogue 4 was prepared by transforming 2-chloro-3-cyano-6-methyl-5-nitropyridine to the corresponding amide, followed by dechlorination. Of these compounds, the 5-nitronicotinamide, the 2-methyl and 4-methyl but not the 6-methyl, analogue showed significant anticoccidial activity against eimeria tenella. N-Substituted analogues of 5-nitronicotinamide and 2-methyl-5-nitronicotinamide were prepared in a conventional manner and optimal anticoccidial activity was attained with their lower N-alkyl analogues, N-alkanoyl and -alkenoyl analogues, and N-aromatic acyl analogues together with these parent compounds.", "contents": "Studies on anticoccidial agents. 10. Synthesis and anticoccidial activity of 5-nitronicotinamide and its analogues. 5-Nitronicotinamide (1) was prepared from 5-bromonicotinoyl chloride by treatment with ammonia and then oxidation with fuming H2SO4 and 30% H202. 2-Cholor-, 2-alkoxy-2-benzyloxy,2-phenoxy-,2-alkylamino-, and 2-benzylamino-5-nitronicatinamides were also prepared via 2-chloro-3-cyano-5-nitropyridine. 2-Methyl-5-nitronicotinamide (2) was obtained from ethyl 2-methyl-5-nitronicotinate by treatment with ammonia; the 4-methyl analogue 3 was from 3-cyano-2,6-dihydroxy-4 methylpyridine by nitration, chlorination, and dechlorination, and the 6-methyl analogue 4 was prepared by transforming 2-chloro-3-cyano-6-methyl-5-nitropyridine to the corresponding amide, followed by dechlorination. Of these compounds, the 5-nitronicotinamide, the 2-methyl and 4-methyl but not the 6-methyl, analogue showed significant anticoccidial activity against eimeria tenella. N-Substituted analogues of 5-nitronicotinamide and 2-methyl-5-nitronicotinamide were prepared in a conventional manner and optimal anticoccidial activity was attained with their lower N-alkyl analogues, N-alkanoyl and -alkenoyl analogues, and N-aromatic acyl analogues together with these parent compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:137981", "title": "Antifolate studies. Activities of 40 potential antimalarial compounds against sensitive and chlorguanide triazine resistant strains of folate-requiring bacteria and Escherichia coli.", "content": "As part of the search for new antimalarial drugs, a screening program was developed using sensitive and chlorguanide triazine (CGT, cycloguanil) resistant strains of the folate-requiring bacteria, Streptococcus faecium durans, Lactobacillus casei, and Pediococcus cerevisiae. The activities of 40 compounds have been studied against these strains and Escherichia coli. Observations have been made on the points of 50% growth inhibition, the fold increase of resistance shown to each compound by the resistant strains as compared with the parent sensitive strains, and the reversal of growth inhibition by folic acid with S. faecium and L. casei by folinic acid with P. cerevisiae and by p-aminobenzoic acid with E. coli. Comparisons have been made of the activities of the test compounds with those of the standard antimalarial antifoltes, CGT and pyrimethamine (PM), and the antibacterial results have been compared with the activities of the compounds against Plasmodium berghei infections in the mouse and against human malaria infections where data are available. Of the 17 compounds reversed by folates, five had patterns of activity similar to CGT and PM in that they were most active against S. faecium and nine compounds exhibited a different pattern, being highly active against all four test bacteria. This suggests that these latter compounds either have different pharmacokinetic properties or have additional modes of action. The three CGT-resistant organisms responded to antifolates in different ways. S. faecium (R) and P. cerevisiae (R) strains were cross resistant to 4,6-diaminotriazines, 2,4-diaminopyrimidines, 2,4-diaminoquinazolines, and active 2,4-diaminopteridines. L. casei (R) was cross resistant to the triazines but was collaterally sensitive to all the other antifolates. Most of the compounds not reversed by folates were much less inhibitory for the test organisms; they were most active against L. casei. In general, their growth inhibitory concentrations varied less for the four test organisms and the responses of the sensitive and CGTR strains were similar. However, there was some cross resistance to five compounds and some collateral sensitivity to five others. Comparison of the bacteriological data with the activities of the compounds against Plasmodium berghei in the mouse showed little correlation between the two test systems; each appears to provide independent and useful information.", "contents": "Antifolate studies. Activities of 40 potential antimalarial compounds against sensitive and chlorguanide triazine resistant strains of folate-requiring bacteria and Escherichia coli. As part of the search for new antimalarial drugs, a screening program was developed using sensitive and chlorguanide triazine (CGT, cycloguanil) resistant strains of the folate-requiring bacteria, Streptococcus faecium durans, Lactobacillus casei, and Pediococcus cerevisiae. The activities of 40 compounds have been studied against these strains and Escherichia coli. Observations have been made on the points of 50% growth inhibition, the fold increase of resistance shown to each compound by the resistant strains as compared with the parent sensitive strains, and the reversal of growth inhibition by folic acid with S. faecium and L. casei by folinic acid with P. cerevisiae and by p-aminobenzoic acid with E. coli. Comparisons have been made of the activities of the test compounds with those of the standard antimalarial antifoltes, CGT and pyrimethamine (PM), and the antibacterial results have been compared with the activities of the compounds against Plasmodium berghei infections in the mouse and against human malaria infections where data are available. Of the 17 compounds reversed by folates, five had patterns of activity similar to CGT and PM in that they were most active against S. faecium and nine compounds exhibited a different pattern, being highly active against all four test bacteria. This suggests that these latter compounds either have different pharmacokinetic properties or have additional modes of action. The three CGT-resistant organisms responded to antifolates in different ways. S. faecium (R) and P. cerevisiae (R) strains were cross resistant to 4,6-diaminotriazines, 2,4-diaminopyrimidines, 2,4-diaminoquinazolines, and active 2,4-diaminopteridines. L. casei (R) was cross resistant to the triazines but was collaterally sensitive to all the other antifolates. Most of the compounds not reversed by folates were much less inhibitory for the test organisms; they were most active against L. casei. In general, their growth inhibitory concentrations varied less for the four test organisms and the responses of the sensitive and CGTR strains were similar. However, there was some cross resistance to five compounds and some collateral sensitivity to five others. Comparison of the bacteriological data with the activities of the compounds against Plasmodium berghei in the mouse showed little correlation between the two test systems; each appears to provide independent and useful information."}
{"id": "PMID:137983", "title": "A case of gouty arthritis associated with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Gouty arthritis developed in a twenty-one-year-old male whose karyotyping showed Trisomy 21. His serum urate level was 13.1 mg per 100 ml and his twenty-four-hour urinary uric acid excretion was 431 mg on a low purine diet. Uric acid clearance was decreased to 3.9 ml per minute. The cumulative incorporation of N15-glycine  into urinary uric acid during successive seven days was 0.144 per cent, which was within the normal range. Diminished uric acid clearance may be attributed to this hyperuricaemia. The cause of gouty arthritis and Down's syndrome in the patient is discussed.", "contents": "A case of gouty arthritis associated with Down's syndrome. Gouty arthritis developed in a twenty-one-year-old male whose karyotyping showed Trisomy 21. His serum urate level was 13.1 mg per 100 ml and his twenty-four-hour urinary uric acid excretion was 431 mg on a low purine diet. Uric acid clearance was decreased to 3.9 ml per minute. The cumulative incorporation of N15-glycine  into urinary uric acid during successive seven days was 0.144 per cent, which was within the normal range. Diminished uric acid clearance may be attributed to this hyperuricaemia. The cause of gouty arthritis and Down's syndrome in the patient is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:137987", "title": "Use of aspartame by apparently healthy children and adolescents.", "content": "This study was conducted to determine the effects and the differences, if any, resulting from the ingestion of aspartame (sweetener) versus sucrose. A 13-wk, double-blind study was conducted using 126 apparently healthy children and adolescents as panelists. Individuals were randomly assigned in a double-blind design to aspartame or sucrose in each of five age groups; dosage levels were assigned according to age and weight groups. Physical examinations and special eye examinations were performed at the beginning and end of the study. Other parameters determined including laboratory tests of liver and renal function, hematologic status, and plasma levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Clinically significant differences in laboratory parameters measured could not be demonstrated; all mean values were within normal limits. No unusual findings were observed in phenylalanine or tyrosine levels. All phenylpyruvic acid and methanol determinations were negative. No important physical changes occurred, and no product-related side effects were reported.", "contents": "Use of aspartame by apparently healthy children and adolescents. This study was conducted to determine the effects and the differences, if any, resulting from the ingestion of aspartame (sweetener) versus sucrose. A 13-wk, double-blind study was conducted using 126 apparently healthy children and adolescents as panelists. Individuals were randomly assigned in a double-blind design to aspartame or sucrose in each of five age groups; dosage levels were assigned according to age and weight groups. Physical examinations and special eye examinations were performed at the beginning and end of the study. Other parameters determined including laboratory tests of liver and renal function, hematologic status, and plasma levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Clinically significant differences in laboratory parameters measured could not be demonstrated; all mean values were within normal limits. No unusual findings were observed in phenylalanine or tyrosine levels. All phenylpyruvic acid and methanol determinations were negative. No important physical changes occurred, and no product-related side effects were reported."}
{"id": "PMID:137988", "title": "[The urethra in congenital aplasia of the abdominal wall. Concerning 15 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have collected in 13 years, 15 cases of congenital aplasia of the abdominal wall. All of the patients had involvement of the urinary apparatus of varying degree of severity, megalo-ureter, megabladder and dilatation of the posterior urethra being the most constant lesions. Twelve patients with renal failure, benefited from reparatory surgery of the excretory pathway. Eleven patients had complete or incomplete retention: in 5 cases there was a urethral valve. In 6 cases the megalo-urethra was apparently idiopathic. In all of these cases, endoscopic treatment was carried out, constituted either of resection of valves, or internal urethro-sphincterotomy using a cutting electrode: 9 times, the result obtained was excellent. One patient was improved; in one case the result could not be assessed. For the authors, obstructive urethral pathology is a frequently unrecognized or badly understood fact. It is accessible to endoscopic treatment, which must precede or accompany correction of the ureteral abnormalities.", "contents": "[The urethra in congenital aplasia of the abdominal wall. Concerning 15 cases (author's transl)]. The authors have collected in 13 years, 15 cases of congenital aplasia of the abdominal wall. All of the patients had involvement of the urinary apparatus of varying degree of severity, megalo-ureter, megabladder and dilatation of the posterior urethra being the most constant lesions. Twelve patients with renal failure, benefited from reparatory surgery of the excretory pathway. Eleven patients had complete or incomplete retention: in 5 cases there was a urethral valve. In 6 cases the megalo-urethra was apparently idiopathic. In all of these cases, endoscopic treatment was carried out, constituted either of resection of valves, or internal urethro-sphincterotomy using a cutting electrode: 9 times, the result obtained was excellent. One patient was improved; in one case the result could not be assessed. For the authors, obstructive urethral pathology is a frequently unrecognized or badly understood fact. It is accessible to endoscopic treatment, which must precede or accompany correction of the ureteral abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:137989", "title": "SP-10 bacteriophage-specific nucleic acid and enzyme synthesis in Bacillus subtilis W23.", "content": "Bacillus subtilis W23 was infected with a clear-plaque variant of SP-10 phage, namely, SP-10c. Exogenous thymidine was not incorporated into phage DNA (even in the presence of deoxyadenosine), nor was there any transfer of thymidine nucleotides from bacterial to viral DNA. The lytic program was unaffected by concentrations of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine sufficient to reduce bacterial DNA synthesis by greater than 95%. Although these data are consistent with the interpretation that thymidine nucleotides are excluded from phage DNA, formic acid digests of SP-10c DNA contained what appeared to be the four conventional bases; however, adenine and thymine were not recovered in equimolar yields. DNA-RNA hybridization and hybridization competition experiments were done. Synthesis of host RNA started to wane moments postinfection and stopped completely by 36 min. SP-10c coded for discrete classes of early and late RNA. The possibility of discrete subclasses of early RNA exists. Replication of the bacterial genome appeared to terminate 12 min postinfection. Degradation of the host DNA to acid-soluble material started at 36 min and, by the end of the latent period, greater than 90% of the host chromosome was hydrolyzed. Four apparent phage-coded enzymes have been identified. A di- and triphosphatase degraded dUTP, dUDP, dTTP, and dTDP (and, to a lesser extent, dCDP and d CTP) to the corresponding monophosphates; the enzyme had no apparent activity on dATP and dGTP. SP10c also coded for a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, lysozyme, and a nuclease that degrades native bacterial DNA. Judging from the dependence of enzyme synthesis on the time of addition of rifampin (an inhibitor of the initiation of RNA synthesis), messengers for the di- and triphosphatase, as well as the nuclease, are transcribed from promoters that start to function 6 min postinfection. Promoters for polymerase and lysozyme did not become functional until 8 and 16 min postinfection, respectively.", "contents": "SP-10 bacteriophage-specific nucleic acid and enzyme synthesis in Bacillus subtilis W23. Bacillus subtilis W23 was infected with a clear-plaque variant of SP-10 phage, namely, SP-10c. Exogenous thymidine was not incorporated into phage DNA (even in the presence of deoxyadenosine), nor was there any transfer of thymidine nucleotides from bacterial to viral DNA. The lytic program was unaffected by concentrations of 5-fluorodeoxyuridine sufficient to reduce bacterial DNA synthesis by greater than 95%. Although these data are consistent with the interpretation that thymidine nucleotides are excluded from phage DNA, formic acid digests of SP-10c DNA contained what appeared to be the four conventional bases; however, adenine and thymine were not recovered in equimolar yields. DNA-RNA hybridization and hybridization competition experiments were done. Synthesis of host RNA started to wane moments postinfection and stopped completely by 36 min. SP-10c coded for discrete classes of early and late RNA. The possibility of discrete subclasses of early RNA exists. Replication of the bacterial genome appeared to terminate 12 min postinfection. Degradation of the host DNA to acid-soluble material started at 36 min and, by the end of the latent period, greater than 90% of the host chromosome was hydrolyzed. Four apparent phage-coded enzymes have been identified. A di- and triphosphatase degraded dUTP, dUDP, dTTP, and dTDP (and, to a lesser extent, dCDP and d CTP) to the corresponding monophosphates; the enzyme had no apparent activity on dATP and dGTP. SP10c also coded for a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, lysozyme, and a nuclease that degrades native bacterial DNA. Judging from the dependence of enzyme synthesis on the time of addition of rifampin (an inhibitor of the initiation of RNA synthesis), messengers for the di- and triphosphatase, as well as the nuclease, are transcribed from promoters that start to function 6 min postinfection. Promoters for polymerase and lysozyme did not become functional until 8 and 16 min postinfection, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:137991", "title": "Breast cancer induced by radiation. Relation to mammography and treatment of acne.", "content": "This communication reports cases of 16 women in who cancer of the breast developed after radiation therapy for acne or hirsutism, suggesting another group at higher risk than is generally expected for cancer of the breast. It is prudent to regard the carcinogenic effect of radiation on the breast as proportional to dose without a threshold. Mammography in young women should be ordered only selectively, not for screening.", "contents": "Breast cancer induced by radiation. Relation to mammography and treatment of acne. This communication reports cases of 16 women in who cancer of the breast developed after radiation therapy for acne or hirsutism, suggesting another group at higher risk than is generally expected for cancer of the breast. It is prudent to regard the carcinogenic effect of radiation on the breast as proportional to dose without a threshold. Mammography in young women should be ordered only selectively, not for screening."}
{"id": "PMID:137992", "title": "[Protective effect of schizophyllan on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "Effects of schizophyllan (SPG) and several antibiotics in combination against experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection were examined. (1) Whereas the increase in protective effect of SPG was not observed in combination with carbenicillin or sulbenicillin, remarkable effects could be recognized in combination with dibekacin or gentamicin (GM). The combined therapy with SPG and GM proved to be most excellent. (2) The time course for changes of viable number of Ps. aeruginosa in various organs of mice revealed that the multiplication of the infected bacteria was more markedly inhibited in mice treated with SPG and GM in combination than those treated with each alone. (3) The increase in bactericidal activity of the peritoneal exudate cells was more remarkably demonstrated in the combined treatment with SPG and GM than with each alone, showing the rapid clearance of bacteria from the peritoneal cavity in the former. (4) The microscopic estimation demonstrated that the increase in both phagocytic index and intracellular digestion of bacteria by cultivated macrophages was larger in combination of SPG and GM than each alone. (5) The measurement of viable number of bacteria in cultivated macrophages by the plate-count method also showed that the ingestion and bactericidal activity within the cells were much higher in combined treatment with SPG and GM than each alone.", "contents": "[Protective effect of schizophyllan on Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of mouse (author's transl)]. Effects of schizophyllan (SPG) and several antibiotics in combination against experimental Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection were examined. (1) Whereas the increase in protective effect of SPG was not observed in combination with carbenicillin or sulbenicillin, remarkable effects could be recognized in combination with dibekacin or gentamicin (GM). The combined therapy with SPG and GM proved to be most excellent. (2) The time course for changes of viable number of Ps. aeruginosa in various organs of mice revealed that the multiplication of the infected bacteria was more markedly inhibited in mice treated with SPG and GM in combination than those treated with each alone. (3) The increase in bactericidal activity of the peritoneal exudate cells was more remarkably demonstrated in the combined treatment with SPG and GM than with each alone, showing the rapid clearance of bacteria from the peritoneal cavity in the former. (4) The microscopic estimation demonstrated that the increase in both phagocytic index and intracellular digestion of bacteria by cultivated macrophages was larger in combination of SPG and GM than each alone. (5) The measurement of viable number of bacteria in cultivated macrophages by the plate-count method also showed that the ingestion and bactericidal activity within the cells were much higher in combined treatment with SPG and GM than each alone."}
{"id": "PMID:138006", "title": "Visual examination for blunt abdominal trauma.", "content": "Visualization of the peritoneal cavity to determine the presence of free blood is desirable to diagnose the condition of a patient who has suffered blunt abdominal trauma. Four-quadrant tap plus peritoneal lavage is reliable but the irrigant fluid may return only slightly pink or not return at all. In the Kansas University Medical Center emergency department, 26 Needlescopic examinations have been tried, with 92% accuracy and two false positive results. The Needlescope procedure is described.", "contents": "Visual examination for blunt abdominal trauma. Visualization of the peritoneal cavity to determine the presence of free blood is desirable to diagnose the condition of a patient who has suffered blunt abdominal trauma. Four-quadrant tap plus peritoneal lavage is reliable but the irrigant fluid may return only slightly pink or not return at all. In the Kansas University Medical Center emergency department, 26 Needlescopic examinations have been tried, with 92% accuracy and two false positive results. The Needlescope procedure is described."}
{"id": "PMID:138007", "title": "Knuckle pads, leukonychia, deafness, and keratosis palmoplantaris: report of a family.", "content": "A family is described in which knuckle pads, leukonychia, deafness, and keratosis palmoplantaris are present as a syndrome is several members. This is the second such family reported demonstrating that keratosis palmoplantaris is part of the syndrome. Inheritance pattern is probably autosomal dominant.", "contents": "Knuckle pads, leukonychia, deafness, and keratosis palmoplantaris: report of a family. A family is described in which knuckle pads, leukonychia, deafness, and keratosis palmoplantaris are present as a syndrome is several members. This is the second such family reported demonstrating that keratosis palmoplantaris is part of the syndrome. Inheritance pattern is probably autosomal dominant."}
{"id": "PMID:138008", "title": "[Status of physical environmental factors and the frequency of the chief complications of acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "While studying the course of the disease in 2143 patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction it was found that with significant departure from mean for the city of Leningrad values of relative air humidity, intensity of terrestrial magnetism and differentials of atmospheric pressure the incidence of major complications of the disease is on the increase. An analysis of pertinent data leads to the conclusion on the need of arranging trial-tests to verify the effect on the course of acute myocardial infarction of the patient's stay in a specially equipped ward, where the parameters of the physical environmental factors are maintained at levels mean for a given locality.", "contents": "[Status of physical environmental factors and the frequency of the chief complications of acute myocardial infarct]. While studying the course of the disease in 2143 patients with macrofocal myocardial infarction it was found that with significant departure from mean for the city of Leningrad values of relative air humidity, intensity of terrestrial magnetism and differentials of atmospheric pressure the incidence of major complications of the disease is on the increase. An analysis of pertinent data leads to the conclusion on the need of arranging trial-tests to verify the effect on the course of acute myocardial infarction of the patient's stay in a specially equipped ward, where the parameters of the physical environmental factors are maintained at levels mean for a given locality."}
{"id": "PMID:138009", "title": "[Pathogenesis of cardiac insufficiency in thyrotoxicosis].", "content": "The purpose of the work was to study some problems relating to the pathogenesis of cardiac insufficiency in patients with thyrotoxicosis. To do this a total of 108 patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis with varying degree of severity and aged from 17 to 59 were examined. In addition to the general clinical examination vectoro-, poly- and mechanocardiography was employed. The resulting findings ascertained two possible ways for the development of cardiac insufficiency in patients under consideration. One of them is cardiac hyperfunction that comes to the forefront. In this case the myocardial changes are of a stage-wise nature. The myocardial contractility at the onset of the affection is up, a slight hypertrophy is developing, chiefly, of the outflow passages. As the disease progresses further hypertrophy gains in intensity and dilation of the heart comes in as an intercurrent factor. At this time the contractile function of the myocardium is still unaffected and the patients are at a stage of compensation. With progressing dystrophy and wearing away of the myocardium its contractility is declining and signs of cardiac incompetence appear. Such a development is characteristic of patients with severe course of thyrotoxicosis, long-standing disease and frequent relapses. Of the other way is typical cardiac hyperfunction of low intensity. To the forefront come dystrophic alterations in the myocardium unaccompanied by hypertrophy, and in this case cardiac insufficiency is of latent nature. Such alterations are seen to occur with a milder course of thyrotoxicosis, with the disease of short duration. Dynamic observations bear proof to a reversible nature of hypertrophy and dystrophy of the myocardium.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of cardiac insufficiency in thyrotoxicosis]. The purpose of the work was to study some problems relating to the pathogenesis of cardiac insufficiency in patients with thyrotoxicosis. To do this a total of 108 patients suffering from thyrotoxicosis with varying degree of severity and aged from 17 to 59 were examined. In addition to the general clinical examination vectoro-, poly- and mechanocardiography was employed. The resulting findings ascertained two possible ways for the development of cardiac insufficiency in patients under consideration. One of them is cardiac hyperfunction that comes to the forefront. In this case the myocardial changes are of a stage-wise nature. The myocardial contractility at the onset of the affection is up, a slight hypertrophy is developing, chiefly, of the outflow passages. As the disease progresses further hypertrophy gains in intensity and dilation of the heart comes in as an intercurrent factor. At this time the contractile function of the myocardium is still unaffected and the patients are at a stage of compensation. With progressing dystrophy and wearing away of the myocardium its contractility is declining and signs of cardiac incompetence appear. Such a development is characteristic of patients with severe course of thyrotoxicosis, long-standing disease and frequent relapses. Of the other way is typical cardiac hyperfunction of low intensity. To the forefront come dystrophic alterations in the myocardium unaccompanied by hypertrophy, and in this case cardiac insufficiency is of latent nature. Such alterations are seen to occur with a milder course of thyrotoxicosis, with the disease of short duration. Dynamic observations bear proof to a reversible nature of hypertrophy and dystrophy of the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:138010", "title": "[Insufficiency of the hypertrophied heart].", "content": "The mechanism limiting the function of a normal heart is considered and the key part played in it by the system of an active ionic transport of the myocardial cell is pointed out. With an excessive load on the heart and also in cases of hypoxic and other lesions of the heart muscle--the mechanism limiting the cardiac function becomes the main causative factor of cardiac insufficiency.", "contents": "[Insufficiency of the hypertrophied heart]. The mechanism limiting the function of a normal heart is considered and the key part played in it by the system of an active ionic transport of the myocardial cell is pointed out. With an excessive load on the heart and also in cases of hypoxic and other lesions of the heart muscle--the mechanism limiting the cardiac function becomes the main causative factor of cardiac insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:138011", "title": "[Cardiac insufficiency and its morphological expression].", "content": "The paper sets forth materials reflecting the present-day views of morphologists concerning the problem of cardiac insufficiency. The current state of the problem relating to morphology of the myocardium in cardiac incompetence is characterized. It is suggested that cardiac incompetence cannot be approached as a unique issue, and in different affections the pathogenesis of the heart muscle debility may prove to be dissimilar. Ultrastructural changes in the left heart myocardium of the rabbit, at a distance from the ischemic area, in experimental myocardial infarction at the stage of compensatory hypertrophy and with developing acute cardiac incompetence are described. In the lastly named case the mitochondria of myocites were found to contain compact bodies, apparently made up of calcium phosphate. Their appearance comes as a proof of irreversibility of the supervened changes.", "contents": "[Cardiac insufficiency and its morphological expression]. The paper sets forth materials reflecting the present-day views of morphologists concerning the problem of cardiac insufficiency. The current state of the problem relating to morphology of the myocardium in cardiac incompetence is characterized. It is suggested that cardiac incompetence cannot be approached as a unique issue, and in different affections the pathogenesis of the heart muscle debility may prove to be dissimilar. Ultrastructural changes in the left heart myocardium of the rabbit, at a distance from the ischemic area, in experimental myocardial infarction at the stage of compensatory hypertrophy and with developing acute cardiac incompetence are described. In the lastly named case the mitochondria of myocites were found to contain compact bodies, apparently made up of calcium phosphate. Their appearance comes as a proof of irreversibility of the supervened changes."}
{"id": "PMID:138012", "title": "[Diagnostic characteristics of cardiac insufficiency under mountain conditions].", "content": "In patients with mitral lesions and prevalence of stenosis and insufficient circulation of the I, II A and B stages clinical and functional indicators of the cardiac work were studied at three different altitudes, viz. with a low-mountain relief (760 m), middle-mountain relief (1650-2020 m) and in highland (3600-4200 m). In highland decompensated mitral incompetence was found to be characterized by a much higher incidence of such manifestations of the disease as vertigo, syncopal attacks, fits of distressed respiration, epigastral pulsation, positive venous pulse, a significant expansion of the heart to the right, accentuation and splitting of the II tone on the pulmonary artery, overloading of the right ventricle and atrium (according to ECG findings), the absence of peripheral edematization and fibrillation arrythmia, the presence of arterial and venous hypotension, highly intensive hyperventilation, a drop of PAO2 and PACO2. In patients-residents of low- and middle-mountain regions the severity of clinical and hemodynamic disorders depended on the stage of cardiac insufficiency, whereby in residents of the second region the disclosed deviations on the level of circulation proved more marked. It is shown that the correlation links between individual physiological variables become greatly disrupted parallel with progressively increasing severity of cardiac incompetence. In conditions prevailing in the middle and, especially, high altitude areas there are evident links between individual functional indicators which are absent in low-mountain areas. The above data bear evidence not only to the fact that with progressive severity of cardiac insufficiency the disrupted regulation of the circulation system becomes still more aggravated, but also to the presence of other compensatory mechanisms that are operative in mountain areas.", "contents": "[Diagnostic characteristics of cardiac insufficiency under mountain conditions]. In patients with mitral lesions and prevalence of stenosis and insufficient circulation of the I, II A and B stages clinical and functional indicators of the cardiac work were studied at three different altitudes, viz. with a low-mountain relief (760 m), middle-mountain relief (1650-2020 m) and in highland (3600-4200 m). In highland decompensated mitral incompetence was found to be characterized by a much higher incidence of such manifestations of the disease as vertigo, syncopal attacks, fits of distressed respiration, epigastral pulsation, positive venous pulse, a significant expansion of the heart to the right, accentuation and splitting of the II tone on the pulmonary artery, overloading of the right ventricle and atrium (according to ECG findings), the absence of peripheral edematization and fibrillation arrythmia, the presence of arterial and venous hypotension, highly intensive hyperventilation, a drop of PAO2 and PACO2. In patients-residents of low- and middle-mountain regions the severity of clinical and hemodynamic disorders depended on the stage of cardiac insufficiency, whereby in residents of the second region the disclosed deviations on the level of circulation proved more marked. It is shown that the correlation links between individual physiological variables become greatly disrupted parallel with progressively increasing severity of cardiac incompetence. In conditions prevailing in the middle and, especially, high altitude areas there are evident links between individual functional indicators which are absent in low-mountain areas. The above data bear evidence not only to the fact that with progressive severity of cardiac insufficiency the disrupted regulation of the circulation system becomes still more aggravated, but also to the presence of other compensatory mechanisms that are operative in mountain areas."}
{"id": "PMID:138013", "title": "[Function of the sodium-potassium pump and its corticosteroid regulation as factors limiting cardiac adaptation to severe physical exertion].", "content": "Experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats in order to clarify the leading biochemical mechanism responsible for an increase in the functional capacity of the heart. The obtained results indicate that the function of the Na,K-pump in myocardial sarcolemma is rather stable and deteriorates only during extreme exertion. The alteration of the Na,K-pump function due to a decrease in Na,K-ATP-ase activity leads to a decrease in the Na gradient and an accumulation of water in the cells which in turn reduces the capacity of the Na-Ca exchange mechanism and the rate of Ca removal from the myofibrils. Hence, the decrease in the working capacity of the heart during excessive physical exercises is primarily connected with the exhaustion of the ions active transport mechanism rather than the mechanism of aerobic energy production. In accordance with this conclusion, the functional stability of the myocardial Na,K-pump increased in our experiments with regular training, whereas the capacity to regenerate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation did not change, as demonstrated by Holloszy et al. Experiments in adrenalectomized animals, with or without administration of gluco- and mineralocorticoids, has revealed that an adequate supply of glucocorticoids to the heart is important in maintaining the function of the myocardial Na,K-pump and thereby in the working capacity of the heart during severe physical exertion.", "contents": "[Function of the sodium-potassium pump and its corticosteroid regulation as factors limiting cardiac adaptation to severe physical exertion]. Experiments were carried out on male Wistar rats in order to clarify the leading biochemical mechanism responsible for an increase in the functional capacity of the heart. The obtained results indicate that the function of the Na,K-pump in myocardial sarcolemma is rather stable and deteriorates only during extreme exertion. The alteration of the Na,K-pump function due to a decrease in Na,K-ATP-ase activity leads to a decrease in the Na gradient and an accumulation of water in the cells which in turn reduces the capacity of the Na-Ca exchange mechanism and the rate of Ca removal from the myofibrils. Hence, the decrease in the working capacity of the heart during excessive physical exercises is primarily connected with the exhaustion of the ions active transport mechanism rather than the mechanism of aerobic energy production. In accordance with this conclusion, the functional stability of the myocardial Na,K-pump increased in our experiments with regular training, whereas the capacity to regenerate ATP via oxidative phosphorylation did not change, as demonstrated by Holloszy et al. Experiments in adrenalectomized animals, with or without administration of gluco- and mineralocorticoids, has revealed that an adequate supply of glucocorticoids to the heart is important in maintaining the function of the myocardial Na,K-pump and thereby in the working capacity of the heart during severe physical exertion."}
{"id": "PMID:138014", "title": "[High-altitude pulmonary hypertension and fibrinolysis].", "content": "The fibrinolytic system of the blood was studied in 49 indigenous residents at an altitude of 3600 m above sea level having signs of altitude pulmonary hypertension, and in 48 persons without such signs. The control group comprised 70 residents of Dushanbe (810 m above sea level). Persons with altitude pulmonary hypertension were found to have an increased fibrinolytic activity, a reduced content of antiplasmins and inhibitors of plasminogen activation. These changes are combined with a reduction of the fibrinogen content and a decrease in the activity of the fibrin-stabilizing factor. No principal difference was found in the fibrinolytic system of comparable groups having signs of altitude pulmonary hypertension, and without such signs.", "contents": "[High-altitude pulmonary hypertension and fibrinolysis]. The fibrinolytic system of the blood was studied in 49 indigenous residents at an altitude of 3600 m above sea level having signs of altitude pulmonary hypertension, and in 48 persons without such signs. The control group comprised 70 residents of Dushanbe (810 m above sea level). Persons with altitude pulmonary hypertension were found to have an increased fibrinolytic activity, a reduced content of antiplasmins and inhibitors of plasminogen activation. These changes are combined with a reduction of the fibrinogen content and a decrease in the activity of the fibrin-stabilizing factor. No principal difference was found in the fibrinolytic system of comparable groups having signs of altitude pulmonary hypertension, and without such signs."}
{"id": "PMID:138019", "title": "[Influence of temperature on shear induced platelet aggregation in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "The extent of platelet aggregation (PA) in vitro was investigated in relation to the temperature. The measurements were performed with a newly developed device in which PA is induced by a well-defined viscometric flow without addition of specific aggregation promoting agents. It was found that the PA occurs in two phases as related to temperature: at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C there is none and a minimal PA respectively, whereas at room temperature strong PA takes place. It is proposed that these results indicate that both physicochemical mechanisms and the availability of metabolic energy linked with activation of contractile processes are prerequisites for platelet aggregation. The clinical aspects are discussed.", "contents": "[Influence of temperature on shear induced platelet aggregation in vitro (author's transl)]. The extent of platelet aggregation (PA) in vitro was investigated in relation to the temperature. The measurements were performed with a newly developed device in which PA is induced by a well-defined viscometric flow without addition of specific aggregation promoting agents. It was found that the PA occurs in two phases as related to temperature: at 4 degrees C and 37 degrees C there is none and a minimal PA respectively, whereas at room temperature strong PA takes place. It is proposed that these results indicate that both physicochemical mechanisms and the availability of metabolic energy linked with activation of contractile processes are prerequisites for platelet aggregation. The clinical aspects are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138023", "title": "[Tolerance for hypokinesia in persons adapted to high mountains].", "content": "After a 26-day exposure to an altitude of 3200 m test subjects were kept in bed for 10 and 24 days. Each experimental group consisted of 6 test subjects. Physiological effects  of the exposure were measured with respect to changes in the respiration, circulation and red blood systems as well as in the orthostatic and exercise tolerance. High altitude adaptation which preceded bed rest did not arrest the development of orthostatic intolerance or the decrease of physical performance that resulted from the bed rest experiment.", "contents": "[Tolerance for hypokinesia in persons adapted to high mountains]. After a 26-day exposure to an altitude of 3200 m test subjects were kept in bed for 10 and 24 days. Each experimental group consisted of 6 test subjects. Physiological effects  of the exposure were measured with respect to changes in the respiration, circulation and red blood systems as well as in the orthostatic and exercise tolerance. High altitude adaptation which preceded bed rest did not arrest the development of orthostatic intolerance or the decrease of physical performance that resulted from the bed rest experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:138024", "title": "[Clinical course of a radiation lesion under high-mountain conditions].", "content": "The development and outcome of radiation disease were studied on dogs kept at an altitude of 3200 m above sea level. Clinical observations, morphological examinations of blood and bone marrow and measurements of blood coagulation parameters were carried out at different time intervals. Our findings demonstrated that irradiation of animals that followed a 25-day altitude acclimatization and their subsequent exposure to an altitude alleviated radiation disease. The clinical course of radiation disease aggravated in dogs that were reacclimatized to highlands after irradiation. It can be postulated that the dogs kept in highlands before and after irradiation developed a more intensive process of restoration, especially of erythropoiesis. They also showed a stable decrease of the blood coagulation rate and long persistence of high fibrinolytic activity of the blood.", "contents": "[Clinical course of a radiation lesion under high-mountain conditions]. The development and outcome of radiation disease were studied on dogs kept at an altitude of 3200 m above sea level. Clinical observations, morphological examinations of blood and bone marrow and measurements of blood coagulation parameters were carried out at different time intervals. Our findings demonstrated that irradiation of animals that followed a 25-day altitude acclimatization and their subsequent exposure to an altitude alleviated radiation disease. The clinical course of radiation disease aggravated in dogs that were reacclimatized to highlands after irradiation. It can be postulated that the dogs kept in highlands before and after irradiation developed a more intensive process of restoration, especially of erythropoiesis. They also showed a stable decrease of the blood coagulation rate and long persistence of high fibrinolytic activity of the blood."}
{"id": "PMID:138030", "title": "[The activity and capacity of the inner ear (author's transl)].", "content": "The inner ear is an energy converter and a biochemical amplifier. The normal function of the stria vascularis and the organ of Corti is bound exclusively to the respiratory metabolism. Some but not all species are equiped by a glycolytic reserve metabolism for preservation of the sensory cells, as could be improved in amplitude-time-curves of cochlea microphonics in hypoxic conditiones. A promising therapy of inner ear disturbances following short timed oxygen deficiency depends on the moment of the treatment.", "contents": "[The activity and capacity of the inner ear (author's transl)]. The inner ear is an energy converter and a biochemical amplifier. The normal function of the stria vascularis and the organ of Corti is bound exclusively to the respiratory metabolism. Some but not all species are equiped by a glycolytic reserve metabolism for preservation of the sensory cells, as could be improved in amplitude-time-curves of cochlea microphonics in hypoxic conditiones. A promising therapy of inner ear disturbances following short timed oxygen deficiency depends on the moment of the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:138031", "title": "[Middle ear deafness and noise trauma. Animal studies with the surface specimen technique (author's transl)].", "content": "The pertinent clinical literature concerning the research project is reviewed. The middle ear of guinea pigs was first damaged on one side (inflicting a subtotal perforation of the tympanic membrane, dislocation of the incudo-stapedial joint followed by otitis media) and the animals were then exposed to a specified narrow-band noise. The induced inner ear changes were quantified by means of cochleographic studies using the surface specimen technique. In spite of the inner ear changes due to middle ear manipulation prior to the noise exposure, the cochleographic studies revealed an obvious protective effect of the induced middle ear changes upon the inner ear during noise exposure.", "contents": "[Middle ear deafness and noise trauma. Animal studies with the surface specimen technique (author's transl)]. The pertinent clinical literature concerning the research project is reviewed. The middle ear of guinea pigs was first damaged on one side (inflicting a subtotal perforation of the tympanic membrane, dislocation of the incudo-stapedial joint followed by otitis media) and the animals were then exposed to a specified narrow-band noise. The induced inner ear changes were quantified by means of cochleographic studies using the surface specimen technique. In spite of the inner ear changes due to middle ear manipulation prior to the noise exposure, the cochleographic studies revealed an obvious protective effect of the induced middle ear changes upon the inner ear during noise exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:138032", "title": "[ENG in infants - a contribution on examination problems (author's transl)].", "content": "60 young children (3-6 years old) without any history of ear diseases were tested by caloric stimulation (30 degrees C and 44 degrees C). Distribution into the groups \"with sedation\" and \"without sedation\" was done following a statistical key. Sedation was achieved by intramusculair injection of Valium, considering age and weight of the subjects. Nystagmus registration was done by ENG. The following quantitative reductions in the observed nystagmus parameters could be shown: number of beats: 19% +/- 5%, maximal angular velocity of the slow phase: 24% +/- 11%, total amplitude: 24% +/- 11%. This experiment shows that Valium can be very well used in the sedation of young children for caloric vestibular testing, a quantitative variation of the response has to be considered.", "contents": "[ENG in infants - a contribution on examination problems (author's transl)]. 60 young children (3-6 years old) without any history of ear diseases were tested by caloric stimulation (30 degrees C and 44 degrees C). Distribution into the groups \"with sedation\" and \"without sedation\" was done following a statistical key. Sedation was achieved by intramusculair injection of Valium, considering age and weight of the subjects. Nystagmus registration was done by ENG. The following quantitative reductions in the observed nystagmus parameters could be shown: number of beats: 19% +/- 5%, maximal angular velocity of the slow phase: 24% +/- 11%, total amplitude: 24% +/- 11%. This experiment shows that Valium can be very well used in the sedation of young children for caloric vestibular testing, a quantitative variation of the response has to be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:138033", "title": "[The capacity to destinguish changes in the intensity as a function of volume and frequency (author's transl)].", "content": "B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry equipment was used for investigations carried out in 15 test persons to study the intensity differentiation threshold. We tried to find the degree of intensity required to recognize given dB changes in the intensity. The results achieved very well coincide with those established by other authors. It was possible to statistically prove the volume dependence of the intensity differentiation threshold, it was, however, not possible to establish any frequency dependence. The relations of our result with the SISI test are under discussion.", "contents": "[The capacity to destinguish changes in the intensity as a function of volume and frequency (author's transl)]. B\u00e9k\u00e9sy audiometry equipment was used for investigations carried out in 15 test persons to study the intensity differentiation threshold. We tried to find the degree of intensity required to recognize given dB changes in the intensity. The results achieved very well coincide with those established by other authors. It was possible to statistically prove the volume dependence of the intensity differentiation threshold, it was, however, not possible to establish any frequency dependence. The relations of our result with the SISI test are under discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:138036", "title": "[Goblet cells in nasal allergy (author's transl)].", "content": "After staining of the whole nasal mucosa from a patient with nasal allergy by the PAS-alcian-blue whole mount method, the density of goblet cells was determined quantitatively. In most sections of the nasal septum and of the inferior and middle nasal concha, the density of goblet cells was found to be considerably lower than in normal subjects. While in some sections, in particular posteriorly, the density was the same as in normal subjects, it was nowhere higher. The low density may be due to metaplastic changes of the epithelium which had thickened and lost ciliary cells. Previous statements that the density of goblet cells is increased in nasal allergy could not be confirmed quantitatively, but investigation of larger materials is called for before any conclusions may be drawn.", "contents": "[Goblet cells in nasal allergy (author's transl)]. After staining of the whole nasal mucosa from a patient with nasal allergy by the PAS-alcian-blue whole mount method, the density of goblet cells was determined quantitatively. In most sections of the nasal septum and of the inferior and middle nasal concha, the density of goblet cells was found to be considerably lower than in normal subjects. While in some sections, in particular posteriorly, the density was the same as in normal subjects, it was nowhere higher. The low density may be due to metaplastic changes of the epithelium which had thickened and lost ciliary cells. Previous statements that the density of goblet cells is increased in nasal allergy could not be confirmed quantitatively, but investigation of larger materials is called for before any conclusions may be drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:138037", "title": "[The isoenzyme pattern of lactate-dehydrogenase in nasal secretions (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present study, the qualitative and quantitative isoenzyme pattern of lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH) in nasal secretions of 52 probands without disease in the nose is investigated electrophoretically. It was found that the LDH-isoenzyme pattern in nasal secretions does not only differ clearly from the distribution of LDH-isoenzymes is serum of the same probands but is characterized especially by a high percentage of LDH 3- and LDH 4-fractions; this corresponds to the monomeres H2M2 and HM3. These results differ completely from any other enzymatic pattern in the human organism. The results clearly indicate that LDH in nasal secretion is a product of the mucous membranes and does not originate from the serum by means of transsudation into the nasal secretion.", "contents": "[The isoenzyme pattern of lactate-dehydrogenase in nasal secretions (author's transl)]. In the present study, the qualitative and quantitative isoenzyme pattern of lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH) in nasal secretions of 52 probands without disease in the nose is investigated electrophoretically. It was found that the LDH-isoenzyme pattern in nasal secretions does not only differ clearly from the distribution of LDH-isoenzymes is serum of the same probands but is characterized especially by a high percentage of LDH 3- and LDH 4-fractions; this corresponds to the monomeres H2M2 and HM3. These results differ completely from any other enzymatic pattern in the human organism. The results clearly indicate that LDH in nasal secretion is a product of the mucous membranes and does not originate from the serum by means of transsudation into the nasal secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:138038", "title": "[A clinical method of testing the humidifying capicity of the human nose (author's transl)].", "content": "At the beginning attention is drawn to the fact that there is a lack of suitable clinical tests for the measurement of the humidifying and warming capacity of the nose. The great number of testing methods which have been published so far, have been either too complicated to be applied in routine checks or they were too physically strenous, so that this could not be reasonably demanded of the patients. With the help of the clinical method of testing introduced by us one can find out about norm data for the quantitiy of water needed for humidifying the inspired air in healthy persons, as well as examine the influence of pharmacons on the secretion capacity of the nose. In addition to this, pathological states such as atrophic rhinitis, vasomotoric and allergic rhinitis, patients operated with a partial maxillectomy or with total laryngectomy can also be tested as far as the humidifying and warming capacity of the nose ist concerned. In our testing method extremely dry air streams out of a compressed air cylinder with a flow of 8 1/min through a small silicone catheter at the choanal end of one nasal part and is sucked out of the other nostril with a suction flow of 5 1/min, the air passing through a psychrometer modified by us. The excess flow of 3 1/min streams from the naso- into the oropharynx most effectively preventing the air which is to be measured from mixing with the expiratory air saturated with water-vapor. A gas analyzer sensitive to carbon dioxide measures the error possible in this open system which amounts to only one percent of an average mixture with expiratory air. With the help of a psychrometer-normogramme the absolute humidity is determined from the data of the wet and both the dry thermometers. We were testing 22 healthy persons, average age 34, the norm data were established. The result is that for the hole 10 minute measurement period one nasal part needs 1.58 g water for the humidifying of the inspired air. From this it can be calculated that 456 g of water are necessary for humidifying the inspired air through both nasal parts during 24 hours. Compared with other exact methods, which, however, are not suitable for clinical tests (Ingelstedt et al.) our simple and easily workable method correlate very well.", "contents": "[A clinical method of testing the humidifying capicity of the human nose (author's transl)]. At the beginning attention is drawn to the fact that there is a lack of suitable clinical tests for the measurement of the humidifying and warming capacity of the nose. The great number of testing methods which have been published so far, have been either too complicated to be applied in routine checks or they were too physically strenous, so that this could not be reasonably demanded of the patients. With the help of the clinical method of testing introduced by us one can find out about norm data for the quantitiy of water needed for humidifying the inspired air in healthy persons, as well as examine the influence of pharmacons on the secretion capacity of the nose. In addition to this, pathological states such as atrophic rhinitis, vasomotoric and allergic rhinitis, patients operated with a partial maxillectomy or with total laryngectomy can also be tested as far as the humidifying and warming capacity of the nose ist concerned. In our testing method extremely dry air streams out of a compressed air cylinder with a flow of 8 1/min through a small silicone catheter at the choanal end of one nasal part and is sucked out of the other nostril with a suction flow of 5 1/min, the air passing through a psychrometer modified by us. The excess flow of 3 1/min streams from the naso- into the oropharynx most effectively preventing the air which is to be measured from mixing with the expiratory air saturated with water-vapor. A gas analyzer sensitive to carbon dioxide measures the error possible in this open system which amounts to only one percent of an average mixture with expiratory air. With the help of a psychrometer-normogramme the absolute humidity is determined from the data of the wet and both the dry thermometers. We were testing 22 healthy persons, average age 34, the norm data were established. The result is that for the hole 10 minute measurement period one nasal part needs 1.58 g water for the humidifying of the inspired air. From this it can be calculated that 456 g of water are necessary for humidifying the inspired air through both nasal parts during 24 hours. Compared with other exact methods, which, however, are not suitable for clinical tests (Ingelstedt et al.) our simple and easily workable method correlate very well."}
{"id": "PMID:138039", "title": "[Cytostatic therapy in oto-rhino-laryngology (author's transl)].", "content": "The report covers the therapeutic results achieved after using cytostatic drugs in 104 patients treated at the 1st Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Univ. Hospital, Vienna, between 1967 and 1975. The breakdown according to the tumor histology shows that squamous cell carcinomas accounted for the highest per centage, i.e. 53%; laryngeal tumor prevails according to the tumor localization. In 42 patients it was not possible to positively influence the disease; 45 patients showed a disruption or a slowdown of the progress of the disease; in 17 patients all measurable criteria of the disease receded (classification according to Karnofsky). Even if the average survival time after the commencement of the therapy amounted to only about 6 months, it was nevertheless possible to positively influence the progress of the disease by means of cytosatic therapy.", "contents": "[Cytostatic therapy in oto-rhino-laryngology (author's transl)]. The report covers the therapeutic results achieved after using cytostatic drugs in 104 patients treated at the 1st Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Univ. Hospital, Vienna, between 1967 and 1975. The breakdown according to the tumor histology shows that squamous cell carcinomas accounted for the highest per centage, i.e. 53%; laryngeal tumor prevails according to the tumor localization. In 42 patients it was not possible to positively influence the disease; 45 patients showed a disruption or a slowdown of the progress of the disease; in 17 patients all measurable criteria of the disease receded (classification according to Karnofsky). Even if the average survival time after the commencement of the therapy amounted to only about 6 months, it was nevertheless possible to positively influence the progress of the disease by means of cytosatic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:138040", "title": "[Parameters of OEMG for Judgement of Facial Function (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to test the function of facial nerve in Bells palsy we used three methods, the function test of Schubert-Cobet, the nerve excitability test and the surface electromyography. We could find a correlation in the parameters of this methods in judgement of facial nerve function.", "contents": "[Parameters of OEMG for Judgement of Facial Function (author's transl)]. In order to test the function of facial nerve in Bells palsy we used three methods, the function test of Schubert-Cobet, the nerve excitability test and the surface electromyography. We could find a correlation in the parameters of this methods in judgement of facial nerve function."}
{"id": "PMID:138041", "title": "[A survey about findings and courses of 300 facial palsies. A correlation of clinical and electrophysiological findings on computer (author's transl)].", "content": "A survey on 288 facial palsies in the years 1973 to 1975 is given. On a small computer (IBM 1800 was made a correlation of refined anamnesis and elaborate diagnostic findings. Nerve Excitability Test (NET) and Maximal Stimulation Test (MST) were mainly taken into account. The value of MST (i.E. Electroneuronography) for early prognosis of facial palsy is pointed out.", "contents": "[A survey about findings and courses of 300 facial palsies. A correlation of clinical and electrophysiological findings on computer (author's transl)]. A survey on 288 facial palsies in the years 1973 to 1975 is given. On a small computer (IBM 1800 was made a correlation of refined anamnesis and elaborate diagnostic findings. Nerve Excitability Test (NET) and Maximal Stimulation Test (MST) were mainly taken into account. The value of MST (i.E. Electroneuronography) for early prognosis of facial palsy is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:138042", "title": "[Otological symptoms due to disturbances of the major extracranial arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "127 patients with pulseless disease were compared with normal persons of the same age group, localization and distribution of the occlusions, risk factors and complaints were analysed. Pulseless disease occurs predominantly in elderly men. In all patients, occlusions were found more often in the left supraaortic branches than in the right side. In men, stenosis of the left subclavian artery, in women stenosis of the right carotid artery is found most frequently. In most cases only one aortic branch was diseased. Vertigo, tinnitus and deafness was encountered in 32 patients (25.20%) but only in 3 persons of the control group (2.36%). In 29 of these 32 patients uni- or bilateral stenosis of the carotid artery was present. In the cases with unilateral stenosis (16) tinnitus and deafness could be localized to the respective side. In the other cases an isolated stenosis of the subclavian artery was found. In the 32 patients with otogenic symptoms hypertension was the risk factor number 1. Early diagnosis by only auscultation and palpation as well as medical treatment is pointed out.", "contents": "[Otological symptoms due to disturbances of the major extracranial arteries (author's transl)]. 127 patients with pulseless disease were compared with normal persons of the same age group, localization and distribution of the occlusions, risk factors and complaints were analysed. Pulseless disease occurs predominantly in elderly men. In all patients, occlusions were found more often in the left supraaortic branches than in the right side. In men, stenosis of the left subclavian artery, in women stenosis of the right carotid artery is found most frequently. In most cases only one aortic branch was diseased. Vertigo, tinnitus and deafness was encountered in 32 patients (25.20%) but only in 3 persons of the control group (2.36%). In 29 of these 32 patients uni- or bilateral stenosis of the carotid artery was present. In the cases with unilateral stenosis (16) tinnitus and deafness could be localized to the respective side. In the other cases an isolated stenosis of the subclavian artery was found. In the 32 patients with otogenic symptoms hypertension was the risk factor number 1. Early diagnosis by only auscultation and palpation as well as medical treatment is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:138043", "title": "[SISI or differential limen test - tests for recruitment (author's transl)].", "content": "The detection of recruitment is based on investigating change of loudness with change of intensity. The evaluation and further differential diagnosis of inner ear damage is, for instance, a necessity in an expert opinion of an ENT specialist. Which of the numerous methods of detecting recruitment can be recommended for the specialists practice. Over 215 patients with inner ear damage were tested for recruitment with different test methods. Results showed that SISI tests were performed with more accuracy than differential limen tests. Differences of various recruitment methods of our collective are investigated and advantages and disadvantages discussed. The recommendation for the specialists practice would be to perform 1. the \"limits of intensity\" (threshold of hearing and loudness discomfort), 2. the supraliminal noise-audiometry Langenbeck and 3. the SISI test. They seem to be most effectful, exact, reproducible and easy to perform test-methods for detecting recruitment.", "contents": "[SISI or differential limen test - tests for recruitment (author's transl)]. The detection of recruitment is based on investigating change of loudness with change of intensity. The evaluation and further differential diagnosis of inner ear damage is, for instance, a necessity in an expert opinion of an ENT specialist. Which of the numerous methods of detecting recruitment can be recommended for the specialists practice. Over 215 patients with inner ear damage were tested for recruitment with different test methods. Results showed that SISI tests were performed with more accuracy than differential limen tests. Differences of various recruitment methods of our collective are investigated and advantages and disadvantages discussed. The recommendation for the specialists practice would be to perform 1. the \"limits of intensity\" (threshold of hearing and loudness discomfort), 2. the supraliminal noise-audiometry Langenbeck and 3. the SISI test. They seem to be most effectful, exact, reproducible and easy to perform test-methods for detecting recruitment."}
{"id": "PMID:138044", "title": "[Superselective angiographic finding in a case of osteom of the skull and the therapeutic consequences (author's transl)].", "content": "The informational value and therapeutic application of the selective angiography is demonstrated in an osteoma fronto-temporo-parietal. The vessels feeding the tumor were identified and an artificial embolisation was performed.", "contents": "[Superselective angiographic finding in a case of osteom of the skull and the therapeutic consequences (author's transl)]. The informational value and therapeutic application of the selective angiography is demonstrated in an osteoma fronto-temporo-parietal. The vessels feeding the tumor were identified and an artificial embolisation was performed."}
{"id": "PMID:138045", "title": "[Hearing loss by ossified stapedius tendons (author's transl)].", "content": "As rare cause of a conductive impairment of 10 to 30 dB ossified stapedius tendons were found. After cutting the tendons the hearing was normal.", "contents": "[Hearing loss by ossified stapedius tendons (author's transl)]. As rare cause of a conductive impairment of 10 to 30 dB ossified stapedius tendons were found. After cutting the tendons the hearing was normal."}
{"id": "PMID:138046", "title": "[Mineral oil pneumonia caused by throat gargles containing lipoid paraffin. Diagnosed by biochemical examination of the sputum (author's transl)].", "content": "A 20-year-old man developed a pneumonia after using throat gargles containing lipoid paraffin over 5 years. The lung biopsy showed a lipoid pneumonia and the bodyplethysmographic examination a ventilation disorder indicating a starting lung fibrosis. By the means of gaschromatography the identity of the lipoid in the sputum and in the gargle sample was established and the diagnosis continued. The disease, its pathophysiology and iatrogenic etiology are discussed and the consequencies concerning the ENT-specialist are stressed.", "contents": "[Mineral oil pneumonia caused by throat gargles containing lipoid paraffin. Diagnosed by biochemical examination of the sputum (author's transl)]. A 20-year-old man developed a pneumonia after using throat gargles containing lipoid paraffin over 5 years. The lung biopsy showed a lipoid pneumonia and the bodyplethysmographic examination a ventilation disorder indicating a starting lung fibrosis. By the means of gaschromatography the identity of the lipoid in the sputum and in the gargle sample was established and the diagnosis continued. The disease, its pathophysiology and iatrogenic etiology are discussed and the consequencies concerning the ENT-specialist are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:138047", "title": "[Hematogenous metastases of benign pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands (author's transl)].", "content": "Hematogenous metastases of benign pleomorphic adenomas are exceptionally rare. In three secure reports of the world literature metastases occurred in lung, liver or bone after operation of a benign pleomorphic adenoma with the greatest interval of twenty-two years between operation and metastases. This will be interpreted as implantation-metastases. All other observations represented secondary carcinomas in pre-existing pleomorphic adenomas. The morphological criterias of an accurate classification are explained. A number of reports of the literature about metastases of benign pleomorphic adenomas deals with misinterpretations of secondary adenomas in pre-existing pleomorphic adenomas.", "contents": "[Hematogenous metastases of benign pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary glands (author's transl)]. Hematogenous metastases of benign pleomorphic adenomas are exceptionally rare. In three secure reports of the world literature metastases occurred in lung, liver or bone after operation of a benign pleomorphic adenoma with the greatest interval of twenty-two years between operation and metastases. This will be interpreted as implantation-metastases. All other observations represented secondary carcinomas in pre-existing pleomorphic adenomas. The morphological criterias of an accurate classification are explained. A number of reports of the literature about metastases of benign pleomorphic adenomas deals with misinterpretations of secondary adenomas in pre-existing pleomorphic adenomas."}
{"id": "PMID:138048", "title": "[Pseudotumor of the parotid gland as a result of dilatation of the Stenon's duct (author's transl)].", "content": "A unilateral dilatation of the parotid duct of Stenon (parotis emphysema, pneumatocele) was observed in a 73-year-old patient. The possible course of development - inflammatory or other known factors excluded - for example by means of leucoceratosis nicotina palati are discussed.", "contents": "[Pseudotumor of the parotid gland as a result of dilatation of the Stenon's duct (author's transl)]. A unilateral dilatation of the parotid duct of Stenon (parotis emphysema, pneumatocele) was observed in a 73-year-old patient. The possible course of development - inflammatory or other known factors excluded - for example by means of leucoceratosis nicotina palati are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138049", "title": "[Damage of the cochlea and of the cochlear nucleus after the application of aminoglycosid antibiotics--a comparative light-, transmission- and scanning electronmicroscopic study in the guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "Ototoxic alterations were studied in the guinea pig organ of Corti and in the cochlear nucleus after high administrations of aminoglycosid antibiotics (Gentamicin/Tobramycin, 150 mg/kg body weight/day or Amikacin 300 mg/kg body weight for 10 days). After survival times up to 22 days the animals were examined. By means of morphology degeneration was found in the cochlear nucleus before we could state it in the organ of Corti. After longer survival times, when we observed heavy degeneration in the organ of Corti we found only a few myelin figures of axons in the cochlear nerve. Cochlear nucleus: As an early sign of degeneration alterations in the mitochondria were found. Compared with the organ of Corti the damage was less widespread in the second order neurons of the afferent auditory pathways, their dendrites or nerve endings. Quantitative calculations however, were not performed. In axosomatic synapses we could observe a way of degeneration which was not reported before in damage caused by aminoglycosid antibiotics. Free postsynaptic densities were observed to be invaginated into the neuron as a probable way of sequestration. As well we could observe reoccupation of the synaptic sites by a probable sliding of neighbouring nerve endings into the free intracellular space. (Similar observations were reported first by Gentschev and Sotelo [1973] after ablation of the cochlear nerve in rats.", "contents": "[Damage of the cochlea and of the cochlear nucleus after the application of aminoglycosid antibiotics--a comparative light-, transmission- and scanning electronmicroscopic study in the guinea pig (author's transl)]. Ototoxic alterations were studied in the guinea pig organ of Corti and in the cochlear nucleus after high administrations of aminoglycosid antibiotics (Gentamicin/Tobramycin, 150 mg/kg body weight/day or Amikacin 300 mg/kg body weight for 10 days). After survival times up to 22 days the animals were examined. By means of morphology degeneration was found in the cochlear nucleus before we could state it in the organ of Corti. After longer survival times, when we observed heavy degeneration in the organ of Corti we found only a few myelin figures of axons in the cochlear nerve. Cochlear nucleus: As an early sign of degeneration alterations in the mitochondria were found. Compared with the organ of Corti the damage was less widespread in the second order neurons of the afferent auditory pathways, their dendrites or nerve endings. Quantitative calculations however, were not performed. In axosomatic synapses we could observe a way of degeneration which was not reported before in damage caused by aminoglycosid antibiotics. Free postsynaptic densities were observed to be invaginated into the neuron as a probable way of sequestration. As well we could observe reoccupation of the synaptic sites by a probable sliding of neighbouring nerve endings into the free intracellular space. (Similar observations were reported first by Gentschev and Sotelo [1973] after ablation of the cochlear nerve in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:138050", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the chorda tympani nerve in man (author's transl)].", "content": "Chorda tympani nerve specimens of 10 patients were studied by the light and electron microscope. The nerve specimens were obtained while performing stapedectomy in 7 patients, a tympanoplasty in two patients with otitis media chronica, and from one patient whodied 8 months after hemiglossectomy, neck-dissection and radiotherapy because of squamous cell carcinoma. The chorda tympani nerve is built up by few 10 to 12 micron thick and numerous 3 to 4 micron thick myelinated fibers in the semithick sections. The 10 to 12 micron axons are largely reduced in patients with chronic middle ear infection and in older patients. In persons with otosclerosis degenerative alterations of the axons and inclusions in the cytoplasm of the Schwann cells can be demonstrated similar to those of the diabetic, alcohol induced and ischemic neuropathy. In patients with chronic middle ear disease the degenerative changes mainly occur in the myelin sheats and in axoplasma finally leading to axolysis. A total degeneration and fibrous transformation of the chorda tympani nerve can be observed after hemiglossectomy. By means of morphological criteria afferent and efferent axons can not be distinguished in this material.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the chorda tympani nerve in man (author's transl)]. Chorda tympani nerve specimens of 10 patients were studied by the light and electron microscope. The nerve specimens were obtained while performing stapedectomy in 7 patients, a tympanoplasty in two patients with otitis media chronica, and from one patient whodied 8 months after hemiglossectomy, neck-dissection and radiotherapy because of squamous cell carcinoma. The chorda tympani nerve is built up by few 10 to 12 micron thick and numerous 3 to 4 micron thick myelinated fibers in the semithick sections. The 10 to 12 micron axons are largely reduced in patients with chronic middle ear infection and in older patients. In persons with otosclerosis degenerative alterations of the axons and inclusions in the cytoplasm of the Schwann cells can be demonstrated similar to those of the diabetic, alcohol induced and ischemic neuropathy. In patients with chronic middle ear disease the degenerative changes mainly occur in the myelin sheats and in axoplasma finally leading to axolysis. A total degeneration and fibrous transformation of the chorda tympani nerve can be observed after hemiglossectomy. By means of morphological criteria afferent and efferent axons can not be distinguished in this material."}
{"id": "PMID:138051", "title": "[Otosclerosis involving the capsule and inner ear. Morphological findings (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of otosclerotic inner ear damage is considered on the basis of morphological findings. It is pointed out that the disease of the otic capsule certainly also affects the underlying sense organ. This arises through disturbance of the perilymphatic electrolytes, venous stasis and thus changes in the circulation, disturbed regulation of endolymph and, more rarely, the direct effect of the focus on the auditory nerve or calcification of the mobile membranes.", "contents": "[Otosclerosis involving the capsule and inner ear. Morphological findings (author's transl)]. The problem of otosclerotic inner ear damage is considered on the basis of morphological findings. It is pointed out that the disease of the otic capsule certainly also affects the underlying sense organ. This arises through disturbance of the perilymphatic electrolytes, venous stasis and thus changes in the circulation, disturbed regulation of endolymph and, more rarely, the direct effect of the focus on the auditory nerve or calcification of the mobile membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:138052", "title": "[Facial palsy and leontiasis ossea of the pyramid (author's transl)].", "content": "The author presents a boy which has repeated facial palsies since his second year of life. The clinical examination showed: conduction deafness, radiological sclerosis of the bones of the basis of the skull, normal values of chemical blood analysis. Both facial nerves are operated in the mastoid and middle ear portions. The histological examination of the mastoid bone reveals a leontiasis ossea. The histological structure of the bone are described in detail and the differential diagnosis with other bone diseases of the cranial bones is discussed.", "contents": "[Facial palsy and leontiasis ossea of the pyramid (author's transl)]. The author presents a boy which has repeated facial palsies since his second year of life. The clinical examination showed: conduction deafness, radiological sclerosis of the bones of the basis of the skull, normal values of chemical blood analysis. Both facial nerves are operated in the mastoid and middle ear portions. The histological examination of the mastoid bone reveals a leontiasis ossea. The histological structure of the bone are described in detail and the differential diagnosis with other bone diseases of the cranial bones is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138053", "title": "[Clinical and experimental examination of the resorption capacity of the tympanic cavity mucosa (author's transl)].", "content": "In a clinical examination of 25 patients with a mesotympanic perforation of the ear drum, it was found after the administration of 35 mg pilocarpine hydrochloride in water or in agar gel into the tympanic cavity, that the mucous membrane of the middle ear complex possesses a significant resorption capacity. The salivation curves obtained in these tests displayed exactly the same characteristics as the curves obtained after administration of the same amount of pilocarpine to the nasal and tracheal mucosa. The results of mathematical processing of the salivation curves by computer (Hawlett-Packard 30) are also given in the study.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental examination of the resorption capacity of the tympanic cavity mucosa (author's transl)]. In a clinical examination of 25 patients with a mesotympanic perforation of the ear drum, it was found after the administration of 35 mg pilocarpine hydrochloride in water or in agar gel into the tympanic cavity, that the mucous membrane of the middle ear complex possesses a significant resorption capacity. The salivation curves obtained in these tests displayed exactly the same characteristics as the curves obtained after administration of the same amount of pilocarpine to the nasal and tracheal mucosa. The results of mathematical processing of the salivation curves by computer (Hawlett-Packard 30) are also given in the study."}
{"id": "PMID:138054", "title": "[Impairment of hearing in a case of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a case of Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda with a \"van der Hoeve-syndrome\", where the impairment of hearing could be restored by Stapesplastic by Schuknecht. For the first time it was possible to prove the Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda by means of histological sections of the extracted stapes.", "contents": "[Impairment of hearing in a case of osteogenesis imperfecta tarda (author's transl)]. Report on a case of Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda with a \"van der Hoeve-syndrome\", where the impairment of hearing could be restored by Stapesplastic by Schuknecht. For the first time it was possible to prove the Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda by means of histological sections of the extracted stapes."}
{"id": "PMID:138055", "title": "[The collapse of the alae and inner valve of the nose (author's transl)].", "content": "The collapse of the alae and inner valve is caused more frequently be regressive changes of the aging tissues then by congenital weakness of the cartilaginous structures. Years ago we have published an operative method for the rehabilitation of this kind of nasal dysfunction. Now we have simplified our method and do not use any longer incisions in the vestibule of nose.", "contents": "[The collapse of the alae and inner valve of the nose (author's transl)]. The collapse of the alae and inner valve is caused more frequently be regressive changes of the aging tissues then by congenital weakness of the cartilaginous structures. Years ago we have published an operative method for the rehabilitation of this kind of nasal dysfunction. Now we have simplified our method and do not use any longer incisions in the vestibule of nose."}
{"id": "PMID:138056", "title": "[Damages of the auditory pathway at brain stem level investigated by acoustically evoked potentials (author's transl)].", "content": "In 57 patients with operated expansive tumors in the postcranial fossa auditory evoked brain stem potentials were investigated. A group of 36 with neurological evidence for the brain stem compression showed significantly prolonged latencies (Fig. 1), whereas the evoked potentials were nearly normal in the preceding state of CSF circulatory disturbances (21 cases). For one patient with a neurinoma of the right trigeminal root the post-operative reduction of the pathological latency shift is demonstrated (Fig. 2). Latency evaluation of evoked brain stem potentials are used in our clinical routine for differential diagnosis of retrocochlear hearing damages.", "contents": "[Damages of the auditory pathway at brain stem level investigated by acoustically evoked potentials (author's transl)]. In 57 patients with operated expansive tumors in the postcranial fossa auditory evoked brain stem potentials were investigated. A group of 36 with neurological evidence for the brain stem compression showed significantly prolonged latencies (Fig. 1), whereas the evoked potentials were nearly normal in the preceding state of CSF circulatory disturbances (21 cases). For one patient with a neurinoma of the right trigeminal root the post-operative reduction of the pathological latency shift is demonstrated (Fig. 2). Latency evaluation of evoked brain stem potentials are used in our clinical routine for differential diagnosis of retrocochlear hearing damages."}
{"id": "PMID:138057", "title": "[Evoked response audiometry and vestibular examinations in patients with multiple sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "A possible involvement of the VIII cranial nerve in Multiple Sklerosis was investigated. 15 of the 135 MS-patients were tested by evoked response audiometry (ERA) and vestibular examinations. Only a central nystagmus, central vertigo and coordination disorder were seen. Lesions of the peripheral vestibular system and pathological data of the evoked response audiometry were not found.", "contents": "[Evoked response audiometry and vestibular examinations in patients with multiple sclerosis (author's transl)]. A possible involvement of the VIII cranial nerve in Multiple Sklerosis was investigated. 15 of the 135 MS-patients were tested by evoked response audiometry (ERA) and vestibular examinations. Only a central nystagmus, central vertigo and coordination disorder were seen. Lesions of the peripheral vestibular system and pathological data of the evoked response audiometry were not found."}
{"id": "PMID:138058", "title": "[Surgical elimination of endonasal triggerpoints of a trigeminal neuralgia caused by cauterization (author's transl)].", "content": "A severe injury by fluid Ammonia of the nasal mucosa resulted with a strong irritation of the 1. and 2. branch of the trigeminus nerve with sudden and heavy attacks of pain. The region below the head of the right inferior nasal concha was detected as a trigger zone for smoke, smell, dust and cold air. Local anaesthesia stopped the attacks. The surgical excision and electrocoagulation of that aerea and the lateropexis of the inferior concha avoided the returning of the troubles for over a half year. The recommencement of the attacks could be stopped by local application of carbolic acid solution (10%). A similar treatment could not be found in the literature.", "contents": "[Surgical elimination of endonasal triggerpoints of a trigeminal neuralgia caused by cauterization (author's transl)]. A severe injury by fluid Ammonia of the nasal mucosa resulted with a strong irritation of the 1. and 2. branch of the trigeminus nerve with sudden and heavy attacks of pain. The region below the head of the right inferior nasal concha was detected as a trigger zone for smoke, smell, dust and cold air. Local anaesthesia stopped the attacks. The surgical excision and electrocoagulation of that aerea and the lateropexis of the inferior concha avoided the returning of the troubles for over a half year. The recommencement of the attacks could be stopped by local application of carbolic acid solution (10%). A similar treatment could not be found in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:138059", "title": "[Equilibrium troubles with cervical syndrome and their relation with otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)].", "content": "The equilibrium troubles occuring in connection with cervical locomotoric diseases and their otorhino-laryngologic relations have been studied in the ORL Department of National Institute of Rheumatism and Medical Hydrology. It has been found that: a) there is no connection between the seriousness of roentgenologic deformations and equilibrium troubles; b) the damage of the periphery is not characteristic; c) the complaints and symptoms are explained by the hypoxia of vestibular kern-areas as well as by damages of receptors in cervical muscles, bands and joints; d) hypotension and other central vascular damages form an important factor in the development of equilibrium troubles.", "contents": "[Equilibrium troubles with cervical syndrome and their relation with otorhinolaryngology (author's transl)]. The equilibrium troubles occuring in connection with cervical locomotoric diseases and their otorhino-laryngologic relations have been studied in the ORL Department of National Institute of Rheumatism and Medical Hydrology. It has been found that: a) there is no connection between the seriousness of roentgenologic deformations and equilibrium troubles; b) the damage of the periphery is not characteristic; c) the complaints and symptoms are explained by the hypoxia of vestibular kern-areas as well as by damages of receptors in cervical muscles, bands and joints; d) hypotension and other central vascular damages form an important factor in the development of equilibrium troubles."}
{"id": "PMID:138060", "title": "[On the physiopathologic reactions of pharyngeal tonsil from the clinical standpoint (author's transl)].", "content": "On the basis of personal experiences the authors isolate two forms of pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy: a physiological and a pathological one. The first one corresponds to the requirements of the organism which is not completely mature immunologically, it may be quite considerable but causes no disturbances in breathing through the nose or in the function of Eustachian tubes. The pathological hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil is due to a parenchymal inflammation caused by viruses with a typical pathogenesis. The authors describe six diagnostic criterias of the pathological hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsils. Using these criter as they analysed 100 cases of adenotomy from the year 1969 and they have found that in only 38 cases the operation was done for pathological hypertrophy while in 62 cases hypertrophy was physiologic. Adentomy gives good results in cases of pathological hypertrophy but in cases of physiologic hypertrophy it may cause adverse results.", "contents": "[On the physiopathologic reactions of pharyngeal tonsil from the clinical standpoint (author's transl)]. On the basis of personal experiences the authors isolate two forms of pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy: a physiological and a pathological one. The first one corresponds to the requirements of the organism which is not completely mature immunologically, it may be quite considerable but causes no disturbances in breathing through the nose or in the function of Eustachian tubes. The pathological hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsil is due to a parenchymal inflammation caused by viruses with a typical pathogenesis. The authors describe six diagnostic criterias of the pathological hypertrophy of pharyngeal tonsils. Using these criter as they analysed 100 cases of adenotomy from the year 1969 and they have found that in only 38 cases the operation was done for pathological hypertrophy while in 62 cases hypertrophy was physiologic. Adentomy gives good results in cases of pathological hypertrophy but in cases of physiologic hypertrophy it may cause adverse results."}
{"id": "PMID:138069", "title": "[The rate of growth and the production of bacterioplankton in the Volga].", "content": "The time of generation and production of bacteria were assayed in the Volga river. The time of generation of bacterioplankton was ca. 35.6 to 62.1 hrs per season during different years. The mean daily production of bacteria during a season was 30-50% of the biomass. The duration of vial exposition for estimating the time of generation and production was determined experimentally for conditions of the Volga.", "contents": "[The rate of growth and the production of bacterioplankton in the Volga]. The time of generation and production of bacteria were assayed in the Volga river. The time of generation of bacterioplankton was ca. 35.6 to 62.1 hrs per season during different years. The mean daily production of bacteria during a season was 30-50% of the biomass. The duration of vial exposition for estimating the time of generation and production was determined experimentally for conditions of the Volga."}
{"id": "PMID:138078", "title": "A cytoplasmic gene for partial suppression of a nuclear pleiotropic respiratory deficient mutant in the petite negative yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "The nuclear pleiotropic respiratory-deficient mutant pet1 (previously M126) exhibits cytochromes aa3 and b deficiencies accompanied by loss of the oligomycin-sensitivity of the mitochondrial ATPase. The mutant pet1, unable to grow on glycerol, growth on glucose. The latter phenotypic trait symbolized by ANAS-D, exhibits a high frequency (2 to 4 X 10(5)) Of spontaneous suppression into Antimycin A-resistant strains. Mutagenesis with MnCl2 increases by a factor of 10(2) the frequency of ANAR-D derivatives. This suppression is partial since none of the suppressed strains is able to grow on glycerol even when respiratory functions and cytochromes activities are restored as in the pet1 [SUP2] strain. In the latter strain it is concluded that the extralocus suppressor gene [SUP2] is responsible for the ANAR-D trait. Tetrad analysis in a cross homozygous for pet1 demonstrates a non-Mendelian segregation pattern for the SUP2 suppressor gene. In stable diploids, homozygous for pet1, the [SUP2] suppressor exhibits a mitotic segregation pattern. Furthermore the transmission of the [SUP2] gene is decreased by ethidium bromide treatment. Therefore, the [SUP2] suppressor gene responsible for partial suppression of the nuclear pleiotropic phenotype in mutant pet1 is of cytoplasmic heredity.", "contents": "A cytoplasmic gene for partial suppression of a nuclear pleiotropic respiratory deficient mutant in the petite negative yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The nuclear pleiotropic respiratory-deficient mutant pet1 (previously M126) exhibits cytochromes aa3 and b deficiencies accompanied by loss of the oligomycin-sensitivity of the mitochondrial ATPase. The mutant pet1, unable to grow on glycerol, growth on glucose. The latter phenotypic trait symbolized by ANAS-D, exhibits a high frequency (2 to 4 X 10(5)) Of spontaneous suppression into Antimycin A-resistant strains. Mutagenesis with MnCl2 increases by a factor of 10(2) the frequency of ANAR-D derivatives. This suppression is partial since none of the suppressed strains is able to grow on glycerol even when respiratory functions and cytochromes activities are restored as in the pet1 [SUP2] strain. In the latter strain it is concluded that the extralocus suppressor gene [SUP2] is responsible for the ANAR-D trait. Tetrad analysis in a cross homozygous for pet1 demonstrates a non-Mendelian segregation pattern for the SUP2 suppressor gene. In stable diploids, homozygous for pet1, the [SUP2] suppressor exhibits a mitotic segregation pattern. Furthermore the transmission of the [SUP2] gene is decreased by ethidium bromide treatment. Therefore, the [SUP2] suppressor gene responsible for partial suppression of the nuclear pleiotropic phenotype in mutant pet1 is of cytoplasmic heredity."}
{"id": "PMID:138080", "title": "[Zinc treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica (author's transl)].", "content": "Treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica with zinc sulfate, first described by Moynahan and Barnes in 1973, has been widely accepted. We have treated a case of acrodermatitis enteropathica successfully with this drug. The 14-year old boy had to discontinue clioquinol because of a partial opticus atrophy. The skin lesions deteriorated acutely. Following zinc sulfate treatment the lesions rapidly disappeared and the general health of the patient greatly improved. Small doses of zinc sulfate are sufficient for maintenance therapy. The pathogenesis of acrodermatitis enteropathica is reviewed and the modes of action of zinc therapy are considered.", "contents": "[Zinc treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica (author's transl)]. Treatment of acrodermatitis enteropathica with zinc sulfate, first described by Moynahan and Barnes in 1973, has been widely accepted. We have treated a case of acrodermatitis enteropathica successfully with this drug. The 14-year old boy had to discontinue clioquinol because of a partial opticus atrophy. The skin lesions deteriorated acutely. Following zinc sulfate treatment the lesions rapidly disappeared and the general health of the patient greatly improved. Small doses of zinc sulfate are sufficient for maintenance therapy. The pathogenesis of acrodermatitis enteropathica is reviewed and the modes of action of zinc therapy are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:138081", "title": "[Origin and significance of perioral dermatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "We report on 888 patients with perioral dermatitis treated in our department from 1969-1975. The patients are evaluated according to age, sex and duration of treatment with fluorinated corticosteroids. The enormous increase of morbidity and the importance of highly effective topical corticosteroids are emphasized.", "contents": "[Origin and significance of perioral dermatitis (author's transl)]. We report on 888 patients with perioral dermatitis treated in our department from 1969-1975. The patients are evaluated according to age, sex and duration of treatment with fluorinated corticosteroids. The enormous increase of morbidity and the importance of highly effective topical corticosteroids are emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:138082", "title": "Mutagenicity of streptozotocin and several other nitrosourea compounds in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The following nitrosourea compounds were compared for their ability to induce mutation (to histidine independence) in the histidine-requiring auxotroph Salmonella typhimurium his G46: MNU, streptozotocin (SZ, streptozocin) and its analogs SZA1 and SZA2, and the antitumor drugs BCNU, CCNU and DCNU. At equitoxic doses SZ, SZA1, SZA2 and MNU were almost equally mutagenic causing 150, 42, 140 and 170 mutants/106 survivors at 20% lethal dose (ID20) ALTHOUGH, ON A WIEGHT BASIS, SZ was the most mutagenic of all the compounds tested. At ID20 BCNU, CCNU and DCNU gave about 0.5 mutants/106 survivors. Our results show that these nitrosoureas, in common with many other drugs (such as cyclophosphamide, daunomycin, etc.) used in cancer chemotherapy, are highly mutagenic. The implication of our results in the screening of drugs for their mutagenicity to man is discussed.", "contents": "Mutagenicity of streptozotocin and several other nitrosourea compounds in Salmonella typhimurium. The following nitrosourea compounds were compared for their ability to induce mutation (to histidine independence) in the histidine-requiring auxotroph Salmonella typhimurium his G46: MNU, streptozotocin (SZ, streptozocin) and its analogs SZA1 and SZA2, and the antitumor drugs BCNU, CCNU and DCNU. At equitoxic doses SZ, SZA1, SZA2 and MNU were almost equally mutagenic causing 150, 42, 140 and 170 mutants/106 survivors at 20% lethal dose (ID20) ALTHOUGH, ON A WIEGHT BASIS, SZ was the most mutagenic of all the compounds tested. At ID20 BCNU, CCNU and DCNU gave about 0.5 mutants/106 survivors. Our results show that these nitrosoureas, in common with many other drugs (such as cyclophosphamide, daunomycin, etc.) used in cancer chemotherapy, are highly mutagenic. The implication of our results in the screening of drugs for their mutagenicity to man is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138083", "title": "Association of Salmonella mutants with germ-free rats: characterization of the reverse mutational response to 2-nitrofluorene.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1538 described by Ames, in association with otherwise germ-free rats, colonizes the gastrointestinal tract. The revertants enumerated in the feces of each of these rats varies in a coordinated manner in relation to the day on which the measurement is made. In response to the oral ingestion of a single dose of 2-nitrofluorene, the concentration of revertants in the feces increases and then returns essentially to control values within 6 days. When these rats are challenged repeatedly with a similar oral dose of 2-nitrofluorene the revertent concentration in the feces remains elevated for a progressively longer time. A change in phenotype of strain TA1538 during prolonged association rather than a change in the biology of the rat seems to explain this phenomenon. Firstly, germ-free rats exposed repeatedly to 2-nitrofluorene and then associated with strain TA1538 do not have the prolonged response characteristic of multiple challenges with 2-nitrofluorene. Secondly, strain TA1538 reisolated after several weeks of association with the otherwise germ-free rat shows other alterations such as decreased sensitivity to 2-nitrofluorene in the pour plate assay and a decreased sensitivity to crystal violet. In spite of limitations imposed by these alterations in strain TA1538, it is possible to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between the amount of 2-nitrofluorene ingested and the concentration of revertants in the feces of exposed rats.", "contents": "Association of Salmonella mutants with germ-free rats: characterization of the reverse mutational response to 2-nitrofluorene. Salmonella typhimurium strain TA1538 described by Ames, in association with otherwise germ-free rats, colonizes the gastrointestinal tract. The revertants enumerated in the feces of each of these rats varies in a coordinated manner in relation to the day on which the measurement is made. In response to the oral ingestion of a single dose of 2-nitrofluorene, the concentration of revertants in the feces increases and then returns essentially to control values within 6 days. When these rats are challenged repeatedly with a similar oral dose of 2-nitrofluorene the revertent concentration in the feces remains elevated for a progressively longer time. A change in phenotype of strain TA1538 during prolonged association rather than a change in the biology of the rat seems to explain this phenomenon. Firstly, germ-free rats exposed repeatedly to 2-nitrofluorene and then associated with strain TA1538 do not have the prolonged response characteristic of multiple challenges with 2-nitrofluorene. Secondly, strain TA1538 reisolated after several weeks of association with the otherwise germ-free rat shows other alterations such as decreased sensitivity to 2-nitrofluorene in the pour plate assay and a decreased sensitivity to crystal violet. In spite of limitations imposed by these alterations in strain TA1538, it is possible to demonstrate a dose-response relationship between the amount of 2-nitrofluorene ingested and the concentration of revertants in the feces of exposed rats."}
{"id": "PMID:138084", "title": "The mutagenic activity of hydroxyurea in Chlamydomonas reinhardi.", "content": "Hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, increases the frequency of streptomycin resistant mutants in liquid cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi after 45 h incubation. After more prolonged incubation in hydroxyurea medium the frequency of streptomycin resistant mutants declines. This may be due to the slower growth rate of streptomycin resistant mutants compared to wild type cells in hydroxyurea containing medium. Studies on solid medium show that both the rate of forward mutation to streptomycin resistance and reverse mutation to nicotinamide independence are increased several fold by growth on hydroxyurea.", "contents": "The mutagenic activity of hydroxyurea in Chlamydomonas reinhardi. Hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, increases the frequency of streptomycin resistant mutants in liquid cultures of Chlamydomonas reinhardi after 45 h incubation. After more prolonged incubation in hydroxyurea medium the frequency of streptomycin resistant mutants declines. This may be due to the slower growth rate of streptomycin resistant mutants compared to wild type cells in hydroxyurea containing medium. Studies on solid medium show that both the rate of forward mutation to streptomycin resistance and reverse mutation to nicotinamide independence are increased several fold by growth on hydroxyurea."}
{"id": "PMID:138085", "title": "Mammalian host- and fluid-mediated mutagenicity assays of captan and streptozotocin in Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "The mutagenicity of captan and of streptozotocin was tested in vivo by reversion of hisG46 base-pair substitution histidine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium in the peritoneal cavity or in blood, plasma or urine of rats or mice. Genetic response was determined by the frequency of revertants (quantitative test) or by the number of revertants per plate (semiquantitative test). In quantitative HMA captan gave negative results following 3 hourly 500 mg/kg s.c. doses or 1000 mg/kg oral dose in mice with the hisG46 mutant or 2000 mg/kg oral dose in rats with the hisG46, uvrB (TA1950) mutant. The positive control SZN induced many reversions at 0.5 mg/kg i.p. or 10 or 100 mg/kg oral doses. In semiquantitative in vivo blood or urine assays captan gave negative results after a 250 mg/kg oral dose with hisG46. SZN in the same experiment gave positive results in both semiquantitative and quantitative in vivo blood assays following 1000 mg/kg i.p. or 2000 mg/kg oral doses in the rat with TA1950. Rat blood mixed with captan for 45 min before adding TA1950 cells inactivated 1000 mug captan/ml but not 5000 mg/ml in the semiquantitative test. Corresponding figures in the quantitative test were 500 mu/ml and 1000 mug/ml. Rat plasma inactivated the mutagenicity of about 10 times less captan than rat blood. Human blood inactivated about as much captan as rat blood. The mutagenicity of captan was inactivated more efficiently than of SZN by blood. The results of the experiments suggested that captan's mutagenicity is probably inactivated by glutathione of the erythrocytes. Rat S-9 liver microsomal fraction also strongly decreased captan's mutagenicity in a semiquantitative test with the R factor, uvrB, hisG46 (TA100) mutant.", "contents": "Mammalian host- and fluid-mediated mutagenicity assays of captan and streptozotocin in Salmonella typhimurium. The mutagenicity of captan and of streptozotocin was tested in vivo by reversion of hisG46 base-pair substitution histidine auxotrophs of Salmonella typhimurium in the peritoneal cavity or in blood, plasma or urine of rats or mice. Genetic response was determined by the frequency of revertants (quantitative test) or by the number of revertants per plate (semiquantitative test). In quantitative HMA captan gave negative results following 3 hourly 500 mg/kg s.c. doses or 1000 mg/kg oral dose in mice with the hisG46 mutant or 2000 mg/kg oral dose in rats with the hisG46, uvrB (TA1950) mutant. The positive control SZN induced many reversions at 0.5 mg/kg i.p. or 10 or 100 mg/kg oral doses. In semiquantitative in vivo blood or urine assays captan gave negative results after a 250 mg/kg oral dose with hisG46. SZN in the same experiment gave positive results in both semiquantitative and quantitative in vivo blood assays following 1000 mg/kg i.p. or 2000 mg/kg oral doses in the rat with TA1950. Rat blood mixed with captan for 45 min before adding TA1950 cells inactivated 1000 mug captan/ml but not 5000 mg/ml in the semiquantitative test. Corresponding figures in the quantitative test were 500 mu/ml and 1000 mug/ml. Rat plasma inactivated the mutagenicity of about 10 times less captan than rat blood. Human blood inactivated about as much captan as rat blood. The mutagenicity of captan was inactivated more efficiently than of SZN by blood. The results of the experiments suggested that captan's mutagenicity is probably inactivated by glutathione of the erythrocytes. Rat S-9 liver microsomal fraction also strongly decreased captan's mutagenicity in a semiquantitative test with the R factor, uvrB, hisG46 (TA100) mutant."}
{"id": "PMID:138086", "title": "Mutation induction by the antischistosomal drug F30066 in various test systems.", "content": "The genetic activity of furapromidium (F30066), an antischistosomal drug, was studied in Salmonella typhimurium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Neurospora crassa and cultured Chinese hamster cells. The results show that F30066 induces gene mutations in S. typhimurium, N. crassa and Chinese hamster cells. This compound also causes gene conversions in S. cerevisiae.", "contents": "Mutation induction by the antischistosomal drug F30066 in various test systems. The genetic activity of furapromidium (F30066), an antischistosomal drug, was studied in Salmonella typhimurium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Neurospora crassa and cultured Chinese hamster cells. The results show that F30066 induces gene mutations in S. typhimurium, N. crassa and Chinese hamster cells. This compound also causes gene conversions in S. cerevisiae."}
{"id": "PMID:138087", "title": "Lack of mutagenicity of vinyl chloride in two strains of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "No detectable induction of mutations could be found in two strains of Neurospora crassa after their conidia were treated with vinyl chloride, in ethanol solution and in its gaseous form. The results suggest that although N. crassa seems to lativating systems does not increase mutagenic activity of vinyl chloride in the two strains tested. At the same time these strains were mutated easily by UV and methyl methanesulfonate.", "contents": "Lack of mutagenicity of vinyl chloride in two strains of Neurospora crassa. No detectable induction of mutations could be found in two strains of Neurospora crassa after their conidia were treated with vinyl chloride, in ethanol solution and in its gaseous form. The results suggest that although N. crassa seems to lativating systems does not increase mutagenic activity of vinyl chloride in the two strains tested. At the same time these strains were mutated easily by UV and methyl methanesulfonate."}
{"id": "PMID:138091", "title": "Linkage between the gene (or genes) controlling synthesis of the fourth component of complement and the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "In an attempt to map the gene (or genes) controlling the synthesis fo the fourth component of complement (C4), we performed linkage studies in a family with hereditary C4 deficiency. The proband, a seven-year-old boy with lupus erythematosus, consistently lacked deteftable serum C4 by both functional and protein measurements. The complement defect was transmitted as an autosomal recessive disorder. Eight of 15 family members were considered to be heterozygotes, seven because of low C4 levels and one because of genetic data (obligate heterozygote). The gene (or genes) coding for C4 deficiency appeared to be linked to the major histocompatibility complex (A2,B12,DW2 on the maternal side and A2,BW15,LD108 on the paternal side) and to other markers known to be in close proximity to the histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6 (phosphoglucomutase-3, glyoxalase-1 and properdin factor B).", "contents": "Linkage between the gene (or genes) controlling synthesis of the fourth component of complement and the major histocompatibility complex. In an attempt to map the gene (or genes) controlling the synthesis fo the fourth component of complement (C4), we performed linkage studies in a family with hereditary C4 deficiency. The proband, a seven-year-old boy with lupus erythematosus, consistently lacked deteftable serum C4 by both functional and protein measurements. The complement defect was transmitted as an autosomal recessive disorder. Eight of 15 family members were considered to be heterozygotes, seven because of low C4 levels and one because of genetic data (obligate heterozygote). The gene (or genes) coding for C4 deficiency appeared to be linked to the major histocompatibility complex (A2,B12,DW2 on the maternal side and A2,BW15,LD108 on the paternal side) and to other markers known to be in close proximity to the histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6 (phosphoglucomutase-3, glyoxalase-1 and properdin factor B)."}
{"id": "PMID:138093", "title": "Decreased GABA and glutamate concentration in rat brain after treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide.", "content": "The effect of 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) on putative amino acid neurotransmitters, namely glutamate, GABA and aspartate was studied on brains of rats treated with this antimetabolite (35 mg/kg i.p.). After 6-AN application the following substrates and metabolites were determined: phosphocreatine, ATP, ADP, AMP, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose, glutamate, GABA, aspartate, ammonia, and 6-phosphogluconate. The alterations in the cerebral energy metabolism were found as reported in the literature (increased levels of glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, decreased levels of lactate and pyruvate) and could be interpreted as the result of a reduced glycolytic flux rate. After a prolonged period of 6-AN pretreatment (16-30 h) the GABA and glutamate concentrations were significantly reduced, whereas the level of aspartate remained unchanged. From the result presented the two following conclusions may be drawn: a) The changes in the concentration of neurotransmitters as GABA and glutamate could be responsible for some neurological symptoms produced by 6-AN. b) As 6-AN seems to affect the GABA-shunt it represents a model substance for studying this pathway in the nervous system.", "contents": "Decreased GABA and glutamate concentration in rat brain after treatment with 6-aminonicotinamide. The effect of 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) on putative amino acid neurotransmitters, namely glutamate, GABA and aspartate was studied on brains of rats treated with this antimetabolite (35 mg/kg i.p.). After 6-AN application the following substrates and metabolites were determined: phosphocreatine, ATP, ADP, AMP, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, fructose, glutamate, GABA, aspartate, ammonia, and 6-phosphogluconate. The alterations in the cerebral energy metabolism were found as reported in the literature (increased levels of glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, decreased levels of lactate and pyruvate) and could be interpreted as the result of a reduced glycolytic flux rate. After a prolonged period of 6-AN pretreatment (16-30 h) the GABA and glutamate concentrations were significantly reduced, whereas the level of aspartate remained unchanged. From the result presented the two following conclusions may be drawn: a) The changes in the concentration of neurotransmitters as GABA and glutamate could be responsible for some neurological symptoms produced by 6-AN. b) As 6-AN seems to affect the GABA-shunt it represents a model substance for studying this pathway in the nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:138094", "title": "Glycolysis and glycogen metabolism after inhibition of hexose monophosphate pathway in C6-GLIAL cells.", "content": "1. 6-Aminonicotinamide (0.01 mg/ml) leads to a strong accumulation of 6-PG in C6 glial cells after 24h. 2. The accumulated 6-PG is dephosphorylated to gluconate which easily permeates the cell membrane. Extracellular gluconate is formed at a rate of 12% of the total glucose consumption. 3. 6-PG as competitive inhibitor of the PG1 caused a reduction of the glycolytic flux of about 40%. 4. The reduced glycolytic flux lowers the ATP concentration under anaerobic conditions to 75% of the controls. 5. The glycogen content after 6-AN is increased by 50%, probably by the activation of the glycogen synthetase due to the higher Glc 6-P concentration. 6. The fibroblast-like morphology of the C6 cell line has typically changed under 6-aminonicotinamide.", "contents": "Glycolysis and glycogen metabolism after inhibition of hexose monophosphate pathway in C6-GLIAL cells. 1. 6-Aminonicotinamide (0.01 mg/ml) leads to a strong accumulation of 6-PG in C6 glial cells after 24h. 2. The accumulated 6-PG is dephosphorylated to gluconate which easily permeates the cell membrane. Extracellular gluconate is formed at a rate of 12% of the total glucose consumption. 3. 6-PG as competitive inhibitor of the PG1 caused a reduction of the glycolytic flux of about 40%. 4. The reduced glycolytic flux lowers the ATP concentration under anaerobic conditions to 75% of the controls. 5. The glycogen content after 6-AN is increased by 50%, probably by the activation of the glycogen synthetase due to the higher Glc 6-P concentration. 6. The fibroblast-like morphology of the C6 cell line has typically changed under 6-aminonicotinamide."}
{"id": "PMID:138095", "title": "Differential effects of harmaline and ouabain on intestinal sodium, phenylalanine and beta-methyl-glucoside transport.", "content": "Harmaline inhibits both the Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity and the uptake of L-phenylalanine in guinea-pig intestinal mucosa. The latter effect is not a direct consequence of the former, since higher concentrations are needed to inhibit the enzyme than the influx into the mucosa; Furthermore the uptake is still sensitive to harmaline when the Na+ -K+ -ATPase has been fully inhibited by ouabain. Harmaline can inhibit L-phenylalanine influx at a concentration at which it does not affect intracellular ion concentrations. Ouabain, however, inhibits the uptake of L-phenylalanine only after a 30 min preincubation period, when the intracellular sodium concentration reached the extracellular level. Harmaline also interferes with the influx of beta-methyl-D-glucoside in the mucosa of the dog colon. Addition of harmaline at the mucosal face of the tissue suppresses all net transport of sodium and chloride ions and L-phenylalanine across the mucosa. Thus the same mode of action appears to apply in both the guinea-pig ileum and the dog colon.", "contents": "Differential effects of harmaline and ouabain on intestinal sodium, phenylalanine and beta-methyl-glucoside transport. Harmaline inhibits both the Na+ -K+ -ATPase activity and the uptake of L-phenylalanine in guinea-pig intestinal mucosa. The latter effect is not a direct consequence of the former, since higher concentrations are needed to inhibit the enzyme than the influx into the mucosa; Furthermore the uptake is still sensitive to harmaline when the Na+ -K+ -ATPase has been fully inhibited by ouabain. Harmaline can inhibit L-phenylalanine influx at a concentration at which it does not affect intracellular ion concentrations. Ouabain, however, inhibits the uptake of L-phenylalanine only after a 30 min preincubation period, when the intracellular sodium concentration reached the extracellular level. Harmaline also interferes with the influx of beta-methyl-D-glucoside in the mucosa of the dog colon. Addition of harmaline at the mucosal face of the tissue suppresses all net transport of sodium and chloride ions and L-phenylalanine across the mucosa. Thus the same mode of action appears to apply in both the guinea-pig ileum and the dog colon."}
{"id": "PMID:138099", "title": "Exploration of affective illness.", "content": "This report deals with a series of experimental approaches carried out in clinical studies to attempt to examine the role of amines in relationship to affective state and the mode of action of thymoleptic agents. Attempts have been made to examine enzymes, amines and other metabolites in biological fluids to assess the role of catecholamines and indoleamines in these disorders. Synthesis inhibitors were employed in studies where antidepressant drug-induced remission was initiated and the effect of two inhibitors was assessed on the clinical state. The results are presented and discussed in regard to the significance of the role of serotonin in depressive states and the action of thymoleptic agents.", "contents": "Exploration of affective illness. This report deals with a series of experimental approaches carried out in clinical studies to attempt to examine the role of amines in relationship to affective state and the mode of action of thymoleptic agents. Attempts have been made to examine enzymes, amines and other metabolites in biological fluids to assess the role of catecholamines and indoleamines in these disorders. Synthesis inhibitors were employed in studies where antidepressant drug-induced remission was initiated and the effect of two inhibitors was assessed on the clinical state. The results are presented and discussed in regard to the significance of the role of serotonin in depressive states and the action of thymoleptic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:138101", "title": "Long-term treatment of juvenile Huntington's chorea with dipropylacetic acid.", "content": "Since the proposed mode of action of dipropylacetic acid, an anticonvulsant, is to increase central nervous system gamma-aminobutyric acid levels, we used this agent to treat identical twins with juvenile Huntington's chorea. Their clinical status did not improve immediately after they received dipropylacetic acid. Furthermore, long-term administration (over a year) of high doses of the agent (up to 2,400 mg per day; 92 mg per kilogram per day) did not seem to alter the slow progression of their disease. Prior to treatment with dipropylacetic acid, the twins had normal cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid levels. In addition, cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid were determined before and after 18 hours of high-dose probenecid. The former showed a normal threefold to fourfold increase after probenecid administration, but homovanillic acid had a distinctly subnormal turnover after probenecid, with only a threefold rather than the normal tenfold increase.", "contents": "Long-term treatment of juvenile Huntington's chorea with dipropylacetic acid. Since the proposed mode of action of dipropylacetic acid, an anticonvulsant, is to increase central nervous system gamma-aminobutyric acid levels, we used this agent to treat identical twins with juvenile Huntington's chorea. Their clinical status did not improve immediately after they received dipropylacetic acid. Furthermore, long-term administration (over a year) of high doses of the agent (up to 2,400 mg per day; 92 mg per kilogram per day) did not seem to alter the slow progression of their disease. Prior to treatment with dipropylacetic acid, the twins had normal cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid levels. In addition, cerebrospinal fluid 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and homovanillic acid were determined before and after 18 hours of high-dose probenecid. The former showed a normal threefold to fourfold increase after probenecid administration, but homovanillic acid had a distinctly subnormal turnover after probenecid, with only a threefold rather than the normal tenfold increase."}
{"id": "PMID:138104", "title": "Risks of laparoscopic fulguration and transection of the fallopian tube.", "content": "The more common methods of laparoscopic sterilization involve transection of the fallopian tubes. There are, however, a number of cases accumulating in which coagulation without transection has been employed. The risks of bleeding requiring the use of laparotomy are considerably reduced with this technic. There is no increased risk of electrical injury. The pregnancy rate is essentially the same in both methods. It is suggested that failures with tubal transection may be secondary to fistula formation and an inherent problem, whereas the failures with coagulation without transection are secondary to inadequate coagulation and are therefore more easily prevented.", "contents": "Risks of laparoscopic fulguration and transection of the fallopian tube. The more common methods of laparoscopic sterilization involve transection of the fallopian tubes. There are, however, a number of cases accumulating in which coagulation without transection has been employed. The risks of bleeding requiring the use of laparotomy are considerably reduced with this technic. There is no increased risk of electrical injury. The pregnancy rate is essentially the same in both methods. It is suggested that failures with tubal transection may be secondary to fistula formation and an inherent problem, whereas the failures with coagulation without transection are secondary to inadequate coagulation and are therefore more easily prevented."}
{"id": "PMID:138105", "title": "A new skin protecting ointment against acrylic resins.", "content": "In order to protect the hands of dentists, dental technicians and dental nurses from direct contacts with acrylic monomer, a new type of protective monoglyceride containing ointment has been introduced. The monoglyceride-based ointment was found to prevent penetration of the monomeric part of an autopolymerising acrylic resin and was also shown to have significantly smaller decreasing influence on the ability to manipulate instruments and materials than a compared silicone-based ointment. Furthermore, even with addition of 1% by volume of the monoglyceride-based ointment there was no marked influence on the mechanical properties (elastic modulous and ultimate tensile strength) of an investigated acrylic tray material.", "contents": "A new skin protecting ointment against acrylic resins. In order to protect the hands of dentists, dental technicians and dental nurses from direct contacts with acrylic monomer, a new type of protective monoglyceride containing ointment has been introduced. The monoglyceride-based ointment was found to prevent penetration of the monomeric part of an autopolymerising acrylic resin and was also shown to have significantly smaller decreasing influence on the ability to manipulate instruments and materials than a compared silicone-based ointment. Furthermore, even with addition of 1% by volume of the monoglyceride-based ointment there was no marked influence on the mechanical properties (elastic modulous and ultimate tensile strength) of an investigated acrylic tray material."}
{"id": "PMID:138119", "title": "[Plasminogen determination, using a chromogenic tripeptidic substrate (author's transl)].", "content": "A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the evaluation of plasminogen level is presented. After activation of plasminogen by streptokinase, plasmin is determined using its amidasic action on a tripeptidic substrate bound with paranitroanlin.", "contents": "[Plasminogen determination, using a chromogenic tripeptidic substrate (author's transl)]. A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric method for the evaluation of plasminogen level is presented. After activation of plasminogen by streptokinase, plasmin is determined using its amidasic action on a tripeptidic substrate bound with paranitroanlin."}
{"id": "PMID:138120", "title": "Biochemical studies on dacron arterial prostheses.", "content": "Dacron arterial prostheses, treated or not with biopolymers (gelatin, glycosaminoglycans) were implanted in the abdominal aorta of dogs and the connective tissue synthetised inside and outside the prosthesis was studied. After 3 and 9 months of implantation the prosthesis, a joining portion and a piece of aorta were excised and put in organ culture with 14C-lysine for 3 days. Representative macromolecular extracts were then obtained by a  \"chemical dissection\" procedure. The radioactivity and the chemical composition of these extracts was studied. The DNA content of the prosthesis was higher than that of the adjacent aorta showing a dense cellular repopulation of the prosthesis. This was confirmed by histology also which revealed the presence of a newly formed limiting elastic membrane and the presence of numerous elastic fibrils. Collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycans could be detected in the macromolecular extracts showing that the cells which repopulated the prosthesis expressed a complete biosynthetic capacity as far as matrix macromolecules are concerned. The distribution of proteins in the extracts was as follows: 4% of total proteins were extracted in a 1M CaCl2-buffer 80% of total proteins in the collagenase extracts, 10% in the 6M urea extract. Only 0,2% of proteins were in the final elastase extract, 10 times less than in the joining aorta fragment. The proportion of the other proteins was similar in aorta and in the prosthesis as well as the chemical composition (hexosamine and hydroxyproline content) of the extracts. The proportion of collagenase-extractable proteins decreased with the time of implantation (from 3 to 9 months) and the proportion of urea-extractable proteins increased. This type of modification is similar to that found in aging aorta wall. 14C-lysine was actively incorporated in all macromolecular fractions studied. The incorporation pattern of the prothesis tissue was similar to that found for the joining host aorta, showing a similar regulatory tendency for matrix macromolecules. It appears therefore that a valid hemocompatible vascular type of connective tissue can be synthesised on the dacron arterial prosthesis and nature of this connective tissue can be influenced by previous biopolymer treatment of the synthetic prosthesis. The described procedure (incorporation of labelled precursors in organ culture) appears to be a valid method for the exploration of the regulatory processes underlying the synthetic capacity for matrix macromolecules of the newly formed tissue in the synthetic prosthesis.", "contents": "Biochemical studies on dacron arterial prostheses. Dacron arterial prostheses, treated or not with biopolymers (gelatin, glycosaminoglycans) were implanted in the abdominal aorta of dogs and the connective tissue synthetised inside and outside the prosthesis was studied. After 3 and 9 months of implantation the prosthesis, a joining portion and a piece of aorta were excised and put in organ culture with 14C-lysine for 3 days. Representative macromolecular extracts were then obtained by a  \"chemical dissection\" procedure. The radioactivity and the chemical composition of these extracts was studied. The DNA content of the prosthesis was higher than that of the adjacent aorta showing a dense cellular repopulation of the prosthesis. This was confirmed by histology also which revealed the presence of a newly formed limiting elastic membrane and the presence of numerous elastic fibrils. Collagen, elastin and glycosaminoglycans could be detected in the macromolecular extracts showing that the cells which repopulated the prosthesis expressed a complete biosynthetic capacity as far as matrix macromolecules are concerned. The distribution of proteins in the extracts was as follows: 4% of total proteins were extracted in a 1M CaCl2-buffer 80% of total proteins in the collagenase extracts, 10% in the 6M urea extract. Only 0,2% of proteins were in the final elastase extract, 10 times less than in the joining aorta fragment. The proportion of the other proteins was similar in aorta and in the prosthesis as well as the chemical composition (hexosamine and hydroxyproline content) of the extracts. The proportion of collagenase-extractable proteins decreased with the time of implantation (from 3 to 9 months) and the proportion of urea-extractable proteins increased. This type of modification is similar to that found in aging aorta wall. 14C-lysine was actively incorporated in all macromolecular fractions studied. The incorporation pattern of the prothesis tissue was similar to that found for the joining host aorta, showing a similar regulatory tendency for matrix macromolecules. It appears therefore that a valid hemocompatible vascular type of connective tissue can be synthesised on the dacron arterial prosthesis and nature of this connective tissue can be influenced by previous biopolymer treatment of the synthetic prosthesis. The described procedure (incorporation of labelled precursors in organ culture) appears to be a valid method for the exploration of the regulatory processes underlying the synthetic capacity for matrix macromolecules of the newly formed tissue in the synthetic prosthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:138123", "title": "Developmental transformational capacity of children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "This study examined the generative-transformational capacities of two groups of children with Down's Syndrome with mean mental ages of 3,6 yr. and 4,6 yr. respectively. A sentence repetition task was used to assess their knowledge of selected transformational sentence types (simple-active-affirmative-declarative, question, negative, passive and negative-passive). There were significant effects of groups and sentence types but a nonsignificant interaction of groups X sentence types. These results were taken as support for Lenneberg's \"slow motion\" hypothesis of language development in mentally retarded children. Children with Down's Syndrome appear to follow the same patterns of grammatical acquisition as normal children but at a reduced rate associated with the severity of their retardation.", "contents": "Developmental transformational capacity of children with Down's syndrome. This study examined the generative-transformational capacities of two groups of children with Down's Syndrome with mean mental ages of 3,6 yr. and 4,6 yr. respectively. A sentence repetition task was used to assess their knowledge of selected transformational sentence types (simple-active-affirmative-declarative, question, negative, passive and negative-passive). There were significant effects of groups and sentence types but a nonsignificant interaction of groups X sentence types. These results were taken as support for Lenneberg's \"slow motion\" hypothesis of language development in mentally retarded children. Children with Down's Syndrome appear to follow the same patterns of grammatical acquisition as normal children but at a reduced rate associated with the severity of their retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:138124", "title": "[Megakaryocytes and platelets in congenital thrombopathies].", "content": "Different HT have been studied with the electron microscope and the findings compared to those in the literature. Five patients with thrombasthenia and three with Willebrand's diseases showed various disorders, usually anisocytosis and hypertrophic open canalicular system, in relation to regenerative states. Thirteen young children with 21-trisomy (2 with leukemia) and 13/15 trisomy (1 case) had enlarged platelets with abnormalities of membranes and vacuoles indicating some metabolic disorders and necrotic lesions. One child with Cooley's anemia showed a few granules and necrotic lesions. All these symptoms were related to regenerative or primitive megakaryocytopathias. The lesion of these latter cell appears in other HT: aberrations of membranes in giant platelets syndroms (J. Bernard and J. P. Soulier syndrome), disorders in membranes and/or granules in thrombopenic thrombopathias, the short platelet life span in May-Hegglin anomaly, storage pool disease in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Finally the ultrastructural abnormalities of the platelets mainly help to distinguish several diseases of megakaryocytes.", "contents": "[Megakaryocytes and platelets in congenital thrombopathies]. Different HT have been studied with the electron microscope and the findings compared to those in the literature. Five patients with thrombasthenia and three with Willebrand's diseases showed various disorders, usually anisocytosis and hypertrophic open canalicular system, in relation to regenerative states. Thirteen young children with 21-trisomy (2 with leukemia) and 13/15 trisomy (1 case) had enlarged platelets with abnormalities of membranes and vacuoles indicating some metabolic disorders and necrotic lesions. One child with Cooley's anemia showed a few granules and necrotic lesions. All these symptoms were related to regenerative or primitive megakaryocytopathias. The lesion of these latter cell appears in other HT: aberrations of membranes in giant platelets syndroms (J. Bernard and J. P. Soulier syndrome), disorders in membranes and/or granules in thrombopenic thrombopathias, the short platelet life span in May-Hegglin anomaly, storage pool disease in Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome. Finally the ultrastructural abnormalities of the platelets mainly help to distinguish several diseases of megakaryocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:138134", "title": "Preventive cardiology. What should the clinician be doing about it?", "content": "Candidates for a major cardiovascular event can be identified by ordinary office procedures and simple laboratory tests, and the degree of risk estimated. There are compelling reasons to believe that much is to be gained by lowering risk through preventive measures advocated for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.", "contents": "Preventive cardiology. What should the clinician be doing about it? Candidates for a major cardiovascular event can be identified by ordinary office procedures and simple laboratory tests, and the degree of risk estimated. There are compelling reasons to believe that much is to be gained by lowering risk through preventive measures advocated for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:138132", "title": "The influence of serotonergic agents on the body temperature.", "content": "The effects of serotonin precursors, tryptophan (TP) and L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), administered together with peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor -- Ro 4-4602 on the rectal body temperature of rats was studied. TP caused a significant hypothermia which was prevented by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), the serotonin synthesis inhibitor. 5-HTP did not influence the body temperature or slightly decreased it. However, the significant hypothermizing effect of 5-HTP was observed in rats pretreated with spiroperidol, haloperidol or phenoxybenzamine. Methysergide or cyproheptadine -- compounds regarded as potent serotonin receptor blockers -- did not prevent the TP-induced hypothermia. In methysergide pretreated rats 5-HTP produced a considerable hyperthermia. Cyproheptadine did not influence the effects of 5-HTP on the body temperature. The results obtained suggest that cyproheptadine and methysergide fail to block those central serotonin receptors which produce hypothermia after their stimulation.", "contents": "The influence of serotonergic agents on the body temperature. The effects of serotonin precursors, tryptophan (TP) and L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), administered together with peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor -- Ro 4-4602 on the rectal body temperature of rats was studied. TP caused a significant hypothermia which was prevented by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), the serotonin synthesis inhibitor. 5-HTP did not influence the body temperature or slightly decreased it. However, the significant hypothermizing effect of 5-HTP was observed in rats pretreated with spiroperidol, haloperidol or phenoxybenzamine. Methysergide or cyproheptadine -- compounds regarded as potent serotonin receptor blockers -- did not prevent the TP-induced hypothermia. In methysergide pretreated rats 5-HTP produced a considerable hyperthermia. Cyproheptadine did not influence the effects of 5-HTP on the body temperature. The results obtained suggest that cyproheptadine and methysergide fail to block those central serotonin receptors which produce hypothermia after their stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:138133", "title": "Effects of drugs influencing serotonergic mechanisms on behaviour of insects.", "content": "The present paper deals with effects of some drugs affecting brain serotonergic mechanism on behaviour in cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and immature form (larvae) of ant lion (Myrmeleon formicarius). The effects of para-chlorophenylalanine, LSD-25 and 5-HTP on simple learning mechanisms in cockroach and on behaviour of ant lion (building the funnel-shape traps) were studied. Both p-chlorophenylalanine and LSD-25 facilitated behaviour of insects whilst 5-HTP delayed responses. Our experiments indicate that serotonin may play an inhibitory role upon behavioural processes in some invertebrates.", "contents": "Effects of drugs influencing serotonergic mechanisms on behaviour of insects. The present paper deals with effects of some drugs affecting brain serotonergic mechanism on behaviour in cockroach (Periplaneta americana) and immature form (larvae) of ant lion (Myrmeleon formicarius). The effects of para-chlorophenylalanine, LSD-25 and 5-HTP on simple learning mechanisms in cockroach and on behaviour of ant lion (building the funnel-shape traps) were studied. Both p-chlorophenylalanine and LSD-25 facilitated behaviour of insects whilst 5-HTP delayed responses. Our experiments indicate that serotonin may play an inhibitory role upon behavioural processes in some invertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:138139", "title": "A mechanism of duplex DNA replication revealed by enzymatic studies of phage phi X174: catalytic strand separation in advance of replication.", "content": "The enzyme system for duplicating the duplex, circular DNA of phage phi X174 (replicative form) in stage II of the replicative life cycle was shown to proceed in two steps: synthesis of the viral (+) strand ]stage II(+)], followed by synthesis of the complementary (-) strand ]stage II(-)] [Eisenberg et al. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3151-3155]. Novel features of the mechanism of the stage II(+) reaction have now been observed. The product, synthesized in extensive net quantities, is a covalently closed, circular, single-stranded DNA. The supercoiled replicative form I template and three of the four required proteins--the phage-induced cistron A protein (cis A), the host rep protein (rep), and the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (holoenzyme)--act catalytically; the Escherichia coli DNA unwinding (or binding) protein binds the product stoichiometrically. In a reaction uncoupled from replication, cis A, rep, DNA binding protein, ATP, and Mg2+ separate the supercoiled replicative form I into its component single strands coated with DNA binding protein. In the presence of Mg2+, cis A, nicks the replicative form I; rep, ATP, and Mg2+ achieve strand separation with a concurrent cleavage of ATP and binding of DNA binding protein to the single strands. rep exhibits a single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity. These observations suggest that the rep enzymatically melts the duplex at the replicating fork, using energy provided by ATP; this mechanism may apply to the replication of the E. coli chromosome as well.", "contents": "A mechanism of duplex DNA replication revealed by enzymatic studies of phage phi X174: catalytic strand separation in advance of replication. The enzyme system for duplicating the duplex, circular DNA of phage phi X174 (replicative form) in stage II of the replicative life cycle was shown to proceed in two steps: synthesis of the viral (+) strand ]stage II(+)], followed by synthesis of the complementary (-) strand ]stage II(-)] [Eisenberg et al. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 3151-3155]. Novel features of the mechanism of the stage II(+) reaction have now been observed. The product, synthesized in extensive net quantities, is a covalently closed, circular, single-stranded DNA. The supercoiled replicative form I template and three of the four required proteins--the phage-induced cistron A protein (cis A), the host rep protein (rep), and the DNA polymerase III holoenzyme (holoenzyme)--act catalytically; the Escherichia coli DNA unwinding (or binding) protein binds the product stoichiometrically. In a reaction uncoupled from replication, cis A, rep, DNA binding protein, ATP, and Mg2+ separate the supercoiled replicative form I into its component single strands coated with DNA binding protein. In the presence of Mg2+, cis A, nicks the replicative form I; rep, ATP, and Mg2+ achieve strand separation with a concurrent cleavage of ATP and binding of DNA binding protein to the single strands. rep exhibits a single-stranded DNA-dependent ATPase activity. These observations suggest that the rep enzymatically melts the duplex at the replicating fork, using energy provided by ATP; this mechanism may apply to the replication of the E. coli chromosome as well."}
{"id": "PMID:138140", "title": "Isolation and characterization of muscle membranes using surface-specific labels.", "content": "Membranes were purified from rat muscle by a differential centrifugation method that avoids the use of salt extraction or incubations at elevated temperature. Three populations of membrane-limited vesicles were defined having average densities of 1.112 (fraction I), 1.141 (fraction II), and 1.158 (fraction III) g/ml in a continuous sucrose gradient. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact muscle prior to isolation of membranes resulted in highest specific activity in fraction I, although all fractions could be equally labeled after isolation. 125I-Labeled wheat germ agglutinin incubated at low concentration with intact muscle preferentially labeled fraction I. Parallel studies on previously isolated fractions indicated that fraction I also contained the highest concentration of potential receptors for wheat germ agglutinin. In experiments on whole muscle, concanavalin A bound predominantly to sarcolemma with slight variable binding to T-tubular and nuclear membrane but no binding to sarcoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria. Parallel binding studies with isolated membrane fragments indicated heavy binding of concanavalin A by membranes in fraction I with scattered binding in fractions II and III. Na+K+Mg2+ ATPase was specifically enriched in fraction I but was also present in fraction II in a proportion similar to 125I labeling. Ca2+ ATPase was most active in fraction II but present in significant levels in fraction I. It is concluded from these and other data that fraction I contains predominantly sarcolemma membrane, while T-tubular membrane may represent a significant component of fraction II. Ca2+ ATPase activity in fraction I is intrinsic to the sarcolemma.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of muscle membranes using surface-specific labels. Membranes were purified from rat muscle by a differential centrifugation method that avoids the use of salt extraction or incubations at elevated temperature. Three populations of membrane-limited vesicles were defined having average densities of 1.112 (fraction I), 1.141 (fraction II), and 1.158 (fraction III) g/ml in a continuous sucrose gradient. Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed iodination of intact muscle prior to isolation of membranes resulted in highest specific activity in fraction I, although all fractions could be equally labeled after isolation. 125I-Labeled wheat germ agglutinin incubated at low concentration with intact muscle preferentially labeled fraction I. Parallel studies on previously isolated fractions indicated that fraction I also contained the highest concentration of potential receptors for wheat germ agglutinin. In experiments on whole muscle, concanavalin A bound predominantly to sarcolemma with slight variable binding to T-tubular and nuclear membrane but no binding to sarcoplasmic reticulum or mitochondria. Parallel binding studies with isolated membrane fragments indicated heavy binding of concanavalin A by membranes in fraction I with scattered binding in fractions II and III. Na+K+Mg2+ ATPase was specifically enriched in fraction I but was also present in fraction II in a proportion similar to 125I labeling. Ca2+ ATPase was most active in fraction II but present in significant levels in fraction I. It is concluded from these and other data that fraction I contains predominantly sarcolemma membrane, while T-tubular membrane may represent a significant component of fraction II. Ca2+ ATPase activity in fraction I is intrinsic to the sarcolemma."}
{"id": "PMID:138141", "title": "Effects of TRH on the central nervous system of the rabbit.", "content": "Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) administered intraventricularly to rabbits produces tachypnea, hyperthermia, behavioral excitation and, with larger doses, compulsive scratching. These effects of TRH were unaffected by various catecholamine and serotonin antagonists or depleting agents. When TRH was administered to pentobarbital-narcotized animals, tachypnea and rapid recovery of the righting reflex occurred. The antagonism of narcosis or sedation was evident against other barbiturates, diazepam, chlorpromazine, and reserpine, but not against morphine. Morphine actually appeared to antagonize the excitatory actions of TRH. Scopolamine pretreatment prevented the arousal from pentobarbital narcosis, but not the tachypnea or hyperthermia. TRH represents a new class of psychoactive chemical which may play a role in brain function.", "contents": "Effects of TRH on the central nervous system of the rabbit. Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) administered intraventricularly to rabbits produces tachypnea, hyperthermia, behavioral excitation and, with larger doses, compulsive scratching. These effects of TRH were unaffected by various catecholamine and serotonin antagonists or depleting agents. When TRH was administered to pentobarbital-narcotized animals, tachypnea and rapid recovery of the righting reflex occurred. The antagonism of narcosis or sedation was evident against other barbiturates, diazepam, chlorpromazine, and reserpine, but not against morphine. Morphine actually appeared to antagonize the excitatory actions of TRH. Scopolamine pretreatment prevented the arousal from pentobarbital narcosis, but not the tachypnea or hyperthermia. TRH represents a new class of psychoactive chemical which may play a role in brain function."}
{"id": "PMID:138143", "title": "The family in physical therapy.", "content": "Family Focus is a training program implemented by the Division of Physical Therapy at Stanford University in cooperation with the Mental Research Institute of Palo Alto, California. Through this program, inpatients at the Stanford University Hospital and their families have the opportunity to live in a modular home on the hospital grounds prior to discharge and receive training in the activities they will need to carry out at home. Psychologists consult with the physical therapists on ways to help the family cope with stressful situations. The advantages of including the entire family in health care planning and treatment are described and suggestions are made for applying the principles in any physical therapy setting.", "contents": "The family in physical therapy. Family Focus is a training program implemented by the Division of Physical Therapy at Stanford University in cooperation with the Mental Research Institute of Palo Alto, California. Through this program, inpatients at the Stanford University Hospital and their families have the opportunity to live in a modular home on the hospital grounds prior to discharge and receive training in the activities they will need to carry out at home. Psychologists consult with the physical therapists on ways to help the family cope with stressful situations. The advantages of including the entire family in health care planning and treatment are described and suggestions are made for applying the principles in any physical therapy setting."}
{"id": "PMID:138144", "title": "Comparative temperature dependence of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.", "content": "The temperature dependence of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was measured, utilizing preparations of enzyme from heat and kidney of rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, ground squirrels, turtles, chickens, and ducks. The two hibernating species, hamsters and ground squirrels, were studied awake at normothermia and hibernating at 4 degrees C. The results for every species except the turtles showed the same temperature dependence established for (Na++K+)-ATPase from rabbit kidney with a quasi-linear dependence above 15 degrees C and little or no activity below 15 degrees C. Turtle enzymes showed a broad activity versus temperature curve with a fall-off at high and low temperatures. The data in all cases, including the turtle data, may be fitted by a previously described thermodynamic kinetic model. Further, the model will fith the turnover or decrease in enzyme activity at higher temperatures observed in a number of cases. These results do not support the widely imputed ion pumping role for (Na++K+)-ATPase.", "contents": "Comparative temperature dependence of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. The temperature dependence of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was measured, utilizing preparations of enzyme from heat and kidney of rats, hamsters, guinea pigs, ground squirrels, turtles, chickens, and ducks. The two hibernating species, hamsters and ground squirrels, were studied awake at normothermia and hibernating at 4 degrees C. The results for every species except the turtles showed the same temperature dependence established for (Na++K+)-ATPase from rabbit kidney with a quasi-linear dependence above 15 degrees C and little or no activity below 15 degrees C. Turtle enzymes showed a broad activity versus temperature curve with a fall-off at high and low temperatures. The data in all cases, including the turtle data, may be fitted by a previously described thermodynamic kinetic model. Further, the model will fith the turnover or decrease in enzyme activity at higher temperatures observed in a number of cases. These results do not support the widely imputed ion pumping role for (Na++K+)-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:138146", "title": "A comparison of the central actions of prostaglandins A1, E1, E2, F1alpha, and F2alpha in the rat. II. The effect of intraventricular prostaglandins on the action of some drugs and on the level and turnover of biogenic amines in the rat brain.", "content": "Prostaglandins (PGs) injected into the right lateral brain ventricle (i.v.c.) of the rat increased the sleeping time induced by hexobarbital, chloral hydrate, and ethanol. PGE1 and PGE2 intensified chlorpromazine-induced catalepsy, inhibited amphetamine hyperactivity, and significantly depressed the amphetamine-induced stereotypy. NA concentrations were decreased by PGE1 and PGE2 and were increased by PGF2alpha. PGF2alpha increased both 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in rat brain. \"Total\" ACh concentrations were increased by PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha. PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2alpha enhanced the turnover of NA, DA, and 5-HT. PGE2 counteracted the decreased activity induced by alpha-MT and abolished the hypothermic action of alpha-MT. PGF2alpha had little effect on the activity of PCPA pretreated rats, whereas the higher doses of PGF2alpha increased body temperature in these animals.", "contents": "A comparison of the central actions of prostaglandins A1, E1, E2, F1alpha, and F2alpha in the rat. II. The effect of intraventricular prostaglandins on the action of some drugs and on the level and turnover of biogenic amines in the rat brain. Prostaglandins (PGs) injected into the right lateral brain ventricle (i.v.c.) of the rat increased the sleeping time induced by hexobarbital, chloral hydrate, and ethanol. PGE1 and PGE2 intensified chlorpromazine-induced catalepsy, inhibited amphetamine hyperactivity, and significantly depressed the amphetamine-induced stereotypy. NA concentrations were decreased by PGE1 and PGE2 and were increased by PGF2alpha. PGF2alpha increased both 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels in rat brain. \"Total\" ACh concentrations were increased by PGF1alpha and PGF2alpha. PGE1, PGE2, and PGF2alpha enhanced the turnover of NA, DA, and 5-HT. PGE2 counteracted the decreased activity induced by alpha-MT and abolished the hypothermic action of alpha-MT. PGF2alpha had little effect on the activity of PCPA pretreated rats, whereas the higher doses of PGF2alpha increased body temperature in these animals."}
{"id": "PMID:138180", "title": "[2 cases of arthrogryposis].", "content": "The authors report two cases of arthrogryposis in two children of 7 1/2 and 13 years; the diagnostic criteria were those of Fisher, combining the joint limitations present since birth in at least two different regions, the absence of progressive neurological involvement, and evident amyotrophy. The different etiopathogenic theories are then discussed: review of the literature concerning cases of myopathic arthrogryposis is not very useful; the twelve cases mentioned in the literature are not homogenous, the histopathological findings were very variable, and the histoenzymological studies have been insufficient. The combination of neurological anomalies with arthrogryposis is undeniable (cerebral atrophy, depopulation of the anterior cornu, anterior radicular changes). They are not always present, however, and are insufficient to explain the symptoms. Consideration should be given to the question of whether the importance of the changes in the connective tissue are not underestimated: the proliferation of the connective tissue is, in fact, most of the time, the essential feature to be seen in a histological section. In connection with this \"connective theory\" it is important to recall the work of Ionasescu et al. (1970) who demonstrated in vitro the excessive synthesis of connective proteins in the muscles of patients with arthrogryposis.", "contents": "[2 cases of arthrogryposis]. The authors report two cases of arthrogryposis in two children of 7 1/2 and 13 years; the diagnostic criteria were those of Fisher, combining the joint limitations present since birth in at least two different regions, the absence of progressive neurological involvement, and evident amyotrophy. The different etiopathogenic theories are then discussed: review of the literature concerning cases of myopathic arthrogryposis is not very useful; the twelve cases mentioned in the literature are not homogenous, the histopathological findings were very variable, and the histoenzymological studies have been insufficient. The combination of neurological anomalies with arthrogryposis is undeniable (cerebral atrophy, depopulation of the anterior cornu, anterior radicular changes). They are not always present, however, and are insufficient to explain the symptoms. Consideration should be given to the question of whether the importance of the changes in the connective tissue are not underestimated: the proliferation of the connective tissue is, in fact, most of the time, the essential feature to be seen in a histological section. In connection with this \"connective theory\" it is important to recall the work of Ionasescu et al. (1970) who demonstrated in vitro the excessive synthesis of connective proteins in the muscles of patients with arthrogryposis."}
{"id": "PMID:138183", "title": "[Echocardiography in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy].", "content": "The echocardiographic anomalies seen in 16 patients with proven hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) are described. With use of a standardized technique and critical evaluation of the individual signs, echocardiography provides a simple and accurate means of confirming the diagnosis of HOCM, following the course and evaluating therapy.", "contents": "[Echocardiography in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy]. The echocardiographic anomalies seen in 16 patients with proven hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) are described. With use of a standardized technique and critical evaluation of the individual signs, echocardiography provides a simple and accurate means of confirming the diagnosis of HOCM, following the course and evaluating therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:138184", "title": "[Effects of propranolol on pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy and metabolic myocardial changes due to acute hypoxemia due to high altitude].", "content": "In rats, a 3-day stay at an altitude of 3454 m (paO2 approximately 55 mm Hg) provokes a 50% increase in pulmonary pressure and a 20% increase in right ventricular weight, edema of both ventricles, particularly the right, and marked alterations in energy metabolism. Propranolol (4 mg/kg/day), administered 1 day before the transfer to high altitude and during the days of stay, prevents the increase in pulmonary pressure and in right ventricular weight and decreases myocardial edema, but has no effect on the metabolic alterations.", "contents": "[Effects of propranolol on pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy and metabolic myocardial changes due to acute hypoxemia due to high altitude]. In rats, a 3-day stay at an altitude of 3454 m (paO2 approximately 55 mm Hg) provokes a 50% increase in pulmonary pressure and a 20% increase in right ventricular weight, edema of both ventricles, particularly the right, and marked alterations in energy metabolism. Propranolol (4 mg/kg/day), administered 1 day before the transfer to high altitude and during the days of stay, prevents the increase in pulmonary pressure and in right ventricular weight and decreases myocardial edema, but has no effect on the metabolic alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:138185", "title": "[Clinical course of congestive cardiomyopathy].", "content": "In 30 patients with the clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic findings of congestive cardiomyopathy, physical working capacity (PWC) and left ventricular (LV) ejection phase indexes at rest (EI), assessed by LV ejection fraction, enddiastolic volume, and mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening were determined. Based on PWC and EI, the following 3 functional groups were obtained: group 1 (n = 6) with normal PWC and borderline EI (subclinical congestive cardiomyopathy), group 2 (n = 10) with normal PWC and decreased EI, and group 3 (n = 14) with reduced PWC and severely depressed EI. The clinical course was followed for 24 months. In group 1 the functional state remained unchanged in all 6 patients. In group 2, 3 patients, changed to functional group 3 and 2 died during the observation period. In group 3, 3 patients improved and changed to functional group 2, 5 remained unchanged and 6 died after an observation period of 16 months. It is concluded (1) that PWC in congestive cardiomyopathy may be preserved despite depressed LV function, and (2) that the functional classification has important prognostic implications, in view of the fact that annual mortality in group 1 was 0%, in group 2 7% and in group 3 32%.", "contents": "[Clinical course of congestive cardiomyopathy]. In 30 patients with the clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic findings of congestive cardiomyopathy, physical working capacity (PWC) and left ventricular (LV) ejection phase indexes at rest (EI), assessed by LV ejection fraction, enddiastolic volume, and mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening were determined. Based on PWC and EI, the following 3 functional groups were obtained: group 1 (n = 6) with normal PWC and borderline EI (subclinical congestive cardiomyopathy), group 2 (n = 10) with normal PWC and decreased EI, and group 3 (n = 14) with reduced PWC and severely depressed EI. The clinical course was followed for 24 months. In group 1 the functional state remained unchanged in all 6 patients. In group 2, 3 patients, changed to functional group 3 and 2 died during the observation period. In group 3, 3 patients improved and changed to functional group 2, 5 remained unchanged and 6 died after an observation period of 16 months. It is concluded (1) that PWC in congestive cardiomyopathy may be preserved despite depressed LV function, and (2) that the functional classification has important prognostic implications, in view of the fact that annual mortality in group 1 was 0%, in group 2 7% and in group 3 32%."}
{"id": "PMID:138186", "title": "[The S\u00e9zary syndrome].", "content": "A case of the rare S\u00e9zary syndrome is described. The S\u00e9zary syndrome is a lymphoproliferative disorder of the skin, the lymph nodes, and to a smaller extent the bone marrow, which begins with erythrodermia. In the blood, strange circulating lymphocytes with a \"cerebriform\" chromatin structure and T-cell properties are found. The disease is primarly benign but may become malignant. The origin is unknown. Endogenic and exogenic factors are considered and relationships to other cutaneous lympho-proliferative diseases and treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[The S\u00e9zary syndrome]. A case of the rare S\u00e9zary syndrome is described. The S\u00e9zary syndrome is a lymphoproliferative disorder of the skin, the lymph nodes, and to a smaller extent the bone marrow, which begins with erythrodermia. In the blood, strange circulating lymphocytes with a \"cerebriform\" chromatin structure and T-cell properties are found. The disease is primarly benign but may become malignant. The origin is unknown. Endogenic and exogenic factors are considered and relationships to other cutaneous lympho-proliferative diseases and treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138187", "title": "[Toxic reactions to gold salts with severe enterocolitis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "A case of severe enterocolitis which occurred on initiation of chrysotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis is reported. The patient, a male aged 50 years, suffered from dramatic diarrhea for several weeks. Biopsy specimens from the stomach, ileum and colon revealed signs of inflammation. Later, general toxicodermia, mouth ulcers, blood eosinophilia and asymptomatic proteinuria were observed. After several months all the side effects disappeared. The toxicodermia was the most persistent.", "contents": "[Toxic reactions to gold salts with severe enterocolitis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis]. A case of severe enterocolitis which occurred on initiation of chrysotherapy for rheumatoid arthritis is reported. The patient, a male aged 50 years, suffered from dramatic diarrhea for several weeks. Biopsy specimens from the stomach, ileum and colon revealed signs of inflammation. Later, general toxicodermia, mouth ulcers, blood eosinophilia and asymptomatic proteinuria were observed. After several months all the side effects disappeared. The toxicodermia was the most persistent."}
{"id": "PMID:138188", "title": "[Kurschmann-Steinert myotonic dystrophia and Adams-Stoke attacks. Successful treatment of arrhythmia by means of pacemaker implantation].", "content": "The case is reported of a 39-year-old male with Steinert's dystrophia myotonica complicated by cardiac arrhythmias manifested by high-degree a-v block with Stokes-Adams attacks. Implantation of a demand-type cardiac pacemaker brought prompt relief from cardiac symptoms and the patient was able to resume work. The pathologico-anatomical findings in dystrophia myotonica are discussed, together with their possible connection with the type of arrhythmias described.", "contents": "[Kurschmann-Steinert myotonic dystrophia and Adams-Stoke attacks. Successful treatment of arrhythmia by means of pacemaker implantation]. The case is reported of a 39-year-old male with Steinert's dystrophia myotonica complicated by cardiac arrhythmias manifested by high-degree a-v block with Stokes-Adams attacks. Implantation of a demand-type cardiac pacemaker brought prompt relief from cardiac symptoms and the patient was able to resume work. The pathologico-anatomical findings in dystrophia myotonica are discussed, together with their possible connection with the type of arrhythmias described."}
{"id": "PMID:138189", "title": "[Cardiac syncope].", "content": "Clinical cases are presented on the general theme of cardiovascular syncope. A case is cited to illustrate the clinical picture of idiopathic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, a frequently disguised and misinterpreted cause of syncope. Chief attention is focused on the concept of fascicular heart block causing syncope. In the light of 3 patients, the various possibilities with respect to etiology, evolution, clinical picture and prognosis of fascicular heart block are outlined. In this context the diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic significance of His bundle electrocardiography is discussed. Finally, 2 cases are cited to illustrate the sick sinus syndrome as a major cause of syncope. The diagnostic procedure in patients with suspected lazy sinus node is discussed and the results are presented of 16 personally observed cases with this disorder.", "contents": "[Cardiac syncope]. Clinical cases are presented on the general theme of cardiovascular syncope. A case is cited to illustrate the clinical picture of idiopathic hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy, a frequently disguised and misinterpreted cause of syncope. Chief attention is focused on the concept of fascicular heart block causing syncope. In the light of 3 patients, the various possibilities with respect to etiology, evolution, clinical picture and prognosis of fascicular heart block are outlined. In this context the diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic significance of His bundle electrocardiography is discussed. Finally, 2 cases are cited to illustrate the sick sinus syndrome as a major cause of syncope. The diagnostic procedure in patients with suspected lazy sinus node is discussed and the results are presented of 16 personally observed cases with this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:138190", "title": "[Clinical aspects and course of endomyocardial fibrosis].", "content": "In 6 women with the hemodynamic, angiographic and histological findings of endomyocardial fibrosis the clinical course was followed for 30 months. All six cases showed the typical partial obliteration of one (4 patients) or both (2 patients) heart chambers. Left ventricular pressure-volume relations elicited decreased distensibility of the left ventricle. The functional state in 2 patients with severe mitral insufficiency was improved following successful mitral valve replacement. One patient with left ventricular, and 2 patients with biventricular, obliteration were given drug therapy and in one case recompensation lasting 2 years was obtained. One patient with partial obliteration of the left ventricle and severe biventricular failure died after an observation period of 4 years. In summary it can be said that (1) endomyocardial fibrosis in Switzerland is observed mainly in females; (2) the clinical picture is dominated by severe congestive heart failure in which the heart size is only slightly enlarged; (3) systolic performance is normal or only moderately depressed despite severe restriction to filling and/or av-valve insufficiency; (4) partial obliteration of the right or left ventricle may be detected by echocardiography; (5) rheumatic fever may occasionally be the cause of endomyocardial fibrosis; (6) mitral valve replacement is accompanied by appreciable improvement in the patient's condition.", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and course of endomyocardial fibrosis]. In 6 women with the hemodynamic, angiographic and histological findings of endomyocardial fibrosis the clinical course was followed for 30 months. All six cases showed the typical partial obliteration of one (4 patients) or both (2 patients) heart chambers. Left ventricular pressure-volume relations elicited decreased distensibility of the left ventricle. The functional state in 2 patients with severe mitral insufficiency was improved following successful mitral valve replacement. One patient with left ventricular, and 2 patients with biventricular, obliteration were given drug therapy and in one case recompensation lasting 2 years was obtained. One patient with partial obliteration of the left ventricle and severe biventricular failure died after an observation period of 4 years. In summary it can be said that (1) endomyocardial fibrosis in Switzerland is observed mainly in females; (2) the clinical picture is dominated by severe congestive heart failure in which the heart size is only slightly enlarged; (3) systolic performance is normal or only moderately depressed despite severe restriction to filling and/or av-valve insufficiency; (4) partial obliteration of the right or left ventricle may be detected by echocardiography; (5) rheumatic fever may occasionally be the cause of endomyocardial fibrosis; (6) mitral valve replacement is accompanied by appreciable improvement in the patient's condition."}
{"id": "PMID:138205", "title": "The assessment of peripheral vascular insufficiency with the doppler flowmeter.", "content": "The author presents his experience of the Doppler ultrasound velocity meter in the repetitive serial assessment of patients presenting with chronic obliterative arterial disease. A close relationship between ankle pressure assessed by the Doppler apparatus and isotope muscle clearance studies was established. Pressure flow is directly related to the severity of the vascular occlusion. This fact has been applied in the study of 17 patients with varying degrees of vascular occlusion. The Doppler indices were measured at rest and after ischaemia or exercise. Constant reproducible patterns emerge reflecting gradations of peripheral vascular disorder. Doppler indices correlated well with the patients' exercise tolerance. Flow patterns were demonstrated by plotting the data. Unlike plethysmographic data obtained at rest, the Doppler index at rest was significant. The Doppler ultrasound velocity flowmeter is an effective method for the quantitative assessment during the follow-up of patients presenting with peripheral vascular disorders.", "contents": "The assessment of peripheral vascular insufficiency with the doppler flowmeter. The author presents his experience of the Doppler ultrasound velocity meter in the repetitive serial assessment of patients presenting with chronic obliterative arterial disease. A close relationship between ankle pressure assessed by the Doppler apparatus and isotope muscle clearance studies was established. Pressure flow is directly related to the severity of the vascular occlusion. This fact has been applied in the study of 17 patients with varying degrees of vascular occlusion. The Doppler indices were measured at rest and after ischaemia or exercise. Constant reproducible patterns emerge reflecting gradations of peripheral vascular disorder. Doppler indices correlated well with the patients' exercise tolerance. Flow patterns were demonstrated by plotting the data. Unlike plethysmographic data obtained at rest, the Doppler index at rest was significant. The Doppler ultrasound velocity flowmeter is an effective method for the quantitative assessment during the follow-up of patients presenting with peripheral vascular disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:138206", "title": "A pneumatic reduction device for gastroschisis and omphalocele.", "content": "A new preformed pneumatic reduction device is available in two sizes, and it is recommended that a set be available for emergency use in any hospital which deals with the definitive emergency therapy of the newborn. The devices can be washed and flash sterilized as needed and, if properly cared for, can be reused repeatedly. The bag has facilitated the early care of newborns with omphalocele and gastroschisis and has allowed the rapid and effective reduction of eviscerated intestines. These bags can also be used for the controlled ventral hernias necessary in the treatment of infants born with large diaphragmatic hernias. It is hoped that the search for better techniques and materials will be continued, since the dramatic improvement in the survival rate of infants with gastroschisis and omphalocele has occurred not from a better understanding of the defects but by the application of improved techniques and materials in their treatment.", "contents": "A pneumatic reduction device for gastroschisis and omphalocele. A new preformed pneumatic reduction device is available in two sizes, and it is recommended that a set be available for emergency use in any hospital which deals with the definitive emergency therapy of the newborn. The devices can be washed and flash sterilized as needed and, if properly cared for, can be reused repeatedly. The bag has facilitated the early care of newborns with omphalocele and gastroschisis and has allowed the rapid and effective reduction of eviscerated intestines. These bags can also be used for the controlled ventral hernias necessary in the treatment of infants born with large diaphragmatic hernias. It is hoped that the search for better techniques and materials will be continued, since the dramatic improvement in the survival rate of infants with gastroschisis and omphalocele has occurred not from a better understanding of the defects but by the application of improved techniques and materials in their treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:138207", "title": "Use of Marlex mesh in acute loss of the abdominal wall due to infection.", "content": "Closure of wounds of the abdomen with a minimal amount of foreign material is still the preferred method. However, in those instances in which loss of tissue is too great to effect closure or in which closure will place the suture line under tension, the use of a synthetic plastic mesh is an effective alternative. As described, the technique avoids the risks of further necrosis of the tissue, infection and dehiscence. In those instances of extensive loss of tissue, it is frequently the only practical method available to reconstruct the abdominal wall.", "contents": "Use of Marlex mesh in acute loss of the abdominal wall due to infection. Closure of wounds of the abdomen with a minimal amount of foreign material is still the preferred method. However, in those instances in which loss of tissue is too great to effect closure or in which closure will place the suture line under tension, the use of a synthetic plastic mesh is an effective alternative. As described, the technique avoids the risks of further necrosis of the tissue, infection and dehiscence. In those instances of extensive loss of tissue, it is frequently the only practical method available to reconstruct the abdominal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:138208", "title": "Immunological monitoring of long-surviving renal transplant recipients.", "content": "In this study a variety of cell-mediated immunity responses were performed in long-term (2 to 12 year) human leukocyte antigen-A (HLA) nonidentical renal transplant patients. All patients showed mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) stimulation against donor, indicating a lack of tolerance. Of successful long-term transplant patients, 73 percent showed high serum levels of MLC-blocking activity. A consistent association of successful long-term transplantation and a specific defect in recipient ability to generate cytotoxic cells against donor was seen at the 8 to 12 year level. A close association of lymphocyte-dependent activity (LDA) and clinical chronic rejection was found, and LDA could be identified prior to the onset of clinical chronic rejection in most cases. Four patients had a positive LDA assay prior to transplant and all four went on to develop chronic rejection. Recipients taking immunosuppressive drugs within 24 hours of testing had a deficient capability to generate cytotoxic effector cells against indifferent individuals. These findings demonstrate a consistent association of in vitro cell-mediated immunity parameters and in vivo transplant function and may represent a valuable immunological monitoring system for long-term recipient follow-up.", "contents": "Immunological monitoring of long-surviving renal transplant recipients. In this study a variety of cell-mediated immunity responses were performed in long-term (2 to 12 year) human leukocyte antigen-A (HLA) nonidentical renal transplant patients. All patients showed mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) stimulation against donor, indicating a lack of tolerance. Of successful long-term transplant patients, 73 percent showed high serum levels of MLC-blocking activity. A consistent association of successful long-term transplantation and a specific defect in recipient ability to generate cytotoxic cells against donor was seen at the 8 to 12 year level. A close association of lymphocyte-dependent activity (LDA) and clinical chronic rejection was found, and LDA could be identified prior to the onset of clinical chronic rejection in most cases. Four patients had a positive LDA assay prior to transplant and all four went on to develop chronic rejection. Recipients taking immunosuppressive drugs within 24 hours of testing had a deficient capability to generate cytotoxic effector cells against indifferent individuals. These findings demonstrate a consistent association of in vitro cell-mediated immunity parameters and in vivo transplant function and may represent a valuable immunological monitoring system for long-term recipient follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:138210", "title": "A clinicopathological study of fatal chronic airways obstruction.", "content": "A clinicopathological study of 21 patients who died as a result of chronic airways obstruction was carried out. Thirteen patients had been in right ventricular failure for at least one year before death and the other eight patients did not have right ventricular failure. The patients with long-standing right ventricular failure died at a younger age, on average, than those without failure. There were no significant quantitative differences between the two groups in the length of history of chest disease, blood gas estimations, respiratory function tests or degree of polycythaemia. The group with right ventricular failure had significantly larger mean right and left ventricular weights than the group without failure, but there were no significant differences in amounts of emphysema, size of bronchial mucous glands, proportion of small airways lumen in the lung or number of thick-walled peripheral lung vessels between the two groups. The findings did not support the division of this series of patients, with fatal chronic airways obstruction, into two distinct groups broadly defined as 'emphysematous' and 'bronchitic', either clinically or pathologically. A history of right ventricular failure correlated well with the finding of right ventricular hypertrophy at necropsy. Electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy was found to correspond with the size of the right ventricle at necropsy in 66% of cases. The radiographic diagnosis of emphysema proved an accurate assessment when compared to the necropsy findings, and radiographic estimations of right ventricular enlargement were  accurate in 65% of cases. Histological evidence of acute bronchitis was present in 20 of the 21 patients (95%), and five patients showed histological evidence of minor pulmonary thromboembolism. Ten patients in the series showed an increase in the weight of the left ventricular as well as the right ventricle.", "contents": "A clinicopathological study of fatal chronic airways obstruction. A clinicopathological study of 21 patients who died as a result of chronic airways obstruction was carried out. Thirteen patients had been in right ventricular failure for at least one year before death and the other eight patients did not have right ventricular failure. The patients with long-standing right ventricular failure died at a younger age, on average, than those without failure. There were no significant quantitative differences between the two groups in the length of history of chest disease, blood gas estimations, respiratory function tests or degree of polycythaemia. The group with right ventricular failure had significantly larger mean right and left ventricular weights than the group without failure, but there were no significant differences in amounts of emphysema, size of bronchial mucous glands, proportion of small airways lumen in the lung or number of thick-walled peripheral lung vessels between the two groups. The findings did not support the division of this series of patients, with fatal chronic airways obstruction, into two distinct groups broadly defined as 'emphysematous' and 'bronchitic', either clinically or pathologically. A history of right ventricular failure correlated well with the finding of right ventricular hypertrophy at necropsy. Electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy was found to correspond with the size of the right ventricle at necropsy in 66% of cases. The radiographic diagnosis of emphysema proved an accurate assessment when compared to the necropsy findings, and radiographic estimations of right ventricular enlargement were  accurate in 65% of cases. Histological evidence of acute bronchitis was present in 20 of the 21 patients (95%), and five patients showed histological evidence of minor pulmonary thromboembolism. Ten patients in the series showed an increase in the weight of the left ventricular as well as the right ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:138214", "title": "Simultaneous ultramicroanalysis of both 17-keto-and 17beta-hydroxy androgens in biological fluids.", "content": "Sensitive methods for quantifying androgens were lacking. Therefore, a relatively simple procedure for separating steroids was combined with highly specific assay methods so that eight androgens could be measured with high accuracy, precision and sensitivity. Semi-automated separations on Sephadex LH-20 columns used heptane:methylene chloride:ethanol:water (50:50:1:0.12) and a flow rate of 17.0 min/ml. The six peaks eluted contained androstenedine; androsterone, epiandrosterone and dihydrotestosterone; testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone; 3alpha-androstanediol; 3beta-androstanediol; and androstenediol. Androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenediol were quantified using specific antisera (sensitivity less than or equal to 75 pg). Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were measured by competitive protein-binding assays using rabbit TeBG (sensitivity less than or equal to 150 pg). 3alpha- and 3beta-androstanediol were similarly assayed using human TeBG (sensitivity approximately 150 pg). Androsterone was reduced with NaBH4 and the resulting 3alpha-androstanediol was assayed using human TeBG (sensitivity approximately 200 pg). Inter- and intra-assay variations were less than 10% for radioimmunoassays and less than 16% for competitive protein-binding assays over the entire dose response curve.", "contents": "Simultaneous ultramicroanalysis of both 17-keto-and 17beta-hydroxy androgens in biological fluids. Sensitive methods for quantifying androgens were lacking. Therefore, a relatively simple procedure for separating steroids was combined with highly specific assay methods so that eight androgens could be measured with high accuracy, precision and sensitivity. Semi-automated separations on Sephadex LH-20 columns used heptane:methylene chloride:ethanol:water (50:50:1:0.12) and a flow rate of 17.0 min/ml. The six peaks eluted contained androstenedine; androsterone, epiandrosterone and dihydrotestosterone; testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone; 3alpha-androstanediol; 3beta-androstanediol; and androstenediol. Androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenediol were quantified using specific antisera (sensitivity less than or equal to 75 pg). Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone were measured by competitive protein-binding assays using rabbit TeBG (sensitivity less than or equal to 150 pg). 3alpha- and 3beta-androstanediol were similarly assayed using human TeBG (sensitivity approximately 150 pg). Androsterone was reduced with NaBH4 and the resulting 3alpha-androstanediol was assayed using human TeBG (sensitivity approximately 200 pg). Inter- and intra-assay variations were less than 10% for radioimmunoassays and less than 16% for competitive protein-binding assays over the entire dose response curve."}
{"id": "PMID:138215", "title": "Effect of infusion of gonadotropin releasing hormone upon plasma concentrations of sex hormones in prepubertal and pubertal males.", "content": "Plasma testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), androstenedione (A), estradiol (E2), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) were measured by radioimmunoassay after celite chromatography prior to and after a 3-hour infusion of the synthetic gonadotropin releasing factor, GnRH, in normal prepubertal and pubertal boys. Plasma T levels rose (p less than 0.001) in the pubertal but not prepubertal boys. 17OHP concentrations increased in those boys who had an increment of T. A, DHT, E2 or DHAS levels did not increase after GnRH. Basal levels of T, DHT, A and DHAS correlated with the peak and mean serum LH levels attained during the GnRH infusion. These data confirm the greater Leydig cell responsivity to transient rises of endogenous gonadotropin in pubertal males and also suggest that there may be a relationship between adrenal androgen production and maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system.", "contents": "Effect of infusion of gonadotropin releasing hormone upon plasma concentrations of sex hormones in prepubertal and pubertal males. Plasma testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17OHP), androstenedione (A), estradiol (E2), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS) were measured by radioimmunoassay after celite chromatography prior to and after a 3-hour infusion of the synthetic gonadotropin releasing factor, GnRH, in normal prepubertal and pubertal boys. Plasma T levels rose (p less than 0.001) in the pubertal but not prepubertal boys. 17OHP concentrations increased in those boys who had an increment of T. A, DHT, E2 or DHAS levels did not increase after GnRH. Basal levels of T, DHT, A and DHAS correlated with the peak and mean serum LH levels attained during the GnRH infusion. These data confirm the greater Leydig cell responsivity to transient rises of endogenous gonadotropin in pubertal males and also suggest that there may be a relationship between adrenal androgen production and maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system."}
{"id": "PMID:138216", "title": "[The growth of the skull and its importance for the occlusal conditions in Down's disease].", "content": "The teleradiographs and study casts of 68 patients with Down's disease were compared with those of 102 students. Pseudoprognathism, cross-bite and open bite were strikingly more frequent in the patients with Down's disease than in the students. The success of orthodontic treatment is very uncertain in patients with Down's disease. Mandibular prognathism needs in most cases surgical treatment. An open bite will be improved only if the position of the tongue is changed. Improvement of a cross-bite may be achieved by early expansion of the maxillae. In certain cases, normalization is accomplished. It is possible to reach considerable inprovements in patients showing a few or no occlusal surfaces though normal conditions cannot be established.", "contents": "[The growth of the skull and its importance for the occlusal conditions in Down's disease]. The teleradiographs and study casts of 68 patients with Down's disease were compared with those of 102 students. Pseudoprognathism, cross-bite and open bite were strikingly more frequent in the patients with Down's disease than in the students. The success of orthodontic treatment is very uncertain in patients with Down's disease. Mandibular prognathism needs in most cases surgical treatment. An open bite will be improved only if the position of the tongue is changed. Improvement of a cross-bite may be achieved by early expansion of the maxillae. In certain cases, normalization is accomplished. It is possible to reach considerable inprovements in patients showing a few or no occlusal surfaces though normal conditions cannot be established."}
{"id": "PMID:138218", "title": "Relative role of factors associated with cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage. A matched pair case-control study.", "content": "Comprehensive ascertainment of all possible new cases of stroke appearing between January 1, 1970 and June 30, 1971, and admitted to three major hospitals in Winnipeg, Manitoba, has been achieved by reviewing the Manitoba Health Services Commission claim reports. The medical records of these cases were reviewed, pertinent data were abstracted, and rigid criteria for diagnosis were followed. Also, data were obtained from death certificates, autopsy reports and long-term hospital records. A total of 606 ascertained cases (410 infarction, 137 hemorrhage, and 59 undetermined type) were matched for age, sex, residence and year of admission with 606 controls from admissions for other than cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. The data were analyzed for elucidating the possible risk factors for infarction (INF) and hemorrhage (HGE). The findings suggested that hypertension was the main risk factor in hemorrhage, whereas in infarction, along with hypertension, other factors such as diabetes, heart enlargement in chest x-ray, ECG abnormalities, and smoking were suggested as risk factors. There was an association also between infarction, on one hand, and the history of receiving anticoagulants, diuretics, and medications for the heart, and the occurrence of myocardial infarction, on the other hand. These features indicate that infarction and ischemic heart disease have similar risk factors. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were higher in infarction cases than in their controls only when measured at stroke admission. No difference was revealed when they were measured prior to stroke. Their association with infraction therefore may be secondary to other factors and of no significance for its risk.", "contents": "Relative role of factors associated with cerebral infarction and cerebral hemorrhage. A matched pair case-control study. Comprehensive ascertainment of all possible new cases of stroke appearing between January 1, 1970 and June 30, 1971, and admitted to three major hospitals in Winnipeg, Manitoba, has been achieved by reviewing the Manitoba Health Services Commission claim reports. The medical records of these cases were reviewed, pertinent data were abstracted, and rigid criteria for diagnosis were followed. Also, data were obtained from death certificates, autopsy reports and long-term hospital records. A total of 606 ascertained cases (410 infarction, 137 hemorrhage, and 59 undetermined type) were matched for age, sex, residence and year of admission with 606 controls from admissions for other than cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders. The data were analyzed for elucidating the possible risk factors for infarction (INF) and hemorrhage (HGE). The findings suggested that hypertension was the main risk factor in hemorrhage, whereas in infarction, along with hypertension, other factors such as diabetes, heart enlargement in chest x-ray, ECG abnormalities, and smoking were suggested as risk factors. There was an association also between infarction, on one hand, and the history of receiving anticoagulants, diuretics, and medications for the heart, and the occurrence of myocardial infarction, on the other hand. These features indicate that infarction and ischemic heart disease have similar risk factors. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were higher in infarction cases than in their controls only when measured at stroke admission. No difference was revealed when they were measured prior to stroke. Their association with infraction therefore may be secondary to other factors and of no significance for its risk."}
{"id": "PMID:138224", "title": "Freezing of canine lymphocytes for use in mixed leukocyte culture and cell-mediated lympholysis tests.", "content": "A satisfactory and reproducible technique of cryopreservation of canine lymphocytes for use in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and cell-mediated lympholysis tests has been developed. Dimethyl sulfoxide was used as the cryopreservation agent. Cells were frozen to -50 C at a controlled rate (-1 C/min) and stored at -169 C. The best preservation was obtained with a concentration of 10 x 10(6) lymphocytes/ml in Waymouth's MB-752/1 medium supplemented with 30% dog serum (MB-30). Before use in MLC or cell-mediated lympholysis tests, lymphocytes were rapidly thawed at 40 C and then rapidly diluted with MB-30 at room temperature. For best responses in MLC, one fresh component (either stimulating or stimulated cells or serum) was needed. The magnitudes of responses of frozen lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin or in MLC were similar to those seen with fresh cells, but peak responses occurred usually 24 hr after those seen with fresh cells.", "contents": "Freezing of canine lymphocytes for use in mixed leukocyte culture and cell-mediated lympholysis tests. A satisfactory and reproducible technique of cryopreservation of canine lymphocytes for use in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and cell-mediated lympholysis tests has been developed. Dimethyl sulfoxide was used as the cryopreservation agent. Cells were frozen to -50 C at a controlled rate (-1 C/min) and stored at -169 C. The best preservation was obtained with a concentration of 10 x 10(6) lymphocytes/ml in Waymouth's MB-752/1 medium supplemented with 30% dog serum (MB-30). Before use in MLC or cell-mediated lympholysis tests, lymphocytes were rapidly thawed at 40 C and then rapidly diluted with MB-30 at room temperature. For best responses in MLC, one fresh component (either stimulating or stimulated cells or serum) was needed. The magnitudes of responses of frozen lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin or in MLC were similar to those seen with fresh cells, but peak responses occurred usually 24 hr after those seen with fresh cells."}
{"id": "PMID:138225", "title": "Induction of splenomegaly with stimulated leukocyte culture supernatants.", "content": "Cell-free medium from stimulated murine leukocyte cultures induced spleen enlargement in vitro. Splenomegaly was measured by [3H]leucine incorporation of spleen fragments in tissue culture. Stimulatory cell-free medium were induced in leukocyte cultures with allogeneic or phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Supernatant activity has lymphokine properties, i.e., cell-free soluble factor(s), generated during specific lymphocyte activation, but which are expressed without reference to H-2 specificity.", "contents": "Induction of splenomegaly with stimulated leukocyte culture supernatants. Cell-free medium from stimulated murine leukocyte cultures induced spleen enlargement in vitro. Splenomegaly was measured by [3H]leucine incorporation of spleen fragments in tissue culture. Stimulatory cell-free medium were induced in leukocyte cultures with allogeneic or phytohemagglutinin stimulation. Supernatant activity has lymphokine properties, i.e., cell-free soluble factor(s), generated during specific lymphocyte activation, but which are expressed without reference to H-2 specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:138226", "title": "Mixed heart cell-lymphocyte reactions and graft survivals in Ag-B-compatible rats.", "content": "A method of dissociation of the rat heart cell for the mixed lymphocyte culture purpose is described. The treatment of the young rat heart with 0.1% collagenase-hyaluronidase solution yielded satisfactory heart cell suspension. The hear cells, thus obtained after mitomycin C treatment but not irradiation, stimulated allogeneic lymphocytes in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. In the Fischer to Lewis combination compatible at the Ag-B locus, strong reactions of Lewis lymphocytes to the dissociated heart and skin cells of the Fischer rat were related to the acute rejection of heart and skin grafts, while negative reactions by the kidney and spleen cells reflected a prolonged survival of the kidney graft. The role of skin- and hear-specific antigens in the rejection phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "Mixed heart cell-lymphocyte reactions and graft survivals in Ag-B-compatible rats. A method of dissociation of the rat heart cell for the mixed lymphocyte culture purpose is described. The treatment of the young rat heart with 0.1% collagenase-hyaluronidase solution yielded satisfactory heart cell suspension. The hear cells, thus obtained after mitomycin C treatment but not irradiation, stimulated allogeneic lymphocytes in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. In the Fischer to Lewis combination compatible at the Ag-B locus, strong reactions of Lewis lymphocytes to the dissociated heart and skin cells of the Fischer rat were related to the acute rejection of heart and skin grafts, while negative reactions by the kidney and spleen cells reflected a prolonged survival of the kidney graft. The role of skin- and hear-specific antigens in the rejection phenomenon is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138227", "title": "Inhibition of the mixed leucocyte reaction by histocompatibility antibodies requires the Fc part.", "content": "We have examined the effect in mixed leucocyte culture (MLC) with rat cells of the IgG fraction of alloantibodies against the major histocompatibility complex (anti-BN major) and against some of the minor histocompatibility antigens. Anti-BN major specifically inhibited the MLC response, both when BN cells were responding and stimulating cells. Absorption with BN erythrocytes completely removed the haemagglutinating antibodies but had no effect of MLC inhibition, while absorption with BN lymphocytes removed MLC inhibition as well as haemagglutinating antibodies. The F(ab')2 fragments of anti-BN major did not inhibit MLC, although they still had the capacity to combine specifically with BN lymphocytes. We therefore suggest that the inhibition of MLC responses by alloantibodies is either because of a cytotoxic effect (even if cytotoxicity could not be demonstrated in unmixed cultures) or a blocking of antibody-coated lymphocytes by Fc receptor-bearing cells. Antibodies against minor histocompatibility antigens did not inhibit MLC.", "contents": "Inhibition of the mixed leucocyte reaction by histocompatibility antibodies requires the Fc part. We have examined the effect in mixed leucocyte culture (MLC) with rat cells of the IgG fraction of alloantibodies against the major histocompatibility complex (anti-BN major) and against some of the minor histocompatibility antigens. Anti-BN major specifically inhibited the MLC response, both when BN cells were responding and stimulating cells. Absorption with BN erythrocytes completely removed the haemagglutinating antibodies but had no effect of MLC inhibition, while absorption with BN lymphocytes removed MLC inhibition as well as haemagglutinating antibodies. The F(ab')2 fragments of anti-BN major did not inhibit MLC, although they still had the capacity to combine specifically with BN lymphocytes. We therefore suggest that the inhibition of MLC responses by alloantibodies is either because of a cytotoxic effect (even if cytotoxicity could not be demonstrated in unmixed cultures) or a blocking of antibody-coated lymphocytes by Fc receptor-bearing cells. Antibodies against minor histocompatibility antigens did not inhibit MLC."}
{"id": "PMID:138228", "title": "Humoral immunity in kidney transplant recipients.", "content": "Sera obtained from kidney transplant recipients at various times after the graft were investigated for the presence of cytotoxic antibodies to B and T human lymphoid cells and for their ability to inhibit mixed lymphocyte reaction between allogeneic lymphocytes. More than 50% of sera from 35 such patients contained cytotoxic antibodies to B lymphocytes and 27 of 33 sera blocked and miced lymphocyte reaction by 25 to 75%. A statistically significant association between the presence of cytotoxic antibodies to B cells and the ability to block the mixed lymphocyte reaction was found in the group of patients with functioning grafts. However, the presence of cytotoxic antibodies to B lymphocytes did not correlate with the outcome of the graft.", "contents": "Humoral immunity in kidney transplant recipients. Sera obtained from kidney transplant recipients at various times after the graft were investigated for the presence of cytotoxic antibodies to B and T human lymphoid cells and for their ability to inhibit mixed lymphocyte reaction between allogeneic lymphocytes. More than 50% of sera from 35 such patients contained cytotoxic antibodies to B lymphocytes and 27 of 33 sera blocked and miced lymphocyte reaction by 25 to 75%. A statistically significant association between the presence of cytotoxic antibodies to B cells and the ability to block the mixed lymphocyte reaction was found in the group of patients with functioning grafts. However, the presence of cytotoxic antibodies to B lymphocytes did not correlate with the outcome of the graft."}
{"id": "PMID:138229", "title": "In vitro correlates of rejection. II. Rat mixed lymphocyte reactivity in vitro and cardiac allograft acute rejection, hyperacute or accelerated rejection, and prolongation by active immunization.", "content": "The relationship of F1 hybrid to parental strain cardiac allograft rejection rates to mixed lymphocyte reactivity in vitro has been studied in 10 strain combinations crossing the major histocompatibility barrier in three different models of acute rejection, accelerated or hyperacute rejection after skin graft immunization, and attempted active enhancement using 10(7) donor strain bone marrow cells. Although high and low reactivity could be discerned between the F1 hybrid and reciprocal parental strain in three of five instances in the one-way lymphocyte culturr reaction, low reactivity was only associated with prolonged graft survival in one combination. Two strain combinations giving high in vitro lymphocyte responses were associated with easily enhanced grafts. The BN strains was a low responder in vitro in the three combinations tested and as a recipient strain, allografts could not be actively enhanced. After skin graft presensitization, BN recipients rejected grafts hyperacutely in two of three combinations and with a median survival time of 2 days in the third combination. The association of poor in vitro proliferative responses, the inability to induce enhancement, and rapid graft rejection after skin graft presensitization could be related to genetic mechanisms controlling the amount and class or subclass of antibody or to the generation of suppressor cells and remains to be determined.", "contents": "In vitro correlates of rejection. II. Rat mixed lymphocyte reactivity in vitro and cardiac allograft acute rejection, hyperacute or accelerated rejection, and prolongation by active immunization. The relationship of F1 hybrid to parental strain cardiac allograft rejection rates to mixed lymphocyte reactivity in vitro has been studied in 10 strain combinations crossing the major histocompatibility barrier in three different models of acute rejection, accelerated or hyperacute rejection after skin graft immunization, and attempted active enhancement using 10(7) donor strain bone marrow cells. Although high and low reactivity could be discerned between the F1 hybrid and reciprocal parental strain in three of five instances in the one-way lymphocyte culturr reaction, low reactivity was only associated with prolonged graft survival in one combination. Two strain combinations giving high in vitro lymphocyte responses were associated with easily enhanced grafts. The BN strains was a low responder in vitro in the three combinations tested and as a recipient strain, allografts could not be actively enhanced. After skin graft presensitization, BN recipients rejected grafts hyperacutely in two of three combinations and with a median survival time of 2 days in the third combination. The association of poor in vitro proliferative responses, the inability to induce enhancement, and rapid graft rejection after skin graft presensitization could be related to genetic mechanisms controlling the amount and class or subclass of antibody or to the generation of suppressor cells and remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:138232", "title": "[Changes in the ATP-ase activity of skeletal muscle nuclei of rabbits with dystrophy and following their delipidation].", "content": "The level of the ATPase activity in the skeletal muscles nuclei with experimental muscular dystrophy and the sensitivity to bivalent (Mg2+, Ca2+) and univalent (Na+, K+) cations under conditions of delipidation were studied. It is established that among ATPases of the young rabbit skeletal muscles nuclei there is ATPase sensitive to monovalent cations: the presence of Na+ or K+ produces a 45% increase in its activity in some experiments as compared to the initial level. This activation is attributed to Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase the action of which is not realized in the presence of EGTA-chelator of calcium ions. A decrease in the total ATPase activity in the skeletal muscles nuclei resulted from the experimental muscular dystrophy development occurs due to a decrease in the Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activity as the ability for activation by the monovalent cations is practically lost under these conditions. Delipidation of the skeletal muscles nuclei, which results in their loss of some phospholipids and cholesterin, is accompanied by the ATPase activity decrease. At the same time the nuclei ATPase activity lose its ability to activate by monovalent cations: Na+, K+. A conclusion is made that during delipidation the decrease in the total ATPase activity is due to a decrease in the activity of its Mg2+, Ca2+-part.", "contents": "[Changes in the ATP-ase activity of skeletal muscle nuclei of rabbits with dystrophy and following their delipidation]. The level of the ATPase activity in the skeletal muscles nuclei with experimental muscular dystrophy and the sensitivity to bivalent (Mg2+, Ca2+) and univalent (Na+, K+) cations under conditions of delipidation were studied. It is established that among ATPases of the young rabbit skeletal muscles nuclei there is ATPase sensitive to monovalent cations: the presence of Na+ or K+ produces a 45% increase in its activity in some experiments as compared to the initial level. This activation is attributed to Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase the action of which is not realized in the presence of EGTA-chelator of calcium ions. A decrease in the total ATPase activity in the skeletal muscles nuclei resulted from the experimental muscular dystrophy development occurs due to a decrease in the Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activity as the ability for activation by the monovalent cations is practically lost under these conditions. Delipidation of the skeletal muscles nuclei, which results in their loss of some phospholipids and cholesterin, is accompanied by the ATPase activity decrease. At the same time the nuclei ATPase activity lose its ability to activate by monovalent cations: Na+, K+. A conclusion is made that during delipidation the decrease in the total ATPase activity is due to a decrease in the activity of its Mg2+, Ca2+-part."}
{"id": "PMID:138233", "title": "[Isolation of Na+, K+-ATP-ase].", "content": "The data are discussed on the isolation of Na+, K+-ATPase from the membrane structures of a cell at functionally active state. The isolation of the membrane enzymes, particularly multicomponent enzymic systems, which might include Na+, K+-ATPase, is a rather complex task as their components are ordered in the membrane in a certain way. The disturbance of this ordering that is essentially maintained by membrane phospholipids, results in the inactivation of the enzymatic system. Different procedures are compared permitting the Na+, K+ATPase isolation and purification to be realized. It is noted that when realizing the Na+, K+-ATPase isolation and purification by means of a number of non-ionic detergents it is possible to obtain the \"soluble\" Na+, K+-ATPase preparations from the membrane structures, the preparations being a convenient initial material for the further purification of this enzymic system and its obtaining as a \"functionally intact unit\". The Na+, K+-ATPase isolation as a \"functionally intact unit\" would probably make an essential contribution to deciphering the molecular mechanism of the Na+ and K+ transport through biomembranes.", "contents": "[Isolation of Na+, K+-ATP-ase]. The data are discussed on the isolation of Na+, K+-ATPase from the membrane structures of a cell at functionally active state. The isolation of the membrane enzymes, particularly multicomponent enzymic systems, which might include Na+, K+-ATPase, is a rather complex task as their components are ordered in the membrane in a certain way. The disturbance of this ordering that is essentially maintained by membrane phospholipids, results in the inactivation of the enzymatic system. Different procedures are compared permitting the Na+, K+ATPase isolation and purification to be realized. It is noted that when realizing the Na+, K+-ATPase isolation and purification by means of a number of non-ionic detergents it is possible to obtain the \"soluble\" Na+, K+-ATPase preparations from the membrane structures, the preparations being a convenient initial material for the further purification of this enzymic system and its obtaining as a \"functionally intact unit\". The Na+, K+-ATPase isolation as a \"functionally intact unit\" would probably make an essential contribution to deciphering the molecular mechanism of the Na+ and K+ transport through biomembranes."}
{"id": "PMID:138231", "title": "[Antitumoral activity of calusterone in advanced mammary carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty-one post-menopausal patients with advanced mammary carcinoma were treated with calusterone (7-beta, 17-alpha-dimethyl-testosterone), 200 mg daily per os for at least three months. Twenty-seven patients were avaluable. Eight patients (29%) had an objective response; two patients had a complete remission maintained for more than eighteen months by repeated three-month courses of therapy. In eight patients (29%), calusterone produced no objective response, without disease progression. The main side effects have been hirsutism, acne and gastro-intestinal distress; no libido modification was observed. Increased BSP retention was observed in one third of patients.", "contents": "[Antitumoral activity of calusterone in advanced mammary carcinoma (author's transl)]. Thirty-one post-menopausal patients with advanced mammary carcinoma were treated with calusterone (7-beta, 17-alpha-dimethyl-testosterone), 200 mg daily per os for at least three months. Twenty-seven patients were avaluable. Eight patients (29%) had an objective response; two patients had a complete remission maintained for more than eighteen months by repeated three-month courses of therapy. In eight patients (29%), calusterone produced no objective response, without disease progression. The main side effects have been hirsutism, acne and gastro-intestinal distress; no libido modification was observed. Increased BSP retention was observed in one third of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:138240", "title": "Thymolipoma simulating cardiomegaly.", "content": "A thymolipoma in an 8-year-old boy is reported. The tumour had appeared on a routine chest X-ray as a broadened heart shadow and a peculiar right heart contour. Cardiac hypertrophy was suspected primarily. At thoracotomy a thymic tumour was found.", "contents": "Thymolipoma simulating cardiomegaly. A thymolipoma in an 8-year-old boy is reported. The tumour had appeared on a routine chest X-ray as a broadened heart shadow and a peculiar right heart contour. Cardiac hypertrophy was suspected primarily. At thoracotomy a thymic tumour was found."}
{"id": "PMID:138241", "title": "[Organization and work experience of the endoscopy office in an emergency abdominal surgery clinic].", "content": "Within a five-year period in a special room intended for endoscopy 1934 investigations were performed, including 1318-on urgent indications. 77 esophago-gastroduodenoscopies were performed elsewhere-in the operating room, in the intensive care unit; 35 investigations were carried out under general anesthesia with the use of myorelaxants of a short effect. In 256 cases the neccesity of active infusion therapy and reanimation arose. In the paper, the authors' considerations concerning the need of organization, in large cities, of a mobile endoscopic team attached to the emergency medical aid are given with special reference to some features of the organization of endoscopy room in the clinic of emergency abdominal surgery.", "contents": "[Organization and work experience of the endoscopy office in an emergency abdominal surgery clinic]. Within a five-year period in a special room intended for endoscopy 1934 investigations were performed, including 1318-on urgent indications. 77 esophago-gastroduodenoscopies were performed elsewhere-in the operating room, in the intensive care unit; 35 investigations were carried out under general anesthesia with the use of myorelaxants of a short effect. In 256 cases the neccesity of active infusion therapy and reanimation arose. In the paper, the authors' considerations concerning the need of organization, in large cities, of a mobile endoscopic team attached to the emergency medical aid are given with special reference to some features of the organization of endoscopy room in the clinic of emergency abdominal surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:138243", "title": "[Surgical active laparoscopy and fibrocholedochoscopy in diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract diseases].", "content": "The authors have analysed the results of 120 laparoscopic cholecystographies and cholecystocholangiographies. In 48 patients laparoscopic cholecystocholangiography was terminated by laparoscopic cholecystostomy. This enabled the authors to eliminate jaundice in all 48-patients, while in 43 of them also to perform in later terms radical or palliative operation.", "contents": "[Surgical active laparoscopy and fibrocholedochoscopy in diagnosis and treatment of biliary tract diseases]. The authors have analysed the results of 120 laparoscopic cholecystographies and cholecystocholangiographies. In 48 patients laparoscopic cholecystocholangiography was terminated by laparoscopic cholecystostomy. This enabled the authors to eliminate jaundice in all 48-patients, while in 43 of them also to perform in later terms radical or palliative operation."}
{"id": "PMID:138245", "title": "[Complex treatment of trophic leg ulcers].", "content": "During the recent 4 years, 135 patients (130 females and 5 males) with trophic persistent ulcers of the lower extremities, developed due to venous pathology, were treated conservatively. Eighty patients aged from 30 to 50 years, and only 55 patients were much older. The duration of the disease was from 6 months to 20 years. Ulcers were of different size from 3.2 to 180 cm2. The combined method of treatment of trophic ulcers enabled the authors to shorten twice the terms of the treatment as compared with other methods. The positive effect was gained in 89.6% of cases, in 59 patients (43.7%) complete healing of ulcers being gained. This method may be employed not only under stationary but also under outpatient conditions.", "contents": "[Complex treatment of trophic leg ulcers]. During the recent 4 years, 135 patients (130 females and 5 males) with trophic persistent ulcers of the lower extremities, developed due to venous pathology, were treated conservatively. Eighty patients aged from 30 to 50 years, and only 55 patients were much older. The duration of the disease was from 6 months to 20 years. Ulcers were of different size from 3.2 to 180 cm2. The combined method of treatment of trophic ulcers enabled the authors to shorten twice the terms of the treatment as compared with other methods. The positive effect was gained in 89.6% of cases, in 59 patients (43.7%) complete healing of ulcers being gained. This method may be employed not only under stationary but also under outpatient conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:138251", "title": "Proliferation of blood vessels and stroma in brain tumours. An enzyme-histochemical study.", "content": "Proliferation of the vascular endothelium occurring in brain tumours is accompanied by a proliferation of histiocytes in the peripheral part of the vessel wall. These histiocytes infiltrate the tumour tissue in a very regular pattern. Enzyme-histochemically, there are marked differences between the activities of alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, and ATPase in the normal and proliferating blood vessels. The whole process encompasses reactive changes evoked by the destroyed perivascular sheath of astroglial foot processes and the subsequent oedema in the tumour and the surrounding parenchyma. There are often tumour areas where diminished vascular permeability is established by proliferation of perivascular connective tissue. Here the oedema has completely disappeared. A clearcut influx of monocytes from the blood into the vessel wall is seen only in the vicinity of necrotic foci; the number of histiocytes is increased and their turnover is observed in swollen macrophages. In the rest of the tumour influx of monocytes and activity of macrophages are inconspicious.", "contents": "Proliferation of blood vessels and stroma in brain tumours. An enzyme-histochemical study. Proliferation of the vascular endothelium occurring in brain tumours is accompanied by a proliferation of histiocytes in the peripheral part of the vessel wall. These histiocytes infiltrate the tumour tissue in a very regular pattern. Enzyme-histochemically, there are marked differences between the activities of alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase, and ATPase in the normal and proliferating blood vessels. The whole process encompasses reactive changes evoked by the destroyed perivascular sheath of astroglial foot processes and the subsequent oedema in the tumour and the surrounding parenchyma. There are often tumour areas where diminished vascular permeability is established by proliferation of perivascular connective tissue. Here the oedema has completely disappeared. A clearcut influx of monocytes from the blood into the vessel wall is seen only in the vicinity of necrotic foci; the number of histiocytes is increased and their turnover is observed in swollen macrophages. In the rest of the tumour influx of monocytes and activity of macrophages are inconspicious."}
{"id": "PMID:138261", "title": "[Laparoscopy in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ascites].", "content": "Ascites was found in 772 (30,89%) from all the 2500 laparoscopy examined patients. Ascites was due to liver cirrhosis in 57.78 per cent of the patients, to peritoneum carcinosis in 26.29 per cent and to primary and metastatic liver carcinoma in 12.95 per cent, to tuberculous peritonitis in 1.42 per cent and more seldom to some other diseases. A reliable diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, malignant tumors and the rest of the liver diseases, progressing with ascites is made by laparoscopy. Laparoscopy with a biopsy of peritoneum and liver is of decisive importance in the differentiation of peritoneum carcinosis and tuberculosis\u00e9. The clinico-laboratory diagnosis in carcinosis coincides completely with the laparoscopic one, the histologic--in 24.5 per cent, partially in 45.5 per cent and in 30 per cent it fails completely to coincide.", "contents": "[Laparoscopy in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ascites]. Ascites was found in 772 (30,89%) from all the 2500 laparoscopy examined patients. Ascites was due to liver cirrhosis in 57.78 per cent of the patients, to peritoneum carcinosis in 26.29 per cent and to primary and metastatic liver carcinoma in 12.95 per cent, to tuberculous peritonitis in 1.42 per cent and more seldom to some other diseases. A reliable diagnosis of liver cirrhosis, malignant tumors and the rest of the liver diseases, progressing with ascites is made by laparoscopy. Laparoscopy with a biopsy of peritoneum and liver is of decisive importance in the differentiation of peritoneum carcinosis and tuberculosis\u00e9. The clinico-laboratory diagnosis in carcinosis coincides completely with the laparoscopic one, the histologic--in 24.5 per cent, partially in 45.5 per cent and in 30 per cent it fails completely to coincide."}
{"id": "PMID:138257", "title": "[Intensity of glycolysis and energy metabolism in erythrocytes in experimental hypervitaminosis A].", "content": "Administration of 60,000 i.e. of vitamin A into rats within three weeks caused an increase in amount of reticulocytes, in the rate of glucose utilization and in formation of lactic acid by erythrocytes. The activity of glycolytic enzymes was intensified. The activity of hexokinase was increased by 84.6%, activities of aldolase and phosphohexoisomerase were increased by 34%. But in the erythrocytes content of AMP, ADP and ATP was unaltered, probably due to activation of total and Na+, K+-dependent ATPase. The harmful effect of an excess of the vitamin A was manifested in an increased content of Na+ in erythrocytes and also in decreased stability of the cells to acid hemolytics.", "contents": "[Intensity of glycolysis and energy metabolism in erythrocytes in experimental hypervitaminosis A]. Administration of 60,000 i.e. of vitamin A into rats within three weeks caused an increase in amount of reticulocytes, in the rate of glucose utilization and in formation of lactic acid by erythrocytes. The activity of glycolytic enzymes was intensified. The activity of hexokinase was increased by 84.6%, activities of aldolase and phosphohexoisomerase were increased by 34%. But in the erythrocytes content of AMP, ADP and ATP was unaltered, probably due to activation of total and Na+, K+-dependent ATPase. The harmful effect of an excess of the vitamin A was manifested in an increased content of Na+ in erythrocytes and also in decreased stability of the cells to acid hemolytics."}
{"id": "PMID:138265", "title": "[Organic dementia as a first symptom of infantile Huntington's chorea (author's transl)].", "content": "A loss of intellectual capacity at the age of 10 was the first symptom in a case of infantile Huntington's chorea. Subsequently a rigid hypokinetic syndrome occurred only at the age of 20. The dementia syndrome was confirmed in psychological tests. Auxiliary findings such as a diffuse abnornal EEG, as well as a dilatation of the lateral ventricles and an extension of the subarachnoid spaces in the PEG corresponded to a positive diagnosis of Huntington's chorea.", "contents": "[Organic dementia as a first symptom of infantile Huntington's chorea (author's transl)]. A loss of intellectual capacity at the age of 10 was the first symptom in a case of infantile Huntington's chorea. Subsequently a rigid hypokinetic syndrome occurred only at the age of 20. The dementia syndrome was confirmed in psychological tests. Auxiliary findings such as a diffuse abnornal EEG, as well as a dilatation of the lateral ventricles and an extension of the subarachnoid spaces in the PEG corresponded to a positive diagnosis of Huntington's chorea."}
{"id": "PMID:138271", "title": "Preliminary clinical findings on the Kiel classification of malignant lymphomas.", "content": "In 75 patients with non-Hodgkin Lymphomas the influence of the histopathological form, as judged by the Kiel classification, on the epidemiology and prognosis of the disease was examined retrospectively. The different forms of the Kiel classification influence in a typical way the age specific incidence rates and the prognosis of the disease.", "contents": "Preliminary clinical findings on the Kiel classification of malignant lymphomas. In 75 patients with non-Hodgkin Lymphomas the influence of the histopathological form, as judged by the Kiel classification, on the epidemiology and prognosis of the disease was examined retrospectively. The different forms of the Kiel classification influence in a typical way the age specific incidence rates and the prognosis of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:138272", "title": "Tumorigenic effects of chronic administration of benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride and phenylhydrazine hydrochloride in Swiss mice.", "content": "Separate solutions of 0.015%  benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride and 0.01% phenylhydrazine hydrochloride were given continuously in the drinking water of 6- and 5-week-old randomly bred Swiss mice for the remainder of their life. The consumption of benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride significantly increased the lung tumor incidence from 21 to 42% in the females, while in phenylhydrazine hydrochloride-treated mice, the incidence of blood vessel tumors rose significanly from 5 to 22% in females and from 6 to 20% in males, as compared with the controls. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as adenomas and adenocarcinomas of lungs and angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels. The study thus proves for the first time the tumorigenicity of benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride. It also confirms the tumor inducing ability of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, which is used in medicine for treatment of polycythemia vera.", "contents": "Tumorigenic effects of chronic administration of benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride and phenylhydrazine hydrochloride in Swiss mice. Separate solutions of 0.015%  benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride and 0.01% phenylhydrazine hydrochloride were given continuously in the drinking water of 6- and 5-week-old randomly bred Swiss mice for the remainder of their life. The consumption of benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride significantly increased the lung tumor incidence from 21 to 42% in the females, while in phenylhydrazine hydrochloride-treated mice, the incidence of blood vessel tumors rose significanly from 5 to 22% in females and from 6 to 20% in males, as compared with the controls. Histopathologically, the tumors were classified as adenomas and adenocarcinomas of lungs and angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels. The study thus proves for the first time the tumorigenicity of benzylhydrazine dihydrochloride. It also confirms the tumor inducing ability of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride, which is used in medicine for treatment of polycythemia vera."}
{"id": "PMID:138273", "title": "Carcinogenic effects of skin transplantation and immunosuppression in mice.", "content": "C3H and BlD2 mice received skin transplants from an animal of the other strain. Three groups were immunosuppressed for varying periods of time, and with different doses of vinblastine, cyclophosphamide, or azathioprine. Following transplantation, control animals received daily injections of NaCl. All animals developed tumours of lymphoreticular origin, which would indicate that immunosuppression is only a secondary cause for tumor development, with antigenic stimulation being the primary factor.", "contents": "Carcinogenic effects of skin transplantation and immunosuppression in mice. C3H and BlD2 mice received skin transplants from an animal of the other strain. Three groups were immunosuppressed for varying periods of time, and with different doses of vinblastine, cyclophosphamide, or azathioprine. Following transplantation, control animals received daily injections of NaCl. All animals developed tumours of lymphoreticular origin, which would indicate that immunosuppression is only a secondary cause for tumor development, with antigenic stimulation being the primary factor."}
{"id": "PMID:138275", "title": "[On the cytostatic mechanism of action of N-methyl-N-beta-chloroethylhydrazine and its benzaldehydhydrazone (author's transl)].", "content": "N-Methyl-N-beta-chloroethyl-hydrazine and its bezaldehydhydrazone inhibit the synthesis of DNA and RNA in ascites cells in vitro faster and stronger than N,N-Dimethylhydrazine and procarbazina does. The benzaldehydhydrzone essentially inhibits influx and phosphorylation of nucleosides whereas N-Methyl-N-beta-chloroethylhydrazine acts directly on DNA synthesis.", "contents": "[On the cytostatic mechanism of action of N-methyl-N-beta-chloroethylhydrazine and its benzaldehydhydrazone (author's transl)]. N-Methyl-N-beta-chloroethyl-hydrazine and its bezaldehydhydrazone inhibit the synthesis of DNA and RNA in ascites cells in vitro faster and stronger than N,N-Dimethylhydrazine and procarbazina does. The benzaldehydhydrzone essentially inhibits influx and phosphorylation of nucleosides whereas N-Methyl-N-beta-chloroethylhydrazine acts directly on DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:138276", "title": "The effect of fractionated exposure to thio-TEPA upon Chinese hamster cells in vitro.", "content": "The dependence of the surviving fraction of Chinese hamster cells in vitro upon the concentration of Thio-TEPA, upon the duration of drug exposure and upon fractionation of drug exposure has been studied. Given a constant exposure time, the surviving fraction decreased according to a \"shoulder\" curve with increasing concentration. Given a constant concentration, the surviving fraction decreased exponentially with increasing exposure time. Splitting exposure of 60 min into two 30 minutes' exposures with drug-free intervals of several hours increased the cytostatic effect of Thio-TEPA.", "contents": "The effect of fractionated exposure to thio-TEPA upon Chinese hamster cells in vitro. The dependence of the surviving fraction of Chinese hamster cells in vitro upon the concentration of Thio-TEPA, upon the duration of drug exposure and upon fractionation of drug exposure has been studied. Given a constant exposure time, the surviving fraction decreased according to a \"shoulder\" curve with increasing concentration. Given a constant concentration, the surviving fraction decreased exponentially with increasing exposure time. Splitting exposure of 60 min into two 30 minutes' exposures with drug-free intervals of several hours increased the cytostatic effect of Thio-TEPA."}
{"id": "PMID:138278", "title": "Early X-ray detection of colonic and rectal tumours in European hamsters.", "content": "Three groups of European hamster (EH) (Cricetus cricetus L.) were treated subcutaneously every two weeks for life with 1/10 or 1/20 LD50 DMH, while two other groups served as controls. Twelve weeks after commencement of treatment, radiological examinations of the colon and rectum were begun. The double contrast method was used. In this way it was possible to detect the earliest neoplastic alteration to take place in the above sites. This occurred in the 26th treatment week and was diagnosed as an adenocarcinoma. The technique used is simple, as well as being suitable for large numbers of animals. In addition, it allows for early experimental analysis of results in respect to latency period, growth rate, incidence and location of tumours.", "contents": "Early X-ray detection of colonic and rectal tumours in European hamsters. Three groups of European hamster (EH) (Cricetus cricetus L.) were treated subcutaneously every two weeks for life with 1/10 or 1/20 LD50 DMH, while two other groups served as controls. Twelve weeks after commencement of treatment, radiological examinations of the colon and rectum were begun. The double contrast method was used. In this way it was possible to detect the earliest neoplastic alteration to take place in the above sites. This occurred in the 26th treatment week and was diagnosed as an adenocarcinoma. The technique used is simple, as well as being suitable for large numbers of animals. In addition, it allows for early experimental analysis of results in respect to latency period, growth rate, incidence and location of tumours."}
{"id": "PMID:138279", "title": "The effect of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and azobenzene on the immune reaction of male Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "The carcinogenic substance 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and the non-carcinogen azobenzene were administered orally once a day to male Sprague-Dawley rats over several weeks at an equimolar dosage of 5-10(-5) moles/kg. Their immunological properties were examined in four different tests. The two substances suppress the cellular immune reactions of the rats already during the first month of treatment. The degree of efficiency of the immunosuppressive property decrease with the degree of antigenicity of the test antigen. Even a two-month treatment of the animals with the two substances had no evident influence on antibody formation. Correlations between the immune response and the carcinogenic effect were not demonstrable.", "contents": "The effect of 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and azobenzene on the immune reaction of male Sprague-Dawley rats. The carcinogenic substance 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene and the non-carcinogen azobenzene were administered orally once a day to male Sprague-Dawley rats over several weeks at an equimolar dosage of 5-10(-5) moles/kg. Their immunological properties were examined in four different tests. The two substances suppress the cellular immune reactions of the rats already during the first month of treatment. The degree of efficiency of the immunosuppressive property decrease with the degree of antigenicity of the test antigen. Even a two-month treatment of the animals with the two substances had no evident influence on antibody formation. Correlations between the immune response and the carcinogenic effect were not demonstrable."}
{"id": "PMID:138280", "title": "[Nitrosamin induced neoplasms of the colon and rectum. Investigations on the morphogenesis in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The morphogenesis of neoplasms (carcinomas and pracecancerous polypoid lesions) induced by N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine (MNNG) was studied on 154 male Wistar rats (including controls), from which a group received a colostomy. Operated and non-operated rats were treated by intrarectal instillations of 2 mg per kg body weight MNNG twice a week during a period of 210 days.", "contents": "[Nitrosamin induced neoplasms of the colon and rectum. Investigations on the morphogenesis in rats (author's transl)]. The morphogenesis of neoplasms (carcinomas and pracecancerous polypoid lesions) induced by N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine (MNNG) was studied on 154 male Wistar rats (including controls), from which a group received a colostomy. Operated and non-operated rats were treated by intrarectal instillations of 2 mg per kg body weight MNNG twice a week during a period of 210 days."}
{"id": "PMID:138282", "title": "[Pulmonary artery pressure and left ventricular  late diastolic pressure in rest and during dynamic load. Comparative studies on pressure transmission in the pulmonary circulation during simultaneous determination].", "content": "Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAPM) and enddiastolic pulmonary artery pressure (PADP) were simultaneously recorded in 19 subjects with normal left ventricular (LV) function, and in 109 patients with LV-dysfunction, 83 of whom were also studied during exercise. Patients with valvular heart disease or atrial fibrillation were excluded from this study. LVEDP and mean pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressure were simultaneously recorded in 81 patients at rest, andin 16 patients also during exercise; the LV diastolic pressure prior to atrial contraction (LVPpreA) could accurately be identified in 45 patients at rest and in 23 patients with exercise. In contrast to the widely accepted opinion of others, the PADP (mean 8.2 +/- 2.2 mm Hg at rest and 12.3 +/- 3.4 mm Hg with exercise) showed a close approximation of LVEDP (10.0 +/- mm Hg at rest and 16.2 +/- 3.5 mm Hg with exercise) only in normal subjects at rest (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01 respectively). In patients with LV dysfunction there was no significant difference between PADP (11.7 +/- 4.5 mm Hg and 23.0 +/- 8.9 mm Hg), PCW (11.6 +/- 5.1 mm Hg and 24.1 +/- 11.9 mm Hg) and LVPpreA (12.5 +/- 5.5 and 21.5 +/- 7.7 mm Hg) at rest and during exercise. LVEDP could be estimated with sufficient accuracy only from the PAPM (18.9 +/- 6.5 and 35.7 +/- 10.8 mm Hg). The increase in LVEDP (14.7 +/- 7.7 mm Hg) with exercise was not significantly different from the increase in PAPM (16.8 +/- 7.1 mm Hg). There were highly significant correlations (p less than 0.001) between LVEDP and PADP (r = 0.85) as well as PAPM (r = 0.86) at rest and during exercise with the regressionline being closest to the line of identity for LVEDP and PAPM. The pressure gradient between LVEDP and PADP (LVEDP - PADP = 6.3 mm Hg with exercise) equaled the pressure increase in LV by atrial contraction (LVEDP - LVPpreA = 6.3 and 13.3 mm Hg). The pressure difference between PADP or PAPM and LVEDP remained constant despite marked variation of other hemodynamic parameters, e.g. stroke volume index (SVI), heart rate (HR) and cardiac index(CI). These data suggest that an elevated LVEDP is caused mainly by an augmented atrial contraction in patients with LV dysfunction at rest and with exercise. This mechanism precludes an enddiastolic pressure equilibrium between pulmonary artery and left ventricel. PAPM allows the best estimation of LVEDP independent from other hemodynamic variables.", "contents": "[Pulmonary artery pressure and left ventricular  late diastolic pressure in rest and during dynamic load. Comparative studies on pressure transmission in the pulmonary circulation during simultaneous determination]. Left ventricular enddiastolic pressure (LVEDP), mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAPM) and enddiastolic pulmonary artery pressure (PADP) were simultaneously recorded in 19 subjects with normal left ventricular (LV) function, and in 109 patients with LV-dysfunction, 83 of whom were also studied during exercise. Patients with valvular heart disease or atrial fibrillation were excluded from this study. LVEDP and mean pulmonary capillary wedge (PCW) pressure were simultaneously recorded in 81 patients at rest, andin 16 patients also during exercise; the LV diastolic pressure prior to atrial contraction (LVPpreA) could accurately be identified in 45 patients at rest and in 23 patients with exercise. In contrast to the widely accepted opinion of others, the PADP (mean 8.2 +/- 2.2 mm Hg at rest and 12.3 +/- 3.4 mm Hg with exercise) showed a close approximation of LVEDP (10.0 +/- mm Hg at rest and 16.2 +/- 3.5 mm Hg with exercise) only in normal subjects at rest (p less than 0.05 and p less than 0.01 respectively). In patients with LV dysfunction there was no significant difference between PADP (11.7 +/- 4.5 mm Hg and 23.0 +/- 8.9 mm Hg), PCW (11.6 +/- 5.1 mm Hg and 24.1 +/- 11.9 mm Hg) and LVPpreA (12.5 +/- 5.5 and 21.5 +/- 7.7 mm Hg) at rest and during exercise. LVEDP could be estimated with sufficient accuracy only from the PAPM (18.9 +/- 6.5 and 35.7 +/- 10.8 mm Hg). The increase in LVEDP (14.7 +/- 7.7 mm Hg) with exercise was not significantly different from the increase in PAPM (16.8 +/- 7.1 mm Hg). There were highly significant correlations (p less than 0.001) between LVEDP and PADP (r = 0.85) as well as PAPM (r = 0.86) at rest and during exercise with the regressionline being closest to the line of identity for LVEDP and PAPM. The pressure gradient between LVEDP and PADP (LVEDP - PADP = 6.3 mm Hg with exercise) equaled the pressure increase in LV by atrial contraction (LVEDP - LVPpreA = 6.3 and 13.3 mm Hg). The pressure difference between PADP or PAPM and LVEDP remained constant despite marked variation of other hemodynamic parameters, e.g. stroke volume index (SVI), heart rate (HR) and cardiac index(CI). These data suggest that an elevated LVEDP is caused mainly by an augmented atrial contraction in patients with LV dysfunction at rest and with exercise. This mechanism precludes an enddiastolic pressure equilibrium between pulmonary artery and left ventricel. PAPM allows the best estimation of LVEDP independent from other hemodynamic variables."}
{"id": "PMID:138284", "title": "[Identification of beta, beta-caroten-2-ol and beta, beta-carotene-2,2'-diol in the stick insect, Carausius morosus Br.; a reinvestigation study].", "content": "Two major carotenoids of the stick insect were reinvestigated and shown to be beta,beta-caroten-2-ol and beta,beta-carotene-2,2'-diol and not isocryptoxanthin (beta,beta-carotin-4-ol) and isozeaxaanthin (beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-diol). Both pigments are esterified with fatty acids. The identification is based on cochromatography with authentic 2-, 3- and 4-isomers of the mono- and dihydroxy pigment, mass spectra, and chemical behaviour. In acid solution beta-beta-carotene-2,2'-diol is specifically dehydrogenated and rearranged to ketones with retro structures in analogy to the reactionof beta,beta-caroten-2-ol as recently reported. The final product of the diol is 4,5-dihydro-4,5'-retro-beta,beta-carotene-2,2'-dione. This is the first demonstration of beta,beta-carotene-2,2'-diol in an animal.", "contents": "[Identification of beta, beta-caroten-2-ol and beta, beta-carotene-2,2'-diol in the stick insect, Carausius morosus Br.; a reinvestigation study]. Two major carotenoids of the stick insect were reinvestigated and shown to be beta,beta-caroten-2-ol and beta,beta-carotene-2,2'-diol and not isocryptoxanthin (beta,beta-carotin-4-ol) and isozeaxaanthin (beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-diol). Both pigments are esterified with fatty acids. The identification is based on cochromatography with authentic 2-, 3- and 4-isomers of the mono- and dihydroxy pigment, mass spectra, and chemical behaviour. In acid solution beta-beta-carotene-2,2'-diol is specifically dehydrogenated and rearranged to ketones with retro structures in analogy to the reactionof beta,beta-caroten-2-ol as recently reported. The final product of the diol is 4,5-dihydro-4,5'-retro-beta,beta-carotene-2,2'-dione. This is the first demonstration of beta,beta-carotene-2,2'-diol in an animal."}
{"id": "PMID:138285", "title": "Effect of substituted pyridazinone herbicides and of difunone (EMD-IT 5914) on carotenoid biosynthesis in green algae.", "content": "The carotenoid biosynthesis of the green alga Ankistrodesmus braunii is blocked if these cells are cultured in presence of sublethal doses of pyridazinone herbicides (San 9789, San 6706, BASF 44521) or of the herbicide difunone (EMD-IT 5914). The amount of colored carotenoids normally found in these algae is reduced drastically and the precursors phytoene and phytofluene are accumulated. Furthermore a decrease in the chlorophyll level occurs in the treated cells, but there is a stronger loss of chlorophyll a, resulting in a lowering of the chlorophyll a/b ratio with time. Concerning the activity of substituted pyridazinones leading to inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis this effect can be related to the chemical structure of these compounds: a trifluormethyl substitution of the phenyl ring and a mono- or dimethyl substitution of the amine (San 9789, San 6706) or a methoxy group instead of the substituted amine (BASF 44521) are required both for this effect. Other pyridazinone derivatives with either a trifluoromethyl substitition of the phenyl ring (San 9774) or a dimethyl subsittution of the amine (San 9785) or a methoxy group (BASF 13761) are without any effect on the pigment pattern of these algae.", "contents": "Effect of substituted pyridazinone herbicides and of difunone (EMD-IT 5914) on carotenoid biosynthesis in green algae. The carotenoid biosynthesis of the green alga Ankistrodesmus braunii is blocked if these cells are cultured in presence of sublethal doses of pyridazinone herbicides (San 9789, San 6706, BASF 44521) or of the herbicide difunone (EMD-IT 5914). The amount of colored carotenoids normally found in these algae is reduced drastically and the precursors phytoene and phytofluene are accumulated. Furthermore a decrease in the chlorophyll level occurs in the treated cells, but there is a stronger loss of chlorophyll a, resulting in a lowering of the chlorophyll a/b ratio with time. Concerning the activity of substituted pyridazinones leading to inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis this effect can be related to the chemical structure of these compounds: a trifluormethyl substitution of the phenyl ring and a mono- or dimethyl substitution of the amine (San 9789, San 6706) or a methoxy group instead of the substituted amine (BASF 44521) are required both for this effect. Other pyridazinone derivatives with either a trifluoromethyl substitition of the phenyl ring (San 9774) or a dimethyl subsittution of the amine (San 9785) or a methoxy group (BASF 13761) are without any effect on the pigment pattern of these algae."}
{"id": "PMID:138286", "title": "On the mechanism of the acridine orange sensitized photodynamic inactivation of lysozyme. II. Kinetics in presence of N-acetylglucosamine.", "content": "The photodynamic deactivation of lysozyme in presence of acridine orange is caused by a reaction between singlet oxygen formed via the dye triplet state and the protein. In order to identify the region where the singlet oxygen reacts with the protein we have investigated the kinetics of the deactivation in presence ofthe inhibitor of the enzymatic reaction N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The overall experimental rate constant becomes slower with increasing saccharide concentrations. As we can exclude experimentally that this kinetical effect is caused in presence of the saccharide by a physical quenching of singlet oxygen or of the dye triplet state it has to be assumed that GlcNAc protects the surrounding of its bindings place at subsite C of the enzymatic center sterically against an attack of singlet oxygen. In this region three tryptophan residues are located, which could be sensitive against singlet oxygen. Surprisingly, however, it has been found that only those species are protected, in which a second saccharide molecule is bound to the protein, probably at subsite E at the enzymatic center, where no sensitive amino acid side chains are located.", "contents": "On the mechanism of the acridine orange sensitized photodynamic inactivation of lysozyme. II. Kinetics in presence of N-acetylglucosamine. The photodynamic deactivation of lysozyme in presence of acridine orange is caused by a reaction between singlet oxygen formed via the dye triplet state and the protein. In order to identify the region where the singlet oxygen reacts with the protein we have investigated the kinetics of the deactivation in presence ofthe inhibitor of the enzymatic reaction N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The overall experimental rate constant becomes slower with increasing saccharide concentrations. As we can exclude experimentally that this kinetical effect is caused in presence of the saccharide by a physical quenching of singlet oxygen or of the dye triplet state it has to be assumed that GlcNAc protects the surrounding of its bindings place at subsite C of the enzymatic center sterically against an attack of singlet oxygen. In this region three tryptophan residues are located, which could be sensitive against singlet oxygen. Surprisingly, however, it has been found that only those species are protected, in which a second saccharide molecule is bound to the protein, probably at subsite E at the enzymatic center, where no sensitive amino acid side chains are located."}
{"id": "PMID:138287", "title": "[Influence of DCMU on the formation of lipids and fatty acids, and on the ultrastructure of Euglena gracilis (author's transl)].", "content": "Euglena gracilis Klebs (strain Z) was grown heterotrophically in the dark for 6 days. Subsequently, the cells were grown photoautotrophically under white fluorescent light with varying amounts of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1 dimethyl urea (DCMU) (1.7X10(-9)--1.0X10(-5)mol/l) added to the nutrient medium. Under non-photosynthetic conditions (addition of 10(-6)--10(-5)mol DCMU/l), the cells still produced chloroplast structures and a considerable percentage of compounds typical for chloroplasts, such as galactolipids (40-50%), chlorophylls (40%), and polyunsaturated C16 and C18 fatty acids (16:2, 16:3, 16:4, 18:2, 18:3) (65%). The results indicate that under these conditions the above compounds are synthesized from carbon sources outside the chloroplasts.", "contents": "[Influence of DCMU on the formation of lipids and fatty acids, and on the ultrastructure of Euglena gracilis (author's transl)]. Euglena gracilis Klebs (strain Z) was grown heterotrophically in the dark for 6 days. Subsequently, the cells were grown photoautotrophically under white fluorescent light with varying amounts of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1 dimethyl urea (DCMU) (1.7X10(-9)--1.0X10(-5)mol/l) added to the nutrient medium. Under non-photosynthetic conditions (addition of 10(-6)--10(-5)mol DCMU/l), the cells still produced chloroplast structures and a considerable percentage of compounds typical for chloroplasts, such as galactolipids (40-50%), chlorophylls (40%), and polyunsaturated C16 and C18 fatty acids (16:2, 16:3, 16:4, 18:2, 18:3) (65%). The results indicate that under these conditions the above compounds are synthesized from carbon sources outside the chloroplasts."}
{"id": "PMID:138288", "title": "Formation of benzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the blue green alga Anacystis nidulans: a thylakoid-bound enzyme complex analogous to the chloroplast system.", "content": "The photosynthetic procaryote Anacystis nidulans converts L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine into benzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. Results obtained with thylakoid fractions support the hypothesis that the reaction sequence is catalyzed by thylakoid-bound enzyme complexes consisting of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and benzoate synthase of tyrosine ammonia-lyase and p-hydroxybenzoate synthase, respectively. Btoh complexes do not accept phenylacetic acids as substrates, and cinnamic acids only at a small extent. These properties suggest a striking similarity to a benzoic acid-synthesizing enzyme system from higher plants which is situated at the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. The respective complexes of Dunaliella marina and Porphyridium sp. were included in this comparison.", "contents": "Formation of benzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the blue green alga Anacystis nidulans: a thylakoid-bound enzyme complex analogous to the chloroplast system. The photosynthetic procaryote Anacystis nidulans converts L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine into benzoic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, respectively. Results obtained with thylakoid fractions support the hypothesis that the reaction sequence is catalyzed by thylakoid-bound enzyme complexes consisting of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and benzoate synthase of tyrosine ammonia-lyase and p-hydroxybenzoate synthase, respectively. Btoh complexes do not accept phenylacetic acids as substrates, and cinnamic acids only at a small extent. These properties suggest a striking similarity to a benzoic acid-synthesizing enzyme system from higher plants which is situated at the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. The respective complexes of Dunaliella marina and Porphyridium sp. were included in this comparison."}
{"id": "PMID:138289", "title": "On the role of the cell coat glycoproteins in the permeability of the cell.", "content": "The release of a part of the cell coat of Ehrlich ascites cells by chelation with ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid modifies significatively the uptake of various radioactive molecules. This phenomenon seems to be related to a change in the permeabililty of the cell membrane. The chemical analyses of the released material appear to indicate that glycoproteins are involved in that change and that their release modifies the structural and physiological characteristics of the cell membrane.", "contents": "On the role of the cell coat glycoproteins in the permeability of the cell. The release of a part of the cell coat of Ehrlich ascites cells by chelation with ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid modifies significatively the uptake of various radioactive molecules. This phenomenon seems to be related to a change in the permeabililty of the cell membrane. The chemical analyses of the released material appear to indicate that glycoproteins are involved in that change and that their release modifies the structural and physiological characteristics of the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:138290", "title": "Fusion of isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.", "content": "Fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) vesicles from rabbit muscle were suspended in 1.5-5% glycerol solutions and were pelleted onto aluminum foil disks in a modified centrifuge tube. Examination of these pellets in the electron microscope after drying for 2--2.5, 4--5.5, and 21 hours revealed a progression of changes. First, distances between individual, round vesicles decreases. Next, somewhat flattened vesicles establish limited areas of contact with adjacent vesicles. Finally, vesicle fusion occurs and extended areas of double bilayers are formed. A water loss-time interaction appears to be needed for the fusion process. A Hg-phenyl azoferritin compound was used as a marker to identify intra- and extra-vesicular space in the fused samples. Quantitative measurements of birefringence during imbibition of pellet slices in a graded series (eta-1.41-1.43) is reached. The plateau seen in this part of the curve is again followed by steadily increasing birefringence at higher glycerol concentrations. This interruption in the birefringence curve is presumably due to a matching of the refractive indices of the glycerol solution and a lipid component in the membranes.", "contents": "Fusion of isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. Fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) vesicles from rabbit muscle were suspended in 1.5-5% glycerol solutions and were pelleted onto aluminum foil disks in a modified centrifuge tube. Examination of these pellets in the electron microscope after drying for 2--2.5, 4--5.5, and 21 hours revealed a progression of changes. First, distances between individual, round vesicles decreases. Next, somewhat flattened vesicles establish limited areas of contact with adjacent vesicles. Finally, vesicle fusion occurs and extended areas of double bilayers are formed. A water loss-time interaction appears to be needed for the fusion process. A Hg-phenyl azoferritin compound was used as a marker to identify intra- and extra-vesicular space in the fused samples. Quantitative measurements of birefringence during imbibition of pellet slices in a graded series (eta-1.41-1.43) is reached. The plateau seen in this part of the curve is again followed by steadily increasing birefringence at higher glycerol concentrations. This interruption in the birefringence curve is presumably due to a matching of the refractive indices of the glycerol solution and a lipid component in the membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:138291", "title": "The effect of ethylene glycol and DMSO on fusion of isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes.", "content": "Fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) vesicles from rabbit skeletal muscle were suspended in 5-10% ethylene glycol (EG) or in 5, 10, or 15% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and were pelleted onto flat aluminum foil disks. No vesicle fusion o-curs with either 5 or 10% EG treatment and 2-21/2 hours drying. After 4-5 hours drying, 5% EG-treated vesicles have established more areas of close contact and individual vesicles have begun to flatten when compared with the 10% EG vesicles remained round as in the 2-21/2 hour samples of all treatments. Overnight drying also causes extended sheets of bilayer pairs to form in the 5% DMSO-treated samples but, with 10 and 25% treated vesicles, destroys the double bilayers and only occasional dense regions of membrane whorls remain. Both EG and DMSO promote morerapid fusion of FSR vesicles than does glycerol but overnight drying after treatment with 10 or 25% DMSO DESTROYS THE FUSED MEMBRANE.", "contents": "The effect of ethylene glycol and DMSO on fusion of isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. Fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum (FSR) vesicles from rabbit skeletal muscle were suspended in 5-10% ethylene glycol (EG) or in 5, 10, or 15% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and were pelleted onto flat aluminum foil disks. No vesicle fusion o-curs with either 5 or 10% EG treatment and 2-21/2 hours drying. After 4-5 hours drying, 5% EG-treated vesicles have established more areas of close contact and individual vesicles have begun to flatten when compared with the 10% EG vesicles remained round as in the 2-21/2 hour samples of all treatments. Overnight drying also causes extended sheets of bilayer pairs to form in the 5% DMSO-treated samples but, with 10 and 25% treated vesicles, destroys the double bilayers and only occasional dense regions of membrane whorls remain. Both EG and DMSO promote morerapid fusion of FSR vesicles than does glycerol but overnight drying after treatment with 10 or 25% DMSO DESTROYS THE FUSED MEMBRANE."}
{"id": "PMID:138292", "title": "Indirect evidence for a very fast recovery kinetics of chlorophyll-aII in spinach chloroplasts.", "content": "The 690 nm absorption change reflecting the turnover of the system-II-reaction center chlorophyll, Chl-aII (often referred to as P 680), has been investigated under different experimental conditions in spinach chloroplasts. A comparison was made with oxygen evolution and with absorption changes of Chl-aI measured at 703 nm, both indicating the number of electrons produced by system II. It was found: 1. The dependency on actinic flash intensity of the initial amplitudes of the measured 690 nm absorption change, deltaalpha0(Chl-aII) in Tris-washed chloroplasts is similar to that for the total amplutude of the 703 nm absorption change, deltaalpha0(Chl-aI) in normal chloroplasts, and can be described by an exponential function. On the other hand, deltaalphao(chl-aII) in normal chloroplasts exhibits a more complex biphasic dependency and much higher flash intensities are required for saturation. 3. Unver repetitive flash group excitation and in the presence of an ADRY(= acceleration of the deactivation reactions of the water-splitting enzyme system Y)-reagent the initial amplitude of the 690 nm absorption change oscillates in the same characteristic pattern as the oxygen evolution. 4. The initial amplitude of the 690 nm absorption change, deltaalpha0(Chl-aII), IN Tris-washed chloroplasts becomes significantly smaller (more than 50%) by the addition of system-II-electron donors (benzidine, p-phenylendiamine, tetraphenylboron), whereas the total amplitude of the 703 nm absorption change, detalalpha0)Chl-aI) increases 3-4-fold. In order to explain these results, the existance of a very fast reduction kinetics of Chl-aII+ is postulated, which is not detectable by our measuring equipment. The half time of this reaction is less than or equal to mus. Reaction centers with the very gast \"undetected\" Chl-aII+-reduction are photochemically transformed into slower one by double hit processes with a comparatively low quantum yield. Furthermore, it is inferred, that the dark recovery kinetics of Chl-aII is dependent on be charge accumulation state of the watersplitting enzyme system Y. This phenomenon is shown to explain also the oscillation pattern of delayed fluorescence. On the basis of the present results two alternative reaction schemes for the functional organization of the electron transport on the donor side of system II are discussed.", "contents": "Indirect evidence for a very fast recovery kinetics of chlorophyll-aII in spinach chloroplasts. The 690 nm absorption change reflecting the turnover of the system-II-reaction center chlorophyll, Chl-aII (often referred to as P 680), has been investigated under different experimental conditions in spinach chloroplasts. A comparison was made with oxygen evolution and with absorption changes of Chl-aI measured at 703 nm, both indicating the number of electrons produced by system II. It was found: 1. The dependency on actinic flash intensity of the initial amplitudes of the measured 690 nm absorption change, deltaalpha0(Chl-aII) in Tris-washed chloroplasts is similar to that for the total amplutude of the 703 nm absorption change, deltaalpha0(Chl-aI) in normal chloroplasts, and can be described by an exponential function. On the other hand, deltaalphao(chl-aII) in normal chloroplasts exhibits a more complex biphasic dependency and much higher flash intensities are required for saturation. 3. Unver repetitive flash group excitation and in the presence of an ADRY(= acceleration of the deactivation reactions of the water-splitting enzyme system Y)-reagent the initial amplitude of the 690 nm absorption change oscillates in the same characteristic pattern as the oxygen evolution. 4. The initial amplitude of the 690 nm absorption change, deltaalpha0(Chl-aII), IN Tris-washed chloroplasts becomes significantly smaller (more than 50%) by the addition of system-II-electron donors (benzidine, p-phenylendiamine, tetraphenylboron), whereas the total amplitude of the 703 nm absorption change, detalalpha0)Chl-aI) increases 3-4-fold. In order to explain these results, the existance of a very fast reduction kinetics of Chl-aII+ is postulated, which is not detectable by our measuring equipment. The half time of this reaction is less than or equal to mus. Reaction centers with the very gast \"undetected\" Chl-aII+-reduction are photochemically transformed into slower one by double hit processes with a comparatively low quantum yield. Furthermore, it is inferred, that the dark recovery kinetics of Chl-aII is dependent on be charge accumulation state of the watersplitting enzyme system Y. This phenomenon is shown to explain also the oscillation pattern of delayed fluorescence. On the basis of the present results two alternative reaction schemes for the functional organization of the electron transport on the donor side of system II are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138294", "title": "[Organ specific application of drugs by means of cellular capsule systems (author's transl)].", "content": "It is suggested to use living cells (red blood cells, lymphocytes and leucocytes) as drug delivery systems for temporal and spatial drug administration in human therapeutics and diagnosis. The effectiveness of drug loaded cells is demonstrated for the drug methotrexate which is used in cancer treatment. Red blood cells are loaded with methotrexate using the dielectric breakdown technique. Dielectric breakdown leads to a transient increase of permeability of the cell membrane. Red blood cells loaded with tritium-labelled methotrexate were injected into mice and the activity level was measured in several organs as a function of time. It is shown that with this drug delivery system more than 50% of the drug (after 10 min) can be accumulated in the liver and that a high activity level can be sustained in this or gan for more than 3 hours. On the other hand, administration of this drug by injecting solutions in the usual manner leads only to an 25% accumulation of methotrexate (after 10 min) in the liver. The drug is excreted completely after 1 to 2 hours. It is proposed to load red blood cells simultaneously with para- or ferromagnetic substances to obtain organ-specificity for any selected site of the body.", "contents": "[Organ specific application of drugs by means of cellular capsule systems (author's transl)]. It is suggested to use living cells (red blood cells, lymphocytes and leucocytes) as drug delivery systems for temporal and spatial drug administration in human therapeutics and diagnosis. The effectiveness of drug loaded cells is demonstrated for the drug methotrexate which is used in cancer treatment. Red blood cells are loaded with methotrexate using the dielectric breakdown technique. Dielectric breakdown leads to a transient increase of permeability of the cell membrane. Red blood cells loaded with tritium-labelled methotrexate were injected into mice and the activity level was measured in several organs as a function of time. It is shown that with this drug delivery system more than 50% of the drug (after 10 min) can be accumulated in the liver and that a high activity level can be sustained in this or gan for more than 3 hours. On the other hand, administration of this drug by injecting solutions in the usual manner leads only to an 25% accumulation of methotrexate (after 10 min) in the liver. The drug is excreted completely after 1 to 2 hours. It is proposed to load red blood cells simultaneously with para- or ferromagnetic substances to obtain organ-specificity for any selected site of the body."}
{"id": "PMID:138295", "title": "Labeling of animal cells with fluorescent dansyl cerebroside.", "content": "A dansyl (diaminoaphthalenesulfonyl)-derivative of cerebroside was prepared which could be effectively incorporated into the plasma membranes of tissue culture cells and erythrocytes. The cells which had assimilated the glycolipid fluoreced intensely and could be observed under a fluorescent microscope. Cells were initially labeled rather homogeneously over the whole surface. With longer incubation time organization of the fluorescent glycolipid took place and patches of the lipid in the membrane were formed. The redistribution and organization of the membrane lipid could be demonstrated most clearly when cells labeled with this fluorescent glycolipid were infected with myxoviruses. After infection of MDBK and BHK cells with fowl plaque virus areas of dense fluorescence appeared at margines of neighboring cells. When BHK cells were infected with Newcastle disease virus fusion of the cells was accompanied by complete redistribution of the glycolipid. Erythrocytes could also easily incorporate dansyl cerebroside. Chicken erythrocytes which contain cytoplsmic and nuclear membranes incorporated the fluorescent glycolipid in both membranes.", "contents": "Labeling of animal cells with fluorescent dansyl cerebroside. A dansyl (diaminoaphthalenesulfonyl)-derivative of cerebroside was prepared which could be effectively incorporated into the plasma membranes of tissue culture cells and erythrocytes. The cells which had assimilated the glycolipid fluoreced intensely and could be observed under a fluorescent microscope. Cells were initially labeled rather homogeneously over the whole surface. With longer incubation time organization of the fluorescent glycolipid took place and patches of the lipid in the membrane were formed. The redistribution and organization of the membrane lipid could be demonstrated most clearly when cells labeled with this fluorescent glycolipid were infected with myxoviruses. After infection of MDBK and BHK cells with fowl plaque virus areas of dense fluorescence appeared at margines of neighboring cells. When BHK cells were infected with Newcastle disease virus fusion of the cells was accompanied by complete redistribution of the glycolipid. Erythrocytes could also easily incorporate dansyl cerebroside. Chicken erythrocytes which contain cytoplsmic and nuclear membranes incorporated the fluorescent glycolipid in both membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:138297", "title": "Electron-beam induced conformation changes in polypeptide layers: an infrared study.", "content": "Langmuir-Blodgett type polypeptide monolayers have been irradiated under conditions simulating the hazards of electron microscopic imaging. The damaging effect, i.e. the randomization of the alpha-helical layers, which occurs in the dose range between 50 and 200 e-/nm2, has been monitored by infrered dichroism.", "contents": "Electron-beam induced conformation changes in polypeptide layers: an infrared study. Langmuir-Blodgett type polypeptide monolayers have been irradiated under conditions simulating the hazards of electron microscopic imaging. The damaging effect, i.e. the randomization of the alpha-helical layers, which occurs in the dose range between 50 and 200 e-/nm2, has been monitored by infrered dichroism."}
{"id": "PMID:138298", "title": "[Reactivity and delayed neurotoxicity or organophosphates (author;s transl)].", "content": "Rate constants of the alkaline hydrolysis reaction were correlated with neurotoxic findings of some organophosphates using data published in the literature. This correlation shows upper and lower limits of reactivity comparable to those found with biological activities of some other xenobiotics.", "contents": "[Reactivity and delayed neurotoxicity or organophosphates (author;s transl)]. Rate constants of the alkaline hydrolysis reaction were correlated with neurotoxic findings of some organophosphates using data published in the literature. This correlation shows upper and lower limits of reactivity comparable to those found with biological activities of some other xenobiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:138299", "title": "On the reaction of methylmercuric hydroxide with methylbabalamin.", "content": "The methylmercury-induced dealkylation of the corrinoid coenzyme methylcobalamin, yielding aquocobalamin and dimethylmercury as products, was studied spectrophotometrically at 350 nm using water as a solvent. Rate data were determined for the pH 7-9 region and also at pH 3.37. Evidence is provided which shows that CH3Hg+ serves as the species which accepts the methyl group and also that Hg2+ is methylated more rapidly than CH3Hg+ is.", "contents": "On the reaction of methylmercuric hydroxide with methylbabalamin. The methylmercury-induced dealkylation of the corrinoid coenzyme methylcobalamin, yielding aquocobalamin and dimethylmercury as products, was studied spectrophotometrically at 350 nm using water as a solvent. Rate data were determined for the pH 7-9 region and also at pH 3.37. Evidence is provided which shows that CH3Hg+ serves as the species which accepts the methyl group and also that Hg2+ is methylated more rapidly than CH3Hg+ is."}
{"id": "PMID:138296", "title": "[Experimental investigations on ultraweak photonemission form biological systems (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements on untreated yeast cells, potato- and cucumber seedlings have confirmed the existence of photon emission from biological systems known as \"ultraweak luminescence\". The intensity is of the order of 10(2) counts per second, and the spectral distrubtion shows a maximum near 550 nm. The dependence of th photon emission on certain chemicals has been investigated. Some chemicals, as for instance acetone, intensify the photon emission from cucumber seedlings without essential change of the spectral distribution. On the other hand, NaCl leads to a shift to the red region of the spectrum. The treatment of EAT-cells by 4-Hydroperoxycyclofosfamide involves a nonlinear enhancement of the intensity with increasing concentration. There are some indications that collective interactions of the system are more appropriate than simple chemiluminescence reactions.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations on ultraweak photonemission form biological systems (author's transl)]. Measurements on untreated yeast cells, potato- and cucumber seedlings have confirmed the existence of photon emission from biological systems known as \"ultraweak luminescence\". The intensity is of the order of 10(2) counts per second, and the spectral distrubtion shows a maximum near 550 nm. The dependence of th photon emission on certain chemicals has been investigated. Some chemicals, as for instance acetone, intensify the photon emission from cucumber seedlings without essential change of the spectral distribution. On the other hand, NaCl leads to a shift to the red region of the spectrum. The treatment of EAT-cells by 4-Hydroperoxycyclofosfamide involves a nonlinear enhancement of the intensity with increasing concentration. There are some indications that collective interactions of the system are more appropriate than simple chemiluminescence reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:138300", "title": "[Enzymatic formation of a cis,cis-muconic acid derivative using pyrazon-degrading bacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "The cis,cis-muconic acid derivative of pyrazon, which was formerly isolated from the medium of pyrazon-degrading bacteria, was formed enzymatically by incubation of the catechol derivative of pyrazon with partially purified ortho pyrocatechase from pyrazon-degrading bacteria.", "contents": "[Enzymatic formation of a cis,cis-muconic acid derivative using pyrazon-degrading bacteria (author's transl)]. The cis,cis-muconic acid derivative of pyrazon, which was formerly isolated from the medium of pyrazon-degrading bacteria, was formed enzymatically by incubation of the catechol derivative of pyrazon with partially purified ortho pyrocatechase from pyrazon-degrading bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:138301", "title": "[Enzymatic formationof 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate using pyrazon-degrading bacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "By treatment of 2-hydroxymuconic acid with a partially purified 4-oxalocrotonate decarboxylase 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate could be obtained. Both forms of 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate, the keto as well as the enol form could be isolated.", "contents": "[Enzymatic formationof 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate using pyrazon-degrading bacteria (author's transl)]. By treatment of 2-hydroxymuconic acid with a partially purified 4-oxalocrotonate decarboxylase 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate could be obtained. Both forms of 4-hydroxy-2-oxovalerate, the keto as well as the enol form could be isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:138302", "title": "[The yolk nucleus in young oocytes of Neomacheilus barbatulus (L.) (Teleostei, Cobitidae) (author's tranls)].", "content": "The yolk nucleus in the young oocytes of the freshwater teleost Noemacheilus barbatulus (L.) was investigated by electron microscopy. Yolk nuclei are only found in stage I. They consist of nucleolar substance, mitochondria and partly of dictysomes. The nucleolar material leaves the nucleus through the pores of the nuclear membrane and gets into the juxtanuclear cytoplasm. It mainly consists of ribonucleic acid. The yolk nuclei of Noemacheilus doesn't have any relations to the formation of yolk.", "contents": "[The yolk nucleus in young oocytes of Neomacheilus barbatulus (L.) (Teleostei, Cobitidae) (author's tranls)]. The yolk nucleus in the young oocytes of the freshwater teleost Noemacheilus barbatulus (L.) was investigated by electron microscopy. Yolk nuclei are only found in stage I. They consist of nucleolar substance, mitochondria and partly of dictysomes. The nucleolar material leaves the nucleus through the pores of the nuclear membrane and gets into the juxtanuclear cytoplasm. It mainly consists of ribonucleic acid. The yolk nuclei of Noemacheilus doesn't have any relations to the formation of yolk."}
{"id": "PMID:138303", "title": "Rhodopsin particles in the photoreceptor membrane of an insect.", "content": "Electron-microscopic examination of freeze-fractured fly retinae has revealed the presence of particles, 80 to 100 A in diameter, on the photoreceptor membrane. Flies which were raised on a vitamin-A deficient diet show a substantial reduction in the density of such particles. The reduction in particle density is in agreement with the reduction in visual-pigment concentration as measured spectrophotometrically for these flies. These results suggest that the particles are identical with molecules of the visual pigment, rhodopsin.", "contents": "Rhodopsin particles in the photoreceptor membrane of an insect. Electron-microscopic examination of freeze-fractured fly retinae has revealed the presence of particles, 80 to 100 A in diameter, on the photoreceptor membrane. Flies which were raised on a vitamin-A deficient diet show a substantial reduction in the density of such particles. The reduction in particle density is in agreement with the reduction in visual-pigment concentration as measured spectrophotometrically for these flies. These results suggest that the particles are identical with molecules of the visual pigment, rhodopsin."}
{"id": "PMID:138304", "title": "The dorsal compound eye of simuliid flies: an eye specialized for the detection of small, rapidly moving objects.", "content": "The highly specialized dorsal compound eye of male Simuliids is especially adapted to detect during flight the females which are very small animals (1X3 mm). At dawn, the eye functions close to the physical limit imposed by the quantum fluctuations of light. In birght illuminations, light-qauntum noise is not a limiting factor as can be shown by behavioural experiments.", "contents": "The dorsal compound eye of simuliid flies: an eye specialized for the detection of small, rapidly moving objects. The highly specialized dorsal compound eye of male Simuliids is especially adapted to detect during flight the females which are very small animals (1X3 mm). At dawn, the eye functions close to the physical limit imposed by the quantum fluctuations of light. In birght illuminations, light-qauntum noise is not a limiting factor as can be shown by behavioural experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:138320", "title": "[Surgical treatment of the Bland-White-Garland syndrome. Report of a successful treated case of adult type (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of a successful treated case of Bland-White-Garland syndrome of adult type in a 13 year old girl. A vena saphena bypass was implanted between the aorta and the ramus descendens anterior of the left coronary artery. The main stem of the left coronary artery was ligated near its origin from the pulmonary artery. Eight months after operation the patient is well and the bypass open.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of the Bland-White-Garland syndrome. Report of a successful treated case of adult type (author's transl)]. Report of a successful treated case of Bland-White-Garland syndrome of adult type in a 13 year old girl. A vena saphena bypass was implanted between the aorta and the ramus descendens anterior of the left coronary artery. The main stem of the left coronary artery was ligated near its origin from the pulmonary artery. Eight months after operation the patient is well and the bypass open."}
{"id": "PMID:138321", "title": "[Chronic lower abdominal complaints in the woman - a postlaparoscopic analysis].", "content": "2000 laparoscopies were performed between 1968 and 1975. 253 from 493 patients with unexplained pelvic pain were followed up a half till 5 years after laparoscopy concerning the pains. The discrepancy of clinical diagnosis and laparoscopie statement is compared and discussed. The most clinical diagnosis were: chronic pelvic pain (149 cases) and unexplained pelvic pain (32 cases). Postlaparoscopic findings were: inconspicuous statements (27,3%), pelvic adhesions (27,3%), chronic disease of the fallopian tubes (21,1%), chronic appendix diseases (10,3%), ovary cysts (9,8%), endometriosis (4,3%).52,9% of the patients were cured by specific treatment a half till 5 years after laparoscopy. The laparoscopy is considered to be a diagnostic and therapeutic acurate method. 14,2% of the patients with little or inconspicuous statements were cured after instruction. The laparoscopy may be the base for acurate diagnostic and team-work of several branches of knowledge.", "contents": "[Chronic lower abdominal complaints in the woman - a postlaparoscopic analysis]. 2000 laparoscopies were performed between 1968 and 1975. 253 from 493 patients with unexplained pelvic pain were followed up a half till 5 years after laparoscopy concerning the pains. The discrepancy of clinical diagnosis and laparoscopie statement is compared and discussed. The most clinical diagnosis were: chronic pelvic pain (149 cases) and unexplained pelvic pain (32 cases). Postlaparoscopic findings were: inconspicuous statements (27,3%), pelvic adhesions (27,3%), chronic disease of the fallopian tubes (21,1%), chronic appendix diseases (10,3%), ovary cysts (9,8%), endometriosis (4,3%).52,9% of the patients were cured by specific treatment a half till 5 years after laparoscopy. The laparoscopy is considered to be a diagnostic and therapeutic acurate method. 14,2% of the patients with little or inconspicuous statements were cured after instruction. The laparoscopy may be the base for acurate diagnostic and team-work of several branches of knowledge."}
{"id": "PMID:138322", "title": "Lytic patterns of Staphylococcus epidermidis type 1.", "content": "In typing of Staphylococcus epidermidis higher concentrations of phages should be used in view of the danger of committing an error while typing at RTD only. Lytic patterns may be divided into long and short ones. The latter possess greater identification value. There are several phage types of Staphylococcus epidermidis type 1 which are more common. Phage type A 9c is chiefly encountered in hospital environments.", "contents": "Lytic patterns of Staphylococcus epidermidis type 1. In typing of Staphylococcus epidermidis higher concentrations of phages should be used in view of the danger of committing an error while typing at RTD only. Lytic patterns may be divided into long and short ones. The latter possess greater identification value. There are several phage types of Staphylococcus epidermidis type 1 which are more common. Phage type A 9c is chiefly encountered in hospital environments."}
{"id": "PMID:138324", "title": "[Role of postural and vicarious muscular overloading in the formation of lumbo-ischialgic syndromes].", "content": "On the basis of neuro-orthopedical and tensoalgimetrical studies of 527 patients with sacral ostheochondrosis the authors elaborated a scheme of the distribution of overloading on the muscles of the legs and respective neurodystrophical and algic phenomena. These overloadings were expressed in fixed lordosis, kyphosis or skoliosis due to which there was a redestribution of these overloadings between the antagonists of legs in the sagittal and frontal plane. The overloadings occurred vicariously in some muscles while the others were in a paretic condition.", "contents": "[Role of postural and vicarious muscular overloading in the formation of lumbo-ischialgic syndromes]. On the basis of neuro-orthopedical and tensoalgimetrical studies of 527 patients with sacral ostheochondrosis the authors elaborated a scheme of the distribution of overloading on the muscles of the legs and respective neurodystrophical and algic phenomena. These overloadings were expressed in fixed lordosis, kyphosis or skoliosis due to which there was a redestribution of these overloadings between the antagonists of legs in the sagittal and frontal plane. The overloadings occurred vicariously in some muscles while the others were in a paretic condition."}
{"id": "PMID:138325", "title": "Studies on the pattern of circulating steroids in the normal menstrual cycle. Circadian variation in theperi-ovulatory period.", "content": "Circadian variations of the plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, pregnenolone and testosterone were investigated by radioimmunoassay in 10 normally menstruating women during the periovulatory period. In seven of the subjects it was also possible to estimate androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone levels. Blood was withdrawn continuously over a period of 48 h at a rate of 4 ml/h by means of a non-thrombogenic pump. The circadian rhythm was studied during 13 3-hour sampling periods (36 h) which were identical in all subjects. Dehydroepiandrosterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone and pregnenolone showed a marked circadian rhythm with highest mean levels in the morning between 06.00 and 0.900 h and lowest mean levels during the night between 21.00 and 24.00 h. The peak levels of individual subjects coincided completely with the highest mean levels in the case of dehydroepiandrosterone, in 9 out of 10 cases with regard to 17-hydroxypregnenolone and in 8 of 10 cases as far as pregnenolone levels were concerned. The lowest individual levels were more dispersed around the means than were the individual peaks. The difference between the highest (morning hours: 06.00-09.00) and lowest (evening hours: 21.00-24.00) geometeric mean values was 404% for 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 163% for dehydroepiandrosterone and 71% for pregnenolone. The mean testosterone levels also exhibited an elevation between 06.00 and 09.00 h which was significant (P less than 0.05). However, the individual peak values were scattered from 21.00 h of the first day to 18.00 h of the second day. The mean concentrations of androstendine showed a significant increase between 06.00 and 18.00 h. The individual peaks were widely dispersed. Hence a uniform circadian rhythm correlated to the levels of the 5-steroids mentioned above could not be demonstrated in the case of testosterone and androstenedione. An analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between sampling periods as far as dihydrotestosterone levels were concerned. The extent and regularity of the circadian variation in the plasma levels of the 5-steroids studied makes it mandatory to standardize very carefully the exact time of blood withdrawal in any longitudinal study. In view of the sharp changes in the plasma levels during the morning hours, it is suggested that sampling during the afternoon period may provide more constant values.", "contents": "Studies on the pattern of circulating steroids in the normal menstrual cycle. Circadian variation in theperi-ovulatory period. Circadian variations of the plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, pregnenolone and testosterone were investigated by radioimmunoassay in 10 normally menstruating women during the periovulatory period. In seven of the subjects it was also possible to estimate androstenedione and dihydrotestosterone levels. Blood was withdrawn continuously over a period of 48 h at a rate of 4 ml/h by means of a non-thrombogenic pump. The circadian rhythm was studied during 13 3-hour sampling periods (36 h) which were identical in all subjects. Dehydroepiandrosterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone and pregnenolone showed a marked circadian rhythm with highest mean levels in the morning between 06.00 and 0.900 h and lowest mean levels during the night between 21.00 and 24.00 h. The peak levels of individual subjects coincided completely with the highest mean levels in the case of dehydroepiandrosterone, in 9 out of 10 cases with regard to 17-hydroxypregnenolone and in 8 of 10 cases as far as pregnenolone levels were concerned. The lowest individual levels were more dispersed around the means than were the individual peaks. The difference between the highest (morning hours: 06.00-09.00) and lowest (evening hours: 21.00-24.00) geometeric mean values was 404% for 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 163% for dehydroepiandrosterone and 71% for pregnenolone. The mean testosterone levels also exhibited an elevation between 06.00 and 09.00 h which was significant (P less than 0.05). However, the individual peak values were scattered from 21.00 h of the first day to 18.00 h of the second day. The mean concentrations of androstendine showed a significant increase between 06.00 and 18.00 h. The individual peaks were widely dispersed. Hence a uniform circadian rhythm correlated to the levels of the 5-steroids mentioned above could not be demonstrated in the case of testosterone and androstenedione. An analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between sampling periods as far as dihydrotestosterone levels were concerned. The extent and regularity of the circadian variation in the plasma levels of the 5-steroids studied makes it mandatory to standardize very carefully the exact time of blood withdrawal in any longitudinal study. In view of the sharp changes in the plasma levels during the morning hours, it is suggested that sampling during the afternoon period may provide more constant values."}
{"id": "PMID:138326", "title": "The influence of combined cyproterone acetate-ethinyl oestradiol therapy on serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and testosterone in hirsute women.", "content": "Serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and testosterone in hirsute women suffering from either idiopathic hirsutism or the polycystic ovary syndrome were determined before and during treatment with cyproterone acetate combined with ethinyl oestradiol. During this treatment the hirsutism decreased markedly. In untreated hirsute women serum dehydroepiandrosterone levels do not differ from those in normal women and do not change during therapy; androstenedione levels are higher than normal and decrease markedly during treatment, and the testosterone levels are elevated compared to normals, with a considerable overlap, and show only a tendency to decrease. There is no correlation between dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione levels or between androstenedione and testosterone levels in the serum of untreated hirsute women. After 12-14 months of cyproterone acetate-ethinyl oestradiol therapy a linear correlation is found between dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione levels. This can be explained by the relatively higher contribution of the peripheral conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione to the occurrence of lower androstenedione levels. The linear correlation between androstenedione and testosterone after treatment, also found in normal women, indicates the restoration of the role of androstenedione as the major peripheral precursor of testosterone.", "contents": "The influence of combined cyproterone acetate-ethinyl oestradiol therapy on serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and testosterone in hirsute women. Serum levels of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, and testosterone in hirsute women suffering from either idiopathic hirsutism or the polycystic ovary syndrome were determined before and during treatment with cyproterone acetate combined with ethinyl oestradiol. During this treatment the hirsutism decreased markedly. In untreated hirsute women serum dehydroepiandrosterone levels do not differ from those in normal women and do not change during therapy; androstenedione levels are higher than normal and decrease markedly during treatment, and the testosterone levels are elevated compared to normals, with a considerable overlap, and show only a tendency to decrease. There is no correlation between dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione levels or between androstenedione and testosterone levels in the serum of untreated hirsute women. After 12-14 months of cyproterone acetate-ethinyl oestradiol therapy a linear correlation is found between dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione levels. This can be explained by the relatively higher contribution of the peripheral conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone to androstenedione to the occurrence of lower androstenedione levels. The linear correlation between androstenedione and testosterone after treatment, also found in normal women, indicates the restoration of the role of androstenedione as the major peripheral precursor of testosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:138327", "title": "Blinding and pinealectomy in male hamsters: Effects of pineal indoles and P-chlorophenylalanine on testes, seminal vesicles, pituitary and adrenal glands.", "content": "No antigonadotrophic (AGT) activity was found after injecting 5 methoxytryptophol (5 MTPH) or both serotonin and melatonin simultaneously in normal male hamsters or hamsters subjected to blinding, pinealectomy, or both surgical procedures. Treatment with these indoles did not induce changes in weights of testes, seminal vesicles, pituitary or adrenal glands. Reproductive organs in hamsters blinded by enucleation atrophied in spite of daily consumption of the vasodilator, Apresoline. Feeding of p-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) revealed this antagonist to be mildly toxic. PCPA seemed to interfere in the hypophyseal-adrenal axis: these hamsters lowt the most weight, pituitary glands were enlarged and some hyperactivity occurred in the hamsters.", "contents": "Blinding and pinealectomy in male hamsters: Effects of pineal indoles and P-chlorophenylalanine on testes, seminal vesicles, pituitary and adrenal glands. No antigonadotrophic (AGT) activity was found after injecting 5 methoxytryptophol (5 MTPH) or both serotonin and melatonin simultaneously in normal male hamsters or hamsters subjected to blinding, pinealectomy, or both surgical procedures. Treatment with these indoles did not induce changes in weights of testes, seminal vesicles, pituitary or adrenal glands. Reproductive organs in hamsters blinded by enucleation atrophied in spite of daily consumption of the vasodilator, Apresoline. Feeding of p-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) revealed this antagonist to be mildly toxic. PCPA seemed to interfere in the hypophyseal-adrenal axis: these hamsters lowt the most weight, pituitary glands were enlarged and some hyperactivity occurred in the hamsters."}
{"id": "PMID:138328", "title": "Thalamo-cortical systems regulating spindle bursts and recruiting responses. II. Effect of thalamic lesions.", "content": "The effects of thalamic lesions on recruiting responses and spindle bursts have been studied in 12 cats immobilized with gallamine. Recruiting responses were elicited by stimulation of the midline thalamic nuclear complex. Spindle bursts were produced by lesions in the mesencephalic tegmentum. Recruiting responses and spindle bursts were recorded from the cortex and thalamus. The effect of thalamic lesions on such spontaneous and induced potentials was evaluated by making lesions anteriorly in the rostral pole of the thalamus, medially in the midline thalamic nuclear group, and laterally in the primary and association nuclei of the thalamus. 1. Small, anterior, thalamic lesions blocked spindle bursts and recruiting responses both at the cortex and in the thalamus. 2. Massive, medial, thalamic lesions blocked spindle bursts in the suprasylvian cortex, but did not affect either frontal cortex spindle bursts or frontal and thalamic recruiting responses induced by stimulation of N. ventralis anterior. 3. Massive, lateral, thalamic lesions including specific relay and association nuclei, failed to block spontaneous spindles and recruiting responses in frontal cortex and midline thalamic nuclei. It has been postulated that the rostral pole of the thalamus constitutes an important part of the thalamic portion of a thalamo-orbitocortical system which mediates and regulates electrocortical synchronization as manifested in spindle bursts, recruiting responses and synchronized wave-like potentials.", "contents": "Thalamo-cortical systems regulating spindle bursts and recruiting responses. II. Effect of thalamic lesions. The effects of thalamic lesions on recruiting responses and spindle bursts have been studied in 12 cats immobilized with gallamine. Recruiting responses were elicited by stimulation of the midline thalamic nuclear complex. Spindle bursts were produced by lesions in the mesencephalic tegmentum. Recruiting responses and spindle bursts were recorded from the cortex and thalamus. The effect of thalamic lesions on such spontaneous and induced potentials was evaluated by making lesions anteriorly in the rostral pole of the thalamus, medially in the midline thalamic nuclear group, and laterally in the primary and association nuclei of the thalamus. 1. Small, anterior, thalamic lesions blocked spindle bursts and recruiting responses both at the cortex and in the thalamus. 2. Massive, medial, thalamic lesions blocked spindle bursts in the suprasylvian cortex, but did not affect either frontal cortex spindle bursts or frontal and thalamic recruiting responses induced by stimulation of N. ventralis anterior. 3. Massive, lateral, thalamic lesions including specific relay and association nuclei, failed to block spontaneous spindles and recruiting responses in frontal cortex and midline thalamic nuclei. It has been postulated that the rostral pole of the thalamus constitutes an important part of the thalamic portion of a thalamo-orbitocortical system which mediates and regulates electrocortical synchronization as manifested in spindle bursts, recruiting responses and synchronized wave-like potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:138329", "title": "Alterations in the hippocampus of aged mice.", "content": "The hippocampus of C57B1/6 mice was examined histologically and electron microscopically. Male and female mice at 3 and 8 months of age and female mice at 16 months of age were studied. PAS positive foci, containing particles 1-2 mu in diameter, were observed in the hippocampal region of 8 and 16 month old mice. These particles were diastase sensitive. Electron microscopically, in similar mice, a vacuolating change was observed in the cytoplasm of perithelial cells (pericytes) in the same area.", "contents": "Alterations in the hippocampus of aged mice. The hippocampus of C57B1/6 mice was examined histologically and electron microscopically. Male and female mice at 3 and 8 months of age and female mice at 16 months of age were studied. PAS positive foci, containing particles 1-2 mu in diameter, were observed in the hippocampal region of 8 and 16 month old mice. These particles were diastase sensitive. Electron microscopically, in similar mice, a vacuolating change was observed in the cytoplasm of perithelial cells (pericytes) in the same area."}
{"id": "PMID:138330", "title": "Cardiac haemangio-endotheliosarcoma. Review of the literature and report of a case.", "content": "A case of primary haemangio-endotheliosarcoma of the right atrium is reported. A review of the literature is given and in all but four of the 56 cases, the tumour originates in the right atrium projecting into the cavity. This explains why these tumours present a rather uniform clinical picture characterized by superior vena caval syndrome combined with pericardial effusion, cardiomegaly, dyspnoea and chest pain. A male dominent sex distribution of 3 to 1 is found. The tumour is highly malignant and has caused death within an average of six months. We emphasize the possibility of early diagnosis particularly since eht clinical symptoms are rather typical and cases are reported where therapy apparently was successful.", "contents": "Cardiac haemangio-endotheliosarcoma. Review of the literature and report of a case. A case of primary haemangio-endotheliosarcoma of the right atrium is reported. A review of the literature is given and in all but four of the 56 cases, the tumour originates in the right atrium projecting into the cavity. This explains why these tumours present a rather uniform clinical picture characterized by superior vena caval syndrome combined with pericardial effusion, cardiomegaly, dyspnoea and chest pain. A male dominent sex distribution of 3 to 1 is found. The tumour is highly malignant and has caused death within an average of six months. We emphasize the possibility of early diagnosis particularly since eht clinical symptoms are rather typical and cases are reported where therapy apparently was successful."}
{"id": "PMID:138331", "title": "Characterization of the glycolysis pathway and the plasma membrane of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains.", "content": "The characteristics of the glycolytic pathway and the plasma membrane of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were studied. The enzyme system of glycolysis (hexokinase, glucokinase and pyruvate kinase) which is the main source of energy in the anaerobic condition was localized in the cell soluble fraction (cytoplasma) of all species examined. Neither electron transfer chain components nor oxidase activities were found in anaerobically cultured Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities were mainly localized in the plasma membrane, suggesting that membrane ATPase is playing a key role in membrane transport and ATP synthesis of anaerobic bacilla. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of membranes showed remarkable differences between the polypeptides patterns of B. adolescentis and B. bifidum. Such peculiarities in polypeptide patterns among the same genus may be useful in the identification of species.", "contents": "Characterization of the glycolysis pathway and the plasma membrane of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains. The characteristics of the glycolytic pathway and the plasma membrane of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium were studied. The enzyme system of glycolysis (hexokinase, glucokinase and pyruvate kinase) which is the main source of energy in the anaerobic condition was localized in the cell soluble fraction (cytoplasma) of all species examined. Neither electron transfer chain components nor oxidase activities were found in anaerobically cultured Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities were mainly localized in the plasma membrane, suggesting that membrane ATPase is playing a key role in membrane transport and ATP synthesis of anaerobic bacilla. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of membranes showed remarkable differences between the polypeptides patterns of B. adolescentis and B. bifidum. Such peculiarities in polypeptide patterns among the same genus may be useful in the identification of species."}
{"id": "PMID:138332", "title": "Blastformation rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes before and after recurrence of cancer.", "content": "Following curative resection for gastrointestinal cancer, it has been demonstrated that the blastformation rate rises slightly 3-4 months before the recurrence of cancer and that, during the two months prior to recurrence, the blastformation rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA decreases rapidly. The blastformation rate, therefore, if monitored routinely postoperatively, should be a significant improvement in predicting any recurrence of the cancer.", "contents": "Blastformation rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes before and after recurrence of cancer. Following curative resection for gastrointestinal cancer, it has been demonstrated that the blastformation rate rises slightly 3-4 months before the recurrence of cancer and that, during the two months prior to recurrence, the blastformation rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA decreases rapidly. The blastformation rate, therefore, if monitored routinely postoperatively, should be a significant improvement in predicting any recurrence of the cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:138333", "title": "Fetal antigens associated with adenovirus 12 mouse tumors.", "content": "The fetal antigen(s) of C3H/BfB/Ki mouse tumor cells induced by adenovirus type 12 was examined by transplantation resistance, local adoptive transfer and in vitro cell-mediated microcytotoxicity tests. Mice immunized with 8 to 9-day gestation fetal cells showed weak resistance to the challenge of small numbers of tumor cells, but immunization with 13 to 14-day gestation fetal cells did not confer transplantation immunity. Local adoptive transfer of multiparous pregnant mouse spleen cells mixed with tumor cells showed a small inhibition of tumor growth in all cases, but primiparous pregnant mouse spleen cells showed a protective effect in only one of three samples. In the cell-mediated microcytotoxicity test, spleen cells taken from the fetal tissue-immunized or multiparous pregnant mice showed a cytotoxic effect to MT-2 cells (adenovirus type 12 tumor cell line) and mouse fetal cells, but not to newborn mouse kidney cells. These results strongly suggest the presence of phase-specific tumor-associated fetal antigen(s) which can evoke transplantation immunity.", "contents": "Fetal antigens associated with adenovirus 12 mouse tumors. The fetal antigen(s) of C3H/BfB/Ki mouse tumor cells induced by adenovirus type 12 was examined by transplantation resistance, local adoptive transfer and in vitro cell-mediated microcytotoxicity tests. Mice immunized with 8 to 9-day gestation fetal cells showed weak resistance to the challenge of small numbers of tumor cells, but immunization with 13 to 14-day gestation fetal cells did not confer transplantation immunity. Local adoptive transfer of multiparous pregnant mouse spleen cells mixed with tumor cells showed a small inhibition of tumor growth in all cases, but primiparous pregnant mouse spleen cells showed a protective effect in only one of three samples. In the cell-mediated microcytotoxicity test, spleen cells taken from the fetal tissue-immunized or multiparous pregnant mice showed a cytotoxic effect to MT-2 cells (adenovirus type 12 tumor cell line) and mouse fetal cells, but not to newborn mouse kidney cells. These results strongly suggest the presence of phase-specific tumor-associated fetal antigen(s) which can evoke transplantation immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:138334", "title": "Cell proliferation stimulating factors in the supernatant of embryos and adult muscles of chickens of the same strain.", "content": "Stimulating factors of cell proliferation were extracted from the supernatant of embryos and adult muscles of chickens of the same strain. The stimulating activity and physicochemical properties of these factors were altered after embryological development. The embryonic factors were about 3.5 times more effective than the muscular factors. These factors might be useful in analysis of the regulatory mechanisms of cell proliferation.", "contents": "Cell proliferation stimulating factors in the supernatant of embryos and adult muscles of chickens of the same strain. Stimulating factors of cell proliferation were extracted from the supernatant of embryos and adult muscles of chickens of the same strain. The stimulating activity and physicochemical properties of these factors were altered after embryological development. The embryonic factors were about 3.5 times more effective than the muscular factors. These factors might be useful in analysis of the regulatory mechanisms of cell proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:138335", "title": "Down's syndrome: karyotypic stability of trisomy 21 in an established lympho-blastoid cell line.", "content": "A trisomic lymphoblastoid cell line derived from the peripheral blood of a patient with Down's syndrome was sequentially analyzed for chromosome constitution for 16.5 months of continuous culture in vitro. The cell line was found to maintain a modal chromosome number of 47 with trisomy 21. Parallel studies of modal chromosomes before and after banding procedures revealed no structural abnormalities except trisomy 21.", "contents": "Down's syndrome: karyotypic stability of trisomy 21 in an established lympho-blastoid cell line. A trisomic lymphoblastoid cell line derived from the peripheral blood of a patient with Down's syndrome was sequentially analyzed for chromosome constitution for 16.5 months of continuous culture in vitro. The cell line was found to maintain a modal chromosome number of 47 with trisomy 21. Parallel studies of modal chromosomes before and after banding procedures revealed no structural abnormalities except trisomy 21."}
{"id": "PMID:138336", "title": "Total parenteral nutrition after small intestinal bypass operation in rats.", "content": "A jejuno-ileal bypass operation which excluded about 85% of the small intestine was conducted in two groups of rats to evaluate the effects of oral feeding versus total parental nutrition (TPN). One group received food orally while another group received TPN. Two other groups of nutritive control animals underwent laparotomy and suture markings on the intestine. Animals were sacrificed two weeks after the shunt or sham operation. The liver, kidneys, pancreas and spleen were weighed. The wet and dry weights and the villus height of small intestinal segments were also determined. The shunt-operated TPN rats showed a body weight gain of 28% over the initial body weight while the orally fed animals showed an increase of 3.2%. The TPN controls had a negative nitrogen balance only on the day of the sham operation, whereas the TPN shunt-operated animals changed to positive nitrogen balance on the second postoperative day. The wet weights of the liver, kidneys and spleen were significantly higher in TPN animals. The functioning region of the small intestine in the shunt-operated animals was hypertrophic in both the orally fed and the TPN animals, but there were greater quantitative changes in the orally fed animals. The experiments demonstrated the beneficial effect in rats of TPN over oral nutrition for the treatment of surgically induced malabsorption. The studies also showed that the small intestine is capable of developing compensatory mucosal action without intraluminal nutritive content, although the presence of food in the lumen appears to stimulate morphological changes to a greater extent after massive small bowel resection.", "contents": "Total parenteral nutrition after small intestinal bypass operation in rats. A jejuno-ileal bypass operation which excluded about 85% of the small intestine was conducted in two groups of rats to evaluate the effects of oral feeding versus total parental nutrition (TPN). One group received food orally while another group received TPN. Two other groups of nutritive control animals underwent laparotomy and suture markings on the intestine. Animals were sacrificed two weeks after the shunt or sham operation. The liver, kidneys, pancreas and spleen were weighed. The wet and dry weights and the villus height of small intestinal segments were also determined. The shunt-operated TPN rats showed a body weight gain of 28% over the initial body weight while the orally fed animals showed an increase of 3.2%. The TPN controls had a negative nitrogen balance only on the day of the sham operation, whereas the TPN shunt-operated animals changed to positive nitrogen balance on the second postoperative day. The wet weights of the liver, kidneys and spleen were significantly higher in TPN animals. The functioning region of the small intestine in the shunt-operated animals was hypertrophic in both the orally fed and the TPN animals, but there were greater quantitative changes in the orally fed animals. The experiments demonstrated the beneficial effect in rats of TPN over oral nutrition for the treatment of surgically induced malabsorption. The studies also showed that the small intestine is capable of developing compensatory mucosal action without intraluminal nutritive content, although the presence of food in the lumen appears to stimulate morphological changes to a greater extent after massive small bowel resection."}
{"id": "PMID:138337", "title": "An epidemiological study of viral hepatitis type B in Taichung, Taiwan based on detection of HBc antibody.", "content": "The city of Taichung (Taiwan) can be considered as one of the areas contaminated by HB virus. Using, as a control group, the population of three districts in Japan, i.e. 2,820 residents of the cities of Kumayama (Okayama prefecture), Bizen (Okayama prefecture), and Aki (Kochi prefecture), the extent of this problem was investigated by reference to HB antigens detected in 350 patients who presented at the Taichung hospital. The Taichung detection rates for HBs antigen, HBs antibody and HBc-antibody were 20.3%, 45.3%, and 96.9% respectively. In contrast to this, the results for the Japanese control areas were, in order, 1.2-2.9%, 14.3-22.2%, and 28.6-94.3%. The HBs antigen subtype in Taichung was predominantly adw (87.3%) rather than adr. It became clear that Taichung is, indeed, an area heavily contaminated with HB virus and, at the same time, that the number of patients with viral hepatitis type B is large.", "contents": "An epidemiological study of viral hepatitis type B in Taichung, Taiwan based on detection of HBc antibody. The city of Taichung (Taiwan) can be considered as one of the areas contaminated by HB virus. Using, as a control group, the population of three districts in Japan, i.e. 2,820 residents of the cities of Kumayama (Okayama prefecture), Bizen (Okayama prefecture), and Aki (Kochi prefecture), the extent of this problem was investigated by reference to HB antigens detected in 350 patients who presented at the Taichung hospital. The Taichung detection rates for HBs antigen, HBs antibody and HBc-antibody were 20.3%, 45.3%, and 96.9% respectively. In contrast to this, the results for the Japanese control areas were, in order, 1.2-2.9%, 14.3-22.2%, and 28.6-94.3%. The HBs antigen subtype in Taichung was predominantly adw (87.3%) rather than adr. It became clear that Taichung is, indeed, an area heavily contaminated with HB virus and, at the same time, that the number of patients with viral hepatitis type B is large."}
{"id": "PMID:138356", "title": "Treating acne vulgaris.", "content": "While there is no single treatment plan that will work for every patient, acne can be controlled and long-term scarring can be minimized. Treatment must be individualized. Remember, there may be a \"flare\" when intensive therapy begins. Useful treatment methods include ultraviolet light, cleansers and soaps, peeling and drying agents, benzoyl peroxide preparations, abrasive soaps and scrubs, retinoic acid and oral antibiotics. The therapeutic choice depends upon the extent and severity of the disease.", "contents": "Treating acne vulgaris. While there is no single treatment plan that will work for every patient, acne can be controlled and long-term scarring can be minimized. Treatment must be individualized. Remember, there may be a \"flare\" when intensive therapy begins. Useful treatment methods include ultraviolet light, cleansers and soaps, peeling and drying agents, benzoyl peroxide preparations, abrasive soaps and scrubs, retinoic acid and oral antibiotics. The therapeutic choice depends upon the extent and severity of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:138357", "title": "Echocardiographic observations in patients with systemic infiltrative disease involving the heart.", "content": "Echocardiography was used to evaluate the heart in 19 patients with one of various systemic diseases known to be associated with infiltrative cardiomyopathy. Four patients had systemic amyloidosis, 10 had idiopathic hypereosinophilia and 5 had iron overload caused by multiple blood transfusions. Although 10 patients (53 percent) had no clinical evidence of cardiac disease, all 19 had echocardiographic abnormalities; the left ventricle was symmetrically thickened (more than 11 mm) and left ventricular mass was increased (more than 275 g) in all; the left ventricular transverse dimension was modestly increased (more than 52 mm) in 5 patients (26 percent) and the velocity of mitral valve closure in early diastole was reduced (less that 60 mm/sec) in 5 patients. Systolic function, as evidenced by ejection fraction, was well maintained (greater than 60 percent) in 18 of 19 patients. Thus, it appears that echocardiographic abnormalities can be detected in many patients with a systemic disease associated with infiltrative cardiomyopathy even before clinically evident heart disease develops.", "contents": "Echocardiographic observations in patients with systemic infiltrative disease involving the heart. Echocardiography was used to evaluate the heart in 19 patients with one of various systemic diseases known to be associated with infiltrative cardiomyopathy. Four patients had systemic amyloidosis, 10 had idiopathic hypereosinophilia and 5 had iron overload caused by multiple blood transfusions. Although 10 patients (53 percent) had no clinical evidence of cardiac disease, all 19 had echocardiographic abnormalities; the left ventricle was symmetrically thickened (more than 11 mm) and left ventricular mass was increased (more than 275 g) in all; the left ventricular transverse dimension was modestly increased (more than 52 mm) in 5 patients (26 percent) and the velocity of mitral valve closure in early diastole was reduced (less that 60 mm/sec) in 5 patients. Systolic function, as evidenced by ejection fraction, was well maintained (greater than 60 percent) in 18 of 19 patients. Thus, it appears that echocardiographic abnormalities can be detected in many patients with a systemic disease associated with infiltrative cardiomyopathy even before clinically evident heart disease develops."}
{"id": "PMID:138358", "title": "Correlations of electrocardiography and echocardiography in determination of left ventricular wall thickness: Study of apparently normal subjects.", "content": "To examine the usefulness of the surface electrocardiogram in predicting left ventricular wall thickness as determined with echocardiography, standard echocardiograms, electrocardiograms and Frank lead vectorcardiograms were obtained in 30 volunteers. End-diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum and free posterior wall was measured from the echocardiogram and compared with the sum of the S wave in lead V1 plus the R wave in lead V6 (VS1+R6) and the magnitude of the Frank lead vector (Vf), a scalar dunction obtained from a simple analog device. The maximum of Vf, the summated vector (Vf), was highly correlated with VS1+R6 (r=0.84). There was significant correlation between the summated vector and VS1+R6 and the thickness of the interventricular septum (IVS) (r=0.73 and 0.66, respectively). The best least mean square fit for the population was Vf=1.7 IVS-0.39. There was no significant correlation between these variables and the end-diastolic thickness of the posterior wall. Volunteers who were athletically inclined or were joggers tended to have larger summated vector values and evidence of symmetric or asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy in the echocardiogram. It therefore appears that the thickness of the interventricular septum has a greater influence on the summated vector and VS1+R6 that the echocardiographically assessed thickness of the free posterior wall of the left ventricle. The implications of these findings in the light of recent reports about the incidence of echocardiographically diagnosed left ventricular hypertrophy are discussed.", "contents": "Correlations of electrocardiography and echocardiography in determination of left ventricular wall thickness: Study of apparently normal subjects. To examine the usefulness of the surface electrocardiogram in predicting left ventricular wall thickness as determined with echocardiography, standard echocardiograms, electrocardiograms and Frank lead vectorcardiograms were obtained in 30 volunteers. End-diastolic thickness of the interventricular septum and free posterior wall was measured from the echocardiogram and compared with the sum of the S wave in lead V1 plus the R wave in lead V6 (VS1+R6) and the magnitude of the Frank lead vector (Vf), a scalar dunction obtained from a simple analog device. The maximum of Vf, the summated vector (Vf), was highly correlated with VS1+R6 (r=0.84). There was significant correlation between the summated vector and VS1+R6 and the thickness of the interventricular septum (IVS) (r=0.73 and 0.66, respectively). The best least mean square fit for the population was Vf=1.7 IVS-0.39. There was no significant correlation between these variables and the end-diastolic thickness of the posterior wall. Volunteers who were athletically inclined or were joggers tended to have larger summated vector values and evidence of symmetric or asymmetric left ventricular hypertrophy in the echocardiogram. It therefore appears that the thickness of the interventricular septum has a greater influence on the summated vector and VS1+R6 that the echocardiographically assessed thickness of the free posterior wall of the left ventricle. The implications of these findings in the light of recent reports about the incidence of echocardiographically diagnosed left ventricular hypertrophy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138359", "title": "Down syndrome with congenital heart malformation.", "content": "Two hundred fifty-one patients with Down syndrome and congenital heart disease was based on clinical (41%), catheterization (38%), surgical (11%), or autopsy data (10%). The most common lesions were endocardial cushion defect (43%), ventricular septal defect (32%), secundum atrial septal defect (10%), tetralogy of Fallot (6%), and isolated patent ductus arteriosus (4%). Thirty percent had multiple cardiac defects. The most common associated lesions were patent ductus arteriosus (16%) and pulmonic stenosis (9%). Twenty-five percent of the patients uncerwent cardiac surgery. Motality in the 68 patients undergoing surgery was 26% for open heart procedures and 11% for closed heart surgery. In 32% of nonsurgically treated patients with large left-to-right shunts, irreversible pulmonary vascular disease developed. Improved medical and surgical care have decreased morbidity and mortality in these patients in recent years.", "contents": "Down syndrome with congenital heart malformation. Two hundred fifty-one patients with Down syndrome and congenital heart disease was based on clinical (41%), catheterization (38%), surgical (11%), or autopsy data (10%). The most common lesions were endocardial cushion defect (43%), ventricular septal defect (32%), secundum atrial septal defect (10%), tetralogy of Fallot (6%), and isolated patent ductus arteriosus (4%). Thirty percent had multiple cardiac defects. The most common associated lesions were patent ductus arteriosus (16%) and pulmonic stenosis (9%). Twenty-five percent of the patients uncerwent cardiac surgery. Motality in the 68 patients undergoing surgery was 26% for open heart procedures and 11% for closed heart surgery. In 32% of nonsurgically treated patients with large left-to-right shunts, irreversible pulmonary vascular disease developed. Improved medical and surgical care have decreased morbidity and mortality in these patients in recent years."}
{"id": "PMID:138360", "title": "Mechanism of stress ulcer: influence of sodium taurocholate on gastric mucosal energy metabolism during hemorrhagic shock and on mitochondrial respiration and ATPase in gastric mucosa.", "content": "In previous reports from this laboratory, we have proposed that stress ulceration complicating hemorrhagic shock results from a gastric mucosal energy deficit due to shock-induced mucosal ischemia. We reasoned that if this hypothesis were correct, an agency known to augment the severity of stress ulceration would be expected to have an adverse effect on gastric mucosal energy metabolism. Others have shown that the severity of stress ulceration developing in animals subjected to hemorrhagic shock is increased by introducing bile salts into the stomach; conversely, the development of stress ulceration can be prevented by ligation of the pylorus or of the common bile duct. We have studied the influence of sodium tauurocholate on the respiration of gastric mucosal mitochondria and on gastric mucosal ATPase. We have also evaluated the influence of the intragastric introduction of taurocholate on the mucosal energy depletion produced by shock. The data presented in this report indicate that taurocholate uncouples oxidative phosphorylation of gastric mucosal mitochondria and inhibits gastric mucosal ATPase. The shock-induced gastric mucosal energy deficit was significantly more severe in the presence of added intragastric taurocholate.", "contents": "Mechanism of stress ulcer: influence of sodium taurocholate on gastric mucosal energy metabolism during hemorrhagic shock and on mitochondrial respiration and ATPase in gastric mucosa. In previous reports from this laboratory, we have proposed that stress ulceration complicating hemorrhagic shock results from a gastric mucosal energy deficit due to shock-induced mucosal ischemia. We reasoned that if this hypothesis were correct, an agency known to augment the severity of stress ulceration would be expected to have an adverse effect on gastric mucosal energy metabolism. Others have shown that the severity of stress ulceration developing in animals subjected to hemorrhagic shock is increased by introducing bile salts into the stomach; conversely, the development of stress ulceration can be prevented by ligation of the pylorus or of the common bile duct. We have studied the influence of sodium tauurocholate on the respiration of gastric mucosal mitochondria and on gastric mucosal ATPase. We have also evaluated the influence of the intragastric introduction of taurocholate on the mucosal energy depletion produced by shock. The data presented in this report indicate that taurocholate uncouples oxidative phosphorylation of gastric mucosal mitochondria and inhibits gastric mucosal ATPase. The shock-induced gastric mucosal energy deficit was significantly more severe in the presence of added intragastric taurocholate."}
{"id": "PMID:138362", "title": "Prevalence of hepatitis B infection among residents of an institution for the mentally retarded.", "content": "Data on prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among 95 matched pairs of Down's syndrome (DS) and other mentally retarded (OMR) patients in an institution were analyzed by age on admission and by length of residence. Passive hemagglutination test were used to determine anti-HBs. Anti-HBs prevalence increased with admission age among DS patients (26%, 42% and 56% for age groups less than or equal to 5, 6-15 and greater than 15 years, respectively) but decreased among OMR patients (85%, 71% and 78%), giving overall rates of 38% for DS and 77% for OMR which are significantly different (p less than .001). Anti-HBs prevalence increased with length of residence for OMR patients but was unchanged for DS patients. For both groups, the prevalence of hepatitis B (HB) infection (both anti-HBs and HBsAg) increased with length of residence and, overall, was nearly the same for DS and OMR patients. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that, with respect to response to HB virus, younger DS patients are immunologically immature.", "contents": "Prevalence of hepatitis B infection among residents of an institution for the mentally retarded. Data on prevalence of antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) and of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among 95 matched pairs of Down's syndrome (DS) and other mentally retarded (OMR) patients in an institution were analyzed by age on admission and by length of residence. Passive hemagglutination test were used to determine anti-HBs. Anti-HBs prevalence increased with admission age among DS patients (26%, 42% and 56% for age groups less than or equal to 5, 6-15 and greater than 15 years, respectively) but decreased among OMR patients (85%, 71% and 78%), giving overall rates of 38% for DS and 77% for OMR which are significantly different (p less than .001). Anti-HBs prevalence increased with length of residence for OMR patients but was unchanged for DS patients. For both groups, the prevalence of hepatitis B (HB) infection (both anti-HBs and HBsAg) increased with length of residence and, overall, was nearly the same for DS and OMR patients. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis that, with respect to response to HB virus, younger DS patients are immunologically immature."}
{"id": "PMID:138363", "title": "Assessment of counseling practices at the birth of a child with Down's syndrome.", "content": "An attempt was made to analyze 414 parents' perceptions of their experiences at the birth of their child with Down's syndrome. The interpretation of the results and the parents' comments suggest that the counseling of parents with a newborn Down's syndrome child demands tact, truthfulness, and empathetic guidance. The parents should be informed of the child's condition in a kind and sensitive manner as soon as the diagnosis of Down's syndrome has been made. Appropriate terminology should be employed, and both parents should be present when the physician tells them of their misfortune. Unconditional recommendations of institutionalization of the child with Down's syndrome should be practices of the past. The professionals' thoughtful considerations and mature counsel should assist constructively in shaping the child's future.", "contents": "Assessment of counseling practices at the birth of a child with Down's syndrome. An attempt was made to analyze 414 parents' perceptions of their experiences at the birth of their child with Down's syndrome. The interpretation of the results and the parents' comments suggest that the counseling of parents with a newborn Down's syndrome child demands tact, truthfulness, and empathetic guidance. The parents should be informed of the child's condition in a kind and sensitive manner as soon as the diagnosis of Down's syndrome has been made. Appropriate terminology should be employed, and both parents should be present when the physician tells them of their misfortune. Unconditional recommendations of institutionalization of the child with Down's syndrome should be practices of the past. The professionals' thoughtful considerations and mature counsel should assist constructively in shaping the child's future."}
{"id": "PMID:138364", "title": "Predictive value of infant intelligence scales with multiply handicapped children.", "content": "The predictive value of infant intelligence scales with multiply handicapped children was investigated through the administration of a mental measure on two occasions to 28 children, divided into two age groups. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of .69 (p less than .001) was obtained for the younger group and .83 (p less than .001) for the older group. When subjects were divided according to IQ level, a nonsignificant correlation coefficient was obtained for the high-IQ group and a significant correlation (r=.81, p less than .001) for the low-IQ group. These results indicated that infant intelligence tests are highly reliable predictors of later intellectual development when given to a population of multiply handicapped children.", "contents": "Predictive value of infant intelligence scales with multiply handicapped children. The predictive value of infant intelligence scales with multiply handicapped children was investigated through the administration of a mental measure on two occasions to 28 children, divided into two age groups. A Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient of .69 (p less than .001) was obtained for the younger group and .83 (p less than .001) for the older group. When subjects were divided according to IQ level, a nonsignificant correlation coefficient was obtained for the high-IQ group and a significant correlation (r=.81, p less than .001) for the low-IQ group. These results indicated that infant intelligence tests are highly reliable predictors of later intellectual development when given to a population of multiply handicapped children."}
{"id": "PMID:138366", "title": "Fetal pancreatic glucagon responses in glucose-intolerant nonhuman primate pregnancy.", "content": "Rhesus monkey pancreatic alpha-cell function in streptozotoc-induced glucose-intolerant pregnancy is similar to that in normal primate pregnancy. Specifically, basal maternal and fetal plasma glucagon levels equate, and the fetal alpha cell does not respond to the glucagonogenic stimulus of either intravenous alanine or insulin-induced hypoglycemia. This contrasts with the accelerated maturation of the fetal beta cell in glucose-intolerant pregnancy, and does not support the concept of functional coupling of the pancreatic islet by a common glucose-based process. Fetal plasma glucagon levels do increase after L-dopa injection to the fetus. These data indicate that alpha cell unresponsiveness is a function of the glucagon-releasing mechanism rather than inadequate hormonal synthesis.", "contents": "Fetal pancreatic glucagon responses in glucose-intolerant nonhuman primate pregnancy. Rhesus monkey pancreatic alpha-cell function in streptozotoc-induced glucose-intolerant pregnancy is similar to that in normal primate pregnancy. Specifically, basal maternal and fetal plasma glucagon levels equate, and the fetal alpha cell does not respond to the glucagonogenic stimulus of either intravenous alanine or insulin-induced hypoglycemia. This contrasts with the accelerated maturation of the fetal beta cell in glucose-intolerant pregnancy, and does not support the concept of functional coupling of the pancreatic islet by a common glucose-based process. Fetal plasma glucagon levels do increase after L-dopa injection to the fetus. These data indicate that alpha cell unresponsiveness is a function of the glucagon-releasing mechanism rather than inadequate hormonal synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:138367", "title": "The value of pre-therapy peritoneoscopy in localized ovarian cancer.", "content": "Because of the recent reports indicating the high incidence of unsuspected diaphragmatic metastases in presumed localized ovarian cancer, we have carried out peritoneoscopy on 14 consecutive patients referred with the diagnosis of Stage I or II ovarian cancer. Of the 14 women none was demonstrated to have diaphragmatic metastases, but 35 per cent were found to have cytologic washings demonstrating malignant cells. The significance of these findings is discussed.", "contents": "The value of pre-therapy peritoneoscopy in localized ovarian cancer. Because of the recent reports indicating the high incidence of unsuspected diaphragmatic metastases in presumed localized ovarian cancer, we have carried out peritoneoscopy on 14 consecutive patients referred with the diagnosis of Stage I or II ovarian cancer. Of the 14 women none was demonstrated to have diaphragmatic metastases, but 35 per cent were found to have cytologic washings demonstrating malignant cells. The significance of these findings is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138368", "title": "Simplified treatment of large congenital ventral wall defects.", "content": "A preformed silicone polymer silo has been used in eleven infants with omphalocele and gastroschisis. This prosthesis has significant advantages over other forms of silo construction. Among these advantages are: (1) easy and rapid primary application; (2) a totally nonreactive and closed system which prevents peritoneum fluid loss and bacterial contamination; (3) a uniform constant stretching force applied to the abdominal wall which promotes expansion of the peritoneal cavity; and (4) the transparent material of the silo which permits constant evaluation of the contained viscera. These factors all contribute to a smoother operative and postoperative course than that which occurs with skin closure or the self-sutured prosthetic silos.", "contents": "Simplified treatment of large congenital ventral wall defects. A preformed silicone polymer silo has been used in eleven infants with omphalocele and gastroschisis. This prosthesis has significant advantages over other forms of silo construction. Among these advantages are: (1) easy and rapid primary application; (2) a totally nonreactive and closed system which prevents peritoneum fluid loss and bacterial contamination; (3) a uniform constant stretching force applied to the abdominal wall which promotes expansion of the peritoneal cavity; and (4) the transparent material of the silo which permits constant evaluation of the contained viscera. These factors all contribute to a smoother operative and postoperative course than that which occurs with skin closure or the self-sutured prosthetic silos."}
{"id": "PMID:138370", "title": "Immunologic approach to the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal ulcers.", "content": "Reported clinical correlations between gastroduodenal ulcer and allergies point up the Arthus ulcer as a possible laboratory model for gastroduodenal ulcer. Successful immunological containment of gastroduodenal ulcer was achieved by utilizing Arthus ulcer dynamics in 12 patients over a two and one-half year period.", "contents": "Immunologic approach to the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal ulcers. Reported clinical correlations between gastroduodenal ulcer and allergies point up the Arthus ulcer as a possible laboratory model for gastroduodenal ulcer. Successful immunological containment of gastroduodenal ulcer was achieved by utilizing Arthus ulcer dynamics in 12 patients over a two and one-half year period."}
{"id": "PMID:138371", "title": "Thoracoabdominal motion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Studies of thoracoabdominal motion using the respiratory magnetometer were performed in 30 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Volume equivalency of thoracic and abdominal deflections was established by using the concepts and methods developed by Konno and Mead. Twenty patients were ambulatory, although disabled, and 10 were in acute respiratory failure and were studied in a respiratory intensive care unit. Five of 20 ambulatory patients and 8 of 10 patients in acute respiratory failure showed inward abdominal motion coincident with outward rib cage motion during inspiration, suggesting ineffective diaphragmatic function. This pattern of thoracoabdominal motion was identical to that seen in 2 high quadriplegics with diaphragmatic paralysis when they were breathing entirely with their neck muscles. Inspiratory ascent of the diaphragm was confirmed fluoroscopically in 3 of the 5 ambulatory patients. Patients showing this pattern were generally severely disabled and had the largest residual volumes. Two abnormal patterns of thoracoabdominal motion were observed during the performance of maximal voluntary ventilation in the ambulatory patients. The first, seen in 9 of 20 patients, was characterized by reciprocal or paradoxical motion of rib cage and abdomen, with increase in rib cage volume associated with decrease in abdominal volume during inspiration. The second pattern, seen in 5 of 20 patients, showed complete disorganization of rib cage and abdominal motion, with no consistent or reproducible pattern. Thus, a significant proportion of patients with disabling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease show abnormalities in thoracoabdominal motion that are observable with the respiratory magnetometer and ofter by simple inspection. Most of these abnormalities suggest malfunction of respiratory muscles, particularly the diaphragm.", "contents": "Thoracoabdominal motion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Studies of thoracoabdominal motion using the respiratory magnetometer were performed in 30 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Volume equivalency of thoracic and abdominal deflections was established by using the concepts and methods developed by Konno and Mead. Twenty patients were ambulatory, although disabled, and 10 were in acute respiratory failure and were studied in a respiratory intensive care unit. Five of 20 ambulatory patients and 8 of 10 patients in acute respiratory failure showed inward abdominal motion coincident with outward rib cage motion during inspiration, suggesting ineffective diaphragmatic function. This pattern of thoracoabdominal motion was identical to that seen in 2 high quadriplegics with diaphragmatic paralysis when they were breathing entirely with their neck muscles. Inspiratory ascent of the diaphragm was confirmed fluoroscopically in 3 of the 5 ambulatory patients. Patients showing this pattern were generally severely disabled and had the largest residual volumes. Two abnormal patterns of thoracoabdominal motion were observed during the performance of maximal voluntary ventilation in the ambulatory patients. The first, seen in 9 of 20 patients, was characterized by reciprocal or paradoxical motion of rib cage and abdomen, with increase in rib cage volume associated with decrease in abdominal volume during inspiration. The second pattern, seen in 5 of 20 patients, showed complete disorganization of rib cage and abdominal motion, with no consistent or reproducible pattern. Thus, a significant proportion of patients with disabling chronic obstructive pulmonary disease show abnormalities in thoracoabdominal motion that are observable with the respiratory magnetometer and ofter by simple inspection. Most of these abnormalities suggest malfunction of respiratory muscles, particularly the diaphragm."}
{"id": "PMID:138372", "title": "[Diagnostic of the heart tumors in newborn and children (author's transl)].", "content": "Heart tumors in children are rare. Though of benign pathology they are clinically malignant and should be diagnosed early and promptly treated by surgery in spite of the poor results usually obtained. Any heart enlargement in the absence of congenital heart disease accompanied by rhythm and conduction troubles must be considered as suspect. Five cases of heart tumor are reported and clinically described. Four occurred in newborns and the remaining one before the age of one. Heart enlargement was a constant finding. The ECG findings were: W.P.W. syndrome, intraventricular conduction troubles and ventricular tachycardia, wandering pacemaker (one case each) and ventricular hypertrophy with surprisingly low voltages in the corresponding chest leads (two cases).", "contents": "[Diagnostic of the heart tumors in newborn and children (author's transl)]. Heart tumors in children are rare. Though of benign pathology they are clinically malignant and should be diagnosed early and promptly treated by surgery in spite of the poor results usually obtained. Any heart enlargement in the absence of congenital heart disease accompanied by rhythm and conduction troubles must be considered as suspect. Five cases of heart tumor are reported and clinically described. Four occurred in newborns and the remaining one before the age of one. Heart enlargement was a constant finding. The ECG findings were: W.P.W. syndrome, intraventricular conduction troubles and ventricular tachycardia, wandering pacemaker (one case each) and ventricular hypertrophy with surprisingly low voltages in the corresponding chest leads (two cases)."}
{"id": "PMID:138369", "title": "Spontaneous recovery from nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade: correlation between clinical and evoked responses.", "content": "The effects of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants were allowed to wear off spontaneously in 10 ASA class III and IV patients following major surgery. Neuromuscular and respiratory function were followed by clinical testing and by evoked muscle responses using a train of 4 (TOF) supramaximal stimuli. At a TOF of 70 percent (range 62 to 78%), all patients sustained eye-opening, hand-grasp, and tongue-protrusion, while 9/10 sustained head-lift. Vital capacity (VC) averaged 17 ml/kg when the TOF reached 70 percent. The increase in VC correlated with the increase in TOF (r = 0.88). There was no correlation between inspiratory force (IF) and TOF, but all patients achieved an IF equal to or greater than -22 cm H2O at 70 percent. Thus, TOF correlates well with clinical signs of neuromuscular and respiratory recovery in this group of patients and complements earlier studies in healthy anesthetized patients and nonmedicated volunteers.", "contents": "Spontaneous recovery from nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade: correlation between clinical and evoked responses. The effects of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants were allowed to wear off spontaneously in 10 ASA class III and IV patients following major surgery. Neuromuscular and respiratory function were followed by clinical testing and by evoked muscle responses using a train of 4 (TOF) supramaximal stimuli. At a TOF of 70 percent (range 62 to 78%), all patients sustained eye-opening, hand-grasp, and tongue-protrusion, while 9/10 sustained head-lift. Vital capacity (VC) averaged 17 ml/kg when the TOF reached 70 percent. The increase in VC correlated with the increase in TOF (r = 0.88). There was no correlation between inspiratory force (IF) and TOF, but all patients achieved an IF equal to or greater than -22 cm H2O at 70 percent. Thus, TOF correlates well with clinical signs of neuromuscular and respiratory recovery in this group of patients and complements earlier studies in healthy anesthetized patients and nonmedicated volunteers."}
{"id": "PMID:138373", "title": "Specific loss of stimulator activity following mixed lymphocyte reactions is due to cytotoxic cells.", "content": "Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that stimulating antigens in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) are expressed in a restricted fashion on lymphocytes. Thus one-way MLR between spleen cells from congenic mouse strains differing at H-2 were treated with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and light to inactivate dividing cells. The ability of the residual cells to act as responder or stimulator cells in a subsequent MLR was assessed. As expected, a specific loss of responder cell activity occurred under these conditions. Furthermore, such cells, following irradiation, would not stimulate fresh spleen cells from the strain against which they initially responded, but would stimulate spleen cells, following irradiation, would not stimulate fresh spleen cells from the strain against which they initially responded, but would stimulate spleen cells of unrelated mouse strains. This was shown to be due to the generation of cytotoxic T cells detectable in 51Cr release assays in the primary MLR, despite BrdUrd and light treatment and irradiation. Furthermore, loss of stimulator activity mapped to the H-2K region of the H-2 complex rather than the strong MLR-stimulating I-A or I-B subregions. These experiments provide no evidence of restricted expression of MLR-stimulating antigens on lymphocytes.", "contents": "Specific loss of stimulator activity following mixed lymphocyte reactions is due to cytotoxic cells. Experiments were performed to test the hypothesis that stimulating antigens in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) are expressed in a restricted fashion on lymphocytes. Thus one-way MLR between spleen cells from congenic mouse strains differing at H-2 were treated with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd) and light to inactivate dividing cells. The ability of the residual cells to act as responder or stimulator cells in a subsequent MLR was assessed. As expected, a specific loss of responder cell activity occurred under these conditions. Furthermore, such cells, following irradiation, would not stimulate fresh spleen cells from the strain against which they initially responded, but would stimulate spleen cells, following irradiation, would not stimulate fresh spleen cells from the strain against which they initially responded, but would stimulate spleen cells of unrelated mouse strains. This was shown to be due to the generation of cytotoxic T cells detectable in 51Cr release assays in the primary MLR, despite BrdUrd and light treatment and irradiation. Furthermore, loss of stimulator activity mapped to the H-2K region of the H-2 complex rather than the strong MLR-stimulating I-A or I-B subregions. These experiments provide no evidence of restricted expression of MLR-stimulating antigens on lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:138374", "title": "Adult thymectomy prevention of the appearance of suppressor T cells which depress contact sensitivity to picryl chloride and reversal of adult thymectomy effect by thymus extract.", "content": "Suppressor cells, which depress the passive transfer of contact sensitivity appear in the lymph nodes and spleen of mice injected with picryl sulfonic acid (PSA). These cells produce a soluble suppressor T cell product (s-TCP), and immune lymph node cells incubated in s-TCP fail to transfer contact sensitivity. This paper shows that the appearance of suppressor T cells following the injection of PSA was prevented by adult thymectomy (ATx). ATx also limited the production of s-TCP. However, ATx had no effect on the DNA synthesis which occurs in the lymph nodes of mice injected with PSA. The adverse effect of ATx on suppressor cells was completely reversed by a neonatal thymus graft placed under the renal capsule and partially reversed by grafts given 600 r in vitro and to a limited extent by grafts given 1000 r. The injection of thymus extract also reversed the effect of ATx whereas splenic extract was inactive. It is suggested that the suppressor T cell which depresses contact sensitivity is dependent on the presence of the thymus because it requires a thymus hormone, and not primarily because it belongs to a short-lived population which is rapidly renewed by cells coming from the thymus.", "contents": "Adult thymectomy prevention of the appearance of suppressor T cells which depress contact sensitivity to picryl chloride and reversal of adult thymectomy effect by thymus extract. Suppressor cells, which depress the passive transfer of contact sensitivity appear in the lymph nodes and spleen of mice injected with picryl sulfonic acid (PSA). These cells produce a soluble suppressor T cell product (s-TCP), and immune lymph node cells incubated in s-TCP fail to transfer contact sensitivity. This paper shows that the appearance of suppressor T cells following the injection of PSA was prevented by adult thymectomy (ATx). ATx also limited the production of s-TCP. However, ATx had no effect on the DNA synthesis which occurs in the lymph nodes of mice injected with PSA. The adverse effect of ATx on suppressor cells was completely reversed by a neonatal thymus graft placed under the renal capsule and partially reversed by grafts given 600 r in vitro and to a limited extent by grafts given 1000 r. The injection of thymus extract also reversed the effect of ATx whereas splenic extract was inactive. It is suggested that the suppressor T cell which depresses contact sensitivity is dependent on the presence of the thymus because it requires a thymus hormone, and not primarily because it belongs to a short-lived population which is rapidly renewed by cells coming from the thymus."}
{"id": "PMID:138375", "title": "[Pulmonary reactions to non-infective antigenic contaminants].", "content": "There are different categories of non-infectious antigenic contaminants capable of provoking pulmonary reactions: thermophilic actinomycetales, fungi, vegetable particles, protein antigens, arthropods, drugs; their identification is based on their isolation, culture, and the study of their biochemical composition. The pulmonary reactions depend on the size and number of antigenic particles inhaled and by the underlying background. The immunological mechanisms brought into play a complex Arthus's phenomenon: in addition to the IgGs, the IgEs and the different factors of complement intervene; the recent acquisitions of immunomorphology enable better comprehension of the histogenesis of the pulmonary granuloma. The diagnosis of extrinsic allergic alveolitis is founded on well defined criteria of clinical, radiological, respiratory functional, immunological and histophthological order. These conditions are met with in agricultural, industrial and urban environments or are related to iatrogenic diseases. Many problems still remain obscure with regards to the pathogenesis and integration within the framework of immunological pneumonia of various conditions, and especially certain sarcoidosis.", "contents": "[Pulmonary reactions to non-infective antigenic contaminants]. There are different categories of non-infectious antigenic contaminants capable of provoking pulmonary reactions: thermophilic actinomycetales, fungi, vegetable particles, protein antigens, arthropods, drugs; their identification is based on their isolation, culture, and the study of their biochemical composition. The pulmonary reactions depend on the size and number of antigenic particles inhaled and by the underlying background. The immunological mechanisms brought into play a complex Arthus's phenomenon: in addition to the IgGs, the IgEs and the different factors of complement intervene; the recent acquisitions of immunomorphology enable better comprehension of the histogenesis of the pulmonary granuloma. The diagnosis of extrinsic allergic alveolitis is founded on well defined criteria of clinical, radiological, respiratory functional, immunological and histophthological order. These conditions are met with in agricultural, industrial and urban environments or are related to iatrogenic diseases. Many problems still remain obscure with regards to the pathogenesis and integration within the framework of immunological pneumonia of various conditions, and especially certain sarcoidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:138376", "title": "[Biochemical aspects of testicular degeneration in the vitamin A deficient rat. 4. Permeability of the vascular walls].", "content": "Vitamin A deficiency modifies Na and K concentration values in oedematous testes. On one hand there is an increase of Na, on the other hand a decrease of K. Subcellular protein concentrations are impaired. Testicular fluid electrophoresis show it gets from plasma or lymph. No significant influence of ATPase (Na,+ K+) was demonstrable. Stimulation of lysosomal beta-glucuronidase can explain this fluid accumulation.", "contents": "[Biochemical aspects of testicular degeneration in the vitamin A deficient rat. 4. Permeability of the vascular walls]. Vitamin A deficiency modifies Na and K concentration values in oedematous testes. On one hand there is an increase of Na, on the other hand a decrease of K. Subcellular protein concentrations are impaired. Testicular fluid electrophoresis show it gets from plasma or lymph. No significant influence of ATPase (Na,+ K+) was demonstrable. Stimulation of lysosomal beta-glucuronidase can explain this fluid accumulation."}
{"id": "PMID:138379", "title": "[The immunological mechanisms of psoriasis].", "content": "The occurrence of ANA in eluates of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes obtained in five untreated psoriasis patients could be demonstrated by means of the indirect immunofloruescence technique. These antibodies appear to be mainly directed against the nuclei of the basal cell layer, however, ANA directed against the nuclei of epidermal and dermal cells have also been encountered. The immunological mechanisms in psoriasis may therefore be looked upon as the result of an alteration in the structure of nucleic acid or nuclear protein of the basal layer cells. Finally psoriasis may be the result of an interplay of various exogenous factors and a special genetical make-up leading to the release of certain nuclear proteins initiating a delayed type immune response at the onset and an Arthus type reaction located in the upper layers of the epidermis at a later stage of the disease, and as a secundary phenomenon the derailment of keratinization. Moreover a slightly decreased mean percentage of circulating lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes have been found in the patients studied. This slight decrease suggests a diminution of the T-lymphocyte control facilitating the antibody production by B-lymphocytes. The course of events in psoriasis is a self perpetuating inflammatory process.", "contents": "[The immunological mechanisms of psoriasis]. The occurrence of ANA in eluates of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes obtained in five untreated psoriasis patients could be demonstrated by means of the indirect immunofloruescence technique. These antibodies appear to be mainly directed against the nuclei of the basal cell layer, however, ANA directed against the nuclei of epidermal and dermal cells have also been encountered. The immunological mechanisms in psoriasis may therefore be looked upon as the result of an alteration in the structure of nucleic acid or nuclear protein of the basal layer cells. Finally psoriasis may be the result of an interplay of various exogenous factors and a special genetical make-up leading to the release of certain nuclear proteins initiating a delayed type immune response at the onset and an Arthus type reaction located in the upper layers of the epidermis at a later stage of the disease, and as a secundary phenomenon the derailment of keratinization. Moreover a slightly decreased mean percentage of circulating lymphocytes forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes have been found in the patients studied. This slight decrease suggests a diminution of the T-lymphocyte control facilitating the antibody production by B-lymphocytes. The course of events in psoriasis is a self perpetuating inflammatory process."}
{"id": "PMID:138382", "title": "Incidence study of Down's syndrome in Copenhagen, 1960-1971; with chromosome investigation.", "content": "The aim of the study was to obtain incidence figures for Down's syndrome throughout a period where a considerable change in the age distribution of child-bearing mothers has taken place and to study if the expected fall in incidence has occurred. In parts of the Copenhagen Metropolitan area 235 liveborn patients with Down's syndrome were ascertained in the period 1960 to 1971 in a population of 1-2 million with a total of 204771 births. All patients available were examined cytogenetically (75%). In 160 (90-4%) a regular trisomy 21 was observed. In 6-2% of the cases translocations and in 2-3% of the cases mosaics were found. Two double trisomies and a double trisomy mosaic were observed. Throughout the period 1960-71 the percentage of women over 30 years delivering children decreased from 23-4% in the beginning of the period to 16-2% at the end of the period. In the first part of the period 52-6% of the cases were born to mothers over 30, at the end of the period 40% of Down's syndrome mothers were of that age. However, the incidence was unchanged throughout the whole period, about 1-15 per 1000 births. For some age groups a steady rise in incidence of trisomy 21 cases was found throughout the whole period. These findings may be explained by better ascertainment of patients at the end of the period; however, environmental factors may also play a role.", "contents": "Incidence study of Down's syndrome in Copenhagen, 1960-1971; with chromosome investigation. The aim of the study was to obtain incidence figures for Down's syndrome throughout a period where a considerable change in the age distribution of child-bearing mothers has taken place and to study if the expected fall in incidence has occurred. In parts of the Copenhagen Metropolitan area 235 liveborn patients with Down's syndrome were ascertained in the period 1960 to 1971 in a population of 1-2 million with a total of 204771 births. All patients available were examined cytogenetically (75%). In 160 (90-4%) a regular trisomy 21 was observed. In 6-2% of the cases translocations and in 2-3% of the cases mosaics were found. Two double trisomies and a double trisomy mosaic were observed. Throughout the period 1960-71 the percentage of women over 30 years delivering children decreased from 23-4% in the beginning of the period to 16-2% at the end of the period. In the first part of the period 52-6% of the cases were born to mothers over 30, at the end of the period 40% of Down's syndrome mothers were of that age. However, the incidence was unchanged throughout the whole period, about 1-15 per 1000 births. For some age groups a steady rise in incidence of trisomy 21 cases was found throughout the whole period. These findings may be explained by better ascertainment of patients at the end of the period; however, environmental factors may also play a role."}
{"id": "PMID:138383", "title": "Genetics of transplantation: the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "A genetic region called the major histocompatibility complex of MHC (which plays an important role in the control of graft survival) has been defined in a large number of different species. Several different loci of the MHC have been described, including loci coding for transplantation antigens. These antigens can be divided into two categories: first, the SD antigens that were originally defined serologically and that appear to function as targets for the killer lymphocytes involved in the rejection of a graft and second, the LD antigens that were originally defined by lymphocyte response in the mixed leukocyte culture test and that stimulate helper T lymphocytes. In addition, there are genes for other antigens (referred to as immune response-associated or Ia antigens) and genes that control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, the immune response or Ir genes. There is evidence for epistatic interaction between these genes in that immune recognition of LD and SD antigens lead to a more pronounced development of cytotoxic (killer) cells than does stimulation by either antigen alone. In addition, the genetic control of immune responsiveness appears, at least in some systems, to reside in two very closely linked genes that may function better in the cis than in the transposition. This latter finding suggests a possible explanation for the strong linkage disequilibrium found between genes of the MHC. A number of new tests have been described to define the antigens of the MHC. Results of these tests have been used for studies of transplantation immunology but in addition to study the very strong associations that exist between some of the MHC antigens in man and various diseases.", "contents": "Genetics of transplantation: the major histocompatibility complex. A genetic region called the major histocompatibility complex of MHC (which plays an important role in the control of graft survival) has been defined in a large number of different species. Several different loci of the MHC have been described, including loci coding for transplantation antigens. These antigens can be divided into two categories: first, the SD antigens that were originally defined serologically and that appear to function as targets for the killer lymphocytes involved in the rejection of a graft and second, the LD antigens that were originally defined by lymphocyte response in the mixed leukocyte culture test and that stimulate helper T lymphocytes. In addition, there are genes for other antigens (referred to as immune response-associated or Ia antigens) and genes that control the ability of an animal to respond immunologically to antigenic stimuli, the immune response or Ir genes. There is evidence for epistatic interaction between these genes in that immune recognition of LD and SD antigens lead to a more pronounced development of cytotoxic (killer) cells than does stimulation by either antigen alone. In addition, the genetic control of immune responsiveness appears, at least in some systems, to reside in two very closely linked genes that may function better in the cis than in the transposition. This latter finding suggests a possible explanation for the strong linkage disequilibrium found between genes of the MHC. A number of new tests have been described to define the antigens of the MHC. Results of these tests have been used for studies of transplantation immunology but in addition to study the very strong associations that exist between some of the MHC antigens in man and various diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:138384", "title": "The effect of atebrin on bacterial membrane adenosine triphosphatases in relation to the divalent cation used as substrate and/or activator.", "content": "The action of atebrin on purified adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) from Micrococcus lysodeikticus was studied as well as on the membrane-bound and soluble ATPases from Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium. Atebrin inhibited the Ca(2+)-dependent activity of all these enzymes, and the inhibition was reversed by an excess of Ca(2+) ions. Kinetic studies carried out with the purified enzyme from M. lysodeikticus showed that the inhibition by atebrin was strongly cooperative, suggesting the complex nature of the process. On the other hand, atebrin stimulated the Mg(2+)ATPase activity of the M. lysodeikticus enzyme, displacing its adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)/Mg(2+) optimum ratios, but inhibited the Mg(2+)-ATPase activity of E. coli provided that ATP was in excess over Mg(2+), i.e., that the ATP/Mg(2+) ratio was higher than its optimum. These results suggest that divalent cations influence the bacterial ATPases in different ways depending on the type of divalent ion and/or enzyme. The effect of atebrin on bacterial ATPases may reflect those differences, and its complex mechanism of action might be related to the existence of more than one site for divalent cations and/or distinct conformational states in these enzymes.", "contents": "The effect of atebrin on bacterial membrane adenosine triphosphatases in relation to the divalent cation used as substrate and/or activator. The action of atebrin on purified adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) from Micrococcus lysodeikticus was studied as well as on the membrane-bound and soluble ATPases from Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium. Atebrin inhibited the Ca(2+)-dependent activity of all these enzymes, and the inhibition was reversed by an excess of Ca(2+) ions. Kinetic studies carried out with the purified enzyme from M. lysodeikticus showed that the inhibition by atebrin was strongly cooperative, suggesting the complex nature of the process. On the other hand, atebrin stimulated the Mg(2+)ATPase activity of the M. lysodeikticus enzyme, displacing its adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)/Mg(2+) optimum ratios, but inhibited the Mg(2+)-ATPase activity of E. coli provided that ATP was in excess over Mg(2+), i.e., that the ATP/Mg(2+) ratio was higher than its optimum. These results suggest that divalent cations influence the bacterial ATPases in different ways depending on the type of divalent ion and/or enzyme. The effect of atebrin on bacterial ATPases may reflect those differences, and its complex mechanism of action might be related to the existence of more than one site for divalent cations and/or distinct conformational states in these enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:138385", "title": "Liberation of protoplasts from mycelium of Neurospora crassa by means of enzymes obtained from autolyzed cultures of this fungus.", "content": "Spherical protoplast-like structures were released from Neuropsora crassa mycelia under the influence of cell-wall-lytic enzymes obtained from autolyzed cultures of this fungus, in 50 mM borate-citrate-phosphate buffer, pH 5.5 with 0.5-0.8 M mannitol for appropriate osmotic pressure. The protoplasts retain their morphological aspect for several days at 4 C, or for a longer time when they are washed by centrifugation and incubated with 0.8 M mannitol. The free protoplasts are sensitive to osmotic shock and lyse immediately when placed in distilled water; the vacuoles and other cytoplasmatic material remain intact for some time.", "contents": "Liberation of protoplasts from mycelium of Neurospora crassa by means of enzymes obtained from autolyzed cultures of this fungus. Spherical protoplast-like structures were released from Neuropsora crassa mycelia under the influence of cell-wall-lytic enzymes obtained from autolyzed cultures of this fungus, in 50 mM borate-citrate-phosphate buffer, pH 5.5 with 0.5-0.8 M mannitol for appropriate osmotic pressure. The protoplasts retain their morphological aspect for several days at 4 C, or for a longer time when they are washed by centrifugation and incubated with 0.8 M mannitol. The free protoplasts are sensitive to osmotic shock and lyse immediately when placed in distilled water; the vacuoles and other cytoplasmatic material remain intact for some time."}
{"id": "PMID:138396", "title": "Significance of late reactions after bronchial challenge with house dust mite.", "content": "Sixty-nine children with moderately severe perennial asthma were submitted to bronchial provocation tests using aqueous extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (house dust mite). 60 (87%) had immediate positive reactions. 73% also had late reactions occurring 4 to 8 hours after the challenge. A significant correlation was found between frequent attacks of asthma in the year before bronchial challange and the occurrence of late reactions. The late reaction was more prolonged and severe than the immediate reaction. The changes in lung mechanics during a late reaction were similar to those found in severe naturally occurring asthma. The possible relevance of the late reaction in antigen-induced asthma is discussed.", "contents": "Significance of late reactions after bronchial challenge with house dust mite. Sixty-nine children with moderately severe perennial asthma were submitted to bronchial provocation tests using aqueous extracts of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (house dust mite). 60 (87%) had immediate positive reactions. 73% also had late reactions occurring 4 to 8 hours after the challenge. A significant correlation was found between frequent attacks of asthma in the year before bronchial challange and the occurrence of late reactions. The late reaction was more prolonged and severe than the immediate reaction. The changes in lung mechanics during a late reaction were similar to those found in severe naturally occurring asthma. The possible relevance of the late reaction in antigen-induced asthma is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138397", "title": "Myocardial changes in immature infants requiring prolonged ventilation.", "content": "Fourteen infants who had required prolonged ventilation with high concentrations of oxygen for 14 days or more, were studied at necropsy. 11 infants of immature gestation at birth had gross cardiac hypertrophy, defined as a heart weight greater than 2 SD above the mean for their age. No congenital malformation of valves or septum was found, and in the 7 youngest infants with hypertrophy, the ductus arteriosus was anatomically patent. 3 of these 7 infants had an accompanying nurmur. All 11 infants had severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The cardiac hypertrophy affected both ventricles and septum in an irregular fashion and was associated with areas of necrosis, progressing to coarse fibroelastotic scars. The intramural vessels showed marked intimal thickening but the main coronary vessels were normal. The 2 youngest infants with cardiac hypertrophy showed the presence of intravascular and endocardial platelet thrombi. In the 3 infants without cardiac hypertrophy less severe zones of necrosis and scarring were present, and only occasional bundles of hypertrophied muscle fibres were seen. In an attempt to understand these hitherto undescribed lesions, a group of 50 fresh stillbirths and 50 first-week neonatal deaths of comparable gestational age were studied. In 19 of these infants foci of myocardial fibre necrosis were present. It is suggested that the lesions in the older infants represent a more advanced and continuing stage of that seen in the younger infants, and that the foci of necrosis are the result of continuing hypoxia and related problems to a failing coronary circulation. The possibility of myocardial damage represents a serious hazard to the successful therapy of the immature asphyxiated infants.", "contents": "Myocardial changes in immature infants requiring prolonged ventilation. Fourteen infants who had required prolonged ventilation with high concentrations of oxygen for 14 days or more, were studied at necropsy. 11 infants of immature gestation at birth had gross cardiac hypertrophy, defined as a heart weight greater than 2 SD above the mean for their age. No congenital malformation of valves or septum was found, and in the 7 youngest infants with hypertrophy, the ductus arteriosus was anatomically patent. 3 of these 7 infants had an accompanying nurmur. All 11 infants had severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia. The cardiac hypertrophy affected both ventricles and septum in an irregular fashion and was associated with areas of necrosis, progressing to coarse fibroelastotic scars. The intramural vessels showed marked intimal thickening but the main coronary vessels were normal. The 2 youngest infants with cardiac hypertrophy showed the presence of intravascular and endocardial platelet thrombi. In the 3 infants without cardiac hypertrophy less severe zones of necrosis and scarring were present, and only occasional bundles of hypertrophied muscle fibres were seen. In an attempt to understand these hitherto undescribed lesions, a group of 50 fresh stillbirths and 50 first-week neonatal deaths of comparable gestational age were studied. In 19 of these infants foci of myocardial fibre necrosis were present. It is suggested that the lesions in the older infants represent a more advanced and continuing stage of that seen in the younger infants, and that the foci of necrosis are the result of continuing hypoxia and related problems to a failing coronary circulation. The possibility of myocardial damage represents a serious hazard to the successful therapy of the immature asphyxiated infants."}
{"id": "PMID:138398", "title": "Cutaneous and hepatic haemangiomata.", "content": "A 3-month-old infant presented with multiple cutaneous haemangiomata, and was found to have a cardiac murmur and hepatomegaly. The latter increased strikingly over the next 3 months, and was accompanied by cardiomegaly. Other usual signs of congestive cardiac failure were not present, however, and an arteriogram showed the presence of a grossly abnormal vascular pattern in the liver, confirming the clinical suspecions of hepatic haemangiomatosis. Two short courses of steroid therapy resulted in a marked but temporary decrease in liver size. After the age of one year, however, there was gradual regression of all abnormal clinical signs without further therapy.", "contents": "Cutaneous and hepatic haemangiomata. A 3-month-old infant presented with multiple cutaneous haemangiomata, and was found to have a cardiac murmur and hepatomegaly. The latter increased strikingly over the next 3 months, and was accompanied by cardiomegaly. Other usual signs of congestive cardiac failure were not present, however, and an arteriogram showed the presence of a grossly abnormal vascular pattern in the liver, confirming the clinical suspecions of hepatic haemangiomatosis. Two short courses of steroid therapy resulted in a marked but temporary decrease in liver size. After the age of one year, however, there was gradual regression of all abnormal clinical signs without further therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:138399", "title": "On the physiology and biochemistry of the scalp and hair lipids.", "content": "Analyses were made of the scalp and hair lipids of 67 test persons. These were the most important results: 1. Seborrhoea is caused on one hand by a high secretion performance of the sebaceous glands. A further cause is that a longer period of time passes before a constant lipid amount is established.  2. There was an average of 19.32% of free fatty acids in the scalp and hair lipids on the 1st day after the hair was washed, and 38.68% on the 10th day. These results allow an assessment of the physiological significance of microbial lipolysis outside the secretory ducts of the sebaceous glands. 3. On the hairy head the percentage of free fatty acids in the scalp and hair lipids is independent of the amount of lipids. Such a difference in the concentration of fatty acids as is found between seborrhoea oleosa and seborrhoea sicca on hairless skin can not be found on the hairy head.", "contents": "On the physiology and biochemistry of the scalp and hair lipids. Analyses were made of the scalp and hair lipids of 67 test persons. These were the most important results: 1. Seborrhoea is caused on one hand by a high secretion performance of the sebaceous glands. A further cause is that a longer period of time passes before a constant lipid amount is established.  2. There was an average of 19.32% of free fatty acids in the scalp and hair lipids on the 1st day after the hair was washed, and 38.68% on the 10th day. These results allow an assessment of the physiological significance of microbial lipolysis outside the secretory ducts of the sebaceous glands. 3. On the hairy head the percentage of free fatty acids in the scalp and hair lipids is independent of the amount of lipids. Such a difference in the concentration of fatty acids as is found between seborrhoea oleosa and seborrhoea sicca on hairless skin can not be found on the hairy head."}
{"id": "PMID:138401", "title": "A monitor for the continuous assessment of left ventricular performance after open-heart operations.", "content": "A cardiac monitoring system has been developed that incorporated phasic aortic blood flow measurement by an extractable electromagnetic flow probe and high-fidelity arterial blood pressure recordings. Cardiac output, stroke volume, and peak aortic blood flow are measured continuously; using logarithmic amplifiers, the pressure-flow derivatives of left ventricular function, such as cardiac power and stroke work, are obtained beat by beat. This monitor is used to follow the postoperative course of patients undergoing cardiac operations and to evaluate the hemodynamic effect of therapeutic agents.", "contents": "A monitor for the continuous assessment of left ventricular performance after open-heart operations. A cardiac monitoring system has been developed that incorporated phasic aortic blood flow measurement by an extractable electromagnetic flow probe and high-fidelity arterial blood pressure recordings. Cardiac output, stroke volume, and peak aortic blood flow are measured continuously; using logarithmic amplifiers, the pressure-flow derivatives of left ventricular function, such as cardiac power and stroke work, are obtained beat by beat. This monitor is used to follow the postoperative course of patients undergoing cardiac operations and to evaluate the hemodynamic effect of therapeutic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:138402", "title": "Composition and photoinduced biosynthesis of the carotenoids of a protoplast-like Neurospora crassa \"slime\" mutant.", "content": "A spheroplast-like \"slime\" mutant of Neurospora crassa (lacking a rigid cell wall) was found to synthesize an identical spectrum of carotenoids as wild type strains except for beta-carotene. Furthermore strict photoregulation of the biosynthesis of these pigments as well as the characteristics of photoinduced carotenogenesis were also nearly identical in the mutant and in the wild type.", "contents": "Composition and photoinduced biosynthesis of the carotenoids of a protoplast-like Neurospora crassa \"slime\" mutant. A spheroplast-like \"slime\" mutant of Neurospora crassa (lacking a rigid cell wall) was found to synthesize an identical spectrum of carotenoids as wild type strains except for beta-carotene. Furthermore strict photoregulation of the biosynthesis of these pigments as well as the characteristics of photoinduced carotenogenesis were also nearly identical in the mutant and in the wild type."}
{"id": "PMID:138403", "title": "The role of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine for convulsive threshold and anticonvulsant effect of acetazolamide in rats.", "content": "The effect of various substances modifying the activity of serotoninergic system on convulsive threshold and anticonvulsant effect of acetazolamide (ACA) in rats was studied using the electric test. The obtained results are suggestive of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) playing a significant role for convulsive threshold. On the other hand, the changes in the potency of anticonvulsant effect of ACA resulting from administration of substances altering the level of cerebral 5-HT seems to be secondary to the effect of these substances on convulsive threshold. Additionally, the ACA doses being effective as anticonvulsant were found to increase the cerebral level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and to accelerate the 5-HT turnover.", "contents": "The role of cerebral 5-hydroxytryptamine for convulsive threshold and anticonvulsant effect of acetazolamide in rats. The effect of various substances modifying the activity of serotoninergic system on convulsive threshold and anticonvulsant effect of acetazolamide (ACA) in rats was studied using the electric test. The obtained results are suggestive of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) playing a significant role for convulsive threshold. On the other hand, the changes in the potency of anticonvulsant effect of ACA resulting from administration of substances altering the level of cerebral 5-HT seems to be secondary to the effect of these substances on convulsive threshold. Additionally, the ACA doses being effective as anticonvulsant were found to increase the cerebral level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and to accelerate the 5-HT turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:138404", "title": "The role of serotonin in ephedrine-induced stereotypy and hypermotility.", "content": "The influence of serotonin agents on stereotypy and hypermotility induced with ephedrine was studied. P-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, had no influence on stereotypy. In reserpinized animals, this reaction was intensified only after high doses of ephedrine (100 and 120 mg/kg), but the precursor of 5-HT synthesis, tryptophan, strongly antagonized stereotypy. Ephedrine-induced hypermotility in mice and rats was potentiated by PCPA. It is suggested that serotonin ephedrine-induced effects, similarly to previous observations with amphetamine.", "contents": "The role of serotonin in ephedrine-induced stereotypy and hypermotility. The influence of serotonin agents on stereotypy and hypermotility induced with ephedrine was studied. P-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, had no influence on stereotypy. In reserpinized animals, this reaction was intensified only after high doses of ephedrine (100 and 120 mg/kg), but the precursor of 5-HT synthesis, tryptophan, strongly antagonized stereotypy. Ephedrine-induced hypermotility in mice and rats was potentiated by PCPA. It is suggested that serotonin ephedrine-induced effects, similarly to previous observations with amphetamine."}
{"id": "PMID:138405", "title": "Evaluation of the influence of epoxide resins and their hardeners on the female body. I. Skin tests.", "content": "Skin tests of hypersensitivity were performed in 175 women and 16 men having direct contact during work with epoxide resinsand their hardeners. The tests were applied for 24 hours, and results were recorded after 24, 48 and 72 hours. The percentages of positive skin tests and numbers of skin lesions were found to increase with time of employment in contact with epoxide resins and their hardeners.", "contents": "Evaluation of the influence of epoxide resins and their hardeners on the female body. I. Skin tests. Skin tests of hypersensitivity were performed in 175 women and 16 men having direct contact during work with epoxide resinsand their hardeners. The tests were applied for 24 hours, and results were recorded after 24, 48 and 72 hours. The percentages of positive skin tests and numbers of skin lesions were found to increase with time of employment in contact with epoxide resins and their hardeners."}
{"id": "PMID:138406", "title": "Fibrin thrombosis in monocrotaline pyrrole-induced cor pulmonale in rats.", "content": "Investigations were carried out to determine the lung lesions responsible for the development of pulmonary heart disease, cor pulmonale, in rats treated with monocrotaline pyrrole or monocrotaline. Animals with right ventricular hypertrophy showed microscopic lung alterations consisting of alveolar edema; fibrin thrombi with partial to complete occlusion of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins; connective tissue proliferation of alveolar septae; cellular hyperplasia of septae; and medial hypertrophy of arterioles. Due to the high incidence of fibrin thrombi in animals with right ventricular hypertrophy, we believe that formation of fibrin thrombi plays a decisive role in the development of chemically induced cor pulmonale.", "contents": "Fibrin thrombosis in monocrotaline pyrrole-induced cor pulmonale in rats. Investigations were carried out to determine the lung lesions responsible for the development of pulmonary heart disease, cor pulmonale, in rats treated with monocrotaline pyrrole or monocrotaline. Animals with right ventricular hypertrophy showed microscopic lung alterations consisting of alveolar edema; fibrin thrombi with partial to complete occlusion of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins; connective tissue proliferation of alveolar septae; cellular hyperplasia of septae; and medial hypertrophy of arterioles. Due to the high incidence of fibrin thrombi in animals with right ventricular hypertrophy, we believe that formation of fibrin thrombi plays a decisive role in the development of chemically induced cor pulmonale."}
{"id": "PMID:138407", "title": "Congenital intracardiac band: a rare cause of nonrheumatic combined aortic and mitral regurgitation.", "content": "A patient had a congenital intracardiac band lying across the aortic valve that caused combined aortic and mitral valvular regurgitation. The band was excised, and the damaged aortic valve was replaced with a prosthesis. The case illustrates that not all congenital intracardiac bands are completely asymptomatic and not all bivalvular incompetence is rheumatic in origin.", "contents": "Congenital intracardiac band: a rare cause of nonrheumatic combined aortic and mitral regurgitation. A patient had a congenital intracardiac band lying across the aortic valve that caused combined aortic and mitral valvular regurgitation. The band was excised, and the damaged aortic valve was replaced with a prosthesis. The case illustrates that not all congenital intracardiac bands are completely asymptomatic and not all bivalvular incompetence is rheumatic in origin."}
{"id": "PMID:138408", "title": "Socialization patterns and sexual problems of the institutionalized chronically ill and physically disabled.", "content": "A post hoc survey of spontaneous remarks and actions bearing on social and sexual adjustment was done on 155 long-term physically disabled patients in a chronic-care hospital. Thirty-five percent were found to be involved in an active dyadic relationship; the great majority of these were between unmarried patients within the hospital. The remaining 65% were socially unattached. A large proportion of both socially attached and socially unattached patients acknowledged achieving some sort of sexual outlet. The importance of opportunity for sexual activity is discussed as it relates to traditional methods for dealing with the problems of personal confidence and physical competence of the physically disabled.", "contents": "Socialization patterns and sexual problems of the institutionalized chronically ill and physically disabled. A post hoc survey of spontaneous remarks and actions bearing on social and sexual adjustment was done on 155 long-term physically disabled patients in a chronic-care hospital. Thirty-five percent were found to be involved in an active dyadic relationship; the great majority of these were between unmarried patients within the hospital. The remaining 65% were socially unattached. A large proportion of both socially attached and socially unattached patients acknowledged achieving some sort of sexual outlet. The importance of opportunity for sexual activity is discussed as it relates to traditional methods for dealing with the problems of personal confidence and physical competence of the physically disabled."}
{"id": "PMID:138409", "title": "Treatment of full-thickness abdominal and chest wall losses with split-thickness skin grafting.", "content": "A 22-year-old man developed a large abdominal wall and sternal defect resulting from wound dehiscence. This was a sequel to two operations for gunshot wounds of the abdomen, the second one being for intraperitoneal abscess. The infected dehiscence was treated by the open method using povidoneiodine (Betadine) packs. As soon as the patient's condition permitted, split-thickness grafts were applied to the defect. One hundred percent success resulted, and convalescence of this critically ill patient was thereafter uninterrupted until discharge 31 days later. It is the authors' opinion that this method has a wider application than it is usually accredited.", "contents": "Treatment of full-thickness abdominal and chest wall losses with split-thickness skin grafting. A 22-year-old man developed a large abdominal wall and sternal defect resulting from wound dehiscence. This was a sequel to two operations for gunshot wounds of the abdomen, the second one being for intraperitoneal abscess. The infected dehiscence was treated by the open method using povidoneiodine (Betadine) packs. As soon as the patient's condition permitted, split-thickness grafts were applied to the defect. One hundred percent success resulted, and convalescence of this critically ill patient was thereafter uninterrupted until discharge 31 days later. It is the authors' opinion that this method has a wider application than it is usually accredited."}
{"id": "PMID:138410", "title": "[Comparative pathology of the choroid vessels in glaucoma, hypertension and arteriosclerosis].", "content": "Results of histological and histochemical studies of the choroid of the eyes of deceased old people who when alive suffered from glaucoma, hypertensive disease and atherosclerosis, are presented. It was established that hypertensive disease, general atherosclerosis, symptomatic hypertension brought about peculiar changes in the choroid vessels and stroma. There were revealed changes in the venous system of the choroid of the glaucomatous eyes, which testified to the presence of venous congestion in them, this apparently being one of pathogenetic factors in origination of primary glaucoma.", "contents": "[Comparative pathology of the choroid vessels in glaucoma, hypertension and arteriosclerosis]. Results of histological and histochemical studies of the choroid of the eyes of deceased old people who when alive suffered from glaucoma, hypertensive disease and atherosclerosis, are presented. It was established that hypertensive disease, general atherosclerosis, symptomatic hypertension brought about peculiar changes in the choroid vessels and stroma. There were revealed changes in the venous system of the choroid of the glaucomatous eyes, which testified to the presence of venous congestion in them, this apparently being one of pathogenetic factors in origination of primary glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:138412", "title": "Vitreous surgery. XIV. Complications from sclerotomy in 89 consecutive cases.", "content": "All patients were examined preoperatively and postoperatively by indirect ophthalmoscopy and biomicroscopy with a three-mirror lens. The average follow-up was eight months. Our technique of sclerotomy consisted of an incision parallel to the limbus, measuring 1.5 times the diameter of the surgical instrument. The pars plana location was always verified with transillumination. A mattress suture over the lips of the sclerotomy was used to prevent any leakage during the procedure. The intraoperative complications included ciliary body laceration (1%), retinal tears (8%), and vitreous base incarceration in the wound. The postoperative complications consisted of retina dragged into the wound (4%), vitreous tract left by the instrument (6%), neovascular ingrowth (6%), and external symptoms from the Dacron (32%) or polyglycolic acid (5%) suture. The rate of complications is considered low for such high-risk surgery.", "contents": "Vitreous surgery. XIV. Complications from sclerotomy in 89 consecutive cases. All patients were examined preoperatively and postoperatively by indirect ophthalmoscopy and biomicroscopy with a three-mirror lens. The average follow-up was eight months. Our technique of sclerotomy consisted of an incision parallel to the limbus, measuring 1.5 times the diameter of the surgical instrument. The pars plana location was always verified with transillumination. A mattress suture over the lips of the sclerotomy was used to prevent any leakage during the procedure. The intraoperative complications included ciliary body laceration (1%), retinal tears (8%), and vitreous base incarceration in the wound. The postoperative complications consisted of retina dragged into the wound (4%), vitreous tract left by the instrument (6%), neovascular ingrowth (6%), and external symptoms from the Dacron (32%) or polyglycolic acid (5%) suture. The rate of complications is considered low for such high-risk surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:138416", "title": "Intestinal, gastric body- and antral-type mucosal metaplasia in the gallbladder.", "content": "The material consisted of two intestinal, one gastric body-type and 14 antral-type cases of mucosal metaplasia in the gallbladder. Outside the mucosal areas mentioned, the epithelium of the gallbladder had undergone great changes. It usually consisted of goblet cells, enterochromaffin cells, superficial gastric-type epithelial islands and antral-type glands. Extensive areas contained non-sulphated acid mucin and neutral mucin. The areas of normal gallbladder epithelium were small.", "contents": "Intestinal, gastric body- and antral-type mucosal metaplasia in the gallbladder. The material consisted of two intestinal, one gastric body-type and 14 antral-type cases of mucosal metaplasia in the gallbladder. Outside the mucosal areas mentioned, the epithelium of the gallbladder had undergone great changes. It usually consisted of goblet cells, enterochromaffin cells, superficial gastric-type epithelial islands and antral-type glands. Extensive areas contained non-sulphated acid mucin and neutral mucin. The areas of normal gallbladder epithelium were small."}
{"id": "PMID:138417", "title": "[Group-allergic reaction spectrum and sensitization potency of benzylisothiocyanate].", "content": "Allergenicity of benzylisothiocyanate and group-allergic cross reactions. Comparative patch-test series made in pateints suffering from contact dermatitis induced by Sulbentin (Dibenzthion)-antimycotics and in guinea pigs, experimentally sensitized to benzylisothiocyanate (BITC), showed: BITC is a potent contact sensitizer and the real hapten in cases of Sulbentin-allergy. Of special importance in this molecule is the benzyl-group. Neither 4,4-diphenylmethandiisocyanate and isophorondiisocyanate (substances used in polyurethane production) nor the closely related methylisothiocyanate (decomposition product of some potato-selecting agents) produced any groupallergic cross reactions in the above-mentioned patients and guinea pigs.", "contents": "[Group-allergic reaction spectrum and sensitization potency of benzylisothiocyanate]. Allergenicity of benzylisothiocyanate and group-allergic cross reactions. Comparative patch-test series made in pateints suffering from contact dermatitis induced by Sulbentin (Dibenzthion)-antimycotics and in guinea pigs, experimentally sensitized to benzylisothiocyanate (BITC), showed: BITC is a potent contact sensitizer and the real hapten in cases of Sulbentin-allergy. Of special importance in this molecule is the benzyl-group. Neither 4,4-diphenylmethandiisocyanate and isophorondiisocyanate (substances used in polyurethane production) nor the closely related methylisothiocyanate (decomposition product of some potato-selecting agents) produced any groupallergic cross reactions in the above-mentioned patients and guinea pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:138418", "title": "[Contact dermatitides due to dichloropropiophenone].", "content": "Contact-allergy eczemas due to dichloropropiophenone. Following an exposition to p-beta-dichloropropiophenone (DCP) of less than one year nine skilled chemical plant workers were taken ill with an eczema from contact allergy, particularly badly seizing their faces, necks, hands and forearms. In all workers in question has been recognized a job connected skin disease with bodily impairment of 20 to 30%. The test concentration of DCP was determined at 0.01% (testing vehicle: oil). Nonexposed persons showed response only at 0.5% DCP concentration (50 times higher percentage!) by falling sick of an uncomplicated irritation erythema, strickly localized. With regard to the almost obligatory tendency towards sensitization there must be strict observation of the stringent measures of a labour protection, and moreover, in the future there should be established a closed system of automatic control.", "contents": "[Contact dermatitides due to dichloropropiophenone]. Contact-allergy eczemas due to dichloropropiophenone. Following an exposition to p-beta-dichloropropiophenone (DCP) of less than one year nine skilled chemical plant workers were taken ill with an eczema from contact allergy, particularly badly seizing their faces, necks, hands and forearms. In all workers in question has been recognized a job connected skin disease with bodily impairment of 20 to 30%. The test concentration of DCP was determined at 0.01% (testing vehicle: oil). Nonexposed persons showed response only at 0.5% DCP concentration (50 times higher percentage!) by falling sick of an uncomplicated irritation erythema, strickly localized. With regard to the almost obligatory tendency towards sensitization there must be strict observation of the stringent measures of a labour protection, and moreover, in the future there should be established a closed system of automatic control."}
{"id": "PMID:138419", "title": "Studies of energy-linked reactions. Net synthesis of adenosine triphosphate by isolated adenosine triphosphate synthase preparations: a role for lipoic acid and unsaturated fatty acids.", "content": "ATP synthase preparations [complex V, proton-translocatin ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) and oligomycin-sensitive ATPase ] contain stoicheiometric amounts of lipoic acid residues (up to 6mol of lipoic acid/mol of ATPase complex) and catalyse net ATP synthesis in an uncoupler-and oligomycin-sensitive reaction utilizing dihydrolipoate, oleoyl-CoA and oleic acid, or in a reaction utilizing oleoyl-S-lipoate. The terminal reactions of oxidative phosphorylation are thus analogous to those of substrate-level phosphorylation.", "contents": "Studies of energy-linked reactions. Net synthesis of adenosine triphosphate by isolated adenosine triphosphate synthase preparations: a role for lipoic acid and unsaturated fatty acids. ATP synthase preparations [complex V, proton-translocatin ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) and oligomycin-sensitive ATPase ] contain stoicheiometric amounts of lipoic acid residues (up to 6mol of lipoic acid/mol of ATPase complex) and catalyse net ATP synthesis in an uncoupler-and oligomycin-sensitive reaction utilizing dihydrolipoate, oleoyl-CoA and oleic acid, or in a reaction utilizing oleoyl-S-lipoate. The terminal reactions of oxidative phosphorylation are thus analogous to those of substrate-level phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:138415", "title": "Different fractions in the normal and hypertrophied rat ventricular myocardium: an analysis of two models of hypertrophy.", "content": "Long-term hemodynamic overload of the heart leads to an increase in myocardial mass. In most cases it is not known to what degree the single components in the myocardium (water, protein, nonprotein substance) increase. As an answer to the overloading of the myocardium, many authors have established an intensification in the synthesis of myocardial proteins. It is, however, little known which proteins are then more intensively created and accumulated. This study examines the dynamics of the protein and nonprotein content as well as of single protein fractions (sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar, and stromal) in both hypertrophied and normal tissue from rat myocardia. The results revealed that in Goldblatt rats, 4-24 weeks after stenosis of one renal artery, no noteworthy differences in the relationships of protein and nonprotein content were caused by hypertrophy (34-54%) due to left ventricular pressure overload. The same is true of the tissue from moderately hypertrophied myocardia (12-17%) of rats exercised for several weeks by swimming training. Determination of hydroxyproline concentration showed that significant differences in the content of the collagen tissue in relation to control animals of the same age occurred only in Goldblatt rats 24 weels after operation. However, greater alterations in the concentrations of various protein fractions could be registered. The increase in the concentration of myofibrillar proteins in hypertrophied myocardial tissue is of particular significance and is to be considered as an adaption of the muscle to the increased mechanical demands. Certain changes regarding the relation of the single components within the myofibrillar fraction (relation of actomyosin concentration to T-fraction; relation of both components to total fraction), whose cause and significance is as yet unclear, could be observed.", "contents": "Different fractions in the normal and hypertrophied rat ventricular myocardium: an analysis of two models of hypertrophy. Long-term hemodynamic overload of the heart leads to an increase in myocardial mass. In most cases it is not known to what degree the single components in the myocardium (water, protein, nonprotein substance) increase. As an answer to the overloading of the myocardium, many authors have established an intensification in the synthesis of myocardial proteins. It is, however, little known which proteins are then more intensively created and accumulated. This study examines the dynamics of the protein and nonprotein content as well as of single protein fractions (sarcoplasmic, myofibrillar, and stromal) in both hypertrophied and normal tissue from rat myocardia. The results revealed that in Goldblatt rats, 4-24 weeks after stenosis of one renal artery, no noteworthy differences in the relationships of protein and nonprotein content were caused by hypertrophy (34-54%) due to left ventricular pressure overload. The same is true of the tissue from moderately hypertrophied myocardia (12-17%) of rats exercised for several weeks by swimming training. Determination of hydroxyproline concentration showed that significant differences in the content of the collagen tissue in relation to control animals of the same age occurred only in Goldblatt rats 24 weels after operation. However, greater alterations in the concentrations of various protein fractions could be registered. The increase in the concentration of myofibrillar proteins in hypertrophied myocardial tissue is of particular significance and is to be considered as an adaption of the muscle to the increased mechanical demands. Certain changes regarding the relation of the single components within the myofibrillar fraction (relation of actomyosin concentration to T-fraction; relation of both components to total fraction), whose cause and significance is as yet unclear, could be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:138425", "title": "Avidity of antibodies in SLE: relation to severity of renal involvement.", "content": "The avidity of antibodies to DNA in the sera of 8 patients with SLE was determined by saturation analysis and Scatchard plots. Five of the patients had severe lupus nephritis; the other 3 had relatively mild or no kidney disease. The Scatchard plots revealed components with high relative avidity in the patients with severe nephritis (K values 4.4-10.4 X 10(5) M-1 for nDNA), compared with the patients who had mild or no kidney disease (K values 0.3-1.8 X 10(5) M-1 for nDNA). Avidity measurements may be helpful in the evaluation and treatment of patients with SLE.", "contents": "Avidity of antibodies in SLE: relation to severity of renal involvement. The avidity of antibodies to DNA in the sera of 8 patients with SLE was determined by saturation analysis and Scatchard plots. Five of the patients had severe lupus nephritis; the other 3 had relatively mild or no kidney disease. The Scatchard plots revealed components with high relative avidity in the patients with severe nephritis (K values 4.4-10.4 X 10(5) M-1 for nDNA), compared with the patients who had mild or no kidney disease (K values 0.3-1.8 X 10(5) M-1 for nDNA). Avidity measurements may be helpful in the evaluation and treatment of patients with SLE."}
{"id": "PMID:138432", "title": "Optical activity of disulfide bonds in proteins. 1. Studies on plasmin modified human somatotropin.", "content": "The reduction and alkylation of the two disulfide bonds in a preparation of human pituitary growth hormone which had been previously modified by limited proteolysis with the enzyme plasmin have been studied. Quantitative and selective reduction of the carboxyl-terminal disulfide, as well as total reduction of both disulfides, has been achieved in the absence of denaturants. Circular dichroism spectra of the various reduced and reduced-alkylated derivatives have provided sufficient information to allow an estimation of the individual contributions of each disulfide bond to the total optical activity of the protein. These contributions were found to represent a significant portion of the total optical activity between 290 and 250 nm. The carboxyl-termimal bond exhibits negative dichroism with an apparent center near 258 nm ([theta]M,258nm = 2100 deg cm2 dmol-1). By comparison, the contribution of the remaining disulfide is red-shifted to 273 nm, is also negative in sign, and somewhat more intense ([theta]M,273nm = 3200 deg cm2 dmol-1). Circular dichroism measurements have also been used to approximate the rate of reduction of the protein.", "contents": "Optical activity of disulfide bonds in proteins. 1. Studies on plasmin modified human somatotropin. The reduction and alkylation of the two disulfide bonds in a preparation of human pituitary growth hormone which had been previously modified by limited proteolysis with the enzyme plasmin have been studied. Quantitative and selective reduction of the carboxyl-terminal disulfide, as well as total reduction of both disulfides, has been achieved in the absence of denaturants. Circular dichroism spectra of the various reduced and reduced-alkylated derivatives have provided sufficient information to allow an estimation of the individual contributions of each disulfide bond to the total optical activity of the protein. These contributions were found to represent a significant portion of the total optical activity between 290 and 250 nm. The carboxyl-termimal bond exhibits negative dichroism with an apparent center near 258 nm ([theta]M,258nm = 2100 deg cm2 dmol-1). By comparison, the contribution of the remaining disulfide is red-shifted to 273 nm, is also negative in sign, and somewhat more intense ([theta]M,273nm = 3200 deg cm2 dmol-1). Circular dichroism measurements have also been used to approximate the rate of reduction of the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:138433", "title": "Purification of membrane attachment and inhibitory subunits of the proton translocating adenosine triphosphatase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The portion of Escherichia coli adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) which is peripheral to the membrane (ECFl) is composed of five separate polypeptides referred to as alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon. Treating purified ECFl with pyridine precipitated the three larger polypeptides (alpha, beta, and gamma), but the two smaller ones (delta and epsilon), which represent only about 10% of ECFl, remained in solution. After removing the pyridine, both delta and epsilon were active and both were obtained in essentially pure form after chromatography on a single molecular-seive column. epsilon strongly inhibited the ATPase activity of ECFl, indicating that epsilon has a regulatory role in the enzyme. epsilon inhibited ECFl missing delta, indicating that delta is not required for inhibition by epsilon. However, enzyme containing just the alpha and beta subunits, which was prepared by treating ECFl with a protease, was fully active hydrolytically but not at all sensitive to inhibition by epsilon. This result suggests that the gamma polypeptide is required for the inhibition of the ATPase by epsilon. delta restored the capacity of ECFl missing delta to recombine with ECFl-depleted membrane vesicles. The ECFl, which became attached to the vesicles by the added delta, was functional in energy transduction, as evidenced by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to the transhydrogenase reaction in the vesicles. The rebinding of ECFl missing delta was directly proportional to the amount of delta added until all the ECFl receptors in the membranes were occupied. delta may be a stalk which connects the Fl headpiece to the membrane, since the attachment of ECFl to the membrane exhibited an absolute dependence on delta. Although delta is known to have an apparent molecular weight of about 20,000 by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the active delta eluted from a molecular-seive column with an apparent molecular weight of about 35,000, suggesting that in the active form delta is a dimer or rather elongated in shape. The active epsilon subunit eluted from the same column with an apparent molecular weight of about 16,000.", "contents": "Purification of membrane attachment and inhibitory subunits of the proton translocating adenosine triphosphatase from Escherichia coli. The portion of Escherichia coli adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) which is peripheral to the membrane (ECFl) is composed of five separate polypeptides referred to as alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon. Treating purified ECFl with pyridine precipitated the three larger polypeptides (alpha, beta, and gamma), but the two smaller ones (delta and epsilon), which represent only about 10% of ECFl, remained in solution. After removing the pyridine, both delta and epsilon were active and both were obtained in essentially pure form after chromatography on a single molecular-seive column. epsilon strongly inhibited the ATPase activity of ECFl, indicating that epsilon has a regulatory role in the enzyme. epsilon inhibited ECFl missing delta, indicating that delta is not required for inhibition by epsilon. However, enzyme containing just the alpha and beta subunits, which was prepared by treating ECFl with a protease, was fully active hydrolytically but not at all sensitive to inhibition by epsilon. This result suggests that the gamma polypeptide is required for the inhibition of the ATPase by epsilon. delta restored the capacity of ECFl missing delta to recombine with ECFl-depleted membrane vesicles. The ECFl, which became attached to the vesicles by the added delta, was functional in energy transduction, as evidenced by the coupling of ATP hydrolysis to the transhydrogenase reaction in the vesicles. The rebinding of ECFl missing delta was directly proportional to the amount of delta added until all the ECFl receptors in the membranes were occupied. delta may be a stalk which connects the Fl headpiece to the membrane, since the attachment of ECFl to the membrane exhibited an absolute dependence on delta. Although delta is known to have an apparent molecular weight of about 20,000 by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, the active delta eluted from a molecular-seive column with an apparent molecular weight of about 35,000, suggesting that in the active form delta is a dimer or rather elongated in shape. The active epsilon subunit eluted from the same column with an apparent molecular weight of about 16,000."}
{"id": "PMID:138434", "title": "Detection of a ouabain-induced structural change in the sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "The structural consequences of ouabain interaction with a highly purified Na+K+-ATPase preparation, isolated from the outer medulla of porcine kidneys, were examined. The apparent heat capacity vs. temperature profile of the enzyme was obtained with a newly designed differential scanning calorimeter. The profile was characterized by a major endothermic transition at 55.3 degrees C. This transition appeared to correspond to irreversible protein denaturation since it was associated with loss of enzyme activity and the transition was not present in claorimetric profiles obtained after the initial scan of a sample. Interaction of ouabain with its receptor surface on the Na+, K+-ATPase shifted the endothermic transition from 55.3 to 59.5 degrees C and decreased the width of the transition. This indicated that the ouabain-Na+, K+-ATPase complex was more stable with respect to temperature and that the apparent cooperative nature of the transition was greater for the complex than for the untreated enzyme. The effects of the ouabain-enzyme interaction were examined with the fluorescence probe, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid. The fluorescence of this dye in the presence of the enzyme was monitored as a function of temperature. These measurements also suggested that ouabain induces the formation of a more stable enzyme conformation. Incubation of the enzyme for 10 min at 53 degrees C with and without ouabain and measurement of remaining enzyme activity after the dissociation of bound ouabain confirmed the conclusions from the fluorescence and scanning calorimeter experiments.", "contents": "Detection of a ouabain-induced structural change in the sodium, potassium-adenosine triphosphatase. The structural consequences of ouabain interaction with a highly purified Na+K+-ATPase preparation, isolated from the outer medulla of porcine kidneys, were examined. The apparent heat capacity vs. temperature profile of the enzyme was obtained with a newly designed differential scanning calorimeter. The profile was characterized by a major endothermic transition at 55.3 degrees C. This transition appeared to correspond to irreversible protein denaturation since it was associated with loss of enzyme activity and the transition was not present in claorimetric profiles obtained after the initial scan of a sample. Interaction of ouabain with its receptor surface on the Na+, K+-ATPase shifted the endothermic transition from 55.3 to 59.5 degrees C and decreased the width of the transition. This indicated that the ouabain-Na+, K+-ATPase complex was more stable with respect to temperature and that the apparent cooperative nature of the transition was greater for the complex than for the untreated enzyme. The effects of the ouabain-enzyme interaction were examined with the fluorescence probe, 8-anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid. The fluorescence of this dye in the presence of the enzyme was monitored as a function of temperature. These measurements also suggested that ouabain induces the formation of a more stable enzyme conformation. Incubation of the enzyme for 10 min at 53 degrees C with and without ouabain and measurement of remaining enzyme activity after the dissociation of bound ouabain confirmed the conclusions from the fluorescence and scanning calorimeter experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:138435", "title": "Effect of neocarzinostatin-induced strand scission on the template activity of DNA for DNA polymerase I.", "content": "Neocarzinostatin (NCS), an antitumor protein antibiotic that causes strand scissions of DNA both in vitro and in vivo, is shown to lower the template activity of DNA for DNA polymerase Iin vitro. There is a correlation between the extent of strand scission and the degree of inhibition, maximal inhibition of the polymerase reaction being obtained under conditions promoting maximal strand scission. These effects can be related to the concentrations of NCS and of 2-mercaptoethanol and are maximized by pretreatment of the DNA with drug. Results from polymerase assays in which the amount of drug-treated DNA template was varied at a constant level of the enzyme suggest that the sites associated with NCS-induced breaks are nonfunctional in DNA synthesis but bind DNA polymerase I. The binding of the enzyme to the inactive sites is further confirmed using [203 Hg] polymerase. It is shown that the lowering of the template activity of DNA by NCS under conditions of strand scission is due to the generation of a large number of inactive sites that block, competitively, the binding of DNA polymerase to the active sites on the template. Furthermore, the inhibition of DNA synthesis, which depends on the extent of strand breakage and on the relative amounts of template and enzyme, can be reversed by increasing the levels of template or polymerase. The finding that DNA synthesis directed by poly [d(A-T)] is much more sensitive to NCS than that primed by poly [d(G-C)] suggests that the drug preferentially interacts at regions containing adenine and/or thymine residues.", "contents": "Effect of neocarzinostatin-induced strand scission on the template activity of DNA for DNA polymerase I. Neocarzinostatin (NCS), an antitumor protein antibiotic that causes strand scissions of DNA both in vitro and in vivo, is shown to lower the template activity of DNA for DNA polymerase Iin vitro. There is a correlation between the extent of strand scission and the degree of inhibition, maximal inhibition of the polymerase reaction being obtained under conditions promoting maximal strand scission. These effects can be related to the concentrations of NCS and of 2-mercaptoethanol and are maximized by pretreatment of the DNA with drug. Results from polymerase assays in which the amount of drug-treated DNA template was varied at a constant level of the enzyme suggest that the sites associated with NCS-induced breaks are nonfunctional in DNA synthesis but bind DNA polymerase I. The binding of the enzyme to the inactive sites is further confirmed using [203 Hg] polymerase. It is shown that the lowering of the template activity of DNA by NCS under conditions of strand scission is due to the generation of a large number of inactive sites that block, competitively, the binding of DNA polymerase to the active sites on the template. Furthermore, the inhibition of DNA synthesis, which depends on the extent of strand breakage and on the relative amounts of template and enzyme, can be reversed by increasing the levels of template or polymerase. The finding that DNA synthesis directed by poly [d(A-T)] is much more sensitive to NCS than that primed by poly [d(G-C)] suggests that the drug preferentially interacts at regions containing adenine and/or thymine residues."}
{"id": "PMID:138436", "title": "Biosynthesis of the dimethylbenzene moiety of riboflavin and dimethylbenzimidazole: evidence for the involvement of C-1 of a pentose as a precursor.", "content": "The relative incorporations of specially labeled pyruvate, lactate, erythritol, D-erythrose, D-ribose, and D-glucose precursors into the dimethylbenzene carbon atoms of the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole unit of vitamin B12 by Propionibacterium shermanii have been determined. The incorporation data provide information regarding the putative four-carbon biosynthetic unit which is involved in the formation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine and which is the source of the eight dimethylbenzene carbon atoms of both 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole and riboflavin. The relative incorporations of the labeled lactate and pyruvate precursors are not consistent with either acetoin or 2,3-butanedione functioning as the four-carbon biosynthetic unit. The relative incorporations of the labeled hexose, pentose, and tetrose precursors indicate that the observed incorporation of C-1 of the pentose into the dimethylbenzene carbon atoms does not involve metabolism to a tetrose intermediate, but occurs more directly. It is concluded that the C-1 position of a pentose precursor is involved in the formation of the putative four-carbon biosynthetic unit.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of the dimethylbenzene moiety of riboflavin and dimethylbenzimidazole: evidence for the involvement of C-1 of a pentose as a precursor. The relative incorporations of specially labeled pyruvate, lactate, erythritol, D-erythrose, D-ribose, and D-glucose precursors into the dimethylbenzene carbon atoms of the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole unit of vitamin B12 by Propionibacterium shermanii have been determined. The incorporation data provide information regarding the putative four-carbon biosynthetic unit which is involved in the formation of 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine and which is the source of the eight dimethylbenzene carbon atoms of both 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole and riboflavin. The relative incorporations of the labeled lactate and pyruvate precursors are not consistent with either acetoin or 2,3-butanedione functioning as the four-carbon biosynthetic unit. The relative incorporations of the labeled hexose, pentose, and tetrose precursors indicate that the observed incorporation of C-1 of the pentose into the dimethylbenzene carbon atoms does not involve metabolism to a tetrose intermediate, but occurs more directly. It is concluded that the C-1 position of a pentose precursor is involved in the formation of the putative four-carbon biosynthetic unit."}
{"id": "PMID:138437", "title": "Anthroylouabain: a specific fluorescent probe for the cardiac glycoside receptor of the Na-K ATPase.", "content": "Anthroylouabain (AO) was synthesized by reaction of anthracene-9-carboxylic chloride with ouabain. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of AO suggests that the anthracene is esterfied to the rhamnose in the glycoside. AO inhibits Na-K ATPase from human red cells, eel electroplax and rabbit and dog kidney with a KI less than 1muM. AO bound to rabbit or dog kidney Na-K ATPase shows enhanced fluorescence and characteristic spectral shifts. AO binding requires Mg and is optimum in the presence of Mg + Pi or MgATP + Na; ouabain prevents AO binding and fluorescence enhancement if added before AO or reverses it if added after AO is bound. Na inhibits AO binding in the presence of Mg + Pi and K inhibits it in the presence of MgATP + Na. AO binding and dissociation rate constants measured by fluorescence agree qualitatively with reported measurements for ouabain, using other methods, although AO shows faster kinetics than ouabain. Dissociation constants obtained from kinetic measurements are 1.5 X 10(-7) and 1.8 X 10(-7) M for the MgATP + Na complex and Mg + Pi complex, respectively. KD from fluorescence titrations is 2.3 X 10(-7) M for the latter. The enzyme has 2-2.5 nmol of AO binding sites/mg of protein. No differences in the fluorescence parameters of the Mg + Pi or MgATP + Na complexes were observed, suggesting that the same enzyme conformation binds AO under both ligand conditions. Comparison of the AO fluorescence parameters in the enzyme with those of model systems suggests that the binding site is hydrophobic and/or viscous and shielded from H2O. The results indicate that AO is a specific fluorescent probe of the cardiac glycoside receptor of the Na-K ATPase. Possible applications are discussed.", "contents": "Anthroylouabain: a specific fluorescent probe for the cardiac glycoside receptor of the Na-K ATPase. Anthroylouabain (AO) was synthesized by reaction of anthracene-9-carboxylic chloride with ouabain. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of AO suggests that the anthracene is esterfied to the rhamnose in the glycoside. AO inhibits Na-K ATPase from human red cells, eel electroplax and rabbit and dog kidney with a KI less than 1muM. AO bound to rabbit or dog kidney Na-K ATPase shows enhanced fluorescence and characteristic spectral shifts. AO binding requires Mg and is optimum in the presence of Mg + Pi or MgATP + Na; ouabain prevents AO binding and fluorescence enhancement if added before AO or reverses it if added after AO is bound. Na inhibits AO binding in the presence of Mg + Pi and K inhibits it in the presence of MgATP + Na. AO binding and dissociation rate constants measured by fluorescence agree qualitatively with reported measurements for ouabain, using other methods, although AO shows faster kinetics than ouabain. Dissociation constants obtained from kinetic measurements are 1.5 X 10(-7) and 1.8 X 10(-7) M for the MgATP + Na complex and Mg + Pi complex, respectively. KD from fluorescence titrations is 2.3 X 10(-7) M for the latter. The enzyme has 2-2.5 nmol of AO binding sites/mg of protein. No differences in the fluorescence parameters of the Mg + Pi or MgATP + Na complexes were observed, suggesting that the same enzyme conformation binds AO under both ligand conditions. Comparison of the AO fluorescence parameters in the enzyme with those of model systems suggests that the binding site is hydrophobic and/or viscous and shielded from H2O. The results indicate that AO is a specific fluorescent probe of the cardiac glycoside receptor of the Na-K ATPase. Possible applications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138438", "title": "Transient phase of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis by myosin, heavy meromyosin, and subfragment 1.", "content": "The transient phase of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis (early burst) was investigated for myosin, heavy meromyosin (HMM), and subfragment 1 (S-1) over a range of temperatures and pH's. The burst size at pH 8,20 degrees C, is 0.8-0.85, based on steady-state and transient measurements. The equilibrium constant for the enzyme-substrate to enzyme-product transition is 0.85 +/- 0.05. It is concluded that both myosin heads undergo the rapid hydrolysis step and that there are no significant differences for S-1 vs. HMM or myosin. The transient data are fitted reasonably well by a single rate process, but available evidence is consistent with some heterogeneity and a range of rate constants differing by a factor of two. At pH 6.9 and 3 degrees C, the burst size is 0.5 and the hydrolysis is slower than the configuration change measured by fluorescence. The results are consistent with the kinetic scheme (see article). The lower burst at low temperature and pH can be partly explained by a reduction in the equilibrium constant, K3, and ATP can be synthesized on the enzyme by a pH-temperature jump.", "contents": "Transient phase of adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis by myosin, heavy meromyosin, and subfragment 1. The transient phase of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis (early burst) was investigated for myosin, heavy meromyosin (HMM), and subfragment 1 (S-1) over a range of temperatures and pH's. The burst size at pH 8,20 degrees C, is 0.8-0.85, based on steady-state and transient measurements. The equilibrium constant for the enzyme-substrate to enzyme-product transition is 0.85 +/- 0.05. It is concluded that both myosin heads undergo the rapid hydrolysis step and that there are no significant differences for S-1 vs. HMM or myosin. The transient data are fitted reasonably well by a single rate process, but available evidence is consistent with some heterogeneity and a range of rate constants differing by a factor of two. At pH 6.9 and 3 degrees C, the burst size is 0.5 and the hydrolysis is slower than the configuration change measured by fluorescence. The results are consistent with the kinetic scheme (see article). The lower burst at low temperature and pH can be partly explained by a reduction in the equilibrium constant, K3, and ATP can be synthesized on the enzyme by a pH-temperature jump."}
{"id": "PMID:138439", "title": "Energy transduction in Escherichia coli. The effect of chaotropic agents on energy coupling in everted membrane vesicles from aerobic and anaerobic cultures.", "content": "1. The transduction of energy from the oxidation of substrates by the electron transport chain or from the hydrolysis of ATP by the Mg2+-ATPase was measured in everted membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli using the energy-dependent quenching of quinacrine fluorescence and the active transport of calcium. 2. Treatment of everted membranes derived from a wild-type strain with the chaotropic agents guanidine-HC1 and urea caused a loss of energy-linked functions and an increase in the permeability of the membrane to protons, as measured by the loss of respiratory-linked proton uptake. 3. The coupling of energy to the quenching of quinacrine fluorescence and calcium transport could be restored by treatment of the membranes with N,N'-dicyclohyexylcarbodiimide. 4. Chaotrope-treated membranes were found to lack Mg2+-ATPase activity. Binding of crude soluble Mg2+-ATPase to treated membranes restored energy-linked functions. 5. Membranes prepared from a wild-type strain grown under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate retained respiration-linked quenching of quinacrine fluorescence and active transport of calcium after treatment with chaotropic agents. 6. Everted membrane vesicles prepared from an Mg2+-ATPase deficient strain lacked respiratory-driven functions when the cells were grown aerobically but were not distinguishable from membranes of the wild-type when both were grown under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate. 7. It is concluded (a) that chaotropic agents solubilize a portion of the Mg2+-ATPase, causing an increase in the permeability of the membrane to protons and (b) that growth under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate prevents the increase in proton permeability caused by genetic or chemical removal of the catalytic portion of the Mg2+-ATPase.", "contents": "Energy transduction in Escherichia coli. The effect of chaotropic agents on energy coupling in everted membrane vesicles from aerobic and anaerobic cultures. 1. The transduction of energy from the oxidation of substrates by the electron transport chain or from the hydrolysis of ATP by the Mg2+-ATPase was measured in everted membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli using the energy-dependent quenching of quinacrine fluorescence and the active transport of calcium. 2. Treatment of everted membranes derived from a wild-type strain with the chaotropic agents guanidine-HC1 and urea caused a loss of energy-linked functions and an increase in the permeability of the membrane to protons, as measured by the loss of respiratory-linked proton uptake. 3. The coupling of energy to the quenching of quinacrine fluorescence and calcium transport could be restored by treatment of the membranes with N,N'-dicyclohyexylcarbodiimide. 4. Chaotrope-treated membranes were found to lack Mg2+-ATPase activity. Binding of crude soluble Mg2+-ATPase to treated membranes restored energy-linked functions. 5. Membranes prepared from a wild-type strain grown under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate retained respiration-linked quenching of quinacrine fluorescence and active transport of calcium after treatment with chaotropic agents. 6. Everted membrane vesicles prepared from an Mg2+-ATPase deficient strain lacked respiratory-driven functions when the cells were grown aerobically but were not distinguishable from membranes of the wild-type when both were grown under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate. 7. It is concluded (a) that chaotropic agents solubilize a portion of the Mg2+-ATPase, causing an increase in the permeability of the membrane to protons and (b) that growth under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate prevents the increase in proton permeability caused by genetic or chemical removal of the catalytic portion of the Mg2+-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:138440", "title": "Control of brain slice respiration by (Na+ + K+)-activated adenosine triphosphate and the effects of enzyme inhibitors.", "content": "The involvement of membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (Mg2+-dependent, (Na+ + K+)-activated ATP phosphohydrolase, E.C. 3.6.1.3) in the oxygen consumption of rat brain cortical slices was studied in order to determine whether (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in intact cells can be estimated from oxygen consumption. The stimulation of brain slice respiration with K+ required the simultaneous presence of Na+. Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, significantly inhibited the (Na+ + K+)-stimulation of respiration. These observations suggest that the (Na+ + K+)-stimulation of brain slice respiration is related to ADP production as a result of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. However, ouabain also inhibited non-K+ -stimulated respiration. Additionally, ouabain markedly reduced the stimulation of respiration by 2,4-dinitrophenol in a high (Na+ + K+)-medium. Thus, ouabain depresses brain slice respiration by reducing the availability of ADP through (Na+ + K+)-ATPase inhibition and acts additionally by increasing the intracellular Na+ concentration. These studies indicate that the use of ouabain results in an over-estimation of the respiration related to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. This fraction of the respiration can be estimated more precisely from the difference between slice respiration in high Na+ and K+ media and that in choline, K+ media. Studies were performed with two (Na+ + K+)-ATPase inhibitors to determine whether administration of these agents to intact rats would produce changes in brain respiration and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. The intraperitoneal injection of digitoxin in rats caused an inhibition of brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and related respiration, but chlorpromazine failed to alter either (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity or related respiration.", "contents": "Control of brain slice respiration by (Na+ + K+)-activated adenosine triphosphate and the effects of enzyme inhibitors. The involvement of membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (Mg2+-dependent, (Na+ + K+)-activated ATP phosphohydrolase, E.C. 3.6.1.3) in the oxygen consumption of rat brain cortical slices was studied in order to determine whether (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in intact cells can be estimated from oxygen consumption. The stimulation of brain slice respiration with K+ required the simultaneous presence of Na+. Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, significantly inhibited the (Na+ + K+)-stimulation of respiration. These observations suggest that the (Na+ + K+)-stimulation of brain slice respiration is related to ADP production as a result of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. However, ouabain also inhibited non-K+ -stimulated respiration. Additionally, ouabain markedly reduced the stimulation of respiration by 2,4-dinitrophenol in a high (Na+ + K+)-medium. Thus, ouabain depresses brain slice respiration by reducing the availability of ADP through (Na+ + K+)-ATPase inhibition and acts additionally by increasing the intracellular Na+ concentration. These studies indicate that the use of ouabain results in an over-estimation of the respiration related to (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. This fraction of the respiration can be estimated more precisely from the difference between slice respiration in high Na+ and K+ media and that in choline, K+ media. Studies were performed with two (Na+ + K+)-ATPase inhibitors to determine whether administration of these agents to intact rats would produce changes in brain respiration and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. The intraperitoneal injection of digitoxin in rats caused an inhibition of brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and related respiration, but chlorpromazine failed to alter either (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity or related respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:138441", "title": "Subunits of the calcium ion-pump system of sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes with high content of Ca2+ -ATPase (80% of total protein) were dissolved in a non ionic medium and were submitted to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. The membrane protein was resolved into six main bands whose isoelectric points range from 6 to 5. The mol. wt. of these peptides is about 100 000 as estimated by second dimension electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide system. The electrophoretic behaviour of the purified ATPase enzyme is similar to that of crude membranes.", "contents": "Subunits of the calcium ion-pump system of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes with high content of Ca2+ -ATPase (80% of total protein) were dissolved in a non ionic medium and were submitted to isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. The membrane protein was resolved into six main bands whose isoelectric points range from 6 to 5. The mol. wt. of these peptides is about 100 000 as estimated by second dimension electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide system. The electrophoretic behaviour of the purified ATPase enzyme is similar to that of crude membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:138442", "title": "Cell surface changes in diabetic rats. Studies of lectin binding to liver cell plasma membranes.", "content": "We have previously reported changes in the chemical composition of cell surface membranes in diabetic rats (Chandramoulis, V. and Carter, Jr., J. R. (1975) Diabetes 24, 257-262 [1]). To examine the possible implications of these changes for cell surface structures, we have measured the binding of labeled lectins and desialylated glycoproteins to plasma membranes prepared from the livers of streptozotocin--diabetic and control rats. Lectins were chosen which have affinities for different carbohydrate moieties. The binding of ricin and concanavalin A to liver cell membranes from the diabetic rats was significantly reduced, but no change in the binding of wheat germ agglutinin was noted. Binding of desialylated thyrozine--binding globulin, previously shown to be dependent on membrane sialic acid residues, ws strongly suggest that insulin deficiency leads to generalized changes in cell surfaced glycoproteins, at least in this animal model of diabetes.", "contents": "Cell surface changes in diabetic rats. Studies of lectin binding to liver cell plasma membranes. We have previously reported changes in the chemical composition of cell surface membranes in diabetic rats (Chandramoulis, V. and Carter, Jr., J. R. (1975) Diabetes 24, 257-262 [1]). To examine the possible implications of these changes for cell surface structures, we have measured the binding of labeled lectins and desialylated glycoproteins to plasma membranes prepared from the livers of streptozotocin--diabetic and control rats. Lectins were chosen which have affinities for different carbohydrate moieties. The binding of ricin and concanavalin A to liver cell membranes from the diabetic rats was significantly reduced, but no change in the binding of wheat germ agglutinin was noted. Binding of desialylated thyrozine--binding globulin, previously shown to be dependent on membrane sialic acid residues, ws strongly suggest that insulin deficiency leads to generalized changes in cell surfaced glycoproteins, at least in this animal model of diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:138443", "title": "Variation in sensitivity of the cardiac glycoside receptor characteristics of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase to lipolysis and temperature.", "content": "1. The rate of binding of [3H]ouabain to untreated membrane preparations of [Na+ +K+]-ATPase is a timperature--dependent process displaying a thermal transition close to 25degreesC. The apparent energies of activation which can be calculated above and below this transition are similar to, but not identical with, those previously reported for activation of the enzyme by cations. 2. Treatment of the enzyme preparation with detergents or lipolysis with phospholipase A eliminates the thermal transition resulting in linear Arrhenius plots. 3. The number of sites available for [3H]ouabain binding is not temperature dependent as the amount of [3H]ouabain bound at equillbrium is not changed between 10 and 37 degrees C. 4. Treatment of the enzyme with phospholipase A results in time-dependent changes in the number of binding sites for [3H]ouabain at equilibrium. 5. Treatment of the membrane enzyme preparations with detergents reveals additional [3H]ouabain binding sites which are extremely sensitive to lipolysis with phospholipase A. 6. There are a number of [3H]ouabain binding sites which remain resistant to lipolysis by phospholipase A in either untreated or detergent-treated membrane preparations. 7. It is suggested that [3H]ouabain binding sites exist in the membrane in at least two different environments, one of which is resistant the other sensitive to attack by phopholipase A.", "contents": "Variation in sensitivity of the cardiac glycoside receptor characteristics of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase to lipolysis and temperature. 1. The rate of binding of [3H]ouabain to untreated membrane preparations of [Na+ +K+]-ATPase is a timperature--dependent process displaying a thermal transition close to 25degreesC. The apparent energies of activation which can be calculated above and below this transition are similar to, but not identical with, those previously reported for activation of the enzyme by cations. 2. Treatment of the enzyme preparation with detergents or lipolysis with phospholipase A eliminates the thermal transition resulting in linear Arrhenius plots. 3. The number of sites available for [3H]ouabain binding is not temperature dependent as the amount of [3H]ouabain bound at equillbrium is not changed between 10 and 37 degrees C. 4. Treatment of the enzyme with phospholipase A results in time-dependent changes in the number of binding sites for [3H]ouabain at equilibrium. 5. Treatment of the membrane enzyme preparations with detergents reveals additional [3H]ouabain binding sites which are extremely sensitive to lipolysis with phospholipase A. 6. There are a number of [3H]ouabain binding sites which remain resistant to lipolysis by phospholipase A in either untreated or detergent-treated membrane preparations. 7. It is suggested that [3H]ouabain binding sites exist in the membrane in at least two different environments, one of which is resistant the other sensitive to attack by phopholipase A."}
{"id": "PMID:138444", "title": "The involvement of sarcotubular membranes in genetic muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Microsomal preparations from breast muscle of normal and dystrophic chickens are characterized with regard to ultrastructural features, protein composition, Ca2+ transport and ATPase activity. Dystrophic muscle yields a greater microsomal dry weight, with a reduced protein to lipid ratio. This is related to the presence of a considerable number of low density microsomes, in addition to seemingly normal microsomes. The low density microsomes display a reduced number of protein particles on freeze fracture faces. Electrophoretic analysis reveals nearly identical patterns in normal and dystrophic microsomes. Furthermore, normal and dystrophic microsomes sustain equal rates of Ca2+ transport and ATPase, demonstrating an identical protein specific activity. However, the dystrophic microsomes have a lower capacity to retain transported Ca2+. The high yield of low density microsomes with reduced capacity for Ca2+ uptake is attributed to the presence of membranes proliferated in the junctional and tubular sarcomere regions of the dystrophic muscle. It is suggested that proliferation of such membranes accounts for the altered excitation-contraction coupling and cable properties of genetically dystrophic muscle.", "contents": "The involvement of sarcotubular membranes in genetic muscular dystrophy. Microsomal preparations from breast muscle of normal and dystrophic chickens are characterized with regard to ultrastructural features, protein composition, Ca2+ transport and ATPase activity. Dystrophic muscle yields a greater microsomal dry weight, with a reduced protein to lipid ratio. This is related to the presence of a considerable number of low density microsomes, in addition to seemingly normal microsomes. The low density microsomes display a reduced number of protein particles on freeze fracture faces. Electrophoretic analysis reveals nearly identical patterns in normal and dystrophic microsomes. Furthermore, normal and dystrophic microsomes sustain equal rates of Ca2+ transport and ATPase, demonstrating an identical protein specific activity. However, the dystrophic microsomes have a lower capacity to retain transported Ca2+. The high yield of low density microsomes with reduced capacity for Ca2+ uptake is attributed to the presence of membranes proliferated in the junctional and tubular sarcomere regions of the dystrophic muscle. It is suggested that proliferation of such membranes accounts for the altered excitation-contraction coupling and cable properties of genetically dystrophic muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:138445", "title": "The localization of the MM isozyme of creatine phosphokinase on the surface membrane of myocardial cells and its functional coupling to ouabain-inhibited (Na+, K+)-ATPase.", "content": "A rat heart plasma membrane preparation isolated in a sucrose medium and some of its enzymatic properties have been investigated. It has been shown that a rat heart plasma membrane fraction contains high creatine phosphokinase activity which can not be diminished by repeated washing with sucrose solution. Creatine phosphokinase extracted from a plasma membrane fraction with potassium chloride and 0.01% deoxycholate solution is electrophoretically identical to MM isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase. Under the conditions where (Na+,K+)-ATPase is activated by addition of Na+, K+ and MgATP, creatine phosphokinase of plasma membrane fraction is able to maintain a low ADP concentration in the medium if creatine phosphate is present. The rate of creatine release is dependent upon MgATP concentration in accordance with the kinetic parameters of the (Na+,K+)-ATPase and is significantly inhibited by ouabain (0.5 mM). The rate of creatine release is also dependent on creatine phosphate concentration in conformance with the kinetic parameters of MM isozyme of creatine phosphokinase. It is concluded that in intact heart cells the plasma membrane creatine phosphokinase may ensure effective utilization of creatine phosphate for immediate rephosphorylation of ADP produced in the (Na+,K+)-ATPase reaction.", "contents": "The localization of the MM isozyme of creatine phosphokinase on the surface membrane of myocardial cells and its functional coupling to ouabain-inhibited (Na+, K+)-ATPase. A rat heart plasma membrane preparation isolated in a sucrose medium and some of its enzymatic properties have been investigated. It has been shown that a rat heart plasma membrane fraction contains high creatine phosphokinase activity which can not be diminished by repeated washing with sucrose solution. Creatine phosphokinase extracted from a plasma membrane fraction with potassium chloride and 0.01% deoxycholate solution is electrophoretically identical to MM isoenzyme of creatine phosphokinase. Under the conditions where (Na+,K+)-ATPase is activated by addition of Na+, K+ and MgATP, creatine phosphokinase of plasma membrane fraction is able to maintain a low ADP concentration in the medium if creatine phosphate is present. The rate of creatine release is dependent upon MgATP concentration in accordance with the kinetic parameters of the (Na+,K+)-ATPase and is significantly inhibited by ouabain (0.5 mM). The rate of creatine release is also dependent on creatine phosphate concentration in conformance with the kinetic parameters of MM isozyme of creatine phosphokinase. It is concluded that in intact heart cells the plasma membrane creatine phosphokinase may ensure effective utilization of creatine phosphate for immediate rephosphorylation of ADP produced in the (Na+,K+)-ATPase reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:138446", "title": "Cooperative interactions between the contractile proteins of cardiac and skeletal muscle.", "content": "The calcium activation of the ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity of cardiac actomyosin reconstituted from bovine cardiac myosin and a complex of actin-tropomyosin-troponin extracted from bovine cardiac muscle at 37 degrees C was studied and compared with similar proteins from rabbit fast skeletal muscle. The proteins of the actin complex were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Half-maximal activation of the cardiac actomyosin was seen at a calcium concentration of 1.2 +/- 0.002 (S.E. of mean) muM. A hybridized reconstituted actomyosin made with cardiac myosin and the actin-tropomyosin-troponin complex extracted from rabbit skeletal muscle was also activated by calcium but the half-maximal value was shifted to 0.65 +/- 0.02 (S.E. of mean) muM Ca2+. Homologous rabbit skeletal actomyosin showed half-maximal activation at 0.90 +/- 0.01 (S.E. of mean) muM Ca2+ and the value for a hybridized actomyosin made with rabbit skeletal myosin and the actin-complex from cardiac muscle was found at 1.4 +/- 0.03 (S.E. of mean) muM Ca2+ concentration. Kinetic analysis of the Ca2+ activated ATPase activity of reconstituted bovine cardiac actomyosin indicated some degree of cooperativity with respect to calcium. Double reciprocal plots of reconstituted actomyosins made with bovine cardiac actin complex were curvilinear and significantly different than those of reconstituted actomyosins made with the rabbit fast skeletal actin complex. The Ca2+-dependent cooperativity was of a mixed type as determined from Hill plots for homologous reconstituted bovine cardiac and rabbit fast skeletal actomyosin. The results show that cooperative interactions in reconstituted actomyosins were greater when the actin-tropomyosin-troponin complex was derived from cardiac than skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Cooperative interactions between the contractile proteins of cardiac and skeletal muscle. The calcium activation of the ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity of cardiac actomyosin reconstituted from bovine cardiac myosin and a complex of actin-tropomyosin-troponin extracted from bovine cardiac muscle at 37 degrees C was studied and compared with similar proteins from rabbit fast skeletal muscle. The proteins of the actin complex were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. Half-maximal activation of the cardiac actomyosin was seen at a calcium concentration of 1.2 +/- 0.002 (S.E. of mean) muM. A hybridized reconstituted actomyosin made with cardiac myosin and the actin-tropomyosin-troponin complex extracted from rabbit skeletal muscle was also activated by calcium but the half-maximal value was shifted to 0.65 +/- 0.02 (S.E. of mean) muM Ca2+. Homologous rabbit skeletal actomyosin showed half-maximal activation at 0.90 +/- 0.01 (S.E. of mean) muM Ca2+ and the value for a hybridized actomyosin made with rabbit skeletal myosin and the actin-complex from cardiac muscle was found at 1.4 +/- 0.03 (S.E. of mean) muM Ca2+ concentration. Kinetic analysis of the Ca2+ activated ATPase activity of reconstituted bovine cardiac actomyosin indicated some degree of cooperativity with respect to calcium. Double reciprocal plots of reconstituted actomyosins made with bovine cardiac actin complex were curvilinear and significantly different than those of reconstituted actomyosins made with the rabbit fast skeletal actin complex. The Ca2+-dependent cooperativity was of a mixed type as determined from Hill plots for homologous reconstituted bovine cardiac and rabbit fast skeletal actomyosin. The results show that cooperative interactions in reconstituted actomyosins were greater when the actin-tropomyosin-troponin complex was derived from cardiac than skeletal muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:138447", "title": "Studies on the amino groups of myosin ATPase. III. Effect of nucleotides on the fluorescence of beta-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate bound to amino groups of myosin.", "content": "beta-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate was used for chemical modification of amino groups of myosin. The reagent was found to affect also the sulfhydryl groups if the reaction was not prevented by previous disulfide exchange with cystamine. When cystamine protection was employed the ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC3.6.1.3) activity was enhanced in the presence of Mg2+ and decreased in the presence of K+ or Ca2+, a pattern typical of myosin with blocked essential amino groups. On addition of ATP or ADP a blueshift was observed in the fluorescent emission spectrum of beta-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate bound by myosin, presumably owing to conformational changes in the environment of essential amino groups induced by the binding of nucleotides.", "contents": "Studies on the amino groups of myosin ATPase. III. Effect of nucleotides on the fluorescence of beta-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate bound to amino groups of myosin. beta-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate was used for chemical modification of amino groups of myosin. The reagent was found to affect also the sulfhydryl groups if the reaction was not prevented by previous disulfide exchange with cystamine. When cystamine protection was employed the ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC3.6.1.3) activity was enhanced in the presence of Mg2+ and decreased in the presence of K+ or Ca2+, a pattern typical of myosin with blocked essential amino groups. On addition of ATP or ADP a blueshift was observed in the fluorescent emission spectrum of beta-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonate bound by myosin, presumably owing to conformational changes in the environment of essential amino groups induced by the binding of nucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:138448", "title": "Fibrin digestion by thrombin. Comparison with plasmin-digested fibrinogen.", "content": "Solutions of plasminogen-free human fibrinogen alone or (1) treated with sodium p-chloromercuribenzoate in order to inactivate factor XIII, or (2) enriched with factor XIII, cysteine and CaC12, were clotted with plasmin-free human thrombin and incubated under sterile conditions. The clots dissolved gradually within 2 days (fibrin from sodium p-chloromercuribenzoate-treated fibrinogen) to 15 days (fibrin from factor XIII-enriched fibrinogen). This proteolytic process was not affected by soybean trypsin inhibitor but was completely inhibited by hirudin. Gel electrophoresis of the thrombin digests indicated the formation of bands equivalent to bands X, Y, D and E of plasmin digests of fibrinogen. The two latter bands, whose identity was confirmed by immunoelectrophoresis, appeared at a more advanced stage of proteolysis than the corresponding bands of plasmin digests. The number of isopeptide bonds present did not appear to affect the rate of release of acid-soluble peptides. Gel electrophoresis and the rate of release of acid-soluble peptides indicated that fewer bonds are hydrolysed by thrombin at the time of the complete solubilization of the clot than are split by plasmin when fibrinogen becomes unclottable by thrombin.", "contents": "Fibrin digestion by thrombin. Comparison with plasmin-digested fibrinogen. Solutions of plasminogen-free human fibrinogen alone or (1) treated with sodium p-chloromercuribenzoate in order to inactivate factor XIII, or (2) enriched with factor XIII, cysteine and CaC12, were clotted with plasmin-free human thrombin and incubated under sterile conditions. The clots dissolved gradually within 2 days (fibrin from sodium p-chloromercuribenzoate-treated fibrinogen) to 15 days (fibrin from factor XIII-enriched fibrinogen). This proteolytic process was not affected by soybean trypsin inhibitor but was completely inhibited by hirudin. Gel electrophoresis of the thrombin digests indicated the formation of bands equivalent to bands X, Y, D and E of plasmin digests of fibrinogen. The two latter bands, whose identity was confirmed by immunoelectrophoresis, appeared at a more advanced stage of proteolysis than the corresponding bands of plasmin digests. The number of isopeptide bonds present did not appear to affect the rate of release of acid-soluble peptides. Gel electrophoresis and the rate of release of acid-soluble peptides indicated that fewer bonds are hydrolysed by thrombin at the time of the complete solubilization of the clot than are split by plasmin when fibrinogen becomes unclottable by thrombin."}
{"id": "PMID:138451", "title": "Depression, ECT, and erythrocyte adenosinetriphosphatase activity.", "content": "Erythrocyte membrane Na+-K+ ATPase and Ca++ATPase levels were investigated in 11 women treated with ECT for endogenous depression and 11 age-matched normal control subjects. Pretreatment ATPase levels in depressives were significantly lower than in controls, and increased to control levels after a course of ECT. These data are discussed in terms of the physiology of depressive illness and ECT.", "contents": "Depression, ECT, and erythrocyte adenosinetriphosphatase activity. Erythrocyte membrane Na+-K+ ATPase and Ca++ATPase levels were investigated in 11 women treated with ECT for endogenous depression and 11 age-matched normal control subjects. Pretreatment ATPase levels in depressives were significantly lower than in controls, and increased to control levels after a course of ECT. These data are discussed in terms of the physiology of depressive illness and ECT."}
{"id": "PMID:138452", "title": "Electronic trace of the mean axis of the heart.", "content": "A technique is described for tracing the mean electrical axis of the heart from an ECG waveform generator on a general purpose CRT, which could be used to teach medical students and might also be useful as an auxillary unit to investigate the possible applications of the mean electrical axis to the diagnosis of cardiac disorders.", "contents": "Electronic trace of the mean axis of the heart. A technique is described for tracing the mean electrical axis of the heart from an ECG waveform generator on a general purpose CRT, which could be used to teach medical students and might also be useful as an auxillary unit to investigate the possible applications of the mean electrical axis to the diagnosis of cardiac disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:138454", "title": "On the role of enzyme cooperativity in metabolic oscillations: analysis of the Hill coefficient in a model for glycolytic periodicities.", "content": "The role of enzyme cooperativity in the mechanism of metabolic oscillations is analyzed in a concerted allosteric model for the phosphofructokinase reaction. This model of a dimer enzyme activated by the reaction product accounts quantitatively for glycolytic periodicities observed in yeast and muscle. The Hill coefficient characteristic of enzyme-substrate interactions is determined in the model, both at the steady state and in the course of sustained oscillations. Positive cooperativity is a prerequisite for periodic behavior. A necessary condition for oscillation  in a dimer K system is a Hill coefficient larger than 1.6 at the unstable stationary state. The analysis suggests that positive as well as negative effectors of phosphofructokinase inhibit glycolytic oscillations by inducing a decrease in enzyme cooperativity. The results are discussed with respect to glycolytic and other metabolic periodicities.", "contents": "On the role of enzyme cooperativity in metabolic oscillations: analysis of the Hill coefficient in a model for glycolytic periodicities. The role of enzyme cooperativity in the mechanism of metabolic oscillations is analyzed in a concerted allosteric model for the phosphofructokinase reaction. This model of a dimer enzyme activated by the reaction product accounts quantitatively for glycolytic periodicities observed in yeast and muscle. The Hill coefficient characteristic of enzyme-substrate interactions is determined in the model, both at the steady state and in the course of sustained oscillations. Positive cooperativity is a prerequisite for periodic behavior. A necessary condition for oscillation  in a dimer K system is a Hill coefficient larger than 1.6 at the unstable stationary state. The analysis suggests that positive as well as negative effectors of phosphofructokinase inhibit glycolytic oscillations by inducing a decrease in enzyme cooperativity. The results are discussed with respect to glycolytic and other metabolic periodicities."}
{"id": "PMID:138455", "title": "Semicontinuous flow centrifugation for the pheresis of immunocompetent cells and stem cells.", "content": "Mononuclear cells from human peripheral blood were purified by semicontinuous flow centrifugation (SCFC) using the Haemonetics model 30 blood cell separator; 64% +/- 7% of the mononuclear cells in 600 ml of peripheral blood were collected in a 30-ml volume. Analysis of sequential 5-ml aliquots of the mononuclear cell concentrate revealed that both immunocompetent cells and granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) were proportional to the cell count throughout the buffy coat. In vitro pheresis of large volumes of human bone marrow resulted in recovery of 63% of the cells, 12% of the hemoglobin, and 84% of the CFU-C in 20% of the original volume. Further centrifugation eliminated 80% of the platelets without loss of cells or CFU-C. SCFC of peripheral blood or bone marrow selectively concentrated mononuclear cells and reduced the contamination by granulocytes and erythrocytes. Large numbers of mononuclear cells can thus be collected for studies in vitro or for cryopreservation and the autologous reconstitution of immunosuppressed or myelosuppressed patients undergoing intensive antitumor therapy.", "contents": "Semicontinuous flow centrifugation for the pheresis of immunocompetent cells and stem cells. Mononuclear cells from human peripheral blood were purified by semicontinuous flow centrifugation (SCFC) using the Haemonetics model 30 blood cell separator; 64% +/- 7% of the mononuclear cells in 600 ml of peripheral blood were collected in a 30-ml volume. Analysis of sequential 5-ml aliquots of the mononuclear cell concentrate revealed that both immunocompetent cells and granulocytic progenitor cells (CFU-C) were proportional to the cell count throughout the buffy coat. In vitro pheresis of large volumes of human bone marrow resulted in recovery of 63% of the cells, 12% of the hemoglobin, and 84% of the CFU-C in 20% of the original volume. Further centrifugation eliminated 80% of the platelets without loss of cells or CFU-C. SCFC of peripheral blood or bone marrow selectively concentrated mononuclear cells and reduced the contamination by granulocytes and erythrocytes. Large numbers of mononuclear cells can thus be collected for studies in vitro or for cryopreservation and the autologous reconstitution of immunosuppressed or myelosuppressed patients undergoing intensive antitumor therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:138456", "title": "The change of erythrocyte shape following action of different substances altering mg++-dependent ATPase activity (actomyosin-like protein).", "content": "It was found that some substances as aspartate, glutamate, atropine, physostigmine, ephedrine, caffeine and theophylline tended to alter the erythrocyte shape in the same concentration in which also the Mg++-dependent ATPase activity had been changed. The employment of various concentrations of barbiturate revealed that changes of the erythrocyte shape were dependent on its concentration. In the present study the relationship between Mg++-dependent ATPase and biconcave erythrocyte shape is discussed.", "contents": "The change of erythrocyte shape following action of different substances altering mg++-dependent ATPase activity (actomyosin-like protein). It was found that some substances as aspartate, glutamate, atropine, physostigmine, ephedrine, caffeine and theophylline tended to alter the erythrocyte shape in the same concentration in which also the Mg++-dependent ATPase activity had been changed. The employment of various concentrations of barbiturate revealed that changes of the erythrocyte shape were dependent on its concentration. In the present study the relationship between Mg++-dependent ATPase and biconcave erythrocyte shape is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138457", "title": "[Experimental study of a rostro-caudal systemization in the inferior olivary complex].", "content": "Injection of 3-acetylpyridine at a LD50 dose to albino rats produces in a few days the destruction of olivary neurons. But the caudal part of the olivary complex, particularly accessory olives, escapes the destruction by this antimetabolite of nicotinamide. Nicotinamide protects olives agains 3-acetylpyridine. However, a preliminary histoenzymological study of dehydrogenases demanding a coenzyme derived from nicotinamide has given no significant results. The authors invoke the necessity of a rostro-caudal systematization of the olivary complex, based on fine structure, connnections and metabolism of neurons.", "contents": "[Experimental study of a rostro-caudal systemization in the inferior olivary complex]. Injection of 3-acetylpyridine at a LD50 dose to albino rats produces in a few days the destruction of olivary neurons. But the caudal part of the olivary complex, particularly accessory olives, escapes the destruction by this antimetabolite of nicotinamide. Nicotinamide protects olives agains 3-acetylpyridine. However, a preliminary histoenzymological study of dehydrogenases demanding a coenzyme derived from nicotinamide has given no significant results. The authors invoke the necessity of a rostro-caudal systematization of the olivary complex, based on fine structure, connnections and metabolism of neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:138462", "title": "Frequency-dependent changes in the cardiac sarcolemmal ATPase.", "content": "1 Effects of various frequencies (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 Hz) of stimulation for various durations (2, 5, 10 or 15 min) on the contractile force of trabecular or papillary muscles of dog myocardium were investigated. 2 Effects of various frequencies (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 Hz) of various stimulus strengths (0.5, 1, 10 V) for various durations (2,5,10 or 15 min) on the Mg2+/-dependent Na+/--K+/--adenosinetriphosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) of isolated sarcolemmal fraction of dog myocardium were determined. 3 There was a frequency-dependent increase in the contractility and inhibition of the Na+/--K+/--ATPase within 2 minutes. 4 Frequency-dependent increase in the contractility and inhibition of Na+/--K+/--ATPase decreased as the duration of stimulation was increased. 5 The diminution in the inhibition of ATPase was associated with a decrease in the contractility with prolonged stimulation. 6 These results suggest that the frequency-dependent increase in the myocardial contractility might be mediated through an inhibition of the sarcolemmal ATPase.", "contents": "Frequency-dependent changes in the cardiac sarcolemmal ATPase. 1 Effects of various frequencies (0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 Hz) of stimulation for various durations (2, 5, 10 or 15 min) on the contractile force of trabecular or papillary muscles of dog myocardium were investigated. 2 Effects of various frequencies (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 Hz) of various stimulus strengths (0.5, 1, 10 V) for various durations (2,5,10 or 15 min) on the Mg2+/-dependent Na+/--K+/--adenosinetriphosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) of isolated sarcolemmal fraction of dog myocardium were determined. 3 There was a frequency-dependent increase in the contractility and inhibition of the Na+/--K+/--ATPase within 2 minutes. 4 Frequency-dependent increase in the contractility and inhibition of Na+/--K+/--ATPase decreased as the duration of stimulation was increased. 5 The diminution in the inhibition of ATPase was associated with a decrease in the contractility with prolonged stimulation. 6 These results suggest that the frequency-dependent increase in the myocardial contractility might be mediated through an inhibition of the sarcolemmal ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:138463", "title": "Folie \u00e0 quatre.", "content": "A case of folie \u00e0 quatre is described affecting a proband and his wife, sister and brother. The three family members retained their symtoms of paranoid schizophrenia. The wife was not mentally ill and her delusions disappeared in time (folie impos\u00e9e). Coincidentally, there were several cases of Huntington's chorea amongst her relatives. Different categories of folie \u00e0 deux are demonstrated in the various family members and relationships.", "contents": "Folie \u00e0 quatre. A case of folie \u00e0 quatre is described affecting a proband and his wife, sister and brother. The three family members retained their symtoms of paranoid schizophrenia. The wife was not mentally ill and her delusions disappeared in time (folie impos\u00e9e). Coincidentally, there were several cases of Huntington's chorea amongst her relatives. Different categories of folie \u00e0 deux are demonstrated in the various family members and relationships."}
{"id": "PMID:138459", "title": "Influence of severe hypercapnia upon cerebral cortical metabolism, CSF electrolyte concentrations and EEG in the cat.", "content": "The interconnections between EEG, intermediary and energy metabolism of the brain cortex and CSF potassium level are studied during severe hypercapnia in anaesthetized, artificially ventilated cats. Hypercapnic animals were ventilated with 40 to 50% to CO2 in oxygen. During severe hypercapnia the EEG becomes isoelectric. The CSF potassium concentration is raised and the changes in metabolism suggest an acidosis-induced inhibition of phosphofructokinase and, probably, of hexokinase. The energy charge potential remains unchanged whereas the cortical ATP concentration increases slightly. It is assumed that the changes in P-creatine and creatine levels are related to the pH-dependency of creatine phosphokinase. Recovery animals were ventilated with 40% CO2 in O2 and subsequently with room air. After termination of CO2 inhalation the EEG reappears, the CSF potassium concentration normalizes, and the inhibition of the glycolytic enzymes disappears. The energy charge potential shows a small decrease. It is not possible to trace back the disappearance of the EEG to only one of the recorded parameters. Cortical P-creatine levels, CSF potassium concentration, changes in membrane permeability and cortical amino acid concentrations are considered in this context.", "contents": "Influence of severe hypercapnia upon cerebral cortical metabolism, CSF electrolyte concentrations and EEG in the cat. The interconnections between EEG, intermediary and energy metabolism of the brain cortex and CSF potassium level are studied during severe hypercapnia in anaesthetized, artificially ventilated cats. Hypercapnic animals were ventilated with 40 to 50% to CO2 in oxygen. During severe hypercapnia the EEG becomes isoelectric. The CSF potassium concentration is raised and the changes in metabolism suggest an acidosis-induced inhibition of phosphofructokinase and, probably, of hexokinase. The energy charge potential remains unchanged whereas the cortical ATP concentration increases slightly. It is assumed that the changes in P-creatine and creatine levels are related to the pH-dependency of creatine phosphokinase. Recovery animals were ventilated with 40% CO2 in O2 and subsequently with room air. After termination of CO2 inhalation the EEG reappears, the CSF potassium concentration normalizes, and the inhibition of the glycolytic enzymes disappears. The energy charge potential shows a small decrease. It is not possible to trace back the disappearance of the EEG to only one of the recorded parameters. Cortical P-creatine levels, CSF potassium concentration, changes in membrane permeability and cortical amino acid concentrations are considered in this context."}
{"id": "PMID:138464", "title": "Primary pelvic hydronephrosis in children: a retrospective survey.", "content": "A retrospective review of 63 children with primary pelvic hydronephrosis has revealed many features similar to those in adults. A plea is made for the greater use of pressure/flow studies in the renal pelvis in the assessment of hydronephrosis. The value of a modified and simplified nephroplasty as an adjunct to pyeloplasty in the more advanced obstructive cases is described and its greater use encouraged.", "contents": "Primary pelvic hydronephrosis in children: a retrospective survey. A retrospective review of 63 children with primary pelvic hydronephrosis has revealed many features similar to those in adults. A plea is made for the greater use of pressure/flow studies in the renal pelvis in the assessment of hydronephrosis. The value of a modified and simplified nephroplasty as an adjunct to pyeloplasty in the more advanced obstructive cases is described and its greater use encouraged."}
{"id": "PMID:138465", "title": "Urodynamics in the prune belly syndrome.", "content": "Urodynamic studies have been carried out in 10 boys with the prune belly syndrome. In spite of gross radiological changes the condition is compatible with normal voiding dynamics. Filling cystometrograms show a marked shift to the right. Pressure/flow studies may demonstrate an unbalanced voiding mechanism which can be treated by urethrotomy. Following urethrotomy urethral pressure profiles showed a significant fall, flow rates increased and residual urine volumes were reduced. Urological treatment in the prune belly syndrome should be directed at producing a bladder which empties well: a balanced voiding mechanism. Urodynamic investigations are helpful in achieving this aim. Residual urine determination and flow rates should be used in routine follow-up. Urethrotomy to lower bladder outflow resistance is advocated as one of the first steps in treating the unbalanced voiding mechanism that is often found in the prune belly syndrome.", "contents": "Urodynamics in the prune belly syndrome. Urodynamic studies have been carried out in 10 boys with the prune belly syndrome. In spite of gross radiological changes the condition is compatible with normal voiding dynamics. Filling cystometrograms show a marked shift to the right. Pressure/flow studies may demonstrate an unbalanced voiding mechanism which can be treated by urethrotomy. Following urethrotomy urethral pressure profiles showed a significant fall, flow rates increased and residual urine volumes were reduced. Urological treatment in the prune belly syndrome should be directed at producing a bladder which empties well: a balanced voiding mechanism. Urodynamic investigations are helpful in achieving this aim. Residual urine determination and flow rates should be used in routine follow-up. Urethrotomy to lower bladder outflow resistance is advocated as one of the first steps in treating the unbalanced voiding mechanism that is often found in the prune belly syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:138466", "title": "Urodynamic assessment of bladder function.", "content": "Bladder function in micturition may be studied, without interference from the urethra, through 2 parameters, Piso and Q, which are measures respectively of the maximum pressure and of the maximum flow rate that the bladder can generate, i.e. of its intrinsic strength and speed. These parameters may be determined in a standard urodynamic investigation if the patient interrupts voiding for a short time with the external sphincter. The normal ranges of Piso and Q depend only slightly on age and sex and seem to be as follows: Piso, 50 to 100(+)cm H2O in both sexes; Q, 35 to 120 ml s-1 in males, 20 to 80 ml s-1 in females. There are significant differences in both parameters between different groups of patients. Many females, with stress or urge incontinence or with urgency, have bladders which seem to be weaker than normal (low Piso). The majority of proximally obstructed males, and many who have been surgically relieved of obstruction, have bladders which are significantly slower than normal but are of normal strength (low Q, normal Piso). Therefore the characteristic response of the detrusor to obstruction appears to be not the expected mechanical hypertrophy (Turner Warwick et al., 1973) but reduction in intrinsic speed. In contrast, a few proximally obstructed males and most males with a history of primary enuresis (persisting after 6 years of age) have bladders of normal speed and of strength significantly greater than normal (normal Q, high Piso), suggesting true mechanical hypertrophy of the detrusor. Females with a history of primary enuresis do not show this pattern so clearly. Since these sex- and disease-related differences must surely be of clinical significance, and since it is so easy to measure Piso and Q by the method given in section (e) of the Appendix, those who are concerned with clinical urodynamics are urged to investigate bladder function in this or some equivalent way (e.g. that proposed by Sch\u00e4fer and Melchior (1975)).", "contents": "Urodynamic assessment of bladder function. Bladder function in micturition may be studied, without interference from the urethra, through 2 parameters, Piso and Q, which are measures respectively of the maximum pressure and of the maximum flow rate that the bladder can generate, i.e. of its intrinsic strength and speed. These parameters may be determined in a standard urodynamic investigation if the patient interrupts voiding for a short time with the external sphincter. The normal ranges of Piso and Q depend only slightly on age and sex and seem to be as follows: Piso, 50 to 100(+)cm H2O in both sexes; Q, 35 to 120 ml s-1 in males, 20 to 80 ml s-1 in females. There are significant differences in both parameters between different groups of patients. Many females, with stress or urge incontinence or with urgency, have bladders which seem to be weaker than normal (low Piso). The majority of proximally obstructed males, and many who have been surgically relieved of obstruction, have bladders which are significantly slower than normal but are of normal strength (low Q, normal Piso). Therefore the characteristic response of the detrusor to obstruction appears to be not the expected mechanical hypertrophy (Turner Warwick et al., 1973) but reduction in intrinsic speed. In contrast, a few proximally obstructed males and most males with a history of primary enuresis (persisting after 6 years of age) have bladders of normal speed and of strength significantly greater than normal (normal Q, high Piso), suggesting true mechanical hypertrophy of the detrusor. Females with a history of primary enuresis do not show this pattern so clearly. Since these sex- and disease-related differences must surely be of clinical significance, and since it is so easy to measure Piso and Q by the method given in section (e) of the Appendix, those who are concerned with clinical urodynamics are urged to investigate bladder function in this or some equivalent way (e.g. that proposed by Sch\u00e4fer and Melchior (1975))."}
{"id": "PMID:138467", "title": "A preliminary assessment of bladder distension in the treatment of enuretic children.", "content": "Urodynamic studies were performed in 22 enuretic children. Each child had previously been investigated to exclude gross psychological disturbance and organic disease and had been treated unsuccessfully in the past by conventional means. 16 of the 22 children showed evidence of bladder instability and were subjected to bladder distension. At follow-up, 4 children were in complete remission of symptoms, 6 had improved and 6 showed no change; the girls responded better than the boys. The interpretation of urodynamic studies, the significance of the results of bladder distension and the possible role of detrusor instability in the aetiology of enuresis are discussed.", "contents": "A preliminary assessment of bladder distension in the treatment of enuretic children. Urodynamic studies were performed in 22 enuretic children. Each child had previously been investigated to exclude gross psychological disturbance and organic disease and had been treated unsuccessfully in the past by conventional means. 16 of the 22 children showed evidence of bladder instability and were subjected to bladder distension. At follow-up, 4 children were in complete remission of symptoms, 6 had improved and 6 showed no change; the girls responded better than the boys. The interpretation of urodynamic studies, the significance of the results of bladder distension and the possible role of detrusor instability in the aetiology of enuresis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138469", "title": "Congestive cardiomyopathy in uraemic patients on long term haemodialysis.", "content": "Five uraemic patients who developed progressive cardiac failure with clinical evidence of congestive cardiomyopathy at the start or during haemodialysis treatment were studied. The diagnosis of cardiomyopathy, for which there was no apparent cause, was confirmed by angiocardiographic and haemodynamic studies. These showed a significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume over normal values obtained in 12 patients without uraemia. The mean velocity of myocardial fibre shortening was significantly decreased, as was the index of normalised rigidity. Three of the five patients presented the complete picture of the disease. The other two also had considerable ventricular dilatation and a decreased index of normalised rigidity but normal ejection fraction and only moderately decreased myocardial contractility indices. This suggests that there may be primary involvement of normalised heart muscle rigidity followed by secondary changes in myocardial contractility in uraemic patients with congestive cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Congestive cardiomyopathy in uraemic patients on long term haemodialysis. Five uraemic patients who developed progressive cardiac failure with clinical evidence of congestive cardiomyopathy at the start or during haemodialysis treatment were studied. The diagnosis of cardiomyopathy, for which there was no apparent cause, was confirmed by angiocardiographic and haemodynamic studies. These showed a significant increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume over normal values obtained in 12 patients without uraemia. The mean velocity of myocardial fibre shortening was significantly decreased, as was the index of normalised rigidity. Three of the five patients presented the complete picture of the disease. The other two also had considerable ventricular dilatation and a decreased index of normalised rigidity but normal ejection fraction and only moderately decreased myocardial contractility indices. This suggests that there may be primary involvement of normalised heart muscle rigidity followed by secondary changes in myocardial contractility in uraemic patients with congestive cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:138472", "title": "Neuroblasts-glia interaction in tissue culture as evidenced by the study of ectoenzymes. Ecto-ATPase activity of mouse neuroblastoma cells.", "content": "Ecto-ATPase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase activities of hamster astroblasts, clonal line NN, and mouse neuroblasts, clonal line Ml in coculture, have been studied. The originally low ecto-ATPase activity in both cell lines increased many fold when these cell lines were cocultured. An increase of ecto-ATPase activity was also found in coculture of neuroblastoma cells with chick fibroblasts. Neuroblastoma Ml cells were separated from coculture with hamster astroblasts after 7 days and 2 months. Reisolated M1 cell lines exhibited higher ecto-ATPase activity than the original M1 cell line. The M1 cell line separated after 2 months of coculture had higher ecto-ATPase activity than the M1 cell line separated after 7 days of coculture with hamster astroblasts. This higher ecto-ATPase activity continued for more than 20 replications after separation of the M1 cells from the glial cells.", "contents": "Neuroblasts-glia interaction in tissue culture as evidenced by the study of ectoenzymes. Ecto-ATPase activity of mouse neuroblastoma cells. Ecto-ATPase and ecto-5'-nucleotidase activities of hamster astroblasts, clonal line NN, and mouse neuroblasts, clonal line Ml in coculture, have been studied. The originally low ecto-ATPase activity in both cell lines increased many fold when these cell lines were cocultured. An increase of ecto-ATPase activity was also found in coculture of neuroblastoma cells with chick fibroblasts. Neuroblastoma Ml cells were separated from coculture with hamster astroblasts after 7 days and 2 months. Reisolated M1 cell lines exhibited higher ecto-ATPase activity than the original M1 cell line. The M1 cell line separated after 2 months of coculture had higher ecto-ATPase activity than the M1 cell line separated after 7 days of coculture with hamster astroblasts. This higher ecto-ATPase activity continued for more than 20 replications after separation of the M1 cells from the glial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:138474", "title": "Investigation of the quaternary structure of Neurospora pyruvate kinase by cross-linking with bifunctional reagents: the effect of substrates and allosteric ligands.", "content": "Pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) of Neurospora, a tetramer composed of apparently identical subunits, has been shown to be a dimer of dimers by interprotomeric cross-linking experiments in which bifunctional reagents were used. An analysis of the polyacrylamide gel profiles of the enzyme after cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, dimethyl suberimidate, and dimethyl adipimidate shows that the extent of intersubunit cross-linking is influenced markedly by the ligand bound to the enzyme. Bifunctional cross-linking reagents with a shorter distance between the two functional groups form cross-links effectively in the unliganded enzyme. In the FDP-pyruvate kinase complex, cross-linking was observed over longer distances compared with the unliganded enzyme. It is demonstrated that covalent cross-linkers cah be used as sensitive indicators of conformational changes induced in pyruvate kinase by substrates and allosteric ligands.", "contents": "Investigation of the quaternary structure of Neurospora pyruvate kinase by cross-linking with bifunctional reagents: the effect of substrates and allosteric ligands. Pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) of Neurospora, a tetramer composed of apparently identical subunits, has been shown to be a dimer of dimers by interprotomeric cross-linking experiments in which bifunctional reagents were used. An analysis of the polyacrylamide gel profiles of the enzyme after cross-linking with glutaraldehyde, dimethyl suberimidate, and dimethyl adipimidate shows that the extent of intersubunit cross-linking is influenced markedly by the ligand bound to the enzyme. Bifunctional cross-linking reagents with a shorter distance between the two functional groups form cross-links effectively in the unliganded enzyme. In the FDP-pyruvate kinase complex, cross-linking was observed over longer distances compared with the unliganded enzyme. It is demonstrated that covalent cross-linkers cah be used as sensitive indicators of conformational changes induced in pyruvate kinase by substrates and allosteric ligands."}
{"id": "PMID:138476", "title": "Advances in the staging and treatment of ovarian cancer.", "content": "The age adjusted death rate for ovarian cancer has remained unchanged for the past 20 years. Recent data obtained by staging ovarian cancer patients with lymphangiography and peritoneoscopy demonstrated that many patients with apparently localized disease actually have occult dissemination within the abdomen. These new staging techniques plus the determination of the histologic grade of anaplasia may permit a more precise determination of a patient's prognosis and therefore better design of therapeutic stategy. Radiotherapeutic techniques are being adapted to attempt to treat some areas of occult disease. Numerous single chemotherapeutic agents are capable of producing objective tumor responses. Preliminary data suggest that combination chemotherapy can increase the objective response rate above that seen with single agents. Longer follow-up is necessary to determine whether combination chemotherapy can prolong survival.", "contents": "Advances in the staging and treatment of ovarian cancer. The age adjusted death rate for ovarian cancer has remained unchanged for the past 20 years. Recent data obtained by staging ovarian cancer patients with lymphangiography and peritoneoscopy demonstrated that many patients with apparently localized disease actually have occult dissemination within the abdomen. These new staging techniques plus the determination of the histologic grade of anaplasia may permit a more precise determination of a patient's prognosis and therefore better design of therapeutic stategy. Radiotherapeutic techniques are being adapted to attempt to treat some areas of occult disease. Numerous single chemotherapeutic agents are capable of producing objective tumor responses. Preliminary data suggest that combination chemotherapy can increase the objective response rate above that seen with single agents. Longer follow-up is necessary to determine whether combination chemotherapy can prolong survival."}
{"id": "PMID:138477", "title": "Depressed responder and stimulator capacities of peripheral lymphocytes from patients with advanced breast cancer in the mixed lymphocyte culture.", "content": "Peripheral lymphoid cells of patients with carcinoma of the breast were examined for reactivity (responders) against allogeneic lymphoid cells in the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. The latter cells were also tested for response against the patients' lymphocytes (stimulators). The responder and stimulator capacities of lymphoid cells of patients with advanced cancer were found to be significantly reduced compared to cells from healthy subjects. Such defects were not observed in disease-free women previously treated for primary carcinoma of the breast. The results support the view that there is an abnormality of the lymphocyte-monocyte pool of cells in patients with advanced cancer.", "contents": "Depressed responder and stimulator capacities of peripheral lymphocytes from patients with advanced breast cancer in the mixed lymphocyte culture. Peripheral lymphoid cells of patients with carcinoma of the breast were examined for reactivity (responders) against allogeneic lymphoid cells in the one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. The latter cells were also tested for response against the patients' lymphocytes (stimulators). The responder and stimulator capacities of lymphoid cells of patients with advanced cancer were found to be significantly reduced compared to cells from healthy subjects. Such defects were not observed in disease-free women previously treated for primary carcinoma of the breast. The results support the view that there is an abnormality of the lymphocyte-monocyte pool of cells in patients with advanced cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:138478", "title": "Biological and biochemical properties of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-nitrosourea (NSC D 254157), a nitrosourea with reduced bone marrow toxicity.", "content": "1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-nitrosourea (GANU), a water-soluble nitrosourea, differs from 2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-D-glucopyranose (chlorozotocin) by the placement of the cytotoxic group on C-1 of glucose. Its biological and biochemical properties are compared with those of chlorozotocin. At a 10% lethal dose (10 mg/kg i.p.), GANU demonstrates minimal myelosuppression. This dose failed to depress normal bone marrow DNA synthesis, in contrast to a 96% inhibition in L1210 DNA synthesis. In L1210 cell suspension, equimolar doses of GANU and chlorozotocin produced equivalent degrees of inhibition in DNA synthesis. GANU has significant L1210 activity in BALB/c X DBA/2 F1 mice treated on Day 2 of tumor growth. A 117% increased life-span and 15% 45-day survivors are atained with 15 mg/kg i.p., a 50% lethal dose. However, in concurrent studies using randomly selected littermate groups of mice, GANU proved less active than chlorozotocin which produced a 306% increased life-span (15 mg/kg i.p.). GANU and chlorozotocin have similar in vitro alkylating activity but the in vitro carbamoylating activity of GANU is sevenfold that of chlorozotocin. On a molar basis, the lethal toxicity of GANU is twice that of chlorozotocin. The significant carbamoylating activity of GANU may contribute to its greater toxicity and therefore limit the mumoles of alkylating agent that can be administered to the tumor. These structure-activity studies further confirm that the addition of a glucose carrier to a cytotoxic nitrosourea moiety can selectively reduce bone marrow toxicity while retaining antitumor activity.", "contents": "Biological and biochemical properties of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-nitrosourea (NSC D 254157), a nitrosourea with reduced bone marrow toxicity. 1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-1-nitrosourea (GANU), a water-soluble nitrosourea, differs from 2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-D-glucopyranose (chlorozotocin) by the placement of the cytotoxic group on C-1 of glucose. Its biological and biochemical properties are compared with those of chlorozotocin. At a 10% lethal dose (10 mg/kg i.p.), GANU demonstrates minimal myelosuppression. This dose failed to depress normal bone marrow DNA synthesis, in contrast to a 96% inhibition in L1210 DNA synthesis. In L1210 cell suspension, equimolar doses of GANU and chlorozotocin produced equivalent degrees of inhibition in DNA synthesis. GANU has significant L1210 activity in BALB/c X DBA/2 F1 mice treated on Day 2 of tumor growth. A 117% increased life-span and 15% 45-day survivors are atained with 15 mg/kg i.p., a 50% lethal dose. However, in concurrent studies using randomly selected littermate groups of mice, GANU proved less active than chlorozotocin which produced a 306% increased life-span (15 mg/kg i.p.). GANU and chlorozotocin have similar in vitro alkylating activity but the in vitro carbamoylating activity of GANU is sevenfold that of chlorozotocin. On a molar basis, the lethal toxicity of GANU is twice that of chlorozotocin. The significant carbamoylating activity of GANU may contribute to its greater toxicity and therefore limit the mumoles of alkylating agent that can be administered to the tumor. These structure-activity studies further confirm that the addition of a glucose carrier to a cytotoxic nitrosourea moiety can selectively reduce bone marrow toxicity while retaining antitumor activity."}
{"id": "PMID:138479", "title": "Sequential laparoscopy and laparotomy combined with bone marrow biopsy in staging Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "In a series of 121 unselected, previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease staging laparoscopy combined with needle bone marrow biopsy detected the presence of extranodal disease in the liver or marrow or both in 9% of the patients. A spleen biopsy yielded positive findings in 13%. Subsequent laparotomy with open marrow biopsy performed in 110 patients with negative liver and marrow findings from the first combined procedure revealed the presence of extranodal hepatic lymphoma in two additional spleens. Surgical marrow biopsy was always interpretey. Although devoid of major complications, biopsy of the spleen is not recommended as a routine procedure in staging laparoscopy. This prospective sequential study confirms that laparoscopy plus needle marrow biopsy is a useful, rapid, safe, and economic procedure to establish stage IV disease in the large majority of patients with nodal involvement. Considering the recent more extensive use of chemotherapy for intermediate stages of Hodgkin's disease, our findings suggest that laparotomy with splenectomy needs a critical re-evaluation as a routine staging procedure for patients with no overt extranodal lymphoma.", "contents": "Sequential laparoscopy and laparotomy combined with bone marrow biopsy in staging Hodgkin's disease. In a series of 121 unselected, previously untreated patients with Hodgkin's disease staging laparoscopy combined with needle bone marrow biopsy detected the presence of extranodal disease in the liver or marrow or both in 9% of the patients. A spleen biopsy yielded positive findings in 13%. Subsequent laparotomy with open marrow biopsy performed in 110 patients with negative liver and marrow findings from the first combined procedure revealed the presence of extranodal hepatic lymphoma in two additional spleens. Surgical marrow biopsy was always interpretey. Although devoid of major complications, biopsy of the spleen is not recommended as a routine procedure in staging laparoscopy. This prospective sequential study confirms that laparoscopy plus needle marrow biopsy is a useful, rapid, safe, and economic procedure to establish stage IV disease in the large majority of patients with nodal involvement. Considering the recent more extensive use of chemotherapy for intermediate stages of Hodgkin's disease, our findings suggest that laparotomy with splenectomy needs a critical re-evaluation as a routine staging procedure for patients with no overt extranodal lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:138480", "title": "Hepatic artery infusion of 5-FUDR after prior systemic 5-fluorouracil.", "content": "Twenty-one patients with disseminated colon carcinoma and clinically significant liver metastases were treated with 5-FUDR via hepatic artery infusion (HAI). All patients had previously received systemic chemotherapy consisting of either 5-fluorouracil aone or in combination with other agents. At the time of the initiation of the HAI, clinical disease in all patients was progressing. A PR of hepatic metastases was noted in eight patients (35%) with a median and mean duration of response of 4.5 and 5.0 months respectively. The median and mean survival from the start of HAI for responders was 8.0 and 9.0 months and for nonresponders was 1.0 and 1.6 months respectively. It appears that a significant response rate can be achieved with HAI of 5-FUDR in spite of previous exposure to fluorinated pyrimidines.", "contents": "Hepatic artery infusion of 5-FUDR after prior systemic 5-fluorouracil. Twenty-one patients with disseminated colon carcinoma and clinically significant liver metastases were treated with 5-FUDR via hepatic artery infusion (HAI). All patients had previously received systemic chemotherapy consisting of either 5-fluorouracil aone or in combination with other agents. At the time of the initiation of the HAI, clinical disease in all patients was progressing. A PR of hepatic metastases was noted in eight patients (35%) with a median and mean duration of response of 4.5 and 5.0 months respectively. The median and mean survival from the start of HAI for responders was 8.0 and 9.0 months and for nonresponders was 1.0 and 1.6 months respectively. It appears that a significant response rate can be achieved with HAI of 5-FUDR in spite of previous exposure to fluorinated pyrimidines."}
{"id": "PMID:138482", "title": "Common ECG changes in athletes.", "content": "The various ECG changes found in a group of 3,000 healthy athletes are discussed on the basis of eight representative ECG recordings. The common findings were sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular conduction disturbances, left and right ventricular hypertrophy according to the accepted voltage criteria, right axis deviation, intraventricular conduction disturbances (mainly in the right side of the heart), and various disturbances of the repolarization phase. The literature on this subject is reviewed, and the possible mechanisms involved in production of the various ECG changes are discussed. It is pointed out that in the absence of other evidence suggestive of cardiovascular disease, these changes should be considered as a normal variant and not lead to restriction of physical activity.", "contents": "Common ECG changes in athletes. The various ECG changes found in a group of 3,000 healthy athletes are discussed on the basis of eight representative ECG recordings. The common findings were sinus bradycardia, atrioventricular conduction disturbances, left and right ventricular hypertrophy according to the accepted voltage criteria, right axis deviation, intraventricular conduction disturbances (mainly in the right side of the heart), and various disturbances of the repolarization phase. The literature on this subject is reviewed, and the possible mechanisms involved in production of the various ECG changes are discussed. It is pointed out that in the absence of other evidence suggestive of cardiovascular disease, these changes should be considered as a normal variant and not lead to restriction of physical activity."}
{"id": "PMID:138483", "title": "Regeneration of soleus muscles of rat autografted in toto as studied by electron microscopy.", "content": "Rat soleus muscles were autografted from right to left legs, and regeneration following necrosis of all original myofibres was studied after 7 to 250 days. The best regenerates were from grafts replacing all calf muscles and sutured to the tendon stumps. After 30 days the size of such regenerates was equal to those from minced gastrocnemius muscles: the cross sectional area of muscle tissue was 30% (1.7 mm2) and the number of fibres was 180% (4500) of normal soleus muscles; the fibre diameters were 10 to 40mum. To increase the number of myoblasts before grafting some muscles were injured by Ringer solution of 70 degrees C and transplanted after 2 days. Nevertheless, this did not influence regeneration. After 7 days clusters of myotubes occurred in the periphery of the muscle. These myotubes originated from myoblasts growing like endothelial cells on the inner face of the persisting basal lamina tubes of necrotic fibres. After 30 days the muscles were vascularized. Fibres formed in a common basal lamina detached and so looked \"split\". Satellite cells of new fibres came from undifferentiated cells associated with myotubes, i.e. from myoblasts. After 30 days and more regenerates contained three sorts of fibres. 1. Thin (5 to 20 mum) fibres resembling fetal muscle fibres. They were most prominent after 30 days, and probably not yet innervated. 2. Thin (10 mum) degenerating fibres as in long-time denervated muscles. 3. Thick (more than 30 mum) mature looking fibres which were innervated and revealed end-plates. Half of the grafts studied after 30 and 60 days contained unmyelinated and myelinated axons which had grown along strands of surviving Schwann cells. After 250 days, only two muscles were studied which both lacked innervation. Almost all regenerates contained muscle spindles, which, however, were not innervated. Within the persisting spindle capsules new muscle fibres had been formed from satellite cells of the former intrafusal fibres.", "contents": "Regeneration of soleus muscles of rat autografted in toto as studied by electron microscopy. Rat soleus muscles were autografted from right to left legs, and regeneration following necrosis of all original myofibres was studied after 7 to 250 days. The best regenerates were from grafts replacing all calf muscles and sutured to the tendon stumps. After 30 days the size of such regenerates was equal to those from minced gastrocnemius muscles: the cross sectional area of muscle tissue was 30% (1.7 mm2) and the number of fibres was 180% (4500) of normal soleus muscles; the fibre diameters were 10 to 40mum. To increase the number of myoblasts before grafting some muscles were injured by Ringer solution of 70 degrees C and transplanted after 2 days. Nevertheless, this did not influence regeneration. After 7 days clusters of myotubes occurred in the periphery of the muscle. These myotubes originated from myoblasts growing like endothelial cells on the inner face of the persisting basal lamina tubes of necrotic fibres. After 30 days the muscles were vascularized. Fibres formed in a common basal lamina detached and so looked \"split\". Satellite cells of new fibres came from undifferentiated cells associated with myotubes, i.e. from myoblasts. After 30 days and more regenerates contained three sorts of fibres. 1. Thin (5 to 20 mum) fibres resembling fetal muscle fibres. They were most prominent after 30 days, and probably not yet innervated. 2. Thin (10 mum) degenerating fibres as in long-time denervated muscles. 3. Thick (more than 30 mum) mature looking fibres which were innervated and revealed end-plates. Half of the grafts studied after 30 and 60 days contained unmyelinated and myelinated axons which had grown along strands of surviving Schwann cells. After 250 days, only two muscles were studied which both lacked innervation. Almost all regenerates contained muscle spindles, which, however, were not innervated. Within the persisting spindle capsules new muscle fibres had been formed from satellite cells of the former intrafusal fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:138484", "title": "Isolation, characterization and localization of bovine adrenal medullary myosin.", "content": "Myosin was isolated in high purity from the bovine adrenal medulla by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The purified myosin was analyzed by electrophoresis in gels containing SDS and found to contain a 200,000 molecular weight heavy chain and major light chains of molecular weights 20,000 and 17,000 in a 1:1:1 molar ratio. At high ionic strength the myosin had high Ca-ATPase and K-EDTA-ATPase activities and low Mg-ATPase activity. At low ionic strength, the Mg-ATPase was activated to a low level by rabbit muscle actin. The myosin was found to decorate F-actin in the absence, but not the presence of ATP. In low ionic strength solutions, the myosin assembled into characteristic bipolar filaments. The distribution of this myosin in the adrenal medulla and of cross-reacting myosin in several other bovine tissues was determined with the use of anti-medullary myosin immunoglobulin G as a specific stain that was detected by direct and indirect immunofluorescence. In the medulla strong staining was seen between the chords of chromaffin cells indicating that presence of a highly muscular vasculature that may perform functions analogous to those of the myoepithelium of exocrine glands. The chromaffin cells showed weak positive staining around the nuclei and in a pattern radiating toward adjacent blood vessels. Cells of the inner zone of the adrenal cortex showed strong staining in the peripheral cytoplasm while cells in the intermediate and outer zones did not stain. In a blood smear, platelets and the cytoplasm of leukocytes stained strongly while erythrocytes did not stain. In striated muscle and the gray and white matter of the cerebrum only the capillaries and larger vessels stained. In the liver the phagocytic cells bordering vascular sinuses staine strongly while the hepatocytes were separated from one another by a 2 micron trilaminar band possibly representing the microfilament web surrounding the bile canaliculi and associated with junctional complexes. The results suggest that myosin is present in several highly differentiated, non-motile tissue cells where it may play a role in secretion or other specialized functions.", "contents": "Isolation, characterization and localization of bovine adrenal medullary myosin. Myosin was isolated in high purity from the bovine adrenal medulla by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. The purified myosin was analyzed by electrophoresis in gels containing SDS and found to contain a 200,000 molecular weight heavy chain and major light chains of molecular weights 20,000 and 17,000 in a 1:1:1 molar ratio. At high ionic strength the myosin had high Ca-ATPase and K-EDTA-ATPase activities and low Mg-ATPase activity. At low ionic strength, the Mg-ATPase was activated to a low level by rabbit muscle actin. The myosin was found to decorate F-actin in the absence, but not the presence of ATP. In low ionic strength solutions, the myosin assembled into characteristic bipolar filaments. The distribution of this myosin in the adrenal medulla and of cross-reacting myosin in several other bovine tissues was determined with the use of anti-medullary myosin immunoglobulin G as a specific stain that was detected by direct and indirect immunofluorescence. In the medulla strong staining was seen between the chords of chromaffin cells indicating that presence of a highly muscular vasculature that may perform functions analogous to those of the myoepithelium of exocrine glands. The chromaffin cells showed weak positive staining around the nuclei and in a pattern radiating toward adjacent blood vessels. Cells of the inner zone of the adrenal cortex showed strong staining in the peripheral cytoplasm while cells in the intermediate and outer zones did not stain. In a blood smear, platelets and the cytoplasm of leukocytes stained strongly while erythrocytes did not stain. In striated muscle and the gray and white matter of the cerebrum only the capillaries and larger vessels stained. In the liver the phagocytic cells bordering vascular sinuses staine strongly while the hepatocytes were separated from one another by a 2 micron trilaminar band possibly representing the microfilament web surrounding the bile canaliculi and associated with junctional complexes. The results suggest that myosin is present in several highly differentiated, non-motile tissue cells where it may play a role in secretion or other specialized functions."}
{"id": "PMID:138485", "title": "Mistranslation in E. coli.", "content": "Flagellin, the protomeric subunit of bacterial flagella, contains no cysteine. We have detected the incorporation of trace quantities of 35S-cysteine into flagellin, highly purified and then resolved by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, to measure mistranslation in vivo. Under normal conditions, this value is about 6 X 10(-4) pmoles cysteine per pmole flagellin. This value is greatly increased during growth in low concentrations of streptomycin and neomycin, antibiotics which are known to stimulate misreading in vitro. Of the specific types of misreading which streptomycin stimulates in vitro, only misreading of the CGU and CGC arginine codons could give rise to illegitimate incorporation of cysteine. In agreement, partial arginine starvation increases the incorporation of 35S-cysteine into flagellin in a relA- mutant, with or without streptomycin, but has no such effect in its isogenic relA+ partner- Assuming from these results that 35S-cysteine incorporation into flagellin reflects misreading of CGU/C coda, we deduce a misreading probability per codon in the range of 10(-4).", "contents": "Mistranslation in E. coli. Flagellin, the protomeric subunit of bacterial flagella, contains no cysteine. We have detected the incorporation of trace quantities of 35S-cysteine into flagellin, highly purified and then resolved by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, to measure mistranslation in vivo. Under normal conditions, this value is about 6 X 10(-4) pmoles cysteine per pmole flagellin. This value is greatly increased during growth in low concentrations of streptomycin and neomycin, antibiotics which are known to stimulate misreading in vitro. Of the specific types of misreading which streptomycin stimulates in vitro, only misreading of the CGU and CGC arginine codons could give rise to illegitimate incorporation of cysteine. In agreement, partial arginine starvation increases the incorporation of 35S-cysteine into flagellin in a relA- mutant, with or without streptomycin, but has no such effect in its isogenic relA+ partner- Assuming from these results that 35S-cysteine incorporation into flagellin reflects misreading of CGU/C coda, we deduce a misreading probability per codon in the range of 10(-4)."}
{"id": "PMID:138488", "title": "Relationship between blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats and alterations in membrane properties of mesenteric arteries.", "content": "Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and two strains of normotensive rats were compared with respect to enzymatic activities and calcium accumulation of plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum enriched fractions from their mesenteric arteries. Increased specific activities of alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and Mg2+-ATPase, and increased ATP-dependent calcium accumulation were found in 5- to 6-month-old SHR as compared to both strains fo age-matched normotensive rats. Alkaline phosphatase was increased in 33-day-old \"early hypertensive\" and 3- to 4-month-old SHR, but 5'-nucleotidase, Mg2+-ATPase, and calcium accumulation were not. Hydralazine treatment of young SHR partially prevented the increase of both alkaline phosphatase activity and blood pressure that develops with age. The relationship between alkaline phosphatase activity and the alterations in vascular reactivity associated with hypertension remains to be determined.", "contents": "Relationship between blood pressure of spontaneously hypertensive rats and alterations in membrane properties of mesenteric arteries. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and two strains of normotensive rats were compared with respect to enzymatic activities and calcium accumulation of plasma membrane and endoplasmic reticulum enriched fractions from their mesenteric arteries. Increased specific activities of alkaline phosphatase, 5'-nucleotidase and Mg2+-ATPase, and increased ATP-dependent calcium accumulation were found in 5- to 6-month-old SHR as compared to both strains fo age-matched normotensive rats. Alkaline phosphatase was increased in 33-day-old \"early hypertensive\" and 3- to 4-month-old SHR, but 5'-nucleotidase, Mg2+-ATPase, and calcium accumulation were not. Hydralazine treatment of young SHR partially prevented the increase of both alkaline phosphatase activity and blood pressure that develops with age. The relationship between alkaline phosphatase activity and the alterations in vascular reactivity associated with hypertension remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:138489", "title": "Pre and postoperative ventricular function in infants and children with right ventricular volume overload.", "content": "Hemodynamic and ventricular volume parameters were evaluated in 21 patients (24 studies) with total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), 11 patients with secundum atrial septal defect (ASD), and eight patients who had complete correction of TAPVR or ASD. Right and left ventricular (RV and LV) volume parameters were calculated according to Simpson's rule and the area length methods, respectively. In infants with TAPVR, RV end-diastolic volume was larger than normal, but RV ejection fraction was significantly less than normal. LV end-diastolic volume and LV ejection fraction were all less than normal in infants with or without pulmonary hypertension, and the values did not correlate with the cardiorespiratory symptoms. In children with TAPVR or ASD, RV end-diastolic volume and output were higher than normal preoperatively and decreased to normal or near normal values postoperatively. The data suggest that pulmonary venous obstruction and/or RV failure are responsible for cardiorespiratory symptoms in infants with TAPVR and early surgical intervention is recommended in these patients.", "contents": "Pre and postoperative ventricular function in infants and children with right ventricular volume overload. Hemodynamic and ventricular volume parameters were evaluated in 21 patients (24 studies) with total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR), 11 patients with secundum atrial septal defect (ASD), and eight patients who had complete correction of TAPVR or ASD. Right and left ventricular (RV and LV) volume parameters were calculated according to Simpson's rule and the area length methods, respectively. In infants with TAPVR, RV end-diastolic volume was larger than normal, but RV ejection fraction was significantly less than normal. LV end-diastolic volume and LV ejection fraction were all less than normal in infants with or without pulmonary hypertension, and the values did not correlate with the cardiorespiratory symptoms. In children with TAPVR or ASD, RV end-diastolic volume and output were higher than normal preoperatively and decreased to normal or near normal values postoperatively. The data suggest that pulmonary venous obstruction and/or RV failure are responsible for cardiorespiratory symptoms in infants with TAPVR and early surgical intervention is recommended in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:138490", "title": "Late development of pulmonary venous obstruction following Mustard's operation using a dacron baffle.", "content": "Three patients developed late pulmonary vein obstruction (PVO) following Mustard's operation for transposition of the great arteries. In all three the absence of PVO had been documented by an earlier postoperative cardiac catheterization. At reoperation shrinkage and kinking of the dacron baffle was evident. After Mustard's operation, patients should be observed closely for symptoms and signs of PVO since it can occur insidiously despite previously proven absence of this complication.", "contents": "Late development of pulmonary venous obstruction following Mustard's operation using a dacron baffle. Three patients developed late pulmonary vein obstruction (PVO) following Mustard's operation for transposition of the great arteries. In all three the absence of PVO had been documented by an earlier postoperative cardiac catheterization. At reoperation shrinkage and kinking of the dacron baffle was evident. After Mustard's operation, patients should be observed closely for symptoms and signs of PVO since it can occur insidiously despite previously proven absence of this complication."}
{"id": "PMID:138491", "title": "Quantitation of left ventricular myocardial fiber hypertrophy and interstitial tissue in human hearts with chronically increased volume and pressure overload.", "content": "Using new techniques, we quantitated left ventricular myocardial fiber hypertrophy and interstitial tissue in four groups of autopsied hearts free of coronary disease: 1) 22 normal hearts, 2) 20 hearts from patients with mitral incompetence (NYHA Class II-III) who died early after mitral valve replacement from causes other than cardiac failure, 3) 22 hearts from patients with mitral incompetence (NYHA Class III-IV) who died early after mitral valve replacement from cardiac failure with low cardiac output syndrome, and 4) 22 hearts from patients with hypertensive heart disease (NYHA Class II-III). Myocardial fiber hypertrophy was quantitated by measuring cross-sectional myocardial fiber diameter; the proportion of interstitial tissue was quantitated by using a computerized, high-resolution video image-digitizing system. Myocardial fiber average diameter in groups 2, 3 and 4 was significantly higher than group 1. The proportion of interstitial tissue was significantly increased in group 3. In chronic mitral incompetence an increase in left ventricular interstitial tissue may play a role in the development of severe cardiac failure.", "contents": "Quantitation of left ventricular myocardial fiber hypertrophy and interstitial tissue in human hearts with chronically increased volume and pressure overload. Using new techniques, we quantitated left ventricular myocardial fiber hypertrophy and interstitial tissue in four groups of autopsied hearts free of coronary disease: 1) 22 normal hearts, 2) 20 hearts from patients with mitral incompetence (NYHA Class II-III) who died early after mitral valve replacement from causes other than cardiac failure, 3) 22 hearts from patients with mitral incompetence (NYHA Class III-IV) who died early after mitral valve replacement from cardiac failure with low cardiac output syndrome, and 4) 22 hearts from patients with hypertensive heart disease (NYHA Class II-III). Myocardial fiber hypertrophy was quantitated by measuring cross-sectional myocardial fiber diameter; the proportion of interstitial tissue was quantitated by using a computerized, high-resolution video image-digitizing system. Myocardial fiber average diameter in groups 2, 3 and 4 was significantly higher than group 1. The proportion of interstitial tissue was significantly increased in group 3. In chronic mitral incompetence an increase in left ventricular interstitial tissue may play a role in the development of severe cardiac failure."}
{"id": "PMID:138492", "title": "Distance correction for precordial electrocardiographic voltage in estimating left ventricular mass: an echocardiographic study.", "content": "This study was undertaken to assess both the relation between echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular (LV) mass and commonly used electrocardiographic criteria for LV hypertrophy and the effect of the distance from the center of LV mass to the anterior chest wall on precordial voltage. Echocardiograms and standard 12-lead electrocardiograms were obtained on 100 persons, ages 3 to 79. The correlation coefficients of echocardiographically determined LV mass with ECG precordial voltage (SV1 + RV5 or V6), the Estes point score system, and a VL4 wave voltage were .686, .721, and .531, respectively. Extrapolating from the dipole nature of the heart, the precrodial voltage was multiplied by the square of the chest wall to mid-LV distance to correct for the loss of energy across the distance from LV to recording electrode. Utilizing this correction, a much improved precordial voltage estimation of LV mass (r = .846) was obtained. We conclude that the distance of the center of LV mass from the chest wall influences the amplitude of recorded precordial voltage and that correction for this influence improved the correlation of precordial voltage with LV mass.", "contents": "Distance correction for precordial electrocardiographic voltage in estimating left ventricular mass: an echocardiographic study. This study was undertaken to assess both the relation between echocardiographic measurement of left ventricular (LV) mass and commonly used electrocardiographic criteria for LV hypertrophy and the effect of the distance from the center of LV mass to the anterior chest wall on precordial voltage. Echocardiograms and standard 12-lead electrocardiograms were obtained on 100 persons, ages 3 to 79. The correlation coefficients of echocardiographically determined LV mass with ECG precordial voltage (SV1 + RV5 or V6), the Estes point score system, and a VL4 wave voltage were .686, .721, and .531, respectively. Extrapolating from the dipole nature of the heart, the precrodial voltage was multiplied by the square of the chest wall to mid-LV distance to correct for the loss of energy across the distance from LV to recording electrode. Utilizing this correction, a much improved precordial voltage estimation of LV mass (r = .846) was obtained. We conclude that the distance of the center of LV mass from the chest wall influences the amplitude of recorded precordial voltage and that correction for this influence improved the correlation of precordial voltage with LV mass."}
{"id": "PMID:138493", "title": "Left ventricular mechanical efficiency in man with heart disease.", "content": "Thirty-eight adults with valvular and/or myocardial disease had heart catheterization with coronary blood flow and myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2) per 100 g measured by the nitrous oxide washout technique. Quantitative biplane angiocardiography was performed to assess left ventricular volume, mass, ejection fraction and work. Left ventricular efficiency was calculated from work, MVO2/100 g and mass. Efficiency ranged from 4 to 40% and was normal in some patients with severe ventricular pressure-volume work overloads. Total left ventricular MVO2 ranged up to 461 ml/min. Neither total MVO2 nor MVO2/100 g was significantly related to ventricular work, ejection fraction, or tension-time index. These data suggest 1) a relationship between left ventricular efficiency and myocardial function in chronic valvular or myocardial disease, 2) that efficiency may be normal in hypertrophied ventricles, and 3) that chronic increases in resting ventricular metabolic requirements are met by hypertrophy rather than by increased MVO2/100 g.", "contents": "Left ventricular mechanical efficiency in man with heart disease. Thirty-eight adults with valvular and/or myocardial disease had heart catheterization with coronary blood flow and myocardial O2 consumption (MVO2) per 100 g measured by the nitrous oxide washout technique. Quantitative biplane angiocardiography was performed to assess left ventricular volume, mass, ejection fraction and work. Left ventricular efficiency was calculated from work, MVO2/100 g and mass. Efficiency ranged from 4 to 40% and was normal in some patients with severe ventricular pressure-volume work overloads. Total left ventricular MVO2 ranged up to 461 ml/min. Neither total MVO2 nor MVO2/100 g was significantly related to ventricular work, ejection fraction, or tension-time index. These data suggest 1) a relationship between left ventricular efficiency and myocardial function in chronic valvular or myocardial disease, 2) that efficiency may be normal in hypertrophied ventricles, and 3) that chronic increases in resting ventricular metabolic requirements are met by hypertrophy rather than by increased MVO2/100 g."}
{"id": "PMID:138494", "title": "Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method.", "content": "An accurte echocardiographic (E) method for determination of left ventricular mass (LVM) was derived from systematic analysis of the relationship between the antemortem left ventricular echogram and postmortem anatomic LVM in 34 adults with a wide range of anatomic LVM (101-505 g). No subject had massive myocardial infarction, ventricular aneurysm, severe right ventricular volume overload or hypertrophic cardiography. The best method for LVM-E identified combined cube function geometry with a modified convention for determination of left ventricular internal dimension (LVID), posterior wall thickness (PWT), and interventricular septal thickness (IVST), which excluded the thickness of endocardial echo lines from wall thicknesses and included the thickness of left septal and posterior wall endocardial echo lines in LVID (Penn Convention, P). By this method, anatomic LVM = 1.04 ([LVIDp + PWTp + IVSTp]3--[LVIDp]3) -- 14 g; r = 0.96, SD= 29 g, N= 34. Standard echo measurements gave less accurate results, as did previously reported methods for LVM-E. LVM-Dp is an accurate, widely applicable method for the study of left ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "Echocardiographic determination of left ventricular mass in man. Anatomic validation of the method. An accurte echocardiographic (E) method for determination of left ventricular mass (LVM) was derived from systematic analysis of the relationship between the antemortem left ventricular echogram and postmortem anatomic LVM in 34 adults with a wide range of anatomic LVM (101-505 g). No subject had massive myocardial infarction, ventricular aneurysm, severe right ventricular volume overload or hypertrophic cardiography. The best method for LVM-E identified combined cube function geometry with a modified convention for determination of left ventricular internal dimension (LVID), posterior wall thickness (PWT), and interventricular septal thickness (IVST), which excluded the thickness of endocardial echo lines from wall thicknesses and included the thickness of left septal and posterior wall endocardial echo lines in LVID (Penn Convention, P). By this method, anatomic LVM = 1.04 ([LVIDp + PWTp + IVSTp]3--[LVIDp]3) -- 14 g; r = 0.96, SD= 29 g, N= 34. Standard echo measurements gave less accurate results, as did previously reported methods for LVM-E. LVM-Dp is an accurate, widely applicable method for the study of left ventricular hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:138495", "title": "Nonenzymic spectrophotometric determination of potential poison ivy cross-reactors.", "content": "I describe an inexpensive, nonenzymic analytical system for prescreening substances that might cross-react as Rhus toxing (e.g., poison ivy, poison oak, and sumac allergens) on human skin. By spectrophotometric assay after incubation with an oxidizing mixture of Cu(II)ammine complex and ammonium persulfate, I could accurately and reproducibly determine o-quinoidal products of several potential synthetic cross-reactors and native poison ivy allergen, and could distinguish these from catecholamines, resorcinol, p-hydroquinone, and a closely related phenol. A good correlation was obtained between this nonenzymic technique and an enzymic assay. This Cu(II)ammine/persulfate oxidative assay, however, is inexpensive and obviates any spectral interference from enzymic proteins.", "contents": "Nonenzymic spectrophotometric determination of potential poison ivy cross-reactors. I describe an inexpensive, nonenzymic analytical system for prescreening substances that might cross-react as Rhus toxing (e.g., poison ivy, poison oak, and sumac allergens) on human skin. By spectrophotometric assay after incubation with an oxidizing mixture of Cu(II)ammine complex and ammonium persulfate, I could accurately and reproducibly determine o-quinoidal products of several potential synthetic cross-reactors and native poison ivy allergen, and could distinguish these from catecholamines, resorcinol, p-hydroquinone, and a closely related phenol. A good correlation was obtained between this nonenzymic technique and an enzymic assay. This Cu(II)ammine/persulfate oxidative assay, however, is inexpensive and obviates any spectral interference from enzymic proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:138496", "title": "Down syndrome due to partial trisomy 21q.", "content": "A patient is reported with a typical Down syndrome phenotype, caused by patrial trisomy of chromosome 21. Based on the present case and data from the literature, it is suggested that the Down phenotype is due to the trisomy of the distal portion of the band (q22) of chromosome 21.", "contents": "Down syndrome due to partial trisomy 21q. A patient is reported with a typical Down syndrome phenotype, caused by patrial trisomy of chromosome 21. Based on the present case and data from the literature, it is suggested that the Down phenotype is due to the trisomy of the distal portion of the band (q22) of chromosome 21."}
{"id": "PMID:138497", "title": "Partial trisomies of chromosome 21 in man. Two new observations due to translocations 19;21 and 4;21.", "content": "Partial trisomy of the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome no. 21, resulting from a (familial) translocation between the chromosomes no. 19 and 21 in a female twin with Down's syndrome, supports the hypothesis that triplication of 21q22 is the cause of the physical signs of mongolism. Partial trisomy of the remaining segments of chromosome no. 21 due to a (familial) translocation between the chromosomes no. 4 and 21, however, may only cause mental deficiency.", "contents": "Partial trisomies of chromosome 21 in man. Two new observations due to translocations 19;21 and 4;21. Partial trisomy of the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome no. 21, resulting from a (familial) translocation between the chromosomes no. 19 and 21 in a female twin with Down's syndrome, supports the hypothesis that triplication of 21q22 is the cause of the physical signs of mongolism. Partial trisomy of the remaining segments of chromosome no. 21 due to a (familial) translocation between the chromosomes no. 4 and 21, however, may only cause mental deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:138498", "title": "Two cases of Down syndrome with unusual de novo translocation.", "content": "Two children with the clinical features of Down syndrome were found to have several unusual cell lines. In both cases the same reverse tandem translocation between two 21 chromosomes was present in one line. This may be an unstable rearrangement. In addition, the findings offer some support for current efforts to localize the portion of chromosome 21 responsible for clinical features of Down syndrome to band 21q22. Acridine orange R banding was found to be especially useful in the identification of the break points on the translocations. The origin of the abnormality was found to be paternal in one case and was indeterminate in the second.", "contents": "Two cases of Down syndrome with unusual de novo translocation. Two children with the clinical features of Down syndrome were found to have several unusual cell lines. In both cases the same reverse tandem translocation between two 21 chromosomes was present in one line. This may be an unstable rearrangement. In addition, the findings offer some support for current efforts to localize the portion of chromosome 21 responsible for clinical features of Down syndrome to band 21q22. Acridine orange R banding was found to be especially useful in the identification of the break points on the translocations. The origin of the abnormality was found to be paternal in one case and was indeterminate in the second."}
{"id": "PMID:138500", "title": "Cosmetics, the consumer, the factory worker and the occupational physician. Suggestions concerning ways to determine untoward dermatologic effects of cosmetics.", "content": "Methods for investigating contact eczematous patients and for measuring the sensitizing potential of various substances are well known and in general, sufficiently effective. This is not true for irritant dermatitis, or for possible (skin) irritant substances; moreover, cosmetics commonly do not contain acutely harmful ingredients. The use of various instrumental measurements (insensible H2O loss, CO2 release, electrical impedance, sweat rate) as indicators of the irritant potentials of substances is advocated. At the same time it is suggested that the factory physician actively investigate the workers in his factory, since these workers are exposed to known substances in known concentrations and combinations, possibly for extensive periods. This may prove to be part of a new role for him. A cosmetic may be one of several factors increasing impairment and only beyond a certain limit may this result in overt disease. Below that limit the health reserve is only partially depleted. Whether this is harmful to a person depends on other stresses, such as medicaments, work materials, other cosmetics and environmental chemicals. The effect of these must also be quantified. A model of these cumulative stresses and reactions is presented and discussed.", "contents": "Cosmetics, the consumer, the factory worker and the occupational physician. Suggestions concerning ways to determine untoward dermatologic effects of cosmetics. Methods for investigating contact eczematous patients and for measuring the sensitizing potential of various substances are well known and in general, sufficiently effective. This is not true for irritant dermatitis, or for possible (skin) irritant substances; moreover, cosmetics commonly do not contain acutely harmful ingredients. The use of various instrumental measurements (insensible H2O loss, CO2 release, electrical impedance, sweat rate) as indicators of the irritant potentials of substances is advocated. At the same time it is suggested that the factory physician actively investigate the workers in his factory, since these workers are exposed to known substances in known concentrations and combinations, possibly for extensive periods. This may prove to be part of a new role for him. A cosmetic may be one of several factors increasing impairment and only beyond a certain limit may this result in overt disease. Below that limit the health reserve is only partially depleted. Whether this is harmful to a person depends on other stresses, such as medicaments, work materials, other cosmetics and environmental chemicals. The effect of these must also be quantified. A model of these cumulative stresses and reactions is presented and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138501", "title": "Contact dermatitis in a spinal injuries centre.", "content": "A routine patch testing survey carried out on 122 patients in the National Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital showed that 40.1% of the patients studied gave positive patch test results to medicaments and other topical applications. The incidence of positive results was higher in patients with a history of pressure sores (45.1%) than in those who had never had sores (33.3%). The significance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis in a spinal injuries centre. A routine patch testing survey carried out on 122 patients in the National Spinal Injuries Centre at Stoke Mandeville Hospital showed that 40.1% of the patients studied gave positive patch test results to medicaments and other topical applications. The incidence of positive results was higher in patients with a history of pressure sores (45.1%) than in those who had never had sores (33.3%). The significance of these results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138502", "title": "Occupational dermatoses among foresters.", "content": "The incidence of occupational dermatoses among the forest workers of a timber company has been investigated. In the survey 73.69% of the occupational dermatoses observed were contact dermatitis, predominantly due to sawdust and sap. Insect bites, mycotic infections and staphylococcal and streptococcal infections were seen. The results of the survey and preventive measures are discussed.", "contents": "Occupational dermatoses among foresters. The incidence of occupational dermatoses among the forest workers of a timber company has been investigated. In the survey 73.69% of the occupational dermatoses observed were contact dermatitis, predominantly due to sawdust and sap. Insect bites, mycotic infections and staphylococcal and streptococcal infections were seen. The results of the survey and preventive measures are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138505", "title": "Skin hazards from nickel and chromium salts in association with cutting oil operations.", "content": "Under ordinary working conditions in which grinding fluids were used, the presence of nickel or chromates was not detectable by spot testing. Laboratory studies, however, indicate that nickel can be leached from the machined metals.", "contents": "Skin hazards from nickel and chromium salts in association with cutting oil operations. Under ordinary working conditions in which grinding fluids were used, the presence of nickel or chromates was not detectable by spot testing. Laboratory studies, however, indicate that nickel can be leached from the machined metals."}
{"id": "PMID:138506", "title": "Nickel allergy and atopy in hairdressers.", "content": "A study of 35 hairdressers with hand eczema was made during an 18-month period. A total of 29 were test-positive to one or more substances in the standard series and/or to products from their working environment. 40% were allergic to nickel. The prevalence of personal atopy was higher in the nickel-negative than in the nickel-positive. Immunoglobulin E determination was not of assistance in attempts to differentiate between nickel-positive and nickel-negative hairdressers. In 72% the eczema had started before the age of 25 and in 23% after less than 1 year in the profession. The desire is expressed that all hairdressing products shall be labelled in respect to allergen contents, since 46% of the hairdressers reacted to one or more such agents.", "contents": "Nickel allergy and atopy in hairdressers. A study of 35 hairdressers with hand eczema was made during an 18-month period. A total of 29 were test-positive to one or more substances in the standard series and/or to products from their working environment. 40% were allergic to nickel. The prevalence of personal atopy was higher in the nickel-negative than in the nickel-positive. Immunoglobulin E determination was not of assistance in attempts to differentiate between nickel-positive and nickel-negative hairdressers. In 72% the eczema had started before the age of 25 and in 23% after less than 1 year in the profession. The desire is expressed that all hairdressing products shall be labelled in respect to allergen contents, since 46% of the hairdressers reacted to one or more such agents."}
{"id": "PMID:138507", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis from cardamom.", "content": "A case is presented of a confectioner with a chronic hand dermatitis and positive patch test reactions to cardamom and certain terpenoid compounds present in the dried ripe seeds of cardamom. Cardamom is a popular traditional flavouring agent for baked goods and confectionery. Dermatitis from skin exposure to cardamom has to the best of our knowledge not been reported. We report one case of allergic contact dermatitis to cardamom elicited by terpenes present in the seeds.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis from cardamom. A case is presented of a confectioner with a chronic hand dermatitis and positive patch test reactions to cardamom and certain terpenoid compounds present in the dried ripe seeds of cardamom. Cardamom is a popular traditional flavouring agent for baked goods and confectionery. Dermatitis from skin exposure to cardamom has to the best of our knowledge not been reported. We report one case of allergic contact dermatitis to cardamom elicited by terpenes present in the seeds."}
{"id": "PMID:138516", "title": "Hexahydro, 1,3,5, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) triazine, a new bacteriocidal agent as a cause of allergic contact dermatitis.", "content": "During the investigation of an outbreak of dermatitis in a medium-sized engineering works, the authors discovered four patients with allergic contact sensitivity to hexahydro,1,3,5, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) triazine, (Grotan), a new bacteriocidal agent used in coolant liquids. The authors failed to find any published report on this subject and would like to draw attention to Grotan as a new potential sensitizer.", "contents": "Hexahydro, 1,3,5, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) triazine, a new bacteriocidal agent as a cause of allergic contact dermatitis. During the investigation of an outbreak of dermatitis in a medium-sized engineering works, the authors discovered four patients with allergic contact sensitivity to hexahydro,1,3,5, tris (2-hydroxyethyl) triazine, (Grotan), a new bacteriocidal agent used in coolant liquids. The authors failed to find any published report on this subject and would like to draw attention to Grotan as a new potential sensitizer."}
{"id": "PMID:138517", "title": "Occupational eczema from para-tertiary-butylphenol formaldehyde resins: a review of the sensitizing resins.", "content": "The first case of allergy due to para-tertiary-butylphenol formaldehyde resins (PTBP resins) were found in 1958 in the shoe-making industry. These resins are found in certain neoprene adhesives. PTBP resin hypersensitivity may be due either to the para-tertiary-butylphenol, to the resin itself or less frequently to the formaldehyde. These resins may cause occupational allergy (in the automobile industry and chiefly in the shoe-making industry) and non-occupational allergy (footwear and clothing hypersensitivity). Patients allergic to PTBP resins have been found to show a cross-reaction to other resins such as Alresen PA 103, Schenectady SP 126 and Schenectady SP 154. The authors give a reference list of sensitizing neoprene adhesives and PTBP resins so that manufacturers can limit the use of these products as far as possible.", "contents": "Occupational eczema from para-tertiary-butylphenol formaldehyde resins: a review of the sensitizing resins. The first case of allergy due to para-tertiary-butylphenol formaldehyde resins (PTBP resins) were found in 1958 in the shoe-making industry. These resins are found in certain neoprene adhesives. PTBP resin hypersensitivity may be due either to the para-tertiary-butylphenol, to the resin itself or less frequently to the formaldehyde. These resins may cause occupational allergy (in the automobile industry and chiefly in the shoe-making industry) and non-occupational allergy (footwear and clothing hypersensitivity). Patients allergic to PTBP resins have been found to show a cross-reaction to other resins such as Alresen PA 103, Schenectady SP 126 and Schenectady SP 154. The authors give a reference list of sensitizing neoprene adhesives and PTBP resins so that manufacturers can limit the use of these products as far as possible."}
{"id": "PMID:138518", "title": "Contact dermatitis from radiata pine.", "content": "Sawdust from radiata pine trees which are grown extensively throughout South Australia causes various forms of contact dermatitis. The various forms are described in nine cases which illustrate that the early diagnosis of industrial dermatitis is necessary to prevent the condition from becoming chronic. A chance association between colophony in radiata pine sawdust and colophony in adhesive plaster, which caused contact dermatitis when used in patch testing, led to the discovery of these cases.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis from radiata pine. Sawdust from radiata pine trees which are grown extensively throughout South Australia causes various forms of contact dermatitis. The various forms are described in nine cases which illustrate that the early diagnosis of industrial dermatitis is necessary to prevent the condition from becoming chronic. A chance association between colophony in radiata pine sawdust and colophony in adhesive plaster, which caused contact dermatitis when used in patch testing, led to the discovery of these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:138519", "title": "Compositae sensitivity among patients with contact dermatitis: value of compositae oleoresins in a standard test series.", "content": "Patch tests with 24 Compositae species were performed on 81 patients suspected of having a plant dermatitis, of whom 16 had positive reactions to various species. When Compositae were included in the standard series, 10 of 488 consecutive patients (2%) were found to be sensitive to one or more species. Most of the positive test reactions were relevant. Fourteen of 16 sensitivities could have been detected by testing with two mixtures of Compositae. Alantolactone could not serve as a screening agent, since four of seven Compositae-sensitive patients had negative reactions to it. Concomitant reactions to balsams were found in four of 10 patients with unexpected sensitivy to Compositae. The clinical pattern of Compositae dermatitis may be that of a lichenified photo dermatitis. These cases are invariably missed, unless patch tests with Compositae are performed. Another group of patients have hadn eczema and also require patch tests with Compositae for etiological diagnosis. Because positive, relevant reactions are common, inclusion of a safe and reliable Compositae screening test in the standard series is urgently required. At the present stage, however, our test materials are sometimes irritant and they have occassionally caused active sensitization.", "contents": "Compositae sensitivity among patients with contact dermatitis: value of compositae oleoresins in a standard test series. Patch tests with 24 Compositae species were performed on 81 patients suspected of having a plant dermatitis, of whom 16 had positive reactions to various species. When Compositae were included in the standard series, 10 of 488 consecutive patients (2%) were found to be sensitive to one or more species. Most of the positive test reactions were relevant. Fourteen of 16 sensitivities could have been detected by testing with two mixtures of Compositae. Alantolactone could not serve as a screening agent, since four of seven Compositae-sensitive patients had negative reactions to it. Concomitant reactions to balsams were found in four of 10 patients with unexpected sensitivy to Compositae. The clinical pattern of Compositae dermatitis may be that of a lichenified photo dermatitis. These cases are invariably missed, unless patch tests with Compositae are performed. Another group of patients have hadn eczema and also require patch tests with Compositae for etiological diagnosis. Because positive, relevant reactions are common, inclusion of a safe and reliable Compositae screening test in the standard series is urgently required. At the present stage, however, our test materials are sometimes irritant and they have occassionally caused active sensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:138520", "title": "Contact dermatitis from tromantadine hydrochloride.", "content": "Of 240 patients treated with 1% tromantadine hydrochloride ointment, 20 showed local irritation, of which 12 were due to contact allergy as demonstrated by patch testing.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis from tromantadine hydrochloride. Of 240 patients treated with 1% tromantadine hydrochloride ointment, 20 showed local irritation, of which 12 were due to contact allergy as demonstrated by patch testing."}
{"id": "PMID:138529", "title": "Benzoyl peroxide gel in acne therapy.", "content": "A micronized benzoyl peroxide, in a magnesium aluminum silicate-alcohol gel, appears to achieve dramatic objective improvement of the comedo and papular stages of acne, as well as associated seborrhea. Burning sensations and excessive erythema, found with similar modalities, have been virtually eliminated.", "contents": "Benzoyl peroxide gel in acne therapy. A micronized benzoyl peroxide, in a magnesium aluminum silicate-alcohol gel, appears to achieve dramatic objective improvement of the comedo and papular stages of acne, as well as associated seborrhea. Burning sensations and excessive erythema, found with similar modalities, have been virtually eliminated."}
{"id": "PMID:138530", "title": "Parenteral short-term corticosteroid therapy in moderate to severe dermatoses. A comparative multiclinic study.", "content": "Six separate investigators following the methodology stipulated in a common protocol provided a data base of 124 patients with Rhus dermatitis, other contact dermatitis, or atopic dermatitis. In this double-blind study, one or two 1 ml (4.0 mg/ml) intramuscular injections of the new sodium phosphate ester of betamethasone was compared with dexamethasone sodium phosphate in the treatment of the signs and symptoms common to these disorders. The comparably balanced groups responded dramatically to both drugs. Within 24 hours the mean scores of all symptoms and patients' overall condition were reduced appreciable. Pruritus, burning, inflammation and other typical symptoms and signs each responded well. The significant beneficial differences were observed most often in patients on betamethasone. There were no treatment failures and no side effects in this short-term trial.", "contents": "Parenteral short-term corticosteroid therapy in moderate to severe dermatoses. A comparative multiclinic study. Six separate investigators following the methodology stipulated in a common protocol provided a data base of 124 patients with Rhus dermatitis, other contact dermatitis, or atopic dermatitis. In this double-blind study, one or two 1 ml (4.0 mg/ml) intramuscular injections of the new sodium phosphate ester of betamethasone was compared with dexamethasone sodium phosphate in the treatment of the signs and symptoms common to these disorders. The comparably balanced groups responded dramatically to both drugs. Within 24 hours the mean scores of all symptoms and patients' overall condition were reduced appreciable. Pruritus, burning, inflammation and other typical symptoms and signs each responded well. The significant beneficial differences were observed most often in patients on betamethasone. There were no treatment failures and no side effects in this short-term trial."}
{"id": "PMID:138532", "title": "Non-comedogenic cosmetics.", "content": "The need for a \"comedogenic-free\" cosmetic for acne patients led to this study using the only available mode, the rabbit. To facilitate the formulation of this benign cover-up, a range of cosmetics and ingredients was tested. Many cosmetics, fractions, and modifications of lanolins were comedogenic, as were emulsifiers such as butyl sterate, isopropyl myristate and sodium lauryl sulfate. From this data we incorporated non-comedogenic, into an acceptable cosmetic formulation for patients. The use of this formulation in susceptible acne-prone women reduced the rate of \"acne cosmetica\" in our clinic patients from 25% to less than 5%. We were unable to confirm a recent study suggesting that sulfur was a potent acnegen.", "contents": "Non-comedogenic cosmetics. The need for a \"comedogenic-free\" cosmetic for acne patients led to this study using the only available mode, the rabbit. To facilitate the formulation of this benign cover-up, a range of cosmetics and ingredients was tested. Many cosmetics, fractions, and modifications of lanolins were comedogenic, as were emulsifiers such as butyl sterate, isopropyl myristate and sodium lauryl sulfate. From this data we incorporated non-comedogenic, into an acceptable cosmetic formulation for patients. The use of this formulation in susceptible acne-prone women reduced the rate of \"acne cosmetica\" in our clinic patients from 25% to less than 5%. We were unable to confirm a recent study suggesting that sulfur was a potent acnegen."}
{"id": "PMID:138533", "title": "Adolescent skin problems.", "content": "The most common dermatoese encountered in the adolescent-acne, seborrhea, neurodermatitis, contact dermatitis, warts pyodermas, fungal infections and venereal disease-are discussed. Specific treatments are described, and proprietary preparations are indicated.", "contents": "Adolescent skin problems. The most common dermatoese encountered in the adolescent-acne, seborrhea, neurodermatitis, contact dermatitis, warts pyodermas, fungal infections and venereal disease-are discussed. Specific treatments are described, and proprietary preparations are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:138534", "title": "Systemic drug rashes: pitfalls in diagnosis and treatment.", "content": "Some of the unusual findings in eruptions from systemically administered drugs are localization to areas of trauma and localization in the mucosae. Systemic drug eruptions must be distinguished from autosensitization eczema, lesions produced by scratching, by application of drying preparations and from all the other causes of sudden widespread erythema. A calendar of the dates on which all the drugs were given is suggested to help find the causative drugs. In general, almost all drugs should be stopped and a period of time should be allowed to pass before a decision is made as to whether or not a particular drug can be implicated. Rarely, coricosteriods will have to be given. Consultation with physicians who have day-to-day experience in handling systemic drug reactions should be obtained if you are not sure of the diagnosis or management.", "contents": "Systemic drug rashes: pitfalls in diagnosis and treatment. Some of the unusual findings in eruptions from systemically administered drugs are localization to areas of trauma and localization in the mucosae. Systemic drug eruptions must be distinguished from autosensitization eczema, lesions produced by scratching, by application of drying preparations and from all the other causes of sudden widespread erythema. A calendar of the dates on which all the drugs were given is suggested to help find the causative drugs. In general, almost all drugs should be stopped and a period of time should be allowed to pass before a decision is made as to whether or not a particular drug can be implicated. Rarely, coricosteriods will have to be given. Consultation with physicians who have day-to-day experience in handling systemic drug reactions should be obtained if you are not sure of the diagnosis or management."}
{"id": "PMID:138537", "title": "Acne enigmas and some pure hypotheses about them.", "content": "The enigmas of why acne usually starts and stops at certain ages, why and how it so often cures itself, are recalled and some explanatory hypotheses are mentioned. Certain other enigmas are mentioned including why some patients have much oil and little acne, and some vice versa; why some blackheads and whiteheads initiate inflammation and suppuration and others not; why cysts and why scars form in some patients and not in others. Enigmas such as these show that acne is not only a common disease that supplies the practitioner's bread and butter, but one offering almost unequaled opportunities for research.", "contents": "Acne enigmas and some pure hypotheses about them. The enigmas of why acne usually starts and stops at certain ages, why and how it so often cures itself, are recalled and some explanatory hypotheses are mentioned. Certain other enigmas are mentioned including why some patients have much oil and little acne, and some vice versa; why some blackheads and whiteheads initiate inflammation and suppuration and others not; why cysts and why scars form in some patients and not in others. Enigmas such as these show that acne is not only a common disease that supplies the practitioner's bread and butter, but one offering almost unequaled opportunities for research."}
{"id": "PMID:138542", "title": "A microbial etiology of acne?", "content": "The view is advanced that sebum as originally produced must contain materials, other than lipids, which may serve as a selective substrate for growth of bacteria and yeasts. Growth of large numbers of P. acnes and P. granulosum in some follicles is considered to place those follicles at risk of undergoing pathological changes. Deleterious products of bacterial growth could be not only lipase and free fatty acids, but also other enzymes as well as bacterial antigens and unspecified toxins or irritants. The possibility is suggested that follicles heavily infested with P. acnes and P. granulosum may be identified by their reddish fluorescence under ultraviolet light, thus permitting identification and study of those which are at risk. Antibiotics may be helpful in reducing the formation of harmful bacterial products during continued growth of the organisms. The eventually self-limiting nature of the disease may be due to the immune response to bacterial products, or to an accommodation of the follicular epithelium to the long-continued presence of irritant materials within the follicle.", "contents": "A microbial etiology of acne? The view is advanced that sebum as originally produced must contain materials, other than lipids, which may serve as a selective substrate for growth of bacteria and yeasts. Growth of large numbers of P. acnes and P. granulosum in some follicles is considered to place those follicles at risk of undergoing pathological changes. Deleterious products of bacterial growth could be not only lipase and free fatty acids, but also other enzymes as well as bacterial antigens and unspecified toxins or irritants. The possibility is suggested that follicles heavily infested with P. acnes and P. granulosum may be identified by their reddish fluorescence under ultraviolet light, thus permitting identification and study of those which are at risk. Antibiotics may be helpful in reducing the formation of harmful bacterial products during continued growth of the organisms. The eventually self-limiting nature of the disease may be due to the immune response to bacterial products, or to an accommodation of the follicular epithelium to the long-continued presence of irritant materials within the follicle."}
{"id": "PMID:138543", "title": "Acne from an immunological perspective.", "content": "Patients with acne vulgaris, particularly those with severe inflammatory forms of the disease, are known to have high titers of serum antibodies, and intensified immediate hypersensitivity reactions to P. acnes antigens. The significance of this fact has not been clarified, but it is possible that antigen-antibody reactions involving P. acnes in the perifollicular dermis could intensify the inflammatory response in certain forms of acne. Further studies utilizing newer, more sophisticated techniques are needed to identify the role of P. acnes antigens in affecting such fundamental phenomena as chemotaxis, cell-mediated immunity, activation of the complement cascade and reticuloendothelial system stimulation. Answers to these basic questions have the pathogenesis of that common but even more complex disease, acne.", "contents": "Acne from an immunological perspective. Patients with acne vulgaris, particularly those with severe inflammatory forms of the disease, are known to have high titers of serum antibodies, and intensified immediate hypersensitivity reactions to P. acnes antigens. The significance of this fact has not been clarified, but it is possible that antigen-antibody reactions involving P. acnes in the perifollicular dermis could intensify the inflammatory response in certain forms of acne. Further studies utilizing newer, more sophisticated techniques are needed to identify the role of P. acnes antigens in affecting such fundamental phenomena as chemotaxis, cell-mediated immunity, activation of the complement cascade and reticuloendothelial system stimulation. Answers to these basic questions have the pathogenesis of that common but even more complex disease, acne."}
{"id": "PMID:138544", "title": "Acne vulgaris. Studies in pathogenesis: suppression of nonspecific esterases.", "content": "Oral tetracycline eliminated the histochemical staining for nonspecific esterase in human sebaceous glands after two weeks of administration. This evidence offers further support for the hypothesis that the clinical benefits of tetracycline result from suppression of follicular esterase-lipases, probably those from C. acnes.", "contents": "Acne vulgaris. Studies in pathogenesis: suppression of nonspecific esterases. Oral tetracycline eliminated the histochemical staining for nonspecific esterase in human sebaceous glands after two weeks of administration. This evidence offers further support for the hypothesis that the clinical benefits of tetracycline result from suppression of follicular esterase-lipases, probably those from C. acnes."}
{"id": "PMID:138548", "title": "Topical treatment of acne with a tetracycline preparations: results of a multi-group study.", "content": "This report presents the results of a 13-week study done on 300 patients with acne vulgaris treated with a tetracycline topical lotion alone. The vehicle used was an aqueous-ethanol solution containing the penetration enhancer, n-decyl methyl sulfoxide. On a 0-8 grading scale, 81% of the patients improved by one or more grade points, 57% by two or more points and 31% by three or more points. Analysis indicated that concomitant variables such as severity, age, type of acne, sex and season of the year did not alter the conclusion as to efficacy. Detailed statistical analysis indicates that the conclusion is valid that the tetracycline preparation is beneficial in the treatment of acne vulgaris. No adverse reactions were observed in the patients treated. Hemograms, blood studies and urinalyses were completed on 37 patients. No disturbing trends were uncovered.", "contents": "Topical treatment of acne with a tetracycline preparations: results of a multi-group study. This report presents the results of a 13-week study done on 300 patients with acne vulgaris treated with a tetracycline topical lotion alone. The vehicle used was an aqueous-ethanol solution containing the penetration enhancer, n-decyl methyl sulfoxide. On a 0-8 grading scale, 81% of the patients improved by one or more grade points, 57% by two or more points and 31% by three or more points. Analysis indicated that concomitant variables such as severity, age, type of acne, sex and season of the year did not alter the conclusion as to efficacy. Detailed statistical analysis indicates that the conclusion is valid that the tetracycline preparation is beneficial in the treatment of acne vulgaris. No adverse reactions were observed in the patients treated. Hemograms, blood studies and urinalyses were completed on 37 patients. No disturbing trends were uncovered."}
{"id": "PMID:138551", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic study of tretinoin (vitamin A acid) acne therapy.", "content": "Structural differences between untreated and tretinoin treated acne, uniquely evident with the scanning electron microscope, provide insight into the disease and its response to the drug. Early tretinoin therapy is characterized by the appearance of loosely adherent, parakeratotic cells which account for comedo expulsion and a disrupted skin surface. Persistence of the follicular and comedonal alterations account for the prophylactic value of long-term therapy. Meanwhile, the structure of the stratum corneum returns toward normal, with the clinical accommodation to the topical tretinoin.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic study of tretinoin (vitamin A acid) acne therapy. Structural differences between untreated and tretinoin treated acne, uniquely evident with the scanning electron microscope, provide insight into the disease and its response to the drug. Early tretinoin therapy is characterized by the appearance of loosely adherent, parakeratotic cells which account for comedo expulsion and a disrupted skin surface. Persistence of the follicular and comedonal alterations account for the prophylactic value of long-term therapy. Meanwhile, the structure of the stratum corneum returns toward normal, with the clinical accommodation to the topical tretinoin."}
{"id": "PMID:138553", "title": "Antibiotic resistant acne.", "content": "Our approach to a patient who fails to respond to antibiotics is as follows: First, take a careful history. Look for use of cosmetics and topical corticosteroids, anticonvulsive agents and systemic corticosteroids. Inquire about marked increases in emotional or psychological stresses accompanied by noticeable seborrhea. Probe the patient about habits of leaning on or squeezing acne areas, and most importantly, inquire how often and in what manner the patient washes. In the physical examination, look for evidence of sinus tract formation--extending, tunneling lesions with openings to the surface. Use Wood's light examination for the density of follicular fluorescence to rule out failure to properly absorb an antibiotic; fluoresce the oral mucosa to rule out failure to comply when the antibiotic is a tetracycline. Culture the surface aerobic flora on routine media with and without the antibiotic in question to settle any question of malabsorption. A systematic approach to these possibilities will usually uncover the factor or factors responsible for therapeutic failure. Clinical improvement promptly follows, once proper measures are initiated to neutralize the aggravating forces.", "contents": "Antibiotic resistant acne. Our approach to a patient who fails to respond to antibiotics is as follows: First, take a careful history. Look for use of cosmetics and topical corticosteroids, anticonvulsive agents and systemic corticosteroids. Inquire about marked increases in emotional or psychological stresses accompanied by noticeable seborrhea. Probe the patient about habits of leaning on or squeezing acne areas, and most importantly, inquire how often and in what manner the patient washes. In the physical examination, look for evidence of sinus tract formation--extending, tunneling lesions with openings to the surface. Use Wood's light examination for the density of follicular fluorescence to rule out failure to properly absorb an antibiotic; fluoresce the oral mucosa to rule out failure to comply when the antibiotic is a tetracycline. Culture the surface aerobic flora on routine media with and without the antibiotic in question to settle any question of malabsorption. A systematic approach to these possibilities will usually uncover the factor or factors responsible for therapeutic failure. Clinical improvement promptly follows, once proper measures are initiated to neutralize the aggravating forces."}
{"id": "PMID:138554", "title": "Epidermabrasion for acne: the polyester fiber web sponge.", "content": "Physical-mechanical exfoliation with the nonwoven polyester fiber web sponge is an effective adjunct to the treatment of comedonal and pustular acne. Precisely controlled epidermabrasion is achieved by varying pressure, velocity, duration and frequency of use. Side effects are negligible and patient acceptance is high. Effectiveness is not dependent upon erythema and scaling since the web sponge mechanically removes keratin excrescences and trapped hairs in pilosebaceous ducts.", "contents": "Epidermabrasion for acne: the polyester fiber web sponge. Physical-mechanical exfoliation with the nonwoven polyester fiber web sponge is an effective adjunct to the treatment of comedonal and pustular acne. Precisely controlled epidermabrasion is achieved by varying pressure, velocity, duration and frequency of use. Side effects are negligible and patient acceptance is high. Effectiveness is not dependent upon erythema and scaling since the web sponge mechanically removes keratin excrescences and trapped hairs in pilosebaceous ducts."}
{"id": "PMID:138556", "title": "Acne: treatment with minocycline.", "content": "Forty-seven patients with acne, unresponsive to tetracycline and erythromycin, were treated with 100 mg minocycline daily. About one-quarter showed a 50% improvement or better. Five patients became dizzy during the first week of therapy, making it necessary to stop the medication in four instances. Two patients stopped treatment after several months because of esophagitis in one and headaches in another. Vestibular side effects are the most common complication of treatment. Patients should be warned about this side effect and if it occurs should avoid driving or handling machines. In some instances, dizziness may be so severe that the drug will have to be discontinued.", "contents": "Acne: treatment with minocycline. Forty-seven patients with acne, unresponsive to tetracycline and erythromycin, were treated with 100 mg minocycline daily. About one-quarter showed a 50% improvement or better. Five patients became dizzy during the first week of therapy, making it necessary to stop the medication in four instances. Two patients stopped treatment after several months because of esophagitis in one and headaches in another. Vestibular side effects are the most common complication of treatment. Patients should be warned about this side effect and if it occurs should avoid driving or handling machines. In some instances, dizziness may be so severe that the drug will have to be discontinued."}
{"id": "PMID:138557", "title": "A comparison of betamethasone benzoate gel and betamethasone valerate cream.", "content": "One hundred and twenty-one patients were treated in a double-blind fashion with .025% betamethasone benzoate gel and 0.1% betamethasone valerate cream. Results were not statistically significant, although 14 of 16 patients with psoriasis showed excellent results with betamethasone benzoate gel, as opposed to six of 14 patients given betamethasone valerate cream.", "contents": "A comparison of betamethasone benzoate gel and betamethasone valerate cream. One hundred and twenty-one patients were treated in a double-blind fashion with .025% betamethasone benzoate gel and 0.1% betamethasone valerate cream. Results were not statistically significant, although 14 of 16 patients with psoriasis showed excellent results with betamethasone benzoate gel, as opposed to six of 14 patients given betamethasone valerate cream."}
{"id": "PMID:138560", "title": "Minocycline therapy in acne vulgaris.", "content": "A double-blind, random distribution study showed that a lower than recommended dose of minocycline--50 mg twice daily--was as effective as a dose of 250 mg twice daily of tetracycline for treatment of acne vulgaris in comparable patient groups, and that minocycline produced no vestibular side effects at the lower dosage. Like tetracycline, minocycline did not produce the phototoxicity associated with demeclocycline or the life-threatening colitis associated with clindamycin. Patients in this study did not develop a resistance either to minocycline or to tetracycline. Studies of the use of minocycline in patients who have developed tetracycline resistance and long-range studies of patients on the new lower dose of minocycline are now underway.", "contents": "Minocycline therapy in acne vulgaris. A double-blind, random distribution study showed that a lower than recommended dose of minocycline--50 mg twice daily--was as effective as a dose of 250 mg twice daily of tetracycline for treatment of acne vulgaris in comparable patient groups, and that minocycline produced no vestibular side effects at the lower dosage. Like tetracycline, minocycline did not produce the phototoxicity associated with demeclocycline or the life-threatening colitis associated with clindamycin. Patients in this study did not develop a resistance either to minocycline or to tetracycline. Studies of the use of minocycline in patients who have developed tetracycline resistance and long-range studies of patients on the new lower dose of minocycline are now underway."}
{"id": "PMID:138566", "title": "An allergist looks at urticaria.", "content": "Some etiologic possibilities which must be considered are foods, drugs, infection, inhalant sensitivity, psychic factors, physical agents, underlying connective tissue disease or neoplasm, insect bite or stings and genetic abnormalities. A painstaking history and a complete physical examination are, of course, mandatory. These are followed by appropriate studies for whatever etiologic factors are suggested by the history and physical examination. Certain routine or more sophisticated studies might be indicated including a complete blood count, urinalysis, stools for ova and parasites, antinuclear antibody titer, complete complement, sedimentation rate, sinus, chest and dental X rays and any other specified test depending on where the clues lead. O'Loughlin described a practical approach in the use of laboratory studies for the diagnosis of chronic urticaria. Skin tests can be helpful especially for inhalants, but food tests are usually not reliable in the diagnosis of chronic urticaria. The acute urticaria reaction to a food is clinically obvious and this type of patient does not usually seek medical attention or need extensive investigation. Treatment includes a few basic medications. Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril), which combines tranquilizer and antihistamine action, is frequently effective. Cyproheptadine HCL (Periactin) both a serotonin and histamine antagonist with anticholinergic effect, is also helpful--especially in combination with hydroxyzine. Antihistamines, ephedrine, epinephrine, aminophyllin and occasionally corticosteroids are helpful. Immunotherapy with inhalants is occasionally indicated. Eliminating possible offending foods, dyes or drugs has been previously discussed. Anti-candidal therapy and low yeast diet is effective when indicated. The final aspect of the investigation and treatment process might best be described as \"patient support\"--patience on the part of the physician. It should be realized that in 75% of the cases of chronic urticaria, no convincing etiology is found. It should also be realized that urticaria all too frequently \"settles down\" due as much to the natural course as to the careful ministrations of the physician.", "contents": "An allergist looks at urticaria. Some etiologic possibilities which must be considered are foods, drugs, infection, inhalant sensitivity, psychic factors, physical agents, underlying connective tissue disease or neoplasm, insect bite or stings and genetic abnormalities. A painstaking history and a complete physical examination are, of course, mandatory. These are followed by appropriate studies for whatever etiologic factors are suggested by the history and physical examination. Certain routine or more sophisticated studies might be indicated including a complete blood count, urinalysis, stools for ova and parasites, antinuclear antibody titer, complete complement, sedimentation rate, sinus, chest and dental X rays and any other specified test depending on where the clues lead. O'Loughlin described a practical approach in the use of laboratory studies for the diagnosis of chronic urticaria. Skin tests can be helpful especially for inhalants, but food tests are usually not reliable in the diagnosis of chronic urticaria. The acute urticaria reaction to a food is clinically obvious and this type of patient does not usually seek medical attention or need extensive investigation. Treatment includes a few basic medications. Hydroxyzine (Atarax, Vistaril), which combines tranquilizer and antihistamine action, is frequently effective. Cyproheptadine HCL (Periactin) both a serotonin and histamine antagonist with anticholinergic effect, is also helpful--especially in combination with hydroxyzine. Antihistamines, ephedrine, epinephrine, aminophyllin and occasionally corticosteroids are helpful. Immunotherapy with inhalants is occasionally indicated. Eliminating possible offending foods, dyes or drugs has been previously discussed. Anti-candidal therapy and low yeast diet is effective when indicated. The final aspect of the investigation and treatment process might best be described as \"patient support\"--patience on the part of the physician. It should be realized that in 75% of the cases of chronic urticaria, no convincing etiology is found. It should also be realized that urticaria all too frequently \"settles down\" due as much to the natural course as to the careful ministrations of the physician."}
{"id": "PMID:138568", "title": "The pathogenesis of the comedo.", "content": "The pathogenesis of acne is briefly reviewed and photographic evidence related to the production of follicular plugging is presented. One simple method of demonstrating this plugging for experimental use is described. Although juvenile acne is a benign, self-limited disease, it is extremely common and sometimes devastating. It is hoped that this presentation will lead to better understanding of its management.", "contents": "The pathogenesis of the comedo. The pathogenesis of acne is briefly reviewed and photographic evidence related to the production of follicular plugging is presented. One simple method of demonstrating this plugging for experimental use is described. Although juvenile acne is a benign, self-limited disease, it is extremely common and sometimes devastating. It is hoped that this presentation will lead to better understanding of its management."}
{"id": "PMID:138572", "title": "\"Witch doctor?\" A hexing case of dermatitis.", "content": "A Mexican-American woman presented with exfoliative dermatitis complicated by a \"curse\". She was cured by a combination of bland topical therapy and casting off of the spell by a curandero.", "contents": "\"Witch doctor?\" A hexing case of dermatitis. A Mexican-American woman presented with exfoliative dermatitis complicated by a \"curse\". She was cured by a combination of bland topical therapy and casting off of the spell by a curandero."}
{"id": "PMID:138573", "title": "Acne treatment: a comparative efficacy trial of clindamycin and tetracycline.", "content": "Tetracycline was compared to clindamycin as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of moderate to moderately severe acne under double-blind controlled conditions. Both antibiotics were efficacious and differences were not appreciable. Lesion counts of both comedones and pustules were reduced and clinical improvement was noted in the majority of subjects. Side effects were not a problem. The place of clindamycin in the therapeutic armamentarium of the dermatologist is discussed.", "contents": "Acne treatment: a comparative efficacy trial of clindamycin and tetracycline. Tetracycline was compared to clindamycin as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of moderate to moderately severe acne under double-blind controlled conditions. Both antibiotics were efficacious and differences were not appreciable. Lesion counts of both comedones and pustules were reduced and clinical improvement was noted in the majority of subjects. Side effects were not a problem. The place of clindamycin in the therapeutic armamentarium of the dermatologist is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138576", "title": "Dermatologic hazards from ethylene oxide.", "content": "The more recent application of ethylene oxide as a gas sterilizing agent for medical supplies has introduced new problems for this old chemical. Not only is ethylene oxide a potent skin irritant but also delayed hypersensitivity and immediate hypersensitivity have been reported, In this article, chemical properties of this agent and sources of industrial exposure are discussed, and the literature regarding ethylene oxide dermatitis is reviewed.", "contents": "Dermatologic hazards from ethylene oxide. The more recent application of ethylene oxide as a gas sterilizing agent for medical supplies has introduced new problems for this old chemical. Not only is ethylene oxide a potent skin irritant but also delayed hypersensitivity and immediate hypersensitivity have been reported, In this article, chemical properties of this agent and sources of industrial exposure are discussed, and the literature regarding ethylene oxide dermatitis is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:138577", "title": "The effect of Sch 1000 and disodium cromoglycate on exercise-induced asthma.", "content": "The effect of disodium cromoglycate and Sch 1000 on exercise-induced asthma was studied in nine patients. The exercise stimulus consisted of either treadmill running or jogging; spirometric measurements were made before and at intervals after exercise. In six patients, disodium cromoglycate and Sch 1000 were both effective in preventing exercise-induced asthma. In two patients, Sch 1000 was effective, while disodium cromoglycate gave no protection. In the remaining patient, disodium cromoglycate was more effective than Sch 1000. The findings of this study suggest that the mechanism of exercise-induced asthma may be multifactorial, and the relative importance of each factor may vary in different patients.", "contents": "The effect of Sch 1000 and disodium cromoglycate on exercise-induced asthma. The effect of disodium cromoglycate and Sch 1000 on exercise-induced asthma was studied in nine patients. The exercise stimulus consisted of either treadmill running or jogging; spirometric measurements were made before and at intervals after exercise. In six patients, disodium cromoglycate and Sch 1000 were both effective in preventing exercise-induced asthma. In two patients, Sch 1000 was effective, while disodium cromoglycate gave no protection. In the remaining patient, disodium cromoglycate was more effective than Sch 1000. The findings of this study suggest that the mechanism of exercise-induced asthma may be multifactorial, and the relative importance of each factor may vary in different patients."}
{"id": "PMID:138578", "title": "Bronchodilator action of the anticholinergic drug, ipratropium bromide (Sch 1000), as an aerosol in chronic bronchitis and asthma.", "content": "Ipratropium bromide (also known as Sch 1000) is a new atropine-like bronchodilator drug whose mechanism of action is via an anticholinergic pathway and may decrease cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Although of established efficacy in asthma, there are no studies of the use of ipratropium in patients with chronic bronchitis. The single metered aerosol doses of 10 mug, 20 mug, 40 mug and 80 mug of ipratropium bromide, 75 mug and 150 mug of isoproterenol, and placebo were studied in 20 adult patients, half with asthma and half with chronic bronchitis. To qualify, all patients demonstrated at least 20% improvement in the forced expiratory volume in one second while in the drug-free state when tested with isoproterenol. All subjects were tested for six hours with each agent in a double-blind crossover design. The dose-response aspects of the study indicate that in bronchial asthma the optimal range of dosage is 40 mug to 80 mug of ipratropium bromide. These doses are superior to isoproterenol in duration of action. In chronic bronchitis, all doses of ipratropium showed prolonged efficacy, but 80 mug was superior. Isoproterenol lacked this sustained efficacy. No significant alteration in pulse or blood pressure was observed. Ipratropium appears to be an important addition to the bronchodilator agents used in isoproterenol-responsive obstructive pulmonary disease.", "contents": "Bronchodilator action of the anticholinergic drug, ipratropium bromide (Sch 1000), as an aerosol in chronic bronchitis and asthma. Ipratropium bromide (also known as Sch 1000) is a new atropine-like bronchodilator drug whose mechanism of action is via an anticholinergic pathway and may decrease cyclic guanosine monophosphate. Although of established efficacy in asthma, there are no studies of the use of ipratropium in patients with chronic bronchitis. The single metered aerosol doses of 10 mug, 20 mug, 40 mug and 80 mug of ipratropium bromide, 75 mug and 150 mug of isoproterenol, and placebo were studied in 20 adult patients, half with asthma and half with chronic bronchitis. To qualify, all patients demonstrated at least 20% improvement in the forced expiratory volume in one second while in the drug-free state when tested with isoproterenol. All subjects were tested for six hours with each agent in a double-blind crossover design. The dose-response aspects of the study indicate that in bronchial asthma the optimal range of dosage is 40 mug to 80 mug of ipratropium bromide. These doses are superior to isoproterenol in duration of action. In chronic bronchitis, all doses of ipratropium showed prolonged efficacy, but 80 mug was superior. Isoproterenol lacked this sustained efficacy. No significant alteration in pulse or blood pressure was observed. Ipratropium appears to be an important addition to the bronchodilator agents used in isoproterenol-responsive obstructive pulmonary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:138579", "title": "Exercising pulmonary blood flow in mitral stenosis with anomalous pulmonary venous connection.", "content": "Exercising pulmonary blood flow was estimated from indicator-dilution curves in a patient with the infrequent combination of rheumatic mitral stenosis and anomalous pulmonary venous connection from the left lung. During supine exercise against progressively increasing external workloads, the proportion of flow to each lung remained nearly constant. The pulmonary vascular resistance was highest in the left lung, which emptied into the low-pressure systemic vein. Although right and left atrial pressures differed markedly during supine exercise, the proportion of pulmonary blood flow shunted to the systemic venous sytem remained essentially unchanged.", "contents": "Exercising pulmonary blood flow in mitral stenosis with anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Exercising pulmonary blood flow was estimated from indicator-dilution curves in a patient with the infrequent combination of rheumatic mitral stenosis and anomalous pulmonary venous connection from the left lung. During supine exercise against progressively increasing external workloads, the proportion of flow to each lung remained nearly constant. The pulmonary vascular resistance was highest in the left lung, which emptied into the low-pressure systemic vein. Although right and left atrial pressures differed markedly during supine exercise, the proportion of pulmonary blood flow shunted to the systemic venous sytem remained essentially unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:138580", "title": "Thrombosed giant left atrium mimicking a mediastinal tumor.", "content": "A patient with rheumatic heart disease, mitral stenosis, and mitral insufficiency is described. The thrombosed giant left atrium paralyzed the left vocal cord and completely obstructed the bronchi to the middle and lower lobes of the right lung. The giant left atrium mimicked a mediastinal tumor on the chest x-ray film.", "contents": "Thrombosed giant left atrium mimicking a mediastinal tumor. A patient with rheumatic heart disease, mitral stenosis, and mitral insufficiency is described. The thrombosed giant left atrium paralyzed the left vocal cord and completely obstructed the bronchi to the middle and lower lobes of the right lung. The giant left atrium mimicked a mediastinal tumor on the chest x-ray film."}
{"id": "PMID:138582", "title": "Replication of chromosomal DNA in diploid Drosophila melanogaster cells cultured in vitro.", "content": "Replication rate and replicon sizes in chromosomal DNA of in vitro cultured diploid D. melanogaster cells were determined using autoradiography of 3H-thymidine labeled DNA. Synthesis of DNA in euchromatic and heterochromatic regions of Drosophila diploid cells occurs at different periods of the S phase which last 10 h. During the first 4 h the synthesis is observed only in euchromatic regions. The heterochromatic synthesis starts shortly before the synthesis in euchromatic regions is completed and lasts for 6 h until the end of the S phase. The cells were synchronized by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine which blocked the diploid cell DNA synthesis. Synthesis was found to start simultaneously in most euchromatic replicons. In the majority of the replicons the synthesis started at a single point and proceeded bidirectionally. The average rate of DNA synthesis per fork was 12.5 mum/h (38kb). The mean distance between the middle points of adjacent labeled regions was 70 mgm (210 kb). The size of most replicons ranged from 40 to 120 mum. - These estimates do not apply to the heterochromatic portions of the D. melanogaster genome since the measurements have been carried out on DNA preparations obtained during the first 2 h of the S phase. - On the average, a replicon can consist of 7 chromomeres since the size of a replicon in diploid cell chromosomal DNA and DNA length of a polytene chromomere average 210 and 30 kb, respectively.", "contents": "Replication of chromosomal DNA in diploid Drosophila melanogaster cells cultured in vitro. Replication rate and replicon sizes in chromosomal DNA of in vitro cultured diploid D. melanogaster cells were determined using autoradiography of 3H-thymidine labeled DNA. Synthesis of DNA in euchromatic and heterochromatic regions of Drosophila diploid cells occurs at different periods of the S phase which last 10 h. During the first 4 h the synthesis is observed only in euchromatic regions. The heterochromatic synthesis starts shortly before the synthesis in euchromatic regions is completed and lasts for 6 h until the end of the S phase. The cells were synchronized by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine which blocked the diploid cell DNA synthesis. Synthesis was found to start simultaneously in most euchromatic replicons. In the majority of the replicons the synthesis started at a single point and proceeded bidirectionally. The average rate of DNA synthesis per fork was 12.5 mum/h (38kb). The mean distance between the middle points of adjacent labeled regions was 70 mgm (210 kb). The size of most replicons ranged from 40 to 120 mum. - These estimates do not apply to the heterochromatic portions of the D. melanogaster genome since the measurements have been carried out on DNA preparations obtained during the first 2 h of the S phase. - On the average, a replicon can consist of 7 chromomeres since the size of a replicon in diploid cell chromosomal DNA and DNA length of a polytene chromomere average 210 and 30 kb, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:138583", "title": "Central serotonergic mechanisms and development of morphine dependence.", "content": "The effects of different manipulations of brain serotonin (5-HT) content on the development of morphine dependence were investigated in rats, which were implanted with morphine pellets for 40 days. Serotonin content was decreased by (a) short or long term inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase with para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), (b) by short or long term degeneration of 5-HT containing nerve terminals with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or (c) by degeneration of 5-HT containing nerve terminals by lesioning of midbrain raphe nuclei. With all methods used, the frequency of withdrawal jumping was significantly reduced, while other withdrawal signs remained more or less unchanged. Additional administration of 5-HTP to chronically PCPA treated rats did not reverse the PCPA effect. Since chronic reduction of 5-HT level during the whole time of morphine exposure changed withdrawal symptomatology in nearly the same way as did a decrease in 5-HT  level during the time of withdrawal only, it is suggested that serotonergic mechanisms are not linked to the basic processes underlying dependence development but that they are only involved in the nervous pathways mediating the expression of some withdrawal signs.", "contents": "Central serotonergic mechanisms and development of morphine dependence. The effects of different manipulations of brain serotonin (5-HT) content on the development of morphine dependence were investigated in rats, which were implanted with morphine pellets for 40 days. Serotonin content was decreased by (a) short or long term inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylase with para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), (b) by short or long term degeneration of 5-HT containing nerve terminals with 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine or (c) by degeneration of 5-HT containing nerve terminals by lesioning of midbrain raphe nuclei. With all methods used, the frequency of withdrawal jumping was significantly reduced, while other withdrawal signs remained more or less unchanged. Additional administration of 5-HTP to chronically PCPA treated rats did not reverse the PCPA effect. Since chronic reduction of 5-HT level during the whole time of morphine exposure changed withdrawal symptomatology in nearly the same way as did a decrease in 5-HT  level during the time of withdrawal only, it is suggested that serotonergic mechanisms are not linked to the basic processes underlying dependence development but that they are only involved in the nervous pathways mediating the expression of some withdrawal signs."}
{"id": "PMID:138584", "title": "[Sex hormones and depth of voice in the male (author's transl)].", "content": "Correlations between sex hormone levels and the male depth of voice were investigated in 102 singers. As compared to tenor singers higher testosterone and lower oestradiol plasma concentrations were measured in bass and baritone singers. This resulted in higher testosterone/oestradiol ratios due to increased androgens in those with deeper voices. Deeper voices were associated with taller and heavier body build. In the young age group sexual activity was highest among the bass voices, in the middle and old age group tenors were most active. There were no depth of voice-related differences as regards the sequence and occurrence of different pubertal characteristics. Only future bass singers had an increased of acne. The results indicate that the different depths of the male voice are influenced by different concentrations of circulating sex hormones and also by the androgen sensitivity of the target organs.", "contents": "[Sex hormones and depth of voice in the male (author's transl)]. Correlations between sex hormone levels and the male depth of voice were investigated in 102 singers. As compared to tenor singers higher testosterone and lower oestradiol plasma concentrations were measured in bass and baritone singers. This resulted in higher testosterone/oestradiol ratios due to increased androgens in those with deeper voices. Deeper voices were associated with taller and heavier body build. In the young age group sexual activity was highest among the bass voices, in the middle and old age group tenors were most active. There were no depth of voice-related differences as regards the sequence and occurrence of different pubertal characteristics. Only future bass singers had an increased of acne. The results indicate that the different depths of the male voice are influenced by different concentrations of circulating sex hormones and also by the androgen sensitivity of the target organs."}
{"id": "PMID:138585", "title": "[The \"expert-killer\" syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"expert-killer\" syndrome observed in 20 patients is a narcissistic subdivision which can be separated from the other organic neuroses. Clinically it is characterised by the triad: a) diffuse pain with numerous investigations and operations, b) absence of a diagnosis and adequate treatment, c) pathological doctor-patient relationship. The disease is based on indefinite and functional pains in the abdomen, neck and back. The failure to classify it with a clinically defined somatic disease leads to multiple diagnostic attempts which become more aggressive with increasing lack of success. Multiple operations occur in all the histories. The doctor-patient relationship is characterised by an initial idealisation of the doctor which quickly turns to rejection on account of his limited abilities. The patient only tolerates a short contact with the doctor. In the personality narcissistic traits and the persistence of an external ideal are apparent. The syndrome occurs in life at the point when the idealised partner disappoints the patient. These trigger factors are to be considered as a narcissistic insult. The functional pains are an attempt to restore the threatened self of the patient. The treatment consists of psychotherapy.", "contents": "[The \"expert-killer\" syndrome (author's transl)]. The \"expert-killer\" syndrome observed in 20 patients is a narcissistic subdivision which can be separated from the other organic neuroses. Clinically it is characterised by the triad: a) diffuse pain with numerous investigations and operations, b) absence of a diagnosis and adequate treatment, c) pathological doctor-patient relationship. The disease is based on indefinite and functional pains in the abdomen, neck and back. The failure to classify it with a clinically defined somatic disease leads to multiple diagnostic attempts which become more aggressive with increasing lack of success. Multiple operations occur in all the histories. The doctor-patient relationship is characterised by an initial idealisation of the doctor which quickly turns to rejection on account of his limited abilities. The patient only tolerates a short contact with the doctor. In the personality narcissistic traits and the persistence of an external ideal are apparent. The syndrome occurs in life at the point when the idealised partner disappoints the patient. These trigger factors are to be considered as a narcissistic insult. The functional pains are an attempt to restore the threatened self of the patient. The treatment consists of psychotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:138586", "title": "Effects of Solanum malacoxylon on duodenal calcium binding protein in the diabetic rat.", "content": "Duodenal calcium absorption and calcium binding protein (CaBP) are depressed in uncontrolled experimental (alloxan and streptozotocin) diabeties in the rat. Administration of an aqueous extract of the South American plant Solanum malacoxylon to diabetic rats restores duodenal calcium absorption to control levels. Since CaBP is thought to play a role in intestinal calcium transport, we isolated CaBP from duodenal mucosa of control, diabetic, and S. malacoxylon-treated diabetic rats. CaBP, whose concentration is about half normal in mucosal extracts from diabetic rats by treatment of diabetics with Smalacoxylon extracts. Hence these studies provide a further correlation between duodenal calcium absorption and levels of duodenal CaBP. In addition, a new purification procedure is described which produces a 17-fold increase in purity of CaBP above that attainable by our previously reported method.", "contents": "Effects of Solanum malacoxylon on duodenal calcium binding protein in the diabetic rat. Duodenal calcium absorption and calcium binding protein (CaBP) are depressed in uncontrolled experimental (alloxan and streptozotocin) diabeties in the rat. Administration of an aqueous extract of the South American plant Solanum malacoxylon to diabetic rats restores duodenal calcium absorption to control levels. Since CaBP is thought to play a role in intestinal calcium transport, we isolated CaBP from duodenal mucosa of control, diabetic, and S. malacoxylon-treated diabetic rats. CaBP, whose concentration is about half normal in mucosal extracts from diabetic rats by treatment of diabetics with Smalacoxylon extracts. Hence these studies provide a further correlation between duodenal calcium absorption and levels of duodenal CaBP. In addition, a new purification procedure is described which produces a 17-fold increase in purity of CaBP above that attainable by our previously reported method."}
{"id": "PMID:138587", "title": "Serotonin mediated inhibition of episodic luteinizing hormone release during electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus in ovariectomized rats.", "content": "The possible involvement of serotonin (5HT) in mediating the inhibition of episodic LH release produced by electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus (ARH) of ovariectomized rats was investigated. Animals were pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) an inhibitor of 5HT synthesis, or PCPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP). Unanesthetized, unrestrained rats were bled continuously through indwelling cannulae prior to the onset of stimulation, and bleeding continued for 3 h during which electrical stimulation was applied for one or two 60 min periods separated by a 60 min nonstimulation period. Whole blood was analyzed for LH by radioimmunoassay. Brain 5HT levels were determined in individual rats by a fluorometric method. PCPA caused a significant depletion in brain 5HT levels by 71h. Administration of 30 or 120 mg/kg 5HTP to PCPA treated rats resulted, respectively, either in a restoration of normal brain 5HT levels, or a 3 1/2-fold increase above controls. Although stimulation of the ARH inhibits episodic LH release in ovariectomized rats, following depletion of brain 5HT levels with PCPA stimulation of the ARH markedly increased LH release. This increase lasted for most if not all of the stimulation period and was followed by a 1 h period of little or no LH secretion. These increases were not seen during stimulation in other hypothalamic areas outside the ARH. Reestablishment of normal, or even further increasing, brain 5HT levels in PCPA treated rats with 5HTP greatly reduced the extent of the increase in LH release seen during ARH stimulation, but only restored inhibition of LH secretion in a few animals. However, a decrease in LH rt 1) a decrease in brain 5HT levels reverses the effect of ARH stimulation on LH release from inhibition to excitation, and 2) repletion of 5HT levels greatly reduces the magnitude of this increased LH release. These data suggest that 5HT  may be involved in mediating the inhibition of episodic LH secretion by electrical stimulation of the ARH. The inability of 5HTP to restore completely inhibition of episodic LH release during ARH stimulation suggests that a substance other than 5-HT may also be involved in mediating this response.", "contents": "Serotonin mediated inhibition of episodic luteinizing hormone release during electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus in ovariectomized rats. The possible involvement of serotonin (5HT) in mediating the inhibition of episodic LH release produced by electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus (ARH) of ovariectomized rats was investigated. Animals were pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) an inhibitor of 5HT synthesis, or PCPA and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP). Unanesthetized, unrestrained rats were bled continuously through indwelling cannulae prior to the onset of stimulation, and bleeding continued for 3 h during which electrical stimulation was applied for one or two 60 min periods separated by a 60 min nonstimulation period. Whole blood was analyzed for LH by radioimmunoassay. Brain 5HT levels were determined in individual rats by a fluorometric method. PCPA caused a significant depletion in brain 5HT levels by 71h. Administration of 30 or 120 mg/kg 5HTP to PCPA treated rats resulted, respectively, either in a restoration of normal brain 5HT levels, or a 3 1/2-fold increase above controls. Although stimulation of the ARH inhibits episodic LH release in ovariectomized rats, following depletion of brain 5HT levels with PCPA stimulation of the ARH markedly increased LH release. This increase lasted for most if not all of the stimulation period and was followed by a 1 h period of little or no LH secretion. These increases were not seen during stimulation in other hypothalamic areas outside the ARH. Reestablishment of normal, or even further increasing, brain 5HT levels in PCPA treated rats with 5HTP greatly reduced the extent of the increase in LH release seen during ARH stimulation, but only restored inhibition of LH secretion in a few animals. However, a decrease in LH rt 1) a decrease in brain 5HT levels reverses the effect of ARH stimulation on LH release from inhibition to excitation, and 2) repletion of 5HT levels greatly reduces the magnitude of this increased LH release. These data suggest that 5HT  may be involved in mediating the inhibition of episodic LH secretion by electrical stimulation of the ARH. The inability of 5HTP to restore completely inhibition of episodic LH release during ARH stimulation suggests that a substance other than 5-HT may also be involved in mediating this response."}
{"id": "PMID:138588", "title": "Enzyme activities in human endometrium, myometrium and leiomyomas of the uterus.", "content": "Certain selected enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism were measured in samples of endometrium and myometrium from women who were premenopausal or postmenopausal. In addition, a number of samples of leiomyoma were obtained and assayed. Activities of several enzymes were higher in endometrium from premenopausal women compared to those in postmenopausal women; activities in myometrium were similar regardless of menopausal status. The activities of G6PD, ICD and GPI appeared to be lower in leiomyoma samples versus myometrial samples from premenopausal women; however, these differences were not apparent when enzyme activity was expressed per milligram protein.", "contents": "Enzyme activities in human endometrium, myometrium and leiomyomas of the uterus. Certain selected enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism were measured in samples of endometrium and myometrium from women who were premenopausal or postmenopausal. In addition, a number of samples of leiomyoma were obtained and assayed. Activities of several enzymes were higher in endometrium from premenopausal women compared to those in postmenopausal women; activities in myometrium were similar regardless of menopausal status. The activities of G6PD, ICD and GPI appeared to be lower in leiomyoma samples versus myometrial samples from premenopausal women; however, these differences were not apparent when enzyme activity was expressed per milligram protein."}
{"id": "PMID:138589", "title": "Mucidin resistance in yeast. Isolation, characterization and genetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial mucidin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistant to the antibiotic mucidin, a specific inhibitor of electron transport between cytochrome b and c, were isolated and divided into three phenotypic groups, as follows. Class 1 mutants were cross-resistant to a variety of mitochondrial inhibitors and exhibited no resistance at the mitochondrial level. Class 2 mutants were specifically resistant to mucidin exhibiting resistance also at the level of isolated mitochondria. Biochemical studies indicated that the mucidin resistance in class 2 mutants involved a modification of mucidin binding of inhibitory sites on the mitochondrial inner membrane without a significance change in the sensitivity of mitochondrial oxygen uptake to antimycin A, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol. Class 3 was represented by a mutant which showed a high degree of resistance to mucidin and was cross-resistant to a variety of mitochondrial inhibitors at the cellular level but exhibited only a resistance to mucidin at the mitochondrial level. Genetic analysis of mucidin-resistant mutants revealed the presence of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes determining mucidin resistance/sensitivity in yeast. Resistance to mucidin in class 1 mutants was due to a single-gene nuclear recessive mutation (mucPR) whereas that in class 2 mutants was caused by mutations of mitochondrial genes. Resistance in class 3 mutant was determined both by single-gene nuclear and mitochondrial mutations. In the mitochondrial mutants the mucidin resistance segregated mitotically and the resistance determinant was lost upon induction of petite mutation by ethidium bromide. Allelism tests indicated that the mucidin resistance mutations fell into two genetic loci (MUC1 and MUC2) which were apparently not closely linked in the mitochondrial genome. Recombination studies showed that the two mitochondrial mucidin loci were not allelic with other mitochondrial loci RIB1, RIB2 and OLI1. An extremely high mucidin resistance at the cellular level was shown to arise from synergistic interaction of the nuclear gene mucPR and the mitochondrial mucidin-resistance gene (MR) in a cell. The results suggest that at least two mitochondrial gene products, responsible for mucidin resistance/sensitivity in yeast, take part in the formation of the cytochrome bc1 region of the mitochondrial respiratory chain.", "contents": "Mucidin resistance in yeast. Isolation, characterization and genetic analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial mucidin-resistant mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae resistant to the antibiotic mucidin, a specific inhibitor of electron transport between cytochrome b and c, were isolated and divided into three phenotypic groups, as follows. Class 1 mutants were cross-resistant to a variety of mitochondrial inhibitors and exhibited no resistance at the mitochondrial level. Class 2 mutants were specifically resistant to mucidin exhibiting resistance also at the level of isolated mitochondria. Biochemical studies indicated that the mucidin resistance in class 2 mutants involved a modification of mucidin binding of inhibitory sites on the mitochondrial inner membrane without a significance change in the sensitivity of mitochondrial oxygen uptake to antimycin A, 2-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide, and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol. Class 3 was represented by a mutant which showed a high degree of resistance to mucidin and was cross-resistant to a variety of mitochondrial inhibitors at the cellular level but exhibited only a resistance to mucidin at the mitochondrial level. Genetic analysis of mucidin-resistant mutants revealed the presence of both nuclear and mitochondrial genes determining mucidin resistance/sensitivity in yeast. Resistance to mucidin in class 1 mutants was due to a single-gene nuclear recessive mutation (mucPR) whereas that in class 2 mutants was caused by mutations of mitochondrial genes. Resistance in class 3 mutant was determined both by single-gene nuclear and mitochondrial mutations. In the mitochondrial mutants the mucidin resistance segregated mitotically and the resistance determinant was lost upon induction of petite mutation by ethidium bromide. Allelism tests indicated that the mucidin resistance mutations fell into two genetic loci (MUC1 and MUC2) which were apparently not closely linked in the mitochondrial genome. Recombination studies showed that the two mitochondrial mucidin loci were not allelic with other mitochondrial loci RIB1, RIB2 and OLI1. An extremely high mucidin resistance at the cellular level was shown to arise from synergistic interaction of the nuclear gene mucPR and the mitochondrial mucidin-resistance gene (MR) in a cell. The results suggest that at least two mitochondrial gene products, responsible for mucidin resistance/sensitivity in yeast, take part in the formation of the cytochrome bc1 region of the mitochondrial respiratory chain."}
{"id": "PMID:138590", "title": "Early biochemical disorders in hindlimb muscles following femoral artery stenosis in dogs: oxidative metabolism.", "content": "An approach to explain the early metabolic disturbances induced by a moderate ischaemia on the basis of comparative  biochemical investigations concerning the oxidative metabolism in the skeletal muscles, is the object of the present paper. These investigations have revealed the following findings: (i) during a slight ischaemia the skeletal muscle maintains its ability to oxidize in vitro lactate and exhibits an increased activity in oxidizing pyruvate, succinate and L-glutamate, and (ii) the stores of adenosine and ATP are depleted and an important accumulation of inorganic phosphate, accompanied by a remarkable activation of phosphatases, occurs in the ischaemic muscle, while no significant changes in the ATPase and creatine phosphokinase activities and in the amount of AMP, ADP and creatine phosphate are detectable in this muscle.", "contents": "Early biochemical disorders in hindlimb muscles following femoral artery stenosis in dogs: oxidative metabolism. An approach to explain the early metabolic disturbances induced by a moderate ischaemia on the basis of comparative  biochemical investigations concerning the oxidative metabolism in the skeletal muscles, is the object of the present paper. These investigations have revealed the following findings: (i) during a slight ischaemia the skeletal muscle maintains its ability to oxidize in vitro lactate and exhibits an increased activity in oxidizing pyruvate, succinate and L-glutamate, and (ii) the stores of adenosine and ATP are depleted and an important accumulation of inorganic phosphate, accompanied by a remarkable activation of phosphatases, occurs in the ischaemic muscle, while no significant changes in the ATPase and creatine phosphokinase activities and in the amount of AMP, ADP and creatine phosphate are detectable in this muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:138591", "title": "Resection of the abdominal wall in metastasis from cancer of the bladder, kidney or colon.", "content": "Metastases in the abdominal wound occur in about 1% of a material of bladder tumors and less frequently in renal or colon carcinoma. They are sometimes accompanied by metastases elsewhere. Even if the abdominal wall metastases are very large, extensive resection of all layers of the wall may enable the patient to survive for more than 5 years. Free skin grafts are sometimes sufficient to cover the defect. There is no herniation and no impairment of respiration. Metastases in the vicinity of a colostomy or ileostomy may necessitate an operation. Radiation does not appear to provide any relief.", "contents": "Resection of the abdominal wall in metastasis from cancer of the bladder, kidney or colon. Metastases in the abdominal wound occur in about 1% of a material of bladder tumors and less frequently in renal or colon carcinoma. They are sometimes accompanied by metastases elsewhere. Even if the abdominal wall metastases are very large, extensive resection of all layers of the wall may enable the patient to survive for more than 5 years. Free skin grafts are sometimes sufficient to cover the defect. There is no herniation and no impairment of respiration. Metastases in the vicinity of a colostomy or ileostomy may necessitate an operation. Radiation does not appear to provide any relief."}
{"id": "PMID:138592", "title": "Isolated ventricular inversion with double inlet left ventricle.", "content": "2 patients with viscero-atrial situs solitus, isolated ventricular inversion (IVI) and double inlet right-sided morphologic left ventricle are presented. Isolated ventricular inversion is a rare cardiac anomaly characterized by ventricular inversion, subpulmonary conus, and ventriculo-arterial concordance. Their angiocardiographic and pathologic features are presented, and the morphologic findings of the 9 patients in the literature with isolated ventricular inversion are reviewed. Of the 11 known patients with isolated ventricular inversion, levocardia was present in 10 and dextrocardia in 1; viscero-atrial situs solitus in 9 and inversus in 2; L-ventricular loop in 9 and D-loop in 2. The atrial septum was intact in 4. An intact ventricular septum was noted in only 2 patients while in 3, more than one ventricular septal defects were present, and 2 patients exhibited morphologic single ventricle. A solitary ventricular septal defect was noted in the remainder. Significant tricuspid valve abnormalities, including atresia, stenosis or hypoplasia with supravalvular fibrous ring were found in 7 patients. In 2 of these, both with significant obstruction at the tricuspid valve, both atrioventricular valves emptied into the morphologic left ventricle--thus isolated ventricular inversion with double inlet left ventricle. Pulmonary outflow tract obstruction was evident in only 3 patients. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return occurred twice and right juxtaposition of the atrial appendages once. Thus, while the patient with isolated ventricular iversion may present with clinical and hemodynamic features characteristic of classical transposition physiology the high frequency of significant associated anomalies would complicate this. Finally, the anomaly must be differentiated from the levo-transposition, isolated atrial inversion, and the anatomically corrected malpositions.", "contents": "Isolated ventricular inversion with double inlet left ventricle. 2 patients with viscero-atrial situs solitus, isolated ventricular inversion (IVI) and double inlet right-sided morphologic left ventricle are presented. Isolated ventricular inversion is a rare cardiac anomaly characterized by ventricular inversion, subpulmonary conus, and ventriculo-arterial concordance. Their angiocardiographic and pathologic features are presented, and the morphologic findings of the 9 patients in the literature with isolated ventricular inversion are reviewed. Of the 11 known patients with isolated ventricular inversion, levocardia was present in 10 and dextrocardia in 1; viscero-atrial situs solitus in 9 and inversus in 2; L-ventricular loop in 9 and D-loop in 2. The atrial septum was intact in 4. An intact ventricular septum was noted in only 2 patients while in 3, more than one ventricular septal defects were present, and 2 patients exhibited morphologic single ventricle. A solitary ventricular septal defect was noted in the remainder. Significant tricuspid valve abnormalities, including atresia, stenosis or hypoplasia with supravalvular fibrous ring were found in 7 patients. In 2 of these, both with significant obstruction at the tricuspid valve, both atrioventricular valves emptied into the morphologic left ventricle--thus isolated ventricular inversion with double inlet left ventricle. Pulmonary outflow tract obstruction was evident in only 3 patients. Total anomalous pulmonary venous return occurred twice and right juxtaposition of the atrial appendages once. Thus, while the patient with isolated ventricular iversion may present with clinical and hemodynamic features characteristic of classical transposition physiology the high frequency of significant associated anomalies would complicate this. Finally, the anomaly must be differentiated from the levo-transposition, isolated atrial inversion, and the anatomically corrected malpositions."}
{"id": "PMID:138593", "title": "A latex agglutination test for rapid quantitative estimation of the plasmin-antipalsmin complex in human plasma.", "content": "An antiserum was raised in rabbits against human plasmin-antiplasmin complex and rendered specific for neoantigens of this complex by absorption with purified plasminogen and plasma. Polystyrene particles were coated with the specific antibodies and used in an agglutination test for the determination of plasmin-antiplasmin complex in the plasma from various patients. Purified plasmin-antiplasma complex at a concentration of 0.1-0.2 mg/l was found to cause a clear agglutination of the particles. Activation of fresh human plasma with urokinase caused progressive generation of agglutinating activity up to a plasma dilution of 1/480. Intravenous infusion of streptokinase into patients resulted in an increase of the plasmin-antiplasmin titre of at least 1/240. Sera from patients with rheumatoid factor also agglutinated the particles but this activity could be removed by absorbing rheumatoid factor on insolubilized human IgG. Out of 101 male and twenty-three female control subjects, only three men had a plasmin-antiplasmin titre above 1/16. Of 230 hospitalized patients, plasmin-antiplasmin titres of 1/40 or more were detected in twenty-five patients. Most of these patients had diseases which are frequently associated with in vivo coagulation or fibrinolysis, but among them there was only one who showed diffuse intravascular coagulation detectable by classical methods. In the absence of an increased plasmin-antiplasmin titre none of the haemostasis analyses were indicative of in vivo coagulation or fibrinolysis. Seven out of eight patients with diffuse intravascular coagulation of various origin had plasmin-antiplasmin titres of 1/80 or 1/160. Thus, the present latex agglutination test, owing to its simplicity and sensitivity, appears to be a practical routine screening test for detecting fibrinolytic activation in plasma.", "contents": "A latex agglutination test for rapid quantitative estimation of the plasmin-antipalsmin complex in human plasma. An antiserum was raised in rabbits against human plasmin-antiplasmin complex and rendered specific for neoantigens of this complex by absorption with purified plasminogen and plasma. Polystyrene particles were coated with the specific antibodies and used in an agglutination test for the determination of plasmin-antiplasmin complex in the plasma from various patients. Purified plasmin-antiplasma complex at a concentration of 0.1-0.2 mg/l was found to cause a clear agglutination of the particles. Activation of fresh human plasma with urokinase caused progressive generation of agglutinating activity up to a plasma dilution of 1/480. Intravenous infusion of streptokinase into patients resulted in an increase of the plasmin-antiplasmin titre of at least 1/240. Sera from patients with rheumatoid factor also agglutinated the particles but this activity could be removed by absorbing rheumatoid factor on insolubilized human IgG. Out of 101 male and twenty-three female control subjects, only three men had a plasmin-antiplasmin titre above 1/16. Of 230 hospitalized patients, plasmin-antiplasmin titres of 1/40 or more were detected in twenty-five patients. Most of these patients had diseases which are frequently associated with in vivo coagulation or fibrinolysis, but among them there was only one who showed diffuse intravascular coagulation detectable by classical methods. In the absence of an increased plasmin-antiplasmin titre none of the haemostasis analyses were indicative of in vivo coagulation or fibrinolysis. Seven out of eight patients with diffuse intravascular coagulation of various origin had plasmin-antiplasmin titres of 1/80 or 1/160. Thus, the present latex agglutination test, owing to its simplicity and sensitivity, appears to be a practical routine screening test for detecting fibrinolytic activation in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:138594", "title": "Effect of quipazine, a serotonin-like drug, on striatal cholinergic interneurones.", "content": "Quipazine (30 mg/kg i.p., 60 min), a serotonin-like drug increased ACh levels in the striatum (37%) but was without effect on the transmitter content in the hippocampus and the parietal cortex of the rat. Added in vitro(10(-5) M) or injected in vivo, quipazine did not affect choline acetylase and cholinesterase activities in striatal tissue. The drug effect on striatal ACh levels did not appear to be related to an interaction with dopamine metabolism. Indeed quipazine still increased striatal ACh levels after degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons had been induced by local injection of 6-OH-DA. p-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) pretreatment (300 mg/kg, 48 and 24 h before the experiment) definitely prevented the quipazine effect on ACh levels. This result suggested that the drug may partially act by its interference with 5-HT metabolism. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (10 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min), a serotonergic agonist, induced a weak but significant increase in ACh levels. These data provide some preliminary evidence for the existence of an inhibitory control of the cholinergic interneurones by the serotonergic neurones projecting to the striatum. However, the lack of effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan (100 mg/kg i.p.), PCPA (2 x 300 mg/kg i.p.) and of Lilly 110 140 (10 mg/kg i.p.) and chlorimipramine (10 mg/kg i.p.), two potent inhibitors of 5-HT uptake, on striatal ACh levels indicate that further experiments are required to retain this hypothesis.", "contents": "Effect of quipazine, a serotonin-like drug, on striatal cholinergic interneurones. Quipazine (30 mg/kg i.p., 60 min), a serotonin-like drug increased ACh levels in the striatum (37%) but was without effect on the transmitter content in the hippocampus and the parietal cortex of the rat. Added in vitro(10(-5) M) or injected in vivo, quipazine did not affect choline acetylase and cholinesterase activities in striatal tissue. The drug effect on striatal ACh levels did not appear to be related to an interaction with dopamine metabolism. Indeed quipazine still increased striatal ACh levels after degeneration of the dopaminergic neurons had been induced by local injection of 6-OH-DA. p-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) pretreatment (300 mg/kg, 48 and 24 h before the experiment) definitely prevented the quipazine effect on ACh levels. This result suggested that the drug may partially act by its interference with 5-HT metabolism. 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine (10 mg/kg, i.p., 30 min), a serotonergic agonist, induced a weak but significant increase in ACh levels. These data provide some preliminary evidence for the existence of an inhibitory control of the cholinergic interneurones by the serotonergic neurones projecting to the striatum. However, the lack of effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan (100 mg/kg i.p.), PCPA (2 x 300 mg/kg i.p.) and of Lilly 110 140 (10 mg/kg i.p.) and chlorimipramine (10 mg/kg i.p.), two potent inhibitors of 5-HT uptake, on striatal ACh levels indicate that further experiments are required to retain this hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:138601", "title": "[Effect of parathyroid hormone on electrical and contractile processes in myocardial cells].", "content": "In normal ionic milieau, the parathyroid hormone (PTH) generated a biphasic effect: the initial increase in amplitude and duration of A at the plateau level, and the following decrease in amplitude and duration of AP of the myocardial cells at every level of repolarization. The contractile activity steadily decreased under the PTH effect. The negative inotropic effect of the PTH in its quantitative and temporal aspects was diminished by a preliminary administration of calcitonin. The PTH effect is supposed to be based on an increase in the calcium flow through slow CaNa channels and on Ca binding in intracellular sites of storage.", "contents": "[Effect of parathyroid hormone on electrical and contractile processes in myocardial cells]. In normal ionic milieau, the parathyroid hormone (PTH) generated a biphasic effect: the initial increase in amplitude and duration of A at the plateau level, and the following decrease in amplitude and duration of AP of the myocardial cells at every level of repolarization. The contractile activity steadily decreased under the PTH effect. The negative inotropic effect of the PTH in its quantitative and temporal aspects was diminished by a preliminary administration of calcitonin. The PTH effect is supposed to be based on an increase in the calcium flow through slow CaNa channels and on Ca binding in intracellular sites of storage."}
{"id": "PMID:138602", "title": "[A radioimmunoassay method for simultaneous determination of pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in human plasma (author's transl)].", "content": "A radioimmunoassay method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone(DHA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHA sulfate). The method consists of the following procedures: 1) ether extraction of unconjugated compounds, 2) extraction of sulfates fromaqueous residue with ethyl acetate, 3) solvolysis with sulfuric acid at 40 degree C for 60 minutes, 4) celite column chromatography to separate individual compounds, 5) radioimmunoassay. Efficiencies of solvolysis for pregnenolone sulfate and DHA sulfate are 94 and 80%, Precision and accuracy studies have shown that the assays of sulfates as well as unconjugates are reproducible and accurate. Specificity was ascertained by parallelism and linearity studies. No interfering substance was detected in appreciable quantity. Plasma levels of these four compounds were determined in specimens obtained from 15 normally ovulating women. To represent the whole menstrual cycle, samples were taken 8 days before LH peak (LH-8), the day of LH peak (LH = O) and 8 days after LG peak (LH+8). Plasma contents of these compounds (geometric mean in ng/ml and 95% confidence limits in parentheses) are as follows: pregnenolone, LH-8: 1.33 (1.02-1.74), LH = 0: 1.45 (1.22-1.72), LH+8: 1.88(1.70-2.21); pregnenolone sulfate, LH-8: 70.0 (55.9-89.2), LH = 0 57.5 (40.0-82.7), LH+8: 102 (81.5-129); DHA, LH-8: 5.38 (3.90-7.43), LH = 0: 4.90 (3.58-6.79), LH+8: 4.58 (3.12-6.83), DHA sulfate, LH-8: 1480 (1110-1980), LH = 0: 1570 (1150-2140), LH+8: 1590 (1150-2190). Both pregnenolone and pregnenolone sulfate levels of 8 days after LH peak are significantly higher than those of other two days. Conversely, plasma DHA and DHA sulfate levels fluctuate over wide range with no consistent trend.", "contents": "[A radioimmunoassay method for simultaneous determination of pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in human plasma (author's transl)]. A radioimmunoassay method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of pregnenolone, pregnenolone sulfate, dehydroepiandrosterone(DHA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHA sulfate). The method consists of the following procedures: 1) ether extraction of unconjugated compounds, 2) extraction of sulfates fromaqueous residue with ethyl acetate, 3) solvolysis with sulfuric acid at 40 degree C for 60 minutes, 4) celite column chromatography to separate individual compounds, 5) radioimmunoassay. Efficiencies of solvolysis for pregnenolone sulfate and DHA sulfate are 94 and 80%, Precision and accuracy studies have shown that the assays of sulfates as well as unconjugates are reproducible and accurate. Specificity was ascertained by parallelism and linearity studies. No interfering substance was detected in appreciable quantity. Plasma levels of these four compounds were determined in specimens obtained from 15 normally ovulating women. To represent the whole menstrual cycle, samples were taken 8 days before LH peak (LH-8), the day of LH peak (LH = O) and 8 days after LG peak (LH+8). Plasma contents of these compounds (geometric mean in ng/ml and 95% confidence limits in parentheses) are as follows: pregnenolone, LH-8: 1.33 (1.02-1.74), LH = 0: 1.45 (1.22-1.72), LH+8: 1.88(1.70-2.21); pregnenolone sulfate, LH-8: 70.0 (55.9-89.2), LH = 0 57.5 (40.0-82.7), LH+8: 102 (81.5-129); DHA, LH-8: 5.38 (3.90-7.43), LH = 0: 4.90 (3.58-6.79), LH+8: 4.58 (3.12-6.83), DHA sulfate, LH-8: 1480 (1110-1980), LH = 0: 1570 (1150-2140), LH+8: 1590 (1150-2190). Both pregnenolone and pregnenolone sulfate levels of 8 days after LH peak are significantly higher than those of other two days. Conversely, plasma DHA and DHA sulfate levels fluctuate over wide range with no consistent trend."}
{"id": "PMID:138603", "title": "[The effect of various amines on TRH contents in rat brain (author's transl)].", "content": "To study the effect of vatious amines on TRH contents in rat brain, various amines or inhibitor of synthesis of amines were injected into rat through i.v. or i.p.. Rats were decapitated and brain was frozen in dry ice and aceton. TRH contents in hypothalamus(H), cerebrum(C) and cerebellum and brain stem (C and S) were measured by TRH radioimmunoassay. TRH contents in normal rats were 3.9+/-0.5ng in H, 2.6+/-0.5NG IN C and 1.6+/-0.3ng in C and S. TRH contents in all parts of brain were increased in L-DOPA treated group and did not change in T3 or T4 treated group. TRH contents in all parts of brain were decreased in alpha-methyl-DOPA, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, fusaric acid and 5-HTP treated groups. In D,L-p-chlorophenylalanine treated group TRH contents in brain were increased only in hypothalamus. In L-DOPA or 5-HTP treated group with T4 or T3 preadministration, TRH contents in all parts of brain were same levels of L-DOPA or 5-HTP treated group. The above data suggested the TRH contents in rat brain were increased with increase of dopamine level in rat brain and decreased with increase of serotonine level or decrease of noradrenaline level in rat brain and inhibitory effect of T4 or T3 on TRH release might be mediated through dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanism.", "contents": "[The effect of various amines on TRH contents in rat brain (author's transl)]. To study the effect of vatious amines on TRH contents in rat brain, various amines or inhibitor of synthesis of amines were injected into rat through i.v. or i.p.. Rats were decapitated and brain was frozen in dry ice and aceton. TRH contents in hypothalamus(H), cerebrum(C) and cerebellum and brain stem (C and S) were measured by TRH radioimmunoassay. TRH contents in normal rats were 3.9+/-0.5ng in H, 2.6+/-0.5NG IN C and 1.6+/-0.3ng in C and S. TRH contents in all parts of brain were increased in L-DOPA treated group and did not change in T3 or T4 treated group. TRH contents in all parts of brain were decreased in alpha-methyl-DOPA, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, fusaric acid and 5-HTP treated groups. In D,L-p-chlorophenylalanine treated group TRH contents in brain were increased only in hypothalamus. In L-DOPA or 5-HTP treated group with T4 or T3 preadministration, TRH contents in all parts of brain were same levels of L-DOPA or 5-HTP treated group. The above data suggested the TRH contents in rat brain were increased with increase of dopamine level in rat brain and decreased with increase of serotonine level or decrease of noradrenaline level in rat brain and inhibitory effect of T4 or T3 on TRH release might be mediated through dopaminergic and serotonergic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:138608", "title": "Treatment of acne vulgaris with the retinoic acid derivative Ro 11-1430. A controlled clinical trial against retinoic acid.", "content": "In a double-blind, randomized, group-comparative clinical trial, 31 patients with acne vulgaris received topical treatment for 6-8 weeks with a lotion containing either 0.05% retinoic acid or 0.1% of the retinoic acid derivative Ro 11-1430. The side-effects erythema, desquamation and burning were significantly less frequent with Ro 11-1430 than with retinoic acid. The treatments appeared to be approximately equally effective in reducing the number of acne elements, but due to the limited number of patients studied, the trial was admittedly not sufficient to detect differences with regard to therapeutic efficacy.", "contents": "Treatment of acne vulgaris with the retinoic acid derivative Ro 11-1430. A controlled clinical trial against retinoic acid. In a double-blind, randomized, group-comparative clinical trial, 31 patients with acne vulgaris received topical treatment for 6-8 weeks with a lotion containing either 0.05% retinoic acid or 0.1% of the retinoic acid derivative Ro 11-1430. The side-effects erythema, desquamation and burning were significantly less frequent with Ro 11-1430 than with retinoic acid. The treatments appeared to be approximately equally effective in reducing the number of acne elements, but due to the limited number of patients studied, the trial was admittedly not sufficient to detect differences with regard to therapeutic efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:138609", "title": "Temetex in the treatment of steroid-responsive dermatoses.", "content": "Five hundred and seventy-five patients with various steroid-responsive dermatoses were studied for up to six weeks in eighty-eight separate general practices using a new topical corticosteroid. Temetex (diflucortolone valerate 0-1%). It was concluded that Temetex is both effective and well tolerated in a wide variety of conditions, especially eczema and psoriasis. It was also shown that a large-scale general practice trial can be carried out efficiently with a very high compliance rate.", "contents": "Temetex in the treatment of steroid-responsive dermatoses. Five hundred and seventy-five patients with various steroid-responsive dermatoses were studied for up to six weeks in eighty-eight separate general practices using a new topical corticosteroid. Temetex (diflucortolone valerate 0-1%). It was concluded that Temetex is both effective and well tolerated in a wide variety of conditions, especially eczema and psoriasis. It was also shown that a large-scale general practice trial can be carried out efficiently with a very high compliance rate."}
{"id": "PMID:138610", "title": "Lack of thyroid hormone effect on activation energy of NaK-ATPase.", "content": "In order to differentiate whether activation of NaK-ATPase in thyroid thermogenesis is due to increased numbers of active 'sodium pump' units or due to a change in the kinetics of the enzyme, the effect of T3 on activation energy (Ea) of NaK-ATPase was determined in rat liver, kidney and brain. Injection of T3 produced significant increases in the specific activity of NaK-ATPase in liver and kidney but not in brain homogenates. T3 injections produced no significant change in the Ea of NaK-ATPase in any of the three tissues. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that thyroid stimulation of the sodium pump is brought about by an increase in the number of active pump units.", "contents": "Lack of thyroid hormone effect on activation energy of NaK-ATPase. In order to differentiate whether activation of NaK-ATPase in thyroid thermogenesis is due to increased numbers of active 'sodium pump' units or due to a change in the kinetics of the enzyme, the effect of T3 on activation energy (Ea) of NaK-ATPase was determined in rat liver, kidney and brain. Injection of T3 produced significant increases in the specific activity of NaK-ATPase in liver and kidney but not in brain homogenates. T3 injections produced no significant change in the Ea of NaK-ATPase in any of the three tissues. The data are compatible with the hypothesis that thyroid stimulation of the sodium pump is brought about by an increase in the number of active pump units."}
{"id": "PMID:138611", "title": "Should ECG criteria be modified for geriatric patients?", "content": "When an elderly patient has an abnormal electrocardiogram but no other objective evidence of heart disease, the physician may question whether the ECG is really a reliable index of heart disease in old people or whether aging has some influence on which findings are normal and which are abnormal. The study reported here plus data gathered from an extensive review of the literature indicate the ECG criteria do not have to be changed for geriatric patients. Regardless of age, the prognosis of a specific abnormality remains that of the underlying disease. With age, both heart disease and abnormal electrocardiograms increase in incidence--in a parallel fashion. Specific abnormalities that increase in frequency are first-degree atrioventricular block, bundle-branch block, ST-T wave changes, premature systoles, left anterior hemiblock, left ventricular hypertrophy, and atrial fibrillation. Those that correlate strongly with heart disease are atrial fibrillation, left bundle-branch block, and nonspecific intraventicular condution defect.", "contents": "Should ECG criteria be modified for geriatric patients? When an elderly patient has an abnormal electrocardiogram but no other objective evidence of heart disease, the physician may question whether the ECG is really a reliable index of heart disease in old people or whether aging has some influence on which findings are normal and which are abnormal. The study reported here plus data gathered from an extensive review of the literature indicate the ECG criteria do not have to be changed for geriatric patients. Regardless of age, the prognosis of a specific abnormality remains that of the underlying disease. With age, both heart disease and abnormal electrocardiograms increase in incidence--in a parallel fashion. Specific abnormalities that increase in frequency are first-degree atrioventricular block, bundle-branch block, ST-T wave changes, premature systoles, left anterior hemiblock, left ventricular hypertrophy, and atrial fibrillation. Those that correlate strongly with heart disease are atrial fibrillation, left bundle-branch block, and nonspecific intraventicular condution defect."}
{"id": "PMID:138612", "title": "The ECG in old age: implications for diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis.", "content": "The electrocardiogram is a valuable aid in diagnosing and treating heart disease in the elderly and in determining the prognois. In general, mortality is lower in old persons with ECG abnormalities than in younger ones, and some changes are not considered abnormal. P wave notching, slurring, and loss of amplitude are too common to be of diagnostic significance, and T wave inversions and S-T segment depressions have too many causes to be specific. A persistently prolonged P-R interval often is associated with recurrent atrial arrhythmias, junctional rhythms, and conduction distrubances. A short interval, on the other hand, may be noted for a long time without paroxysmal atrial tachycardias. Degenerative and ischemic changes in the conduction system result in a variety of arrhythmias and conduction disturbances. The classic sick sinus syndrome is not seen as often as the incomplete forms, such as sinus bradycardia with atrial premature contractions. With the exception of left inferior hemiblock, bundle-branch blocks are common. Similarly, ventricular and atrial premature contractions increase with age. ECGs taken routinely over a period of years help differntiate ventricular from supraventricular tachycardias with aberrant conduction.", "contents": "The ECG in old age: implications for diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis. The electrocardiogram is a valuable aid in diagnosing and treating heart disease in the elderly and in determining the prognois. In general, mortality is lower in old persons with ECG abnormalities than in younger ones, and some changes are not considered abnormal. P wave notching, slurring, and loss of amplitude are too common to be of diagnostic significance, and T wave inversions and S-T segment depressions have too many causes to be specific. A persistently prolonged P-R interval often is associated with recurrent atrial arrhythmias, junctional rhythms, and conduction distrubances. A short interval, on the other hand, may be noted for a long time without paroxysmal atrial tachycardias. Degenerative and ischemic changes in the conduction system result in a variety of arrhythmias and conduction disturbances. The classic sick sinus syndrome is not seen as often as the incomplete forms, such as sinus bradycardia with atrial premature contractions. With the exception of left inferior hemiblock, bundle-branch blocks are common. Similarly, ventricular and atrial premature contractions increase with age. ECGs taken routinely over a period of years help differntiate ventricular from supraventricular tachycardias with aberrant conduction."}
{"id": "PMID:138613", "title": "Changes in the erythrocyte sodium pump with age.", "content": "Various estimations of the erythrocyte sodium pump were determined in 18 female and 11 male adult subjects. In the female group, but not in the male group, the sodium concentration increased with age; the erythrocyte active transport decreased and passive transport increased with age and could account for the observed change in erythrocyte sodium concentration with age. The erythrocyte Na-K ATPase decreased with age in the females and this could account for the observed change in active transport.", "contents": "Changes in the erythrocyte sodium pump with age. Various estimations of the erythrocyte sodium pump were determined in 18 female and 11 male adult subjects. In the female group, but not in the male group, the sodium concentration increased with age; the erythrocyte active transport decreased and passive transport increased with age and could account for the observed change in erythrocyte sodium concentration with age. The erythrocyte Na-K ATPase decreased with age in the females and this could account for the observed change in active transport."}
{"id": "PMID:138633", "title": "[Radiological examination in Goodpasture's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Functional renal scans proved to be useful in assessing changes in renal function (progression and regression) in a patient with Goodpasture's syndrome. Perfusion lung scintigraphy revealed extensive, but circumscribed, areas of reduced activity. This scintigraphic phenomenon indicates reduced capillary perfusion in the lungs, paralleling the appearance of the radiograph.", "contents": "[Radiological examination in Goodpasture's syndrome (author's transl)]. Functional renal scans proved to be useful in assessing changes in renal function (progression and regression) in a patient with Goodpasture's syndrome. Perfusion lung scintigraphy revealed extensive, but circumscribed, areas of reduced activity. This scintigraphic phenomenon indicates reduced capillary perfusion in the lungs, paralleling the appearance of the radiograph."}
{"id": "PMID:138634", "title": "[Lung function scintigraphy in the diagnosis of regional disturbances of ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "Lung function scintigraphy is the method of choice for the diagnosis of regional ventilation disturbances. The aim of this study was to determine which of various parameters is the most reliable. Sensitivity of the 3-minute retension test is 96%, of the single breath 45%, equilibration 32% and of the ventilation index, only 28%. Sensitivity of the various parameters for demonstrating multi-focal ventilation abnormalities is 100% for the 3 minute retention test, 32% for single breath, 19% for equilibration and 21% for the ventilation index. The underlying basis for these findings is discussed and it is concluded that it is possible to simplify the technique when dealing with regional ventilation abnormality in obstructive airway disease, but not when dealing with other restrictive changes.", "contents": "[Lung function scintigraphy in the diagnosis of regional disturbances of ventilation (author's transl)]. Lung function scintigraphy is the method of choice for the diagnosis of regional ventilation disturbances. The aim of this study was to determine which of various parameters is the most reliable. Sensitivity of the 3-minute retension test is 96%, of the single breath 45%, equilibration 32% and of the ventilation index, only 28%. Sensitivity of the various parameters for demonstrating multi-focal ventilation abnormalities is 100% for the 3 minute retention test, 32% for single breath, 19% for equilibration and 21% for the ventilation index. The underlying basis for these findings is discussed and it is concluded that it is possible to simplify the technique when dealing with regional ventilation abnormality in obstructive airway disease, but not when dealing with other restrictive changes."}
{"id": "PMID:138635", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of non-calculous biliary duct obstruction (author's transl)].", "content": "A diagnosis of obstructive biliary duct disease was achieved in 80% of 63 patients using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous trans-jugular cholangiography (PTJC) alone or in combination, and taking account of the clinical features. In obstructions of themajor intrahepatic ducts and of the hepatic ducts (type I) a smooth occlusion indicated a carcinoma. Narrow forms of stenoses could not be differentiated, but with a history of previous operation, fibrous strictures were most likely. Obstructions at the point of confluence (type II) showed smooth narrowing if due to fibrous strictures, whereas carcinomas produced an irregular termination. Obstructions of the common bile ducts (type III) resembled those of type II. A smooth termination within the pancreas indicates a pancreatic carcinoma. Inflammatory disease in the head of the pancreas usually produces a tubular stenosis, while cysts of the pancreas result in smooth impressions and displacement.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of non-calculous biliary duct obstruction (author's transl)]. A diagnosis of obstructive biliary duct disease was achieved in 80% of 63 patients using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and percutaneous trans-jugular cholangiography (PTJC) alone or in combination, and taking account of the clinical features. In obstructions of themajor intrahepatic ducts and of the hepatic ducts (type I) a smooth occlusion indicated a carcinoma. Narrow forms of stenoses could not be differentiated, but with a history of previous operation, fibrous strictures were most likely. Obstructions at the point of confluence (type II) showed smooth narrowing if due to fibrous strictures, whereas carcinomas produced an irregular termination. Obstructions of the common bile ducts (type III) resembled those of type II. A smooth termination within the pancreas indicates a pancreatic carcinoma. Inflammatory disease in the head of the pancreas usually produces a tubular stenosis, while cysts of the pancreas result in smooth impressions and displacement."}
{"id": "PMID:138636", "title": "[Megacaliosis--diagnosis and differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Megacaliosis is a renal dysplasia which is characterised by rudimentary papillae. The pathogenesis, clinical features and radiological appearances in fire cases are described and the differential diagnosis from other types of calyceal ectasia is discussed, In typical cases the diagnosis of megacaliosis can be made from the excretion urogram. We regard divided renal function studies as essential before making the diagnosis. Where the renal changes are not quite typical, it is necessary to exclude obstructive and inflammatory disease, vesico-ureteric reflux and renal tuberculosis.", "contents": "[Megacaliosis--diagnosis and differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. Megacaliosis is a renal dysplasia which is characterised by rudimentary papillae. The pathogenesis, clinical features and radiological appearances in fire cases are described and the differential diagnosis from other types of calyceal ectasia is discussed, In typical cases the diagnosis of megacaliosis can be made from the excretion urogram. We regard divided renal function studies as essential before making the diagnosis. Where the renal changes are not quite typical, it is necessary to exclude obstructive and inflammatory disease, vesico-ureteric reflux and renal tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:138637", "title": "[Renal blood flow measurements by cine-angiodensitometry (author's transl)].", "content": "Angiodensitometry complements conventional renal angiography and provides important additional functional information without subjecting the patient to any further stress. Since blood flow through the renal arteries can be determined, it is an important method for the preoperative investigation of renal disease.", "contents": "[Renal blood flow measurements by cine-angiodensitometry (author's transl)]. Angiodensitometry complements conventional renal angiography and provides important additional functional information without subjecting the patient to any further stress. Since blood flow through the renal arteries can be determined, it is an important method for the preoperative investigation of renal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:138638", "title": "[Multiple occlusions and stenoses of the abdominal aortic branches with development of Riolan's collateral and hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of multiple occlusions and stenoses of the abdominal aortic archs with development of Riolan's collateral in a young patient with hypertension is described. In the literature some cases are pointet out, which clinically resemble our patient and where the aetiology is not clarified. -- In the discussion about the aetiology of this vascular anomaly a developmental anomaly and mechanical compression by the crura diaphragmatica are named. We think, that an unspecific arteriitis similar to the in Japan well known Tacaysau-Aortitis must also be discussed. This unspecific arteriitis of the abdominal aorta and its branches would explain the occlusion and stenosis of several arteries with development of Riolan's collateral and manifestation of hypertension.", "contents": "[Multiple occlusions and stenoses of the abdominal aortic branches with development of Riolan's collateral and hypertension (author's transl)]. One case of multiple occlusions and stenoses of the abdominal aortic archs with development of Riolan's collateral in a young patient with hypertension is described. In the literature some cases are pointet out, which clinically resemble our patient and where the aetiology is not clarified. -- In the discussion about the aetiology of this vascular anomaly a developmental anomaly and mechanical compression by the crura diaphragmatica are named. We think, that an unspecific arteriitis similar to the in Japan well known Tacaysau-Aortitis must also be discussed. This unspecific arteriitis of the abdominal aorta and its branches would explain the occlusion and stenosis of several arteries with development of Riolan's collateral and manifestation of hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:138639", "title": "[Flow abnormalities in the carotid due to trauma and their differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Amongest nine cases of internal carotid artery thrombosis following blunt trauma, six showed a typical acute contrast termination several cm. beyond the carotid bifurcation. In the other cases, one was taken with an unusual projection, one had a high occlusion beyong the origin of the ophthalmic artery and the third showed a stenosis due to a mural thrombosis. Perforating carotid injuries should be examined angiographically because of the danger of late complications. Two functional occlusions were observed following acute vascular angulation. This type of occlusion is contrasted with the convex vascular margin in the internal carotid artery seen in atherosclerotic, embolic or \"spontaneous\" carotid occlusion.", "contents": "[Flow abnormalities in the carotid due to trauma and their differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. Amongest nine cases of internal carotid artery thrombosis following blunt trauma, six showed a typical acute contrast termination several cm. beyond the carotid bifurcation. In the other cases, one was taken with an unusual projection, one had a high occlusion beyong the origin of the ophthalmic artery and the third showed a stenosis due to a mural thrombosis. Perforating carotid injuries should be examined angiographically because of the danger of late complications. Two functional occlusions were observed following acute vascular angulation. This type of occlusion is contrasted with the convex vascular margin in the internal carotid artery seen in atherosclerotic, embolic or \"spontaneous\" carotid occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:138640", "title": "[Scintigraphic demonstration of cerebral sinus thrombosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The scintigraphic findings due to sinus thrombosis are described; the condition was followed up and there was partial return to normal. The diagnostic value and indications of cerebral scintigraphy and cerebral angiography in cases of sinus and/or venous thrombosis are defined.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic demonstration of cerebral sinus thrombosis (author's transl)]. The scintigraphic findings due to sinus thrombosis are described; the condition was followed up and there was partial return to normal. The diagnostic value and indications of cerebral scintigraphy and cerebral angiography in cases of sinus and/or venous thrombosis are defined."}
{"id": "PMID:138641", "title": "[Late meningeal changes due to water-soluble myelographic contrast medium (author's transl)].", "content": "Late meningeal changes due to various contrast media of the water-soluble type used for radiculography were analysed and the causes for the changes are discussed. The osmotic properties of the substance are an important aspect of the contrast medium. Hints for avoiding late complications are given.", "contents": "[Late meningeal changes due to water-soluble myelographic contrast medium (author's transl)]. Late meningeal changes due to various contrast media of the water-soluble type used for radiculography were analysed and the causes for the changes are discussed. The osmotic properties of the substance are an important aspect of the contrast medium. Hints for avoiding late complications are given."}
{"id": "PMID:138643", "title": "[Bone and joint changes due to compressed air in divers and Caisson workers (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological and morphological changes of Caisson disease in the skeleton are well known. The findings of interest to radiologists are described. Because of its position, its was possible to review a large number of divers in Kiel; these have been under observation for years, and even decades. The development, manifestation and course of chronic skeletal changes due to compressed air are described to compressed air are described and, according to severity, are classified into types 1 to 4. Late changes are discussed in detail, since these are of importance in relation to compensation.", "contents": "[Bone and joint changes due to compressed air in divers and Caisson workers (author's transl)]. The radiological and morphological changes of Caisson disease in the skeleton are well known. The findings of interest to radiologists are described. Because of its position, its was possible to review a large number of divers in Kiel; these have been under observation for years, and even decades. The development, manifestation and course of chronic skeletal changes due to compressed air are described to compressed air are described and, according to severity, are classified into types 1 to 4. Late changes are discussed in detail, since these are of importance in relation to compensation."}
{"id": "PMID:138645", "title": "[The quality of disturbed radiation to the ovaries during diagnostic x-ray exminations (author's transl)].", "content": "Dose measurements and analysis of disturbed spectra have shown that protection of the ovaries against disturbed radiation is worth while, although its effectiveness decreases with higher tube voltages. Increasing tube voltage increases disturbed radiation to the ovaries; the quality of the disturbed radiation is largely independent of the amount of filtration.", "contents": "[The quality of disturbed radiation to the ovaries during diagnostic x-ray exminations (author's transl)]. Dose measurements and analysis of disturbed spectra have shown that protection of the ovaries against disturbed radiation is worth while, although its effectiveness decreases with higher tube voltages. Increasing tube voltage increases disturbed radiation to the ovaries; the quality of the disturbed radiation is largely independent of the amount of filtration."}
{"id": "PMID:138650", "title": "[Pulmonary perfusion in embolism of pulmonar arteries without pulmonary infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "Six autopsy lungs with embolism of the pulmonary arteries but without infarction, were subjected to comparative angiographic and morphologic examination of bronchial arteries. In pulmonary embolism without hemorrhagic infarction the disconnected vascular bed of pulmonary arteries can be demonstrated distally of the obstructive thrombo-embolism and with a noncapillary contrast medium. The vascular bed appears in intrapulmonal, precapillary, bronchopulmonal anastoses. The results of the investigation explain an intravital sufficient subsidiary circulation in the pulmonary areas separated from the normal circulation of pulmonary arteries. An extended subsidiary development of bronchial arteries in reaction to previous chronic pulmonary disease would help, according to our findings in postmortem lung angiographies, to support the circulation after embolism of pulmonary arteries.", "contents": "[Pulmonary perfusion in embolism of pulmonar arteries without pulmonary infarction (author's transl)]. Six autopsy lungs with embolism of the pulmonary arteries but without infarction, were subjected to comparative angiographic and morphologic examination of bronchial arteries. In pulmonary embolism without hemorrhagic infarction the disconnected vascular bed of pulmonary arteries can be demonstrated distally of the obstructive thrombo-embolism and with a noncapillary contrast medium. The vascular bed appears in intrapulmonal, precapillary, bronchopulmonal anastoses. The results of the investigation explain an intravital sufficient subsidiary circulation in the pulmonary areas separated from the normal circulation of pulmonary arteries. An extended subsidiary development of bronchial arteries in reaction to previous chronic pulmonary disease would help, according to our findings in postmortem lung angiographies, to support the circulation after embolism of pulmonary arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:138651", "title": "[The radiology of the dorso-basal part of the chest (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiology of the dorso-basal part of the chest includes a number of unmistakable lesions with characteristic appearances. These are demonstrated by a series of appropriate cases (diaphragmatic processes, pulmonary sequestrations, pleural disease and the late effects of a pneumothorax). Their differential diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "[The radiology of the dorso-basal part of the chest (author's transl)]. The radiology of the dorso-basal part of the chest includes a number of unmistakable lesions with characteristic appearances. These are demonstrated by a series of appropriate cases (diaphragmatic processes, pulmonary sequestrations, pleural disease and the late effects of a pneumothorax). Their differential diagnosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138652", "title": "[Radiological observations of the chest in progressive scleroderma (author's transl)].", "content": "All available chest radiographs of 50 patients with progressive scleroderma have been freshly evaluated. In 28 cases (56%), pulmonary involvement was diagnosed; its type and severity was classified according to the specimen films of the ILO-U/C 1971 classification for pneumoconiosis. Serial observations in 27 patients spanning a period of one to 21 years have shown that the course of the disease in the lung is unpredictable. Rapid progress of fibrosis is, however, uncommon. Two radiological appearances in the thorax, which are not specific, but are found predominantly in scleroderma are: 1 an air oesophagram on the lateral thorax film (8 cases) and erosions of the upper rib margins (5 cases). The importance of radiological examination lies in the fact that it confirms the clinical diagnosis and that it may indicate the cause of an otherwise undiagnosed pulmonary fibrosis.", "contents": "[Radiological observations of the chest in progressive scleroderma (author's transl)]. All available chest radiographs of 50 patients with progressive scleroderma have been freshly evaluated. In 28 cases (56%), pulmonary involvement was diagnosed; its type and severity was classified according to the specimen films of the ILO-U/C 1971 classification for pneumoconiosis. Serial observations in 27 patients spanning a period of one to 21 years have shown that the course of the disease in the lung is unpredictable. Rapid progress of fibrosis is, however, uncommon. Two radiological appearances in the thorax, which are not specific, but are found predominantly in scleroderma are: 1 an air oesophagram on the lateral thorax film (8 cases) and erosions of the upper rib margins (5 cases). The importance of radiological examination lies in the fact that it confirms the clinical diagnosis and that it may indicate the cause of an otherwise undiagnosed pulmonary fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:138653", "title": "[Alloplastic tracheal replacement].", "content": "1. Replacement of the cervical trachea using Silasticprostheses was performed in sheeps with good long term results. 2. The superiority of subterminal suture cuffs is demonstrated. 3.A biological adhesive system supplementing the sutures of the anastomoses was highly effective. 4. The results of replacement of the canine tracheal carina are presented. 5. Since auto-, homo- and auto-alloplastic grafts do not epithelialize they are not capable of active secrection transport. Moreover they show a permanent tendency to shrink. We therefore conclude that the Silasticprosthesis is the best tracheal substitute available at this time for cases in which direct anastomosis is not feasible after segmental tracheal resection.", "contents": "[Alloplastic tracheal replacement]. 1. Replacement of the cervical trachea using Silasticprostheses was performed in sheeps with good long term results. 2. The superiority of subterminal suture cuffs is demonstrated. 3.A biological adhesive system supplementing the sutures of the anastomoses was highly effective. 4. The results of replacement of the canine tracheal carina are presented. 5. Since auto-, homo- and auto-alloplastic grafts do not epithelialize they are not capable of active secrection transport. Moreover they show a permanent tendency to shrink. We therefore conclude that the Silasticprosthesis is the best tracheal substitute available at this time for cases in which direct anastomosis is not feasible after segmental tracheal resection."}
{"id": "PMID:138654", "title": "[Clinical experiences with terracortril ointment and cream].", "content": "The results of a clinical trial using a new preparation of Terracortril ointment and Terracortril cream without preservatives are reported. Apart from oxytetracycline 30 mg/g and 10 mg hydrocortisone alcohol/g, each drug contains polymyxin B 10,000 I.U./g. Of a total of 85 patients with primary and secondary pyodermias, 41 were completely or almost completely cured after application of ointment or cream respectively, 13 were largely, and 31 cases satisfactorily improved (see tables 1 and 2). The bacteriological findings are discussed. No skin irritations such as contact dermatitis were observed.", "contents": "[Clinical experiences with terracortril ointment and cream]. The results of a clinical trial using a new preparation of Terracortril ointment and Terracortril cream without preservatives are reported. Apart from oxytetracycline 30 mg/g and 10 mg hydrocortisone alcohol/g, each drug contains polymyxin B 10,000 I.U./g. Of a total of 85 patients with primary and secondary pyodermias, 41 were completely or almost completely cured after application of ointment or cream respectively, 13 were largely, and 31 cases satisfactorily improved (see tables 1 and 2). The bacteriological findings are discussed. No skin irritations such as contact dermatitis were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:138655", "title": "Neonatal effect of clomiphene and o,p'-DDT on hepatic oxidative metabolism of male rats.", "content": "The hepatic oxidative metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and aminopyrine has been investigated in adult rats of both sexes treated neonatally with either clomiphene citrate (100 mug on day 3) or o,p'-DDT (1 mg daily on days 2-3). The rates of 16 alpha-, 7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxylase activities of DHA and the N-demethylase activities of aminopyrine in hepatic microsomes of normal males were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than those of females. Treatment with clomiphene citrate reduced significantly (p less than 0.05) the 16 alpha-hydroxylase activities of males and appeared to suppress the 7 alpha-hydroxylase and N-demethylase activities to a lesser extent. Neonatal o,p'-DDT also reduced these hepatic oxidative activities. Neither treatment affected the 7 beta-hydroxylase activities. On the other hand, no significant differences in these activities were observed between the control and the treated females, all of which had persistent vaginal estrus. Therefore, it appears that treatment of male neonates with these weak estrogenic compounds antagonizes the androgen-mediated expression of the DHA-16alpha-hydroxylase activity in liver.", "contents": "Neonatal effect of clomiphene and o,p'-DDT on hepatic oxidative metabolism of male rats. The hepatic oxidative metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) and aminopyrine has been investigated in adult rats of both sexes treated neonatally with either clomiphene citrate (100 mug on day 3) or o,p'-DDT (1 mg daily on days 2-3). The rates of 16 alpha-, 7 alpha- and 7 beta-hydroxylase activities of DHA and the N-demethylase activities of aminopyrine in hepatic microsomes of normal males were significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than those of females. Treatment with clomiphene citrate reduced significantly (p less than 0.05) the 16 alpha-hydroxylase activities of males and appeared to suppress the 7 alpha-hydroxylase and N-demethylase activities to a lesser extent. Neonatal o,p'-DDT also reduced these hepatic oxidative activities. Neither treatment affected the 7 beta-hydroxylase activities. On the other hand, no significant differences in these activities were observed between the control and the treated females, all of which had persistent vaginal estrus. Therefore, it appears that treatment of male neonates with these weak estrogenic compounds antagonizes the androgen-mediated expression of the DHA-16alpha-hydroxylase activity in liver."}
{"id": "PMID:138656", "title": "Hormonal changes during puberty. IV. Longitudinal study of acrenal androgen secretions.", "content": "Longitudinal studies of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were made in 13 girls aged 7 years and 14 aged 10 years, during 3 years, at 6-month intervals. Similarly, two groups of 12 boys aged 8 years and 11 years were followed. In addition, 3 girls with premature adrenarche and 4 male patients with Addison's disease were studied. In the normal girls a significant rise of plasma DHEA-S and DHEA occurred from 6 years of bone age (51.4 +/- 9.0 ng/ml and 50.5 +/-9.2 ng/100 ml, respectively) to 8 years (119. 7 +/- 19.1 ng/ml and 94.5 +/- 16.5 ng/100 ml). A further significant rise was apparent at 11 years (385.8 +/-60.9 ng/ml) and 329.0 +/- 78.4 ng/100 ml). In boys, a similar rise of DHEA-S and DHEA was observed between 6 years of bone age (75.8 %/- 12 ng/ml and 44.3 +/- 7.6 ng/100 ml) and 8 years (157.4 +/- 28.9 ng/ml and 76.1 +/- 8.9 ng/100 ml). Furhter significant rise of DHEA-S and DHEA were seen at 13 years of bone age (563.7 +/- 123.7 ng/ml and 267.9 +/- 50.0 ng/100 ml, respectively). Testosterone in both sexes rose 2-3 years later than DHEA-S and DHEA. In female patients with premature adrenarche, higher plasma levels of DHEA-S and DHEA were found when compared to normal levels at similar chronological and bone ages. Very low plasma concentrations of DHEA-S and DHEA were obsrved in the patients with Addison's disease.", "contents": "Hormonal changes during puberty. IV. Longitudinal study of acrenal androgen secretions. Longitudinal studies of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) were made in 13 girls aged 7 years and 14 aged 10 years, during 3 years, at 6-month intervals. Similarly, two groups of 12 boys aged 8 years and 11 years were followed. In addition, 3 girls with premature adrenarche and 4 male patients with Addison's disease were studied. In the normal girls a significant rise of plasma DHEA-S and DHEA occurred from 6 years of bone age (51.4 +/- 9.0 ng/ml and 50.5 +/-9.2 ng/100 ml, respectively) to 8 years (119. 7 +/- 19.1 ng/ml and 94.5 +/- 16.5 ng/100 ml). A further significant rise was apparent at 11 years (385.8 +/-60.9 ng/ml) and 329.0 +/- 78.4 ng/100 ml). In boys, a similar rise of DHEA-S and DHEA was observed between 6 years of bone age (75.8 %/- 12 ng/ml and 44.3 +/- 7.6 ng/100 ml) and 8 years (157.4 +/- 28.9 ng/ml and 76.1 +/- 8.9 ng/100 ml). Furhter significant rise of DHEA-S and DHEA were seen at 13 years of bone age (563.7 +/- 123.7 ng/ml and 267.9 +/- 50.0 ng/100 ml, respectively). Testosterone in both sexes rose 2-3 years later than DHEA-S and DHEA. In female patients with premature adrenarche, higher plasma levels of DHEA-S and DHEA were found when compared to normal levels at similar chronological and bone ages. Very low plasma concentrations of DHEA-S and DHEA were obsrved in the patients with Addison's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:138659", "title": "Psotcardiotomy syndrome: pathogenesis and management.", "content": "It now appears probable that this syndrome and postinfarction syndrome result from an exaggerated immune response to cardiac damage. Both are self-limited, except following coronary artery bypass surgery, in which the incidence of graft occlusion may be high. Early recognition is vital so that treatment, with corticosteroids and aspirin, can prevent morbidity, anxiety, and inappropriate therapy.", "contents": "Psotcardiotomy syndrome: pathogenesis and management. It now appears probable that this syndrome and postinfarction syndrome result from an exaggerated immune response to cardiac damage. Both are self-limited, except following coronary artery bypass surgery, in which the incidence of graft occlusion may be high. Early recognition is vital so that treatment, with corticosteroids and aspirin, can prevent morbidity, anxiety, and inappropriate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:138662", "title": "Clinical experience with loop nephrostomy.", "content": "The authors advocate the use of the U-nephrostomy as the routine measure in operative treatment of infected renal stones.", "contents": "Clinical experience with loop nephrostomy. The authors advocate the use of the U-nephrostomy as the routine measure in operative treatment of infected renal stones."}
{"id": "PMID:138664", "title": "A prophylactic trial of iron and folic acid supplements in pregnant Burmese women.", "content": "Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, serum iron level, iron binding capacity and blood folate (Lactobacillus casei) activity were determined in 310 unselected pregnant Burmese women. Hb concentration was less than 11 g/dl in 72% of the women; the serum iron level was less than 50 mug/dl in 33%; serum folate activity was less than 3ng/ml in 13%; and red cell folate activity was less than 100 ng/ml in 17% of the women. Ninety-six of the women in our study were randomly divided into four groups, treated from the 22nd to the 25th week of pregnancy until full term with either ferrous sulfate containing 60 mg elemental iron twice daily, 5 mg folic acid twice daily, a combination of both, or a placebo only. At full term, Hb concentration fell in the groups given placebo or folic acid. On the other hand, in the groups given iron alone or iron plus folic acid there was an increase in Hb of 0.4 and 0.7 g/dl, respectively (intergroup difference not statistically significant). Serum iron and blood folate levels fell in the groups not receiving the appropriate hematinic. In spite of deficient serum and red cell folate levels in 30 and 40%, respectively, of the group on iron alone, the mean Hb concentration increased at full term and none of the women had a Hb concentration lower than 10 g/dl. Blood folate levels were lower in the iron-supplemented group than in the placebo group, indicating that iron deficiency does not aggravate the folate nutritional status.", "contents": "A prophylactic trial of iron and folic acid supplements in pregnant Burmese women. Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration, serum iron level, iron binding capacity and blood folate (Lactobacillus casei) activity were determined in 310 unselected pregnant Burmese women. Hb concentration was less than 11 g/dl in 72% of the women; the serum iron level was less than 50 mug/dl in 33%; serum folate activity was less than 3ng/ml in 13%; and red cell folate activity was less than 100 ng/ml in 17% of the women. Ninety-six of the women in our study were randomly divided into four groups, treated from the 22nd to the 25th week of pregnancy until full term with either ferrous sulfate containing 60 mg elemental iron twice daily, 5 mg folic acid twice daily, a combination of both, or a placebo only. At full term, Hb concentration fell in the groups given placebo or folic acid. On the other hand, in the groups given iron alone or iron plus folic acid there was an increase in Hb of 0.4 and 0.7 g/dl, respectively (intergroup difference not statistically significant). Serum iron and blood folate levels fell in the groups not receiving the appropriate hematinic. In spite of deficient serum and red cell folate levels in 30 and 40%, respectively, of the group on iron alone, the mean Hb concentration increased at full term and none of the women had a Hb concentration lower than 10 g/dl. Blood folate levels were lower in the iron-supplemented group than in the placebo group, indicating that iron deficiency does not aggravate the folate nutritional status."}
{"id": "PMID:138665", "title": "[Pecilocin allergy].", "content": "In 1975 there were a total of 44 patients in the author's practice with a history of treatment with pecilocinum (Variotin). These patients were patch tested with pecilocinum, and seven were found to be allergic to this drug. In three of them the skin disease had been caused or exacerbated by pecilocinum. In the other four patients the allergy to pecilocinum must be regarded as an \"immunological scar\".", "contents": "[Pecilocin allergy]. In 1975 there were a total of 44 patients in the author's practice with a history of treatment with pecilocinum (Variotin). These patients were patch tested with pecilocinum, and seven were found to be allergic to this drug. In three of them the skin disease had been caused or exacerbated by pecilocinum. In the other four patients the allergy to pecilocinum must be regarded as an \"immunological scar\"."}
{"id": "PMID:138666", "title": "Lung mast cell density and distribution in chronically hypoxic animals.", "content": "Changes in the density and distribution of pulmonary mast cells were determined in six mammalian species exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (PB = 435 Torr) for 19-48 days. Control animals were studied at 1,600 m (PB = 635 Torr). Total lung mast cell hyperplasia was observed only in calves exposed to high altitude. Pigs, rats, and sheep exhibited small, but insignificant, increases in mast cell density. Perivascular mast cell proliferation adjacent to vessels of 30-500 mum in diameter was seen in both calves and pigs. Bronchial, alveolar septal, and systemic tissue (tongue) mast cell hyperplasia was not observed in any of the species. Three indices of pulmonary hypertension (right ventricular hypertrophy, medial thickness of pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary arterial pressure) correlated with perivascular mast cell density. The findings indicate that perivascular mast cell proliferation may relate more to the morphological pulmonary vascular changes and to pulmonary hypertension than to hypoxia, leading to the speculation that mast cells increase in number in response to the hypertension, rather than to mediate and maintain the hypertension.", "contents": "Lung mast cell density and distribution in chronically hypoxic animals. Changes in the density and distribution of pulmonary mast cells were determined in six mammalian species exposed to hypobaric hypoxia (PB = 435 Torr) for 19-48 days. Control animals were studied at 1,600 m (PB = 635 Torr). Total lung mast cell hyperplasia was observed only in calves exposed to high altitude. Pigs, rats, and sheep exhibited small, but insignificant, increases in mast cell density. Perivascular mast cell proliferation adjacent to vessels of 30-500 mum in diameter was seen in both calves and pigs. Bronchial, alveolar septal, and systemic tissue (tongue) mast cell hyperplasia was not observed in any of the species. Three indices of pulmonary hypertension (right ventricular hypertrophy, medial thickness of pulmonary arteries, and pulmonary arterial pressure) correlated with perivascular mast cell density. The findings indicate that perivascular mast cell proliferation may relate more to the morphological pulmonary vascular changes and to pulmonary hypertension than to hypoxia, leading to the speculation that mast cells increase in number in response to the hypertension, rather than to mediate and maintain the hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:138663", "title": "Hepatic excretion of cholecystopaques introduced into the canine jejunum.", "content": "The biliary excretion of five oral cholecystopaques was measured following their introduction into the jejunum of bile fistula dogs. The mean maximal iodine concentration in the bile ranged form a low of 2.2 +/- 0.55 mg per ml following a dose of 33 mg of iodine per kg of iopanoic acid to a high of 12.9 +/- 1.4 mg per ml after the same dose of sodium ipodate. Cumulative excretion at the end of three hours was over five times greater with sodium ipodate in comparison to ipoanoic acid. It is felt that the best explanation of this date is the ability of the more water soluble media to pass through the unstirred water layer of the intestine.", "contents": "Hepatic excretion of cholecystopaques introduced into the canine jejunum. The biliary excretion of five oral cholecystopaques was measured following their introduction into the jejunum of bile fistula dogs. The mean maximal iodine concentration in the bile ranged form a low of 2.2 +/- 0.55 mg per ml following a dose of 33 mg of iodine per kg of iopanoic acid to a high of 12.9 +/- 1.4 mg per ml after the same dose of sodium ipodate. Cumulative excretion at the end of three hours was over five times greater with sodium ipodate in comparison to ipoanoic acid. It is felt that the best explanation of this date is the ability of the more water soluble media to pass through the unstirred water layer of the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:138667", "title": "Time course adaptations in cardiac and skeletal muscle to different running programs.", "content": "The effects of chronic \"steady-state\" and high-speed interval running were investigated on time-course changes in certain biochemical properties of cardiac and skeletal muscle fiber types of rats. Nine weeks of the interval program resulted in significant increased (15%) in both cardiac enlargement and ATPase activity of myofibrils; whereas increases in these parameters were only transient and not significant at the termination of the program involving steady-state running. Neither program induced appreciable alterations in citrate synthase and phosphofructokinase activity in cardiac muscle. In fast-twitch white fibers, \"steady-state\" training induced only a transient 45% increase in citrate synthase activity in contrast to a progressive twofold change with interval training. Both programs resulted in similar increases (45-50%) in citrate synthase activity in fast-twitch and slow-twitch red fibers. However, the patterns of increase for both fiber types differed between the two programs. These findings suggest that training programs incorporating elements of both \"steady-state\" incline and high-speed interval running can potentially induce respiratory enzyme adaptations in the greatest spectrum of rodent skeletal muscle fibers in addition to inducing adaptations to enhance contractile potential in cardiac muscle.", "contents": "Time course adaptations in cardiac and skeletal muscle to different running programs. The effects of chronic \"steady-state\" and high-speed interval running were investigated on time-course changes in certain biochemical properties of cardiac and skeletal muscle fiber types of rats. Nine weeks of the interval program resulted in significant increased (15%) in both cardiac enlargement and ATPase activity of myofibrils; whereas increases in these parameters were only transient and not significant at the termination of the program involving steady-state running. Neither program induced appreciable alterations in citrate synthase and phosphofructokinase activity in cardiac muscle. In fast-twitch white fibers, \"steady-state\" training induced only a transient 45% increase in citrate synthase activity in contrast to a progressive twofold change with interval training. Both programs resulted in similar increases (45-50%) in citrate synthase activity in fast-twitch and slow-twitch red fibers. However, the patterns of increase for both fiber types differed between the two programs. These findings suggest that training programs incorporating elements of both \"steady-state\" incline and high-speed interval running can potentially induce respiratory enzyme adaptations in the greatest spectrum of rodent skeletal muscle fibers in addition to inducing adaptations to enhance contractile potential in cardiac muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:138668", "title": "Effect of functional overload on enzyme levels in different types of skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effects of bilateral functional overload on enzyme changes in fast-twitch plantaris muscles were studied on different groups of rats: 1) normal-control; 2) normal-exercise; 3) overload-control; and 4) overload-exercise. Overload was accomplished by surgical elimination of synergists. Exercising groups walked up a 65% grade, 3 m/min, 2 h/day. Peak muscle enlargement of the overload groups was reached after 5 wk. Citrate synthase, phosphofructokinase, and myofibril ATPase activities were consistantly depressed by approximately 30%, 40%, and 18%, respectively, in overload as compared to normal groups. Daily exercise prevented the decrease in only citrate synthase activity. Unilateral overload of medial gastrocnemius muscle indicated that both fast-twitch oxidative-glycogenolytic and fast-twitch glycogenolytic fiber types undergo enzyme changes in response to the functional stress. However, changes in the former were in closer agreement with the net changes seen in the plantaris than the latter. Soleus muscle responded to overload primarily with marked reductions in respiratory capacity. These findings suggest that certain enzyme systems are altered with functional overload in different fiber types. However, the alterations in certain enzyme systems may, in part, be independent of the process of hypertrophy.", "contents": "Effect of functional overload on enzyme levels in different types of skeletal muscle. The effects of bilateral functional overload on enzyme changes in fast-twitch plantaris muscles were studied on different groups of rats: 1) normal-control; 2) normal-exercise; 3) overload-control; and 4) overload-exercise. Overload was accomplished by surgical elimination of synergists. Exercising groups walked up a 65% grade, 3 m/min, 2 h/day. Peak muscle enlargement of the overload groups was reached after 5 wk. Citrate synthase, phosphofructokinase, and myofibril ATPase activities were consistantly depressed by approximately 30%, 40%, and 18%, respectively, in overload as compared to normal groups. Daily exercise prevented the decrease in only citrate synthase activity. Unilateral overload of medial gastrocnemius muscle indicated that both fast-twitch oxidative-glycogenolytic and fast-twitch glycogenolytic fiber types undergo enzyme changes in response to the functional stress. However, changes in the former were in closer agreement with the net changes seen in the plantaris than the latter. Soleus muscle responded to overload primarily with marked reductions in respiratory capacity. These findings suggest that certain enzyme systems are altered with functional overload in different fiber types. However, the alterations in certain enzyme systems may, in part, be independent of the process of hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:138669", "title": "Turbulent airflow meter for long-term monitoring in patient-ventilator circuits.", "content": "A new type of flowmeter is described which operates on the principle that pressure drop (deltaP) produced by turbulent volume flow (V) through a simple resistance chamber obeys a relation of V = K (deltaP)0.50. Data are given showing that the device follows a true power law with a single exponent for airflows ranging from 3.5 to 270 l/min. Standard instrumentation and a linearization circuit are used with the new flowmeter to provide linear steady-state and alternating airflow measurements up to peak rates of 150 l/min and frequency to 15 Hz. Data are presented comparing integrated airflow readings from the new turbulent flowmeter and a laminar-type flowmeter. The turbulent airflow meter appears to offer increased reliability for long-term patient monitoring use in patient-ventilator circuits.", "contents": "Turbulent airflow meter for long-term monitoring in patient-ventilator circuits. A new type of flowmeter is described which operates on the principle that pressure drop (deltaP) produced by turbulent volume flow (V) through a simple resistance chamber obeys a relation of V = K (deltaP)0.50. Data are given showing that the device follows a true power law with a single exponent for airflows ranging from 3.5 to 270 l/min. Standard instrumentation and a linearization circuit are used with the new flowmeter to provide linear steady-state and alternating airflow measurements up to peak rates of 150 l/min and frequency to 15 Hz. Data are presented comparing integrated airflow readings from the new turbulent flowmeter and a laminar-type flowmeter. The turbulent airflow meter appears to offer increased reliability for long-term patient monitoring use in patient-ventilator circuits."}
{"id": "PMID:138674", "title": "Transformation in Staphylococcus aureus: role of bacteriophage and incidence of competence among strains.", "content": "When used in a helper phage capacity, phages 29, 52, 52A, 79, 80, 55, 71, 53, 83A, 85, 95, 96, phi11, and 80 alpha, all serological group B Staphylococcus phages, conferred competence for transformation to S. aureus 8325-4, a strain that does not normally become competent. Of the serological group A phages tested, only phage 3A showed significant competence-conferring activity. Phages 29, 55, 53, 83A, .85, 95, phi11, and 80 alpha showed an enhancement of competence-conferring activity if exposure to the cells occurred in the presence of nromal rabbit serum. All of the propagating strains for the Staphylococcus reference typing phages were rendered competent for transformation by exposure to at least one of these helper phages. The use of a helper phage to confer competence to S. aureus did not result in distortion of the genetic linkages observed in an inherently competent strain. Lysogenization by phages phi11 or 83A is shown not to be required for the expression of competence, and evidence is presented which indicates that competence in the inherently competent 8325 strain is due to a helper phage effect initiated by the adsorption to cells of phi11 virion parts [or phi11 particles in the case of the single lysogen 8325-4(phi11)] that have been liberated by prophage induction.", "contents": "Transformation in Staphylococcus aureus: role of bacteriophage and incidence of competence among strains. When used in a helper phage capacity, phages 29, 52, 52A, 79, 80, 55, 71, 53, 83A, 85, 95, 96, phi11, and 80 alpha, all serological group B Staphylococcus phages, conferred competence for transformation to S. aureus 8325-4, a strain that does not normally become competent. Of the serological group A phages tested, only phage 3A showed significant competence-conferring activity. Phages 29, 55, 53, 83A, .85, 95, phi11, and 80 alpha showed an enhancement of competence-conferring activity if exposure to the cells occurred in the presence of nromal rabbit serum. All of the propagating strains for the Staphylococcus reference typing phages were rendered competent for transformation by exposure to at least one of these helper phages. The use of a helper phage to confer competence to S. aureus did not result in distortion of the genetic linkages observed in an inherently competent strain. Lysogenization by phages phi11 or 83A is shown not to be required for the expression of competence, and evidence is presented which indicates that competence in the inherently competent 8325 strain is due to a helper phage effect initiated by the adsorption to cells of phi11 virion parts [or phi11 particles in the case of the single lysogen 8325-4(phi11)] that have been liberated by prophage induction."}
{"id": "PMID:138675", "title": "Energy-linked potassium uptake by mitochondria from wild-type and poky strains of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Mitochondria from Neurospora crassa, like mammalian mitochondria, carry out rapid, energy-linked K+ uptake and H+ release in the presence of valinomycin. The maximal rate of K+ uptake was about 1.0 mumol/mg of mitochondrial protein per min and was seen at valinomycin concentrations in the range of 100 to 200 mug per mg of mitochondrial protein and at K+ concentrations of 4 mM or above. Uptake could be supported either by substrate oxidation or by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), and was inhibited in the former case by antimycin or cyanide, in the latter case by oligomycin, and in both cases by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Mitochondria from the cytochrome-deficient mutant poky carried out substrate-driven K+ uptake at reduced rates, but oligomycin-sensitive, ATP-driven K+ uptake at rates about 60% greater than those shown by wild-type mitochondria. This result is consistent with the recent finding (Mainzer and Slayman 1976) that poky contains elevated amounts of oligomycin-sensitive mitochondrial adenosine 5'-triphosphatase activity.", "contents": "Energy-linked potassium uptake by mitochondria from wild-type and poky strains of Neurospora crassa. Mitochondria from Neurospora crassa, like mammalian mitochondria, carry out rapid, energy-linked K+ uptake and H+ release in the presence of valinomycin. The maximal rate of K+ uptake was about 1.0 mumol/mg of mitochondrial protein per min and was seen at valinomycin concentrations in the range of 100 to 200 mug per mg of mitochondrial protein and at K+ concentrations of 4 mM or above. Uptake could be supported either by substrate oxidation or by adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), and was inhibited in the former case by antimycin or cyanide, in the latter case by oligomycin, and in both cases by 2,4-dinitrophenol. Mitochondria from the cytochrome-deficient mutant poky carried out substrate-driven K+ uptake at reduced rates, but oligomycin-sensitive, ATP-driven K+ uptake at rates about 60% greater than those shown by wild-type mitochondria. This result is consistent with the recent finding (Mainzer and Slayman 1976) that poky contains elevated amounts of oligomycin-sensitive mitochondrial adenosine 5'-triphosphatase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:138676", "title": "Action of chondroitinases. I. The mode of action of two chondroitinase-AC preparations of different origin.", "content": "The modes of action of two chondroitinases-AC [EC 4.2.2.5] from Arthrobacter aurescens and Flavobacterium heparinum were examined. By comparison of the increase of viscosity and by analyses of digests using paper chromatography and gel filtration, it was shown that the Arthrobacter enzyme (A-Chase) degrades the substrate by a stepwise attack, while the Flavobacterium enzyme (F-Chase) exhibits a more random attack, though the first attack of both enzymes is of endo-type. Further study was carried out of the initial rate and final extent of the enzymic degradation of various mucopolysaccharides. The order of the initial rates at which the native mucopolysaccharides are degraded was similar for both enzymes. For A-Chase, the initial rate and final extent of degradation of modified chondroitin sulfate C or chondroitin methyl ester, however, were low compared with those of F-Chase. These results also suggested that A-Chase degrades the substrate by stepwise attack and F-Chase by random attack.", "contents": "Action of chondroitinases. I. The mode of action of two chondroitinase-AC preparations of different origin. The modes of action of two chondroitinases-AC [EC 4.2.2.5] from Arthrobacter aurescens and Flavobacterium heparinum were examined. By comparison of the increase of viscosity and by analyses of digests using paper chromatography and gel filtration, it was shown that the Arthrobacter enzyme (A-Chase) degrades the substrate by a stepwise attack, while the Flavobacterium enzyme (F-Chase) exhibits a more random attack, though the first attack of both enzymes is of endo-type. Further study was carried out of the initial rate and final extent of the enzymic degradation of various mucopolysaccharides. The order of the initial rates at which the native mucopolysaccharides are degraded was similar for both enzymes. For A-Chase, the initial rate and final extent of degradation of modified chondroitin sulfate C or chondroitin methyl ester, however, were low compared with those of F-Chase. These results also suggested that A-Chase degrades the substrate by stepwise attack and F-Chase by random attack."}
{"id": "PMID:138677", "title": "Structure and function of the two heads of the myosin molecule. I. Binding of adenosine diphosphate to myofibrils during the adenosinetriphosphatase reaction.", "content": "1. The myosin content of myofibrils was found to be 51% by SDS-gel electrophoresis. 2. The initial burst of Pi liberation of the ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] of a solution of myofibrils in 1 M KCl was measured in 0.5 M KCl, and found to be 0.93 mole/mole of myosin. 3. The amount of ADP bound to myofibrils during the ATPase reaction and the ATPase activity were measured by coupling the myofibrillar ATPase reaction with sufficient amounts of pyruvate kinase [EC 2.7.1.40] and PEP to regenerate ATP. The maximum amount of ADP bound to myofibrils in 0.05M KCl and in the relaxed state was about 1.5 mole/mole of myosin. On the other hand, the ATPase activity exhibited substrate inhibition, and the amount of ATP required for a constant level of ATPase activity was smaller than that required for the maximum binding of ADP to myofibrils. 4. The maximum amount of ADP bound to myofibrils in 0.5 M KCl was about 1.9 mole/mole of myosin. When about one mole of ADP was found to 1 mole of myosin in myofibrils, the myofibrillar ATPase activity reached the saturated level, and with further increase in the concentration of ATP one more mole of ADP was found per mole of myosin.", "contents": "Structure and function of the two heads of the myosin molecule. I. Binding of adenosine diphosphate to myofibrils during the adenosinetriphosphatase reaction. 1. The myosin content of myofibrils was found to be 51% by SDS-gel electrophoresis. 2. The initial burst of Pi liberation of the ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] of a solution of myofibrils in 1 M KCl was measured in 0.5 M KCl, and found to be 0.93 mole/mole of myosin. 3. The amount of ADP bound to myofibrils during the ATPase reaction and the ATPase activity were measured by coupling the myofibrillar ATPase reaction with sufficient amounts of pyruvate kinase [EC 2.7.1.40] and PEP to regenerate ATP. The maximum amount of ADP bound to myofibrils in 0.05M KCl and in the relaxed state was about 1.5 mole/mole of myosin. On the other hand, the ATPase activity exhibited substrate inhibition, and the amount of ATP required for a constant level of ATPase activity was smaller than that required for the maximum binding of ADP to myofibrils. 4. The maximum amount of ADP bound to myofibrils in 0.5 M KCl was about 1.9 mole/mole of myosin. When about one mole of ADP was found to 1 mole of myosin in myofibrils, the myofibrillar ATPase activity reached the saturated level, and with further increase in the concentration of ATP one more mole of ADP was found per mole of myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:138678", "title": "Structure and function of the two heads of the myosin molecule. II. Separation of the two fractions of subfragment-1 of myosin by affinity column chromatography on immobilized F-actin: direct evidence for acceleration by F-actin of the decomposition of the reactive enzyme-phosphate-ADP complex formed on head B of myosin.", "content": "F-Actin (FA) and pyruvate kinase (PK) [EC 2.7.1.40] were immobilized on PAB-cellulose. HMM-Subfragment-1 (S-1) was applied to a column of immobilized FA and PK, and eluted with 1-1.5 muM ATP and 1 mM PEP in 50 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, and 10 mM Tris-HCl at pH 7.8 and 4 degrees. The size of the initial burst of Pi liberation of S-1 applied to the column was 0.5 mole/mole S-1. The burst size of S-1 decreased with increase in the fraction number, and S-1 in later fractions showed a burst size of 0.1-0.3 mole/mole. On the other hand, the rate of the ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] reaction in the steady state was almost independent of the burst size, and increased slightly with increase in the fraction number. The ATPase activity of S-1 with a burst size of less than 0.2 mole/mole was scarcely activated by FA. Usually, the dependence on the burst size of S-1 of its ATPase activity in the presence of FA was sigmoidal, and marked activation by FA was observed when the burst size was larger than 0.3-0.4 mole/mole. Similar results were obtained with S-1 fractions separated by the ultracentrifugation method described in our previous paper ((1976) J. Biochem. 79, 419-434).", "contents": "Structure and function of the two heads of the myosin molecule. II. Separation of the two fractions of subfragment-1 of myosin by affinity column chromatography on immobilized F-actin: direct evidence for acceleration by F-actin of the decomposition of the reactive enzyme-phosphate-ADP complex formed on head B of myosin. F-Actin (FA) and pyruvate kinase (PK) [EC 2.7.1.40] were immobilized on PAB-cellulose. HMM-Subfragment-1 (S-1) was applied to a column of immobilized FA and PK, and eluted with 1-1.5 muM ATP and 1 mM PEP in 50 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, and 10 mM Tris-HCl at pH 7.8 and 4 degrees. The size of the initial burst of Pi liberation of S-1 applied to the column was 0.5 mole/mole S-1. The burst size of S-1 decreased with increase in the fraction number, and S-1 in later fractions showed a burst size of 0.1-0.3 mole/mole. On the other hand, the rate of the ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] reaction in the steady state was almost independent of the burst size, and increased slightly with increase in the fraction number. The ATPase activity of S-1 with a burst size of less than 0.2 mole/mole was scarcely activated by FA. Usually, the dependence on the burst size of S-1 of its ATPase activity in the presence of FA was sigmoidal, and marked activation by FA was observed when the burst size was larger than 0.3-0.4 mole/mole. Similar results were obtained with S-1 fractions separated by the ultracentrifugation method described in our previous paper ((1976) J. Biochem. 79, 419-434)."}
{"id": "PMID:138679", "title": "Structure and function of the two heads of the myosin molecule. III. Cooperativity of the two heads of the myosin molecule, shown by the effect of modification of head A with rho-chloromercuribenzoate on the interaction of head B with F-actin.", "content": "Subfragment-1 of HMM was prepared by tryptic [EC 3.4.21.4] digestion of HMM, which had been modified with 1 mole of CMB per mole of HMM at a specific SH group, SHr. S-1(T) obtained from CMB-HMM retained almost all the CMB, and the amount of bound CMB was about 0.8-0.9 mole per 2 moles of S-1(T). S-2 of CMB-HMM contained no bound CMB. The ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity of HMM increased gradually with increase in the concentration of FA, and the acto-HMM ATPase was inhibited by excess substrate or removal of Ca2+ ions in the presence of RP. The ATPase activity of CMB-HMM increased to a maximum level on adding a small amount of FA, and the acto-CMB-HMM ATPase showed neither substrate inhibition nor Ca2+ sensitivity in the presence of RP. On the other hand, the dependence on the concentration of FA of the ATPase activity of acto-S-1(T) was unaffected by modification of S-1 with CMB. The Ca2+ sensitivity of the ATPase activity of acto-S-1(T) in the presence of RP was also unaffected by the modification. Acto-S-1(T) dissociated almost completely, while acto-CMB-S-1(T) was only 50% dissociated on adding ATP. More than 80% of the bound CMB was contained in S-1(T) undissociated from FA. Furthermore, superprecipitation of actomyosin induced by ATP was completely inhibited by adding about 2 moles of CMB-S-1(T) per mole of actin monomer. On the other hand, about 90% of the burst size of Pi liberation was retained in S-1(T) dissociated from FA. It was concluded that the two heads of the myosin molecule are different: one shows the initial burst of Pi liberation, and does not contain the SHr group which binds CMB (head B), and the other does not show the initial burst and contains the SHr group (head A). It was also concluded that modification of head A of HMM or myosin with CMB increases its binding strength to FA, and consequently the substrate inhibition and Ca2+ sensitivity of acto-HMM or actomyosin ATPase at head B are lost on modification of head A with CMB. CMB-S-1(CT) was prepared by chymotryptic [EC 3.4.21.1] digestion of CMB-myosin, and separated into two fractions by ultracentrifugation of acto-CMB-S-1(CT) in the presence of ATP. Three components of CMB-S-1(CT) with molecular weights of 9, 2.4, and 1.2 X 10(4) were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The ratios of the peak areas of the three components in electrophoretograms were the same in CMB-S-1(CT) and in the two fractions (1 : 0.18 : 0.09), indicating that heads A and B have the same subunit structure.", "contents": "Structure and function of the two heads of the myosin molecule. III. Cooperativity of the two heads of the myosin molecule, shown by the effect of modification of head A with rho-chloromercuribenzoate on the interaction of head B with F-actin. Subfragment-1 of HMM was prepared by tryptic [EC 3.4.21.4] digestion of HMM, which had been modified with 1 mole of CMB per mole of HMM at a specific SH group, SHr. S-1(T) obtained from CMB-HMM retained almost all the CMB, and the amount of bound CMB was about 0.8-0.9 mole per 2 moles of S-1(T). S-2 of CMB-HMM contained no bound CMB. The ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity of HMM increased gradually with increase in the concentration of FA, and the acto-HMM ATPase was inhibited by excess substrate or removal of Ca2+ ions in the presence of RP. The ATPase activity of CMB-HMM increased to a maximum level on adding a small amount of FA, and the acto-CMB-HMM ATPase showed neither substrate inhibition nor Ca2+ sensitivity in the presence of RP. On the other hand, the dependence on the concentration of FA of the ATPase activity of acto-S-1(T) was unaffected by modification of S-1 with CMB. The Ca2+ sensitivity of the ATPase activity of acto-S-1(T) in the presence of RP was also unaffected by the modification. Acto-S-1(T) dissociated almost completely, while acto-CMB-S-1(T) was only 50% dissociated on adding ATP. More than 80% of the bound CMB was contained in S-1(T) undissociated from FA. Furthermore, superprecipitation of actomyosin induced by ATP was completely inhibited by adding about 2 moles of CMB-S-1(T) per mole of actin monomer. On the other hand, about 90% of the burst size of Pi liberation was retained in S-1(T) dissociated from FA. It was concluded that the two heads of the myosin molecule are different: one shows the initial burst of Pi liberation, and does not contain the SHr group which binds CMB (head B), and the other does not show the initial burst and contains the SHr group (head A). It was also concluded that modification of head A of HMM or myosin with CMB increases its binding strength to FA, and consequently the substrate inhibition and Ca2+ sensitivity of acto-HMM or actomyosin ATPase at head B are lost on modification of head A with CMB. CMB-S-1(CT) was prepared by chymotryptic [EC 3.4.21.1] digestion of CMB-myosin, and separated into two fractions by ultracentrifugation of acto-CMB-S-1(CT) in the presence of ATP. Three components of CMB-S-1(CT) with molecular weights of 9, 2.4, and 1.2 X 10(4) were separated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The ratios of the peak areas of the three components in electrophoretograms were the same in CMB-S-1(CT) and in the two fractions (1 : 0.18 : 0.09), indicating that heads A and B have the same subunit structure."}
{"id": "PMID:138680", "title": "Structure and function of the two heads of the myosin molecule. IV. Physiological functions of various reaction intermediates in myosin adenosinetriphosphatase, studied by the interaction between actomyosin and 8-bromoadenosine triphosphate.", "content": "The kinetic properties of the hydrolyses of 8-Br ATP and 8-SCH3 ATP by myosin [EC 3.6.1.3] and actomyosin were compared with those of ATP, and the following results were obtained. The Ca-NTPase activities of myosin using these two ATP analogs as substrates were smaller than that of ATPase, and the NTPase activities toward these analogs were strongly suppressed by EDTA. The Mg-NTPase activities toward these analogs were higher in a medium of high ionic strength than in a medium of low ionic strength, in contrast to the activity of Mg-ATPase. These analogs did not produce any initial burst of Pi liberation, activation of myosin NTPase by F-actin, or superprecipitation of actomyosin. The interactions between 8-Br ATP and HMM, acto-HMM, actomyosin, and myofibrils were studied in detail in the presence of Mg2+ in medium of low ionic strength. The Michaelis constant, Km, and the maximum rate, Vm, of 8-Br ATPase of HMM were 27 muM and 21 min-1, respectively. The fluorescence change of HMM induced by 8-Br ATP also followed the Michaelis-Menten equation, and the Michaelis constant, Kf1, was as low as 4 muM. Acto-HMM and acto-S-1 were fully dissociated by the addition of 8-Br ATP. The relation between the extent of dissociation of acto-HMM and the concentration of 8-Br ATP followed the Michaelis-Menten equation, and the apparent dissociation constant, Kd, was 22 muM. This Kd value is almost equal to the Km value of 8-Br ATPase of HMM described above. Myofibrillar contraction was not supported by 8-Br ATP. It was concluded that in the myosin NTPase reaction with 8-Br ATP as a substrate, M2NTP but not MNDPP is formed in route (1), while MNTP is formed in route (2). It was also concluded that the key intermediate for the actomyosin NTPase reaction is MNDPP, and that dissociation of acto-HMM is induced by the formation of M2NTP and MNTP in routes (1) and (2), respectively.", "contents": "Structure and function of the two heads of the myosin molecule. IV. Physiological functions of various reaction intermediates in myosin adenosinetriphosphatase, studied by the interaction between actomyosin and 8-bromoadenosine triphosphate. The kinetic properties of the hydrolyses of 8-Br ATP and 8-SCH3 ATP by myosin [EC 3.6.1.3] and actomyosin were compared with those of ATP, and the following results were obtained. The Ca-NTPase activities of myosin using these two ATP analogs as substrates were smaller than that of ATPase, and the NTPase activities toward these analogs were strongly suppressed by EDTA. The Mg-NTPase activities toward these analogs were higher in a medium of high ionic strength than in a medium of low ionic strength, in contrast to the activity of Mg-ATPase. These analogs did not produce any initial burst of Pi liberation, activation of myosin NTPase by F-actin, or superprecipitation of actomyosin. The interactions between 8-Br ATP and HMM, acto-HMM, actomyosin, and myofibrils were studied in detail in the presence of Mg2+ in medium of low ionic strength. The Michaelis constant, Km, and the maximum rate, Vm, of 8-Br ATPase of HMM were 27 muM and 21 min-1, respectively. The fluorescence change of HMM induced by 8-Br ATP also followed the Michaelis-Menten equation, and the Michaelis constant, Kf1, was as low as 4 muM. Acto-HMM and acto-S-1 were fully dissociated by the addition of 8-Br ATP. The relation between the extent of dissociation of acto-HMM and the concentration of 8-Br ATP followed the Michaelis-Menten equation, and the apparent dissociation constant, Kd, was 22 muM. This Kd value is almost equal to the Km value of 8-Br ATPase of HMM described above. Myofibrillar contraction was not supported by 8-Br ATP. It was concluded that in the myosin NTPase reaction with 8-Br ATP as a substrate, M2NTP but not MNDPP is formed in route (1), while MNTP is formed in route (2). It was also concluded that the key intermediate for the actomyosin NTPase reaction is MNDPP, and that dissociation of acto-HMM is induced by the formation of M2NTP and MNTP in routes (1) and (2), respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:138681", "title": "Characterization of the nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase (ATPase) activity of RNA synthesi termination factor p. I. Enzymatic properties and effects of inhibitors.", "content": "The purification of p protein to homogeneity from Escherichia coli has shown that its RNA-dependent ATPase activity is physically inseparable from its termination activity. The biochemical properties of pATPase have been studied using poly(C) as the activating RNA. This reaction is stimulated by Mg2+ ions and Mn2+ ions and is prevented by excess EDTA; it is not stimulated by Ca2+ ions. The reaction is not affected by a Zn2+ ion chelator and is inhibited by 1 mM Zn2+. With Mg2+ present, the activity is essentially constant from pH 7 to pH 9.7. pATPase is sensitive to p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and to N-ethylmaleimide. All four ribonucleoside triphosphates are hydrolyzed by p action. ATP has the lowest Km (0.009 mM), while CTP has the highest Vmax. In a mixture containing all four nucleoside triphosphates at a concentration of 0.4 mM, p shows no strong preference for any one of the substrates. The response of p ATPase to a variety of inhibitors of other ATPases and GTPases and of transcription has been studied. Of the compounds tested, aurintricarboxylic acid, an inhibitor of protein-nucleic acid interactions, was found to be a potent inhibitor of p ATPase, while rifampicin and heparin had no effect. pATPase showed partial sensitivity to thiostrepton, fusidic acid, Dio 9, and sodium azide.", "contents": "Characterization of the nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase (ATPase) activity of RNA synthesi termination factor p. I. Enzymatic properties and effects of inhibitors. The purification of p protein to homogeneity from Escherichia coli has shown that its RNA-dependent ATPase activity is physically inseparable from its termination activity. The biochemical properties of pATPase have been studied using poly(C) as the activating RNA. This reaction is stimulated by Mg2+ ions and Mn2+ ions and is prevented by excess EDTA; it is not stimulated by Ca2+ ions. The reaction is not affected by a Zn2+ ion chelator and is inhibited by 1 mM Zn2+. With Mg2+ present, the activity is essentially constant from pH 7 to pH 9.7. pATPase is sensitive to p-hydroxymercuribenzoate and to N-ethylmaleimide. All four ribonucleoside triphosphates are hydrolyzed by p action. ATP has the lowest Km (0.009 mM), while CTP has the highest Vmax. In a mixture containing all four nucleoside triphosphates at a concentration of 0.4 mM, p shows no strong preference for any one of the substrates. The response of p ATPase to a variety of inhibitors of other ATPases and GTPases and of transcription has been studied. Of the compounds tested, aurintricarboxylic acid, an inhibitor of protein-nucleic acid interactions, was found to be a potent inhibitor of p ATPase, while rifampicin and heparin had no effect. pATPase showed partial sensitivity to thiostrepton, fusidic acid, Dio 9, and sodium azide."}
{"id": "PMID:138682", "title": "Characterization of the nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase (ATPase) activity of RNA synthesis termination factor p. II. Influence of synthetic RNA homopolymers and random copolymers on the reaction.", "content": "The ability of various kinds of RNA molecules to activate the ATP hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the p transcription termination factor from Escherichia coli has been studied. The most active RNA polymers are those containing cytidylate residues and very little ordered structure. Free poly(C) is the most active homopolymer; it is 45 times more active than poly(U), which is the only non-cytidine containing RNA that has detectable activity. Poly(C) has no activity when complexed with poly(I) or when the chain lengths are shorter than 22 nucleotides long. Although cytidylate residues are important they need not be frequent; a random copolymer of uridine and cytidine nucleotides with as few as 1 cytidylate residue out of 20 is as active as poly(C). The extent of activation with poly(C) depends on the ratio of p to poly(C). Poly(C) becomes saturated with p at a ratio of 1.8 ng of p/pmol poly(C), which is equivalent to one p monomer/27 nucleotides. A further increase in this ratio leads to a reduction in p activity. Decreasing the length of the poly(C) does not alter the observed saturation value but does decrease the rate of ATP hydrolysis when the RNA is in excess. The possible relevance of these results to p termination activity is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of the nucleoside triphosphate phosphohydrolase (ATPase) activity of RNA synthesis termination factor p. II. Influence of synthetic RNA homopolymers and random copolymers on the reaction. The ability of various kinds of RNA molecules to activate the ATP hydrolysis reaction catalyzed by the p transcription termination factor from Escherichia coli has been studied. The most active RNA polymers are those containing cytidylate residues and very little ordered structure. Free poly(C) is the most active homopolymer; it is 45 times more active than poly(U), which is the only non-cytidine containing RNA that has detectable activity. Poly(C) has no activity when complexed with poly(I) or when the chain lengths are shorter than 22 nucleotides long. Although cytidylate residues are important they need not be frequent; a random copolymer of uridine and cytidine nucleotides with as few as 1 cytidylate residue out of 20 is as active as poly(C). The extent of activation with poly(C) depends on the ratio of p to poly(C). Poly(C) becomes saturated with p at a ratio of 1.8 ng of p/pmol poly(C), which is equivalent to one p monomer/27 nucleotides. A further increase in this ratio leads to a reduction in p activity. Decreasing the length of the poly(C) does not alter the observed saturation value but does decrease the rate of ATP hydrolysis when the RNA is in excess. The possible relevance of these results to p termination activity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138683", "title": "Reaction of cardiac myosin with a purine disulfide analog of adenosine triphosphate. I. Kinetics of inactivation and binding of adenylyl imidodiphosphate.", "content": "Bovine cardiac myosin ATPase activity was rapidly inactivated by the purine disulfide analog of ATP,6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl imidodiphosphate). Kinetic investigations showed that this analog acted as a site-specific reagent at 0 degrees with a Ki of 130 muM and a half-life of 8.2 min at saturating inhibitor concentrations. Concentrations (50 to 500 muM) of ATP, adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), or ADP that saturated the active site caused an enhancement in the rate of inactivation, indicating the purine disulfide analog was not reacting at the active site. Under these conditions saturation kinetic data were still observed with Ki values remaining unchanged (120 muM) but with the half-life of inactivation decreasing to 6.0 min (ATP) and 4.6 min (AMP-PNP) at saturating inhibitor concentrations. At concentrations greater than 0.5 mM ATP, AMP-PNP, or ADP there was a decrease in the rate of inactivation, implying protection by these nucleotides. However, saturation kinetics of inactivation could no longer be demonstrated, implying a change in the mechanism of inactivation. A comparison of the inactivation of the Mg2+, Ca2+, and EDTA-ATPase activities of cardiac myosin after modification by the purine disulfide analog showed that the Mg2+- and Ca2+ATPase activities plateaued at approximately 60% and 40%, respectively, while the EDTA-ATPase activity continued to decrease to below 10%. This evidence supports the suggestion that the purine disulfide analog was not reacting at the active site. Equilibrium dialysis experiments were used to measure the binding of [8-3H]AMP-PNP to native cardiac myosin, the thiopurine nucleotide-modified myosin, and the derivative formed by displacing the thiopurine nucleotide by cyanide (thiocyanato-myosin). Native myosin bound a total of 2.1 mol of AMP-PNP with a binding constant of 6.0 X 10(6) M-1. There was a 15 to 40% decrease in the number of AMP-PNP binding sites in the enzyme derivatives, but the active sites appeared not to be blocked since the association constants remained essentially unchanged (KA=3.9 X 10(6) M-1 for thiopurine nucleotide-myosin and 12.0 X 10(6) M-1 for thiocyanato-myosin). The kinetic studies and the binding experiments indicate that the purine disulfide analog reacts at a specific site other than the active site but do not offer support to earlier suggestions from skeletal myosin studies that this site is a possible ATP control site.", "contents": "Reaction of cardiac myosin with a purine disulfide analog of adenosine triphosphate. I. Kinetics of inactivation and binding of adenylyl imidodiphosphate. Bovine cardiac myosin ATPase activity was rapidly inactivated by the purine disulfide analog of ATP,6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl imidodiphosphate). Kinetic investigations showed that this analog acted as a site-specific reagent at 0 degrees with a Ki of 130 muM and a half-life of 8.2 min at saturating inhibitor concentrations. Concentrations (50 to 500 muM) of ATP, adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP), or ADP that saturated the active site caused an enhancement in the rate of inactivation, indicating the purine disulfide analog was not reacting at the active site. Under these conditions saturation kinetic data were still observed with Ki values remaining unchanged (120 muM) but with the half-life of inactivation decreasing to 6.0 min (ATP) and 4.6 min (AMP-PNP) at saturating inhibitor concentrations. At concentrations greater than 0.5 mM ATP, AMP-PNP, or ADP there was a decrease in the rate of inactivation, implying protection by these nucleotides. However, saturation kinetics of inactivation could no longer be demonstrated, implying a change in the mechanism of inactivation. A comparison of the inactivation of the Mg2+, Ca2+, and EDTA-ATPase activities of cardiac myosin after modification by the purine disulfide analog showed that the Mg2+- and Ca2+ATPase activities plateaued at approximately 60% and 40%, respectively, while the EDTA-ATPase activity continued to decrease to below 10%. This evidence supports the suggestion that the purine disulfide analog was not reacting at the active site. Equilibrium dialysis experiments were used to measure the binding of [8-3H]AMP-PNP to native cardiac myosin, the thiopurine nucleotide-modified myosin, and the derivative formed by displacing the thiopurine nucleotide by cyanide (thiocyanato-myosin). Native myosin bound a total of 2.1 mol of AMP-PNP with a binding constant of 6.0 X 10(6) M-1. There was a 15 to 40% decrease in the number of AMP-PNP binding sites in the enzyme derivatives, but the active sites appeared not to be blocked since the association constants remained essentially unchanged (KA=3.9 X 10(6) M-1 for thiopurine nucleotide-myosin and 12.0 X 10(6) M-1 for thiocyanato-myosin). The kinetic studies and the binding experiments indicate that the purine disulfide analog reacts at a specific site other than the active site but do not offer support to earlier suggestions from skeletal myosin studies that this site is a possible ATP control site."}
{"id": "PMID:138684", "title": "Reaction of cardiac myosin with a purine disulfide analog of adenosine triphosphate. II. Stoichiometry and subunit location of labeling.", "content": "The reaction of bovine cardiac myosin with the site-specific purine disulfide analog of ATP, 6,6'-dithiobis (inosinyl imidodiphosphate), was studied to determine the stoichiometry of labeling and subunit location of the reactive cysteines. The analog inactivates myosin by forming a mixed disulfide between the thiopurine nucleotide and certain key cysteines. The thiopurine nucleotide was displaced quantitatively by 14CN to form the more stable thiocyanato-enzyme derivatives. In cardiac myosin, the reactive cysteines could be categorized into three classes, nonessential, critical, and noncritical. The modification of the critical cysteines (two per myosin) inactivated the EDTA and Ca2+ ATPase activities, the latter to a lesser extent. The nonessential cysteines (two to three per myosin) and the noncritical cysteines (two per myosin), differentiated by their rates of reaction, had no effect on the ATPase activities after modification. Thiocyanato-modified myosin was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis to determine the distribution of 14CN in the subunits. The critical cysteines were found on the 21,000-dalton light chain (LC1) and the noncritical cysteines on the heavy chains. More specifically, the critical cysteine modified in cardiac LC1 (determined from the products after cyclization and chain cleavage at the thiocyanatoalanyl residues) was shown to be the thiol residue whose surrounding amino acid sequence is homologous to that of the single cysteine of the skeletal myosin alkali light chains, confirming the likely similar structure and function of these light chains in the two different muscle types.", "contents": "Reaction of cardiac myosin with a purine disulfide analog of adenosine triphosphate. II. Stoichiometry and subunit location of labeling. The reaction of bovine cardiac myosin with the site-specific purine disulfide analog of ATP, 6,6'-dithiobis (inosinyl imidodiphosphate), was studied to determine the stoichiometry of labeling and subunit location of the reactive cysteines. The analog inactivates myosin by forming a mixed disulfide between the thiopurine nucleotide and certain key cysteines. The thiopurine nucleotide was displaced quantitatively by 14CN to form the more stable thiocyanato-enzyme derivatives. In cardiac myosin, the reactive cysteines could be categorized into three classes, nonessential, critical, and noncritical. The modification of the critical cysteines (two per myosin) inactivated the EDTA and Ca2+ ATPase activities, the latter to a lesser extent. The nonessential cysteines (two to three per myosin) and the noncritical cysteines (two per myosin), differentiated by their rates of reaction, had no effect on the ATPase activities after modification. Thiocyanato-modified myosin was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis to determine the distribution of 14CN in the subunits. The critical cysteines were found on the 21,000-dalton light chain (LC1) and the noncritical cysteines on the heavy chains. More specifically, the critical cysteine modified in cardiac LC1 (determined from the products after cyclization and chain cleavage at the thiocyanatoalanyl residues) was shown to be the thiol residue whose surrounding amino acid sequence is homologous to that of the single cysteine of the skeletal myosin alkali light chains, confirming the likely similar structure and function of these light chains in the two different muscle types."}
{"id": "PMID:138685", "title": "Myelinogenesis in optic nerve. A morphological, autoradiographic, and biochemical analysis.", "content": "Morphological, autoradiographic, and biochemical methods were used to study the time of appearance, distribution, and nature of sulfated constituents in the developing rat optic nerve. Electron microscope studies showed that myelination begins (6 days postnatal) shortly after the appearance of oligodendroglia (5 days postnatal). Over the ensuing 3 wk, myelination increased rapidly. During the 1st postnatal wk, mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins were labeled with 35S and autoradiographs showed grains over arachnoidal cells, astroglia, and the glia limitans. These results indicated that astroglia synthesize sulfated mucopolysaccharides of the glia limitans. After the onset of myelination, however, the major portion of [35S]sulfate was incorporated into sulfatide. Autoradiographs showed a shift of radioactive grains from astroglia and arachnoidal cells to myelin, indicating that actively myelinating oligodendroglia incorporate [35S]sulfate into myelin sulfatide; there was a concomitant increase in the activity of cerebroside sulfotransferase. In addition, the increasing amounts of proteolipid protein and myelin basic protein corresponded with the morphological appearance of myelin. These results point to a strict correlation between the structural and biochemical changes occurring during myelination. This system provides a useful model for studies designed to evaluate the effects of various perturbations on the process of myelination.", "contents": "Myelinogenesis in optic nerve. A morphological, autoradiographic, and biochemical analysis. Morphological, autoradiographic, and biochemical methods were used to study the time of appearance, distribution, and nature of sulfated constituents in the developing rat optic nerve. Electron microscope studies showed that myelination begins (6 days postnatal) shortly after the appearance of oligodendroglia (5 days postnatal). Over the ensuing 3 wk, myelination increased rapidly. During the 1st postnatal wk, mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins were labeled with 35S and autoradiographs showed grains over arachnoidal cells, astroglia, and the glia limitans. These results indicated that astroglia synthesize sulfated mucopolysaccharides of the glia limitans. After the onset of myelination, however, the major portion of [35S]sulfate was incorporated into sulfatide. Autoradiographs showed a shift of radioactive grains from astroglia and arachnoidal cells to myelin, indicating that actively myelinating oligodendroglia incorporate [35S]sulfate into myelin sulfatide; there was a concomitant increase in the activity of cerebroside sulfotransferase. In addition, the increasing amounts of proteolipid protein and myelin basic protein corresponded with the morphological appearance of myelin. These results point to a strict correlation between the structural and biochemical changes occurring during myelination. This system provides a useful model for studies designed to evaluate the effects of various perturbations on the process of myelination."}
{"id": "PMID:138686", "title": "Action of FdUrD and dCyd on the incorporation of BrdUrd in chinese hamster somatic cell DNA and the isolation of auxotrophic mutants.", "content": "Chinese hamster somatic cells grown in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine, deoxycytidine and fluorodeoxyuridine incorporate more bromodeoxyuridine in the DNA than cells grown in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine alone. Thus they become more sensitive to light irradiation. Our data suggest that 0.05 mM--0.2 mM bromodeoxyuridine, 0.05 mM deoxyctidine and 10 mmug/ml fluorodeoxyuridine is one of the best possible combinations for the selection of Chinese hamster somatic cells mutants. Auxotrophs for proline, inositol or both were thus isolated at high frequency.", "contents": "Action of FdUrD and dCyd on the incorporation of BrdUrd in chinese hamster somatic cell DNA and the isolation of auxotrophic mutants. Chinese hamster somatic cells grown in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine, deoxycytidine and fluorodeoxyuridine incorporate more bromodeoxyuridine in the DNA than cells grown in the presence of bromodeoxyuridine alone. Thus they become more sensitive to light irradiation. Our data suggest that 0.05 mM--0.2 mM bromodeoxyuridine, 0.05 mM deoxyctidine and 10 mmug/ml fluorodeoxyuridine is one of the best possible combinations for the selection of Chinese hamster somatic cells mutants. Auxotrophs for proline, inositol or both were thus isolated at high frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:138687", "title": "Virilizing adrenal tumor in a child suppressed with dexamethasone for three years. Effect of o,p'-DDD on serum and urinary androgens.", "content": "Extensive hormonal evaluation was performed in a girl with adrenal carcinoma during the primary tumor stage, following adrenalectomy, during the period when metastases were evident and while on treatment with o,p'-DDD. At the age of 14 months a diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia was made and treatment with dexamethasone (0.125 to 0.25 mg/day) resulted in a fall-off in growth rate, normal advancement in bone age, decrease in virilization and suppression of 17- ketosteroid excretion which continued until 4 3/12 years of age when virilization increased. At five years of age elevated serum and urinary androgen levels unsuppressible with dexamethasone were noted. Following removal of a large right adrenal carcinoma, serum and urinary hormone levels returned to normal. There months following surgery, liver metastases were documented associated with elevated levels of serum androgens. With o,p'-DDD treatment, serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) and urinary 17-ketosteroid (17-KS) excretion fell rapidly while there was a delay in the fall of free androgens. The persistence of free steroid secretion with decreased formation of DS suggests that the o,p'-DDD may have altered sulfatase activity before causing tumor necrosis and total decrease in steroidogenesis.", "contents": "Virilizing adrenal tumor in a child suppressed with dexamethasone for three years. Effect of o,p'-DDD on serum and urinary androgens. Extensive hormonal evaluation was performed in a girl with adrenal carcinoma during the primary tumor stage, following adrenalectomy, during the period when metastases were evident and while on treatment with o,p'-DDD. At the age of 14 months a diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia was made and treatment with dexamethasone (0.125 to 0.25 mg/day) resulted in a fall-off in growth rate, normal advancement in bone age, decrease in virilization and suppression of 17- ketosteroid excretion which continued until 4 3/12 years of age when virilization increased. At five years of age elevated serum and urinary androgen levels unsuppressible with dexamethasone were noted. Following removal of a large right adrenal carcinoma, serum and urinary hormone levels returned to normal. There months following surgery, liver metastases were documented associated with elevated levels of serum androgens. With o,p'-DDD treatment, serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS) and urinary 17-ketosteroid (17-KS) excretion fell rapidly while there was a delay in the fall of free androgens. The persistence of free steroid secretion with decreased formation of DS suggests that the o,p'-DDD may have altered sulfatase activity before causing tumor necrosis and total decrease in steroidogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:138688", "title": "Thyroid function in adults with Down's syndrome.", "content": "The thyroid status of 82 institutionalized adults with Down's syndrome has been assessed. Compared to age and sex matched control subjects, these patients had significantly lower mean total serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations (T4; 69.1+/-22.2 nmol/1; (mean+/-SD) vs. 100.1+/-19.1, P less than 0.001; T13; 1.61+/-0.47 nmol/1 vs. 1.76+/-0.34, P less than 0.025), lower free thyroxine index (FTI), (FTI; 66.1+/-22.4 vs. 95.1+/-20.2, P less than 0.001), and higher basal serum thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations (TSH; 7.6+/-10.7 mU/1 vs. 3.8+/-1.5, P less than 0.001). These changes were not related to age or sex. Abnormalities in one or more test of thyroid function were demonstrated in at least 38 (46%) of the 82 patients. Two main patterns of abnormality were defined: 1) subnormal T4, FTI and elevated basal TSH levels (primary hypothyroidism) in 13 (16%). All seven of the 13 patients in whom TRH tests were performed showed the expected exaggerated TSH response, and seven out of the 13 patients (54%) had positive thyroid antibodies, 2) Subnormal T4, subnormal or low normal FTI, and basal TSH levels within the normal range in 18 (22%). The mean basal TSH concentration was, however, significantly higher than in patients with normal T4 and FTI levels, suggesting a minor degree of thyroid failure. Only two of the 18 patients (11%) had positive thyroid antibodies. Of the 17 patients in the group tested, 13 showed a normal TSH response to TRH, three an exagerrated response (all females), and one had an impaired response. Other patterns of abnormal thyroid function were observed occasionally: one female patient had biochemical T3 toxicosis; another had the biochemical pattern of subclinical hypothyroidism, four patients with normal basal T4, FTI and TSH levels showed an exaggerated TSH response to TRH and one patient had an impaired response. These data indicate that htyroid dysfunction, in particular hypothyroidism, is common in adults with Down's syndrome, though specific tests are usually required to make the diagnosis. The general reduction in thyroid function in Down's syndrome may be due to impaired development of the thyroid gland. However, frank chemical hypothyroidism may occur only when thyroiditis is superimposed on preexisting diminished thyroid reserve.", "contents": "Thyroid function in adults with Down's syndrome. The thyroid status of 82 institutionalized adults with Down's syndrome has been assessed. Compared to age and sex matched control subjects, these patients had significantly lower mean total serum thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations (T4; 69.1+/-22.2 nmol/1; (mean+/-SD) vs. 100.1+/-19.1, P less than 0.001; T13; 1.61+/-0.47 nmol/1 vs. 1.76+/-0.34, P less than 0.025), lower free thyroxine index (FTI), (FTI; 66.1+/-22.4 vs. 95.1+/-20.2, P less than 0.001), and higher basal serum thyrotrophin (TSH) concentrations (TSH; 7.6+/-10.7 mU/1 vs. 3.8+/-1.5, P less than 0.001). These changes were not related to age or sex. Abnormalities in one or more test of thyroid function were demonstrated in at least 38 (46%) of the 82 patients. Two main patterns of abnormality were defined: 1) subnormal T4, FTI and elevated basal TSH levels (primary hypothyroidism) in 13 (16%). All seven of the 13 patients in whom TRH tests were performed showed the expected exaggerated TSH response, and seven out of the 13 patients (54%) had positive thyroid antibodies, 2) Subnormal T4, subnormal or low normal FTI, and basal TSH levels within the normal range in 18 (22%). The mean basal TSH concentration was, however, significantly higher than in patients with normal T4 and FTI levels, suggesting a minor degree of thyroid failure. Only two of the 18 patients (11%) had positive thyroid antibodies. Of the 17 patients in the group tested, 13 showed a normal TSH response to TRH, three an exagerrated response (all females), and one had an impaired response. Other patterns of abnormal thyroid function were observed occasionally: one female patient had biochemical T3 toxicosis; another had the biochemical pattern of subclinical hypothyroidism, four patients with normal basal T4, FTI and TSH levels showed an exaggerated TSH response to TRH and one patient had an impaired response. These data indicate that htyroid dysfunction, in particular hypothyroidism, is common in adults with Down's syndrome, though specific tests are usually required to make the diagnosis. The general reduction in thyroid function in Down's syndrome may be due to impaired development of the thyroid gland. However, frank chemical hypothyroidism may occur only when thyroiditis is superimposed on preexisting diminished thyroid reserve."}
{"id": "PMID:138689", "title": "Thyroid-induced alterations in myocardial sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, monovalent cation active transport, and cardiac glycoside binding.", "content": "The effects of thyroid hormone on guinea pig myocardial NaK-ATPase activity, transmembrane monovalent cation active transport, and cardiac glycoside binding were were examined. NaK-ATPase activities of left atrial and left ventricular homogenates of control and triiodothyronine (T3)-treated animals were determined, and compared to activities of skeletal muscle and liver. T3 administration was associated with a significant increase of 18% in left atrial and left ventricular NaK-ATPase specific activities. This increment was less than that noted in skeletal muscle (+42%) and liver (+30%). To determine if enhanced NaK-ATPase activity was accompanied by increased monovalent cation active transport, in vitro 86Rb+ uptake by left atrial strips and hemidiaphragms was measured. Transition from the euthyroid to the hyperthyroid state resulted in a 68% increase in active 86Rb+ uptake by left atrium, and a 62% increase in active uptake by diaphragm. Passive 86Rb+ uptake was not affected in either tissue. Ouabain binding by atrial and ventricular homogenates of T3-treated animals was increased by 19 and 17%, respectively, compared to controls, in close agreement with thyroid-induced increments in NaK-ATPase activiey. Taken together, these results are consistent with enhanced myocardial NaK-ATPase activity and monovalent cation activt transport due to an increase in the number of functional enzyme complexes.", "contents": "Thyroid-induced alterations in myocardial sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, monovalent cation active transport, and cardiac glycoside binding. The effects of thyroid hormone on guinea pig myocardial NaK-ATPase activity, transmembrane monovalent cation active transport, and cardiac glycoside binding were were examined. NaK-ATPase activities of left atrial and left ventricular homogenates of control and triiodothyronine (T3)-treated animals were determined, and compared to activities of skeletal muscle and liver. T3 administration was associated with a significant increase of 18% in left atrial and left ventricular NaK-ATPase specific activities. This increment was less than that noted in skeletal muscle (+42%) and liver (+30%). To determine if enhanced NaK-ATPase activity was accompanied by increased monovalent cation active transport, in vitro 86Rb+ uptake by left atrial strips and hemidiaphragms was measured. Transition from the euthyroid to the hyperthyroid state resulted in a 68% increase in active 86Rb+ uptake by left atrium, and a 62% increase in active uptake by diaphragm. Passive 86Rb+ uptake was not affected in either tissue. Ouabain binding by atrial and ventricular homogenates of T3-treated animals was increased by 19 and 17%, respectively, compared to controls, in close agreement with thyroid-induced increments in NaK-ATPase activiey. Taken together, these results are consistent with enhanced myocardial NaK-ATPase activity and monovalent cation activt transport due to an increase in the number of functional enzyme complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:138690", "title": "Detection of aortic insufficiency by pulse Doppler echocardiography.", "content": "Sixty-five patients were studied for the presence of aortic insufficiency by auscultation, conventional M mode echocardiography (echo), range-gated pulse Doppler flowmeter (Doppler), and supravalvular aortic angiography. Aortic insufficiency was demonstrated angiographically in 49 patients, of which eight (16%) were missed by auscultation. Echo missed 20 (41%), and Doppler missed seven (14%). Only two (4%) were missed by auscultation and Doppler combined. All methods were highly specific, but the combination of auscultation and Doppler was the most sensitive noninvasive method for detecting aortic insufficiency.", "contents": "Detection of aortic insufficiency by pulse Doppler echocardiography. Sixty-five patients were studied for the presence of aortic insufficiency by auscultation, conventional M mode echocardiography (echo), range-gated pulse Doppler flowmeter (Doppler), and supravalvular aortic angiography. Aortic insufficiency was demonstrated angiographically in 49 patients, of which eight (16%) were missed by auscultation. Echo missed 20 (41%), and Doppler missed seven (14%). Only two (4%) were missed by auscultation and Doppler combined. All methods were highly specific, but the combination of auscultation and Doppler was the most sensitive noninvasive method for detecting aortic insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:138693", "title": "A curriculum for primary care dentistry.", "content": "This paper is a discussion of curricular planning with respect to primary care dentistry. It is meant to be anticipatory, although the proposals contained are transitional and evolutionary rather than abrupt. It is intended to be suggestive rather than authoritarian and exemplary rather than definitive. Many of the recommendations and suggestions are already operative in dental education, albeit in limited or experimental form. An overview of both the content and the process of a primary care dental curriculum is presented, and several specific recommendations for curricular change are submitted. Among the more salient recommendations are (1) changing the admissions process to attract to dentistry those most qualified for primary care; (2) moving the basic sciences into the predental curriculum during the initial phase in the development of primary care dentistry; (3) substantially increasing the amount of behavioral science in the dental curriculum; (4) placing curricular emphasis initially on diagnosis and expanding the competence of the primary care dentist in endodontics, periodontics, pedodontics, orthodontics, and prevention; (5) initiating student group practice as the vehicle for patient care; (6) including intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary training as integral components of primary care curricula; (7) extending the curriculum; (8) establishing general practice or primary care residencies either as an intracurricular experience or as a postdoctoral requirement; (9) reorganizing dental school clinics and clinical training to reflect primary care curricular goals; (10) making more rational use of existing auxiliaries, the eventual goal being auxiliaries who perform most of the routine functions; and (11) ultimately integrating dentistry into medicine so that the future primary care practitioner receives both medical and dental training. It is obvious that the extent to which any of these recommendations will be implemented depends on a great deal more than what happens within a dental school. There are many putative countervailing forces which can make implementation difficult; on the other side of the ledger, these same forces might be propitious. As an illustration, the staggering financial constraints imposed on the dental schools can cause us to throw up our hands in despair or can impel us to look carefully at what we are doing, ask why we are doing it, and by building on what is sound and discarding the antiquated and irrelevant, reassemble our curricula to meet public need better than we have been doing...", "contents": "A curriculum for primary care dentistry. This paper is a discussion of curricular planning with respect to primary care dentistry. It is meant to be anticipatory, although the proposals contained are transitional and evolutionary rather than abrupt. It is intended to be suggestive rather than authoritarian and exemplary rather than definitive. Many of the recommendations and suggestions are already operative in dental education, albeit in limited or experimental form. An overview of both the content and the process of a primary care dental curriculum is presented, and several specific recommendations for curricular change are submitted. Among the more salient recommendations are (1) changing the admissions process to attract to dentistry those most qualified for primary care; (2) moving the basic sciences into the predental curriculum during the initial phase in the development of primary care dentistry; (3) substantially increasing the amount of behavioral science in the dental curriculum; (4) placing curricular emphasis initially on diagnosis and expanding the competence of the primary care dentist in endodontics, periodontics, pedodontics, orthodontics, and prevention; (5) initiating student group practice as the vehicle for patient care; (6) including intradisciplinary and interdisciplinary training as integral components of primary care curricula; (7) extending the curriculum; (8) establishing general practice or primary care residencies either as an intracurricular experience or as a postdoctoral requirement; (9) reorganizing dental school clinics and clinical training to reflect primary care curricular goals; (10) making more rational use of existing auxiliaries, the eventual goal being auxiliaries who perform most of the routine functions; and (11) ultimately integrating dentistry into medicine so that the future primary care practitioner receives both medical and dental training. It is obvious that the extent to which any of these recommendations will be implemented depends on a great deal more than what happens within a dental school. There are many putative countervailing forces which can make implementation difficult; on the other side of the ledger, these same forces might be propitious. As an illustration, the staggering financial constraints imposed on the dental schools can cause us to throw up our hands in despair or can impel us to look carefully at what we are doing, ask why we are doing it, and by building on what is sound and discarding the antiquated and irrelevant, reassemble our curricula to meet public need better than we have been doing..."}
{"id": "PMID:138705", "title": "Mithramycin fluorescence for quantitative determination of deoxyribonucleic acid in single cells.", "content": "The use of the antibiotic drug mithramycin for cytoflurometric assessment of deoxyribonucleic acid in single cells has been studied in smears of a standard cell population of rat thymocytes. The optimal staining conditions have been determined including the influence of fixation (freeze-drying, formalin and ethanol). The drug equilibration time has been estimated in relation to the concentration of the mithramycin and to Mg++ was found to enhance the fluorescence intensity produced by the mithramycin-deoxyribonucleic acid interaction. The stability and the reproducibility of the fluorescence reaction are discussed.", "contents": "Mithramycin fluorescence for quantitative determination of deoxyribonucleic acid in single cells. The use of the antibiotic drug mithramycin for cytoflurometric assessment of deoxyribonucleic acid in single cells has been studied in smears of a standard cell population of rat thymocytes. The optimal staining conditions have been determined including the influence of fixation (freeze-drying, formalin and ethanol). The drug equilibration time has been estimated in relation to the concentration of the mithramycin and to Mg++ was found to enhance the fluorescence intensity produced by the mithramycin-deoxyribonucleic acid interaction. The stability and the reproducibility of the fluorescence reaction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138706", "title": "Ultrastructural localizations of adenosine triphosphatase activity in resting mammary gland.", "content": "Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity was localized at an ultrastructural level in the resting mammary glands of female BALB/c mice. A Mg++ dependent ATPase was localized in the plasma membranes of both the epithelial and myoepithelial cells of the mammary tubules. A second type of ATPase activity that was not Mg++-dependent but that was Na+ and K+ dependent was localized primarily in the plasma membranes of the myoepithelial cells. Preincubation with either ouabain or N-ethylmaleimide decreased the quantity of reaction product, indicating that both types of ATPase activity were sensitive to these inhibitors. Control media, containing adenosine triphosphate and Pb(NO3)2 without cations, demonstrated that the amount of nonezymatic hydrolysis was negligible. These differences in the cationic requirements for plasma membrane ATPase activity can be used to distinguish histochemically the epithelial from myoepithelial cells in mammary tissue.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localizations of adenosine triphosphatase activity in resting mammary gland. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity was localized at an ultrastructural level in the resting mammary glands of female BALB/c mice. A Mg++ dependent ATPase was localized in the plasma membranes of both the epithelial and myoepithelial cells of the mammary tubules. A second type of ATPase activity that was not Mg++-dependent but that was Na+ and K+ dependent was localized primarily in the plasma membranes of the myoepithelial cells. Preincubation with either ouabain or N-ethylmaleimide decreased the quantity of reaction product, indicating that both types of ATPase activity were sensitive to these inhibitors. Control media, containing adenosine triphosphate and Pb(NO3)2 without cations, demonstrated that the amount of nonezymatic hydrolysis was negligible. These differences in the cationic requirements for plasma membrane ATPase activity can be used to distinguish histochemically the epithelial from myoepithelial cells in mammary tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:138707", "title": "Scaling of life changes: differences between three diagnostic groups and between recently experienced and non-experienced events.", "content": "Myocardial infarction (MI), neurosis, and lower back pain patients, and matched control subjects estimated the subjective importance of 46 life change events. They estimated (1) the degree of effort necessary in adjusting to them, and (2) how upsetting they were. The estimates of \"adjustment\" were on average higher than those of \"upset\". The neurosis patients gave higher values than their controls. Total life change scores were calculated (1) according to the subjects' estimates of recently experienced life events, and (2) according to their estimates of recently non-experienced events. It was found that the first type of scores discriminated better between the two groups than the second type. The results indicate that different forms of psychological scaling may be used to improve the predictive value of life change data.", "contents": "Scaling of life changes: differences between three diagnostic groups and between recently experienced and non-experienced events. Myocardial infarction (MI), neurosis, and lower back pain patients, and matched control subjects estimated the subjective importance of 46 life change events. They estimated (1) the degree of effort necessary in adjusting to them, and (2) how upsetting they were. The estimates of \"adjustment\" were on average higher than those of \"upset\". The neurosis patients gave higher values than their controls. Total life change scores were calculated (1) according to the subjects' estimates of recently experienced life events, and (2) according to their estimates of recently non-experienced events. It was found that the first type of scores discriminated better between the two groups than the second type. The results indicate that different forms of psychological scaling may be used to improve the predictive value of life change data."}
{"id": "PMID:138708", "title": "Suppression of the humoral immune response by plasmacytomas: mediation by adherent mononuclear cells.", "content": "Mice bearing plasmacytomas have a severely impaired ability to mount a primary immune response; T cells from these mice, however, appear by both in vivo and in vitro criteria to function normally. This unusual pattern of immunodeficiency appears to be mediated by a regulatory cell found in the spleens and peritoneal cavities but not in the lymph nodes or thymuses of mice bearing plasmacytomas. The number of cells with suppressor activity in the spleens of plasmacytoma-bearing mice is directly proportional to the size of the subcutaneous tumor borne by the host. These cells are capable of suppressing antibody production in in vitro cultures of normal spleen cells but have no demonstrable effect on the ability of normal spleen cells to proliferate in vitro in response to phytohemagglutinin or 8-Br-guanosine-3', 5'-monophosphate (T and B cell mitogens, respectively). Characterization of the suppressor cell population on the basis of its cell surface properties, its radioresistance, its morphology, and its ability to adhere to various solid matrices suggest that these cells are adherent mononuclear cells. These data support the concept that plasma cell tumors indirectly induce an impairment in the humoral immune response of their hosts by stimulating the expression of regulatory functions in a population of splenic and peritoneal macrophages.", "contents": "Suppression of the humoral immune response by plasmacytomas: mediation by adherent mononuclear cells. Mice bearing plasmacytomas have a severely impaired ability to mount a primary immune response; T cells from these mice, however, appear by both in vivo and in vitro criteria to function normally. This unusual pattern of immunodeficiency appears to be mediated by a regulatory cell found in the spleens and peritoneal cavities but not in the lymph nodes or thymuses of mice bearing plasmacytomas. The number of cells with suppressor activity in the spleens of plasmacytoma-bearing mice is directly proportional to the size of the subcutaneous tumor borne by the host. These cells are capable of suppressing antibody production in in vitro cultures of normal spleen cells but have no demonstrable effect on the ability of normal spleen cells to proliferate in vitro in response to phytohemagglutinin or 8-Br-guanosine-3', 5'-monophosphate (T and B cell mitogens, respectively). Characterization of the suppressor cell population on the basis of its cell surface properties, its radioresistance, its morphology, and its ability to adhere to various solid matrices suggest that these cells are adherent mononuclear cells. These data support the concept that plasma cell tumors indirectly induce an impairment in the humoral immune response of their hosts by stimulating the expression of regulatory functions in a population of splenic and peritoneal macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:138709", "title": "A comparison of the kinetics of the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) and the tanned sheep erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (TEEM) tests.", "content": "In this study the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test was modified by using tanned sheep erythrocytes in place of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages as the indicator cells of lymphocyte sensitization to antigens. This modification is named the tanned sheep erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (TEEM) test, and a comparison of the kinetics of the two systems allowed the following conclusions to be made: 1) Treatment of freshly drawn sheep red blood cells with a concentration of 1/40,000 tannic acid produced optimum results in the TEEM test. 2) Lymphocyte-antigen and lymphocyte-number response curves show similarity in the two test systems. 3) A plateau response with slowing factor is achieved at a lower dilution in the TEEM test than in the MEM test. 4) Whilst similarity in the first stage reaction was found in the two systems, in the second stage of the test (at 37 degrees C) tanned sheep red cells gave a plateau response after 45 min instead of the 60 min found in the MEM test. 5) The two slowing factors showed similar gel filtration patterns with molecular weights between 13,000 and 15,000 daltons, and had equivalent activity in both test systems. 6) The disadvantages of the guinea pig macrophage as an indicator cell are discussed. 7) The TEEM test seems simpler to perform than the MEM test and may be widely applicable in clinical immunology for the estimation of lymphocyte sensitization.", "contents": "A comparison of the kinetics of the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) and the tanned sheep erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (TEEM) tests. In this study the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test was modified by using tanned sheep erythrocytes in place of guinea pig peritoneal macrophages as the indicator cells of lymphocyte sensitization to antigens. This modification is named the tanned sheep erythrocyte electrophoretic mobility (TEEM) test, and a comparison of the kinetics of the two systems allowed the following conclusions to be made: 1) Treatment of freshly drawn sheep red blood cells with a concentration of 1/40,000 tannic acid produced optimum results in the TEEM test. 2) Lymphocyte-antigen and lymphocyte-number response curves show similarity in the two test systems. 3) A plateau response with slowing factor is achieved at a lower dilution in the TEEM test than in the MEM test. 4) Whilst similarity in the first stage reaction was found in the two systems, in the second stage of the test (at 37 degrees C) tanned sheep red cells gave a plateau response after 45 min instead of the 60 min found in the MEM test. 5) The two slowing factors showed similar gel filtration patterns with molecular weights between 13,000 and 15,000 daltons, and had equivalent activity in both test systems. 6) The disadvantages of the guinea pig macrophage as an indicator cell are discussed. 7) The TEEM test seems simpler to perform than the MEM test and may be widely applicable in clinical immunology for the estimation of lymphocyte sensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:138723", "title": "The effects of experimental denervation and reinnervation on skeletal muscle fiber type and intramuscular innervation.", "content": "Porcine muscle has a unique grouped arrangement with 3-70 Type I fibers occurring in clusters surrounded by Type II fibers. The deep medial portion of the porcine semitendinosus exhibits a regular pattern of extensive Type I grouping whereas the superficial or lateral portion of the muscle exhibits Type II predominance. Mean values for terminal innervation ratios were 1.00 +/- 0.01 and 1.02 +/- 0.01 in normal superficial and deep semitendinosus respectively. Subterminal axons, therefore, do not branch intramuscularly and innervate only one muscle fiber in normal porcine muscle. Following nerve crush and subsequent reinnervation, fiber type conversion occurred which resulted in a fiber type grouping pattern dissimilar to the normal grouped arrangement. Significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated terminal innervation ratios (1.45-2.15) were measured in reinnervated muscle as a result of extensive branching of subterminal axons, but the percentage of Type I and Type II muscle fibers was unchanged. It was concluded that: (1) nerve crush causes distal nerve degeneration, loss of the normal fiber type pattern, and extensive collateral ramification of subterminal axons; (2) collateral reinnervation imposes a neuronal influence on muscle fibers which dictates transformation of all muscle fibers innervated by a single subterminal axon to a uniform histochemical profile; and (3) the type grouping observed in normal porcine muscle is not a result of neuronal influence mediated by collateral branching of subterminal axons.", "contents": "The effects of experimental denervation and reinnervation on skeletal muscle fiber type and intramuscular innervation. Porcine muscle has a unique grouped arrangement with 3-70 Type I fibers occurring in clusters surrounded by Type II fibers. The deep medial portion of the porcine semitendinosus exhibits a regular pattern of extensive Type I grouping whereas the superficial or lateral portion of the muscle exhibits Type II predominance. Mean values for terminal innervation ratios were 1.00 +/- 0.01 and 1.02 +/- 0.01 in normal superficial and deep semitendinosus respectively. Subterminal axons, therefore, do not branch intramuscularly and innervate only one muscle fiber in normal porcine muscle. Following nerve crush and subsequent reinnervation, fiber type conversion occurred which resulted in a fiber type grouping pattern dissimilar to the normal grouped arrangement. Significantly (P less than 0.01) elevated terminal innervation ratios (1.45-2.15) were measured in reinnervated muscle as a result of extensive branching of subterminal axons, but the percentage of Type I and Type II muscle fibers was unchanged. It was concluded that: (1) nerve crush causes distal nerve degeneration, loss of the normal fiber type pattern, and extensive collateral ramification of subterminal axons; (2) collateral reinnervation imposes a neuronal influence on muscle fibers which dictates transformation of all muscle fibers innervated by a single subterminal axon to a uniform histochemical profile; and (3) the type grouping observed in normal porcine muscle is not a result of neuronal influence mediated by collateral branching of subterminal axons."}
{"id": "PMID:138724", "title": "[Histochemical, quantitative and ultrastructural maturation of human fetal muscle].", "content": "Histochemical studies of muscle specimens from human fetuses showed: (a) a uniform fiber type population having the properties of Type IIC fibres up to 19 weeks of development; (b) a progressive appearance of Type I fibres after that age; (c) a decrease in number of Type IIC fibres during the last 3 months of pregnancy, accompanied by the appearance of Type IIB and Type IIA fibres; (d) the presence after the myotube stage of fibers with a light peripheral halo in sections stained for mitochondrial dehydrogenases. Electron-microscopic examination of the muscle fibres confirmed the existence of a peripheral halo devoid of myofibrils and mitochondria and showed: (a) scarcity of myofibrils in comparison with mature muscle fibres and (b) irregularity in shape of the myofibrils. In addition, quantitative studies demonstrated an important variation of the fibre diameters up to 21 weeks and the increase of the mean diameter after this age. It is suggested that the persistence after birth of some features of immaturity identical to those described in this work may be considered as a pathological finding.", "contents": "[Histochemical, quantitative and ultrastructural maturation of human fetal muscle]. Histochemical studies of muscle specimens from human fetuses showed: (a) a uniform fiber type population having the properties of Type IIC fibres up to 19 weeks of development; (b) a progressive appearance of Type I fibres after that age; (c) a decrease in number of Type IIC fibres during the last 3 months of pregnancy, accompanied by the appearance of Type IIB and Type IIA fibres; (d) the presence after the myotube stage of fibers with a light peripheral halo in sections stained for mitochondrial dehydrogenases. Electron-microscopic examination of the muscle fibres confirmed the existence of a peripheral halo devoid of myofibrils and mitochondria and showed: (a) scarcity of myofibrils in comparison with mature muscle fibres and (b) irregularity in shape of the myofibrils. In addition, quantitative studies demonstrated an important variation of the fibre diameters up to 21 weeks and the increase of the mean diameter after this age. It is suggested that the persistence after birth of some features of immaturity identical to those described in this work may be considered as a pathological finding."}
{"id": "PMID:138725", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis from ultraviolet cured inks. Allergic contact sensitization to acrylates.", "content": "Eight men employed in the manufacture of ultraviolet cured inks developed allergic contact dermatitis predominantly on the exposed areas. Patch testing revealed sensitization to trimethylol propane triacrylate in seven employees, to 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate in six employees, to pentaerythritol triacrylatylate in four employees and to epoxy acrylate oligomers in three employees. Either cross-sensitization or concomitant sensitization may have accounted for the multiple reactions in several employees. One sensitized employee was patch tested with four different commercially available epoxy acrylate oligomers and reacted only to two, suggesting that variations possibly in chain length between these oligomers are important variables in the allergic reactions. The polyfunctional acrylic monomers and certain epoxy acrylate oligomers should be handled carefully to avoid the development of allergic contact dermatitis.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis from ultraviolet cured inks. Allergic contact sensitization to acrylates. Eight men employed in the manufacture of ultraviolet cured inks developed allergic contact dermatitis predominantly on the exposed areas. Patch testing revealed sensitization to trimethylol propane triacrylate in seven employees, to 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate in six employees, to pentaerythritol triacrylatylate in four employees and to epoxy acrylate oligomers in three employees. Either cross-sensitization or concomitant sensitization may have accounted for the multiple reactions in several employees. One sensitized employee was patch tested with four different commercially available epoxy acrylate oligomers and reacted only to two, suggesting that variations possibly in chain length between these oligomers are important variables in the allergic reactions. The polyfunctional acrylic monomers and certain epoxy acrylate oligomers should be handled carefully to avoid the development of allergic contact dermatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:138734", "title": "The effects of grayanotoxin I and alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II on guinea-pig myocardium.", "content": "We have demonstrated recently that grayanotoxin I (GTX I) produces a positive inotropic effect in isolated guinea-pig atria. In order to determine whether this effect of GTX I is related to the reported action of this compound to increase the sodium permeability of cytoplasmic membranes, the effect of GTX I and alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II (alpha-2H-GTX II) on electrical and mechanical properties and transmembrane cation movements were studied in guinea-pig myocardium. In electrically driven guinea-pig left atrial preparations, both grayanotoxins produced a slight depolarization and appear to decrease the upstroke velocity of the action potential, with a concomitant increase in isometric contractile force in the presence or absence of propranolol. Pretreatment with propranolol shifted the dose-response curves for the inotropic effect of both grayanotoxins slightly to the right. The magnitudes of changes in the electrical and mechanical properties induced by GTX I and alpha-2H-GTX II were similar. The rate of development and subsequent washout of the positive inotropic effects, however, was faster with alpha-2H-GTX II than with GTX I, consistent with a previous report that the action of alpha-2H-GTX II to increase membrane sodium permeability develops more rapidly than that of GTX I. At higher concentrations, both grayanotoxins produced arrhythmias. Arrhythmias induced by GTX I were characterized by extrasystoles whereas those induced by alpha-2H-GTX II were characterized by initial extrasystoles followed by a failure of the atria to follow electrical stimulation. Positive inotropic and arrhythmic effects of both grayanotoxins were reversible after the washout of the drug. Both types of arrhythmias produced by either GTX I or alpha-2H-GTX II were reversed by tetrodotoxin, an agent which has been demonstrated to antagonize the action of the grayanotoxins to increase membrane sodium permeability. Although both grayanotoxins had no marked effect on partially purified Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase, they produced dose-dependent increases in ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake of ventricular slices under conditions in which the intracellular sodium concentration determines the rate of active monovalent cation transport by the Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase system. These data suggest that the positive inotropic effects of grayanotoxins are due to an increased membrane sodium permeability and are consistent with a hypothesis that alterations in transmembrane sodium movements result in an altered myocardial contractility.", "contents": "The effects of grayanotoxin I and alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II on guinea-pig myocardium. We have demonstrated recently that grayanotoxin I (GTX I) produces a positive inotropic effect in isolated guinea-pig atria. In order to determine whether this effect of GTX I is related to the reported action of this compound to increase the sodium permeability of cytoplasmic membranes, the effect of GTX I and alpha-dihydrograyanotoxin II (alpha-2H-GTX II) on electrical and mechanical properties and transmembrane cation movements were studied in guinea-pig myocardium. In electrically driven guinea-pig left atrial preparations, both grayanotoxins produced a slight depolarization and appear to decrease the upstroke velocity of the action potential, with a concomitant increase in isometric contractile force in the presence or absence of propranolol. Pretreatment with propranolol shifted the dose-response curves for the inotropic effect of both grayanotoxins slightly to the right. The magnitudes of changes in the electrical and mechanical properties induced by GTX I and alpha-2H-GTX II were similar. The rate of development and subsequent washout of the positive inotropic effects, however, was faster with alpha-2H-GTX II than with GTX I, consistent with a previous report that the action of alpha-2H-GTX II to increase membrane sodium permeability develops more rapidly than that of GTX I. At higher concentrations, both grayanotoxins produced arrhythmias. Arrhythmias induced by GTX I were characterized by extrasystoles whereas those induced by alpha-2H-GTX II were characterized by initial extrasystoles followed by a failure of the atria to follow electrical stimulation. Positive inotropic and arrhythmic effects of both grayanotoxins were reversible after the washout of the drug. Both types of arrhythmias produced by either GTX I or alpha-2H-GTX II were reversed by tetrodotoxin, an agent which has been demonstrated to antagonize the action of the grayanotoxins to increase membrane sodium permeability. Although both grayanotoxins had no marked effect on partially purified Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase, they produced dose-dependent increases in ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake of ventricular slices under conditions in which the intracellular sodium concentration determines the rate of active monovalent cation transport by the Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase system. These data suggest that the positive inotropic effects of grayanotoxins are due to an increased membrane sodium permeability and are consistent with a hypothesis that alterations in transmembrane sodium movements result in an altered myocardial contractility."}
{"id": "PMID:138737", "title": "An estimate of the secondary spindle receptor afferent contribution to the stretch reflex in extensor muscles of the decerebrate cat.", "content": "1. Vibration or stretch of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in the decerebrate cat each caused a significant increase in the tension of a synergist, the lateral gastrocenmius. 2. Simultaneous vibration and stretch of the medial gastrocnemius resulted in a substantial increase of lateral gastrocnemius tension which was greater that that produced by medial gastrocnemius vibration alone. The size of this force increase was proportional to the amplitude of medial gastrocnemius  stretch, for the limited range of amplitudes examined. 3. Since the discharge of the medial gastrocnemius I a afferent fibres was held constant by vibration, the additional tension in lateral gastrocnemius provoked by medial gastrocnemius stretch must have resulted from the activation of an excitatory pathway separate from the I a afferent system. The secondary spindle afferent pathway was considered to be the most likely candidate. 4. The contributions of the Ia afferents and the additional stretch induced excitation to the stretch reflex were compared. The Ia potency was calculated from the ration of tonic vibration reflex force and the vibration frequency. The total Ia contribution to the stretch reflex, which was estimated from the product of this ratio and the primary ending stretch sensitivity, seemed modest, and was consistently smaller than the proposed secondary contribution. 5. The medial gastrocnemius nerve was subjected to anodal blockade at a strength sufficient to eliminate Ia transmission. Under these conditions, the lateral gastrocnemius excitation produced by medial gastrocnemius stretch or vibration was largely eliminated. When lateral gastrocnemius vibration was superimposed, the excitatory effect of medial gastrocnemius stretch was partly restored suggesting that some central facilitation by group Ia afferents may be necessary for group II pexcitatory effects to be manifested. 6. Although the additional excitatory actions of medial gastrocnemius stretch were examined exclusively in a synergist, it is suggested that similar effects are likely to occur in the homonymous stretch reflex.", "contents": "An estimate of the secondary spindle receptor afferent contribution to the stretch reflex in extensor muscles of the decerebrate cat. 1. Vibration or stretch of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in the decerebrate cat each caused a significant increase in the tension of a synergist, the lateral gastrocenmius. 2. Simultaneous vibration and stretch of the medial gastrocnemius resulted in a substantial increase of lateral gastrocnemius tension which was greater that that produced by medial gastrocnemius vibration alone. The size of this force increase was proportional to the amplitude of medial gastrocnemius  stretch, for the limited range of amplitudes examined. 3. Since the discharge of the medial gastrocnemius I a afferent fibres was held constant by vibration, the additional tension in lateral gastrocnemius provoked by medial gastrocnemius stretch must have resulted from the activation of an excitatory pathway separate from the I a afferent system. The secondary spindle afferent pathway was considered to be the most likely candidate. 4. The contributions of the Ia afferents and the additional stretch induced excitation to the stretch reflex were compared. The Ia potency was calculated from the ration of tonic vibration reflex force and the vibration frequency. The total Ia contribution to the stretch reflex, which was estimated from the product of this ratio and the primary ending stretch sensitivity, seemed modest, and was consistently smaller than the proposed secondary contribution. 5. The medial gastrocnemius nerve was subjected to anodal blockade at a strength sufficient to eliminate Ia transmission. Under these conditions, the lateral gastrocnemius excitation produced by medial gastrocnemius stretch or vibration was largely eliminated. When lateral gastrocnemius vibration was superimposed, the excitatory effect of medial gastrocnemius stretch was partly restored suggesting that some central facilitation by group Ia afferents may be necessary for group II pexcitatory effects to be manifested. 6. Although the additional excitatory actions of medial gastrocnemius stretch were examined exclusively in a synergist, it is suggested that similar effects are likely to occur in the homonymous stretch reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:138741", "title": "Age of onset in Huntington's disease: lack of parental age effect.", "content": "In a recent publication Brackenridge and Teltscher (1975) concluded that the age of onset of Huntington's disease was in part a function of the age of the transmitting parent at the time of birth of a subsequently affected child. Their analysis suggested that the younger the parent was at the time of birth of the subsequently affected child, the later in life symptoms of disease would appear in the child. The data of Brackenridge and Teltscher have been statistically reevaluated here, and this analysis fails to support their conclusion. Consequently it would be irresponsible to counsel persons at risk for Huntington's disease to plan families early in life.", "contents": "Age of onset in Huntington's disease: lack of parental age effect. In a recent publication Brackenridge and Teltscher (1975) concluded that the age of onset of Huntington's disease was in part a function of the age of the transmitting parent at the time of birth of a subsequently affected child. Their analysis suggested that the younger the parent was at the time of birth of the subsequently affected child, the later in life symptoms of disease would appear in the child. The data of Brackenridge and Teltscher have been statistically reevaluated here, and this analysis fails to support their conclusion. Consequently it would be irresponsible to counsel persons at risk for Huntington's disease to plan families early in life."}
{"id": "PMID:138742", "title": "Abnormal chromosome 22 and recurrence of trisomy-22 syndrome.", "content": "Trisomy-22 was confirmed with both Q- and G-banding in two sibs. Growth and mental retardation plus various dysmorphic features of this syndrome are described and compared with previous reports. Cytogenetic studies reveal a morphologically atypical No. 22 in cells of the phenotypically normal mother (46,XX) and in both affected children. The variant G chromosome is identified as No. 22 by Q- and G-banding and is interpreted as a product of a pericentric inversion on the basis of general length, arm ratio (1.4), and anomalous satellite association frequency. Repeated nondisjunction for No. 22 is considered to have resulted from asynapsis caused by interference of an inversion loop configuration which, though short, comprised a major part of chromosome 22.", "contents": "Abnormal chromosome 22 and recurrence of trisomy-22 syndrome. Trisomy-22 was confirmed with both Q- and G-banding in two sibs. Growth and mental retardation plus various dysmorphic features of this syndrome are described and compared with previous reports. Cytogenetic studies reveal a morphologically atypical No. 22 in cells of the phenotypically normal mother (46,XX) and in both affected children. The variant G chromosome is identified as No. 22 by Q- and G-banding and is interpreted as a product of a pericentric inversion on the basis of general length, arm ratio (1.4), and anomalous satellite association frequency. Repeated nondisjunction for No. 22 is considered to have resulted from asynapsis caused by interference of an inversion loop configuration which, though short, comprised a major part of chromosome 22."}
{"id": "PMID:138743", "title": "Confirmation of trisomy 22 by trypsin-giemsa staining.", "content": "A small-for-dates male infant with mental retardation, microcephaly, malformed ears, preauricular sinuses, epicanthal folds, micrognathia, congenital heart diseases, micropenis, and micropolygyria of the parietal and occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex was shown to have a 47,XY,+22 karyotype by trypsin-giemsa banding. Review of reported cases confirms that there may be distinctive trisomy 22 syndrome.", "contents": "Confirmation of trisomy 22 by trypsin-giemsa staining. A small-for-dates male infant with mental retardation, microcephaly, malformed ears, preauricular sinuses, epicanthal folds, micrognathia, congenital heart diseases, micropenis, and micropolygyria of the parietal and occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex was shown to have a 47,XY,+22 karyotype by trypsin-giemsa banding. Review of reported cases confirms that there may be distinctive trisomy 22 syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:138744", "title": "A case of twin chimerism.", "content": "A case of twin chimerism is presented and shown by cytogenetic studies, red cell grouping, and white cell HL-A typing. The sex of each twin is confirmed by examination of buccal smears and their chimeric state is confirmed by non-reactivity in the mixed lymphocyte culture system. The results of these investigations are discussed.", "contents": "A case of twin chimerism. A case of twin chimerism is presented and shown by cytogenetic studies, red cell grouping, and white cell HL-A typing. The sex of each twin is confirmed by examination of buccal smears and their chimeric state is confirmed by non-reactivity in the mixed lymphocyte culture system. The results of these investigations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138745", "title": "A fluorescence polymorphism associated with Down's syndrome?", "content": "Fluorescence polymorphism frequencies have been determined for a group of 85 Down's syndrome cases and 164 controls. For one class of polymorphism, that of positive satellites of chromosome 21, the frequency in the Down's cases was significantly higher than in the controls; the distribution of positive satellites in the mongols indicates that in the majority the extra chromosome arose by first meiotic non-disjunction. The possibility that positive satellites on chromosome 21 could be a causative factor in Down's syndrome is discussed, and the implications of this possibility on the assessment of the risk of producing a Down's child are examined.", "contents": "A fluorescence polymorphism associated with Down's syndrome? Fluorescence polymorphism frequencies have been determined for a group of 85 Down's syndrome cases and 164 controls. For one class of polymorphism, that of positive satellites of chromosome 21, the frequency in the Down's cases was significantly higher than in the controls; the distribution of positive satellites in the mongols indicates that in the majority the extra chromosome arose by first meiotic non-disjunction. The possibility that positive satellites on chromosome 21 could be a causative factor in Down's syndrome is discussed, and the implications of this possibility on the assessment of the risk of producing a Down's child are examined."}
{"id": "PMID:138751", "title": "Cell-mediated immune responses of breast cancer patients to autologous tumor-associated antigens.", "content": "Lymphocyte proliferation assays with autologous tumor material in mixed leukocyte-tumor interactions (MLTI) were employed to monitor tumor-associated cell-mediated immune responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with carcinoma of the breast. In addition, leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assays were employed to compare reactivity to autologous breast-tumor extracts versus allogeneic breast-tumor extracts. Positive lymphoproliferative responses to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) were observed in the MLTI assay with the use of either intact autologous tumor cells or crude extracts (in mug and ng quantities) in 12 of 34 (35%) breast cancer patients studied. Positive reactivity to tumor, but not to normal tissue of reactive patients, was observed in repeated assays. Finally, patients demonstrating positive MLTI responses to autologous tumor extracts likewise responded in LMI assays to these same autologus extracts as well as to allogeneic breast-tumor extracts, but not to non-breast-tumor extracts. Thus breast tumors appeared to possess common TAA among both male and female patients.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immune responses of breast cancer patients to autologous tumor-associated antigens. Lymphocyte proliferation assays with autologous tumor material in mixed leukocyte-tumor interactions (MLTI) were employed to monitor tumor-associated cell-mediated immune responses of peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with carcinoma of the breast. In addition, leukocyte migration inhibition (LMI) assays were employed to compare reactivity to autologous breast-tumor extracts versus allogeneic breast-tumor extracts. Positive lymphoproliferative responses to tumor-associated antigens (TAA) were observed in the MLTI assay with the use of either intact autologous tumor cells or crude extracts (in mug and ng quantities) in 12 of 34 (35%) breast cancer patients studied. Positive reactivity to tumor, but not to normal tissue of reactive patients, was observed in repeated assays. Finally, patients demonstrating positive MLTI responses to autologous tumor extracts likewise responded in LMI assays to these same autologus extracts as well as to allogeneic breast-tumor extracts, but not to non-breast-tumor extracts. Thus breast tumors appeared to possess common TAA among both male and female patients."}
{"id": "PMID:138752", "title": "Immunologic studies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: defective stimulation of T-cell proliferation in autologous mixed lymphocyte culture.", "content": "Peripheral blood leukocytes from untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and normal age- and sex-matched control individuals were tested for the ability to respond with increased DNA synthesis after mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) with allogeneic and autologous lymphocyte fractions. We performed these tests using, as responder cells, unfractionated mononuclear cells and T-cell-enriched populations obtained after nylon-wool column filtration. The results showed that nonadherent T-cell-enriched populations from both CLL patients and normal controls responded to allogeneic stimulation and that adherent cell fractions from normal individuals, and often from CLL patients, provided a stronger stimulus in MLC than did nonadherent cells. T-cell-enriched populations from normal individuals showed increased DNA synthesis after autologous mixed lymphocyte culture (AMLC) with adherent cells, but this phenomenon was uniformly lacking when the same experiment was performed with cell populations from CLL patients. This lack of response after AMLC was not due to serum factors or to short-range factors produced by inactivated CLL cells in culture. Possibly AMLC represents a recognition phenomenon between autologous T- and B-cells, and thus it may reflect the interaction of T-helper or suppressor cells and B-lymphocytes. The lack of autorecognition in CLL may reflect the monocional nature of the B-cells in this disease or a defect in helper or suppressor T-cells.", "contents": "Immunologic studies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: defective stimulation of T-cell proliferation in autologous mixed lymphocyte culture. Peripheral blood leukocytes from untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and normal age- and sex-matched control individuals were tested for the ability to respond with increased DNA synthesis after mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) with allogeneic and autologous lymphocyte fractions. We performed these tests using, as responder cells, unfractionated mononuclear cells and T-cell-enriched populations obtained after nylon-wool column filtration. The results showed that nonadherent T-cell-enriched populations from both CLL patients and normal controls responded to allogeneic stimulation and that adherent cell fractions from normal individuals, and often from CLL patients, provided a stronger stimulus in MLC than did nonadherent cells. T-cell-enriched populations from normal individuals showed increased DNA synthesis after autologous mixed lymphocyte culture (AMLC) with adherent cells, but this phenomenon was uniformly lacking when the same experiment was performed with cell populations from CLL patients. This lack of response after AMLC was not due to serum factors or to short-range factors produced by inactivated CLL cells in culture. Possibly AMLC represents a recognition phenomenon between autologous T- and B-cells, and thus it may reflect the interaction of T-helper or suppressor cells and B-lymphocytes. The lack of autorecognition in CLL may reflect the monocional nature of the B-cells in this disease or a defect in helper or suppressor T-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:138755", "title": "A study on vectorcardiographic criteria for evaluating right ventricular hypertrophy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.", "content": "Vectorcardiographic analysis was mainly made on the basis of hemodynamic findings through right heart catheterization in COPD. From the results obtained in the present study, the authors proposed the following quantitative VCG criteria as a mean for clinical recognition of right ventricular overload in patients with COPD. (I) Individual parameters of the criteria are: i) The QRS loop; (a) P/A (posterior force/anterior force) greater than or equal to 2.8 (b) R/L (rightward force/leftward force) greater than or equal to 0.6 (c) P/6 (posterior force/leftward force) greater than or equal to 1.8 ii) The P loop; Ap/Pp (anterior force/posterior force) greater than or equal to 1.8 (II) Criteria i) \"RVH (right ventricular hypertrophy)\" should satisfy more than 3 of the above individual parameters. ii) \"RVH suspected\" should satisfy 1 or 2 of them. iii) \"RVH negative\" should not satisfy any of them. The recognition rate for RVH by the present VCG criteria was higher than the conventional ECG criteria and there was good correspondence with autopsy findings.", "contents": "A study on vectorcardiographic criteria for evaluating right ventricular hypertrophy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Vectorcardiographic analysis was mainly made on the basis of hemodynamic findings through right heart catheterization in COPD. From the results obtained in the present study, the authors proposed the following quantitative VCG criteria as a mean for clinical recognition of right ventricular overload in patients with COPD. (I) Individual parameters of the criteria are: i) The QRS loop; (a) P/A (posterior force/anterior force) greater than or equal to 2.8 (b) R/L (rightward force/leftward force) greater than or equal to 0.6 (c) P/6 (posterior force/leftward force) greater than or equal to 1.8 ii) The P loop; Ap/Pp (anterior force/posterior force) greater than or equal to 1.8 (II) Criteria i) \"RVH (right ventricular hypertrophy)\" should satisfy more than 3 of the above individual parameters. ii) \"RVH suspected\" should satisfy 1 or 2 of them. iii) \"RVH negative\" should not satisfy any of them. The recognition rate for RVH by the present VCG criteria was higher than the conventional ECG criteria and there was good correspondence with autopsy findings."}
{"id": "PMID:138756", "title": "Vectorcardiographic study on left ventricular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "To observe cardiac changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) functionally, the vectrocardiographic approach was tried, applying the Takayasu lead system to rats. This vectrocardiogram (VCG) was shown to be sufficiently good to detect left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in SHR. VCG in SHR showed specific features, some of which were left upward deviation of the maximum QRS vector in the frontal plane, an increased magnitude of the maximum spatial QRS vector, and prolongations of such indices as the QRS duration, time to the maximum spatial QRS vector and QT interval with abnormal ST-T changes. The P wave of SHR in the X scalar electrocardiogram, lower and wider than that of Wistar-Kyoto rats may also be a significant feature of LVH in SHR. The angle of the maximum QRS vector in the horizontal plane was not proven to be a suitable index of LVH in SHR. Most of the histometrical findings were closely correlated to blood pressure. Some of the vectrocardiographic findings were significantly correlated both to blood pressure and to some of the characteristic findings of LVH, such as the weights of the heart and the left ventricle and so forth. This experiment also indicated that LVH in SHR was not limited only to quantitative myocardial hypertrophy. It also seemed to be related to reversible or irreversible qualitative changes of coronary arteries or myocardium, such as myocardial fibrosis. This vectrocardiographic method was shown to be useful in obtaining various information about the cardiovascular system in rats, especially in SHR, and it seemed to be helpful for further understanding hypertensive cardiac diseases in humans.", "contents": "Vectorcardiographic study on left ventricular hypertrophy in spontaneously hypertensive rats. To observe cardiac changes in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) functionally, the vectrocardiographic approach was tried, applying the Takayasu lead system to rats. This vectrocardiogram (VCG) was shown to be sufficiently good to detect left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in SHR. VCG in SHR showed specific features, some of which were left upward deviation of the maximum QRS vector in the frontal plane, an increased magnitude of the maximum spatial QRS vector, and prolongations of such indices as the QRS duration, time to the maximum spatial QRS vector and QT interval with abnormal ST-T changes. The P wave of SHR in the X scalar electrocardiogram, lower and wider than that of Wistar-Kyoto rats may also be a significant feature of LVH in SHR. The angle of the maximum QRS vector in the horizontal plane was not proven to be a suitable index of LVH in SHR. Most of the histometrical findings were closely correlated to blood pressure. Some of the vectrocardiographic findings were significantly correlated both to blood pressure and to some of the characteristic findings of LVH, such as the weights of the heart and the left ventricle and so forth. This experiment also indicated that LVH in SHR was not limited only to quantitative myocardial hypertrophy. It also seemed to be related to reversible or irreversible qualitative changes of coronary arteries or myocardium, such as myocardial fibrosis. This vectrocardiographic method was shown to be useful in obtaining various information about the cardiovascular system in rats, especially in SHR, and it seemed to be helpful for further understanding hypertensive cardiac diseases in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:138760", "title": "Transabdominal mucosal transection of the esophagus for the treatment of esophageal varices.", "content": "Transabdominal mucosal transection of the esophagus was applied to 20 patients with esophageal varices. The operative procedure involves a longitudinal incision of the muscular layers which follows transection and reanastomosis of the denuded mucosa. With the preservation the muscular structure, postoperative complications such as anastomotic leakage, stenosis or regurgitation, have been minimized. The effect of this procedure on the varices proved satisfactory.", "contents": "Transabdominal mucosal transection of the esophagus for the treatment of esophageal varices. Transabdominal mucosal transection of the esophagus was applied to 20 patients with esophageal varices. The operative procedure involves a longitudinal incision of the muscular layers which follows transection and reanastomosis of the denuded mucosa. With the preservation the muscular structure, postoperative complications such as anastomotic leakage, stenosis or regurgitation, have been minimized. The effect of this procedure on the varices proved satisfactory."}
{"id": "PMID:138761", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease and gonorrhea in the emergency department.", "content": "One hundred emergency department charts on cases of suspected pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were reviewed to determine method of diagnosis and treatment. Seventy-three gonococcus smears, 60 gonococcus cultures, and 53 VDRL tests for syphilis were done. Of these, 20 smears, 19 cultures, and 1 VDRL were positive. All 100 patients were treated for gonorrhea with either spectinomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin or penicillin. The author concludes there is no need to procure VDRL tests on all patients with suspected gonorrhea, nor do gonococcus cultures on all patients with suspected PID. Also, since only 39% of patients had a positive gonococcus smear or culture, penicillin may not always be the appropriate treatment.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease and gonorrhea in the emergency department. One hundred emergency department charts on cases of suspected pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were reviewed to determine method of diagnosis and treatment. Seventy-three gonococcus smears, 60 gonococcus cultures, and 53 VDRL tests for syphilis were done. Of these, 20 smears, 19 cultures, and 1 VDRL were positive. All 100 patients were treated for gonorrhea with either spectinomycin, tetracycline, ampicillin or penicillin. The author concludes there is no need to procure VDRL tests on all patients with suspected gonorrhea, nor do gonococcus cultures on all patients with suspected PID. Also, since only 39% of patients had a positive gonococcus smear or culture, penicillin may not always be the appropriate treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:138763", "title": "[Diagnosis of cardiomyopathy].", "content": "The problems of diagnosis of cardiomyopathies are discussed. Among 13 patients who died in the clinic, a correct diagnosis was made in 10. The observations permit to believe that cardiomyopathy is seen more often in males aged 41 to 55 years. The course of the disease is chronic recurrent, its onset being different in individual cases: rhythm disorders, cardiac pains, recurrent pulmonary infarctions, cerebral circulation disorders. The outcome of the disease consisted, as a rule, in progressive total cardiac insufficiency refractory to therapy. In all the cases cardiomegaly was observed, not so much at the expense of hypertrophy, but rather of dilatation of the cardiac chambers. The anatomic signs included, apart from the cardiac dilatation, moderate hypertrophy with a relative bi- and tricuspid valve insufficiency, also mural thrombi in the heart chambers.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of cardiomyopathy]. The problems of diagnosis of cardiomyopathies are discussed. Among 13 patients who died in the clinic, a correct diagnosis was made in 10. The observations permit to believe that cardiomyopathy is seen more often in males aged 41 to 55 years. The course of the disease is chronic recurrent, its onset being different in individual cases: rhythm disorders, cardiac pains, recurrent pulmonary infarctions, cerebral circulation disorders. The outcome of the disease consisted, as a rule, in progressive total cardiac insufficiency refractory to therapy. In all the cases cardiomegaly was observed, not so much at the expense of hypertrophy, but rather of dilatation of the cardiac chambers. The anatomic signs included, apart from the cardiac dilatation, moderate hypertrophy with a relative bi- and tricuspid valve insufficiency, also mural thrombi in the heart chambers."}
{"id": "PMID:138767", "title": "Effects of chronic choleretic infusions of bile acids on the membrane of the bile canaliculus. A biochemical and morphologic study.", "content": "To determine whether choleretic infusions of bile acids modified the function or structure of the membrane of the bile canaliculus, sodium taurocholate (NaTc) or dehydrocholate (DHC) was infused into male rats at a rate of 80 mumoles per hour over an 18-hour period. Bile was collected by fistula and phospholipid and cholesterol content was measured in bile, liver homogenates, and isolated liver plasma membranes (LPM) enriched in bile canaliculi. Na+, K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were also measured in LPM. NaTc infusions enhanced cholesterol and phospholipid output in the bile in association with a significant increase in phospholipid in both LPM and liver homogenate. Although DHC infusions resulted in a comparable excretion of bile acid, phospholipid and cholesterol output in bile did not increase from control values and the concentration of these lipids in LPM and liver homogenate also did not change. However, LPM Na+, K+-ATPase significantly increased after DHC infusions compared to NaTc-infused animals or controls. Neither bile acid altered the activities of Mg2+-ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase, or alkaline phosphatase. Both bile acids increased the diameter of the lumen of the bile canaliculus as assessed by scanning electron microscopy and produced irregularities and outpouchings in the canalicular membrane. Diverticuli and loss of microvilli were most prominent with DHC infusions whereas canalicular side branching and the density of microvilli, either remained unchanged or increased following NaTc infusions. Although the morphologic findings are qualitative, the results of these studies indicate that chronic choleretic infusions of NaTc and DHC have divergent effects, not only on enzyme activities in liver plasma membrane, but on phospholipid composition and 3-dimensional structure. These findings suggest that bile acids may after biliary secretion not only through their osmotic effects, but by modifying lipids and enzymes in the membrane of the bile canaliculus.", "contents": "Effects of chronic choleretic infusions of bile acids on the membrane of the bile canaliculus. A biochemical and morphologic study. To determine whether choleretic infusions of bile acids modified the function or structure of the membrane of the bile canaliculus, sodium taurocholate (NaTc) or dehydrocholate (DHC) was infused into male rats at a rate of 80 mumoles per hour over an 18-hour period. Bile was collected by fistula and phospholipid and cholesterol content was measured in bile, liver homogenates, and isolated liver plasma membranes (LPM) enriched in bile canaliculi. Na+, K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase, and alkaline phosphatase activities were also measured in LPM. NaTc infusions enhanced cholesterol and phospholipid output in the bile in association with a significant increase in phospholipid in both LPM and liver homogenate. Although DHC infusions resulted in a comparable excretion of bile acid, phospholipid and cholesterol output in bile did not increase from control values and the concentration of these lipids in LPM and liver homogenate also did not change. However, LPM Na+, K+-ATPase significantly increased after DHC infusions compared to NaTc-infused animals or controls. Neither bile acid altered the activities of Mg2+-ATPase, 5'-nucleotidase, or alkaline phosphatase. Both bile acids increased the diameter of the lumen of the bile canaliculus as assessed by scanning electron microscopy and produced irregularities and outpouchings in the canalicular membrane. Diverticuli and loss of microvilli were most prominent with DHC infusions whereas canalicular side branching and the density of microvilli, either remained unchanged or increased following NaTc infusions. Although the morphologic findings are qualitative, the results of these studies indicate that chronic choleretic infusions of NaTc and DHC have divergent effects, not only on enzyme activities in liver plasma membrane, but on phospholipid composition and 3-dimensional structure. These findings suggest that bile acids may after biliary secretion not only through their osmotic effects, but by modifying lipids and enzymes in the membrane of the bile canaliculus."}
{"id": "PMID:138765", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of studies of the action of different levels of hypoxia on the human immunobiological status].", "content": "The effect of hypoxic hypoxia on the specific factors of immunity of 16 test subjects was studied during their 30-day exposure to an altitude of 2100-4200 m above the sea level in the area of the Elbrus mountain. In order to differentiate the effect of hypoxia per se from that of other factors typical of highlands, five runs of altitude chamber experiments were carried out. In each run the test subjects were 10 times lifted to altitudes of 3200 m, 4200 m and 5200 m. The chamber experiments were performed on 28 test subjects, aged 26-46. During an exposure to an altitude the test subjects did two or three times exercises of 450-900 kgm/min on a bicycle ergometer. The experimental findings show that hypoxic hypoxia brings about consistent changes in the immunobiological status of man that are directly correlated with the level of hypoxia. These changes include a decline in the acquired antiviral and antitoxic immunity activation of the autoimmune process and an increase in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Our results suggest optimal profiles of the hypoxic effect to which test subjects should be exposed during mountain training for a specific occupational activity.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of studies of the action of different levels of hypoxia on the human immunobiological status]. The effect of hypoxic hypoxia on the specific factors of immunity of 16 test subjects was studied during their 30-day exposure to an altitude of 2100-4200 m above the sea level in the area of the Elbrus mountain. In order to differentiate the effect of hypoxia per se from that of other factors typical of highlands, five runs of altitude chamber experiments were carried out. In each run the test subjects were 10 times lifted to altitudes of 3200 m, 4200 m and 5200 m. The chamber experiments were performed on 28 test subjects, aged 26-46. During an exposure to an altitude the test subjects did two or three times exercises of 450-900 kgm/min on a bicycle ergometer. The experimental findings show that hypoxic hypoxia brings about consistent changes in the immunobiological status of man that are directly correlated with the level of hypoxia. These changes include a decline in the acquired antiviral and antitoxic immunity activation of the autoimmune process and an increase in the phagocytic activity of neutrophils. Our results suggest optimal profiles of the hypoxic effect to which test subjects should be exposed during mountain training for a specific occupational activity."}
{"id": "PMID:138773", "title": "Surgical correction of types II and III truncus arteriosus.", "content": "In truncus arteriosus types II and III, one or both pulmonary arteries arise independently from either side of the truncus. In the surgical correction of this anomaly, we have utilized on operative technique in which the essential features are as follows: ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure, which directs left ventricular outflow into the truncus: (2) anastomosis of a Dacron tube containing a glutaraldehyde-preserved procine aortic heterograft to the right ventriculotomy: (3) removal of a circumferential band of the truncus containing both pulmonary artery orifices; (4) tailoring of the band of truncus tissue into a generous cuff which is anastomosed to the distal end of the valved Dacron conduit; and (5) restoration of aortic continuity with a tubular Dacron graft. Since 1971, 4 children ages 2 to 9 years have undergone successful correction of truncus arteriosus types II or III by this technique. In one patient with marked pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure preoperatively, the pulmonary vascular resistance had reverted to normal by 3 years after the operation. In one patient in whom bronchial collaterals to the right pulmonary artery were present, postoperative left ventricular failure required reoperation for ligation of the collaterals. All 4 patients are asymptomatic and fully active 5 to 60 months postoperatively. None has evidence of stenosis or insufficiency of the heterograft valve.", "contents": "Surgical correction of types II and III truncus arteriosus. In truncus arteriosus types II and III, one or both pulmonary arteries arise independently from either side of the truncus. In the surgical correction of this anomaly, we have utilized on operative technique in which the essential features are as follows: ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure, which directs left ventricular outflow into the truncus: (2) anastomosis of a Dacron tube containing a glutaraldehyde-preserved procine aortic heterograft to the right ventriculotomy: (3) removal of a circumferential band of the truncus containing both pulmonary artery orifices; (4) tailoring of the band of truncus tissue into a generous cuff which is anastomosed to the distal end of the valved Dacron conduit; and (5) restoration of aortic continuity with a tubular Dacron graft. Since 1971, 4 children ages 2 to 9 years have undergone successful correction of truncus arteriosus types II or III by this technique. In one patient with marked pulmonary hypertension and congestive heart failure preoperatively, the pulmonary vascular resistance had reverted to normal by 3 years after the operation. In one patient in whom bronchial collaterals to the right pulmonary artery were present, postoperative left ventricular failure required reoperation for ligation of the collaterals. All 4 patients are asymptomatic and fully active 5 to 60 months postoperatively. None has evidence of stenosis or insufficiency of the heterograft valve."}
{"id": "PMID:138774", "title": "The behavior of infected arterial prostheses of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex).", "content": "In 11 dogs the bacteriologic and morphologic reaction of arterial prostheses made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) to an induced Staphylococcus aureus septicemia at time of graft implantation was evaluated and compared to that observed with Dacron grafts in 10 dogs. Graft infection developed in all dogs, manifested by positive blood and graft cultures. Grafts, however, could be clearly classified as either histologically infected or uninfected with a marked difference in the pattern of positive blood cultures. Histologically uninfected grafts in general demonstrated the tissue ingrowth and neointima formation which characterize Gore-Tex despite positive graft culture. The appearance of overt histologic infection was correlated with failure of a neointima to develop. Gore-Tex did not loose its structural integrity despite frank injection. The use of the Gore-Tex in the face of overt infection cannot be supported.", "contents": "The behavior of infected arterial prostheses of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex). In 11 dogs the bacteriologic and morphologic reaction of arterial prostheses made of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) to an induced Staphylococcus aureus septicemia at time of graft implantation was evaluated and compared to that observed with Dacron grafts in 10 dogs. Graft infection developed in all dogs, manifested by positive blood and graft cultures. Grafts, however, could be clearly classified as either histologically infected or uninfected with a marked difference in the pattern of positive blood cultures. Histologically uninfected grafts in general demonstrated the tissue ingrowth and neointima formation which characterize Gore-Tex despite positive graft culture. The appearance of overt histologic infection was correlated with failure of a neointima to develop. Gore-Tex did not loose its structural integrity despite frank injection. The use of the Gore-Tex in the face of overt infection cannot be supported."}
{"id": "PMID:138775", "title": "[Staphylococcal epidermal exfoliation (Ritter's disease)].", "content": "According to the authors the best designation of Ritter's disease would be \"staphilococcic epidermal exfoliation\" SEE. The physiopathological and agnoslogical basis for this denomination could be the following: 1st The \"S. aureus\" is the ehtiological agent of the SSE in man. The Koch postulates necessary to confirm this hypothesis have been accomplished. 2nd \"Staphylococcus aureus\" produces a thermostable toxin that is active indepently of the staphilococcus and gives rise to the separation of the cells of the stratum granulosus of the epidermis and eventually exfoliation in suckling babies and in the newborn mouse. 3rd The \"Staphylococcus aureus\" may be present on the skin or in other localisations such as the bowel or pharinx. 4th The viable \"S. aureus\" when administered subcutaneously to the adult mice gives rise to lesions clinically and histologically similar to the impetigo observed in children. 5th The \"S. aureus\" killed by means of autoclave (that is, the staphylococcic toxine by itself does not give rise to any lesion when administered to the healthy adult mouse). Neijther has the SEE been observed in healthy adult man. The authors reach the conclusion that the SSE and the toxic epidermal necrolysis are basically different according to the histopathology therapeutic response and prognosis and they must be considered as independant entities.", "contents": "[Staphylococcal epidermal exfoliation (Ritter's disease)]. According to the authors the best designation of Ritter's disease would be \"staphilococcic epidermal exfoliation\" SEE. The physiopathological and agnoslogical basis for this denomination could be the following: 1st The \"S. aureus\" is the ehtiological agent of the SSE in man. The Koch postulates necessary to confirm this hypothesis have been accomplished. 2nd \"Staphylococcus aureus\" produces a thermostable toxin that is active indepently of the staphilococcus and gives rise to the separation of the cells of the stratum granulosus of the epidermis and eventually exfoliation in suckling babies and in the newborn mouse. 3rd The \"Staphylococcus aureus\" may be present on the skin or in other localisations such as the bowel or pharinx. 4th The viable \"S. aureus\" when administered subcutaneously to the adult mice gives rise to lesions clinically and histologically similar to the impetigo observed in children. 5th The \"S. aureus\" killed by means of autoclave (that is, the staphylococcic toxine by itself does not give rise to any lesion when administered to the healthy adult mouse). Neijther has the SEE been observed in healthy adult man. The authors reach the conclusion that the SSE and the toxic epidermal necrolysis are basically different according to the histopathology therapeutic response and prognosis and they must be considered as independant entities."}
{"id": "PMID:138776", "title": "[Immunological study of acute forms of acne].", "content": "In severe forms of acne (grade IV) there is probably an inmunological alteration consisting of: 1) Alterations in the IgG. 2) They may be produced in small quantity or destroyed more rapidly. 3) Cellular immunity is normal using PHA and diminished with habitual tests. 4) It is necessary to normalize these globulin levels before or during specific medication, with antibiotics or sulfa drugs. 5) Essential aminoacids should be given so as to raise the inmunoglobulins to normal levels. The administration of commercial inmunoglobulins should be avoided, because, for genetic reason, they could produce autoimmunity or isosensibility and diminished the levels one is trying to raise.", "contents": "[Immunological study of acute forms of acne]. In severe forms of acne (grade IV) there is probably an inmunological alteration consisting of: 1) Alterations in the IgG. 2) They may be produced in small quantity or destroyed more rapidly. 3) Cellular immunity is normal using PHA and diminished with habitual tests. 4) It is necessary to normalize these globulin levels before or during specific medication, with antibiotics or sulfa drugs. 5) Essential aminoacids should be given so as to raise the inmunoglobulins to normal levels. The administration of commercial inmunoglobulins should be avoided, because, for genetic reason, they could produce autoimmunity or isosensibility and diminished the levels one is trying to raise."}
{"id": "PMID:138778", "title": "[Clinic and therapy of idiopathic hemochromatosis. Report of 51 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Idiopathic hemochromatosis is a genetical defect leading to continuous accumulation of iron. Symptomatology is caused by iron deposition in different organs. Phlebotomy is by far the most efficient therapy. Case reports are given of 51 cases in different stages of the disease, all of which were proved by biopsy. Taking into account data of these cases some aspects of heredity, history and clinical symptomatology of this metabolic disease are discussed; histological and peritoneoscopic findings during the course of the disease under management by phlebotomy are demonstrated. On 46 patients treated in this was 25 were freed of iron deposits and 5 improved. In most cases there was a reduction of collagenous tissue in the liver. In some, and even in far advanced cases, almost complete anatomical and clinical normalization could be reached. Prognosis depends upon early diagnosis and consequent long-term treatment by phlebotomy.", "contents": "[Clinic and therapy of idiopathic hemochromatosis. Report of 51 cases (author's transl)]. Idiopathic hemochromatosis is a genetical defect leading to continuous accumulation of iron. Symptomatology is caused by iron deposition in different organs. Phlebotomy is by far the most efficient therapy. Case reports are given of 51 cases in different stages of the disease, all of which were proved by biopsy. Taking into account data of these cases some aspects of heredity, history and clinical symptomatology of this metabolic disease are discussed; histological and peritoneoscopic findings during the course of the disease under management by phlebotomy are demonstrated. On 46 patients treated in this was 25 were freed of iron deposits and 5 improved. In most cases there was a reduction of collagenous tissue in the liver. In some, and even in far advanced cases, almost complete anatomical and clinical normalization could be reached. Prognosis depends upon early diagnosis and consequent long-term treatment by phlebotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:138782", "title": "Increased mobility with an articulated lens in gynecologic endoscopic photography.", "content": "A new device in endoscopic photography, called an articulated lens, allows a video or movie camera to be separated from the laparoscopic endoscope, thereby removing the camera from the operating field and allowing the laparoscopist improved maneuverability during photographed procedures. By forming a segmented optical link between the telescope and the television or movie camera, the lens allows the two units to be separated by as much as 3 ft and permits the endoscope to move easily in all planes, horizontally, vertically and diagonally. This improved video and cinematographic technique enchances the teaching of surgical procedures and provides the means for keeping permanent records of such procedures.", "contents": "Increased mobility with an articulated lens in gynecologic endoscopic photography. A new device in endoscopic photography, called an articulated lens, allows a video or movie camera to be separated from the laparoscopic endoscope, thereby removing the camera from the operating field and allowing the laparoscopist improved maneuverability during photographed procedures. By forming a segmented optical link between the telescope and the television or movie camera, the lens allows the two units to be separated by as much as 3 ft and permits the endoscope to move easily in all planes, horizontally, vertically and diagonally. This improved video and cinematographic technique enchances the teaching of surgical procedures and provides the means for keeping permanent records of such procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:138787", "title": "Surgical \"correction\" of transposition of the great arteries: a review of 100 consecutive cases.", "content": "A review has been made of 100 patients having repair of transposition of the great arteries during a six-year period. The overall hospital mortality was 12%. In uncomplicated cases with an intact ventricular septum it was 7%. Late complications have presented a significant problem and include caval inflow stenosis, pulmonary venous obstruction, dysrhythmias and tricuspid incompetence. The changes in operative techniques to overcome them are discussed.", "contents": "Surgical \"correction\" of transposition of the great arteries: a review of 100 consecutive cases. A review has been made of 100 patients having repair of transposition of the great arteries during a six-year period. The overall hospital mortality was 12%. In uncomplicated cases with an intact ventricular septum it was 7%. Late complications have presented a significant problem and include caval inflow stenosis, pulmonary venous obstruction, dysrhythmias and tricuspid incompetence. The changes in operative techniques to overcome them are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138783", "title": "Preclinical and clinical testing of laparoscopic sterilization techniques.", "content": "Testing laparoscopic instruments for sterility should be conducted according to a three-phased program: Phase I: A basic judgment needs to be made by a panel of clinicians familiar with sterilization as to whether or not a new technique is truely different from standard and documented techniques so as to warrant preclinical animal studies. If this is warranted, these studies should include at least 10 test animals with no pregnancies, compared to 10 control animals where a normal pregnancy rate of 70 to 80 percent is documented. Phase II: After theoretical efficacy of a new technique is documented or accepted, the developer of the technique should test it on at least 50 patients for unexpected clinical difficulties or difficulties in maintenance of equipment. Phase III: At least five prototypes of the sterilization device should then be distributed to experienced clinicians for their evaluation on atleast 100 patients each, with a prospective collection of complications and pregnancy rates in a follow-up of at least 90 percent by the end of a 1-year period. Ideally, the number of such patients should be 1000. A judgment can then be made by an appropriate panel as to the relative hazards and benefits of the technique in comparison with standard rates of safety and efficacy.", "contents": "Preclinical and clinical testing of laparoscopic sterilization techniques. Testing laparoscopic instruments for sterility should be conducted according to a three-phased program: Phase I: A basic judgment needs to be made by a panel of clinicians familiar with sterilization as to whether or not a new technique is truely different from standard and documented techniques so as to warrant preclinical animal studies. If this is warranted, these studies should include at least 10 test animals with no pregnancies, compared to 10 control animals where a normal pregnancy rate of 70 to 80 percent is documented. Phase II: After theoretical efficacy of a new technique is documented or accepted, the developer of the technique should test it on at least 50 patients for unexpected clinical difficulties or difficulties in maintenance of equipment. Phase III: At least five prototypes of the sterilization device should then be distributed to experienced clinicians for their evaluation on atleast 100 patients each, with a prospective collection of complications and pregnancy rates in a follow-up of at least 90 percent by the end of a 1-year period. Ideally, the number of such patients should be 1000. A judgment can then be made by an appropriate panel as to the relative hazards and benefits of the technique in comparison with standard rates of safety and efficacy."}
{"id": "PMID:138789", "title": "[Vibraven\u00f6s in infections of the biliary and respiratory tracts (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical results of a European Vibraven\u00f6s multicentre trial are reported as far as 227 patients with infections of the biliary tract and 185 patients with infections of the respiratory tract--mainly pneumonia--are concerned. In 203 of the 227 cases with biliary tract infections (=90%) and in 142 of the 185 cases with respiratory tract infections (=77%) the overall clinical result was good or very good. Toleration of Vibraven\u00f6s was usually very good, only 4 patients had to be withdrawn from the trial because of side effects: in 3 cases an allergic skin reaction or pruritus occurred and in 1 patient local phlebitis developed at the injection site. Bacteriological tests performed on 71 patients showed that after broad usage doxycycline has an excellent antibacterial activity.", "contents": "[Vibraven\u00f6s in infections of the biliary and respiratory tracts (author's transl)]. The clinical results of a European Vibraven\u00f6s multicentre trial are reported as far as 227 patients with infections of the biliary tract and 185 patients with infections of the respiratory tract--mainly pneumonia--are concerned. In 203 of the 227 cases with biliary tract infections (=90%) and in 142 of the 185 cases with respiratory tract infections (=77%) the overall clinical result was good or very good. Toleration of Vibraven\u00f6s was usually very good, only 4 patients had to be withdrawn from the trial because of side effects: in 3 cases an allergic skin reaction or pruritus occurred and in 1 patient local phlebitis developed at the injection site. Bacteriological tests performed on 71 patients showed that after broad usage doxycycline has an excellent antibacterial activity."}
{"id": "PMID:138790", "title": "[HBs-antigen induced extrahepatic immune-complex disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A 62-year old patient was hospitalized with fever, polyarthritis and exanthema. All bacteriological, virological and biochemical findings were normal. The immunological analysis showed initially the HBs-antigen in the serum. No irregular antibody was found. Chemotherapy was failing, but application of corticosteroids was followed by a dramatic improvement. Nine weeks after the onset of the disease the patient was healthy again. Antibodies against HBs-antigen were found 3 months later. The data suggest an immune-complex disease like serum sickness based on an infection with hepatitis-B-virus without involvement of the liver.", "contents": "[HBs-antigen induced extrahepatic immune-complex disease (author's transl)]. A 62-year old patient was hospitalized with fever, polyarthritis and exanthema. All bacteriological, virological and biochemical findings were normal. The immunological analysis showed initially the HBs-antigen in the serum. No irregular antibody was found. Chemotherapy was failing, but application of corticosteroids was followed by a dramatic improvement. Nine weeks after the onset of the disease the patient was healthy again. Antibodies against HBs-antigen were found 3 months later. The data suggest an immune-complex disease like serum sickness based on an infection with hepatitis-B-virus without involvement of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:138785", "title": "Two new laparoscopic instruments: bipolar sterilizing forceps and uterine manipulator.", "content": "Two new instruments have been found useful in laparoscopic surgery. One is a bipolar forceps used primarily for sterilization operations performed on the Fallopian tube with which discrete lesions can be made. The bipolar principle avoids electrical trauma at distant sites. The other, an intrauterine manipulator, permits better uterine positioning during the procedure without the need for an assistant. Tubal lavage can also be performed with this instrument.", "contents": "Two new laparoscopic instruments: bipolar sterilizing forceps and uterine manipulator. Two new instruments have been found useful in laparoscopic surgery. One is a bipolar forceps used primarily for sterilization operations performed on the Fallopian tube with which discrete lesions can be made. The bipolar principle avoids electrical trauma at distant sites. The other, an intrauterine manipulator, permits better uterine positioning during the procedure without the need for an assistant. Tubal lavage can also be performed with this instrument."}
{"id": "PMID:138791", "title": "Use of the Doppler flowmeter in stroke prevention.", "content": "The directional Doppler flowmeter can be used to identify collateral patterns of extracanial arterial blood flow that are associated with hemodynamically significant lesions of the internal carotid artery. The use of this non-invasive technique can identify accurately those patients who are candidates for angiographic confirmation.", "contents": "Use of the Doppler flowmeter in stroke prevention. The directional Doppler flowmeter can be used to identify collateral patterns of extracanial arterial blood flow that are associated with hemodynamically significant lesions of the internal carotid artery. The use of this non-invasive technique can identify accurately those patients who are candidates for angiographic confirmation."}
{"id": "PMID:138786", "title": "Instrumentation for laparoscopic tubal sterilization.", "content": "The numbers and results of laparoscopic tubal sterilizations performed between 1971 and 1975 show widespread public and professional acceptance of this operation. The need for safe and effective laparoscopic equipment led to the development of three types of sterilization viewing systems: the viewing laparoscope, the operating laparoscope, and the needlescope. A number of operative procedures have been developed. The instruments currently being used for tubal destruction via electrocoagulation and endocoagulation are described. Advances in externally applied mechanical occlusive devices are also mentioned. Experimental work with intraluminal stents is noted. The criteria that must be met to ensure worldwide acceptance of these operations are discussed.", "contents": "Instrumentation for laparoscopic tubal sterilization. The numbers and results of laparoscopic tubal sterilizations performed between 1971 and 1975 show widespread public and professional acceptance of this operation. The need for safe and effective laparoscopic equipment led to the development of three types of sterilization viewing systems: the viewing laparoscope, the operating laparoscope, and the needlescope. A number of operative procedures have been developed. The instruments currently being used for tubal destruction via electrocoagulation and endocoagulation are described. Advances in externally applied mechanical occlusive devices are also mentioned. Experimental work with intraluminal stents is noted. The criteria that must be met to ensure worldwide acceptance of these operations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138792", "title": "The locomotion laboratory as a clinical assessment system.", "content": "As a routine clinical tool the locomotion laboratory has been a long time evolving. This paper reviews the development, successes and failures of locomotion assessment systems. A detailed picture of the state of knowledge of normal gait is presented along with some suggested directions regarding needed technological development as well as some criticism of the lack of biomechanical modelling. As examples of clinical applications, four major gait pathologies are reviewed: amputees, hemiplegia, cerebral palsy and joint replacement. The state of knowledge of each of these patient populations is presented along with a critique of the assessment methods and conclusions. It is hoped that this paper will provoke discussion regarding the real purpose of a clinical locomotion laboratory, and put some perspective on the cost in terms of equipment, space, newly trained or retrained personnnel and computer systems.", "contents": "The locomotion laboratory as a clinical assessment system. As a routine clinical tool the locomotion laboratory has been a long time evolving. This paper reviews the development, successes and failures of locomotion assessment systems. A detailed picture of the state of knowledge of normal gait is presented along with some suggested directions regarding needed technological development as well as some criticism of the lack of biomechanical modelling. As examples of clinical applications, four major gait pathologies are reviewed: amputees, hemiplegia, cerebral palsy and joint replacement. The state of knowledge of each of these patient populations is presented along with a critique of the assessment methods and conclusions. It is hoped that this paper will provoke discussion regarding the real purpose of a clinical locomotion laboratory, and put some perspective on the cost in terms of equipment, space, newly trained or retrained personnnel and computer systems."}
{"id": "PMID:138793", "title": "[Explorative laparoscopy or laparotomy? (author's transl)].", "content": "Explorative laparoscopy is an endoscopic examination of the abdominal cavity which, with the modern endoscopy tables, permits a considerably improved survey than formerly. Within one year, 105 patients were examined and a suspected tumor was confirmed 20 times in 57 patients. Metastases were sought 23 times in patients known to have a primary tumor, and demonstrated 11 times. The differential diagnosis of cholestasis was made 18 times, 6 times a negative cholecystogram required further clarification. Two of these showed an inoperable, infiltrating, growing carcinoma of the gall bladder. For the purpose of classification of lymphogranulomata, laparoscopy shows the advantage over laparotomy of careful magnifying observation of the surface of the liver which can be repeated as often as desired.", "contents": "[Explorative laparoscopy or laparotomy? (author's transl)]. Explorative laparoscopy is an endoscopic examination of the abdominal cavity which, with the modern endoscopy tables, permits a considerably improved survey than formerly. Within one year, 105 patients were examined and a suspected tumor was confirmed 20 times in 57 patients. Metastases were sought 23 times in patients known to have a primary tumor, and demonstrated 11 times. The differential diagnosis of cholestasis was made 18 times, 6 times a negative cholecystogram required further clarification. Two of these showed an inoperable, infiltrating, growing carcinoma of the gall bladder. For the purpose of classification of lymphogranulomata, laparoscopy shows the advantage over laparotomy of careful magnifying observation of the surface of the liver which can be repeated as often as desired."}
{"id": "PMID:138794", "title": "[Explorative Laparoscopy or Laparotomy (author's transl)].", "content": "Explorative laparoscopy is an endoscopic examination of the abdominal cavity which, with the modern endoscopy tables, permits a considerably improved survey than formerly. Within one year, 105 patients were examined and a suspected tumor was confirmed 20 times in 57 patients. Metastasis were sought 23 times in patients known to have a primary tumor, and demonstrated 11 times. The differential diagnosis of cholestasis was made 18 times, 6 times a negative cholecystogram required further clarification. Two of these showed an inoperable, infiltrating, growing carcinoma of the gall bladder. For the purpose of classification of lymphogranulomata, laparoscopy shows the advantage over laparotomy of careful magnifying observation of the surface of the liver which can be repeated as often as desired.", "contents": "[Explorative Laparoscopy or Laparotomy (author's transl)]. Explorative laparoscopy is an endoscopic examination of the abdominal cavity which, with the modern endoscopy tables, permits a considerably improved survey than formerly. Within one year, 105 patients were examined and a suspected tumor was confirmed 20 times in 57 patients. Metastasis were sought 23 times in patients known to have a primary tumor, and demonstrated 11 times. The differential diagnosis of cholestasis was made 18 times, 6 times a negative cholecystogram required further clarification. Two of these showed an inoperable, infiltrating, growing carcinoma of the gall bladder. For the purpose of classification of lymphogranulomata, laparoscopy shows the advantage over laparotomy of careful magnifying observation of the surface of the liver which can be repeated as often as desired."}
{"id": "PMID:138799", "title": "Mechanism of inhibition of catecholamine release from adrenal medulla by diphenylhydantoin and by low concentration of ouabain (10(-10) M).", "content": "Catecholamine (CA) release was studied in rat adrenal incubated in vitro. Inhibition of (Na + K)-ATPase either by omission of K+ from the incubation medium or by addition of a high concentration of ouabain (10(-3) M) caused increased release of CA from the adrenal. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) (10(-5) M) inhibited the spontaneous as well as the acetylcholine (10(-4) M)-induced release of CA. However, in K+-free medium or in the presence of 10(-3) M ouabain, DPH had no significant effect on CA release. A low concentration of ouabain (10(-10) M) caused a significant inhibition of spontaneous and of acetylcholine-induced release of CA. In a K+-free medium ouabain (10(-10) M) had no effect on CA release. DPH (10(-5) M) and a low concentration of ouabain (10(-10) M) caused a significant activation of (Na + K)-ATPase in a membrane fraction of the adrenal medulla. It is suggested that DPH and low ouabain concentrations inhibit CA release from the adrenal by activation of the sodium pump. The possible mechanism involved is discussed.", "contents": "Mechanism of inhibition of catecholamine release from adrenal medulla by diphenylhydantoin and by low concentration of ouabain (10(-10) M). Catecholamine (CA) release was studied in rat adrenal incubated in vitro. Inhibition of (Na + K)-ATPase either by omission of K+ from the incubation medium or by addition of a high concentration of ouabain (10(-3) M) caused increased release of CA from the adrenal. Diphenylhydantoin (DPH) (10(-5) M) inhibited the spontaneous as well as the acetylcholine (10(-4) M)-induced release of CA. However, in K+-free medium or in the presence of 10(-3) M ouabain, DPH had no significant effect on CA release. A low concentration of ouabain (10(-10) M) caused a significant inhibition of spontaneous and of acetylcholine-induced release of CA. In a K+-free medium ouabain (10(-10) M) had no effect on CA release. DPH (10(-5) M) and a low concentration of ouabain (10(-10) M) caused a significant activation of (Na + K)-ATPase in a membrane fraction of the adrenal medulla. It is suggested that DPH and low ouabain concentrations inhibit CA release from the adrenal by activation of the sodium pump. The possible mechanism involved is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138800", "title": "Studies on the anti-dyskinesia effect of apomorphine in man.", "content": "In man, central dopamine (DA) is thought to underlie the production of choreoathetotic movements (CAM) that occur in a variety of neurological disorders. We have reported that apomorphine (APOM), a direct DA receptor stimulant, attenuates CAM in man. To investigate the mechanism by which APOM diminishes dyskinesia, we administered levodopa (4.5-6 gm/day, up to 10 munths duration) and subsequently haloperidol, up to tolerated doses, to a group of patients afflicted with CAM of various etiologies in whom we first had observed lessening in CAM with injected APOM. Levodopa produced no consistent change in CAM and haloperidol effectively reduced the CAM in all patients. The effect of APOM, then, upon the dyskinesia in these patients, paralleled that of haloperdol, a strong DA receptor blocking agent. Cholinergic agents can attenuate CAM in man and it has been suggested that the anti-CAM effect of APOM is a cholinergic one, medicated through its tetrahydroisoquinoline or its piperidine monties. We administered physostigmine i.v. (1.0-2.0 mg) to six patients in whom APOM had been shown to antagonize their CAM. In only one case a moderate reduction in CAM was noted. It is concluded that the anti-dyskinetic effect of APOM is mediated by an anti-DA effect, which may result from direct stimulation of presynaptic DA receptors, which has been shown to reduce the impulse flow and release of DA from nerve endings of dopaminergic neurons or perhaps from the accumulation of an antidopaminergic metabolite on DA receptors.", "contents": "Studies on the anti-dyskinesia effect of apomorphine in man. In man, central dopamine (DA) is thought to underlie the production of choreoathetotic movements (CAM) that occur in a variety of neurological disorders. We have reported that apomorphine (APOM), a direct DA receptor stimulant, attenuates CAM in man. To investigate the mechanism by which APOM diminishes dyskinesia, we administered levodopa (4.5-6 gm/day, up to 10 munths duration) and subsequently haloperidol, up to tolerated doses, to a group of patients afflicted with CAM of various etiologies in whom we first had observed lessening in CAM with injected APOM. Levodopa produced no consistent change in CAM and haloperidol effectively reduced the CAM in all patients. The effect of APOM, then, upon the dyskinesia in these patients, paralleled that of haloperdol, a strong DA receptor blocking agent. Cholinergic agents can attenuate CAM in man and it has been suggested that the anti-CAM effect of APOM is a cholinergic one, medicated through its tetrahydroisoquinoline or its piperidine monties. We administered physostigmine i.v. (1.0-2.0 mg) to six patients in whom APOM had been shown to antagonize their CAM. In only one case a moderate reduction in CAM was noted. It is concluded that the anti-dyskinetic effect of APOM is mediated by an anti-DA effect, which may result from direct stimulation of presynaptic DA receptors, which has been shown to reduce the impulse flow and release of DA from nerve endings of dopaminergic neurons or perhaps from the accumulation of an antidopaminergic metabolite on DA receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:138806", "title": "Gastroschisis: case report and comment.", "content": "A case of a premature infant born with gastroschisis, a congenital defect in the abdominal wall is described.", "contents": "Gastroschisis: case report and comment. A case of a premature infant born with gastroschisis, a congenital defect in the abdominal wall is described."}
{"id": "PMID:138807", "title": "Working with parents of handicapped children: the role of the medical profession.", "content": "The experiences of 94 Canterbury families with young handicapped children are reported as these impinge on the medical and nursing professions. Some suggestions for the improvement of medical counseling services are made in the light of the findings and the literature.", "contents": "Working with parents of handicapped children: the role of the medical profession. The experiences of 94 Canterbury families with young handicapped children are reported as these impinge on the medical and nursing professions. Some suggestions for the improvement of medical counseling services are made in the light of the findings and the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:138808", "title": "Laparoscopy and hysterosalpingography in the assessment of tubal patency.", "content": "Laparoscopy was performed after hysterosalpingography in 409 patients complaining of infertility. Despite the use of general anesthesia and continuous screening technics during hysterosalpingography, conflicting diagnoses were made in 77 of the 117 patients where an abnormality of patency was detected by one or another technic. Peritubal adhesions were detected by hysterosalpingography in only 18 of the 54 cases where they were demonstrated by laparoscopy. Laparoscopy gave much useful information either at variance with or in addition to that yielded by hysterosalpingography.", "contents": "Laparoscopy and hysterosalpingography in the assessment of tubal patency. Laparoscopy was performed after hysterosalpingography in 409 patients complaining of infertility. Despite the use of general anesthesia and continuous screening technics during hysterosalpingography, conflicting diagnoses were made in 77 of the 117 patients where an abnormality of patency was detected by one or another technic. Peritubal adhesions were detected by hysterosalpingography in only 18 of the 54 cases where they were demonstrated by laparoscopy. Laparoscopy gave much useful information either at variance with or in addition to that yielded by hysterosalpingography."}
{"id": "PMID:138830", "title": "The effect of ouabain and ethacrynic acid on ATPase activities in the inner ear of the rat and guinea pig.", "content": "The effect of ethacrynic acid on ATPase activities in the stria vascularis of rat and guinea pig inner ear was studied. Both Na-K- and Mg-activated ATPase activities were inhibited non-selectively only at very high concentrations of ethacrynic acid, in contrast to the selective inhibition of Na-K-ATPase activity by ouabain. It is suggested that the deleterious effect of ethacrynic acid on the inner ear may be due to its effect on the general metabolism of the cell rather than on the ionic transport system.", "contents": "The effect of ouabain and ethacrynic acid on ATPase activities in the inner ear of the rat and guinea pig. The effect of ethacrynic acid on ATPase activities in the stria vascularis of rat and guinea pig inner ear was studied. Both Na-K- and Mg-activated ATPase activities were inhibited non-selectively only at very high concentrations of ethacrynic acid, in contrast to the selective inhibition of Na-K-ATPase activity by ouabain. It is suggested that the deleterious effect of ethacrynic acid on the inner ear may be due to its effect on the general metabolism of the cell rather than on the ionic transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:138837", "title": "Palmar crease variants and their clinical significance: a study of newborns at risk.", "content": "An analysis of palmar crease variants was carried out in a group of \"at risk\" newborns, without any evident congenital anomalies. This group consisted of 108 prematures, 74 infants who were small for gestational age, 62 newborns with history of gestational complications, and 46 newborns with a history of intrauterine methadone exposure. A system of classification was developed based on observations of 500 normal newborns as control subjects, 466 normal mothers, and 200 normal children. The palmar crease variants can be divided into four main groups, schematically presented as normal variants, simian crease and its variants, Sydney line and its variants, and another group of unusual variants which do not fit into the other groups. A study of these groups revealed that familial components, race, sex, and age are factors that can influence the expression of palmar crease patterns. There is an increased frequency of abnormal creases in each of the groups of \"at risk\" newborns. Moreover, there is an apparent association of interrupted transrerse creases and intrauterine methadone exposure.", "contents": "Palmar crease variants and their clinical significance: a study of newborns at risk. An analysis of palmar crease variants was carried out in a group of \"at risk\" newborns, without any evident congenital anomalies. This group consisted of 108 prematures, 74 infants who were small for gestational age, 62 newborns with history of gestational complications, and 46 newborns with a history of intrauterine methadone exposure. A system of classification was developed based on observations of 500 normal newborns as control subjects, 466 normal mothers, and 200 normal children. The palmar crease variants can be divided into four main groups, schematically presented as normal variants, simian crease and its variants, Sydney line and its variants, and another group of unusual variants which do not fit into the other groups. A study of these groups revealed that familial components, race, sex, and age are factors that can influence the expression of palmar crease patterns. There is an increased frequency of abnormal creases in each of the groups of \"at risk\" newborns. Moreover, there is an apparent association of interrupted transrerse creases and intrauterine methadone exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:138838", "title": "Experimental lead poisoning and intestinal transport of glucose, amino acids, and sodium.", "content": "Juvenile rats fed a diet containing 1% lead acetate for 7 weeks, in addition to an impaired growth rate and renal function derangements, suffered malabsorption of glucose and certain amino acids, as assessed by an in vivo perfusion technique. The reduction in glucose absorption ranged between 10% and 31% when the carbohydrate was pumped in concentrations of 2-80 mM. This alteration was compatible with a noncompetitive type of transport inhibition. The intestinal absorption of glycine, lysine, and phenylalanine were, respectively, decreased 22, 18, and 15% when these amino acids were present at 1 mM levels. Sodium transport was severely reduced (57.6 +/- 17.9 (SEM) vs. 124.2 +/- 17.4 muEq/min-cm) and intestinal mucosa (Na+-K+)-ATPase was concomitantly lower in the lead-intoxicated rats (186.4 +/- 19.0 vs 268.4 +/- 29.8 nmol P/min-mg protein). However, this enzyme was not altered in liver and kidney. Furthermore, intestinal mucosa fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, and tryptophan hydroxylase were not different in experimental and control animals. These studies substantiate the presence of functional and biochemical abnormalities in the intestinal mucosa of young rats when fed substantial amounts of a soluble lead salt. It is, therefore, reasonable to accept the possibility that physiologic damage occurs in tissues directly subjected to high and persistent levels of a toxic agents, as it occurs in other organs, underscoring the parallelism between transport mechanisms at the renal and intestinal levels.", "contents": "Experimental lead poisoning and intestinal transport of glucose, amino acids, and sodium. Juvenile rats fed a diet containing 1% lead acetate for 7 weeks, in addition to an impaired growth rate and renal function derangements, suffered malabsorption of glucose and certain amino acids, as assessed by an in vivo perfusion technique. The reduction in glucose absorption ranged between 10% and 31% when the carbohydrate was pumped in concentrations of 2-80 mM. This alteration was compatible with a noncompetitive type of transport inhibition. The intestinal absorption of glycine, lysine, and phenylalanine were, respectively, decreased 22, 18, and 15% when these amino acids were present at 1 mM levels. Sodium transport was severely reduced (57.6 +/- 17.9 (SEM) vs. 124.2 +/- 17.4 muEq/min-cm) and intestinal mucosa (Na+-K+)-ATPase was concomitantly lower in the lead-intoxicated rats (186.4 +/- 19.0 vs 268.4 +/- 29.8 nmol P/min-mg protein). However, this enzyme was not altered in liver and kidney. Furthermore, intestinal mucosa fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, succinic dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, and tryptophan hydroxylase were not different in experimental and control animals. These studies substantiate the presence of functional and biochemical abnormalities in the intestinal mucosa of young rats when fed substantial amounts of a soluble lead salt. It is, therefore, reasonable to accept the possibility that physiologic damage occurs in tissues directly subjected to high and persistent levels of a toxic agents, as it occurs in other organs, underscoring the parallelism between transport mechanisms at the renal and intestinal levels."}
{"id": "PMID:138835", "title": "[Susceptibility of laboratory animals to Trichinella from synanthropic and natural foci of the northern Caucasus].", "content": "Laboratory animals were infected with larvae of four species of Trichinella. The tests have whown that T. pseudospiralis is highly infectious for golden hamsters and guinea pigs. Rats are relatively resistant to T. pseudospiralis but highly susceptible to T. spiralis. T. nelsoni turned out to be little infectious to rodents which were used in the experiment. T. nativa is little infectious for rats but more infectious for golden hamsters and guinea pigs as compared to T. nelsoni.", "contents": "[Susceptibility of laboratory animals to Trichinella from synanthropic and natural foci of the northern Caucasus]. Laboratory animals were infected with larvae of four species of Trichinella. The tests have whown that T. pseudospiralis is highly infectious for golden hamsters and guinea pigs. Rats are relatively resistant to T. pseudospiralis but highly susceptible to T. spiralis. T. nelsoni turned out to be little infectious to rodents which were used in the experiment. T. nativa is little infectious for rats but more infectious for golden hamsters and guinea pigs as compared to T. nelsoni."}
{"id": "PMID:138836", "title": "[Morphological characteristics and certain biological problems of the representatives of the genus Apiosoma (Infusoria, Peritricha) from the young of predatory fishes].", "content": "13 species of Apiosoma were recorded from the young of Esox lucius, Lota lota and Perca fluviatilis. 7 species were reported from Lota lota, 9 species-from Esox lucius and 6 species--from Perca fluviatilis. Apiosomes were found mainly on the body surface and fins of fishes and move seldom on their gills. Under changing conditions the transition of parasites from one organ to another is possible. Great morphological variability of Apiosoma is reflected in variability of shape and size of the body and mutual arrangement of micro--and macronucleus. The solution of the variability problem is necessary for the classification of the genus Apiosoma. A new species, Apiosoma lotae, and subspecies, Apiosoma piscicola percae, are described.", "contents": "[Morphological characteristics and certain biological problems of the representatives of the genus Apiosoma (Infusoria, Peritricha) from the young of predatory fishes]. 13 species of Apiosoma were recorded from the young of Esox lucius, Lota lota and Perca fluviatilis. 7 species were reported from Lota lota, 9 species-from Esox lucius and 6 species--from Perca fluviatilis. Apiosomes were found mainly on the body surface and fins of fishes and move seldom on their gills. Under changing conditions the transition of parasites from one organ to another is possible. Great morphological variability of Apiosoma is reflected in variability of shape and size of the body and mutual arrangement of micro--and macronucleus. The solution of the variability problem is necessary for the classification of the genus Apiosoma. A new species, Apiosoma lotae, and subspecies, Apiosoma piscicola percae, are described."}
{"id": "PMID:138840", "title": "Transient tricuspid insufficiency of the newborn: a form of myocardial dysfunction in stressed newborns.", "content": "Fourteen term newborn infants have been recognized as having transient tricuspid insufficiency associated with significant perinatal stress. Five of these infants underwent cardiac catheterization for presumed congenital heart disease, but had only massive tricuspid valve insufficiency. The other nine infants were diagnosed on the basis of a murmur characteristic of tricuspid valve insufficiency and on other clinical grounds. All had a history of significant perinatal stress in the form of asphyxia with or without hypoglycemia. Frequently, congestive heart failure, persistent cyanosis, and ECG evidence of myocardial ischemia were present. Twelve of the 14 survived, and in each of them all cardiac signs and symptoms, including the murmur, spontaneously resolved. The two patients who died had histopathologic evidence of necrosis in the anterior papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve. The constant features of perinatal stress, ST-T wave abnormalities on the ECG, and spontaneous resolution of the transient tricuspid insufficiency strongly suggest that this syndrome is secondary to a reversible form of myocardial dysfunction, perhaps by affecting papillary muscle specifically. We believe that hypoxia with or without hypoglycemia precipitates the events leading to this clinical syndrome which is distinguishable from other cardiac abnormalities in the newborn by the history, distinctive murmur, and the ECG abnormalities.", "contents": "Transient tricuspid insufficiency of the newborn: a form of myocardial dysfunction in stressed newborns. Fourteen term newborn infants have been recognized as having transient tricuspid insufficiency associated with significant perinatal stress. Five of these infants underwent cardiac catheterization for presumed congenital heart disease, but had only massive tricuspid valve insufficiency. The other nine infants were diagnosed on the basis of a murmur characteristic of tricuspid valve insufficiency and on other clinical grounds. All had a history of significant perinatal stress in the form of asphyxia with or without hypoglycemia. Frequently, congestive heart failure, persistent cyanosis, and ECG evidence of myocardial ischemia were present. Twelve of the 14 survived, and in each of them all cardiac signs and symptoms, including the murmur, spontaneously resolved. The two patients who died had histopathologic evidence of necrosis in the anterior papillary muscle of the tricuspid valve. The constant features of perinatal stress, ST-T wave abnormalities on the ECG, and spontaneous resolution of the transient tricuspid insufficiency strongly suggest that this syndrome is secondary to a reversible form of myocardial dysfunction, perhaps by affecting papillary muscle specifically. We believe that hypoxia with or without hypoglycemia precipitates the events leading to this clinical syndrome which is distinguishable from other cardiac abnormalities in the newborn by the history, distinctive murmur, and the ECG abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:138846", "title": "Establishing a normal peer as a behavioral model for developmentally delayed toddlers.", "content": "The present investigation demonstrated a systematic teaching procedure for establishing a normal toddler as a peer-model for three children showing delayed development, each one under 27 mo. of age. For each delayed subject, training consisted of adult-directed prompting and social reinforcement contingent upon the delayed children's imitations of material use and motor responses emitted by a normal peer. Within-subjects multiple-baseline designs across responses were used to demonstrate intrasubject control over imitative responding. Indices of stimulus and response generalization were assessed through having the peer-model present the trained responses along with untrained responses in a situation free of adult prompting and social reinforcement for imitative responding. Results indicated that the training in peer-imitation was successful for establishing the peer-model's behavior in a stimulus control relationship with the imitative responding of the delayed children. Moreover, the findings generally demonstrated transfer of training across stimulus situations and responses. Implications for educational programming with developmentally delayed children are discussed.", "contents": "Establishing a normal peer as a behavioral model for developmentally delayed toddlers. The present investigation demonstrated a systematic teaching procedure for establishing a normal toddler as a peer-model for three children showing delayed development, each one under 27 mo. of age. For each delayed subject, training consisted of adult-directed prompting and social reinforcement contingent upon the delayed children's imitations of material use and motor responses emitted by a normal peer. Within-subjects multiple-baseline designs across responses were used to demonstrate intrasubject control over imitative responding. Indices of stimulus and response generalization were assessed through having the peer-model present the trained responses along with untrained responses in a situation free of adult prompting and social reinforcement for imitative responding. Results indicated that the training in peer-imitation was successful for establishing the peer-model's behavior in a stimulus control relationship with the imitative responding of the delayed children. Moreover, the findings generally demonstrated transfer of training across stimulus situations and responses. Implications for educational programming with developmentally delayed children are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138852", "title": "Newer antibiotics: guidelines for use.", "content": "The number of antimicrobial agents available for use has increased significantly since the introduction of penicillin in the mid 1940s. Consequently, choosing among them has become an increasingly complex problem. In selecting an antibiotic, careful consideration must be given to the status of the patient and to the organism isolated. In addition, the physician must have detailed knowledge about the specific characteristics of each agent and must apply basic guidelines of antimicrobial therapy in order to make a rational choice.", "contents": "Newer antibiotics: guidelines for use. The number of antimicrobial agents available for use has increased significantly since the introduction of penicillin in the mid 1940s. Consequently, choosing among them has become an increasingly complex problem. In selecting an antibiotic, careful consideration must be given to the status of the patient and to the organism isolated. In addition, the physician must have detailed knowledge about the specific characteristics of each agent and must apply basic guidelines of antimicrobial therapy in order to make a rational choice."}
{"id": "PMID:138857", "title": "Effects of alpha methyltyrosine and parachlorophenylalanine on open field behavior in rats given tranylcypromine stereoisomers and lithium carbonate.", "content": "Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and alpha methyltyrosine (AMT) were used to study the roles of serotonin and catecholamines in hyperactivity produced by the stereoisomers of Tranylcypromine (d-Tc and 1-Tc) in male Wistar rats fed a normal diet (control groups) or a diet containing lithium carbonate (lithium groups). Components of locomotor activity were measured in an open field. Lithium decreased ambulation. d-Tc increased ambulation and caused jerky side-to-side movements. PCPA and AMT prevented the effects of d-Tc on ambulation while only PCPA prevented the effects of d-Tc on movement. 1-Tc increased ambulation. The effects of 1-Tc on ambulation were potentiated by PCPA and prevented by AMT. Rearing was increased by 1-Tc and d-Tc in rats given lithium. PCPA and AMT prevented the effects of 1-Tc and d-Tc on rearing in lithium groups. The findings suggest that the roles of serotoninergic and catecholaminergic mechanisms differ for components of open field behavior in control  rats and rats given lithium.", "contents": "Effects of alpha methyltyrosine and parachlorophenylalanine on open field behavior in rats given tranylcypromine stereoisomers and lithium carbonate. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and alpha methyltyrosine (AMT) were used to study the roles of serotonin and catecholamines in hyperactivity produced by the stereoisomers of Tranylcypromine (d-Tc and 1-Tc) in male Wistar rats fed a normal diet (control groups) or a diet containing lithium carbonate (lithium groups). Components of locomotor activity were measured in an open field. Lithium decreased ambulation. d-Tc increased ambulation and caused jerky side-to-side movements. PCPA and AMT prevented the effects of d-Tc on ambulation while only PCPA prevented the effects of d-Tc on movement. 1-Tc increased ambulation. The effects of 1-Tc on ambulation were potentiated by PCPA and prevented by AMT. Rearing was increased by 1-Tc and d-Tc in rats given lithium. PCPA and AMT prevented the effects of 1-Tc and d-Tc on rearing in lithium groups. The findings suggest that the roles of serotoninergic and catecholaminergic mechanisms differ for components of open field behavior in control  rats and rats given lithium."}
{"id": "PMID:138858", "title": "Biochemical actions of sympathomimetic drugs which overcome cycloheximide-induced amnesia.", "content": "Earlier investigations of sympathomimetic drugs overcoming the amnesic action of cycloheximide (CXM) in day-old chickens were extended to biochemical studies in vitro. The effects of amphetamine, norepinephrine, alpha and beta noradrenergic stimulants and receptor blockers on Na+/K+ ATP'ase activity in total homogenate of chicken forebrain were investigated. Norepinephrine and the beta stimulant, isoprenaline significantly stimulated the activity of this enzyme, while the beta blocker, propranolol inhibited activity. Amphetamine, the alpha stimulant, methoxamine and the alpha receptor blocker, piperoxane had no effect  on Na/K+ ATP'ase activity in total homogenate. In a purified synaptosomal preparation, both amphetamine (5 X 10(-5) M) and norepinephrine (1 X 10(-4) M) produced a slight stimulation of Na+/K+ ATP'ase activity. A similar concentration of amphetamine (1.12 X 10(-4) M) did not inhibit 14C-leucine uptake or incorporation into protein in the synaptosomal fraction. Nor was it able to alleviate CXM inhibition of 14C-leucine incorporation into synaptosomal protein. The results are interpreted in terms of amphetamine (via release of norepinephrine) norepinephrine and isoprenaline stimulating and maintaining the labile, sodium pump-dependent, phase of memory formation for a sufficient length of time until protein synthesis inhibition by CXM wears off.", "contents": "Biochemical actions of sympathomimetic drugs which overcome cycloheximide-induced amnesia. Earlier investigations of sympathomimetic drugs overcoming the amnesic action of cycloheximide (CXM) in day-old chickens were extended to biochemical studies in vitro. The effects of amphetamine, norepinephrine, alpha and beta noradrenergic stimulants and receptor blockers on Na+/K+ ATP'ase activity in total homogenate of chicken forebrain were investigated. Norepinephrine and the beta stimulant, isoprenaline significantly stimulated the activity of this enzyme, while the beta blocker, propranolol inhibited activity. Amphetamine, the alpha stimulant, methoxamine and the alpha receptor blocker, piperoxane had no effect  on Na/K+ ATP'ase activity in total homogenate. In a purified synaptosomal preparation, both amphetamine (5 X 10(-5) M) and norepinephrine (1 X 10(-4) M) produced a slight stimulation of Na+/K+ ATP'ase activity. A similar concentration of amphetamine (1.12 X 10(-4) M) did not inhibit 14C-leucine uptake or incorporation into protein in the synaptosomal fraction. Nor was it able to alleviate CXM inhibition of 14C-leucine incorporation into synaptosomal protein. The results are interpreted in terms of amphetamine (via release of norepinephrine) norepinephrine and isoprenaline stimulating and maintaining the labile, sodium pump-dependent, phase of memory formation for a sufficient length of time until protein synthesis inhibition by CXM wears off."}
{"id": "PMID:138861", "title": "Effects of bumetanide on sodium transport of the isolated frog skin and on renal Na-K-ATPase.", "content": "The effects of bumetanide, a new potent diuretic, on net sodium transport of the isolated frog skin and on rat renal Na-K-ATPase were studied. A dose-related decrease in short-circuit current and potential difference with increased electrical resistance was observed when bumetanide was added to the corial side of the skin. Addition to the epithelial side resulted in enhanced net sodium transport with decreased electrical resistance. When applied to the corial side it abolished vasopressin- and aldosterone-stimulated transport. Present in the epithelial bath ouabain-inhibited transport was unaffected by this drug, while triamterene-induced inhibition of sodium transport was completely abolished. In vitro, no significant effects on Na-K-ATPase were noted. It is concluded that bumetanide shares properties of both furosemide and ethacrynic acid and excerts its effects on epithelial sodium transport by altering membrane permeability and possibly by inhibition of some step in the active transport mechanism for sodium.", "contents": "Effects of bumetanide on sodium transport of the isolated frog skin and on renal Na-K-ATPase. The effects of bumetanide, a new potent diuretic, on net sodium transport of the isolated frog skin and on rat renal Na-K-ATPase were studied. A dose-related decrease in short-circuit current and potential difference with increased electrical resistance was observed when bumetanide was added to the corial side of the skin. Addition to the epithelial side resulted in enhanced net sodium transport with decreased electrical resistance. When applied to the corial side it abolished vasopressin- and aldosterone-stimulated transport. Present in the epithelial bath ouabain-inhibited transport was unaffected by this drug, while triamterene-induced inhibition of sodium transport was completely abolished. In vitro, no significant effects on Na-K-ATPase were noted. It is concluded that bumetanide shares properties of both furosemide and ethacrynic acid and excerts its effects on epithelial sodium transport by altering membrane permeability and possibly by inhibition of some step in the active transport mechanism for sodium."}
{"id": "PMID:138862", "title": "Biological ion exchanger resins. X. The cytotonus hypothesis: biological contractility and the total regulation of cellular physiology through quantitative control of cell water.", "content": "Actin-like (A-L) fraction from normal E. coli was compared with the protein from a potassium-transport mutant strain, and the cell-swelling reaction of both strains was studied. Findings were: (a) The membrane fraction of the mutant by SDS electrophoresis is deficient in the A-L fragment relative to normal whereas the soluble supernatant contains an excess. (b) Important catalytic differences exist between the A-L fractions of the two strains. The parent strain accumulates potassium in low K+ and the A-L fraction polymerizes in low K+. But the A-L fraction from the mutant fails to polymerize in low K media in the K+ concentration region where the mutant fails at K+ uptake. (c) The parent cell swells during low K+ uptake whereas the mutant does not. It is constructed from this that the differences in the characterization of A-L fraction relative to normal are related to the loss of cell-swelling in the mutant and hence to the loss in alkali cation selectivity. Thus two physical mechanisms, one macroscopic and dependent on the Gregor relation for swelling equilibria in ion exchange resins, and one more microscopic based on the dielectric dependence of the coulomb force between ion pairs, could underly regulation of ion selectivity by cell swelling. A similar proposal is made for the regulation of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. These findings and interpretations justify a new hypothesis to the effect that cell hydration is regulated by contractile proteins. The hypothesis fits together important observations hitherto unexplained, to wit: (1) The \"missing link\" as to the role of intermediate metabolism in biological ion exchange. (2) The swelling of bacterial protoplasts and its relation to (Mg2 + Ca2+)ATPase activity. (3) The swelling-contraction cycles of mitochondria and their role in electron transport. (4) The role of ATPase's in transport. (5) The significance of actomyosin fibers in nerve endings. (6) The significance of altered actomyosin structures in the cancerous cell.", "contents": "Biological ion exchanger resins. X. The cytotonus hypothesis: biological contractility and the total regulation of cellular physiology through quantitative control of cell water. Actin-like (A-L) fraction from normal E. coli was compared with the protein from a potassium-transport mutant strain, and the cell-swelling reaction of both strains was studied. Findings were: (a) The membrane fraction of the mutant by SDS electrophoresis is deficient in the A-L fragment relative to normal whereas the soluble supernatant contains an excess. (b) Important catalytic differences exist between the A-L fractions of the two strains. The parent strain accumulates potassium in low K+ and the A-L fraction polymerizes in low K+. But the A-L fraction from the mutant fails to polymerize in low K media in the K+ concentration region where the mutant fails at K+ uptake. (c) The parent cell swells during low K+ uptake whereas the mutant does not. It is constructed from this that the differences in the characterization of A-L fraction relative to normal are related to the loss of cell-swelling in the mutant and hence to the loss in alkali cation selectivity. Thus two physical mechanisms, one macroscopic and dependent on the Gregor relation for swelling equilibria in ion exchange resins, and one more microscopic based on the dielectric dependence of the coulomb force between ion pairs, could underly regulation of ion selectivity by cell swelling. A similar proposal is made for the regulation of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. These findings and interpretations justify a new hypothesis to the effect that cell hydration is regulated by contractile proteins. The hypothesis fits together important observations hitherto unexplained, to wit: (1) The \"missing link\" as to the role of intermediate metabolism in biological ion exchange. (2) The swelling of bacterial protoplasts and its relation to (Mg2 + Ca2+)ATPase activity. (3) The swelling-contraction cycles of mitochondria and their role in electron transport. (4) The role of ATPase's in transport. (5) The significance of actomyosin fibers in nerve endings. (6) The significance of altered actomyosin structures in the cancerous cell."}
{"id": "PMID:138854", "title": "[Ways of biosynthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in the virilizing tumors of human adrenal glands].", "content": "A study was made of the ways of transformation of pregnenolone into sulfated androgens in the virilizing tumours of the human adrenal glands. Formation of sulfates of pregnenolone, 17alpha-on-pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, delta5-androsten-3beta, 17beta-diol, and testosterone was revealed in the tissue of the adrenal gland tumours. The principal sulfate forming in the tumour tissue was dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DEAS). Analysis of the time changes of the pregnenolone label in the sulfates under study and in the corresponding free compounds showed that DEAS formed chiefly through the free dehydroepiandrosterone. Formation of sulfates of 17alpha-on-pregnenolone, delta5-androsten-3beta, 17beta-diol, testosterone coursed along the route of the both sulfated and free precursors.", "contents": "[Ways of biosynthesis of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in the virilizing tumors of human adrenal glands]. A study was made of the ways of transformation of pregnenolone into sulfated androgens in the virilizing tumours of the human adrenal glands. Formation of sulfates of pregnenolone, 17alpha-on-pregnenolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, delta5-androsten-3beta, 17beta-diol, and testosterone was revealed in the tissue of the adrenal gland tumours. The principal sulfate forming in the tumour tissue was dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DEAS). Analysis of the time changes of the pregnenolone label in the sulfates under study and in the corresponding free compounds showed that DEAS formed chiefly through the free dehydroepiandrosterone. Formation of sulfates of 17alpha-on-pregnenolone, delta5-androsten-3beta, 17beta-diol, testosterone coursed along the route of the both sulfated and free precursors."}
{"id": "PMID:138864", "title": "Histophysiological studies of prostaglandin F2alpha on isolated organs. I. Effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on the heart.", "content": "The physiological and histochemical effects of PGF2alpha on isolated rabbit hearts were examined. The results showed a positive inotropic effect. The coronary flow increased. From the histochemical studies, adenosine triphosphatase (ATP-ase) and succinic dehydrogenase activities were increased while that of alkaline phosphatase was decreased. Glycogen granules were depleted. These findings were discussed on a histophysiological basis.", "contents": "Histophysiological studies of prostaglandin F2alpha on isolated organs. I. Effect of prostaglandin F2alpha on the heart. The physiological and histochemical effects of PGF2alpha on isolated rabbit hearts were examined. The results showed a positive inotropic effect. The coronary flow increased. From the histochemical studies, adenosine triphosphatase (ATP-ase) and succinic dehydrogenase activities were increased while that of alkaline phosphatase was decreased. Glycogen granules were depleted. These findings were discussed on a histophysiological basis."}
{"id": "PMID:138865", "title": "[Clinico-epidemiological statistical analysis and surgical considerations in Hodgkin's disease].", "content": "Following a discussion on the new acquisitions in the field of medicine and surgery concerning the malignant lymphogranuloma, the authors present a clinico-epidemiological study of 228 patients. Thus a series of known elements are confirmed, while others are infirmated by statistical data presented. More ample discussions are necessary to be carried out on this basis, concerning the real benefit of surgical possibilities when aplied in the treatment of this disease.", "contents": "[Clinico-epidemiological statistical analysis and surgical considerations in Hodgkin's disease]. Following a discussion on the new acquisitions in the field of medicine and surgery concerning the malignant lymphogranuloma, the authors present a clinico-epidemiological study of 228 patients. Thus a series of known elements are confirmed, while others are infirmated by statistical data presented. More ample discussions are necessary to be carried out on this basis, concerning the real benefit of surgical possibilities when aplied in the treatment of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:138867", "title": "[Orthopedic treatment of Scheuermann's juvenile kyphosis].", "content": "The authors establish some indications, depending on several criteria, of the treatment of cases of juvenile kyphosis of the Scheuermann type. These are based on their experience acquired in the therapy of 26 cases of juvenile kyphosis in which orthopaedic procedures have been applied -- plaster cast for recovery in two stages, followed by an orthopaedic corset and careful follow-up for at least one year after the end of the treatment. The criteria suggested as being important are: the severity of the kyphosis, the mobility of the spine, the severity of the kyphosis, the mobility of the spine, the severity of the vertebral structural lesions and the bone age. In cases of kyphosis under 40 degrees with a mobile spine, with minimal radiological lesions, detected before the end of growth, kinesitherapy is indicated and repeated clinico-radiological follow-up. The progression of the kyphosis under treatment or the existance of important vertebral structural lesions make necessary the performance of an orthopaedic treatment, the same as the severe cases of kyphosis, over 40 degrees, with median or severe vertebral lesions.", "contents": "[Orthopedic treatment of Scheuermann's juvenile kyphosis]. The authors establish some indications, depending on several criteria, of the treatment of cases of juvenile kyphosis of the Scheuermann type. These are based on their experience acquired in the therapy of 26 cases of juvenile kyphosis in which orthopaedic procedures have been applied -- plaster cast for recovery in two stages, followed by an orthopaedic corset and careful follow-up for at least one year after the end of the treatment. The criteria suggested as being important are: the severity of the kyphosis, the mobility of the spine, the severity of the kyphosis, the mobility of the spine, the severity of the vertebral structural lesions and the bone age. In cases of kyphosis under 40 degrees with a mobile spine, with minimal radiological lesions, detected before the end of growth, kinesitherapy is indicated and repeated clinico-radiological follow-up. The progression of the kyphosis under treatment or the existance of important vertebral structural lesions make necessary the performance of an orthopaedic treatment, the same as the severe cases of kyphosis, over 40 degrees, with median or severe vertebral lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:138868", "title": "[Surgical reoperation after vagotomy].", "content": "In 39 cases of re-interventions carried out after vagotomy (of which 31 were patients hospitalized in the Clinic and represent 8,6% of the total 358 vagotomies performed), the experience, the viewpoints and the recommendations of the authors are presented. Early re-interventions were necessayr because of complications which are common to abdominal surgery and only in a much lower degree to accidents that can be attributed to vagotomy or the associated intervention. Late re-interventions (26 cases) were necessary in 20 cases for ulcer recidives (13 for vagotomies performed in the Clinic and 7 for vagotomies performed in other units) while late-re-interventions for dumping syndrome, cholelythiasis, etc. represented only isolated cases in these statistics.", "contents": "[Surgical reoperation after vagotomy]. In 39 cases of re-interventions carried out after vagotomy (of which 31 were patients hospitalized in the Clinic and represent 8,6% of the total 358 vagotomies performed), the experience, the viewpoints and the recommendations of the authors are presented. Early re-interventions were necessayr because of complications which are common to abdominal surgery and only in a much lower degree to accidents that can be attributed to vagotomy or the associated intervention. Late re-interventions (26 cases) were necessary in 20 cases for ulcer recidives (13 for vagotomies performed in the Clinic and 7 for vagotomies performed in other units) while late-re-interventions for dumping syndrome, cholelythiasis, etc. represented only isolated cases in these statistics."}
{"id": "PMID:138869", "title": "[Therapeutic management of neoplastic occlusions of the colon].", "content": "The authors present their experience in 39 cases of occlusions occuring in a number of 142 neoplasies of the colon hospitalized between 1965 and 1973. The major attention was given to the treatment of the occluding complication. In cases where the occlusions are due to neoplasies of the right colon, right hemicolectomy should be carriet out in preference, while in cases with neoplastic occlusions of the left colon the attitude will be differentiated. The authors are not partisans of the emergency left hemicolectomy.", "contents": "[Therapeutic management of neoplastic occlusions of the colon]. The authors present their experience in 39 cases of occlusions occuring in a number of 142 neoplasies of the colon hospitalized between 1965 and 1973. The major attention was given to the treatment of the occluding complication. In cases where the occlusions are due to neoplasies of the right colon, right hemicolectomy should be carriet out in preference, while in cases with neoplastic occlusions of the left colon the attitude will be differentiated. The authors are not partisans of the emergency left hemicolectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:138870", "title": "[Pyoroplasty with \"cruciform\" incision of the pylorus].", "content": "In cases when the pylorus area is significantly modified by the presence of the ulcerative lesions, frequently associated with hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter, which does not allow to carry out in satisfactory conditions pyloroplasty of the Heinecke-Mikulicz type, the author introduces an improvement of the above mentioned technique by adding anterior sphincterectomy, obtained by a \"cross like\" incision of the pylorus. The final suture of the pyloroplasty is exclusively of the transversal type, in a single or in a double layer, when the lumina of the pylorus allows for such a suture.", "contents": "[Pyoroplasty with \"cruciform\" incision of the pylorus]. In cases when the pylorus area is significantly modified by the presence of the ulcerative lesions, frequently associated with hypertrophy of the pyloric sphincter, which does not allow to carry out in satisfactory conditions pyloroplasty of the Heinecke-Mikulicz type, the author introduces an improvement of the above mentioned technique by adding anterior sphincterectomy, obtained by a \"cross like\" incision of the pylorus. The final suture of the pyloroplasty is exclusively of the transversal type, in a single or in a double layer, when the lumina of the pylorus allows for such a suture."}
{"id": "PMID:138871", "title": "[Surgical management of post-caustic prepyloric stenosis. The Y-V intravascular segmental antrectomy (considerations on 71 cases)].", "content": "The author presents 71 cases of gastric stenoses following caustic lesions, of which 20 were located in the stomach and 51 also involved the oesophagus (oesophagian stenosis). In cases with limited antrum stenoses the author performed antrectomy and gastro-duodenal anastomosis. In the pre-pylorus stenoses, when these were located at 3--5 cm from the pylorus the author recommends the conservation of the denevated pylorus by double pylorotomy and anastomosis with the entire gastric section. He describes a personal procedure which he calls: The Y--V intravascular segmental antrectomy\". In cases with extensive gastric stenoses (over 75% of the area), as well as in evolutive corrosion lesions the author recommends Y-jejunostomy, of the Maydl type.", "contents": "[Surgical management of post-caustic prepyloric stenosis. The Y-V intravascular segmental antrectomy (considerations on 71 cases)]. The author presents 71 cases of gastric stenoses following caustic lesions, of which 20 were located in the stomach and 51 also involved the oesophagus (oesophagian stenosis). In cases with limited antrum stenoses the author performed antrectomy and gastro-duodenal anastomosis. In the pre-pylorus stenoses, when these were located at 3--5 cm from the pylorus the author recommends the conservation of the denevated pylorus by double pylorotomy and anastomosis with the entire gastric section. He describes a personal procedure which he calls: The Y--V intravascular segmental antrectomy\". In cases with extensive gastric stenoses (over 75% of the area), as well as in evolutive corrosion lesions the author recommends Y-jejunostomy, of the Maydl type."}
{"id": "PMID:138872", "title": "[Operated esophageal atresia of late diagnosis, with postoperative survival].", "content": "The authors present two cases of oesophageal atresia with oeso-tracheal communication that, although they have been diagnosed in the 2-nd and the 4-th day of life, have been operated successfully. Both children, investigated at the age of one and one and a half years respectively, are in perfect health.", "contents": "[Operated esophageal atresia of late diagnosis, with postoperative survival]. The authors present two cases of oesophageal atresia with oeso-tracheal communication that, although they have been diagnosed in the 2-nd and the 4-th day of life, have been operated successfully. Both children, investigated at the age of one and one and a half years respectively, are in perfect health."}
{"id": "PMID:138874", "title": "[General anesthesia in endoscopic examination of the digestive tract].", "content": "The authors made an analysis of 165 general anesthesias applied in the digestive fibroendoscopy and they establish the technology and the indications of this method, as follows: 1) uncooperative patient (in this category should be included children, psychopaths, mentally deficient subjects and a certain category of neurotics); 2) when difficult endofibroscopies are to be expected, during which therapeutic procedures are highly probable, such as resection of polyps, coagulation of bleeding surfaces etc.; 3) lack of tolerance to local anesthetics; 4) optimal instruction conditions should be provided for the beginner anesthesist; 5) the authors recommend that all such anesthesies should be carried out in hospital only. They also suggest as the most reliable technique the intra-venous general anesthesia and the oro-tracheal intubation of the patient.", "contents": "[General anesthesia in endoscopic examination of the digestive tract]. The authors made an analysis of 165 general anesthesias applied in the digestive fibroendoscopy and they establish the technology and the indications of this method, as follows: 1) uncooperative patient (in this category should be included children, psychopaths, mentally deficient subjects and a certain category of neurotics); 2) when difficult endofibroscopies are to be expected, during which therapeutic procedures are highly probable, such as resection of polyps, coagulation of bleeding surfaces etc.; 3) lack of tolerance to local anesthetics; 4) optimal instruction conditions should be provided for the beginner anesthesist; 5) the authors recommend that all such anesthesies should be carried out in hospital only. They also suggest as the most reliable technique the intra-venous general anesthesia and the oro-tracheal intubation of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:138875", "title": "[Therapeutic considerations on a case of post-transfusion intravascular hemolysis].", "content": "A case is presented of intravascular hemolysis following incompatible transfusion of 500 ml hetero-group blood in a patient aged 29 years that had undergone emergency surgery for intra-abdominal hemorrhagic syndrome. Stress is laid on volemic therapy, on osmotic treatment and on the administration of alkalines in the first hours following the accident.", "contents": "[Therapeutic considerations on a case of post-transfusion intravascular hemolysis]. A case is presented of intravascular hemolysis following incompatible transfusion of 500 ml hetero-group blood in a patient aged 29 years that had undergone emergency surgery for intra-abdominal hemorrhagic syndrome. Stress is laid on volemic therapy, on osmotic treatment and on the administration of alkalines in the first hours following the accident."}
{"id": "PMID:138878", "title": "[Total uretero-ileoplasty for extensive stenosis of the ureter, unresolved by pyeloplasty and ureterocalycostomy].", "content": "A case is discussed, of extensive ureteral stenosis that could not be solved by uveal intubation, neither by two ureterocalycostomies, in which total ureteroileoplasty gave immediately good results.", "contents": "[Total uretero-ileoplasty for extensive stenosis of the ureter, unresolved by pyeloplasty and ureterocalycostomy]. A case is discussed, of extensive ureteral stenosis that could not be solved by uveal intubation, neither by two ureterocalycostomies, in which total ureteroileoplasty gave immediately good results."}
{"id": "PMID:138879", "title": "[Unusual aspects of colo-esophagoplasty in post-caustic esophageal stenosis].", "content": "The author presents 7 cases illustrating various particular aspects of coloesophagoplasty performed in cases of post-caustic esophageal stenoses. In pharyngolaryngeal stenoses the author recommends a personal technical variant of the oro-pharyngeal anastomosis. In one such case he performed a double pharyngocolic anastomosis in \"Y\". In two cases the author has successfully carried out retro-sternal transposition \"of necessity\", at 6 months and 4 years after coloesophagoplasty in the pre-thoracic variant. Intra-thoracic strangulation of the colic tube, occuring in two cases at 1 and 3 years respectively following initial surgery was resolved by colectomy of the intra-vascular type (\"of verticalization\").", "contents": "[Unusual aspects of colo-esophagoplasty in post-caustic esophageal stenosis]. The author presents 7 cases illustrating various particular aspects of coloesophagoplasty performed in cases of post-caustic esophageal stenoses. In pharyngolaryngeal stenoses the author recommends a personal technical variant of the oro-pharyngeal anastomosis. In one such case he performed a double pharyngocolic anastomosis in \"Y\". In two cases the author has successfully carried out retro-sternal transposition \"of necessity\", at 6 months and 4 years after coloesophagoplasty in the pre-thoracic variant. Intra-thoracic strangulation of the colic tube, occuring in two cases at 1 and 3 years respectively following initial surgery was resolved by colectomy of the intra-vascular type (\"of verticalization\")."}
{"id": "PMID:138882", "title": "[Recurrent renal lithiasis].", "content": "The author discusses, on the basis of 457 cases of recidivating renal lithiasis (representing 16% of the total number lithiasis cases hospitalized over a period of 28 years in the \"Panduri\" Hospital of Bucharest), the problem of false recidives, the causes that lead to recidive, the chemical composition of the stones, evolution aspects and therapeutical indications.", "contents": "[Recurrent renal lithiasis]. The author discusses, on the basis of 457 cases of recidivating renal lithiasis (representing 16% of the total number lithiasis cases hospitalized over a period of 28 years in the \"Panduri\" Hospital of Bucharest), the problem of false recidives, the causes that lead to recidive, the chemical composition of the stones, evolution aspects and therapeutical indications."}
{"id": "PMID:138886", "title": "[Changes in the iridic circulation during shock treated with phenoxybenzamine (experimental and clinical)].", "content": "Irian circulation was studied in the course of shock and following injection of phenoxybenzamine. It is concluded that the drug induces an improvement of the irian vasculature, an increase in the number of open vessels and an increase in their diameter.", "contents": "[Changes in the iridic circulation during shock treated with phenoxybenzamine (experimental and clinical)]. Irian circulation was studied in the course of shock and following injection of phenoxybenzamine. It is concluded that the drug induces an improvement of the irian vasculature, an increase in the number of open vessels and an increase in their diameter."}
{"id": "PMID:138908", "title": "[Massive hemorrhage during major orthopedic surgery. Metabolic consequences].", "content": "Orthopaedic operations such as procedures for spinal deformity or operation for septic or loose total hip prosthesis are often associated with massive haemorrhage. Electrolyte analysis in 44 cases showed a low level of potassium. Rapid transfusion with stored blood appeared to have little effect on cardiac efficiency unless dilute calcium chloride was added. Alkaline preparations were used in patients with circulatory deficiency. Abnormalities of blood clotting were prevented by the use of fresh blood. Hypothermia and pulmonary complications also occurred and were eventually prevented by the use of assisted ventilation during the post-operative period.", "contents": "[Massive hemorrhage during major orthopedic surgery. Metabolic consequences]. Orthopaedic operations such as procedures for spinal deformity or operation for septic or loose total hip prosthesis are often associated with massive haemorrhage. Electrolyte analysis in 44 cases showed a low level of potassium. Rapid transfusion with stored blood appeared to have little effect on cardiac efficiency unless dilute calcium chloride was added. Alkaline preparations were used in patients with circulatory deficiency. Abnormalities of blood clotting were prevented by the use of fresh blood. Hypothermia and pulmonary complications also occurred and were eventually prevented by the use of assisted ventilation during the post-operative period."}
{"id": "PMID:138909", "title": "[Nailing according to Ender. Biomechanical study and results of 120 cases].", "content": "The authors have conducted a clinical and biomechanical study of blind nailing of trochanteric fractures by the Ender's technique. The nail is introduced through the medial femoral condyle. The study was based on 120 operations. From the biomechanical standpoint, the authors studied the forces exerted in the medullary canal of the femoral shaft and the grip of the nail in the head and neck of the femur. In most of the cases the technique allowed immediate walking with weight-bearing. The results are compared with those obtained after nail-plate fixation. They were superior on three counts--less infection, less breakage of inserted material and less non-union, but the technique produced more mal-union. For this reason, the authors consider it to be an excellent technique but to be reserved for older patients.", "contents": "[Nailing according to Ender. Biomechanical study and results of 120 cases]. The authors have conducted a clinical and biomechanical study of blind nailing of trochanteric fractures by the Ender's technique. The nail is introduced through the medial femoral condyle. The study was based on 120 operations. From the biomechanical standpoint, the authors studied the forces exerted in the medullary canal of the femoral shaft and the grip of the nail in the head and neck of the femur. In most of the cases the technique allowed immediate walking with weight-bearing. The results are compared with those obtained after nail-plate fixation. They were superior on three counts--less infection, less breakage of inserted material and less non-union, but the technique produced more mal-union. For this reason, the authors consider it to be an excellent technique but to be reserved for older patients."}
{"id": "PMID:138910", "title": "[Nailing according to Ender in metastatic femur fractures. 13 cases].", "content": "Thirteen metastatic fractures and metastasis of upper extremity of the femur have been treated by Enders' blind nailing in the Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Strasbourg University Hospital. Either very bad general status or major bone destructions made any other surgical care impossible. The author's purpose of relieving of pain and easy nursing was always obtained and some patients were able to walk after radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Nailing according to Ender in metastatic femur fractures. 13 cases]. Thirteen metastatic fractures and metastasis of upper extremity of the femur have been treated by Enders' blind nailing in the Orthopaedic Surgery Department of Strasbourg University Hospital. Either very bad general status or major bone destructions made any other surgical care impossible. The author's purpose of relieving of pain and easy nursing was always obtained and some patients were able to walk after radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:138911", "title": "[Fibula aplasia and associated malformations. 62 cases].", "content": "The authors have studied 62 cases of aplasia of hypoplasia of the fibula. They note that developmental abnormalities affect the whole of the lower limb. They describe the evolution of the bony deformities and of anomalies of the soft tissues. They conclude that discrepancy in limb length is the major factor in the prognosis and that it increases uniformally. Surgery is indicated even when a definitive prosthesis is planned. The possibility of leg lengthening must be approached with caution.", "contents": "[Fibula aplasia and associated malformations. 62 cases]. The authors have studied 62 cases of aplasia of hypoplasia of the fibula. They note that developmental abnormalities affect the whole of the lower limb. They describe the evolution of the bony deformities and of anomalies of the soft tissues. They conclude that discrepancy in limb length is the major factor in the prognosis and that it increases uniformally. Surgery is indicated even when a definitive prosthesis is planned. The possibility of leg lengthening must be approached with caution."}
{"id": "PMID:138918", "title": "[The working place of the disabled as a social, ergonomic and safety problem (author's transl)].", "content": "Considering the disabled's role from the societal point of view and the necessity to re-integrate him to the fullest possible extent into the working process, the author raises the question in how far the (see article) 90/91 of the Works Constitution Act is also relevant for this group of employees. The results of these considerations is the initiation of a work science focusing on the disabled, or the resolute application of work scientific findings to the disability sector. Some ergonomic and safety related considerations strengthen the claim for social integration of the disabled. They should be included - together with a number of systematic job analyses in part already carried out by the author of this article - in the training programmes of job analysists for industrial firms.", "contents": "[The working place of the disabled as a social, ergonomic and safety problem (author's transl)]. Considering the disabled's role from the societal point of view and the necessity to re-integrate him to the fullest possible extent into the working process, the author raises the question in how far the (see article) 90/91 of the Works Constitution Act is also relevant for this group of employees. The results of these considerations is the initiation of a work science focusing on the disabled, or the resolute application of work scientific findings to the disability sector. Some ergonomic and safety related considerations strengthen the claim for social integration of the disabled. They should be included - together with a number of systematic job analyses in part already carried out by the author of this article - in the training programmes of job analysists for industrial firms."}
{"id": "PMID:138920", "title": "Observation on the remarkable stability of transmissible mink encephalopathy virus.", "content": "Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) virus retained biological activity after prolonged storage in formalin (about three and a half years) and in paraffin tissue blocks used for histologic preparations (about six and a half years). Thus, TME tissues in formalin and in paraffin blocks should be handled as contaminated materials.", "contents": "Observation on the remarkable stability of transmissible mink encephalopathy virus. Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME) virus retained biological activity after prolonged storage in formalin (about three and a half years) and in paraffin tissue blocks used for histologic preparations (about six and a half years). Thus, TME tissues in formalin and in paraffin blocks should be handled as contaminated materials."}
{"id": "PMID:138922", "title": "[Contribution of the microbiology laboratory to renal and urinary studies. Bacteriological examination of urine].", "content": "A. General considerations: 1. Microbiological condition of the normal urine and urinary tract; 2. Infections of the urinary tract. B. Possibilities of the laboratory of microbiology in renourinary investigations: 1. Detection and significance of pathogenic microorganisms in the urine; 2. Quantitative uroculture: a. The significance of urocultures in asymptomatic bacteriuria; b. The significance of bacteriuria in clinical diseases of the urinary tract. 3. Other diagnostic possibilities in urinary tract infections. 4. Possible microbiologic localization in urinary infections. a. Washing the urinary bladder; b. Urethral catheterism; c. Evidence of bacteria-antibody complexes in the urine; d. Bacteriologic localization pattern in bacterial urethritis and prostatitis. 5. Testing against antibiotics. C. Bacteriologic examination of the urine: 1. Collecting the urine for bacteriologic examination: a. Collecting from the middle jet: I) from women II) from men III) from imobilized patients IV) from children b. Collection by suprapubic puncture 2. Screening methods and tests 3. Methodology and diagnostic tests in urinary tract  infections. a. Cultures; b. Follow up of the results. c. Reporting the results.", "contents": "[Contribution of the microbiology laboratory to renal and urinary studies. Bacteriological examination of urine]. A. General considerations: 1. Microbiological condition of the normal urine and urinary tract; 2. Infections of the urinary tract. B. Possibilities of the laboratory of microbiology in renourinary investigations: 1. Detection and significance of pathogenic microorganisms in the urine; 2. Quantitative uroculture: a. The significance of urocultures in asymptomatic bacteriuria; b. The significance of bacteriuria in clinical diseases of the urinary tract. 3. Other diagnostic possibilities in urinary tract infections. 4. Possible microbiologic localization in urinary infections. a. Washing the urinary bladder; b. Urethral catheterism; c. Evidence of bacteria-antibody complexes in the urine; d. Bacteriologic localization pattern in bacterial urethritis and prostatitis. 5. Testing against antibiotics. C. Bacteriologic examination of the urine: 1. Collecting the urine for bacteriologic examination: a. Collecting from the middle jet: I) from women II) from men III) from imobilized patients IV) from children b. Collection by suprapubic puncture 2. Screening methods and tests 3. Methodology and diagnostic tests in urinary tract  infections. a. Cultures; b. Follow up of the results. c. Reporting the results."}
{"id": "PMID:138923", "title": "[Current aspects of infectious mononucleosis].", "content": "The authors discuss present aspects in infectious mononucleosis, with reference to the cases admitted to the Clinic of communicable Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, i.e. 115 cases during the 1954--1973 period (3 to 13 cases a year). In most cases the clinical symptomatology was mild and the laboratory tests typical not giving rise to any diagnostic difficulties. However, 28 cases (25%) presented jaundice, with positive hepatic tests, so that a differential diagnosis was established with viral hepatitis. In 9 cases nervous manifestations were reported: 4 encephalitis, 1 neuritis of the hypoglossal nerve, 2 facial paralysis, 2 benign serous meningitis cases, all of which fully recovered. The Paul Bunnel-H\u0103ng\u0103nu\u0163iu test was positive in titers of 1 : 40 -- 1 : 1280, in all the cases. Corticotherapy was applied with good results in 24 cases. All the cases ran a favourable course. On admission, 45% of the patients came with a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis; the others were admitted with a diagnosis of : diphteric angina, viral hepatitis, influenza, German measles, mups, typhoid fever, prolonged febrile syndrome.", "contents": "[Current aspects of infectious mononucleosis]. The authors discuss present aspects in infectious mononucleosis, with reference to the cases admitted to the Clinic of communicable Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, i.e. 115 cases during the 1954--1973 period (3 to 13 cases a year). In most cases the clinical symptomatology was mild and the laboratory tests typical not giving rise to any diagnostic difficulties. However, 28 cases (25%) presented jaundice, with positive hepatic tests, so that a differential diagnosis was established with viral hepatitis. In 9 cases nervous manifestations were reported: 4 encephalitis, 1 neuritis of the hypoglossal nerve, 2 facial paralysis, 2 benign serous meningitis cases, all of which fully recovered. The Paul Bunnel-H\u0103ng\u0103nu\u0163iu test was positive in titers of 1 : 40 -- 1 : 1280, in all the cases. Corticotherapy was applied with good results in 24 cases. All the cases ran a favourable course. On admission, 45% of the patients came with a diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis; the others were admitted with a diagnosis of : diphteric angina, viral hepatitis, influenza, German measles, mups, typhoid fever, prolonged febrile syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:138924", "title": "[Comparative evaluation of risk factors in acute generalized tetanus].", "content": "The investigations included a group of 26 patients with acute generalized tetanus, cared for in the Clinic according to a unitary method. A number of 17 prognostic, clinical and laboratory criteria were analyzed from the viewpoint of the pathogenic and clinicoevolutive incidence and significance. According to the severity, lethal course of the disease the following sequence was established in order of gravity: serum sickness, kypokaliemia, hyperpyruvicemia greater than an incubation of less 6 days, invasion within less than 24 hours, hyperlactacidemia greater than age over 60 years, persistent hypertension and tachycardia, hyperazoltemia, hyperglycemia, frequent paroxysmal contractions (before sedation) greater than late admission to hospital, associated cardiopulmonary pathology, hyponatriemia insufficient dressing of the wound and rural environment. The importance of the biological indices is emphasized, both as elements of prognosis and as orientative criteria for the treatment of the case.", "contents": "[Comparative evaluation of risk factors in acute generalized tetanus]. The investigations included a group of 26 patients with acute generalized tetanus, cared for in the Clinic according to a unitary method. A number of 17 prognostic, clinical and laboratory criteria were analyzed from the viewpoint of the pathogenic and clinicoevolutive incidence and significance. According to the severity, lethal course of the disease the following sequence was established in order of gravity: serum sickness, kypokaliemia, hyperpyruvicemia greater than an incubation of less 6 days, invasion within less than 24 hours, hyperlactacidemia greater than age over 60 years, persistent hypertension and tachycardia, hyperazoltemia, hyperglycemia, frequent paroxysmal contractions (before sedation) greater than late admission to hospital, associated cardiopulmonary pathology, hyponatriemia insufficient dressing of the wound and rural environment. The importance of the biological indices is emphasized, both as elements of prognosis and as orientative criteria for the treatment of the case."}
{"id": "PMID:138925", "title": "[Dynamics of the immune response in a familial focus of toxoplasmosis].", "content": "Immunoepidemiological investigations were carried out in a family in which a child with congenital toxoplasmosis was born in 1972. The following were determined: total fluorescent antibodies and their G and M fractions and G and M serum immunoglobulins. The results showed: --the existence of a familial focus if infection with T. gondii, the risk of infection in the course of pregnancy and its consequences on the product of conception; --the normal evolution of the following pregnancy in the presence of anti-T. gondii fluorescent antibodies and the birth of a normal child; --value of the indirect immunofluorescence test for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis and of the longitudinal immunologic investigation; --determination of the antibody M fraction and serum immunoglobulins did not prove as useful as expected; --persistance of fluorescent antibodies in significant titers over a long period in the absence of a clinical symptomatology or with clinical manifestations of another etiology might lead to a false diagnosis of toxoplasmosis -- hence the necessity of a test for differentiating the carrier of specific antibodies from the toxoplasmosis patient.", "contents": "[Dynamics of the immune response in a familial focus of toxoplasmosis]. Immunoepidemiological investigations were carried out in a family in which a child with congenital toxoplasmosis was born in 1972. The following were determined: total fluorescent antibodies and their G and M fractions and G and M serum immunoglobulins. The results showed: --the existence of a familial focus if infection with T. gondii, the risk of infection in the course of pregnancy and its consequences on the product of conception; --the normal evolution of the following pregnancy in the presence of anti-T. gondii fluorescent antibodies and the birth of a normal child; --value of the indirect immunofluorescence test for the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis and of the longitudinal immunologic investigation; --determination of the antibody M fraction and serum immunoglobulins did not prove as useful as expected; --persistance of fluorescent antibodies in significant titers over a long period in the absence of a clinical symptomatology or with clinical manifestations of another etiology might lead to a false diagnosis of toxoplasmosis -- hence the necessity of a test for differentiating the carrier of specific antibodies from the toxoplasmosis patient."}
{"id": "PMID:138926", "title": "[Typhoid bacilli resistant to chloramphenicol and multiresistant to antibiotics isolated at the beginning of 1971].", "content": "The sensitivity of chloramphenicol (C) of 286 S. typhi strains, isolated during the last 15 years in Moldavia, was tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C with regard to most of the strains ranged between 1.5 and 3 mcg/ml. The following stains were identified: strain W isolated from the feces of a carrier in 1971, with a ACKSSuT-Cl2Hg resistance spectrum transferable to E. coli K12(MIC of C less than or equal to 200 mcg/ml), 2 strains (phage type A and C1, isolated from patients, one from the feces in 1972 and the other haemoculture in 1973) with a non-transferable CSu resistance spectrum (MIC of C less than or equal to 6 and less than or equal 12 mcg/ml respectively), and 18 strains (13 phage type D9, 3 phage type Ci and 2 phage type A), isolated from 3 epidemic foci, which proved to contain variants selectable in vitro by C (MIC up to 50 mcg/ml). The resistance spectrum of the variants was not CSU transferable. Conclusions are drawn concerning the necessity of a restricted utilization of chloramphenicol.", "contents": "[Typhoid bacilli resistant to chloramphenicol and multiresistant to antibiotics isolated at the beginning of 1971]. The sensitivity of chloramphenicol (C) of 286 S. typhi strains, isolated during the last 15 years in Moldavia, was tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of C with regard to most of the strains ranged between 1.5 and 3 mcg/ml. The following stains were identified: strain W isolated from the feces of a carrier in 1971, with a ACKSSuT-Cl2Hg resistance spectrum transferable to E. coli K12(MIC of C less than or equal to 200 mcg/ml), 2 strains (phage type A and C1, isolated from patients, one from the feces in 1972 and the other haemoculture in 1973) with a non-transferable CSu resistance spectrum (MIC of C less than or equal to 6 and less than or equal 12 mcg/ml respectively), and 18 strains (13 phage type D9, 3 phage type Ci and 2 phage type A), isolated from 3 epidemic foci, which proved to contain variants selectable in vitro by C (MIC up to 50 mcg/ml). The resistance spectrum of the variants was not CSU transferable. Conclusions are drawn concerning the necessity of a restricted utilization of chloramphenicol."}
{"id": "PMID:138931", "title": "Blood B and T lymphocytes and in vitro cellular immune reactivity in untreated human malignant lymphomas and other malignant tumors.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes and their in vitro reactivity have been recorded prior to treatment in 18 patients with Hodgkins disease, 11 with lymposarcoma, 13 with reticulosarcoma, 20 with various solid tumors and 37 normal control persons. The mean total numbers of lymphocytes, those of T lymphocytes,and the mean reactivity to PHA and ConA were reduced in all groups except lymphosarcoma, although with varying degrees of statistical significance. The percentages of T and B lymphocytes appeared to be normal in all groups, but the ranges of values were somewhat greater than among the normal controls. The mean total numbers of B lymphocytes were normal in all patient groups. All reductions seemed to be more pronounced in patients with disseminated than in those with localized disease, but none of these differences was statistically significant. All patient groups appeared to have reduced reactivity in MLC, while the ability to stimulate control lymphocytes was nearly normal. The results fail to indicate an in vitro immunological abberation specific to Hodgkin's disease. It seems that human malignant, neoplastic diseases are associated with a relatively selective reduction of the total numbers and reactivity of blood T lymphocytes. Various explanations of the reactivity impairment are proposed. The pathogenesis of the reduction of the total number of blood T lymphocytes remains obscure.", "contents": "Blood B and T lymphocytes and in vitro cellular immune reactivity in untreated human malignant lymphomas and other malignant tumors. Peripheral blood lymphocytes and their in vitro reactivity have been recorded prior to treatment in 18 patients with Hodgkins disease, 11 with lymposarcoma, 13 with reticulosarcoma, 20 with various solid tumors and 37 normal control persons. The mean total numbers of lymphocytes, those of T lymphocytes,and the mean reactivity to PHA and ConA were reduced in all groups except lymphosarcoma, although with varying degrees of statistical significance. The percentages of T and B lymphocytes appeared to be normal in all groups, but the ranges of values were somewhat greater than among the normal controls. The mean total numbers of B lymphocytes were normal in all patient groups. All reductions seemed to be more pronounced in patients with disseminated than in those with localized disease, but none of these differences was statistically significant. All patient groups appeared to have reduced reactivity in MLC, while the ability to stimulate control lymphocytes was nearly normal. The results fail to indicate an in vitro immunological abberation specific to Hodgkin's disease. It seems that human malignant, neoplastic diseases are associated with a relatively selective reduction of the total numbers and reactivity of blood T lymphocytes. Various explanations of the reactivity impairment are proposed. The pathogenesis of the reduction of the total number of blood T lymphocytes remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:138927", "title": "[Distribution of capsular serotypes in Klebsieela strains of enteral origin].", "content": "The significant proportion of microorganisms belonging to the Klebsiella genus among the causative agents isolated and subdifferentiation of the genus for epidemiological survey of infantile Klebsiella infections are dealt with in the present paper. The 28 Klebsiella strains isolated from cases of enteritis confirms the enteral tropism of these enterobacteria, especially among the infantile population. A proportion of 13.3% strains were identified in pure cultures obtained from feces and were considered as certainly enteropathogenic. The biochemical behaviour of the strains studied pointed to the ubiquity of the aerogenes biotype (76.9%) followed by the pneumoniae biotype (12.4%) and indol-positive Klebsiella strains (10.7%). Of the total 308 Klebsiella strains typed serologically with 80 OK capsular sera, 284 (92.2%) were listed in 63 serotypes, 13 of which (K7, K35, K47, K9, 530, K16, K1, K11, K18, K20, K37, K80, K i.e. 47.5%) were frequently identified in acute infantile cases of enterocolitis syndrome. Most of these serotypes are also considered endemo-epidemic by authors. Worthy of note among the Klebsiella types isolated in pure cultures from cases of infantile enteritis, was the prevalence of the aerogenes biotype, with a higher incidence of K1, K2, K16, K26, K44 serotypes, and of the indol-positive strains, with serotypes K13, K16, K65, K80.", "contents": "[Distribution of capsular serotypes in Klebsieela strains of enteral origin]. The significant proportion of microorganisms belonging to the Klebsiella genus among the causative agents isolated and subdifferentiation of the genus for epidemiological survey of infantile Klebsiella infections are dealt with in the present paper. The 28 Klebsiella strains isolated from cases of enteritis confirms the enteral tropism of these enterobacteria, especially among the infantile population. A proportion of 13.3% strains were identified in pure cultures obtained from feces and were considered as certainly enteropathogenic. The biochemical behaviour of the strains studied pointed to the ubiquity of the aerogenes biotype (76.9%) followed by the pneumoniae biotype (12.4%) and indol-positive Klebsiella strains (10.7%). Of the total 308 Klebsiella strains typed serologically with 80 OK capsular sera, 284 (92.2%) were listed in 63 serotypes, 13 of which (K7, K35, K47, K9, 530, K16, K1, K11, K18, K20, K37, K80, K i.e. 47.5%) were frequently identified in acute infantile cases of enterocolitis syndrome. Most of these serotypes are also considered endemo-epidemic by authors. Worthy of note among the Klebsiella types isolated in pure cultures from cases of infantile enteritis, was the prevalence of the aerogenes biotype, with a higher incidence of K1, K2, K16, K26, K44 serotypes, and of the indol-positive strains, with serotypes K13, K16, K65, K80."}
{"id": "PMID:138932", "title": "Repair of incisional hernias and defects in the anterior abdominal wall using dermal grafts. Case report.", "content": "The technique and results of using autografts of dermis to repair defects in the anterior abdominal wall is shown. Dermal grafting was used in altogether 15 cases. 7 with extremely large incisional hernias, and 8 with defects after malignant abdominal wall tumours. The surgical method is described and the follow-up 1 to 4 years postoperatively has shown a very satisfactory result in 13 cases. In one case there was a postoperative haematoma with subsequent graft necrosis and in the other there was a residual hernial defect. We recommend this method as one of choice in cases with large abdominal wall defects.", "contents": "Repair of incisional hernias and defects in the anterior abdominal wall using dermal grafts. Case report. The technique and results of using autografts of dermis to repair defects in the anterior abdominal wall is shown. Dermal grafting was used in altogether 15 cases. 7 with extremely large incisional hernias, and 8 with defects after malignant abdominal wall tumours. The surgical method is described and the follow-up 1 to 4 years postoperatively has shown a very satisfactory result in 13 cases. In one case there was a postoperative haematoma with subsequent graft necrosis and in the other there was a residual hernial defect. We recommend this method as one of choice in cases with large abdominal wall defects."}
{"id": "PMID:138928", "title": "[Therapeutic considerations on severe leptospirosis].", "content": "The present paper reports on the results obtained by intravenous administration of furosemide which shortened the period of oliguria in the course of acute renal insufficiency in leptospirosis. The criteria of administration of heparin for preventing the intravascular disseminated coagulation syndrome in leptospirosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Therapeutic considerations on severe leptospirosis]. The present paper reports on the results obtained by intravenous administration of furosemide which shortened the period of oliguria in the course of acute renal insufficiency in leptospirosis. The criteria of administration of heparin for preventing the intravascular disseminated coagulation syndrome in leptospirosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138934", "title": "Laboratory modalities for assessing hemostasis during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "content": "This discussion has outlined several simple and reliable test systems which have been found useful in assessing disorders of hemostasis in the hemorrhaging CPB patient. When these tests are utilized as described in the preceding article, they have been extremely helpful in studying hemostasis in the CPB patient to be reexplored; they are equally helpful to quickly render a differential diagnosis of altered hemostasis when hemorrhage occurs. In addition, several \"special\" procedures, the AT-III and heparin assays, have been reviewed; these have been found quite useful in special instances of CPB hemorrhage, and community cardiovascular teams may wish them to be available. This paper has not presumed to be \"authoritative\" with respect to the \"best\" tests for assessing CPB hemostasis, but rather has offered only an approach helpful to the authors. The intent has, however, been to provide guidelines for instituting simple, reliable, and workable procedures for the community hospital where CPB is now routinely performed.", "contents": "Laboratory modalities for assessing hemostasis during cardiopulmonary bypass. This discussion has outlined several simple and reliable test systems which have been found useful in assessing disorders of hemostasis in the hemorrhaging CPB patient. When these tests are utilized as described in the preceding article, they have been extremely helpful in studying hemostasis in the CPB patient to be reexplored; they are equally helpful to quickly render a differential diagnosis of altered hemostasis when hemorrhage occurs. In addition, several \"special\" procedures, the AT-III and heparin assays, have been reviewed; these have been found quite useful in special instances of CPB hemorrhage, and community cardiovascular teams may wish them to be available. This paper has not presumed to be \"authoritative\" with respect to the \"best\" tests for assessing CPB hemostasis, but rather has offered only an approach helpful to the authors. The intent has, however, been to provide guidelines for instituting simple, reliable, and workable procedures for the community hospital where CPB is now routinely performed."}
{"id": "PMID:138937", "title": "Long-term effects of laparoscopic sterilization on menstruation.", "content": "The menstrual changes after laparoscopic sterilization were assessed in 200 women and compared with changes after conventional tubal ligation. About one third of the patients after laparoscopy had longer and heavier periods, but those women who were using oral contraception before operation fared worst. The reason for the menstrual changes may not be due to operation alone. There was no significant difference between laparoscopy and laparotomy in terms of increase in heavy bleeding or number of days of bleeding.", "contents": "Long-term effects of laparoscopic sterilization on menstruation. The menstrual changes after laparoscopic sterilization were assessed in 200 women and compared with changes after conventional tubal ligation. About one third of the patients after laparoscopy had longer and heavier periods, but those women who were using oral contraception before operation fared worst. The reason for the menstrual changes may not be due to operation alone. There was no significant difference between laparoscopy and laparotomy in terms of increase in heavy bleeding or number of days of bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:138938", "title": "The diagnosis of genetic disorders before birth.", "content": "Genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. Advances in therapy and educational opportunities for the handicapped have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. Recent developments in clinical and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and/or mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance can be understood. This information enables the genetic counselor to predict the risk for occurrence of a large number of genetic disorders. Most genetic counseling is done, however, only after the birth of at least one affected individual has alerted the family to their predilection for having children with a genetic disorder. The carrier state of a certain number of genetic disorders can now be detected, so that even before the birth of their first child, a family can be forewarned that they are at increased risk. Previously this knowledge often influenced couples to decide against having any children. The advent of prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease, however, which was pioneered in the 1960s, allows specific diagnoses of inherited disorders in the fetus; parents no longer have only a mathematical risk figure for guidance. The technics which permit a preview of the genotype of the fetus with respect to a certain disorder constitute an exciting new field or medicine. They are not now available for use in routine pregnancies, but in high-risk situations the collaboration of the primary care physician and the medical geneticist can contribute significantly to the prevention of certain severely handicapping genetic disorders. The field is new and promises to offer much more in the future as more of the inherited disorders are biochemically characterized and become subject to prenatal detection.", "contents": "The diagnosis of genetic disorders before birth. Genetic disorders account for a significant number of the health care problems in our society. Advances in therapy and educational opportunities for the handicapped have increased both the life span and quality of life for many of those affected by genetic disorders. Recent developments in clinical and laboratory genetics have made possible the better delineation of certain malformation and/or mental retardation syndromes, so that their mode of inheritance can be understood. This information enables the genetic counselor to predict the risk for occurrence of a large number of genetic disorders. Most genetic counseling is done, however, only after the birth of at least one affected individual has alerted the family to their predilection for having children with a genetic disorder. The carrier state of a certain number of genetic disorders can now be detected, so that even before the birth of their first child, a family can be forewarned that they are at increased risk. Previously this knowledge often influenced couples to decide against having any children. The advent of prenatal diagnosis of genetic disease, however, which was pioneered in the 1960s, allows specific diagnoses of inherited disorders in the fetus; parents no longer have only a mathematical risk figure for guidance. The technics which permit a preview of the genotype of the fetus with respect to a certain disorder constitute an exciting new field or medicine. They are not now available for use in routine pregnancies, but in high-risk situations the collaboration of the primary care physician and the medical geneticist can contribute significantly to the prevention of certain severely handicapping genetic disorders. The field is new and promises to offer much more in the future as more of the inherited disorders are biochemically characterized and become subject to prenatal detection."}
{"id": "PMID:138939", "title": "Erythema nodosum in patients with tinea pedis and onychomycosis.", "content": "To document association between erythema nodosum and concomitant fungus infection, we studied seven white women seen during a six-year period in our office practice. Five patients are presented. Unilateral erythema nodosum occurred in three patients on the same side as unilateral tinea. Tests with potassium hydroxide (KOH), cultures of nodules on Sabouraud agar and dermatophyte test medium (DTM), skin biopsy, and clinical examination ruled out nodular granulomatous perifolliculitis of Wilson. Lesions simulating erythema nodosum  were produced when Trichophyton antigen was injected subcutaneously in the lower legs. All nodose and fungal lesions cleared after griseofulvin therapy. Fungus infection of feet or nails should be considered a possible cause of erythema nodosum when no other cause is apparent.", "contents": "Erythema nodosum in patients with tinea pedis and onychomycosis. To document association between erythema nodosum and concomitant fungus infection, we studied seven white women seen during a six-year period in our office practice. Five patients are presented. Unilateral erythema nodosum occurred in three patients on the same side as unilateral tinea. Tests with potassium hydroxide (KOH), cultures of nodules on Sabouraud agar and dermatophyte test medium (DTM), skin biopsy, and clinical examination ruled out nodular granulomatous perifolliculitis of Wilson. Lesions simulating erythema nodosum  were produced when Trichophyton antigen was injected subcutaneously in the lower legs. All nodose and fungal lesions cleared after griseofulvin therapy. Fungus infection of feet or nails should be considered a possible cause of erythema nodosum when no other cause is apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:138950", "title": "Leukaemogenesis in Down's syndrome.", "content": "Due to the fixed karyotype and documented malignancy risk in patients with Down's syndrome, recently described aetiological factors can be assigned to their proper places in a conceptual framework for leukaemogenesis in these individuals. This is a more profitable approach than those in which various types of karyotypic patterns are matched to different malignancies. It seems that viruses may play a special role, but they need interaction with other factors, most of which are present in Down's syndrome. A unifying concept which may be helpful in establishing research priorities is presented.", "contents": "Leukaemogenesis in Down's syndrome. Due to the fixed karyotype and documented malignancy risk in patients with Down's syndrome, recently described aetiological factors can be assigned to their proper places in a conceptual framework for leukaemogenesis in these individuals. This is a more profitable approach than those in which various types of karyotypic patterns are matched to different malignancies. It seems that viruses may play a special role, but they need interaction with other factors, most of which are present in Down's syndrome. A unifying concept which may be helpful in establishing research priorities is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:138952", "title": "Preparing children for parental disability.", "content": "Based on the recognition that the sudden onset of disability with attendant, often prolonged hospitalization can compromise family integrity, mobilize anxieties in all family members, and lead to major role changes within a given family structure, this paper describes specific techniques designed to minimize family crisis secondary to the disability of a parent through the preparation of the children to understand parental disability within the limits of the child's readiness and to help the child master his feelings about these life events. Methods include the use of \"special stories,\" creative play, and active involvement of the child with the handicapped parent in the rehabilitation process.", "contents": "Preparing children for parental disability. Based on the recognition that the sudden onset of disability with attendant, often prolonged hospitalization can compromise family integrity, mobilize anxieties in all family members, and lead to major role changes within a given family structure, this paper describes specific techniques designed to minimize family crisis secondary to the disability of a parent through the preparation of the children to understand parental disability within the limits of the child's readiness and to help the child master his feelings about these life events. Methods include the use of \"special stories,\" creative play, and active involvement of the child with the handicapped parent in the rehabilitation process."}
{"id": "PMID:138953", "title": "Psychosocial aspects of genetic counseling.", "content": "A competent and effective genetic counselor must recognize and deal with the psychological defense mechanisms which affected persons and parents of affected children use to cope with the strain of genetic disease in the family. Denial, guilt, hostility, grief and mourning and the psychology of defectiveness are all potent emotional factors that must be dispelled or worked through before parents should make reproductive decisions. If the counseling experience is to be satisfactory, the counselor must help parents meet the immediate and long term social needs of affected individuals in addition to their medical needs.", "contents": "Psychosocial aspects of genetic counseling. A competent and effective genetic counselor must recognize and deal with the psychological defense mechanisms which affected persons and parents of affected children use to cope with the strain of genetic disease in the family. Denial, guilt, hostility, grief and mourning and the psychology of defectiveness are all potent emotional factors that must be dispelled or worked through before parents should make reproductive decisions. If the counseling experience is to be satisfactory, the counselor must help parents meet the immediate and long term social needs of affected individuals in addition to their medical needs."}
{"id": "PMID:138954", "title": "The social work component in community-based action on behalf of victims of Huntington's disease.", "content": "When the Delaware Valley chapter of the Committee to Combat Huntington's disease (CCHD) was formed, the professional social worker involved taught and learned, offered and commanded resources, and was helper and recipient of help. This article describes the outcome of the mix of community volunteerism, professional skills, and client needs and potentials.", "contents": "The social work component in community-based action on behalf of victims of Huntington's disease. When the Delaware Valley chapter of the Committee to Combat Huntington's disease (CCHD) was formed, the professional social worker involved taught and learned, offered and commanded resources, and was helper and recipient of help. This article describes the outcome of the mix of community volunteerism, professional skills, and client needs and potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:138951", "title": "Initiating group process with parents of multihandicapped children.", "content": "Resistance, tacit and otherwise, should be expected when attempting to introduce group process in a medically oriented setting where concern about the emotional sequelae of physical disabilities is minimal. A \"street corner\" approach was used to motivate parents of young children with severe handicaps to participate in a \"workshop\" program addressed to concrete concerns of child care, while at the same time dealing with parental feelings of shame and guilt arising from the birth of a physically defective child.", "contents": "Initiating group process with parents of multihandicapped children. Resistance, tacit and otherwise, should be expected when attempting to introduce group process in a medically oriented setting where concern about the emotional sequelae of physical disabilities is minimal. A \"street corner\" approach was used to motivate parents of young children with severe handicaps to participate in a \"workshop\" program addressed to concrete concerns of child care, while at the same time dealing with parental feelings of shame and guilt arising from the birth of a physically defective child."}
{"id": "PMID:138958", "title": "Autogenous veins and velour dacron in femoropopliteal arterial bypass.", "content": "Sixty-five patients treated by femoropopliteal bypass in 1974 were surveyed; the mean follow-up time was 10.4 months. The one year cumulative patency rate for velour Dacron was 50 percent; this was less successful than were the results from a comparable group in which vein grafts were used (79 percent). These poor results were due principally to the high failure rate of velour Dacron in patients suffering from clinically severe ischemia. In these only one in four grafts remained patent. If a less than perfect arteriographic runoff was obtained, only one in three still functioned. These results occurred despite high intraoperative graft flows. It appears that velour Dacron may be acceptable in patients treated for claudication if no adequate vein is available. This prosthesis gives an unacceptably high failure rate in patients with severe ischemia.", "contents": "Autogenous veins and velour dacron in femoropopliteal arterial bypass. Sixty-five patients treated by femoropopliteal bypass in 1974 were surveyed; the mean follow-up time was 10.4 months. The one year cumulative patency rate for velour Dacron was 50 percent; this was less successful than were the results from a comparable group in which vein grafts were used (79 percent). These poor results were due principally to the high failure rate of velour Dacron in patients suffering from clinically severe ischemia. In these only one in four grafts remained patent. If a less than perfect arteriographic runoff was obtained, only one in three still functioned. These results occurred despite high intraoperative graft flows. It appears that velour Dacron may be acceptable in patients treated for claudication if no adequate vein is available. This prosthesis gives an unacceptably high failure rate in patients with severe ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:138959", "title": "Growth inhibition of human embryonic and fetal rat bones in organ culture by rubella virus.", "content": "Paired organ cultures of metacarpal, metatarsal, and long bones of previable human embryos of 7 to 12 weeks' gestation and tibias of 17-day rat fetuses with inoculated with live or ultraviolet-inactivated rubella virus or control fluids and the growth of the bones was measured by increase in wet weight. In several cultures the ability of the human bones to incorporate 35S, a measure of rate of mucopolysaccharide synthesis, was tested. Growth of human and rat bones was retarded in cultures inoculated with live virus but not in cultures inoculated with inactivated virus or control fluids. Mean 35S uptake was increased by approximately 25% in virus-inoculated cultures of bones of 9- to 12-week human embryos. No histological abnormalities were seen. These findings suggest that (1) defective bone growth in congenital rubella is a direct effect of viral infection of bone, (2) a disorder of mucopolysaccharide syntheses may contribute to the osseous lesions that occur in this disease, and (3) organ cultures of human embryonic and fetal rat bones may serve as convenient models for studying the pathogenesis of this virus-induced congenital osteopathy.", "contents": "Growth inhibition of human embryonic and fetal rat bones in organ culture by rubella virus. Paired organ cultures of metacarpal, metatarsal, and long bones of previable human embryos of 7 to 12 weeks' gestation and tibias of 17-day rat fetuses with inoculated with live or ultraviolet-inactivated rubella virus or control fluids and the growth of the bones was measured by increase in wet weight. In several cultures the ability of the human bones to incorporate 35S, a measure of rate of mucopolysaccharide synthesis, was tested. Growth of human and rat bones was retarded in cultures inoculated with live virus but not in cultures inoculated with inactivated virus or control fluids. Mean 35S uptake was increased by approximately 25% in virus-inoculated cultures of bones of 9- to 12-week human embryos. No histological abnormalities were seen. These findings suggest that (1) defective bone growth in congenital rubella is a direct effect of viral infection of bone, (2) a disorder of mucopolysaccharide syntheses may contribute to the osseous lesions that occur in this disease, and (3) organ cultures of human embryonic and fetal rat bones may serve as convenient models for studying the pathogenesis of this virus-induced congenital osteopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:138960", "title": "Thymolipoma simulating cardiomegaly: a clinicopathological rarity.", "content": "This report describes a 19-year-old girl with a chest radiograph strongly suggestive of cardiomegaly. Although she did not consent to haemodynamic studies, cardiomegaly wasru led out on the basis of the clinical course. Careful radiological study proved the existence of a large mass in the anterior mediastinum, simulating cardiomegaly. At thoracotomy a thymolipoma weighing 450 g was resected. The pathogenesis of thymolipoma is discussed.", "contents": "Thymolipoma simulating cardiomegaly: a clinicopathological rarity. This report describes a 19-year-old girl with a chest radiograph strongly suggestive of cardiomegaly. Although she did not consent to haemodynamic studies, cardiomegaly wasru led out on the basis of the clinical course. Careful radiological study proved the existence of a large mass in the anterior mediastinum, simulating cardiomegaly. At thoracotomy a thymolipoma weighing 450 g was resected. The pathogenesis of thymolipoma is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:138961", "title": "On the reliability of plasminogen measurement employing the proactivator-activator converting method.", "content": "A simple plasminogen determination method is presented. It is based upon the conversion of plasminogen into activator by large and constant amounts of streptokinase. The activator contained in a standard coagulum consisting of bovine fibrin, streptokinase, and a 1:40 dilution of human plasma converts the plasminogen adsorbed on bovine fibrin into plasmin. Lysis of the test coagulum is hereby induced. The speed of such lysis is limited by the concentration of the activator incorporated in the test coagulum. The variable component of the activator being human plasminogen, the speed of lysis is directly dependent upon the concentration of human plasminogen in the standard coagulum. Using the thromboelastograph according to Hartert in recording the test clot lysis times, this method of plasminogen determination was shown to be a simple and quick procedure. The standard deviation ranged from +/- 13,2 tp 68%, depending upon the plasminogen value to be measured (lower rates of error were attached to high, and higher rates of error to low, plasminogen concentrations). The biological variation of plasminogen values in a group of 26 men aged from 40 to 65 years was calculated to be +/- 21%. Both plasminogen and plasmin, its activated form, were exchangeable in the test, i.e. plasminogen determinations performed by activator assay did not differentiate between plasminogen and plasmin. There was no influence by varying anti-SK titers in the plasma up to a circulating antibody content of 2 million. Furthermore, plasma antiplasmins did not affect the plasminogen measuring system. Plasminogen tested by activator assay displayed values closely related to those achieved by immunochemical methods. Plasminogen measurements were performed in patients undergoing streptokinase and urokinase infusion treatment. 5,000 u streptokinase per hour, as well as 270,000 CTA-u urokinase per hour, infused over a period of 2 days produced a fall in plasminogen down to 30-60% of normal. In contrast, 100,000 u streptokinase per hour lowered the plasminogen concentration down to values of below 1%. The foregoing data indicate that plasminogen measurement, according to the principles outlined here (activator assay), may be regarded as a valuable and reliable method for the routine control of streptokinase and urokinase therapy.", "contents": "On the reliability of plasminogen measurement employing the proactivator-activator converting method. A simple plasminogen determination method is presented. It is based upon the conversion of plasminogen into activator by large and constant amounts of streptokinase. The activator contained in a standard coagulum consisting of bovine fibrin, streptokinase, and a 1:40 dilution of human plasma converts the plasminogen adsorbed on bovine fibrin into plasmin. Lysis of the test coagulum is hereby induced. The speed of such lysis is limited by the concentration of the activator incorporated in the test coagulum. The variable component of the activator being human plasminogen, the speed of lysis is directly dependent upon the concentration of human plasminogen in the standard coagulum. Using the thromboelastograph according to Hartert in recording the test clot lysis times, this method of plasminogen determination was shown to be a simple and quick procedure. The standard deviation ranged from +/- 13,2 tp 68%, depending upon the plasminogen value to be measured (lower rates of error were attached to high, and higher rates of error to low, plasminogen concentrations). The biological variation of plasminogen values in a group of 26 men aged from 40 to 65 years was calculated to be +/- 21%. Both plasminogen and plasmin, its activated form, were exchangeable in the test, i.e. plasminogen determinations performed by activator assay did not differentiate between plasminogen and plasmin. There was no influence by varying anti-SK titers in the plasma up to a circulating antibody content of 2 million. Furthermore, plasma antiplasmins did not affect the plasminogen measuring system. Plasminogen tested by activator assay displayed values closely related to those achieved by immunochemical methods. Plasminogen measurements were performed in patients undergoing streptokinase and urokinase infusion treatment. 5,000 u streptokinase per hour, as well as 270,000 CTA-u urokinase per hour, infused over a period of 2 days produced a fall in plasminogen down to 30-60% of normal. In contrast, 100,000 u streptokinase per hour lowered the plasminogen concentration down to values of below 1%. The foregoing data indicate that plasminogen measurement, according to the principles outlined here (activator assay), may be regarded as a valuable and reliable method for the routine control of streptokinase and urokinase therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:138962", "title": "Studies on activator formation in human plasma with streptokinase. III. Investigation of activator kinetics in undiluted plasma in terms of urokinase equivalents.", "content": "A new method is presented for estimating the activator (plasminogen-streptokinase complex) concentration in native plasma of patients undergoing streptokinase infusion. The principle of the method is based on clot lysis time as recorded by the thromboelastograph. The test clot constituents were bovine fibrinogen, bovine plasminogen, EDTA, human plasma (with unknown activator concentrations), and thrombin. In order to obtain a standardization line, urokinase dissolved in NaCl solution was substituted for patients' plasma. Thus, each lysis time could easily be converted into urokinase equivalent (CTA-u/ml). Streptokinase and plasminogen molecules in undiluted patients' plasma were found to exist both in an activator-bound (equimolar plasminogen-streptokinase complex) and in a freely circulating form. This result is in agreement with earlier findings where the activator complex was demonstrated to be a widely dissociated complex in highly diluted plasma of patients, thus displaying an ample proportion of free streptokinase and plasminogen and molecules. Streptokinase treatment using dosage schemes of 100,000 u SK/h, and 200,000 u/h were monitored by quantitative activator, streptokinase, and plasminogen measurements. An average activator concentration of 50-100 CTA-u/ml and a SK-concentration of 7-16 u/ml were recorded during streptokinase infusion. Plasminogen values averaged 0.25%, independent of the amount of streptokinase infused. Each drop in streptokinase was accompanied by a drop in activator during the infusion, and each rise in streptokinase by a rise in activator. There was a strong correlation between streptokinase and activator concentrations in that, on the average, 1 u streptokinase equalled 8.4 CTA-u/ml activator (correlation coefficient r = 0.9) It is concluded that the activator concentration in the plasma of patients undergoing fibrinolytic treatment can easily be adjusted by regulating the hourly streptokinase influx.", "contents": "Studies on activator formation in human plasma with streptokinase. III. Investigation of activator kinetics in undiluted plasma in terms of urokinase equivalents. A new method is presented for estimating the activator (plasminogen-streptokinase complex) concentration in native plasma of patients undergoing streptokinase infusion. The principle of the method is based on clot lysis time as recorded by the thromboelastograph. The test clot constituents were bovine fibrinogen, bovine plasminogen, EDTA, human plasma (with unknown activator concentrations), and thrombin. In order to obtain a standardization line, urokinase dissolved in NaCl solution was substituted for patients' plasma. Thus, each lysis time could easily be converted into urokinase equivalent (CTA-u/ml). Streptokinase and plasminogen molecules in undiluted patients' plasma were found to exist both in an activator-bound (equimolar plasminogen-streptokinase complex) and in a freely circulating form. This result is in agreement with earlier findings where the activator complex was demonstrated to be a widely dissociated complex in highly diluted plasma of patients, thus displaying an ample proportion of free streptokinase and plasminogen and molecules. Streptokinase treatment using dosage schemes of 100,000 u SK/h, and 200,000 u/h were monitored by quantitative activator, streptokinase, and plasminogen measurements. An average activator concentration of 50-100 CTA-u/ml and a SK-concentration of 7-16 u/ml were recorded during streptokinase infusion. Plasminogen values averaged 0.25%, independent of the amount of streptokinase infused. Each drop in streptokinase was accompanied by a drop in activator during the infusion, and each rise in streptokinase by a rise in activator. There was a strong correlation between streptokinase and activator concentrations in that, on the average, 1 u streptokinase equalled 8.4 CTA-u/ml activator (correlation coefficient r = 0.9) It is concluded that the activator concentration in the plasma of patients undergoing fibrinolytic treatment can easily be adjusted by regulating the hourly streptokinase influx."}
{"id": "PMID:138963", "title": "Intermittent plasminogen-streptokinase treatment of deep vein thrombosis.", "content": "The fibrinolytic response of 12 patients receiving single daily infusions of 600,000 units of streptokinase (SK) and 90 mg of plasminogen for the treatment of DVT has been studied. The mean plasminogen concentration was maintained throughout the treatment period (4-6 days) at between 20-40% the initial value, while mean circulating plasmin concentration rose to only about twice initial plasma levels. The degradation of fibrinogen as indicated by a fall in clottable fibrinogen did not fall below 1 mg/ml and serum FDP rose to greater than 1 mg/ml. Limited fibrinogenolysis occurred in 2 patients, while in another patient who bled there was immediate and extensive depletion to below 0.5 mg/ml. The beneficial clinical results obtained with this regimen (Kakkar et al. 1975), which produces only limited systemic plasminaemia, suggest that thrombolysis may be facilitated by higher levels of plasminogen than those maintained during conventional SK treatment.", "contents": "Intermittent plasminogen-streptokinase treatment of deep vein thrombosis. The fibrinolytic response of 12 patients receiving single daily infusions of 600,000 units of streptokinase (SK) and 90 mg of plasminogen for the treatment of DVT has been studied. The mean plasminogen concentration was maintained throughout the treatment period (4-6 days) at between 20-40% the initial value, while mean circulating plasmin concentration rose to only about twice initial plasma levels. The degradation of fibrinogen as indicated by a fall in clottable fibrinogen did not fall below 1 mg/ml and serum FDP rose to greater than 1 mg/ml. Limited fibrinogenolysis occurred in 2 patients, while in another patient who bled there was immediate and extensive depletion to below 0.5 mg/ml. The beneficial clinical results obtained with this regimen (Kakkar et al. 1975), which produces only limited systemic plasminaemia, suggest that thrombolysis may be facilitated by higher levels of plasminogen than those maintained during conventional SK treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:138980", "title": "Blood pressure changes following chronic administration to rats of 3beta,16beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one and 21-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione-21-acetate.", "content": "The urinary excretion of 3beta,16beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (16beta-OH-DHEA) is increased in patients with low renin essential hypertension. This steroid and its isomer 3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one (16-oxo-A) have also been reported to have mineralocorticoid activity in adrenalectomized rats. These findings have led to the postulate that excessive secretion of 16beta-OH-DHEA may be responsible for the production of low renin essential hypertension. In this study unilaterally nephrectomized salt loaded rats injected once a week with 30 mg of 11-desoxycorticosterone acetate per/kg of body weight for 2 month periods developed hypertension. Rats given similar amounts of 16beta-OH-DHEA or 16-oxo-A and rats given no steroids did not develop hypertension. We conclude that it is unlikely that 16beta-OH-DHEA and 16-oxo-A are direct causative factors in the production of low renin essential hypertension.", "contents": "Blood pressure changes following chronic administration to rats of 3beta,16beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one and 21-hydroxy-4-pregnene-3,20-dione-21-acetate. The urinary excretion of 3beta,16beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (16beta-OH-DHEA) is increased in patients with low renin essential hypertension. This steroid and its isomer 3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-16-one (16-oxo-A) have also been reported to have mineralocorticoid activity in adrenalectomized rats. These findings have led to the postulate that excessive secretion of 16beta-OH-DHEA may be responsible for the production of low renin essential hypertension. In this study unilaterally nephrectomized salt loaded rats injected once a week with 30 mg of 11-desoxycorticosterone acetate per/kg of body weight for 2 month periods developed hypertension. Rats given similar amounts of 16beta-OH-DHEA or 16-oxo-A and rats given no steroids did not develop hypertension. We conclude that it is unlikely that 16beta-OH-DHEA and 16-oxo-A are direct causative factors in the production of low renin essential hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:138981", "title": "Can one mix two non-specific antisera and obtain a specific radioimmunoassay?", "content": "Sekihara et al. have proposed that it is possible to combine two antisera, each of which is unsatisfactory for a clinical radioimmunoassay due to cross-reactivity problems, and obtain an assay which is of sufficiently good specificity for practical application. The present report provides a theoretical analysis of this problem in a \"reduced\" case of minimal complexity. We assume infinitesimal concentration of tracer, equilibrium of reactants, perfect separation of bound and free, and that each of the two antisera contain only a single class of antibody sites which can bind to the desired ligand or to a cross-reacting species. Numerical methods are used to generate \"ideal\" dose response curves. The specificity is evaluated by three criteria: 1) as the ratio of ligand concentrations resulting in 10 or 50% reduction of binding of labeled ligand to antibody, i.e. %B/BO = 90 or 50%; 2) the %B/BO or %B/T at an arbitrary dose level; or 3) the apparent amount of ligand present, for an arbitrary dose of crossreacting ligand. Results indicate that mixing of two nonspecific antisera (each cross-reacting with a different ligand) results in a radioimmunoassay system with a specificity intermediate between that obtained with either of the antisera used alone. Whether this will provide a \"satisfactory\" assay depends on the purposes for which it is intended, the expected concentrations of cross-reacting ligands, etc. Computer simulation studies may be utilized to select the optimal ratio of the two antisera being used for the assay.", "contents": "Can one mix two non-specific antisera and obtain a specific radioimmunoassay? Sekihara et al. have proposed that it is possible to combine two antisera, each of which is unsatisfactory for a clinical radioimmunoassay due to cross-reactivity problems, and obtain an assay which is of sufficiently good specificity for practical application. The present report provides a theoretical analysis of this problem in a \"reduced\" case of minimal complexity. We assume infinitesimal concentration of tracer, equilibrium of reactants, perfect separation of bound and free, and that each of the two antisera contain only a single class of antibody sites which can bind to the desired ligand or to a cross-reacting species. Numerical methods are used to generate \"ideal\" dose response curves. The specificity is evaluated by three criteria: 1) as the ratio of ligand concentrations resulting in 10 or 50% reduction of binding of labeled ligand to antibody, i.e. %B/BO = 90 or 50%; 2) the %B/BO or %B/T at an arbitrary dose level; or 3) the apparent amount of ligand present, for an arbitrary dose of crossreacting ligand. Results indicate that mixing of two nonspecific antisera (each cross-reacting with a different ligand) results in a radioimmunoassay system with a specificity intermediate between that obtained with either of the antisera used alone. Whether this will provide a \"satisfactory\" assay depends on the purposes for which it is intended, the expected concentrations of cross-reacting ligands, etc. Computer simulation studies may be utilized to select the optimal ratio of the two antisera being used for the assay."}
{"id": "PMID:138991", "title": "Laparoscopy in staging and restaging of 95 patients with ovarian carcinoma.", "content": "The merits of laparoscopy with inspection of diaphragmatic leaves were studied in 95 patients with ovarian carcinoma. Laparoscopy was positive in 19 out of 27 new cases, 11 out of 47 patients previously treated and in apparent complete remission, and 12 out of 21 patients previously treated and with the disease. Thirty-one out of 95 patients were shown to have diaphragmatic metastases alone and/or associated with other localizations of disease. In 5 out of 27 new cases the stage was modified after laparoscopy. The histologic-endoscopic correlation was correct in 28/36 positive cases (78%) and in 31/32 negative cases (97%). In conclusionall patients with ovarian carcinoma should be subjected to laparoscopy as staging and restaging before undergoing laparotomy.", "contents": "Laparoscopy in staging and restaging of 95 patients with ovarian carcinoma. The merits of laparoscopy with inspection of diaphragmatic leaves were studied in 95 patients with ovarian carcinoma. Laparoscopy was positive in 19 out of 27 new cases, 11 out of 47 patients previously treated and in apparent complete remission, and 12 out of 21 patients previously treated and with the disease. Thirty-one out of 95 patients were shown to have diaphragmatic metastases alone and/or associated with other localizations of disease. In 5 out of 27 new cases the stage was modified after laparoscopy. The histologic-endoscopic correlation was correct in 28/36 positive cases (78%) and in 31/32 negative cases (97%). In conclusionall patients with ovarian carcinoma should be subjected to laparoscopy as staging and restaging before undergoing laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:139007", "title": "[Treatment of strangulated postoperative hernias of the anterior abdominal wall in old persons].", "content": "Based on the experience with treatment of 16 patients with large strangulated postoperative hernias of the anterior abdominal wall, the authors describe some peculiarities of the clinic, diagnosis and surgical tactics in the given pathology in persons aged over 74 years. A planned surgical therapy for postoperative hernias in senile persons is strongly advocated. The question of the planned operation should be settled only under stationary conditions after a careful detailed examination of such patients.", "contents": "[Treatment of strangulated postoperative hernias of the anterior abdominal wall in old persons]. Based on the experience with treatment of 16 patients with large strangulated postoperative hernias of the anterior abdominal wall, the authors describe some peculiarities of the clinic, diagnosis and surgical tactics in the given pathology in persons aged over 74 years. A planned surgical therapy for postoperative hernias in senile persons is strongly advocated. The question of the planned operation should be settled only under stationary conditions after a careful detailed examination of such patients."}
{"id": "PMID:139008", "title": "[Clinical aspects and morphology of acute catarrhal appendicitis in children].", "content": "The authors compared the clinical and pathoanatomical diagnoses in 1399 patients, operated upon for catarrhal appendicitis. In 123 children the clinical diagnosis was revised as a result of further observations following surgery. In 1276 patients the clinical diagnosis of catarrhal appendicitis was remained. An exploration of the appendicular process in these patients supported the diagnosis in 748 cases (58.6%). In 16 cases chronic appendicitis was recognized, in 111 -- phlegmonous and gangrenous appendicitis (8.7%).", "contents": "[Clinical aspects and morphology of acute catarrhal appendicitis in children]. The authors compared the clinical and pathoanatomical diagnoses in 1399 patients, operated upon for catarrhal appendicitis. In 123 children the clinical diagnosis was revised as a result of further observations following surgery. In 1276 patients the clinical diagnosis of catarrhal appendicitis was remained. An exploration of the appendicular process in these patients supported the diagnosis in 748 cases (58.6%). In 16 cases chronic appendicitis was recognized, in 111 -- phlegmonous and gangrenous appendicitis (8.7%)."}
{"id": "PMID:139013", "title": "Intra- and extrarenal vascular changes in the acute renal failure of the rat caused by mercury chloride.", "content": "Histologic evidence of intrarenal vasomotor changes were observed in the rat in the course of acute renal failure caused by the injection of HgCl2. Male Wistar rats injected s.c. with 2.5 or 4.7 mg HgCl2 per kg b. wt. developed fibrinoid damage in the media segments of preglomerular renal vessels, mostly in the arcuate and interlobular arteries. The lesions were patchy and irregularly scattered throughout the kidneys. 24 h post-injection the lesions were very rare and of only mild degree, whereas they were fully developed and regularly seen 48 h post-injection. A high percentage of similar changes was found in certain extrarenal vascular areas especially in the mesentery and pancreas. The damaged vascular segments were usually dilated. The results of various thichrome stains and histochemical reactions suggested edema of vascular smooth muscle cells and imbibition of the media by blood plasma substances, sometimes reaching the degree of fibrinoid necrosis. These findings were confirmed by electron microscopy. The imbibition of the smooth muscle cells by blood plasma material was clearly evidenced by the demonstration of intracellular fibrin precipitations. In connection with the degeneration of smooth muscle cells, accumulations of crystal-like fibrin formations could often be shown. Subendothelial fibrin formations were not observed. 96 h after the 2.5 mg injection the changes were already regressing, but edema of the vascular wall and signs of disturbed vasotonia persisted for several days. The maximum of the vascular changes usually coincided with the maximum of azotemia and the formation of debris cylinders in the renal tubules. However, no clear relationship was recognizable in individual cases between vascular damage, extent of tubular necrosis and renal function. The pathogenesis of the vascular changes is obscure, but neurogenic factors, increased release of catecholamines and/or vasoactive agents of renal origin in connection with other factors might play a decisive role. Arterial hypertension was absent. It is assumed that the structural damage of the vascular media is mainly brought about by prolonged or recurring vasospasms, or by alternating spasm and vasodilatation with local ischemia and increased tension of the vascular wall in the dilated segments. The altered function and structure of the vascular wall might, to a certain extent, contribute to renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Intra- and extrarenal vascular changes in the acute renal failure of the rat caused by mercury chloride. Histologic evidence of intrarenal vasomotor changes were observed in the rat in the course of acute renal failure caused by the injection of HgCl2. Male Wistar rats injected s.c. with 2.5 or 4.7 mg HgCl2 per kg b. wt. developed fibrinoid damage in the media segments of preglomerular renal vessels, mostly in the arcuate and interlobular arteries. The lesions were patchy and irregularly scattered throughout the kidneys. 24 h post-injection the lesions were very rare and of only mild degree, whereas they were fully developed and regularly seen 48 h post-injection. A high percentage of similar changes was found in certain extrarenal vascular areas especially in the mesentery and pancreas. The damaged vascular segments were usually dilated. The results of various thichrome stains and histochemical reactions suggested edema of vascular smooth muscle cells and imbibition of the media by blood plasma substances, sometimes reaching the degree of fibrinoid necrosis. These findings were confirmed by electron microscopy. The imbibition of the smooth muscle cells by blood plasma material was clearly evidenced by the demonstration of intracellular fibrin precipitations. In connection with the degeneration of smooth muscle cells, accumulations of crystal-like fibrin formations could often be shown. Subendothelial fibrin formations were not observed. 96 h after the 2.5 mg injection the changes were already regressing, but edema of the vascular wall and signs of disturbed vasotonia persisted for several days. The maximum of the vascular changes usually coincided with the maximum of azotemia and the formation of debris cylinders in the renal tubules. However, no clear relationship was recognizable in individual cases between vascular damage, extent of tubular necrosis and renal function. The pathogenesis of the vascular changes is obscure, but neurogenic factors, increased release of catecholamines and/or vasoactive agents of renal origin in connection with other factors might play a decisive role. Arterial hypertension was absent. It is assumed that the structural damage of the vascular media is mainly brought about by prolonged or recurring vasospasms, or by alternating spasm and vasodilatation with local ischemia and increased tension of the vascular wall in the dilated segments. The altered function and structure of the vascular wall might, to a certain extent, contribute to renal insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:139014", "title": "The importance of smooth muscle cells in the development of foam cells in the gastric mucosa. An electron microscopic study.", "content": "Foam cells in lipid islands of the stomach can develop from both histiocytes and smooth muscle cells. With increasing storage of lipid vacuoles in smooth muscle cells, loosening of the myofilament arrangement and decrease of the dense areas subjacent to the plasma membrane occurs. Endoplasmic reticulum and the cisternae of the Golgi-apparatus dilate, the cell organelles increase initially and the basement membrane of the smooth muscle cells is fragmentarily formed. Only in incompletely formed foam cells can the origin from smooth muscle cells be recognised, in their final state their histiogenesis is seldom apparent.", "contents": "The importance of smooth muscle cells in the development of foam cells in the gastric mucosa. An electron microscopic study. Foam cells in lipid islands of the stomach can develop from both histiocytes and smooth muscle cells. With increasing storage of lipid vacuoles in smooth muscle cells, loosening of the myofilament arrangement and decrease of the dense areas subjacent to the plasma membrane occurs. Endoplasmic reticulum and the cisternae of the Golgi-apparatus dilate, the cell organelles increase initially and the basement membrane of the smooth muscle cells is fragmentarily formed. Only in incompletely formed foam cells can the origin from smooth muscle cells be recognised, in their final state their histiogenesis is seldom apparent."}
{"id": "PMID:139015", "title": "[Morphology of the paraadenomatous adenohypophysis. A contribution to the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas (author's transl)].", "content": "98 biopsies of the paraadenomatous adenohypophysis in acromegaly, galactorrhea combined acromegaly, isolated galactorrhea, hypothalamic-hypopphysial Cushing's disease. Nelson's syndrome, and in nonfunctional adenomas were studied by light microscopic methods in order to find evidence for a possible hyperplasiogenic origin of the different types of adenomas. It was hoped that the numerical relations and structures of hypophysial cells might provide significant information. Nodular ACTH cell-hyperplasia was found frequently apart from ACTH cell-tumors in Cushing's disease and Nelson's syndrome and on this basis we suggest that the adenomas in both diseases arise from hyperplasia. During their further development these adenomas seem to become autonomous, since the number of paraadenomatous ACTH cells decreased in bigger tumors. Some of the cases with isolated galactorrhea showed hyperplasia of acidophil and chromophobe cells in the paraadenomatous adenohypophysis. It can thus be assumed that porlactin cell-tumors also develop from prolactin cell-hyperplasia. Both the adenomas and the nonfunctional tumors in acromegaly seem to grow autonomously from the beginning, since paraadenomatous hyperplasia is seldom seen.", "contents": "[Morphology of the paraadenomatous adenohypophysis. A contribution to the pathogenesis of pituitary adenomas (author's transl)]. 98 biopsies of the paraadenomatous adenohypophysis in acromegaly, galactorrhea combined acromegaly, isolated galactorrhea, hypothalamic-hypopphysial Cushing's disease. Nelson's syndrome, and in nonfunctional adenomas were studied by light microscopic methods in order to find evidence for a possible hyperplasiogenic origin of the different types of adenomas. It was hoped that the numerical relations and structures of hypophysial cells might provide significant information. Nodular ACTH cell-hyperplasia was found frequently apart from ACTH cell-tumors in Cushing's disease and Nelson's syndrome and on this basis we suggest that the adenomas in both diseases arise from hyperplasia. During their further development these adenomas seem to become autonomous, since the number of paraadenomatous ACTH cells decreased in bigger tumors. Some of the cases with isolated galactorrhea showed hyperplasia of acidophil and chromophobe cells in the paraadenomatous adenohypophysis. It can thus be assumed that porlactin cell-tumors also develop from prolactin cell-hyperplasia. Both the adenomas and the nonfunctional tumors in acromegaly seem to grow autonomously from the beginning, since paraadenomatous hyperplasia is seldom seen."}
{"id": "PMID:139016", "title": "[The wall in persistent ductus arteriosus (author's transl)].", "content": "A light microscopy study of the wall in ductus arteriosus was performed in 13 cases of isolated persistent ductus. The specimens were obtained surgically in 11 cases and by necropsy in 2. Four patients were male, 9 female. The eldest was a 9-year-old girl and the youngest, a 4-month-old girl. Morphologically, a progressive transformation of the duct wall to the elastic-type artery was observed. In this transformation three stages were determined; stage I: laminar elastosis of the intima; stage II: same as stage I plus incomplete elastic transformation of the media; and stage III: fully developed elastic-type artery. A neat correlation between morphologic stages and clinical data was not found. The course of events in this transformation is apparently determined in great measure by individual factors.", "contents": "[The wall in persistent ductus arteriosus (author's transl)]. A light microscopy study of the wall in ductus arteriosus was performed in 13 cases of isolated persistent ductus. The specimens were obtained surgically in 11 cases and by necropsy in 2. Four patients were male, 9 female. The eldest was a 9-year-old girl and the youngest, a 4-month-old girl. Morphologically, a progressive transformation of the duct wall to the elastic-type artery was observed. In this transformation three stages were determined; stage I: laminar elastosis of the intima; stage II: same as stage I plus incomplete elastic transformation of the media; and stage III: fully developed elastic-type artery. A neat correlation between morphologic stages and clinical data was not found. The course of events in this transformation is apparently determined in great measure by individual factors."}
{"id": "PMID:139017", "title": "[Hairy cell leukemia in the spleen (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen spleens with hairy cell leukemia are studied with immunofluorescent (7 cases), electron microscopic (5 cases), and usual histologic methods. The findings are: enlargment of the spleen (weight always superior to 400 g), diffuse red pulp infiltration by ambiguous cells with regular repartition of nuclei and clear spaces between them, hairy aspects of the cytoplasmic membrane which are especially observed on semi-thin and ultra-thin sections, presence of particular cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (polysome lamellae complex). The cellular infiltration is accompanied by some vascular modifications: pseudo angiomatosis lesions, nodular formations ressembling splenomas. An important hypertrophy of the splenic macrophages with erythrophagocytosis and siderosis is also observed. These two phenomena partly explain the anemia.", "contents": "[Hairy cell leukemia in the spleen (author's transl)]. Fifteen spleens with hairy cell leukemia are studied with immunofluorescent (7 cases), electron microscopic (5 cases), and usual histologic methods. The findings are: enlargment of the spleen (weight always superior to 400 g), diffuse red pulp infiltration by ambiguous cells with regular repartition of nuclei and clear spaces between them, hairy aspects of the cytoplasmic membrane which are especially observed on semi-thin and ultra-thin sections, presence of particular cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (polysome lamellae complex). The cellular infiltration is accompanied by some vascular modifications: pseudo angiomatosis lesions, nodular formations ressembling splenomas. An important hypertrophy of the splenic macrophages with erythrophagocytosis and siderosis is also observed. These two phenomena partly explain the anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:139018", "title": "Red pulp of the spleen in hereditary elliptocytosis.", "content": "Electron microscopic study of the spleen of an adult with hereditary elliptocytosis demonstrated features of erythrocyte pooling in the splenic cords with decreased red cells in transit through the basement membrane slits between the sinus littoral cells and decreased erythrocytes in splenic sinuses. Cordal reticulum cells, macrophages, and platelets were prominent. Light microscopy demonstrated relatively empty sinuses, and electron microscopy confirmed that the sinuses contained variable numbers of intact red cells. The morphology of the splenic red pulp in hereditary elliptocytosis was found to simulate that seen in hereditary spherocytosis but to a lesser degree.", "contents": "Red pulp of the spleen in hereditary elliptocytosis. Electron microscopic study of the spleen of an adult with hereditary elliptocytosis demonstrated features of erythrocyte pooling in the splenic cords with decreased red cells in transit through the basement membrane slits between the sinus littoral cells and decreased erythrocytes in splenic sinuses. Cordal reticulum cells, macrophages, and platelets were prominent. Light microscopy demonstrated relatively empty sinuses, and electron microscopy confirmed that the sinuses contained variable numbers of intact red cells. The morphology of the splenic red pulp in hereditary elliptocytosis was found to simulate that seen in hereditary spherocytosis but to a lesser degree."}
{"id": "PMID:139019", "title": "[Development and function of endocrine cells in the proventriculus of the chicken (author's transl)].", "content": "An argyrophil endocrine cell type with typical intraepithelial development is seen initially on the 8th day of incubation in the epithelium of the main lumen of the chicken-proventriculus. During the embryonic period, rapid development of these cells can be observed with a quantitative maximum on the 13th day of incubation. At this time increased digestive efficiency is necessary for the chicken embryo with the start of gastric secretion combined with the first swallowing of albumen. There is a subsequent decrease in the number of endocrine cells in the main lumen epithelium, their function in hatched or adult specimens is largely taken over by cells which appear in the epithelium of the glands of the proventriculus on the 16th and later days of incubation. On the 2nd day after hatching the adult distribution pattern of endocrine cells in the proventriculus is attained.", "contents": "[Development and function of endocrine cells in the proventriculus of the chicken (author's transl)]. An argyrophil endocrine cell type with typical intraepithelial development is seen initially on the 8th day of incubation in the epithelium of the main lumen of the chicken-proventriculus. During the embryonic period, rapid development of these cells can be observed with a quantitative maximum on the 13th day of incubation. At this time increased digestive efficiency is necessary for the chicken embryo with the start of gastric secretion combined with the first swallowing of albumen. There is a subsequent decrease in the number of endocrine cells in the main lumen epithelium, their function in hatched or adult specimens is largely taken over by cells which appear in the epithelium of the glands of the proventriculus on the 16th and later days of incubation. On the 2nd day after hatching the adult distribution pattern of endocrine cells in the proventriculus is attained."}
{"id": "PMID:139020", "title": "An ultrastructure investigation of intrafusal muscle fibers in myotonic dystrophy.", "content": "Ultrastructure features of muscle spindles from two patients with myotonic dystrophy are described. Intrafusal muscle fibers exhibit extensive splitting with nuclear bag fibers affected more so than nuclear chain fibers. No sensory endings are present on nuclear chain fibers nor on one nuclear bag fiber throughout the equatorial and myotube regions. Small motor end plates are evident on various segments of split intrafusal fibers in the polar region and some of these extend into the myotube region. Satellite cells are numerous on both nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers. These frequently occupy the cleft space between segments of split intrafusal fibers. The myotonic dystrophy muscle spindle ultrastructure features seem to closely resemble the appearance of developing mammalian muscle spindles as illustrated with opossum fetal tissue.", "contents": "An ultrastructure investigation of intrafusal muscle fibers in myotonic dystrophy. Ultrastructure features of muscle spindles from two patients with myotonic dystrophy are described. Intrafusal muscle fibers exhibit extensive splitting with nuclear bag fibers affected more so than nuclear chain fibers. No sensory endings are present on nuclear chain fibers nor on one nuclear bag fiber throughout the equatorial and myotube regions. Small motor end plates are evident on various segments of split intrafusal fibers in the polar region and some of these extend into the myotube region. Satellite cells are numerous on both nuclear bag and nuclear chain fibers. These frequently occupy the cleft space between segments of split intrafusal fibers. The myotonic dystrophy muscle spindle ultrastructure features seem to closely resemble the appearance of developing mammalian muscle spindles as illustrated with opossum fetal tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:139021", "title": "Correlations between renal interstitium and level of serum creatinine. Morphometric investigations of biopsies in perimembranous glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Morphometric investigations in 40 patients suffering from perimembranous glomerulonephritis at different stages showed that there is no certain relationship between the severity of glomerular lesions and the serum creatinine level. In 19 cases in stages I-III, with serum creatinine level less than 1.2 mg/100 ml on biopsy, the renal interstitium was less enlarged than in 21 cases in the same stages, but with serum creatinine level higher than 2 mg/100 ml. There is a significant positive correlation between the relative interstitial volume and the level of serum creatinine. The best congruence was demonstrated in the lin/log-plotting indicating that our values correlate best with an exponential function. We therefore conclude that in perimembranous glomerulonephritis, generally considered to be a glomerular disease, functional impairment cannot be explained by the glomerular lesions alone; interstitial changes have also to be taken into account as a cause of renal insufficiency. The following hypothesis is proposed; that the increase in renal interstitium and possible shrinking of collagen fibres may lead to a narrowing of intertubular capillaries. This may result in slowing of glomerular blood flow and may lead to renal insufficiency.", "contents": "Correlations between renal interstitium and level of serum creatinine. Morphometric investigations of biopsies in perimembranous glomerulonephritis. Morphometric investigations in 40 patients suffering from perimembranous glomerulonephritis at different stages showed that there is no certain relationship between the severity of glomerular lesions and the serum creatinine level. In 19 cases in stages I-III, with serum creatinine level less than 1.2 mg/100 ml on biopsy, the renal interstitium was less enlarged than in 21 cases in the same stages, but with serum creatinine level higher than 2 mg/100 ml. There is a significant positive correlation between the relative interstitial volume and the level of serum creatinine. The best congruence was demonstrated in the lin/log-plotting indicating that our values correlate best with an exponential function. We therefore conclude that in perimembranous glomerulonephritis, generally considered to be a glomerular disease, functional impairment cannot be explained by the glomerular lesions alone; interstitial changes have also to be taken into account as a cause of renal insufficiency. The following hypothesis is proposed; that the increase in renal interstitium and possible shrinking of collagen fibres may lead to a narrowing of intertubular capillaries. This may result in slowing of glomerular blood flow and may lead to renal insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:139022", "title": "Ultrastructural aspects of chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita (syndrome of Conradi-H\u00fcnermann).", "content": "An ultrastructural study of chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita is reported. Foci of initial calcification of cartilage are characterized by coexistence of three different types of crystals, probably due to abnormal proteoglycan composition of cartilage matrix. The calcification process in chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita is apparently not related to 'matrix vesicles' as it is in normal cartilage.", "contents": "Ultrastructural aspects of chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita (syndrome of Conradi-H\u00fcnermann). An ultrastructural study of chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita is reported. Foci of initial calcification of cartilage are characterized by coexistence of three different types of crystals, probably due to abnormal proteoglycan composition of cartilage matrix. The calcification process in chondrodystrophia calcificans congenita is apparently not related to 'matrix vesicles' as it is in normal cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:139023", "title": "Adenomatous changes and adenocarcinoma of glandular stomach in Wistar rats induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. An electron microscopic and histochemical study.", "content": "Adenomatous changes, and early and invasive carcinomas of the glandular stomach in Wistar rats ingesting N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were studied. Almost all adenomatous changes and carcinomata were located near the midpoint of the lesser curvature. In electron microscopic and histochemical studies, both changes showed great cytological similarity. Electron microscopically, they were found to consist of predominantly undifferentiated cells with poorly developed cytoplasmic organelles, with some highly differentiated cells present. Histochemically, both showed strongly positive reactions for lysosomal enzymes. For tumor transplantation, five lesions were used and in all cases, the transplants were successful.", "contents": "Adenomatous changes and adenocarcinoma of glandular stomach in Wistar rats induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. An electron microscopic and histochemical study. Adenomatous changes, and early and invasive carcinomas of the glandular stomach in Wistar rats ingesting N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were studied. Almost all adenomatous changes and carcinomata were located near the midpoint of the lesser curvature. In electron microscopic and histochemical studies, both changes showed great cytological similarity. Electron microscopically, they were found to consist of predominantly undifferentiated cells with poorly developed cytoplasmic organelles, with some highly differentiated cells present. Histochemically, both showed strongly positive reactions for lysosomal enzymes. For tumor transplantation, five lesions were used and in all cases, the transplants were successful."}
{"id": "PMID:139024", "title": "[Pulmonal silicone-embolism. Light microscopic, electron microscopic and enzymehistochemical investigations in the rabbit lung (author's transl)].", "content": "Artificial silicone-embolism in rabbits was produced by injection of Baysilon-antifoam into the ear vein. Electron microscopic and histochemical observations of the lung were made, concerning the toxicity and elimination of the embolic material. At 13 months after injection the embolic silicone was not significantly reduced in amount. The rabbit lung is unable to eliminate chemically inert silicone by enzymatic degestion. We noted serious defects of endothelial cells and pneumocytes, destruction of capillaries and local atelectases. These defects are preponderantly mechanical in origin, but may be caused by lack of substrate or energy in cells deprived of their blood supply. Atelectases are interpreted as a result of break-down in surfactant-synthesis.", "contents": "[Pulmonal silicone-embolism. Light microscopic, electron microscopic and enzymehistochemical investigations in the rabbit lung (author's transl)]. Artificial silicone-embolism in rabbits was produced by injection of Baysilon-antifoam into the ear vein. Electron microscopic and histochemical observations of the lung were made, concerning the toxicity and elimination of the embolic material. At 13 months after injection the embolic silicone was not significantly reduced in amount. The rabbit lung is unable to eliminate chemically inert silicone by enzymatic degestion. We noted serious defects of endothelial cells and pneumocytes, destruction of capillaries and local atelectases. These defects are preponderantly mechanical in origin, but may be caused by lack of substrate or energy in cells deprived of their blood supply. Atelectases are interpreted as a result of break-down in surfactant-synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:139029", "title": "[T-cell lymphoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The percentage of T- and B-lymphocytes was determined by means of surface markers in 190 patients suffering from various lymphoproliferative disease. Characteristic T-cell lymphomas were diagnosed in 8 patients: 2 of these patients suffered from acute leukaemia, 2 from lymphoblastic lymphoma, 3 from mycosis fungoides and one from the S\u00e9zary syndrome. The clinical course of the disease in these patients, the clinical picture and the results obtained with various surface markers and with unspecific mitogens are described and discussed.", "contents": "[T-cell lymphoma (author's transl)]. The percentage of T- and B-lymphocytes was determined by means of surface markers in 190 patients suffering from various lymphoproliferative disease. Characteristic T-cell lymphomas were diagnosed in 8 patients: 2 of these patients suffered from acute leukaemia, 2 from lymphoblastic lymphoma, 3 from mycosis fungoides and one from the S\u00e9zary syndrome. The clinical course of the disease in these patients, the clinical picture and the results obtained with various surface markers and with unspecific mitogens are described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139031", "title": "[A case report of bird fancier's lung (author's transl)].", "content": "By a case of bird fancier's lung proved serologically by precipitin tests the importance of a detailed case history is being stressed since there is an increased frequency of exogenous allergic alveolitis. The paper shall contribute to an early diagnosis to avoid irreversible professional and non-professional damages. For all cases of manifest disease constistent avoidance of allergens is demanded.", "contents": "[A case report of bird fancier's lung (author's transl)]. By a case of bird fancier's lung proved serologically by precipitin tests the importance of a detailed case history is being stressed since there is an increased frequency of exogenous allergic alveolitis. The paper shall contribute to an early diagnosis to avoid irreversible professional and non-professional damages. For all cases of manifest disease constistent avoidance of allergens is demanded."}
{"id": "PMID:139032", "title": "[Laparoscopy--current aspects].", "content": "A short survey is given on description and evaluation of progress and developmental trend of laparoscopy. Important technical improvements are the cold light via the glass fibre light conductor, optics of high value, the colour photography with electronic flash-light, colour films and colour television, new accessory instruments and belongings. Now as ever hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, jaundice, ascites, portal hypertension, suspicion of cirrhosis and metastases are regarded as main indications. The laparoscopy deserves a greater consideration in unclear abdominal symptoms, in gynaecological diseases, for the proof of the affection of liver and spleen in lymphogranulomatosis, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis (with aimed liver biopsy). The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the differential diagnosis of the jaundice competes with the laparoscopy, but it is not able to supersede it. The laparoscopic judgment of the pancreas and the importance of visible changes of the fine structed. Among the contraindications of the laparoscopy the hiatal hernia has lost its significance.", "contents": "[Laparoscopy--current aspects]. A short survey is given on description and evaluation of progress and developmental trend of laparoscopy. Important technical improvements are the cold light via the glass fibre light conductor, optics of high value, the colour photography with electronic flash-light, colour films and colour television, new accessory instruments and belongings. Now as ever hepatomegaly and splenomegaly, jaundice, ascites, portal hypertension, suspicion of cirrhosis and metastases are regarded as main indications. The laparoscopy deserves a greater consideration in unclear abdominal symptoms, in gynaecological diseases, for the proof of the affection of liver and spleen in lymphogranulomatosis, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis (with aimed liver biopsy). The endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in the differential diagnosis of the jaundice competes with the laparoscopy, but it is not able to supersede it. The laparoscopic judgment of the pancreas and the importance of visible changes of the fine structed. Among the contraindications of the laparoscopy the hiatal hernia has lost its significance."}
{"id": "PMID:139033", "title": "[Clinical studies and pathogenesis of hairdresser's dermatitis].", "content": "Characteristically, hairdresser's dermatitis arises shortly after occupational exposure and tends to clear quickly following a change of professions. A large number of causative agents are usually found. There is a considerably higher incidence in females. The following factors play a major role in the pathogenesis of hairdresser's dermatitis alkalinity of the substances used, carelessness in handling the chemicals, mechanical trauma and constant wetting of the skin, and constitutional factors such as hyperhidrosis and dyshidrosis.", "contents": "[Clinical studies and pathogenesis of hairdresser's dermatitis]. Characteristically, hairdresser's dermatitis arises shortly after occupational exposure and tends to clear quickly following a change of professions. A large number of causative agents are usually found. There is a considerably higher incidence in females. The following factors play a major role in the pathogenesis of hairdresser's dermatitis alkalinity of the substances used, carelessness in handling the chemicals, mechanical trauma and constant wetting of the skin, and constitutional factors such as hyperhidrosis and dyshidrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:139034", "title": "[The so-called sweat-gland carcinoma of the human breast. A review (author's transl)].", "content": "The term sweat-gland carcinoma of the breast is used in widely different meanings. Nonetheless, two histologically well-characterized types may be recognized: 1. The apocrine (oncocytic) carcinoma is composed of large well-delimited cells with finely granular, oxyphilic cytoplasm similar to that of oncocytes of other organs. They resemble the \"pale\" oxyphilic cells of the aging normal breast whose cytoplasm in part show the same quality. These carcinoma cells are regarded as mammary cells in a state of transition into oncocytes. Any similarity they have to cells of the apocrine axillary sweat-gland is purely superficial and in no way influences the interpretation of apocrine carcinomas. 2. The secreting carcinoma histologically is reminiscent of the functioning, hormonally stimulated breast of pregnancy. It reveals apocrine extrusion of nuclei and an accumulation of neutral fat in cytoplasm and duct lumina. A case of secreting carcinoma is described in detail to exemplify the association with exogenous hormonal stimulation. Both types of differentiation of carcinomas may arise together or with other types of mammary carcinomas, and share the clinical prognosis with them. The term sweat-gland carcinoma of the human breast should be abolished since there exists no proof that they really occur.", "contents": "[The so-called sweat-gland carcinoma of the human breast. A review (author's transl)]. The term sweat-gland carcinoma of the breast is used in widely different meanings. Nonetheless, two histologically well-characterized types may be recognized: 1. The apocrine (oncocytic) carcinoma is composed of large well-delimited cells with finely granular, oxyphilic cytoplasm similar to that of oncocytes of other organs. They resemble the \"pale\" oxyphilic cells of the aging normal breast whose cytoplasm in part show the same quality. These carcinoma cells are regarded as mammary cells in a state of transition into oncocytes. Any similarity they have to cells of the apocrine axillary sweat-gland is purely superficial and in no way influences the interpretation of apocrine carcinomas. 2. The secreting carcinoma histologically is reminiscent of the functioning, hormonally stimulated breast of pregnancy. It reveals apocrine extrusion of nuclei and an accumulation of neutral fat in cytoplasm and duct lumina. A case of secreting carcinoma is described in detail to exemplify the association with exogenous hormonal stimulation. Both types of differentiation of carcinomas may arise together or with other types of mammary carcinomas, and share the clinical prognosis with them. The term sweat-gland carcinoma of the human breast should be abolished since there exists no proof that they really occur."}
{"id": "PMID:139035", "title": "Characterization of human malignant melanoma cell lines; V. Heterotransplantation in the hamster cheek pouch.", "content": "Seven continuous cell lines of human malignant melanoma were studied in terms of their in vivo growth potential in the cheeck pouch of the cortisonized golden hamster. Progressive tumor growth was noted only among the melanoma lines which were grossly pigmented (10/32 transplants). None of the three amelanotic tumor lines showed progressive growth. The growing tumors could be identified as melanoma on morphological grounds and by histochemical demonstration of melanin granules. Histology of the tumor lesions revealed evidence of a host reaction to the tumor transplants. This was confirmed by demonstration of circulating antibodies directed against the implanted human cells. Correlations between in vivo heterotransplantability and in vitro saturation density of human melanoma cells were not found in the present study.", "contents": "Characterization of human malignant melanoma cell lines; V. Heterotransplantation in the hamster cheek pouch. Seven continuous cell lines of human malignant melanoma were studied in terms of their in vivo growth potential in the cheeck pouch of the cortisonized golden hamster. Progressive tumor growth was noted only among the melanoma lines which were grossly pigmented (10/32 transplants). None of the three amelanotic tumor lines showed progressive growth. The growing tumors could be identified as melanoma on morphological grounds and by histochemical demonstration of melanin granules. Histology of the tumor lesions revealed evidence of a host reaction to the tumor transplants. This was confirmed by demonstration of circulating antibodies directed against the implanted human cells. Correlations between in vivo heterotransplantability and in vitro saturation density of human melanoma cells were not found in the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:139036", "title": "[Studies on the thymidine-triphosphate synthesis in malignant tumors. I. Effects of thymidine on deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) contents, the [14C] thymidine and deoxyuridine incorporation and the \"key enzymes\" of the thymidine triphosphate (dTTP) synthesis, thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase, in diploid Ehrlich-ascites carcinoma, in Yoshida sarcoma-ascites cells and to a smaller extent in surgically removed malignant human tumours show 1. A distinctly increased dTTP content compared with the remaining dNTP is not a characteristic of tumour cells generally but a peculiarity of sarcoma and a sign of differentiation of a malignant tumour. 2. With simultaneous linear deoxyribonucleoside incorporation the dTTP content and the mix-proportion of [14C] dTTP to total dTTP in ascites tumour cells in short-term in-vitro incubation (120 min) remain constant. 3. Thymidine addition to the medium leads to a distinct rise of dTTP concentration even at a dosage of 3 X 10(-5) M. 4. The dNTP contents of ascites tumour cells are within the range of the endproduct-inhibiting concentrations of thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase.", "contents": "[Studies on the thymidine-triphosphate synthesis in malignant tumors. I. Effects of thymidine on deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools and deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis (author's transl)]. Measurements of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) contents, the [14C] thymidine and deoxyuridine incorporation and the \"key enzymes\" of the thymidine triphosphate (dTTP) synthesis, thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase, in diploid Ehrlich-ascites carcinoma, in Yoshida sarcoma-ascites cells and to a smaller extent in surgically removed malignant human tumours show 1. A distinctly increased dTTP content compared with the remaining dNTP is not a characteristic of tumour cells generally but a peculiarity of sarcoma and a sign of differentiation of a malignant tumour. 2. With simultaneous linear deoxyribonucleoside incorporation the dTTP content and the mix-proportion of [14C] dTTP to total dTTP in ascites tumour cells in short-term in-vitro incubation (120 min) remain constant. 3. Thymidine addition to the medium leads to a distinct rise of dTTP concentration even at a dosage of 3 X 10(-5) M. 4. The dNTP contents of ascites tumour cells are within the range of the endproduct-inhibiting concentrations of thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase."}
{"id": "PMID:139037", "title": "[Studies on the thymidine-triphosphate synthesis in malignant tumors. II. Effect of hyperthermia, Vitamin K and Cytotoxic agents (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) contents, the [14C] thymidine and deoxyuridine incorporation and the \"key enzymes\" of the thymidine triphosphate (dTTP) synthesis, thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase, in diploid Ehrlich-ascites carcinoma, under the application of hyperthermia, vitamin K and cytocidal agents show: The effect of hyperthermia and menadion (the basic substance of the K vitamins) on the above parameters of dNTP synthesis can explain the labile effects of hyperthemia and vitamin K therapy on cancer growth. Alterations of the dNTP concentrations and demonstrable or absent inhibition of the ribonucleotide reduction with application of fluoruracil, amethopterine, cytosine arabinoside, hydroxyurea, trisethylen iminobenzochinone and daunomycin confirm and supplement our knowledge of the cytostatic action mechanism of these substances. They show moreover by the example of fluoruracil and amethopterine medication that the dTTP concentration estimation after in-vitro incubation of tumour cells with the addition of FU or methotrexat is a better measurement of the therapeutic in-vivo responsiveness of malignant tumours than the previously performed test methods.", "contents": "[Studies on the thymidine-triphosphate synthesis in malignant tumors. II. Effect of hyperthermia, Vitamin K and Cytotoxic agents (author's transl)]. Measurements of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) contents, the [14C] thymidine and deoxyuridine incorporation and the \"key enzymes\" of the thymidine triphosphate (dTTP) synthesis, thymidine kinase and ribonucleotide reductase, in diploid Ehrlich-ascites carcinoma, under the application of hyperthermia, vitamin K and cytocidal agents show: The effect of hyperthermia and menadion (the basic substance of the K vitamins) on the above parameters of dNTP synthesis can explain the labile effects of hyperthemia and vitamin K therapy on cancer growth. Alterations of the dNTP concentrations and demonstrable or absent inhibition of the ribonucleotide reduction with application of fluoruracil, amethopterine, cytosine arabinoside, hydroxyurea, trisethylen iminobenzochinone and daunomycin confirm and supplement our knowledge of the cytostatic action mechanism of these substances. They show moreover by the example of fluoruracil and amethopterine medication that the dTTP concentration estimation after in-vitro incubation of tumour cells with the addition of FU or methotrexat is a better measurement of the therapeutic in-vivo responsiveness of malignant tumours than the previously performed test methods."}
{"id": "PMID:139038", "title": "On the incidence of malignant tumors in routine autopsies.", "content": "The present study taken over a 12-year time period analyzes malignant tumors in a large number of autopsies, with specific consideration of the frequency and location, age and sex group distribution, and histologic classification of the tumors. The tumors were first evaluated in terms of specific organs and organ systems and were then histologically classified. On a total of 23338 subjects who died between the years 1960 and 1971, 17052 autopsies were carried out (73.1%) and only 15384 (65.9%) of these were evaluated for out study. Altogether we located 4911 cases of MT, i.e., 31.9% of the evaluated autopsies. The number of MT in the males slightly exceeded that in the females (2508[51.1%] MT and 2403 [48.9%] MT, respectively.) We calculated over 60% of the MT to be in the 7th and 8th age groups. By comparing the two time periods (1960-1965) and 1966-1971) we calculated a significant increase in the MT rate by 1.7%. This increase was found mainly  to effect  the males (the female group showed only a slight increase). The greatest number of MT were located in the digestive system with an MT rate of 26.2%; next came the urogenital system (23.4%) and then the respiratory system (18.7%). The respiratory system took first position of importance in the males with an MT rate of 30.3% followed by the digestive system with 27.4%. The urogenital system dominated in the females with a rate of 29.0%. The rate of MT of the respiratory system was significantly higher in the males...", "contents": "On the incidence of malignant tumors in routine autopsies. The present study taken over a 12-year time period analyzes malignant tumors in a large number of autopsies, with specific consideration of the frequency and location, age and sex group distribution, and histologic classification of the tumors. The tumors were first evaluated in terms of specific organs and organ systems and were then histologically classified. On a total of 23338 subjects who died between the years 1960 and 1971, 17052 autopsies were carried out (73.1%) and only 15384 (65.9%) of these were evaluated for out study. Altogether we located 4911 cases of MT, i.e., 31.9% of the evaluated autopsies. The number of MT in the males slightly exceeded that in the females (2508[51.1%] MT and 2403 [48.9%] MT, respectively.) We calculated over 60% of the MT to be in the 7th and 8th age groups. By comparing the two time periods (1960-1965) and 1966-1971) we calculated a significant increase in the MT rate by 1.7%. This increase was found mainly  to effect  the males (the female group showed only a slight increase). The greatest number of MT were located in the digestive system with an MT rate of 26.2%; next came the urogenital system (23.4%) and then the respiratory system (18.7%). The respiratory system took first position of importance in the males with an MT rate of 30.3% followed by the digestive system with 27.4%. The urogenital system dominated in the females with a rate of 29.0%. The rate of MT of the respiratory system was significantly higher in the males..."}
{"id": "PMID:139039", "title": "[Congestive, hypertropic cardiomyopathy--intermediary form of primary myocardial disease? (author's transl)].", "content": "A 43-year-old woman with anginal pain and the electrocardiographic signs of an old anterior infarction presented the clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic findings of congestive cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume was sizably increased, there was generalized hypokinetic wall motion and LV ejection fraction was reduced to 40 percent. The subsequent clinical course was characterized by progressive congestive heart failure and the patient died 4 years after the first appearance of symptoms. Autopsy revealed marked dilatation of all heart chambers and severe hypertrophy of the LV anterior wall. The LV posterior wall and the septum were less markedly hypertrophied. Light and electron microscopy showed the typical findings of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the anterior part of the LV wall whereas the septum and the LV posterior wall presented unspecific histological alterations. In conclusions, this case demonstrates that a clinically typical congestive cardiomyopathy may be associated with a localized area characteristic for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Thus it is a postulated that the described patient represents an intermediary form of primary myocardial disease.", "contents": "[Congestive, hypertropic cardiomyopathy--intermediary form of primary myocardial disease? (author's transl)]. A 43-year-old woman with anginal pain and the electrocardiographic signs of an old anterior infarction presented the clinical, hemodynamic and angiographic findings of congestive cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume was sizably increased, there was generalized hypokinetic wall motion and LV ejection fraction was reduced to 40 percent. The subsequent clinical course was characterized by progressive congestive heart failure and the patient died 4 years after the first appearance of symptoms. Autopsy revealed marked dilatation of all heart chambers and severe hypertrophy of the LV anterior wall. The LV posterior wall and the septum were less markedly hypertrophied. Light and electron microscopy showed the typical findings of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the anterior part of the LV wall whereas the septum and the LV posterior wall presented unspecific histological alterations. In conclusions, this case demonstrates that a clinically typical congestive cardiomyopathy may be associated with a localized area characteristic for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Thus it is a postulated that the described patient represents an intermediary form of primary myocardial disease."}
{"id": "PMID:139040", "title": "[Significance of body weight in degenerative skeletal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "An attempt was made to ascertain the influence of body weight on degenerative skeletal diseases in a group of 250 hospitalized patients suffering from gonarthrosis and/or lumbar syndrome. The current average body weight according to age, size and sex (Geigy Tables) were used as the standard. Patients with gonarthrosis were significantly overweight while patients with lumbar syndrome fell within the normal range. A prearthrosis or prearthritic deformity of the vertebral column or knee could be demonstrated in the majority of patients, particularly the younger ones. In most of the older patients, an age-induced reduction in the quality of cartilage and tissue of the intervertebral disk was already present. For the established casual significance of prearthroses, the only possible influence of body weight on the development of alterations is as a contributing factor, to functional strain. A statement cannot be made concerning the importance of this contributing factor for methodological reasons; an essential influence, however, is doubtful. Overweight alone does not tend to induce degenerative skeletal alterations under normal static and occupational conditions.", "contents": "[Significance of body weight in degenerative skeletal diseases (author's transl)]. An attempt was made to ascertain the influence of body weight on degenerative skeletal diseases in a group of 250 hospitalized patients suffering from gonarthrosis and/or lumbar syndrome. The current average body weight according to age, size and sex (Geigy Tables) were used as the standard. Patients with gonarthrosis were significantly overweight while patients with lumbar syndrome fell within the normal range. A prearthrosis or prearthritic deformity of the vertebral column or knee could be demonstrated in the majority of patients, particularly the younger ones. In most of the older patients, an age-induced reduction in the quality of cartilage and tissue of the intervertebral disk was already present. For the established casual significance of prearthroses, the only possible influence of body weight on the development of alterations is as a contributing factor, to functional strain. A statement cannot be made concerning the importance of this contributing factor for methodological reasons; an essential influence, however, is doubtful. Overweight alone does not tend to induce degenerative skeletal alterations under normal static and occupational conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:139048", "title": "[Conception and goals of sports for handicapped in Switzerland].", "content": "The main objective of sport for the handicapped is the maintenance and improvement of physical performance. Sport for the handicapped is also a social hygienic question. We cannot ignore what is happening to the handicapped during their whole life-time: whether they get more and more stiff, unflexible and clumsy, lose their ability to move and become a burden to the society too early. Regular physical activity can work wonders. Many of them find the relation to the public life and their lost self-confidence returned as a result of participating in physical activity programs. They become happier and motivated for their daily work. They discover a new sense of life in proving to themselves that, in spite of their handicap, they are able to achieve considerable performances, a healthier state, and are generally happier and more flexible up to an old age. In conclusion, sport for the handicapped should achieve the following: give pleasure of life, increase courage, promote comradeship, reinforce self-confidence, improve independence, and take away inhibitions and inferiority complexes.", "contents": "[Conception and goals of sports for handicapped in Switzerland]. The main objective of sport for the handicapped is the maintenance and improvement of physical performance. Sport for the handicapped is also a social hygienic question. We cannot ignore what is happening to the handicapped during their whole life-time: whether they get more and more stiff, unflexible and clumsy, lose their ability to move and become a burden to the society too early. Regular physical activity can work wonders. Many of them find the relation to the public life and their lost self-confidence returned as a result of participating in physical activity programs. They become happier and motivated for their daily work. They discover a new sense of life in proving to themselves that, in spite of their handicap, they are able to achieve considerable performances, a healthier state, and are generally happier and more flexible up to an old age. In conclusion, sport for the handicapped should achieve the following: give pleasure of life, increase courage, promote comradeship, reinforce self-confidence, improve independence, and take away inhibitions and inferiority complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:139062", "title": "[Radioimmunological determination of unconjugated plasma estradiol and estriol after administration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in late pregnancy].", "content": "In 16 normal and pathologic pregnancies we carried out the dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate loading test by injection of 50 mg DHEA-S-Na intravenously. The plasma concentrations of unconjugated estradiol and estriol were measured by radioimmun-assay. The level of estradiol increased continuously, rising to a maximum 60 min after the injection. In pre-eclamptic patients and cases of intrauterine growth retardation the rise was significantly reduced. There was a good correlation between result of the test and clinical dates. In plasma concentrations of unconjugated estriol no changes could be observed within 3 hours after the injection.", "contents": "[Radioimmunological determination of unconjugated plasma estradiol and estriol after administration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate in late pregnancy]. In 16 normal and pathologic pregnancies we carried out the dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate loading test by injection of 50 mg DHEA-S-Na intravenously. The plasma concentrations of unconjugated estradiol and estriol were measured by radioimmun-assay. The level of estradiol increased continuously, rising to a maximum 60 min after the injection. In pre-eclamptic patients and cases of intrauterine growth retardation the rise was significantly reduced. There was a good correlation between result of the test and clinical dates. In plasma concentrations of unconjugated estriol no changes could be observed within 3 hours after the injection."}
{"id": "PMID:139063", "title": "The ultrastructure of oncolytic spores found on pig skin.", "content": "A new type of clostridium spore, derived from melanotic hamster tumors treated with pig skin extracts, was examined in a lyophylized form by electron microscopy (EM). Scanning EM indicated that two out of five preparations contained only spores. The spores exhibited oval forms (1.5 X 1.0 MU)with elongated, sometimes infolded, poles indicating an overlying membrane. These structures corresponded to the exosporium as seen by transmission EM. The size of the spores, including the cortex (350-550 A), inner membranes, and cytoplasm averaged 5100 X 5900 A. Cytochemical findings suggest that acid mucopolysaccharides and polypeptides containing N-acetyl-neuraminic acid are localized within the exterior and interior layers of the exosporium and at the surface of the outer coat, which could have a tumor inhibiting effect.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of oncolytic spores found on pig skin. A new type of clostridium spore, derived from melanotic hamster tumors treated with pig skin extracts, was examined in a lyophylized form by electron microscopy (EM). Scanning EM indicated that two out of five preparations contained only spores. The spores exhibited oval forms (1.5 X 1.0 MU)with elongated, sometimes infolded, poles indicating an overlying membrane. These structures corresponded to the exosporium as seen by transmission EM. The size of the spores, including the cortex (350-550 A), inner membranes, and cytoplasm averaged 5100 X 5900 A. Cytochemical findings suggest that acid mucopolysaccharides and polypeptides containing N-acetyl-neuraminic acid are localized within the exterior and interior layers of the exosporium and at the surface of the outer coat, which could have a tumor inhibiting effect."}
{"id": "PMID:139067", "title": "The effect of temperature change on the kinetic behaviour of yeast phosphofructokinase.", "content": "Yeast phosphofructokinase does not exhibit any cold sensitivity. The kinetic properties of the enzyme have been investigated in the range between 10 degrees C and 30 degrees C in dependence on fructose 6-phosphate and ATP. Although a significant increase in the enzyme activity with rising temperature does not occur, the shape of the ATP velocity curves is not markedly altered. With increasing concentrations of fructose-6-phosphate the efficiency of temperature on the catalytic process increases, indicating a small temperature effect on the shape of the fructose-6-phosphate velocity curves. The results are interpreted in terms of an adequate kinetic model.", "contents": "The effect of temperature change on the kinetic behaviour of yeast phosphofructokinase. Yeast phosphofructokinase does not exhibit any cold sensitivity. The kinetic properties of the enzyme have been investigated in the range between 10 degrees C and 30 degrees C in dependence on fructose 6-phosphate and ATP. Although a significant increase in the enzyme activity with rising temperature does not occur, the shape of the ATP velocity curves is not markedly altered. With increasing concentrations of fructose-6-phosphate the efficiency of temperature on the catalytic process increases, indicating a small temperature effect on the shape of the fructose-6-phosphate velocity curves. The results are interpreted in terms of an adequate kinetic model."}
{"id": "PMID:139068", "title": "Experimental auto-alloplastic repair of parietal peritoneum,.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on 15 dogs to repair the parietal peritoneum with an auto-alloplastic structure whose internal smooth surface was turned towards the abdominal cavity. Gross and histologic examinations have confirmed adaptation of the implant to the new environment without the formation of adhesions.", "contents": "Experimental auto-alloplastic repair of parietal peritoneum,. Experiments were carried out on 15 dogs to repair the parietal peritoneum with an auto-alloplastic structure whose internal smooth surface was turned towards the abdominal cavity. Gross and histologic examinations have confirmed adaptation of the implant to the new environment without the formation of adhesions."}
{"id": "PMID:139069", "title": "Electrocardiographic findings in 24 patients with myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Twenty four myasthenia gravis patients, 14 females and 10 males, aged between 5 and 65 years (average 29) were studied electrocardiographically. The abnormalities found in the ECG were: prolonged \"Q-T\" intervals (10 cases, 44.1%), sinus tachycardias (5 cases, 20.8%), sinus arrhythmias (5 cases, 20.8%), right bundle branch block (4 cases, 16.6%), and non-specific \"T\" wave changes (2 cases, 8.3%). Among our 24 patients with myasthenia gravis, in contrast to previous reports, only two had non-specific \"T\" wave abnormalities. But prolonged \"Q-T\" intervals, right bundle branch block, sinus tachycardias and sinus arrhythmias, when compared to normal population incidence, were found to be quite significant. In pathogenesis, primary myocardial histo-pathological abnormalities, and the role of extracardiac factors in producing the changes were discussed.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic findings in 24 patients with myasthenia gravis. Twenty four myasthenia gravis patients, 14 females and 10 males, aged between 5 and 65 years (average 29) were studied electrocardiographically. The abnormalities found in the ECG were: prolonged \"Q-T\" intervals (10 cases, 44.1%), sinus tachycardias (5 cases, 20.8%), sinus arrhythmias (5 cases, 20.8%), right bundle branch block (4 cases, 16.6%), and non-specific \"T\" wave changes (2 cases, 8.3%). Among our 24 patients with myasthenia gravis, in contrast to previous reports, only two had non-specific \"T\" wave abnormalities. But prolonged \"Q-T\" intervals, right bundle branch block, sinus tachycardias and sinus arrhythmias, when compared to normal population incidence, were found to be quite significant. In pathogenesis, primary myocardial histo-pathological abnormalities, and the role of extracardiac factors in producing the changes were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139070", "title": "[Value of puncture-lavage in abdominal closed trauma. Comparison with the laparoscopy and symptomatology (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of 120 closed abdominal trauma the authors compare the reliability of the abdominal symptomatology (60%), of puncture-lavage with an Intracath (92.5%) or with a Diacath (98%) and of laparoscopy (100%). Laparoscopy and puncture-lavage with a Diacath have the same advantages: rapid execution, safeness, reliability. However the preference of the authors goes to the catheter and peritoneal dialysis because of its simplicity and feasability by the surgeon himself. This technique discloses visceral lesions: if positive it allows an earlier diagnosis and operation; if negative it avoids unnecessary laparotomies especially in cases of multiple trauma.", "contents": "[Value of puncture-lavage in abdominal closed trauma. Comparison with the laparoscopy and symptomatology (author's transl)]. In a series of 120 closed abdominal trauma the authors compare the reliability of the abdominal symptomatology (60%), of puncture-lavage with an Intracath (92.5%) or with a Diacath (98%) and of laparoscopy (100%). Laparoscopy and puncture-lavage with a Diacath have the same advantages: rapid execution, safeness, reliability. However the preference of the authors goes to the catheter and peritoneal dialysis because of its simplicity and feasability by the surgeon himself. This technique discloses visceral lesions: if positive it allows an earlier diagnosis and operation; if negative it avoids unnecessary laparotomies especially in cases of multiple trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:139071", "title": "Transferrin-immune complex disease.", "content": "A 71-year-old woman showed a highly unusual pattern of iron distribution in the organism which was associated with iron overload. The hallmark of this disease was an extreme hypersiderinemia, the serum iron reaching about 800 mug/100 ml. There was a pigment cirrhosis of the liver, bronzed skin containing hemosiderin, and diabetes mellitus. Paradoxically, hemosiderin was not detectable in bone marrow macrophages, sideroblasts and erythrocytes were reduced, and there was a decrease in radioiron utilization of erythropoiesis, thus indicating insufficient iron supply. The pathogenesis of this disorder based on the formation of an autoantibody with specificity for transferrin thus producing a circulating immune complex which bound the majority of serum iron. Immunosuppression achieved a partial remission including a recovery of the patient's general state, a rise in free transferrin, a decrease in serum iron, disappearance of hemosiderin in the liver, and a rise in erythrocyte production.", "contents": "Transferrin-immune complex disease. A 71-year-old woman showed a highly unusual pattern of iron distribution in the organism which was associated with iron overload. The hallmark of this disease was an extreme hypersiderinemia, the serum iron reaching about 800 mug/100 ml. There was a pigment cirrhosis of the liver, bronzed skin containing hemosiderin, and diabetes mellitus. Paradoxically, hemosiderin was not detectable in bone marrow macrophages, sideroblasts and erythrocytes were reduced, and there was a decrease in radioiron utilization of erythropoiesis, thus indicating insufficient iron supply. The pathogenesis of this disorder based on the formation of an autoantibody with specificity for transferrin thus producing a circulating immune complex which bound the majority of serum iron. Immunosuppression achieved a partial remission including a recovery of the patient's general state, a rise in free transferrin, a decrease in serum iron, disappearance of hemosiderin in the liver, and a rise in erythrocyte production."}
{"id": "PMID:139072", "title": "Muscle tone under fentanyl-nitrous oxide anaesthesia measured with a transducer apparatus in cholecystecomy incisions.", "content": "Fentanyl is a strong, synthetic analgesic which may cause muscular rigidity when administered intravenously. To obtain a quantitative measure of the possible increase in muscle tone after intravenous fentanyl, the muscular tension of the right rectus abdominis was measured in 20 patients before and after administration of this drug. A traction transducer apparatus was fastened between the anterior and posterior rectus sheath in a right oblique laparotomy incision. Premedication was with pentobarbitone, and the anaesthesia and muscle relaxation were effected by thiopentone or enibomal and nitrous oxide-oxygen with 75% nitrous oxide, and suxamethonium infusion (0.2%) until the measurement of tension was started. Immediately after the action of suxamethonium had ceased, fentanyl, about 0.004 mg/kg body weight, was administered. An increase in tone was found in 15 cases (75%). The mean increase was 9.2 N. The influence of the anaesthesia upon the result is discussed, and it is concluded that fentanyl must be responsible for the increase in muscle tone.", "contents": "Muscle tone under fentanyl-nitrous oxide anaesthesia measured with a transducer apparatus in cholecystecomy incisions. Fentanyl is a strong, synthetic analgesic which may cause muscular rigidity when administered intravenously. To obtain a quantitative measure of the possible increase in muscle tone after intravenous fentanyl, the muscular tension of the right rectus abdominis was measured in 20 patients before and after administration of this drug. A traction transducer apparatus was fastened between the anterior and posterior rectus sheath in a right oblique laparotomy incision. Premedication was with pentobarbitone, and the anaesthesia and muscle relaxation were effected by thiopentone or enibomal and nitrous oxide-oxygen with 75% nitrous oxide, and suxamethonium infusion (0.2%) until the measurement of tension was started. Immediately after the action of suxamethonium had ceased, fentanyl, about 0.004 mg/kg body weight, was administered. An increase in tone was found in 15 cases (75%). The mean increase was 9.2 N. The influence of the anaesthesia upon the result is discussed, and it is concluded that fentanyl must be responsible for the increase in muscle tone."}
{"id": "PMID:139073", "title": "The significance of human chorionic gonadotropin in blood serum for the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy.", "content": "Determination of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) values in the serum by the radioimmunoassay technique, was performed in 23 women with suspected ectopic pregnancies. In 16 cases the values of HCG were high and the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was verified by laparoscopy and laparotomy. In 7 cases low HCG values were found and ectopic pregnancy was excluded. The detection of HCG in the serum was found to be an excellent tool for the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, thus helping to prevent the dangerous sequelae which follow the late diagnosis of this condition.", "contents": "The significance of human chorionic gonadotropin in blood serum for the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy. Determination of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) values in the serum by the radioimmunoassay technique, was performed in 23 women with suspected ectopic pregnancies. In 16 cases the values of HCG were high and the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy was verified by laparoscopy and laparotomy. In 7 cases low HCG values were found and ectopic pregnancy was excluded. The detection of HCG in the serum was found to be an excellent tool for the early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy, thus helping to prevent the dangerous sequelae which follow the late diagnosis of this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:139074", "title": "Contractile and histochemical properties of the inferior oblique muscle in the rat and in the cat.", "content": "Mechanical and histochemical properties of inferior oblique muscles(IO) were compared in adult albino rat and pigmented cat. The twitch contraction times and the fusion frequencies were about the same in both species indicating similar contractile properties of the fast contracting fibers. Rat IO seemed to contain fewer slowly contracting fibers than cat IO; half-decay time of the twitch was shorter in rat than in cat muscles and fusion started at higher stimulus frequencies. Fatique resistance was lower in rat than in rat than in cat. Post-tetanic potentiation occurred in the cat but not in the rat IO. Almost all fibers of rat IO were rich in myofibrillar ATPase. In cat IO most fibers showed high myofibrillar ATPase activity, but some fibers in the global layer had moderate to small amounts of this enzyme. This correlates well with the physiological differencies between cat and rat IO.", "contents": "Contractile and histochemical properties of the inferior oblique muscle in the rat and in the cat. Mechanical and histochemical properties of inferior oblique muscles(IO) were compared in adult albino rat and pigmented cat. The twitch contraction times and the fusion frequencies were about the same in both species indicating similar contractile properties of the fast contracting fibers. Rat IO seemed to contain fewer slowly contracting fibers than cat IO; half-decay time of the twitch was shorter in rat than in cat muscles and fusion started at higher stimulus frequencies. Fatique resistance was lower in rat than in rat than in cat. Post-tetanic potentiation occurred in the cat but not in the rat IO. Almost all fibers of rat IO were rich in myofibrillar ATPase. In cat IO most fibers showed high myofibrillar ATPase activity, but some fibers in the global layer had moderate to small amounts of this enzyme. This correlates well with the physiological differencies between cat and rat IO."}
{"id": "PMID:139077", "title": "Actions of fenfluramine on glucose uptake in vitro and in vivo.", "content": "Fenfluramine stimulates the glucose uptake of the isolated hemidiaphragm from normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats in the presence of insulin. The drug does not cause an increased storage of glycogen. During hind leg perfusion of the dog fenfluramine stimulated peripheral glucose uptake. No increase in lactate or in free fatty acids release was observed during prolonged infusions of the drug. Fenfluramine caused an improvement of glucose tolerance in normal glucose-primed rats. A single dose of fenfluramine significantly lowered the blood glucose levels in streptozotocin diabetic rats and in diabetic dogs treated with insulin. Prolonged treatment with fenfluramine of streptozotocin diabetic rats had no significant effect on blood glucose levels. Additional treatment for one week of insulin dependent diabetic dogs with small non-anorexic doses of fenfluramine resulted in slightly decreased blood glucose levels. The dogs could not be maintained on fenfluramine alone (without insulin).", "contents": "Actions of fenfluramine on glucose uptake in vitro and in vivo. Fenfluramine stimulates the glucose uptake of the isolated hemidiaphragm from normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats in the presence of insulin. The drug does not cause an increased storage of glycogen. During hind leg perfusion of the dog fenfluramine stimulated peripheral glucose uptake. No increase in lactate or in free fatty acids release was observed during prolonged infusions of the drug. Fenfluramine caused an improvement of glucose tolerance in normal glucose-primed rats. A single dose of fenfluramine significantly lowered the blood glucose levels in streptozotocin diabetic rats and in diabetic dogs treated with insulin. Prolonged treatment with fenfluramine of streptozotocin diabetic rats had no significant effect on blood glucose levels. Additional treatment for one week of insulin dependent diabetic dogs with small non-anorexic doses of fenfluramine resulted in slightly decreased blood glucose levels. The dogs could not be maintained on fenfluramine alone (without insulin)."}
{"id": "PMID:139078", "title": "Effect of a selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor--Lu 10-171--on rat brain 5-HT turnover.", "content": "Changes in endogenous concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA as well as the turnover rate of 5-HT was studied in rat brain after treatment with a new potent and selective inhibitor of the neuronal 5-HT reuptake mechanism, Lu 10-171(1-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(p-fluorophenyl)-5-phthalancarbonitrile). After a single dose of Lu 10-171 the concentration of 5-HIAA was reduced from 1 to 24 hours after treatment, whereas that of 5-HT was practically unchanged, indicating decreased turnover of 5-HT in the brain. This was confirmed using three different methods for measuring 5-HT turnover. Thus the rate of 5-HIAA accumulation in the brain after probenecid was reduced after Lu 10-171. Likewise treatment with Lu 10-171 led to a decreased fall in 5-HT and an increased fall in 5-HIAA after inhibition of 5-HT synthesis with parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Unexpectedly Lu 10-171 did not change either the accumulation of 5-HT or the decrease in 5-HIAA after inhibition of MAO with pargyline. By and large the results are consistent with the proposed negative feed-back regulation of 5-HT neuronal firing rate due to the abundance of 5-HT at postsynaptic receptors after inhibition of the reuptake mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of a selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor--Lu 10-171--on rat brain 5-HT turnover. Changes in endogenous concentrations of 5-HT and 5-HIAA as well as the turnover rate of 5-HT was studied in rat brain after treatment with a new potent and selective inhibitor of the neuronal 5-HT reuptake mechanism, Lu 10-171(1-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(p-fluorophenyl)-5-phthalancarbonitrile). After a single dose of Lu 10-171 the concentration of 5-HIAA was reduced from 1 to 24 hours after treatment, whereas that of 5-HT was practically unchanged, indicating decreased turnover of 5-HT in the brain. This was confirmed using three different methods for measuring 5-HT turnover. Thus the rate of 5-HIAA accumulation in the brain after probenecid was reduced after Lu 10-171. Likewise treatment with Lu 10-171 led to a decreased fall in 5-HT and an increased fall in 5-HIAA after inhibition of 5-HT synthesis with parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Unexpectedly Lu 10-171 did not change either the accumulation of 5-HT or the decrease in 5-HIAA after inhibition of MAO with pargyline. By and large the results are consistent with the proposed negative feed-back regulation of 5-HT neuronal firing rate due to the abundance of 5-HT at postsynaptic receptors after inhibition of the reuptake mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:139075", "title": "Inner ear morphology in Down's syndrome.", "content": "A comparative study was made on four pairs of temporal bones from patients with Down's syndrome (trisomy 21) and 15 pairs of temporal bones from other infants of the same age range. Spiral reconstructions showed chochlear length to be slightly shorter in temporal bones from patients with Down's syndrome than that in the controls. Based upon these dimensional measurements, a developmental anomaly of the vestibular apparatus was found.", "contents": "Inner ear morphology in Down's syndrome. A comparative study was made on four pairs of temporal bones from patients with Down's syndrome (trisomy 21) and 15 pairs of temporal bones from other infants of the same age range. Spiral reconstructions showed chochlear length to be slightly shorter in temporal bones from patients with Down's syndrome than that in the controls. Based upon these dimensional measurements, a developmental anomaly of the vestibular apparatus was found."}
{"id": "PMID:139079", "title": "Skeletal muscle fiber splitting induced by weight-lifting exercise in cats.", "content": "Adult skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by exercise has been thought to be exclusively related to an increase in cross-section area of individual muscle fibers and not to an increase in the number of muscle fibers. Recent experiments using surgical intervention to cause muscle overload have induced an increase in fiber numbers; however, the muscle also exhibited pathological alterations. The purpose of this study was to determine if an exercise regimen also induced hyperplasia. Cats were trained to lift weights with their right forelimb to receive a food reward. After 19-46 weeks of training, the flexor carpi radialis muscle (FCR) was removed and prepared for histochemical examination. The total number of muscle fibers of the right exercised FCR increased significantly (19.3%) when compared with that of the unexercised left FCR (p less than 0.05). This increase was found to be due to muscle fiber splitting.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle fiber splitting induced by weight-lifting exercise in cats. Adult skeletal muscle hypertrophy induced by exercise has been thought to be exclusively related to an increase in cross-section area of individual muscle fibers and not to an increase in the number of muscle fibers. Recent experiments using surgical intervention to cause muscle overload have induced an increase in fiber numbers; however, the muscle also exhibited pathological alterations. The purpose of this study was to determine if an exercise regimen also induced hyperplasia. Cats were trained to lift weights with their right forelimb to receive a food reward. After 19-46 weeks of training, the flexor carpi radialis muscle (FCR) was removed and prepared for histochemical examination. The total number of muscle fibers of the right exercised FCR increased significantly (19.3%) when compared with that of the unexercised left FCR (p less than 0.05). This increase was found to be due to muscle fiber splitting."}
{"id": "PMID:139082", "title": "Genesis and pathogenicity of anti-DNA antibodies.", "content": "The formation of anti-DNA antibodies appears to be under a genetic control similar to that regulating the immune response to complex antigenic compounds. The ability to develop a high immune response to DNA seems to be predominantly dependent on the nature of the B-cell population whereas a major role of the T-cell suppressor population is not evident in this response. The immune response to DNA does not necessarily need the presence of thymus-derived lymphocytes, but in some cases T-cells may exert a helper effect. The development of anti-DNA antibody response may be triggered by various factors: viral, bacterial or parasitic agents, tissue destruction or some drugs. A mechanism that may play an important role is the \"nonspecific\" triggering of anti-DNA antibodies by substances that, like bacterial lipopolysaccharides, exert a potent stimulatory effect on B-cells and simultaneously induce a release of DNA in extracellular fluids. In lupus diseases as well as in mice injected with lipopolysaccharide, pathogenic effects of anti-DNA antibodies appear to be closely related to the formation of DNA-anti-DNA complexes. The demonstration that injections of lipopolysaccharide lead to the localization of DNA-anti-DNA complexes in kidney glomeruli stressed the possible importance of stimuli responsible for a release of DNA in circulating blood in the expression of the pathogenic effects of anti-DNA antibodies.", "contents": "Genesis and pathogenicity of anti-DNA antibodies. The formation of anti-DNA antibodies appears to be under a genetic control similar to that regulating the immune response to complex antigenic compounds. The ability to develop a high immune response to DNA seems to be predominantly dependent on the nature of the B-cell population whereas a major role of the T-cell suppressor population is not evident in this response. The immune response to DNA does not necessarily need the presence of thymus-derived lymphocytes, but in some cases T-cells may exert a helper effect. The development of anti-DNA antibody response may be triggered by various factors: viral, bacterial or parasitic agents, tissue destruction or some drugs. A mechanism that may play an important role is the \"nonspecific\" triggering of anti-DNA antibodies by substances that, like bacterial lipopolysaccharides, exert a potent stimulatory effect on B-cells and simultaneously induce a release of DNA in extracellular fluids. In lupus diseases as well as in mice injected with lipopolysaccharide, pathogenic effects of anti-DNA antibodies appear to be closely related to the formation of DNA-anti-DNA complexes. The demonstration that injections of lipopolysaccharide lead to the localization of DNA-anti-DNA complexes in kidney glomeruli stressed the possible importance of stimuli responsible for a release of DNA in circulating blood in the expression of the pathogenic effects of anti-DNA antibodies."}
{"id": "PMID:139090", "title": "[Studies with the NBT test in various clinical forms of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "Fifty-six healthy neonates and children as well as 33 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases of the locomotor system were examined using a modification of the NBT test. In healthy newborn infants there was observed an increase in the number of NBT-positive cells between the first and tenth days. The test results obtained for the 33 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were positive in 73%, with positive results being obtained especially in those patients where the disease was in its second stage of activity. Highest values were obtained in patients with a predominantly articular manifestation of the disease. Stimulative effects produced by immune complexes are considered to be chiefly responsible for this. However, this method of examination is of small practical value from a differential diagnosis point of view.", "contents": "[Studies with the NBT test in various clinical forms of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]. Fifty-six healthy neonates and children as well as 33 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and other diseases of the locomotor system were examined using a modification of the NBT test. In healthy newborn infants there was observed an increase in the number of NBT-positive cells between the first and tenth days. The test results obtained for the 33 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis were positive in 73%, with positive results being obtained especially in those patients where the disease was in its second stage of activity. Highest values were obtained in patients with a predominantly articular manifestation of the disease. Stimulative effects produced by immune complexes are considered to be chiefly responsible for this. However, this method of examination is of small practical value from a differential diagnosis point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:139091", "title": "[Age dependent frequency of cytoplasmic antibodies].", "content": "In a random sample of so-called healthy blood donors under and over 60 years of age (n=196 of 10,593 donations by about 4254 donors) the frequency of antibodies (antibodies against smooth muscles, mitochondria, microsomes, brush border of proximal rat renal tubuli, connective tissue, and parietal cells) detectable by immuno-fluorescence was determined and compared with the incidence thereof in various groups of diseases. In general, two frequency peaks (up to 30 and over 50 years of age) were observed; however, statistical evidence was obtained for the second peak only (with p less than 0.001). In \"healthy\" blood donors past 60 there was observed a significantly higher frequency of occurrence of antibodies against parietal cells (p less than 0.001) and against connective tissue (p less than 0.01). An attempt has been made to classify antibodies into four groups depending upon age disease, with due consideration being given to the different clinical valency of antibodies. Different frequencies of occurrence of numerous antibodies are believed to be due not only to immune system aging, but especially to the not-yet elucidated disturbance of regulation of autotolerance by alteration of immune cells, which is subject to endogenous (e.g., genetic) and exogenous (e.g. viral) factors that are dependent on age rather than aging.", "contents": "[Age dependent frequency of cytoplasmic antibodies]. In a random sample of so-called healthy blood donors under and over 60 years of age (n=196 of 10,593 donations by about 4254 donors) the frequency of antibodies (antibodies against smooth muscles, mitochondria, microsomes, brush border of proximal rat renal tubuli, connective tissue, and parietal cells) detectable by immuno-fluorescence was determined and compared with the incidence thereof in various groups of diseases. In general, two frequency peaks (up to 30 and over 50 years of age) were observed; however, statistical evidence was obtained for the second peak only (with p less than 0.001). In \"healthy\" blood donors past 60 there was observed a significantly higher frequency of occurrence of antibodies against parietal cells (p less than 0.001) and against connective tissue (p less than 0.01). An attempt has been made to classify antibodies into four groups depending upon age disease, with due consideration being given to the different clinical valency of antibodies. Different frequencies of occurrence of numerous antibodies are believed to be due not only to immune system aging, but especially to the not-yet elucidated disturbance of regulation of autotolerance by alteration of immune cells, which is subject to endogenous (e.g., genetic) and exogenous (e.g. viral) factors that are dependent on age rather than aging."}
{"id": "PMID:139092", "title": "[Demonstration of antigens of bone and articular connective tissue in the blood of rats with adjuvant arthritis].", "content": "The results reported in this paper clearly indicate the release of osteal antigens of articular connective tissue in response to inflammatory alterations and injuries to the region immediately adjacent to an articulation. Further studies will have to be performed in an effort to find out whether these antigens are of pathological importance and if there is a relationship between the liberation of antigens and the intensity of inflammatory alterations or if the different and often difficult-to-interpret results of the determination of antibodies in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis can be more easily explained by a simultaneous antigen analysis of the corresponding sera.", "contents": "[Demonstration of antigens of bone and articular connective tissue in the blood of rats with adjuvant arthritis]. The results reported in this paper clearly indicate the release of osteal antigens of articular connective tissue in response to inflammatory alterations and injuries to the region immediately adjacent to an articulation. Further studies will have to be performed in an effort to find out whether these antigens are of pathological importance and if there is a relationship between the liberation of antigens and the intensity of inflammatory alterations or if the different and often difficult-to-interpret results of the determination of antibodies in the sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis can be more easily explained by a simultaneous antigen analysis of the corresponding sera."}
{"id": "PMID:139093", "title": "[Formaldehyde sensitization in occupational respiratory exposure].", "content": "The determination in a total of 180 workmen regularly exposed to varying breathing zone levels of for-maldehyde of an index of sensitization as low as 12.2% may be interpreted to mean that formaldehyde exerts only a rather weak effect on the respiratory tract. It was not possible for allergoses to be clinically established even if consideration was given to technical difficulties encountered in the use of provocative tests conducted for diagnostic purposes. Rather, the conditions of exposure and the results of tests may be regarded as suggestion that the nonspecific symptomatology was produced by irritation. What is also of considerable importance in this connection is that extremely wide difference in individual sensitivity were observed.", "contents": "[Formaldehyde sensitization in occupational respiratory exposure]. The determination in a total of 180 workmen regularly exposed to varying breathing zone levels of for-maldehyde of an index of sensitization as low as 12.2% may be interpreted to mean that formaldehyde exerts only a rather weak effect on the respiratory tract. It was not possible for allergoses to be clinically established even if consideration was given to technical difficulties encountered in the use of provocative tests conducted for diagnostic purposes. Rather, the conditions of exposure and the results of tests may be regarded as suggestion that the nonspecific symptomatology was produced by irritation. What is also of considerable importance in this connection is that extremely wide difference in individual sensitivity were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:139094", "title": "[Glomerulopathy in rheumatic patients due to penicillamine].", "content": "This paper describes four cases (where rheumatoid arthritis is the basic ailment of the patients involved) of immune complex nephritis and stage I membranous glomerulonephritis, respectively. Treatment was by means of penicillamine. Also discussed are light-microscopical, immunohistological, and electron-optical results.", "contents": "[Glomerulopathy in rheumatic patients due to penicillamine]. This paper describes four cases (where rheumatoid arthritis is the basic ailment of the patients involved) of immune complex nephritis and stage I membranous glomerulonephritis, respectively. Treatment was by means of penicillamine. Also discussed are light-microscopical, immunohistological, and electron-optical results."}
{"id": "PMID:139095", "title": "[Frequency and importance of mold sensitization in bakery workers].", "content": "Mycological, allergological and immunological, as well as occupational-hygiene investigations were made in a large baking products plant in an attempt to find an answer to the questions as to whether allergic respiratory diseases produced in bakers by mold fungi may be considered occupational diseases. In addition, a retrograde analysis was made of a number of statements made by experts in occupational medicine for bakers, confectioners, and control persons. In the case of bakers, recognition as an occupational illness of an allergic respiratory disease caused by such mold fungi as Aspergillus and Mucor is fully justified in view of the agreement between the increased rate of sensitization of those exposed to the mentioned mold fungi and the results of extensive mycological tests. The results of occupational-hygiene investigations made using a specialized airborne dust sampler showed that bakers working in this large baking products plant were exposed to considerable amounts of dust. The results obtained also show that it is absolutely necessary for remedial measures to be taken under control by occupational hygienists.", "contents": "[Frequency and importance of mold sensitization in bakery workers]. Mycological, allergological and immunological, as well as occupational-hygiene investigations were made in a large baking products plant in an attempt to find an answer to the questions as to whether allergic respiratory diseases produced in bakers by mold fungi may be considered occupational diseases. In addition, a retrograde analysis was made of a number of statements made by experts in occupational medicine for bakers, confectioners, and control persons. In the case of bakers, recognition as an occupational illness of an allergic respiratory disease caused by such mold fungi as Aspergillus and Mucor is fully justified in view of the agreement between the increased rate of sensitization of those exposed to the mentioned mold fungi and the results of extensive mycological tests. The results of occupational-hygiene investigations made using a specialized airborne dust sampler showed that bakers working in this large baking products plant were exposed to considerable amounts of dust. The results obtained also show that it is absolutely necessary for remedial measures to be taken under control by occupational hygienists."}
{"id": "PMID:139096", "title": "[Results and experiences in the immunosuppressive therapy of rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "An analysis of the results of treatment-in five different hospitals and with such immunosuppressants as cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and trenimone - of 550 patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed an overall rate of improvement of 36%. Cyclophosphamide, because of the relatively small number of side effects and the excellent therapeutical results obtained, proved to be much better than the other two immunosuppressive agents. Also, because the dosage required is comparatively low, patients over procreative age could be included in the program of treatment with immunosuppressants.", "contents": "[Results and experiences in the immunosuppressive therapy of rheumatoid arthritis]. An analysis of the results of treatment-in five different hospitals and with such immunosuppressants as cyclophosphamide, azathioprine, and trenimone - of 550 patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed an overall rate of improvement of 36%. Cyclophosphamide, because of the relatively small number of side effects and the excellent therapeutical results obtained, proved to be much better than the other two immunosuppressive agents. Also, because the dosage required is comparatively low, patients over procreative age could be included in the program of treatment with immunosuppressants."}
{"id": "PMID:139097", "title": "[The clinical and prognostic importance of IgM rheumatoid factors].", "content": "On a total of 1000 subjects diagnosed as having rheumatoid arthritis it was possible to positively correlate the proportion of seropositivity of IgM rheumatoid factors and/or higher titer values to the following clinical characteristics: Male sex; existence, severity, and symmetry of articular alterations determined by morphological x-ray examinations; unfavorable functional values; high inflammatory activity; involvement of various organs; and high rate of progress. So far as this particular clinical picture is concerned, the detection of rheumatoid factors must, therefore, be considered unfavorable to a prediction or conclusion regarding the course of disease, whereas seronegative forms may be regarded as relatively benign.", "contents": "[The clinical and prognostic importance of IgM rheumatoid factors]. On a total of 1000 subjects diagnosed as having rheumatoid arthritis it was possible to positively correlate the proportion of seropositivity of IgM rheumatoid factors and/or higher titer values to the following clinical characteristics: Male sex; existence, severity, and symmetry of articular alterations determined by morphological x-ray examinations; unfavorable functional values; high inflammatory activity; involvement of various organs; and high rate of progress. So far as this particular clinical picture is concerned, the detection of rheumatoid factors must, therefore, be considered unfavorable to a prediction or conclusion regarding the course of disease, whereas seronegative forms may be regarded as relatively benign."}
{"id": "PMID:139098", "title": "[Lectin arthritis--a new arthritis model].", "content": "By single intraarticular injection of lectin from Lens culinaris in nosenitized rabbits acute and chronic arthritis was produced. By use of fluoresceinisothiocyanate-labelled lectin binding of lectin could be demonstrated in the connective tissue of joint capsule for 4 weeks. The morphological features of lectin-arthritis were described. The results are discussed with respect to the pathogenesis of the arthritis.", "contents": "[Lectin arthritis--a new arthritis model]. By single intraarticular injection of lectin from Lens culinaris in nosenitized rabbits acute and chronic arthritis was produced. By use of fluoresceinisothiocyanate-labelled lectin binding of lectin could be demonstrated in the connective tissue of joint capsule for 4 weeks. The morphological features of lectin-arthritis were described. The results are discussed with respect to the pathogenesis of the arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:139101", "title": "Recognizing and referring neonatal surgical emergencies.", "content": "Ultimate survival of the neonate with a surgical emergency depends upon early recognition by the family physician, who may refer the infant to a pediatric surgical center. The family physician must prevent infectious and metabolic insults to the critically ill neonate while preparing him for safe and rapid transport to a specialty institution. In many cases, the final outcome is as often determined by the initial care received at the referring hospital and during transport as it is by the surgical procedures and postoperative management.", "contents": "Recognizing and referring neonatal surgical emergencies. Ultimate survival of the neonate with a surgical emergency depends upon early recognition by the family physician, who may refer the infant to a pediatric surgical center. The family physician must prevent infectious and metabolic insults to the critically ill neonate while preparing him for safe and rapid transport to a specialty institution. In many cases, the final outcome is as often determined by the initial care received at the referring hospital and during transport as it is by the surgical procedures and postoperative management."}
{"id": "PMID:139103", "title": "Interventricular septal motion and left ventricular function after coronary bypass surgery: evaluation with echocardiography and radionuclide angiography.", "content": "To evaluate interventricular septal motion and left ventricular function after coronary bypass graft surgery, 40 patients were studied early postoperatively and serially for up to 16 months with echocardiography and radionuclide angiography. Early after operation mean left septal excursion decreased significantly from 4.6 +/- 0.4 (standard error) to 0.8 +/- 0.6 mm (P less than 0.001), and left septal motion was abnormal in 23 of the 40 patients. Mean right septal excursion reversed from 2.1 +/- 0.5 to -2.1 +/- 0.5 mm early after operation in the 22 patients in whom these measurements could be made, and 15 patients showed paradoxical right septal excursion. At a mean of 4 months after operation, only 7 of 35 patients followed up had abnormal left septal motion, and mean left septal excursion had returned toward normal (3.6 +/- 0.7 mm); mean right septal excursion remained reversed (--1.1 +/- 0.7 mm), and 6 of the 14 patients followed up had paradoxical motion. In the 22 patients whose wall thickness could be measured, mean septal thickening during systole decreased significantly from 35 +/- 4 to 21 +/- 3 percent early after operation (P less than 0.01). During late follow-up septal thickening returned toward normal (32 +/- 4 percent). Mean normalized posterior wall velocity increased significantly after operation from 0.76 +/- 0.03 to 1.01 +/- 0.05 sec-1 (P less than 0.001), but posterior wall thickening remained unchanged. Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and the radionuclide-determined left ventricular ejection fraction were unchanged postoperatively. It is concluded that (1) echocardiographically detected abnormal septal movement is frequent early after coronary bypass graft operation; (2) both decreased myocardial contraction in the septum and increased anterior movement of the whole heart contribute to this abnormality; (3) the abnormalities in septal movement decrease during late follow-up in many patients but persist in some patients; and (4) posterior wall function tends to increase early after operation and therefore overall left ventricular function remains normal.", "contents": "Interventricular septal motion and left ventricular function after coronary bypass surgery: evaluation with echocardiography and radionuclide angiography. To evaluate interventricular septal motion and left ventricular function after coronary bypass graft surgery, 40 patients were studied early postoperatively and serially for up to 16 months with echocardiography and radionuclide angiography. Early after operation mean left septal excursion decreased significantly from 4.6 +/- 0.4 (standard error) to 0.8 +/- 0.6 mm (P less than 0.001), and left septal motion was abnormal in 23 of the 40 patients. Mean right septal excursion reversed from 2.1 +/- 0.5 to -2.1 +/- 0.5 mm early after operation in the 22 patients in whom these measurements could be made, and 15 patients showed paradoxical right septal excursion. At a mean of 4 months after operation, only 7 of 35 patients followed up had abnormal left septal motion, and mean left septal excursion had returned toward normal (3.6 +/- 0.7 mm); mean right septal excursion remained reversed (--1.1 +/- 0.7 mm), and 6 of the 14 patients followed up had paradoxical motion. In the 22 patients whose wall thickness could be measured, mean septal thickening during systole decreased significantly from 35 +/- 4 to 21 +/- 3 percent early after operation (P less than 0.01). During late follow-up septal thickening returned toward normal (32 +/- 4 percent). Mean normalized posterior wall velocity increased significantly after operation from 0.76 +/- 0.03 to 1.01 +/- 0.05 sec-1 (P less than 0.001), but posterior wall thickening remained unchanged. Left ventricular end-diastolic dimension and the radionuclide-determined left ventricular ejection fraction were unchanged postoperatively. It is concluded that (1) echocardiographically detected abnormal septal movement is frequent early after coronary bypass graft operation; (2) both decreased myocardial contraction in the septum and increased anterior movement of the whole heart contribute to this abnormality; (3) the abnormalities in septal movement decrease during late follow-up in many patients but persist in some patients; and (4) posterior wall function tends to increase early after operation and therefore overall left ventricular function remains normal."}
{"id": "PMID:139104", "title": "Health education literature for parents of physically handicapped children.", "content": "Parents, for many reasons, are not always able to understand the nature of their child's handicap. Many physicians recognize that they are not always as effective as they might wish to be in enabling parents to comprehend handicaps. Written hand-out materials as aids to better understanding can be helpful to both physicians and families as supplements to verbal descriptions of the disease and instructions for care. This compilation of currently available literature, grouped by category of disease and with addresses where they may be ordered, should offer the pediatrician and other health personnel a ready source of assistance.", "contents": "Health education literature for parents of physically handicapped children. Parents, for many reasons, are not always able to understand the nature of their child's handicap. Many physicians recognize that they are not always as effective as they might wish to be in enabling parents to comprehend handicaps. Written hand-out materials as aids to better understanding can be helpful to both physicians and families as supplements to verbal descriptions of the disease and instructions for care. This compilation of currently available literature, grouped by category of disease and with addresses where they may be ordered, should offer the pediatrician and other health personnel a ready source of assistance."}
{"id": "PMID:139105", "title": "Echocardiography in the differential diagnosis of the large heart.", "content": "Echocardiography is an extremely useful noninvasive technic in the differential diagnosis of a large heart. It may show whether a large heart is due to left ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation, or if it is due to a pericardial effusion. The hypertrophied heart may be further characterized by determining whether it is symmetrical, as caused by aortic stenosis or hypertension, or whether it is assymmetrical, which is characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Similarly, dilatation of the heart may be due to volume overload of the left ventricle secondary to valvular insufficiency, congestive cardiomyopathy or ischemic heart disease; these can be distinguished by echocardiography. As certain types of mitral insufficiency are associated with specific valvular dysfunction, the possible etiology of the mitral insufficiency and therefore of the volume overload of the left ventricle may be determined using echocardiography. Finally, mediastinal tumors may simulate a large heart, and demonstration of normal cardiac dimensions and wall motion can exclude a cardiac etiology for the \"large heart.\"", "contents": "Echocardiography in the differential diagnosis of the large heart. Echocardiography is an extremely useful noninvasive technic in the differential diagnosis of a large heart. It may show whether a large heart is due to left ventricular hypertrophy or dilatation, or if it is due to a pericardial effusion. The hypertrophied heart may be further characterized by determining whether it is symmetrical, as caused by aortic stenosis or hypertension, or whether it is assymmetrical, which is characteristic of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Similarly, dilatation of the heart may be due to volume overload of the left ventricle secondary to valvular insufficiency, congestive cardiomyopathy or ischemic heart disease; these can be distinguished by echocardiography. As certain types of mitral insufficiency are associated with specific valvular dysfunction, the possible etiology of the mitral insufficiency and therefore of the volume overload of the left ventricle may be determined using echocardiography. Finally, mediastinal tumors may simulate a large heart, and demonstration of normal cardiac dimensions and wall motion can exclude a cardiac etiology for the \"large heart.\""}
{"id": "PMID:139106", "title": "Binding of synthetic double-stranded DNA by serum from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: correlation with renal histology.", "content": "Detection of antibody to double-stranded DNA by direct binding assays has proved useful in clinical management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recent confusion regarding specificity of these antibodies for SLE appears to be due, at least in part, to contamination of natural DNA preparations with nondouble-stranded DNA antigens. Measurement of binding of a synthetic, self-complementary DNA copolymer (dAT) rather than of natural DNA (KB) has been shown to obviate some of these difficulties, apparently because of freedom of dAT from nondouble-stranded DNA antigens. Among the advantages found in this way was a higher degree of specificity of antibodies to double-stranded DNA for clinically-judged active lupus nephritis than had been suspected. Since activity of nephritis is difficult to assess clinically, histologic data were sought to confirm these observations. Thirty-two kidney specimens were examined by light and/or electron microscopy. The degree of histologic activity and the amount and location of glomerular electron-dense deposits were semiquantitated blindly. The binding of both dAT and KB DNA was measured by the ammonium sulfate method. Correlation with the amount of electron-defense deposits was highly significant for dAT binding and somewhat less so for KB DNA binding as determined by both parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. Significant correlation with histologic activity was found for dAT but not KB DNA binding. These results are consistent with previous data and suggest that dAT binding may provide a useful, noninvasive means of clinically assessing both nephritis activity and the intensity of glomerular immune-complex deposition as reflected by the amount of electron-dense deposits. If it can be confirmed that the latter provides long-term prognostic information, then dAT binding (and perhaps its reponse to therapy) may also prove of value in this regard.", "contents": "Binding of synthetic double-stranded DNA by serum from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: correlation with renal histology. Detection of antibody to double-stranded DNA by direct binding assays has proved useful in clinical management of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recent confusion regarding specificity of these antibodies for SLE appears to be due, at least in part, to contamination of natural DNA preparations with nondouble-stranded DNA antigens. Measurement of binding of a synthetic, self-complementary DNA copolymer (dAT) rather than of natural DNA (KB) has been shown to obviate some of these difficulties, apparently because of freedom of dAT from nondouble-stranded DNA antigens. Among the advantages found in this way was a higher degree of specificity of antibodies to double-stranded DNA for clinically-judged active lupus nephritis than had been suspected. Since activity of nephritis is difficult to assess clinically, histologic data were sought to confirm these observations. Thirty-two kidney specimens were examined by light and/or electron microscopy. The degree of histologic activity and the amount and location of glomerular electron-dense deposits were semiquantitated blindly. The binding of both dAT and KB DNA was measured by the ammonium sulfate method. Correlation with the amount of electron-defense deposits was highly significant for dAT binding and somewhat less so for KB DNA binding as determined by both parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. Significant correlation with histologic activity was found for dAT but not KB DNA binding. These results are consistent with previous data and suggest that dAT binding may provide a useful, noninvasive means of clinically assessing both nephritis activity and the intensity of glomerular immune-complex deposition as reflected by the amount of electron-dense deposits. If it can be confirmed that the latter provides long-term prognostic information, then dAT binding (and perhaps its reponse to therapy) may also prove of value in this regard."}
{"id": "PMID:139107", "title": "Sexual functioning and the physically disabled adult.", "content": "A person's sexual readjustment following a physical disability has traditionally been ignored by health care professionals. Since the occupational therapist often facilitates a person's resumption of activities of daily living, the therapist is in a special position to provide counseling. Understanding, support, and correct information are needed most. As derived from a search of the literature, sexual functioning is discussed in relation to the following disabilities: stroke, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, renal disease, spinal cord injury, pulmonary disease, arthritis, and alcoholism.", "contents": "Sexual functioning and the physically disabled adult. A person's sexual readjustment following a physical disability has traditionally been ignored by health care professionals. Since the occupational therapist often facilitates a person's resumption of activities of daily living, the therapist is in a special position to provide counseling. Understanding, support, and correct information are needed most. As derived from a search of the literature, sexual functioning is discussed in relation to the following disabilities: stroke, heart disease, diabetes mellitus, muscular dystrophy, multiple sclerosis, renal disease, spinal cord injury, pulmonary disease, arthritis, and alcoholism."}
{"id": "PMID:139108", "title": "Oxygen requirement of renal Na-K-ATPase-dependent sodium reabsorption.", "content": "The oxygen requirement of the Na-K-ATPase-dependent sodium transport system was examined in anesthetized dogs infused with 15% mannitol-Ringer solutions at a rate of 35 ml/min. Because of renal vasodilatation and abolished autoregulation, filtered sodium (FNa) could be varied over a wide range by progressive aortic constriction. Sodium reabsorption (RNa) and renal oxygen consumption (RVO2) varied in proportion to FNa (r greater than 0.9). Ouabain, which inhibits Na-K-ATPases, reduced RVO2 by 45 +/- 6%. During subsequent aortic constriction, the ratio delta RNa/delta FNa averaged 0.45 (glomerulotubular balance) (r less than 0.9), whereas RVO2 was not significantly altered. Comparisons of deltaRNa/deltaFNa before and after ouabain administration, indicate that about half of an increase in sodium delivery to the distal nephron is reabsorbed by the Na-K-ATPase-dependent sodium transport system and that deltaRNa/deltaRVO2 (Na/O2 ratio) of this system averages 14.5 +/- 1.3. This Na/O2 ratio corresponds to 2.4 sodium ions transported per ATP dephosphorylated as found in other tissues.", "contents": "Oxygen requirement of renal Na-K-ATPase-dependent sodium reabsorption. The oxygen requirement of the Na-K-ATPase-dependent sodium transport system was examined in anesthetized dogs infused with 15% mannitol-Ringer solutions at a rate of 35 ml/min. Because of renal vasodilatation and abolished autoregulation, filtered sodium (FNa) could be varied over a wide range by progressive aortic constriction. Sodium reabsorption (RNa) and renal oxygen consumption (RVO2) varied in proportion to FNa (r greater than 0.9). Ouabain, which inhibits Na-K-ATPases, reduced RVO2 by 45 +/- 6%. During subsequent aortic constriction, the ratio delta RNa/delta FNa averaged 0.45 (glomerulotubular balance) (r less than 0.9), whereas RVO2 was not significantly altered. Comparisons of deltaRNa/deltaFNa before and after ouabain administration, indicate that about half of an increase in sodium delivery to the distal nephron is reabsorbed by the Na-K-ATPase-dependent sodium transport system and that deltaRNa/deltaRVO2 (Na/O2 ratio) of this system averages 14.5 +/- 1.3. This Na/O2 ratio corresponds to 2.4 sodium ions transported per ATP dephosphorylated as found in other tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:139109", "title": "Monovalent cation and ouabain effects on PAH uptake by rabbit kidney slices.", "content": "The effects of K+, Na+, and ouabain on para-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation by rabbit kidney slices have been further examined. The present studies show that for maximum uptake of PAH to occur in Na+,K+-depleted slices extra-cellular Na+ and K+ ions are required together. Kinetic studies revealed that increasing the external K+ from 0 to 5 mM caused a decrease in the apparent Km of transport. The Vmax values were not changed significantly. In the presence of 5 mM K+, increasing Na+ concentration in the bathing medium from 0 to 145 mM produced an increase in the V max while the apparent Km remained constant. In the presence of 5 mM external K+, ouabain inhibition of PAH uptake was progressively and entirely antagonized by decreasing external Na+. Studies on kidney slices treated with ouabain in a Na+,K+-free medium in order to inhibit active electrolyte transport showed that PAH uptake under anaerobic conditions was specifically enhanced by Na+. This stimulation occurred when cell [Na+] was less than medium [Na+]. This Na+-dependent and energy-independent accumulation of PAH was inhibited by hippuric acid but not by N-methylnicotinamide.", "contents": "Monovalent cation and ouabain effects on PAH uptake by rabbit kidney slices. The effects of K+, Na+, and ouabain on para-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation by rabbit kidney slices have been further examined. The present studies show that for maximum uptake of PAH to occur in Na+,K+-depleted slices extra-cellular Na+ and K+ ions are required together. Kinetic studies revealed that increasing the external K+ from 0 to 5 mM caused a decrease in the apparent Km of transport. The Vmax values were not changed significantly. In the presence of 5 mM K+, increasing Na+ concentration in the bathing medium from 0 to 145 mM produced an increase in the V max while the apparent Km remained constant. In the presence of 5 mM external K+, ouabain inhibition of PAH uptake was progressively and entirely antagonized by decreasing external Na+. Studies on kidney slices treated with ouabain in a Na+,K+-free medium in order to inhibit active electrolyte transport showed that PAH uptake under anaerobic conditions was specifically enhanced by Na+. This stimulation occurred when cell [Na+] was less than medium [Na+]. This Na+-dependent and energy-independent accumulation of PAH was inhibited by hippuric acid but not by N-methylnicotinamide."}
{"id": "PMID:139110", "title": "Correlation between chest film and angiographic assessment of left ventricular size.", "content": "In 76 adult males quantitative angiographic measurements of left ventricular size were compared to 12 plain chest film measurements of heart size and shape. Of the 18 normal cases, only Rigler's B measurement correlated with left ventricular volume (r = .64). However, this correlation was not statistically significant. Of the 58 patients with isolated aortic valve disease, 19 had increased left ventricular mass (hypertrophy) and 39 had both increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume and mass (hypertrophy and dilatation). In the hypertrophy group, plain film heart volume was the most sensitive detector of an enlarged left ventricle (21% false negative rate) and correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r = .62). Using stepwise discriminant analysis, the combination of heart volume, leftness of the heart, apex position, and roundness of the left ventricle decreased the false negative rate to 5%. In the hypertrophy and dilatation group, plain film heart volume had the highest correlation with left ventricular volume and mass (r = .66) and a false negative rate of 8%. No single variable or combination of variables could usefully discriminate between the hypertrophy and hypertrophy and dilatation groups. These data support the conclusion that plain film heart volume is the best single measurement for detecting left ventricular enlargement.", "contents": "Correlation between chest film and angiographic assessment of left ventricular size. In 76 adult males quantitative angiographic measurements of left ventricular size were compared to 12 plain chest film measurements of heart size and shape. Of the 18 normal cases, only Rigler's B measurement correlated with left ventricular volume (r = .64). However, this correlation was not statistically significant. Of the 58 patients with isolated aortic valve disease, 19 had increased left ventricular mass (hypertrophy) and 39 had both increased left ventricular end-diastolic volume and mass (hypertrophy and dilatation). In the hypertrophy group, plain film heart volume was the most sensitive detector of an enlarged left ventricle (21% false negative rate) and correlated with left ventricular end-diastolic volume (r = .62). Using stepwise discriminant analysis, the combination of heart volume, leftness of the heart, apex position, and roundness of the left ventricle decreased the false negative rate to 5%. In the hypertrophy and dilatation group, plain film heart volume had the highest correlation with left ventricular volume and mass (r = .66) and a false negative rate of 8%. No single variable or combination of variables could usefully discriminate between the hypertrophy and hypertrophy and dilatation groups. These data support the conclusion that plain film heart volume is the best single measurement for detecting left ventricular enlargement."}
{"id": "PMID:139111", "title": "Visual assessment of total heart volume and specific chamber size from standard chest radiographs.", "content": "Ten radiologists at three levels of training visually assessed total heart and individual chamber size in 95 adults of both sexes with well defined cardiac diagnoses. Overall accuracy was highest for total heart size (82.2% correct), followed by left ventricular size, left atrial size and right heart size 79.6%, 75.0%, and 72.8%, respectively. Right heart and left atrial enlargement had a statistically significant negative effect on visual assessment of other chambers (P less than .05). Attempts to subclassify left ventricular enlargement into hypertrophy and hypertrophy and dilatation groups proved unsuccessful. While 63% of the hypertrophy group was detected as abnormal, only 24.3% were correctly subclassified as hypertrophy. For the hypertrophy and dilatation group, the corresponding values were 82% and 70%, respectively. Oblique views were useful in assessing left ventricular size only when inexperienced observers were included in the group of evaluators (P less than .05). A statistically significant improvement in assessment of normal left ventricular size and overall left atrial size was noted with experience (P less than .01 and P less than .05, respectively).", "contents": "Visual assessment of total heart volume and specific chamber size from standard chest radiographs. Ten radiologists at three levels of training visually assessed total heart and individual chamber size in 95 adults of both sexes with well defined cardiac diagnoses. Overall accuracy was highest for total heart size (82.2% correct), followed by left ventricular size, left atrial size and right heart size 79.6%, 75.0%, and 72.8%, respectively. Right heart and left atrial enlargement had a statistically significant negative effect on visual assessment of other chambers (P less than .05). Attempts to subclassify left ventricular enlargement into hypertrophy and hypertrophy and dilatation groups proved unsuccessful. While 63% of the hypertrophy group was detected as abnormal, only 24.3% were correctly subclassified as hypertrophy. For the hypertrophy and dilatation group, the corresponding values were 82% and 70%, respectively. Oblique views were useful in assessing left ventricular size only when inexperienced observers were included in the group of evaluators (P less than .05). A statistically significant improvement in assessment of normal left ventricular size and overall left atrial size was noted with experience (P less than .01 and P less than .05, respectively)."}
{"id": "PMID:139113", "title": "[The effectiveness of various micropore blood filters (author's transl)].", "content": "Recently so-called micropore blood transfusion filters have been introduced. They should decrease the number of microemboli produced by blood transfusion and thus decrease the incidence of postoperative and posttraumatic pulmonary insufficiency. Since these filters are rather expensive and several types and models are offered, it seemed to us important to review their properties and the results obtained with the most commonly used models (Pall, fenwal, Swank and Bentley). The efficacy of the various filters is apparently quite different. Depending on the indication, the use of different filters is possible. There is no filter which fulfils all prerequisites which must be made for an ideal micropore filter. On the basis of our literature review we conclude that filters made of Dacron wool are best suited for all purposes. There are no good reasons to use these micropore filters routinely for all blood transfusions. However, when large amounts of blood must be given rapidly and pulmonary function is already reduced, the use of micropore filters routinely for all blood transfusions. However, when large amounts of blood must be given rapidly and pulmonary function is already reduced, the use of micropore filters seems reasonable.", "contents": "[The effectiveness of various micropore blood filters (author's transl)]. Recently so-called micropore blood transfusion filters have been introduced. They should decrease the number of microemboli produced by blood transfusion and thus decrease the incidence of postoperative and posttraumatic pulmonary insufficiency. Since these filters are rather expensive and several types and models are offered, it seemed to us important to review their properties and the results obtained with the most commonly used models (Pall, fenwal, Swank and Bentley). The efficacy of the various filters is apparently quite different. Depending on the indication, the use of different filters is possible. There is no filter which fulfils all prerequisites which must be made for an ideal micropore filter. On the basis of our literature review we conclude that filters made of Dacron wool are best suited for all purposes. There are no good reasons to use these micropore filters routinely for all blood transfusions. However, when large amounts of blood must be given rapidly and pulmonary function is already reduced, the use of micropore filters routinely for all blood transfusions. However, when large amounts of blood must be given rapidly and pulmonary function is already reduced, the use of micropore filters seems reasonable."}
{"id": "PMID:139116", "title": "Follow-up status of patients treated with nerve blocks for low-back pain.", "content": "One hundred fifty-one (151) outpatients treated with epidural or subarachnoid blocks for low-back pain not due to malignancy were questioned by mail one to two years after treatment to assess their current functional status as compared with that at the time of treatment. The results emphasize the importance of bothe gender-associated differences in life functioning and the circumstances of pain onset, while supporting the proposition that nerve-block treatment of low-back pain is useful, particularly so since the majority were cases of chronic pain. The findings also emphasize the complexity of factors in the total treatment situation, the operation of psychologic, social and economic forces in determining the outcome of treatment, and the need for detailed criteria in studies evaluating treatment effects. (Key words: Pain, low-back; Anesthetic techniques, therapeutic; Anesthetic techniques, spinal; Anesthetics techniques, peridural.)", "contents": "Follow-up status of patients treated with nerve blocks for low-back pain. One hundred fifty-one (151) outpatients treated with epidural or subarachnoid blocks for low-back pain not due to malignancy were questioned by mail one to two years after treatment to assess their current functional status as compared with that at the time of treatment. The results emphasize the importance of bothe gender-associated differences in life functioning and the circumstances of pain onset, while supporting the proposition that nerve-block treatment of low-back pain is useful, particularly so since the majority were cases of chronic pain. The findings also emphasize the complexity of factors in the total treatment situation, the operation of psychologic, social and economic forces in determining the outcome of treatment, and the need for detailed criteria in studies evaluating treatment effects. (Key words: Pain, low-back; Anesthetic techniques, therapeutic; Anesthetic techniques, spinal; Anesthetics techniques, peridural.)"}
{"id": "PMID:139117", "title": "Ultrastructural and ultracytochemical cyclic changes in the bovine uterine tube (oviduct) epithelium.", "content": "Ultrastructural and ultracytochemical features of the uterine tube (oviduct) infundibulum were studied in 8 Hereford cows, which were slaughtered in pairs on days 1 (estrus), 3, 9 or 10, and 18 of the estrous cycle. Fibrous granules (60 to 80 nm), which are supposedly related to basal body replication, were observed in the apical cytoplasm of ciliated cells. Close association between basal bodies and fibrous granules was apparent, especially during the follicular phase. Cilia were observed throughout of estrous cycle, although degeneration of cilia was not observed at any phase of the cycle. Prominent, striated rootlets were observed during both the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle. Maximum secretory cell differentiation was apparent during the follicular phase, at which time these cells were characterized by having a well-developed, rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae, numerous ribosomes, and secretory granules of varied size and density. A prominent feature of the secretory granules was their membranous structure, consisting of concentric lamellae of equal dimensions. During the luteal phase, cytoplasmic protrusions were prominent, and extruded nuclei along with other cytoplasmic organelles were present in the tubal lumen. The presence of a well-developed, rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous secretory granules during the follicular phase indicates that secretory activity of the uterine tube infundibulum may be stimulated by estrogen. During estrus, the cytoplasm of the stromal cells displayed abundant, rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae. The increased and extensively dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum at the time of estrus probably indicates increased protein synthesis by the stromal cells. The presence of adenosine triphosphatase activity on the membrane of cilia suggests that this enzyme is involved in energy-forming reactions related to the vigorous action of cilia. The presence of acid phosphatase activity on the cell membrane of the epithelium, microvilli, and secretory granules may indicate involvement in the secretory mechanism of the cell.", "contents": "Ultrastructural and ultracytochemical cyclic changes in the bovine uterine tube (oviduct) epithelium. Ultrastructural and ultracytochemical features of the uterine tube (oviduct) infundibulum were studied in 8 Hereford cows, which were slaughtered in pairs on days 1 (estrus), 3, 9 or 10, and 18 of the estrous cycle. Fibrous granules (60 to 80 nm), which are supposedly related to basal body replication, were observed in the apical cytoplasm of ciliated cells. Close association between basal bodies and fibrous granules was apparent, especially during the follicular phase. Cilia were observed throughout of estrous cycle, although degeneration of cilia was not observed at any phase of the cycle. Prominent, striated rootlets were observed during both the follicular and luteal phases of the cycle. Maximum secretory cell differentiation was apparent during the follicular phase, at which time these cells were characterized by having a well-developed, rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae, numerous ribosomes, and secretory granules of varied size and density. A prominent feature of the secretory granules was their membranous structure, consisting of concentric lamellae of equal dimensions. During the luteal phase, cytoplasmic protrusions were prominent, and extruded nuclei along with other cytoplasmic organelles were present in the tubal lumen. The presence of a well-developed, rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous secretory granules during the follicular phase indicates that secretory activity of the uterine tube infundibulum may be stimulated by estrogen. During estrus, the cytoplasm of the stromal cells displayed abundant, rough endoplasmic reticulum with dilated cisternae. The increased and extensively dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum at the time of estrus probably indicates increased protein synthesis by the stromal cells. The presence of adenosine triphosphatase activity on the membrane of cilia suggests that this enzyme is involved in energy-forming reactions related to the vigorous action of cilia. The presence of acid phosphatase activity on the cell membrane of the epithelium, microvilli, and secretory granules may indicate involvement in the secretory mechanism of the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:139118", "title": "Cardiac work demands and left ventricular function in end-stage renal disease.", "content": "Cardiac hemodynamics were assessed by right and left heart catheterizations in nine patients on hemodialysis. Results showed increased stroke work index and left ventricular work indices. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was elevated in all patients (markedly so in five) and did not fall with occlusion of arteriovenous communications. Cardiac output was significantly elevated, but fell to normal postocclusion. Myocardial oxygen consumption, indirectly assessed by tension time and pressure rate indices, appeared increased. Six patients died: four from complications attributed to myocardial failure without infarction, one from transplant-related complications, and one from bacterial meningitis. Five had increased cardiac weights at autopsy, but none showed infarction. This study suggests that increased cardiac work is present in chronic renal failure. Myocardial mass increases result in increased myocardial oxygen demand; however, the increased oxygen requirements may not be met because of reduced erythrocyte mass. Persistance of pressure-volume overload and severe anemia are conducive to myocardial failure.", "contents": "Cardiac work demands and left ventricular function in end-stage renal disease. Cardiac hemodynamics were assessed by right and left heart catheterizations in nine patients on hemodialysis. Results showed increased stroke work index and left ventricular work indices. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was elevated in all patients (markedly so in five) and did not fall with occlusion of arteriovenous communications. Cardiac output was significantly elevated, but fell to normal postocclusion. Myocardial oxygen consumption, indirectly assessed by tension time and pressure rate indices, appeared increased. Six patients died: four from complications attributed to myocardial failure without infarction, one from transplant-related complications, and one from bacterial meningitis. Five had increased cardiac weights at autopsy, but none showed infarction. This study suggests that increased cardiac work is present in chronic renal failure. Myocardial mass increases result in increased myocardial oxygen demand; however, the increased oxygen requirements may not be met because of reduced erythrocyte mass. Persistance of pressure-volume overload and severe anemia are conducive to myocardial failure."}
{"id": "PMID:139120", "title": "Haemodynamic effects produced by insufflation of carbon dioxide into the abdominal cavity during laparoscopy.", "content": "Nine healthy women underwent diagnostic laparoscopy during balanced anaesthesia without halothane. Heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output were measured before and after insufflation of carbon dioxide in to the abdominal cavity. The cardiac output was measured by a bedside radiocardiographic apparatus using 113Indium as a tracer. There was remarkable stability of the cardiovascular system during laparoscopy with only slight rise in blood pressure.", "contents": "Haemodynamic effects produced by insufflation of carbon dioxide into the abdominal cavity during laparoscopy. Nine healthy women underwent diagnostic laparoscopy during balanced anaesthesia without halothane. Heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac output were measured before and after insufflation of carbon dioxide in to the abdominal cavity. The cardiac output was measured by a bedside radiocardiographic apparatus using 113Indium as a tracer. There was remarkable stability of the cardiovascular system during laparoscopy with only slight rise in blood pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:139121", "title": "[Cutaneous manifestations due to acrylic resins used in printing].", "content": "In the plant of a large newspaper, the manufacture of printing plates using photopolymer acrylic resins, in the place of lead, resulted in a series of orthoergic and allergic manifestations in the workers. Chemical analysis resulted in the isolation of a tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, the harmful nature of which was proven by allergological studies. Its replacement by tetrathylene glycol dimethacrylate eliminated the problems seen (study based upon 300 allergological tests).", "contents": "[Cutaneous manifestations due to acrylic resins used in printing]. In the plant of a large newspaper, the manufacture of printing plates using photopolymer acrylic resins, in the place of lead, resulted in a series of orthoergic and allergic manifestations in the workers. Chemical analysis resulted in the isolation of a tetraethylene glycol diacrylate, the harmful nature of which was proven by allergological studies. Its replacement by tetrathylene glycol dimethacrylate eliminated the problems seen (study based upon 300 allergological tests)."}
{"id": "PMID:139122", "title": "Height correlations between parents and mature offspring in normal subjects and in subjects with Turner's and Klinefelter's and other syndromes.", "content": "The correlations for stature between parents and grown-up offspring in 90 normal males and 116 normal females have been compared with similar correlations obtained in 27 adult males with Klinefelter's syndrome, 33 adult females with Turner's syndrome and in 75 adult patients with Down's syndrome. There was close similarity between the findings in the patients with sex chromosomal disorders and in normal subjects, a roughly constant amount of height being gained or lost through the chromosomal abnormalities. However the genetic pattern was lost in patients with Down's syndrome. In males with idiopathic precocious puberty and in untreated females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the parent-offspring correlations were not normal. In females with idiopathic precocious puberty they approximated normal values. The first two are pathological conditions of varying severity, whilst the majority of girls diagnosed as suffering from precocious puberty represent the extreme variant of normal.", "contents": "Height correlations between parents and mature offspring in normal subjects and in subjects with Turner's and Klinefelter's and other syndromes. The correlations for stature between parents and grown-up offspring in 90 normal males and 116 normal females have been compared with similar correlations obtained in 27 adult males with Klinefelter's syndrome, 33 adult females with Turner's syndrome and in 75 adult patients with Down's syndrome. There was close similarity between the findings in the patients with sex chromosomal disorders and in normal subjects, a roughly constant amount of height being gained or lost through the chromosomal abnormalities. However the genetic pattern was lost in patients with Down's syndrome. In males with idiopathic precocious puberty and in untreated females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the parent-offspring correlations were not normal. In females with idiopathic precocious puberty they approximated normal values. The first two are pathological conditions of varying severity, whilst the majority of girls diagnosed as suffering from precocious puberty represent the extreme variant of normal."}
{"id": "PMID:139123", "title": "[Recipient capacity of clinical strains of staphylococci belonging to different phage groups].", "content": "The recipient capacity of the strains of Staph. epidermidis and Staph. areus belonging to different phage groups, as well as the possibility of epidemic distribution of the erythromycin resistance marker among the clinical staphyloccal strains on using the defective phage obtained from strain 8325 P IIde was studied. The defective phage P IIde may be the source of epidemic distribution of the drug resistance among the competent strains of Staph. aureus. All erythromycin sensitive strains of Staph. aureus lysed by the phages of groups I and III proved to be competent recipients of the erythromycin resistance marker. The strains of Staph. aureus of phage group II and phage type 80/81, as well as the strains of Staph. epidermidis were not competent recipients under our experimental conditions. It was not possible to transfer the high level of erythromycin resistance (1000 gamma/ml) on transduction to the strains of phage group I with a relatively low level of resistance to this antibiotic (20-50 gamma/ml.", "contents": "[Recipient capacity of clinical strains of staphylococci belonging to different phage groups]. The recipient capacity of the strains of Staph. epidermidis and Staph. areus belonging to different phage groups, as well as the possibility of epidemic distribution of the erythromycin resistance marker among the clinical staphyloccal strains on using the defective phage obtained from strain 8325 P IIde was studied. The defective phage P IIde may be the source of epidemic distribution of the drug resistance among the competent strains of Staph. aureus. All erythromycin sensitive strains of Staph. aureus lysed by the phages of groups I and III proved to be competent recipients of the erythromycin resistance marker. The strains of Staph. aureus of phage group II and phage type 80/81, as well as the strains of Staph. epidermidis were not competent recipients under our experimental conditions. It was not possible to transfer the high level of erythromycin resistance (1000 gamma/ml) on transduction to the strains of phage group I with a relatively low level of resistance to this antibiotic (20-50 gamma/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:139124", "title": "[Streptoverticillium albireticuli var. kokandum, a producer of the new antifungal pentaene antibiotic, kokandomycin].", "content": "Morphological, cultural and physiological properties of actinomycete L10-0208 were studied.  It was shown that actinomycete was a new natural variant.  It was named Streptoverticillium alboreticuli var. kokandum.  The physico-chemical characteristics of the pentaenic antibiotic are presented and its originality is shown.  The antibiotic is named kokandomycin.", "contents": "[Streptoverticillium albireticuli var. kokandum, a producer of the new antifungal pentaene antibiotic, kokandomycin]. Morphological, cultural and physiological properties of actinomycete L10-0208 were studied.  It was shown that actinomycete was a new natural variant.  It was named Streptoverticillium alboreticuli var. kokandum.  The physico-chemical characteristics of the pentaenic antibiotic are presented and its originality is shown.  The antibiotic is named kokandomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:139128", "title": "Serum IgE in dermatitis and dermatosis: an analysis of 497 cases.", "content": "Serum IgE values from 497 patients with various forms of dermatitis, dermatosis, and tinea pedis were analyzed statistically and compared with values from 95 normal controls. The median and geometric mean values were significantly elevated (except in acne without atopy, lichen planus, and tinea pedis), even after exclusion of patients with a history of atopy or of cutaneous reaction to food or drugs. Serum IgE levels and atopic dermatitis have a close correlation. A modest positive correlation (p approximately equal to .05) appeared between the log serum IgE level and peripheral blood absolute eosinophil count in 80 cases of atopic dermatitis. A unique group of adult nonatopic patients had acquired generalized dermatitis and markedly elevated serum IgE levels (greater than 12,000 ng/ml). Our results suggest that, in most common dermatologic disorders, elevated serum IgE is a secondary phenomenon rather than a primary causative factor.", "contents": "Serum IgE in dermatitis and dermatosis: an analysis of 497 cases. Serum IgE values from 497 patients with various forms of dermatitis, dermatosis, and tinea pedis were analyzed statistically and compared with values from 95 normal controls. The median and geometric mean values were significantly elevated (except in acne without atopy, lichen planus, and tinea pedis), even after exclusion of patients with a history of atopy or of cutaneous reaction to food or drugs. Serum IgE levels and atopic dermatitis have a close correlation. A modest positive correlation (p approximately equal to .05) appeared between the log serum IgE level and peripheral blood absolute eosinophil count in 80 cases of atopic dermatitis. A unique group of adult nonatopic patients had acquired generalized dermatitis and markedly elevated serum IgE levels (greater than 12,000 ng/ml). Our results suggest that, in most common dermatologic disorders, elevated serum IgE is a secondary phenomenon rather than a primary causative factor."}
{"id": "PMID:139129", "title": "REM syndrome (reticular erythematous mucinosis): report of a further case or variant of it.", "content": "A 50-year-old woman had cervical lymphadenopathy, swollen and waxy-looking gums, and a diamond-shaped, reticular erythematous eruption on her back of eight years' duration. Histologic examination of the gingival tissue and skin showed round-cell infiltration around the small blood vessels and in the upper part of the dermis, and an extensive eosinophilic amorphous deposit throughout the dermis that stained with Alcian blue. The clinical and histologic features, although not identical, resembled those reported by Lischka and Orthenberger (1972) and later by Steigleder et al (1974).", "contents": "REM syndrome (reticular erythematous mucinosis): report of a further case or variant of it. A 50-year-old woman had cervical lymphadenopathy, swollen and waxy-looking gums, and a diamond-shaped, reticular erythematous eruption on her back of eight years' duration. Histologic examination of the gingival tissue and skin showed round-cell infiltration around the small blood vessels and in the upper part of the dermis, and an extensive eosinophilic amorphous deposit throughout the dermis that stained with Alcian blue. The clinical and histologic features, although not identical, resembled those reported by Lischka and Orthenberger (1972) and later by Steigleder et al (1974)."}
{"id": "PMID:139132", "title": "Relationship of antibody affinity to onset of immune complex disease in New Zealand mice.", "content": "Affinity (KR) of antibody to human serum transferrin in New Zealand mice was measured by a globulin precipitation technique. KR was low in mice immunized early in life, increased with age of immunization up to 16-26 weeks, and then fell to low levels. KR in young and old NZB mice was increased by immunization with antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant. The correlation between low affinity antibody production and susceptibility to immune complex disease is discussed.", "contents": "Relationship of antibody affinity to onset of immune complex disease in New Zealand mice. Affinity (KR) of antibody to human serum transferrin in New Zealand mice was measured by a globulin precipitation technique. KR was low in mice immunized early in life, increased with age of immunization up to 16-26 weeks, and then fell to low levels. KR in young and old NZB mice was increased by immunization with antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant. The correlation between low affinity antibody production and susceptibility to immune complex disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139133", "title": "Sequential circulatory changes in the circumferentially burned limb.", "content": "To assess the hemodynamic alterations in the circumferentially burned extremity, Doppler arterial examinations and Xenon-133 washout determinations of muscle blood flow (MBF) were obtained in 27 limbs. In this laboratory normal resting MBF was 2.82+/-0.86 cc/min/100 gm (mean +/- S.E.M., N=26) with no value less than 1.60 cc/min/100 gm. In 27 circumferentially burned limbs, the maximum decrement in MBF occurred by 36 hours following thermal injury. The lowest MBF value in the 11 extremities not requiring escharotomy was 1.50cc/min/100gm. Escharotomy was done in 16 extremities. Mean MBF immediately prior to escharotomy was 1.30+/-0.26cc/min/100gm and improved to 4.43+/-0.52cc/min/100gm following escharotomy (p less than 0.01). Correlation between MBF and Doppler examinations was present in 63% of all studies and in 88% of studies performed immediately before or after escharotomy. The diagnostic sensitivity of Doppler examination required audible recognition of abnormal velocity signals as well as absent velocity signals. Because the intial MBF determination or Doppler examination is not helpful in predicting which extremities will eventually require escharotomy, sequential studies should be done during the first 36-48 hours following thermal injury.", "contents": "Sequential circulatory changes in the circumferentially burned limb. To assess the hemodynamic alterations in the circumferentially burned extremity, Doppler arterial examinations and Xenon-133 washout determinations of muscle blood flow (MBF) were obtained in 27 limbs. In this laboratory normal resting MBF was 2.82+/-0.86 cc/min/100 gm (mean +/- S.E.M., N=26) with no value less than 1.60 cc/min/100 gm. In 27 circumferentially burned limbs, the maximum decrement in MBF occurred by 36 hours following thermal injury. The lowest MBF value in the 11 extremities not requiring escharotomy was 1.50cc/min/100gm. Escharotomy was done in 16 extremities. Mean MBF immediately prior to escharotomy was 1.30+/-0.26cc/min/100gm and improved to 4.43+/-0.52cc/min/100gm following escharotomy (p less than 0.01). Correlation between MBF and Doppler examinations was present in 63% of all studies and in 88% of studies performed immediately before or after escharotomy. The diagnostic sensitivity of Doppler examination required audible recognition of abnormal velocity signals as well as absent velocity signals. Because the intial MBF determination or Doppler examination is not helpful in predicting which extremities will eventually require escharotomy, sequential studies should be done during the first 36-48 hours following thermal injury."}
{"id": "PMID:139134", "title": "Different degradation pathways for glucose and fructose in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.", "content": "In Rhodopseudomonas capsulata the enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and the Embden-Meyerhof pathway have been examined. Fructose-grown cells contained inducible activities of phosphoenolpyruvate-fructosephospho-transferase and 1-phosphofructokinase and only low levels of fructokinase and 6-phosphofructokinase. Although fructose-grown cells contained, in addition, all the enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway together with fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and phosphoglucose isomerase, the Entner-Doudoroff pathway was not operative in fructose catabolism and served only the degradation of glucose. The functional separation of glucose and fructose catabolism via the Entner-Doudoroff and a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway, respectively, was confirmed by different approaches: 1. Radiorespirometric experiments with glucose and fructose labelled in positions 1, 2, 3, 3+4 and 6 have been carried out. The pattern of 14CO2-evolution from position-labelled glucose was characteristic for the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, that from position-labelled fructose for the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. 2. In the presence of arsenite up to 50% of glucose- and fructose-carbon was excreted as pyruvate. Using 1-14C-glucose, 86% of the pyruvate was labelled in the carboxyl group, whereas using 1-14C-fructose only 19% of the pyruvate was labelled in the carboxyl group. 3. A glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient mutant was isolated which lacked a functional Entner-Doudoroff pathway but which was unaltered in its ability to grow on fructose.", "contents": "Different degradation pathways for glucose and fructose in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. In Rhodopseudomonas capsulata the enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway and the Embden-Meyerhof pathway have been examined. Fructose-grown cells contained inducible activities of phosphoenolpyruvate-fructosephospho-transferase and 1-phosphofructokinase and only low levels of fructokinase and 6-phosphofructokinase. Although fructose-grown cells contained, in addition, all the enzymes of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway together with fructose-1,6-diphosphatase and phosphoglucose isomerase, the Entner-Doudoroff pathway was not operative in fructose catabolism and served only the degradation of glucose. The functional separation of glucose and fructose catabolism via the Entner-Doudoroff and a modified Embden-Meyerhof pathway, respectively, was confirmed by different approaches: 1. Radiorespirometric experiments with glucose and fructose labelled in positions 1, 2, 3, 3+4 and 6 have been carried out. The pattern of 14CO2-evolution from position-labelled glucose was characteristic for the Entner-Doudoroff pathway, that from position-labelled fructose for the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. 2. In the presence of arsenite up to 50% of glucose- and fructose-carbon was excreted as pyruvate. Using 1-14C-glucose, 86% of the pyruvate was labelled in the carboxyl group, whereas using 1-14C-fructose only 19% of the pyruvate was labelled in the carboxyl group. 3. A glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-deficient mutant was isolated which lacked a functional Entner-Doudoroff pathway but which was unaltered in its ability to grow on fructose."}
{"id": "PMID:139135", "title": "Pathways of D-fructose catabolism in species of Pseudomonas.", "content": "Cell-free extracts of D-fructose grown cells of Pseudomonas putida, P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, P. stutzeri, P. mendocina, P. acidovorans and P. maltophila catalyzed a P-enolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose and contained 1-P-fructokinase activity suggesting that in these species fructose-1-P and fructose-1,6-P2 were intermediates of D-fructose catabolism. Neither the 1-P-fructokinase nor the activity catalyzing a P-enolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose was present in significant amounts in succinate-grown cells indicating that both activities were inducible. Cell-free extracts also contained activities of fructose-1,6-P2 aldolase, fructose-1,6-P2 phosphatase, and P-hexose isomerase which could convert fructose-1,6-P2 to intermediates of either the Embden-Meyerhof pathway or Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Radiolabeling experiments with 1-14C-D-fructose suggested that in P. putida, P. aeruginosa, P. stutzeri, and P. acidovorans most of the alanine was made via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway with a minor portion being made via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. An edd- mutant of O. putida which lacked a functional Entner-Doudoroff pathway but was able to grow on D-fructose appeared to make alanine solely via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway.", "contents": "Pathways of D-fructose catabolism in species of Pseudomonas. Cell-free extracts of D-fructose grown cells of Pseudomonas putida, P. fluorescens, P. aeruginosa, P. stutzeri, P. mendocina, P. acidovorans and P. maltophila catalyzed a P-enolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose and contained 1-P-fructokinase activity suggesting that in these species fructose-1-P and fructose-1,6-P2 were intermediates of D-fructose catabolism. Neither the 1-P-fructokinase nor the activity catalyzing a P-enolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose was present in significant amounts in succinate-grown cells indicating that both activities were inducible. Cell-free extracts also contained activities of fructose-1,6-P2 aldolase, fructose-1,6-P2 phosphatase, and P-hexose isomerase which could convert fructose-1,6-P2 to intermediates of either the Embden-Meyerhof pathway or Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Radiolabeling experiments with 1-14C-D-fructose suggested that in P. putida, P. aeruginosa, P. stutzeri, and P. acidovorans most of the alanine was made via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway with a minor portion being made via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. An edd- mutant of O. putida which lacked a functional Entner-Doudoroff pathway but was able to grow on D-fructose appeared to make alanine solely via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:139136", "title": "Comprehensive rehabilitation of patients having chronic low back pain.", "content": "Seventy-two patients having chronic back pain, representative of high-risk demographic and personality populations, received a broad range of therapeutic modalities designed around the theme of self-regulation. The self-regulation principle was used in: (1) biofeedback training for teaching self-regulated muscle relaxation; (2) psychological counseling emphasizing self-control techniques for the management of stress and anxiety, including assertion training; (3) patient-regulated medication program; (4) patient involved case conferences; (5) physical therapy program emphasizing reconditoning; (6) comprehensive vocational rehabilitation services; (7) a series of educational lectures; (8) a therapeutic milieu designed for relaxation, recreation and socialization. Utilizing a success criteria of functional physical activity at discharge (average length of stay, 45 days) and levels of vocational restoration (employable, in training, or employed at 30 days postdischarge), 57 of the patients demonstrated unimpaired physical functioning levels and 59 of the patients were at success levels of vocational restoration.", "contents": "Comprehensive rehabilitation of patients having chronic low back pain. Seventy-two patients having chronic back pain, representative of high-risk demographic and personality populations, received a broad range of therapeutic modalities designed around the theme of self-regulation. The self-regulation principle was used in: (1) biofeedback training for teaching self-regulated muscle relaxation; (2) psychological counseling emphasizing self-control techniques for the management of stress and anxiety, including assertion training; (3) patient-regulated medication program; (4) patient involved case conferences; (5) physical therapy program emphasizing reconditoning; (6) comprehensive vocational rehabilitation services; (7) a series of educational lectures; (8) a therapeutic milieu designed for relaxation, recreation and socialization. Utilizing a success criteria of functional physical activity at discharge (average length of stay, 45 days) and levels of vocational restoration (employable, in training, or employed at 30 days postdischarge), 57 of the patients demonstrated unimpaired physical functioning levels and 59 of the patients were at success levels of vocational restoration."}
{"id": "PMID:139137", "title": "Electromyographic study of duration of muscle activity in sit-up variations.", "content": "The external oblique, rectus abdominis, and rectus femoris muscles of 17 college women were studied electromyographically in 8 sit-up variations to determine the best variation for maximizing abdominal muscle activity and minimizing hip flexor activity. Integrated action potentials and movement phases of each variation were recorded simultaneously. The duration of muscle activity within the movement phases was analyzed. The variables of hook-lying/long-lying, feet supported/feet unsupported, and slow/fast speed of performance were examined. The hook-lying unsupported slow and fast variations were best for maximizing abdominal muscle duration of activity and for minimizing rectus femoris muscle duration of activity. Greatest duration of activity for all muscles occurred in the long-lying supported fast variation. Supporting the feet in both hook and long-lying fast variations was more effective for increasing activity duration of all muscles than the slow supported variations. Speed of performance seemed to be as important as support of the feet or leg position in increasing duration of muscle activity.", "contents": "Electromyographic study of duration of muscle activity in sit-up variations. The external oblique, rectus abdominis, and rectus femoris muscles of 17 college women were studied electromyographically in 8 sit-up variations to determine the best variation for maximizing abdominal muscle activity and minimizing hip flexor activity. Integrated action potentials and movement phases of each variation were recorded simultaneously. The duration of muscle activity within the movement phases was analyzed. The variables of hook-lying/long-lying, feet supported/feet unsupported, and slow/fast speed of performance were examined. The hook-lying unsupported slow and fast variations were best for maximizing abdominal muscle duration of activity and for minimizing rectus femoris muscle duration of activity. Greatest duration of activity for all muscles occurred in the long-lying supported fast variation. Supporting the feet in both hook and long-lying fast variations was more effective for increasing activity duration of all muscles than the slow supported variations. Speed of performance seemed to be as important as support of the feet or leg position in increasing duration of muscle activity."}
{"id": "PMID:139138", "title": "The role of the silastic prosthesis in the management of gastroschisis.", "content": "We reviewed data on 43 patients with gastroschisis treated at The Hospital for Sick Children, London, between 1959 and 1975. In the past five years, the overall mortality has been reduced from 76% to 33%. The introduction of the Silastic silo has been the most important single factor in this improvement. Mortality may be further reduced by achieving all-layer closure following thorough bowel decompression and stretching of the abdominal wall.", "contents": "The role of the silastic prosthesis in the management of gastroschisis. We reviewed data on 43 patients with gastroschisis treated at The Hospital for Sick Children, London, between 1959 and 1975. In the past five years, the overall mortality has been reduced from 76% to 33%. The introduction of the Silastic silo has been the most important single factor in this improvement. Mortality may be further reduced by achieving all-layer closure following thorough bowel decompression and stretching of the abdominal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:139139", "title": "Dacron grafting from the aorta to the distal profunda femoria arteries via the obturator foramina.", "content": "We discuss the possibility of the use of the obturator foramina as routes and the distal profunda femoris arteries as sites for anastomosis in the presence of infected grafts in the groins as a successful solution to an otherwise tragic complication of arterial grafting.", "contents": "Dacron grafting from the aorta to the distal profunda femoria arteries via the obturator foramina. We discuss the possibility of the use of the obturator foramina as routes and the distal profunda femoris arteries as sites for anastomosis in the presence of infected grafts in the groins as a successful solution to an otherwise tragic complication of arterial grafting."}
{"id": "PMID:139140", "title": "[Lysosomes, cellular digestion and immune processes].", "content": "The article presents a survey of the available literature concerned with the problems of relationships between the functions of the lysosomal apparatus of cells of the reticuloendothelial system and immune processes. A connection between the primary lysosoma and endocytic vacuole, desintegration of absorbed antigens by micro- and macrophages, the significance of antigenic information transmitted by macrophage to an immune lymphocyte, and realization of the immune response are traced carefully and in succession. Participation of lysosomas in antigen-antibody reactions (anaphylaxis, Arthus' phenomenon, supersensitivity of a delayed type) and their role in induction of immune tolerance and in some autoimmune processes are also considered.", "contents": "[Lysosomes, cellular digestion and immune processes]. The article presents a survey of the available literature concerned with the problems of relationships between the functions of the lysosomal apparatus of cells of the reticuloendothelial system and immune processes. A connection between the primary lysosoma and endocytic vacuole, desintegration of absorbed antigens by micro- and macrophages, the significance of antigenic information transmitted by macrophage to an immune lymphocyte, and realization of the immune response are traced carefully and in succession. Participation of lysosomas in antigen-antibody reactions (anaphylaxis, Arthus' phenomenon, supersensitivity of a delayed type) and their role in induction of immune tolerance and in some autoimmune processes are also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:139143", "title": "Studies on thyroid and hypophysary thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) in Down syndrome.", "content": "Serum TSH was studied in 22 patients with Down syndrome, from 4 to 15 years old. In 6 of these patients radioidine uptake by thyroid gland after 2 and 24 hours of administration and clearance rates before and after TSH stimulus (10 mul-IM) were measured. Results show that serum TSH was normal in 17 patients and above normal limits in 5 patients. Thyroid uptake after 2 hours as well clearance rates, both below normal, had a response to TSH stimulus with normal or below values. These data along with previous reports, suggest, that in children with Down syndrome, there is a thyroid dysfunction in which a slow response no TSH stimulus seems to be the basic defect.", "contents": "Studies on thyroid and hypophysary thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) in Down syndrome. Serum TSH was studied in 22 patients with Down syndrome, from 4 to 15 years old. In 6 of these patients radioidine uptake by thyroid gland after 2 and 24 hours of administration and clearance rates before and after TSH stimulus (10 mul-IM) were measured. Results show that serum TSH was normal in 17 patients and above normal limits in 5 patients. Thyroid uptake after 2 hours as well clearance rates, both below normal, had a response to TSH stimulus with normal or below values. These data along with previous reports, suggest, that in children with Down syndrome, there is a thyroid dysfunction in which a slow response no TSH stimulus seems to be the basic defect."}
{"id": "PMID:139144", "title": "Fleck corneal dystrophy.", "content": "Fourteen members of four families with fleck systrophy of the corneal stroma were examined and studied. Corneal and lens changes were noted in all patients. Corneal sensation was normal. Corneal biopsies were performed on two patients and a corneal button of a patient with fleck dystrophy and keratoconus was studied. Light and electron microscopy and histochemical studies showed this dystrophy to consist of abnormal keratocytes with variable numbers of membrane-limited intracytoplasmic vacuoles containing a granular to fibrogranular material that stains positively for mucopolysaccharide. This appears to be the first reported incidence of a dominantly inherited disorder of mucopolysaccharides affecting the eyes.", "contents": "Fleck corneal dystrophy. Fourteen members of four families with fleck systrophy of the corneal stroma were examined and studied. Corneal and lens changes were noted in all patients. Corneal sensation was normal. Corneal biopsies were performed on two patients and a corneal button of a patient with fleck dystrophy and keratoconus was studied. Light and electron microscopy and histochemical studies showed this dystrophy to consist of abnormal keratocytes with variable numbers of membrane-limited intracytoplasmic vacuoles containing a granular to fibrogranular material that stains positively for mucopolysaccharide. This appears to be the first reported incidence of a dominantly inherited disorder of mucopolysaccharides affecting the eyes."}
{"id": "PMID:139148", "title": "On the action of triamterene on isolated cell membranes.", "content": "Recently there have been recurring reports on extrarenal and expecially on antiarrhythmic effects of triamterene, the latter ones being observed particularly in cases of digitalis intoxication. Considering the digitalis-antagonistic effects, which are also observed in the course of experimental investigations, it was assumed that triamterene, a potassium-saving diuretic, displaces cardiac glycosides from their binding sites in cardiac membranes. The binding of [3H]-g-strophanthin ([3H]-ouabain) and the activity of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in the presence of different concentrations of triamterene have been studied with isolated cardiac cell membranes (human; bovine) and human erythrocyte membranes. Inhibition of the binding of the cardiac glycoside and the enzyme activity was only observed for very high concentrations of the active component. These observations are indicative of non-specific effects. Triamterene applied in the presence of different concentrations of strophanthin (10(-9)--5 X 10(-7) M) did not display protective effects on the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. In experiments aimed at chromatographic separations, it could be shown that [3H]-triamterene binds to membrane proteins different from those binding [3H]-g-strophanthin, the latter having been shown to be present in the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase containing fraction. From the results of these experiments it may be concluded that there is no interaction between triamterene and strophanthin on the membrane bound receptor for the cardiac glycoside. [3H]-Triamterene shows concentration dependent binding to cell membranes. This binding is affected to different degrees by Mg++, K+, Na+ and Ca++. The binding sites show low affinity but high binding capacity for triamterene. The significance of this fact remains to be established.", "contents": "On the action of triamterene on isolated cell membranes. Recently there have been recurring reports on extrarenal and expecially on antiarrhythmic effects of triamterene, the latter ones being observed particularly in cases of digitalis intoxication. Considering the digitalis-antagonistic effects, which are also observed in the course of experimental investigations, it was assumed that triamterene, a potassium-saving diuretic, displaces cardiac glycosides from their binding sites in cardiac membranes. The binding of [3H]-g-strophanthin ([3H]-ouabain) and the activity of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in the presence of different concentrations of triamterene have been studied with isolated cardiac cell membranes (human; bovine) and human erythrocyte membranes. Inhibition of the binding of the cardiac glycoside and the enzyme activity was only observed for very high concentrations of the active component. These observations are indicative of non-specific effects. Triamterene applied in the presence of different concentrations of strophanthin (10(-9)--5 X 10(-7) M) did not display protective effects on the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. In experiments aimed at chromatographic separations, it could be shown that [3H]-triamterene binds to membrane proteins different from those binding [3H]-g-strophanthin, the latter having been shown to be present in the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase containing fraction. From the results of these experiments it may be concluded that there is no interaction between triamterene and strophanthin on the membrane bound receptor for the cardiac glycoside. [3H]-Triamterene shows concentration dependent binding to cell membranes. This binding is affected to different degrees by Mg++, K+, Na+ and Ca++. The binding sites show low affinity but high binding capacity for triamterene. The significance of this fact remains to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:139155", "title": "[Stimulating effect of B-lymphocytes in mixed cultures on autologous T-lymphocytes in chronic lymphatic leukemia].", "content": "Two different cellular populations among the circulating lymphocytes were separated by using a technique based on the T lymphocytes capacity to form nonimmune rosettes with sheep red blood cells. The first population (P) is essentially composed of T lymphocytes, the second (population S) is made up mainly of type B lymphocytes. This technique was applied in the study of circulating lymphocytes in 11 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and was satisfactory both for good reproducibility and for its ability to obtain vital separate lymphocytes. Normal reactivity to PHA and PWM of population P and normal capacity to form E rosettes with SRBC were found. In mixed culture of T lymphocytes stimulated by B cells of the same patient significant blastic response was observed.", "contents": "[Stimulating effect of B-lymphocytes in mixed cultures on autologous T-lymphocytes in chronic lymphatic leukemia]. Two different cellular populations among the circulating lymphocytes were separated by using a technique based on the T lymphocytes capacity to form nonimmune rosettes with sheep red blood cells. The first population (P) is essentially composed of T lymphocytes, the second (population S) is made up mainly of type B lymphocytes. This technique was applied in the study of circulating lymphocytes in 11 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and was satisfactory both for good reproducibility and for its ability to obtain vital separate lymphocytes. Normal reactivity to PHA and PWM of population P and normal capacity to form E rosettes with SRBC were found. In mixed culture of T lymphocytes stimulated by B cells of the same patient significant blastic response was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:139159", "title": "Actin and myosin-linked calcium regulation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochemical and structural properties of native filaments and purified proteins.", "content": "Calcium regulation of actomyosin activity in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, has been studied with purified proteins and crude thin filaments. Actin and tropomyosin have been purified from C. elegans and shown to be similar in most respects to actin and tropomyosin from rabbit skeletal muscle. The actin comigrates with rabbit actin on polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, forms similar filaments and paracrystals, and activates the Mg2+-ATPase of rabbit myosin heads as efficiently as rabbit actin. Nematode tropomyosin has a greater apparent molecular weight (estimated by mobility on polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gels) than the rabbit protein, yet it forms Mg2+-paracrystals with a slightly shorter periodicity. Native thin filaments extracted from nematodes activate rabbit myosin subfragment 1 Mg2+-ATPase in a calcium sensitive manner; the extent of activation is threefold greater in 0.2 mM CaCl2 than in the absence of calcium. This observation suggests that the thin filaments contain components which are functionally equivalent to vertebrate troponins. Calcium is also required for maximal activation of the Mg2+-ATPase of purified nematode myosin by pure rabbit F-actin. C. elegans therefore has both myosin and thin filament-linked calcium regulatory systems. The origin of the actin, tropomyosin, and myosin from different tissues and the use of genetic analysis to answer questions about assembly and function in vivo are discussed.", "contents": "Actin and myosin-linked calcium regulation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Biochemical and structural properties of native filaments and purified proteins. Calcium regulation of actomyosin activity in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, has been studied with purified proteins and crude thin filaments. Actin and tropomyosin have been purified from C. elegans and shown to be similar in most respects to actin and tropomyosin from rabbit skeletal muscle. The actin comigrates with rabbit actin on polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, forms similar filaments and paracrystals, and activates the Mg2+-ATPase of rabbit myosin heads as efficiently as rabbit actin. Nematode tropomyosin has a greater apparent molecular weight (estimated by mobility on polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate gels) than the rabbit protein, yet it forms Mg2+-paracrystals with a slightly shorter periodicity. Native thin filaments extracted from nematodes activate rabbit myosin subfragment 1 Mg2+-ATPase in a calcium sensitive manner; the extent of activation is threefold greater in 0.2 mM CaCl2 than in the absence of calcium. This observation suggests that the thin filaments contain components which are functionally equivalent to vertebrate troponins. Calcium is also required for maximal activation of the Mg2+-ATPase of purified nematode myosin by pure rabbit F-actin. C. elegans therefore has both myosin and thin filament-linked calcium regulatory systems. The origin of the actin, tropomyosin, and myosin from different tissues and the use of genetic analysis to answer questions about assembly and function in vivo are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139160", "title": "Fluorescence energy transfer between Ca2+ transport ATPase molecules in artificial membranes.", "content": "The purified ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum was covalently labeled with N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5-sulfo-1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine (1,5-IAEDANS) or with iodoacetamidofluorescein (IAF). In reconstituted vesicles containing both types of ATPase molecules fluorescence energy transfer was observed from the IAEDANS (donor) to the IAF (acceptor) fluorophore as determined by the ratio of donor and acceptor fluorescence intensities, and by nanosecond decay measurements of donor fluorescence in the presence or absence of the acceptor. The observed energy transfer may arise by random collisions between ATPase molecules due to Brownian motion or by formation of complexes containing several ATPase molecules. Experimental distinction between these two models of energy transfer is possible based on predictions derived from mathematical models. Up to tenfold dilution of the lipid phase of reconstituted vesicles with egg lecithin had no measurable effect upon the energy transfer, suggesting that random collision between ATPase molecules in the lipid phase is not the principal cause of the observed effect. Addition of unlabeled ATPase in five- to tenfold molar excess over the labeled molecules abolished energy transfer. These observations together with electron microscopic and chemical cross-linking studies support the existence of ATPase oligomers in the membrane with sufficiently long lifetimes for energy transfer to occur. A hypothetical equilibrium between monomeric and tetrameric forms of the ATPase governed by the membrane potential is proposed as the structural basis of the regulation of Ca uptake and release by sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes during muscle contraction and relaxation.", "contents": "Fluorescence energy transfer between Ca2+ transport ATPase molecules in artificial membranes. The purified ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum was covalently labeled with N-iodoacetyl-N'-(5-sulfo-1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine (1,5-IAEDANS) or with iodoacetamidofluorescein (IAF). In reconstituted vesicles containing both types of ATPase molecules fluorescence energy transfer was observed from the IAEDANS (donor) to the IAF (acceptor) fluorophore as determined by the ratio of donor and acceptor fluorescence intensities, and by nanosecond decay measurements of donor fluorescence in the presence or absence of the acceptor. The observed energy transfer may arise by random collisions between ATPase molecules due to Brownian motion or by formation of complexes containing several ATPase molecules. Experimental distinction between these two models of energy transfer is possible based on predictions derived from mathematical models. Up to tenfold dilution of the lipid phase of reconstituted vesicles with egg lecithin had no measurable effect upon the energy transfer, suggesting that random collision between ATPase molecules in the lipid phase is not the principal cause of the observed effect. Addition of unlabeled ATPase in five- to tenfold molar excess over the labeled molecules abolished energy transfer. These observations together with electron microscopic and chemical cross-linking studies support the existence of ATPase oligomers in the membrane with sufficiently long lifetimes for energy transfer to occur. A hypothetical equilibrium between monomeric and tetrameric forms of the ATPase governed by the membrane potential is proposed as the structural basis of the regulation of Ca uptake and release by sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes during muscle contraction and relaxation."}
{"id": "PMID:139162", "title": "Tightly bound nucleotides of the energy-transducing ATPase, and their role in oxidative phosphorylation. I. The Paracoccus denitrificans system.", "content": "1. The coupling ATPase of Paracoccus denitrificans can be removed from the membrane by washing coupled membrane fragments at low salt concentrations. 2. This ATPase resembles coupling ATPases of mitochondria, chloroplasts and other bacteria. It is a negatively charged protein of molecular weight about 300,000. An inhibitor protein in bound tightly to the ATPase in vivo, and can be destroyed by trypsin treatment. 3. ATP and ADP are found tightly bound to the coupling ATPase of P. denitrificans, both in its membrane-bound and isolated state. The ATP/ADP ratio on the enzyme is greater than one. 4. Under de-energised condtions, the bound nucleotides are not available to the suspending medium. When the membrane is energised however, the bound nucleotides can exchange with added nucleotides and incorporate 32Pi. 32Ppi is incorporated into the beta and gamma positions of the bound nucleotides, but beta-labelling probably does not occur on the coupling ATPase. 5. Uncouplers inhibit the exchange of the free nucleotides or 32Pi into the bound nucleotides, while venturicidin (an energy transfer inhibitor) and aurovertin stimulate the exchange. 6. The response of the bound nucleotides to energisation is consistent with their being involved directly in the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Tightly bound nucleotides of the energy-transducing ATPase, and their role in oxidative phosphorylation. I. The Paracoccus denitrificans system. 1. The coupling ATPase of Paracoccus denitrificans can be removed from the membrane by washing coupled membrane fragments at low salt concentrations. 2. This ATPase resembles coupling ATPases of mitochondria, chloroplasts and other bacteria. It is a negatively charged protein of molecular weight about 300,000. An inhibitor protein in bound tightly to the ATPase in vivo, and can be destroyed by trypsin treatment. 3. ATP and ADP are found tightly bound to the coupling ATPase of P. denitrificans, both in its membrane-bound and isolated state. The ATP/ADP ratio on the enzyme is greater than one. 4. Under de-energised condtions, the bound nucleotides are not available to the suspending medium. When the membrane is energised however, the bound nucleotides can exchange with added nucleotides and incorporate 32Pi. 32Ppi is incorporated into the beta and gamma positions of the bound nucleotides, but beta-labelling probably does not occur on the coupling ATPase. 5. Uncouplers inhibit the exchange of the free nucleotides or 32Pi into the bound nucleotides, while venturicidin (an energy transfer inhibitor) and aurovertin stimulate the exchange. 6. The response of the bound nucleotides to energisation is consistent with their being involved directly in the mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:139163", "title": "Tightly bound nucleotides of the energy-transducing ATPase, and their role in oxidative phosphorylation. II. The beef heart mitochondrial system.", "content": "1. Beef heart mitochondrial ATPase, in both the membrane-bound and isolated form, contains tightly bound ATP and ADP. Each mol of ATPase contains about 2.2 mol ATP and 1.3 mol ADP. 2. In the absence of ATPase activity, these nucleotides exchange only slowly with nucleotides in solution. The exchange rate is increased during coupled ATPase activity, but not when the ATPase is uncoupled. 3. Oligomycin and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibit exchange of the bound nucleotides, as does the ATPase inhibitor protein, although in each case some residual exchange occurs. Aurovertin, although inhibiting phosphorylation, does not inhibit the exchange. This is discussed in terms of the reversibility of these inhibitors. 4. The stimulation of exchange seen during coupled ATPase activity requires energisation of the ATPase molecule. Using the exchange reaction as a probe of energisation, it is deduced that energy can be transferred between different ATPase molecules. 5. It is proposed that coupled ATPase activity and phosphorylation in submitochondrial particles involve the tight nucleotide binding sites and the (weak) ATPase site, while uncoupled ATPase activity involves only the weak site.", "contents": "Tightly bound nucleotides of the energy-transducing ATPase, and their role in oxidative phosphorylation. II. The beef heart mitochondrial system. 1. Beef heart mitochondrial ATPase, in both the membrane-bound and isolated form, contains tightly bound ATP and ADP. Each mol of ATPase contains about 2.2 mol ATP and 1.3 mol ADP. 2. In the absence of ATPase activity, these nucleotides exchange only slowly with nucleotides in solution. The exchange rate is increased during coupled ATPase activity, but not when the ATPase is uncoupled. 3. Oligomycin and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide inhibit exchange of the bound nucleotides, as does the ATPase inhibitor protein, although in each case some residual exchange occurs. Aurovertin, although inhibiting phosphorylation, does not inhibit the exchange. This is discussed in terms of the reversibility of these inhibitors. 4. The stimulation of exchange seen during coupled ATPase activity requires energisation of the ATPase molecule. Using the exchange reaction as a probe of energisation, it is deduced that energy can be transferred between different ATPase molecules. 5. It is proposed that coupled ATPase activity and phosphorylation in submitochondrial particles involve the tight nucleotide binding sites and the (weak) ATPase site, while uncoupled ATPase activity involves only the weak site."}
{"id": "PMID:139164", "title": "Isolation and characterization of an inhibitory subunit of the Mg2+--Ca2+-ATPase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "1. Stimulation of the Escherichia coli ATPase activity by urea and trypsin shows that the ATPase activity both in the membrane-bound and the solubilized form is partly masked. 2. A protein, inhibiting the ATPase activity of Escherichia coli, can be isolated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified ATPase. The inhibitor was identified with the smallest of the subunits of E. coli ATPase. 3. The molecular weight of the ATPase inhibitor is about 10,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and deduced from the amino acid composition. 4. The inhibitory action is independent of pH, ionic strength or the presence of Mg2+ or ATP. 5. The ATPase inhibitor is heat-stable, insensitive to urea but very sensitive to trypsin degradation. 6. The Escherichia coli ATPase inhibitor does not inhibit the mitochondrial or the chloroplast ATPase.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of an inhibitory subunit of the Mg2+--Ca2+-ATPase of Escherichia coli. 1. Stimulation of the Escherichia coli ATPase activity by urea and trypsin shows that the ATPase activity both in the membrane-bound and the solubilized form is partly masked. 2. A protein, inhibiting the ATPase activity of Escherichia coli, can be isolated by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified ATPase. The inhibitor was identified with the smallest of the subunits of E. coli ATPase. 3. The molecular weight of the ATPase inhibitor is about 10,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and deduced from the amino acid composition. 4. The inhibitory action is independent of pH, ionic strength or the presence of Mg2+ or ATP. 5. The ATPase inhibitor is heat-stable, insensitive to urea but very sensitive to trypsin degradation. 6. The Escherichia coli ATPase inhibitor does not inhibit the mitochondrial or the chloroplast ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:139165", "title": "Studies concerning the specificity of the effect of leucine on the turnover of proteins in muscles of control and diabetic rats.", "content": "The protein anabolic effect of branched chain amino acids was studied in isolated quarter diaphragms of rats. Protein synthesis was estimated by measuring tyrosine incorporation into muscle proteins in vitro. Tyrosine release during incubation with cycloheximide served as an index of protein degradation. In muscles from normal rats the addition of 0.5 mM leucine stimulated protein synthesis 36--38% (P less than 0.01), while equimolar isoleucine or valine, singly or in combination were ineffective. The three branched chain amino acids together stimulated no more than leucine alone. The product of leucine transamination, alpha-keto-isocaproate, did not stmino norborane-2-carboxylic acid (a leucine analogue) were ineffective. Leucine and isoleucine stimulated protein synthesis in muscles from diabetic rats.Leucine, isoleucine, valine and the norbornane amino acid but not alpha-ketoisocaproate or beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased the concentration of free tyrosine in tissues during incubation with cycloheximide; tyrosine release into the medium did not decrease significantly. Leucine caused a small decrease in total tyrosine release, (measured as the sum of free tyrosine in tissues and media), suggesting inhibition of protein degradation. The data suggest that leucine may be rate limiting for protein synthesis in muscles. The branched chain amino acids may exert a restraining effect on muscle protein catabolism during prolonged fasting and diabetes.", "contents": "Studies concerning the specificity of the effect of leucine on the turnover of proteins in muscles of control and diabetic rats. The protein anabolic effect of branched chain amino acids was studied in isolated quarter diaphragms of rats. Protein synthesis was estimated by measuring tyrosine incorporation into muscle proteins in vitro. Tyrosine release during incubation with cycloheximide served as an index of protein degradation. In muscles from normal rats the addition of 0.5 mM leucine stimulated protein synthesis 36--38% (P less than 0.01), while equimolar isoleucine or valine, singly or in combination were ineffective. The three branched chain amino acids together stimulated no more than leucine alone. The product of leucine transamination, alpha-keto-isocaproate, did not stmino norborane-2-carboxylic acid (a leucine analogue) were ineffective. Leucine and isoleucine stimulated protein synthesis in muscles from diabetic rats.Leucine, isoleucine, valine and the norbornane amino acid but not alpha-ketoisocaproate or beta-hydroxybutyrate decreased the concentration of free tyrosine in tissues during incubation with cycloheximide; tyrosine release into the medium did not decrease significantly. Leucine caused a small decrease in total tyrosine release, (measured as the sum of free tyrosine in tissues and media), suggesting inhibition of protein degradation. The data suggest that leucine may be rate limiting for protein synthesis in muscles. The branched chain amino acids may exert a restraining effect on muscle protein catabolism during prolonged fasting and diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:139166", "title": "The relationship between DNA strand-scission and DNA synthesis inhibition in HeLa cells treated with neocarzinostatin.", "content": "Neocarzinostatin inhibits DNA synthesis in HeLa S3 cells and induces the rapid limited breakage of cellular DNA. The fragmentation of cellular DNA appears to precede the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Cells treated with drug at 37 degrees C for 10 min and then washed free of drug show similar levels of inhibition of DNA synthesis or cell growth, or of strand-scission of DNA as when cells were not washed. If cells are preincubated with neocarzinostatin at 0 degrees C before washing, the subsequent incubation of 37 degrees C results in no inhibition of DNA synthesis or cell growth, or cutting of DNA. Isolated nuclei or cell lysates derived from neocarzinostatin-treated HeLa S3 cells are inhibited in DNA synthesis but this can be overcome in cell lysates by adding activated DNA. A cytoplasmic fraction from drug-treated cells can stimulate DNA synthesis by nuclei isolated from untreated cells, whereas nuclei from drug-treated cells are not stimulated by the cytoplasmic fraction from untreated cells. By contrast, neocarzinostatin does not inhibit DNA synthesis when incubated with isolated nuclei, but it can be shown that under these conditions the DNA is already degraded and is not further fragmented by the drug. These data suggest that the drug's ability to induce breakage of cellular DNA in HeLa S3 cells is an essential aspect of its inhibition of DNA replication and may be responsible for the cytotoxic and growth-inhibiting actions of neocarzinostatin.", "contents": "The relationship between DNA strand-scission and DNA synthesis inhibition in HeLa cells treated with neocarzinostatin. Neocarzinostatin inhibits DNA synthesis in HeLa S3 cells and induces the rapid limited breakage of cellular DNA. The fragmentation of cellular DNA appears to precede the inhibition of DNA synthesis. Cells treated with drug at 37 degrees C for 10 min and then washed free of drug show similar levels of inhibition of DNA synthesis or cell growth, or of strand-scission of DNA as when cells were not washed. If cells are preincubated with neocarzinostatin at 0 degrees C before washing, the subsequent incubation of 37 degrees C results in no inhibition of DNA synthesis or cell growth, or cutting of DNA. Isolated nuclei or cell lysates derived from neocarzinostatin-treated HeLa S3 cells are inhibited in DNA synthesis but this can be overcome in cell lysates by adding activated DNA. A cytoplasmic fraction from drug-treated cells can stimulate DNA synthesis by nuclei isolated from untreated cells, whereas nuclei from drug-treated cells are not stimulated by the cytoplasmic fraction from untreated cells. By contrast, neocarzinostatin does not inhibit DNA synthesis when incubated with isolated nuclei, but it can be shown that under these conditions the DNA is already degraded and is not further fragmented by the drug. These data suggest that the drug's ability to induce breakage of cellular DNA in HeLa S3 cells is an essential aspect of its inhibition of DNA replication and may be responsible for the cytotoxic and growth-inhibiting actions of neocarzinostatin."}
{"id": "PMID:139167", "title": "Single-strand nicking of DNA in vitro by neocarzinostatin and its possible relationship to the mechanism of drug action.", "content": "Neocarzinostatin, a protein antibiotic with anti-tumor activity was found to place single-strand scissions in DNA in an in vitro reaction. The drug's cutting activity was strongly dependent on the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol but some cutting did take place in the absence of reducing agent at very high drug levels and prolonged incubation. The requirement for reducing agents could not be replaced with NAD+, FAD, NADH or H2O2 and the strand-scission reaction was not affected by Mg2+, EDTA or intercalating agents. Similar profiles of heat-inactivation of neocarzinostatin were found whether activity was measured by the scission of DNA strand either in vitro or in HeLa cells treated with the drug. Furthermore, both of these parameters corresponded closely with the ability of the modified drug to inhibit DNA synthesis and growth of HeLa cells. By column isoelectric focusing it was shown that all four activities are associated with the same protein band (pH 3.28). From these data we conclude that the cytotoxic activity of neocarzinostatin and the nicking of DNA strands in vitro appear to reside in the same protein.", "contents": "Single-strand nicking of DNA in vitro by neocarzinostatin and its possible relationship to the mechanism of drug action. Neocarzinostatin, a protein antibiotic with anti-tumor activity was found to place single-strand scissions in DNA in an in vitro reaction. The drug's cutting activity was strongly dependent on the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol or dithiothreitol but some cutting did take place in the absence of reducing agent at very high drug levels and prolonged incubation. The requirement for reducing agents could not be replaced with NAD+, FAD, NADH or H2O2 and the strand-scission reaction was not affected by Mg2+, EDTA or intercalating agents. Similar profiles of heat-inactivation of neocarzinostatin were found whether activity was measured by the scission of DNA strand either in vitro or in HeLa cells treated with the drug. Furthermore, both of these parameters corresponded closely with the ability of the modified drug to inhibit DNA synthesis and growth of HeLa cells. By column isoelectric focusing it was shown that all four activities are associated with the same protein band (pH 3.28). From these data we conclude that the cytotoxic activity of neocarzinostatin and the nicking of DNA strands in vitro appear to reside in the same protein."}
{"id": "PMID:139169", "title": "[Some properties of transport ATPases in functionally different muscles].", "content": "The properties of Ca-transporting system in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes in fast and slow frog muscles as well as some properties of sarcolemma Na, K-ATPase of the same object were investigated. The rate of Ca2+ uptake, Ca-ATPase activity and Ca/ATP ratio for the reticulum of fast muscle demonstrated higher values than those for the reticulum of slow muscle. The rate of Ca2+ accumulation by the fragments of the rectus reticulum and Ca/ATP ratio were found to decrease under the influence of acetylcholine (0.05-5 mM). The transport system of the sartorius reticulum was found to be less sensitive to acetylcholine. The peak activity of Na, K-ATPase in femoral muscles of the frog occurred at 80 mM NaCl and 60 mM KCl, whereas in the rectus abdominal muscle it equalled 100 mM NaCl and 40 mM KCl. Thus, Na, K-ATPase activity in the slow muscle was predominantly higher than that in the mixed (femoral) muscles. If the sarcolemma preparations of the muscles of both types the inhibitory effect of acetylcholine on Na; K-ATPase was registered. The enzyme of slow muscles exhibited higher sensibility to acetylcholine.", "contents": "[Some properties of transport ATPases in functionally different muscles]. The properties of Ca-transporting system in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes in fast and slow frog muscles as well as some properties of sarcolemma Na, K-ATPase of the same object were investigated. The rate of Ca2+ uptake, Ca-ATPase activity and Ca/ATP ratio for the reticulum of fast muscle demonstrated higher values than those for the reticulum of slow muscle. The rate of Ca2+ accumulation by the fragments of the rectus reticulum and Ca/ATP ratio were found to decrease under the influence of acetylcholine (0.05-5 mM). The transport system of the sartorius reticulum was found to be less sensitive to acetylcholine. The peak activity of Na, K-ATPase in femoral muscles of the frog occurred at 80 mM NaCl and 60 mM KCl, whereas in the rectus abdominal muscle it equalled 100 mM NaCl and 40 mM KCl. Thus, Na, K-ATPase activity in the slow muscle was predominantly higher than that in the mixed (femoral) muscles. If the sarcolemma preparations of the muscles of both types the inhibitory effect of acetylcholine on Na; K-ATPase was registered. The enzyme of slow muscles exhibited higher sensibility to acetylcholine."}
{"id": "PMID:139170", "title": "[The functional coupling between MM isozyme of creatine phosphokinase (EC 2.7.3.2.) and MgATPase of myofibrils and (Na, K)ATPase of plasma membrane in heart cells].", "content": "The functional role of particulate MM isozyme of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) bound to heart myofibrils has been studied. It has been shown that in the presence of heart myofibrils and MgATP creatine phosphate can be used to rephosphorylate ADP formed in the MgATPase reaction. The rate of creatine phosphate splitting is determined by the kinetic properties of myofibrillar MgATPase and by the kinetic parameters of myofibrillar CPK. It has been found that a purified heart plasma membrane preparation contains high CPK activity. CPK isozyme bound to plasma membrane of heart cells is identical to MM isozyme of CPK and is able to rephosphorylate effectively ADP, formed in the (Na K)ATPase reaction. The rate of creatine phosphate splitting in these coupled reactions is sensitive to ouabain and is determined by the kinetic parameters both of the (Na, K)ATPase and plasma membrane CPK. The results obtained indicate the important role of myofibrillar and plasma membrane CPK in the intracellular energy transport processes.", "contents": "[The functional coupling between MM isozyme of creatine phosphokinase (EC 2.7.3.2.) and MgATPase of myofibrils and (Na, K)ATPase of plasma membrane in heart cells]. The functional role of particulate MM isozyme of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) bound to heart myofibrils has been studied. It has been shown that in the presence of heart myofibrils and MgATP creatine phosphate can be used to rephosphorylate ADP formed in the MgATPase reaction. The rate of creatine phosphate splitting is determined by the kinetic properties of myofibrillar MgATPase and by the kinetic parameters of myofibrillar CPK. It has been found that a purified heart plasma membrane preparation contains high CPK activity. CPK isozyme bound to plasma membrane of heart cells is identical to MM isozyme of CPK and is able to rephosphorylate effectively ADP, formed in the (Na K)ATPase reaction. The rate of creatine phosphate splitting in these coupled reactions is sensitive to ouabain and is determined by the kinetic parameters both of the (Na, K)ATPase and plasma membrane CPK. The results obtained indicate the important role of myofibrillar and plasma membrane CPK in the intracellular energy transport processes."}
{"id": "PMID:139171", "title": "[Kinetic analysis of hydrolysis of free ATP and MgATP by natural actomyosin].", "content": "Computer analysis of experimental data published in 1-3 allowed to establish the presence of two non-interacting inequivalent hydrolytic sites in actomyosin molecule, one of them being specific for binding and hydrolysis of free ATP, the other--for MgATP. Thus both species of ATP are the substrates of actomyosin ATPase. Actomyosin molecule seems to bind on more (in additon to two active sites) substrate molecule (MgATP) at some non-catalytic regulatory site. The formation of the enzyme-substrate complex having three ATP molecules (one molecule of free ATP and two--of MgATP) is accompanied by the loss of the activity. An approach to the research of kinetic equations for complex systems considerably decreasing a number of variations to consider is given in this work.", "contents": "[Kinetic analysis of hydrolysis of free ATP and MgATP by natural actomyosin]. Computer analysis of experimental data published in 1-3 allowed to establish the presence of two non-interacting inequivalent hydrolytic sites in actomyosin molecule, one of them being specific for binding and hydrolysis of free ATP, the other--for MgATP. Thus both species of ATP are the substrates of actomyosin ATPase. Actomyosin molecule seems to bind on more (in additon to two active sites) substrate molecule (MgATP) at some non-catalytic regulatory site. The formation of the enzyme-substrate complex having three ATP molecules (one molecule of free ATP and two--of MgATP) is accompanied by the loss of the activity. An approach to the research of kinetic equations for complex systems considerably decreasing a number of variations to consider is given in this work."}
{"id": "PMID:139172", "title": "[Mechanism of action of some quinoline alkaloids on respiratory chain of mitochondria].", "content": "The mechanism of action of some quinoline alkaloids and their derivatives on respiratory chain of rat liver and Candida lipolytica yeast mitochondria was studied. The alkaloids were shown to inhibit electron transfer in the respiratory chain. The site of their action is localized between b and c cytochromes. Besides their ability to inhibit electron transfer in the respiratory chain, alkaloids are shown to be specific inhibitors of \"exogenous\" NADH-dehydrogenase of C. lipolytica yeast mitochondria. In addition to their inhibiting properties alkaloids can stimulate ATPase activity of mitochondria. O-alkylation of pseudane-IX permits to differentiate the inhibiting and uncoupling properties of this alkaloid.", "contents": "[Mechanism of action of some quinoline alkaloids on respiratory chain of mitochondria]. The mechanism of action of some quinoline alkaloids and their derivatives on respiratory chain of rat liver and Candida lipolytica yeast mitochondria was studied. The alkaloids were shown to inhibit electron transfer in the respiratory chain. The site of their action is localized between b and c cytochromes. Besides their ability to inhibit electron transfer in the respiratory chain, alkaloids are shown to be specific inhibitors of \"exogenous\" NADH-dehydrogenase of C. lipolytica yeast mitochondria. In addition to their inhibiting properties alkaloids can stimulate ATPase activity of mitochondria. O-alkylation of pseudane-IX permits to differentiate the inhibiting and uncoupling properties of this alkaloid."}
{"id": "PMID:139173", "title": "[Studies on specific elution of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase with allosteric ligands].", "content": "The specific elution of rabbit skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) from DEAE-cellulose is studied in the linear gradient of different allosteric ligands. Citrate and fructose-6-phosphate elute PFK at concentrations of 1.0 and 2.5 mM respectively, i.e. without increasing the ionic strength of the starting buffer (similar to 0.12). The specificity of elution is confirmed by comparison of the ionic strength of these solutions with that of buffer eluting PFK in buffer gradient (mu=0.17) as well as by comparison with the eluting ability of other ligands. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate elutes PFK only at the concentration of 5.5 mM which corresponds to the ionic strength 0.17. MgATP and AMP are inefficient as specific eluents whereas ATP and ADP elute only a small part of PFK with concomitant substantial increase of the ionic strength (up to 0.17--0.18). These results are discussed in terms of a charge compensation mechanism as a result of the displacement of PFK conformers equilibrium under the influence of the allosteric ligands.", "contents": "[Studies on specific elution of rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase with allosteric ligands]. The specific elution of rabbit skeletal muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) from DEAE-cellulose is studied in the linear gradient of different allosteric ligands. Citrate and fructose-6-phosphate elute PFK at concentrations of 1.0 and 2.5 mM respectively, i.e. without increasing the ionic strength of the starting buffer (similar to 0.12). The specificity of elution is confirmed by comparison of the ionic strength of these solutions with that of buffer eluting PFK in buffer gradient (mu=0.17) as well as by comparison with the eluting ability of other ligands. Fructose-1,6-diphosphate elutes PFK only at the concentration of 5.5 mM which corresponds to the ionic strength 0.17. MgATP and AMP are inefficient as specific eluents whereas ATP and ADP elute only a small part of PFK with concomitant substantial increase of the ionic strength (up to 0.17--0.18). These results are discussed in terms of a charge compensation mechanism as a result of the displacement of PFK conformers equilibrium under the influence of the allosteric ligands."}
{"id": "PMID:139177", "title": "Studies on the regulation of glycolysis in isolated fetal rat hepatocytes.", "content": "The contribution to the glycolytic flux by glycogen breakdown versus glucose phosphorylation has been determined in isolated fetal rat hepatocytes, prepared in different media and subsequently incubated with different glucose concentrations. A high glucose concentration in cells prepared in a medium containing a high concentration of inorganic phosphate decreases the contribution to the glycolytic flux by glycogenolysis to less than 15%. It is suggested that one of the factors which initiate glycogenolysis in the living animal after birth is a lowered blood glucose concentration, independent of hormonal changes. Under conditions where glycogenolysis does not contribute the larger part to the glycolytic flux, the control of glycolysis is shifted from glycogen breakdown to the glucose phosphorylation step and phosphofructokinase.", "contents": "Studies on the regulation of glycolysis in isolated fetal rat hepatocytes. The contribution to the glycolytic flux by glycogen breakdown versus glucose phosphorylation has been determined in isolated fetal rat hepatocytes, prepared in different media and subsequently incubated with different glucose concentrations. A high glucose concentration in cells prepared in a medium containing a high concentration of inorganic phosphate decreases the contribution to the glycolytic flux by glycogenolysis to less than 15%. It is suggested that one of the factors which initiate glycogenolysis in the living animal after birth is a lowered blood glucose concentration, independent of hormonal changes. Under conditions where glycogenolysis does not contribute the larger part to the glycolytic flux, the control of glycolysis is shifted from glycogen breakdown to the glucose phosphorylation step and phosphofructokinase."}
{"id": "PMID:139178", "title": "Suppressor cells in tumor bearing mice and rats.", "content": "Suppressor macrophages in spleens of tumor bearing mice and rats were found to inhibit \"in vitro\" reactivity of lymphocytes to T and B cell mitogens and to allogeneic cells in the mixed lymphocyte tumor cell interaction and the \"in vitro\" generation of secondary cytotoxic effector cells. We propose that similar suppressor cells may play an important role in the general immunosuppression of tumor bearing hosts and in the inability of tumor bearing hosts to effectively reject the tumor.", "contents": "Suppressor cells in tumor bearing mice and rats. Suppressor macrophages in spleens of tumor bearing mice and rats were found to inhibit \"in vitro\" reactivity of lymphocytes to T and B cell mitogens and to allogeneic cells in the mixed lymphocyte tumor cell interaction and the \"in vitro\" generation of secondary cytotoxic effector cells. We propose that similar suppressor cells may play an important role in the general immunosuppression of tumor bearing hosts and in the inability of tumor bearing hosts to effectively reject the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:139179", "title": "[Effect of phospholipase A on erythrocyte and thrombocyte aggregation].", "content": "A study was made of the effect of plasmin and trypsin on the phospholipase activation, and also of the action of phospholipase A (cobra venom) on the release reaction and the erythrocyte and thrombocyte aggregation. Trypsin and fibrinolysin proved to activate phospholipase, this being accompanied by the accumulation of nonesterified fatty acids in the blood serum. Phospholipase A caused a release of the thromboplastic factor from erythrocytes and thrombocytes and their aggregation. The later is inhibited by albumin and EDTA. It is suggested that the action of the proteolytic enzymes on the blood formed elements was realized through the phospholipase activation.", "contents": "[Effect of phospholipase A on erythrocyte and thrombocyte aggregation]. A study was made of the effect of plasmin and trypsin on the phospholipase activation, and also of the action of phospholipase A (cobra venom) on the release reaction and the erythrocyte and thrombocyte aggregation. Trypsin and fibrinolysin proved to activate phospholipase, this being accompanied by the accumulation of nonesterified fatty acids in the blood serum. Phospholipase A caused a release of the thromboplastic factor from erythrocytes and thrombocytes and their aggregation. The later is inhibited by albumin and EDTA. It is suggested that the action of the proteolytic enzymes on the blood formed elements was realized through the phospholipase activation."}
{"id": "PMID:139180", "title": "[Role of the kidneys in the pathogenesis of lithium poisoning].", "content": "Lithium intoxication was induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of lithium chloride in a daily dose of 200 mg/kg (0.22 LD50) for 6 days. Polyuria connected with pathological changes in the epithelium of the convoluted tubules and depression of the antidiuretic hormone--acid mucopolysaccharides system in the area of the straight kidney tubules was observed on the 6th day of the experiments. Oligouria and death of some of the animals on the 7th experimental day was caused by severe lesions the kidney structure. Further observation (30 days) demonstrated that, along with the regeneration processes, there developed a marked sclerosing ofthe kidney tissue. A conclusion was drawn that severe lithium intoxication was associated with the development of acute renal insufficiency. Functional reserves of the kidneys after the cessation of lithium chloride administration remained lowered for a long period.", "contents": "[Role of the kidneys in the pathogenesis of lithium poisoning]. Lithium intoxication was induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of lithium chloride in a daily dose of 200 mg/kg (0.22 LD50) for 6 days. Polyuria connected with pathological changes in the epithelium of the convoluted tubules and depression of the antidiuretic hormone--acid mucopolysaccharides system in the area of the straight kidney tubules was observed on the 6th day of the experiments. Oligouria and death of some of the animals on the 7th experimental day was caused by severe lesions the kidney structure. Further observation (30 days) demonstrated that, along with the regeneration processes, there developed a marked sclerosing ofthe kidney tissue. A conclusion was drawn that severe lithium intoxication was associated with the development of acute renal insufficiency. Functional reserves of the kidneys after the cessation of lithium chloride administration remained lowered for a long period."}
{"id": "PMID:139181", "title": "[Effect of vasopressin on the ATP-ase activity of microsomal fractions of rabbit heart and liver].", "content": "It was shown that intravenous injection of vasopressin in a dose of 5 pressor units per 1 kg of body weight led to changes in the ATP-ase activity of the heart and liver microsomes in one hour. These changes coursed in a different direction, i.e. ATP-ase activity of the heart microsomes increased, and ATP-ase activity of the liver microsomes decreased.", "contents": "[Effect of vasopressin on the ATP-ase activity of microsomal fractions of rabbit heart and liver]. It was shown that intravenous injection of vasopressin in a dose of 5 pressor units per 1 kg of body weight led to changes in the ATP-ase activity of the heart and liver microsomes in one hour. These changes coursed in a different direction, i.e. ATP-ase activity of the heart microsomes increased, and ATP-ase activity of the liver microsomes decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:139182", "title": "[Effect of parathyroid hormone and thyrocalcitonin on the cell membrane Na, K-ATP-ase of rat brain and kidney].", "content": "The influence of parathyroid hormone (PH) and thyrocalcitonine (TCT) on the enzymatic activity of ATP-ase systems of the membrane specimens of the cerebral cortex and renal cortex was investigated in experiments on rats. It was found that parathyroid hormone increased the activity of Na, K-ATP-ase and Ca-activated ATP-ase transport of the membranes in the brain and the kidneys both in vivo and in vitro. TCT caused analogous, but less expressed changes of the ATP-ase activity. Both hormones showed no influence on the Mg-ATP-ase activity of the both organs. It is supposed that the PH hormone influenced the membrane structures with the ATP-ase activity directly, while the action of TCT on them was mediated.", "contents": "[Effect of parathyroid hormone and thyrocalcitonin on the cell membrane Na, K-ATP-ase of rat brain and kidney]. The influence of parathyroid hormone (PH) and thyrocalcitonine (TCT) on the enzymatic activity of ATP-ase systems of the membrane specimens of the cerebral cortex and renal cortex was investigated in experiments on rats. It was found that parathyroid hormone increased the activity of Na, K-ATP-ase and Ca-activated ATP-ase transport of the membranes in the brain and the kidneys both in vivo and in vitro. TCT caused analogous, but less expressed changes of the ATP-ase activity. Both hormones showed no influence on the Mg-ATP-ase activity of the both organs. It is supposed that the PH hormone influenced the membrane structures with the ATP-ase activity directly, while the action of TCT on them was mediated."}
{"id": "PMID:139183", "title": "[Tissue-specific inhibition of cellular proliferation in Ehrlich ascites tumor].", "content": "The extract of cells of ascitic Ehrlich's tumour (chaloun) and its cell-free fluid produced a marked inhibitory action on the cell proliferation of this tumour four hours after the administration. The effect is tissue-specific, more pronounced in the extract and depends on the dose of the antigen. Eight hours after the extract or the cell-free fluid administration the mitotic activity in the tumour proved to increase in comparison with control; this indicated the presence of a short-lived chaloun action on the G2-phase of the mitotic cycle and synchronization of cell division.", "contents": "[Tissue-specific inhibition of cellular proliferation in Ehrlich ascites tumor]. The extract of cells of ascitic Ehrlich's tumour (chaloun) and its cell-free fluid produced a marked inhibitory action on the cell proliferation of this tumour four hours after the administration. The effect is tissue-specific, more pronounced in the extract and depends on the dose of the antigen. Eight hours after the extract or the cell-free fluid administration the mitotic activity in the tumour proved to increase in comparison with control; this indicated the presence of a short-lived chaloun action on the G2-phase of the mitotic cycle and synchronization of cell division."}
{"id": "PMID:139184", "title": "[Liver chalones].", "content": "Administration of a liver extract and the blood serum of adult intact mice and also of the blood serum of practically healthy persons to CBA X C57B1 hybrid mice produced a sharp depression of the mitotic activity of hepatocytes in the regenerating liver after its partial removal. The extract of the regenerating liver and the blood serum of the animals with the regenerating liver failed to depress mitoses in hepatocytes. The blood serum of man with the postnecrotic active cirrhosis of the liver not only failed to depress mitoses in the hepatocytes, but even caused an increase in their count. It is supposed that there was a reduction of the chalone concentration in the cirrhotic liver.", "contents": "[Liver chalones]. Administration of a liver extract and the blood serum of adult intact mice and also of the blood serum of practically healthy persons to CBA X C57B1 hybrid mice produced a sharp depression of the mitotic activity of hepatocytes in the regenerating liver after its partial removal. The extract of the regenerating liver and the blood serum of the animals with the regenerating liver failed to depress mitoses in hepatocytes. The blood serum of man with the postnecrotic active cirrhosis of the liver not only failed to depress mitoses in the hepatocytes, but even caused an increase in their count. It is supposed that there was a reduction of the chalone concentration in the cirrhotic liver."}
{"id": "PMID:139185", "title": "[Electron-cytochemical study of ATP-ase activity in the brain after death].", "content": "The lead method was applied to determine the localization of the ATP-asic activity in the rat and human brains at different periods after death. This activity was revealed in the cytoplasm of the cells, chromatin and the nucleolus, and also in the synaptic terminals. In the vascular capillaries the product of reaction was localized in the basal layer and on the cytomembrane of the endothelial cells. The results obtained pointed to a good preservation of the ATP-asic activity in the postmortem brain.", "contents": "[Electron-cytochemical study of ATP-ase activity in the brain after death]. The lead method was applied to determine the localization of the ATP-asic activity in the rat and human brains at different periods after death. This activity was revealed in the cytoplasm of the cells, chromatin and the nucleolus, and also in the synaptic terminals. In the vascular capillaries the product of reaction was localized in the basal layer and on the cytomembrane of the endothelial cells. The results obtained pointed to a good preservation of the ATP-asic activity in the postmortem brain."}
{"id": "PMID:139186", "title": "[Histo-enzymatic activities of the peritoneal serosa covering the splenic capsule in various rodents].", "content": "The peritoneal cells of the splenic capsule have no phosphatasic acid acitivity in the three species studied. However they have an ATPasic acitivity in the Rat and the Rabbit's spleen, and a 5'nucleotidasic activity in the Guinea-Pig. These cells are not phagocytic and probably have different origins according to the species.", "contents": "[Histo-enzymatic activities of the peritoneal serosa covering the splenic capsule in various rodents]. The peritoneal cells of the splenic capsule have no phosphatasic acid acitivity in the three species studied. However they have an ATPasic acitivity in the Rat and the Rabbit's spleen, and a 5'nucleotidasic activity in the Guinea-Pig. These cells are not phagocytic and probably have different origins according to the species."}
{"id": "PMID:139192", "title": "Guinea worm inguinal adenopathy.", "content": "Genital involvement of Dracunculus medinensis is uncommon, and when it does occur, it usually involves the scrotum. A case has been described in which the inguinal gland was involved producing a bubo simulating that caused by other commoner conditions. It is suggested that the microscopical examination of a wet preparation of bubo aspirates should routinely be practised, especially in tropical countries.", "contents": "Guinea worm inguinal adenopathy. Genital involvement of Dracunculus medinensis is uncommon, and when it does occur, it usually involves the scrotum. A case has been described in which the inguinal gland was involved producing a bubo simulating that caused by other commoner conditions. It is suggested that the microscopical examination of a wet preparation of bubo aspirates should routinely be practised, especially in tropical countries."}
{"id": "PMID:139193", "title": "Tonic inhibitory influence of a supraspinal monoaminergic system on presynaptic inhibition of an extensor monosynaptic reflex.", "content": "Presynaptic inhibition of the extensor (quadriceps, QUAD) monosynaptic reflex (MSR) in unanaesthetized decerebrate cats was antagonized by imipramine hydrochloride (2-5 mg/kg), 5-hydroxytryptophan (75 mg/kg) and a specific 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neuronal uptake blocker, fluoxetine hydrochloride (Lilly 110140, 0.25-6 mg/kg). These effects of imipramine and fluoxetine were partially reversed by the 5-HT antagonist, cyproheptadine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg), and completely reversed by the application of a thoracic cold block which prevents supraspinal inputs to the caudal spinal cord. Imipramine, however, failed to antagonize this inhibition in animals pretreated with either DL-p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA, 300 mg/kg i.p. for 2 consecutive days) or DL-a-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester hydrochloride (a-MPt, 125 mg/kg i.p. 16 and 4 h prior to the experiment). Cyproheptadine (2.5--5 mg/kg); phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride (2.5-5 mg/kg) and a cold block enhanced the inhibition of this extensor MSR but a cold block failed to alter the inhibition in animals pretreated with p-CPA or a-MPT. Presynaptic inhibition of the flexor (posterior biceps-semitendinosus, PBST) MSR was however not blocked by imipramine, fluoxetine or a cold block nor enhanced by cyproheptadine or phenoxybenzamine. The effects of the drugs tested and a cold block on the excitability of the QUAD group Ia afferents were reciprocal to those on the MSR during presynaptic inhibition. The results of this study indicate that descending tonically active systems (1) involving 5-HT and noradrenaline, antagonize presynaptic inhibition of the QUAD but not the PBST-MSR, (2) decrease the excitability of the QUAD Ia afferents and (3) increase the excitability of QUAD motoneurones.", "contents": "Tonic inhibitory influence of a supraspinal monoaminergic system on presynaptic inhibition of an extensor monosynaptic reflex. Presynaptic inhibition of the extensor (quadriceps, QUAD) monosynaptic reflex (MSR) in unanaesthetized decerebrate cats was antagonized by imipramine hydrochloride (2-5 mg/kg), 5-hydroxytryptophan (75 mg/kg) and a specific 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neuronal uptake blocker, fluoxetine hydrochloride (Lilly 110140, 0.25-6 mg/kg). These effects of imipramine and fluoxetine were partially reversed by the 5-HT antagonist, cyproheptadine hydrochloride (5 mg/kg), and completely reversed by the application of a thoracic cold block which prevents supraspinal inputs to the caudal spinal cord. Imipramine, however, failed to antagonize this inhibition in animals pretreated with either DL-p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA, 300 mg/kg i.p. for 2 consecutive days) or DL-a-methyl-p-tyrosine methyl ester hydrochloride (a-MPt, 125 mg/kg i.p. 16 and 4 h prior to the experiment). Cyproheptadine (2.5--5 mg/kg); phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride (2.5-5 mg/kg) and a cold block enhanced the inhibition of this extensor MSR but a cold block failed to alter the inhibition in animals pretreated with p-CPA or a-MPT. Presynaptic inhibition of the flexor (posterior biceps-semitendinosus, PBST) MSR was however not blocked by imipramine, fluoxetine or a cold block nor enhanced by cyproheptadine or phenoxybenzamine. The effects of the drugs tested and a cold block on the excitability of the QUAD group Ia afferents were reciprocal to those on the MSR during presynaptic inhibition. The results of this study indicate that descending tonically active systems (1) involving 5-HT and noradrenaline, antagonize presynaptic inhibition of the QUAD but not the PBST-MSR, (2) decrease the excitability of the QUAD Ia afferents and (3) increase the excitability of QUAD motoneurones."}
{"id": "PMID:139194", "title": "A quantitative rotational model for studying serotonergic function in the rat.", "content": "Unilateral injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (4 mug/4 mul) into the medial forebrain bundle of rats produced serotonin depletions of 65% and 70% in the ipsilateral corpus striatum and ipsilateral forebrain, respectively. These animals showed a dose-dependent increase in contralateral turning (rotational behavior) when pretreated with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor and then injected with L-5-hydroxytryptophan in doses ranging from 5 to 100 mg/kg i.p. Injections of p-chloroamphetamine, which releases endogenous stores of serotonin, produced ipsilateral turning which could be blocked by prior serotonin depletion. Systemic administration of the catecholamine drugs L-DOPA, apomorphine and D-amphetamine never elicited consistent turning in either direction in these animals. These data indicate that the turning response of rats with unilateral destruction of brain serotonin nerve terminals provides a sensitive tool for quantifiably studying changes in serotonergic function.", "contents": "A quantitative rotational model for studying serotonergic function in the rat. Unilateral injection of 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (4 mug/4 mul) into the medial forebrain bundle of rats produced serotonin depletions of 65% and 70% in the ipsilateral corpus striatum and ipsilateral forebrain, respectively. These animals showed a dose-dependent increase in contralateral turning (rotational behavior) when pretreated with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor and then injected with L-5-hydroxytryptophan in doses ranging from 5 to 100 mg/kg i.p. Injections of p-chloroamphetamine, which releases endogenous stores of serotonin, produced ipsilateral turning which could be blocked by prior serotonin depletion. Systemic administration of the catecholamine drugs L-DOPA, apomorphine and D-amphetamine never elicited consistent turning in either direction in these animals. These data indicate that the turning response of rats with unilateral destruction of brain serotonin nerve terminals provides a sensitive tool for quantifiably studying changes in serotonergic function."}
{"id": "PMID:139198", "title": "Characteristics of nondepolarizing neuromuscular block: (I) post-junctional block by alpha-bungarotoxin.", "content": "The characteristics of neuromuscular block produced by alpha-bungarotoxin, a post-junctionally active polypeptide toxin purified from snake venoms, have been studied in vivo in 12 anaesthetized cats, using the sciatic nerve-tibialis anterior muscle preparation. The onset of the neuromuscular block was slow and without fasciculation. The block was persitently progressive. The time course of the block depended on the dosage. In general, 0.1 mg/kg of alpha-BuTX appeared to approximate the threshold dosage while 0.2 mg/kg completely eliminated the twitch response in 2-5 hours. No recovery was observed in 8-30 hours. Larger doses accelerated the progression of the block. During the block, tetanic contractions and train-of-four twitches did not fade. The post-tetanic twitches were markedly facilitated. The block was antagonized by edrophonium, neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and succinylcholine, but the antagonism was less effective and shorter-lasting than that observed on curare-block, and the block always resumed the projected progression. Attempts were made to explain the observed difference between alpha-BuTX- and dTc-induced neuromuscular blocks by the practically permanent nature of block and the purely post-junctional site of action of alpha-BuTX. It was concluded that a pure post-junctional block is not characterized by fade, which rather might be a pre-junctional effect of some nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents like d-tubocurarine.", "contents": "Characteristics of nondepolarizing neuromuscular block: (I) post-junctional block by alpha-bungarotoxin. The characteristics of neuromuscular block produced by alpha-bungarotoxin, a post-junctionally active polypeptide toxin purified from snake venoms, have been studied in vivo in 12 anaesthetized cats, using the sciatic nerve-tibialis anterior muscle preparation. The onset of the neuromuscular block was slow and without fasciculation. The block was persitently progressive. The time course of the block depended on the dosage. In general, 0.1 mg/kg of alpha-BuTX appeared to approximate the threshold dosage while 0.2 mg/kg completely eliminated the twitch response in 2-5 hours. No recovery was observed in 8-30 hours. Larger doses accelerated the progression of the block. During the block, tetanic contractions and train-of-four twitches did not fade. The post-tetanic twitches were markedly facilitated. The block was antagonized by edrophonium, neostigmine, pyridostigmine, and succinylcholine, but the antagonism was less effective and shorter-lasting than that observed on curare-block, and the block always resumed the projected progression. Attempts were made to explain the observed difference between alpha-BuTX- and dTc-induced neuromuscular blocks by the practically permanent nature of block and the purely post-junctional site of action of alpha-BuTX. It was concluded that a pure post-junctional block is not characterized by fade, which rather might be a pre-junctional effect of some nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents like d-tubocurarine."}
{"id": "PMID:139199", "title": "Enhancement (by ATP, insulin, and lack of divalent cations) of ouabain inhibition of cation transport and ouabain binding in frog skeletal muscle; effect of insulin and ouabain on sarcolemmal (Na + K)MgATPase.", "content": "Using small, intact frog muscles, the basic properties of Na+ and K+ transport were shown to resemble those of the (Na+ + K+)Mg2+ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) isolated from skeletal muscle. (a) External K+ is essential for Na+ exit and K+ entry after the muscles are Na+-loaded and K+-depleted; (b) the ouabain concentration causing maximum inhibition of recovery is the same for transport as for the inhibition of the isolated enzyme. Ouabain causes a decrease in the sorbitol space and causes muscle fibre swelling. Absence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ inhibits recovery of normal Na+ and K+ concentrations and increases the sorbitol space. Insulin stimulates K+ uptake and Na+ loss in intact muscles but has no effect on the isolated sarcolemmal (Na+ + K+)Mg2+ATPase. Absence of divalent cations, addition of external ATP and of insulin enhance the ouabain inhibition of recovery. Bound ouabain was measured using [3H]ouabain and [14C]sorbitol (to measure the extracellular space). The process of binding was slowly reversible and was saturable within a range of ouabain concentrations from 1.48 X 10(-7) to 5.96 X 10(-7) M. From the nonexchangeable ouabain bound, the density of glycoside receptors was estimated to be 650 molecules per square micrometre of membrane surface. The absence of divalent cations, addition of external ATP and of insulin significantly enhanced the amount of ouabain bound. Substitution of Na+ and K+ by choline greatly reduced the bound ouabain.", "contents": "Enhancement (by ATP, insulin, and lack of divalent cations) of ouabain inhibition of cation transport and ouabain binding in frog skeletal muscle; effect of insulin and ouabain on sarcolemmal (Na + K)MgATPase. Using small, intact frog muscles, the basic properties of Na+ and K+ transport were shown to resemble those of the (Na+ + K+)Mg2+ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) isolated from skeletal muscle. (a) External K+ is essential for Na+ exit and K+ entry after the muscles are Na+-loaded and K+-depleted; (b) the ouabain concentration causing maximum inhibition of recovery is the same for transport as for the inhibition of the isolated enzyme. Ouabain causes a decrease in the sorbitol space and causes muscle fibre swelling. Absence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ inhibits recovery of normal Na+ and K+ concentrations and increases the sorbitol space. Insulin stimulates K+ uptake and Na+ loss in intact muscles but has no effect on the isolated sarcolemmal (Na+ + K+)Mg2+ATPase. Absence of divalent cations, addition of external ATP and of insulin enhance the ouabain inhibition of recovery. Bound ouabain was measured using [3H]ouabain and [14C]sorbitol (to measure the extracellular space). The process of binding was slowly reversible and was saturable within a range of ouabain concentrations from 1.48 X 10(-7) to 5.96 X 10(-7) M. From the nonexchangeable ouabain bound, the density of glycoside receptors was estimated to be 650 molecules per square micrometre of membrane surface. The absence of divalent cations, addition of external ATP and of insulin significantly enhanced the amount of ouabain bound. Substitution of Na+ and K+ by choline greatly reduced the bound ouabain."}
{"id": "PMID:139202", "title": "Cell proliferation kinetics and drug sensitivity of exponential and stationary populations of cultured L1210 cells.", "content": "Drug sensitivity and cell cycle parameters of L1210 cells in culture in exponential (10(5) to 4 x 10(5) cells/ml) and plateau phase (greater than 8 x 10(5) cells/ml) of growth were compared. The percentage of cells in G1, S, and G2 + M for exponential and plateau-phase cultures was 24.1, 70.0, and 5.9, and 42.5, 45.6, and 11.9, respectively. These values correspond to those reported previously for early and late L1210 mouse leukemia cells. Cell survival (measured by cloning) after drug exposure showed that actinomycin D, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, chlorozotocin, and streptozocin were all equally lethal to cells in both phases, and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, high-specific-activity (20Ci/mmole) [3H]thymidine, vincristine, daunomycin, adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil were more lethal to exponential cells than to plateau-phase cells. The percentage kill by S-phase-specific agents such as 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and[3H]thymidine corresponded well with the percentage of cells in S. Finally, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea was more toxic to plateau cells than to exponential cells.", "contents": "Cell proliferation kinetics and drug sensitivity of exponential and stationary populations of cultured L1210 cells. Drug sensitivity and cell cycle parameters of L1210 cells in culture in exponential (10(5) to 4 x 10(5) cells/ml) and plateau phase (greater than 8 x 10(5) cells/ml) of growth were compared. The percentage of cells in G1, S, and G2 + M for exponential and plateau-phase cultures was 24.1, 70.0, and 5.9, and 42.5, 45.6, and 11.9, respectively. These values correspond to those reported previously for early and late L1210 mouse leukemia cells. Cell survival (measured by cloning) after drug exposure showed that actinomycin D, 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea, chlorozotocin, and streptozocin were all equally lethal to cells in both phases, and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, high-specific-activity (20Ci/mmole) [3H]thymidine, vincristine, daunomycin, adriamycin, and 5-fluorouracil were more lethal to exponential cells than to plateau-phase cells. The percentage kill by S-phase-specific agents such as 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine and[3H]thymidine corresponded well with the percentage of cells in S. Finally, 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea was more toxic to plateau cells than to exponential cells."}
{"id": "PMID:139203", "title": "Preservation of in vitro biological functions in regional lymph node lymphocytes in squamous head and neck cancer.", "content": "Regional lymph node lymphocytes from patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck were tested in vitro for their ability to proliferate in response to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and allogeneic stimuli in one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. Their ability to act as cytotoxic effectors in phytohemagglutinin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity was also evaluated, and all results were compared to normal lymph node or blood lymphocytes. The regional lymph node lymphocytes retained proliferative capabilities equal to those in control lymph nodes or blood, whereas they were unable to mediate phytohemagglutinin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, this was not a tumor-related effect because normal lymph node lymphocytes were also ineffective in this assay. The failure of the regional immune response to control early tumor growth could not be accounted for by generalized nonspecific immunosuppression in regional lymph node lymphocytes, inasmuch as these cells demonstrated normal in vitro activity.", "contents": "Preservation of in vitro biological functions in regional lymph node lymphocytes in squamous head and neck cancer. Regional lymph node lymphocytes from patients with squamous cancer of the head and neck were tested in vitro for their ability to proliferate in response to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and allogeneic stimuli in one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. Their ability to act as cytotoxic effectors in phytohemagglutinin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity was also evaluated, and all results were compared to normal lymph node or blood lymphocytes. The regional lymph node lymphocytes retained proliferative capabilities equal to those in control lymph nodes or blood, whereas they were unable to mediate phytohemagglutinin-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. However, this was not a tumor-related effect because normal lymph node lymphocytes were also ineffective in this assay. The failure of the regional immune response to control early tumor growth could not be accounted for by generalized nonspecific immunosuppression in regional lymph node lymphocytes, inasmuch as these cells demonstrated normal in vitro activity."}
{"id": "PMID:139204", "title": "Immunosuppressive activity of ascitic fluid from patients with cancer metastatic to the peritoneum.", "content": "We have examined the immunosuppressive effects of ascitic fluids from patients with advanced cancer metastatic to the peritoneum and compared them with noncancerous abdominal or pleural effusions, serum from cancer patients, or the proteins human serum albumin and bovine gamma-globulin. The ascitic fluids from cancer patients produce a nontoxic, dose-dependent suppression of DNA and protein synthesis of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. This suppression reached 100% with an ascitic protein concentration of 4 to 6 mg/ml, whereas control effusions, serum from cancer patients, or added extraneous proteins were not suppressive. Ascitic proteins also suppress the mixed lymphocyte reaction and the response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to the antigen keyhold limpet hemocyanin, in vivo, the primary plaque-forming response to sheep red blood cells in mice could be suppressed, and this suppression was not due to antigenic competition.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive activity of ascitic fluid from patients with cancer metastatic to the peritoneum. We have examined the immunosuppressive effects of ascitic fluids from patients with advanced cancer metastatic to the peritoneum and compared them with noncancerous abdominal or pleural effusions, serum from cancer patients, or the proteins human serum albumin and bovine gamma-globulin. The ascitic fluids from cancer patients produce a nontoxic, dose-dependent suppression of DNA and protein synthesis of phytohemagglutinin-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. This suppression reached 100% with an ascitic protein concentration of 4 to 6 mg/ml, whereas control effusions, serum from cancer patients, or added extraneous proteins were not suppressive. Ascitic proteins also suppress the mixed lymphocyte reaction and the response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to the antigen keyhold limpet hemocyanin, in vivo, the primary plaque-forming response to sheep red blood cells in mice could be suppressed, and this suppression was not due to antigenic competition."}
{"id": "PMID:139205", "title": "Phase 2 study with Baker's Antifol in solid tumors.", "content": "One hundred thirty-eight adults with advanced cancers were treated with Baker's Antifol. The complete response + partial response rate was only 10%. Best responses were obtained in 31 patients with lung adenocarcinoma (complete response + partial response, 13%), in 25 patients with colorectal carcinoma (partial response, 16%), and in 6 patients with renal cell carcinoma (partial response, 50%). Two partial responses occurred in 15 patients with squamous cancer. No significant responses were seen in 27 patients with other adenocarcinomas, 13 with sarcomas, 14 with melanomas, and 8 with miscellaneous tumors. The most frequent toxicities were dermatitis, stomatitis, gastrointestinal symptoms, and mild myelosuppression. The incidence of dermatitis was significantly decreased by shortening the schedule of Baker's Antifol administration from 5 to 3 days. Baker's Antifol has some degree of antitumor activity, and studies of combination of this agent with other effective chemotherapeutic agents are indicated.", "contents": "Phase 2 study with Baker's Antifol in solid tumors. One hundred thirty-eight adults with advanced cancers were treated with Baker's Antifol. The complete response + partial response rate was only 10%. Best responses were obtained in 31 patients with lung adenocarcinoma (complete response + partial response, 13%), in 25 patients with colorectal carcinoma (partial response, 16%), and in 6 patients with renal cell carcinoma (partial response, 50%). Two partial responses occurred in 15 patients with squamous cancer. No significant responses were seen in 27 patients with other adenocarcinomas, 13 with sarcomas, 14 with melanomas, and 8 with miscellaneous tumors. The most frequent toxicities were dermatitis, stomatitis, gastrointestinal symptoms, and mild myelosuppression. The incidence of dermatitis was significantly decreased by shortening the schedule of Baker's Antifol administration from 5 to 3 days. Baker's Antifol has some degree of antitumor activity, and studies of combination of this agent with other effective chemotherapeutic agents are indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:139206", "title": "Does exercise conditioning delay progression of myocardial ischemia in coronary atherosclerotic heart disease?", "content": "The data regarding the effect of physical of physical conditioning on the progression of myocardial is chemia, although suggestive of a favorable influence, are in no way definitive. Efforts to alter the physical activity habits of our population should not supersede efforts directed to alter the major risk factors. The emphasis in the prevention of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease for the general public should be on the well established cardinal risk factors, that is, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and cigarette smoking. The National Postinfarction Rehabilitation Study, when completed, may demonstrate how physical conditioning influences the progression of myocardial ischemia. However, \"moderate activity is a part of a balanced satisfying living and is the safe and sane hygienic prescription of the thoughtful physician for his patients, the high risk and the healthy alike.", "contents": "Does exercise conditioning delay progression of myocardial ischemia in coronary atherosclerotic heart disease? The data regarding the effect of physical of physical conditioning on the progression of myocardial is chemia, although suggestive of a favorable influence, are in no way definitive. Efforts to alter the physical activity habits of our population should not supersede efforts directed to alter the major risk factors. The emphasis in the prevention of coronary atherosclerotic heart disease for the general public should be on the well established cardinal risk factors, that is, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and cigarette smoking. The National Postinfarction Rehabilitation Study, when completed, may demonstrate how physical conditioning influences the progression of myocardial ischemia. However, \"moderate activity is a part of a balanced satisfying living and is the safe and sane hygienic prescription of the thoughtful physician for his patients, the high risk and the healthy alike."}
{"id": "PMID:139211", "title": "[Characterization of the (Na+-K+)-ATPase from endometrial plasma membranes of immature mammals].", "content": "The (Na+-K+)-ATPase in plasma membrane from Mammiferous endometrium is characterized by the Mg/ATP ratio equal to one, and by a distinct affinity for Na+ (1.3 mM) and K+ (2 mM). The activity is maximum for pH 7.4-7.5 in presence of Mg++ 2mM and ATP 2 mM, Na+ 140 mM and K+ 10 mM.", "contents": "[Characterization of the (Na+-K+)-ATPase from endometrial plasma membranes of immature mammals]. The (Na+-K+)-ATPase in plasma membrane from Mammiferous endometrium is characterized by the Mg/ATP ratio equal to one, and by a distinct affinity for Na+ (1.3 mM) and K+ (2 mM). The activity is maximum for pH 7.4-7.5 in presence of Mg++ 2mM and ATP 2 mM, Na+ 140 mM and K+ 10 mM."}
{"id": "PMID:139212", "title": "The amino acid composition of actin and myosin and Ca2+-activated myosin adenosine triphosphatase in chronic canine congestive heart failure.", "content": "The Ca2+-activated myosin ATPase and the amino acid compositions of actin and myosin were determined for preparations from chronically failing dog hearts. Hypertrophy and congestive heart failure were produced by combined tricuspid valve insufficiency and pulmonary artery stenosis. Control, shamoperated, and noncardiac circulatory failure (inferior vena cava constriction) dogs also were studied. All hearts were divided into right ventricle, septum and left ventricle and each sample was individually analyzed. Calcium-activated ATPase decreased in the failing hearts and showed a distinct gradient of depression from right to left ventricles. There were no changes in ATPase activity among the other groups. The amino acid composition of actin was the same regardless of origin. The amino acid composition of myosin was unaltered except that cystine/2 residues were markedly decreased in failing heart myosin. The same gradient of depression was present as was found for Ca2+-activated myosin ATPase. This study suggests that protein metabolism is abnormal and that altered proteins are produced in hypertrophy and congestive heart failure. It appears that these changes do not affect all proteins, since actin was normal by the parameters studied. It is clear that the stressed ventricle is the most severely involved, but the entire heart is altered to some degree. Thus, we conclude that altered protein metabolism may be an important primary factor in the genesis of heart failure.", "contents": "The amino acid composition of actin and myosin and Ca2+-activated myosin adenosine triphosphatase in chronic canine congestive heart failure. The Ca2+-activated myosin ATPase and the amino acid compositions of actin and myosin were determined for preparations from chronically failing dog hearts. Hypertrophy and congestive heart failure were produced by combined tricuspid valve insufficiency and pulmonary artery stenosis. Control, shamoperated, and noncardiac circulatory failure (inferior vena cava constriction) dogs also were studied. All hearts were divided into right ventricle, septum and left ventricle and each sample was individually analyzed. Calcium-activated ATPase decreased in the failing hearts and showed a distinct gradient of depression from right to left ventricles. There were no changes in ATPase activity among the other groups. The amino acid composition of actin was the same regardless of origin. The amino acid composition of myosin was unaltered except that cystine/2 residues were markedly decreased in failing heart myosin. The same gradient of depression was present as was found for Ca2+-activated myosin ATPase. This study suggests that protein metabolism is abnormal and that altered proteins are produced in hypertrophy and congestive heart failure. It appears that these changes do not affect all proteins, since actin was normal by the parameters studied. It is clear that the stressed ventricle is the most severely involved, but the entire heart is altered to some degree. Thus, we conclude that altered protein metabolism may be an important primary factor in the genesis of heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:139213", "title": "Development of left ventricular hypertrophy in young spontaneously hypertensive rats after peripheral sympathectomy.", "content": "The effects of peripheral sympathectomy with nerve growth factor antiserum (NGFAS) on blood pressure, systemic hemodynamics, myocardial function, myocardial hypertrophy, and renin were studied in male spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats of the Okamoto strain and normotensive control Kyoto-Wistar (WKY) rats. NGFAS prevented the developing of hypertension in the SH rats but did not alter blood pressure in the WKY rats. The NGFAS-treated SH rats developed the same hemodynamic abnormalities as the sham-treated rats, including increased peripheral vascular resistance and depressed cardiac output; Indices of left ventricular performance, including peak flow velocity, stroke power, stroke work, dP/dtmax, and flow acceleration (dF/dt), were diminished in the SH rats compared to the WKY rats. NGFAS treatment further depressed ventricular function in the SH rats, but had little effect on the WKY rats; Plasma renin activity in both the SH and WKY rats was unaffected by NGFAS treatment. Although NGFAS treatment effectively prevented the development of hypertension in the SH rats, it did not influence the development of left ventricular hypertrophy as reflected by increases in left ventricular mass, RNA, DNA, and hydroxyproline content. The data suggest that the development of myocardial hypertrophy and myocardial dysfunction in the SH rat is in part independent of hypertension and plasma renin activity.", "contents": "Development of left ventricular hypertrophy in young spontaneously hypertensive rats after peripheral sympathectomy. The effects of peripheral sympathectomy with nerve growth factor antiserum (NGFAS) on blood pressure, systemic hemodynamics, myocardial function, myocardial hypertrophy, and renin were studied in male spontaneously hypertensive (SH) rats of the Okamoto strain and normotensive control Kyoto-Wistar (WKY) rats. NGFAS prevented the developing of hypertension in the SH rats but did not alter blood pressure in the WKY rats. The NGFAS-treated SH rats developed the same hemodynamic abnormalities as the sham-treated rats, including increased peripheral vascular resistance and depressed cardiac output; Indices of left ventricular performance, including peak flow velocity, stroke power, stroke work, dP/dtmax, and flow acceleration (dF/dt), were diminished in the SH rats compared to the WKY rats. NGFAS treatment further depressed ventricular function in the SH rats, but had little effect on the WKY rats; Plasma renin activity in both the SH and WKY rats was unaffected by NGFAS treatment. Although NGFAS treatment effectively prevented the development of hypertension in the SH rats, it did not influence the development of left ventricular hypertrophy as reflected by increases in left ventricular mass, RNA, DNA, and hydroxyproline content. The data suggest that the development of myocardial hypertrophy and myocardial dysfunction in the SH rat is in part independent of hypertension and plasma renin activity."}
{"id": "PMID:139214", "title": "Target organ damage in black hypertensives.", "content": "A representative sample of black hypertensives has been appraised to determine candidacy for hypertension treatment. A total of 1759 black residents were successfully screened at home. Forty-one percent of the males and 33% of the females had diastolic blood pressures of 95 mm Hg or greater. They were invited for secondary screening along with those hypertensives controlled on therapy. Clinical and laboratory evidence of cardiovascular disease was common among examined patients who were studied to determine their eligibility for therapy based on criteria of elevated blood pressure (greater than 104 mm Hg) at two visits, or evidence of end organ damage at lowere blood pressure levels. Of patients previously aware of their hypertension but not on therapy, 88% of the males and 67% of the females were considered candidates for therapy. Of patients not previously aware of their elevated blood pressure, 72% of the males and 67% of the females were considered candidates.", "contents": "Target organ damage in black hypertensives. A representative sample of black hypertensives has been appraised to determine candidacy for hypertension treatment. A total of 1759 black residents were successfully screened at home. Forty-one percent of the males and 33% of the females had diastolic blood pressures of 95 mm Hg or greater. They were invited for secondary screening along with those hypertensives controlled on therapy. Clinical and laboratory evidence of cardiovascular disease was common among examined patients who were studied to determine their eligibility for therapy based on criteria of elevated blood pressure (greater than 104 mm Hg) at two visits, or evidence of end organ damage at lowere blood pressure levels. Of patients previously aware of their hypertension but not on therapy, 88% of the males and 67% of the females were considered candidates for therapy. Of patients not previously aware of their elevated blood pressure, 72% of the males and 67% of the females were considered candidates."}
{"id": "PMID:139215", "title": "Cardiac, skeletal and ophthalmologic abnormalities in relatives of patients with the Marfan syndrome.", "content": "Nine patients with the Marfan syndrome and 40 of their first degree relatives were evaluated for the presence of cardiac, skeletal and ophthalmologic abnormalities. Aortic root dilatation and mitral valve prolapse were sought by echocardiography, and the metacarpal index was calculated from hand X-rays. Abnormalities of all the tests performed were present in all nine index cases, except for one normal eye exam. Mitral prolapse was present in thirteen relatives (33%) and aortic root dilatation in seven (18%). At least one cardiac abnormality was present in nineteen (47%) relatives. Aortic root dilatation was more common in male relatives; the incidence of mitral prolapse was approximately equal in the two sexes. Abnormal metacarpal index (greater than 8.0) occurred in fifteen of twenty-six relatives examined (58%). Ophthalmologic abnormalities were found in only four relatives. Two relatives had abnormalities of all three organ systems evaluated, five others had abnormalities of two systems, and fourteen had abnormalities of one system. We conclude that cardiac and skeletal abnormalities are demonstrable in a high percentage of first degree relatives of patients with the Marfan syndrome.", "contents": "Cardiac, skeletal and ophthalmologic abnormalities in relatives of patients with the Marfan syndrome. Nine patients with the Marfan syndrome and 40 of their first degree relatives were evaluated for the presence of cardiac, skeletal and ophthalmologic abnormalities. Aortic root dilatation and mitral valve prolapse were sought by echocardiography, and the metacarpal index was calculated from hand X-rays. Abnormalities of all the tests performed were present in all nine index cases, except for one normal eye exam. Mitral prolapse was present in thirteen relatives (33%) and aortic root dilatation in seven (18%). At least one cardiac abnormality was present in nineteen (47%) relatives. Aortic root dilatation was more common in male relatives; the incidence of mitral prolapse was approximately equal in the two sexes. Abnormal metacarpal index (greater than 8.0) occurred in fifteen of twenty-six relatives examined (58%). Ophthalmologic abnormalities were found in only four relatives. Two relatives had abnormalities of all three organ systems evaluated, five others had abnormalities of two systems, and fourteen had abnormalities of one system. We conclude that cardiac and skeletal abnormalities are demonstrable in a high percentage of first degree relatives of patients with the Marfan syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:139217", "title": "Plasma androgens in women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea.", "content": "Cortisol, androstenedione, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) and free dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) were measured in plasma of ten women affected by amenorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia and eleven women affected by secondary hypothalamic amenorrhoea; twelve normal women at the second day of the menstrual cycle were used as controls. All subjects were hospitalized and 17-ketosteroids, 17OH-corticosteroids and total dehydroepiandrosterone were also measured in urine. Plasma DHAS was increased in all subjects affected by amenorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia, while plasma DHA and urinary DHA were significantly increased in this group in comparison to other groups. Plasma cortisol, androstenedione and testosterone and urinary 17-oxosteroids and 17OH-corticosteroids were not significantly differnt in the three groups. In subjects affected by amenorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia treated with bromocriptine a clear decrease of DHAS correlating with a decrease of plasma prolactin was observed. Since in wome DHAS sems to be almost exclusively secreted by the adrenal gland and most of the circulating DHA is dervied from adrenal secretion, these data suggest that human prolactin can stimulate DHAS production by the adrenal cortex.", "contents": "Plasma androgens in women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. Cortisol, androstenedione, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) and free dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) were measured in plasma of ten women affected by amenorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia and eleven women affected by secondary hypothalamic amenorrhoea; twelve normal women at the second day of the menstrual cycle were used as controls. All subjects were hospitalized and 17-ketosteroids, 17OH-corticosteroids and total dehydroepiandrosterone were also measured in urine. Plasma DHAS was increased in all subjects affected by amenorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia, while plasma DHA and urinary DHA were significantly increased in this group in comparison to other groups. Plasma cortisol, androstenedione and testosterone and urinary 17-oxosteroids and 17OH-corticosteroids were not significantly differnt in the three groups. In subjects affected by amenorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia treated with bromocriptine a clear decrease of DHAS correlating with a decrease of plasma prolactin was observed. Since in wome DHAS sems to be almost exclusively secreted by the adrenal gland and most of the circulating DHA is dervied from adrenal secretion, these data suggest that human prolactin can stimulate DHAS production by the adrenal cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:139220", "title": "Enhanced DNA synthesis in isolated calf lymph node lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "Calf sub-mandibular lymph node lymphocytes and human peripheral blood lymphocytes were oxidized by NaIO4. In liquid cell cultures, both types of cells were transformed with enhanced DNA synthesis. In mixed lymphocyte cultures, untreated human lymphocytes were transformed by irradiated-oxidized human cells. However, untreated calf lymphocytes were not transformed by irradiated-oxidized calf cells. Either human or calf lymphocytes were isolated from cell-cell interaction in agarose on slides. After 2-3 days of culture, cells were pulsed with tritiated thymidine. Autoradiography indicated greater numbers of cells with active DNA synthesis in NaIO4-oxidized calf cells and in calf cells incubated with Phaseolus vulgaris E-PHA compared to untreated lymphocytes. Similarly treated human cells did not show any increase in the numbers of cells with active DNA synthesis. No enhancement of DNA synthesis was seen in oxidized calf cells which were reduced with NaBH4 or cultured with hydroxyurea. In these restricted in vitro systems, calf cells are 'transformed' independent of cell-cell interaction, while human cells are not.", "contents": "Enhanced DNA synthesis in isolated calf lymph node lymphocyte cultures. Calf sub-mandibular lymph node lymphocytes and human peripheral blood lymphocytes were oxidized by NaIO4. In liquid cell cultures, both types of cells were transformed with enhanced DNA synthesis. In mixed lymphocyte cultures, untreated human lymphocytes were transformed by irradiated-oxidized human cells. However, untreated calf lymphocytes were not transformed by irradiated-oxidized calf cells. Either human or calf lymphocytes were isolated from cell-cell interaction in agarose on slides. After 2-3 days of culture, cells were pulsed with tritiated thymidine. Autoradiography indicated greater numbers of cells with active DNA synthesis in NaIO4-oxidized calf cells and in calf cells incubated with Phaseolus vulgaris E-PHA compared to untreated lymphocytes. Similarly treated human cells did not show any increase in the numbers of cells with active DNA synthesis. No enhancement of DNA synthesis was seen in oxidized calf cells which were reduced with NaBH4 or cultured with hydroxyurea. In these restricted in vitro systems, calf cells are 'transformed' independent of cell-cell interaction, while human cells are not."}
{"id": "PMID:139221", "title": "Confounding factors in HLA-DW 2 typing of human leucocytes.", "content": "Three healthy HLA-B7 homozygous subjects were found with similar but not identical HLA-D antigens; one was DW 2 homozygous according to independent typing results. This could be an expression of \"long\" and \"short\" HLA-D antigens or be due to differences in weak antigens outside the HLA-D region. Two further healthy HLA-B7 homozygous subjects were studied; one was apparently heterozygous for DW 2, the other apparently carried no DW 2 antigen. Both could discriminate between different DW 2 homozygous test cells. Two such test cells--one from a patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) and the other from a man with two children with MS--gave variable and absurb reactions with cells from the two subjects in question. It is tentatively suggested that genes exist which, when present in both moities in a mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR), can impair the MLR and give false \"typing\" reactions. This might be more common among patients with MS and perhaps also some other diseases (certain arthritides, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) than among healthy subjects and can complicate or make impossible the interpretation of HLA-D typing data. It could also explain the previously-described impaired MLR between cells from patients with these diseases.", "contents": "Confounding factors in HLA-DW 2 typing of human leucocytes. Three healthy HLA-B7 homozygous subjects were found with similar but not identical HLA-D antigens; one was DW 2 homozygous according to independent typing results. This could be an expression of \"long\" and \"short\" HLA-D antigens or be due to differences in weak antigens outside the HLA-D region. Two further healthy HLA-B7 homozygous subjects were studied; one was apparently heterozygous for DW 2, the other apparently carried no DW 2 antigen. Both could discriminate between different DW 2 homozygous test cells. Two such test cells--one from a patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) and the other from a man with two children with MS--gave variable and absurb reactions with cells from the two subjects in question. It is tentatively suggested that genes exist which, when present in both moities in a mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR), can impair the MLR and give false \"typing\" reactions. This might be more common among patients with MS and perhaps also some other diseases (certain arthritides, e.g. rheumatoid arthritis) than among healthy subjects and can complicate or make impossible the interpretation of HLA-D typing data. It could also explain the previously-described impaired MLR between cells from patients with these diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:139222", "title": "Generation of T-cell function in organ culture of foetal mouse thymus. II. Mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity.", "content": "The generation of MLC reactive cells in organ cultures of embryonic mouse thymus is described. At least 4 days in culture are required before MLC reactive thymocytes are detectable in this system, which is in marked contrast to the short incubation period required for the expression of Thy-1 on T-cell precursors in other systems. Our data demonstrates the generation of T-cell subsets independent of influences from peripheral lymphoid organs, and in the absence of B cells or their products. One very important application of this technique is in the investigation of the mechanism of T-cell tolerance to self.", "contents": "Generation of T-cell function in organ culture of foetal mouse thymus. II. Mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity. The generation of MLC reactive cells in organ cultures of embryonic mouse thymus is described. At least 4 days in culture are required before MLC reactive thymocytes are detectable in this system, which is in marked contrast to the short incubation period required for the expression of Thy-1 on T-cell precursors in other systems. Our data demonstrates the generation of T-cell subsets independent of influences from peripheral lymphoid organs, and in the absence of B cells or their products. One very important application of this technique is in the investigation of the mechanism of T-cell tolerance to self."}
{"id": "PMID:139224", "title": "Resolution of hypoxic changes in the heart and pulmonary arterioles of rats during intermittent correction of hypoxia.", "content": "1. Rats kept in a hypoxic chamber (10% O2) for 3 or more weeks developed right ventricular hypertrophy, muscularization of pulmonary arterioles and polycythaemia. These changes resemble those found in human hypoxic disease and, in particular, in patients dying from chronic airways obstruction. 2. Resolution of these changes was studied in a normal environment and in an intermittently normal, intermittently hypoxic environment. The latter regimen modelled the situation of patients with cor pulmonale receiving long-term intermittent oxygen therapy. 3. In a normal environment right ventricular hypertrophy and polycythaemia were resolved in 6 weeks but vessel changes were not resolved in 12 weeks. 4. In the intermittently normoxic environment (40 or 80 h in air per week) there was some resolution of right ventricular hypertrophy in 6 weeks but no significant reduction in vessel thickening or in polycythaemia in 12 weeks.", "contents": "Resolution of hypoxic changes in the heart and pulmonary arterioles of rats during intermittent correction of hypoxia. 1. Rats kept in a hypoxic chamber (10% O2) for 3 or more weeks developed right ventricular hypertrophy, muscularization of pulmonary arterioles and polycythaemia. These changes resemble those found in human hypoxic disease and, in particular, in patients dying from chronic airways obstruction. 2. Resolution of these changes was studied in a normal environment and in an intermittently normal, intermittently hypoxic environment. The latter regimen modelled the situation of patients with cor pulmonale receiving long-term intermittent oxygen therapy. 3. In a normal environment right ventricular hypertrophy and polycythaemia were resolved in 6 weeks but vessel changes were not resolved in 12 weeks. 4. In the intermittently normoxic environment (40 or 80 h in air per week) there was some resolution of right ventricular hypertrophy in 6 weeks but no significant reduction in vessel thickening or in polycythaemia in 12 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:139225", "title": "Plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and amino acids in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "1. The metabolic responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (100 g) and an intravenous insulin provocation test (0-1 i.u./kg) were studied in nine control subjects and nine patients with Huntington's chorea. 2. Plasma glucose responses to these stimuli were identical in both groups. 3. High fasting concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) were recorded in the choreic patients when compared with control subjects. This difference was maintained under hypoglycaemic conditions. However, during hyperglycaemia the differences in NEFA concentrations between the groups was abolished. 4. Total plasma tryptophan concentrations were equal in the two groups. Free plasma tryptophan, however, was markedly reduced in the choreic group, and this appeared to be a result of a disturbed relationship between free tryptophan and NEFA concentrations. The abnormalities in free tryptophan values were sensitive to plasma glucose concentrations, as hyperglycaemic conditions markedly reduced the differences between the choreic and control group. 5. Patients with Huntington's chorea showed reduced fasting plasma concentrations of leucine, isoleucine and valine.", "contents": "Plasma glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and amino acids in Huntington's chorea. 1. The metabolic responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (100 g) and an intravenous insulin provocation test (0-1 i.u./kg) were studied in nine control subjects and nine patients with Huntington's chorea. 2. Plasma glucose responses to these stimuli were identical in both groups. 3. High fasting concentrations of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) were recorded in the choreic patients when compared with control subjects. This difference was maintained under hypoglycaemic conditions. However, during hyperglycaemia the differences in NEFA concentrations between the groups was abolished. 4. Total plasma tryptophan concentrations were equal in the two groups. Free plasma tryptophan, however, was markedly reduced in the choreic group, and this appeared to be a result of a disturbed relationship between free tryptophan and NEFA concentrations. The abnormalities in free tryptophan values were sensitive to plasma glucose concentrations, as hyperglycaemic conditions markedly reduced the differences between the choreic and control group. 5. Patients with Huntington's chorea showed reduced fasting plasma concentrations of leucine, isoleucine and valine."}
{"id": "PMID:139228", "title": "Legislation on prevention of occupational dermatoses.", "content": "Legislation is one way to eliminate sensitizers and irritants. Purity requirements, declaration and labelling, industrial health codes and pre-employment occupational aptitude examinations are useful in combating occupational and contact dermatitis by drugs and products of daily use. Chromium compounds, turpentine, balsam of Peru, benzocaine and other can be eliminated by administration and legislation.", "contents": "Legislation on prevention of occupational dermatoses. Legislation is one way to eliminate sensitizers and irritants. Purity requirements, declaration and labelling, industrial health codes and pre-employment occupational aptitude examinations are useful in combating occupational and contact dermatitis by drugs and products of daily use. Chromium compounds, turpentine, balsam of Peru, benzocaine and other can be eliminated by administration and legislation."}
{"id": "PMID:139248", "title": "Allergic paraben and benzyl alcohol hypersensitivity relationship of the \"delayed\" and \"immediate\" varieties.", "content": "From a review of the literature, and the results of scratch, intracutaneous and subcutaneous injections of patients with parbens and benzyl alcohol sensitivity of the delayed type characterized by allergic contact dermatitis and strongly positive patch patch tests, it would appear that such sensitivity is not usually accompanied by the immediate urticarial type of allergic sensitivity. This communication concerns itself with results of testing patients with clinical sensitivity and positive patch test reactions to the parabens or benzyl alcohol with scratch, intracutaneous and subcutaneous injections of these preservatives in order to determine the relationship of the \"delayed\" type of allergic hypersensitivity to the parabens and benzyl alcohol with the \"immediate\" variety of hypersensitivity. The parabens and benzyl alcohol are widely employed as preservatives for many allergenic extracts used in scratch and intracutaneous testing. In addition, these preservatives are used in injectable corticosteroid medicaments and in local anesthetic solutions. In order to determine whether the presence of these preservatives in allergenic extracts would produce false positive scratch or intracutaneous tests or might produce an immediate, urticarial or anaphylactic reaction in patients with allergic contact dermatitis and positive patch test reactions to these preservatives, two patients with positive patch test reactions and allergic contact dermatitis to the parabens and two with similar benzyl alcohol sensitivity were tested in the manner detailed in the following case reports.", "contents": "Allergic paraben and benzyl alcohol hypersensitivity relationship of the \"delayed\" and \"immediate\" varieties. From a review of the literature, and the results of scratch, intracutaneous and subcutaneous injections of patients with parbens and benzyl alcohol sensitivity of the delayed type characterized by allergic contact dermatitis and strongly positive patch patch tests, it would appear that such sensitivity is not usually accompanied by the immediate urticarial type of allergic sensitivity. This communication concerns itself with results of testing patients with clinical sensitivity and positive patch test reactions to the parabens or benzyl alcohol with scratch, intracutaneous and subcutaneous injections of these preservatives in order to determine the relationship of the \"delayed\" type of allergic hypersensitivity to the parabens and benzyl alcohol with the \"immediate\" variety of hypersensitivity. The parabens and benzyl alcohol are widely employed as preservatives for many allergenic extracts used in scratch and intracutaneous testing. In addition, these preservatives are used in injectable corticosteroid medicaments and in local anesthetic solutions. In order to determine whether the presence of these preservatives in allergenic extracts would produce false positive scratch or intracutaneous tests or might produce an immediate, urticarial or anaphylactic reaction in patients with allergic contact dermatitis and positive patch test reactions to these preservatives, two patients with positive patch test reactions and allergic contact dermatitis to the parabens and two with similar benzyl alcohol sensitivity were tested in the manner detailed in the following case reports."}
{"id": "PMID:139249", "title": "Contact dermatitis from pyrrolnitrin (an antimycotic agent).", "content": "Two cases are described of acute contact dermatitis from an antifungal cream, containing pyrrolnitrin, employed for the treatment of tinea cruris. Positive reactions to pyrrolnitrin and to a chemically related substance, 1-chlor-2,4dinitrobenzene, were put into evidence.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis from pyrrolnitrin (an antimycotic agent). Two cases are described of acute contact dermatitis from an antifungal cream, containing pyrrolnitrin, employed for the treatment of tinea cruris. Positive reactions to pyrrolnitrin and to a chemically related substance, 1-chlor-2,4dinitrobenzene, were put into evidence."}
{"id": "PMID:139250", "title": "Occupational contact dermatitis from Cichorium (chicory, endive) and Lactuca (lettuce).", "content": "In two cases, occupational contact dermatitis was found to be due to chicory (Cichorium) used as a salad plant. In one of the two cases, contact sensitivity to letuce (Lactuca) was also observed. The sesquiterpene lactones of the plant may be the allergens.", "contents": "Occupational contact dermatitis from Cichorium (chicory, endive) and Lactuca (lettuce). In two cases, occupational contact dermatitis was found to be due to chicory (Cichorium) used as a salad plant. In one of the two cases, contact sensitivity to letuce (Lactuca) was also observed. The sesquiterpene lactones of the plant may be the allergens."}
{"id": "PMID:139268", "title": "Occupational pigmented contact dermatitis from Naphthol AS.", "content": "Hyper-pigmentation as a manifestation of contact sensitivity to optical brighteners has previously been reported. In 1973 we observed an epidemic of pigmented contact dermatitis occurring in a textile mill in connection with the manufacture of drill fabrics impregnated with a recently introduced azo dye coupling component Naphthol AS. Of the 53 workers included in the study, 12 presented a spotted pattern of hyperpigmentation mainly affecting the exposed areas, but without pruritus, 18 were pigmented to a lesser degree, and in 21 it was not possible to discern any well-defined discoloration; some of the patients in the last group, however, complained of slight pruritus. The last two patients who were fair-skinned showed a reddish-brown pigmentation and a well pronounced pruritus. Hyper-pigmentation was most pronounced in individuals with dark complexions, whereas fair-skinned patient also showed \"classical\" eczematous symptoms including pruritus. A field study demonstrated direct exposure to the chemical. All 53 patients were patch-tested with Naphthol AS 5% in water, and 24 were found to be positive. Histological features were melanocyte proliferation, incontinence of pigment, and various degrees of damage to the basal layer.", "contents": "Occupational pigmented contact dermatitis from Naphthol AS. Hyper-pigmentation as a manifestation of contact sensitivity to optical brighteners has previously been reported. In 1973 we observed an epidemic of pigmented contact dermatitis occurring in a textile mill in connection with the manufacture of drill fabrics impregnated with a recently introduced azo dye coupling component Naphthol AS. Of the 53 workers included in the study, 12 presented a spotted pattern of hyperpigmentation mainly affecting the exposed areas, but without pruritus, 18 were pigmented to a lesser degree, and in 21 it was not possible to discern any well-defined discoloration; some of the patients in the last group, however, complained of slight pruritus. The last two patients who were fair-skinned showed a reddish-brown pigmentation and a well pronounced pruritus. Hyper-pigmentation was most pronounced in individuals with dark complexions, whereas fair-skinned patient also showed \"classical\" eczematous symptoms including pruritus. A field study demonstrated direct exposure to the chemical. All 53 patients were patch-tested with Naphthol AS 5% in water, and 24 were found to be positive. Histological features were melanocyte proliferation, incontinence of pigment, and various degrees of damage to the basal layer."}
{"id": "PMID:139269", "title": "Sensitivity to epoxy resins and triethylenetetramine.", "content": "The present studies concerned 31 work sites in eight factories at which 422 persons were employed. In the course of seven years there were 126 cases of dermatitis, 99 of whom were patch-tested. Positive reactions to epoxy resin and/or to triethylenetetramine were found in 65.7% of the subjects. The aetiology of the other cases is discussed. Some of the patients who were positive to epoxy resin were tested with Bisphenol A and modified resins with blocked epoxy groups. The latency period of dermatitis and the localization were recorded, as well as the influence of the season and of certain working conditions on the occurrence of sensitization. Of the 80 patients who changed their occupation, there were relapses in 50 within one year. Relapses were more frequent in persons who continued to work with epoxy resins for more than three months after the appearance of dermatitis and in those simultaneously sensitive to allergens in the standard series.", "contents": "Sensitivity to epoxy resins and triethylenetetramine. The present studies concerned 31 work sites in eight factories at which 422 persons were employed. In the course of seven years there were 126 cases of dermatitis, 99 of whom were patch-tested. Positive reactions to epoxy resin and/or to triethylenetetramine were found in 65.7% of the subjects. The aetiology of the other cases is discussed. Some of the patients who were positive to epoxy resin were tested with Bisphenol A and modified resins with blocked epoxy groups. The latency period of dermatitis and the localization were recorded, as well as the influence of the season and of certain working conditions on the occurrence of sensitization. Of the 80 patients who changed their occupation, there were relapses in 50 within one year. Relapses were more frequent in persons who continued to work with epoxy resins for more than three months after the appearance of dermatitis and in those simultaneously sensitive to allergens in the standard series."}
{"id": "PMID:139270", "title": "Contact dermatitis due to Nyloprint.", "content": "The Nyloprint process is becoming more frequently used in Great Britain. We report a case of contact dermatitis in a 60-year-old man who was employed in the production of Nyloprint formes. The process is described in detail. Patch tests showed him to be very sensitive to an acrylamide derivative, which is used as a monomer in this process.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis due to Nyloprint. The Nyloprint process is becoming more frequently used in Great Britain. We report a case of contact dermatitis in a 60-year-old man who was employed in the production of Nyloprint formes. The process is described in detail. Patch tests showed him to be very sensitive to an acrylamide derivative, which is used as a monomer in this process."}
{"id": "PMID:139271", "title": "Allergic contact dermatits and conjunctivitis from epinephrine.", "content": "A patient with chronic open-angle glaucoma was suspected of having allergic dermatitis and conjunctivitis to epinephrine. He was tested with epinephrine and other active substances, the preservatives and antioxidants usually used in the preparation of eye drops. He was also tested with other possible contactants with which he had had contact. The patient showed positive allergic patch test reactions to the chloride solution of epinephrine. The patient showed an unexpected positive reaction when tested with di-isopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). The importance of routine patch testing in ophthalmic practice to detect sensitizers in cases of contact allergy is stressed.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatits and conjunctivitis from epinephrine. A patient with chronic open-angle glaucoma was suspected of having allergic dermatitis and conjunctivitis to epinephrine. He was tested with epinephrine and other active substances, the preservatives and antioxidants usually used in the preparation of eye drops. He was also tested with other possible contactants with which he had had contact. The patient showed positive allergic patch test reactions to the chloride solution of epinephrine. The patient showed an unexpected positive reaction when tested with di-isopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP). The importance of routine patch testing in ophthalmic practice to detect sensitizers in cases of contact allergy is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:139272", "title": "Cinnamon dermatitis from an ointment.", "content": "Six patients are reported who had an allergic contact dermatitis from the use of a proprietary antiseptic ointment containing oil of cinnamon. Three were positive and three negative to balsam of Peru; two of these and one other also reacted to cinnamic aldehyde. The history and usage of cinnamon is briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Cinnamon dermatitis from an ointment. Six patients are reported who had an allergic contact dermatitis from the use of a proprietary antiseptic ointment containing oil of cinnamon. Three were positive and three negative to balsam of Peru; two of these and one other also reacted to cinnamic aldehyde. The history and usage of cinnamon is briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:139275", "title": "Irritant dermatitis from diallylglycol carbonate monomer in the optical industry: clinical and experimental studies of cutaneous tolerance and chemical investigations.", "content": "The diallylglycol carbonate monomer causes dermatitis due to irritation in the optical industry. Cutaneous intolerance may effect as many as 70% of the exposed persons employed. Almost all control subjects who where patch-tested showed irritation at a 2% concentration. The histological effects were an acute oedema with inflammation of the papillary dermis, and diapedesis of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Experiments on animals confirmed the irritant nature of the product; in the rabbit, a single application produced irritation, but to a lesser degree than in humans. Tests for possible sensitizing effects in the guinea pig have given negative results. Chemical analysis of the monomer revealed the presence of diallyl carbonate and acrolein. Allyl alcohol was detected in only one case. Patch tests were carried out in a group of control subjects with acrolein, diallyl carbonate and allyl alcohol. The histological appearance of the lesions caused by acrolein was quite different from that due to diallyglycol carbonate. It is probable that the irritant is the diallylglycol carbonate monomer itself.", "contents": "Irritant dermatitis from diallylglycol carbonate monomer in the optical industry: clinical and experimental studies of cutaneous tolerance and chemical investigations. The diallylglycol carbonate monomer causes dermatitis due to irritation in the optical industry. Cutaneous intolerance may effect as many as 70% of the exposed persons employed. Almost all control subjects who where patch-tested showed irritation at a 2% concentration. The histological effects were an acute oedema with inflammation of the papillary dermis, and diapedesis of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Experiments on animals confirmed the irritant nature of the product; in the rabbit, a single application produced irritation, but to a lesser degree than in humans. Tests for possible sensitizing effects in the guinea pig have given negative results. Chemical analysis of the monomer revealed the presence of diallyl carbonate and acrolein. Allyl alcohol was detected in only one case. Patch tests were carried out in a group of control subjects with acrolein, diallyl carbonate and allyl alcohol. The histological appearance of the lesions caused by acrolein was quite different from that due to diallyglycol carbonate. It is probable that the irritant is the diallylglycol carbonate monomer itself."}
{"id": "PMID:139276", "title": "Allergic contact response to vitamin A acid.", "content": "Three patients treated daily with vitamin A acid cream experienced after one week, seven weeks and 14 weeks respectively sudden redness and itching at the treated sites. Patch testing with the cream (containing 0.05% vitamin A acid) and with vitamin A acid 0.05% in absolute alcohol produced strongly positive reactions in the patients but only slight erythema in some of the controls. Since patch testing with vitamin A acid 0.005% in absolute alcohol elicited no response in controls but positive reactions in the three patients, it is probable that these latter reactions were due to contact allergy. Histologically the test reaction showed intact epidermis and dense dermal infiltration by mononuclear cells, and thus resembled a response of the tuberculin type.", "contents": "Allergic contact response to vitamin A acid. Three patients treated daily with vitamin A acid cream experienced after one week, seven weeks and 14 weeks respectively sudden redness and itching at the treated sites. Patch testing with the cream (containing 0.05% vitamin A acid) and with vitamin A acid 0.05% in absolute alcohol produced strongly positive reactions in the patients but only slight erythema in some of the controls. Since patch testing with vitamin A acid 0.005% in absolute alcohol elicited no response in controls but positive reactions in the three patients, it is probable that these latter reactions were due to contact allergy. Histologically the test reaction showed intact epidermis and dense dermal infiltration by mononuclear cells, and thus resembled a response of the tuberculin type."}
{"id": "PMID:139277", "title": "Occupational dermatosis due to a soil fumigant.", "content": "D-D mixture is a preplant soil fumigant. It contains dichloropropanes and dichloropropenes, epichlorohydrin and is known as a primary irritant. Three cases of untoward reaction to D-D are reported. By patch testing, the existence of a contact allergic sensitivity to D-D could be proved in one patient. The other two cases reacted negatively; they were probably of a primary irritant origin. Patch tests with compounds related to D-D suggest that the cause of contact allergy must be sought in the propene(s) fraction of D-D. In future cases of untoward reactions to D-D, patch testing appears to be necessary in order to differentiate between a contact allergic and a primary irritant reaction.", "contents": "Occupational dermatosis due to a soil fumigant. D-D mixture is a preplant soil fumigant. It contains dichloropropanes and dichloropropenes, epichlorohydrin and is known as a primary irritant. Three cases of untoward reaction to D-D are reported. By patch testing, the existence of a contact allergic sensitivity to D-D could be proved in one patient. The other two cases reacted negatively; they were probably of a primary irritant origin. Patch tests with compounds related to D-D suggest that the cause of contact allergy must be sought in the propene(s) fraction of D-D. In future cases of untoward reactions to D-D, patch testing appears to be necessary in order to differentiate between a contact allergic and a primary irritant reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:139282", "title": "Occupational eczema from N-isopropyl -N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD) and N-dimethy-1,3 butyl-N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (DMPPD) in tyres.", "content": "Forty-two cases of contact sensitivity to N-isopropyl-N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD), an amine antiozonant used in rubber manufacture, were collated from several firms and plants dealing with tyres. Ten motor car tyres manufactured by eight different firms all induce sensitivity reactions in seven subjects allergic to IPPD. Clinical cross-reaction tests show that 100% of the subjects sensitive to IPPD are also sensitive to N-phenyl-N'-cyclohexy-paraphenylenediamine (CPPD), another amine antiozonant, and 37% to paraphenylenediamine (PPD). The various types of tyres were analyzed by gas chromatography and then by infra-red and thin-layer chromatography where necessary. None of the 12 tyres examined was found to be free from aromatic amines. Test reactions carried out with various automobile accessories on subjects allergic to IPPD in tyres gave positive results precisely in those cases where the articles contained IPPD. The authors then studied occupational sensitivity to N-dimethyl-1,3 butyl-N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (DMPPD), a rubber antiozonant purported to be non-sensitizing and marketed in the United States. The The DMPPD tests were positive for all the IPPD-allergic patients tested; there is no doubt as to the allergenic nature of DMPPD. The irritant and sensitizing potentials of the four amines in question were tested in laboratory animals: PPD proved to be the most allergenic product, IPPD the least allergenic, and DMPPD and CPPD seem to give identical results. All these products produce positive cross-reactions in varying degrees of severity.", "contents": "Occupational eczema from N-isopropyl -N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD) and N-dimethy-1,3 butyl-N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (DMPPD) in tyres. Forty-two cases of contact sensitivity to N-isopropyl-N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD), an amine antiozonant used in rubber manufacture, were collated from several firms and plants dealing with tyres. Ten motor car tyres manufactured by eight different firms all induce sensitivity reactions in seven subjects allergic to IPPD. Clinical cross-reaction tests show that 100% of the subjects sensitive to IPPD are also sensitive to N-phenyl-N'-cyclohexy-paraphenylenediamine (CPPD), another amine antiozonant, and 37% to paraphenylenediamine (PPD). The various types of tyres were analyzed by gas chromatography and then by infra-red and thin-layer chromatography where necessary. None of the 12 tyres examined was found to be free from aromatic amines. Test reactions carried out with various automobile accessories on subjects allergic to IPPD in tyres gave positive results precisely in those cases where the articles contained IPPD. The authors then studied occupational sensitivity to N-dimethyl-1,3 butyl-N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (DMPPD), a rubber antiozonant purported to be non-sensitizing and marketed in the United States. The The DMPPD tests were positive for all the IPPD-allergic patients tested; there is no doubt as to the allergenic nature of DMPPD. The irritant and sensitizing potentials of the four amines in question were tested in laboratory animals: PPD proved to be the most allergenic product, IPPD the least allergenic, and DMPPD and CPPD seem to give identical results. All these products produce positive cross-reactions in varying degrees of severity."}
{"id": "PMID:139283", "title": "Occupational dermatitis from Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Cichorium (endive). Simultaneous occurrence of immediate and delayed allergy as a cause of contact dermatitis.", "content": "Four patients with occupational contact dermatitis to Lactuca sativa had cross-sensitivity to Cichorium endivia. One of the patients also had contact urticaria to Lactuca and Cichorium, and another reacted positively to scratch tests with these plants as a sign of immediate allergy. In two cases such immediate allergy was considered the cause of a vesicular, intense itching eruption within a few minutes of contact with fresh leaves of Lactuca on previously eczematous skin. The severe chronic dermatitis of the hands of these patients is ascribed to combined delayed and immediate allergy.", "contents": "Occupational dermatitis from Lactuca sativa (lettuce) and Cichorium (endive). Simultaneous occurrence of immediate and delayed allergy as a cause of contact dermatitis. Four patients with occupational contact dermatitis to Lactuca sativa had cross-sensitivity to Cichorium endivia. One of the patients also had contact urticaria to Lactuca and Cichorium, and another reacted positively to scratch tests with these plants as a sign of immediate allergy. In two cases such immediate allergy was considered the cause of a vesicular, intense itching eruption within a few minutes of contact with fresh leaves of Lactuca on previously eczematous skin. The severe chronic dermatitis of the hands of these patients is ascribed to combined delayed and immediate allergy."}
{"id": "PMID:139284", "title": "Temperature dependent primary irritant dermatitis from lemon perfume.", "content": "In a recent outbreak of hand eczema amongst cleaning personnel after the introduction of a new, lemon-scented detergent, it was noted that the patients complained of a burning, stinging sensation when their hands were submerged in hot detergent solutions. Since routine patch testing with the Standard Series and perfume components was of no help in pinpointing the responsible agent, testing with selected perfume components was repeated at higher temperatures. Identical tests were placed on both forearms for 20 min, one arm being exposed to 43 degrees C, the other to 23-25 degrees C. Little or no reaction was seen on the \"cold\" arm, whereas the lemon perfume component Citral proved to be a strong primary irritant at higher temperatures. Histological examination of the test sites showed the reaction to be of a toxic (primary irritant) nature. Surprisingly, the toxic character could still be recongized in biopsies taken as late as 48 h after exposure. It is suggested that: 1. Heat plays an important part in the outbreak of primary irritant (toxic) dermatitis and can be used as an accelerating factor when testing for primary irritants. 2. It is important to be sure that detergents and detergent perfumes do not contain substances which act as irritants at the temperatures at which they are habitually used (45-50 degrees C). 3. We probably ought to use lukewarm rather than hot water for manual dishwashing and cleaning whenever it is possible.", "contents": "Temperature dependent primary irritant dermatitis from lemon perfume. In a recent outbreak of hand eczema amongst cleaning personnel after the introduction of a new, lemon-scented detergent, it was noted that the patients complained of a burning, stinging sensation when their hands were submerged in hot detergent solutions. Since routine patch testing with the Standard Series and perfume components was of no help in pinpointing the responsible agent, testing with selected perfume components was repeated at higher temperatures. Identical tests were placed on both forearms for 20 min, one arm being exposed to 43 degrees C, the other to 23-25 degrees C. Little or no reaction was seen on the \"cold\" arm, whereas the lemon perfume component Citral proved to be a strong primary irritant at higher temperatures. Histological examination of the test sites showed the reaction to be of a toxic (primary irritant) nature. Surprisingly, the toxic character could still be recongized in biopsies taken as late as 48 h after exposure. It is suggested that: 1. Heat plays an important part in the outbreak of primary irritant (toxic) dermatitis and can be used as an accelerating factor when testing for primary irritants. 2. It is important to be sure that detergents and detergent perfumes do not contain substances which act as irritants at the temperatures at which they are habitually used (45-50 degrees C). 3. We probably ought to use lukewarm rather than hot water for manual dishwashing and cleaning whenever it is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:139292", "title": "Selective blockage of the Na+ transport path by Bay g 2821.", "content": "A series of transport and electrophysiological experiments were carried out on rat salivery duct epithelium to study the mechanism of action of Bay g 2821 on electrolyte transport at the cellular level. On the basis of the reported data it is suggested that Bay g 2821 blocks Na+ entry into the cell at the luminal rather than at the intersitial membrane of the duct cell.", "contents": "Selective blockage of the Na+ transport path by Bay g 2821. A series of transport and electrophysiological experiments were carried out on rat salivery duct epithelium to study the mechanism of action of Bay g 2821 on electrolyte transport at the cellular level. On the basis of the reported data it is suggested that Bay g 2821 blocks Na+ entry into the cell at the luminal rather than at the intersitial membrane of the duct cell."}
{"id": "PMID:139298", "title": "Use of Buf-Puf and mild cleansing bar in acne.", "content": "As a result of this clinical study with the Buf cleansing system, I believe that it offers several advantages:(1) it is effective with minimal daily use; and (2) patients report that their skin feels smoother and they are easily able to control the irritative potential by experimentally titrating their own levels of application. Based on this sampling of acne patient, I conclude that the buf cleansing system is a useful addition to the treatment modalities now available for acne.", "contents": "Use of Buf-Puf and mild cleansing bar in acne. As a result of this clinical study with the Buf cleansing system, I believe that it offers several advantages:(1) it is effective with minimal daily use; and (2) patients report that their skin feels smoother and they are easily able to control the irritative potential by experimentally titrating their own levels of application. Based on this sampling of acne patient, I conclude that the buf cleansing system is a useful addition to the treatment modalities now available for acne."}
{"id": "PMID:139299", "title": "Detection of left ventricular failure in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome.", "content": "Fourteen patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome were admitted to the medical intensive care unit and received bedside heart catheterization with the use of a balloon-tipped, flow directed catheter. Four of the 14 (29 percent) were found to have left ventricular failure (LVF), defined as a pulmonary artery wedge pressure greater than 12 mm Hg. Analysis of the standard clinical and laboratory data demonstrated no criteria which could differentiate those patients with LVF from those without. Three of the four patients indentified as having LVF responded to therapy directed toward LVF with substantial clinical improvement.", "contents": "Detection of left ventricular failure in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. Fourteen patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome were admitted to the medical intensive care unit and received bedside heart catheterization with the use of a balloon-tipped, flow directed catheter. Four of the 14 (29 percent) were found to have left ventricular failure (LVF), defined as a pulmonary artery wedge pressure greater than 12 mm Hg. Analysis of the standard clinical and laboratory data demonstrated no criteria which could differentiate those patients with LVF from those without. Three of the four patients indentified as having LVF responded to therapy directed toward LVF with substantial clinical improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:139300", "title": "Ventricular inversion associated with normally related great vessels.", "content": "A patient with ventricular inversion with normally related great vessels and double inlet left ventricle is presented. the patient also showed features of Down's syndrome. Association of ventricular inversion with normally related great vessels is rare and leads to a basic functional state like that of complete transposition of great vessels derived from the connections between the ventricles and great vessels. The association of ventricular inversion with Down's syndrome observed in the case reported represents a rarity.", "contents": "Ventricular inversion associated with normally related great vessels. A patient with ventricular inversion with normally related great vessels and double inlet left ventricle is presented. the patient also showed features of Down's syndrome. Association of ventricular inversion with normally related great vessels is rare and leads to a basic functional state like that of complete transposition of great vessels derived from the connections between the ventricles and great vessels. The association of ventricular inversion with Down's syndrome observed in the case reported represents a rarity."}
{"id": "PMID:139301", "title": "Choroid plexus papilloma. II. Ultrastructure and ultracytochemical localization of Na-K-ATPase.", "content": "An electron-microscopic study of a choroid plexus papilloma from the lateral ventricle of a child revealed fine structural features typical of normal choroid plexus tissue. Utilizing the Ernst technique for demonstrating ouabain-sensitive, potassium-dependent phosphatase activity, Na-K-ATPase was localized along the basal and lateral plasmalemmas of the tumor epithelium but not along the ventricular surface (apical plasmalemma). This localization is similar to that found in normal choroid plexus epithelium of all species studied to date.", "contents": "Choroid plexus papilloma. II. Ultrastructure and ultracytochemical localization of Na-K-ATPase. An electron-microscopic study of a choroid plexus papilloma from the lateral ventricle of a child revealed fine structural features typical of normal choroid plexus tissue. Utilizing the Ernst technique for demonstrating ouabain-sensitive, potassium-dependent phosphatase activity, Na-K-ATPase was localized along the basal and lateral plasmalemmas of the tumor epithelium but not along the ventricular surface (apical plasmalemma). This localization is similar to that found in normal choroid plexus epithelium of all species studied to date."}
{"id": "PMID:139305", "title": "[The possibility of oral rehabilitation of the handicapped under anesthesia].", "content": "In addition to technical and personnel requirements, clinical experience is necessary for oral rehabilitation of handicapped patients under general anesthesia. As our investigation has shown, the dental measures conceivable under legal aspects and theoretically feasible under general anesthesia, are almost exclusively limited to uncompromising, dental surgical reconstruction, if possible in one session. Conservative measures show a lasting success in few cases only, especially in occlusal acrylic and amalgam fillings of handicapped persons of sufficient intelligence and personal oral hygiene. Treatment under general anesthesia is inevitably indicated in imbeciles, the feeble-minded, spastics, epileptics, and sometimes in mongoloids. The patient's wish or that of his companion are not sufficient, nor the lack of will or obstinacy. Only after all other means failed, should oral rehabilitation be performed under general anesthesia.", "contents": "[The possibility of oral rehabilitation of the handicapped under anesthesia]. In addition to technical and personnel requirements, clinical experience is necessary for oral rehabilitation of handicapped patients under general anesthesia. As our investigation has shown, the dental measures conceivable under legal aspects and theoretically feasible under general anesthesia, are almost exclusively limited to uncompromising, dental surgical reconstruction, if possible in one session. Conservative measures show a lasting success in few cases only, especially in occlusal acrylic and amalgam fillings of handicapped persons of sufficient intelligence and personal oral hygiene. Treatment under general anesthesia is inevitably indicated in imbeciles, the feeble-minded, spastics, epileptics, and sometimes in mongoloids. The patient's wish or that of his companion are not sufficient, nor the lack of will or obstinacy. Only after all other means failed, should oral rehabilitation be performed under general anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:139308", "title": "Enzymatic responses of transplanted tumour cells towards estrogen, progesterone and testosterone.", "content": "The influence of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone on the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases, adenosine triphosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase were determined by cytochemical methods in sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich's carcinoma cells transplanted in male and female Swiss mice. The results revealed differential effects of the sex hormones on different enzymes which seemed to depend on the type of tumour cell studied and the sex of the host mice.", "contents": "Enzymatic responses of transplanted tumour cells towards estrogen, progesterone and testosterone. The influence of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone on the activities of alkaline and acid phosphatases, adenosine triphosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase were determined by cytochemical methods in sarcoma 180 and Ehrlich's carcinoma cells transplanted in male and female Swiss mice. The results revealed differential effects of the sex hormones on different enzymes which seemed to depend on the type of tumour cell studied and the sex of the host mice."}
{"id": "PMID:139309", "title": "Ca-linked phosphorylation of a light chain of vertebrate smooth-muscle myosin.", "content": "In vertebrate smooth muscle actomyosin and myofibrils a myosin light chain of molecular weight about 20,000 becomes phosphorylated at the same Ca2+ concentration as required to stimulate the actin-activated ATPase activity of myosin. Further, the degree of phosphorylation in the preparations as well as in various reconstituted actomyosins is proportional to their measured Ca2+ sensitivity. The phosphorylation process is very rapid and is essentially completed before the rise in ATPase activity. The enzyme responsible for the observed myosin phosphoylation is a specific myosin light chain kinase which is routinely co-purified with myosin. This kinase is normally present in actomyosin and its removal together with tropomyosin leads to a complete loss of the actin-activated ATPase activity. It is suggested that the Ca-dependent phosphorylation of the light chain via the light chain kinase represents the initial step in the activation of myosin that leads to contraction. Relaxation is probably effected by an as yet uncharacterised light chain phosphatase.", "contents": "Ca-linked phosphorylation of a light chain of vertebrate smooth-muscle myosin. In vertebrate smooth muscle actomyosin and myofibrils a myosin light chain of molecular weight about 20,000 becomes phosphorylated at the same Ca2+ concentration as required to stimulate the actin-activated ATPase activity of myosin. Further, the degree of phosphorylation in the preparations as well as in various reconstituted actomyosins is proportional to their measured Ca2+ sensitivity. The phosphorylation process is very rapid and is essentially completed before the rise in ATPase activity. The enzyme responsible for the observed myosin phosphoylation is a specific myosin light chain kinase which is routinely co-purified with myosin. This kinase is normally present in actomyosin and its removal together with tropomyosin leads to a complete loss of the actin-activated ATPase activity. It is suggested that the Ca-dependent phosphorylation of the light chain via the light chain kinase represents the initial step in the activation of myosin that leads to contraction. Relaxation is probably effected by an as yet uncharacterised light chain phosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:139314", "title": "Inhibition of human mixed lymphocyte culture stimulation by anti-HLA-D-associated antisera: studies with primed responding cells.", "content": "The inhibitory effects of HLA-D-associated antisera on stimulating lymphocytes when cultured together with allogeneic primed responding lymphocytes were investigated. The responding lymphocytes were primed for either the HLA-Dw2 or Dw3 determinants. The presence of HLA-D-associated (Ia-like) antibodies during the culture period specifically inhibited the stimulatory capability of lymphocytes possessing the HLA-D determinants with which the antisera were apparently reacting, as long as the stimulating cells carried the determinant for which the responding cells were primed. HLA-D-associated antisera of other specificities caused no decrease in the stimulatory capability. These antisera, therefore, apparently contain antibodies which are reactive with determinants closely associated or identical to the HLA-D determinants and may be human analogues to the mouse Ia antigens.", "contents": "Inhibition of human mixed lymphocyte culture stimulation by anti-HLA-D-associated antisera: studies with primed responding cells. The inhibitory effects of HLA-D-associated antisera on stimulating lymphocytes when cultured together with allogeneic primed responding lymphocytes were investigated. The responding lymphocytes were primed for either the HLA-Dw2 or Dw3 determinants. The presence of HLA-D-associated (Ia-like) antibodies during the culture period specifically inhibited the stimulatory capability of lymphocytes possessing the HLA-D determinants with which the antisera were apparently reacting, as long as the stimulating cells carried the determinant for which the responding cells were primed. HLA-D-associated antisera of other specificities caused no decrease in the stimulatory capability. These antisera, therefore, apparently contain antibodies which are reactive with determinants closely associated or identical to the HLA-D determinants and may be human analogues to the mouse Ia antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:139315", "title": "Selective activation of human suppressor cells by a nonproliferative stimulus.", "content": "The eliciting of suppressor cell activity by heat-treated stimulating cells demonstrates that suppression can be induced by an antigenic but non-effective mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) stimulus in vitro. Simultaneous or prior MLC or cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity is not required for alloantigen-induced suppressor cell activation.", "contents": "Selective activation of human suppressor cells by a nonproliferative stimulus. The eliciting of suppressor cell activity by heat-treated stimulating cells demonstrates that suppression can be induced by an antigenic but non-effective mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) stimulus in vitro. Simultaneous or prior MLC or cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity is not required for alloantigen-induced suppressor cell activation."}
{"id": "PMID:139317", "title": "Monoamine and GABA metabolism and the anticonvulsant action of di-n-propylacetate and ethanolamine-O-sulphate.", "content": "The time course of changes in behaviour, seizure response and cerebral monoamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism has been studied in relation to the anticonvulsant actions of di-n-propylacetic acid (DPA) and ethanolamine-O-sulphate (EOS) on sound-induced seizures in DBA/2 mice. Changes in cerebral monoamine metabolism after EOS (75 or 150 mug, intracerebroventricularly) were not related to its anticonvulsant action. The primary effect was GABA-transaminase inhibition (by 50-70%) leading to a 2-4 fold increase in cerebral GABA concentration. Increases in brain GABA concentration (maximally 36%), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA, maximally 134%) and homovanillic acid (HVA, maximally 183%) were seen after DPA (400-600 mg/kg, i.p.). The time course of the increases in HVA and 5HIAA did not correlate with the anticonvulsant effect. Elimination of these increases by the use of inhibitors of monoamine synthesis (alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and p-chlorophenyl-alanine) did not alter the anticonvulsant effect of DPA. Experiments using probenecid suggested that the increases in 5HIAA and HVA after DPA result from inhibition of their active transport out of the brain.", "contents": "Monoamine and GABA metabolism and the anticonvulsant action of di-n-propylacetate and ethanolamine-O-sulphate. The time course of changes in behaviour, seizure response and cerebral monoamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism has been studied in relation to the anticonvulsant actions of di-n-propylacetic acid (DPA) and ethanolamine-O-sulphate (EOS) on sound-induced seizures in DBA/2 mice. Changes in cerebral monoamine metabolism after EOS (75 or 150 mug, intracerebroventricularly) were not related to its anticonvulsant action. The primary effect was GABA-transaminase inhibition (by 50-70%) leading to a 2-4 fold increase in cerebral GABA concentration. Increases in brain GABA concentration (maximally 36%), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA, maximally 134%) and homovanillic acid (HVA, maximally 183%) were seen after DPA (400-600 mg/kg, i.p.). The time course of the increases in HVA and 5HIAA did not correlate with the anticonvulsant effect. Elimination of these increases by the use of inhibitors of monoamine synthesis (alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine and p-chlorophenyl-alanine) did not alter the anticonvulsant effect of DPA. Experiments using probenecid suggested that the increases in 5HIAA and HVA after DPA result from inhibition of their active transport out of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:139316", "title": "Effects of levodopa and dopamine of plasma glucose concentration in mice.", "content": "In nialamide-treated, fasted mice levodopa produced a dose-dependent hypoglycaemic response. The response was also seen in pargyline-treated mice but not in animals which were not treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Dopamine did not affect plasma glucose under these conditons. In doses which were ineffective when injected i.v., both levodopa and dopamine produced hypoglycemia when injected intracerebroventriculary (i.c.v.). The hypoglycaemic response to levodopa was prevented by the dopamine antagonists, haloperidol and pimozide. The possible involvement of 5HT in the hypoglycaemic response to levodopa was suggested by the blockade of the response by cyproheptadine and methysergide together with the observations that hypoglycaemia is produced by 5HTP and by i.c.v. 5HT. p-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) also reduced the response to levodopa but the usefulness of PCPA as an inhibitor of 5HT synthesis in these experiments in doubtful since it also inhibited the hypoglycaemic effects of 5HTP and i.c.v. 5HT. Hypoglycaemia produced by levodopa did not appear to involve stimulation of insulin secretion since plasma IRI levels were not increased by levodopa and the hypoglycaemia was accompanied by a elevation of plasma FFA and no significant change in the liver glycogen content. It is suggested that the hypoglycaemic effect of levodopa is mediated through dopamine acting in the brain, although the involvement of 5HT in the response and the mechanisms involved remain to be determined.", "contents": "Effects of levodopa and dopamine of plasma glucose concentration in mice. In nialamide-treated, fasted mice levodopa produced a dose-dependent hypoglycaemic response. The response was also seen in pargyline-treated mice but not in animals which were not treated with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor. Dopamine did not affect plasma glucose under these conditons. In doses which were ineffective when injected i.v., both levodopa and dopamine produced hypoglycemia when injected intracerebroventriculary (i.c.v.). The hypoglycaemic response to levodopa was prevented by the dopamine antagonists, haloperidol and pimozide. The possible involvement of 5HT in the hypoglycaemic response to levodopa was suggested by the blockade of the response by cyproheptadine and methysergide together with the observations that hypoglycaemia is produced by 5HTP and by i.c.v. 5HT. p-Chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) also reduced the response to levodopa but the usefulness of PCPA as an inhibitor of 5HT synthesis in these experiments in doubtful since it also inhibited the hypoglycaemic effects of 5HTP and i.c.v. 5HT. Hypoglycaemia produced by levodopa did not appear to involve stimulation of insulin secretion since plasma IRI levels were not increased by levodopa and the hypoglycaemia was accompanied by a elevation of plasma FFA and no significant change in the liver glycogen content. It is suggested that the hypoglycaemic effect of levodopa is mediated through dopamine acting in the brain, although the involvement of 5HT in the response and the mechanisms involved remain to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:139320", "title": "Synaptosomal adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) inhibition by organophosphates.", "content": "Chicken spinal cord adenosine triphosphatases (both Na+, K+ stimulated and ouabain insensitive) were inhibited by tri-o-tolyl phosphate (TOTP, a neurotoxic organophosphate which is not a cholinesterase inhibitor) and mevinphos (a non-neurotoxic compound but inhibitor of cholinesterases). The inhibition was concentration and time dependent, with an initial rapid drop in activity followed by a gradual exponential decline.", "contents": "Synaptosomal adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) inhibition by organophosphates. Chicken spinal cord adenosine triphosphatases (both Na+, K+ stimulated and ouabain insensitive) were inhibited by tri-o-tolyl phosphate (TOTP, a neurotoxic organophosphate which is not a cholinesterase inhibitor) and mevinphos (a non-neurotoxic compound but inhibitor of cholinesterases). The inhibition was concentration and time dependent, with an initial rapid drop in activity followed by a gradual exponential decline."}
{"id": "PMID:139327", "title": "[Vectorcardiographic contribution to the differential semeiology of cardiomyopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "The electro-vectorcardiographic findings of 59 patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathies, divided by means of hemodynamic and angiographic study into dilated (38 cases), hypertrophic obstructive (10 cases) and hypertrophic non obstructive (11 cases), were compared with those of a control group of 17 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy of known etiology. The statistical vectorial analysis of the 4 groups, excluding the patients with intraventricular conduction disturbances and patients below 10 years of age (46 cases), showed low voltage of the first vectors, especially at 0,01 sec., in the obstructive compared with the non obstructive type. On the basis of the data from the literature on histological findings in cardiomyopathies, these differences can be interpreted as due to a different myofibrillar arrangement in the free wall of the left ventricle.", "contents": "[Vectorcardiographic contribution to the differential semeiology of cardiomyopathies (author's transl)]. The electro-vectorcardiographic findings of 59 patients with idiopathic cardiomyopathies, divided by means of hemodynamic and angiographic study into dilated (38 cases), hypertrophic obstructive (10 cases) and hypertrophic non obstructive (11 cases), were compared with those of a control group of 17 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy of known etiology. The statistical vectorial analysis of the 4 groups, excluding the patients with intraventricular conduction disturbances and patients below 10 years of age (46 cases), showed low voltage of the first vectors, especially at 0,01 sec., in the obstructive compared with the non obstructive type. On the basis of the data from the literature on histological findings in cardiomyopathies, these differences can be interpreted as due to a different myofibrillar arrangement in the free wall of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:139328", "title": "[Peripartum cardiomyopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of peripartum cardiomyopathy (CMP PP) are presented. In our opinion this term is more correct than post-partum cardiomyopathy. The study was performed both clinically and hemodynamically; patients were followed up for a long period (in one case up to 14 years). Although there were consistent differences in the rise and development of the disease, the clinical and laboratory results could be put together clearly. In the light of this clinical experience, a wide revision of the literature on the topic was carried out, using the hypotrophic-hypokinetic forms of cardiomyopathy (congestive) as a comparison with peripartum cardiomyopathy, which seem to be clinically correlated.", "contents": "[Peripartum cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]. Three cases of peripartum cardiomyopathy (CMP PP) are presented. In our opinion this term is more correct than post-partum cardiomyopathy. The study was performed both clinically and hemodynamically; patients were followed up for a long period (in one case up to 14 years). Although there were consistent differences in the rise and development of the disease, the clinical and laboratory results could be put together clearly. In the light of this clinical experience, a wide revision of the literature on the topic was carried out, using the hypotrophic-hypokinetic forms of cardiomyopathy (congestive) as a comparison with peripartum cardiomyopathy, which seem to be clinically correlated."}
{"id": "PMID:139329", "title": "Effect of chemical carcinogens on pancreatic DNA synthesis in vivo.", "content": "The effect of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), ethionine, streptozotocin, N-methyl-N-nitrosourethan (MNUT), N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN), azaserine, and 4-hydorxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-HAQO) on DNA synthesis after partial pancreatectomy was studied. Its results indicates that DNA synthesis of the residual pancreas occurred and reached the maximum value at 3 days and returned to the control value 12 days after the operation. DNA synthesis, which was inhibited 96.7% by hydroxyurea 3 days after the operation, indicated that semi-conservative DNA synthesis had occurred in the residual pancreas. DMN and ethionine, non-pancreatic carcinogens, did not inhibit while DHPN, MNUT, azaserine, and 4-HAQO, pancreatic non-endocrine carcinogens, inhibited DNA synthesis in the rat pancreas by 57.9, 76.4, 71.7, and 82.1%, respectively. The effect of streptozotocin, pancreatic endocrine carcinogen, on DNA synthesis was not clear from the present experiment. Further effect on the inhibition of DNA synthesis by these carcinogens was obtained by dose-response studies and its results indicated that there was a correlation between pancreatic carcinogens and the inhibition of DNA synthesis after partial pancreatectomy in rats.", "contents": "Effect of chemical carcinogens on pancreatic DNA synthesis in vivo. The effect of dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), ethionine, streptozotocin, N-methyl-N-nitrosourethan (MNUT), N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine (DHPN), azaserine, and 4-hydorxyaminoquinoline 1-oxide (4-HAQO) on DNA synthesis after partial pancreatectomy was studied. Its results indicates that DNA synthesis of the residual pancreas occurred and reached the maximum value at 3 days and returned to the control value 12 days after the operation. DNA synthesis, which was inhibited 96.7% by hydroxyurea 3 days after the operation, indicated that semi-conservative DNA synthesis had occurred in the residual pancreas. DMN and ethionine, non-pancreatic carcinogens, did not inhibit while DHPN, MNUT, azaserine, and 4-HAQO, pancreatic non-endocrine carcinogens, inhibited DNA synthesis in the rat pancreas by 57.9, 76.4, 71.7, and 82.1%, respectively. The effect of streptozotocin, pancreatic endocrine carcinogen, on DNA synthesis was not clear from the present experiment. Further effect on the inhibition of DNA synthesis by these carcinogens was obtained by dose-response studies and its results indicated that there was a correlation between pancreatic carcinogens and the inhibition of DNA synthesis after partial pancreatectomy in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:139331", "title": "[Spontaneous aortic dissection. Diagnostic experience with 32 patients].", "content": "Of 48 patients in whom angiography was carried out on the clinical suspicion of spontaneous aortic dissection, the diagnosis could be confirmed in 18 cases only. On the other hand, aortic dissection was discovered incidentally in 14 patients on whom angiography was being carried out for other reasons. The high incidence of incorrect diagnosis is due to the variety of clinical symptoms caused by various types of dissection combined with the non-specific radiological findings on chest radiographs. Unlike plain films, aortography, provided a suitable technique is employed with an understanding of the possible sources of error, gives a high degree of diagnostic certainty with little risk. It is therefore always indicated when the demonstration or exclusion of an aortic dissection is likely to influence treatment.", "contents": "[Spontaneous aortic dissection. Diagnostic experience with 32 patients]. Of 48 patients in whom angiography was carried out on the clinical suspicion of spontaneous aortic dissection, the diagnosis could be confirmed in 18 cases only. On the other hand, aortic dissection was discovered incidentally in 14 patients on whom angiography was being carried out for other reasons. The high incidence of incorrect diagnosis is due to the variety of clinical symptoms caused by various types of dissection combined with the non-specific radiological findings on chest radiographs. Unlike plain films, aortography, provided a suitable technique is employed with an understanding of the possible sources of error, gives a high degree of diagnostic certainty with little risk. It is therefore always indicated when the demonstration or exclusion of an aortic dissection is likely to influence treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:139332", "title": "[The segmental early relaxation phenomenon; its incidence and angiographic appearance (author's transl)].", "content": "Amongst one hundred patients examined radiographically, segmental early relaxation (SERP) of the antero-lateral wall of the left ventricle was observed in 21 cases; in 17 cases this was associated with a significant stenosis of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. The reversibility of this phenomenon produced by vaso-dilators or by aorto-coronary by-pass operations with consequent increase in oxygen supply, as well as the frequency of this phenomenon in coronary disease suggests that it is due to mild, local hypoxia. On this view, SERP has clinical significance as an angiographic indicator of local oxygen deficit. Other possible causes are discussed and the findings compared with those reported in the literature.", "contents": "[The segmental early relaxation phenomenon; its incidence and angiographic appearance (author's transl)]. Amongst one hundred patients examined radiographically, segmental early relaxation (SERP) of the antero-lateral wall of the left ventricle was observed in 21 cases; in 17 cases this was associated with a significant stenosis of the anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery. The reversibility of this phenomenon produced by vaso-dilators or by aorto-coronary by-pass operations with consequent increase in oxygen supply, as well as the frequency of this phenomenon in coronary disease suggests that it is due to mild, local hypoxia. On this view, SERP has clinical significance as an angiographic indicator of local oxygen deficit. Other possible causes are discussed and the findings compared with those reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:139333", "title": "[Coronary fistulae (author's transl)].", "content": "Three patients with coronary fistulae are described, including one patient with a rare coronary-pulmonary double fistula. The clinical features, diagnostic aspects and radiological signs are reviewed.", "contents": "[Coronary fistulae (author's transl)]. Three patients with coronary fistulae are described, including one patient with a rare coronary-pulmonary double fistula. The clinical features, diagnostic aspects and radiological signs are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:139334", "title": "[Intraosseous angiography in the elucidation of the pathogenesis of juvenile bone cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of intraosseous angiography in juvenile bone cysts suggest that their development is related to an anomaly of early metaphyseal vessels, although it is not established whether one is dealing with a primary ectasia or arteriovenous anastomoses. Juvenile bone cysts therefore belong to the category of congenital diseases. Intraosseous angiography also helps in distinguishing osteolytic processes from fibromas, myxomas, chondromas and osteoblastomas. None of the above-mentioned tumours consists of communicating chambers, such as have been demonstrated in cysts. The treatment consists of complete currettage followed by spongiosa tamponade.", "contents": "[Intraosseous angiography in the elucidation of the pathogenesis of juvenile bone cysts (author's transl)]. The results of intraosseous angiography in juvenile bone cysts suggest that their development is related to an anomaly of early metaphyseal vessels, although it is not established whether one is dealing with a primary ectasia or arteriovenous anastomoses. Juvenile bone cysts therefore belong to the category of congenital diseases. Intraosseous angiography also helps in distinguishing osteolytic processes from fibromas, myxomas, chondromas and osteoblastomas. None of the above-mentioned tumours consists of communicating chambers, such as have been demonstrated in cysts. The treatment consists of complete currettage followed by spongiosa tamponade."}
{"id": "PMID:139335", "title": "[Morphometry of primary varicose veins (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphometric investigations into the perforating veins in cases of primary varicosities have revealed typical, so far unrecognized, features of insufficiency. A significant difference was found in the diameters of central and peripheral parts of the vein amounting to a ratio of 1.5:1 with single, and 1.8:1 with paired incompetent perforators. These perforators therefore act in producing a jet. The pathophysiological and diagnostic significance of this jet phenomenon is discussed. Variations in the pattern and frequency of incompetent perforators were found between the medial and lateral aspects of the calf. Evidence concerning the mode of incompetent perforators is discussed.", "contents": "[Morphometry of primary varicose veins (author's transl)]. Morphometric investigations into the perforating veins in cases of primary varicosities have revealed typical, so far unrecognized, features of insufficiency. A significant difference was found in the diameters of central and peripheral parts of the vein amounting to a ratio of 1.5:1 with single, and 1.8:1 with paired incompetent perforators. These perforators therefore act in producing a jet. The pathophysiological and diagnostic significance of this jet phenomenon is discussed. Variations in the pattern and frequency of incompetent perforators were found between the medial and lateral aspects of the calf. Evidence concerning the mode of incompetent perforators is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139336", "title": "[New therapeutic possibilities in the diagnosis of congenital cystic bile duct dilatations (author's transl)].", "content": "The case of a 30-year-old woman with intra- and extrahepatic biliary dilatations (Caroli's disease) is reported. The features of the disease and its differential diagnosis are discussed. Special reference is given to the diagnostic approach by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and to treatment with Chenodeoxy-cholicacid.", "contents": "[New therapeutic possibilities in the diagnosis of congenital cystic bile duct dilatations (author's transl)]. The case of a 30-year-old woman with intra- and extrahepatic biliary dilatations (Caroli's disease) is reported. The features of the disease and its differential diagnosis are discussed. Special reference is given to the diagnostic approach by endoscopic retrograde cholangiography and to treatment with Chenodeoxy-cholicacid."}
{"id": "PMID:139337", "title": "[Transjugular puncture of the portal vein. Portography and selective phlebography of abdominal organs. An experimental study in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Transjugular transhepatic portography is a new method for catheterising the portal vein and its tributaries. In order to gather experience of the method before applying it clinically, the transvenous approach was studied in six dogs. Transjugular portography has the following advantages as compared with umbilical vein catheterization and percutaneous, transhepatic portal vein catherterisation: 1. Because of the relative positions of the jugular veins, vena cava and portal vein, manipulation of the catheter for selective phlebography is simpler. 2. There is no risk of a haemoperitoneum or bile peritonitis if a correct technique is used since the liver capsule remains intact. 3. In the presence of portal hypertension, it may be possible in future to create an intrahepatic portocaval shunt by the transjugular approach without a major operation. Sclerosis of oesophageal varices is possible, as it is with the other procedures.", "contents": "[Transjugular puncture of the portal vein. Portography and selective phlebography of abdominal organs. An experimental study in dogs (author's transl)]. Transjugular transhepatic portography is a new method for catheterising the portal vein and its tributaries. In order to gather experience of the method before applying it clinically, the transvenous approach was studied in six dogs. Transjugular portography has the following advantages as compared with umbilical vein catheterization and percutaneous, transhepatic portal vein catherterisation: 1. Because of the relative positions of the jugular veins, vena cava and portal vein, manipulation of the catheter for selective phlebography is simpler. 2. There is no risk of a haemoperitoneum or bile peritonitis if a correct technique is used since the liver capsule remains intact. 3. In the presence of portal hypertension, it may be possible in future to create an intrahepatic portocaval shunt by the transjugular approach without a major operation. Sclerosis of oesophageal varices is possible, as it is with the other procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:139338", "title": "[Renovascular hypertension in neurofibromatosis. Simultaneous occurrence of multiple abdominal and cerebral vascular abnormalities (author's transl)].", "content": "Vascular involvement in von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis has been known since the work of Reubi (1944, 1946). We found 72 cases of neurofibromatosis with renovascular hypertension reported in the literature. We have observed three female patients, of whom two had unilateral renal artery abnormalities consisting of stensoses and small aneurysms. The third patient, who had a right-sided nephrectomy for probable occlusion of the renal artery, had a coarctation of the abdominal aorta and complete occlusion of the left renal artery and of the coeliac-mesenteric trunk. There were, in addition, large, bilateral aneurysms in the circle of Willis.", "contents": "[Renovascular hypertension in neurofibromatosis. Simultaneous occurrence of multiple abdominal and cerebral vascular abnormalities (author's transl)]. Vascular involvement in von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis has been known since the work of Reubi (1944, 1946). We found 72 cases of neurofibromatosis with renovascular hypertension reported in the literature. We have observed three female patients, of whom two had unilateral renal artery abnormalities consisting of stensoses and small aneurysms. The third patient, who had a right-sided nephrectomy for probable occlusion of the renal artery, had a coarctation of the abdominal aorta and complete occlusion of the left renal artery and of the coeliac-mesenteric trunk. There were, in addition, large, bilateral aneurysms in the circle of Willis."}
{"id": "PMID:139339", "title": "Radiologic aspects of Ask-Upmark kidney.", "content": "Radiologic work-up in a young girl suffering from severe hypertension revealed a small right kidney. In the pathological examination of the surgical removed right kidney segmental hypoplasia was found--Ask Upmark kidney. A detailed radiologic description of this entity is presented.", "contents": "Radiologic aspects of Ask-Upmark kidney. Radiologic work-up in a young girl suffering from severe hypertension revealed a small right kidney. In the pathological examination of the surgical removed right kidney segmental hypoplasia was found--Ask Upmark kidney. A detailed radiologic description of this entity is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:139340", "title": "[The ultrasound appearances of thrombosis of the inferior vena cava due to renal tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The findings of ultra-sound in four cases of thrombosis of the inferior vena cava due to malignant renal tumours are described. In three patients the cava was occluded by tumour, twice by infiltration and once by a mobile tumour mass in the vessel. The advantages of rapid imaging of normal and abnormal vascular structures are described. The method can demonstrate the occluding material in the vessel as well as showing the extent of local tumour infiltration around the cava, information which cannot be provided by cavography in the presence of complete occlusion.", "contents": "[The ultrasound appearances of thrombosis of the inferior vena cava due to renal tumours (author's transl)]. The findings of ultra-sound in four cases of thrombosis of the inferior vena cava due to malignant renal tumours are described. In three patients the cava was occluded by tumour, twice by infiltration and once by a mobile tumour mass in the vessel. The advantages of rapid imaging of normal and abnormal vascular structures are described. The method can demonstrate the occluding material in the vessel as well as showing the extent of local tumour infiltration around the cava, information which cannot be provided by cavography in the presence of complete occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:139341", "title": "[Ultrasound progress control of retroperitoneal tumours during chemotherapy (author's transl)].", "content": "In a retrospective study the chemotherapeutic response of retroperitoneal tumours was controlled by means of ultrasound and lymphangiography 34 patients. It could be demonstrated that ultrasound is a reliable tool for the evaluation of bulky retroperitoneal tumours, frequently undetectable by lymphangiography. The reliability was better than 90%.", "contents": "[Ultrasound progress control of retroperitoneal tumours during chemotherapy (author's transl)]. In a retrospective study the chemotherapeutic response of retroperitoneal tumours was controlled by means of ultrasound and lymphangiography 34 patients. It could be demonstrated that ultrasound is a reliable tool for the evaluation of bulky retroperitoneal tumours, frequently undetectable by lymphangiography. The reliability was better than 90%."}
{"id": "PMID:139342", "title": "[The value of quantitative functional scintigraphy of the kidneys in urology (author's transl)].", "content": "The results (in 221 cases) of quantitative functional scintigraphy (Q.F.S) using 125I-hipuran (sequential scintigraphy ROI-nephrography, unilateral clearance studies) were compared with the radiological, laboratory, surgical, histological and clinical findings. Clearance measurements were superior to estimates of blood urea and/or creatinin levels. The width of parenchyma in the urogram or the secretion value did not provide sufficiently valuable evidence regarding renal function. Agreement between the above findings and those on Q.F.S. was observed in 85.7%. In the absence of agreement, Q.F.S. proved the more sensitive method and was more frequently correct. Additional information was obtained in 78.8% and treatment influenced in 18 to 65%, depending on the underlying disease. Q.F.S, had a determining role in the choice of treatment (nephrectomy, preservation of the kidney, conservative treatment) in relation to the estimate of function of the other kidney and is of considerable value to the urologist in pre-operative diagnosis.", "contents": "[The value of quantitative functional scintigraphy of the kidneys in urology (author's transl)]. The results (in 221 cases) of quantitative functional scintigraphy (Q.F.S) using 125I-hipuran (sequential scintigraphy ROI-nephrography, unilateral clearance studies) were compared with the radiological, laboratory, surgical, histological and clinical findings. Clearance measurements were superior to estimates of blood urea and/or creatinin levels. The width of parenchyma in the urogram or the secretion value did not provide sufficiently valuable evidence regarding renal function. Agreement between the above findings and those on Q.F.S. was observed in 85.7%. In the absence of agreement, Q.F.S. proved the more sensitive method and was more frequently correct. Additional information was obtained in 78.8% and treatment influenced in 18 to 65%, depending on the underlying disease. Q.F.S, had a determining role in the choice of treatment (nephrectomy, preservation of the kidney, conservative treatment) in relation to the estimate of function of the other kidney and is of considerable value to the urologist in pre-operative diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:139343", "title": "[Role of renal function and calcemia in demonstration of kidneys in 99mTc-diphosphonate skeletal scintigrams (author's transl)].", "content": "Normally, in 99mTc-diphosphonate-skeletal scintigrams the kidneys are delineated with the same intensity as the lumbar spine; This is not the case in patients with reduced renal function. In a series of 20 patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency, a continuous decrease in the renal intensity with increasing serum creatinine was seen: clearly recognizable decreased renal intensity in patients with serum creatinine over 2 mg%, and no visualization of the kidneys in patients with serum creatinine over 8 mg%. This effect is intensified through a simultaneously existing hypercalcemia has the opposite effect, i.e., the intensity decrease is partially prevented. In patients with normal renal function a hypercalcemia even leads to an increased renal intensity. As a further cause for excessive renal intensity, an increased parenchymal transit time was found in the radionephrography in 5 out of 11 patients with normal serum creatinine in whom the increased renal intensity in the skeletal scintigram was a chance finding.", "contents": "[Role of renal function and calcemia in demonstration of kidneys in 99mTc-diphosphonate skeletal scintigrams (author's transl)]. Normally, in 99mTc-diphosphonate-skeletal scintigrams the kidneys are delineated with the same intensity as the lumbar spine; This is not the case in patients with reduced renal function. In a series of 20 patients with varying degrees of renal insufficiency, a continuous decrease in the renal intensity with increasing serum creatinine was seen: clearly recognizable decreased renal intensity in patients with serum creatinine over 2 mg%, and no visualization of the kidneys in patients with serum creatinine over 8 mg%. This effect is intensified through a simultaneously existing hypercalcemia has the opposite effect, i.e., the intensity decrease is partially prevented. In patients with normal renal function a hypercalcemia even leads to an increased renal intensity. As a further cause for excessive renal intensity, an increased parenchymal transit time was found in the radionephrography in 5 out of 11 patients with normal serum creatinine in whom the increased renal intensity in the skeletal scintigram was a chance finding."}
{"id": "PMID:139344", "title": "[Sources of error in the interpretation of bone scans with 99mTc-diphosphonate (author's transl)].", "content": "Errors in the interpretation of bone scans with 99mTc-diphosphonate may be due to summation of radio-activity from superimposition of various bone structures. Lesions with increased bone turn-over as well as reactive hyperaemia result in increased uptake. The possibility of extraosseous uptake of diphosphonate must be borne in mind during the evaluation of bone scans. The kidneys and lower urinary tract must be considered. Absent or slight uptake by the kidneys with good demonstration of bone suggests increased diphosphonate uptake by the bones. Special attention should also be paid to zones of decreased uptake, since these are also due to abnormalities in the bone.", "contents": "[Sources of error in the interpretation of bone scans with 99mTc-diphosphonate (author's transl)]. Errors in the interpretation of bone scans with 99mTc-diphosphonate may be due to summation of radio-activity from superimposition of various bone structures. Lesions with increased bone turn-over as well as reactive hyperaemia result in increased uptake. The possibility of extraosseous uptake of diphosphonate must be borne in mind during the evaluation of bone scans. The kidneys and lower urinary tract must be considered. Absent or slight uptake by the kidneys with good demonstration of bone suggests increased diphosphonate uptake by the bones. Special attention should also be paid to zones of decreased uptake, since these are also due to abnormalities in the bone."}
{"id": "PMID:139345", "title": "[Comparative investigations of osteotropic radionucleides. IV. The dynamics of uptake in normal and abnormal bone (author's transl)].", "content": "The dynamics of uptake of osteotropic radionucleides in normal and abnormal bone were studied by means of sequential and functional scans. Various phosphate and phosphonate complexes were compared in vivo and in vitro. Only phosphonates were considered as suitable for bone scanning. In normal bones in beagles, radioactivity after HEDP fell to 65% after two hours, but was 105% with 18F. In relation to healing fractures, the curves differ quantitatively and qualitatively. In this situation, functional curves derived from dynamic scans provide a better parallel with histological findings than does static scintigraphy with an uptake quotient. Sequential and functional scanning are able to document the therapeutic effect of irradiation of bone metastases.", "contents": "[Comparative investigations of osteotropic radionucleides. IV. The dynamics of uptake in normal and abnormal bone (author's transl)]. The dynamics of uptake of osteotropic radionucleides in normal and abnormal bone were studied by means of sequential and functional scans. Various phosphate and phosphonate complexes were compared in vivo and in vitro. Only phosphonates were considered as suitable for bone scanning. In normal bones in beagles, radioactivity after HEDP fell to 65% after two hours, but was 105% with 18F. In relation to healing fractures, the curves differ quantitatively and qualitatively. In this situation, functional curves derived from dynamic scans provide a better parallel with histological findings than does static scintigraphy with an uptake quotient. Sequential and functional scanning are able to document the therapeutic effect of irradiation of bone metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:139346", "title": "[Pharmacokinetics and plasma albumen binding of iotroxic acid (Biliscopin), iodoxic acid (Endomirabil) and ioglycamine (Biligram) (author's transl)].", "content": "Pharmacokinetic data after injection of the new cholegraphic contrast medium iotroxic acid (Biliscopin) in man are reported and compared with the results of injections of ioglycamate and iodoxic acid. Iotroxic acid is less completely bound to plasma proteins than ioglycamate, but significancy more so than iodoxamate. Plasma protein binding depends on contrast concentration in the plasma, as does excretion in the urine. Biliary transport rate and maximal iodine concentration in the gall bladder are higher after injections of iotroxinate and iodoxamate than after ioglycamate.", "contents": "[Pharmacokinetics and plasma albumen binding of iotroxic acid (Biliscopin), iodoxic acid (Endomirabil) and ioglycamine (Biligram) (author's transl)]. Pharmacokinetic data after injection of the new cholegraphic contrast medium iotroxic acid (Biliscopin) in man are reported and compared with the results of injections of ioglycamate and iodoxic acid. Iotroxic acid is less completely bound to plasma proteins than ioglycamate, but significancy more so than iodoxamate. Plasma protein binding depends on contrast concentration in the plasma, as does excretion in the urine. Biliary transport rate and maximal iodine concentration in the gall bladder are higher after injections of iotroxinate and iodoxamate than after ioglycamate."}
{"id": "PMID:139353", "title": "[Neurogenic urethra. Urethrogram and pathophysiological aspects].", "content": "In the analysis of neurogenic urinary voiding disturbances, too much attention has been paid to the bladder, too little to the muscular tubing of the posterior urethra and to the pelvic floor. Contrast radiography of the urethra in injection and micturition, combined with urodynamic investigations, seemed suitable for comprehension of neurogenic functional disturbances of the posterior urethra and the pelvic floor. A cross section of 143 predominantly traumatic patients and 69 patients with myelomeningocele were investigated radiologically. In addition, in a number of patients urinary flow was determined by uroflowmetry and micturition studies with simultaneous recording of intravesical and intrarectal pressure, of the EMG-activity of the pelvic floor and urinary flow were performed by a special method. The radiologic section shows that the urinary picture of various neurogenic bladder types are characterized by specific changes in form of the posterior urethra. With the help of systematic investigations of a number of cases it was demonstrated that in automatic bladder the roentgen contour of the urethra changes with duration of illness and that primarily secondary, morphologic changes--recognizable at the same time from the increasing number of radiologically demonstrable changes of the prostate and the seminal vesicles--are responsible. Simultaneously a typical deformation of the posterior urethra in passive urinary voiding is described, and attention directed to the fact that the urinary pictures of children with neurogenic impaired urethra sometimes cannot be distinguished from those with urethral values. Urinary flow measurements show that the flow rates from a cross section of patients with lesions of the upper and lower neurons are significantly lower in comparison to normals. With the help of combined urodynamic investigations it was demonstrated that a functional obstruction was present in the neurogenic bladder at the level of spastic and of paretic pelvic floors. It was proved that the roentgenologically visible deformation of the posterior urethra plays a quite decisive role in neurogenically disturbed urinary voiding. It is the main reason why, despite sufficient bladder pressure values, urinary voiding remains unsatisfactory and urinary performance low. Hence the therapeutic consequence follows: an improvement in urinary performance in neurogenic bladder is generally only possible through a decrease in the expulsion resistance. Various operative procedures for the release of bladder outlet obstruction and their uses are discussed.", "contents": "[Neurogenic urethra. Urethrogram and pathophysiological aspects]. In the analysis of neurogenic urinary voiding disturbances, too much attention has been paid to the bladder, too little to the muscular tubing of the posterior urethra and to the pelvic floor. Contrast radiography of the urethra in injection and micturition, combined with urodynamic investigations, seemed suitable for comprehension of neurogenic functional disturbances of the posterior urethra and the pelvic floor. A cross section of 143 predominantly traumatic patients and 69 patients with myelomeningocele were investigated radiologically. In addition, in a number of patients urinary flow was determined by uroflowmetry and micturition studies with simultaneous recording of intravesical and intrarectal pressure, of the EMG-activity of the pelvic floor and urinary flow were performed by a special method. The radiologic section shows that the urinary picture of various neurogenic bladder types are characterized by specific changes in form of the posterior urethra. With the help of systematic investigations of a number of cases it was demonstrated that in automatic bladder the roentgen contour of the urethra changes with duration of illness and that primarily secondary, morphologic changes--recognizable at the same time from the increasing number of radiologically demonstrable changes of the prostate and the seminal vesicles--are responsible. Simultaneously a typical deformation of the posterior urethra in passive urinary voiding is described, and attention directed to the fact that the urinary pictures of children with neurogenic impaired urethra sometimes cannot be distinguished from those with urethral values. Urinary flow measurements show that the flow rates from a cross section of patients with lesions of the upper and lower neurons are significantly lower in comparison to normals. With the help of combined urodynamic investigations it was demonstrated that a functional obstruction was present in the neurogenic bladder at the level of spastic and of paretic pelvic floors. It was proved that the roentgenologically visible deformation of the posterior urethra plays a quite decisive role in neurogenically disturbed urinary voiding. It is the main reason why, despite sufficient bladder pressure values, urinary voiding remains unsatisfactory and urinary performance low. Hence the therapeutic consequence follows: an improvement in urinary performance in neurogenic bladder is generally only possible through a decrease in the expulsion resistance. Various operative procedures for the release of bladder outlet obstruction and their uses are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139354", "title": "[Acute abdomen in immune complex vasculitis].", "content": "The case of a 51 year old male with 6 months history of loss of weight and abdominal pain is discussed. Laparotomy revealed gangrene of the gall bladder and perforation of the small intestine with consecutive peritonitis. Postmortem examination showed hypertensive intracerebral bleeding and disseminated infarctions of the abdominal organs and the kidneys. Histological findings including immune-fluorescence methods revealed the final diagnosis of immune complex vasculitis.", "contents": "[Acute abdomen in immune complex vasculitis]. The case of a 51 year old male with 6 months history of loss of weight and abdominal pain is discussed. Laparotomy revealed gangrene of the gall bladder and perforation of the small intestine with consecutive peritonitis. Postmortem examination showed hypertensive intracerebral bleeding and disseminated infarctions of the abdominal organs and the kidneys. Histological findings including immune-fluorescence methods revealed the final diagnosis of immune complex vasculitis."}
{"id": "PMID:139356", "title": "Comparative in vivo mutagenicity testing by SCE and micronucleus induction in mouse bone marrow.", "content": "The treatment of mice with repeated injections of BUdR and FUdR allows for the demonstration  of differentially stained metaphases from bone marrow after FPG (fluorescence plus Giemsa; Perry and Wolff, 1974) treatment. Thus, it is possible to determine the number of SCE's under in vivo conditions, which appears as a very promising system for mutagenicity testing. We studied the response of this system in comparison to the micronucleus test using six mutagenic agents: triaziquone, cyclophosphamide (CP),  dimethylphenyltriazene  (PDMT), methylnitronitrosoguandine (MNNG), dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA), and diethylnitrosamine (DENA). With the exception of MNNG and DENA, all these agents induce both, SCE and micronuclei, MNNG and and DENA being ineffective in both systems. The most potent SCE-inducing agent was triaziquone, followed by PDMT, CP, and DMNA. The quantitative comparison indicates that SCE are induced at  1/10-1/100 of the concentrations which are required for the detection of micronuclei.", "contents": "Comparative in vivo mutagenicity testing by SCE and micronucleus induction in mouse bone marrow. The treatment of mice with repeated injections of BUdR and FUdR allows for the demonstration  of differentially stained metaphases from bone marrow after FPG (fluorescence plus Giemsa; Perry and Wolff, 1974) treatment. Thus, it is possible to determine the number of SCE's under in vivo conditions, which appears as a very promising system for mutagenicity testing. We studied the response of this system in comparison to the micronucleus test using six mutagenic agents: triaziquone, cyclophosphamide (CP),  dimethylphenyltriazene  (PDMT), methylnitronitrosoguandine (MNNG), dimethylnitrosamine (DMNA), and diethylnitrosamine (DENA). With the exception of MNNG and DENA, all these agents induce both, SCE and micronuclei, MNNG and and DENA being ineffective in both systems. The most potent SCE-inducing agent was triaziquone, followed by PDMT, CP, and DMNA. The quantitative comparison indicates that SCE are induced at  1/10-1/100 of the concentrations which are required for the detection of micronuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:139357", "title": "Plasma cholinesterase polymorphism in Down's syndrome.", "content": "The plasma cholinesterase variants in 80 patients having Down's syndrome have been examined and compared with a random control sample of individuals domiciled in the same area. Neither a change in frequency of known C5+ variant nor any new variant has been found in the electrophoretic studies. A highly significant increase in frequency of the fluoride resistant gene as well as a significant decrease in frequency of the atypical gene has been found in the Down's syndrome individuals. This altered distribution of the rare phenotype of plasma cholinesterase in mental illness may lead to a useful diagnostic acid in genetic counselling.", "contents": "Plasma cholinesterase polymorphism in Down's syndrome. The plasma cholinesterase variants in 80 patients having Down's syndrome have been examined and compared with a random control sample of individuals domiciled in the same area. Neither a change in frequency of known C5+ variant nor any new variant has been found in the electrophoretic studies. A highly significant increase in frequency of the fluoride resistant gene as well as a significant decrease in frequency of the atypical gene has been found in the Down's syndrome individuals. This altered distribution of the rare phenotype of plasma cholinesterase in mental illness may lead to a useful diagnostic acid in genetic counselling."}
{"id": "PMID:139359", "title": "Immunologically mediated macrophage aggregation in monolayers of peritoneal cells from BCG-sensitized mice.", "content": "Aggregation of cultured macrophage monolayers derived from BCG-sensitized mice was produced if nonadherent cells and specific antigen (tuberculin) were present, particularly if the antigen was renewed in the form of tubercle bacilli. The evidence indicated that antigen-stimulated BCG-sensitized lymphocytes in these cultures produced a soluble factor, which in the presence of the renewed supply of antigen caused the aggregation. The phenomenon was irreversible and followed by death of the macrophages. The 'overlays' of aggregated monolayers would aggregate normal macrophages, provided that the recipient cultures contain-d their own (normal) lymphocytes as well as antigen; this suggested that cultures of BCG-sensitized peritoneal cells produced a factor able to effect aggregation via the activity of normal lymphocytes. Overlays from aggregated monolayers were able also to inhibit the migration of normal mouse macrophages; this and other evidence suggested a similar origin for the inhibition factor, but the latter's identity with the aggregation factor remains undecided. We conclude that the aggregation factor depends upon the presence of specific antigen both for its formation and its expression.", "contents": "Immunologically mediated macrophage aggregation in monolayers of peritoneal cells from BCG-sensitized mice. Aggregation of cultured macrophage monolayers derived from BCG-sensitized mice was produced if nonadherent cells and specific antigen (tuberculin) were present, particularly if the antigen was renewed in the form of tubercle bacilli. The evidence indicated that antigen-stimulated BCG-sensitized lymphocytes in these cultures produced a soluble factor, which in the presence of the renewed supply of antigen caused the aggregation. The phenomenon was irreversible and followed by death of the macrophages. The 'overlays' of aggregated monolayers would aggregate normal macrophages, provided that the recipient cultures contain-d their own (normal) lymphocytes as well as antigen; this suggested that cultures of BCG-sensitized peritoneal cells produced a factor able to effect aggregation via the activity of normal lymphocytes. Overlays from aggregated monolayers were able also to inhibit the migration of normal mouse macrophages; this and other evidence suggested a similar origin for the inhibition factor, but the latter's identity with the aggregation factor remains undecided. We conclude that the aggregation factor depends upon the presence of specific antigen both for its formation and its expression."}
{"id": "PMID:139360", "title": "T-and B-lymphocyte chimerism in the marmoset.", "content": "Marmosets are natural blood chimeras, this condition resulting from the high frequency of fraternal twinning and the consistent development of placental vasular anastomoses between the two embryos. Identification of chimerism by sex-chromosome analysis of cultured blood lymphocytes provided a means of determining the proportion of chimerism among T and B lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were enriched for T or B cells by filtration through a nylon column (yields greater than 95 per cent T-cells) or inactivation of T lymphocytes by treatment with a goat anti-marmoset thymocyte antiserum in the presence of complement (yeilds greater than 95 per cent B cells). Mitogenic stimulation of these separated, enriched cell populations yielded metaphase plates which could be scored for percentage male and female cells. Tests on five different blood chimeras showed the T- and B-lymphocyte chimerism to be the same. Stimulation of blood lymphocytes with cells from another species of marmoset in a mixed lymphocyte culture test revealed the chimeric T-cell response (i.e., host and co-twin cells) to be similar to that obtained with a mitogenic lectin. The demonstration of equivalent T- and B-cell chimerism in these animals suggests derivation of these cells from a common stem cell pool and the response of both T-cell populations to an antigenic stimulus in proportions similar to their percentage chimerism suggests complete immunologic tolerance exists in this species for co-twin histocompatibility antigens.", "contents": "T-and B-lymphocyte chimerism in the marmoset. Marmosets are natural blood chimeras, this condition resulting from the high frequency of fraternal twinning and the consistent development of placental vasular anastomoses between the two embryos. Identification of chimerism by sex-chromosome analysis of cultured blood lymphocytes provided a means of determining the proportion of chimerism among T and B lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were enriched for T or B cells by filtration through a nylon column (yields greater than 95 per cent T-cells) or inactivation of T lymphocytes by treatment with a goat anti-marmoset thymocyte antiserum in the presence of complement (yeilds greater than 95 per cent B cells). Mitogenic stimulation of these separated, enriched cell populations yielded metaphase plates which could be scored for percentage male and female cells. Tests on five different blood chimeras showed the T- and B-lymphocyte chimerism to be the same. Stimulation of blood lymphocytes with cells from another species of marmoset in a mixed lymphocyte culture test revealed the chimeric T-cell response (i.e., host and co-twin cells) to be similar to that obtained with a mitogenic lectin. The demonstration of equivalent T- and B-cell chimerism in these animals suggests derivation of these cells from a common stem cell pool and the response of both T-cell populations to an antigenic stimulus in proportions similar to their percentage chimerism suggests complete immunologic tolerance exists in this species for co-twin histocompatibility antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:139361", "title": "Human mixed lymphocyte culture using separated lymphocyte populations.", "content": "The ability of human blood lymphocyte populations enriched with T or B cells to act as responder and stimulator populations in the one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was investigated. T- and B-cell-enriched populations were obtained by separation of rosette-forming and non rosette-forming cells and T-cell-enriched populations were also obtained by nylon-fibre column filtration. Using cells prepared by rosette sedimentation, control unseparated and T-cell-enriched populations responded well when stimulated by mitomycin C-treated unseparated cells from a second individual; and stimulation by T- and B-enriched populations generally produced some response, although the magnitude was variable. B-cell-enriched populations gave virtually no response regardless of the composition of the stimulating populations. Nylon-column-enriched T-cell populations responded to stimulation by control unseparated cells but not to T cells purified by the same procedure. T-cell enriched populations prepared by the two methods thus had different activities in the MLR despite containing similar numbers of T cells suggesting that other factors, such as the presence of small numbers of accessory cells, are important in determining the magnitude of the MLR.", "contents": "Human mixed lymphocyte culture using separated lymphocyte populations. The ability of human blood lymphocyte populations enriched with T or B cells to act as responder and stimulator populations in the one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was investigated. T- and B-cell-enriched populations were obtained by separation of rosette-forming and non rosette-forming cells and T-cell-enriched populations were also obtained by nylon-fibre column filtration. Using cells prepared by rosette sedimentation, control unseparated and T-cell-enriched populations responded well when stimulated by mitomycin C-treated unseparated cells from a second individual; and stimulation by T- and B-enriched populations generally produced some response, although the magnitude was variable. B-cell-enriched populations gave virtually no response regardless of the composition of the stimulating populations. Nylon-column-enriched T-cell populations responded to stimulation by control unseparated cells but not to T cells purified by the same procedure. T-cell enriched populations prepared by the two methods thus had different activities in the MLR despite containing similar numbers of T cells suggesting that other factors, such as the presence of small numbers of accessory cells, are important in determining the magnitude of the MLR."}
{"id": "PMID:139372", "title": "The application of economic analysis to evaluation of alcoholism rehabilitation programs.", "content": "We have presented an algorithm designed to facilitate the application of economic analysis to the evaluation of individual alcoholism rehabilitation programs. In doing so we have attempted to delineate the limitations of such analyses as well as the type and value of information they provide. After a brief review of the basic principles of cost-benefit analysis and a listing of the economic costs of alcoholism, a case study was developed as an heuristic device to illustrate the algorithm and the potential utility of cost-benefit analysis, particularly when used in conjunction with sensitivity analysis, as a logical framework for the evaluation effort.", "contents": "The application of economic analysis to evaluation of alcoholism rehabilitation programs. We have presented an algorithm designed to facilitate the application of economic analysis to the evaluation of individual alcoholism rehabilitation programs. In doing so we have attempted to delineate the limitations of such analyses as well as the type and value of information they provide. After a brief review of the basic principles of cost-benefit analysis and a listing of the economic costs of alcoholism, a case study was developed as an heuristic device to illustrate the algorithm and the potential utility of cost-benefit analysis, particularly when used in conjunction with sensitivity analysis, as a logical framework for the evaluation effort."}
{"id": "PMID:139377", "title": "Altered immune responsiveness associated with Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits.", "content": "The variation in immune response of two unrelated colonies of laboratory rabbits to high doses of heat-killed Brucella abortus strain 19 was investigated. One was a mixed-breed, multicolored colony in which a high prevalence of encephalitozoonosis had been recorded, whereas the other rabbits were derived from a colony of Dutch-marked specific-pathogen-free rabits. Although considerable variation in the immune response between individual rabbits was noticed at all bleeds, rabbits infected with Encephalitozoon cuniculi showed, on comparison with uninfected rabbits from either colony, a depressed immunoglobulin G response from week 5 of the antigen injection schedule and, from week 8, an elevated immunoglobulin M response.", "contents": "Altered immune responsiveness associated with Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection in rabbits. The variation in immune response of two unrelated colonies of laboratory rabbits to high doses of heat-killed Brucella abortus strain 19 was investigated. One was a mixed-breed, multicolored colony in which a high prevalence of encephalitozoonosis had been recorded, whereas the other rabbits were derived from a colony of Dutch-marked specific-pathogen-free rabits. Although considerable variation in the immune response between individual rabbits was noticed at all bleeds, rabbits infected with Encephalitozoon cuniculi showed, on comparison with uninfected rabbits from either colony, a depressed immunoglobulin G response from week 5 of the antigen injection schedule and, from week 8, an elevated immunoglobulin M response."}
{"id": "PMID:139378", "title": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in mice. I. Necessary conditions for the detection of delayed-type hypersensitivity.", "content": "Footpad assay of delayed-type hypersensitivity to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied. Injection of saline solution of BSA (S-BSA) into footpads of sensitized mice resulted in the development of only the local Arthus-type reaction. Injection of alumprecipitated BSA (AP-BSA), however, was effective in generating both Arthus- and delayed-type reactions. The difference between S-BSA and AP-BSA in the ability of elicitation of delayed-type reaction may be attributable to the difference in the retention of these two forms of antigen in the footpad, since S-BSA was found to be eliminated much more rapidly from footpads than AP-BSA.", "contents": "Cell-mediated and humoral immune responses in mice. I. Necessary conditions for the detection of delayed-type hypersensitivity. Footpad assay of delayed-type hypersensitivity to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied. Injection of saline solution of BSA (S-BSA) into footpads of sensitized mice resulted in the development of only the local Arthus-type reaction. Injection of alumprecipitated BSA (AP-BSA), however, was effective in generating both Arthus- and delayed-type reactions. The difference between S-BSA and AP-BSA in the ability of elicitation of delayed-type reaction may be attributable to the difference in the retention of these two forms of antigen in the footpad, since S-BSA was found to be eliminated much more rapidly from footpads than AP-BSA."}
{"id": "PMID:139383", "title": "Tissue culture of lens epithelial cells from normal and Nakano mice.", "content": "Lens epithelial cells from normal and Nakano adult mice have been cultured for over 1 year, and the cells have retained certain differentiated characteristics. Fluorescent antibody to mouse gamma crystallin reacted with the spherical lentoid bodies which appeared approximately 2 weeks after the start of the culture. The lentoid bodies also contained cells which had few cell organelles and homogenous cytoplasms. Both gamma crystallin production and loss of cellular organelles are characteristics of differentiated fiber cells rather than epithelial cells. An inhibitor of the Na-K ATPase is responsible for the hydration and subsequent cataract formation in the Nakamo mouse. The inhibitor of the Na-K ATPase was demonstrated in the lens in culture from the Nakamo mice, but no inhibitory activity was detected in the cultures from normal mice.", "contents": "Tissue culture of lens epithelial cells from normal and Nakano mice. Lens epithelial cells from normal and Nakano adult mice have been cultured for over 1 year, and the cells have retained certain differentiated characteristics. Fluorescent antibody to mouse gamma crystallin reacted with the spherical lentoid bodies which appeared approximately 2 weeks after the start of the culture. The lentoid bodies also contained cells which had few cell organelles and homogenous cytoplasms. Both gamma crystallin production and loss of cellular organelles are characteristics of differentiated fiber cells rather than epithelial cells. An inhibitor of the Na-K ATPase is responsible for the hydration and subsequent cataract formation in the Nakamo mouse. The inhibitor of the Na-K ATPase was demonstrated in the lens in culture from the Nakamo mice, but no inhibitory activity was detected in the cultures from normal mice."}
{"id": "PMID:139387", "title": "A comparative histochemical study of the masseter muscle of the cattle, sheep, swine, dog, guinea pig, and rat.", "content": "The masseter muscles of different mammals were studied by means of hisotchemical reactions: NADH: Nitro BT oxidoreductase (NADHOX), 3-hydroxybutyrate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (HBOX), glycerol-3-phosphate: menadione oxidoreductase (GPOX), and acid-stable and alkali-stable myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The masseter mucles of cattle and sheep consisted only of the fibres that reacted moderately for GPOX and strongly for NADHOX, HBOX, and the acid-stable ATPase. The masseter fibres of rats and guinea pigs reacted uniformly and strongly for GPOX and the alkali-stable ATPase. The fibres of the rats showed a weak to strong reaction for NADHOX and mostly a negative reaction for HBOX, whereas those of the guinea pigs reacted uniformly and strongly for NADHOX and HBOX.The masseter fibres of swine and dogs showed a weak or strong reaction for the alkali-stable and a negative or weak reation for HBOX. The fibres of the swine were weak to strong in NADHOX activity and those of the dogs uniformly strong; the fibres of the two species gave a moderate to strong reaction for GPOX. The masseter fibres of the ruminant differed from those of the other species in histochemical properties, and appeared to have the histochemical characteristics that meed functional demands for slow, long-term exercise.", "contents": "A comparative histochemical study of the masseter muscle of the cattle, sheep, swine, dog, guinea pig, and rat. The masseter muscles of different mammals were studied by means of hisotchemical reactions: NADH: Nitro BT oxidoreductase (NADHOX), 3-hydroxybutyrate: NAD+ oxidoreductase (HBOX), glycerol-3-phosphate: menadione oxidoreductase (GPOX), and acid-stable and alkali-stable myosin adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase). The masseter mucles of cattle and sheep consisted only of the fibres that reacted moderately for GPOX and strongly for NADHOX, HBOX, and the acid-stable ATPase. The masseter fibres of rats and guinea pigs reacted uniformly and strongly for GPOX and the alkali-stable ATPase. The fibres of the rats showed a weak to strong reaction for NADHOX and mostly a negative reaction for HBOX, whereas those of the guinea pigs reacted uniformly and strongly for NADHOX and HBOX.The masseter fibres of swine and dogs showed a weak or strong reaction for the alkali-stable and a negative or weak reation for HBOX. The fibres of the swine were weak to strong in NADHOX activity and those of the dogs uniformly strong; the fibres of the two species gave a moderate to strong reaction for GPOX. The masseter fibres of the ruminant differed from those of the other species in histochemical properties, and appeared to have the histochemical characteristics that meed functional demands for slow, long-term exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:139384", "title": "Metabolic evaluation of sexual dimorphism. V. Action of testosterone on the phosphofructokinase of mice submaxillary gland cells in vitro.", "content": "1) The kinetics of phosphofructokinase and growth rate of submaxillary gland cells of C3H mice of both sexes in presence and in absence of testosterone have been studied. 2) Both enzymes show sigmoidal kinetics, with Hill's coefficient higher for the females. 3) The maximal activity is remarkably more elevated for the males. 4) The testosterone modifies the growth rate and the kinetic properties of the phosphofructokinase and these modifications depend on the sex.", "contents": "Metabolic evaluation of sexual dimorphism. V. Action of testosterone on the phosphofructokinase of mice submaxillary gland cells in vitro. 1) The kinetics of phosphofructokinase and growth rate of submaxillary gland cells of C3H mice of both sexes in presence and in absence of testosterone have been studied. 2) Both enzymes show sigmoidal kinetics, with Hill's coefficient higher for the females. 3) The maximal activity is remarkably more elevated for the males. 4) The testosterone modifies the growth rate and the kinetic properties of the phosphofructokinase and these modifications depend on the sex."}
{"id": "PMID:139400", "title": "Depressed lymphocyte responsiveness in autistic children.", "content": "Although there are associations linking autism with prenatal rubella, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, and varicella, the etiology of the autistic state remains obscure. Host defense against the etiologic agents postulated to be responsible for the autism-associated syndromes is believed to be primarily of the cell-mediated type. In this preliminary study, cellular immune function was assessed in vitro by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of lymphocyte cultures. Twelve autistic children and 13 control subjects were compared. The autistic group exhibited a depressed lymphocyte transformation response to PHA when compared to the control subjects (p less than .01).", "contents": "Depressed lymphocyte responsiveness in autistic children. Although there are associations linking autism with prenatal rubella, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, and varicella, the etiology of the autistic state remains obscure. Host defense against the etiologic agents postulated to be responsible for the autism-associated syndromes is believed to be primarily of the cell-mediated type. In this preliminary study, cellular immune function was assessed in vitro by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation of lymphocyte cultures. Twelve autistic children and 13 control subjects were compared. The autistic group exhibited a depressed lymphocyte transformation response to PHA when compared to the control subjects (p less than .01)."}
{"id": "PMID:139401", "title": "Adenosine 5'-triphosphate-linked transhydrogenase in cytoplasmic membranes of colicin-treated and untreated Escherichia coli.", "content": "The adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-linked transhydrogenase reaction, present in the particulate fractions of Escherichia coli, was previously shown to be inhibited in these fractions when the bacteria were treated with colicins K or El. The purpose of this study was to characterized the ATP-linked transhydrogenase reaction and the colicin-caused inhibition of the reaction in purified cytoplasmic membranes. Particulate fractions from bacteria treated or untreated with colicins were separated on sucrose gradients into cell wall membrane and cytoplasmic membrane fractions. The ATP-linked transhydrogenase reaction was found to be exclusively associated with the cytoplasmic membrane fractions. The reaction was inhibited by carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenlhdrazone, dinitrophenol, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and trypsin. Although the cytoplasmic membrane fractions were purified from the majoriy of the cell wall membrane and its bound colicins, they showed the inhibitory effects of colicins K and El on the ATP-linked transhydrogenase reaction. The inhibition of ATP-linked transhydrogenase reaction induced by the colicin could not be reversed by subjection the isolated membranes to a variety of physical and chemical treatments. Cytoplasmic membranes depleted of energy-transducing adenosine triphosphatase ATPase) complex (coupling factor) lost the ATP-linked transhydrogenase activity. The ATPase complexes isolated from membranes of bacteria treated or untreated with colicins El or K reconstituted high levels of ATP-linded transhydrogenase activity to depleted membranes of untreated bacteria. The same ATPase complexes reconstituted low levels of activity to depleted membranes of the treated bacteria.", "contents": "Adenosine 5'-triphosphate-linked transhydrogenase in cytoplasmic membranes of colicin-treated and untreated Escherichia coli. The adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)-linked transhydrogenase reaction, present in the particulate fractions of Escherichia coli, was previously shown to be inhibited in these fractions when the bacteria were treated with colicins K or El. The purpose of this study was to characterized the ATP-linked transhydrogenase reaction and the colicin-caused inhibition of the reaction in purified cytoplasmic membranes. Particulate fractions from bacteria treated or untreated with colicins were separated on sucrose gradients into cell wall membrane and cytoplasmic membrane fractions. The ATP-linked transhydrogenase reaction was found to be exclusively associated with the cytoplasmic membrane fractions. The reaction was inhibited by carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenlhdrazone, dinitrophenol, N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, and trypsin. Although the cytoplasmic membrane fractions were purified from the majoriy of the cell wall membrane and its bound colicins, they showed the inhibitory effects of colicins K and El on the ATP-linked transhydrogenase reaction. The inhibition of ATP-linked transhydrogenase reaction induced by the colicin could not be reversed by subjection the isolated membranes to a variety of physical and chemical treatments. Cytoplasmic membranes depleted of energy-transducing adenosine triphosphatase ATPase) complex (coupling factor) lost the ATP-linked transhydrogenase activity. The ATPase complexes isolated from membranes of bacteria treated or untreated with colicins El or K reconstituted high levels of ATP-linded transhydrogenase activity to depleted membranes of untreated bacteria. The same ATPase complexes reconstituted low levels of activity to depleted membranes of the treated bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:139402", "title": "Genetic and kinetic analysis of Neurospora crassa mtr mutants.", "content": "Allelic complementation occurs at the mtr (methyltryptophan resistance) locus. Kinetic properties of neutral amino acid transport are altered for mtr mutants.", "contents": "Genetic and kinetic analysis of Neurospora crassa mtr mutants. Allelic complementation occurs at the mtr (methyltryptophan resistance) locus. Kinetic properties of neutral amino acid transport are altered for mtr mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:139403", "title": "Uptake of calcium ions into microsomes isolated from Physarum polycephalum.", "content": "Membranous vesicles (microsomes) were isolated from plasmodia of the acellular slime mold, Physarum polycephalum. The microsomes were about 0.2 about 0.2 micronM in diameter, and about 10 nm thick. The main protein component of the vesicles had a molecular weight of 100,000 daltons. Calcium ions were taken up by the microsomes only in the presence of Mg2+- ATP. The maximum amount of Ca2+ ions accumulated in the microsomes was 0.24 micronmole/mg protein. The Ca2+ uptake was not accelerated by oxalate. The ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity required Ca2+ ions for full activation. The concentration of Ca2+ ions required for half-maximum activation was about 1 micronM. The Km and Vm values were 53 micronM and 1.6 micronmole/(mg-min), respectively. About 0.2 mole of Ca2+ ions was taken up by the microsomes, coupled with the hydrolysis of 1 mole of ATP. THE ATPase activity and Ca2+ uptake of the microsomes were not inhibited by sodium azide. Furthermore, electron microscopic examination showed that mitochondrial contamination was slight. These results suggest that a vesicular calcium transport system, analogous to the sacroplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle, is involved in regulation of the Ca2+ concentration in plasmodia of Physarum.", "contents": "Uptake of calcium ions into microsomes isolated from Physarum polycephalum. Membranous vesicles (microsomes) were isolated from plasmodia of the acellular slime mold, Physarum polycephalum. The microsomes were about 0.2 about 0.2 micronM in diameter, and about 10 nm thick. The main protein component of the vesicles had a molecular weight of 100,000 daltons. Calcium ions were taken up by the microsomes only in the presence of Mg2+- ATP. The maximum amount of Ca2+ ions accumulated in the microsomes was 0.24 micronmole/mg protein. The Ca2+ uptake was not accelerated by oxalate. The ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity required Ca2+ ions for full activation. The concentration of Ca2+ ions required for half-maximum activation was about 1 micronM. The Km and Vm values were 53 micronM and 1.6 micronmole/(mg-min), respectively. About 0.2 mole of Ca2+ ions was taken up by the microsomes, coupled with the hydrolysis of 1 mole of ATP. THE ATPase activity and Ca2+ uptake of the microsomes were not inhibited by sodium azide. Furthermore, electron microscopic examination showed that mitochondrial contamination was slight. These results suggest that a vesicular calcium transport system, analogous to the sacroplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle, is involved in regulation of the Ca2+ concentration in plasmodia of Physarum."}
{"id": "PMID:139404", "title": "Essential factor of gizzard \"troponin\" fraction. A new type of regulatory protein.", "content": "The physiological activity of gizzard \"troponin\" fraction ((1975) J. Biochem. 78, 859) was shown to be due to the 80,000 dalton component.", "contents": "Essential factor of gizzard \"troponin\" fraction. A new type of regulatory protein. The physiological activity of gizzard \"troponin\" fraction ((1975) J. Biochem. 78, 859) was shown to be due to the 80,000 dalton component."}
{"id": "PMID:139405", "title": "Temperature induced analog reaction of adenylyl imidodiphosphate to an intermediate step of heavy meromyosin adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "The UV absorption difference spectrum of heavy meromyosin induced by adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) was found to be changed by temperature. At higher temperatures, the shape of the difference spectrum resembled the ATP-form of difference spectrum induced by ATP. At lower temperatures, a different shape was observed, resembling that induced by ADP. This temperature transition was found in the presence of both MgCl2 and MnCl2. The transition temperatures, were 21 degrees and 9 degrees in the presence of MnCl2 and MgCl2, respectively. A similar temperature dependence was observed with the difference spectrum induced by ATP at the steady state. The transition temperatures in this case were 11 degrees and 4.5 degrees in the presence of MnCl2 and MgCl2, respectively. The similarity of the effects of the two kinds of divalent cation on both transitions indicates that the temperature induced transition between two species of heavy meromyosin-AMP-PNP complex mimics the step in APTase [EC 3.6.1.3] reaction in which the intermediate complex showing the ATP-form of difference spectrum changes to that showing the ADP-form. The equilibrium constant of the decay step of the ATP-form of difference spectrum to the ADP-form in ATPase is, therefore, thought to be highly temperature dependent. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated for the transition between the two species of heavy meromyosin AMP-PNP complex. Large decreases in enthalpy and entropy were observed, while the standard free energy change was small. The results suggest that the intermediate showing the ATP-form of difference spectrum hardly changes to the forward direction in the ATPase reaction at higher temperature. The complex appears to be so stable in the steady state that almost all the myosin is present as this complex. The decay step in ATPase of the difference spectrum from the ATP-form to to the ADP-form may be coupled to muscular contraction. The temperature induced transition of heavy meromyosin AMP-PNP complex may, therefore, provide information concerning the state of myosin in active muscles.", "contents": "Temperature induced analog reaction of adenylyl imidodiphosphate to an intermediate step of heavy meromyosin adenosine triphosphatase. The UV absorption difference spectrum of heavy meromyosin induced by adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) was found to be changed by temperature. At higher temperatures, the shape of the difference spectrum resembled the ATP-form of difference spectrum induced by ATP. At lower temperatures, a different shape was observed, resembling that induced by ADP. This temperature transition was found in the presence of both MgCl2 and MnCl2. The transition temperatures, were 21 degrees and 9 degrees in the presence of MnCl2 and MgCl2, respectively. A similar temperature dependence was observed with the difference spectrum induced by ATP at the steady state. The transition temperatures in this case were 11 degrees and 4.5 degrees in the presence of MnCl2 and MgCl2, respectively. The similarity of the effects of the two kinds of divalent cation on both transitions indicates that the temperature induced transition between two species of heavy meromyosin-AMP-PNP complex mimics the step in APTase [EC 3.6.1.3] reaction in which the intermediate complex showing the ATP-form of difference spectrum changes to that showing the ADP-form. The equilibrium constant of the decay step of the ATP-form of difference spectrum to the ADP-form in ATPase is, therefore, thought to be highly temperature dependent. Thermodynamic parameters were calculated for the transition between the two species of heavy meromyosin AMP-PNP complex. Large decreases in enthalpy and entropy were observed, while the standard free energy change was small. The results suggest that the intermediate showing the ATP-form of difference spectrum hardly changes to the forward direction in the ATPase reaction at higher temperature. The complex appears to be so stable in the steady state that almost all the myosin is present as this complex. The decay step in ATPase of the difference spectrum from the ATP-form to to the ADP-form may be coupled to muscular contraction. The temperature induced transition of heavy meromyosin AMP-PNP complex may, therefore, provide information concerning the state of myosin in active muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:139406", "title": "Distribution of keratan sulfate in cartilage proteoglycans.", "content": "After chondroitinase digestion of bovine nasal and tracheal cartilage proteoglycans, subsequent treatment with trypsin or trypsin followed by chymotrypsin yielded two major types of polypeptide-glycosaminoglycan fragments which could be separated by Sepharose 6B chromatography. One fragment, located close to the hyaluronic acid-binding region of the protein core, had a high relative keratan sulfate content. This fragment contained about 60% of the total keratan sulfate, but less than 10% of the total chondroitin sulfate present in the original proteoglycan preparation. The weight average molecular weight of the keratan sulfate-enriched fragment was 122,000, as determined by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. The chemical and physical data indicate that this fragment contains an average of 10 to 15 keratan sulfate chains, if the average molecular weight of individual chains is assumed to be about 8,000, and about 5 chondroitin sulfate chains attached to a peptide of about 20,000 daltons. The other population of fragments was derived from the other end of the proteoglycan molecule, the chondroitin sulfate-enriched region, and contained mainly chondroitin sulfate chains. About 90% of the total chondroitin sulfate, but only 20 to 30% of the total keratan sulfate was recovered in these fragments. On the average, approximately 5 chondroitin sulfate chains and 1 keratan sulfate chain could be linked to the same peptide. Another 10 to 20% of the total keratan sulfate, originally found in or near the hyaluronic acid-binding region, was not separated from the chondroitin sulfate-enriched fragments. Hydroxylamine could be used to liberate a large molecular size, chondroitin sulfate-enriched fragment (Kav 0.54 on Sepharose 2B) from the proteoglycan aggregates. The remainder of the protein core, containing the keratan sulfate-enriched region, was bound to hyaluronic acid with the link proteins and recovered in the void volume on the Sepharose 2B column.", "contents": "Distribution of keratan sulfate in cartilage proteoglycans. After chondroitinase digestion of bovine nasal and tracheal cartilage proteoglycans, subsequent treatment with trypsin or trypsin followed by chymotrypsin yielded two major types of polypeptide-glycosaminoglycan fragments which could be separated by Sepharose 6B chromatography. One fragment, located close to the hyaluronic acid-binding region of the protein core, had a high relative keratan sulfate content. This fragment contained about 60% of the total keratan sulfate, but less than 10% of the total chondroitin sulfate present in the original proteoglycan preparation. The weight average molecular weight of the keratan sulfate-enriched fragment was 122,000, as determined by sedimentation equilibrium centrifugation. The chemical and physical data indicate that this fragment contains an average of 10 to 15 keratan sulfate chains, if the average molecular weight of individual chains is assumed to be about 8,000, and about 5 chondroitin sulfate chains attached to a peptide of about 20,000 daltons. The other population of fragments was derived from the other end of the proteoglycan molecule, the chondroitin sulfate-enriched region, and contained mainly chondroitin sulfate chains. About 90% of the total chondroitin sulfate, but only 20 to 30% of the total keratan sulfate was recovered in these fragments. On the average, approximately 5 chondroitin sulfate chains and 1 keratan sulfate chain could be linked to the same peptide. Another 10 to 20% of the total keratan sulfate, originally found in or near the hyaluronic acid-binding region, was not separated from the chondroitin sulfate-enriched fragments. Hydroxylamine could be used to liberate a large molecular size, chondroitin sulfate-enriched fragment (Kav 0.54 on Sepharose 2B) from the proteoglycan aggregates. The remainder of the protein core, containing the keratan sulfate-enriched region, was bound to hyaluronic acid with the link proteins and recovered in the void volume on the Sepharose 2B column."}
{"id": "PMID:139407", "title": "Purification and some properties of the Glu- and Lys-human plasmin heavy chains.", "content": "The heavy polypeptide chains of human Glu-plasmin and human Lys-plasmin have been isolated in native solvents, after partial reduction and carboxymethylation of the corresponding plasmins. Two major forms of each heavy chain can be eluted, after adsorption to Sepharose/lysine, utilizing a gradient of epsilon-aminocaproic acid as the eluant. The elution profile of these heavy chains is practically identical to the elution behavior previously observed for human Glu- and Lys-plasminogen, and human Glu- and Lys-plasmin adsorbed to these columns. Sedimentation velocity analysis of the heavy chain of human Glu-plasmin, in the presence of epsilon-aminocaproic acid, demonstrated that a gross conformational alteration occurs in this peptide accompanying binding of this amino acid. A much smaller conformational alteration occurs under similar circumstances with the human Lys-plasmin heavy chain. We find that the NH2-terminal peptide released in the Glu-plasminogen to Lys-plasminogen and Glu-plasmin to Lys-plasmin conversions is also released in the Glu-plasmin heavy chain to Lys-plasmin heavy chain conversion. This reaction is catalyzed at a significant rate only by plasmin and not by urokinase. Finally, no strong interaction between streptokinase and the isolated plasmin heavy chains is observed.", "contents": "Purification and some properties of the Glu- and Lys-human plasmin heavy chains. The heavy polypeptide chains of human Glu-plasmin and human Lys-plasmin have been isolated in native solvents, after partial reduction and carboxymethylation of the corresponding plasmins. Two major forms of each heavy chain can be eluted, after adsorption to Sepharose/lysine, utilizing a gradient of epsilon-aminocaproic acid as the eluant. The elution profile of these heavy chains is practically identical to the elution behavior previously observed for human Glu- and Lys-plasminogen, and human Glu- and Lys-plasmin adsorbed to these columns. Sedimentation velocity analysis of the heavy chain of human Glu-plasmin, in the presence of epsilon-aminocaproic acid, demonstrated that a gross conformational alteration occurs in this peptide accompanying binding of this amino acid. A much smaller conformational alteration occurs under similar circumstances with the human Lys-plasmin heavy chain. We find that the NH2-terminal peptide released in the Glu-plasminogen to Lys-plasminogen and Glu-plasmin to Lys-plasmin conversions is also released in the Glu-plasmin heavy chain to Lys-plasmin heavy chain conversion. This reaction is catalyzed at a significant rate only by plasmin and not by urokinase. Finally, no strong interaction between streptokinase and the isolated plasmin heavy chains is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:139408", "title": "Molecular organization of subunits of electroplax (sodium plus potassium)--activated adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Antisera against each of the two major subunits of detergent-solubilized electroplax (sodium plus potassium)-activated adenosine triphosphatase from Electrophorus electricus were prepared. Antiserum against the small subunit (a glycoprotein, Mr = 58,000) partially inhibits [3H]ouabain binding to the enzyme, but does not interfere with the phosphorylation of enzyme. Conversely, antiserum against the large subunit (the catalytic subunit Mr = 96,000) partially inhibits phosphorylation of the enzyme, but does not interfere with the binding of [3H]ouabain to the enzyme. Since ouabain only interacts with enzyme from the outer surface of the membrane and phosphorylation of enzyme takes place on the inner surface of the membrane, the results suggest that the small subunits are exposed on the outer surface of the membrane, whereas the large subunits are oriented predominantely facing the cytoplasmic side.", "contents": "Molecular organization of subunits of electroplax (sodium plus potassium)--activated adenosine triphosphatase. Antisera against each of the two major subunits of detergent-solubilized electroplax (sodium plus potassium)-activated adenosine triphosphatase from Electrophorus electricus were prepared. Antiserum against the small subunit (a glycoprotein, Mr = 58,000) partially inhibits [3H]ouabain binding to the enzyme, but does not interfere with the phosphorylation of enzyme. Conversely, antiserum against the large subunit (the catalytic subunit Mr = 96,000) partially inhibits phosphorylation of the enzyme, but does not interfere with the binding of [3H]ouabain to the enzyme. Since ouabain only interacts with enzyme from the outer surface of the membrane and phosphorylation of enzyme takes place on the inner surface of the membrane, the results suggest that the small subunits are exposed on the outer surface of the membrane, whereas the large subunits are oriented predominantely facing the cytoplasmic side."}
{"id": "PMID:139409", "title": "Mechanism of action of choleragen. Evidence for ADP-ribosyltransferase activity with arginine as an acceptor.", "content": "Choleragen catalyzed the hydrolysis of NAD to ADP-ribose and nicotinamide; nicotinamide production was dramatically increased by L-arginine methyl ester and to a lesser extent by D- or L-arginine, but not by other basic amino acids. Guanidine was also effective. Nicotinamide formation in the presence of L-arginine methyl ester was greatest under conditions previously shown to accelerate the hydrolysis of NAD by choleragen (Moss, J., Manganiello, V. C., and Vaughan, M. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 4424-4427). After incubation of [adenine-U14C]NAD and L[3H]arginine with coleragen, a product was isolated by thin layer chromatography that contained adenine and arginine in a 1:1 ratio and has been tentatively identified as ADP-ribose-L-arginine. Parallel experiments with [carbonyl-14C]NAD have demonstrated that formation of the ADP-ribosyl-L-arginine derivative was associated with the production of [carbonyl-14C]nicotinamide. As guanidine itself was active and D- and L-arginine was equally effective in promoting nicotinamide production, whereas citrulline, which possesses a ureido rather than a guanidino function, was inactive, it seems probable that the guanidino group rather than the alpha-amino moiety participated in the linkage to ADP-ribose. Based on the assumption that the ADP-ribosylation of L-arginine by choleragen is a model for the NAD-dependent activation of adenylate cyclase by choleragen, it is proposed that the active A protomer of choleragen catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of an arginine, or related amino acid residue in a protein, which is the cyclase itself or is critical to its activation by choleragen.", "contents": "Mechanism of action of choleragen. Evidence for ADP-ribosyltransferase activity with arginine as an acceptor. Choleragen catalyzed the hydrolysis of NAD to ADP-ribose and nicotinamide; nicotinamide production was dramatically increased by L-arginine methyl ester and to a lesser extent by D- or L-arginine, but not by other basic amino acids. Guanidine was also effective. Nicotinamide formation in the presence of L-arginine methyl ester was greatest under conditions previously shown to accelerate the hydrolysis of NAD by choleragen (Moss, J., Manganiello, V. C., and Vaughan, M. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 4424-4427). After incubation of [adenine-U14C]NAD and L[3H]arginine with coleragen, a product was isolated by thin layer chromatography that contained adenine and arginine in a 1:1 ratio and has been tentatively identified as ADP-ribose-L-arginine. Parallel experiments with [carbonyl-14C]NAD have demonstrated that formation of the ADP-ribosyl-L-arginine derivative was associated with the production of [carbonyl-14C]nicotinamide. As guanidine itself was active and D- and L-arginine was equally effective in promoting nicotinamide production, whereas citrulline, which possesses a ureido rather than a guanidino function, was inactive, it seems probable that the guanidino group rather than the alpha-amino moiety participated in the linkage to ADP-ribose. Based on the assumption that the ADP-ribosylation of L-arginine by choleragen is a model for the NAD-dependent activation of adenylate cyclase by choleragen, it is proposed that the active A protomer of choleragen catalyzes the ADP-ribosylation of an arginine, or related amino acid residue in a protein, which is the cyclase itself or is critical to its activation by choleragen."}
{"id": "PMID:139411", "title": "Surface characteristics of the cardiac prostheses in vivo.", "content": "The pseudoneointima (PNI) deposited onto a cardiac prosthesis surface reflects many factors of biocompatibility, surface morphology, flow distribution, design, animal's physiological condition, and duration. In the evaluation of any prosthesis, the PNI is one of the prime considerations from both material and functional standpoints. Historically, Dacron fabric has been used as an internal lining for cardiac prostheses. However, we have observed cracks on the Dacron fibers, fiber fracture, fiber protrusion, and poor attachment to the diaphragm, which can cause potentially disastrous complications. In addition, there are basic differences in the PNI formation on aldehyde-treated pericardium and natural aortic valves as compared to the Dacron fabric. 1) Minimal degeneration takes place on the chemically treated natural tissue compared with the fabtic surface. Intact cells on the tissue suggest a greater compatibility. In later specimens (13 and 24 days), there is active cell infiltration onto the pericardium structure with capillary formation. 2) The deposits on natural tissue are mostly fibrin, with minimum cellular involvement and a trend toward reduction in thickness. 3) Fibroblast cells are found on the natural tissue as early as 7 days but were not observed on the Dacron fabrics. Based on these findings, the Dacron fabric-covered diaphragm studied was not favorable for use in long-term implantation of cardiac prostheses.", "contents": "Surface characteristics of the cardiac prostheses in vivo. The pseudoneointima (PNI) deposited onto a cardiac prosthesis surface reflects many factors of biocompatibility, surface morphology, flow distribution, design, animal's physiological condition, and duration. In the evaluation of any prosthesis, the PNI is one of the prime considerations from both material and functional standpoints. Historically, Dacron fabric has been used as an internal lining for cardiac prostheses. However, we have observed cracks on the Dacron fibers, fiber fracture, fiber protrusion, and poor attachment to the diaphragm, which can cause potentially disastrous complications. In addition, there are basic differences in the PNI formation on aldehyde-treated pericardium and natural aortic valves as compared to the Dacron fabric. 1) Minimal degeneration takes place on the chemically treated natural tissue compared with the fabtic surface. Intact cells on the tissue suggest a greater compatibility. In later specimens (13 and 24 days), there is active cell infiltration onto the pericardium structure with capillary formation. 2) The deposits on natural tissue are mostly fibrin, with minimum cellular involvement and a trend toward reduction in thickness. 3) Fibroblast cells are found on the natural tissue as early as 7 days but were not observed on the Dacron fabrics. Based on these findings, the Dacron fabric-covered diaphragm studied was not favorable for use in long-term implantation of cardiac prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:139412", "title": "Chemonucleolysis.", "content": "A prospective study of 480 patients who underwent enzymatic dissolution of the nucleus pulposus with chymopapain is reported. Seventy per cent of patients with the clincial criteria for a disc herniation had a favourable response to chemonucleolysis. The commonest cause of failure was persistent back pain. In patients with sequestered discs or lateral recess stenosis surgical intervention was not made more difficult by chemonucleolysis. Those with a previous operation, spinal stenosis or psychogenic components to the disability had very poor results. Complications were few and easily managed.", "contents": "Chemonucleolysis. A prospective study of 480 patients who underwent enzymatic dissolution of the nucleus pulposus with chymopapain is reported. Seventy per cent of patients with the clincial criteria for a disc herniation had a favourable response to chemonucleolysis. The commonest cause of failure was persistent back pain. In patients with sequestered discs or lateral recess stenosis surgical intervention was not made more difficult by chemonucleolysis. Those with a previous operation, spinal stenosis or psychogenic components to the disability had very poor results. Complications were few and easily managed."}
{"id": "PMID:139414", "title": "Origin of urinary 16 beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone in essential hypertension.", "content": "The excretion rates and precursors of the 3-sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of 16 beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (16 beta-OH DHEA) were measured in normotensive controls and in patients with normal and low renin essential hypertension. The hypertensive subjects, and to the greatest degree those of the low renin subgroup, excreted increased amounts of 16 beta-OH DHEA sulfate and glucuronide and lesser amounts of DHEA sulfate and glucuronide than the controls. The major precursor of the urinary 16 beta-OH DHEA sulfate in the hypertensives was circulating DHEA sulfate, whereas the major precursors of 16 beta-OH DHEA glucuronide were DHEA, DHEA sulfate and 17-OH pregnenolone, as determined from their specific activities. Furthermore, both subgroups of hypertensives had similarly elevated DHEA and DHEA sulfate secretory rates compared to the controls. The stimulus to this increased peripheral conversion of circulating 17-OH pregnenolone, DHEA and DHEA sulfate into 16 beta-OH DHEA conjugates in essential hypertension, especially of the low renin type, is unknown.", "contents": "Origin of urinary 16 beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone in essential hypertension. The excretion rates and precursors of the 3-sulfate and glucuronide conjugates of 16 beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone (16 beta-OH DHEA) were measured in normotensive controls and in patients with normal and low renin essential hypertension. The hypertensive subjects, and to the greatest degree those of the low renin subgroup, excreted increased amounts of 16 beta-OH DHEA sulfate and glucuronide and lesser amounts of DHEA sulfate and glucuronide than the controls. The major precursor of the urinary 16 beta-OH DHEA sulfate in the hypertensives was circulating DHEA sulfate, whereas the major precursors of 16 beta-OH DHEA glucuronide were DHEA, DHEA sulfate and 17-OH pregnenolone, as determined from their specific activities. Furthermore, both subgroups of hypertensives had similarly elevated DHEA and DHEA sulfate secretory rates compared to the controls. The stimulus to this increased peripheral conversion of circulating 17-OH pregnenolone, DHEA and DHEA sulfate into 16 beta-OH DHEA conjugates in essential hypertension, especially of the low renin type, is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:139415", "title": "Effect of prolactin on adrenocortical and gonadal function in normal men.", "content": "Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) and gonadotropins were measured in 3 normal adult men before and after administration of 50 mg ovine prolactin for 5 days. No significant change as a result of ovine prolactin administration was observed in any of the parameters examined.", "contents": "Effect of prolactin on adrenocortical and gonadal function in normal men. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), estrone (E1), estradiol (E2) and gonadotropins were measured in 3 normal adult men before and after administration of 50 mg ovine prolactin for 5 days. No significant change as a result of ovine prolactin administration was observed in any of the parameters examined."}
{"id": "PMID:139416", "title": "Wheel chair transfer techniques for the dental office.", "content": "With the use of these three techniques and variations when necessary, the immobile or partially immobile patient may be moved relatively easily in the dental office. The dentist and his auxiliaries should be able to make the wheel chair transfer a routine and uneventful procedure that will increase the chances of the patient's return in the future.", "contents": "Wheel chair transfer techniques for the dental office. With the use of these three techniques and variations when necessary, the immobile or partially immobile patient may be moved relatively easily in the dental office. The dentist and his auxiliaries should be able to make the wheel chair transfer a routine and uneventful procedure that will increase the chances of the patient's return in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:139417", "title": "A community-based continuing care program for the elderly disabled: an evaluation of planned intermittent hospital readmission.", "content": "Fifty of 217 patients on the Continuing Care Program of a Department of Geriatric Medicine have been studied in detail. All patients had sufficient disability to justify permanent admission to a traditional long stay or chronic unit. Utilizing flexible community-supporting services integrated with a hospital-based program of planned intermittent relief of the patients' supporters, patients were maintained in the community at an average cost of 79.5 hospital bed days per patient per annum. Within the near future, unprecedented numbers of persons over 75 years of age, with a high prevalence of chronic disability, will become the financial responsibility of health care systems of Western countries. The Continuing Care Program described may help contain the increasing demand for permanent admission to hospital and allow the disabled elderly citizen an alternative to institutionalization.", "contents": "A community-based continuing care program for the elderly disabled: an evaluation of planned intermittent hospital readmission. Fifty of 217 patients on the Continuing Care Program of a Department of Geriatric Medicine have been studied in detail. All patients had sufficient disability to justify permanent admission to a traditional long stay or chronic unit. Utilizing flexible community-supporting services integrated with a hospital-based program of planned intermittent relief of the patients' supporters, patients were maintained in the community at an average cost of 79.5 hospital bed days per patient per annum. Within the near future, unprecedented numbers of persons over 75 years of age, with a high prevalence of chronic disability, will become the financial responsibility of health care systems of Western countries. The Continuing Care Program described may help contain the increasing demand for permanent admission to hospital and allow the disabled elderly citizen an alternative to institutionalization."}
{"id": "PMID:139418", "title": "Thrombolysis of palmar and digital arterial thrombosis by intra-arterial Thrombolysin.", "content": "In nine patients, one with bilateral findings, impending gangrene of the hand due to thrombosis of the palmar arch or digital arteries did not respond to current surgical methods or to common nonsurgical measures and was treated by intra-arterial thrombolysin. The author's recommended diagnostic arteriography, direct surgical treatment, if indicated, and specific coagulation studies. Thrombolysin was given by perfusion at a rate of 100,000 U. per hour. Careful monitoring of the clotting process prevented any significant bleeding and excellent recovery occurred in eight hands and there was a good result in two.", "contents": "Thrombolysis of palmar and digital arterial thrombosis by intra-arterial Thrombolysin. In nine patients, one with bilateral findings, impending gangrene of the hand due to thrombosis of the palmar arch or digital arteries did not respond to current surgical methods or to common nonsurgical measures and was treated by intra-arterial thrombolysin. The author's recommended diagnostic arteriography, direct surgical treatment, if indicated, and specific coagulation studies. Thrombolysin was given by perfusion at a rate of 100,000 U. per hour. Careful monitoring of the clotting process prevented any significant bleeding and excellent recovery occurred in eight hands and there was a good result in two."}
{"id": "PMID:139444", "title": "Immunogenicity of human B cell antigens solubilized from cultured human lymphoid cells.", "content": "Antigens solubilized from culured human lymphoid cells WI-L2 and RPMI 1788 were partially purified by ultracentrifugation on a KBr gradient. These antigens injected into rabbits produced xenoantibodies which after absorption with melanoma cells became specific to B cell antigens. Three such xenoantisera were submitted to the Second Histocompatibility Workshop of the Americas and reacted much like alloantisera to B cell antigens against a large panel of B peripheral lymphocytes and cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Xenoantisera to B cell antigens inhibited the mixed lymphocyte reaction, but did not affect the mitogenic activity of phytohemagglutinin or the functional properties of C3 receptors, monkey red blood cell receptors, or T cell receptors.", "contents": "Immunogenicity of human B cell antigens solubilized from cultured human lymphoid cells. Antigens solubilized from culured human lymphoid cells WI-L2 and RPMI 1788 were partially purified by ultracentrifugation on a KBr gradient. These antigens injected into rabbits produced xenoantibodies which after absorption with melanoma cells became specific to B cell antigens. Three such xenoantisera were submitted to the Second Histocompatibility Workshop of the Americas and reacted much like alloantisera to B cell antigens against a large panel of B peripheral lymphocytes and cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Xenoantisera to B cell antigens inhibited the mixed lymphocyte reaction, but did not affect the mitogenic activity of phytohemagglutinin or the functional properties of C3 receptors, monkey red blood cell receptors, or T cell receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:139445", "title": "Quantitative studies on the precursors of cytotoxic lymphocytes. I. Characterization of a clonal assay and determination of the size of clones derived from single precursors.", "content": "A microculture system for estimating the frequency of cytotoxic lymphocyte precursors (CLP) to alloantigens is described. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CL) were generated by culturing limiting numbers of RNC (H-2k)-nu/+lymph node (LN) cells with irradiated C3D2F1 (H-2k/d) spleen cells in the presence of RNC-nu/nu spleen cells for 7 days in microtiter trays. At the end of the culture period, individual wells were assayed for cytotoxic effector cells directed against 51CrP815 (H-2d) target cells. The effector cells generated under these conditions are sensitive to killing by rabbit anti-mouse brain serum and guinea pig complement. The process of differentiation from precursors to CL is radiation sensitive (Do approximately 180 rads). The frequency of precursors for H-2d was calculated by fitting the proportion of nonresponding cultures to the zero order term of the Poisson distribution, Po = e-vn, where Po = per cent nonresponders, v = precursor frequency, and N = number of LN cells cultured per well. The frequency of precursors in the RNC-nu/+LN population responding to the H-2d haplotype was found to be 1 in 776. Under conditions where no backstimulation is possible, the frequency of precursors responding to the H-2d haplotype is 1 in 885 for B6-nu/+LN and 1 in 2550 for B6-nu/+ spleen, respectively. In combination with a visual assay for individual CL, it was found that the average clone size per precursor after 7 days in culture is about 1040. Our assay could detect clones with as few as 40 CL/well. Since the average clone size in 26 times the detection limit, we conclude that the assay for CLP is highly sensitive and does not represent a minimum estimate.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on the precursors of cytotoxic lymphocytes. I. Characterization of a clonal assay and determination of the size of clones derived from single precursors. A microculture system for estimating the frequency of cytotoxic lymphocyte precursors (CLP) to alloantigens is described. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CL) were generated by culturing limiting numbers of RNC (H-2k)-nu/+lymph node (LN) cells with irradiated C3D2F1 (H-2k/d) spleen cells in the presence of RNC-nu/nu spleen cells for 7 days in microtiter trays. At the end of the culture period, individual wells were assayed for cytotoxic effector cells directed against 51CrP815 (H-2d) target cells. The effector cells generated under these conditions are sensitive to killing by rabbit anti-mouse brain serum and guinea pig complement. The process of differentiation from precursors to CL is radiation sensitive (Do approximately 180 rads). The frequency of precursors for H-2d was calculated by fitting the proportion of nonresponding cultures to the zero order term of the Poisson distribution, Po = e-vn, where Po = per cent nonresponders, v = precursor frequency, and N = number of LN cells cultured per well. The frequency of precursors in the RNC-nu/+LN population responding to the H-2d haplotype was found to be 1 in 776. Under conditions where no backstimulation is possible, the frequency of precursors responding to the H-2d haplotype is 1 in 885 for B6-nu/+LN and 1 in 2550 for B6-nu/+ spleen, respectively. In combination with a visual assay for individual CL, it was found that the average clone size per precursor after 7 days in culture is about 1040. Our assay could detect clones with as few as 40 CL/well. Since the average clone size in 26 times the detection limit, we conclude that the assay for CLP is highly sensitive and does not represent a minimum estimate."}
{"id": "PMID:139447", "title": "Human immunodeficiency disease: impairment of cellular interactions leading to abnormal mediator production in mixed lymphocyte culture reaction.", "content": "Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) production in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions is the result of cellular interactions based on two separate phenomena: the capacity of lymphocytes to stimulate in MLC, and the capacity of lymphocytes to respond in MLC. Puromycin-treated lymphocytes are capable of stimulating allogeneic cells for LMIF production, but are unable to respond with synthesis of LMIF (one-way MLC-LMIF test). We have studied the stimulating and responding capacity of lymphocytes from patients with different immunodeficiency syndromes in a one-way MLC-LMIF assay. Lymphocytes from patients known to have qualitative and quantitative defects of T cell or B cell functions (Hodgkin's disease, mycosis fungoides, thymoma, chronic lymphatic leukemia) were found to respond poorly as measured by mediator production although their stimulating fuction was frequently retained. Patients with advanced solid tumors often had both MLC-stimulating and responding functions depressed. There was no apparent correlation between mitogen response and MLC-induced LMIF responses or between MLC proliferative response (as measured by thymidine incorporation) and mediator production. Studying of stimulatory and responding capacity of lymphocytes in the MLC-LMIF assay provides a new tool for assessing immunocompetence and allows for in vitro evaluation of cellular interactions that may play an important role in vivo.", "contents": "Human immunodeficiency disease: impairment of cellular interactions leading to abnormal mediator production in mixed lymphocyte culture reaction. Leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LMIF) production in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions is the result of cellular interactions based on two separate phenomena: the capacity of lymphocytes to stimulate in MLC, and the capacity of lymphocytes to respond in MLC. Puromycin-treated lymphocytes are capable of stimulating allogeneic cells for LMIF production, but are unable to respond with synthesis of LMIF (one-way MLC-LMIF test). We have studied the stimulating and responding capacity of lymphocytes from patients with different immunodeficiency syndromes in a one-way MLC-LMIF assay. Lymphocytes from patients known to have qualitative and quantitative defects of T cell or B cell functions (Hodgkin's disease, mycosis fungoides, thymoma, chronic lymphatic leukemia) were found to respond poorly as measured by mediator production although their stimulating fuction was frequently retained. Patients with advanced solid tumors often had both MLC-stimulating and responding functions depressed. There was no apparent correlation between mitogen response and MLC-induced LMIF responses or between MLC proliferative response (as measured by thymidine incorporation) and mediator production. Studying of stimulatory and responding capacity of lymphocytes in the MLC-LMIF assay provides a new tool for assessing immunocompetence and allows for in vitro evaluation of cellular interactions that may play an important role in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:139448", "title": "Immunoregulatory properties of fractions from human pregnancy urine: evidence that human chorionic gonadotropin is not responsible.", "content": "The immunologically privileged position of the histoin-compatible fetus and placenta is a striking example of a physiologic immunoregulatory mechanism. This study was designed to examine the effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on the recognitive proliferative phase and the cytotoxic effector phase of in vitro cell-mediated immune responsiveness, since HCG has previously been reported to be immunosuppressive in vitro and in vivo. Commercial preparations of HCG were found to be potent inhibitors of lymphocyte proliferative responses to nonspecific mitogens like phytohemagglutinin (PHA), specific antigens such as streptolysin-O (SLO), and allogeneic cells as measured in the one-way mixed leukocyte response. Cytotoxic effector function of lymphocytes as measured by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity were also markedly inhibited by these preparations. However, the 50% inhibitory concentration varied widely from lot to lot of these commercial materials. After dialysis, a portion of the inhibitory activity was lost from some but not all HCG lots. The dialysate from those lots with diminished activity was found to be immunosuppressive in vitro but contained no HCG detectable by radioimmunoassay. Following dialysis, the immunosuppressive activity of the various HCG lots remained variable and correlated poorly with values for HCG obtained by a double antibody radioimmunoassay. HCG preparations purified to a homogeneity sufficient for amino acid sequence were found to be only minimally immunosuppressive to the in vitro PHA response and had almost no effect on proliferative responses to antigens and allogeneic cells. These data do not support the concept of a primary immunoregulatory role for HCG, but they suggest that other uncharacterized compounds partially co-purified from pregnant urine along with HCG may have such immunoregulatory activity. Further characterization and identification of this immunoregulatory material(s) is essential, since it appears to have many of the properties of an ideal immunosuppressive compound: a) nontoxicity, b) ready reversibility, c) activity at very low concentration, and d) activity on a broad range of cellular immune functions.", "contents": "Immunoregulatory properties of fractions from human pregnancy urine: evidence that human chorionic gonadotropin is not responsible. The immunologically privileged position of the histoin-compatible fetus and placenta is a striking example of a physiologic immunoregulatory mechanism. This study was designed to examine the effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on the recognitive proliferative phase and the cytotoxic effector phase of in vitro cell-mediated immune responsiveness, since HCG has previously been reported to be immunosuppressive in vitro and in vivo. Commercial preparations of HCG were found to be potent inhibitors of lymphocyte proliferative responses to nonspecific mitogens like phytohemagglutinin (PHA), specific antigens such as streptolysin-O (SLO), and allogeneic cells as measured in the one-way mixed leukocyte response. Cytotoxic effector function of lymphocytes as measured by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and mitogen-induced cellular cytotoxicity were also markedly inhibited by these preparations. However, the 50% inhibitory concentration varied widely from lot to lot of these commercial materials. After dialysis, a portion of the inhibitory activity was lost from some but not all HCG lots. The dialysate from those lots with diminished activity was found to be immunosuppressive in vitro but contained no HCG detectable by radioimmunoassay. Following dialysis, the immunosuppressive activity of the various HCG lots remained variable and correlated poorly with values for HCG obtained by a double antibody radioimmunoassay. HCG preparations purified to a homogeneity sufficient for amino acid sequence were found to be only minimally immunosuppressive to the in vitro PHA response and had almost no effect on proliferative responses to antigens and allogeneic cells. These data do not support the concept of a primary immunoregulatory role for HCG, but they suggest that other uncharacterized compounds partially co-purified from pregnant urine along with HCG may have such immunoregulatory activity. Further characterization and identification of this immunoregulatory material(s) is essential, since it appears to have many of the properties of an ideal immunosuppressive compound: a) nontoxicity, b) ready reversibility, c) activity at very low concentration, and d) activity on a broad range of cellular immune functions."}
{"id": "PMID:139449", "title": "Effects of lymphocytes from Marek's disease-infected chickens on mitogen responses of syngeneic normal chicken spleen cells.", "content": "PHA responses have been measured in lymphoid cell cultures prepared by mixing normal chicken spleen cells with spleen or thymus cells from syngeneic chickens infected with the oncogenic herpesvirus MDV. Results of these studies may be summarized as follows: 1) spleen cells from MDV-infected chickens with visceral lymphomas inhibit the PHA response of normal spleen cells possibly by release of soluble inhibitory factors in response to the mitogen; 2) lymphoid cells from asymptomatic MDV-infected chickens, although hyporeactive themselves to PHA, can have a stimulatory effect on PHA responses of normal spleen cells in mixed cultures; 3) spleen cells from MDV-infected chickens, effectively protected from viral oncogenesis by HVT vaccination, show normal reactivity to PHA in spearate cultures and may react in mixed cultures like normal lymphocytes, with neither a pronounced stimulatory nor inhibitory effect on the PHA response of normal spleen cells.", "contents": "Effects of lymphocytes from Marek's disease-infected chickens on mitogen responses of syngeneic normal chicken spleen cells. PHA responses have been measured in lymphoid cell cultures prepared by mixing normal chicken spleen cells with spleen or thymus cells from syngeneic chickens infected with the oncogenic herpesvirus MDV. Results of these studies may be summarized as follows: 1) spleen cells from MDV-infected chickens with visceral lymphomas inhibit the PHA response of normal spleen cells possibly by release of soluble inhibitory factors in response to the mitogen; 2) lymphoid cells from asymptomatic MDV-infected chickens, although hyporeactive themselves to PHA, can have a stimulatory effect on PHA responses of normal spleen cells in mixed cultures; 3) spleen cells from MDV-infected chickens, effectively protected from viral oncogenesis by HVT vaccination, show normal reactivity to PHA in spearate cultures and may react in mixed cultures like normal lymphocytes, with neither a pronounced stimulatory nor inhibitory effect on the PHA response of normal spleen cells."}
{"id": "PMID:139450", "title": "Interaction with homologous erythrocytes of rat T cells which act as aggressors in the mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "content": "Substantial percentages of T-enriched spleen lymphocytes or thymocytes of inbred rats were found to form rosettes with the RBC of homologous strains. When an excess of RBC was used, essentially all of the rosette-forming subpopulation of lymphocytes was removed when the rosettes were separated by centrifugation. After depletion of the lymphocytes, reactive with RBC of one strain, most of the lymphocytes reactive with RBC of other strains could be recovered in the supernatant. A very large percentage of lymphocytes of the BN strain formed rosettes when a mixture of the RBC of five other strains was tested; the percentage was, however, somewhat lower than that predicted on the basis of complete additivity. Rosettes dissociated when warmed to 37 degrees C. The lymphocytes recovered were unable to form rosettes again. In nearly all instances, the subpopulation that formed rosettes with RBC of a given strain included essentially all of the lymphocytes that acted as aggressors against peripheral leukocytes or mytomycin C-treated thymocytes of that strain; the lymphocytes in the supernatant always retained activity as aggressors against the leukocytes of one or more other strains and retained their responsiveness to PHA. Lymphocytes recovered from rosettes, by warming to 37 degrees C, were highly reactive as aggressors in the MLR against the strain providing the RBC. Varying degrees of reactivity were noted against leukocytes of other strains.", "contents": "Interaction with homologous erythrocytes of rat T cells which act as aggressors in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Substantial percentages of T-enriched spleen lymphocytes or thymocytes of inbred rats were found to form rosettes with the RBC of homologous strains. When an excess of RBC was used, essentially all of the rosette-forming subpopulation of lymphocytes was removed when the rosettes were separated by centrifugation. After depletion of the lymphocytes, reactive with RBC of one strain, most of the lymphocytes reactive with RBC of other strains could be recovered in the supernatant. A very large percentage of lymphocytes of the BN strain formed rosettes when a mixture of the RBC of five other strains was tested; the percentage was, however, somewhat lower than that predicted on the basis of complete additivity. Rosettes dissociated when warmed to 37 degrees C. The lymphocytes recovered were unable to form rosettes again. In nearly all instances, the subpopulation that formed rosettes with RBC of a given strain included essentially all of the lymphocytes that acted as aggressors against peripheral leukocytes or mytomycin C-treated thymocytes of that strain; the lymphocytes in the supernatant always retained activity as aggressors against the leukocytes of one or more other strains and retained their responsiveness to PHA. Lymphocytes recovered from rosettes, by warming to 37 degrees C, were highly reactive as aggressors in the MLR against the strain providing the RBC. Varying degrees of reactivity were noted against leukocytes of other strains."}
{"id": "PMID:139451", "title": "Fractionation of lymphocyte subpopulations which regulate mixed lymphocyte reactions.", "content": "Four days after injection of allogeneic lymphocytes BALB/c splenic T cells suppress proliferation of syngeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). Conversely, lymph node cells from the same mice amplify MLR responses. To further characterize these functional subpopulations, alloantigen-primed lymphocyte suspensions from both organs were fractionated by velocity sedimentation at unit-gravity. After fractionation MLR suppressor cells from spleens localized exclusively in rapidlly sedimenting fractions of large cells. MLR suppressor activity of cells from these fractions, as well as that of unfractionated spleen cell suspensions, was abolished by treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement. Spleen cell fractions of similar sedimentation velocity also secreted a soluble MLR suppressor into culture supernatants. Although inhibitory of MLR, spleen cells of rapid sedimentation velocity did not suppress responses to T cell mitogens. In marked contrast with the effects of spleen cells, large 4-day-alloantigen-primed lymph node cells had no suppressive activity in MLR. MLR amplifier cells of uncertain derivation were found in fractions of medium sedimentation velocity from both spleens and lymph nodes. Fractionation of alloantigen-primed lymph node cell suspensions did reveal, however, a subpopulation of small cells with MLR suppressor acitivty which was unaffected by treatment with anti-Thy-1 serum and complement. The data thus indicate that large alloantigen-activated lymphocytes are not intrinsically suppressive nor are cells which suppress MLR necessarily large. We consequently conclude that regulation of MLR responses by alloantigen-primed lymphocytes involves a complex interaction between distinct functional subpopulations of cells which are separable both by physical and biologic properties.", "contents": "Fractionation of lymphocyte subpopulations which regulate mixed lymphocyte reactions. Four days after injection of allogeneic lymphocytes BALB/c splenic T cells suppress proliferation of syngeneic cells in mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR). Conversely, lymph node cells from the same mice amplify MLR responses. To further characterize these functional subpopulations, alloantigen-primed lymphocyte suspensions from both organs were fractionated by velocity sedimentation at unit-gravity. After fractionation MLR suppressor cells from spleens localized exclusively in rapidlly sedimenting fractions of large cells. MLR suppressor activity of cells from these fractions, as well as that of unfractionated spleen cell suspensions, was abolished by treatment with anti-Thy-1.2 serum and complement. Spleen cell fractions of similar sedimentation velocity also secreted a soluble MLR suppressor into culture supernatants. Although inhibitory of MLR, spleen cells of rapid sedimentation velocity did not suppress responses to T cell mitogens. In marked contrast with the effects of spleen cells, large 4-day-alloantigen-primed lymph node cells had no suppressive activity in MLR. MLR amplifier cells of uncertain derivation were found in fractions of medium sedimentation velocity from both spleens and lymph nodes. Fractionation of alloantigen-primed lymph node cell suspensions did reveal, however, a subpopulation of small cells with MLR suppressor acitivty which was unaffected by treatment with anti-Thy-1 serum and complement. The data thus indicate that large alloantigen-activated lymphocytes are not intrinsically suppressive nor are cells which suppress MLR necessarily large. We consequently conclude that regulation of MLR responses by alloantigen-primed lymphocytes involves a complex interaction between distinct functional subpopulations of cells which are separable both by physical and biologic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:139453", "title": "5-ene-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of human and bovine adrenocortical endoplasmic reticulum: solubilization and fractionation.", "content": "Protein moieties of various molecular sizes and possessing 5-ene-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity have been successfully solubilized from the microsomal membranes of both bovine and human adrenal glands using a combination of Triton X-100 and sonication. These moieties have been studied by gel filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation and isoelectric focusing, and were shown to possess a minimum molecular weight of about 118 000, with an isoelectric point between 7-2 and 7-4. The molecular weight was dependent upon the concentration of Triton X-100 used during fractionation. No separation of dehydrogenase activities toward the three steroid substrates, pregnenolone, 17alpha-hydroxy-pregnenolone and dehydroisoandrosterone, was observed. Changes in the relative activities for the steroid substrates during fractionation were observed, but have been attributed to the formation of allotypes rather than to the existence of separate dehydrogenases with restricted substrated specificity.", "contents": "5-ene-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase of human and bovine adrenocortical endoplasmic reticulum: solubilization and fractionation. Protein moieties of various molecular sizes and possessing 5-ene-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity have been successfully solubilized from the microsomal membranes of both bovine and human adrenal glands using a combination of Triton X-100 and sonication. These moieties have been studied by gel filtration, sucrose density gradient centrifugation and isoelectric focusing, and were shown to possess a minimum molecular weight of about 118 000, with an isoelectric point between 7-2 and 7-4. The molecular weight was dependent upon the concentration of Triton X-100 used during fractionation. No separation of dehydrogenase activities toward the three steroid substrates, pregnenolone, 17alpha-hydroxy-pregnenolone and dehydroisoandrosterone, was observed. Changes in the relative activities for the steroid substrates during fractionation were observed, but have been attributed to the formation of allotypes rather than to the existence of separate dehydrogenases with restricted substrated specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:139454", "title": "Ouabain inhibition of gill Na-K-ATPase: relationship to active chloride transport.", "content": "Ouabain circulating in blood inhibits Na-K-ATPase in the gills of seawater eels at a concentration similar to that necessary for inhibition in vitro. By contrast, a much higher concentration is required when ouabain is applied to the exterior of the gill. Inhibition by external ouabain occurs only when the drug gains access to the circulation of the fish, as evidenced by simultaneous inhibition of Na-K-ATPase in the kidney. These results suggest that the Na-K-ATPase of gill chloride cells faces inward, lining intracytoplasmic tubular channels continuous with the extracellular fluid. Inhibition of gill Na-K-ATPase by ouabain in intact salt water eels results in almost complete inhibition of the efflux of both Na+ and Cl-. The efflux is tritiated water was much less  reduced, to 60% of normal. Since chloride is actively transported outward across the gill of seawater teleosts, it is suggested that active chloride transport is coupled to Na-K-ATPase. A neutral sodium chloride carrier is postulated that is energized by the movement of sodium from extracellular fluid down its electrochemical gradient into the chloride cell.", "contents": "Ouabain inhibition of gill Na-K-ATPase: relationship to active chloride transport. Ouabain circulating in blood inhibits Na-K-ATPase in the gills of seawater eels at a concentration similar to that necessary for inhibition in vitro. By contrast, a much higher concentration is required when ouabain is applied to the exterior of the gill. Inhibition by external ouabain occurs only when the drug gains access to the circulation of the fish, as evidenced by simultaneous inhibition of Na-K-ATPase in the kidney. These results suggest that the Na-K-ATPase of gill chloride cells faces inward, lining intracytoplasmic tubular channels continuous with the extracellular fluid. Inhibition of gill Na-K-ATPase by ouabain in intact salt water eels results in almost complete inhibition of the efflux of both Na+ and Cl-. The efflux is tritiated water was much less  reduced, to 60% of normal. Since chloride is actively transported outward across the gill of seawater teleosts, it is suggested that active chloride transport is coupled to Na-K-ATPase. A neutral sodium chloride carrier is postulated that is energized by the movement of sodium from extracellular fluid down its electrochemical gradient into the chloride cell."}
{"id": "PMID:139462", "title": "Hereditary retinal degeneration in Drosophila melanogaster. A mutant defect associated with the phototransduction process.", "content": "Two genes in Drosophila, rdgA and rdgB, which when defective cause retinal degeneration, were discovered by Hotta and Benzer (Hotta, Y., and S. Benzer. 1970. Proc. Natl, Acad. Sci. U. S, A. 67:1156-1163). These mutants have photoreceptor cells that are histologically normal upon eclosion but subsequently degenerate. The defects in the rdgA and rdgB mutants were localized by the study of genetic mosaics to the photoreceptor cells. In rdgB mutants retinal degeneration is light induced. It can be prevented by rearing the flies in the dark or by blocking the receptor potential with a no-receptor-potential mutation, norpA. Vitamin A deprivation and genetic elimination of the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase alsoprotect the photoreceptors of rdgB flies against light-induced damage. The photopigment kinetics of dark-reared rdgB flies appear normal in vitro by spectrophotometric measurements, and in vivo by measurements of the M potential. In normal Drosophila, a 1-s exposure to intense 470-nm light produces a prolonged depolarizing afterpotential (PDA) which can last for several hours. In dark-reared rdgB mutants the PDA lasts less than 2 min;; it appears to initiate the degeneration process, since the photoreceptors become permanently unresponsive after a single such exposure. Another mutant was isolated which prevents degeneration in rdgB flies but which has a normal receptor potential. This suppressor of degeneration is an allele of norpA. It is proposed that the normal norpA gene codes for a product which, when activated, leads to the receptor potential, and which is inactivated by the product of the normal rdgB gene.", "contents": "Hereditary retinal degeneration in Drosophila melanogaster. A mutant defect associated with the phototransduction process. Two genes in Drosophila, rdgA and rdgB, which when defective cause retinal degeneration, were discovered by Hotta and Benzer (Hotta, Y., and S. Benzer. 1970. Proc. Natl, Acad. Sci. U. S, A. 67:1156-1163). These mutants have photoreceptor cells that are histologically normal upon eclosion but subsequently degenerate. The defects in the rdgA and rdgB mutants were localized by the study of genetic mosaics to the photoreceptor cells. In rdgB mutants retinal degeneration is light induced. It can be prevented by rearing the flies in the dark or by blocking the receptor potential with a no-receptor-potential mutation, norpA. Vitamin A deprivation and genetic elimination of the lysosomal enzyme acid phosphatase alsoprotect the photoreceptors of rdgB flies against light-induced damage. The photopigment kinetics of dark-reared rdgB flies appear normal in vitro by spectrophotometric measurements, and in vivo by measurements of the M potential. In normal Drosophila, a 1-s exposure to intense 470-nm light produces a prolonged depolarizing afterpotential (PDA) which can last for several hours. In dark-reared rdgB mutants the PDA lasts less than 2 min;; it appears to initiate the degeneration process, since the photoreceptors become permanently unresponsive after a single such exposure. Another mutant was isolated which prevents degeneration in rdgB flies but which has a normal receptor potential. This suppressor of degeneration is an allele of norpA. It is proposed that the normal norpA gene codes for a product which, when activated, leads to the receptor potential, and which is inactivated by the product of the normal rdgB gene."}
{"id": "PMID:139463", "title": "Effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on liver, kidney, and adipose tissue enzymes associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and on glucose uptake by rat epididymal adipose tissue.", "content": "Adipose tissue and liver from vitamin B6-deficient rats have an increased lipogenic capacity. Whether this phenomenon is accompanied by changes in the activities of certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid, or by altered transport of glucose into adipocytes, has been studied. Five glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, and pyruvate kinase), two pentose phosphate pathway enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), malic enzyme, and ATP citrate lyase were measured in the epididymal adipose tissue, livers and kidneys of vitamin B6-deficient and control rats. Vitamin B6 deficiency did not significantly affect the glycolytic enzyme levels in the tissues studied, or the dehydrogenases measured in adipose tissue and kidneys. Liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and adipose tissue and liver malic enzyme were significantly lowered in deficient rats compared to ad libitum and pair-fed controls. Adipose tissue and liver ATP citrate lyase activities were also significantly decreased by vitamin B6 deficiency. In the presence of insulin, the uptake of glucose and 3-O-methyl glucose, a non-metabolizable sugar, by fat pads from deficient rats was greater than uptake by fat pads from control rats. These observations suggest that the increased glucose utilization by adipose tissue and liver of vitamin B6-deficient rats is not directly related to changes in the enzymes studied, but in the case of adipose tissue, may be explained, at least in part, by enhanced glucose uptake.", "contents": "Effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on liver, kidney, and adipose tissue enzymes associated with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, and on glucose uptake by rat epididymal adipose tissue. Adipose tissue and liver from vitamin B6-deficient rats have an increased lipogenic capacity. Whether this phenomenon is accompanied by changes in the activities of certain enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid, or by altered transport of glucose into adipocytes, has been studied. Five glycolytic enzymes (hexokinase, phosphoglucose isomerase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, and pyruvate kinase), two pentose phosphate pathway enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase), malic enzyme, and ATP citrate lyase were measured in the epididymal adipose tissue, livers and kidneys of vitamin B6-deficient and control rats. Vitamin B6 deficiency did not significantly affect the glycolytic enzyme levels in the tissues studied, or the dehydrogenases measured in adipose tissue and kidneys. Liver glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and adipose tissue and liver malic enzyme were significantly lowered in deficient rats compared to ad libitum and pair-fed controls. Adipose tissue and liver ATP citrate lyase activities were also significantly decreased by vitamin B6 deficiency. In the presence of insulin, the uptake of glucose and 3-O-methyl glucose, a non-metabolizable sugar, by fat pads from deficient rats was greater than uptake by fat pads from control rats. These observations suggest that the increased glucose utilization by adipose tissue and liver of vitamin B6-deficient rats is not directly related to changes in the enzymes studied, but in the case of adipose tissue, may be explained, at least in part, by enhanced glucose uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:139464", "title": "Effects of high sucrose or starch-bran diets on glucose and lipid metabolism of normal and diabetic rats.", "content": "Normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were fed a low carbohydrate diet or one of two high carbohydrate diets (sucrose or starch-bran). High carbohydrate diets were associated with slightly higher plasma glucose levels in both control and diabetic rats. However, glucose tolerance tests were not altered by the diets in either the control or diabetic rats. Plasma and liver triglyceride values for control and diabetic rats fed the high sucrose diet were similar to those of rats fed the low carbohydrate diet. The starch-bran diet was associated with lower plasma and liver triglyceride values in both control and diabetic rats. Plasma triglyceride values of diabetic rats fed the high sucrose diet or the low carbohydrate diet were significantly higher than values of control rats fed the same diets. On the other hand, plasma triglyceride values of diabetic rats fed the starch-bran diet were similar to values for control rats fed the same diet. These studies suggest that a high carbohydrate diet containing starch and wheat bran is associated with a reduction in plasma triglyceride values in both normal and diabetic rats. Liver glycolytic enzyme activities were significantly lower in diabetic rats than in control rats in all three dietary groups.", "contents": "Effects of high sucrose or starch-bran diets on glucose and lipid metabolism of normal and diabetic rats. Normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were fed a low carbohydrate diet or one of two high carbohydrate diets (sucrose or starch-bran). High carbohydrate diets were associated with slightly higher plasma glucose levels in both control and diabetic rats. However, glucose tolerance tests were not altered by the diets in either the control or diabetic rats. Plasma and liver triglyceride values for control and diabetic rats fed the high sucrose diet were similar to those of rats fed the low carbohydrate diet. The starch-bran diet was associated with lower plasma and liver triglyceride values in both control and diabetic rats. Plasma triglyceride values of diabetic rats fed the high sucrose diet or the low carbohydrate diet were significantly higher than values of control rats fed the same diets. On the other hand, plasma triglyceride values of diabetic rats fed the starch-bran diet were similar to values for control rats fed the same diet. These studies suggest that a high carbohydrate diet containing starch and wheat bran is associated with a reduction in plasma triglyceride values in both normal and diabetic rats. Liver glycolytic enzyme activities were significantly lower in diabetic rats than in control rats in all three dietary groups."}
{"id": "PMID:139465", "title": "Inhibition of renal adenosine triphosphatase by cadmium.", "content": "The effects of CdCl2 on adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) were studied microsomal fractions or tissue homogenates of outer cortex, inner cortex and outer medulla of dog kidney. Cd was found to be an inhibitor of Na+ +K+ Atpase with 150 value of 2.1 to 3.2 X 10(-4) M regardless of type or source of the enzyme preparation tested. Mg++ ATPase was about 10-fold less sensitive to inhibition by Cd than Na+ +K+ ATPase. The inhibition of microsomal NA+ +K+ ATPase from outer medulla was characterized by irreversible kinetics. The inhibitory effect was not altered by varying Na+ or K+ concentrations, but was decreased by disodium ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA). EDTA was more effective in preventing than in reversing the inhibition. Na+ +K+ ATPase from kidneys of several other mammalian species showed a similar sensitivity to Cd.", "contents": "Inhibition of renal adenosine triphosphatase by cadmium. The effects of CdCl2 on adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) were studied microsomal fractions or tissue homogenates of outer cortex, inner cortex and outer medulla of dog kidney. Cd was found to be an inhibitor of Na+ +K+ Atpase with 150 value of 2.1 to 3.2 X 10(-4) M regardless of type or source of the enzyme preparation tested. Mg++ ATPase was about 10-fold less sensitive to inhibition by Cd than Na+ +K+ ATPase. The inhibition of microsomal NA+ +K+ ATPase from outer medulla was characterized by irreversible kinetics. The inhibitory effect was not altered by varying Na+ or K+ concentrations, but was decreased by disodium ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA). EDTA was more effective in preventing than in reversing the inhibition. Na+ +K+ ATPase from kidneys of several other mammalian species showed a similar sensitivity to Cd."}
{"id": "PMID:139466", "title": "Digitalis toxicity: lack of marked effect on brain na+,k+-adenosine triphosphatase in the cat.", "content": "Effect of digitalis on central sympathetic neurons have been proposed to alter sympathetic influences on the heart and to contribute to the induction of arrhythmias. Recently, however, we have presented evidence which indicates that the involvement of a direct central action of digitalis is negligible in the alteration of sympathetic nerve activity after i.v. administration of the drug. Thus, a group of experiments were designed to determine if central drug concentrations or biochemical events in the brain would suggest a central action of the drug. Tritiated digoxin (20 microng/kg) was injected i.v. into cats every 15 minutes until ventricular fibrillation occurred. The concentrations of digoxin in cerebrospinal fluid and serum increased linearly with time as the cumulative dose of digoxin was increased. At the mean arrhythmic dose, 140 microng/kg, cerebrospinal fluid contained approximately 10 nM digoxin whereas free digoxin concentration in serum was approximately 30 nM and total digoxin concentration in serum was approximately 120 nM. Since inhibition of Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase) is often associated with the pharmacological effects of digitalis, effects of nanomolar concentrations of digoxin on Na+,K+-ATPase activity were determined in vitro. The concentration of digoxin faund in cerebrospinal fluid at arrhythmia inhibited Na+,K+-ATPase only slightly (5-10%). Activity of Na+,K+-ATP-ase was also examined in brains of cats which had died in ventricular arrhythmias due to treatment with lethal dose of digitoxin. After ventricular fibrillation, the cat brains were removed and Na+,K+-ATPase activity and ouabain binding were determined in eight areas. No reduction in Na+,K+-ATPase activity or [3H]ouabain binding was observed in any area. Thus, it appeared that toxic doses of digitalis did not cause sail to provide evidence for central effects of toxic doses of digoxin or digitoxin.", "contents": "Digitalis toxicity: lack of marked effect on brain na+,k+-adenosine triphosphatase in the cat. Effect of digitalis on central sympathetic neurons have been proposed to alter sympathetic influences on the heart and to contribute to the induction of arrhythmias. Recently, however, we have presented evidence which indicates that the involvement of a direct central action of digitalis is negligible in the alteration of sympathetic nerve activity after i.v. administration of the drug. Thus, a group of experiments were designed to determine if central drug concentrations or biochemical events in the brain would suggest a central action of the drug. Tritiated digoxin (20 microng/kg) was injected i.v. into cats every 15 minutes until ventricular fibrillation occurred. The concentrations of digoxin in cerebrospinal fluid and serum increased linearly with time as the cumulative dose of digoxin was increased. At the mean arrhythmic dose, 140 microng/kg, cerebrospinal fluid contained approximately 10 nM digoxin whereas free digoxin concentration in serum was approximately 30 nM and total digoxin concentration in serum was approximately 120 nM. Since inhibition of Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase) is often associated with the pharmacological effects of digitalis, effects of nanomolar concentrations of digoxin on Na+,K+-ATPase activity were determined in vitro. The concentration of digoxin faund in cerebrospinal fluid at arrhythmia inhibited Na+,K+-ATPase only slightly (5-10%). Activity of Na+,K+-ATP-ase was also examined in brains of cats which had died in ventricular arrhythmias due to treatment with lethal dose of digitoxin. After ventricular fibrillation, the cat brains were removed and Na+,K+-ATPase activity and ouabain binding were determined in eight areas. No reduction in Na+,K+-ATPase activity or [3H]ouabain binding was observed in any area. Thus, it appeared that toxic doses of digitalis did not cause sail to provide evidence for central effects of toxic doses of digoxin or digitoxin."}
{"id": "PMID:139467", "title": "Effect of gentamicin on p - aminohippurate metabolism and transport in rat kidney slices.", "content": "The mechanism by which gentamicin augments the uptake of p-aminohippurate (PAH) by rat renal cortical slices was investigated. In all experiments, gentamicin was administered as gentamicin sulfate at 100 mg/kg b.wt. per day for 2 days; control rats were injected with saline. The effect of gentamicin on the metabolism of PAH to p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), acetyl-PABA and acetyl-PAH was studied by high performance liquid chromatography. No metabolites of PAH were detected in renal slices of gentamicin-injected or control rats incubated in medium containing PAH. Efflux of 14C-PAH was measured after incubating renal cortical slices for 2 hours in medium containing 8 X 10(-5) M 14C-PAH. The efflux rate constant was 0.080 +/- 0.003/min in control slices and 0.059 +/- 0.003/min in gentamicin slices, P less than .001. No significant difference in the diffusible pool of PAH was found between the two groups which supports an argument against increased tissue-binding of PAH as the explanation for the augmented uptake of PAH by slices of gentamicin-injected rats. Active PAH transport was assessed in terms of Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Vmax was 0.93 +/- 0.08 micronmol/g/15 min in control slices and 1.37 +/- 0.10 micronmol/g/15 min in gentamicin slices (P less than .005). The apparent reaction rate constant (Km) was not different; Km was 0.25 +/- 0.03 and 0.29 +/- 0.04 mM in control and gentamicin slices, respectively (P less than .4). In contrast to PAH, gentamicin did not alter uptake of N'-methynicotinamide, an organic base; nor did it alter the efflux rate constant or diffusible pool of N'-methylnicotinamide. Increased PAH uptake was still evident when slices of gentamicin-injected rats were incubated in medium without acetate. These studies indicate that gentamicin stimulates active PAH transport and decreases PAH efflux in rat renal cortical slices. Both changes implicate an effect of gentamicin at the antiluminal membrane of proximal tubular cells. The finding of an increase in Vmax without a change in Km raises the possibility that gentamicin increases the amount or availability of carrier protein-mediating PAH transport.", "contents": "Effect of gentamicin on p - aminohippurate metabolism and transport in rat kidney slices. The mechanism by which gentamicin augments the uptake of p-aminohippurate (PAH) by rat renal cortical slices was investigated. In all experiments, gentamicin was administered as gentamicin sulfate at 100 mg/kg b.wt. per day for 2 days; control rats were injected with saline. The effect of gentamicin on the metabolism of PAH to p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), acetyl-PABA and acetyl-PAH was studied by high performance liquid chromatography. No metabolites of PAH were detected in renal slices of gentamicin-injected or control rats incubated in medium containing PAH. Efflux of 14C-PAH was measured after incubating renal cortical slices for 2 hours in medium containing 8 X 10(-5) M 14C-PAH. The efflux rate constant was 0.080 +/- 0.003/min in control slices and 0.059 +/- 0.003/min in gentamicin slices, P less than .001. No significant difference in the diffusible pool of PAH was found between the two groups which supports an argument against increased tissue-binding of PAH as the explanation for the augmented uptake of PAH by slices of gentamicin-injected rats. Active PAH transport was assessed in terms of Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Vmax was 0.93 +/- 0.08 micronmol/g/15 min in control slices and 1.37 +/- 0.10 micronmol/g/15 min in gentamicin slices (P less than .005). The apparent reaction rate constant (Km) was not different; Km was 0.25 +/- 0.03 and 0.29 +/- 0.04 mM in control and gentamicin slices, respectively (P less than .4). In contrast to PAH, gentamicin did not alter uptake of N'-methynicotinamide, an organic base; nor did it alter the efflux rate constant or diffusible pool of N'-methylnicotinamide. Increased PAH uptake was still evident when slices of gentamicin-injected rats were incubated in medium without acetate. These studies indicate that gentamicin stimulates active PAH transport and decreases PAH efflux in rat renal cortical slices. Both changes implicate an effect of gentamicin at the antiluminal membrane of proximal tubular cells. The finding of an increase in Vmax without a change in Km raises the possibility that gentamicin increases the amount or availability of carrier protein-mediating PAH transport."}
{"id": "PMID:139468", "title": "Frog muscle spindles with unbranched myelinated afferent axons: the response to stretch and the length of the first myelinated segment.", "content": "1. Twenty-five muscle spindles innervated by unbranched myelinated axons in the capsule were isolated from sartorius muscle in young frogs (2-2--9-5 g in weight, 28-47 mm in rostro-caudal length). 2. The lengths and the diameters of the first myelinated segments varied from 30 to 170 mum and from 9 to 20 mum respectively. There was no relationship between the lengths and the diameters. 3. Dynamic and static components were analysed from discharge rates of the muscle spindles during ramp-and-hold stretches of 0-8 mm from different initial lengths. The values of the dynamic components to a certain stretch stimulation increased with shortening in the length of the first myelinated segment. The values of the static components were independent in length. 4. The amplitudes of action potentials recorded from the spindle terminal decreased during the dynamic phase of the stretch. The ratio of amplitude decrease at the end of the dynamic phase versus the initial length depended upon the length of the first myelinated segment. 5. These results suggest that the discharges during stretch may arise at the first node, though the spontaneous discharges may be generated at the terminal.", "contents": "Frog muscle spindles with unbranched myelinated afferent axons: the response to stretch and the length of the first myelinated segment. 1. Twenty-five muscle spindles innervated by unbranched myelinated axons in the capsule were isolated from sartorius muscle in young frogs (2-2--9-5 g in weight, 28-47 mm in rostro-caudal length). 2. The lengths and the diameters of the first myelinated segments varied from 30 to 170 mum and from 9 to 20 mum respectively. There was no relationship between the lengths and the diameters. 3. Dynamic and static components were analysed from discharge rates of the muscle spindles during ramp-and-hold stretches of 0-8 mm from different initial lengths. The values of the dynamic components to a certain stretch stimulation increased with shortening in the length of the first myelinated segment. The values of the static components were independent in length. 4. The amplitudes of action potentials recorded from the spindle terminal decreased during the dynamic phase of the stretch. The ratio of amplitude decrease at the end of the dynamic phase versus the initial length depended upon the length of the first myelinated segment. 5. These results suggest that the discharges during stretch may arise at the first node, though the spontaneous discharges may be generated at the terminal."}
{"id": "PMID:139469", "title": "Control of dynamic and static nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres by gamma and beta axons in isolated cat muscle spindels.", "content": "1. The behaviour of nuclear bag and nuclear chain intrafusal fibres in isolated cat muscle spindles with a blood supply, during stimulation of dynamic gamma axons, dynamic beta axons, or static gamma axons in ventral root filaments was observed and recorded on still and moving film. 2. Most spindles were controlled by one dynamic gamma axon (sometimes a beta axon) and three static gamma axons, one of which was often non-selective in distribution. A large majority of fusimotor axons controlled one pole of the spindle only. 3. Dynamic gamma and beta axons produced focal contraction in only one of the two nuclear bag fibres in any spindle and this fibre was never activated by static gamma axons. Maximal tetanic contraction was attained slowly and the primary sensory spiral on this fibre was stretched by a small amount only. This fibre has been named the 'dynamic nuclear bag fibre'. 4. Static gamma axons produced either: (a) focal contraction in the second of the two nuclear bag fibres only; (b) local contraction in the bundle of nuclear chain fibres only; or (c) contraction in one nuclear bag fibre and the nuclear chain fibres together. Maximum tetanic contraction of this nuclear bag fibre stretched its primary sensory spiral considerably and the time to plateau was relatively short. This fibre has been named the 'static nuclear bag fibre'. 5. 'Driving' of the Ia afferent discharge could always be produced by non-selective static gamma axons, frequently by static gamma axons controlling nuclear chain fibres alone, and was probably due to mechanical oscillation in nuclear chain fibres. It was never produced by dynamic gamma axons and on one occasion only by a static gamma axon controlling a nuclear bag fibre alone. 6. The conduction velocities of dynamic gamma and static gamma axons overlapped extensively, though dynamic gamma axons were absent from the lower end, and static gamma axons innervating nuclear chain fibres only were absent from the upper end, of the range of velocities. 7. The observations are correlated with spindle structure and histochemistry. Dynamic and static nuclear bag fibres are shown to correspond with 'bag1 fibres' and 'bag2 fibres', respectively (Ovalle & Smith, 1972). 8. The possible origin of the dynamic and static actions of fusimotor axons and the role of the dynamic and static intrafusal systems in motor control are discussed.", "contents": "Control of dynamic and static nuclear bag fibres and nuclear chain fibres by gamma and beta axons in isolated cat muscle spindels. 1. The behaviour of nuclear bag and nuclear chain intrafusal fibres in isolated cat muscle spindles with a blood supply, during stimulation of dynamic gamma axons, dynamic beta axons, or static gamma axons in ventral root filaments was observed and recorded on still and moving film. 2. Most spindles were controlled by one dynamic gamma axon (sometimes a beta axon) and three static gamma axons, one of which was often non-selective in distribution. A large majority of fusimotor axons controlled one pole of the spindle only. 3. Dynamic gamma and beta axons produced focal contraction in only one of the two nuclear bag fibres in any spindle and this fibre was never activated by static gamma axons. Maximal tetanic contraction was attained slowly and the primary sensory spiral on this fibre was stretched by a small amount only. This fibre has been named the 'dynamic nuclear bag fibre'. 4. Static gamma axons produced either: (a) focal contraction in the second of the two nuclear bag fibres only; (b) local contraction in the bundle of nuclear chain fibres only; or (c) contraction in one nuclear bag fibre and the nuclear chain fibres together. Maximum tetanic contraction of this nuclear bag fibre stretched its primary sensory spiral considerably and the time to plateau was relatively short. This fibre has been named the 'static nuclear bag fibre'. 5. 'Driving' of the Ia afferent discharge could always be produced by non-selective static gamma axons, frequently by static gamma axons controlling nuclear chain fibres alone, and was probably due to mechanical oscillation in nuclear chain fibres. It was never produced by dynamic gamma axons and on one occasion only by a static gamma axon controlling a nuclear bag fibre alone. 6. The conduction velocities of dynamic gamma and static gamma axons overlapped extensively, though dynamic gamma axons were absent from the lower end, and static gamma axons innervating nuclear chain fibres only were absent from the upper end, of the range of velocities. 7. The observations are correlated with spindle structure and histochemistry. Dynamic and static nuclear bag fibres are shown to correspond with 'bag1 fibres' and 'bag2 fibres', respectively (Ovalle & Smith, 1972). 8. The possible origin of the dynamic and static actions of fusimotor axons and the role of the dynamic and static intrafusal systems in motor control are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139473", "title": "[Parasitic calcifications: elements for diagnostic (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the radiologic calcifications, those of parasitic etiology are rather commonly found. They are heterotopic dystrophic calcifications, their late apparition in the evolution of the parasitic disease is not subordinate to any metabolic dysfunction. The authors describe the morphologic and the topographic criteria of different parasitic calcifications except the fungic ones and protozoaire. Moreover they state for each parasite some epidemiological, biological and clinical facts which can be helpful for the diagnosis.", "contents": "[Parasitic calcifications: elements for diagnostic (author's transl)]. Among the radiologic calcifications, those of parasitic etiology are rather commonly found. They are heterotopic dystrophic calcifications, their late apparition in the evolution of the parasitic disease is not subordinate to any metabolic dysfunction. The authors describe the morphologic and the topographic criteria of different parasitic calcifications except the fungic ones and protozoaire. Moreover they state for each parasite some epidemiological, biological and clinical facts which can be helpful for the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:139475", "title": "Studies on anticoccidial agents. 11. Synthesis and anticoccidial activity of nitropyridinecarboxamides and derivatives.", "content": "Of the nine nitropyridinecarboxamides, which are isomers of 5-nitronicotinamide, a potent anticoccidial agent, 2-nitropyridine-3, -4, -5-, or 6-carboxamides and 3-nitropyridine-4- or 6-carboxamides were prepared from the corresponding acids via the esters of the acid chlorides. 3-Nitropyridine-2-carboxamide was obtained from 2-methyl-3-nitropyridine by oxidation with SeO2, oximation, dehydration with Ac2O, and hydrolysis with H2SO4. 4-Nitropyridine-2-carboxamide was prepared from 2-cyano-4-nitropyridine by hydrolysis, and the 3-carboxamide analogue was obtained from 4-amino-3-cyanopyridine by oxidation with H2O2 and fuming H2SO4. Of these compounds 2-nitro- and 3-nitro- but not 4-nitropyridinecarboxamides were found to be active against Eimeria tenella. N-Substituted analogues of 2-nitro- and 3-nitropyridine carboxamides were also prepared in a conventional manner and optimal anticoccidial activity was attained with 2-nitroisonicotinamide and its N-alkanoyl, N-aromatic, and N-heterocyclic acyl derivatives.", "contents": "Studies on anticoccidial agents. 11. Synthesis and anticoccidial activity of nitropyridinecarboxamides and derivatives. Of the nine nitropyridinecarboxamides, which are isomers of 5-nitronicotinamide, a potent anticoccidial agent, 2-nitropyridine-3, -4, -5-, or 6-carboxamides and 3-nitropyridine-4- or 6-carboxamides were prepared from the corresponding acids via the esters of the acid chlorides. 3-Nitropyridine-2-carboxamide was obtained from 2-methyl-3-nitropyridine by oxidation with SeO2, oximation, dehydration with Ac2O, and hydrolysis with H2SO4. 4-Nitropyridine-2-carboxamide was prepared from 2-cyano-4-nitropyridine by hydrolysis, and the 3-carboxamide analogue was obtained from 4-amino-3-cyanopyridine by oxidation with H2O2 and fuming H2SO4. Of these compounds 2-nitro- and 3-nitro- but not 4-nitropyridinecarboxamides were found to be active against Eimeria tenella. N-Substituted analogues of 2-nitro- and 3-nitropyridine carboxamides were also prepared in a conventional manner and optimal anticoccidial activity was attained with 2-nitroisonicotinamide and its N-alkanoyl, N-aromatic, and N-heterocyclic acyl derivatives."}
{"id": "PMID:139476", "title": "Histological and histochemical studies on the nervous influence on minced muscle regeneration of triceps surae of the rat.", "content": "The degree of minced rat muscle regeneration in the absence of nerve fibers was compared with that of normal regenerates between one and 270 days postoperatively. Up to around 30 days, the number of muscle fibers and their morphology were comparable in both normal innervated and denervated regenerates; both showed clear cross striations and peripherally located nuclei. Histochemically, SDH and myofibrillar ATPase (pH=9.4) reactions were positive, but there were no typical signs of fiber types in either case of regeneration. The only consistent difference in the early period was the smaller fiber cross sectional areas in denervated regenerates than in innervated ones. Starting about 40 days, the muscle fibers in innervated regenerates became differentiated into different fiber types (fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic, FOG., fast-twitch-glycolytic, FG., slow-twitch-oxidative, SO.) but there were no such activities in denervated regenerates, although their SDH and myofibrillar ATPase reactions remained positive for a long time. Degenerating muscle fibers could no longer be identified in innervated regenerates. In the denervated regenerates, however, muscle fibers underwent atrophic or degenerative changes and were replaced by connective tissue. The complete disappearance of muscle fibers varied with individual regenerates. In some cases, it occurred about 90 days and in others, traces of muscle fibers could still be seen as late as 150 days postoperatively. Thus, nerves seem to be important primarily in the late phase of regeneration; namely, differentiation of fiber types and maintenance of the structural integrity of muscle fibers.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical studies on the nervous influence on minced muscle regeneration of triceps surae of the rat. The degree of minced rat muscle regeneration in the absence of nerve fibers was compared with that of normal regenerates between one and 270 days postoperatively. Up to around 30 days, the number of muscle fibers and their morphology were comparable in both normal innervated and denervated regenerates; both showed clear cross striations and peripherally located nuclei. Histochemically, SDH and myofibrillar ATPase (pH=9.4) reactions were positive, but there were no typical signs of fiber types in either case of regeneration. The only consistent difference in the early period was the smaller fiber cross sectional areas in denervated regenerates than in innervated ones. Starting about 40 days, the muscle fibers in innervated regenerates became differentiated into different fiber types (fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic, FOG., fast-twitch-glycolytic, FG., slow-twitch-oxidative, SO.) but there were no such activities in denervated regenerates, although their SDH and myofibrillar ATPase reactions remained positive for a long time. Degenerating muscle fibers could no longer be identified in innervated regenerates. In the denervated regenerates, however, muscle fibers underwent atrophic or degenerative changes and were replaced by connective tissue. The complete disappearance of muscle fibers varied with individual regenerates. In some cases, it occurred about 90 days and in others, traces of muscle fibers could still be seen as late as 150 days postoperatively. Thus, nerves seem to be important primarily in the late phase of regeneration; namely, differentiation of fiber types and maintenance of the structural integrity of muscle fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:139479", "title": "Antibody to hepatitis A antigen in institutionalized mentally retarded patients.", "content": "Institutionalized patients with Down syndrome and matched controls with other causes of mental retardation were tested by immune adherence hemagglutination for the presence of antibody to hepatitis A antigen (anti-HA). Altogether 75.1% (175 of 233) exhibited presence of anti-HA, with no differences by sex or age. Patients reactive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or its antibody (anti-HBs) were reactive for anti-HA significantly more frequently than those with a negative reaction for these markers. In contrast to serologic markers of hepatitis type B, prevalence of anti-HA does not depend on the cause of mental retardation or on the age at primary infection. The rate of anti-HA positivity was found to be closely correlated with duration of institutionalization. The study confirmed that many closed institutions for the mentally retarded are hyperendemic for hepatitis type A and that formation of anti-HA is not greatly affected by either immune deficiency or immune immaturity.", "contents": "Antibody to hepatitis A antigen in institutionalized mentally retarded patients. Institutionalized patients with Down syndrome and matched controls with other causes of mental retardation were tested by immune adherence hemagglutination for the presence of antibody to hepatitis A antigen (anti-HA). Altogether 75.1% (175 of 233) exhibited presence of anti-HA, with no differences by sex or age. Patients reactive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or its antibody (anti-HBs) were reactive for anti-HA significantly more frequently than those with a negative reaction for these markers. In contrast to serologic markers of hepatitis type B, prevalence of anti-HA does not depend on the cause of mental retardation or on the age at primary infection. The rate of anti-HA positivity was found to be closely correlated with duration of institutionalization. The study confirmed that many closed institutions for the mentally retarded are hyperendemic for hepatitis type A and that formation of anti-HA is not greatly affected by either immune deficiency or immune immaturity."}
{"id": "PMID:139484", "title": "Studies on the low back pain among electric construction workers. Report 2. Workers' attitude to the prevention and the treatment of their low back pain.", "content": "In the previous report, the author demonstrated that the electric construction workers were exposed to the high risk of low back pain, and discussed on the ways to prevent and to treat their occupational disorders. He concluded that the improvement of their working conditions, especially lessening of the working load, was necessary to prevent occupational low back pain, and that it was the most helpful effect on their low back pain to take a rest on an after the attack of the disorder, while most of the medical treatment without a rest were almost helpless. In this report, the author studied and discussed on the workers' opinions on the ways to prevent and to treat their low back pain, by means of questionnaire-method. The workers examined were classified by whether they had the disorder or not and also by the grades of their working load. The results are as follow: 1. As for preventive measures, it is the most popular opinion that they should take care not to hurt their low back; nevertheless, as a matter of fact, their low back pain has been mainly resulted from overwork. 2. As for necessary means on the attack of low back pain, many workers believe that medical treatment is the most helpful to the disorder. Fewer workers recognize the low back pain as an occupational disorder and have opinion that they should take a rest on the attack of the disorder. 3. There is much discrepancy between the workers' opinions mentioned above and the occupational health doctors' recommendations that it is most desirable to improve the working conditions and to let the workers take a rest. 4. The more seriously they suffer from the disorder, the more practical and reasonable are the contents of their opinions. 5. In order to let these workers take a rest from labour more easily, the employers should recognize their low back pain as an occupational disorder, including offjob-payment.", "contents": "Studies on the low back pain among electric construction workers. Report 2. Workers' attitude to the prevention and the treatment of their low back pain. In the previous report, the author demonstrated that the electric construction workers were exposed to the high risk of low back pain, and discussed on the ways to prevent and to treat their occupational disorders. He concluded that the improvement of their working conditions, especially lessening of the working load, was necessary to prevent occupational low back pain, and that it was the most helpful effect on their low back pain to take a rest on an after the attack of the disorder, while most of the medical treatment without a rest were almost helpless. In this report, the author studied and discussed on the workers' opinions on the ways to prevent and to treat their low back pain, by means of questionnaire-method. The workers examined were classified by whether they had the disorder or not and also by the grades of their working load. The results are as follow: 1. As for preventive measures, it is the most popular opinion that they should take care not to hurt their low back; nevertheless, as a matter of fact, their low back pain has been mainly resulted from overwork. 2. As for necessary means on the attack of low back pain, many workers believe that medical treatment is the most helpful to the disorder. Fewer workers recognize the low back pain as an occupational disorder and have opinion that they should take a rest on the attack of the disorder. 3. There is much discrepancy between the workers' opinions mentioned above and the occupational health doctors' recommendations that it is most desirable to improve the working conditions and to let the workers take a rest. 4. The more seriously they suffer from the disorder, the more practical and reasonable are the contents of their opinions. 5. In order to let these workers take a rest from labour more easily, the employers should recognize their low back pain as an occupational disorder, including offjob-payment."}
{"id": "PMID:139490", "title": "[Characteristics of the course of pregnancy in women with heart defects].", "content": "In 33 patients with different forms of the cardiac valves lesion the specificity marking the course of atriomegalia was studied on the ground of clinical, roentgenological and functional findings. Unlike non-pregnant women with similar forms of the malady here intercurrent pulmonary hypertension during gestation was ascertained, this increasing the hazard of developing edema of the lungs. The authors give preference to delivery in these patients via natural maternal passages by employing the operation with application of obstetrical forceps.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the course of pregnancy in women with heart defects]. In 33 patients with different forms of the cardiac valves lesion the specificity marking the course of atriomegalia was studied on the ground of clinical, roentgenological and functional findings. Unlike non-pregnant women with similar forms of the malady here intercurrent pulmonary hypertension during gestation was ascertained, this increasing the hazard of developing edema of the lungs. The authors give preference to delivery in these patients via natural maternal passages by employing the operation with application of obstetrical forceps."}
{"id": "PMID:139491", "title": "[State of the cardiovascular system in patients with decompensated mitral valve defect under conditions of high altitude].", "content": "A clinical study was conducted in 236 patients with decompensated mitral valve disease--permanent residents of the areas located at various altitudes in the Pamirs and Tien Shan (760 to 4,200 m above the sea level). The main parameters of haemodynamics were studied by means of the dye dilution method in 158 of them, as well as the indices of cardiodynamics by way of polycardiography. The data obtained in 120 normal individuals living in foothills (760 m) served as control. It was demonstrated that with the same stages of cardiac insufficiency, the most striking changes in the haemo- and cardiodynamics were noted among the residents of the high altitude areas. Among those living at medium altitudes (1,650 to 2,020 m), the cardiac output and the left ventricular function appeared to be reduced most distinctly. These patients also exhibited a clear relationship between the main variables of the cardiovascular functions and the severity of cardiac insufficiency. The revealed clinical and functional peculiarities of the decompensated mitral valve disease in mountaneers are atrributable to the effect of hypoxic  hyposy upon the regulation of the respiration and the pulmonary circulation.", "contents": "[State of the cardiovascular system in patients with decompensated mitral valve defect under conditions of high altitude]. A clinical study was conducted in 236 patients with decompensated mitral valve disease--permanent residents of the areas located at various altitudes in the Pamirs and Tien Shan (760 to 4,200 m above the sea level). The main parameters of haemodynamics were studied by means of the dye dilution method in 158 of them, as well as the indices of cardiodynamics by way of polycardiography. The data obtained in 120 normal individuals living in foothills (760 m) served as control. It was demonstrated that with the same stages of cardiac insufficiency, the most striking changes in the haemo- and cardiodynamics were noted among the residents of the high altitude areas. Among those living at medium altitudes (1,650 to 2,020 m), the cardiac output and the left ventricular function appeared to be reduced most distinctly. These patients also exhibited a clear relationship between the main variables of the cardiovascular functions and the severity of cardiac insufficiency. The revealed clinical and functional peculiarities of the decompensated mitral valve disease in mountaneers are atrributable to the effect of hypoxic  hyposy upon the regulation of the respiration and the pulmonary circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:139492", "title": "[Blood flow in the transplant after aorto-coronary bypass].", "content": "With the help of an electromagnetic flowmeter the authors measured the blood flow in the graft during aorto-coronary bypass procedures. The flow was measured in 74 patients with 88 bypass grafts, along them--in 43 grafts to the right coronary artery, in 31 grafts to the anterior interventricular artery, and in 14 cases of double aoroto-coronary bypass grafts. In 21 cases the flow was measured in the coronary artery graft after endarterectomy. The analysis has demonstrated that the flow in the graft depends on many factors, the leading among which is the severity of the coronary lesion, the state of its distal portion and of the cardiac muscle in the zone of the diseased coronary artery. A direct relationship was established between the degree of the narrowing of the proximal coronaries and the flow values in the graft connected with the artery in question. The greater the stenosis in the proximal portion of the coronary artery, the higher the blood flow in the bypass. The highest blood flow was registered in cases of complete coronary occlusions. Blood flow measurements in the bypass grafts during surgery help to determine the amount of blld supplied to the revascularized myocardium and, hence, to assess the direct efficacy of the aorto-coronary bypass procedures in the management of the ischaemic heart disease.", "contents": "[Blood flow in the transplant after aorto-coronary bypass]. With the help of an electromagnetic flowmeter the authors measured the blood flow in the graft during aorto-coronary bypass procedures. The flow was measured in 74 patients with 88 bypass grafts, along them--in 43 grafts to the right coronary artery, in 31 grafts to the anterior interventricular artery, and in 14 cases of double aoroto-coronary bypass grafts. In 21 cases the flow was measured in the coronary artery graft after endarterectomy. The analysis has demonstrated that the flow in the graft depends on many factors, the leading among which is the severity of the coronary lesion, the state of its distal portion and of the cardiac muscle in the zone of the diseased coronary artery. A direct relationship was established between the degree of the narrowing of the proximal coronaries and the flow values in the graft connected with the artery in question. The greater the stenosis in the proximal portion of the coronary artery, the higher the blood flow in the bypass. The highest blood flow was registered in cases of complete coronary occlusions. Blood flow measurements in the bypass grafts during surgery help to determine the amount of blld supplied to the revascularized myocardium and, hence, to assess the direct efficacy of the aorto-coronary bypass procedures in the management of the ischaemic heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:139493", "title": "[Mechanism of increasing the functional capacity of the cardiac muscle after adaptation to physical exertion].", "content": "The main parameters of contraction and relaxation of papillary muscle strips taken from the left ventricle of control and exercise-adapted rats were measured. The contractile velocity and amplitude of thin and thick strips of the cardiac muscle of adapted rats were found to be 2--3 times higher than in the controls. This fact can be explained by an elevation of myosine ATP-ase activity. The developed tension was higher than in the controls only in thick strips of adapted rats. This increase depends on the adaptive augmentation of the functional power of systems responsible for the transport of oxygen and substrates to the mitochondria. The myocardium of adapted rats differed from that of the controls in that the relaxation velocity and compliance were significantly elevated. These facts suggested an increase in the funcitonal power of the ionic transport system that is responsible for Ca++ elimination from the myofibrils. In general, the results suggest that an elevation of maximal myocardial performance after adaptation to exercises may be due to a coordinative increase in the power of three basic systems of the myocardial cells--ion transport system, myosine ATPase and resynthesis ATP system.", "contents": "[Mechanism of increasing the functional capacity of the cardiac muscle after adaptation to physical exertion]. The main parameters of contraction and relaxation of papillary muscle strips taken from the left ventricle of control and exercise-adapted rats were measured. The contractile velocity and amplitude of thin and thick strips of the cardiac muscle of adapted rats were found to be 2--3 times higher than in the controls. This fact can be explained by an elevation of myosine ATP-ase activity. The developed tension was higher than in the controls only in thick strips of adapted rats. This increase depends on the adaptive augmentation of the functional power of systems responsible for the transport of oxygen and substrates to the mitochondria. The myocardium of adapted rats differed from that of the controls in that the relaxation velocity and compliance were significantly elevated. These facts suggested an increase in the funcitonal power of the ionic transport system that is responsible for Ca++ elimination from the myofibrils. In general, the results suggest that an elevation of maximal myocardial performance after adaptation to exercises may be due to a coordinative increase in the power of three basic systems of the myocardial cells--ion transport system, myosine ATPase and resynthesis ATP system."}
{"id": "PMID:139500", "title": "[Bilateral dendritic pseudokeratitis (Richner-Hanhart syndrome)].", "content": "A Turkish baby was treated several times for bilateral \"recurrent dendritic keratitis\" before a diagnosis of Richner-Hanhart syndrome could be made (recessively inherited keratosis palmaris et plantaris with pathognomonic corneal dystrophy). No effective conservative treatment has been reported in the literature for the recurrent eye pain. Highly hydrophilic contact lenses gave prompt and absolute symptomatic relief.", "contents": "[Bilateral dendritic pseudokeratitis (Richner-Hanhart syndrome)]. A Turkish baby was treated several times for bilateral \"recurrent dendritic keratitis\" before a diagnosis of Richner-Hanhart syndrome could be made (recessively inherited keratosis palmaris et plantaris with pathognomonic corneal dystrophy). No effective conservative treatment has been reported in the literature for the recurrent eye pain. Highly hydrophilic contact lenses gave prompt and absolute symptomatic relief."}
{"id": "PMID:139501", "title": "[Kinetics and regulation of granulocytopoiesis (author's transl)].", "content": "The present survey of the development of the granulocytes consists of two parts. In the first section the different stages of granulopoiesis are discussed with special regard to the stem cells. In the second one the regulation of the granulopoiesis and the different factors taking part in the homeostasis of the granulocytes are examined. Emphasis is placed upon the colony stimulating activity\" (CSA) previously tested in different situations of stress in relationship to the granulopoietic system. In a separate chapter some marked clinical syndromes are discussed which accompany disorders of granulocyte-homeostasis. The pathogenesis of leukaemia is reviewed.", "contents": "[Kinetics and regulation of granulocytopoiesis (author's transl)]. The present survey of the development of the granulocytes consists of two parts. In the first section the different stages of granulopoiesis are discussed with special regard to the stem cells. In the second one the regulation of the granulopoiesis and the different factors taking part in the homeostasis of the granulocytes are examined. Emphasis is placed upon the colony stimulating activity\" (CSA) previously tested in different situations of stress in relationship to the granulopoietic system. In a separate chapter some marked clinical syndromes are discussed which accompany disorders of granulocyte-homeostasis. The pathogenesis of leukaemia is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:139502", "title": "[Transformation of a poststreptococcal type glomerulonephritis into a rapidly progessive glomerulonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "In the morphological course of a poststreptococcal type glomerulonephritis in a 37-year old patient without evidence of streptococcal infection crescents of Bowman's capsule developed after 4 months. The clinical course was rapidly progessive (the patient was uremic 5 months after onset) in contrast to the normal fair prognosis of the poststreptococcal type glomerulonephritis. Two renal biopsies were examined at an interval of 4 months. Both showed closely packed immunecomplex deposits (humps) on the glomerular immunecomplex deposits in the poststreptococcal type glomerulonephritis is a prognostically unfavourable sign.", "contents": "[Transformation of a poststreptococcal type glomerulonephritis into a rapidly progessive glomerulonephritis (author's transl)]. In the morphological course of a poststreptococcal type glomerulonephritis in a 37-year old patient without evidence of streptococcal infection crescents of Bowman's capsule developed after 4 months. The clinical course was rapidly progessive (the patient was uremic 5 months after onset) in contrast to the normal fair prognosis of the poststreptococcal type glomerulonephritis. Two renal biopsies were examined at an interval of 4 months. Both showed closely packed immunecomplex deposits (humps) on the glomerular immunecomplex deposits in the poststreptococcal type glomerulonephritis is a prognostically unfavourable sign."}
{"id": "PMID:139503", "title": "Measurement of airflow in speech.", "content": "It has been shown previously that a mask-type wire screen pneumotachograph can be constructed with a time resolution of 1/2 msec. In this paper it is shown that with careful design a resolution of about 1/4 msec can be achieved. The various factors involved in optimizing such a mask are described. A major practical limitation in the design has been the need for a fast-responding differential pressure transducer to measure mask pressure; however, a simple electrical compensating network is described that allows the use of a nondifferential transducer. Also determined are the conditions under which breath moisture condensing on the wire screen affects the performance of the mask. An example is given of how a high-speed pneumotachograph can be used, with a measure of the pressure across a constriction in the vocal tract, to derive the time variation of the flow conductance and resistance at that constriction. The advantages of a high-speed pneumotachograph in laryngeal frequency extraction are also considered.", "contents": "Measurement of airflow in speech. It has been shown previously that a mask-type wire screen pneumotachograph can be constructed with a time resolution of 1/2 msec. In this paper it is shown that with careful design a resolution of about 1/4 msec can be achieved. The various factors involved in optimizing such a mask are described. A major practical limitation in the design has been the need for a fast-responding differential pressure transducer to measure mask pressure; however, a simple electrical compensating network is described that allows the use of a nondifferential transducer. Also determined are the conditions under which breath moisture condensing on the wire screen affects the performance of the mask. An example is given of how a high-speed pneumotachograph can be used, with a measure of the pressure across a constriction in the vocal tract, to derive the time variation of the flow conductance and resistance at that constriction. The advantages of a high-speed pneumotachograph in laryngeal frequency extraction are also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:139505", "title": "Suppression of stimulating cell activity by microtubule-disrupting alkaloids.", "content": "Microtubule-disrupting alkaloids and protein fixatives were used to investigate the nature of an active process that must occur within stimulator cells in order for them to initiate a unidirectional mixed lymphocyte response (MLR). Brief treatment of the stimulator cells (SC) with glutaraldehyde (0.15%), formalin (0.6%), or lanthanum chloride (10-3 M) abolished their capacity to activate responder cells (RC). Pretreatment of SC with microtubule-disrupting alkaloids, colchicine (c) (10-4 to 10-6 M) or colchicine + vincristine (c+v) (10-4 to 10-6 M) also abrogated their stimulating capacity. This capacity was not restored by the addition of supernates from untreated cultures, thereby excluding the possibility that the alkaloids acted by decreasing the release of soluble stimulatory factors from SC. The introduction of alkaloid-inactivated, mitomycin-treated RC as drug carriers did not affect the mitogenic response of untreated RC to concanavalin A. This excluded a significant leakage of alkaloids from the treated SC and uptake by RC during culture. Lumicolchicine produced no decrease in the stimulating capacity of SC. This suggested that the suppression induced by low concentrations of colchicine resulted from its specific disruption of microtubules. None of the above treatments quantitatively reduced the antigenicity of SC, as evaluated by humoral and cell-mediated lysis of the treated cells. Also, these treatments produced no significant changes in the specific binding of concanavalin A by SC. These results indicate there is a functional interaction of microtubular structures with cell surface antigens that appears to regulate either the capacity of SC to associate with RC, or the ability of SC to form and stabilize stimulatory antigenic configurations on the cell surface.", "contents": "Suppression of stimulating cell activity by microtubule-disrupting alkaloids. Microtubule-disrupting alkaloids and protein fixatives were used to investigate the nature of an active process that must occur within stimulator cells in order for them to initiate a unidirectional mixed lymphocyte response (MLR). Brief treatment of the stimulator cells (SC) with glutaraldehyde (0.15%), formalin (0.6%), or lanthanum chloride (10-3 M) abolished their capacity to activate responder cells (RC). Pretreatment of SC with microtubule-disrupting alkaloids, colchicine (c) (10-4 to 10-6 M) or colchicine + vincristine (c+v) (10-4 to 10-6 M) also abrogated their stimulating capacity. This capacity was not restored by the addition of supernates from untreated cultures, thereby excluding the possibility that the alkaloids acted by decreasing the release of soluble stimulatory factors from SC. The introduction of alkaloid-inactivated, mitomycin-treated RC as drug carriers did not affect the mitogenic response of untreated RC to concanavalin A. This excluded a significant leakage of alkaloids from the treated SC and uptake by RC during culture. Lumicolchicine produced no decrease in the stimulating capacity of SC. This suggested that the suppression induced by low concentrations of colchicine resulted from its specific disruption of microtubules. None of the above treatments quantitatively reduced the antigenicity of SC, as evaluated by humoral and cell-mediated lysis of the treated cells. Also, these treatments produced no significant changes in the specific binding of concanavalin A by SC. These results indicate there is a functional interaction of microtubular structures with cell surface antigens that appears to regulate either the capacity of SC to associate with RC, or the ability of SC to form and stabilize stimulatory antigenic configurations on the cell surface."}
{"id": "PMID:139507", "title": "Orthoterminal correction of coexisting d-transposition of the great arteries, subpulmonary stenosis, and a complete form of atrioventricular canal.", "content": "This report outlines orthoterminal correction in an 8-year-old boy with coexisting d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA), subpulmonary stenosis, and a complete form of atrioventricular canal (CAVC). The repair consisted of covering the tricuspid valve and atrial part of the atrioventricular canal with a Dacron patch and inserting a valve-containing conduit between the then isolated right atrium and the pulmonary artery to create a venous outlet. The patient's exercise tolerance has improved remarkably. The arterial oxygen saturation has risen from 86 to 90 per cent. A plea is made to expand the indications for orthoterminal correction to patients in whom the severity of the heart malformation precludes application of well-established methods of surgical repair.", "contents": "Orthoterminal correction of coexisting d-transposition of the great arteries, subpulmonary stenosis, and a complete form of atrioventricular canal. This report outlines orthoterminal correction in an 8-year-old boy with coexisting d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA), subpulmonary stenosis, and a complete form of atrioventricular canal (CAVC). The repair consisted of covering the tricuspid valve and atrial part of the atrioventricular canal with a Dacron patch and inserting a valve-containing conduit between the then isolated right atrium and the pulmonary artery to create a venous outlet. The patient's exercise tolerance has improved remarkably. The arterial oxygen saturation has risen from 86 to 90 per cent. A plea is made to expand the indications for orthoterminal correction to patients in whom the severity of the heart malformation precludes application of well-established methods of surgical repair."}
{"id": "PMID:139510", "title": "[Computertomography of the parotid gland (author's transl)].", "content": "In the first computer-tomographic investigations of the parotis epithelial and mesenchymal tumours histologically ascertained were examined as well as a sialadenitis. For the first time the non invasive computer-tomography allows to demonstrate directly the glandular body morphologically-quantitatively in the macroscopic area and topographically clear in the transverse tomogram. In the face of tumours of the lateral part of the gland, easily to access from the clinical diagnostic point of view, the computer-tomogram can improve pretherapeutically the differential diagnosis to a great extent by additional morphological-quantitative information about the macroscopic possibility to palpate the borders of a tumour, depth of expansion, and tissue structure, the mixed tumour, in particular, seems to have an absorption pattern relatively appropriate to computer-tomography as a result of its different tissue formation, calciferous histopathologic in part, often sealed off macroscopicly. The case observed displays a well-developed annular capsule structure with massive deposits of calciferous substance as a prominent computer-tomographic feature (histological: fibrohyaline capsule). The degree of correlation between the histopathologic and computer-tomographic appearance and its differential diagnostic value is to be checked by further investigation. The hidden tumours of the deep tissue parts, of the processus parapharyngeus, in particular, will be realized earlier by computer-tomography than by conventional diagnostic methods. In order to exclude deficiency symptoms of the nervus facialis a computer-tomography of the parotis is indicated in neurological and otological cases of doubt for a direct demonstration of the deep tissue part with processus parapharyngeus. By means of computer-tomography a growth of parotid tumours affecting other organs can be realized directly in the macroscopic area, and even in good time in the direction of the spatium parapharyngeum. In view of parotid tumour diagnosis orientated topographically and based on the TNM system computer-tomography makes a more exact realization of the T categories possible; therefore, a further subordination of the key of localisation for clinical trials is suggested.", "contents": "[Computertomography of the parotid gland (author's transl)]. In the first computer-tomographic investigations of the parotis epithelial and mesenchymal tumours histologically ascertained were examined as well as a sialadenitis. For the first time the non invasive computer-tomography allows to demonstrate directly the glandular body morphologically-quantitatively in the macroscopic area and topographically clear in the transverse tomogram. In the face of tumours of the lateral part of the gland, easily to access from the clinical diagnostic point of view, the computer-tomogram can improve pretherapeutically the differential diagnosis to a great extent by additional morphological-quantitative information about the macroscopic possibility to palpate the borders of a tumour, depth of expansion, and tissue structure, the mixed tumour, in particular, seems to have an absorption pattern relatively appropriate to computer-tomography as a result of its different tissue formation, calciferous histopathologic in part, often sealed off macroscopicly. The case observed displays a well-developed annular capsule structure with massive deposits of calciferous substance as a prominent computer-tomographic feature (histological: fibrohyaline capsule). The degree of correlation between the histopathologic and computer-tomographic appearance and its differential diagnostic value is to be checked by further investigation. The hidden tumours of the deep tissue parts, of the processus parapharyngeus, in particular, will be realized earlier by computer-tomography than by conventional diagnostic methods. In order to exclude deficiency symptoms of the nervus facialis a computer-tomography of the parotis is indicated in neurological and otological cases of doubt for a direct demonstration of the deep tissue part with processus parapharyngeus. By means of computer-tomography a growth of parotid tumours affecting other organs can be realized directly in the macroscopic area, and even in good time in the direction of the spatium parapharyngeum. In view of parotid tumour diagnosis orientated topographically and based on the TNM system computer-tomography makes a more exact realization of the T categories possible; therefore, a further subordination of the key of localisation for clinical trials is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:139511", "title": "[Determination of the impaired ear's frequency selectivity using psychoacoustical tuning curves (author's transl)].", "content": "An apparatus for clinical use is described by which simplified psychoacoustical tuning curves can be measured near 500 Hz and near 4 kHz. Data produced by four groups (normal hearing, conductive hearing loss, noise induced hearing loss and degenerative hearing loss) are separately averaged and compared. The first mentioned two groups as well as the third in the low frequency range show good frequency resolution, the others, however, show largely decreased frequency resolution.", "contents": "[Determination of the impaired ear's frequency selectivity using psychoacoustical tuning curves (author's transl)]. An apparatus for clinical use is described by which simplified psychoacoustical tuning curves can be measured near 500 Hz and near 4 kHz. Data produced by four groups (normal hearing, conductive hearing loss, noise induced hearing loss and degenerative hearing loss) are separately averaged and compared. The first mentioned two groups as well as the third in the low frequency range show good frequency resolution, the others, however, show largely decreased frequency resolution."}
{"id": "PMID:139512", "title": "[Recurrent infantile laryngeal papillomas and antuitary insufficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The report at issue discusses the relationship between laryngeal papillomatosis and the endocrine system. It is referred to the clinical course of a 19-years-old patient suffering infantil laryngeal papillomatosis and antuitary insufficiency since childhood. The cause of hormonal insufficiency was the destruction of the hypophysis by a craniopharyngeoma. As a result of this insufficiency the total metabolic process of the patient was reduced to a \"vita-minima\"-function for years. Despite this metabolic depression the laryngeal papillomas have grown excessively. The number of recurrent papillomas could not even be reduced by exstirpation of the craniopharyngeom although the secundary insufficiency of the adrenal cortex and the secundary hypothyreosis have been compensated by cortisone and thyroxine. A hormonal influence on the laryngeal papillomas by the adrenocorticotrophic hormone and the thyroid hormone could be excluded. An inhibitory effect on the papillomas by the somatotrophic hormone seems unlikely. Furthermore the effect of the sexual hormones remains doubtful. The regression of laryngeal papillomas frequently observed by the end of puberty supports a hormonal influence by gonadotrophic hormone.", "contents": "[Recurrent infantile laryngeal papillomas and antuitary insufficiency (author's transl)]. The report at issue discusses the relationship between laryngeal papillomatosis and the endocrine system. It is referred to the clinical course of a 19-years-old patient suffering infantil laryngeal papillomatosis and antuitary insufficiency since childhood. The cause of hormonal insufficiency was the destruction of the hypophysis by a craniopharyngeoma. As a result of this insufficiency the total metabolic process of the patient was reduced to a \"vita-minima\"-function for years. Despite this metabolic depression the laryngeal papillomas have grown excessively. The number of recurrent papillomas could not even be reduced by exstirpation of the craniopharyngeom although the secundary insufficiency of the adrenal cortex and the secundary hypothyreosis have been compensated by cortisone and thyroxine. A hormonal influence on the laryngeal papillomas by the adrenocorticotrophic hormone and the thyroid hormone could be excluded. An inhibitory effect on the papillomas by the somatotrophic hormone seems unlikely. Furthermore the effect of the sexual hormones remains doubtful. The regression of laryngeal papillomas frequently observed by the end of puberty supports a hormonal influence by gonadotrophic hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:139513", "title": "[Long-term observation in juvenile papillomas of the larynx after surgical removal and ultra-sound treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper cover 17 juveniles suffering from papillomas of the larynx. They were treated mainly surgically and with ultrasound. In most cases repeated interventions were necessary over an extended period of time. Because of the -- frequently considerable -- extension of the papillomas, a double spoon was used to remove larger tissue parts before the ultrasound treatment. In six children a tracheotomy was inevitable, in four of those children it was necessary to preserve it over several years. In the course of the treatment a lengthening of the intervals was generally noted. Related to an observation period of up to 10 years, out of 16 patients 13 were in the end permanently without any relapse, the remaining can be expected to be cured definitely because of the significant improvement of the local evidence. No malignant improvement of the local evidence. No malignant degeneration has been observed so far. All the methods of treatment used to date, including ultrasound and cryoscopic probes, are not entirely satisfactory, at least they do not constitute any causal therapy.", "contents": "[Long-term observation in juvenile papillomas of the larynx after surgical removal and ultra-sound treatment (author's transl)]. The paper cover 17 juveniles suffering from papillomas of the larynx. They were treated mainly surgically and with ultrasound. In most cases repeated interventions were necessary over an extended period of time. Because of the -- frequently considerable -- extension of the papillomas, a double spoon was used to remove larger tissue parts before the ultrasound treatment. In six children a tracheotomy was inevitable, in four of those children it was necessary to preserve it over several years. In the course of the treatment a lengthening of the intervals was generally noted. Related to an observation period of up to 10 years, out of 16 patients 13 were in the end permanently without any relapse, the remaining can be expected to be cured definitely because of the significant improvement of the local evidence. No malignant improvement of the local evidence. No malignant degeneration has been observed so far. All the methods of treatment used to date, including ultrasound and cryoscopic probes, are not entirely satisfactory, at least they do not constitute any causal therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:139514", "title": "[Electron microscopy of human nasal mucosa in disturbances of the autonomic nervous system. I. Sympathetic denervation (author's transl)].", "content": "The fine structure of the human nasal mucosa is described shortly after unilateral stellate gang-lion blockage as well as in a case of sympathetic denervation of four weeks duration. For the clinical picture, corresponding to vasomotor rhinitis, there is a characteristic fine structural correlation consisting of dilatation and increased permeability of the vessels as well as stimulation of the nasal glands. In the glands, both increased activity and degenerative changes suggesting \"secretory exhaustion\" are observed. The findings differ from those seen in acute and chornic allergic rhinitis, but correspond to those in experimental animals following the administration of parasympathicomimetic drugs.", "contents": "[Electron microscopy of human nasal mucosa in disturbances of the autonomic nervous system. I. Sympathetic denervation (author's transl)]. The fine structure of the human nasal mucosa is described shortly after unilateral stellate gang-lion blockage as well as in a case of sympathetic denervation of four weeks duration. For the clinical picture, corresponding to vasomotor rhinitis, there is a characteristic fine structural correlation consisting of dilatation and increased permeability of the vessels as well as stimulation of the nasal glands. In the glands, both increased activity and degenerative changes suggesting \"secretory exhaustion\" are observed. The findings differ from those seen in acute and chornic allergic rhinitis, but correspond to those in experimental animals following the administration of parasympathicomimetic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:139515", "title": "[Rhinosinusitis polyposa as the only symptom of aspirin intolerance -- a rhinorheomanometric diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis may be a symptom of aspirin-intolerance. If the other symptoms of aspirin intolerance -- above all urticaria and asthma -- are absent, the rhinologist and not the pulmologist or dermatologist has to do the etiological diagnosis. In doubtful cases rhinorheomanometry is to use.", "contents": "[Rhinosinusitis polyposa as the only symptom of aspirin intolerance -- a rhinorheomanometric diagnosis (author's transl)]. Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis may be a symptom of aspirin-intolerance. If the other symptoms of aspirin intolerance -- above all urticaria and asthma -- are absent, the rhinologist and not the pulmologist or dermatologist has to do the etiological diagnosis. In doubtful cases rhinorheomanometry is to use."}
{"id": "PMID:139516", "title": "[Eustachian tube function and middle ear pressure with adhesive tympanic membrane (author's transl)].", "content": "The function of the Eustachian tube and the corresponding middle ear pressure are significant factors in the etiology of adhesive ear drums as well as in the prognosis of a possible tympanoplasty. In 58 patients with adhesive tympanic membrane tubal function and middle ear pressure were determined by means of the air pressure equalization technique respectively by direct punction. Normal or only slightly impaired tubal function as well as the middle ear pressure was found in one third of the cases, whereas in the majority of the patients an impaired tubal function and underpressure in the middle ear was registrated. As a precondition for a successful tympanoplasty the ventilation of the middle ear must be improved in these cases. At present this is achieved by a polyethylene tube inserted in the tympanic membrane during the operation.", "contents": "[Eustachian tube function and middle ear pressure with adhesive tympanic membrane (author's transl)]. The function of the Eustachian tube and the corresponding middle ear pressure are significant factors in the etiology of adhesive ear drums as well as in the prognosis of a possible tympanoplasty. In 58 patients with adhesive tympanic membrane tubal function and middle ear pressure were determined by means of the air pressure equalization technique respectively by direct punction. Normal or only slightly impaired tubal function as well as the middle ear pressure was found in one third of the cases, whereas in the majority of the patients an impaired tubal function and underpressure in the middle ear was registrated. As a precondition for a successful tympanoplasty the ventilation of the middle ear must be improved in these cases. At present this is achieved by a polyethylene tube inserted in the tympanic membrane during the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:139517", "title": "[The treatment of sudden deafness and Meni\u00e8re's disease with papaverin and low molecular weight dextran (author's transl)].", "content": "This study is concerned with the mean hearing gain in 50 cases of sudden deafness and 40 cases of Meni\u00e8re's disease treated with different drugs and treated with Papaverin and low molecular weight dextran. The treatment of sudden deafness with Papaverin and low molecular dextran was more effective than different drugs. In cases of Meni\u00e8re's disease the treatment with different drugs was not effective, but Papaverin and low molecular dextran was significantly successful. Finally, it is concluded that treatment according to Spoendlin (1969) with Papaverin and low molecular dextran is superior to different drugs.", "contents": "[The treatment of sudden deafness and Meni\u00e8re's disease with papaverin and low molecular weight dextran (author's transl)]. This study is concerned with the mean hearing gain in 50 cases of sudden deafness and 40 cases of Meni\u00e8re's disease treated with different drugs and treated with Papaverin and low molecular weight dextran. The treatment of sudden deafness with Papaverin and low molecular dextran was more effective than different drugs. In cases of Meni\u00e8re's disease the treatment with different drugs was not effective, but Papaverin and low molecular dextran was significantly successful. Finally, it is concluded that treatment according to Spoendlin (1969) with Papaverin and low molecular dextran is superior to different drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:139518", "title": "[New methods in ear drum photography (author's transl)].", "content": "A new optic system, developed in collaboration with Fa. Wolf is introduced. This new optic facilitates diagnostic and demonstration of eardrum findings. The 6.8 mm Lumina-optic has an air channel for avoiding efflorescence of the optic. By adapting the optic system with a camera good, large and easy reproducible pictures were got.", "contents": "[New methods in ear drum photography (author's transl)]. A new optic system, developed in collaboration with Fa. Wolf is introduced. This new optic facilitates diagnostic and demonstration of eardrum findings. The 6.8 mm Lumina-optic has an air channel for avoiding efflorescence of the optic. By adapting the optic system with a camera good, large and easy reproducible pictures were got."}
{"id": "PMID:139519", "title": "[The Gell\u00e9-Test in Practice (author's transl)].", "content": "For diagnosis of otosclerosis the Gell\u00e9-test is useful although the measurement of impedance is more effective and correct. It's not imperative to pursue the test with the display of the pneumophone, but the simplest method by merely using Politzer-balloon into the external meatus is not acceptable. It ought to be arranged that a connecting tube is placed between the ballon and the closing-piece. The examination occurs with the b.c. receiver placed on the processus mastoideus. Frequency 500 cycles and intensity above the threshold 10-20 dB are recommended. Combining the Gell\u00e9-test with white noise produces interesting subjective phenomena.", "contents": "[The Gell\u00e9-Test in Practice (author's transl)]. For diagnosis of otosclerosis the Gell\u00e9-test is useful although the measurement of impedance is more effective and correct. It's not imperative to pursue the test with the display of the pneumophone, but the simplest method by merely using Politzer-balloon into the external meatus is not acceptable. It ought to be arranged that a connecting tube is placed between the ballon and the closing-piece. The examination occurs with the b.c. receiver placed on the processus mastoideus. Frequency 500 cycles and intensity above the threshold 10-20 dB are recommended. Combining the Gell\u00e9-test with white noise produces interesting subjective phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:139520", "title": "[The possibilities of Electric Response Audiometry in Medical Legal Assessment (author's transl)?].", "content": "A case of nonorganic hearing loss combined with noise-induced hearing loss and the necessity of differentiating them by Electric Response Audiometry in legal assessment is described. A second example deals with monaural functional hearing loss induced by ill-treatment. Finally is reported on a bilateral neurinoma of the acoustical nerve with an extrem auditory fatique and the impossibility to detect evoked potentials.", "contents": "[The possibilities of Electric Response Audiometry in Medical Legal Assessment (author's transl)?]. A case of nonorganic hearing loss combined with noise-induced hearing loss and the necessity of differentiating them by Electric Response Audiometry in legal assessment is described. A second example deals with monaural functional hearing loss induced by ill-treatment. Finally is reported on a bilateral neurinoma of the acoustical nerve with an extrem auditory fatique and the impossibility to detect evoked potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:139521", "title": "[Discrimination and critical signal to noise ratio of normal and pathological hearing (author's transl)].", "content": "With reference to the cocktail party situation the selective hearing of normal and pathological hearing  was examined during a period of monaural or binaural noise representation. To describe the physiological situation we modified the physical definition of the signal to noise ratio adding the word \"critical\". Procedure of examination: Hearing level and speech intensity for maximum discrimination of numbers, monosyllables and sentences was evaluated. The speech intensity level defined by these measurements was fixed while the noise level was raised till speech discrimination was reduced to 35-45%. This value is characteristic for the critical signal to noise ratio. A second measurement examined the change of the critical signal to noise ratio by representing the same noise to the contralateral ear. Thus noise is lateralized in the middle of the head and speech discrimination is better in normal hearing compared to the monaural situation. Results of normal and pathological hearing are discussed and dependences between selective hearing and critical signal to noise ratio are shown.", "contents": "[Discrimination and critical signal to noise ratio of normal and pathological hearing (author's transl)]. With reference to the cocktail party situation the selective hearing of normal and pathological hearing  was examined during a period of monaural or binaural noise representation. To describe the physiological situation we modified the physical definition of the signal to noise ratio adding the word \"critical\". Procedure of examination: Hearing level and speech intensity for maximum discrimination of numbers, monosyllables and sentences was evaluated. The speech intensity level defined by these measurements was fixed while the noise level was raised till speech discrimination was reduced to 35-45%. This value is characteristic for the critical signal to noise ratio. A second measurement examined the change of the critical signal to noise ratio by representing the same noise to the contralateral ear. Thus noise is lateralized in the middle of the head and speech discrimination is better in normal hearing compared to the monaural situation. Results of normal and pathological hearing are discussed and dependences between selective hearing and critical signal to noise ratio are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:139522", "title": "Noxious effects upon cochlear metabolism.", "content": "The influence of various toxic substances and of drugs with ototoxic side effects upon energy generation, energy utilization, and membrane processes of the cochlea were studied. None of the drugs tested interfered with energy generation to as great an extent as did anoxia or cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Ouabain produced a pronounced interference with energy utilization of the stria vascularis. The \"loop\" diuretics ethacrynic acid and furosemide produced a reduction of energy utilization of a lesser degree than did ouabain. The \"loop\" diuretics do not seem to exert their toxic action upon strial Na+K+-ATPase, but may act by interfering with strial adenylate cyclase. Aminoglycoside antibiotics and diuretic and nondiuretic mercurials seem to exert their primary noxious action upon cochlear function by interfering with membrane processes of the structures bounding the cochlear duct.", "contents": "Noxious effects upon cochlear metabolism. The influence of various toxic substances and of drugs with ototoxic side effects upon energy generation, energy utilization, and membrane processes of the cochlea were studied. None of the drugs tested interfered with energy generation to as great an extent as did anoxia or cyanide and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Ouabain produced a pronounced interference with energy utilization of the stria vascularis. The \"loop\" diuretics ethacrynic acid and furosemide produced a reduction of energy utilization of a lesser degree than did ouabain. The \"loop\" diuretics do not seem to exert their toxic action upon strial Na+K+-ATPase, but may act by interfering with strial adenylate cyclase. Aminoglycoside antibiotics and diuretic and nondiuretic mercurials seem to exert their primary noxious action upon cochlear function by interfering with membrane processes of the structures bounding the cochlear duct."}
{"id": "PMID:139523", "title": "Physiological principles of therapy in head and neck cutaneous wounds.", "content": "It is essential that surgeons treating soft tissue wounds about the head and neck have a basic understanding of skin anatomy and physiology. The quality as well as the rate of healing is usually dependent on the type and extent of the original injury. Having a practical working knowledge of the pathophysiology of the various types of head and neck soft tissue injuries allows an intelligent choice of the most appropriate approach to a particular wound. The best functional and cosmetic results routinely are achieved by the wound's undergoing primary healing. Skin tapes and various sutures each exhibit certain benefits and disadvantages in primary closure of wounds. Skin tapes cause less inflammatory reaction but fail to close the subepithelial wound spaces. The inflammatory reaction and subsequent scarring caused by the various sutures depends upon the size of the suture needle, the diameter of the suture material and whether it is a monofilament or a woven suture. The essential nutrition of the wound must be maintained with the body providing adequate amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, trace elements and vitamins. The lack of adequate wound tissue perfusion by a normal or reversed oxygen gradient will lead to tissue necrosis and infection. The size of the inoculum of micro-organisms, the virulence of the organisms and host antimicrobial defense mechanisms determine if an infection will develop. The pharmacological action of each antibiotic must be understood in order to choose the proper antibiotic, its route of administration and to avoid unwanted side effects. Crushing tissue injuries, high velocity projectile tissue injuries and major burns of tissue may require several days to exhibit the true scope of the original injury. Most of these injuries must be treated by the open delayed method of wound treatment until the proper tissue conditions exist for healing. The proper timing and correct choice of autografts and tissue flaps from the surgeon's personal experience, study and conferring with other qualified surgeons. Upon gaining insight into the cellular and humoral antimicrobial defense system, the surgeon is able to provide the best conditions to allow these systems to function properly. Studies in the ultrastructures of skin along with the recently developed microbioassay techniques will allow a closer monitoring during the process of wound healing that will provide the basis for future techniques in the beneficial manipulation of wound healing.", "contents": "Physiological principles of therapy in head and neck cutaneous wounds. It is essential that surgeons treating soft tissue wounds about the head and neck have a basic understanding of skin anatomy and physiology. The quality as well as the rate of healing is usually dependent on the type and extent of the original injury. Having a practical working knowledge of the pathophysiology of the various types of head and neck soft tissue injuries allows an intelligent choice of the most appropriate approach to a particular wound. The best functional and cosmetic results routinely are achieved by the wound's undergoing primary healing. Skin tapes and various sutures each exhibit certain benefits and disadvantages in primary closure of wounds. Skin tapes cause less inflammatory reaction but fail to close the subepithelial wound spaces. The inflammatory reaction and subsequent scarring caused by the various sutures depends upon the size of the suture needle, the diameter of the suture material and whether it is a monofilament or a woven suture. The essential nutrition of the wound must be maintained with the body providing adequate amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, trace elements and vitamins. The lack of adequate wound tissue perfusion by a normal or reversed oxygen gradient will lead to tissue necrosis and infection. The size of the inoculum of micro-organisms, the virulence of the organisms and host antimicrobial defense mechanisms determine if an infection will develop. The pharmacological action of each antibiotic must be understood in order to choose the proper antibiotic, its route of administration and to avoid unwanted side effects. Crushing tissue injuries, high velocity projectile tissue injuries and major burns of tissue may require several days to exhibit the true scope of the original injury. Most of these injuries must be treated by the open delayed method of wound treatment until the proper tissue conditions exist for healing. The proper timing and correct choice of autografts and tissue flaps from the surgeon's personal experience, study and conferring with other qualified surgeons. Upon gaining insight into the cellular and humoral antimicrobial defense system, the surgeon is able to provide the best conditions to allow these systems to function properly. Studies in the ultrastructures of skin along with the recently developed microbioassay techniques will allow a closer monitoring during the process of wound healing that will provide the basis for future techniques in the beneficial manipulation of wound healing."}
{"id": "PMID:139529", "title": "Clearance of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester from the plasma of streptozotocin-induced diabetic and hypercholesterolemic hypothyroid rats.", "content": "Labeled chylomicrons in thoracic duct lymph were collected after test meals containing 14C cholesterol and 2-3H glyceryl trioleate and were given by intravenous injection to groups of control rats, rats made diabetic by treatment with streptozotocin, and rats made hypothyroid and hypercholesterolemic by a diet containing cholesterol, peanut oil, cholic acid, and thiouracil. In the diabetic rats clearances from the plasma of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester were impaired. A large variability in triacylglycerol clearance in diabetic rats was ascribed to variability in plasma triacylglycerol concentrations. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity was not impaired in the female diabetic rats used in this study. In the hypothyroid hypercholesterolemic rats chylomicron cholesteryl ester clearance from the plasma was impaired but chylomicron triacylglycerol was cleared efficiently, and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity was similar to or greater than activity in controls. Ten minutes after intravenous injection most plasma radioactivity was recovered in lipoproteins of density less than 1.006 g/ml in all groups of rats, but relatively more was recovered at this density in both treatment groups. We suggest that chylomicron remnants accumulate in the plasma and contribute to the development of hyperlipemia in both treatment groups, but that the remnants formed in the diabetic rat are less depleted of triacylglycerol than the remnants formed in the hypothyroid hypercholesterolemic rat. It is suggested that factors other than measured lipoprotein lipase activities of adipose tissues may be important in determining the initial extent of hydrolysis of chylomicron triacyglycerol. We propose that the hypercholesterolemic hypothyroid rat is a useful model for the experimental production of the remnants of triacylglycerol-rich primary lipoproteins.", "contents": "Clearance of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester from the plasma of streptozotocin-induced diabetic and hypercholesterolemic hypothyroid rats. Labeled chylomicrons in thoracic duct lymph were collected after test meals containing 14C cholesterol and 2-3H glyceryl trioleate and were given by intravenous injection to groups of control rats, rats made diabetic by treatment with streptozotocin, and rats made hypothyroid and hypercholesterolemic by a diet containing cholesterol, peanut oil, cholic acid, and thiouracil. In the diabetic rats clearances from the plasma of chylomicron triacylglycerol and cholesteryl ester were impaired. A large variability in triacylglycerol clearance in diabetic rats was ascribed to variability in plasma triacylglycerol concentrations. Adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity was not impaired in the female diabetic rats used in this study. In the hypothyroid hypercholesterolemic rats chylomicron cholesteryl ester clearance from the plasma was impaired but chylomicron triacylglycerol was cleared efficiently, and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity was similar to or greater than activity in controls. Ten minutes after intravenous injection most plasma radioactivity was recovered in lipoproteins of density less than 1.006 g/ml in all groups of rats, but relatively more was recovered at this density in both treatment groups. We suggest that chylomicron remnants accumulate in the plasma and contribute to the development of hyperlipemia in both treatment groups, but that the remnants formed in the diabetic rat are less depleted of triacylglycerol than the remnants formed in the hypothyroid hypercholesterolemic rat. It is suggested that factors other than measured lipoprotein lipase activities of adipose tissues may be important in determining the initial extent of hydrolysis of chylomicron triacyglycerol. We propose that the hypercholesterolemic hypothyroid rat is a useful model for the experimental production of the remnants of triacylglycerol-rich primary lipoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:139563", "title": "Genetic and metabolic regulation of purine base transport in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Neurospora crassa can utilize various purine bases such as xanthine or uric acid and their catabolic products as a nitrogen source. The early purine catabolic enzymes in this organism are regulated by induction and by ammonium repression. Studies were undertaken to investigate purine base transport and its regulation in Neurospora. The results of competition experiments with uric acid and xanthine transport strongly suggest that uric acid and xanthine share a common transport system. It was also shown that the common transport system for uric acid and xanthine is distinct from a second transport system shared by hypoxanthine, adenine and guanine, and apparently also distinct from the transport system(s) for adenosine, cytosine and uracil. Regulation of the uric acid-xanthine transport system and the hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine transport system was studied. The results reveal that the uric acid-xanthine transport system is regulated by ammonium repression, but does not require uric acid induction. Neither ammonium repression nor uric acid induction controls the hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine transport system. A gene, designated amr, which is believed to be a positive regulatory gene for nitrogen metabolism of Neurospora crassa, was found to dramatically affect both the uric acid-xanthine transport system and the hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine transport system. A model for the action of the amr locus as a positive regulatory gene and for the interaction between the amr gene product and its recognition sites will be discussed.", "contents": "Genetic and metabolic regulation of purine base transport in Neurospora crassa. Neurospora crassa can utilize various purine bases such as xanthine or uric acid and their catabolic products as a nitrogen source. The early purine catabolic enzymes in this organism are regulated by induction and by ammonium repression. Studies were undertaken to investigate purine base transport and its regulation in Neurospora. The results of competition experiments with uric acid and xanthine transport strongly suggest that uric acid and xanthine share a common transport system. It was also shown that the common transport system for uric acid and xanthine is distinct from a second transport system shared by hypoxanthine, adenine and guanine, and apparently also distinct from the transport system(s) for adenosine, cytosine and uracil. Regulation of the uric acid-xanthine transport system and the hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine transport system was studied. The results reveal that the uric acid-xanthine transport system is regulated by ammonium repression, but does not require uric acid induction. Neither ammonium repression nor uric acid induction controls the hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine transport system. A gene, designated amr, which is believed to be a positive regulatory gene for nitrogen metabolism of Neurospora crassa, was found to dramatically affect both the uric acid-xanthine transport system and the hypoxanthine-adenine-guanine transport system. A model for the action of the amr locus as a positive regulatory gene and for the interaction between the amr gene product and its recognition sites will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139565", "title": "Spectinomycin versus tetracycline for the treatment of gonorrhea.", "content": "Spectinomycin and tetracycline are alternative drugs to penicillin in the treatment of gonorrhea. To compare the efficacy of these agents and their propensity to select resistant gonococci, we treated 4043 patients randomly with either 2 or 4 g of spectinomycin once or 9 g of oral tetracycline for four days. Minimum cure rate for anogenital gonorrhea was 94 per cent with either drug. Oropharyngeal infection responded poorly to spectinomycin in men, with failure of therapy in six of 11. Postgonococcal urethritis in men was less common after tetracycline than after spectinomycin (P less than 0.005). Spectinomycin failure was not related to drug resistance. Tetracycline failure correlated with resistance (P less than 0.0002); one fifth of the isolates resistant to 1.0 mug per milliter of tetracycline were not eradicated. For several reasons, including the appearance of beta-lactamase-producing gonococci, it is no longer clear that penicillin G is the \"drug of choice\" for gonorrhea. Spectinomycin and tetracycline are equally acceptable alternatives, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages.", "contents": "Spectinomycin versus tetracycline for the treatment of gonorrhea. Spectinomycin and tetracycline are alternative drugs to penicillin in the treatment of gonorrhea. To compare the efficacy of these agents and their propensity to select resistant gonococci, we treated 4043 patients randomly with either 2 or 4 g of spectinomycin once or 9 g of oral tetracycline for four days. Minimum cure rate for anogenital gonorrhea was 94 per cent with either drug. Oropharyngeal infection responded poorly to spectinomycin in men, with failure of therapy in six of 11. Postgonococcal urethritis in men was less common after tetracycline than after spectinomycin (P less than 0.005). Spectinomycin failure was not related to drug resistance. Tetracycline failure correlated with resistance (P less than 0.0002); one fifth of the isolates resistant to 1.0 mug per milliter of tetracycline were not eradicated. For several reasons, including the appearance of beta-lactamase-producing gonococci, it is no longer clear that penicillin G is the \"drug of choice\" for gonorrhea. Spectinomycin and tetracycline are equally acceptable alternatives, each with distinct advantages and disadvantages."}
{"id": "PMID:139567", "title": "Renal transplantation between HLA identical siblings. Comparison with transplants from HLA semi-identical related donors.", "content": "We compared 26 HLA-A, B identical sibling kidney-transplant recipients followed for one to 10 years, with 104 HLA-A, B semi-identical kidney recipients from living, related donors to determine clinical differences. Graft-survival rates were significantly better in the HLA identical group at two years (85 per cent identical versus 53 per cent in semi-identical, P less than 0.005); patient-survival rates were high for both (96 per cent in identical and 87 per cent in semi-identical at two years, P less than 0.005). The incidence of complications was similar in HLA identical and semi-identical recipients. Nine of the 26 grafts in HLA identical recipients failed one week to eight years after transplantation. Rejection caused most of the graft failures. Recipients of HLA identical-sibling kidney transplants have a high patient and graft survival, but they also encounter many complications. Immunologic rejection occurs, even with negative mixed lymphocyte culture, suggesting the importance of donor determinants other than the HLAA, B and D other than the HLA-A, B and D.", "contents": "Renal transplantation between HLA identical siblings. Comparison with transplants from HLA semi-identical related donors. We compared 26 HLA-A, B identical sibling kidney-transplant recipients followed for one to 10 years, with 104 HLA-A, B semi-identical kidney recipients from living, related donors to determine clinical differences. Graft-survival rates were significantly better in the HLA identical group at two years (85 per cent identical versus 53 per cent in semi-identical, P less than 0.005); patient-survival rates were high for both (96 per cent in identical and 87 per cent in semi-identical at two years, P less than 0.005). The incidence of complications was similar in HLA identical and semi-identical recipients. Nine of the 26 grafts in HLA identical recipients failed one week to eight years after transplantation. Rejection caused most of the graft failures. Recipients of HLA identical-sibling kidney transplants have a high patient and graft survival, but they also encounter many complications. Immunologic rejection occurs, even with negative mixed lymphocyte culture, suggesting the importance of donor determinants other than the HLAA, B and D other than the HLA-A, B and D."}
{"id": "PMID:139568", "title": "Mechanism of feminization in primary liver cancer.", "content": "Primary liver cancer occasionally presents with feminization. The mechanism is unknown. We studied a young man with primary liver cancer associated with feminization that disappeared after removal of the tumor. Before operation, the serum estrone level was markedly (1113 pg per milliliter) and estradiol and estriol levels were slightly elevated. Human placental lactogen was also increased (0.52 microng per milliliter). Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin levels were normal, and testosterone reduced. Beta subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin were not detected in the serum. In vitro assay of tumor tissue showed estrogenic activity and high levels of these subunits. With a reversed isotope dilution technic with crystallization to constant specific activity, we showed the tumor tissue to convert dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone to estrone and estradiol. Production of beta subunits of chorionic gonadotropin and raised serum levels of placental lactogen provided further evidence that the tumor was functioning as trophoblastic tissue.", "contents": "Mechanism of feminization in primary liver cancer. Primary liver cancer occasionally presents with feminization. The mechanism is unknown. We studied a young man with primary liver cancer associated with feminization that disappeared after removal of the tumor. Before operation, the serum estrone level was markedly (1113 pg per milliliter) and estradiol and estriol levels were slightly elevated. Human placental lactogen was also increased (0.52 microng per milliliter). Luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and prolactin levels were normal, and testosterone reduced. Beta subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin were not detected in the serum. In vitro assay of tumor tissue showed estrogenic activity and high levels of these subunits. With a reversed isotope dilution technic with crystallization to constant specific activity, we showed the tumor tissue to convert dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and dehydroepiandrosterone to estrone and estradiol. Production of beta subunits of chorionic gonadotropin and raised serum levels of placental lactogen provided further evidence that the tumor was functioning as trophoblastic tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:139575", "title": "Hospitalization for laparoscopy. The exception rather than the rule.", "content": "After studying a series of patients who underwent laparoscopy, the authors found that they are currently hospitalizing only 6.6% of them. They found that more patients are hospitalized for diagnostic laparoscopy than for surgical laparoscopy because of the potential need for laparotomy.", "contents": "Hospitalization for laparoscopy. The exception rather than the rule. After studying a series of patients who underwent laparoscopy, the authors found that they are currently hospitalizing only 6.6% of them. They found that more patients are hospitalized for diagnostic laparoscopy than for surgical laparoscopy because of the potential need for laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:139587", "title": "[Application of CH50 assay to the detection of circulating immune complexes (author's transl)].", "content": "Detection and titration of circulating immune complexes appear as an essential tool for the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of immune complex diseases. Authors propose a simple, rapid, senstive and quantitative method based on the evaluation of complement by soluble immune complexes measured by 50% hemolytic activity. This technique was compared to the I125 C1q binding test and may be recommended for clinical laboratory use.", "contents": "[Application of CH50 assay to the detection of circulating immune complexes (author's transl)]. Detection and titration of circulating immune complexes appear as an essential tool for the diagnosis and prognostic evaluation of immune complex diseases. Authors propose a simple, rapid, senstive and quantitative method based on the evaluation of complement by soluble immune complexes measured by 50% hemolytic activity. This technique was compared to the I125 C1q binding test and may be recommended for clinical laboratory use."}
{"id": "PMID:139584", "title": "[Cestodes of the genera Gyrocoelia Fuhrmann, 1899 and Infula Burt, 1939, 1939 (Acoleidae) from the snipes of the Soviet Union].", "content": "The data are given on the morphology of cestodes of the genera Gyrocoelia Fuhrm,. 1899 and Infula Burt, 1939. It has been found that in the spermatheca of the female of G. perversa there are spermatozoids with an elongated head typical for Plathelminthes. In the spermatheca of the female of I. burhini were found spermatids with long tails. The final formation of spermatozoids in I. burhini takes place in the spermatheca. The taxonomic position of the species of Gyrocoelia found in the waters of the USSR has been made more precise: G. polytestis Saakowa, 1952 and Gyrocoelia sp. II Schaldibin, 1960-1961 are reduced to synonyms of Infula burhini and Gyrocoelia sp. I Schaldibin, 1960-1961 to a synonym of G. perversa. The number and size of the hooks of proboscis in the species of the genus Gyrocoelia vary in wide ranges and cannot be used as a taxonomic character. The number of testes and the structure of the egg membrane are constant for the species of this genus.", "contents": "[Cestodes of the genera Gyrocoelia Fuhrmann, 1899 and Infula Burt, 1939, 1939 (Acoleidae) from the snipes of the Soviet Union]. The data are given on the morphology of cestodes of the genera Gyrocoelia Fuhrm,. 1899 and Infula Burt, 1939. It has been found that in the spermatheca of the female of G. perversa there are spermatozoids with an elongated head typical for Plathelminthes. In the spermatheca of the female of I. burhini were found spermatids with long tails. The final formation of spermatozoids in I. burhini takes place in the spermatheca. The taxonomic position of the species of Gyrocoelia found in the waters of the USSR has been made more precise: G. polytestis Saakowa, 1952 and Gyrocoelia sp. II Schaldibin, 1960-1961 are reduced to synonyms of Infula burhini and Gyrocoelia sp. I Schaldibin, 1960-1961 to a synonym of G. perversa. The number and size of the hooks of proboscis in the species of the genus Gyrocoelia vary in wide ranges and cannot be used as a taxonomic character. The number of testes and the structure of the egg membrane are constant for the species of this genus."}
{"id": "PMID:139586", "title": "[Monogenea of fishes from various fresh water ponds of the Kola peninsula].", "content": "25 species of Monogenea were found in the basins of the Ponoi, Pjalitsa and Varzuga rivers. The belonging to faunistic complexes is indicated for 29 species of monogeneanus known at present for water bodies of the Kola peninsula. On the basis of the distribution of Monogenea in the Ponoi and due to its hydrological regime and geological past the introduction of freshwater fauna into this water body via the Varzuga river is suggested.", "contents": "[Monogenea of fishes from various fresh water ponds of the Kola peninsula]. 25 species of Monogenea were found in the basins of the Ponoi, Pjalitsa and Varzuga rivers. The belonging to faunistic complexes is indicated for 29 species of monogeneanus known at present for water bodies of the Kola peninsula. On the basis of the distribution of Monogenea in the Ponoi and due to its hydrological regime and geological past the introduction of freshwater fauna into this water body via the Varzuga river is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:139592", "title": "Immunologic study of the age-related loss of activity of six enzymes in the red cells from newborn infants and adults--evidence for a fetal type of erythrocyte phosphofructokinase.", "content": "Blood from 10 normal healthy adults and cord blood from 8 healthy full term infants were infiltrated through a mixture sulfoethylethycellulose-Sephadex G 25 in order to eliminate the platelets and the leukocytes. Then the erythrocytes were fractionated into young and old cells by centrifugation in microhematocrit tubes. The enzyme activity and the immunologic reactivity of glucose phosphate isomerase (EC.5.3.1.9), phosphoglycerate kinase (EC.2.7.2.3), pyruvate kinase (ec.2.7.1.40), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC. 1.1.1.49), and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC.1.1.1.44) were measured in every fraction. As previously reported, the enzyme activities were far higher in cord blood than in adult blood red cells; nevertheless, the age-related loss of enzyme activity was similar in both cord and adult blood. The decrease of the enzyme activity of glucose phosphate isomerase and phosphoglycerate kinase in old cells was singly associated with a lowered concentration of the enzyme-related antigen; by contrast, the age-related decrease of the enzyme activity of pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was associated with both a lowered concentration of the enzyme-related antigen and a lowered \"molecular specific activity\" (i.e., a lowered ratio of enzyme activity to enzyme-related antigen concentration). This phenomenon was especially marked for pyruvate kinase, which had a molecular specific activity in old cells that was 68% of that in young cells. Phosphofructokinase had a lower enzyme activity in cord blood erythrocytes than in adult blood erythrocytes; the difference was especially important in old cells from infants in which phosphofructokinase activity was 53% of that in old cells from adults. Phosphofructokinase from old cells of full term infants and from unfractionated cells from two premature infants (21 and 32 weeks of gestation) was less neutralized by anti-muscle phosphofructokinase serum and more inhibited by ATP than the enzyme from adult blood erythrocytes.", "contents": "Immunologic study of the age-related loss of activity of six enzymes in the red cells from newborn infants and adults--evidence for a fetal type of erythrocyte phosphofructokinase. Blood from 10 normal healthy adults and cord blood from 8 healthy full term infants were infiltrated through a mixture sulfoethylethycellulose-Sephadex G 25 in order to eliminate the platelets and the leukocytes. Then the erythrocytes were fractionated into young and old cells by centrifugation in microhematocrit tubes. The enzyme activity and the immunologic reactivity of glucose phosphate isomerase (EC.5.3.1.9), phosphoglycerate kinase (EC.2.7.2.3), pyruvate kinase (ec.2.7.1.40), glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC. 1.1.1.49), and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC.1.1.1.44) were measured in every fraction. As previously reported, the enzyme activities were far higher in cord blood than in adult blood red cells; nevertheless, the age-related loss of enzyme activity was similar in both cord and adult blood. The decrease of the enzyme activity of glucose phosphate isomerase and phosphoglycerate kinase in old cells was singly associated with a lowered concentration of the enzyme-related antigen; by contrast, the age-related decrease of the enzyme activity of pyruvate kinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was associated with both a lowered concentration of the enzyme-related antigen and a lowered \"molecular specific activity\" (i.e., a lowered ratio of enzyme activity to enzyme-related antigen concentration). This phenomenon was especially marked for pyruvate kinase, which had a molecular specific activity in old cells that was 68% of that in young cells. Phosphofructokinase had a lower enzyme activity in cord blood erythrocytes than in adult blood erythrocytes; the difference was especially important in old cells from infants in which phosphofructokinase activity was 53% of that in old cells from adults. Phosphofructokinase from old cells of full term infants and from unfractionated cells from two premature infants (21 and 32 weeks of gestation) was less neutralized by anti-muscle phosphofructokinase serum and more inhibited by ATP than the enzyme from adult blood erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:139603", "title": "A new look at pediatric endoscopy.", "content": "As a result of recent developments in instrumentation, most endoscopic procedures can now be carried out safely in infants and children in less time and with less trauma than previously. In pediatric applications, laparoscopy is possible for the first time, bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy are greatly improved, and urethrocystoscopy can be done with accuracy and dispatch. Small flexible endoscopes have been evaluated for gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy.", "contents": "A new look at pediatric endoscopy. As a result of recent developments in instrumentation, most endoscopic procedures can now be carried out safely in infants and children in less time and with less trauma than previously. In pediatric applications, laparoscopy is possible for the first time, bronchoscopy and esophagoscopy are greatly improved, and urethrocystoscopy can be done with accuracy and dispatch. Small flexible endoscopes have been evaluated for gastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:139608", "title": "Roles of proteins from inner face of plasma membranes in susceptibility of of (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg2+ adenosinetriphosphatase to ouabain.", "content": "Purified right-side-out (RSO) and inside-out (IO) plasma membrane vesicles release 35% of the total plasma membrane proteins after EDTA treatment. After such a treatment both types of vesicles exhibited the same total activity of (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg2+ adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase; ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) as in their native state. The EDTA treatment increases the enzyme sensitivity to ouabain by 350-fold in IO vesicles while being without any effect RSO vesicles. Thus, proteins released only from the IO vesicles led to a change in ouabain sensitivity of the (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg2+ ATPase. Moreover, only proteins released from IO vesicles, when added to treated IO vesicles with divalent cations, were able to restore the original resistance of the enzyme to ouabain; released proteins from RSO vesicles failed to make such a reconstitution. Thus, we assume that these proteins detach from the inner face of the plasma membrane upon EDTA treatment and are distinct from the enzyme. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that these inner face plasma membrane proteins are approximately 30,000 daltons.", "contents": "Roles of proteins from inner face of plasma membranes in susceptibility of of (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg2+ adenosinetriphosphatase to ouabain. Purified right-side-out (RSO) and inside-out (IO) plasma membrane vesicles release 35% of the total plasma membrane proteins after EDTA treatment. After such a treatment both types of vesicles exhibited the same total activity of (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg2+ adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase; ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) as in their native state. The EDTA treatment increases the enzyme sensitivity to ouabain by 350-fold in IO vesicles while being without any effect RSO vesicles. Thus, proteins released only from the IO vesicles led to a change in ouabain sensitivity of the (Na+ + K+)-stimulated Mg2+ ATPase. Moreover, only proteins released from IO vesicles, when added to treated IO vesicles with divalent cations, were able to restore the original resistance of the enzyme to ouabain; released proteins from RSO vesicles failed to make such a reconstitution. Thus, we assume that these proteins detach from the inner face of the plasma membrane upon EDTA treatment and are distinct from the enzyme. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicates that these inner face plasma membrane proteins are approximately 30,000 daltons."}
{"id": "PMID:139605", "title": "[Fractional content of androgens in the urine of young sexually mature, old and castrated dogs].", "content": "Fractional composition of 17-KS was studied experimentally in the urine of young sexually-mature, old and castrated dogs. A reduction of the dehydroepiandrosterone, androsterone, ethiocholanolone and of the fraction of 11-oxidized 17-KS in the old, and particularly in the castrated dogs was demonstrated. Androsterone and ethiocholanolone  fractions were subject to the greatest reduction in excretion in the animals under study; the androsterone/ethiocholanolone coefficient was decreased more in old dogs than in the castrated ones. A relative prevalence of dehydroepiandrosterone and of 11-oxdized ketosteroids was noted.", "contents": "[Fractional content of androgens in the urine of young sexually mature, old and castrated dogs]. Fractional composition of 17-KS was studied experimentally in the urine of young sexually-mature, old and castrated dogs. A reduction of the dehydroepiandrosterone, androsterone, ethiocholanolone and of the fraction of 11-oxidized 17-KS in the old, and particularly in the castrated dogs was demonstrated. Androsterone and ethiocholanolone  fractions were subject to the greatest reduction in excretion in the animals under study; the androsterone/ethiocholanolone coefficient was decreased more in old dogs than in the castrated ones. A relative prevalence of dehydroepiandrosterone and of 11-oxdized ketosteroids was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:139609", "title": "Proposed involvement of an internal promoter in regulation and synthesis of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetases of Neurospora.", "content": "Genetic analysis of an electrophoretic variant of the mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase [L-leucine:tRNALeu ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.1.1.4] indicates that it is either an allele of or linked closely to leu-5ts, a mutant that is known to produce a cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetase with an altered affinity for leucine as well as being deficient in the production of the mitochondrial enzyme. Immunological analysis indicates that the two synthetases have little, if any, structural homology. The pattern of synthesis of the enzymes in leu-5ts revertants, the reciprocal relationship of the production of the two enzymes in response to a negative regulatory element, presumably of mitochondrial origin, as well as the lack of detectable structural homology, led to the proposal that the phenotype of leu-5ts results from a mutational alteration in the structural gene for the cytoplasmic enzyme in a region involved in the initiation of transcription of the adjacent gene for the mitochondrial enzyme.", "contents": "Proposed involvement of an internal promoter in regulation and synthesis of mitochondrial and cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetases of Neurospora. Genetic analysis of an electrophoretic variant of the mitochondrial leucyl-tRNA synthetase [L-leucine:tRNALeu ligase (AMP-forming), EC 6.1.1.4] indicates that it is either an allele of or linked closely to leu-5ts, a mutant that is known to produce a cytoplasmic leucyl-tRNA synthetase with an altered affinity for leucine as well as being deficient in the production of the mitochondrial enzyme. Immunological analysis indicates that the two synthetases have little, if any, structural homology. The pattern of synthesis of the enzymes in leu-5ts revertants, the reciprocal relationship of the production of the two enzymes in response to a negative regulatory element, presumably of mitochondrial origin, as well as the lack of detectable structural homology, led to the proposal that the phenotype of leu-5ts results from a mutational alteration in the structural gene for the cytoplasmic enzyme in a region involved in the initiation of transcription of the adjacent gene for the mitochondrial enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:139610", "title": "Reconstitution of thermostable ATPase capable of energy coupling from its purified subunits.", "content": "Purified dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive ATPase (TF0-F1) from thermophilic bacterium PS3 is composed of a water soluble part with ATP hydrolytic activity (TF1) and a water insoluble moiety (TF0). All of the five subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) of TF1 were isolated. TF1 was reconstituted from the five subunits, which catalyzed an ATP-32Pi exchange and an ATP-driven enhancement of fluorescence of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate, when adsorbed on proteoliposome inlaid with TF0 (TF3-vesicles). Subunit epsilon and/or delta became firmly bound to TF0-vesicles and there was no preferential sequence in the binding. Both subunits were required for binding of the remaining subunits of TF1 to TF0-vesicles, but they did not modify the high H+ -permeability of TF0-vesicles. The addition of gamma but they did not modify the high H+-permeability of TFO-vesicles. The addition of gamma subunit together with epsilon and delta subunits caused a marked decrease of H+ -permeability of TF0-vesicles, similar to that induced by TF1. We conclude tentatively that the epsilon and delta subunits connect TF0 and the other subunits forming a part of a proton pathway, gamma is a gate of proton flow coupled to ATP hydrolysis (or synthesis), and alpha and beta subunits contain the active site for energy transformation. A possible model of subunit structure of TF1 is proposed.", "contents": "Reconstitution of thermostable ATPase capable of energy coupling from its purified subunits. Purified dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive ATPase (TF0-F1) from thermophilic bacterium PS3 is composed of a water soluble part with ATP hydrolytic activity (TF1) and a water insoluble moiety (TF0). All of the five subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) of TF1 were isolated. TF1 was reconstituted from the five subunits, which catalyzed an ATP-32Pi exchange and an ATP-driven enhancement of fluorescence of 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate, when adsorbed on proteoliposome inlaid with TF0 (TF3-vesicles). Subunit epsilon and/or delta became firmly bound to TF0-vesicles and there was no preferential sequence in the binding. Both subunits were required for binding of the remaining subunits of TF1 to TF0-vesicles, but they did not modify the high H+ -permeability of TF0-vesicles. The addition of gamma but they did not modify the high H+-permeability of TFO-vesicles. The addition of gamma subunit together with epsilon and delta subunits caused a marked decrease of H+ -permeability of TF0-vesicles, similar to that induced by TF1. We conclude tentatively that the epsilon and delta subunits connect TF0 and the other subunits forming a part of a proton pathway, gamma is a gate of proton flow coupled to ATP hydrolysis (or synthesis), and alpha and beta subunits contain the active site for energy transformation. A possible model of subunit structure of TF1 is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:139615", "title": "Differentiaton of neuropharmacological actions of apomorphine and d-amphetamine.", "content": "The dopaminergic agonists apomorphine and d-amphetamine elicit hyperthermic, hyperkinetic and stereotypic responses in the rabbit. The present investigation compares the influence exerted by various serotonergic antagonists upon these activities. Apomorphine-induced hyperthemia was antagonized by p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), cyproheptadine and cinanserin and was restored in pCPA-pretreated rabbits by regeneration of central serotonin levels, d-Amphetamine-induced hyperthermia was reduced by pCPA; restored in pCPA-pretreated animals by regeneration of central serotonin levels; and was uninfluenced by cyproheptadine and cinanserin. Apomorphine-induced locomotor stimulation was unaltered by serotonergic antagonists; however, these same doses of anti-serotonergic agents all markedly reduced d-amphetamine-induced hyperkinesia. Serotonergic antgaonists also failed to affect apomorphine-induced compulsive gnawing but did significantly enhance d-amphetamine-induced compulsive gnawing. It is concluded from these data that the neuropharmacological activities of apopmorphine and d-amphetamine in the rabbit differ in their dependence upon central serotonergic mechanisms.", "contents": "Differentiaton of neuropharmacological actions of apomorphine and d-amphetamine. The dopaminergic agonists apomorphine and d-amphetamine elicit hyperthermic, hyperkinetic and stereotypic responses in the rabbit. The present investigation compares the influence exerted by various serotonergic antagonists upon these activities. Apomorphine-induced hyperthemia was antagonized by p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA), cyproheptadine and cinanserin and was restored in pCPA-pretreated rabbits by regeneration of central serotonin levels, d-Amphetamine-induced hyperthermia was reduced by pCPA; restored in pCPA-pretreated animals by regeneration of central serotonin levels; and was uninfluenced by cyproheptadine and cinanserin. Apomorphine-induced locomotor stimulation was unaltered by serotonergic antagonists; however, these same doses of anti-serotonergic agents all markedly reduced d-amphetamine-induced hyperkinesia. Serotonergic antgaonists also failed to affect apomorphine-induced compulsive gnawing but did significantly enhance d-amphetamine-induced compulsive gnawing. It is concluded from these data that the neuropharmacological activities of apopmorphine and d-amphetamine in the rabbit differ in their dependence upon central serotonergic mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:139616", "title": "Effect of beta-phenylethylamine and d-amphetamine on electrical self-stimulation of brain.", "content": "beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) has been viewed as amphetamine-like in its effects on behavior. Support for this putative similarity of action has been derived primarily from observations that both of these structually related compounds increase locomotor activity in a dose-related manner and at higher doses evoke stereotypies. Since d-amphetamine (d-A) produces a dose-related increase in the rate of bar pressing for electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle, the effect of PEA on this behavioral paradigm was examined. Male Long-Evans rats implanted with bipolar electrodes self-administered 250 msec 60 Hz constant current sine wave trains over a 30-70 micronA range of intensities in daily 20-min tests. Over a range of 1-40 mg/kg IP of PEA, a dose-related decrease in self-stimulation rate was observed; pretreatment with para-chlorophenylalanine or alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine did not alter the response to 2.5 or 3o mg/kg IP of PEA. Since within the dose range of PEA used in this study a dose-related increase in locomotor activity was observed, and since d-A increases self-stimulation rate at doses that increase locomotor activity, it would seem that there are qualitative differences in the actions of d-A and PEA on behavior.", "contents": "Effect of beta-phenylethylamine and d-amphetamine on electrical self-stimulation of brain. beta-phenylethylamine (PEA) has been viewed as amphetamine-like in its effects on behavior. Support for this putative similarity of action has been derived primarily from observations that both of these structually related compounds increase locomotor activity in a dose-related manner and at higher doses evoke stereotypies. Since d-amphetamine (d-A) produces a dose-related increase in the rate of bar pressing for electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle, the effect of PEA on this behavioral paradigm was examined. Male Long-Evans rats implanted with bipolar electrodes self-administered 250 msec 60 Hz constant current sine wave trains over a 30-70 micronA range of intensities in daily 20-min tests. Over a range of 1-40 mg/kg IP of PEA, a dose-related decrease in self-stimulation rate was observed; pretreatment with para-chlorophenylalanine or alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine did not alter the response to 2.5 or 3o mg/kg IP of PEA. Since within the dose range of PEA used in this study a dose-related increase in locomotor activity was observed, and since d-A increases self-stimulation rate at doses that increase locomotor activity, it would seem that there are qualitative differences in the actions of d-A and PEA on behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:139617", "title": "The effect of para-chlorophenylalanine on the intake of ethanol and saccharin solutions.", "content": "The effects of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on the ingestive behavior of rats offered a choice between ethanol (3%) and water, saccharin (0.125%) and water, or water alone were examined. Following a baseline period three saline or PCPA injections, 80 mg/kg, were administered. Decreases in both ethanol and saccharin intakes were observed. Increases in water intake occurred in the ethanol group without a change in total fluid intake. Increases in water intake did not occur in the saccharin group and these animals displayed decreases in total fluid intake. Water intake in the nonchoice group was unaffected. There were no changes in food intake associated with any of these effects. The data demonstrate that decreases in intakes following PCPA are not specific to ethanol solutions.", "contents": "The effect of para-chlorophenylalanine on the intake of ethanol and saccharin solutions. The effects of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on the ingestive behavior of rats offered a choice between ethanol (3%) and water, saccharin (0.125%) and water, or water alone were examined. Following a baseline period three saline or PCPA injections, 80 mg/kg, were administered. Decreases in both ethanol and saccharin intakes were observed. Increases in water intake occurred in the ethanol group without a change in total fluid intake. Increases in water intake did not occur in the saccharin group and these animals displayed decreases in total fluid intake. Water intake in the nonchoice group was unaffected. There were no changes in food intake associated with any of these effects. The data demonstrate that decreases in intakes following PCPA are not specific to ethanol solutions."}
{"id": "PMID:139619", "title": "Effect of some substituted pyrimidines on development of desoxycorticosterone-induced hypertension in rats.", "content": "Chronic (15-week) dietary administration of 2-thio-6-aminouracil (TAU, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg food) provided significant protection against elevation of blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in male rats treated with desoxycorticosterone trimethylacetate (DTMA) (5.0 mg twice weekly for 10 weeks). Assessment of thyroid activity was made by measurement of 24 h 131I uptake by the thyroid gland, PBI concentration of serum, rate of oxygen consumption, hematocrit ratio, hemoglobin concentration, and thyroid weight. By all these criteria, the rats given either dose of TAU were hypothyroid. In contrast chronic (17-week) dietary administration of 5-carboxy-2-thiouracil (0.50 and 1.00 g/kg food) and 5-carboxy-4-hydroxy-2-thiouracil (2.00 g/kg food) provided minimal protection against elevation of blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in male DTMA-treated rats. These compounds appeared to possess little or no antithyroid activity at the doses used. The results suggest a rough correlation between the degree of hypothyroidism produced by the compounds and their effectiveness in preventing rise of blood pressure in DTMA-treated rats.", "contents": "Effect of some substituted pyrimidines on development of desoxycorticosterone-induced hypertension in rats. Chronic (15-week) dietary administration of 2-thio-6-aminouracil (TAU, 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg food) provided significant protection against elevation of blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in male rats treated with desoxycorticosterone trimethylacetate (DTMA) (5.0 mg twice weekly for 10 weeks). Assessment of thyroid activity was made by measurement of 24 h 131I uptake by the thyroid gland, PBI concentration of serum, rate of oxygen consumption, hematocrit ratio, hemoglobin concentration, and thyroid weight. By all these criteria, the rats given either dose of TAU were hypothyroid. In contrast chronic (17-week) dietary administration of 5-carboxy-2-thiouracil (0.50 and 1.00 g/kg food) and 5-carboxy-4-hydroxy-2-thiouracil (2.00 g/kg food) provided minimal protection against elevation of blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in male DTMA-treated rats. These compounds appeared to possess little or no antithyroid activity at the doses used. The results suggest a rough correlation between the degree of hypothyroidism produced by the compounds and their effectiveness in preventing rise of blood pressure in DTMA-treated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:139620", "title": "Spasticity: its physiology and management. Part I. Neurophysiology of spasticity: classical concepts.", "content": "Spasticity, seen so frequently in clinical situations, presents motor signs resembling those produced experimentally by transecting the brain stem of a cat at the intercollicular level. This paper reviews experimental results which elucidate the roles of different brain regions in the genesis of classical decerebrate rigidity and demonstrate the function of the gamma motor system in the maintenance of the rigidity. Interruption of the gamma-spindle loop of a muscle (i.e. interrupting the monosynaptic reflex arc subserving the stretch reflexes) abolishes rigidity in that muscle. This reflex-mediated gamma support of decrebrate rigidity is also a prominent feature of clinical spasticity, making classical decerebrate rigidity a useful model for studying the neural mechanisms underlying spasticity. Not all rididities, however, are gamma dependent. Those rigidities surviving dorsal root rhizotomy are called alpha rigidity. Alpha rigidity results when a brain lesion disrupts descending systems which normally exert a net inhibitory effect upon alpha motoneurons.", "contents": "Spasticity: its physiology and management. Part I. Neurophysiology of spasticity: classical concepts. Spasticity, seen so frequently in clinical situations, presents motor signs resembling those produced experimentally by transecting the brain stem of a cat at the intercollicular level. This paper reviews experimental results which elucidate the roles of different brain regions in the genesis of classical decerebrate rigidity and demonstrate the function of the gamma motor system in the maintenance of the rigidity. Interruption of the gamma-spindle loop of a muscle (i.e. interrupting the monosynaptic reflex arc subserving the stretch reflexes) abolishes rigidity in that muscle. This reflex-mediated gamma support of decrebrate rigidity is also a prominent feature of clinical spasticity, making classical decerebrate rigidity a useful model for studying the neural mechanisms underlying spasticity. Not all rididities, however, are gamma dependent. Those rigidities surviving dorsal root rhizotomy are called alpha rigidity. Alpha rigidity results when a brain lesion disrupts descending systems which normally exert a net inhibitory effect upon alpha motoneurons."}
{"id": "PMID:139621", "title": "Spasticity: its physiology and management. Part II. Neurophysiology of spasticity: current concepts.", "content": "A review is presented of current information about the structural and functional details of the muscle spindle, denervation supersensitivity, neurotrophism, regenerative capabilities of the peripheral and central nervous systems, CNS plasticity as revealed by recovery of function following brain lesions, and the secondary functional consequences of long-term spasticity. If this recent basic information is to have any practical impact, it must ultimately be incorporated into our concepts of spasticity and applied to our clinical evaluation and treatment procedures.", "contents": "Spasticity: its physiology and management. Part II. Neurophysiology of spasticity: current concepts. A review is presented of current information about the structural and functional details of the muscle spindle, denervation supersensitivity, neurotrophism, regenerative capabilities of the peripheral and central nervous systems, CNS plasticity as revealed by recovery of function following brain lesions, and the secondary functional consequences of long-term spasticity. If this recent basic information is to have any practical impact, it must ultimately be incorporated into our concepts of spasticity and applied to our clinical evaluation and treatment procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:139623", "title": "Effect of autonomic blockers on the heart rate of intact rats and animals with artificial hyperthyroidism.", "content": "The effect of various autonomic blockers on the heart rate (from the ECG recording) of intact rats and of animals with experimental hyperthyroidism induced by the administration of dried thyroid was studied. In intact rats, the heart rate fell significantly (by 22%) during the first week after the peroral administration of propranolol (0.05% in food), but trimepranol (0.02%), reserpine (0.001%) and guanethidine (0.1%) had no effect (in a suplementary experment, a small, but statistically significant decrease was also found after trimepranol). In experimental hyperthyroidism, using the same blocker doses, the heart rate fell significantly after propranolol (by 23%), trimepranol (22%), reserpine (16%) and, in a preliminary experiment, guanethidine (19%). On injecting 0.05 mg propranolol intravenously, the maximum drop in the heart rate in intact rats was 22%, while in hyperthyroidism it was hardly more than half this value (at all the intervals from 2 to 30 minutes the decrease was statistically significant). Practolol, in a dose of 0.3 mg i.v., was less effective -- in intact rats the heart rate fell by not more than 12% (at all the intervals from 2 to 30 minutes the decrease was significant), but in hyperthyroidism the drop was slower and statistically non-significant. The results do not furnish an unequivocal answer to the question of the role of adrenergic regulation of the heart rate under physiological conditions and in experimental hyperthyroidism in rats.", "contents": "Effect of autonomic blockers on the heart rate of intact rats and animals with artificial hyperthyroidism. The effect of various autonomic blockers on the heart rate (from the ECG recording) of intact rats and of animals with experimental hyperthyroidism induced by the administration of dried thyroid was studied. In intact rats, the heart rate fell significantly (by 22%) during the first week after the peroral administration of propranolol (0.05% in food), but trimepranol (0.02%), reserpine (0.001%) and guanethidine (0.1%) had no effect (in a suplementary experment, a small, but statistically significant decrease was also found after trimepranol). In experimental hyperthyroidism, using the same blocker doses, the heart rate fell significantly after propranolol (by 23%), trimepranol (22%), reserpine (16%) and, in a preliminary experiment, guanethidine (19%). On injecting 0.05 mg propranolol intravenously, the maximum drop in the heart rate in intact rats was 22%, while in hyperthyroidism it was hardly more than half this value (at all the intervals from 2 to 30 minutes the decrease was statistically significant). Practolol, in a dose of 0.3 mg i.v., was less effective -- in intact rats the heart rate fell by not more than 12% (at all the intervals from 2 to 30 minutes the decrease was significant), but in hyperthyroidism the drop was slower and statistically non-significant. The results do not furnish an unequivocal answer to the question of the role of adrenergic regulation of the heart rate under physiological conditions and in experimental hyperthyroidism in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:139624", "title": "Effect of colchicine and demecolcine on the serum ceruloplasmin level in rats.", "content": "Six hours after the administration of demecolcine (0.3 mg/100 g b.w.), a decrease in the ceruloplasmin level was recorded in rat serum. The time course of the decrease in the rat serum ceruloplasmin concentration after the same dose of colchicine was then studied. After two to three hours, the serum ceruloplasmin concentration fell significantly in both male and female rats. Eight hours after the administration of colchicine, the serum ceruloplasmin level began to rise again in female rats, but not in male rats. Mortality among females was lower than among males.", "contents": "Effect of colchicine and demecolcine on the serum ceruloplasmin level in rats. Six hours after the administration of demecolcine (0.3 mg/100 g b.w.), a decrease in the ceruloplasmin level was recorded in rat serum. The time course of the decrease in the rat serum ceruloplasmin concentration after the same dose of colchicine was then studied. After two to three hours, the serum ceruloplasmin concentration fell significantly in both male and female rats. Eight hours after the administration of colchicine, the serum ceruloplasmin level began to rise again in female rats, but not in male rats. Mortality among females was lower than among males."}
{"id": "PMID:139625", "title": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos. Normal development and the activating effect of strychnine and picrotoxin.", "content": "The longitudinal development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos was studied by Kovach's method (Kovach 1970) from the 10th day of incubation up to hatching, in completely intact eggs. From the 10th to 12th day of incubation, very low amplitude movements of a burst character predominated in spontaneous motility. From the 13th day, both low and high amplitude movements could be distinguished. From the 18th day, high amplitude movements alternating with intervals of motor inactivity preponderated. This discontinuous motility, which was most pronounced on the 20th day of incubation, changed to periodic strong hatching movements. Reduction of spontaneous motility after the 17th day of incubation was not confirmed. Strychnine already activated spontaneous motility in 11-day embryos, but typical convulsions did not appear until the 15th incubation day. With picrotoxin, motility was likewise stimulated in 11-day embryos and paroxysmal activation did not occur until the 15th incubation day. In older embryos, convulsions were gradually succeeded by a continuous increase in spontaneous motility. The effect of picrotoxin had a much longer latent period than the effect of strychnine.", "contents": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos. Normal development and the activating effect of strychnine and picrotoxin. The longitudinal development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos was studied by Kovach's method (Kovach 1970) from the 10th day of incubation up to hatching, in completely intact eggs. From the 10th to 12th day of incubation, very low amplitude movements of a burst character predominated in spontaneous motility. From the 13th day, both low and high amplitude movements could be distinguished. From the 18th day, high amplitude movements alternating with intervals of motor inactivity preponderated. This discontinuous motility, which was most pronounced on the 20th day of incubation, changed to periodic strong hatching movements. Reduction of spontaneous motility after the 17th day of incubation was not confirmed. Strychnine already activated spontaneous motility in 11-day embryos, but typical convulsions did not appear until the 15th incubation day. With picrotoxin, motility was likewise stimulated in 11-day embryos and paroxysmal activation did not occur until the 15th incubation day. In older embryos, convulsions were gradually succeeded by a continuous increase in spontaneous motility. The effect of picrotoxin had a much longer latent period than the effect of strychnine."}
{"id": "PMID:139626", "title": "Role of the autonomic nervous system in the development of cardiovascular changes during nasal apnoea and lung inflation.", "content": "The role of the sympathetic system in the development of bradycardia during nasal apnoea and the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system in the development of cardiovascular changes during and immediately after lung inflation were determined in anaesthetized rabbits. Transection of the cervical cord (C5-7) completely blocked the hypertensive response to chemical stimulation of the nasal mucosa. The degree of nasal bradycardia was 72% lower than in stimulation of the controls. Propranolol had no effect on the hypertensive reaction, but inhibited nasal bradycardia, which was 68% lower than in the controls. Lung inflation induced tachycardia, which was only non-significantly reduced by bilateral vagotomy. Vagotomy inhibited the bradycardiac response to removal of occlusion of the trachea and the subsequent rise in blood pressure, however. Cervical cord transection likewise did not reduce inflation-induced tachycardia, but it significantly influenced the heart rate during the second phase of prolonged inflation, when the heart is affected by hypoxia. Inflation-induced tachycardia was likewise not influenced by bilateral vagotomy associated with cervical cord transection. Similar cardiac responses also occur in the presence of the simple increase in pericardial pressure produced by left pneumothorax without lung inflation.", "contents": "Role of the autonomic nervous system in the development of cardiovascular changes during nasal apnoea and lung inflation. The role of the sympathetic system in the development of bradycardia during nasal apnoea and the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system in the development of cardiovascular changes during and immediately after lung inflation were determined in anaesthetized rabbits. Transection of the cervical cord (C5-7) completely blocked the hypertensive response to chemical stimulation of the nasal mucosa. The degree of nasal bradycardia was 72% lower than in stimulation of the controls. Propranolol had no effect on the hypertensive reaction, but inhibited nasal bradycardia, which was 68% lower than in the controls. Lung inflation induced tachycardia, which was only non-significantly reduced by bilateral vagotomy. Vagotomy inhibited the bradycardiac response to removal of occlusion of the trachea and the subsequent rise in blood pressure, however. Cervical cord transection likewise did not reduce inflation-induced tachycardia, but it significantly influenced the heart rate during the second phase of prolonged inflation, when the heart is affected by hypoxia. Inflation-induced tachycardia was likewise not influenced by bilateral vagotomy associated with cervical cord transection. Similar cardiac responses also occur in the presence of the simple increase in pericardial pressure produced by left pneumothorax without lung inflation."}
{"id": "PMID:139627", "title": "The effect of diuretics and vasopressin on the osmotic permeability of the frog urinary bladder.", "content": "1. Large concentrations (in mM) of ethacrynic acid (0.1), furosemide (1.0), theophylline (5.0) and osmotic diuretics (100.0) sharply increased the flux of water along an osmotic gradient through the frog urinary bladder wall. Spironolactone (0.1), and hydrochlorothiazide (5.0) showed only a weak action on osmotic permeability. MercusalR, clopamide and triamterene did not affect water transport. 2. The presence of 0.2--1.0 mU/ml vasopressin (ADH) after pretreatment with a diuretic did not result in summation of the effects of both drugs used. 0.01--0.1 mM ethacrynic acid and 0.01 mM MercusalR significantly decreased the reaction to ADH. 1.0 mM furosemide, 0.1 mM spironolactone, 0.01 mM clopamide and 0.8 mM acetazolamide did not change the reaction to ADH. A reduction in the cellular response to ADH and a decrease in the osmotic permeability of the tubular wall may be responsible in part for the diuretic action of ethacrynic acid and MercusalR.", "contents": "The effect of diuretics and vasopressin on the osmotic permeability of the frog urinary bladder. 1. Large concentrations (in mM) of ethacrynic acid (0.1), furosemide (1.0), theophylline (5.0) and osmotic diuretics (100.0) sharply increased the flux of water along an osmotic gradient through the frog urinary bladder wall. Spironolactone (0.1), and hydrochlorothiazide (5.0) showed only a weak action on osmotic permeability. MercusalR, clopamide and triamterene did not affect water transport. 2. The presence of 0.2--1.0 mU/ml vasopressin (ADH) after pretreatment with a diuretic did not result in summation of the effects of both drugs used. 0.01--0.1 mM ethacrynic acid and 0.01 mM MercusalR significantly decreased the reaction to ADH. 1.0 mM furosemide, 0.1 mM spironolactone, 0.01 mM clopamide and 0.8 mM acetazolamide did not change the reaction to ADH. A reduction in the cellular response to ADH and a decrease in the osmotic permeability of the tubular wall may be responsible in part for the diuretic action of ethacrynic acid and MercusalR."}
{"id": "PMID:139628", "title": "The effect of vasopressin on renal function in young rats a clearance and micropuncture study.", "content": "Using micropuncture techniques, the author studied the effect of vasopressin on renal function in young rats at three stages of development -- in the middle of the weaning period (22 days), after weaning was over (30 days) and at the beginning of the sexual maturation period (42 days). In the presence of a hypotonic load, a small dose of vasopressin (12 muU/100 g b.w., i.v.) was most effective in the youngest age group, where it reduced the urine flow by 82% both by increasing water reabsorption and by reducing the GFR. In this group, vasopressin lowered the TF/P Na+ ratio and raised the TF/P K+ ratio in the initial part of the distal tubules of the superficial nephrons, but raised water absorption only beyond the initial part of the distal tubules. Vasopressin reduced the urine flow by 72% in 30-day-old rats by raising water reabsorption beyond the initial part of the distal tubules. The only ion to be affected was K+, whose concentration rose in the final urine. In 42-day-old rats the effect of vasopressin was manifested in only mild depression of the GFR. In this age group, as distinct from younger animals, anaesthesia and surgery evidently led to endogenous vasopressin release, so that the small dose of exogenous vasopressin did not significantly influence the test parameters. This is also underlined by the significant difference between the control urine flow of the 42-day-old and the younger rats.", "contents": "The effect of vasopressin on renal function in young rats a clearance and micropuncture study. Using micropuncture techniques, the author studied the effect of vasopressin on renal function in young rats at three stages of development -- in the middle of the weaning period (22 days), after weaning was over (30 days) and at the beginning of the sexual maturation period (42 days). In the presence of a hypotonic load, a small dose of vasopressin (12 muU/100 g b.w., i.v.) was most effective in the youngest age group, where it reduced the urine flow by 82% both by increasing water reabsorption and by reducing the GFR. In this group, vasopressin lowered the TF/P Na+ ratio and raised the TF/P K+ ratio in the initial part of the distal tubules of the superficial nephrons, but raised water absorption only beyond the initial part of the distal tubules. Vasopressin reduced the urine flow by 72% in 30-day-old rats by raising water reabsorption beyond the initial part of the distal tubules. The only ion to be affected was K+, whose concentration rose in the final urine. In 42-day-old rats the effect of vasopressin was manifested in only mild depression of the GFR. In this age group, as distinct from younger animals, anaesthesia and surgery evidently led to endogenous vasopressin release, so that the small dose of exogenous vasopressin did not significantly influence the test parameters. This is also underlined by the significant difference between the control urine flow of the 42-day-old and the younger rats."}
{"id": "PMID:139629", "title": "The effect of denervation upon the functional properties of myosin and its fragments.", "content": "A study has been made of some structural and enzymatic properties of myosin and its fragments from denervated white muscles of rabbit in the course of atrophy using different methods: UV-luminiscence, flow birefringence, electromicroscopy, viscosimetry and enzymatic measurements. All the studied parameters had a tendency to decrease; at prolonged observation some properties were partially restored. Considerable changes of structural properties of LMM were revealed: the ability of LMM from denervated muscle to form high-ordered structures which is characteristic of LMM from normal muscle decreased considerably.", "contents": "The effect of denervation upon the functional properties of myosin and its fragments. A study has been made of some structural and enzymatic properties of myosin and its fragments from denervated white muscles of rabbit in the course of atrophy using different methods: UV-luminiscence, flow birefringence, electromicroscopy, viscosimetry and enzymatic measurements. All the studied parameters had a tendency to decrease; at prolonged observation some properties were partially restored. Considerable changes of structural properties of LMM were revealed: the ability of LMM from denervated muscle to form high-ordered structures which is characteristic of LMM from normal muscle decreased considerably."}
{"id": "PMID:139630", "title": "Prenatal changes of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns and activity in bovine tissues.", "content": "Isoenzyme patterns, total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, E.C. 1.1.1.27) activity and H and M subunit activity were determined in the tissues of Czech Spotted bovine foetuses. Total LDH activity rose in the skeletal muscles throughout the whole of the prenatal period. In the viscera it usually attained the maximum at a foetal length of 66.7 cm. Differences in the isoenzyme patterns of the various organs of an 8.1-cm foetus were relatively small (41.9--66.1% H subunits). In the heart and kidneys, in which LDH1 and LDH2 markedly predominate in adulthood, the isoenzyme pattern resembled the adult one at a length of only 13.3 cm, but in the liver, spleen and lungs not until 66.7 cm. The proportion of H subunits also rose in the part of the gastrointestinal tract where secretory and resorptive activity predominate (the abomasum, the small and the large intestine). Conversely, it fell in organs concerned mainly with the mechanical processing of food (the rumen, reticulum and omasum). The proportion of M subunits rose in all the skeletal muscles up to a foetal length of 66.7 cm. Later on, differentiation into muscles in which M subunits predominated (the longissimus dorsi and the triceps brachii), into muscles with approximately the same proportion of H and M subunits (the iliopsoas) and to muscles with a preponderance of H subunits (the masseter and the muscular part of the diaphragm) occurred.", "contents": "Prenatal changes of lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme patterns and activity in bovine tissues. Isoenzyme patterns, total lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, E.C. 1.1.1.27) activity and H and M subunit activity were determined in the tissues of Czech Spotted bovine foetuses. Total LDH activity rose in the skeletal muscles throughout the whole of the prenatal period. In the viscera it usually attained the maximum at a foetal length of 66.7 cm. Differences in the isoenzyme patterns of the various organs of an 8.1-cm foetus were relatively small (41.9--66.1% H subunits). In the heart and kidneys, in which LDH1 and LDH2 markedly predominate in adulthood, the isoenzyme pattern resembled the adult one at a length of only 13.3 cm, but in the liver, spleen and lungs not until 66.7 cm. The proportion of H subunits also rose in the part of the gastrointestinal tract where secretory and resorptive activity predominate (the abomasum, the small and the large intestine). Conversely, it fell in organs concerned mainly with the mechanical processing of food (the rumen, reticulum and omasum). The proportion of M subunits rose in all the skeletal muscles up to a foetal length of 66.7 cm. Later on, differentiation into muscles in which M subunits predominated (the longissimus dorsi and the triceps brachii), into muscles with approximately the same proportion of H and M subunits (the iliopsoas) and to muscles with a preponderance of H subunits (the masseter and the muscular part of the diaphragm) occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:139631", "title": "Changes in the proportion of serum proteins induced by protein depletion in adapted and nonadapted rats.", "content": "Comparison of the dynamics of changes in the proportion of the serum protein during progressive protein depletion in rats specially adapted to this situation and animals exposed to it for the first time, led the authors to conclude that the regulation of proteosynthesis is largely adaptable, that it can be influenced by nutritional leads and that the organism probably stores information on past nutritional loads and makes use of it to help to overcome fresh insults.", "contents": "Changes in the proportion of serum proteins induced by protein depletion in adapted and nonadapted rats. Comparison of the dynamics of changes in the proportion of the serum protein during progressive protein depletion in rats specially adapted to this situation and animals exposed to it for the first time, led the authors to conclude that the regulation of proteosynthesis is largely adaptable, that it can be influenced by nutritional leads and that the organism probably stores information on past nutritional loads and makes use of it to help to overcome fresh insults."}
{"id": "PMID:139633", "title": "An inborn alcohol tolerance in alcohol-preferring rats. The lack of relationship between tolerance to ethanol and the brain microsomal (Na+K+) ATPase activity.", "content": "Alcohol tolerance, measured as performance on the tilting plane after ethanol injection (2.5 g/kg body weight i.p.), was examined in the AA strain of rats which voluntarily drink large amounts of alcohol, in the ANA strain which drink very little alcohol, and in ordinary albino rats which consume intermediary amounts of alcohol. The AAs showed the highest innate ethanol tolerance; the ANAs had the lowest innate tolerance. After chronic alcohol administration, both AA and ANA strains increased their tolerance, but the AAs remained superior to the ANAs. The chronic ethanol treatment did not significantly change the (Na+K+) ATPase activity of the crude microsomal fraction of the brains of the strains.", "contents": "An inborn alcohol tolerance in alcohol-preferring rats. The lack of relationship between tolerance to ethanol and the brain microsomal (Na+K+) ATPase activity. Alcohol tolerance, measured as performance on the tilting plane after ethanol injection (2.5 g/kg body weight i.p.), was examined in the AA strain of rats which voluntarily drink large amounts of alcohol, in the ANA strain which drink very little alcohol, and in ordinary albino rats which consume intermediary amounts of alcohol. The AAs showed the highest innate ethanol tolerance; the ANAs had the lowest innate tolerance. After chronic alcohol administration, both AA and ANA strains increased their tolerance, but the AAs remained superior to the ANAs. The chronic ethanol treatment did not significantly change the (Na+K+) ATPase activity of the crude microsomal fraction of the brains of the strains."}
{"id": "PMID:139634", "title": "Neonatal hydronephrosis: 146 cases.", "content": "Recognition and precise etiologic diagnosis of neonatal hydronephrosis is worthwhile since, although often severe, it is usually treatable with at least partial success. This relatively favorable prognosis, despite dilatation that may be marked, suggests a greater regenerative capacity at this age, or may be due to the relative infrequency or short duration of the infection.", "contents": "Neonatal hydronephrosis: 146 cases. Recognition and precise etiologic diagnosis of neonatal hydronephrosis is worthwhile since, although often severe, it is usually treatable with at least partial success. This relatively favorable prognosis, despite dilatation that may be marked, suggests a greater regenerative capacity at this age, or may be due to the relative infrequency or short duration of the infection."}
{"id": "PMID:139635", "title": "The radiologic and pathologic spectrum of the prune belly syndrome. The importance of urethral obstruction in prognosis.", "content": "The definition, history, and clinical presentation of the prune belly syndrome are outlined. Review of autopsy material and survivors reveal three groups of patients, and the author describes the choices of management available for both groups. Highlighted is the role of the radiologist.", "contents": "The radiologic and pathologic spectrum of the prune belly syndrome. The importance of urethral obstruction in prognosis. The definition, history, and clinical presentation of the prune belly syndrome are outlined. Review of autopsy material and survivors reveal three groups of patients, and the author describes the choices of management available for both groups. Highlighted is the role of the radiologist."}
{"id": "PMID:139637", "title": "[Postbular duodenal ulcer. Problems of diagnosis and treatment. Role of vagotomy in surgical treatment].", "content": "A number of 43 cases is presented, of post-bulbar duodenal ulcers in which surgery has been performed between 1965 and 1974, of which 30 were located in the first portion of the duodenum, in the postbulbar area, and 15 in the second portion, above the ampula of Vater. Problems of terminology and pathological anatomy are discussed, especially in connection with the symptomatology, complications, methodology of investigations and treatment of post-bulbar ulcers. The particular frequency is stressed, of complicated clinical forms, with stenosis and hemorrhagies, and a detailed description is made of atypical forms, with misleading, predominantly biliary or pancreatic symptomatology. Conditions are stressed, of the radiologic gastroduodenal exploration, of major importance in the diagnosis preceding surgery, as well as of pre- and intra-surgery cholangiography. The risk must be carefully evaluated, in the choice of the surgical method, and exeresis of the ulcer must be balanced with the risk of its continued presence. Priority should be given to th risks entailed by surgery. The choice solution in many cases is vagotomy associated to exclusion resection or to gastric derivation.", "contents": "[Postbular duodenal ulcer. Problems of diagnosis and treatment. Role of vagotomy in surgical treatment]. A number of 43 cases is presented, of post-bulbar duodenal ulcers in which surgery has been performed between 1965 and 1974, of which 30 were located in the first portion of the duodenum, in the postbulbar area, and 15 in the second portion, above the ampula of Vater. Problems of terminology and pathological anatomy are discussed, especially in connection with the symptomatology, complications, methodology of investigations and treatment of post-bulbar ulcers. The particular frequency is stressed, of complicated clinical forms, with stenosis and hemorrhagies, and a detailed description is made of atypical forms, with misleading, predominantly biliary or pancreatic symptomatology. Conditions are stressed, of the radiologic gastroduodenal exploration, of major importance in the diagnosis preceding surgery, as well as of pre- and intra-surgery cholangiography. The risk must be carefully evaluated, in the choice of the surgical method, and exeresis of the ulcer must be balanced with the risk of its continued presence. Priority should be given to th risks entailed by surgery. The choice solution in many cases is vagotomy associated to exclusion resection or to gastric derivation."}
{"id": "PMID:139638", "title": "[Clinical and therapeutic aspects of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia].", "content": "The authors present 5 cases of diaphragmatic hernia occuring after thoracoabdominal trauma (in one case the hernia was in the right hemidiaphragm, associated with partial hepato-thorax, the other four were in the left hemidiaphragm and were associated with intra-thoracic herniation of the stomach, transverse large bowel, large epiploon, loops of the small bowel and of the spleen). In three cases the lesion was treated by the thoracic route while in the other two the abdominal route was preferred. In one of the cases splenectomy and segmental transverse colectomy were performed by the transthoracophrenic approach. This was necessary because of the length of the pedicles, as well as of the risks entailed by an eventual attempt at re-positioning the viscera.", "contents": "[Clinical and therapeutic aspects of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia]. The authors present 5 cases of diaphragmatic hernia occuring after thoracoabdominal trauma (in one case the hernia was in the right hemidiaphragm, associated with partial hepato-thorax, the other four were in the left hemidiaphragm and were associated with intra-thoracic herniation of the stomach, transverse large bowel, large epiploon, loops of the small bowel and of the spleen). In three cases the lesion was treated by the thoracic route while in the other two the abdominal route was preferred. In one of the cases splenectomy and segmental transverse colectomy were performed by the transthoracophrenic approach. This was necessary because of the length of the pedicles, as well as of the risks entailed by an eventual attempt at re-positioning the viscera."}
{"id": "PMID:139639", "title": "[Transureteral cutaneous ureterostomy].", "content": "Two cases are presented, of transuretheral ureterostomy combined to cutaneous ureterostomy and total cystectomy (in a patient with invading neoplasia of the urinary bladder), or with a procedure of urinary derivation (in the second patient with complex urinary tuberculosis and advanced renal failure). The results obtained were very good.", "contents": "[Transureteral cutaneous ureterostomy]. Two cases are presented, of transuretheral ureterostomy combined to cutaneous ureterostomy and total cystectomy (in a patient with invading neoplasia of the urinary bladder), or with a procedure of urinary derivation (in the second patient with complex urinary tuberculosis and advanced renal failure). The results obtained were very good."}
{"id": "PMID:139640", "title": "[Treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax due to emphysema].", "content": "The authors make an analysis of 455 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax hospitalized and treated in the Clinic for Thoracic Surgery from Bucharest between 1952 and 1974. The therapeutic attitude recommended in such cases is the aspiration drainage through minimal pleurotomy (aspiration being carried out in relation with the parenchymal aerial losses). Introduction through the drainage tube of irritating substances will enhance pleural symphisis. The drainage will be maintained for 7--8 days. In the recidivating pneumothorax, or in cases where recovery is not achieved by aspiration drainage, thoracotomy becomes necessary for performing total pleurectomy and atypical resection of emphysema bubbles from the pulmonary cortical, since these are at the origin of the aerorrhagies (the Coman procedure). With the aid of these surgical techniques very good results have been obtained in all cases of spontaneous pneumothorax.", "contents": "[Treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax due to emphysema]. The authors make an analysis of 455 cases of spontaneous pneumothorax hospitalized and treated in the Clinic for Thoracic Surgery from Bucharest between 1952 and 1974. The therapeutic attitude recommended in such cases is the aspiration drainage through minimal pleurotomy (aspiration being carried out in relation with the parenchymal aerial losses). Introduction through the drainage tube of irritating substances will enhance pleural symphisis. The drainage will be maintained for 7--8 days. In the recidivating pneumothorax, or in cases where recovery is not achieved by aspiration drainage, thoracotomy becomes necessary for performing total pleurectomy and atypical resection of emphysema bubbles from the pulmonary cortical, since these are at the origin of the aerorrhagies (the Coman procedure). With the aid of these surgical techniques very good results have been obtained in all cases of spontaneous pneumothorax."}
{"id": "PMID:139645", "title": "[Scintigraphic exploration of the peripheral arterial circulation, using macroaggregates of serum albumin labeled with Tc 99m].", "content": "The method of scintigraphic exploration is demonstrated of the peripheral arterial circulation, following intra-arterial administration of 99m Tc-labelled serumalbumin macroaggregates. The indications of the methods are mentioned and evaluations are made on the position they have in the peripheral arteriopathies.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic exploration of the peripheral arterial circulation, using macroaggregates of serum albumin labeled with Tc 99m]. The method of scintigraphic exploration is demonstrated of the peripheral arterial circulation, following intra-arterial administration of 99m Tc-labelled serumalbumin macroaggregates. The indications of the methods are mentioned and evaluations are made on the position they have in the peripheral arteriopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:139658", "title": "[Metastatic fractures of the femur. Apropos of 100 cases].", "content": "The authors have treated one hundred fractures of the femur of metastatic origin. They conclude that surgery, when technically possible, should always be undertaken. Internal fixation gave better results than prosthetic replacement of the upper end of the femur. Intramedullary nailing can be followed by radiotherapy and shaft fractures may unite after such treatment. The treatment of the primary lesion must be started as soon as possible by radiotherapy or chemotherapy.", "contents": "[Metastatic fractures of the femur. Apropos of 100 cases]. The authors have treated one hundred fractures of the femur of metastatic origin. They conclude that surgery, when technically possible, should always be undertaken. Internal fixation gave better results than prosthetic replacement of the upper end of the femur. Intramedullary nailing can be followed by radiotherapy and shaft fractures may unite after such treatment. The treatment of the primary lesion must be started as soon as possible by radiotherapy or chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:139659", "title": "[Treatment of hallux valgus. Limitations and indications for exostosectomy].", "content": "The authors have treated 63 halluces valgi by simple excision of the exostosis and bunion. In 18 the results were unsatisfactory. It was concluded that this procedure was worthwhile in the following conditions: --absence of arthrosis,--halux valgus of less than 30 degrees,--and an angle between the first and second metatarsal of less than 10 degrees. The age of the patient and the morphology of the feet (Egyptian or Greek) did not influence the results. Fixation of the capsule to the metatarsal at the end of the operation is recommended.", "contents": "[Treatment of hallux valgus. Limitations and indications for exostosectomy]. The authors have treated 63 halluces valgi by simple excision of the exostosis and bunion. In 18 the results were unsatisfactory. It was concluded that this procedure was worthwhile in the following conditions: --absence of arthrosis,--halux valgus of less than 30 degrees,--and an angle between the first and second metatarsal of less than 10 degrees. The age of the patient and the morphology of the feet (Egyptian or Greek) did not influence the results. Fixation of the capsule to the metatarsal at the end of the operation is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:139660", "title": "[Scoliosis and congenital cardiopathies].", "content": "The authors have followed up 26 children suffering from severe scoliosis associated with congenital heart disease up to the end of puberty. The curve was usually a very severe idiopathic scoliosis developing early and requring surgical treatment. Two types may be distinguished: I. Scoliosis without excessive surgical risk, in patients in whom the heart disease is not associated with cyanosis or where the heart condition has already been treated surgically and in which there are no clinical, radiological or electrical signs of cardiac failure. 2. Scoliosis with considerable surgical risk because of heart disease with cyanosis not treated surgically, or with signs of heart failure or pulmonary hypertension. In such cases, the surgical treatment of the scoliosis is likely to endanger life.", "contents": "[Scoliosis and congenital cardiopathies]. The authors have followed up 26 children suffering from severe scoliosis associated with congenital heart disease up to the end of puberty. The curve was usually a very severe idiopathic scoliosis developing early and requring surgical treatment. Two types may be distinguished: I. Scoliosis without excessive surgical risk, in patients in whom the heart disease is not associated with cyanosis or where the heart condition has already been treated surgically and in which there are no clinical, radiological or electrical signs of cardiac failure. 2. Scoliosis with considerable surgical risk because of heart disease with cyanosis not treated surgically, or with signs of heart failure or pulmonary hypertension. In such cases, the surgical treatment of the scoliosis is likely to endanger life."}
{"id": "PMID:139661", "title": "[Bracket graft arthrodesis in the surgical treatment of spondylolisthesis].", "content": "A technique of anterior lumbosacral arthrodesis is described in which a tibial graft is inserted into the sacrum and acts as a bracket against the anterior surface of the fifth lumbar vertebral body. Eighteen patients were treated. There was non-union in four but only two had unsatisfactory clinical results. The technique can be applied to moderate displacement but is particularly appropriate in grade III spondylolisthesis. It does not decrease the stability of the spine. The functional results depend on fusion and are not affected by persistent displacement.", "contents": "[Bracket graft arthrodesis in the surgical treatment of spondylolisthesis]. A technique of anterior lumbosacral arthrodesis is described in which a tibial graft is inserted into the sacrum and acts as a bracket against the anterior surface of the fifth lumbar vertebral body. Eighteen patients were treated. There was non-union in four but only two had unsatisfactory clinical results. The technique can be applied to moderate displacement but is particularly appropriate in grade III spondylolisthesis. It does not decrease the stability of the spine. The functional results depend on fusion and are not affected by persistent displacement."}
{"id": "PMID:139662", "title": "[Lamellar coxitis. Apropos of 30 cases].", "content": "The authors have studied 30 cases of acute necrosis of articular cartilage complicating slipped capital femoral epiphysis. They recall the main features of this condition: stiffness and narrowing of the joint space. They analyse the importance of the degree of slipping and of the type of treatment in the aetiology of this complication. Weight bearing should be suppressed as early as possible, for a long period of time. However early signs of degenerative arthrosis were found in most of the hips.", "contents": "[Lamellar coxitis. Apropos of 30 cases]. The authors have studied 30 cases of acute necrosis of articular cartilage complicating slipped capital femoral epiphysis. They recall the main features of this condition: stiffness and narrowing of the joint space. They analyse the importance of the degree of slipping and of the type of treatment in the aetiology of this complication. Weight bearing should be suppressed as early as possible, for a long period of time. However early signs of degenerative arthrosis were found in most of the hips."}
{"id": "PMID:139669", "title": "Pain in the back and leg: a general practice survey.", "content": "Over a two-year period, the data on all patients in a general practice with back and leg pain were recorded in a standardized way. Two broad categories were distinguished, those with low-back pain syndromes and those with back and leg pain syndromes. Within the former, four patterns of pain distribution could be indentified, and the latter were sub-divided according to severity, history, and neurological involvement. History, clinical features, and outcome correlated with these various types. The majority of these patients may be managed conservatively at home, only a small proportion requiring referral for specialist advice or treatment. It is suggested that the intervertebral disc can account for only a small proportion of these problems.", "contents": "Pain in the back and leg: a general practice survey. Over a two-year period, the data on all patients in a general practice with back and leg pain were recorded in a standardized way. Two broad categories were distinguished, those with low-back pain syndromes and those with back and leg pain syndromes. Within the former, four patterns of pain distribution could be indentified, and the latter were sub-divided according to severity, history, and neurological involvement. History, clinical features, and outcome correlated with these various types. The majority of these patients may be managed conservatively at home, only a small proportion requiring referral for specialist advice or treatment. It is suggested that the intervertebral disc can account for only a small proportion of these problems."}
{"id": "PMID:139670", "title": "Chiropractors and the treatment of back pain.", "content": "In a survey of British chiropractors and their practices, it was found that the majority of their patients attended for back pain. The average age of patients was 47 years, the sex ratio was equal, and most had had their complaints for longer than three months and had access to the chiropractor within a few days. They were largely housewives and persons from the executive and managerial occupations. The main investigative procedures used were static and motion palpation of the spine, and vital systems, orthopaedic, neurological, and radiological examination. Treatment was mostly manual and directed at the spinal column, and the benefit obtained, as assessed by the chiropractors, was comparable to that reported in other studies. Maximum benefit was usually recorded within seven attendances, although 39% of patients made further visits for maintenance treatment. The chiropractors are seen to be a young, growing, and largely male group, and their new patient numbers are at present likely to be at least one-twentieth that of hospital out-patient departments which deal with back pain.", "contents": "Chiropractors and the treatment of back pain. In a survey of British chiropractors and their practices, it was found that the majority of their patients attended for back pain. The average age of patients was 47 years, the sex ratio was equal, and most had had their complaints for longer than three months and had access to the chiropractor within a few days. They were largely housewives and persons from the executive and managerial occupations. The main investigative procedures used were static and motion palpation of the spine, and vital systems, orthopaedic, neurological, and radiological examination. Treatment was mostly manual and directed at the spinal column, and the benefit obtained, as assessed by the chiropractors, was comparable to that reported in other studies. Maximum benefit was usually recorded within seven attendances, although 39% of patients made further visits for maintenance treatment. The chiropractors are seen to be a young, growing, and largely male group, and their new patient numbers are at present likely to be at least one-twentieth that of hospital out-patient departments which deal with back pain."}
{"id": "PMID:139671", "title": "A double-blind trial of an anabolic steroid (stanozolol) in the disabled elderly.", "content": "Anabolic steroids have been widely recommended in the management of debility in association with the diseases of old age. Their action in promoting weight gain and in speeding rehabilitation is said to depend on nitrogen retention leading to increased muscle bulk reflected by increased fat-free mass (lean-body mass). In elderly patients undergoing rehabilitation a double-blind trial over 4 months of stanozolol, an orally active anabolic agent, is reported in which measurements of total body weight, body fat and fat-free mass were recorded. Physical activity and performance levels were also measured. Total body weight was found to have increased in both groups of patients, mainly due to increased body fat. There was no evidence of fluid retention due to the drug. Despite the absence of an anabolic effect, the group taking stanozolol increased their levels of physical activity significantly.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of an anabolic steroid (stanozolol) in the disabled elderly. Anabolic steroids have been widely recommended in the management of debility in association with the diseases of old age. Their action in promoting weight gain and in speeding rehabilitation is said to depend on nitrogen retention leading to increased muscle bulk reflected by increased fat-free mass (lean-body mass). In elderly patients undergoing rehabilitation a double-blind trial over 4 months of stanozolol, an orally active anabolic agent, is reported in which measurements of total body weight, body fat and fat-free mass were recorded. Physical activity and performance levels were also measured. Total body weight was found to have increased in both groups of patients, mainly due to increased body fat. There was no evidence of fluid retention due to the drug. Despite the absence of an anabolic effect, the group taking stanozolol increased their levels of physical activity significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:139672", "title": "Development and metamorphosis of the larvae of Ascidia malaca in different experimental conditions.", "content": "In larvae of Ascidia malaca that have developed in sea-water without sulphate ions, the cells of the caphalo-ventral region are devoid of sulphated mucopolysaccharides, and the chordal and muscular cells of the tail turn out to be altered; after metamorphosis no adhesive ampullae appear. The addition of cysteine to water lacking sulphate ions leads to a normal synthesis of sulphated mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the cephalo-ventral region, and to a normal secretion of matrix by the chordal cells; but the larvae do not regain the ability to swim. The addition of N-dichloroacetyl-DL-phenylalanine to sea-water does not alter the synthesis of sulphated mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the cephalo-ventral region, but, probably by acting as a competitive inhibitor of phenylalanine, it causes alterations in the muscular cells of the tail.", "contents": "Development and metamorphosis of the larvae of Ascidia malaca in different experimental conditions. In larvae of Ascidia malaca that have developed in sea-water without sulphate ions, the cells of the caphalo-ventral region are devoid of sulphated mucopolysaccharides, and the chordal and muscular cells of the tail turn out to be altered; after metamorphosis no adhesive ampullae appear. The addition of cysteine to water lacking sulphate ions leads to a normal synthesis of sulphated mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the cephalo-ventral region, and to a normal secretion of matrix by the chordal cells; but the larvae do not regain the ability to swim. The addition of N-dichloroacetyl-DL-phenylalanine to sea-water does not alter the synthesis of sulphated mucopolysaccharides in the cells of the cephalo-ventral region, but, probably by acting as a competitive inhibitor of phenylalanine, it causes alterations in the muscular cells of the tail."}
{"id": "PMID:139676", "title": "[Lumbar phlebography. Normal aspect and its value in diagnosis of herniated disk].", "content": "Our technique of lumbar phlebography involves selective catheterisation of the lateral sacral veins with or without catheterisation of the ascending lumbar veins. Injection of these veins, in association with abdominal compression, produces good filling of the intra-spinal epidural veins, particularly at L5-S1 level. The anatomy and radiological appearances of the epidural veins are discussed. The phlebographic signs of disc herniation are presented. The diagnostic potential of this technique seems very promising in disc pathology, especially in the diagnosis of L5-S1 herniation and lateral prolapse at all levels.", "contents": "[Lumbar phlebography. Normal aspect and its value in diagnosis of herniated disk]. Our technique of lumbar phlebography involves selective catheterisation of the lateral sacral veins with or without catheterisation of the ascending lumbar veins. Injection of these veins, in association with abdominal compression, produces good filling of the intra-spinal epidural veins, particularly at L5-S1 level. The anatomy and radiological appearances of the epidural veins are discussed. The phlebographic signs of disc herniation are presented. The diagnostic potential of this technique seems very promising in disc pathology, especially in the diagnosis of L5-S1 herniation and lateral prolapse at all levels."}
{"id": "PMID:139673", "title": "[Natural history of Huntington's chorea].", "content": "The scope of the work is to list and analyse, after a historical introduction on the subject, the principle clinical characteristics of \"Huntington's Disease\". The epidemiological aspects, those clinical-semeiotical, the course of the disease and the type of after affects of Huntington's Diseases are examined. The more significant details of the natural history of the chorea maior, as emerge from the literature, are compared with those that result from the study of the thirty cases of this chronic disease. In particular the following are analysed, the genetic aspects, the character of the psycho-organic deterioration of the chronic chorea, the psychiatric component and various clinical-semeiotical formalities, how the disease begins, its course, its duration, etc. The authors conclude pointing out the particular character of the dementia of Huntington's Disease, (of the pre-frontal type), the strong psychopathological incidence and the particular formalities of hereditary transmission of the mendelian type of this singular disease.", "contents": "[Natural history of Huntington's chorea]. The scope of the work is to list and analyse, after a historical introduction on the subject, the principle clinical characteristics of \"Huntington's Disease\". The epidemiological aspects, those clinical-semeiotical, the course of the disease and the type of after affects of Huntington's Diseases are examined. The more significant details of the natural history of the chorea maior, as emerge from the literature, are compared with those that result from the study of the thirty cases of this chronic disease. In particular the following are analysed, the genetic aspects, the character of the psycho-organic deterioration of the chronic chorea, the psychiatric component and various clinical-semeiotical formalities, how the disease begins, its course, its duration, etc. The authors conclude pointing out the particular character of the dementia of Huntington's Disease, (of the pre-frontal type), the strong psychopathological incidence and the particular formalities of hereditary transmission of the mendelian type of this singular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:139677", "title": "Surface features of Sezary cells: A scanning electron microscopy study of 5 cases.", "content": "The surface features of circulating cells from 5 patients with typical Sezary's Syndrome (SS) are described using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sezary cells prepared by different methods, with and without prior fixation in cell suspension, showed similar surface architectures. SS cells were mostly spherical and moderate to markedly villous in appearance, and in this respect, resembled the majority of circulating lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). A proportion of cells were larger and more irregular in shape while others had small extensions of cytoplasm resembling small uropods with clusters of polarised microvilli. Despite the latter findings, most SS cells cannot be distinguished from CLL cells on the basis of their surface architecture under the SEM.", "contents": "Surface features of Sezary cells: A scanning electron microscopy study of 5 cases. The surface features of circulating cells from 5 patients with typical Sezary's Syndrome (SS) are described using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Sezary cells prepared by different methods, with and without prior fixation in cell suspension, showed similar surface architectures. SS cells were mostly spherical and moderate to markedly villous in appearance, and in this respect, resembled the majority of circulating lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). A proportion of cells were larger and more irregular in shape while others had small extensions of cytoplasm resembling small uropods with clusters of polarised microvilli. Despite the latter findings, most SS cells cannot be distinguished from CLL cells on the basis of their surface architecture under the SEM."}
{"id": "PMID:139678", "title": "The activities of plasma-membrane marker enzymes in rheumatoid synovial tissues and fluids.", "content": "The activities of 5'-nucleotidase, K+, Na+-activated Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and leucine-beta-naphthylamidase were determined from 17 rheumatoid synovial fluids and from extracts of the corresponding synovial tissues. There was little correlation between the enzyme activities in the synovial fluids and those in the respective synovial-tissue extracts. In seropositive cases of rheumatoid arthritis the activities of 5'-nucleotidase and leucine-beta-naphthylamidase in the synovial-tissue extract were higher than in seronegative cases. Also, the ratios of the enzyme activities in the synovial fluids to the resepctive activities in synovial tissue were lower in the seropositive cases. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase in the synovial tissue decreased during gold treatment.", "contents": "The activities of plasma-membrane marker enzymes in rheumatoid synovial tissues and fluids. The activities of 5'-nucleotidase, K+, Na+-activated Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and leucine-beta-naphthylamidase were determined from 17 rheumatoid synovial fluids and from extracts of the corresponding synovial tissues. There was little correlation between the enzyme activities in the synovial fluids and those in the respective synovial-tissue extracts. In seropositive cases of rheumatoid arthritis the activities of 5'-nucleotidase and leucine-beta-naphthylamidase in the synovial-tissue extract were higher than in seronegative cases. Also, the ratios of the enzyme activities in the synovial fluids to the resepctive activities in synovial tissue were lower in the seropositive cases. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase in the synovial tissue decreased during gold treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:139679", "title": "A clinical, neurophysiological and behavioral study of female workers exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane.", "content": "Twenty-two female subjects working in a factory in which 1,1,1-trichloroethane was the only solvent used were investigated by means of clinical, neurophysiological and psychometric methods so that the neurotoxicity of the solvent could be evaluated. On the basis of the ambient air concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane ranging from 110 to 990 ppm, the workers were divided into three risk groups and compared with a reference group. No significant difference was observed between the exposed and unexposed females with respect to clinical features, maximal motor conduction velocity, conduction velocity of slow fibers, and psychometric data. The most frequent complaints of the workers were of the \"neurotic\" type with a slightly higher, but not significant, difference in the exposed group. The results obtained favor the absence of a manifest neurotoxic effect of 1,1,1-trichloroethane under the specific work conditions of the investigation; generally unfavorable work conditions seem to have played a prominent role in the genesis of the neurotic complaints. The importance of a global methodological approach in the study of work-related risks, particularly in neurological and psychological surveys, is stressed.", "contents": "A clinical, neurophysiological and behavioral study of female workers exposed to 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Twenty-two female subjects working in a factory in which 1,1,1-trichloroethane was the only solvent used were investigated by means of clinical, neurophysiological and psychometric methods so that the neurotoxicity of the solvent could be evaluated. On the basis of the ambient air concentrations of 1,1,1-trichloroethane ranging from 110 to 990 ppm, the workers were divided into three risk groups and compared with a reference group. No significant difference was observed between the exposed and unexposed females with respect to clinical features, maximal motor conduction velocity, conduction velocity of slow fibers, and psychometric data. The most frequent complaints of the workers were of the \"neurotic\" type with a slightly higher, but not significant, difference in the exposed group. The results obtained favor the absence of a manifest neurotoxic effect of 1,1,1-trichloroethane under the specific work conditions of the investigation; generally unfavorable work conditions seem to have played a prominent role in the genesis of the neurotic complaints. The importance of a global methodological approach in the study of work-related risks, particularly in neurological and psychological surveys, is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:139680", "title": "[Exercise-induced muscular weakness, myalgia and contractures. I. A clinical review].", "content": "In the differential diagnosis of intermittent claudication some rare myopathies have to be considered. The most frequent is phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease). Exercise-induced muscular pain, weakness, contractures and occasionally myoglobinuria are the most prominent clinical signs. Serum creatine phosphokinase, aldolase and lactic dehydrogenase may be elevated after exertion. In the ischemic forearm test there is no rise of serum lactic acid. The enzyme deficiency can be demonstrated by histochemical and biochemical examination of a muscle specimen. Further, but more infrequent, enzymatic disturbances of glycolysis are phosphofructokinase deficiency and phosphohexoisomerase inhibitor, which also yield an abnormal ischemic forearm test and must be demonstrated histochemically and biochemically. Apart from muscular signs, myopathy with lactic acidosis is associated with palpitation, dyspnea and exhaustion, and a disproportionate rise in serum lactic acid level after exertion. Histochemically and electronmicroscopically demonstrable fat accumulation in the muscle can be a sign of a disturbance in lipid metabolism. This type of exercise-induced myopathy has been reported only in a few cases with carnitine-pylmityltransferase deficiency, which has to be demonstrated biochemically. Muscular contractures also exercise-induced but painless and reversible within seconds may be due to deficient uptake of sarcoplasmic calcium in the tubular system. Dyskalemic paralysis causes painless paresis within minutes of hours after exertion, which disappears within hours to a few days. Myopathy with tubular aggregates can be differentiated from other exercise-induced myopathies by morphology. Myotonia combined with painful contractures characterizes myopathia myotonica.", "contents": "[Exercise-induced muscular weakness, myalgia and contractures. I. A clinical review]. In the differential diagnosis of intermittent claudication some rare myopathies have to be considered. The most frequent is phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle's disease). Exercise-induced muscular pain, weakness, contractures and occasionally myoglobinuria are the most prominent clinical signs. Serum creatine phosphokinase, aldolase and lactic dehydrogenase may be elevated after exertion. In the ischemic forearm test there is no rise of serum lactic acid. The enzyme deficiency can be demonstrated by histochemical and biochemical examination of a muscle specimen. Further, but more infrequent, enzymatic disturbances of glycolysis are phosphofructokinase deficiency and phosphohexoisomerase inhibitor, which also yield an abnormal ischemic forearm test and must be demonstrated histochemically and biochemically. Apart from muscular signs, myopathy with lactic acidosis is associated with palpitation, dyspnea and exhaustion, and a disproportionate rise in serum lactic acid level after exertion. Histochemically and electronmicroscopically demonstrable fat accumulation in the muscle can be a sign of a disturbance in lipid metabolism. This type of exercise-induced myopathy has been reported only in a few cases with carnitine-pylmityltransferase deficiency, which has to be demonstrated biochemically. Muscular contractures also exercise-induced but painless and reversible within seconds may be due to deficient uptake of sarcoplasmic calcium in the tubular system. Dyskalemic paralysis causes painless paresis within minutes of hours after exertion, which disappears within hours to a few days. Myopathy with tubular aggregates can be differentiated from other exercise-induced myopathies by morphology. Myotonia combined with painful contractures characterizes myopathia myotonica."}
{"id": "PMID:139683", "title": "Antimicrobial resistance and R factors in Salmonella isolated from humans and animals in Georgia and South Carolina.", "content": "Three hundred and five strains of Salmonella isolated from humans and 152 strains isolated from animals in Georgia and South Carolina during 1973 were examined for resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents. S typhimurium was the most frequently isolated serotype (30% of human isolates and 13% of animal isolates). The overall incidence of antimicrobial resistance was 16% in human starins and 21% in animal strains. The most commonly found resistance were to streptomycin (11% in human strains and 16% in animal strains) and tetracycline (10% in both human and animal isolates). A higher prevalence of resistance to streptomycin, spectinomycin, and nitrofurantoin, which are currently used primarily in veterinary medicine, was found in animal Salmonella. Conversely, resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, and kanamycin, which are used mainly in human medicine, was found more frequently in human Salmonella. No resistance to nalidixic acid, gentamicin, tobramycin, rifampin, or trimethoprim was detected. Sixty-five percent of resistant strains from humans and 60% of resistant strains from animals transferred their resistance patterns partially or in toto.", "contents": "Antimicrobial resistance and R factors in Salmonella isolated from humans and animals in Georgia and South Carolina. Three hundred and five strains of Salmonella isolated from humans and 152 strains isolated from animals in Georgia and South Carolina during 1973 were examined for resistance to 14 antimicrobial agents. S typhimurium was the most frequently isolated serotype (30% of human isolates and 13% of animal isolates). The overall incidence of antimicrobial resistance was 16% in human starins and 21% in animal strains. The most commonly found resistance were to streptomycin (11% in human strains and 16% in animal strains) and tetracycline (10% in both human and animal isolates). A higher prevalence of resistance to streptomycin, spectinomycin, and nitrofurantoin, which are currently used primarily in veterinary medicine, was found in animal Salmonella. Conversely, resistance to ampicillin, cephalothin, and kanamycin, which are used mainly in human medicine, was found more frequently in human Salmonella. No resistance to nalidixic acid, gentamicin, tobramycin, rifampin, or trimethoprim was detected. Sixty-five percent of resistant strains from humans and 60% of resistant strains from animals transferred their resistance patterns partially or in toto."}
{"id": "PMID:139684", "title": "Cardiac aspect of Cooley's anemia.", "content": "The short- and long-term effect of multiple versus regularly spaced blood transfusions on cardiac size, electrocardiographic alterations, heart sounds, murmurs, and carotid pulse were studied in 18 children with Cooley's anemia. These parameters were evaluated before transfusions, one week after multiple blood transfusions (when hemoglobin levels had reached normal), and during the following year, when conventionally spaced transfusions were given. Results showed that enlarged hearts may regress to normal size after multiple transfusions. Chamber hypertrophies and second heart sound were inconstant, and the average of all mean QRS and T vectors was not altered significantly after transfusions. There was good correlation between hemoglobin levels and tachycardia, intensity of first heart sound, heart murmurs, and ejection systolic clicks. Upstroke time of carotid pulse increased with restoration of normal hemoglobin levels. It is concluded that patients maintained at a higher hemoglobin level are generally in better cardiovascular status.", "contents": "Cardiac aspect of Cooley's anemia. The short- and long-term effect of multiple versus regularly spaced blood transfusions on cardiac size, electrocardiographic alterations, heart sounds, murmurs, and carotid pulse were studied in 18 children with Cooley's anemia. These parameters were evaluated before transfusions, one week after multiple blood transfusions (when hemoglobin levels had reached normal), and during the following year, when conventionally spaced transfusions were given. Results showed that enlarged hearts may regress to normal size after multiple transfusions. Chamber hypertrophies and second heart sound were inconstant, and the average of all mean QRS and T vectors was not altered significantly after transfusions. There was good correlation between hemoglobin levels and tachycardia, intensity of first heart sound, heart murmurs, and ejection systolic clicks. Upstroke time of carotid pulse increased with restoration of normal hemoglobin levels. It is concluded that patients maintained at a higher hemoglobin level are generally in better cardiovascular status."}
{"id": "PMID:139696", "title": "Leucocyte ultrastructure and folate metabolism in Down's syndrome.", "content": "Electron microscopical and haematological investigation of peripheral blood has shown a higher percentage of leukaemia-like nuclear ultrastructural abnormalities in the leucocytes of 30 individuals with Down's syndrome (mean 6.3%) than in normal controls (mean less than 1%). Most of these aberrations consisted of nuclear membrane abnormalities. Red cell folate values were very low in the group with Down's syndrome. Although mean serum folate and vitamin B12 levels were normal in this group, these individuals displayed increasing macrocytosis and decreasing serum folate levels with age. The whole group with Down's syndrome showed an increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV). The percentage of ultrastructural abnormalities did not correlate with folate levels when they were analysed individually. The existence of nuclear membrane abnormalities and folate deficiency, both of which may be associated with increased chromosome breakage, may be partly responsible for the increased leukaemia risk in patients with Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Leucocyte ultrastructure and folate metabolism in Down's syndrome. Electron microscopical and haematological investigation of peripheral blood has shown a higher percentage of leukaemia-like nuclear ultrastructural abnormalities in the leucocytes of 30 individuals with Down's syndrome (mean 6.3%) than in normal controls (mean less than 1%). Most of these aberrations consisted of nuclear membrane abnormalities. Red cell folate values were very low in the group with Down's syndrome. Although mean serum folate and vitamin B12 levels were normal in this group, these individuals displayed increasing macrocytosis and decreasing serum folate levels with age. The whole group with Down's syndrome showed an increased mean corpuscular volume (MCV). The percentage of ultrastructural abnormalities did not correlate with folate levels when they were analysed individually. The existence of nuclear membrane abnormalities and folate deficiency, both of which may be associated with increased chromosome breakage, may be partly responsible for the increased leukaemia risk in patients with Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:139699", "title": "The survey of the low-income aged and disabled: an introduction.", "content": "As 1974 began, the Social Security Administration started distributing supplemental security income (SSI) payment checks to aged, blind, and disabled poor persons throughout the Nation. Shortly before the first SSI checks were issued, the Bureau of the Census completed personal interviews with 17,551 individuals from which SSI's clientele would be drawn--aged and disabled welfare recipients and the aged and disabled poor persons in the general population. These data, collected for the Social Security Administration is late 1973, and comparable information gathered from the same respondents in late 1974 make up the Survey of the Low-Income Aged and Disabled (SLIAD). Its findings will be used to describe the circumstances of needy aged and disabled persons before SSI, determine the program's success in attracting those who qualified for its benefits during the first year of operations, and assess the effect of participation on the well-being of recipients.", "contents": "The survey of the low-income aged and disabled: an introduction. As 1974 began, the Social Security Administration started distributing supplemental security income (SSI) payment checks to aged, blind, and disabled poor persons throughout the Nation. Shortly before the first SSI checks were issued, the Bureau of the Census completed personal interviews with 17,551 individuals from which SSI's clientele would be drawn--aged and disabled welfare recipients and the aged and disabled poor persons in the general population. These data, collected for the Social Security Administration is late 1973, and comparable information gathered from the same respondents in late 1974 make up the Survey of the Low-Income Aged and Disabled (SLIAD). Its findings will be used to describe the circumstances of needy aged and disabled persons before SSI, determine the program's success in attracting those who qualified for its benefits during the first year of operations, and assess the effect of participation on the well-being of recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:139701", "title": "Failure of knitted dacron as an arterial prosthesis.", "content": "The incidence of failure of knitted Dacron arterial prostheses is thought to be significantly greater than that reported in the literature. Five cases of immediate and late defects in grafts of various manufacture are reported and a sixth case is discussed. The development of increased porosity to achieve more complete graft healing is thought to play a role in both early and late graft failure. Although the precise etiologic mechanisms are yet to be determined, the Dacron fibers were noted to become separated with subsequent widening of the graft interstices with resulting hemorrhage through the \"intact\" prosthetic material. Related theories of explanation are reviewed, and guidelines for study of these defective prostheses are suggested. It is essential that this complication of arterial grafting be recognized and that pertinent clinical experiences be documented in the surgical literature.", "contents": "Failure of knitted dacron as an arterial prosthesis. The incidence of failure of knitted Dacron arterial prostheses is thought to be significantly greater than that reported in the literature. Five cases of immediate and late defects in grafts of various manufacture are reported and a sixth case is discussed. The development of increased porosity to achieve more complete graft healing is thought to play a role in both early and late graft failure. Although the precise etiologic mechanisms are yet to be determined, the Dacron fibers were noted to become separated with subsequent widening of the graft interstices with resulting hemorrhage through the \"intact\" prosthetic material. Related theories of explanation are reviewed, and guidelines for study of these defective prostheses are suggested. It is essential that this complication of arterial grafting be recognized and that pertinent clinical experiences be documented in the surgical literature."}
{"id": "PMID:139708", "title": "HLA--Dw3 in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome.", "content": "The increased frequency of HLA-B8 in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome was recently reported independently by Gershwin et al. (1975) and Iv\u00e1nyi et al. (1976). The association of HLA-B8 antigen with other diseases, characterized generally by impaired immunologic reactivity, has been shown (see Svejgaard et al. 1975, Dausset & Hors 1975), and in some of these diseases MLC typing has revealed the strong association also with the Dw3 determinant. The degree of association with each of the two, B8 and Dw3, varied between different diseases, in some of them having been reported to be higher for antigen B8 (M\u00f6ller et al. 1976) and in the others for the determinant Dw3 (Thomsen et al. 1975, 1976). In some of the diseases, the association was found to be equally strong for both determinants (Solheim et al. 1976, Thorsby et al. 1975). In this communication, we describe the typing of HLA-Dw3 in 29 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (Ss). They represent part of the experimental group reported in a previous study (Iv\u00e1nyi et al. 1976).", "contents": "HLA--Dw3 in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. The increased frequency of HLA-B8 in Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome was recently reported independently by Gershwin et al. (1975) and Iv\u00e1nyi et al. (1976). The association of HLA-B8 antigen with other diseases, characterized generally by impaired immunologic reactivity, has been shown (see Svejgaard et al. 1975, Dausset & Hors 1975), and in some of these diseases MLC typing has revealed the strong association also with the Dw3 determinant. The degree of association with each of the two, B8 and Dw3, varied between different diseases, in some of them having been reported to be higher for antigen B8 (M\u00f6ller et al. 1976) and in the others for the determinant Dw3 (Thomsen et al. 1975, 1976). In some of the diseases, the association was found to be equally strong for both determinants (Solheim et al. 1976, Thorsby et al. 1975). In this communication, we describe the typing of HLA-Dw3 in 29 patients with Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome (Ss). They represent part of the experimental group reported in a previous study (Iv\u00e1nyi et al. 1976)."}
{"id": "PMID:139714", "title": "Sterilization failures in Singapore: an examination of ligation techniques and failure rates.", "content": "The University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kandang Kerbau Hospital in Singapore, initiated a study in early 1974 of failure rates for various methods of sterilization and the factors responsible for the failures. During the period January 1974 to March 1976, 51 cases of first pregnancy following ligation were discovered. Cumulative failure rates at 24 months were 0.34 per 100 women for abdominal sterilization, 1.67 for culdoscopic, 3.12 for vaginal, and 4.49 for laparoscopic procedures. Findings for 35 patients who underwent religation showed that recanalization and the establishment of a fistulous opening caused the majority of failures. Clearly, more effective methods of tubal occlusion in sterilization are needed.", "contents": "Sterilization failures in Singapore: an examination of ligation techniques and failure rates. The University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kandang Kerbau Hospital in Singapore, initiated a study in early 1974 of failure rates for various methods of sterilization and the factors responsible for the failures. During the period January 1974 to March 1976, 51 cases of first pregnancy following ligation were discovered. Cumulative failure rates at 24 months were 0.34 per 100 women for abdominal sterilization, 1.67 for culdoscopic, 3.12 for vaginal, and 4.49 for laparoscopic procedures. Findings for 35 patients who underwent religation showed that recanalization and the establishment of a fistulous opening caused the majority of failures. Clearly, more effective methods of tubal occlusion in sterilization are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:139727", "title": "[Removal of nicotinic acid 7-14C from the body of rats on a varying supply of vitamin PP].", "content": "Dynamic was studied for nicotinic acid (NA-7-14C) and its total metabolites excretion with area of animals under different physiological states (standard PP-avitaminosis). Various \"efficiency\" is shown for systems regulating homeostasis of this vitamin. When it is administered both in the amount close to the physiological dose (50 mg per 1 kg of weight) and exceeding the dose (500 mg per 1 kg of weight). The data obtained make it possible to draw a conclusion that the biological halflife period of Na-7-14C administered in excess of a physiological dose depends mainly on the rate of the unchanged vitamin PP excretion with urea and when it is administered in the physiological amount the period depends on the rate of the acid-metabolic transformations in the organism.", "contents": "[Removal of nicotinic acid 7-14C from the body of rats on a varying supply of vitamin PP]. Dynamic was studied for nicotinic acid (NA-7-14C) and its total metabolites excretion with area of animals under different physiological states (standard PP-avitaminosis). Various \"efficiency\" is shown for systems regulating homeostasis of this vitamin. When it is administered both in the amount close to the physiological dose (50 mg per 1 kg of weight) and exceeding the dose (500 mg per 1 kg of weight). The data obtained make it possible to draw a conclusion that the biological halflife period of Na-7-14C administered in excess of a physiological dose depends mainly on the rate of the unchanged vitamin PP excretion with urea and when it is administered in the physiological amount the period depends on the rate of the acid-metabolic transformations in the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:139728", "title": "[Preparation and the properties of a highly purified preparation of myosin from smooth muscles].", "content": "Myosin was isolated from the smooth muscles of small intestine of calf with good yield and its properties were compared with the myosin's properties from the skeletal rabbit muscle. The crude myosin was purified by means of DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, using a KCl gradient. The purity of the preparations was checked spectrophotometrically by the densities of adsorption D280/D260, viscosimmetrically by the sensitivity to ATP, electrophoretically and by ultracentrifugation. By the above-mentioned properties the smooth muscle myosin was similar to the high-purified skeletal muscle myosin. A comparative study of the enzymatic properties of myosin from two types of tissues, showed the following differences: (1) in the dependence the Ca2+-ATPase activity on the KCl concentration in the incubation medium; (2) in the degree of myosin activation by actin in the presence of Mg2+; (3) in the behaviour of Ca2+-ATPase dependence on pH; (4) the different temperature optima of the ATPase activity.", "contents": "[Preparation and the properties of a highly purified preparation of myosin from smooth muscles]. Myosin was isolated from the smooth muscles of small intestine of calf with good yield and its properties were compared with the myosin's properties from the skeletal rabbit muscle. The crude myosin was purified by means of DEAE-cellulose column chromatography, using a KCl gradient. The purity of the preparations was checked spectrophotometrically by the densities of adsorption D280/D260, viscosimmetrically by the sensitivity to ATP, electrophoretically and by ultracentrifugation. By the above-mentioned properties the smooth muscle myosin was similar to the high-purified skeletal muscle myosin. A comparative study of the enzymatic properties of myosin from two types of tissues, showed the following differences: (1) in the dependence the Ca2+-ATPase activity on the KCl concentration in the incubation medium; (2) in the degree of myosin activation by actin in the presence of Mg2+; (3) in the behaviour of Ca2+-ATPase dependence on pH; (4) the different temperature optima of the ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:139729", "title": "[ATPase systems of the skeletal muscle sarcolemma in E-avitaminotic muscular dystrophy].", "content": "The sarcolemma preparations isolated from the skeletal muscles of the normal rabbits and those with E-avitaminosis are characterized by electron microscopy according to the activity of 5-nucleotidase and different ATPase systems. As the data of electron microscopy evidence, the sarcolemma preparations of the normal and dystrophic muscles are deprived of admixtures of other subsellular structures. The 5-nucleotidase activity in the sarcolemma of dystrophic muscles is almost thrice as high as in the sarcolemma of normal muscles. On the basis of the results of studies in the kinetic parameters the optimal conditions are selected to investigate the Mg2+, Ca2+ and Na+, K+-ATPase activity. It is shown that under dystrophy the ATPase activity in the sarcolemma preparations in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ does not change as compared to the norm. As to the Mg2+-dependent Na+, K+-ATPase system its activity in sarcolemma of muscles under dystrophy lowers noticeably. Ouabain-sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase of sarcolemma under dystrophy is considerably lower than at the normal level and is 4.1 and 12.1 mumol and phi n per 1 mg of protein for 1 h, respectively. Proceeding from the data on the changes in the lipid composition of sarcolemma of muscles with E-avitaminous dystrophy a problem is under discussion concerning dependence of the transport Na+, K+-ATPase activity on the structure of sarcolemma.", "contents": "[ATPase systems of the skeletal muscle sarcolemma in E-avitaminotic muscular dystrophy]. The sarcolemma preparations isolated from the skeletal muscles of the normal rabbits and those with E-avitaminosis are characterized by electron microscopy according to the activity of 5-nucleotidase and different ATPase systems. As the data of electron microscopy evidence, the sarcolemma preparations of the normal and dystrophic muscles are deprived of admixtures of other subsellular structures. The 5-nucleotidase activity in the sarcolemma of dystrophic muscles is almost thrice as high as in the sarcolemma of normal muscles. On the basis of the results of studies in the kinetic parameters the optimal conditions are selected to investigate the Mg2+, Ca2+ and Na+, K+-ATPase activity. It is shown that under dystrophy the ATPase activity in the sarcolemma preparations in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ does not change as compared to the norm. As to the Mg2+-dependent Na+, K+-ATPase system its activity in sarcolemma of muscles under dystrophy lowers noticeably. Ouabain-sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase of sarcolemma under dystrophy is considerably lower than at the normal level and is 4.1 and 12.1 mumol and phi n per 1 mg of protein for 1 h, respectively. Proceeding from the data on the changes in the lipid composition of sarcolemma of muscles with E-avitaminous dystrophy a problem is under discussion concerning dependence of the transport Na+, K+-ATPase activity on the structure of sarcolemma."}
{"id": "PMID:139735", "title": "Feline Panleukopenia. I. Pathogenesis in germfree and specific pathogen-free cats.", "content": "Germfree and specific pathogen-free cats were inoculated panleukopenia vivus. Total leucocyte counts decreased significantly in both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats. Clinical illness was not seen in any germfree cat. Specific pathogen-free cats had anorexia and slight diarrhea 5-6 days after inoculation. None of the cats died. Both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats had thymic involution. No other gross lesions were seen. Tissues for histological virus isolation and immunofluorescence studies were taken daily from days 2 through 6 after inoculation. Virus-infected cells and lesions of panleukopenia were seen in the small intestine of both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats. The incidence of virus-infected cells and lesions was greater in specific pathogen-free cats than in germfree cats.", "contents": "Feline Panleukopenia. I. Pathogenesis in germfree and specific pathogen-free cats. Germfree and specific pathogen-free cats were inoculated panleukopenia vivus. Total leucocyte counts decreased significantly in both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats. Clinical illness was not seen in any germfree cat. Specific pathogen-free cats had anorexia and slight diarrhea 5-6 days after inoculation. None of the cats died. Both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats had thymic involution. No other gross lesions were seen. Tissues for histological virus isolation and immunofluorescence studies were taken daily from days 2 through 6 after inoculation. Virus-infected cells and lesions of panleukopenia were seen in the small intestine of both germfree and specific pathogen-free cats. The incidence of virus-infected cells and lesions was greater in specific pathogen-free cats than in germfree cats."}
{"id": "PMID:139748", "title": "The fine structure of ducts and subareolar ducts in the resting gland of the female breast.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the ducts and subareolar ducts of the resting female breast have been described. In transverse section ducts have longitudinal folds, some of which are solid ridges of cells. Four distinctive cell types were distinguished; epithelial cells, lymphocyte type cells, basal clear cells and myoepithelial cells. The epithelium is single layered, multiple at folds, and similar in general morphology to the terminal ductal-lobular unit. Well developed terminal bars may prevent cellular disruption during contraction, and apical cytoplasmic vesicles represent possible secretory material. Basal cytoplasmic bodies may represent transport of secretory products into or from the periductal stroma. Intranuclear vesicles may also be linked to secretory activity. The myoepithelium is well differentiated with numerous cytoplasmic filaments and 9+0 cilia, forming a discontinuous layer around the epithelium. The basal lamina is generally multilaminate. Capillaries are 1-5mum in diameter and exterior to the delimiting fibroblasts of the epithelial-stromal junction.", "contents": "The fine structure of ducts and subareolar ducts in the resting gland of the female breast. The ultrastructure of the ducts and subareolar ducts of the resting female breast have been described. In transverse section ducts have longitudinal folds, some of which are solid ridges of cells. Four distinctive cell types were distinguished; epithelial cells, lymphocyte type cells, basal clear cells and myoepithelial cells. The epithelium is single layered, multiple at folds, and similar in general morphology to the terminal ductal-lobular unit. Well developed terminal bars may prevent cellular disruption during contraction, and apical cytoplasmic vesicles represent possible secretory material. Basal cytoplasmic bodies may represent transport of secretory products into or from the periductal stroma. Intranuclear vesicles may also be linked to secretory activity. The myoepithelium is well differentiated with numerous cytoplasmic filaments and 9+0 cilia, forming a discontinuous layer around the epithelium. The basal lamina is generally multilaminate. Capillaries are 1-5mum in diameter and exterior to the delimiting fibroblasts of the epithelial-stromal junction."}
{"id": "PMID:139749", "title": "On the lympho-epithelial relationships in the human oviduct.", "content": "In order to study the lympho-epithelial relationships in human oviducts, lymphocytes situated in the epithelium were counted and the values found were correlated with differing physiological and pathological changes. In this process the following observations were made: 1. In the secretory phase there are significantly more lymphocytes to be found in the epithelium than during the proliferative phase. 2. In nonspecific purulent salpingitis the number of lymphocytes is not significantly different from that in a normal proliferative phase. 3. The values for fallopian pregnancy are significantly lower than those of a normal secretory phase and do not differ significantly from those of a normal proliferative phase. 4. The values observed for the reproductive period are significantly higher than those found postmenopausally. Examination by electron-microscopy showed that the lymphocytes in the epithelium of the uterine tube are intercellular. Pointers towards degenerative changes were not seen. It is presumed that the number of lymphocytes appearing in the epithelium of the fallopian tube depends on the hormonal activity of the ovaries.", "contents": "On the lympho-epithelial relationships in the human oviduct. In order to study the lympho-epithelial relationships in human oviducts, lymphocytes situated in the epithelium were counted and the values found were correlated with differing physiological and pathological changes. In this process the following observations were made: 1. In the secretory phase there are significantly more lymphocytes to be found in the epithelium than during the proliferative phase. 2. In nonspecific purulent salpingitis the number of lymphocytes is not significantly different from that in a normal proliferative phase. 3. The values for fallopian pregnancy are significantly lower than those of a normal secretory phase and do not differ significantly from those of a normal proliferative phase. 4. The values observed for the reproductive period are significantly higher than those found postmenopausally. Examination by electron-microscopy showed that the lymphocytes in the epithelium of the uterine tube are intercellular. Pointers towards degenerative changes were not seen. It is presumed that the number of lymphocytes appearing in the epithelium of the fallopian tube depends on the hormonal activity of the ovaries."}
{"id": "PMID:139750", "title": "Histopathological features in mixed types of chronic aggressive hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Correlations of liver histology with mitochondrial antibodies of different specificity.", "content": "A histopathological study was carried out on 27 patients with chronic inflammatory liver disease and clinical and/or biochemical evidence of cholestasis who had either mitochondrial antibodies against mitochondrial antigen fractions of 1.19 density (\"PBC antigen\"; 14 cases) or of 1.13 density (\"CAH-PBC mixed-type antigen\"; 13 cases). For comparison, the liver biopsies of 17 patients with chronic-aggressive hepatitis (CAH) and antinuclear and/or anti-smooth muscle antibodies but without cholestasis and mitochondrial antibodies, were evaluated. The 14 patients with mitochondrial antibodies against the PBC antigen showed the typical histological features of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The 13 patients with mitochondrial antibodies against the CAH-PBC mixed-type antigen had heterogenous liver alterations. In 11 cases highly active CAH and/or active postnecrotic cirrhosis (AC) were found both with augmented ductular proliferation. Some of these cases showed distinct criteria of PBC as early bile duct lesions or absence of regular bile ducts. The liver histology of one case corresponded to classical PBC; another case to chronic persistent hepatitis. The CAH-patients without cholestasis and mitochondrial antibodies only occasionally showed bile duct proliferation. In conclusion, a high correlation was found between mitochondrial antibodies against the CAH-PBC mixed-type antigen and highly active CAH or early AC with augmented ductular proliferation. This represents an overlapping of CAH and PBC. In contrast, the cases with antibodies reacting to the PBC antigen showed the slowly progressive liver changes of typical PBC.", "contents": "Histopathological features in mixed types of chronic aggressive hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. Correlations of liver histology with mitochondrial antibodies of different specificity. A histopathological study was carried out on 27 patients with chronic inflammatory liver disease and clinical and/or biochemical evidence of cholestasis who had either mitochondrial antibodies against mitochondrial antigen fractions of 1.19 density (\"PBC antigen\"; 14 cases) or of 1.13 density (\"CAH-PBC mixed-type antigen\"; 13 cases). For comparison, the liver biopsies of 17 patients with chronic-aggressive hepatitis (CAH) and antinuclear and/or anti-smooth muscle antibodies but without cholestasis and mitochondrial antibodies, were evaluated. The 14 patients with mitochondrial antibodies against the PBC antigen showed the typical histological features of primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). The 13 patients with mitochondrial antibodies against the CAH-PBC mixed-type antigen had heterogenous liver alterations. In 11 cases highly active CAH and/or active postnecrotic cirrhosis (AC) were found both with augmented ductular proliferation. Some of these cases showed distinct criteria of PBC as early bile duct lesions or absence of regular bile ducts. The liver histology of one case corresponded to classical PBC; another case to chronic persistent hepatitis. The CAH-patients without cholestasis and mitochondrial antibodies only occasionally showed bile duct proliferation. In conclusion, a high correlation was found between mitochondrial antibodies against the CAH-PBC mixed-type antigen and highly active CAH or early AC with augmented ductular proliferation. This represents an overlapping of CAH and PBC. In contrast, the cases with antibodies reacting to the PBC antigen showed the slowly progressive liver changes of typical PBC."}
{"id": "PMID:139751", "title": "Amyloid of human islets of Langerhans. II. Electron microscopic analysis of isolated amyloid.", "content": "Isolated amyloid from the islets of Langerhans of patients with maturity onset diabetes mellitus was compared with amyloid fibrils from patients with different types of systemic amyloidosis. It was found that systemic amyloids had in common rigid and non-branching filaments with a width of about 75 A and that these filaments sometimes were attached laterally, forming thicker fibrils. Similar filaments could also be extracted from islet amyloid but the main part of this amyloid was built up by large aggregates of very thin and often very wavy units. This structure, which has not been previously described in human amyloid, probably explains some properties of isolated islet amyloid.", "contents": "Amyloid of human islets of Langerhans. II. Electron microscopic analysis of isolated amyloid. Isolated amyloid from the islets of Langerhans of patients with maturity onset diabetes mellitus was compared with amyloid fibrils from patients with different types of systemic amyloidosis. It was found that systemic amyloids had in common rigid and non-branching filaments with a width of about 75 A and that these filaments sometimes were attached laterally, forming thicker fibrils. Similar filaments could also be extracted from islet amyloid but the main part of this amyloid was built up by large aggregates of very thin and often very wavy units. This structure, which has not been previously described in human amyloid, probably explains some properties of isolated islet amyloid."}
{"id": "PMID:139752", "title": "Histologic, microradiographic and electron microscopic investigations of bone tissue in a case of craniodiaphyseal dysplasia.", "content": "The results of histologic, microradiographic and electron microscopic investigations carried out on two bone biopsies pertaining to a case of craniodiaphyseal dysplasia are reported. They show that the affected skeletal segments are chiefly characterized by enhancement of bone volume, and defective calcification of the bone matrix. Moreover, interstitial calcification of skeletal muscle has been found.", "contents": "Histologic, microradiographic and electron microscopic investigations of bone tissue in a case of craniodiaphyseal dysplasia. The results of histologic, microradiographic and electron microscopic investigations carried out on two bone biopsies pertaining to a case of craniodiaphyseal dysplasia are reported. They show that the affected skeletal segments are chiefly characterized by enhancement of bone volume, and defective calcification of the bone matrix. Moreover, interstitial calcification of skeletal muscle has been found."}
{"id": "PMID:139753", "title": "[The influence of beta-sympathomimetics and so-called Ca++-antagonistic inhibitors on human heart muscle in vitro (author's transl)].", "content": "In an in vitro assay on fetal human heart muscle it was demonstrated for the first time that overstimulation by beta-sympathomimetics could cause elective parenchymal necrosis. Fenoterolhydrobromide, which is used for tocolysis on a longterm scale, induces in vitro necroses of individual heart muscle fibers according to a pathogenetic principle postulated by Flekkenstein. The combination of Fenoterolhydrobromide with a Ca++-antagonist prevents elective parenchymal necroses by reducing the Ca++-influx into the heart muscle fibers. These results suggest that elective necroses of heart muscle fibers may be not only of coronarogenic but also of metabolic origin.", "contents": "[The influence of beta-sympathomimetics and so-called Ca++-antagonistic inhibitors on human heart muscle in vitro (author's transl)]. In an in vitro assay on fetal human heart muscle it was demonstrated for the first time that overstimulation by beta-sympathomimetics could cause elective parenchymal necrosis. Fenoterolhydrobromide, which is used for tocolysis on a longterm scale, induces in vitro necroses of individual heart muscle fibers according to a pathogenetic principle postulated by Flekkenstein. The combination of Fenoterolhydrobromide with a Ca++-antagonist prevents elective parenchymal necroses by reducing the Ca++-influx into the heart muscle fibers. These results suggest that elective necroses of heart muscle fibers may be not only of coronarogenic but also of metabolic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:139754", "title": "Acute interstitial pancreatitis in the rat induced by excessive doses of a pancreatic secretagogue.", "content": "Conscious rats were infused via a jugular vein catheter with 5 x 10-6 g/kg/h caerulein for periods up to 24 h. On macroscopic inspection a progressive interstitial oedema is seen to develop in the pancreas, from one hour of infusion on and is most marked at twelve hours. This oedema is largely reabsorbed after 24 h treatment, but the pancreas is considerably indurated by this time. Serum amylase levels increase consistently to reach a tenfold elevation above controls after three, six or twelve hours infusion. Premature fusion of condensing vacuoles and secretory granules leads to formation of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm of exocrine pancreatic cells. These vacuoles fuse with the lateral and basal plasma membrane and realease their content into the extracellular space. Regular discharge of zymogen granules at the cell apex into the duct system does not occur. Vacuole formation is associated with cytoplasmic destruction of the pancreatic cells. The rate of protein synthesis decreases consistently as a result of these structural alterations and this change corresponds largely to a reduction of cellular respiration. Release of amylase from isolated pancreatic lobules of caerulein infused animals shows a progressive increase of unstimulated discharge, while in vitro stimulation with 5 x 10-6M carbamylcholine gives secretion patterns of wash-out kinetics. Stimulated discharge of labeled secretory proteins indicates a progressive reduction in the in vitro sensitivity of the pancreatic cells to secretagogues. After 24 h infusion of 5 x 10-6 g/kg/h caerulein the pancreatic lobules are totally insensitive to the in vitro effect of carbamylcholine or caerulein.", "contents": "Acute interstitial pancreatitis in the rat induced by excessive doses of a pancreatic secretagogue. Conscious rats were infused via a jugular vein catheter with 5 x 10-6 g/kg/h caerulein for periods up to 24 h. On macroscopic inspection a progressive interstitial oedema is seen to develop in the pancreas, from one hour of infusion on and is most marked at twelve hours. This oedema is largely reabsorbed after 24 h treatment, but the pancreas is considerably indurated by this time. Serum amylase levels increase consistently to reach a tenfold elevation above controls after three, six or twelve hours infusion. Premature fusion of condensing vacuoles and secretory granules leads to formation of large vacuoles in the cytoplasm of exocrine pancreatic cells. These vacuoles fuse with the lateral and basal plasma membrane and realease their content into the extracellular space. Regular discharge of zymogen granules at the cell apex into the duct system does not occur. Vacuole formation is associated with cytoplasmic destruction of the pancreatic cells. The rate of protein synthesis decreases consistently as a result of these structural alterations and this change corresponds largely to a reduction of cellular respiration. Release of amylase from isolated pancreatic lobules of caerulein infused animals shows a progressive increase of unstimulated discharge, while in vitro stimulation with 5 x 10-6M carbamylcholine gives secretion patterns of wash-out kinetics. Stimulated discharge of labeled secretory proteins indicates a progressive reduction in the in vitro sensitivity of the pancreatic cells to secretagogues. After 24 h infusion of 5 x 10-6 g/kg/h caerulein the pancreatic lobules are totally insensitive to the in vitro effect of carbamylcholine or caerulein."}
{"id": "PMID:139757", "title": "Medical treatment of sexually transmitted disease in developing countries I: Gonorrhoea.", "content": "The statistics relating to the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in many developing countries are not available and where there are, they are unreliable. Nevertheless, the impression of many physicians is that they constitute serious public health problems as they are endemic in some developing countries. The facilities for diagnosis and treatment of the diseases have been briefly discussed. The merits and the demerits of various antimicrobial agents have been outlined with the causes of failure of treatment in the developing countries. The economic importance of the \"traitment minute\" in the tropical environment has been stressed because of its economic advantage in terms of time spent in overcrowded hospitals. The resultant effect of the widescale misuse of antibiotics in developing countries has been suggested as a cause of the increasing resistant strains encountered. A plea is made for stricter control of the antimicrobial agents in developing countries.", "contents": "Medical treatment of sexually transmitted disease in developing countries I: Gonorrhoea. The statistics relating to the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in many developing countries are not available and where there are, they are unreliable. Nevertheless, the impression of many physicians is that they constitute serious public health problems as they are endemic in some developing countries. The facilities for diagnosis and treatment of the diseases have been briefly discussed. The merits and the demerits of various antimicrobial agents have been outlined with the causes of failure of treatment in the developing countries. The economic importance of the \"traitment minute\" in the tropical environment has been stressed because of its economic advantage in terms of time spent in overcrowded hospitals. The resultant effect of the widescale misuse of antibiotics in developing countries has been suggested as a cause of the increasing resistant strains encountered. A plea is made for stricter control of the antimicrobial agents in developing countries."}
{"id": "PMID:139762", "title": "[Acne vulgaris--principles and results of treatment with retinoic acid and tetracyclines (author's transl)].", "content": "According to the results obtained in a recent clinical trial over a four-year period retinoic acid represents the most effective single agent available for the topical management of acne vulgaris. Retinoic acid yields impressive therapeutic results not only in patients with manifest acne, but, provided it is applied early enough, it is also effective in preventing the severe inflammatory manifestations of this disease. In medium to severe cases of inflammatory acne, topical retinoic acid therapy should be combined with a low-dose, long-term systemic tetracycline regimen. The course of treatment may extend over months or years, depending on the severity of the condition. Particularly patients in the acne-prone age group are candidates for long-term therapy. Retinoic acid therapy, alone or in combination with tetracyclines, proved far superior to conventional regimens with respect to the effective treatment and prophylaxis of acne.", "contents": "[Acne vulgaris--principles and results of treatment with retinoic acid and tetracyclines (author's transl)]. According to the results obtained in a recent clinical trial over a four-year period retinoic acid represents the most effective single agent available for the topical management of acne vulgaris. Retinoic acid yields impressive therapeutic results not only in patients with manifest acne, but, provided it is applied early enough, it is also effective in preventing the severe inflammatory manifestations of this disease. In medium to severe cases of inflammatory acne, topical retinoic acid therapy should be combined with a low-dose, long-term systemic tetracycline regimen. The course of treatment may extend over months or years, depending on the severity of the condition. Particularly patients in the acne-prone age group are candidates for long-term therapy. Retinoic acid therapy, alone or in combination with tetracyclines, proved far superior to conventional regimens with respect to the effective treatment and prophylaxis of acne."}
{"id": "PMID:139763", "title": "[Spectinomycin (Trobicin) in Male Gonorrhoea (author's transl)].", "content": "28 male patient with uncomplicated acute gonorrhoea were treated with a single intramuscular injection of 2.0 g spectinomycin. All of them were cured. The suitable alternative to penicillin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea, but it will not cure simultaneously-acquired syphilis. Its use should, therefore, be restricted to specific indications.", "contents": "[Spectinomycin (Trobicin) in Male Gonorrhoea (author's transl)]. 28 male patient with uncomplicated acute gonorrhoea were treated with a single intramuscular injection of 2.0 g spectinomycin. All of them were cured. The suitable alternative to penicillin in the treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea, but it will not cure simultaneously-acquired syphilis. Its use should, therefore, be restricted to specific indications."}
{"id": "PMID:139769", "title": "[Delayed manifestation of Costa's acrokeratoelastosis].", "content": "Acrokeratoelastoidosis, first described in 1952 bei O.G. Costa, belongs to the group of diffuse palmoplantar keratoses without associated symptoms. Probably it is an autosomal dominant trait. We observed a 49 year old female who has noticed her typical skin lesions for 2 years. The most marked histological features are proliferative hyperkeratosis, an almost complete lack of the fine subepithelial elastic fibre network and a marked rarefication of the coarse elastic fibres in the dermis.", "contents": "[Delayed manifestation of Costa's acrokeratoelastosis]. Acrokeratoelastoidosis, first described in 1952 bei O.G. Costa, belongs to the group of diffuse palmoplantar keratoses without associated symptoms. Probably it is an autosomal dominant trait. We observed a 49 year old female who has noticed her typical skin lesions for 2 years. The most marked histological features are proliferative hyperkeratosis, an almost complete lack of the fine subepithelial elastic fibre network and a marked rarefication of the coarse elastic fibres in the dermis."}
{"id": "PMID:139770", "title": "Interaction of streptolysin-O with natural and artificial membranes.", "content": "1. Kinetic studies on the binding of 125I-streptolysin-O exhibited immediate fixation of activation toxin to natural and artificial membranes. Once fixed to the membrane no release of Streptolysin-O or Streptolysin-O-lipid-complexes has been observed. 2. In contrast to activated toxin (free SH-groups!), oxidized Streptolysin-O was shown to become also fixed to membranes, however, with different binding kinetics. The binding of oxidized amterial was clearly dependent on temperature and time. When the toxin was oxidized twice the amount of labelled material was bound as compared with the hemolytically active Streptolysin-O. This suggests that oxidized Streptolysin-O, too, possesses a \"binding site\" within the molecule, though free SH-groups were expected to be essential for toxin fixation at the membrane. It has been shown that oxidized (inactive) and reduced (active) Streptolysin-O forms stable \"complexes\" with liposomes in aqueous which could be separated by chromatography on Sepharose gels. 3. The binding of 125I-toxin to membranes and liposomes was specific since specific antisera against Streptolysin-O inhibited fixation of toxin completely. 4. Hydrolysis of phospholipids and release of lysophosphatides by Streptolysin O esterase (EC 2.1.2.2) has not been observed, thus providing no evidence for an enzymatic concept for membrane damage.", "contents": "Interaction of streptolysin-O with natural and artificial membranes. 1. Kinetic studies on the binding of 125I-streptolysin-O exhibited immediate fixation of activation toxin to natural and artificial membranes. Once fixed to the membrane no release of Streptolysin-O or Streptolysin-O-lipid-complexes has been observed. 2. In contrast to activated toxin (free SH-groups!), oxidized Streptolysin-O was shown to become also fixed to membranes, however, with different binding kinetics. The binding of oxidized amterial was clearly dependent on temperature and time. When the toxin was oxidized twice the amount of labelled material was bound as compared with the hemolytically active Streptolysin-O. This suggests that oxidized Streptolysin-O, too, possesses a \"binding site\" within the molecule, though free SH-groups were expected to be essential for toxin fixation at the membrane. It has been shown that oxidized (inactive) and reduced (active) Streptolysin-O forms stable \"complexes\" with liposomes in aqueous which could be separated by chromatography on Sepharose gels. 3. The binding of 125I-toxin to membranes and liposomes was specific since specific antisera against Streptolysin-O inhibited fixation of toxin completely. 4. Hydrolysis of phospholipids and release of lysophosphatides by Streptolysin O esterase (EC 2.1.2.2) has not been observed, thus providing no evidence for an enzymatic concept for membrane damage."}
{"id": "PMID:139771", "title": "The active center of methemoglobin Hb(H2O) investigated by M\u00f6ssbauer and susceptibility experiments.", "content": "A fast freezing technique using liquid propane was used to obtain frozen solutions of methemoglobin at pH 7. With this method it was possible to eliminate largely the presence of a low spin component which is usually found in slowly frozen solutions but not present in the sample at room temperature. The magnetic susceptibility and M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of Hb(H2O) in the temperature range 4.2 K less than or equal to T less than or equal to 250 K have been measured. The data of the high spin compound of Hb(H2O) were evaluated with a Hamiltonian comtaining the Coulomb repulsion of the five 3d-electrons of the Fe3+ ion, a crystal electric field of C2V symmetry and the spin orbit coupling. The term describing the crystal electric field depends on five energy parameters epsilon1, epsilon2, epsilon3, D, and E which are determined by least squares fits to the experimental data. The most relevant parameters epsilon 2 and epsilon 3 which equal the energies of the antibonding single 3d-electron orbitals 3dz2 and 3dx2-y2 with respect to the 3dxy orbital are compared with earlier results of these energies epsilon 2 and epsilon 3 of the high spin compound of Mb(H2O). From this comparison conclusions regarding the different spatial arrangements of Fe3+ in Hb(H2O) and Mb(H2O) are drawn.", "contents": "The active center of methemoglobin Hb(H2O) investigated by M\u00f6ssbauer and susceptibility experiments. A fast freezing technique using liquid propane was used to obtain frozen solutions of methemoglobin at pH 7. With this method it was possible to eliminate largely the presence of a low spin component which is usually found in slowly frozen solutions but not present in the sample at room temperature. The magnetic susceptibility and M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of Hb(H2O) in the temperature range 4.2 K less than or equal to T less than or equal to 250 K have been measured. The data of the high spin compound of Hb(H2O) were evaluated with a Hamiltonian comtaining the Coulomb repulsion of the five 3d-electrons of the Fe3+ ion, a crystal electric field of C2V symmetry and the spin orbit coupling. The term describing the crystal electric field depends on five energy parameters epsilon1, epsilon2, epsilon3, D, and E which are determined by least squares fits to the experimental data. The most relevant parameters epsilon 2 and epsilon 3 which equal the energies of the antibonding single 3d-electron orbitals 3dz2 and 3dx2-y2 with respect to the 3dxy orbital are compared with earlier results of these energies epsilon 2 and epsilon 3 of the high spin compound of Mb(H2O). From this comparison conclusions regarding the different spatial arrangements of Fe3+ in Hb(H2O) and Mb(H2O) are drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:139772", "title": "Purification of histone F3 by covalent chromatography.", "content": "The arginine-rich histone F3 has been purified by covalent affinity chromatography. By the use of activated Thiol-Sepharose 4B for the purification of cysteine containing histone F3 a highly purified protein was obtained. The simple purification procedure offers the opportunity to get larger amounts of pure histone F3 within short time.", "contents": "Purification of histone F3 by covalent chromatography. The arginine-rich histone F3 has been purified by covalent affinity chromatography. By the use of activated Thiol-Sepharose 4B for the purification of cysteine containing histone F3 a highly purified protein was obtained. The simple purification procedure offers the opportunity to get larger amounts of pure histone F3 within short time."}
{"id": "PMID:139774", "title": "Fluorescence and membrane-action of tetracaine.", "content": "The fluorescence of tetracaine depends on the micro-environment of the molecule and increases with increasing hydrophobicity. The presence of erythrocyte membranes strongly enhances tetracaine fluorescence. The results support the view that the alkyl chain and aromatic part of tetracaine is embedded in apolar regions of the lipid or protein phase of the membrane.", "contents": "Fluorescence and membrane-action of tetracaine. The fluorescence of tetracaine depends on the micro-environment of the molecule and increases with increasing hydrophobicity. The presence of erythrocyte membranes strongly enhances tetracaine fluorescence. The results support the view that the alkyl chain and aromatic part of tetracaine is embedded in apolar regions of the lipid or protein phase of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:139775", "title": "Ribosome crystals in the oocyte of Gerris najas (Heteroptera).", "content": "Oocytes of the pond skater, Gerris najas, display ribosome tetramers that are arranged in the form of sheets in the vicinity of the nucleus. This is the first finding of ribosome crystals in an insect and suggests that ribosome crystallization may be a common phenomenon of cells that are inactive in protein synthesis.", "contents": "Ribosome crystals in the oocyte of Gerris najas (Heteroptera). Oocytes of the pond skater, Gerris najas, display ribosome tetramers that are arranged in the form of sheets in the vicinity of the nucleus. This is the first finding of ribosome crystals in an insect and suggests that ribosome crystallization may be a common phenomenon of cells that are inactive in protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:139776", "title": "The structure of lipids and proteins studied by attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopy. II. Oriented layers of a homologous series: phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine.", "content": "Polarized infrared ATR spectra of dry oriented multilayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine, sheep brain phosphatidylethanolamine, dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-N-N-dimethylethanolamine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and egg phosphatidylcholine are reported. Structural features of hydrocarbon chains and polar headgroups are discussed. The average deviation fo hydrocarbon chains from the normal to the plane of the bilayer was found to be 20-30 degrees. However it was not possible to decide whether the chains are oriented parallel to each other. The fatty acid ester groups in beta- and gamma-position have different conformations. The phosphate group of dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine exists probably in the protonated (formula: see text) and not in the ionized (greater than PO2-) state. However, the latter state is expected for all other phospholipids of this series. The deviation of the bisector of (formula: see text) of the greater than PO2- group from the normal to the bilayer is less than 45 degrees and the mean orientation of all polar head groups is rather parallel than perpendicular to the plane of the bilayer. The polar headgroup of phosphatidylcholine assumes at least two different conformations of the O-C-C-N moiety, i.e. gauche and trans. A variety of conformers has to be expected also for the polar head groups of most of the other phospholipids investigated in this work.", "contents": "The structure of lipids and proteins studied by attenuated total reflection (ATR) infrared spectroscopy. II. Oriented layers of a homologous series: phosphatidylethanolamine to phosphatidylcholine. Polarized infrared ATR spectra of dry oriented multilayers of dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine, sheep brain phosphatidylethanolamine, dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-N-methylethanolamine, dipalmitoylphosphatidyl-N-N-dimethylethanolamine, dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and egg phosphatidylcholine are reported. Structural features of hydrocarbon chains and polar headgroups are discussed. The average deviation fo hydrocarbon chains from the normal to the plane of the bilayer was found to be 20-30 degrees. However it was not possible to decide whether the chains are oriented parallel to each other. The fatty acid ester groups in beta- and gamma-position have different conformations. The phosphate group of dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine exists probably in the protonated (formula: see text) and not in the ionized (greater than PO2-) state. However, the latter state is expected for all other phospholipids of this series. The deviation of the bisector of (formula: see text) of the greater than PO2- group from the normal to the bilayer is less than 45 degrees and the mean orientation of all polar head groups is rather parallel than perpendicular to the plane of the bilayer. The polar headgroup of phosphatidylcholine assumes at least two different conformations of the O-C-C-N moiety, i.e. gauche and trans. A variety of conformers has to be expected also for the polar head groups of most of the other phospholipids investigated in this work."}
{"id": "PMID:139773", "title": "[Normal development of the fruitfly Drosophila in VLF magnetic fields (author's transl)].", "content": "Attempts to substantiate irreversible actions of a variety of magnetic fields on the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, have been successful and unsuccessful in about equal numbers. The most conspicuous mutagenic effects apparently induced by pulsed HF-fields failed to appear under continuous electromagnetic irradiation. This seems to correlate the observed damage with the VLF-components of the pulsed fields. The present investigation is motivated by the occurrence of these components both in the atmosphere and in the vicinity of electrical appliances. A strain of normally viable wild type males and subnormally viable Attached X y w females was used in which the yield, and the sex ratio, of the progeny indicate, respectively, the extent of developmental damage and of sex-linked recessive lethal mutation induced by the exposure of detrimental conditions. Evaluation of 73,800 flies from subsequent generations of a control group and two test groups raised in steady, or rotating, homogeneous 9.6 kHz magnetic fields of about 2.5 G did not reveal any developmental or hereditarc load in the test groups. (Pressman 1970; Mittler 1973).", "contents": "[Normal development of the fruitfly Drosophila in VLF magnetic fields (author's transl)]. Attempts to substantiate irreversible actions of a variety of magnetic fields on the fruitfly, Drosophila melanogaster, have been successful and unsuccessful in about equal numbers. The most conspicuous mutagenic effects apparently induced by pulsed HF-fields failed to appear under continuous electromagnetic irradiation. This seems to correlate the observed damage with the VLF-components of the pulsed fields. The present investigation is motivated by the occurrence of these components both in the atmosphere and in the vicinity of electrical appliances. A strain of normally viable wild type males and subnormally viable Attached X y w females was used in which the yield, and the sex ratio, of the progeny indicate, respectively, the extent of developmental damage and of sex-linked recessive lethal mutation induced by the exposure of detrimental conditions. Evaluation of 73,800 flies from subsequent generations of a control group and two test groups raised in steady, or rotating, homogeneous 9.6 kHz magnetic fields of about 2.5 G did not reveal any developmental or hereditarc load in the test groups. (Pressman 1970; Mittler 1973)."}
{"id": "PMID:139777", "title": "Further compounds from the pedal gland of the bontebok (Damaliscus dorcas dorcas).", "content": "The identification of four further major constituents of the pedal gland exudate of the bontebok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, viz. alpha-terpineol, 2-n-heptylpyridine, m-cresol and (A)-6-dodecen-4-olide and the investigation of the stereochemistry of the double bond in (Z)-6-dodecen-4-olide by means of iterative computer analysis are described. An improved synthesis of this compound is outlined.", "contents": "Further compounds from the pedal gland of the bontebok (Damaliscus dorcas dorcas). The identification of four further major constituents of the pedal gland exudate of the bontebok, Damaliscus dorcas dorcas, viz. alpha-terpineol, 2-n-heptylpyridine, m-cresol and (A)-6-dodecen-4-olide and the investigation of the stereochemistry of the double bond in (Z)-6-dodecen-4-olide by means of iterative computer analysis are described. An improved synthesis of this compound is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:139778", "title": "[Preparative isolation of protein III of the human erythrocyte membrane (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper describes a method for the large-scale isolation of protein III (protein E, major intrinsic protein) from the human erythrocyte membrane with little expenditure of time. By treatment of the erythrocyte ghosts with deluted HCl at pH 2.3 and 0 degrees C some membrane proteins can be extracted. From the remaining \"rest\" membranes, whose major constituents, besides phospholipides, are protein PAS-1, other carbohydrate containing proteins and protein III, the latter can be separated in pure form by means of gel filtration. The paper reports on the amount, purity and possible structural modifications of the protein III obtained by this isolation method.", "contents": "[Preparative isolation of protein III of the human erythrocyte membrane (author's transl)]. The paper describes a method for the large-scale isolation of protein III (protein E, major intrinsic protein) from the human erythrocyte membrane with little expenditure of time. By treatment of the erythrocyte ghosts with deluted HCl at pH 2.3 and 0 degrees C some membrane proteins can be extracted. From the remaining \"rest\" membranes, whose major constituents, besides phospholipides, are protein PAS-1, other carbohydrate containing proteins and protein III, the latter can be separated in pure form by means of gel filtration. The paper reports on the amount, purity and possible structural modifications of the protein III obtained by this isolation method."}
{"id": "PMID:139779", "title": "[On amino acid antagonists: beta-diketoesters and their corresponding gamma-enolethers].", "content": "Starting with well known beta-diketoesters the corresponding gamma-enolethers are synthesized and described. Both classes of compounds inhibited the growth of some microorganisms. The inhibition is abolishable by addition of certain amino acids to the definite medium. A possible mechanism of inhibition is discussed and compared with the mechanism of some beta,gamma-unsaturated alpha-amino acids. The known unsaturated alpha-amino acids, their origin and their biological activity are summarized in two tables.", "contents": "[On amino acid antagonists: beta-diketoesters and their corresponding gamma-enolethers]. Starting with well known beta-diketoesters the corresponding gamma-enolethers are synthesized and described. Both classes of compounds inhibited the growth of some microorganisms. The inhibition is abolishable by addition of certain amino acids to the definite medium. A possible mechanism of inhibition is discussed and compared with the mechanism of some beta,gamma-unsaturated alpha-amino acids. The known unsaturated alpha-amino acids, their origin and their biological activity are summarized in two tables."}
{"id": "PMID:139780", "title": "Renaturation of alkali-denatured T7 DNA molecules complexed with ethidium bromide.", "content": "Free and ethidium bromide (EB) complexed alkali denatured T7 DNA molecules were renatured at 58 and 62 degrees C respectively for 1--3 h. The structures of the renaturation products of the free candidates were as usual showing native like, branched and unrenatured DNA whereas the structures of the ethidium bromide complexed one were somewhat different, showing non-renatured loop-like and entangled regions present inbetween the renatured segments. On the basis of the linear base sequence of T7 DNA, these non-renatured parts are indicative of the inhibition of renaturation by the complexed EB molecules. Mapping of the non-renatured regions showed that they were present at some specific sites, which inturn suggested that the EB-binding has some base sequence specificity.", "contents": "Renaturation of alkali-denatured T7 DNA molecules complexed with ethidium bromide. Free and ethidium bromide (EB) complexed alkali denatured T7 DNA molecules were renatured at 58 and 62 degrees C respectively for 1--3 h. The structures of the renaturation products of the free candidates were as usual showing native like, branched and unrenatured DNA whereas the structures of the ethidium bromide complexed one were somewhat different, showing non-renatured loop-like and entangled regions present inbetween the renatured segments. On the basis of the linear base sequence of T7 DNA, these non-renatured parts are indicative of the inhibition of renaturation by the complexed EB molecules. Mapping of the non-renatured regions showed that they were present at some specific sites, which inturn suggested that the EB-binding has some base sequence specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:139808", "title": "[Experiences in the fixation of vaginal prolapse using Fletcher's method].", "content": "The advantages of Fletcher's operation for vaginal pouch prolapse after previous hysterectomy or total extirpation are reported with a slightly modified method in eight cases. The following results show this surgical procedure to be especially advantageous: A permanent good fixation of vagina without shortening, no recurrence no pain and neither so-called antefixation complaints. A complete rehabilitation of cohabitation and orgasm was effected. Urological complications, such as obstruction of urine or micturition difficulties are eliminated by this surgical intervention.", "contents": "[Experiences in the fixation of vaginal prolapse using Fletcher's method]. The advantages of Fletcher's operation for vaginal pouch prolapse after previous hysterectomy or total extirpation are reported with a slightly modified method in eight cases. The following results show this surgical procedure to be especially advantageous: A permanent good fixation of vagina without shortening, no recurrence no pain and neither so-called antefixation complaints. A complete rehabilitation of cohabitation and orgasm was effected. Urological complications, such as obstruction of urine or micturition difficulties are eliminated by this surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:139809", "title": "[Status of laparoscopy in the examination repertoire of small and middle gynecologic departments].", "content": "During nearly 2 years 155 laparoscopies were performed in a gynaecological-obstetrical department with 75 beds. The indications and results are discussed. Because of the important advantages, like better diagnosis, reduction of the duration of clinical treatment, reduction of costs and better utilization of clinical capacity laparoscopy especially is suitable for the indications \"suspicion on tubal pregnancy\", \"suspicion on tumor in the lower abdomen\", \"not clear findings\" and \"chronic pain in the lower abdomen\" in little and middlesized gynaecological departments.", "contents": "[Status of laparoscopy in the examination repertoire of small and middle gynecologic departments]. During nearly 2 years 155 laparoscopies were performed in a gynaecological-obstetrical department with 75 beds. The indications and results are discussed. Because of the important advantages, like better diagnosis, reduction of the duration of clinical treatment, reduction of costs and better utilization of clinical capacity laparoscopy especially is suitable for the indications \"suspicion on tubal pregnancy\", \"suspicion on tumor in the lower abdomen\", \"not clear findings\" and \"chronic pain in the lower abdomen\" in little and middlesized gynaecological departments."}
{"id": "PMID:139810", "title": "[Correlation between the perfusion, perfusion pressure and contractile activity in the nonpregnant uterus].", "content": "This paper presents the results of investigations on the dependence between the flow and intravascular pressure and uterine contractile activity. The pressure in the vascular bed was monitored with a pressure transducer and the contractile activity by means of an intrauterine ballon was measured. In a part of experiments, the flow was recorded with a flowmeter. The investigations were performed on 27 nonpregnant human uteri in various phases of the menstrual cycle. Uterus was perfused with a perfusion pump, starting from the perfusion pressure of 50 to 60 mm Hg and on up to maximum values of 140 mm Hg. It has been found that with an increase in the uterine flow, intravascular pressure increases too. This pressure-flow relationship is linear. An increase in flow through the nonpregnant uterus leads to an increase in intravascular pressure from 61.5 mm Hg to 142 mm Hg with a simultaneous increase in the human uterine basal tonus from the 6.2 mm Hg initial value to the average value of 25 mm Hg at the perfusion pressure of 140 mm Hg and an decrease in frequency from 6.6 to 5.2 contractions/10 min. With an increase of flow, however, there is a increase in amplitude which reaches highest values at the 100 mm Hg perfusion pressure and than no significant increase in amplitude is observed. An increase in amplitude is accompanied by an increase in contractile activity. It should be concluded that hemodynamic conditions and the state of vessels play a controlling role in the process of the uterine activity.", "contents": "[Correlation between the perfusion, perfusion pressure and contractile activity in the nonpregnant uterus]. This paper presents the results of investigations on the dependence between the flow and intravascular pressure and uterine contractile activity. The pressure in the vascular bed was monitored with a pressure transducer and the contractile activity by means of an intrauterine ballon was measured. In a part of experiments, the flow was recorded with a flowmeter. The investigations were performed on 27 nonpregnant human uteri in various phases of the menstrual cycle. Uterus was perfused with a perfusion pump, starting from the perfusion pressure of 50 to 60 mm Hg and on up to maximum values of 140 mm Hg. It has been found that with an increase in the uterine flow, intravascular pressure increases too. This pressure-flow relationship is linear. An increase in flow through the nonpregnant uterus leads to an increase in intravascular pressure from 61.5 mm Hg to 142 mm Hg with a simultaneous increase in the human uterine basal tonus from the 6.2 mm Hg initial value to the average value of 25 mm Hg at the perfusion pressure of 140 mm Hg and an decrease in frequency from 6.6 to 5.2 contractions/10 min. With an increase of flow, however, there is a increase in amplitude which reaches highest values at the 100 mm Hg perfusion pressure and than no significant increase in amplitude is observed. An increase in amplitude is accompanied by an increase in contractile activity. It should be concluded that hemodynamic conditions and the state of vessels play a controlling role in the process of the uterine activity."}
{"id": "PMID:139815", "title": "[Epidemiologic analysis morbidity with meningococcal infections in the USSR].", "content": "The authors present the analysis of the incidence of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in the USSR from 1937 to 1974, and of meningococcus infection from 1965 to 1974. A rise of the meningococcus infection incidence from 1969 to 1974 was recorded 28 years after the elevation of 1940-1942 and was 1.5 times below this latter rise. The rise in 1969-1974 was characterized by marked signs peculiar to the infection with the droplet transmission mechanism; among those who contracted the disease prevalence was seen among children aged under 14 years (63-72%). A marked affection of juveniles was noted. Three types of the dynamic of the meningococcus infection incidence in the republics located in different climatic-geographical zones of the USSR were noted: slow, gradual increase of the level, interrupted and explosive. Such character was determined in the dynamics of the seasonal elevations of morbidity. Antiepidemic measures including a complex of nonspecific measures could not be assessed as sufficiently effective. This finds reflection in the natural course of the epidemic process of the meningococcus infection which remains uncontrolled. From the patients with generalized form of the disease meningococci of group A were isolated in 80-100% of cases, from the number of those typed. The group-specific reference of the nasopharyngeal strains depended on the epidemic situation: strains of serological group A prevailed at the period of the morbidity elevation, and other serological groups (particularly of C and B) increased at its decline.", "contents": "[Epidemiologic analysis morbidity with meningococcal infections in the USSR]. The authors present the analysis of the incidence of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis in the USSR from 1937 to 1974, and of meningococcus infection from 1965 to 1974. A rise of the meningococcus infection incidence from 1969 to 1974 was recorded 28 years after the elevation of 1940-1942 and was 1.5 times below this latter rise. The rise in 1969-1974 was characterized by marked signs peculiar to the infection with the droplet transmission mechanism; among those who contracted the disease prevalence was seen among children aged under 14 years (63-72%). A marked affection of juveniles was noted. Three types of the dynamic of the meningococcus infection incidence in the republics located in different climatic-geographical zones of the USSR were noted: slow, gradual increase of the level, interrupted and explosive. Such character was determined in the dynamics of the seasonal elevations of morbidity. Antiepidemic measures including a complex of nonspecific measures could not be assessed as sufficiently effective. This finds reflection in the natural course of the epidemic process of the meningococcus infection which remains uncontrolled. From the patients with generalized form of the disease meningococci of group A were isolated in 80-100% of cases, from the number of those typed. The group-specific reference of the nasopharyngeal strains depended on the epidemic situation: strains of serological group A prevailed at the period of the morbidity elevation, and other serological groups (particularly of C and B) increased at its decline."}
{"id": "PMID:139816", "title": "Renal blood flow as measured with 133Xe wash out and 86Rb uptake techniques and with an electromagnetic flowmeter.", "content": "The values for total RBF measured with 133Xe and 86Rb methods are nearly equal to that measured simultaneously with an electromagnetic flowmeter. A high degree of correlation was found between the values estimated by the three methods. No significant correlation was, however, found in the perfusion of the individual kidney regions (cortex, outer and inner medulla) measured with 133Xe wash-out and 86Rb uptake techniques.", "contents": "Renal blood flow as measured with 133Xe wash out and 86Rb uptake techniques and with an electromagnetic flowmeter. The values for total RBF measured with 133Xe and 86Rb methods are nearly equal to that measured simultaneously with an electromagnetic flowmeter. A high degree of correlation was found between the values estimated by the three methods. No significant correlation was, however, found in the perfusion of the individual kidney regions (cortex, outer and inner medulla) measured with 133Xe wash-out and 86Rb uptake techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:139817", "title": "Comparative morphological and histochemical aspects of selected arteries in the chicken and rat.", "content": "Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of selected portions of normal arteries from two species known to differ in susceptibility to vascular disease were examined. Arteries were classified as predominantly elastic, muscular or complex. Species differences in the structural organization of the abdominal aortic segment were observed. Arterial mucopoly-saccharides were stained more intensely in the tunica intima and media of chicken vessels than within those of the rat, and tended to be most concentrated in proximity of the internal elastic membrane. Histochemical procedures for the demonstration of enzymatic activity revealed inter-and intraspecies variations in vascular metabolism. Pronounced differences in reaction intensity for hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme, affecting chicken and rat coronary arteries, were noted. In contrast, theses vessels displayed only minimal activity for acid phosphatase. Marked endothelial deposition of alkaline phosphatase reaction products in the arteries of the chicken was demonstrated, while this enzyme's activity in the vessels of the rat was restricted to the tunica adventitia. The implications of these structural and histochemical factors with regard to vascular susceptibility to disease were discussed.", "contents": "Comparative morphological and histochemical aspects of selected arteries in the chicken and rat. Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of selected portions of normal arteries from two species known to differ in susceptibility to vascular disease were examined. Arteries were classified as predominantly elastic, muscular or complex. Species differences in the structural organization of the abdominal aortic segment were observed. Arterial mucopoly-saccharides were stained more intensely in the tunica intima and media of chicken vessels than within those of the rat, and tended to be most concentrated in proximity of the internal elastic membrane. Histochemical procedures for the demonstration of enzymatic activity revealed inter-and intraspecies variations in vascular metabolism. Pronounced differences in reaction intensity for hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme, affecting chicken and rat coronary arteries, were noted. In contrast, theses vessels displayed only minimal activity for acid phosphatase. Marked endothelial deposition of alkaline phosphatase reaction products in the arteries of the chicken was demonstrated, while this enzyme's activity in the vessels of the rat was restricted to the tunica adventitia. The implications of these structural and histochemical factors with regard to vascular susceptibility to disease were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139819", "title": "Histopathology of the conduction system in patients with atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction disturbances.", "content": "In 9 lethal cases where clinical signs gave rise to the suspicion of acute myocardial infarct (AMI) where well-characterized e.c.g.-changes, permanent or intermittent, were found by monitoring, a very careful autopsy of the heart was carried out, combined with a meticulous histological investigation of the conduction system. Acute changes of mild degree in the conduction system were found only in one case, possibly explaining the left bundle branch block found in this case. In the remaining cases, nothing but chronic changes were found and they did not exceed significantly the changes otherwise to be found in the agegroups concerned in a \"control series\" of violent deaths not preceded by symptoms of heart disease. According to an estimate there was good correlation between the conduction disturbances demonstrated and the localization of histopathological changes in seven of nine patients; in one of the latter correlation was relatively good; correlation was dubious only in one case. On this basis the authors conclude that present changes in the conduction system which are assumed mainly to be age-related, are the factors to determine the type of conduction disturbances from which the patient will suffer if acute heart ischaemia sets in, for instance due to an AMI, in fact, changes by which he will be predisposed to such disturbances.", "contents": "Histopathology of the conduction system in patients with atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction disturbances. In 9 lethal cases where clinical signs gave rise to the suspicion of acute myocardial infarct (AMI) where well-characterized e.c.g.-changes, permanent or intermittent, were found by monitoring, a very careful autopsy of the heart was carried out, combined with a meticulous histological investigation of the conduction system. Acute changes of mild degree in the conduction system were found only in one case, possibly explaining the left bundle branch block found in this case. In the remaining cases, nothing but chronic changes were found and they did not exceed significantly the changes otherwise to be found in the agegroups concerned in a \"control series\" of violent deaths not preceded by symptoms of heart disease. According to an estimate there was good correlation between the conduction disturbances demonstrated and the localization of histopathological changes in seven of nine patients; in one of the latter correlation was relatively good; correlation was dubious only in one case. On this basis the authors conclude that present changes in the conduction system which are assumed mainly to be age-related, are the factors to determine the type of conduction disturbances from which the patient will suffer if acute heart ischaemia sets in, for instance due to an AMI, in fact, changes by which he will be predisposed to such disturbances."}
{"id": "PMID:139818", "title": "Histochemical studies of striated muscle after temporary ischemia in the rat.", "content": "Temporary ischaemia of the hind linb of the rat was produced using a tourniquet with controlled pressure. Changes in the muscle seen after Gomori trichrome staining and after histochemical reactions for NADHdiaphorase, ATPases and phosphorylase were correlated with the duration of the ischaemia and the time of recovery. Histopathological changes were seen first after 2 h of ischaemia and increased thereafter; necrosis of most of the muscles occurred between 4 and 6 h of ischaemia. Necrosis and phagocytosis of muscle fibres and later the amount of regenerating fibres with characteristic histochemical staining properties increased linearly with increasing duration of ischaemia. Even after the most severe lesions of seemingly total necrosis of the muscle after 6 h of ischaemia most of the muscle regenerated within 18 days. Morphological alterations such as variation in fibre size, split fibres and central nuclei were still observed 226 days after ischaemia at which time the follow-up was terminated. Fibre type grouping was seen first after 45-90 days subsequent to 4 and 6 h ischaemia after incubation for ATPase, indicating concomitant neurogenic lesion in addition to the direct ischaemia of the muscle fibres.", "contents": "Histochemical studies of striated muscle after temporary ischemia in the rat. Temporary ischaemia of the hind linb of the rat was produced using a tourniquet with controlled pressure. Changes in the muscle seen after Gomori trichrome staining and after histochemical reactions for NADHdiaphorase, ATPases and phosphorylase were correlated with the duration of the ischaemia and the time of recovery. Histopathological changes were seen first after 2 h of ischaemia and increased thereafter; necrosis of most of the muscles occurred between 4 and 6 h of ischaemia. Necrosis and phagocytosis of muscle fibres and later the amount of regenerating fibres with characteristic histochemical staining properties increased linearly with increasing duration of ischaemia. Even after the most severe lesions of seemingly total necrosis of the muscle after 6 h of ischaemia most of the muscle regenerated within 18 days. Morphological alterations such as variation in fibre size, split fibres and central nuclei were still observed 226 days after ischaemia at which time the follow-up was terminated. Fibre type grouping was seen first after 45-90 days subsequent to 4 and 6 h ischaemia after incubation for ATPase, indicating concomitant neurogenic lesion in addition to the direct ischaemia of the muscle fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:139820", "title": "Renal Na-K-ATPase activity during saline infusion in the rabbit.", "content": "During saline infusion, sodium reabsorption (RNa) in the diluting segment (thick ascending limb of Henle's loop) increases acutely. The mechanism for this higher pumping rate of outer medullary Na-K-ATPase is unknown. Following left-sided nephrectomy, immediate i.v. infusion of hypertonic saline increased RNa in the remaining whole right kidney by 28 +/- 14% (p less than 0.05). Na-K-ATPase activity in outer medulla was raised by (delta) 23 +/- 4% above the left kidney (p less than 0.05), whereas cortical activity was unchanged. The mechanism for this increase in Na-K-ATPase activity was explored. The catalytic rate per enzyme did not differ in the two kidneys and equalled 5 340 min-1. The increase was therefore due to higher tissue concentration of active enzyme. The response was fully developed during continuous infusion within 20 min, and of equal magnitude whether protein synthesis had been inhibited by cycloheximide (delta = 23 +/- 7%) or stimulated by unilateral nephrectomy 6 days earlier combined with saline infusion for 2 h (delta = 34 +/- 10%). Thus, during hypertonic saline infusion, the increased RNa in the outer medulla was partly accounted for by the activation of latent Na-K-ATPase. High delivery of sodium to the diluting segment for more than 20 min during hypertrophy caused no further activity change.", "contents": "Renal Na-K-ATPase activity during saline infusion in the rabbit. During saline infusion, sodium reabsorption (RNa) in the diluting segment (thick ascending limb of Henle's loop) increases acutely. The mechanism for this higher pumping rate of outer medullary Na-K-ATPase is unknown. Following left-sided nephrectomy, immediate i.v. infusion of hypertonic saline increased RNa in the remaining whole right kidney by 28 +/- 14% (p less than 0.05). Na-K-ATPase activity in outer medulla was raised by (delta) 23 +/- 4% above the left kidney (p less than 0.05), whereas cortical activity was unchanged. The mechanism for this increase in Na-K-ATPase activity was explored. The catalytic rate per enzyme did not differ in the two kidneys and equalled 5 340 min-1. The increase was therefore due to higher tissue concentration of active enzyme. The response was fully developed during continuous infusion within 20 min, and of equal magnitude whether protein synthesis had been inhibited by cycloheximide (delta = 23 +/- 7%) or stimulated by unilateral nephrectomy 6 days earlier combined with saline infusion for 2 h (delta = 34 +/- 10%). Thus, during hypertonic saline infusion, the increased RNa in the outer medulla was partly accounted for by the activation of latent Na-K-ATPase. High delivery of sodium to the diluting segment for more than 20 min during hypertrophy caused no further activity change."}
{"id": "PMID:139825", "title": "Physical stigma and academic performance as factors affecting children's first impressions of handicapped peers.", "content": "The effects of four variables on attitudes toward children were studied: the sex and social status of the rater and the physical appearance and academic competence of the target child being rated. The results indicated that competent and physically nonstigmatized children were rated more favorably than incompetent and physically stigmatized children. The data also revealed that girls had a significantly more positive stereotype than did boys of a competent male target child but that boys were more willing to be in physical proximity to the male target child as measured by a social-distance scale. Finally, the results indicated that popular children rated the attractive and competent target child less favorably than children who were not so popular. However, the popular children rated the attractive and incompetent target child more favorably than the less popular children did. The findings were discussed in terms of the salience of physical labels (i.e., stigma) on attitudes toward children.", "contents": "Physical stigma and academic performance as factors affecting children's first impressions of handicapped peers. The effects of four variables on attitudes toward children were studied: the sex and social status of the rater and the physical appearance and academic competence of the target child being rated. The results indicated that competent and physically nonstigmatized children were rated more favorably than incompetent and physically stigmatized children. The data also revealed that girls had a significantly more positive stereotype than did boys of a competent male target child but that boys were more willing to be in physical proximity to the male target child as measured by a social-distance scale. Finally, the results indicated that popular children rated the attractive and competent target child less favorably than children who were not so popular. However, the popular children rated the attractive and incompetent target child more favorably than the less popular children did. The findings were discussed in terms of the salience of physical labels (i.e., stigma) on attitudes toward children."}
{"id": "PMID:139826", "title": "A new uterine mobilizer for laparoscopy: its use in 518 patients.", "content": "A new instrument for manipulating the uterus during laparoscopy has added the dimension of uterine version to increase the mobility of the uterus. Allowing elevation, rotation, and version of the uterus, the instrument has increased the case and efficacy of visualization of pelvic viscera in an experience of 518 cases in seven hospitals where it underwent assessment.", "contents": "A new uterine mobilizer for laparoscopy: its use in 518 patients. A new instrument for manipulating the uterus during laparoscopy has added the dimension of uterine version to increase the mobility of the uterus. Allowing elevation, rotation, and version of the uterus, the instrument has increased the case and efficacy of visualization of pelvic viscera in an experience of 518 cases in seven hospitals where it underwent assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:139827", "title": "Steroid hormone changes in fetal blood during labor.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays of pregnenolone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) 16 alpha-hydroxy-DHA, estriol, and cortisol were performed on a total of 0;1 ml; of fetal plasma, collected during the course of normal vaginal delivery. The mean hormone concentrations +/- standard errors of fetal blood in the first and second stages of labor and of the umbilical arterial and venous blood at delivery were as follows: pregnenolone, 0.53 +/-0.06, 1.13 +/- 0.16, 1.48 +/- 0.14, and 1.34 +/- 0.27 micrograms per milliliter; progesterone, 0.12 +/- 0.01, 0.14 +/- 0.01, 0.26 +/- 0.02, and 0.34 +/- 0.02 micrograms per milliliter; DHA, 0.98 +/- 0.11, 0.94 +/- 0.08, 1.51 +/- 0.25, and 1.23 +/- 0.11 micrograms per milliliter; 16 alpha-hydroxy-DHA, 1.54 +/- 0.22, 1.49 +/- 0.31, 2.27 +/- 0.25, and 1.82 +/- 0.21 micrograms per milliliter; cortisol, 1.82 +/- 0.15, 1.91 +/- 0.24, 2.39 +/- 0.19, and 2.35 +/- 0.17 micrograms per milliter; cortisol, 0.11 +/- 0.01, 0.09 +/- 0.01, 0.16 +/- 0.02, and 0.14 +/-0.01 micrograms per milliliter. Except for cortisol, the levels in the fetal blood of all the steroids studied rose significantly at delivery of the infant, when compared to the titers in the first stage of labor. During delivery, increased titers of pregnenolone and DHA, steroids which are of fetal adrenal origin, suggest enhanced adrenal activity during the final phase of labor.", "contents": "Steroid hormone changes in fetal blood during labor. Radioimmunoassays of pregnenolone, progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) 16 alpha-hydroxy-DHA, estriol, and cortisol were performed on a total of 0;1 ml; of fetal plasma, collected during the course of normal vaginal delivery. The mean hormone concentrations +/- standard errors of fetal blood in the first and second stages of labor and of the umbilical arterial and venous blood at delivery were as follows: pregnenolone, 0.53 +/-0.06, 1.13 +/- 0.16, 1.48 +/- 0.14, and 1.34 +/- 0.27 micrograms per milliliter; progesterone, 0.12 +/- 0.01, 0.14 +/- 0.01, 0.26 +/- 0.02, and 0.34 +/- 0.02 micrograms per milliliter; DHA, 0.98 +/- 0.11, 0.94 +/- 0.08, 1.51 +/- 0.25, and 1.23 +/- 0.11 micrograms per milliliter; 16 alpha-hydroxy-DHA, 1.54 +/- 0.22, 1.49 +/- 0.31, 2.27 +/- 0.25, and 1.82 +/- 0.21 micrograms per milliliter; cortisol, 1.82 +/- 0.15, 1.91 +/- 0.24, 2.39 +/- 0.19, and 2.35 +/- 0.17 micrograms per milliter; cortisol, 0.11 +/- 0.01, 0.09 +/- 0.01, 0.16 +/- 0.02, and 0.14 +/-0.01 micrograms per milliliter. Except for cortisol, the levels in the fetal blood of all the steroids studied rose significantly at delivery of the infant, when compared to the titers in the first stage of labor. During delivery, increased titers of pregnenolone and DHA, steroids which are of fetal adrenal origin, suggest enhanced adrenal activity during the final phase of labor."}
{"id": "PMID:139824", "title": "Down's syndrome and autoimmunity.", "content": "A patient with Down's syndrome (DS) with multiple autoimmune phenomena is described. She suffered from hypothroidism, a celiac-like enteropathy and hemolytic anemia, and displayed cellular immunity directed against peripheral nerve antigen and basic myeloprotein and serum autoantibodies to many other tissue antigens. Her mother did not suffer from any overt autoimmune disease, but similar autoantibodies were found in her serum. It is suggested that DS resembles other autoimmune  diseases, especially that which occurs in the NZB mice. The resemblance is based on the assumption that in both cases genetic and/or viral factors cause T-cell dysfunction which leads on the one hand to increased susceptibility to infections and leukemias, to autoimmune phenomena and to depressed cellular immunity, and on the other hand to increased B--cell reactivity.", "contents": "Down's syndrome and autoimmunity. A patient with Down's syndrome (DS) with multiple autoimmune phenomena is described. She suffered from hypothroidism, a celiac-like enteropathy and hemolytic anemia, and displayed cellular immunity directed against peripheral nerve antigen and basic myeloprotein and serum autoantibodies to many other tissue antigens. Her mother did not suffer from any overt autoimmune disease, but similar autoantibodies were found in her serum. It is suggested that DS resembles other autoimmune  diseases, especially that which occurs in the NZB mice. The resemblance is based on the assumption that in both cases genetic and/or viral factors cause T-cell dysfunction which leads on the one hand to increased susceptibility to infections and leukemias, to autoimmune phenomena and to depressed cellular immunity, and on the other hand to increased B--cell reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:139829", "title": "Abnormal myocardial fluid retention as an early manifestation of ischemic injury.", "content": "Fifty-seven isolated, blood perfused, continuously weighed canine hearts have been utilized to study the development of abnormal myocardial fluid retention during early myocardial ischemic injury. Inflatable balloon catheters were positioned around the left anterior descending coronary arteries (LAD) of 54 hearts or the proximal left circumflex coronary arteries of three hearts for study of the following intervals of coronary occlusion: a) 10 minutes followed by 20 minutes of reflow, b) 40 minutes followed by either no reflow or by 20 minutes of reflow, and c) 60 minutes without reflow. After 60 minutes of fixed coronary occlusion, histologic and ultrastructural examination revealed mild swelling of many ischemic cardiac muscle cells in the absence of interstitial edema, cardiac weight gain, and obvious structural defects in cell membrane integrity. After 40 minutes of coronary occlusion and 20 minutes of reflow, significant cardiac weight gain occurred in association with characteristic alterations in the ischemic region, including widespread interstitial edema and focal vascular congestion and hemorrhage and swelling of cardiac muscle cells. Focal structural defects in cell membrane integrity were also noted. The development of abnormal myocardial fluid retention after 40 minutes of LAD occlusion occurred in association with a significant reduction in sodium-potassium-ATPase activity in the ischemic area, but with no significant alteration in either creatine phosphokinase or citrate synthase activity in the same region. Despite the abnormal myocardial fluid retention in these hearts, it was possible pharmacologically to vasodilate coronary vessels with adenosine and nitroglycerin infusion to maintain a consistently high coronary flow following release of the coronary occlusion after 40 minutes and to even exceed initial hyperemic flow values following release of the occlusion when adenosine and nitroglycerin infusion was delayed until 15 minutes after reflow. Thus, the data indicate that impaired cell volume regulation and interstitial fluid accumulation and focal structural defects in cell membrane integrity are early manifestations of ischemic injury followed by reflow, but fail to establish a major role for the abnormal fluid retention in altering coronary blood flow prior to the development of extensive myocardial necrosis. In contrast, fixed coronary occlusion for 60 minutes results in mild intracellular swelling but no significant interstitial edema and no obvious structural defects in cell membrane integrity.", "contents": "Abnormal myocardial fluid retention as an early manifestation of ischemic injury. Fifty-seven isolated, blood perfused, continuously weighed canine hearts have been utilized to study the development of abnormal myocardial fluid retention during early myocardial ischemic injury. Inflatable balloon catheters were positioned around the left anterior descending coronary arteries (LAD) of 54 hearts or the proximal left circumflex coronary arteries of three hearts for study of the following intervals of coronary occlusion: a) 10 minutes followed by 20 minutes of reflow, b) 40 minutes followed by either no reflow or by 20 minutes of reflow, and c) 60 minutes without reflow. After 60 minutes of fixed coronary occlusion, histologic and ultrastructural examination revealed mild swelling of many ischemic cardiac muscle cells in the absence of interstitial edema, cardiac weight gain, and obvious structural defects in cell membrane integrity. After 40 minutes of coronary occlusion and 20 minutes of reflow, significant cardiac weight gain occurred in association with characteristic alterations in the ischemic region, including widespread interstitial edema and focal vascular congestion and hemorrhage and swelling of cardiac muscle cells. Focal structural defects in cell membrane integrity were also noted. The development of abnormal myocardial fluid retention after 40 minutes of LAD occlusion occurred in association with a significant reduction in sodium-potassium-ATPase activity in the ischemic area, but with no significant alteration in either creatine phosphokinase or citrate synthase activity in the same region. Despite the abnormal myocardial fluid retention in these hearts, it was possible pharmacologically to vasodilate coronary vessels with adenosine and nitroglycerin infusion to maintain a consistently high coronary flow following release of the coronary occlusion after 40 minutes and to even exceed initial hyperemic flow values following release of the occlusion when adenosine and nitroglycerin infusion was delayed until 15 minutes after reflow. Thus, the data indicate that impaired cell volume regulation and interstitial fluid accumulation and focal structural defects in cell membrane integrity are early manifestations of ischemic injury followed by reflow, but fail to establish a major role for the abnormal fluid retention in altering coronary blood flow prior to the development of extensive myocardial necrosis. In contrast, fixed coronary occlusion for 60 minutes results in mild intracellular swelling but no significant interstitial edema and no obvious structural defects in cell membrane integrity."}
{"id": "PMID:139830", "title": "Hyperfunction with normal inotropic state of the hypertrophied left ventricle.", "content": "Conscious dogs were instrumented with an inflatable cuff around the ascending aorta, a high-fidelity micromanometer in the left ventricle (LV), and pairs of ultrasonic crystals for measurements of LV wall thickness and internal LV diameter. Wall stress (WSt) and mean velocity of wall shortening (VCF) were calculated. Mean force-velocity relations and WSt-diameter loops in single contractions were then analyzed over a range of matched systolic pressures during acute aortic constrictions both before and after induction of chronic hypertrophy by sustained aortic constriction. At normal LV systolic pressures and at each matched level of systolic LV pressure, wall shortening velocity was increased in the hypertrophied ventricle. However, force-velocity relations obtained by relating mean VCF to mean WSt at various stress levels fell on the same relation as during control. The linear relation between LV diameter and pressure at the end of ventricular ejection was shifted to the left in the hypertrophied ventricle, indicating enhanced shortening. However, linear WSt-diameter relations at end-ejection were not different in control and hypertrophied hearts. These findings indicate that the ventricle hypertrophied by pressure overload exhibited hyperfunction as a pump but that its myocardium had a normal level of inotropic state.", "contents": "Hyperfunction with normal inotropic state of the hypertrophied left ventricle. Conscious dogs were instrumented with an inflatable cuff around the ascending aorta, a high-fidelity micromanometer in the left ventricle (LV), and pairs of ultrasonic crystals for measurements of LV wall thickness and internal LV diameter. Wall stress (WSt) and mean velocity of wall shortening (VCF) were calculated. Mean force-velocity relations and WSt-diameter loops in single contractions were then analyzed over a range of matched systolic pressures during acute aortic constrictions both before and after induction of chronic hypertrophy by sustained aortic constriction. At normal LV systolic pressures and at each matched level of systolic LV pressure, wall shortening velocity was increased in the hypertrophied ventricle. However, force-velocity relations obtained by relating mean VCF to mean WSt at various stress levels fell on the same relation as during control. The linear relation between LV diameter and pressure at the end of ventricular ejection was shifted to the left in the hypertrophied ventricle, indicating enhanced shortening. However, linear WSt-diameter relations at end-ejection were not different in control and hypertrophied hearts. These findings indicate that the ventricle hypertrophied by pressure overload exhibited hyperfunction as a pump but that its myocardium had a normal level of inotropic state."}
{"id": "PMID:139831", "title": "The clinico-epidemiological profile of guinea worm in the Ibadan district of Nigeria.", "content": "An epidemiological survey of guinea worm infection was carried out in 17 rural village communities north of Ibadan in western Nigeria from 1971 to 1975. The incidence was 13.5% in a population of 8,200. The sexes were equally affected although there were significantly more cases amongst boys than girls. A majority of the worms emerged from the lower limbs and the incidence of complications and disability was higher in those with lesions around the ankles and feet. The average duration of incapacity from effective work among this predominantly rural population was 100 days. A case is made for a concerted effort to eradicate this easily prevented disease by the provision of wholesome potable water to all persons.", "contents": "The clinico-epidemiological profile of guinea worm in the Ibadan district of Nigeria. An epidemiological survey of guinea worm infection was carried out in 17 rural village communities north of Ibadan in western Nigeria from 1971 to 1975. The incidence was 13.5% in a population of 8,200. The sexes were equally affected although there were significantly more cases amongst boys than girls. A majority of the worms emerged from the lower limbs and the incidence of complications and disability was higher in those with lesions around the ankles and feet. The average duration of incapacity from effective work among this predominantly rural population was 100 days. A case is made for a concerted effort to eradicate this easily prevented disease by the provision of wholesome potable water to all persons."}
{"id": "PMID:139832", "title": "Critical evaluation of prosthetic materials in repair of abdominal wall hernias: new criteria of tolerance and resistance.", "content": "Six different materials (3 mesh and 3 cloth) commonly used for the repair of abdominal wall hernias were evaluated in 180 rats after implantation through musculature and peritoneum. Serial macroscopic and bacteriologic investigations were done, and bursting strength of the wound was determined in all groups at intervals with an original device. Histologic criteria were used to characterize the resistance of the wound and the tolerance of the host to the foreign material. Statistical analysis of the results demonstrated: (1) after postoperative day 15, the resistance of the wound was similar for each material tested; (2) during this early period mesh materials exhibited more resistance to bursting pressures than cloth materials; (3) the incorporation of mesh material was constant, whereas encystment or extrusion was always observed after implantation of cloth material; (4) no infection occurred with mesh material, but significant bacteria were found in 18 per cent of cloth material implantations; (5) the extent of the cellular reaction, the enumeration of giant, inflammatory, and fibroblastic cells showed the superiority of mesh materials; and (6) the ratio of fibroblasts to inflammatory cells reflected closely the mechanical resistance and tolerance of the foreign material.", "contents": "Critical evaluation of prosthetic materials in repair of abdominal wall hernias: new criteria of tolerance and resistance. Six different materials (3 mesh and 3 cloth) commonly used for the repair of abdominal wall hernias were evaluated in 180 rats after implantation through musculature and peritoneum. Serial macroscopic and bacteriologic investigations were done, and bursting strength of the wound was determined in all groups at intervals with an original device. Histologic criteria were used to characterize the resistance of the wound and the tolerance of the host to the foreign material. Statistical analysis of the results demonstrated: (1) after postoperative day 15, the resistance of the wound was similar for each material tested; (2) during this early period mesh materials exhibited more resistance to bursting pressures than cloth materials; (3) the incorporation of mesh material was constant, whereas encystment or extrusion was always observed after implantation of cloth material; (4) no infection occurred with mesh material, but significant bacteria were found in 18 per cent of cloth material implantations; (5) the extent of the cellular reaction, the enumeration of giant, inflammatory, and fibroblastic cells showed the superiority of mesh materials; and (6) the ratio of fibroblasts to inflammatory cells reflected closely the mechanical resistance and tolerance of the foreign material."}
{"id": "PMID:139833", "title": "Effects of denervation and tenotomy on the gastrocnemius muscle in the frog: a histologic and histochemical study.", "content": "The effects of denervation on the gastrocnemius muscle of the frog were studied by histologic and histochemical methods. Thirteen Rana pipiens underwent unilateral sciatic neurotomy and were sacrificed weekly as long as 46 days. Of the three normal populations of muscle fibers, the small fibers underwent atrophy, the intermediate sized fibers remained unchanged in size, and the large fibers either did not change or underwent hypertrophy between 21 and 46 days. Necrosis of muscle fibers did not occur. Histochemical stains showed persistence of the normal pattern after denervation. The small fibers continued to have a high concentration of both oxidative and glycolytic enzyme activity (NADH-TR, SDH, phosphorylase), and the large fibers continued to have a low concentration of these enzymes. Depletion of glycogen stores was seen with PAS. Hypertrophic muscle fibers had mostly subsarcolemmal nuclei and few internal nuclei, suggesting that they may be physiologically tonic rather than twitch fibers. Achilles tenotomy at the time of denervation prevented the hypertrophy of large fibers. Abnormal inclusions have been demonstrated in mammalian muscle following tenotomy alone, but were not seen in the frog.", "contents": "Effects of denervation and tenotomy on the gastrocnemius muscle in the frog: a histologic and histochemical study. The effects of denervation on the gastrocnemius muscle of the frog were studied by histologic and histochemical methods. Thirteen Rana pipiens underwent unilateral sciatic neurotomy and were sacrificed weekly as long as 46 days. Of the three normal populations of muscle fibers, the small fibers underwent atrophy, the intermediate sized fibers remained unchanged in size, and the large fibers either did not change or underwent hypertrophy between 21 and 46 days. Necrosis of muscle fibers did not occur. Histochemical stains showed persistence of the normal pattern after denervation. The small fibers continued to have a high concentration of both oxidative and glycolytic enzyme activity (NADH-TR, SDH, phosphorylase), and the large fibers continued to have a low concentration of these enzymes. Depletion of glycogen stores was seen with PAS. Hypertrophic muscle fibers had mostly subsarcolemmal nuclei and few internal nuclei, suggesting that they may be physiologically tonic rather than twitch fibers. Achilles tenotomy at the time of denervation prevented the hypertrophy of large fibers. Abnormal inclusions have been demonstrated in mammalian muscle following tenotomy alone, but were not seen in the frog."}
{"id": "PMID:139837", "title": "Paternal age effect in Down's syndrome.", "content": "Increasing incidence of Down's syndrome with advancing paternal age for given maternal age has been demonstrated. Comparisons are made between an almost complete Down's syndrome sample from the Copenhagen Metropolitan Area and a randomly selected sample of births from the same area and the same time period. Men above 55 years have a significantly increased risk of getting children with Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Paternal age effect in Down's syndrome. Increasing incidence of Down's syndrome with advancing paternal age for given maternal age has been demonstrated. Comparisons are made between an almost complete Down's syndrome sample from the Copenhagen Metropolitan Area and a randomly selected sample of births from the same area and the same time period. Men above 55 years have a significantly increased risk of getting children with Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:139838", "title": "Statistical methods for detecting a moderate paternal age effect on incidence of disorder when a maternal one is present.", "content": "A statistical method is developed for detecting a moderate effect on the incidence of a disorder caused by advancing age of one parent when it is known that advancing age of the other parent is of great aetiological importance. The method is a conditional test procedure given the parental ages, therefore no assumptions about the parental age distributions have to be made. The method is applied on Danish material on Down's syndrome, for which a paternal age effect is demonstrated. Methods used in some well-known previous investigations have been discussed. Several of them, e.g. the classical one of Penrose (1933), could hardly detect any paternal age effect in Down's syndrome on the available data, because these methods are heavily affected by certain fertility patterns not recognized previously.", "contents": "Statistical methods for detecting a moderate paternal age effect on incidence of disorder when a maternal one is present. A statistical method is developed for detecting a moderate effect on the incidence of a disorder caused by advancing age of one parent when it is known that advancing age of the other parent is of great aetiological importance. The method is a conditional test procedure given the parental ages, therefore no assumptions about the parental age distributions have to be made. The method is applied on Danish material on Down's syndrome, for which a paternal age effect is demonstrated. Methods used in some well-known previous investigations have been discussed. Several of them, e.g. the classical one of Penrose (1933), could hardly detect any paternal age effect in Down's syndrome on the available data, because these methods are heavily affected by certain fertility patterns not recognized previously."}
{"id": "PMID:139835", "title": "[Myocardium in valvular cardiopathies. Ultrastructural and histoenzymological changes. Functional correlations].", "content": "The morphologic and hemodynamic datas are compared in 24 patients with mitroaortic valvular cardiopathy. The morphologic study was carried out on left ventricular biopsies and consisted first of all in ultrastructural analysis. Thus, 5 degrees of alterations were determined with regard to myofibrillar and, accessorily, to mitochondrial changes. The microscopic data, especially rarefaction of the Z material on semifine sections stained with Toluidine Blue and the demonstration of phospholipids by staining with acid hematein, are consistent with the ultrastructural gradient. Also, in cases with the most advanced electronic gradient, histoenzymology revealed important anomalies in the activity of the myofibrillar ATPase and of the S.D.H. The correlation between the so-established morphologic gradient and the preoperative hemodynamic data proved satisfying in the majority of cases which points out the interest of the morphologic tests for the appreciation of the functional value of the myocardium.", "contents": "[Myocardium in valvular cardiopathies. Ultrastructural and histoenzymological changes. Functional correlations]. The morphologic and hemodynamic datas are compared in 24 patients with mitroaortic valvular cardiopathy. The morphologic study was carried out on left ventricular biopsies and consisted first of all in ultrastructural analysis. Thus, 5 degrees of alterations were determined with regard to myofibrillar and, accessorily, to mitochondrial changes. The microscopic data, especially rarefaction of the Z material on semifine sections stained with Toluidine Blue and the demonstration of phospholipids by staining with acid hematein, are consistent with the ultrastructural gradient. Also, in cases with the most advanced electronic gradient, histoenzymology revealed important anomalies in the activity of the myofibrillar ATPase and of the S.D.H. The correlation between the so-established morphologic gradient and the preoperative hemodynamic data proved satisfying in the majority of cases which points out the interest of the morphologic tests for the appreciation of the functional value of the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:139839", "title": "[Immune complex disease of Swan and nude mice].", "content": "Swan and Nude mice with antinuclear antibodies (AN Ab) show early deposits of Ig and C in the mesangium and the basement membrane of glomerulus, marking an immune complexes disease. We have studied the Ig class of these immune complexes after acid elution and by direct immunofluorescence with suitable conjugates. In the Swan mice, fixed Ig are chiefly IgM and IgA, but AN Ab in the eluate kidney are principally IgG2 and IgM as the circulating AN Ab. In these mice the Ag of the fixed immun complexes are AN and murine leukemia virus Ag. In the Nude mice, fixed Ab are IgM and IgG2 and in part AN Ab. The circulating AN Ab and the AN Ab of eluates are also IgM and IgG2.", "contents": "[Immune complex disease of Swan and nude mice]. Swan and Nude mice with antinuclear antibodies (AN Ab) show early deposits of Ig and C in the mesangium and the basement membrane of glomerulus, marking an immune complexes disease. We have studied the Ig class of these immune complexes after acid elution and by direct immunofluorescence with suitable conjugates. In the Swan mice, fixed Ig are chiefly IgM and IgA, but AN Ab in the eluate kidney are principally IgG2 and IgM as the circulating AN Ab. In these mice the Ag of the fixed immun complexes are AN and murine leukemia virus Ag. In the Nude mice, fixed Ab are IgM and IgG2 and in part AN Ab. The circulating AN Ab and the AN Ab of eluates are also IgM and IgG2."}
{"id": "PMID:139840", "title": "[Functional activity of cytolytic T lymphocytes in the rejection of tumor target cells].", "content": "Sensitized T lymphocytes can specifically destroy in vivo target cells with which they enter into direct contact. This suggests an important role for cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) in the destruction of grafts and tumours. Quantitative methods allow the assay of CTL and of CTL memory cells which appear in lymphoid tissues, blood, grafts and tumours during rejection. The formation of CTL and CTL memory cells can also be induced in vitro, and the functional activity of such cells has been demonstrated in transfer experiments. In the present report, results of experiments will be discussed which were aimed at the analysis of the characteristics of memory cells, of the functional activity in vivo of CTL induced in secondary mixed leucocyte cultures (MLC), and of the specificity of CTL formed in response to tumours induced by the Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV). Our results show that there exists a qualitative difference between the original precursor of the CTL and its memory cell, and that the transfer by the intravenous route of CTL induced in secondary MLC protects irradiated mice effectively and specifically against allogeneic tumour growth. In the MSV system, studies of the specificity of CTL show that syngeneic tumour cells are lysed preferentially (and that allogeneic MSV induced tumour cells are not lysed), indicating a genetic restriction in their activity.", "contents": "[Functional activity of cytolytic T lymphocytes in the rejection of tumor target cells]. Sensitized T lymphocytes can specifically destroy in vivo target cells with which they enter into direct contact. This suggests an important role for cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) in the destruction of grafts and tumours. Quantitative methods allow the assay of CTL and of CTL memory cells which appear in lymphoid tissues, blood, grafts and tumours during rejection. The formation of CTL and CTL memory cells can also be induced in vitro, and the functional activity of such cells has been demonstrated in transfer experiments. In the present report, results of experiments will be discussed which were aimed at the analysis of the characteristics of memory cells, of the functional activity in vivo of CTL induced in secondary mixed leucocyte cultures (MLC), and of the specificity of CTL formed in response to tumours induced by the Moloney sarcoma virus (MSV). Our results show that there exists a qualitative difference between the original precursor of the CTL and its memory cell, and that the transfer by the intravenous route of CTL induced in secondary MLC protects irradiated mice effectively and specifically against allogeneic tumour growth. In the MSV system, studies of the specificity of CTL show that syngeneic tumour cells are lysed preferentially (and that allogeneic MSV induced tumour cells are not lysed), indicating a genetic restriction in their activity."}
{"id": "PMID:139846", "title": "[New method of diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity of the delayed type--the scarificaiton-film test].", "content": "An original method for diagnosis of drug allergy, i.e. a scarification-film test (SFT) in 2 variants has been worked out for the first itme on the basis of examination of 241 persons and is recommended for use. 10 mm parallel scarifications with intervals of 3-4 mm between them were made on the epidermis of the antibrachial flexor and the following agents were applied to them: 1) a film-forming aerosol composition with medicines (tetracycline)--the 1st variant of SFT. (2) powder or solutions of medicines (antibiotics, sulfanylamides, vitamins, etc.) covered with a film-forming ocmposition without any medicine--the 2nd variant of SFT, 3) film-forming aerosol composition without any medicine-control of both variants out of 46 patients with professional dermatosis and in 10 (7.8 per cent) out of 127 practically healthy persons with latent sensitization (workers of pharmaceutical factories) being in contact with tetracycline. Hypersensitivity of the delay type to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, sulfanylamides and other medicines was found in 54 79.4 per cent) out of 68 patients with drug allergy of professional and non-professional etiology. The method was shown to be highly sensitive, handy, simple and safe, which provided its recommendation for the use in wide clinical practice for diagnosis of drug allergy of the retarded type which developed because of drug use or professional contact.", "contents": "[New method of diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity of the delayed type--the scarificaiton-film test]. An original method for diagnosis of drug allergy, i.e. a scarification-film test (SFT) in 2 variants has been worked out for the first itme on the basis of examination of 241 persons and is recommended for use. 10 mm parallel scarifications with intervals of 3-4 mm between them were made on the epidermis of the antibrachial flexor and the following agents were applied to them: 1) a film-forming aerosol composition with medicines (tetracycline)--the 1st variant of SFT. (2) powder or solutions of medicines (antibiotics, sulfanylamides, vitamins, etc.) covered with a film-forming ocmposition without any medicine--the 2nd variant of SFT, 3) film-forming aerosol composition without any medicine-control of both variants out of 46 patients with professional dermatosis and in 10 (7.8 per cent) out of 127 practically healthy persons with latent sensitization (workers of pharmaceutical factories) being in contact with tetracycline. Hypersensitivity of the delay type to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, sulfanylamides and other medicines was found in 54 79.4 per cent) out of 68 patients with drug allergy of professional and non-professional etiology. The method was shown to be highly sensitive, handy, simple and safe, which provided its recommendation for the use in wide clinical practice for diagnosis of drug allergy of the retarded type which developed because of drug use or professional contact."}
{"id": "PMID:139847", "title": "[Olemorphocycline treatment of calculous and noncalculous pyelonephritis].", "content": "40 patients suffering from calculous and non-calculous pyelonephrits were treated with olemorphocycline administered intravenously in a dose of 250 00 Units 2 times a day for 5--7 days. The clinical effect was observed in 62.5 per cent of the cases. In 54.7 per cent of the cases the isolates were resistant to oleandomycin and morphocycline. The kidney tissue and urine from the kidney pelvis taken during surgical operations of 20 patients were plated out. Staphylocci were most often detected in the platings of the kidney tissue. The microflora of the urinary bladder before the treatment and that of the urine from the kidney pelvis and the kidney tissue taken during the surgical operation was mainly ident", "contents": "[Olemorphocycline treatment of calculous and noncalculous pyelonephritis]. 40 patients suffering from calculous and non-calculous pyelonephrits were treated with olemorphocycline administered intravenously in a dose of 250 00 Units 2 times a day for 5--7 days. The clinical effect was observed in 62.5 per cent of the cases. In 54.7 per cent of the cases the isolates were resistant to oleandomycin and morphocycline. The kidney tissue and urine from the kidney pelvis taken during surgical operations of 20 patients were plated out. Staphylocci were most often detected in the platings of the kidney tissue. The microflora of the urinary bladder before the treatment and that of the urine from the kidney pelvis and the kidney tissue taken during the surgical operation was mainly ident"}
{"id": "PMID:139841", "title": "[Lymphocyte impairment in aging].", "content": "In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes  by T mitogens and in MLC is reduced in aging. As the number of T lymphocytes and their antigenic power are in the normal range, a functional T-cell defect is anticipated in high age.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte impairment in aging]. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes  by T mitogens and in MLC is reduced in aging. As the number of T lymphocytes and their antigenic power are in the normal range, a functional T-cell defect is anticipated in high age."}
{"id": "PMID:139850", "title": "Acne fulminans: investigation of acute febrile ulcerative acne.", "content": "Eight cases of acne fulminans (acute febrile ulcerative acne) are compared with 13 previously reported cases. This rare disorder of male teenage patients is characterized by the sudden appearance of highly inflammatory, tender, ulcerative and crusted lesions on the back, chest, and face: it is one of the most scarring acute dermatologic disorders of young patients. At the onset of the disease, all patients showed febrile temperatures and marked leukocytosis; other systemic symptoms occurred with varying frequency. Polyarthralgia was noted in half of our series. Investigations of potential trigger mechanisms (eg, septisemia due to Corynebacterium acnes, immunologic defects, altered polymorphonuclear leukocyte function, Shwartzman phenomenon) did not yield any clues regarding the pathogenesis of this disease. Clinical and laboratory findings suggest that acne fulminans is not directly related to acne conglobata.", "contents": "Acne fulminans: investigation of acute febrile ulcerative acne. Eight cases of acne fulminans (acute febrile ulcerative acne) are compared with 13 previously reported cases. This rare disorder of male teenage patients is characterized by the sudden appearance of highly inflammatory, tender, ulcerative and crusted lesions on the back, chest, and face: it is one of the most scarring acute dermatologic disorders of young patients. At the onset of the disease, all patients showed febrile temperatures and marked leukocytosis; other systemic symptoms occurred with varying frequency. Polyarthralgia was noted in half of our series. Investigations of potential trigger mechanisms (eg, septisemia due to Corynebacterium acnes, immunologic defects, altered polymorphonuclear leukocyte function, Shwartzman phenomenon) did not yield any clues regarding the pathogenesis of this disease. Clinical and laboratory findings suggest that acne fulminans is not directly related to acne conglobata."}
{"id": "PMID:139851", "title": "Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: study of a large Chinese pedigree.", "content": "Hidrotic ectodermaldysplasia was found, to our knowledge, for the first time in a Chinese family in Malaysia, and it affected 15 members in five generations. The disease, which is transmitted as a non-sex-linked autosomal dominant trait, presumably originated from southern China. All 15 members had the typical nail, hair, and skin lesions, and we observed three different types of nail defects. Scalp alopeica was more extensive in the female members while keratoderma of the palms and soles was more notable in the male members. The nail and skin lesions also became severer with age. Except for the infectious eczematoid dermatitis present in the propositus, none had other skin or systemic disorders. All were relatively healthy and had normal life expectancies;", "contents": "Hidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: study of a large Chinese pedigree. Hidrotic ectodermaldysplasia was found, to our knowledge, for the first time in a Chinese family in Malaysia, and it affected 15 members in five generations. The disease, which is transmitted as a non-sex-linked autosomal dominant trait, presumably originated from southern China. All 15 members had the typical nail, hair, and skin lesions, and we observed three different types of nail defects. Scalp alopeica was more extensive in the female members while keratoderma of the palms and soles was more notable in the male members. The nail and skin lesions also became severer with age. Except for the infectious eczematoid dermatitis present in the propositus, none had other skin or systemic disorders. All were relatively healthy and had normal life expectancies;"}
{"id": "PMID:139852", "title": "Metronidazole (\"Flagyl\") in dracunculiasis: a double blind study.", "content": "Two-hundred and twenty-nine cases dracunculiasis were selected for a double-blind trial of metronidazole against placebo. A cure rate of 85% was observed with metronidazole. A dosage of 400 mg metronidazole three times daily for 10-20 days appears suitable. Even with secondarily infected lesions, it was unnecessary to administer any other chemotherapeutic agent. In most cases symptomatic relief, especially of pain and pruritus, was obtained within two weeks. In patients with only subcutaneous worms, metronidazole did not apparently prevent the development of lesions and seemed to stimulate the worm to emerge quickly, with resultant less severe lesions. Complete cure was delayed in patients with multiple lesions, where worms reached the emergence state at different times. There did not appear to be any direct relationship between severity of the disease and response to metronidazole. If the worm was broken during treatment with metronidazole, no abscess formed nor was there any local inflammation. Metronidazole was very well tolerated even when administered for 20 to 25 days. No serious side-effects or toxic effects were observed.", "contents": "Metronidazole (\"Flagyl\") in dracunculiasis: a double blind study. Two-hundred and twenty-nine cases dracunculiasis were selected for a double-blind trial of metronidazole against placebo. A cure rate of 85% was observed with metronidazole. A dosage of 400 mg metronidazole three times daily for 10-20 days appears suitable. Even with secondarily infected lesions, it was unnecessary to administer any other chemotherapeutic agent. In most cases symptomatic relief, especially of pain and pruritus, was obtained within two weeks. In patients with only subcutaneous worms, metronidazole did not apparently prevent the development of lesions and seemed to stimulate the worm to emerge quickly, with resultant less severe lesions. Complete cure was delayed in patients with multiple lesions, where worms reached the emergence state at different times. There did not appear to be any direct relationship between severity of the disease and response to metronidazole. If the worm was broken during treatment with metronidazole, no abscess formed nor was there any local inflammation. Metronidazole was very well tolerated even when administered for 20 to 25 days. No serious side-effects or toxic effects were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:139854", "title": "Prefabricated Dacron baffle for use in correction of transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "Interatrial venous transposition for correction of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is facilitated by using a premolded Dacron baffle. Fine-mesh Dacron is easily fashioned to the desired shape in a metallic brass mold at 200 degrees C. The resultant baffle material can be autoclaved without losing its shape or altering the fabric characteristics of flexibility and porosity. This premolded baffle has been used in our last 7 patients with TGA over the past two years without complication, and the use of Dacron in 13 survivors over the past seven years has shown no pulmonary or venous obstructions related to the material.", "contents": "Prefabricated Dacron baffle for use in correction of transposition of the great arteries. Interatrial venous transposition for correction of transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is facilitated by using a premolded Dacron baffle. Fine-mesh Dacron is easily fashioned to the desired shape in a metallic brass mold at 200 degrees C. The resultant baffle material can be autoclaved without losing its shape or altering the fabric characteristics of flexibility and porosity. This premolded baffle has been used in our last 7 patients with TGA over the past two years without complication, and the use of Dacron in 13 survivors over the past seven years has shown no pulmonary or venous obstructions related to the material."}
{"id": "PMID:139855", "title": "Studies of urticaria and acute serum sickness with the C1q precipitin test.", "content": "The C1q precipitin test was performed in serum samples from five groups of patients: (1) 20 patients with acomplementemic systemic lupus erythematosus glomerulonephritis (SLE), (2) 2 patients with serum sickness due to the administration of horse serum, (3) 2 patients with serum sickness preceding hepatitis B, (4) 50 patients with chronic urticaria, and (5) 30 normal controls. Positive C1q precipitin tests were found in all patients with SLE and the four cases of serum sickness. Positive tests correlated with depressed serum complement (C3 and C4) levels and were found only in the early phase of serum sickness. Urticaria patients uniformly had negative C1q precipitin tests and normal serum complement levels.", "contents": "Studies of urticaria and acute serum sickness with the C1q precipitin test. The C1q precipitin test was performed in serum samples from five groups of patients: (1) 20 patients with acomplementemic systemic lupus erythematosus glomerulonephritis (SLE), (2) 2 patients with serum sickness due to the administration of horse serum, (3) 2 patients with serum sickness preceding hepatitis B, (4) 50 patients with chronic urticaria, and (5) 30 normal controls. Positive C1q precipitin tests were found in all patients with SLE and the four cases of serum sickness. Positive tests correlated with depressed serum complement (C3 and C4) levels and were found only in the early phase of serum sickness. Urticaria patients uniformly had negative C1q precipitin tests and normal serum complement levels."}
{"id": "PMID:139856", "title": "[Left atrial myxoma: a surgical emergency. Apropos of 2 cases].", "content": "This study reports on two more cases of left atrial myxoma. They were two women with embolic manifestation for several years and in whom the diagnosis was not clinically considered. It was made by echocardiography. Emergency surgery was applied in both cases one of whom without hemodynamic study. The presence of a recent brain embolism did not seem to us to be a contraindication to this surgery. In both cases the tumoral pedicle was implanted on the posterior wall of the left atrium, an unusual location.", "contents": "[Left atrial myxoma: a surgical emergency. Apropos of 2 cases]. This study reports on two more cases of left atrial myxoma. They were two women with embolic manifestation for several years and in whom the diagnosis was not clinically considered. It was made by echocardiography. Emergency surgery was applied in both cases one of whom without hemodynamic study. The presence of a recent brain embolism did not seem to us to be a contraindication to this surgery. In both cases the tumoral pedicle was implanted on the posterior wall of the left atrium, an unusual location."}
{"id": "PMID:139857", "title": "[Cardiovascular signs in drepanocytosis. Apropos of 12 cases].", "content": "Sickle cell disease is the commonest of the haemoglobinopathies. The pathophysiology consists on the one hand of chronic haemolytic anaemia whose course is punctuated by acute crises with pain, fever and severe haemolysis, and on the other of a tendency to microthrombotic accidents. Of all the very varied clinical features of the disease, cardiac signs are both common and variable. The authors report a series of 92 cases, and compare their findings with those in the literature.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular signs in drepanocytosis. Apropos of 12 cases]. Sickle cell disease is the commonest of the haemoglobinopathies. The pathophysiology consists on the one hand of chronic haemolytic anaemia whose course is punctuated by acute crises with pain, fever and severe haemolysis, and on the other of a tendency to microthrombotic accidents. Of all the very varied clinical features of the disease, cardiac signs are both common and variable. The authors report a series of 92 cases, and compare their findings with those in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:139858", "title": "Pathways of D-fructose and D-glucose catabolism in marine species of Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas marina, and Alteromonas communis.", "content": "Cell-free extracts of D-fructose grown cells of marine species of Alcaligenes as well as Pseudomonas marina contained an activity which catalyzed a P-enolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose in the 1-position as well as activities of the following enzymes: 1-P-fructokinase, fructose-1,6-P2 aldolase, PPi-dependent 6-P-fructokinase, fructokinase, glucokinase, P-hexose isomerase, glucose-6-P dehydrogenase, 6-P-gluconate dehydrase, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-P-gluconate aldolase. The presence of these enzyme activites would allow D-fructose to be degraded by the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and/or the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. In cell-free extracts of D-glucose grown cells, the activity catalyzing a P-enolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose as well as 1-P-fructokinase activity were reduced or absent while the remaining enzymes were present at levels similar to those found in D-fructose grown cells. Radiolabeling experiments suggested that both D-fructose and D-glucose were utilized primarily via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Alteromonas communis, a marine species lacking 1-P-fructokinase and the PPi-dependent 6-P-fructokinase, contained all the enzyme activites necessary for the catabolism of D-fructose and D-glucose by the Entner-Doudoroff pathway; the involvement of this pathway was also consitent with the results of the radiolabeling experiments.", "contents": "Pathways of D-fructose and D-glucose catabolism in marine species of Alcaligenes, Pseudomonas marina, and Alteromonas communis. Cell-free extracts of D-fructose grown cells of marine species of Alcaligenes as well as Pseudomonas marina contained an activity which catalyzed a P-enolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose in the 1-position as well as activities of the following enzymes: 1-P-fructokinase, fructose-1,6-P2 aldolase, PPi-dependent 6-P-fructokinase, fructokinase, glucokinase, P-hexose isomerase, glucose-6-P dehydrogenase, 6-P-gluconate dehydrase, and 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-P-gluconate aldolase. The presence of these enzyme activites would allow D-fructose to be degraded by the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and/or the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. In cell-free extracts of D-glucose grown cells, the activity catalyzing a P-enolpyruvate-dependent phosphorylation of D-fructose as well as 1-P-fructokinase activity were reduced or absent while the remaining enzymes were present at levels similar to those found in D-fructose grown cells. Radiolabeling experiments suggested that both D-fructose and D-glucose were utilized primarily via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Alteromonas communis, a marine species lacking 1-P-fructokinase and the PPi-dependent 6-P-fructokinase, contained all the enzyme activites necessary for the catabolism of D-fructose and D-glucose by the Entner-Doudoroff pathway; the involvement of this pathway was also consitent with the results of the radiolabeling experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:139859", "title": "Huntington disease: early indentification by H reflex testing.", "content": "This investigation was undertaken to determine the potential use of the H reflex of Hoffmann as a means of early detection of Huntington disease. Three groups of subjects were tested: 9 having Huntington disease, 8 first-generation offspring \"at risk\" of Huntington disease, and 30 normal persons as controls. The deep peroneal nerve was stimulated by a monopolar needle electrode, and the muscle potentials of the anterior tibialis and the extensor digitorum brevis were recorded with surface elctrodes. The action potentials were examined for the direct M response and the presence or absence of an H reflex response. The H reflex response was found in the anterior tibialis muscle, at least unilaterally if not bilaterally, in eight of nine subjects with Huntington disease and in five of eight persons at risk. The H reflex was present in 1 of 30 controls unilaterally. This significant difference between the patients with Huntington disease and at risk subjects compared to the control group, indicates that H reflex testing may be useful for the early identification of at risk individuals who will ultimately develop Huntington disease. This would be most helpful in family counseling terms, and also may aid in further understanding of this complex diseases.", "contents": "Huntington disease: early indentification by H reflex testing. This investigation was undertaken to determine the potential use of the H reflex of Hoffmann as a means of early detection of Huntington disease. Three groups of subjects were tested: 9 having Huntington disease, 8 first-generation offspring \"at risk\" of Huntington disease, and 30 normal persons as controls. The deep peroneal nerve was stimulated by a monopolar needle electrode, and the muscle potentials of the anterior tibialis and the extensor digitorum brevis were recorded with surface elctrodes. The action potentials were examined for the direct M response and the presence or absence of an H reflex response. The H reflex response was found in the anterior tibialis muscle, at least unilaterally if not bilaterally, in eight of nine subjects with Huntington disease and in five of eight persons at risk. The H reflex was present in 1 of 30 controls unilaterally. This significant difference between the patients with Huntington disease and at risk subjects compared to the control group, indicates that H reflex testing may be useful for the early identification of at risk individuals who will ultimately develop Huntington disease. This would be most helpful in family counseling terms, and also may aid in further understanding of this complex diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:139861", "title": "Bus use by disabled arthritics: functional requirements.", "content": "Twenty-five rheumatoid arthritic patients were studied to determine the extent of independence and functional requirements necessary to use public bus transportation in Philadelphia. To measure the extent of independence, a functional assessment scale was developed that evaluates 19 bus activities, each according to a four-point scale. Of the 11 subjects who stated that they used the public bus prior to admission, only 4 were found to be able to use the public bus independently at the time of evaluation. Ascending, descending and motion activities provided considerable difficulty for the sample population. Functional requirements of boarding and disembarking the bus are described in detail.", "contents": "Bus use by disabled arthritics: functional requirements. Twenty-five rheumatoid arthritic patients were studied to determine the extent of independence and functional requirements necessary to use public bus transportation in Philadelphia. To measure the extent of independence, a functional assessment scale was developed that evaluates 19 bus activities, each according to a four-point scale. Of the 11 subjects who stated that they used the public bus prior to admission, only 4 were found to be able to use the public bus independently at the time of evaluation. Ascending, descending and motion activities provided considerable difficulty for the sample population. Functional requirements of boarding and disembarking the bus are described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:139862", "title": "[Morphogenesis of amyloidosis].", "content": "Basing on the literature data and findings of their own investigations with the use of sophisticated methods of morphological analysis, the authors showed that morphogenesis of experimental amyloidosis comprised the following links: 1) cellular transformations of the reticulo-endothelial system with formation of a clone of amyloidoblasts; 2) synthesis by these cells of protein of amyloid fibrils; 3) aggregation of fibrils with formation of a \"carcass\" of amyloid substance; 4) combination of aggregated fibrils with proteins and glucoproteids of plasma and also with acid mucopolysaccharides of the tissue and formation of a complex glucoproteid -- amyloid. The sources of amyloblasts in various organs were precursors of different cells of mesenchymal nature: in the spleen -- reticular and endothelial cells; in the liver -- Kupffer's cells; in the kidney -- mesangial and endothelial cells. In the course of formation of amyloid fibrils, the latter being anomalous protein of the body, a \"competition\" started between the synthesis of fibrillar protein and its resorption (amyloidoclasia). It completed in favour of the synthesis, which may be explained by the development of immunological tolerance to amyloid protein. At the final stage of amyloidogenesis of particular importance was an increase in the tissue-vascular permeability, which ensured the extracellular formation of amyloid substance and inclusion therein of hematogenic \"additions\" (fibrin', immune complexes, etc.).", "contents": "[Morphogenesis of amyloidosis]. Basing on the literature data and findings of their own investigations with the use of sophisticated methods of morphological analysis, the authors showed that morphogenesis of experimental amyloidosis comprised the following links: 1) cellular transformations of the reticulo-endothelial system with formation of a clone of amyloidoblasts; 2) synthesis by these cells of protein of amyloid fibrils; 3) aggregation of fibrils with formation of a \"carcass\" of amyloid substance; 4) combination of aggregated fibrils with proteins and glucoproteids of plasma and also with acid mucopolysaccharides of the tissue and formation of a complex glucoproteid -- amyloid. The sources of amyloblasts in various organs were precursors of different cells of mesenchymal nature: in the spleen -- reticular and endothelial cells; in the liver -- Kupffer's cells; in the kidney -- mesangial and endothelial cells. In the course of formation of amyloid fibrils, the latter being anomalous protein of the body, a \"competition\" started between the synthesis of fibrillar protein and its resorption (amyloidoclasia). It completed in favour of the synthesis, which may be explained by the development of immunological tolerance to amyloid protein. At the final stage of amyloidogenesis of particular importance was an increase in the tissue-vascular permeability, which ensured the extracellular formation of amyloid substance and inclusion therein of hematogenic \"additions\" (fibrin', immune complexes, etc.)."}
{"id": "PMID:139863", "title": "[Work of the centralized pathoanatomical department of the Cheliabinsk district clinical hospital].", "content": "The article is dedicated to the organization of work of the centralized pathologoanatomic department of the Cheliabinsk  regional clinical hospital which offers its service to 53 curative institutions with a total number of 7965 beds. A required material base has been created, and the department is equipped with modern apparatus and appliences. Staff members of the Department include 13 medical pathoanatomists, 21 laboratory technicians-histologists, and 15 aid men; the available personnel makes it possible to organize in the most rational way the work of every staff member, and to put into practice the methods of scientific organization of labour. The department has become a pathologoanatomic centre where an important organizational-methodological work is being carried out on a large scale.", "contents": "[Work of the centralized pathoanatomical department of the Cheliabinsk district clinical hospital]. The article is dedicated to the organization of work of the centralized pathologoanatomic department of the Cheliabinsk  regional clinical hospital which offers its service to 53 curative institutions with a total number of 7965 beds. A required material base has been created, and the department is equipped with modern apparatus and appliences. Staff members of the Department include 13 medical pathoanatomists, 21 laboratory technicians-histologists, and 15 aid men; the available personnel makes it possible to organize in the most rational way the work of every staff member, and to put into practice the methods of scientific organization of labour. The department has become a pathologoanatomic centre where an important organizational-methodological work is being carried out on a large scale."}
{"id": "PMID:139864", "title": "[Pigmented epitheliomas of the eyelids].", "content": "Pigmented epitheliomas are generally basocellular epitheliomas tatooed with melanin. Certain clinical characteristics differentiate them from true melanomas. They respond to radiotherapy.", "contents": "[Pigmented epitheliomas of the eyelids]. Pigmented epitheliomas are generally basocellular epitheliomas tatooed with melanin. Certain clinical characteristics differentiate them from true melanomas. They respond to radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:139865", "title": "[Opsoclonus and associated neurologic disorders. General review and commentary on a case].", "content": "A case report on a young man who developed after cranial trauma a typical opsoclonus and neurological symptoms dominated by left sensory hemiparesis of the thalamic type; this deficit affected all sensory modalities and involved the whole of the left side, with disturbances of motility caused by impairment of sensation. A general review of opsoclonus is presented and supported by various neurological tables. The discussion on aetiology takes into account the frequent benign causes (encephalitic syndromes, ataxic forms of poliomyelitis), but also the possibility of serious lesions developing in the cerebellum and cerebrum; and finally there remain a number of cases of unknown aetiology. Clinical observations of opsoclonus are rare, and anatomical data is still less; this is why physiopathological interpretations, the object of interesting discussions, are only reached with wisdom.", "contents": "[Opsoclonus and associated neurologic disorders. General review and commentary on a case]. A case report on a young man who developed after cranial trauma a typical opsoclonus and neurological symptoms dominated by left sensory hemiparesis of the thalamic type; this deficit affected all sensory modalities and involved the whole of the left side, with disturbances of motility caused by impairment of sensation. A general review of opsoclonus is presented and supported by various neurological tables. The discussion on aetiology takes into account the frequent benign causes (encephalitic syndromes, ataxic forms of poliomyelitis), but also the possibility of serious lesions developing in the cerebellum and cerebrum; and finally there remain a number of cases of unknown aetiology. Clinical observations of opsoclonus are rare, and anatomical data is still less; this is why physiopathological interpretations, the object of interesting discussions, are only reached with wisdom."}
{"id": "PMID:139866", "title": "[Color discrimination in heterozygotes].", "content": "By the help of Rabkin polychromatics tables and of the AN-59 anomaloscope it is studied the chromatic eye sight at 33 heterozygots. The used tests have permitted the identification of the different types of heterozygots: heterozygots which transmit and manifest only one chromatic anomaly, double heterozygots which manifest clinical one or both anomalies and unmanifested clinical heterozygots. The study of the chromatic eyesight at men from the same family has confirmed the clinical diagnosis of the heterozygots type in every case.", "contents": "[Color discrimination in heterozygotes]. By the help of Rabkin polychromatics tables and of the AN-59 anomaloscope it is studied the chromatic eye sight at 33 heterozygots. The used tests have permitted the identification of the different types of heterozygots: heterozygots which transmit and manifest only one chromatic anomaly, double heterozygots which manifest clinical one or both anomalies and unmanifested clinical heterozygots. The study of the chromatic eyesight at men from the same family has confirmed the clinical diagnosis of the heterozygots type in every case."}
{"id": "PMID:139867", "title": "[The use of freeze-etching in the ultrastructural study of the cornea].", "content": "The freeze-etching and freeze-fracturing techniques allow a good examination of fixed and unfixed tissues by the mean of transmission electron microscope. As compared with usual techniques of fixed and embedded tissues we can observe the ultrastructural characteristics of the rabbit cornea: epithelium, stroma and endothelium. This technique is the best one to give a good view of the intercellular junctions. 1) On the epithelial layers we describe intracytoplasmic bunches of filaments and numerous desmosomes. After freeze-fracturing the desmosomes appeared to be formed of aggregated particles on fractured faces. These particles are possibly the point of attachment of intracytoplasmic tonofibrils.", "contents": "[The use of freeze-etching in the ultrastructural study of the cornea]. The freeze-etching and freeze-fracturing techniques allow a good examination of fixed and unfixed tissues by the mean of transmission electron microscope. As compared with usual techniques of fixed and embedded tissues we can observe the ultrastructural characteristics of the rabbit cornea: epithelium, stroma and endothelium. This technique is the best one to give a good view of the intercellular junctions. 1) On the epithelial layers we describe intracytoplasmic bunches of filaments and numerous desmosomes. After freeze-fracturing the desmosomes appeared to be formed of aggregated particles on fractured faces. These particles are possibly the point of attachment of intracytoplasmic tonofibrils."}
{"id": "PMID:139868", "title": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic use of cyclopentolate cycloplegia].", "content": "0,5 p. 100 Cyclopentolate is an important short-acting cycloplegic and mydriatic preparation. It has the same effect on accommodation as the prolonged instillation of Atropine. Nevertheless it must be remembered that it is not a perfect cycloplegic; just as much as with Atropine resistance is frequently found in young children, in subjects with brown irides, in pigmented races, and above all in cases where there is a tonic spasm of accommodation producing functional signs or oculomotor imbalance.", "contents": "[Diagnostic and therapeutic use of cyclopentolate cycloplegia]. 0,5 p. 100 Cyclopentolate is an important short-acting cycloplegic and mydriatic preparation. It has the same effect on accommodation as the prolonged instillation of Atropine. Nevertheless it must be remembered that it is not a perfect cycloplegic; just as much as with Atropine resistance is frequently found in young children, in subjects with brown irides, in pigmented races, and above all in cases where there is a tonic spasm of accommodation producing functional signs or oculomotor imbalance."}
{"id": "PMID:139870", "title": "[Ocular microsurgery. Contemporary ideas].", "content": "Microsurgery in ophthalmic practice consists of performing certain operations on the eye with the aid of a powerful binocular telescopic system which gives a greatly magnified view of the ocular structures. The equipment in use has improved progressively since 1953. The classical operations have been improved and new surgical techniques are now possible.", "contents": "[Ocular microsurgery. Contemporary ideas]. Microsurgery in ophthalmic practice consists of performing certain operations on the eye with the aid of a powerful binocular telescopic system which gives a greatly magnified view of the ocular structures. The equipment in use has improved progressively since 1953. The classical operations have been improved and new surgical techniques are now possible."}
{"id": "PMID:139872", "title": "[Eyelid magnets for facial paralysis].", "content": "The author presents his experience in the use of lid magnets. The positioning is delicate but tolerance is good and the aesthetic and functional result satisfactory. The essential indication is the development of corneal problems overnight from defective occlusion.", "contents": "[Eyelid magnets for facial paralysis]. The author presents his experience in the use of lid magnets. The positioning is delicate but tolerance is good and the aesthetic and functional result satisfactory. The essential indication is the development of corneal problems overnight from defective occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:139873", "title": "[Residual astigmatism after transfixing keratoplasty in keratoconus].", "content": "The authors made a statistical study of the refraction and corneal topography in 21 patients who had penetrating grafts for keratoconus performed by the same surgeon one year or more previously. They used various criteria among which the following were important: -- the importance of Javal ophthalmometry to determine the astigmatism for prescription; -- good visual results; -- the recording of significant corneal deformities during the topographical studies.", "contents": "[Residual astigmatism after transfixing keratoplasty in keratoconus]. The authors made a statistical study of the refraction and corneal topography in 21 patients who had penetrating grafts for keratoconus performed by the same surgeon one year or more previously. They used various criteria among which the following were important: -- the importance of Javal ophthalmometry to determine the astigmatism for prescription; -- good visual results; -- the recording of significant corneal deformities during the topographical studies."}
{"id": "PMID:139874", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the oculomotor muscle in 2 familial cases of Steinert's disease].", "content": "A biopsy specimen of an extra-ocular muscle from a brother and sister affected by typical familial Steinert's disease was examined by electron microscopy. Considerable disorganisation of the contractile element was observed with a gross accumulation of abnormal mitochondria. This was a very different appearance to the findings observed in skeletal muscle in Steinert's disease and much closer to the findings in skeletal muscle in certain 'ocular' myopathies. One cannot fail to be impressed by the discordance between the appearance of the muscular disorganisation and the rarity of clinical oculomotor disturbances in this disease.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the oculomotor muscle in 2 familial cases of Steinert's disease]. A biopsy specimen of an extra-ocular muscle from a brother and sister affected by typical familial Steinert's disease was examined by electron microscopy. Considerable disorganisation of the contractile element was observed with a gross accumulation of abnormal mitochondria. This was a very different appearance to the findings observed in skeletal muscle in Steinert's disease and much closer to the findings in skeletal muscle in certain 'ocular' myopathies. One cannot fail to be impressed by the discordance between the appearance of the muscular disorganisation and the rarity of clinical oculomotor disturbances in this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:139875", "title": "[Closed angle glaucoma induced by phospholine iodide and epinephrine in a case of open angle glaucoma].", "content": "A patient suffering from open angle glaucoma was treated with topical phospholine iodide and epinephrine. Before treatment the anterior chamber was deep and the angle wide open in both eyes. Two weeks after beginning treatment there was an acute elevation of pressure to 52 mm hg in the right eye accompanied by myopia, shallowing of the anterior chamber and closure of the angle. These findings were dramatically reversed by the instillation of one drop of tropicamide and one drop of cyclopentolate. Simultaneous contraction of the dilator and sphincter muscles of the iris in this case probably caused pupillary block and closure of the anterior chamber angle, in spite of the initially wide open angle. Phospholine iodide may also have caused a spasm of the ciliary muscle and a forward movement of the lens, in a manner similar to that thought to occur in malignant glaucoma. Strong miotics together with epinephrine should be used cautiously in the treatment of glaucoma even when the initial examination shows a wide open angle.", "contents": "[Closed angle glaucoma induced by phospholine iodide and epinephrine in a case of open angle glaucoma]. A patient suffering from open angle glaucoma was treated with topical phospholine iodide and epinephrine. Before treatment the anterior chamber was deep and the angle wide open in both eyes. Two weeks after beginning treatment there was an acute elevation of pressure to 52 mm hg in the right eye accompanied by myopia, shallowing of the anterior chamber and closure of the angle. These findings were dramatically reversed by the instillation of one drop of tropicamide and one drop of cyclopentolate. Simultaneous contraction of the dilator and sphincter muscles of the iris in this case probably caused pupillary block and closure of the anterior chamber angle, in spite of the initially wide open angle. Phospholine iodide may also have caused a spasm of the ciliary muscle and a forward movement of the lens, in a manner similar to that thought to occur in malignant glaucoma. Strong miotics together with epinephrine should be used cautiously in the treatment of glaucoma even when the initial examination shows a wide open angle."}
{"id": "PMID:139880", "title": "Effect of heptane treatment on the response of sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations to phosphate.", "content": "The calcium-stimulated (extra) ATPase and calcium uptake activities of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) preparations treated with aqueous heptane mixtures were compared with those of untreated SR, and with those of SR treated with aqueous ether. Both treatments altered the kinetic behaviour of the extra ATPase, the Lineweaver-Burk plot being changed from its normal non-linear shape to a straight line. Kinetic constants, Vmax, Km for ATP and Ki for phosphate, were measured. The extra ATPase activity of heptane-treated SR was inhibited by phosphate as was that of ether-treated SR, to a lesser extent. The magnitude of this inhibition by phosphate was found to be considerably less than the degree of stimulation of the extra ATPase activity of untreated SR caused by phosphate through its calcium-precipitating action. The steady-state concentrations of the phosphoryl-enzyme intermediates were measured and together with the Km and Ki values they indicate that the bidning of ATP to heptane-treated SR is weaker than it is to untreated SR, and that phosphate is an efficient competitor for the binding sites.", "contents": "Effect of heptane treatment on the response of sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations to phosphate. The calcium-stimulated (extra) ATPase and calcium uptake activities of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) preparations treated with aqueous heptane mixtures were compared with those of untreated SR, and with those of SR treated with aqueous ether. Both treatments altered the kinetic behaviour of the extra ATPase, the Lineweaver-Burk plot being changed from its normal non-linear shape to a straight line. Kinetic constants, Vmax, Km for ATP and Ki for phosphate, were measured. The extra ATPase activity of heptane-treated SR was inhibited by phosphate as was that of ether-treated SR, to a lesser extent. The magnitude of this inhibition by phosphate was found to be considerably less than the degree of stimulation of the extra ATPase activity of untreated SR caused by phosphate through its calcium-precipitating action. The steady-state concentrations of the phosphoryl-enzyme intermediates were measured and together with the Km and Ki values they indicate that the bidning of ATP to heptane-treated SR is weaker than it is to untreated SR, and that phosphate is an efficient competitor for the binding sites."}
{"id": "PMID:139876", "title": "[Episcleral indentation by lyophilized organic implants in surgery of retinal detachment].", "content": "The purpose of this paper is to describe an original technique for surgical treatment of idiopathic retinal detachment. Since 1971, the authors use human organic implants (lyphoylised scl\u00e9ral tissue). These implants are included and tied in front of the retinal tears, to obtain a large and deep scl\u00e9ral indentation. There is neither immunological rejection nor local inflammation. The results of 455 cases of retinal detachment are reported and analysed. This operative procedure gives 80 p. 100 of good r\u00e9sults. At this day, 1000 patients has been operated with this surgical procedure, at the University Eye Clinic A. of Lyons.", "contents": "[Episcleral indentation by lyophilized organic implants in surgery of retinal detachment]. The purpose of this paper is to describe an original technique for surgical treatment of idiopathic retinal detachment. Since 1971, the authors use human organic implants (lyphoylised scl\u00e9ral tissue). These implants are included and tied in front of the retinal tears, to obtain a large and deep scl\u00e9ral indentation. There is neither immunological rejection nor local inflammation. The results of 455 cases of retinal detachment are reported and analysed. This operative procedure gives 80 p. 100 of good r\u00e9sults. At this day, 1000 patients has been operated with this surgical procedure, at the University Eye Clinic A. of Lyons."}
{"id": "PMID:139877", "title": "[Phakoemulsification using the Girard apparatus. Experimental study of the effects on the corneal endothelium of the rabbit].", "content": "The purpose of this paper was to investigate the potential alterations of the corneal endothelium following phacofragmentation with the Girard Ultrasonic Phacofragmentation Unit. The study was done in rabbit corneas using the specular microscope, nitroblue tetrazoium staining, and scanning electron microscopy. The perfusion fluid was Plasmalyte 148 R (Travenol), a solution which has been previously evaluated in this type of operation. Two experiments were done: (1) The effects of ultra-sound and irrigation for a period of three minutes, and (2) The effect of phacofragmentation for an average time of ten minutes. Results of the first experiment showed no cell destruction, but increased permeability to nitroblue tetrazolium. The second study showed areas of isolated or confluent cell destruction probably caused by mechanical trauma due to instrumentation or by lens nucleus rubbing against the corneal endothelium. These lesions have been observed with other instruments in similar techniques of lens removal.", "contents": "[Phakoemulsification using the Girard apparatus. Experimental study of the effects on the corneal endothelium of the rabbit]. The purpose of this paper was to investigate the potential alterations of the corneal endothelium following phacofragmentation with the Girard Ultrasonic Phacofragmentation Unit. The study was done in rabbit corneas using the specular microscope, nitroblue tetrazoium staining, and scanning electron microscopy. The perfusion fluid was Plasmalyte 148 R (Travenol), a solution which has been previously evaluated in this type of operation. Two experiments were done: (1) The effects of ultra-sound and irrigation for a period of three minutes, and (2) The effect of phacofragmentation for an average time of ten minutes. Results of the first experiment showed no cell destruction, but increased permeability to nitroblue tetrazolium. The second study showed areas of isolated or confluent cell destruction probably caused by mechanical trauma due to instrumentation or by lens nucleus rubbing against the corneal endothelium. These lesions have been observed with other instruments in similar techniques of lens removal."}
{"id": "PMID:139881", "title": "The epidemiology of hepatitis B in a residential institution for the mentally retarded.", "content": "A longitudinal study carried out over 43 months in a residential home for the mentally retarded confirmed the marked propensity of individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) to develop chronic HB antigenaemia. This could not be accounted for by environmental factors, and a genetic basis is postulated. In addition, DS subjects appeared innately more susceptible to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, requiring one-third the patient-months of exposure of non-Down's subjects (ND) before showing evidence of infection. The reciprocal geometric mean titre of anti-HBS in DS subjects was 110 compared with 705 in ND subjects, suggesting a deficiency of humoral immunity in the DS subjects. Transmission of HBV was occurring by means other than therapeutic, prophylactic, dental or diagnostic procedures, in the institution, and possible modes of transmission are discussed. These were probably both parenteral and non-parenteral. Eighty-one per cent of HBV infections in the Home were subclinical.", "contents": "The epidemiology of hepatitis B in a residential institution for the mentally retarded. A longitudinal study carried out over 43 months in a residential home for the mentally retarded confirmed the marked propensity of individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) to develop chronic HB antigenaemia. This could not be accounted for by environmental factors, and a genetic basis is postulated. In addition, DS subjects appeared innately more susceptible to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, requiring one-third the patient-months of exposure of non-Down's subjects (ND) before showing evidence of infection. The reciprocal geometric mean titre of anti-HBS in DS subjects was 110 compared with 705 in ND subjects, suggesting a deficiency of humoral immunity in the DS subjects. Transmission of HBV was occurring by means other than therapeutic, prophylactic, dental or diagnostic procedures, in the institution, and possible modes of transmission are discussed. These were probably both parenteral and non-parenteral. Eighty-one per cent of HBV infections in the Home were subclinical."}
{"id": "PMID:139882", "title": "Drug induced interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and exfoliative dermatitis.", "content": "Acute interstitial nephritis associated with hepatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, fever and eosinophilia is uncommon. The syndrome has been described previously in association with phenindione administration, leptospirosis and heavy metal poisoning. Four cases are described, two of which were due to phenindione sensitivity. The other two patients had been exposed to a number of toxins including allopurinol, frusemide, chlorothiazide and methyldopa so that the exact aetiological agent is unclear. Interstitial nephritis should be considered as a cause of acute renal failure in patients with other features of drug hypersensitivity.", "contents": "Drug induced interstitial nephritis, hepatitis and exfoliative dermatitis. Acute interstitial nephritis associated with hepatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, fever and eosinophilia is uncommon. The syndrome has been described previously in association with phenindione administration, leptospirosis and heavy metal poisoning. Four cases are described, two of which were due to phenindione sensitivity. The other two patients had been exposed to a number of toxins including allopurinol, frusemide, chlorothiazide and methyldopa so that the exact aetiological agent is unclear. Interstitial nephritis should be considered as a cause of acute renal failure in patients with other features of drug hypersensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:139878", "title": "[Transmission of the anterior chamber pressure to the center of the vitreous body and to the posterior pole of the eye of the miniature swine. Measurement of isovolumetric and direct pressure].", "content": "Experimental variations of the anterior chamber pressure (P.I.C.) are transmitted at about 300 ms to the middle of the vitreous. The response time to a sudden experimental increase in P.I.C. to the centre of the vitreous is variable and depends essentially on the control intra-ocular pressure: the more it is raised the shorter the response time. The pressure in the centre of the vitreous (P.I.V.) has a pulsatile character probably due to transmission of arterial pulsation. The higher the intra-ocular pressure the greater the amplitude of these pulsations. Recording of P.I.V. close to the surface of the retina show abrupt falls despite the fact that the P.I.C. and systemic arterial pressure remain stable. These results are discussed in relationship to autoregulation of the retinal circulation and the physiopathology of glaucoma.", "contents": "[Transmission of the anterior chamber pressure to the center of the vitreous body and to the posterior pole of the eye of the miniature swine. Measurement of isovolumetric and direct pressure]. Experimental variations of the anterior chamber pressure (P.I.C.) are transmitted at about 300 ms to the middle of the vitreous. The response time to a sudden experimental increase in P.I.C. to the centre of the vitreous is variable and depends essentially on the control intra-ocular pressure: the more it is raised the shorter the response time. The pressure in the centre of the vitreous (P.I.V.) has a pulsatile character probably due to transmission of arterial pulsation. The higher the intra-ocular pressure the greater the amplitude of these pulsations. Recording of P.I.V. close to the surface of the retina show abrupt falls despite the fact that the P.I.C. and systemic arterial pressure remain stable. These results are discussed in relationship to autoregulation of the retinal circulation and the physiopathology of glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:139883", "title": "The role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of disease.", "content": "Circulating antigen-antibody complexes are incriminated in the pathogenesis of auto-immune and inflammatory disease, and more recently malignancy. Extensive knowledge of the immunopathological reactions has evolved from from the study of experimental serum sickness in animals and of the potential aetiological agents (e.g. viruses) from spontaneous immune complex diseases in animals. Numerous techniques, both direct and indirect, have now been described to identify immune complexes in serum, though no single technique will identify regularly immune complexes in all clinical situations, nor will it demonstrate the pathogenicity of the immune complex in a given patient. Human disorders with a definite immune complex basis (glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis) and others with a possible immune complex basis (e.g. cutaneous vasculitis, are presented. Management of immune complex disorders is based on removal of the initiating agent if known (e.g. infection, drug, malignancy) or the use of non-specific anti-inflammatory therapy. Specific immunotherapy, in practice and theory, is discussed.", "contents": "The role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of disease. Circulating antigen-antibody complexes are incriminated in the pathogenesis of auto-immune and inflammatory disease, and more recently malignancy. Extensive knowledge of the immunopathological reactions has evolved from from the study of experimental serum sickness in animals and of the potential aetiological agents (e.g. viruses) from spontaneous immune complex diseases in animals. Numerous techniques, both direct and indirect, have now been described to identify immune complexes in serum, though no single technique will identify regularly immune complexes in all clinical situations, nor will it demonstrate the pathogenicity of the immune complex in a given patient. Human disorders with a definite immune complex basis (glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis) and others with a possible immune complex basis (e.g. cutaneous vasculitis, are presented. Management of immune complex disorders is based on removal of the initiating agent if known (e.g. infection, drug, malignancy) or the use of non-specific anti-inflammatory therapy. Specific immunotherapy, in practice and theory, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139884", "title": "The peritoneal complications of ventriculo-peritoneal shunts.", "content": "One hundred and two patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts were studied. The aim of the study was to record the complications caused by the peritoneal end of the catheter and the frequency with which they occurred. Some of the complications involving tube migration are illustrated by case reports emphasizing the possible morbidity adn mortality that may be associated with this problem. Fity-one patients in the series had a complication; of these, 23 had only a mild temporary intestinal ileus following initial insertion of the shunt system. In the remaining 28 patients, the complications could have been significantly reduced by careful attention to operative detail and a closer follow-up of the patients following the shunt insertion.", "contents": "The peritoneal complications of ventriculo-peritoneal shunts. One hundred and two patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts were studied. The aim of the study was to record the complications caused by the peritoneal end of the catheter and the frequency with which they occurred. Some of the complications involving tube migration are illustrated by case reports emphasizing the possible morbidity adn mortality that may be associated with this problem. Fity-one patients in the series had a complication; of these, 23 had only a mild temporary intestinal ileus following initial insertion of the shunt system. In the remaining 28 patients, the complications could have been significantly reduced by careful attention to operative detail and a closer follow-up of the patients following the shunt insertion."}
{"id": "PMID:139879", "title": "[Acetylcholine in the bovine retina and the parasympathomimetic effect of pilocarpine].", "content": "Using titrations of acetylcholine (ACh) on guinea-pig ileum the authors have demonstrated that there is no significant statistical difference between the cholinergic activity of extracts of 150 mg of retinal tissue from pilocarpinised eyes (0.3 mug of ACh) and the activity of extracts from control eyes not subjected to pilocarpine (0.29 mug of ACh). The pilocarpine had been instilled into the bovine conjunctival sac at the rate of three drops of 3 p. 100 pilocarpine HCl ten times at intervals of three minutes. One hour after the last application the animals were killed and the eyes enucleated. The role of pilocarpine in the regulation of tissues in the posterior segment of the eye is discussed.", "contents": "[Acetylcholine in the bovine retina and the parasympathomimetic effect of pilocarpine]. Using titrations of acetylcholine (ACh) on guinea-pig ileum the authors have demonstrated that there is no significant statistical difference between the cholinergic activity of extracts of 150 mg of retinal tissue from pilocarpinised eyes (0.3 mug of ACh) and the activity of extracts from control eyes not subjected to pilocarpine (0.29 mug of ACh). The pilocarpine had been instilled into the bovine conjunctival sac at the rate of three drops of 3 p. 100 pilocarpine HCl ten times at intervals of three minutes. One hour after the last application the animals were killed and the eyes enucleated. The role of pilocarpine in the regulation of tissues in the posterior segment of the eye is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139887", "title": "Optical properties and denaturation by guanidinium chloride and urea of the adenosine triphosphatase of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. A comparison of four molecular forms of the enzyme.", "content": "1. The fluorescence and circular dichroism of four homogeneous preparations of ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) from Micrococcus lysodeikticus differing in molecular structure and enzymic properties were examined at pH 7.5 and 25 degrees. Emission was maximum at 325 and 335 nm and the relative intensities at these wavelengths may be used to characterize the different ATPase preparations. The circular-dichroism spectra exhibited negative extrema at 208 and 220 nm, and the relative value of the molar ellipticity at these wavelengths was also different for each molecular form of the enzyme. 2. The four preparations undergo two consecutive major unfolding transitions in guanidinium chloride (midpoints at 0.94 and 1.5 M denaturant), with concomitant destruction of the quaternary structure of the protein. A comparatively minor alteration in the ATPase structure also occurred in 0.05-0.2M-guanidine and led to complete inactivation of the enzyme. The inactivation and the first unfolding transition were reversible by dilution of the denaturant; the transition with midpoint at 1.5M-guanidine was irreversible. 3. Similar results were obtained in urea, except that the successive transitions had midpoints at concentrations of denaturant of 0.4, 2.0 and 4.5M. Low concentrations of urea caused a noticeable activation of the enzyme activity and alterations of the electrophoretic mobility of the ATPase. 4. A model is proposed in which one of the major subunits, alpha, is first dissociated and unfolded reversibly by the denaturants, followed by the irreversible unfolding and dissociation of the other major subunit, beta, from subunit delta and/or the components of relative mobility 1.0 in dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (rho).", "contents": "Optical properties and denaturation by guanidinium chloride and urea of the adenosine triphosphatase of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. A comparison of four molecular forms of the enzyme. 1. The fluorescence and circular dichroism of four homogeneous preparations of ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) from Micrococcus lysodeikticus differing in molecular structure and enzymic properties were examined at pH 7.5 and 25 degrees. Emission was maximum at 325 and 335 nm and the relative intensities at these wavelengths may be used to characterize the different ATPase preparations. The circular-dichroism spectra exhibited negative extrema at 208 and 220 nm, and the relative value of the molar ellipticity at these wavelengths was also different for each molecular form of the enzyme. 2. The four preparations undergo two consecutive major unfolding transitions in guanidinium chloride (midpoints at 0.94 and 1.5 M denaturant), with concomitant destruction of the quaternary structure of the protein. A comparatively minor alteration in the ATPase structure also occurred in 0.05-0.2M-guanidine and led to complete inactivation of the enzyme. The inactivation and the first unfolding transition were reversible by dilution of the denaturant; the transition with midpoint at 1.5M-guanidine was irreversible. 3. Similar results were obtained in urea, except that the successive transitions had midpoints at concentrations of denaturant of 0.4, 2.0 and 4.5M. Low concentrations of urea caused a noticeable activation of the enzyme activity and alterations of the electrophoretic mobility of the ATPase. 4. A model is proposed in which one of the major subunits, alpha, is first dissociated and unfolded reversibly by the denaturants, followed by the irreversible unfolding and dissociation of the other major subunit, beta, from subunit delta and/or the components of relative mobility 1.0 in dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (rho)."}
{"id": "PMID:139888", "title": "Molecular conformation of sodium heparan sulphate in the condensed phase.", "content": "By using the X-ray-diffraction results reported previously for sodium heparan sulphate, a twofold helical conformation with an axially projected disaccharide repeat (h) equal to 0.93 nm has been examined in detail. On the basis of a repeating sequence of 1,4-alpha-D-glucosamine and 1,4-beta-D-glucuronic acid, trial and stereochemically feasible molecular models were computer-generated. An optimum twofold helical conformation is proposed, incorporating stabilizing intra-chain hydrogen bonds across both glycosidic linkages.", "contents": "Molecular conformation of sodium heparan sulphate in the condensed phase. By using the X-ray-diffraction results reported previously for sodium heparan sulphate, a twofold helical conformation with an axially projected disaccharide repeat (h) equal to 0.93 nm has been examined in detail. On the basis of a repeating sequence of 1,4-alpha-D-glucosamine and 1,4-beta-D-glucuronic acid, trial and stereochemically feasible molecular models were computer-generated. An optimum twofold helical conformation is proposed, incorporating stabilizing intra-chain hydrogen bonds across both glycosidic linkages."}
{"id": "PMID:139889", "title": "The subunit structure of the arom multienzyme complex of Neurospora crassa. A possible pentafunctional polypeptide chain.", "content": "A new procedure for the purification of the arom multienzyme complex from Neurospora crassa is presented. Important factors are the inactivation of proteinases by phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride and the use of cellulose phosphate as an affinity adsorbent. A homogeneous enzyme, with a specific shikimate dehydrogenase activity of 70 units/mg of protein, is obtained in 25% yield. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, combined with cross-linking studies using dimethyl suberimidate, suggest that the complex is composed of two subunits of molecular weight 165000. Glycerol-density-gradient centrifugation indicates a molecular weight for the intact complex of about 270000. Evidence for the effects of proteolysis, both during the preparation and on storage of the purified complex, is presented, and previous reports in the literature of the occurrence of multiple subunits are discussed in this light.", "contents": "The subunit structure of the arom multienzyme complex of Neurospora crassa. A possible pentafunctional polypeptide chain. A new procedure for the purification of the arom multienzyme complex from Neurospora crassa is presented. Important factors are the inactivation of proteinases by phenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride and the use of cellulose phosphate as an affinity adsorbent. A homogeneous enzyme, with a specific shikimate dehydrogenase activity of 70 units/mg of protein, is obtained in 25% yield. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate, combined with cross-linking studies using dimethyl suberimidate, suggest that the complex is composed of two subunits of molecular weight 165000. Glycerol-density-gradient centrifugation indicates a molecular weight for the intact complex of about 270000. Evidence for the effects of proteolysis, both during the preparation and on storage of the purified complex, is presented, and previous reports in the literature of the occurrence of multiple subunits are discussed in this light."}
{"id": "PMID:139890", "title": "Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase of the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-. Changes in activity and oligomycin-sensitivity during the cell cycle of catabolite-repressed and -de-repressed cells.", "content": "1. Changes in activity of ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) during the cell cycle of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were analysed in cell-free extracts of cells harvested from different stages of growth of synchronous cultures and also after cell-cycle fractionation. 2. Oligomycin-sensitive ATPase oscillates in both glucose-repressed synchronous cultures and shows four maxima of activity approximately equally spaced through the cell cycle. The amplitude of the oscillations accounts for between 13 and 80% of the total activity at different times in the cell cycle. 3. Oligomycin sensitivity varies over a fourfold range at different stages of the cell cycle. 4. The periodicity of maximum oligomycin sensitivity is one-quarter of a cell cycle. 5. These results were confirmed for the first three-quarters of the cell cycle by cell-cycle fractionation. 6. In cells growing synchronously with glycerol, ATPase activity increases in a stepwise pattern, with two steps per cell cycle; the first of these occurs at 0.54 of the cell cycle and the second at 0.95. 7. These results are discussed in relation to previously obtained data on the development of mitochondrial activities during the cell cycle.", "contents": "Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase of the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-. Changes in activity and oligomycin-sensitivity during the cell cycle of catabolite-repressed and -de-repressed cells. 1. Changes in activity of ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) during the cell cycle of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were analysed in cell-free extracts of cells harvested from different stages of growth of synchronous cultures and also after cell-cycle fractionation. 2. Oligomycin-sensitive ATPase oscillates in both glucose-repressed synchronous cultures and shows four maxima of activity approximately equally spaced through the cell cycle. The amplitude of the oscillations accounts for between 13 and 80% of the total activity at different times in the cell cycle. 3. Oligomycin sensitivity varies over a fourfold range at different stages of the cell cycle. 4. The periodicity of maximum oligomycin sensitivity is one-quarter of a cell cycle. 5. These results were confirmed for the first three-quarters of the cell cycle by cell-cycle fractionation. 6. In cells growing synchronously with glycerol, ATPase activity increases in a stepwise pattern, with two steps per cell cycle; the first of these occurs at 0.54 of the cell cycle and the second at 0.95. 7. These results are discussed in relation to previously obtained data on the development of mitochondrial activities during the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:139891", "title": "The adenosine triphosphatase-inhibitor content of bovine heart submitochondrial particles. Influence of the inhibitor on adenosine triphosphate-dependent reactions.", "content": "1. The activity of the ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) of phosphorylating particles prepared by sonication of bovine heart mitochondria in the presence of MgCl2 and ATP is influenced by the isolation method for the mitochondria used in the preparation of particles. Type-I particles, made from mitochondria isolated in a medium lacking succinate, have a lower ATPase activity than to Type-II particles, which are prepared from mitochondria isolated in a medium containing succinate. 2. Centrifugation under appropriate energized conditions increases the ATPase activity of Type-I particles almost to that of the Type-II particles. The ATPase activity of Type-II particles was only slightly stimulated by this procedure. These data are interpreted as indicating a higher content of the ATPase-inhibitor protein in the Type-I particles. 3. A comparison was made of the ATP-driven enhancement of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonate fluorescence and the exchange of the endogenous tightly bound nucleotides of the ATPase in Type-I and Type-II particles. The effect of exogenous inhibitor protein on both these reactions was also studied. 4. The time-scale on which the inhibitor protein can exchange between ATPase molecules is discussed.", "contents": "The adenosine triphosphatase-inhibitor content of bovine heart submitochondrial particles. Influence of the inhibitor on adenosine triphosphate-dependent reactions. 1. The activity of the ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) of phosphorylating particles prepared by sonication of bovine heart mitochondria in the presence of MgCl2 and ATP is influenced by the isolation method for the mitochondria used in the preparation of particles. Type-I particles, made from mitochondria isolated in a medium lacking succinate, have a lower ATPase activity than to Type-II particles, which are prepared from mitochondria isolated in a medium containing succinate. 2. Centrifugation under appropriate energized conditions increases the ATPase activity of Type-I particles almost to that of the Type-II particles. The ATPase activity of Type-II particles was only slightly stimulated by this procedure. These data are interpreted as indicating a higher content of the ATPase-inhibitor protein in the Type-I particles. 3. A comparison was made of the ATP-driven enhancement of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulphonate fluorescence and the exchange of the endogenous tightly bound nucleotides of the ATPase in Type-I and Type-II particles. The effect of exogenous inhibitor protein on both these reactions was also studied. 4. The time-scale on which the inhibitor protein can exchange between ATPase molecules is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139896", "title": "[Fluorometric determination of glibornuride in plasma and serum using 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole].", "content": "Glibornuride, tolbutamide and gilbenclamide react on heating with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1.3-diazole (NBD-chloride) in amylacetate to form a highly fluorescent NBD-amine. A fluorometric determination of glibornuride is presented. Reaction conditions and the extraction of glibornuride from plasma and serum are described. The method is sensitive to measure drug levels after therapeutic doses. The detection limit is ca. 40 ng/ml and the recovery rate is ca. 100%. The coefficients of variation for the determination of drug levels of 1 to 0.1 mug/ml range from 4.1% to 12.1%.", "contents": "[Fluorometric determination of glibornuride in plasma and serum using 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole]. Glibornuride, tolbutamide and gilbenclamide react on heating with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1.3-diazole (NBD-chloride) in amylacetate to form a highly fluorescent NBD-amine. A fluorometric determination of glibornuride is presented. Reaction conditions and the extraction of glibornuride from plasma and serum are described. The method is sensitive to measure drug levels after therapeutic doses. The detection limit is ca. 40 ng/ml and the recovery rate is ca. 100%. The coefficients of variation for the determination of drug levels of 1 to 0.1 mug/ml range from 4.1% to 12.1%."}
{"id": "PMID:139897", "title": "Influence of dietary status and diabetes on aortic acyl-CoA hydrolase activity.", "content": "We have postulated that the accelerated snythesis of cholesteryl ester in atherosclerotic microsomes may result in part from decreased acyl-CoA hydrolase activity in arterial tissue, because acyl-CoA is a common substrate for both reactions. We have now investigated the influence of nutritional status, type of diet, and diabetes on the acyl-CoA hydrolase activity of otherwise normal aortic microsomes. Fasting rabbits for 16 hr diminished the acyl-CoA hydrolase activity approximately 30%. The activity of this aortic microsomal enzyme in rats maintained on a high-carbohydrate diet for 5 weeks was comparable to the activity observed on a high fat (olive oil) diet. The type of fat in the diet influences the acyl-CoA hydrolase activity: oils containing 77% oleic acid (high-oleic safflower oil) and containing 70% linoleic acid (conventional safflower oil) lowered the aortic microsomal acyl-CoA hydrolase activity in comparison to a more saturated fat (cocoa butter). Aortic preparations of rats made diabetic by streptozotocin exhibited higher acyl-CoA hydrolase activity than the normal. The results show that conditions associated with human atherogenesis (diabetes and saturated fat diet) increase rather than suppress the activity of this arterial enzyme in normal arterial tissues of the rat.", "contents": "Influence of dietary status and diabetes on aortic acyl-CoA hydrolase activity. We have postulated that the accelerated snythesis of cholesteryl ester in atherosclerotic microsomes may result in part from decreased acyl-CoA hydrolase activity in arterial tissue, because acyl-CoA is a common substrate for both reactions. We have now investigated the influence of nutritional status, type of diet, and diabetes on the acyl-CoA hydrolase activity of otherwise normal aortic microsomes. Fasting rabbits for 16 hr diminished the acyl-CoA hydrolase activity approximately 30%. The activity of this aortic microsomal enzyme in rats maintained on a high-carbohydrate diet for 5 weeks was comparable to the activity observed on a high fat (olive oil) diet. The type of fat in the diet influences the acyl-CoA hydrolase activity: oils containing 77% oleic acid (high-oleic safflower oil) and containing 70% linoleic acid (conventional safflower oil) lowered the aortic microsomal acyl-CoA hydrolase activity in comparison to a more saturated fat (cocoa butter). Aortic preparations of rats made diabetic by streptozotocin exhibited higher acyl-CoA hydrolase activity than the normal. The results show that conditions associated with human atherogenesis (diabetes and saturated fat diet) increase rather than suppress the activity of this arterial enzyme in normal arterial tissues of the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:139898", "title": "Hyperlipidaemia in patients with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Plasma lipid levels were measured in 20 mongoloid and 16 non-mongoloid mentally retarded subjects. Significant elevations of plasma triglyceride levels were found in patients with Down's syndrome compared with mentally retarded controls. However, no significant difference was found in plasma cholesterol, phospholipid and free fatty acid levels between the mongoloids and control subjects.", "contents": "Hyperlipidaemia in patients with Down's syndrome. Plasma lipid levels were measured in 20 mongoloid and 16 non-mongoloid mentally retarded subjects. Significant elevations of plasma triglyceride levels were found in patients with Down's syndrome compared with mentally retarded controls. However, no significant difference was found in plasma cholesterol, phospholipid and free fatty acid levels between the mongoloids and control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:139909", "title": "The left ventricle in congenital isolated pulmonary valve stenosis. A morphological study.", "content": "The wall thickness of the left ventricle was measured in the hearts of 16 children and 2 adults who died of congenital pulmonary valve stenosis. A right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale had existed in 12 cases and was excluded in the other 6. The thickness of the left ventricular wall and the interventricular septum was increased in the majority of hearts, especially in the older patients. There was a good correlation between wall thickness and histological appearance of the left ventricular myocardium; in 2 cases there was also evidence of left ventricular myocardial fibrosis. The coronary arteries appeared normal in all cases. A direct interaction between the ventricles was thought to be a possible mechanism.", "contents": "The left ventricle in congenital isolated pulmonary valve stenosis. A morphological study. The wall thickness of the left ventricle was measured in the hearts of 16 children and 2 adults who died of congenital pulmonary valve stenosis. A right-to-left shunt through a patent foramen ovale had existed in 12 cases and was excluded in the other 6. The thickness of the left ventricular wall and the interventricular septum was increased in the majority of hearts, especially in the older patients. There was a good correlation between wall thickness and histological appearance of the left ventricular myocardium; in 2 cases there was also evidence of left ventricular myocardial fibrosis. The coronary arteries appeared normal in all cases. A direct interaction between the ventricles was thought to be a possible mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:139910", "title": "Further evidence of response by leukaemia patients in remission to antigen(s) related to acute myelogenous leukaemia.", "content": "Fifteen patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia were studied to determine if their remission blood leucocytes could be stimulated into taking up [3H] thymidine after in vitro culture with their own cryo-preserved irradiated AML leukaemia cells. In 6/15 patients it was possible to show autologous recognition and equal recognition of their stored leukaemia cells, even when they had previously been maintained in in vitro proliferative cultures in liquid suspension and undergoing myeloid maturation for one week. After in vitro proliferative culture, 4 populations of leukaemia cells produced material in the supernatant media between 3 and 7 days capable of inducing [3H] thymidine uptake in autologous (2 pts, 5 supernatants) and allogeneic (2 pts, 2 supernatants) AML remission lymphocytes, but not in normal donor lymphocytes. The relevance of these observations to tumour-associated AML antigen is discussed.", "contents": "Further evidence of response by leukaemia patients in remission to antigen(s) related to acute myelogenous leukaemia. Fifteen patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia were studied to determine if their remission blood leucocytes could be stimulated into taking up [3H] thymidine after in vitro culture with their own cryo-preserved irradiated AML leukaemia cells. In 6/15 patients it was possible to show autologous recognition and equal recognition of their stored leukaemia cells, even when they had previously been maintained in in vitro proliferative cultures in liquid suspension and undergoing myeloid maturation for one week. After in vitro proliferative culture, 4 populations of leukaemia cells produced material in the supernatant media between 3 and 7 days capable of inducing [3H] thymidine uptake in autologous (2 pts, 5 supernatants) and allogeneic (2 pts, 2 supernatants) AML remission lymphocytes, but not in normal donor lymphocytes. The relevance of these observations to tumour-associated AML antigen is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139911", "title": "Fixed drug eruption: ultrastructural study of dyskeratotic cells.", "content": "Electron microscopic studies have been carried out on three cases of fixed drug eruption, with particular regard to the dyskeratotic cells. The authors have tried to show the sequence of events leading from a normal basal keratinocyte to a dyskeratotic body. Ribosomes were first increased in number; then the tonofibrillar system looked thicker, cytoplasmic organelles degenerated and numerous melanosomes appeared. Many dyskeratotic bodies were later found in epidermal macrophages and in the intercellular space. Several intra-cytoplasmic desmosomes were found in the dyskeratotic cells and their evolution is discussed. The increased number of melanosomes seen in the dyskeratotic bodies could be due to injury to epidermal lysosomal catabolism or it could be due to an apparent increase in melanosome numbers, within cells whose volume has been reduced.", "contents": "Fixed drug eruption: ultrastructural study of dyskeratotic cells. Electron microscopic studies have been carried out on three cases of fixed drug eruption, with particular regard to the dyskeratotic cells. The authors have tried to show the sequence of events leading from a normal basal keratinocyte to a dyskeratotic body. Ribosomes were first increased in number; then the tonofibrillar system looked thicker, cytoplasmic organelles degenerated and numerous melanosomes appeared. Many dyskeratotic bodies were later found in epidermal macrophages and in the intercellular space. Several intra-cytoplasmic desmosomes were found in the dyskeratotic cells and their evolution is discussed. The increased number of melanosomes seen in the dyskeratotic bodies could be due to injury to epidermal lysosomal catabolism or it could be due to an apparent increase in melanosome numbers, within cells whose volume has been reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:139912", "title": "Serum zinc and retinol-binding protein in acne.", "content": "The serum levels of zinc and retinol-binding protein (RBP) have been determined in 173 patients with acne and compared with those of a control group. The RBP is a specific transport protein and its level in plasma reflects the amount of vitamin A available to the tissues. Patients with severe acne were found to have lower levels of RBP than either patients with mild acne or healthy subjects of the same age. In the case of males with severe acne, the mean serum zinc level was significantly lower than that of the control group. No such difference was observed for girls. The observed condition of low levels of zinc and vitamin A in the serum of patients with severe acne may provide a rationale for the clinically good effect of oral zinc treatment.", "contents": "Serum zinc and retinol-binding protein in acne. The serum levels of zinc and retinol-binding protein (RBP) have been determined in 173 patients with acne and compared with those of a control group. The RBP is a specific transport protein and its level in plasma reflects the amount of vitamin A available to the tissues. Patients with severe acne were found to have lower levels of RBP than either patients with mild acne or healthy subjects of the same age. In the case of males with severe acne, the mean serum zinc level was significantly lower than that of the control group. No such difference was observed for girls. The observed condition of low levels of zinc and vitamin A in the serum of patients with severe acne may provide a rationale for the clinically good effect of oral zinc treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:139913", "title": "An acne-free naevus.", "content": "Investigation of rare disorders may sometimes help in the understanding of common problems. We describe a patient with an unusual and previously unreported acne-free naevus occurring in an area severely affected by acne. Investigation revealed smaller sebaceous glands, a reduced sebum excretion rate, decreased number of Corynebacterium acnes in the pilosebaceous ducts and a reduced conversion of testosterone to 5 alphadihydrotestosterone in the areas which were free of acne compared with acne-bearing skin. The results of these investigations support some of the suggested mechanisms responsible for the development of acne.", "contents": "An acne-free naevus. Investigation of rare disorders may sometimes help in the understanding of common problems. We describe a patient with an unusual and previously unreported acne-free naevus occurring in an area severely affected by acne. Investigation revealed smaller sebaceous glands, a reduced sebum excretion rate, decreased number of Corynebacterium acnes in the pilosebaceous ducts and a reduced conversion of testosterone to 5 alphadihydrotestosterone in the areas which were free of acne compared with acne-bearing skin. The results of these investigations support some of the suggested mechanisms responsible for the development of acne."}
{"id": "PMID:139915", "title": "Myosin in cultured human endothelial cells.", "content": "Myosin was isolated from cultured human endothelial cells by extraction with 0.6 M KCl and chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The extracted endothelial cell protein was identified as myosin by the characteristic ATPase profile, that is, the ATPase was activated by Ca2 + and EDTA and inhibited by Mg2 +. On sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the endothelial cell myosin heavy chain migrated with a molecular weight of 200 000 as did rabbit uterine and human platelet myosin heavy chains. A crude preparation of the endothelial cell myosin reacted immunologically with an antiserum to platelet myosin, a smooth muscle type of myosin. In indirect immunofluorescence studies, antiserum to the purified endothelial cell myosin stained cultured endothelial cells in a fibrillar pattern. The fibrillar pattern was more intense when the endothelial cells were stained with antiserum to platelet myosin. The presence of myosin in the endothelial cell provides a basis for the contractility of these cells. This contractile property may plan an important role in the physiologic function of these cells.", "contents": "Myosin in cultured human endothelial cells. Myosin was isolated from cultured human endothelial cells by extraction with 0.6 M KCl and chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The extracted endothelial cell protein was identified as myosin by the characteristic ATPase profile, that is, the ATPase was activated by Ca2 + and EDTA and inhibited by Mg2 +. On sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the endothelial cell myosin heavy chain migrated with a molecular weight of 200 000 as did rabbit uterine and human platelet myosin heavy chains. A crude preparation of the endothelial cell myosin reacted immunologically with an antiserum to platelet myosin, a smooth muscle type of myosin. In indirect immunofluorescence studies, antiserum to the purified endothelial cell myosin stained cultured endothelial cells in a fibrillar pattern. The fibrillar pattern was more intense when the endothelial cells were stained with antiserum to platelet myosin. The presence of myosin in the endothelial cell provides a basis for the contractility of these cells. This contractile property may plan an important role in the physiologic function of these cells."}
{"id": "PMID:139916", "title": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Covalent structure of the alpha-chain portion of fragment D.", "content": "The alpha-chain portion of fragment D has been purified from an exhaustive plasmic digest of human fibrinogen. The major polypeptide species has 91 amino acid residues, although a small amount of a 97-residue chain representing an earlier digestion stage remains. The amino acid sequence of the first 44 residues was determined by stepwise degradation with an automatic solid-phase sequencer. Another large stretch of sequence was revealed by the finding that the alpha chain of fragment D overlaps the cyanogen bromide fragments alphaCNIVA and alphaCNIII (Doolittle, R. F. Cassman, K. G., Cottrell, B. A., Friezner, S. J. Hucko, J. T., and Takagi, T. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (preceding paper in this issue)). The automatic sequencer results were confirmed and extended by the isolation and characterization of 18 of 19 expected tryptic peptides from the fragment D alpha chain. As a result, almost the entire sequence has been obtained. The overlap with key cyanogen bromide fragments has also allowed us to propose an order for the first 198 residues of the fibrinogen alpha chain. A striking homology with the gamma chain and beta chain is apparent which has interesting structural implications.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence studies on the alpha chain of human fibrinogen. Covalent structure of the alpha-chain portion of fragment D. The alpha-chain portion of fragment D has been purified from an exhaustive plasmic digest of human fibrinogen. The major polypeptide species has 91 amino acid residues, although a small amount of a 97-residue chain representing an earlier digestion stage remains. The amino acid sequence of the first 44 residues was determined by stepwise degradation with an automatic solid-phase sequencer. Another large stretch of sequence was revealed by the finding that the alpha chain of fragment D overlaps the cyanogen bromide fragments alphaCNIVA and alphaCNIII (Doolittle, R. F. Cassman, K. G., Cottrell, B. A., Friezner, S. J. Hucko, J. T., and Takagi, T. (1977), Biochemistry 16 (preceding paper in this issue)). The automatic sequencer results were confirmed and extended by the isolation and characterization of 18 of 19 expected tryptic peptides from the fragment D alpha chain. As a result, almost the entire sequence has been obtained. The overlap with key cyanogen bromide fragments has also allowed us to propose an order for the first 198 residues of the fibrinogen alpha chain. A striking homology with the gamma chain and beta chain is apparent which has interesting structural implications."}
{"id": "PMID:139917", "title": "Filamin, a new high-molecular-weight protein found in smooth muscle and nonmuscle cells. Purification and properties of chicken gizzard filamin.", "content": "Filamin, a major high-molecular-weight protein of chicken gizzard smooth muscle, was purified to homogeneity by salt extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, agarose gel filtration, and diethylaminoethylcellulose ion-exchange chromatography. Purified filamin is an asymmetric oligomer consisting of two large subunits of identical size (2 X 250 000 daltons) as indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, chemical cross-linking, sedimentation analysis (s10, wo = 10S) and Stokes'radius estimation (a = 120 A), It has no intersubunit disulfide but appears from oxidation studies to have adjacent thiols near the subunit interface. Filamin contains no amino sugars, methylated lysine, methylated histidine, or hydroxyproline, nor does it exhibit myosin-like ATPase activities. Its amino acid composition and physical properties differ from those of gizzard myosin, for which a pruification procedure is described. Filamin and the protein spectrin of erythrocyte membranes have strikingly similar physical properties, but they are chemically distinct.", "contents": "Filamin, a new high-molecular-weight protein found in smooth muscle and nonmuscle cells. Purification and properties of chicken gizzard filamin. Filamin, a major high-molecular-weight protein of chicken gizzard smooth muscle, was purified to homogeneity by salt extraction, ammonium sulfate precipitation, agarose gel filtration, and diethylaminoethylcellulose ion-exchange chromatography. Purified filamin is an asymmetric oligomer consisting of two large subunits of identical size (2 X 250 000 daltons) as indicated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, chemical cross-linking, sedimentation analysis (s10, wo = 10S) and Stokes'radius estimation (a = 120 A), It has no intersubunit disulfide but appears from oxidation studies to have adjacent thiols near the subunit interface. Filamin contains no amino sugars, methylated lysine, methylated histidine, or hydroxyproline, nor does it exhibit myosin-like ATPase activities. Its amino acid composition and physical properties differ from those of gizzard myosin, for which a pruification procedure is described. Filamin and the protein spectrin of erythrocyte membranes have strikingly similar physical properties, but they are chemically distinct."}
{"id": "PMID:139918", "title": "Evidence supporting the identity of beef heart mitochondrial chloroform-released adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) with coupling factor I.", "content": "Highly purified mitochondrial chloroform-released beef heart ATPase had molecular weight 330 000, five bands (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon) in sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and could restore the oxidative-phosphorylation function of A particles. Maximal inhibition (90%) of the enzyme by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was achieved at a molar ratio of inhibitor to protein of 30 : 1. Chloroform introduced into an aqueous solution of beef heart coupling factor I protected it from cold inactivation.", "contents": "Evidence supporting the identity of beef heart mitochondrial chloroform-released adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) with coupling factor I. Highly purified mitochondrial chloroform-released beef heart ATPase had molecular weight 330 000, five bands (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon) in sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and could restore the oxidative-phosphorylation function of A particles. Maximal inhibition (90%) of the enzyme by N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide was achieved at a molar ratio of inhibitor to protein of 30 : 1. Chloroform introduced into an aqueous solution of beef heart coupling factor I protected it from cold inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:139919", "title": "Specific photolabelling of beef-heart mitochondrial ATPase by 8-azido-ATP.", "content": "1. 8-Azido-ATP is a suitable photoaffinity label for beef-heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) 2. 8-Azido-ATP is hydrolysed slowly by F1 in the dark. Photolysis at 350 nm in the presence of F1 leads to inhibition of the ATPase activity. The presence of ATP during illumination prevents the inhibition. Illumination of F1 in the absence of 8-azido-ATP causes no inhibition. 3. Added Mg2+ is not necessary for the binding of the 8-azido-ATP to F1. 4. 8-Azido-ATP binds specifically to the beta subunits of F1. 5. The ATPase activity is completely inhibited when 2 mol of 8-azido-ATP are bound per mol F1.", "contents": "Specific photolabelling of beef-heart mitochondrial ATPase by 8-azido-ATP. 1. 8-Azido-ATP is a suitable photoaffinity label for beef-heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) 2. 8-Azido-ATP is hydrolysed slowly by F1 in the dark. Photolysis at 350 nm in the presence of F1 leads to inhibition of the ATPase activity. The presence of ATP during illumination prevents the inhibition. Illumination of F1 in the absence of 8-azido-ATP causes no inhibition. 3. Added Mg2+ is not necessary for the binding of the 8-azido-ATP to F1. 4. 8-Azido-ATP binds specifically to the beta subunits of F1. 5. The ATPase activity is completely inhibited when 2 mol of 8-azido-ATP are bound per mol F1."}
{"id": "PMID:139920", "title": "A study of the dynamic properties of actomyosin systems by quasi-elastic light scattering.", "content": "A laser light source and a digital autocorrelator were employed in the study of the molecular dyanmics of acto-heavy meromyosin during the splitting of ATP. Low protein concentrations were used, so that molecular and not gel properties were evident. The addition of Mg2+ to acto-heavy meromyosin solutions in the presence of ATP caused a marked widening of the spectrum at high scattering angles. No such change was observed when chemically inactivated heavy meromyosin was used when actin was cross-linked or when the proteins were in a high ionic strength solution. The data can be interpreted in terms of pronounced change in flexibility of acto-heavy meromyosin induced by active mechanochemical coupling.", "contents": "A study of the dynamic properties of actomyosin systems by quasi-elastic light scattering. A laser light source and a digital autocorrelator were employed in the study of the molecular dyanmics of acto-heavy meromyosin during the splitting of ATP. Low protein concentrations were used, so that molecular and not gel properties were evident. The addition of Mg2+ to acto-heavy meromyosin solutions in the presence of ATP caused a marked widening of the spectrum at high scattering angles. No such change was observed when chemically inactivated heavy meromyosin was used when actin was cross-linked or when the proteins were in a high ionic strength solution. The data can be interpreted in terms of pronounced change in flexibility of acto-heavy meromyosin induced by active mechanochemical coupling."}
{"id": "PMID:139921", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the surface membranes of fast and slow mammalian skeletal muscle.", "content": "Fast (extensor digitorum longus) and slow (soleus) rat skeletal muscles served as the source for isolation and biochemical comparison of two distinct surface membrane fractions with properties of the sarcolemma and transverse tubular system. Enriched sarcolemmal membrane from soleus demonstrated a lighter density after sucrose density centrifugation. Sialic acid content was 1.5-fold higher in soleus (62 nmol/mg) than extensor (40 nmol/mg). The specific activity of (Na+ + K+ + Mg2+)-ATPase was similar (1.40 and 1.65 micronmol Pi/mg per 5 min) with the soleus enzyme displaying a (1) greater resistance to inhibition by ouabain, and (2) broader ionic ratio (Na+/K+) requirement than extensor enzyme. The polypeptide and phospholipid composition showed no major differences between the two muscle types. The second surface membrane fraction, tentatively identified as transverse tubule, differed in membrane composition. The major polypeptide of extensor was of 95 000 molecular weight whereas for soleus a Mr=28 000 species was dominant. Total phospholipid content of soleus was 1.5-fold greater than extensor due mostly to increased levels of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Endogenous membrane protein kinase for the 28 000 molecular weight polypeptide was found exclusively in this membrane. The reaction conditions were identical for extensor and soleus since both required divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and neither was affected by cyclic AMP. Soleus showed a 2-fold higher capacity for phosphate incorporation than extensor. These studies show that surface membrane fractions derived from fast and slow muscles differ in terms of functional and compositional properties. These differences are specific not only for the surface membrane but for the muscle type and may relate to the known physiological differences observed between fast and slow mammalian muscle.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the surface membranes of fast and slow mammalian skeletal muscle. Fast (extensor digitorum longus) and slow (soleus) rat skeletal muscles served as the source for isolation and biochemical comparison of two distinct surface membrane fractions with properties of the sarcolemma and transverse tubular system. Enriched sarcolemmal membrane from soleus demonstrated a lighter density after sucrose density centrifugation. Sialic acid content was 1.5-fold higher in soleus (62 nmol/mg) than extensor (40 nmol/mg). The specific activity of (Na+ + K+ + Mg2+)-ATPase was similar (1.40 and 1.65 micronmol Pi/mg per 5 min) with the soleus enzyme displaying a (1) greater resistance to inhibition by ouabain, and (2) broader ionic ratio (Na+/K+) requirement than extensor enzyme. The polypeptide and phospholipid composition showed no major differences between the two muscle types. The second surface membrane fraction, tentatively identified as transverse tubule, differed in membrane composition. The major polypeptide of extensor was of 95 000 molecular weight whereas for soleus a Mr=28 000 species was dominant. Total phospholipid content of soleus was 1.5-fold greater than extensor due mostly to increased levels of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine. Endogenous membrane protein kinase for the 28 000 molecular weight polypeptide was found exclusively in this membrane. The reaction conditions were identical for extensor and soleus since both required divalent cations (Ca2+ and Mg2+) and neither was affected by cyclic AMP. Soleus showed a 2-fold higher capacity for phosphate incorporation than extensor. These studies show that surface membrane fractions derived from fast and slow muscles differ in terms of functional and compositional properties. These differences are specific not only for the surface membrane but for the muscle type and may relate to the known physiological differences observed between fast and slow mammalian muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:139922", "title": "The effect of calcium ion transport ATPase upon the passive calcium ion permeability of phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "The uptake and release of Ca2+ by sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments and reconstituted ATPase vesicles was measured by a stopped-flow fluorescence method using chlortetracycline as Ca2+ indicator. Incorporation of the Ca2+ transport ATPase into phospholipid bilayers of widely different fatty acid composition increases their passive permeability to Ca2+ by several orders of magnitude. Therefore in addition to participating in active Ca2+ transport, the (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-activated ATPase also forms hydrophilic channels across the membrane. The relative insensitivity of the permeability effect of ATPase to changes in the fatty acid composition of the membrane is in accord with the suggestion that the Ca2+ channels arise by protein-protein interaction between four ATPase molecules. The reversible formation of these channels may have physiological significance in the rapid Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during activation of muscle.", "contents": "The effect of calcium ion transport ATPase upon the passive calcium ion permeability of phospholipid vesicles. The uptake and release of Ca2+ by sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments and reconstituted ATPase vesicles was measured by a stopped-flow fluorescence method using chlortetracycline as Ca2+ indicator. Incorporation of the Ca2+ transport ATPase into phospholipid bilayers of widely different fatty acid composition increases their passive permeability to Ca2+ by several orders of magnitude. Therefore in addition to participating in active Ca2+ transport, the (Mg2+ + Ca2+)-activated ATPase also forms hydrophilic channels across the membrane. The relative insensitivity of the permeability effect of ATPase to changes in the fatty acid composition of the membrane is in accord with the suggestion that the Ca2+ channels arise by protein-protein interaction between four ATPase molecules. The reversible formation of these channels may have physiological significance in the rapid Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum during activation of muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:139923", "title": "Purification and characterization of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. VI. Differential tryptic modification of catalytic functions of the purified enzyme in presence of NaCl and KCl.", "content": "1. Two distinct patterns of tryptic modification of the catalytic functions of purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase can be related to the two previously described patterns of enzyme inactivation and cleavage of the large chain seen with NaCl and KCl (Jorgensen, P.L. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 401, 399-415). 2. With NaCl, in phase A, the rapid inactivation of 50-55% of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity is associated with loss of 85% of the K+-phosphatase activity and an increase in Na+-ADP-ATP exchange activity to 150% of control. ATP binding and phosphorylation are unchanged and the inactivation may result from cleavage of bonds within the large chain which are involved in dephosphorylation reactions. In phase B with NaCl, ATP binding and phosphorylation are lost slowly in parallel to inactivation of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and cleavage of the large chain to a fragment with Mr=78 000. 3. With KCl, cleavage of the large chain to almost equal fragments abolish ATP binding and phosphorylation in parallel to the inactivation of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. An additional split seems required for inactivation of the K+-pNPPase activity. 4. After completion of the digestion in phase A with NaCl a stable preparation can be isolated in which the activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase is 40%. ATP binding and phosphorylation are 90%, K+-phosphatase is 15%, and Na+-ADP-ATP exchange is 150% of control. We currently examine if these levels are related to changes in phosphorylation kinetics. 5. The ATP binding area is much more stable to trypsin with NaCl than with KCl, but loss of the binding capacity is in both cases correlated to a distinct cleavage of the large chain. The relationship between the fractional loss of ATP binding and cleavage of the large chain suggests that the nucleotide binding area is confined to one of the two large chains in the protein complex with Mr=270 000 which binds one molecule of ATP. 6. The data also suggest that the phosphatase site is remote from the ATP binding area. It is proposed that the protein complex with Mr=270 000 contains two large chains with different catalytic functions and that each chain forms a cation channel.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. VI. Differential tryptic modification of catalytic functions of the purified enzyme in presence of NaCl and KCl. 1. Two distinct patterns of tryptic modification of the catalytic functions of purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase can be related to the two previously described patterns of enzyme inactivation and cleavage of the large chain seen with NaCl and KCl (Jorgensen, P.L. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 401, 399-415). 2. With NaCl, in phase A, the rapid inactivation of 50-55% of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity is associated with loss of 85% of the K+-phosphatase activity and an increase in Na+-ADP-ATP exchange activity to 150% of control. ATP binding and phosphorylation are unchanged and the inactivation may result from cleavage of bonds within the large chain which are involved in dephosphorylation reactions. In phase B with NaCl, ATP binding and phosphorylation are lost slowly in parallel to inactivation of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and cleavage of the large chain to a fragment with Mr=78 000. 3. With KCl, cleavage of the large chain to almost equal fragments abolish ATP binding and phosphorylation in parallel to the inactivation of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. An additional split seems required for inactivation of the K+-pNPPase activity. 4. After completion of the digestion in phase A with NaCl a stable preparation can be isolated in which the activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase is 40%. ATP binding and phosphorylation are 90%, K+-phosphatase is 15%, and Na+-ADP-ATP exchange is 150% of control. We currently examine if these levels are related to changes in phosphorylation kinetics. 5. The ATP binding area is much more stable to trypsin with NaCl than with KCl, but loss of the binding capacity is in both cases correlated to a distinct cleavage of the large chain. The relationship between the fractional loss of ATP binding and cleavage of the large chain suggests that the nucleotide binding area is confined to one of the two large chains in the protein complex with Mr=270 000 which binds one molecule of ATP. 6. The data also suggest that the phosphatase site is remote from the ATP binding area. It is proposed that the protein complex with Mr=270 000 contains two large chains with different catalytic functions and that each chain forms a cation channel."}
{"id": "PMID:139924", "title": "Is there a plasma membrane-located anion-sensitive ATPase?", "content": "A study of the intracellular localization of HCO-3-stimulated, SCN--inhibited magnesium-dependent ATPase was performed in gill tissue of the rainbow trout (Salmo irideus), rabbit kidney and rabbit gastric mucosa. Tissue homogenates were subjected to centrifugal fractionation, and the microsomal (60 min 100 000 X g) and light mitochondrial (20 min 20 000 X g) fractions were further fractionated by density gradient centrifugation. Subfractions were characterized by marker enzyme assays and electron microscopic observation. In trout gill indications for an exclusively mitochondrial localization were found. In kidney no definite conclusions could be drawn. In rabbit gastric mucosa initially an apparently non-mitochondrial HCO-3-stimulated ATPase, in addition to a mitochondrial one, was found and its characteristics were studied. Further studies showed that this ATPase also appears to be of mitochondrial origin and probably represents mitochondrial inner membranes. Possible explanations for earlier conflicting reports concerning the localization of this enzyme in gastric mucosa and other tissues are discussed.", "contents": "Is there a plasma membrane-located anion-sensitive ATPase? A study of the intracellular localization of HCO-3-stimulated, SCN--inhibited magnesium-dependent ATPase was performed in gill tissue of the rainbow trout (Salmo irideus), rabbit kidney and rabbit gastric mucosa. Tissue homogenates were subjected to centrifugal fractionation, and the microsomal (60 min 100 000 X g) and light mitochondrial (20 min 20 000 X g) fractions were further fractionated by density gradient centrifugation. Subfractions were characterized by marker enzyme assays and electron microscopic observation. In trout gill indications for an exclusively mitochondrial localization were found. In kidney no definite conclusions could be drawn. In rabbit gastric mucosa initially an apparently non-mitochondrial HCO-3-stimulated ATPase, in addition to a mitochondrial one, was found and its characteristics were studied. Further studies showed that this ATPase also appears to be of mitochondrial origin and probably represents mitochondrial inner membranes. Possible explanations for earlier conflicting reports concerning the localization of this enzyme in gastric mucosa and other tissues are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139925", "title": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of bovine milk fat globule membrane protein solubilized with non-ionic detergent.", "content": "Detergent solubilized bovine milk fat globule membrane material studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis combined with histochemical techniques revealed four major protein complexes. All four were found to bind to concanavalin A and three were identified as sialoglycoproteins. Xanthine oxidase activity was associated with the non-sialoglycoprotein precipitate. Immunoabsorption with intact milk fat globules showed an internal location of the xanthine oxidase, whereas the three other main proteins plus Mg2+-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase were disposed on the outer membrane surface. The major proteins from milk fat globule membrane and membrane material isolated from skim milk showed immunochemical identity.", "contents": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of bovine milk fat globule membrane protein solubilized with non-ionic detergent. Detergent solubilized bovine milk fat globule membrane material studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis combined with histochemical techniques revealed four major protein complexes. All four were found to bind to concanavalin A and three were identified as sialoglycoproteins. Xanthine oxidase activity was associated with the non-sialoglycoprotein precipitate. Immunoabsorption with intact milk fat globules showed an internal location of the xanthine oxidase, whereas the three other main proteins plus Mg2+-ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase were disposed on the outer membrane surface. The major proteins from milk fat globule membrane and membrane material isolated from skim milk showed immunochemical identity."}
{"id": "PMID:139926", "title": "Seasonal variation in the active transporting ability and in the membrane ATPase activity of the frog intestinal epithelium.", "content": "The active sugar and amino acid transport in the small intestine of the American leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and a species of European frog (Rana esculenta) decreases during the winter months. Parallel with this the (Na+, K+)-stimulated (\"pump\") ATPase activity is markedly depressed. No seasonal changes are observed in the intestine of the tropical bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). It is assumed that the low pump-ATPase activity is caused by the hibernation of the frogs living in moderate or subtropical areas and is connected to a biological clock. The decreased active transport of non-electrolytes appears to be a consequence of the change of the ATPase activity.", "contents": "Seasonal variation in the active transporting ability and in the membrane ATPase activity of the frog intestinal epithelium. The active sugar and amino acid transport in the small intestine of the American leopard frog (Rana pipiens) and a species of European frog (Rana esculenta) decreases during the winter months. Parallel with this the (Na+, K+)-stimulated (\"pump\") ATPase activity is markedly depressed. No seasonal changes are observed in the intestine of the tropical bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). It is assumed that the low pump-ATPase activity is caused by the hibernation of the frogs living in moderate or subtropical areas and is connected to a biological clock. The decreased active transport of non-electrolytes appears to be a consequence of the change of the ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:139927", "title": "Interaction of caffeine with the DNA of Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Incubation of Chinese hamster cells with labelled caffeine leads to transfer of radioactivity to DNA. This association occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and involves parental as well as newly synthesised strands. The replacement of thymidine by BrdUrd prevents the incorporation radioactivity from caffeine into the DNA strands containing BrdUrd. Thymine is the only base which becomes labelled and data suggesting the participation of methyl groups of caffeine in the biosynthesis of thymine are presented. Ultraviolet irradiation increases the incorporation of radioactivity from caffeine to DNA.", "contents": "Interaction of caffeine with the DNA of Chinese hamster cells. Incubation of Chinese hamster cells with labelled caffeine leads to transfer of radioactivity to DNA. This association occurs during the S phase of the cell cycle and involves parental as well as newly synthesised strands. The replacement of thymidine by BrdUrd prevents the incorporation radioactivity from caffeine into the DNA strands containing BrdUrd. Thymine is the only base which becomes labelled and data suggesting the participation of methyl groups of caffeine in the biosynthesis of thymine are presented. Ultraviolet irradiation increases the incorporation of radioactivity from caffeine to DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:139928", "title": "A complete cleavage map of Neurospora crassa mtDNA obtained with endonucleases Eco RI and Bam HI.", "content": "A physical map of Neurospora crassa mitochondrial DNA has been constructed using specific fragments obtained with restriction endonucleases. The DNA has 5 cleavage sites for endonuclease Bam HI, 12 for endonuclease Eco RI and more than 30 for endonuclease Hind III. The sequence of the Eco RI and Bam HI fragments has been established by analysis of partial fragments. By digestion of the Eco RI fragments with Bam HI, a complete overlapping map has been constructed. The position of the largest Hind III fragment on this map has also been determined. The map is circular and the added molecular weight of the fragments is 40 - 10(6), which is in good agreement with earlier measurements on intact DNA, using the electron microscope.", "contents": "A complete cleavage map of Neurospora crassa mtDNA obtained with endonucleases Eco RI and Bam HI. A physical map of Neurospora crassa mitochondrial DNA has been constructed using specific fragments obtained with restriction endonucleases. The DNA has 5 cleavage sites for endonuclease Bam HI, 12 for endonuclease Eco RI and more than 30 for endonuclease Hind III. The sequence of the Eco RI and Bam HI fragments has been established by analysis of partial fragments. By digestion of the Eco RI fragments with Bam HI, a complete overlapping map has been constructed. The position of the largest Hind III fragment on this map has also been determined. The map is circular and the added molecular weight of the fragments is 40 - 10(6), which is in good agreement with earlier measurements on intact DNA, using the electron microscope."}
{"id": "PMID:139929", "title": "A comparative study on the influence of cysteamine and metyrapone on mixed-function oxygenase activities in variously pretreated liver microsomes from rats and mice.", "content": "It has been found that metyrapone can inhibit both type I and type II mixed-function oxygenase reactions, while cysteamine inhibits only type I activity in this mammalian system. Following pretreatment with phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene the half-maximal inhibiting concentrations for the O-demethylation of paranitranisol are increased for cysteamine and decreased for metyrapone. Both cysteamine and metyrapone give type II binding spectra with oxidized cytochrome P-450. The negative and positive peaks are at 393 and 426 nm respectively for metyrapone, and 410 and 434 nm for cysteamine. Cysteamine showed no binding comparable to that of metyrapone for reduced cytochrome P-450. Metyrapone showed little or no inhibition of the NADH cytochrome-c reductase (EC 1.6.1.1) or NADPH (EC 1.6.2.3) cytochrome-c reductase while cysteamine had a more or less strong inhibiting effect depending on the pretreatment of animals. Neither the binding to P-450 heme nor the inhibition of NADH and NADPH cytochrome-c reductase correlates well with cysteamine inhibition of total activity. It is therefore suggested that cysteamine reacts with an intermediate electron carrier of non-heme iron or glycoprotein character thus inhibiting mixed-function oxygenase activity.", "contents": "A comparative study on the influence of cysteamine and metyrapone on mixed-function oxygenase activities in variously pretreated liver microsomes from rats and mice. It has been found that metyrapone can inhibit both type I and type II mixed-function oxygenase reactions, while cysteamine inhibits only type I activity in this mammalian system. Following pretreatment with phenobarbital and 3-methylcholanthrene the half-maximal inhibiting concentrations for the O-demethylation of paranitranisol are increased for cysteamine and decreased for metyrapone. Both cysteamine and metyrapone give type II binding spectra with oxidized cytochrome P-450. The negative and positive peaks are at 393 and 426 nm respectively for metyrapone, and 410 and 434 nm for cysteamine. Cysteamine showed no binding comparable to that of metyrapone for reduced cytochrome P-450. Metyrapone showed little or no inhibition of the NADH cytochrome-c reductase (EC 1.6.1.1) or NADPH (EC 1.6.2.3) cytochrome-c reductase while cysteamine had a more or less strong inhibiting effect depending on the pretreatment of animals. Neither the binding to P-450 heme nor the inhibition of NADH and NADPH cytochrome-c reductase correlates well with cysteamine inhibition of total activity. It is therefore suggested that cysteamine reacts with an intermediate electron carrier of non-heme iron or glycoprotein character thus inhibiting mixed-function oxygenase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:139930", "title": "Thymine 7-hydroxylase from Neurospora crassa. Substrate specificity studies.", "content": "A partially purified preparation of thymine 7-hydroxylase (thymine, 2-oxoglutarate : oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.11.6) from Neurospora crassa was incubated with a number of pyrimidines chemically related to tyymine. 1. Pyrimidines with oxygen or sulfur substituents on atoms Nos. 2 and 4 as well as an alkyl group on atom Nos. 1 or 5 were substrates. 2. Km values were determined for 1-methyluracil, 1-ethyluracil, thymine, 6-azathymine, 1-methylthymine, 1-ethylthymine, 5-formyluracil and 5-hydroxymethyluracil. 3. Uracil was identified as one of the metabolites after incubation with 1-methyluracil. The one-carbon metabolite has not been  characterized. 4. Several pyrimidines with polar groups on atoms Nos. 2 and 4 were inhibitory. 5. Addition of 1-methyluracil, 1-methylthymine, 1-ethylthymine or 5-hydroxymethyluracil to incubations with thymine and 2-oxo[1-14C1]glutarate did not result in additional formation of 14CO2, indicating that the same enzyme acts on the different compounds. It has previously been found (Bankel, L., Holme, E., Lindstedt, G. and Lindstedt, S. (1972) FEBS Lett. 21, 135-138) that a mutant strain of N. crassa which is devoid of thymine 7-hydroxylase activity also lacks ability to perform the coupled oxygenation of 2-oxoglutarate and 1-methyluracil, 5-hydroxymethyluracil and 5-formyluracil, respectively. It is concluded that one and the same oxygenase is responsible for the activities studied.", "contents": "Thymine 7-hydroxylase from Neurospora crassa. Substrate specificity studies. A partially purified preparation of thymine 7-hydroxylase (thymine, 2-oxoglutarate : oxygen oxidoreductase (7-hydroxylating), EC 1.14.11.6) from Neurospora crassa was incubated with a number of pyrimidines chemically related to tyymine. 1. Pyrimidines with oxygen or sulfur substituents on atoms Nos. 2 and 4 as well as an alkyl group on atom Nos. 1 or 5 were substrates. 2. Km values were determined for 1-methyluracil, 1-ethyluracil, thymine, 6-azathymine, 1-methylthymine, 1-ethylthymine, 5-formyluracil and 5-hydroxymethyluracil. 3. Uracil was identified as one of the metabolites after incubation with 1-methyluracil. The one-carbon metabolite has not been  characterized. 4. Several pyrimidines with polar groups on atoms Nos. 2 and 4 were inhibitory. 5. Addition of 1-methyluracil, 1-methylthymine, 1-ethylthymine or 5-hydroxymethyluracil to incubations with thymine and 2-oxo[1-14C1]glutarate did not result in additional formation of 14CO2, indicating that the same enzyme acts on the different compounds. It has previously been found (Bankel, L., Holme, E., Lindstedt, G. and Lindstedt, S. (1972) FEBS Lett. 21, 135-138) that a mutant strain of N. crassa which is devoid of thymine 7-hydroxylase activity also lacks ability to perform the coupled oxygenation of 2-oxoglutarate and 1-methyluracil, 5-hydroxymethyluracil and 5-formyluracil, respectively. It is concluded that one and the same oxygenase is responsible for the activities studied."}
{"id": "PMID:139931", "title": "Kinetic studies of the urokinase-catalysed conversion of NH2-terminal glutamic acid plasminogen to plasmin.", "content": "Initial velocities for the urokinase (EC 3.4.99.26)-catalysed conversion of glutamic acid plasminogen to plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7) have been determined at various urokinase and glutamic acid plasminogen concentrations. As has been found for the corresponding reaction with lysine plasminogen this conversion obeys the Michaelis rate equation. The apparent Michaelis constants are of the same order of magnitude for lysine and glutamic acid plasminogens. The difference in conversion rates for the reactions has been shown to be connected with their having different catalytic constants. The data were analysed according to two reaction schemes, in one of which only one peptide bond is split during the glutamic acid plasminogen-plasmin conversion and in the other of which the cleavage of two peptide bonds with the obligatory formation of an intermediate plasminogen is assumed. The results favour the former.", "contents": "Kinetic studies of the urokinase-catalysed conversion of NH2-terminal glutamic acid plasminogen to plasmin. Initial velocities for the urokinase (EC 3.4.99.26)-catalysed conversion of glutamic acid plasminogen to plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7) have been determined at various urokinase and glutamic acid plasminogen concentrations. As has been found for the corresponding reaction with lysine plasminogen this conversion obeys the Michaelis rate equation. The apparent Michaelis constants are of the same order of magnitude for lysine and glutamic acid plasminogens. The difference in conversion rates for the reactions has been shown to be connected with their having different catalytic constants. The data were analysed according to two reaction schemes, in one of which only one peptide bond is split during the glutamic acid plasminogen-plasmin conversion and in the other of which the cleavage of two peptide bonds with the obligatory formation of an intermediate plasminogen is assumed. The results favour the former."}
{"id": "PMID:139932", "title": "Kinetics studies on the interaction between ouabain and (Na+,K+)-ATPase.", "content": "The association and dissociation rate constants for the interaction of [3H]-ouabain with partially purified rat brain (Na+,K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) in vitro were estimated from the time course of the [3H]-ouabain binding observed in the presence of Na+, Mg2+ and ATP by a polynomial approximation-curve-fitting technique. The reduction of the association rate constant by K+ was greater than its reduction of the dissociation rate constant. Thus, the affinity of Na+,K+)-ATPase for ouabain was reduced by K+. The binding-site concentration was unaffected by K+. Consistent with these findings, the addition of KCl to an incubation mixture at the time when [3H]-ouabain binding to (Na+,K+)ATPase is close to equilibrium, caused an immediate decrease in bound ouabain concentration, apparently shifting towards a new, lower equilibrium concentration. Dissociation rate constants which were estimated following the termination of the ouabain-binding reaction were different from those estimated with above methods and may not be useful in predicting the ligand effects on equilibrium of the ouabain-enzyme interaction.", "contents": "Kinetics studies on the interaction between ouabain and (Na+,K+)-ATPase. The association and dissociation rate constants for the interaction of [3H]-ouabain with partially purified rat brain (Na+,K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) in vitro were estimated from the time course of the [3H]-ouabain binding observed in the presence of Na+, Mg2+ and ATP by a polynomial approximation-curve-fitting technique. The reduction of the association rate constant by K+ was greater than its reduction of the dissociation rate constant. Thus, the affinity of Na+,K+)-ATPase for ouabain was reduced by K+. The binding-site concentration was unaffected by K+. Consistent with these findings, the addition of KCl to an incubation mixture at the time when [3H]-ouabain binding to (Na+,K+)ATPase is close to equilibrium, caused an immediate decrease in bound ouabain concentration, apparently shifting towards a new, lower equilibrium concentration. Dissociation rate constants which were estimated following the termination of the ouabain-binding reaction were different from those estimated with above methods and may not be useful in predicting the ligand effects on equilibrium of the ouabain-enzyme interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:139933", "title": "Studies on the initial phase of dynein ATPase activity.", "content": "Kinetic measurement of the reaction of dynein ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) extracted from the gills of Mytilus edulis shows that in the presence of Mg2+ there is a very rapid initial liberation of Pi from the dynein-ATP system, followed by a slower liberation in the steady state. In view of following results, we have confirmed that this phenomenon is not due to the accumulation of end products, a fall in substrate concentration, nor to the presence of labile impurities in ATP but is due to the catalytic activity of dynein ATPase. 1. The replacement of native dynein by heat denatured dynein or other kinds of Mg2+-ATPase could not produce such a burst phenomenon under the same condition. 2. Both the rate of initial burst and that of steady state were proportional to enzyme content over a wide range under our standard condition. 3. Initial burst was also observed under the constant ATP level by using a ATP generate system. 4. Preincubation of dynein with Pi prior to initiation of the reaction did not eliminate the initial burst. Some properties of the initial rapid liberation of dynein ATPase were also examined. These are shown below. 5. The free ADP liberation did not show any initial burst though the Pi liberation did in the initial phase and the rate of free ADP liberation was almost equal to that of Pi liberation of the steady state. 6. Mg2+ was more effective than Ca2+ for the appearance of the initial burst while the liberation of Pi in the steady state was activated more by Ca2+ than by Mg2+. The addition of K+ in the presence of Mg2+ resulted in a marked increase of Pi liberation in the steady state but not in the initial state. 7. The activation energy of the initial burst was 9.7 kcal, which is slightly smaller than that of myosin ATPase.", "contents": "Studies on the initial phase of dynein ATPase activity. Kinetic measurement of the reaction of dynein ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) extracted from the gills of Mytilus edulis shows that in the presence of Mg2+ there is a very rapid initial liberation of Pi from the dynein-ATP system, followed by a slower liberation in the steady state. In view of following results, we have confirmed that this phenomenon is not due to the accumulation of end products, a fall in substrate concentration, nor to the presence of labile impurities in ATP but is due to the catalytic activity of dynein ATPase. 1. The replacement of native dynein by heat denatured dynein or other kinds of Mg2+-ATPase could not produce such a burst phenomenon under the same condition. 2. Both the rate of initial burst and that of steady state were proportional to enzyme content over a wide range under our standard condition. 3. Initial burst was also observed under the constant ATP level by using a ATP generate system. 4. Preincubation of dynein with Pi prior to initiation of the reaction did not eliminate the initial burst. Some properties of the initial rapid liberation of dynein ATPase were also examined. These are shown below. 5. The free ADP liberation did not show any initial burst though the Pi liberation did in the initial phase and the rate of free ADP liberation was almost equal to that of Pi liberation of the steady state. 6. Mg2+ was more effective than Ca2+ for the appearance of the initial burst while the liberation of Pi in the steady state was activated more by Ca2+ than by Mg2+. The addition of K+ in the presence of Mg2+ resulted in a marked increase of Pi liberation in the steady state but not in the initial state. 7. The activation energy of the initial burst was 9.7 kcal, which is slightly smaller than that of myosin ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:139934", "title": "The effect of chelators on Mg2+, Na+-dependent phosphorylation of (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase.", "content": "1. The effect of free Mg2+, MgEDTA and MgCDTA on the phofphorylation of the (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) has been studied. 2. 10 mM trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CDTA) added simultaneously with [gamma-32P]ATP to a solution containing the enzyme, 1 mM Mg2+ and 150 mM Na+ does not prevent formation of phospho-enzyme. When [gamma-32P]ATP is added after CDTA the level of phospho-enzyme obtained decreases with increase in the time interval between addition of CDTA and ATP. The inability of CDTA to prevent the formation of phospho-enzyme becomes more pronounced when the medium contains MgEDTA. In the presence of CDTA the maximum amount of phospho-enzyme formed increases with the MgEDTA concentration. 3. Without CDTA the steady-state level of phospho-enzyme is directly proportional to the logarithm of free Mg2+ concentration. Neither with suboptimal nor with optimal concentrations of free Mg2+ does MgEDTA have an effect on the level of phospho-enzyme formed. 4. Using the phospho-enzyme level as a measure of free Mg2+ the experiments show that CDTA reacts slower with Mg2+ than does EDTA, but the stability constant of MgCDTA complex is higher than of MgCDTA, complex. 5. Due to the higher stability constant, of MgCDTA, as compared to MgEDTA, addition of CDTA to a medium containing free Mg2+ and MgEDTA will not only chelate the free Mg2+, but it will also shift the equilibrium from MgEDTA towards MgCDTA, i.e. MgEDTA acts as a source of free Mg2+ which is then chelated by CDTA. The experiments show that it takes minutes before Mg2+, EDTA and CDTA come to equilibrium. Provided the dissociation of MgEDTA is faster than the formation of the MgCDTA complex, the medium will contain a concentration of free Mg2+ which at any given instant is near in equilibrium with a slowly decreasing concentration of MgEDTA; this free Mg2+ can support phosphorylation. This can explain why the rate with which CDTA stops phosphorylation decreases with an increase in the MgEDTA concentration. 6. When phosphorylation is stopped by addition of unlabelled ATP, the rate of dephosphorylation is faster than when it is stopped by addition of CDTA both with and without EDTA in the medium. CDTA reacts too slowly with Mg2+ to be used as a chelator in studies where a fast removal of Mg2+ is required. 7. A previous finding has been verified, namely that the rate of spontaneous, of K+-stimulated and of ADP-stimulated dephosphorylation is independent of the Mg2+ concentration during formation of phospho-enzyme.", "contents": "The effect of chelators on Mg2+, Na+-dependent phosphorylation of (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase. 1. The effect of free Mg2+, MgEDTA and MgCDTA on the phofphorylation of the (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) has been studied. 2. 10 mM trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CDTA) added simultaneously with [gamma-32P]ATP to a solution containing the enzyme, 1 mM Mg2+ and 150 mM Na+ does not prevent formation of phospho-enzyme. When [gamma-32P]ATP is added after CDTA the level of phospho-enzyme obtained decreases with increase in the time interval between addition of CDTA and ATP. The inability of CDTA to prevent the formation of phospho-enzyme becomes more pronounced when the medium contains MgEDTA. In the presence of CDTA the maximum amount of phospho-enzyme formed increases with the MgEDTA concentration. 3. Without CDTA the steady-state level of phospho-enzyme is directly proportional to the logarithm of free Mg2+ concentration. Neither with suboptimal nor with optimal concentrations of free Mg2+ does MgEDTA have an effect on the level of phospho-enzyme formed. 4. Using the phospho-enzyme level as a measure of free Mg2+ the experiments show that CDTA reacts slower with Mg2+ than does EDTA, but the stability constant of MgCDTA complex is higher than of MgCDTA, complex. 5. Due to the higher stability constant, of MgCDTA, as compared to MgEDTA, addition of CDTA to a medium containing free Mg2+ and MgEDTA will not only chelate the free Mg2+, but it will also shift the equilibrium from MgEDTA towards MgCDTA, i.e. MgEDTA acts as a source of free Mg2+ which is then chelated by CDTA. The experiments show that it takes minutes before Mg2+, EDTA and CDTA come to equilibrium. Provided the dissociation of MgEDTA is faster than the formation of the MgCDTA complex, the medium will contain a concentration of free Mg2+ which at any given instant is near in equilibrium with a slowly decreasing concentration of MgEDTA; this free Mg2+ can support phosphorylation. This can explain why the rate with which CDTA stops phosphorylation decreases with an increase in the MgEDTA concentration. 6. When phosphorylation is stopped by addition of unlabelled ATP, the rate of dephosphorylation is faster than when it is stopped by addition of CDTA both with and without EDTA in the medium. CDTA reacts too slowly with Mg2+ to be used as a chelator in studies where a fast removal of Mg2+ is required. 7. A previous finding has been verified, namely that the rate of spontaneous, of K+-stimulated and of ADP-stimulated dephosphorylation is independent of the Mg2+ concentration during formation of phospho-enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:139935", "title": "Functional integrity of the SH1 site in myosin from hypertrophied myocardium.", "content": "The hypothesis that an alteration in the SH1 site of hypertrophy myosin is reponsible for the reduced Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity is examined.The functional integrity of the SH1 site was evaluated by measurement of the (K+)-EDTA-stimulated and Mg2+-inhibited ATPase activities. Neither activity differed from control although the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase of the same preparations was significantly reduced. The reduction in Ca2+-activated ATPase was independent of ionic strength. Titration with N-ethylmaleimide elevated the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase of hypertrophy myosin to the same peak activity as control. Actin-stimulated ATPase activity of hypertrophy myosin was also reduced. The results indicate that the SH1 of hypertrophy myosin is functionally intact for (K+)EDTA-stimulated ATPase and Mg2+ inhibition, but functionally deficient with regard to Ca2+-stimulated and actin-activated ATPase activities. This implies a partition of the functional aspects of SH1.", "contents": "Functional integrity of the SH1 site in myosin from hypertrophied myocardium. The hypothesis that an alteration in the SH1 site of hypertrophy myosin is reponsible for the reduced Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity is examined.The functional integrity of the SH1 site was evaluated by measurement of the (K+)-EDTA-stimulated and Mg2+-inhibited ATPase activities. Neither activity differed from control although the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase of the same preparations was significantly reduced. The reduction in Ca2+-activated ATPase was independent of ionic strength. Titration with N-ethylmaleimide elevated the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase of hypertrophy myosin to the same peak activity as control. Actin-stimulated ATPase activity of hypertrophy myosin was also reduced. The results indicate that the SH1 of hypertrophy myosin is functionally intact for (K+)EDTA-stimulated ATPase and Mg2+ inhibition, but functionally deficient with regard to Ca2+-stimulated and actin-activated ATPase activities. This implies a partition of the functional aspects of SH1."}
{"id": "PMID:139936", "title": "Correlation between microsomal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity and [3H]ouabain binding to heart tissue homogenates.", "content": "ATP plus Mg2+ plus Na+ supported [3H]ouabain binding to canine left ventricular tissue homogenates and microsomal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity from the same tissue were measured. A linear relationship was found between the initial velocity of [3H]ouabain binding to tissue homogenates and microsomal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity from the same tissue in the presence and absence of in vivo bound digoxin. In vivo bound digoxin reduced both measurements. With tissue from digoxin-free hearts, a linear relationship was also obtained between the initial velocity and the maximum level of [3H]ouabain binding to tissue homogenate. Binding of [3H]ouabain to whole tissue homogenate is a convenient method for estimating (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in small left ventricular biopsy samples.", "contents": "Correlation between microsomal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity and [3H]ouabain binding to heart tissue homogenates. ATP plus Mg2+ plus Na+ supported [3H]ouabain binding to canine left ventricular tissue homogenates and microsomal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity from the same tissue were measured. A linear relationship was found between the initial velocity of [3H]ouabain binding to tissue homogenates and microsomal (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity from the same tissue in the presence and absence of in vivo bound digoxin. In vivo bound digoxin reduced both measurements. With tissue from digoxin-free hearts, a linear relationship was also obtained between the initial velocity and the maximum level of [3H]ouabain binding to tissue homogenate. Binding of [3H]ouabain to whole tissue homogenate is a convenient method for estimating (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity in small left ventricular biopsy samples."}
{"id": "PMID:139937", "title": "The pre-steady-state hydrolysis of ATP by porcine brain (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase.", "content": "The hydrolysis of [gamma-32P]ATP by porcine brain (Na+ + K+)-stimulated ATP phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.3) has been studied at 28 degree C in a rapid mixing quenched-flow apparatus. An \"early burst\" in the release of Pi from ATP has been observed when the enzyme is mixed with ATP, Na+ and a relatively high concentration of K+ (10 mM) but the burst is less pronounced with 0.5 mM K+. This \"early burst\" of Pi release is suppressed when the enzyme is pre-mixed with 10 mM K+ or 20% (v/v) dimethylsulphoxide before mixing with ATP and Na+, and premixing of enzyme with Na+ antagonizes this effect of dimethylsulphoxide. The results have been analysed by a non-linear least squares regression treatment and are consistent with a mechanism involving three steps, one of which may be a relatively slow change in enzyme conformation following release of Pi from its covalent linkage with the enzyme, in addition to formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. Rate constants (and S.E.) for these steps have been calculated and the roles of phospho-enzyme and other intermediates in the reaction mechanism of the transport ATPase are dicussed.", "contents": "The pre-steady-state hydrolysis of ATP by porcine brain (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase. The hydrolysis of [gamma-32P]ATP by porcine brain (Na+ + K+)-stimulated ATP phosphohydrolase (EC 3.6.1.3) has been studied at 28 degree C in a rapid mixing quenched-flow apparatus. An \"early burst\" in the release of Pi from ATP has been observed when the enzyme is mixed with ATP, Na+ and a relatively high concentration of K+ (10 mM) but the burst is less pronounced with 0.5 mM K+. This \"early burst\" of Pi release is suppressed when the enzyme is pre-mixed with 10 mM K+ or 20% (v/v) dimethylsulphoxide before mixing with ATP and Na+, and premixing of enzyme with Na+ antagonizes this effect of dimethylsulphoxide. The results have been analysed by a non-linear least squares regression treatment and are consistent with a mechanism involving three steps, one of which may be a relatively slow change in enzyme conformation following release of Pi from its covalent linkage with the enzyme, in addition to formation of the enzyme-substrate complex. Rate constants (and S.E.) for these steps have been calculated and the roles of phospho-enzyme and other intermediates in the reaction mechanism of the transport ATPase are dicussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139938", "title": "Lipoprotein lipase in cultured heart cells: characteristics and cellular location.", "content": "Lipase activity extracted from cultured neonatal rat heart cells was characterized and identified as lipoprotein lipase. Enzyme activity was stimulated by human apoC-II and rat serum; serum stimulation was prevented by human apoC-I and by apoC-II. Lipolysis was maximal at pH 8.0 and was inhibited by protamine sulfate, NaCl, and high concentrations of heparin. About 50% of heart cell lipase activity applied to heparin-Sepharose bound to the gel and was eluted with a NaCl gradient. A peak of lipase activity was observed at 0.84 M NaCl. Neonatal rat heart cells in culture are a mixture of muscle and non-muscle cells. To determine the cellular location of the lipoprotein lipase, enzyme activity and muscle cell content of the cultures were determined. Myosin ATPase was used as an index of muscle cell content since ATPase specific activity correlated (r = +0.97) with muscle cell content determined immunofluorescently. When muscle cell content of cultures was decreased or increased by differential plating, lipase specific activity was constant. Moreover, lipase specific activity was constant during culture growth despite a decrease in muscle cell content. It was concluded that lipoprotein lipase activity of cultured heart cells is not associated solely with either muscle or non-muslce cells.", "contents": "Lipoprotein lipase in cultured heart cells: characteristics and cellular location. Lipase activity extracted from cultured neonatal rat heart cells was characterized and identified as lipoprotein lipase. Enzyme activity was stimulated by human apoC-II and rat serum; serum stimulation was prevented by human apoC-I and by apoC-II. Lipolysis was maximal at pH 8.0 and was inhibited by protamine sulfate, NaCl, and high concentrations of heparin. About 50% of heart cell lipase activity applied to heparin-Sepharose bound to the gel and was eluted with a NaCl gradient. A peak of lipase activity was observed at 0.84 M NaCl. Neonatal rat heart cells in culture are a mixture of muscle and non-muscle cells. To determine the cellular location of the lipoprotein lipase, enzyme activity and muscle cell content of the cultures were determined. Myosin ATPase was used as an index of muscle cell content since ATPase specific activity correlated (r = +0.97) with muscle cell content determined immunofluorescently. When muscle cell content of cultures was decreased or increased by differential plating, lipase specific activity was constant. Moreover, lipase specific activity was constant during culture growth despite a decrease in muscle cell content. It was concluded that lipoprotein lipase activity of cultured heart cells is not associated solely with either muscle or non-muslce cells."}
{"id": "PMID:139939", "title": "Renal calcium binding protein in the diabetic and vitamin D-depleted rat.", "content": "A calcium binding protein has been purified 220 fold from rat kidney. The molecular weight of this protein (26 000-28 000) is more than double that of the duodenal calcium binding protein of the rat. In response to the stimuli of both streptozotocin diabetes and depletion and repletion with vitamin D, changes in the renal protein are minimal. This contrasts markedly with responses of the duodenal protein to the same stimuli: (a) there was marked depression of duodenal calcium binding protein by vitamin D depletion and diabetes; (b) duodenal calcium binding protein was restored by vitamin D treatment of depleted rats. The renal protein appears to be identical with a previously described 28 000 molecular weight protein from the kidney purified by a different technique (Hermsdorf, C.L. and Bronner, F. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 379, 553-561). In contrast to findings of the current study, previous investigators were unable to isolate the protein from vitamin D-deficient rats and postulated vitamin D dependence. The protein activator of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase is a calcium binding protein found in many tissues including kidney. Based on lack of response to stimuli we used and similarity in method of isolation and properties, our renal calcium binding protein may be this protein activator.", "contents": "Renal calcium binding protein in the diabetic and vitamin D-depleted rat. A calcium binding protein has been purified 220 fold from rat kidney. The molecular weight of this protein (26 000-28 000) is more than double that of the duodenal calcium binding protein of the rat. In response to the stimuli of both streptozotocin diabetes and depletion and repletion with vitamin D, changes in the renal protein are minimal. This contrasts markedly with responses of the duodenal protein to the same stimuli: (a) there was marked depression of duodenal calcium binding protein by vitamin D depletion and diabetes; (b) duodenal calcium binding protein was restored by vitamin D treatment of depleted rats. The renal protein appears to be identical with a previously described 28 000 molecular weight protein from the kidney purified by a different technique (Hermsdorf, C.L. and Bronner, F. (1975) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 379, 553-561). In contrast to findings of the current study, previous investigators were unable to isolate the protein from vitamin D-deficient rats and postulated vitamin D dependence. The protein activator of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase is a calcium binding protein found in many tissues including kidney. Based on lack of response to stimuli we used and similarity in method of isolation and properties, our renal calcium binding protein may be this protein activator."}
{"id": "PMID:139940", "title": "Production of enterochelin by Escherichia coli 0111.", "content": "The major neutral iron-transporting compound produced by Escherichia coli 0111/K58/H2 has been isolated from iron-deficient cultures of the organism and compared with the corresponding compound, enterochelin, produced by E. coli K12. The product contained serine and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid and formed a complex with Fe3+. Since the PMR spectra of the products from the two strains were identical, it was concluded that E. coli 0111 also secreted enterochelin under iron-deficient conditions. Although it was not possible to establish the optical configuration of the serine residues in the molecule, the CD spectra of the metal free and Fe3+,  complexes were found to be of the same sign and magnitude. The spectra show that metal binding results in considerable conformational changes in the enterochelin molecule. The biological properties of the two compounds appear to be identical as judged by their ability to abolish the bacteriostatic effect of serum on E. coli 0111.", "contents": "Production of enterochelin by Escherichia coli 0111. The major neutral iron-transporting compound produced by Escherichia coli 0111/K58/H2 has been isolated from iron-deficient cultures of the organism and compared with the corresponding compound, enterochelin, produced by E. coli K12. The product contained serine and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid and formed a complex with Fe3+. Since the PMR spectra of the products from the two strains were identical, it was concluded that E. coli 0111 also secreted enterochelin under iron-deficient conditions. Although it was not possible to establish the optical configuration of the serine residues in the molecule, the CD spectra of the metal free and Fe3+,  complexes were found to be of the same sign and magnitude. The spectra show that metal binding results in considerable conformational changes in the enterochelin molecule. The biological properties of the two compounds appear to be identical as judged by their ability to abolish the bacteriostatic effect of serum on E. coli 0111."}
{"id": "PMID:139941", "title": "[Some peculiarities of the reaction kinetics of ATP hydrolysis by Ca2+-dependent ATPase of chloroplasts].", "content": "The dependence of the reaction rate of ATP hydrolysis by CF1-ATPase of chloroplasts on the substrate (CaATP) concentration is of complex nature. It is assumed that such dependence may be due to either conformational changes of the enzyme during the increase in CaATP content in the reaction medium, or consecutive binding of the substrate to its active sites, differing in their affinity to the substrate of the reaction.", "contents": "[Some peculiarities of the reaction kinetics of ATP hydrolysis by Ca2+-dependent ATPase of chloroplasts]. The dependence of the reaction rate of ATP hydrolysis by CF1-ATPase of chloroplasts on the substrate (CaATP) concentration is of complex nature. It is assumed that such dependence may be due to either conformational changes of the enzyme during the increase in CaATP content in the reaction medium, or consecutive binding of the substrate to its active sites, differing in their affinity to the substrate of the reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:139942", "title": "[Study of ADP effect on brain Na+, K+-ATPase].", "content": "A mechanism of K-insensitive, ouabain-dependent liberation of Na+ from the cell during an increase in ADP intracellular concentration is studied. It is shown that the increase in the ADP/ATP ratio does not change the Na+, K+-ATPase affinity to K+ ions and does not result in the Na-activated, K-independent ATPase reaction. ADP protects ATPase from the inhibition by ouabain which is accounted for by a decrease in the concentration of a glycoside-sensitive form of the enzyme E2-P due to a turnover of the phosphokinase step of the reaction, but not due to the binding of free Mg2+ ions. The results obtained suggest that the increase in ADP concentration within the cell activates Na-Nan exchange along Na-transporting channels of the ionic pump.", "contents": "[Study of ADP effect on brain Na+, K+-ATPase]. A mechanism of K-insensitive, ouabain-dependent liberation of Na+ from the cell during an increase in ADP intracellular concentration is studied. It is shown that the increase in the ADP/ATP ratio does not change the Na+, K+-ATPase affinity to K+ ions and does not result in the Na-activated, K-independent ATPase reaction. ADP protects ATPase from the inhibition by ouabain which is accounted for by a decrease in the concentration of a glycoside-sensitive form of the enzyme E2-P due to a turnover of the phosphokinase step of the reaction, but not due to the binding of free Mg2+ ions. The results obtained suggest that the increase in ADP concentration within the cell activates Na-Nan exchange along Na-transporting channels of the ionic pump."}
{"id": "PMID:139943", "title": "[Isolation of highly active preparations of sarcoplasmic reticulum and Ca2-dependent ATPase from cardiac muscle].", "content": "A microsomal preparation with a high ability for Ca2+ uptake has been isolated from pigeon heart. A method of further purification of Ca2+-accumulating system of heart, based on the ability of sarcoplasmic reticulum for the energy-dependent Ca2+ accumulation in the presence of oxalate, has been developed. Upon centrifugation in the gradient of sucrose and KCl concentration the fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum, rendered \"heavy\" by calcium oxalate, can be separated from foreign cell membranes. The main component of heart \"calcium pump\" is Ca2+-dependent ATPase (making up to about 50% of all proteins of the purified reticulum), having a molecular weight of 100.000--105.000. Specific activity of heart Ca2+-ATPase as well as the ability of purified heart sarcoplasmic reticulum for Ca2+ uptake are only slightly less than those of the skeletal muscle reticulum. The data obtained suggest that heart sarcoplasmic reticulum may be efficient for providing heart muscle relaxation.", "contents": "[Isolation of highly active preparations of sarcoplasmic reticulum and Ca2-dependent ATPase from cardiac muscle]. A microsomal preparation with a high ability for Ca2+ uptake has been isolated from pigeon heart. A method of further purification of Ca2+-accumulating system of heart, based on the ability of sarcoplasmic reticulum for the energy-dependent Ca2+ accumulation in the presence of oxalate, has been developed. Upon centrifugation in the gradient of sucrose and KCl concentration the fragments of sarcoplasmic reticulum, rendered \"heavy\" by calcium oxalate, can be separated from foreign cell membranes. The main component of heart \"calcium pump\" is Ca2+-dependent ATPase (making up to about 50% of all proteins of the purified reticulum), having a molecular weight of 100.000--105.000. Specific activity of heart Ca2+-ATPase as well as the ability of purified heart sarcoplasmic reticulum for Ca2+ uptake are only slightly less than those of the skeletal muscle reticulum. The data obtained suggest that heart sarcoplasmic reticulum may be efficient for providing heart muscle relaxation."}
{"id": "PMID:139944", "title": "[Mechanism of oxidation reaction of NADH models and phynylglyoxal with hydrogen peroxide. Hypothesis on separate transport of hydrogen and electron atom in certain enzymatic reactions with the participation of NADH and NADPH].", "content": "Kinetics of co-oxidation of 1-benzen-3-carbamido-1,4-dihydropyridine (BDN) and phenylglyoxal (PG) with hydrogen peroxide is studied. Dimeric product (di-e11-benzen-5-carbamido-1,2-dihydropyridyl-2]) is found to be formed at pH 9, and quaternal pyridinium salt (BNA)--at pH 7. Molecular oxigen is determined to participate in the reaction at pH 7. Copper (II) ions catalyze this process. Significant catalytic effect of p-dinitrobenzen (p-DNB) is found. The reaction mechanism is postulated to form hydroperoxide from PG and hydrogen peroxide which are capable to split the hydrogen attom from dihydropyridine, molecular oxigen or p-DNB being an acceptor of the electrone. Hypothesis on separate transfer of hydrogen atom and electrone in biological systems are proposed.", "contents": "[Mechanism of oxidation reaction of NADH models and phynylglyoxal with hydrogen peroxide. Hypothesis on separate transport of hydrogen and electron atom in certain enzymatic reactions with the participation of NADH and NADPH]. Kinetics of co-oxidation of 1-benzen-3-carbamido-1,4-dihydropyridine (BDN) and phenylglyoxal (PG) with hydrogen peroxide is studied. Dimeric product (di-e11-benzen-5-carbamido-1,2-dihydropyridyl-2]) is found to be formed at pH 9, and quaternal pyridinium salt (BNA)--at pH 7. Molecular oxigen is determined to participate in the reaction at pH 7. Copper (II) ions catalyze this process. Significant catalytic effect of p-dinitrobenzen (p-DNB) is found. The reaction mechanism is postulated to form hydroperoxide from PG and hydrogen peroxide which are capable to split the hydrogen attom from dihydropyridine, molecular oxigen or p-DNB being an acceptor of the electrone. Hypothesis on separate transfer of hydrogen atom and electrone in biological systems are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:139945", "title": "[Study of the interaction of Na+ and K+-ATPase of erythrocytes with ouabain. Effect of acetyl phosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate].", "content": "Effects of ATP, acetyl phosphate (AcP) and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) on the inhibition of the Na+, K+-ATPase activity were studied. ATP, AcP and p-NPP were found to facilitate the ouabain-induced inhibition of the enzyme activity only after the injection of these phosphorylyzing agents into the erythrocyte ghosts. Inside the ghosts Na+ ions enhanced the effects of the phosphorylyzing agents. K+ ions in the environment removed the stimulating effects of ATP, AcP and p-NPP on the ouabain-induced inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity. It is concluded that the sites of AcP and p-NPP hydrolysis as well as the active center for ATP are localized on the inner surface of the cell membrane.", "contents": "[Study of the interaction of Na+ and K+-ATPase of erythrocytes with ouabain. Effect of acetyl phosphate and p-nitrophenyl phosphate]. Effects of ATP, acetyl phosphate (AcP) and p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-NPP) on the inhibition of the Na+, K+-ATPase activity were studied. ATP, AcP and p-NPP were found to facilitate the ouabain-induced inhibition of the enzyme activity only after the injection of these phosphorylyzing agents into the erythrocyte ghosts. Inside the ghosts Na+ ions enhanced the effects of the phosphorylyzing agents. K+ ions in the environment removed the stimulating effects of ATP, AcP and p-NPP on the ouabain-induced inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity. It is concluded that the sites of AcP and p-NPP hydrolysis as well as the active center for ATP are localized on the inner surface of the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:139946", "title": "[Determination of the secondary prothrombin structure under different degrees of citraconylation by means of ring dichroism].", "content": "A process of spontaneous activation of bovine prothrombin under acylation of cytacone anhydride is studied by means of ring dichroism and disc electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate. Ring dichroism data have shown that native prothrombin contains 14% of alpha-helical structures, 36% of beta-structures and 50% of random coil. Cytraconylation results in a fragmentation of native prothrombin chain and is accompanies by the decrease of alpha-helical regions in the fragments formed. Poly-L-lysine, modified by citracone anydride, does not form alpha-helical regions.", "contents": "[Determination of the secondary prothrombin structure under different degrees of citraconylation by means of ring dichroism]. A process of spontaneous activation of bovine prothrombin under acylation of cytacone anhydride is studied by means of ring dichroism and disc electrophoresis in sodium dodecylsulphate. Ring dichroism data have shown that native prothrombin contains 14% of alpha-helical structures, 36% of beta-structures and 50% of random coil. Cytraconylation results in a fragmentation of native prothrombin chain and is accompanies by the decrease of alpha-helical regions in the fragments formed. Poly-L-lysine, modified by citracone anydride, does not form alpha-helical regions."}
{"id": "PMID:139947", "title": "[Changes of prothrombin activity by plasmin immobilized on L-lysine Sepharose 4B].", "content": "It is demonstrated that the method of immobilization of human plasmin by its adsorption on L-lysine-Sepharose 4B can be successfully applied for bovine plasmin isolation. Proteolysis of bovine prothrombin by bovine prothrombin by bovine plasmin preparations of high caseinolytic activity results in the increase of prothrombin level. Prothrombin proteolysis by bovine plasmin preparations of high caseinolytic activity results in the decrease of prothrombin level.", "contents": "[Changes of prothrombin activity by plasmin immobilized on L-lysine Sepharose 4B]. It is demonstrated that the method of immobilization of human plasmin by its adsorption on L-lysine-Sepharose 4B can be successfully applied for bovine plasmin isolation. Proteolysis of bovine prothrombin by bovine prothrombin by bovine plasmin preparations of high caseinolytic activity results in the increase of prothrombin level. Prothrombin proteolysis by bovine plasmin preparations of high caseinolytic activity results in the decrease of prothrombin level."}
{"id": "PMID:139948", "title": "[Changes in the ionization equilibrium of erythrocyte suspension under heating].", "content": "The effects of ionic strength, urea, calcium and fluorine ions, ouabain and cholinesterase inhibitors on the changes in the ionization equilibrium of an erythrocyte suspension under heating were studied. Proton release by erythrocytes was compared to a release of potassium ions and hemoglobin from the cells. The proton release under heating is mainly determined by the physico--chemical properties of superficial structures of erythrocytes and does not depend on the activity of cholinesterase, ATPase and glycolytic processes.", "contents": "[Changes in the ionization equilibrium of erythrocyte suspension under heating]. The effects of ionic strength, urea, calcium and fluorine ions, ouabain and cholinesterase inhibitors on the changes in the ionization equilibrium of an erythrocyte suspension under heating were studied. Proton release by erythrocytes was compared to a release of potassium ions and hemoglobin from the cells. The proton release under heating is mainly determined by the physico--chemical properties of superficial structures of erythrocytes and does not depend on the activity of cholinesterase, ATPase and glycolytic processes."}
{"id": "PMID:139950", "title": "[Resting membrane potentials and miniature postsynaptic potentials of frog intrafusal muscle fibers].", "content": "Electrophysiological charact eristics of frog intrafusal muscle fibers were studied by means of the intracellular potential recording. Analysis of distribution of the amplitude of miniature postsynaptic potentials suggests the nonuniformity of the intrafusal muscle fibers. A conclusion was drawn on the presence of three types of intrafasal muscle fibers in frog muscle spindle: single-innervated, multiple innervated, and fibers with both types of innervation.", "contents": "[Resting membrane potentials and miniature postsynaptic potentials of frog intrafusal muscle fibers]. Electrophysiological charact eristics of frog intrafusal muscle fibers were studied by means of the intracellular potential recording. Analysis of distribution of the amplitude of miniature postsynaptic potentials suggests the nonuniformity of the intrafusal muscle fibers. A conclusion was drawn on the presence of three types of intrafasal muscle fibers in frog muscle spindle: single-innervated, multiple innervated, and fibers with both types of innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:139951", "title": "[Effect of tetanus toxin and colchicine on synaptic membranes of rat cerebral cortex].", "content": "It was shown that purified tetanus toxin did not influence the activity of the Na, K-ATP-ase fractions of the synaptic membranes of the rat cerebral cortex, it had no effect on the inhibition of Na, K,-ATP-ase under electrical stimulation of the synaptic membrane suspension, or the GABA--3H binding by the synaptosomes in vitro. Tetanus toxin (400--4000 DLM) and colchicine (1 mM) induced a decrease of osmotic sensitivity of the nerve endings. Colchicine in low concentrations (10(-5)-10(-3) M) failed to influence Mg-and Na, K-ATP-ases, but considerably inhibited both ATP-ases at higher concentrations.", "contents": "[Effect of tetanus toxin and colchicine on synaptic membranes of rat cerebral cortex]. It was shown that purified tetanus toxin did not influence the activity of the Na, K-ATP-ase fractions of the synaptic membranes of the rat cerebral cortex, it had no effect on the inhibition of Na, K,-ATP-ase under electrical stimulation of the synaptic membrane suspension, or the GABA--3H binding by the synaptosomes in vitro. Tetanus toxin (400--4000 DLM) and colchicine (1 mM) induced a decrease of osmotic sensitivity of the nerve endings. Colchicine in low concentrations (10(-5)-10(-3) M) failed to influence Mg-and Na, K-ATP-ases, but considerably inhibited both ATP-ases at higher concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:139952", "title": "[Effect of amizil and arecoline on the activity of Na, K-ATP-ase and concentration of Na+ and K+ ions in rat brain].", "content": "A study was made of the activity of Na, K-ATP-ase and the Na+ and K+ content in the brain of rats with the action of arecoline and amizyl. Both arecoline and amizyl increased the Na, K-ATP-ase activity. This could be associated with the changes in the redistribution of the Na+ and K+ ions in the nerve cell. Arecoline proved to cause changes in the electrolyte distribution by the depolarization type, whereas amizyl--by the type of hyperpolarization of the nerve cell membrane.", "contents": "[Effect of amizil and arecoline on the activity of Na, K-ATP-ase and concentration of Na+ and K+ ions in rat brain]. A study was made of the activity of Na, K-ATP-ase and the Na+ and K+ content in the brain of rats with the action of arecoline and amizyl. Both arecoline and amizyl increased the Na, K-ATP-ase activity. This could be associated with the changes in the redistribution of the Na+ and K+ ions in the nerve cell. Arecoline proved to cause changes in the electrolyte distribution by the depolarization type, whereas amizyl--by the type of hyperpolarization of the nerve cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:139953", "title": "[Monoamine oxidase type B and the function of Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of preparations of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles].", "content": "Oxidative deamination by monoamine oxidases of B type in the preparations of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from rabbit skeletal muscles of beta-phenylethylamine or benzylamine was accompanied by a decrease of both the active transport of Ca2+ into the vesicles and Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase activity. This decrease was prevented by pretreatment of the vesicles with deprenyl, a specific monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor. The aldehydes formed in the course of enzymatic deamination of the substrates of type B, monoamine oxidases, are considered as possible participants in the regulation of Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase activity.", "contents": "[Monoamine oxidase type B and the function of Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of preparations of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles]. Oxidative deamination by monoamine oxidases of B type in the preparations of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from rabbit skeletal muscles of beta-phenylethylamine or benzylamine was accompanied by a decrease of both the active transport of Ca2+ into the vesicles and Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase activity. This decrease was prevented by pretreatment of the vesicles with deprenyl, a specific monoamine oxidase type B inhibitor. The aldehydes formed in the course of enzymatic deamination of the substrates of type B, monoamine oxidases, are considered as possible participants in the regulation of Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:139954", "title": "[Structure of interphase chromatin in patients with Down's syndrome and their mothers].", "content": "A method of fluorescent microscopy with the aid of acridine orange was applied in these studies; some features of the changes in the structure of interphasic chromatin characteristic of their sick children were revealed on the short-term cultures of lymphoyctes obtained from the mothers with children suffering from Down's syndrome. Sibling girls also displayed deviations similar to the changes revealed in their mothers. The data obtained permit to suppose the existence of a definite population of women, peculiarities of whose genotype promoted the appearance on the structural chromatin organization was revealed only in the mothers and sibling girls it is suggested that the mentioned genotype peculiarities were hereditary and connected with genes (or certain chromatin areas) limited by sex.", "contents": "[Structure of interphase chromatin in patients with Down's syndrome and their mothers]. A method of fluorescent microscopy with the aid of acridine orange was applied in these studies; some features of the changes in the structure of interphasic chromatin characteristic of their sick children were revealed on the short-term cultures of lymphoyctes obtained from the mothers with children suffering from Down's syndrome. Sibling girls also displayed deviations similar to the changes revealed in their mothers. The data obtained permit to suppose the existence of a definite population of women, peculiarities of whose genotype promoted the appearance on the structural chromatin organization was revealed only in the mothers and sibling girls it is suggested that the mentioned genotype peculiarities were hereditary and connected with genes (or certain chromatin areas) limited by sex."}
{"id": "PMID:139955", "title": "Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis: \"hairy cell leukemia,\" functional and structural features of the abnormal cell in a patient with profound leukocytosis.", "content": "The development of profound leukocytosis in a patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE) enabled us to obtain purified LRE cells for the investigation of their structural and functional characteristics. The LRE cells of our patient bore surface immunoglobulin and had complement receptors but did not bear Fc receptors and did not form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. By electron microscopy, the cells were observed to contain typical ribosome lamella structures and to phagocytize both 0.81 micron latex particles and complement-coated zymosan particles. They were adherent to both glass and nylon wool fibers. The mitogenic response to erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin was normal to magnitude but delayed chronologically. The binding of 125I-labeled plant lectins was used to characterize the surface topography of LRE cells. Results of these studies indicated that the LRE cell surface differed significantly from the surface of normal T and B lymphocytes and chronic lymphatic leukemia cells. The LRE cells were capable of both stimulating and responding in a one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. However, the LRE cells were not active as effector cells of either cell-mediated lympholysis, a T cell function, or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, a null cell function. In contrast, they were effector cells of lectin-induced cellular cytotoxicity showing that they did possess the capacity to function as cytotoxic effector cells. These data indicated that the LRE cells in our patient had surface and functional characteristics of both lymphocytes and monocytes.", "contents": "Leukemic reticuloendotheliosis: \"hairy cell leukemia,\" functional and structural features of the abnormal cell in a patient with profound leukocytosis. The development of profound leukocytosis in a patient with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis (LRE) enabled us to obtain purified LRE cells for the investigation of their structural and functional characteristics. The LRE cells of our patient bore surface immunoglobulin and had complement receptors but did not bear Fc receptors and did not form rosettes with sheep erythrocytes. By electron microscopy, the cells were observed to contain typical ribosome lamella structures and to phagocytize both 0.81 micron latex particles and complement-coated zymosan particles. They were adherent to both glass and nylon wool fibers. The mitogenic response to erythroagglutinating phytohemagglutinin was normal to magnitude but delayed chronologically. The binding of 125I-labeled plant lectins was used to characterize the surface topography of LRE cells. Results of these studies indicated that the LRE cell surface differed significantly from the surface of normal T and B lymphocytes and chronic lymphatic leukemia cells. The LRE cells were capable of both stimulating and responding in a one-way mixed lymphocyte culture. However, the LRE cells were not active as effector cells of either cell-mediated lympholysis, a T cell function, or antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, a null cell function. In contrast, they were effector cells of lectin-induced cellular cytotoxicity showing that they did possess the capacity to function as cytotoxic effector cells. These data indicated that the LRE cells in our patient had surface and functional characteristics of both lymphocytes and monocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:139956", "title": "Intention myoclonus in Huntington's disease.", "content": "A patient is described with severe intention myoclonus which was made worse by treatment with L-Dopa and improved by clonazepam. Family history and examination of several siblings suggested the diagnosis of Huntington's disease. Subsequent to improvement of the myoclonus the patient appeared to have the rigid form of Huntington's disease. This case represents a unique expression for an otherwise well defined genetic abnormality. Stimulus activated myoclonus in a common feature of a number of disorders of the nervous system. Intention, or action myoclonus has been the subject of increasing interest because of its association with the syndrome of post-anoxic encephalopathy (1), although it may occur with other disorders as well. Many abnormal movements have been reported in Huntington's disease, but myoclonus is a relatively uncommon feature of this disorder and to our knowledge intention myoclonus has not been reported as a major symptom. We recently have evaluated a patient with disabling intention myoclonus and examined several members of his family who have typical Huntington's disease. We therefore report this case, a unique presentation of an otherwise well described movement disturbance.", "contents": "Intention myoclonus in Huntington's disease. A patient is described with severe intention myoclonus which was made worse by treatment with L-Dopa and improved by clonazepam. Family history and examination of several siblings suggested the diagnosis of Huntington's disease. Subsequent to improvement of the myoclonus the patient appeared to have the rigid form of Huntington's disease. This case represents a unique expression for an otherwise well defined genetic abnormality. Stimulus activated myoclonus in a common feature of a number of disorders of the nervous system. Intention, or action myoclonus has been the subject of increasing interest because of its association with the syndrome of post-anoxic encephalopathy (1), although it may occur with other disorders as well. Many abnormal movements have been reported in Huntington's disease, but myoclonus is a relatively uncommon feature of this disorder and to our knowledge intention myoclonus has not been reported as a major symptom. We recently have evaluated a patient with disabling intention myoclonus and examined several members of his family who have typical Huntington's disease. We therefore report this case, a unique presentation of an otherwise well described movement disturbance."}
{"id": "PMID:139957", "title": "Effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on a Mg2+-ATPase of synaptic vesicles prepared from rat cerebral cortex.", "content": "1. delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol both exhibited a concentration-related inhibition of Mg2+-ATPase of vesicles prepared from synaptosomes isolated from rat cerebral cortex. Cannabidiol was about 3 times more potent than tetrahydrocannabinol. 2. These results were similar to those obtained previously using drugs with well established anticonvulsant activity. 3. Tetrahydrocannabinol at a sub-inhibitory concentration (1 micronM) increased the activity of the Mg2+-ATPase relative to values obtained with vehicle controls.", "contents": "Effects of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on a Mg2+-ATPase of synaptic vesicles prepared from rat cerebral cortex. 1. delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol both exhibited a concentration-related inhibition of Mg2+-ATPase of vesicles prepared from synaptosomes isolated from rat cerebral cortex. Cannabidiol was about 3 times more potent than tetrahydrocannabinol. 2. These results were similar to those obtained previously using drugs with well established anticonvulsant activity. 3. Tetrahydrocannabinol at a sub-inhibitory concentration (1 micronM) increased the activity of the Mg2+-ATPase relative to values obtained with vehicle controls."}
{"id": "PMID:139958", "title": "The plasma cholinesterase variants in mentally ill patients.", "content": "The distribution of the plasma cholinesterase variants found in 1,374 mentally ill patients differs from that of a random control sample. The patients are more likely to have a rare phenotype than an individual from the normal population. None of the diagnostic groups have been shown to differ in the distribution of the E1a gene, but there is strong statistical evidence that Group IV (psychosis) patients have a higher frequency of the E1f gene than the other groups. The overall frequency of the electrophoretic variant C5 + did not differ significantly from that observed in a Caucasian population, with the exception of the increase observed in Group IV c2. Twenty-eight unrelated patients with Huntington's chorea were found to have a significantly altered incidence of the C5 + variant and six patients from this group were found to have the rare E1f gene. Our results indicate that the plasma cholinesterase variants may provide some insight into the inheritance of Huntington's chorea.", "contents": "The plasma cholinesterase variants in mentally ill patients. The distribution of the plasma cholinesterase variants found in 1,374 mentally ill patients differs from that of a random control sample. The patients are more likely to have a rare phenotype than an individual from the normal population. None of the diagnostic groups have been shown to differ in the distribution of the E1a gene, but there is strong statistical evidence that Group IV (psychosis) patients have a higher frequency of the E1f gene than the other groups. The overall frequency of the electrophoretic variant C5 + did not differ significantly from that observed in a Caucasian population, with the exception of the increase observed in Group IV c2. Twenty-eight unrelated patients with Huntington's chorea were found to have a significantly altered incidence of the C5 + variant and six patients from this group were found to have the rare E1f gene. Our results indicate that the plasma cholinesterase variants may provide some insight into the inheritance of Huntington's chorea."}
{"id": "PMID:139959", "title": "The impact of an abnormal child upon the parents.", "content": "Thirty families with a newborn mongol baby were matched with thirty families with a normal baby. Both groups were followed for eighteen months to two years and interviewed six times. Few differences could be found in the mental or physical health of the two groups of parents, but marital breakdown or severe marital disharmony was found in nine of the mongol families and in none of the controls.", "contents": "The impact of an abnormal child upon the parents. Thirty families with a newborn mongol baby were matched with thirty families with a normal baby. Both groups were followed for eighteen months to two years and interviewed six times. Few differences could be found in the mental or physical health of the two groups of parents, but marital breakdown or severe marital disharmony was found in nine of the mongol families and in none of the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:139960", "title": "Direct puncture and angiographic evaluation of axillary-to-femoral bypass grafts.", "content": "Arteriography of patients with axillary-to-femoral bypass grafts can be performed by direct puncture of the graft and passage of a catheter through the graft. This article reviews some technical considerations as well as some potential complications and how they might be minimized. Three cases are presented.", "contents": "Direct puncture and angiographic evaluation of axillary-to-femoral bypass grafts. Arteriography of patients with axillary-to-femoral bypass grafts can be performed by direct puncture of the graft and passage of a catheter through the graft. This article reviews some technical considerations as well as some potential complications and how they might be minimized. Three cases are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:139961", "title": "The concept and measurement of bladder work.", "content": "The methodology for the calculation of bladder work from pressure volume traces has been described. Bladder work values have been calculated from the urodynamic data of 50 male patients. When bladder work values were related to the micturition time and the volume passed, a highly significant correlation was demonstrated with urethral resistance. Bladder work values may be a useful index in the diagnosis of bladder outflow obstruction.", "contents": "The concept and measurement of bladder work. The methodology for the calculation of bladder work from pressure volume traces has been described. Bladder work values have been calculated from the urodynamic data of 50 male patients. When bladder work values were related to the micturition time and the volume passed, a highly significant correlation was demonstrated with urethral resistance. Bladder work values may be a useful index in the diagnosis of bladder outflow obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:139962", "title": "The use of fine double siliconised dacron in urethral replacement.", "content": "A knitted Dacron mesh was used to form a tube of tissue which was used to bridge at least 5-cm defect in the urethra of 9 dogs. The tube developed a urothelial lining and this showed no change in calibre after 7 months.", "contents": "The use of fine double siliconised dacron in urethral replacement. A knitted Dacron mesh was used to form a tube of tissue which was used to bridge at least 5-cm defect in the urethra of 9 dogs. The tube developed a urothelial lining and this showed no change in calibre after 7 months."}
{"id": "PMID:139968", "title": "Treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea with spectinomycin hydrochloride (Trobicin).", "content": "110 patients with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis were treated with 2 g spectinomycin (Trobicin) intramuscularly. Seventy-five patients were available for follow-up and there was only one treatment failure, giving a cure rate of 98-6%. Of the 99 gonococcal isolates, 59 were sensitive to 5 microng/ml of spectinomycin or less and 40 were sensitive to 10 microng/ml. In a small sample of patients 2 g spectinomycin intramuscularly produced a serum concentration averaging 100 microng/ml after one hour.", "contents": "Treatment of uncomplicated gonorrhoea with spectinomycin hydrochloride (Trobicin). 110 patients with uncomplicated gonococcal urethritis were treated with 2 g spectinomycin (Trobicin) intramuscularly. Seventy-five patients were available for follow-up and there was only one treatment failure, giving a cure rate of 98-6%. Of the 99 gonococcal isolates, 59 were sensitive to 5 microng/ml of spectinomycin or less and 40 were sensitive to 10 microng/ml. In a small sample of patients 2 g spectinomycin intramuscularly produced a serum concentration averaging 100 microng/ml after one hour."}
{"id": "PMID:139969", "title": "Penicillinase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Rotterdam.", "content": "This appears to be the first report of the isolation of a penicillinase-producing strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Netherlands. The presence of a penicillinase-producing gonococcal strain (PPGS) was demonstrated in two of a group of three patients with gonorrhoea. In addition, a penicillin- and ampicillin-sensitive gonococcus strain was isolated from all three patients. The PPGS was most probably imported into Holland from the Philippines. The epidemiological and clinical findings and the results of treatment of infection with this PPGS are discussed.", "contents": "Penicillinase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated in Rotterdam. This appears to be the first report of the isolation of a penicillinase-producing strain of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the Netherlands. The presence of a penicillinase-producing gonococcal strain (PPGS) was demonstrated in two of a group of three patients with gonorrhoea. In addition, a penicillin- and ampicillin-sensitive gonococcus strain was isolated from all three patients. The PPGS was most probably imported into Holland from the Philippines. The epidemiological and clinical findings and the results of treatment of infection with this PPGS are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139970", "title": "[The mitochondria of higher mushrooms: the cytochromes beta of the mitochondria of Agaricus campestris (F.) var. bisporus].", "content": "Kinetic studies of cytochrome reduction show that only two beta-type cytochromes reducible in the presence of succinate are present in A. campestris mitochondria. At 25 degrees C, the difference spectrum reduced in the presence of antimycin minus oxidized shows the two beta-type cytochrome have a common, asymetric alpha-band at 560 nm which splits into two peaks at 559 and 562 nm at liquid nitrogen temperature (-196 degrees C).", "contents": "[The mitochondria of higher mushrooms: the cytochromes beta of the mitochondria of Agaricus campestris (F.) var. bisporus]. Kinetic studies of cytochrome reduction show that only two beta-type cytochromes reducible in the presence of succinate are present in A. campestris mitochondria. At 25 degrees C, the difference spectrum reduced in the presence of antimycin minus oxidized shows the two beta-type cytochrome have a common, asymetric alpha-band at 560 nm which splits into two peaks at 559 and 562 nm at liquid nitrogen temperature (-196 degrees C)."}
{"id": "PMID:139971", "title": "[Excretion of water, sodium, and potassium during the compensatory renal hypertrophy in hypothyroid rats].", "content": "Renal compensatory hypertrophy is studied in age matched euthyroid and radiothyroidectomized female rats. 7 days after uninephrectomy, the hypertrophy of the remaining kidney is equally small in both groups. But 60 days after this operation, the hypothyroid animals show only a 12% increase in the wet weight of the remaining kidney whereas the euthyroid controls increase this weight by 21%. The excretion of water, Na and K are determined in the urine excreted in 5 h after a small water load. The results are related to 1 gram of kidney wet weight. These outputs increase in all animals after uninephrectomy. They are significantly higher in the hypothyroid rats than in the euthyroid controls as well before than 60 days after uninephrectomy. The reduction in tubular Na reabsorption found in the hypothyroid rat may account for the impairment of compensatory renal hypertrophy in hypothyroidism.", "contents": "[Excretion of water, sodium, and potassium during the compensatory renal hypertrophy in hypothyroid rats]. Renal compensatory hypertrophy is studied in age matched euthyroid and radiothyroidectomized female rats. 7 days after uninephrectomy, the hypertrophy of the remaining kidney is equally small in both groups. But 60 days after this operation, the hypothyroid animals show only a 12% increase in the wet weight of the remaining kidney whereas the euthyroid controls increase this weight by 21%. The excretion of water, Na and K are determined in the urine excreted in 5 h after a small water load. The results are related to 1 gram of kidney wet weight. These outputs increase in all animals after uninephrectomy. They are significantly higher in the hypothyroid rats than in the euthyroid controls as well before than 60 days after uninephrectomy. The reduction in tubular Na reabsorption found in the hypothyroid rat may account for the impairment of compensatory renal hypertrophy in hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:139972", "title": "[The effects of dl-sotalol on the urinary osmolarity of anesthetized dogs].", "content": "The effect of dl-sotalol (intrarenal perfusion of 19 mg/kg during 30 min) on urinary concentration was studied under pentobarbital anaesthesia in dehydrated dogs. Sotalol infusion decreased urinary osmolality and increased natriuresis and urine flow. This diuretic action was accompanied by the reduction of the renin hypersecretion elicited by water deprivation.", "contents": "[The effects of dl-sotalol on the urinary osmolarity of anesthetized dogs]. The effect of dl-sotalol (intrarenal perfusion of 19 mg/kg during 30 min) on urinary concentration was studied under pentobarbital anaesthesia in dehydrated dogs. Sotalol infusion decreased urinary osmolality and increased natriuresis and urine flow. This diuretic action was accompanied by the reduction of the renin hypersecretion elicited by water deprivation."}
{"id": "PMID:139973", "title": "[Transmissible resistance factor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: arguments in favor of it being a plasmid].", "content": "The transmissible Carbenicillin resistance factor R (56 BE) was isolated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was not cured by usual agents and not isolated by ultra-centrifugation. So the plasmidic nature may be doubtful. We demonstrate in this paper that it is possible: 1) to transduce this factor into bacteria which is then able to conjugate and to transfer resistance to another bacteria, 2) to transfer carbenicillin resistance to arginine deficient strains without bringing chromosomic genes, 3) to obtain the carbenicillin resistance maintenance in Rec deficient strains. All these results are in favour of a plasmid.", "contents": "[Transmissible resistance factor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: arguments in favor of it being a plasmid]. The transmissible Carbenicillin resistance factor R (56 BE) was isolated in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was not cured by usual agents and not isolated by ultra-centrifugation. So the plasmidic nature may be doubtful. We demonstrate in this paper that it is possible: 1) to transduce this factor into bacteria which is then able to conjugate and to transfer resistance to another bacteria, 2) to transfer carbenicillin resistance to arginine deficient strains without bringing chromosomic genes, 3) to obtain the carbenicillin resistance maintenance in Rec deficient strains. All these results are in favour of a plasmid."}
{"id": "PMID:139974", "title": "[The localization of calcium in the rat thyroid].", "content": "The (glyoxal bis 2 hydroxyanil-calcium) complex is used to localize calcium in the rat thyroid. With low temperature and freezed slices, the colloid calcium content seems more important than that of epithelium.", "contents": "[The localization of calcium in the rat thyroid]. The (glyoxal bis 2 hydroxyanil-calcium) complex is used to localize calcium in the rat thyroid. With low temperature and freezed slices, the colloid calcium content seems more important than that of epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:139975", "title": "[A comparative study in cultured rat liver cells of the metabolism of different analogues and metabolites of a natural hepatocarcinogen: safrol].", "content": "Metabolism by sexed rat liver cell lines of safrole, a natural hepatocancerogen and of metabolites and analogs were studied and compared by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The epoxide-diol route was evidenced for safrole, isosafrole and eugenol as well as the induction of drug metabolizing enzymes by tested compounds.", "contents": "[A comparative study in cultured rat liver cells of the metabolism of different analogues and metabolites of a natural hepatocarcinogen: safrol]. Metabolism by sexed rat liver cell lines of safrole, a natural hepatocancerogen and of metabolites and analogs were studied and compared by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The epoxide-diol route was evidenced for safrole, isosafrole and eugenol as well as the induction of drug metabolizing enzymes by tested compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:139976", "title": "[Correlation between the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and the level of plasma catecholamines during muscular exercise].", "content": "The plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was measured in 10 healthy untrained volunteers during a graded physical exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The authors have shown a good correlation between the DbetaH activity and the noradrenaline content in plasma. It can therefore be concluded that the DbetaH activity could be a true measure of the sympathetic activity.", "contents": "[Correlation between the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity and the level of plasma catecholamines during muscular exercise]. The plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity was measured in 10 healthy untrained volunteers during a graded physical exercise on a bicycle ergometer. The authors have shown a good correlation between the DbetaH activity and the noradrenaline content in plasma. It can therefore be concluded that the DbetaH activity could be a true measure of the sympathetic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:139977", "title": "[Identification of the lipids liberated by the isolated intestine from Periplaneta americana after ingestion of doubly labeled tripalmitine].", "content": "It has been shown by incubation of isolated midgut from Periplaneta americana fed double labelled triglycerides (3H glycerol, 14C oleic acid) that mostly triglycerides but also diglycerides and free fatty acids are released by the midgut. Fed triglycerides have been hydrolysed, then resynthetised before being released.", "contents": "[Identification of the lipids liberated by the isolated intestine from Periplaneta americana after ingestion of doubly labeled tripalmitine]. It has been shown by incubation of isolated midgut from Periplaneta americana fed double labelled triglycerides (3H glycerol, 14C oleic acid) that mostly triglycerides but also diglycerides and free fatty acids are released by the midgut. Fed triglycerides have been hydrolysed, then resynthetised before being released."}
{"id": "PMID:139978", "title": "[Comparative short-term incorporation of n-9 trans docosenoic (brassidic) and n-9 cis-docosenoic (erucic) acids into rat adipose tissue].", "content": "Trans-isomers of erucic acid (especially brassidic acid) do not incorporate in rat adipose tissue as well as erucic acid. Brassidic acid is partially converted into shorter trans-monoenes (mainly C18:1) since these acids have been identified in adipose tissue of rats fed brassidic acid as the only source of trans-fatty acid in the diet.", "contents": "[Comparative short-term incorporation of n-9 trans docosenoic (brassidic) and n-9 cis-docosenoic (erucic) acids into rat adipose tissue]. Trans-isomers of erucic acid (especially brassidic acid) do not incorporate in rat adipose tissue as well as erucic acid. Brassidic acid is partially converted into shorter trans-monoenes (mainly C18:1) since these acids have been identified in adipose tissue of rats fed brassidic acid as the only source of trans-fatty acid in the diet."}
{"id": "PMID:139979", "title": "[The effect of cocaine treatment on the level of dopamine and serotonin regeneration and on the level of acetylcholine in rat brain].", "content": "Cocaine treatment (10 or 50 mg/kg, i.m.): 1) did not change significantly the amount of 3H dopamine synthesized from 3H tyrosine in the striatum but reduced the specific activity of 3H tyrosine; 2) delayed the release of cerebral dopamine after inhibition of its biosynthesis by alpha-methylparatyrosine; 3) reduced the amount of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid accumulated after Probenecid, which reflects an inhibitory effect on serotonin release; 4) did not change significantly the acetylcholine level of the brain.", "contents": "[The effect of cocaine treatment on the level of dopamine and serotonin regeneration and on the level of acetylcholine in rat brain]. Cocaine treatment (10 or 50 mg/kg, i.m.): 1) did not change significantly the amount of 3H dopamine synthesized from 3H tyrosine in the striatum but reduced the specific activity of 3H tyrosine; 2) delayed the release of cerebral dopamine after inhibition of its biosynthesis by alpha-methylparatyrosine; 3) reduced the amount of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid accumulated after Probenecid, which reflects an inhibitory effect on serotonin release; 4) did not change significantly the acetylcholine level of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:139980", "title": "[Relationship between the control of the duration of inspiration and the resting ventilation pattern in conscious man].", "content": "The relationship between tidal volume (V1) and inspiratory duration (T1) was studied in 5 subjects by a rebreathing procedure in pure O2. The range of this relationship marked by a decrease of T1 with increasing V1, related by Clark and Von Euler to the inhibitory vagal feed-back loop Breuer Hering or B.H. reflex, was only found in 3 subjects possessing the B.H. reflex. In the others, whose pattern of breathing was very slow, nor this range nor the B.H. reflex were found. These findings confirm previous owner data (2). Indeed in our subjects having a slow pattern of breathing, the control of T1 seems to be unrelated to vagal afferences coming from lung stretch receptors.", "contents": "[Relationship between the control of the duration of inspiration and the resting ventilation pattern in conscious man]. The relationship between tidal volume (V1) and inspiratory duration (T1) was studied in 5 subjects by a rebreathing procedure in pure O2. The range of this relationship marked by a decrease of T1 with increasing V1, related by Clark and Von Euler to the inhibitory vagal feed-back loop Breuer Hering or B.H. reflex, was only found in 3 subjects possessing the B.H. reflex. In the others, whose pattern of breathing was very slow, nor this range nor the B.H. reflex were found. These findings confirm previous owner data (2). Indeed in our subjects having a slow pattern of breathing, the control of T1 seems to be unrelated to vagal afferences coming from lung stretch receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:139981", "title": "[Cardiorespiratory effects of exogenous hypercapnia in eels].", "content": "The study of electrocardiogram and opercular movement records, from eels exposed for prolonged periods to hypercarbic water (saturation by the gaseous mixture 2% CO2, 98% air) shows that 1) heart rate is not significantly changed; 2) the duration of spontaneous apnea phases and the magnitude of opercular movements during ventilatory phases are increased under hypercapnic conditions. Because the integrated records of opercular movements only give an arbitrary estimate of changes in ventilation rate, direct measurements of the ventilation volume were performed in order to state the way of the dominant action of CO2. This method allows us to conclude that exogenous hypercapnia significantly decreases the ventilatory rate in eels.", "contents": "[Cardiorespiratory effects of exogenous hypercapnia in eels]. The study of electrocardiogram and opercular movement records, from eels exposed for prolonged periods to hypercarbic water (saturation by the gaseous mixture 2% CO2, 98% air) shows that 1) heart rate is not significantly changed; 2) the duration of spontaneous apnea phases and the magnitude of opercular movements during ventilatory phases are increased under hypercapnic conditions. Because the integrated records of opercular movements only give an arbitrary estimate of changes in ventilation rate, direct measurements of the ventilation volume were performed in order to state the way of the dominant action of CO2. This method allows us to conclude that exogenous hypercapnia significantly decreases the ventilatory rate in eels."}
{"id": "PMID:139982", "title": "Details of the fungistatic effect of Phialophora cinerescens.", "content": "We have previously isolated two chlorinated antibiotics from Phialophora asteris and P. asteris f. sp. helianthi, vascular pathogens on plants. P. cinerescens, pathogen on carnation, also presents a fungitoxic activity but the nature of the antibiotic compound is still unknown. We point out that this activity can be lost by sectorial variations on the growing margin and that the antibiotic product shows a striking photolability.", "contents": "Details of the fungistatic effect of Phialophora cinerescens. We have previously isolated two chlorinated antibiotics from Phialophora asteris and P. asteris f. sp. helianthi, vascular pathogens on plants. P. cinerescens, pathogen on carnation, also presents a fungitoxic activity but the nature of the antibiotic compound is still unknown. We point out that this activity can be lost by sectorial variations on the growing margin and that the antibiotic product shows a striking photolability."}
{"id": "PMID:139983", "title": "[Modification of the caloric intake as a function of energy expenditure in patients with diarrhea].", "content": "We have compared, using non protein RQ method, energy expenditures of diarrheic patients with intraperitoneal or intraluminal suppuration and feed enterally (group II) or intravenously (group III). Five non suppurative diarrheic patients feed enterally were studied as control (group I). Carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes were not significantly different in the 3 groups of patients. Patients of group II metabolized significantly less of carbohydrate (p less than 0.01) and more of fat (P less than 0.01) than groups I and III patients. Carbohydrate and fat expenditures of patients of groups I and III were not significantly different. 1) There is a possible trouble of carbohydrate absorption in suppurative diarrheic patients. 2) Therefore caloric intake must be preferably parenteral in these patients.", "contents": "[Modification of the caloric intake as a function of energy expenditure in patients with diarrhea]. We have compared, using non protein RQ method, energy expenditures of diarrheic patients with intraperitoneal or intraluminal suppuration and feed enterally (group II) or intravenously (group III). Five non suppurative diarrheic patients feed enterally were studied as control (group I). Carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes were not significantly different in the 3 groups of patients. Patients of group II metabolized significantly less of carbohydrate (p less than 0.01) and more of fat (P less than 0.01) than groups I and III patients. Carbohydrate and fat expenditures of patients of groups I and III were not significantly different. 1) There is a possible trouble of carbohydrate absorption in suppurative diarrheic patients. 2) Therefore caloric intake must be preferably parenteral in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:139984", "title": "[The degradation of radioiodinated alpha MSH in vitro: effect of some inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes].", "content": "The velocity of labelled alpha MSH degradation by rat tissues has been studied at different temperatures. The appearance of damaged compounds from 125I alpha MSH is much lower at 4 degrees C than at 22 or 37 degrees C. The addition of proteolysis inhibitors (benzamidine or zymofren) reduces the damage velocity. Under standard conditions of temperature and buffer, the damage velocity is lower when the tissue homogenates are processed by heat (56 degrees C; 40 min.). The existence of an enzymatic system capable of degradating radioiodine alpha MSH in the rat brain is discussed.", "contents": "[The degradation of radioiodinated alpha MSH in vitro: effect of some inhibitors of proteolytic enzymes]. The velocity of labelled alpha MSH degradation by rat tissues has been studied at different temperatures. The appearance of damaged compounds from 125I alpha MSH is much lower at 4 degrees C than at 22 or 37 degrees C. The addition of proteolysis inhibitors (benzamidine or zymofren) reduces the damage velocity. Under standard conditions of temperature and buffer, the damage velocity is lower when the tissue homogenates are processed by heat (56 degrees C; 40 min.). The existence of an enzymatic system capable of degradating radioiodine alpha MSH in the rat brain is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:139985", "title": "[The treatment, by imipramine, of the hemodynamic, functional and biochemical consequences of an experimental cranio-cervical trauma in rats].", "content": "The experimental reproduction of a cranio-cervical traumatism in the rat and consecutive troubles prove the organicity of the post-concussional syndrom. This syndrom seems to be due to an acceleration of the catabolism of cerebral norepinephrin, and the treatment by imipramine seems to inhibit the decrease of its rate.", "contents": "[The treatment, by imipramine, of the hemodynamic, functional and biochemical consequences of an experimental cranio-cervical trauma in rats]. The experimental reproduction of a cranio-cervical traumatism in the rat and consecutive troubles prove the organicity of the post-concussional syndrom. This syndrom seems to be due to an acceleration of the catabolism of cerebral norepinephrin, and the treatment by imipramine seems to inhibit the decrease of its rate."}
{"id": "PMID:139986", "title": "[Effects of histamine and its derivatives on the excitability of a giant identifiable neuron of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac. A histaminergic receptor different from H1 and H2].", "content": "A giant neurone of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac (the TAN, tonically autoactive neurone) is excited by histamine. Pharmacological characteristics of its histaminergic reception are quite different from those of H1 and H2 receptors. The effect of histamine on the TAN is antagonized by neither mepyramine nor burimamide.", "contents": "[Effects of histamine and its derivatives on the excitability of a giant identifiable neuron of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac. A histaminergic receptor different from H1 and H2]. A giant neurone of Achatina fulica F\u00e9russac (the TAN, tonically autoactive neurone) is excited by histamine. Pharmacological characteristics of its histaminergic reception are quite different from those of H1 and H2 receptors. The effect of histamine on the TAN is antagonized by neither mepyramine nor burimamide."}
{"id": "PMID:139987", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of the adsorption of lymphocytes on cells infected by vacinnia virus].", "content": "Adsorption of chicken lymphocytes to HEp-2 cells infected with vaccinia virus was found to occur by two processes. In one, the lymphocytes were attached to the microvilli of the HEp-2 cells, and the lymphocyte and host cell were separated at a distance of up to 0.6 micron. In the other, there was direct and close binding of the lymphocytes to the infected HEp-2 cell. The lymphocyte and HEp-2 cell were separated by an apparent gap approximately 10 to 20 nm in width.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of the adsorption of lymphocytes on cells infected by vacinnia virus]. Adsorption of chicken lymphocytes to HEp-2 cells infected with vaccinia virus was found to occur by two processes. In one, the lymphocytes were attached to the microvilli of the HEp-2 cells, and the lymphocyte and host cell were separated at a distance of up to 0.6 micron. In the other, there was direct and close binding of the lymphocytes to the infected HEp-2 cell. The lymphocyte and HEp-2 cell were separated by an apparent gap approximately 10 to 20 nm in width."}
{"id": "PMID:139990", "title": "[Systemic competition in the case of hemimelia in mice].", "content": "In the mice hemimely, data suggest some systemic competitive phenomena, described in terms of surplus \"digit material\" with some contraints on its distribution between limbs.", "contents": "[Systemic competition in the case of hemimelia in mice]. In the mice hemimely, data suggest some systemic competitive phenomena, described in terms of surplus \"digit material\" with some contraints on its distribution between limbs."}
{"id": "PMID:139991", "title": "[The tail of the tadpole of Alytes obstetricans in organ culture with or without the addition of thyroxine. Ultrastructural controls].", "content": "The tail of the Alytes obstetricans tadpole, isolated at different stages (end of proclimax and climax), was studied in organ culture. The addition of thyroxine at a concentration of 5.10(-7) induces an involution slower than in vivo. Besides, this regression is comparatively slower in similar conditions, than in Xenopus laevis. This delay could be explained by the important volume and the very developed musculature of this anuran tail. Ultrastructural controls reveal the form of the muscles, the neural tube and the phagocytic cells in the tail metamorphising in vitro.", "contents": "[The tail of the tadpole of Alytes obstetricans in organ culture with or without the addition of thyroxine. Ultrastructural controls]. The tail of the Alytes obstetricans tadpole, isolated at different stages (end of proclimax and climax), was studied in organ culture. The addition of thyroxine at a concentration of 5.10(-7) induces an involution slower than in vivo. Besides, this regression is comparatively slower in similar conditions, than in Xenopus laevis. This delay could be explained by the important volume and the very developed musculature of this anuran tail. Ultrastructural controls reveal the form of the muscles, the neural tube and the phagocytic cells in the tail metamorphising in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:139992", "title": "[The effects of malnutrition on the prenatal development of rat brain].", "content": "Female rats were submitted to caloric and protein restriction 8 days before fecondation and during pregnancy. A reduction of the number of brain cells in the fetuses was evident only after the 20th day of pregnancy. This reduction appeared to be limited to glial cells, and not to affect neurons contrarily to what had previously been stated by some authors.", "contents": "[The effects of malnutrition on the prenatal development of rat brain]. Female rats were submitted to caloric and protein restriction 8 days before fecondation and during pregnancy. A reduction of the number of brain cells in the fetuses was evident only after the 20th day of pregnancy. This reduction appeared to be limited to glial cells, and not to affect neurons contrarily to what had previously been stated by some authors."}
{"id": "PMID:139993", "title": "[Relationship between the incremental and behavioral responses evoked by stimulation of the ventral anterior nucleus of the rat thalamus].", "content": "Low frequency stimulation of nucleus Ventralis Anterior thalami in unanesthetized rats elicits incremental responses and produces, in some conditions, characteristic behavioral reaction. Stimulation thresholds giving rise to behavioral reaction are higher than those allowing to find electrocortical responses. The analysis of their evolution discloses changes which are bound to both of the following parameters: the stimulation frequency and the arousal. The lowest behavioral thresholds are got at 8-10 c/s during relaxed wakefulness whereas the lowest electrocortical thresholds are found at 5-8 c/s during slow-wave sleep.", "contents": "[Relationship between the incremental and behavioral responses evoked by stimulation of the ventral anterior nucleus of the rat thalamus]. Low frequency stimulation of nucleus Ventralis Anterior thalami in unanesthetized rats elicits incremental responses and produces, in some conditions, characteristic behavioral reaction. Stimulation thresholds giving rise to behavioral reaction are higher than those allowing to find electrocortical responses. The analysis of their evolution discloses changes which are bound to both of the following parameters: the stimulation frequency and the arousal. The lowest behavioral thresholds are got at 8-10 c/s during relaxed wakefulness whereas the lowest electrocortical thresholds are found at 5-8 c/s during slow-wave sleep."}
{"id": "PMID:139994", "title": "[Assimilation of insoluble beta mannan by a strain of Streptomyces from the soil].", "content": "A strain of Streptomyces hydrolysing the insoluble beta (1 leads to 4) mannan has been isolated from a soil of palm plantation. The first step in the degradation of the polysaccharide is a random hydrolysis by a beta mannanase, leading to mannotetra-, mannotri- and mannobiose. Liberation of free mannose is never observed. The hydrolysing pattern of oligomannosides and of their reduced homologues has been studied and a transfert reaction is postulated. This mannanase behaves as a true endopolysaccharidase.", "contents": "[Assimilation of insoluble beta mannan by a strain of Streptomyces from the soil]. A strain of Streptomyces hydrolysing the insoluble beta (1 leads to 4) mannan has been isolated from a soil of palm plantation. The first step in the degradation of the polysaccharide is a random hydrolysis by a beta mannanase, leading to mannotetra-, mannotri- and mannobiose. Liberation of free mannose is never observed. The hydrolysing pattern of oligomannosides and of their reduced homologues has been studied and a transfert reaction is postulated. This mannanase behaves as a true endopolysaccharidase."}
{"id": "PMID:139995", "title": "[The effect of a substance extracted from the urine of prepubertal children on circulating rat gonadotropins].", "content": "In the male rat, castration causes an increase of the LH level measured by radioimmunoassay. The application of a compound extracted from a impuber child urine and having anti-gonadotropic effects revealed biologically cannot stop this increase that is even put up by the treatment.", "contents": "[The effect of a substance extracted from the urine of prepubertal children on circulating rat gonadotropins]. In the male rat, castration causes an increase of the LH level measured by radioimmunoassay. The application of a compound extracted from a impuber child urine and having anti-gonadotropic effects revealed biologically cannot stop this increase that is even put up by the treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:139996", "title": "[The effect of urine from castrated male or female guinea pigs and rats on the estrous cycle of guinea pigs and rats, respectively].", "content": "A 24-hour reduced cycle duration was observed in 5-day cyclic female rats exposed to the odor of urine from male or female castrated rats. A decrease in the duration of the period of vaginal closure, ranging from 2 to 5 days, was observed in female guinea pigs exposed to the odor of urine from male or female castrated guinea pigs. The pheromonal activity of urine in both species was concluded to be no dependent upon the gonadal function.", "contents": "[The effect of urine from castrated male or female guinea pigs and rats on the estrous cycle of guinea pigs and rats, respectively]. A 24-hour reduced cycle duration was observed in 5-day cyclic female rats exposed to the odor of urine from male or female castrated rats. A decrease in the duration of the period of vaginal closure, ranging from 2 to 5 days, was observed in female guinea pigs exposed to the odor of urine from male or female castrated guinea pigs. The pheromonal activity of urine in both species was concluded to be no dependent upon the gonadal function."}
{"id": "PMID:139997", "title": "[Ultrastructure of 3 beta HSDH (delta 5-3 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase)-containing cells in ducks. III. Hybrid ducks (Anas platyrhynchos male X Cairina moschata female) during egg laying].", "content": "All the cells of the ovary of the hybrid duck (Peking duck X Barbary duck) which contain an active 3 beta HSDH enzyme show ultrastructural characteristics of steroid cells: a smooth, developed reticulum, tubularcrested mitochondria, a considerable \"charge\" in lipid inclusion. These cells are found not only in the internal theca of follicles as with the female gender, but also in the cortical zones void of germinal elements, a tendancy particular to the female.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of 3 beta HSDH (delta 5-3 beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase)-containing cells in ducks. III. Hybrid ducks (Anas platyrhynchos male X Cairina moschata female) during egg laying]. All the cells of the ovary of the hybrid duck (Peking duck X Barbary duck) which contain an active 3 beta HSDH enzyme show ultrastructural characteristics of steroid cells: a smooth, developed reticulum, tubularcrested mitochondria, a considerable \"charge\" in lipid inclusion. These cells are found not only in the internal theca of follicles as with the female gender, but also in the cortical zones void of germinal elements, a tendancy particular to the female."}
{"id": "PMID:139998", "title": "[Acid phosphatase activity in the hemolymph of the fly Calliphora erythrocephala during metamorphosis].", "content": "Acid phosphatase is present in the haemolymph of the fly Calliphora erythrocephala. The activity of this enzyme has been studied during development; it shows a marked increase during hours following pupation. This increase of activity may be related to the histolytic processes which are acting during metamorphosis.", "contents": "[Acid phosphatase activity in the hemolymph of the fly Calliphora erythrocephala during metamorphosis]. Acid phosphatase is present in the haemolymph of the fly Calliphora erythrocephala. The activity of this enzyme has been studied during development; it shows a marked increase during hours following pupation. This increase of activity may be related to the histolytic processes which are acting during metamorphosis."}
{"id": "PMID:139999", "title": "[The mode of action of antifungal agents. Effect of horse erythrocyte membranes on amphotericin B].", "content": "The Tris-HCl solution of the heptaen antibiotic, amphotericin B, gives a very important circular dichroism exhibiting a disymetric couplet. The absorption is affected by a blue shift of the maxima. The addition of erythrocyte membranes reduces the couplet and increases the small negative peaks to positive values at 422 and 399 nm. As a time function the evolution of spectra is hyperbol like. Such transformations are more important than those obtained with molecular cholesterol. These striking modifications of the C. D. spectra are correlated with conformational changes of the aggregative form of the antibiotic.", "contents": "[The mode of action of antifungal agents. Effect of horse erythrocyte membranes on amphotericin B]. The Tris-HCl solution of the heptaen antibiotic, amphotericin B, gives a very important circular dichroism exhibiting a disymetric couplet. The absorption is affected by a blue shift of the maxima. The addition of erythrocyte membranes reduces the couplet and increases the small negative peaks to positive values at 422 and 399 nm. As a time function the evolution of spectra is hyperbol like. Such transformations are more important than those obtained with molecular cholesterol. These striking modifications of the C. D. spectra are correlated with conformational changes of the aggregative form of the antibiotic."}
{"id": "PMID:140000", "title": "[Assay of gluconic acid by the gluconodehydrogenase of Pseudomonas fluorescens].", "content": "A method is outlined for the preparation of a soluble form of glucono-dehydrogenase from P. fluorescens. The use of this enzyme enables a simple, specific and accurate determination of gluconic acid in complex biological media.", "contents": "[Assay of gluconic acid by the gluconodehydrogenase of Pseudomonas fluorescens]. A method is outlined for the preparation of a soluble form of glucono-dehydrogenase from P. fluorescens. The use of this enzyme enables a simple, specific and accurate determination of gluconic acid in complex biological media."}
{"id": "PMID:140001", "title": "Complete transection of the body of the stomach resulting from blunt trauma.", "content": "Gastric perforation due to blunt trauma is rare, especially in children. The authors present a case of complete transection of the stomach in a 10-year-old boy who was thrown across the steel back of a seat in a school bus. Associated injuries included hematoma, a torn spleen, a seromuscular tear of the duodenojejunal flexure and complete transection of the pancreas and rectus abdominis muscle. The boy's postoperative course was complicated by the development of peritonitis with abscess formation and a pancreatic fistula. To the author's knowledge this is The first case of complete transection of the stomach, due to blunt trauma reported in the English literature.", "contents": "Complete transection of the body of the stomach resulting from blunt trauma. Gastric perforation due to blunt trauma is rare, especially in children. The authors present a case of complete transection of the stomach in a 10-year-old boy who was thrown across the steel back of a seat in a school bus. Associated injuries included hematoma, a torn spleen, a seromuscular tear of the duodenojejunal flexure and complete transection of the pancreas and rectus abdominis muscle. The boy's postoperative course was complicated by the development of peritonitis with abscess formation and a pancreatic fistula. To the author's knowledge this is The first case of complete transection of the stomach, due to blunt trauma reported in the English literature."}
{"id": "PMID:140002", "title": "Diet and endocrine-related cancer.", "content": "In women, dietary modification and life style affect the risk of breast cancer and may alter the hormonal status, while in experimental animals diet can alter the incidence of induced mammary tumors. In this study, a high fat diet increased the incidence of DMBA-induced tumors in rats while this increase in incidence was lowered and the effect of a high fat diet obliterated by an anti-prolactin during CB154. Premenopausal Japanese women had a higher estradiol level than their Caucasian counterpart. In Japanese but not Caucasian breast cancer patients, the estradiol decreased. When nurses were transferred from the Western to a vegetarian diet, the menstrual cycle was shortened, while their prolactin and testosterone decreased. Data indicate that dietary factors influence tumor incidence and hormone profile in rat mammary cancer and the hormonal status in women.", "contents": "Diet and endocrine-related cancer. In women, dietary modification and life style affect the risk of breast cancer and may alter the hormonal status, while in experimental animals diet can alter the incidence of induced mammary tumors. In this study, a high fat diet increased the incidence of DMBA-induced tumors in rats while this increase in incidence was lowered and the effect of a high fat diet obliterated by an anti-prolactin during CB154. Premenopausal Japanese women had a higher estradiol level than their Caucasian counterpart. In Japanese but not Caucasian breast cancer patients, the estradiol decreased. When nurses were transferred from the Western to a vegetarian diet, the menstrual cycle was shortened, while their prolactin and testosterone decreased. Data indicate that dietary factors influence tumor incidence and hormone profile in rat mammary cancer and the hormonal status in women."}
{"id": "PMID:140004", "title": "Isolation and partial characterization of plasma membranes bearing human fetal-associated antigens.", "content": "A rabbit antiserum to first-trimester human fetal tissue had greater reactivity in complement fixation and saturation binding assays with fetal tissues than with both a pool of normal adult lung, liver, and kidney and pools of the individual organs. This anti-fetal membrane reactivity was only partially inhibited by carcinoembryonic antigen. The serum still reacted strongly with human fetal and tumor cells after rendering it specific for plasma membrane components by adsorption to and elution from intact human fetal tissue culture cells. This plasma membrane-specific serum was then used to monitor the purification of the fetal membrane-associated antigens. The fetal antigens copurified with the putative plasma membrane enzymatic markers 5'-nucleotidase and Mg2+-adenosinetriphosphatase through differential and density gradient centrifugation. Insulin-binding activity only partially copurified with the antigenic activity. Little antigenic activity was found in nuclear and mitochondrial fractions. The isolation protocol gives fetal plasma membrane-associated antigens in approximately 50% yield with moderate purification. The sera and isolation procedures described should have general utility for the detection of human oncofetal antigens.", "contents": "Isolation and partial characterization of plasma membranes bearing human fetal-associated antigens. A rabbit antiserum to first-trimester human fetal tissue had greater reactivity in complement fixation and saturation binding assays with fetal tissues than with both a pool of normal adult lung, liver, and kidney and pools of the individual organs. This anti-fetal membrane reactivity was only partially inhibited by carcinoembryonic antigen. The serum still reacted strongly with human fetal and tumor cells after rendering it specific for plasma membrane components by adsorption to and elution from intact human fetal tissue culture cells. This plasma membrane-specific serum was then used to monitor the purification of the fetal membrane-associated antigens. The fetal antigens copurified with the putative plasma membrane enzymatic markers 5'-nucleotidase and Mg2+-adenosinetriphosphatase through differential and density gradient centrifugation. Insulin-binding activity only partially copurified with the antigenic activity. Little antigenic activity was found in nuclear and mitochondrial fractions. The isolation protocol gives fetal plasma membrane-associated antigens in approximately 50% yield with moderate purification. The sera and isolation procedures described should have general utility for the detection of human oncofetal antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:140005", "title": "Role of cardiac contractility in hypertrophy from chronic volume loading.", "content": "In an experimental model of chronic cardiac volume overloading, ie chronic A-V block, evaluations of cardiac function were performed during the phase of the development of hypertrophy (one and two weeks of A-V block) and at stable hypertrophy (ten weeks of A-V block). During a time period of ten weeks of volume overload left ventricular muscle mass increased to 1.41 of normal hearts. Cardiac performance measured from cardiac index, stroke volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction was not depressed at any evaluated state of hypertrophy. Normal cardiac performance was also demonstrated when the heart was stressed by high ventricular pacing rates. The contractile state of the intact heart was expressed as the velocity of the isometric left ventricular pressure rise (dP/dt) at comparable loading conditions. Increased dP/dtmax at a stage before stable hypertrophy was reached, even when preload is normalised by ventricular pacing (70/min) implies that the volume overloaded heart during the development of hypertrophy mobilises part of its contractile reserve. It is assumed that increased contractility is a functional cause of an increase in oxygen demand; and that an adequate energy availability is covered by the enlargement of the mitochondrial mass. At stable hypertrophy when the contractile material has also increased, a new steady state is reached and an again normal contractility indicates an also stable dynamic situation.", "contents": "Role of cardiac contractility in hypertrophy from chronic volume loading. In an experimental model of chronic cardiac volume overloading, ie chronic A-V block, evaluations of cardiac function were performed during the phase of the development of hypertrophy (one and two weeks of A-V block) and at stable hypertrophy (ten weeks of A-V block). During a time period of ten weeks of volume overload left ventricular muscle mass increased to 1.41 of normal hearts. Cardiac performance measured from cardiac index, stroke volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction was not depressed at any evaluated state of hypertrophy. Normal cardiac performance was also demonstrated when the heart was stressed by high ventricular pacing rates. The contractile state of the intact heart was expressed as the velocity of the isometric left ventricular pressure rise (dP/dt) at comparable loading conditions. Increased dP/dtmax at a stage before stable hypertrophy was reached, even when preload is normalised by ventricular pacing (70/min) implies that the volume overloaded heart during the development of hypertrophy mobilises part of its contractile reserve. It is assumed that increased contractility is a functional cause of an increase in oxygen demand; and that an adequate energy availability is covered by the enlargement of the mitochondrial mass. At stable hypertrophy when the contractile material has also increased, a new steady state is reached and an again normal contractility indicates an also stable dynamic situation."}
{"id": "PMID:140006", "title": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the human hypertrophic heart.", "content": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes have been measured in human hearts at autopsy. As compared with normal hearts, hypertrophic hearts and ischaemic hypertrophic hearts showed a shift in the isoenzyme distribution. This shift appeared to be more closely associated with an increase in the relative proportion of fibrous tissue than with changes in the myocardial cells.", "contents": "Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the human hypertrophic heart. Lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes have been measured in human hearts at autopsy. As compared with normal hearts, hypertrophic hearts and ischaemic hypertrophic hearts showed a shift in the isoenzyme distribution. This shift appeared to be more closely associated with an increase in the relative proportion of fibrous tissue than with changes in the myocardial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:140007", "title": "Specific chalone inhibition of the regeneration of the JB-1 ascites tumour studied by flow microfluorometry.", "content": "The variation in the DNA distribution in the JB-1 and the Lla2 ascites tumour was investigated by means of flow microfluorometry (FMF) in the plateau stage and during the initiation of the regenerative growth induced by percutaneous aspiration. The study showed that a considerable influx of cells with G1DNA content into the S phase occurred in both tumours about 10 hr after aspiration. In the JB-1 tumour, these initial regenerative changes could be reversibly blocked by injections of cell-free plateau JB-1 ascitic fluid or an ultrafiltrate of this ascites. In contrast to these observations no delay in the regenerative changes was observed in the L1a2 tumour after treatment with JB-1 ascites or the ultrafiltrate. The study supports the assumption of a specific growth regulation of the JB-1 ascites tumour and emphasizes the suitability of FMF analyses in cell-kinetic studies in which short-term fluctuations take place in the distribution of cells with different DNA content.", "contents": "Specific chalone inhibition of the regeneration of the JB-1 ascites tumour studied by flow microfluorometry. The variation in the DNA distribution in the JB-1 and the Lla2 ascites tumour was investigated by means of flow microfluorometry (FMF) in the plateau stage and during the initiation of the regenerative growth induced by percutaneous aspiration. The study showed that a considerable influx of cells with G1DNA content into the S phase occurred in both tumours about 10 hr after aspiration. In the JB-1 tumour, these initial regenerative changes could be reversibly blocked by injections of cell-free plateau JB-1 ascitic fluid or an ultrafiltrate of this ascites. In contrast to these observations no delay in the regenerative changes was observed in the L1a2 tumour after treatment with JB-1 ascites or the ultrafiltrate. The study supports the assumption of a specific growth regulation of the JB-1 ascites tumour and emphasizes the suitability of FMF analyses in cell-kinetic studies in which short-term fluctuations take place in the distribution of cells with different DNA content."}
{"id": "PMID:140025", "title": "Isolation and characterization of myosin from subjects with asymmetric septal hypertrophy.", "content": "Human cardiac myosin isolated from operatively obtained samples of ventricular septum and left ventricular free wall of subjects with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was compared, with respect to structural and enzymatic properties, to myosin isolated from hearts of subjects without heart disease. The following parameters were studied: (1) activation of myosin ATPase activity by K+-EDTA and Ca2+, (2) molecular weight of the heavy and light chains of myosin as determined by electrophoretic migration in polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels and (3) ability to form bipolar aggregates at low ionic strength, as examined by electron microscopy. No difference was present in any of these parameters between human cardiac myosin from subjects with ASH and from subjects without heart disease. Thus, the genetic defect present in subjects with ASH is not expressed in the particular structural and functional characteristics of myosin evaluated in this study.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of myosin from subjects with asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Human cardiac myosin isolated from operatively obtained samples of ventricular septum and left ventricular free wall of subjects with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was compared, with respect to structural and enzymatic properties, to myosin isolated from hearts of subjects without heart disease. The following parameters were studied: (1) activation of myosin ATPase activity by K+-EDTA and Ca2+, (2) molecular weight of the heavy and light chains of myosin as determined by electrophoretic migration in polyacrylamide-sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gels and (3) ability to form bipolar aggregates at low ionic strength, as examined by electron microscopy. No difference was present in any of these parameters between human cardiac myosin from subjects with ASH and from subjects without heart disease. Thus, the genetic defect present in subjects with ASH is not expressed in the particular structural and functional characteristics of myosin evaluated in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:140026", "title": "Effects of intermittent pressure loading on the development of ventricular hypertrophy in the cat.", "content": "Although the effects of persistent pressure loading on the development of ventricular hypertrophy have been studied extensively, the effects of intermittent pressure loading have not been examined. To study the effects of intermittent pressure loading we subjected the right ventricle of cats to intermittent pulmonary artery constriction over a 2-week period. Two intermittent pressure loading schedules were employed. The first consisted of a right ventricular systolic pressure of 60 mm Hg for 3.5 days and normal right ventricular pressure for 3.5 days; and the second consisted of a right ventricular systolic pressure of 60 mm Hg for 2.3 days and normal right ventricular pressure for 4.7 days. The intermittent pressure-loaded cats were compared with normal unoperated controls, sham-operated controls, and cats with persistent right ventricular pressure load for either 1-week or 1- to 2-month duration. The data indicate that intermittent pressure loading caused significant right ventricular hypertrophy. Since significant residual ventricular hypertrophy was present in both intermittent pressure loading groups, regression of ventricular hypertrophy involves a slower process than the progression of hypertrophy.", "contents": "Effects of intermittent pressure loading on the development of ventricular hypertrophy in the cat. Although the effects of persistent pressure loading on the development of ventricular hypertrophy have been studied extensively, the effects of intermittent pressure loading have not been examined. To study the effects of intermittent pressure loading we subjected the right ventricle of cats to intermittent pulmonary artery constriction over a 2-week period. Two intermittent pressure loading schedules were employed. The first consisted of a right ventricular systolic pressure of 60 mm Hg for 3.5 days and normal right ventricular pressure for 3.5 days; and the second consisted of a right ventricular systolic pressure of 60 mm Hg for 2.3 days and normal right ventricular pressure for 4.7 days. The intermittent pressure-loaded cats were compared with normal unoperated controls, sham-operated controls, and cats with persistent right ventricular pressure load for either 1-week or 1- to 2-month duration. The data indicate that intermittent pressure loading caused significant right ventricular hypertrophy. Since significant residual ventricular hypertrophy was present in both intermittent pressure loading groups, regression of ventricular hypertrophy involves a slower process than the progression of hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:140027", "title": "Effects of physical training on end-diastolic volume and myocardial performance of isolated rat hearts.", "content": "We studied the performance of ventricular muscle and cardiac function of hearts from rats conditioned by swimming (CH) and from sedentary rats (SH) in an isolated working heart apparatus modified to measure end-diastolic volume by dye dilution. Instantaneous aortic flow, left ventricular (LV) pressure and oxygen consumption were measured. Heart rate and mean aortic pressure were kept constant, and atrial filling pressure was varied from 5 to 20 cm H2O. Heart weights of SH and CH were equal and end-diastolic pressures and volumes were similar at all atrial pressures. However, ejection fraction, calculated circumferential fiber velocity, peak systolic pressure, peak aortic flow, cardiac output, and stroke work were all greater in CH than in SH, and the differences increased as atrial pressure was increased. Maximal negative dP/dt was greater in CH than SH at all preloads (P less than 0.001). Oxygen consumption of CH was increased in proportion to the increase in work. These results indicate that the improved pumping performance of CH is due to a change in ventricular muscle function. Faster relaxation is a prominent effect of physical training on the rat heart and may foster more complete filling at high heart rates.", "contents": "Effects of physical training on end-diastolic volume and myocardial performance of isolated rat hearts. We studied the performance of ventricular muscle and cardiac function of hearts from rats conditioned by swimming (CH) and from sedentary rats (SH) in an isolated working heart apparatus modified to measure end-diastolic volume by dye dilution. Instantaneous aortic flow, left ventricular (LV) pressure and oxygen consumption were measured. Heart rate and mean aortic pressure were kept constant, and atrial filling pressure was varied from 5 to 20 cm H2O. Heart weights of SH and CH were equal and end-diastolic pressures and volumes were similar at all atrial pressures. However, ejection fraction, calculated circumferential fiber velocity, peak systolic pressure, peak aortic flow, cardiac output, and stroke work were all greater in CH than in SH, and the differences increased as atrial pressure was increased. Maximal negative dP/dt was greater in CH than SH at all preloads (P less than 0.001). Oxygen consumption of CH was increased in proportion to the increase in work. These results indicate that the improved pumping performance of CH is due to a change in ventricular muscle function. Faster relaxation is a prominent effect of physical training on the rat heart and may foster more complete filling at high heart rates."}
{"id": "PMID:140028", "title": "Role of hypertension in ischemic heart disease and cerebral vascular disease in the cynomolgus monkey with coarctation of the aorta.", "content": "The role of hypertension in cardiovascular disease was studied in the hypertensive coarcted monkey during the feeding of an atherogenic and nonatherogenic diet. During the 15-month period of observation, half of the hypertensive coarcted monkeys developed cardiovascular disease which included heart failure, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and sudden death. There were no cardiovascular complications in the control normotensive monkeys except for one cholesterol-fed animal. The incidence of ischemic heart disease and sudden cardiac death was higher in monkeys with both hypertension and hypercholesterolemia than in those with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia alone. Postmortem studies revealed that the former monkeys had both hypertensive and atherosclerotic heart disease, whereas the monkeys with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia had either hypertensive or atherosclerotic heart disease. Hypertensive heart disease was characterized not only by hypertrophy of the left ventricle but also by focal myocardial degeneration and fibrosis and by focal thickening and narrowing of the small coronary arteries, particularly the sinus node artery and the atrioventricular node artery. The finding of transmural myocardial infarction in two monkeys with patient coronary arteries suggests a possible role of coronary artery spasm in ischemic heart disease in hypertension. The cerebral vascular complications of hypertension included hypertensive encephalopathy, transient \"ischemic\" attacks, and hemorrhagic stroke. The complications were associated with severe hypertension and with hypertensive vascular disease or hypertensive and atherosclerotic vascular disease of the cerebral arteries.", "contents": "Role of hypertension in ischemic heart disease and cerebral vascular disease in the cynomolgus monkey with coarctation of the aorta. The role of hypertension in cardiovascular disease was studied in the hypertensive coarcted monkey during the feeding of an atherogenic and nonatherogenic diet. During the 15-month period of observation, half of the hypertensive coarcted monkeys developed cardiovascular disease which included heart failure, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and sudden death. There were no cardiovascular complications in the control normotensive monkeys except for one cholesterol-fed animal. The incidence of ischemic heart disease and sudden cardiac death was higher in monkeys with both hypertension and hypercholesterolemia than in those with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia alone. Postmortem studies revealed that the former monkeys had both hypertensive and atherosclerotic heart disease, whereas the monkeys with hypertension or hypercholesterolemia had either hypertensive or atherosclerotic heart disease. Hypertensive heart disease was characterized not only by hypertrophy of the left ventricle but also by focal myocardial degeneration and fibrosis and by focal thickening and narrowing of the small coronary arteries, particularly the sinus node artery and the atrioventricular node artery. The finding of transmural myocardial infarction in two monkeys with patient coronary arteries suggests a possible role of coronary artery spasm in ischemic heart disease in hypertension. The cerebral vascular complications of hypertension included hypertensive encephalopathy, transient \"ischemic\" attacks, and hemorrhagic stroke. The complications were associated with severe hypertension and with hypertensive vascular disease or hypertensive and atherosclerotic vascular disease of the cerebral arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:140029", "title": "Treatment of mild hypertension: results of a ten-year intervention trial.", "content": "Three hundred and eighty-nine subjects, ages 21-55, with diastolic blood pressures between 90 and 115 mm Hg were studied prospectively for 7-10 years in a controlled intervention trial to determine whether pressure lowering reduces the incidence of cardiovascular complications and death. The assignment to therapy, either a combination of a diuretic and rauwolfia serpentina, or an identical placebo, was random. Adverse effects required termination in only 23 (5.9%) cases. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was reduced an average of 10 mm Hg (systolic equals 16 mm Hg) in the active treatment group with no change in the placebo group. The major end points of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke totaled 17 and were nearly equally divided between treatment and placebo. Other manifestations of coronary disease were also equally distributed. Complications such as electrocardiographic hypervoltage, left ventricular hypertrophy, radiogrpahic cardiomegaly, and retinopathy occurred in the placebo group at a rate of 53.1 per 100 subjects compared to 23.8 per 100 in those on active drugs. Treatment failure occurred in 24 placebo-treated cases and none of the active group. The overall effectiveness of pressure lowering in reducing these complications and treatment failure was 60%. It is concluded that given the lower level of excess risk in mild uncomplicated hypertension, and the failure of active drug therapy to protect against coronary disease, systematic follow-up without drugs while attempting hygienic intervention and control of other risk factors may be a reasonable alternative for this large group.", "contents": "Treatment of mild hypertension: results of a ten-year intervention trial. Three hundred and eighty-nine subjects, ages 21-55, with diastolic blood pressures between 90 and 115 mm Hg were studied prospectively for 7-10 years in a controlled intervention trial to determine whether pressure lowering reduces the incidence of cardiovascular complications and death. The assignment to therapy, either a combination of a diuretic and rauwolfia serpentina, or an identical placebo, was random. Adverse effects required termination in only 23 (5.9%) cases. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was reduced an average of 10 mm Hg (systolic equals 16 mm Hg) in the active treatment group with no change in the placebo group. The major end points of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke totaled 17 and were nearly equally divided between treatment and placebo. Other manifestations of coronary disease were also equally distributed. Complications such as electrocardiographic hypervoltage, left ventricular hypertrophy, radiogrpahic cardiomegaly, and retinopathy occurred in the placebo group at a rate of 53.1 per 100 subjects compared to 23.8 per 100 in those on active drugs. Treatment failure occurred in 24 placebo-treated cases and none of the active group. The overall effectiveness of pressure lowering in reducing these complications and treatment failure was 60%. It is concluded that given the lower level of excess risk in mild uncomplicated hypertension, and the failure of active drug therapy to protect against coronary disease, systematic follow-up without drugs while attempting hygienic intervention and control of other risk factors may be a reasonable alternative for this large group."}
{"id": "PMID:140030", "title": "Hypercontractile cardiac states simulating hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) has been defined as an autosomal dominant myocardial disease characterized by specific physical findings, echocardiographic features, asymmetric septal hypertrophy and disordered myocardial architecture. Echocardiographic and scintiphotographic studies failed to reveal evidence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy in four patients with systolic anterior movement of the mitral valve and the typical ausculatory and peripheral pulse abnormalities characteristic of HCM. Postmortem examimination in one patient demonstrated mild concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and a normal arrangement of myocardial muscle fibers. These observations in four patients demonstrate that both systolic anterior movement of the mitral valve and the physical findings characteristic of HCM are not specific for the autosomal dominant myocardial disease characterized by asymmetric septal hypertrophy and abnormal septal histology.", "contents": "Hypercontractile cardiac states simulating hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) has been defined as an autosomal dominant myocardial disease characterized by specific physical findings, echocardiographic features, asymmetric septal hypertrophy and disordered myocardial architecture. Echocardiographic and scintiphotographic studies failed to reveal evidence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy in four patients with systolic anterior movement of the mitral valve and the typical ausculatory and peripheral pulse abnormalities characteristic of HCM. Postmortem examimination in one patient demonstrated mild concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and a normal arrangement of myocardial muscle fibers. These observations in four patients demonstrate that both systolic anterior movement of the mitral valve and the physical findings characteristic of HCM are not specific for the autosomal dominant myocardial disease characterized by asymmetric septal hypertrophy and abnormal septal histology."}
{"id": "PMID:140032", "title": "Coagulation, oestrogen and the menopause.", "content": "The objective of oestrogen replacement therapy in the menopause is the prevention of pathology attributable to oestrogen lack. Care should be taken to ensure that such therapy is free from harmful side effects. To date, there have been no long-term longitudinal studies or clinical reports that have positively identified oestrogen usage in \"normal\" postmenopausal women, with inappropriate thrombosis directly attributable to an oestrogen-induced alteration in the coagulation mechanism. This is surprising since certain coagulation factors change and the peripheral blood flow decreases in the elderly, predisposing them to enhanced clot formation. There is also the well-documented (but controversial) association between oestrogens, oral contraceptives and thrombosis. Whether this paradox can be explained by differences in the type and/or potency of the oestrogens used in ORT, remains to be determined. At present it may be concluded that ORT per se does not place the postmenopausal women at greater risk from developing arterio-venous thrombosis.", "contents": "Coagulation, oestrogen and the menopause. The objective of oestrogen replacement therapy in the menopause is the prevention of pathology attributable to oestrogen lack. Care should be taken to ensure that such therapy is free from harmful side effects. To date, there have been no long-term longitudinal studies or clinical reports that have positively identified oestrogen usage in \"normal\" postmenopausal women, with inappropriate thrombosis directly attributable to an oestrogen-induced alteration in the coagulation mechanism. This is surprising since certain coagulation factors change and the peripheral blood flow decreases in the elderly, predisposing them to enhanced clot formation. There is also the well-documented (but controversial) association between oestrogens, oral contraceptives and thrombosis. Whether this paradox can be explained by differences in the type and/or potency of the oestrogens used in ORT, remains to be determined. At present it may be concluded that ORT per se does not place the postmenopausal women at greater risk from developing arterio-venous thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:140036", "title": "Catecholamines, blood pressure, renin and myocardial function in the spontaneously hypertensive rat.", "content": "1. Neither nerve-growth-factor antiserum (NGFAS) administered subcutaneously nor 6-hydroxydopamine administered intraventricularly to immature spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) inhibited the development of the hypertensive syndrome. In contrast, NGFSA did not affect blood pressure in normotensive Kyoto/Wistar rats. 2. Peripheral vascular resistance was increased and cardiac index decreased in both NGFAS and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated SHR despite preservation of normal blood pressure. 3 NGFAS treatment did not influence the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in SHR, despite the lowering of blood pressure. In contrast, 6-hydroxydopamine caused an attenuation in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. 4. Indices of left ventricular contractility were depressed by NGFAS treatment but not by 6-hydroxydopamine. 5. Plasma renin activity was unaffected by NGFAS treatment and increased by 6-hydroxydopamine.", "contents": "Catecholamines, blood pressure, renin and myocardial function in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. 1. Neither nerve-growth-factor antiserum (NGFAS) administered subcutaneously nor 6-hydroxydopamine administered intraventricularly to immature spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) inhibited the development of the hypertensive syndrome. In contrast, NGFSA did not affect blood pressure in normotensive Kyoto/Wistar rats. 2. Peripheral vascular resistance was increased and cardiac index decreased in both NGFAS and 6-hydroxydopamine-treated SHR despite preservation of normal blood pressure. 3 NGFAS treatment did not influence the development of left ventricular hypertrophy in SHR, despite the lowering of blood pressure. In contrast, 6-hydroxydopamine caused an attenuation in the development of left ventricular hypertrophy. 4. Indices of left ventricular contractility were depressed by NGFAS treatment but not by 6-hydroxydopamine. 5. Plasma renin activity was unaffected by NGFAS treatment and increased by 6-hydroxydopamine."}
{"id": "PMID:140037", "title": "Double-blind comparison of minoxidil and hydrallazine in severe hypertension.", "content": "1. Thirty moderately severely hypertensive patients were studied in a double-blind comparison of minoxidil and hydrallazine in combination with frusemide and propranolol. 2. Blood pressure control in both groups of patients was satisfactory but long-term control appeared to be better in the minoxidil group. 3. Renal function was well preserved in both groups. Evidence of cardiac hypertrophy was slow to resolve despite good control of blood pressure. Side effects were negligible, and patient acceptance and rehabilitation was excellent.", "contents": "Double-blind comparison of minoxidil and hydrallazine in severe hypertension. 1. Thirty moderately severely hypertensive patients were studied in a double-blind comparison of minoxidil and hydrallazine in combination with frusemide and propranolol. 2. Blood pressure control in both groups of patients was satisfactory but long-term control appeared to be better in the minoxidil group. 3. Renal function was well preserved in both groups. Evidence of cardiac hypertrophy was slow to resolve despite good control of blood pressure. Side effects were negligible, and patient acceptance and rehabilitation was excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:140033", "title": "Pharmacokinetic interactions with rifampicin.", "content": "Rifampicin, a potent antituberculosis agent, is frequently combined with other antituberculosis drugs, or with drugs belonging to entirely different classes which may be required during a long period of antituberculous treatment, and therefore has a potential for drug interactions of practical clinical importance. The absorption of rifampicin is markedly decreased when it is simultaneously administered with para-aminosalicylic acid granules, due to adsorption by an excipient, bentonite. Several clinical observations and investigations have indicated that rifampicin itself accelerates the metabolism of various other compounds, including oral anticoagulants, the contraceptive pill, oral hypoglycaemic agents and digitoxin. Rifampicin seems to be a potent inducer of drug metabolism in humans and it causes a proliferation of the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum and an increase of cytochrome P450 content in the liver. It also increases its own rate of desacetylation. However, of the test compounds hexobarbitone and tolbutamide, the metabolic clearance increased 2-to 3-fold following rafampicin treatment, whereas antipyrine clearance was unaltered. This indicates that there is a certain selectivity in the enzyme induction effect of rifampicin, although it reamins unclear which compound will and which will not be affected. Rifampicin may also possibly interfere with hepatic uptake of other compounds, but the clinical significance of this type of interaction has not been clearly demonstrated; On the other hand, oral probenecid significantly increases the serum level of rifampicin, probably due to a similar depression of hepatic uptake.", "contents": "Pharmacokinetic interactions with rifampicin. Rifampicin, a potent antituberculosis agent, is frequently combined with other antituberculosis drugs, or with drugs belonging to entirely different classes which may be required during a long period of antituberculous treatment, and therefore has a potential for drug interactions of practical clinical importance. The absorption of rifampicin is markedly decreased when it is simultaneously administered with para-aminosalicylic acid granules, due to adsorption by an excipient, bentonite. Several clinical observations and investigations have indicated that rifampicin itself accelerates the metabolism of various other compounds, including oral anticoagulants, the contraceptive pill, oral hypoglycaemic agents and digitoxin. Rifampicin seems to be a potent inducer of drug metabolism in humans and it causes a proliferation of the smooth endoplasmatic reticulum and an increase of cytochrome P450 content in the liver. It also increases its own rate of desacetylation. However, of the test compounds hexobarbitone and tolbutamide, the metabolic clearance increased 2-to 3-fold following rafampicin treatment, whereas antipyrine clearance was unaltered. This indicates that there is a certain selectivity in the enzyme induction effect of rifampicin, although it reamins unclear which compound will and which will not be affected. Rifampicin may also possibly interfere with hepatic uptake of other compounds, but the clinical significance of this type of interaction has not been clearly demonstrated; On the other hand, oral probenecid significantly increases the serum level of rifampicin, probably due to a similar depression of hepatic uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:140039", "title": "Studies on uremic toxins: the identification and the determination of toxic effect by tissue culture method.", "content": "Uremic serum fractions obtained by Amicon XM-10 hollow fiber and membrane filtration was investigated using cytotoxicity in tissue culture by Rose's circumfusion system and by monolayer culture. The cytotoxic fraction was investigated with Elphor-Va 4, IR spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectrometry for analysis of the true form of the substance. Remarkable cytotoxicity was observed in the small molecular fraction. Of the substances which may be surmised as uremic toxins, such as urea methylguanidine (MG), guanidinosuccinic acid, etc., only MG presented a similar cytotoxicity to this fraction. From the result of mass spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, and NMR spectrometry, it appeard that the electropositive substance included in the small molecular fraction was intimately associated with MG or one of its derivatives. The middle molecular fraction showed an inhibitory effect on cultured mouse liver glucokinase and human erythrocytic Na-K-dependent ATPase.", "contents": "Studies on uremic toxins: the identification and the determination of toxic effect by tissue culture method. Uremic serum fractions obtained by Amicon XM-10 hollow fiber and membrane filtration was investigated using cytotoxicity in tissue culture by Rose's circumfusion system and by monolayer culture. The cytotoxic fraction was investigated with Elphor-Va 4, IR spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and NMR spectrometry for analysis of the true form of the substance. Remarkable cytotoxicity was observed in the small molecular fraction. Of the substances which may be surmised as uremic toxins, such as urea methylguanidine (MG), guanidinosuccinic acid, etc., only MG presented a similar cytotoxicity to this fraction. From the result of mass spectrometry, infrared spectrometry, and NMR spectrometry, it appeard that the electropositive substance included in the small molecular fraction was intimately associated with MG or one of its derivatives. The middle molecular fraction showed an inhibitory effect on cultured mouse liver glucokinase and human erythrocytic Na-K-dependent ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:140044", "title": "Metabolism of 4-14C-dehydroepiandrosterone and 4-14C-4-androstene -3, 17-dione by isolated cells of early human placenta.", "content": "The preparation of isolated cells was used for the study of the metabolism of 4-14C-dehydroepiandrosterone and 4-14C-4-androstene-3,17-dione in early human placenta. Free cells suspension converted dehydroepiandrosterone and 4-androstene-3,17-dione into estrone, estradiol-17beta and into C1[neutral steroids 4-androstene-3,17-dione and testosterone.", "contents": "Metabolism of 4-14C-dehydroepiandrosterone and 4-14C-4-androstene -3, 17-dione by isolated cells of early human placenta. The preparation of isolated cells was used for the study of the metabolism of 4-14C-dehydroepiandrosterone and 4-14C-4-androstene-3,17-dione in early human placenta. Free cells suspension converted dehydroepiandrosterone and 4-androstene-3,17-dione into estrone, estradiol-17beta and into C1[neutral steroids 4-androstene-3,17-dione and testosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:140045", "title": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone content of rat brain and hypothalamus: results of endocrine and pharmacologic treatments.", "content": "Studies of hypothalamic and regional brain TRH content in the rat after administration of various hormonal and pharmacologic agents were performed. No consistent changes in TRH content in the hypothalamus or brain followed thyroidectomy, hypophysectomy or administration of thyroxine or dexamethasone. There was a significant fall in hypothalamic forebrain and brain stem TRH content 60 min after insulin administration and in brain stem TRH at 30 and 120 min as well. Administration of alpha-methyl-paratyrosine, parachlorophenylalanine or reserpine, in varying doses and for varying periods, did not alter hypothalamic or regional brain TRH content. Thus, little evidence that hypothalamic or brain TRH content is dependent on hormonal milieu or neurotransmitter content was found.", "contents": "Thyrotropin-releasing hormone content of rat brain and hypothalamus: results of endocrine and pharmacologic treatments. Studies of hypothalamic and regional brain TRH content in the rat after administration of various hormonal and pharmacologic agents were performed. No consistent changes in TRH content in the hypothalamus or brain followed thyroidectomy, hypophysectomy or administration of thyroxine or dexamethasone. There was a significant fall in hypothalamic forebrain and brain stem TRH content 60 min after insulin administration and in brain stem TRH at 30 and 120 min as well. Administration of alpha-methyl-paratyrosine, parachlorophenylalanine or reserpine, in varying doses and for varying periods, did not alter hypothalamic or regional brain TRH content. Thus, little evidence that hypothalamic or brain TRH content is dependent on hormonal milieu or neurotransmitter content was found."}
{"id": "PMID:140046", "title": "Pulmonary insulin responsivitiy: in vivo effects of insulin on the diabetic rat lung and specific insulin binding to lung receptors in  normal rats.", "content": "Adult rats were rendered diabetic by a single iv injection of streptozotocin (70 or 75 mg/kg). In these rats, serum insulin fell to minimal levels during the 48 h following drug treatment, and this was roughly paralleled by a progressive decrease in the ability of the lung to oxidize glucose. The addition of insulin to diabetic rat lung slices in vitro had no restorative effect on the depressed glucose oxidative rate during a 2 h incubation period; however, two daily treatments of the rats with 1 unit of protamine, zinc insulin completely restored lung glucose oxidation rate to normal, without significantly reducing the hyperglycemic state of the rats. An examination of the temporal changes in glucose utilization by the rat lung after acute insulin treatment revealed that the diabetic lung responded directly to serum levels of insulin, whereas the normal lung appeared to be unaffected by serum insulin levels as hihg as 87 ng/ml. The reduced rate of glucose oxidation in the diabetic lung was apparent after perfusion of the lung with glucose-free medium, and was characterized by a significant reduction in Vmax without an alteration in Km. This was attended by a depressed ability of the lung to incorporate [3H]leucine into protein and an increased ability to produce lactate, but hexose monophosphate shunt activity was normal. Specific receptors for insulin have been identified and partially characterized in crude membrane preparations of normal rat lung. The interaction of insulin with these receptors was rapid, reversible, saturable, and was dependent upon time and temperature. The binding of labeled insulin was inhibited by low concentrations of unlabeled insulin and by high concentrations of  proinsulin, whereas it was unaffected by the presence of glucagon, gastrin, prolactin, ACTH, or growth hormone in microgram amounts.  These observations suggest that insulin regulates the transport and utilization of glucose in the rat lung, and that this tissue contains specific receptors for insulin.", "contents": "Pulmonary insulin responsivitiy: in vivo effects of insulin on the diabetic rat lung and specific insulin binding to lung receptors in  normal rats. Adult rats were rendered diabetic by a single iv injection of streptozotocin (70 or 75 mg/kg). In these rats, serum insulin fell to minimal levels during the 48 h following drug treatment, and this was roughly paralleled by a progressive decrease in the ability of the lung to oxidize glucose. The addition of insulin to diabetic rat lung slices in vitro had no restorative effect on the depressed glucose oxidative rate during a 2 h incubation period; however, two daily treatments of the rats with 1 unit of protamine, zinc insulin completely restored lung glucose oxidation rate to normal, without significantly reducing the hyperglycemic state of the rats. An examination of the temporal changes in glucose utilization by the rat lung after acute insulin treatment revealed that the diabetic lung responded directly to serum levels of insulin, whereas the normal lung appeared to be unaffected by serum insulin levels as hihg as 87 ng/ml. The reduced rate of glucose oxidation in the diabetic lung was apparent after perfusion of the lung with glucose-free medium, and was characterized by a significant reduction in Vmax without an alteration in Km. This was attended by a depressed ability of the lung to incorporate [3H]leucine into protein and an increased ability to produce lactate, but hexose monophosphate shunt activity was normal. Specific receptors for insulin have been identified and partially characterized in crude membrane preparations of normal rat lung. The interaction of insulin with these receptors was rapid, reversible, saturable, and was dependent upon time and temperature. The binding of labeled insulin was inhibited by low concentrations of unlabeled insulin and by high concentrations of  proinsulin, whereas it was unaffected by the presence of glucagon, gastrin, prolactin, ACTH, or growth hormone in microgram amounts.  These observations suggest that insulin regulates the transport and utilization of glucose in the rat lung, and that this tissue contains specific receptors for insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:140047", "title": "A mathematical model for the influence of anionic effectors on the phosphofructokinase from rat erythrocytes.", "content": "The influence of the positive effectors AMP, sulphate, glucose 1,6-bisphosphate and the negative effector 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate on rat erythrocyte phosphofructokinase has been investigated. The kinetic data have been fitted to the Monod-Wyman-Changeux model as well as to a model based on a closed association-dissociation equilibrium. The application of the fitting procedure yeilds for both models a good corresponding between theoretical and experimental data and equal results with respect to the action of the effectors on the enzyme. The corresponding dissociation constants for the binding of the positive effectors to the active state are: AMP 35 micronM, sulphate 0.43 mM and glucose 1,6-bisphosphate 15 micronM. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate as in inhibitor stabilizes the inactive state (dissociation constant: 1.4 mM). A preliminary discrimination between the Monod-Wyman-Changeux model and the association-dissociation model has been attempted.", "contents": "A mathematical model for the influence of anionic effectors on the phosphofructokinase from rat erythrocytes. The influence of the positive effectors AMP, sulphate, glucose 1,6-bisphosphate and the negative effector 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate on rat erythrocyte phosphofructokinase has been investigated. The kinetic data have been fitted to the Monod-Wyman-Changeux model as well as to a model based on a closed association-dissociation equilibrium. The application of the fitting procedure yeilds for both models a good corresponding between theoretical and experimental data and equal results with respect to the action of the effectors on the enzyme. The corresponding dissociation constants for the binding of the positive effectors to the active state are: AMP 35 micronM, sulphate 0.43 mM and glucose 1,6-bisphosphate 15 micronM. 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate as in inhibitor stabilizes the inactive state (dissociation constant: 1.4 mM). A preliminary discrimination between the Monod-Wyman-Changeux model and the association-dissociation model has been attempted."}
{"id": "PMID:140048", "title": "Properties of ATPase activity in coupling factor from Chromatium strain D chromatophores.", "content": "Coupling factor extracted from chromatophores of the photosynthetic bacteria Chromatium strain D was partially purified. The enzyme catalyzed ATPase activity in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Higher Vapp values were obtained when the activity was measured as a function of the divalent cation-ATP complex rather than as a function of either the divalent cation or ATP because the free components competitively inhibited the activity in the presence of the cation-ATP complex. The Km values were lower than or equal to the Ki values for free ATP indicating that the cation-ATP complex is bound tighter than the free ATP to the enzyme. Based on these results a possible mode of binding of substrate to the active site of the enzyme was suggested. A comparative study indicated no changes in the temperature dependance of ATPase activity when the enzyme was solubilized. However, possible conformation changes could have caused a decrease in the Km values for the (Ca-ATP)2- and (Mg-ATP)2- and in the Ki for free Mg2+ ions and ATP. The Ki for free Ca2+ ions increased on solubilization of the coupling factor. ATPase activity was inhibited by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide both in the soluble and in the membrane-bound coupling factor.", "contents": "Properties of ATPase activity in coupling factor from Chromatium strain D chromatophores. Coupling factor extracted from chromatophores of the photosynthetic bacteria Chromatium strain D was partially purified. The enzyme catalyzed ATPase activity in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Higher Vapp values were obtained when the activity was measured as a function of the divalent cation-ATP complex rather than as a function of either the divalent cation or ATP because the free components competitively inhibited the activity in the presence of the cation-ATP complex. The Km values were lower than or equal to the Ki values for free ATP indicating that the cation-ATP complex is bound tighter than the free ATP to the enzyme. Based on these results a possible mode of binding of substrate to the active site of the enzyme was suggested. A comparative study indicated no changes in the temperature dependance of ATPase activity when the enzyme was solubilized. However, possible conformation changes could have caused a decrease in the Km values for the (Ca-ATP)2- and (Mg-ATP)2- and in the Ki for free Mg2+ ions and ATP. The Ki for free Ca2+ ions increased on solubilization of the coupling factor. ATPase activity was inhibited by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide both in the soluble and in the membrane-bound coupling factor."}
{"id": "PMID:140049", "title": "Spectroscopic studies on effector-induced and substrate-induced conformation changes of phosphofructokinase.", "content": "The interaction of phosphofructokinase with NH4+, AMP, ATP, citrate, MgATP or fructose 6-phosphate, and in part with their mixtures forming either binary or ternary complexes has been studied by means of ultraviolet difference spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy in the wavelength range 265-300 nm with the aim of characterizing the conformational corollaries of the ligand effects on phosphofructokinase. The positive as well as the negative effectors change phosphofructokinase conformation in different ways, not easily interpretable in terms of one active and one inactive enzyme conformation. The spectroscopic equivalents of phosphofructokinase conformation changes resulting from catalytic activity are similar to those produced by the reaction products. The ligand concentration-dependent changes of absorption differences in the tryptophyl, tyrosyl and phenylalanyl region parallel each other, i.e. the interactions of the ligands with phosphofructokinase are not confined to specific aromatic side chains, but involve conformation changes of the large domains of the protein. ATP affinity to the enzyme shows temperature-dependent biphasic changes so that ATP binding appears to be either an entropy-driven or enthalpy-driven process. The dissociation constants of the ligands derived from spectroscopic titration of binary complex formation are comparable to those calculated from kinetic experiments. MgATP and fructose 6-phosphate each alone change phosphofructokinase conformation by binary complex formation in keeping with a random order of reaction sequence.", "contents": "Spectroscopic studies on effector-induced and substrate-induced conformation changes of phosphofructokinase. The interaction of phosphofructokinase with NH4+, AMP, ATP, citrate, MgATP or fructose 6-phosphate, and in part with their mixtures forming either binary or ternary complexes has been studied by means of ultraviolet difference spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy in the wavelength range 265-300 nm with the aim of characterizing the conformational corollaries of the ligand effects on phosphofructokinase. The positive as well as the negative effectors change phosphofructokinase conformation in different ways, not easily interpretable in terms of one active and one inactive enzyme conformation. The spectroscopic equivalents of phosphofructokinase conformation changes resulting from catalytic activity are similar to those produced by the reaction products. The ligand concentration-dependent changes of absorption differences in the tryptophyl, tyrosyl and phenylalanyl region parallel each other, i.e. the interactions of the ligands with phosphofructokinase are not confined to specific aromatic side chains, but involve conformation changes of the large domains of the protein. ATP affinity to the enzyme shows temperature-dependent biphasic changes so that ATP binding appears to be either an entropy-driven or enthalpy-driven process. The dissociation constants of the ligands derived from spectroscopic titration of binary complex formation are comparable to those calculated from kinetic experiments. MgATP and fructose 6-phosphate each alone change phosphofructokinase conformation by binary complex formation in keeping with a random order of reaction sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:140050", "title": "Are the aerobic and anaerobic phosphofructokinases of Escherichia coli different?", "content": "Phosphofructokinase has been purified from Escherichia coli strain K-12 grown in a glucose-limited chemostat, both aerobically and anaerobically. The enzymes migrated together in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, had the same subunit size in denaturing (dodecylsulfate) gels (Mr approx. 34000) and the same kinetic characteristics as described earlier for E. coli phosphofructokinase [e.g. Blangy et al. (1968) J. Mol. Biol. 31, 13-35]: a sigmoid curve of velocity vs. fructose 6-phosphate concentration, activation by ADP, and inhibition by phosphoenolpyruvate. Findings [e.g. Doelle (1975) Eur. J. Biochem, 50, 335-342] of quite different enzymes in aerobic and anaerobic cells were not confirmed.", "contents": "Are the aerobic and anaerobic phosphofructokinases of Escherichia coli different? Phosphofructokinase has been purified from Escherichia coli strain K-12 grown in a glucose-limited chemostat, both aerobically and anaerobically. The enzymes migrated together in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, had the same subunit size in denaturing (dodecylsulfate) gels (Mr approx. 34000) and the same kinetic characteristics as described earlier for E. coli phosphofructokinase [e.g. Blangy et al. (1968) J. Mol. Biol. 31, 13-35]: a sigmoid curve of velocity vs. fructose 6-phosphate concentration, activation by ADP, and inhibition by phosphoenolpyruvate. Findings [e.g. Doelle (1975) Eur. J. Biochem, 50, 335-342] of quite different enzymes in aerobic and anaerobic cells were not confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:140051", "title": "Evaluation of myocardial function with the 201thallium scintimetry in various diseases of the heart. A correlative study based on 100 patients.", "content": "To assess the validity of the quantitative 201Tl scintimetry in various diseases of the heart (coronary heart disease with and without myocardial infarction, non-coronary cardiomyopathy, scleroderma heart disease and asymmetric septal hypertrophy with IHSS), the 201Tl myocardial uptake values for five standardized projections (a) were correlated with the grade of LAD stenosis, (b) the pattern of myocardial wall motion and (c) were compared with the 201Tl uptake values derived from normal patients. Significant reduction (c) of 201Tl myocardial uptake could in individual cases be evaluated in acute myocardial infarction (95%), in dys- and akinesia (90%), in hypokinesia (71%), in scleroderma heart disease (50%), in non-coronary cardiomyopathy (50%) as well as in normokinesia (28%) when associated with LAD stenosis. The mean values (b) of 201Tl uptake in normo- and hypokinesia significantly differed between these two groups and from those evaluated in dys- and akinesia. The latter group showed the lowest 201Tl uptake values computed which in some cases were very close to the mean mediastinal 201Tl uptake. The correlation (a) of individual 201Tl values demonstrated that 201Tl distribution in the myocardium is not only equivalent to myocardial \"\"perfusion'' but is corresponding with the myocardial function. In non-coronary cardiomyopathy reduced 201Tl values sometimes could not be separated from values in coronary heart disease (and myocardial infarction). A regional increase of myocardial mass as in septal hypertrophy correlated well with an augmented 201Tl uptake when referred to the 201Tl storage in the mediastinum.", "contents": "Evaluation of myocardial function with the 201thallium scintimetry in various diseases of the heart. A correlative study based on 100 patients. To assess the validity of the quantitative 201Tl scintimetry in various diseases of the heart (coronary heart disease with and without myocardial infarction, non-coronary cardiomyopathy, scleroderma heart disease and asymmetric septal hypertrophy with IHSS), the 201Tl myocardial uptake values for five standardized projections (a) were correlated with the grade of LAD stenosis, (b) the pattern of myocardial wall motion and (c) were compared with the 201Tl uptake values derived from normal patients. Significant reduction (c) of 201Tl myocardial uptake could in individual cases be evaluated in acute myocardial infarction (95%), in dys- and akinesia (90%), in hypokinesia (71%), in scleroderma heart disease (50%), in non-coronary cardiomyopathy (50%) as well as in normokinesia (28%) when associated with LAD stenosis. The mean values (b) of 201Tl uptake in normo- and hypokinesia significantly differed between these two groups and from those evaluated in dys- and akinesia. The latter group showed the lowest 201Tl uptake values computed which in some cases were very close to the mean mediastinal 201Tl uptake. The correlation (a) of individual 201Tl values demonstrated that 201Tl distribution in the myocardium is not only equivalent to myocardial \"\"perfusion'' but is corresponding with the myocardial function. In non-coronary cardiomyopathy reduced 201Tl values sometimes could not be separated from values in coronary heart disease (and myocardial infarction). A regional increase of myocardial mass as in septal hypertrophy correlated well with an augmented 201Tl uptake when referred to the 201Tl storage in the mediastinum."}
{"id": "PMID:140062", "title": "[Effect of psychotropic preparations on the activity of transport ATPase of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum].", "content": "The effect exerted by 5 groups of psychotropic agents on b activity of Ca, Mg-dependent ATP-ase of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum in the skeletal muscles of the rabbit and the transport of Ca2+ were looked into. The most profound inhibitory effect was found to be displayed by neuroleptics--phenothiazine derivatives with the piperazine ring in the side chain. Neuroleptics-butyrophenones produced a much less marked inhibitory action. Tricyclic antidepressants noticeably reduced the activity of the enzyme, while MAO inhibitors proved little effective in this respect. Tranquilizers--benzodiazepine derivatives--displayed a moderate inhibitory influence, while trioxazine turned out to be little active. The stimulants caffein, pentylene tetrazol (corazol), as well as high concentrations of lithium salts raised, whereas their low concentrations suppressed the activity of the enzyme. The inhibitory effect of psychotropic agents increased by as much s 11/2--2 times with regard to the enzyme preliminarily activated through incubation with ATP.", "contents": "[Effect of psychotropic preparations on the activity of transport ATPase of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum]. The effect exerted by 5 groups of psychotropic agents on b activity of Ca, Mg-dependent ATP-ase of the sarcoplasmatic reticulum in the skeletal muscles of the rabbit and the transport of Ca2+ were looked into. The most profound inhibitory effect was found to be displayed by neuroleptics--phenothiazine derivatives with the piperazine ring in the side chain. Neuroleptics-butyrophenones produced a much less marked inhibitory action. Tricyclic antidepressants noticeably reduced the activity of the enzyme, while MAO inhibitors proved little effective in this respect. Tranquilizers--benzodiazepine derivatives--displayed a moderate inhibitory influence, while trioxazine turned out to be little active. The stimulants caffein, pentylene tetrazol (corazol), as well as high concentrations of lithium salts raised, whereas their low concentrations suppressed the activity of the enzyme. The inhibitory effect of psychotropic agents increased by as much s 11/2--2 times with regard to the enzyme preliminarily activated through incubation with ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:140064", "title": "[Pathogenesis of lithium polyuria].", "content": "An attempt is made to elucidate the pathogenesis of polyuria arising consequent upon medication of affective states with lithium salts. Experiments conducted with 54 male-rats showed that changes in the neurosecretion of supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis that take place after a course-wise intraperitoneal administration in amounts of 200 mg/kg (2/9DL20) of lithium chloride per 24 hours for a duration of 6 days occur parallel with histochemical changes of renal acid muconpolysaccharides and they accord with the nature of diuresis disorders. By the 5th day of the experiment the compound perverts the antidiuretic effect of a single subcutaneous injection of pituitrin (10 U/kg). The authors infer therefrom that polyuria emerging after introduction of lithium salts is caused by a deranged synthesis and secretion of the diuretic hormone and also by the ability of lithium to mitigate the action of this hormone on the kidneys.", "contents": "[Pathogenesis of lithium polyuria]. An attempt is made to elucidate the pathogenesis of polyuria arising consequent upon medication of affective states with lithium salts. Experiments conducted with 54 male-rats showed that changes in the neurosecretion of supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis that take place after a course-wise intraperitoneal administration in amounts of 200 mg/kg (2/9DL20) of lithium chloride per 24 hours for a duration of 6 days occur parallel with histochemical changes of renal acid muconpolysaccharides and they accord with the nature of diuresis disorders. By the 5th day of the experiment the compound perverts the antidiuretic effect of a single subcutaneous injection of pituitrin (10 U/kg). The authors infer therefrom that polyuria emerging after introduction of lithium salts is caused by a deranged synthesis and secretion of the diuretic hormone and also by the ability of lithium to mitigate the action of this hormone on the kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:140077", "title": "Recovery of preimplantation blastocysts in the squirrel monkey by a laparoscopic technique.", "content": "A laparoscopic uterine flushing technique has been developed for the recovery of preimplantation embryos from the squirrel monkey. Fourteen adult female squirrel monkeys were induced to ovulate with 4 or 5 days' treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone (1 mg) followed by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (500 IU). Natural mating with a fertile male or artificial insemination was performed near the time of ovulation. Thirty-six hours and eleven days after HCG administration, the females were laparoscoped to determine whether ovulation had occurred. Under laparoscopic control, 1.2 to 3 ml of warmed saline were flushed through the uterine lumen 4 to 7 and 15 to 17 days after HCG administration. Flushed fluid was recovered with a plyethylene catheter or a Pasteur pipette inserted into the cleaned vagina. Fifty-eight uterine flushings were performed, with an average of 65.4% fluid recovery. Six nonfertilized ova and two preimplantation blastocysts were recovered by this technique.", "contents": "Recovery of preimplantation blastocysts in the squirrel monkey by a laparoscopic technique. A laparoscopic uterine flushing technique has been developed for the recovery of preimplantation embryos from the squirrel monkey. Fourteen adult female squirrel monkeys were induced to ovulate with 4 or 5 days' treatment with follicle-stimulating hormone (1 mg) followed by human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) (500 IU). Natural mating with a fertile male or artificial insemination was performed near the time of ovulation. Thirty-six hours and eleven days after HCG administration, the females were laparoscoped to determine whether ovulation had occurred. Under laparoscopic control, 1.2 to 3 ml of warmed saline were flushed through the uterine lumen 4 to 7 and 15 to 17 days after HCG administration. Flushed fluid was recovered with a plyethylene catheter or a Pasteur pipette inserted into the cleaned vagina. Fifty-eight uterine flushings were performed, with an average of 65.4% fluid recovery. Six nonfertilized ova and two preimplantation blastocysts were recovered by this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:140082", "title": "Paraproteinaemia in S\u00e9zary syndrome.", "content": "We have observed non-myelomatous monoclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia in a 61-year-old man with S\u00e9zary syndrome. Similar cases have not been reported before. S\u00e9zary cells of patients studied by other investigators were found to be helper T cells. The abundant production of T-lymphocytic stimuli may possibly explain in our case the occurrence of a paraprotein.", "contents": "Paraproteinaemia in S\u00e9zary syndrome. We have observed non-myelomatous monoclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia in a 61-year-old man with S\u00e9zary syndrome. Similar cases have not been reported before. S\u00e9zary cells of patients studied by other investigators were found to be helper T cells. The abundant production of T-lymphocytic stimuli may possibly explain in our case the occurrence of a paraprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:140083", "title": "A bacteriological study on children with staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis in Japan.", "content": "From 1973 to 1976, 21 patients with staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis were admitted to the Jikei University Hospital in Tokyo. Of all of them were isolated coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus from various sites. In Japan, unlike in Europe and America, phage group II cocci were found in few cases. On the other hand, S. aureus belonging to other phage groups than group II (I, III mixed group and III group) were very commonly isolated. All the isolates produced exfoliatin which was capable of producing exfoliation in newborn mice. The type (A or B) of exfoliation which was detected by the antiserum agar method did not correlate to the severity of this disease.", "contents": "A bacteriological study on children with staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis in Japan. From 1973 to 1976, 21 patients with staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis were admitted to the Jikei University Hospital in Tokyo. Of all of them were isolated coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus from various sites. In Japan, unlike in Europe and America, phage group II cocci were found in few cases. On the other hand, S. aureus belonging to other phage groups than group II (I, III mixed group and III group) were very commonly isolated. All the isolates produced exfoliatin which was capable of producing exfoliation in newborn mice. The type (A or B) of exfoliation which was detected by the antiserum agar method did not correlate to the severity of this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:140084", "title": "Efficacy of bufexamac (NFN) cream in skin diseases. A double-blind multicentre trial.", "content": "The effect of a new non-steroid anti-inflammatory substance (bufexamac) in a special constituent was compared with that of 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide, 1% hydrocortisone cream, and placebo during a double-blind multicentre trial. The clinical effect of these four creams was studied in 193 patients receiving treatment for the following skin disorders: atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, and non-allergic contact dermatitis, as well as dermatitis seborrheica. After 2 and 4 weeks' treatment, when 193 and 157 patients, respectively, were re-examined, the effect of triamcinolone acetonide and hydrocortisone cream was significantly better, than that obtained with bufexamac in the cream basis employed. On the other hand, no statistically significant difference in effect between bufexamac and placebo cream was observed.", "contents": "Efficacy of bufexamac (NFN) cream in skin diseases. A double-blind multicentre trial. The effect of a new non-steroid anti-inflammatory substance (bufexamac) in a special constituent was compared with that of 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide, 1% hydrocortisone cream, and placebo during a double-blind multicentre trial. The clinical effect of these four creams was studied in 193 patients receiving treatment for the following skin disorders: atopic dermatitis, allergic contact dermatitis, and non-allergic contact dermatitis, as well as dermatitis seborrheica. After 2 and 4 weeks' treatment, when 193 and 157 patients, respectively, were re-examined, the effect of triamcinolone acetonide and hydrocortisone cream was significantly better, than that obtained with bufexamac in the cream basis employed. On the other hand, no statistically significant difference in effect between bufexamac and placebo cream was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:140087", "title": "Influence of streptozotocin diabetes on intestinal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in the rat.", "content": "Studies were undertaken to examine cholesterogenesis in the intestine of streptozotocin-diabetic rats by measuring incorporation of [2(-14)C] acetate into cholesterol and 3-hydroxy-3-methylgultaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) activity. In these diabetic rats, the intestinal mucosal weight and food consumption were markedly high. The incorporation of [2(-14)C] acetate into cholesterol was significantly increased in all diabetic intestinal segments. However, the rates of production of fatty acids and carbon dioxide were not affected. Hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activities were markedly reduced during both the diurnal high and low periods in these diabetic rats, and there was no diurnal variation. In contrast, the specific activities of this enzyme in jejunal crypt cells during both the diurnal high and low periods were significantly higher in these diabetic rats without loss of diurnal variation. Total reductase activity per segment of intestine in jejunal and ileal mucose (villi + crypt cells) was increased in these diabetic rats. Control rats had higher total and specific activity of ileal mucosal (velli + crypt cells) reductase than of jejunal mucosal reducatse during the diurnal high period. The jejunal-ileal gradient in reductase activity and the incorporation of [2(-14)C] acetate into cholesterol did not change significantly with streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The results indicate that in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, hepatic cholesterogenesis decreases but intestinal synthesis increases.", "contents": "Influence of streptozotocin diabetes on intestinal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase activity in the rat. Studies were undertaken to examine cholesterogenesis in the intestine of streptozotocin-diabetic rats by measuring incorporation of [2(-14)C] acetate into cholesterol and 3-hydroxy-3-methylgultaryl CoA reductase (HMG-CoA reductase, EC 1.1.1.34) activity. In these diabetic rats, the intestinal mucosal weight and food consumption were markedly high. The incorporation of [2(-14)C] acetate into cholesterol was significantly increased in all diabetic intestinal segments. However, the rates of production of fatty acids and carbon dioxide were not affected. Hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activities were markedly reduced during both the diurnal high and low periods in these diabetic rats, and there was no diurnal variation. In contrast, the specific activities of this enzyme in jejunal crypt cells during both the diurnal high and low periods were significantly higher in these diabetic rats without loss of diurnal variation. Total reductase activity per segment of intestine in jejunal and ileal mucose (villi + crypt cells) was increased in these diabetic rats. Control rats had higher total and specific activity of ileal mucosal (velli + crypt cells) reductase than of jejunal mucosal reducatse during the diurnal high period. The jejunal-ileal gradient in reductase activity and the incorporation of [2(-14)C] acetate into cholesterol did not change significantly with streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The results indicate that in streptozotocin-diabetic rats, hepatic cholesterogenesis decreases but intestinal synthesis increases."}
{"id": "PMID:140089", "title": "The insulinotropic action of D-erythrose.", "content": "D-erythrose (5.0 to 20.0 mM) stimulates insulin release. This insulinotropic action of erythrose displays several features in common with that of glucose. First, erythrose (20 mM) causes a shift to the left of the sigmoidal curve relating the secretory rate to the glucose eoncentration, but fails to enhance the maximal response to glucose. Second, the secretory response to erythrose occurs as an early peak followed by a phase of sustained release. Third, erythrose increases the output of lactate from the islets. Last, erythrose inhibits the efflux of 45calcium and  favours its accumulation in isolated islets. It is suggested that, whether in response to glucose or erythrose, an increase in glycolytic flux may represent the key process involved in the identification of the secretagogue, a subsequent remodeling of calcium fluxes being apparently responsible for the activation of the insulin-releasing system.", "contents": "The insulinotropic action of D-erythrose. D-erythrose (5.0 to 20.0 mM) stimulates insulin release. This insulinotropic action of erythrose displays several features in common with that of glucose. First, erythrose (20 mM) causes a shift to the left of the sigmoidal curve relating the secretory rate to the glucose eoncentration, but fails to enhance the maximal response to glucose. Second, the secretory response to erythrose occurs as an early peak followed by a phase of sustained release. Third, erythrose increases the output of lactate from the islets. Last, erythrose inhibits the efflux of 45calcium and  favours its accumulation in isolated islets. It is suggested that, whether in response to glucose or erythrose, an increase in glycolytic flux may represent the key process involved in the identification of the secretagogue, a subsequent remodeling of calcium fluxes being apparently responsible for the activation of the insulin-releasing system."}
{"id": "PMID:140090", "title": "Renal hypertrophy in experimental diabetes: relation to severity of diabetes.", "content": "Streptozotocin diabetic rats have larger kidneys than non-diabetic rats. In the present study the rate of kidney growth during the first seven days of diabetes was correlated with the blood glucose concentration. Over a wide range of blood glucose concentrations (116-340 mg/100 ml) the kidney weight, protein content and protein/DNA ratio were closely correlated with the glucose values.", "contents": "Renal hypertrophy in experimental diabetes: relation to severity of diabetes. Streptozotocin diabetic rats have larger kidneys than non-diabetic rats. In the present study the rate of kidney growth during the first seven days of diabetes was correlated with the blood glucose concentration. Over a wide range of blood glucose concentrations (116-340 mg/100 ml) the kidney weight, protein content and protein/DNA ratio were closely correlated with the glucose values."}
{"id": "PMID:140092", "title": "[The efficacy of the angiographical method in the evaluation of left ventricular muscle mass in the dog (author's transl)].", "content": "In nine closed chest mongrel dogs 42 left ventricular cineangiographies for determination of left ventricular muscle mass were carried out. Buetterich's method was verified and a different procedure of calculation of myocardial wall thickens was proposed. By this method a better correlation line between calculated and weighed left muscle mass and a lower standard error of estimate is obtained.", "contents": "[The efficacy of the angiographical method in the evaluation of left ventricular muscle mass in the dog (author's transl)]. In nine closed chest mongrel dogs 42 left ventricular cineangiographies for determination of left ventricular muscle mass were carried out. Buetterich's method was verified and a different procedure of calculation of myocardial wall thickens was proposed. By this method a better correlation line between calculated and weighed left muscle mass and a lower standard error of estimate is obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:140093", "title": "Establishment and characteristics of a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line.", "content": "A permanent cell line (HLC-1) was established from the pleural effusion of a human lung adenocarcinoma. The cell line was characterized by the monolayered and multilayered organoid growth of epithelioid cells with the doubleing time of about 33 hr and the modal chromosome number of 68. Cloning efficiency was 17.9% in liquid medium and 8.3% in soft agar. The cell produced a large amount of epithelial mucin. Electron microscopic examination revealed many secretory granules and terminal bars. They formed spherical aggregates in a gyratory culture which showed adenocarcinoma-like tubular structures histologically. Enzyme-histolochemically, they showed the characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma cells except for a few enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and ATPase. Heterotransplantation of the cells produced the tumor. These characteristics confirm that HLC-1 cell line is a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line.", "contents": "Establishment and characteristics of a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line. A permanent cell line (HLC-1) was established from the pleural effusion of a human lung adenocarcinoma. The cell line was characterized by the monolayered and multilayered organoid growth of epithelioid cells with the doubleing time of about 33 hr and the modal chromosome number of 68. Cloning efficiency was 17.9% in liquid medium and 8.3% in soft agar. The cell produced a large amount of epithelial mucin. Electron microscopic examination revealed many secretory granules and terminal bars. They formed spherical aggregates in a gyratory culture which showed adenocarcinoma-like tubular structures histologically. Enzyme-histolochemically, they showed the characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma cells except for a few enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphatase and ATPase. Heterotransplantation of the cells produced the tumor. These characteristics confirm that HLC-1 cell line is a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line."}
{"id": "PMID:140094", "title": "[Clinical findings with a low-dosed antiandrogene (cyproteronacetate) and aethinyloestradiol women with virilising symptoms (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper refers to 167 patients who were treated with 2 mg Cyproteronacetate and 50 mug Ethinyloestradiol because of acne, seborrhoea, hirsutism and androgenetic alopecia. The application was daily from the 5th to the 25th day of cycle over a period of 12 months. The success of treatment depended on the severity of virilisation: in cases of light acne only 77% of the patients showed improvement, while in cases of severe acne 91,4% showed improvement or healing of acne. The corresponding figures for seborrhoea were 55,7% and 89,4% respectively, and for hirsutism 37,4% and 60,9% respectively. Furthermore the success of treatment of the different virilising symptoms depended on the duration of therapy: while acne was already cured significantly after 6 months of treatment, seborrhoea and hirsutism show continuous improvement up to the 10th month thetherapy. Concerning side effects during therapy spottings and brake through bleedings were registered in 17,1 and 6% of cycles respectively. 16,2% of the patients noted breast tensions. Finally 68,7% of the patients suffered from nervousness, a very subjective symptom, which might be explained by the psychic lability accompanying virilising symptoms. The drop out rate was 7,8%, being not higher than with other oral contraceptives.", "contents": "[Clinical findings with a low-dosed antiandrogene (cyproteronacetate) and aethinyloestradiol women with virilising symptoms (author's transl)]. The paper refers to 167 patients who were treated with 2 mg Cyproteronacetate and 50 mug Ethinyloestradiol because of acne, seborrhoea, hirsutism and androgenetic alopecia. The application was daily from the 5th to the 25th day of cycle over a period of 12 months. The success of treatment depended on the severity of virilisation: in cases of light acne only 77% of the patients showed improvement, while in cases of severe acne 91,4% showed improvement or healing of acne. The corresponding figures for seborrhoea were 55,7% and 89,4% respectively, and for hirsutism 37,4% and 60,9% respectively. Furthermore the success of treatment of the different virilising symptoms depended on the duration of therapy: while acne was already cured significantly after 6 months of treatment, seborrhoea and hirsutism show continuous improvement up to the 10th month thetherapy. Concerning side effects during therapy spottings and brake through bleedings were registered in 17,1 and 6% of cycles respectively. 16,2% of the patients noted breast tensions. Finally 68,7% of the patients suffered from nervousness, a very subjective symptom, which might be explained by the psychic lability accompanying virilising symptoms. The drop out rate was 7,8%, being not higher than with other oral contraceptives."}
{"id": "PMID:140095", "title": "[Exploratory laparotomies in geriatric-gynaecological patients (author's transl)].", "content": "In 17 gynaecological departments of West-Berlin hospitals, 2940 laparotomies were done between 1960 and 1969 in women of at least 60 years of age, of which 331 (10,9%) were exploratory. Of these the postoperative mortality was 39,2% (130 cases). The fatal cases could be divided into 120 women suffering from inoperable malignant tumors, 7 from sigmoid diverticulitis and 3 from chromical gynaecological inflammatory tumors. The frequency of such critical exploratory laparotomies could be lowered partly by intensifying cancer routine check-up by specialists by more complex diagnostic measures before the operations and by fewer adhesiotomies in cases of chronical inflammatory complaints. Most important, however, seems to be the well indicated application of laparoscopy under conditions that allow consecutive laparotomy if necessary. It is thought that to an experienced surgeon the diagnostic value of laparoscopy is almost equal to that of laparotomy. It therefore can be considered a true alternative.", "contents": "[Exploratory laparotomies in geriatric-gynaecological patients (author's transl)]. In 17 gynaecological departments of West-Berlin hospitals, 2940 laparotomies were done between 1960 and 1969 in women of at least 60 years of age, of which 331 (10,9%) were exploratory. Of these the postoperative mortality was 39,2% (130 cases). The fatal cases could be divided into 120 women suffering from inoperable malignant tumors, 7 from sigmoid diverticulitis and 3 from chromical gynaecological inflammatory tumors. The frequency of such critical exploratory laparotomies could be lowered partly by intensifying cancer routine check-up by specialists by more complex diagnostic measures before the operations and by fewer adhesiotomies in cases of chronical inflammatory complaints. Most important, however, seems to be the well indicated application of laparoscopy under conditions that allow consecutive laparotomy if necessary. It is thought that to an experienced surgeon the diagnostic value of laparoscopy is almost equal to that of laparotomy. It therefore can be considered a true alternative."}
{"id": "PMID:140091", "title": "[Biological and evolutionary significance of the major histocompatibility complex].", "content": "The recent advances in the understanding of the Major Histocompatibility Complex, particularly of human HLA and murine H2, are critically reviewed. Special emphasis has been given to the new hypotheses regarding MHC a \"rejection\" system for recognizing and eliminating cells that have been altered in the expression of their so called transplantation antigens by viral infection or oncogenic transformation. Because Ir genes are certainly involved in controlling the immune response against modified autologous MHC antigens, the author forwards an original hypothesis for explaining the linkage disequilibrium between different alleles at the HLA: A, B, C loci: the Ir gene (genes) in a given haplotype is particularly efficient for recognizing some particular altered antigens of different serie (say A1 and B8; A3 and B7). If these is the case the Ir gene (genes) would be the Keystone for maintaining the preferential associations of some pseudoalleles in some haplotypes.", "contents": "[Biological and evolutionary significance of the major histocompatibility complex]. The recent advances in the understanding of the Major Histocompatibility Complex, particularly of human HLA and murine H2, are critically reviewed. Special emphasis has been given to the new hypotheses regarding MHC a \"rejection\" system for recognizing and eliminating cells that have been altered in the expression of their so called transplantation antigens by viral infection or oncogenic transformation. Because Ir genes are certainly involved in controlling the immune response against modified autologous MHC antigens, the author forwards an original hypothesis for explaining the linkage disequilibrium between different alleles at the HLA: A, B, C loci: the Ir gene (genes) in a given haplotype is particularly efficient for recognizing some particular altered antigens of different serie (say A1 and B8; A3 and B7). If these is the case the Ir gene (genes) would be the Keystone for maintaining the preferential associations of some pseudoalleles in some haplotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:140113", "title": "Fibrin(-ogen) interactions with plasmin.", "content": "This is a brief review of the major events which take place when plasmin reacts with fibrinogen (fibrinogenolysis) and fibrin (fibrinolysis). An effort is made to interrelate the locations of the major products of fibrinogenolysis (X, Y, D and E) in the originating fibrinogen molecule. The complexity of the lysates of fibrins, cross-linked by factor XIII to varying extents, is discussed. Clinical and structural implications of two fragments (D dimer and the D dimer-E complex) unique to cross-linked fibrin digests, are highlighted.", "contents": "Fibrin(-ogen) interactions with plasmin. This is a brief review of the major events which take place when plasmin reacts with fibrinogen (fibrinogenolysis) and fibrin (fibrinolysis). An effort is made to interrelate the locations of the major products of fibrinogenolysis (X, Y, D and E) in the originating fibrinogen molecule. The complexity of the lysates of fibrins, cross-linked by factor XIII to varying extents, is discussed. Clinical and structural implications of two fragments (D dimer and the D dimer-E complex) unique to cross-linked fibrin digests, are highlighted."}
{"id": "PMID:140114", "title": "Activation of plasminogen as a feature in its assay.", "content": "Seven laboratories collaborating in a study of two intermediate purity plasminogen preparations (64/23, 63/6) observed that the amount of activator (urokinase or streptokinase) and the time of activation of plasminogen influenced the amount of plasmin generated. Using casein and a synthetic polypeptide (S-2251) as substrates, the authors subsequently showed that complete activation of plasminogen was difficult to achieve without acitivity losses due to plasmin autodigestion. Comparison of the polypeptide subunits (on SDS electrophoresis) of the various plasminogen activation mixtures with their plasmin activity allowed the conclusion that at maximum generation of plasmin from plasminogen, some plasminogen remains in the form of an inactive plasminogen intermediate (PLG-i).", "contents": "Activation of plasminogen as a feature in its assay. Seven laboratories collaborating in a study of two intermediate purity plasminogen preparations (64/23, 63/6) observed that the amount of activator (urokinase or streptokinase) and the time of activation of plasminogen influenced the amount of plasmin generated. Using casein and a synthetic polypeptide (S-2251) as substrates, the authors subsequently showed that complete activation of plasminogen was difficult to achieve without acitivity losses due to plasmin autodigestion. Comparison of the polypeptide subunits (on SDS electrophoresis) of the various plasminogen activation mixtures with their plasmin activity allowed the conclusion that at maximum generation of plasmin from plasminogen, some plasminogen remains in the form of an inactive plasminogen intermediate (PLG-i)."}
{"id": "PMID:140115", "title": "Development of chequerboard pattern in human foetal skeletal muscle.", "content": "The study was undertaken to race the histochemical and electron microscopic development patterns of human myogenesis from the 9th to the 26th week of foetal life. Particular attention was paid to the possibility of appearance of metabolic or structural differences between individual skeletal muscle fibres in early periods of myogenesis. The 9th week of foetal life is the period when primitive myotubes are formed. Irregular distribution of the ATPase (pH 9-4) activity observed at this time is due to differences in the structure of fusing myoblasts. The early myotubes show a high activity of the oxidative enzymes and lack of phosphorylase. Conversion of immature muscle cells into structurally mature fibres begins between the 20th and the 24th week. The latter fibres exhibit a uniform activity of all the studied enzymes and thus resemble the intermediate type of fibres of mature muscles. From about the 26th week on the typical mosaic pattern of the enzymatic activity is observed. All the differences in enzymatic activity which appear in fibers prior to their full morphologicaal maturity result from differences in developmental stages of the fibres at the given moment. The present study also suggests that there are no morphological or metabolic differences between individual humanskeletal muscle fibres prior to their metabolic differentiation into types which occurs after their innervation.", "contents": "Development of chequerboard pattern in human foetal skeletal muscle. The study was undertaken to race the histochemical and electron microscopic development patterns of human myogenesis from the 9th to the 26th week of foetal life. Particular attention was paid to the possibility of appearance of metabolic or structural differences between individual skeletal muscle fibres in early periods of myogenesis. The 9th week of foetal life is the period when primitive myotubes are formed. Irregular distribution of the ATPase (pH 9-4) activity observed at this time is due to differences in the structure of fusing myoblasts. The early myotubes show a high activity of the oxidative enzymes and lack of phosphorylase. Conversion of immature muscle cells into structurally mature fibres begins between the 20th and the 24th week. The latter fibres exhibit a uniform activity of all the studied enzymes and thus resemble the intermediate type of fibres of mature muscles. From about the 26th week on the typical mosaic pattern of the enzymatic activity is observed. All the differences in enzymatic activity which appear in fibers prior to their full morphologicaal maturity result from differences in developmental stages of the fibres at the given moment. The present study also suggests that there are no morphological or metabolic differences between individual humanskeletal muscle fibres prior to their metabolic differentiation into types which occurs after their innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:140116", "title": "The fine structure and histochemistry of bleb-like extrusions in the microthrix border of the larval Multiceps endothoracicus.", "content": "The study on the fine structure and the histochemistry of microtriches in the spiral canal and the scolex of a larva of the polycephalic cestode Multiceps endothoracicus suggested a defensive mechanism of a part of the parasite against invading cells of the parasite against invading cells of the tissue reaction of the host. Numerous vesicles and bleb-like extrusions were present in the transitory zone of the opening of the spiral canal and in the rostellar region of the scolex in close contact with deteriorating host cells. Both, the vesicles and bleb-like extrusions gave a positive reaction for SS and SH groups and displayed an enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase (AP) and nonspecific esterase (NE). Scanning and transmissive electron microscopy revealed the process of formation of bleb-like extrusions from the distal cytoplasm and showed that the appearance of the microtriches was being changed by an accumulation of products of secernation and secretion responsible for a lysis of the host cells.", "contents": "The fine structure and histochemistry of bleb-like extrusions in the microthrix border of the larval Multiceps endothoracicus. The study on the fine structure and the histochemistry of microtriches in the spiral canal and the scolex of a larva of the polycephalic cestode Multiceps endothoracicus suggested a defensive mechanism of a part of the parasite against invading cells of the parasite against invading cells of the tissue reaction of the host. Numerous vesicles and bleb-like extrusions were present in the transitory zone of the opening of the spiral canal and in the rostellar region of the scolex in close contact with deteriorating host cells. Both, the vesicles and bleb-like extrusions gave a positive reaction for SS and SH groups and displayed an enzymatic activity of acid phosphatase (AP) and nonspecific esterase (NE). Scanning and transmissive electron microscopy revealed the process of formation of bleb-like extrusions from the distal cytoplasm and showed that the appearance of the microtriches was being changed by an accumulation of products of secernation and secretion responsible for a lysis of the host cells."}
{"id": "PMID:140118", "title": "C. T. evaluation of renal space occupying lesions.", "content": "About 70 patients with suspicion on conventional radiographic examination of a space occupying lesion of the kidney, were also evaluated by C. T. There was no problem to differentiate benign cystic lesions and obstructive hydronephrosis from solid tumors. More difficult however was the differential diagnosis of the different types of renal solid tumors from chronical inflammatory processes. For this reason selective angiography remains imperative in those conditions.", "contents": "C. T. evaluation of renal space occupying lesions. About 70 patients with suspicion on conventional radiographic examination of a space occupying lesion of the kidney, were also evaluated by C. T. There was no problem to differentiate benign cystic lesions and obstructive hydronephrosis from solid tumors. More difficult however was the differential diagnosis of the different types of renal solid tumors from chronical inflammatory processes. For this reason selective angiography remains imperative in those conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:140119", "title": "[Computer-tomography of the facial bones (part I). Demonstration of various structures and deeply placed regions (author's transl)].", "content": "Conventional diagnosis of facial structures by endoscopy and conventional tomography often meets with the following difficulties: 1. Deeply placed areas cannot be seen, or are only partly visible by endoscopy. 2. Conventional tomography produces a two-dimensional section of a three dimensional object which may be confused by out of focus tomographic shadows. Our first attempts at computer tomographic examination of the facial structures in 41 patients have shown that this technique, working with parallel rays and without confusing shadows, is able to provide an accurate morphological demonstration of various structures and organs in the facial region.", "contents": "[Computer-tomography of the facial bones (part I). Demonstration of various structures and deeply placed regions (author's transl)]. Conventional diagnosis of facial structures by endoscopy and conventional tomography often meets with the following difficulties: 1. Deeply placed areas cannot be seen, or are only partly visible by endoscopy. 2. Conventional tomography produces a two-dimensional section of a three dimensional object which may be confused by out of focus tomographic shadows. Our first attempts at computer tomographic examination of the facial structures in 41 patients have shown that this technique, working with parallel rays and without confusing shadows, is able to provide an accurate morphological demonstration of various structures and organs in the facial region."}
{"id": "PMID:140120", "title": "[The value of serial scintigraphy with 99mTc pertechnetate compared with axial computed tomography in the diagnosis of cerebral tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The increasing use of cranial computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of cerebral tumours has suggested that the place of cerebral serial scintigraphy (CSS) with 99mTc pertechnitate needs to be re-assessed. For this purpose 190 patients with 200 intracranial tumours were examined by both methods. Of the 155 histologically confirmed tumours, 87% could be diagnosed by CSS, and 99% with CT. Amongst the total of 190 patients, CSS was correct in 90%, and CT in 99%. Correct tumour diagnosis of meningiomas was 84% for both methods, and for glioblastomas, 83% for both methods. Combining the two methods, however, produced 92% accuracy with meningiomas, and 90% of glioblastomas could be correctly classified. Gliomas of Grade I/II had an accuracy of 39% for CSS (52% for CT), for metastases 50% for CSS (80% for CT) and in the group \"various tumours\" 19% for CSS (41% for CT). Computed tomography will have to be carried out in future on all patients suspected of having a primary tumour and before any neuro-surgical intervention. The main task of CSS remains as a screening procedure for intracranial space-occupying lesions and to increase the accuracy of diagnosis. CSS is also valuable as an indication for the use of contrast during CT. In some cases this isotope method may increase the type specific diagnosis of CT.", "contents": "[The value of serial scintigraphy with 99mTc pertechnetate compared with axial computed tomography in the diagnosis of cerebral tumours (author's transl)]. The increasing use of cranial computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of cerebral tumours has suggested that the place of cerebral serial scintigraphy (CSS) with 99mTc pertechnitate needs to be re-assessed. For this purpose 190 patients with 200 intracranial tumours were examined by both methods. Of the 155 histologically confirmed tumours, 87% could be diagnosed by CSS, and 99% with CT. Amongst the total of 190 patients, CSS was correct in 90%, and CT in 99%. Correct tumour diagnosis of meningiomas was 84% for both methods, and for glioblastomas, 83% for both methods. Combining the two methods, however, produced 92% accuracy with meningiomas, and 90% of glioblastomas could be correctly classified. Gliomas of Grade I/II had an accuracy of 39% for CSS (52% for CT), for metastases 50% for CSS (80% for CT) and in the group \"various tumours\" 19% for CSS (41% for CT). Computed tomography will have to be carried out in future on all patients suspected of having a primary tumour and before any neuro-surgical intervention. The main task of CSS remains as a screening procedure for intracranial space-occupying lesions and to increase the accuracy of diagnosis. CSS is also valuable as an indication for the use of contrast during CT. In some cases this isotope method may increase the type specific diagnosis of CT."}
{"id": "PMID:140121", "title": "[Carotid-cavernous fistula. Diagnosis by angiography and scintillation camera (author's transl)].", "content": "Four patients with post-traumatic and one with a spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula are described. Perfusion scintigraphy made the diagnosis in three patients and in the other two strongly suggested it. Exposures in ventral and lateral projections are able to make the correct diagnosis. Sequential scintigraphy is also valuable for post-operative follow-up. Cerebral angiography can localise the fistula and the adequacy of the circle of Willis can be determined pre-operatively. In addition to the major venous flow from the cavernous sinus into the superior ophthalmic vein, other characteristic pathways may be demonstrated. Knowledge of the pathological and anatomical situation is a prerequisite for treatment planning.", "contents": "[Carotid-cavernous fistula. Diagnosis by angiography and scintillation camera (author's transl)]. Four patients with post-traumatic and one with a spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistula are described. Perfusion scintigraphy made the diagnosis in three patients and in the other two strongly suggested it. Exposures in ventral and lateral projections are able to make the correct diagnosis. Sequential scintigraphy is also valuable for post-operative follow-up. Cerebral angiography can localise the fistula and the adequacy of the circle of Willis can be determined pre-operatively. In addition to the major venous flow from the cavernous sinus into the superior ophthalmic vein, other characteristic pathways may be demonstrated. Knowledge of the pathological and anatomical situation is a prerequisite for treatment planning."}
{"id": "PMID:140122", "title": "[Occlusion of the basilar artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Occlusion of the basilar artery was demonstrated arteriographically in two cases. The symptomatology is described. Due to effective collateral circulation the patients survived and recovered from severe neurological deficits. One of the patients, clincally in a state resembling akinetic mutism for several weeks, not only survived but regained speech. To our knowledge this has not been reported in the literature previously. Our cases as well as similar ones of others showed, that for development of effective intrcranial collaterals the time, during which occlusion occurs, is clearly of importance. Development of collateral circulation also depends on the anatomy of the circle of Willis and a sufficient extracranial circulation.", "contents": "[Occlusion of the basilar artery (author's transl)]. Occlusion of the basilar artery was demonstrated arteriographically in two cases. The symptomatology is described. Due to effective collateral circulation the patients survived and recovered from severe neurological deficits. One of the patients, clincally in a state resembling akinetic mutism for several weeks, not only survived but regained speech. To our knowledge this has not been reported in the literature previously. Our cases as well as similar ones of others showed, that for development of effective intrcranial collaterals the time, during which occlusion occurs, is clearly of importance. Development of collateral circulation also depends on the anatomy of the circle of Willis and a sufficient extracranial circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:140123", "title": "[Combined carotid and femoral angiography in arterial occlusive disease (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Asymptomatic\" carotid stenosis with a murmur is an indication for carotid angiography, particularly in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Carotid angiography in the neck, carried out in two planes, makes it possible to differentiate different types of stenosis. Plaques and ulcerating strictures are a source of micro-emboli. The extent and localisation of extracranial carotid stenoses must be precisely defined because of their haemodynamic effects, particularly before major vascular surgery, which may result in a transient fall in blood pressure. Carotid angiography can be combined with femoral angiography in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. In our experience, the combined angiography does not result in any increase in the complication rate. This experience is based on 38 patients seen in the last 14 months.", "contents": "[Combined carotid and femoral angiography in arterial occlusive disease (author's transl)]. \"Asymptomatic\" carotid stenosis with a murmur is an indication for carotid angiography, particularly in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Carotid angiography in the neck, carried out in two planes, makes it possible to differentiate different types of stenosis. Plaques and ulcerating strictures are a source of micro-emboli. The extent and localisation of extracranial carotid stenoses must be precisely defined because of their haemodynamic effects, particularly before major vascular surgery, which may result in a transient fall in blood pressure. Carotid angiography can be combined with femoral angiography in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. In our experience, the combined angiography does not result in any increase in the complication rate. This experience is based on 38 patients seen in the last 14 months."}
{"id": "PMID:140124", "title": "[The diagnosis of cystic degeneration of the adventitia (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture of cystic degeneration of the adventitia is illustrated by two cases. This usually occurs in a portion of an artery near a joint, most commonly in the popliteal artery. The diagnosis is made in the presence of irregular, intermittent claudication associated with an \"hour glass\" stenosis of the popliteal artery on the arteriogram, without displacement of the vessel. The aetiology is probably related to herniation of the synovia from the adjacent joint capsule; this explains not only the variable pressure within the cyst in the arterial wall, but also the connection found at operation between the adventitial cyst in the popliteal artery and the joint capsule. Treatment consists in shelling out of the cyst. The prognosis is good and recurrences do not occur.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of cystic degeneration of the adventitia (author's transl)]. The clinical picture of cystic degeneration of the adventitia is illustrated by two cases. This usually occurs in a portion of an artery near a joint, most commonly in the popliteal artery. The diagnosis is made in the presence of irregular, intermittent claudication associated with an \"hour glass\" stenosis of the popliteal artery on the arteriogram, without displacement of the vessel. The aetiology is probably related to herniation of the synovia from the adjacent joint capsule; this explains not only the variable pressure within the cyst in the arterial wall, but also the connection found at operation between the adventitial cyst in the popliteal artery and the joint capsule. Treatment consists in shelling out of the cyst. The prognosis is good and recurrences do not occur."}
{"id": "PMID:140125", "title": "[The accuracy of lymphography in patients with malignant testicular tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "In 33 patients with malignant teratoid testicular tumours, the retro-peritoneal lymph nodes were surgically removed after lymphograms had been carried out. Histological examination of the lymph nodes showed retroperitoneal metastases in 42% (14 out of 33). In 25 of the 33 patients, there was agreement between lymphography and histology; diagnostic accuracy of lymphography was about 76%. In the presence of positive findings, accuracy was 87%.5%, for negative findings it was 72%. The more frequent false negative findings are due to anatomically determined failure of contrast filling of aortic lymph nodes; the less common false positive findings are produced by involution of lymph nodes.", "contents": "[The accuracy of lymphography in patients with malignant testicular tumours (author's transl)]. In 33 patients with malignant teratoid testicular tumours, the retro-peritoneal lymph nodes were surgically removed after lymphograms had been carried out. Histological examination of the lymph nodes showed retroperitoneal metastases in 42% (14 out of 33). In 25 of the 33 patients, there was agreement between lymphography and histology; diagnostic accuracy of lymphography was about 76%. In the presence of positive findings, accuracy was 87%.5%, for negative findings it was 72%. The more frequent false negative findings are due to anatomically determined failure of contrast filling of aortic lymph nodes; the less common false positive findings are produced by involution of lymph nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:140126", "title": "[The indications for lymphography in urology with special reference to carcinoma of the penis (author's transl)].", "content": "Lymphograms have been performed on 775 urological patients. Our experience indicates a scheme for lymphography in this particular speciality. According to this, carcinomas of the bladder and kidney are a relative indication for lymphography, whereas carcinomas of the scrotum, penis and prostate present an absolute indication. Fiftyseven lymphograms have been performed on 52 patients with carcinoma of the penis. In one patient the examination was carried out twice in one year, in another, three times and a third patient had three lymphograms over a period of six years. Most patients were aged 60 to 69 years, average age 61.48 years. Agreement between the histological and lymphographic findings was observed in 26 out of 34 patients treated surgically (76.5%).", "contents": "[The indications for lymphography in urology with special reference to carcinoma of the penis (author's transl)]. Lymphograms have been performed on 775 urological patients. Our experience indicates a scheme for lymphography in this particular speciality. According to this, carcinomas of the bladder and kidney are a relative indication for lymphography, whereas carcinomas of the scrotum, penis and prostate present an absolute indication. Fiftyseven lymphograms have been performed on 52 patients with carcinoma of the penis. In one patient the examination was carried out twice in one year, in another, three times and a third patient had three lymphograms over a period of six years. Most patients were aged 60 to 69 years, average age 61.48 years. Agreement between the histological and lymphographic findings was observed in 26 out of 34 patients treated surgically (76.5%)."}
{"id": "PMID:140127", "title": "[Percutaneous demonstration of lactiferous ducts in benign breast tumours. The use of contrast in the diagnosis of breast tumours such as fibroadenomas and proliferative mastopathies (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method is described which makes it possible to demonstrate the duct system in fibroadenomas and mastopathies by percutaneous injection of contrast. In this way, the pre-operative diagnosis of benign breast tumours can be confirmed. The technique is described and the early results are illustrated.", "contents": "[Percutaneous demonstration of lactiferous ducts in benign breast tumours. The use of contrast in the diagnosis of breast tumours such as fibroadenomas and proliferative mastopathies (author's transl)]. A new method is described which makes it possible to demonstrate the duct system in fibroadenomas and mastopathies by percutaneous injection of contrast. In this way, the pre-operative diagnosis of benign breast tumours can be confirmed. The technique is described and the early results are illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:140128", "title": "[Demonstration and recognition of microcalcification on xeromammograms (author's transl)].", "content": "The ability to demonstrate detail and to recognise microcalcification on xero-radiographs was investigated experimentally under conditions resembling those in actual practise; the results were compared with those of film mammography, and evaluated quantitatively. Xero-radiographs were slightly better, but in general were comparable in their ability to demonstrate microcalcification. The effect of the quality of the radiation and of geometric factors is discussed, and size of the smallest recognisable particles is given. Problems of optimal exposure in xero-radiography are discussed.", "contents": "[Demonstration and recognition of microcalcification on xeromammograms (author's transl)]. The ability to demonstrate detail and to recognise microcalcification on xero-radiographs was investigated experimentally under conditions resembling those in actual practise; the results were compared with those of film mammography, and evaluated quantitatively. Xero-radiographs were slightly better, but in general were comparable in their ability to demonstrate microcalcification. The effect of the quality of the radiation and of geometric factors is discussed, and size of the smallest recognisable particles is given. Problems of optimal exposure in xero-radiography are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140129", "title": "[Comparative filmmammography and xeromammographie (author's transl)].", "content": "Under optimal conditions xeromammography and filmmammography can reach about the same diagnostic accuracy. However because of the difficulty to detect xeroradiographically tiny microcalcifications filmmammography is to be considered as the optimal mammographic method provided it is carried out with rotating molybdenum anode and industrial type film for longer processing time.", "contents": "[Comparative filmmammography and xeromammographie (author's transl)]. Under optimal conditions xeromammography and filmmammography can reach about the same diagnostic accuracy. However because of the difficulty to detect xeroradiographically tiny microcalcifications filmmammography is to be considered as the optimal mammographic method provided it is carried out with rotating molybdenum anode and industrial type film for longer processing time."}
{"id": "PMID:140130", "title": "[The value of xero-radiography of the breast following mammoplasty with silicone prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "The well known advantages of xero-radiography make this particularly suitable for the evaluation of silicone prostheses which were implanted either after a subcutaneous mastectomy or during plastic surgery. Xero-radiography is valuable for demonstrating the soft tissues behind NaCl and Makrodex prostheses and is therefore particularly suitable when searching for tumours in these patients. In addition, it allows one to judge the cosmetic results, such as thickness and shape of the soft tissues, contours and wrinkling of the prostheses.", "contents": "[The value of xero-radiography of the breast following mammoplasty with silicone prostheses (author's transl)]. The well known advantages of xero-radiography make this particularly suitable for the evaluation of silicone prostheses which were implanted either after a subcutaneous mastectomy or during plastic surgery. Xero-radiography is valuable for demonstrating the soft tissues behind NaCl and Makrodex prostheses and is therefore particularly suitable when searching for tumours in these patients. In addition, it allows one to judge the cosmetic results, such as thickness and shape of the soft tissues, contours and wrinkling of the prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:140131", "title": "[Automatic exposure for xero-mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "During mammography without intensifying screens, exposure measurements are carried out behind the film. It is, however, difficult to construct an absolutely shadow-free ionization chamber of adequate sensitivity working in the necessary range of 25 to 50 kv. Repeated attempts have been made to utilize the advantages of automatic exposure for xero-mammography. In this case also the ionization chamber was placed behind the Xerox plate. Depending on tube filtration, object thickness and tube voltage, more than 80%, sometimes even 90%, of the radiation is absorbed by the Xerox plate. Particularly the characteristic Mo radiation of 17.4 keV and 19.6 keV is almost totally absorbed by the plate and cannot therefore be registered by the ionization chamber. This results in a considerable dependence of the exposure on kV and object thickness. Dependence on tube voltage and object thickness have been examined dosimetrically and spectroscopically with a Ge (Li)-spectrometer. Finally, the successful use of a shadow-free chamber is described; this has been particularly adapted for xero-mammography and is placed in front of the plate.", "contents": "[Automatic exposure for xero-mammography (author's transl)]. During mammography without intensifying screens, exposure measurements are carried out behind the film. It is, however, difficult to construct an absolutely shadow-free ionization chamber of adequate sensitivity working in the necessary range of 25 to 50 kv. Repeated attempts have been made to utilize the advantages of automatic exposure for xero-mammography. In this case also the ionization chamber was placed behind the Xerox plate. Depending on tube filtration, object thickness and tube voltage, more than 80%, sometimes even 90%, of the radiation is absorbed by the Xerox plate. Particularly the characteristic Mo radiation of 17.4 keV and 19.6 keV is almost totally absorbed by the plate and cannot therefore be registered by the ionization chamber. This results in a considerable dependence of the exposure on kV and object thickness. Dependence on tube voltage and object thickness have been examined dosimetrically and spectroscopically with a Ge (Li)-spectrometer. Finally, the successful use of a shadow-free chamber is described; this has been particularly adapted for xero-mammography and is placed in front of the plate."}
{"id": "PMID:140132", "title": "[Handskeleton studies with mammography technique in patients under antiepileptic medication (author's transl)].", "content": "An investigation with 114 epileptic patients under continuous treatment with anticonvulsiva was conducted in order to determine to what extent studies of the handskeleton with low-KV-technique will contribute to diagnosing osteopathy. The roentgenological findings of the hand were correlated with the x-ray findings of the remainder of the skeleton and with the results of biochemical studies. A control biopsy was performed in 8 cases. Definite and with all methods recognizable signs of osteomalacia were present in 7% of the cases, although only 2 patients developed a pathologic fracture. Another 32 patients (28%) showed suspicious changes in the handskeleton, which could not be confirmed by the comparative studies. No patient with normal findings of the handskeleton showed suspicious changes in the remainder of the skeleton or clinical and chemical indications of osteomalacia.", "contents": "[Handskeleton studies with mammography technique in patients under antiepileptic medication (author's transl)]. An investigation with 114 epileptic patients under continuous treatment with anticonvulsiva was conducted in order to determine to what extent studies of the handskeleton with low-KV-technique will contribute to diagnosing osteopathy. The roentgenological findings of the hand were correlated with the x-ray findings of the remainder of the skeleton and with the results of biochemical studies. A control biopsy was performed in 8 cases. Definite and with all methods recognizable signs of osteomalacia were present in 7% of the cases, although only 2 patients developed a pathologic fracture. Another 32 patients (28%) showed suspicious changes in the handskeleton, which could not be confirmed by the comparative studies. No patient with normal findings of the handskeleton showed suspicious changes in the remainder of the skeleton or clinical and chemical indications of osteomalacia."}
{"id": "PMID:140133", "title": "[Physiological changes of mineral content of radius and ulna in relation to age and sex (author's transl)].", "content": "The mineral content of the radius and the ulna was measured in 773 persons using 125J photon absorptiometry. Statistical evaluation of the data has provided normal values of mineral content of the forearm bones in men and women between the ages of 15 and 90 years. The course of the mineral content curve is discussed in relation to age and sex.", "contents": "[Physiological changes of mineral content of radius and ulna in relation to age and sex (author's transl)]. The mineral content of the radius and the ulna was measured in 773 persons using 125J photon absorptiometry. Statistical evaluation of the data has provided normal values of mineral content of the forearm bones in men and women between the ages of 15 and 90 years. The course of the mineral content curve is discussed in relation to age and sex."}
{"id": "PMID:140134", "title": "[Xero-radiographic examination of the capsule and ligaments of the knee joint. II. Demonstration of injuries to the cruciate and lateral ligaments and menisci (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of xero-radiography for demonstrating injuries to the capsule and ligaments of the knee has been investigated. A tomographic method was used in conjunction with arthrography of the knee. The results have shown that, in vitro, injuries of the cruciate and lateral ligaments and of the capsule are well shown by xero-tomography and that it is possible to evaluate their extent. Simultaneous demonstration of injuries to the menisci is less certain. In order to show these accurately, special methods would have to be employed. Despite the higher radiation dose which must be expected, and the greater complexity of this technique, we consider that a clinical investigation of the method is indicated.", "contents": "[Xero-radiographic examination of the capsule and ligaments of the knee joint. II. Demonstration of injuries to the cruciate and lateral ligaments and menisci (author's transl)]. The value of xero-radiography for demonstrating injuries to the capsule and ligaments of the knee has been investigated. A tomographic method was used in conjunction with arthrography of the knee. The results have shown that, in vitro, injuries of the cruciate and lateral ligaments and of the capsule are well shown by xero-tomography and that it is possible to evaluate their extent. Simultaneous demonstration of injuries to the menisci is less certain. In order to show these accurately, special methods would have to be employed. Despite the higher radiation dose which must be expected, and the greater complexity of this technique, we consider that a clinical investigation of the method is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:140141", "title": "[Dermatologic therapy unit anti-androgens].", "content": "The administration of anti-androgens brings favourable results especially in such skin diseases showing unsatisfactory therapeutic results, i.e. all severe forms of acne, seborrhoea, androgenic alopecia and hirsutism. Exact knowledge of the oestrogen and gestagen effect is essential. Also of fundamental importance is the observation and consideration of side effects besides the contraceptive efficacy and therapeutic results in dermatology.", "contents": "[Dermatologic therapy unit anti-androgens]. The administration of anti-androgens brings favourable results especially in such skin diseases showing unsatisfactory therapeutic results, i.e. all severe forms of acne, seborrhoea, androgenic alopecia and hirsutism. Exact knowledge of the oestrogen and gestagen effect is essential. Also of fundamental importance is the observation and consideration of side effects besides the contraceptive efficacy and therapeutic results in dermatology."}
{"id": "PMID:140144", "title": "Asymmetric septal hypertrophy in childhood. Unreliability of histologic criteria for differentiation of obstructive and nonobstructive forms.", "content": "Two cases of obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy with biventricular outflow obstruction in childhood are presented. Both patients were treated first with propranolol and later by ventriculoseptal myotomy-myectomy. The first patient died two and one-half years following surgery, and the second patient died in the immediate postoperative period. In the first patient the 690 gm. heart had an interventricular septum to posterior left ventricular wall ratio of 1.9, and in the second patient the ratio in the 460 gm. heart was 1.8. In both cases the posterobasal left ventricular free wall was rounded and hypertrophied, as has been reported grossly in obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy. However, in both cases, the bizarre disoriented cardiocytes typical of asymmetric septal hypertrophy were present in both ventricular free walls as well as in the interventricular septum, as has been reported in the nonobstructive variety. In these two cases, previously reported morphologic criteria for the differentiation of obstructive and nonobstructive disease are not considered reliable.", "contents": "Asymmetric septal hypertrophy in childhood. Unreliability of histologic criteria for differentiation of obstructive and nonobstructive forms. Two cases of obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy with biventricular outflow obstruction in childhood are presented. Both patients were treated first with propranolol and later by ventriculoseptal myotomy-myectomy. The first patient died two and one-half years following surgery, and the second patient died in the immediate postoperative period. In the first patient the 690 gm. heart had an interventricular septum to posterior left ventricular wall ratio of 1.9, and in the second patient the ratio in the 460 gm. heart was 1.8. In both cases the posterobasal left ventricular free wall was rounded and hypertrophied, as has been reported grossly in obstructive asymmetric septal hypertrophy. However, in both cases, the bizarre disoriented cardiocytes typical of asymmetric septal hypertrophy were present in both ventricular free walls as well as in the interventricular septum, as has been reported in the nonobstructive variety. In these two cases, previously reported morphologic criteria for the differentiation of obstructive and nonobstructive disease are not considered reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:140145", "title": "An unexpected high frequency of trisomic fetuses in 229 pregnancies monitored for advanced maternal age.", "content": "In 229 pregnancies monitored because of advance maternal age, 16 (7%) abnormal fetal karyotypes were detected. We found 13 cases of trisomy 21, twice a trisomy 18, and once an additional marker chromosome. The frequency of abnormal fetal karyotypes in different maternal age groups was found to increase from 1:20 at 38--40 years, to 1:16 at 41--43 years, and finally to 1:4.5 in women of 44--46 years. The overall incidence of chromosomal aberrations and specifically of trisomy 21 is considerably higher than that described in retrospective studies.", "contents": "An unexpected high frequency of trisomic fetuses in 229 pregnancies monitored for advanced maternal age. In 229 pregnancies monitored because of advance maternal age, 16 (7%) abnormal fetal karyotypes were detected. We found 13 cases of trisomy 21, twice a trisomy 18, and once an additional marker chromosome. The frequency of abnormal fetal karyotypes in different maternal age groups was found to increase from 1:20 at 38--40 years, to 1:16 at 41--43 years, and finally to 1:4.5 in women of 44--46 years. The overall incidence of chromosomal aberrations and specifically of trisomy 21 is considerably higher than that described in retrospective studies."}
{"id": "PMID:140146", "title": "Anomalous cellular proliferation in vitro associated with Huntington's disease.", "content": "Detailed growth analyses of cultured skin fibroblasts from two patients with Huntington's Disease (HD) were compared with those from controls matched for age and sex. In contrast to control cells, HD fibroblasts plated more efficiently at the low seeding densities used. Subsequent exponential growth of HD cultures was more stable towards routine trypsinisation than that of controls. However, the most striking feature of HD cultures was their ability to grow to significantly higher cell saturation densities. Experiments with trypsinised and untrypsinised cultures imply an inherent alteration in the HD cell membrane.", "contents": "Anomalous cellular proliferation in vitro associated with Huntington's disease. Detailed growth analyses of cultured skin fibroblasts from two patients with Huntington's Disease (HD) were compared with those from controls matched for age and sex. In contrast to control cells, HD fibroblasts plated more efficiently at the low seeding densities used. Subsequent exponential growth of HD cultures was more stable towards routine trypsinisation than that of controls. However, the most striking feature of HD cultures was their ability to grow to significantly higher cell saturation densities. Experiments with trypsinised and untrypsinised cultures imply an inherent alteration in the HD cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:140150", "title": "Bacteriological and histopathological evaluation of guinea pigs after infection with Listeria monocytogenes.", "content": "Randomly bred guinea pigs were infected with Listeria monocytogenes using the intracardial, intravenous and intraperitoneal routes of infection. Doses of Listeria ranged from 5 to 1,000 x the 50% lethal dose based on the 50% lethal dose for intracardially injected Listeria. A complete necropsy was performed on all animals that died after infection. Gross and microscopic examination of tissues revealed major pathological features which include myocarditis, edema and congestion with interstitial pneumonitis present in the lungs, and fatty hepatic changes with focal necrosis. For all or a majority of the animals, large numbers of Listeria were likewise recovered from these organs and from lymph nodes, spleen, kidneys, and adrenal gland tissue. Of the three routes of infection used, guinea pigs were most susceptible to Listeria injected via the intracardial route. The relatively high lethal dose of listeric for the quinea pig, however, suggests that the organism is a low-grade pathogen for this species.", "contents": "Bacteriological and histopathological evaluation of guinea pigs after infection with Listeria monocytogenes. Randomly bred guinea pigs were infected with Listeria monocytogenes using the intracardial, intravenous and intraperitoneal routes of infection. Doses of Listeria ranged from 5 to 1,000 x the 50% lethal dose based on the 50% lethal dose for intracardially injected Listeria. A complete necropsy was performed on all animals that died after infection. Gross and microscopic examination of tissues revealed major pathological features which include myocarditis, edema and congestion with interstitial pneumonitis present in the lungs, and fatty hepatic changes with focal necrosis. For all or a majority of the animals, large numbers of Listeria were likewise recovered from these organs and from lymph nodes, spleen, kidneys, and adrenal gland tissue. Of the three routes of infection used, guinea pigs were most susceptible to Listeria injected via the intracardial route. The relatively high lethal dose of listeric for the quinea pig, however, suggests that the organism is a low-grade pathogen for this species."}
{"id": "PMID:140153", "title": "Segmental replacement of the ureter using Sparks' mandrils. An experimental study.", "content": "Segmental ureteral replacement with free autogenous fibroelastic Dacron tube grafts in three dogs was unsuccessful during preliminary trials. However, a proliferation of urothelium, smooth muscle, and blood vessels throughout the length of the grafts was demonstrated, providing an encouraging potential for further investigations. Technical refinements are suggested that may provide for improved success with experimental ureteral replacement.", "contents": "Segmental replacement of the ureter using Sparks' mandrils. An experimental study. Segmental ureteral replacement with free autogenous fibroelastic Dacron tube grafts in three dogs was unsuccessful during preliminary trials. However, a proliferation of urothelium, smooth muscle, and blood vessels throughout the length of the grafts was demonstrated, providing an encouraging potential for further investigations. Technical refinements are suggested that may provide for improved success with experimental ureteral replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:140158", "title": "Double outlet right ventricle with extreme hypertrophy of muscle bundles associated with crista supraventricularis. A heart with three ventricles.", "content": "A baby born with cardiac, cerebral, ocular, palatal, renal and pulmonary anomalies died four hours after birth. The cardiac anomaly consisted of a double outlet right ventricle with extreme hypertrophy of the muscle bundles associated with the crista supraventricularis. The hypertrophic muscle mass divided the right ventricle into two parts, one of them corresponding to the outflow tract of the pulmonary artery. The other part received blood from the left ventricle through a septal defect and led the flow into the aorta. The two compartments were connected by a narrow canal at the apex of the right ventricle. Blood flow into the pulmonary artery was strictly dependent on the patency of the ductus arteriosus. Signs of closure could be found on the inner surface of the duct.", "contents": "Double outlet right ventricle with extreme hypertrophy of muscle bundles associated with crista supraventricularis. A heart with three ventricles. A baby born with cardiac, cerebral, ocular, palatal, renal and pulmonary anomalies died four hours after birth. The cardiac anomaly consisted of a double outlet right ventricle with extreme hypertrophy of the muscle bundles associated with the crista supraventricularis. The hypertrophic muscle mass divided the right ventricle into two parts, one of them corresponding to the outflow tract of the pulmonary artery. The other part received blood from the left ventricle through a septal defect and led the flow into the aorta. The two compartments were connected by a narrow canal at the apex of the right ventricle. Blood flow into the pulmonary artery was strictly dependent on the patency of the ductus arteriosus. Signs of closure could be found on the inner surface of the duct."}
{"id": "PMID:140160", "title": "The distribution and relative sized of fibre types in the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles of the adult rat.", "content": "Histochemical fibre types classified in sections stained for succinic dehydrogenase (sdh) and myosin ATPase at pH 9.4, were found to be distributed in a consistent manner within the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and 4 soleus muscles of the adult rat. Simple morphometric techniques applied to complete transverse sections of both muscles showed that the relative distributions and proportions of fibre types along their deep to superficial, and medial to lateral, axes varied accoording to the histochemical method used for fibre typing. Similar differences occurred when the relative ranges of size exhibited by each fibre type were compared in sections stained for SDH and ATPase, and the discrepancies in fibre classification were confirmed by an analysis of individual fibres in serial sections. The findings are discussed in relation to those previosly reported for the EDL and soleus muscles of the rat.", "contents": "The distribution and relative sized of fibre types in the extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles of the adult rat. Histochemical fibre types classified in sections stained for succinic dehydrogenase (sdh) and myosin ATPase at pH 9.4, were found to be distributed in a consistent manner within the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and 4 soleus muscles of the adult rat. Simple morphometric techniques applied to complete transverse sections of both muscles showed that the relative distributions and proportions of fibre types along their deep to superficial, and medial to lateral, axes varied accoording to the histochemical method used for fibre typing. Similar differences occurred when the relative ranges of size exhibited by each fibre type were compared in sections stained for SDH and ATPase, and the discrepancies in fibre classification were confirmed by an analysis of individual fibres in serial sections. The findings are discussed in relation to those previosly reported for the EDL and soleus muscles of the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:140161", "title": "Uptake of ferrienterochelin by Escherichia coli: energy dependent stage of uptake.", "content": "The uptake of the siderophore-iron complex ferrienterochelin was found to be strongly dependent upon an energized membrane state, as demonstrated by its sensitivity to dinitrophenol, azide, and cyanide. Ferrienterochelin uptake may also be dependent upon phosphate bond energy, as indicated by sensitivity to arsenate and iodoacetic acid. Although the adenosine triphosphatase does not appear to be involved in this energy coupling mechanism, ferrienterochelin uptake was shown to be less dependent upon phosphate bond energy than was glutamine uptake. Sensitivity of ferrienterochelin uptake to osmotic shock was shown to be due to the release of a ferrienterochelin binding compound located in the outer membrane of the cells and probably identical to the colicin B receptor protein.", "contents": "Uptake of ferrienterochelin by Escherichia coli: energy dependent stage of uptake. The uptake of the siderophore-iron complex ferrienterochelin was found to be strongly dependent upon an energized membrane state, as demonstrated by its sensitivity to dinitrophenol, azide, and cyanide. Ferrienterochelin uptake may also be dependent upon phosphate bond energy, as indicated by sensitivity to arsenate and iodoacetic acid. Although the adenosine triphosphatase does not appear to be involved in this energy coupling mechanism, ferrienterochelin uptake was shown to be less dependent upon phosphate bond energy than was glutamine uptake. Sensitivity of ferrienterochelin uptake to osmotic shock was shown to be due to the release of a ferrienterochelin binding compound located in the outer membrane of the cells and probably identical to the colicin B receptor protein."}
{"id": "PMID:140162", "title": "Cellular distribution of ornithine in Neurospora: anabolic and catabolic steady states.", "content": "During growth on minimal medium, cells of Neurospora contain three pools of ornithine. Over 95% of the ornithine is in a metabolically inactive pool in vesicles, about 1% is in the cytosol, and about 3% is in the mitochondria. By using a ureaseless strain, we measured the rapid flux of ornithine across the membrane boundaries of these pools. High levels of ornithine and the catabolic enzyme ornithine aminotransferase coexist during growth on minimal medium but, due to the compartmentation of the ornithine, only 11% was catabolized. Most of the ornithine was used for the synthesis of arginine. Upon the addition of arginine to the medium, ornithine was produced catabolically via the enzyme arginasn early enzyme of ornithine synthesis. The biosynthesis of arginine itself, from ornithine and carbamyl phosphate, was halted after about three generations of growth on arginine via the repression of carbamyl phosphate synthetase A. The catabolism of arginine produced ornithine at a greater rate than it had been produced biosynthetically, but this ornithine was not stored; rather it was catabolized in turn to yield intermediates of the proline pathway. Thus, compartmentation, feedback inhibition, and genetic repression all play a role to minimize the simultaneous operation of anabolic and catabolic pathways for ornithine and arginine.", "contents": "Cellular distribution of ornithine in Neurospora: anabolic and catabolic steady states. During growth on minimal medium, cells of Neurospora contain three pools of ornithine. Over 95% of the ornithine is in a metabolically inactive pool in vesicles, about 1% is in the cytosol, and about 3% is in the mitochondria. By using a ureaseless strain, we measured the rapid flux of ornithine across the membrane boundaries of these pools. High levels of ornithine and the catabolic enzyme ornithine aminotransferase coexist during growth on minimal medium but, due to the compartmentation of the ornithine, only 11% was catabolized. Most of the ornithine was used for the synthesis of arginine. Upon the addition of arginine to the medium, ornithine was produced catabolically via the enzyme arginasn early enzyme of ornithine synthesis. The biosynthesis of arginine itself, from ornithine and carbamyl phosphate, was halted after about three generations of growth on arginine via the repression of carbamyl phosphate synthetase A. The catabolism of arginine produced ornithine at a greater rate than it had been produced biosynthetically, but this ornithine was not stored; rather it was catabolized in turn to yield intermediates of the proline pathway. Thus, compartmentation, feedback inhibition, and genetic repression all play a role to minimize the simultaneous operation of anabolic and catabolic pathways for ornithine and arginine."}
{"id": "PMID:140163", "title": "Arginine catabolism in Neurospora: cycling of ornithine.", "content": "We measured the metabolism of ornithine in Neurospora during the transition from minimal medium to arginine-supplemented medium. Within an hour after arginine supplementation, the amount of intracellular ornithine (95% of which had been stored in vesicles) dropped by 65%, even though the catabolism of arginine produces as much ornithine as had been produced on minimal medium. The arginine level in the cell rose 10-fold. Ornithine flux through the catabolic enzyme ornithine aminotransferase increased fivefold, but flux through the mitochondrial enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase (leading to arginine synthesis) was only 20% of the rate seen on minimal medium. During this transition to arginine catabolism, the enzymes of the arginine pathway operate as an ornithine cycle, but at a restricted rate. We suggest the hypothesis that high levels of arginine may inhibit the movement of ornithine into the vesicles and into the mitochondria.", "contents": "Arginine catabolism in Neurospora: cycling of ornithine. We measured the metabolism of ornithine in Neurospora during the transition from minimal medium to arginine-supplemented medium. Within an hour after arginine supplementation, the amount of intracellular ornithine (95% of which had been stored in vesicles) dropped by 65%, even though the catabolism of arginine produces as much ornithine as had been produced on minimal medium. The arginine level in the cell rose 10-fold. Ornithine flux through the catabolic enzyme ornithine aminotransferase increased fivefold, but flux through the mitochondrial enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase (leading to arginine synthesis) was only 20% of the rate seen on minimal medium. During this transition to arginine catabolism, the enzymes of the arginine pathway operate as an ornithine cycle, but at a restricted rate. We suggest the hypothesis that high levels of arginine may inhibit the movement of ornithine into the vesicles and into the mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:140164", "title": "Lecithin requirement for the sporulation process in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Reversible inhibition of conidiogenesis occurred when lecithin was depleted from Neurospora membranes by choline starvation.", "contents": "Lecithin requirement for the sporulation process in Neurospora crassa. Reversible inhibition of conidiogenesis occurred when lecithin was depleted from Neurospora membranes by choline starvation."}
{"id": "PMID:140165", "title": "Evidence for energy-dependent change in phosphate binding for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation based on measurements of medium and intermediate phosphate-water exchanges.", "content": "Characteristics of the exchange reactions catalyzed by beef heart submitochondrial particles give new insight into energy transducing steps of oxidative phosphorylation. The uncoupler-insensitive portion of the total Pi in equilibrium  HOH exchange in presence of ATP, ADP, and Pi is the intermediate Pi in equilibrium HOH exchange, that is the exchange occurring with Pi formed by hydrolysis of ATP prior to release of Pi from the catalytic site. The exchange of medium Pi with HOH is as sensitive to uncouplers as the Pi in equilibrium ATP exchange and net oxidative phosphorylation, demonstrating a requirement of an uncoupler-sensitive energized state, probably a transmembrane potential or proton gradient, for bringing medium Pi to the reactive state. The covalent bond forming and breaking step at the catalytic site (ADP + Pi in equilibrium ATP + HOH) appears relatively insensitive to uncouplers. Thus to the extent that uncouplers dissipate transmembrane proton-motive force, it is unlikely that such a force is used to drive ATP formation by direct protonations of Pi oxygens. When only Pi and ADP are added and formation of ATP from added ADP by adenylate kinase and subsequent ATP hydrolysis are adequately blocked, no Pi in equilibrium HOH exchange can be observed, demonstrating a requirement of energization by ATP binding and cleavage for such an exchange. This uncoupler-insensitive energization is suggested to represent a conformationally energized state that can be used reversibly to develop a transmembrane protonmotive force accompanying ADP and Pi release. Rates of various exchanges as estimated by improved procedures are compatible with all oxygen exchanges occurring by dynamic reversal of ATP hydrolysis at the catalytic site.", "contents": "Evidence for energy-dependent change in phosphate binding for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation based on measurements of medium and intermediate phosphate-water exchanges. Characteristics of the exchange reactions catalyzed by beef heart submitochondrial particles give new insight into energy transducing steps of oxidative phosphorylation. The uncoupler-insensitive portion of the total Pi in equilibrium  HOH exchange in presence of ATP, ADP, and Pi is the intermediate Pi in equilibrium HOH exchange, that is the exchange occurring with Pi formed by hydrolysis of ATP prior to release of Pi from the catalytic site. The exchange of medium Pi with HOH is as sensitive to uncouplers as the Pi in equilibrium ATP exchange and net oxidative phosphorylation, demonstrating a requirement of an uncoupler-sensitive energized state, probably a transmembrane potential or proton gradient, for bringing medium Pi to the reactive state. The covalent bond forming and breaking step at the catalytic site (ADP + Pi in equilibrium ATP + HOH) appears relatively insensitive to uncouplers. Thus to the extent that uncouplers dissipate transmembrane proton-motive force, it is unlikely that such a force is used to drive ATP formation by direct protonations of Pi oxygens. When only Pi and ADP are added and formation of ATP from added ADP by adenylate kinase and subsequent ATP hydrolysis are adequately blocked, no Pi in equilibrium HOH exchange can be observed, demonstrating a requirement of energization by ATP binding and cleavage for such an exchange. This uncoupler-insensitive energization is suggested to represent a conformationally energized state that can be used reversibly to develop a transmembrane protonmotive force accompanying ADP and Pi release. Rates of various exchanges as estimated by improved procedures are compatible with all oxygen exchanges occurring by dynamic reversal of ATP hydrolysis at the catalytic site."}
{"id": "PMID:140166", "title": "Selective inhibition of in vitro DNA synthesis dependent on phiX174 compared with fd DNA. I. Protein requirements for selective inhibition.", "content": "Crude extracts of Escherichia coli selectively convert fd viral DNA and not phiX174 DNA to duplex DNA via a complex series of reactions one of which involves RNA polymerase. Reactions leading to formation of fd duplex-replicative (RFII) structures have been reconstituted with purified proteins from E. coli. Maximal synthesis requires the combined action of E. coli binding protein, DNA elongation factor I, DNA elongation factor II preparations (which are a mixture of dna Z and DNA elongation factor III), DNA polymerase III, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Mg2+, dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP, and ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP. In contrast to crude extracts of E. coli, purified protein fractions do not distinguish between fd DNA and phiX174 DNA in duplex DNA formation. The addition of crude fractions of E. coli to the purified components listed above selectively permits fd RFII formation and prevents phiX RFII formation. This selective inhibition was used as an assay to isolate proteins essential for this phenomenon; they include RNase H, discriminatory factor alpha, and discriminatory factor beta.", "contents": "Selective inhibition of in vitro DNA synthesis dependent on phiX174 compared with fd DNA. I. Protein requirements for selective inhibition. Crude extracts of Escherichia coli selectively convert fd viral DNA and not phiX174 DNA to duplex DNA via a complex series of reactions one of which involves RNA polymerase. Reactions leading to formation of fd duplex-replicative (RFII) structures have been reconstituted with purified proteins from E. coli. Maximal synthesis requires the combined action of E. coli binding protein, DNA elongation factor I, DNA elongation factor II preparations (which are a mixture of dna Z and DNA elongation factor III), DNA polymerase III, DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, Mg2+, dATP, dGTP, dCTP, dTTP, and ATP, GTP, CTP, and UTP. In contrast to crude extracts of E. coli, purified protein fractions do not distinguish between fd DNA and phiX174 DNA in duplex DNA formation. The addition of crude fractions of E. coli to the purified components listed above selectively permits fd RFII formation and prevents phiX RFII formation. This selective inhibition was used as an assay to isolate proteins essential for this phenomenon; they include RNase H, discriminatory factor alpha, and discriminatory factor beta."}
{"id": "PMID:140167", "title": "Sidedness of (sodium, potassium)-adenosine triphosphate of inside-out red cell membrane vesicles. Interactions with potassium.", "content": "Inside-out membrane vesicles of human red cells, prepared according to the method of Steck et al. (1970) Science 168, 255-257) have sufficiently low cation permeability to allow the examination  of the side-specific interactions of ligands with the asymmetric sodium pump complex. In accordance with the known properties of the pump in intact cells the following results were observed: (a) ATP-dependent sodium influx and (b) maximal (sodium, potassium)-ATPase with K+ present inside the vesicles with  larger than or equal to 20 micronM ATP. With much lower [ATP], K+ inhibited sodium-activated ATPase. K+ was inhibitory at either surface. Inhibition was different on the two sides since cytoplasmic (extravesicular) Na+ counteracted inhibition by cytoplasmic (extravesicular) K+ but not inhibition by K+ at the plasma or external membrane surface, i.e. intravesicular K+. A decrease in the steady state level of the phosphenzyme intermediate of sodium-activated ATPase was caused also by K+ at either surface. The effect of cytoplasmic K+ is compatible with its competitive inhibition of activation of phosphorylation of the enzyme by cytoplasmic Na+. At 37 degrees, the inhibitory effect of external K+ is due to interaction with the phosphoenzyme to form a stable complex of K+ with the dephosphenzyme resulting in a decreased overall reaction rate but increased turnover of the phosphoenzyme (E-P + K leads to EK + Pi). At 0 degree, external K+ inhibits by interacting with the unphosphorylated enzyme to form an occluded enzyme-K complex. This results in a decreased overall rate but relatively small change in apparent turnover of the phosphoenzyme. At 0 degree, but not at 37 degrees, external Na+ counteracted the inhibitory effects of external K+.", "contents": "Sidedness of (sodium, potassium)-adenosine triphosphate of inside-out red cell membrane vesicles. Interactions with potassium. Inside-out membrane vesicles of human red cells, prepared according to the method of Steck et al. (1970) Science 168, 255-257) have sufficiently low cation permeability to allow the examination  of the side-specific interactions of ligands with the asymmetric sodium pump complex. In accordance with the known properties of the pump in intact cells the following results were observed: (a) ATP-dependent sodium influx and (b) maximal (sodium, potassium)-ATPase with K+ present inside the vesicles with  larger than or equal to 20 micronM ATP. With much lower [ATP], K+ inhibited sodium-activated ATPase. K+ was inhibitory at either surface. Inhibition was different on the two sides since cytoplasmic (extravesicular) Na+ counteracted inhibition by cytoplasmic (extravesicular) K+ but not inhibition by K+ at the plasma or external membrane surface, i.e. intravesicular K+. A decrease in the steady state level of the phosphenzyme intermediate of sodium-activated ATPase was caused also by K+ at either surface. The effect of cytoplasmic K+ is compatible with its competitive inhibition of activation of phosphorylation of the enzyme by cytoplasmic Na+. At 37 degrees, the inhibitory effect of external K+ is due to interaction with the phosphoenzyme to form a stable complex of K+ with the dephosphenzyme resulting in a decreased overall reaction rate but increased turnover of the phosphoenzyme (E-P + K leads to EK + Pi). At 0 degree, external K+ inhibits by interacting with the unphosphorylated enzyme to form an occluded enzyme-K complex. This results in a decreased overall rate but relatively small change in apparent turnover of the phosphoenzyme. At 0 degree, but not at 37 degrees, external Na+ counteracted the inhibitory effects of external K+."}
{"id": "PMID:140168", "title": "Reactions of the articular capsule to wear products of artificial joint prostheses.", "content": "Examination of a great number of tissue samples taken from the newly formed capsules surrounding artificial joints reveals small particles of prosthetic material. Abraded from the joint by wear and tear, these particles of plastic, metal, and acrylic cement initiate a foreign-body reaction and result in the formation of granulation tissue, including macrophages and foreign-body giant cells. Typical features of tissue reactions exist for each of the materials from which prostheses are made. The consequent formation of scar tissue produces a thickening of the capsule, which, in turn, may cause a reduction in the mobility of the joint. In small amounts, the foreign-body particles are eliminated via the perivascular lymph spaces. Where this transport system is insufficient to handle the volume, however, the foreign-body response may extend to the whole environment surrounding the joint. In such cases, there may be loosening of the cemented prosthetic parts because of deterioration of contiguous bone anchors by the tissue membrane lining the bone cement.", "contents": "Reactions of the articular capsule to wear products of artificial joint prostheses. Examination of a great number of tissue samples taken from the newly formed capsules surrounding artificial joints reveals small particles of prosthetic material. Abraded from the joint by wear and tear, these particles of plastic, metal, and acrylic cement initiate a foreign-body reaction and result in the formation of granulation tissue, including macrophages and foreign-body giant cells. Typical features of tissue reactions exist for each of the materials from which prostheses are made. The consequent formation of scar tissue produces a thickening of the capsule, which, in turn, may cause a reduction in the mobility of the joint. In small amounts, the foreign-body particles are eliminated via the perivascular lymph spaces. Where this transport system is insufficient to handle the volume, however, the foreign-body response may extend to the whole environment surrounding the joint. In such cases, there may be loosening of the cemented prosthetic parts because of deterioration of contiguous bone anchors by the tissue membrane lining the bone cement."}
{"id": "PMID:140169", "title": "Interactions between segmented polyurethane surfaces and the plasma protein fibrinogen.", "content": "Surfaces of a segmented polyurethane were varied by casting on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and glass substrates, and were characterized through infrared-attenuated total-reflection spectroscopy (ATR). Surfaces cast on glass substrates showed a higher content of polyether segments, whereas those cast on PET contained a higher relative concentration of aromatic segments. Adsorption, and possible conformational changes of fibrinogen, were found to be more substantial on polymer surfaces having a higher content of polyether segments. It is concluded that the relatively good blood compatibility of segmented polyurethanes is partly due to the presence of peptide-like bonds on aromatic segments.", "contents": "Interactions between segmented polyurethane surfaces and the plasma protein fibrinogen. Surfaces of a segmented polyurethane were varied by casting on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and glass substrates, and were characterized through infrared-attenuated total-reflection spectroscopy (ATR). Surfaces cast on glass substrates showed a higher content of polyether segments, whereas those cast on PET contained a higher relative concentration of aromatic segments. Adsorption, and possible conformational changes of fibrinogen, were found to be more substantial on polymer surfaces having a higher content of polyether segments. It is concluded that the relatively good blood compatibility of segmented polyurethanes is partly due to the presence of peptide-like bonds on aromatic segments."}
{"id": "PMID:140170", "title": "Abdominal aorta-caval fistula: treatment with aortic and caval synthetic grafts (one year follow-up).", "content": "A fistula located between the abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava is an unusual acquired condition which necessitates prompt diagnosis and, in most instances, emergency surgical repair. The signs and symptoms are related to the size of the shunt. The classical findings are those of a continuous abdominal bruit, edema and venous pooling of the legs, wide pulse pressure, and sudden progressive high-output cardiac failure. Aortography is the definitive diagnostic procedure. However it is impractical in those situations presenting an asymptomatic fistula and contraindicated in presence of signs of progressive renal failure, where emergency surgical treatment is required. In these instances aorta-caval fistula can be correctly diagnosed by means of radionuclide aortography. The fistula can usually be repaired from within the aneurysm after endoarterectomy. Then the aortic graft replacement is completed. In rare cases the pathology at operation is such that this type of repair cannot be performed and an unexpected replacement of the inferior vena cava may be required. The purpose of this paper is to present the description of a patient in whom the diagnosis of aorta-caval fistula was confirmed by means of an isotope angiogram, followed by a successful surgical graft replacement of the abdominal aorta and a dacron tubular graft replacement of the inferior vena cava.", "contents": "Abdominal aorta-caval fistula: treatment with aortic and caval synthetic grafts (one year follow-up). A fistula located between the abdominal aorta and the inferior vena cava is an unusual acquired condition which necessitates prompt diagnosis and, in most instances, emergency surgical repair. The signs and symptoms are related to the size of the shunt. The classical findings are those of a continuous abdominal bruit, edema and venous pooling of the legs, wide pulse pressure, and sudden progressive high-output cardiac failure. Aortography is the definitive diagnostic procedure. However it is impractical in those situations presenting an asymptomatic fistula and contraindicated in presence of signs of progressive renal failure, where emergency surgical treatment is required. In these instances aorta-caval fistula can be correctly diagnosed by means of radionuclide aortography. The fistula can usually be repaired from within the aneurysm after endoarterectomy. Then the aortic graft replacement is completed. In rare cases the pathology at operation is such that this type of repair cannot be performed and an unexpected replacement of the inferior vena cava may be required. The purpose of this paper is to present the description of a patient in whom the diagnosis of aorta-caval fistula was confirmed by means of an isotope angiogram, followed by a successful surgical graft replacement of the abdominal aorta and a dacron tubular graft replacement of the inferior vena cava."}
{"id": "PMID:140174", "title": "Properties of an antiserum against native dynein 1 from sea urchin sperm flagella.", "content": "Effects of an antiserum against native dynein 1 from sperm flagella of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were compared with effects of an antiserum previously obtained against an ATPase-active tryptic fragment (fragment 1A) of dynein 1 from sperm flagella of the sea urchin, Anthocidaris crassispina. Both antisera precipitate dynein 1 and do not precipitate dynein 2. Only the fragment 1A antiserum precipitates fragment 1A and produces a measurable inhibition of dynein 1 ATPase activity. Both antisera inhibit the movement and the movement-coupled ATP dephosphorylation of reactivated spermatozoa. The inhibition of movement by the antiserum against dynein 1 is much less than by the antiserum against fragment 1A, suggesting that a specific interference with the active ATPase site may be required for effective inhibition of movement. Both antisera reduce the bend angle as well as the beat frequency of reactivated S. purpuratus spermatozoa, suggesting that the bend angle may depend on the activity of the dynein arms which generate active sliding.", "contents": "Properties of an antiserum against native dynein 1 from sea urchin sperm flagella. Effects of an antiserum against native dynein 1 from sperm flagella of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were compared with effects of an antiserum previously obtained against an ATPase-active tryptic fragment (fragment 1A) of dynein 1 from sperm flagella of the sea urchin, Anthocidaris crassispina. Both antisera precipitate dynein 1 and do not precipitate dynein 2. Only the fragment 1A antiserum precipitates fragment 1A and produces a measurable inhibition of dynein 1 ATPase activity. Both antisera inhibit the movement and the movement-coupled ATP dephosphorylation of reactivated spermatozoa. The inhibition of movement by the antiserum against dynein 1 is much less than by the antiserum against fragment 1A, suggesting that a specific interference with the active ATPase site may be required for effective inhibition of movement. Both antisera reduce the bend angle as well as the beat frequency of reactivated S. purpuratus spermatozoa, suggesting that the bend angle may depend on the activity of the dynein arms which generate active sliding."}
{"id": "PMID:140171", "title": "The use of an external dacron shunt in repair of a supraceliac abdominal aorta traumatic aneurysm.", "content": "This is the sixth report in the English literature of survival following repair of a supraceliac aortic traumatic aneurysm secondary to penetrating injury. Symptoms, (12 months after a stab wound of the flank), led to discovery of an aneurysm 15 cm in diameter, originating from the left side of the supraceliac aorta. Repair was accomplished with a temporary thoracoabdominal bypass shunt graft of woven Dacron.", "contents": "The use of an external dacron shunt in repair of a supraceliac abdominal aorta traumatic aneurysm. This is the sixth report in the English literature of survival following repair of a supraceliac aortic traumatic aneurysm secondary to penetrating injury. Symptoms, (12 months after a stab wound of the flank), led to discovery of an aneurysm 15 cm in diameter, originating from the left side of the supraceliac aorta. Repair was accomplished with a temporary thoracoabdominal bypass shunt graft of woven Dacron."}
{"id": "PMID:140175", "title": "Distribution of bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase in rat intestinal epithelium.", "content": "This study reports on the distribution of bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase in rat intestinal epithelial cells. Brush-border membranes and basolateral membranes were separated from each other and from mitochondrial and other intracellular membranes by differential and density gradient centrifugation. Bicarbonate-sensitive ATPase activity followed the mitochondrial marker succinic dehydrogenase closely throughout all the centrifugation steps. The low HCO3--ATPase activity in purified brush-border and basolateral plasma membranes could be accounted for quantitatively by the small mitochondrial contamination. Consequently, there are no grounds for postulating that this enzyme has a direct role in H+ or HCO3- transport across the rat small intestine.", "contents": "Distribution of bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase in rat intestinal epithelium. This study reports on the distribution of bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase in rat intestinal epithelial cells. Brush-border membranes and basolateral membranes were separated from each other and from mitochondrial and other intracellular membranes by differential and density gradient centrifugation. Bicarbonate-sensitive ATPase activity followed the mitochondrial marker succinic dehydrogenase closely throughout all the centrifugation steps. The low HCO3--ATPase activity in purified brush-border and basolateral plasma membranes could be accounted for quantitatively by the small mitochondrial contamination. Consequently, there are no grounds for postulating that this enzyme has a direct role in H+ or HCO3- transport across the rat small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:140172", "title": "Experimental study of selected small caibre arterial grafts.", "content": "1. The most ideal replacement for a small calibre artery segment is a similar sized autogenous arterial conduit. 2. Autogenous venous segments, although functional replacements for small calibre arteries, undergo structural changes which may prove detrimental to function. 3. At this stage of their development, fabric grafts cannot be considered as adequate replacements for small calibre arteries.", "contents": "Experimental study of selected small caibre arterial grafts. 1. The most ideal replacement for a small calibre artery segment is a similar sized autogenous arterial conduit. 2. Autogenous venous segments, although functional replacements for small calibre arteries, undergo structural changes which may prove detrimental to function. 3. At this stage of their development, fabric grafts cannot be considered as adequate replacements for small calibre arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:140176", "title": "Localization of Na+-pump sites in frog skin.", "content": "The localization of Na+-pump sites (Na+-K+-ATPase) in the frog skin epithelium was determined by a freeze-dry radioautographic method for identifying [3H]ouabain-binding sites. Ventral pelvic skins of Rana catesbeiana were mounted in Ussing chambers and exposed to 10(-6) M [3H]ouabain for 120 min, washed in ouabain-free Ringer's solution for 60 min, and then processed for radioautography. Ouabain-binding sites were localized on the inward facing (serosal) membranes of all the living cells. Quantitative analysis of grain distribution showed that the overwhelming majority of Na+-pump sites were localized deep to the outer living cell layer, i.e., in the stratum spinosum and stratum germinativum. Binding of ouabain was correlated with inhibition of Na+ transport. Specificity of ouabain binding to Na+-K+-ATPase was verified by demonstrating its sensitivity to the concentration of ligands (K+, ATP) that affect binding of ouabain to the enzyme. Additional studies supported the conclusion that the distribution of bound ouabain reflects the distribution of those pumps involved in the active transepithelial transport of Na+. After a 30-min exposure to [3H]ouabain, Na+ transport declined to a level that was significantly less than that in untreated paired controls, and analysis of grain distribution showed that over 90% of the ouabain-binding sites were localized to the inner cell layers. Furthermore, in skins where Na+ transport had been completely inhibited by exposure to 10(-5) M ouabain, the grain distribution was identical to that in skins exposed to 10(-6) M. The results support a model which depicts all the living cell layers functioning as a syncytium with regard to the active transepithelial transport of Na+.", "contents": "Localization of Na+-pump sites in frog skin. The localization of Na+-pump sites (Na+-K+-ATPase) in the frog skin epithelium was determined by a freeze-dry radioautographic method for identifying [3H]ouabain-binding sites. Ventral pelvic skins of Rana catesbeiana were mounted in Ussing chambers and exposed to 10(-6) M [3H]ouabain for 120 min, washed in ouabain-free Ringer's solution for 60 min, and then processed for radioautography. Ouabain-binding sites were localized on the inward facing (serosal) membranes of all the living cells. Quantitative analysis of grain distribution showed that the overwhelming majority of Na+-pump sites were localized deep to the outer living cell layer, i.e., in the stratum spinosum and stratum germinativum. Binding of ouabain was correlated with inhibition of Na+ transport. Specificity of ouabain binding to Na+-K+-ATPase was verified by demonstrating its sensitivity to the concentration of ligands (K+, ATP) that affect binding of ouabain to the enzyme. Additional studies supported the conclusion that the distribution of bound ouabain reflects the distribution of those pumps involved in the active transepithelial transport of Na+. After a 30-min exposure to [3H]ouabain, Na+ transport declined to a level that was significantly less than that in untreated paired controls, and analysis of grain distribution showed that over 90% of the ouabain-binding sites were localized to the inner cell layers. Furthermore, in skins where Na+ transport had been completely inhibited by exposure to 10(-5) M ouabain, the grain distribution was identical to that in skins exposed to 10(-6) M. The results support a model which depicts all the living cell layers functioning as a syncytium with regard to the active transepithelial transport of Na+."}
{"id": "PMID:140173", "title": "Postoperative aneurysms of the heart. Case report and review of the literature.", "content": "A postoperative left ventricular pseudoaneurysm is reported in a seven-year-old after closure of an atrial septal defect and repair of partial anomalous venous drainage. A discussion of the etiology and clinical presentation of post operative aneurysms are presented. Cardiac aneurysms of both the true and false variety have been commonly reported following myocardial infarction, blunt and penetrating trauma and infectious processes such as tuberculosis and syphilis. As the frequency of open heart correction of congenital and acquired lesions increases, the incidence of post-operative pseudoaneurysm of heart can also be expected to increase. The diagnosis of this entity in the postoperative period is often difficult and may lead to delay in detection and correction. The clinical presentation and subsequent course of false anurysm differs from the more common true aneurysm to an extent which should be recognized by both cardiologists and cardiac surgeons. A case of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after open heart repair of an atrial septal defect is reported and a clinical profile which may be helpful in the earlier recognition of this entity is presented.", "contents": "Postoperative aneurysms of the heart. Case report and review of the literature. A postoperative left ventricular pseudoaneurysm is reported in a seven-year-old after closure of an atrial septal defect and repair of partial anomalous venous drainage. A discussion of the etiology and clinical presentation of post operative aneurysms are presented. Cardiac aneurysms of both the true and false variety have been commonly reported following myocardial infarction, blunt and penetrating trauma and infectious processes such as tuberculosis and syphilis. As the frequency of open heart correction of congenital and acquired lesions increases, the incidence of post-operative pseudoaneurysm of heart can also be expected to increase. The diagnosis of this entity in the postoperative period is often difficult and may lead to delay in detection and correction. The clinical presentation and subsequent course of false anurysm differs from the more common true aneurysm to an extent which should be recognized by both cardiologists and cardiac surgeons. A case of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after open heart repair of an atrial septal defect is reported and a clinical profile which may be helpful in the earlier recognition of this entity is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:140178", "title": "Identification of acidic mucopolysaccharides by agarose gel electrophoresis.", "content": "A micro-method for the identification of most acidic mucopolysaccharides by agarose gel electrophoresis with three different buffer systems is described. In barbital buffer the mucopolysaccharides are fractionated from each other as a function of their net charge, whereas in a diamine buffer the fractionation is probably achieved according to the degree to which they are bound to the diamine. A combination of barbital and diaminopropane buffers in two-dimensional electrophoresis for the identification of mucopolysaccharides is also described.", "contents": "Identification of acidic mucopolysaccharides by agarose gel electrophoresis. A micro-method for the identification of most acidic mucopolysaccharides by agarose gel electrophoresis with three different buffer systems is described. In barbital buffer the mucopolysaccharides are fractionated from each other as a function of their net charge, whereas in a diamine buffer the fractionation is probably achieved according to the degree to which they are bound to the diamine. A combination of barbital and diaminopropane buffers in two-dimensional electrophoresis for the identification of mucopolysaccharides is also described."}
{"id": "PMID:140179", "title": "Mass fragmentographic determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in brain tissue using deuterated internal standards.", "content": "A mass fragmentographic method for the determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the same extract of rat brain tissue is decribed. Deuterium-labelled analogues were used as internal standards. 5-HT and 5-HIAA were separated by solvent extraction and pentafluoropropionyl derivatives were prepared for the mass fragmentographic analysis. Multiple ion analysis confirmed the identity of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the rat brain. At the mass numbers used routinely for the determination of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the rat brain. At the mass numbers used routinely for the determination of 5-HT and 5-HIAA, the experimental error was below 3% (calculated from mean values of 0.05 and 0.24 nmole, respectively). The recovery of the authentic compounds added to brain extracts was more than 95%. The levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the rat brain were 2.95 +/- 0.16 and 0.64 +/- 0.18 nmole/g, respectively. More than 100 samples could be analyzed within 3 days. The presence of 5-hydroxytryptophol in rat brain was also investigated, but none could be detected either as a conjugate or as the free alcohol.", "contents": "Mass fragmentographic determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in brain tissue using deuterated internal standards. A mass fragmentographic method for the determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the same extract of rat brain tissue is decribed. Deuterium-labelled analogues were used as internal standards. 5-HT and 5-HIAA were separated by solvent extraction and pentafluoropropionyl derivatives were prepared for the mass fragmentographic analysis. Multiple ion analysis confirmed the identity of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the rat brain. At the mass numbers used routinely for the determination of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the rat brain. At the mass numbers used routinely for the determination of 5-HT and 5-HIAA, the experimental error was below 3% (calculated from mean values of 0.05 and 0.24 nmole, respectively). The recovery of the authentic compounds added to brain extracts was more than 95%. The levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the rat brain were 2.95 +/- 0.16 and 0.64 +/- 0.18 nmole/g, respectively. More than 100 samples could be analyzed within 3 days. The presence of 5-hydroxytryptophol in rat brain was also investigated, but none could be detected either as a conjugate or as the free alcohol."}
{"id": "PMID:140180", "title": "Altered growth hormone and prolactin responses to dopaminergic stimulation in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "Seven patients affected by Huntington's chorea were given an acute administration of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB 154, Sandoz), a direct agonist at dopamine receptor sites. Seven nonobese hospitalized patients were used as controls. Oral administration of CB 154 (2.5 mg) induced a more prompt and consistent rise in  plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in patients than in controls. GH levels rose from baseline values of 0.3+/-0.1 ng/ml to mean peak values of 20.4+/-5.1 ng/ml (120-270 min) in choreic subjects and from baseline values of 1.0+/-0.4 ng/ml to mean peak values of 5.7+/-1.6 ng/ml (180-300 min) in control subjects (P less than 0.02). Baseline plasma prolactin (PRL) values were significantly higher in choreic than in control subjects (22.1+/-6.6 ng/ml vs. 8.1+/-1.4 ng/ml, respectively, P less than 0.02); administration of CB 154 induced a more consistent PRL decrease in control than in choreic subjects. Collectively, these results suggest the existence of an abnormal regulation of GH and PRL secretion in Huntington's chorea, probably due to alterations in central dopaminergic neurotransmission.", "contents": "Altered growth hormone and prolactin responses to dopaminergic stimulation in Huntington's chorea. Seven patients affected by Huntington's chorea were given an acute administration of 2-Br-alpha-ergocryptine (CB 154, Sandoz), a direct agonist at dopamine receptor sites. Seven nonobese hospitalized patients were used as controls. Oral administration of CB 154 (2.5 mg) induced a more prompt and consistent rise in  plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in patients than in controls. GH levels rose from baseline values of 0.3+/-0.1 ng/ml to mean peak values of 20.4+/-5.1 ng/ml (120-270 min) in choreic subjects and from baseline values of 1.0+/-0.4 ng/ml to mean peak values of 5.7+/-1.6 ng/ml (180-300 min) in control subjects (P less than 0.02). Baseline plasma prolactin (PRL) values were significantly higher in choreic than in control subjects (22.1+/-6.6 ng/ml vs. 8.1+/-1.4 ng/ml, respectively, P less than 0.02); administration of CB 154 induced a more consistent PRL decrease in control than in choreic subjects. Collectively, these results suggest the existence of an abnormal regulation of GH and PRL secretion in Huntington's chorea, probably due to alterations in central dopaminergic neurotransmission."}
{"id": "PMID:140181", "title": "New Staphylococcus aureus phage type 94/96(292) associated with a fatal septicemia.", "content": "A fulminating septicemia due to Staphylococcus aureus phage type 94/96(292) resulting in the death of a patient with no previous history of illness. This newly characterized strain is identified by an additional typing reaction with experimental phage 292. The prevalence of this strain is discussed.", "contents": "New Staphylococcus aureus phage type 94/96(292) associated with a fatal septicemia. A fulminating septicemia due to Staphylococcus aureus phage type 94/96(292) resulting in the death of a patient with no previous history of illness. This newly characterized strain is identified by an additional typing reaction with experimental phage 292. The prevalence of this strain is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140182", "title": "Defective recognitive immunity in family aggregates of colon carcinoma.", "content": "Cancer-free individuals from family agregates of seemingly hereditary colon carcinoma were studied to determine the nature of their cell-mediated immune capacities in miexed leukocyte culture. Members of families who demonstrated no evidence of a precancerous condition such as polyposis coli did demonstrate substantial cellular immunopathology. Of these, 44% showed a decreased responsiveness of their peripheral mononuclear cells to allogeneic stimuli, and in a number of these individuals this deficiency clearly manifested itself as an inappropriate suppression of potentially normal lymphocyte blastogenic capacities by an adherent population of mononuclear leukocytes. This in vitro defect of recognitive immunity appears to be the same type of defect that has already been described for individuals with established maligancies. The pattern of phenotypic expression of this immunopathology within these families is not inconsistent with an hereditary disorder. Individuals from families with a known hereditary somatic precancerous condition usually did not demonstrate this immunopathology. It is appropriate to speculate that the defect of recognitive immunity in the former families could be contributory to the genesis of the colon carcinoma.", "contents": "Defective recognitive immunity in family aggregates of colon carcinoma. Cancer-free individuals from family agregates of seemingly hereditary colon carcinoma were studied to determine the nature of their cell-mediated immune capacities in miexed leukocyte culture. Members of families who demonstrated no evidence of a precancerous condition such as polyposis coli did demonstrate substantial cellular immunopathology. Of these, 44% showed a decreased responsiveness of their peripheral mononuclear cells to allogeneic stimuli, and in a number of these individuals this deficiency clearly manifested itself as an inappropriate suppression of potentially normal lymphocyte blastogenic capacities by an adherent population of mononuclear leukocytes. This in vitro defect of recognitive immunity appears to be the same type of defect that has already been described for individuals with established maligancies. The pattern of phenotypic expression of this immunopathology within these families is not inconsistent with an hereditary disorder. Individuals from families with a known hereditary somatic precancerous condition usually did not demonstrate this immunopathology. It is appropriate to speculate that the defect of recognitive immunity in the former families could be contributory to the genesis of the colon carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:140183", "title": "Antibodies to human caudate nucleus neurons in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "Antibodies reacting with neuronal cytoplasmic antigens present in normal human caudate and subthalamic nuclei were detected in 37 of 80 probands afflicted with Huntington's disease (HD). IgG antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence using frozen sections of unfixed normal human and rat brain. Specificity of IgG binding was confirmed using pepsin F(ab')2 fragments of IgG isolated from positive sera. In vitro complement fixation of IgG antibody was detected in 22 of 31 sera tested. Neuronal cytoplasmic antigens reacting with positive HD sera were diminished after trypsin or RNAase treatment of tissue sections but were not removed by DNAase, neuraminidase, EDTA, or dithiothreitol treatment. Antibody staining of neurons could be removed after absorption with isolated caudate nucleus neurons or by using perchloroacetic acid extracts of caudate nucleus. Prevalence of antibody reacting with neuronal cytoplasm was 3% in 60 normal controls and 6% among a wide variety of patients with diverse neurological disorders. However, one-third of 33 patients with Parkinson's disease showed presence of antineuronal antibody. Among patients with HD, a significant association was noted between duration of clinical disease greater than 7 yr and titers of antibody of 1:2 or greater (P less than 0.001). When 115 family members of HD probands were tested, 30% of unaffected spouses showed presence of antineuronal antibody. 23.2% of first-degree relatives at risk for developing HD was also positive (P less than 0.001). 10.5% of second-degree relatives showed presence of antineuronal antibody. These data may support an environmental or infectious factor somehow involved in the ultimate expression of HD.", "contents": "Antibodies to human caudate nucleus neurons in Huntington's chorea. Antibodies reacting with neuronal cytoplasmic antigens present in normal human caudate and subthalamic nuclei were detected in 37 of 80 probands afflicted with Huntington's disease (HD). IgG antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence using frozen sections of unfixed normal human and rat brain. Specificity of IgG binding was confirmed using pepsin F(ab')2 fragments of IgG isolated from positive sera. In vitro complement fixation of IgG antibody was detected in 22 of 31 sera tested. Neuronal cytoplasmic antigens reacting with positive HD sera were diminished after trypsin or RNAase treatment of tissue sections but were not removed by DNAase, neuraminidase, EDTA, or dithiothreitol treatment. Antibody staining of neurons could be removed after absorption with isolated caudate nucleus neurons or by using perchloroacetic acid extracts of caudate nucleus. Prevalence of antibody reacting with neuronal cytoplasm was 3% in 60 normal controls and 6% among a wide variety of patients with diverse neurological disorders. However, one-third of 33 patients with Parkinson's disease showed presence of antineuronal antibody. Among patients with HD, a significant association was noted between duration of clinical disease greater than 7 yr and titers of antibody of 1:2 or greater (P less than 0.001). When 115 family members of HD probands were tested, 30% of unaffected spouses showed presence of antineuronal antibody. 23.2% of first-degree relatives at risk for developing HD was also positive (P less than 0.001). 10.5% of second-degree relatives showed presence of antineuronal antibody. These data may support an environmental or infectious factor somehow involved in the ultimate expression of HD."}
{"id": "PMID:140184", "title": "Suppression of immune complex-induced inflammation by the chemotactic factor inactivator.", "content": "Small amounts (10(-10) mol) of purified human chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) suppress leukocytic infiltration, permeability changes, and hemorrhage associated with acute immune complex-induced injury in rats. The reversed passive dermal Arthus reaction and acute immune complex-induced alveolitis in rats have served as the model systems of inflammation. The mechanism of inhibition does not appear to relate to interference with formation and deposition of immune complexes, or with fixation of complement in vitro or iv vivo. Human CFI inhibits in vitro the chemotactic activity generated in complement-activated rat serum. The inhibitory effects of human CFI are not seen if it is first heat inactivated. The data provide the first direct support for the conclusion that CFI has anti-inflammatory activity.", "contents": "Suppression of immune complex-induced inflammation by the chemotactic factor inactivator. Small amounts (10(-10) mol) of purified human chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) suppress leukocytic infiltration, permeability changes, and hemorrhage associated with acute immune complex-induced injury in rats. The reversed passive dermal Arthus reaction and acute immune complex-induced alveolitis in rats have served as the model systems of inflammation. The mechanism of inhibition does not appear to relate to interference with formation and deposition of immune complexes, or with fixation of complement in vitro or iv vivo. Human CFI inhibits in vitro the chemotactic activity generated in complement-activated rat serum. The inhibitory effects of human CFI are not seen if it is first heat inactivated. The data provide the first direct support for the conclusion that CFI has anti-inflammatory activity."}
{"id": "PMID:140185", "title": "Noninvasive ultrasonic estimation of brachial artery blood flow.", "content": "Ultrasonic instrumentation based on the Doppler phenomenon fulfills the requirement that a blood flowmeter should sense a variabel which is a function of the volume of blood moved through a blood vessel in situ. The blood flow velocity waveform recorded noninvasively from the brachial artery in the antecubital fossa was used as basis for quantitatively estimating a stroke flow index. The method used in these experiments was reproducible in 31 volunteer subjects studied; the first and second brachial artery stroke flow indices determined on different days had a correlation coefficient of 0.909. The calculated minute flow index ranged from 32 to 95 ml in these subjects. A clinical application was explored by making serial measurements before and after operation in 64 patients submitting to 68 open heart operations. A significant reduction in the brachial artery blood flow velocity was recorded postoperatively in 21 of these patient. The brachial artery stroke flow index has potential value as an objective measure of cardiovascular instability.", "contents": "Noninvasive ultrasonic estimation of brachial artery blood flow. Ultrasonic instrumentation based on the Doppler phenomenon fulfills the requirement that a blood flowmeter should sense a variabel which is a function of the volume of blood moved through a blood vessel in situ. The blood flow velocity waveform recorded noninvasively from the brachial artery in the antecubital fossa was used as basis for quantitatively estimating a stroke flow index. The method used in these experiments was reproducible in 31 volunteer subjects studied; the first and second brachial artery stroke flow indices determined on different days had a correlation coefficient of 0.909. The calculated minute flow index ranged from 32 to 95 ml in these subjects. A clinical application was explored by making serial measurements before and after operation in 64 patients submitting to 68 open heart operations. A significant reduction in the brachial artery blood flow velocity was recorded postoperatively in 21 of these patient. The brachial artery stroke flow index has potential value as an objective measure of cardiovascular instability."}
{"id": "PMID:140186", "title": "Serotonin, the superior colliculus, and grooming behavior in cats with neocortical lesions.", "content": "Previous studies of cats with pontile lesions indicate that a serotonergic deficit exists in the superior colliculi and that this deficit is involved in the genesis of an abnormal grooming behavior. Cats with frontal neocortical lesions exhibit the same serotonergic deficit and the same abnormal grooming behavior. The present study established that the serotonergic deficit is involved in the mediation of the abnormal grooming behavior in cats with frontal neocortical lesions. Microinjections of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) into the superior colliculi abolished or signigicantly reduced the abnormal behavior in cats with frontal neocortical lesions, whereas no effects of 5-HTP were observed after injections into the cerebrospinal fluid above the superior colliculi, into the tegmentum beneath the superior colliculi, or into the medial dorsal nucleus rostral to the superior colliculi. Other substances (tryptophan, noradrenaline, and gamma-amino-butyric acid) had no effect on the abnormal behavior when injected into the superior colliculi. Further evidence implicating a serotonergic deficit in the mediation of the abnormal behavior was obtained by systemic injections: The abnormal behavior was abolished with 5-HTP in cats with frontal neocortical lesions and in adrenalectomized cats that were previously treated with p-chlorophenylalanine.. The present study also demonstrated that the abnormal grooming behavior is induced by frontal neocortical lesions and not by more caudal lesions of the neocortex. The anatomical relations between the frontal neocortex and the superior colliculus and the role of these structures in grooming behavior are discussed.", "contents": "Serotonin, the superior colliculus, and grooming behavior in cats with neocortical lesions. Previous studies of cats with pontile lesions indicate that a serotonergic deficit exists in the superior colliculi and that this deficit is involved in the genesis of an abnormal grooming behavior. Cats with frontal neocortical lesions exhibit the same serotonergic deficit and the same abnormal grooming behavior. The present study established that the serotonergic deficit is involved in the mediation of the abnormal grooming behavior in cats with frontal neocortical lesions. Microinjections of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) into the superior colliculi abolished or signigicantly reduced the abnormal behavior in cats with frontal neocortical lesions, whereas no effects of 5-HTP were observed after injections into the cerebrospinal fluid above the superior colliculi, into the tegmentum beneath the superior colliculi, or into the medial dorsal nucleus rostral to the superior colliculi. Other substances (tryptophan, noradrenaline, and gamma-amino-butyric acid) had no effect on the abnormal behavior when injected into the superior colliculi. Further evidence implicating a serotonergic deficit in the mediation of the abnormal behavior was obtained by systemic injections: The abnormal behavior was abolished with 5-HTP in cats with frontal neocortical lesions and in adrenalectomized cats that were previously treated with p-chlorophenylalanine.. The present study also demonstrated that the abnormal grooming behavior is induced by frontal neocortical lesions and not by more caudal lesions of the neocortex. The anatomical relations between the frontal neocortex and the superior colliculus and the role of these structures in grooming behavior are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140188", "title": "Unusual reactions following insect stings. Clinical features and immunologic analysis.", "content": "Fifteen patients were studied who had unusual reactions following insect stings. These included serum sickness, neurologic disease, renal disease, and delayed hypersensitivity-type reactions. The clinical features are briefly outlined. Measurements were made of serum venom-specific IgE and IgG antibodies. These antibodies were present in some patients and in these instances suggested an immunologic pathogenesis for the reactions. Alternative etiologies for the unusual reactions are also discussed.", "contents": "Unusual reactions following insect stings. Clinical features and immunologic analysis. Fifteen patients were studied who had unusual reactions following insect stings. These included serum sickness, neurologic disease, renal disease, and delayed hypersensitivity-type reactions. The clinical features are briefly outlined. Measurements were made of serum venom-specific IgE and IgG antibodies. These antibodies were present in some patients and in these instances suggested an immunologic pathogenesis for the reactions. Alternative etiologies for the unusual reactions are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140191", "title": "Accumulation of platelets at sites of antigen-antibody-mediated injury: a possible role for IgE antibody and mast cells.", "content": "Circulating 51Cr-labeled platelets accumulate at skin sites in which a reversed passive Arthus reaction has been induced. The accumulation is biphasic in time and is accompanied by an increased vascular permeability. Increased permeability itself, however, will not produce localization of platelets. A similar platelet accumulation was observed upon injection of compound 48/80 or anti-IgE antibody into the skin and this was not altered in rabbits depleted of complement or neutrophils. Activation of skin mast cells and release of a platelet-activating factor (PAF) is suggested as a mechanism for the effect produced by anti-IgE and compound 48/80. The first phase of platelet accumulation in the Arthus reaction was also unaffected in rabbits depleted of neutrophils or complement, which may suggest a role for IgE antibody and mast cells. The second phase of accumulation was diminished in complement-depleted animals and abrogated in rabbits without neutrophils, suggesting a complement and neutrophil-mediated process but which still might be mediated through mast cell activation by neutrophil cationic protein.", "contents": "Accumulation of platelets at sites of antigen-antibody-mediated injury: a possible role for IgE antibody and mast cells. Circulating 51Cr-labeled platelets accumulate at skin sites in which a reversed passive Arthus reaction has been induced. The accumulation is biphasic in time and is accompanied by an increased vascular permeability. Increased permeability itself, however, will not produce localization of platelets. A similar platelet accumulation was observed upon injection of compound 48/80 or anti-IgE antibody into the skin and this was not altered in rabbits depleted of complement or neutrophils. Activation of skin mast cells and release of a platelet-activating factor (PAF) is suggested as a mechanism for the effect produced by anti-IgE and compound 48/80. The first phase of platelet accumulation in the Arthus reaction was also unaffected in rabbits depleted of neutrophils or complement, which may suggest a role for IgE antibody and mast cells. The second phase of accumulation was diminished in complement-depleted animals and abrogated in rabbits without neutrophils, suggesting a complement and neutrophil-mediated process but which still might be mediated through mast cell activation by neutrophil cationic protein."}
{"id": "PMID:140192", "title": "Immunosuppressive activity of human seminal plasma. I. Inhibition of in vitro lymphocyte activation.", "content": "A high molecular weight fraction prepared from human seminal plasma by gel filtration chromatography suppresses human lymphocyte transformation and DNA synthesis induced by mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM), antigens (Candida albicans, tetanus toxoid), and allogenic cells. This same fraction also suppresses the stimulated response of mouse lymphocytes to allogenic cells and to various mitogens, including T cell-dependent and T cell-independent mitogens. The induction, but not the expression, of cell-mediated cytotoxicity is also suppressed. Similar high molecular weight fractions suppress the in vitro humoral response of mouse spleen cells to both a T cell-dependent (SRBC) and a T cell-independent (DNP-F) antigen. The high m.w. fraction exhibited in vitro suppressive activity at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/ml which corresponds to a 1/50 or greater dilution of human seminal plasma. These observations support the concept that a local immune response against sperm in the female reproductive tract is actively suppressed by a component in seminal plasma.", "contents": "Immunosuppressive activity of human seminal plasma. I. Inhibition of in vitro lymphocyte activation. A high molecular weight fraction prepared from human seminal plasma by gel filtration chromatography suppresses human lymphocyte transformation and DNA synthesis induced by mitogens (PHA, Con A, PWM), antigens (Candida albicans, tetanus toxoid), and allogenic cells. This same fraction also suppresses the stimulated response of mouse lymphocytes to allogenic cells and to various mitogens, including T cell-dependent and T cell-independent mitogens. The induction, but not the expression, of cell-mediated cytotoxicity is also suppressed. Similar high molecular weight fractions suppress the in vitro humoral response of mouse spleen cells to both a T cell-dependent (SRBC) and a T cell-independent (DNP-F) antigen. The high m.w. fraction exhibited in vitro suppressive activity at concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/ml which corresponds to a 1/50 or greater dilution of human seminal plasma. These observations support the concept that a local immune response against sperm in the female reproductive tract is actively suppressed by a component in seminal plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:140193", "title": "Distinctive functional properties of human blood L lymphocytes: a comparison with T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and monocytes.", "content": "Human blood lymphocytes with high affinity Fc receptors have been operationally named L lymphocytes because of membrane-labile IgG markers. L lymphocytes lack membrane-incorporated immunoglobulin and do not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells coated with IgM antibody and mouse complement. These lymphocytes are capable of binding IgG in normal human serum at 4 degrees C and will form rosettes with human lymphocytes coated with Ripley IgG. In this study, functional in vitro properties of isolated L lymphocytes were compared with T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and monocytes. To obtain these mononuclear populations, first, plastic adherent monocytes were harvested. T lymphocytes were then isolated by centrifugation of E rosette-forming cells, and other rosetting techniques were employed to isolate L and B lymphocytes by negative selection. The functional properties of L lumphocytes were completely unlike those of T cells, B cells, or monocytes. L lymphocytes did not proliferate in response to mitogens, soluble antigens, or cell surface antigens. Moreover, this population could not replace monocytes in helping T lymphocytes respond to concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen. Once T cells were supplemented with monocytes, however, the addition of L lymphocytes to the culture greatly enhanced the T lymphocytes proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalinA, purified protein derivative (PPD), and streptokinase/streptodornase. L lymphocytes were not a subset of B cells. They did not spontaneously develop surface Ig in culture, and pokeweek mitogen could not induce them to transform and generate cytoplasmic Ig detectable by immunofluorescence. Mixtures of B cells and T cells responded to pokeweed mitogen better than do T cells alone. In contrast, enhanced reactivity with L and T cell combinations was not observed. Another sharp difference between these two populations was the stimulator capacity of each in mixed lymphocyte culture. When B and L lymphocytes were carefully monocyte-depleted, only B cells were effective stimulators of autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes. In comparison with T cells, B cells, and monocytes, L lymphocytes were the only effective killers of human blood lymphocytes sensitized with IgG. L lymphocytes, then, have cytotoxic potential, but cannot proliferate in response to various stimulants or become antibody-producing cells. These findings suggest that L lymphocytes comprise a third lymphocyte population.", "contents": "Distinctive functional properties of human blood L lymphocytes: a comparison with T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and monocytes. Human blood lymphocytes with high affinity Fc receptors have been operationally named L lymphocytes because of membrane-labile IgG markers. L lymphocytes lack membrane-incorporated immunoglobulin and do not form rosettes with sheep red blood cells coated with IgM antibody and mouse complement. These lymphocytes are capable of binding IgG in normal human serum at 4 degrees C and will form rosettes with human lymphocytes coated with Ripley IgG. In this study, functional in vitro properties of isolated L lymphocytes were compared with T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and monocytes. To obtain these mononuclear populations, first, plastic adherent monocytes were harvested. T lymphocytes were then isolated by centrifugation of E rosette-forming cells, and other rosetting techniques were employed to isolate L and B lymphocytes by negative selection. The functional properties of L lumphocytes were completely unlike those of T cells, B cells, or monocytes. L lymphocytes did not proliferate in response to mitogens, soluble antigens, or cell surface antigens. Moreover, this population could not replace monocytes in helping T lymphocytes respond to concanavalin A and pokeweed mitogen. Once T cells were supplemented with monocytes, however, the addition of L lymphocytes to the culture greatly enhanced the T lymphocytes proliferative response to phytohemagglutinin, concanavalinA, purified protein derivative (PPD), and streptokinase/streptodornase. L lymphocytes were not a subset of B cells. They did not spontaneously develop surface Ig in culture, and pokeweek mitogen could not induce them to transform and generate cytoplasmic Ig detectable by immunofluorescence. Mixtures of B cells and T cells responded to pokeweed mitogen better than do T cells alone. In contrast, enhanced reactivity with L and T cell combinations was not observed. Another sharp difference between these two populations was the stimulator capacity of each in mixed lymphocyte culture. When B and L lymphocytes were carefully monocyte-depleted, only B cells were effective stimulators of autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes. In comparison with T cells, B cells, and monocytes, L lymphocytes were the only effective killers of human blood lymphocytes sensitized with IgG. L lymphocytes, then, have cytotoxic potential, but cannot proliferate in response to various stimulants or become antibody-producing cells. These findings suggest that L lymphocytes comprise a third lymphocyte population."}
{"id": "PMID:140194", "title": "Thymic maturation in vitro by a secretory product from macrophages.", "content": "Our results indicate that immature thymocytes can be induced by macrophage culture fluid (MCF) to differentiate in vitro. This maturation occurs during several days of culture but does not require DNA synthesis. It is accompanied by an augmentation of surface H-2 which precedes a loss of susceptibility to cytolysis with anti-TL and complement. Our evidence indicates that there is no physical loss of TL within the thymus. Thymocytes cultured with MCF also acquire the capacity to respond in an MLC. Differentiation was shown not to be due to interferon nor could it be reproduced by 2-ME. The stimulating molecule is distinct from the principal mitogenic protein found in MCF.", "contents": "Thymic maturation in vitro by a secretory product from macrophages. Our results indicate that immature thymocytes can be induced by macrophage culture fluid (MCF) to differentiate in vitro. This maturation occurs during several days of culture but does not require DNA synthesis. It is accompanied by an augmentation of surface H-2 which precedes a loss of susceptibility to cytolysis with anti-TL and complement. Our evidence indicates that there is no physical loss of TL within the thymus. Thymocytes cultured with MCF also acquire the capacity to respond in an MLC. Differentiation was shown not to be due to interferon nor could it be reproduced by 2-ME. The stimulating molecule is distinct from the principal mitogenic protein found in MCF."}
{"id": "PMID:140195", "title": "Regulation of immunoglobulin production in human peripheral bood leukocytes: cellular interactions.", "content": "The intercellular influences regulating immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis by normal human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were investigated in cells stimulated by pokeweed mitogen (PWM). This system was shown to be totally T lymphocyte dependent as purified B lymphocytes (less than or equal to 1% T lymphocytes) failed to make significant amounts of Ig. No evidence was obtained for an Ig class switch as all classes of Ig (IgM, IgG, IgA) were shown to be produced in increasing amounts over a 6-day time period. T lymphocytes demonstrated maximum helper effect when mixed with equal numbers of B cells. This helper effect was mediated through the dual mechanisms of increasing the number of B lymphocytes containing cytoplasmic Ig and by increasing the maturity of these B lymphocytes as demonstrated by an increasing Ig production per B lymphocyte. When present in higher numbers, T lymphocytes were also capable of suppressing Ig production. This T-mediated suppression was first evident as a decrease in the Ig produced per B lymphocyte (decreased maturity). With maximum T suppression Ig-containing B lymphocyte numbers were also diminished. T lymphocyte help was relatively independent of macrophages (phagocytic cells) and did not require DNA synthesis for expression. Both T help and suppression were shown to cross allogeneic barriers. Immature T lymphocytes (thymocytes) were incapable of mediating either activity. Normal human PBL contain T lymphocytes campable of mediating both T help and suppression and the Ig produced by PBL was shown to be the balance of these activities. This balance probably represent the participation of distinct T lymphocyte subpopulations analogous to the T helper (Ly 1+) and T suppressor (Ly 2+, 3+) populations in the mouse.", "contents": "Regulation of immunoglobulin production in human peripheral bood leukocytes: cellular interactions. The intercellular influences regulating immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis by normal human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were investigated in cells stimulated by pokeweed mitogen (PWM). This system was shown to be totally T lymphocyte dependent as purified B lymphocytes (less than or equal to 1% T lymphocytes) failed to make significant amounts of Ig. No evidence was obtained for an Ig class switch as all classes of Ig (IgM, IgG, IgA) were shown to be produced in increasing amounts over a 6-day time period. T lymphocytes demonstrated maximum helper effect when mixed with equal numbers of B cells. This helper effect was mediated through the dual mechanisms of increasing the number of B lymphocytes containing cytoplasmic Ig and by increasing the maturity of these B lymphocytes as demonstrated by an increasing Ig production per B lymphocyte. When present in higher numbers, T lymphocytes were also capable of suppressing Ig production. This T-mediated suppression was first evident as a decrease in the Ig produced per B lymphocyte (decreased maturity). With maximum T suppression Ig-containing B lymphocyte numbers were also diminished. T lymphocyte help was relatively independent of macrophages (phagocytic cells) and did not require DNA synthesis for expression. Both T help and suppression were shown to cross allogeneic barriers. Immature T lymphocytes (thymocytes) were incapable of mediating either activity. Normal human PBL contain T lymphocytes campable of mediating both T help and suppression and the Ig produced by PBL was shown to be the balance of these activities. This balance probably represent the participation of distinct T lymphocyte subpopulations analogous to the T helper (Ly 1+) and T suppressor (Ly 2+, 3+) populations in the mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:140196", "title": "Multiple myeloma: an immunologic profile. I. Peripheral blood studies.", "content": "Seventy-four patients with multiple myeloma, 17 untreated and 57 treated, were studied to characterize their peripheral blood lymphocytes. PBL were studied for E, EAC, and EA rosette-forming cells, SIg, and Fc receptor-bearing cells. The responses to HA, Con A, and PWM were assessed as well as their ability to stimulate or to respond in a MLC. Finally, the capacity of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes to lyse Chang cells, CRBC, and PHA-stimulated lymphoblasts was examined. These results were compared with a group of normals and patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy. In untreated myeloma patients there was a normal percentage of T cells, but an abnormal distribution of B cells as judged by a decrease in SIg-bearing cells, as well as an increase in EAC rosette-forming cells. Subpopulation analysis showed a marked increase in EAC rosette-forming cells without SIg. PHA, Con A, and PWM, and response in MLC were all normal. However, the ability to stimulate in MLC was significantly depressed. Treated myeloma patients had similar findings, except that the response to PWM was significantly depressed. The capacity of PWM-stimulated cells to lyse target cells was depressed in both groups. The results indicate that, in the peripheral blood of myeloma patients, there are populations of lymphocytes characterized by the presence of the EAC receptor without SIg, which are deficient in the capacity to stimulate an MLC response and the ability to be cytotoxic when stimulated by PWM. The results form a baseline for the study of abnormal lymphoid function in human myeloma.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma: an immunologic profile. I. Peripheral blood studies. Seventy-four patients with multiple myeloma, 17 untreated and 57 treated, were studied to characterize their peripheral blood lymphocytes. PBL were studied for E, EAC, and EA rosette-forming cells, SIg, and Fc receptor-bearing cells. The responses to HA, Con A, and PWM were assessed as well as their ability to stimulate or to respond in a MLC. Finally, the capacity of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes to lyse Chang cells, CRBC, and PHA-stimulated lymphoblasts was examined. These results were compared with a group of normals and patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy. In untreated myeloma patients there was a normal percentage of T cells, but an abnormal distribution of B cells as judged by a decrease in SIg-bearing cells, as well as an increase in EAC rosette-forming cells. Subpopulation analysis showed a marked increase in EAC rosette-forming cells without SIg. PHA, Con A, and PWM, and response in MLC were all normal. However, the ability to stimulate in MLC was significantly depressed. Treated myeloma patients had similar findings, except that the response to PWM was significantly depressed. The capacity of PWM-stimulated cells to lyse target cells was depressed in both groups. The results indicate that, in the peripheral blood of myeloma patients, there are populations of lymphocytes characterized by the presence of the EAC receptor without SIg, which are deficient in the capacity to stimulate an MLC response and the ability to be cytotoxic when stimulated by PWM. The results form a baseline for the study of abnormal lymphoid function in human myeloma."}
{"id": "PMID:140197", "title": "Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. II. Comparison of culture-induced and alloantigen-induced suppressor cells in MLR and CML.", "content": "Two antigen-nonspecific T cell-dependent suppressor systems were compared for their effects upon CML and MLR. Suppressor cells generated by an in vitro culture of spleen cells were compared with suppressor cells generated by in vivo priming with alloantigen. Culture-induced suppressor cells were themselves unable to respond in CML or MLR; were able to suppress actively the CML and MLR responses of untreated responding cells; were mitomycin-sensitive; and, produced no easily demonstrable suppressive supernatant. Alloantigen-primed cells were able to respond in CML and LR; could suppress proliferation in MLR, but were able to suppress CML only after mitomycin treatment; and, produced suppressive supernatants active in suppressing both CML and MLR. In addition to cataloging the differences and similarities between these suppressor populations, the data have been employed to analyze the mechanisms by which suppression occurs in CML and MLR.", "contents": "Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. II. Comparison of culture-induced and alloantigen-induced suppressor cells in MLR and CML. Two antigen-nonspecific T cell-dependent suppressor systems were compared for their effects upon CML and MLR. Suppressor cells generated by an in vitro culture of spleen cells were compared with suppressor cells generated by in vivo priming with alloantigen. Culture-induced suppressor cells were themselves unable to respond in CML or MLR; were able to suppress actively the CML and MLR responses of untreated responding cells; were mitomycin-sensitive; and, produced no easily demonstrable suppressive supernatant. Alloantigen-primed cells were able to respond in CML and LR; could suppress proliferation in MLR, but were able to suppress CML only after mitomycin treatment; and, produced suppressive supernatants active in suppressing both CML and MLR. In addition to cataloging the differences and similarities between these suppressor populations, the data have been employed to analyze the mechanisms by which suppression occurs in CML and MLR."}
{"id": "PMID:140198", "title": "The lymphocyte activating influence of the HLA-A region.", "content": "Six individuals with an established recombination between the HLA-A and the HLA-B loci of the major histocompatibility complex have been tested in unilateral mixed lymphocyte cultures with other members of their families. A weak, but statistically significant lymphocyte activating influence of the HLA-A chromosomal region has been observed.", "contents": "The lymphocyte activating influence of the HLA-A region. Six individuals with an established recombination between the HLA-A and the HLA-B loci of the major histocompatibility complex have been tested in unilateral mixed lymphocyte cultures with other members of their families. A weak, but statistically significant lymphocyte activating influence of the HLA-A chromosomal region has been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:140199", "title": "Virulence-associated acquisition of iron in mammalian serum by Escherichia coli.", "content": "Effects of iron on the growth of avirulent and virulent strains of Escherichia coli were tested in mice and in mammalian sera. Infection of the animals with iron increased mortality rates in mice infected with the avirulent strain to levels found in mice infected with the virulent strain. In vitro experiments showed that bacteria deprived of iron in bovine or human sera or milk or in chicken egg white stopped miltiplication and died in a very short time. These antibacterial effects were neutralized effectively with the addition of exogenous iron or the iron-binding bacterial product, enterochelin. In contrast to avirulent bacteria, which were effectively inhibited in mammalian serum, virulent bacteria were able to obtain iron and multiply. The ability of virulent bacteria to grow in mammalian serum is being attributed to the presence of iron-binding enterochelin and lipopolysaccharide in large amounts on the cell walls of virulent bacteria.", "contents": "Virulence-associated acquisition of iron in mammalian serum by Escherichia coli. Effects of iron on the growth of avirulent and virulent strains of Escherichia coli were tested in mice and in mammalian sera. Infection of the animals with iron increased mortality rates in mice infected with the avirulent strain to levels found in mice infected with the virulent strain. In vitro experiments showed that bacteria deprived of iron in bovine or human sera or milk or in chicken egg white stopped miltiplication and died in a very short time. These antibacterial effects were neutralized effectively with the addition of exogenous iron or the iron-binding bacterial product, enterochelin. In contrast to avirulent bacteria, which were effectively inhibited in mammalian serum, virulent bacteria were able to obtain iron and multiply. The ability of virulent bacteria to grow in mammalian serum is being attributed to the presence of iron-binding enterochelin and lipopolysaccharide in large amounts on the cell walls of virulent bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:140200", "title": "Proactivator and activator levels of plasminogen in plasma as measured by caseinolysis.", "content": "A procedure is presented for the caseinolytic assay of plasminogen proactivator and activator levels in blood. The validity of the method was established and normal plasma proactivator levels were determined in 10 subjects. No detectible activator activity was found in these subjects. Venous occulsion produced a small rise in activator activity. Hageman-deficient and Fitzgerald trait plasmas did not produce activator activity after exposure to kaolin. The generation of activator activity in the Fitzgerald plasma was partly restored by the addition of purified high molecular weight kininogen, but the Hageman-deficient plasma was not corrected. The caseinolytic assay avoids some of the drawbacks which are inherent in methods which depend on fibrin dissolution for the detection of enhanced fibrinolytic states, provides a reproducible baseline, and may be sufficiently sensitive to detect changes of clinical interest.", "contents": "Proactivator and activator levels of plasminogen in plasma as measured by caseinolysis. A procedure is presented for the caseinolytic assay of plasminogen proactivator and activator levels in blood. The validity of the method was established and normal plasma proactivator levels were determined in 10 subjects. No detectible activator activity was found in these subjects. Venous occulsion produced a small rise in activator activity. Hageman-deficient and Fitzgerald trait plasmas did not produce activator activity after exposure to kaolin. The generation of activator activity in the Fitzgerald plasma was partly restored by the addition of purified high molecular weight kininogen, but the Hageman-deficient plasma was not corrected. The caseinolytic assay avoids some of the drawbacks which are inherent in methods which depend on fibrin dissolution for the detection of enhanced fibrinolytic states, provides a reproducible baseline, and may be sufficiently sensitive to detect changes of clinical interest."}
{"id": "PMID:140201", "title": "Preparation and characterization of fluorescent N-(3-pyrene)maleimide adducts of myosin.", "content": "N-(3-pyrene)maleimide adducts of myosin (PM-myosin) are fluorescent and possess actin-activated Mg2+ ATPase activity. Addition of ATP to PM-myosin produces a reversible decrease of 10% in fluorescence intensity of the pyrene fluorophore in the presence of actin. Analogues of ATP which are poor substrates for myosin ATPase or which merely dissociate actomyosin produce less decrease in fluorescence of PM-myosin than does ATP. Since fluorescence of acto-PM-myosin is sensitive to environmental changes associated with ATP hydrolysis, and/or with fluorophore-actin interactions. PM-myosin may be a useful analysis of molecular aspects of muscle contraction.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of fluorescent N-(3-pyrene)maleimide adducts of myosin. N-(3-pyrene)maleimide adducts of myosin (PM-myosin) are fluorescent and possess actin-activated Mg2+ ATPase activity. Addition of ATP to PM-myosin produces a reversible decrease of 10% in fluorescence intensity of the pyrene fluorophore in the presence of actin. Analogues of ATP which are poor substrates for myosin ATPase or which merely dissociate actomyosin produce less decrease in fluorescence of PM-myosin than does ATP. Since fluorescence of acto-PM-myosin is sensitive to environmental changes associated with ATP hydrolysis, and/or with fluorophore-actin interactions. PM-myosin may be a useful analysis of molecular aspects of muscle contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:140202", "title": "The chemo-mechanical coupling relation in the oscillatory contraction-relaxation cycles of insect fibrillar muscle.", "content": "The mechanical properties and the activity of the myofibrillar ATPase have been investigated at 21 degrees C on glycerinated back muscle from the water-bug Lethocerus colossicus. When the fibres were held under isometric conditions after stretching them by 0.5--4%, the ATPase required to maintain a given tension increases from 19 to 39 p-moles ATP split for each mg of tension developed as the Ca2+ level is increased from 10(-7) to up to 10(-5) M. The mechanical properties and the ATPase activity have been determined for Ca2+-activated fibres using sinusoidal frequencies of 1--30 HZ and oscillatory amplitudes of 0.5--6% peak-to-peak. In this way the R.M.S. velocity of sinusoidal movement was varied between 0.1-10 mm/sec. The rate of ATP splitting associated with oscillatory tension development, the dynamic tension cost, increases both with Ca2+ and with frequency of oscillation (at 1% peak-to-peak amplitude), becoming as high as four times the isometric value. The oscillatory power output which can be obtained is increased when the Ca2+ level is raised from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M or towards higher amplitudes of oscillation. The chemo-mechanical coupling efficiency increases proportionally with the R.M.S. velocity of muscle movement. In presence of 10(-5) M Ca2+ optimal efficiencies of 5.5--6.2 kcal work per mole ATP split are obtained at R.M.S. velocities of 1.3--2 muscle lengths/sec. The ability of the muscle fibres to perform osciillatory work at the higher frequencies was much reduced at lower Ca2+ levels of 10(-6) or 10(-7) M and the maximal efficiencies never exceeded 2.2 kcal/mole.", "contents": "The chemo-mechanical coupling relation in the oscillatory contraction-relaxation cycles of insect fibrillar muscle. The mechanical properties and the activity of the myofibrillar ATPase have been investigated at 21 degrees C on glycerinated back muscle from the water-bug Lethocerus colossicus. When the fibres were held under isometric conditions after stretching them by 0.5--4%, the ATPase required to maintain a given tension increases from 19 to 39 p-moles ATP split for each mg of tension developed as the Ca2+ level is increased from 10(-7) to up to 10(-5) M. The mechanical properties and the ATPase activity have been determined for Ca2+-activated fibres using sinusoidal frequencies of 1--30 HZ and oscillatory amplitudes of 0.5--6% peak-to-peak. In this way the R.M.S. velocity of sinusoidal movement was varied between 0.1-10 mm/sec. The rate of ATP splitting associated with oscillatory tension development, the dynamic tension cost, increases both with Ca2+ and with frequency of oscillation (at 1% peak-to-peak amplitude), becoming as high as four times the isometric value. The oscillatory power output which can be obtained is increased when the Ca2+ level is raised from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M or towards higher amplitudes of oscillation. The chemo-mechanical coupling efficiency increases proportionally with the R.M.S. velocity of muscle movement. In presence of 10(-5) M Ca2+ optimal efficiencies of 5.5--6.2 kcal work per mole ATP split are obtained at R.M.S. velocities of 1.3--2 muscle lengths/sec. The ability of the muscle fibres to perform osciillatory work at the higher frequencies was much reduced at lower Ca2+ levels of 10(-6) or 10(-7) M and the maximal efficiencies never exceeded 2.2 kcal/mole."}
{"id": "PMID:140203", "title": "The echocardiographic correlates of left ventricular hypertrophy diagnosed by electrocardiography.", "content": "Echocardiography was performed in 28 consecutive patients who manifested accepted criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy on their electrocardiograms. Four groups of patients were identified: Group 1, nineteen (68%) who had an increase in both interventricular septal and left ventricular posterior wall thickness; Group 2, three patients (11%) with isolated enlargement of the left ventricular internal dimension; Group 3, two subjects (7%) with increased septal thickness, left ventricular posterior wall thickness and left ventricular internal dimension and Group 4, four patients (14%) with normal echocardiographic measurements. It is concluded that increases in both septal and left ventricular wall thickness are the primary echocardiographic correlates of left ventricular hypertrophy as diagnosed on the electrocardiogram.", "contents": "The echocardiographic correlates of left ventricular hypertrophy diagnosed by electrocardiography. Echocardiography was performed in 28 consecutive patients who manifested accepted criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy on their electrocardiograms. Four groups of patients were identified: Group 1, nineteen (68%) who had an increase in both interventricular septal and left ventricular posterior wall thickness; Group 2, three patients (11%) with isolated enlargement of the left ventricular internal dimension; Group 3, two subjects (7%) with increased septal thickness, left ventricular posterior wall thickness and left ventricular internal dimension and Group 4, four patients (14%) with normal echocardiographic measurements. It is concluded that increases in both septal and left ventricular wall thickness are the primary echocardiographic correlates of left ventricular hypertrophy as diagnosed on the electrocardiogram."}
{"id": "PMID:140205", "title": "Changes in the levels of chloride cells and (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase in the gills of yellow and silver eels adapting to seawater.", "content": "Changes were measured in the numbers of chloride cells and the levels of (Na+ + K+)-DEPENDENT ATPase in the gills of immature, yellow eels and mature, silver eels during adaptation from freshwater to seawater. The percentage of chloride cells in yellow eels more than doubled after six days in seawater; at this time the specific activity and concentration of (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase in gills start to increase in parallel to reach maxima after two weeks that are 2.5 times the starting values. It is concluded that adaptation of yellow eels to seawater involves an increase in the numbers of chloride cells in gills as well as an increased amount of (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase per chloride cell. Mature silver eels in freshwater had essentially the same numbers of chloride cells and the same specific activity of the enzyme in the gills as yellow eels fully adapted to seawater. Transferring silver eels to seawater did not alter the percentage of chloride cells in gills although the level of (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase and its specific activity increased slightly. Thus, although the silver eel is better prepared for life in seawater than the yellow eel, it still has to attain an increased level of (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase in its chloride cells to be fully adapted to seawater.", "contents": "Changes in the levels of chloride cells and (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase in the gills of yellow and silver eels adapting to seawater. Changes were measured in the numbers of chloride cells and the levels of (Na+ + K+)-DEPENDENT ATPase in the gills of immature, yellow eels and mature, silver eels during adaptation from freshwater to seawater. The percentage of chloride cells in yellow eels more than doubled after six days in seawater; at this time the specific activity and concentration of (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase in gills start to increase in parallel to reach maxima after two weeks that are 2.5 times the starting values. It is concluded that adaptation of yellow eels to seawater involves an increase in the numbers of chloride cells in gills as well as an increased amount of (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase per chloride cell. Mature silver eels in freshwater had essentially the same numbers of chloride cells and the same specific activity of the enzyme in the gills as yellow eels fully adapted to seawater. Transferring silver eels to seawater did not alter the percentage of chloride cells in gills although the level of (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase and its specific activity increased slightly. Thus, although the silver eel is better prepared for life in seawater than the yellow eel, it still has to attain an increased level of (Na+ + K+)-dependent ATPase in its chloride cells to be fully adapted to seawater."}
{"id": "PMID:140216", "title": "Epilepsy and schizophrenia: a neurochemical bridge.", "content": "This paper reviews some of the evidence in the literature that suggests neurochemical processes by which the regulation of seizure threshold and the onset of schizophrenic-like symptoms are interrelated. For those patients who experience the alternation of seizures and acute psychoses the following working hypothesis is presented: The central dopaminergic synapse is described as a malfunctioning regulatory circuit. Insufficient feedback inhibition or lifting of the setpoint leads to an increased number of occupied receptors. This might cause schizophrenic-like symptoms. Insufficient release of feedback control or lowering of the setpoint leads to a decreased number of occupied receptors. This might increase seizure susceptibility. The neurochemical arguments in support of this hypothesis will be discussed in detail. The localization of the dopaminergic synapses involved in the development of schizophrenic-like symptoms is subject to speculation. The meso-limbic dopaminergic system has to be taken into consideration.", "contents": "Epilepsy and schizophrenia: a neurochemical bridge. This paper reviews some of the evidence in the literature that suggests neurochemical processes by which the regulation of seizure threshold and the onset of schizophrenic-like symptoms are interrelated. For those patients who experience the alternation of seizures and acute psychoses the following working hypothesis is presented: The central dopaminergic synapse is described as a malfunctioning regulatory circuit. Insufficient feedback inhibition or lifting of the setpoint leads to an increased number of occupied receptors. This might cause schizophrenic-like symptoms. Insufficient release of feedback control or lowering of the setpoint leads to a decreased number of occupied receptors. This might increase seizure susceptibility. The neurochemical arguments in support of this hypothesis will be discussed in detail. The localization of the dopaminergic synapses involved in the development of schizophrenic-like symptoms is subject to speculation. The meso-limbic dopaminergic system has to be taken into consideration."}
{"id": "PMID:140219", "title": "Down's syndrome and deletion of short arms of a G chromosome.", "content": "A woman in a family in which a G group chromosome (No. 21) with deleted short arms (21p-) is present has passed this chromosome to an intellectually deficient son, a normal son, and a daughter with Down's syndrome. Another daughter is chromosomally and phenotypically normal. As in other reports that focus on a concurrence of Gp- chromosomes and Down's anomaly, the possibility is considered that this chromosomal variant may predispose to developmental abnormalities or to non-disjunction, or both.", "contents": "Down's syndrome and deletion of short arms of a G chromosome. A woman in a family in which a G group chromosome (No. 21) with deleted short arms (21p-) is present has passed this chromosome to an intellectually deficient son, a normal son, and a daughter with Down's syndrome. Another daughter is chromosomally and phenotypically normal. As in other reports that focus on a concurrence of Gp- chromosomes and Down's anomaly, the possibility is considered that this chromosomal variant may predispose to developmental abnormalities or to non-disjunction, or both."}
{"id": "PMID:140222", "title": "Secretion of the adrenal androgen, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, during normal infancy, childhood, and adolescence, in sick infants, and in children with endocrinologic abnormalities.", "content": "Serum concentrations of the adrenal androgen, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, were measured by radioimmunoassay in normal infants and children, in sick premature and full-term newborn infants, and in patients undergoing evaluation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and -adrenal systems. Premature infants had significantly greater (p less than 0.001) levels of DHAS (263 +/- 40)[SE]migrong/dl) than did full-term infants (58.9 +/- 5.2) during the first ten days of life; further increments occurred in stressed \"sick\" infants. A gradual age- and maturity-related rise in serum concentrations of DHAS was observed during childhood with the earliest increase occurring prior to the onset of pubertal production of gonadal steroids. Serum levels of DHAS rose following administration of ACTH and were increased in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, in whom rapid decrements followed treatment with dexamethasone. hCG or LH-RH treatment did not alter DHAS concentrations. These data suggest that direct secretion of DHAS by the adrenal gland and/or peripheral sulfation of DHA, rather than gonadal secretion, accounts for the majority of DHAS production. The involvement of adrenal androgens in the pubertal maturation of the reproductive endocrine system thus may be evaluated by quantitation of serum DHAS.", "contents": "Secretion of the adrenal androgen, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, during normal infancy, childhood, and adolescence, in sick infants, and in children with endocrinologic abnormalities. Serum concentrations of the adrenal androgen, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, were measured by radioimmunoassay in normal infants and children, in sick premature and full-term newborn infants, and in patients undergoing evaluation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and -adrenal systems. Premature infants had significantly greater (p less than 0.001) levels of DHAS (263 +/- 40)[SE]migrong/dl) than did full-term infants (58.9 +/- 5.2) during the first ten days of life; further increments occurred in stressed \"sick\" infants. A gradual age- and maturity-related rise in serum concentrations of DHAS was observed during childhood with the earliest increase occurring prior to the onset of pubertal production of gonadal steroids. Serum levels of DHAS rose following administration of ACTH and were increased in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, in whom rapid decrements followed treatment with dexamethasone. hCG or LH-RH treatment did not alter DHAS concentrations. These data suggest that direct secretion of DHAS by the adrenal gland and/or peripheral sulfation of DHA, rather than gonadal secretion, accounts for the majority of DHAS production. The involvement of adrenal androgens in the pubertal maturation of the reproductive endocrine system thus may be evaluated by quantitation of serum DHAS."}
{"id": "PMID:140233", "title": "Thiocardenolides II: synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 3beta-thioacetyl-14beta-hydroxy-5beta-card-20(22)-enolide.", "content": "The synthesis of a 3beta-thioacetylcardenolide is described. The thioacetate exhibited effects similar to those seen with digitoxigenin acetate on the isolated frog and guinea pig hearts at 1 X 10(-7) dilution. In the intact rat heart, the lethal dose was 5 mg/kg for the thioacetate and 2.5 mg/kg for digitoxigenin acetate. The thioacetate inhibited sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase to the same extent as digitoxigenin, but it was somewhat less inhibitory than digitoxigenin acetate.", "contents": "Thiocardenolides II: synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 3beta-thioacetyl-14beta-hydroxy-5beta-card-20(22)-enolide. The synthesis of a 3beta-thioacetylcardenolide is described. The thioacetate exhibited effects similar to those seen with digitoxigenin acetate on the isolated frog and guinea pig hearts at 1 X 10(-7) dilution. In the intact rat heart, the lethal dose was 5 mg/kg for the thioacetate and 2.5 mg/kg for digitoxigenin acetate. The thioacetate inhibited sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase to the same extent as digitoxigenin, but it was somewhat less inhibitory than digitoxigenin acetate."}
{"id": "PMID:140237", "title": "A dissociation between temperature regulation and fever in the rabbit.", "content": "1. The role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in temperature regulation and in fever in the rabbit has been investigated. 2. Intrahypothalamic microinjections of 5-HT in the conscious rabbit alters body temperature in a dose-dependent manner. 3. Low doses (5-5nmol) of 5-Ht and control saline injections produced a small, non-significant increase in temperature, with a long latency. 4. Doses of 14 nmol 5-HT produce a hyperthermia with a 45 min delay; while microinjections of 28 nmol result in a biphasic response; an initial short hypothermia is followed later by a hyperthermia. 5. Depleting the rabbit's brain of 5-HT by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) fails to affect its body temperature at thermoneutral temperatures but significantly impairs the ability to thermoregulate against a cold stress. 6. PCPA pretreatment did not, however, impair the febrile response to bacterial pyrogen and prostaglandin E1. 7. These results reveal a dissociation between the effects of 5-HT depletion on temperature regulation, and on fever. The site of action of 5-HT in temperature regulation must be proximal to the fever input, but distal to the convengence of peripheral and hypothalamic temperature inputs.", "contents": "A dissociation between temperature regulation and fever in the rabbit. 1. The role of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in temperature regulation and in fever in the rabbit has been investigated. 2. Intrahypothalamic microinjections of 5-HT in the conscious rabbit alters body temperature in a dose-dependent manner. 3. Low doses (5-5nmol) of 5-Ht and control saline injections produced a small, non-significant increase in temperature, with a long latency. 4. Doses of 14 nmol 5-HT produce a hyperthermia with a 45 min delay; while microinjections of 28 nmol result in a biphasic response; an initial short hypothermia is followed later by a hyperthermia. 5. Depleting the rabbit's brain of 5-HT by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) fails to affect its body temperature at thermoneutral temperatures but significantly impairs the ability to thermoregulate against a cold stress. 6. PCPA pretreatment did not, however, impair the febrile response to bacterial pyrogen and prostaglandin E1. 7. These results reveal a dissociation between the effects of 5-HT depletion on temperature regulation, and on fever. The site of action of 5-HT in temperature regulation must be proximal to the fever input, but distal to the convengence of peripheral and hypothalamic temperature inputs."}
{"id": "PMID:140238", "title": "The changes in configuration of the rib cage and abdomen during breathing in the anaesthetized cat.", "content": "1. The external surface of the rib cage and abdominal wall in anaesthetized cats was surgically exposed in order to record their movements cinematographically in spontaneous breathing and in paralysed cats, during artificial positive pressure ventilation. 2. Cine-stereophotography was used to allow the recording of the movements of a set of markers placed on the external surface of the trunk wall and the corresponding stereometric data were numerically and graphically processed into three-dimensional drawings. The cine-film frames corresponding to the phases of maximum inflation and deflation of the lungs were analysed to reveal the changes in configuration associated with the respiratory movements of the trunk wall. 3. The changes in shape of the diaphragm and the diaphragm and the displacements of the abdominal viscera between extreme inflation and deflation were recorded by X-ray photography. 4. During spontaneous inspiratory movements, the ribs rotated outwards and rostrally about the costovertebral joints, bringing about an increase in the transverse dimensions of the cage all along its length; these movements were accompanied by a clear-cut caudad displacement of the sternum, caused by the straightening of the costal cartilages and by the widening of the angles defined at sternochondral joints between the sternum and each of the costal cartilages. 5. Neuromuscular blockade abolished muscle tone in the trunk wall, allowing the weight of the viscera markedly to deform its configuration. 6. The inspiratory rib movements of the paralysed animal during artificial inspiration were similar to those during spontaneous breathing but the movements of the sternum were inverted and showed small cranial displacements. 7. The loss of muscular tone under neuromuscular blockade made the abdominal wall more compliant than the rib cage to the positive lung pressure and allowed greater mobility of the viscera with consequent distortion of the shape of the diaphragm. 8. The role of rib cage muscle tone in meeting requirements of purely configurational character in such a shell-like structure is discussed in relation to the optimal mechanical performance of the diaphragm.", "contents": "The changes in configuration of the rib cage and abdomen during breathing in the anaesthetized cat. 1. The external surface of the rib cage and abdominal wall in anaesthetized cats was surgically exposed in order to record their movements cinematographically in spontaneous breathing and in paralysed cats, during artificial positive pressure ventilation. 2. Cine-stereophotography was used to allow the recording of the movements of a set of markers placed on the external surface of the trunk wall and the corresponding stereometric data were numerically and graphically processed into three-dimensional drawings. The cine-film frames corresponding to the phases of maximum inflation and deflation of the lungs were analysed to reveal the changes in configuration associated with the respiratory movements of the trunk wall. 3. The changes in shape of the diaphragm and the diaphragm and the displacements of the abdominal viscera between extreme inflation and deflation were recorded by X-ray photography. 4. During spontaneous inspiratory movements, the ribs rotated outwards and rostrally about the costovertebral joints, bringing about an increase in the transverse dimensions of the cage all along its length; these movements were accompanied by a clear-cut caudad displacement of the sternum, caused by the straightening of the costal cartilages and by the widening of the angles defined at sternochondral joints between the sternum and each of the costal cartilages. 5. Neuromuscular blockade abolished muscle tone in the trunk wall, allowing the weight of the viscera markedly to deform its configuration. 6. The inspiratory rib movements of the paralysed animal during artificial inspiration were similar to those during spontaneous breathing but the movements of the sternum were inverted and showed small cranial displacements. 7. The loss of muscular tone under neuromuscular blockade made the abdominal wall more compliant than the rib cage to the positive lung pressure and allowed greater mobility of the viscera with consequent distortion of the shape of the diaphragm. 8. The role of rib cage muscle tone in meeting requirements of purely configurational character in such a shell-like structure is discussed in relation to the optimal mechanical performance of the diaphragm."}
{"id": "PMID:140239", "title": "[Index of fibrinolysis with new fibrin plate (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasminogen-free fibrin plate (fP) which was made from treated commerical bovine fibrinogen with Lysine-Sepharose was developed in our laboratory. This new fibrin plate showed the following specificities. a) This new fibrin plate did not show any lysis with high amount of streptokinase and Urokinase (10,000 u/ml and 500 u/ml). b) The concentrations of its substrate was the same as standard plate (SP) and its substrate was not denatured compared with heated plate (HP). c) The activity of plasmin can be measured quantitatively on fP and linear correlation between plasmin units and lysis area was showen. d) This procedure of new fibrin plate was easy and simple and could be applicable to the materials of other species, i.e., human, rabbit and porcine. With the use of two kinds of bovine fibrin plate (SP and fP), activation of fibrinolysis of human plasma, euglobulin and plasminogen induced by SK and UK was investigated and each correlation ship between sample and activator was studied statistically. From these results, \"Index of fibrinolysis\" meaning of fibrinolytic components such as plasmin, plasminogen, activator, proactivator, anti-activator and anti-plasmin were indicated. Indeed, these index of fibrinolysis were calculated from the lysis area of plasma+SK, Eug.+SK and Eug.+UK by each formula and index obtained from some physiological and pathological condition showed us many new information about fibrinolysis.", "contents": "[Index of fibrinolysis with new fibrin plate (author's transl)]. Plasminogen-free fibrin plate (fP) which was made from treated commerical bovine fibrinogen with Lysine-Sepharose was developed in our laboratory. This new fibrin plate showed the following specificities. a) This new fibrin plate did not show any lysis with high amount of streptokinase and Urokinase (10,000 u/ml and 500 u/ml). b) The concentrations of its substrate was the same as standard plate (SP) and its substrate was not denatured compared with heated plate (HP). c) The activity of plasmin can be measured quantitatively on fP and linear correlation between plasmin units and lysis area was showen. d) This procedure of new fibrin plate was easy and simple and could be applicable to the materials of other species, i.e., human, rabbit and porcine. With the use of two kinds of bovine fibrin plate (SP and fP), activation of fibrinolysis of human plasma, euglobulin and plasminogen induced by SK and UK was investigated and each correlation ship between sample and activator was studied statistically. From these results, \"Index of fibrinolysis\" meaning of fibrinolytic components such as plasmin, plasminogen, activator, proactivator, anti-activator and anti-plasmin were indicated. Indeed, these index of fibrinolysis were calculated from the lysis area of plasma+SK, Eug.+SK and Eug.+UK by each formula and index obtained from some physiological and pathological condition showed us many new information about fibrinolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:140240", "title": "University education for the physically disabled.", "content": "Two per thousand of the student population are physically handicapped. The facilities for the care of physically disabled students were surveyed at the 34 universities that have full-time medical officers and primary medical teams. It was found that communication before arrival about special medical and nursing needs of the student is insufficient, that there is inadequate liaison within the universities between the admissions office and the medical unit, and a lack of published statements by the universities about the admission of the physically disabled.In contrast, the facilities available for the handicapped student are considerable, the academic success rate high, the range of serious disability being successfully coped with is extensive, and there is a need for more encouragement in the community for the physically disabled to undertake, where intellectually capable, a university education.", "contents": "University education for the physically disabled. Two per thousand of the student population are physically handicapped. The facilities for the care of physically disabled students were surveyed at the 34 universities that have full-time medical officers and primary medical teams. It was found that communication before arrival about special medical and nursing needs of the student is insufficient, that there is inadequate liaison within the universities between the admissions office and the medical unit, and a lack of published statements by the universities about the admission of the physically disabled.In contrast, the facilities available for the handicapped student are considerable, the academic success rate high, the range of serious disability being successfully coped with is extensive, and there is a need for more encouragement in the community for the physically disabled to undertake, where intellectually capable, a university education."}
{"id": "PMID:140244", "title": "Properties of strains of Staphylococcus aureus in the 94, 96 complex.", "content": "Strains of Staphylococcus aureus that are lysed by typing phages 94 or 96, or by both phages, are usually resistant to lysis by other basic-set typing phages. They are, however, sensitive to several experimental phages and show a number of different lytic patterns when tested against these phages. These differences in susceptibility are due, in part, to immunity imposed by temperate phages carried by the different strains. Resistance to lysis by other basic-set phages was not due to prophage immunity, but to at least one restriction and modification system in such strains. Restrictionless mutants were isolated from one strain in several experiments. These showed an increased sensitivity to many basic-set phages. However, all of these mutants retained the ability to modify the phages to the characteristic \"94, 96\" specificity. Strains in the 94, 96 complex showed a remarkable homogeneity in biological traits. The majority were non-pigmented, and produced lipase, fibrinolysin, alpha and delta haemolysins and enterotoxin B. This homogeneity may well be a reflexion of the restriction and modification systems in these strains, that prevent the acquisition of genetic material from strains outside the complex. A new lytic group V is proposed for members of the 94, 96 complex.", "contents": "Properties of strains of Staphylococcus aureus in the 94, 96 complex. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus that are lysed by typing phages 94 or 96, or by both phages, are usually resistant to lysis by other basic-set typing phages. They are, however, sensitive to several experimental phages and show a number of different lytic patterns when tested against these phages. These differences in susceptibility are due, in part, to immunity imposed by temperate phages carried by the different strains. Resistance to lysis by other basic-set phages was not due to prophage immunity, but to at least one restriction and modification system in such strains. Restrictionless mutants were isolated from one strain in several experiments. These showed an increased sensitivity to many basic-set phages. However, all of these mutants retained the ability to modify the phages to the characteristic \"94, 96\" specificity. Strains in the 94, 96 complex showed a remarkable homogeneity in biological traits. The majority were non-pigmented, and produced lipase, fibrinolysin, alpha and delta haemolysins and enterotoxin B. This homogeneity may well be a reflexion of the restriction and modification systems in these strains, that prevent the acquisition of genetic material from strains outside the complex. A new lytic group V is proposed for members of the 94, 96 complex."}
{"id": "PMID:140245", "title": "Role of lipids in the Neurospora crassa membrane. I. Influence of fatty acid composition on membrane lipid phase transitions.", "content": "The relationship between lipid composition and phase transition was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry for intact and membrane phospholipid extracts of wild-type (w/t) and the cel-(Tw 40) mutant of Neurospora crassa. The cel-(Tw 40) mutant (grown on minimal, sucrose medium supplemented with Tween 40 at approximately 34 degrees C) had approximately twice the saturated fatty acid content of w/t organisms grown at approximately 22 degrees C. The gel-liquid crystal phase transitions of ergosterol-free extracts derived from w/t and cel-(Tw 40) occur at -31 and -11 degrees C, respectively. The heats of transition (delta H) of these extracts were 1 and 13 cal/g, respectively. The addition of ergosterol (the predominant sterol in Neurospora) to the phospholipid extracts decreased the observed heats of transition, but did not alter the transition temperature. Intact Neurospora, whether w/t or cal-(Tw 40) did not manifest similar gel-liquid crystal phase transitions in the differential scanning calorimeter. However, an endothermic peak at approximately 30 degrees C was observed in intact cells and extracted phospholipids of both w/t and cel-(Tw 40) organisms. This peak was insensitive to the addition of ergosterol, had a low heat content (delta H congruent to 1 cal/g), and was reversible.", "contents": "Role of lipids in the Neurospora crassa membrane. I. Influence of fatty acid composition on membrane lipid phase transitions. The relationship between lipid composition and phase transition was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry for intact and membrane phospholipid extracts of wild-type (w/t) and the cel-(Tw 40) mutant of Neurospora crassa. The cel-(Tw 40) mutant (grown on minimal, sucrose medium supplemented with Tween 40 at approximately 34 degrees C) had approximately twice the saturated fatty acid content of w/t organisms grown at approximately 22 degrees C. The gel-liquid crystal phase transitions of ergosterol-free extracts derived from w/t and cel-(Tw 40) occur at -31 and -11 degrees C, respectively. The heats of transition (delta H) of these extracts were 1 and 13 cal/g, respectively. The addition of ergosterol (the predominant sterol in Neurospora) to the phospholipid extracts decreased the observed heats of transition, but did not alter the transition temperature. Intact Neurospora, whether w/t or cal-(Tw 40) did not manifest similar gel-liquid crystal phase transitions in the differential scanning calorimeter. However, an endothermic peak at approximately 30 degrees C was observed in intact cells and extracted phospholipids of both w/t and cel-(Tw 40) organisms. This peak was insensitive to the addition of ergosterol, had a low heat content (delta H congruent to 1 cal/g), and was reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:140247", "title": "Reconstitution of craniofacial osseous contour deformities, sequelae of trauma and post resection for tumors, with an alloplastic-autogenous graft.", "content": "Our experience using a new technique for reconstructing contour defects of facial bones has been presented. It employs particulate, cancellous bone and an implantable prosthesis accurately fabricated of polyether urethane and polyethylene terephthalate cloth mesh which can be produced in a variety of configurations. A mannequin made of these materials displaying the various parts of the craniofacial complex that have been restored or are currently under investigation is shown in Figure 10. Large cranial vault defects, orbital floors, mandibles including chin augmentation, and nasal bone deformities have been successfully restored in man. Restoration of the pinna of the ear is currently being evaluated in laboratory animals.", "contents": "Reconstitution of craniofacial osseous contour deformities, sequelae of trauma and post resection for tumors, with an alloplastic-autogenous graft. Our experience using a new technique for reconstructing contour defects of facial bones has been presented. It employs particulate, cancellous bone and an implantable prosthesis accurately fabricated of polyether urethane and polyethylene terephthalate cloth mesh which can be produced in a variety of configurations. A mannequin made of these materials displaying the various parts of the craniofacial complex that have been restored or are currently under investigation is shown in Figure 10. Large cranial vault defects, orbital floors, mandibles including chin augmentation, and nasal bone deformities have been successfully restored in man. Restoration of the pinna of the ear is currently being evaluated in laboratory animals."}
{"id": "PMID:140251", "title": "Spectinomycin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to high levels of spectinomycin (more than 2,048 microng/ml), were isolated from specimens obtained from a patient with urethritis. The bacterial resistance to spectinomycin is probably due to ribosomal changes that are a result of a chromosomal mutation. If spectinomycin fails to cure gonorrhea, spectinomycin resistance should be considered.", "contents": "Spectinomycin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Neisseria gonorrhoeae resistant to high levels of spectinomycin (more than 2,048 microng/ml), were isolated from specimens obtained from a patient with urethritis. The bacterial resistance to spectinomycin is probably due to ribosomal changes that are a result of a chromosomal mutation. If spectinomycin fails to cure gonorrhea, spectinomycin resistance should be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:140252", "title": "Clinical history as a screening test for ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "A controlled study of 138 subjects demonstrated that the clinical history may be sensitive (95%) and specific (85%) in the differential diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis when reliance of five specific historic features is made. Back pain that is insidious in onset, in a patient younger than 40 years, persisting for at least three months, associated with morning stiffness and improving with exercise is characteristic of inflammatory spinal disease.", "contents": "Clinical history as a screening test for ankylosing spondylitis. A controlled study of 138 subjects demonstrated that the clinical history may be sensitive (95%) and specific (85%) in the differential diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis when reliance of five specific historic features is made. Back pain that is insidious in onset, in a patient younger than 40 years, persisting for at least three months, associated with morning stiffness and improving with exercise is characteristic of inflammatory spinal disease."}
{"id": "PMID:140256", "title": "Ca binding of intestinal smooth muscle myosin B.", "content": "By means of both centrifugation and filtration techniques, the Ca binding activity of intestinal myosin B was studied. The binding capacity of myosin B was Ca dependent and was approximately linear when the concentration of Ca in the medium ranged from 10(-4) to 10(-7) M. The Ca sensitivity of ATPase activity in the same range of Ca concentration exhibited a sigmoid curve. The Scatchard plot of Ca binding showed that intestinal myosin B had at least two types of binding sites. One of these was defined as a high affinity site with an apparent affinity constant of 2.5 x 10(6) M-1. The other was supposed to be a low affinity site of Ca binding. Mild trypsin treatment reduced the Ca binding capacity of intestinal myosin B by 1.45-2.44 nmol/mg protein. These values are approximately the concentration of the high affinity Ca binding sites in the intestinal myosin B. A major concern regarding the effect of trypsin is that the reduction of Ca binding surely accompanied the elimination of Ca sensitivity of myosin B ATPase activity. From these results, it seems likely that the high affinity sites of Ca binding identified in this study are based on the troponin-like component included in intestinal myosin B.", "contents": "Ca binding of intestinal smooth muscle myosin B. By means of both centrifugation and filtration techniques, the Ca binding activity of intestinal myosin B was studied. The binding capacity of myosin B was Ca dependent and was approximately linear when the concentration of Ca in the medium ranged from 10(-4) to 10(-7) M. The Ca sensitivity of ATPase activity in the same range of Ca concentration exhibited a sigmoid curve. The Scatchard plot of Ca binding showed that intestinal myosin B had at least two types of binding sites. One of these was defined as a high affinity site with an apparent affinity constant of 2.5 x 10(6) M-1. The other was supposed to be a low affinity site of Ca binding. Mild trypsin treatment reduced the Ca binding capacity of intestinal myosin B by 1.45-2.44 nmol/mg protein. These values are approximately the concentration of the high affinity Ca binding sites in the intestinal myosin B. A major concern regarding the effect of trypsin is that the reduction of Ca binding surely accompanied the elimination of Ca sensitivity of myosin B ATPase activity. From these results, it seems likely that the high affinity sites of Ca binding identified in this study are based on the troponin-like component included in intestinal myosin B."}
{"id": "PMID:140260", "title": "[Possibilities of early diagnosis of thromboembolic complications in myocardial infarct by means of biochemical methods].", "content": "A total of 41 patients with ischaemic heart disease and 30 normal donors were subjected to examinations of the biochemical indices of the blood coagulation system in its coagulation and anticoagulation links, as well as to tests reflecting the fibrinolytic and inhibitory activity of the urine. In the presence of thromboembolic complications in myocardial infarction patients a sharp elevation of \"residual fibrinogen\" and antiplasmins is noted along with a reduction of the urokinase activity of the urine.", "contents": "[Possibilities of early diagnosis of thromboembolic complications in myocardial infarct by means of biochemical methods]. A total of 41 patients with ischaemic heart disease and 30 normal donors were subjected to examinations of the biochemical indices of the blood coagulation system in its coagulation and anticoagulation links, as well as to tests reflecting the fibrinolytic and inhibitory activity of the urine. In the presence of thromboembolic complications in myocardial infarction patients a sharp elevation of \"residual fibrinogen\" and antiplasmins is noted along with a reduction of the urokinase activity of the urine."}
{"id": "PMID:140263", "title": "[Comparison of the changes in the QRS complex of the ECG with data from a pathologicoanatomic study in acute myocardial infarct].", "content": "A comparison of electrocardiographic and anatomic data was made in 74 patients with acute myocardial infarction with the purpose of investigating QRS-complex changes in macrofocal myocardial infarction, and establishing the correlation between ECG data and the volume of the infarcted myocardium. It has been shown that subendocardial and transmural necrosis of the anterior wall of the left ventricle was in all cases reflected on ECG by QS, while transmural necrosis of the posterior wall was associated in 86% of the cases with the presence of QR, Qr or qR on ECG. Thus, the estimation of myocardial necrosis depth by ECG data is difficult. An increase in myocardial necrosis area is paralleled by an increase in Q wave duration, in Q/R ratio value, and by a decrease in R wave amplitude. There was no significant linear correlation between the volume of necrosis area and the amplitude of Q wave of the number of ECG leads in which signs of myocardial infarction were detected.", "contents": "[Comparison of the changes in the QRS complex of the ECG with data from a pathologicoanatomic study in acute myocardial infarct]. A comparison of electrocardiographic and anatomic data was made in 74 patients with acute myocardial infarction with the purpose of investigating QRS-complex changes in macrofocal myocardial infarction, and establishing the correlation between ECG data and the volume of the infarcted myocardium. It has been shown that subendocardial and transmural necrosis of the anterior wall of the left ventricle was in all cases reflected on ECG by QS, while transmural necrosis of the posterior wall was associated in 86% of the cases with the presence of QR, Qr or qR on ECG. Thus, the estimation of myocardial necrosis depth by ECG data is difficult. An increase in myocardial necrosis area is paralleled by an increase in Q wave duration, in Q/R ratio value, and by a decrease in R wave amplitude. There was no significant linear correlation between the volume of necrosis area and the amplitude of Q wave of the number of ECG leads in which signs of myocardial infarction were detected."}
{"id": "PMID:140264", "title": "[Study of arteriosclerosis in different geographical zones of the Soviet Union. II. The fatty acid makeup of the lipids of the vascular wall in inhabitants of Uzbekistan].", "content": "A detailed description is presented for the fatty acids composition of the ether fractions of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in the normal aortic intima and at various stages of atherosclerosis in indigenous population (Uzbeks) and migrant (Russian) population of Uzbekistan. The most significant changes were revealed in the cholesterol ethers. At various stages of atherosclerosis the changes in the fatty acids of cholesterol ethers are not identical and depend on the nature of the lesion. The relative content of the oleic acid is usually higher, and that of the linoleic--lower in the fat strands and spots, than in the unchanged aortic intima. In the atheromatous plaques, on the contrary, the content of the linoleic acid increases, and that of the oleic--decreases. With age, the content of the linoleic acid increases even in the portions of the intima free of atherosclerosis. The relative content of linoleic acid in the triglycerides of the normai intima and in the atheromatous plaques is higher in the indigenous population of Uzbekistan, than in the migrants.", "contents": "[Study of arteriosclerosis in different geographical zones of the Soviet Union. II. The fatty acid makeup of the lipids of the vascular wall in inhabitants of Uzbekistan]. A detailed description is presented for the fatty acids composition of the ether fractions of cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids in the normal aortic intima and at various stages of atherosclerosis in indigenous population (Uzbeks) and migrant (Russian) population of Uzbekistan. The most significant changes were revealed in the cholesterol ethers. At various stages of atherosclerosis the changes in the fatty acids of cholesterol ethers are not identical and depend on the nature of the lesion. The relative content of the oleic acid is usually higher, and that of the linoleic--lower in the fat strands and spots, than in the unchanged aortic intima. In the atheromatous plaques, on the contrary, the content of the linoleic acid increases, and that of the oleic--decreases. With age, the content of the linoleic acid increases even in the portions of the intima free of atherosclerosis. The relative content of linoleic acid in the triglycerides of the normai intima and in the atheromatous plaques is higher in the indigenous population of Uzbekistan, than in the migrants."}
{"id": "PMID:140265", "title": "[Epidemiology of ischemic heart disease among the rural male population of Karaganda Province].", "content": "All WHO requirements and recommendations fulfilled, a one-stage epidemiological study was conducted in a nonorganized population of rural males, aged 30 to 59 years. With the aid of random numbers tables 1450 persons were selected, of whom 1340 were examined (92.4%). The majority of the examined (82.3%) were engaged in physical labour in different branches of agriculture, and only 14.4%--in clerical work. Ischaemic heart disease was found in 55 persons (4.1%), among them 26 (47.2%) were newly diagnosed cases. Among the clarks ischaemic heart disease was found to be more than twice as frequent (7.2%) as in those engaged in hard (3.3%) and moderately hard (3.7%) physical labour. A correlation was established between the incidence of the disease and such leading risk factors as arterial hypertension, smoking, excessive body weight, limited exercises and hypercholesterolemia. The conducted epidemiological study proves the necessity of the development and realization of preventive measures against ischaemic heart disease among the rural population.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of ischemic heart disease among the rural male population of Karaganda Province]. All WHO requirements and recommendations fulfilled, a one-stage epidemiological study was conducted in a nonorganized population of rural males, aged 30 to 59 years. With the aid of random numbers tables 1450 persons were selected, of whom 1340 were examined (92.4%). The majority of the examined (82.3%) were engaged in physical labour in different branches of agriculture, and only 14.4%--in clerical work. Ischaemic heart disease was found in 55 persons (4.1%), among them 26 (47.2%) were newly diagnosed cases. Among the clarks ischaemic heart disease was found to be more than twice as frequent (7.2%) as in those engaged in hard (3.3%) and moderately hard (3.7%) physical labour. A correlation was established between the incidence of the disease and such leading risk factors as arterial hypertension, smoking, excessive body weight, limited exercises and hypercholesterolemia. The conducted epidemiological study proves the necessity of the development and realization of preventive measures against ischaemic heart disease among the rural population."}
{"id": "PMID:140268", "title": "[Peripheral stenoses of the pulmonary arteries: possible causes and syndromic relationships (author's transl)].", "content": "The catheterization results and additional malformations and diseases in 20 infants and children with pulmonary artery stenosis are reported. In 17 cases additional cardiovascular malformations were found. In 15 cases extracardiac malformations or developmental retardation were observed. Peripheral stenoses of the pulmonary arteries are frequently established in rubella embryopathy, in the syndrome of supravalvular aortic stenosis, in Down s syndrome, in different types of nanism, in thalidomide embryopathy and in the socalled arteriohepatic dysplasia (Watson and Miller) associated with hypoplasia of the bile ducts. In 3 cases an arteriophepatic dysplasia was confirmed by angiocardiography and biopsy. Coarctations of pulmonary arteries rarely need operative interventions.", "contents": "[Peripheral stenoses of the pulmonary arteries: possible causes and syndromic relationships (author's transl)]. The catheterization results and additional malformations and diseases in 20 infants and children with pulmonary artery stenosis are reported. In 17 cases additional cardiovascular malformations were found. In 15 cases extracardiac malformations or developmental retardation were observed. Peripheral stenoses of the pulmonary arteries are frequently established in rubella embryopathy, in the syndrome of supravalvular aortic stenosis, in Down s syndrome, in different types of nanism, in thalidomide embryopathy and in the socalled arteriohepatic dysplasia (Watson and Miller) associated with hypoplasia of the bile ducts. In 3 cases an arteriophepatic dysplasia was confirmed by angiocardiography and biopsy. Coarctations of pulmonary arteries rarely need operative interventions."}
{"id": "PMID:140269", "title": "[About degradation products of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor in serum. I. The inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor as precursor of the acid stable trypsin-plasmin-inhibitor of the serum (author's transl)].", "content": "The humoral inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor is to define as precursor of the acid stable trypsin-plasmin-inhibitor in the serum. The inhibitor is filtrated by the glomerulum and excreted in the urine. The serum level of the inhibitor is increased in nephropathy. Using a new assay for the intact precursor it was found that during inflammation the decreased precursor level indicates an increased turnover, though the glomerular filtration of the acid-stable inhibitor is within normal range. The increase of the precursor level during nephropathy indicates that the kidney is the main degradation organe for the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. Nevertheless, an increase of the acid-stable inhibitor is to be seen. This fact is only to explain if it is assumed that the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor is permanently degraded everywhere in the organism.", "contents": "[About degradation products of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor in serum. I. The inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor as precursor of the acid stable trypsin-plasmin-inhibitor of the serum (author's transl)]. The humoral inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor is to define as precursor of the acid stable trypsin-plasmin-inhibitor in the serum. The inhibitor is filtrated by the glomerulum and excreted in the urine. The serum level of the inhibitor is increased in nephropathy. Using a new assay for the intact precursor it was found that during inflammation the decreased precursor level indicates an increased turnover, though the glomerular filtration of the acid-stable inhibitor is within normal range. The increase of the precursor level during nephropathy indicates that the kidney is the main degradation organe for the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor. Nevertheless, an increase of the acid-stable inhibitor is to be seen. This fact is only to explain if it is assumed that the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor is permanently degraded everywhere in the organism."}
{"id": "PMID:140270", "title": "[The influence of the beta-blocking agent pindolol on blood pressure and heart weight of rats with Goldblatt-type hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "Preexisting increase of plasma renin activity in hypertension seems to indicate an effective hypotensive action of adrenergic beta-receptor antagonists. In spite of marked elevation of plasma renin activity in Goldblatt-rats, the beta-blocker Pindolol failed to lower the blood pressure. On the contrary, high doses of this substance led to an acceleration of the Goldblatt-type hypertension, perhaps because of the intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of Pindolol. These findings support the conception that beta-blockers are effective in lowering the blood pressure only in hypertension with stimulated renin secretion, which is caused by an increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Plasma renin activity was not altered by Pindolol. There existed a linear relationship between blood pressure and left-ventricular weight in all groups of rats, which was not impaired by Pindolol in all used doses.", "contents": "[The influence of the beta-blocking agent pindolol on blood pressure and heart weight of rats with Goldblatt-type hypertension (author's transl)]. Preexisting increase of plasma renin activity in hypertension seems to indicate an effective hypotensive action of adrenergic beta-receptor antagonists. In spite of marked elevation of plasma renin activity in Goldblatt-rats, the beta-blocker Pindolol failed to lower the blood pressure. On the contrary, high doses of this substance led to an acceleration of the Goldblatt-type hypertension, perhaps because of the intrinsic sympathomimetic activity of Pindolol. These findings support the conception that beta-blockers are effective in lowering the blood pressure only in hypertension with stimulated renin secretion, which is caused by an increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system. Plasma renin activity was not altered by Pindolol. There existed a linear relationship between blood pressure and left-ventricular weight in all groups of rats, which was not impaired by Pindolol in all used doses."}
{"id": "PMID:140271", "title": "Weak mixed lymphocyte culture response in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus).", "content": "A study was made to determine whether the mixed lymphocyte culture test could detect histocompatibility differences between two strains of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. A semi-micro mixed lymphocyte culture was developed using 6 X 10(5) stimulating and responding cells per 0.12 ml culture volume at a ratio of 1:1. A culture period of 120 hours was found to be optimal. Although a weak allogeneic response was demonstrated with the Uclp:(MON) strain responding to stimulating cells from the MON/Tum strain, the reverse was not seen. A mixed lymphocyte reaction to xenogeneic (mouse) cells was demonstrated, and response to the mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, was strong. These data and the low stimulation index obtained in allogeneic culture supported the view that histocompatibility differences among different strains of the Mongolian gerbil are weak.", "contents": "Weak mixed lymphocyte culture response in the Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus). A study was made to determine whether the mixed lymphocyte culture test could detect histocompatibility differences between two strains of the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. A semi-micro mixed lymphocyte culture was developed using 6 X 10(5) stimulating and responding cells per 0.12 ml culture volume at a ratio of 1:1. A culture period of 120 hours was found to be optimal. Although a weak allogeneic response was demonstrated with the Uclp:(MON) strain responding to stimulating cells from the MON/Tum strain, the reverse was not seen. A mixed lymphocyte reaction to xenogeneic (mouse) cells was demonstrated, and response to the mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, was strong. These data and the low stimulation index obtained in allogeneic culture supported the view that histocompatibility differences among different strains of the Mongolian gerbil are weak."}
{"id": "PMID:140272", "title": "Application of immunofluorescence to the establishment of an Encephalitozoon cuniculi-free rabbit colony.", "content": "Serologic screening of a rabbit breeding colony over a 9-month period showed that all 9-week-old rabbits with Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection were born of E cuniculi-infected does. This observation, obtained from studies on 395 young rabbits, suggested that transmission of infection is either transplacental or the result of close contact soon after birth. On this basis, 16 young healthy rabbits, seronegative to E cuniculi, were isolated and tested at 2-week intervals for antibodies to E cuniculi. In the first 2 months, seven rabbits showed indications of developing antibodies to E cuniculi and were immediately removed from the colony. The remaining rabbits along with their 52 offspring were tested for serum antibodies for a further 16 months and no rabbit became seropositive. Eight months after establishment of the colony, three does, one buck and six 12-week-old rabbits were killed. Macroscopic and extensive histologic and immunofluorescence examinations failed to reveal any evidence of infection with E cuniculi. These results showed that serological screening for E cuniculi infection by immunofluorescence is a simple yet adequate procedure for establishing a rabbit colony free of encephalitozoonosis.", "contents": "Application of immunofluorescence to the establishment of an Encephalitozoon cuniculi-free rabbit colony. Serologic screening of a rabbit breeding colony over a 9-month period showed that all 9-week-old rabbits with Encephalitozoon cuniculi infection were born of E cuniculi-infected does. This observation, obtained from studies on 395 young rabbits, suggested that transmission of infection is either transplacental or the result of close contact soon after birth. On this basis, 16 young healthy rabbits, seronegative to E cuniculi, were isolated and tested at 2-week intervals for antibodies to E cuniculi. In the first 2 months, seven rabbits showed indications of developing antibodies to E cuniculi and were immediately removed from the colony. The remaining rabbits along with their 52 offspring were tested for serum antibodies for a further 16 months and no rabbit became seropositive. Eight months after establishment of the colony, three does, one buck and six 12-week-old rabbits were killed. Macroscopic and extensive histologic and immunofluorescence examinations failed to reveal any evidence of infection with E cuniculi. These results showed that serological screening for E cuniculi infection by immunofluorescence is a simple yet adequate procedure for establishing a rabbit colony free of encephalitozoonosis."}
{"id": "PMID:140280", "title": "Heart disease in the hypertensive patient.", "content": "Uncontrolled hypertension increases the workload of the left ventricle causing the development of hypertrophy and an increase in myocardial oxygen consumption that may precipitate ischemia because of inadequate oxygen delivery related to accelerated coronary atherosclerosis. Control of the hypertension should prevent the further development of hypertrophy, delay the development of fibrosis and possibly also slow the rate of development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, when myocardial function is impaired because of hypertrophy or other myocardial diseases, the level of blood pressure becomes an important determinant of left ventricular performance. Regardless of the level of arterial pressure, vasodilator drugs that lower arterial pressure may result in marked improvement in left ventricular performance and relief of symptoms of left ventricular failure. Therefore, control of blood pressure in the presence of heart disease may involve treatment of normotensive patients to bring them into a lower normotensive range as well as the more traditional treatment of hypertensives to bring them into the normotensive range. Although this scenario is consistent with conventional wisdom and clinical experience, intricacies of the relationship between hypertension, hypertrophy, myocardial oxygen delivery, atherosclerosis and intramyocardial blood flow distribution remain poorly understood. Until these aspects of the natural history of heart disease are better worked out therapy will remain largely empirical.", "contents": "Heart disease in the hypertensive patient. Uncontrolled hypertension increases the workload of the left ventricle causing the development of hypertrophy and an increase in myocardial oxygen consumption that may precipitate ischemia because of inadequate oxygen delivery related to accelerated coronary atherosclerosis. Control of the hypertension should prevent the further development of hypertrophy, delay the development of fibrosis and possibly also slow the rate of development of atherosclerosis. Furthermore, when myocardial function is impaired because of hypertrophy or other myocardial diseases, the level of blood pressure becomes an important determinant of left ventricular performance. Regardless of the level of arterial pressure, vasodilator drugs that lower arterial pressure may result in marked improvement in left ventricular performance and relief of symptoms of left ventricular failure. Therefore, control of blood pressure in the presence of heart disease may involve treatment of normotensive patients to bring them into a lower normotensive range as well as the more traditional treatment of hypertensives to bring them into the normotensive range. Although this scenario is consistent with conventional wisdom and clinical experience, intricacies of the relationship between hypertension, hypertrophy, myocardial oxygen delivery, atherosclerosis and intramyocardial blood flow distribution remain poorly understood. Until these aspects of the natural history of heart disease are better worked out therapy will remain largely empirical."}
{"id": "PMID:140290", "title": "Medical undergraduate teaching of paediatrics in the community.", "content": "The undergraduate teaching of childhood illness in the community is described. This teaching includes a cross-section of acute childhood illness together with some contact with handicapped children in their own homes. Although there were only four teaching sessions, the frequency of conditions studied approximated to that in general practice", "contents": "Medical undergraduate teaching of paediatrics in the community. The undergraduate teaching of childhood illness in the community is described. This teaching includes a cross-section of acute childhood illness together with some contact with handicapped children in their own homes. Although there were only four teaching sessions, the frequency of conditions studied approximated to that in general practice"}
{"id": "PMID:140287", "title": "[Complex Laboratory of Work Physiology and Psychology LPF-1].", "content": "A complete labour physiology and psychology laboratory has been designed and set up for the purpose of unifying the methods of physiological and psychological investigations, standardizing measurements procedures and rasing the effectiveness of examinations. The laboratory is fitted out with instruements and equipment ensuring observation over the functional state of the blood circulation, respiratory thermoregulation, metabolism, motor analyzer, central nervous system, higher nervous activity, visual and acoustic analyzers. The composition of the equipment and its arrangement according to functional units are recommended.", "contents": "[Complex Laboratory of Work Physiology and Psychology LPF-1]. A complete labour physiology and psychology laboratory has been designed and set up for the purpose of unifying the methods of physiological and psychological investigations, standardizing measurements procedures and rasing the effectiveness of examinations. The laboratory is fitted out with instruements and equipment ensuring observation over the functional state of the blood circulation, respiratory thermoregulation, metabolism, motor analyzer, central nervous system, higher nervous activity, visual and acoustic analyzers. The composition of the equipment and its arrangement according to functional units are recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:140288", "title": "[Forecasting the development of the workshops for repair of medical equipment].", "content": "A rapidly increasing provision of public health establishments with medical equipment and the need of continually keeping up its performance efficiency require a scientific approach to forecasting the necessary technical maintanance service and, consequently, an adequate growth of the repair workshops capacity. The dependance elicited on the example of the Perm works for repair of medical equipment suggests considering economicomathematical models for the development of the like enterprises serving the purpose of planning capital investments in the construction of new and reconstruction of old workshops and plants within the system of \"Medtekhnika\".", "contents": "[Forecasting the development of the workshops for repair of medical equipment]. A rapidly increasing provision of public health establishments with medical equipment and the need of continually keeping up its performance efficiency require a scientific approach to forecasting the necessary technical maintanance service and, consequently, an adequate growth of the repair workshops capacity. The dependance elicited on the example of the Perm works for repair of medical equipment suggests considering economicomathematical models for the development of the like enterprises serving the purpose of planning capital investments in the construction of new and reconstruction of old workshops and plants within the system of \"Medtekhnika\"."}
{"id": "PMID:140302", "title": "A study of dependence of protein synthesis in mitochondria on the transmembrane potential.", "content": "1. Incorporation of [H3]leucine into the TCA insoluble fraction of rat liver mitochondria incubated in vitro is inhibited by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. The inhibition is not correlated with the activation of mitochondrial ATPase. 2. Dependence of mitochondrial protein synthesis on the transmembrane potential is manifested in a wide range of K+ and Mg++ concentrations in the incubation media. 3. The inhibitory action of uncouplers shows a lag period equal to 5-7 minutes, this lag period however is not observed when the uncoupler is added to puromycin-treated mitochondria. 4. Dependence of mitochondrial protein synthesis on the transmembrane potential, which represents a property characteristic for the inner mitochondrial membrane suggests that mitochondrial ribosomes act in close contact with the mitochondrial membrane system.", "contents": "A study of dependence of protein synthesis in mitochondria on the transmembrane potential. 1. Incorporation of [H3]leucine into the TCA insoluble fraction of rat liver mitochondria incubated in vitro is inhibited by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. The inhibition is not correlated with the activation of mitochondrial ATPase. 2. Dependence of mitochondrial protein synthesis on the transmembrane potential is manifested in a wide range of K+ and Mg++ concentrations in the incubation media. 3. The inhibitory action of uncouplers shows a lag period equal to 5-7 minutes, this lag period however is not observed when the uncoupler is added to puromycin-treated mitochondria. 4. Dependence of mitochondrial protein synthesis on the transmembrane potential, which represents a property characteristic for the inner mitochondrial membrane suggests that mitochondrial ribosomes act in close contact with the mitochondrial membrane system."}
{"id": "PMID:140303", "title": "A model for histone-nonhistone control of ontogenesis.", "content": "The co-operation of histones and nonhistones in the known models can sufficiently explain the control of processes occurring within the differentiated cells. To give an explanation--on the same basis--for changes during ontogenesis and for manifestation of the development's program, a new model is needed which supposes the existence of a programming as well as a realizing system. At the start, the realizing system becomes repressed by histones. After this, the programming system gives orders for the production of nonhistones. These latter then activate the adequate (definite) operator of the realizing system and direct, simultaneously, a further programming gene for the production of a specific nonhistone needed for the following step of the program. Further on, the model could give an explanation for the manner in which the differentiated features of the cell are conserved during mitosis. One may suppose, in this case, that the new DNA strands become without delay wholly repressed. The phase-specific nonhistones--characterizing the cell's ontogenesis and produced by direction of the programming genes--will then displace the histones from the adequate DNA-sites.", "contents": "A model for histone-nonhistone control of ontogenesis. The co-operation of histones and nonhistones in the known models can sufficiently explain the control of processes occurring within the differentiated cells. To give an explanation--on the same basis--for changes during ontogenesis and for manifestation of the development's program, a new model is needed which supposes the existence of a programming as well as a realizing system. At the start, the realizing system becomes repressed by histones. After this, the programming system gives orders for the production of nonhistones. These latter then activate the adequate (definite) operator of the realizing system and direct, simultaneously, a further programming gene for the production of a specific nonhistone needed for the following step of the program. Further on, the model could give an explanation for the manner in which the differentiated features of the cell are conserved during mitosis. One may suppose, in this case, that the new DNA strands become without delay wholly repressed. The phase-specific nonhistones--characterizing the cell's ontogenesis and produced by direction of the programming genes--will then displace the histones from the adequate DNA-sites."}
{"id": "PMID:140308", "title": "Hodgkin's disease with predominant epitheloid cells.", "content": "The present paper reports on a 38-year-old patient with left supraclavicular adenopathy, clinically suspect of tuberculosis. Histologic examination showed disappearance of the lymph node structure due to diffuse, nodular hyperplasia of epithelioid and Sternberg-Reed cells. The particularities of this rare form of Hodgkin's disease, described by Lennert, are discussed, as well as problems of differential diagnosis.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease with predominant epitheloid cells. The present paper reports on a 38-year-old patient with left supraclavicular adenopathy, clinically suspect of tuberculosis. Histologic examination showed disappearance of the lymph node structure due to diffuse, nodular hyperplasia of epithelioid and Sternberg-Reed cells. The particularities of this rare form of Hodgkin's disease, described by Lennert, are discussed, as well as problems of differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:140309", "title": "The influence of homologous pulmonary proteins on the lung tissue reactivity: an experimental analysis.", "content": "The influence of homologous pulmonary proteins on the lung tissue reactivity was experimentally and immunomorphologically analysed in rabbits: a. in the development of specific sensitized substrate; b. by the challenge of hypersensitivity reactions: and c. by the evaluation of the development of an experimental lung tuberculosis at the level of the sensitized lung. Morphometrical methods were used. The immunomorphological analysis pointed out the importance of the increase of pyroninophilic and plasma cells and of eosinocytes in the lung tissue sensitized to homologous proteins included in the complete Freund adjuvant, the specificity and peculiarities (frequency of plasmocytosis and necrosis) of hypersensitivity reactions intratracheally and intravenously challenged with the homologous pulmonary proteins at the level of the sensitized lung, as well as the severe evolution of the experimental lung tuberculosis by comparison with that developing in a lung substrate sensitized without homologous pulmonary proteins or unsensitized. These results provided data for the influence exerted on the lung substrate by the pulmonary proteins which are released during the evolution of lugn processes and could act as autoantigens in the framework of an autoaggressive pathogenic component of chronic diseases.", "contents": "The influence of homologous pulmonary proteins on the lung tissue reactivity: an experimental analysis. The influence of homologous pulmonary proteins on the lung tissue reactivity was experimentally and immunomorphologically analysed in rabbits: a. in the development of specific sensitized substrate; b. by the challenge of hypersensitivity reactions: and c. by the evaluation of the development of an experimental lung tuberculosis at the level of the sensitized lung. Morphometrical methods were used. The immunomorphological analysis pointed out the importance of the increase of pyroninophilic and plasma cells and of eosinocytes in the lung tissue sensitized to homologous proteins included in the complete Freund adjuvant, the specificity and peculiarities (frequency of plasmocytosis and necrosis) of hypersensitivity reactions intratracheally and intravenously challenged with the homologous pulmonary proteins at the level of the sensitized lung, as well as the severe evolution of the experimental lung tuberculosis by comparison with that developing in a lung substrate sensitized without homologous pulmonary proteins or unsensitized. These results provided data for the influence exerted on the lung substrate by the pulmonary proteins which are released during the evolution of lugn processes and could act as autoantigens in the framework of an autoaggressive pathogenic component of chronic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:140305", "title": "Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries, and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. VIIIth note. A systematization attempt of the RHS in the light of Bertalanffy's theory of systems.", "content": "Phylogenetic data concerning the circulatory and the macrophagic systems in epineural invertebrates and in vertebrates are exposed. On this basis, the taking into consideration of a large general and complex system of defence is proposed as a work hypothesis. Within this system, two subsystems of the IInd order are described: the 1st represented by the epithelial organs, and the IInd by the immunogenic ones. In the first case, the epithelial cell populations (epithelial organs from the IInd step of author's classification, Vth note) play a dominant role in the local defence. The stroma and capillaries are dominating the defence process in the organs with covering epithelia (IIIrd step), in which the endothelia, the pericapillary membranes and the histiocytes are intervening; the antibody formation is missing. The immunogenic subsystem--the most evoluted form of the antiblastic and antinfection defence--comprises all the organs and formations of the old RHS. This IInd order subsystem is subdivided into two other subsystems of the IIIrd order: one comprises the primary lymphoid organs and the other, the secondary ones. Within the first began the differentiation; within the second, differentiation of cells participating in the cellular and humoral immunity is improved. Thus, each subsystem of the IIIrd order is subdivided into immunocompetent and non-immunocompetent cell lines (subsystems of the IVth order). Some reactions interpreted as expressions of cellular exchanges (open systems) providing the division and differentiation, especially of T and B lymphocytes, are described. The various terminology still used for the old RES and RHS is criticized and a new provisional terminology is proposed.", "contents": "Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries, and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. VIIIth note. A systematization attempt of the RHS in the light of Bertalanffy's theory of systems. Phylogenetic data concerning the circulatory and the macrophagic systems in epineural invertebrates and in vertebrates are exposed. On this basis, the taking into consideration of a large general and complex system of defence is proposed as a work hypothesis. Within this system, two subsystems of the IInd order are described: the 1st represented by the epithelial organs, and the IInd by the immunogenic ones. In the first case, the epithelial cell populations (epithelial organs from the IInd step of author's classification, Vth note) play a dominant role in the local defence. The stroma and capillaries are dominating the defence process in the organs with covering epithelia (IIIrd step), in which the endothelia, the pericapillary membranes and the histiocytes are intervening; the antibody formation is missing. The immunogenic subsystem--the most evoluted form of the antiblastic and antinfection defence--comprises all the organs and formations of the old RHS. This IInd order subsystem is subdivided into two other subsystems of the IIIrd order: one comprises the primary lymphoid organs and the other, the secondary ones. Within the first began the differentiation; within the second, differentiation of cells participating in the cellular and humoral immunity is improved. Thus, each subsystem of the IIIrd order is subdivided into immunocompetent and non-immunocompetent cell lines (subsystems of the IVth order). Some reactions interpreted as expressions of cellular exchanges (open systems) providing the division and differentiation, especially of T and B lymphocytes, are described. The various terminology still used for the old RES and RHS is criticized and a new provisional terminology is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:140307", "title": "Atypic adenomatous hyperplasiae of the endometrium. Cytologic and histopathologic confrontations.", "content": "By cytologic and histopathologic confrontations performed in uterine curettage products, 34 atypic adenomatous hyperplasiae were comparatively analysed with 38 malignant proliferations of the endometrium. The confrontation was made with the aim of knowing the diagnosis significance of some atypic adenomatous hyperplasiae lesions, finally correlated with the diagnosis established on histerectomy pieces. The significance of anomalies and/or atypies generated by disorders occurred in the cytodifferentiation of glandular cells and of those of the covering epithelium of the endometrium are discussed as well as the value of methods for the early diagnosis of the malignant process at the level of endometrium.", "contents": "Atypic adenomatous hyperplasiae of the endometrium. Cytologic and histopathologic confrontations. By cytologic and histopathologic confrontations performed in uterine curettage products, 34 atypic adenomatous hyperplasiae were comparatively analysed with 38 malignant proliferations of the endometrium. The confrontation was made with the aim of knowing the diagnosis significance of some atypic adenomatous hyperplasiae lesions, finally correlated with the diagnosis established on histerectomy pieces. The significance of anomalies and/or atypies generated by disorders occurred in the cytodifferentiation of glandular cells and of those of the covering epithelium of the endometrium are discussed as well as the value of methods for the early diagnosis of the malignant process at the level of endometrium."}
{"id": "PMID:140311", "title": "Autoradiographic changes in the kidney of the whole-body sublethally x-ray irradiated rat.", "content": "203Hg-hydroxymersalyl uptake / gram of kidney (HU), renal autoradiographic and histologic aspect after 800 R X-ray whole-body rat irradiation was studied. Twenty-four to seventy-two hours after irradiation, HU increased, while tubular autoradiographic granularity decreased. Their return to the control levels occurred gradually within two weeks. The relations of these findings to the early circulatory and dystrophic changes, as well as to the subsequent postirradiation restoring renal process are discussed.", "contents": "Autoradiographic changes in the kidney of the whole-body sublethally x-ray irradiated rat. 203Hg-hydroxymersalyl uptake / gram of kidney (HU), renal autoradiographic and histologic aspect after 800 R X-ray whole-body rat irradiation was studied. Twenty-four to seventy-two hours after irradiation, HU increased, while tubular autoradiographic granularity decreased. Their return to the control levels occurred gradually within two weeks. The relations of these findings to the early circulatory and dystrophic changes, as well as to the subsequent postirradiation restoring renal process are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140312", "title": "Proline-oxidase and hydroxypyroline-2-epimerase activities in experimental fibrosing granulomatous processes of the lung.", "content": "Three experimental fibrosing granulomatous processes of the lung (pulmonary granulomas induced by complete Freund adjuvant, viral pneumonitis induced by the A2 influenza virus, and tuberculosis induced in animals exposed to tobacco smoke) were produced in rabbits and the results confronted in view of establishing some relationships between mesenchymal cell accumulations, reticulin fibrillogenesis, and the enzymic activities of proline-oxidase (PO) and of hydroxyproline-2-epimerase (HEP), enzymes intervening in the control of hydroxyproline incorporation in the procollagen molecule. Histopathologic, histochemical and histoenzymic methods, quantification of cells and fibrils, statistical analyses, including the regression lines method, were used. The confrontation of the three processes made obvious that the cell accumulation invariably preceded the fibrillogenetic process, that the immune nature of the process was accompanied by larger cell accumulations than the non-immune one, that between cell accumulations and fibrillogenesis there existed highly significant correlations, and that the increase of the enzymic activities of proline-oxidase and of hydroxyproline-2-epimerase always accompanied these tissular changes, being topographically coincident with them (interlobular areas, alveolar walls).", "contents": "Proline-oxidase and hydroxypyroline-2-epimerase activities in experimental fibrosing granulomatous processes of the lung. Three experimental fibrosing granulomatous processes of the lung (pulmonary granulomas induced by complete Freund adjuvant, viral pneumonitis induced by the A2 influenza virus, and tuberculosis induced in animals exposed to tobacco smoke) were produced in rabbits and the results confronted in view of establishing some relationships between mesenchymal cell accumulations, reticulin fibrillogenesis, and the enzymic activities of proline-oxidase (PO) and of hydroxyproline-2-epimerase (HEP), enzymes intervening in the control of hydroxyproline incorporation in the procollagen molecule. Histopathologic, histochemical and histoenzymic methods, quantification of cells and fibrils, statistical analyses, including the regression lines method, were used. The confrontation of the three processes made obvious that the cell accumulation invariably preceded the fibrillogenetic process, that the immune nature of the process was accompanied by larger cell accumulations than the non-immune one, that between cell accumulations and fibrillogenesis there existed highly significant correlations, and that the increase of the enzymic activities of proline-oxidase and of hydroxyproline-2-epimerase always accompanied these tissular changes, being topographically coincident with them (interlobular areas, alveolar walls)."}
{"id": "PMID:140314", "title": "Histoenzymology of the lung. I. Enzyme activities of the lung tissue of acult humans; relationships between structure and functions.", "content": "Human adult lung fragments removed from macroscopically undamaged and anthracosis exempted zones of lungs of 20 pneumonectomies made for cancer, were tested for 25 enzymic activities. The location and intensities of these enzymic activities were different in the lung tissue components; The bronchial epithelia contained highly active LDH, MDH, SDH, NADH-TR and NADPH-TR, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, active hydroxyproline-2-epimerase, alkaline phosphatase. Ca2+-activated ATP-ase, and beta-galactosidase. Bronchial and vascular muscles presented intense activities of LDH, MDH and SDH of alkalinephosphatase, AMP-ase and Ca2+-activated ATP-ase, as well as of beta-galactosidase. The alveolar walls presented high activities of SDH, MDH and LDH, of alkaline and acid phosphatases, of beta-galactosidase and of Tween-40 and 60-esterases, of HEP, cytochrome-oxidase and peroxidase. The free alveolar macrophages were active for LDH, MDH, SDH, NADH-TR and NADPH-TR, G1-6-ph-DH, acid and alkaline phosphatase, cytochrome-oxidase and peroxidase, HEP, AMP-ase and Mg2+-activated ATP-ase, Tween-esterases, naphthol-ASD-acetate esterase, and beta-galactosidase. The endothelia contained high activities of alkaline phosphatase, of AMP-ase and Mg2+-activated ATPase, of LDH, MDH and SDH, and of beta-galactosidase. In bronchial lymphoid nodules it was the LDH, MDH, SDH, cytochrome-oxidase and peroxidase, HEP, alkaline phosphatase and AMP-ase, Tween-60-esterase and beta-galactosidase that were active. The interlobular areas of the lung presented intense activities of SDH, MDH, LDH, HEP and cytochrome-oxidase. The activities of the other tested enzymes were weaker or absent in the adult human lung components, the same as those of aminopeptidases which were present only in some free alveolar macrophages. The discussion of some relationships between these enzymic actitivies and the morphology of the human adult lung tissue asserted that the latter could not be considered as a \"normal\" tissue but as one overstrained by the components of blood and polluted air.", "contents": "Histoenzymology of the lung. I. Enzyme activities of the lung tissue of acult humans; relationships between structure and functions. Human adult lung fragments removed from macroscopically undamaged and anthracosis exempted zones of lungs of 20 pneumonectomies made for cancer, were tested for 25 enzymic activities. The location and intensities of these enzymic activities were different in the lung tissue components; The bronchial epithelia contained highly active LDH, MDH, SDH, NADH-TR and NADPH-TR, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, active hydroxyproline-2-epimerase, alkaline phosphatase. Ca2+-activated ATP-ase, and beta-galactosidase. Bronchial and vascular muscles presented intense activities of LDH, MDH and SDH of alkalinephosphatase, AMP-ase and Ca2+-activated ATP-ase, as well as of beta-galactosidase. The alveolar walls presented high activities of SDH, MDH and LDH, of alkaline and acid phosphatases, of beta-galactosidase and of Tween-40 and 60-esterases, of HEP, cytochrome-oxidase and peroxidase. The free alveolar macrophages were active for LDH, MDH, SDH, NADH-TR and NADPH-TR, G1-6-ph-DH, acid and alkaline phosphatase, cytochrome-oxidase and peroxidase, HEP, AMP-ase and Mg2+-activated ATP-ase, Tween-esterases, naphthol-ASD-acetate esterase, and beta-galactosidase. The endothelia contained high activities of alkaline phosphatase, of AMP-ase and Mg2+-activated ATPase, of LDH, MDH and SDH, and of beta-galactosidase. In bronchial lymphoid nodules it was the LDH, MDH, SDH, cytochrome-oxidase and peroxidase, HEP, alkaline phosphatase and AMP-ase, Tween-60-esterase and beta-galactosidase that were active. The interlobular areas of the lung presented intense activities of SDH, MDH, LDH, HEP and cytochrome-oxidase. The activities of the other tested enzymes were weaker or absent in the adult human lung components, the same as those of aminopeptidases which were present only in some free alveolar macrophages. The discussion of some relationships between these enzymic actitivies and the morphology of the human adult lung tissue asserted that the latter could not be considered as a \"normal\" tissue but as one overstrained by the components of blood and polluted air."}
{"id": "PMID:140316", "title": "Interrelations between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cyto-fibrillar elements, IXth note. The fibrillar apparatus of the human dermis during ageing.", "content": "The dynamics of mean density on conventional microscopic field method of the fibrillar apparatus (collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers and fragments) both in the papillary and profound dermis is followed up. In this study 40 fragments of human skin from 4 groups were included: children, adults, aged people with lesions of senile keratosis and without lesions of senile keratosis. Some histological and biochemical data from the literature were confirmed. Using the conventional microscopic field method a new element was proved, namely: the changes connected with age are significant and present a stereotypic succession; However, these changes are not always similarin intensity and direction for the three varieties of the fibers and in both layers of the dermis. An increase tendency of the fibrillar apparatus beginning from the childhood to the adulthood and then a differentiated decrease or stabilization towards the old age with the appearance of senile keratosis lesions were noticed. During ageing the fibrillar elements of the dermis become thickened and fragmented, with implications on the physiological functions of the skin.", "contents": "Interrelations between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cyto-fibrillar elements, IXth note. The fibrillar apparatus of the human dermis during ageing. The dynamics of mean density on conventional microscopic field method of the fibrillar apparatus (collagenous, elastic and reticular fibers and fragments) both in the papillary and profound dermis is followed up. In this study 40 fragments of human skin from 4 groups were included: children, adults, aged people with lesions of senile keratosis and without lesions of senile keratosis. Some histological and biochemical data from the literature were confirmed. Using the conventional microscopic field method a new element was proved, namely: the changes connected with age are significant and present a stereotypic succession; However, these changes are not always similarin intensity and direction for the three varieties of the fibers and in both layers of the dermis. An increase tendency of the fibrillar apparatus beginning from the childhood to the adulthood and then a differentiated decrease or stabilization towards the old age with the appearance of senile keratosis lesions were noticed. During ageing the fibrillar elements of the dermis become thickened and fragmented, with implications on the physiological functions of the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:140318", "title": "Experimental studies on factors influencing the widespread organ distribution of Walker 256 tumour metastases.", "content": "The Walker 256 tumour metastases occurring spontaneously or following i.v. experimental inoculation to lungs and lymph nodes were studied. This preferential metastasis or organ selectivity was changed by inducing modifications in the tumour cell itself or in the host. Changes induced in the tumour cell decreased the incidence and organ distribution of metastases if the cell membrane was altered by trypsin; conversely, the trophic effect exerted by glucose on the blood-borne tumour cells, leading to an increase of cell viability and proliferative capacity, resulted in augmented metastasis incidence and widespread organ distribution of metastases. The behaviour of experimentally metastasizing Walker tumour cells could be also influenced by the inhibition of the host immune response (hydrocortisone), irradiation, Luvatren, irradiation + Luvatren), the increased metastatic incidence and extension being proportional to the degree of the immunosuppression produced by these agents. The experimental data support the conclusion that tumour dissemination is the result of complex interactions between the tumour and the host.", "contents": "Experimental studies on factors influencing the widespread organ distribution of Walker 256 tumour metastases. The Walker 256 tumour metastases occurring spontaneously or following i.v. experimental inoculation to lungs and lymph nodes were studied. This preferential metastasis or organ selectivity was changed by inducing modifications in the tumour cell itself or in the host. Changes induced in the tumour cell decreased the incidence and organ distribution of metastases if the cell membrane was altered by trypsin; conversely, the trophic effect exerted by glucose on the blood-borne tumour cells, leading to an increase of cell viability and proliferative capacity, resulted in augmented metastasis incidence and widespread organ distribution of metastases. The behaviour of experimentally metastasizing Walker tumour cells could be also influenced by the inhibition of the host immune response (hydrocortisone), irradiation, Luvatren, irradiation + Luvatren), the increased metastatic incidence and extension being proportional to the degree of the immunosuppression produced by these agents. The experimental data support the conclusion that tumour dissemination is the result of complex interactions between the tumour and the host."}
{"id": "PMID:140319", "title": "Histoenzymology of the lung. II. The behaviour of lung hydrolytic enzymes during some experimental pulmonary processes.", "content": "The enzymic activity of acid alkaline phosphatases, of alanyl- and leucine-aminopeptidases, of beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase, and of Tween-60-esterase was tested in the rabbit lung tissue during the following experimental processes: a) the sensitization with Freund adjuvant containing PPD and challenge of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to PPD), b) the sensitization with gamma-globulin in Freund adjuvant, c) the pulmonary Arthus reaction, d) the lung granulomas induced by intravenous administration of Freund adjuvant containing heterologous lung proteins, e) the tuberculosis and silicotuberculosis under the influence of tuberculostatics. A metabolic intensification expressed by a marked increase of the tested hydrolytic enzymes was observed comparatively with controls in all these immune, granulomatous and inflammatory processes experimentally induced in the lung. The morphologic substrate of this behaviour was represented by the numerous cell proliferation and differentiations of the reticulomacrophagic type occurring during these experimental processes under the stimulation of antigenic elicitors. The latter also induced an increase of the lysosome-formation as submicroscopic site of these hydrolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Histoenzymology of the lung. II. The behaviour of lung hydrolytic enzymes during some experimental pulmonary processes. The enzymic activity of acid alkaline phosphatases, of alanyl- and leucine-aminopeptidases, of beta-galactosidase and beta-glucuronidase, and of Tween-60-esterase was tested in the rabbit lung tissue during the following experimental processes: a) the sensitization with Freund adjuvant containing PPD and challenge of the delayed hypersensitivity reaction to PPD), b) the sensitization with gamma-globulin in Freund adjuvant, c) the pulmonary Arthus reaction, d) the lung granulomas induced by intravenous administration of Freund adjuvant containing heterologous lung proteins, e) the tuberculosis and silicotuberculosis under the influence of tuberculostatics. A metabolic intensification expressed by a marked increase of the tested hydrolytic enzymes was observed comparatively with controls in all these immune, granulomatous and inflammatory processes experimentally induced in the lung. The morphologic substrate of this behaviour was represented by the numerous cell proliferation and differentiations of the reticulomacrophagic type occurring during these experimental processes under the stimulation of antigenic elicitors. The latter also induced an increase of the lysosome-formation as submicroscopic site of these hydrolytic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:140324", "title": "The relationship between Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition and cardiac glycoside-induced arrhythmia in dogs.", "content": "In order to determine if there is a relationship between Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition and cardiac glycoside-induced arrhythmia, the time course of the onset and offset of the arrhythmia induced by the semi-synthetic glycoside, actodigin, and the enzyme activity during arrhythmia and following reversion to normal sinus rhythm was studied in the intact, anethetized dog. An infusion of actodigin(AY22,241) at the rate of 0.1 micronmol/kg/min for 30 min induced a severe and persistent arrhythmia within 13.1 +/- 192 min of 9 dogs. Upon termination of the actodigin infusion, the arrhythmia spontaneously converted to sinus rhythm within 17.5 +/- 2.3 min. Left ventricular tissue was taken from dogs sacrificed at the peak of the actodigin-induced arrhythmic periods or from the dogs that were allowed to recover from the actodigin-induced arrhythmia. These samples were homogenized and the membrane-containing fraction was passed through a Millipore filter. The membrane fraction trapped in the filter was then assayed for Na+ + K+ stimulated, Mg2+ dependent ATPase acctivity. The results showed that, in comparison to the time matched control dogs, the cardiac microsomes prepared from the arrhythmic dogs had a markedly reduced Na+, K+-ATPase activity. On the other hand, actodigin-treated dogs that were allowed to recover from the arrhythmic episode had Na+, K+-ATPase activity that was not significantly different from the control values. The amount of 3H-actodigin bound by the cardiac muscle microsomal fraction was also investigated. The microsomes from left ventricle were isolated with a slight modification of the method of Dutta et al. (1968). The microsomal binding of 3H-actodigin was maximum at 30 min (26.6 mol/mg protein) when the sample was prepared from the dogs at the peak of the arrhythmic effect. However, the binding was significantly reduced (11.5pmol/mg protein) in the microsomal fraction from hearts that had returned to sinus rhythm. These data provide direct evidence that inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase and cardiac glycosideinduced arrhythmia may have some cause and effect relationship.", "contents": "The relationship between Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition and cardiac glycoside-induced arrhythmia in dogs. In order to determine if there is a relationship between Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition and cardiac glycoside-induced arrhythmia, the time course of the onset and offset of the arrhythmia induced by the semi-synthetic glycoside, actodigin, and the enzyme activity during arrhythmia and following reversion to normal sinus rhythm was studied in the intact, anethetized dog. An infusion of actodigin(AY22,241) at the rate of 0.1 micronmol/kg/min for 30 min induced a severe and persistent arrhythmia within 13.1 +/- 192 min of 9 dogs. Upon termination of the actodigin infusion, the arrhythmia spontaneously converted to sinus rhythm within 17.5 +/- 2.3 min. Left ventricular tissue was taken from dogs sacrificed at the peak of the actodigin-induced arrhythmic periods or from the dogs that were allowed to recover from the actodigin-induced arrhythmia. These samples were homogenized and the membrane-containing fraction was passed through a Millipore filter. The membrane fraction trapped in the filter was then assayed for Na+ + K+ stimulated, Mg2+ dependent ATPase acctivity. The results showed that, in comparison to the time matched control dogs, the cardiac microsomes prepared from the arrhythmic dogs had a markedly reduced Na+, K+-ATPase activity. On the other hand, actodigin-treated dogs that were allowed to recover from the arrhythmic episode had Na+, K+-ATPase activity that was not significantly different from the control values. The amount of 3H-actodigin bound by the cardiac muscle microsomal fraction was also investigated. The microsomes from left ventricle were isolated with a slight modification of the method of Dutta et al. (1968). The microsomal binding of 3H-actodigin was maximum at 30 min (26.6 mol/mg protein) when the sample was prepared from the dogs at the peak of the arrhythmic effect. However, the binding was significantly reduced (11.5pmol/mg protein) in the microsomal fraction from hearts that had returned to sinus rhythm. These data provide direct evidence that inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase and cardiac glycosideinduced arrhythmia may have some cause and effect relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:140321", "title": "Contributions to the study of bisazo dye(s) induced eye anomalies in rats.", "content": "Eye anomalies were studied in embryos and foetuses of pregnant Wistar albino rats injected i.p. on day 9 of pregnancy with trypan blue (8-15 mg/100 g) and Niagara sky blue 6B (10-15 mg/100 g). Specimens were obtained by killing or by repeated surgical interventions between the 12th and 20th day of pregnancy. Microscopical changes were recorded in 170 embryos and foetuses of the experimental series and in 50 control specimens. Anophthalmia nad microthalmia (of various degrees) were the main anomalies induced by both dyes used. Other anomalies, less frequent, involved the whole eye or one or more eye components. No degenerative and necrotic changes the whole eye or one or more eye components. No degenerative and necrotic changes were recorded and no features attesting the vascular origin of malformations could be found. The persistence of eye appendages even in the total absence of any eye rudiment was constantly observed. Control specimens showed no microscopical changes of the developing eye. Some problems concerning possible pathogenic pathways are discussed.", "contents": "Contributions to the study of bisazo dye(s) induced eye anomalies in rats. Eye anomalies were studied in embryos and foetuses of pregnant Wistar albino rats injected i.p. on day 9 of pregnancy with trypan blue (8-15 mg/100 g) and Niagara sky blue 6B (10-15 mg/100 g). Specimens were obtained by killing or by repeated surgical interventions between the 12th and 20th day of pregnancy. Microscopical changes were recorded in 170 embryos and foetuses of the experimental series and in 50 control specimens. Anophthalmia nad microthalmia (of various degrees) were the main anomalies induced by both dyes used. Other anomalies, less frequent, involved the whole eye or one or more eye components. No degenerative and necrotic changes the whole eye or one or more eye components. No degenerative and necrotic changes were recorded and no features attesting the vascular origin of malformations could be found. The persistence of eye appendages even in the total absence of any eye rudiment was constantly observed. Control specimens showed no microscopical changes of the developing eye. Some problems concerning possible pathogenic pathways are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140333", "title": "[Echinococcal cysts of the external oblique muscle. Clinical case].", "content": "A short account of the nosological, physiopathological and therapeutical aspects of cysts due to muscle echinococcus is given. A case of echinococcus of the external oblique muscle is presented and its diagnostical difficulties pointed out.", "contents": "[Echinococcal cysts of the external oblique muscle. Clinical case]. A short account of the nosological, physiopathological and therapeutical aspects of cysts due to muscle echinococcus is given. A case of echinococcus of the external oblique muscle is presented and its diagnostical difficulties pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:140335", "title": "[Surgical treatment of aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. Presentation of personal cases].", "content": "Six cases of aneurysm of the thoracic aorta, four located in the 1st segment and two in the 3rd, are reported. The four cases in the ascending aorta presented a different aetiology: a) aneurysm on aortic stenosis (case 1); b) atheromatous aneurysm (case 2); c) aortic dissection (case 5); d) aneurysm due to dystrophy of the media in a patient with Marfan's disease (case 6). 3 tubular prosthetic substitutions of the ascending aorta were made (with a valvular substitution and commissural relocation associated with right aorto-coronary venous by-pass) and one plastic intervention on the aorta with valvular substitution. The aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta presented traumatic aetiology and were treated with resection-dacron graft, using femoral artero-venous partial CEC.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of aneurysms of the thoracic aorta. Presentation of personal cases]. Six cases of aneurysm of the thoracic aorta, four located in the 1st segment and two in the 3rd, are reported. The four cases in the ascending aorta presented a different aetiology: a) aneurysm on aortic stenosis (case 1); b) atheromatous aneurysm (case 2); c) aortic dissection (case 5); d) aneurysm due to dystrophy of the media in a patient with Marfan's disease (case 6). 3 tubular prosthetic substitutions of the ascending aorta were made (with a valvular substitution and commissural relocation associated with right aorto-coronary venous by-pass) and one plastic intervention on the aorta with valvular substitution. The aneurysms of the descending thoracic aorta presented traumatic aetiology and were treated with resection-dacron graft, using femoral artero-venous partial CEC."}
{"id": "PMID:140336", "title": "[Palmoplantar, punctate and striated keratodermia. Critical notes on a family group].", "content": "A cases of punctate and striated keratodermia palmaris et planataris is described. Reference is made to the recent tendency to group together forms once considered distinct. An unusual family pedigree composed of non-consanguineous subjects is presented.", "contents": "[Palmoplantar, punctate and striated keratodermia. Critical notes on a family group]. A cases of punctate and striated keratodermia palmaris et planataris is described. Reference is made to the recent tendency to group together forms once considered distinct. An unusual family pedigree composed of non-consanguineous subjects is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:140340", "title": "Comparison between urinary 17-ketosteroids and serum androgens in hirsute patients.", "content": "In order to ascertain the usefulness of urinary 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) in the evaluation of hirsutism, 28 paired determinations of 17-KS and serum androgens were performed in 26 hirsute women before (control) and after (post Dex) 7 days of dexamethasone (Dex) administration. Upper normal control and post Dex urinary 17-KS and serum steroid levels were as follows: 17-KS, 15 and 5 mg/24 hour urine collection; dehydroepiandrossterone sulfate (DHEA-S), 2500 and 400 ng/ml serum; testosterone (T), 0.5 and 0.3 ng/ml; dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 0.35 and 0.2 ng/ml; androstenedione (A), 2.3 and 1.6 ng/ml; androst-5-ene-3beta-17beta-diol (delta5-diol), 1.6 and 0.4 ng/ml; and cortisol (F), 140 and 40 ng/ml. In 5 of the 28 tests, control 17-KS levels were elevated. In these 5 tests, control serum levels of one or more androgens were also elevated. DHEA-S was the only steroid of which the serum levels were elevated in all these 5 patients. Control 17-KS were within normal limits in 23 tests. Of these, 19 had elevated serum androgens. Nine patients with elevated post Dex urinary 17-KS also had elevated post Dex levels of serum androgens. Of 19 patients with normal post Dex 17-KS, 14 had elevated post Dex serum androgen levels. These data indicate that 1) urinary 17-KS determinantions do not reliably identify patients with elevated serum androgens; 2) Dex suppression of 17-KS does not correlate well with Dex suppression of serum androgens; and 3) for the evaluation of hyperandrogenism, measurements of serum androgens give a better understanding of the type of androgens involved and the source of hyperandrogenism.", "contents": "Comparison between urinary 17-ketosteroids and serum androgens in hirsute patients. In order to ascertain the usefulness of urinary 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) in the evaluation of hirsutism, 28 paired determinations of 17-KS and serum androgens were performed in 26 hirsute women before (control) and after (post Dex) 7 days of dexamethasone (Dex) administration. Upper normal control and post Dex urinary 17-KS and serum steroid levels were as follows: 17-KS, 15 and 5 mg/24 hour urine collection; dehydroepiandrossterone sulfate (DHEA-S), 2500 and 400 ng/ml serum; testosterone (T), 0.5 and 0.3 ng/ml; dihydrotestosterone (DHT), 0.35 and 0.2 ng/ml; androstenedione (A), 2.3 and 1.6 ng/ml; androst-5-ene-3beta-17beta-diol (delta5-diol), 1.6 and 0.4 ng/ml; and cortisol (F), 140 and 40 ng/ml. In 5 of the 28 tests, control 17-KS levels were elevated. In these 5 tests, control serum levels of one or more androgens were also elevated. DHEA-S was the only steroid of which the serum levels were elevated in all these 5 patients. Control 17-KS were within normal limits in 23 tests. Of these, 19 had elevated serum androgens. Nine patients with elevated post Dex urinary 17-KS also had elevated post Dex levels of serum androgens. Of 19 patients with normal post Dex 17-KS, 14 had elevated post Dex serum androgen levels. These data indicate that 1) urinary 17-KS determinantions do not reliably identify patients with elevated serum androgens; 2) Dex suppression of 17-KS does not correlate well with Dex suppression of serum androgens; and 3) for the evaluation of hyperandrogenism, measurements of serum androgens give a better understanding of the type of androgens involved and the source of hyperandrogenism."}
{"id": "PMID:140354", "title": "Jadassohn-type anetoderma in association with keratoconus and cataract.", "content": "The unusual association of macular atrophy--Jadassohn type of anetoderma, bilateral subcapsular ocular cataracts and keratoconus--is described in an otherwise healthy adult male. This association has not, to the best of our knowledge, been previously described. The possibility that this is not a chance association is discussed.", "contents": "Jadassohn-type anetoderma in association with keratoconus and cataract. The unusual association of macular atrophy--Jadassohn type of anetoderma, bilateral subcapsular ocular cataracts and keratoconus--is described in an otherwise healthy adult male. This association has not, to the best of our knowledge, been previously described. The possibility that this is not a chance association is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140355", "title": "Corticosteroid glaucoma.", "content": "The non-depolymerised mucopolysaccharides of the anterior chamber angle can become hydrated. This biological oedema can obstruct the trabcculae, but the physiological liberation of catabolic enzymes from the lysosomes depolymerises the mucopolysaccharides and prevent this obstruction. This is, on the contrary, facilited by the corticosteroids, which reinforce the lysosomal membranes and impede the liberation of the catabolic enzymes. There are clones of goniocytes which are corticosensitive and other which are not. Depending upon the predominace of the one or the other, the cortisone test will be positive or negative.", "contents": "Corticosteroid glaucoma. The non-depolymerised mucopolysaccharides of the anterior chamber angle can become hydrated. This biological oedema can obstruct the trabcculae, but the physiological liberation of catabolic enzymes from the lysosomes depolymerises the mucopolysaccharides and prevent this obstruction. This is, on the contrary, facilited by the corticosteroids, which reinforce the lysosomal membranes and impede the liberation of the catabolic enzymes. There are clones of goniocytes which are corticosensitive and other which are not. Depending upon the predominace of the one or the other, the cortisone test will be positive or negative."}
{"id": "PMID:140364", "title": "Response to stretch of proprioceptors in adult rat muscles de-efferented at birth.", "content": "Hind-limb muscles of new-born rats were de-efferented by removing the lumbosacral spinal cord. Spinal ganglia remained intact, together with their peripheral axon. The presence of sensory terminals in limb spindles, induces the full ultrastructural differentiation of muscle spindles, as has been shown previously. In the present paper we have shown by integrating the sensory discharges in the whole nerve from chronically de-efferented muscles that even several months after birth, muscle proprioceptors (probably mostly spindles) still maintain their basic mechanoreceptor properties. Although the limbs were completely immobilized throughout the whole experimental period, spindles from these chronically de-efferented muscles still responded as slowly adapting receptors. The dynamic component was also present in the integrated neurogram response during stretching. It thus appears that basic functional properties of rat muscle proprioceptor persist even when these receptors differentiate and survive without motor innervation and any adequate functional stimuli, i.e. under conditions of permanent disuse.", "contents": "Response to stretch of proprioceptors in adult rat muscles de-efferented at birth. Hind-limb muscles of new-born rats were de-efferented by removing the lumbosacral spinal cord. Spinal ganglia remained intact, together with their peripheral axon. The presence of sensory terminals in limb spindles, induces the full ultrastructural differentiation of muscle spindles, as has been shown previously. In the present paper we have shown by integrating the sensory discharges in the whole nerve from chronically de-efferented muscles that even several months after birth, muscle proprioceptors (probably mostly spindles) still maintain their basic mechanoreceptor properties. Although the limbs were completely immobilized throughout the whole experimental period, spindles from these chronically de-efferented muscles still responded as slowly adapting receptors. The dynamic component was also present in the integrated neurogram response during stretching. It thus appears that basic functional properties of rat muscle proprioceptor persist even when these receptors differentiate and survive without motor innervation and any adequate functional stimuli, i.e. under conditions of permanent disuse."}
{"id": "PMID:140365", "title": "6-Plate element for recording of cutaneous blood flow.", "content": "A 6-plate element for isocaloric recording of cutaneous blood flow is described. Co-heating, penetrating depth and influence of a larger vessel simulated in a model were examined. The 6-plate element is less influenced by inhomogenous and anisotropic blood flow than the conventional 2-plate element and thus particularly suitable for routine measurements and repeated applications.", "contents": "6-Plate element for recording of cutaneous blood flow. A 6-plate element for isocaloric recording of cutaneous blood flow is described. Co-heating, penetrating depth and influence of a larger vessel simulated in a model were examined. The 6-plate element is less influenced by inhomogenous and anisotropic blood flow than the conventional 2-plate element and thus particularly suitable for routine measurements and repeated applications."}
{"id": "PMID:140366", "title": "The mechanism of action of harmaline on renal solute transport.", "content": "The effect of the hallucinogenic drug harmaline was tested on rat kidney proximal tubular solute and water transport, using in vivo micropuncture and electrophysiological techniques as well as in vitro biochemical techniques. During peritubular application harmaline (5 mmol/l) was found to block net tubular volume absorption reversibly (by 85%) through inhibition of active Na+ transport and possibly active HCO-3 transport. The inhibition was accompanied by a rapid strong depolarization of the tubular cell membranes. As a biochemical equivalent harmaline inhibited the Na+-K+-ATPase and the Mg2+-ATPase of peritubular cell membrane fractions as well as the HCO-3-stimulated ATPase of a brush border membrane fraction with similar kinetics. By studying glucose tracer efflux and by measuring cell membrane potential and conductance changes in response to glucose perfusions, no evidence for a direct effect of harmaline on Na+-glucose (or amino acid) cotransport mechanisms in the brush border could be obtained. The data suggest that harmaline does not specifically compete with Na+ for transport sites. Neither are the cotransport systems in the brush border membrane specifically inhibited, nor could the inhibition of the Na+ pump in the peritubular cell membrane simply result from a competition between harmaline and Na+.", "contents": "The mechanism of action of harmaline on renal solute transport. The effect of the hallucinogenic drug harmaline was tested on rat kidney proximal tubular solute and water transport, using in vivo micropuncture and electrophysiological techniques as well as in vitro biochemical techniques. During peritubular application harmaline (5 mmol/l) was found to block net tubular volume absorption reversibly (by 85%) through inhibition of active Na+ transport and possibly active HCO-3 transport. The inhibition was accompanied by a rapid strong depolarization of the tubular cell membranes. As a biochemical equivalent harmaline inhibited the Na+-K+-ATPase and the Mg2+-ATPase of peritubular cell membrane fractions as well as the HCO-3-stimulated ATPase of a brush border membrane fraction with similar kinetics. By studying glucose tracer efflux and by measuring cell membrane potential and conductance changes in response to glucose perfusions, no evidence for a direct effect of harmaline on Na+-glucose (or amino acid) cotransport mechanisms in the brush border could be obtained. The data suggest that harmaline does not specifically compete with Na+ for transport sites. Neither are the cotransport systems in the brush border membrane specifically inhibited, nor could the inhibition of the Na+ pump in the peritubular cell membrane simply result from a competition between harmaline and Na+."}
{"id": "PMID:140372", "title": "Ethibond--a new polybutylate coated polyester suture.", "content": "This paper describes a new plastic polymer coating, polybutylate (polytetramethylene adipate), which, when applied to braided polyester fibre produces a new suture material--Ethibond. The advantages of this new suture material are improved handling properties, reduced tissue drag and minimal tissue reactivity. The paper details the physical and biological properties of the material.", "contents": "Ethibond--a new polybutylate coated polyester suture. This paper describes a new plastic polymer coating, polybutylate (polytetramethylene adipate), which, when applied to braided polyester fibre produces a new suture material--Ethibond. The advantages of this new suture material are improved handling properties, reduced tissue drag and minimal tissue reactivity. The paper details the physical and biological properties of the material."}
{"id": "PMID:140373", "title": "[Preliminary clinical experience with antibacterial surgical sutures].", "content": "Surgical sutures made of Letilan-Lavsan and polyvinyl alcohol fibers with morphocycline and neomycin and filamentous Letilan were applied in 802 patients in the past 4 years. These sutures display considerable antibacterial properties. The antibacterial effect of Letilan-Lavsan sutures is reduced during the healing because of formation of fibrous capsules, the fibers themselves not being deprived of their antibacterial properties for a long period. The Letilan fibers undergo gradual fragmentation and degradation. The antibacterial properties of polyvinyl alcohol fibers added with morphocycline and neomycin are retained for 2 months in the body tissues. The antibacterial Letilan-Lavsan sutures and filamentous Letilan sutures can be sterilized by autoclaving, applying hydrogen peroxide--formic acid mixture, gamma irradiation and ethylene oxide. The unsterilized antibacterial sutures can be used as cutaneous sutures in surgical procedures.", "contents": "[Preliminary clinical experience with antibacterial surgical sutures]. Surgical sutures made of Letilan-Lavsan and polyvinyl alcohol fibers with morphocycline and neomycin and filamentous Letilan were applied in 802 patients in the past 4 years. These sutures display considerable antibacterial properties. The antibacterial effect of Letilan-Lavsan sutures is reduced during the healing because of formation of fibrous capsules, the fibers themselves not being deprived of their antibacterial properties for a long period. The Letilan fibers undergo gradual fragmentation and degradation. The antibacterial properties of polyvinyl alcohol fibers added with morphocycline and neomycin are retained for 2 months in the body tissues. The antibacterial Letilan-Lavsan sutures and filamentous Letilan sutures can be sterilized by autoclaving, applying hydrogen peroxide--formic acid mixture, gamma irradiation and ethylene oxide. The unsterilized antibacterial sutures can be used as cutaneous sutures in surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:140374", "title": "Alcoholic heart disease.", "content": "Alcohol has been suspected for many years of being a cause of heart disease. For a while its role was obscured by its association with beriberi heart disease and, more recently, by the toxic effect of cobalt in beer. Experimental studies, however, have provided convincing evidence of the primary role of alcohol itself. The mode of action is still in dispute. In the absence of specific findings, the diagnosis is made chiefly by exclusion of other known causes of heart disease and by a history of excessive alcohol intake over a number of years. The usual methods of treatment for the manifestations of heart failure, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic phenomena are important, but total abstinence from alcohol is the single essential factor. The sooner this is instituted, the better is the chance of interrupting the otherwise inexorable course to death.", "contents": "Alcoholic heart disease. Alcohol has been suspected for many years of being a cause of heart disease. For a while its role was obscured by its association with beriberi heart disease and, more recently, by the toxic effect of cobalt in beer. Experimental studies, however, have provided convincing evidence of the primary role of alcohol itself. The mode of action is still in dispute. In the absence of specific findings, the diagnosis is made chiefly by exclusion of other known causes of heart disease and by a history of excessive alcohol intake over a number of years. The usual methods of treatment for the manifestations of heart failure, arrhythmias, and thromboembolic phenomena are important, but total abstinence from alcohol is the single essential factor. The sooner this is instituted, the better is the chance of interrupting the otherwise inexorable course to death."}
{"id": "PMID:140371", "title": "The influence of antiserotonergic agents on the action of dopaminergic drugs.", "content": "The effect of drugs blocking serotonin receptors: cyproheptadine, methysergide, and methergoline, and of serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine on the stereotyped behavior and number of rearings of the rats receiving apomorphine, amphetamine, nomifensine and 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane was investigated. The blockade of serotonin receptors potentiates behavioral effects of dopamine agonists. It is concluded that central serotonin may play an inhibitory role, antagonistic to that of catecholamines.", "contents": "The influence of antiserotonergic agents on the action of dopaminergic drugs. The effect of drugs blocking serotonin receptors: cyproheptadine, methysergide, and methergoline, and of serotonin synthesis inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine on the stereotyped behavior and number of rearings of the rats receiving apomorphine, amphetamine, nomifensine and 1,3-dimethyl-5-aminoadamantane was investigated. The blockade of serotonin receptors potentiates behavioral effects of dopamine agonists. It is concluded that central serotonin may play an inhibitory role, antagonistic to that of catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:140377", "title": "Synthesis and activation of mitotic Ca2+-adenosinetriphosphatase during the cell cycle of mouse mastocytoma cells.", "content": "The activity of a Ca2+-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) increases during the mitotic phase of synchronized mouse mastocytoma P-815X2 cells. The enzyme is synchronized mouse mastocytoma P-815X2 cells. The enzyme is synthesized mainly during a distinct period of the interphase and is activated at mitosis. It is thought to regulate the formation of the mitotic apparatus by controlling the concentration of Ca2+ ions at the site of formation of the mitotic spindle.", "contents": "Synthesis and activation of mitotic Ca2+-adenosinetriphosphatase during the cell cycle of mouse mastocytoma cells. The activity of a Ca2+-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) increases during the mitotic phase of synchronized mouse mastocytoma P-815X2 cells. The enzyme is synchronized mouse mastocytoma P-815X2 cells. The enzyme is synthesized mainly during a distinct period of the interphase and is activated at mitosis. It is thought to regulate the formation of the mitotic apparatus by controlling the concentration of Ca2+ ions at the site of formation of the mitotic spindle."}
{"id": "PMID:140380", "title": "Effects of parachlorophenylalanine and amphetamine on habituation of exploration.", "content": "Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 400 mg/kg) retarded the habituation of exploration in the rat recorded over 3 successive days. A more detailed analysis showed that this was not due to any retention deficit, but was secondary to an impairment of habituation within each session. PCPA also disrupted the response of rats to a change of stimuli. (+)amphetamine (4 mg/kg) prevented exploration in the rat and a 2 mg/kg dose reduced exploration and impaired within-session habituation. (+)amphetamine (1 mg/kg) in mice impaired within-session habituation, without significantly reducing exploration. The nature of the deficits produced by these 2 drugs is discussed.", "contents": "Effects of parachlorophenylalanine and amphetamine on habituation of exploration. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 400 mg/kg) retarded the habituation of exploration in the rat recorded over 3 successive days. A more detailed analysis showed that this was not due to any retention deficit, but was secondary to an impairment of habituation within each session. PCPA also disrupted the response of rats to a change of stimuli. (+)amphetamine (4 mg/kg) prevented exploration in the rat and a 2 mg/kg dose reduced exploration and impaired within-session habituation. (+)amphetamine (1 mg/kg) in mice impaired within-session habituation, without significantly reducing exploration. The nature of the deficits produced by these 2 drugs is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140381", "title": "Quipazine-induced head-twitch in mice.", "content": "Quipazine has been reported to be a direct serotonin receptor agonist. In this laboratory, quipazine produced head-twitch in mice similar to that produced by the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). Three antiserotonergic drugs (methiothepin, methysergide, and cinanserin) antagonized both the 5-HTP and quipazine-induced head-twitch responses. In addition, the quipazine response was significantly potentiated by a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, pargyline. Since it is not likely that quipazine itself is metabolized by MAO, these results suggested that quipazine might cause release of endogenous serotonin. Parachlorophenylalanine, a serotonin depletor, significantly antagonized the potentiation of quipazine by the MAO inhibitor but failed to antagonize the head-twitch produced by quipazine itself. The present studies suggest that quipazine influences serotonin receptors in the brain to produce head-twitch by two mechanisms of action: (1) by direct serotonin receptor activation, and (2) indirectly by causing a release of endogenous serotonin.", "contents": "Quipazine-induced head-twitch in mice. Quipazine has been reported to be a direct serotonin receptor agonist. In this laboratory, quipazine produced head-twitch in mice similar to that produced by the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). Three antiserotonergic drugs (methiothepin, methysergide, and cinanserin) antagonized both the 5-HTP and quipazine-induced head-twitch responses. In addition, the quipazine response was significantly potentiated by a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, pargyline. Since it is not likely that quipazine itself is metabolized by MAO, these results suggested that quipazine might cause release of endogenous serotonin. Parachlorophenylalanine, a serotonin depletor, significantly antagonized the potentiation of quipazine by the MAO inhibitor but failed to antagonize the head-twitch produced by quipazine itself. The present studies suggest that quipazine influences serotonin receptors in the brain to produce head-twitch by two mechanisms of action: (1) by direct serotonin receptor activation, and (2) indirectly by causing a release of endogenous serotonin."}
{"id": "PMID:140382", "title": "Functional transformation of fast posterior latissimus dorsi muscle by \"slow\" nerve implanted in newly hatched chickens.", "content": "1. Contraction properties and the activity of Ca2+ - ATPase were investigated 2 and 5 to 6 1/2 months after transposition of the fast posterior latissimus dorsi muscle (PLD) to the other side in newly hatched chickens. At the same time the muscle was cross-innervated by the nerve originally supplying the slow anterior latissimus dorsi muscle (ALD). 2. The mean isometric twitch contraction time of these transposed, cross-innervated PLD muscles in the 2-month-old and 5 to 6 1/2-month-old groups was 61.6 +/- 4.2 msec and 72.5 +/- 10.8 msec respectively. When compared with values obtained in control PLD and ALD muscles (21.9 +/- 0.6 msec and 107.7 +/- 5.6 msec), contraction time was significantly prolonged by this procedure. 3. Ca2+ - ATPase activity was also found to change towards the slow muscle (activity in control PLD was 0.600 micronmoles Pi/mg myosin/min, in the transposed, cross-innervated PLD 0.462 and in control ALD muscle 0.156 respectively). 4. Foreign innervation may thus induce changes in functional and biochemical properties even in muscles considerably different in structure and function, if transformation is allowed to take place at a sufficiently early stage of development. The muscle transposition itself, by introducing the element of muscle dedifferentiation and regeneration, probably assists the transformation process by making the muscle more plastic to the neural influences.", "contents": "Functional transformation of fast posterior latissimus dorsi muscle by \"slow\" nerve implanted in newly hatched chickens. 1. Contraction properties and the activity of Ca2+ - ATPase were investigated 2 and 5 to 6 1/2 months after transposition of the fast posterior latissimus dorsi muscle (PLD) to the other side in newly hatched chickens. At the same time the muscle was cross-innervated by the nerve originally supplying the slow anterior latissimus dorsi muscle (ALD). 2. The mean isometric twitch contraction time of these transposed, cross-innervated PLD muscles in the 2-month-old and 5 to 6 1/2-month-old groups was 61.6 +/- 4.2 msec and 72.5 +/- 10.8 msec respectively. When compared with values obtained in control PLD and ALD muscles (21.9 +/- 0.6 msec and 107.7 +/- 5.6 msec), contraction time was significantly prolonged by this procedure. 3. Ca2+ - ATPase activity was also found to change towards the slow muscle (activity in control PLD was 0.600 micronmoles Pi/mg myosin/min, in the transposed, cross-innervated PLD 0.462 and in control ALD muscle 0.156 respectively). 4. Foreign innervation may thus induce changes in functional and biochemical properties even in muscles considerably different in structure and function, if transformation is allowed to take place at a sufficiently early stage of development. The muscle transposition itself, by introducing the element of muscle dedifferentiation and regeneration, probably assists the transformation process by making the muscle more plastic to the neural influences."}
{"id": "PMID:140383", "title": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos. Interaction of strychnine, glycine and GABA.", "content": "The interaction of strychnine (1 mg/kg egg weight), glycine (100 mg/kg egg weight) and GABA (103 mg/kg egg weight) on spontaneous motor activity recorded by the method of Kovach (1970) in intact eggs was studied in chick embryos from the 11th to 21st day of incubation. In 11- and 13-day embryos, neither of the amino acids influenced strychnine activation of spontaneous motility. From the 15th incubation day, strychnine activation was distinctly affected by both amino acids, but the maximum effect was observed on the 19th day. Glycine had a stronger inhibitory effect, since it prevented strychnine convulsions from developing, whereas GABA only modified them. It can be concluded from the results that glycine-sensitive and GABA-sensitive mechanisms of embryonal spontaneous motility do not begin to take effect in chick embryos until the 15th day of incubation.", "contents": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos. Interaction of strychnine, glycine and GABA. The interaction of strychnine (1 mg/kg egg weight), glycine (100 mg/kg egg weight) and GABA (103 mg/kg egg weight) on spontaneous motor activity recorded by the method of Kovach (1970) in intact eggs was studied in chick embryos from the 11th to 21st day of incubation. In 11- and 13-day embryos, neither of the amino acids influenced strychnine activation of spontaneous motility. From the 15th incubation day, strychnine activation was distinctly affected by both amino acids, but the maximum effect was observed on the 19th day. Glycine had a stronger inhibitory effect, since it prevented strychnine convulsions from developing, whereas GABA only modified them. It can be concluded from the results that glycine-sensitive and GABA-sensitive mechanisms of embryonal spontaneous motility do not begin to take effect in chick embryos until the 15th day of incubation."}
{"id": "PMID:140384", "title": "Release of free fatty acids by the rat kidney.", "content": "The authors studied the release of free fatty acids (FFA) by the rat kidney cortex. They found that the kidney cortex released FFA into the incubation medium like adipose tissue. The presence of Ca2+ ions did not affect FFA release. Glucose significantly inhibited it. It was further shown that the kidney cortex is sensitive to the akipokinetic action of adrenaline and the antilipolytic action of insulin, in the same way as adipose tissue. It is concluded from the results that the kidney cortex has a lipolytic system which seems to be subject to higher hormonal regulatory mechanisms.", "contents": "Release of free fatty acids by the rat kidney. The authors studied the release of free fatty acids (FFA) by the rat kidney cortex. They found that the kidney cortex released FFA into the incubation medium like adipose tissue. The presence of Ca2+ ions did not affect FFA release. Glucose significantly inhibited it. It was further shown that the kidney cortex is sensitive to the akipokinetic action of adrenaline and the antilipolytic action of insulin, in the same way as adipose tissue. It is concluded from the results that the kidney cortex has a lipolytic system which seems to be subject to higher hormonal regulatory mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:140385", "title": "Effect of interaction of oestrogen, testosterone and thyroid hormones on the serum ceruloplasmin level in rats.", "content": "Male rats were given oestradiol benzoate (1 mg as an aquaeous microcrystal suspension i.m. twice a week), testosterone isobutyrate (0.5 mg as an aquaeous microcrystal suspension i.m. once a week) and dried thyroid (Thyreoidin SPOFA, 0.2% in food), alone or variously combined. Oestradiol raised adenohypophyseal weight, the binding capacity of the adenohypophyseal proteins for thyroxine and the serum ceruloplasmin level. Testosterone and Thyreoidin inhibited all three of these reactions, but when they were administered together there was no summation of their inhibitory action. The nature of the relationships between the three given proteosynthetic reactions is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of interaction of oestrogen, testosterone and thyroid hormones on the serum ceruloplasmin level in rats. Male rats were given oestradiol benzoate (1 mg as an aquaeous microcrystal suspension i.m. twice a week), testosterone isobutyrate (0.5 mg as an aquaeous microcrystal suspension i.m. once a week) and dried thyroid (Thyreoidin SPOFA, 0.2% in food), alone or variously combined. Oestradiol raised adenohypophyseal weight, the binding capacity of the adenohypophyseal proteins for thyroxine and the serum ceruloplasmin level. Testosterone and Thyreoidin inhibited all three of these reactions, but when they were administered together there was no summation of their inhibitory action. The nature of the relationships between the three given proteosynthetic reactions is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140386", "title": "The effect of acetyldexphenmetrazine and dexphenmetrazine on the susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in mice.", "content": "The antiepileptic effect of dexphenmetrazine (DP) and acetyldexphenmetrazine (ADP) was tested on audiogenic seizures in a 100% susceptible strain of mice. DP had no antiepileptic effect, however, it markedly suppressed the postparoxysmal motor inhibition. ADP had a distinct anticonvulsive effect--it suppressed the convulsive component of the seizure, leaving its running component unaffected. The results are compared with the effect of both drugs on electrographic epileptic phenomena in the turtle brain (Serv\u00edt and Strejckov\u00e1 1976).", "contents": "The effect of acetyldexphenmetrazine and dexphenmetrazine on the susceptibility to audiogenic seizures in mice. The antiepileptic effect of dexphenmetrazine (DP) and acetyldexphenmetrazine (ADP) was tested on audiogenic seizures in a 100% susceptible strain of mice. DP had no antiepileptic effect, however, it markedly suppressed the postparoxysmal motor inhibition. ADP had a distinct anticonvulsive effect--it suppressed the convulsive component of the seizure, leaving its running component unaffected. The results are compared with the effect of both drugs on electrographic epileptic phenomena in the turtle brain (Serv\u00edt and Strejckov\u00e1 1976)."}
{"id": "PMID:140387", "title": "The effect of dexphenmetrazine and acetyldexphenmetrazine upon epileptic electrographic activities in the brain of the turtle.", "content": "The effect of acetyldexphenmetrazine (ADP) and dexphenmetrazine (DP) on normal and epileptic electrographic activities in the cortical and thalamic structures of the turtle brain were studied in curarized and artificially ventilated animals. Both drugs almost exclusively influenced cortical activities. The effect of low doses of ADP and DP was similar--they desynchronized cortical activity and suppressed the activity of a cortical penicillin focus. They also elevated the cortical response to optic stimuli. Higher doses of ADP continued to suppress both normal and epileptic cortical activities. Higher doses of DP had a two phase effect with enhancement of epileptic activity in the first phase. Continuous trains of theta activity appeared after low doses of ADP and very often after both low and high doses of DP. The findings are discussed in terms of comparative physiology of the brain.", "contents": "The effect of dexphenmetrazine and acetyldexphenmetrazine upon epileptic electrographic activities in the brain of the turtle. The effect of acetyldexphenmetrazine (ADP) and dexphenmetrazine (DP) on normal and epileptic electrographic activities in the cortical and thalamic structures of the turtle brain were studied in curarized and artificially ventilated animals. Both drugs almost exclusively influenced cortical activities. The effect of low doses of ADP and DP was similar--they desynchronized cortical activity and suppressed the activity of a cortical penicillin focus. They also elevated the cortical response to optic stimuli. Higher doses of ADP continued to suppress both normal and epileptic cortical activities. Higher doses of DP had a two phase effect with enhancement of epileptic activity in the first phase. Continuous trains of theta activity appeared after low doses of ADP and very often after both low and high doses of DP. The findings are discussed in terms of comparative physiology of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:140388", "title": "Localization of intraspinal longitudinal systems participating in the spreading of viscerosomatic activity.", "content": "In experiments on the cats the relationship was studied of individual columns of the spinal cord to irradiation of the early (propriospinal) and late component of viscerosomatic reflex responses. It was found that the intraspinal systems involved in the descending spread of activity forming the early and the late component of the splanchnic response along the spinal cord were localized mainly in the anterolateral quadrants of the white matter. The descending systems are bilateral and cross at the segmental level. The pathways participating in the spread of the two-component somatomotor discharge evoked by intercostal nerve stimulation are localized in the same area. A bilateral lesion of the dorsal part of the lateral columns of segments C1 to C3 strongly inhibited the late component of the reflex responses. Inhibition was reversible, showing that systems modifying the development and course of the late component are localized in this region. Lesion-induced changes in viscerosomatic reflex responses were parallel with changes in somatomotor discharges. This finding supports the opinion that the pathways involved are localized close together and that their action is modified by similar factors.", "contents": "Localization of intraspinal longitudinal systems participating in the spreading of viscerosomatic activity. In experiments on the cats the relationship was studied of individual columns of the spinal cord to irradiation of the early (propriospinal) and late component of viscerosomatic reflex responses. It was found that the intraspinal systems involved in the descending spread of activity forming the early and the late component of the splanchnic response along the spinal cord were localized mainly in the anterolateral quadrants of the white matter. The descending systems are bilateral and cross at the segmental level. The pathways participating in the spread of the two-component somatomotor discharge evoked by intercostal nerve stimulation are localized in the same area. A bilateral lesion of the dorsal part of the lateral columns of segments C1 to C3 strongly inhibited the late component of the reflex responses. Inhibition was reversible, showing that systems modifying the development and course of the late component are localized in this region. Lesion-induced changes in viscerosomatic reflex responses were parallel with changes in somatomotor discharges. This finding supports the opinion that the pathways involved are localized close together and that their action is modified by similar factors."}
{"id": "PMID:140389", "title": "Hypoglycaemia and food intake in rats given graduated doses of insulin.", "content": "Hypoglycaemia of varying duration was induced with graduated doses of long-acting insulin (10, 40 and 160 U/kg b.w.) in young, growing (8- to 10-week-old) male Wistar rats fed ad libitum on two different diets. In all, 6 doses of insulin were administered, at 48-hour intervals. The blood glucose level and food consumption were determined 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after injecting the insulin. Both the hypoglycaemic effect and elevated food intake during hypoglycaemia depended on the dose of insulin and not on the type of diet. Total food consumption during the experiment (12 days) was markedly raised only in the groups given the maximum dose of insulin (160 U/kg b.w.). The weight gain in all the experimental groups was lower than in the control groups and food consumption per weight gain unit was higher.", "contents": "Hypoglycaemia and food intake in rats given graduated doses of insulin. Hypoglycaemia of varying duration was induced with graduated doses of long-acting insulin (10, 40 and 160 U/kg b.w.) in young, growing (8- to 10-week-old) male Wistar rats fed ad libitum on two different diets. In all, 6 doses of insulin were administered, at 48-hour intervals. The blood glucose level and food consumption were determined 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after injecting the insulin. Both the hypoglycaemic effect and elevated food intake during hypoglycaemia depended on the dose of insulin and not on the type of diet. Total food consumption during the experiment (12 days) was markedly raised only in the groups given the maximum dose of insulin (160 U/kg b.w.). The weight gain in all the experimental groups was lower than in the control groups and food consumption per weight gain unit was higher."}
{"id": "PMID:140390", "title": "Effect of different albumin media on the lipid-mobilizing action of sympathicotropic substances in vitro.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of adrenotropic substances on lipolysis in rat epididymal adipose tissue in albumin medium in vitro. On using albumins of different origin (human, bovine), the pD2 values for catecholamines differed by more than one order, in correlation to the type of albumin used. The isopropylnorsynephrine pD2 values did not differ. The addition of ascorbic acid (100 microng/ml) raised the catecholamine pD2 values and completely equalized the pD2 values found in both media. The pD2 values for the synephrine derivative did not alter. The propranolol pA2 values were not negatively affected by the addition of ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid also produced a mild increase in the maximum lipid-mobilizing values obtained with any of the given substances in either medium. It was concluded in the discussion that catecholamines are oxidized at different rates in different albumin media and that this oxidation can be inhibited by adding ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid likewise mildly stimulates the maximum lipid-mobilizing effect. The authors recommend the addition of ascorbic acid to albumin medium as a regular component for the study of adrenergic lipid mobilization.", "contents": "Effect of different albumin media on the lipid-mobilizing action of sympathicotropic substances in vitro. The authors studied the effect of adrenotropic substances on lipolysis in rat epididymal adipose tissue in albumin medium in vitro. On using albumins of different origin (human, bovine), the pD2 values for catecholamines differed by more than one order, in correlation to the type of albumin used. The isopropylnorsynephrine pD2 values did not differ. The addition of ascorbic acid (100 microng/ml) raised the catecholamine pD2 values and completely equalized the pD2 values found in both media. The pD2 values for the synephrine derivative did not alter. The propranolol pA2 values were not negatively affected by the addition of ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid also produced a mild increase in the maximum lipid-mobilizing values obtained with any of the given substances in either medium. It was concluded in the discussion that catecholamines are oxidized at different rates in different albumin media and that this oxidation can be inhibited by adding ascorbic acid. Ascorbic acid likewise mildly stimulates the maximum lipid-mobilizing effect. The authors recommend the addition of ascorbic acid to albumin medium as a regular component for the study of adrenergic lipid mobilization."}
{"id": "PMID:140391", "title": "The influence of actinomycin D on the activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthetase and dehydratase in the liver of mice and rats treated by griseofulvin.", "content": "The changes of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase--the second enzyme of porphyrin synthesis--were studied and compared in the liver of mice and rats treated with griseofulvin. The results showed that griseofulvin increased the activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase in the liver of mice and rats treated by griseofulvin. No differences were found between mice and rats as to the effect of griseofulvin on the activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase. The influence of the administration of actinomycin D on the activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthetase and dehydratase in the liver of mice and rats was studied at an early period of experimental porphyria induced by griseofulvin. It was found that the administration of actinomycin D blocked the observed effect of griseofulvin on the activity of both enzymes in the liver of mice and rats.", "contents": "The influence of actinomycin D on the activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthetase and dehydratase in the liver of mice and rats treated by griseofulvin. The changes of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase--the second enzyme of porphyrin synthesis--were studied and compared in the liver of mice and rats treated with griseofulvin. The results showed that griseofulvin increased the activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase in the liver of mice and rats treated by griseofulvin. No differences were found between mice and rats as to the effect of griseofulvin on the activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase. The influence of the administration of actinomycin D on the activity of delta-aminolaevulinic acid synthetase and dehydratase in the liver of mice and rats was studied at an early period of experimental porphyria induced by griseofulvin. It was found that the administration of actinomycin D blocked the observed effect of griseofulvin on the activity of both enzymes in the liver of mice and rats."}
{"id": "PMID:140392", "title": "Mechanical combined heart supporting system for prevention of irreversible ventricular fibrillation after experimental cardiogenic shock.", "content": "To determine whether haemodynamic effective support of the failing heart can prevent spontaneous irreversible ventricular fibrillation (IVF) after experimental cardiogenic shock, 63 open chest dogs were assigned randomly into four groups--two control groups (combined heart failure--CHF) and two MCHSS-treated (combined heart failure and non-pulsatile bypass with intraaortic counterpulsation). The CHF was produced by occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery (group I) or the left circumflex coronary artery (group II) and by an artificial shunt between the pulmonary artery and right atrium. IVF were observed in 10 out of 22 control dogs (group I) and im 17 out of 21 control dogs (group II). In the 20 dogs with the CHF (10 animals in each group) the MCHSS was performed in the course of two hours. During the heart support no IVF were observed in any of the dogs. The difference between the incidence of IVF in the control and treated animals is statistically significant (Chi square = 21.9767 greater than Chi square 0.005).", "contents": "Mechanical combined heart supporting system for prevention of irreversible ventricular fibrillation after experimental cardiogenic shock. To determine whether haemodynamic effective support of the failing heart can prevent spontaneous irreversible ventricular fibrillation (IVF) after experimental cardiogenic shock, 63 open chest dogs were assigned randomly into four groups--two control groups (combined heart failure--CHF) and two MCHSS-treated (combined heart failure and non-pulsatile bypass with intraaortic counterpulsation). The CHF was produced by occlusion of the anterior descending coronary artery (group I) or the left circumflex coronary artery (group II) and by an artificial shunt between the pulmonary artery and right atrium. IVF were observed in 10 out of 22 control dogs (group I) and im 17 out of 21 control dogs (group II). In the 20 dogs with the CHF (10 animals in each group) the MCHSS was performed in the course of two hours. During the heart support no IVF were observed in any of the dogs. The difference between the incidence of IVF in the control and treated animals is statistically significant (Chi square = 21.9767 greater than Chi square 0.005)."}
{"id": "PMID:140394", "title": "Effect of premature weaning on the fatty acid composition of rat adipose tissue.", "content": "The authors described the effect of premature weaning on the fatty acid spectrum in the retroperintoneal fat of female rats during ontogenesis. Premature weaning reduced the lower fatty acid content [decanoic acid C 10:0, lauric acid C 12:0, myristic acid C 14:0] in 30- to 90-day-old rats, but in further development no differences between the amount of these fatty acids were observed in suckled and prematurely weaned animals. These changes concurred with the fatty acid composition of the relevant diet (rat milk and a standard laboratory diet). Changes induced in the amount of other acids by premature weaning were not permanent in character, with the exception of stearic acid C 18:0 and linoleic acid C 18:3, which were raised at 720 days in the retroperitoneal fat of prematurely weaned rats. The amount of lower saturated fatty acids fell with advancing age, whereas oleic C 18:1, linolic C 18:2 and linolenic C 18:3 acid rose.", "contents": "Effect of premature weaning on the fatty acid composition of rat adipose tissue. The authors described the effect of premature weaning on the fatty acid spectrum in the retroperintoneal fat of female rats during ontogenesis. Premature weaning reduced the lower fatty acid content [decanoic acid C 10:0, lauric acid C 12:0, myristic acid C 14:0] in 30- to 90-day-old rats, but in further development no differences between the amount of these fatty acids were observed in suckled and prematurely weaned animals. These changes concurred with the fatty acid composition of the relevant diet (rat milk and a standard laboratory diet). Changes induced in the amount of other acids by premature weaning were not permanent in character, with the exception of stearic acid C 18:0 and linoleic acid C 18:3, which were raised at 720 days in the retroperitoneal fat of prematurely weaned rats. The amount of lower saturated fatty acids fell with advancing age, whereas oleic C 18:1, linolic C 18:2 and linolenic C 18:3 acid rose."}
{"id": "PMID:140395", "title": "Sexual behaviour of male rats rehabilitated after early protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "The effect of early protein-calorie malnutrition (from birth to the age of 55 days) followed by nutritional rehabilitation (from the 58th day) on sexual behaviour was studied in male rats aged about 125 days. The sexual stimulation conditions on the part of the oestrus female were made as optimal as possible and were fully controlled. About half the malnourished males displayed precopulatory and copulatory behaviour, while in the control group these values were almost 100%. When malnourished males copulated, their copulatory performance did not differ very greatly from that of the well-nourished controls. The other experimental males displayed no signs of sexual behaviour during the testing period. Exposure of the males to the scent of a female in the latter's absence greatly stimulated their interest in the odour (sniffing the floor of the experimental box) in both the control and the malnourished animals which afterwards copulated. The results indicate that the sexual behaviour of males subjected to protein-calorie deficiency in early ontogenesis is at the very least delayed, if not completely suppressed.", "contents": "Sexual behaviour of male rats rehabilitated after early protein-calorie malnutrition. The effect of early protein-calorie malnutrition (from birth to the age of 55 days) followed by nutritional rehabilitation (from the 58th day) on sexual behaviour was studied in male rats aged about 125 days. The sexual stimulation conditions on the part of the oestrus female were made as optimal as possible and were fully controlled. About half the malnourished males displayed precopulatory and copulatory behaviour, while in the control group these values were almost 100%. When malnourished males copulated, their copulatory performance did not differ very greatly from that of the well-nourished controls. The other experimental males displayed no signs of sexual behaviour during the testing period. Exposure of the males to the scent of a female in the latter's absence greatly stimulated their interest in the odour (sniffing the floor of the experimental box) in both the control and the malnourished animals which afterwards copulated. The results indicate that the sexual behaviour of males subjected to protein-calorie deficiency in early ontogenesis is at the very least delayed, if not completely suppressed."}
{"id": "PMID:140396", "title": "Spreading EEG depression elicited by controlled deformation of the rat cerebral cortex.", "content": "The elicitation of cortical spreading depression (SD) by electronically generated mechanical stimuli was studied in 52 pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats. The stimuli were applied with a rod (target area 7.065 mm2) immersed at a constant velocity (3 X 10(-6) to 2 X 10(-1) m/sec) to varying depths (0 to 2.5 mm) from the surface of the cerebral cortex at the level of the bregma. SD elicitation depended on the velocity as well as the amplitude of deformation. The relationship between the velocity, v (m/sec), and amplitude, A (m), of threshold stimuli for SD elicitation is described by the equation 6.4 log A + log v = -21.08 in the given measuring range. The mean threshold velocity at a depth of 0.9 mm was 2.85 X 10(-2) m/sec; at 2.2 mm it was 8.54 X 10(-5) m/sec. If the rod was immersed to a given depth at a subthreshold velocity, to elicit SD by plunging it in a further 0.5 mm it was necessary to use velocities of a higher order than the one needed to obtain the same total deformation with a single threshold pulse. In extensive deformation, this velocity difference disappeared. Comparison of the results obtained by a free fall and electronically controlled deformation showed that the threshold of the mechanical stimulus eliciting spreading EEG depression could be expressed by the deformation velocity and amplitude better than by the amount of kinetic energy absorbed.", "contents": "Spreading EEG depression elicited by controlled deformation of the rat cerebral cortex. The elicitation of cortical spreading depression (SD) by electronically generated mechanical stimuli was studied in 52 pentobarbital-anaesthetized rats. The stimuli were applied with a rod (target area 7.065 mm2) immersed at a constant velocity (3 X 10(-6) to 2 X 10(-1) m/sec) to varying depths (0 to 2.5 mm) from the surface of the cerebral cortex at the level of the bregma. SD elicitation depended on the velocity as well as the amplitude of deformation. The relationship between the velocity, v (m/sec), and amplitude, A (m), of threshold stimuli for SD elicitation is described by the equation 6.4 log A + log v = -21.08 in the given measuring range. The mean threshold velocity at a depth of 0.9 mm was 2.85 X 10(-2) m/sec; at 2.2 mm it was 8.54 X 10(-5) m/sec. If the rod was immersed to a given depth at a subthreshold velocity, to elicit SD by plunging it in a further 0.5 mm it was necessary to use velocities of a higher order than the one needed to obtain the same total deformation with a single threshold pulse. In extensive deformation, this velocity difference disappeared. Comparison of the results obtained by a free fall and electronically controlled deformation showed that the threshold of the mechanical stimulus eliciting spreading EEG depression could be expressed by the deformation velocity and amplitude better than by the amount of kinetic energy absorbed."}
{"id": "PMID:140397", "title": "Comparison of spontaneous activity of mesencephalic reticular neurones in the waking state and during pentobarbital anaesthesia.", "content": "In rats immobilized by d-Tubocurarine the spontaneous activity of 100 mesencephalic reticular neurones was recorded extracellularly and statistically evaluated before and after repeated intravenous administration of 15 mg/kg doses of Pentobarbital. Number of spontaneously active neurones decreases quasi-linearly with repeated 15 mg/kg Pentobarbital doses. After a 75 mg/kg cumulative dose practically all neurones ceased firing spontaneously, whereas cortical EEG activity fully disappeared after the 90 mg/kg Pentobarbital dose. The firing rate was characterized by the mean interval with its standard deviation. Mean value for the total sample of spontaneously active neurones was 146.7 +/- 192.3 msec without Pentobarbital and increased to 302.7 +/- 367.5 msec after 15 mg/kg and to 400.6 +/- 452.5 msec after 30 mg/kg cumulative dose of Pentobarbital. The 15 mg/kg dose increased the frequency of firing in 5% of neurones only. The most often encountered type of interval histogram in the mesencephalic reticular formation was the exponential type (59% in unanaesthetized state), which was also most sensitive to Pentobarbital. Synchronized activity in bursts, characterized by periodical peaks and dips frequently occurred in neurones with the exponential-like interspike interval density after Pentobarbital administration. On the contrary, neurones with gamma-like and especially with symmetrical-like types of density were less influenced by Pentobarbital. In many neurones a periodical increase in the firing rate (with intervals of tens of seconds) related to the occurrence of spindles was present in the cortical EEG activity.", "contents": "Comparison of spontaneous activity of mesencephalic reticular neurones in the waking state and during pentobarbital anaesthesia. In rats immobilized by d-Tubocurarine the spontaneous activity of 100 mesencephalic reticular neurones was recorded extracellularly and statistically evaluated before and after repeated intravenous administration of 15 mg/kg doses of Pentobarbital. Number of spontaneously active neurones decreases quasi-linearly with repeated 15 mg/kg Pentobarbital doses. After a 75 mg/kg cumulative dose practically all neurones ceased firing spontaneously, whereas cortical EEG activity fully disappeared after the 90 mg/kg Pentobarbital dose. The firing rate was characterized by the mean interval with its standard deviation. Mean value for the total sample of spontaneously active neurones was 146.7 +/- 192.3 msec without Pentobarbital and increased to 302.7 +/- 367.5 msec after 15 mg/kg and to 400.6 +/- 452.5 msec after 30 mg/kg cumulative dose of Pentobarbital. The 15 mg/kg dose increased the frequency of firing in 5% of neurones only. The most often encountered type of interval histogram in the mesencephalic reticular formation was the exponential type (59% in unanaesthetized state), which was also most sensitive to Pentobarbital. Synchronized activity in bursts, characterized by periodical peaks and dips frequently occurred in neurones with the exponential-like interspike interval density after Pentobarbital administration. On the contrary, neurones with gamma-like and especially with symmetrical-like types of density were less influenced by Pentobarbital. In many neurones a periodical increase in the firing rate (with intervals of tens of seconds) related to the occurrence of spindles was present in the cortical EEG activity."}
{"id": "PMID:140398", "title": "Interaction of perphenazine and an ergoline derivative on oestrogen-induced adenohypophyseal growth.", "content": "Male and female rats were injected twice a week for three weeks with doses of 1 mg oestradiol benzoate (OE), were given perphenazine (P, 2 mg/rat/day) or the ergoline derivative D-6-methyl-8-ergoline-(I)-yl acetic acid amide (Deprenon SPOFA, D, 200 microng/rat/day) in their food or were treated with various combinations of all three factors. OE-induced adenohypophyseal growth was inhibited by D, but the inhibitory effect of D was completely suppressed by P. D also inhibited the OE-induced increase in the thyroxine-binding capacity of the adenohypophyseal proteins, but this inhibition was not suppressed by the simultaneous administration of P. The administration of OE was followed by elevation of the serum ceruloplasmin level, which was not inhibited by P or D, either alone or combined. Ovarian weight rose markedly after D and the increase was inhibited by the simultaneous administration of either OE or P.", "contents": "Interaction of perphenazine and an ergoline derivative on oestrogen-induced adenohypophyseal growth. Male and female rats were injected twice a week for three weeks with doses of 1 mg oestradiol benzoate (OE), were given perphenazine (P, 2 mg/rat/day) or the ergoline derivative D-6-methyl-8-ergoline-(I)-yl acetic acid amide (Deprenon SPOFA, D, 200 microng/rat/day) in their food or were treated with various combinations of all three factors. OE-induced adenohypophyseal growth was inhibited by D, but the inhibitory effect of D was completely suppressed by P. D also inhibited the OE-induced increase in the thyroxine-binding capacity of the adenohypophyseal proteins, but this inhibition was not suppressed by the simultaneous administration of P. The administration of OE was followed by elevation of the serum ceruloplasmin level, which was not inhibited by P or D, either alone or combined. Ovarian weight rose markedly after D and the increase was inhibited by the simultaneous administration of either OE or P."}
{"id": "PMID:140399", "title": "Kinetics of the alanine aminotransferase reaction in the mitochondrial and cell sap fractions of rat brain.", "content": "1. A reversible transamination reaction between L-glutamate and pyruvate, or L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate, takes place in the mitochondrial and cell sap fractions of rat brain. 2. The maximum rate of the transamination reaction in both subfractions was observed in the presence of a keto- substrate concentration of 2.5 mM only, but an amino- donor concentration of 20 mM. 3. The apparent Menten-Michaelis constants for pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate were of a 10(-4) M and for L-glutamate and L-alanine of a 10(-3) M order and were approximately the same for both fractions. 4. The ratio of the initial rate of the L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate to the L-glutamate + pyruvate transamination reaction in the cell sap and mitochondrial fractions amounted to up to 2. 5. The apparent equilibrium constant derived from the Haldane equation was 7.01 for cell sap alanine aminotransferase and 4 for the mitochondrial enzyme. 6. Increasing pyridoxal-5'-phosphate concentrations in the incubation medium were accompanied by only non-significant stimulation of alanine aminotransferase activity in the mitochondrial and cell sap fractions. 7. A comparison of the kinetic data obtained on mitochondrial and cell sap alanine aminotransferases in vitro with the actual substrate concentrations in the transamination reaction in nervous tissue in vivo indicates that the direction of the transamination reaction in situ seems to be determined simply by compartmentation and by dynamic changes in amino- and keto- substrates in the mitochondrial and cell sap spaces.", "contents": "Kinetics of the alanine aminotransferase reaction in the mitochondrial and cell sap fractions of rat brain. 1. A reversible transamination reaction between L-glutamate and pyruvate, or L-alanine and 2-oxoglutarate, takes place in the mitochondrial and cell sap fractions of rat brain. 2. The maximum rate of the transamination reaction in both subfractions was observed in the presence of a keto- substrate concentration of 2.5 mM only, but an amino- donor concentration of 20 mM. 3. The apparent Menten-Michaelis constants for pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate were of a 10(-4) M and for L-glutamate and L-alanine of a 10(-3) M order and were approximately the same for both fractions. 4. The ratio of the initial rate of the L-alanine + 2-oxoglutarate to the L-glutamate + pyruvate transamination reaction in the cell sap and mitochondrial fractions amounted to up to 2. 5. The apparent equilibrium constant derived from the Haldane equation was 7.01 for cell sap alanine aminotransferase and 4 for the mitochondrial enzyme. 6. Increasing pyridoxal-5'-phosphate concentrations in the incubation medium were accompanied by only non-significant stimulation of alanine aminotransferase activity in the mitochondrial and cell sap fractions. 7. A comparison of the kinetic data obtained on mitochondrial and cell sap alanine aminotransferases in vitro with the actual substrate concentrations in the transamination reaction in nervous tissue in vivo indicates that the direction of the transamination reaction in situ seems to be determined simply by compartmentation and by dynamic changes in amino- and keto- substrates in the mitochondrial and cell sap spaces."}
{"id": "PMID:140400", "title": "Defensive reflexes of the respiratory tract in dogs.", "content": "Intrapleural pressure, the tracheal air flow and tidal volume were recorded simultaneously in pentobarbital-anaesthetized dogs and changes occurring in them during defensive reflexes elicited by mechanical stimulation of the mucosa of different parts of the respiratory tract were evaluated quantitatively. The results show that, in addition to coughing and sneezing provoked by inserting a nylon fibre into the tracheobronchial region, the larynx and the nose, further respiratory reflexes described in other mammals also appear in these animals. Mechanical stimulation of the epipharynx with a fine polyvinylchloride catheter, for instance, also produces in dogs an aspiration reflex characterized by sniff-like inspiratory efforts without subsequent active expiration. Touching the vocal folds, however, produces an expiration reflex consisting of expiratory efforts without preceding inspiratory effort. The character of all these reflexes is typical and closely resembles their character in cats. Stimulation of the various parts of the respiratory tract sometimes evokes an apnoeic reaction instead of typical respiratory defensive reflexes.", "contents": "Defensive reflexes of the respiratory tract in dogs. Intrapleural pressure, the tracheal air flow and tidal volume were recorded simultaneously in pentobarbital-anaesthetized dogs and changes occurring in them during defensive reflexes elicited by mechanical stimulation of the mucosa of different parts of the respiratory tract were evaluated quantitatively. The results show that, in addition to coughing and sneezing provoked by inserting a nylon fibre into the tracheobronchial region, the larynx and the nose, further respiratory reflexes described in other mammals also appear in these animals. Mechanical stimulation of the epipharynx with a fine polyvinylchloride catheter, for instance, also produces in dogs an aspiration reflex characterized by sniff-like inspiratory efforts without subsequent active expiration. Touching the vocal folds, however, produces an expiration reflex consisting of expiratory efforts without preceding inspiratory effort. The character of all these reflexes is typical and closely resembles their character in cats. Stimulation of the various parts of the respiratory tract sometimes evokes an apnoeic reaction instead of typical respiratory defensive reflexes."}
{"id": "PMID:140401", "title": "Early postnatal developmental changes of the cardiac electric field in guinea-pigs.", "content": "Changes of the \"representative\" maximum spatial cardiac vector were followed daily from the 1st till the 3th postnatal day of life in a group of 70 guinea-pigs. This vector representing the spatial vectorcardiographic loop shifted gradually during the observation period from the right caudal quadrant to the left caudal quadrant attaining its new spatial orientation on the 7th day. This shift is accompanied by a transitory tilt in the cranial direction with a peak on the 7th day and a transitory decrease of the spatial magnitude with a peak on the 4th day. There was no significant difference between the spatial magnitude of the \"representative\" maximum vector on the 1st and the last (13th) day of observation.", "contents": "Early postnatal developmental changes of the cardiac electric field in guinea-pigs. Changes of the \"representative\" maximum spatial cardiac vector were followed daily from the 1st till the 3th postnatal day of life in a group of 70 guinea-pigs. This vector representing the spatial vectorcardiographic loop shifted gradually during the observation period from the right caudal quadrant to the left caudal quadrant attaining its new spatial orientation on the 7th day. This shift is accompanied by a transitory tilt in the cranial direction with a peak on the 7th day and a transitory decrease of the spatial magnitude with a peak on the 4th day. There was no significant difference between the spatial magnitude of the \"representative\" maximum vector on the 1st and the last (13th) day of observation."}
{"id": "PMID:140402", "title": "Anatomically orthogonal QRS electrocardiogram of the baboon (Papio hamadryas) and the macaque (Macaca mulatta). Sex and species differences.", "content": "Peak amplitudes of the QRS complex were evaluated in 28 adult macaques (Macaca mulatta) and 28 adult baboons (Papio hamadryas), using two anatomically orthogonal lead systems. The anteroposterior (z) and the transversal (x) component of the cardiac electric field was smaller in females than in males. Comparison of QRS amplitudes in baboons and macaques indicates that the loop of the spatial vectorcardiogram is situated further ventrally and to the right in the former. The relationship between ventrally and dorsally oriented cardiac vectors, in both baboons and macaques, displays a prevalence of ventrally oriented vectors compared with man, in whom this type of relationship is normally not found after the second year of life.", "contents": "Anatomically orthogonal QRS electrocardiogram of the baboon (Papio hamadryas) and the macaque (Macaca mulatta). Sex and species differences. Peak amplitudes of the QRS complex were evaluated in 28 adult macaques (Macaca mulatta) and 28 adult baboons (Papio hamadryas), using two anatomically orthogonal lead systems. The anteroposterior (z) and the transversal (x) component of the cardiac electric field was smaller in females than in males. Comparison of QRS amplitudes in baboons and macaques indicates that the loop of the spatial vectorcardiogram is situated further ventrally and to the right in the former. The relationship between ventrally and dorsally oriented cardiac vectors, in both baboons and macaques, displays a prevalence of ventrally oriented vectors compared with man, in whom this type of relationship is normally not found after the second year of life."}
{"id": "PMID:140403", "title": "Effect of rhythmic alternation of protein depletion and repletion on serum protein synthesis.", "content": "The authors attempted to determine whether repeated protein depletion would produce changes in the organism's response to this unfavourable situation indicative of the preservation of information on past depletion and of its inclusion in the formation of the organism's defences against repetition of this unphysiological state. It can be concluded from the results that the anticipated trend was demonstrated. The question of the site of origin, storage and action of this information was not resolved.", "contents": "Effect of rhythmic alternation of protein depletion and repletion on serum protein synthesis. The authors attempted to determine whether repeated protein depletion would produce changes in the organism's response to this unfavourable situation indicative of the preservation of information on past depletion and of its inclusion in the formation of the organism's defences against repetition of this unphysiological state. It can be concluded from the results that the anticipated trend was demonstrated. The question of the site of origin, storage and action of this information was not resolved."}
{"id": "PMID:140404", "title": "Study of adaptation on the regulation of proteosynthesis in the organism to changed nutritional conditions.", "content": "The authors studied the response of the regulation of proteosynthesis in the rat organism at the level of a model protein--haemoglobin--during developing protein depletion, comparing the response of rats encountering this situation for the first time with the response of animals specially prepared for it by a multiple depletion-repletion cycle. The changes in the response of both groups of animals to the same stimulus indicate that the data acquired in experience of these states are stored in the organism and form the basis of its changed response to a fresh load. The authors did not study the mechanism and site of storage of the information in question, or the mechanism of coordinated regulation, but they expressed the hypothesis that central regulation of protein biosynthesis could be involved.", "contents": "Study of adaptation on the regulation of proteosynthesis in the organism to changed nutritional conditions. The authors studied the response of the regulation of proteosynthesis in the rat organism at the level of a model protein--haemoglobin--during developing protein depletion, comparing the response of rats encountering this situation for the first time with the response of animals specially prepared for it by a multiple depletion-repletion cycle. The changes in the response of both groups of animals to the same stimulus indicate that the data acquired in experience of these states are stored in the organism and form the basis of its changed response to a fresh load. The authors did not study the mechanism and site of storage of the information in question, or the mechanism of coordinated regulation, but they expressed the hypothesis that central regulation of protein biosynthesis could be involved."}
{"id": "PMID:140405", "title": "Determination of cardiac output by the CO2 - rebreathing method in fifteen-year-old boys subjected to graduated loading.", "content": "The dynamics of cardiac output changes were studied in 23 15-year-old boys subjected to graduated loading up to maximum on an bicycle ergometer and relationships between cardiac output and other indexes of cardiorespiratory functions were determined. The correlation between cardiac output (Q in 1/min) and oxygen consumption (VO2 in 1/min) was Q = 6.84 + 5.64. VO2. CO2-rebreathing was found to be a suitable non-invasive method for determining cardiac output in loading tests in adolescents. Maximum cardiac output correlated with maximum oxygen consumption, maximum pulmonary ventilation, body weight, lean body mass and physical working capacity W 170 and did not correlate with systolic volume, the arteriovenous oxygen difference, the pulse rate and ballistocardiographic force. The absence of any statistically significant differences between the various functional indexes of the physical fitness of trained and untrained boys indicates that training was not very effective.", "contents": "Determination of cardiac output by the CO2 - rebreathing method in fifteen-year-old boys subjected to graduated loading. The dynamics of cardiac output changes were studied in 23 15-year-old boys subjected to graduated loading up to maximum on an bicycle ergometer and relationships between cardiac output and other indexes of cardiorespiratory functions were determined. The correlation between cardiac output (Q in 1/min) and oxygen consumption (VO2 in 1/min) was Q = 6.84 + 5.64. VO2. CO2-rebreathing was found to be a suitable non-invasive method for determining cardiac output in loading tests in adolescents. Maximum cardiac output correlated with maximum oxygen consumption, maximum pulmonary ventilation, body weight, lean body mass and physical working capacity W 170 and did not correlate with systolic volume, the arteriovenous oxygen difference, the pulse rate and ballistocardiographic force. The absence of any statistically significant differences between the various functional indexes of the physical fitness of trained and untrained boys indicates that training was not very effective."}
{"id": "PMID:140406", "title": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos. Inhibitory effect of glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid.", "content": "The effect of glycine (100 mg/kg egg weight) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 103 mg/kg egg weight) on spontaneous motility was studied in chick embryos from the 11th to 21st day of incubation. Neither substance affected 11- and 13-day embryos (except for transient augmentation of spontaneous motility in some of the 13-day embryos after glycine). From the 15th day of incubation, both substances inhibited spontaneous motility, the effect being most pronounced in 17-day embryos. Their effect on 21-day embryos was weaker than their effect on younger embryos. The results are evaluated as evidence of later maturation of inhibitory mechanisms during development of the chick embryo CNS.", "contents": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos. Inhibitory effect of glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. The effect of glycine (100 mg/kg egg weight) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA, 103 mg/kg egg weight) on spontaneous motility was studied in chick embryos from the 11th to 21st day of incubation. Neither substance affected 11- and 13-day embryos (except for transient augmentation of spontaneous motility in some of the 13-day embryos after glycine). From the 15th day of incubation, both substances inhibited spontaneous motility, the effect being most pronounced in 17-day embryos. Their effect on 21-day embryos was weaker than their effect on younger embryos. The results are evaluated as evidence of later maturation of inhibitory mechanisms during development of the chick embryo CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:140410", "title": "The painful foot.", "content": "The inventive physician may find ways of making releasing cuts or openings with existing shoes to alleviate points of pressure. Many patients will suffer misery of pressure in shoes without giving a thought to cutting them, or opening them to allow for more freedom of movement. Releasing cuts may be made along seams, or between sole and upper with leather inserts to increase shoe size at points of major need for improved fit. Soft shoes may be resorted to. Elasticized material or sandals are preferable to the hard, resistant leather which aggravates so many lesions in our offices. Shoes custom made for disordered feet are very expensive. They may have to be ordered for some feet deformed beyond the capacity for ordinary shoes. Again, unless foot care is convenient and helpful in offsetting pain, the patient will usually not comply. Careful explanation of objectives for present and future is as important here as in any condition treated by family practitioners.", "contents": "The painful foot. The inventive physician may find ways of making releasing cuts or openings with existing shoes to alleviate points of pressure. Many patients will suffer misery of pressure in shoes without giving a thought to cutting them, or opening them to allow for more freedom of movement. Releasing cuts may be made along seams, or between sole and upper with leather inserts to increase shoe size at points of major need for improved fit. Soft shoes may be resorted to. Elasticized material or sandals are preferable to the hard, resistant leather which aggravates so many lesions in our offices. Shoes custom made for disordered feet are very expensive. They may have to be ordered for some feet deformed beyond the capacity for ordinary shoes. Again, unless foot care is convenient and helpful in offsetting pain, the patient will usually not comply. Careful explanation of objectives for present and future is as important here as in any condition treated by family practitioners."}
{"id": "PMID:140411", "title": "Clinical indications for echocardiography.", "content": "Echocardiography is an important adjunct to clinical diagnosis. Evaluation of chamber size, estimation of left ventricular function, valvular defects, and tricuspid atresia or stenosis are among the many disorders in which it can be helpful.", "contents": "Clinical indications for echocardiography. Echocardiography is an important adjunct to clinical diagnosis. Evaluation of chamber size, estimation of left ventricular function, valvular defects, and tricuspid atresia or stenosis are among the many disorders in which it can be helpful."}
{"id": "PMID:140412", "title": "Adenosine triphosphatase located on unstimulated human small lymphocyte cell membranes.", "content": "This study was undertaken to localize the enzyme sodium-potassium dependent adenosine triphosphatase in unstimulated human small lymphocytes using the histochemical technique of McClurkin [1964]. The substrate adenosine 5' triphosphate is hydrolyzed by the ATPase resulting in a lead phosphate precipitate at the site of enzyme action, subsequently visualized as lead sulphide. The enzyme was demonstrated in three different patterns, and for each donor the pattern was constant both on all four of the test slides, and on different occasions. The patterns observed were: clusters of granules related to the cell membrane; positive staining localized to portions of the cell membrane, and, less commonly, the whole cell circumference. The significance of this distribution may relate to areas with large numbers of antigen recognition sites on the lymphocyte membrane.", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphatase located on unstimulated human small lymphocyte cell membranes. This study was undertaken to localize the enzyme sodium-potassium dependent adenosine triphosphatase in unstimulated human small lymphocytes using the histochemical technique of McClurkin [1964]. The substrate adenosine 5' triphosphate is hydrolyzed by the ATPase resulting in a lead phosphate precipitate at the site of enzyme action, subsequently visualized as lead sulphide. The enzyme was demonstrated in three different patterns, and for each donor the pattern was constant both on all four of the test slides, and on different occasions. The patterns observed were: clusters of granules related to the cell membrane; positive staining localized to portions of the cell membrane, and, less commonly, the whole cell circumference. The significance of this distribution may relate to areas with large numbers of antigen recognition sites on the lymphocyte membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:140414", "title": "Angioneurotic edema following ingestion of iocetamic acid.", "content": "A case of angioneurotic edema involving the left upper extremity following iocetamic acid ingestion is reported. This is the fifth reported case of a severe cutaneous reaction following ingestion of this material. The author suggests that iocetamic acid not be used in outpatients.", "contents": "Angioneurotic edema following ingestion of iocetamic acid. A case of angioneurotic edema involving the left upper extremity following iocetamic acid ingestion is reported. This is the fifth reported case of a severe cutaneous reaction following ingestion of this material. The author suggests that iocetamic acid not be used in outpatients."}
{"id": "PMID:140418", "title": "Additive effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan and p-chloro-phenylalanine in preventing audiogenic seizures in inbred mice.", "content": "Convulsive responsiveness of O'Grady mice, inbred for susceptibility to audiogenic seizures, was decreased following treatment with the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, or serotonin depletor, p-chlorophenylalanine. Neither agent exerted any antagonistic or synergistic action on the effect of the other. Upon sequential administration, their effects were additive. There was no indication that the increase in brain serotonin due to administration of its direct precursor interfered with the protective effect of p-chlorophenylalanine against seizures. Neither was there evidence that p-chlorophenylalanine-induced interruption of biosynthesis which led to severe depletion of brain serotonin affected the protective action of 5-hydroxytryptophan.", "contents": "Additive effect of 5-hydroxytryptophan and p-chloro-phenylalanine in preventing audiogenic seizures in inbred mice. Convulsive responsiveness of O'Grady mice, inbred for susceptibility to audiogenic seizures, was decreased following treatment with the serotonin precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan, or serotonin depletor, p-chlorophenylalanine. Neither agent exerted any antagonistic or synergistic action on the effect of the other. Upon sequential administration, their effects were additive. There was no indication that the increase in brain serotonin due to administration of its direct precursor interfered with the protective effect of p-chlorophenylalanine against seizures. Neither was there evidence that p-chlorophenylalanine-induced interruption of biosynthesis which led to severe depletion of brain serotonin affected the protective action of 5-hydroxytryptophan."}
{"id": "PMID:140443", "title": "Bicarbonate stimulation of mitochondrial ATPase. Effect of physical training.", "content": "Bicarbonate stimulation of hepatic mitochondrial ATPase activity decreased in rats subjected to intense physical training and reached minimum values at the end of the third week. The stimulatory effect of bicarbonate on mitochondrial heart ATPase remained unaffected under equal conditions. ATPase stimulation by dinitrophenol and sensitivity to oligomycin, both in mitochondria from rat liver or heart, were not affected by physical training. Results suggest that stimulation by dinitrophenol and bicarbonate might be due to effects on separate sites of the enzyme.", "contents": "Bicarbonate stimulation of mitochondrial ATPase. Effect of physical training. Bicarbonate stimulation of hepatic mitochondrial ATPase activity decreased in rats subjected to intense physical training and reached minimum values at the end of the third week. The stimulatory effect of bicarbonate on mitochondrial heart ATPase remained unaffected under equal conditions. ATPase stimulation by dinitrophenol and sensitivity to oligomycin, both in mitochondria from rat liver or heart, were not affected by physical training. Results suggest that stimulation by dinitrophenol and bicarbonate might be due to effects on separate sites of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:140451", "title": "Effects of serotonergic drugs on methaqualone-induced hypothermia.", "content": "Methaqualone (75 mg/kg) produced a significant decrease in the rectal temperature of mice. This effect was antagonized by parachlorophenylalanine and potentiated by Lilly 110140. These compounds also decreased and increased respectively the circulating concentration of methaqualone.", "contents": "Effects of serotonergic drugs on methaqualone-induced hypothermia. Methaqualone (75 mg/kg) produced a significant decrease in the rectal temperature of mice. This effect was antagonized by parachlorophenylalanine and potentiated by Lilly 110140. These compounds also decreased and increased respectively the circulating concentration of methaqualone."}
{"id": "PMID:140452", "title": "Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different animal species.", "content": "Staphylococcus aureus strains originating from humans, cows, poultry, pigs, dogs and pigeons were characterised according to the biotyping scheme of H\u00e1jek and Mars\u00e1lek (1971). All strains obtained from poultry, dogs and pigeons and the majority of bovine, human and porcine strains were classifiable as belonging to different biotypes. Two types were found to be present among poultry strains isolated in Europe and Japan. The porcine strains formed a heterogenic collection. One biotype predominated in the other host species. The characteristic S aureus wall teichoic acid (beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl ribitol teichoic acid) was present in nearly all poultry and pig strains. Strains from dogs and pigeons were found to present several properties which were not in agreement with the species description given for S aureus. They did not produce acetoin from glucose and their capacity to produce acid from mannitol in anaerobic conditions was very weak or absent. They were often negative in the clumping factor (slide coagulase) test and usually did not produce hyaluronidase. The production of acid from glucose in anaerobic conditions was slower and less intensive in these strains than in the S aureus strains from other origins. The results of this study support the concept of subdividing the species S aureus into biotypes or ecotypes.", "contents": "Characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from different animal species. Staphylococcus aureus strains originating from humans, cows, poultry, pigs, dogs and pigeons were characterised according to the biotyping scheme of H\u00e1jek and Mars\u00e1lek (1971). All strains obtained from poultry, dogs and pigeons and the majority of bovine, human and porcine strains were classifiable as belonging to different biotypes. Two types were found to be present among poultry strains isolated in Europe and Japan. The porcine strains formed a heterogenic collection. One biotype predominated in the other host species. The characteristic S aureus wall teichoic acid (beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl ribitol teichoic acid) was present in nearly all poultry and pig strains. Strains from dogs and pigeons were found to present several properties which were not in agreement with the species description given for S aureus. They did not produce acetoin from glucose and their capacity to produce acid from mannitol in anaerobic conditions was very weak or absent. They were often negative in the clumping factor (slide coagulase) test and usually did not produce hyaluronidase. The production of acid from glucose in anaerobic conditions was slower and less intensive in these strains than in the S aureus strains from other origins. The results of this study support the concept of subdividing the species S aureus into biotypes or ecotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:140453", "title": "The structure of the lachrymal glands of the domestic fowl and of the duck.", "content": "The histology of the lachrymal glands of the duck and fowl is similar. In both birds the gland is a compound tubulo-acinar structure, lobulated and invested by a thin connective tissue capsule. Foci of lymphocytes, but few plasma cells, are found in the glands. Moderately acidic mucosubstances predominate in the gland of the fowl whereas sialomucins are found in that of the duck. Neutral lipids were detected only in the gland of the fowl.", "contents": "The structure of the lachrymal glands of the domestic fowl and of the duck. The histology of the lachrymal glands of the duck and fowl is similar. In both birds the gland is a compound tubulo-acinar structure, lobulated and invested by a thin connective tissue capsule. Foci of lymphocytes, but few plasma cells, are found in the glands. Moderately acidic mucosubstances predominate in the gland of the fowl whereas sialomucins are found in that of the duck. Neutral lipids were detected only in the gland of the fowl."}
{"id": "PMID:140454", "title": "The epidemiology of Dictyocaulus filaria in north east England.", "content": "The seasonal pattern of Dictyocaulus filaria infection in four flocks of sheep under field conditions was studied by faecal examination for larvae. The prevalence of infection in lambs was low in spring and summer but increased in late autumn or winter, then fell again to a low level by May. However, most lambs became infected at some time during their first year of life. In ewes the prevalence of infection was generally low, but rose during winter and spring. Seasonal pattern and intensity of infection were influenced by weather conditions and the persistence of infection from the previous year, moist summer conditions giving rise to a higher level of infection in autumn and winter than a dry summer. The source of infection may be the ewes or yearlings, or infective larvae surviving over the winter on pasture. Autoinfection occurred, some lambs becoming infected with at least three generations of the parasite, but at the levels of infection recorded clinical disease was rare.", "contents": "The epidemiology of Dictyocaulus filaria in north east England. The seasonal pattern of Dictyocaulus filaria infection in four flocks of sheep under field conditions was studied by faecal examination for larvae. The prevalence of infection in lambs was low in spring and summer but increased in late autumn or winter, then fell again to a low level by May. However, most lambs became infected at some time during their first year of life. In ewes the prevalence of infection was generally low, but rose during winter and spring. Seasonal pattern and intensity of infection were influenced by weather conditions and the persistence of infection from the previous year, moist summer conditions giving rise to a higher level of infection in autumn and winter than a dry summer. The source of infection may be the ewes or yearlings, or infective larvae surviving over the winter on pasture. Autoinfection occurred, some lambs becoming infected with at least three generations of the parasite, but at the levels of infection recorded clinical disease was rare."}
{"id": "PMID:140458", "title": "Expression of the acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase marker by activated and secondary T lymphocytes in man.", "content": "Acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity is characteristic of resting human T lymphocytes. The expression of the ANAE marker by activated human T and B lymphocytes (blasts) and by corresponding 'secondary' lymphocytes has been investigated. Human blood lymphocytes were stimulated by selective T-cell (phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A)) or B-cell (Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan 1) mitogens or in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), and the percentage of blasts expressing the marker was quantiated. Whereas 95% of Con-A-activated blasts expressed the marker, approximately 25%-30% of MLC-activated blasts and only 10%-25% of PHA-activated blasts were ANAE-positive. After reversion to secondary lymphocytes, the PHA- and MLC-activated cells regained the ANAE activity, and more than 90% of the blast-derived secondary T lymphocytes were ANAE-positive. Only 2%-8% of blast cells activated by Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan 1 were ANAE-positive. We therefore conclude that ANAE is not a reliable marker for T cells when activated cells (blasts) are considered.", "contents": "Expression of the acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase marker by activated and secondary T lymphocytes in man. Acid alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) activity is characteristic of resting human T lymphocytes. The expression of the ANAE marker by activated human T and B lymphocytes (blasts) and by corresponding 'secondary' lymphocytes has been investigated. Human blood lymphocytes were stimulated by selective T-cell (phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A)) or B-cell (Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan 1) mitogens or in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), and the percentage of blasts expressing the marker was quantiated. Whereas 95% of Con-A-activated blasts expressed the marker, approximately 25%-30% of MLC-activated blasts and only 10%-25% of PHA-activated blasts were ANAE-positive. After reversion to secondary lymphocytes, the PHA- and MLC-activated cells regained the ANAE activity, and more than 90% of the blast-derived secondary T lymphocytes were ANAE-positive. Only 2%-8% of blast cells activated by Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan 1 were ANAE-positive. We therefore conclude that ANAE is not a reliable marker for T cells when activated cells (blasts) are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:140459", "title": "The clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: a Cairo-Glasgow co-operative study.", "content": "The clinical features of 78 patients with SLE seen in Cairo and Glasgow are reviewed. Raynaud's phenomenon was recorded more frequently here than in previous series. The value of serial measurements of anti-DNA antibodies, C3 and C4 in the management of SLE is discussed. Although antibodies to native DNA paralleled the disease course in only a minority of SLE patients anti-DNA antibodies were present during all major SLE exacerbations and could be diagnostically useful. Serious systemic infections complicating the management of SLE patients could occur and their diagnosis is discussed.", "contents": "The clinical manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus: a Cairo-Glasgow co-operative study. The clinical features of 78 patients with SLE seen in Cairo and Glasgow are reviewed. Raynaud's phenomenon was recorded more frequently here than in previous series. The value of serial measurements of anti-DNA antibodies, C3 and C4 in the management of SLE is discussed. Although antibodies to native DNA paralleled the disease course in only a minority of SLE patients anti-DNA antibodies were present during all major SLE exacerbations and could be diagnostically useful. Serious systemic infections complicating the management of SLE patients could occur and their diagnosis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140460", "title": "Lymphocyte and fibroblast chalones: some chemical properties.", "content": "Experiments with lymphocyte and fibroblast chalones indicate that they are complexed strongly with RNA in tissue extracts; have a molecular weight of less than 10,000 and more than 1,000 daltons, and probably about 5,000 daltons; are strongly cationically charged; and contain mannose and perhaps other carbohydrates.", "contents": "Lymphocyte and fibroblast chalones: some chemical properties. Experiments with lymphocyte and fibroblast chalones indicate that they are complexed strongly with RNA in tissue extracts; have a molecular weight of less than 10,000 and more than 1,000 daltons, and probably about 5,000 daltons; are strongly cationically charged; and contain mannose and perhaps other carbohydrates."}
{"id": "PMID:140461", "title": "Lymphocyte-defined loci in cattle.", "content": "Using the results of all paired one-way mixed lymphocyte culture tests on families of half-sibs, we have established that the lymphocyte-defined system in cattle contains a minimum of two loci. The methodology presented is applicable to studies of the lymphocyte-defined systems of other species.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-defined loci in cattle. Using the results of all paired one-way mixed lymphocyte culture tests on families of half-sibs, we have established that the lymphocyte-defined system in cattle contains a minimum of two loci. The methodology presented is applicable to studies of the lymphocyte-defined systems of other species."}
{"id": "PMID:140462", "title": "A comparative study of the physical performance capacity of rural and urban Burmese women aged 19-24 years.", "content": "A comparative study of the physical performance capacity of 32 Burmese women aged 19-24 years of the rural and urban area was conducted. Difference in physique was found between the two groups. Maximal oxygen uptake of the rural group was 39.21 ml/kg/min and that of the urban group was 32.32 ml/kg/min, the difference being significant at 0.1% level. Maximal oxygen pulse and maximal work load were significant only at 2% and 5% levels respectively. Though maximal ventilation in the rural group had a higher mean value it was not significant. These showed a higher cardiorespiratory fitness in the rural group, which was attributable to their high work intensity of 55.13% of the maximal aerobic power. However, a positive training effect of habitual physical activity on muscle strength could not be observed in this study.", "contents": "A comparative study of the physical performance capacity of rural and urban Burmese women aged 19-24 years. A comparative study of the physical performance capacity of 32 Burmese women aged 19-24 years of the rural and urban area was conducted. Difference in physique was found between the two groups. Maximal oxygen uptake of the rural group was 39.21 ml/kg/min and that of the urban group was 32.32 ml/kg/min, the difference being significant at 0.1% level. Maximal oxygen pulse and maximal work load were significant only at 2% and 5% levels respectively. Though maximal ventilation in the rural group had a higher mean value it was not significant. These showed a higher cardiorespiratory fitness in the rural group, which was attributable to their high work intensity of 55.13% of the maximal aerobic power. However, a positive training effect of habitual physical activity on muscle strength could not be observed in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:140463", "title": "Isolation of dengue type 3 from mosquitoes in Rangoon.", "content": "A virus was isolated in suckling mice from Aedes aegypti collected from Rangoon area, during the month of July 1969. The virus was identified as a member of Group B arbovirus dengue type 3, by means of its ability to agglutinate goose erythrocyte at pH 6.6, haemagglutination inhibition and complement fixation tests, and its growth characteristics in Aedes albopictus cell cultures. The isolated dengue type 3 virus differs slightly from the Indian dengue type 3 virus in its ability to produce haemagglutinin of high titer from the early mouse passage, variation in the pH for optimum haemagglutination and ability to produce cytopathic effect in Vero cell cultures.", "contents": "Isolation of dengue type 3 from mosquitoes in Rangoon. A virus was isolated in suckling mice from Aedes aegypti collected from Rangoon area, during the month of July 1969. The virus was identified as a member of Group B arbovirus dengue type 3, by means of its ability to agglutinate goose erythrocyte at pH 6.6, haemagglutination inhibition and complement fixation tests, and its growth characteristics in Aedes albopictus cell cultures. The isolated dengue type 3 virus differs slightly from the Indian dengue type 3 virus in its ability to produce haemagglutinin of high titer from the early mouse passage, variation in the pH for optimum haemagglutination and ability to produce cytopathic effect in Vero cell cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:140466", "title": "Down's syndrome with hydrocephalus treated by compressive head binding.", "content": "A child with Down's syndrome, hydrocephalus and porencephaly is described, and treatment by compressive head binding is discussed. Although binding did not stop enlargement of the head it did achieve a reduction in the rate of enlargement.", "contents": "Down's syndrome with hydrocephalus treated by compressive head binding. A child with Down's syndrome, hydrocephalus and porencephaly is described, and treatment by compressive head binding is discussed. Although binding did not stop enlargement of the head it did achieve a reduction in the rate of enlargement."}
{"id": "PMID:140467", "title": "Backache in the aged.", "content": "Backache is a treatable condition in most geriatric patients. A detailed history, a careful clinical examination, an X-ray examination and determination of the sedimentation rate usually enable one to categorize the discomfort as a \"mechanical syndrome\" or as a \"pathological syndrome\" of back pain. The former indicates that the tissues of the back are essentially normal but are displaced or strained, while the latter indicates an infiltration of the tissues by a pathological process. The important conditions causing backache in elderly patients in these two groups are listed and their treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Backache in the aged. Backache is a treatable condition in most geriatric patients. A detailed history, a careful clinical examination, an X-ray examination and determination of the sedimentation rate usually enable one to categorize the discomfort as a \"mechanical syndrome\" or as a \"pathological syndrome\" of back pain. The former indicates that the tissues of the back are essentially normal but are displaced or strained, while the latter indicates an infiltration of the tissues by a pathological process. The important conditions causing backache in elderly patients in these two groups are listed and their treatment is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140468", "title": "Impact of disability on the family structure.", "content": "The 1972 survey of the disabled and nondisabled provides comparative data on the two groups that can be used to assess the effects of disability on the family structure. Although the disabled were about as likely to have married as persons in the general population, the stability of their marriages was more limited. The extended families of disabled persons generally provided no greater support through financial or household assistance or visits than did the relatives of healthy persons. Within the nuclear family, contraction of activities--rather than compensatory shifts in sex roles--and decreased participation in most aspects of living were the major consequences of disability.", "contents": "Impact of disability on the family structure. The 1972 survey of the disabled and nondisabled provides comparative data on the two groups that can be used to assess the effects of disability on the family structure. Although the disabled were about as likely to have married as persons in the general population, the stability of their marriages was more limited. The extended families of disabled persons generally provided no greater support through financial or household assistance or visits than did the relatives of healthy persons. Within the nuclear family, contraction of activities--rather than compensatory shifts in sex roles--and decreased participation in most aspects of living were the major consequences of disability."}
{"id": "PMID:140469", "title": "The value of laparoscopy in general surgical problems.", "content": "Laparoscopy offers a simple, rapid and safe way to evaluate and diagnose definitively intra-abdominal disease. An analysis of 65 consecutive patients supports this contention and demonstrates the real advantages and safety of this readily available modaility. A 90 per cent success rate, defined as accomplishing the diagnosis, was achieved in this study. There were no complications and no deaths. Local anesthesia was almost exclusively used and is strongly recommended. Laparoscopy represents an underused diagnostic modality which, when properly performed, can effect significant medical and fiscal economies in patient care.", "contents": "The value of laparoscopy in general surgical problems. Laparoscopy offers a simple, rapid and safe way to evaluate and diagnose definitively intra-abdominal disease. An analysis of 65 consecutive patients supports this contention and demonstrates the real advantages and safety of this readily available modaility. A 90 per cent success rate, defined as accomplishing the diagnosis, was achieved in this study. There were no complications and no deaths. Local anesthesia was almost exclusively used and is strongly recommended. Laparoscopy represents an underused diagnostic modality which, when properly performed, can effect significant medical and fiscal economies in patient care."}
{"id": "PMID:140478", "title": "Effect of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on the activity of succinic dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase of some vital organs of rat.", "content": "Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity measured 21 days after 3 intraperitoneal injections of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was decreased in heart, lung and kidney while it remained unaltered in brain. Under in vitro conditions, only SDH was sensitive to DEHP, degree of inhibition being concentration-dependent. DEHP solubilized with Tween 80 inhibited the SDH activity significantly at small concentrations of 5 to 25 ppm. ATPase activity was not modified.", "contents": "Effect of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate on the activity of succinic dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase of some vital organs of rat. Succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity measured 21 days after 3 intraperitoneal injections of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) was decreased in heart, lung and kidney while it remained unaltered in brain. Under in vitro conditions, only SDH was sensitive to DEHP, degree of inhibition being concentration-dependent. DEHP solubilized with Tween 80 inhibited the SDH activity significantly at small concentrations of 5 to 25 ppm. ATPase activity was not modified."}
{"id": "PMID:140479", "title": "Exploration of the human fetal pituitary adrenal axis: stimulation of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate biosynthesis by homologous pituitary in organ culture.", "content": "Adrenals obtained from human abortices at midpregnancy were kept under conditions of tissue culture and the production of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 3-sulfate; DHA-S) monitored by radioimmunoassays for up to 2 weeks. Basal production of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was considerably higher than that of cortisol. alpha1-24corticotrophin, alpha1-39corticotrophin, (a long acting porcine corticotrophin) at the concentration of 1 mU/ml of culture medium in both instances, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (1mM) enhanced the production of both steroids some 3 to 30 times above control values. Medium harvested from homologous pituitary cultures had comparable corticotrophic activity. It is concluded that at midpregnancy the regulation of corticoidogenesis implies the existence of a corticotrophic factor either identical or closely related to ACTH.", "contents": "Exploration of the human fetal pituitary adrenal axis: stimulation of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate biosynthesis by homologous pituitary in organ culture. Adrenals obtained from human abortices at midpregnancy were kept under conditions of tissue culture and the production of cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one, 3-sulfate; DHA-S) monitored by radioimmunoassays for up to 2 weeks. Basal production of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was considerably higher than that of cortisol. alpha1-24corticotrophin, alpha1-39corticotrophin, (a long acting porcine corticotrophin) at the concentration of 1 mU/ml of culture medium in both instances, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP (1mM) enhanced the production of both steroids some 3 to 30 times above control values. Medium harvested from homologous pituitary cultures had comparable corticotrophic activity. It is concluded that at midpregnancy the regulation of corticoidogenesis implies the existence of a corticotrophic factor either identical or closely related to ACTH."}
{"id": "PMID:140481", "title": "Inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reactions in humans after immunization with tetanus toxoid.", "content": "Immunization of humans with tetanus toxoid (TT) results in an inhibition of the reactivity of peripheral lymphocytes to TT as well as to one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction. The strongest inhibition was observed in cells taken 3 or 7 days after immunization. These reactivities reappeared on the 14th day and reached their initial levels by the 21st day after immunization. The role of the various cell types was studied by culturing separately purified T or B lymphocytes taken on day 7 after immunization. B cells alone are not stimulated by TT or allogeneic cells. Purified T cells are stimulated much more than the initial total cell population. When B cells were mixed and cultured along with T cells, a suppressor effect upon stimulation appeared which reduced 3H-thymidine incorporation to the levels of the initial population. Treatment with 5-bromodeoxyuridine followed by exposure to light of cells stimulated with TT abrogated their ability to respond to subsequent stimulation with TT; whereas the responsiveness of treated cells to allogeneic lymphocytes was not significantly affected and vice versa. These results suggest that each stimulator activated a separate population of T cells but that in vivo immunization provoked the development of both a specific and nonspecific suppressor activity. Most probably this suppressor activity was brought about by adherent, surface Ig-bearing (B) cells.", "contents": "Inhibition of mixed lymphocyte reactions in humans after immunization with tetanus toxoid. Immunization of humans with tetanus toxoid (TT) results in an inhibition of the reactivity of peripheral lymphocytes to TT as well as to one-way mixed lymphocyte reaction. The strongest inhibition was observed in cells taken 3 or 7 days after immunization. These reactivities reappeared on the 14th day and reached their initial levels by the 21st day after immunization. The role of the various cell types was studied by culturing separately purified T or B lymphocytes taken on day 7 after immunization. B cells alone are not stimulated by TT or allogeneic cells. Purified T cells are stimulated much more than the initial total cell population. When B cells were mixed and cultured along with T cells, a suppressor effect upon stimulation appeared which reduced 3H-thymidine incorporation to the levels of the initial population. Treatment with 5-bromodeoxyuridine followed by exposure to light of cells stimulated with TT abrogated their ability to respond to subsequent stimulation with TT; whereas the responsiveness of treated cells to allogeneic lymphocytes was not significantly affected and vice versa. These results suggest that each stimulator activated a separate population of T cells but that in vivo immunization provoked the development of both a specific and nonspecific suppressor activity. Most probably this suppressor activity was brought about by adherent, surface Ig-bearing (B) cells."}
{"id": "PMID:140482", "title": "Transplantation in miniature swine. II. In vitro parameters of histocompatibility in MSLA homozygous minipigs.", "content": "A selective breeding program based on serological techniques was used to establish three herds of miniature swine, each homozygous for a different allele at the major histocompatibility complex, termed MSLA. By selective immunization of these swine, high-titered antisera detecting the products of individual MSLA alleles were raised and used to confirm the genotype of offspring in these herds. Techniques for performing one-way mixed leukocyte cultures in these pigs were developed and demonstrated the presence of a strong mixed leukocyte culture locus (or loci) closely linked to the serologically defined MSLA locus. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays based on 51Cr release were developed to monitor the course of cellular immunity following allotransplantation and exhibited specificity identical to that predicted by the serological typing.", "contents": "Transplantation in miniature swine. II. In vitro parameters of histocompatibility in MSLA homozygous minipigs. A selective breeding program based on serological techniques was used to establish three herds of miniature swine, each homozygous for a different allele at the major histocompatibility complex, termed MSLA. By selective immunization of these swine, high-titered antisera detecting the products of individual MSLA alleles were raised and used to confirm the genotype of offspring in these herds. Techniques for performing one-way mixed leukocyte cultures in these pigs were developed and demonstrated the presence of a strong mixed leukocyte culture locus (or loci) closely linked to the serologically defined MSLA locus. Cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays based on 51Cr release were developed to monitor the course of cellular immunity following allotransplantation and exhibited specificity identical to that predicted by the serological typing."}
{"id": "PMID:140480", "title": "Cathecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in ischemic brain. Influence of p-chlorophenylalanine.", "content": "The effect of ischemia on catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in brain cortex was examined in the gerbil stroke model. Unilateral common carotid artery occlusion produced bilateral decrease in cortical dopamine levels in gerbils both symptomatic and asymptomatic of cerbral ischemia. The 5-HT progressively decreased only in the occluded hemisphere of ischemic animals. In p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-treated gerbisl, dopamine decreased only in the occluded hemisphere of symptomatic animals, but norepinephrine became decreased bilaterally compared with controls. The 5-HT decrease was twice that seen in untreated animals. It is suggested that these results indicate initial release together with reduced synthesis of monoamines in ischemic brain. The incidence of ischemia induced by carotid occlusion decreased from 44% to 26% in PCPA-treated animals, which also suggests that depletion of 5-HT available for neuronal release prior to the induction of ischemia may reduce stroke incidence by limiting impairment of collateral vasocapacitance. PCPA pretreatment did not influence the development of edema in the occluded hemisphere of ischemic animals once ischemia was established.", "contents": "Cathecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in ischemic brain. Influence of p-chlorophenylalanine. The effect of ischemia on catecholamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) levels in brain cortex was examined in the gerbil stroke model. Unilateral common carotid artery occlusion produced bilateral decrease in cortical dopamine levels in gerbils both symptomatic and asymptomatic of cerbral ischemia. The 5-HT progressively decreased only in the occluded hemisphere of ischemic animals. In p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA)-treated gerbisl, dopamine decreased only in the occluded hemisphere of symptomatic animals, but norepinephrine became decreased bilaterally compared with controls. The 5-HT decrease was twice that seen in untreated animals. It is suggested that these results indicate initial release together with reduced synthesis of monoamines in ischemic brain. The incidence of ischemia induced by carotid occlusion decreased from 44% to 26% in PCPA-treated animals, which also suggests that depletion of 5-HT available for neuronal release prior to the induction of ischemia may reduce stroke incidence by limiting impairment of collateral vasocapacitance. PCPA pretreatment did not influence the development of edema in the occluded hemisphere of ischemic animals once ischemia was established."}
{"id": "PMID:140489", "title": "[Electron-cytochemical study of the localization of ATPase activity in the brain tissue of white rats].", "content": "A localization of ATPase activity in a rat's brain was studied by the lead method at the presence of Mg2+. The highest activity was noticed in the capillar basal layer, in nucleoli and nuclear chromatin. Less intensive sedimentation of precipitate was observed on the external nuclear membrane, granular cytoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and in lipofuscin granules. Besides, the reaction product was observed on the cytomembrane of neurons, in synaptic slits and on the vesicles of some terminals. No ATPase activity was seen in mitochondria in the experimental conditions. Equal distribution of reaction product was seen in the cortex and hypothalamus.", "contents": "[Electron-cytochemical study of the localization of ATPase activity in the brain tissue of white rats]. A localization of ATPase activity in a rat's brain was studied by the lead method at the presence of Mg2+. The highest activity was noticed in the capillar basal layer, in nucleoli and nuclear chromatin. Less intensive sedimentation of precipitate was observed on the external nuclear membrane, granular cytoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes and in lipofuscin granules. Besides, the reaction product was observed on the cytomembrane of neurons, in synaptic slits and on the vesicles of some terminals. No ATPase activity was seen in mitochondria in the experimental conditions. Equal distribution of reaction product was seen in the cortex and hypothalamus."}
{"id": "PMID:140499", "title": "Feline panleukopenia. II. The relationship of intestinal mucosal cell proliferation rates to viral infection and development of lesions.", "content": "Proliferation rates of small intestinal mucosal cells of noninfected germfree and specific pathogen-free kittens were compared to the incidence of infected cells and microscopic lesions in kittens experimentally infected with panleukopenia virus. Mucosal crypt length, cells per crypt, mitotic index and villous length were greater in specific pathogen-free kittens than in germfree kittens. Crypt cells per unit length and villous length per crypt length ratio were greater in germfree kittens. The cryptal cell proliferation rate of specific pathogen-free kittens was 2.24 times that of germfree kittens. Mucosal crypt length, cell per crypt and villous length were greater in the proximal jejunum than in the midjejunum of kittens within groups. Cell proliferation rates per crypt did not differ between areas of the intestine in kittens within groups. There were more virus-infected cells and lesions in specific pathogen-free kittens than in germfree kittens. The incidence of virus-infected cells and lesions was greater in the proximal jejumum and decreased along the small intestine.", "contents": "Feline panleukopenia. II. The relationship of intestinal mucosal cell proliferation rates to viral infection and development of lesions. Proliferation rates of small intestinal mucosal cells of noninfected germfree and specific pathogen-free kittens were compared to the incidence of infected cells and microscopic lesions in kittens experimentally infected with panleukopenia virus. Mucosal crypt length, cells per crypt, mitotic index and villous length were greater in specific pathogen-free kittens than in germfree kittens. Crypt cells per unit length and villous length per crypt length ratio were greater in germfree kittens. The cryptal cell proliferation rate of specific pathogen-free kittens was 2.24 times that of germfree kittens. Mucosal crypt length, cell per crypt and villous length were greater in the proximal jejunum than in the midjejunum of kittens within groups. Cell proliferation rates per crypt did not differ between areas of the intestine in kittens within groups. There were more virus-infected cells and lesions in specific pathogen-free kittens than in germfree kittens. The incidence of virus-infected cells and lesions was greater in the proximal jejumum and decreased along the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:140503", "title": "The pathogenesis of cardiac infarction. A few comments on some unanswered questions.", "content": "1. Questions concerning coronary heart disease have been raised for more than 200 years, but the concept of coronary insufficiency is only 50 years old. 2. The pathological anatomy of coronary insufficiency is variable, unexpectedly rich and stratified, and full of pecularities. 3. \"Coronary insufficiency\" is the superimposed concept; \"cardiac infarcts\" and \"inner myocardial layer damage\" are subordinate. 4. The logical connection linking all the morphological consequences of so-called coronary insufficiency is the elective necrosis of the parenchyma. The anatomically demonstrable equivalents of coronary insufficiency are, from the point of view of coronary perfusion, the result of an inadequate \"vis a tergo\". 5. This principle is enshrined in a complex of conditions which has to be disentangled if an individual case is to be analysed. The complex comprises three sets of factors: (a) the critical narrowing of the lumen of the coronary arteries and all their branches leading to a given territory; (b) the weight of the functioning mass of the cardiac muscle; (c) cardiac effort required of the heart during the critical period of damage. 6. The presence of anastomoses between the coronary arteries is no proof of their functional efficiency or readiness in an emergency. The conditions which determine their responsiveness, particularly as far as time is concerned, are at the moment still not adequately known. 7. The behaviour of ions at the membranes of living cells, particularly of muscle fibres, is a fundamental phenomenon, fascinating in its primitive aspects. A disturbance of cellular respiration, produced in the cardiac muscle \"regularly\" by the \"inadequate vis a tergo\" of coronary perfusion, leads to an exhaustion of energy stores, and to an increased influx of calcium ions. This activates the ATP-ase of the myofibrils, and thereby reduces the level of adenin nucleotides. This loss of energy-rich substances not only militates against the function of the muscle fibres, it also initiates their necrosis. 8. The cardiac infarct is a phenomenon of a disturbed circulation-- a \"dyscirculatory\" change. It is found in certain sites of predilection, whose choice becomes intelligible only through an understanding of the developmental history of the coronary arteries. The cardiac infarct is \"coronary-dependent\"! There are, however, also other forms of, and possibilities leading to, the development of myocardial necrosis. The nosology of the cardiac infarct clearly distinguishes the latter from these other forms. In damage of the inner layers of the myocardium infarcts do not develop by the confluence of necroses of individual fibres or of groups of fibres. Infarcts are not a phenomenon of addition, they do not have the \"character of a mosaic\". 9. As in other tissues, in the human myocardium also there are lysosomes. They are found in hypertrophied muscle fibres. Topical relations to zones of necrosis have not been found. 10...", "contents": "The pathogenesis of cardiac infarction. A few comments on some unanswered questions. 1. Questions concerning coronary heart disease have been raised for more than 200 years, but the concept of coronary insufficiency is only 50 years old. 2. The pathological anatomy of coronary insufficiency is variable, unexpectedly rich and stratified, and full of pecularities. 3. \"Coronary insufficiency\" is the superimposed concept; \"cardiac infarcts\" and \"inner myocardial layer damage\" are subordinate. 4. The logical connection linking all the morphological consequences of so-called coronary insufficiency is the elective necrosis of the parenchyma. The anatomically demonstrable equivalents of coronary insufficiency are, from the point of view of coronary perfusion, the result of an inadequate \"vis a tergo\". 5. This principle is enshrined in a complex of conditions which has to be disentangled if an individual case is to be analysed. The complex comprises three sets of factors: (a) the critical narrowing of the lumen of the coronary arteries and all their branches leading to a given territory; (b) the weight of the functioning mass of the cardiac muscle; (c) cardiac effort required of the heart during the critical period of damage. 6. The presence of anastomoses between the coronary arteries is no proof of their functional efficiency or readiness in an emergency. The conditions which determine their responsiveness, particularly as far as time is concerned, are at the moment still not adequately known. 7. The behaviour of ions at the membranes of living cells, particularly of muscle fibres, is a fundamental phenomenon, fascinating in its primitive aspects. A disturbance of cellular respiration, produced in the cardiac muscle \"regularly\" by the \"inadequate vis a tergo\" of coronary perfusion, leads to an exhaustion of energy stores, and to an increased influx of calcium ions. This activates the ATP-ase of the myofibrils, and thereby reduces the level of adenin nucleotides. This loss of energy-rich substances not only militates against the function of the muscle fibres, it also initiates their necrosis. 8. The cardiac infarct is a phenomenon of a disturbed circulation-- a \"dyscirculatory\" change. It is found in certain sites of predilection, whose choice becomes intelligible only through an understanding of the developmental history of the coronary arteries. The cardiac infarct is \"coronary-dependent\"! There are, however, also other forms of, and possibilities leading to, the development of myocardial necrosis. The nosology of the cardiac infarct clearly distinguishes the latter from these other forms. In damage of the inner layers of the myocardium infarcts do not develop by the confluence of necroses of individual fibres or of groups of fibres. Infarcts are not a phenomenon of addition, they do not have the \"character of a mosaic\". 9. As in other tissues, in the human myocardium also there are lysosomes. They are found in hypertrophied muscle fibres. Topical relations to zones of necrosis have not been found. 10..."}
{"id": "PMID:140504", "title": "Chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis--an electron microscopic study. I. Megakaryocytes and thrombocytes.", "content": "The fine structure of the bone marrow in chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis (CMGM) was studied in 5 nontreated patients to investigate possible malignant proliferation of megakaryocytes and the role of megakaryopoiesis in fibrillogenesis, terminating in osteomyelofibrosis. In comparison with normal megakaryopoiesis there is an enormous increase of the megakaryocytic cell line and many immature and atypical forms are seen. Most conspicuous are microforms, nuclear-cytoplasmic disorganization and nuclear inclusions. Asynchrony of maturation causes abnormal thrombocytogenesis with premature detachment of platelets resulting in immature and peculiar giant forms of thrombocytes. Besides megakaryocytes appearing superficially normal the maturation anarchy of many cells is so severe that by analogy with observations in other leukaemic cells these abnormalities are thought to be representative of a malignant growth. Moreover, there is a striking accumulation of microfibrils and single collagen fibres around megakaryoblasts. Since these cells contain all those organelles commonly associated with fibre production the initial step for fibrillogenesis may therefore arise from the megakaryoblasts prior to platelet release, or any fibroblast proliferation.", "contents": "Chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis--an electron microscopic study. I. Megakaryocytes and thrombocytes. The fine structure of the bone marrow in chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis (CMGM) was studied in 5 nontreated patients to investigate possible malignant proliferation of megakaryocytes and the role of megakaryopoiesis in fibrillogenesis, terminating in osteomyelofibrosis. In comparison with normal megakaryopoiesis there is an enormous increase of the megakaryocytic cell line and many immature and atypical forms are seen. Most conspicuous are microforms, nuclear-cytoplasmic disorganization and nuclear inclusions. Asynchrony of maturation causes abnormal thrombocytogenesis with premature detachment of platelets resulting in immature and peculiar giant forms of thrombocytes. Besides megakaryocytes appearing superficially normal the maturation anarchy of many cells is so severe that by analogy with observations in other leukaemic cells these abnormalities are thought to be representative of a malignant growth. Moreover, there is a striking accumulation of microfibrils and single collagen fibres around megakaryoblasts. Since these cells contain all those organelles commonly associated with fibre production the initial step for fibrillogenesis may therefore arise from the megakaryoblasts prior to platelet release, or any fibroblast proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:140505", "title": "Osteocyte ultrastructure in renal osteodystrophy.", "content": "The ultrastructure of the osteocyte has been studied in 80 needle biopsies from the iliac crest of uremic subjects with renal osteodystrophy. Different types of osteocytes were present in the osseous trabeculae. Those recognizable in completely uncalcified osteoid tissue looked like normal osteocytes, even though the matrix was not mineralized. Those present in hypomineralized areas showed enlarged and irregular lacunae when examined under the light microscope; under the electron microscope these osteolytic-like changes were not evident and were found to have been produced by defective calcification of the perilacunar matrix. Osteocytes placed in matrix whose mineralization was normal were often surrounded by a border of crystals protruding side-to-side from the bone matrix into the lacunar space. Other osteocytes were placed in unusually wide lacunae. They showed evidence of osteolytic activity, chiefly consisting of irregularity of the lacunar wall, presence of flocculent, granular and filamentous material in the pericellular space, and calcification of mitochondria. Degenerating and degenerate osteocytes were also recognizable.", "contents": "Osteocyte ultrastructure in renal osteodystrophy. The ultrastructure of the osteocyte has been studied in 80 needle biopsies from the iliac crest of uremic subjects with renal osteodystrophy. Different types of osteocytes were present in the osseous trabeculae. Those recognizable in completely uncalcified osteoid tissue looked like normal osteocytes, even though the matrix was not mineralized. Those present in hypomineralized areas showed enlarged and irregular lacunae when examined under the light microscope; under the electron microscope these osteolytic-like changes were not evident and were found to have been produced by defective calcification of the perilacunar matrix. Osteocytes placed in matrix whose mineralization was normal were often surrounded by a border of crystals protruding side-to-side from the bone matrix into the lacunar space. Other osteocytes were placed in unusually wide lacunae. They showed evidence of osteolytic activity, chiefly consisting of irregularity of the lacunar wall, presence of flocculent, granular and filamentous material in the pericellular space, and calcification of mitochondria. Degenerating and degenerate osteocytes were also recognizable."}
{"id": "PMID:140506", "title": "Pathological aspects of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Uganda. A post-mortem survey of fourteen cases.", "content": "The pathological features of 14 cases of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) occurring in Uganda over an 8 year period are described. Three cases were clinically proven and in all 14 cases a chronic meningoencephalitis was found. In 2 cases there was histological evidence of ganglion radiculitis and in one of these chronic choroiditis and peripheral neuritis associated with chronic myositis were present. The cardiac lesions consisted of a chronic pancarditis of varying degree in 8 cases and in 3 a generalized valvulitis was observed. In 2 cases, specially investigated, generalized lesions of the conducting system were noticed. Previous histopathological descriptions of HAT are briefly reviewed. The present findings are compared with some of those recorded in human american trypanosomiasis and experimental African trypanosomiasis.", "contents": "Pathological aspects of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) in Uganda. A post-mortem survey of fourteen cases. The pathological features of 14 cases of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) occurring in Uganda over an 8 year period are described. Three cases were clinically proven and in all 14 cases a chronic meningoencephalitis was found. In 2 cases there was histological evidence of ganglion radiculitis and in one of these chronic choroiditis and peripheral neuritis associated with chronic myositis were present. The cardiac lesions consisted of a chronic pancarditis of varying degree in 8 cases and in 3 a generalized valvulitis was observed. In 2 cases, specially investigated, generalized lesions of the conducting system were noticed. Previous histopathological descriptions of HAT are briefly reviewed. The present findings are compared with some of those recorded in human american trypanosomiasis and experimental African trypanosomiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:140507", "title": "Muscle changes in rheumatoid arthritis. A review of the literature with a study of 100 cases.", "content": "Muscle changes were studied in biopsy material obtained from 100 patients suffering from classical rheumatoid arthritis. The abnormalities consisted of denervation atrophy of type II muscle fibres, degenerative changes in the sarcoplasm including presence of nemaline rods, and changes within the interstitium: namely perivascular nodular myositis, lymphocytic accumulations, different stages of vasculitis and abnormalities within the intramuscular nerves and muscle spindles. The muscles examined were always severely affected. It is considered that the simultaneous presence of these abnormalities is suggestive of rheumatoid arthritis. The importance of histochemical studies is emphasized. The literature concerning muscle changes in rheumatoid arthritis is reviewed.", "contents": "Muscle changes in rheumatoid arthritis. A review of the literature with a study of 100 cases. Muscle changes were studied in biopsy material obtained from 100 patients suffering from classical rheumatoid arthritis. The abnormalities consisted of denervation atrophy of type II muscle fibres, degenerative changes in the sarcoplasm including presence of nemaline rods, and changes within the interstitium: namely perivascular nodular myositis, lymphocytic accumulations, different stages of vasculitis and abnormalities within the intramuscular nerves and muscle spindles. The muscles examined were always severely affected. It is considered that the simultaneous presence of these abnormalities is suggestive of rheumatoid arthritis. The importance of histochemical studies is emphasized. The literature concerning muscle changes in rheumatoid arthritis is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:140508", "title": "Studies of auricular catecholamines by fluorescence histochemistry in various heart diseases of man.", "content": "A comparative histochemical and clinical study concerning the state of the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the human atrial myocardium was carried out, using the glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method. Specimens from the right auricular appendage were obtained during open-heart surgery from patients suffering from 1. ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 2. atrial septal defect of the secundum type (ASD), and 3. left-sided univalvular or multivalvular heart disease (VHD) with or without congestive heart failure (CHF) experienced prior to surgery. In the IHD group the densities of both the perivascular and the \"free\" myocardial adrenergic nerve net were greater than in the ASD group and especially in the VHD/CHF group. Secondly, the intensity of fluorescence of the adrenergic structures was generally higher in the IHD group than that in the VDH/CHF group. Further, the average size of the varicosities, the number of varicosities per given length of axon, and the proportional share of the large varicosities were greater in the IHD group than in the ASD and VHD/CHF groups. The difference between the IHD and ASD groups was not great but was obvious in any case. In some patients with VHD/CHF fluorescing axons were observed only occasionally, and the tiny varicosities exhibited a hardly discernible fluorescence. Thus the amount of noradrenaline (NA) in the adrenergic fibres in the IHD group seems to be higher than in the ASD and especially VHD/CHF groups. The level of NA in the IHD group is assumed to constitute a contributory factor in both intracellular metabolic changes and the systemic changes typical of myocardial ischaemia and infarction. In one patient with IHD and in six patients with VHD/CHF with significantly higher heart volume (mean+/-SD) compared with the rest of the patients (P less than 0.001), huge local axonal accumulations of NA in the form of \"droplet fibres\" were found. These enlarged, bulging adrenergic axons are assumed to be a consequence of mechanical trauma with stretching or disruption of the axons due to myodegenerative processes. It is further assumed that these \"droplet fibres\" are relatively common in those patients with diseased myocardium. They may constitute an extra contributory factor to the tendency to arrhythmiility of non-atuomatic tissue.", "contents": "Studies of auricular catecholamines by fluorescence histochemistry in various heart diseases of man. A comparative histochemical and clinical study concerning the state of the intrinsic adrenergic innervation of the human atrial myocardium was carried out, using the glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence histochemical method. Specimens from the right auricular appendage were obtained during open-heart surgery from patients suffering from 1. ischaemic heart disease (IHD), 2. atrial septal defect of the secundum type (ASD), and 3. left-sided univalvular or multivalvular heart disease (VHD) with or without congestive heart failure (CHF) experienced prior to surgery. In the IHD group the densities of both the perivascular and the \"free\" myocardial adrenergic nerve net were greater than in the ASD group and especially in the VHD/CHF group. Secondly, the intensity of fluorescence of the adrenergic structures was generally higher in the IHD group than that in the VDH/CHF group. Further, the average size of the varicosities, the number of varicosities per given length of axon, and the proportional share of the large varicosities were greater in the IHD group than in the ASD and VHD/CHF groups. The difference between the IHD and ASD groups was not great but was obvious in any case. In some patients with VHD/CHF fluorescing axons were observed only occasionally, and the tiny varicosities exhibited a hardly discernible fluorescence. Thus the amount of noradrenaline (NA) in the adrenergic fibres in the IHD group seems to be higher than in the ASD and especially VHD/CHF groups. The level of NA in the IHD group is assumed to constitute a contributory factor in both intracellular metabolic changes and the systemic changes typical of myocardial ischaemia and infarction. In one patient with IHD and in six patients with VHD/CHF with significantly higher heart volume (mean+/-SD) compared with the rest of the patients (P less than 0.001), huge local axonal accumulations of NA in the form of \"droplet fibres\" were found. These enlarged, bulging adrenergic axons are assumed to be a consequence of mechanical trauma with stretching or disruption of the axons due to myodegenerative processes. It is further assumed that these \"droplet fibres\" are relatively common in those patients with diseased myocardium. They may constitute an extra contributory factor to the tendency to arrhythmiility of non-atuomatic tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:140509", "title": "Endobronchial carcinosarcoma. A case with osteosarcoma of pulmonary invasive part, and a review with respect to prognosis.", "content": "A case of endobronchial carcinosarcoma is reported in which a small area of epidermoid carcinoma at the base of the partly necrotic, polypoid part of the tumor was found, and where the pulmonary invasive part consisted of osteosarcoma. To our knowledge such a case has not been published before. In the literature 23 cases of endobronchial carcinosarcoma were found. All but one of those alive at the time of diagnosis were considered operable. The first year survival rate of the reviewed and the reported cases was 36% of all or 42% of the resected cases. The figures for bronchial carcinoma are 33% or 62% of the resected cases. The pre- and post-operative mortality for endobronchial carcinosarcoma was 23%. Because follow-up was too short, the 5 year survival rate cannot be estimated. Features common to pulmonary sarcoma and pseudosarcoma of the upper respiratory tract are also discussed.", "contents": "Endobronchial carcinosarcoma. A case with osteosarcoma of pulmonary invasive part, and a review with respect to prognosis. A case of endobronchial carcinosarcoma is reported in which a small area of epidermoid carcinoma at the base of the partly necrotic, polypoid part of the tumor was found, and where the pulmonary invasive part consisted of osteosarcoma. To our knowledge such a case has not been published before. In the literature 23 cases of endobronchial carcinosarcoma were found. All but one of those alive at the time of diagnosis were considered operable. The first year survival rate of the reviewed and the reported cases was 36% of all or 42% of the resected cases. The figures for bronchial carcinoma are 33% or 62% of the resected cases. The pre- and post-operative mortality for endobronchial carcinosarcoma was 23%. Because follow-up was too short, the 5 year survival rate cannot be estimated. Features common to pulmonary sarcoma and pseudosarcoma of the upper respiratory tract are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140510", "title": "[Tissue mast cell count in immunocytoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "The amount and distribution of tissue mast cells in the three subtypes of immunocytoma (IC) were studied in lymph nodes of 58 cases and compared with the findings on 34 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). There were significantly more mast cells in the lymphoplasmacytic and lymphoplasmacytoid subtypes of IC than in CLL. The median mast cell count for the polymorphic subtype of IC was also greater than that for CLL; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Tissue mast cells were diffusely distributed in the lymph nodes in IC, whereas they were chiefly located in the sinus in CLL. Moreover, the cells themselves and their granules were generally larger in IC. Increase in the number and altered distribution of the tissue mast cells in histological sections are therefore diagnostic aids for distinguishing IC from CLL.", "contents": "[Tissue mast cell count in immunocytoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (author's transl)]. The amount and distribution of tissue mast cells in the three subtypes of immunocytoma (IC) were studied in lymph nodes of 58 cases and compared with the findings on 34 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). There were significantly more mast cells in the lymphoplasmacytic and lymphoplasmacytoid subtypes of IC than in CLL. The median mast cell count for the polymorphic subtype of IC was also greater than that for CLL; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Tissue mast cells were diffusely distributed in the lymph nodes in IC, whereas they were chiefly located in the sinus in CLL. Moreover, the cells themselves and their granules were generally larger in IC. Increase in the number and altered distribution of the tissue mast cells in histological sections are therefore diagnostic aids for distinguishing IC from CLL."}
{"id": "PMID:140511", "title": "Aneurysmal bone cyst and telangiectatic osteosarcoma. A histopathological and morphometric study.", "content": "In a series of 105 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst, 18 showed an unusually high level of mitotic activity and/or increased nuclear pleomorphism which complicated the differential diagnosis with respect to telangiectatic osteosarcoma. An attempt was made to use semi-automatized morphometric and histophotometric techniques to establish objective morphological differences between these unusual cases of aneurysmal bone cyst and 16 cases of telangiectatic osteosarcoma. Three cases (two of aneurysmal bone cyst and one of telangiectatic osteosarcoma) proved unsuitable for analysis. In 24 of the remaining 31 cases (77%) a computerized discriminant analysis permitted correct discreimination with a high degree of certainty on the basis of quantitative nuclear characteristics determined in paraffin sections. In the other 7 cases the diagnosis was less certain (3), doubtful (2) or erroneous (2). The relevant nuclear characteristics were (in ascending sequence of discrimination): the largest nuclear surface area, the mitotic index, and the percentage of nuclear sections exceeding an arbitrarily chosen limit of 60 micron2. The criterion of nuclear size for discrimination between these benign and malignant lesions could be applied for two reasons: firstly, because a group of extremely large nuclei occur in malignant cases, and secondly, because the average nuclear size is larger in malignant than in benign lesions. The extremely large nuclei occur as only a small percentage of the total nuclear population. The other variables investigated, i.e., cellularity and nuclear contour ratio, did not contribute greatly to the differentiation. In 11 cases, the average nuclear Feulgen extinction was estimated as an additional variable.", "contents": "Aneurysmal bone cyst and telangiectatic osteosarcoma. A histopathological and morphometric study. In a series of 105 cases of aneurysmal bone cyst, 18 showed an unusually high level of mitotic activity and/or increased nuclear pleomorphism which complicated the differential diagnosis with respect to telangiectatic osteosarcoma. An attempt was made to use semi-automatized morphometric and histophotometric techniques to establish objective morphological differences between these unusual cases of aneurysmal bone cyst and 16 cases of telangiectatic osteosarcoma. Three cases (two of aneurysmal bone cyst and one of telangiectatic osteosarcoma) proved unsuitable for analysis. In 24 of the remaining 31 cases (77%) a computerized discriminant analysis permitted correct discreimination with a high degree of certainty on the basis of quantitative nuclear characteristics determined in paraffin sections. In the other 7 cases the diagnosis was less certain (3), doubtful (2) or erroneous (2). The relevant nuclear characteristics were (in ascending sequence of discrimination): the largest nuclear surface area, the mitotic index, and the percentage of nuclear sections exceeding an arbitrarily chosen limit of 60 micron2. The criterion of nuclear size for discrimination between these benign and malignant lesions could be applied for two reasons: firstly, because a group of extremely large nuclei occur in malignant cases, and secondly, because the average nuclear size is larger in malignant than in benign lesions. The extremely large nuclei occur as only a small percentage of the total nuclear population. The other variables investigated, i.e., cellularity and nuclear contour ratio, did not contribute greatly to the differentiation. In 11 cases, the average nuclear Feulgen extinction was estimated as an additional variable."}
{"id": "PMID:140512", "title": "Macroglossia in acromegaly and hypothyroidism.", "content": "The tongues of two patients with macroglossia were examined at autopsy. One of the patients had acromegaly and the other had hypothyroidism. To evaluate the size of the enlarged tongues, the average weight of the tongue in the human adult was determined first in a series of 20 unselected autopsies, 10 males and 10 females (ages 44 to 85). The weight of the tongue was greater in males than in females and was directly correlated with the height of the subject. Cachexia had relatively little effect on the weight. In acromegaly (case 21) and myxedema (case 22) the tongue was enlarged by at least 50%. Histopathology showed enlargement of muscle fibers especially anteriorly in acromegaly and hypothyroidism, thickening of the epithelium and increased subepithelial and interstitial connective tissue. Incidental findings included venous thrombi and telangiectasia in the subepithelial connective tissue in both hypothyroidism and acromegaly and a corpus amylaceum and two islands of hyaline cartilage in the tongue of hypothyroidism.", "contents": "Macroglossia in acromegaly and hypothyroidism. The tongues of two patients with macroglossia were examined at autopsy. One of the patients had acromegaly and the other had hypothyroidism. To evaluate the size of the enlarged tongues, the average weight of the tongue in the human adult was determined first in a series of 20 unselected autopsies, 10 males and 10 females (ages 44 to 85). The weight of the tongue was greater in males than in females and was directly correlated with the height of the subject. Cachexia had relatively little effect on the weight. In acromegaly (case 21) and myxedema (case 22) the tongue was enlarged by at least 50%. Histopathology showed enlargement of muscle fibers especially anteriorly in acromegaly and hypothyroidism, thickening of the epithelium and increased subepithelial and interstitial connective tissue. Incidental findings included venous thrombi and telangiectasia in the subepithelial connective tissue in both hypothyroidism and acromegaly and a corpus amylaceum and two islands of hyaline cartilage in the tongue of hypothyroidism."}
{"id": "PMID:140524", "title": "[Effect of age on the urinary excretion of mucopolysaccharides].", "content": "Content of mucopolysaccharides was studied by a test for hexuronic acids and hexosamines in day urine of men and women at the age of 20-80, and older. Mucopolysaccharides were precipitated with ethanol. In urine content of mucopolysaccharides was slightly increased up to the age tof 40-54 and later on it was decreased. Content of acid mucopolysaccharides was lower in urine of women aged 20-29 than in urine of men of the same age group.", "contents": "[Effect of age on the urinary excretion of mucopolysaccharides]. Content of mucopolysaccharides was studied by a test for hexuronic acids and hexosamines in day urine of men and women at the age of 20-80, and older. Mucopolysaccharides were precipitated with ethanol. In urine content of mucopolysaccharides was slightly increased up to the age tof 40-54 and later on it was decreased. Content of acid mucopolysaccharides was lower in urine of women aged 20-29 than in urine of men of the same age group."}
{"id": "PMID:140528", "title": "[Morbidity and prevalence of lymphogranulomatosis in the Moldavian SSR].", "content": "The results of studies on the morbidity and incidnece of lymphogranulomatosis in Moldavian SSR during 10-year period depending on sex, age and type of the population are described. It is emphasized that lymphogranulomatosis is a comparatively rare lesion, more frequently it is encountered among urban population, in males in particular, with an age peak among persons of both sex older than 60 years. No tendency to any rise in the morbidity indices was noted. Whereas a longer survival of patients due to new effective methods of treatment for lymphogranulomatosis may account for more high incidence of this affection.", "contents": "[Morbidity and prevalence of lymphogranulomatosis in the Moldavian SSR]. The results of studies on the morbidity and incidnece of lymphogranulomatosis in Moldavian SSR during 10-year period depending on sex, age and type of the population are described. It is emphasized that lymphogranulomatosis is a comparatively rare lesion, more frequently it is encountered among urban population, in males in particular, with an age peak among persons of both sex older than 60 years. No tendency to any rise in the morbidity indices was noted. Whereas a longer survival of patients due to new effective methods of treatment for lymphogranulomatosis may account for more high incidence of this affection."}
{"id": "PMID:140525", "title": "[Blood coagulating properties of immobilized proteases].", "content": "Trypsin, thrombin, fibrinolysin, papain, chymothrypsin and urokinase were immobilized on aminopolystyrene resin by the reaction of diazocoupling. An activation of prothrombin and plasminogen and also hydrolysis of fibrin by immobilized enzymes were studied. The immobilized enzymes hydrolyzed N-benzoyl-1-arginine ethyl ester and L-tyrosine ethyl ester. The only preparation of immobilized thrombin possessed the coagulational activity. After the covalent binding trypsin and plasmin maintained the capacity to cause a fibrinolysis. Immobilized trypsin, plasmin, papain, chymotrypsin and urokinase exhibited the fibrinolytic effect due to convertion of plasminogen into plasmin.", "contents": "[Blood coagulating properties of immobilized proteases]. Trypsin, thrombin, fibrinolysin, papain, chymothrypsin and urokinase were immobilized on aminopolystyrene resin by the reaction of diazocoupling. An activation of prothrombin and plasminogen and also hydrolysis of fibrin by immobilized enzymes were studied. The immobilized enzymes hydrolyzed N-benzoyl-1-arginine ethyl ester and L-tyrosine ethyl ester. The only preparation of immobilized thrombin possessed the coagulational activity. After the covalent binding trypsin and plasmin maintained the capacity to cause a fibrinolysis. Immobilized trypsin, plasmin, papain, chymotrypsin and urokinase exhibited the fibrinolytic effect due to convertion of plasminogen into plasmin."}
{"id": "PMID:140526", "title": "[Study of the active calcium transport mechanisms in uterine smooth muscle].", "content": "Calcium ions were shown to be actively accumulated in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of uterine smooth muscle of rabbit and cattle. In presence of magnesium ions Ca2+ (10-6-10-4 M) activate microsomal ATPase from cattle uterus. The rate of formation and dissociation of the intermediate phosphorylated substance of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase was found to be lower in microsomes of smooth muscles than in sarcoplasmic reticulum of sceletal muscles. Serotonine (concentration 10-6 M) increased the dissociation of the intermediate phosphorylated substance from microsomes of uterine smooth muscle and decreased their capacity to bind Ca2+. At the same concentration serotonine inhibited the ATP-dependent accumulation of 45Ca by microsomes of uterine smooth muscle.", "contents": "[Study of the active calcium transport mechanisms in uterine smooth muscle]. Calcium ions were shown to be actively accumulated in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of uterine smooth muscle of rabbit and cattle. In presence of magnesium ions Ca2+ (10-6-10-4 M) activate microsomal ATPase from cattle uterus. The rate of formation and dissociation of the intermediate phosphorylated substance of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase was found to be lower in microsomes of smooth muscles than in sarcoplasmic reticulum of sceletal muscles. Serotonine (concentration 10-6 M) increased the dissociation of the intermediate phosphorylated substance from microsomes of uterine smooth muscle and decreased their capacity to bind Ca2+. At the same concentration serotonine inhibited the ATP-dependent accumulation of 45Ca by microsomes of uterine smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:140527", "title": "[Glycosaminoglycans in blood serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "Serum glycosaminoglycans were studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by means of electrophoresis. Dismucopolysaccharidemia, which was observed in these patients, was manifested in alteration in the ratio of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin-4-sulphate and also in occurrence of heparin associated with protein and chondroitin-6-sulphate in blood serum. The latter fractions of glycosaminoglycans are not usually found in blood of healthy persons. The alteration in the ratio of fractions of glycosaminoglycans was accompanied by a decrease in content of hyaluronic acid in synovial tissue of the joints impaired, by an increased excretion of the substance with urine and also by the increased activity of hyaluronidase in blood serum, articular fluid and in synovial tissue. The alterations in the composition of blood glycosaminoglycans, which correlated with the clinical manifestations of the disease, suggest that impairments of metabolism of the carbohydrate-containing biopolymers are involved in the genesis of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[Glycosaminoglycans in blood serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. Serum glycosaminoglycans were studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis by means of electrophoresis. Dismucopolysaccharidemia, which was observed in these patients, was manifested in alteration in the ratio of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin-4-sulphate and also in occurrence of heparin associated with protein and chondroitin-6-sulphate in blood serum. The latter fractions of glycosaminoglycans are not usually found in blood of healthy persons. The alteration in the ratio of fractions of glycosaminoglycans was accompanied by a decrease in content of hyaluronic acid in synovial tissue of the joints impaired, by an increased excretion of the substance with urine and also by the increased activity of hyaluronidase in blood serum, articular fluid and in synovial tissue. The alterations in the composition of blood glycosaminoglycans, which correlated with the clinical manifestations of the disease, suggest that impairments of metabolism of the carbohydrate-containing biopolymers are involved in the genesis of rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:140530", "title": "Preparation of human immunoglobulin free of plasmin and anticomplement activities.", "content": "Human IgG separated by Cohn fractionation showed variability in the content of aggregates, plasminogen and anticomplement activity. The plasminogen was removed or markedly reduced by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-lysine. Anticomplement activity was reduced by chromatography of Cohn fraction II on DEAE-cellulose. Preparations of IgG obtained by chromatography of intermediates from Cohn fractionation (e.g. Cohn FII + FIII or FII + FIII W) on DEAE-cellulose were devoid of aggregates, plasminogen and exhibited reduced anticomplement activity. The initial levels of specific antibody activity to viral agents were recovered in the IgG fractions. Fragmentation of IgG during storage was prevented or greatly reduced by removal of plasminogen by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-lysine.", "contents": "Preparation of human immunoglobulin free of plasmin and anticomplement activities. Human IgG separated by Cohn fractionation showed variability in the content of aggregates, plasminogen and anticomplement activity. The plasminogen was removed or markedly reduced by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-lysine. Anticomplement activity was reduced by chromatography of Cohn fraction II on DEAE-cellulose. Preparations of IgG obtained by chromatography of intermediates from Cohn fractionation (e.g. Cohn FII + FIII or FII + FIII W) on DEAE-cellulose were devoid of aggregates, plasminogen and exhibited reduced anticomplement activity. The initial levels of specific antibody activity to viral agents were recovered in the IgG fractions. Fragmentation of IgG during storage was prevented or greatly reduced by removal of plasminogen by affinity chromatography on Sepharose-lysine."}
{"id": "PMID:140532", "title": "Backache- its nature, incidence and cost.", "content": "In 1974 in California, 72,645 patients were admitted to hospital for backache. In 50 percent of these patients there was a diagnosis compatible with discogenic disease. Surgical treatment was done in 27 percent of the patients admitted to hospital. Total figures were determined for hospital costs and the costs of physician-related services. Costs for surgical treatment exceeded medical costs. Extrapolated to a national scale, it appears that the national cost for patients in hospital because of backache in 1974 was $1.38 billion. This does not include outpatient care expense or loss of income.", "contents": "Backache- its nature, incidence and cost. In 1974 in California, 72,645 patients were admitted to hospital for backache. In 50 percent of these patients there was a diagnosis compatible with discogenic disease. Surgical treatment was done in 27 percent of the patients admitted to hospital. Total figures were determined for hospital costs and the costs of physician-related services. Costs for surgical treatment exceeded medical costs. Extrapolated to a national scale, it appears that the national cost for patients in hospital because of backache in 1974 was $1.38 billion. This does not include outpatient care expense or loss of income."}
{"id": "PMID:140535", "title": "[Laparoscopy in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ascites].", "content": "Out of 2,500 patients who underwent laparoscopy 772 (30.89%) had ascites; liver cirrhosis underlay it in 57.78%, peritoneal carcinosis in 26.29%, primary and metastatic carcinoma, respectively, in 12.95%, tuberculous peritonitis in 1.42%, more rarely other diseases. Liver cirrhosis, malignant tumours and the other hepatic affections with concomitant ascites in their course can certainly be diagnosed laparoscopically. Laparoscopy with oriented biopsy of peritoneum and liver is of decisive importance in differentiating peritoneal carcinosis from tuberculosis. In peritoneal carcinosis the diagnosis (as based in clinical and laboratory findings) coincided perfectly with the laparoscopic and histologic one in 24.5%, partially in 45.5%. In 30% there was no congruence at all. Laparoscopy and the test methods associated with it contributed to the accurate diagnosis of peritoneal carcinosis in 75.5% of the patients. Ovarian carcinoma (20.9%) and cancer of the stomach (16.3%) underlay peritoneal carcinosis most frequently, other diseases by far more seldom.", "contents": "[Laparoscopy in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of ascites]. Out of 2,500 patients who underwent laparoscopy 772 (30.89%) had ascites; liver cirrhosis underlay it in 57.78%, peritoneal carcinosis in 26.29%, primary and metastatic carcinoma, respectively, in 12.95%, tuberculous peritonitis in 1.42%, more rarely other diseases. Liver cirrhosis, malignant tumours and the other hepatic affections with concomitant ascites in their course can certainly be diagnosed laparoscopically. Laparoscopy with oriented biopsy of peritoneum and liver is of decisive importance in differentiating peritoneal carcinosis from tuberculosis. In peritoneal carcinosis the diagnosis (as based in clinical and laboratory findings) coincided perfectly with the laparoscopic and histologic one in 24.5%, partially in 45.5%. In 30% there was no congruence at all. Laparoscopy and the test methods associated with it contributed to the accurate diagnosis of peritoneal carcinosis in 75.5% of the patients. Ovarian carcinoma (20.9%) and cancer of the stomach (16.3%) underlay peritoneal carcinosis most frequently, other diseases by far more seldom."}
{"id": "PMID:140538", "title": "[Species-non-specific and reversible growth inhibition by chalones in human epidermoid carcinomas in vitro].", "content": "Human epidermoid carcinomas and adenocarcinomas from the respiratory tract were established as cell cultures and grown on Cell finder film slides (Microlab, Holland). The cultures showed lack of contact inhibition, and cytogenetical analyses revealed both numerical and structural karyotype anomalies, with various abnormal chromosome stemlines. Pig and mouse skin extracts supposed to contain the epidermal G2 chalone and mouse liver extracts prepared in a similar way were added to the cell cultures, which were then assayed for mitotic inhibition by means of the Colcemid technique, i.e. the number of Colcemid-arrested mitoses per 1000 cells during 4 h was counted. The results indicate that the species-non-specificity and the reversibility of the epidermal G2 chalone activity, previously demonstrated in both malignant and non-malignant animal tissues and in human epidermis, is to be found even in human epidermoid carcinomas in vitro. The reversibility of the chalone-induced mitotic depression could be demonstrated by repeated counts of the number of proliferating cells in the cultures before and after addition of chalone extrcts. Whether this hold true for malignant human tumours in general remains, however, to be seen.", "contents": "[Species-non-specific and reversible growth inhibition by chalones in human epidermoid carcinomas in vitro]. Human epidermoid carcinomas and adenocarcinomas from the respiratory tract were established as cell cultures and grown on Cell finder film slides (Microlab, Holland). The cultures showed lack of contact inhibition, and cytogenetical analyses revealed both numerical and structural karyotype anomalies, with various abnormal chromosome stemlines. Pig and mouse skin extracts supposed to contain the epidermal G2 chalone and mouse liver extracts prepared in a similar way were added to the cell cultures, which were then assayed for mitotic inhibition by means of the Colcemid technique, i.e. the number of Colcemid-arrested mitoses per 1000 cells during 4 h was counted. The results indicate that the species-non-specificity and the reversibility of the epidermal G2 chalone activity, previously demonstrated in both malignant and non-malignant animal tissues and in human epidermis, is to be found even in human epidermoid carcinomas in vitro. The reversibility of the chalone-induced mitotic depression could be demonstrated by repeated counts of the number of proliferating cells in the cultures before and after addition of chalone extrcts. Whether this hold true for malignant human tumours in general remains, however, to be seen."}
{"id": "PMID:140539", "title": "Cholecystectomy and carcinoma of the colon. An experimental study.", "content": "The influence of cholecystectomy on the development of carcinoma of the colon is investigated. The experimental results show a significantly increased rate of carcinoma of the colon induced by subcutaneous injection of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazin (DMH) in the mouse after cholecystectomy. After 10 weekly injections of 15 mg/kg DMH, 70% of the animals with cholecystectomy developed carcinoma. Only 16% of the mice with similar treatment but without cholecystectomy had carcinoma. The cocarcinogenic effect of cholecystectomy is assumed to be due to the increased production of secondary bile salts by the colonic bacteria and the lacking of the resorptive function of the gallbladder for some carcinogenic substances passing through the liver. The background of this experimental studies are the clinical findings that 10% of patients with carcinoma of the large bowel had previous cholecystectomy.", "contents": "Cholecystectomy and carcinoma of the colon. An experimental study. The influence of cholecystectomy on the development of carcinoma of the colon is investigated. The experimental results show a significantly increased rate of carcinoma of the colon induced by subcutaneous injection of 1,2-Dimethylhydrazin (DMH) in the mouse after cholecystectomy. After 10 weekly injections of 15 mg/kg DMH, 70% of the animals with cholecystectomy developed carcinoma. Only 16% of the mice with similar treatment but without cholecystectomy had carcinoma. The cocarcinogenic effect of cholecystectomy is assumed to be due to the increased production of secondary bile salts by the colonic bacteria and the lacking of the resorptive function of the gallbladder for some carcinogenic substances passing through the liver. The background of this experimental studies are the clinical findings that 10% of patients with carcinoma of the large bowel had previous cholecystectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:140540", "title": "[Change of toxicity and carcinogenicity of N-methyl-N-nitrosobenzylamine in rats by methylsubstitution in the phenylresidue].", "content": "Substitution with a methyl group in the 2-, 3- or 4-position respectively of the phenyl moiety of N-methyl-N-nitrosobenzylamine results in a considerable reduction of the acute toxicity. (LD 50 of MNBA: 18 mg/kg (Druckrey et al., 1967), 2-Me-MNBA: 90 mg/kg, 3-Me-MNBA: 600 mg/kg, 4-Me-MNBA: 400 mg/kg). However, the introduction of the methyl group influences the carcinogenic activity of MNBA in rats and its organotropy, only to a small extent. Long-term administration of 5 and 15 ppm respectively of the isomeric N-nitroso compounds in the drinking water produces in all animals carcinomas of the oesophagus and the pharynx.", "contents": "[Change of toxicity and carcinogenicity of N-methyl-N-nitrosobenzylamine in rats by methylsubstitution in the phenylresidue]. Substitution with a methyl group in the 2-, 3- or 4-position respectively of the phenyl moiety of N-methyl-N-nitrosobenzylamine results in a considerable reduction of the acute toxicity. (LD 50 of MNBA: 18 mg/kg (Druckrey et al., 1967), 2-Me-MNBA: 90 mg/kg, 3-Me-MNBA: 600 mg/kg, 4-Me-MNBA: 400 mg/kg). However, the introduction of the methyl group influences the carcinogenic activity of MNBA in rats and its organotropy, only to a small extent. Long-term administration of 5 and 15 ppm respectively of the isomeric N-nitroso compounds in the drinking water produces in all animals carcinomas of the oesophagus and the pharynx."}
{"id": "PMID:140541", "title": "[Investigation of alkylation in rat liver chromatin after application of 3H-cyclophosphamid--\"fine-distribution\" and kinetics].", "content": "The alkylation of chromatin constituents (DNA, histones and non-histones) in liver cell nuclei was investigated at various times after intraperitoneal injection of rats with 3H-cyclophosphamid. The highest alkylation was found in the DNA, the lowest in the histones; the euchromatic portions were alkylated several times higher compared to those of the heterochromatin. The eventual elimination of 3H-activity with time indicates that cyclophosphamid leads to repair processes in the DNA, this conclusion being supported by other experimental observations. In some of the 16 subfractions of the nonhistone proteins, alkylated portions are apparantly eliminated by normal protein turnover; however, in other nonhistones this elimination is inhibited, whereby in one subfraction it seems to be accelerated. The results of analog experiments with 14C-tryptophan as a precursor for nonhistone protein synthesis serve as a reference for this. In supplementary in-vitro model experiments using triaziquon as an alkylating agent indications for DNA-Protein-cross-links in chromatin could be obtained by the technique of X-ray low angle scattering, and according to sedimentation behaviour.", "contents": "[Investigation of alkylation in rat liver chromatin after application of 3H-cyclophosphamid--\"fine-distribution\" and kinetics]. The alkylation of chromatin constituents (DNA, histones and non-histones) in liver cell nuclei was investigated at various times after intraperitoneal injection of rats with 3H-cyclophosphamid. The highest alkylation was found in the DNA, the lowest in the histones; the euchromatic portions were alkylated several times higher compared to those of the heterochromatin. The eventual elimination of 3H-activity with time indicates that cyclophosphamid leads to repair processes in the DNA, this conclusion being supported by other experimental observations. In some of the 16 subfractions of the nonhistone proteins, alkylated portions are apparantly eliminated by normal protein turnover; however, in other nonhistones this elimination is inhibited, whereby in one subfraction it seems to be accelerated. The results of analog experiments with 14C-tryptophan as a precursor for nonhistone protein synthesis serve as a reference for this. In supplementary in-vitro model experiments using triaziquon as an alkylating agent indications for DNA-Protein-cross-links in chromatin could be obtained by the technique of X-ray low angle scattering, and according to sedimentation behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:140542", "title": "Modified administration schedule of adriamycin in solid tumors.", "content": "Eighty one patients (59 females, 22 males) with advanced solid tumors were treated with Adriamycin in doses of 40 mg/m2 body surgace daily, in two days cycles, with resting periods of 3 weeks. Overall response rate was 46% (37/81). In breast cancer response rate was 56% (13/23) and in ovarian cancer 48% (13/27). In various other tumors remission was observed in soft tissue sarcomas (3/8), thyroid cancer (1/7), osteogenic sarcoma (1/4), oesophageal cancer (2/4), lung cancer (2/4), bladder cancer (1/2) and hepatoma (1/2). In breast cancer patients, 2-7 month remission duration was observed (M equal to 4.5 month) and in ovarian cancer 1.5-5 month (M equal to 3.2 month). Adriamycin was also applied intrapleurally in 31 patients with malignant pleural effusions with a low response rate (26%). This modified schedule of Adriamycin administration showed a high antitumor activity in breast and ovarian cancer and in soft tissue sarcomas. Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus was also sensitive to Adriamycin therapy. The very low rate of myelosuppression and oral ulceration showed the decreased toxicity of this Adriamycin administration schedule.", "contents": "Modified administration schedule of adriamycin in solid tumors. Eighty one patients (59 females, 22 males) with advanced solid tumors were treated with Adriamycin in doses of 40 mg/m2 body surgace daily, in two days cycles, with resting periods of 3 weeks. Overall response rate was 46% (37/81). In breast cancer response rate was 56% (13/23) and in ovarian cancer 48% (13/27). In various other tumors remission was observed in soft tissue sarcomas (3/8), thyroid cancer (1/7), osteogenic sarcoma (1/4), oesophageal cancer (2/4), lung cancer (2/4), bladder cancer (1/2) and hepatoma (1/2). In breast cancer patients, 2-7 month remission duration was observed (M equal to 4.5 month) and in ovarian cancer 1.5-5 month (M equal to 3.2 month). Adriamycin was also applied intrapleurally in 31 patients with malignant pleural effusions with a low response rate (26%). This modified schedule of Adriamycin administration showed a high antitumor activity in breast and ovarian cancer and in soft tissue sarcomas. Squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus was also sensitive to Adriamycin therapy. The very low rate of myelosuppression and oral ulceration showed the decreased toxicity of this Adriamycin administration schedule."}
{"id": "PMID:140543", "title": "[Partial synchronization of tumor cells in vivo with hydroxyurea (author's transl)].", "content": "For the partial synchronization of tumor cells, Yoshida ascitic sarcoma bearing rats were treated with Hydroxyurea using two methods, one in the form of a single intraperitoneal injection (0.5 mg/g body weight) and the other by continuous intraascitic infusion over a period of 12h (1.428 mg/g body weight total dose). The synchronization obtained by continuous infusion of Hydroxyurea is superior to that by a one time injection with respect to cell accumulation in one phase of the cell cycle and in the duration of synchronous proliferation. The degree of cell loss caused by infusion depends on the concentration of Hydroxyurea. Concentrations of slightly more than the minimal inhibitory concentration of DNA synthesis cause the least damage to the tumor cells.", "contents": "[Partial synchronization of tumor cells in vivo with hydroxyurea (author's transl)]. For the partial synchronization of tumor cells, Yoshida ascitic sarcoma bearing rats were treated with Hydroxyurea using two methods, one in the form of a single intraperitoneal injection (0.5 mg/g body weight) and the other by continuous intraascitic infusion over a period of 12h (1.428 mg/g body weight total dose). The synchronization obtained by continuous infusion of Hydroxyurea is superior to that by a one time injection with respect to cell accumulation in one phase of the cell cycle and in the duration of synchronous proliferation. The degree of cell loss caused by infusion depends on the concentration of Hydroxyurea. Concentrations of slightly more than the minimal inhibitory concentration of DNA synthesis cause the least damage to the tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:140544", "title": "Morphology, classification and histogenesis of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine-induced carcinomas in the urinary bladder of rats.", "content": "The aim of the experiments was to determine whether the various types of carcinomas found in the human urinary bladder were reproducible in animals. We added n-butyl-n-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day to the drinking water of 177 female Wistar rats for a period of 40 to 150 days. After a total experimental time of between 150 and 250 days the animals were sacrified. The spectrum of carcinomas induced, includes all the types known to occur in man. The various tumor types occurred with the same frequency as in man and exhibited the same growth patterns. Variously differentiated papillary and non-papillary transitional cell carcinomas comprised 88.8% of tumors registered. 5.1% were keratinized and nonkeratinized squamous cell carcinomas, 2.2% adenocarcinomas. 1.1% were undifferentiated carcinomas and 2.8% were carcinomas of the mixed type with squamous cell and transitional cell differentiation. Histogenetically adenocarcinomas were found to originate from glandular metaplasia and squamous cell carcinomas from squamous metaplasia within completely developed transitional cell carcinomas. Furthermore it was possible to induce proliferative lesions such as von Brunn's nests, cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis. However, we found no clues to substantiate the development of adenocarcinomas from these proliferative lesions, or for that matter squamous cell carcinomas from squamous metaplasia of the otherwise unchanged urothelium. The present experimental model seems particulary suited for the search of further information regarding the development of tumors in the human bladder.", "contents": "Morphology, classification and histogenesis of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine-induced carcinomas in the urinary bladder of rats. The aim of the experiments was to determine whether the various types of carcinomas found in the human urinary bladder were reproducible in animals. We added n-butyl-n-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day to the drinking water of 177 female Wistar rats for a period of 40 to 150 days. After a total experimental time of between 150 and 250 days the animals were sacrified. The spectrum of carcinomas induced, includes all the types known to occur in man. The various tumor types occurred with the same frequency as in man and exhibited the same growth patterns. Variously differentiated papillary and non-papillary transitional cell carcinomas comprised 88.8% of tumors registered. 5.1% were keratinized and nonkeratinized squamous cell carcinomas, 2.2% adenocarcinomas. 1.1% were undifferentiated carcinomas and 2.8% were carcinomas of the mixed type with squamous cell and transitional cell differentiation. Histogenetically adenocarcinomas were found to originate from glandular metaplasia and squamous cell carcinomas from squamous metaplasia within completely developed transitional cell carcinomas. Furthermore it was possible to induce proliferative lesions such as von Brunn's nests, cystitis cystica and cystitis glandularis. However, we found no clues to substantiate the development of adenocarcinomas from these proliferative lesions, or for that matter squamous cell carcinomas from squamous metaplasia of the otherwise unchanged urothelium. The present experimental model seems particulary suited for the search of further information regarding the development of tumors in the human bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:140545", "title": "Oxidative biotransformation of di-n-butylnitrosamine. Formation in vitro of aldehydes in the presence of rat liver microsomes.", "content": "After in vitro incubation of di-n-butylnitrosamine with rat liver microsomes in the presence of the necessary cofactors butyraldehyde has been identified as a reaction product together with smaller amounts of propionaldehyde and acetaldehyde.", "contents": "Oxidative biotransformation of di-n-butylnitrosamine. Formation in vitro of aldehydes in the presence of rat liver microsomes. After in vitro incubation of di-n-butylnitrosamine with rat liver microsomes in the presence of the necessary cofactors butyraldehyde has been identified as a reaction product together with smaller amounts of propionaldehyde and acetaldehyde."}
{"id": "PMID:140546", "title": "Direct alkyl chain cleavage after C-hydroxylation of dialkylnitrosamines in rats. A new pathway of the oxidative biotransformation.", "content": "Comparative in vivo investigations on the biotransformation of di-n-butylnitrosamine (DBNA) and (2-hydroxybutyl)-n-butylnitrosamine (HBBNA) showed the known omega-oxidation. However, a new metabolic mechanism of direct oxidative alkyl chain cleavage in the vicinity of the hydroxy group of HBBNA could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Direct alkyl chain cleavage after C-hydroxylation of dialkylnitrosamines in rats. A new pathway of the oxidative biotransformation. Comparative in vivo investigations on the biotransformation of di-n-butylnitrosamine (DBNA) and (2-hydroxybutyl)-n-butylnitrosamine (HBBNA) showed the known omega-oxidation. However, a new metabolic mechanism of direct oxidative alkyl chain cleavage in the vicinity of the hydroxy group of HBBNA could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:140547", "title": "[Induction of subcutaneous sarcomas in the progeny of Syrian golden hamsters after treatment with Adenovirus 12 during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Subcutaneous polymorphic sarcomas were induced in 8 out 27 offspring of syrian golden Hamsters after treatment of pregnant mother animals at day 15 of gestation with Adenovirus 12. This is the first example of tumor induction in the progeny at prenatal exposure by oncogenic viruses.", "contents": "[Induction of subcutaneous sarcomas in the progeny of Syrian golden hamsters after treatment with Adenovirus 12 during pregnancy (author's transl)]. Subcutaneous polymorphic sarcomas were induced in 8 out 27 offspring of syrian golden Hamsters after treatment of pregnant mother animals at day 15 of gestation with Adenovirus 12. This is the first example of tumor induction in the progeny at prenatal exposure by oncogenic viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:140548", "title": "[Heart diagnosis using M-mode-echocardiography. Continuous registration of the left ventricular transversal internal diameter. III. Measurements on highly trained athletes (author's transl)].", "content": "\"Relative Cross-sectional area Differences\" (RCD) and \"Relative Velocities of Contraction\" (RVC) permit a differentiation between normal subjects and patients with different degrees of myocardial failure, as previously described. Important determinants of the parameters RCD and RVC are changed, if ventricular volume and stroke volume increase and heart rate decreases, as is commonly observed in athletes. Examinations were performed at rest and after exercise on 31 athletes and 33 untrained normal subjects. Ventricular volumes were clearly increased in athletes. RCD, however, which is an equivalent to the ejection fraction, showed only slight alterations with physical training. RVC was obviously not changed by athletic training. After exercise athletes showed a significant increase in RCD. In untrained subjects only small changes in RCD were observed. In conclusion, the results show that RCD and RVC can quantitatively assess the degree of myocardial failure in cases of left ventricular dilatation without having to take into account the patients' degree of physical training.", "contents": "[Heart diagnosis using M-mode-echocardiography. Continuous registration of the left ventricular transversal internal diameter. III. Measurements on highly trained athletes (author's transl)]. \"Relative Cross-sectional area Differences\" (RCD) and \"Relative Velocities of Contraction\" (RVC) permit a differentiation between normal subjects and patients with different degrees of myocardial failure, as previously described. Important determinants of the parameters RCD and RVC are changed, if ventricular volume and stroke volume increase and heart rate decreases, as is commonly observed in athletes. Examinations were performed at rest and after exercise on 31 athletes and 33 untrained normal subjects. Ventricular volumes were clearly increased in athletes. RCD, however, which is an equivalent to the ejection fraction, showed only slight alterations with physical training. RVC was obviously not changed by athletic training. After exercise athletes showed a significant increase in RCD. In untrained subjects only small changes in RCD were observed. In conclusion, the results show that RCD and RVC can quantitatively assess the degree of myocardial failure in cases of left ventricular dilatation without having to take into account the patients' degree of physical training."}
{"id": "PMID:140549", "title": "[An ecg-program with multivariate diagnostic classification (author's transl)].", "content": "We report the diagnostic experience with a new Ecg-program, which was constructed for analysing the curves of the conventional 12 Ecg leads. This program was compared with our Vcg-program. Both programs used the multivariate diagnostic classification. The diagnosis infarction was correct in over 80% in both. In the moment difficulties are seen in both programs in recognition of the very early and very small infarction, also in combined damages.", "contents": "[An ecg-program with multivariate diagnostic classification (author's transl)]. We report the diagnostic experience with a new Ecg-program, which was constructed for analysing the curves of the conventional 12 Ecg leads. This program was compared with our Vcg-program. Both programs used the multivariate diagnostic classification. The diagnosis infarction was correct in over 80% in both. In the moment difficulties are seen in both programs in recognition of the very early and very small infarction, also in combined damages."}
{"id": "PMID:140550", "title": "Histochemical studies on the body wall of nematodes: Haemonchus contortus (Rud., 1803) and Xiphinema insigne Loos, 1949.", "content": "Histochemical studies on the body wall of Haemonchus contortus (Rud.) and Xiphinema insigne Loos have been made. In H. contortus, the cuticle is mainly proteinous in nature. The lipids and PAS-postive materials are only present in cortical layers. In addition, haemoglobin and acid phosphatase are also present. The hypodermis shows the presence of glycogen, lipids, RNA, acid and alkaline phosphatases. The oval dense body is composed of keratinous and collagenous proteins associated with acid mucopolysaccharides. Muscles carry a greater concentration of glycogen granules and phospholipids. In X. insigne, the cuticle is rich in sudanophilic lipids. The cuticle also consists of weakly acidic mucopolysaccharides. Hypodermis and muscles contain lipids and glycogen. In addition, hypodermis also consists of acidic mucopolysaccharides. The functional significance of these components has been fully discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on the body wall of nematodes: Haemonchus contortus (Rud., 1803) and Xiphinema insigne Loos, 1949. Histochemical studies on the body wall of Haemonchus contortus (Rud.) and Xiphinema insigne Loos have been made. In H. contortus, the cuticle is mainly proteinous in nature. The lipids and PAS-postive materials are only present in cortical layers. In addition, haemoglobin and acid phosphatase are also present. The hypodermis shows the presence of glycogen, lipids, RNA, acid and alkaline phosphatases. The oval dense body is composed of keratinous and collagenous proteins associated with acid mucopolysaccharides. Muscles carry a greater concentration of glycogen granules and phospholipids. In X. insigne, the cuticle is rich in sudanophilic lipids. The cuticle also consists of weakly acidic mucopolysaccharides. Hypodermis and muscles contain lipids and glycogen. In addition, hypodermis also consists of acidic mucopolysaccharides. The functional significance of these components has been fully discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140551", "title": "[Faulty mechanics and spinal dysfunction. Investigations of the mechanism in patients with \"lumbar syndrome\" (author's transl)].", "content": "50 patients admitted for lumbago or sciatica are examined for their \"static\". Radiographs of the lumbar-pelvis-hip-joint region are taken in 2 planes with the patient standing. An oblique pelvis is a certain, a reduced angle of Leger a probable influence of lumbosciatic pain. The high-assimilation-pelvis of Gutmann produces an unfavorable prognosis.", "contents": "[Faulty mechanics and spinal dysfunction. Investigations of the mechanism in patients with \"lumbar syndrome\" (author's transl)]. 50 patients admitted for lumbago or sciatica are examined for their \"static\". Radiographs of the lumbar-pelvis-hip-joint region are taken in 2 planes with the patient standing. An oblique pelvis is a certain, a reduced angle of Leger a probable influence of lumbosciatic pain. The high-assimilation-pelvis of Gutmann produces an unfavorable prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:140565", "title": "[Modern methods of intraspecies typing of Sonne shigellae. II. Spread of Sonne shigellae of different biochemical types].", "content": "The paper presents the results of studying peculiarities of the Sh. sonnei of different biochemical types spread established by their typing scheme suggested by the authors earlier according to rhamnose, xylose and maltose. The epidemic process in dysentery both during the years of the rise and of the decline of its incidence at various territories of the countries proved to be maintained on account of circulation of Sh. sonnei of various biochemical types. The results of studying their dissociative and virulent properties confirmed the biological separation of individual biochemical types. An interrelationship between the character of the biochemical pattern of Shigellae sonnei at the individual territories and the persisting activity of different ways of dysentery transmission was determined. The results of studying the biochemical pattern could be used as an indicator of the degree of activity of individual ways of dysentery spread at various territories.", "contents": "[Modern methods of intraspecies typing of Sonne shigellae. II. Spread of Sonne shigellae of different biochemical types]. The paper presents the results of studying peculiarities of the Sh. sonnei of different biochemical types spread established by their typing scheme suggested by the authors earlier according to rhamnose, xylose and maltose. The epidemic process in dysentery both during the years of the rise and of the decline of its incidence at various territories of the countries proved to be maintained on account of circulation of Sh. sonnei of various biochemical types. The results of studying their dissociative and virulent properties confirmed the biological separation of individual biochemical types. An interrelationship between the character of the biochemical pattern of Shigellae sonnei at the individual territories and the persisting activity of different ways of dysentery transmission was determined. The results of studying the biochemical pattern could be used as an indicator of the degree of activity of individual ways of dysentery spread at various territories."}
{"id": "PMID:140567", "title": "[Prevalence and features of the course of syringomyelia in the Samarkand region of the tuzbek SSR].", "content": "The paper is concerned with a clinico-statistical study of syringomyelia according to the data of neurological hospitals in the Samarkand region from 1931--1970. It was established that the portion of syringomyelia among other diseases of the nervous system is much lower (0.38%) than in other more northern regions of the country (3--7%). The author marks a significantly greater amount of patients among the city population rather than in the rural population (2/3) and a prevalence of non-natives over natives (more than 2/3). The development of syringomyelia is more milder, \"benign\", especially in the native population. Quite possibly this may be connected with the climatic-geographical and bio-geochemical traits of the Zarafshanskaya valley, which differs to a great extent from these indices of the territory between the Vyatka and Kama rivers where syringomyelia is frequently encountered.", "contents": "[Prevalence and features of the course of syringomyelia in the Samarkand region of the tuzbek SSR]. The paper is concerned with a clinico-statistical study of syringomyelia according to the data of neurological hospitals in the Samarkand region from 1931--1970. It was established that the portion of syringomyelia among other diseases of the nervous system is much lower (0.38%) than in other more northern regions of the country (3--7%). The author marks a significantly greater amount of patients among the city population rather than in the rural population (2/3) and a prevalence of non-natives over natives (more than 2/3). The development of syringomyelia is more milder, \"benign\", especially in the native population. Quite possibly this may be connected with the climatic-geographical and bio-geochemical traits of the Zarafshanskaya valley, which differs to a great extent from these indices of the territory between the Vyatka and Kama rivers where syringomyelia is frequently encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:140568", "title": "Synergistic antifibrinolytic action of the potato protease inhibitor and epsilon-aminocaproic acid.", "content": "Fibrinolysis inhibition by a mixture of potato inhibitor and E-aminocaproic acid was greater than might be expected from the sum of the antifibrinolytic effects of these inhibitors investigated separately. This inhibition was observed in studies on the plasma euglobulin fraction and in a system containing isolated elements of the fibrinolytic system. The synergistic antifibrinolytic action of the potato protease in hibitor and E-aminocaproic acid is probably due to the fact that these inhibitors have different mechanisms of action and thus there is no competition between them for the effectors in the enzyme molecule.", "contents": "Synergistic antifibrinolytic action of the potato protease inhibitor and epsilon-aminocaproic acid. Fibrinolysis inhibition by a mixture of potato inhibitor and E-aminocaproic acid was greater than might be expected from the sum of the antifibrinolytic effects of these inhibitors investigated separately. This inhibition was observed in studies on the plasma euglobulin fraction and in a system containing isolated elements of the fibrinolytic system. The synergistic antifibrinolytic action of the potato protease in hibitor and E-aminocaproic acid is probably due to the fact that these inhibitors have different mechanisms of action and thus there is no competition between them for the effectors in the enzyme molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:140569", "title": "Enzyme histochemical studies of the preserved rat liver.", "content": "The effect of depersolone, of the oxygenation of the perfusing solution and of phenoxybenzamine pretreatment has been studied in the isolated rat liver intermittently perfused with a solution containing low molecular weight dextran at 4 degrees C. The use in liver preservation of Collins' C3-solution and of a special albumin-containing solution was tested. The behaviour of acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase, lactate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase in the preserved liver was followed by means of histochemical methods allowing semi-quantitative evaluation. Pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine and perfusion by an albumin-containing solution reduced the lesion of the liver, while prednisolone and oxygenation of the perfusion solution improved preserving effect only moderately.", "contents": "Enzyme histochemical studies of the preserved rat liver. The effect of depersolone, of the oxygenation of the perfusing solution and of phenoxybenzamine pretreatment has been studied in the isolated rat liver intermittently perfused with a solution containing low molecular weight dextran at 4 degrees C. The use in liver preservation of Collins' C3-solution and of a special albumin-containing solution was tested. The behaviour of acid and alkaline phosphatase, esterase, lactate dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase in the preserved liver was followed by means of histochemical methods allowing semi-quantitative evaluation. Pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine and perfusion by an albumin-containing solution reduced the lesion of the liver, while prednisolone and oxygenation of the perfusion solution improved preserving effect only moderately."}
{"id": "PMID:140574", "title": "Free and solvolysable dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone in blood of mammals under physiological conditions and following administration of dehydroepiandrosterone.", "content": "A gas chromatographic method has been empolyed for the determination of dehydroepiandrosterone (D), androsterone (A), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DS) and androsterone sulphate (AS) in the peripheral blood of human subjects and in various mammals under physiological conditions and after the administration of D or DS. Unconjugated D has been isolated and the resting level determined in the rat, rabbit, dog , sheep, pig and cow, while DS was detectable in the peripheral circulation of the rat, dog and pig. Unconjugated A was present in blood of the rodents and domestic ungulates studied, while the parent sulphate could be demonstrated only in rat, dog, pig and cow. The plasma of lower mammals contained D in higher (0.8-10.9 microng/100 ml) and DS, if any, in lower level (1.5-5.7 microng/100 ml) than the human plasma samples (0.1-2.7 and 86-308 microng/100 ml, respectively). There was a more pronounced increase in D and A than in the DS and AS level in the rat and dog following administration of D. On the contrary, exogenous D hardly affected unconjugated D and appreciably enhanced the DS level in human plasma. The conclusion drawn for human subjects, that D is the metabolically active and DS the reserve hormone, does not seem to be valid for all the animals here studied.", "contents": "Free and solvolysable dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone in blood of mammals under physiological conditions and following administration of dehydroepiandrosterone. A gas chromatographic method has been empolyed for the determination of dehydroepiandrosterone (D), androsterone (A), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DS) and androsterone sulphate (AS) in the peripheral blood of human subjects and in various mammals under physiological conditions and after the administration of D or DS. Unconjugated D has been isolated and the resting level determined in the rat, rabbit, dog , sheep, pig and cow, while DS was detectable in the peripheral circulation of the rat, dog and pig. Unconjugated A was present in blood of the rodents and domestic ungulates studied, while the parent sulphate could be demonstrated only in rat, dog, pig and cow. The plasma of lower mammals contained D in higher (0.8-10.9 microng/100 ml) and DS, if any, in lower level (1.5-5.7 microng/100 ml) than the human plasma samples (0.1-2.7 and 86-308 microng/100 ml, respectively). There was a more pronounced increase in D and A than in the DS and AS level in the rat and dog following administration of D. On the contrary, exogenous D hardly affected unconjugated D and appreciably enhanced the DS level in human plasma. The conclusion drawn for human subjects, that D is the metabolically active and DS the reserve hormone, does not seem to be valid for all the animals here studied."}
{"id": "PMID:140575", "title": "Cellular and humoral immune aspects in mixed wife-husband leukocyte cultures in spontaneous abortions.", "content": "The possible role of feto--maternal cell--and humoral mediated immunological reactions, in mixed wife-husband one- and two-way stimulated leukocyte cultures (MWHLC) in autologous serum were investigated in a comparative study of 27 cases of normal and abnormal pregnancies (8 control and 19 cases of spontaneous abortions). Sera obtained from women after spontaneous abortions had a significantly higher stimulating effect on MWHLC than sera from women with normal pregnancies. In one-way stimulated MWHLC in cases of abortions, this effect was evident on maternal responding cells incubated with mitomycin treated paternal leukocytes.", "contents": "Cellular and humoral immune aspects in mixed wife-husband leukocyte cultures in spontaneous abortions. The possible role of feto--maternal cell--and humoral mediated immunological reactions, in mixed wife-husband one- and two-way stimulated leukocyte cultures (MWHLC) in autologous serum were investigated in a comparative study of 27 cases of normal and abnormal pregnancies (8 control and 19 cases of spontaneous abortions). Sera obtained from women after spontaneous abortions had a significantly higher stimulating effect on MWHLC than sera from women with normal pregnancies. In one-way stimulated MWHLC in cases of abortions, this effect was evident on maternal responding cells incubated with mitomycin treated paternal leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:140576", "title": "Treatment of hirsutism and acne in women with two combinations of cyproterone acetate and ethinylestradiol.", "content": "175 women of reproductive age, with hirsutism of differing degrees and different pathogenetic causes (ovarian, adrenal, iatrogenic) or idiopathic, and acne were treated with two different combinations of Cyprotrone acetate and ethinyl estradiol (SH 8.1041 and SH B209AB). 90 patients were given SH 8.1041 and 10 were given SH B209AB. 75 received both preparations. The total number of treatment cycles was 1534. Clinical, hormonal and biochemical assessments were made before, during and after treatment. The degrees of hirsutism and acne, and of seborrhea and hair loss when present, were scored by means of a modified version of the Ferriman and Gallway criteria. SH 8.1041 brought about a significant improvement in the majority of the patients. SH B209AB was generally used as maintenance therapy for hirsutism and severe acne. It was the initial treatment of choice in patients with milder acne. Reduction of hirsutism was usually apparent after the fourth cycle of therapy and acne regressed after the first month. Both combinations were well-tolerated biochemically. In a few patients on SH 8.1042, slight and transient increases in BSP, SGOT, SGPT and bilirubin were observed, but cessation of treatment was not necessary. Some patients on SH 8.1041 complained of transient frigidity, mild depression, breast discomfort and nausea.", "contents": "Treatment of hirsutism and acne in women with two combinations of cyproterone acetate and ethinylestradiol. 175 women of reproductive age, with hirsutism of differing degrees and different pathogenetic causes (ovarian, adrenal, iatrogenic) or idiopathic, and acne were treated with two different combinations of Cyprotrone acetate and ethinyl estradiol (SH 8.1041 and SH B209AB). 90 patients were given SH 8.1041 and 10 were given SH B209AB. 75 received both preparations. The total number of treatment cycles was 1534. Clinical, hormonal and biochemical assessments were made before, during and after treatment. The degrees of hirsutism and acne, and of seborrhea and hair loss when present, were scored by means of a modified version of the Ferriman and Gallway criteria. SH 8.1041 brought about a significant improvement in the majority of the patients. SH B209AB was generally used as maintenance therapy for hirsutism and severe acne. It was the initial treatment of choice in patients with milder acne. Reduction of hirsutism was usually apparent after the fourth cycle of therapy and acne regressed after the first month. Both combinations were well-tolerated biochemically. In a few patients on SH 8.1042, slight and transient increases in BSP, SGOT, SGPT and bilirubin were observed, but cessation of treatment was not necessary. Some patients on SH 8.1041 complained of transient frigidity, mild depression, breast discomfort and nausea."}
{"id": "PMID:140577", "title": "Histology, innervation and histochemistry of the UB gland in the Mexican cave fish Anoptichthys jordani Hubbs et Innes (Teleostei: Characidae).", "content": "The histomorphological investigations carried out on the ultimobranchial body of the Teleost Anoptichthys jordani Hubbs and Innes have enabled us to establish that it is an epithelial multifollicular body which lies within the transverse septum, beneath the musculature of the oesophagus and caudal to the Sinus venosus. Its parenchyma is surrounded by an extensive nerve network revealed by the Bodian silver technique. This nerve network and the occurrence of MAO activity in the ultimobranchial tissue indicate that it possesses a sympathetic innervation. The follicular epithelium sometimes acquire a pseudostratified condition in some follicles and sometimes in multistratified in others. In this latter case the presence of two main types of cell was noticed (light cells and dark cells). In these cells by the fluorescence microscopic analysis was revealed an intensely green fluorescence due to the presence of an aromatic monoamine, dopamine. This conclusion was further confirmed by the agreement between the argyrophilic cells and the fluorescent cells after silver staining. The possible partecipation of dopamine in the elaboration of polypeptide factor (calcitonin) is suggested. A notable analogy from the structural point of view to the calcitonin-producing cells of higher Vertebrates is also confirmed by the markedly argyrophilia of the main cells.", "contents": "Histology, innervation and histochemistry of the UB gland in the Mexican cave fish Anoptichthys jordani Hubbs et Innes (Teleostei: Characidae). The histomorphological investigations carried out on the ultimobranchial body of the Teleost Anoptichthys jordani Hubbs and Innes have enabled us to establish that it is an epithelial multifollicular body which lies within the transverse septum, beneath the musculature of the oesophagus and caudal to the Sinus venosus. Its parenchyma is surrounded by an extensive nerve network revealed by the Bodian silver technique. This nerve network and the occurrence of MAO activity in the ultimobranchial tissue indicate that it possesses a sympathetic innervation. The follicular epithelium sometimes acquire a pseudostratified condition in some follicles and sometimes in multistratified in others. In this latter case the presence of two main types of cell was noticed (light cells and dark cells). In these cells by the fluorescence microscopic analysis was revealed an intensely green fluorescence due to the presence of an aromatic monoamine, dopamine. This conclusion was further confirmed by the agreement between the argyrophilic cells and the fluorescent cells after silver staining. The possible partecipation of dopamine in the elaboration of polypeptide factor (calcitonin) is suggested. A notable analogy from the structural point of view to the calcitonin-producing cells of higher Vertebrates is also confirmed by the markedly argyrophilia of the main cells."}
{"id": "PMID:140578", "title": "Histochemical reactions for mucopolysaccharides in the dinosaur bone. Studies on Epon- and methacrylate-embedded semithin sections as well as on isolated osteocytes and ground sections of bone.", "content": "The dinosaur bone was examined with the aim to detect in it the presence of mucopolysaccharides. The methacrylate- and Epon-embedded semithin sections of the studied bone were found to contain substances giving positive reaction on application of histochemical procedures used for identification of mucopolysaccharides (mucosubstances). These substances were also shown to be localized in the perivascular space, within the vascular canal, and around the osteocytes. The distribution of mucopolysaccharides in the dinosaur bone turned out to be comparable with their distribution in the bones of contemporary animals.", "contents": "Histochemical reactions for mucopolysaccharides in the dinosaur bone. Studies on Epon- and methacrylate-embedded semithin sections as well as on isolated osteocytes and ground sections of bone. The dinosaur bone was examined with the aim to detect in it the presence of mucopolysaccharides. The methacrylate- and Epon-embedded semithin sections of the studied bone were found to contain substances giving positive reaction on application of histochemical procedures used for identification of mucopolysaccharides (mucosubstances). These substances were also shown to be localized in the perivascular space, within the vascular canal, and around the osteocytes. The distribution of mucopolysaccharides in the dinosaur bone turned out to be comparable with their distribution in the bones of contemporary animals."}
{"id": "PMID:140579", "title": "Nucleoside phosphatase (ATPase) activity in myocardial cells of rat embryos. An electron-microscopic study.", "content": "Timed pregnancies were obtained in Sprague-Dawley rats, and cardiac tissues from embryos of days 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and from newborn rats were used for the cytochemical localization of ATPase activity utilizing a lead phosphate precipitation procedure. Following incubation with ATP as the substrate, granular deposits of reaction product are discernible on the cell membranes of the embryonic myocardium. There is a noticeable decrease in the intensity of reaction product as visualized in the electron micrographs from the 10th day of gestation to the 14th day. No granular reaction product is recognizable in myofibrils, mitochondria or other organelles in the cytoplasm. It appears that there is a selective deposition of the reaction product on the cell membranes or structures derived from it. The intense ATPase activity seen on 10th and 11th days seems to be correlated with the initial appearance of myofilaments and fibrils in the myocardial cells.", "contents": "Nucleoside phosphatase (ATPase) activity in myocardial cells of rat embryos. An electron-microscopic study. Timed pregnancies were obtained in Sprague-Dawley rats, and cardiac tissues from embryos of days 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and from newborn rats were used for the cytochemical localization of ATPase activity utilizing a lead phosphate precipitation procedure. Following incubation with ATP as the substrate, granular deposits of reaction product are discernible on the cell membranes of the embryonic myocardium. There is a noticeable decrease in the intensity of reaction product as visualized in the electron micrographs from the 10th day of gestation to the 14th day. No granular reaction product is recognizable in myofibrils, mitochondria or other organelles in the cytoplasm. It appears that there is a selective deposition of the reaction product on the cell membranes or structures derived from it. The intense ATPase activity seen on 10th and 11th days seems to be correlated with the initial appearance of myofilaments and fibrils in the myocardial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:140580", "title": "Fragmentation of porcine beta-lipotropic hormone with plasmin.", "content": "Porcine beta-lipotropic hormone was digested by plasmin and the fragments released were isolated and identified. Based on the structure and the yield of the plasmin fragments and also on the time-course of the digestion, the relative sensitivity of the theoretically susceptible bonds towards the action of plasmin was estimated. The Lys79-Asn80 bond was the most susceptible to plasmin, the Arg51-Trp52 and Arg60-Tyr61 bonds were split to a lesser extent than the Lys79-Asn80 bond, but much faster than the Lys46-Met47, Lys69-Ser70 and Lys84-Asn85 bonds of the beta-lipotropic homone structure. Further lysyl and arginyl bonds of the molecule were not attacked under our experimental conditions.", "contents": "Fragmentation of porcine beta-lipotropic hormone with plasmin. Porcine beta-lipotropic hormone was digested by plasmin and the fragments released were isolated and identified. Based on the structure and the yield of the plasmin fragments and also on the time-course of the digestion, the relative sensitivity of the theoretically susceptible bonds towards the action of plasmin was estimated. The Lys79-Asn80 bond was the most susceptible to plasmin, the Arg51-Trp52 and Arg60-Tyr61 bonds were split to a lesser extent than the Lys79-Asn80 bond, but much faster than the Lys46-Met47, Lys69-Ser70 and Lys84-Asn85 bonds of the beta-lipotropic homone structure. Further lysyl and arginyl bonds of the molecule were not attacked under our experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:140581", "title": "Social remedial measures for multiple sclerosis patients in Denmark.", "content": "A total of 57 patients admitted to the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Society's treatment and nursing home in Haslev have been interviewed about their socio-medical situation concerning their course of disease, physical, psychic and economic status, family relationships, and different assistance needs. Sixty per cent lived together, and of the solitary only 9 were unmarried. None were employed fulltime and as a whole they received higher allowances than other disabled persons. All suffered from walking impairment. 17 had no wheelchair, 21 had a wheelchair and limited walking ability, 19 could move around only by wheelchair. None were bedridden. The distribution of housing corresponded to that of other disabled persons but was inferior to that of the population as a whole. 54 per cent had got modifications to housing paid for by the public authorities and 42 per cent had a car for the disabled. 47 per cent alleged that their need for transportation remained uncared for. None of the patients were lonely to a severe degree. Expenses for medicine and transportation varied greatly, showing inequality of grant administration. The results of the investigation are discussed.", "contents": "Social remedial measures for multiple sclerosis patients in Denmark. A total of 57 patients admitted to the Danish Multiple Sclerosis Society's treatment and nursing home in Haslev have been interviewed about their socio-medical situation concerning their course of disease, physical, psychic and economic status, family relationships, and different assistance needs. Sixty per cent lived together, and of the solitary only 9 were unmarried. None were employed fulltime and as a whole they received higher allowances than other disabled persons. All suffered from walking impairment. 17 had no wheelchair, 21 had a wheelchair and limited walking ability, 19 could move around only by wheelchair. None were bedridden. The distribution of housing corresponded to that of other disabled persons but was inferior to that of the population as a whole. 54 per cent had got modifications to housing paid for by the public authorities and 42 per cent had a car for the disabled. 47 per cent alleged that their need for transportation remained uncared for. None of the patients were lonely to a severe degree. Expenses for medicine and transportation varied greatly, showing inequality of grant administration. The results of the investigation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140582", "title": "Impaired development of the rat perineurium by undernutrition. An enzyme histochemical study.", "content": "Enzyme activity of adenosinetriphosphatase, NADH2-tetrazolium reductase and lactate dehydrogenase was studied in the rat perineurium 10, 20, 30, and 90 days post partum. The effect of under-nutrition was shown by a lack of enzyme activity in rats 30 days post partum in contrast to control animals, 30 days also corresponds to the time when, in normal rats, the perineurial diffusion barrier to exogenous macromolecules becomes established. In undernourished rats this diffusion barrier does not appear. At 90 days post partum raised enzyme activities indicate a high metabolic turnover in the perineurium even in animals with undernutrition.", "contents": "Impaired development of the rat perineurium by undernutrition. An enzyme histochemical study. Enzyme activity of adenosinetriphosphatase, NADH2-tetrazolium reductase and lactate dehydrogenase was studied in the rat perineurium 10, 20, 30, and 90 days post partum. The effect of under-nutrition was shown by a lack of enzyme activity in rats 30 days post partum in contrast to control animals, 30 days also corresponds to the time when, in normal rats, the perineurial diffusion barrier to exogenous macromolecules becomes established. In undernourished rats this diffusion barrier does not appear. At 90 days post partum raised enzyme activities indicate a high metabolic turnover in the perineurium even in animals with undernutrition."}
{"id": "PMID:140585", "title": "Antibiotic policy and spread of Staphylococcus aureus strains in Danish hospitals, 1969-1974.", "content": "In the period 1969-1974 a decreasing number of Danish hospital departments recorded epidemic occurrences of Staphylococcus aureus strains, and the local spread of strains was less extensive. Multiple-resistant strains of the 83 A complex were succeeded by type 94 strains, resistant to penicillin only. The level of methicillin resistance fell from 19 to 6%. 12% of methicillin resistant strains are now sensitive to streptomycin and/or tetracyclines; they do not represent a few clones, but belong to a wide spectrum of phage types. The changes follow a reduction in the consumption of streptomycin and tetracyclines not of methicillin or other penicillins. As a contrast to the general reduction of combined resistance to streptomycin and tetracyclines, the strains in dermatological departments, where tetracyclines are commonly used, maintain a high degree of resistance to tetracyclines alone.", "contents": "Antibiotic policy and spread of Staphylococcus aureus strains in Danish hospitals, 1969-1974. In the period 1969-1974 a decreasing number of Danish hospital departments recorded epidemic occurrences of Staphylococcus aureus strains, and the local spread of strains was less extensive. Multiple-resistant strains of the 83 A complex were succeeded by type 94 strains, resistant to penicillin only. The level of methicillin resistance fell from 19 to 6%. 12% of methicillin resistant strains are now sensitive to streptomycin and/or tetracyclines; they do not represent a few clones, but belong to a wide spectrum of phage types. The changes follow a reduction in the consumption of streptomycin and tetracyclines not of methicillin or other penicillins. As a contrast to the general reduction of combined resistance to streptomycin and tetracyclines, the strains in dermatological departments, where tetracyclines are commonly used, maintain a high degree of resistance to tetracyclines alone."}
{"id": "PMID:140586", "title": "Comparison of microtitre plates with flat-bottomed and round-bottomed wells for mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC).", "content": "To compare microtitre plates with flat-bottomed and round-bottomed wells and to standardize a method for mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), the effects of cell number, culture time, 3H-thymidine concentration and labelling time were studied. On both plates, allogeneic cells induced increased RNA synthesis beginning at about 30 hours and increased DNA synthesis beginning at about 50 hours, if suitable cell numbers were used. On plates with flat-bottomed wells, 1.5 X 10(5) responding and stimulating cells per well had near-exponential growth on day four and five, often through day six; on plates with round-bottomed wells the corresponding cell number was 0.25-1.0 (optimally 0.5) X 10(5). Near these cell numbers, the response depended closely on the number of responding cells. On plates with flat-bottomed wells, stimulating cells had a dose-dependent effect on the response, whereas on plates with round-bottomed wells, increasing the stimulating cell dose did not consistently strengthen the response. Both plate types proved suitable for MLC experiments; plates with round-bottomed wells have the obvious advantage of requiring smaller cell numbers. 3H-thymidine (spec, act 2000 mCi/mmol) self-suppressed its incorporation, which increased only slightly or even decreased if labelling time exceeded 12-18 hours. Relative responses remained virtually unaltered, however, with 3H-concentrations of 0.5 and 2.0 micronCi/ml and with labelling times of 8 and 24 hours.", "contents": "Comparison of microtitre plates with flat-bottomed and round-bottomed wells for mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). To compare microtitre plates with flat-bottomed and round-bottomed wells and to standardize a method for mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), the effects of cell number, culture time, 3H-thymidine concentration and labelling time were studied. On both plates, allogeneic cells induced increased RNA synthesis beginning at about 30 hours and increased DNA synthesis beginning at about 50 hours, if suitable cell numbers were used. On plates with flat-bottomed wells, 1.5 X 10(5) responding and stimulating cells per well had near-exponential growth on day four and five, often through day six; on plates with round-bottomed wells the corresponding cell number was 0.25-1.0 (optimally 0.5) X 10(5). Near these cell numbers, the response depended closely on the number of responding cells. On plates with flat-bottomed wells, stimulating cells had a dose-dependent effect on the response, whereas on plates with round-bottomed wells, increasing the stimulating cell dose did not consistently strengthen the response. Both plate types proved suitable for MLC experiments; plates with round-bottomed wells have the obvious advantage of requiring smaller cell numbers. 3H-thymidine (spec, act 2000 mCi/mmol) self-suppressed its incorporation, which increased only slightly or even decreased if labelling time exceeded 12-18 hours. Relative responses remained virtually unaltered, however, with 3H-concentrations of 0.5 and 2.0 micronCi/ml and with labelling times of 8 and 24 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:140587", "title": "Mixed lymphocyte culture reactions between parental cells in pregnancy and puerperium.", "content": "Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions of maternal cells with paternal and control cells, inhibition of these reactions with maternal serum, and cytotoxic antibodies in maternal serum were studied in 36 couples through pregnancy and puerperium. Average MLC reactions of maternal cells with paternal and control cells were not significantly different, nor did the MLC responses of maternal cells clearly differ from those of other cells in their time-course kinetics. However, the response of maternal cells to paternal cells was weaker than to control cells in 15 of 18 couples studied during the first week postpartum; this may suggest some specific alteration in maternal immunity to paternal antigens. The sera of pregnant women suppressed MLC reactions. This suppressive effect disappeared during the first week postpartum, whereafter only about 20% of the sera studied caused clear inhibition of MLC reactions. Nine per cent of the postpartum sera studied contained cytotoxic antibodies against paternal cells.", "contents": "Mixed lymphocyte culture reactions between parental cells in pregnancy and puerperium. Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions of maternal cells with paternal and control cells, inhibition of these reactions with maternal serum, and cytotoxic antibodies in maternal serum were studied in 36 couples through pregnancy and puerperium. Average MLC reactions of maternal cells with paternal and control cells were not significantly different, nor did the MLC responses of maternal cells clearly differ from those of other cells in their time-course kinetics. However, the response of maternal cells to paternal cells was weaker than to control cells in 15 of 18 couples studied during the first week postpartum; this may suggest some specific alteration in maternal immunity to paternal antigens. The sera of pregnant women suppressed MLC reactions. This suppressive effect disappeared during the first week postpartum, whereafter only about 20% of the sera studied caused clear inhibition of MLC reactions. Nine per cent of the postpartum sera studied contained cytotoxic antibodies against paternal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:140588", "title": "The effect of 6-aminonicotinamide blockade of the pentose phosphate pathway on catecholamines in the rat adrenal medulla, superior cervical ganglion, hypothalamus and synaptosome fractions.", "content": "The effect on tissue catecholamines of blockade of the pentose phosphate pathway with 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) was studied in the rat. 6-AN at 35-50 mg kg-1 persistently lowered the adrenaline content in the adrenal gland to less than 10% of control values and caused a 50% loss of noradrenaline, which recovered. When the amine turnover rate was increased by a preceding period of drum stress, 6-AN also consistently depressed noradrenaline in the gland. 6-AN was without significant effect on the noradrenaline concentration in heart tissue, hypothalamus and superior cervical ganglion and did not affect the uptake or release of catecholamines in vitro. The possibility is discussed that 6-AN interferes with the biosynthesis of catecholamines, when it blocks the pentose phosphate pathway, by decreasing the supply of reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH which are necessary for the tetrahydropteridine cofactors of tyrosine hydroxylase.", "contents": "The effect of 6-aminonicotinamide blockade of the pentose phosphate pathway on catecholamines in the rat adrenal medulla, superior cervical ganglion, hypothalamus and synaptosome fractions. The effect on tissue catecholamines of blockade of the pentose phosphate pathway with 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) was studied in the rat. 6-AN at 35-50 mg kg-1 persistently lowered the adrenaline content in the adrenal gland to less than 10% of control values and caused a 50% loss of noradrenaline, which recovered. When the amine turnover rate was increased by a preceding period of drum stress, 6-AN also consistently depressed noradrenaline in the gland. 6-AN was without significant effect on the noradrenaline concentration in heart tissue, hypothalamus and superior cervical ganglion and did not affect the uptake or release of catecholamines in vitro. The possibility is discussed that 6-AN interferes with the biosynthesis of catecholamines, when it blocks the pentose phosphate pathway, by decreasing the supply of reducing equivalents in the form of NADPH which are necessary for the tetrahydropteridine cofactors of tyrosine hydroxylase."}
{"id": "PMID:140589", "title": "Electron microscope study on the relationship between macrophages of the alevolar space and spheroid alveolar epithelial cells on mice after injection of squid-ink (sepia-melanin) solution into the trachea.", "content": "The relationship between alveolar macrophages and spheroid alveolar epithelial cells was studied with the electron microscope after injection of squid-ink solution into the trachea of the mouse. At 20 hours after injection of squid-ink solution slight degeneration was evident in alveolar macrophages with sepia-melanin particles being phagocytized with partial digestion by lysosmes. Furthermore, hardly any changes were seen in mitochondria and inclusion bodies of the spheroid alveolar epithelial cells. In contrast, at one week after injection of squid-ink solution, almost all alveolar macrophages were degenerated with destruction of the ectoplasm in which the ingested sepia-melanin particles were digested by lysosomes into fine particles, and the mitochondria of spheroid alveolar epithelial cells were degenerated and the inclusion bodies were hardly formed. At three weeks after injection of squid-ink solution, alveolar macrophages as well as speroid alveolar epithelial cells showed almost complete recovery of functional structure. As the phagocyte in the alveolar space, neutrophile leucocytes were also observed in addition to the so-called alveolar macrophage.", "contents": "Electron microscope study on the relationship between macrophages of the alevolar space and spheroid alveolar epithelial cells on mice after injection of squid-ink (sepia-melanin) solution into the trachea. The relationship between alveolar macrophages and spheroid alveolar epithelial cells was studied with the electron microscope after injection of squid-ink solution into the trachea of the mouse. At 20 hours after injection of squid-ink solution slight degeneration was evident in alveolar macrophages with sepia-melanin particles being phagocytized with partial digestion by lysosmes. Furthermore, hardly any changes were seen in mitochondria and inclusion bodies of the spheroid alveolar epithelial cells. In contrast, at one week after injection of squid-ink solution, almost all alveolar macrophages were degenerated with destruction of the ectoplasm in which the ingested sepia-melanin particles were digested by lysosomes into fine particles, and the mitochondria of spheroid alveolar epithelial cells were degenerated and the inclusion bodies were hardly formed. At three weeks after injection of squid-ink solution, alveolar macrophages as well as speroid alveolar epithelial cells showed almost complete recovery of functional structure. As the phagocyte in the alveolar space, neutrophile leucocytes were also observed in addition to the so-called alveolar macrophage."}
{"id": "PMID:140590", "title": "The relationship of cellular immunity to prognosis in acute leukemia.", "content": "Forty-five patients with acute leukemia were compared on cellular immunity measures versus prognosis. The patients were treated according a multicombination therapy protocol. The purified protein derivative (PPD) test and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) test on admission indicated low positive percentages. In acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) patients, the 50% survival durations were 11 months in the PPD positive group and 6 months in the PPD negative group. In acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) patients, the 50% survival durations were 21 months in the PPD positive group and 13 months in the PPD negative group. Peripheral lymphocyte blastogenesis by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation was examined at various clinical stages. The stimulation indices were generally low, and no correlation was found between the PHA test and clinical stages. These cellular immunity measures appeared to reflect one aspect of the clinical condition in acute leukemia patients, and further studies are needed for predicting prognosis.", "contents": "The relationship of cellular immunity to prognosis in acute leukemia. Forty-five patients with acute leukemia were compared on cellular immunity measures versus prognosis. The patients were treated according a multicombination therapy protocol. The purified protein derivative (PPD) test and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) test on admission indicated low positive percentages. In acute non-lymphocytic leukemia (ANLL) patients, the 50% survival durations were 11 months in the PPD positive group and 6 months in the PPD negative group. In acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) patients, the 50% survival durations were 21 months in the PPD positive group and 13 months in the PPD negative group. Peripheral lymphocyte blastogenesis by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation was examined at various clinical stages. The stimulation indices were generally low, and no correlation was found between the PHA test and clinical stages. These cellular immunity measures appeared to reflect one aspect of the clinical condition in acute leukemia patients, and further studies are needed for predicting prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:140591", "title": "Operative treatment of congenital musclar torticollis: long term results of myotomy.", "content": "Myotomy was performed in 40 patients under 10 years of age with typical congenital muscular torticollis. Follow-up studies were carried out on 29 out of 40 cases. The patients without muscle relief of the affected sternomastoid muscle after myotomy had good range of motion of the neck. On the other hand, the patients who had undergone muscle release had, to grater or lesser extent, disturbances of the range of movement. For complete release of contracture, total excision may be the only operation in younger cases.", "contents": "Operative treatment of congenital musclar torticollis: long term results of myotomy. Myotomy was performed in 40 patients under 10 years of age with typical congenital muscular torticollis. Follow-up studies were carried out on 29 out of 40 cases. The patients without muscle relief of the affected sternomastoid muscle after myotomy had good range of motion of the neck. On the other hand, the patients who had undergone muscle release had, to grater or lesser extent, disturbances of the range of movement. For complete release of contracture, total excision may be the only operation in younger cases."}
{"id": "PMID:140592", "title": "COP, a new alloy for surgical implants.", "content": "Today Vitallium is used for surgical implants. It is a casting alloy which, with advances in casting technology, is also used commercially for making instruments of fairly complex shape. Because of its expense, however, it is not widely used in Japan. Instead, a series of 18-8 Mo alloys are used in Japan even though of insufficient strength. Used over a long period of time in the body, especially for the purpose of preserving structual functions as part of the human skeleton, it often corrodes, resulting in either abnormalities in tissue cells or, because of its insufficient strength, danger of bending and breaking with aging. In spite of a marked advance in fracture treatment, we have hardly any suitable materials for making instruments appropriate to the internal fixation of fractures in Japan. We, therefore, conducted various experiments to develop an alloy with sufficient corrosive resistance and strength that could be formed into a complex shape to take the place of Vitallium alloy, finally succeeding in developing an alloy we call \"COP\". The characteristic properties of COP may be summarized as follows: 1. The main components are 20% Cr, 20% Ni, 20% Co and 4% Mo aside from 0.2% P. 2. As it contains \"P\", it shows a marked age-hardening. In its molten state its machinability is excellent, and later it can readily be hardened by heat-treatment. 3. It has not only a marked yield point and tensile strength but also has toughness in elongation and reduction of area, showing a strength which surpasses Vitallium. 4. Its corrosive resistance is great. 5. Its cost is far cheaper than Vitallium.", "contents": "COP, a new alloy for surgical implants. Today Vitallium is used for surgical implants. It is a casting alloy which, with advances in casting technology, is also used commercially for making instruments of fairly complex shape. Because of its expense, however, it is not widely used in Japan. Instead, a series of 18-8 Mo alloys are used in Japan even though of insufficient strength. Used over a long period of time in the body, especially for the purpose of preserving structual functions as part of the human skeleton, it often corrodes, resulting in either abnormalities in tissue cells or, because of its insufficient strength, danger of bending and breaking with aging. In spite of a marked advance in fracture treatment, we have hardly any suitable materials for making instruments appropriate to the internal fixation of fractures in Japan. We, therefore, conducted various experiments to develop an alloy with sufficient corrosive resistance and strength that could be formed into a complex shape to take the place of Vitallium alloy, finally succeeding in developing an alloy we call \"COP\". The characteristic properties of COP may be summarized as follows: 1. The main components are 20% Cr, 20% Ni, 20% Co and 4% Mo aside from 0.2% P. 2. As it contains \"P\", it shows a marked age-hardening. In its molten state its machinability is excellent, and later it can readily be hardened by heat-treatment. 3. It has not only a marked yield point and tensile strength but also has toughness in elongation and reduction of area, showing a strength which surpasses Vitallium. 4. Its corrosive resistance is great. 5. Its cost is far cheaper than Vitallium."}
{"id": "PMID:140593", "title": "Plural growth factors in the supernatant of embryos and adult muscles of chickens.", "content": "An attempt was made to isolate the cell proliferation stimulation factors in the supernatant of embryo carcases and adult muscles of chickens. Evidence was obtained for the presence of at least two or more stimulating factors in both the embryonic and adult muscular supernatants. These factors did not require a supplement of sera or other supporting agents. Furthermore, the use of the salting-out method with ammonium sulfate revealed two or more growth stimulants in the supernatant of chick cells.", "contents": "Plural growth factors in the supernatant of embryos and adult muscles of chickens. An attempt was made to isolate the cell proliferation stimulation factors in the supernatant of embryo carcases and adult muscles of chickens. Evidence was obtained for the presence of at least two or more stimulating factors in both the embryonic and adult muscular supernatants. These factors did not require a supplement of sera or other supporting agents. Furthermore, the use of the salting-out method with ammonium sulfate revealed two or more growth stimulants in the supernatant of chick cells."}
{"id": "PMID:140596", "title": "Effect of triiodothyronine on the biosynthesis of adenine nucleotides and proteins in the rat heart.", "content": "1) During the development of myocardial hypertrophy induced by 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine the enhancement of de novo synthesis of adenine nucleotides occurs very early and precedes the increase of protein synthesis. In this respect there is a striking parallelism with other types of cardiac hypertrophy. 2) The acceleration of adenine nucleotide synthesis under these experimental conditions seems to be due to a greater availability of cardiac 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. 3) The triiodothyronine-induced enhancement of adenine nucleotide synthesis can be attenuated by beta-receptor-blocking agents.", "contents": "Effect of triiodothyronine on the biosynthesis of adenine nucleotides and proteins in the rat heart. 1) During the development of myocardial hypertrophy induced by 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine the enhancement of de novo synthesis of adenine nucleotides occurs very early and precedes the increase of protein synthesis. In this respect there is a striking parallelism with other types of cardiac hypertrophy. 2) The acceleration of adenine nucleotide synthesis under these experimental conditions seems to be due to a greater availability of cardiac 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. 3) The triiodothyronine-induced enhancement of adenine nucleotide synthesis can be attenuated by beta-receptor-blocking agents."}
{"id": "PMID:140598", "title": "Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic abnormalities in Fabry's disease.", "content": "Fabry's disease has been reported to be associated with ECG abnormalities. Thirty-two patients with this disease followed in the University of Minnesota had ECG's and 15 had VCG's. An abonrmal rhythm was observed in two patients on initial examination and four more developed abnormal rhythm on follow-up examinations. A short PR interval (120 msec. or less) was seen in five patients. Thirteen others had a PR interval that was less than 140 msec. Conduction abnormalities involving the A-V node or His bundle or its branches were present in 22 per cent of the patients, most frequently the intraventricular conduction defects progressing to the right bundle branch block. Atrial or ventricular enlargement was seen in 60 per cent of the patients, left ventricular hypertrophy being the most common. ST-T changes with or without chamber enlargement were seen in 10 patients. One patient had an anterior myocardial infarction pattern on his ECG. Hemizygosity was found to be associated with significantly more abnormalities than heterozygosity. The severity of conduction defects also increased with the duration of the disease process. Vectorcardiography in this study did not provide significant additional information other than that observed on the ECG alone. Since the pathology usually reveals myocardial fibers, conduction system, and blood vessels infiltrated with glycosphingolipid, it is believed that lipid infiltration is responsible for conduction defects, chanber enlargement, and other abnormalities. Although Fabry's disease is rate, it may be amenable to therapy; therefore, recognition of cardiac involvement is important.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic abnormalities in Fabry's disease. Fabry's disease has been reported to be associated with ECG abnormalities. Thirty-two patients with this disease followed in the University of Minnesota had ECG's and 15 had VCG's. An abonrmal rhythm was observed in two patients on initial examination and four more developed abnormal rhythm on follow-up examinations. A short PR interval (120 msec. or less) was seen in five patients. Thirteen others had a PR interval that was less than 140 msec. Conduction abnormalities involving the A-V node or His bundle or its branches were present in 22 per cent of the patients, most frequently the intraventricular conduction defects progressing to the right bundle branch block. Atrial or ventricular enlargement was seen in 60 per cent of the patients, left ventricular hypertrophy being the most common. ST-T changes with or without chamber enlargement were seen in 10 patients. One patient had an anterior myocardial infarction pattern on his ECG. Hemizygosity was found to be associated with significantly more abnormalities than heterozygosity. The severity of conduction defects also increased with the duration of the disease process. Vectorcardiography in this study did not provide significant additional information other than that observed on the ECG alone. Since the pathology usually reveals myocardial fibers, conduction system, and blood vessels infiltrated with glycosphingolipid, it is believed that lipid infiltration is responsible for conduction defects, chanber enlargement, and other abnormalities. Although Fabry's disease is rate, it may be amenable to therapy; therefore, recognition of cardiac involvement is important."}
{"id": "PMID:140599", "title": "Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): cardiac pathologic observations in infants with SIDS.", "content": "To determine the relation between the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH), pathologic obervations weree made in 45 infants who died with SIDS. Ventricular septal to left ventricular free wall ratios were normal (less than 1.3) in 42 infants and increased in three others (ratios of 1.4, 1.4, and 1.6). However, in none of these three infants with abnormal septal-free wall ratios was the ventricular septum markedly thickened. Small foci of disorganized cardiac muscle cells, similar to those observed in patients with ASH (but less marked in severity), were present in the ventricular septum of 22 per cent of controls. Thus, we have found little pathologic evidence to suggest that SIDS and ASH are commonly associated, although a rare coexistence of these two conditions is possible.", "contents": "Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): cardiac pathologic observations in infants with SIDS. To determine the relation between the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) and asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH), pathologic obervations weree made in 45 infants who died with SIDS. Ventricular septal to left ventricular free wall ratios were normal (less than 1.3) in 42 infants and increased in three others (ratios of 1.4, 1.4, and 1.6). However, in none of these three infants with abnormal septal-free wall ratios was the ventricular septum markedly thickened. Small foci of disorganized cardiac muscle cells, similar to those observed in patients with ASH (but less marked in severity), were present in the ventricular septum of 22 per cent of controls. Thus, we have found little pathologic evidence to suggest that SIDS and ASH are commonly associated, although a rare coexistence of these two conditions is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:140600", "title": "Acute aortic arch dissection: reevaluation of the indications for medical and surgical therapy.", "content": "Of 42 patients with dissection of the aorta, 4 had important arch involvement. Results were good in 2 patients treated medically. In two other patients wrapping the arch with a Dacron graft successfully prevented fatal hemorrhage. This technique avoids the need for arch replacement in selected cases. From this experience and a review of others a flow sheet was developed to guide decision-making in the surgical and medical management of patients with aortic dissection.", "contents": "Acute aortic arch dissection: reevaluation of the indications for medical and surgical therapy. Of 42 patients with dissection of the aorta, 4 had important arch involvement. Results were good in 2 patients treated medically. In two other patients wrapping the arch with a Dacron graft successfully prevented fatal hemorrhage. This technique avoids the need for arch replacement in selected cases. From this experience and a review of others a flow sheet was developed to guide decision-making in the surgical and medical management of patients with aortic dissection."}
{"id": "PMID:140601", "title": "Pathophysiologic assessment of hypertensive heart disease with echocardiography.", "content": "Assessment of the pathophysiologic changes associated with systemic hypertension has been limited by difficulty in justifying invasive studies of the left ventricle. Echocardiography, because it is notinvasive, offers an attractive method of assessing cardiac dimensions and function in hypertensive heart disease. Fourteen age-matched normotensive subjects and 31 patients with hypertension (but without clinical evidence of coronary artery disease) were studied before receiving any antihypertensive therapy. The patients with hypertension were classified into three groups on the basis of previously established electrocardiographic and chest X-ray criteria: group I, normal electrocardiogram and chest roentgenogram (13 patients); group II, left atrial abnormality by electrocardiogram and a normal chest roentgenogram (8 patients); and group III, left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiogram or chest roentgenogram, or both (10 patients). Mean arterial pressure increased significantly from group I to group II and from group II to group III (P is less than 0.01), and this increase was associated with a similar progressive increase in left ventricular mass assessed with echocardiogram (P is less than 0.01). A significant increase was also found in both posterior wall and septal thickness in groups II (P is less than 0.05) and III (P is less than 0.01). In association with this increased mass a significant decrease in ejection fraction and fractional fiber shortening was demonstrated in groups II (P is less than 0.05) and III (P is less than 0.01) although cardiac index was reduced only in group III (P is less than 0.05). Thus, increased ventricular mass can be identified with echocardiography at an early stage of hypertensive heart disease when only left atrial abnormality is identifiable with electrocardiographic criteria and decreased left ventricular performance occurs with increasing arterial pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "Pathophysiologic assessment of hypertensive heart disease with echocardiography. Assessment of the pathophysiologic changes associated with systemic hypertension has been limited by difficulty in justifying invasive studies of the left ventricle. Echocardiography, because it is notinvasive, offers an attractive method of assessing cardiac dimensions and function in hypertensive heart disease. Fourteen age-matched normotensive subjects and 31 patients with hypertension (but without clinical evidence of coronary artery disease) were studied before receiving any antihypertensive therapy. The patients with hypertension were classified into three groups on the basis of previously established electrocardiographic and chest X-ray criteria: group I, normal electrocardiogram and chest roentgenogram (13 patients); group II, left atrial abnormality by electrocardiogram and a normal chest roentgenogram (8 patients); and group III, left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiogram or chest roentgenogram, or both (10 patients). Mean arterial pressure increased significantly from group I to group II and from group II to group III (P is less than 0.01), and this increase was associated with a similar progressive increase in left ventricular mass assessed with echocardiogram (P is less than 0.01). A significant increase was also found in both posterior wall and septal thickness in groups II (P is less than 0.05) and III (P is less than 0.01). In association with this increased mass a significant decrease in ejection fraction and fractional fiber shortening was demonstrated in groups II (P is less than 0.05) and III (P is less than 0.01) although cardiac index was reduced only in group III (P is less than 0.05). Thus, increased ventricular mass can be identified with echocardiography at an early stage of hypertensive heart disease when only left atrial abnormality is identifiable with electrocardiographic criteria and decreased left ventricular performance occurs with increasing arterial pressure and left ventricular hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:140602", "title": "Histochemistry of intrafusal muscle fibers outside the spindle capsule.", "content": "Regional differences in histochemical properties along the length of rat intrafusal muscle fibers were examined. Outside the muscle spindle capsule the nuclear bagfibers lose their hitherto characteristic ATPase activity and stain in a manner similar to that of extrafusal type I muscle fibers, perhaps in relationship to spindle skeletofusimotor innervation.", "contents": "Histochemistry of intrafusal muscle fibers outside the spindle capsule. Regional differences in histochemical properties along the length of rat intrafusal muscle fibers were examined. Outside the muscle spindle capsule the nuclear bagfibers lose their hitherto characteristic ATPase activity and stain in a manner similar to that of extrafusal type I muscle fibers, perhaps in relationship to spindle skeletofusimotor innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:140603", "title": "Down syndrome with trisomy in one triplet.", "content": "The case presented here may be the first identified report of Down syndrome with 21 trisomy in one child of triplets. One triplet died at 1 month of age; his facial appearance was not typical of Down syndrome. Detailed testing of blood groups suggested identical origin in the remaining two children. However, the fluorescent banding technique of chromosome, one-way mixed lymphocyte culture test, and HLA typing were suggestive of dizygotic orgin. Skin transplant studies supported this contention.", "contents": "Down syndrome with trisomy in one triplet. The case presented here may be the first identified report of Down syndrome with 21 trisomy in one child of triplets. One triplet died at 1 month of age; his facial appearance was not typical of Down syndrome. Detailed testing of blood groups suggested identical origin in the remaining two children. However, the fluorescent banding technique of chromosome, one-way mixed lymphocyte culture test, and HLA typing were suggestive of dizygotic orgin. Skin transplant studies supported this contention."}
{"id": "PMID:140604", "title": "Immune-complex glomerulonephritis in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "Renal involvement and hypocomplementemia in mixed connective tissue disease are reported to be rare. A patient is described here with mixed connective tissue disease and persistently low serum C'3 levels in whom renal insufficiency and nephrotic syndrome developed secondary to immune-complex glomerulonephritis. Light microscopy of the renal biopsy specimen showed predominantly a membranous lesion. Immunofluorescent staining showed granular deposition along the basement membrane of immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, fibrinogen and C3. Electron microscopy showed numerous electron-dense deposits along the glomerular capillary membrane and in the mesangium.", "contents": "Immune-complex glomerulonephritis in a patient with mixed connective tissue disease. Renal involvement and hypocomplementemia in mixed connective tissue disease are reported to be rare. A patient is described here with mixed connective tissue disease and persistently low serum C'3 levels in whom renal insufficiency and nephrotic syndrome developed secondary to immune-complex glomerulonephritis. Light microscopy of the renal biopsy specimen showed predominantly a membranous lesion. Immunofluorescent staining showed granular deposition along the basement membrane of immunoglobulin G, immunoglobulin M, fibrinogen and C3. Electron microscopy showed numerous electron-dense deposits along the glomerular capillary membrane and in the mesangium."}
{"id": "PMID:140605", "title": "The response of C3H mice to streptozotocin. I. Thymic depression and leukocyte toxicity.", "content": "Streptozotocin, an antibiotic with reported antileukemic activity, was administered to C3H mice to evaluate the response of peripheral blood leukocytes and thymic lymphocytes. The hematologic effects of a single diabetogenic dose of streptozotocin include an absolute neutropenia and a depression of tritiated thymidine incorporation into thymic lymphocytes.", "contents": "The response of C3H mice to streptozotocin. I. Thymic depression and leukocyte toxicity. Streptozotocin, an antibiotic with reported antileukemic activity, was administered to C3H mice to evaluate the response of peripheral blood leukocytes and thymic lymphocytes. The hematologic effects of a single diabetogenic dose of streptozotocin include an absolute neutropenia and a depression of tritiated thymidine incorporation into thymic lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:140606", "title": "Sampling the fetoplacental circulation. II. Combined laparoscopy-fetoscopy in the pregnant ovine.", "content": "Induction of pneumoperitoneum, laparoscopy, and intrauterine endoscopy (fetoscopy) were successfully accompished in 23 pregnant sheep at 45 to 60 days' gestational age. The fetoscope, a conventional 2.7 mm. Hopkins straightforward wide-angle telescope (Stortz 27018A) encased in a prototype 3.1 mm. eccentric cannula, incorporates a 25 gauge needle channel. Multiple pregnancy was encountered in 11 animals. Forty-two separate fetoscopic trials were accomplished; a fetoplacental blood sample was obtained in 52 per cent of the trials. A mean interval of 19 +/- 9 days (+/- S.D., range 6 to 37 days) was allowed between fetoscopy trials. Fetal deaths occurred in nine animals (39 per cent). We believe that laparoscopy permits preselection of the proposed fetoscopy puncture site and will permit the operator to thereby avoid the placenta and/or uterine vessels.", "contents": "Sampling the fetoplacental circulation. II. Combined laparoscopy-fetoscopy in the pregnant ovine. Induction of pneumoperitoneum, laparoscopy, and intrauterine endoscopy (fetoscopy) were successfully accompished in 23 pregnant sheep at 45 to 60 days' gestational age. The fetoscope, a conventional 2.7 mm. Hopkins straightforward wide-angle telescope (Stortz 27018A) encased in a prototype 3.1 mm. eccentric cannula, incorporates a 25 gauge needle channel. Multiple pregnancy was encountered in 11 animals. Forty-two separate fetoscopic trials were accomplished; a fetoplacental blood sample was obtained in 52 per cent of the trials. A mean interval of 19 +/- 9 days (+/- S.D., range 6 to 37 days) was allowed between fetoscopy trials. Fetal deaths occurred in nine animals (39 per cent). We believe that laparoscopy permits preselection of the proposed fetoscopy puncture site and will permit the operator to thereby avoid the placenta and/or uterine vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:140607", "title": "Characteristics of thyroid-stimulated Na+-K+-ATPase of rat heart.", "content": "The possibility that augmentation of cardiac Na+-K+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) by L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) was mediated by early changes in intracellular ion concentrations ([Na+]1, [K+]1) was explored by time-course analysis after a single injection of T3 in thyroid-ablated (131I) rats. At 6 and 16 h after injection, T3 had no significant effect on cardiac [Na+]1, [K+]1, or microsomal Na-K-ATPase activity. At 24 and 48 h, however, T3 elicited proportionate increases in [K+]1 and Na-K-ATPase activity. Thus, no evidence was adduced that the T3-dependent increase in ventricular Na-K-ATPase activity is an adaptive response to prior changes in intracellular ion concentrations. The increase in [K+]1 is attributable to an increase in Na+ pump activity. Administration of T3 to hypothyroid rats had no effect on the transition temperature or the activation energy of ventricular microsomal Na-K-ATPase, as analyzed by an Arrhenius plot. Thus, the lipid microenvironment and the properties of the enzyme may be independent of thyroid status. The latter inference was supported by kinetic analysis, in that T3 had no effect on the Km for ATP or the K1/2's for Na+ and K+. Injection of T3 of the hypothyroid rat, however, significantly increased the Vmax's for ATP, Na+, and K+ of ventricular microsomal Na-K-ATPase. These results are in accord with the inference of thyroidal induction of Na-K-ATPase indistinguishable from those present in the athyroid state.", "contents": "Characteristics of thyroid-stimulated Na+-K+-ATPase of rat heart. The possibility that augmentation of cardiac Na+-K+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) by L-3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) was mediated by early changes in intracellular ion concentrations ([Na+]1, [K+]1) was explored by time-course analysis after a single injection of T3 in thyroid-ablated (131I) rats. At 6 and 16 h after injection, T3 had no significant effect on cardiac [Na+]1, [K+]1, or microsomal Na-K-ATPase activity. At 24 and 48 h, however, T3 elicited proportionate increases in [K+]1 and Na-K-ATPase activity. Thus, no evidence was adduced that the T3-dependent increase in ventricular Na-K-ATPase activity is an adaptive response to prior changes in intracellular ion concentrations. The increase in [K+]1 is attributable to an increase in Na+ pump activity. Administration of T3 to hypothyroid rats had no effect on the transition temperature or the activation energy of ventricular microsomal Na-K-ATPase, as analyzed by an Arrhenius plot. Thus, the lipid microenvironment and the properties of the enzyme may be independent of thyroid status. The latter inference was supported by kinetic analysis, in that T3 had no effect on the Km for ATP or the K1/2's for Na+ and K+. Injection of T3 of the hypothyroid rat, however, significantly increased the Vmax's for ATP, Na+, and K+ of ventricular microsomal Na-K-ATPase. These results are in accord with the inference of thyroidal induction of Na-K-ATPase indistinguishable from those present in the athyroid state."}
{"id": "PMID:140608", "title": "A signal-processing system for real-time ultrasonic measurement of urine flow parameters.", "content": "An application of a signal-processing system to the urethra is described which allows for real-time measurement of the average velocity of the urine at a particular location along the urethra during voiding through measurement of the average frequency in ultrasonic return from scatterers in the flowing urine. In addition, this comparatively simple system provides, without additional instrumentation, the relative urethral cross-sectional area at this location and the relative urine flow rate as functions of time throughout the voiding period. Tests indicate its potential as a valuable transcutaneous diagnostic aid in the detection, study, and treatment of various disorders and diseases of the lower urinary system. The key element of the system is a circuit having a voltage transfer function magnitude proportional to the square root frequency.", "contents": "A signal-processing system for real-time ultrasonic measurement of urine flow parameters. An application of a signal-processing system to the urethra is described which allows for real-time measurement of the average velocity of the urine at a particular location along the urethra during voiding through measurement of the average frequency in ultrasonic return from scatterers in the flowing urine. In addition, this comparatively simple system provides, without additional instrumentation, the relative urethral cross-sectional area at this location and the relative urine flow rate as functions of time throughout the voiding period. Tests indicate its potential as a valuable transcutaneous diagnostic aid in the detection, study, and treatment of various disorders and diseases of the lower urinary system. The key element of the system is a circuit having a voltage transfer function magnitude proportional to the square root frequency."}
{"id": "PMID:140609", "title": "Myocardial mechanics and energetics in experimental iron-deficiency anemia.", "content": "The effect of iron-deficiency anemia on myocardial mechanics and energetics was studied in 10 anesthetized bealge puppies. Nine littermates served as controls. Left ventricular/body weight ratio was increased 14.2% (P less than 0.05) and cardiac index 36.5% (P less than 0.02) in the anemic puppies. Heart rate, mean systolic pressure, myocardial lactate extraction coefficient, and lactic dehydrogenase isozymes were similar in both groups. Contractile state measured in vivo (pressure-velocity curves) and in isolated muscles (isotonic force-velocity curves) was virtually identical in the littermate groups. Despite markedly increased coronary blood flow in the anemia animals, oxygen consumption per unit weight of myocardium was the same in both groups. Contractile element efficiency averaged 18.3% in 10 adult mongrel dogs studied in a similar fashion and was 27.1% and 39.8% in the normal puppies and anemic puppies, respectively. The oxygen cost of internal or force-generating work was similar among the three groups of dogs. It is concluded that the volume load produced by iron-deficiency anemia was associated with a normal contractile state, normal unit myocardial oxygen consumption, no evidence of chronic anaerobiosis, and a high contractile element efficiency, perhaps as a consequence of increased diastolic fiber stretch.", "contents": "Myocardial mechanics and energetics in experimental iron-deficiency anemia. The effect of iron-deficiency anemia on myocardial mechanics and energetics was studied in 10 anesthetized bealge puppies. Nine littermates served as controls. Left ventricular/body weight ratio was increased 14.2% (P less than 0.05) and cardiac index 36.5% (P less than 0.02) in the anemic puppies. Heart rate, mean systolic pressure, myocardial lactate extraction coefficient, and lactic dehydrogenase isozymes were similar in both groups. Contractile state measured in vivo (pressure-velocity curves) and in isolated muscles (isotonic force-velocity curves) was virtually identical in the littermate groups. Despite markedly increased coronary blood flow in the anemia animals, oxygen consumption per unit weight of myocardium was the same in both groups. Contractile element efficiency averaged 18.3% in 10 adult mongrel dogs studied in a similar fashion and was 27.1% and 39.8% in the normal puppies and anemic puppies, respectively. The oxygen cost of internal or force-generating work was similar among the three groups of dogs. It is concluded that the volume load produced by iron-deficiency anemia was associated with a normal contractile state, normal unit myocardial oxygen consumption, no evidence of chronic anaerobiosis, and a high contractile element efficiency, perhaps as a consequence of increased diastolic fiber stretch."}
{"id": "PMID:140610", "title": "Circuit for automatically zeroing aortic flow base line from electromagnetic flowmeter.", "content": "We describe an inexpensive circuit designed to correct base-line drift of electromagnetic flowmeters automatically when cardiac output is being measured. The circuit measures the flowmeter output voltage during a portion of each diastole when blood flow in the aorta is assumed to be zero. Any deviation of the flowmeter output voltage from zero during this time represents either base-line offset or drift. The output voltage obtained during zero flow conditions is stored throughout the next cardiac cycle and subtracted continuously from the flowmeter output during each beat, thus giving a beat-by-beat correction of any base-line drift.", "contents": "Circuit for automatically zeroing aortic flow base line from electromagnetic flowmeter. We describe an inexpensive circuit designed to correct base-line drift of electromagnetic flowmeters automatically when cardiac output is being measured. The circuit measures the flowmeter output voltage during a portion of each diastole when blood flow in the aorta is assumed to be zero. Any deviation of the flowmeter output voltage from zero during this time represents either base-line offset or drift. The output voltage obtained during zero flow conditions is stored throughout the next cardiac cycle and subtracted continuously from the flowmeter output during each beat, thus giving a beat-by-beat correction of any base-line drift."}
{"id": "PMID:140611", "title": "Direct calibration of a totally implantable pulsed Doppler ultrasonic blood flowmeter.", "content": "A totally implantable pulsed Doppler ultrasonic blood flowmeter has recently been developed to provide information on the velocity-flow profile in a vessel as well as its diameter. Volume flow can be indirectly obtained according to the formula: Q = (phi/4)(diam)2-v. In order to determine the accuracy of this estimate, in vivo direct bleedout measurements were performed on the abdominal aorta of six dogs with an overall accuracy in 77 trials of +2.0 +/- 8.7% (mean +/- 1 SD). The best-fit mean linear regression line was found to be: flowmeter output = 1.013-true flow + 5.1 ml/min. The scatter in the flowmeter's accuracy is thought to be due to small variations in the angle of the transducer. The source of the 2% overestimation in the mean accuracy could not be directly attributed to any one condition; the error is sufficiently small that in many cases it can be neglected.", "contents": "Direct calibration of a totally implantable pulsed Doppler ultrasonic blood flowmeter. A totally implantable pulsed Doppler ultrasonic blood flowmeter has recently been developed to provide information on the velocity-flow profile in a vessel as well as its diameter. Volume flow can be indirectly obtained according to the formula: Q = (phi/4)(diam)2-v. In order to determine the accuracy of this estimate, in vivo direct bleedout measurements were performed on the abdominal aorta of six dogs with an overall accuracy in 77 trials of +2.0 +/- 8.7% (mean +/- 1 SD). The best-fit mean linear regression line was found to be: flowmeter output = 1.013-true flow + 5.1 ml/min. The scatter in the flowmeter's accuracy is thought to be due to small variations in the angle of the transducer. The source of the 2% overestimation in the mean accuracy could not be directly attributed to any one condition; the error is sufficiently small that in many cases it can be neglected."}
{"id": "PMID:140613", "title": "On the brain monoaminergic systems relatint to ejaculation. II. Brain serotonin and ejaculation.", "content": "The effects of 5-HTP and pCPA on manually induced ejaculation in dogs and on brain monoamines in dogs and rats were investigated. From the results obtained in this study it was concluded that the serotonergic system in the brain is the mechanism which inhibits the occurrence of ejaculation. Considered together with the results obtained in our previous paper, it is though that ejaculation occurs with the reconciliation of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems.", "contents": "On the brain monoaminergic systems relatint to ejaculation. II. Brain serotonin and ejaculation. The effects of 5-HTP and pCPA on manually induced ejaculation in dogs and on brain monoamines in dogs and rats were investigated. From the results obtained in this study it was concluded that the serotonergic system in the brain is the mechanism which inhibits the occurrence of ejaculation. Considered together with the results obtained in our previous paper, it is though that ejaculation occurs with the reconciliation of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems."}
{"id": "PMID:140620", "title": "Paget's disease of bone.", "content": "Paget's disease affects approximately 3% of the population over age forty. It may be genetically transmitted (autosomal-dominant), but recent evidence suggests a viral etiology. Effective agents for control of the disorder have been developed over the past decade, but all have significant drawbacks. Calcitonin tends to lose its effectiveness in significant numbers of patients over a few months, mithramycin has significant toxicity, and diphosphonates tend to cause osteomalacia.", "contents": "Paget's disease of bone. Paget's disease affects approximately 3% of the population over age forty. It may be genetically transmitted (autosomal-dominant), but recent evidence suggests a viral etiology. Effective agents for control of the disorder have been developed over the past decade, but all have significant drawbacks. Calcitonin tends to lose its effectiveness in significant numbers of patients over a few months, mithramycin has significant toxicity, and diphosphonates tend to cause osteomalacia."}
{"id": "PMID:140622", "title": "IgA-associated glomerulonephritis.", "content": "In summary, IgA-associated glomerulonephritis is an interesting clinical problem. The immunohistochemical identification of renal IgA deposits is the sine qua non of its diagnosis, although most of the patients reported have had hematuric syndromes, particularly recurrent gross hematuria. The importance of this immunopathologic entity devolves from the crucial use of special stains to identify IgA, the enigmatic role of IgA, the usual mesangioapthic expression of histologic response, and the ill-defined relationship of this clinical problem to nephropathies associated with systemic diseases that also have glomerular IgA deposits. Although still unproven, it is likely that the usual instance of IgA-associated glomerulonephritis is due to deposition of circulating immune complexes containing IgA. The nature of the exciting antigen(s), quantitative measures and characteristics of such complexes, and the role of mediating systems, including coagulation, have not yet been elucidated.", "contents": "IgA-associated glomerulonephritis. In summary, IgA-associated glomerulonephritis is an interesting clinical problem. The immunohistochemical identification of renal IgA deposits is the sine qua non of its diagnosis, although most of the patients reported have had hematuric syndromes, particularly recurrent gross hematuria. The importance of this immunopathologic entity devolves from the crucial use of special stains to identify IgA, the enigmatic role of IgA, the usual mesangioapthic expression of histologic response, and the ill-defined relationship of this clinical problem to nephropathies associated with systemic diseases that also have glomerular IgA deposits. Although still unproven, it is likely that the usual instance of IgA-associated glomerulonephritis is due to deposition of circulating immune complexes containing IgA. The nature of the exciting antigen(s), quantitative measures and characteristics of such complexes, and the role of mediating systems, including coagulation, have not yet been elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:140624", "title": "Changing patterns of plasmid-mediated drug resistance during tetracycline therapy.", "content": "The patterns of drug resistance and the frequency of conjugative R plasmids in intestinal Escherichia coli from 88 patients treated for a skin disease (acne vulgaris) with low oral doses of tetracycline are reported. The proportion of patients with resistant bacteria was progressively greater in patients who received tetracycline for 1 week, 4 weeks, or longer (from 50 to 88%). No multiply drug-resistant bacteria were detected before treatment or after 1 week of treatment. After more than 4 weeks of treatment, multiply drug-resistant E. coli were isolated from about 50% of the patients. The origin and selection of R plasmid-determined multiple drug resistance are discussed.", "contents": "Changing patterns of plasmid-mediated drug resistance during tetracycline therapy. The patterns of drug resistance and the frequency of conjugative R plasmids in intestinal Escherichia coli from 88 patients treated for a skin disease (acne vulgaris) with low oral doses of tetracycline are reported. The proportion of patients with resistant bacteria was progressively greater in patients who received tetracycline for 1 week, 4 weeks, or longer (from 50 to 88%). No multiply drug-resistant bacteria were detected before treatment or after 1 week of treatment. After more than 4 weeks of treatment, multiply drug-resistant E. coli were isolated from about 50% of the patients. The origin and selection of R plasmid-determined multiple drug resistance are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140627", "title": "Chloracne from manufacture of a new herbicide.", "content": "Forty-one chemical company workers had chloracne as a result of exposure to 3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAB), an extraneous intermediate produced during the manufacture of a new herbicide. There was no laboratory evidence of significant hepatotoxicity or porphyria during the short time the herbicide was produced. An acnegenic when applied to the rabbit ear, TCAB is also a potent inducer of the microsomal enzyme aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Prevention of chlorance is a difficult industrial engineering task and treatment of the disease is even more perplexing.", "contents": "Chloracne from manufacture of a new herbicide. Forty-one chemical company workers had chloracne as a result of exposure to 3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAB), an extraneous intermediate produced during the manufacture of a new herbicide. There was no laboratory evidence of significant hepatotoxicity or porphyria during the short time the herbicide was produced. An acnegenic when applied to the rabbit ear, TCAB is also a potent inducer of the microsomal enzyme aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase. Prevention of chlorance is a difficult industrial engineering task and treatment of the disease is even more perplexing."}
{"id": "PMID:140629", "title": "Cytochemical variation of mast cells in the skin of the rat.", "content": "The mast cells of the skin of the external ear of the rat have been examined, with a view to the possible identification of different cell-types. It was not possible to discern more than one type of cell using criteria of size, shape, nuclear chromophilia or sizes of granules. The cytoplasmic granules of all of the cutaneous mast cells were tingible with Alcian blue (pH. 1.0 and 2.5) and, metachromatically, with toluidine blue 0. These properties were attributable to the heparin contained in the granules. The cells all gave positive reactions with the diazosafranine method, possibly by virtue of their content of serotonin. About two thirds of the mast cells in the dermis contained granules which were stainable by the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) method and which could bind concanavalin A. It is suggested that these latter cells contain, in addition to heparin, a neutral mucosubstance characterized by a high content of alpha-d-glucosyl and/or alpha-d-mannosyl monosaccharide residues. The PAS-positive cells were relatively more abundant in vascular adventitiae and nerves and less so in the general connective tissue of the dermis than were the mast cells which did not contain the second mucosubstance.", "contents": "Cytochemical variation of mast cells in the skin of the rat. The mast cells of the skin of the external ear of the rat have been examined, with a view to the possible identification of different cell-types. It was not possible to discern more than one type of cell using criteria of size, shape, nuclear chromophilia or sizes of granules. The cytoplasmic granules of all of the cutaneous mast cells were tingible with Alcian blue (pH. 1.0 and 2.5) and, metachromatically, with toluidine blue 0. These properties were attributable to the heparin contained in the granules. The cells all gave positive reactions with the diazosafranine method, possibly by virtue of their content of serotonin. About two thirds of the mast cells in the dermis contained granules which were stainable by the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) method and which could bind concanavalin A. It is suggested that these latter cells contain, in addition to heparin, a neutral mucosubstance characterized by a high content of alpha-d-glucosyl and/or alpha-d-mannosyl monosaccharide residues. The PAS-positive cells were relatively more abundant in vascular adventitiae and nerves and less so in the general connective tissue of the dermis than were the mast cells which did not contain the second mucosubstance."}
{"id": "PMID:140631", "title": "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: special considerations.", "content": "Twelve patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and one patient with WDHA syndrome are reviewed. Three of the Z-E patients exhibited MEA, two having hyperinsulinism and one hyperparathyroidism. Ages ranged from nine to 71 years. Diagnosis of Z-E syndrome was established from history, gastric acid secretion, radiologic studies, serum gastrin measurements and from actual tissue biopsy in 10 of the 12 patients. Total gastrectomy was performed in 8 of the 12 Z-E patients, with abolition of the ulcer diathesis in all. However, in none of our patients was there objective evidence of subsequent tumor regression. Three patients remain alive. Four died of tumor, one from post-total gastrectomy complications, one from post-subtotal gastrectomy in another hospital, two from ulcer hemorrhage, and one from electrolyte imbalance with autopsy diagnosis of Z-E tumor. A patient is recorded in detail who exhibited both hyperinsulinemia and hypergastrinemia from a malignant islet cell tumor, had the tumor \"debulked\" four times over a 14 year period and whose hepatic metastases were temporarily abolished by streptozotocin infusion. The question is raised regarding relationships between chronic organic hyperinsulinism and subsequent hypergastrinemia.", "contents": "Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: special considerations. Twelve patients with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome and one patient with WDHA syndrome are reviewed. Three of the Z-E patients exhibited MEA, two having hyperinsulinism and one hyperparathyroidism. Ages ranged from nine to 71 years. Diagnosis of Z-E syndrome was established from history, gastric acid secretion, radiologic studies, serum gastrin measurements and from actual tissue biopsy in 10 of the 12 patients. Total gastrectomy was performed in 8 of the 12 Z-E patients, with abolition of the ulcer diathesis in all. However, in none of our patients was there objective evidence of subsequent tumor regression. Three patients remain alive. Four died of tumor, one from post-total gastrectomy complications, one from post-subtotal gastrectomy in another hospital, two from ulcer hemorrhage, and one from electrolyte imbalance with autopsy diagnosis of Z-E tumor. A patient is recorded in detail who exhibited both hyperinsulinemia and hypergastrinemia from a malignant islet cell tumor, had the tumor \"debulked\" four times over a 14 year period and whose hepatic metastases were temporarily abolished by streptozotocin infusion. The question is raised regarding relationships between chronic organic hyperinsulinism and subsequent hypergastrinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:140632", "title": "The human platelet. A diagnostic and research tool for the study of biogenic amines in psychiatric and neurologic disorders.", "content": "Comparison of the properties of blood platelets and serotonergic synaptosomes suggests that the human platelet can serve as an appropriate model for the transport, metabolism, and release of serotonin (5-HT) by CNS serotonergic neurons. The study of blood 5-HT levels and platelet 5-HT pharmacodynamics in patients with a variety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders has generated interesting leads into possible abnormalities of CNS 5-HT neurons in these patients. This article reviews the experimental evidence, which uses the human platelet model to investigate neurotransmitter-related abnormalities in Down syndrome, mental retardation, infantile autism, hyperactivity syndromes (minimal brain dysfunction), schizophrenia, affective disorders, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Parkinson disease, Huntington chorea, and migraine headaches.", "contents": "The human platelet. A diagnostic and research tool for the study of biogenic amines in psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Comparison of the properties of blood platelets and serotonergic synaptosomes suggests that the human platelet can serve as an appropriate model for the transport, metabolism, and release of serotonin (5-HT) by CNS serotonergic neurons. The study of blood 5-HT levels and platelet 5-HT pharmacodynamics in patients with a variety of psychiatric and neurologic disorders has generated interesting leads into possible abnormalities of CNS 5-HT neurons in these patients. This article reviews the experimental evidence, which uses the human platelet model to investigate neurotransmitter-related abnormalities in Down syndrome, mental retardation, infantile autism, hyperactivity syndromes (minimal brain dysfunction), schizophrenia, affective disorders, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Parkinson disease, Huntington chorea, and migraine headaches."}
{"id": "PMID:140633", "title": "[The effect of various substances on the time of survival of rabbits under conditiones of oxygen-delay (author's transl)].", "content": "In 30 rabbits, which had accidentally been divided into five groups of different treatment the effect of the substance Persantin, Actihaemyl and Noleptan was investigated in view of the time of survival of the animals and the behaviour of the acid-base-balance and the blood-gases under conditions of oxygen-delay. There were two control-groups. One collective was treated with Haemaccel, the other with Glucose. In those groups treated with Persantin, Actihaemyl and Noleptan the time of survival of the animals is significantly higher in comparison with the animals of the control-groups. The behaviour of the acid-base-balance and the blood-gases in the collective treated with Persantin points to a reduction of the dimension of the metabolic acidosis. This effect cannot be assumed for Actihaemyl because of this investigation. The effect of Noleptan seems to depend on an improvement of the gas exchange in the lungs of the rabbits. The results of this investigation show that the application of Persantin and Actihaemyl might be an interesting enrichment of the medicamental treatment of the intrauterine acidoses.", "contents": "[The effect of various substances on the time of survival of rabbits under conditiones of oxygen-delay (author's transl)]. In 30 rabbits, which had accidentally been divided into five groups of different treatment the effect of the substance Persantin, Actihaemyl and Noleptan was investigated in view of the time of survival of the animals and the behaviour of the acid-base-balance and the blood-gases under conditions of oxygen-delay. There were two control-groups. One collective was treated with Haemaccel, the other with Glucose. In those groups treated with Persantin, Actihaemyl and Noleptan the time of survival of the animals is significantly higher in comparison with the animals of the control-groups. The behaviour of the acid-base-balance and the blood-gases in the collective treated with Persantin points to a reduction of the dimension of the metabolic acidosis. This effect cannot be assumed for Actihaemyl because of this investigation. The effect of Noleptan seems to depend on an improvement of the gas exchange in the lungs of the rabbits. The results of this investigation show that the application of Persantin and Actihaemyl might be an interesting enrichment of the medicamental treatment of the intrauterine acidoses."}
{"id": "PMID:140636", "title": "[Several morphologic and histochemical aspects of the formation of the placenta in sheep].", "content": "Histological and histochemical methods were used to study morpho-functional properties in the development of the sheep placenta. General regularities of developmental changes in the structure of the placenta and its carbohydrate and protein metabolism have been found which speaks of the regular change of periods of the intrauterine development, related with changing the periods of the intrauterine feeding. The giant cells of the chorion were shown to participate in metabolic processes, in addition to the histolytic activity which was shown by presence of carbohydrate (glycogen, glyco- and mucoproteins, acid mucopolysaccharides) and protein compounds.", "contents": "[Several morphologic and histochemical aspects of the formation of the placenta in sheep]. Histological and histochemical methods were used to study morpho-functional properties in the development of the sheep placenta. General regularities of developmental changes in the structure of the placenta and its carbohydrate and protein metabolism have been found which speaks of the regular change of periods of the intrauterine development, related with changing the periods of the intrauterine feeding. The giant cells of the chorion were shown to participate in metabolic processes, in addition to the histolytic activity which was shown by presence of carbohydrate (glycogen, glyco- and mucoproteins, acid mucopolysaccharides) and protein compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:140638", "title": "[Immunologic and electrophoretic detection of an epidermal chalone-containing complex in tissues of different origin].", "content": "The rabbit antiserum to one of the components of the tissue-specific protein complex isolated from the back skin of rats and containing G1- and G2-chalones was obtained. By means of this antiserum an antigen identical to the cutaneous one was found in the mucous membrane of the tongue, oesophagus, prestomach and vagina, in the epidermis of the tail and sole. The cornea, mucous membranes of the urinary bladder and intestine, liver, kidney and blood serum do not contain this antigen. According to data of disc-electrophoresis in 5%-polyacrilamide gel, the 55--81% alcohol extracts of the investigated tissues of the epidermal type, including the cornea and mucous membrane of the urinary bladder, are of similar quantitative and qualitative composition, different from that of tissues of other origin.", "contents": "[Immunologic and electrophoretic detection of an epidermal chalone-containing complex in tissues of different origin]. The rabbit antiserum to one of the components of the tissue-specific protein complex isolated from the back skin of rats and containing G1- and G2-chalones was obtained. By means of this antiserum an antigen identical to the cutaneous one was found in the mucous membrane of the tongue, oesophagus, prestomach and vagina, in the epidermis of the tail and sole. The cornea, mucous membranes of the urinary bladder and intestine, liver, kidney and blood serum do not contain this antigen. According to data of disc-electrophoresis in 5%-polyacrilamide gel, the 55--81% alcohol extracts of the investigated tissues of the epidermal type, including the cornea and mucous membrane of the urinary bladder, are of similar quantitative and qualitative composition, different from that of tissues of other origin."}
{"id": "PMID:140634", "title": "[Vaccine therapy of a case of onychomycosis caused by Candida albicans].", "content": "A case of onychomycosis due to Candida Albicans in an otherwise healthy girl is reported. A vaccine was prepared with the same strain as the Candida Albicans isolated from the nail culture, broken down into 12 ampoules containing progressive concentrations. An improvement was achieved up to complete cure and this persists many months later. The results of the therapy are commented on.", "contents": "[Vaccine therapy of a case of onychomycosis caused by Candida albicans]. A case of onychomycosis due to Candida Albicans in an otherwise healthy girl is reported. A vaccine was prepared with the same strain as the Candida Albicans isolated from the nail culture, broken down into 12 ampoules containing progressive concentrations. An improvement was achieved up to complete cure and this persists many months later. The results of the therapy are commented on."}
{"id": "PMID:140641", "title": "Fatty acid composition of lipids in cerebral myelin and synaptosomes in phenylketonuria and Down syndrome.", "content": "Lipid and fatty acid composition of myelin and synaptosomes isolated from brains of phenylketonuric (PKU) and Down syndrome (DS) patients and patients with neither of these disorders was determined. No differences were observed in the proportions of cholesterol to phospholipids in synaptosomes and cholesterol to galactolipids to phospholipids in myelin or in the fatty acid composition of phospholipids in synaptosomes. However, the myelin from PKU brains contained reduced proportions of unsaturated and long-chain fatty acids. We conclude that genetic PKU and its experimental model have in common a defect in cerebral fatty acid metabolism, and that cerebral lipid abnormalities in this condition, rather than being generalized, may be confined to the glial cell population that synthesizes myelin. We further conclude that DS is not associated with an abnormality of cerebral lipid metabolism.", "contents": "Fatty acid composition of lipids in cerebral myelin and synaptosomes in phenylketonuria and Down syndrome. Lipid and fatty acid composition of myelin and synaptosomes isolated from brains of phenylketonuric (PKU) and Down syndrome (DS) patients and patients with neither of these disorders was determined. No differences were observed in the proportions of cholesterol to phospholipids in synaptosomes and cholesterol to galactolipids to phospholipids in myelin or in the fatty acid composition of phospholipids in synaptosomes. However, the myelin from PKU brains contained reduced proportions of unsaturated and long-chain fatty acids. We conclude that genetic PKU and its experimental model have in common a defect in cerebral fatty acid metabolism, and that cerebral lipid abnormalities in this condition, rather than being generalized, may be confined to the glial cell population that synthesizes myelin. We further conclude that DS is not associated with an abnormality of cerebral lipid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:140642", "title": "Valproate sodium in Huntington chorea.", "content": "An open trial of valproate sodium in 14 patients suffering from Huntington chorea showed that the drug was ineffective in the two treatment schedules employed.", "contents": "Valproate sodium in Huntington chorea. An open trial of valproate sodium in 14 patients suffering from Huntington chorea showed that the drug was ineffective in the two treatment schedules employed."}
{"id": "PMID:140643", "title": "Spinal myoclonus with dermal and retinal changes affected by myelitis.", "content": "Intermittent, rhythmical myoclonus that had been present in the lower limbs of a 68-year-old man for more than 50 years was obviously increased in frequency during the period when the patients suffered from acute transverse myelitis. The same type of movements were readily induced by irrigation of the urinary bladder during the period of paraparesis. Removal of some possible inhibitory influences from a myoclonic focus in the lower spinal cord with resulting heightened excitability was thought to be the mechanism of these phenomena, although direct irritation of the myoclonic focus by the inflammatory process was also conceivable. The patient had keratosis palmoplantaris hereditaria and retinal pigment degeneration, suggesting the possibility of a congenital neuroectodermal dysplasia.", "contents": "Spinal myoclonus with dermal and retinal changes affected by myelitis. Intermittent, rhythmical myoclonus that had been present in the lower limbs of a 68-year-old man for more than 50 years was obviously increased in frequency during the period when the patients suffered from acute transverse myelitis. The same type of movements were readily induced by irrigation of the urinary bladder during the period of paraparesis. Removal of some possible inhibitory influences from a myoclonic focus in the lower spinal cord with resulting heightened excitability was thought to be the mechanism of these phenomena, although direct irritation of the myoclonic focus by the inflammatory process was also conceivable. The patient had keratosis palmoplantaris hereditaria and retinal pigment degeneration, suggesting the possibility of a congenital neuroectodermal dysplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:140644", "title": "[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit. Apropos of 24 cases].", "content": "A composite review of 24 cases of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma which is seen in fact to be the commonest orbital malignant tumour in children. In its evolution, most often very rapid, sometimes pseudo-inflammatory, this tumour presents many different histological appearances among which the alveolar form and the botryoidal form should be particularly distinguished. Although it was for a long time confused with reticulosarcoma the tumour is in fact derived from primitive undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and can therefore in this sense be considered as a blastoma. Since the prognosis is grave and its treatment often disappointing, it should in many cases combine surgery with radiotherapy and polychemotherapy.", "contents": "[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit. Apropos of 24 cases]. A composite review of 24 cases of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma which is seen in fact to be the commonest orbital malignant tumour in children. In its evolution, most often very rapid, sometimes pseudo-inflammatory, this tumour presents many different histological appearances among which the alveolar form and the botryoidal form should be particularly distinguished. Although it was for a long time confused with reticulosarcoma the tumour is in fact derived from primitive undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and can therefore in this sense be considered as a blastoma. Since the prognosis is grave and its treatment often disappointing, it should in many cases combine surgery with radiotherapy and polychemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:140645", "title": "[Tissue groups and ophthalmology].", "content": "By typing of 90 patients with ocular pathology (uveitis, diseases of optic nerve, Eale's disease, pseudo-tumor cerebri) the authors have found a constant and significant increase in the frequency of H.L.A. A2 especially in uveitis by streptococcus. However, a frequency of H.L.A. B27 as elevated as in previous publications was not found--but the parallelism: H.L.A. B27--ankylosing spondylitis was always found. Finally, the authors emphasized the haplotype H.L.A. A2 H.L.A. B5 in two cases of pseudo-tumor cerebri.", "contents": "[Tissue groups and ophthalmology]. By typing of 90 patients with ocular pathology (uveitis, diseases of optic nerve, Eale's disease, pseudo-tumor cerebri) the authors have found a constant and significant increase in the frequency of H.L.A. A2 especially in uveitis by streptococcus. However, a frequency of H.L.A. B27 as elevated as in previous publications was not found--but the parallelism: H.L.A. B27--ankylosing spondylitis was always found. Finally, the authors emphasized the haplotype H.L.A. A2 H.L.A. B5 in two cases of pseudo-tumor cerebri."}
{"id": "PMID:140646", "title": "[Secondary glaucoma after cataract surgery].", "content": "The analysis of 900 operated cataract cases shows that for 16 cases the secondary glaucoma has appeared 1,77 p. 100. As pathogenesis, in 5 cases by being late for recover of the anterior chamber, in 2 cases by vitrean obstruction, in 2 cases by the anterior chamber epithelisation, and in one case the secondary glaucoma has been post-haemoragical. The medical treatment has been diversificated according to the cause which has generated it, with normalisation of the ocular pressure and sight ameliorations in 50 p. 100 of cases. It is shown that the prophylaxis measures which are imposed for the far diminuation of the frequency in the secondary glaucoma cases after the cataract operation.", "contents": "[Secondary glaucoma after cataract surgery]. The analysis of 900 operated cataract cases shows that for 16 cases the secondary glaucoma has appeared 1,77 p. 100. As pathogenesis, in 5 cases by being late for recover of the anterior chamber, in 2 cases by vitrean obstruction, in 2 cases by the anterior chamber epithelisation, and in one case the secondary glaucoma has been post-haemoragical. The medical treatment has been diversificated according to the cause which has generated it, with normalisation of the ocular pressure and sight ameliorations in 50 p. 100 of cases. It is shown that the prophylaxis measures which are imposed for the far diminuation of the frequency in the secondary glaucoma cases after the cataract operation."}
{"id": "PMID:140647", "title": "[Study of the composition of aqueous humor in normal subjects by means of automatic analytical technics].", "content": "Five new constituents in the aqueous humour were measured as part of a study on the constitution of the aqueous in normal subjects; urea, glucose, phosphorus, calcium and the carbonates and bicarbonates representing the alkaline reserve. Each of these constituents were measured by an automatic method using the Technicon auto-analyser, a similar sample of aqueous humour serving in some cases for simultaneous measurement of several constituents. The principles of the reaction, the Manifold used and the results obtained are reported for each of these. The latter were studied more particularly as a function of age on the one part and also a function of the serum levels of the same constituent. This simultaneous study establishes a relationship between the aqueous humor and the plasma which is compared with preceding reports in the literature and with results obtained more often in animals. Several important physiological and physiopathological considerations arise from these findings.", "contents": "[Study of the composition of aqueous humor in normal subjects by means of automatic analytical technics]. Five new constituents in the aqueous humour were measured as part of a study on the constitution of the aqueous in normal subjects; urea, glucose, phosphorus, calcium and the carbonates and bicarbonates representing the alkaline reserve. Each of these constituents were measured by an automatic method using the Technicon auto-analyser, a similar sample of aqueous humour serving in some cases for simultaneous measurement of several constituents. The principles of the reaction, the Manifold used and the results obtained are reported for each of these. The latter were studied more particularly as a function of age on the one part and also a function of the serum levels of the same constituent. This simultaneous study establishes a relationship between the aqueous humor and the plasma which is compared with preceding reports in the literature and with results obtained more often in animals. Several important physiological and physiopathological considerations arise from these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:140648", "title": "[Experimental keratoplasty after sensitization by a bacterial antigen (Streptococcus A group)].", "content": "Experimental (rabbit) penetrating keratoplasties with donor tissue sensitized to a bacterial antigen (Streptococcus Group A) were placed in normal rabbits and animals sensitized to the same antigen. Severe graft reactions developed two months after grafting in sensitized rabbits while no reaction occurred in controls. It is possible that homograft reactions can be triggered and super-imposed to the immuno-allergice reaction to the foreign antigen present in host and donor.", "contents": "[Experimental keratoplasty after sensitization by a bacterial antigen (Streptococcus A group)]. Experimental (rabbit) penetrating keratoplasties with donor tissue sensitized to a bacterial antigen (Streptococcus Group A) were placed in normal rabbits and animals sensitized to the same antigen. Severe graft reactions developed two months after grafting in sensitized rabbits while no reaction occurred in controls. It is possible that homograft reactions can be triggered and super-imposed to the immuno-allergice reaction to the foreign antigen present in host and donor."}
{"id": "PMID:140650", "title": "Dermatoses in geriatric patients.", "content": "Geriatric patients, though they may present many of the dermatological problems occurring throughout adult life, show a greater incidence of the degenerative skin changes consequent on sun exposure in the form of collagen degeneration, solar keratoses, keratoacanthoma and skin cancer. The benign, precancerous and malignant skin tumours, the various types of eczema, senile pruritus and certain other conditions will be discussed.", "contents": "Dermatoses in geriatric patients. Geriatric patients, though they may present many of the dermatological problems occurring throughout adult life, show a greater incidence of the degenerative skin changes consequent on sun exposure in the form of collagen degeneration, solar keratoses, keratoacanthoma and skin cancer. The benign, precancerous and malignant skin tumours, the various types of eczema, senile pruritus and certain other conditions will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140651", "title": "Hypertension and headache.", "content": "The frequent association between headache and hypertension has been recognized since the introduction of the sphygmomanometer. A cause and effect relationship proposed by early writers and widely accepted in the medical and lay community has been proposed, questioned and re-examined. The purpose of this review is to scan the literature on the subject, to present some factual data obtained from a 20 year follow-up study carried out at the Cardio-Vascular Clinic, Sydney Hospital and to summarize some personal views currently held on the relationship of hypertension and headache.", "contents": "Hypertension and headache. The frequent association between headache and hypertension has been recognized since the introduction of the sphygmomanometer. A cause and effect relationship proposed by early writers and widely accepted in the medical and lay community has been proposed, questioned and re-examined. The purpose of this review is to scan the literature on the subject, to present some factual data obtained from a 20 year follow-up study carried out at the Cardio-Vascular Clinic, Sydney Hospital and to summarize some personal views currently held on the relationship of hypertension and headache."}
{"id": "PMID:140653", "title": "Regulation of actin-myosin interaction.", "content": "In the presence of the regulatory protein complex tropomyosin-troponin ATPase activity of vertebrate skeletal muscle actomyosin is either higher or lower than in the absence of tropomyosin-troponin. The actual behavior depends on ionic strength, Ca2+ concentration, ATP concentration (determining the amount of rigor complexes present), and the ratio between actin and myosin. This effect of the myosin-actin ratio implies that under certain conditions cooperativity in actin-myosin interaction can be seen.", "contents": "Regulation of actin-myosin interaction. In the presence of the regulatory protein complex tropomyosin-troponin ATPase activity of vertebrate skeletal muscle actomyosin is either higher or lower than in the absence of tropomyosin-troponin. The actual behavior depends on ionic strength, Ca2+ concentration, ATP concentration (determining the amount of rigor complexes present), and the ratio between actin and myosin. This effect of the myosin-actin ratio implies that under certain conditions cooperativity in actin-myosin interaction can be seen."}
{"id": "PMID:140654", "title": "Ca++ activation of ATPase activity, ATP-Pi exchange, and tension in briefly glycerinated heart muscle.", "content": "In the course of MG-dependent ATP splitting by heart actomyosin, an \"energy rich\" actomyosin-ADP complex is formed, which promotes the incorporation of phosphate 32P into ATP in myofibrils. The rate of this ATP-phosphate exchange reaction depends on the extent of actin-myosin overlap which can be decreased by stretching glycerinated muscle fibres. In heart muscle, the calcium-ion dependence of this reaction is similar to that of the actomyosin ATPase, the tension, and \"immediate fibre stiffness\" (which is \"hookean\" and which is a measure for the number of myosin cross-bridges attached to and interacting with actin). These findings suggest that calcium increases the amount of \"contractile\" actomyosin-ADP complexes. The proportionality between tension and ATPase activity further suggests that the rate-limiting step of the cross-bridge cycle (which determines the molecular turnover number, the \"Wechselzahl\" of the ATPase) is only little affected by calcium ions. These ions act by recruiting more bridges rather than by accelerating their reactions. In addition, the depressing effect of inorganic phosphate on the contractile tension and its presumable role in energetic insuffciency will be discussed.", "contents": "Ca++ activation of ATPase activity, ATP-Pi exchange, and tension in briefly glycerinated heart muscle. In the course of MG-dependent ATP splitting by heart actomyosin, an \"energy rich\" actomyosin-ADP complex is formed, which promotes the incorporation of phosphate 32P into ATP in myofibrils. The rate of this ATP-phosphate exchange reaction depends on the extent of actin-myosin overlap which can be decreased by stretching glycerinated muscle fibres. In heart muscle, the calcium-ion dependence of this reaction is similar to that of the actomyosin ATPase, the tension, and \"immediate fibre stiffness\" (which is \"hookean\" and which is a measure for the number of myosin cross-bridges attached to and interacting with actin). These findings suggest that calcium increases the amount of \"contractile\" actomyosin-ADP complexes. The proportionality between tension and ATPase activity further suggests that the rate-limiting step of the cross-bridge cycle (which determines the molecular turnover number, the \"Wechselzahl\" of the ATPase) is only little affected by calcium ions. These ions act by recruiting more bridges rather than by accelerating their reactions. In addition, the depressing effect of inorganic phosphate on the contractile tension and its presumable role in energetic insuffciency will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140655", "title": "Elementary events in excitation-contraction coupling of the mammalian myocardium.", "content": "Excitation-contraction coupling of the mammalian myocardium is widely assumed to comprise the following chain of events: (1) Influx of Ca++ into the cell during the plateau phase of the action potential as well as Ca++ release from the subsarcolemmal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum. (2) Activation of the contractile proteins by interaction of Ca++ with the troponin-tropomyosin system. (3) Relaxation due to reuptake of Ca++ by the sarcotubular system as well as by pumping of Ca++ out of the cell through the surface membrane and the transverse tubular system. (4) Movement of Ca++ in the longitudinal tubules back to the subsarcolemmal cisternae. A short comment is included about the effects of hypertrophy on the excitatory processes as well as on cellular structural constituents directly involved in excitation-contraction coupling.", "contents": "Elementary events in excitation-contraction coupling of the mammalian myocardium. Excitation-contraction coupling of the mammalian myocardium is widely assumed to comprise the following chain of events: (1) Influx of Ca++ into the cell during the plateau phase of the action potential as well as Ca++ release from the subsarcolemmal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum. (2) Activation of the contractile proteins by interaction of Ca++ with the troponin-tropomyosin system. (3) Relaxation due to reuptake of Ca++ by the sarcotubular system as well as by pumping of Ca++ out of the cell through the surface membrane and the transverse tubular system. (4) Movement of Ca++ in the longitudinal tubules back to the subsarcolemmal cisternae. A short comment is included about the effects of hypertrophy on the excitatory processes as well as on cellular structural constituents directly involved in excitation-contraction coupling."}
{"id": "PMID:140657", "title": "The partitioning of altered mechanics in hypertrophied heart muscle between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the contractile apparatus by means of myothermal measurements.", "content": "Cardiac hypertrophy in the rabbit, secondary to pulmonary artery stenosis, results in a decrease in unloaded shortening velocity (Vmax) and maximum rate of isometric force development (dP/dtmax), while the peak isometric twitch tension is unchanged and time to peak tension (TPT) is increased. The principle hypothesis used to explain these results involve 1) slowing of myosin cross bridge movement as reflected in depressed myosin ATPase activity and 2) changes in excitation contraction coupling phenomena resulting in changes in intracellular Ca++ movement. Ca++ and actin activated myosin ATPase from the hypertrophied (H) muscles is depressed by 30%. Total initial heat, tension dependent heat and tension independent heat are depressed in H muscles by 57, 56, and 61% respectively. The rate of tension independent heat production in H preparations is depressed by 66%. From these data it is concluded that 61% of the depression in Vmax could be accounted for by the alteration in myosin with the reminder attributable to changes in EC coupling. Increased TPT can be accounted for by the change in rate of Ca++ flux as indicated by the alterated rate of tension independent heat evolution.", "contents": "The partitioning of altered mechanics in hypertrophied heart muscle between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the contractile apparatus by means of myothermal measurements. Cardiac hypertrophy in the rabbit, secondary to pulmonary artery stenosis, results in a decrease in unloaded shortening velocity (Vmax) and maximum rate of isometric force development (dP/dtmax), while the peak isometric twitch tension is unchanged and time to peak tension (TPT) is increased. The principle hypothesis used to explain these results involve 1) slowing of myosin cross bridge movement as reflected in depressed myosin ATPase activity and 2) changes in excitation contraction coupling phenomena resulting in changes in intracellular Ca++ movement. Ca++ and actin activated myosin ATPase from the hypertrophied (H) muscles is depressed by 30%. Total initial heat, tension dependent heat and tension independent heat are depressed in H muscles by 57, 56, and 61% respectively. The rate of tension independent heat production in H preparations is depressed by 66%. From these data it is concluded that 61% of the depression in Vmax could be accounted for by the alteration in myosin with the reminder attributable to changes in EC coupling. Increased TPT can be accounted for by the change in rate of Ca++ flux as indicated by the alterated rate of tension independent heat evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:140656", "title": "The reversal of the calcium pump of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The reversal of the calcium pump of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) prepared from dogs was investigated. Phosphorylation of the calcium transport ATPase by orthophosphate and ATP synthesis from ADP and orthophosphate by SR passively preloaded with calcium are demonstrated. The ADP-dependent calcium efflux from SR loaded with calcium in the presence of acetylphosphate is stoichiometrically coupled to ATP synthesis from ADP and orthophosphate.", "contents": "The reversal of the calcium pump of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. The reversal of the calcium pump of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) prepared from dogs was investigated. Phosphorylation of the calcium transport ATPase by orthophosphate and ATP synthesis from ADP and orthophosphate by SR passively preloaded with calcium are demonstrated. The ADP-dependent calcium efflux from SR loaded with calcium in the presence of acetylphosphate is stoichiometrically coupled to ATP synthesis from ADP and orthophosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:140658", "title": "Myocardial function in different models of cardiac hypertrophy. An attempt at correlating mechanical, biochemical, and morphological parameters.", "content": "Based on mechanical, biochemical and electron microscopic studies performed in the same stage of experimental cardiac hypertrophy, an attempt is made to define the significance of individual factors responsible for the alterations in myocardial function. Using swimming rats, it is demonstrated that a load-induced increase in cardiac mass is not necessarily connected with an impairment of contractile capability on a cellular level. Yet, also, the reduction of specific ATPase activity and unloaded shortening velocity in pressure-induced hypertrophy (goldblatt rats; aortic stenosis) seems to be the expression of adaptation rather than of cellular damage, at least in the earlier stages. Although there are distinct indications of alterations in Ca-dependent activation and deactivation, in the Goldblatt model electromechanical coupling does not seem to be the main cause of altered contraction parameters. The correlation between specific ATPase activity of actomyosin and unloaded shortening velocity as well as the persistance of decrease in shortening velocity, also under optimal electromechanical coupling conditions, point to an inner relationship between the two values. A discrepancy between unloaded shortening velocity on the one hand and developed tension on the other is mainly due to an increased content of contractile structures. In later stages, an increased connective tissue content influences both isometric and isotonic parameters.", "contents": "Myocardial function in different models of cardiac hypertrophy. An attempt at correlating mechanical, biochemical, and morphological parameters. Based on mechanical, biochemical and electron microscopic studies performed in the same stage of experimental cardiac hypertrophy, an attempt is made to define the significance of individual factors responsible for the alterations in myocardial function. Using swimming rats, it is demonstrated that a load-induced increase in cardiac mass is not necessarily connected with an impairment of contractile capability on a cellular level. Yet, also, the reduction of specific ATPase activity and unloaded shortening velocity in pressure-induced hypertrophy (goldblatt rats; aortic stenosis) seems to be the expression of adaptation rather than of cellular damage, at least in the earlier stages. Although there are distinct indications of alterations in Ca-dependent activation and deactivation, in the Goldblatt model electromechanical coupling does not seem to be the main cause of altered contraction parameters. The correlation between specific ATPase activity of actomyosin and unloaded shortening velocity as well as the persistance of decrease in shortening velocity, also under optimal electromechanical coupling conditions, point to an inner relationship between the two values. A discrepancy between unloaded shortening velocity on the one hand and developed tension on the other is mainly due to an increased content of contractile structures. In later stages, an increased connective tissue content influences both isometric and isotonic parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:140659", "title": "Analytical approach to mathematical modelling of the isometric contraction of the hypertrophied myocardium.", "content": "It is attempted on the basis of the Hill two-element model to simulate mathematically the rising phase of the isometric mechanogram in the pressure-hypertrophied rat myocardium (Goldblatt II). The evaluation is based on the experimentally determined force-velocity relation as well as on the characteristic of the series-elastic stiffness. The changes in the isometric mechanogram of the hypertrophied heart muscle observed in the experiment can be mathematically predicted solely by means of the alterations in the force-velocity relationships induced by the hypertrophy, whereby the characteristic of the series-elastic stiffness is considered to be unchanged.", "contents": "Analytical approach to mathematical modelling of the isometric contraction of the hypertrophied myocardium. It is attempted on the basis of the Hill two-element model to simulate mathematically the rising phase of the isometric mechanogram in the pressure-hypertrophied rat myocardium (Goldblatt II). The evaluation is based on the experimentally determined force-velocity relation as well as on the characteristic of the series-elastic stiffness. The changes in the isometric mechanogram of the hypertrophied heart muscle observed in the experiment can be mathematically predicted solely by means of the alterations in the force-velocity relationships induced by the hypertrophy, whereby the characteristic of the series-elastic stiffness is considered to be unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:140660", "title": "Cardiac function in the chronically volume-overloaded canine heart.", "content": "In the chronically volume-overloaded canine heart due to AV-block evaluations of cardiac function were performed during the development of hypertrophy and at stable hypertrophy. In an early stage (1 and 2 weeks of AV-block) when no or only a slight increase of cardiac muscle occurred, contractility measured from dP/dtmax at comparable load is elevated, while later (10 weeks of AV-block) when stable hypertrophy is present, contractility becomes again normal, In the hypertrophied heart a non-depressed cardiac performance and contractility and functional reserve was established from insitu experiments and from evaluations in the isolated heart.", "contents": "Cardiac function in the chronically volume-overloaded canine heart. In the chronically volume-overloaded canine heart due to AV-block evaluations of cardiac function were performed during the development of hypertrophy and at stable hypertrophy. In an early stage (1 and 2 weeks of AV-block) when no or only a slight increase of cardiac muscle occurred, contractility measured from dP/dtmax at comparable load is elevated, while later (10 weeks of AV-block) when stable hypertrophy is present, contractility becomes again normal, In the hypertrophied heart a non-depressed cardiac performance and contractility and functional reserve was established from insitu experiments and from evaluations in the isolated heart."}
{"id": "PMID:140661", "title": "Dynamics of the hypertrophied left ventricle in the rat. Effects of physical training and chronic pressure load.", "content": "Left ventricular hypertrophy of about 40% was produced in rats by narrowing one renal artery (Goldblatt II) and of about 6% by swimming-training for 2 hours a day for 14 weeks. The dynamics of the hypertrophied ventricles were investigated by means of the isovolumic systolic and diastolic pressure-volume relations, the stress development during afterloaded and isovolumic contractions, and the force-velocity relation. The following results were obtained: The performance of the whole hypertrophied ventricle is increased. The developed stress and the maximum rate of stress development are enhanced, probably as a consequence of the increased density of the contractile proteins. The maximum shortening velocity can be reduced at the same time.", "contents": "Dynamics of the hypertrophied left ventricle in the rat. Effects of physical training and chronic pressure load. Left ventricular hypertrophy of about 40% was produced in rats by narrowing one renal artery (Goldblatt II) and of about 6% by swimming-training for 2 hours a day for 14 weeks. The dynamics of the hypertrophied ventricles were investigated by means of the isovolumic systolic and diastolic pressure-volume relations, the stress development during afterloaded and isovolumic contractions, and the force-velocity relation. The following results were obtained: The performance of the whole hypertrophied ventricle is increased. The developed stress and the maximum rate of stress development are enhanced, probably as a consequence of the increased density of the contractile proteins. The maximum shortening velocity can be reduced at the same time."}
{"id": "PMID:140662", "title": "Effects of hypertrophy on contractile function in man.", "content": "In patients with chronic pressure and volume overload matched with respect to elevated left ventricular muscle mass contractile function assessed by isovolumic as well as by ejection phase indexes is depressed to a similar extent. Pressure overload hypertrophy in aortic stenosis is associated with a reduced inotropic state of the individual contractile units. Despite this diminution of contractility hypertrophy may be effective in maintaining a normal ejection fraction as long as afterload does not become excessive. Aortic valve replacement leads to a significant reduction of the preoperatively elevated ventricular muscle mass and to a significant improvement of contractile function.", "contents": "Effects of hypertrophy on contractile function in man. In patients with chronic pressure and volume overload matched with respect to elevated left ventricular muscle mass contractile function assessed by isovolumic as well as by ejection phase indexes is depressed to a similar extent. Pressure overload hypertrophy in aortic stenosis is associated with a reduced inotropic state of the individual contractile units. Despite this diminution of contractility hypertrophy may be effective in maintaining a normal ejection fraction as long as afterload does not become excessive. Aortic valve replacement leads to a significant reduction of the preoperatively elevated ventricular muscle mass and to a significant improvement of contractile function."}
{"id": "PMID:140663", "title": "Dynamic geometry of the left ventricle in hypertrophy studied by quantitative angiocardiography.", "content": "An automated videoangiocardiographic system has been developed and used for the study of dynamic internal left ventricular geometry, in 53 patients (12 normals, 20 patients with different degrees of left ventricular [LV] pressure-, and 8 with LV volume overload. 9 patients had different types of cardiomyopathy and 4 atypical or failing LV). From the measurements of ejection phase parameters of contraction, the degree of endsystolic and enddiastolic excentricity of the LV, the ejection fraction, and the circumferential fiber shortening or shortening velocities it has been shown that there are no signs of impaired left ventricular function in mild and moderate left ventricular hypertrophy due to pressure or volume overload.", "contents": "Dynamic geometry of the left ventricle in hypertrophy studied by quantitative angiocardiography. An automated videoangiocardiographic system has been developed and used for the study of dynamic internal left ventricular geometry, in 53 patients (12 normals, 20 patients with different degrees of left ventricular [LV] pressure-, and 8 with LV volume overload. 9 patients had different types of cardiomyopathy and 4 atypical or failing LV). From the measurements of ejection phase parameters of contraction, the degree of endsystolic and enddiastolic excentricity of the LV, the ejection fraction, and the circumferential fiber shortening or shortening velocities it has been shown that there are no signs of impaired left ventricular function in mild and moderate left ventricular hypertrophy due to pressure or volume overload."}
{"id": "PMID:140664", "title": "Cellular changes in mechanically overloaded heart.", "content": "From the ultrastructural aspects of the myocardial cell in different types of heart overloading, several points concerning the adaptation of the myocardial cell were briefly summarized: the respective role of hypertryphy and hyperplasia in heart enlargement, the nature of the myofibrillar changes; the changes in the volume, number and size of mitochondria, and the dependence of the cellular lesions on the severity of the load.", "contents": "Cellular changes in mechanically overloaded heart. From the ultrastructural aspects of the myocardial cell in different types of heart overloading, several points concerning the adaptation of the myocardial cell were briefly summarized: the respective role of hypertryphy and hyperplasia in heart enlargement, the nature of the myofibrillar changes; the changes in the volume, number and size of mitochondria, and the dependence of the cellular lesions on the severity of the load."}
{"id": "PMID:140665", "title": "Myocardial hypertrophy. Light microscopic findings on the myocardium. Blood supply. Ventricular dilatation and heart failure.", "content": "The heart is an organ with an almost constant number of muscle cells under physiological conditions. But beyond the critical heart weight (500 g) there is an increase in the number of muscle fibers (hyperplasia) and a similar increase in the number of capillaries. The relation of 1 capillary to 1 muscle fiber remains constant. During physiological growth there is a rather close correlation between the growth of human coronary arteries and the growth of the myocardium. Under pathological conditions the growth of coronary arteries is slower than that of the myocardium. In many animal species investigated up to now there is a rather close correlation between the diameter of coronary arteries and the diameter of the heart. As a rule, hearts with chronic insufficiency are dilated. They work under unfavourable geometrical conditions. The post-mortem ventricular volume is influenced to a very great degree by rigor mortis.", "contents": "Myocardial hypertrophy. Light microscopic findings on the myocardium. Blood supply. Ventricular dilatation and heart failure. The heart is an organ with an almost constant number of muscle cells under physiological conditions. But beyond the critical heart weight (500 g) there is an increase in the number of muscle fibers (hyperplasia) and a similar increase in the number of capillaries. The relation of 1 capillary to 1 muscle fiber remains constant. During physiological growth there is a rather close correlation between the growth of human coronary arteries and the growth of the myocardium. Under pathological conditions the growth of coronary arteries is slower than that of the myocardium. In many animal species investigated up to now there is a rather close correlation between the diameter of coronary arteries and the diameter of the heart. As a rule, hearts with chronic insufficiency are dilated. They work under unfavourable geometrical conditions. The post-mortem ventricular volume is influenced to a very great degree by rigor mortis."}
{"id": "PMID:140666", "title": "Time course of electron microscopic alterations in the hypertrophied myocardium of Goldblatt rats.", "content": "In Goldblatt rats, electron microscopic investigations of morphological changes in heart tissue during the compensatroy stage of pressure induced cardiac hypertrophy were performed. Myocardial cellular size enlarged considerably within the first 4 weeks after renal artery coarctation. An enlargement of the T-tubular system is particularly striking. The ratio of myofibril volume to total cell volume is significantly increased from the 4th-24th week and can at least partially explain a rise in developed tension which occurs in spite of a frequent disarrangement of myofibrils. In later stages severe changes in the vessel walls take place and there is an augmentation of connective tissue which impairs a correlation between myocardial cell alterations and mechanical parameters.", "contents": "Time course of electron microscopic alterations in the hypertrophied myocardium of Goldblatt rats. In Goldblatt rats, electron microscopic investigations of morphological changes in heart tissue during the compensatroy stage of pressure induced cardiac hypertrophy were performed. Myocardial cellular size enlarged considerably within the first 4 weeks after renal artery coarctation. An enlargement of the T-tubular system is particularly striking. The ratio of myofibril volume to total cell volume is significantly increased from the 4th-24th week and can at least partially explain a rise in developed tension which occurs in spite of a frequent disarrangement of myofibrils. In later stages severe changes in the vessel walls take place and there is an augmentation of connective tissue which impairs a correlation between myocardial cell alterations and mechanical parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:140667", "title": "Hypertrophy due to chronic volume overloading in the dog heart. A morphometric study.", "content": "Cardiac hypertrophy due to chronic volume overloading was produced in dogs by experimental complete AV-block. Ten weeks after operation a quantitative electron microscopic study was carried out for determination of the volume density of contractile material and mitochondria. The results were compared with a two-week group and normal dogs. The ratio of the volume density of contractile material and mitochondria is nearly constant during the course of developing hypertrophy.", "contents": "Hypertrophy due to chronic volume overloading in the dog heart. A morphometric study. Cardiac hypertrophy due to chronic volume overloading was produced in dogs by experimental complete AV-block. Ten weeks after operation a quantitative electron microscopic study was carried out for determination of the volume density of contractile material and mitochondria. The results were compared with a two-week group and normal dogs. The ratio of the volume density of contractile material and mitochondria is nearly constant during the course of developing hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:140668", "title": "The common mechanism of the heart's adaptation and deadaptation: hypertrophy and atrophy of the heart muscle.", "content": "The short-term adaptation of the heart cells to changing demands is controlled by the phosphorylation potential. By influencing protein synthesis, the same parameter also determines the long-term adaptation. Alterations in protein synthesis are not only of great significance for heart weight, but result in altered structural and enzymatic properties of cardiac cells which are decisive for mechanical performance. These alterations of myocardial tissue depend on the turnover rate of individual proteins. In the stage of adaptation, the proportion of short-living proteins increases whereas it decreases in the overadapted or deadapted (atrophic) organ. Thus, the variations in the ratio of cell structures in heart adaptation, overadaptation, and deadaptation can be explained by the quantitative difference in the control characteristics of transcriptiones encoding of short-living and long-living proteins.", "contents": "The common mechanism of the heart's adaptation and deadaptation: hypertrophy and atrophy of the heart muscle. The short-term adaptation of the heart cells to changing demands is controlled by the phosphorylation potential. By influencing protein synthesis, the same parameter also determines the long-term adaptation. Alterations in protein synthesis are not only of great significance for heart weight, but result in altered structural and enzymatic properties of cardiac cells which are decisive for mechanical performance. These alterations of myocardial tissue depend on the turnover rate of individual proteins. In the stage of adaptation, the proportion of short-living proteins increases whereas it decreases in the overadapted or deadapted (atrophic) organ. Thus, the variations in the ratio of cell structures in heart adaptation, overadaptation, and deadaptation can be explained by the quantitative difference in the control characteristics of transcriptiones encoding of short-living and long-living proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:140669", "title": "Metabolism of myofibrillar proteins in the normal and hypertrophic heart.", "content": "The pathways of myofibrillar assembly and degradation were studied in normal heart and during developing hypertrophy by two independent methods: amino acid incorporation kinetics and the double isotope technique. The validity and sensitivity of both methods were evaluated by computer analysis of data for which leucyl-tRNA was used as a protein precursor. The data obtained indicate that the myofibrillar proteins turn over at nonuniform rates. The half-lives of the proteins studied increase as follows: myosin HC = alpha-actin = tropomyosin greater than LC1 = LC2 greater than actin. In the case of light chains, a macromolecular precursor pool was detected which contributes to the observed lower labeling with 3H-leucine. During developing hypertrophy, the rate of light-chain labeling is increased relative to that of heavy chains.", "contents": "Metabolism of myofibrillar proteins in the normal and hypertrophic heart. The pathways of myofibrillar assembly and degradation were studied in normal heart and during developing hypertrophy by two independent methods: amino acid incorporation kinetics and the double isotope technique. The validity and sensitivity of both methods were evaluated by computer analysis of data for which leucyl-tRNA was used as a protein precursor. The data obtained indicate that the myofibrillar proteins turn over at nonuniform rates. The half-lives of the proteins studied increase as follows: myosin HC = alpha-actin = tropomyosin greater than LC1 = LC2 greater than actin. In the case of light chains, a macromolecular precursor pool was detected which contributes to the observed lower labeling with 3H-leucine. During developing hypertrophy, the rate of light-chain labeling is increased relative to that of heavy chains."}
{"id": "PMID:140670", "title": "Changes of myocardial adenine nucleotide and protein synthesis during development of cardiac hypertrophy.", "content": "1. Studies on three models of cardiac hypertrophy (aortic constriction, application of isoproterenol, daily administrations of 3,3'5-triiodo-L-thyronine, respectively) reveal that the enhancement of de novo synthesis of adenine nucleotides occurs very early during the development of cardiac hypertorphy and always precedes the increase of protein synthesis. Therefore, it seems likely that the accelerated synthesis of adenine nucleotides is an important factor among those metabolic processes involved in the stimulation of protein synthesis in the hypertrophying heart. 2. As far as the mechanism for the observed enhancement of adenine nucleotide synthesis is concerned, it has been demonstrated that the available pool of 5-phosphoribosyl-l-pyrophosphate, an essential precursor substance of de novo synthesis, is increased in the hypertrophying heart due to isoproterenol and 3,3'5-triiodo-L-thyronine, respectively.", "contents": "Changes of myocardial adenine nucleotide and protein synthesis during development of cardiac hypertrophy. 1. Studies on three models of cardiac hypertrophy (aortic constriction, application of isoproterenol, daily administrations of 3,3'5-triiodo-L-thyronine, respectively) reveal that the enhancement of de novo synthesis of adenine nucleotides occurs very early during the development of cardiac hypertorphy and always precedes the increase of protein synthesis. Therefore, it seems likely that the accelerated synthesis of adenine nucleotides is an important factor among those metabolic processes involved in the stimulation of protein synthesis in the hypertrophying heart. 2. As far as the mechanism for the observed enhancement of adenine nucleotide synthesis is concerned, it has been demonstrated that the available pool of 5-phosphoribosyl-l-pyrophosphate, an essential precursor substance of de novo synthesis, is increased in the hypertrophying heart due to isoproterenol and 3,3'5-triiodo-L-thyronine, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:140671", "title": "Cardiac myosin. Phylogenic and pathological changes.", "content": "Several proteins of the sarcomere differ from one muscle to the other, but it is also becoming evident that cardiac myosin, tropomyosin and troponin are species specific. Moreover, several properties of cardiac myosin could be modified under the influence of thyroxine, exercise, or overloading. These changes are closely related to the speed of shortening of the muscle and to the degree of stimulation of protein synthesis, but nobody is presently able to say if, in heart overloading, the modifications of myosin are a primary defect which is the origin of the failure or if they are only expressing a better adaptation of myocardial efficiency to the decrease of work.", "contents": "Cardiac myosin. Phylogenic and pathological changes. Several proteins of the sarcomere differ from one muscle to the other, but it is also becoming evident that cardiac myosin, tropomyosin and troponin are species specific. Moreover, several properties of cardiac myosin could be modified under the influence of thyroxine, exercise, or overloading. These changes are closely related to the speed of shortening of the muscle and to the degree of stimulation of protein synthesis, but nobody is presently able to say if, in heart overloading, the modifications of myosin are a primary defect which is the origin of the failure or if they are only expressing a better adaptation of myocardial efficiency to the decrease of work."}
{"id": "PMID:140672", "title": "Characteristics of the hypertrophied left ventricular myocardium in Goldblatt rats.", "content": "In Goldblatt rats (GV) 4-24 weeks after coarctation of one renal artery the following characteristics were registered as compared to controls (CV) of the same age: Arterial blood pressure increased to 190-200 mmHg in comparison to 105-110 mmHg in controls. This pressure overload induced an increase in ventricular weights (34%-54%). Noteworthy differences in myocardial water, total protein, and nonprotein substance contents were found. Hydroxyproline concentration in GV did not increase significantly until 24 weeks after onset of pressure overload. No significant alterations were detected in the relationship of myocardial, sarcoplasmic, and stromal protein fractions. However, greater changes could be registered in the concentration of the myofibrillar protein fraction and its single components. Furthermore, a correlative depression in specific actomyosin ATPase activity and in maximum shortening velocity of the unloaded cardiac muscle (2,3) was observed.", "contents": "Characteristics of the hypertrophied left ventricular myocardium in Goldblatt rats. In Goldblatt rats (GV) 4-24 weeks after coarctation of one renal artery the following characteristics were registered as compared to controls (CV) of the same age: Arterial blood pressure increased to 190-200 mmHg in comparison to 105-110 mmHg in controls. This pressure overload induced an increase in ventricular weights (34%-54%). Noteworthy differences in myocardial water, total protein, and nonprotein substance contents were found. Hydroxyproline concentration in GV did not increase significantly until 24 weeks after onset of pressure overload. No significant alterations were detected in the relationship of myocardial, sarcoplasmic, and stromal protein fractions. However, greater changes could be registered in the concentration of the myofibrillar protein fraction and its single components. Furthermore, a correlative depression in specific actomyosin ATPase activity and in maximum shortening velocity of the unloaded cardiac muscle (2,3) was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:140673", "title": "The role of Ca++ ions in the hypertrophied myocardium [proceedings].", "content": "Pressure-hypertrophied right ventricular myocardium (RVH) demonstrates paradoxically increased oxygen consumption (MVO2) related to increased in vitro energy-linked mitochondrial calcium flux. The present experiments were designed to measure mitochondrial Ca++ retention in intact RVH and relate changes in mitochondrial Ca++ metabolism to altered RVH contractile behavior and relaxation. Sixteen cats were pulmonary artery banded and their hearts plus paired controls were perfused with 45Ca Krebs-Henseleit at 30 degrees C, 120 beats/min for 10 min. At Lmax papillary muscles showed reduced active tension, a slower contraction rate, a reduced relaxation rate, a greater time to peak tension and a greater relaxation time. Retained 45Ca of mitochondria was increased from 16.75 + .96nM/mg protein in controls to 20.82 +/- .98 in RVH, (p less than 0.005). This increase in mitochondrial 45Ca retention correlated (r equal to 0.93), (P less than 0.001) with the decreased rate of papillary muscle relaxation. These data show an increased 45Ca retention of mitochondria in pressure-induced RVH and relate this biochemical abnormality to a decreased myocardial relaxation in this state.", "contents": "The role of Ca++ ions in the hypertrophied myocardium [proceedings]. Pressure-hypertrophied right ventricular myocardium (RVH) demonstrates paradoxically increased oxygen consumption (MVO2) related to increased in vitro energy-linked mitochondrial calcium flux. The present experiments were designed to measure mitochondrial Ca++ retention in intact RVH and relate changes in mitochondrial Ca++ metabolism to altered RVH contractile behavior and relaxation. Sixteen cats were pulmonary artery banded and their hearts plus paired controls were perfused with 45Ca Krebs-Henseleit at 30 degrees C, 120 beats/min for 10 min. At Lmax papillary muscles showed reduced active tension, a slower contraction rate, a reduced relaxation rate, a greater time to peak tension and a greater relaxation time. Retained 45Ca of mitochondria was increased from 16.75 + .96nM/mg protein in controls to 20.82 +/- .98 in RVH, (p less than 0.005). This increase in mitochondrial 45Ca retention correlated (r equal to 0.93), (P less than 0.001) with the decreased rate of papillary muscle relaxation. These data show an increased 45Ca retention of mitochondria in pressure-induced RVH and relate this biochemical abnormality to a decreased myocardial relaxation in this state."}
{"id": "PMID:140674", "title": "Restriction of beta-adrenergic responsiveness in hypertrophied ventricular myocardium of rats.", "content": "A singel subcutaneous dose (1 mg/kg) of isoproterenol (ISO) increases the net calcium-45 uptake into the ventricular myocardium of normal rats by a factor of 4 within 6 hours. When the same dose of ISO was administered to rats with aortic constriction the rise in labelled Ca uptake by the hypertrophied myocardium of the left ventricle was greatly reduced. A decrease in ISO-induced Ca uptake also occurred in the non-hypertrophied right ventricular myocardium. Consequently, the stimulatory effect of ISO on the Ca-dependent high energy phosphate consumption was considerably diminished. A similar restriction of ISO-induced radiocalcium uptake and ATP utilization occurred in hypertrophied hearts of chronically ISO-treated rats or when the rats were exposed to other forms of experimental stress such as bleeding or cold. Although the ISO-induced cardiomegaly was reversed within 7 days, the insensitivity to beta-adrenergic stimulation persisted for more than 3 weeks. The results indicate that the decrease in responsiveness to beta-adrenergic agents is not due to the hypertrophy itself but must be considered to be an independent phenomenon - possibly resulting from adaptation to chronic beta-adrenergic overstimulation.", "contents": "Restriction of beta-adrenergic responsiveness in hypertrophied ventricular myocardium of rats. A singel subcutaneous dose (1 mg/kg) of isoproterenol (ISO) increases the net calcium-45 uptake into the ventricular myocardium of normal rats by a factor of 4 within 6 hours. When the same dose of ISO was administered to rats with aortic constriction the rise in labelled Ca uptake by the hypertrophied myocardium of the left ventricle was greatly reduced. A decrease in ISO-induced Ca uptake also occurred in the non-hypertrophied right ventricular myocardium. Consequently, the stimulatory effect of ISO on the Ca-dependent high energy phosphate consumption was considerably diminished. A similar restriction of ISO-induced radiocalcium uptake and ATP utilization occurred in hypertrophied hearts of chronically ISO-treated rats or when the rats were exposed to other forms of experimental stress such as bleeding or cold. Although the ISO-induced cardiomegaly was reversed within 7 days, the insensitivity to beta-adrenergic stimulation persisted for more than 3 weeks. The results indicate that the decrease in responsiveness to beta-adrenergic agents is not due to the hypertrophy itself but must be considered to be an independent phenomenon - possibly resulting from adaptation to chronic beta-adrenergic overstimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:140679", "title": "Development of two inbred strains of rats and characteristics of their skin reactions.", "content": "Two inbred strains of rat (Donryu and Sprague-Dawley strains) were developed. The skin reactions of these strains immunized with M. tuberculosis, hen egg albumin (OVA) or hen egg lysozyme and challenged with the purified protein derivative (PPD) or each antigen were even and uniform. The Donryu strain showed a typical Arthus reaction with petechiae and edema and a negligible delayed skin reaction, whereas the Sprague-Dawley strain showed a poor Arthus reaction and a typical delayed skin reaction with central necrosis and induration. The Arthus reaction or delayed skin reaction could be passively transferred to recipient rats of each strain by immune sera or sensitized peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), respectively.", "contents": "Development of two inbred strains of rats and characteristics of their skin reactions. Two inbred strains of rat (Donryu and Sprague-Dawley strains) were developed. The skin reactions of these strains immunized with M. tuberculosis, hen egg albumin (OVA) or hen egg lysozyme and challenged with the purified protein derivative (PPD) or each antigen were even and uniform. The Donryu strain showed a typical Arthus reaction with petechiae and edema and a negligible delayed skin reaction, whereas the Sprague-Dawley strain showed a poor Arthus reaction and a typical delayed skin reaction with central necrosis and induration. The Arthus reaction or delayed skin reaction could be passively transferred to recipient rats of each strain by immune sera or sensitized peritoneal exudate cells (PEC), respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:140675", "title": "Transmural distribution of myocardial blood flow and of coronary reserve in canine left ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "Left ventricular hypertrophy was induced by banding of the ascending aorta in pupies at the age of 6 weeks. At the age of one year left ventricular weight per body weight was increased by 87% compared to control litter mates. While myocardial perfusion and myocardial oxygen consumption per 100 g were identical in the hypertrophy and control group, there was a significantly diminshed ratio of subendocardial/subepicardial flow in the hypertrophy group during moderate exercise. With maximal coronary dilation subendocardial diastolic resistance (mm Hg/ml-min-1 per 100 g) was 0.16 +/- 0.03 in the control group and 0.26 +/- 0.03 in the hypertrophy group. This diminished coronary reserve indicates an insufficient growth of the vascular bed in these hypertrophied hearts.", "contents": "Transmural distribution of myocardial blood flow and of coronary reserve in canine left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricular hypertrophy was induced by banding of the ascending aorta in pupies at the age of 6 weeks. At the age of one year left ventricular weight per body weight was increased by 87% compared to control litter mates. While myocardial perfusion and myocardial oxygen consumption per 100 g were identical in the hypertrophy and control group, there was a significantly diminshed ratio of subendocardial/subepicardial flow in the hypertrophy group during moderate exercise. With maximal coronary dilation subendocardial diastolic resistance (mm Hg/ml-min-1 per 100 g) was 0.16 +/- 0.03 in the control group and 0.26 +/- 0.03 in the hypertrophy group. This diminished coronary reserve indicates an insufficient growth of the vascular bed in these hypertrophied hearts."}
{"id": "PMID:140676", "title": "Myocardial oxygen consumption and substrate uptake in man during physiological and pathological volume load.", "content": "It is shown in trained and untrained healthy individuals that the energy requirement of the physiologically hypertrophied heart is lower at rest and even more pronounced during submaximal heavy exercise compared to the non-hypertrophied state. This difference exceeds the changes which could have been anticipated by deviations in hemodynamics and total heart weight. In patients with mild or moderate aortic insufficiency the energy expenditure of the pathologically hypertrophied heart per unit tissue mass is comparable to the non-hypertrophied state at rest or during exercise. It is increased in severe aortic regurgitation or additional myocarditis. The transition from compensation to failure may be associated with a steep decreased of the metabolic and flow reserve of the whole heart.", "contents": "Myocardial oxygen consumption and substrate uptake in man during physiological and pathological volume load. It is shown in trained and untrained healthy individuals that the energy requirement of the physiologically hypertrophied heart is lower at rest and even more pronounced during submaximal heavy exercise compared to the non-hypertrophied state. This difference exceeds the changes which could have been anticipated by deviations in hemodynamics and total heart weight. In patients with mild or moderate aortic insufficiency the energy expenditure of the pathologically hypertrophied heart per unit tissue mass is comparable to the non-hypertrophied state at rest or during exercise. It is increased in severe aortic regurgitation or additional myocarditis. The transition from compensation to failure may be associated with a steep decreased of the metabolic and flow reserve of the whole heart."}
{"id": "PMID:140677", "title": "Left ventricular systolic wall stress as a primary determinant of myocardial oxygen consumption: comparative studies in patients with normal left ventricular function, with pressure and volume overload and with coronary heart disease.", "content": "Left ventricular dynamics, coronary blood flow (Vcor), and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) were determined in normal patients (N), in chronic pressure overload (aortic stenosis, AS), in chronic volume overload (aortic incompetence, AI), and in coronary heart disease (CHD). Peak systolic and enddiastolic wall stress were increased in AS and AI by 26-52 per cent, the systolic stress being preferably increased in AS, whereas enddiastolic stress was markedly greater in AI. Vcor and MVO2 were elevated in both groups by 45-55 per cent (p less than 0.001). Sufficient correlation was present between peak systolic wall stress and the MVO2 (r equal to 0.82). Since at a given wall stress the MVO2 was somewhat increased in AI and AS when compared with N and CHD, the considerable inhancement of the rate of pressure development (AS) was well as of the external cardiac work (AI) may contribute to the increase in overall oxygen consumption. It is concluded that systolic wall stress represents a primary determinant of MVO2 in pressure and volume overload and that the MVO2 increases in these diseases when hypertrophy becomes inappropriate with regard to the pressure and volume demands imposed to the left ventricle.", "contents": "Left ventricular systolic wall stress as a primary determinant of myocardial oxygen consumption: comparative studies in patients with normal left ventricular function, with pressure and volume overload and with coronary heart disease. Left ventricular dynamics, coronary blood flow (Vcor), and myocardial oxygen consumption (MVO2) were determined in normal patients (N), in chronic pressure overload (aortic stenosis, AS), in chronic volume overload (aortic incompetence, AI), and in coronary heart disease (CHD). Peak systolic and enddiastolic wall stress were increased in AS and AI by 26-52 per cent, the systolic stress being preferably increased in AS, whereas enddiastolic stress was markedly greater in AI. Vcor and MVO2 were elevated in both groups by 45-55 per cent (p less than 0.001). Sufficient correlation was present between peak systolic wall stress and the MVO2 (r equal to 0.82). Since at a given wall stress the MVO2 was somewhat increased in AI and AS when compared with N and CHD, the considerable inhancement of the rate of pressure development (AS) was well as of the external cardiac work (AI) may contribute to the increase in overall oxygen consumption. It is concluded that systolic wall stress represents a primary determinant of MVO2 in pressure and volume overload and that the MVO2 increases in these diseases when hypertrophy becomes inappropriate with regard to the pressure and volume demands imposed to the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:140690", "title": "Industrial rheumatology. Clinical investigations into the influence of the pattern of usage of the pattern of regional musculoskeletal disease.", "content": "Regional musculoskeletal diseases are exceedingly common in all segments of society, and dramatically so in industry. For generations, medicine has assumed that many such entities are use-associated. A critical review of several examples of back and upper extremity disease demonstrates that the literature supporting these assumptions is almost entirely anecdotal. It is argued that if defined patterns of usage were associated with defined clinical syndromes, such knowledge would have considerable therapeutic and prophylactic potential. Industrial rheumatology is proposed as an investigative discipline for the study of such relationships. The prerequisites in terms of assumptions and methods as well as potential fallacies and pitfalls are discussed.", "contents": "Industrial rheumatology. Clinical investigations into the influence of the pattern of usage of the pattern of regional musculoskeletal disease. Regional musculoskeletal diseases are exceedingly common in all segments of society, and dramatically so in industry. For generations, medicine has assumed that many such entities are use-associated. A critical review of several examples of back and upper extremity disease demonstrates that the literature supporting these assumptions is almost entirely anecdotal. It is argued that if defined patterns of usage were associated with defined clinical syndromes, such knowledge would have considerable therapeutic and prophylactic potential. Industrial rheumatology is proposed as an investigative discipline for the study of such relationships. The prerequisites in terms of assumptions and methods as well as potential fallacies and pitfalls are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140691", "title": "Immune complexes and complement catabolism in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "In serum samples from 37 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), immune complexes were quantitated by the 125I-Clq binding test; in paired plasma samples the C3 breakdown product C3d was measured by an immunochemical method. Compared to results in 30 blood donors, the Clq binding activity was significantly (greater than 2 SD), although discretely, increased in 5 of 8 patients with seropositive AS, but not in other AS patients. All C3d levels were within the normal range. In a parallel investigation, increased Clq binding activity and C3d levels were found in 87% and 90%, respectively, of patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "Immune complexes and complement catabolism in ankylosing spondylitis. In serum samples from 37 patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS), immune complexes were quantitated by the 125I-Clq binding test; in paired plasma samples the C3 breakdown product C3d was measured by an immunochemical method. Compared to results in 30 blood donors, the Clq binding activity was significantly (greater than 2 SD), although discretely, increased in 5 of 8 patients with seropositive AS, but not in other AS patients. All C3d levels were within the normal range. In a parallel investigation, increased Clq binding activity and C3d levels were found in 87% and 90%, respectively, of patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:140692", "title": "Heparitin sulfates (heparan sulfates) of atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerosis-resistant pigeon aortas.", "content": "Electrophoretic mobilities of heparitin sulfates (HS) from the thoracic aorta and the celiac bifurcation of atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau and atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer pigeons at four ages were examined. Atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau aortas contain, in addition to their normal HS component, a variant type of HS (HS') in pre, early- and moderately-atherosclerotic celiac foci which is not found in the thoracic regions of either breed or in Show Racer celiac foci at any age. These findings are interpreted to suggest a role of HS' in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and to propose an explanation for atherosclerotic susceptibility and resistance in pigeons.", "contents": "Heparitin sulfates (heparan sulfates) of atherosclerosis-susceptible and atherosclerosis-resistant pigeon aortas. Electrophoretic mobilities of heparitin sulfates (HS) from the thoracic aorta and the celiac bifurcation of atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau and atherosclerosis-resistant Show Racer pigeons at four ages were examined. Atherosclerosis-susceptible White Carneau aortas contain, in addition to their normal HS component, a variant type of HS (HS') in pre, early- and moderately-atherosclerotic celiac foci which is not found in the thoracic regions of either breed or in Show Racer celiac foci at any age. These findings are interpreted to suggest a role of HS' in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and to propose an explanation for atherosclerotic susceptibility and resistance in pigeons."}
{"id": "PMID:140696", "title": "[Correlation between seizure susceptibility and brain catecholamine levels. An experimental study using a kindling preparation].", "content": "Correlation between the kindled seizure susceptibility and brain monoamine levels was investigated in the hippocampal and amygdaloid kindled cats. Increase of interictal discharge (IID) frequency and morphological change of IID into self-sustained discharge appeared following reserpine administration. alpha-MPT also increased the IID frequency. These changes in reserpine- and alpha-MPT-treated cats were suppressed completely by the administration of L-DOPA, suggesting that depletion of norepinephrine and dopamine exacerbate the kindled seizure susceptibility. In a second experiment, the assay study of brain catecholamine showed significant and parallel depletion of both norepinephrine and dopamine in the hippocampal kindled cat brain. It is concluded that catecholamine may play an inhibitory role in the establishment and neurohumoral control of the kindled seizure susceptibility.", "contents": "[Correlation between seizure susceptibility and brain catecholamine levels. An experimental study using a kindling preparation]. Correlation between the kindled seizure susceptibility and brain monoamine levels was investigated in the hippocampal and amygdaloid kindled cats. Increase of interictal discharge (IID) frequency and morphological change of IID into self-sustained discharge appeared following reserpine administration. alpha-MPT also increased the IID frequency. These changes in reserpine- and alpha-MPT-treated cats were suppressed completely by the administration of L-DOPA, suggesting that depletion of norepinephrine and dopamine exacerbate the kindled seizure susceptibility. In a second experiment, the assay study of brain catecholamine showed significant and parallel depletion of both norepinephrine and dopamine in the hippocampal kindled cat brain. It is concluded that catecholamine may play an inhibitory role in the establishment and neurohumoral control of the kindled seizure susceptibility."}
{"id": "PMID:140697", "title": "Inhibitory effect of YC8 leukaemia cell line on in vitro lymphocyte reactivity.", "content": "Mitomycin-treated transplantable Moloney virus-induced lymphatic leukaemia cells (YC8) not only failed to stimulate normal allogeneic lymphocytes in one-way mixed leucocyte culture (MLC) but also exerted a strong inhibitory effect on the proliferative response of normal lymphocytes, in MLC and after stimulation by mitogens. Potentially inhibitory factors which could be released in the culture fluids by the YC8 cells were not found, but a YC8-derived adherent cell subpopulation was identified as being responsible for the in vitro suppression.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of YC8 leukaemia cell line on in vitro lymphocyte reactivity. Mitomycin-treated transplantable Moloney virus-induced lymphatic leukaemia cells (YC8) not only failed to stimulate normal allogeneic lymphocytes in one-way mixed leucocyte culture (MLC) but also exerted a strong inhibitory effect on the proliferative response of normal lymphocytes, in MLC and after stimulation by mitogens. Potentially inhibitory factors which could be released in the culture fluids by the YC8 cells were not found, but a YC8-derived adherent cell subpopulation was identified as being responsible for the in vitro suppression."}
{"id": "PMID:140698", "title": "A comparison of ipratropium bromide, deptropine citrate and placebo in asthma and chronic bronchitis.", "content": "A new anticholinergic aerosol, ipratropium bromide, was compared in a double-blind cross-over trial with an established preparation, deptropine citrate, and placebo in 16 patients with defined asthma or chronic bronchitis. Ipratropium bromide produced a significantly greater and more rapid bronchodilation than did deptropine citrate or placebo in the doses used, and its effect was slightly greater in the asthmatic than in the chronic bronchitic group. No unwanted effects on secretion were seen with ipratropium bromide.", "contents": "A comparison of ipratropium bromide, deptropine citrate and placebo in asthma and chronic bronchitis. A new anticholinergic aerosol, ipratropium bromide, was compared in a double-blind cross-over trial with an established preparation, deptropine citrate, and placebo in 16 patients with defined asthma or chronic bronchitis. Ipratropium bromide produced a significantly greater and more rapid bronchodilation than did deptropine citrate or placebo in the doses used, and its effect was slightly greater in the asthmatic than in the chronic bronchitic group. No unwanted effects on secretion were seen with ipratropium bromide."}
{"id": "PMID:140699", "title": "The release of beta glucuronidase from leukocytes in the presence of immune complexes.", "content": "The lysosomal enzyme beta glucuronidase was selectively released from leukocytes when these were incubated with insoluble immnue complexes and also from the leukocytes of patients with immune complex disease when these were incubated with their own plasma.", "contents": "The release of beta glucuronidase from leukocytes in the presence of immune complexes. The lysosomal enzyme beta glucuronidase was selectively released from leukocytes when these were incubated with insoluble immnue complexes and also from the leukocytes of patients with immune complex disease when these were incubated with their own plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:140700", "title": "Structural characteristics of heparan sulfates with varying sulfate contents.", "content": "Structural properties of heparan sulfate preparations from hog mucosa and beef lung sources were obtained by application of Smith degradation and nitrous acid reactions. Products formed by these reactions indicated that most of the iduronic acid present in these mucopolysaccharides is ester sulfated, whereas N-sulfated glucosamine residues are ester sulfated much less frequently. Repeating units with sulfated iduronic acid found to occur almost entirely in single sequences. Futhermore, the iduronic acid moieties may be bound to either N-acetylated or N-sulfated glucosamine units, with these occuring at either end of the uronic acid unit.", "contents": "Structural characteristics of heparan sulfates with varying sulfate contents. Structural properties of heparan sulfate preparations from hog mucosa and beef lung sources were obtained by application of Smith degradation and nitrous acid reactions. Products formed by these reactions indicated that most of the iduronic acid present in these mucopolysaccharides is ester sulfated, whereas N-sulfated glucosamine residues are ester sulfated much less frequently. Repeating units with sulfated iduronic acid found to occur almost entirely in single sequences. Futhermore, the iduronic acid moieties may be bound to either N-acetylated or N-sulfated glucosamine units, with these occuring at either end of the uronic acid unit."}
{"id": "PMID:140702", "title": "Purification and characteristics of (Na+, K+)-ATPase from canine kidney by zonal centrifugation in sucrose density gradient.", "content": "Microsomes were prepared from the outer medulla of canine kidney. Partially purified preparation of (Na+, K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) was obtained by solubilization of microsomes with sodium deoxycholate, and by precipitation with dilution. The deoxycholate-enzyme thus obtained was further purified by incubation with sodium dodecyl sulphate in the presence of ATP followed by a single zonal centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient by the method of J\u00f8rgensen [(1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 356, 36-52]. The (Na+, K+)-ATPase was purified to a specific activity of 1600--1800 micronmol Pi - h-1 - mg-1 protein. The yield was 20 mg per single centrifugation with a zonal rotor. Electron microscopy showed that the sectioned pellet of the purified enzyme contained exclusively membranous fragments in contrast with membranous vesicles of starting microsomes. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that almost all proteins were accounted for by two polypeptides with molecular weights of 105 000 and 58 000, and that the mass ratio of the large to the small polypeptide was 82 : 18.", "contents": "Purification and characteristics of (Na+, K+)-ATPase from canine kidney by zonal centrifugation in sucrose density gradient. Microsomes were prepared from the outer medulla of canine kidney. Partially purified preparation of (Na+, K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) was obtained by solubilization of microsomes with sodium deoxycholate, and by precipitation with dilution. The deoxycholate-enzyme thus obtained was further purified by incubation with sodium dodecyl sulphate in the presence of ATP followed by a single zonal centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient by the method of J\u00f8rgensen [(1974) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 356, 36-52]. The (Na+, K+)-ATPase was purified to a specific activity of 1600--1800 micronmol Pi - h-1 - mg-1 protein. The yield was 20 mg per single centrifugation with a zonal rotor. Electron microscopy showed that the sectioned pellet of the purified enzyme contained exclusively membranous fragments in contrast with membranous vesicles of starting microsomes. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that almost all proteins were accounted for by two polypeptides with molecular weights of 105 000 and 58 000, and that the mass ratio of the large to the small polypeptide was 82 : 18."}
{"id": "PMID:140703", "title": "Purification and characterization of an extracellular ATPase from oviductal secretions.", "content": "Oviductal secretions include an ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) that is transferred from the outer surface of the secretory cells to the surface of the ovulated oocyte. The enzyme has been purified and is a highly labile, very high molecular weight lipoprotein complex (greater than 4-10(6)). It consists of 47% protein and 53% lipid. Lipid composition is limited to phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin. The basic protein subunit has a molecular weight of 170 000. The enzyme exhibits many of the characteristics of ectoenzyme ATPase. The enzyme is Mg2+ or Ca2+ dependent; the Mg2+-ATPase has pH optima at 6.0 and 7.8 and the Ca2+-ATPase at 9.0. Substrate specificity is limited to ATP with lesser activity towards GTP, CTP, UPT and ADP. Km for ATP is 0.88 mM and the enzyme is inhibited at substrate concentrations greater than 3 mM ATP.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of an extracellular ATPase from oviductal secretions. Oviductal secretions include an ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) that is transferred from the outer surface of the secretory cells to the surface of the ovulated oocyte. The enzyme has been purified and is a highly labile, very high molecular weight lipoprotein complex (greater than 4-10(6)). It consists of 47% protein and 53% lipid. Lipid composition is limited to phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin. The basic protein subunit has a molecular weight of 170 000. The enzyme exhibits many of the characteristics of ectoenzyme ATPase. The enzyme is Mg2+ or Ca2+ dependent; the Mg2+-ATPase has pH optima at 6.0 and 7.8 and the Ca2+-ATPase at 9.0. Substrate specificity is limited to ATP with lesser activity towards GTP, CTP, UPT and ADP. Km for ATP is 0.88 mM and the enzyme is inhibited at substrate concentrations greater than 3 mM ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:140704", "title": "The crystallization of beef heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Conditions are described under which crystals are formed with the ATPase enzyme from beef heart mitochondria. Enzyme activity is retained during the crystallization process. Some unit cell parameters have been determined by electron microscopy of negatively stained crystals; comparison with the unit cell crystalline matris inclusions indicates that such inclusions could be ATPase crystals.", "contents": "The crystallization of beef heart mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase. Conditions are described under which crystals are formed with the ATPase enzyme from beef heart mitochondria. Enzyme activity is retained during the crystallization process. Some unit cell parameters have been determined by electron microscopy of negatively stained crystals; comparison with the unit cell crystalline matris inclusions indicates that such inclusions could be ATPase crystals."}
{"id": "PMID:140705", "title": "Tryptic fragmentation of 30-S dynein from Tetrahymena cilia.", "content": "30-S dynein ATPase from Tetrahymena cilia was digested with trypsin (dynein: trypsin = 20:1, by weight) at 25 degrees C for 20 min, resulting in the release of a 12-S fragment possessing ATPase activity. The 12-S ATPase fraction obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation contained several polypeptide chains as indicated by SDS gel electrophoresis. The largest chain was smaller than the subunit of 30-S dynein and almost the same size as 14-S dynein. On the other hand, when 14-S dynein was digested in a similar manner, its sedimentation value changed from 14 to 12 S, but the peak of ATPase activity was retained at 14 S, suggesting differences in amino acid sequences between the 30 and 14-S dyneins. When the time course of tryptic digestion of 30-S dynein was investigated in a trypsin:dynein ratio of 1:200, discrete fragmentation took place, producing an intermediate fragment of 24 S and the 12-S fragment. The 24-S fragment recombined with outer fibers to some extent, while the 12-S fragment lacked this ability. However, the 12-S fragment was somewhat stimulated to recombine with outer fibers in the presence of other components involved in the trypsin digest. The enzymatic characteristics of the 12-S fraction were different from those of 30-S dynein, especially the activity dependence on pH showing a typical bell-shaped curve.", "contents": "Tryptic fragmentation of 30-S dynein from Tetrahymena cilia. 30-S dynein ATPase from Tetrahymena cilia was digested with trypsin (dynein: trypsin = 20:1, by weight) at 25 degrees C for 20 min, resulting in the release of a 12-S fragment possessing ATPase activity. The 12-S ATPase fraction obtained by sucrose gradient centrifugation contained several polypeptide chains as indicated by SDS gel electrophoresis. The largest chain was smaller than the subunit of 30-S dynein and almost the same size as 14-S dynein. On the other hand, when 14-S dynein was digested in a similar manner, its sedimentation value changed from 14 to 12 S, but the peak of ATPase activity was retained at 14 S, suggesting differences in amino acid sequences between the 30 and 14-S dyneins. When the time course of tryptic digestion of 30-S dynein was investigated in a trypsin:dynein ratio of 1:200, discrete fragmentation took place, producing an intermediate fragment of 24 S and the 12-S fragment. The 24-S fragment recombined with outer fibers to some extent, while the 12-S fragment lacked this ability. However, the 12-S fragment was somewhat stimulated to recombine with outer fibers in the presence of other components involved in the trypsin digest. The enzymatic characteristics of the 12-S fraction were different from those of 30-S dynein, especially the activity dependence on pH showing a typical bell-shaped curve."}
{"id": "PMID:140707", "title": "[Allosteric effect of substrate on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase].", "content": "High concentration of ATP is found to activate Ca-dependent ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum both in membrane fraction and in purified enzyme preparation. The treatment of Ca-ATPase preparation with tripsin results in the elimination of the activating effect of ATP, which is accompanied by the disappearance of 100.000 molecular weight protein and by the appearance of fragments with molecular weight of 45.000 and 55.000. Repeated freezing of the enzyme preparation eliminates activating effect of ATP. ATP action is analysed from the viewpoint of allosteric kinetics, which postulates the existence of two Ca-ATPase conformers, their mutual conversion being induced by ATP binding at allosteric center. Kinetic parameters of the conformers studied are calculated.", "contents": "[Allosteric effect of substrate on sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-ATPase]. High concentration of ATP is found to activate Ca-dependent ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum both in membrane fraction and in purified enzyme preparation. The treatment of Ca-ATPase preparation with tripsin results in the elimination of the activating effect of ATP, which is accompanied by the disappearance of 100.000 molecular weight protein and by the appearance of fragments with molecular weight of 45.000 and 55.000. Repeated freezing of the enzyme preparation eliminates activating effect of ATP. ATP action is analysed from the viewpoint of allosteric kinetics, which postulates the existence of two Ca-ATPase conformers, their mutual conversion being induced by ATP binding at allosteric center. Kinetic parameters of the conformers studied are calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:140708", "title": "[Interaction of a membrane preparation of Na+, K+-ATPase with a spin-labeled analog of ATP].", "content": "Interaction of membrane Na+, K+-ATPase preparation from brain gray matter with spin-labelled ATP analogue, in which free iminoxyl radical is joined as a result of 2'(3')-OH ribose groups acylation, is studied. The rotatory mobility of spin-labelled ATP analogue in Na+,K+-ATPase preparation is found to change in non-linear manner during temperature variation (the break-point on the curve being at 20-23degrees C). It correlates with temperature dependence of Na+,K+-ATPase and temperature dependence of lipid viscosity in the membranes, determined by means of hydrophobic spin probes. Substitution of Mg2+ ions with paramagnetic Mn2+ ions resulted in an intense magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between a spin label and Mn2+ ion, which indicated the formation of triple complex enzyme--spin-labelled ATP--Mn2+.", "contents": "[Interaction of a membrane preparation of Na+, K+-ATPase with a spin-labeled analog of ATP]. Interaction of membrane Na+, K+-ATPase preparation from brain gray matter with spin-labelled ATP analogue, in which free iminoxyl radical is joined as a result of 2'(3')-OH ribose groups acylation, is studied. The rotatory mobility of spin-labelled ATP analogue in Na+,K+-ATPase preparation is found to change in non-linear manner during temperature variation (the break-point on the curve being at 20-23degrees C). It correlates with temperature dependence of Na+,K+-ATPase and temperature dependence of lipid viscosity in the membranes, determined by means of hydrophobic spin probes. Substitution of Mg2+ ions with paramagnetic Mn2+ ions resulted in an intense magnetic dipole-dipole interaction between a spin label and Mn2+ ion, which indicated the formation of triple complex enzyme--spin-labelled ATP--Mn2+."}
{"id": "PMID:140709", "title": "The development of glycolytic and pentose phosphate shunt enzymes in human brain.", "content": "A quantitative enzyme analysis of 32 fetal human brains of 6--42 weeks gestational age range was carried out for the major glycolytic and pentose phosphate shunt enzymes. A critical period of raised enzyme levels was observed at 14 weeks. The glycolytic rate was probably controlled by the activities of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase which appear from the development patterns to have independent genetic sites. A rise in most enzyme activities was experienced in the final weeks of gestation towards levels consistent with those of adult tissues. Pentose phosphate shunt enzyme levels remained virtually unchanged during gestation after 14 weeks.", "contents": "The development of glycolytic and pentose phosphate shunt enzymes in human brain. A quantitative enzyme analysis of 32 fetal human brains of 6--42 weeks gestational age range was carried out for the major glycolytic and pentose phosphate shunt enzymes. A critical period of raised enzyme levels was observed at 14 weeks. The glycolytic rate was probably controlled by the activities of hexokinase and phosphofructokinase which appear from the development patterns to have independent genetic sites. A rise in most enzyme activities was experienced in the final weeks of gestation towards levels consistent with those of adult tissues. Pentose phosphate shunt enzyme levels remained virtually unchanged during gestation after 14 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:140710", "title": "Study of blood aminoacids in experimental hyperphenylalaninemia.", "content": "Hyperphenylalaninemia was induced in rats treated with p. chlorophenylalanine and cotrimoxazole, without administration of excess phenylalanine. Enhancement of phenylalaninemia and abnormalities in other serum amino acids were similar to those found in phenylketonuric patients, out of the restricted diet.", "contents": "Study of blood aminoacids in experimental hyperphenylalaninemia. Hyperphenylalaninemia was induced in rats treated with p. chlorophenylalanine and cotrimoxazole, without administration of excess phenylalanine. Enhancement of phenylalaninemia and abnormalities in other serum amino acids were similar to those found in phenylketonuric patients, out of the restricted diet."}
{"id": "PMID:140711", "title": "A quantitative model of actin-myosin interaction in skeletal muscle.", "content": "Biochemical schemes for the actomyosin ATPase cycle as well as the cooperative regulation of ATPase activity are incorporated into a model of the contractile process of intact muscle. This model is shown to describe accurately the tension developed by skinned muscle fibers in the absence of Ca. This work adds to the evidence that the extrapolation of results from purified protein systems to intact muscle may be valid. Extensions to the case of Ca-activated tensions are discussed.", "contents": "A quantitative model of actin-myosin interaction in skeletal muscle. Biochemical schemes for the actomyosin ATPase cycle as well as the cooperative regulation of ATPase activity are incorporated into a model of the contractile process of intact muscle. This model is shown to describe accurately the tension developed by skinned muscle fibers in the absence of Ca. This work adds to the evidence that the extrapolation of results from purified protein systems to intact muscle may be valid. Extensions to the case of Ca-activated tensions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140712", "title": "Dependence of energy transduction in intact skeletal muscles on the time in tension.", "content": "In intact single crayfish muscle fibers and frog semitendinosus muscles we have studied the tension response to sinusoidal length changes in the frequency range of 0.25-133 Hz. By this method we have resolved three processes in the interaction of myosin cross-bridges with actin in fully activated preparations. They are (A) a low-frequency phase advance, (B) a middle-frequency delay, and (C) a high-frequency advance. These processes can be used as probes to study the chemomechanical coupling of contractility. Process (B) represents net power output from the muscle preparation (oscillatory work). With maximal K or caffeine activation of crayfish muscle at 20 degrees C, it decreases to zero in the initial 45 s of maintained tension. Similar results were obtained with frog semitendinosus whole muscles. We interpret this decrease of (B) with time as a gradual decrease in actomyosin ATP-hydrolysis rate.", "contents": "Dependence of energy transduction in intact skeletal muscles on the time in tension. In intact single crayfish muscle fibers and frog semitendinosus muscles we have studied the tension response to sinusoidal length changes in the frequency range of 0.25-133 Hz. By this method we have resolved three processes in the interaction of myosin cross-bridges with actin in fully activated preparations. They are (A) a low-frequency phase advance, (B) a middle-frequency delay, and (C) a high-frequency advance. These processes can be used as probes to study the chemomechanical coupling of contractility. Process (B) represents net power output from the muscle preparation (oscillatory work). With maximal K or caffeine activation of crayfish muscle at 20 degrees C, it decreases to zero in the initial 45 s of maintained tension. Similar results were obtained with frog semitendinosus whole muscles. We interpret this decrease of (B) with time as a gradual decrease in actomyosin ATP-hydrolysis rate."}
{"id": "PMID:140713", "title": "Flow cytometric measurement of the polarization of fluorescence from intracellular fluorescein in mammalian cells.", "content": "Based on the description of a laboratory-built flow cytometer, the necessary modifications of this instrument for the measurement of fluorescence polarization are described. At a maximum rate exceeding 1,000 cells/s, the instrument is capable of measuring simultaneously the horizontally and vertically polarized component of the fluorescence emitted from stained cells excited with vertically polarized light. By mathematical analysis of the accumulated data, the distribution of polarization values in the population is obtained. Various sources of instrumental error have been investigated. The large aperture of the detector optics leads to systematic underestimation of the polarization values. Other errors are negligible, and the instrument is shown to give results consistent with the theory of fluorescence polarization. Application of the instrument is illustrated by experiments with mammalian cells exposed to the fluorogenic substrate fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The polarization of the fluorescence from intracellular fluorescein produced by hydrolysis of FDA is measured, giving information on the cytoplasmic microviscosity. It appears that this microviscosity is constant over the cell cycle. On the other hand, it is significantly affected by the osmolarity of the medium.", "contents": "Flow cytometric measurement of the polarization of fluorescence from intracellular fluorescein in mammalian cells. Based on the description of a laboratory-built flow cytometer, the necessary modifications of this instrument for the measurement of fluorescence polarization are described. At a maximum rate exceeding 1,000 cells/s, the instrument is capable of measuring simultaneously the horizontally and vertically polarized component of the fluorescence emitted from stained cells excited with vertically polarized light. By mathematical analysis of the accumulated data, the distribution of polarization values in the population is obtained. Various sources of instrumental error have been investigated. The large aperture of the detector optics leads to systematic underestimation of the polarization values. Other errors are negligible, and the instrument is shown to give results consistent with the theory of fluorescence polarization. Application of the instrument is illustrated by experiments with mammalian cells exposed to the fluorogenic substrate fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The polarization of the fluorescence from intracellular fluorescein produced by hydrolysis of FDA is measured, giving information on the cytoplasmic microviscosity. It appears that this microviscosity is constant over the cell cycle. On the other hand, it is significantly affected by the osmolarity of the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:140714", "title": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on the fractional makeup of acid mucopolysaccharides in the aorta].", "content": "Five components of the acid mucopolysaccharides were isolated from rabbit aorta; these were hyaluronic acid, heparitin sulphate, chondroitin sulphate A, C and B. Prolonged administration of hydrocortisone increased the hyaluronic acid concentrations and decreased the level of heparitin sulphate. Fifteen days after the cessation of the hormone administration the aortic tissue proved to contain a lower percentage of chondroitin sulphate A, C anc B.", "contents": "[Effect of hydrocortisone on the fractional makeup of acid mucopolysaccharides in the aorta]. Five components of the acid mucopolysaccharides were isolated from rabbit aorta; these were hyaluronic acid, heparitin sulphate, chondroitin sulphate A, C and B. Prolonged administration of hydrocortisone increased the hyaluronic acid concentrations and decreased the level of heparitin sulphate. Fifteen days after the cessation of the hormone administration the aortic tissue proved to contain a lower percentage of chondroitin sulphate A, C anc B."}
{"id": "PMID:140716", "title": "A trial of the comparability of peak expiratory flow meters in schoolchildren.", "content": "In many circumstances it may not be possible to measure peak expiratory flow rate on all subjects using the same meter. A small trial was carried out to assess the variability of such meters. Five newly calibrated adult Wright peak expiratory flow meters, which gave comparable readings when rechecked on another rotameter, were compared in a trial on 160 schoolchildren. Each child blew once into each meter, and the design was balanced so that the effect of order of blow was eliminated. Statistically significant differences were found between the meters, although the difference between any  pair of meters was less than 5% of the average peak flow rats. Since the meters were chosen because they were very similar it is likely that larger differences would be found in other circumstances. This could be an important source of error in multicentre studies where several meters have to be used.", "contents": "A trial of the comparability of peak expiratory flow meters in schoolchildren. In many circumstances it may not be possible to measure peak expiratory flow rate on all subjects using the same meter. A small trial was carried out to assess the variability of such meters. Five newly calibrated adult Wright peak expiratory flow meters, which gave comparable readings when rechecked on another rotameter, were compared in a trial on 160 schoolchildren. Each child blew once into each meter, and the design was balanced so that the effect of order of blow was eliminated. Statistically significant differences were found between the meters, although the difference between any  pair of meters was less than 5% of the average peak flow rats. Since the meters were chosen because they were very similar it is likely that larger differences would be found in other circumstances. This could be an important source of error in multicentre studies where several meters have to be used."}
{"id": "PMID:140726", "title": "[Cytotoxicity of cadmium : study on root meristems of Allium sativum L].", "content": "Cadmium nitrate, acetate and sulphate cause death of root meristems of Allium sativum at 5.10(-7) Mol/ml concentration for the two first ones and 10(-7) Mol/ml for the last one. Lower concentrations do not induce chromosomal aberrations. As to the cellular toxicity, cadmium salts are between phenyl-mercuric-hydroxid and lead nitrate, the first one being the most active.", "contents": "[Cytotoxicity of cadmium : study on root meristems of Allium sativum L]. Cadmium nitrate, acetate and sulphate cause death of root meristems of Allium sativum at 5.10(-7) Mol/ml concentration for the two first ones and 10(-7) Mol/ml for the last one. Lower concentrations do not induce chromosomal aberrations. As to the cellular toxicity, cadmium salts are between phenyl-mercuric-hydroxid and lead nitrate, the first one being the most active."}
{"id": "PMID:140727", "title": "[In vivo activation of blood and arterial prophospholipase by an activator of blood platelet origin].", "content": "When partially purified platelet-rat lysate is injected in the rat aorta, transformation of prophospholipase into phospholipase is observed. Blood prophospholipases are activated almost entirely during about 15 minutes; aortic phospholipase are entirely activated for a longer time.", "contents": "[In vivo activation of blood and arterial prophospholipase by an activator of blood platelet origin]. When partially purified platelet-rat lysate is injected in the rat aorta, transformation of prophospholipase into phospholipase is observed. Blood prophospholipases are activated almost entirely during about 15 minutes; aortic phospholipase are entirely activated for a longer time."}
{"id": "PMID:140729", "title": "[Action of vestibular receptors pn the spontaneous afferent activity of an ipsilateral semicircular canal in the frog].", "content": "In the frog, the influence of both the part of the efferent system which depends on ipsilateral vestibular inputs and the receptor-receptor fibre system on the afferent activity of semicircular canals is either null or facilitatory. The receptor-receptor fibre system being inhibitory, it seems that the part of the efferent vestibular activity which depends on ipsilateral vestibular inputs is facilitatory, which agrees with previous results.", "contents": "[Action of vestibular receptors pn the spontaneous afferent activity of an ipsilateral semicircular canal in the frog]. In the frog, the influence of both the part of the efferent system which depends on ipsilateral vestibular inputs and the receptor-receptor fibre system on the afferent activity of semicircular canals is either null or facilitatory. The receptor-receptor fibre system being inhibitory, it seems that the part of the efferent vestibular activity which depends on ipsilateral vestibular inputs is facilitatory, which agrees with previous results."}
{"id": "PMID:140730", "title": "[Tonic conjugated action of receptor-receptor fibers and of the efferent vestibular system on the spontaneous afferene activity of a semicircular canal in the frog].", "content": "In the frog, the joint action of non-afferent vestibular systems [i.e. the efferent vestibular system and the receptor-receptor fibre system] on the afferent vestibular activity is null or very small. The receptor-receptor fibre system being inhibitory, it seems that the efferent vestibular system as a whole is facilitatory, which agrees with previous results.", "contents": "[Tonic conjugated action of receptor-receptor fibers and of the efferent vestibular system on the spontaneous afferene activity of a semicircular canal in the frog]. In the frog, the joint action of non-afferent vestibular systems [i.e. the efferent vestibular system and the receptor-receptor fibre system] on the afferent vestibular activity is null or very small. The receptor-receptor fibre system being inhibitory, it seems that the efferent vestibular system as a whole is facilitatory, which agrees with previous results."}
{"id": "PMID:140731", "title": "[Action of 9-aminoacridine on the axonal membrane of the cockroach [Periplaneta americane L].", "content": "When applied externally to the cockroach giant axon, the substance 9-aminoacridine diminishes both sodium and potassium conductane increases. The K+ CURRENT DIMINUTION SHOULD BE DONE TO A 9AA-induced potassium inactivation or to an accumulation of K+ ions in the periaxonal space.", "contents": "[Action of 9-aminoacridine on the axonal membrane of the cockroach [Periplaneta americane L]. When applied externally to the cockroach giant axon, the substance 9-aminoacridine diminishes both sodium and potassium conductane increases. The K+ CURRENT DIMINUTION SHOULD BE DONE TO A 9AA-induced potassium inactivation or to an accumulation of K+ ions in the periaxonal space."}
{"id": "PMID:140732", "title": "[The properties, especially antispamodic, of total alkaloids of the roots of Xylopia quintasii Engl. and Diels. Annomacea].", "content": "DL50 of the total alkaloids of Xylopia quintasii is 850 mg/kg per os in the mice. Papaverine like properties are described.", "contents": "[The properties, especially antispamodic, of total alkaloids of the roots of Xylopia quintasii Engl. and Diels. Annomacea]. DL50 of the total alkaloids of Xylopia quintasii is 850 mg/kg per os in the mice. Papaverine like properties are described."}
{"id": "PMID:140733", "title": "[Ultrastructure of impuberal vaginas cultivated under various hormonal conditions].", "content": "Differentiation of rat vaginal epithelium has been studied in organotypic culture in vitro under different hormonal conditions [evolution in association with ovary or testis, and after injection to rats of progesterone 5 mg. and estradiol 0.1 lambda). Whatever the hormonal preconditioning before the vaginal culture the same, complet cornification occurs.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of impuberal vaginas cultivated under various hormonal conditions]. Differentiation of rat vaginal epithelium has been studied in organotypic culture in vitro under different hormonal conditions [evolution in association with ovary or testis, and after injection to rats of progesterone 5 mg. and estradiol 0.1 lambda). Whatever the hormonal preconditioning before the vaginal culture the same, complet cornification occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:140734", "title": "[Diuretic action of calcitonin: demonstration of an inhibiting effect on sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henl\u00e9's loop].", "content": "It was found that calcitonin (porcine) at the dose: 4 I.U. MRC./kg/hr (i.v.), in the rabbit, increased the diuresis and oxmolal excretion, and simultaneously decreased free-water reabsorption and urinary osmolality. The results suggest that calcitonin acts by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henl's loop. This hypothesis was confirmed by renal autoradiography study with 22Na.", "contents": "[Diuretic action of calcitonin: demonstration of an inhibiting effect on sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henl\u00e9's loop]. It was found that calcitonin (porcine) at the dose: 4 I.U. MRC./kg/hr (i.v.), in the rabbit, increased the diuresis and oxmolal excretion, and simultaneously decreased free-water reabsorption and urinary osmolality. The results suggest that calcitonin acts by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henl's loop. This hypothesis was confirmed by renal autoradiography study with 22Na."}
{"id": "PMID:140735", "title": "[Influence of feeding rhythm on blood insulin in growing rats].", "content": "Plasma insulin in ad libitum fed growing rats increases during dark hours and decreases during light hours. In contrast, meal fed growing rats [6 equal meals at regular interval during the day] exhibit a constant plasma insulin level. It may be inferred that improvement of nitrogen retention in meal fed rats is not related to an increase in insulin secretion.", "contents": "[Influence of feeding rhythm on blood insulin in growing rats]. Plasma insulin in ad libitum fed growing rats increases during dark hours and decreases during light hours. In contrast, meal fed growing rats [6 equal meals at regular interval during the day] exhibit a constant plasma insulin level. It may be inferred that improvement of nitrogen retention in meal fed rats is not related to an increase in insulin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:140736", "title": "[Application of a truncated Poisson distribution for the counting of virus plaques by micromethod. Variation of its relative inaccuracy].", "content": "The microculture plaque titration of virus shows an important disadvantage : the reduction of the areas observation brings out plaque convergence and prevents from their exact enumeration. Nevertheless, a method, proposed by Moore, enables the estimation of virus title. The influence of the dilution and repetition factors on the title precision has been investigated. Two examples are treated.", "contents": "[Application of a truncated Poisson distribution for the counting of virus plaques by micromethod. Variation of its relative inaccuracy]. The microculture plaque titration of virus shows an important disadvantage : the reduction of the areas observation brings out plaque convergence and prevents from their exact enumeration. Nevertheless, a method, proposed by Moore, enables the estimation of virus title. The influence of the dilution and repetition factors on the title precision has been investigated. Two examples are treated."}
{"id": "PMID:140737", "title": "[Demonstration by immunofluorescence of somatotropic cells and prolactin cells in the monkeys Erythrocebus patas, Cercopithecus aethiops and Papio hamadryas].", "content": "Using antibodies against human STH and ovine prolactine, it is possible to identify somatotropic and prolactin cells in the pituitary anterior lobe of three species of monkeys: Erythrocebus patas, Cercopithecus aethiops and Papio hamadryas. The somatotropic cells are numerous in both adult and infant male or female monkeys, especially in the lateral lobes of the pituitary gland. The prolactin cells can be distinguished in all pituitaries studied, regardless age or sex; indeed there are more numerous in adult females. The immunofluorescent technique reveals a more great number of cells of somatotropic and prolactin type than the classical tetrachrome technique.", "contents": "[Demonstration by immunofluorescence of somatotropic cells and prolactin cells in the monkeys Erythrocebus patas, Cercopithecus aethiops and Papio hamadryas]. Using antibodies against human STH and ovine prolactine, it is possible to identify somatotropic and prolactin cells in the pituitary anterior lobe of three species of monkeys: Erythrocebus patas, Cercopithecus aethiops and Papio hamadryas. The somatotropic cells are numerous in both adult and infant male or female monkeys, especially in the lateral lobes of the pituitary gland. The prolactin cells can be distinguished in all pituitaries studied, regardless age or sex; indeed there are more numerous in adult females. The immunofluorescent technique reveals a more great number of cells of somatotropic and prolactin type than the classical tetrachrome technique."}
{"id": "PMID:140738", "title": "[Influence of temperature on the motility of human spermatozoa].", "content": "The mean swimming speed of a suspension of human sperms has been estimated by applying a kinetic theory and using an image analysing computer. This technique allowed the study of the evolution of motility in terms of temperature: the global swimming speed significantly increases from 22 degree C to 31 degrees C, and then remains rather constant. However the percentage increases are very varying according to samples.", "contents": "[Influence of temperature on the motility of human spermatozoa]. The mean swimming speed of a suspension of human sperms has been estimated by applying a kinetic theory and using an image analysing computer. This technique allowed the study of the evolution of motility in terms of temperature: the global swimming speed significantly increases from 22 degree C to 31 degrees C, and then remains rather constant. However the percentage increases are very varying according to samples."}
{"id": "PMID:140739", "title": "[Microassay by nondispersive spectroscopy of human spermatozoa in electron microscopy. Preparation of samples and determination trials].", "content": "The proposed choice of a stardised fixation for human spermatozoa constitutes an important step for microanalysis. Zinc determination on the spermatozoa was done. A comparison with extracellular control analysis cannot lead to a significant interpretation in the absence of a quantitative approach.", "contents": "[Microassay by nondispersive spectroscopy of human spermatozoa in electron microscopy. Preparation of samples and determination trials]. The proposed choice of a stardised fixation for human spermatozoa constitutes an important step for microanalysis. Zinc determination on the spermatozoa was done. A comparison with extracellular control analysis cannot lead to a significant interpretation in the absence of a quantitative approach."}
{"id": "PMID:140740", "title": "[Cholinesterases (acetyl and pseudocholinesterase) in human amniotic fluid].", "content": "Study on 41 cases. The cholinesterasic activity of human amniotic fluid, free from blood, is very weak, in average 0,10 microkatal, approximatively 300 times weaker than mother's serum. In this \"total cholinesterase\", we find a large amount (about 40%) of acetylcholinesterase. Amniotic cholinesterases have an prominent placentary origin, with, in addition, a likely activity proceeding from cellular elements.", "contents": "[Cholinesterases (acetyl and pseudocholinesterase) in human amniotic fluid]. Study on 41 cases. The cholinesterasic activity of human amniotic fluid, free from blood, is very weak, in average 0,10 microkatal, approximatively 300 times weaker than mother's serum. In this \"total cholinesterase\", we find a large amount (about 40%) of acetylcholinesterase. Amniotic cholinesterases have an prominent placentary origin, with, in addition, a likely activity proceeding from cellular elements."}
{"id": "PMID:140741", "title": "[Experimental stomach cancerization in the rat].", "content": "Simulated gastric cancers in rats have been realised by implantation of walker tumour with three different methods. The best results are obtained with the injection of 0,1 ml of tumour cells suspension in the antral wall. With this method, no important trauma is done to the antral wall, and percentage of tumour implantation in antral wall is high (84%).", "contents": "[Experimental stomach cancerization in the rat]. Simulated gastric cancers in rats have been realised by implantation of walker tumour with three different methods. The best results are obtained with the injection of 0,1 ml of tumour cells suspension in the antral wall. With this method, no important trauma is done to the antral wall, and percentage of tumour implantation in antral wall is high (84%)."}
{"id": "PMID:140742", "title": "[Spatio-temporal development of Walker tumor implanted in the stomach wall of the Wistar rat].", "content": "Simulated gastric cancers have been realised in rats with injection of 0,1 ml of tumour cells suspension in the antral wall. A macroscopic and a microscopic study have been done. The antral tumour showed a constant growth pattern and rats died between 12th to 16th days after tumour implantation. During the first days (1 to 9) the tumour growth is relatively slow, the tumour does not extend out of the antral wall and remains in the submucous part of the gastric wall. After this time, the tumour growth is faster and the anatomicals structures of the wall are destroyed. It is possible with our method, to induce gastric cancer in large series of rats, which can be examined at different stage of Walker tumour growth.", "contents": "[Spatio-temporal development of Walker tumor implanted in the stomach wall of the Wistar rat]. Simulated gastric cancers have been realised in rats with injection of 0,1 ml of tumour cells suspension in the antral wall. A macroscopic and a microscopic study have been done. The antral tumour showed a constant growth pattern and rats died between 12th to 16th days after tumour implantation. During the first days (1 to 9) the tumour growth is relatively slow, the tumour does not extend out of the antral wall and remains in the submucous part of the gastric wall. After this time, the tumour growth is faster and the anatomicals structures of the wall are destroyed. It is possible with our method, to induce gastric cancer in large series of rats, which can be examined at different stage of Walker tumour growth."}
{"id": "PMID:140743", "title": "[In vitro effect of serotonin on the enzyme activities of glutamate decarbosylase and GABA transaminase at the level of acellular preparations of rat mesencephalon synaptosomes].", "content": "The effect of serotonin on glutamate decarboxylase and GABA-transaminase was studied, in vitro, in synaptosome homogenates from rat mesencephalon. Serotonin dissolved in the incubation medium inhibits glutamate decarboxylase activity and stimulates GABA-transaminase activity.", "contents": "[In vitro effect of serotonin on the enzyme activities of glutamate decarbosylase and GABA transaminase at the level of acellular preparations of rat mesencephalon synaptosomes]. The effect of serotonin on glutamate decarboxylase and GABA-transaminase was studied, in vitro, in synaptosome homogenates from rat mesencephalon. Serotonin dissolved in the incubation medium inhibits glutamate decarboxylase activity and stimulates GABA-transaminase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:140744", "title": "[Study of a placental protein binding AMPc. Its subcellular distribution. Hypothesis of a relationship with chorionic somatommamotropin hormone].", "content": "The authors have shown the presence in the human placenta of a binding activity for cAMP. This activity is protein like substances bound and is principaly located in cytosol and in nucleus. The authors have tried to purified this protein by gel filtration and chromatography on DEAE cellulose. Whatever the method employed, there is always in the protein a mixed activity: cAMP binding activity and HCS immunological activity. Purified HCS by classical method shows no binding activity. However when cAMP is added in immunological system HCS-immun-serum anti-HCS, the reaction is modified in an inhibitory way. This behaviour seem to be specific since never HGH nor TSH have the same. This behaviour has been confirmed several times as well during competition curves which shift toward left in presence of cAMP, as for assays of individual serums or amniotic fluids. In this last cases, the results are twice as eleveted depending if the lecture is done on a curve done without cAMP or with cAMP.", "contents": "[Study of a placental protein binding AMPc. Its subcellular distribution. Hypothesis of a relationship with chorionic somatommamotropin hormone]. The authors have shown the presence in the human placenta of a binding activity for cAMP. This activity is protein like substances bound and is principaly located in cytosol and in nucleus. The authors have tried to purified this protein by gel filtration and chromatography on DEAE cellulose. Whatever the method employed, there is always in the protein a mixed activity: cAMP binding activity and HCS immunological activity. Purified HCS by classical method shows no binding activity. However when cAMP is added in immunological system HCS-immun-serum anti-HCS, the reaction is modified in an inhibitory way. This behaviour seem to be specific since never HGH nor TSH have the same. This behaviour has been confirmed several times as well during competition curves which shift toward left in presence of cAMP, as for assays of individual serums or amniotic fluids. In this last cases, the results are twice as eleveted depending if the lecture is done on a curve done without cAMP or with cAMP."}
{"id": "PMID:140745", "title": "[Induction of N-acetyllactosamine synthetase activity in the mouse mammary gland by prolactin and placental lactogen hormone].", "content": "The authors show that the ovine prolactine promote induction of N. acetyl lactosamine synthetase in tissue culture of mammary glands of pregnant mice. A crude extract of human placenta has also a lactogenic activity as tested by the same method, but in this case the blank values are very high for large concentration of crude extract. The molecular forms of HCS are tested: the slow band has a lactogenic activity, the intermediate band has no activity and the rapid band seems to be inhibitory.", "contents": "[Induction of N-acetyllactosamine synthetase activity in the mouse mammary gland by prolactin and placental lactogen hormone]. The authors show that the ovine prolactine promote induction of N. acetyl lactosamine synthetase in tissue culture of mammary glands of pregnant mice. A crude extract of human placenta has also a lactogenic activity as tested by the same method, but in this case the blank values are very high for large concentration of crude extract. The molecular forms of HCS are tested: the slow band has a lactogenic activity, the intermediate band has no activity and the rapid band seems to be inhibitory."}
{"id": "PMID:140746", "title": "[Molecular forms of human growth hormone (HGH) secreted by cultured fetal pituitary cells].", "content": "Cultures of foetal human pituitary cells excrete and synthetize different molecular forms of proteins with HGH immunological activity. These cells incorporate tritiated-leucine in these proteins. Gel chromatography on sephadex using different length of column allow us to separate: One form excluded in front of the dead volume and which has a high molecular weight. This form is not dissociated by treatment with urea 8 M, guanidine 6 M and dithiothreitol. Nor this form is modified by treatment by ribonuclease. One form excluded within the dead volume and which is probably a dimere. This form is no more modified by the different treatments. One form which is excluded like a monomere--it is the more important form--. This form is dissociated in fragments of lower molecular weight by urea 8 M. This dissociation is partially reversible by dialysis.", "contents": "[Molecular forms of human growth hormone (HGH) secreted by cultured fetal pituitary cells]. Cultures of foetal human pituitary cells excrete and synthetize different molecular forms of proteins with HGH immunological activity. These cells incorporate tritiated-leucine in these proteins. Gel chromatography on sephadex using different length of column allow us to separate: One form excluded in front of the dead volume and which has a high molecular weight. This form is not dissociated by treatment with urea 8 M, guanidine 6 M and dithiothreitol. Nor this form is modified by treatment by ribonuclease. One form excluded within the dead volume and which is probably a dimere. This form is no more modified by the different treatments. One form which is excluded like a monomere--it is the more important form--. This form is dissociated in fragments of lower molecular weight by urea 8 M. This dissociation is partially reversible by dialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:140747", "title": "[Heterogeneity of ovine prolactin after labeling with iodine 125: value of labeling with lactoperoxidase].", "content": "The authors have shown an heterogeneity of the ovine prolactine molecule after labelling with iodine 125. As well with chloramine T as with lactoperoxydase, it appears three molecular species which react with the immune serum antiprolactine (I.S.). The first species is of high molecular weight and is probably constituted of aggregates. Their combination with the I.S. is non specific and give blanks of high value. The second species is a dimere and the third one is the monomere. The two last species react with the I.S. and can give competition curves when they are choosen as tracer. However, if one uses as tracer a product obtained by labelling with chloramine T, the competition appears for high concentrations of native hormone. As if the I.S. recognizes much more the labelled protein than the native one. But if one uses the same species but labelled with lactoperoxydase, the competition appears for concentrations lower than five nanogrammes. In the same time one can see that the specificity toward different I.S. is modified. The authors think that the labelling with lactoperoxydase better preserves the tertiary structure of the native protein than do the labelling with chloramine T.", "contents": "[Heterogeneity of ovine prolactin after labeling with iodine 125: value of labeling with lactoperoxidase]. The authors have shown an heterogeneity of the ovine prolactine molecule after labelling with iodine 125. As well with chloramine T as with lactoperoxydase, it appears three molecular species which react with the immune serum antiprolactine (I.S.). The first species is of high molecular weight and is probably constituted of aggregates. Their combination with the I.S. is non specific and give blanks of high value. The second species is a dimere and the third one is the monomere. The two last species react with the I.S. and can give competition curves when they are choosen as tracer. However, if one uses as tracer a product obtained by labelling with chloramine T, the competition appears for high concentrations of native hormone. As if the I.S. recognizes much more the labelled protein than the native one. But if one uses the same species but labelled with lactoperoxydase, the competition appears for concentrations lower than five nanogrammes. In the same time one can see that the specificity toward different I.S. is modified. The authors think that the labelling with lactoperoxydase better preserves the tertiary structure of the native protein than do the labelling with chloramine T."}
{"id": "PMID:140748", "title": "[Incidence of ligation of terminal vessels of the uterine artery on nidation and fetal growth].", "content": "We have ligatured uterine terminal vessels in the rabbit fifteen days befor coitus. This uterine vasculature alteration product first one decrease of the number of implantations and then product one foetal growth retardation and perhaps one teratogenic effect.", "contents": "[Incidence of ligation of terminal vessels of the uterine artery on nidation and fetal growth]. We have ligatured uterine terminal vessels in the rabbit fifteen days befor coitus. This uterine vasculature alteration product first one decrease of the number of implantations and then product one foetal growth retardation and perhaps one teratogenic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:140749", "title": "[Presence of monogalactosyl diglyceride in the rat nerve sciatic].", "content": "We present a pattern of fractionation of total lipids, leading to the isolation of individual glycolipids, MGDG contains as sugars, a high quantity of galactose and a low level of glucose. The study of the fatty acids distribution shows: a) a high level of saturated short chains fatty acids, b) a high level of palmitic acid (C 16:0, 68% of the total).", "contents": "[Presence of monogalactosyl diglyceride in the rat nerve sciatic]. We present a pattern of fractionation of total lipids, leading to the isolation of individual glycolipids, MGDG contains as sugars, a high quantity of galactose and a low level of glucose. The study of the fatty acids distribution shows: a) a high level of saturated short chains fatty acids, b) a high level of palmitic acid (C 16:0, 68% of the total)."}
{"id": "PMID:140750", "title": "[Effects of sodium n-dipropylacetate on the GABA level in various areas of the mouse brain].", "content": "Regional brain GABA distribution studies show that after administration of sodium n dipropylacetate, a competitive inhibitor of GABA transaminase, the concentration of GABA increases in some regions i.e. Olfactory Bulbs, Hypothalamus, Cortex, Cerebellum. The GABA level remains unchanged in Caudate Nucleus, Pons Medulla, Hippocampus in our experimental conditions. These variations do not correlate with the initial GABA level.", "contents": "[Effects of sodium n-dipropylacetate on the GABA level in various areas of the mouse brain]. Regional brain GABA distribution studies show that after administration of sodium n dipropylacetate, a competitive inhibitor of GABA transaminase, the concentration of GABA increases in some regions i.e. Olfactory Bulbs, Hypothalamus, Cortex, Cerebellum. The GABA level remains unchanged in Caudate Nucleus, Pons Medulla, Hippocampus in our experimental conditions. These variations do not correlate with the initial GABA level."}
{"id": "PMID:140751", "title": "[Effect of short-term cyclophosphamide administration on rabbit sperm].", "content": "Daily injection in the rabbit of 60 mg cyclophosphamide, during four days, product during 8 to 9 weeks one importance decrease of the number and the mobility of the ejaculated spermatozoa. This interval correspond with the spermatogenesis and epididymal transit period. Low doses injections product only one mobility decrease.", "contents": "[Effect of short-term cyclophosphamide administration on rabbit sperm]. Daily injection in the rabbit of 60 mg cyclophosphamide, during four days, product during 8 to 9 weeks one importance decrease of the number and the mobility of the ejaculated spermatozoa. This interval correspond with the spermatogenesis and epididymal transit period. Low doses injections product only one mobility decrease."}
{"id": "PMID:140752", "title": "[Further experiments on the conditioning and pseudoconditioning of the tarsal reflex in the drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster): effect of low intensity electric shocks].", "content": "In a recently described procedure of negative instrumental conditioning, applied to the tarsal reflex of Drosophila (M\u00e9dioni and Vaysse, 1975), it was attempted to eliminate some \"noise\" sources superimposed on the associative conditioning effect. 1) By increasing the preliminary reiteration of the sugar stimulus (US for the tarsal reflex), the suppressive influence of \"desensitization\" (i.e. sensory adaptation and/or central habituation) could be minimized, at least in the first 20 trials of the training phase. 2) By lowering the intensity of the electrical shock used as an aversive reinforcer, the pseudo-conditioning rate could be substantially reduced too. However the relative weight of the pseudoconditioninq effects could not be decreased by these means: for the effectiveness of the mild shock became weaker for the \"true\" conditioning as well.", "contents": "[Further experiments on the conditioning and pseudoconditioning of the tarsal reflex in the drosophila (Drosophila melanogaster): effect of low intensity electric shocks]. In a recently described procedure of negative instrumental conditioning, applied to the tarsal reflex of Drosophila (M\u00e9dioni and Vaysse, 1975), it was attempted to eliminate some \"noise\" sources superimposed on the associative conditioning effect. 1) By increasing the preliminary reiteration of the sugar stimulus (US for the tarsal reflex), the suppressive influence of \"desensitization\" (i.e. sensory adaptation and/or central habituation) could be minimized, at least in the first 20 trials of the training phase. 2) By lowering the intensity of the electrical shock used as an aversive reinforcer, the pseudo-conditioning rate could be substantially reduced too. However the relative weight of the pseudoconditioninq effects could not be decreased by these means: for the effectiveness of the mild shock became weaker for the \"true\" conditioning as well."}
{"id": "PMID:140753", "title": "[Influence of various physical factors on the developmental capacities of the ovum of Artemia salina].", "content": "Artemia salina dry eggs exhibit a great resistance to different physical factors: acceleration and vibration, low temperature, high vacuum and magnetic fields. Vibration test, alone or combined with acceleration test decreases the Artemia salina egg developmental capacity. Nevertheless, the differences are small and much lower than those observed in previous space experiments. The viability of Artemia eggs is not impaired by low temperature, high vacuum exposure and by high magnetic fields (15, 25 and 150 Koersted) or by earth magnetic field shielding.", "contents": "[Influence of various physical factors on the developmental capacities of the ovum of Artemia salina]. Artemia salina dry eggs exhibit a great resistance to different physical factors: acceleration and vibration, low temperature, high vacuum and magnetic fields. Vibration test, alone or combined with acceleration test decreases the Artemia salina egg developmental capacity. Nevertheless, the differences are small and much lower than those observed in previous space experiments. The viability of Artemia eggs is not impaired by low temperature, high vacuum exposure and by high magnetic fields (15, 25 and 150 Koersted) or by earth magnetic field shielding."}
{"id": "PMID:140754", "title": "[Measurement of the blood flow in various areas of the rat brain by means of microspheres].", "content": "A method is described to measure regional blood flow in different structures of the rat brain. Microspheres (15 micron) are injected, the brain is sectioned, stained for myeline, radioautographs are prepared and the microspheres in the different structures are counted. The values obtained for different brain structures are counted. The values obtained for different brain regions (cortex, corpus callosum, thalamus hipocampus, hypothalamic region, colliculi, cerebellum, pons, medulla) compare well with those published by others on larger animals. In rats fed 1% of lead from birth, higher blood flow is found in the cortex and a lower one in the interior part of the brain compared to controls.", "contents": "[Measurement of the blood flow in various areas of the rat brain by means of microspheres]. A method is described to measure regional blood flow in different structures of the rat brain. Microspheres (15 micron) are injected, the brain is sectioned, stained for myeline, radioautographs are prepared and the microspheres in the different structures are counted. The values obtained for different brain structures are counted. The values obtained for different brain regions (cortex, corpus callosum, thalamus hipocampus, hypothalamic region, colliculi, cerebellum, pons, medulla) compare well with those published by others on larger animals. In rats fed 1% of lead from birth, higher blood flow is found in the cortex and a lower one in the interior part of the brain compared to controls."}
{"id": "PMID:140755", "title": "[Effect of intravenous infusion of (+/-)-noradrenaline on the urinary clearance of H3 (+/-)-noradrenaline].", "content": "In anesthetized dog, intravenous infusion of NA does not modify the relationship between [3H]-(+/-)-NA urinary clearance/GFR. Urinary excretion of NA is directly related to glomerular ultrafiltration.", "contents": "[Effect of intravenous infusion of (+/-)-noradrenaline on the urinary clearance of H3 (+/-)-noradrenaline]. In anesthetized dog, intravenous infusion of NA does not modify the relationship between [3H]-(+/-)-NA urinary clearance/GFR. Urinary excretion of NA is directly related to glomerular ultrafiltration."}
{"id": "PMID:140756", "title": "[Effects of lead administered during pregnancy to C57B1 mice].", "content": "Treatment of female mice with high doses of lead from different times of the gestation, induces abortion or retardation of growth of the embryos. When it is given from birth, it provokes important mortality in the youngs and a retardation of the postnatal growth. In most cases, lead administered from the first day of gestation delays slightly the development of the embryo and inhibits its implantation. It seems that a deficiency in the plasmatic progesterone levels is directly implied in this inhibition.", "contents": "[Effects of lead administered during pregnancy to C57B1 mice]. Treatment of female mice with high doses of lead from different times of the gestation, induces abortion or retardation of growth of the embryos. When it is given from birth, it provokes important mortality in the youngs and a retardation of the postnatal growth. In most cases, lead administered from the first day of gestation delays slightly the development of the embryo and inhibits its implantation. It seems that a deficiency in the plasmatic progesterone levels is directly implied in this inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:140757", "title": "Nuclear suppressors of the (poky) cytoplasmic mutant in Neurospora crassa. II. Mitochondrial cytochrome systems.", "content": "The mitochondrial cytochrome aa3 and b deficiencies of the [poky] cytoplasmic mutant of Neurospora crassa are partially suppressed by mutant alleles of any one of six nuclear genes, namely sup-1, sup-3, sup-4, sup-5, sup-10 and sup-14. The suppressor-induced increases in the concentration of both cytochromes are detected in the mitochondria from exponentially growing [poky] cultures, and, thus, are clearly distinguishable from the age-dependent changes in the cytochrome system that occur in cultures that approach, or have reached, the stationary phase of growth. The relative amounts of mitochondrial cytochromes aa3 and b show a direct correlation with the relative efficiency of the various sup genes as suppressors of the slow-growth phenotype of [poky]. Since [poky] is defective in mitochondrial protein synthesis due to a lack of 30 S mitochondrial ribosomal subunits, it is proposed that the six suppressors promote the assembly of functional mitochondrial ribosomes.", "contents": "Nuclear suppressors of the (poky) cytoplasmic mutant in Neurospora crassa. II. Mitochondrial cytochrome systems. The mitochondrial cytochrome aa3 and b deficiencies of the [poky] cytoplasmic mutant of Neurospora crassa are partially suppressed by mutant alleles of any one of six nuclear genes, namely sup-1, sup-3, sup-4, sup-5, sup-10 and sup-14. The suppressor-induced increases in the concentration of both cytochromes are detected in the mitochondria from exponentially growing [poky] cultures, and, thus, are clearly distinguishable from the age-dependent changes in the cytochrome system that occur in cultures that approach, or have reached, the stationary phase of growth. The relative amounts of mitochondrial cytochromes aa3 and b show a direct correlation with the relative efficiency of the various sup genes as suppressors of the slow-growth phenotype of [poky]. Since [poky] is defective in mitochondrial protein synthesis due to a lack of 30 S mitochondrial ribosomal subunits, it is proposed that the six suppressors promote the assembly of functional mitochondrial ribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:140758", "title": "Reversible dysfunction of T-lymphocytes in common variable immunodeficiency.", "content": "A 30-year-old man with recurrent sinopulmonary infections, eventually fatal, was found to have common variable immunodeficiency. In addition to low serum immunoglobulin concentrations he also had lymphopenia and cell-mediated immunodeficiency as shown by cutaneous anergy and a poor lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro. However, intradermal injection of PHA produced a vigorous cutaneous response, showing that some cell-mediated responsiveness remained. The responsiveness of his lymphocytes to PHA was restored towards normal (confirmed by chromosome studies) by the addition of a small number of normal leukocytes to cultures; thus a reversible functional defect in his T-lymphocytes was revealed. Experiments indicated that the defect was cellular and not due to serum factors and it was concluded that normal leukocytes restored a missing factor to the patient's T-lymphocytes. Although counts of macrophage precursor cells in the bloodstream were low, thus contributing to the immunodeficiency, this could not have caused the reduced PHA response. Several relatives of this patient had lymphoma; two cousins had common variable immunodeficiency.", "contents": "Reversible dysfunction of T-lymphocytes in common variable immunodeficiency. A 30-year-old man with recurrent sinopulmonary infections, eventually fatal, was found to have common variable immunodeficiency. In addition to low serum immunoglobulin concentrations he also had lymphopenia and cell-mediated immunodeficiency as shown by cutaneous anergy and a poor lymphocyte response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in vitro. However, intradermal injection of PHA produced a vigorous cutaneous response, showing that some cell-mediated responsiveness remained. The responsiveness of his lymphocytes to PHA was restored towards normal (confirmed by chromosome studies) by the addition of a small number of normal leukocytes to cultures; thus a reversible functional defect in his T-lymphocytes was revealed. Experiments indicated that the defect was cellular and not due to serum factors and it was concluded that normal leukocytes restored a missing factor to the patient's T-lymphocytes. Although counts of macrophage precursor cells in the bloodstream were low, thus contributing to the immunodeficiency, this could not have caused the reduced PHA response. Several relatives of this patient had lymphoma; two cousins had common variable immunodeficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:140762", "title": "Nuclear and nucleolar ultrastructure of S\u00e9zary cells.", "content": "S\u00e9zary cells were studied in the peripheral blood and characteristic skin lesions of the S\u00e9zary syndrome and mycosis fungoides by transmission electron microscopy to obtain more information on their nuclear and nucleolar ultrastructure. S\u00e9zary cells contain nucleoli with nucleolonemas or ring-shaped nucleoli similar to those of lymphoblasts and mature lymphocytes. \"Maturation asynchrony\" of the nucleolus and cytoplasm was evident in some cells that contain large numbers of ribosomes and ring-shaped nucleoli and in other cells that contain nucleoi with nucleolonemas and few ribosomes. The maturation asynchrony of the nucleolus and the cytoplasm, the presence of mitochondrion-like inclusion bodies in the nucleus, and fusion of mitochondria with the nucleus in S\u00e9zary cells are ultrastructural abnormalities of this neoplastic lymphocytic variant. The presence of the intranuclear \"mitochondrion-like\" inclusion body and nuclear rodlets in S\u00e9zary cells were exceptional findings.", "contents": "Nuclear and nucleolar ultrastructure of S\u00e9zary cells. S\u00e9zary cells were studied in the peripheral blood and characteristic skin lesions of the S\u00e9zary syndrome and mycosis fungoides by transmission electron microscopy to obtain more information on their nuclear and nucleolar ultrastructure. S\u00e9zary cells contain nucleoli with nucleolonemas or ring-shaped nucleoli similar to those of lymphoblasts and mature lymphocytes. \"Maturation asynchrony\" of the nucleolus and cytoplasm was evident in some cells that contain large numbers of ribosomes and ring-shaped nucleoli and in other cells that contain nucleoi with nucleolonemas and few ribosomes. The maturation asynchrony of the nucleolus and the cytoplasm, the presence of mitochondrion-like inclusion bodies in the nucleus, and fusion of mitochondria with the nucleus in S\u00e9zary cells are ultrastructural abnormalities of this neoplastic lymphocytic variant. The presence of the intranuclear \"mitochondrion-like\" inclusion body and nuclear rodlets in S\u00e9zary cells were exceptional findings."}
{"id": "PMID:140764", "title": "Myosin and paramyosin of Caenorhabditis elegans: biochemical and structural properties of wild-type and mutant proteins.", "content": "Myosin and paramyosin have been purified from the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The properties of the myosin in general resemble those of other myosins. The native molecule is a dimer of heavy (210,000 dalton) polypeptide chains and contains 18,000 and 16,000 dalton light chains. When rapidly precipitated from solution, it forms small, bipolar aggregates, about 150 nm long, consistent with the expected molecular structure of a rigid rod with a globular head region at one end. Its ATPase activity is stimulated by Ca2+ and EDTA. The myosin binds to F actin in a polar and ATP-sensitive manner, and the Mg2+-ATPase is activated by either F actin or nematode thin filaments. Dialysis of myosin to low ionic strength produces very long filaments. When a myosin-paramyosin mixture is dialyzed under the same condtions, co-filaments form which consist of a myosin cortex, surrounding a paramyosin core. Some properties of myosin from the mutants E675 and E190, which have functionally and structurally altered body wall muscles, are compared with those of wild-type myosin. These myosins of these results are discussed in terms of the myosin heavy chain composition.", "contents": "Myosin and paramyosin of Caenorhabditis elegans: biochemical and structural properties of wild-type and mutant proteins. Myosin and paramyosin have been purified from the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The properties of the myosin in general resemble those of other myosins. The native molecule is a dimer of heavy (210,000 dalton) polypeptide chains and contains 18,000 and 16,000 dalton light chains. When rapidly precipitated from solution, it forms small, bipolar aggregates, about 150 nm long, consistent with the expected molecular structure of a rigid rod with a globular head region at one end. Its ATPase activity is stimulated by Ca2+ and EDTA. The myosin binds to F actin in a polar and ATP-sensitive manner, and the Mg2+-ATPase is activated by either F actin or nematode thin filaments. Dialysis of myosin to low ionic strength produces very long filaments. When a myosin-paramyosin mixture is dialyzed under the same condtions, co-filaments form which consist of a myosin cortex, surrounding a paramyosin core. Some properties of myosin from the mutants E675 and E190, which have functionally and structurally altered body wall muscles, are compared with those of wild-type myosin. These myosins of these results are discussed in terms of the myosin heavy chain composition."}
{"id": "PMID:140772", "title": "[Solubilization and purification of Na+-K+ ATPase of human erythrocyte mambranes using sodium deoxycholate].", "content": "The (Na+-K+)-dependant ATPase prepared from human erythrocyte ghosts has been purified with sodium deoxycholate in a high ionic medium. After the purification, 60% of the native activity bound to the membranes was recovered.", "contents": "[Solubilization and purification of Na+-K+ ATPase of human erythrocyte mambranes using sodium deoxycholate]. The (Na+-K+)-dependant ATPase prepared from human erythrocyte ghosts has been purified with sodium deoxycholate in a high ionic medium. After the purification, 60% of the native activity bound to the membranes was recovered."}
{"id": "PMID:140774", "title": "Congenitally complete heart block. Developmental aspects.", "content": "Three cases of congenitally complete heart block are described of hearts in which other minor congenital malformations were not in themselves severe enough to disrupt the atrioventricular conduction system. The cases fitted well into the categorization of complete heart block suggested by Lev. Two exhibited lack of communication between the atrial and conducting tissues, the other had discontinuity of the penetrating atrioventricular bundle. In an attempt to explain why this discontinuity between different segments of the conducting tissues occurs, we re-examined several series of graded human embryos. This investigation suggested that the anulus fibrosus in the normal heart is derived from sulcus tissue of the atrioventricular junction, the endocardial atrioventricular cushions playing a minor role in the separation of atria from ventricles. The relationships between the sulcus tissues and the different components of the atrioventricular junctional area are discussed in terms of an explanation both for the existence of different types of congenitally complete heart block and for persistence of Mahaim (nodo-ventricular and nodo-fascicular) fibers.", "contents": "Congenitally complete heart block. Developmental aspects. Three cases of congenitally complete heart block are described of hearts in which other minor congenital malformations were not in themselves severe enough to disrupt the atrioventricular conduction system. The cases fitted well into the categorization of complete heart block suggested by Lev. Two exhibited lack of communication between the atrial and conducting tissues, the other had discontinuity of the penetrating atrioventricular bundle. In an attempt to explain why this discontinuity between different segments of the conducting tissues occurs, we re-examined several series of graded human embryos. This investigation suggested that the anulus fibrosus in the normal heart is derived from sulcus tissue of the atrioventricular junction, the endocardial atrioventricular cushions playing a minor role in the separation of atria from ventricles. The relationships between the sulcus tissues and the different components of the atrioventricular junctional area are discussed in terms of an explanation both for the existence of different types of congenitally complete heart block and for persistence of Mahaim (nodo-ventricular and nodo-fascicular) fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:140775", "title": "Mild and severe Hunter syndrome (MPS II) within the same sibships.", "content": "X-linked Hunter syndrome (MPS II) is presently thought to exist in two clinically and genetically distinct forms, mild and severe, which are biochemically indistinguishable. However, two sibships have been studied in which both mildy and severely affected children are present. Therefore, genetic counseling for families with MPS II should be reconsidered to take into account the possibility of heterogeneity within a family in terms of the degree of psychomotor retardation and potential longevity.", "contents": "Mild and severe Hunter syndrome (MPS II) within the same sibships. X-linked Hunter syndrome (MPS II) is presently thought to exist in two clinically and genetically distinct forms, mild and severe, which are biochemically indistinguishable. However, two sibships have been studied in which both mildy and severely affected children are present. Therefore, genetic counseling for families with MPS II should be reconsidered to take into account the possibility of heterogeneity within a family in terms of the degree of psychomotor retardation and potential longevity."}
{"id": "PMID:140776", "title": "Post-transplant monitoring of renal allograft recipients for T, B and null lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Time-course studies in ten allograft recipients showed a significant reduction in the percentage of T cells in the immediate post-transplantation period. This was accompanied by an increase in the percentage of both B and 'null' cells. T, B and 'null' cell percentages reverted to normal by the 6th month after transplantation at a time when patients had achieved stable renal function and were receiving only maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. Similar trends were observed with regard to absolute number of T, B and null cells. Both pre- and post-transplant plasma samples failed to inhibit T-rosette formation. Transient B rosette inhibitory activity was, however, observed in the plasma samples of two patients but did not appear to correlate with the mixed leucocyte culture blocking factor activity (MLC-BFA) of these plasma samples. In the group of patients studied there was no apparent association between percent or absoulte T, B and 'null' cell determinations and the onset of rejection crises.", "contents": "Post-transplant monitoring of renal allograft recipients for T, B and null lymphocyte subpopulations. Time-course studies in ten allograft recipients showed a significant reduction in the percentage of T cells in the immediate post-transplantation period. This was accompanied by an increase in the percentage of both B and 'null' cells. T, B and 'null' cell percentages reverted to normal by the 6th month after transplantation at a time when patients had achieved stable renal function and were receiving only maintenance immunosuppressive therapy. Similar trends were observed with regard to absolute number of T, B and null cells. Both pre- and post-transplant plasma samples failed to inhibit T-rosette formation. Transient B rosette inhibitory activity was, however, observed in the plasma samples of two patients but did not appear to correlate with the mixed leucocyte culture blocking factor activity (MLC-BFA) of these plasma samples. In the group of patients studied there was no apparent association between percent or absoulte T, B and 'null' cell determinations and the onset of rejection crises."}
{"id": "PMID:140781", "title": "Early and late complications following surgical correction of renovascular hypertension.", "content": "In surgery for renovascular hypertension one should try to avoid prothetic material. In general, it seems preferable to use methods without transplanted tissue at all, for instance the direct desobliteration in atherosclerosis or resection and end-to-end anastomosis in fibromuscular disease. General complications should be avoided in a carefully postoperative observation of the patients with exact equilibration of blood vulume and electrolytes.", "contents": "Early and late complications following surgical correction of renovascular hypertension. In surgery for renovascular hypertension one should try to avoid prothetic material. In general, it seems preferable to use methods without transplanted tissue at all, for instance the direct desobliteration in atherosclerosis or resection and end-to-end anastomosis in fibromuscular disease. General complications should be avoided in a carefully postoperative observation of the patients with exact equilibration of blood vulume and electrolytes."}
{"id": "PMID:140785", "title": "Clinical significance of skin lesions in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal malignancies.", "content": "Distinctive syndromes correlating skin manifestations and gastrointestinal malignancies are described. The skin lesions may precede, accompany, or follow the primary disease in the gastrointestinal tract and can be important diagnostic clues. They should alert the physician to the possibility that his patient may have an associated internal cancer.", "contents": "Clinical significance of skin lesions in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal malignancies. Distinctive syndromes correlating skin manifestations and gastrointestinal malignancies are described. The skin lesions may precede, accompany, or follow the primary disease in the gastrointestinal tract and can be important diagnostic clues. They should alert the physician to the possibility that his patient may have an associated internal cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:140786", "title": "Acne vulgaris: treatment with topical benzoyl peroxide acetone gel.", "content": "The topical effect on acne of a benzoyl peroxide acetone gel was studied over an eight week period and simultaneously compared with the effect of a benzoyl peroxide lotion and a vitamin A acid cream. The three formulations produced a significant reduction in the number of comedones. The two benzoyl peroxide formulations substantially reduced the number of papules, but this effect was not observed to a significant degree with the vitamin A acid. Burning sensation following application, a common problem with the benzoyl peroxide alcohol gels, was not reported by patients using the benzoyl peroxide acetone gel.", "contents": "Acne vulgaris: treatment with topical benzoyl peroxide acetone gel. The topical effect on acne of a benzoyl peroxide acetone gel was studied over an eight week period and simultaneously compared with the effect of a benzoyl peroxide lotion and a vitamin A acid cream. The three formulations produced a significant reduction in the number of comedones. The two benzoyl peroxide formulations substantially reduced the number of papules, but this effect was not observed to a significant degree with the vitamin A acid. Burning sensation following application, a common problem with the benzoyl peroxide alcohol gels, was not reported by patients using the benzoyl peroxide acetone gel."}
{"id": "PMID:140788", "title": "Incidence and significance of the low-voltage electrocardiogram in acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "In a retrospective study of 304 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction admitted to the coronary care unit, 22 percent (67 patients) exhibited low voltage on their electrocardiograms within 72 hours of admission. The course of hospitalization of these patients was compared with an equal number of consecutive patients with transmural infarctions and normal electrocardiographic voltages. Among the patients with low voltage, there was a significantly higher incidence of previous infarction or present extensive infarction, congestive heart failure, and cardiogenic shock. This group of patients also demonstrated a markedly higher mortality. This study substantiates the clinical impression that acute myocardial infarction complicated by a low-voltage ECG implies a poor prognosis. It is speculated that this electrocardiographic pattern may reflect decreased ventricular performance as a result of widespread myocardial damage.", "contents": "Incidence and significance of the low-voltage electrocardiogram in acute myocardial infarction. In a retrospective study of 304 patients with acute transmural myocardial infarction admitted to the coronary care unit, 22 percent (67 patients) exhibited low voltage on their electrocardiograms within 72 hours of admission. The course of hospitalization of these patients was compared with an equal number of consecutive patients with transmural infarctions and normal electrocardiographic voltages. Among the patients with low voltage, there was a significantly higher incidence of previous infarction or present extensive infarction, congestive heart failure, and cardiogenic shock. This group of patients also demonstrated a markedly higher mortality. This study substantiates the clinical impression that acute myocardial infarction complicated by a low-voltage ECG implies a poor prognosis. It is speculated that this electrocardiographic pattern may reflect decreased ventricular performance as a result of widespread myocardial damage."}
{"id": "PMID:140789", "title": "Evaluation of cardiac size in chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema.", "content": "The accuracy of interobserver variability of roentgenographic analysis for cardiac size in patients dying with chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema were correlated with pathologic data derived from special studies. Three trained observers were able to accurately and consistently diagnose chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema and to detect cardiomegaly on the chest x-ray film. The best criteria for chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema were those of overinflation; however, none of the roentgenographic criteria usually suggested for the specific diagnosis of right ventricular or left ventricular hypertrophy were found to be reliable. The inaccuracy and interobserver variability in the detection of enlargement of specific chambers make it evident that the usual criteria are not valid and that roentgenographic appraisal of cardiac size in these patients in limited to findings of normalcy or cardiomegaly.", "contents": "Evaluation of cardiac size in chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. The accuracy of interobserver variability of roentgenographic analysis for cardiac size in patients dying with chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema were correlated with pathologic data derived from special studies. Three trained observers were able to accurately and consistently diagnose chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema and to detect cardiomegaly on the chest x-ray film. The best criteria for chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema were those of overinflation; however, none of the roentgenographic criteria usually suggested for the specific diagnosis of right ventricular or left ventricular hypertrophy were found to be reliable. The inaccuracy and interobserver variability in the detection of enlargement of specific chambers make it evident that the usual criteria are not valid and that roentgenographic appraisal of cardiac size in these patients in limited to findings of normalcy or cardiomegaly."}
{"id": "PMID:140790", "title": "Intermittent left bundle branch block in the athletic heart syndrome.", "content": "A 30-year-old man with typical findings of the athletic heart syndrome is presented because of the unique feature of intermittent left bundle branch block. Observations during right atrial pacing and exercise support the concept of autonomic control of intraventricular conduction, both adrenergic and cholinergic.", "contents": "Intermittent left bundle branch block in the athletic heart syndrome. A 30-year-old man with typical findings of the athletic heart syndrome is presented because of the unique feature of intermittent left bundle branch block. Observations during right atrial pacing and exercise support the concept of autonomic control of intraventricular conduction, both adrenergic and cholinergic."}
{"id": "PMID:140791", "title": "Aortic regurgitation associated with ventricular septal defect. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic observations.", "content": "Ventricular septal defect is sometimes associated with aortic regurgitation. In this report, an echocardiogram demonstrating dramatic prolapse of the noncoronary cusp into the left ventricular outflow tract and ventricular septal defect in a patient with Down's syndrome and ventricular septal defect, confirmed by angiographic studies, is presented. The echocardiogram supports the concept of anatomic lack of support of the aortic ring due to a deficient septum and hemodynamically significant flow of blood to the right ventricle through the ventricular septal defect, resulting in trauma to aortic cusps and prolapse.", "contents": "Aortic regurgitation associated with ventricular septal defect. Echocardiographic and hemodynamic observations. Ventricular septal defect is sometimes associated with aortic regurgitation. In this report, an echocardiogram demonstrating dramatic prolapse of the noncoronary cusp into the left ventricular outflow tract and ventricular septal defect in a patient with Down's syndrome and ventricular septal defect, confirmed by angiographic studies, is presented. The echocardiogram supports the concept of anatomic lack of support of the aortic ring due to a deficient septum and hemodynamically significant flow of blood to the right ventricle through the ventricular septal defect, resulting in trauma to aortic cusps and prolapse."}
{"id": "PMID:140792", "title": "Concentrations of tinidazole in body fluids and tissues in gynaecological patients.", "content": "The concentrations of tinidazole in various tissues and body fluids were studied in gynaecological patients after a single 2g oral dose. Tinidazole was determined by the agar-diffusion technique using a strain of Clostridium bifermentans. Reliable estimates of concentrations down to 0.5 microng/ml could be obtained. Dichloromethane extraction of tinidazole added to various tissues in known amounts gave a recovery of 100 +/- 10%. Peak serum values of 32-52 microng/ml were reached 3-6h after the administration. The concentrations in peritoneal fluid, obtained at operation 8.5-15h after the intake, varied between 16 and 40 microng/ml. Specimens from the Fallopian tubes yielded 15-26 microng tinidazole/g tissue; similar levels were obtained specimens from myometrium, endometrium, portio, vaginal secretions, omental fat, and cutis. It is concluded that, with the given dose, tinidazole concentrations are achieved in fluids and tissues of the female genital tract that are far in excess of those that should be therapeutical in infections caused by microorganisms know to respond to nitroimidazole treatment.", "contents": "Concentrations of tinidazole in body fluids and tissues in gynaecological patients. The concentrations of tinidazole in various tissues and body fluids were studied in gynaecological patients after a single 2g oral dose. Tinidazole was determined by the agar-diffusion technique using a strain of Clostridium bifermentans. Reliable estimates of concentrations down to 0.5 microng/ml could be obtained. Dichloromethane extraction of tinidazole added to various tissues in known amounts gave a recovery of 100 +/- 10%. Peak serum values of 32-52 microng/ml were reached 3-6h after the administration. The concentrations in peritoneal fluid, obtained at operation 8.5-15h after the intake, varied between 16 and 40 microng/ml. Specimens from the Fallopian tubes yielded 15-26 microng tinidazole/g tissue; similar levels were obtained specimens from myometrium, endometrium, portio, vaginal secretions, omental fat, and cutis. It is concluded that, with the given dose, tinidazole concentrations are achieved in fluids and tissues of the female genital tract that are far in excess of those that should be therapeutical in infections caused by microorganisms know to respond to nitroimidazole treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:140793", "title": "Disc space infections in children.", "content": "Intractable low back pain in children is often due to disc space infections. The clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment of four cases are presented. Symptoms often occur well before radiographic findings are evident. The diagnosis can only be made by a high degree of suspicion and repeated X-rays. Antecedent causes, such as urinary infection or intravenous administration of narcotics were lacking in this group. Fever or a preceding febrile illness was often, but not invariably, present. Percutaneous biopsies were not usually helpful. Myelography in each instance was normal. Bed rest reduced but did not alleviate the back pain. The institution of appropriate antibiotic therapy resulted in a prompt diminution of pain.", "contents": "Disc space infections in children. Intractable low back pain in children is often due to disc space infections. The clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment of four cases are presented. Symptoms often occur well before radiographic findings are evident. The diagnosis can only be made by a high degree of suspicion and repeated X-rays. Antecedent causes, such as urinary infection or intravenous administration of narcotics were lacking in this group. Fever or a preceding febrile illness was often, but not invariably, present. Percutaneous biopsies were not usually helpful. Myelography in each instance was normal. Bed rest reduced but did not alleviate the back pain. The institution of appropriate antibiotic therapy resulted in a prompt diminution of pain."}
{"id": "PMID:140795", "title": "A case of primary undifferentiated sarcoma of the liver.", "content": "The authors report a case of primary undifferentiated sarcoma of the liver, observed in a 36-year-old man. Diagnosis was established at peritoneoscopy and guided biopsy, and confirmed by autopsy two months later.", "contents": "A case of primary undifferentiated sarcoma of the liver. The authors report a case of primary undifferentiated sarcoma of the liver, observed in a 36-year-old man. Diagnosis was established at peritoneoscopy and guided biopsy, and confirmed by autopsy two months later."}
{"id": "PMID:140796", "title": "Peritoneoscopic evaluation of the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on liver metastases of breast cancer (report of 2 cases).", "content": "Two cases of breast cancer are presented in which massive liver metastases were proved by biopsies prior to treatment. Use of alternate cyclical hormonal cytotoxic combination chemotherapy (EORTC Clinical Trial, protocol, no 10741/3) was followed by a dramatic disappearance of neoplastic tissue. Peritoneoscopy associated with needle biopsy proved extremely useful to provide objective evaluation of the response to chemotherapy.", "contents": "Peritoneoscopic evaluation of the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on liver metastases of breast cancer (report of 2 cases). Two cases of breast cancer are presented in which massive liver metastases were proved by biopsies prior to treatment. Use of alternate cyclical hormonal cytotoxic combination chemotherapy (EORTC Clinical Trial, protocol, no 10741/3) was followed by a dramatic disappearance of neoplastic tissue. Peritoneoscopy associated with needle biopsy proved extremely useful to provide objective evaluation of the response to chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:140797", "title": "Peritoneoscopy in adult polycystic kidney disease: its diagnostic value.", "content": "The value of peritoneoscopy in the diagnosis of renal polycystic disease was tested in nine patients with adult polycystic disease and one with congenital hepatic fibrosis. The right kidney was visualized in all ten cases and the left in seven. Renal cysts were recognized by peritoneoscopy in eight of the ten patients. Factors impeding visualization of the kidneys and the cysts were: a) fixation of the splenic flexure of the colon; b) non-superficial renal cysts. Of six cases in which intravenous pyelography was not diagnostic, peritoneoscopy was positive in four. No correlation was found between the degree of hepatic and renal cystic involvement.", "contents": "Peritoneoscopy in adult polycystic kidney disease: its diagnostic value. The value of peritoneoscopy in the diagnosis of renal polycystic disease was tested in nine patients with adult polycystic disease and one with congenital hepatic fibrosis. The right kidney was visualized in all ten cases and the left in seven. Renal cysts were recognized by peritoneoscopy in eight of the ten patients. Factors impeding visualization of the kidneys and the cysts were: a) fixation of the splenic flexure of the colon; b) non-superficial renal cysts. Of six cases in which intravenous pyelography was not diagnostic, peritoneoscopy was positive in four. No correlation was found between the degree of hepatic and renal cystic involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:140798", "title": "The value of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of primary cancer of the liver.", "content": "A retrospective survey organized by the Spanish Association for Digestive Endoscopy among its members has revealed that a correct diagnosis of primary liver cancer could be made by guided biopsy during laparoscopy in 153 of 208 cases. A diagnosis of malignancy was made in 103 of 145 cases of carcinoma associated with cirrhosis and in 50 of 63 cases without cirrhosis, but in the latter, the lesions were endoscopically indistinguishable from metastatic nodules in most instances. Biopsy was positive in 88% of all suspicious cases. Carcinomatous invasion of seemingly benign cirrhotic nodules could be demonstrated in 22 other patients.", "contents": "The value of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of primary cancer of the liver. A retrospective survey organized by the Spanish Association for Digestive Endoscopy among its members has revealed that a correct diagnosis of primary liver cancer could be made by guided biopsy during laparoscopy in 153 of 208 cases. A diagnosis of malignancy was made in 103 of 145 cases of carcinoma associated with cirrhosis and in 50 of 63 cases without cirrhosis, but in the latter, the lesions were endoscopically indistinguishable from metastatic nodules in most instances. Biopsy was positive in 88% of all suspicious cases. Carcinomatous invasion of seemingly benign cirrhotic nodules could be demonstrated in 22 other patients."}
{"id": "PMID:140799", "title": "Occupational and environmental health hazards in the plastics industry.", "content": "A brief description of the potential occupational health hazards encountered in the manufacture of plastics (polymers) is given. In general, these hazards are due to the monomers used to make the various plastics, to unreacted monomer contained within the finished products, and to the fillers, stabilizers, pigments, inhibitors, and initiators used in fabricating the finished products. They run the gamut from angiosarcomas of the liver due to vinyl chloride, to dermatitis and asthma-like reactions due to the initiators used with epoxy resins.", "contents": "Occupational and environmental health hazards in the plastics industry. A brief description of the potential occupational health hazards encountered in the manufacture of plastics (polymers) is given. In general, these hazards are due to the monomers used to make the various plastics, to unreacted monomer contained within the finished products, and to the fillers, stabilizers, pigments, inhibitors, and initiators used in fabricating the finished products. They run the gamut from angiosarcomas of the liver due to vinyl chloride, to dermatitis and asthma-like reactions due to the initiators used with epoxy resins."}
{"id": "PMID:140800", "title": "Studies on intestinal adenosine triphosphatases. II. Stabilitiies in different rat subcellular fractions.", "content": "Subcellular fraction (brush border, mitochondria, microsomes and plasma membranes) are isolated from the rat intestinal epithelial cells. A comparison was made between the effect of cold storage, freeze-thawing, heating and of some chemicals (DMSO, DTT, glycerol, sucrose) on the stability of Mg2+ and (Na+-K+) dependent ATPases in these fractions in order to determine possible difference linked to the localization in the enterocyte. Enzymatic activities were found more stable at -20 degrees C than at +4 degrees C. Microsomal (Na+-K+)-ATPase increased in activity until the 8th day, then declined. Brush border (Na+-K+)-ATPase was the least resistant of all fractions. For Mg2+-ATPase, that from mitochondria was that had lost much more activity (84%) in 15 days at +4 degrees C. With freeze-thawing there was a comparable decrease in all activities (20-35%). by heating between 35 and 60 degrees C, Mg2+-ATPase was shown to be more heat resistant than (Na+-K+)-ATPase. The addition of some stabilizing chemicals (DMSO, glycerol, sucrose) improved the heat stability of the two enzymes: better results were obtained with glycerol for Mg2+-ATPase and sucrose for (Na+-K+)-ATPase. These differences might be due to the compositon in membraine lipids or to the nature of the enzymes studied.", "contents": "Studies on intestinal adenosine triphosphatases. II. Stabilitiies in different rat subcellular fractions. Subcellular fraction (brush border, mitochondria, microsomes and plasma membranes) are isolated from the rat intestinal epithelial cells. A comparison was made between the effect of cold storage, freeze-thawing, heating and of some chemicals (DMSO, DTT, glycerol, sucrose) on the stability of Mg2+ and (Na+-K+) dependent ATPases in these fractions in order to determine possible difference linked to the localization in the enterocyte. Enzymatic activities were found more stable at -20 degrees C than at +4 degrees C. Microsomal (Na+-K+)-ATPase increased in activity until the 8th day, then declined. Brush border (Na+-K+)-ATPase was the least resistant of all fractions. For Mg2+-ATPase, that from mitochondria was that had lost much more activity (84%) in 15 days at +4 degrees C. With freeze-thawing there was a comparable decrease in all activities (20-35%). by heating between 35 and 60 degrees C, Mg2+-ATPase was shown to be more heat resistant than (Na+-K+)-ATPase. The addition of some stabilizing chemicals (DMSO, glycerol, sucrose) improved the heat stability of the two enzymes: better results were obtained with glycerol for Mg2+-ATPase and sucrose for (Na+-K+)-ATPase. These differences might be due to the compositon in membraine lipids or to the nature of the enzymes studied."}
{"id": "PMID:140801", "title": "Leucocyte energy metabolism. VI. Simultaneous and improved isolation of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes from a single of human blood.", "content": "A technique, which combines a Ficoll-Rompacon treatment, sedimentation in a Dextran medium and erythrolysis by NH4C1, permitting the simultaneous isolation of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and lymphocytes from a single sample of human blood is described. The contamination of the PMN suspensions by other blood cells, including other categories of white cells, is minimal. However, the lymphocyte preparations, free of other white cells, are still contaminated by a non-negligible amount of thrombocytes. It could be shown that the biochemical system studied, the functional behavior and the morphological state of these cells are similar to that of white cells purified with the procedures previously used. Further, a numeration technique, based on DNA estimation, is presented which can be used when the cell count becomes inaccurate by cell agglutination.", "contents": "Leucocyte energy metabolism. VI. Simultaneous and improved isolation of lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear leucocytes from a single of human blood. A technique, which combines a Ficoll-Rompacon treatment, sedimentation in a Dextran medium and erythrolysis by NH4C1, permitting the simultaneous isolation of polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) and lymphocytes from a single sample of human blood is described. The contamination of the PMN suspensions by other blood cells, including other categories of white cells, is minimal. However, the lymphocyte preparations, free of other white cells, are still contaminated by a non-negligible amount of thrombocytes. It could be shown that the biochemical system studied, the functional behavior and the morphological state of these cells are similar to that of white cells purified with the procedures previously used. Further, a numeration technique, based on DNA estimation, is presented which can be used when the cell count becomes inaccurate by cell agglutination."}
{"id": "PMID:140803", "title": "Purification and properties of a DNA-dependent ATPase induced by bacteriophage T4.", "content": "A DNA-dependent ATPase formed after T4 phage infection is purified to apparent homogeneity. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme is 50 000 when determined by glycerol gradient centrifugation and by sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme at an earlier stage in purification (prior to DEAE-cellulose chromatography) exists as a complex with a molecular weight of 100000. However, molecular weight determinations by Sephadex gel chromatography give considerably decreased molecular weights for the complex and for the enzyme after DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The enzyme is stimulated to varying degrees by a variety of single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotides or by single-stranded DNA, but no chemical change in the polynucleotide has been detected as a result of the enzyme action.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a DNA-dependent ATPase induced by bacteriophage T4. A DNA-dependent ATPase formed after T4 phage infection is purified to apparent homogeneity. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme is 50 000 when determined by glycerol gradient centrifugation and by sodium dodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme at an earlier stage in purification (prior to DEAE-cellulose chromatography) exists as a complex with a molecular weight of 100000. However, molecular weight determinations by Sephadex gel chromatography give considerably decreased molecular weights for the complex and for the enzyme after DEAE-cellulose chromatography. The enzyme is stimulated to varying degrees by a variety of single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotides or by single-stranded DNA, but no chemical change in the polynucleotide has been detected as a result of the enzyme action."}
{"id": "PMID:140813", "title": "[Effect of narcotics on the enzymatic activity of neuronal and synaptic mitochondria of rat brain].", "content": "The action of morphine (20 mg/kg) and phenobarbital (80 mg/kg) on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (ACS) and Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase in fractions of unpurified mitochondria and neuronal mitochondria of the rats brain was studied. It is shown that with prolonged introduction of both morphine and phenobarbital the dynamics of the Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase activity in fractions of neuronal mitochondria and synaptosomes is dissimilar, the synaptosomes fractions then displaying a specific influence of morphine and phenobarbital on the Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase activity, while in the neutronal mitochondria fraction changes occurring in the activity of this enzyme proved to be analogus to those taking place after administration of both morphine and phenobarbital. The ACS activity in the synaptosomes fraction following introduction of both morphine and phenobarbital did not differ from the control one.", "contents": "[Effect of narcotics on the enzymatic activity of neuronal and synaptic mitochondria of rat brain]. The action of morphine (20 mg/kg) and phenobarbital (80 mg/kg) on the activity of acetylcholinesterase (ACS) and Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase in fractions of unpurified mitochondria and neuronal mitochondria of the rats brain was studied. It is shown that with prolonged introduction of both morphine and phenobarbital the dynamics of the Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase activity in fractions of neuronal mitochondria and synaptosomes is dissimilar, the synaptosomes fractions then displaying a specific influence of morphine and phenobarbital on the Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase activity, while in the neutronal mitochondria fraction changes occurring in the activity of this enzyme proved to be analogus to those taking place after administration of both morphine and phenobarbital. The ACS activity in the synaptosomes fraction following introduction of both morphine and phenobarbital did not differ from the control one."}
{"id": "PMID:140814", "title": "[Effect of corticosteroids, vitamins and their combination with thiophosphamide on the indicators of carbohydrate and electrolyte metabolism of animals with experimental tumors].", "content": "On a model of transplantable albeolar-mucous RS cancer it is shown that hydrocortisone, desoxycorticosteonre-acetate (DOCA), cyanocobalamine used in combination with folic and nicotinic acids does not lower the cytostatic activity of thiophosphamide and in a number cases even potentiates its action. A relation between changes occurring under the influence of the chemical agents on the energy exchange (a fall of the lactate level) and the linked with it transfer of ions (reduced concentration of magnesium, calcium and a rise in the level of sodium) through the membranes of cancer cells was revealed. Against the background of chemotherapy gycolytic processes in the malignant cells. Evidence was brought to bear that under the influence of thiophosphamide the response of the neoplastic tissue to DOCA becomes perverted (the concentration of potassium goes up and the level of sodium delcines).", "contents": "[Effect of corticosteroids, vitamins and their combination with thiophosphamide on the indicators of carbohydrate and electrolyte metabolism of animals with experimental tumors]. On a model of transplantable albeolar-mucous RS cancer it is shown that hydrocortisone, desoxycorticosteonre-acetate (DOCA), cyanocobalamine used in combination with folic and nicotinic acids does not lower the cytostatic activity of thiophosphamide and in a number cases even potentiates its action. A relation between changes occurring under the influence of the chemical agents on the energy exchange (a fall of the lactate level) and the linked with it transfer of ions (reduced concentration of magnesium, calcium and a rise in the level of sodium) through the membranes of cancer cells was revealed. Against the background of chemotherapy gycolytic processes in the malignant cells. Evidence was brought to bear that under the influence of thiophosphamide the response of the neoplastic tissue to DOCA becomes perverted (the concentration of potassium goes up and the level of sodium delcines)."}
{"id": "PMID:140815", "title": "[Effectiveness of syrepar in experimental liver dystrophy in albino rats].", "content": "In experiments with rats it was found that syrepar is an effective agent in acute dystrophy provoked by carbon tetrachloride. Its daily administration in an amount of 0.1 ml per 100 g of weight subcutaneously improves the general condition of the animals, prevents their destruction, accelerates restoration of the structure and function of the liver. Much earlier and more fully the cholepoietic function of the liver, the ultrastructural organization of hepatocytes, as well as the activity of hepatic enzymes, along with the glycogen content and of cytoplasmatic RNA were re-established.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of syrepar in experimental liver dystrophy in albino rats]. In experiments with rats it was found that syrepar is an effective agent in acute dystrophy provoked by carbon tetrachloride. Its daily administration in an amount of 0.1 ml per 100 g of weight subcutaneously improves the general condition of the animals, prevents their destruction, accelerates restoration of the structure and function of the liver. Much earlier and more fully the cholepoietic function of the liver, the ultrastructural organization of hepatocytes, as well as the activity of hepatic enzymes, along with the glycogen content and of cytoplasmatic RNA were re-established."}
{"id": "PMID:140823", "title": "The distribution of HLA-d (MLC) locus determinants in the Czech population.", "content": "The distribution of 8 HLA-D determinants in the group of 83 unrelated individuals of the Czech population was ascertained by means of homozygous typing cells using the mixed lymphocyte culture test. In the panel tested, the gene frequencies of HLA-D determinants, the distribution of HLA-D phenotypes and the magnitude of the linkage disequilibrium between the determinants of the HLA-B and HLA-D loci were determined.", "contents": "The distribution of HLA-d (MLC) locus determinants in the Czech population. The distribution of 8 HLA-D determinants in the group of 83 unrelated individuals of the Czech population was ascertained by means of homozygous typing cells using the mixed lymphocyte culture test. In the panel tested, the gene frequencies of HLA-D determinants, the distribution of HLA-D phenotypes and the magnitude of the linkage disequilibrium between the determinants of the HLA-B and HLA-D loci were determined."}
{"id": "PMID:140824", "title": "The retinoic acid derivative Ro 11-1430 in Acne vulgaris. A controlled multicenter trial against retinoic acid.", "content": "In a double-blind controlled multicenter trial consisting of 257 patients with acne vulgaris an 8-week topical treatment with the retinoic acid derivative Ro 11-1430 (0.1% lotion) was compared with vitamin A acid (0.05% lotion) and the lotion alone (placebo). In reducing the number of comedones vitamin A acid was superior to Ro 11-1430, which was significantly better than placebo. The reduction in number of papules and pustules was not statistically significant on either treatment. Local side effects, i.e. erythema, desquamation, burning and pruritus occurred more frequently and were more severe on vitamin A acid than on Ro 11-1430 and placebo which did not differ. No correlation was found between incidence and severity of local reactions and therapeutic effect.", "contents": "The retinoic acid derivative Ro 11-1430 in Acne vulgaris. A controlled multicenter trial against retinoic acid. In a double-blind controlled multicenter trial consisting of 257 patients with acne vulgaris an 8-week topical treatment with the retinoic acid derivative Ro 11-1430 (0.1% lotion) was compared with vitamin A acid (0.05% lotion) and the lotion alone (placebo). In reducing the number of comedones vitamin A acid was superior to Ro 11-1430, which was significantly better than placebo. The reduction in number of papules and pustules was not statistically significant on either treatment. Local side effects, i.e. erythema, desquamation, burning and pruritus occurred more frequently and were more severe on vitamin A acid than on Ro 11-1430 and placebo which did not differ. No correlation was found between incidence and severity of local reactions and therapeutic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:140827", "title": "Tofranil in the treatment of low back pain.", "content": "This report describes a double-blind between-group comparison of Tofranil and placebo in fifty-nine patients admitted to the Joint Service Medical Rehabilitation Unit suffering from low back pain. Patients were given 25 mg of either Tofranil or placebo three times a day for four weeks. Fifteen patients were not included in the analysis, nine dropping out for non-trial related reasons, two dropping out complaining of lost libido and four not taking the tablets, or taking additional drugs. One of the patients complaining of lost libido was taking Tofranil and the other was taking placebo. Over the whole sample there was no significant benefit for Tofranil over placebo as regards physical measurements. Both Tofranil and placebo groups showed a significant improvement during the trial on straight leg raise and backward flexion. For lateral flexion the Tofranil group was significantly worse than the placebo group on entering the trial, and during the trial the Tofranil group improved to match the placebo group. The clinician's pain and stiffness assessments and the patients' pain and stiffness assessments show a significant improvement for both the Tofranil and placebo groups during the trial. However, no difference is shown between Tofranil and placebo. The psychological tests show no difference between Tofranil and placebo and only a marinal improvenmet over initial condition. Further analysis according to initial diagnosis showed nothing conclusive. Numerically, the use of Tofranil produced a marked improvement in pain and stiffness in patients with 'disc lesion only' diagnoses, whereas placebo did not produce an improvement. However, this observation was far from reaching statistical significance. Side-effects were not severe for either drug. Additional medication was rarely used.", "contents": "Tofranil in the treatment of low back pain. This report describes a double-blind between-group comparison of Tofranil and placebo in fifty-nine patients admitted to the Joint Service Medical Rehabilitation Unit suffering from low back pain. Patients were given 25 mg of either Tofranil or placebo three times a day for four weeks. Fifteen patients were not included in the analysis, nine dropping out for non-trial related reasons, two dropping out complaining of lost libido and four not taking the tablets, or taking additional drugs. One of the patients complaining of lost libido was taking Tofranil and the other was taking placebo. Over the whole sample there was no significant benefit for Tofranil over placebo as regards physical measurements. Both Tofranil and placebo groups showed a significant improvement during the trial on straight leg raise and backward flexion. For lateral flexion the Tofranil group was significantly worse than the placebo group on entering the trial, and during the trial the Tofranil group improved to match the placebo group. The clinician's pain and stiffness assessments and the patients' pain and stiffness assessments show a significant improvement for both the Tofranil and placebo groups during the trial. However, no difference is shown between Tofranil and placebo. The psychological tests show no difference between Tofranil and placebo and only a marinal improvenmet over initial condition. Further analysis according to initial diagnosis showed nothing conclusive. Numerically, the use of Tofranil produced a marked improvement in pain and stiffness in patients with 'disc lesion only' diagnoses, whereas placebo did not produce an improvement. However, this observation was far from reaching statistical significance. Side-effects were not severe for either drug. Additional medication was rarely used."}
{"id": "PMID:140828", "title": "Effect of fasting and streptozotocin in the obese-hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mouse. Apparent lack of a direct relationship between insulin binding and insulin effects.", "content": "The decrease of insulin binding to plasma membranes of liver, adipose, and muscle tissues observed in obese-hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mice was reversed towards normal by prolonged fasting or streptozotocin treatment. The extent of this reversal was related to that of the decrease in hyperinsulinemia of the obese mice. In contrast, binding of glucagon to liver plasma membranes was little influenced by fasting or streptozotocin treatment of obese animals. The relationship between insulin binding and metabolic effects of the hormone did not appear to be identical in all tissues. In muscle, insulin binding and insulin effect on glucose uptake and metabolism changed in parallel--i.e., when binding increased, tissue sensitivity to the hormone increased. In the liver, the increase in insulin binding that followed fasting or streptozotocin treatment was not accompanied by any detectable metabolic effect of insulin on hepatic metabolism. A similar situation appeared to prevail in adipose tissue. The varying relationships observed between the state of insulin binding to membranes and the target tissue responsiveness to the hormone probably reflect the multiplicity of the factors operative in these processes and help us to understand why the over-all obese-hyperglycemic syndrome of ob/ob mice cannot be improved simply by decreasing endogenous hyperinsulinemia.", "contents": "Effect of fasting and streptozotocin in the obese-hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mouse. Apparent lack of a direct relationship between insulin binding and insulin effects. The decrease of insulin binding to plasma membranes of liver, adipose, and muscle tissues observed in obese-hyperglycemic (ob/ob) mice was reversed towards normal by prolonged fasting or streptozotocin treatment. The extent of this reversal was related to that of the decrease in hyperinsulinemia of the obese mice. In contrast, binding of glucagon to liver plasma membranes was little influenced by fasting or streptozotocin treatment of obese animals. The relationship between insulin binding and metabolic effects of the hormone did not appear to be identical in all tissues. In muscle, insulin binding and insulin effect on glucose uptake and metabolism changed in parallel--i.e., when binding increased, tissue sensitivity to the hormone increased. In the liver, the increase in insulin binding that followed fasting or streptozotocin treatment was not accompanied by any detectable metabolic effect of insulin on hepatic metabolism. A similar situation appeared to prevail in adipose tissue. The varying relationships observed between the state of insulin binding to membranes and the target tissue responsiveness to the hormone probably reflect the multiplicity of the factors operative in these processes and help us to understand why the over-all obese-hyperglycemic syndrome of ob/ob mice cannot be improved simply by decreasing endogenous hyperinsulinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:140831", "title": "HLA antigens and ulcerative colitis in Japan.", "content": "The HLA antigens in 44 cases of ulcerative colitis and 271 control individuals in Japan were studied. The NIH tissue typing method was used according to the new leukocyte nomenclature adapted by the WHO Committee. In normal Japanese populations, the HLA antigens, which were of high frequency, were HLA A2(37.3%), A9(60.9%) and B5 (40.6%). On the contrary, the significantly high frequency of HLA B5 was demonstrated in ulcerative colitis, compared with that in control. Moreover, HLA B5 in cases with ulcerative colitis excluding those with proctitis only, was found with higher frequency than that in total cases. Although the most frequent haplotype was HLA A9-B5 in control, so frequent haplotype was not found in ulcerative colitis. A family study revealed no significant diathesis on the hapolytpe of HLA in ulcerative colitis. The relationship between MLC locus and ulcerative colitis was not yet clarified from the study of one family whose two members suffered from ulcerative colitis.", "contents": "HLA antigens and ulcerative colitis in Japan. The HLA antigens in 44 cases of ulcerative colitis and 271 control individuals in Japan were studied. The NIH tissue typing method was used according to the new leukocyte nomenclature adapted by the WHO Committee. In normal Japanese populations, the HLA antigens, which were of high frequency, were HLA A2(37.3%), A9(60.9%) and B5 (40.6%). On the contrary, the significantly high frequency of HLA B5 was demonstrated in ulcerative colitis, compared with that in control. Moreover, HLA B5 in cases with ulcerative colitis excluding those with proctitis only, was found with higher frequency than that in total cases. Although the most frequent haplotype was HLA A9-B5 in control, so frequent haplotype was not found in ulcerative colitis. A family study revealed no significant diathesis on the hapolytpe of HLA in ulcerative colitis. The relationship between MLC locus and ulcerative colitis was not yet clarified from the study of one family whose two members suffered from ulcerative colitis."}
{"id": "PMID:140832", "title": "Gastrointestinal involvement in the S\u00e9zary syndrome.", "content": "A case of documented S\u00e9zary syndrome, a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, with gastrointestinal lymphocytic infiltration is presented. The symptom of diarrhea waxed and waned with the course of the disease process. Radiographic studies were normal, and no evidence of malabsorption was elicited. The diagnosis was established by endoscopic and biopsy techniques, with light and electron microscopy of colonic and small bowel biopsies demonstrating extensive infiltration with typical S\u00e9zary cells. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of gastrointestinal involvement in the S\u00e9zary syndrome.", "contents": "Gastrointestinal involvement in the S\u00e9zary syndrome. A case of documented S\u00e9zary syndrome, a cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, with gastrointestinal lymphocytic infiltration is presented. The symptom of diarrhea waxed and waned with the course of the disease process. Radiographic studies were normal, and no evidence of malabsorption was elicited. The diagnosis was established by endoscopic and biopsy techniques, with light and electron microscopy of colonic and small bowel biopsies demonstrating extensive infiltration with typical S\u00e9zary cells. To our knowledge this is the first reported case of gastrointestinal involvement in the S\u00e9zary syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:140837", "title": "Histochemical observations on the mycetomes of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker.", "content": "Histochemical studies of mycetomes and mycetocytes of Pyrilla perpusilla show PAS positive material, what can suggest the presence of glycogen. The mycetocytes failed to stain with alcian blue and methyl green pyronin \"Y\" indicating the absence of mucopolysaccharides and RNA respectively. The mycetocytes show positive congo red. Millon and Mercury bromophenophenol blue staining thereby proving that they contain glycoprotein, tyrosine and proteins. Positive reaction with Sudan black may show the presence of lipids and lipoproteins.", "contents": "Histochemical observations on the mycetomes of Pyrilla perpusilla Walker. Histochemical studies of mycetomes and mycetocytes of Pyrilla perpusilla show PAS positive material, what can suggest the presence of glycogen. The mycetocytes failed to stain with alcian blue and methyl green pyronin \"Y\" indicating the absence of mucopolysaccharides and RNA respectively. The mycetocytes show positive congo red. Millon and Mercury bromophenophenol blue staining thereby proving that they contain glycoprotein, tyrosine and proteins. Positive reaction with Sudan black may show the presence of lipids and lipoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:140838", "title": "Histochemical study of polysaccharides in the aortic arch of some birds.", "content": "The histochemical study of polysaccharides in the aortic arch of the black vulture, turkey, peking duck, goose and duck, showed that a sialo-mucopolysaccharidic complex is present in the vessel wall and consists of: sialic acid, neutral mucopolysaccharides, hyaluronic acid and Chondrotin sulfate. The concentration of mucopolysaccharides, mainly of the acidic ones, decreases from the inner portions of the media towards the adventicia.", "contents": "Histochemical study of polysaccharides in the aortic arch of some birds. The histochemical study of polysaccharides in the aortic arch of the black vulture, turkey, peking duck, goose and duck, showed that a sialo-mucopolysaccharidic complex is present in the vessel wall and consists of: sialic acid, neutral mucopolysaccharides, hyaluronic acid and Chondrotin sulfate. The concentration of mucopolysaccharides, mainly of the acidic ones, decreases from the inner portions of the media towards the adventicia."}
{"id": "PMID:140839", "title": "Classification of muscle fiber types based on succinic dehydrogenase and myofibrillar ATPase reactions in normal and randomly reinnervated rat skeletal muscles.", "content": "In the normal and randomly reinnervated plantaris muscle of rat staining for succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity differentiates three fiber types (A, B and C), staining for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) differentiates three fiber types (alpha, beta and alpha beta). Here we present our finding type A corresponds to alpha beta fibers, B to beta or alpha beta, C to alpha or alpha beta. In normal soleus muscle both classifications were found to be compatible and B fibers correspond to beta and C to alpha fibers. An exception is the small percent of alpha beta fibers which correspond to B type. In randomly reinnervated soleus muscle changes in ATPase activity are not followed by changes in SDH staining and B fibers correspond to alpha, beta or alpha beta types.", "contents": "Classification of muscle fiber types based on succinic dehydrogenase and myofibrillar ATPase reactions in normal and randomly reinnervated rat skeletal muscles. In the normal and randomly reinnervated plantaris muscle of rat staining for succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) activity differentiates three fiber types (A, B and C), staining for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) differentiates three fiber types (alpha, beta and alpha beta). Here we present our finding type A corresponds to alpha beta fibers, B to beta or alpha beta, C to alpha or alpha beta. In normal soleus muscle both classifications were found to be compatible and B fibers correspond to beta and C to alpha fibers. An exception is the small percent of alpha beta fibers which correspond to B type. In randomly reinnervated soleus muscle changes in ATPase activity are not followed by changes in SDH staining and B fibers correspond to alpha, beta or alpha beta types."}
{"id": "PMID:140840", "title": "[State of disease and social situation of adult hemophiliacs].", "content": "54 adult patients suffering from hemophilia responded to a questionnaire regarding their state of illness and social situation. As far as state of the illness was concerned items pertained to type of hemophilia, factor activity, degree of physical handicap, number of bleedings and hospitalizations as well as etiology of bleedings. Social data contained items on marital status, education, occupation and leisure activities. The handicap of the illness as well as the possibility of positive social integration is underlined by the findings of the study.", "contents": "[State of disease and social situation of adult hemophiliacs]. 54 adult patients suffering from hemophilia responded to a questionnaire regarding their state of illness and social situation. As far as state of the illness was concerned items pertained to type of hemophilia, factor activity, degree of physical handicap, number of bleedings and hospitalizations as well as etiology of bleedings. Social data contained items on marital status, education, occupation and leisure activities. The handicap of the illness as well as the possibility of positive social integration is underlined by the findings of the study."}
{"id": "PMID:140841", "title": "DNA synthesis in pancreatic islet and acinar cells in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes.", "content": "The rates of DNA synthesis in islet and acinar cells were compared at different intervals following streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Streptozotocin, injected I.V. at a dosage of 65 mg/kg, consistently produced a diabetic-like state in young rats, ages 33 to 42 days. At two, four, and seven days after streptozotocin administration, no significant difference in DNA synthesis per mm2 of islet and acinar tissue was evident. However, four days after streptozotocin injection, a significant increase over control values was observed in the number of cells per islet incorporating tritiated thymidine. Following streptozotocin administration, beta cells generally appeared degranulated but not necrotic. Transformation of acinar cells or ductal elements to beta cells was not observed, suggesting that proliferating beta cells are the progeny of pre-existing beta cells. This study suggests that a brief, temporary period of compensatory proliferation of beta cells follows the initial insult of the diabetogenic agent streptozotocin in young rats.", "contents": "DNA synthesis in pancreatic islet and acinar cells in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The rates of DNA synthesis in islet and acinar cells were compared at different intervals following streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Streptozotocin, injected I.V. at a dosage of 65 mg/kg, consistently produced a diabetic-like state in young rats, ages 33 to 42 days. At two, four, and seven days after streptozotocin administration, no significant difference in DNA synthesis per mm2 of islet and acinar tissue was evident. However, four days after streptozotocin injection, a significant increase over control values was observed in the number of cells per islet incorporating tritiated thymidine. Following streptozotocin administration, beta cells generally appeared degranulated but not necrotic. Transformation of acinar cells or ductal elements to beta cells was not observed, suggesting that proliferating beta cells are the progeny of pre-existing beta cells. This study suggests that a brief, temporary period of compensatory proliferation of beta cells follows the initial insult of the diabetogenic agent streptozotocin in young rats."}
{"id": "PMID:140842", "title": "Alterations of the glycolytic pathway and adenine nucleotide state in livers of clofibrate treated rats.", "content": "The influence of clofibrate on the glycolytic pathway in liver was studied. The changes in the activity of glucokinase and hexokinase were not significant. A reduction of phosphofructokinase (p less than 0.05) and pyruvate kinase activity was found (p less than 0.0005) during clofibrate feeding. An in vitro inhibition of these enzymes could not be demonstrated by clofibrate up to a concentration of 2.5 mM. Crossover plots of glycolytic intermediates indicate that the reduced pyruvate kinase activity may influence the glycolytic pathway in vivo. Clofibrate feeding induces a lower ATP:ADP ratio, a lower adenylate energy charge and elevates AMP levels in rat liver. This may possibly stimulate the hepatic glycogenolysis and the glucose utilisation by this organ.", "contents": "Alterations of the glycolytic pathway and adenine nucleotide state in livers of clofibrate treated rats. The influence of clofibrate on the glycolytic pathway in liver was studied. The changes in the activity of glucokinase and hexokinase were not significant. A reduction of phosphofructokinase (p less than 0.05) and pyruvate kinase activity was found (p less than 0.0005) during clofibrate feeding. An in vitro inhibition of these enzymes could not be demonstrated by clofibrate up to a concentration of 2.5 mM. Crossover plots of glycolytic intermediates indicate that the reduced pyruvate kinase activity may influence the glycolytic pathway in vivo. Clofibrate feeding induces a lower ATP:ADP ratio, a lower adenylate energy charge and elevates AMP levels in rat liver. This may possibly stimulate the hepatic glycogenolysis and the glucose utilisation by this organ."}
{"id": "PMID:140843", "title": "Pituitary-gonadal function in the carcinoid syndrome: effect of parachlorophynylalanine therapy.", "content": "Six patients with the carcinoid syndrome (C.S) had serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations that were greater than age and sex matched control subjects. The serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone concentrations of the groups did not differ. Four of the 5 C.S. patients tested had an increase in serum testosterone after human chorionic gonadotropin administration and 5 of the 5 subjects tested had an increase in serum LH after clomiphene citrate administration. One of the 4 subjects treated with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) had a reduction in serum testosterone. He was also receiving methysergide. The other 3 subjects treated with PCPA did not have any persistent alterations in serum testosterone.", "contents": "Pituitary-gonadal function in the carcinoid syndrome: effect of parachlorophynylalanine therapy. Six patients with the carcinoid syndrome (C.S) had serum luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations that were greater than age and sex matched control subjects. The serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone concentrations of the groups did not differ. Four of the 5 C.S. patients tested had an increase in serum testosterone after human chorionic gonadotropin administration and 5 of the 5 subjects tested had an increase in serum LH after clomiphene citrate administration. One of the 4 subjects treated with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) had a reduction in serum testosterone. He was also receiving methysergide. The other 3 subjects treated with PCPA did not have any persistent alterations in serum testosterone."}
{"id": "PMID:140847", "title": "Cardiovascular nuclear medicine: a progress report.", "content": "Providing insights into the functional state of the myocardium not available from other techniques, cardiovascular nuclear medicine is being applied more and more in coronary care units, where it makes possible frequent monitoring of function, and in exercise testing of outpatients. In addition, a nuclear \"stethoscope\" that generates a left ventricular volume curve may soon bring this valuable resource into office practice.", "contents": "Cardiovascular nuclear medicine: a progress report. Providing insights into the functional state of the myocardium not available from other techniques, cardiovascular nuclear medicine is being applied more and more in coronary care units, where it makes possible frequent monitoring of function, and in exercise testing of outpatients. In addition, a nuclear \"stethoscope\" that generates a left ventricular volume curve may soon bring this valuable resource into office practice."}
{"id": "PMID:140851", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of acid protein polysaccharides and calcium in the vacuoles of the chicken thrombocyte.", "content": "The coexistence of acid protein polysaccharides and calcium in the vacuoles of chicken thrombocytes were studied by means of ultrahistochemical methods and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The thrombocytes possessed large vacuoles of a surface connected membrane system. After both ruthenium red staining and tannic acid fixation the innersurface coat of vacuoles was always strongly and continously visualized. Electron microscopic X-ray microprobe analysis of antimonate precipitates in thrombocytes fixed in K-antimonate-OsO4 revealed calcium localization on the innersurface of vacuoles. From these facts it seems likely that the vacuoles of the surface connected membrane system may take part in the pool or the transport of calcium.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of acid protein polysaccharides and calcium in the vacuoles of the chicken thrombocyte. The coexistence of acid protein polysaccharides and calcium in the vacuoles of chicken thrombocytes were studied by means of ultrahistochemical methods and electron probe X-ray microanalysis. The thrombocytes possessed large vacuoles of a surface connected membrane system. After both ruthenium red staining and tannic acid fixation the innersurface coat of vacuoles was always strongly and continously visualized. Electron microscopic X-ray microprobe analysis of antimonate precipitates in thrombocytes fixed in K-antimonate-OsO4 revealed calcium localization on the innersurface of vacuoles. From these facts it seems likely that the vacuoles of the surface connected membrane system may take part in the pool or the transport of calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:140852", "title": "The value of enzyme histochemical techniques in the classification of fibre types of human skeletal muscle. 2. The histochemical demonstration of myosin adenosine triphosphatase in skeletal muscles from adult patients with or with no diseases of the neuromuscular system. A comparison between results obtained by calcium salt and lead salt techniques.", "content": "In the present investigation the results of a lead salt technique and two calcium salt techniques for the deomonstration of the activity of myosin adenosine triphosphatase in sections of both normal and pathological human skeletal muscle specimens are compared. It was seen that the histochemical results obtained by the different techniques are similar, especially with regard to the identification of fibre-types. It can be clearly stated, that the alkaline phosphatase activity present in muscle fibers of diseased skeletal msucles revealed only a very slight activity with the substrate ATP, so the alkaline phosphatase activity in general did not disturb the reliability of the different myosin ATPase techniques. Moreover it was found that the presence of the mitochondrial Ca2+ -ion activated ATPase with a high pH-optimum in muscle fibers did not give rise to faulty results. From studies with dinitrophenol it can be concluded that this substance activates the myosin ATPase present in type I fibres especially.", "contents": "The value of enzyme histochemical techniques in the classification of fibre types of human skeletal muscle. 2. The histochemical demonstration of myosin adenosine triphosphatase in skeletal muscles from adult patients with or with no diseases of the neuromuscular system. A comparison between results obtained by calcium salt and lead salt techniques. In the present investigation the results of a lead salt technique and two calcium salt techniques for the deomonstration of the activity of myosin adenosine triphosphatase in sections of both normal and pathological human skeletal muscle specimens are compared. It was seen that the histochemical results obtained by the different techniques are similar, especially with regard to the identification of fibre-types. It can be clearly stated, that the alkaline phosphatase activity present in muscle fibers of diseased skeletal msucles revealed only a very slight activity with the substrate ATP, so the alkaline phosphatase activity in general did not disturb the reliability of the different myosin ATPase techniques. Moreover it was found that the presence of the mitochondrial Ca2+ -ion activated ATPase with a high pH-optimum in muscle fibers did not give rise to faulty results. From studies with dinitrophenol it can be concluded that this substance activates the myosin ATPase present in type I fibres especially."}
{"id": "PMID:140854", "title": "Myocardial Feulgen-DNA levels and capillary vascularization in hypoxia-exposed rats.", "content": "Male abino rats were exposed to simulated altitude of 18,000 ft (380 Torr) for 1 day to 8 wk. Histological sections of heart ventricles were stained by the Feulgen technique and amounts of Feulgen-DNA were determined cytophotometrically. Heart weights, relative to body weights, increased over controls at all exposure periods, as did myocardial capillary vascularization. Ninety percent of cardiac muscle nuclei were found to contain tetraploid amounts of DNA. All nuclei exhibited a high degree of chromatin dispersion in exposed and unexposed rats, which reflects a highly reactive metabolic state of cardiac cells in both groups. There was no evidence of increased ploidy or increased DNA synthesis associated with hypertrophy after acute or chronic hypoxia exposure. The data suggest that an initial event which could facilitate augmented protein synthesis during hypoxia acclimation appears to be an increased availability of oxygen and/or nutrients brought about by an expansion of the capillary bed and vascular proliferation.", "contents": "Myocardial Feulgen-DNA levels and capillary vascularization in hypoxia-exposed rats. Male abino rats were exposed to simulated altitude of 18,000 ft (380 Torr) for 1 day to 8 wk. Histological sections of heart ventricles were stained by the Feulgen technique and amounts of Feulgen-DNA were determined cytophotometrically. Heart weights, relative to body weights, increased over controls at all exposure periods, as did myocardial capillary vascularization. Ninety percent of cardiac muscle nuclei were found to contain tetraploid amounts of DNA. All nuclei exhibited a high degree of chromatin dispersion in exposed and unexposed rats, which reflects a highly reactive metabolic state of cardiac cells in both groups. There was no evidence of increased ploidy or increased DNA synthesis associated with hypertrophy after acute or chronic hypoxia exposure. The data suggest that an initial event which could facilitate augmented protein synthesis during hypoxia acclimation appears to be an increased availability of oxygen and/or nutrients brought about by an expansion of the capillary bed and vascular proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:140855", "title": "Predominant site of flow limitation and mechanisms of postexertional asthma.", "content": "To determine if a relationship existed between the site of airway obstruction and the mechanisms of exercise-induced asthma, we studied the predominant site of flow limitation, as determined by the mid-vital capacity ratios of maximal expiratory flow with air (Vmax air) and 80% helium-20% oxygen (Vmax He-O2), before and after physical exertion in 12 asthmatics. These observations were then related to the effects seen after vagal blockade and inhibition of mediator release. Five subjects increased Vmax He-O2/Vmax air ratios suggesting that the predominant site of flow limitation was in large airways. This group had their postexercise bronchospasm abolished by pretreatment with an anticholinergic agent. Seven subjects decreased their flow ratios indicating predominant small airway obstruction. Anticholinergic agents, although producing bronchodilation, did not alter their bronchospastic response to exercise. However, pretreatment with disodium cromoglycate did significantly diminish the response of this group. Thus the airway response to exercise in asthmatics is heterogeneous in terms of predominant site of flow limitation and this factor appears to relate to mechanisms.", "contents": "Predominant site of flow limitation and mechanisms of postexertional asthma. To determine if a relationship existed between the site of airway obstruction and the mechanisms of exercise-induced asthma, we studied the predominant site of flow limitation, as determined by the mid-vital capacity ratios of maximal expiratory flow with air (Vmax air) and 80% helium-20% oxygen (Vmax He-O2), before and after physical exertion in 12 asthmatics. These observations were then related to the effects seen after vagal blockade and inhibition of mediator release. Five subjects increased Vmax He-O2/Vmax air ratios suggesting that the predominant site of flow limitation was in large airways. This group had their postexercise bronchospasm abolished by pretreatment with an anticholinergic agent. Seven subjects decreased their flow ratios indicating predominant small airway obstruction. Anticholinergic agents, although producing bronchodilation, did not alter their bronchospastic response to exercise. However, pretreatment with disodium cromoglycate did significantly diminish the response of this group. Thus the airway response to exercise in asthmatics is heterogeneous in terms of predominant site of flow limitation and this factor appears to relate to mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:140860", "title": "Unsaturated fatty acid mutants of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Unsaturated fatty acid (ufa) auxotrophs of Neurospora crassa were obtained by treatment of conidia with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine followed by isolation on media containing polyunsaturated fatty acids suspended in Tergitol NP-40. The 24 mutants for which reisolates were obtained from crosses with wild type were assigned to two complementation classes, ufa-1 and ufa-2, located on linkage group V. Unsaturated fatty acids with varying degrees of unsaturation, chain length, and double-bond position as well as different steric configurations were tested for growth requirements.", "contents": "Unsaturated fatty acid mutants of Neurospora crassa. Unsaturated fatty acid (ufa) auxotrophs of Neurospora crassa were obtained by treatment of conidia with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine followed by isolation on media containing polyunsaturated fatty acids suspended in Tergitol NP-40. The 24 mutants for which reisolates were obtained from crosses with wild type were assigned to two complementation classes, ufa-1 and ufa-2, located on linkage group V. Unsaturated fatty acids with varying degrees of unsaturation, chain length, and double-bond position as well as different steric configurations were tested for growth requirements."}
{"id": "PMID:140861", "title": "Characterization and in vitro translation of polyadenylated messenger ribonucleic acid from Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracted from Neurospora crassa has been fractionated by oligodeoxythymidylic acid [oligo(dT)]-cellulose chromatography into polyadenylated messenger RNA [poly(A) mRNA] and unbound RNA. The poly(A) mRNA, which comprises approximately 1.7% of the total cellular RNA, was further characterized by Sepharose 4B chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both techniques showed that the poly(A) mRNA was heterodisperse in size, with an average molecular weight similar to that of 17S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The poly(A) segments isolated from the poly(A) mRNA were relatively short, with three major size classes of 30, 55, and 70 nucleotides. Gel electrophoresis of the non-poly(A) RNA indicated that it contained primarily rRNA and 4S RNA. The optimal conditions were determined for the translation of Neurospora mRNA in a cell-free wheat germ protein-synthesizing system. Poly(A) mRNA stimulated the incorporation of [14C]leucine into polypeptides ranging in size from 10,000 to 100,000 daltons. The RNA that did not bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose also stimulated the incorporation of [14C]leucine, indicating that this fraction contains a significant concentration of mRNA which has either no poly(A) or very short poly(A) segments. In addition, the translation of both poly(A) mRNA and unbound mRNA was inhibited by 7-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate (m7G5'p). This is preliminary evidence for the existence of a 5'-RNA \"cap\" on Neurospora mRNA.", "contents": "Characterization and in vitro translation of polyadenylated messenger ribonucleic acid from Neurospora crassa. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) extracted from Neurospora crassa has been fractionated by oligodeoxythymidylic acid [oligo(dT)]-cellulose chromatography into polyadenylated messenger RNA [poly(A) mRNA] and unbound RNA. The poly(A) mRNA, which comprises approximately 1.7% of the total cellular RNA, was further characterized by Sepharose 4B chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both techniques showed that the poly(A) mRNA was heterodisperse in size, with an average molecular weight similar to that of 17S ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The poly(A) segments isolated from the poly(A) mRNA were relatively short, with three major size classes of 30, 55, and 70 nucleotides. Gel electrophoresis of the non-poly(A) RNA indicated that it contained primarily rRNA and 4S RNA. The optimal conditions were determined for the translation of Neurospora mRNA in a cell-free wheat germ protein-synthesizing system. Poly(A) mRNA stimulated the incorporation of [14C]leucine into polypeptides ranging in size from 10,000 to 100,000 daltons. The RNA that did not bind to oligo(dT)-cellulose also stimulated the incorporation of [14C]leucine, indicating that this fraction contains a significant concentration of mRNA which has either no poly(A) or very short poly(A) segments. In addition, the translation of both poly(A) mRNA and unbound mRNA was inhibited by 7-methylguanosine-5'-monophosphate (m7G5'p). This is preliminary evidence for the existence of a 5'-RNA \"cap\" on Neurospora mRNA."}
{"id": "PMID:140862", "title": "Lysogenic conversion for multiple characters in a strain of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Lysogenization of nonlysogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus was performed with two different bacteriophages, LS1 and LS2, that were unable to plaque on any of the strains of S. aureus tested. Infection of recipient strains was achieved when protoplasts were inoculated with LS1 or LS2 or when bacterial cultures were simultaneously inoculated with a virulent phage together with LS1 or LS2. Lysogenization was demonstrated by changes in phenotypic characters of the host strain and by liberation of bacteriophages from the modified strains as shown by electron microscopic examination. The lysogenic strains differed from the host strains by the following characters: they were coagulase, deoxyribonuclease, and lipase negative; they were untypable by the basic set of phages; they did not ferment mannitol under anaerobic conditions; and they produced only l-(+)-lactic acid by glucose fermentation. Their cell walls contained less glycine and concomitantly more serine than those of the host strains. Furthermore, they were devoid of protein A. Conversely, some antigenic factors as well as the presence of ribitol in the cell wall teichoic acid, indicated a parental relationship between the host strains and the derived lysogenic ones. Phages LS1 and LS2 could be excluded from the lysogenic strains by invading phages, and the revertant nonlysogenic strains recovered all of the characteristics of the initial host strains. It was thus concluded that the phenomenon described was due to lysogenic conversion. The origin of phages LS1 and LS2 is discussed.", "contents": "Lysogenic conversion for multiple characters in a strain of Staphylococcus aureus. Lysogenization of nonlysogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus was performed with two different bacteriophages, LS1 and LS2, that were unable to plaque on any of the strains of S. aureus tested. Infection of recipient strains was achieved when protoplasts were inoculated with LS1 or LS2 or when bacterial cultures were simultaneously inoculated with a virulent phage together with LS1 or LS2. Lysogenization was demonstrated by changes in phenotypic characters of the host strain and by liberation of bacteriophages from the modified strains as shown by electron microscopic examination. The lysogenic strains differed from the host strains by the following characters: they were coagulase, deoxyribonuclease, and lipase negative; they were untypable by the basic set of phages; they did not ferment mannitol under anaerobic conditions; and they produced only l-(+)-lactic acid by glucose fermentation. Their cell walls contained less glycine and concomitantly more serine than those of the host strains. Furthermore, they were devoid of protein A. Conversely, some antigenic factors as well as the presence of ribitol in the cell wall teichoic acid, indicated a parental relationship between the host strains and the derived lysogenic ones. Phages LS1 and LS2 could be excluded from the lysogenic strains by invading phages, and the revertant nonlysogenic strains recovered all of the characteristics of the initial host strains. It was thus concluded that the phenomenon described was due to lysogenic conversion. The origin of phages LS1 and LS2 is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140863", "title": "Normal iron-enterochelin uptake in mutants lacking the colicin I outer membrane receptor protein of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The outer membranes of two independent colicin Ia-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 lack the colicin Ia receptor protein. Such mutants exhibit normal capacity for enterochelin (enterobactin)-mediated iron uptake. It is concluded that the colicin Ia receptor is not involved in iron-enterochelin uptake.", "contents": "Normal iron-enterochelin uptake in mutants lacking the colicin I outer membrane receptor protein of Escherichia coli. The outer membranes of two independent colicin Ia-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 lack the colicin Ia receptor protein. Such mutants exhibit normal capacity for enterochelin (enterobactin)-mediated iron uptake. It is concluded that the colicin Ia receptor is not involved in iron-enterochelin uptake."}
{"id": "PMID:140864", "title": "Lanthanide ions and skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulm. I. Gadolinium localization by electron microscopy.", "content": "The Ca2+-Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of isolated skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum was studied in the presence of the lanthanide ion, Gd3+. This ion is a powerful inhibitor, producing half maximal effect at approximately 100 micronM Gd3+. Electron microscopy of the isolated vesicles incubated with 100 micron Gd3+ reveal that electron dense depositis of Gd3+ is taken up within the vesicle's interior. This visualization of Gd3+ is apparently dependent on two factors: (i) the presence of ATP, ADP being ineffective; (ii) sufficient time for most of the ATP to be hydrolysed. Since Gd3+ has about the same ionic radius as Ca2+, and since Ca2+ is normally transported across the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane and accumulated within the vesicle, it is concluded that the increased charge density of the lanthanide ions is critical to the ion transport mechanism, resulting in their localization at the ATPase site and failure to be transported across the membrane.", "contents": "Lanthanide ions and skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulm. I. Gadolinium localization by electron microscopy. The Ca2+-Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of isolated skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum was studied in the presence of the lanthanide ion, Gd3+. This ion is a powerful inhibitor, producing half maximal effect at approximately 100 micronM Gd3+. Electron microscopy of the isolated vesicles incubated with 100 micron Gd3+ reveal that electron dense depositis of Gd3+ is taken up within the vesicle's interior. This visualization of Gd3+ is apparently dependent on two factors: (i) the presence of ATP, ADP being ineffective; (ii) sufficient time for most of the ATP to be hydrolysed. Since Gd3+ has about the same ionic radius as Ca2+, and since Ca2+ is normally transported across the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane and accumulated within the vesicle, it is concluded that the increased charge density of the lanthanide ions is critical to the ion transport mechanism, resulting in their localization at the ATPase site and failure to be transported across the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:140865", "title": "Properties of the Na+, K+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase system associated with the plasma membrane of pig thyroid glands.", "content": "The enzymatic properties of plasma membrane-bound Na+, K+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3], isolated with high specific activity and in good yield from pig thyroid cells, were examined. The enzyme activity required the presence of both Na+ and K+ at physiological concentrations; it exhibited high sensitivity to K+ and an absolute requirement for Na+. It showed highly specific requirement for Mg2+ and ATP. The apparent Km for ATP was 0.14 mM under the assay conditions. Arrhenius plots had a point of inflection at about 22 degrees C, activation energies being 24.2 kcal/mol at 5-22 degrees C and 19.0 kcal/mol at 22-40 degrees C. In addition to ouabain, the ATPase was strongly inhibited by fluoride and the SH-blocking reagent, PCMB. Iodide and TSH had no appreciable effect on the enzyme activity.", "contents": "Properties of the Na+, K+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase system associated with the plasma membrane of pig thyroid glands. The enzymatic properties of plasma membrane-bound Na+, K+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3], isolated with high specific activity and in good yield from pig thyroid cells, were examined. The enzyme activity required the presence of both Na+ and K+ at physiological concentrations; it exhibited high sensitivity to K+ and an absolute requirement for Na+. It showed highly specific requirement for Mg2+ and ATP. The apparent Km for ATP was 0.14 mM under the assay conditions. Arrhenius plots had a point of inflection at about 22 degrees C, activation energies being 24.2 kcal/mol at 5-22 degrees C and 19.0 kcal/mol at 22-40 degrees C. In addition to ouabain, the ATPase was strongly inhibited by fluoride and the SH-blocking reagent, PCMB. Iodide and TSH had no appreciable effect on the enzyme activity."}
{"id": "PMID:140866", "title": "Biochemical characterization of the neuron. ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities of neuronal cell bodies isolated in bulk from the pig brain stem.", "content": "Nerve cell bodies, large and multipolar, were isolated in bulk with the least possible contamination from the pig brain stem. The activities of two neurobiologically important membrane enzymes, Na+, K+-ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase, in the isolated cell bodies were estimated. Na+, K+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.4], more accurately called ouabain-sensitive ATPase of the nerve cell body, hydrolyzed 94 micronmoles of ATP per h per 100 mg of protein. This activity was one-fourth that in the brain stem. Nerve cell bodies contained a large amount of Ca2+, 275 micronmoles per 100 mg of protein, about half of which was calculated to exist as compounds other than calcium orthophosphate. However, the Na+, K+-ATPase of the nerve cell bodies was not stimulated by EGTA, in contrast to that of the brain stem. Acetylcholinesterase [EC 3.1.1.7] and cholinesterase [EC 3.1.1.8] activities were estimated separately by the use of the specific inhibitors Persidol and BW 284C51 dibromide. Acetylcholinesterase was almost completely responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the nerve cell bodies isolated from the brain stem and little cholinesterase activity was detected. 1300-1400 micronmoles of acetylcholine was hydrolyzed per h per 100 mg of protein of the neuronal cell bodies; this activity was about four times higher than that in the brain stem. The differences between the specific activities of Na+, K+-ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase in theneuronal cell bodies and the brain stem are discussed in the light of electron microscopic analysis of the distribution of these enzymes and the preservation of the plasma membrane of the isolated cell bodies.", "contents": "Biochemical characterization of the neuron. ATPase and acetylcholinesterase activities of neuronal cell bodies isolated in bulk from the pig brain stem. Nerve cell bodies, large and multipolar, were isolated in bulk with the least possible contamination from the pig brain stem. The activities of two neurobiologically important membrane enzymes, Na+, K+-ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase, in the isolated cell bodies were estimated. Na+, K+-ATPase [EC 3.6.1.4], more accurately called ouabain-sensitive ATPase of the nerve cell body, hydrolyzed 94 micronmoles of ATP per h per 100 mg of protein. This activity was one-fourth that in the brain stem. Nerve cell bodies contained a large amount of Ca2+, 275 micronmoles per 100 mg of protein, about half of which was calculated to exist as compounds other than calcium orthophosphate. However, the Na+, K+-ATPase of the nerve cell bodies was not stimulated by EGTA, in contrast to that of the brain stem. Acetylcholinesterase [EC 3.1.1.7] and cholinesterase [EC 3.1.1.8] activities were estimated separately by the use of the specific inhibitors Persidol and BW 284C51 dibromide. Acetylcholinesterase was almost completely responsible for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine in the nerve cell bodies isolated from the brain stem and little cholinesterase activity was detected. 1300-1400 micronmoles of acetylcholine was hydrolyzed per h per 100 mg of protein of the neuronal cell bodies; this activity was about four times higher than that in the brain stem. The differences between the specific activities of Na+, K+-ATPase, and acetylcholinesterase in theneuronal cell bodies and the brain stem are discussed in the light of electron microscopic analysis of the distribution of these enzymes and the preservation of the plasma membrane of the isolated cell bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:140867", "title": "Involvement of outer membrane proteins in enterochelin-mediated iron uptake in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Escherichia coli K-12 grown in iron-deficient media contained a large amount of outer membrane proteins O-2a, O-2b, and O-3, while cells grown in iron-supplemented media contained far smaller amounts of these proteins. The iron uptake by the iron-deficient cells was significantly stimulated in the presence of enterochelin, while that by the iron-rich cells was not. The outer membrane isolated from cells grown in the iron-deficient media showed enterochelin-stimulated binding of iron, while the outer membrane from iron-rich cells and cytoplasmic membranes from both types of cells did not show such binding activity. The amount of iron bound by the outer membrane was almost equivalent to the amount of O-2a, O2b, or O-3, irrespective of the amount of these proteins in the outer membrane, which is controlled by the amount of iron in the medium. Small particles rich in these proteins were prepared from cells by EDTA extraction. The particles were active in enterochelin-mediated iron binding and the amount of iron bound was equivalent to the amount of each of these proteins in the particles. Although the outer membrane of E. coli B was as active in iron binding as that of E. coli K-12, it did not possess an appreciable amount of O-2a. Gel electrophoretic analysis revealed that 9-2b and 9-3 were identical with the proteins missing mutants feuB and feuA, respectively.", "contents": "Involvement of outer membrane proteins in enterochelin-mediated iron uptake in Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli K-12 grown in iron-deficient media contained a large amount of outer membrane proteins O-2a, O-2b, and O-3, while cells grown in iron-supplemented media contained far smaller amounts of these proteins. The iron uptake by the iron-deficient cells was significantly stimulated in the presence of enterochelin, while that by the iron-rich cells was not. The outer membrane isolated from cells grown in the iron-deficient media showed enterochelin-stimulated binding of iron, while the outer membrane from iron-rich cells and cytoplasmic membranes from both types of cells did not show such binding activity. The amount of iron bound by the outer membrane was almost equivalent to the amount of O-2a, O2b, or O-3, irrespective of the amount of these proteins in the outer membrane, which is controlled by the amount of iron in the medium. Small particles rich in these proteins were prepared from cells by EDTA extraction. The particles were active in enterochelin-mediated iron binding and the amount of iron bound was equivalent to the amount of each of these proteins in the particles. Although the outer membrane of E. coli B was as active in iron binding as that of E. coli K-12, it did not possess an appreciable amount of O-2a. Gel electrophoretic analysis revealed that 9-2b and 9-3 were identical with the proteins missing mutants feuB and feuA, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:140869", "title": "Effect of manganese(ous) and sulfate on activity of human placental glucose 6-phosphate-dependent form of glycogen synthase.", "content": "The human placental glucose-6-P-dependent form of glycogen synthase, in the absence of glucose-6-P, can be activated by MnSO4. Separately, Mn2+ and SO4(2-) have no significant effect. In the presence of glucose-6-P, Mn2+ activates the enzyme, but SO4(2-) inhibits; MnSO4 synergetically increases the enzyme activity. Mn2+ reduces the Ka for glucose-6-P to one-tenth of the control value; SO4(2-) increases the Ka 5-fold; however, MnSO4 has no effect on Ka. MnSO4, like glucose-6-P, increases the Vmax of the enzyme in the presence of its substrate, UDP-glucose; it slightly increases the Km for UDP-glucose. In the presence of glucose-6-P, Mn2+ increases and SO4(2-) decreases the Vmax of the enzyme, but neither has an effect on the Km for UDP-glucose. At physiological concentrations of UDP-glucose and glucose-6-P, either Mn2+ or MnSO4 at concentrations less than 1 mM increases the enzyme activity as much as 8 mM glucose-6-P does. At physiological concentrations of UDP-glucose and glucose-6-P, Mn2+ or MnSO4 reverses the inhibition of the enzyme by ATP.", "contents": "Effect of manganese(ous) and sulfate on activity of human placental glucose 6-phosphate-dependent form of glycogen synthase. The human placental glucose-6-P-dependent form of glycogen synthase, in the absence of glucose-6-P, can be activated by MnSO4. Separately, Mn2+ and SO4(2-) have no significant effect. In the presence of glucose-6-P, Mn2+ activates the enzyme, but SO4(2-) inhibits; MnSO4 synergetically increases the enzyme activity. Mn2+ reduces the Ka for glucose-6-P to one-tenth of the control value; SO4(2-) increases the Ka 5-fold; however, MnSO4 has no effect on Ka. MnSO4, like glucose-6-P, increases the Vmax of the enzyme in the presence of its substrate, UDP-glucose; it slightly increases the Km for UDP-glucose. In the presence of glucose-6-P, Mn2+ increases and SO4(2-) decreases the Vmax of the enzyme, but neither has an effect on the Km for UDP-glucose. At physiological concentrations of UDP-glucose and glucose-6-P, either Mn2+ or MnSO4 at concentrations less than 1 mM increases the enzyme activity as much as 8 mM glucose-6-P does. At physiological concentrations of UDP-glucose and glucose-6-P, Mn2+ or MnSO4 reverses the inhibition of the enzyme by ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:140871", "title": "Interaction between Acanthamoeba actin and rabbit skeletal muscle tropomyosin.", "content": "The binding of 125I-labeled muscle tropomyosin to Acanthamoeba and muscle actin was studied by ultracentrifugation and by the effect of tropomyosin on the actin-activated muscle heavy meromyosin ATPase activity. Binding of muscle tropomyosin to Acanthamoeba actin was much weaker than its binding to muscle actin. For example, at 5 mM MgCl2, 2 mM ATP, and 5 micronM actin, tropomyosin bound strongly to muscle actin but not detectably to Acanthamoeba actin. When the concentration of actin was raised from 5 micronM to 24 micronM in the presence of 80 mM KCl, the binding of tropomyosin to Acanthamoeba actin approached its binding to muscle actin. As with muscle actin, the addition of muscle heavy meromyosin in the absence of ATP induced binding of tropomyosin in Acanthamoeba actin under conditions were binding would otherwise not have occurred. The most striking difference between the interactions of muscle tropomyosin with the two actins, however, was that under conditions where tropomyosin was found to both actins, its stimulated the Acanthamoeba actin-activated heavy meromyosin ATPase but inhibited the muscle actin-activated heavy meromyosin ATPase.", "contents": "Interaction between Acanthamoeba actin and rabbit skeletal muscle tropomyosin. The binding of 125I-labeled muscle tropomyosin to Acanthamoeba and muscle actin was studied by ultracentrifugation and by the effect of tropomyosin on the actin-activated muscle heavy meromyosin ATPase activity. Binding of muscle tropomyosin to Acanthamoeba actin was much weaker than its binding to muscle actin. For example, at 5 mM MgCl2, 2 mM ATP, and 5 micronM actin, tropomyosin bound strongly to muscle actin but not detectably to Acanthamoeba actin. When the concentration of actin was raised from 5 micronM to 24 micronM in the presence of 80 mM KCl, the binding of tropomyosin to Acanthamoeba actin approached its binding to muscle actin. As with muscle actin, the addition of muscle heavy meromyosin in the absence of ATP induced binding of tropomyosin in Acanthamoeba actin under conditions were binding would otherwise not have occurred. The most striking difference between the interactions of muscle tropomyosin with the two actins, however, was that under conditions where tropomyosin was found to both actins, its stimulated the Acanthamoeba actin-activated heavy meromyosin ATPase but inhibited the muscle actin-activated heavy meromyosin ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:140872", "title": "Reconstitution of adenosine triphosphatase of thermophilic bacterium from purified individual subunits.", "content": "1. Five subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) of an ATPase from a thermophilic bacterium PS3 were purified in the presence of 8 M urea by ion exchange chromatography. Then the ATPase activity was reconstituted by mixing the subunit solutions and incubating them at 20-45 degrees, at pH 6.3 to 7.0. 2. Mixtures containing beta + gamma or alpha + beta + delta regained ATP-hydrolyzing activity, but mixtures of alpha + beta and beta + delta did not. Combinations not including beta were all inactive. 3. The ATPase activity reconstituted from alpha + beta + delta was thermolabile and insensitive to NaN3, whereas the activities obtained from mixtures containing beta and gamma were thermostable and sensitive to NaN3, like the native ATPase. 4. The assemblies containing both beta and gamma subunits had the same mobility as the native ATPase molecule on gel electrophoresis, those without the gamma subunit moved more rapidly toward the anode. 5. Subunits epsilon and delta did not inhibit the ATPase activity of either the assembly (alpha + beta + gamma) or the native ATPase.", "contents": "Reconstitution of adenosine triphosphatase of thermophilic bacterium from purified individual subunits. 1. Five subunits (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon) of an ATPase from a thermophilic bacterium PS3 were purified in the presence of 8 M urea by ion exchange chromatography. Then the ATPase activity was reconstituted by mixing the subunit solutions and incubating them at 20-45 degrees, at pH 6.3 to 7.0. 2. Mixtures containing beta + gamma or alpha + beta + delta regained ATP-hydrolyzing activity, but mixtures of alpha + beta and beta + delta did not. Combinations not including beta were all inactive. 3. The ATPase activity reconstituted from alpha + beta + delta was thermolabile and insensitive to NaN3, whereas the activities obtained from mixtures containing beta and gamma were thermostable and sensitive to NaN3, like the native ATPase. 4. The assemblies containing both beta and gamma subunits had the same mobility as the native ATPase molecule on gel electrophoresis, those without the gamma subunit moved more rapidly toward the anode. 5. Subunits epsilon and delta did not inhibit the ATPase activity of either the assembly (alpha + beta + gamma) or the native ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:140874", "title": "Reactivation of lipid-depleted Ca2+-ATPase by a nonionic detergent.", "content": "The Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum can be reversibly delipidated by precipitation with polyethyleneglycol in the presence of deoxycholate and glycerol to as low as 4 mol of phospholipid/mol of enzyme polypeptide and can then be reactivated to 90% of its original ATPase activity by the addition of phosphatidylcholine. Furthermore, the preparation exhibits nearly the same activity if the nonionic detergent dodecyl octaoxyethyleneglycol monoether is substituted for the added phospholipid. The delipidated ATPase is soluble in the detergent and retains activity for several days. This is the first report of the Ca2+-ATPase retaining high activity with less than about 30 mol of phospholipid bound per mol of polypeptide.", "contents": "Reactivation of lipid-depleted Ca2+-ATPase by a nonionic detergent. The Ca2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum can be reversibly delipidated by precipitation with polyethyleneglycol in the presence of deoxycholate and glycerol to as low as 4 mol of phospholipid/mol of enzyme polypeptide and can then be reactivated to 90% of its original ATPase activity by the addition of phosphatidylcholine. Furthermore, the preparation exhibits nearly the same activity if the nonionic detergent dodecyl octaoxyethyleneglycol monoether is substituted for the added phospholipid. The delipidated ATPase is soluble in the detergent and retains activity for several days. This is the first report of the Ca2+-ATPase retaining high activity with less than about 30 mol of phospholipid bound per mol of polypeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:140875", "title": "Investigation of molecular motion of proteoglycans in cartilage by 13C magnetic resonance.", "content": "13C nmr spectral parameters were measured for intact bovine nasal cartilage tissue, the purified proteoglycan aggregate, and chondroitin 4-sulfate. A comparison of integrated intensities obtained for four different samples of fresh tissue with an ethylene glycol standard indicated that at least 80% of the total glycosaminoglycan carbons in the tissue contributed to the spectrum. This result was confirmed by intensity measurements obtained at 56 degrees on fresh tissue and at 37 degrees after extensive papain digestion of fresh tissue. Spin lattice relaxation times and nuclear Overhauser enhancements were analyzed in terms of the following models of molecular motion: (a) single correlation time; (b) log X2 distribution of correlation times; and (c) anisotropic motion. The analysis indicates that the segmental motions of glycosaminoglycan chains are characterized by a broad distribution of correlation times centered at about 50 ns. Slow motion contributions to glycosaminoglycan line widths were reduced by dipolar decoupling (gammaH2/2pi = 65 kHz). Collagen intensity was observed in dipolar decoupled spectra, but not in scalar decoupled spectra of intact tissue, showing that the type II collagen in cartilage undergoes anisotropic motion like the type I collagen in tendon. Only glycosaminoglycan resonances were observed in spectra of a solution of proteoglycan aggregate before and after chondroitinase digestion. After subsequent digestion with papain, protein resonances were observed. These results suggest that the protein portions of the proteoglycan aggregate structure, in contrast with the glycosaminoglycan chains, have restricted backbone mobility and consequently a defined backbone structure.", "contents": "Investigation of molecular motion of proteoglycans in cartilage by 13C magnetic resonance. 13C nmr spectral parameters were measured for intact bovine nasal cartilage tissue, the purified proteoglycan aggregate, and chondroitin 4-sulfate. A comparison of integrated intensities obtained for four different samples of fresh tissue with an ethylene glycol standard indicated that at least 80% of the total glycosaminoglycan carbons in the tissue contributed to the spectrum. This result was confirmed by intensity measurements obtained at 56 degrees on fresh tissue and at 37 degrees after extensive papain digestion of fresh tissue. Spin lattice relaxation times and nuclear Overhauser enhancements were analyzed in terms of the following models of molecular motion: (a) single correlation time; (b) log X2 distribution of correlation times; and (c) anisotropic motion. The analysis indicates that the segmental motions of glycosaminoglycan chains are characterized by a broad distribution of correlation times centered at about 50 ns. Slow motion contributions to glycosaminoglycan line widths were reduced by dipolar decoupling (gammaH2/2pi = 65 kHz). Collagen intensity was observed in dipolar decoupled spectra, but not in scalar decoupled spectra of intact tissue, showing that the type II collagen in cartilage undergoes anisotropic motion like the type I collagen in tendon. Only glycosaminoglycan resonances were observed in spectra of a solution of proteoglycan aggregate before and after chondroitinase digestion. After subsequent digestion with papain, protein resonances were observed. These results suggest that the protein portions of the proteoglycan aggregate structure, in contrast with the glycosaminoglycan chains, have restricted backbone mobility and consequently a defined backbone structure."}
{"id": "PMID:140878", "title": "Proteases stimulate proliferation of human fibroblasts.", "content": "Incubation of primary human fibroblasts in serum-free medium with small concentrations of thrombin, trypsin or plasmin resulted in manyfold increase in total DNA synthesis and in the number of 3H-thymidine labelled cells. Rise in the frequency of mitoses indicates that the proteases stimulated also cell division. Because proteases induced only a fraction of cells to proliferate increase in the total number of cells remained moderate. Calf, horse and rabbit serum inhibited the growth stimulating effect of trypsin but chicken, dog and monkey serum were permissive. Specific inhibitors of proteases prevented the stimulation of cell proliferation suggesting strongly that proteases act in virtue of their enzymatic activity.", "contents": "Proteases stimulate proliferation of human fibroblasts. Incubation of primary human fibroblasts in serum-free medium with small concentrations of thrombin, trypsin or plasmin resulted in manyfold increase in total DNA synthesis and in the number of 3H-thymidine labelled cells. Rise in the frequency of mitoses indicates that the proteases stimulated also cell division. Because proteases induced only a fraction of cells to proliferate increase in the total number of cells remained moderate. Calf, horse and rabbit serum inhibited the growth stimulating effect of trypsin but chicken, dog and monkey serum were permissive. Specific inhibitors of proteases prevented the stimulation of cell proliferation suggesting strongly that proteases act in virtue of their enzymatic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:140884", "title": "Nail biopsy--why, when, where, how?", "content": "The technique and significance of nail biopsies with regard to mycotic and bacterial infections, onychopathy associated with cutaneous and systemic diseases, and benign and malignant ungual neoplasms is discussed.", "contents": "Nail biopsy--why, when, where, how? The technique and significance of nail biopsies with regard to mycotic and bacterial infections, onychopathy associated with cutaneous and systemic diseases, and benign and malignant ungual neoplasms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140885", "title": "Correction of depressed scars on the face by a method of elevation.", "content": "A method of managing depressed scars on the face by elevation of scars and subsequent dermabrasion is described. If the indications for this procedure are correctly established, this method always results in some degree of improvement.", "contents": "Correction of depressed scars on the face by a method of elevation. A method of managing depressed scars on the face by elevation of scars and subsequent dermabrasion is described. If the indications for this procedure are correctly established, this method always results in some degree of improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:140888", "title": "Differentiation of the dementias of old age by ultrasonic doppler flowmetry: a pilot study.", "content": "At the Bel-Air Psychiatric Clinic, Geneva, Switzerland, the technique of ultrasonic Doppler flowmetry was used to examine the internal carotid arteries of 30 aged patients - 10 with cerebral degenerative dementia, 10 with cerebrovascular dementia, and 10 without dementia. An index of cerebrovascular resistance was calculated. Apparently this index can distinguish a group of vascular dementias from a group of degenerative dementias.", "contents": "Differentiation of the dementias of old age by ultrasonic doppler flowmetry: a pilot study. At the Bel-Air Psychiatric Clinic, Geneva, Switzerland, the technique of ultrasonic Doppler flowmetry was used to examine the internal carotid arteries of 30 aged patients - 10 with cerebral degenerative dementia, 10 with cerebrovascular dementia, and 10 without dementia. An index of cerebrovascular resistance was calculated. Apparently this index can distinguish a group of vascular dementias from a group of degenerative dementias."}
{"id": "PMID:140889", "title": "Metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty with silicone-Dacron prostheses (Niebauer type): six and a half years' experience.", "content": "Four hundred and forty-one silicone-Dacron arthroplasties done since 1968 were reviewed. Results were influenced by both durability and immediate fixation of the prosthesis, disease characteristics, speed of progression, the amount of hand stress, the extent of soft tissue release, and postoperative dynamic and protective splinting. Dislocations were eliminated by a woven tie-in holding the prosthesis to bone; prosthetic buckling was eliminated by soft tissue release, sufficient bone removal, and suture of the dorsal capsule to the extensor mechanism. Early prosthetic models fractured easier than did current ones. Seventeen percent of the combined 4, 5, and 6 year follow-up prostheses fractured, and 30% of the 6 year prostheses have fractured. Function was not affected, however, and protheses have not been replaced. We continue to use silicone-Dacron protheses with immediate tie-in to bone.", "contents": "Metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasty with silicone-Dacron prostheses (Niebauer type): six and a half years' experience. Four hundred and forty-one silicone-Dacron arthroplasties done since 1968 were reviewed. Results were influenced by both durability and immediate fixation of the prosthesis, disease characteristics, speed of progression, the amount of hand stress, the extent of soft tissue release, and postoperative dynamic and protective splinting. Dislocations were eliminated by a woven tie-in holding the prosthesis to bone; prosthetic buckling was eliminated by soft tissue release, sufficient bone removal, and suture of the dorsal capsule to the extensor mechanism. Early prosthetic models fractured easier than did current ones. Seventeen percent of the combined 4, 5, and 6 year follow-up prostheses fractured, and 30% of the 6 year prostheses have fractured. Function was not affected, however, and protheses have not been replaced. We continue to use silicone-Dacron protheses with immediate tie-in to bone."}
{"id": "PMID:140915", "title": "Steroid sex hormones and prolactin in postmenopausal women with generalized mammary carcinoma during prolonged dexamethasone treatment.", "content": "The endocrine response to prolonged dexamethasone treatment was investigated in six postmenopausal women with generalized mammary carcinoma. Plasma cortisol levels decreased rapidly and became undetectable whereas significant concentrations of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione persisted throughout the study, even in two ovariectomized patients, indicating a certain degree of autonomy or a greater resistance of adrenal 'androgens' to the inhibition of ACTH secretion. Except in the ovariectomized patients, plasma testosterone did not fall significantly whereas the plasma oestrogens tended progressively towards undetectable concentrations. A similar response was found in six normal postmenopausal women although the disappearance of their oestrogens was relatively rapid. This indicates that much of the testosterone present after the menopause could still be produced by the ovaries whereas the ovarian production of oestrogens becomes negligible. The delayed disappearance of oestrogens in the patients with mammary carcinoma indicates that the persisting adrenal 'androgens' remained efficient precursors of oestrogen synthesis within the peripheral tissues and presumably within the mammary tumour itself. Plasma dihydrotestosterone behaved like the plasma oestrogens. Despite the fall in plasma oestrogens, plasma gonadotrophins did not increase further but plasma prolactin rose progressively. The persistance of steroid sex hormones and the rise of plasma prolactin might explain the poor response to dexamethasone treatment in mammary carcinoma.", "contents": "Steroid sex hormones and prolactin in postmenopausal women with generalized mammary carcinoma during prolonged dexamethasone treatment. The endocrine response to prolonged dexamethasone treatment was investigated in six postmenopausal women with generalized mammary carcinoma. Plasma cortisol levels decreased rapidly and became undetectable whereas significant concentrations of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione persisted throughout the study, even in two ovariectomized patients, indicating a certain degree of autonomy or a greater resistance of adrenal 'androgens' to the inhibition of ACTH secretion. Except in the ovariectomized patients, plasma testosterone did not fall significantly whereas the plasma oestrogens tended progressively towards undetectable concentrations. A similar response was found in six normal postmenopausal women although the disappearance of their oestrogens was relatively rapid. This indicates that much of the testosterone present after the menopause could still be produced by the ovaries whereas the ovarian production of oestrogens becomes negligible. The delayed disappearance of oestrogens in the patients with mammary carcinoma indicates that the persisting adrenal 'androgens' remained efficient precursors of oestrogen synthesis within the peripheral tissues and presumably within the mammary tumour itself. Plasma dihydrotestosterone behaved like the plasma oestrogens. Despite the fall in plasma oestrogens, plasma gonadotrophins did not increase further but plasma prolactin rose progressively. The persistance of steroid sex hormones and the rise of plasma prolactin might explain the poor response to dexamethasone treatment in mammary carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:140916", "title": "Biological actions of human somatotrophin and its derivatives on mouse mammary gland and teleost urinary bladder.", "content": "These studies are concerned with the structural and functional evolution of the ancestrally related pituitary prolactins and somatotrophins. Prolactin-like biological activities of human somatotrophin (hGH) and its peptide fragments were bioassayed in vitro on the mouse mammary gland and the teleost urinary bladder. Plasmin modified-hGH was as active as hGH in both bioassays. The NH2-terminal 134-residue fragment possessed about 10% of the lactogenic and urinary bladder potency of hGH, whereas the CO2H-terminal 51-residue fragment was inactive at the concentrations observed. These results suggest that the same regions of primary structure are responsible for the prolactin-like actions of hGH on the target organs of lower and higher vertebrates. Alteration of the tertiary structure of hGH, human chorionic somatomammotrophin, and ovine prolactin by performic acid oxidation destroys the mammary gland activities of these hormones.", "contents": "Biological actions of human somatotrophin and its derivatives on mouse mammary gland and teleost urinary bladder. These studies are concerned with the structural and functional evolution of the ancestrally related pituitary prolactins and somatotrophins. Prolactin-like biological activities of human somatotrophin (hGH) and its peptide fragments were bioassayed in vitro on the mouse mammary gland and the teleost urinary bladder. Plasmin modified-hGH was as active as hGH in both bioassays. The NH2-terminal 134-residue fragment possessed about 10% of the lactogenic and urinary bladder potency of hGH, whereas the CO2H-terminal 51-residue fragment was inactive at the concentrations observed. These results suggest that the same regions of primary structure are responsible for the prolactin-like actions of hGH on the target organs of lower and higher vertebrates. Alteration of the tertiary structure of hGH, human chorionic somatomammotrophin, and ovine prolactin by performic acid oxidation destroys the mammary gland activities of these hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:140917", "title": "The identification in adult bone marrow of pluripotent and restricted stem cells of the myeloid and lymphoid systems.", "content": "The precise relationship between the stem cells for the lymphoid system and those for the blood-forming system is unclear. While it is generally assumed that the hemopoietic stem cell, the spleen colony-forming unit (CFU-S), is also the stem cell for the lymphoid system, there is little evidence for this hypothesis. To investigate the stem cells in these two systems, we irradiated bone marrow cells to induce unique chromosome aberrations in the stem cell population and injected them at limiting dilution into stem cell-deficient recipients. Several months (between 3 and 11) were allowed for the injected cells to repopulate the hemopoietic system. At that time, the bone marrow, spleen, and thymus were examined for a high frequency of cells having the same unique chromosome aberration. The presence of such markers shows that the marker was induced in a cell with extensive proliferative capacity, i.e., a stem cell. In addition, the splenic lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to search for unique chromosomes in dividing T and B cells, respectively. Finally, bone marrow cells were injected into secondary irradiated recipients to determine if the marker occurred in CFU-S and to determine whether or not the same tissue distributions of marked cells could be propogated by bone marrow cells in a second recipient. After examination of 28 primary recipients, it was possible to identify three unique patterns of stem cell regeneration. In one set of mice, a unique chromosome marker was observed in CFU-S and in PHA- and LPS-stimulated cultures. These mice provide direct evidence for a pluripotent stem cell in bone marrow. In addition, two restricted stem cells were identified by this analysis. In three recipients, abnormal karyotypes were found only in myeloid cells and not in B and T lymphocytes. These mice presumably received a marked stem cell restricted to differentiate only into myeloid progeny. In three other recipients, chromosome aberrations were found only in PHA-stimulated cells; CFU-S and cells from LPS cultures did not have cells with the unique chromosome. This pattern suggests that bone marrow contains cells committed to differentiation only into T lymphocytes. For each of the three types of stem cells, secondary recipients had the same cellular distribution of marked cells as the primary recipients. This observation provides further evidence that unique markers can be induced in both pluripotent and restricted stem cells.", "contents": "The identification in adult bone marrow of pluripotent and restricted stem cells of the myeloid and lymphoid systems. The precise relationship between the stem cells for the lymphoid system and those for the blood-forming system is unclear. While it is generally assumed that the hemopoietic stem cell, the spleen colony-forming unit (CFU-S), is also the stem cell for the lymphoid system, there is little evidence for this hypothesis. To investigate the stem cells in these two systems, we irradiated bone marrow cells to induce unique chromosome aberrations in the stem cell population and injected them at limiting dilution into stem cell-deficient recipients. Several months (between 3 and 11) were allowed for the injected cells to repopulate the hemopoietic system. At that time, the bone marrow, spleen, and thymus were examined for a high frequency of cells having the same unique chromosome aberration. The presence of such markers shows that the marker was induced in a cell with extensive proliferative capacity, i.e., a stem cell. In addition, the splenic lymphocytes were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to search for unique chromosomes in dividing T and B cells, respectively. Finally, bone marrow cells were injected into secondary irradiated recipients to determine if the marker occurred in CFU-S and to determine whether or not the same tissue distributions of marked cells could be propogated by bone marrow cells in a second recipient. After examination of 28 primary recipients, it was possible to identify three unique patterns of stem cell regeneration. In one set of mice, a unique chromosome marker was observed in CFU-S and in PHA- and LPS-stimulated cultures. These mice provide direct evidence for a pluripotent stem cell in bone marrow. In addition, two restricted stem cells were identified by this analysis. In three recipients, abnormal karyotypes were found only in myeloid cells and not in B and T lymphocytes. These mice presumably received a marked stem cell restricted to differentiate only into myeloid progeny. In three other recipients, chromosome aberrations were found only in PHA-stimulated cells; CFU-S and cells from LPS cultures did not have cells with the unique chromosome. This pattern suggests that bone marrow contains cells committed to differentiation only into T lymphocytes. For each of the three types of stem cells, secondary recipients had the same cellular distribution of marked cells as the primary recipients. This observation provides further evidence that unique markers can be induced in both pluripotent and restricted stem cells."}
{"id": "PMID:140918", "title": "H-2 mutation affecting immune response to Thy-1.1 antigen.", "content": "Mouse thymus, thymus-derived lymphocytes, and brain share an antigen determined by gene at the Thy-1 locus in chromosome 9 (1). Two alleles have been identified at this locus: Thy-1(a), coding for antigen Thy-1.1 (or theta-AKR) present in AKR and seven other strains; and Thy-1(b), coding for antigen Thy-1.2 (or{teta}-C3H) and present in C3H and all the remaining inbred strains. Injection of AKR thymocytes into inbred mice carrying the Thy-1(b) allele results in an immune response that can be measured either serologically by determining the level of antibodies in the recipients' serum (1) or by counting plaque- forming cells (PFC) detectable in spleens of the recipients by means of an assay, with AKR thymocytes as target cells(2). The magnitude of PFC and serum antibody responses after a single thymocyte injection depends on the genetic make-up of the recipient. Three genes controlling the PFC response to the Thy- 1.1 antigen have been identified: Ir-Thy-1A and Ir-Thy-1B, which are closely linked to the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) of the mouse (3-6), and Ir-5, which is located at a distance of 17 cm to the right of the H-2 complex on chromosome 17 (6). Previous genetic mapping with H-2 recombinant strains has indicated that the two Ir-Thy-1 loci are located to the left of the IC subregion (7). Further experiments strongly suggested that either one or both Ir-Thy-1 loci map to the K rather than the I region of the H-2 complex (8). In this report, the study of an H- 2 mutant, CBA-H-2(ka) (M523) (9), and its parental strain, CBA/LacStoY (CBA) provided further evidence that one of these loci apparently resides in the K region and might even be identical with the H-2K locus in that region.", "contents": "H-2 mutation affecting immune response to Thy-1.1 antigen. Mouse thymus, thymus-derived lymphocytes, and brain share an antigen determined by gene at the Thy-1 locus in chromosome 9 (1). Two alleles have been identified at this locus: Thy-1(a), coding for antigen Thy-1.1 (or theta-AKR) present in AKR and seven other strains; and Thy-1(b), coding for antigen Thy-1.2 (or{teta}-C3H) and present in C3H and all the remaining inbred strains. Injection of AKR thymocytes into inbred mice carrying the Thy-1(b) allele results in an immune response that can be measured either serologically by determining the level of antibodies in the recipients' serum (1) or by counting plaque- forming cells (PFC) detectable in spleens of the recipients by means of an assay, with AKR thymocytes as target cells(2). The magnitude of PFC and serum antibody responses after a single thymocyte injection depends on the genetic make-up of the recipient. Three genes controlling the PFC response to the Thy- 1.1 antigen have been identified: Ir-Thy-1A and Ir-Thy-1B, which are closely linked to the major histocompatibility complex (H-2) of the mouse (3-6), and Ir-5, which is located at a distance of 17 cm to the right of the H-2 complex on chromosome 17 (6). Previous genetic mapping with H-2 recombinant strains has indicated that the two Ir-Thy-1 loci are located to the left of the IC subregion (7). Further experiments strongly suggested that either one or both Ir-Thy-1 loci map to the K rather than the I region of the H-2 complex (8). In this report, the study of an H- 2 mutant, CBA-H-2(ka) (M523) (9), and its parental strain, CBA/LacStoY (CBA) provided further evidence that one of these loci apparently resides in the K region and might even be identical with the H-2K locus in that region."}
{"id": "PMID:140926", "title": "Membrane compartmentalized ATP and its preferential use by the Na,K-ATPase of human red cell ghosts.", "content": "This paper describes work which begins to define the molecular organization in the region of the membrane that comprises the functional domain of the Na:K pump. The membrane-bound phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and Na, K-ATPase appear to be directly linked via a compartmentalized form of ATP. Evidence for the membrane pool of ATP is based on the labeling characteristics of the phosphoproteins by [gamma-(32)P]ATP of ghosts incubated under various conditions. Preincubation of ghosts in the presence of ATP at 37 degrees C, but not at 0 degrees C, completely obscures the formation of the Na-phosphoprotein in ghosts washed and subsequently incubated in the presence of [gamma-(32)P]ATP. In contrast to the Na component, the Mg component of phosphorylation is only slightly altered by preincubation with ATP. ATPase activity measured as (32)P(i) liberated during the subsequent incubation at 0 degrees C, reflects completely the differential effects of preincubation with ATP on (32)P incorporation into phosphoprotein. ATP placed within the pool by preincubation can be removed by operating the Na, K-ATPase or the PGK reaction in the reverse direction by use of exogenous substrates. Alternatively, the membrane pool of ATP can be formed also from exogenous substrates by running the PGK reaction in the forward direction. These results, while providing direct support for a membrane compartment of ATP, also indicate the location of this compartment in relation to the PGK and the Na, K-ATPase. In addition, these results also imply that the Mg and Na components are different enzymatic entities since substrate ATP can be derived from separate sources.", "contents": "Membrane compartmentalized ATP and its preferential use by the Na,K-ATPase of human red cell ghosts. This paper describes work which begins to define the molecular organization in the region of the membrane that comprises the functional domain of the Na:K pump. The membrane-bound phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK) and Na, K-ATPase appear to be directly linked via a compartmentalized form of ATP. Evidence for the membrane pool of ATP is based on the labeling characteristics of the phosphoproteins by [gamma-(32)P]ATP of ghosts incubated under various conditions. Preincubation of ghosts in the presence of ATP at 37 degrees C, but not at 0 degrees C, completely obscures the formation of the Na-phosphoprotein in ghosts washed and subsequently incubated in the presence of [gamma-(32)P]ATP. In contrast to the Na component, the Mg component of phosphorylation is only slightly altered by preincubation with ATP. ATPase activity measured as (32)P(i) liberated during the subsequent incubation at 0 degrees C, reflects completely the differential effects of preincubation with ATP on (32)P incorporation into phosphoprotein. ATP placed within the pool by preincubation can be removed by operating the Na, K-ATPase or the PGK reaction in the reverse direction by use of exogenous substrates. Alternatively, the membrane pool of ATP can be formed also from exogenous substrates by running the PGK reaction in the forward direction. These results, while providing direct support for a membrane compartment of ATP, also indicate the location of this compartment in relation to the PGK and the Na, K-ATPase. In addition, these results also imply that the Mg and Na components are different enzymatic entities since substrate ATP can be derived from separate sources."}
{"id": "PMID:140927", "title": "A psychosomatic triad in a bipolar patient.", "content": "A 56-year-old white male with a rare case of psychosomatic triad occurring during a single depressive episode is presented. The dynamics, course, and treatment are discussed. It is suggested that common psychosomatic mechanisms are interacting with the bipolar illness.", "contents": "A psychosomatic triad in a bipolar patient. A 56-year-old white male with a rare case of psychosomatic triad occurring during a single depressive episode is presented. The dynamics, course, and treatment are discussed. It is suggested that common psychosomatic mechanisms are interacting with the bipolar illness."}
{"id": "PMID:140928", "title": "Pathology and time relationship of peripheral nerve changes in experimental diabetes.", "content": "Structural changes have been studied in peripheral nerves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic monkeys. Teased single nerve fibre preparations were most informative. Abnormalities were present in 32 of 58 nerves examined from 15 diabetic monkeys with varying degree of hyperglycaemia. The earliest change was an increase in the gap at nodes of Ranvier, seen 12 weeks after the diabetic state had been established. Well marked segmental demyelination was seen in distal nerves at 14-16 weeks. Later similar changes were seen in proximal, larger nerves. Evidence of remyelination was present at a later date. Wallerian degneration was seen in only 4 nerves. Changes in the myelin sheath were more prominant than axonal abnormalities at all times. There was no abnormality in the vasa nervorum and only a mild increase in endoneurial and perineurial fibrous tissue. A direct correlation was present between the extent and degree of pathology and both severity as well as duration of hyperglycaemia.", "contents": "Pathology and time relationship of peripheral nerve changes in experimental diabetes. Structural changes have been studied in peripheral nerves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic monkeys. Teased single nerve fibre preparations were most informative. Abnormalities were present in 32 of 58 nerves examined from 15 diabetic monkeys with varying degree of hyperglycaemia. The earliest change was an increase in the gap at nodes of Ranvier, seen 12 weeks after the diabetic state had been established. Well marked segmental demyelination was seen in distal nerves at 14-16 weeks. Later similar changes were seen in proximal, larger nerves. Evidence of remyelination was present at a later date. Wallerian degneration was seen in only 4 nerves. Changes in the myelin sheath were more prominant than axonal abnormalities at all times. There was no abnormality in the vasa nervorum and only a mild increase in endoneurial and perineurial fibrous tissue. A direct correlation was present between the extent and degree of pathology and both severity as well as duration of hyperglycaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:140930", "title": "Trinitrotoluene: a review of reported dose-related effects providing documentation for a workplace standard.", "content": "The scientific and medical literature on TNT was reviewed with emphasis on studies providing correlation between work exposures and adverse health effects. Numerous adverse effects including upper respiratory and gastrointestinal complaints, anemia, liver function abnormalities, and possibly aplastic anemia have been noted at TNT levels below the current standard of 1.5 mg/m3. Mild biological effects, particularly reduction in hemoglobin levels or red blood cell counts, have been noted at exposures as low as 0.2 mg/m3. A workplace standard of 0.5 mg/m3 as an 8 hour time-weighted exposure is suggested for protection against adverse health effects.", "contents": "Trinitrotoluene: a review of reported dose-related effects providing documentation for a workplace standard. The scientific and medical literature on TNT was reviewed with emphasis on studies providing correlation between work exposures and adverse health effects. Numerous adverse effects including upper respiratory and gastrointestinal complaints, anemia, liver function abnormalities, and possibly aplastic anemia have been noted at TNT levels below the current standard of 1.5 mg/m3. Mild biological effects, particularly reduction in hemoglobin levels or red blood cell counts, have been noted at exposures as low as 0.2 mg/m3. A workplace standard of 0.5 mg/m3 as an 8 hour time-weighted exposure is suggested for protection against adverse health effects."}
{"id": "PMID:140931", "title": "Periodontal disease associated with Down's syndrome: an orthopantomographic evaluation.", "content": "The occurrence of advanced periodontal disease with bone loss in patients with Down's syndrome was studied by orthopantomographic technique to obtain objective and quantitative data. The results were compared to a material of pairs matched according to age, sex, and the severity of mental retardation. Both groups of patients were institutionalized and subject to the same hospital conditions and dental care. Eighty-four percent of the young adults (19 to 39 years of age) with Down's syndrome showed advanced alveolar bone loss of 2.5 mm or more as compared with 27% in the matched pair contorls. The mean bone loss of the mandibular first molars in the study group was detected in 17.8%, and in 3.0% in their controls. No difference in radiographically detectable calculus, decay and/or fillings were observed between the two groups. It is concluded that Down's syndrome is associated with an increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease, and that this is due to the basic congenital disorder rather than to institutionalization or inadequate oral hygiene.\u00bf", "contents": "Periodontal disease associated with Down's syndrome: an orthopantomographic evaluation. The occurrence of advanced periodontal disease with bone loss in patients with Down's syndrome was studied by orthopantomographic technique to obtain objective and quantitative data. The results were compared to a material of pairs matched according to age, sex, and the severity of mental retardation. Both groups of patients were institutionalized and subject to the same hospital conditions and dental care. Eighty-four percent of the young adults (19 to 39 years of age) with Down's syndrome showed advanced alveolar bone loss of 2.5 mm or more as compared with 27% in the matched pair contorls. The mean bone loss of the mandibular first molars in the study group was detected in 17.8%, and in 3.0% in their controls. No difference in radiographically detectable calculus, decay and/or fillings were observed between the two groups. It is concluded that Down's syndrome is associated with an increased prevalence and severity of periodontal disease, and that this is due to the basic congenital disorder rather than to institutionalization or inadequate oral hygiene.\u00bf"}
{"id": "PMID:140933", "title": "Types of intra- and extrafusal muscle fibre innervated by dynamic skeleto-fusimotor axons in cat peroneus brevis and tenuissimus muscles, as determined by the glycogen-depletion method.", "content": "1. The types of intra- and extrafusal muscle fibre innervated by dynamic skeleto-fusimotor (beta) axons were determined by using a modification of the glycogen-depletion method of Edstr\u00f6m & Kugelberg (1968) combined with histochemical tests for various enzyme reactions. A single beta axon was prepared in each of the experiments, which were carried out on six peroneus brevis and two tenuissimus muscles. 2. The intrafusal distribution of dynamic beta axons is almost exclusively restricted to bag1 fibres. The bags fibre was depleted in each of twenty-four beta-innervated spindle poles; the only fibres of a different type depleted intrafusally were a bag2 fibre in one pole and a long chain in another. 3. Depletion in the bag1 fibres was usually restricted to one zone in one pole, generally in a mid-polar location. 4. The extrafusal muscle fibres depleted by dynamic beta axons belong to the slow oxidative type as defined by Ariano, Armstrong & Edgerton (1973). The number of such fibres in each motor unit could not be accurately determined, but is almost certainly small. 5. The slow oxidative muscle fibres innervated by dynamic beta axons were not depleted over their entire length. Since there is no reason to assume that they are not twitch fibres, it would seem that the localized depletions result from the conditions required to obtain glycogen depletion, i.e. long periods of motor stimulation applied during the occlusion of the muscle's blood supply. Under similar experimental conditions depletion of glycogen was also restricted to portions of fibres in fast oxidative-glycolytic motor units, but extended over most of the length of the fibres in fast glycolytic units.", "contents": "Types of intra- and extrafusal muscle fibre innervated by dynamic skeleto-fusimotor axons in cat peroneus brevis and tenuissimus muscles, as determined by the glycogen-depletion method. 1. The types of intra- and extrafusal muscle fibre innervated by dynamic skeleto-fusimotor (beta) axons were determined by using a modification of the glycogen-depletion method of Edstr\u00f6m & Kugelberg (1968) combined with histochemical tests for various enzyme reactions. A single beta axon was prepared in each of the experiments, which were carried out on six peroneus brevis and two tenuissimus muscles. 2. The intrafusal distribution of dynamic beta axons is almost exclusively restricted to bag1 fibres. The bags fibre was depleted in each of twenty-four beta-innervated spindle poles; the only fibres of a different type depleted intrafusally were a bag2 fibre in one pole and a long chain in another. 3. Depletion in the bag1 fibres was usually restricted to one zone in one pole, generally in a mid-polar location. 4. The extrafusal muscle fibres depleted by dynamic beta axons belong to the slow oxidative type as defined by Ariano, Armstrong & Edgerton (1973). The number of such fibres in each motor unit could not be accurately determined, but is almost certainly small. 5. The slow oxidative muscle fibres innervated by dynamic beta axons were not depleted over their entire length. Since there is no reason to assume that they are not twitch fibres, it would seem that the localized depletions result from the conditions required to obtain glycogen depletion, i.e. long periods of motor stimulation applied during the occlusion of the muscle's blood supply. Under similar experimental conditions depletion of glycogen was also restricted to portions of fibres in fast oxidative-glycolytic motor units, but extended over most of the length of the fibres in fast glycolytic units."}
{"id": "PMID:140934", "title": "Symptoms and signs among relatives of patients with HLA B27 ankylosing spondylitis: Correlation between back pain, spinal movement, sacroilitis, and HLA antigens.", "content": "In order to determine the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis and the prevalence and pattern of back pain amongst the relatives of patients with ankylosing spondylitis, 63 first degree relatives of 14 propositi were assessed by means of questionnaire, physical examination, and radiology. There were no significant differences in the responses of the B27 positive and negative relatives in relation to prevalence, severity and character of back pain. Ankylosing spondylitis was found in 6.5 per cent of B27 positive relatives and 3.1 per cent of B27 negative relatives; sacroilitis being present in 12.9 per cent of B27 positive relatives and 6.3 per cent of B27 negative relatives. A family studied is presented as a possible corssover between HLA B locus and disease \"predisposition\" genes. It is suggested patterns of back pain may not be as discriminating as has been thought.", "contents": "Symptoms and signs among relatives of patients with HLA B27 ankylosing spondylitis: Correlation between back pain, spinal movement, sacroilitis, and HLA antigens. In order to determine the prevalence of ankylosing spondylitis and the prevalence and pattern of back pain amongst the relatives of patients with ankylosing spondylitis, 63 first degree relatives of 14 propositi were assessed by means of questionnaire, physical examination, and radiology. There were no significant differences in the responses of the B27 positive and negative relatives in relation to prevalence, severity and character of back pain. Ankylosing spondylitis was found in 6.5 per cent of B27 positive relatives and 3.1 per cent of B27 negative relatives; sacroilitis being present in 12.9 per cent of B27 positive relatives and 6.3 per cent of B27 negative relatives. A family studied is presented as a possible corssover between HLA B locus and disease \"predisposition\" genes. It is suggested patterns of back pain may not be as discriminating as has been thought."}
{"id": "PMID:140935", "title": "In vitro studies of skeletal muscle membranes. Effects of denervation on the macromolecular components of cation transport in red and white skeletal muscle.", "content": "The effects of denervation on the macromolecular components of active monovalent cation transport in skeletal muscle have been studied using purified sarcolemma membranes. A comparison of membrane activities of fast-twitch, slow-twitch, and mixed-fiber muscles was made to determine what role, if any, the motor nerve has in regulating this important aspect of muscle metabolism. A dramatic increase in the basal sarcolemmal Mg++ ATPase activity (three- to fourfold) was found for both major muscle types. An increase in the ouabain-inhibitable (Na+ + K+)-stimulated enzyme was also found, but the effect was substantially less (1.5- to twofold). [3H]-ouabain binding, as an index of glycoside receptor sites, also increased (two- to threefold) midway in the course of denervation. On the other hand, the phosphorylated intermediate activity, a functional component of the transport system, clearly decreased over the same time course and remained below control values for the remainder of the course. This resulted in a two- to threefold increase in the turnover number, suggesting that active transport of cations should increase dramatically with denervation. The membrane protein patterns on SDS gels were less obvious than the changes observed in the functional components. The major effects appeared after only one week and seemed to be restricted to high molecular weight membrane proteins, especially in the 100,000 to 250,000 daltons range. This effect was more prominent in slow-twitch membranes with an apparent semiquantitative decrease in stain at 240,000 daltons. In gels of membranes from fast-twitch muscles a decreased stain in the range of 100,000 to 110,000 daltons occurred, and this became more obvious with longer periods of denervation. The results suggest that considerable influence on the macromolecular components of active cation transport in skeletal muscle is exerted by the motor nerve. No appreciable difference was found in this effect when the two major types of skeletal muscle, fast-twitch and slow-twitch, were compared, suggesting that motor nerve regulation of this membrane property is qualitatively the same.", "contents": "In vitro studies of skeletal muscle membranes. Effects of denervation on the macromolecular components of cation transport in red and white skeletal muscle. The effects of denervation on the macromolecular components of active monovalent cation transport in skeletal muscle have been studied using purified sarcolemma membranes. A comparison of membrane activities of fast-twitch, slow-twitch, and mixed-fiber muscles was made to determine what role, if any, the motor nerve has in regulating this important aspect of muscle metabolism. A dramatic increase in the basal sarcolemmal Mg++ ATPase activity (three- to fourfold) was found for both major muscle types. An increase in the ouabain-inhibitable (Na+ + K+)-stimulated enzyme was also found, but the effect was substantially less (1.5- to twofold). [3H]-ouabain binding, as an index of glycoside receptor sites, also increased (two- to threefold) midway in the course of denervation. On the other hand, the phosphorylated intermediate activity, a functional component of the transport system, clearly decreased over the same time course and remained below control values for the remainder of the course. This resulted in a two- to threefold increase in the turnover number, suggesting that active transport of cations should increase dramatically with denervation. The membrane protein patterns on SDS gels were less obvious than the changes observed in the functional components. The major effects appeared after only one week and seemed to be restricted to high molecular weight membrane proteins, especially in the 100,000 to 250,000 daltons range. This effect was more prominent in slow-twitch membranes with an apparent semiquantitative decrease in stain at 240,000 daltons. In gels of membranes from fast-twitch muscles a decreased stain in the range of 100,000 to 110,000 daltons occurred, and this became more obvious with longer periods of denervation. The results suggest that considerable influence on the macromolecular components of active cation transport in skeletal muscle is exerted by the motor nerve. No appreciable difference was found in this effect when the two major types of skeletal muscle, fast-twitch and slow-twitch, were compared, suggesting that motor nerve regulation of this membrane property is qualitatively the same."}
{"id": "PMID:140942", "title": "A facile method of purification of neocarzinostatin, an antitumor protein.", "content": "A three-step column chromatographic method for the purification of neocarzinostatin (NCS) from a crude preparation was described. The purified material was homogeneous by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, amino terminal analysis, and immunologic criteria. Purified NCS was 40 times as active in the inhibition of growth of Sarcina lutea and twice as active against CCRF-CEM human leukemia cells in vitro as was the starting material. When assayed against P388 and L1210 mouse leukemias in vivo, the purified material showed a median increase in life-span of 119 and 72%, respectively.", "contents": "A facile method of purification of neocarzinostatin, an antitumor protein. A three-step column chromatographic method for the purification of neocarzinostatin (NCS) from a crude preparation was described. The purified material was homogeneous by acrylamide gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, amino terminal analysis, and immunologic criteria. Purified NCS was 40 times as active in the inhibition of growth of Sarcina lutea and twice as active against CCRF-CEM human leukemia cells in vitro as was the starting material. When assayed against P388 and L1210 mouse leukemias in vivo, the purified material showed a median increase in life-span of 119 and 72%, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:140943", "title": "Multicellular spheroids: a new model target for in vitro studies of immunity to solid tumor allografts.", "content": "Multicellular spheroids of EMT6 mammary sarcoma cells of BALB/c origin were incubated with normal spleen cells or alloimmune spleen cells generated in vitro in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). After 24 hours, spheroids were trypsinized and assayed for surviving tumor cells by use of a cloning technique. Under these conditions a 60-80% reduction in clone-forming tumor cells was observed after incubation of spheroids with immune lymphocytes as compared to normal lymphocyte controls. This cytotoxic effect occurred in situ, and alloimmune cells sensitized against unrelated antigens were much less cytotoxic than were specifically sensitized cells. In parallel autoradiographic studies, some immune lymphoid cells that had been labeled with tritiated thymidine during the proliferative phase of the MLC could be demonstrated within spheroids after 24 hours. These results suggested that multicellular spheroids will be a useful in vitro model for more detailed analysis of the factors controlling infiltration in in situ destruction of solid tumor grafts.", "contents": "Multicellular spheroids: a new model target for in vitro studies of immunity to solid tumor allografts. Multicellular spheroids of EMT6 mammary sarcoma cells of BALB/c origin were incubated with normal spleen cells or alloimmune spleen cells generated in vitro in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). After 24 hours, spheroids were trypsinized and assayed for surviving tumor cells by use of a cloning technique. Under these conditions a 60-80% reduction in clone-forming tumor cells was observed after incubation of spheroids with immune lymphocytes as compared to normal lymphocyte controls. This cytotoxic effect occurred in situ, and alloimmune cells sensitized against unrelated antigens were much less cytotoxic than were specifically sensitized cells. In parallel autoradiographic studies, some immune lymphoid cells that had been labeled with tritiated thymidine during the proliferative phase of the MLC could be demonstrated within spheroids after 24 hours. These results suggested that multicellular spheroids will be a useful in vitro model for more detailed analysis of the factors controlling infiltration in in situ destruction of solid tumor grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:140944", "title": "Assessment of diabetogenic drug activity in the rat: 5,5-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin.", "content": "The diabetogenic activity of 5,5-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH) via oral administration was assessed in both normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Rats were fed powdered chow diet with and without 0.1% (w/w) DPTH. Food consumption and body weight were recorded every other day; whole blood glucose concentrations were determined at the start of the study and at the midpoint. At sacrifice, liver and pancreas were excised and blood samples were collected. Protein and lipid levels were determined in liver; insulin in pancreas; and glucose, insulin, and lipid in blood. DPTH treatment caused decreased food consumption and body weight gain. The drug dose, calculated from the food consumption data, was 76.5 mg/kg/day for the normal rats and 107 mg/kg/day for the diabetic rats. DPTH increased liver weight and liver lipid content in both normal and diabetic rats, and markedly lowered serum triglyceride concentration in normal rats but not in diabetic rats. Serum fatty acid concentration was not altered by DPTH. DPTH produced a significant elevation of blood glucose concentration of the diabetic rats that was not, however, correlated with altered pancreatic insulin concentration. In vitro, DPTH infusion inhibited insulin secretion by the perfused pancreas.", "contents": "Assessment of diabetogenic drug activity in the rat: 5,5-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin. The diabetogenic activity of 5,5-diphenyl-2-thiohydantoin (DPTH) via oral administration was assessed in both normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. Rats were fed powdered chow diet with and without 0.1% (w/w) DPTH. Food consumption and body weight were recorded every other day; whole blood glucose concentrations were determined at the start of the study and at the midpoint. At sacrifice, liver and pancreas were excised and blood samples were collected. Protein and lipid levels were determined in liver; insulin in pancreas; and glucose, insulin, and lipid in blood. DPTH treatment caused decreased food consumption and body weight gain. The drug dose, calculated from the food consumption data, was 76.5 mg/kg/day for the normal rats and 107 mg/kg/day for the diabetic rats. DPTH increased liver weight and liver lipid content in both normal and diabetic rats, and markedly lowered serum triglyceride concentration in normal rats but not in diabetic rats. Serum fatty acid concentration was not altered by DPTH. DPTH produced a significant elevation of blood glucose concentration of the diabetic rats that was not, however, correlated with altered pancreatic insulin concentration. In vitro, DPTH infusion inhibited insulin secretion by the perfused pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:140946", "title": "Dissociation of excitation and contraction in skeletal muscle induced by deuterium oxide and dantrolene-sodium.", "content": "The effect of D2O and dantrolene-Na (DAN) on the electrical and mechanical responses of single muscle fiber (mouse EDL and frog semitendinosus), Ca2+ uptake and release of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and contractile proteins was investigated to elucidate the coupling mechanism between depolarization and contraction. Both agents inhibited tension development induced by depolarization and caffeine, especially the initial phase of contraction (more pronounced in fast muscle) without affecting excitation of membrane and contractile machinery. The effect of DAN can be antagonized by increasing Ca2+ concentration and lowering the temperature of the medium. Ca2+ uptake and release abilities of isolated SR were not altered significantly in DAN, but were reduced considerably in D2O. These results suggest than there is a Ca2+-mediated trigger mechanism for the rapid release of activator Ca2+ from internal storage (SR). DAN and D2O interfere predominantly the action of the site(s) of this mechanism, probably on the T-tubules. In addition, D2O decelerates Ca2+ release from SR per se.", "contents": "Dissociation of excitation and contraction in skeletal muscle induced by deuterium oxide and dantrolene-sodium. The effect of D2O and dantrolene-Na (DAN) on the electrical and mechanical responses of single muscle fiber (mouse EDL and frog semitendinosus), Ca2+ uptake and release of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and contractile proteins was investigated to elucidate the coupling mechanism between depolarization and contraction. Both agents inhibited tension development induced by depolarization and caffeine, especially the initial phase of contraction (more pronounced in fast muscle) without affecting excitation of membrane and contractile machinery. The effect of DAN can be antagonized by increasing Ca2+ concentration and lowering the temperature of the medium. Ca2+ uptake and release abilities of isolated SR were not altered significantly in DAN, but were reduced considerably in D2O. These results suggest than there is a Ca2+-mediated trigger mechanism for the rapid release of activator Ca2+ from internal storage (SR). DAN and D2O interfere predominantly the action of the site(s) of this mechanism, probably on the T-tubules. In addition, D2O decelerates Ca2+ release from SR per se."}
{"id": "PMID:140947", "title": "Purification of histamine receptor, (III) Characterization of receptor rich membrane fraction of small intestinal smooth muscle of the cat.", "content": "Intracellular localization of histamine receptors in small intestinal smooth muscle of the cat was studied by investigating distribution of marker enzymes in the receptor rich fraction. Distribution of membrane markers coincided with that of the radiochemically labeled receptor fraction. Membrane fraction was further purified and it was concluded that the histamine receptor rich fraction is mainly composed of cell membrane. The chemical composition of the fraction lent support to this conclusion.", "contents": "Purification of histamine receptor, (III) Characterization of receptor rich membrane fraction of small intestinal smooth muscle of the cat. Intracellular localization of histamine receptors in small intestinal smooth muscle of the cat was studied by investigating distribution of marker enzymes in the receptor rich fraction. Distribution of membrane markers coincided with that of the radiochemically labeled receptor fraction. Membrane fraction was further purified and it was concluded that the histamine receptor rich fraction is mainly composed of cell membrane. The chemical composition of the fraction lent support to this conclusion."}
{"id": "PMID:140948", "title": "Possible involvement of a central noradrenergic system in automutilation induced by clonidine in mice.", "content": "Automutilation induced by a single large dose of clonidine was potentiated by pretreatment with methamphetamine, caffeine and theophyline, while it was inhibited by acute administration of reserpine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine and chlorpromazine. L-Dopa, 5-hydroxytryptophan and p-chlorophenylalanine had no effect on this abnormal behavior. Biochemical studies on brain monoamines revealed that noradrenaline was markedly increased and dopamine slightly so, but 5-hydroxytryptamine was never changed by clonidine. These results suggest that a central noradrenergic system may be involved in automutilation induced by clonidine in mice.", "contents": "Possible involvement of a central noradrenergic system in automutilation induced by clonidine in mice. Automutilation induced by a single large dose of clonidine was potentiated by pretreatment with methamphetamine, caffeine and theophyline, while it was inhibited by acute administration of reserpine, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, phenoxybenzamine, phentolamine and chlorpromazine. L-Dopa, 5-hydroxytryptophan and p-chlorophenylalanine had no effect on this abnormal behavior. Biochemical studies on brain monoamines revealed that noradrenaline was markedly increased and dopamine slightly so, but 5-hydroxytryptamine was never changed by clonidine. These results suggest that a central noradrenergic system may be involved in automutilation induced by clonidine in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:140954", "title": "The mesangial cell in glomerulonephritis. I. Mechanisms of hypercellularity in experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "content": "One-shot active immune complex glomerulonephritis was induced in rabbits by intravenous bovine serum albumin (250 mg. per kg.) and the mechanism of glomerular hypercellularity investigated. Most of the extra cells were mononuclear with few polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Fibrin was present in severe lesions. Glomerular mitoses were seen in normal kidneys but were more common in hypercellular glomeruli. This is direct evidence of local proliferation. Also, biopsies taken 1 hour after giving tritiated thymidine contained locally labeled cells. The mitotic rate and degree of local labeling both varied in proportion to the degree of hypercellularity. By electron microscopy both mesangial and endothelial cells were identified in mitosis. The majority of the mononuclear cells in the hypercellular glomeruli could not be identified by position or ultrastructure. Infiltration by nonglomerular cells was confirmed by the presence of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells.", "contents": "The mesangial cell in glomerulonephritis. I. Mechanisms of hypercellularity in experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis. One-shot active immune complex glomerulonephritis was induced in rabbits by intravenous bovine serum albumin (250 mg. per kg.) and the mechanism of glomerular hypercellularity investigated. Most of the extra cells were mononuclear with few polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Fibrin was present in severe lesions. Glomerular mitoses were seen in normal kidneys but were more common in hypercellular glomeruli. This is direct evidence of local proliferation. Also, biopsies taken 1 hour after giving tritiated thymidine contained locally labeled cells. The mitotic rate and degree of local labeling both varied in proportion to the degree of hypercellularity. By electron microscopy both mesangial and endothelial cells were identified in mitosis. The majority of the mononuclear cells in the hypercellular glomeruli could not be identified by position or ultrastructure. Infiltration by nonglomerular cells was confirmed by the presence of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:140957", "title": "Lymphocyte blastogenic responses to allogeneic leukocytes and autochthonous tumor cells in colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "The blastogenic reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes (LNL) against normal allogeneic leukocytes and autochthonous colorectal carcinoma cells is evaluated in 36 patients, and correlated with the patient's Dukes classification. Mesenteric LNL react significantly better than PBL to allogeneic leukocytes in both Dukes B and C (p less than 0.05). There are too few patients in Dukes A and D to permit statistical evaluation but the trend is the same. By contrast, LNL fail to react to autochthonous tumor cells in all classes, except in a few Dukes B patients. The proportion of PBL reactivity to autochthonous tumor cells seems to increase for Dukes C and D. It is possible that specific lymphocyte reactivity in colorectal carcinoma may be related to the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the tumor.", "contents": "Lymphocyte blastogenic responses to allogeneic leukocytes and autochthonous tumor cells in colorectal carcinoma. The blastogenic reactivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes (LNL) against normal allogeneic leukocytes and autochthonous colorectal carcinoma cells is evaluated in 36 patients, and correlated with the patient's Dukes classification. Mesenteric LNL react significantly better than PBL to allogeneic leukocytes in both Dukes B and C (p less than 0.05). There are too few patients in Dukes A and D to permit statistical evaluation but the trend is the same. By contrast, LNL fail to react to autochthonous tumor cells in all classes, except in a few Dukes B patients. The proportion of PBL reactivity to autochthonous tumor cells seems to increase for Dukes C and D. It is possible that specific lymphocyte reactivity in colorectal carcinoma may be related to the antigenicity and immunogenicity of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:140959", "title": "[The investigation of a low molecular acid stable proteinase inhibitor in the middle ear secretion (author's transl)].", "content": "The proteolytic activity of different proteinases during chronic otitis media can be inhibited by alpha-2-macroglobulin and alpha-1-antitrypsin. A new low molecular (13,000) acid stable and polyvalent proteinase inhibitor could be investigated in the middle ear secretion from patients with cholesteatoma and chronic otitis media. We believe that this inhibitor is identical with the low molecular inhibitor of bronchial mucus and the nasal fluid. This inhibitor shows a high anti proteolytic capacity and can inactive trypsin, chymotrypsin, pronase and leucocytic preoteinases. The inhibitor is not detectable in any case. We could find it in 55 cases, three specimens of middle ear secretions obtained no acid stable inhibitor. It is present in the secretion in a masked form by in situ-reaction with leucocytic proteinases. By denaturating deproteinizing it is liberated out of the complex with proteinases and can be measured. The investigations demonstrate that the level of the inhibitor varies during the course of a chronic otitis media. In the postoperative phase the inhibitor concentrations were clearly higher than preoperatively. A steep drop of inhibitor can be observed in cases of chronic otitis with the symptomatology of an acute inflammation. In cases with a chronic inflammation the inhibitor level seems to remain low. The decrease of the inhibitor is explained as a using up effect during reaction between inhibitor and leucocytic proteinases. We believe that this inhibitor in the middle ear secretion results from a limited proteolysis and splitting of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor by a proteolytic enzyme, possibly by kallikrein.", "contents": "[The investigation of a low molecular acid stable proteinase inhibitor in the middle ear secretion (author's transl)]. The proteolytic activity of different proteinases during chronic otitis media can be inhibited by alpha-2-macroglobulin and alpha-1-antitrypsin. A new low molecular (13,000) acid stable and polyvalent proteinase inhibitor could be investigated in the middle ear secretion from patients with cholesteatoma and chronic otitis media. We believe that this inhibitor is identical with the low molecular inhibitor of bronchial mucus and the nasal fluid. This inhibitor shows a high anti proteolytic capacity and can inactive trypsin, chymotrypsin, pronase and leucocytic preoteinases. The inhibitor is not detectable in any case. We could find it in 55 cases, three specimens of middle ear secretions obtained no acid stable inhibitor. It is present in the secretion in a masked form by in situ-reaction with leucocytic proteinases. By denaturating deproteinizing it is liberated out of the complex with proteinases and can be measured. The investigations demonstrate that the level of the inhibitor varies during the course of a chronic otitis media. In the postoperative phase the inhibitor concentrations were clearly higher than preoperatively. A steep drop of inhibitor can be observed in cases of chronic otitis with the symptomatology of an acute inflammation. In cases with a chronic inflammation the inhibitor level seems to remain low. The decrease of the inhibitor is explained as a using up effect during reaction between inhibitor and leucocytic proteinases. We believe that this inhibitor in the middle ear secretion results from a limited proteolysis and splitting of inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor by a proteolytic enzyme, possibly by kallikrein."}
{"id": "PMID:140960", "title": "[Postmortem changes of fine structure in the auditory pathways (organ of Corti and nucleus cochlearis of the guinea pig (author's transl)].", "content": "Autolytic changes in the guinea pig cochlear nucleus were studied by means of light- and transmission electron microscopy from 5 min. up to 5 h post mortem. Hyperchromasy and shrinking of neurons was observed already after 5 min. in areas, where the neurons have a high number of primary afferent nerve endings (Kane 1973). A second mode of post mortem degeneration was found. It was characterized by a swelling of the cell, which showed a diminished stain-ability. This lytic swelling seemed to be less rapid and probably less harmful in the beginning. The cochleae were examined by scanning electron microscopy. In contrary to known damaging agents (like noise or antibiotics) the outer haircells showed hardly any changes in the surface structures up to 1 hour in  the basal coil, while lytic protrusions were observed in outer and inner haircells already after 5 min. in the apical parts. Post mortem changes in the cochlea and in the nucleus cochlearis show two different modes of autolytic degeneration.", "contents": "[Postmortem changes of fine structure in the auditory pathways (organ of Corti and nucleus cochlearis of the guinea pig (author's transl)]. Autolytic changes in the guinea pig cochlear nucleus were studied by means of light- and transmission electron microscopy from 5 min. up to 5 h post mortem. Hyperchromasy and shrinking of neurons was observed already after 5 min. in areas, where the neurons have a high number of primary afferent nerve endings (Kane 1973). A second mode of post mortem degeneration was found. It was characterized by a swelling of the cell, which showed a diminished stain-ability. This lytic swelling seemed to be less rapid and probably less harmful in the beginning. The cochleae were examined by scanning electron microscopy. In contrary to known damaging agents (like noise or antibiotics) the outer haircells showed hardly any changes in the surface structures up to 1 hour in  the basal coil, while lytic protrusions were observed in outer and inner haircells already after 5 min. in the apical parts. Post mortem changes in the cochlea and in the nucleus cochlearis show two different modes of autolytic degeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:140961", "title": "[Graphs on the growth of the ice-ball using round cryoprobes at -80 degrees C and -196 degrees C (author's transl)].", "content": "Graphs and tables are shown describing the growth especially the depth of the ice-ball in tissue during freezing with round flow and massive probes (2-20 mm diameter). Thus prior to clinical application of cryosurgery the probe diameter and the time of freezing can be estimated corresponding to the size of the tumor. Results are presented for temperatures of the cooling fluid of -196 degrees C (liquid nitrogen) and -80 degrees C.", "contents": "[Graphs on the growth of the ice-ball using round cryoprobes at -80 degrees C and -196 degrees C (author's transl)]. Graphs and tables are shown describing the growth especially the depth of the ice-ball in tissue during freezing with round flow and massive probes (2-20 mm diameter). Thus prior to clinical application of cryosurgery the probe diameter and the time of freezing can be estimated corresponding to the size of the tumor. Results are presented for temperatures of the cooling fluid of -196 degrees C (liquid nitrogen) and -80 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:140962", "title": "[Correcture of congenital defects of the wing and the tip of the nose (author's transl)].", "content": "Congenital hypoplasia of the nasal wing can appear as a defect (congenital notch) or as a flattening and deficiency of the cartilagineous support. The combination with other deformities is seen frequently, 2 own cases: 1. Congenital notch of the left ala nasi. Operation: forming a window in the wing by incision, implantation of a composite graft from the ear, undisturbed and complete healing. 2. Hypoplasia of both cartilages of the ala nasi, flatness and dropping of the nasal tip, combined with deformities in both middle ears. Operation: Lifting the nasal tip, median suture between the cartilages of the wing in the tip, implantation of some septal cartilage in the latter to fill up the flatness. Both cases showed also after one year a good result.", "contents": "[Correcture of congenital defects of the wing and the tip of the nose (author's transl)]. Congenital hypoplasia of the nasal wing can appear as a defect (congenital notch) or as a flattening and deficiency of the cartilagineous support. The combination with other deformities is seen frequently, 2 own cases: 1. Congenital notch of the left ala nasi. Operation: forming a window in the wing by incision, implantation of a composite graft from the ear, undisturbed and complete healing. 2. Hypoplasia of both cartilages of the ala nasi, flatness and dropping of the nasal tip, combined with deformities in both middle ears. Operation: Lifting the nasal tip, median suture between the cartilages of the wing in the tip, implantation of some septal cartilage in the latter to fill up the flatness. Both cases showed also after one year a good result."}
{"id": "PMID:140963", "title": "[Improved correction of saddle nose deformity by means of axial wire-stabilization (author's transl)].", "content": "After having made some introductory comments on the problems of saddle nose correction, the author reports about an own improved operating technique characterized by axial wire-stabilization of the implanted cartilage and demonstrates accessible results.", "contents": "[Improved correction of saddle nose deformity by means of axial wire-stabilization (author's transl)]. After having made some introductory comments on the problems of saddle nose correction, the author reports about an own improved operating technique characterized by axial wire-stabilization of the implanted cartilage and demonstrates accessible results."}
{"id": "PMID:140964", "title": "[Rhinoplasty--a mainly aesthetic or functional operation (author's transl)].", "content": "Reviewing personal indications for rhinoplasty and subjective estimation of the postoperative result in 202 patients (104 male and 98 female) it is asked, whether rhinoplasty has to be regarded as a mainly aesthetic or functional surgical procedure. The catamnestic study showed, that most patients preoperatively complained about impediment of nasal breathing as well as of deformities of the external nose. In men we found about the same frequency of predominantly functional and aesthetic indications, respectively, whereas in women the aesthetic motivation distinctly prevailed. However, postoperative complaints of male and female patients mainly referred to the shape of the external nose. Many patients don't talk of those complaints before some time has passed: right after surgery 85% of 202 patients stated to be completely satisfied by the postoperative result, but 1/2 to 3 years later we only counted 67% (of 155 inquired cases) still expressing full satisfaction. In only a few cases postoperative dissatisfaction was likely to be caused by noticeable nasal deformities or (even less often) unimproved nasal obstruction. In many patients postoperative dissatisfaction appeared rather due to psychological disturbances than to aesthetic insufficiencies, this being demonstrated by two cases described. Faced with these observations one can call rhinoplasty neither a mainly aesthetic nor a mainly functional operation; rhinoplasty requires improvement and preservation of nasal function as well as a careful consideration of aesthetic principles.", "contents": "[Rhinoplasty--a mainly aesthetic or functional operation (author's transl)]. Reviewing personal indications for rhinoplasty and subjective estimation of the postoperative result in 202 patients (104 male and 98 female) it is asked, whether rhinoplasty has to be regarded as a mainly aesthetic or functional surgical procedure. The catamnestic study showed, that most patients preoperatively complained about impediment of nasal breathing as well as of deformities of the external nose. In men we found about the same frequency of predominantly functional and aesthetic indications, respectively, whereas in women the aesthetic motivation distinctly prevailed. However, postoperative complaints of male and female patients mainly referred to the shape of the external nose. Many patients don't talk of those complaints before some time has passed: right after surgery 85% of 202 patients stated to be completely satisfied by the postoperative result, but 1/2 to 3 years later we only counted 67% (of 155 inquired cases) still expressing full satisfaction. In only a few cases postoperative dissatisfaction was likely to be caused by noticeable nasal deformities or (even less often) unimproved nasal obstruction. In many patients postoperative dissatisfaction appeared rather due to psychological disturbances than to aesthetic insufficiencies, this being demonstrated by two cases described. Faced with these observations one can call rhinoplasty neither a mainly aesthetic nor a mainly functional operation; rhinoplasty requires improvement and preservation of nasal function as well as a careful consideration of aesthetic principles."}
{"id": "PMID:140965", "title": "[Corrective operation of the upper lip-columella-region after closure of bilateral clefts (author's transl)].", "content": "For the correction of the retracted upper lip and columella after bilateral cleft-operations we use a submental hairbearing flap which cut as a narrow stripe of skin and subdermal tissue and autonomised is swung to the upper lip. The defect to cover results after circumcision of the scarred middle part of the upper lip used as the lower portion of the shortened columella. This method has been used with good results in 4 cases, 3 men and 1 woman.", "contents": "[Corrective operation of the upper lip-columella-region after closure of bilateral clefts (author's transl)]. For the correction of the retracted upper lip and columella after bilateral cleft-operations we use a submental hairbearing flap which cut as a narrow stripe of skin and subdermal tissue and autonomised is swung to the upper lip. The defect to cover results after circumcision of the scarred middle part of the upper lip used as the lower portion of the shortened columella. This method has been used with good results in 4 cases, 3 men and 1 woman."}
{"id": "PMID:140966", "title": "[Primary covering of oropharyngeal defects after block resection of large malignant tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "The covering of defects in ablative oral surgery is associated with particular problems because, in order to avoid the formation of salivary fistulas, a primary closure should be aimed at. Between 1973 and 1975 86 carcinomas of the floor of the mouth, the tongue or the oropharynx were treated by block resection including radical neck dissection without preoperative radiation in 28 Cases the forehead flap and in 20 cases the tongue flap were employed. While the foreheaded flap necessitates the preservation of the ipsilateral A. carotis externa, the tongue flap can be used even if the ipsilateral lingual artery is sacrified. The tongue flap has functional and cosmetic advantages in comparison to the forehead flap. The temporarily transsected mandibula was refixed by compression plates without intermaxillary wiring.", "contents": "[Primary covering of oropharyngeal defects after block resection of large malignant tumors (author's transl)]. The covering of defects in ablative oral surgery is associated with particular problems because, in order to avoid the formation of salivary fistulas, a primary closure should be aimed at. Between 1973 and 1975 86 carcinomas of the floor of the mouth, the tongue or the oropharynx were treated by block resection including radical neck dissection without preoperative radiation in 28 Cases the forehead flap and in 20 cases the tongue flap were employed. While the foreheaded flap necessitates the preservation of the ipsilateral A. carotis externa, the tongue flap can be used even if the ipsilateral lingual artery is sacrified. The tongue flap has functional and cosmetic advantages in comparison to the forehead flap. The temporarily transsected mandibula was refixed by compression plates without intermaxillary wiring."}
{"id": "PMID:140967", "title": "[Use of the temporary osteoplastic epitympanotomy for allogenetic compound middle ear grafts (author's transl)].", "content": "The topography and the size of the single middle ear structures and the possibilities of damage are shown, as they face the otosurgeon using the temporary osteoplastic epitympanotomy in connection with middle ear implants. The landmarks and technical aids are named, which make this operation a save and quick approach for the removal of the middle ear pathologies and in the use of allogenetic material.", "contents": "[Use of the temporary osteoplastic epitympanotomy for allogenetic compound middle ear grafts (author's transl)]. The topography and the size of the single middle ear structures and the possibilities of damage are shown, as they face the otosurgeon using the temporary osteoplastic epitympanotomy in connection with middle ear implants. The landmarks and technical aids are named, which make this operation a save and quick approach for the removal of the middle ear pathologies and in the use of allogenetic material."}
{"id": "PMID:140968", "title": "[Development from skin- to fascia- and to cartilage tympanoplasty (epitympanon-antrum-mastoidplasty) (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences with 8029 endaural tympanoplastes show interruption of the self-cleaning process of the endaural epithelium after 366 tympanoplasties with skin grafts. The self-cleaning process may be preserved after fascia temporalis (2325) and cartilage (5338) plasties, because of overgrowth with local epithelium. 16 years after combined fascia temporalis and cartilage tympanoplasty the pieces of cartilage are almost unchanged but the fascia temporalis is more or less thinned to atrophic scars and according to tubal function it shows adhesive retraction pockets or bulging. For 7 years we have not been using fascia any more, but ear cartilage for the tympano-epitympano-antrum-mastoidplasty. Cartilage material not used is kept in a cartilage bank. Recurrence of cholesteatoma will press the cartilage plasty into the external auditory canal, whereas after osteoplasty of the endaural canal wall the patient runs to an uncertain percentage the same risk as before the operation.", "contents": "[Development from skin- to fascia- and to cartilage tympanoplasty (epitympanon-antrum-mastoidplasty) (author's transl)]. Experiences with 8029 endaural tympanoplastes show interruption of the self-cleaning process of the endaural epithelium after 366 tympanoplasties with skin grafts. The self-cleaning process may be preserved after fascia temporalis (2325) and cartilage (5338) plasties, because of overgrowth with local epithelium. 16 years after combined fascia temporalis and cartilage tympanoplasty the pieces of cartilage are almost unchanged but the fascia temporalis is more or less thinned to atrophic scars and according to tubal function it shows adhesive retraction pockets or bulging. For 7 years we have not been using fascia any more, but ear cartilage for the tympano-epitympano-antrum-mastoidplasty. Cartilage material not used is kept in a cartilage bank. Recurrence of cholesteatoma will press the cartilage plasty into the external auditory canal, whereas after osteoplasty of the endaural canal wall the patient runs to an uncertain percentage the same risk as before the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:140969", "title": "[Concerning \"Bellocq's tamponade\" (author's transl)].", "content": "A nasopharyngeal tamponade is introduced that is more adquate than the traditional Bellocq-tamponades as their disadvantage of outer grooves is avoided by a fastening string that passes through a button at the backside of the tampon and through its centre.", "contents": "[Concerning \"Bellocq's tamponade\" (author's transl)]. A nasopharyngeal tamponade is introduced that is more adquate than the traditional Bellocq-tamponades as their disadvantage of outer grooves is avoided by a fastening string that passes through a button at the backside of the tampon and through its centre."}
{"id": "PMID:140970", "title": "[Surgical treatment of the pneumosinus dilatans of the frontal sinus (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of pneumosinus dilatans of the frontal sinus with cosmetic deformation are reported. In both cases one big hole without any interfrontal septum has been found. In the first case no efferent ducts of the frontal sinus have been visible, the second one showed only one. Surgical treatment by incision from ear to ear, and forming of a scalp flap with opening of the frontal sinus in the upper margin of the bony bulging. This bulging was left pedicled on the periosteum and fractured in many pieces. Forming of an artificial efferent duct to the nose by an incision below the left eyebrow. Good cosmetic results in both cases. X-rays fotos, pictures of the operation and postoperative results are demonstrated. Examinations of the human growth hormones (HGH) of the 24-years-old German and the 28-years-old Turkish man presented normal values. The author believes in a dysregulation of the efferent ducts.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of the pneumosinus dilatans of the frontal sinus (author's transl)]. Two cases of pneumosinus dilatans of the frontal sinus with cosmetic deformation are reported. In both cases one big hole without any interfrontal septum has been found. In the first case no efferent ducts of the frontal sinus have been visible, the second one showed only one. Surgical treatment by incision from ear to ear, and forming of a scalp flap with opening of the frontal sinus in the upper margin of the bony bulging. This bulging was left pedicled on the periosteum and fractured in many pieces. Forming of an artificial efferent duct to the nose by an incision below the left eyebrow. Good cosmetic results in both cases. X-rays fotos, pictures of the operation and postoperative results are demonstrated. Examinations of the human growth hormones (HGH) of the 24-years-old German and the 28-years-old Turkish man presented normal values. The author believes in a dysregulation of the efferent ducts."}
{"id": "PMID:140971", "title": "[Esophageal stenosis in a case of pemphigoid benignum (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare complication of Pemphigoid benignum and esophageal stenosis is reported. The problems of diagnosis, pathogenesis and therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Esophageal stenosis in a case of pemphigoid benignum (author's transl)]. The rare complication of Pemphigoid benignum and esophageal stenosis is reported. The problems of diagnosis, pathogenesis and therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:140972", "title": "[Facial and head pain from the neurologist's point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "Recognizing that pain is not a sensory sensation, but a subjective feeling, the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological aspects are shortly discussed which are the prerequisites of pain as an original phenomenon in higher life. The subcortical feeling of pain is compared with the pain sensation which extends to large parts of the cortex. The experience of pain may be suppressed or increased by the cortex. Since pain as a subjective phenomenon cannot be objectivated directly, the pain analysis has to consider the history of the patient and particularly the anatomical and physiological basis. The clinical diagnosis of facial and head pain differentiates the various pain syndrome which as localized pain are usually caused by externally visible changes from those projected pain phenomena in genuine or symptomatic neuralgias as well as referred pain sensations (e.g. in intracranial or occipitocervical lesions).", "contents": "[Facial and head pain from the neurologist's point of view (author's transl)]. Recognizing that pain is not a sensory sensation, but a subjective feeling, the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological aspects are shortly discussed which are the prerequisites of pain as an original phenomenon in higher life. The subcortical feeling of pain is compared with the pain sensation which extends to large parts of the cortex. The experience of pain may be suppressed or increased by the cortex. Since pain as a subjective phenomenon cannot be objectivated directly, the pain analysis has to consider the history of the patient and particularly the anatomical and physiological basis. The clinical diagnosis of facial and head pain differentiates the various pain syndrome which as localized pain are usually caused by externally visible changes from those projected pain phenomena in genuine or symptomatic neuralgias as well as referred pain sensations (e.g. in intracranial or occipitocervical lesions)."}
{"id": "PMID:140974", "title": "[The cervical headache (migraine cervicale) (author's transl)].", "content": "Symptoms and etiology of \"Migraine cervicale\" are discussed. Further more the treatment of the complaints is mentioned.", "contents": "[The cervical headache (migraine cervicale) (author's transl)]. Symptoms and etiology of \"Migraine cervicale\" are discussed. Further more the treatment of the complaints is mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:140975", "title": "[Facial and head pain from the otorhinolaryngologist's point of view (author's transl)].", "content": "From the  otolaryngologist's point of view, there are multiple causes for the frequent symptom of facial and head pain: headaches due to ear diseases: pain extending to the ear region, with special regard to \"referred otalgia\" involving the cranail nerves V, IX, X; facial pain due to temporomandibular dysfunction; rhinological causes of facial and head pain, including posttraumatic trigeminal neuralgia and \"facial sympathalgies\"; the syndrome of the elongated styloid process. The diagnosis and therapy of the \"typical\" ENT diseases is not described in detail since the paper deals mainly with less known and, regarding their diagnosis and treatment, problematic diseases.", "contents": "[Facial and head pain from the otorhinolaryngologist's point of view (author's transl)]. From the  otolaryngologist's point of view, there are multiple causes for the frequent symptom of facial and head pain: headaches due to ear diseases: pain extending to the ear region, with special regard to \"referred otalgia\" involving the cranail nerves V, IX, X; facial pain due to temporomandibular dysfunction; rhinological causes of facial and head pain, including posttraumatic trigeminal neuralgia and \"facial sympathalgies\"; the syndrome of the elongated styloid process. The diagnosis and therapy of the \"typical\" ENT diseases is not described in detail since the paper deals mainly with less known and, regarding their diagnosis and treatment, problematic diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:140976", "title": "[Sensorineural deafness and cochlear otosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The so-called labyrinthine otosclerosis is defined as a focal otosclerotic involvement of the labyrinthine capsule without stapes fixation. It produces a pure sensorineural hearing loss. The histology of this phenomenon is well known. The relative frequency of labyrinthine otosclerosis is between 4 and 40%, as referred in literature. On x-rays, an advanced demineralisation or complete obliteration of labyrinthic bone is suspicious of otosclerosis. There is no typical pattern of sensorineural hearing loss. But not seldom a fair discrimination index contrasts with a severe threshold evaluation in pure tone audiometry. 208 audiogramms of otosclerosic ears verified by stapedectomy were examined. After correction for normal presbyacusis the sensorineural hearing loss due to otosclerosis is twice that of presbyacusis. In otosclerosis tinnitus is often reported as of metallic type, but a characteristic tinnitus does not exist. There is no universal agreement about the relative frequency of vestibular disturbances in otosclerosis. One should diagnose labyrinthine otosclerosis only if several criteria found are not explanable otherwise, and these criteria are explained.", "contents": "[Sensorineural deafness and cochlear otosclerosis (author's transl)]. The so-called labyrinthine otosclerosis is defined as a focal otosclerotic involvement of the labyrinthine capsule without stapes fixation. It produces a pure sensorineural hearing loss. The histology of this phenomenon is well known. The relative frequency of labyrinthine otosclerosis is between 4 and 40%, as referred in literature. On x-rays, an advanced demineralisation or complete obliteration of labyrinthic bone is suspicious of otosclerosis. There is no typical pattern of sensorineural hearing loss. But not seldom a fair discrimination index contrasts with a severe threshold evaluation in pure tone audiometry. 208 audiogramms of otosclerosic ears verified by stapedectomy were examined. After correction for normal presbyacusis the sensorineural hearing loss due to otosclerosis is twice that of presbyacusis. In otosclerosis tinnitus is often reported as of metallic type, but a characteristic tinnitus does not exist. There is no universal agreement about the relative frequency of vestibular disturbances in otosclerosis. One should diagnose labyrinthine otosclerosis only if several criteria found are not explanable otherwise, and these criteria are explained."}
{"id": "PMID:140977", "title": "[Toxic diseases of the inner ear (author's transl)].", "content": "A clear presentation of toxic diseases of the inner ear under consideration of the endogen and exogen factors is shown by means of tables as well as clinical findings and experimental results obtained in animals.", "contents": "[Toxic diseases of the inner ear (author's transl)]. A clear presentation of toxic diseases of the inner ear under consideration of the endogen and exogen factors is shown by means of tables as well as clinical findings and experimental results obtained in animals."}
{"id": "PMID:140978", "title": "[Inner ear hearing loss following blunt head injury (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathologenesis of inner ear hearing loss after head injury is not uniform. Recent experimental and clinical findings in ophthalmology, neuropathology and neurosurgery indicate that there is not only a direct mechanical caused damage but as well an indirect injury of the inner ear secondary to disturbances of the cerebral blood supply. These cases representing about 30% of the patients are characterized by fluctuating hearing loss, which may increase of decrease even weeks or months after the incident. To assist inner ear microcirculation after head injury we therefore suggest to try an early treatment with medicaments increasing the cochlear blood flow, provided that the general conditions of the patients tolerate this.", "contents": "[Inner ear hearing loss following blunt head injury (author's transl)]. The pathologenesis of inner ear hearing loss after head injury is not uniform. Recent experimental and clinical findings in ophthalmology, neuropathology and neurosurgery indicate that there is not only a direct mechanical caused damage but as well an indirect injury of the inner ear secondary to disturbances of the cerebral blood supply. These cases representing about 30% of the patients are characterized by fluctuating hearing loss, which may increase of decrease even weeks or months after the incident. To assist inner ear microcirculation after head injury we therefore suggest to try an early treatment with medicaments increasing the cochlear blood flow, provided that the general conditions of the patients tolerate this."}
{"id": "PMID:140979", "title": "[Viscosity of blood and sensorineural hearing loss (author's transl)].", "content": "A statistical survey about the results of treatment of Pentoxifyllin (Trental) in acute and long-standing sensorineural hearing losses is given. The pharmacological effect of viscosity lowering in such patients is demonstrated. The role of erythrocytes and their behaviour in relation to the viscosity of blood its showed by means of literature.", "contents": "[Viscosity of blood and sensorineural hearing loss (author's transl)]. A statistical survey about the results of treatment of Pentoxifyllin (Trental) in acute and long-standing sensorineural hearing losses is given. The pharmacological effect of viscosity lowering in such patients is demonstrated. The role of erythrocytes and their behaviour in relation to the viscosity of blood its showed by means of literature."}
{"id": "PMID:140980", "title": "[Hearing loss in cardiovascular diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "For the  sensory cells of Corti's organ are high susceptible to deficits in O2-supply, all disturbances of blood-flow in the inner ear can deteriorate the hearing function. It is the hypotonic dysregulation of the microcirculation in the stria vascularis, which is much more dangerous for the inner ear auditory receptors than be hypertonic disease. The occurance of acute or progredient hearing loss with symptoms of a sensorineural leason and of tinnitus therefore can be looked as an indication to the beginning of a cardiovascular disease, and necessitates appropriate diagnostic and therapy.", "contents": "[Hearing loss in cardiovascular diseases (author's transl)]. For the  sensory cells of Corti's organ are high susceptible to deficits in O2-supply, all disturbances of blood-flow in the inner ear can deteriorate the hearing function. It is the hypotonic dysregulation of the microcirculation in the stria vascularis, which is much more dangerous for the inner ear auditory receptors than be hypertonic disease. The occurance of acute or progredient hearing loss with symptoms of a sensorineural leason and of tinnitus therefore can be looked as an indication to the beginning of a cardiovascular disease, and necessitates appropriate diagnostic and therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:140981", "title": "[Venous tinnitus (author's transl)].", "content": "The etiology of venous tinnitus is discussed. The simple ligation of the internal jugular vein performed under local anaesthesia has resulted in the total disappearance of the hum in three cases.", "contents": "[Venous tinnitus (author's transl)]. The etiology of venous tinnitus is discussed. The simple ligation of the internal jugular vein performed under local anaesthesia has resulted in the total disappearance of the hum in three cases."}
{"id": "PMID:140982", "title": "[The apoplexy of the labyrinth (author's transl)].", "content": "Owing to the morphological, physiological and pathophysiological similarities in the vasculature of the brain and the inner ear, the term apoplexy can also be applied to the inner ear. The apoplexy of the labyrinth is defined as an acute and severe panlabyrinthic disturbance with sudden hearing loss or deafness in association with vestibular functional disorders. The apoplexy may occur after hemorrhage as a result of inner ear blood vessel ruptures or after malacias following localised ischemias just as it occurs in the brain. Treatment of such cases were carried out by application of high doses of cortison. The prognosis of these inner ear disturbances is unfavourable.", "contents": "[The apoplexy of the labyrinth (author's transl)]. Owing to the morphological, physiological and pathophysiological similarities in the vasculature of the brain and the inner ear, the term apoplexy can also be applied to the inner ear. The apoplexy of the labyrinth is defined as an acute and severe panlabyrinthic disturbance with sudden hearing loss or deafness in association with vestibular functional disorders. The apoplexy may occur after hemorrhage as a result of inner ear blood vessel ruptures or after malacias following localised ischemias just as it occurs in the brain. Treatment of such cases were carried out by application of high doses of cortison. The prognosis of these inner ear disturbances is unfavourable."}
{"id": "PMID:140983", "title": "[Anatomical conditions influencing the therapy of the inner ear (author's transl)].", "content": "Morphological factors affecting the course of disturbances of the inner ear are demonstrated. Its important to realise that damaged sensory cells may recover quite a long time after injury. The blood supply and its regulation, possibly by autonomic innervation, are significant in the treatment of the inner ear. The reported findings must be regarded as the combined effort of numerous factors (Biology of the inner ear).", "contents": "[Anatomical conditions influencing the therapy of the inner ear (author's transl)]. Morphological factors affecting the course of disturbances of the inner ear are demonstrated. Its important to realise that damaged sensory cells may recover quite a long time after injury. The blood supply and its regulation, possibly by autonomic innervation, are significant in the treatment of the inner ear. The reported findings must be regarded as the combined effort of numerous factors (Biology of the inner ear)."}
{"id": "PMID:140984", "title": "[Treatment of acute inner ear deafness (sudden deafness and acoustic trauma) (author's transl)].", "content": "The principal facts concerning therapeutic measures in cases of sudden deafness and acoustic trauma are outlined. Experiment data concerning the pharmacology of inner ear circulation are presented. There is sufficient evidence for a critical evaluation of a few treatments whose effect seems to be proven (experimental increase of inner ear circulation in normal animals) or at least possible (in normal animals no or dubious increase; effective under pathological conditions only?). Experimental and clinical experiences concerning the dextran treatment of sudden deafness and acoustic trauma are reported.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute inner ear deafness (sudden deafness and acoustic trauma) (author's transl)]. The principal facts concerning therapeutic measures in cases of sudden deafness and acoustic trauma are outlined. Experiment data concerning the pharmacology of inner ear circulation are presented. There is sufficient evidence for a critical evaluation of a few treatments whose effect seems to be proven (experimental increase of inner ear circulation in normal animals) or at least possible (in normal animals no or dubious increase; effective under pathological conditions only?). Experimental and clinical experiences concerning the dextran treatment of sudden deafness and acoustic trauma are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:140985", "title": "[Therapeutical results of non-acute perceptive hearing loss with vasoactive medicaments (author's transl)].", "content": "67 patients who are suffering from a non-acute perceptive hearing loss were treted by several vasoactive medicaments. Besides pharmacological aspects of derivatives of di-ethyl-amino-ethyl-alcohol and of xanthine were discussed. The therapeutical results were subjected to comparing views.", "contents": "[Therapeutical results of non-acute perceptive hearing loss with vasoactive medicaments (author's transl)]. 67 patients who are suffering from a non-acute perceptive hearing loss were treted by several vasoactive medicaments. Besides pharmacological aspects of derivatives of di-ethyl-amino-ethyl-alcohol and of xanthine were discussed. The therapeutical results were subjected to comparing views."}
{"id": "PMID:140986", "title": "[Sympathetic trunk treatment or infusion therapy in cases of sudden deafness (author's transl)].", "content": "The optimal criterion for registering the result of a sudden-deafness-therapy is a class interval of 25 dB in the audiogram, followed by punctal evaluation of the mean value of the frequencies 0,5/1/2/4/8 kc/sec. Blocking of the sympathetic trunk, as well as infusions using low-molecular dextranes or derivatives of nicotnic acid, furthermore strictly oral treatment as well as combinations of all these, all lead to a statistically proved recovery of hearing. The extent of improvement is ascertainbly smaller with strictly oral treatment than with blocking the sympathetic trunk or with infusions. Hearing is slightly more improved by blocking the sympathetic trunk than by infusional treatment. Statistically however, the difference is not significant. Low-molecular dextran (Rheomakrodex) is not superior to Xantinol-Nicotinate (Complamin). Future investigations in the assessment of therapeutical results should exclusively evaluate unilateral sudden deafness and include the intact second ear into the computation.", "contents": "[Sympathetic trunk treatment or infusion therapy in cases of sudden deafness (author's transl)]. The optimal criterion for registering the result of a sudden-deafness-therapy is a class interval of 25 dB in the audiogram, followed by punctal evaluation of the mean value of the frequencies 0,5/1/2/4/8 kc/sec. Blocking of the sympathetic trunk, as well as infusions using low-molecular dextranes or derivatives of nicotnic acid, furthermore strictly oral treatment as well as combinations of all these, all lead to a statistically proved recovery of hearing. The extent of improvement is ascertainbly smaller with strictly oral treatment than with blocking the sympathetic trunk or with infusions. Hearing is slightly more improved by blocking the sympathetic trunk than by infusional treatment. Statistically however, the difference is not significant. Low-molecular dextran (Rheomakrodex) is not superior to Xantinol-Nicotinate (Complamin). Future investigations in the assessment of therapeutical results should exclusively evaluate unilateral sudden deafness and include the intact second ear into the computation."}
{"id": "PMID:140987", "title": "[Comparison of nystagmus responses after thermic stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "A model of the vestibulo-oculomotor system allows theoretical considerations concerning unsymmetrical nystagmus responses. For thermic stimulation unsymmetrics are estimated by means of a commonly used formula for relative differences of reactions. It is shown that the relation between these unsymmetrics and the real change of nystagmus intensity is nonlinear and also different for abnormal decrease and increase of intensity, respectively. Possible misinterpretations are avoided, e.g., by analysis of absolute parameters of nystagmus.", "contents": "[Comparison of nystagmus responses after thermic stimulation (author's transl)]. A model of the vestibulo-oculomotor system allows theoretical considerations concerning unsymmetrical nystagmus responses. For thermic stimulation unsymmetrics are estimated by means of a commonly used formula for relative differences of reactions. It is shown that the relation between these unsymmetrics and the real change of nystagmus intensity is nonlinear and also different for abnormal decrease and increase of intensity, respectively. Possible misinterpretations are avoided, e.g., by analysis of absolute parameters of nystagmus."}
{"id": "PMID:140988", "title": "[The validity of absolute \"standard values\" for the evaluation of the thermic vestibular test--results from electronystagmographic investigations with critical comment on the frequency nystagmogram (butterfly scheme) (author's transl)].", "content": "The findings presented here on the thermic examination of 100 healthy test persons and the statistical analysis lead up to the conclusion that the single standard deviation from the statistical mean value  of a parameter (Claussen) describing the intensity of a thermic nystagmus reaction does not seem suitable to be assumed as normal range. This is true, too, if these values were achieved from a larger number of healthy persons. On application of the \"butterfly scheme\" (Claussen) a non-tolerable number of false positive findings resulted. The cause for this is the fact that extravestibular factors, particularly the degree of consciousness, but also the age, influence considerably the absolute value of nystagmus parameters. Furthermore, since the numerical values are not distributed normally, the statement of a standard deviation is not applicable. As an alternative, a procedure is being demonstrated which according to our knowledge was first mentioned by Jongkees. We are suggesting to base the evaluation of the thermic test on the comparison with so-called interquantile ranges of healthy persons. These are percentage ranges within the values of e.g. 80, 90 and 94% of healthy persons are found. In our opinion, in combination with the Jongkees-formula this procedure represents a more favourable criterion for the evaluation of a thermic test.", "contents": "[The validity of absolute \"standard values\" for the evaluation of the thermic vestibular test--results from electronystagmographic investigations with critical comment on the frequency nystagmogram (butterfly scheme) (author's transl)]. The findings presented here on the thermic examination of 100 healthy test persons and the statistical analysis lead up to the conclusion that the single standard deviation from the statistical mean value  of a parameter (Claussen) describing the intensity of a thermic nystagmus reaction does not seem suitable to be assumed as normal range. This is true, too, if these values were achieved from a larger number of healthy persons. On application of the \"butterfly scheme\" (Claussen) a non-tolerable number of false positive findings resulted. The cause for this is the fact that extravestibular factors, particularly the degree of consciousness, but also the age, influence considerably the absolute value of nystagmus parameters. Furthermore, since the numerical values are not distributed normally, the statement of a standard deviation is not applicable. As an alternative, a procedure is being demonstrated which according to our knowledge was first mentioned by Jongkees. We are suggesting to base the evaluation of the thermic test on the comparison with so-called interquantile ranges of healthy persons. These are percentage ranges within the values of e.g. 80, 90 and 94% of healthy persons are found. In our opinion, in combination with the Jongkees-formula this procedure represents a more favourable criterion for the evaluation of a thermic test."}
{"id": "PMID:140989", "title": "Prevention of obesity in Avy/a mice by dehydroepiandrosterone.", "content": "Dehydroepiandrosterone, a mammalian glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor, prevented Avy/a mice from becoming obese. Decreased accumulation of triacylglycerol accounted for a large portion of the weight difference between treated and control Avy/a mice. Hepatic lipogenesis as measured by 3H2O incorporation into total lipid was less in the dehydroepiandrosterone-treated mice. Dehydroepiandrosterone did not suppress appetite and had no apparent toxic effects at the doses used, and its weight controlling effects were reversible upon withdrawal of treatment.", "contents": "Prevention of obesity in Avy/a mice by dehydroepiandrosterone. Dehydroepiandrosterone, a mammalian glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase inhibitor, prevented Avy/a mice from becoming obese. Decreased accumulation of triacylglycerol accounted for a large portion of the weight difference between treated and control Avy/a mice. Hepatic lipogenesis as measured by 3H2O incorporation into total lipid was less in the dehydroepiandrosterone-treated mice. Dehydroepiandrosterone did not suppress appetite and had no apparent toxic effects at the doses used, and its weight controlling effects were reversible upon withdrawal of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:140991", "title": "[Allergy to chromium and nickel in workers employed in margarine production].", "content": "The paper presents the cycle of margarine production with special attention to the process of hardening of vegetable oils using nickel formate as catalyst. Test examination (patch tests) was carried out with standard set and nickel formate in 10 workers of hardening department and 24 female workers of packing room. In 2 workers contact dermatitis caused by sensitization to nio nickel formate was observed. In 5 workers was found latent allergy to nickel and in 12 female workers latent allergy to chromium and nickel. In the control group containing intellectual workers, uniform in regard to sex and age, the results of patch tests were negative.", "contents": "[Allergy to chromium and nickel in workers employed in margarine production]. The paper presents the cycle of margarine production with special attention to the process of hardening of vegetable oils using nickel formate as catalyst. Test examination (patch tests) was carried out with standard set and nickel formate in 10 workers of hardening department and 24 female workers of packing room. In 2 workers contact dermatitis caused by sensitization to nio nickel formate was observed. In 5 workers was found latent allergy to nickel and in 12 female workers latent allergy to chromium and nickel. In the control group containing intellectual workers, uniform in regard to sex and age, the results of patch tests were negative."}
{"id": "PMID:140994", "title": "Noninvasive measurement of the intracardiac blood flow by means of ultrasound techniques.", "content": "A new noninvasive method of measurement of the intracardiac blood flow by means of ultrasound techniques is described. In this system the \"M-sequence modulated Doppler method\" and the method of ultrasonotomography are used in combination. An arbitrary space within the heart can be selected by ultrasonocardiotomography and the blood flow profiles can be observed by the \"M-sequence modulated Doppler method.\" The new Doppler flow meter system described in this paper can be applied not only for the diagnosis of heart diseases, but also for the study of pathophysiology of the blood flow and of the factors responsible for the dilatation of the heart. Further studies are required from the viewpoints of medicine and engineering to accumulate sufficient data before routine application of the method described in this paper is fully warranted.", "contents": "Noninvasive measurement of the intracardiac blood flow by means of ultrasound techniques. A new noninvasive method of measurement of the intracardiac blood flow by means of ultrasound techniques is described. In this system the \"M-sequence modulated Doppler method\" and the method of ultrasonotomography are used in combination. An arbitrary space within the heart can be selected by ultrasonocardiotomography and the blood flow profiles can be observed by the \"M-sequence modulated Doppler method.\" The new Doppler flow meter system described in this paper can be applied not only for the diagnosis of heart diseases, but also for the study of pathophysiology of the blood flow and of the factors responsible for the dilatation of the heart. Further studies are required from the viewpoints of medicine and engineering to accumulate sufficient data before routine application of the method described in this paper is fully warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:140995", "title": "Noninvasive estimation of brachial artery blood flow: a clinical application of ultrasonic instrumentation.", "content": "Ultrasonic instrumentation based on the Doppler phenomenon fulfills one requirement for a blood flowmeter - that it sense a variable which is a function of the volume of blood moved through the blood vessel in situ. In this study, a segment of the blood flow velocity waveform recorded noninvasively from the brachial artery in the antecubital fossa was used as a basis for estimating the mean velocity of a bolus of blood passing through the incident sound beam of a Doppler instrument. A stroke flow index - cubic centimeters of blood per pulse wave propagation - was calculated as the product of the mean velocity and cross-sectional lumen area of the brachial artery. The method used in these experiments proved to be reproducible in volunteer subjects. The estimated minute flow ranged from 32 to 95 ml/min in these normal subjects. Serial measurements before and after open-heart operations in 64 patients demonstrated a valuable clinical application. A significant reduction in the brachial artery stroke flow index was recorded at some time postoperatively in 21 of these patients. The brachial artery stroke flow index determined non-invasively has potential value as an objective estimate of cardiovascular instability.", "contents": "Noninvasive estimation of brachial artery blood flow: a clinical application of ultrasonic instrumentation. Ultrasonic instrumentation based on the Doppler phenomenon fulfills one requirement for a blood flowmeter - that it sense a variable which is a function of the volume of blood moved through the blood vessel in situ. In this study, a segment of the blood flow velocity waveform recorded noninvasively from the brachial artery in the antecubital fossa was used as a basis for estimating the mean velocity of a bolus of blood passing through the incident sound beam of a Doppler instrument. A stroke flow index - cubic centimeters of blood per pulse wave propagation - was calculated as the product of the mean velocity and cross-sectional lumen area of the brachial artery. The method used in these experiments proved to be reproducible in volunteer subjects. The estimated minute flow ranged from 32 to 95 ml/min in these normal subjects. Serial measurements before and after open-heart operations in 64 patients demonstrated a valuable clinical application. A significant reduction in the brachial artery stroke flow index was recorded at some time postoperatively in 21 of these patients. The brachial artery stroke flow index determined non-invasively has potential value as an objective estimate of cardiovascular instability."}
{"id": "PMID:141001", "title": "A spectinomycin dependent mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "A mutant of Escherichia coli B has been isolated which shows a novel phenotype of spectinomycin dependence. The mutant, termed RD, needs spectinomycin to grow at temperatures of 37 degrees or below; it is unable to grow at 42 degrees in either the presence or absence of spectinomycin. Secondary mutants which grow well in the absence of spectinomycin can be isolated spontaneously at a frequency of about 10(-6). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of ribosomal proteins from 25 of these revertants showed that two revertants had an alteration in S4; one other showed an alteration in L5, and one showed an apparent absence of L1. Mutant RD itself had an altered less basic S5, which was maintained in all the revertants that were checked. Genetic analysis indicated that RD was a double mutant: one mutation, which alone conferred a spectinomycin resistant phenotype on the strain, was located in the strA region of the E. coli chromosome and was represented by the mutation in S5. The other mutation, which conferred the dependence on spectinomycin, mapped close to the rif locus.", "contents": "A spectinomycin dependent mutant of Escherichia coli. A mutant of Escherichia coli B has been isolated which shows a novel phenotype of spectinomycin dependence. The mutant, termed RD, needs spectinomycin to grow at temperatures of 37 degrees or below; it is unable to grow at 42 degrees in either the presence or absence of spectinomycin. Secondary mutants which grow well in the absence of spectinomycin can be isolated spontaneously at a frequency of about 10(-6). Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of ribosomal proteins from 25 of these revertants showed that two revertants had an alteration in S4; one other showed an alteration in L5, and one showed an apparent absence of L1. Mutant RD itself had an altered less basic S5, which was maintained in all the revertants that were checked. Genetic analysis indicated that RD was a double mutant: one mutation, which alone conferred a spectinomycin resistant phenotype on the strain, was located in the strA region of the E. coli chromosome and was represented by the mutation in S5. The other mutation, which conferred the dependence on spectinomycin, mapped close to the rif locus."}
{"id": "PMID:141002", "title": "Single gene alteration of plasma and mitochondrial membrane function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Some physiological properties of a multiple-drug-resistant mutant with a permeability barrier to chloramphenicol and its isogenic parental strain were compared. The ATPase specific activity of plasma and mitochondrial membranes isolated from the mutant strain was approximately 20% lower (P less than 0.001, Tables 1 and 2) than that of membranes isolated from the isogenic parental strain. Additional evidence of altered mitochondrial function was: (i) the enhanced growth of the parental strain was eliminted by the [rho-] state (Table 3); (ii) the mutant strain had a greater resistance to petite induction by ethidium bromide (Table 4); (iii) the mutant strain was unable to use a nonfermentable energy source for respiratory adaptation (Table 5). It is proposed that a single gene mutation has resulted in an alteration of some physiological properties of the plasma and mitochondrial membranes.", "contents": "Single gene alteration of plasma and mitochondrial membrane function in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Some physiological properties of a multiple-drug-resistant mutant with a permeability barrier to chloramphenicol and its isogenic parental strain were compared. The ATPase specific activity of plasma and mitochondrial membranes isolated from the mutant strain was approximately 20% lower (P less than 0.001, Tables 1 and 2) than that of membranes isolated from the isogenic parental strain. Additional evidence of altered mitochondrial function was: (i) the enhanced growth of the parental strain was eliminted by the [rho-] state (Table 3); (ii) the mutant strain had a greater resistance to petite induction by ethidium bromide (Table 4); (iii) the mutant strain was unable to use a nonfermentable energy source for respiratory adaptation (Table 5). It is proposed that a single gene mutation has resulted in an alteration of some physiological properties of the plasma and mitochondrial membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:141003", "title": "A temperature-sensitive mutant of Neurospora crassa deficient in cytochrome b.", "content": "A nuclear gene mutant of Neurospora crassa designated cyb-3 is deficient in cytochrome b and coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase. Nearly normal when grown at 25 degrees C, the strain expresses a mutant phenotype at 38 degrees C. Mitochondria from cyb-3 mycelium, which has undergone 3-4 mass doublings at the elevated temperature, possess 3-fold less cytochrome b, 2-fold more cytochrome, c, 5-fold less coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase activity, and require 3-fold less antimycin A per milligram of protein to inhibit NADH oxidation that do wild type mitochondria. The activity of coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase declines rather slowly in cultures of cyb-3 transferred to 38 degrees C, and the in vitro thermostability of the enzyme is very similar in wild type and mutant mitochondria. Therefore, the mutation may decrease synthesis of impair integration into the membrane of cytochrome b and perhaps other proteins of the enzyme comple.", "contents": "A temperature-sensitive mutant of Neurospora crassa deficient in cytochrome b. A nuclear gene mutant of Neurospora crassa designated cyb-3 is deficient in cytochrome b and coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase. Nearly normal when grown at 25 degrees C, the strain expresses a mutant phenotype at 38 degrees C. Mitochondria from cyb-3 mycelium, which has undergone 3-4 mass doublings at the elevated temperature, possess 3-fold less cytochrome b, 2-fold more cytochrome, c, 5-fold less coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase activity, and require 3-fold less antimycin A per milligram of protein to inhibit NADH oxidation that do wild type mitochondria. The activity of coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase declines rather slowly in cultures of cyb-3 transferred to 38 degrees C, and the in vitro thermostability of the enzyme is very similar in wild type and mutant mitochondria. Therefore, the mutation may decrease synthesis of impair integration into the membrane of cytochrome b and perhaps other proteins of the enzyme comple."}
{"id": "PMID:141010", "title": "Denervation of spinal facet joints for treatment of chronic low back pain.", "content": "This paper describes a neurolytic technique for the denervation of the posterior lumbar spinal facet joints for the treatment of chronic low back pain. Results are reported of a pilot study, using a simple outpatient procedure and achieved relief of pain in 80% of cases. No major complications were encountered.", "contents": "Denervation of spinal facet joints for treatment of chronic low back pain. This paper describes a neurolytic technique for the denervation of the posterior lumbar spinal facet joints for the treatment of chronic low back pain. Results are reported of a pilot study, using a simple outpatient procedure and achieved relief of pain in 80% of cases. No major complications were encountered."}
{"id": "PMID:141011", "title": "Laparoscopic sterilization under local anesthesia. 1200 cases.", "content": "Laparoscopic tubal fulguration operations were performed on 1200 patients under local anesthesia in two free-standing surgical units in Syracuse, New York, between June 1972 and March 1976. No operative accidents occurred. However, because of increasing understanding of the risks to major blood vessels from needle and trocar insertion, all patients undergoing laparoscopy since March 15, 1976, have received the additional safeguards of an operating room with full anesthesia and laparotomy capabilities. The major technical innovation in this series of operations was the use of the 23-guage needle cannula, inserted through the Wolf operating laparoscope for preliminary Xylocaine infiltration of the fallopian tubes. The advantages of local over general anesthesia are summarized.", "contents": "Laparoscopic sterilization under local anesthesia. 1200 cases. Laparoscopic tubal fulguration operations were performed on 1200 patients under local anesthesia in two free-standing surgical units in Syracuse, New York, between June 1972 and March 1976. No operative accidents occurred. However, because of increasing understanding of the risks to major blood vessels from needle and trocar insertion, all patients undergoing laparoscopy since March 15, 1976, have received the additional safeguards of an operating room with full anesthesia and laparotomy capabilities. The major technical innovation in this series of operations was the use of the 23-guage needle cannula, inserted through the Wolf operating laparoscope for preliminary Xylocaine infiltration of the fallopian tubes. The advantages of local over general anesthesia are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:141012", "title": "Neocarzinostatin (NSC 157365) a new cancerostatic compound.", "content": "Neocarzinostatin is a new anticancer drug developed by Japanese investigators. In order to delineate the potential usefulness of this drug, we have reviewed the preclinical data and summarized the Japanese clinical data on 462 patients. The bulk of these patients had carcinoma of the stomach or pancreas and acute leukemia. Neocarzinostatin was administered intravenously in a daily dose of 2-3 mg for five to 15 day periods. Significant antitumor activity was observed in acute leukemia. A few responses were also reported in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but the drug was inactive against gastric carcinoma. The side effects observed included nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression, fever, and occasional hypersensitivity reactions. The Investigational Drug Branch of the National Cancer Institute has recently sponsored an investigational new drug application with the Food and Drug Administration, and phase I studies are expected to begin soon in the United States.", "contents": "Neocarzinostatin (NSC 157365) a new cancerostatic compound. Neocarzinostatin is a new anticancer drug developed by Japanese investigators. In order to delineate the potential usefulness of this drug, we have reviewed the preclinical data and summarized the Japanese clinical data on 462 patients. The bulk of these patients had carcinoma of the stomach or pancreas and acute leukemia. Neocarzinostatin was administered intravenously in a daily dose of 2-3 mg for five to 15 day periods. Significant antitumor activity was observed in acute leukemia. A few responses were also reported in pancreatic adenocarcinoma, but the drug was inactive against gastric carcinoma. The side effects observed included nausea, vomiting, myelosuppression, fever, and occasional hypersensitivity reactions. The Investigational Drug Branch of the National Cancer Institute has recently sponsored an investigational new drug application with the Food and Drug Administration, and phase I studies are expected to begin soon in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:141018", "title": "Transcutaneous electrical stimulation and acupuncture: comparison of treatment for low-back pain.", "content": "Twelve patients suffering chronic low-back pain were treated with both acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical stimulation. The order of treatments was balanced, and changes in the intensity and quality of pain were measured with the McGill Pain Questionnaire. The results, based on a measure of overall pain intensity, show that pain relief greater than 33% was produced in 75% of the patients by acupuncture and in 66% by electrical stimulation. The mean duration of pain relief was 40 h after acupuncture and 23 h after electrical stimulation.  Although the mean scores are larger for acupuncture than for transcutaneous stimulation, statistical analyses of the data failed to reveal significant differences between the two treatments on any of the measures. Both methods, therefore, appear to be equally effective, and probably have the same underlying mechanism of action. Consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods suggests that that transcutaneous electrical stimulation is potentially the more practical, since it can be administered under supervision by paramedical personnel.", "contents": "Transcutaneous electrical stimulation and acupuncture: comparison of treatment for low-back pain. Twelve patients suffering chronic low-back pain were treated with both acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical stimulation. The order of treatments was balanced, and changes in the intensity and quality of pain were measured with the McGill Pain Questionnaire. The results, based on a measure of overall pain intensity, show that pain relief greater than 33% was produced in 75% of the patients by acupuncture and in 66% by electrical stimulation. The mean duration of pain relief was 40 h after acupuncture and 23 h after electrical stimulation.  Although the mean scores are larger for acupuncture than for transcutaneous stimulation, statistical analyses of the data failed to reveal significant differences between the two treatments on any of the measures. Both methods, therefore, appear to be equally effective, and probably have the same underlying mechanism of action. Consideration of the advantages and disadvantages of the two methods suggests that that transcutaneous electrical stimulation is potentially the more practical, since it can be administered under supervision by paramedical personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:141019", "title": "Observations on the analgesic effects of needle puncture (acupuncture).", "content": "The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the analgesic effect of needle puncture in a small self-selected group of patients with chronic or acute pain, and to examine the factors which determine success or failure of this treatment modality. We have found that in chronic painful conditions, needle puncture may be very effective in producing at least transient analgesia. It also can produce permanent relief of acute (self-limited) pains. Needle puncture was not helpful in the management of pain resulting from nerve damage. High score on psychometric indicators of anxiety and depression is a significant predictor os successful needle puncture analgesia in patients with chronic pain. Comparison of our results to studies of counterirritation indicate that the analgesia produced by needle puncture involves a mechanism similar to that of counterirritation-induced analgesia.", "contents": "Observations on the analgesic effects of needle puncture (acupuncture). The present study was undertaken in order to investigate the analgesic effect of needle puncture in a small self-selected group of patients with chronic or acute pain, and to examine the factors which determine success or failure of this treatment modality. We have found that in chronic painful conditions, needle puncture may be very effective in producing at least transient analgesia. It also can produce permanent relief of acute (self-limited) pains. Needle puncture was not helpful in the management of pain resulting from nerve damage. High score on psychometric indicators of anxiety and depression is a significant predictor os successful needle puncture analgesia in patients with chronic pain. Comparison of our results to studies of counterirritation indicate that the analgesia produced by needle puncture involves a mechanism similar to that of counterirritation-induced analgesia."}
{"id": "PMID:141020", "title": "Acupuncture and chronic pain mechanisms.", "content": "Forty patients with chronic pain below the waist level not amenable to conventional medical and/or surgical treatment were randomly assigned to one or two different methods of acupuncture, after studying the underlying pain mechanisms using a Multidisciplinary Pain Clinic approach and the differential spinal block (DSB). One group received acupuncture needling in the classical acupuncture points referred to as meridian loci needling (MLN) and the other group received tender area needling (TAN) with needles inserted in the dermatomal distribution of the painful areas. The responses between the two groups showed no significant difference. Results were then related to the predetermined somatopsychological basis of the individual's pain problems as classified by the DSB. A group of patinets in whom pain relief occurred upon subarachnoid injection of 0.25% procaine followed by sympathetic blockade or 0.5% procaine injection followed by hypalgesia without motor loss, also reported maximum subjective improvement in their pain level following acupuncture therapy performed at a later time. The other group of patients in whom pain persisted despite sensory and motor blockade (1% procaine) responded very poorly to acupuncture therapy. DSB was found to be complimentary to acupuncture therapy in that it facilitated patient selection for the therapy.", "contents": "Acupuncture and chronic pain mechanisms. Forty patients with chronic pain below the waist level not amenable to conventional medical and/or surgical treatment were randomly assigned to one or two different methods of acupuncture, after studying the underlying pain mechanisms using a Multidisciplinary Pain Clinic approach and the differential spinal block (DSB). One group received acupuncture needling in the classical acupuncture points referred to as meridian loci needling (MLN) and the other group received tender area needling (TAN) with needles inserted in the dermatomal distribution of the painful areas. The responses between the two groups showed no significant difference. Results were then related to the predetermined somatopsychological basis of the individual's pain problems as classified by the DSB. A group of patinets in whom pain relief occurred upon subarachnoid injection of 0.25% procaine followed by sympathetic blockade or 0.5% procaine injection followed by hypalgesia without motor loss, also reported maximum subjective improvement in their pain level following acupuncture therapy performed at a later time. The other group of patients in whom pain persisted despite sensory and motor blockade (1% procaine) responded very poorly to acupuncture therapy. DSB was found to be complimentary to acupuncture therapy in that it facilitated patient selection for the therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:141021", "title": "[Intensity of parasitic contacts in the colonies of large gerbils under conditions of different population density of the animals and their fleas].", "content": "In the period from April to May and September to October of 1967--1973 in the Mujun-Kum a radioactive tracing of great gerbils was carried out. In all 225 tests were conducted. The greatest intensity of parasitic contacts between the animals was noted at their average quantity. Its further rise does not result in the increase of the parasitic relations. If the number of fleas is high the parasitic contacts level even at the relatively low number of great gerbils is usually high enough for a further passing of the plague microbe. If the number of both fleas and great gerbils is low the parasitic relations provide but not always an agent transmission.", "contents": "[Intensity of parasitic contacts in the colonies of large gerbils under conditions of different population density of the animals and their fleas]. In the period from April to May and September to October of 1967--1973 in the Mujun-Kum a radioactive tracing of great gerbils was carried out. In all 225 tests were conducted. The greatest intensity of parasitic contacts between the animals was noted at their average quantity. Its further rise does not result in the increase of the parasitic relations. If the number of fleas is high the parasitic contacts level even at the relatively low number of great gerbils is usually high enough for a further passing of the plague microbe. If the number of both fleas and great gerbils is low the parasitic relations provide but not always an agent transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:141022", "title": "[Long-term phenological observations on flies, inhabitants of burrows of great gerbils in the Karshinskaia steppe:  Phenology of Phlebotomus papatasi].", "content": "Observations conducted over a period of 1960--1973 in the Uzbek SSR have shown that Ph. papatasi has two generations a year. The flight of sand flies in the oasis begins as a rule in the middle of May and lasts to the middle of September with peaks at the beginning of June and the end of July--beginning of August. Shifts in the main phenological dates in the same observation site are no more than two weeks. In desert territories situated southwards from the oasis phenological dates pass ahead those for the oasis for about 10 days. In localities with relatively stable conditions rather great variations in the abundance of this species (3-6fold) from year to year were noted. In hatching places a tenfold increase in the number of Ph. papatasi was observed.", "contents": "[Long-term phenological observations on flies, inhabitants of burrows of great gerbils in the Karshinskaia steppe:  Phenology of Phlebotomus papatasi]. Observations conducted over a period of 1960--1973 in the Uzbek SSR have shown that Ph. papatasi has two generations a year. The flight of sand flies in the oasis begins as a rule in the middle of May and lasts to the middle of September with peaks at the beginning of June and the end of July--beginning of August. Shifts in the main phenological dates in the same observation site are no more than two weeks. In desert territories situated southwards from the oasis phenological dates pass ahead those for the oasis for about 10 days. In localities with relatively stable conditions rather great variations in the abundance of this species (3-6fold) from year to year were noted. In hatching places a tenfold increase in the number of Ph. papatasi was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:141023", "title": "[New species of Microsporidia--Thelohania jungarica SP. N. (Microsporidia, Nosematidae) from larvae of black flies].", "content": "A new species of microsporidians, Thelohania jungarica sp. n., was described from larval populations of Odagmia sp. inhabiting the mountain rivers of the northern spurs of Tien-Shan, south-eastern Kazakhstan. The larval infection rate is 3 to 16%. The pupal infection was reported from single individuals. The species in question differs from other members of the genus in the morphology of spores, ecology and host. Sizes of measured 50 spores varied in the following ranges: live ones--5.1-7.6 x 2.5-3.8, fixed and stained--3.8-6.4 x 1.8-3.8 mkm. The parasite causes pathological and morphological changes in injured tissues.", "contents": "[New species of Microsporidia--Thelohania jungarica SP. N. (Microsporidia, Nosematidae) from larvae of black flies]. A new species of microsporidians, Thelohania jungarica sp. n., was described from larval populations of Odagmia sp. inhabiting the mountain rivers of the northern spurs of Tien-Shan, south-eastern Kazakhstan. The larval infection rate is 3 to 16%. The pupal infection was reported from single individuals. The species in question differs from other members of the genus in the morphology of spores, ecology and host. Sizes of measured 50 spores varied in the following ranges: live ones--5.1-7.6 x 2.5-3.8, fixed and stained--3.8-6.4 x 1.8-3.8 mkm. The parasite causes pathological and morphological changes in injured tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:141024", "title": "[Comparison of the nematode fauna of winter wheat and wild grain in the foothill and lowland zones of Dagestan].", "content": "The nematode fauna of winter wheat and wild cereals in the foothill zone of Dagestan is richer than that in the lowland zone. From 117 species of nematodes recorded from the rhizosphere and organs of examined plants 105 species are reported from foothills and only 78 species from the lowland zone. In the foothill zone the average number of nematodes in 10g of root soil and organs of wheat amounts to 619 specimens, in wild cereals--to 347 specimens, in lowland zone--to 310 and 236 specimens respectively. This difference is caused by soil--climatic conditions.", "contents": "[Comparison of the nematode fauna of winter wheat and wild grain in the foothill and lowland zones of Dagestan]. The nematode fauna of winter wheat and wild cereals in the foothill zone of Dagestan is richer than that in the lowland zone. From 117 species of nematodes recorded from the rhizosphere and organs of examined plants 105 species are reported from foothills and only 78 species from the lowland zone. In the foothill zone the average number of nematodes in 10g of root soil and organs of wheat amounts to 619 specimens, in wild cereals--to 347 specimens, in lowland zone--to 310 and 236 specimens respectively. This difference is caused by soil--climatic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:141026", "title": "[Comparative assessment of several methods of calculating the number of sandflies in the open air (Psychodidae)].", "content": "In summer of 1973-1974 a comparative counting of the number of sandflies was carried out by two methods in the Turkmenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Sheets of oil paper fastened vertically to two wires at a height of 60 cm above the ground at a distance of 20 cm one from another (barriers) and sheets in the form of \"flags\" (Dergachova and others, 1973) were used simultaneously. 15860 sandflies (X on one sheet 31.2+/-3.2 specimens) were collected on 50 barriers consisting of 10 sheets each; and on 500 flags 7640 sandflies (X on one flag 15.3+/-1.37 specimens) were collected. When sandflies are caught on flags the coefficient of counting equal to 2.1+/-0.37 should be taken.", "contents": "[Comparative assessment of several methods of calculating the number of sandflies in the open air (Psychodidae)]. In summer of 1973-1974 a comparative counting of the number of sandflies was carried out by two methods in the Turkmenian Soviet Socialist Republic. Sheets of oil paper fastened vertically to two wires at a height of 60 cm above the ground at a distance of 20 cm one from another (barriers) and sheets in the form of \"flags\" (Dergachova and others, 1973) were used simultaneously. 15860 sandflies (X on one sheet 31.2+/-3.2 specimens) were collected on 50 barriers consisting of 10 sheets each; and on 500 flags 7640 sandflies (X on one flag 15.3+/-1.37 specimens) were collected. When sandflies are caught on flags the coefficient of counting equal to 2.1+/-0.37 should be taken."}
{"id": "PMID:141027", "title": "[Branchiopods--intermediate hosts of the cestode Anomolepis averini (Spassky et Yurpalova, 1967)(Cestoda: Dilepididae)].", "content": "In the biocoenosis of the lake Tengiz (Central Kazakhstan) Artemia salina (3.3%) and Branchinella spinosa (0.22%) were found to be infected with larvae of cestodes--delipidids Anomolepis avertini (Spassky et Yurpalova, 1967). Phalaropus lobatus from this water body was also infected (13.7) with this cestode, the infection intensity being from 1 to 15 strobiles in one bird. Figures and morphological description of cysticercoids and mature cestodes of Anomolepis averini are given.", "contents": "[Branchiopods--intermediate hosts of the cestode Anomolepis averini (Spassky et Yurpalova, 1967)(Cestoda: Dilepididae)]. In the biocoenosis of the lake Tengiz (Central Kazakhstan) Artemia salina (3.3%) and Branchinella spinosa (0.22%) were found to be infected with larvae of cestodes--delipidids Anomolepis avertini (Spassky et Yurpalova, 1967). Phalaropus lobatus from this water body was also infected (13.7) with this cestode, the infection intensity being from 1 to 15 strobiles in one bird. Figures and morphological description of cysticercoids and mature cestodes of Anomolepis averini are given."}
{"id": "PMID:141031", "title": "Biometrical and histochemical comparison between extra- and intrafusal muscle fibres following tenotomy.", "content": "The average diameter of the different enzymatic types of extra- and intrafusal muscle fibres is determined by means of a one millimeter scale ocular micrometer in the gastrocnemius muscle of twenty four female rats during three months, at regular intervals following tenotomy. There is a predominant atrophy of the type II extrafusal as well as intrafusal fibres in the period of immobilization. However, when the muscle becomes functional again, by healing and elongation of the tendon, the intrafusal type II fibres remain atrophic in contrast to the extrafusal ones, which regain their normal size.", "contents": "Biometrical and histochemical comparison between extra- and intrafusal muscle fibres following tenotomy. The average diameter of the different enzymatic types of extra- and intrafusal muscle fibres is determined by means of a one millimeter scale ocular micrometer in the gastrocnemius muscle of twenty four female rats during three months, at regular intervals following tenotomy. There is a predominant atrophy of the type II extrafusal as well as intrafusal fibres in the period of immobilization. However, when the muscle becomes functional again, by healing and elongation of the tendon, the intrafusal type II fibres remain atrophic in contrast to the extrafusal ones, which regain their normal size."}
{"id": "PMID:141028", "title": "[Gamasid mites from the nests of birds in the Volga-Kama game reserve].", "content": "524 nests of 12 species of birds were examined in the Volga-Kama state reserve. From these nests there were collected 214575 mites belonging to 11 families and 48 species. The specific composition and quantitative ration between ecological groups of gamasid mites associated with the nests of birds depend not only on the evolutionary history of the host and gamasids-nidicols but also on many present factors, ecological type of the nesting place in particular.", "contents": "[Gamasid mites from the nests of birds in the Volga-Kama game reserve]. 524 nests of 12 species of birds were examined in the Volga-Kama state reserve. From these nests there were collected 214575 mites belonging to 11 families and 48 species. The specific composition and quantitative ration between ecological groups of gamasid mites associated with the nests of birds depend not only on the evolutionary history of the host and gamasids-nidicols but also on many present factors, ecological type of the nesting place in particular."}
{"id": "PMID:141029", "title": "[Territorial distribution of 2 sympathric species of fleas--parasites of the great gerbil in the Kyzyl-Kum desert].", "content": "Fleas of Xenopsylla gerbilli and Xenopsylla hirtipes, parasites of Rhombonus optimus in the Kizil--Kum, have a sympathric distribution. Within a greater part of their common area both species vicariate in landscapes: X. hirtipes occupties more mesophilous parts while X. gerbilli is distributed in all parts where the first species is missing. The distribution of X. hirtipes depends first of all on abiotic environmental factors and that of X. gerbilli--on biotic ones, i. e. on the competition with X. hirtipes. However, under more favourable conditions (northern foothill valleys of the Bukantau ridge) both species occur together in great number.", "contents": "[Territorial distribution of 2 sympathric species of fleas--parasites of the great gerbil in the Kyzyl-Kum desert]. Fleas of Xenopsylla gerbilli and Xenopsylla hirtipes, parasites of Rhombonus optimus in the Kizil--Kum, have a sympathric distribution. Within a greater part of their common area both species vicariate in landscapes: X. hirtipes occupties more mesophilous parts while X. gerbilli is distributed in all parts where the first species is missing. The distribution of X. hirtipes depends first of all on abiotic environmental factors and that of X. gerbilli--on biotic ones, i. e. on the competition with X. hirtipes. However, under more favourable conditions (northern foothill valleys of the Bukantau ridge) both species occur together in great number."}
{"id": "PMID:141034", "title": "Assessment and attempted modification of future teachers' attitudes toward handicapped children.", "content": "In a study designed to determine whether future teachers have negative sttitudes toward groups of exceptional children based upon the labels attached to these children, 13 special education majors and 32 students majoring in other fields of education were administered the Personal Attribute Inventory at the beginning and conclusion of an introductory course in special education. Results for labels, physically handicapped, educable mentally handicapped, and learning disabled, indicated that the latter two were evaluated significantly less positively than the first on both pre- and post-course testings. There were no significant differences between the respondents' pre- and post-course ratings of the three labels. Interestingly, special education majors were significanlty more positive in their pre- and post-course evaluations than non-special education majors. These findings certainly are not supportive of \"mainstreaming\" children who have been categorized as either learning disabled or educable mentally handicapped.", "contents": "Assessment and attempted modification of future teachers' attitudes toward handicapped children. In a study designed to determine whether future teachers have negative sttitudes toward groups of exceptional children based upon the labels attached to these children, 13 special education majors and 32 students majoring in other fields of education were administered the Personal Attribute Inventory at the beginning and conclusion of an introductory course in special education. Results for labels, physically handicapped, educable mentally handicapped, and learning disabled, indicated that the latter two were evaluated significantly less positively than the first on both pre- and post-course testings. There were no significant differences between the respondents' pre- and post-course ratings of the three labels. Interestingly, special education majors were significanlty more positive in their pre- and post-course evaluations than non-special education majors. These findings certainly are not supportive of \"mainstreaming\" children who have been categorized as either learning disabled or educable mentally handicapped."}
{"id": "PMID:141035", "title": "Coupling between proximal tubular transport processes. Studies with ouabain, SITS and HCO3-free solutions.", "content": "The rate of active transport by the proximal renal tubule of amino acid (L-histidine), sugar (alpha-methyl-D-glycoside), H+ ions (glycodiazine), phosphate and para-aminohippurate was evaluated by measuring the zero net flux concentration difference (deltac) of these substances. In the case of calcium the electrochemical potential difference (delta + zF-CIdeltaphi/RT) was the criterion employed. The rate of isotonic Na+-absorption (JNa) was measured with the shrinking droplet method. The effect of ouabain on the transport of these substances was tested in the golden hamster and the effect of SITS (4-acetamido-4'isothiocyanatostilbene 2,2'-disulfonic acid) was observed in rats. Ouabain (1 mM) applied peritubularly incompletely inhibited JNa (80%), but in combination with acetazolamide (0.2 mM) the inhibition was almost complete (93%). In addition, ouabain inhibited the sodium coupled (secondary active) transport processes of L-histidine, alpha-methyl-D-glycoside, calcium and phosphate by more than 75%. It did not affect H+ (glycodiazine) transport and PAH transport was only slightly affected. When SITS (1 mM) was applied from both sides of the cell it inhibited H+ (glycodiazine) transport by 72% and reduced JNa by 38% when given from only the peritubular cell side. SITS (1 MM), however, had no significant affect on H+ secretion and sodium reabsorption if it was applied from only the luminal side. Furthermore it had no affect on the other transport processes tested, regardless of the cell side to which it was applied. When the HCO-3 buffer or physically related buffers were omitted from the perfusate the absorption of Na+ was reduced by 66%, phosphate by 44%, and L-histidine by 15%. All the other transport processes tested were not significantly affected. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the active transport processes of histidine, alpha-methyl-D-glycoside and phosphate, which are located in the brush border, are driven by a sodium gradient which is abolished by ouabain. This may also apply to the Na+-Ca2+ countertransport located at the contraluminal cell side. The residual Na+ transport remaining in the presence of ouabain is likely to be passively driven by the continuing H+ transport which probably is driven directly by ATP. SITS seems to inhibit the exit step of HCO-3 from the cell and secondary to that, the luminal H+-Na+ exchange and consequently the Na+ reabsorption. In the absence of HCO-3 buffer in the perfusates the luminal H+-Na+ exchange seems to be affected and the pattern of inhibition of the other transport processes is almost the same as with SITS. The different effects on Pi reabsorption observed under these conditions might be explained by possible variations in intracellular pH.", "contents": "Coupling between proximal tubular transport processes. Studies with ouabain, SITS and HCO3-free solutions. The rate of active transport by the proximal renal tubule of amino acid (L-histidine), sugar (alpha-methyl-D-glycoside), H+ ions (glycodiazine), phosphate and para-aminohippurate was evaluated by measuring the zero net flux concentration difference (deltac) of these substances. In the case of calcium the electrochemical potential difference (delta + zF-CIdeltaphi/RT) was the criterion employed. The rate of isotonic Na+-absorption (JNa) was measured with the shrinking droplet method. The effect of ouabain on the transport of these substances was tested in the golden hamster and the effect of SITS (4-acetamido-4'isothiocyanatostilbene 2,2'-disulfonic acid) was observed in rats. Ouabain (1 mM) applied peritubularly incompletely inhibited JNa (80%), but in combination with acetazolamide (0.2 mM) the inhibition was almost complete (93%). In addition, ouabain inhibited the sodium coupled (secondary active) transport processes of L-histidine, alpha-methyl-D-glycoside, calcium and phosphate by more than 75%. It did not affect H+ (glycodiazine) transport and PAH transport was only slightly affected. When SITS (1 mM) was applied from both sides of the cell it inhibited H+ (glycodiazine) transport by 72% and reduced JNa by 38% when given from only the peritubular cell side. SITS (1 MM), however, had no significant affect on H+ secretion and sodium reabsorption if it was applied from only the luminal side. Furthermore it had no affect on the other transport processes tested, regardless of the cell side to which it was applied. When the HCO-3 buffer or physically related buffers were omitted from the perfusate the absorption of Na+ was reduced by 66%, phosphate by 44%, and L-histidine by 15%. All the other transport processes tested were not significantly affected. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that the active transport processes of histidine, alpha-methyl-D-glycoside and phosphate, which are located in the brush border, are driven by a sodium gradient which is abolished by ouabain. This may also apply to the Na+-Ca2+ countertransport located at the contraluminal cell side. The residual Na+ transport remaining in the presence of ouabain is likely to be passively driven by the continuing H+ transport which probably is driven directly by ATP. SITS seems to inhibit the exit step of HCO-3 from the cell and secondary to that, the luminal H+-Na+ exchange and consequently the Na+ reabsorption. In the absence of HCO-3 buffer in the perfusates the luminal H+-Na+ exchange seems to be affected and the pattern of inhibition of the other transport processes is almost the same as with SITS. The different effects on Pi reabsorption observed under these conditions might be explained by possible variations in intracellular pH."}
{"id": "PMID:141040", "title": "Heterogeneous base distribution in mitochondrial DNA of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The mitochondrial DNA of Neurospora crassa has a heterogeneous intramolecular base distribution. A contiguous piece, representing at least 30% of the total genome, has a G+C content that is 6% lower than the overall G+C content of the DNA. The genes for both ribosomal RNAs are contained in the remaining, relatively G+C rich, part of the genome.", "contents": "Heterogeneous base distribution in mitochondrial DNA of Neurospora crassa. The mitochondrial DNA of Neurospora crassa has a heterogeneous intramolecular base distribution. A contiguous piece, representing at least 30% of the total genome, has a G+C content that is 6% lower than the overall G+C content of the DNA. The genes for both ribosomal RNAs are contained in the remaining, relatively G+C rich, part of the genome."}
{"id": "PMID:141042", "title": "Vulvar pruritus--a symptom, not a disease.", "content": "Because the underlying causes are so varied, vulvar pruritus must be understood as a symptom and not as a disease entity in itself. Successful treatment depends on proper identification of the underlying disorder.", "contents": "Vulvar pruritus--a symptom, not a disease. Because the underlying causes are so varied, vulvar pruritus must be understood as a symptom and not as a disease entity in itself. Successful treatment depends on proper identification of the underlying disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:141043", "title": "Treatment of acne with topical antibiotics.", "content": "The introduction of topical antibiotics for acne vulgaris has ushered in a new era in the treatment of this troublesome disorder. Tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin can now be prepared in lotion form in vehicles that are capable of carrying the antibiotic into the follicular canal, where the primary lesion of acne occurs. Topical antibiotics are practically as effective as oral antibiotics in treating acne and are particularly useful for mild papular acne of puberty and early adolescence and papular-pustular acne of adult women. Use of topical antibiotics avoids the possibility of the adverse effects of systemic therapy; the side effects from the formulations reported here are negligible. Above all, antibiotic lotions do not produce the dryness and scaling that occur with most other topical acne preparations.", "contents": "Treatment of acne with topical antibiotics. The introduction of topical antibiotics for acne vulgaris has ushered in a new era in the treatment of this troublesome disorder. Tetracycline, erythromycin, and clindamycin can now be prepared in lotion form in vehicles that are capable of carrying the antibiotic into the follicular canal, where the primary lesion of acne occurs. Topical antibiotics are practically as effective as oral antibiotics in treating acne and are particularly useful for mild papular acne of puberty and early adolescence and papular-pustular acne of adult women. Use of topical antibiotics avoids the possibility of the adverse effects of systemic therapy; the side effects from the formulations reported here are negligible. Above all, antibiotic lotions do not produce the dryness and scaling that occur with most other topical acne preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:141045", "title": "Calcium-binding protein of chorioallantoic membrane: identification and development expression.", "content": "A calcium-binding protein (CaBP) which has a molecular weight of 100,000 and an  isoelectric point of 8.0 has been isolated from the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick embryo. Expression of the CaBP occurs simultaneously with the onset of calcium absorption from the egg shell by the CAM, and the temporal increase in CaBP activity is coincident with calcium deposition in the embryo. The CAM CaBP differs in properties from the CaBPs of the adult organs, including the vitamin-D-dependent protein of intestine.", "contents": "Calcium-binding protein of chorioallantoic membrane: identification and development expression. A calcium-binding protein (CaBP) which has a molecular weight of 100,000 and an  isoelectric point of 8.0 has been isolated from the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick embryo. Expression of the CaBP occurs simultaneously with the onset of calcium absorption from the egg shell by the CAM, and the temporal increase in CaBP activity is coincident with calcium deposition in the embryo. The CAM CaBP differs in properties from the CaBPs of the adult organs, including the vitamin-D-dependent protein of intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:141046", "title": "Killer cells reactive to altered-self antigens can also be alloreactive.", "content": "Murine cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes immunized against cells bearing foreign minor histocompatibility antigens are specific for the immunizing minor antigens and for their own major H-2 antigens; they do not lyse target cells that bear the correct minor antigens plus a different H-2 haplotype. These are referred to as \"altered-self\" or \"self-plus-X\" killer cells. Alloreactive killer cells are those which respond to allogeneic cells expressing a foreign (non-self) H-2 haplotype. In this study, cytotoxic lymphocytes were immunized against minor histocompatibility differences in vivo and in vitro. These effector cells killed the immunizing altered-self target very well and showed about 1% cross-reactive lysis of an allogeneic target differing from themselves only at H-2. These cross-reactive clones were then selected for by repeated in vitro stimulation with the cells bearing foreign H-2 such that an effector population was obtained which lysed both the altered-self and the alloreactive target with the same efficiency. Cold target competition experiments established that the same killer cell could lyse either target; however, it was not determined if a killer cell uses the same receptor to respond to altered-self antigens as it does respond to foreign H-2 antigens.", "contents": "Killer cells reactive to altered-self antigens can also be alloreactive. Murine cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes immunized against cells bearing foreign minor histocompatibility antigens are specific for the immunizing minor antigens and for their own major H-2 antigens; they do not lyse target cells that bear the correct minor antigens plus a different H-2 haplotype. These are referred to as \"altered-self\" or \"self-plus-X\" killer cells. Alloreactive killer cells are those which respond to allogeneic cells expressing a foreign (non-self) H-2 haplotype. In this study, cytotoxic lymphocytes were immunized against minor histocompatibility differences in vivo and in vitro. These effector cells killed the immunizing altered-self target very well and showed about 1% cross-reactive lysis of an allogeneic target differing from themselves only at H-2. These cross-reactive clones were then selected for by repeated in vitro stimulation with the cells bearing foreign H-2 such that an effector population was obtained which lysed both the altered-self and the alloreactive target with the same efficiency. Cold target competition experiments established that the same killer cell could lyse either target; however, it was not determined if a killer cell uses the same receptor to respond to altered-self antigens as it does respond to foreign H-2 antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:141044", "title": "[Otomycosis].", "content": "From 163 patients with clinical diagnosis of otomycosis, only 72 were confirmed by the mycological laboratory. No difference was noticed regarding the age and sex of patients. The clinical symptoms were the break of the timpanic membrane, secretion and fungal colonies in one side. Most of our patients had more than one year of evolution. The more common causative agent was Aspergillus and quite frequently it were present non-pathogenic bacteria. The local treatment with a solution containing vioform with salicilic acid was successful in the 82% of cases.", "contents": "[Otomycosis]. From 163 patients with clinical diagnosis of otomycosis, only 72 were confirmed by the mycological laboratory. No difference was noticed regarding the age and sex of patients. The clinical symptoms were the break of the timpanic membrane, secretion and fungal colonies in one side. Most of our patients had more than one year of evolution. The more common causative agent was Aspergillus and quite frequently it were present non-pathogenic bacteria. The local treatment with a solution containing vioform with salicilic acid was successful in the 82% of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:141052", "title": "Biliary matrix: matrix stones as a cause of biliary obstruction.", "content": "The biliary tree secretes a mucous substance which serves as a matrix in gallstones. A case of biliary obstruction secondary to a matrix stone is reported. The characteristics and significance of biliary matrix are discussed.", "contents": "Biliary matrix: matrix stones as a cause of biliary obstruction. The biliary tree secretes a mucous substance which serves as a matrix in gallstones. A case of biliary obstruction secondary to a matrix stone is reported. The characteristics and significance of biliary matrix are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141054", "title": "Open myelomeningocele--a ten-year review of 200 consecutive closures.", "content": "An unselected series of 200 consecutive closures of open myelomeningocele is reported with reviews of the survivors at 5 and 10 years. Assessment of the child's ability to fit into society can be made reasonably accurately at 5 years. Urinary tract problems in older children have not been so prominent as expected. Twenty-six out of 106 10-year-olds had normal micturition. Social problems seem likely to outweigh surgical ones in the teenage survivors.", "contents": "Open myelomeningocele--a ten-year review of 200 consecutive closures. An unselected series of 200 consecutive closures of open myelomeningocele is reported with reviews of the survivors at 5 and 10 years. Assessment of the child's ability to fit into society can be made reasonably accurately at 5 years. Urinary tract problems in older children have not been so prominent as expected. Twenty-six out of 106 10-year-olds had normal micturition. Social problems seem likely to outweigh surgical ones in the teenage survivors."}
{"id": "PMID:141055", "title": "Congenital duodenal membrane as cause for hiatus hernia, stricture of the oesophagus, and stricture carcinoma in an adult with Down's syndrome.", "content": "The case of a 31 year old male mongoloid patient is reported, where a congenital duodenal membrane, asymptomatic in childhood, had led to hiatal hernia, stricture of the oesophagus, and finally to carcinoma of the stricture (Fig. 1). Observation time until death was 26 months. In a first operation, the membrane was resected (Fig. 2) and Nissen's fundoplication performed. 31/2 months after that stricture, carcinoma was diagnosed. In the second operation, carcinoma was resected and continuity reestablished by oesophagogastrostomy. The patient died 8 months after the second intervention.", "contents": "Congenital duodenal membrane as cause for hiatus hernia, stricture of the oesophagus, and stricture carcinoma in an adult with Down's syndrome. The case of a 31 year old male mongoloid patient is reported, where a congenital duodenal membrane, asymptomatic in childhood, had led to hiatal hernia, stricture of the oesophagus, and finally to carcinoma of the stricture (Fig. 1). Observation time until death was 26 months. In a first operation, the membrane was resected (Fig. 2) and Nissen's fundoplication performed. 31/2 months after that stricture, carcinoma was diagnosed. In the second operation, carcinoma was resected and continuity reestablished by oesophagogastrostomy. The patient died 8 months after the second intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:141073", "title": "[Prejudices and negative attitudes towards the disabled--their origin and methods of elimination (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on the fact that prejudices and negative attitudes towards the disabled are not only common to our culture, but a worldwide problem, the following article studies their genesis from the point of view of behavioural science and biology. Dispositions of the mind transmitted by society can only be considered as one causative factor amongst many for these undesirable prejudices and attitudes. It is shown that human inborn inclination for a specific reaction towards marginal groups and the equally inborn fear-reaction towards strangers are also contributing factors to the formation of prejudices. This theory is supported by findings of the animal behavioural science and comparative human ethology. As inborn prejudices can be influenced by education and need not be put down to fate, two suggestions are made concerning the elimination of negative attitudes, e.g. (1) to make man aware of the fact that as a cultural being his inborn negative reaction towards marginal groups is inappropriate. As a consequence, this reaction must be transformed both culturally and ethically, (2) to eliminate the fear-reaction towards strangers, amongst other things, through integrated education.", "contents": "[Prejudices and negative attitudes towards the disabled--their origin and methods of elimination (author's transl)]. Based on the fact that prejudices and negative attitudes towards the disabled are not only common to our culture, but a worldwide problem, the following article studies their genesis from the point of view of behavioural science and biology. Dispositions of the mind transmitted by society can only be considered as one causative factor amongst many for these undesirable prejudices and attitudes. It is shown that human inborn inclination for a specific reaction towards marginal groups and the equally inborn fear-reaction towards strangers are also contributing factors to the formation of prejudices. This theory is supported by findings of the animal behavioural science and comparative human ethology. As inborn prejudices can be influenced by education and need not be put down to fate, two suggestions are made concerning the elimination of negative attitudes, e.g. (1) to make man aware of the fact that as a cultural being his inborn negative reaction towards marginal groups is inappropriate. As a consequence, this reaction must be transformed both culturally and ethically, (2) to eliminate the fear-reaction towards strangers, amongst other things, through integrated education."}
{"id": "PMID:141074", "title": "[Rehabilitation in France: a comparison with the Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of the following article is to present the rehabilitation efforts in France. It describes legal provisions, especially the French Rehabilitation Act of 1975, the \"Loi d'orientation\", with some of its most important rules of application, as well as some concrete individual measures. It describes approaches which differ from those in the Federal Republic of Germany. The article focuses particularly on the activities of the voluntary organisations and the efforts towards a barrier-free architecture.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation in France: a comparison with the Federal Republic of Germany (author's transl)]. The purpose of the following article is to present the rehabilitation efforts in France. It describes legal provisions, especially the French Rehabilitation Act of 1975, the \"Loi d'orientation\", with some of its most important rules of application, as well as some concrete individual measures. It describes approaches which differ from those in the Federal Republic of Germany. The article focuses particularly on the activities of the voluntary organisations and the efforts towards a barrier-free architecture."}
{"id": "PMID:141075", "title": "[Nephrotic syndrome presumable caused by an complex glomerulonephritis (author's transl)].", "content": "The nephrotic syndrome presumably caused by an immune complex glomerulonephritis constitutes a major side effect attendant upon chronic administration of penicillamine. The possible induction of an immune-complex glomerulonephritis by penicillamine and its further development after stopping the drug was investigated in rats. --60 rats were fed perorally 2000 mg D-Penicillamine/kg BW/die resp. for a period of 8--44 days. Following unilateral nephrectomy the animals were observed for further 5 weeks. --Dependent to the time of penicillamine application there was an increasing deposition of IgG and C3 in a granular pattern along the glomerular basement membrane and within the mesangium. The IgG deposits initially were focal and segmental later on diffuse and global in distribution. 5 weeks after stopping the penicillamine the immune globulin deposits had disappeared completely or at least in part as did the mild focal glomerulonephritis and the moderate proteinuria which developed in some animals after a 44 day treatment with penicillamine. --The results confirm the hitherto presumed immune complex pathogenesis of the penicillamine induced nephropathy. The disappearance of the immunoglobulins deposited and of proteinuria stopping penicillamine alludes the good prognosis of this kind of nephropathy.", "contents": "[Nephrotic syndrome presumable caused by an complex glomerulonephritis (author's transl)]. The nephrotic syndrome presumably caused by an immune complex glomerulonephritis constitutes a major side effect attendant upon chronic administration of penicillamine. The possible induction of an immune-complex glomerulonephritis by penicillamine and its further development after stopping the drug was investigated in rats. --60 rats were fed perorally 2000 mg D-Penicillamine/kg BW/die resp. for a period of 8--44 days. Following unilateral nephrectomy the animals were observed for further 5 weeks. --Dependent to the time of penicillamine application there was an increasing deposition of IgG and C3 in a granular pattern along the glomerular basement membrane and within the mesangium. The IgG deposits initially were focal and segmental later on diffuse and global in distribution. 5 weeks after stopping the penicillamine the immune globulin deposits had disappeared completely or at least in part as did the mild focal glomerulonephritis and the moderate proteinuria which developed in some animals after a 44 day treatment with penicillamine. --The results confirm the hitherto presumed immune complex pathogenesis of the penicillamine induced nephropathy. The disappearance of the immunoglobulins deposited and of proteinuria stopping penicillamine alludes the good prognosis of this kind of nephropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:141080", "title": "[Prospects in the specific prevention of type B viral hepatitis].", "content": "The present paper concerns the following more important problems: -- hepatitis virus type B: morphology, antigenic structure, virus -- host interaction; -- first attempts at vaccination in hepatitis B; -- vaccines prepared from purified viral subunits; -- study of the pathogenicity and population selected as candidates for testing the efficiency of the vaccine.", "contents": "[Prospects in the specific prevention of type B viral hepatitis]. The present paper concerns the following more important problems: -- hepatitis virus type B: morphology, antigenic structure, virus -- host interaction; -- first attempts at vaccination in hepatitis B; -- vaccines prepared from purified viral subunits; -- study of the pathogenicity and population selected as candidates for testing the efficiency of the vaccine."}
{"id": "PMID:141081", "title": "[Effectiveness of repeated antibiotic or chemotherapeutic treatments on Shigella carrier states].", "content": "A group of 39 former dysentery patients, who continued to excrete Shigella bacteria after a first cure of antibiotics when full clinical recovery was obtained, were treated differentially under bacteriological control. The carrier state was still extent in 7% of the cases after three antibiotic or chemotherapeutical cures. No direct relation was found between the sensitivity of Shigella to chemotherapeutics and the level of the carrier state. Although treated already in the acute stage with adequate antibiotics, resistance to a second therapeutical attempt was recorded in a proportion of 33%. It is considered useless to repeat the antibiotic or chemotherapeutical cures in the treatment of convalescent carriers because of the low efficiency and the biological and economical disadvantages.", "contents": "[Effectiveness of repeated antibiotic or chemotherapeutic treatments on Shigella carrier states]. A group of 39 former dysentery patients, who continued to excrete Shigella bacteria after a first cure of antibiotics when full clinical recovery was obtained, were treated differentially under bacteriological control. The carrier state was still extent in 7% of the cases after three antibiotic or chemotherapeutical cures. No direct relation was found between the sensitivity of Shigella to chemotherapeutics and the level of the carrier state. Although treated already in the acute stage with adequate antibiotics, resistance to a second therapeutical attempt was recorded in a proportion of 33%. It is considered useless to repeat the antibiotic or chemotherapeutical cures in the treatment of convalescent carriers because of the low efficiency and the biological and economical disadvantages."}
{"id": "PMID:141082", "title": "[Therapeutic results in an epidemic outbreak of dysentery].", "content": "The therapeutical results obtained in an epidemical outbreak of dysentery caused by Shigella flexneri type 2 A are reported, emphasizing the bacteriological failure of the treatment with Furazolidin in 52.1% of the cases and the good results obtained with Neomycin (Mycerine).", "contents": "[Therapeutic results in an epidemic outbreak of dysentery]. The therapeutical results obtained in an epidemical outbreak of dysentery caused by Shigella flexneri type 2 A are reported, emphasizing the bacteriological failure of the treatment with Furazolidin in 52.1% of the cases and the good results obtained with Neomycin (Mycerine)."}
{"id": "PMID:141083", "title": "[Epidemiological studies of viral hepatitis with and without HB antigen by means of complex studies in families].", "content": "The results of an epidemiological and laboratory investigation on 242 adults and children, who had come in contact with patients suffering from viral hepatitis (in the family or outside it), showed the importance of family contact and the role of routes of transmission other than the parenteral and transfusional ones in viral hepatitis with positive HB antigen. Attention is likewise drawn to the importance of the laboratory tests (classical enzymatic tests and immunoelectrodiffusion) in the detection of epidemogenic sources, represented by the subclinical forms of infection.", "contents": "[Epidemiological studies of viral hepatitis with and without HB antigen by means of complex studies in families]. The results of an epidemiological and laboratory investigation on 242 adults and children, who had come in contact with patients suffering from viral hepatitis (in the family or outside it), showed the importance of family contact and the role of routes of transmission other than the parenteral and transfusional ones in viral hepatitis with positive HB antigen. Attention is likewise drawn to the importance of the laboratory tests (classical enzymatic tests and immunoelectrodiffusion) in the detection of epidemogenic sources, represented by the subclinical forms of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:141084", "title": "[HB antigen in the family environment].", "content": "HBs antigen was determined in 297 members of 91 families, former blood donors in whom the state of HBs antigen carrier lasted more than six months. The results emphasized the higher proportion of HBs antigen carriers in the family environment than in the general population (7.4% as against 4.9%) and the significantly higher frequency of the antigen among the members of consanguine families.", "contents": "[HB antigen in the family environment]. HBs antigen was determined in 297 members of 91 families, former blood donors in whom the state of HBs antigen carrier lasted more than six months. The results emphasized the higher proportion of HBs antigen carriers in the family environment than in the general population (7.4% as against 4.9%) and the significantly higher frequency of the antigen among the members of consanguine families."}
{"id": "PMID:141090", "title": "Vertical fissure line in a normal adult.", "content": "The major fissure when directed in the sagittal plane is visualized on a frontal roentgenogram. It is reported in infants and children as the vertical fissure line and may occur with cardiomegaly and/or respiratory infection which rotates or partially collapses the lower lobe. Its presence in a normal adult chest is presented. It is believed to represent a congenital positional variant.", "contents": "Vertical fissure line in a normal adult. The major fissure when directed in the sagittal plane is visualized on a frontal roentgenogram. It is reported in infants and children as the vertical fissure line and may occur with cardiomegaly and/or respiratory infection which rotates or partially collapses the lower lobe. Its presence in a normal adult chest is presented. It is believed to represent a congenital positional variant."}
{"id": "PMID:141085", "title": "[Response of the body to smallpox vaccination in persons with repeated negative vaccinal antecedents].", "content": "A study was carried out on the humoral response and vaccinal reaction after repeated administration of the smallpox vaccine (1 to 3 times), at ten days interval, to 97 subjects with a past history of repeated vaccination failures. Revaccination ended in 52.6% failures. After revaccination the antibody titer increased in 97.8% of the cases of successful vaccination and in 43.5% of the negative cases. In 29.5% of the latter cases a decrease in the antibody titer by 1--3 binary dilutions was found. The results suggest that the repeated application at short intervals of an antigenic stimulus perturbs the immune response.", "contents": "[Response of the body to smallpox vaccination in persons with repeated negative vaccinal antecedents]. A study was carried out on the humoral response and vaccinal reaction after repeated administration of the smallpox vaccine (1 to 3 times), at ten days interval, to 97 subjects with a past history of repeated vaccination failures. Revaccination ended in 52.6% failures. After revaccination the antibody titer increased in 97.8% of the cases of successful vaccination and in 43.5% of the negative cases. In 29.5% of the latter cases a decrease in the antibody titer by 1--3 binary dilutions was found. The results suggest that the repeated application at short intervals of an antigenic stimulus perturbs the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:141091", "title": "The New Zealand accident compensation scheme.", "content": "Reference is made to legislation concerned with the introduction of the New Zealand Accident Compensation Scheme in 1974. The author's experience of the Scheme is based on an exchange visit in 1975. The basic principles are community responsibility and universal entitlement to compensation. Earnings-related benefits are paid to the injured person, and flat-rate payments to non-earners. The Scheme is administered by a three-man Commission with wide responsibilities for accident prevention, rehabilitation services, administration of funds, records, public relations, and an independent Appeals Authority. There have been far reaching consequences on medical practice. The Commission construe the phrase 'Personal Injury by Accident' as damage to the human system which is not designed by the person injured: the implications of such a definition are briefly discussed. The administrative costs of any similar Scheme in the United Kingdom would be enormous and it is doubtful whether the benefits would justify the cost.", "contents": "The New Zealand accident compensation scheme. Reference is made to legislation concerned with the introduction of the New Zealand Accident Compensation Scheme in 1974. The author's experience of the Scheme is based on an exchange visit in 1975. The basic principles are community responsibility and universal entitlement to compensation. Earnings-related benefits are paid to the injured person, and flat-rate payments to non-earners. The Scheme is administered by a three-man Commission with wide responsibilities for accident prevention, rehabilitation services, administration of funds, records, public relations, and an independent Appeals Authority. There have been far reaching consequences on medical practice. The Commission construe the phrase 'Personal Injury by Accident' as damage to the human system which is not designed by the person injured: the implications of such a definition are briefly discussed. The administrative costs of any similar Scheme in the United Kingdom would be enormous and it is doubtful whether the benefits would justify the cost."}
{"id": "PMID:141086", "title": "[New coordinates in the pathogenesis of poststreptococcal nephropathies].", "content": "With reference to recently published data and the authors findings, the pathogeny and prophylaxis of streptococcal nephropathy is discussed from the viewpoint of streptococcal nephritogenicity, the reactive potential of the body and the efficiency of the antibiotic treatment. It is evident that extensive prevention with penicillin is imperfect since nephropathy, in the course of its development, is subordinated to the reactogenic immunopathological context rather than to the etiologic agent (which only becomes a link in the causattion of the disease). Today, the arguments appear to sustain a new preventive stage in which prolonged, exhaustive antibiotherapy is replaced by a differentiated etiopathogenic context, applied only in the cases of actual risk and delimited by a constant intra-and postinfectious complex clinicobiologic follow up. However, the various pathogenetic coordinates show that poststreptococcal complications demand separation of the cause which may cover the actual determining factors of the complications.", "contents": "[New coordinates in the pathogenesis of poststreptococcal nephropathies]. With reference to recently published data and the authors findings, the pathogeny and prophylaxis of streptococcal nephropathy is discussed from the viewpoint of streptococcal nephritogenicity, the reactive potential of the body and the efficiency of the antibiotic treatment. It is evident that extensive prevention with penicillin is imperfect since nephropathy, in the course of its development, is subordinated to the reactogenic immunopathological context rather than to the etiologic agent (which only becomes a link in the causattion of the disease). Today, the arguments appear to sustain a new preventive stage in which prolonged, exhaustive antibiotherapy is replaced by a differentiated etiopathogenic context, applied only in the cases of actual risk and delimited by a constant intra-and postinfectious complex clinicobiologic follow up. However, the various pathogenetic coordinates show that poststreptococcal complications demand separation of the cause which may cover the actual determining factors of the complications."}
{"id": "PMID:141092", "title": "Ascending lumbar venography in the diagnosis of lumbar disc lesions.", "content": "Fifty-five patients suffering from low back pain with or without sciatica were submitted to ascending lumbar venography. Six patients had anatomical variations which prevented adequate catheterization and 6 had equivocal radiographic appearances, which we could not assess. Fourteen patients had normal venograms but in 29 an abnormality was demonstrated. These 43 patients were then submitted to radiculography and, where appropriate, surgery. The 14 patients with normal venograms also had normal radiculograms; while the 29 with abnormal venograms had an abnormality confirmed on radiculography and/or surgery. However, in 10 of the patients the lesion was found to be one disc space lower than that demonstrated on venography; Side-effects were very few, and the procedure can be used on out-patients. This technique would appear to be a useful addition to the radiological investigation of the spine.", "contents": "Ascending lumbar venography in the diagnosis of lumbar disc lesions. Fifty-five patients suffering from low back pain with or without sciatica were submitted to ascending lumbar venography. Six patients had anatomical variations which prevented adequate catheterization and 6 had equivocal radiographic appearances, which we could not assess. Fourteen patients had normal venograms but in 29 an abnormality was demonstrated. These 43 patients were then submitted to radiculography and, where appropriate, surgery. The 14 patients with normal venograms also had normal radiculograms; while the 29 with abnormal venograms had an abnormality confirmed on radiculography and/or surgery. However, in 10 of the patients the lesion was found to be one disc space lower than that demonstrated on venography; Side-effects were very few, and the procedure can be used on out-patients. This technique would appear to be a useful addition to the radiological investigation of the spine."}
{"id": "PMID:141089", "title": "[Bacteriocin-bacteriophage interrelations].", "content": "The present paper refers to levels of morphological, serological and genetic similarity in bacteriocinogenic-lysogenic interrelationships, the similarity of the means of inducing bacteriocinogenic and lysogenic properties and the similarity of adsorption on specific cellular receptors. Nevertheless, bacteriocins and bacteriophages are still considered as agents of a different nature. Bacteriocins, with their varied chemical structure, are inert, whereas phages are complex chemical units with a nucleic acid nucleus and the capacity of self replication.", "contents": "[Bacteriocin-bacteriophage interrelations]. The present paper refers to levels of morphological, serological and genetic similarity in bacteriocinogenic-lysogenic interrelationships, the similarity of the means of inducing bacteriocinogenic and lysogenic properties and the similarity of adsorption on specific cellular receptors. Nevertheless, bacteriocins and bacteriophages are still considered as agents of a different nature. Bacteriocins, with their varied chemical structure, are inert, whereas phages are complex chemical units with a nucleic acid nucleus and the capacity of self replication."}
{"id": "PMID:141093", "title": "Backache in pregnancy.", "content": "Replies to a questionnaire showed that, amongst 180 women delivered in The London Hospital, 48% experienced backache during pregnancy; in one third of these it was severe. The prevalence of back pain increased with both increasing age and increasing parity, and it was difficult to separate the relative contributions of these two factors. No evidence was found of an association between backache during pregnancy and height, weight, 'obesity index', weight gain, or baby's weight. Analysis of aggravating and relieving factors indicates some differences between backache in the pregnant and 'mechanical' back pain in the non-pregnant. Slightly less backache was reported amongst patients attending antenatal physiotherapy classes but the figures do not provide clear evidence of any protective effect of this attendance.", "contents": "Backache in pregnancy. Replies to a questionnaire showed that, amongst 180 women delivered in The London Hospital, 48% experienced backache during pregnancy; in one third of these it was severe. The prevalence of back pain increased with both increasing age and increasing parity, and it was difficult to separate the relative contributions of these two factors. No evidence was found of an association between backache during pregnancy and height, weight, 'obesity index', weight gain, or baby's weight. Analysis of aggravating and relieving factors indicates some differences between backache in the pregnant and 'mechanical' back pain in the non-pregnant. Slightly less backache was reported amongst patients attending antenatal physiotherapy classes but the figures do not provide clear evidence of any protective effect of this attendance."}
{"id": "PMID:141094", "title": "Physical and chemical processes of sulphur dioxide in the plume from an oil-fired power station.", "content": "The Danish contribution to the EUROCOP COST 61a project is described. Work concerned the physical and chemical reactions of sulphur dioxide released from a power station. The investigation was based on the application of two tracers. Inactive, inert SF6 is used to monitor the dispersion of and deposition from the plume; it was intended to use radioactive 35SO2 to determine the degree of oxidation of sulphur released from the stack; so far, however, public reaction has prevented the use of a release of activity in field experiments. The report describes the construction and testing of airborne instruments for continuous registration of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone and the tracer SF6, as well as for measurements of temperature and humidity. Sulphur samples were collected on filter paper in a specially constructed low volume air sampler, and the subsequentchemical analysis in the laboratory is described.  Finally, the problem of navigation is treated. It is shown that nitrogen oxides may be used as an internal tracer in plume experiments. Preliminary experiments based on inactive analysis only indicated an overall half-life for SO2 in the plume of about half an hour.", "contents": "Physical and chemical processes of sulphur dioxide in the plume from an oil-fired power station. The Danish contribution to the EUROCOP COST 61a project is described. Work concerned the physical and chemical reactions of sulphur dioxide released from a power station. The investigation was based on the application of two tracers. Inactive, inert SF6 is used to monitor the dispersion of and deposition from the plume; it was intended to use radioactive 35SO2 to determine the degree of oxidation of sulphur released from the stack; so far, however, public reaction has prevented the use of a release of activity in field experiments. The report describes the construction and testing of airborne instruments for continuous registration of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone and the tracer SF6, as well as for measurements of temperature and humidity. Sulphur samples were collected on filter paper in a specially constructed low volume air sampler, and the subsequentchemical analysis in the laboratory is described.  Finally, the problem of navigation is treated. It is shown that nitrogen oxides may be used as an internal tracer in plume experiments. Preliminary experiments based on inactive analysis only indicated an overall half-life for SO2 in the plume of about half an hour."}
{"id": "PMID:141098", "title": "Experimental diabetes reduces circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the rat.", "content": "Duodenal calcium absorption and a vitamin D-dependent duodenal calcium-binding protein are depressed in rats with alloxan- or streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To test for possible abnormal vitamin D metabolism in diabetes we measured serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in control, streptozotocin diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats. The serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was depressed in untreated diabetic rats to one-eighth of the level in controls and was restored to control levels by insulin treatment. The serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was the same in all three groups. Hence, effects of diabetes on duodenal calcium transport can be explained by reduced concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D resulting either from failure of renal 1alpha-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D or increased catabolism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.", "contents": "Experimental diabetes reduces circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the rat. Duodenal calcium absorption and a vitamin D-dependent duodenal calcium-binding protein are depressed in rats with alloxan- or streptozotocin-induced diabetes. To test for possible abnormal vitamin D metabolism in diabetes we measured serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in control, streptozotocin diabetic, and insulin-treated diabetic rats. The serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D was depressed in untreated diabetic rats to one-eighth of the level in controls and was restored to control levels by insulin treatment. The serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D was the same in all three groups. Hence, effects of diabetes on duodenal calcium transport can be explained by reduced concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D resulting either from failure of renal 1alpha-hydroxylation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D or increased catabolism of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D."}
{"id": "PMID:141095", "title": "[Treatment of choreic syndromes with sodium dipropylacetate].", "content": "The therapeutic activity of natrium dipropilaceticum in two cases of Huntington chorea and in one case of vascular chorea, has been valued. DPA has putted into evidence a scarce activity in Huntington chorea cases; on the contrary it has showed a high activity for the vascular chorea ones.", "contents": "[Treatment of choreic syndromes with sodium dipropylacetate]. The therapeutic activity of natrium dipropilaceticum in two cases of Huntington chorea and in one case of vascular chorea, has been valued. DPA has putted into evidence a scarce activity in Huntington chorea cases; on the contrary it has showed a high activity for the vascular chorea ones."}
{"id": "PMID:141112", "title": "Effects of cytosine arabinoside, 6-aminonicotinamide, and 6-mercaptopurine riboside on ectoderm and mesoderm of mouse limb buds.", "content": "The effects of cytosine arabinoside, 6-aminonicotinamide, and 6-mercaptopurine riboside on the incorporation of [14C] glucose moieties and [32P] phosphate into acid-soluble material and lipids, RNA, DNA, and protein were measured in the dissected mesoderm and ectoderm of mouse limb buds at the 42-45 (day 11) somite stage. Due to the different proliferative capacities of the two tissues the incorporation of the precursors into mesodermal cells was considerably higher the than into ectodermal ones. Cytosine arabinoside inhibited the incorporation of the precursor moieties only into DNA, but very early after its application. This effect was more obvious in mesoderm than ectoderm. 6-Aminonicotinamide interfered only with glucose metabolism, whereas the incorporation of phosphate was not affected. 14C radioactivity in the various cell components was similarly reduced in mesoderm and ectoderm. 6-mercaptopurine riboside caused an increased incorporation of precursor material in all fractions studied in the mesoderm as well as in the ectoderm during the first 12 hours. This was succeeded by a dramatic decrease of incorporated 14C and 32P radioactivity. Differences of response in the tissues could not be detected with this drug. It is suggested that the malformations of the extrmities caused by these antimetabolites may be predominantly attributed to changes in the cell function rather than to gross effects on cell metabolism.", "contents": "Effects of cytosine arabinoside, 6-aminonicotinamide, and 6-mercaptopurine riboside on ectoderm and mesoderm of mouse limb buds. The effects of cytosine arabinoside, 6-aminonicotinamide, and 6-mercaptopurine riboside on the incorporation of [14C] glucose moieties and [32P] phosphate into acid-soluble material and lipids, RNA, DNA, and protein were measured in the dissected mesoderm and ectoderm of mouse limb buds at the 42-45 (day 11) somite stage. Due to the different proliferative capacities of the two tissues the incorporation of the precursors into mesodermal cells was considerably higher the than into ectodermal ones. Cytosine arabinoside inhibited the incorporation of the precursor moieties only into DNA, but very early after its application. This effect was more obvious in mesoderm than ectoderm. 6-Aminonicotinamide interfered only with glucose metabolism, whereas the incorporation of phosphate was not affected. 14C radioactivity in the various cell components was similarly reduced in mesoderm and ectoderm. 6-mercaptopurine riboside caused an increased incorporation of precursor material in all fractions studied in the mesoderm as well as in the ectoderm during the first 12 hours. This was succeeded by a dramatic decrease of incorporated 14C and 32P radioactivity. Differences of response in the tissues could not be detected with this drug. It is suggested that the malformations of the extrmities caused by these antimetabolites may be predominantly attributed to changes in the cell function rather than to gross effects on cell metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:141115", "title": "Corticosteroids in human lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic reactions: effects on the kinetics of sensitization and on the cytolytic capacity of effector lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "The present experiments tested the ability of hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone to alter the process of in vitro generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against specific alloantigens or to suppress the lytic phase of the subsequent cytotoxic reactions. The continuous presence of hydrocortisone in culture reduced the total number of cytotoxic lymphocytes recovered following their sensitization in mixed leukocyte cultures. However, corticosteroids had no direct effect on the processes required for generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes, since equal numbers of effector lymphocytes generated in the presence or absence of hydrocortisone produced equivalent, specific lympholysis. The addition of either hydrocortisone or methylprednisolone only during the cytolytic phase of cell-mediated lympholysis failed to significantly suppress the killing of lymphocyte targets. In contrast, parallel studies of the capacity of the same lymphocytes to serve as effector cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity showed that both hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone directly inhibited the killing of Chang liver cells sensitized with low concentrations of antibody.", "contents": "Corticosteroids in human lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxic reactions: effects on the kinetics of sensitization and on the cytolytic capacity of effector lymphocytes in vitro. The present experiments tested the ability of hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone to alter the process of in vitro generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes against specific alloantigens or to suppress the lytic phase of the subsequent cytotoxic reactions. The continuous presence of hydrocortisone in culture reduced the total number of cytotoxic lymphocytes recovered following their sensitization in mixed leukocyte cultures. However, corticosteroids had no direct effect on the processes required for generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes, since equal numbers of effector lymphocytes generated in the presence or absence of hydrocortisone produced equivalent, specific lympholysis. The addition of either hydrocortisone or methylprednisolone only during the cytolytic phase of cell-mediated lympholysis failed to significantly suppress the killing of lymphocyte targets. In contrast, parallel studies of the capacity of the same lymphocytes to serve as effector cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity showed that both hydrocortisone and methylprednisolone directly inhibited the killing of Chang liver cells sensitized with low concentrations of antibody."}
{"id": "PMID:141116", "title": "Significance of mixed leukocyte culture testing in cadaver kidney transplantation.", "content": "A significant correlation of kidney transplant outcome with the strength of mixed leukocyte culture stimulation was found in a series of 131 cadaver donor transplants. Graft survival rates in patients whose cultures with donor cells resulted in less than 20,000 cpm were statistically significantly better than those in patients with greater than 20,000 cpm (at 6 months and 1 year P less than 0.001). Cultures of recipient with normal control lymphocytes also correlated with clinical outcome, albeit to a somewhat lesser degree. Bidirectional cultures gave a slightly better correlation than unidirectional cultures. Whether the patient's plasma contained factors that blocked the mixed leukocyte culture reaction or not was not found to have a significant effect on transplant outcome.", "contents": "Significance of mixed leukocyte culture testing in cadaver kidney transplantation. A significant correlation of kidney transplant outcome with the strength of mixed leukocyte culture stimulation was found in a series of 131 cadaver donor transplants. Graft survival rates in patients whose cultures with donor cells resulted in less than 20,000 cpm were statistically significantly better than those in patients with greater than 20,000 cpm (at 6 months and 1 year P less than 0.001). Cultures of recipient with normal control lymphocytes also correlated with clinical outcome, albeit to a somewhat lesser degree. Bidirectional cultures gave a slightly better correlation than unidirectional cultures. Whether the patient's plasma contained factors that blocked the mixed leukocyte culture reaction or not was not found to have a significant effect on transplant outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:141117", "title": "Urine plasmin-like substances as an index of kidney allograft rejections.", "content": "Using solid state radioimmunoassays developed by the first author, changes in the urine level of plasmin-like substances (PLS) and fibrin degradation products (FDP) before and after human kidney transplantation were determined in 49 transplant patients. Averages of urine PLS and FDP in a normal population of 51 persons were 0.13+/-0.10 (SD) and 0.14+/-0.07 microng/ml, respectively. In all transplant patients there was an initial rise of both PLS and FDP in urine immediately after transplantation. This elevation peaked on days 4 and 5 and the PLS and FDP levels returned to normal range within 2 weeks in patients without evidence of rejeciton. A secondary rise of urine PLS was detected before or with a rise in serum creatinine in all of the patients experiencing rejections. Of 11 patients who showed a rejection episode within 2 weeks of transplantation, the secondary rise of urine PLS was detectable in 55% of the patients slightly before the serum creatinine level changes; of 6 patients with a rejection episode more than 2 weeks after transplantation, 100% showed a secondary PLS rise 6.7+/-2.3 (SE) days before the serum creatinine increased. The appearance of the secondary rise of urine FDP in the rejecting recipients was slightly later than the rise of PLS. Serial determination of urine PLS levels following human kidney transplantation appears to be an early index of rejections which occurs more than 2 weeks after transplantation, although the clinical usefulness of this measurement is probably limited.", "contents": "Urine plasmin-like substances as an index of kidney allograft rejections. Using solid state radioimmunoassays developed by the first author, changes in the urine level of plasmin-like substances (PLS) and fibrin degradation products (FDP) before and after human kidney transplantation were determined in 49 transplant patients. Averages of urine PLS and FDP in a normal population of 51 persons were 0.13+/-0.10 (SD) and 0.14+/-0.07 microng/ml, respectively. In all transplant patients there was an initial rise of both PLS and FDP in urine immediately after transplantation. This elevation peaked on days 4 and 5 and the PLS and FDP levels returned to normal range within 2 weeks in patients without evidence of rejeciton. A secondary rise of urine PLS was detected before or with a rise in serum creatinine in all of the patients experiencing rejections. Of 11 patients who showed a rejection episode within 2 weeks of transplantation, the secondary rise of urine PLS was detectable in 55% of the patients slightly before the serum creatinine level changes; of 6 patients with a rejection episode more than 2 weeks after transplantation, 100% showed a secondary PLS rise 6.7+/-2.3 (SE) days before the serum creatinine increased. The appearance of the secondary rise of urine FDP in the rejecting recipients was slightly later than the rise of PLS. Serial determination of urine PLS levels following human kidney transplantation appears to be an early index of rejections which occurs more than 2 weeks after transplantation, although the clinical usefulness of this measurement is probably limited."}
{"id": "PMID:141123", "title": "Immunologic study of the brain as a privileged site.", "content": "A number of experimental findings reported here indicate that the brain functions as a privileged site not because of an afferent arc blockade, as hitherto thought, but because of an efferent arc blockade, with some afferent arc delay. There appears to be a quantitative deficiency in the efferent arc, but a qualitative defect is not ruled out. Implants survive four times as long in the brain as in the anterior chamber.", "contents": "Immunologic study of the brain as a privileged site. A number of experimental findings reported here indicate that the brain functions as a privileged site not because of an afferent arc blockade, as hitherto thought, but because of an efferent arc blockade, with some afferent arc delay. There appears to be a quantitative deficiency in the efferent arc, but a qualitative defect is not ruled out. Implants survive four times as long in the brain as in the anterior chamber."}
{"id": "PMID:141132", "title": "Influence of HLA-A, -B, -C, and -D matching on the outcome of clinical kidney transplantation.", "content": "The influence of HLA matching has been studied in the Norwegian material of 142 living related and 311 cadaveric transplants. Graft survival corresponded closely to the degree of HLA haplotype disparity between donors and recipients. Furthermore, graft survival was less in combinations being incompatible for the serologically defined HLA-A and -B antigens as compared to compatible combinations. A weak MLC response, indicating a possible sharing of the HLA-D determinants between donor and recipient, was also associated with superior graft survival, even in the presence of HLA-A and -B disparity. Matching for HLA-C in addition to HLA-A and -B did not seem to improve graft survival.", "contents": "Influence of HLA-A, -B, -C, and -D matching on the outcome of clinical kidney transplantation. The influence of HLA matching has been studied in the Norwegian material of 142 living related and 311 cadaveric transplants. Graft survival corresponded closely to the degree of HLA haplotype disparity between donors and recipients. Furthermore, graft survival was less in combinations being incompatible for the serologically defined HLA-A and -B antigens as compared to compatible combinations. A weak MLC response, indicating a possible sharing of the HLA-D determinants between donor and recipient, was also associated with superior graft survival, even in the presence of HLA-A and -B disparity. Matching for HLA-C in addition to HLA-A and -B did not seem to improve graft survival."}
{"id": "PMID:141139", "title": "Differential effects of T-lymphocyte-derived soluble factor on virgin and primed B lymphocytes in vitro.", "content": "Cell-free supernatants from mixed leukocyte cultures derived from histoincompatible mouse strains markedly enhanced the in vitro immune response to SRBC by splenocytes from allogeneic mice. The supernatant factor or factors from allogeneic spleen cell cultures appeared to preferentially stimulate antigen-sensitized B lymphocytes, especially those involved in secondary IgG antibody formation. Furthermore, as shown in the present study, the enhancing supernatant factor or factors had no effect on the true primary in vitro immune response to Vibrio cholerae antigen. Normal spleen cells cultured in vitro without cholera vaccine failed to develop antibody-forming cells to this bacterial antigen, despite the presence of the enhancing factor. In contrast, the true secondary immune response to vibrios was markedly enhanced when allogeneic culture supernatants were added at the time of secondary immunization of cholera-primed splenocytes in vitro. Enhancement occurred both for 7S IgG and 19S IgM vibriolytic plaque-forming cells. It appears likely that T lymphocytes present among the allogeneic splenocytes interacting in vitro to histoincompatible antigens release a factor or factors that primarily affect antigen-primed B lymphocytes but also may influence other cells such as macrophages that are important in the immune response to particulate antigens.", "contents": "Differential effects of T-lymphocyte-derived soluble factor on virgin and primed B lymphocytes in vitro. Cell-free supernatants from mixed leukocyte cultures derived from histoincompatible mouse strains markedly enhanced the in vitro immune response to SRBC by splenocytes from allogeneic mice. The supernatant factor or factors from allogeneic spleen cell cultures appeared to preferentially stimulate antigen-sensitized B lymphocytes, especially those involved in secondary IgG antibody formation. Furthermore, as shown in the present study, the enhancing supernatant factor or factors had no effect on the true primary in vitro immune response to Vibrio cholerae antigen. Normal spleen cells cultured in vitro without cholera vaccine failed to develop antibody-forming cells to this bacterial antigen, despite the presence of the enhancing factor. In contrast, the true secondary immune response to vibrios was markedly enhanced when allogeneic culture supernatants were added at the time of secondary immunization of cholera-primed splenocytes in vitro. Enhancement occurred both for 7S IgG and 19S IgM vibriolytic plaque-forming cells. It appears likely that T lymphocytes present among the allogeneic splenocytes interacting in vitro to histoincompatible antigens release a factor or factors that primarily affect antigen-primed B lymphocytes but also may influence other cells such as macrophages that are important in the immune response to particulate antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:141145", "title": "On the identity of lymphoid cells that stimulate the rat MLC and produce active enhancement.", "content": "The preimmunization of 10(7) Brown Norway (BN) rat lymphoid cells i.v. 1 week before (Lew X BN) F1 to Lewis renal grafting causes a state of immunologic enhancement. The BN lymphoid cells responsible for producing enhancement are the same cells that are capable of stimulating Lewis T cells in one-way MLCs. Thus active enhancement requires immunity to LD antigens, since SD +, LD- BN cells do not create a vigorous enhanced state.", "contents": "On the identity of lymphoid cells that stimulate the rat MLC and produce active enhancement. The preimmunization of 10(7) Brown Norway (BN) rat lymphoid cells i.v. 1 week before (Lew X BN) F1 to Lewis renal grafting causes a state of immunologic enhancement. The BN lymphoid cells responsible for producing enhancement are the same cells that are capable of stimulating Lewis T cells in one-way MLCs. Thus active enhancement requires immunity to LD antigens, since SD +, LD- BN cells do not create a vigorous enhanced state."}
{"id": "PMID:141147", "title": "[Kinetic studies of melipramine inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the synaptosomal fraction of the brain].", "content": "The effect of antidepressant melipramine (imipramine) on the Na+, K+-ATPase activity was studied in the brain synaptosomes as dependent on the sodium and potassium ions concentration and pH of the incubation medium. Melipramine in concentrations of 0.05-1.0 mM is shown to inhibit the Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Under pH 7.4 monovalent cations prevent the inhibitory action of melipramine, changing the kinetic of the interaction between melipramine and the enzyme preparation. When changing pH from 7.4 to 8.2 the preventional action of the ions decreases, and the inhibitory action of melipramine on the Na+, K+-ATPase activity increases. Possible mechanisms of the melipramine interaction with Na+, K+-ATPase system are discussed.", "contents": "[Kinetic studies of melipramine inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase activity in the synaptosomal fraction of the brain]. The effect of antidepressant melipramine (imipramine) on the Na+, K+-ATPase activity was studied in the brain synaptosomes as dependent on the sodium and potassium ions concentration and pH of the incubation medium. Melipramine in concentrations of 0.05-1.0 mM is shown to inhibit the Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Under pH 7.4 monovalent cations prevent the inhibitory action of melipramine, changing the kinetic of the interaction between melipramine and the enzyme preparation. When changing pH from 7.4 to 8.2 the preventional action of the ions decreases, and the inhibitory action of melipramine on the Na+, K+-ATPase activity increases. Possible mechanisms of the melipramine interaction with Na+, K+-ATPase system are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141148", "title": "[Extraction of highly active preparations of \"soluble\" Na+, K+-ATPase from different membrane stuctures of the brain].", "content": "A successive treatment with sodium iodide and digitonin of the myeline, microsome and synaptosome fractions of the cattle brain tissue resulted in obtaining the preparations of \"soluble\", Na+, K+-ATPase with a rather high specific activity non-containing practically Mg2+-dependent ATPase. To estimate the degree of these preparations structural heterogeneity they were subjected to analytical ultracentrifugation and disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The data obtained suggest an insignificant degree of heterogeneity for the \"soluble\" Na+, K+-ATP-ase preparations.", "contents": "[Extraction of highly active preparations of \"soluble\" Na+, K+-ATPase from different membrane stuctures of the brain]. A successive treatment with sodium iodide and digitonin of the myeline, microsome and synaptosome fractions of the cattle brain tissue resulted in obtaining the preparations of \"soluble\", Na+, K+-ATPase with a rather high specific activity non-containing practically Mg2+-dependent ATPase. To estimate the degree of these preparations structural heterogeneity they were subjected to analytical ultracentrifugation and disc-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The data obtained suggest an insignificant degree of heterogeneity for the \"soluble\" Na+, K+-ATP-ase preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:141163", "title": "Inhibition of agar colony formation by partially purified granulocyte extracts (chalone).", "content": "Granulocytic extracts (GE) of different sources, presumably containing the granulocytic chalone, were prepared in different laboratories and purified to some extent. They specifically inhibited the formation of granulocyte and macrophage colonies in agar. The effect was however most pronounced on granulocyte and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies, and less on macrophage types. Addition of GE to bone marrow cells at the time of plating in agar, as well as short incubation of the cells together with GE prior to plating, inhibited subsequent colony formation. The inhibitory effect could easily be reversed by washing the cells with an excess of medium prior to plating during the first hour of preincubation, but not after five hours. Increasing the doses of colony stimulating activity (CSA) (at low doses of GE) released the inhibitory effect, but not at high doses of GE. The inhibitory effect of GE on colony formation was dose dependent down to almost 100% inhibition. No apparent cytotoxic effect of GE on bone marrow cells could be found and lymphoblastic cells were not inhibited. Extracts containing a specific inhibitor of erythropoiesis (EIF) stimulated myelopoietic colony formation in agar.", "contents": "Inhibition of agar colony formation by partially purified granulocyte extracts (chalone). Granulocytic extracts (GE) of different sources, presumably containing the granulocytic chalone, were prepared in different laboratories and purified to some extent. They specifically inhibited the formation of granulocyte and macrophage colonies in agar. The effect was however most pronounced on granulocyte and mixed granulocyte-macrophage colonies, and less on macrophage types. Addition of GE to bone marrow cells at the time of plating in agar, as well as short incubation of the cells together with GE prior to plating, inhibited subsequent colony formation. The inhibitory effect could easily be reversed by washing the cells with an excess of medium prior to plating during the first hour of preincubation, but not after five hours. Increasing the doses of colony stimulating activity (CSA) (at low doses of GE) released the inhibitory effect, but not at high doses of GE. The inhibitory effect of GE on colony formation was dose dependent down to almost 100% inhibition. No apparent cytotoxic effect of GE on bone marrow cells could be found and lymphoblastic cells were not inhibited. Extracts containing a specific inhibitor of erythropoiesis (EIF) stimulated myelopoietic colony formation in agar."}
{"id": "PMID:141167", "title": "[RNA and protein metabolism in the myocardium in aging and long-term hyperfunction of the heart].", "content": "Metabolism RNA and proteins was distinctly altered in myocardium hypertrophied due to prolonged hyperfunction and in the heart muscle of aged rats. The following alterations were observed: decrease in RNA concentration and in the absolute rate of protein synthesis in vivo, decrease in incorporation of labelled amino acids into heart ribosomes in cell-free system, the distinct depression of RNA turnover. The data obtained suggest that prolonged heart hyperfunction and hypertrophy promote the myocardium impairment and hence the process of senescence in developed more rapidly than under normal conditions.", "contents": "[RNA and protein metabolism in the myocardium in aging and long-term hyperfunction of the heart]. Metabolism RNA and proteins was distinctly altered in myocardium hypertrophied due to prolonged hyperfunction and in the heart muscle of aged rats. The following alterations were observed: decrease in RNA concentration and in the absolute rate of protein synthesis in vivo, decrease in incorporation of labelled amino acids into heart ribosomes in cell-free system, the distinct depression of RNA turnover. The data obtained suggest that prolonged heart hyperfunction and hypertrophy promote the myocardium impairment and hence the process of senescence in developed more rapidly than under normal conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:141177", "title": "[Teratogenic action of tetracyclines with special reference to otesolut and terramycin in animal experiments].", "content": "The author in his present paper reports the effects on dams and their young of the administration to twelve gravid rabbits of Otesolut and Terramycin (20 mg, 60 mg, and 100 mg per kilogram of body weight)", "contents": "[Teratogenic action of tetracyclines with special reference to otesolut and terramycin in animal experiments]. The author in his present paper reports the effects on dams and their young of the administration to twelve gravid rabbits of Otesolut and Terramycin (20 mg, 60 mg, and 100 mg per kilogram of body weight)"}
{"id": "PMID:141178", "title": "[Influence of internal fluoride uptake on the eruption of deciduous teeth].", "content": "The possibility of influencing the eruptive behavior of deciduous teeth through the intake of fluorine is analyzed by comparing the average dates of eruption determined for several thousand subjects living in regions in which the drinking water has low and optimum contents of fluorine.", "contents": "[Influence of internal fluoride uptake on the eruption of deciduous teeth]. The possibility of influencing the eruptive behavior of deciduous teeth through the intake of fluorine is analyzed by comparing the average dates of eruption determined for several thousand subjects living in regions in which the drinking water has low and optimum contents of fluorine."}
{"id": "PMID:141179", "title": "[Calcium transport via the placenta by simultaneous fluoride administration in rats].", "content": "Ca-45 was injected Wistar-rats during pregnancy that receive destillated or with 100 ppm F- enriched water. The effect of fluoride on transport of calcium through placenta was calculated from results of Ca-45-activity of fetuses. Besides results were obtained about fluoride- and Ca-45-uptake of mothers femur and about the development of rats under fluoride ingestion", "contents": "[Calcium transport via the placenta by simultaneous fluoride administration in rats]. Ca-45 was injected Wistar-rats during pregnancy that receive destillated or with 100 ppm F- enriched water. The effect of fluoride on transport of calcium through placenta was calculated from results of Ca-45-activity of fetuses. Besides results were obtained about fluoride- and Ca-45-uptake of mothers femur and about the development of rats under fluoride ingestion"}
{"id": "PMID:141180", "title": "[Caries protective action of a mineral solution in the presence and absence of fluorides in an animal experiment].", "content": "Experimental animal studies were made in an attempt to determine by means of series of sections the anticarious properties and effects of a locally applied mineral solution in the presence and absence of fluorides", "contents": "[Caries protective action of a mineral solution in the presence and absence of fluorides in an animal experiment]. Experimental animal studies were made in an attempt to determine by means of series of sections the anticarious properties and effects of a locally applied mineral solution in the presence and absence of fluorides"}
{"id": "PMID:141181", "title": "[Metabolism of teeth and bones of rats following single-sided fluoride application].", "content": "The paper reports experimental radioisotopic animal studies of the inclusion of lysine 1C14, P32, and Ca45 in the mineral fraction of molars and bones of rats after semilateral application of fluoride lacquer", "contents": "[Metabolism of teeth and bones of rats following single-sided fluoride application]. The paper reports experimental radioisotopic animal studies of the inclusion of lysine 1C14, P32, and Ca45 in the mineral fraction of molars and bones of rats after semilateral application of fluoride lacquer"}
{"id": "PMID:141183", "title": "[Role of the instrument transmission factor in the epidemiology of viral hepatitis. II. Methods, materials, chief results].", "content": "The authors conducted a prospective controlled epidemiological observation in two towns of the Moldavian SSR. There were 50 000 persons under observation. Over 300 000 parenteral manipulations carried out in them were recorded. Analysis of the materials obtained on the Minsk-22 computer demonstrated the same incidence of viral hepatitis in the groups given parenteral manipulations and without them. Consequently, the instrumental transmission factor had no essential significance in the epidemiology of viral hepatitis, this corresponding to the results of the authors' preceding theoretical study.", "contents": "[Role of the instrument transmission factor in the epidemiology of viral hepatitis. II. Methods, materials, chief results]. The authors conducted a prospective controlled epidemiological observation in two towns of the Moldavian SSR. There were 50 000 persons under observation. Over 300 000 parenteral manipulations carried out in them were recorded. Analysis of the materials obtained on the Minsk-22 computer demonstrated the same incidence of viral hepatitis in the groups given parenteral manipulations and without them. Consequently, the instrumental transmission factor had no essential significance in the epidemiology of viral hepatitis, this corresponding to the results of the authors' preceding theoretical study."}
{"id": "PMID:141184", "title": "Subcellular fractionation by centrifugation of homogenates of the neural lobe of the bovine pituitary gland: identification of different pools of hormone in the homogenate and isolation of neurosecretosomes.", "content": "1. Homogenates of bovine pituitary neural lobe tissue were subjected to differential centrifugation. Six subcellular fractions (I-VI) were obtained and the distribution among them of various cell organelles was studied by means of markers. Fraction II (800-3000 gav), the nerve-ending fraction (neurosecretosomes), contained sedimentable lactate dehydrogenase, hormone and a large proportion of the total Mg2 + +Na+ +K+-ATPase. 2. Lysis of the neurosecretosomes in hypotonic sucrose solutions led to loss of lactate dehydrogenase and vasopressin. 3. Centrifugation of the granule fraction (IV) on a sucrose gradient (1.3-2.0 M sucrose) gave a bimodal distribution of vasopressin. Purified neurosecretory granules were recovered from the denser band. Centrifugation on modified gradients (0.8-2.0 or 0.4-2.0 M sucrose) increased the yield of hormone in the denser band but the purity of the granules was decreased. 4. Considerable purification of the neurosecretosomes (fraction II) was achieved by \"washing\". Centrifugation of washed neurosecretosomes on sucrose density gradients led to the accumulation of all activities at a region between 1.4 and 1.5 M sucrose. 5. The distribution of Mg2+ +Na+ +K+-ATPase in centrifugal fractions indicated that the neurosecretosomes had been isolated in relatively high yield.", "contents": "Subcellular fractionation by centrifugation of homogenates of the neural lobe of the bovine pituitary gland: identification of different pools of hormone in the homogenate and isolation of neurosecretosomes. 1. Homogenates of bovine pituitary neural lobe tissue were subjected to differential centrifugation. Six subcellular fractions (I-VI) were obtained and the distribution among them of various cell organelles was studied by means of markers. Fraction II (800-3000 gav), the nerve-ending fraction (neurosecretosomes), contained sedimentable lactate dehydrogenase, hormone and a large proportion of the total Mg2 + +Na+ +K+-ATPase. 2. Lysis of the neurosecretosomes in hypotonic sucrose solutions led to loss of lactate dehydrogenase and vasopressin. 3. Centrifugation of the granule fraction (IV) on a sucrose gradient (1.3-2.0 M sucrose) gave a bimodal distribution of vasopressin. Purified neurosecretory granules were recovered from the denser band. Centrifugation on modified gradients (0.8-2.0 or 0.4-2.0 M sucrose) increased the yield of hormone in the denser band but the purity of the granules was decreased. 4. Considerable purification of the neurosecretosomes (fraction II) was achieved by \"washing\". Centrifugation of washed neurosecretosomes on sucrose density gradients led to the accumulation of all activities at a region between 1.4 and 1.5 M sucrose. 5. The distribution of Mg2+ +Na+ +K+-ATPase in centrifugal fractions indicated that the neurosecretosomes had been isolated in relatively high yield."}
{"id": "PMID:141185", "title": "Serum dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in baboon (Papio Papio) pregnancy.", "content": "Dehydroepiandrosterone (D) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DS) concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in peripheral sera of non-pregnant, pregnant (55 days to term) and newborn baboons and in umbilical sera of animals delivered by Caesarean section close to term. D concentrations (mean +/- SD, microng/100 ml, N) in non-pregnany animals (1.61 +/- 1.32, 23) were not different (P greater than 0.05) from those during pregnancy (1.80 +/- 1.21, 101). DS concentrations, expressed as unconjugated D, in non-pregnant (13.5 +/- 6.0, 23) and pregnant (15.1 +/- 7.5, 101) animals were also similar (P greater than 0.05). However, both D (P less than 0.01) and DS (P less than 0.005) levels increased with gestational age such that serum D (2.46 +/- 1.39, 23, P less than 0.05) and DS (18.9 +/- 5.7, 23, P less than 0.001) levels between 150 and 180 days gestation were greater than in non-pregnant animals. These increases may be important since oestrogen production rises rapidly during late gestation and both D and DS can serve as oestrogen precursors. In both non-pregnant (P less than 0.005) and pregnant (P less than 0.001) animals D and DS concentrations (ratio 1:8) were correlated. Cord serum D levels (2.4 +/- 1.4, 5) were not different from those of maternal serum (P greater than 0.05), while cord DS levels (40.3 +/- 14.8) were greater (P less than 0.001) than those of maternal serum. This may reflect rapid equilibration of D but not DS between foetal and maternal circulations. In sera from neonates, D (19.4 +/- 14.6, 8) and DS 567 +/- 570, 8) concentrations were greater (P less than 0.001) than those in maternal serum, indicating marked post-partal changes in clearance or production of both compounds. The high levels of D and DS in cord and newborn wera are compatible with the view that the baboon foetus makes appreciable contributions of oestrogen precurosrs in pregnancy.", "contents": "Serum dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate in baboon (Papio Papio) pregnancy. Dehydroepiandrosterone (D) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DS) concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay in peripheral sera of non-pregnant, pregnant (55 days to term) and newborn baboons and in umbilical sera of animals delivered by Caesarean section close to term. D concentrations (mean +/- SD, microng/100 ml, N) in non-pregnany animals (1.61 +/- 1.32, 23) were not different (P greater than 0.05) from those during pregnancy (1.80 +/- 1.21, 101). DS concentrations, expressed as unconjugated D, in non-pregnant (13.5 +/- 6.0, 23) and pregnant (15.1 +/- 7.5, 101) animals were also similar (P greater than 0.05). However, both D (P less than 0.01) and DS (P less than 0.005) levels increased with gestational age such that serum D (2.46 +/- 1.39, 23, P less than 0.05) and DS (18.9 +/- 5.7, 23, P less than 0.001) levels between 150 and 180 days gestation were greater than in non-pregnant animals. These increases may be important since oestrogen production rises rapidly during late gestation and both D and DS can serve as oestrogen precursors. In both non-pregnant (P less than 0.005) and pregnant (P less than 0.001) animals D and DS concentrations (ratio 1:8) were correlated. Cord serum D levels (2.4 +/- 1.4, 5) were not different from those of maternal serum (P greater than 0.05), while cord DS levels (40.3 +/- 14.8) were greater (P less than 0.001) than those of maternal serum. This may reflect rapid equilibration of D but not DS between foetal and maternal circulations. In sera from neonates, D (19.4 +/- 14.6, 8) and DS 567 +/- 570, 8) concentrations were greater (P less than 0.001) than those in maternal serum, indicating marked post-partal changes in clearance or production of both compounds. The high levels of D and DS in cord and newborn wera are compatible with the view that the baboon foetus makes appreciable contributions of oestrogen precurosrs in pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:141186", "title": "Biochemical and genetic variables associated with mothers of G-trisomy affected children.", "content": "The significant differences in biochemical and chromosomal characteristics, and familial history observed between group of mothers who gave birth to children affected with G-trisomy (Down's syndrome) and their age-matched controls, indicate that these three maternal variables, in addition to the well known variable of maternal age, are associated with etiology of the aneuploidy. Since attempts to find statistical correlation between these chromosomal and biochemical variables failed, it is believed that these three are unrelated, but very possible etiological factors.", "contents": "Biochemical and genetic variables associated with mothers of G-trisomy affected children. The significant differences in biochemical and chromosomal characteristics, and familial history observed between group of mothers who gave birth to children affected with G-trisomy (Down's syndrome) and their age-matched controls, indicate that these three maternal variables, in addition to the well known variable of maternal age, are associated with etiology of the aneuploidy. Since attempts to find statistical correlation between these chromosomal and biochemical variables failed, it is believed that these three are unrelated, but very possible etiological factors."}
{"id": "PMID:141187", "title": "Ribosomal RNA, maternal age, and Down's syndrome.", "content": "A selective loss (or a blocking) of rRNA genes in ageing oocytes, and its compensation through the retention of an acrocentric nucleolar organizer chromosome, is proposed as a possible mechanism responsible for the increased frequency of Down's syndrome with maternal age.", "contents": "Ribosomal RNA, maternal age, and Down's syndrome. A selective loss (or a blocking) of rRNA genes in ageing oocytes, and its compensation through the retention of an acrocentric nucleolar organizer chromosome, is proposed as a possible mechanism responsible for the increased frequency of Down's syndrome with maternal age."}
{"id": "PMID:141190", "title": "18O-exchange catalyzed by myosin, heavy meromyosin, heavy meromyosin subfragment 1 and their complexes with actin.", "content": "Myosin, HMM and HMM S1 catalyze 18O-exchange between P1 and H218O of the medium at an intermediate stage of ATP hydrolysis (\"intermediate 18O-exchange\") in the presence of Mg2+. Natural complexes of actomyosin and acto-HMM S1 do not catalyze intermediate 18O-exchange but facilitate \"direct\" or \"medium\" 18O-exchange (KH2P18O4 in equilibrium H2O) even without ATP. Reconstituted complexes of actomyosin, acto-HMM, acto-HMM S1, PABC-HMM S1, congo-myosin and TNP-myosin do not catalyze direct 18O-exchange in the presence of Mg2+ and absence of ATP. From the data obtained a hypothetical sequence of phosphorylation and 18O-exchange reactions in myofibril action has been suggested.", "contents": "18O-exchange catalyzed by myosin, heavy meromyosin, heavy meromyosin subfragment 1 and their complexes with actin. Myosin, HMM and HMM S1 catalyze 18O-exchange between P1 and H218O of the medium at an intermediate stage of ATP hydrolysis (\"intermediate 18O-exchange\") in the presence of Mg2+. Natural complexes of actomyosin and acto-HMM S1 do not catalyze intermediate 18O-exchange but facilitate \"direct\" or \"medium\" 18O-exchange (KH2P18O4 in equilibrium H2O) even without ATP. Reconstituted complexes of actomyosin, acto-HMM, acto-HMM S1, PABC-HMM S1, congo-myosin and TNP-myosin do not catalyze direct 18O-exchange in the presence of Mg2+ and absence of ATP. From the data obtained a hypothetical sequence of phosphorylation and 18O-exchange reactions in myofibril action has been suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:141191", "title": "Unilateral and bilateral partial laminectomy in lumbar disc prolapse. A follow-up study of 156 patients.", "content": "The results of two comparable groups of in all 156 operated patients with lumbar disc prolapse were evaluated 4-9 years postoperatively. Sixty-seven patients had received  bilateral and 89 unilateral partial laminectomy. At follow-up, the results of the bilaterally operated were all excellent or good, whereas 15% with unilateral exposure were unchanged or worse. The unilaterally operated presented a significantly higher incidence of low back pain and recurrences of sciatica than the bilaterally operated. There were no reoperations for recurrent prolapses following the bilateral approach compared with four after unilateral approach. It is concluded that bilateral partial laminectomy affords a good view of the disc pathology and a greater possibility for obtaining relief of the symptoms without reducing the stability of the column.", "contents": "Unilateral and bilateral partial laminectomy in lumbar disc prolapse. A follow-up study of 156 patients. The results of two comparable groups of in all 156 operated patients with lumbar disc prolapse were evaluated 4-9 years postoperatively. Sixty-seven patients had received  bilateral and 89 unilateral partial laminectomy. At follow-up, the results of the bilaterally operated were all excellent or good, whereas 15% with unilateral exposure were unchanged or worse. The unilaterally operated presented a significantly higher incidence of low back pain and recurrences of sciatica than the bilaterally operated. There were no reoperations for recurrent prolapses following the bilateral approach compared with four after unilateral approach. It is concluded that bilateral partial laminectomy affords a good view of the disc pathology and a greater possibility for obtaining relief of the symptoms without reducing the stability of the column."}
{"id": "PMID:141193", "title": "Congenital immunodeficiency and agranulocytosis (reticular dysgenesia).", "content": "A patient is presented who manifested the typical clinical and pathological features of congenital immunodeficiency and agranulocytosis (reticular dysgenesia). Treatment under gnotobiotic conditions enabled the measurement of immunogical parameters up to the 17th week of life with the following results: negative skin test, low response to phytohaemagglutinin, weak response in the mixed leukocyte culture and very few E rosettes. Peripheral lymphocytes and lymphocytes in the lymphatic tissues were markedly decreased. Humoral immunoglobulins and plasma cells in the organs were decreased. The in vitro culture of hemopoietic cells showed a diminished content of myelopoietic progenitor cells (\"committed stem cells\"). It is concluded that the disease may be primarily a defect of stem cells with regard to differentiation in myelopoiesis or lymphopoiesis.", "contents": "Congenital immunodeficiency and agranulocytosis (reticular dysgenesia). A patient is presented who manifested the typical clinical and pathological features of congenital immunodeficiency and agranulocytosis (reticular dysgenesia). Treatment under gnotobiotic conditions enabled the measurement of immunogical parameters up to the 17th week of life with the following results: negative skin test, low response to phytohaemagglutinin, weak response in the mixed leukocyte culture and very few E rosettes. Peripheral lymphocytes and lymphocytes in the lymphatic tissues were markedly decreased. Humoral immunoglobulins and plasma cells in the organs were decreased. The in vitro culture of hemopoietic cells showed a diminished content of myelopoietic progenitor cells (\"committed stem cells\"). It is concluded that the disease may be primarily a defect of stem cells with regard to differentiation in myelopoiesis or lymphopoiesis."}
{"id": "PMID:141194", "title": "Effect of manganese on neonatal rat: manganese concentration and enzymatic alterations in brain.", "content": "Suckling rats were exposed for 15 and 30 days to manganese through the milk of nursing dams receiving 15 mg MnCl2--4H2O/kg/day orally and after which the neurological manifestations of metal poisoning were studied. No significant differences in the growth rate, developmental landmarks and walking movements were observed between the control and manganese-exposed pups. The metal concentration was significantly increased in the brain of manganese-fed pups at 15 days and exhibited a further three-fold increase over the control, at 30 days. The accumulation of the metal in the brain of manganese-exposed nursing dams was comparatively much less. A significant decrease in succinic dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, adenosine deaminase, acetylcholine esterase and an increase in monoamine oxidase activity was observed in the brain of experimental pups and dams. The results suggest that the developing brain may also be susceptible to manganese.", "contents": "Effect of manganese on neonatal rat: manganese concentration and enzymatic alterations in brain. Suckling rats were exposed for 15 and 30 days to manganese through the milk of nursing dams receiving 15 mg MnCl2--4H2O/kg/day orally and after which the neurological manifestations of metal poisoning were studied. No significant differences in the growth rate, developmental landmarks and walking movements were observed between the control and manganese-exposed pups. The metal concentration was significantly increased in the brain of manganese-fed pups at 15 days and exhibited a further three-fold increase over the control, at 30 days. The accumulation of the metal in the brain of manganese-exposed nursing dams was comparatively much less. A significant decrease in succinic dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, adenosine deaminase, acetylcholine esterase and an increase in monoamine oxidase activity was observed in the brain of experimental pups and dams. The results suggest that the developing brain may also be susceptible to manganese."}
{"id": "PMID:141202", "title": "Electrocardiographic left atrial enlargement. Electrophysiologic, echocardiographic and hemodynamic correlates.", "content": "The mechanism of the electrocardiographic pattern termed left atrial enlargement was evaluated in 21 patients. Left atrial size and pressure as well as interatrial conduction were correlated with electrocardiographic left atrial enlargement using echocardiography, mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and activation time from the P wave to the coronary sinus. In the group as a whole only prolongation of interatrial conduction time was consistently related to the electrocardiographic pattern of left atrial enlargement; left atrial size or pressure was not predictably abnormal in patients with this pattern. Five patients had neither elevation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure nor echocardiographic evidence of an enlarged left atrium. When the etiologic type of heart disease was analyzed, an enlarged left atrium correlated with electrocardiographic left atrial enlargement only in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease (eight of nine patients). Elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure correlated with electrocardiographic left atrial enlargement in all four patients with cardiomyopathy. In patients with coronary artery disease the electrocardiographic pattern was unrelated to either left atrial pressure or volume overload. Thus, the electrocardiographic pattern termed left atrial enlargement appears to represent an interatrial conduction defect that can be produced by a variety of factors.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic left atrial enlargement. Electrophysiologic, echocardiographic and hemodynamic correlates. The mechanism of the electrocardiographic pattern termed left atrial enlargement was evaluated in 21 patients. Left atrial size and pressure as well as interatrial conduction were correlated with electrocardiographic left atrial enlargement using echocardiography, mean pulmonary capillary wedge pressure and activation time from the P wave to the coronary sinus. In the group as a whole only prolongation of interatrial conduction time was consistently related to the electrocardiographic pattern of left atrial enlargement; left atrial size or pressure was not predictably abnormal in patients with this pattern. Five patients had neither elevation of pulmonary capillary wedge pressure nor echocardiographic evidence of an enlarged left atrium. When the etiologic type of heart disease was analyzed, an enlarged left atrium correlated with electrocardiographic left atrial enlargement only in patients with rheumatic mitral valve disease (eight of nine patients). Elevated pulmonary capillary wedge pressure correlated with electrocardiographic left atrial enlargement in all four patients with cardiomyopathy. In patients with coronary artery disease the electrocardiographic pattern was unrelated to either left atrial pressure or volume overload. Thus, the electrocardiographic pattern termed left atrial enlargement appears to represent an interatrial conduction defect that can be produced by a variety of factors."}
{"id": "PMID:141204", "title": "Platelet aggregation and the ouabain-insensitive ATPase. Ecto-ATPase, reflection of membrane integrity.", "content": "The ecto-ATPase activity of washed human platelets has been characterized by a higher-performance liquid chromatographic method. Mg++ was found to stimulate ecto-ATPase activity more strongly than Ca++. The combination of Mg++ and Ca++ at increasing concentrations caused diminishing activity levels. Elevated ecto-ATPase activity was also found in platelets incubated with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or potassium cyanide (KCN). It is proposed that the increase of ecto-ATPase activity is related to the extrusion or exposure of plasma membrane containing a ouabain-insensitive ATPase. The role of ecto-ATPase in platelet aggregation is discussed in light of these findings.", "contents": "Platelet aggregation and the ouabain-insensitive ATPase. Ecto-ATPase, reflection of membrane integrity. The ecto-ATPase activity of washed human platelets has been characterized by a higher-performance liquid chromatographic method. Mg++ was found to stimulate ecto-ATPase activity more strongly than Ca++. The combination of Mg++ and Ca++ at increasing concentrations caused diminishing activity levels. Elevated ecto-ATPase activity was also found in platelets incubated with prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) or potassium cyanide (KCN). It is proposed that the increase of ecto-ATPase activity is related to the extrusion or exposure of plasma membrane containing a ouabain-insensitive ATPase. The role of ecto-ATPase in platelet aggregation is discussed in light of these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:141205", "title": "Prune-belly syndrome associated with Potter (renal nonfunction) syndrome.", "content": "Three fatal cases of prune-belly syndrome were associated with nonrenal features of Potter syndrome. The abdominal muscle hypoplasia is thought to be a result of large kidneys compression the developing abdominal musculature during a critical phase of fetal development. Thus, Potter syndrome and prune-belly syndrome may coexist when nonfunctioning large kidneys result in oligohydramnios. A teratogenic role of cytomegalovirus inclusion disease and other viruses is possible in the pathogenesis of these syndromes.", "contents": "Prune-belly syndrome associated with Potter (renal nonfunction) syndrome. Three fatal cases of prune-belly syndrome were associated with nonrenal features of Potter syndrome. The abdominal muscle hypoplasia is thought to be a result of large kidneys compression the developing abdominal musculature during a critical phase of fetal development. Thus, Potter syndrome and prune-belly syndrome may coexist when nonfunctioning large kidneys result in oligohydramnios. A teratogenic role of cytomegalovirus inclusion disease and other viruses is possible in the pathogenesis of these syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:141206", "title": "On the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of ethanol on intestinal glucose and water absorption.", "content": "Experiments were performed to investigate whether the inhibitory effect of ethanol on intestinal glucose transport is related to its action on the brush border or on the ATPase-dependent sodium pump of the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte. We compared the effect of ethanol on glucose and water transport when it was added either to the mucosal or to the serosal solution of an in vitro preparation of hamster jejunum. The purpose of the addition of ethanol to the serosal solution was to mimic a situation similar to that produced when ouabain is placed on the serosal side to inhibit the ATPase-dependent sodium pump at the basolateral membrane. The presence of 450 mM ethanol (2.07%) in the mucosal solution depressed glucose and water transport by 40 and 63%, respectively, but the presence of the same concentration of ethanol on the serosal side had no effect on glucose and water absorption. These findings seem to indicate that the depressing effect of ethanol on intestinal glucose and water transport cannot be ascribed to the inhibition of the Na+, K+-sensitive ATPase-dependent sodium pump located at the basolateral membrane.", "contents": "On the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of ethanol on intestinal glucose and water absorption. Experiments were performed to investigate whether the inhibitory effect of ethanol on intestinal glucose transport is related to its action on the brush border or on the ATPase-dependent sodium pump of the basolateral membrane of the enterocyte. We compared the effect of ethanol on glucose and water transport when it was added either to the mucosal or to the serosal solution of an in vitro preparation of hamster jejunum. The purpose of the addition of ethanol to the serosal solution was to mimic a situation similar to that produced when ouabain is placed on the serosal side to inhibit the ATPase-dependent sodium pump at the basolateral membrane. The presence of 450 mM ethanol (2.07%) in the mucosal solution depressed glucose and water transport by 40 and 63%, respectively, but the presence of the same concentration of ethanol on the serosal side had no effect on glucose and water absorption. These findings seem to indicate that the depressing effect of ethanol on intestinal glucose and water transport cannot be ascribed to the inhibition of the Na+, K+-sensitive ATPase-dependent sodium pump located at the basolateral membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:141210", "title": "Correlation of the effects of dexamethasone administration on urinary 17-ketosteroid and serum androgen levels in patients with hirsutism.", "content": "Total 24 hour urinary 17-ketosteroid and serum testosterone (T), androstenedione (delta), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS), and cortisol levels were measured before and during four days of dexamethasone administration in 28 hirsute patients and 10 women with normal ovulatory cycles. Both the base-line urinary 17-ketosteroids and serum androgen levels were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in hirsute than in normal subjects. Cortisol levels were similar in the two groups. Dexamethasone administration resulted in a significant suppression (p less than 0.05) of all the urinary and serum androgen and cortisol levels in both groups. At the end of suppression the serum DHEA, DS and cortisol levels were similar, while the urinary 17-ketosteroids and serum T and delta levels were still significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in the hirsute than in normal women. There was poor correlation between total urinary 17-ketosteroid and serum androgen results. These finding suggest there is a dual abnormality of androgen production in hirsute patients. The adrenal glands appear to secrete increased quatities of DHEA and DA, while the ovaries appear to produce elevated amounts of T and delta.", "contents": "Correlation of the effects of dexamethasone administration on urinary 17-ketosteroid and serum androgen levels in patients with hirsutism. Total 24 hour urinary 17-ketosteroid and serum testosterone (T), androstenedione (delta), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DS), and cortisol levels were measured before and during four days of dexamethasone administration in 28 hirsute patients and 10 women with normal ovulatory cycles. Both the base-line urinary 17-ketosteroids and serum androgen levels were significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in hirsute than in normal subjects. Cortisol levels were similar in the two groups. Dexamethasone administration resulted in a significant suppression (p less than 0.05) of all the urinary and serum androgen and cortisol levels in both groups. At the end of suppression the serum DHEA, DS and cortisol levels were similar, while the urinary 17-ketosteroids and serum T and delta levels were still significantly higher (p less than 0.05) in the hirsute than in normal women. There was poor correlation between total urinary 17-ketosteroid and serum androgen results. These finding suggest there is a dual abnormality of androgen production in hirsute patients. The adrenal glands appear to secrete increased quatities of DHEA and DA, while the ovaries appear to produce elevated amounts of T and delta."}
{"id": "PMID:141211", "title": "Experimental immunogenic proliferative retinopathy in monkeys.", "content": "When a small amount of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was injected into the posterior vitreous body of a sensitized monkey, an immunogenic response occurred in the major blood vessels of the optic disk. In nonsensitized monkeys, the same phenomenon appeared after repeated intravitreal injections of small amounts of BSA. Focal leaks of fluorescein from the optic disk vessels were demonstrated by fluorescein angiography. Correlative light and electron microscopy revealed infiltration of acute and chronic inflammatory cells from the vessels of the optic disk into the vitreous body. When larger amounts of BSA were injected in sensitized monkeys, in addition to optic nerve involvement, there were scattered retinal vascular hemorrhagic and exudative lesions throughout the posterior pole. Immunologic mechanisms can result in preferential optic disk involvement with formation of proliferative lesions during the healing phase of the immunogenic inflammation.", "contents": "Experimental immunogenic proliferative retinopathy in monkeys. When a small amount of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was injected into the posterior vitreous body of a sensitized monkey, an immunogenic response occurred in the major blood vessels of the optic disk. In nonsensitized monkeys, the same phenomenon appeared after repeated intravitreal injections of small amounts of BSA. Focal leaks of fluorescein from the optic disk vessels were demonstrated by fluorescein angiography. Correlative light and electron microscopy revealed infiltration of acute and chronic inflammatory cells from the vessels of the optic disk into the vitreous body. When larger amounts of BSA were injected in sensitized monkeys, in addition to optic nerve involvement, there were scattered retinal vascular hemorrhagic and exudative lesions throughout the posterior pole. Immunologic mechanisms can result in preferential optic disk involvement with formation of proliferative lesions during the healing phase of the immunogenic inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:141212", "title": "A clinical and histopathological study of Fran\u00e7ois-Neetens speckled corneal dystrophy.", "content": "A 57-year-old black man had Fran\u00e7ois-Neetens speckled dystrophy of the cornea and orbital phycomycosis. Examination of family members confirmed an auto-somal-dominant pattern of inheritance. Light and electron microscopic study of the cornea of a blind eye disclosed that the corneal opacities were represented by swollen, vacuolated keratocytes filled with histochemically demonstrable acid mucopolysaccharide and complex lipids. Thus, this dystrophy may represent a dominantly inherited metabolic disorder confined to the cornea.", "contents": "A clinical and histopathological study of Fran\u00e7ois-Neetens speckled corneal dystrophy. A 57-year-old black man had Fran\u00e7ois-Neetens speckled dystrophy of the cornea and orbital phycomycosis. Examination of family members confirmed an auto-somal-dominant pattern of inheritance. Light and electron microscopic study of the cornea of a blind eye disclosed that the corneal opacities were represented by swollen, vacuolated keratocytes filled with histochemically demonstrable acid mucopolysaccharide and complex lipids. Thus, this dystrophy may represent a dominantly inherited metabolic disorder confined to the cornea."}
{"id": "PMID:141209", "title": "The electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy: correlation with quantitative angiography.", "content": "The 12-lead scalar electrocardiogram has been correlated with angiographically determined left ventricular dimensions in 103 consecutive patients in order to determine the reliability of the electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Simple and multiple correlations between various parameters of QRS complex voltage and left ventricular mass, volume and wall thickness were poor but statistically significant. Mean voltage of QRS complex parameters was higher in patients with increased left ventricular mass and volume than in those with normal mass and volume, but the sensitivity of individual voltage parameters in identifying increased mass and volume was poor. A negative T wave in lead l or V6 was the most sensitive indicator of increased left ventricular mass and volume, but the specificity of this variable was poor. The sensitivity of \"high voltage\" of the QRS complex was increased (67 percent true positives) when moderate to marked increase in left ventricular mass had occurred, but at the expense of decreased specificity (13 percent false positives). It is concluded that while an increase in left ventricular dimensions tends to be associated with an increase in QRS voltage and a repolarization abnormality, the currently used electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy are both insensitive and nonspecific.", "contents": "The electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy: correlation with quantitative angiography. The 12-lead scalar electrocardiogram has been correlated with angiographically determined left ventricular dimensions in 103 consecutive patients in order to determine the reliability of the electrocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Simple and multiple correlations between various parameters of QRS complex voltage and left ventricular mass, volume and wall thickness were poor but statistically significant. Mean voltage of QRS complex parameters was higher in patients with increased left ventricular mass and volume than in those with normal mass and volume, but the sensitivity of individual voltage parameters in identifying increased mass and volume was poor. A negative T wave in lead l or V6 was the most sensitive indicator of increased left ventricular mass and volume, but the specificity of this variable was poor. The sensitivity of \"high voltage\" of the QRS complex was increased (67 percent true positives) when moderate to marked increase in left ventricular mass had occurred, but at the expense of decreased specificity (13 percent false positives). It is concluded that while an increase in left ventricular dimensions tends to be associated with an increase in QRS voltage and a repolarization abnormality, the currently used electrocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy are both insensitive and nonspecific."}
{"id": "PMID:141213", "title": "Pathologic features of the eye in Down's syndrome with relationship to other chromosomal anomalies.", "content": "A 2,990-g newborn female mongoloid had narrow palpebral fissures with a mongoloid slant and Brushfield's spots. Pathologic ocular findings resembled those found in patients with trisomy 21 syndrome. Many lesions reflected excessive genetic material and qualitatively resembled those lesions in trisomy 13 and 18 syndromes.", "contents": "Pathologic features of the eye in Down's syndrome with relationship to other chromosomal anomalies. A 2,990-g newborn female mongoloid had narrow palpebral fissures with a mongoloid slant and Brushfield's spots. Pathologic ocular findings resembled those found in patients with trisomy 21 syndrome. Many lesions reflected excessive genetic material and qualitatively resembled those lesions in trisomy 13 and 18 syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:141214", "title": "Histochemical and ultrastructural studies in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (myositis ossificans progressiva).", "content": "By light microscopy the subdermal nodule of a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) had a fibromatoid histologic appearance. The cytoplasm of the cells stained strongly for mannose-rich glycoprotein with the concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase (con A-HRP) method. The tumors also exhibited abundant hyaluronidase-digestible mucopolysaccharide in the interstitium with various basic staining reagents. This material appeared to consist principally of hyaluronic acid or chondroitin sulfate with few or mainly masked sulfate esters. At the ultrastructural level, cells interpreted as the tumor cells in the subdermal nodule from the patient displayed extremely hyperplastic granular reticulum and well-developed Golgi elements and appeared very active in synthesis and secretion of protein. The material in the dilated cisternae of the granular reticulum stained for glycoprotein with the con-A-HRP method. Macrophages which comprised the other main cell type in the nodules commonly contacted the tumor cells and occasionally evidenced engulfment of these cells. The intercellular matrix of the nonossified subdermal nodule exhibited greatly increased mucosubstance and, by electron microscopy, showed an unusual network of dialyzed iron-reactive acid muco-substance in the interstitium.", "contents": "Histochemical and ultrastructural studies in fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (myositis ossificans progressiva). By light microscopy the subdermal nodule of a patient with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) had a fibromatoid histologic appearance. The cytoplasm of the cells stained strongly for mannose-rich glycoprotein with the concanavalin A-horseradish peroxidase (con A-HRP) method. The tumors also exhibited abundant hyaluronidase-digestible mucopolysaccharide in the interstitium with various basic staining reagents. This material appeared to consist principally of hyaluronic acid or chondroitin sulfate with few or mainly masked sulfate esters. At the ultrastructural level, cells interpreted as the tumor cells in the subdermal nodule from the patient displayed extremely hyperplastic granular reticulum and well-developed Golgi elements and appeared very active in synthesis and secretion of protein. The material in the dilated cisternae of the granular reticulum stained for glycoprotein with the con-A-HRP method. Macrophages which comprised the other main cell type in the nodules commonly contacted the tumor cells and occasionally evidenced engulfment of these cells. The intercellular matrix of the nonossified subdermal nodule exhibited greatly increased mucosubstance and, by electron microscopy, showed an unusual network of dialyzed iron-reactive acid muco-substance in the interstitium."}
{"id": "PMID:141224", "title": "Complication of laparoscopy under general anaesthesia.", "content": "Two cases are presented in which injury to the stomach occurred in association with laparoscopy under general anaesthesia. The common aetiological factor was gastric inflation resulting from I.P.P.V. via mask. Precautionary measures in the anaesthetic induction technique are described.", "contents": "Complication of laparoscopy under general anaesthesia. Two cases are presented in which injury to the stomach occurred in association with laparoscopy under general anaesthesia. The common aetiological factor was gastric inflation resulting from I.P.P.V. via mask. Precautionary measures in the anaesthetic induction technique are described."}
{"id": "PMID:141227", "title": "Histomorphology and histochemistry of renal, colliac and anterior mesenteric arteries of ageing goat.", "content": "Renal, coeliac and anterior mesenteric arteries from 33 goats of 20 days to over five years of age have been studied. A detailed description of the structure of renal artery of goat, the general histomorphological and histochemical differences in coeliac and anterior mesenteric arteries and the relative extent of age associated changes in them have been discussed.", "contents": "Histomorphology and histochemistry of renal, colliac and anterior mesenteric arteries of ageing goat. Renal, coeliac and anterior mesenteric arteries from 33 goats of 20 days to over five years of age have been studied. A detailed description of the structure of renal artery of goat, the general histomorphological and histochemical differences in coeliac and anterior mesenteric arteries and the relative extent of age associated changes in them have been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141229", "title": "Dacron arterio-venous interposition graft: an access to circulation in patients on chronic hemodialysis.", "content": "In a small percentage of cases, conventional a-v fistulae of the Brescia-Cimino type fail to provide long-term access facilities for chronic hemodialysis. When homologous venous interposition grafts are not available, the surgeon is forced to seek foreign interposition material. In three instances woven dacron arterio-venous interposition grafts were successfully constructed in the thigh, and uneventful hemodialysis was accomplished in all 3 patients.", "contents": "Dacron arterio-venous interposition graft: an access to circulation in patients on chronic hemodialysis. In a small percentage of cases, conventional a-v fistulae of the Brescia-Cimino type fail to provide long-term access facilities for chronic hemodialysis. When homologous venous interposition grafts are not available, the surgeon is forced to seek foreign interposition material. In three instances woven dacron arterio-venous interposition grafts were successfully constructed in the thigh, and uneventful hemodialysis was accomplished in all 3 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:141230", "title": "Aneurysms of the pulmonary arteries.", "content": "A case of bilateral pulmonary artery aneurysms is presented. Serial cardiac catheterizations over an 8-year period showed remarkably little hemodynamic change. Thus there may be a long period of clinical and hemodynamic stability in this condition.", "contents": "Aneurysms of the pulmonary arteries. A case of bilateral pulmonary artery aneurysms is presented. Serial cardiac catheterizations over an 8-year period showed remarkably little hemodynamic change. Thus there may be a long period of clinical and hemodynamic stability in this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:141228", "title": "Laparoscopic sterilization with local anesthesia: complications and blood-gas changes.", "content": "Arterial blood-gas changes were studied in 21 healthy women undergoing laparoscopic sterilization with local anesthesia and supplemental IV sedation, employing CO2 as the inflating gas. No significant hypercarbia was noted. Two patients became transiently apneic following IV medication and 2 became extremely agitated during the procedure. This constituted a major nonsurgical complication rate of 19 percent. Safety requirements for patients undergoing this procedure is suggested.", "contents": "Laparoscopic sterilization with local anesthesia: complications and blood-gas changes. Arterial blood-gas changes were studied in 21 healthy women undergoing laparoscopic sterilization with local anesthesia and supplemental IV sedation, employing CO2 as the inflating gas. No significant hypercarbia was noted. Two patients became transiently apneic following IV medication and 2 became extremely agitated during the procedure. This constituted a major nonsurgical complication rate of 19 percent. Safety requirements for patients undergoing this procedure is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:141234", "title": "[Syringomas mongolism, Marfan's disease and Ehlers-Danlos' disease].", "content": "The authors report a quite unusual case in which an eruption of syringomas, mongolism, Marfan's disease and Ehlers-Danlos' disease were associated. They emphasize the originality of the intricate appearance of syringomas on the ichthyosiform skin due to mongolism. They also stress the importance of the dysplasia of the connective tissue demonstrated by electron microscopy and the cause-effect relationships between the dysplasia of the connective tissue and the syringomas, the former accounting for the latter.", "contents": "[Syringomas mongolism, Marfan's disease and Ehlers-Danlos' disease]. The authors report a quite unusual case in which an eruption of syringomas, mongolism, Marfan's disease and Ehlers-Danlos' disease were associated. They emphasize the originality of the intricate appearance of syringomas on the ichthyosiform skin due to mongolism. They also stress the importance of the dysplasia of the connective tissue demonstrated by electron microscopy and the cause-effect relationships between the dysplasia of the connective tissue and the syringomas, the former accounting for the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:141235", "title": "A histochemical study of the mucus secretions of the rabbit colon.", "content": "The histochemical detection methods for mucosubstances when applied to the colon of the Rabbit show the following features:--A mixed secretion of neutral and acid (sulphated and carboxylated) polysaccharides by the same gland of Lieberk\u00fchn.--The absence of any histochemically detectable hyaluronic or sialic acids.--A marked variation in the mucosubstances depending upon the region of the colon.--A polyglycane acidic gradient in each gland. These results could be linked with the adaptative power of the mucosubstances under the action of the surrounding environment.", "contents": "A histochemical study of the mucus secretions of the rabbit colon. The histochemical detection methods for mucosubstances when applied to the colon of the Rabbit show the following features:--A mixed secretion of neutral and acid (sulphated and carboxylated) polysaccharides by the same gland of Lieberk\u00fchn.--The absence of any histochemically detectable hyaluronic or sialic acids.--A marked variation in the mucosubstances depending upon the region of the colon.--A polyglycane acidic gradient in each gland. These results could be linked with the adaptative power of the mucosubstances under the action of the surrounding environment."}
{"id": "PMID:141236", "title": "Aortic-caval fistula from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm.", "content": "Four cases of spontaneous aorto-caval fistula are reported. All cases were successfully treated by suture of the fistula from the inside of the aortic aneurysm, which was replaced by a dacron graft. All patients are alive and well at follow up after one, three, four and twelve years, respectively. In one patient  pulmonary and circulatory haemodynamics were recorded preoperatively as well as in the early and late postoperative period. Preoperative high pulmonary artery and capillary wedge pressures and cardiac output were rapidly reduced to almost normal values after the operation. An intrapulmonary shunt fraction of 58 % preoperatively was reduced to 15 % shortly after closure of the fistula. Possible mechanisms causing the high pulmonary shunt fraction are discussed.", "contents": "Aortic-caval fistula from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Four cases of spontaneous aorto-caval fistula are reported. All cases were successfully treated by suture of the fistula from the inside of the aortic aneurysm, which was replaced by a dacron graft. All patients are alive and well at follow up after one, three, four and twelve years, respectively. In one patient  pulmonary and circulatory haemodynamics were recorded preoperatively as well as in the early and late postoperative period. Preoperative high pulmonary artery and capillary wedge pressures and cardiac output were rapidly reduced to almost normal values after the operation. An intrapulmonary shunt fraction of 58 % preoperatively was reduced to 15 % shortly after closure of the fistula. Possible mechanisms causing the high pulmonary shunt fraction are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141237", "title": "Comparison of muscle relaxants in clinical use.", "content": "A prospective clinical comparison of d-tubocurarine, alcuronium, gallamine and pancuronium was performed in 400 surgical patients. Various parameters usually followed during clinical anaesthesia were recorded from the beginning of, to the recovery from anaesthesia. Endotracheal intubation was performed with or without suxamethonium. Intubation was always possible in 1-3 min when  different muscle relaxants were used in the following initial doses: d-tubocurarine 0.4 mg/kg, alcuronium 0.3 mg/kg, gallamine 1.8 mg/kg, and suxamethonium 0.8 mg/kg. However, there was a statistically significant inferiority of the d-tubocurarine and gallamine groups. The use of suxamethonium seemed to shorten the duration of the initial dose of the nondepolarising agents and also to increase especially the dose of gallamine when calculated as mg/kg/h. It should be mentioned that the non-depolarising agents were given soon after suxamethonium without waiting for the return of spontaneous respiration. Pancuronium and alcuronium caused least changes in the cardiovascular parameters. Erythematous skin reactions were seen mostly after the use of d-tubocurarine and suxamethonium. This could depend on histamine liberating potency of these muscle relaxants.", "contents": "Comparison of muscle relaxants in clinical use. A prospective clinical comparison of d-tubocurarine, alcuronium, gallamine and pancuronium was performed in 400 surgical patients. Various parameters usually followed during clinical anaesthesia were recorded from the beginning of, to the recovery from anaesthesia. Endotracheal intubation was performed with or without suxamethonium. Intubation was always possible in 1-3 min when  different muscle relaxants were used in the following initial doses: d-tubocurarine 0.4 mg/kg, alcuronium 0.3 mg/kg, gallamine 1.8 mg/kg, and suxamethonium 0.8 mg/kg. However, there was a statistically significant inferiority of the d-tubocurarine and gallamine groups. The use of suxamethonium seemed to shorten the duration of the initial dose of the nondepolarising agents and also to increase especially the dose of gallamine when calculated as mg/kg/h. It should be mentioned that the non-depolarising agents were given soon after suxamethonium without waiting for the return of spontaneous respiration. Pancuronium and alcuronium caused least changes in the cardiovascular parameters. Erythematous skin reactions were seen mostly after the use of d-tubocurarine and suxamethonium. This could depend on histamine liberating potency of these muscle relaxants."}
{"id": "PMID:141239", "title": "Microbial flora of atopic dermatitis.", "content": "The microbial flora of dermatitic skin, uninvolved skin, and the anterior nares of subjects with atopic eczema were investigated. The carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus was 79% for the anterior nares, 76% for the uninvolved skin (normal skin), and 93% for lesions. The counts of S aureus were 7.5 X 10(4)/sq cm in lesions and 7.1 X 10(3)/sq cm on adjacent normal skin. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant organism in the lesions and constituted 91% of the total aerobic bacterial flora. The coagulase-negative staphylococci were the second predominant organisms (9%). On normal skin, coagulase-negative staphylococci were the predominant organisms, constituting 63% of the total flora, followed by S aureus (30% of the bacterial flora). The micrococci counts were lower in the lesions (1.6 X 10(2)/sq cm) and higher on normal skin (9.5 X 10(2)/sq cm). Lipophilic diphtheroids were fewer on normal skin (6.7 X 10/sq cm), and there were none in the lesions. Fifty-eight percent of the strains belonged to group 3, and 38% were nontypeable. Staphylococcus aureus strains belonging to phage groups 2 and 4 were not detected.", "contents": "Microbial flora of atopic dermatitis. The microbial flora of dermatitic skin, uninvolved skin, and the anterior nares of subjects with atopic eczema were investigated. The carriage rate of Staphylococcus aureus was 79% for the anterior nares, 76% for the uninvolved skin (normal skin), and 93% for lesions. The counts of S aureus were 7.5 X 10(4)/sq cm in lesions and 7.1 X 10(3)/sq cm on adjacent normal skin. Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant organism in the lesions and constituted 91% of the total aerobic bacterial flora. The coagulase-negative staphylococci were the second predominant organisms (9%). On normal skin, coagulase-negative staphylococci were the predominant organisms, constituting 63% of the total flora, followed by S aureus (30% of the bacterial flora). The micrococci counts were lower in the lesions (1.6 X 10(2)/sq cm) and higher on normal skin (9.5 X 10(2)/sq cm). Lipophilic diphtheroids were fewer on normal skin (6.7 X 10/sq cm), and there were none in the lesions. Fifty-eight percent of the strains belonged to group 3, and 38% were nontypeable. Staphylococcus aureus strains belonging to phage groups 2 and 4 were not detected."}
{"id": "PMID:141238", "title": "Demonstration of a human lymphokine which renders macrophages cytotoxic.", "content": "Incubation of human peritoneal macrophages with cell free supernatants of mixed human lymphocyte cultures (MLC) renders them cytotoxic to labelled target tumour cells. The factor responsible for this effect is found as early as the second day of MLC. The production of this factor in man does not seem to require previous sensitization. In contrast with observations in mice, we have not yet demonstrated in man any clear-cut difference between the macrophage cytotoxicity index observed with supernatants from normal MLC and from MLC between the donor and the recipient of a skin allograft. Human blood monocytes can also be rendered cytotoxic by MLC acellular supernatants, but their cytotoxicity is neither as consistent nor as strong as with macrophages. This human factor does not render mouse macrophages cytotoxic.", "contents": "Demonstration of a human lymphokine which renders macrophages cytotoxic. Incubation of human peritoneal macrophages with cell free supernatants of mixed human lymphocyte cultures (MLC) renders them cytotoxic to labelled target tumour cells. The factor responsible for this effect is found as early as the second day of MLC. The production of this factor in man does not seem to require previous sensitization. In contrast with observations in mice, we have not yet demonstrated in man any clear-cut difference between the macrophage cytotoxicity index observed with supernatants from normal MLC and from MLC between the donor and the recipient of a skin allograft. Human blood monocytes can also be rendered cytotoxic by MLC acellular supernatants, but their cytotoxicity is neither as consistent nor as strong as with macrophages. This human factor does not render mouse macrophages cytotoxic."}
{"id": "PMID:141241", "title": "[Therapy of recurrent herpes simplex and its surveillance by MIF determination: with levamisole, BCG, urushiol and herpes antigen vaccine (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirty patients with recurrent herpes simplex and 6 controls were included in our study. Before initiation of treatment, during therapy with Levamisole, BCG, poison ivy and herpes antigen vaccine and, thereafter, MIF-determinations were performed. The latter test proved to be a useful parameter in evaluating the sensitivity against herpes infection, (and subsequent recurrent manifestations), and effect of therapy. Treatment with Levamisole, BCG and herpes antigen vaccine was successful. MIF-inhibition values paralleled the therapeutic effect in the Levamisole- and herpes antigen vaccine treated group, not however, in the BCG-treated patients", "contents": "[Therapy of recurrent herpes simplex and its surveillance by MIF determination: with levamisole, BCG, urushiol and herpes antigen vaccine (author's transl)]. Thirty patients with recurrent herpes simplex and 6 controls were included in our study. Before initiation of treatment, during therapy with Levamisole, BCG, poison ivy and herpes antigen vaccine and, thereafter, MIF-determinations were performed. The latter test proved to be a useful parameter in evaluating the sensitivity against herpes infection, (and subsequent recurrent manifestations), and effect of therapy. Treatment with Levamisole, BCG and herpes antigen vaccine was successful. MIF-inhibition values paralleled the therapeutic effect in the Levamisole- and herpes antigen vaccine treated group, not however, in the BCG-treated patients"}
{"id": "PMID:141242", "title": "Attempted treatment of inoperable pheochromocytoma with streptozocin.", "content": "Currently the only treatment available for inoperable pheochromocytoma is symptomatic and palliative with alpha- and beta- adrenergic blockade. Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of chromaffin tissue derived from the neural crest and closely related to other APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) cell tumors, including those of the pancreatic islets. Streptozocin has been used with varying success in some of these tumors and therefore merited a trial in pheochromocytoma. We used streptozocin to treat two patients with inoperable pheochromocytoma; the drug failed to have any effect, either on catecholamine excretion or tumor growth.", "contents": "Attempted treatment of inoperable pheochromocytoma with streptozocin. Currently the only treatment available for inoperable pheochromocytoma is symptomatic and palliative with alpha- and beta- adrenergic blockade. Pheochromocytoma is a tumor of chromaffin tissue derived from the neural crest and closely related to other APUD (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation) cell tumors, including those of the pancreatic islets. Streptozocin has been used with varying success in some of these tumors and therefore merited a trial in pheochromocytoma. We used streptozocin to treat two patients with inoperable pheochromocytoma; the drug failed to have any effect, either on catecholamine excretion or tumor growth."}
{"id": "PMID:141243", "title": "[Neonatal aortic valvular stenosis. Apropos of 8 cases].", "content": "Congenital aortic stenosis presenting in the neonate must be distinguished from the commoner hypoplastic left heart-syndrome, which is beyond surgical correction. It is certainly a serious problem, but early diagnosis and supporting angiography to rule out the presence of an associated left ventricular malformation and to check the volume of the left ventricular cavity should lead to a decision to operate. Out a 4 neonates from this series who were presented for surgery, the 2 survivors had good long-term results.", "contents": "[Neonatal aortic valvular stenosis. Apropos of 8 cases]. Congenital aortic stenosis presenting in the neonate must be distinguished from the commoner hypoplastic left heart-syndrome, which is beyond surgical correction. It is certainly a serious problem, but early diagnosis and supporting angiography to rule out the presence of an associated left ventricular malformation and to check the volume of the left ventricular cavity should lead to a decision to operate. Out a 4 neonates from this series who were presented for surgery, the 2 survivors had good long-term results."}
{"id": "PMID:141244", "title": "[Simultaneous surgical repair by the same approach of aortic coarctations and associated intra-cardiac lesions in the child].", "content": "As Ph. Blondeau et al. have shown, one-stage operations, especially by the same approach, for coarctation and an associated intracardiac lesion are still rare. Three new cases are reported. The authors emphasise the value of the bithoracotomy approach, and the importance of good management of respiration.", "contents": "[Simultaneous surgical repair by the same approach of aortic coarctations and associated intra-cardiac lesions in the child]. As Ph. Blondeau et al. have shown, one-stage operations, especially by the same approach, for coarctation and an associated intracardiac lesion are still rare. Three new cases are reported. The authors emphasise the value of the bithoracotomy approach, and the importance of good management of respiration."}
{"id": "PMID:141245", "title": "[Subvalvular aortic stenosis, dysmorphic familial syndrome and peripheral muscular disease].", "content": "Two related cases are reported, those of two sisters aged 7 and 13, who had an aortic subvalvular stenosis in the form of a fibro-muscular channel, associated with mitral incompetence, a triangular facies with a pointed chin, pinched lips, a divergent squint, hypertelorism, a mask-like face, normal intelligence, and a peripheral muscular disorder with arthrogriposis. The description of such a combination of malformations is original, and this is discussed.", "contents": "[Subvalvular aortic stenosis, dysmorphic familial syndrome and peripheral muscular disease]. Two related cases are reported, those of two sisters aged 7 and 13, who had an aortic subvalvular stenosis in the form of a fibro-muscular channel, associated with mitral incompetence, a triangular facies with a pointed chin, pinched lips, a divergent squint, hypertelorism, a mask-like face, normal intelligence, and a peripheral muscular disorder with arthrogriposis. The description of such a combination of malformations is original, and this is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141248", "title": "[Plasticity of blood vessels of the heart and lungs in collateral circulation under conditions of high altitude].", "content": "The combination of the collateral blood flow in the heart and lungs with effects of Alpine hypoxia and pronounced additional loads was found to allow the detecting of plastical capacities of these organs in a sufficiently full volume. The experiments were performed in 273 dogs by microscopic, macro-microscopic, macroscopic and partly functional methods. The collateral coronary blood flow (after ligation of the anterior interventricular artery) under Alpine conditions (3200 m over the sea level) combined with compensatory hyperfunction of the heart (due to stenosing of the aorta arc), gets worse as compared with the conditions of the valley. In these experiments in mountains the extra- and intraorganic anastomoses are more pronounced, the capacity of the coronary artery branches being less pronounced than in the valley. The muscle fibres grow thicker, the heart weight enlarges, the diffusion distances of capillaries increase and the ratio of the arterial bed capacity and the heart weight decreases. Under Alphine conditions (as compared with the valley) the collateral blood flow of lungs deteriorates (after ligation of two lobar branches of the pulmonary artery or of the lobar vein) against the background of additional loads (stenosing of the aorta arc or pulmonectomy). Deterioration of the collateral bloodflow is related with the combination of conditions of the alphine hypoxia with additional loads resulting in a weakening or even block of compensatory reactions of pulmonary or bronchial arteries and veins.", "contents": "[Plasticity of blood vessels of the heart and lungs in collateral circulation under conditions of high altitude]. The combination of the collateral blood flow in the heart and lungs with effects of Alpine hypoxia and pronounced additional loads was found to allow the detecting of plastical capacities of these organs in a sufficiently full volume. The experiments were performed in 273 dogs by microscopic, macro-microscopic, macroscopic and partly functional methods. The collateral coronary blood flow (after ligation of the anterior interventricular artery) under Alpine conditions (3200 m over the sea level) combined with compensatory hyperfunction of the heart (due to stenosing of the aorta arc), gets worse as compared with the conditions of the valley. In these experiments in mountains the extra- and intraorganic anastomoses are more pronounced, the capacity of the coronary artery branches being less pronounced than in the valley. The muscle fibres grow thicker, the heart weight enlarges, the diffusion distances of capillaries increase and the ratio of the arterial bed capacity and the heart weight decreases. Under Alphine conditions (as compared with the valley) the collateral blood flow of lungs deteriorates (after ligation of two lobar branches of the pulmonary artery or of the lobar vein) against the background of additional loads (stenosing of the aorta arc or pulmonectomy). Deterioration of the collateral bloodflow is related with the combination of conditions of the alphine hypoxia with additional loads resulting in a weakening or even block of compensatory reactions of pulmonary or bronchial arteries and veins."}
{"id": "PMID:141253", "title": "[Histochemical study of mucopolysaccharides of the tissue of fibrous rings of the human heart in the age aspect].", "content": "The content of mucopolysaccharides (MPS) and its dynamics with age in the tissue of fibrous rings of the human heart was studied. The studies were conducted on 88 hearts of patients who had died of various causes not connected with disorders of the cardiovascular system. The tissues of the human heart fibrous rings were extremely rich in both acid and neutral (of the type glyco- and mucoproteids) MPS. In newborns in the main substance of fibrous rings, along with hyaluronic acid, there were found chondroitin sulphate A and C, in the fibrous ring of the aortic valve--in small amounts chondroitin sulphate B. In childhood the content of chondroitin sulphate B continues to grow. In adulthood chondroitin sulphate B becomes a predominant component, no hyaluronic acid is detected. After 45 years of age a gradual decrease in the total amount of histochemically identifiable acid MPS takes place.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of mucopolysaccharides of the tissue of fibrous rings of the human heart in the age aspect]. The content of mucopolysaccharides (MPS) and its dynamics with age in the tissue of fibrous rings of the human heart was studied. The studies were conducted on 88 hearts of patients who had died of various causes not connected with disorders of the cardiovascular system. The tissues of the human heart fibrous rings were extremely rich in both acid and neutral (of the type glyco- and mucoproteids) MPS. In newborns in the main substance of fibrous rings, along with hyaluronic acid, there were found chondroitin sulphate A and C, in the fibrous ring of the aortic valve--in small amounts chondroitin sulphate B. In childhood the content of chondroitin sulphate B continues to grow. In adulthood chondroitin sulphate B becomes a predominant component, no hyaluronic acid is detected. After 45 years of age a gradual decrease in the total amount of histochemically identifiable acid MPS takes place."}
{"id": "PMID:141256", "title": "[Use of tomodensitometry in the pathology of the orbit].", "content": "A standardised method with an original reference line in C.A.T. exploration of the orbital region permits to visualize the entire orbital region with four tomographic scannings when using 6 mm tomographic sections. Some exemples of orbital lesions are demonstrated as optic nerve tumor, dysthyro\u00efd exopthalmos, maxillary sinus tumor with extension into the orbit.", "contents": "[Use of tomodensitometry in the pathology of the orbit]. A standardised method with an original reference line in C.A.T. exploration of the orbital region permits to visualize the entire orbital region with four tomographic scannings when using 6 mm tomographic sections. Some exemples of orbital lesions are demonstrated as optic nerve tumor, dysthyro\u00efd exopthalmos, maxillary sinus tumor with extension into the orbit."}
{"id": "PMID:141257", "title": "[Iconographic aspects of ocular involvement in Fabry's disease].", "content": "An illustration of the ocular involvement seen in Fabry's disease: cornea verticilata, vascular conjunctival lesions, dyschromatopsia was observed in two brothers who were carriers of the condition.", "contents": "[Iconographic aspects of ocular involvement in Fabry's disease]. An illustration of the ocular involvement seen in Fabry's disease: cornea verticilata, vascular conjunctival lesions, dyschromatopsia was observed in two brothers who were carriers of the condition."}
{"id": "PMID:141258", "title": "[Osseous angioma of the orbit].", "content": "The angiomas of orbital walls are very rare. The authors report a case of cavernous angioma growing into the external orbital wall in a young girl. The surgical excision of this angioma after embolization of the arterial supply of the tumor permits a plastic reconstruction of the orbital wall with good result.", "contents": "[Osseous angioma of the orbit]. The angiomas of orbital walls are very rare. The authors report a case of cavernous angioma growing into the external orbital wall in a young girl. The surgical excision of this angioma after embolization of the arterial supply of the tumor permits a plastic reconstruction of the orbital wall with good result."}
{"id": "PMID:141260", "title": "[Iridocycloretraction in the surgical treatment of aphakic glaucome. Study on 11 cases].", "content": "A study of 11 cases of iridocycloretraction carried out in aphakic glaucoma. The surgical technique is described is described together with the results and complications. The only technical difficulty is the invagination of the scleral tongues. The principle complication is hyphaema which does not alter the definitive tonometric result which was good in 5 cases. The effect on pressure seemed to be related to the maintenance of the scleral implants in the angle. Aqueous outflow occurred through the cyclodialysis.", "contents": "[Iridocycloretraction in the surgical treatment of aphakic glaucome. Study on 11 cases]. A study of 11 cases of iridocycloretraction carried out in aphakic glaucoma. The surgical technique is described is described together with the results and complications. The only technical difficulty is the invagination of the scleral tongues. The principle complication is hyphaema which does not alter the definitive tonometric result which was good in 5 cases. The effect on pressure seemed to be related to the maintenance of the scleral implants in the angle. Aqueous outflow occurred through the cyclodialysis."}
{"id": "PMID:141263", "title": "[Graft recurrences of superficial granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I (author's transl)].", "content": "A report of a family in which three generations were affected by on autosomal dominant corneal dystrophy. The authors studied two fragments of a recurrence on a graft where they noted the presence of granular material. Histochemical studies were negative. Electron microscopy showed the presence of deposits of crystalline appearance resembling those of Groenouw type I dystrophy.", "contents": "[Graft recurrences of superficial granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I (author's transl)]. A report of a family in which three generations were affected by on autosomal dominant corneal dystrophy. The authors studied two fragments of a recurrence on a graft where they noted the presence of granular material. Histochemical studies were negative. Electron microscopy showed the presence of deposits of crystalline appearance resembling those of Groenouw type I dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:141264", "title": "[Atypical orbital localisation of a myeloma. Non-excretory myeloma or extramedullary plasmocytoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A description of a non-excretory myeloma located in the orbit. The authors stress the importance of immunofluorescent and ultra-structural studies in the identification of these tumours. They discuss the relationship between multiple myeloma and extra-medullary plasmocytoma and raise the possibility of modes of transmission.", "contents": "[Atypical orbital localisation of a myeloma. Non-excretory myeloma or extramedullary plasmocytoma (author's transl)]. A description of a non-excretory myeloma located in the orbit. The authors stress the importance of immunofluorescent and ultra-structural studies in the identification of these tumours. They discuss the relationship between multiple myeloma and extra-medullary plasmocytoma and raise the possibility of modes of transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:141265", "title": "[The glaucoma of short-sighted young people (author's transl)].", "content": "About 20 patients chosen at random, and counting 40 over 6 diop. myopic eyes, had their ocular pressure systematically checked. The results were compared with the ocular pressure of 40 non myopic eyes, matched one by one. All the myopic eyes went through a tonography, a gonioscopy and their visual fields were checked through the Friedmann's central field analyser. When no glaucoma was found among the non myopic eyes, 25% of myopic eyes were affected by a significantly high ocular pressure, gonioscopic and perimetric changes. The familial investigations only showed few glaucomatous antecedents. The treatment is debated.", "contents": "[The glaucoma of short-sighted young people (author's transl)]. About 20 patients chosen at random, and counting 40 over 6 diop. myopic eyes, had their ocular pressure systematically checked. The results were compared with the ocular pressure of 40 non myopic eyes, matched one by one. All the myopic eyes went through a tonography, a gonioscopy and their visual fields were checked through the Friedmann's central field analyser. When no glaucoma was found among the non myopic eyes, 25% of myopic eyes were affected by a significantly high ocular pressure, gonioscopic and perimetric changes. The familial investigations only showed few glaucomatous antecedents. The treatment is debated."}
{"id": "PMID:141266", "title": "[An unusual observation of a case of tuberculous dacryoadenitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A presentation of a case of tuberculous dacryoadenitis revealed by fistulisation of a cold abscess and accompanied by radiological lesions occuring unusually in the vault of the skull. The radiological appearance is discussed together with the eventual evolution and the treatment that could have been offered.", "contents": "[An unusual observation of a case of tuberculous dacryoadenitis (author's transl)]. A presentation of a case of tuberculous dacryoadenitis revealed by fistulisation of a cold abscess and accompanied by radiological lesions occuring unusually in the vault of the skull. The radiological appearance is discussed together with the eventual evolution and the treatment that could have been offered."}
{"id": "PMID:141268", "title": "[Investigations on protein metabolism in malleus and incus (author's transl)].", "content": "Protein and mucopolysaccharide metabolism was studied in the auditory ossicles of rabbits after administration of tritiated amino acids to three and of S35 to two animals. No differences between S35 and aminoacid turnover was seen, indicating a parallelmetabolism of proteins and mucopolysaccharides of the intercellular substance. The tissue, cartilage and bone, shows a metabolism on the molecular level. Areas of cartilage ground substance adjacent to the incudomalleolar joint and the interglobular spaces are not labelled by the radioactive substances. They are excluded from metabolical turnover, while the adjacent cells remain vital. This observation indicates a change of cellular properties, from cartilage to bone cell. The subperiostal bone has lower metabolism than the underlying skeinlike bone. Few osteones were found.", "contents": "[Investigations on protein metabolism in malleus and incus (author's transl)]. Protein and mucopolysaccharide metabolism was studied in the auditory ossicles of rabbits after administration of tritiated amino acids to three and of S35 to two animals. No differences between S35 and aminoacid turnover was seen, indicating a parallelmetabolism of proteins and mucopolysaccharides of the intercellular substance. The tissue, cartilage and bone, shows a metabolism on the molecular level. Areas of cartilage ground substance adjacent to the incudomalleolar joint and the interglobular spaces are not labelled by the radioactive substances. They are excluded from metabolical turnover, while the adjacent cells remain vital. This observation indicates a change of cellular properties, from cartilage to bone cell. The subperiostal bone has lower metabolism than the underlying skeinlike bone. Few osteones were found."}
{"id": "PMID:141269", "title": "Techniques of reinforcing the ascending thoracic aorta.", "content": "Two techniques of reinforcing the ascending thoracic aorta with Dacron vascular prosthetic material are described. Circular reinforcement has been used patients with fusiform dilatation of the ascending thoracic aorta in whom it was considered that graft replacement was unsuitable, and also in patients with a thin-walled aorta, where reinforcement was thought to be beneficial in preventing dehiscence of an aortic suture line. The techniques are described in two patients who underwent aortic valve replacement and who had aneurysmal dilatation of the ascending thoracic aorta.", "contents": "Techniques of reinforcing the ascending thoracic aorta. Two techniques of reinforcing the ascending thoracic aorta with Dacron vascular prosthetic material are described. Circular reinforcement has been used patients with fusiform dilatation of the ascending thoracic aorta in whom it was considered that graft replacement was unsuitable, and also in patients with a thin-walled aorta, where reinforcement was thought to be beneficial in preventing dehiscence of an aortic suture line. The techniques are described in two patients who underwent aortic valve replacement and who had aneurysmal dilatation of the ascending thoracic aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:141271", "title": "Sensitivity to m-phenlenediamine.", "content": "Primary contact sensitivty to m-phenylenediamine was noted in 8 of 182 workers handling this substance as hardener. In these patients the period between the beginning of this work and the appearance of dermatitis was shorter if they became simultaneously sensitive to epoxy resin and/or triethylenetetramine. Moreover from among 150 consecutive patients one was positive to m-phenylenediamine and negative to p-phenylenediamine. From among the selected patients positive to p-phenylenediamine more than 40 per cent were also positive to m-phenylenediamine. A large number of the latter patients were as well positive to o-phenylenediamine. No patients were found who would be positive to o-phenylenediamine and negative to m-phenylenediamine. Nearly all those positive to m- and p-phenylenediamine were also positive to the meta isomers of other aromatic amines.", "contents": "Sensitivity to m-phenlenediamine. Primary contact sensitivty to m-phenylenediamine was noted in 8 of 182 workers handling this substance as hardener. In these patients the period between the beginning of this work and the appearance of dermatitis was shorter if they became simultaneously sensitive to epoxy resin and/or triethylenetetramine. Moreover from among 150 consecutive patients one was positive to m-phenylenediamine and negative to p-phenylenediamine. From among the selected patients positive to p-phenylenediamine more than 40 per cent were also positive to m-phenylenediamine. A large number of the latter patients were as well positive to o-phenylenediamine. No patients were found who would be positive to o-phenylenediamine and negative to m-phenylenediamine. Nearly all those positive to m- and p-phenylenediamine were also positive to the meta isomers of other aromatic amines."}
{"id": "PMID:141272", "title": "Genetic control of glucokinase activity in mice.", "content": "Inbred strains of mice were surveyed for liver glucokinase activity. Mice of all strains studied could be distributed into three groups with high, intermediate, and low levels of enzyme activity. Genetic analysis using crosses and backcrosses with prototype high (C3H/HeJ) and low (RF/J) strains revealed that glucokinase activity was controlled by a single gene. The name \"glucokinase\" and gene symbol Gk are suggested for this gene. The Gka allele designates the strain with high glucokinase activity, while Gkb represents the allele in the strain with the low enzyme activity. The interaction of fasting and diabetes on the activity of glucokinase in these two strains is described.", "contents": "Genetic control of glucokinase activity in mice. Inbred strains of mice were surveyed for liver glucokinase activity. Mice of all strains studied could be distributed into three groups with high, intermediate, and low levels of enzyme activity. Genetic analysis using crosses and backcrosses with prototype high (C3H/HeJ) and low (RF/J) strains revealed that glucokinase activity was controlled by a single gene. The name \"glucokinase\" and gene symbol Gk are suggested for this gene. The Gka allele designates the strain with high glucokinase activity, while Gkb represents the allele in the strain with the low enzyme activity. The interaction of fasting and diabetes on the activity of glucokinase in these two strains is described."}
{"id": "PMID:141273", "title": "Studies of energy-linked reactions. Localization of the site of action of trialkyltin in yeast mitochondria.", "content": "Ligand-binding studies with labelled triethyltin on yeast mitochondrial membranes showed the presence of high-affinity sites (KD = 0.6 micronM; 1.2 +/- 0.3 nmol/mg of protein) and low-affinity sites (KD less than 45 micronM; 70 +/- 20 nmol/mg of protein). The dissociation constant of the high-affinity site is in good agreement with the concentration of triethyltin required for inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) and oxidative phosphorylation. The high-affinity site is not competed for by oligomycin or venturicidin, indicating that triethyltin reacts at a different site from these inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. Fractionation of the mitochondrial membrane shows a specific association of the high-affinity sites with the ATP synthase complex. During purification of ATP synthase (oligomycin-sensitive ATPase) there is a 5-6-fold purification of oligomycin- and triethyltin-sensitive ATPase activity concomitant with a 7-9-fold increase in high-affinity triethyltin-binding sites. The purified yeast oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex contains approximately six binding sites for triethyltin/mol of enzyme complex. It is concluded that specific triethyltin-binding sites are components of the ATP synthase complex, which accounts for the specific inhibition of ATPase and oxidative phosphorylation by triethyltin.", "contents": "Studies of energy-linked reactions. Localization of the site of action of trialkyltin in yeast mitochondria. Ligand-binding studies with labelled triethyltin on yeast mitochondrial membranes showed the presence of high-affinity sites (KD = 0.6 micronM; 1.2 +/- 0.3 nmol/mg of protein) and low-affinity sites (KD less than 45 micronM; 70 +/- 20 nmol/mg of protein). The dissociation constant of the high-affinity site is in good agreement with the concentration of triethyltin required for inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) and oxidative phosphorylation. The high-affinity site is not competed for by oligomycin or venturicidin, indicating that triethyltin reacts at a different site from these inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. Fractionation of the mitochondrial membrane shows a specific association of the high-affinity sites with the ATP synthase complex. During purification of ATP synthase (oligomycin-sensitive ATPase) there is a 5-6-fold purification of oligomycin- and triethyltin-sensitive ATPase activity concomitant with a 7-9-fold increase in high-affinity triethyltin-binding sites. The purified yeast oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex contains approximately six binding sites for triethyltin/mol of enzyme complex. It is concluded that specific triethyltin-binding sites are components of the ATP synthase complex, which accounts for the specific inhibition of ATPase and oxidative phosphorylation by triethyltin."}
{"id": "PMID:141274", "title": "Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-. Changes in inhibitor sensitivities during the cell cycle indicate similarities and differences in binding sites.", "content": "1. We used 11 different inhibitors of energy conservation as inhibitors of ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) in extracts of Schizosaccharomyces pombe obtained from cells at different stages of the cell cycle. 2. All the inhibitors showed cell-cycle-dependent variations in their I50 values (microng of inhibitor/mg of protein giving 50% inhibition of inhibitor-sensitive ATPase at pH 8.6). 3. From the sensitivity profiles through the cell cycle it was concluded that: (a) oligomycin, venturicidin, triethyltin sulphate and dibutylchloromethyltin chloride all act at closely associated site(s); (b) NN'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide and leucinostatin both act at a similar site, which is, however, distinct from that at which other inhibitors of the membrane factor (Fo) act. 4. The variations in I50 values for efrapeptin closely followed changes in specific activity of ATPase, as would be expected for an inhibitor acting at catalytic sites; these fluctuations were different from those for aurovertin, Dio-9, 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan, quercetin and spegazzinine, all of which show different sensitivity profiles from one another. 5. Anomalous stepwise inhibitor-titration curves were obtained for spegazzinine, NN'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, dibutylchloromethyltin chloride and leucinostatin. 6. Possible explanations are proposed for the discontinuous expression of inhibitor-binding sites during the cell cycle.", "contents": "Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-. Changes in inhibitor sensitivities during the cell cycle indicate similarities and differences in binding sites. 1. We used 11 different inhibitors of energy conservation as inhibitors of ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) in extracts of Schizosaccharomyces pombe obtained from cells at different stages of the cell cycle. 2. All the inhibitors showed cell-cycle-dependent variations in their I50 values (microng of inhibitor/mg of protein giving 50% inhibition of inhibitor-sensitive ATPase at pH 8.6). 3. From the sensitivity profiles through the cell cycle it was concluded that: (a) oligomycin, venturicidin, triethyltin sulphate and dibutylchloromethyltin chloride all act at closely associated site(s); (b) NN'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide and leucinostatin both act at a similar site, which is, however, distinct from that at which other inhibitors of the membrane factor (Fo) act. 4. The variations in I50 values for efrapeptin closely followed changes in specific activity of ATPase, as would be expected for an inhibitor acting at catalytic sites; these fluctuations were different from those for aurovertin, Dio-9, 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan, quercetin and spegazzinine, all of which show different sensitivity profiles from one another. 5. Anomalous stepwise inhibitor-titration curves were obtained for spegazzinine, NN'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, dibutylchloromethyltin chloride and leucinostatin. 6. Possible explanations are proposed for the discontinuous expression of inhibitor-binding sites during the cell cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:141275", "title": "Partial diploids of Escherichia coli carrying normal and mutant alleles affecting oxidative phosphorylation.", "content": "A plasmid was isolated which included the region of the Escherichia coli chromosome carrying the known genes concerned with oxidative phosphorylation (unc genes). This plasmid was used to prepare partial diploids carrying normal unc alleles on the episome and one of the three mutant alleles (unc A401, uncB402 or unc-405) on the chromosome. These strains were compared with segregants from which the plasmid had been lost. Dominance of either normal ormutant unc alleles was determined by growth on succinate, growth yields on glucose, Mg-ATPase (Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase) activity, atebrin-fluorescence quenching, ATP-dependent transhydrogenase activity and oxidative phosphorylation. In all the above tests, dominance of the normal allele was observed. However, in membranes from the diploid strains which carried a normal allele and either of the mutant alleles affecting Mg-ATPase activity (uncA401 or unc-405), the energy-linked functions were only partially restored.", "contents": "Partial diploids of Escherichia coli carrying normal and mutant alleles affecting oxidative phosphorylation. A plasmid was isolated which included the region of the Escherichia coli chromosome carrying the known genes concerned with oxidative phosphorylation (unc genes). This plasmid was used to prepare partial diploids carrying normal unc alleles on the episome and one of the three mutant alleles (unc A401, uncB402 or unc-405) on the chromosome. These strains were compared with segregants from which the plasmid had been lost. Dominance of either normal ormutant unc alleles was determined by growth on succinate, growth yields on glucose, Mg-ATPase (Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase) activity, atebrin-fluorescence quenching, ATP-dependent transhydrogenase activity and oxidative phosphorylation. In all the above tests, dominance of the normal allele was observed. However, in membranes from the diploid strains which carried a normal allele and either of the mutant alleles affecting Mg-ATPase activity (uncA401 or unc-405), the energy-linked functions were only partially restored."}
{"id": "PMID:141276", "title": "Ribonucleic acid stimulation of mammalian liver nuclear-envelope nucleoside triphosphatase. A possible enzymic marker for the nuclear envelope.", "content": "1. The specific activity of rat and pig liver nuclear-envelope nucleoside triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3) decreases when the system is depleted of RNA. The activity can be restored by adding high concentrations of yeast RNA to the assay medium. 2. Exogenous RNA also increases the activity of the enzyme in control envelopes (not RNA-depleted). The effect appears to be largely specific for poly(A) and poly(G); it is not stimulated by rRNA or tRNA preparations, ribonuclease-hydrolysed RNA, AMP, or double- or single-stranded DNA. 3. Inhibitors of the enzyme, in concentrations at which half-maximal inhibition of the enzyme is achieved, do not affect the percentage stimulation of the enzyme by yeast RNA. 4. The simulation is abolished by the inclusion of 150 mM-KCl or -NaCl in the assay medium, but not by increasing the assay pH to 8.5. 5. The results are discussed in the light of the possible role of the nucleoside triphosphatase in vivo in nucleo-cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein translocation. 6. It is proposed that poly(G)-stimulated Mg2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity should be adopted as an enzymic marker for the nuclear envelope.", "contents": "Ribonucleic acid stimulation of mammalian liver nuclear-envelope nucleoside triphosphatase. A possible enzymic marker for the nuclear envelope. 1. The specific activity of rat and pig liver nuclear-envelope nucleoside triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3) decreases when the system is depleted of RNA. The activity can be restored by adding high concentrations of yeast RNA to the assay medium. 2. Exogenous RNA also increases the activity of the enzyme in control envelopes (not RNA-depleted). The effect appears to be largely specific for poly(A) and poly(G); it is not stimulated by rRNA or tRNA preparations, ribonuclease-hydrolysed RNA, AMP, or double- or single-stranded DNA. 3. Inhibitors of the enzyme, in concentrations at which half-maximal inhibition of the enzyme is achieved, do not affect the percentage stimulation of the enzyme by yeast RNA. 4. The simulation is abolished by the inclusion of 150 mM-KCl or -NaCl in the assay medium, but not by increasing the assay pH to 8.5. 5. The results are discussed in the light of the possible role of the nucleoside triphosphatase in vivo in nucleo-cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein translocation. 6. It is proposed that poly(G)-stimulated Mg2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity should be adopted as an enzymic marker for the nuclear envelope."}
{"id": "PMID:141277", "title": "The activation of sodium-plus-potassium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase from marine teleost gills by univalent cations.", "content": "The apparent affinity constants for the binding of Cs+, Rb+, K+, Li+, Tl+ and NH4+ to (Na+ + K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase from teleost gills were measured and the values discussed in terms of the ion-selectivity isotherm described by Eisenman & Krasne (1975) [in MTP International Review of Science: Biochemistry Series One (Fox, C.F., ed.), vol. 2, pp. 27--59, Butterworths University Park Press, Baltimore]. The ion selectivity of the present enzyme is remarkably similar to that from nerve and brain.", "contents": "The activation of sodium-plus-potassium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase from marine teleost gills by univalent cations. The apparent affinity constants for the binding of Cs+, Rb+, K+, Li+, Tl+ and NH4+ to (Na+ + K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase from teleost gills were measured and the values discussed in terms of the ion-selectivity isotherm described by Eisenman & Krasne (1975) [in MTP International Review of Science: Biochemistry Series One (Fox, C.F., ed.), vol. 2, pp. 27--59, Butterworths University Park Press, Baltimore]. The ion selectivity of the present enzyme is remarkably similar to that from nerve and brain."}
{"id": "PMID:141278", "title": "Calcium ion-dependent myosin from decapod-crustacean muscles.", "content": "Ca2+ regulation of arthropod actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase is associated with both the thin filaments, as in vertebrates, and with the myosin, as in molluscs. The actomyosin of decapod-crustacean fast muscles was previously considered to be an exception, displaying only a Ca2+-regulatory system linked to the thin filaments and not a myosin-linked regulatory system. In the present study, myosin regulation is demonstrated in a variety of decapod muscles when they are tested under more physiological ionic conditions. Myosin regulation is shown by using mixtures of pure rabbit actin with myofibrils, with actomyosin and with purified myosin, and in each case the adenosine triphosphatase is Ca2+ dependent. Myosin regulation may also occur in vertebrate striated muscle, but seemingly is lost during purification of the myosin.", "contents": "Calcium ion-dependent myosin from decapod-crustacean muscles. Ca2+ regulation of arthropod actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase is associated with both the thin filaments, as in vertebrates, and with the myosin, as in molluscs. The actomyosin of decapod-crustacean fast muscles was previously considered to be an exception, displaying only a Ca2+-regulatory system linked to the thin filaments and not a myosin-linked regulatory system. In the present study, myosin regulation is demonstrated in a variety of decapod muscles when they are tested under more physiological ionic conditions. Myosin regulation is shown by using mixtures of pure rabbit actin with myofibrils, with actomyosin and with purified myosin, and in each case the adenosine triphosphatase is Ca2+ dependent. Myosin regulation may also occur in vertebrate striated muscle, but seemingly is lost during purification of the myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:141279", "title": "The subunit structure of rabbit skeletal-muscle phosphofructokinase and the amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptide containing the highly reactive thiol group.", "content": "1. The single highly reactive (class I) thiol group per 80000-mol.wt. subunit of skeletal-muscle phosphofructokinase was specifically carboxymethylated with iodo[2-14C]acetate, and after denaturation the remaining thiol groups were carboxymethylated with bromo[2-3H]acetate. After tryptic digestion and peptide 'mapping' it was found that the 14C radioactivity was in a spot that did not contain significant amounts of 3H radioactivity, so it is concluded that there is not a second, 'buried' cysteine residue within a sequence identical with that of the class-I cysteine peptide. 2. The total number of tryptic peptides as well as the number of those containing cysteine, histidine or tryptophan were inconsistent with the smallest polypeptide chain of phosphofructokinase (mol.wt. about 80000) being composed of two identical amino acid sequences. 3. The amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptide containing the class-I thiol group was shown to be Cys-Lys-Asp-Phe-Arg. This sequence is compared with part of the sequence containing the highly reactive thiol group of phosphorylase.", "contents": "The subunit structure of rabbit skeletal-muscle phosphofructokinase and the amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptide containing the highly reactive thiol group. 1. The single highly reactive (class I) thiol group per 80000-mol.wt. subunit of skeletal-muscle phosphofructokinase was specifically carboxymethylated with iodo[2-14C]acetate, and after denaturation the remaining thiol groups were carboxymethylated with bromo[2-3H]acetate. After tryptic digestion and peptide 'mapping' it was found that the 14C radioactivity was in a spot that did not contain significant amounts of 3H radioactivity, so it is concluded that there is not a second, 'buried' cysteine residue within a sequence identical with that of the class-I cysteine peptide. 2. The total number of tryptic peptides as well as the number of those containing cysteine, histidine or tryptophan were inconsistent with the smallest polypeptide chain of phosphofructokinase (mol.wt. about 80000) being composed of two identical amino acid sequences. 3. The amino acid sequence of the tryptic peptide containing the class-I thiol group was shown to be Cys-Lys-Asp-Phe-Arg. This sequence is compared with part of the sequence containing the highly reactive thiol group of phosphorylase."}
{"id": "PMID:141280", "title": "Kinetic properties of the primary inhibitor of plasmin from human plasma.", "content": "The interaction of human plasmin with the newly discovered alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was investigated. It was found from rate measurements that the reaction involves the rapid formation of a first enzyme-inhibitor complex, followed by the slow irreversible transition to another complex. L-Lysine influences the first step, but not the second.", "contents": "Kinetic properties of the primary inhibitor of plasmin from human plasma. The interaction of human plasmin with the newly discovered alpha2-plasmin inhibitor was investigated. It was found from rate measurements that the reaction involves the rapid formation of a first enzyme-inhibitor complex, followed by the slow irreversible transition to another complex. L-Lysine influences the first step, but not the second."}
{"id": "PMID:141288", "title": "[Hypothesis and experimental confirmation of a new pharmacological model of osteoarthrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Basing on the fact that in adult articular cartilage there is an equilibrium of anabolic and catabolic processes, we developed a hypothesis that an experimentally induced reduction of anabolic reactions will lead to degenerative alterations in joint cartilage. In our experiments using monoiodine acetate, a potent inhibitory substance, we could confirm that 6-8 weeks after intraarticular injection into the knee joint of hen arthrotic processes can be observed in cartilage. By macroscopical, histological and biochemical criteria these arthrotic degenerations are in good correlation with human osteoarthrosis. Our new experimental model of osteoarthrosis in laboratory animals appears to be very sutiable for the study of degenerative articular processes and for pharmacological tests of new antiarthrotic drugs.", "contents": "[Hypothesis and experimental confirmation of a new pharmacological model of osteoarthrosis (author's transl)]. Basing on the fact that in adult articular cartilage there is an equilibrium of anabolic and catabolic processes, we developed a hypothesis that an experimentally induced reduction of anabolic reactions will lead to degenerative alterations in joint cartilage. In our experiments using monoiodine acetate, a potent inhibitory substance, we could confirm that 6-8 weeks after intraarticular injection into the knee joint of hen arthrotic processes can be observed in cartilage. By macroscopical, histological and biochemical criteria these arthrotic degenerations are in good correlation with human osteoarthrosis. Our new experimental model of osteoarthrosis in laboratory animals appears to be very sutiable for the study of degenerative articular processes and for pharmacological tests of new antiarthrotic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:141299", "title": "Muscle pain following administration of suxamethonium to pregnant and non-pregnant patients undergoing laparoscopic tubal ligation.", "content": "The frequency of muscle pain following suxamethonium was studied in 50 pregnant (8-13 weeks' gestation) and 100 non-pregnant women, undergoing laparoscopic tubal ligation. The incidence of muscle pain in the non-pregnant group was 42%, but only 20% in the pregnant women. The intensity of fasciculation was less in the pregnant patients. It appears that pregnancy protects the patient from suxamethonium pains, even during the first trimester.", "contents": "Muscle pain following administration of suxamethonium to pregnant and non-pregnant patients undergoing laparoscopic tubal ligation. The frequency of muscle pain following suxamethonium was studied in 50 pregnant (8-13 weeks' gestation) and 100 non-pregnant women, undergoing laparoscopic tubal ligation. The incidence of muscle pain in the non-pregnant group was 42%, but only 20% in the pregnant women. The intensity of fasciculation was less in the pregnant patients. It appears that pregnancy protects the patient from suxamethonium pains, even during the first trimester."}
{"id": "PMID:141300", "title": "Electrical stimulation in chronic low-back pain.", "content": "Since 1972, 367 patients with chronic low-back pain have been treated by electrical stimulation (e.s.). Patients with herniated disc lesions and spondylitis and allied conditions were included. Following e.s. 75-100% pain relief was obtained by 53% of the patients 50% pain relief by 27% and there was no improvement in 20% of patients. In a follow-up of 208 patients, 6-36 months later, approximately 70% stated that pain relief was similar to that obtained at the end of treatment.", "contents": "Electrical stimulation in chronic low-back pain. Since 1972, 367 patients with chronic low-back pain have been treated by electrical stimulation (e.s.). Patients with herniated disc lesions and spondylitis and allied conditions were included. Following e.s. 75-100% pain relief was obtained by 53% of the patients 50% pain relief by 27% and there was no improvement in 20% of patients. In a follow-up of 208 patients, 6-36 months later, approximately 70% stated that pain relief was similar to that obtained at the end of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:141301", "title": "Acne vulgaris: an investigation into the number of anaerobic diphtheroids and members of the Micrococcaceae in normal and acne skin.", "content": "A quantitative study was made of the microflora of 174 acne and 68 non-acne subjects. Two groups of organisms were investigated, the anaerobic diphtheroids and members of the Micrococcaceae. The results showed high numbers of both groups of bacteria in skin bearing blackheads, papules or pustules and in non-acne adolescent skin. There were significantly lower numbers of bacteria in the pilosebaceous ducts of normal looking skin in acne areas and in pre-adolescent skin when compared with non-acne adolescent skin. It is suggested that increased numbers of bacteria alone do not predispose to acne, but that their interaction with the skin, which is a function of the localized skin environment, may be important.", "contents": "Acne vulgaris: an investigation into the number of anaerobic diphtheroids and members of the Micrococcaceae in normal and acne skin. A quantitative study was made of the microflora of 174 acne and 68 non-acne subjects. Two groups of organisms were investigated, the anaerobic diphtheroids and members of the Micrococcaceae. The results showed high numbers of both groups of bacteria in skin bearing blackheads, papules or pustules and in non-acne adolescent skin. There were significantly lower numbers of bacteria in the pilosebaceous ducts of normal looking skin in acne areas and in pre-adolescent skin when compared with non-acne adolescent skin. It is suggested that increased numbers of bacteria alone do not predispose to acne, but that their interaction with the skin, which is a function of the localized skin environment, may be important."}
{"id": "PMID:141304", "title": "[Energization of membrane vesicles from the cells of glycolyzing bacterium Streptococcus faecalis].", "content": "Membrane fractions were isolated from Streptococcus faecalis cells of a glycolyzing microorganism, devoid of the respiratory chain, using the methods of osmotic shock of the protoplasts, ultrasonic treatment of the cells and ultrasonic treatment of the protoplasts. All fractions possessed the ATPase activity, the highest activity being observed in the fraction isolated by ultrasonication of the protoplasts. All preparations were estimated with respect to the presence of vesicles, formed by the \"inside-out\" and \"inside-in\" membranes, using ATPase as a marker of the membrane orientation. In the membrane fractions obtained by ultrasonication of the protoplasts, the \"inside-out\" vesicles were prevalent. ATP-dependent energization of the membranes, sensitive to the action of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and tetrachlorotrifluoromethyl benzimidazole, was demonstrated by measuring the transport of the lipophylic anion of phenyldicarbaundecaborane and aniline naphthalene sulfonate fluorescence.", "contents": "[Energization of membrane vesicles from the cells of glycolyzing bacterium Streptococcus faecalis]. Membrane fractions were isolated from Streptococcus faecalis cells of a glycolyzing microorganism, devoid of the respiratory chain, using the methods of osmotic shock of the protoplasts, ultrasonic treatment of the cells and ultrasonic treatment of the protoplasts. All fractions possessed the ATPase activity, the highest activity being observed in the fraction isolated by ultrasonication of the protoplasts. All preparations were estimated with respect to the presence of vesicles, formed by the \"inside-out\" and \"inside-in\" membranes, using ATPase as a marker of the membrane orientation. In the membrane fractions obtained by ultrasonication of the protoplasts, the \"inside-out\" vesicles were prevalent. ATP-dependent energization of the membranes, sensitive to the action of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and tetrachlorotrifluoromethyl benzimidazole, was demonstrated by measuring the transport of the lipophylic anion of phenyldicarbaundecaborane and aniline naphthalene sulfonate fluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:141305", "title": "[Study of the kinetics and mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by soluble ATPase of the chloroplasts (CFl) in the presence of Mg2+ ions].", "content": "A kinetic study of ATP hydrolysis by soluble ATPase of chloroplasts (CF1) was made. At low concentrations of MgCl2 a linear increase of the reaction rate was observed during the increase in the ATP concentration up to 1 mM. At high concentrations of MgCl2 the dependence was of a more complicated nature. At MgCl2 concentrations lower than 0.1 mM the reaction approached second-order kinetics with respect to Mg2+; the increase in MgCl2 concentration resulted in a decrease of the reaction order. It is assumed that MgATP is the \"true\" substrate and MgADP the \"true\" inhibitor of the reaction. A reaction mechanism of ATP hydrolysis  is postulated.", "contents": "[Study of the kinetics and mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by soluble ATPase of the chloroplasts (CFl) in the presence of Mg2+ ions]. A kinetic study of ATP hydrolysis by soluble ATPase of chloroplasts (CF1) was made. At low concentrations of MgCl2 a linear increase of the reaction rate was observed during the increase in the ATP concentration up to 1 mM. At high concentrations of MgCl2 the dependence was of a more complicated nature. At MgCl2 concentrations lower than 0.1 mM the reaction approached second-order kinetics with respect to Mg2+; the increase in MgCl2 concentration resulted in a decrease of the reaction order. It is assumed that MgATP is the \"true\" substrate and MgADP the \"true\" inhibitor of the reaction. A reaction mechanism of ATP hydrolysis  is postulated."}
{"id": "PMID:141312", "title": "Pattern detection by mongol and non-mongol subnormals.", "content": "Ten mongols and ten clinically heterogeneous subnormals matched on chronological age, mental age and digit span took part in an experiment in which tape-recorded supra-span digit sequences with different patterns were presented. There were six patterns: random, mirror (e.g. 583385); same-digit pairs (e.g. 558833), same-digit throughout (e.g. 333333), couplet repetition (e.g. 585858) and triplet repetition (583583). The numbers of digits correctly recalled in any order by the mongols in the various conditions ranked from least to most were: random, mirror, same-digit pairs, same-digit messages, triplet repetition and couplet repetition. The rank order for the non-mongols was the same except that the positions of couplet and triplet repetition were reversed. Mongols had significantly poorer recall for random, mirror and same-digit pair messages than non-mongols but were their equals in other conditions. The mongols' performance was more sensitive to pattern than the performance of the other subjects. There was some evidence that, in the messages with same-digit pairs and the same digit throughout, all subjects (but mongols in particular) tended to insert new digits into the response sequence and that the digit introduced was the next one in simple arithmetic progression. It would appear that the hypothesis about poor auditory-vocal channelling capacities of mongols needs qualification.", "contents": "Pattern detection by mongol and non-mongol subnormals. Ten mongols and ten clinically heterogeneous subnormals matched on chronological age, mental age and digit span took part in an experiment in which tape-recorded supra-span digit sequences with different patterns were presented. There were six patterns: random, mirror (e.g. 583385); same-digit pairs (e.g. 558833), same-digit throughout (e.g. 333333), couplet repetition (e.g. 585858) and triplet repetition (583583). The numbers of digits correctly recalled in any order by the mongols in the various conditions ranked from least to most were: random, mirror, same-digit pairs, same-digit messages, triplet repetition and couplet repetition. The rank order for the non-mongols was the same except that the positions of couplet and triplet repetition were reversed. Mongols had significantly poorer recall for random, mirror and same-digit pair messages than non-mongols but were their equals in other conditions. The mongols' performance was more sensitive to pattern than the performance of the other subjects. There was some evidence that, in the messages with same-digit pairs and the same digit throughout, all subjects (but mongols in particular) tended to insert new digits into the response sequence and that the digit introduced was the next one in simple arithmetic progression. It would appear that the hypothesis about poor auditory-vocal channelling capacities of mongols needs qualification."}
{"id": "PMID:141320", "title": "Antagonism of biogenic amine-induced depression of cerebral cortical neurones by Na+, K+-ATPase in inhibitors.", "content": "The effects of iontophoretically applied Na+-, K+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase) (EC 3.6.1.3) inhibitors (ouabain, digitoxin, digitoxigenin, strophanthin K, strophanthidin, thevetin A and B, ethacrynate, and harmaline) on the depression of rat cerebral cortical neurones by noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and histamine have been studied. The inhibitors antagonized depressions of spontaneously active neurones evoked by these amines, but not those evoked by gamma-aminobutyric acid, adenosine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, or calcium. The antagonistic potencies of the various inhibitors appeared to be proportional to their known potencies as inhibitors of Na+, K+-ATPase. The data therefore support the hypothesis that amines depress central neurones by activating an electrogenic sodium pump.", "contents": "Antagonism of biogenic amine-induced depression of cerebral cortical neurones by Na+, K+-ATPase in inhibitors. The effects of iontophoretically applied Na+-, K+-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase) (EC 3.6.1.3) inhibitors (ouabain, digitoxin, digitoxigenin, strophanthin K, strophanthidin, thevetin A and B, ethacrynate, and harmaline) on the depression of rat cerebral cortical neurones by noradrenaline, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and histamine have been studied. The inhibitors antagonized depressions of spontaneously active neurones evoked by these amines, but not those evoked by gamma-aminobutyric acid, adenosine, adenosine 5'-monophosphate, or calcium. The antagonistic potencies of the various inhibitors appeared to be proportional to their known potencies as inhibitors of Na+, K+-ATPase. The data therefore support the hypothesis that amines depress central neurones by activating an electrogenic sodium pump."}
{"id": "PMID:141321", "title": "Thymidine labeling index of human breast carcinoma. Enhancement of in vitro labeling by 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine.", "content": "Inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUDR) and 5-fluorouracil (FU), enhanced in vitro thymidine labeling of human breast carcinoma cells. Their use resulted in an increase in the measured thymidine labeling index (TLI) of breast carcinomas by increasing detectability of labeled nuclei in autoradiographs. The TLI was measured with FU or FUDR enhancement in primary breast carcinomas from nine women younger than age 50, and from 30 women 50 years or older. The mean and geometric mean TLI were 8.0 and 6.3 respectively for the younger group, and 4.0 and 2.8 respectively for the older group. Similar significant age-associated differences were noted in a series of 133 TLI measurements without FU or FUDR. The TLI was not significantly correlated with primary breast carcinoma size or number of axillary nodal metastases. The capacity to form axillary metastases must be related to factors other than the rate of cell replication in breast carcinomas.", "contents": "Thymidine labeling index of human breast carcinoma. Enhancement of in vitro labeling by 5-fluorouracil and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine. Inhibitors of thymidylate synthetase, 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUDR) and 5-fluorouracil (FU), enhanced in vitro thymidine labeling of human breast carcinoma cells. Their use resulted in an increase in the measured thymidine labeling index (TLI) of breast carcinomas by increasing detectability of labeled nuclei in autoradiographs. The TLI was measured with FU or FUDR enhancement in primary breast carcinomas from nine women younger than age 50, and from 30 women 50 years or older. The mean and geometric mean TLI were 8.0 and 6.3 respectively for the younger group, and 4.0 and 2.8 respectively for the older group. Similar significant age-associated differences were noted in a series of 133 TLI measurements without FU or FUDR. The TLI was not significantly correlated with primary breast carcinoma size or number of axillary nodal metastases. The capacity to form axillary metastases must be related to factors other than the rate of cell replication in breast carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:141328", "title": "Calcium accumulating and ATPase activity of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum before and after birth.", "content": "The possibility that the cardiac SR undergoes developmental changes at about the time of birth, and that these changes affect its ability to accumulate Ca2+ and to hydrolyse ATP has been studied. SR-rich microsomal fractions were prepared from heart muscle excised from foetal guinea pigs and rabbits 1 day before their anticipated date of birth, and from 1 day old and adult animals. For control purposes microsomes were also prepared from the relevant maternal stock animals. One day before birth the cardiac microsomes of the foetal but not of the maternal animals exhibited a decreased ability to accumulate Ca2+ by uptake but not by the binding process, and a decreased ability to hydrolyse ATP. This reduction in ATPase activity involved both the Ca2+-dependent and the Ca2+-independent ATPase enzymes. One day after birth the Ca2+-accumulating activity of the neonatal microsomes had increased, that of the rabbit via an increase in Ca2+ uptake and that of the guinea pig by an increase in Ca2+ binding. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the activity of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase. The results are interpreted to mean that the cardiac SR changes at about the time of birth, and that although the pattern of these changes may be species specific they result in an increase in the Ca2+-accumulating activity of the SR.", "contents": "Calcium accumulating and ATPase activity of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum before and after birth. The possibility that the cardiac SR undergoes developmental changes at about the time of birth, and that these changes affect its ability to accumulate Ca2+ and to hydrolyse ATP has been studied. SR-rich microsomal fractions were prepared from heart muscle excised from foetal guinea pigs and rabbits 1 day before their anticipated date of birth, and from 1 day old and adult animals. For control purposes microsomes were also prepared from the relevant maternal stock animals. One day before birth the cardiac microsomes of the foetal but not of the maternal animals exhibited a decreased ability to accumulate Ca2+ by uptake but not by the binding process, and a decreased ability to hydrolyse ATP. This reduction in ATPase activity involved both the Ca2+-dependent and the Ca2+-independent ATPase enzymes. One day after birth the Ca2+-accumulating activity of the neonatal microsomes had increased, that of the rabbit via an increase in Ca2+ uptake and that of the guinea pig by an increase in Ca2+ binding. These changes were accompanied by an increase in the activity of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase. The results are interpreted to mean that the cardiac SR changes at about the time of birth, and that although the pattern of these changes may be species specific they result in an increase in the Ca2+-accumulating activity of the SR."}
{"id": "PMID:141329", "title": "Reduced myocardial actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase activity in the ageing male Fischer rat.", "content": "Actomyosin was extracted from myocardial homogenates from male rats of different ages of a long-inbred Fischer rat colony maintained under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, and light. ATPase specific activity rose to a maximum at 2 months of age; this was followed by a progressive decline by about 25% at 16 months of age. However, the extractable actomyosin remained constant during this period. This loss in actomyosin ATPase specific activity is in good agreement with previously reported decrements in both stroke index and myocardial calcium content and an increase in myocardial contraction duration in aged rats.", "contents": "Reduced myocardial actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase activity in the ageing male Fischer rat. Actomyosin was extracted from myocardial homogenates from male rats of different ages of a long-inbred Fischer rat colony maintained under controlled conditions of temperature, humidity, and light. ATPase specific activity rose to a maximum at 2 months of age; this was followed by a progressive decline by about 25% at 16 months of age. However, the extractable actomyosin remained constant during this period. This loss in actomyosin ATPase specific activity is in good agreement with previously reported decrements in both stroke index and myocardial calcium content and an increase in myocardial contraction duration in aged rats."}
{"id": "PMID:141326", "title": "National randomized study of chemotherapeutic agents in advanced prostatic carcinoma: a progress report.", "content": "In the 36 months since its inception, the National Prostatic Cancer Project treatment subgroup has randomly assigned over 360 patients with progressive advanced prostatic cancer who were no longer responsive to endocrine manipulation to either one of four different clinical studies. The initial study demonstrated a clear superiority for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cyclophosphamide over continued conventional therapy. Beneficial responses were documented and are associated with increased survival rates and relief from pain and other symptoms. A proportionately larger number of patients obtained clinical benefit (stable and partial regression) on cyclophosphamide than on standard or 5-FU therapy. The criteria for evaluation of patients are supported by the survival data, ie, responders have survived for a longer period of time than those patients who continued in progression. Preliminary data from the subsequent protocols have documented a 30% response (stable and partial regression) in patients receiving oral estramustine phosphate and definite responses in patients treated with DTIC; Too few patients have been treated with Leo 1031 to offer total response rates at this time, although the early results are promising. These clinical studies have firmly established a place for chemotherapy in the management of prostatic cancer. New trials will introduce single- and multiple-drug chemotherapy at earlier phases of the clinical course of prostatic cancer patients.", "contents": "National randomized study of chemotherapeutic agents in advanced prostatic carcinoma: a progress report. In the 36 months since its inception, the National Prostatic Cancer Project treatment subgroup has randomly assigned over 360 patients with progressive advanced prostatic cancer who were no longer responsive to endocrine manipulation to either one of four different clinical studies. The initial study demonstrated a clear superiority for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and cyclophosphamide over continued conventional therapy. Beneficial responses were documented and are associated with increased survival rates and relief from pain and other symptoms. A proportionately larger number of patients obtained clinical benefit (stable and partial regression) on cyclophosphamide than on standard or 5-FU therapy. The criteria for evaluation of patients are supported by the survival data, ie, responders have survived for a longer period of time than those patients who continued in progression. Preliminary data from the subsequent protocols have documented a 30% response (stable and partial regression) in patients receiving oral estramustine phosphate and definite responses in patients treated with DTIC; Too few patients have been treated with Leo 1031 to offer total response rates at this time, although the early results are promising. These clinical studies have firmly established a place for chemotherapy in the management of prostatic cancer. New trials will introduce single- and multiple-drug chemotherapy at earlier phases of the clinical course of prostatic cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:141330", "title": "Amino acid transport in the rat exocrine pancreas. II. Inhibition by lanthanum and tetracaine.", "content": "The two calcium antagonistic agents lanthanum and tetracaine cause severe disturbances in the secretory process of the exocrine pancreas, including inhibition of the rate of protein synthesis and exocytosis. The former effect resulted mainly from the inhibition of amino acid transport. Lanthanum in a concentration up to 1 mM inhibited transport of different species of amino acids in an unspecific way whereas tetracaine interfered specifically with the Na+ -dependent transport system for neutral amino acids (14C-alpha-amino-isobutyric acid). Na+ -dependent transport of neutral amino acids (3H-leucine) was not affected. Transport inhibition was correlated to the acitvity of the Na+, K+ -ATPase system which was measured in isolated plasma membrane fractions. At higher concentrations (5-10 mM) some uptake of lanthanum into the cells by limited endocytosis was observed. At lower concentrations lanthanum seemed to bind exclusively to certain components of the plasms membrane, mainly at the lateral and basal cell surface. Even at a concentration of 5-10 mM no binding to the apical surface occurred. Similarly no binding of lanthanum was observed to the limiting membrane of isolated zymogen granules, while mitochondria, contained in the same fraction showed considerable binding affinity. The action of lanthanum and  tetracaine on membrane carrier systems did not affect the interior organization of the plasma membrane. Particle density and distribution in freeze-fracture replicas as well as the submembrane microfilamentous=microtubular system and the junctional elements remained unaffected.", "contents": "Amino acid transport in the rat exocrine pancreas. II. Inhibition by lanthanum and tetracaine. The two calcium antagonistic agents lanthanum and tetracaine cause severe disturbances in the secretory process of the exocrine pancreas, including inhibition of the rate of protein synthesis and exocytosis. The former effect resulted mainly from the inhibition of amino acid transport. Lanthanum in a concentration up to 1 mM inhibited transport of different species of amino acids in an unspecific way whereas tetracaine interfered specifically with the Na+ -dependent transport system for neutral amino acids (14C-alpha-amino-isobutyric acid). Na+ -dependent transport of neutral amino acids (3H-leucine) was not affected. Transport inhibition was correlated to the acitvity of the Na+, K+ -ATPase system which was measured in isolated plasma membrane fractions. At higher concentrations (5-10 mM) some uptake of lanthanum into the cells by limited endocytosis was observed. At lower concentrations lanthanum seemed to bind exclusively to certain components of the plasms membrane, mainly at the lateral and basal cell surface. Even at a concentration of 5-10 mM no binding to the apical surface occurred. Similarly no binding of lanthanum was observed to the limiting membrane of isolated zymogen granules, while mitochondria, contained in the same fraction showed considerable binding affinity. The action of lanthanum and  tetracaine on membrane carrier systems did not affect the interior organization of the plasma membrane. Particle density and distribution in freeze-fracture replicas as well as the submembrane microfilamentous=microtubular system and the junctional elements remained unaffected."}
{"id": "PMID:141331", "title": "Differentiation of slow and fast muscles in chickens.", "content": "1. The development of the characteristic histochemical appearance of the slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) was studied in chickens during embryonic development as well as during regeneration of minced muscle. 2. During embryonic development the activity of the oxidative enzyme succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) is higher in the slow ALD muscle already at 16 days of incubation. At this time the fast PLD has a higher activity of the glycolytic enzyme, phosphorylase. Although the histochemical appearance of the two types of muscle is already different at 16 days, their contractile speeds are still similar. No difference in myosin ATP-ase was found in the two muscles in young embryos but in 20-day old embryos the two muscles became distinctly different when stained for this enzyme. 3. When PLD muscles in hatched chickens redeveloped during regeneration in place of ALD the histochemical characteristics of the regenerated muscle resembled ALD, and when ALD regenerated in place of PLD it resembled PLD. 4. It is concluded that the histochemical characteristics of slow and fast muscles become determined during early development, even before any difference in contractile properties can be detected and that they are determined by the nerve.", "contents": "Differentiation of slow and fast muscles in chickens. 1. The development of the characteristic histochemical appearance of the slow anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) and fast posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) was studied in chickens during embryonic development as well as during regeneration of minced muscle. 2. During embryonic development the activity of the oxidative enzyme succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) is higher in the slow ALD muscle already at 16 days of incubation. At this time the fast PLD has a higher activity of the glycolytic enzyme, phosphorylase. Although the histochemical appearance of the two types of muscle is already different at 16 days, their contractile speeds are still similar. No difference in myosin ATP-ase was found in the two muscles in young embryos but in 20-day old embryos the two muscles became distinctly different when stained for this enzyme. 3. When PLD muscles in hatched chickens redeveloped during regeneration in place of ALD the histochemical characteristics of the regenerated muscle resembled ALD, and when ALD regenerated in place of PLD it resembled PLD. 4. It is concluded that the histochemical characteristics of slow and fast muscles become determined during early development, even before any difference in contractile properties can be detected and that they are determined by the nerve."}
{"id": "PMID:141332", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the Malpighian tubule of the pill millipede, Glomeris marginata (villers).", "content": "Ultrastructural studies on the Malpighian tubules of Glomeris marginata (Villers) reveal considerable morphological differences between the upper, fluid secreting, segment, and the lower segment which is at present of unknown function. Previous reports have shown that the upper tubule has a high permeability to compounds of high molecular weight. This may be accounted for by the fact that the epithelium shows very extensive intercellular spaces which are linked directly to junctions apparently specialised to provide a low resistance extracellular pathway between the haemocoel and the tubule lumen. Histochemical studies on the localisation of phosphatase enzymes reveal intracellular vesicles with acid phosphatase activity. The basal labyrinth of the lower tubule exhibits considerable alkaline phosphatase activity which is apparently identical in location to the enzyme revealed by two different ATPase localisation techniques.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the Malpighian tubule of the pill millipede, Glomeris marginata (villers). Ultrastructural studies on the Malpighian tubules of Glomeris marginata (Villers) reveal considerable morphological differences between the upper, fluid secreting, segment, and the lower segment which is at present of unknown function. Previous reports have shown that the upper tubule has a high permeability to compounds of high molecular weight. This may be accounted for by the fact that the epithelium shows very extensive intercellular spaces which are linked directly to junctions apparently specialised to provide a low resistance extracellular pathway between the haemocoel and the tubule lumen. Histochemical studies on the localisation of phosphatase enzymes reveal intracellular vesicles with acid phosphatase activity. The basal labyrinth of the lower tubule exhibits considerable alkaline phosphatase activity which is apparently identical in location to the enzyme revealed by two different ATPase localisation techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:141327", "title": "Calusterone therapy for advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Calusterone was given at a dose of 200 mg daily to 45 postmenopausal patients with advanced metastatic breast cancer. Of the 40 evaluable patients, 11 were unable to tolerate the drug because of severe toxicity. Objective regression of soft tissue disease and relief of bone pain were seen in four patients (9.1%) for an average duration of 15.2 weeks. Thirteen patients showed an arrest of disease progression. In 12 patients the lesions continued to progress in spite of therapy. Toxic effects consisting of nausea, vomiting, fluid retention, SGOT elevation, and androgenic side effects were seen in 33 patients (75%), necessitating discontinuation of the drug in 11 (25%).", "contents": "Calusterone therapy for advanced breast cancer. Calusterone was given at a dose of 200 mg daily to 45 postmenopausal patients with advanced metastatic breast cancer. Of the 40 evaluable patients, 11 were unable to tolerate the drug because of severe toxicity. Objective regression of soft tissue disease and relief of bone pain were seen in four patients (9.1%) for an average duration of 15.2 weeks. Thirteen patients showed an arrest of disease progression. In 12 patients the lesions continued to progress in spite of therapy. Toxic effects consisting of nausea, vomiting, fluid retention, SGOT elevation, and androgenic side effects were seen in 33 patients (75%), necessitating discontinuation of the drug in 11 (25%)."}
{"id": "PMID:141333", "title": "Left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. III: ultrastructural characteristics of cardiomyopathy and cardiac hypertrophy with good or poor ventricular function.", "content": "Left ventricular endomyocardial biopsies have been obtained from patients with cardiomyopathy and hypertrophy due to aortic valve disease. These biopsies have been examined by electron microscopy and the ultrastructural abnormalities compared. In congestive cardiomyopathy no specific abnormalities were found although myofibrillary degeneration and membrane-bound vacuoles were more commonly present. Crossing of whole groups of sarcomeres was found only in asymmetric septal hypertrophy, but was not present in all cases. Amyloid deposits were demonstrated easily by electron microscopy in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy. In the patients with hypertrophy due to aortic valve disease, no specific features were found and ultrastructural abnormalities did not differentiate between normal and impaired left ventricular functions.", "contents": "Left ventricular endomyocardial biopsy. III: ultrastructural characteristics of cardiomyopathy and cardiac hypertrophy with good or poor ventricular function. Left ventricular endomyocardial biopsies have been obtained from patients with cardiomyopathy and hypertrophy due to aortic valve disease. These biopsies have been examined by electron microscopy and the ultrastructural abnormalities compared. In congestive cardiomyopathy no specific abnormalities were found although myofibrillary degeneration and membrane-bound vacuoles were more commonly present. Crossing of whole groups of sarcomeres was found only in asymmetric septal hypertrophy, but was not present in all cases. Amyloid deposits were demonstrated easily by electron microscopy in patients with restrictive cardiomyopathy. In the patients with hypertrophy due to aortic valve disease, no specific features were found and ultrastructural abnormalities did not differentiate between normal and impaired left ventricular functions."}
{"id": "PMID:141348", "title": "Asymmetric septal hypertrophy and myocardial fiber disarray. Features of normal, developing, and malformed hearts.", "content": "The specificity and significance of the asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) and myocardial fiber disarray of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) is uncertain. To examine this we studied 215 hearts, including normal embryos, fetuses, children, and adults; and hearts with congenital and acquired disease. Disproportionate septal thickening was present in all embryos and in some abnormal hearts, particularly those with severe right ventricular hypertrophy due to congenital malformations. Some myocardial fiber disarray was present in all hearts at the junctions of interventricular septum and ventricular free wall. In hearts with semilunar valve atresia with intact ventricular septums, and in the infundibulum of some with tetralogy of Fallot, however, extensive fiber disarray was present. Thus, ASH occurs in the normal developing heart and in some malformed hearts with RVH; marked muscle fiber disarray may occur in certain congenital lesions with abnormal systolic contraction. Neither morphologic finding independently or in combination is pathognomonic of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "contents": "Asymmetric septal hypertrophy and myocardial fiber disarray. Features of normal, developing, and malformed hearts. The specificity and significance of the asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) and myocardial fiber disarray of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) is uncertain. To examine this we studied 215 hearts, including normal embryos, fetuses, children, and adults; and hearts with congenital and acquired disease. Disproportionate septal thickening was present in all embryos and in some abnormal hearts, particularly those with severe right ventricular hypertrophy due to congenital malformations. Some myocardial fiber disarray was present in all hearts at the junctions of interventricular septum and ventricular free wall. In hearts with semilunar valve atresia with intact ventricular septums, and in the infundibulum of some with tetralogy of Fallot, however, extensive fiber disarray was present. Thus, ASH occurs in the normal developing heart and in some malformed hearts with RVH; marked muscle fiber disarray may occur in certain congenital lesions with abnormal systolic contraction. Neither morphologic finding independently or in combination is pathognomonic of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:141345", "title": "An experimental resource centre on handicap in children. 1. Preliminary analysis of need for such a centre.", "content": "An experimental information and resource centre on handicap in children for the use of staff in the health, social and educational services was set up in an area of London serving four adjacent boroughs. As a first step, a questionnaire was widely distributed to potential users  of the centre asking for information about their work, training and recent reading in this subject. Of 192 replies, those from health visitors, medical officiers, teachers and therapists are analysed. Lack of adequate training, both at basic and post-qualification level, as well as a failure to keep up to date with specialized journals, encouraged the establishment of the resource centre, which also planned to provide a course of lectures and seminars. The nature of the material collected is briefly described.", "contents": "An experimental resource centre on handicap in children. 1. Preliminary analysis of need for such a centre. An experimental information and resource centre on handicap in children for the use of staff in the health, social and educational services was set up in an area of London serving four adjacent boroughs. As a first step, a questionnaire was widely distributed to potential users  of the centre asking for information about their work, training and recent reading in this subject. Of 192 replies, those from health visitors, medical officiers, teachers and therapists are analysed. Lack of adequate training, both at basic and post-qualification level, as well as a failure to keep up to date with specialized journals, encouraged the establishment of the resource centre, which also planned to provide a course of lectures and seminars. The nature of the material collected is briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:141349", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of fixed left ventricular outlet obstruction in children. Pre and postoperative outlet obstruction in children.", "content": "Rencently, several investigators have utilized the echographically determined magnitude of relative left ventricular posterior wall hypertrophy as a reflection of normalized systolic wall stress to estimate left ventricular systolic pressure noninvasively. In this study, relative wall thickness determined echographically was compared to peak systolic pressure measured at catheterization in 20 children without obstruction to left ventricular outflow and with normal left ventricular function. From these data a relationship, pressure = 225 X left ventricular systolic wall thickness/left ventricular end-systolic internal dimension, was derived. The relationship was then applied to 57 children with fixed aortic stenosis. Left ventricular pressure estimated echographically compared well with that demonstrated at cardiac catheterization (r = 0.89). Twenty-one patients had further echographic studies following surgical relief of outlet obstruction. Estimated left ventricular pressure fell to normal values within two months following surgery in over half the patients with good surgical relief of obstruction, and was normal at subsequent studies up to 22 months postoperatively in all but one patient with good surgical relief. In patients in whom outlet obstruction was not adequately relieved at surgery, echographically estimated left ventricular pressure remained persistently elevated.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of fixed left ventricular outlet obstruction in children. Pre and postoperative outlet obstruction in children. Rencently, several investigators have utilized the echographically determined magnitude of relative left ventricular posterior wall hypertrophy as a reflection of normalized systolic wall stress to estimate left ventricular systolic pressure noninvasively. In this study, relative wall thickness determined echographically was compared to peak systolic pressure measured at catheterization in 20 children without obstruction to left ventricular outflow and with normal left ventricular function. From these data a relationship, pressure = 225 X left ventricular systolic wall thickness/left ventricular end-systolic internal dimension, was derived. The relationship was then applied to 57 children with fixed aortic stenosis. Left ventricular pressure estimated echographically compared well with that demonstrated at cardiac catheterization (r = 0.89). Twenty-one patients had further echographic studies following surgical relief of outlet obstruction. Estimated left ventricular pressure fell to normal values within two months following surgery in over half the patients with good surgical relief of obstruction, and was normal at subsequent studies up to 22 months postoperatively in all but one patient with good surgical relief. In patients in whom outlet obstruction was not adequately relieved at surgery, echographically estimated left ventricular pressure remained persistently elevated."}
{"id": "PMID:141346", "title": "An experimental resource centre on handicap in children. 2. Results from one year's operation.", "content": "An experimental resource centre on handicap for professional workers in four London boroughs as well advertised through all the relevant social, health and education departments. It provided a wide range of reference and display material as well as a programme of 20 lectures from experts with different backgrounds. The response to the centre by the various professions is reported, both in respect of visits to use its resources and of attendance at seminars and lectures. The response was disappointing, particularly from social workers and teachers. The centre had to close from lack of support after one year. Possible causes for the lack of response are discussed, and suggestions are made as to how the quality of the service given to handicapped children and their families can be improved.", "contents": "An experimental resource centre on handicap in children. 2. Results from one year's operation. An experimental resource centre on handicap for professional workers in four London boroughs as well advertised through all the relevant social, health and education departments. It provided a wide range of reference and display material as well as a programme of 20 lectures from experts with different backgrounds. The response to the centre by the various professions is reported, both in respect of visits to use its resources and of attendance at seminars and lectures. The response was disappointing, particularly from social workers and teachers. The centre had to close from lack of support after one year. Possible causes for the lack of response are discussed, and suggestions are made as to how the quality of the service given to handicapped children and their families can be improved."}
{"id": "PMID:141347", "title": "The Priory Parents Workshop.", "content": "The workshop was a successful attempt to to meet the needs of parents of handicapped children. Using a multidisciplinary team the 16-session workshop enabled both parents and professionals to discuss the problems associated with handicapped children and possible practical solutions. The unique approach of the Priory Workshop could be the prototype for future community services to help the mentally hanidcapped.", "contents": "The Priory Parents Workshop. The workshop was a successful attempt to to meet the needs of parents of handicapped children. Using a multidisciplinary team the 16-session workshop enabled both parents and professionals to discuss the problems associated with handicapped children and possible practical solutions. The unique approach of the Priory Workshop could be the prototype for future community services to help the mentally hanidcapped."}
{"id": "PMID:141350", "title": "Mixed lymphocyte reaction and graft survival in forty cadaveric renal transplants.", "content": "The value of the MLR in predicting graft outcome was evaluated in forty cadaveric grafts. The MLR was assessed by the one and two way stimulation index (SI), the relative response (RR), and the stabilized relative response (SRR). Graft function was assessed by function at 3 and 6 months after transplantation, and a rejection grading based on the number and severity of rejection episodes during the first 3 months after transplantation. No correlation was found between the MLR and graft outcome in these patients.", "contents": "Mixed lymphocyte reaction and graft survival in forty cadaveric renal transplants. The value of the MLR in predicting graft outcome was evaluated in forty cadaveric grafts. The MLR was assessed by the one and two way stimulation index (SI), the relative response (RR), and the stabilized relative response (SRR). Graft function was assessed by function at 3 and 6 months after transplantation, and a rejection grading based on the number and severity of rejection episodes during the first 3 months after transplantation. No correlation was found between the MLR and graft outcome in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:141352", "title": "Differential effect of pregnancy or gestagens on humoral and cell-mediated immunity.", "content": "The reactivity of spleen lymphocytes in a mixed lymphocyte culture and the in vivo PFC response to sheep erythrocytes have been evaluated in pregnant female mice and data compared with those observed in virgin sexually mature female mice daily treated either with progesterone or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or human prolactin. The mixed lymphocyte reactivity is depressed at mid-pregnancy, whereas PFC response is increased. Comparable immunological modifications have been found in mice treated with HCG, but not in animals treated with progesterone or prolactin. The similarity between HCG treatment and pregnancy suggests that the rate of gonadotropin release may be one of the earliest events responsible for the immunological disturbances present during pregnancy, although its action on the lymphoid system seems to require the presence of the ovary. From these data and from the observation that HCG increases the PFC response also in thymusless nude female mice, it can be deduced that it acts on both T and B cells.", "contents": "Differential effect of pregnancy or gestagens on humoral and cell-mediated immunity. The reactivity of spleen lymphocytes in a mixed lymphocyte culture and the in vivo PFC response to sheep erythrocytes have been evaluated in pregnant female mice and data compared with those observed in virgin sexually mature female mice daily treated either with progesterone or human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) or human prolactin. The mixed lymphocyte reactivity is depressed at mid-pregnancy, whereas PFC response is increased. Comparable immunological modifications have been found in mice treated with HCG, but not in animals treated with progesterone or prolactin. The similarity between HCG treatment and pregnancy suggests that the rate of gonadotropin release may be one of the earliest events responsible for the immunological disturbances present during pregnancy, although its action on the lymphoid system seems to require the presence of the ovary. From these data and from the observation that HCG increases the PFC response also in thymusless nude female mice, it can be deduced that it acts on both T and B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:141353", "title": "Differential effect of pancreatectomy on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.", "content": "Cell-mediated immune reactions, such as allogenic skin-graft rejection and PHA or MLC responses, and antibody synthesis against different antigens (sheep erythrocytes, Brucella antigen, bovine serum albumin) have been evaluated in rats suffering from experimentally-induced diabetes and in age-matched sham-treated controls. Cell-mediated immune reactions are strongly depressed diabetic rats. The cellularity of the thymus and of thymus-dependent areas and the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes is significantly reduced in pancreatectomized rats. Moreover, the immunological recovery from heavy cortisonization is also greatly impaired. Daily treatment with insulin may prevent these immunological alterations. By contrast, antibody responses in diabetic rats are not quantitatively altered in respect to either the number of antibody producing cells in the spleen or the circulating antibody titres. The discrepancy between the abnormality of cell-mediated immune reactions in diabetic rats and their physiological capacity to synthetize antibodies suggests that the sensitivity to an insulin-deprived environment is present only in a definite, although yet undefined, subpopulation of  lymphoid cells rather than in the whole lymphoid system.", "contents": "Differential effect of pancreatectomy on humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Cell-mediated immune reactions, such as allogenic skin-graft rejection and PHA or MLC responses, and antibody synthesis against different antigens (sheep erythrocytes, Brucella antigen, bovine serum albumin) have been evaluated in rats suffering from experimentally-induced diabetes and in age-matched sham-treated controls. Cell-mediated immune reactions are strongly depressed diabetic rats. The cellularity of the thymus and of thymus-dependent areas and the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes is significantly reduced in pancreatectomized rats. Moreover, the immunological recovery from heavy cortisonization is also greatly impaired. Daily treatment with insulin may prevent these immunological alterations. By contrast, antibody responses in diabetic rats are not quantitatively altered in respect to either the number of antibody producing cells in the spleen or the circulating antibody titres. The discrepancy between the abnormality of cell-mediated immune reactions in diabetic rats and their physiological capacity to synthetize antibodies suggests that the sensitivity to an insulin-deprived environment is present only in a definite, although yet undefined, subpopulation of  lymphoid cells rather than in the whole lymphoid system."}
{"id": "PMID:141354", "title": "Analytical subcellular fractionation of guinea-pig myocardium.", "content": "1. Homogenates of guinea-pig left ventricle were fractionated by differential pelleting and by centrifugation on continuous sucrose density gradients. 2. The principal subcellular organelles of myocardium, characterized by their marker enzyme content, were resolved by density gradient centrifugation in a small-volume zonal rotor. The equilibrium densities (p) of the principal organelles are (with marker enzymes in parentheses): sarcolemma, 1-12 (5'-nucleotidase); lysosomes, 1-16 (N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase); mitochondria, 1-17 (cytochrome oxidase); peroxisomes, 1-18 (catalase); cytosol (lactate dehydrogenase). 3. The subcellular distribution of various adenosine triphosphatase activities and previously unassigned enzymes was determined. Leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase showed both cytosol and sarcolemma components. Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase showed dual localization to the mitochondria and to the sarcolemma.", "contents": "Analytical subcellular fractionation of guinea-pig myocardium. 1. Homogenates of guinea-pig left ventricle were fractionated by differential pelleting and by centrifugation on continuous sucrose density gradients. 2. The principal subcellular organelles of myocardium, characterized by their marker enzyme content, were resolved by density gradient centrifugation in a small-volume zonal rotor. The equilibrium densities (p) of the principal organelles are (with marker enzymes in parentheses): sarcolemma, 1-12 (5'-nucleotidase); lysosomes, 1-16 (N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase); mitochondria, 1-17 (cytochrome oxidase); peroxisomes, 1-18 (catalase); cytosol (lactate dehydrogenase). 3. The subcellular distribution of various adenosine triphosphatase activities and previously unassigned enzymes was determined. Leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase showed both cytosol and sarcolemma components. Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase showed dual localization to the mitochondria and to the sarcolemma."}
{"id": "PMID:141355", "title": "Intramuscular gold for rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Improvement from gold therapy is not immediate but comes about very slowly. The patient and physician should be forewarned that as many as 8 to 14 weeks may pass before any benefit is noted, and that months of treatment may be required before improvement is sufficient to decrease disability. With effective therapy, signs of inflammation gradually decrease, pain abates, and function improves. Not all patients benefit, and whether beneficial results occur can be determined only by clinical trial. There is no advance method of determining whether treatment will be effective. Gold therapy suppresses rheumatoid inflammation and checks the progress of the disease. It should not be used alone, but shoud be part of a well-planned program of treatment carefully adjusted to the needs of the individual. This therapy will include steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (including aspirin), which should not be reduced or abandoned until definite improvement from gold can be determined. With the possible exception of palindromic and juvenile forms, RA is the only rheumatic disease benefited by intramuscular gold therapy. The treatment should never be used for  other forms of rheumatism.", "contents": "Intramuscular gold for rheumatoid arthritis. Improvement from gold therapy is not immediate but comes about very slowly. The patient and physician should be forewarned that as many as 8 to 14 weeks may pass before any benefit is noted, and that months of treatment may be required before improvement is sufficient to decrease disability. With effective therapy, signs of inflammation gradually decrease, pain abates, and function improves. Not all patients benefit, and whether beneficial results occur can be determined only by clinical trial. There is no advance method of determining whether treatment will be effective. Gold therapy suppresses rheumatoid inflammation and checks the progress of the disease. It should not be used alone, but shoud be part of a well-planned program of treatment carefully adjusted to the needs of the individual. This therapy will include steroidal and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents (including aspirin), which should not be reduced or abandoned until definite improvement from gold can be determined. With the possible exception of palindromic and juvenile forms, RA is the only rheumatic disease benefited by intramuscular gold therapy. The treatment should never be used for  other forms of rheumatism."}
{"id": "PMID:141356", "title": "Irritant dermatitis during the relining of a blast furnace.", "content": "An outbreak of dermatitis is reported amongst steel erectors, platers and welders working on the relining of a blast furnace. Evidence is produced for regarding this as an occupational primary irritant contact dermatitis.", "contents": "Irritant dermatitis during the relining of a blast furnace. An outbreak of dermatitis is reported amongst steel erectors, platers and welders working on the relining of a blast furnace. Evidence is produced for regarding this as an occupational primary irritant contact dermatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:141357", "title": "The role of sulphation of glycosaminoglycans in their structural and functional characteristics.", "content": "The CD spectra in the far ultraviolet and the CD and ORD spectra of methylene blue-complexes (MB-complex) of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) with different sulphate contents were studied in comparison with their effect on the in vitro formation of collagen fibres. The following polyanions were investigated: Chondroitin sulphate-A with different sulphate contents, oversulphated chondroitin sulphate, heparin and dextran sulphate and their desulphated derivatives. It was observed that the MB-complex of polysaccharides with the same backbone structure, but with different sulphate contents might show ORD and CD spectra of exciton type, but of inverse sign. This phenomenon was interpreted on the basis of different types of aggregation of dye molecules bound to the polysaccharides. The biological effect of GAG changed also with the sulphate content. This suggests that it is the extent of sulphation rather than the glycosidic structure of GAG which determines their chiroptical and functional properties.", "contents": "The role of sulphation of glycosaminoglycans in their structural and functional characteristics. The CD spectra in the far ultraviolet and the CD and ORD spectra of methylene blue-complexes (MB-complex) of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) with different sulphate contents were studied in comparison with their effect on the in vitro formation of collagen fibres. The following polyanions were investigated: Chondroitin sulphate-A with different sulphate contents, oversulphated chondroitin sulphate, heparin and dextran sulphate and their desulphated derivatives. It was observed that the MB-complex of polysaccharides with the same backbone structure, but with different sulphate contents might show ORD and CD spectra of exciton type, but of inverse sign. This phenomenon was interpreted on the basis of different types of aggregation of dye molecules bound to the polysaccharides. The biological effect of GAG changed also with the sulphate content. This suggests that it is the extent of sulphation rather than the glycosidic structure of GAG which determines their chiroptical and functional properties."}
{"id": "PMID:141358", "title": "Collagen cross-linking alterations in joint contractures: changes in the reducible cross-links in periarticular connective tissue collagen after nine weeks of immobilization.", "content": "A significant increase in the NaBH4 reducible intermolecular cross-links in the 9 week immobilized rabbit periarticular connective tissue was found. Dihydroxylysinonorleucine, hydroxylysinonorleucine, and histidinohydroxymerodesmosine were the major cross-links which increased during the period of immobilization. No change in the hydroxlysine/lysine ratio between the immobilized and control periarticular connective tissue collagen was detected during the 9 weeks of enforced immobilization of the rabbit knee. Since the collagen mass in the immobilized periarticular connective tissue does not change, or at most is reduced 10%, we suggest that there is an increase in collagen cross-links expressed both in per unit weight of collagen and on the basis of collagen mass per knee due to the lack of physical stress and motion.", "contents": "Collagen cross-linking alterations in joint contractures: changes in the reducible cross-links in periarticular connective tissue collagen after nine weeks of immobilization. A significant increase in the NaBH4 reducible intermolecular cross-links in the 9 week immobilized rabbit periarticular connective tissue was found. Dihydroxylysinonorleucine, hydroxylysinonorleucine, and histidinohydroxymerodesmosine were the major cross-links which increased during the period of immobilization. No change in the hydroxlysine/lysine ratio between the immobilized and control periarticular connective tissue collagen was detected during the 9 weeks of enforced immobilization of the rabbit knee. Since the collagen mass in the immobilized periarticular connective tissue does not change, or at most is reduced 10%, we suggest that there is an increase in collagen cross-links expressed both in per unit weight of collagen and on the basis of collagen mass per knee due to the lack of physical stress and motion."}
{"id": "PMID:141359", "title": "Interaction between collagen type I and type III in conditioning bundles organization.", "content": "Type I and type III collagen extracted from skin was purified by differential salt precipitation and chromatography. By heating to 37 degrees, type I formed after a lag phase a floppy and opalescent gel of high optical density and type III formed more rapidly a translucent and rigid gel of low optical density. Addition of type III to type I resulted in formation of gels of reduced optical density and lag phase related to the proportion of type III added. Phase contrast and scanning electronmicroscopy demonstrated the formation of thick bundles of type I, thin fibers of type III and bundles of intermediate size related to the proportion of type III. The relationship between collagen type and bundle architecture might prove most significant in conditioning the mechanical properties of the connective tissues in normal and pathological conditions.", "contents": "Interaction between collagen type I and type III in conditioning bundles organization. Type I and type III collagen extracted from skin was purified by differential salt precipitation and chromatography. By heating to 37 degrees, type I formed after a lag phase a floppy and opalescent gel of high optical density and type III formed more rapidly a translucent and rigid gel of low optical density. Addition of type III to type I resulted in formation of gels of reduced optical density and lag phase related to the proportion of type III added. Phase contrast and scanning electronmicroscopy demonstrated the formation of thick bundles of type I, thin fibers of type III and bundles of intermediate size related to the proportion of type III. The relationship between collagen type and bundle architecture might prove most significant in conditioning the mechanical properties of the connective tissues in normal and pathological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:141360", "title": "X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy of bovine media aortic wall.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopy and high angle X-ray diffraction were used to define the relationship between collagen and elastin of bovine aortic wall. The diffraction pattern shows on one hand that the broad rings at 4.5 A and 9 A, due to elastin, do not orient on stretching and on the other hand, that the collagen rings at 11 A and 2.9 A start to orient at low elongations. These data together with scanning electron microscopy suggest a tight structural relationship between collagen and elastin that should influence the mechanics of deformation at all degrees of elongation.", "contents": "X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy of bovine media aortic wall. Scanning electron microscopy and high angle X-ray diffraction were used to define the relationship between collagen and elastin of bovine aortic wall. The diffraction pattern shows on one hand that the broad rings at 4.5 A and 9 A, due to elastin, do not orient on stretching and on the other hand, that the collagen rings at 11 A and 2.9 A start to orient at low elongations. These data together with scanning electron microscopy suggest a tight structural relationship between collagen and elastin that should influence the mechanics of deformation at all degrees of elongation."}
{"id": "PMID:141361", "title": "Histological and biochemical studies on cartilage from osteoarthrotic femoral heads with special reference to surface characteristics.", "content": "A study has been made of cartilage from osteoarthrotic femoral heads in an attempt to relate histological to biochemical and metabolic changes. Cartilage showing different surface characteristics and originating from different areas of the femoral head has been studied. Depending on its surface characteristic and location, the osteoarthrotic cartilage ranged in composition and sulphate metabolism from practically normal to glycosaminoglycan depleted and metabolically depressed. There was no indication of elevation in the sulphate incorporation in the osteoarthrotic cartilage.", "contents": "Histological and biochemical studies on cartilage from osteoarthrotic femoral heads with special reference to surface characteristics. A study has been made of cartilage from osteoarthrotic femoral heads in an attempt to relate histological to biochemical and metabolic changes. Cartilage showing different surface characteristics and originating from different areas of the femoral head has been studied. Depending on its surface characteristic and location, the osteoarthrotic cartilage ranged in composition and sulphate metabolism from practically normal to glycosaminoglycan depleted and metabolically depressed. There was no indication of elevation in the sulphate incorporation in the osteoarthrotic cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:141362", "title": "Osteogenesis imperfecta: morphological, histochemical and biochemical aspects. Modifications induced by (+)-catechin.", "content": "Two patients affected with two different forms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta were examined in order to study collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in skin and iliac crest cartilage. A sharp decrease of the galactosamine to glucosamine ratio due to a reduced content of chondroitin sulfate was evidenced in both patients. Moreover the structure of proteoglycans appeared altered, this being more evident in the severe form of the disease. Morphological examination in light and electron microscopy of cartilage of the less severely diseased patient showed that GAGs in the extracellular matrix did not present regular connection with collagen fibers. Chondrocytes, elongated and disorderly scattered, showed large lipidic inclusions and, on histochemical basis, were devoid of UDPG dehydrogenase activity. Treatment with (+)-catechin produced an improvement, in both patients, of the biochemical pattern of collagen and GAGs. Similarly a shift of the cellular activity and of the matrix morphology towards normality was observed in the investigated cartilage of the less severely affected patient.", "contents": "Osteogenesis imperfecta: morphological, histochemical and biochemical aspects. Modifications induced by (+)-catechin. Two patients affected with two different forms of Osteogenesis Imperfecta were examined in order to study collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in skin and iliac crest cartilage. A sharp decrease of the galactosamine to glucosamine ratio due to a reduced content of chondroitin sulfate was evidenced in both patients. Moreover the structure of proteoglycans appeared altered, this being more evident in the severe form of the disease. Morphological examination in light and electron microscopy of cartilage of the less severely diseased patient showed that GAGs in the extracellular matrix did not present regular connection with collagen fibers. Chondrocytes, elongated and disorderly scattered, showed large lipidic inclusions and, on histochemical basis, were devoid of UDPG dehydrogenase activity. Treatment with (+)-catechin produced an improvement, in both patients, of the biochemical pattern of collagen and GAGs. Similarly a shift of the cellular activity and of the matrix morphology towards normality was observed in the investigated cartilage of the less severely affected patient."}
{"id": "PMID:141363", "title": "Characterisation of the major collagen species present in porcine aortae and the synthesis of their precursors by smooth muscle cells in culture.", "content": "Porcine aortae were digested with pepsin and the solubilised collagen molecules separated by differential salt precipitation at pH7.5. The fraction precipitated at 1.71 M NaCl was shown to comprise collagen type III as judged by its elution characteristics from CM-cellulose, its alpha-chain composition on sodium dodeclysulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and amino acid analyses. Pepsin-derived type I collagen was recovered by precipitation at 2.56 M NaCl and similarly characterised. cultures of porcine arterial smooth muscle cells have been established and radiolabelling studies with [14Clproline have demonstrated that these cells synthesis and secrete the precursors of collagen types I and III into the culture medium. Ion-exchange chromatography of these secreted collagen molecules and gel filtration of their pepsin-derived alpha-chains have demonstrated that type III is the major collagen species present in the medium.", "contents": "Characterisation of the major collagen species present in porcine aortae and the synthesis of their precursors by smooth muscle cells in culture. Porcine aortae were digested with pepsin and the solubilised collagen molecules separated by differential salt precipitation at pH7.5. The fraction precipitated at 1.71 M NaCl was shown to comprise collagen type III as judged by its elution characteristics from CM-cellulose, its alpha-chain composition on sodium dodeclysulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and amino acid analyses. Pepsin-derived type I collagen was recovered by precipitation at 2.56 M NaCl and similarly characterised. cultures of porcine arterial smooth muscle cells have been established and radiolabelling studies with [14Clproline have demonstrated that these cells synthesis and secrete the precursors of collagen types I and III into the culture medium. Ion-exchange chromatography of these secreted collagen molecules and gel filtration of their pepsin-derived alpha-chains have demonstrated that type III is the major collagen species present in the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:141365", "title": "Old drug--in a new system--revisited.", "content": "Sodium sulfacetamide, penetrating antibacterial, in combination with hydrocortisone and sulfur, has enjoyed twenty years of remarkable safety, with outstanding efficacy and patient acceptance, in the prescription treatment of pustular acne and severe, refractory seborrheic dermatitis. Recently, this combination has been reported to be highly effective concomitant therapy for perioral dermatitis. Almost paradoxically, it achieves these desired goals without the excessive erythema and discomforting irritation associated with retinoic acid and benzoyl peroxide.", "contents": "Old drug--in a new system--revisited. Sodium sulfacetamide, penetrating antibacterial, in combination with hydrocortisone and sulfur, has enjoyed twenty years of remarkable safety, with outstanding efficacy and patient acceptance, in the prescription treatment of pustular acne and severe, refractory seborrheic dermatitis. Recently, this combination has been reported to be highly effective concomitant therapy for perioral dermatitis. Almost paradoxically, it achieves these desired goals without the excessive erythema and discomforting irritation associated with retinoic acid and benzoyl peroxide."}
{"id": "PMID:141366", "title": "Adverse effects of right ventricular pacing in a patient with aortic stenosis, Hemodynamic documentation and management.", "content": "A patient with moderate aortic stenosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, and a permanent right ventricular pacemaker for a sick sinus node presented with hypotension, dizziness, and angina pectoris with paced beats. The hemodynamics of pacing were documented with non-invasive and invasive studies. The patient was successfully treated with a programmable generator and pacing at a lower rate. The neccessity of evaluating the effects of a temporary pacemaker before insertion of a permanent one and of a reevaluation of the hemodynamic status in the presence of unexplained cardiac failure in a patient with permanent pacemaker are emphasized in this case report.", "contents": "Adverse effects of right ventricular pacing in a patient with aortic stenosis, Hemodynamic documentation and management. A patient with moderate aortic stenosis, left ventricular hypertrophy, and a permanent right ventricular pacemaker for a sick sinus node presented with hypotension, dizziness, and angina pectoris with paced beats. The hemodynamics of pacing were documented with non-invasive and invasive studies. The patient was successfully treated with a programmable generator and pacing at a lower rate. The neccessity of evaluating the effects of a temporary pacemaker before insertion of a permanent one and of a reevaluation of the hemodynamic status in the presence of unexplained cardiac failure in a patient with permanent pacemaker are emphasized in this case report."}
{"id": "PMID:141367", "title": "Electrode causation of pacemaker inhibition.", "content": "Electromechanical nonphysiologic signals caused by the movement of intracardiac metal portions of an endocardial grasping electrode were shown to be \"falsely\" recycling an implanted pacemaker. The signals were similar in amplitude and slew rate to the ventricular electrogram and were terminated by ending the movement of the two metallic surfaces.", "contents": "Electrode causation of pacemaker inhibition. Electromechanical nonphysiologic signals caused by the movement of intracardiac metal portions of an endocardial grasping electrode were shown to be \"falsely\" recycling an implanted pacemaker. The signals were similar in amplitude and slew rate to the ventricular electrogram and were terminated by ending the movement of the two metallic surfaces."}
{"id": "PMID:141368", "title": "Recurrent tachyarrhythmia associated with a bifocal demand pacemaker.", "content": "A recurrent tachyarrhythmia complicated the course of a patient with a permanent atrioventricular sequential (bifocal) demand pacemaker. Investigation by intracardiac electrocardiographic studies revealed that the arrhythmia was associated with normally functioning bifocal pacemaker, whose atrioventricular sequential interval approximated the patient's conduction time from atrium to ventricle. The mechanism of initiation and conversion of the arrhythmia was elucidated. Appreciation of this arrhythmia is necessary for appropriate clinical use of a bifocal demand pacemaker.", "contents": "Recurrent tachyarrhythmia associated with a bifocal demand pacemaker. A recurrent tachyarrhythmia complicated the course of a patient with a permanent atrioventricular sequential (bifocal) demand pacemaker. Investigation by intracardiac electrocardiographic studies revealed that the arrhythmia was associated with normally functioning bifocal pacemaker, whose atrioventricular sequential interval approximated the patient's conduction time from atrium to ventricle. The mechanism of initiation and conversion of the arrhythmia was elucidated. Appreciation of this arrhythmia is necessary for appropriate clinical use of a bifocal demand pacemaker."}
{"id": "PMID:141370", "title": "[Combination chemotherapy and cranial irradiation in 530 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)].", "content": "530 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were diagnosed between 1. 1. 1971 and 31. 12. 1974, and treated at 35 German hospitals according to the Memphis study VII or VIII2 and subsequently followed until 31. 12. 1976. At diagnosis 17.2% of the patients had a WBC count of over 50,000/mm3, 8.9% had mediastinal enlargement, 2.1% CNS leukaemia and 1.7% Down's syndrome. After being treated for two and a half years and being observed for a maximum of six years (minimum two years) 262 children (49.4%) were living, 203 (38.8%) in continued complete remission, most of them one to three years after end of treatment. Primary bone marrow relapse occurred in 39.6%, but CNS relapse in only 8.7%. Cranial irradiation at a dose of 1800 rad in 70 patients produced a CNS relapse of only 7.1%. Forty-one of these 530 children (7.7%) died in continued complete remission, the main causes being interstitial pneumonia and varicella. There was no difference in initial features and treatment results between six centres which had many and 29 with rather fewer patients. The five-years-survival rate (life-table method) was 41 +/- 3.5% for all 530 children and 10 +/- 3.7% for the 92 children with initial leucocyte counts of over 50.000/mm3.", "contents": "[Combination chemotherapy and cranial irradiation in 530 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (author's transl)]. 530 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia were diagnosed between 1. 1. 1971 and 31. 12. 1974, and treated at 35 German hospitals according to the Memphis study VII or VIII2 and subsequently followed until 31. 12. 1976. At diagnosis 17.2% of the patients had a WBC count of over 50,000/mm3, 8.9% had mediastinal enlargement, 2.1% CNS leukaemia and 1.7% Down's syndrome. After being treated for two and a half years and being observed for a maximum of six years (minimum two years) 262 children (49.4%) were living, 203 (38.8%) in continued complete remission, most of them one to three years after end of treatment. Primary bone marrow relapse occurred in 39.6%, but CNS relapse in only 8.7%. Cranial irradiation at a dose of 1800 rad in 70 patients produced a CNS relapse of only 7.1%. Forty-one of these 530 children (7.7%) died in continued complete remission, the main causes being interstitial pneumonia and varicella. There was no difference in initial features and treatment results between six centres which had many and 29 with rather fewer patients. The five-years-survival rate (life-table method) was 41 +/- 3.5% for all 530 children and 10 +/- 3.7% for the 92 children with initial leucocyte counts of over 50.000/mm3."}
{"id": "PMID:141372", "title": "The importance of serologically detectable histocompatibility antigens in the induction and effector step of cell-mediated lysis.", "content": "The induction and effector steps of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) have been studied using a mouse tumor cell line and its variant, which is deficient in serologically defined (SD) H-2 antigens. In allogeneic mice the SDxcell line induces CMC, while the SD- cell line does not. However, both cell lines can be lysed by xenogeneic rat lymphocytes. Antiserum specific for rat T cells was used to demonstrate that CMC of both targetss is partially due to T cells. In allogeneic or syngeneic mouse systems the SD- cells coupled with the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) residue can neither induce CMC nor serve as targets for CMC, while TNP-coupled SDxcells can serve both as immunogen and as targets. Thus allogeneic or syngeneic mouse T cells do not interact with the TNP group of targets lacking H-2 SD antigens. However, mouse T killer cells sensitized to TNP-coupled cells may lyse TNP-coupled targets carrying different H-2 haplotypes. These experiments show that the induction and effector steps of CMC executed by mouse T cells, using TNP-coupled cells as immunogen or targets, need not necessarily demonstrate restriction with regard to a certain genetically defined H-2 haplotype. The presence of cell surface H-2 SD antigens is however, absolutely necessary for the induction and effector steps of CMC by mouse T cells. Using cold target inhibition assays, it was not possible to demonstrate recognition of the TNP moiety on TNP-coupled SDxcells.", "contents": "The importance of serologically detectable histocompatibility antigens in the induction and effector step of cell-mediated lysis. The induction and effector steps of T cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) have been studied using a mouse tumor cell line and its variant, which is deficient in serologically defined (SD) H-2 antigens. In allogeneic mice the SDxcell line induces CMC, while the SD- cell line does not. However, both cell lines can be lysed by xenogeneic rat lymphocytes. Antiserum specific for rat T cells was used to demonstrate that CMC of both targetss is partially due to T cells. In allogeneic or syngeneic mouse systems the SD- cells coupled with the 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl (TNP) residue can neither induce CMC nor serve as targets for CMC, while TNP-coupled SDxcells can serve both as immunogen and as targets. Thus allogeneic or syngeneic mouse T cells do not interact with the TNP group of targets lacking H-2 SD antigens. However, mouse T killer cells sensitized to TNP-coupled cells may lyse TNP-coupled targets carrying different H-2 haplotypes. These experiments show that the induction and effector steps of CMC executed by mouse T cells, using TNP-coupled cells as immunogen or targets, need not necessarily demonstrate restriction with regard to a certain genetically defined H-2 haplotype. The presence of cell surface H-2 SD antigens is however, absolutely necessary for the induction and effector steps of CMC by mouse T cells. Using cold target inhibition assays, it was not possible to demonstrate recognition of the TNP moiety on TNP-coupled SDxcells."}
{"id": "PMID:141373", "title": "[3H]-ouabain binding to denervated and innervated skeletal muscle.", "content": "In cat skeletal muscles, the major part of specific [3H]-ouabain binding was found in the sympathetic nerve endings of red, slow muscle fibres. Skeletal muscle denervation increased specific [3H]-ouabain binding to muscle membrane preparation. This increase may be involved in the development of spontaneous fibrillation in the denervated muscle.", "contents": "[3H]-ouabain binding to denervated and innervated skeletal muscle. In cat skeletal muscles, the major part of specific [3H]-ouabain binding was found in the sympathetic nerve endings of red, slow muscle fibres. Skeletal muscle denervation increased specific [3H]-ouabain binding to muscle membrane preparation. This increase may be involved in the development of spontaneous fibrillation in the denervated muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:141374", "title": "Stimulation of cardiac sarcolemmal (Na+--K+) ATPase activity by phosphorylase kinase.", "content": "Following preincubation with phosphorylase kinase, ATPase activities of heart sarcolemmal membranes were increased: total ATPase from 9.38+/-0.65 to 15.25+/-0.90 and ouabain-sensitive (Na+--K+)ATPase from 1.67+/-0.17 to 3.12+/-0.33 micron moles Pi/mg protein/h (mean +/- S.E. of 3 experiments); (Ca2+)ATPase and (Mg2+--Ca2+)-ATPase activities were not significantly altered due to phosphorylase kinase. Under these conditions, phosphorylase kinase catalyzed phosphorylation of sarcolemmal membranes. The kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of membranes was increased by Ca2+ ions: at pH 6.8, 30% increase in phosphorylation was observed whereas at pH 8.5, 267% increase was noted due to this action. These findings support the view that Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of membranes regulates (Na+--K+)ATPase.", "contents": "Stimulation of cardiac sarcolemmal (Na+--K+) ATPase activity by phosphorylase kinase. Following preincubation with phosphorylase kinase, ATPase activities of heart sarcolemmal membranes were increased: total ATPase from 9.38+/-0.65 to 15.25+/-0.90 and ouabain-sensitive (Na+--K+)ATPase from 1.67+/-0.17 to 3.12+/-0.33 micron moles Pi/mg protein/h (mean +/- S.E. of 3 experiments); (Ca2+)ATPase and (Mg2+--Ca2+)-ATPase activities were not significantly altered due to phosphorylase kinase. Under these conditions, phosphorylase kinase catalyzed phosphorylation of sarcolemmal membranes. The kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation of membranes was increased by Ca2+ ions: at pH 6.8, 30% increase in phosphorylation was observed whereas at pH 8.5, 267% increase was noted due to this action. These findings support the view that Ca2+-dependent phosphorylation of membranes regulates (Na+--K+)ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:141379", "title": "Recent advances in the immunological aspects of renal disease.", "content": "Anti-basement membrane antibodies and tissue deposition of immune complexes appear to be responsible for most glomerulonephritides and for some tubulo-interstitium injury accompanying glomerulonephritis or occuring primarily. Anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies complicate immunologic and toxic renal injury, including transplantation, and widespread tubulo-intersitial immune complex deposits are present in most patients with systemic immune complex disease, such as lupus erythematosus. Radioimmunoassay is now available for detecting and monitoring circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies. The effect of aggressive therapy with immunosuppression and plasma exchange is being studied to determine is value in minimizing tissue damage produced by the usual transient production of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies. Techniques are being explored to detect circulating immune complexes. Vigorous efforts are under way to identify antigen-antibody systems involved in the production of nephritogenic immune complexes, which may lead to antigen irradiation or specific manipulation of the immune response or its products.", "contents": "Recent advances in the immunological aspects of renal disease. Anti-basement membrane antibodies and tissue deposition of immune complexes appear to be responsible for most glomerulonephritides and for some tubulo-interstitium injury accompanying glomerulonephritis or occuring primarily. Anti-tubular basement membrane antibodies complicate immunologic and toxic renal injury, including transplantation, and widespread tubulo-intersitial immune complex deposits are present in most patients with systemic immune complex disease, such as lupus erythematosus. Radioimmunoassay is now available for detecting and monitoring circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies. The effect of aggressive therapy with immunosuppression and plasma exchange is being studied to determine is value in minimizing tissue damage produced by the usual transient production of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies. Techniques are being explored to detect circulating immune complexes. Vigorous efforts are under way to identify antigen-antibody systems involved in the production of nephritogenic immune complexes, which may lead to antigen irradiation or specific manipulation of the immune response or its products."}
{"id": "PMID:141380", "title": "Contractile proteins in phagocytosis: an example of cell surface-to-cytoplasm communication.", "content": "Phagocytosis is a prime example of a cellular event in which cell surface perturbation activates the assembly of a filamentous gel beneath the plasma membrane. This gel may be responsible for movement of the membrane around ingestible particles. The molecular mechanism of these events is being approached by the purification of actin, myosin and associated proteins from phagocytic cells and by the study of a human disease, neutrophil actin dysfunction. Novel contractile proteins discovered in mammalian phagocytes include a cofactor that regulates actin:myosin interaction and an actin-binding protein that promotes assembly and gelation of actin. There is evidence that phagocytosis alters the state of the actin-binding protein, and that this alteration may be an early event in the assembly of the actin gel. Cytochalasin B, which inhibits phagocytosis, acts by interfering with the interaction between actin-binding protein and actin. Actin polymerized poorly in the neutrophils of a human infant, and the affected neutrophils were deficient in phagocytosis. Actin assembly is important in phagocytosis and is amenable to biochemical analysis.", "contents": "Contractile proteins in phagocytosis: an example of cell surface-to-cytoplasm communication. Phagocytosis is a prime example of a cellular event in which cell surface perturbation activates the assembly of a filamentous gel beneath the plasma membrane. This gel may be responsible for movement of the membrane around ingestible particles. The molecular mechanism of these events is being approached by the purification of actin, myosin and associated proteins from phagocytic cells and by the study of a human disease, neutrophil actin dysfunction. Novel contractile proteins discovered in mammalian phagocytes include a cofactor that regulates actin:myosin interaction and an actin-binding protein that promotes assembly and gelation of actin. There is evidence that phagocytosis alters the state of the actin-binding protein, and that this alteration may be an early event in the assembly of the actin gel. Cytochalasin B, which inhibits phagocytosis, acts by interfering with the interaction between actin-binding protein and actin. Actin polymerized poorly in the neutrophils of a human infant, and the affected neutrophils were deficient in phagocytosis. Actin assembly is important in phagocytosis and is amenable to biochemical analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:141381", "title": "Problems with tubal reconstruction following laparoscopic sterilization using the electrocoagulation and resection technique.", "content": "This paper reviews the results of attempted tubal reconstruction following laparoscopic sterilizations using the electrocoagulation and excision technique in the isthmic portion of the fallopian tube. The surgical technique, complications, and results are presented.", "contents": "Problems with tubal reconstruction following laparoscopic sterilization using the electrocoagulation and resection technique. This paper reviews the results of attempted tubal reconstruction following laparoscopic sterilizations using the electrocoagulation and excision technique in the isthmic portion of the fallopian tube. The surgical technique, complications, and results are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:141383", "title": "Dermatologic investigation of betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate ointment with chinoform.", "content": "In an open investigation on 50 patients with various dermatological lesions 17 (81%) out of 21 psoriatics and 28 out of 29 other patients inproved considerably or were clinically cured after three weeks' treatment with an ointment containing 0-05% betamethasone dipropionate and 3-0% chinoform. Among the patients chosen for the study 34 had previously tried topical corticosteroids without success. Of these 31 improved markedly during the steroid trial.", "contents": "Dermatologic investigation of betamethasone 17,21-dipropionate ointment with chinoform. In an open investigation on 50 patients with various dermatological lesions 17 (81%) out of 21 psoriatics and 28 out of 29 other patients inproved considerably or were clinically cured after three weeks' treatment with an ointment containing 0-05% betamethasone dipropionate and 3-0% chinoform. Among the patients chosen for the study 34 had previously tried topical corticosteroids without success. Of these 31 improved markedly during the steroid trial."}
{"id": "PMID:141385", "title": "Peripheral nerve fiber size in experimental diabetes.", "content": "Serial morphometric observations were made on the tibial nerves of mature rats before and five weeks after the induction of diabetes by streptozotocin. Maximum and average myelinated fiber diameter did alter, neither did the relationship between myelin sheath thickness and axon circumference. This confirms previous observations suggesting that the reduced nerve conduction velocity that is known to occur in experimental diabetes is likely to depend on metabolic alterations rather than on structural changes.", "contents": "Peripheral nerve fiber size in experimental diabetes. Serial morphometric observations were made on the tibial nerves of mature rats before and five weeks after the induction of diabetes by streptozotocin. Maximum and average myelinated fiber diameter did alter, neither did the relationship between myelin sheath thickness and axon circumference. This confirms previous observations suggesting that the reduced nerve conduction velocity that is known to occur in experimental diabetes is likely to depend on metabolic alterations rather than on structural changes."}
{"id": "PMID:141386", "title": "Successful intra-splenic transplantation of syngeneic and allogeneic isolated pancreatic islets.", "content": "Adult rat islets harvested by the collagenase digestion/Ficoll separation technique were injected into the splenic pulp in 9 syngeneic (Lewis-leads to Lewis and WaG leads to WaG) and 13 allogeneic [(DA X Lewis) F1 leads to Lewis] experiments. Normal serum glucose levels and 24 hour urine volumes were restored in all 9 syngeneic recipients and in 11 out of the 13 allogeneic recipients in a mean of 3.3 days. Splenectomy performed on 3 of the 9 syngeneic recipients 110-178 days after transplantation resulted in a prompt return to the diabetic state. In all the remaining syngeneic recipients, normal values have persisted for the current period of observation of 6 months. In 5 untreated allogeneic recipients, rejection occurred in a mean of 5.2 days. The administration of a short course of ALS (1 ml I.P. days-1, 1, 3 and 5) to the remaining 6 animals greatly prolonged graft survival with all animals remaining normoglycaemic for at lest 4 weeks. These results were not significantly different from those recorded in comparable groups of intra-portal allogeneic islet recipients.", "contents": "Successful intra-splenic transplantation of syngeneic and allogeneic isolated pancreatic islets. Adult rat islets harvested by the collagenase digestion/Ficoll separation technique were injected into the splenic pulp in 9 syngeneic (Lewis-leads to Lewis and WaG leads to WaG) and 13 allogeneic [(DA X Lewis) F1 leads to Lewis] experiments. Normal serum glucose levels and 24 hour urine volumes were restored in all 9 syngeneic recipients and in 11 out of the 13 allogeneic recipients in a mean of 3.3 days. Splenectomy performed on 3 of the 9 syngeneic recipients 110-178 days after transplantation resulted in a prompt return to the diabetic state. In all the remaining syngeneic recipients, normal values have persisted for the current period of observation of 6 months. In 5 untreated allogeneic recipients, rejection occurred in a mean of 5.2 days. The administration of a short course of ALS (1 ml I.P. days-1, 1, 3 and 5) to the remaining 6 animals greatly prolonged graft survival with all animals remaining normoglycaemic for at lest 4 weeks. These results were not significantly different from those recorded in comparable groups of intra-portal allogeneic islet recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:141387", "title": "NaK-ATPase in rat pancreatic islets.", "content": "Shifts in the distribution of the monovalent cations Na+ and K+ between the extra- and intracellular space seem to be important for the secretory response of the beta-cell. An attempt was therefore made to study the enzyme responsible for monovalent cation transport, the (NaK)-activated ATPase. In the presence of NaN3 as inhibitor of the mitochondrial Mg-ATPase, a NaK-ATPase with a specific activity of 72 mU X mg protein-1 could be demonstrated in crude membrane preparations of rat pancreatic islets. The enzyme, which was inactive in the absence of Mg++, needed both Na+ and K+ for activation and was inhibited by ouabain and PCMB. The main part of the NaK-ATPase was localized in the microsomal fraction. Glucose, sulphonylureas, somatostatin and diazoxide were without effect on NaK-ATPase.", "contents": "NaK-ATPase in rat pancreatic islets. Shifts in the distribution of the monovalent cations Na+ and K+ between the extra- and intracellular space seem to be important for the secretory response of the beta-cell. An attempt was therefore made to study the enzyme responsible for monovalent cation transport, the (NaK)-activated ATPase. In the presence of NaN3 as inhibitor of the mitochondrial Mg-ATPase, a NaK-ATPase with a specific activity of 72 mU X mg protein-1 could be demonstrated in crude membrane preparations of rat pancreatic islets. The enzyme, which was inactive in the absence of Mg++, needed both Na+ and K+ for activation and was inhibited by ouabain and PCMB. The main part of the NaK-ATPase was localized in the microsomal fraction. Glucose, sulphonylureas, somatostatin and diazoxide were without effect on NaK-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:141389", "title": "[\"Idiopathic\" chronic paralysis and dilatation of the right atrium].", "content": "Electric and mechanical atrial paralysis is a condition usually associated with a primitive or secondary cardiopathy. Only extremely rare cases are characterized by early appearance in young subjects without evidence of cardiac disease of any kind whatever, without character of familiarity, with atrial paralysis being the only abnormality, and are thus defined as idiopathic atrial paralysis. One of these cases (the eighth in the literature, to our knowledge), presented with a complete study and the hypothesis that \"chronic idiopathic atrial paralysis\" and \"idiopathic right atrial enlargement\"  (sometimes associated, as in this case) may be different manifestations of the same chronic myocardial disease.", "contents": "[\"Idiopathic\" chronic paralysis and dilatation of the right atrium]. Electric and mechanical atrial paralysis is a condition usually associated with a primitive or secondary cardiopathy. Only extremely rare cases are characterized by early appearance in young subjects without evidence of cardiac disease of any kind whatever, without character of familiarity, with atrial paralysis being the only abnormality, and are thus defined as idiopathic atrial paralysis. One of these cases (the eighth in the literature, to our knowledge), presented with a complete study and the hypothesis that \"chronic idiopathic atrial paralysis\" and \"idiopathic right atrial enlargement\"  (sometimes associated, as in this case) may be different manifestations of the same chronic myocardial disease."}
{"id": "PMID:141388", "title": "Effects of insulin and NSILA on adipocytes of normal and diabetic rats: receptor binding, glucose transport and glucose metabolism.", "content": "Isolated fat cells from normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were compared with respect to metabolic indices (glucose-uptake, 3-0-methyl-glucose efflux) with and without stimulation by insulin and nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSI-LA). In addition, binding studies were carried out with these two hormones. Basal 14C-glucose oxidation and incorporation into lipids was decreased in diabetic cells and their response to insulin and NSILA was greatly reduced. Basal efflux of 3-0-methylglucose from diabetic cells was somewhat faster than from normal cells. The response to insulin and NSILA was less than in normal cells and it was delayed. The apparent number of insulin binding sites as well as their affinity for insulin was increased in diabetic cells. In contrast, the apparent number of binding sites for NSILA was decreased in diabetic cells and their affinity for NSILA was increased. In normal cells insulin enhanced binding of 125I-NSILA more markedly than in diabetic cells. These findings show that the rate-limiting step of impaired glucose metabolism (oxidation and lipogenesis) in diabetic fat cells is beyond the interaction of the hormone with the receptor. They suggest that the apparent number of hormone receptors (insulin, NSILA) on the cell membrane is regulated individually for each binding site.", "contents": "Effects of insulin and NSILA on adipocytes of normal and diabetic rats: receptor binding, glucose transport and glucose metabolism. Isolated fat cells from normal and streptozotocin-diabetic rats were compared with respect to metabolic indices (glucose-uptake, 3-0-methyl-glucose efflux) with and without stimulation by insulin and nonsuppressible insulin-like activity (NSI-LA). In addition, binding studies were carried out with these two hormones. Basal 14C-glucose oxidation and incorporation into lipids was decreased in diabetic cells and their response to insulin and NSILA was greatly reduced. Basal efflux of 3-0-methylglucose from diabetic cells was somewhat faster than from normal cells. The response to insulin and NSILA was less than in normal cells and it was delayed. The apparent number of insulin binding sites as well as their affinity for insulin was increased in diabetic cells. In contrast, the apparent number of binding sites for NSILA was decreased in diabetic cells and their affinity for NSILA was increased. In normal cells insulin enhanced binding of 125I-NSILA more markedly than in diabetic cells. These findings show that the rate-limiting step of impaired glucose metabolism (oxidation and lipogenesis) in diabetic fat cells is beyond the interaction of the hormone with the receptor. They suggest that the apparent number of hormone receptors (insulin, NSILA) on the cell membrane is regulated individually for each binding site."}
{"id": "PMID:141390", "title": "[Isolated mitral stenosis: systolic and diastolic dynamic geometry of the left ventricle. Integration with several hemodynamic parametres (author's transl)].", "content": "75 patients with isolated mitral stenosis were studied. Particular attention was paid to the integration of the parametres VTD, FE, mitral area, pulmonary artery pressure and dynamic systolic and diastolic geometry of the left ventricle. The existence of isolated MS with alteration of the left ventricular function not depending on the alterations of the preload and the forms with raised FE, was demonstrated. A classification into 6 groups was made, each characterized by special geometric modalities of contraction and relaxation. A significant compensation of several of the parametres of systolic mecanism (hyperkinesia) and diastolic (SERP) dynamic geometry was observed. It was therefore concluded that a more precise definition of the interaction of ventricular function with left atrial function is necessary.", "contents": "[Isolated mitral stenosis: systolic and diastolic dynamic geometry of the left ventricle. Integration with several hemodynamic parametres (author's transl)]. 75 patients with isolated mitral stenosis were studied. Particular attention was paid to the integration of the parametres VTD, FE, mitral area, pulmonary artery pressure and dynamic systolic and diastolic geometry of the left ventricle. The existence of isolated MS with alteration of the left ventricular function not depending on the alterations of the preload and the forms with raised FE, was demonstrated. A classification into 6 groups was made, each characterized by special geometric modalities of contraction and relaxation. A significant compensation of several of the parametres of systolic mecanism (hyperkinesia) and diastolic (SERP) dynamic geometry was observed. It was therefore concluded that a more precise definition of the interaction of ventricular function with left atrial function is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:141408", "title": "[Results of animal experiments on alloplastic tendon replacements using the Bader tendon prosthesis].", "content": "Based on our experimental results with the Bader tendon prosthesis, encouraging results for alloplastic tendon replacement were obtained. However a general recommendation for its clinical use cannot be given. Over a period of 4-6 weeks of immobilization healing of the artificial tendon with inflammation could be observed. In the biopsies we found the equivalent of connective tissue attachment between vital tissue and the alloplastic material. We could not clarify whether this connection would endure strain. The pronounced adhesions between the anstomosis and surrounding tissue make later function questionable.", "contents": "[Results of animal experiments on alloplastic tendon replacements using the Bader tendon prosthesis]. Based on our experimental results with the Bader tendon prosthesis, encouraging results for alloplastic tendon replacement were obtained. However a general recommendation for its clinical use cannot be given. Over a period of 4-6 weeks of immobilization healing of the artificial tendon with inflammation could be observed. In the biopsies we found the equivalent of connective tissue attachment between vital tissue and the alloplastic material. We could not clarify whether this connection would endure strain. The pronounced adhesions between the anstomosis and surrounding tissue make later function questionable."}
{"id": "PMID:141415", "title": "[The effects of dantrolene sodium on the nervous system (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to investigate the effects of Dantrolene sodium on the nervous system, the experiments were carried out on cats. 1. Group Ia spindle afferent discharges were suppressed in 6 out of 14 cases following application of the drug. The effect lasted for 20 to 90 minutes. 2. No significant effects were observed on spinal mono- and polysynaptic reflexes, nor was seen on interneurons. However, 3 out of 9 Renshaw cells were facilitated and 3 were inhibited after Dantrolene sodium application. 3. Alternating discharges in the ventral root filaments, evoked by stimulation of N. cuneiformis, were suppressed by the drug application.", "contents": "[The effects of dantrolene sodium on the nervous system (author's transl)]. In order to investigate the effects of Dantrolene sodium on the nervous system, the experiments were carried out on cats. 1. Group Ia spindle afferent discharges were suppressed in 6 out of 14 cases following application of the drug. The effect lasted for 20 to 90 minutes. 2. No significant effects were observed on spinal mono- and polysynaptic reflexes, nor was seen on interneurons. However, 3 out of 9 Renshaw cells were facilitated and 3 were inhibited after Dantrolene sodium application. 3. Alternating discharges in the ventral root filaments, evoked by stimulation of N. cuneiformis, were suppressed by the drug application."}
{"id": "PMID:141416", "title": "Progressive restriction of antigen binding by human foetal thymus lymphocytes.", "content": "The proportion of foetal thymus lymphocytes (FTL) that binds the bacterial antigens beta-galactosidase and flagellin is high in early foetal life. Binding of beta-galactosidase, and the response by FTL in mixed lymphocyte culture falls during gestation. Some FTL bound both antigens, suggesting that immature lymphocytes are not fully restricted in their capacity to recognize antigens. Such findings have been reported in foetal lymphocytes from other species. We suggest that cellular diversity may partly be generated by progressive restriction of antigen recognition by individual lymphocytes, which may result from progressive stabilization of genetic repression during lymphocyte multiplication.", "contents": "Progressive restriction of antigen binding by human foetal thymus lymphocytes. The proportion of foetal thymus lymphocytes (FTL) that binds the bacterial antigens beta-galactosidase and flagellin is high in early foetal life. Binding of beta-galactosidase, and the response by FTL in mixed lymphocyte culture falls during gestation. Some FTL bound both antigens, suggesting that immature lymphocytes are not fully restricted in their capacity to recognize antigens. Such findings have been reported in foetal lymphocytes from other species. We suggest that cellular diversity may partly be generated by progressive restriction of antigen recognition by individual lymphocytes, which may result from progressive stabilization of genetic repression during lymphocyte multiplication."}
{"id": "PMID:141417", "title": "Blastogenic factors: production by T and B lymphocytes. Effect on T and B cells.", "content": "The aim of the present report is to identify the cells responsible for the in vitro production of blastogenic factor and to evaluate the effect of blastogenic factor on T and B lymphocytes. Human T lymphocytes were purified by a nylon wool column filtration method and B-cell-enriched populations were purified by sedimentation of E rosettes on Ficoll-Hypaque. The results were summarized as follows: Both T cells and B cells can produce blastogenic factor. However, blastogenic factor produced by T cells differed in some respects from blastogenic factor produced by B cells. (a) Blastogenic factor produced in unmixed B-cell cultures stimulated both B cells and T cells to proliferate, whereas blastogenic factor produced in unmixed T-cell cultures stimulated only B cells. (b) The production of T-cell blastogenic factor was accelerated when stimulated by allogeneic cells. In contrast, the blastogenic activity of supernatants from mixed cultures of B cells was not different from that of supernatants from unmixed cultures. The significance of these findings for mixed leucocyte reaction is discussed.", "contents": "Blastogenic factors: production by T and B lymphocytes. Effect on T and B cells. The aim of the present report is to identify the cells responsible for the in vitro production of blastogenic factor and to evaluate the effect of blastogenic factor on T and B lymphocytes. Human T lymphocytes were purified by a nylon wool column filtration method and B-cell-enriched populations were purified by sedimentation of E rosettes on Ficoll-Hypaque. The results were summarized as follows: Both T cells and B cells can produce blastogenic factor. However, blastogenic factor produced by T cells differed in some respects from blastogenic factor produced by B cells. (a) Blastogenic factor produced in unmixed B-cell cultures stimulated both B cells and T cells to proliferate, whereas blastogenic factor produced in unmixed T-cell cultures stimulated only B cells. (b) The production of T-cell blastogenic factor was accelerated when stimulated by allogeneic cells. In contrast, the blastogenic activity of supernatants from mixed cultures of B cells was not different from that of supernatants from unmixed cultures. The significance of these findings for mixed leucocyte reaction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141423", "title": "Experiments on lymphocyte-mediated cellular immunity in murine histoplasmosis.", "content": "Peritoneal exudate cells from immunized mice inhibit the intracellular growth of Histoplasma capsulatum. The lymphocyte is the mediator cell of this phenomenon. Lymphocytes from immunized animals are highly activated cells. Supernatants from cultures of immune lymphocytes or from cultures of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes did not arm macrophages from normal animals to inhibit the intracellular growth of H. capsulatum.", "contents": "Experiments on lymphocyte-mediated cellular immunity in murine histoplasmosis. Peritoneal exudate cells from immunized mice inhibit the intracellular growth of Histoplasma capsulatum. The lymphocyte is the mediator cell of this phenomenon. Lymphocytes from immunized animals are highly activated cells. Supernatants from cultures of immune lymphocytes or from cultures of mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes did not arm macrophages from normal animals to inhibit the intracellular growth of H. capsulatum."}
{"id": "PMID:141424", "title": "Differential chemical protection of mammalian cells from the exotoxins of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "Many drugs or chemicals had markedly different effects on the cytotoxicity induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE) or Corynebacterium diphtheriae exotoxin (DE). The glycolytic inhibitor NaF protected cells from DE but potentiated the cytotoxicity of PE. Another energy inhibitor, salicylic acid, also protected cells from DE but had no effect with PE. Colchicine and colcemid did not affect the cytotoxicity of either toxin. Cytochalasin B exhibited a modest protection from DE but no effect with PE. Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the Na+, K+-dependent adenosine 5'-triphosphatase (ATPase), did not affect the cytotoxicity of either toxin. Ruthenium red, a specific inhibitor of the Ca2+, Mg2+,-dependent ATPase, conferred marked protection from DE-induced cytotoxicity but did not affect PE-induced cytotoxicity. A number of local anesthetics were tested, and they too presented differential results with PE and DE. Most chemicals that affected toxin-induced cytotoxicity had little or no influence on the in vitro adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribosylation catalyzed by either toxin. This work presents further evidence that PE and DE have different mechanisms of intoxication and suggests that these differences lie in the attachment or internalization stages of intoxication.", "contents": "Differential chemical protection of mammalian cells from the exotoxins of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Many drugs or chemicals had markedly different effects on the cytotoxicity induced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (PE) or Corynebacterium diphtheriae exotoxin (DE). The glycolytic inhibitor NaF protected cells from DE but potentiated the cytotoxicity of PE. Another energy inhibitor, salicylic acid, also protected cells from DE but had no effect with PE. Colchicine and colcemid did not affect the cytotoxicity of either toxin. Cytochalasin B exhibited a modest protection from DE but no effect with PE. Ouabain, a specific inhibitor of the Na+, K+-dependent adenosine 5'-triphosphatase (ATPase), did not affect the cytotoxicity of either toxin. Ruthenium red, a specific inhibitor of the Ca2+, Mg2+,-dependent ATPase, conferred marked protection from DE-induced cytotoxicity but did not affect PE-induced cytotoxicity. A number of local anesthetics were tested, and they too presented differential results with PE and DE. Most chemicals that affected toxin-induced cytotoxicity had little or no influence on the in vitro adenosine 5'-diphosphate-ribosylation catalyzed by either toxin. This work presents further evidence that PE and DE have different mechanisms of intoxication and suggests that these differences lie in the attachment or internalization stages of intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:141425", "title": "An update on acne vulgaris.", "content": "Seven important therapeutic measures in managing acne are described, for the treatment of the 7 types of acne. These therapeutic measures are retinoic acid, benzoyl peroxide gel, topical antibiotics, oral antibiotics, intralesional corticosteroids, liquid nitrogen and oral corticosteroids.", "contents": "An update on acne vulgaris. Seven important therapeutic measures in managing acne are described, for the treatment of the 7 types of acne. These therapeutic measures are retinoic acid, benzoyl peroxide gel, topical antibiotics, oral antibiotics, intralesional corticosteroids, liquid nitrogen and oral corticosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:141427", "title": "Cataractogenic effects of a boron hydride disulfide compound.", "content": "The disulfide form but not the sulfhydryl form of a boron hydride compound was found to be cataractogenic. Apparently this compound attaches to the sulfhydryl group of Na-K ATPase in the lens epithelium inactivating this crucial enzyme. The consequence is that a defect in the cation pump activity arises, leading to a rapid influx of Na ions and loss of K ions and marked increase in hydration. These changes are thought to lead to opacification.", "contents": "Cataractogenic effects of a boron hydride disulfide compound. The disulfide form but not the sulfhydryl form of a boron hydride compound was found to be cataractogenic. Apparently this compound attaches to the sulfhydryl group of Na-K ATPase in the lens epithelium inactivating this crucial enzyme. The consequence is that a defect in the cation pump activity arises, leading to a rapid influx of Na ions and loss of K ions and marked increase in hydration. These changes are thought to lead to opacification."}
{"id": "PMID:141432", "title": "Thoracoscintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of cardiomegaly.", "content": "\"Thoracoscintigraphy\" is a radioisotopic scanning technique for demonstrating the nature of an enlarged cardiac shadow found on chest X-ray. The technique consists of superimposing scintiscans of the cardiac blood pool, the liver and the lungs and comparing the outline of the cardiac blood pool image with the cardiac shadow seen on X-ray. With this procedure the correct diagnosis of pericardial effusion was made in 11 of 15 patients and of pure cardiac dilatation and/or myocardial hypertrophy in three patients. In one of the patients the thoracoscintigraphic diagnosis was equivocal. Thoracoscintigraphy clearly demarcates the cardiac shadow from the surrounding organs, delineates the intracardiac blood pool within the cardiac shadow and indicates the best approach for pericardiocentesis. The procedure is harmless and noninvasive, and the radiation exposure is low and safe.", "contents": "Thoracoscintigraphy in the differential diagnosis of cardiomegaly. \"Thoracoscintigraphy\" is a radioisotopic scanning technique for demonstrating the nature of an enlarged cardiac shadow found on chest X-ray. The technique consists of superimposing scintiscans of the cardiac blood pool, the liver and the lungs and comparing the outline of the cardiac blood pool image with the cardiac shadow seen on X-ray. With this procedure the correct diagnosis of pericardial effusion was made in 11 of 15 patients and of pure cardiac dilatation and/or myocardial hypertrophy in three patients. In one of the patients the thoracoscintigraphic diagnosis was equivocal. Thoracoscintigraphy clearly demarcates the cardiac shadow from the surrounding organs, delineates the intracardiac blood pool within the cardiac shadow and indicates the best approach for pericardiocentesis. The procedure is harmless and noninvasive, and the radiation exposure is low and safe."}
{"id": "PMID:141433", "title": "[Dermabrasion of the face].", "content": "A report is presented on dermabration of the face in 58 patients, most of which were subjected to the treatment for cosmetic reasons. The abrasion was performed under general anaesthesia with a high-speed rotary drill. The results including the complications are evaluated from the viewpoint of the physician as well as from the viewpoint of the treated patient.", "contents": "[Dermabrasion of the face]. A report is presented on dermabration of the face in 58 patients, most of which were subjected to the treatment for cosmetic reasons. The abrasion was performed under general anaesthesia with a high-speed rotary drill. The results including the complications are evaluated from the viewpoint of the physician as well as from the viewpoint of the treated patient."}
{"id": "PMID:141435", "title": "Screening for metabolic disorders among high risk infants and children.", "content": "In a screening program in Cincinnati urine specimens from over 20,000 infants and children were tested for inherited metabolic disorders involving amino acids, carbohydrates, phenolic acids, organic acids, keto acids, mucopolysaccharides, and imidazoles. The subjects were selected on the basis of symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, acidosis, seizures, failure to thrive, delayed development, mental retardation, and others. The tests were based primarily on paper chromatographic techniques. Patients with 21 different metabolic disorders were found. The patterns of abnormal excretion of amino acids and other metabolites are often useful in making a diagnosis.", "contents": "Screening for metabolic disorders among high risk infants and children. In a screening program in Cincinnati urine specimens from over 20,000 infants and children were tested for inherited metabolic disorders involving amino acids, carbohydrates, phenolic acids, organic acids, keto acids, mucopolysaccharides, and imidazoles. The subjects were selected on the basis of symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhea, acidosis, seizures, failure to thrive, delayed development, mental retardation, and others. The tests were based primarily on paper chromatographic techniques. Patients with 21 different metabolic disorders were found. The patterns of abnormal excretion of amino acids and other metabolites are often useful in making a diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:141445", "title": "Composition and synthesis of cellular lipids in Neurospora crassa during cellular differentiation.", "content": "The synthesis of cellular lipids of Neurospora crassa was measured during growth on low (2% sucrose)- and high (15% glucose)-carbohydrate supplementation. The amount of lipid per dry weight of cells does not change during the germination and early logarithmic growth periods, but the percentage of phospholipid in the lipid does increase, reaching a maximal value of 90% at 4 to 5 h after inoculation, at which time the phospholipid content of the cells is approximately 60 mumol/g (dry weight). The content of the anionic phospholipids, as a percentage of the lipid fraction, is relatively constant during the growth period, but the contents of the zwitterionic phospholipids phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine change in a reciprocal fashion. During the first 8 h of growth, phosphatidylcholine falls from 53% of the phospholipid to 43%, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine rises from 29 to 38%. The total of these two phospholipids is approximately 83% during the growth period studied. The synthesis of cellular phospholipids, measured either by [32P]H3PO4 or [14C]glucose incorporation, reached maximal levels between 3 and 5 h of growth. The effect of the high-carbohydrate supplement on cellular lipids was minimal. Inclusion of 15% glucose decreased the labeling of phospholipid by [32P]H3PO4, but did not affect lipid composition. This observation is in contrast to the effects of high glucose on mitochondrial phospholipid synthesis.", "contents": "Composition and synthesis of cellular lipids in Neurospora crassa during cellular differentiation. The synthesis of cellular lipids of Neurospora crassa was measured during growth on low (2% sucrose)- and high (15% glucose)-carbohydrate supplementation. The amount of lipid per dry weight of cells does not change during the germination and early logarithmic growth periods, but the percentage of phospholipid in the lipid does increase, reaching a maximal value of 90% at 4 to 5 h after inoculation, at which time the phospholipid content of the cells is approximately 60 mumol/g (dry weight). The content of the anionic phospholipids, as a percentage of the lipid fraction, is relatively constant during the growth period, but the contents of the zwitterionic phospholipids phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine change in a reciprocal fashion. During the first 8 h of growth, phosphatidylcholine falls from 53% of the phospholipid to 43%, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine rises from 29 to 38%. The total of these two phospholipids is approximately 83% during the growth period studied. The synthesis of cellular phospholipids, measured either by [32P]H3PO4 or [14C]glucose incorporation, reached maximal levels between 3 and 5 h of growth. The effect of the high-carbohydrate supplement on cellular lipids was minimal. Inclusion of 15% glucose decreased the labeling of phospholipid by [32P]H3PO4, but did not affect lipid composition. This observation is in contrast to the effects of high glucose on mitochondrial phospholipid synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:141446", "title": "Formation of sugar phosphates in colicin K-treated Escherichia coli.", "content": "Colicin K greatly decreased the incorporation of 32P-labeled inorganic orthophosphate into nucleotides and nucleic acids, causing a concomitant increase in  the formation of 32P-labeled sugar phosphates in sensitive cells of Escherichia coli. These sugar phosphates were formed in aerobically growing cells, as well as in cells under stringent control of ribonucleic acid synthesis. The main 32P-labeled product was identified as sedoheptulose 7-phosphate in two strains (B1 and K-12 MK-1) and fructose 1,6-diphosphate in one strain (K-12 CP78). The formation of sugar phosphates induced by colicin K was inhibited by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. It was also not observed in N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-treated cells or Mg2+-(Ca2+)-adenosine triphosphatase-less mutant (strain K-12 AN120) cells. Thus, the formation of sugar phosphates in colicin K-treated cells is dependent on the formation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate by oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Formation of sugar phosphates in colicin K-treated Escherichia coli. Colicin K greatly decreased the incorporation of 32P-labeled inorganic orthophosphate into nucleotides and nucleic acids, causing a concomitant increase in  the formation of 32P-labeled sugar phosphates in sensitive cells of Escherichia coli. These sugar phosphates were formed in aerobically growing cells, as well as in cells under stringent control of ribonucleic acid synthesis. The main 32P-labeled product was identified as sedoheptulose 7-phosphate in two strains (B1 and K-12 MK-1) and fructose 1,6-diphosphate in one strain (K-12 CP78). The formation of sugar phosphates induced by colicin K was inhibited by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone. It was also not observed in N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-treated cells or Mg2+-(Ca2+)-adenosine triphosphatase-less mutant (strain K-12 AN120) cells. Thus, the formation of sugar phosphates in colicin K-treated cells is dependent on the formation of adenosine 5'-triphosphate by oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:141447", "title": "Messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes isolated by oligodeoxythymidylate-cellulose chromatography from Neurospora crassa polysomes.", "content": "Messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes were isolated from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-dissociated polysomes of Neurospora crassa. Approximately 15% of the [3H]uridine incorporated into polysomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) during a 15-min pulse was eluted from oligodeoxythymidylate-cellulose as an mRNP complex. The isolated mRNP complexes exhibited sedimentation coefficients ranging from 15S to greater than 60S. RNA isolated from these mRNP complexes sedimented in sucrose gradients between 4S and 40S, with broad peaks at 15S and 24S. The buoyant density of mRNP complexes eluted with 25% formamide was 1.42 to 1.44 g/cm3, whereas for mRNP complexes eluted with 50% formamide it was 1.48 to 1.50 g/cm3. Six polypeptides, with molecular weights of 14,000, 19,000, 24,000, 31,000, 44,000, and 66,000, were associated with mRNP complexes eluted with 25% formamide. The mRNP complexes eluted with 50% formamide had one associated polypeptide, of molecular weight 27,000.", "contents": "Messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes isolated by oligodeoxythymidylate-cellulose chromatography from Neurospora crassa polysomes. Messenger ribonucleoprotein (mRNP) complexes were isolated from ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid-dissociated polysomes of Neurospora crassa. Approximately 15% of the [3H]uridine incorporated into polysomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) during a 15-min pulse was eluted from oligodeoxythymidylate-cellulose as an mRNP complex. The isolated mRNP complexes exhibited sedimentation coefficients ranging from 15S to greater than 60S. RNA isolated from these mRNP complexes sedimented in sucrose gradients between 4S and 40S, with broad peaks at 15S and 24S. The buoyant density of mRNP complexes eluted with 25% formamide was 1.42 to 1.44 g/cm3, whereas for mRNP complexes eluted with 50% formamide it was 1.48 to 1.50 g/cm3. Six polypeptides, with molecular weights of 14,000, 19,000, 24,000, 31,000, 44,000, and 66,000, were associated with mRNP complexes eluted with 25% formamide. The mRNP complexes eluted with 50% formamide had one associated polypeptide, of molecular weight 27,000."}
{"id": "PMID:141448", "title": "Coordinate regulation by iron of the synthesis of phenolate compounds and three outer membrane proteins in Escherichia coli.", "content": "The biosynthesis of the low-molecular-weight iron carrier enterochelin and of three outer membrane polypeptides appears to be coordinately regulated by the amount of cell-associated iron in Escherichia coli K-12. Measurements of iron acquisition made throughout the growth cycle in iron-deficient media indicate that a very rapid accumulation of iron occurs in the first 2 h of growth; there is comparatively little iron uptake during exponential growth, which results in a gradual decrease in the cellular iron content with each generation. When this level falls below 400 ng of iron per mg (dry weight) of cells, there is a simultaneous onset of synthesis of the three outer membrane polypeptides and of enterochelin. This coordinate regulation was also observed in cells able to transport iron actively using only citrate as an iron-carrier.", "contents": "Coordinate regulation by iron of the synthesis of phenolate compounds and three outer membrane proteins in Escherichia coli. The biosynthesis of the low-molecular-weight iron carrier enterochelin and of three outer membrane polypeptides appears to be coordinately regulated by the amount of cell-associated iron in Escherichia coli K-12. Measurements of iron acquisition made throughout the growth cycle in iron-deficient media indicate that a very rapid accumulation of iron occurs in the first 2 h of growth; there is comparatively little iron uptake during exponential growth, which results in a gradual decrease in the cellular iron content with each generation. When this level falls below 400 ng of iron per mg (dry weight) of cells, there is a simultaneous onset of synthesis of the three outer membrane polypeptides and of enterochelin. This coordinate regulation was also observed in cells able to transport iron actively using only citrate as an iron-carrier."}
{"id": "PMID:141449", "title": "Bacillus megaterium mutant deficient in membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase activity.", "content": "An adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) mutant of Bacillus megaterium was isolated and characterized. This mutant (designated A37) was unable to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources and possessed less than 5% of the wild-type ATPase activity. Oxygen uptake by the mutant was comparable to that in the wild type. Sporulation in the wild type occurred in both glucose- and nitrogen-limiting media; however, A37 sporulated only in the nitrogen-limiting medium. The inability of A37 to sporulate in glucose-limiting medium seemed to be due to insufficient adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels during the sporulation stages. Fructose, which can generate ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation, is equally efficient in stimulating ATP synthesis in the wild type and A37. Malate-stimulated ATP synthesis in the wild type was shown to have many characteristics associated with oxidative phosphorylation and was absent in the mutant. These data suggest that the ATPase deficiency results in the loss of oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Bacillus megaterium mutant deficient in membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase activity. An adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) mutant of Bacillus megaterium was isolated and characterized. This mutant (designated A37) was unable to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources and possessed less than 5% of the wild-type ATPase activity. Oxygen uptake by the mutant was comparable to that in the wild type. Sporulation in the wild type occurred in both glucose- and nitrogen-limiting media; however, A37 sporulated only in the nitrogen-limiting medium. The inability of A37 to sporulate in glucose-limiting medium seemed to be due to insufficient adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels during the sporulation stages. Fructose, which can generate ATP via substrate-level phosphorylation, is equally efficient in stimulating ATP synthesis in the wild type and A37. Malate-stimulated ATP synthesis in the wild type was shown to have many characteristics associated with oxidative phosphorylation and was absent in the mutant. These data suggest that the ATPase deficiency results in the loss of oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:141451", "title": "A model compartmental syndrome in man with particular reference to the quantification of nerve function.", "content": "A human model system was used to investigate the effect of increased tissue pressure on different parameters of the function of the nerves and muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg. Abnormalities of sensation, strength, motor nerve-conduction velocity, and compound muscle-action-potential amplitude occurred in a parallel fashion when the intracompartmental pressure exceeded a threshold value. This threshold was significantly lowered by elevation of the extremity. Grossly abnormal functional parameters were consistently elicited when the peripheral pulse remained intact. The motor nerve-conduction velocity and compound muscle-action-potential amplitude appear to be reliable, non-invasive, and quantitative parameters of the physiological status of the neuromuscular tissue within the compartment.", "contents": "A model compartmental syndrome in man with particular reference to the quantification of nerve function. A human model system was used to investigate the effect of increased tissue pressure on different parameters of the function of the nerves and muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg. Abnormalities of sensation, strength, motor nerve-conduction velocity, and compound muscle-action-potential amplitude occurred in a parallel fashion when the intracompartmental pressure exceeded a threshold value. This threshold was significantly lowered by elevation of the extremity. Grossly abnormal functional parameters were consistently elicited when the peripheral pulse remained intact. The motor nerve-conduction velocity and compound muscle-action-potential amplitude appear to be reliable, non-invasive, and quantitative parameters of the physiological status of the neuromuscular tissue within the compartment."}
{"id": "PMID:141452", "title": "Results of surgical treatment of idiopathic developmental stenosis of the lumbar vertebral canal. A review of twenty-seven years' experience.", "content": "Between 1948 and 1975 147 patients were treated surgically for developmental stenosis of the lumbar vertebral canal, measurement of the mid-sagittal diameters in the whole area of stenosis being performed in 116 patients. Ninety-two of these patients were followed up for periods varying between one and twenty years. About two-thirds were completely relieved fo symptoms and signs. Sciatica and intermittent claudication were more frequently cured than radicular deficit and lumbago, the latter being the most frequent persisting symptom. A permanent neural deficit as a result of the surgical procedure was noted in two cases. A detailed presentation of the technique, complications and results is given.", "contents": "Results of surgical treatment of idiopathic developmental stenosis of the lumbar vertebral canal. A review of twenty-seven years' experience. Between 1948 and 1975 147 patients were treated surgically for developmental stenosis of the lumbar vertebral canal, measurement of the mid-sagittal diameters in the whole area of stenosis being performed in 116 patients. Ninety-two of these patients were followed up for periods varying between one and twenty years. About two-thirds were completely relieved fo symptoms and signs. Sciatica and intermittent claudication were more frequently cured than radicular deficit and lumbago, the latter being the most frequent persisting symptom. A permanent neural deficit as a result of the surgical procedure was noted in two cases. A detailed presentation of the technique, complications and results is given."}
{"id": "PMID:141453", "title": "Increased ouabain-sensitive 86Rubidium uptake after mitogenic stimulation of quiescent chicken embryo fibroblasts with purified multiplication-stimulating activity.", "content": "Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA), a protein which stimulates DNA synthesis and growth of chicken embryo fibroblasts, was purified from serum-free medium conditioned by the growth of a rat liver cell line. Purified MSA was shown to rapidly stimulate ouabain-sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase activity as measured by both enzyme assay and rate of 86Rubidium uptake. Labeled ouabain binding was also shown to increase after stimulation of quiescent cells by serum or purified MSA. Conditions which interfere with the ability of the cells to accumulate potassium, such as the presence of the specific inhibitor, ouabain; incubation in potassium-free medium; or the presence of the potassium ionophore, valinomycin, were all demonstrated to inhibit the stimulation of DNA synthesis by serum or purified MSA. These results suggest that an early event in the stimulation of DNA synthesis by purified MSA is an activation of membrane Na+, K+-ATPase with a resulting accumulation of potassium ions inside the cell.", "contents": "Increased ouabain-sensitive 86Rubidium uptake after mitogenic stimulation of quiescent chicken embryo fibroblasts with purified multiplication-stimulating activity. Multiplication-stimulating activity (MSA), a protein which stimulates DNA synthesis and growth of chicken embryo fibroblasts, was purified from serum-free medium conditioned by the growth of a rat liver cell line. Purified MSA was shown to rapidly stimulate ouabain-sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase activity as measured by both enzyme assay and rate of 86Rubidium uptake. Labeled ouabain binding was also shown to increase after stimulation of quiescent cells by serum or purified MSA. Conditions which interfere with the ability of the cells to accumulate potassium, such as the presence of the specific inhibitor, ouabain; incubation in potassium-free medium; or the presence of the potassium ionophore, valinomycin, were all demonstrated to inhibit the stimulation of DNA synthesis by serum or purified MSA. These results suggest that an early event in the stimulation of DNA synthesis by purified MSA is an activation of membrane Na+, K+-ATPase with a resulting accumulation of potassium ions inside the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:141455", "title": "The effect of myosin antibody on the division of starfish blastomeres.", "content": "Antiserum against starfish egg myosin was produced in rabbits. Antibody specificity to myosin was demonstrated by Ouchterlony's immunodiffusion test and by immunoelectrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). The latter technique showed that the antibody binds to both heavy and light chains of egg myosin. Furthermore, the antibody reacted with starfish sperm mysosin and starfish adult muscle myosin at both the heavy and light chains. It did not react with bovine platelet mysosin or rabbit skeletal muscle myosin in Ouchterlony's test; however, a weak reaction was observed in the presence of SDS between the antibody and these myosin heavy chains. Ca- and Mg-ATPase activities of egg myosin were not affected by the antibody, but it did inhibit actin-activated ATPase activity of egg myosin. Microinjection of the antibody into blastomeres of starfish eggs at the two-cell stage was carried out. Anti-egg myosin gamma-globulin inhibited the subsequent cleavages at an amount of more than 0.3 ng when injected at interphase. The inhibition was reduced when the injection was carried out near the initiation of cleavage. At the onset of the second cleavage the antibody was not inhibitory; however, an appropriate amount inhibited the third cleavage. Although the disappearance of the nuclear membrane was observed in the presence of the antibody, the formation of the mitotic apparatus was more or less disturbed. However the formation of daughter nuclei seemed to be scarcely affected by the antibody except that the distance between the nuclei was significantly smaller than normal.", "contents": "The effect of myosin antibody on the division of starfish blastomeres. Antiserum against starfish egg myosin was produced in rabbits. Antibody specificity to myosin was demonstrated by Ouchterlony's immunodiffusion test and by immunoelectrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). The latter technique showed that the antibody binds to both heavy and light chains of egg myosin. Furthermore, the antibody reacted with starfish sperm mysosin and starfish adult muscle myosin at both the heavy and light chains. It did not react with bovine platelet mysosin or rabbit skeletal muscle myosin in Ouchterlony's test; however, a weak reaction was observed in the presence of SDS between the antibody and these myosin heavy chains. Ca- and Mg-ATPase activities of egg myosin were not affected by the antibody, but it did inhibit actin-activated ATPase activity of egg myosin. Microinjection of the antibody into blastomeres of starfish eggs at the two-cell stage was carried out. Anti-egg myosin gamma-globulin inhibited the subsequent cleavages at an amount of more than 0.3 ng when injected at interphase. The inhibition was reduced when the injection was carried out near the initiation of cleavage. At the onset of the second cleavage the antibody was not inhibitory; however, an appropriate amount inhibited the third cleavage. Although the disappearance of the nuclear membrane was observed in the presence of the antibody, the formation of the mitotic apparatus was more or less disturbed. However the formation of daughter nuclei seemed to be scarcely affected by the antibody except that the distance between the nuclei was significantly smaller than normal."}
{"id": "PMID:141456", "title": "Assembly of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Localization by immunofluorescence of sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins in differentiating rat skeletal muscle cell cultures.", "content": "Immunofluorescent staining techniques were used to study the distribution of the Ca(2) + Mg(2+)-dependent ATPase and calsequestrin in primary cultures of differentiating rat skeletal muscle cells, grown for different periods of time under various culture conditions. In mononucleated myoblasts calsequestrin was detected after 45 h in culture whereas the ATPase was not detected until 60 h. After cell fusion began, both proteins could be identified in all multinucleated cells. Myoblasts grown for longer than 60 h in low Ca(2+) medium contained calsequestrin and the ATPase, even though they were unable to fuse. These studies at the cellular level confirm biochemical findings on the biosynthesis of calsequestrin and the ATPase. Immunofluorescent staining of myoblasts showed that calsequestrin first appears in a well-defined region of the cell near one end of the nucleus. At later times, the staining occupied progressively larger regions adjacent to the nucleus and took on a fibrous appearance. This suggests that calsequestrin first accumulates in the Golgi region and then gradually spreads throughout the cell. In contrast, the ATPase appeared to be concentrated in many small patches or foci throughout the cytoplasm and was never confined to one particular region, although some parts of the cell often stained more intensely than others. In multinucleated cells, alternating dark and fluorescent strands parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cells were evident.", "contents": "Assembly of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Localization by immunofluorescence of sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins in differentiating rat skeletal muscle cell cultures. Immunofluorescent staining techniques were used to study the distribution of the Ca(2) + Mg(2+)-dependent ATPase and calsequestrin in primary cultures of differentiating rat skeletal muscle cells, grown for different periods of time under various culture conditions. In mononucleated myoblasts calsequestrin was detected after 45 h in culture whereas the ATPase was not detected until 60 h. After cell fusion began, both proteins could be identified in all multinucleated cells. Myoblasts grown for longer than 60 h in low Ca(2+) medium contained calsequestrin and the ATPase, even though they were unable to fuse. These studies at the cellular level confirm biochemical findings on the biosynthesis of calsequestrin and the ATPase. Immunofluorescent staining of myoblasts showed that calsequestrin first appears in a well-defined region of the cell near one end of the nucleus. At later times, the staining occupied progressively larger regions adjacent to the nucleus and took on a fibrous appearance. This suggests that calsequestrin first accumulates in the Golgi region and then gradually spreads throughout the cell. In contrast, the ATPase appeared to be concentrated in many small patches or foci throughout the cytoplasm and was never confined to one particular region, although some parts of the cell often stained more intensely than others. In multinucleated cells, alternating dark and fluorescent strands parallel to the longitudinal axis of the cells were evident."}
{"id": "PMID:141459", "title": "The effect of 7beta, 17alpha-dimethyltestosterone (calusteron) on testosterone metabolism in women with advanced breast cancer.", "content": "Calusterone (7beta, 17alpha-dimethyltestosterone) is a 17-alkylated, orally active androgenic steroid used in the treatment of breast cancer. The effect of this steroid on the metabolism of 14C-testosterone and the excretion of endogenous urinary androgen metabolites has been studied in four patients with breast cancer. Total glucuronide metabolites of the tracer decreased significantly, the andorsterone/etiocholanolone ratio rose by a factor of 2-4, and there was increased formation of uncharacterized polar metabolites. There was no significant change in either the sum of the excretion of endogenous androgen metabolites or the androsterone/etiocholanolone ratio. The changes resemble those we have seen in cirrhosis of the liver. It is concluded that the effects of Calusterone on testosterone metabolism, like its effects on cortisol or estradiol metabolism, represent nonspecific effects of an orally administered 17-alkylated steroid on hepatic structure and function, and probably bear no relationship to its therapeutic effect in breast cancer.", "contents": "The effect of 7beta, 17alpha-dimethyltestosterone (calusteron) on testosterone metabolism in women with advanced breast cancer. Calusterone (7beta, 17alpha-dimethyltestosterone) is a 17-alkylated, orally active androgenic steroid used in the treatment of breast cancer. The effect of this steroid on the metabolism of 14C-testosterone and the excretion of endogenous urinary androgen metabolites has been studied in four patients with breast cancer. Total glucuronide metabolites of the tracer decreased significantly, the andorsterone/etiocholanolone ratio rose by a factor of 2-4, and there was increased formation of uncharacterized polar metabolites. There was no significant change in either the sum of the excretion of endogenous androgen metabolites or the androsterone/etiocholanolone ratio. The changes resemble those we have seen in cirrhosis of the liver. It is concluded that the effects of Calusterone on testosterone metabolism, like its effects on cortisol or estradiol metabolism, represent nonspecific effects of an orally administered 17-alkylated steroid on hepatic structure and function, and probably bear no relationship to its therapeutic effect in breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:141460", "title": "Effect of prolactin on plasma DHEA (s) levels.", "content": "Plasma DHEA and DHEA-S levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in women with elevated prolactin levels, due either to chronic treatment with psychotropic drugs or to a prolactinoma, than in untreated controls. This increase was also observed in 3 male patients with prolactinoma. It is suggested that this increase is the consequence of a direct effect of prolactin on the adrenal cortex and that prolactin might be responsible for the ACTH independent andrenocortical androgen secretion.", "contents": "Effect of prolactin on plasma DHEA (s) levels. Plasma DHEA and DHEA-S levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in women with elevated prolactin levels, due either to chronic treatment with psychotropic drugs or to a prolactinoma, than in untreated controls. This increase was also observed in 3 male patients with prolactinoma. It is suggested that this increase is the consequence of a direct effect of prolactin on the adrenal cortex and that prolactin might be responsible for the ACTH independent andrenocortical androgen secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:141461", "title": "The metabolism and 24-hour plasma concentrations of androsterone in man.", "content": "A radioimmunoassya for free androsterone permitting facile analysis of plasma taken at 20 min intervals over 24 h has revealed a curve of varying concentrations which formed a pattern similar to curves of cortisol and dehydroisoandrosterone, boht bein primary adrenal secretory products and the latter being the major precursor of androsterone. The mean of the average 24 h concentrationof androsterone in men was 55 +/- 14 ng/dl (n = 8). Such temporally related behavior requires rapid production and removal of both 17-ketosteroids, processes which have been confirmed by tracer studies where it has been shown that in a two compartment system, androsterone has a t1/2 of 25 +/- 9 min for the fast component and metabolic clearance rate of 4050 +/- 1315 L per day (n = 10). The data are in accord with an approximate production rate of androsterone which is consistent with values reported for its urinary excretion.", "contents": "The metabolism and 24-hour plasma concentrations of androsterone in man. A radioimmunoassya for free androsterone permitting facile analysis of plasma taken at 20 min intervals over 24 h has revealed a curve of varying concentrations which formed a pattern similar to curves of cortisol and dehydroisoandrosterone, boht bein primary adrenal secretory products and the latter being the major precursor of androsterone. The mean of the average 24 h concentrationof androsterone in men was 55 +/- 14 ng/dl (n = 8). Such temporally related behavior requires rapid production and removal of both 17-ketosteroids, processes which have been confirmed by tracer studies where it has been shown that in a two compartment system, androsterone has a t1/2 of 25 +/- 9 min for the fast component and metabolic clearance rate of 4050 +/- 1315 L per day (n = 10). The data are in accord with an approximate production rate of androsterone which is consistent with values reported for its urinary excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:141462", "title": "The intestinal brush border membrane in diabetes. Studies of sucrase-isomaltase metabolism in rats with streptozotocin diabetes.", "content": "Diabetes stimulates the functional activity of the intestinal brush border membrane with enhancement of both hydrolytic enzyme activity and membrane transport systems. To determine the mechanism of this effect, we studied the effects of streptozotocin diabetes on the metabolism of one membrane protein, sucrase-isomaltase, which increases its activity in diabetes. The protein was purified and an antiserum prepared. Sucrase-isomaltase from control and diabetic rats was immunologically identical as shown by Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis of papain-solubilized mucosal proteins. The increase in sucrase enzyme activity in diabetic animals (31.0+/-1.4 U SEM 5 days after streptozotocin vs. 13.1+/-1.0 in controls) was the consequence of increased enzyme protein and not an alteration in catalytic efficiency as demonstrated by quantitative immunoprecipitin reactions. To account for increased sucrase-isomaltase protein in diabetes we studied papain-solubilized mucosal proteins labeled by injection of [(14)C]carbonate and [(14)C]leucine and analyzed incorporation into sucrase-isomaltase protein (anti-serum precipitable) and total protein (trichloroacetic acid precipitable). We found that diabetes did not affect the decay of labeled total protein, but prolonged the decay of labeled sucrase-isomaltase. t((1/2)) of sucrase-isomaltase was 4.4 h in control animals after [(14)C]carbonate injection and 8.8 and 10.2 h, respectively, 2 and 5 days after induction of streptozotocin diabetes. We obtained similar results in experiments with [(14)C]leucine with diabetes increasing t((1/2)) from 6 to 13.6 h. Diabetes did not appear to increase the rate of addition of sucrase-isomaltase to the brush border membrane, since it did not affect the 10- and 60-min incorporations of isotope into sucrase-isomaltase protein relative to incorporation into total protein and did not alter rate constants for synthesis calculated from the t((1/2)) and the change in enzyme mass over time.Thus, enhanced sucrase activity in the diabetic animal is the consequence of an increase in sucrase-isomaltase protein which develops because of a decrease in its rate of degradation.", "contents": "The intestinal brush border membrane in diabetes. Studies of sucrase-isomaltase metabolism in rats with streptozotocin diabetes. Diabetes stimulates the functional activity of the intestinal brush border membrane with enhancement of both hydrolytic enzyme activity and membrane transport systems. To determine the mechanism of this effect, we studied the effects of streptozotocin diabetes on the metabolism of one membrane protein, sucrase-isomaltase, which increases its activity in diabetes. The protein was purified and an antiserum prepared. Sucrase-isomaltase from control and diabetic rats was immunologically identical as shown by Ouchterlony double-diffusion analysis of papain-solubilized mucosal proteins. The increase in sucrase enzyme activity in diabetic animals (31.0+/-1.4 U SEM 5 days after streptozotocin vs. 13.1+/-1.0 in controls) was the consequence of increased enzyme protein and not an alteration in catalytic efficiency as demonstrated by quantitative immunoprecipitin reactions. To account for increased sucrase-isomaltase protein in diabetes we studied papain-solubilized mucosal proteins labeled by injection of [(14)C]carbonate and [(14)C]leucine and analyzed incorporation into sucrase-isomaltase protein (anti-serum precipitable) and total protein (trichloroacetic acid precipitable). We found that diabetes did not affect the decay of labeled total protein, but prolonged the decay of labeled sucrase-isomaltase. t((1/2)) of sucrase-isomaltase was 4.4 h in control animals after [(14)C]carbonate injection and 8.8 and 10.2 h, respectively, 2 and 5 days after induction of streptozotocin diabetes. We obtained similar results in experiments with [(14)C]leucine with diabetes increasing t((1/2)) from 6 to 13.6 h. Diabetes did not appear to increase the rate of addition of sucrase-isomaltase to the brush border membrane, since it did not affect the 10- and 60-min incorporations of isotope into sucrase-isomaltase protein relative to incorporation into total protein and did not alter rate constants for synthesis calculated from the t((1/2)) and the change in enzyme mass over time.Thus, enhanced sucrase activity in the diabetic animal is the consequence of an increase in sucrase-isomaltase protein which develops because of a decrease in its rate of degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:141463", "title": "Relationship between bile flow and Na+, K+-adenosinetriphosphatase in liver plasma membranes enriched in bile canaliculi.", "content": "The relationship between bile flow and Na+,K+-ATPase activity in liver plasma membranes enriched in bile canaliculi was studied in rats treated with ethinyl estradiol, phenobarbital, or 20-methyl cholanthrene. In comparison with controls (1.49+/-0.12 microliter/min per g liver), bile flow was significantly diminished by ethinyl estradiol, increased by phenobarbital, and unchanged by 20-methyl cholanthrene or the solvent, propanediol (0.92+/-0.31, 2.50+/-0.21, 1.62+/-0.18, and 1.64+/-0.30 microliter/min per g liver, respectively). The corresponding values for canalicular Na+,K+-ATPase activity were 80.7+/-19.2, 50.0+/-18.4, 231.7+/-42.6, 82.7+/-30.7, and 143.6+/-55.3 micronmol Pi/h per g liver. Canalicular Na+,K+-ATPase activity was significantly correlated (r=0.785, n=31) with bile flow. These findings support the hypothesis that a fraction of bile flow is related to Na+,K+-ATPase activity and canalicular Na+ transport.", "contents": "Relationship between bile flow and Na+, K+-adenosinetriphosphatase in liver plasma membranes enriched in bile canaliculi. The relationship between bile flow and Na+,K+-ATPase activity in liver plasma membranes enriched in bile canaliculi was studied in rats treated with ethinyl estradiol, phenobarbital, or 20-methyl cholanthrene. In comparison with controls (1.49+/-0.12 microliter/min per g liver), bile flow was significantly diminished by ethinyl estradiol, increased by phenobarbital, and unchanged by 20-methyl cholanthrene or the solvent, propanediol (0.92+/-0.31, 2.50+/-0.21, 1.62+/-0.18, and 1.64+/-0.30 microliter/min per g liver, respectively). The corresponding values for canalicular Na+,K+-ATPase activity were 80.7+/-19.2, 50.0+/-18.4, 231.7+/-42.6, 82.7+/-30.7, and 143.6+/-55.3 micronmol Pi/h per g liver. Canalicular Na+,K+-ATPase activity was significantly correlated (r=0.785, n=31) with bile flow. These findings support the hypothesis that a fraction of bile flow is related to Na+,K+-ATPase activity and canalicular Na+ transport."}
{"id": "PMID:141466", "title": "Antibiotics for elimination of mycoplasmas and ureaplasma from bovine semen.", "content": "Minocin at 500 micrograms/ml of semen extender eliminated ureaplasma from naturally or artificially infected bovine semen. Minocin with lincospectin eliminated Acholeplasma laidlawii, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, bovis, canadense, and arginini from artificially infected semen. Stabilization times of 15 min at 35 C and 3 h at 4 C are important considerations to maximize antibiotic activity.", "contents": "Antibiotics for elimination of mycoplasmas and ureaplasma from bovine semen. Minocin at 500 micrograms/ml of semen extender eliminated ureaplasma from naturally or artificially infected bovine semen. Minocin with lincospectin eliminated Acholeplasma laidlawii, Mycoplasma bovigenitalium, bovis, canadense, and arginini from artificially infected semen. Stabilization times of 15 min at 35 C and 3 h at 4 C are important considerations to maximize antibiotic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:141469", "title": "An automated cerebral blood flow analyzer: concise communication.", "content": "We present an automated cerebral blood-flow (CBF) analyzer can be used as an intermittent CBF monitor during carotid endarterectomies. Given a 1-min sample of an intracarotid injection of xenon-133, this device will display a CBF value with a range from zero to 200 ml/100 g per min. Results from this CBF analyzer were compared with those from manual computations in 181 separate determinations during 51 surgical procedures. The analyzer is effective, accurate, and reliable.", "contents": "An automated cerebral blood flow analyzer: concise communication. We present an automated cerebral blood-flow (CBF) analyzer can be used as an intermittent CBF monitor during carotid endarterectomies. Given a 1-min sample of an intracarotid injection of xenon-133, this device will display a CBF value with a range from zero to 200 ml/100 g per min. Results from this CBF analyzer were compared with those from manual computations in 181 separate determinations during 51 surgical procedures. The analyzer is effective, accurate, and reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:141470", "title": "Immunopatholgenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis.", "content": "This review describes antigenic and host factors of possible significance in the immunopathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). Although certain immunologic studies suggest immune complex mechanisms in HP, recent experimental and clinical data accumulated support a role for cell-mediated immunity. In addition, some data support roles for anaphylactic and cytotoxic antibody-mediated reactivity as well. One type of reactivity alone may not be sufficient for production of HP, and local pulmonary immune responses may be most relevant to the pathogensis. Whether immune damage will be produced in an exposed individual or not may depend on the characteristics of the antigenic exposure as well as inherited and acquired individual differences in immunologic reactivity and possibly target organ sensitivity.", "contents": "Immunopatholgenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. This review describes antigenic and host factors of possible significance in the immunopathogenesis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). Although certain immunologic studies suggest immune complex mechanisms in HP, recent experimental and clinical data accumulated support a role for cell-mediated immunity. In addition, some data support roles for anaphylactic and cytotoxic antibody-mediated reactivity as well. One type of reactivity alone may not be sufficient for production of HP, and local pulmonary immune responses may be most relevant to the pathogensis. Whether immune damage will be produced in an exposed individual or not may depend on the characteristics of the antigenic exposure as well as inherited and acquired individual differences in immunologic reactivity and possibly target organ sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:141468", "title": "Reconstruction of the acne-scarred face.", "content": "The acne-scarred face presents a challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. Dermaplaning technic with the Castro-viejo Electrokeratome (\"C-V Planner\") results in precise leveling of the skin. Numerous deep pit scars are amenable to small excisions; extensive milk-cheek scarring is treatable by segmental excision and reconstruction. Both dermaplaning and scalpel surgery may be required to achieve a cosmetically satisfactory result in a face badly scarred by severe acne.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the acne-scarred face. The acne-scarred face presents a challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. Dermaplaning technic with the Castro-viejo Electrokeratome (\"C-V Planner\") results in precise leveling of the skin. Numerous deep pit scars are amenable to small excisions; extensive milk-cheek scarring is treatable by segmental excision and reconstruction. Both dermaplaning and scalpel surgery may be required to achieve a cosmetically satisfactory result in a face badly scarred by severe acne."}
{"id": "PMID:141471", "title": "Comparison of aerosolized atropine sulfate and SCH 1000 on exercise-induced bronchospasm in children.", "content": "The new anticholinergic compound Sch 1000 (ipratropium bromide) has been reported to be an effective bronchodilator without significant atropine-like side effects. We evaluated the effectiveness of different doses of nebulized Sch 1000 (40 microgram and 80 microgram) aerosolized atropine sulfate (1 mg) and placebo in the prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in 20 children with atopic bronchial asthma. A random, crossover double-blind protocol was used. Standard exercise on a cycloergometer was used to induce EIB. Pulmonary function was determined before and after drug administration and exercise. Following no treatment or placebo, exercise resulted in average reductions of 33% to 43% in plethysmographic specific airway conductance (SGaw), of 20% to 25% in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), and of 25% to 32% in maximal midexpiratory flow rate. Exercise following no treatment or placebo resulted in average increases of 23% to 30% in thoracic gas volume (Vtg). Prior to exercise atropine and either dose of Sch 1000 caused significant increases in SGaw (48% to 59%). After pretreatment with Sch 1000 or atropine, exercise caused SGaw to fall to values that were not significantly different from pretreatment medication values, but were significantly higher than values following exercise without pretreatment or after pretreatment with placebo. No significant differences were noted between the effects of atropine and Sch 1000 on EIB. We conclude that at the doses used atropine and Sch 1000 cause equivalent degrees of bronchodilation but neither drug specifically inhibits EIB.", "contents": "Comparison of aerosolized atropine sulfate and SCH 1000 on exercise-induced bronchospasm in children. The new anticholinergic compound Sch 1000 (ipratropium bromide) has been reported to be an effective bronchodilator without significant atropine-like side effects. We evaluated the effectiveness of different doses of nebulized Sch 1000 (40 microgram and 80 microgram) aerosolized atropine sulfate (1 mg) and placebo in the prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in 20 children with atopic bronchial asthma. A random, crossover double-blind protocol was used. Standard exercise on a cycloergometer was used to induce EIB. Pulmonary function was determined before and after drug administration and exercise. Following no treatment or placebo, exercise resulted in average reductions of 33% to 43% in plethysmographic specific airway conductance (SGaw), of 20% to 25% in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), and of 25% to 32% in maximal midexpiratory flow rate. Exercise following no treatment or placebo resulted in average increases of 23% to 30% in thoracic gas volume (Vtg). Prior to exercise atropine and either dose of Sch 1000 caused significant increases in SGaw (48% to 59%). After pretreatment with Sch 1000 or atropine, exercise caused SGaw to fall to values that were not significantly different from pretreatment medication values, but were significantly higher than values following exercise without pretreatment or after pretreatment with placebo. No significant differences were noted between the effects of atropine and Sch 1000 on EIB. We conclude that at the doses used atropine and Sch 1000 cause equivalent degrees of bronchodilation but neither drug specifically inhibits EIB."}
{"id": "PMID:141483", "title": "Functional and morphologic characterization of human T cells continuously grown in vitro.", "content": "Long-term growth (now over 13 months) of thymus-derived lymphocytes from numerous normal human bone marrow and peripheral blood cell samples was accomplished by using a factor present in media obtained from mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. This long-term growth could neither be initiated nor maintained by mitogens alone. All cell cultures were greater than 90% E rosette-positive, whereas the tests for B cell markers, surface IgG and IgM, and EAC rosette were routinely negative. There was no evidence for the presence of granulocytes, monocytes, and their precursors in these cultures. The E rosette-positive cells were then tested to see if they had T cell functions. PHA, Con A, and pokeweed mitogens stimulated lymphproliferative responses in these cultures comparable to those of fresh peripheral blood cells. These proliferating cells were also able to release cell mediators, such as interferon and colony-stimulating activity. Further evidence for the T lymphocyte nature of these cultured cells was obtained from one-way mixed leukocyte cultures in which these cells responded to but were unable to stimulate allogeneic cells. The functional and morphologic characteristics of these cultured cells show that these cells are T cells that grow continuously in vitro.", "contents": "Functional and morphologic characterization of human T cells continuously grown in vitro. Long-term growth (now over 13 months) of thymus-derived lymphocytes from numerous normal human bone marrow and peripheral blood cell samples was accomplished by using a factor present in media obtained from mitogen-stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes. This long-term growth could neither be initiated nor maintained by mitogens alone. All cell cultures were greater than 90% E rosette-positive, whereas the tests for B cell markers, surface IgG and IgM, and EAC rosette were routinely negative. There was no evidence for the presence of granulocytes, monocytes, and their precursors in these cultures. The E rosette-positive cells were then tested to see if they had T cell functions. PHA, Con A, and pokeweed mitogens stimulated lymphproliferative responses in these cultures comparable to those of fresh peripheral blood cells. These proliferating cells were also able to release cell mediators, such as interferon and colony-stimulating activity. Further evidence for the T lymphocyte nature of these cultured cells was obtained from one-way mixed leukocyte cultures in which these cells responded to but were unable to stimulate allogeneic cells. The functional and morphologic characteristics of these cultured cells show that these cells are T cells that grow continuously in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:141484", "title": "Suppression of lymphoproliferation by high concentrations of normal human mononuclear leukocytes.", "content": "Mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) include cells that suppress lymphoproliferation in unstimulated and antigen-stimulated cultures. Suppression is demonstrated by increasing the concentration of cells added to cultures and does not require preactivation of suppressor cells. Suprression of 3H-thymidine incorporation occurred if the high concentrations of MNL were added to cultures before the proliferative responses commenced. This suppressive effect of high cell concentration upon 3H-thymidine incorporation is removed by depleting MNL present in high numbers of cells that adhere to foreign surfaces or by preincubating these cells with cycloheximide, puromycin, or pactamycin. The suppressor cell, which only functions when present in a viable state, is radioresistant, adheres to foreign surfaces, remains active through 5 days in culture, and equates with the presence of a cell that is rich in cytoplasmic esterase. The suppressor cell may be of the monocyte series and did not appear to belong to either the T or the B lymphocyte series. This study provides additional evidence that normal immune reactivity in man is under regulatory control. The suppressor mechanism identified herein with normal human MNL is probably related to a similar type of suppression (but at a much lower cell concentration) that has been described with Hodgkin's disease and solid tumors.", "contents": "Suppression of lymphoproliferation by high concentrations of normal human mononuclear leukocytes. Mononuclear leukocytes (MNL) include cells that suppress lymphoproliferation in unstimulated and antigen-stimulated cultures. Suppression is demonstrated by increasing the concentration of cells added to cultures and does not require preactivation of suppressor cells. Suprression of 3H-thymidine incorporation occurred if the high concentrations of MNL were added to cultures before the proliferative responses commenced. This suppressive effect of high cell concentration upon 3H-thymidine incorporation is removed by depleting MNL present in high numbers of cells that adhere to foreign surfaces or by preincubating these cells with cycloheximide, puromycin, or pactamycin. The suppressor cell, which only functions when present in a viable state, is radioresistant, adheres to foreign surfaces, remains active through 5 days in culture, and equates with the presence of a cell that is rich in cytoplasmic esterase. The suppressor cell may be of the monocyte series and did not appear to belong to either the T or the B lymphocyte series. This study provides additional evidence that normal immune reactivity in man is under regulatory control. The suppressor mechanism identified herein with normal human MNL is probably related to a similar type of suppression (but at a much lower cell concentration) that has been described with Hodgkin's disease and solid tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:141486", "title": "Human lymphocytes subpopulations: rabbit red blood cell rosettes.", "content": "When human lymphocytes were incubated with rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) in vitro at 4 degrees C overnight, they adhered to form rosettes. 44 +/- 4.5% of thymocytes and o.7 +/- o.3% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) formed these rosettes. The rosette-forming cells (RFC) increased to 10--40% when the PBL were stimulated by mitogens. The increases were detected 4 h after culture and reached a maximum at 24 h, thus preceding significant increases in DNA syntheses. In another set of experiments, PBL were stimulated by a range of concentrations of each of 5 mitogens. The concentrations whick led to high DNA synthesis rates also generated high percentages of the rosettes. Lastly, PBL were activated by mitogens and the effect of inhibitors of DNA synthesis, protein synthesis and ATPase activity investigated. Only the latter could inhibit the generation of the RFC. In conclusion, 1y RRBC rosettes in mitogen stimulated human PBL were markers of activated lymphocytes, 2) the percentages of RFC could constitute a reliable index of mitogenic responses, and 3) this index was independent of the usual criteria of protein and DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Human lymphocytes subpopulations: rabbit red blood cell rosettes. When human lymphocytes were incubated with rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) in vitro at 4 degrees C overnight, they adhered to form rosettes. 44 +/- 4.5% of thymocytes and o.7 +/- o.3% of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) formed these rosettes. The rosette-forming cells (RFC) increased to 10--40% when the PBL were stimulated by mitogens. The increases were detected 4 h after culture and reached a maximum at 24 h, thus preceding significant increases in DNA syntheses. In another set of experiments, PBL were stimulated by a range of concentrations of each of 5 mitogens. The concentrations whick led to high DNA synthesis rates also generated high percentages of the rosettes. Lastly, PBL were activated by mitogens and the effect of inhibitors of DNA synthesis, protein synthesis and ATPase activity investigated. Only the latter could inhibit the generation of the RFC. In conclusion, 1y RRBC rosettes in mitogen stimulated human PBL were markers of activated lymphocytes, 2) the percentages of RFC could constitute a reliable index of mitogenic responses, and 3) this index was independent of the usual criteria of protein and DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:141489", "title": "Coupled complementation of immune response genes controlling responsiveness to the H-2.2 alloantigen.", "content": "The ability of various B10 congenic resistant strains to respond to the alloantigen H-2.2 was tested. High and low antibody-producing strains were distinguished by their anti-H-2.2 hemagglutinating respones. However, these strains do not differ in their ability to respond to these antigenic differences in the mixed lymphocyte culture. The humoral response to the H-2.2 alloantigen was shown to be controlled by two interacting genes localized within the H-2 complex. Thus, F1 hybrids prepared between parental low responder strains could yield high level immune responses. In addition, strains bearing recombinant H-2 haplotypes were used to map the two distinct genes controlling the immune response. The alleles at each locus were shown to be highly polymorphic as evidenced by the asymmetric complementation patterns observed. The restricted interactions of specific alleles was termed coupled complementation. The significance of the results in the terms of mechanisms of Ir gene control are discussed.", "contents": "Coupled complementation of immune response genes controlling responsiveness to the H-2.2 alloantigen. The ability of various B10 congenic resistant strains to respond to the alloantigen H-2.2 was tested. High and low antibody-producing strains were distinguished by their anti-H-2.2 hemagglutinating respones. However, these strains do not differ in their ability to respond to these antigenic differences in the mixed lymphocyte culture. The humoral response to the H-2.2 alloantigen was shown to be controlled by two interacting genes localized within the H-2 complex. Thus, F1 hybrids prepared between parental low responder strains could yield high level immune responses. In addition, strains bearing recombinant H-2 haplotypes were used to map the two distinct genes controlling the immune response. The alleles at each locus were shown to be highly polymorphic as evidenced by the asymmetric complementation patterns observed. The restricted interactions of specific alleles was termed coupled complementation. The significance of the results in the terms of mechanisms of Ir gene control are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141491", "title": "Restriction-deficient mutants of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "A series of restriction-deficient mutants was isolated from non-lysogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus belonging to phage groups I and II. Some mutants were sensitive to all phages tested. With one possible exception, all the mutants were unaffected in their modification systems. The breakdown of DNA of phages, restricted in the parental strains, was reduced in both the mutants that were tested. The restriction in propagating strain 3A could be transduced to its restriction-deficient mutant. The transduction efficiency increased after ultraviolet irradiation of the transducing phage suggesting that the gene for restriction is present on the bacterial chromosome.", "contents": "Restriction-deficient mutants of Staphylococcus aureus. A series of restriction-deficient mutants was isolated from non-lysogenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus belonging to phage groups I and II. Some mutants were sensitive to all phages tested. With one possible exception, all the mutants were unaffected in their modification systems. The breakdown of DNA of phages, restricted in the parental strains, was reduced in both the mutants that were tested. The restriction in propagating strain 3A could be transduced to its restriction-deficient mutant. The transduction efficiency increased after ultraviolet irradiation of the transducing phage suggesting that the gene for restriction is present on the bacterial chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:141493", "title": "Differentiation of fibres in human masseter, temporal and biceps brachii muscles. A histochemical study.", "content": "Masseter, temporal and biceps brachii muscles were histochemically evaluated for fibre type differentiation on 19 aborted fetuses (gestational ages 15-23 weeks), in 2 premature infants of 34 and 36 weeks gestation and in 2 fullterm stillborn infants. There was no convincing evidence of fibre type differentiation in the masticatory muscles before 22 weeks' gestation while a fairly distinct differentiation was seen in biceps brachii specimens at 16 weeks' gestation with ATPase at pH 4.35. Around 22 weeks two types of fibre were found in all specimens with ATPase at pH 4.35. With regular ATPase (pH 9.4) there was a relatively weak difference in staining between different types of fibre in the masticatory muscles. In biceps brachii Type I and Type II were demonstrated. Neonatally 3 levels of staining were seen in biceps brachii with regular ATPase (pH 9.4); while ATPase pH 4.35 and 4.6 demonstrated the subtypes IIB and IIC. In the masticatory mucles only 2 levels were recognized with regular ATPase and all type II fibres had the characteristics of Type IIC as seen with with ATPase at pH 4.35.", "contents": "Differentiation of fibres in human masseter, temporal and biceps brachii muscles. A histochemical study. Masseter, temporal and biceps brachii muscles were histochemically evaluated for fibre type differentiation on 19 aborted fetuses (gestational ages 15-23 weeks), in 2 premature infants of 34 and 36 weeks gestation and in 2 fullterm stillborn infants. There was no convincing evidence of fibre type differentiation in the masticatory muscles before 22 weeks' gestation while a fairly distinct differentiation was seen in biceps brachii specimens at 16 weeks' gestation with ATPase at pH 4.35. Around 22 weeks two types of fibre were found in all specimens with ATPase at pH 4.35. With regular ATPase (pH 9.4) there was a relatively weak difference in staining between different types of fibre in the masticatory muscles. In biceps brachii Type I and Type II were demonstrated. Neonatally 3 levels of staining were seen in biceps brachii with regular ATPase (pH 9.4); while ATPase pH 4.35 and 4.6 demonstrated the subtypes IIB and IIC. In the masticatory mucles only 2 levels were recognized with regular ATPase and all type II fibres had the characteristics of Type IIC as seen with with ATPase at pH 4.35."}
{"id": "PMID:141496", "title": "Nervous outflow from skeletal muscle following chemical noxious stimulation.", "content": "1. In order to determine the nervous outflow from skeletal muscle during chemically induced muscle pain, the impulse activity of various types of muscle afferents in response to close intra-arterial injections of pain-producing substances (bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine and potassium) was studied in anaesthetized cats using a single fibre recording technique.2. By administration of algesic agents in doses which produce pain in man and pain reactions in animals, about half of the group IV and two thirds of the group III muscle afferents could be activated. In contrast, group II and group I afferent units were usually not excited by chemical noxious stimulation. If effects at all occurred in the thick myelinated afferents, they consisted of a depression of the fibre activity rather than of an activation.3. The qualitative features of the discharges of group III muscle afferents induced by chemical stimulation resembled those of the group IV units very closely. The group III units differed from the group IV afferents in that their responses to a given dose of bradykinin were of greater magnitude.4. It is concluded that the chemically induced muscle pain is probably mediated by certain portions of the group IV and group III afferents, whereas the reactions of group II and group I units to algesic agents are such that a contribution to muscular chemo-nociception seems improbable.", "contents": "Nervous outflow from skeletal muscle following chemical noxious stimulation. 1. In order to determine the nervous outflow from skeletal muscle during chemically induced muscle pain, the impulse activity of various types of muscle afferents in response to close intra-arterial injections of pain-producing substances (bradykinin, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine and potassium) was studied in anaesthetized cats using a single fibre recording technique.2. By administration of algesic agents in doses which produce pain in man and pain reactions in animals, about half of the group IV and two thirds of the group III muscle afferents could be activated. In contrast, group II and group I afferent units were usually not excited by chemical noxious stimulation. If effects at all occurred in the thick myelinated afferents, they consisted of a depression of the fibre activity rather than of an activation.3. The qualitative features of the discharges of group III muscle afferents induced by chemical stimulation resembled those of the group IV units very closely. The group III units differed from the group IV afferents in that their responses to a given dose of bradykinin were of greater magnitude.4. It is concluded that the chemically induced muscle pain is probably mediated by certain portions of the group IV and group III afferents, whereas the reactions of group II and group I units to algesic agents are such that a contribution to muscular chemo-nociception seems improbable."}
{"id": "PMID:141497", "title": "Static and dynamic fusimotor action on the response of Ia fibres to low frequency sinusoidal stretching of widely ranging amplitude.", "content": "1. Single fusimotor fibres were stimulated repetitively to test their action on the responsiveness of muscle spindle primary endings in the cat soleus to sinusoidal stretching of both large and small amplitude. Frequencies of 0.06-4 Hz were used at amplitudes from 10 mum to 3 mm.2. The response was assessed by fitting a sinusoid to the cycle histogram of the afferent firing throughout the course of the cycle; this linear approximation measures the fundamental of the response and ignores any harmonics. The sine was allowed to project to negative values and any empty bins in the histogram were ignored when fitting.3. With small amplitudes of stretching the histograms were reasonably sinusoidal, but with large amplitudes they showed appreciable distortion of the wave form for the passive ending and during dynamic fusimotor stimulation. Non-linearity of response manifested itself also, with increasing amplitude of stretching, by an increase in the phase advance of the response, by increasing r.m.s. deviation of the histogram points from the fitted sine and (for dynamic stimulation) by an increase in the mean value of the fitted sine.4. With increasing amplitude the response modulation ceased to increase proportionately with the stimulus, so that the sensitivity of the ending to a large stretch (defined as afferent modulation/stretch amplitude) was appreciably less than for a small stretch. This effect was most pronounced for the passive ending.5. Whatever the amplitude of movement the modulation during static stimulation was less than that for the passive or during dynamic stimulation. For small amplitudes the response during dynamic stimulation was less than that of the passive, but for large amplitudes the response during dynamic stimulation was always the greater. At some intermediate cross-over amplitude the two responses were the same size, though still differing slightly in other respects. The value of the cross-over amplitude was usually about 200 mum at 1 Hz, and increased on lowering the frequency. Thus dynamic fusimotor action does not uniformly produce either an increase or a decrease in the sensitivity of the ending in relation to the passive.6. Bode plots, for each amplitude, of sensitivity and phase against frequency suggested that(a) under all conditions the ending is relatively insensitive to frequency in the range studied, for the slope of the log-log sensitivity lines was only 0.15-0.2 (3.5-6 db/decade);(b) the mechanism which makes for non-linearity is not particularly frequency sensitive;(c) static fusimotor stimulation does not change the frequency sensitivity of the ending;(d) dynamic fusimotor stimulation very slightly increases the frequency sensitivity of the ending for large amplitudes.In reaching these conclusions more attention was paid to the slope of the sensitivity lines than to the values of phase.7. It appears that the major effect of fusimotor action, whether static or dynamic, is to regulate the sensitivity of the primary ending to stretching for all amplitudes of movement (i.e. gain) rather than to control the relative values of its sensitivity to length and to velocity (i.e. crudely, the damping in a feed-back loop).", "contents": "Static and dynamic fusimotor action on the response of Ia fibres to low frequency sinusoidal stretching of widely ranging amplitude. 1. Single fusimotor fibres were stimulated repetitively to test their action on the responsiveness of muscle spindle primary endings in the cat soleus to sinusoidal stretching of both large and small amplitude. Frequencies of 0.06-4 Hz were used at amplitudes from 10 mum to 3 mm.2. The response was assessed by fitting a sinusoid to the cycle histogram of the afferent firing throughout the course of the cycle; this linear approximation measures the fundamental of the response and ignores any harmonics. The sine was allowed to project to negative values and any empty bins in the histogram were ignored when fitting.3. With small amplitudes of stretching the histograms were reasonably sinusoidal, but with large amplitudes they showed appreciable distortion of the wave form for the passive ending and during dynamic fusimotor stimulation. Non-linearity of response manifested itself also, with increasing amplitude of stretching, by an increase in the phase advance of the response, by increasing r.m.s. deviation of the histogram points from the fitted sine and (for dynamic stimulation) by an increase in the mean value of the fitted sine.4. With increasing amplitude the response modulation ceased to increase proportionately with the stimulus, so that the sensitivity of the ending to a large stretch (defined as afferent modulation/stretch amplitude) was appreciably less than for a small stretch. This effect was most pronounced for the passive ending.5. Whatever the amplitude of movement the modulation during static stimulation was less than that for the passive or during dynamic stimulation. For small amplitudes the response during dynamic stimulation was less than that of the passive, but for large amplitudes the response during dynamic stimulation was always the greater. At some intermediate cross-over amplitude the two responses were the same size, though still differing slightly in other respects. The value of the cross-over amplitude was usually about 200 mum at 1 Hz, and increased on lowering the frequency. Thus dynamic fusimotor action does not uniformly produce either an increase or a decrease in the sensitivity of the ending in relation to the passive.6. Bode plots, for each amplitude, of sensitivity and phase against frequency suggested that(a) under all conditions the ending is relatively insensitive to frequency in the range studied, for the slope of the log-log sensitivity lines was only 0.15-0.2 (3.5-6 db/decade);(b) the mechanism which makes for non-linearity is not particularly frequency sensitive;(c) static fusimotor stimulation does not change the frequency sensitivity of the ending;(d) dynamic fusimotor stimulation very slightly increases the frequency sensitivity of the ending for large amplitudes.In reaching these conclusions more attention was paid to the slope of the sensitivity lines than to the values of phase.7. It appears that the major effect of fusimotor action, whether static or dynamic, is to regulate the sensitivity of the primary ending to stretching for all amplitudes of movement (i.e. gain) rather than to control the relative values of its sensitivity to length and to velocity (i.e. crudely, the damping in a feed-back loop)."}
{"id": "PMID:141498", "title": "Effects of combining static and dynamic fusimotor stimulation on the response of the muscle spindle primary ending to sinusoidal stretching.", "content": "1. A pair of fusimotor fibres, one static and the other dynamic, were stimulated simultaneously to test their combined action on the response of muscle spindle primary endings in the cat soleus to sinusoidal stretching. A frequency of 1 Hz was chiefly used, with a wide range of amplitudes (10 micronm-2 mm). The response of the ending was assessed from the parameters of the sine fitted to its firing averaged throughout the course of the cycle; this was felt useful even though the responses to the larger stretches showed certain non-linear features. 2. With small stretches (up to about 50 micronm amplitude) static action dominated, and the modulation of firing during conbined stimulation was little or no larger than that found during the static stimulation on its own, and much smaller than that found during the static stimulation on its own, and much smaller than that found during the dynamic stimulation. The phase of the response was, however, much the same for all three conditions. 3. With larger stretches the modulation with combined stimulation was intermediate between the values found on stimulating either fusimotor fibre on its own; the dynamic contribution increased progressively with the amplitude of stretching. 4. With larger stretches the phase of the response during combined stimulation was appreciably closer to that for static action than to that for dynamic action. But the differences between the various conditions were small (below 20 degrees) and seem attributable to various distortions of the response wave from away from a true sinusoid, rather than betokening a difference in the ratio of velocity to length sensitivity under the various conditions. This view was supported by the effects on phase of grading the rate of stimulation of one fusimotor fibre while holding that of the other constant. 5. Detailed comparison of the cycle histograms obtained under different conditions showed an interestingly asymmetrical pattern of summation and occlusion of the effects of the two kinds of fusimotor fibre. At the peak of the response to a large stretch static action summed with dynamic action, which was here the stronger, so that at this phase of the cycle the firing was greater with the combined stimulation than with either fibre on its own. But, in the trough of the response to the same stretch static action occluded any dynamic action, which was now the weaker, so that at this phase of the cycle the firing with combined stimulation was virtually the same as that with static stimulation on its own. With a small stretch, static action normally occluded dynamic action throughout the cycle; this is in line with the firing during static action now usually being greater than that during dynamic action for all phases of the cycle.", "contents": "Effects of combining static and dynamic fusimotor stimulation on the response of the muscle spindle primary ending to sinusoidal stretching. 1. A pair of fusimotor fibres, one static and the other dynamic, were stimulated simultaneously to test their combined action on the response of muscle spindle primary endings in the cat soleus to sinusoidal stretching. A frequency of 1 Hz was chiefly used, with a wide range of amplitudes (10 micronm-2 mm). The response of the ending was assessed from the parameters of the sine fitted to its firing averaged throughout the course of the cycle; this was felt useful even though the responses to the larger stretches showed certain non-linear features. 2. With small stretches (up to about 50 micronm amplitude) static action dominated, and the modulation of firing during conbined stimulation was little or no larger than that found during the static stimulation on its own, and much smaller than that found during the static stimulation on its own, and much smaller than that found during the dynamic stimulation. The phase of the response was, however, much the same for all three conditions. 3. With larger stretches the modulation with combined stimulation was intermediate between the values found on stimulating either fusimotor fibre on its own; the dynamic contribution increased progressively with the amplitude of stretching. 4. With larger stretches the phase of the response during combined stimulation was appreciably closer to that for static action than to that for dynamic action. But the differences between the various conditions were small (below 20 degrees) and seem attributable to various distortions of the response wave from away from a true sinusoid, rather than betokening a difference in the ratio of velocity to length sensitivity under the various conditions. This view was supported by the effects on phase of grading the rate of stimulation of one fusimotor fibre while holding that of the other constant. 5. Detailed comparison of the cycle histograms obtained under different conditions showed an interestingly asymmetrical pattern of summation and occlusion of the effects of the two kinds of fusimotor fibre. At the peak of the response to a large stretch static action summed with dynamic action, which was here the stronger, so that at this phase of the cycle the firing was greater with the combined stimulation than with either fibre on its own. But, in the trough of the response to the same stretch static action occluded any dynamic action, which was now the weaker, so that at this phase of the cycle the firing with combined stimulation was virtually the same as that with static stimulation on its own. With a small stretch, static action normally occluded dynamic action throughout the cycle; this is in line with the firing during static action now usually being greater than that during dynamic action for all phases of the cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:141503", "title": "Release of adenosine triphosphate from isolated adult heart cells in response to hypoxia.", "content": "1. Adult rat heart cells were isolated enzymically and ATP was identified in the cell suspension using the firefly luminescence technique. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was not detected from cell suspensions obtained from hearts which had been left asystolic for 10 min.2. It was found that ATP 0.34 +/- 0.22 muM/mg protein was released by cells kept in an oxygenated condition, while ATP 1.28 +/- 0.41 muM/mg protein was initially released by cells made hypoxic.3. Addition of Ca(2+) in a concentration of 2 mM caused cells to initially extrude ATP 0.40 +/- 0.14 muM/mg protein. This was attributed to an inotropic effect.4. Extracellular ATPase activity in the fluid suspension was partially characterized, giving a K(m) of 13 muM and a V/2 of hydrolysed ATP 18.3 muM/min at 37 degrees C. Q(10) was found to be 4 between 25 and 37 degrees C. Enzyme activity remained unaffected by either hypoxic conditions or ouabain.5. If these amounts of ATP are released from myocardial cells rendered hypoxic in vivo, then it must be concluded that ATP plays a principal role in the local control of myocardial blood flow.6. It is proposed that release of ATP occurs through the sarcolemma from an intracellular pool, and that alteration of the configuration of structural membrane protein controls the amounts of ATP extruded.", "contents": "Release of adenosine triphosphate from isolated adult heart cells in response to hypoxia. 1. Adult rat heart cells were isolated enzymically and ATP was identified in the cell suspension using the firefly luminescence technique. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) was not detected from cell suspensions obtained from hearts which had been left asystolic for 10 min.2. It was found that ATP 0.34 +/- 0.22 muM/mg protein was released by cells kept in an oxygenated condition, while ATP 1.28 +/- 0.41 muM/mg protein was initially released by cells made hypoxic.3. Addition of Ca(2+) in a concentration of 2 mM caused cells to initially extrude ATP 0.40 +/- 0.14 muM/mg protein. This was attributed to an inotropic effect.4. Extracellular ATPase activity in the fluid suspension was partially characterized, giving a K(m) of 13 muM and a V/2 of hydrolysed ATP 18.3 muM/min at 37 degrees C. Q(10) was found to be 4 between 25 and 37 degrees C. Enzyme activity remained unaffected by either hypoxic conditions or ouabain.5. If these amounts of ATP are released from myocardial cells rendered hypoxic in vivo, then it must be concluded that ATP plays a principal role in the local control of myocardial blood flow.6. It is proposed that release of ATP occurs through the sarcolemma from an intracellular pool, and that alteration of the configuration of structural membrane protein controls the amounts of ATP extruded."}
{"id": "PMID:141504", "title": "Ia afferent activity during a variety of voluntary movements in the cat.", "content": "1. Implanted dorsal root electrodes were used to record discharge trains of single spindle primary afferents (Ia's) of the cat's hind limb during different types of movement.2. The length of the ipsilateral ankle extensors was continuously monitored by an implanted length gauge. Length changes occurring during active stepping were subsequently passively reproduced during brief anaesthesia.3. A comparison of the Ia responses in active and simulated step cycles revealed that moderate fusimotor drive to ankle extensor spindles probably occurred mainly, if not exclusively, during the E(1), E(2) and E(3) phases of active stepping.4. A temporal advance in the Ia response to passive stretching in the F-phase was attributed to the after-effects of fusimotor activity in the extension phases.5. Light thrust applied to the animal's back evoked a potent fusimotor response. This load compensation effect may provide an explanation for the apparently higher degree of alpha-gamma co-activation seen in the mesencephalic locomotor preparation.6. Ankle extensor Ia discharge decreased during falls, despite an increase in extensor e.m.g. This is seen as a clear example of independent alpha and gamma control.7. Placing reactions during walking were consistent with the notion that cutaneous inputs dominate over proprioceptive inputs in these movements.8. alpha and Ia discharge during paw-shaking showed many of the characteristics of that in decerebrate and spastic clonus. The present results suggest that movements resembling clonus may be part of the animal's normal repertoire.9. Isometric co-contraction of agonists and antagonists was found to involve alpha-gamma co-activation.10. Hamstring Ia discharge behaviour during stepping further highlighted the increases in firing rate which normally occur during passive muscle stretching in ;pre-programmed' movements.", "contents": "Ia afferent activity during a variety of voluntary movements in the cat. 1. Implanted dorsal root electrodes were used to record discharge trains of single spindle primary afferents (Ia's) of the cat's hind limb during different types of movement.2. The length of the ipsilateral ankle extensors was continuously monitored by an implanted length gauge. Length changes occurring during active stepping were subsequently passively reproduced during brief anaesthesia.3. A comparison of the Ia responses in active and simulated step cycles revealed that moderate fusimotor drive to ankle extensor spindles probably occurred mainly, if not exclusively, during the E(1), E(2) and E(3) phases of active stepping.4. A temporal advance in the Ia response to passive stretching in the F-phase was attributed to the after-effects of fusimotor activity in the extension phases.5. Light thrust applied to the animal's back evoked a potent fusimotor response. This load compensation effect may provide an explanation for the apparently higher degree of alpha-gamma co-activation seen in the mesencephalic locomotor preparation.6. Ankle extensor Ia discharge decreased during falls, despite an increase in extensor e.m.g. This is seen as a clear example of independent alpha and gamma control.7. Placing reactions during walking were consistent with the notion that cutaneous inputs dominate over proprioceptive inputs in these movements.8. alpha and Ia discharge during paw-shaking showed many of the characteristics of that in decerebrate and spastic clonus. The present results suggest that movements resembling clonus may be part of the animal's normal repertoire.9. Isometric co-contraction of agonists and antagonists was found to involve alpha-gamma co-activation.10. Hamstring Ia discharge behaviour during stepping further highlighted the increases in firing rate which normally occur during passive muscle stretching in ;pre-programmed' movements."}
{"id": "PMID:141509", "title": "The value of laparoscopy in general surgery.", "content": "Fifty-six general surgical patients were evaluated by laparoscopy, primarily for diagnostic problems, ascites or liver assessment for potential metastatic disease. There was minimal morbidity and no mortality from the procedure. Overall laparoscopic accuracy was 87%. In properly selected cases, laparoscopy can often resolve a diagnostic problem, determine the extent of disease and permit initiation of appropriate therapy.", "contents": "The value of laparoscopy in general surgery. Fifty-six general surgical patients were evaluated by laparoscopy, primarily for diagnostic problems, ascites or liver assessment for potential metastatic disease. There was minimal morbidity and no mortality from the procedure. Overall laparoscopic accuracy was 87%. In properly selected cases, laparoscopy can often resolve a diagnostic problem, determine the extent of disease and permit initiation of appropriate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:141510", "title": "Laparoscopic sterilization with spring-loaded clips: double-puncture technique.", "content": "The application of a spring-loaded clip to each fallopian tube using a second-incision clip applicator is a safe and effective method of laparoscopic sterilization. The operation is quick and easy to perform and is suitable for use with local anesthesia. The method avoids the dangers of hemorrhage, for the clip only alters 3 mm of the fallopian tube and does not transect the tube or mesosalpinx. No pregnancies have followed the sterilization procedure. An intrauterine pregnancy has occurred after a reversal procedure in one patient.", "contents": "Laparoscopic sterilization with spring-loaded clips: double-puncture technique. The application of a spring-loaded clip to each fallopian tube using a second-incision clip applicator is a safe and effective method of laparoscopic sterilization. The operation is quick and easy to perform and is suitable for use with local anesthesia. The method avoids the dangers of hemorrhage, for the clip only alters 3 mm of the fallopian tube and does not transect the tube or mesosalpinx. No pregnancies have followed the sterilization procedure. An intrauterine pregnancy has occurred after a reversal procedure in one patient."}
{"id": "PMID:141511", "title": "The snare method of laparoscopic sterilization: an analysis of 1,000 cases with 4 failures.", "content": "The snare method has proven to be an effective method of tubal resection for sterilization. In the most experienced hands, significant complications are indeed rare. However, the failure rate appears to be higher than that of the coagulation-alone method, at least in the postabortal patient. The necessity for pathologic confirmation, a tradition of surgery, is critically questioned. Additional coagulation of the tubal ends after resection is now recommended, especially in the patient seeking abortion as well as sterilization. The authors await the comparative long-term results of bipolar forceps and the newer mechanical methods of laparoscopic tubal sterilization. It is conceivable that the snare and other unipolar electrosurgical instruments designed for female sterilization will become obsolete.", "contents": "The snare method of laparoscopic sterilization: an analysis of 1,000 cases with 4 failures. The snare method has proven to be an effective method of tubal resection for sterilization. In the most experienced hands, significant complications are indeed rare. However, the failure rate appears to be higher than that of the coagulation-alone method, at least in the postabortal patient. The necessity for pathologic confirmation, a tradition of surgery, is critically questioned. Additional coagulation of the tubal ends after resection is now recommended, especially in the patient seeking abortion as well as sterilization. The authors await the comparative long-term results of bipolar forceps and the newer mechanical methods of laparoscopic tubal sterilization. It is conceivable that the snare and other unipolar electrosurgical instruments designed for female sterilization will become obsolete."}
{"id": "PMID:141514", "title": "The use of laparoscopy to determine the results of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer.", "content": "The chemotherapeutic management of patients with epithelial tumors of the ovary is hampered by a lack of diagnostic tests that are sufficiently sensitive for detecting residual or recurrent tumor. At the completion of a chemotherapy program, direct visualization of the peritoneal cavity is necessary to accurately assess the amount and location of residual tumor. Laparoscopy, with visually directed biopsies of residual tumor masses, can spare some patients a laparotomy and yet provide a safe and easy route for assessment of intraabdominal disease. If residual tumor is not seen at laparoscopy, than laparotomy with multiple peritoneal biopsies must be done so that residual tumor will not be missed and chemotherapy prematurely stopped. Laparoscopy is not an alternative to \"second look\" laparotomy but is a useful adjunct for determining the presence of resectable, unresectable or diffuse disease after chemotherapy.", "contents": "The use of laparoscopy to determine the results of chemotherapy for ovarian cancer. The chemotherapeutic management of patients with epithelial tumors of the ovary is hampered by a lack of diagnostic tests that are sufficiently sensitive for detecting residual or recurrent tumor. At the completion of a chemotherapy program, direct visualization of the peritoneal cavity is necessary to accurately assess the amount and location of residual tumor. Laparoscopy, with visually directed biopsies of residual tumor masses, can spare some patients a laparotomy and yet provide a safe and easy route for assessment of intraabdominal disease. If residual tumor is not seen at laparoscopy, than laparotomy with multiple peritoneal biopsies must be done so that residual tumor will not be missed and chemotherapy prematurely stopped. Laparoscopy is not an alternative to \"second look\" laparotomy but is a useful adjunct for determining the presence of resectable, unresectable or diffuse disease after chemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:141515", "title": "Laparoscopic sterilization as an outpatient procedure.", "content": "Since June 1972, more than 2,000 laparoscopic sterilizations have been performed as outpatient procedures using neuroleptanalgesics. Electrocoagulation, spring-loaded clips or tubal rings were the methods used for tubal occlusion. All laparoscopies were performed in a family planning clinic. The surgical facilities were minimal and did not include general anesthesia equipment or a blood bank. The nearest hospital was about one-half mile from the clinic. The procedures were performed by a physician assisted by two paramedical personnel and a technician. Patients were scheduled to be at the clinic on the morning of the procedure and were discharged three to six hours after the procedure. Only one patient required hospitalization for treatment of a complication: her aorta was punctured during placement of the Tuohy needle. The patient was admitted to a local hospital and underwent laparotomy for repair; her subsequent recovery was uneventful. No bowel or bladder burns have occurred. Minor complications (emphysema of the abdominal wall, bleeding from the tubes, infections) have occurred in less than 4% of the patients. The results of this study indicate that laparoscopy in an outpatient clinic is safe and presents minimal additional risks to the patient if the surgeon is experienced.", "contents": "Laparoscopic sterilization as an outpatient procedure. Since June 1972, more than 2,000 laparoscopic sterilizations have been performed as outpatient procedures using neuroleptanalgesics. Electrocoagulation, spring-loaded clips or tubal rings were the methods used for tubal occlusion. All laparoscopies were performed in a family planning clinic. The surgical facilities were minimal and did not include general anesthesia equipment or a blood bank. The nearest hospital was about one-half mile from the clinic. The procedures were performed by a physician assisted by two paramedical personnel and a technician. Patients were scheduled to be at the clinic on the morning of the procedure and were discharged three to six hours after the procedure. Only one patient required hospitalization for treatment of a complication: her aorta was punctured during placement of the Tuohy needle. The patient was admitted to a local hospital and underwent laparotomy for repair; her subsequent recovery was uneventful. No bowel or bladder burns have occurred. Minor complications (emphysema of the abdominal wall, bleeding from the tubes, infections) have occurred in less than 4% of the patients. The results of this study indicate that laparoscopy in an outpatient clinic is safe and presents minimal additional risks to the patient if the surgeon is experienced."}
{"id": "PMID:141518", "title": "Diagnostic laparoscopy from the pathologist's viewpoint.", "content": "In conclusion, laparoscopy provides an easy approach to the diagnosis of various intraabdominal diseases. Because biopsy specimens are often small, adequate sampling is essential for accurate diagnosis. It is important for the laparoscopist to understand the basic pathologic anatomy of the diseases under consideration in order to provide the pathologist with adequate diagnostic material. The use of special techniques, including electron microscopy, may be helpful in establishing specific diagnosis in selected difficult cases.", "contents": "Diagnostic laparoscopy from the pathologist's viewpoint. In conclusion, laparoscopy provides an easy approach to the diagnosis of various intraabdominal diseases. Because biopsy specimens are often small, adequate sampling is essential for accurate diagnosis. It is important for the laparoscopist to understand the basic pathologic anatomy of the diseases under consideration in order to provide the pathologist with adequate diagnostic material. The use of special techniques, including electron microscopy, may be helpful in establishing specific diagnosis in selected difficult cases."}
{"id": "PMID:141520", "title": "The scope and limitations of laparoscopic ovarian biopsy in the diagnosis of secondary amenorrhea.", "content": "Laparoscopically directed ovarian biopsy has been evaluated in 39 cases of secondary amenorrhea. The definite diagnosis was achieved in 29 cases. In 10 cases, ovarian histopathology alone was insufficient, and the estimations of gonadotropins were essential for the final diagnosis. The scope and limitations of this procedure for the differential diagnosis of premature ovarian failure and hypothalamic-pituitary lesions are discussed.", "contents": "The scope and limitations of laparoscopic ovarian biopsy in the diagnosis of secondary amenorrhea. Laparoscopically directed ovarian biopsy has been evaluated in 39 cases of secondary amenorrhea. The definite diagnosis was achieved in 29 cases. In 10 cases, ovarian histopathology alone was insufficient, and the estimations of gonadotropins were essential for the final diagnosis. The scope and limitations of this procedure for the differential diagnosis of premature ovarian failure and hypothalamic-pituitary lesions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141522", "title": "Cardenolide analogues. 2. 22-Methylenecard-14-enolides.", "content": "22-Methylene-3beta-hydroxy-5beta,20(S)-card-14-enolide (11) and 22-methylene-3beta-hydroxy-5beta,20(R)-card-14-enolide (12) were synthesized from digitoxin (1). Attempts to prepare the 14beta-hydroxy-22-methylene analogues were unsuccessful. The 20(R) isomer (12) was found in Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition studies to be twice as active as 14-dehydrogitoxigenin (17). The 20(S) isomer (11) was significantly less active than 17. The hydrolysis of steroid 3beta-tert-butyldimethysilyl ethers was also found to be much more difficult than with nonsteroids.", "contents": "Cardenolide analogues. 2. 22-Methylenecard-14-enolides. 22-Methylene-3beta-hydroxy-5beta,20(S)-card-14-enolide (11) and 22-methylene-3beta-hydroxy-5beta,20(R)-card-14-enolide (12) were synthesized from digitoxin (1). Attempts to prepare the 14beta-hydroxy-22-methylene analogues were unsuccessful. The 20(R) isomer (12) was found in Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition studies to be twice as active as 14-dehydrogitoxigenin (17). The 20(S) isomer (11) was significantly less active than 17. The hydrolysis of steroid 3beta-tert-butyldimethysilyl ethers was also found to be much more difficult than with nonsteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:141523", "title": "Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents. 3. Conversion of thalicarpine to (+)-hernandalinol by Streptomyces punipalus.", "content": "Microbial transformation studies were conducted with the antitumor alkaloid thalicarpine. Streptomyces punipalus (NRRL 3529) converted thalicarpine to (+)-hernandalinol, the structure of which was determined spectroscopically and by synthesis from the known alkaloid hernandaline. This unusual biotransformation reaction most likely occurs by oxidative cleavage of the isoquinoline ring from thalicarpine through the intermediate hernandaline, which then undergoes further reduction to hernandalinol.", "contents": "Microbial transformations of natural antitumor agents. 3. Conversion of thalicarpine to (+)-hernandalinol by Streptomyces punipalus. Microbial transformation studies were conducted with the antitumor alkaloid thalicarpine. Streptomyces punipalus (NRRL 3529) converted thalicarpine to (+)-hernandalinol, the structure of which was determined spectroscopically and by synthesis from the known alkaloid hernandaline. This unusual biotransformation reaction most likely occurs by oxidative cleavage of the isoquinoline ring from thalicarpine through the intermediate hernandaline, which then undergoes further reduction to hernandalinol."}
{"id": "PMID:141525", "title": "Response of hematopoietic cell lines derived from patients with Down's syndrome and from normal individuals to mitomycin C and caffeine.", "content": "Eight human hematopoietic cell lines, five derived from blood of patients with Down's syndrome (DS) and three from normal persons, were treated with mitomycin C (MC) and caffeine at various dose levels and for various durations. An increased rate of chromosome aberrations was found in all treated cultures. The extent of aberrations was correlated with the dose levels and duration; no difference occurred in sensitivity between the group of DS and normal lines at all dose levels and for all durations. Studies on the effect of MC severely reduced cell viability, but no difference was found in the rate of reduction of viable cell counts between DS and normal lines. Inhibition of mitoses by MC in DS lines, however, seemed stronger than that in normal lines.", "contents": "Response of hematopoietic cell lines derived from patients with Down's syndrome and from normal individuals to mitomycin C and caffeine. Eight human hematopoietic cell lines, five derived from blood of patients with Down's syndrome (DS) and three from normal persons, were treated with mitomycin C (MC) and caffeine at various dose levels and for various durations. An increased rate of chromosome aberrations was found in all treated cultures. The extent of aberrations was correlated with the dose levels and duration; no difference occurred in sensitivity between the group of DS and normal lines at all dose levels and for all durations. Studies on the effect of MC severely reduced cell viability, but no difference was found in the rate of reduction of viable cell counts between DS and normal lines. Inhibition of mitoses by MC in DS lines, however, seemed stronger than that in normal lines."}
{"id": "PMID:141529", "title": "Falsely negative Doppler examinations in testicular torsion.", "content": "Use of the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter to assess testicular perfusion has potentially precise application in the evaluation of acute scrotal swelling. Recent reports suggest an almost infallible degree of accuracy in differentiating testicular torsion, with reduced or absent blood flow, from inflammatory processes, with accompanying increased vascular perfusion. This report of 4 falsely negative Doppler examinations confirmed by surgical exploration warns against relying on this as a single test in the diagnosis of testicular torsion. Only thorough clinical assessment of each patient and exploration in doubtful cases will assure maximum testicular salvage.", "contents": "Falsely negative Doppler examinations in testicular torsion. Use of the Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter to assess testicular perfusion has potentially precise application in the evaluation of acute scrotal swelling. Recent reports suggest an almost infallible degree of accuracy in differentiating testicular torsion, with reduced or absent blood flow, from inflammatory processes, with accompanying increased vascular perfusion. This report of 4 falsely negative Doppler examinations confirmed by surgical exploration warns against relying on this as a single test in the diagnosis of testicular torsion. Only thorough clinical assessment of each patient and exploration in doubtful cases will assure maximum testicular salvage."}
{"id": "PMID:141530", "title": "Sign of Leser-Tr\u00e9lat.", "content": "We report a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung associated with the sudden appearance of seborrheic keratosis and acquired ichthyosis. We conclude that the sign of Leser-Tr\u00e9lat is a rare cutaneous manifestation of internal malignant disease.", "contents": "Sign of Leser-Tr\u00e9lat. We report a case of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung associated with the sudden appearance of seborrheic keratosis and acquired ichthyosis. We conclude that the sign of Leser-Tr\u00e9lat is a rare cutaneous manifestation of internal malignant disease."}
{"id": "PMID:141532", "title": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-like syndrome associated with infective endocarditis. A possible immune complex disorder.", "content": "A thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)-like syndrome was the chief presenting feature in two patients with infective endocarditis. Clinical and laboratory aberrations of the syndrome were rapidly reversed by specific antimicrobial therapy. Hypocomplementemia and high levels of circulating immune complexes were detected initially in both patients. Because these returned to normal as the TTP syndrome abated, an immunopathologic mechanism may have been operative.", "contents": "Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-like syndrome associated with infective endocarditis. A possible immune complex disorder. A thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)-like syndrome was the chief presenting feature in two patients with infective endocarditis. Clinical and laboratory aberrations of the syndrome were rapidly reversed by specific antimicrobial therapy. Hypocomplementemia and high levels of circulating immune complexes were detected initially in both patients. Because these returned to normal as the TTP syndrome abated, an immunopathologic mechanism may have been operative."}
{"id": "PMID:141533", "title": "Echocardiographic left ventricular volume determination by direct measurements of the major and minor axes.", "content": "Major and minor axes of the left ventricle were measured by single beam echocardiography in ten cardiac patients and the measurements and calculated volumes by formula V=pi/6 D2 were compared with the angiocardiographic estimates. There was a favorable correlation between echocardiographic and angiocardiographic major axis dimention (r=0.79), left end-diastolic volume (r=0.96), and ejection fraction (r=0.81). On the contrary, left end-diastolic volume calculated by formula V=D3 was less correlated with angiocardiographic estimates (r=0.93) and the former had a tendency to overestimate the volumes where D exceeded 6.5 cm. These data indicate that in cases with markedly enlarged left ventricle, the use of formula V=pi/6 D2L is a more accurate predictor of volumes than formula V=D3.", "contents": "Echocardiographic left ventricular volume determination by direct measurements of the major and minor axes. Major and minor axes of the left ventricle were measured by single beam echocardiography in ten cardiac patients and the measurements and calculated volumes by formula V=pi/6 D2 were compared with the angiocardiographic estimates. There was a favorable correlation between echocardiographic and angiocardiographic major axis dimention (r=0.79), left end-diastolic volume (r=0.96), and ejection fraction (r=0.81). On the contrary, left end-diastolic volume calculated by formula V=D3 was less correlated with angiocardiographic estimates (r=0.93) and the former had a tendency to overestimate the volumes where D exceeded 6.5 cm. These data indicate that in cases with markedly enlarged left ventricle, the use of formula V=pi/6 D2L is a more accurate predictor of volumes than formula V=D3."}
{"id": "PMID:141534", "title": "Intracardiac flow dynamics with bi-directional ultrasonic pulsed Doppler technique.", "content": "1) Intracardiac flows were investigated by bi-directional pulsed Doppler technique with a combined use of the two-dimensional echocardiography. The flow at sampling sites in the heat and great vessels were correctly identified on the two-dimensional echocardiograms. 2) Soundspectrographic analysis of the flow Doppler signals was useful in obtaining information about flow modes and in differentiating flow signals from those of valves. 3) In healthy subjects, intracardiac flow revealed a laminar mode. As a matter of interest, a flow toward the aorta, which is a cranially turned flow, was found at the center and at the outflow tract of the left ventricle from mid to late diastole. 4) In mitral stenosis, the central stream at the stenotic portion exhibited an almost laminar and rapid flow. A good coincidence in flow mode was observed between clinical cases of mitral stenosis and experimental stenosis. 5) Disturbed flows were observed in the following diseased conditions. The diastolic regurgitant flow in the left ventricular outflow tract and mitral inflow in aortic regurgitation, the regurgitant flow into the left atrium and the diastolic mitral inflow in mitral regurgitation, the ejection flow in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with outflow tract obstruction, and the tricuspid inflow in atrial septal defect. 6) Mechanisms of intracardiac flow dynamics were also discussed.", "contents": "Intracardiac flow dynamics with bi-directional ultrasonic pulsed Doppler technique. 1) Intracardiac flows were investigated by bi-directional pulsed Doppler technique with a combined use of the two-dimensional echocardiography. The flow at sampling sites in the heat and great vessels were correctly identified on the two-dimensional echocardiograms. 2) Soundspectrographic analysis of the flow Doppler signals was useful in obtaining information about flow modes and in differentiating flow signals from those of valves. 3) In healthy subjects, intracardiac flow revealed a laminar mode. As a matter of interest, a flow toward the aorta, which is a cranially turned flow, was found at the center and at the outflow tract of the left ventricle from mid to late diastole. 4) In mitral stenosis, the central stream at the stenotic portion exhibited an almost laminar and rapid flow. A good coincidence in flow mode was observed between clinical cases of mitral stenosis and experimental stenosis. 5) Disturbed flows were observed in the following diseased conditions. The diastolic regurgitant flow in the left ventricular outflow tract and mitral inflow in aortic regurgitation, the regurgitant flow into the left atrium and the diastolic mitral inflow in mitral regurgitation, the ejection flow in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with outflow tract obstruction, and the tricuspid inflow in atrial septal defect. 6) Mechanisms of intracardiac flow dynamics were also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141538", "title": "Intervertebral disc space infection: another low back syndrome of the young.", "content": "Pyogenic disc space infection is a rare and unappreciated cause of low back pain. Reported herein is a young man with chronic low back pain and the HLA-B27 antigen which initially led to the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis. However, serial lumbar radiographs and bone scan established an inflammatory lesion involving the L2-L3 intervertebral disc space, and persistently normal sacroiliac joints. A needle biopsy and culture of the disc space yielded Staphylococuss aureus. Treatment with antibiotics, bed rest and back bracing resulted in a complete resolution of symptoms and healing of the vertebral lesion. It is the purpose of this report to review the clinical, laboratory and radiographic features of intervertebral disc space infection as well as pitfalls in its diagnosis.", "contents": "Intervertebral disc space infection: another low back syndrome of the young. Pyogenic disc space infection is a rare and unappreciated cause of low back pain. Reported herein is a young man with chronic low back pain and the HLA-B27 antigen which initially led to the diagnosis of ankylosing spondylitis. However, serial lumbar radiographs and bone scan established an inflammatory lesion involving the L2-L3 intervertebral disc space, and persistently normal sacroiliac joints. A needle biopsy and culture of the disc space yielded Staphylococuss aureus. Treatment with antibiotics, bed rest and back bracing resulted in a complete resolution of symptoms and healing of the vertebral lesion. It is the purpose of this report to review the clinical, laboratory and radiographic features of intervertebral disc space infection as well as pitfalls in its diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:141539", "title": "[Angiocardiographic and vectorcardiographic findings in Noonan's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The angiocardiographic and vectorcardiographic findings in 18 patients with Noonan's syndrome are presented. The excentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle affecting the superior portion of the anterior wall, the posteroinferior portion and the septum was primarily investigated. The predominant lesion was left ventricular deformity. In one case only a hemodynamic burden was caused by the excentric hypertrophy. It could be demonstrated that angiocardiographically and vectorcardiographically differentiation between idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and excentric hypertrophy in Noonan's syndrome is impossible. A good correlation however, existed between the morphological structures and the angiocardiographic aspect as well as the vectorcardiographic findings. If hemodynamic burden of the left ventricle is present, identical therapy is proposed for Noonan's syndrome as for idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Left heart catheterization is therefore indicated to prove excentric hypertrophy.", "contents": "[Angiocardiographic and vectorcardiographic findings in Noonan's syndrome (author's transl)]. The angiocardiographic and vectorcardiographic findings in 18 patients with Noonan's syndrome are presented. The excentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle affecting the superior portion of the anterior wall, the posteroinferior portion and the septum was primarily investigated. The predominant lesion was left ventricular deformity. In one case only a hemodynamic burden was caused by the excentric hypertrophy. It could be demonstrated that angiocardiographically and vectorcardiographically differentiation between idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and excentric hypertrophy in Noonan's syndrome is impossible. A good correlation however, existed between the morphological structures and the angiocardiographic aspect as well as the vectorcardiographic findings. If hemodynamic burden of the left ventricle is present, identical therapy is proposed for Noonan's syndrome as for idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Left heart catheterization is therefore indicated to prove excentric hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:141545", "title": "Lymphoblastogenesis inhibitory factor produced by human lung cancer cell lines.", "content": "A comparative study of the inhibitory effect of cell-free supernatants (CFS) from human lung cancer cell lines (ChaGo and PC-1) and from a human embryo fibroblast cell line on lymphocyte blastogenesis indicated that both lung cancer cell lines produce a large amount of the inhibitory factor while the production of such a factor from a control noncancer cell line is essentially very minimal or absent. The inhibitory effect of CFS of the lung cancer cell lines is not due to direct cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effect is found to be partially sensitive to heat treatment. A significant inhibition is still seen, even when the CFS of the lung cancer cell lines were present for 1 hour prior to the addition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA).", "contents": "Lymphoblastogenesis inhibitory factor produced by human lung cancer cell lines. A comparative study of the inhibitory effect of cell-free supernatants (CFS) from human lung cancer cell lines (ChaGo and PC-1) and from a human embryo fibroblast cell line on lymphocyte blastogenesis indicated that both lung cancer cell lines produce a large amount of the inhibitory factor while the production of such a factor from a control noncancer cell line is essentially very minimal or absent. The inhibitory effect of CFS of the lung cancer cell lines is not due to direct cytotoxicity. The inhibitory effect is found to be partially sensitive to heat treatment. A significant inhibition is still seen, even when the CFS of the lung cancer cell lines were present for 1 hour prior to the addition of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)."}
{"id": "PMID:141547", "title": "Reconstruction of sternal and abdominal wall defects in a case of desmoid tumor.", "content": "A case of desmoid tumor of the anterior chest and abdominal wall is presented. The entire body of the sternum along with the upper abdominal wall and inner parts of both breasts was resected. The resulting defect over the pericardium and abdomen was reconstructed by the omentum and Marlex mesh. The large skin defect was covered by bilateral thoracoabdominal tube pedicles. The patient had a stable chest wall with uncompromised respiratory function 1 week after the operation. Prevention of local recurrences of desmoid tumors requires wide excision of the involved soft tissues and bony structures. The principles of wide resection of soft tissue tumors, reconstruction of the anterior chest and abdominal wall defects, and planning the skin coverage over the resulting defect are discussed.", "contents": "Reconstruction of sternal and abdominal wall defects in a case of desmoid tumor. A case of desmoid tumor of the anterior chest and abdominal wall is presented. The entire body of the sternum along with the upper abdominal wall and inner parts of both breasts was resected. The resulting defect over the pericardium and abdomen was reconstructed by the omentum and Marlex mesh. The large skin defect was covered by bilateral thoracoabdominal tube pedicles. The patient had a stable chest wall with uncompromised respiratory function 1 week after the operation. Prevention of local recurrences of desmoid tumors requires wide excision of the involved soft tissues and bony structures. The principles of wide resection of soft tissue tumors, reconstruction of the anterior chest and abdominal wall defects, and planning the skin coverage over the resulting defect are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141548", "title": "Long-term survival after tricuspid valve replacement. Results with seven different prostheses.", "content": "The experience with tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) with seven different prostheses, alone or combined with replacement of other valves, in 73 patients (64 rheumatic and nine nonrheumatic) between 1964 and March, 1975, at the University of Alberta Hospital has been reviewed. Early and late mortality rates in rheumatic patients were 41 and 23 percent, respectively (36 percent being alive after a mean of 5.6 years), compared to 33 and 11 percent, respectively, in the nonrheumatic patients (56 percent being alive after a mean of 2 years). Of all survivors, 88 percent were functionally improved. Among the rheumatic patients: (1) 88 percent had organic tricuspid disease; (2) of the 39 patients with tricuspid insufficiency who underwent corrective mitral surgery 7 years before TVR, the tricuspid insufficiency had progressed over the 7 years; (3) the number of patients with tricuspid insufficiency had increased (39 versus 59) over the same 7 year period; (4) a high early mortality rate was encountered in those who were preoperatively in New York Heart Association (N.Y.H.A.) Class IV, or who had cardiomegaly, or pulmonary hypertension, or poor ventricular function, or organic disease, or reoperation; (5) the percentages of survivors with different prostheses were: Starr-Edwards, 31 percent; Beall-Surgitool, 14 percent; Kay-Shiley, 46 percent, Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley, 50 percent; Lillehei-Kaster, 100 percent; Cutter-Smeloff and Wada-Cutter, nil. Among the nonrheumatic patients, two with the Cutter-Smeloff, two with the Beall-Surgitool, and one with the Lillehei-Kaster were alive after 14, 37, and 15 months, respectively. Among all survivors of TVR, late thrombus and pannus developed on both ball and disc prostheses (Starr-Edwards, two; Cutter-Smeloff, one; Lillehei-Kaster, one). These findings suggest that TVR should be performed earlier in rheumatic patients to reduce the operative mortality rate and that the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis is probably most suitable for TVR.", "contents": "Long-term survival after tricuspid valve replacement. Results with seven different prostheses. The experience with tricuspid valve replacement (TVR) with seven different prostheses, alone or combined with replacement of other valves, in 73 patients (64 rheumatic and nine nonrheumatic) between 1964 and March, 1975, at the University of Alberta Hospital has been reviewed. Early and late mortality rates in rheumatic patients were 41 and 23 percent, respectively (36 percent being alive after a mean of 5.6 years), compared to 33 and 11 percent, respectively, in the nonrheumatic patients (56 percent being alive after a mean of 2 years). Of all survivors, 88 percent were functionally improved. Among the rheumatic patients: (1) 88 percent had organic tricuspid disease; (2) of the 39 patients with tricuspid insufficiency who underwent corrective mitral surgery 7 years before TVR, the tricuspid insufficiency had progressed over the 7 years; (3) the number of patients with tricuspid insufficiency had increased (39 versus 59) over the same 7 year period; (4) a high early mortality rate was encountered in those who were preoperatively in New York Heart Association (N.Y.H.A.) Class IV, or who had cardiomegaly, or pulmonary hypertension, or poor ventricular function, or organic disease, or reoperation; (5) the percentages of survivors with different prostheses were: Starr-Edwards, 31 percent; Beall-Surgitool, 14 percent; Kay-Shiley, 46 percent, Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley, 50 percent; Lillehei-Kaster, 100 percent; Cutter-Smeloff and Wada-Cutter, nil. Among the nonrheumatic patients, two with the Cutter-Smeloff, two with the Beall-Surgitool, and one with the Lillehei-Kaster were alive after 14, 37, and 15 months, respectively. Among all survivors of TVR, late thrombus and pannus developed on both ball and disc prostheses (Starr-Edwards, two; Cutter-Smeloff, one; Lillehei-Kaster, one). These findings suggest that TVR should be performed earlier in rheumatic patients to reduce the operative mortality rate and that the Lillehei-Kaster prosthesis is probably most suitable for TVR."}
{"id": "PMID:141543", "title": "[Tissue mucopolysaccharides and collagen in hypokinesia in rats].", "content": "The study of 98 rats showed an increased amount of collagen in the skeletal muscle, heart and kidneys of rats exposed to prolonged hypokinesia. The content of hexosamines decreased in the skeletal muscle, liver and brain and increased in the heart. The content of hexuronic acids in th skeletal muscle and kidneys increased and in the heart decreased. By the 60th day of the recovery period the collagen content in the skeletal muscle did not return to normal. After the exposure changes in the content of mucopolysaccharides in the liver, heart, brain and skeletal muscle were in some cases more expressed than during hypokinesia. The changes are discussed in terms of their possible effect on tissue permeability and fluid-electrolyte metabolism of hypokinetic animals.", "contents": "[Tissue mucopolysaccharides and collagen in hypokinesia in rats]. The study of 98 rats showed an increased amount of collagen in the skeletal muscle, heart and kidneys of rats exposed to prolonged hypokinesia. The content of hexosamines decreased in the skeletal muscle, liver and brain and increased in the heart. The content of hexuronic acids in th skeletal muscle and kidneys increased and in the heart decreased. By the 60th day of the recovery period the collagen content in the skeletal muscle did not return to normal. After the exposure changes in the content of mucopolysaccharides in the liver, heart, brain and skeletal muscle were in some cases more expressed than during hypokinesia. The changes are discussed in terms of their possible effect on tissue permeability and fluid-electrolyte metabolism of hypokinetic animals."}
{"id": "PMID:141551", "title": "[Pathophysiological aspects of therapeutic procedures in Meni\u00e8re's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Meni\u00e9re's disease is a nosologic entity. Its underlying pathophysiological mechanism is based on a disturbance of the quantitative correlation between peri- and endolymph volume on the one side and on a qualitative disorder of sodium and potassium concentration in the inner ear fluids on the other, resulting in a disregulation of osmotic pressure within the labyrinth. However, a critical review of the current literature as well as personal observations confirm that at the present time the scientific basis of a causal therapy is still lacking. Hence, both conservative and surgical treatment of Meni\u00e8re's disease does not allow to cure the cause but only some of the symptoms.", "contents": "[Pathophysiological aspects of therapeutic procedures in Meni\u00e8re's disease (author's transl)]. Meni\u00e9re's disease is a nosologic entity. Its underlying pathophysiological mechanism is based on a disturbance of the quantitative correlation between peri- and endolymph volume on the one side and on a qualitative disorder of sodium and potassium concentration in the inner ear fluids on the other, resulting in a disregulation of osmotic pressure within the labyrinth. However, a critical review of the current literature as well as personal observations confirm that at the present time the scientific basis of a causal therapy is still lacking. Hence, both conservative and surgical treatment of Meni\u00e8re's disease does not allow to cure the cause but only some of the symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:141552", "title": "[The pathogenesis of the acute symptoms of Meni\u00e8re's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathogenesis of vertigo attacks and hearing fluctuations in Meni\u00e8re's disease is discussed on the basis of new electronmicroscopic observations on the perilymph endolymph barrier. The zonulae occludentes (z.o.) of the epithelial cells lining the endolymphatic space are the main sealing elements which control the passive ion transport. They consist of parallel running intramembranous fibrils (cell membrane fusion lines). Recent investigations demonstrated conditions which partially destruct some of such fibrils (e.g. increased osmotic pressure, endocrine disorders). This also may be true in Meni\u00e8re's attacks: tight z.o. are transformed to leaky z.o. such that a  high transepithelial ion exchange developes. This would result in reduced generation of the receptor potentials as well as in decreased activities of the first order afferent neurons as it was supposed earlier by other authors. This mechanism may be combined with a decompensation of active ion transport processes due to microcirculation disturbances. Finally it will be pointed out that true ruptures of the endolymphatic walls cannot be the usual mode of reversible lesions in Meni\u00e8res disease but a diffuse leakage of the perilymph-endolymph barrier.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of the acute symptoms of Meni\u00e8re's disease (author's transl)]. The pathogenesis of vertigo attacks and hearing fluctuations in Meni\u00e8re's disease is discussed on the basis of new electronmicroscopic observations on the perilymph endolymph barrier. The zonulae occludentes (z.o.) of the epithelial cells lining the endolymphatic space are the main sealing elements which control the passive ion transport. They consist of parallel running intramembranous fibrils (cell membrane fusion lines). Recent investigations demonstrated conditions which partially destruct some of such fibrils (e.g. increased osmotic pressure, endocrine disorders). This also may be true in Meni\u00e8re's attacks: tight z.o. are transformed to leaky z.o. such that a  high transepithelial ion exchange developes. This would result in reduced generation of the receptor potentials as well as in decreased activities of the first order afferent neurons as it was supposed earlier by other authors. This mechanism may be combined with a decompensation of active ion transport processes due to microcirculation disturbances. Finally it will be pointed out that true ruptures of the endolymphatic walls cannot be the usual mode of reversible lesions in Meni\u00e8res disease but a diffuse leakage of the perilymph-endolymph barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:141553", "title": "[Medical treatment of Meni\u00e8re disease (author's transl)].", "content": "There is no causal medical treatment of Meni\u00e8re's disease, further it seems very doubtful if it is possible to achieve a complete loss of symptoms by drugs alone. In spite of the fact that there are a great number of drugs being applied, there are some general principles in the treatment of this disease which should be followed. These principles are: 1. Improvement of blood supply of the inner ear by various methods. 2. Sedation of the patients to avoid physical stress, as it has clearly been shown that in many patients there is a correlation between psychical stress and Meni\u00e8re attacks. 3. Dehydration of the inner ear hydrops by osmotic diuresis or diuretic drugs. 4. Partial destruction of inner ear structures by intratympanally administration of ototoxic drugs or anaesthetics.", "contents": "[Medical treatment of Meni\u00e8re disease (author's transl)]. There is no causal medical treatment of Meni\u00e8re's disease, further it seems very doubtful if it is possible to achieve a complete loss of symptoms by drugs alone. In spite of the fact that there are a great number of drugs being applied, there are some general principles in the treatment of this disease which should be followed. These principles are: 1. Improvement of blood supply of the inner ear by various methods. 2. Sedation of the patients to avoid physical stress, as it has clearly been shown that in many patients there is a correlation between psychical stress and Meni\u00e8re attacks. 3. Dehydration of the inner ear hydrops by osmotic diuresis or diuretic drugs. 4. Partial destruction of inner ear structures by intratympanally administration of ototoxic drugs or anaesthetics."}
{"id": "PMID:141554", "title": "[The intratympanic treatment of  Meni\u00e8re's disease with ototoxic antibiotics. A follow-up study of 55 cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Report about 55 patients suffering from severe unilateral Meni\u00e8res disease, seen over a period of 3-10 years. They were treated with intratympanic administration of Streptomycinesulfate or- better -Gentamycinesulfate. The medication was given using a plastic tube inserted behind the annulus by transmeatal approach. 0.1 ml Gentamycinesulfate (earlier Streptomycinesulfate were instillated every 5 hours until the first signs of inner-ear-reaction (nystagmus or vertigo) appeared. -In 90% of the cases vertiginous attacks ceased after therapy. Hearing was preserved in 76%, tinnitus and periaural pressure were influenced markedly.", "contents": "[The intratympanic treatment of  Meni\u00e8re's disease with ototoxic antibiotics. A follow-up study of 55 cases (author's transl)]. Report about 55 patients suffering from severe unilateral Meni\u00e8res disease, seen over a period of 3-10 years. They were treated with intratympanic administration of Streptomycinesulfate or- better -Gentamycinesulfate. The medication was given using a plastic tube inserted behind the annulus by transmeatal approach. 0.1 ml Gentamycinesulfate (earlier Streptomycinesulfate were instillated every 5 hours until the first signs of inner-ear-reaction (nystagmus or vertigo) appeared. -In 90% of the cases vertiginous attacks ceased after therapy. Hearing was preserved in 76%, tinnitus and periaural pressure were influenced markedly."}
{"id": "PMID:141555", "title": "[The results of saccotomy in morbus Meni\u00e8re  (review of 69 cases) (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of saccotomy in Morbus Meni\u00e8re are investigated using two statistics with different postoperative periods. After a short period of observation (10-26 months p.o.) the improvement of vertigo was found in 80%, while after an interval of 18-23 months the improvement was seen only in 50%. The results are better, if the disease is not older than one and a half year (70%). Therefore we recommend the saccotomy in Morbus Meni\u00e8re for cases of a short anamnesis.", "contents": "[The results of saccotomy in morbus Meni\u00e8re  (review of 69 cases) (author's transl)]. The results of saccotomy in Morbus Meni\u00e8re are investigated using two statistics with different postoperative periods. After a short period of observation (10-26 months p.o.) the improvement of vertigo was found in 80%, while after an interval of 18-23 months the improvement was seen only in 50%. The results are better, if the disease is not older than one and a half year (70%). Therefore we recommend the saccotomy in Morbus Meni\u00e8re for cases of a short anamnesis."}
{"id": "PMID:141556", "title": "[Neurectomy in Meni\u00e8re's Disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The transtemporal vestibular neurectomy permits an ablation of the peripheral end organ with only a low risk to the cochlea. In a totally deaf ear the internal auditory meatus is reached by a translabyrinthine approach. Besides the vestibular nerve the chochlear nerve is cut to reduce tinnitus. The neurectomy is a destructive procedure. It should be performed in otherwise resistent cases of Meni\u00e8re's disease.", "contents": "[Neurectomy in Meni\u00e8re's Disease (author's transl)]. The transtemporal vestibular neurectomy permits an ablation of the peripheral end organ with only a low risk to the cochlea. In a totally deaf ear the internal auditory meatus is reached by a translabyrinthine approach. Besides the vestibular nerve the chochlear nerve is cut to reduce tinnitus. The neurectomy is a destructive procedure. It should be performed in otherwise resistent cases of Meni\u00e8re's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:141557", "title": "[Endonasal antrostomy with endoscopical control for chronic maxillary sinusitis (author's transl)].", "content": "A transnasal approach to the maxillary sinus as a standard operation in chronic maxillary sinusitis is described. A mucosal flap in the lower nasal meatus is electrically circumcised, and a window of appropriate size is formed by osteotomy. The removal of pedicled polyps and cysts from the cavity is controlled by endoscopy, while most parts of the thickened mucosa remain in place and may recover and also line the uncovered areas. If necessary, an opening in the facial wall of 5 mm diameter is established for endoscopical control or manipulations. The preliminary results of 56 endonasal sinutomies are reported, which are satisfactory. The avoidance of postoperative dysesthesia or neuralgia is a marked advantage of the procedure.", "contents": "[Endonasal antrostomy with endoscopical control for chronic maxillary sinusitis (author's transl)]. A transnasal approach to the maxillary sinus as a standard operation in chronic maxillary sinusitis is described. A mucosal flap in the lower nasal meatus is electrically circumcised, and a window of appropriate size is formed by osteotomy. The removal of pedicled polyps and cysts from the cavity is controlled by endoscopy, while most parts of the thickened mucosa remain in place and may recover and also line the uncovered areas. If necessary, an opening in the facial wall of 5 mm diameter is established for endoscopical control or manipulations. The preliminary results of 56 endonasal sinutomies are reported, which are satisfactory. The avoidance of postoperative dysesthesia or neuralgia is a marked advantage of the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:141558", "title": "[Aspects of surgical management of choanal atresia (author's transl)].", "content": "The indication for surgery of choanal atresia appears not uniform. In newborns the bilateral choanal atresia should be operated in the first days or weeks on account of threatening life complications. Unilateral atresia can be managed between the 3rd to 5th year; until this time the topographic conditions are enlarged nearly twice, which means much better conditions for operation. In the checked up cases (27 patients) the rate of relapse of the different surgical methods are explained. On account of a better view over the operating area and optimal plastic-surgical supply the transpalatinal approach is preferred especially in newborns and infants under microsurgical conditions and a description of the technique is given.", "contents": "[Aspects of surgical management of choanal atresia (author's transl)]. The indication for surgery of choanal atresia appears not uniform. In newborns the bilateral choanal atresia should be operated in the first days or weeks on account of threatening life complications. Unilateral atresia can be managed between the 3rd to 5th year; until this time the topographic conditions are enlarged nearly twice, which means much better conditions for operation. In the checked up cases (27 patients) the rate of relapse of the different surgical methods are explained. On account of a better view over the operating area and optimal plastic-surgical supply the transpalatinal approach is preferred especially in newborns and infants under microsurgical conditions and a description of the technique is given."}
{"id": "PMID:141559", "title": "[Improved differentiation of suspected chronic laryngeal lesions by highly dosed antibiotic therapy for a short time and comparing cytology (author's transl)].", "content": "The valuation of chronic laryngeal lesions is eased by a combination of a highly dosed antibiotic therapy for a short time and observation of the therapy procedure by cytology. The cytological estimated dyscaryoseindex gives reference if suspicion on a malignant lesion can be kept in mind. Above this the proceeding enables us for exact and useful biopsies respectively for primary diagnostic and therapeutic operations.", "contents": "[Improved differentiation of suspected chronic laryngeal lesions by highly dosed antibiotic therapy for a short time and comparing cytology (author's transl)]. The valuation of chronic laryngeal lesions is eased by a combination of a highly dosed antibiotic therapy for a short time and observation of the therapy procedure by cytology. The cytological estimated dyscaryoseindex gives reference if suspicion on a malignant lesion can be kept in mind. Above this the proceeding enables us for exact and useful biopsies respectively for primary diagnostic and therapeutic operations."}
{"id": "PMID:141560", "title": "[Microsurgical and phoniatric aspects in treatment of so-called benign vocal cord lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Following a brief characterization of so-called benign vocal cord lesions (Kleinsasser) with corresponding illustrative  aids, the microsurgical as well as the speech therapy is dealt more intensively, as it has been found by the authors to be successful. A therapy schedule is set up consisting of pre- and postoperative teamwork between the surgeon and the phoniatrician whereby the results of the microsurgical treatment can be further improved.", "contents": "[Microsurgical and phoniatric aspects in treatment of so-called benign vocal cord lesions (author's transl)]. Following a brief characterization of so-called benign vocal cord lesions (Kleinsasser) with corresponding illustrative  aids, the microsurgical as well as the speech therapy is dealt more intensively, as it has been found by the authors to be successful. A therapy schedule is set up consisting of pre- and postoperative teamwork between the surgeon and the phoniatrician whereby the results of the microsurgical treatment can be further improved."}
{"id": "PMID:141561", "title": "[Granular neuroma of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a granular neuroma of the true vocal cord of a 47-year-old woman is presented. In world literature about 125 cases of this benign tumor in the larynx are published until now. The most common symptom of this tumor is hoarseness. The correct treatment is the total excision to avoid recurrence. The histology shows typical uniform cells, their cytoplasm filled with eosinophilic granules. The overlying epithelium may show pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, which must not be misinterpreted as malignant squamous cell carcinoma. Finally the theory of Feyrter concerning the neurogenous origin of this tumor is discussed.", "contents": "[Granular neuroma of the larynx (author's transl)]. A case of a granular neuroma of the true vocal cord of a 47-year-old woman is presented. In world literature about 125 cases of this benign tumor in the larynx are published until now. The most common symptom of this tumor is hoarseness. The correct treatment is the total excision to avoid recurrence. The histology shows typical uniform cells, their cytoplasm filled with eosinophilic granules. The overlying epithelium may show pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, which must not be misinterpreted as malignant squamous cell carcinoma. Finally the theory of Feyrter concerning the neurogenous origin of this tumor is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141562", "title": "[Clinical and functional results in tracheotomized children (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-nine children between the ages of 2-months- and 7-years-old were tracheotomized at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Med. Centre, Ljubljana, from 1965 to 1974. Decannulation was performed 6 days postoperatively, on the average. Complications of tracheotomy were observed in 2 children only; one child died on the 7. postoperative day to basic disease. Twenty tracheotomized children were subject to follow-up examination consisting of history taking, clinical, otorhinolaryngologic, anthropometric and allergologic examinations. In eleven school children spirography and bodyplethysmographie for a possible tracheostenosis was performed. The calculated FEV1/FIV1 quotient, e.g. statistically significant values higher than 1.0 revealed tracheostenosis in two patients.", "contents": "[Clinical and functional results in tracheotomized children (author's transl)]. Twenty-nine children between the ages of 2-months- and 7-years-old were tracheotomized at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Med. Centre, Ljubljana, from 1965 to 1974. Decannulation was performed 6 days postoperatively, on the average. Complications of tracheotomy were observed in 2 children only; one child died on the 7. postoperative day to basic disease. Twenty tracheotomized children were subject to follow-up examination consisting of history taking, clinical, otorhinolaryngologic, anthropometric and allergologic examinations. In eleven school children spirography and bodyplethysmographie for a possible tracheostenosis was performed. The calculated FEV1/FIV1 quotient, e.g. statistically significant values higher than 1.0 revealed tracheostenosis in two patients."}
{"id": "PMID:141563", "title": "[Bacteriological findings in chronic infantile tonsillitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Under general anaesthesia cultures were taken from infantile tonsils prior to T & A. The bacteriological results and the serological classification of hemophilus are questionning literature reports. According to our findings one must consider haemophilus influencae as a resident of the common oral flora. There was no significant difference culturing tonsils with or without repeated antibiotic treatment. Hemophilus influencae combined with beta-hemolytic streptococci is common. Immunological considerations against infantile T & A, based on bacteriological observations are questioned.", "contents": "[Bacteriological findings in chronic infantile tonsillitis (author's transl)]. Under general anaesthesia cultures were taken from infantile tonsils prior to T & A. The bacteriological results and the serological classification of hemophilus are questionning literature reports. According to our findings one must consider haemophilus influencae as a resident of the common oral flora. There was no significant difference culturing tonsils with or without repeated antibiotic treatment. Hemophilus influencae combined with beta-hemolytic streptococci is common. Immunological considerations against infantile T & A, based on bacteriological observations are questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:141564", "title": "[Skeletal scintigraphy in otolaryngology (author's transl)].", "content": "Close relation of non osseus facial skull portions to the skeleton cause rapidly the bone to become co-involved in presence of various diseases. Early diagnosis is of decisive importance for therapeutic measures. For localisation scintigraphy has proved particularly reliable in aids to early determination. This can be shown clearly in inflammatory diseases and tumour infiltrations with various tumour affections. Technical requirements and the use of skeletal scinitgraphy are demonstrated on hand of 6 cases.", "contents": "[Skeletal scintigraphy in otolaryngology (author's transl)]. Close relation of non osseus facial skull portions to the skeleton cause rapidly the bone to become co-involved in presence of various diseases. Early diagnosis is of decisive importance for therapeutic measures. For localisation scintigraphy has proved particularly reliable in aids to early determination. This can be shown clearly in inflammatory diseases and tumour infiltrations with various tumour affections. Technical requirements and the use of skeletal scinitgraphy are demonstrated on hand of 6 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:141565", "title": "[Pantopaque-cisternography- clinical examinations of possible late complications with special regards to neurological findings (author's transl)].", "content": "Extensive examinations after couple of months or years after pantopaque-cisternography were performed in 20 patients, in whom no central nervous system diseases were known and in whom no surgery of CNS was previously performed. With only one exception the contrast medium was found intracranially with preference to the sella and to the region of the frontobasis. No connection was found between the amount of pantopaque and the length of time since the performance of cisternography. No late neurological complications were observed.", "contents": "[Pantopaque-cisternography- clinical examinations of possible late complications with special regards to neurological findings (author's transl)]. Extensive examinations after couple of months or years after pantopaque-cisternography were performed in 20 patients, in whom no central nervous system diseases were known and in whom no surgery of CNS was previously performed. With only one exception the contrast medium was found intracranially with preference to the sella and to the region of the frontobasis. No connection was found between the amount of pantopaque and the length of time since the performance of cisternography. No late neurological complications were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:141566", "title": "[Ultrasound diagnosis in simulated middle-ear-effusions in isolated human temporal bones (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of simulated middle-ear effusions in isolated human temporal bones it could be demonstrated, that ultrasonic echos of the drum show typical patterns if the middle-ear is filled with fluid or not. In normal air-filled drums there is only the echo of the tympanic membrane, whereas in fluid-filled drums a second echo from the bony medial wall of the tympanon appears. --A method is described how to perform ultrasonograms under visual observation of the tympanic membrane.", "contents": "[Ultrasound diagnosis in simulated middle-ear-effusions in isolated human temporal bones (author's transl)]. By means of simulated middle-ear effusions in isolated human temporal bones it could be demonstrated, that ultrasonic echos of the drum show typical patterns if the middle-ear is filled with fluid or not. In normal air-filled drums there is only the echo of the tympanic membrane, whereas in fluid-filled drums a second echo from the bony medial wall of the tympanon appears. --A method is described how to perform ultrasonograms under visual observation of the tympanic membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:141567", "title": "[Peroxydase-marked antibodies of antibasement membrane of masugi-nephritis in the inner ear of guinea pigs (author's transl)].", "content": "Masugi-Nephritis was produced in guinea pigs. The antibasement-membrane-reaction was demonstrated by peroxydase-marked antibodies in renal glomerula and stria vascularis vessels. The histological and electronmicroscopical results confirm our morphological and immunofluorescence findings.", "contents": "[Peroxydase-marked antibodies of antibasement membrane of masugi-nephritis in the inner ear of guinea pigs (author's transl)]. Masugi-Nephritis was produced in guinea pigs. The antibasement-membrane-reaction was demonstrated by peroxydase-marked antibodies in renal glomerula and stria vascularis vessels. The histological and electronmicroscopical results confirm our morphological and immunofluorescence findings."}
{"id": "PMID:141568", "title": "[Autoradiographic experiments on the cochlear capsule of the rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of autoradiography metabolic exchange on the molecular level is demonstrated. Mucopolysaccharides and proteins of the intercellular substance are incorporated in the same manner. The interglobular spaces however are excluded from metabolic turnover and do not show radioactivity. The adjacent cells resembling cartilage cells incorporate like osteocytes. Comparing the way of incorporation to cartilage cells of other areas of the otic capsule we find support of Manasse's theory that the cells of the globuli ossei of the adult orginate from cartilage cells.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic experiments on the cochlear capsule of the rabbit (author's transl)]. By means of autoradiography metabolic exchange on the molecular level is demonstrated. Mucopolysaccharides and proteins of the intercellular substance are incorporated in the same manner. The interglobular spaces however are excluded from metabolic turnover and do not show radioactivity. The adjacent cells resembling cartilage cells incorporate like osteocytes. Comparing the way of incorporation to cartilage cells of other areas of the otic capsule we find support of Manasse's theory that the cells of the globuli ossei of the adult orginate from cartilage cells."}
{"id": "PMID:141569", "title": "[Physical and morphological investigations on cryosurgery of large vessels at different flow conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "Intravasal temperature measurements during cryosurgery on the A. carotis and V. jugularis of the rabbit are described. Different flow conditions and freezing systems are investigated. The measurements are compared with histological findings. Theoretical investigations about the freezing process give information about the physical condition of a total freezing of the vessels.", "contents": "[Physical and morphological investigations on cryosurgery of large vessels at different flow conditions (author's transl)]. Intravasal temperature measurements during cryosurgery on the A. carotis and V. jugularis of the rabbit are described. Different flow conditions and freezing systems are investigated. The measurements are compared with histological findings. Theoretical investigations about the freezing process give information about the physical condition of a total freezing of the vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:141570", "title": "[A rare case of congenital rhabdomyosarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of a two-weeks-old female infant is reported who was born with an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in the size of more than a man's fist that was located in the area of the left half of the face. The tumor provoked an extreme disfiguration by its rapid postpartial growth when metastases had already developed. A palliative operation in order to maintain respiration and nutrition was performed when exitus letalis occured in hemorrhagical shock and consecutive circulatory break-down.", "contents": "[A rare case of congenital rhabdomyosarcoma (author's transl)]. A case of a two-weeks-old female infant is reported who was born with an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma in the size of more than a man's fist that was located in the area of the left half of the face. The tumor provoked an extreme disfiguration by its rapid postpartial growth when metastases had already developed. A palliative operation in order to maintain respiration and nutrition was performed when exitus letalis occured in hemorrhagical shock and consecutive circulatory break-down."}
{"id": "PMID:141571", "title": "[Fibrosarcoma of the head and neck. Diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "We report about two patients with fibrosarcoma of the soft tissues of the face. We discuss the problems of biological viability of the tumor, of the diagnostics and of the etiological factors, and about the therapy. The prognosis depends on the  localisation, the degree of malignancy of the tumor and the therapy.", "contents": "[Fibrosarcoma of the head and neck. Diagnosis and therapy (author's transl)]. We report about two patients with fibrosarcoma of the soft tissues of the face. We discuss the problems of biological viability of the tumor, of the diagnostics and of the etiological factors, and about the therapy. The prognosis depends on the  localisation, the degree of malignancy of the tumor and the therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:141573", "title": "[Pain-sensation following classic neck-dissection (author's transl)].", "content": "Resulting neck-dissection surgery (including curative or conservative intervention) very complex pain-syndromes are next to losses of function at the top of complaints stated. The discussion of the case-reports of 242 patients with unilateral neck-dissection and the reexamination of 28 patients free of recurrence revealed several causes of head- and facial pain. The close relationship of functional disability and pain-sensation is discussed. The recommendation of elective neck-dissection - by critical indication - is supported. Resection of nervus accessorius may be necessary in some cases, immediate reconstruction by nerve sutures is recommended. By post-operative treatment the complaints often can be relieved.", "contents": "[Pain-sensation following classic neck-dissection (author's transl)]. Resulting neck-dissection surgery (including curative or conservative intervention) very complex pain-syndromes are next to losses of function at the top of complaints stated. The discussion of the case-reports of 242 patients with unilateral neck-dissection and the reexamination of 28 patients free of recurrence revealed several causes of head- and facial pain. The close relationship of functional disability and pain-sensation is discussed. The recommendation of elective neck-dissection - by critical indication - is supported. Resection of nervus accessorius may be necessary in some cases, immediate reconstruction by nerve sutures is recommended. By post-operative treatment the complaints often can be relieved."}
{"id": "PMID:141572", "title": "[Late side-effects of antineoplastic treatment in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Every child has a 1:600 chance of developing cancer. Therapeutic progress was impressive throughout the past years. The number of late side-effects of therapy, however, is increasing, too. Among these, problems of fertility, therapy-induced genetic defects, impaired skeletal growth, endocrinologic defects (esp. hypopituitarism), anomalies of metabolism, chronic deficient bone marrow and reduced pulmonary function have to be discussed. One of the most severe consequences is the development of secondary tumors, which may occur in 4% of the long-term survivors. Tumor-treatment has to be performed at a center by a qualified team of oncologists; the same is valid for prevention and/or early detection and treatment of late side-effects of tumor therapy.", "contents": "[Late side-effects of antineoplastic treatment in childhood (author's transl)]. Every child has a 1:600 chance of developing cancer. Therapeutic progress was impressive throughout the past years. The number of late side-effects of therapy, however, is increasing, too. Among these, problems of fertility, therapy-induced genetic defects, impaired skeletal growth, endocrinologic defects (esp. hypopituitarism), anomalies of metabolism, chronic deficient bone marrow and reduced pulmonary function have to be discussed. One of the most severe consequences is the development of secondary tumors, which may occur in 4% of the long-term survivors. Tumor-treatment has to be performed at a center by a qualified team of oncologists; the same is valid for prevention and/or early detection and treatment of late side-effects of tumor therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:141574", "title": "[The neck after radical neck-dissection. A follow-up study (author's transl)].", "content": "In 200 patients with uni- or bilateral neck dissections the long range cosmetic results, subjective complaints, and the neurologic status were studied at postoperative time intervals between 3 months and 10 years. The main disorders were related to both the absence of resected, tumor-involved structures and to hyperesthesia of the lateral neck skin. The function of the muscle portions of the shoulder was less disturbed than expected, and recovered with some time and training. Cases with bilateral neck dissections showed postoperative edema of the head, being resorbed, with a little persisting submental edema. Postoperative irradiation gave rise to an increasing number of neuralgiform symptoms.", "contents": "[The neck after radical neck-dissection. A follow-up study (author's transl)]. In 200 patients with uni- or bilateral neck dissections the long range cosmetic results, subjective complaints, and the neurologic status were studied at postoperative time intervals between 3 months and 10 years. The main disorders were related to both the absence of resected, tumor-involved structures and to hyperesthesia of the lateral neck skin. The function of the muscle portions of the shoulder was less disturbed than expected, and recovered with some time and training. Cases with bilateral neck dissections showed postoperative edema of the head, being resorbed, with a little persisting submental edema. Postoperative irradiation gave rise to an increasing number of neuralgiform symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:141582", "title": "[Reading machines for the blind].", "content": "Direct conversion reading machines for the blind with tactile and acoustic information output were analyzed. It is shown that direct conversion machines are simple enough, inexpensive and may be recommended for individual use. But an effective use of them requires a protracted period of learning. The present state and future prospects for constructing reading machines with vocal information output (machines with letter-wise recognition and the ones capable of synthetizing the speech) are enquired into. These machines are shown to help reach a greater reading speed, but are of a more complex nature.", "contents": "[Reading machines for the blind]. Direct conversion reading machines for the blind with tactile and acoustic information output were analyzed. It is shown that direct conversion machines are simple enough, inexpensive and may be recommended for individual use. But an effective use of them requires a protracted period of learning. The present state and future prospects for constructing reading machines with vocal information output (machines with letter-wise recognition and the ones capable of synthetizing the speech) are enquired into. These machines are shown to help reach a greater reading speed, but are of a more complex nature."}
{"id": "PMID:141591", "title": "An anatomical assessment of the \"percutaneous rhizolysis\" procedure.", "content": "The procedure known as rhizolysis has been claimed to denervate the lumbar zygapophyseal joints. Analysis of the surgical anatomy of the incisions used in the procedure reveals that theoretically they do not interrupt the nerve supply to the zygapophyseal joints. The procedure was performed at six levels in each of three cadavers. Subsequent dissection revealed that at no level was the nerve supply to the zygapophyseal joints interrupted. The writers conclude that denervation of the Zygapophyseal joints cannot be held to be the mechanism of any pain relief that rhizolysis may achieve.", "contents": "An anatomical assessment of the \"percutaneous rhizolysis\" procedure. The procedure known as rhizolysis has been claimed to denervate the lumbar zygapophyseal joints. Analysis of the surgical anatomy of the incisions used in the procedure reveals that theoretically they do not interrupt the nerve supply to the zygapophyseal joints. The procedure was performed at six levels in each of three cadavers. Subsequent dissection revealed that at no level was the nerve supply to the zygapophyseal joints interrupted. The writers conclude that denervation of the Zygapophyseal joints cannot be held to be the mechanism of any pain relief that rhizolysis may achieve."}
{"id": "PMID:141592", "title": "Changing concepts in management of infective endocarditis.", "content": "Sixty-four patients were treated for 73 episodes of infective endocarditis over the five-year period 1970 to 1974 at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney. There were 13 deaths with a mortality rate of 18-1% compared with 38% (1950 to 1959). Included were 13 cases of infection on prosthetic valves with three deaths. Fifty-one per cent of patients were studied by cardiac catheterization. Early or emergency surgery was performed in 28% of cases and late surgery in 16%. The improved results were due to multiple factors, including early diagnosis, prompt investigation in a specialized unit, rational use of appropriate antibiotics, careful management of complications and early surgery.", "contents": "Changing concepts in management of infective endocarditis. Sixty-four patients were treated for 73 episodes of infective endocarditis over the five-year period 1970 to 1974 at St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney. There were 13 deaths with a mortality rate of 18-1% compared with 38% (1950 to 1959). Included were 13 cases of infection on prosthetic valves with three deaths. Fifty-one per cent of patients were studied by cardiac catheterization. Early or emergency surgery was performed in 28% of cases and late surgery in 16%. The improved results were due to multiple factors, including early diagnosis, prompt investigation in a specialized unit, rational use of appropriate antibiotics, careful management of complications and early surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:141588", "title": "The electromagnetic flowmeter.", "content": "The electromagnetic flowmeter, which has developed since its inception into a reliable clinical instrument that has become the standard to which all other flowmeters are compared, is described. Perivascular and intravascular transducers now available, which can easily be used to give reliable, high fidelity recordings of blood flow and velocity, are also discussed.", "contents": "The electromagnetic flowmeter. The electromagnetic flowmeter, which has developed since its inception into a reliable clinical instrument that has become the standard to which all other flowmeters are compared, is described. Perivascular and intravascular transducers now available, which can easily be used to give reliable, high fidelity recordings of blood flow and velocity, are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141589", "title": "The pulsed Doppler ultrasound flowmeter: experimental evaluation of velocity accuracy and range resolution.", "content": "Accurate quantitation of blood flow patterns, particularly in the physiological state, is important to the successful study of several problems in biomedical research. The pulsed Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter offers promise of overcoming some of the difficulties present in other methods. This flowmeter can be either implantable or noninvasive. Although a number of papers describe important design criteria, the design or selection of a Doppler system for a given task remains a complex matter involving many compromises based on theoretical considerations and very limited data. Experimental data from well-defined flows are needed to help identify those areas in which ultrasonic flowmeters can be most useful. This paper defines and evaluates two important parameters for the pulsed Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter by comparing experimental results with those predicted theorectically. The first parameter is velocity accuracy; the second parameter is range resolution. Findings show that centerline flow velocities in circular tubes can be estimated to within a few percent of the correct value, and that a 1.5-mm range resolution can be realized with the system tested.", "contents": "The pulsed Doppler ultrasound flowmeter: experimental evaluation of velocity accuracy and range resolution. Accurate quantitation of blood flow patterns, particularly in the physiological state, is important to the successful study of several problems in biomedical research. The pulsed Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter offers promise of overcoming some of the difficulties present in other methods. This flowmeter can be either implantable or noninvasive. Although a number of papers describe important design criteria, the design or selection of a Doppler system for a given task remains a complex matter involving many compromises based on theoretical considerations and very limited data. Experimental data from well-defined flows are needed to help identify those areas in which ultrasonic flowmeters can be most useful. This paper defines and evaluates two important parameters for the pulsed Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter by comparing experimental results with those predicted theorectically. The first parameter is velocity accuracy; the second parameter is range resolution. Findings show that centerline flow velocities in circular tubes can be estimated to within a few percent of the correct value, and that a 1.5-mm range resolution can be realized with the system tested."}
{"id": "PMID:141590", "title": "History of early ultrasonic blood flowmeters.", "content": "Methods of measuring flow of fluids by acoustic techniques before 1960 are reported, and motivation for such documentation is presented. Serendipity played a role in introducing acoustic flowmeters to the Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Mayo Graudate School of Medicine. Ultrasonic flowmeters promise to be clinically useful in procuring dimensions of blood vessels, in measuring flow transcutaneously, and in studying the dynamics of flowing blood within the diseased cardiovascular system.", "contents": "History of early ultrasonic blood flowmeters. Methods of measuring flow of fluids by acoustic techniques before 1960 are reported, and motivation for such documentation is presented. Serendipity played a role in introducing acoustic flowmeters to the Institute of Experimental Medicine of the Mayo Graudate School of Medicine. Ultrasonic flowmeters promise to be clinically useful in procuring dimensions of blood vessels, in measuring flow transcutaneously, and in studying the dynamics of flowing blood within the diseased cardiovascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:141608", "title": "Genetics of retinoblastoma.", "content": "Retinoblastoma may be due to (1) a somatic mutation, which is not hereditary, (2) a germinal mutation, which is dominantly inherited, and (3) a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13. In unilateral cases of retinoblastoma, the risk for the offspring is 5-6%, as 10-15% of these cases are due to a germinal mutation. In all the bilateral cases and in the unilateral hereditary cases, the risk for the offspring or the sibs is 40-50% depending on the penetrance of the gene.", "contents": "Genetics of retinoblastoma. Retinoblastoma may be due to (1) a somatic mutation, which is not hereditary, (2) a germinal mutation, which is dominantly inherited, and (3) a deletion of the long arm of chromosome 13. In unilateral cases of retinoblastoma, the risk for the offspring is 5-6%, as 10-15% of these cases are due to a germinal mutation. In all the bilateral cases and in the unilateral hereditary cases, the risk for the offspring or the sibs is 40-50% depending on the penetrance of the gene."}
{"id": "PMID:141614", "title": "[Electron microscopic of mucopolysaccharides in the goblet cells of the bronchial mucosa].", "content": "Author using various methods of fixation and electronmicroscopical histochemistry investigated the detectability of mucopolysaccharides in the goblet cells of the bronchial mucosa obtained by biopsy. Results show, that the method of choice of the detection of glycosaminoglycans in the goblet cells is the PA-Silver technique carried out after fixation with solution of glutaraldehyde only. This technique-- when appropriate control is used--seems to be specific.", "contents": "[Electron microscopic of mucopolysaccharides in the goblet cells of the bronchial mucosa]. Author using various methods of fixation and electronmicroscopical histochemistry investigated the detectability of mucopolysaccharides in the goblet cells of the bronchial mucosa obtained by biopsy. Results show, that the method of choice of the detection of glycosaminoglycans in the goblet cells is the PA-Silver technique carried out after fixation with solution of glutaraldehyde only. This technique-- when appropriate control is used--seems to be specific."}
{"id": "PMID:141615", "title": "[The importance of heterologous implants in cardiovascular surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of heterologous transplants in the substitution of heart valves in cardiac surgery and the substitution or bypassing of displaced arteries of the thigh in vascular surgery is discussed with reference to some results and developmental considerations. In addition to the alloplastic valve material, heterologous bioprosthesis from glutaraldehyde-fixed pig's valves has proved useful to an increasing extent for the substitution of diseased and functionally impaired heart valves. The results of followup examinations show equally favorable results in comparison with the alloplastic prosthesis. In vascular surgery, the calf collagen prosthesis has proved a real alternative to the alloplastic Dacron prosthesis at the level of the thigh.", "contents": "[The importance of heterologous implants in cardiovascular surgery (author's transl)]. The importance of heterologous transplants in the substitution of heart valves in cardiac surgery and the substitution or bypassing of displaced arteries of the thigh in vascular surgery is discussed with reference to some results and developmental considerations. In addition to the alloplastic valve material, heterologous bioprosthesis from glutaraldehyde-fixed pig's valves has proved useful to an increasing extent for the substitution of diseased and functionally impaired heart valves. The results of followup examinations show equally favorable results in comparison with the alloplastic prosthesis. In vascular surgery, the calf collagen prosthesis has proved a real alternative to the alloplastic Dacron prosthesis at the level of the thigh."}
{"id": "PMID:141616", "title": "[The pathogenesis of postoperative abdominal wound dehiscence. Part I: Clinical investigations to determine patient groups at risk (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1955 and 1974 a total of 27 404 patients were laparotomied at the University Surgical Clinic in Munich. Abdominal wound dehiscence occurred during the postoperative phase in 324 patients. In comparison with the clinical findings of undisturbed healing in the total number of patients, some predisposing factors could be established which were statistically confirmed for the first time: age over 60, males, malignant primary disease, long operation time, low preoperative hemoglobin concentration, high blood loss and bigger blood transfusions. With the help of these risk criteria, endangered patients can be detected pre-or intra-operatively.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of postoperative abdominal wound dehiscence. Part I: Clinical investigations to determine patient groups at risk (author's transl)]. Between 1955 and 1974 a total of 27 404 patients were laparotomied at the University Surgical Clinic in Munich. Abdominal wound dehiscence occurred during the postoperative phase in 324 patients. In comparison with the clinical findings of undisturbed healing in the total number of patients, some predisposing factors could be established which were statistically confirmed for the first time: age over 60, males, malignant primary disease, long operation time, low preoperative hemoglobin concentration, high blood loss and bigger blood transfusions. With the help of these risk criteria, endangered patients can be detected pre-or intra-operatively."}
{"id": "PMID:141617", "title": "Effect of DNA Repair systems on antibacterial and mutagenic activity of an antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin.", "content": "Antibacterial and mutagenic effects of an antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin (NCS), on isogenic strains of Escherichia coli with normal or defective DNA repair systems were studied. Growth of the strains lacking recA gene was inhibited by NCS with much lower concentration than in the case of those possessing it, while the \"differential inhibition for growth\" (DIG) between the strains uvrA+ and uvrA- was not seen. NCS induces mutation in recA+ strains but not significantly in recA-, while no such difference of mutagenesis was noticed between the strains uvrA+ and uvrA-. These results suggest that NCS produces hardly excisable DNA damage which is repaired by an error-prone recombination process.", "contents": "Effect of DNA Repair systems on antibacterial and mutagenic activity of an antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin. Antibacterial and mutagenic effects of an antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin (NCS), on isogenic strains of Escherichia coli with normal or defective DNA repair systems were studied. Growth of the strains lacking recA gene was inhibited by NCS with much lower concentration than in the case of those possessing it, while the \"differential inhibition for growth\" (DIG) between the strains uvrA+ and uvrA- was not seen. NCS induces mutation in recA+ strains but not significantly in recA-, while no such difference of mutagenesis was noticed between the strains uvrA+ and uvrA-. These results suggest that NCS produces hardly excisable DNA damage which is repaired by an error-prone recombination process."}
{"id": "PMID:141627", "title": "Computed tomography for Huntington's disease.", "content": "CT scans of twelve patients with Huntington's disease were compared with a large series of normal and abnormal scans. The frontal horn/bicaudate ratio in the Huntington's disease group was found to be much smaller than and statistically different from the normal or abnormal CT scan groups. The CT scan appears to be a useful adjunct in the evaluation of patients with suspected Huntington's disease.", "contents": "Computed tomography for Huntington's disease. CT scans of twelve patients with Huntington's disease were compared with a large series of normal and abnormal scans. The frontal horn/bicaudate ratio in the Huntington's disease group was found to be much smaller than and statistically different from the normal or abnormal CT scan groups. The CT scan appears to be a useful adjunct in the evaluation of patients with suspected Huntington's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:141626", "title": "Mechanism of noradrenalin liberation from the rat brain under the influence of nicotine.", "content": "Definite relationships were found between the noradrenaline concentration and Mg++-ATPase activity in the rat brain during the action of nicotine. It is suggested that Mg++-ATPase regulates the storage of noradrenalin in the tissue depots.", "contents": "Mechanism of noradrenalin liberation from the rat brain under the influence of nicotine. Definite relationships were found between the noradrenaline concentration and Mg++-ATPase activity in the rat brain during the action of nicotine. It is suggested that Mg++-ATPase regulates the storage of noradrenalin in the tissue depots."}
{"id": "PMID:141633", "title": "Patient acceptance of laparoscopic tubal fulguration versus falope-ring banding.", "content": "One hundred fifty patients were included in a double-blind study to evaluate whether they were more comfortable being sterilized by fulguration or by Falope-Ring banding. They were also studied to see if 4% Xylocaine applied to the tubes was helpful in decreasing the discomfort with banding as it has been shown to be with fulguration. The results confirmed the clinical impression that banding is very painful to the patient at the time of application and for the ensuing 24 hours. Although 4% Xylocaine is very helpful in reducing this discomfort at first, the effect is not lasting. Blood levels of Xylocaine were determined and shown to be well below the accepted toxic level. Fulguration remains the most comfortable form of laparoscopic tubal interruption.", "contents": "Patient acceptance of laparoscopic tubal fulguration versus falope-ring banding. One hundred fifty patients were included in a double-blind study to evaluate whether they were more comfortable being sterilized by fulguration or by Falope-Ring banding. They were also studied to see if 4% Xylocaine applied to the tubes was helpful in decreasing the discomfort with banding as it has been shown to be with fulguration. The results confirmed the clinical impression that banding is very painful to the patient at the time of application and for the ensuing 24 hours. Although 4% Xylocaine is very helpful in reducing this discomfort at first, the effect is not lasting. Blood levels of Xylocaine were determined and shown to be well below the accepted toxic level. Fulguration remains the most comfortable form of laparoscopic tubal interruption."}
{"id": "PMID:141634", "title": "Evaluation of danazol as an oral contraceptive.", "content": "The effect of Danazol as an oral contraceptive in doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg daily for 6 months was studied in 3 groups of 10 women. Both 50 and 100 mg Danazol daily were well tolerated, but one pregnancy occurred among the women receiving 50 mg daily, and 2 pregnancies occurred in women receiving 100 mg daily. There were no pregnancies in women taking 200 mg Danazol daily; however, the side effects were frequent and 5 of the 10 patients withdrew from the study prior to 6 months of therapy. Six patients in this study were followed intensively with blood hormone analysis, vaginal cytology, and pathologic evaluation, and these findings are detailed.", "contents": "Evaluation of danazol as an oral contraceptive. The effect of Danazol as an oral contraceptive in doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg daily for 6 months was studied in 3 groups of 10 women. Both 50 and 100 mg Danazol daily were well tolerated, but one pregnancy occurred among the women receiving 50 mg daily, and 2 pregnancies occurred in women receiving 100 mg daily. There were no pregnancies in women taking 200 mg Danazol daily; however, the side effects were frequent and 5 of the 10 patients withdrew from the study prior to 6 months of therapy. Six patients in this study were followed intensively with blood hormone analysis, vaginal cytology, and pathologic evaluation, and these findings are detailed."}
{"id": "PMID:141642", "title": "Intraocular lens fixation with Dacron mesh: Part I.", "content": "Rabbits were used to demonstrate the feasibility of using Dacron fibers to fix intraocular lenses. Adhesion occurred five days after insertion and was confirmed by histologic examination to consist of fibroblastic ingrowth into the Dacron fibers. This cellular response was consistent and remained localized. Anterior and posterior placement of the acrylic portion of the lens was compared. It is our clinical impression that the risk of pupillary block is increased with posterior placement of the lens.", "contents": "Intraocular lens fixation with Dacron mesh: Part I. Rabbits were used to demonstrate the feasibility of using Dacron fibers to fix intraocular lenses. Adhesion occurred five days after insertion and was confirmed by histologic examination to consist of fibroblastic ingrowth into the Dacron fibers. This cellular response was consistent and remained localized. Anterior and posterior placement of the acrylic portion of the lens was compared. It is our clinical impression that the risk of pupillary block is increased with posterior placement of the lens."}
{"id": "PMID:141643", "title": "Septum posticum cysts: an uncommon cause of chronic back pain.", "content": "The authors describe two patients with posterior thoracic pain associated with cysts of the septum posticum. One patient's pain was relieved by surgical removal of the cysts; the second patient's symptoms temporarily resolved after myelography. Posterior thoracic pain can be ascribed to myelographically proven arachnoid cysts when the pain is persistent, positionally exacerbated and associated with radicular sensory changes. Excision of the cysts may provide pain relief for some patients.", "contents": "Septum posticum cysts: an uncommon cause of chronic back pain. The authors describe two patients with posterior thoracic pain associated with cysts of the septum posticum. One patient's pain was relieved by surgical removal of the cysts; the second patient's symptoms temporarily resolved after myelography. Posterior thoracic pain can be ascribed to myelographically proven arachnoid cysts when the pain is persistent, positionally exacerbated and associated with radicular sensory changes. Excision of the cysts may provide pain relief for some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:141644", "title": "Prolonged relief of pain by brief, intense transcutaneous somatic stimulation.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of brief, intense transcutaneous electrical stimulations at trigger points or acupuncture points on severe clinical pain. The McGill Pain Questionnaire was used to measure the change in pain quality and intensity produced by stimulation. The data indicate that the procedure provides a powerful method for the control of some forms of severe pathological pain. The average pain decrease during stimulation sessions was 75% for pain due to peripheral nerve injury, 66% for phantom limb pain, 62% for shoulder-arm pain, and 60% for low-back pain. The duration of relief frequently outlasted the period of stimulation by several hours, occasionally for days or weeks. Different patterns of the amount and duration of pain relief were observed. Daily stimulation carried out at home by the patient sometimes provided gradually increasing relief over periods of weeks or months. Control experiments, which included two forms of placebo stimulation, showed that brief, intense electrical stimulation is significantly more effective than placebo contributions. Possible neural mechanisms that underlie these patterns of pain relief by brief, intense stimulation are discussed.", "contents": "Prolonged relief of pain by brief, intense transcutaneous somatic stimulation. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of brief, intense transcutaneous electrical stimulations at trigger points or acupuncture points on severe clinical pain. The McGill Pain Questionnaire was used to measure the change in pain quality and intensity produced by stimulation. The data indicate that the procedure provides a powerful method for the control of some forms of severe pathological pain. The average pain decrease during stimulation sessions was 75% for pain due to peripheral nerve injury, 66% for phantom limb pain, 62% for shoulder-arm pain, and 60% for low-back pain. The duration of relief frequently outlasted the period of stimulation by several hours, occasionally for days or weeks. Different patterns of the amount and duration of pain relief were observed. Daily stimulation carried out at home by the patient sometimes provided gradually increasing relief over periods of weeks or months. Control experiments, which included two forms of placebo stimulation, showed that brief, intense electrical stimulation is significantly more effective than placebo contributions. Possible neural mechanisms that underlie these patterns of pain relief by brief, intense stimulation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141645", "title": "Some pharmacological observations on the analgesia induced by acupuncture in rabbits.", "content": "(1) The characteristics of an analgesia which can be elicited in rabbits by electrically activated acupuncture needles are described. (2) The analgesia can be reversed by systemic administration of the inhibitory amino acid antagonists bicuculline or strychnine. (3) Pharmacological procedures which interfere with tryptaminergic mechanisms, or destruction of the dorsal raphe nuclei, prevent the development of analgesia. (4) It is concluded that the production of analgesia probably depends upon postsynaptic inhibition of the transmission of afferent information from nociceptors, and at more than one site in the central nervous system.", "contents": "Some pharmacological observations on the analgesia induced by acupuncture in rabbits. (1) The characteristics of an analgesia which can be elicited in rabbits by electrically activated acupuncture needles are described. (2) The analgesia can be reversed by systemic administration of the inhibitory amino acid antagonists bicuculline or strychnine. (3) Pharmacological procedures which interfere with tryptaminergic mechanisms, or destruction of the dorsal raphe nuclei, prevent the development of analgesia. (4) It is concluded that the production of analgesia probably depends upon postsynaptic inhibition of the transmission of afferent information from nociceptors, and at more than one site in the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:141646", "title": "Facet \"denervation\" in the treatment of low back syndrome.", "content": "Long-term pain relief occurred in 21% of patients with low back and leg pain who underwent injection or radiofrequency rhizotomy. When pain was accompanied by unequivocal limitation of straight leg raising, neither injection nor rhizotomy produced long-term relief. Leg pain improved more than low back pain. Improvement was limited to pain relief as reported to the physician and reduction of medication. There was no improvement in work or activity status. Despite the low success rate, facet \"denervation\" is uncommonly safe and seems to be of some usefulness in the treatment of patients with low back pain and sciatica.", "contents": "Facet \"denervation\" in the treatment of low back syndrome. Long-term pain relief occurred in 21% of patients with low back and leg pain who underwent injection or radiofrequency rhizotomy. When pain was accompanied by unequivocal limitation of straight leg raising, neither injection nor rhizotomy produced long-term relief. Leg pain improved more than low back pain. Improvement was limited to pain relief as reported to the physician and reduction of medication. There was no improvement in work or activity status. Despite the low success rate, facet \"denervation\" is uncommonly safe and seems to be of some usefulness in the treatment of patients with low back pain and sciatica."}
{"id": "PMID:141647", "title": "Acute hemiplegia and cortical blindness due to moya moya disease: report of a case in a child with Down's syndrome.", "content": "We are reporting what we believe to be the first case of moya moya disease (hemiplegia associated with supraclinoid carotid stenosis and multiple cerebral telangiectasia) in a child with Down's syndrome. On cerebral angiography, multiple collateral vessels and rete mirabile (anastomosis of meningeal vessels with internal cerebral vessels) were noted, in addition to the supraclinoid carotid stenosis. Computerized tomography revealed nonobstructive hydrocephalus and findings consistent with multiple vascular insults or infarcts. It is not clear whether moya moya disease represents a true disease entity (congenital arterial dysplasia) or is a syndrome caused by nonspecific vascular reaction. Since abnormal vascular morphology has previously been described in children with  trisomy 21, we suggest that the presence of these two disease entities may not be coincidental. It may represent a genetic predisposition in Down's syndrome toward vascular abnormalities, with variable expressivity which manifested itself in this case by abnormalities in the cerebral circulation.", "contents": "Acute hemiplegia and cortical blindness due to moya moya disease: report of a case in a child with Down's syndrome. We are reporting what we believe to be the first case of moya moya disease (hemiplegia associated with supraclinoid carotid stenosis and multiple cerebral telangiectasia) in a child with Down's syndrome. On cerebral angiography, multiple collateral vessels and rete mirabile (anastomosis of meningeal vessels with internal cerebral vessels) were noted, in addition to the supraclinoid carotid stenosis. Computerized tomography revealed nonobstructive hydrocephalus and findings consistent with multiple vascular insults or infarcts. It is not clear whether moya moya disease represents a true disease entity (congenital arterial dysplasia) or is a syndrome caused by nonspecific vascular reaction. Since abnormal vascular morphology has previously been described in children with  trisomy 21, we suggest that the presence of these two disease entities may not be coincidental. It may represent a genetic predisposition in Down's syndrome toward vascular abnormalities, with variable expressivity which manifested itself in this case by abnormalities in the cerebral circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:141653", "title": "Differentiation of myosin in soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscle in differnt animal species during development.", "content": "CA2+-ATPase activity and light chains of myosin prepared from fast and slow muscles of rat guinea-pig and rabbit were studied during development from embryonic to old age to establish further correlation with the well-known developmental changes in contraction properties of these muscles. The changes involve the slow soleus muscle much more than the fast extensor digitorum longus muscle. Myosin-ATPase activity of the soleus muscle before or at birth is higher than in the muscle of adult animals. Myosin from the soleus muscle of embryos or newborn animals reveals light chains of myosin of both fast and slow type (with a preponderance of light chains of fast type in 26-days-old rabbit embryos). During postnatal development the amount of light chains of the fast type decreases, that of the slow type increases. Myosin from the soleus muscle of adult animals contains only light chains of the slow type. However, myosin from the soleus muscle of 30-months-old rats exhibits high myosin ATPase activity and contains light chains of myosin of both slow and fast type as in perinatal development. This is in agreement with the shortening of contraction time observed in this muscle in very old age. Thus developmental differentiation of myosine in the soleus muscle is followed by a trend of levelling out of the differences between fast and slow muscles of senescent animals. No such \"biphasic\" development is observed with respect to the fast extensor digitorum longus muscle.", "contents": "Differentiation of myosin in soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscle in differnt animal species during development. CA2+-ATPase activity and light chains of myosin prepared from fast and slow muscles of rat guinea-pig and rabbit were studied during development from embryonic to old age to establish further correlation with the well-known developmental changes in contraction properties of these muscles. The changes involve the slow soleus muscle much more than the fast extensor digitorum longus muscle. Myosin-ATPase activity of the soleus muscle before or at birth is higher than in the muscle of adult animals. Myosin from the soleus muscle of embryos or newborn animals reveals light chains of myosin of both fast and slow type (with a preponderance of light chains of fast type in 26-days-old rabbit embryos). During postnatal development the amount of light chains of the fast type decreases, that of the slow type increases. Myosin from the soleus muscle of adult animals contains only light chains of the slow type. However, myosin from the soleus muscle of 30-months-old rats exhibits high myosin ATPase activity and contains light chains of myosin of both slow and fast type as in perinatal development. This is in agreement with the shortening of contraction time observed in this muscle in very old age. Thus developmental differentiation of myosine in the soleus muscle is followed by a trend of levelling out of the differences between fast and slow muscles of senescent animals. No such \"biphasic\" development is observed with respect to the fast extensor digitorum longus muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:141654", "title": "Frequency of inferior vena caval abnormalcy due to a juxtaposed pathology.", "content": "Radionuclide inferior vena cavagrams were done in 135 patients who had hepatomegaly, splenomegaly or a mass in the vicinity of the inferior vena cava (I.V.C.). 2-5mCi 66mTc phytate, 99mTc S colloid, 99mTc O4-, 99mTc-LIDA, 99mTc pyridoxyledene glutamate or 113mIn colloid were injected directly and rapidly into  either a malleolar or a femoral vein while the patient lay supine under the 13.5'' detector head of a scinticamera. Rapid sequential scintiphotos were manually taken at approximately 1 sec. interval for 20-30 sec. Thus iliac vein, I.V.C., cardiopulmonary zone in infants, aorta and the arterial phase were visualized. 48% of these subjects had an abnormal I.V.C. and the depictions were interestingly varied, indicating that different patients responded in a different manner even to grossly similar pathologies. It became evident that this soft walled vessel could be compressed by both fluids and neoplastic tissue (Fig. 1, 2); the long I.V.C. channel could also be segmentally pushed away by a mass in its vicinity. (Fig. 2, 3, 4). An abnormal arterial flush usually differentiated between benign (Fig. 2) and malignant (Fig. 3) lesions, even when the mass was extra-hepatic (Fig. 4) and retiroperitoneal (Fig. 5). Such a systematic study of I.V.C. had not been possible earlier since the classical x-ray contrast inferior vena cavagram necessitates venous dissection, passage of a catheter, and the injection of large volume of fluid under an unphysiologically high pressure. The simplified radionuclide technique, however, permitted the study of neonates and critically ill subjects with massive ascites, while retaining a satisfactory reproducability.", "contents": "Frequency of inferior vena caval abnormalcy due to a juxtaposed pathology. Radionuclide inferior vena cavagrams were done in 135 patients who had hepatomegaly, splenomegaly or a mass in the vicinity of the inferior vena cava (I.V.C.). 2-5mCi 66mTc phytate, 99mTc S colloid, 99mTc O4-, 99mTc-LIDA, 99mTc pyridoxyledene glutamate or 113mIn colloid were injected directly and rapidly into  either a malleolar or a femoral vein while the patient lay supine under the 13.5'' detector head of a scinticamera. Rapid sequential scintiphotos were manually taken at approximately 1 sec. interval for 20-30 sec. Thus iliac vein, I.V.C., cardiopulmonary zone in infants, aorta and the arterial phase were visualized. 48% of these subjects had an abnormal I.V.C. and the depictions were interestingly varied, indicating that different patients responded in a different manner even to grossly similar pathologies. It became evident that this soft walled vessel could be compressed by both fluids and neoplastic tissue (Fig. 1, 2); the long I.V.C. channel could also be segmentally pushed away by a mass in its vicinity. (Fig. 2, 3, 4). An abnormal arterial flush usually differentiated between benign (Fig. 2) and malignant (Fig. 3) lesions, even when the mass was extra-hepatic (Fig. 4) and retiroperitoneal (Fig. 5). Such a systematic study of I.V.C. had not been possible earlier since the classical x-ray contrast inferior vena cavagram necessitates venous dissection, passage of a catheter, and the injection of large volume of fluid under an unphysiologically high pressure. The simplified radionuclide technique, however, permitted the study of neonates and critically ill subjects with massive ascites, while retaining a satisfactory reproducability."}
{"id": "PMID:141659", "title": "Indications, technique and results of caudal epidural injection for lumbar disc retropulsion.", "content": "The indications, contra-indications and technique of caudal epidural injections in the treatment of low back pain and sciatica are described. Of 201 patients treated by epidural injection, about 56% had favourable results.", "contents": "Indications, technique and results of caudal epidural injection for lumbar disc retropulsion. The indications, contra-indications and technique of caudal epidural injections in the treatment of low back pain and sciatica are described. Of 201 patients treated by epidural injection, about 56% had favourable results."}
{"id": "PMID:141660", "title": "Practolol-induced autoantibodies and their relation to oculo-cutaneous complications.", "content": "Tissue auto-antibodies were investigated in fifty-one patients (twenty-five female, twenty-six male) receiving practolol for ischaemic heart disease or dysrhythmias and compared with those found in 204 patients (fifty-eight female, 146 male) with ischaemic heart disease who did not receive practolol. Antinuclear factor (ANF) was found in 24% female and 16% male patients receiving practolol, but only in 5% of female and 4% of male patients who were not taking practolol. Thyroid cytoplasmic antibody (TCA) was detected in 16% female and 20% of male patients receiving practolol, compared to 10% of females and 6% of males in the control group. The incidence of ANF and TCA was significantly higher (P less than 0-05) in patients receiving practolol compared to the control group. The occurrence of gastric parietal cell antibody (PCA) and smooth muscle antibody (SMA) was not associated with practolol therapy (odds ratio of 2-4 and 1-9 respectively). The incidence of skin and eye complications was found to be 10% and the female to male ratio of this complication was 4 : 1. The correlation between autoantibody production and oculo-cutaneous complications could not be established in such a small group but three of the patients with the complications were found to have PCA, although PCA was found not to be associated with practolol therapy. Four of the five patients with the complications did not have circulating ANF.", "contents": "Practolol-induced autoantibodies and their relation to oculo-cutaneous complications. Tissue auto-antibodies were investigated in fifty-one patients (twenty-five female, twenty-six male) receiving practolol for ischaemic heart disease or dysrhythmias and compared with those found in 204 patients (fifty-eight female, 146 male) with ischaemic heart disease who did not receive practolol. Antinuclear factor (ANF) was found in 24% female and 16% male patients receiving practolol, but only in 5% of female and 4% of male patients who were not taking practolol. Thyroid cytoplasmic antibody (TCA) was detected in 16% female and 20% of male patients receiving practolol, compared to 10% of females and 6% of males in the control group. The incidence of ANF and TCA was significantly higher (P less than 0-05) in patients receiving practolol compared to the control group. The occurrence of gastric parietal cell antibody (PCA) and smooth muscle antibody (SMA) was not associated with practolol therapy (odds ratio of 2-4 and 1-9 respectively). The incidence of skin and eye complications was found to be 10% and the female to male ratio of this complication was 4 : 1. The correlation between autoantibody production and oculo-cutaneous complications could not be established in such a small group but three of the patients with the complications were found to have PCA, although PCA was found not to be associated with practolol therapy. Four of the five patients with the complications did not have circulating ANF."}
{"id": "PMID:141661", "title": "Oxyphenbutazone-induced goitre.", "content": "A woman who had taken oxyphenbutazone for 4 years because of back pain presented with goitre and hypothyroidism. This was shown to be due to an organification defect, caused or aggravated by oxyphenbutazone.", "contents": "Oxyphenbutazone-induced goitre. A woman who had taken oxyphenbutazone for 4 years because of back pain presented with goitre and hypothyroidism. This was shown to be due to an organification defect, caused or aggravated by oxyphenbutazone."}
{"id": "PMID:141667", "title": "[Experimental studies of the state of the ground substance of the aorta in white rats exposed to the combined action of manganese and lead].", "content": "Biochemical and histochemical studies are undertaken with the purpose to establish the state of the aortic wall groung substance in white rats, poisoned over a 10-day period with lead acetate (1/100 LD50) and manganese bichloride (1/100 LD50), separately and in combination. It is demonstrated that either of the metals, both separately and in combination, lead to an increase of the quantity of acid, and to a decrease of the quantity of neutral mucopolysaccharides. It is worth noting that upon combined action, a relative augmentation takes place also of hyaluronic acid in all the layers of the aortic wall. The changes observed point to quantitative and qualitative alterations in the intercellular substances of the aortic wall leading, in turn, to disturbances in its permeability.", "contents": "[Experimental studies of the state of the ground substance of the aorta in white rats exposed to the combined action of manganese and lead]. Biochemical and histochemical studies are undertaken with the purpose to establish the state of the aortic wall groung substance in white rats, poisoned over a 10-day period with lead acetate (1/100 LD50) and manganese bichloride (1/100 LD50), separately and in combination. It is demonstrated that either of the metals, both separately and in combination, lead to an increase of the quantity of acid, and to a decrease of the quantity of neutral mucopolysaccharides. It is worth noting that upon combined action, a relative augmentation takes place also of hyaluronic acid in all the layers of the aortic wall. The changes observed point to quantitative and qualitative alterations in the intercellular substances of the aortic wall leading, in turn, to disturbances in its permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:141665", "title": "[Incidence and nature of diabetes mellitus (according to medical records and the data of preventive examinations of children and adolescents in Baku)].", "content": "The author studied the incidence of diabetes mellitus among the child population of Baku the last 10 years. Diabetes incidence proved to increase at the age of 11--14 and 15--19 years, and was more frequent in girls. Children with the aggravated heredity to diabetes should be placed under dispensary observation.", "contents": "[Incidence and nature of diabetes mellitus (according to medical records and the data of preventive examinations of children and adolescents in Baku)]. The author studied the incidence of diabetes mellitus among the child population of Baku the last 10 years. Diabetes incidence proved to increase at the age of 11--14 and 15--19 years, and was more frequent in girls. Children with the aggravated heredity to diabetes should be placed under dispensary observation."}
{"id": "PMID:141672", "title": "Renal arterial stenosis and circadian water and sodium excretion in subjects with a reduced fluid intake.", "content": "Circadian water and sodium excretion in patients with renal arterial stenosis is inverted, but if the fluid intake is reduced it can return to normal. The findings also furnish indirect evidence that changes in circadian water and sodium excretion in patients with renal arterial stenosis are related to the degree of hydration of the organism. When evaluating circadian water and sodium excretion in patients with renal arterial stenosis, the osmolarity (specific gravity) of the urine should thus be taken into account.", "contents": "Renal arterial stenosis and circadian water and sodium excretion in subjects with a reduced fluid intake. Circadian water and sodium excretion in patients with renal arterial stenosis is inverted, but if the fluid intake is reduced it can return to normal. The findings also furnish indirect evidence that changes in circadian water and sodium excretion in patients with renal arterial stenosis are related to the degree of hydration of the organism. When evaluating circadian water and sodium excretion in patients with renal arterial stenosis, the osmolarity (specific gravity) of the urine should thus be taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:141673", "title": "On the localization of the two glutamate pools in the brain. Comparison of their metabolic activities in human and rat brain tissue in vitro.", "content": "The conversion of U-14C-glucose and 1-14C-acetate was studied in rat brain tissue slices and human brain tissue. In both types of tissue, glucose was preferentially incorporated into the compartment with the large glutamate pool (probably localized in the neurones), while acetate was incorporated into the glutamate pool with rapid glutamine synthesis (probably in the glial cells). Glucose conversion to amino acids was 3.8 times greater in rat brain tissue than in human brain, but the utilization of acetate was only 1.34 times greater. These differences concur with the previously described lower neurone density and lower neuronal enzyme activities in man as compared with the rat and the almost equal glial cell density and glial enzyme activities in the two tissues.", "contents": "On the localization of the two glutamate pools in the brain. Comparison of their metabolic activities in human and rat brain tissue in vitro. The conversion of U-14C-glucose and 1-14C-acetate was studied in rat brain tissue slices and human brain tissue. In both types of tissue, glucose was preferentially incorporated into the compartment with the large glutamate pool (probably localized in the neurones), while acetate was incorporated into the glutamate pool with rapid glutamine synthesis (probably in the glial cells). Glucose conversion to amino acids was 3.8 times greater in rat brain tissue than in human brain, but the utilization of acetate was only 1.34 times greater. These differences concur with the previously described lower neurone density and lower neuronal enzyme activities in man as compared with the rat and the almost equal glial cell density and glial enzyme activities in the two tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:141674", "title": "Changes in integrated vagal afferent activity induced by model lung diseases in rats.", "content": "An attempt has been made in the present report to evaluate quantitatively the sensory activity in both vagal nerves of control rats and rats with experimental lung inflammation, by employing the integration technique. We evaluated background vagal nerve activity, resting respiration and activity during inflation at constant pressures of 5 to 20 cm of water. It was found that integrated vagal respiratory activity cannot  be assessed in absolute units under our experimental conditions, because of the large scatter of data. However, when the integrated values were related, for example, to resting respiration (in percentage), it was possible to compare some respiratory parameters in control, healthy rats of the Wistar strain and rats with lung inflammation. While background activity in control rats represents 75.9% of resting respiration, this parameter is significantly higher both in rats with 2-day carrageenin lung inflammation and those intoxicated with paraquat. Lung inflation at pressures 5, 10, 15, 20 cm H2O increased vagal activity linearly both in control and the two experimental groups with the degree of lung inflation. However, values in experimental animals corresponding to those of the control group were not reached until higher inflation pressures. From the functional aspect, experimental rats had characteristic tachypnoea which returns to control values after bilateral vagotomy. Since it was found that lung compliance was significantly decreased in both carrageenin and paraquat lung processes, it is being suggested that the diminished activity from lung receptors during inflation is due to mechanical properties of the lung tissue, namely lowered lung compliance.", "contents": "Changes in integrated vagal afferent activity induced by model lung diseases in rats. An attempt has been made in the present report to evaluate quantitatively the sensory activity in both vagal nerves of control rats and rats with experimental lung inflammation, by employing the integration technique. We evaluated background vagal nerve activity, resting respiration and activity during inflation at constant pressures of 5 to 20 cm of water. It was found that integrated vagal respiratory activity cannot  be assessed in absolute units under our experimental conditions, because of the large scatter of data. However, when the integrated values were related, for example, to resting respiration (in percentage), it was possible to compare some respiratory parameters in control, healthy rats of the Wistar strain and rats with lung inflammation. While background activity in control rats represents 75.9% of resting respiration, this parameter is significantly higher both in rats with 2-day carrageenin lung inflammation and those intoxicated with paraquat. Lung inflation at pressures 5, 10, 15, 20 cm H2O increased vagal activity linearly both in control and the two experimental groups with the degree of lung inflation. However, values in experimental animals corresponding to those of the control group were not reached until higher inflation pressures. From the functional aspect, experimental rats had characteristic tachypnoea which returns to control values after bilateral vagotomy. Since it was found that lung compliance was significantly decreased in both carrageenin and paraquat lung processes, it is being suggested that the diminished activity from lung receptors during inflation is due to mechanical properties of the lung tissue, namely lowered lung compliance."}
{"id": "PMID:141675", "title": "Haemoglobin and the red cell membrane.", "content": "The results presented here indicate that haemoglobin is an integral part of the red cell membrane. The haemoglobin content of the membrane is highly dependent on the Ca++ content of the membrane in health and disease. Changes in the red cell interior alter the whole organization of the membrane and are even reflected in the binding of immunoglobulins to the red cell surface. The preferential binding of Hb-s A2 and S to the membrane has been confirmed. This phenomenon cannot be explained by differences in the charge between these haemoglobins and Hb A.", "contents": "Haemoglobin and the red cell membrane. The results presented here indicate that haemoglobin is an integral part of the red cell membrane. The haemoglobin content of the membrane is highly dependent on the Ca++ content of the membrane in health and disease. Changes in the red cell interior alter the whole organization of the membrane and are even reflected in the binding of immunoglobulins to the red cell surface. The preferential binding of Hb-s A2 and S to the membrane has been confirmed. This phenomenon cannot be explained by differences in the charge between these haemoglobins and Hb A."}
{"id": "PMID:141676", "title": "Diet-induced adaptation of intestinal fructose absorption in the rat.", "content": "The effect of dietary sucrose, fructose and glucose on the intestinal absorption of fructose and glucose was investigated in adult rats in vivo: Glucose absorption was not affected by the type of dietary carbohydrate, while the absorption of fructose was increased by the ingestion of the sucrose or fructose diet, as compared with the glucose diet. An almost maximal increase of fructose absorption was already observed when the quarter of the total dietary carbohydrates was replaced by fructose. Faecal fructose elimination declined during the feeding experiment. The enhanced intestinal absorption of the fructose load in rats fed the fructose diet was manifested by higher concentrations of fructose, but also of glucose and lactate in the hepatic portal blood.", "contents": "Diet-induced adaptation of intestinal fructose absorption in the rat. The effect of dietary sucrose, fructose and glucose on the intestinal absorption of fructose and glucose was investigated in adult rats in vivo: Glucose absorption was not affected by the type of dietary carbohydrate, while the absorption of fructose was increased by the ingestion of the sucrose or fructose diet, as compared with the glucose diet. An almost maximal increase of fructose absorption was already observed when the quarter of the total dietary carbohydrates was replaced by fructose. Faecal fructose elimination declined during the feeding experiment. The enhanced intestinal absorption of the fructose load in rats fed the fructose diet was manifested by higher concentrations of fructose, but also of glucose and lactate in the hepatic portal blood."}
{"id": "PMID:141677", "title": "Correlation of isonicotinic acid hydrazide infiltration across the blood-brain barrier to postnatal development in rats.", "content": "Changes in the isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) concentration in rat blood and brain were studied in correlation to postnatal development in groups of animals aged 21 and 42 days and 3 months. In the first part of the experiments, INH was administered intravenously to all the age groups in a dose of 100 mg/kg. In the second part, the dose was related to extracellular fluid volume, so that the 3-week-old rats were given 154 mg/kg, the 6-week-old animals 129 mg/kg and the 3-month-old animals 100 mg/kg. After a dose of 100 mg/kg, INH levels in the blood of 21-day-old rats were significantly lower than in 42-day-old and adult animals. The brain INH levels did not differ significantly. On relating the dose to the amount of extracellular fluid, there were no significant differences in the blood INH levels, but the levels in the brain of 21- and 42-day-old rats were significantly higher than in 3-month-old animals. Blood volume related to body weight and brain weight did not differ in the various age groups. The authors  conclude that the blood-brain barrier for isonicotinic acid hydrazide alters in rats during postnatal development. In young animals (21- and 42-day-old), more INH infiltrates into the CNS than in adult animals.", "contents": "Correlation of isonicotinic acid hydrazide infiltration across the blood-brain barrier to postnatal development in rats. Changes in the isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH) concentration in rat blood and brain were studied in correlation to postnatal development in groups of animals aged 21 and 42 days and 3 months. In the first part of the experiments, INH was administered intravenously to all the age groups in a dose of 100 mg/kg. In the second part, the dose was related to extracellular fluid volume, so that the 3-week-old rats were given 154 mg/kg, the 6-week-old animals 129 mg/kg and the 3-month-old animals 100 mg/kg. After a dose of 100 mg/kg, INH levels in the blood of 21-day-old rats were significantly lower than in 42-day-old and adult animals. The brain INH levels did not differ significantly. On relating the dose to the amount of extracellular fluid, there were no significant differences in the blood INH levels, but the levels in the brain of 21- and 42-day-old rats were significantly higher than in 3-month-old animals. Blood volume related to body weight and brain weight did not differ in the various age groups. The authors  conclude that the blood-brain barrier for isonicotinic acid hydrazide alters in rats during postnatal development. In young animals (21- and 42-day-old), more INH infiltrates into the CNS than in adult animals."}
{"id": "PMID:141680", "title": "Lithium and erythrocyte membrane cation carrier studies in normal and manic depressive subjects.", "content": "Changes in the erythrocyte membrane cation carrier following lithium ingestion in normal human subjects were studied; ouabain sensitive potassium influx fell significantly during the lithium treated phase. Lithium was fed to rats and no change in erythrocyte Na-K ATPase was shown. These findings contrast with studies of lithium in manic depressive psychosis. The fluctuations in the erythrocyte membrane cation carrier were studied in 5 normal subjects over 12 weeks and the correlations between the parameters calculated. The erythrocyte sodium concentration correlated positively with the ouabain sensitive potassium influx. This too contrasts with findings in manic depressive psychosis.", "contents": "Lithium and erythrocyte membrane cation carrier studies in normal and manic depressive subjects. Changes in the erythrocyte membrane cation carrier following lithium ingestion in normal human subjects were studied; ouabain sensitive potassium influx fell significantly during the lithium treated phase. Lithium was fed to rats and no change in erythrocyte Na-K ATPase was shown. These findings contrast with studies of lithium in manic depressive psychosis. The fluctuations in the erythrocyte membrane cation carrier were studied in 5 normal subjects over 12 weeks and the correlations between the parameters calculated. The erythrocyte sodium concentration correlated positively with the ouabain sensitive potassium influx. This too contrasts with findings in manic depressive psychosis."}
{"id": "PMID:141683", "title": "Myocardial imaging with 123I-hexadecenoic acid.", "content": "123I-hexadecenoic acid is a terminally iodinated, 17-carbon fatty acid analog which is rapidly degraded in the myocardium. By determining regional myocardial distribution patterns and clearance rates, it may become useful as a single agent for estimating regional myocardial perfusion and for distinguished viable ischemic tissue from infarcted tissue. The high count rates obtainable with the iodine label permit acquisition of qualitative multiprojection images in only 3 min. per view, or quantifiable single projection high count images in 10 min. Ischemic defects may be observed in anginal patients without subjecting them to stress.", "contents": "Myocardial imaging with 123I-hexadecenoic acid. 123I-hexadecenoic acid is a terminally iodinated, 17-carbon fatty acid analog which is rapidly degraded in the myocardium. By determining regional myocardial distribution patterns and clearance rates, it may become useful as a single agent for estimating regional myocardial perfusion and for distinguished viable ischemic tissue from infarcted tissue. The high count rates obtainable with the iodine label permit acquisition of qualitative multiprojection images in only 3 min. per view, or quantifiable single projection high count images in 10 min. Ischemic defects may be observed in anginal patients without subjecting them to stress."}
{"id": "PMID:141685", "title": "[Surgical treatment of congenital deformities of the thoracic wall].", "content": "The author describes an original procedure for the correction of deformities of the antero-lateral thoracic wall, stressing the tactical and technical principles. The mandatory operational steps are the following: wide chondrectomy, borad retrosternal separation of the periost, transversal osteotomy of the sternum and contention by metalic blades placed behind the sternum. The author stresses the surgical indications in all anterolateral deformities of the thorax and considers that the best age for performing the correction is after 10-12 years.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of congenital deformities of the thoracic wall]. The author describes an original procedure for the correction of deformities of the antero-lateral thoracic wall, stressing the tactical and technical principles. The mandatory operational steps are the following: wide chondrectomy, borad retrosternal separation of the periost, transversal osteotomy of the sternum and contention by metalic blades placed behind the sternum. The author stresses the surgical indications in all anterolateral deformities of the thorax and considers that the best age for performing the correction is after 10-12 years."}
{"id": "PMID:141686", "title": "[Simon's posterior vertical lombotomy in the conservative treatment of upper lumbar renal and ureteral lithiasis].", "content": "The authors present their experience accumulated in the treatment of 107 cases in which they have applied posterior vertical lombotomies as a conservative method of renal lithiasis and of the upper lumbal urether, and they re-actualize ore of the less used approaches. From the very beginning it is evident that vertical posterior lombotomy can be used as a narrow approach and, at the same time it can be created or it may be widended, just as a classical lombotomy. A secure technique, that of intra-sinusal pyelotomy, will determine, together with the type of the lithiasis, a choice of posterior lombotomy, with a sufficiently wide access pathway, which only in exceptional conditions will necessitate a cranial or caudal extension. This type of lombotomy, without fatalities, intra-surgical hemorrhagic accidents, severe complications after surgery, and especially, lacking the risk of lithiasis relapse, allows for an in situ kidney surgery and will protect the tissues to the utmost.", "contents": "[Simon's posterior vertical lombotomy in the conservative treatment of upper lumbar renal and ureteral lithiasis]. The authors present their experience accumulated in the treatment of 107 cases in which they have applied posterior vertical lombotomies as a conservative method of renal lithiasis and of the upper lumbal urether, and they re-actualize ore of the less used approaches. From the very beginning it is evident that vertical posterior lombotomy can be used as a narrow approach and, at the same time it can be created or it may be widended, just as a classical lombotomy. A secure technique, that of intra-sinusal pyelotomy, will determine, together with the type of the lithiasis, a choice of posterior lombotomy, with a sufficiently wide access pathway, which only in exceptional conditions will necessitate a cranial or caudal extension. This type of lombotomy, without fatalities, intra-surgical hemorrhagic accidents, severe complications after surgery, and especially, lacking the risk of lithiasis relapse, allows for an in situ kidney surgery and will protect the tissues to the utmost."}
{"id": "PMID:141688", "title": "[Changes in hemostasis in the postoperative period].", "content": "Hemostasis was investigated in the postoperative stage (at 24 hours and at 5 days) in 20 patients that had underwent major surgical interventions. The test applied for study of blood coagulation included : thrombocyte counting, the test of Howell, the activated recalcification time, the activated partial thromboplastin time, the prothrombin time (Quick), the thrombin time, estimation of fibrinogen concentration, the protamine sulphate test. The activity of the fibrinolytic system was investigated by the euglobulin clot lysis test and by the method of fibrin plates, while fibrinolysis inhibitors were assessed by determination of serum antiplasmines. Also the fibrinolytic degratation products were evaluated. The results indicate a biological condition that can be classified as \"thrombophilia\", characterized by hyperfibrinogenemia, the presence of fibrin monomers, a decrease of the fibrinolytic activators and an increase in the amount of antiplasmins, as well as a high percentage of fibrinolytic degradation products. Although the patients did not show manifest signs of thrombosis in the postoperative period, the results obtained indicate a tendency to intravascular formation and deposition of fibrin and suggest the necessity to apply prophylactic therapy with anticoagulants in the postoperative period.", "contents": "[Changes in hemostasis in the postoperative period]. Hemostasis was investigated in the postoperative stage (at 24 hours and at 5 days) in 20 patients that had underwent major surgical interventions. The test applied for study of blood coagulation included : thrombocyte counting, the test of Howell, the activated recalcification time, the activated partial thromboplastin time, the prothrombin time (Quick), the thrombin time, estimation of fibrinogen concentration, the protamine sulphate test. The activity of the fibrinolytic system was investigated by the euglobulin clot lysis test and by the method of fibrin plates, while fibrinolysis inhibitors were assessed by determination of serum antiplasmines. Also the fibrinolytic degratation products were evaluated. The results indicate a biological condition that can be classified as \"thrombophilia\", characterized by hyperfibrinogenemia, the presence of fibrin monomers, a decrease of the fibrinolytic activators and an increase in the amount of antiplasmins, as well as a high percentage of fibrinolytic degradation products. Although the patients did not show manifest signs of thrombosis in the postoperative period, the results obtained indicate a tendency to intravascular formation and deposition of fibrin and suggest the necessity to apply prophylactic therapy with anticoagulants in the postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:141691", "title": "[Personal experience with 2,500 closed heart mitral commissurotomies].", "content": "Between 1953 and 1976 a total of 2527 mitral commissurotomies have been performed in the Clinic for Cardio-Vascular Surgery of the \"Fundeni\" Hospital. This group included cases with pure mitral stenosis (predominantly following rheumatic disease), but also cases of mitral stenosis associated with other cardiac lesions in which the major hemodynamic element was the mitral obstruction. Criteria are discussed for surgery, the preoperative preparation of the patient, incidents, accidents and complications, as well as technical difficulties of the digital and/or instrumental mitral commissurotomies on closed heart, either carried out for the first time in the respective patient, or as iterative intervention. Comparing the results in relation with the functional stage of the disease (62.5% of the patients were classified in the III-IV evolutive degree, according to the NIHA classification), pulmonary hypertension (61.6% of the patients had medium or severe pulmonary hypertension), associated lesions (present in 17% of the cases--mitral failure predominated, together with tricuspid or aortic failures), it is appreciated that the technique of mitral commissurotomy on closed heart is an useful therapeutic method (88.6% very good and good results, a global death rate of 3.9%) that can be applied in a large category of patients, although there is a trend toward open-heart surgery, with all medico-economical major implications.", "contents": "[Personal experience with 2,500 closed heart mitral commissurotomies]. Between 1953 and 1976 a total of 2527 mitral commissurotomies have been performed in the Clinic for Cardio-Vascular Surgery of the \"Fundeni\" Hospital. This group included cases with pure mitral stenosis (predominantly following rheumatic disease), but also cases of mitral stenosis associated with other cardiac lesions in which the major hemodynamic element was the mitral obstruction. Criteria are discussed for surgery, the preoperative preparation of the patient, incidents, accidents and complications, as well as technical difficulties of the digital and/or instrumental mitral commissurotomies on closed heart, either carried out for the first time in the respective patient, or as iterative intervention. Comparing the results in relation with the functional stage of the disease (62.5% of the patients were classified in the III-IV evolutive degree, according to the NIHA classification), pulmonary hypertension (61.6% of the patients had medium or severe pulmonary hypertension), associated lesions (present in 17% of the cases--mitral failure predominated, together with tricuspid or aortic failures), it is appreciated that the technique of mitral commissurotomy on closed heart is an useful therapeutic method (88.6% very good and good results, a global death rate of 3.9%) that can be applied in a large category of patients, although there is a trend toward open-heart surgery, with all medico-economical major implications."}
{"id": "PMID:141693", "title": "[Iatrogenic acute abdomen].", "content": "The autors present 41 cases of acute abdomen occuring after medico-surgical procedures, diagnostic explorations, or conservative treatments. The clinicat pictures of these patients were suggestive of acute abdomen of the peritonitis or hemorrhagic type. The severity of the cases was more frequently determined by the basic disease, for which the exploration was performed, by the retarded intervention and the septic fluid that flooded the peritoneal cavity. Without attempting to minimize the value of explorative or therapeutic procedures, that may sometimes determine acute abdominal syndromes, the authors stress the necessity to make a careful selection of the cases that will undergo these procedures, as well as the capability and the experience of those that will carry them out.", "contents": "[Iatrogenic acute abdomen]. The autors present 41 cases of acute abdomen occuring after medico-surgical procedures, diagnostic explorations, or conservative treatments. The clinicat pictures of these patients were suggestive of acute abdomen of the peritonitis or hemorrhagic type. The severity of the cases was more frequently determined by the basic disease, for which the exploration was performed, by the retarded intervention and the septic fluid that flooded the peritoneal cavity. Without attempting to minimize the value of explorative or therapeutic procedures, that may sometimes determine acute abdominal syndromes, the authors stress the necessity to make a careful selection of the cases that will undergo these procedures, as well as the capability and the experience of those that will carry them out."}
{"id": "PMID:141694", "title": "[Tarsometatarsal syphilitic osteoarthropathy].", "content": "Bone lesions that develop in the course of tertiary syphilis in the tarsus and the metatarsus are considered by most of the authors as being exceptionaly rare. In the author's statistics the tarso-metatarsal localizations are just as frequent as the tibial ones--generally recognized as elective localizations. A total of 10 cases are presented, of patients with tarso-metatarsal luetic osteoarthropathy, characterized by a mosaic of destructive lesions (osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, osteolysis, bone goma, spontaneous amputations of bone segments), coexisting with bone-constructive lesions (osteophitosis, compact layer condensation, osteosclerosis, peridiaphisal-epiphiseal muff), with periostal and articular reactions. The general clinical signs, the neurological symptoms, the local clinical signs and the specific serologic reactions fill in the nosological frame of the tarso-metatarsal luetic osteoarthropathy, a clinical entity clearly defined by the author. The fact is stressed that, as a rule, cutaneous lesions on the soles of the feet are wrongly taken for simple callosities, while, in fact, these are perforating lesions of the sole, a revealing peripheral sign, which, correctly interpreted, allows for making the diagnosis of tertiary syphilis with tarso-metatarsal osteoarthropathy.", "contents": "[Tarsometatarsal syphilitic osteoarthropathy]. Bone lesions that develop in the course of tertiary syphilis in the tarsus and the metatarsus are considered by most of the authors as being exceptionaly rare. In the author's statistics the tarso-metatarsal localizations are just as frequent as the tibial ones--generally recognized as elective localizations. A total of 10 cases are presented, of patients with tarso-metatarsal luetic osteoarthropathy, characterized by a mosaic of destructive lesions (osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, osteolysis, bone goma, spontaneous amputations of bone segments), coexisting with bone-constructive lesions (osteophitosis, compact layer condensation, osteosclerosis, peridiaphisal-epiphiseal muff), with periostal and articular reactions. The general clinical signs, the neurological symptoms, the local clinical signs and the specific serologic reactions fill in the nosological frame of the tarso-metatarsal luetic osteoarthropathy, a clinical entity clearly defined by the author. The fact is stressed that, as a rule, cutaneous lesions on the soles of the feet are wrongly taken for simple callosities, while, in fact, these are perforating lesions of the sole, a revealing peripheral sign, which, correctly interpreted, allows for making the diagnosis of tertiary syphilis with tarso-metatarsal osteoarthropathy."}
{"id": "PMID:141703", "title": "[Fractures of the lower tibia. Results of 128 osteosynthesis].", "content": "The authors have treated 128 articular fractures of the lower tibial extremity. All were operated on, a cancellous graft being often added to the screw-plate fixation. 87 cases were re-examined after a 4-year average follow-up. It is concluded that surgical treatment is more valuable than conservative treatment. The results were satisfactory in 90 p. 100 of the cases, but it is emphasized that the patients were young and sportsmen, and that the fractures were closed most of the complications were related to a poor post-operative care.", "contents": "[Fractures of the lower tibia. Results of 128 osteosynthesis]. The authors have treated 128 articular fractures of the lower tibial extremity. All were operated on, a cancellous graft being often added to the screw-plate fixation. 87 cases were re-examined after a 4-year average follow-up. It is concluded that surgical treatment is more valuable than conservative treatment. The results were satisfactory in 90 p. 100 of the cases, but it is emphasized that the patients were young and sportsmen, and that the fractures were closed most of the complications were related to a poor post-operative care."}
{"id": "PMID:141713", "title": "[Role of neck-head arthroplasty in the treatment of per-trochanteric fractures after the age of 70. Apropos of 140 cases].", "content": "The authors compare the results obtained in two series of trochanteric fractures in patients aged more than 70 years. In the first series, the fractures in 64 patients were all treated by nail-plate fixation. In the second series, fractures in 76 patients were treated either by nail-plate fixation (39 cases) or insertion of a prosthesis (37 cases). Prostheses were inserted in unstable fractures. It is concluded that, in all main respects, the results in unstable fractures were better after prostheses than after fixation. This finding is thought to be due to the greater speed of the operation and the possibility of early weight bearing.", "contents": "[Role of neck-head arthroplasty in the treatment of per-trochanteric fractures after the age of 70. Apropos of 140 cases]. The authors compare the results obtained in two series of trochanteric fractures in patients aged more than 70 years. In the first series, the fractures in 64 patients were all treated by nail-plate fixation. In the second series, fractures in 76 patients were treated either by nail-plate fixation (39 cases) or insertion of a prosthesis (37 cases). Prostheses were inserted in unstable fractures. It is concluded that, in all main respects, the results in unstable fractures were better after prostheses than after fixation. This finding is thought to be due to the greater speed of the operation and the possibility of early weight bearing."}
{"id": "PMID:141714", "title": "[Pseudospondylolisthesis and chondrocalcinosis].", "content": "Degenerative spondylolisthesis L4-L5 progressing rapidly toward a surgical intervention for a sciatica in a 52 years old female. The radiography, as well as an anatomo-pathological study, showed an erosive osteoarthrosis of the vertebral articular processes. The disc biopsy revealed a chondrocalcinosis which was also found in the knees on radiological examination. This observation provides, at the spine, a special example of \"erosive osteoarthrosis with chondrocalcinosis\".", "contents": "[Pseudospondylolisthesis and chondrocalcinosis]. Degenerative spondylolisthesis L4-L5 progressing rapidly toward a surgical intervention for a sciatica in a 52 years old female. The radiography, as well as an anatomo-pathological study, showed an erosive osteoarthrosis of the vertebral articular processes. The disc biopsy revealed a chondrocalcinosis which was also found in the knees on radiological examination. This observation provides, at the spine, a special example of \"erosive osteoarthrosis with chondrocalcinosis\"."}
{"id": "PMID:141715", "title": "[Physiopathology of osteochondritis of the hip].", "content": "The author has investigated to know whether Perthes disease is a localised epiphyseal distrophy or a symptom of a general perturbance of chondral tissue. The complexity of the structure of the femoral head is recalled as well as the development of its vascularisation. Pathogenic factors are discussed. It is concluded that Perthe's disease is probably a localisation of a general disease.", "contents": "[Physiopathology of osteochondritis of the hip]. The author has investigated to know whether Perthes disease is a localised epiphyseal distrophy or a symptom of a general perturbance of chondral tissue. The complexity of the structure of the femoral head is recalled as well as the development of its vascularisation. Pathogenic factors are discussed. It is concluded that Perthe's disease is probably a localisation of a general disease."}
{"id": "PMID:141716", "title": "[Measurement of radiation to the hands during orthopedic surgery].", "content": "The irradiation dosis to which the surgeon's hands are submitted during operations carried out under control of the orthogonal fluoroscopic examination with image intensifier has been measured by lithium-fluoride ring-dosimeters. This measured dosis is low: 62,3 mrem on the average by operation and by person, e.a. a dosis 19 time less than the maximum weekly admissible dosis, which is 1.200 mrem. The risk run is thus very acceptable as far as the operations are not too numerous weekly for the same team, and also that utilizers are conscious of the necessity of respecting most elementary rules of prudence as much for themselves as well for their collaborators.", "contents": "[Measurement of radiation to the hands during orthopedic surgery]. The irradiation dosis to which the surgeon's hands are submitted during operations carried out under control of the orthogonal fluoroscopic examination with image intensifier has been measured by lithium-fluoride ring-dosimeters. This measured dosis is low: 62,3 mrem on the average by operation and by person, e.a. a dosis 19 time less than the maximum weekly admissible dosis, which is 1.200 mrem. The risk run is thus very acceptable as far as the operations are not too numerous weekly for the same team, and also that utilizers are conscious of the necessity of respecting most elementary rules of prudence as much for themselves as well for their collaborators."}
{"id": "PMID:141717", "title": "[Treatment, at birth, of luxating deformities of the hip. Difficulties, failures and complications. Discussion apropos of coxa vara deformities].", "content": "The author has studied 400 newborn babies thought to have unstable hip. The importance of careful clinical and radiological examination is emphasized. An abduction splint must be applied with caution and serial radiographs taken until the hip is normal. In spite of this, one instance of coxa magna, three of osteochondritis and five of coxa vara were found. A classification of coxa vara is suggested to distinguish concordant types compatible with normal hip function from other types.", "contents": "[Treatment, at birth, of luxating deformities of the hip. Difficulties, failures and complications. Discussion apropos of coxa vara deformities]. The author has studied 400 newborn babies thought to have unstable hip. The importance of careful clinical and radiological examination is emphasized. An abduction splint must be applied with caution and serial radiographs taken until the hip is normal. In spite of this, one instance of coxa magna, three of osteochondritis and five of coxa vara were found. A classification of coxa vara is suggested to distinguish concordant types compatible with normal hip function from other types."}
{"id": "PMID:141718", "title": "[Fracture-dislocation of the calcaneus. Apropos of 4 cases].", "content": "The authors have observed four cases of a rare condition of fracture-dislocation of the calcaneus. The fracture line was in the sagittal plane and there were only two fragments. An anterior and medial fragment maintained its normal relationship with the talus whilst the posterior and lateral fragment became dislocated laterally underneath the fibular malleolus. Treatment should always be surgical by open reduction and screw fixation. Two cases out of four were not operated upon and these have poor results.", "contents": "[Fracture-dislocation of the calcaneus. Apropos of 4 cases]. The authors have observed four cases of a rare condition of fracture-dislocation of the calcaneus. The fracture line was in the sagittal plane and there were only two fragments. An anterior and medial fragment maintained its normal relationship with the talus whilst the posterior and lateral fragment became dislocated laterally underneath the fibular malleolus. Treatment should always be surgical by open reduction and screw fixation. Two cases out of four were not operated upon and these have poor results."}
{"id": "PMID:141722", "title": "Microsomal ATPase of kidney papilla: sensitivity to diuretics and other inhibitors.", "content": "Microsomal ATPase isolated from rat kidney papilla was compared to that from kidney medulla. Microsomal Na, K-ATPase from papilla was more sensitive to inhibition by ouabain, Cad N-ethyl-maleimide, Hg++, Thiomerin, ethacrynic acid and Furosemide than the enzyme from the medulla. Mg-ATPase of the papilla was less sensitive than the medullary enzyme to inhibition by Ca++, Cd++, N-ethyl-maleimide, Hg++, ethacrynic acid and Furosemide. Papillary Mg-ATPase was less sensitive than papillary Na, K-ATPase to all the inhibitors mentioned. Medullary Mg-ATPase was more sensitive than medullary Na, K-ATPase to inhibition by ethacrynic acid and Furosemide but less sensitive than medullary Na, K-ATPase to all the other inhibitors. Papillary Na, K-ATPase is the most sensitive to inhibition and papillary Mg-ATPase is the most resistant to inhibition by various diuretic drugs. The possible significance of these characteristics is discussed.", "contents": "Microsomal ATPase of kidney papilla: sensitivity to diuretics and other inhibitors. Microsomal ATPase isolated from rat kidney papilla was compared to that from kidney medulla. Microsomal Na, K-ATPase from papilla was more sensitive to inhibition by ouabain, Cad N-ethyl-maleimide, Hg++, Thiomerin, ethacrynic acid and Furosemide than the enzyme from the medulla. Mg-ATPase of the papilla was less sensitive than the medullary enzyme to inhibition by Ca++, Cd++, N-ethyl-maleimide, Hg++, ethacrynic acid and Furosemide. Papillary Mg-ATPase was less sensitive than papillary Na, K-ATPase to all the inhibitors mentioned. Medullary Mg-ATPase was more sensitive than medullary Na, K-ATPase to inhibition by ethacrynic acid and Furosemide but less sensitive than medullary Na, K-ATPase to all the other inhibitors. Papillary Na, K-ATPase is the most sensitive to inhibition and papillary Mg-ATPase is the most resistant to inhibition by various diuretic drugs. The possible significance of these characteristics is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141723", "title": "Quantitative histological changes in isoproterenol induced cardiac growth.", "content": "In female rats daily injections of isoproterenol (0.3 mg/kg) produced a 40% myocardial growth within 10 days. Approximately 75% of the total growth was associated with increased muscle fiber size. The number of nuclei in muscle tissue was not affected while the nuclear population in the interstitial tissue was significantly increased.", "contents": "Quantitative histological changes in isoproterenol induced cardiac growth. In female rats daily injections of isoproterenol (0.3 mg/kg) produced a 40% myocardial growth within 10 days. Approximately 75% of the total growth was associated with increased muscle fiber size. The number of nuclei in muscle tissue was not affected while the nuclear population in the interstitial tissue was significantly increased."}
{"id": "PMID:141726", "title": "Immunologic profile of patients with cured Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Blood lymphocytes from 9 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) were studied. The results were compared with those of 6 seminoma testis patients and 9 healthy unrelated controls. All patients were in complete and unmaintained remission more than 10 years after termination of radiotherapy. The mean T-lymphocyte count of HD patients was lower than that of controls and seminoma testis patients. Lymphocyte DNA synthesis induced by pokeweed mitogen and phytohaemagglutinin was normal in both patient groups. Concanavalin A-induced DNA synthesis was low in 4 patients with HD although the mean stimulation of the group did not differ from controls or seminoma testis patients. Lymphocyte activation by PPD was slightly decreased in the 2 patient groups. No increase in spontaneous lymphocyte DNA synthesis was observed. The responding and stimulatory capacity in mixed lymphocyte culture was decreased in 3 and 2 HD patients respectively. 4 out of the 9 patients with HD but none with seminoma testis displayed severe impairment in T-lymphocyte functions. As 1 of the 4 had been treated solely by surgery, late effects of irradiation can only partly explain the results. The results may favour a hypothesis postulating a constitutional defect contributing to the immunoincompetence in HD.", "contents": "Immunologic profile of patients with cured Hodgkin's disease. Blood lymphocytes from 9 patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD) were studied. The results were compared with those of 6 seminoma testis patients and 9 healthy unrelated controls. All patients were in complete and unmaintained remission more than 10 years after termination of radiotherapy. The mean T-lymphocyte count of HD patients was lower than that of controls and seminoma testis patients. Lymphocyte DNA synthesis induced by pokeweed mitogen and phytohaemagglutinin was normal in both patient groups. Concanavalin A-induced DNA synthesis was low in 4 patients with HD although the mean stimulation of the group did not differ from controls or seminoma testis patients. Lymphocyte activation by PPD was slightly decreased in the 2 patient groups. No increase in spontaneous lymphocyte DNA synthesis was observed. The responding and stimulatory capacity in mixed lymphocyte culture was decreased in 3 and 2 HD patients respectively. 4 out of the 9 patients with HD but none with seminoma testis displayed severe impairment in T-lymphocyte functions. As 1 of the 4 had been treated solely by surgery, late effects of irradiation can only partly explain the results. The results may favour a hypothesis postulating a constitutional defect contributing to the immunoincompetence in HD."}
{"id": "PMID:141727", "title": "Increased ATP-ase activity of lymphocytes after rosette formation with sheep red blood cells.", "content": "In a number of experiments it was demonstrated that in the E-rosette assay for human T-lymphocytes using sheep red blood cells, the ATP-ase activity of the lymphocytes increased in proportion to the number of rosettes being formed. Also, after increasing the number of rosettes by treatment of the sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with neuraminidase and after diminishing the number of rosettes by treatment of the lymphocytes with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG), change in the ATP-ase activity was proportional to alterations in the number of rosettes being formed. ALG itself stimulated the lymphocyte ATP-ase activity, possibly through activation of the same receptor sites as used by SRBC.", "contents": "Increased ATP-ase activity of lymphocytes after rosette formation with sheep red blood cells. In a number of experiments it was demonstrated that in the E-rosette assay for human T-lymphocytes using sheep red blood cells, the ATP-ase activity of the lymphocytes increased in proportion to the number of rosettes being formed. Also, after increasing the number of rosettes by treatment of the sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with neuraminidase and after diminishing the number of rosettes by treatment of the lymphocytes with antilymphocyte globulin (ALG), change in the ATP-ase activity was proportional to alterations in the number of rosettes being formed. ALG itself stimulated the lymphocyte ATP-ase activity, possibly through activation of the same receptor sites as used by SRBC."}
{"id": "PMID:141728", "title": "A case of T-cell lymphoma with S\u00e9zary cells in the blood and bone marrow accompanied by peripheral T and B lymphocytosis.", "content": "A case of T-cell lymphoma occurred in a man, aged 66, whose symptoms started as itching and the appearance of 1-2 cm indurated plaques with central pustules on the skin of the trunk and face. A few months later generalized lymphomas and splenomegaly were present. Investigations of the lymphocytic subpopulations in situ in fresh frozen sections of lymphomas and skin showed only T cells. Samples of blood and bone marrow disclosed lymphocytosis and S\u00e9zary cells. Both T and B lymphocytes were definitely increased in the blood. The value of tissue studies in analyzing lymphocytic subpopulations is emphasized as a differential diagnostic aid in classifying lymphomas. A relationship between the T-cell neoplasia and the T and B lymphocytosis to mycosis fungoides and the S\u00e9zary syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "A case of T-cell lymphoma with S\u00e9zary cells in the blood and bone marrow accompanied by peripheral T and B lymphocytosis. A case of T-cell lymphoma occurred in a man, aged 66, whose symptoms started as itching and the appearance of 1-2 cm indurated plaques with central pustules on the skin of the trunk and face. A few months later generalized lymphomas and splenomegaly were present. Investigations of the lymphocytic subpopulations in situ in fresh frozen sections of lymphomas and skin showed only T cells. Samples of blood and bone marrow disclosed lymphocytosis and S\u00e9zary cells. Both T and B lymphocytes were definitely increased in the blood. The value of tissue studies in analyzing lymphocytic subpopulations is emphasized as a differential diagnostic aid in classifying lymphomas. A relationship between the T-cell neoplasia and the T and B lymphocytosis to mycosis fungoides and the S\u00e9zary syndrome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141730", "title": "Unusual cutaneous manifestations of sarcoidosis.", "content": "The diagnosis of sarcoidosis is best established when there is evidence of granulomatous involvement in two or more organs. Three patients with unusual cutaneous manifestations of sarcoidosis, including palmar and follicular lesions, nonscarring alopecia, and widespread plaque or erythrodermic sarcoidosis, are reported. In all three patients the skin biopsy was important in establishing the diagnosis.", "contents": "Unusual cutaneous manifestations of sarcoidosis. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis is best established when there is evidence of granulomatous involvement in two or more organs. Three patients with unusual cutaneous manifestations of sarcoidosis, including palmar and follicular lesions, nonscarring alopecia, and widespread plaque or erythrodermic sarcoidosis, are reported. In all three patients the skin biopsy was important in establishing the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:141746", "title": "The use of ophthalmosonometry in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis.", "content": "One hundred and fifty-two patients underwent supraorbital Doppler studies of 304 carotid arteries to determine the presence or absence of hemodynamically significant lesions. Subsequent carotid arteriography was used to validate the accuracy of the test. Of 124 patients having abnormal Doppler examinations, 107 (86%) were angiographically proved to have lesions of the internal carotid artery that produced a stenosis of 50% or more. In the last 80 patients, the accuracy was increased to 94%. Of 115 proved stenoses or occlusions, the supraorbital Doppler examination correctly identified 99, for a diagnostic accuracy of 86%. In the last 50 patients, this accuracy was increased to 93%. Since only 58% of the patients with lesions had a bruit, the Doppler study was of particular value in identifying the patients with significant lesions in the absence of a bruit. Likewise, since only 61% of carotid arteries with bruits had lesions of hemodynamic significance, a normal Doppler examination could have been used to avoid angiographic screening of those arteries with bruits in the absence of major lesions, providing those hemodynamically insignificant lesions were not producing symptoms related to emboli. The technique of ophthalmosonometry and the significance of the test in clinical evaluation is discussed.", "contents": "The use of ophthalmosonometry in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis. One hundred and fifty-two patients underwent supraorbital Doppler studies of 304 carotid arteries to determine the presence or absence of hemodynamically significant lesions. Subsequent carotid arteriography was used to validate the accuracy of the test. Of 124 patients having abnormal Doppler examinations, 107 (86%) were angiographically proved to have lesions of the internal carotid artery that produced a stenosis of 50% or more. In the last 80 patients, the accuracy was increased to 94%. Of 115 proved stenoses or occlusions, the supraorbital Doppler examination correctly identified 99, for a diagnostic accuracy of 86%. In the last 50 patients, this accuracy was increased to 93%. Since only 58% of the patients with lesions had a bruit, the Doppler study was of particular value in identifying the patients with significant lesions in the absence of a bruit. Likewise, since only 61% of carotid arteries with bruits had lesions of hemodynamic significance, a normal Doppler examination could have been used to avoid angiographic screening of those arteries with bruits in the absence of major lesions, providing those hemodynamically insignificant lesions were not producing symptoms related to emboli. The technique of ophthalmosonometry and the significance of the test in clinical evaluation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141747", "title": "Prevention of endotoxin-induced changes in oxidative phosphorylation in hepatic mitochondria.", "content": "E. coli endotoxemia affects hepatic energy linked function by uncoupling oxidation from phosphorylation. This study was done to determine whether a steroid, methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPS), as well as excess substrate sodium succinate (SS), alters directly the effects of endotoxin on hepatic mitochondria. An assay system using alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-Kg) was developed to test this hypothesis. Isolated rat hepatic mitochondria were first incubated in concentrations of MPS, ranging from 2.0 to 6.0 mg/ml. At these concentrations uncoupling identical to that occurring with addition of endotoxin resulted. However, a more dilute solution of MPS, 0.12 mg/ml, permitted normal mitochondrial function. Preincubation of MT in 0.12 mg/ml of MPS, as well as with sodium succinate, prevented endotoxin-induced uncoupling. Both endotoxin and steroid resulted in increased ATPase activity in  the medium. While preincubation with MPS blocks the endotoxin effect, very high steroid concentrations alone are harmful. A direct action of steroids on mitochondria is evident, as well as a weaker protective effect due to excess substrate (alpha-Kg + SS). Since mitochondria are probably in direct communication with extracellular fluid, the assay system permits interaction of endotoxin, steroids, and substrates which mimic those which occur in vivo. The results of this study account for the previously reported variable effects obtained when steroids have been tested in vivo.", "contents": "Prevention of endotoxin-induced changes in oxidative phosphorylation in hepatic mitochondria. E. coli endotoxemia affects hepatic energy linked function by uncoupling oxidation from phosphorylation. This study was done to determine whether a steroid, methylprednisolone sodium succinate (MPS), as well as excess substrate sodium succinate (SS), alters directly the effects of endotoxin on hepatic mitochondria. An assay system using alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha-Kg) was developed to test this hypothesis. Isolated rat hepatic mitochondria were first incubated in concentrations of MPS, ranging from 2.0 to 6.0 mg/ml. At these concentrations uncoupling identical to that occurring with addition of endotoxin resulted. However, a more dilute solution of MPS, 0.12 mg/ml, permitted normal mitochondrial function. Preincubation of MT in 0.12 mg/ml of MPS, as well as with sodium succinate, prevented endotoxin-induced uncoupling. Both endotoxin and steroid resulted in increased ATPase activity in  the medium. While preincubation with MPS blocks the endotoxin effect, very high steroid concentrations alone are harmful. A direct action of steroids on mitochondria is evident, as well as a weaker protective effect due to excess substrate (alpha-Kg + SS). Since mitochondria are probably in direct communication with extracellular fluid, the assay system permits interaction of endotoxin, steroids, and substrates which mimic those which occur in vivo. The results of this study account for the previously reported variable effects obtained when steroids have been tested in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:141748", "title": "Pulmonary metastases, a potential biologic consequence of anesthetic-induced immunosuppression by thiopental.", "content": "This set of experiments was devised to determine the effects of the commonly employed anesthetic induction agent, thiopental, on the incidence of pulmonary metastases in a murine fibrosarcoma system. A correlation was made with cell-mediated immune responses in vivo and in vitro. In two separate experiments, thiopental-treated mice had a significantly increased incidence of pulmonary metastases. This was correlated with an impaired delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the de novo antigen. 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and a suppressed mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) reaction. However, if animals were sensitized with DNCB 5 days prior to receiving pentothal, no impairment of DNCB reactivity was noted. This suggests strongly that the observed defect is in the afferent arm of the immune response. Thiopental suppresses cell-mediated immune responses in this system, and the observed biologic consequence is an increase in pulmonary metastases.", "contents": "Pulmonary metastases, a potential biologic consequence of anesthetic-induced immunosuppression by thiopental. This set of experiments was devised to determine the effects of the commonly employed anesthetic induction agent, thiopental, on the incidence of pulmonary metastases in a murine fibrosarcoma system. A correlation was made with cell-mediated immune responses in vivo and in vitro. In two separate experiments, thiopental-treated mice had a significantly increased incidence of pulmonary metastases. This was correlated with an impaired delayed hypersensitivity reaction to the de novo antigen. 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and a suppressed mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) reaction. However, if animals were sensitized with DNCB 5 days prior to receiving pentothal, no impairment of DNCB reactivity was noted. This suggests strongly that the observed defect is in the afferent arm of the immune response. Thiopental suppresses cell-mediated immune responses in this system, and the observed biologic consequence is an increase in pulmonary metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:141753", "title": "In vitro and in vivo measurement of total antiplasmin activity.", "content": "Total antiplasmin was measured in vitro and in vivo. In the former case, rabbit plasma was mixed with various concentrations of Urokinase (UK) and the least concentration for appearance of fibrinolytic activity was estimated. This concentration was multiplied by the plasma volume of the rabbit to give the in vitro total antiplasmin. The mean value for 14 rabbits was 4,068.6 units. In order to estimate the total antiplasmin in vivo, UK solution was infused into rabbits. The infusion speed was multiplied by the time of the first appearance of fibrinolytic activity to give the total antiplasmin, although when the infusion speed was low, fibrinolytic activity did not appear during infusion. The mean in vivo total antiplasmin calculated for 6 cases where the infusion speed was high and fibrinolytic activity was observed, was 28,699.8 units, i.e. about 7 (range, 3-11) times the in vitro value.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo measurement of total antiplasmin activity. Total antiplasmin was measured in vitro and in vivo. In the former case, rabbit plasma was mixed with various concentrations of Urokinase (UK) and the least concentration for appearance of fibrinolytic activity was estimated. This concentration was multiplied by the plasma volume of the rabbit to give the in vitro total antiplasmin. The mean value for 14 rabbits was 4,068.6 units. In order to estimate the total antiplasmin in vivo, UK solution was infused into rabbits. The infusion speed was multiplied by the time of the first appearance of fibrinolytic activity to give the total antiplasmin, although when the infusion speed was low, fibrinolytic activity did not appear during infusion. The mean in vivo total antiplasmin calculated for 6 cases where the infusion speed was high and fibrinolytic activity was observed, was 28,699.8 units, i.e. about 7 (range, 3-11) times the in vitro value."}
{"id": "PMID:141754", "title": "Assay of the esterase activity of thrombin, plasmin and trypsin with a chromogenic substrate p-nitrobenzyl p-toluenesulfonyl-l-arginine.", "content": "p-Nitrobenzyl p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine has been synthesized. A number of trypsin-like enzymes can catalyze the hydrolysis of this ester leading to formation of p-nitrobenzyl alcohol. After separation from the ester and p-toluenesulfonylarginine by extraction into chloroform, the p-nitrobenzyl alcohol liberated can be measured spectrophotometrically at 271 nm. Under the conditions of the assay, the hydrolysis of 1 micronmol/ml of the ester is equivalent to an absorbance change of 4.45 cm-1 at 271 nm. With 0.10 mM p-nitrobenzyl p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine in 0.1 M Tris-HCl at pH 8.4 and 30 degrees, the enzymatic hydrolysis is linearly proportional to time up to consumption of 60% of the ester. Product formation is proportional to enzyme concentration with 0.05 to 0.2 NIH clotting units/ml for bovine or human thrombin, 0.005 to 0.02 CTA units/ml for human plasmin, and 0.01 to 0.04 microgram/ml protein for bovine pancreatic trypsin. In 0.1 M Tris-HCl at pH 8.4 and 30 degrees, Km is 14 micrometer and Vmax is 0.037 micronmol/min/NIH unit/ml for bovine thrombin, Km is 78 micrometer and Vmax is 0.31 micronmol/min/CTA unit/ml for human plasmin, and Km is 12 micrometer and Vmax is 138 micronmol/min/mg protein/ml for bovine trypsin. With bovine thrombin, activities at pH 7.3 and at pH 9.2 were 30% lower and 40-50% higher than the rate at pH 8.4. Samples of bovine and human thrombin ranging in specific clotting activity from 59 to 2133 NIH units/mg protein showed esterase activities varying from 0.15 to 0.4 micronmol p-nitrobenzyl alcohol formed/10 min/NIH unit.", "contents": "Assay of the esterase activity of thrombin, plasmin and trypsin with a chromogenic substrate p-nitrobenzyl p-toluenesulfonyl-l-arginine. p-Nitrobenzyl p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine has been synthesized. A number of trypsin-like enzymes can catalyze the hydrolysis of this ester leading to formation of p-nitrobenzyl alcohol. After separation from the ester and p-toluenesulfonylarginine by extraction into chloroform, the p-nitrobenzyl alcohol liberated can be measured spectrophotometrically at 271 nm. Under the conditions of the assay, the hydrolysis of 1 micronmol/ml of the ester is equivalent to an absorbance change of 4.45 cm-1 at 271 nm. With 0.10 mM p-nitrobenzyl p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine in 0.1 M Tris-HCl at pH 8.4 and 30 degrees, the enzymatic hydrolysis is linearly proportional to time up to consumption of 60% of the ester. Product formation is proportional to enzyme concentration with 0.05 to 0.2 NIH clotting units/ml for bovine or human thrombin, 0.005 to 0.02 CTA units/ml for human plasmin, and 0.01 to 0.04 microgram/ml protein for bovine pancreatic trypsin. In 0.1 M Tris-HCl at pH 8.4 and 30 degrees, Km is 14 micrometer and Vmax is 0.037 micronmol/min/NIH unit/ml for bovine thrombin, Km is 78 micrometer and Vmax is 0.31 micronmol/min/CTA unit/ml for human plasmin, and Km is 12 micrometer and Vmax is 138 micronmol/min/mg protein/ml for bovine trypsin. With bovine thrombin, activities at pH 7.3 and at pH 9.2 were 30% lower and 40-50% higher than the rate at pH 8.4. Samples of bovine and human thrombin ranging in specific clotting activity from 59 to 2133 NIH units/mg protein showed esterase activities varying from 0.15 to 0.4 micronmol p-nitrobenzyl alcohol formed/10 min/NIH unit."}
{"id": "PMID:141760", "title": "[Ureteroureterostomies: indications and results (author's transl)].", "content": "Thirteen unilateral ureteroureterostomies and twenty-five transureteroureterostomies (TUU) were performed since 1968. In 22 of these, a transureteroureterocutaneostomy (TUUC) was done. Indications, operative procedures, results and complications are discussed. No complications due to the anastomosis were found. In six cases stenosis of the ureterocutaneostomy was demonstrated which, in four instances, made another form of urinary diversion necessary. Ureteroureterostomies should only be performed with well functioning kidneys and with one well preserved ureter. TUUC is recommended in cases with at least one dilated ureter.", "contents": "[Ureteroureterostomies: indications and results (author's transl)]. Thirteen unilateral ureteroureterostomies and twenty-five transureteroureterostomies (TUU) were performed since 1968. In 22 of these, a transureteroureterocutaneostomy (TUUC) was done. Indications, operative procedures, results and complications are discussed. No complications due to the anastomosis were found. In six cases stenosis of the ureterocutaneostomy was demonstrated which, in four instances, made another form of urinary diversion necessary. Ureteroureterostomies should only be performed with well functioning kidneys and with one well preserved ureter. TUUC is recommended in cases with at least one dilated ureter."}
{"id": "PMID:141778", "title": "Carcinoma of the breast with multinucleated reactive stromal giant cells. A light and electron microscopic study of two cases.", "content": "Two unusual carcinomas of the breast are described, containing nests of infiltrating neoplasm situated within stromal lacunar spaces, and surrounded by numerous benign appearing multinucleated giant cells. Within the stroma, there was extensive hemorrhage, hemosiderin pigment deposition, and large numbers of mononucleated inflammatory cells. The morphology of both tumors resembled the giant cell tumor of bone. Although a similar giant cell reaction has recently been described in association with a uterine leiomyosarcoma, we are aware of only two other examples of this entity in the breast, both reported over 40 years ago in the French literature. This is the first report in which electron microscopy confirmed the benign histiocytic nature of the giant cells. These cells had many of the ultrastructural features of multinucleated giant cells described in tissue culture, skeletal osteoclastomas, and foreign body granulomas. We propose that the giant cells arise from fusion of mononucleated stromal cells, and most likely are reactive histiocytic elements which are in some way related to the tumor cell nests. Further studies of these unusual neoplasms are needed to determine if the giant cell reaction in any way affects the prognosis of the patient.", "contents": "Carcinoma of the breast with multinucleated reactive stromal giant cells. A light and electron microscopic study of two cases. Two unusual carcinomas of the breast are described, containing nests of infiltrating neoplasm situated within stromal lacunar spaces, and surrounded by numerous benign appearing multinucleated giant cells. Within the stroma, there was extensive hemorrhage, hemosiderin pigment deposition, and large numbers of mononucleated inflammatory cells. The morphology of both tumors resembled the giant cell tumor of bone. Although a similar giant cell reaction has recently been described in association with a uterine leiomyosarcoma, we are aware of only two other examples of this entity in the breast, both reported over 40 years ago in the French literature. This is the first report in which electron microscopy confirmed the benign histiocytic nature of the giant cells. These cells had many of the ultrastructural features of multinucleated giant cells described in tissue culture, skeletal osteoclastomas, and foreign body granulomas. We propose that the giant cells arise from fusion of mononucleated stromal cells, and most likely are reactive histiocytic elements which are in some way related to the tumor cell nests. Further studies of these unusual neoplasms are needed to determine if the giant cell reaction in any way affects the prognosis of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:141779", "title": "Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis.", "content": "Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis is an unusual condition characterized by the development of numerous nodules in the peritoneal cavity which histologically have the appearance of smooth muscle tumors. The ninth proven case of this ill-understood disorder is presented here, with comments on some of the other published instances. Most reported cases were diagnosed in pregnant women, and there is good reason to believe that endocrine factors are of importance in the development of this condition. Attention is drawn to experimental studies in which an apparently similar condition has been produced in guinea pigs by endocrine manipulation. Clinically, the condition appears to be benign and the correct diagnosis is, therefore, of great importance. In the case presented here histological involution of the leiomyomatous peritoneal nodules could be demonstrated for the first time by two biopsies at an interval of 4 months--in the absence of any therapy apart from the termination of pregnancy.", "contents": "Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis. Disseminated peritoneal leiomyomatosis is an unusual condition characterized by the development of numerous nodules in the peritoneal cavity which histologically have the appearance of smooth muscle tumors. The ninth proven case of this ill-understood disorder is presented here, with comments on some of the other published instances. Most reported cases were diagnosed in pregnant women, and there is good reason to believe that endocrine factors are of importance in the development of this condition. Attention is drawn to experimental studies in which an apparently similar condition has been produced in guinea pigs by endocrine manipulation. Clinically, the condition appears to be benign and the correct diagnosis is, therefore, of great importance. In the case presented here histological involution of the leiomyomatous peritoneal nodules could be demonstrated for the first time by two biopsies at an interval of 4 months--in the absence of any therapy apart from the termination of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:141780", "title": "[Microcalcifications in testicular germ cell tumors. Orientating study concerning its diagnostic utilization (author's transl)].", "content": "Connected to testicular germ cell tumors, microcalcifications have been identified by microscopic tissue evaluation, the significance of which has not yet been discussed. Microscopic and radiographic evaluation of histologic slides and paraffin embedded tissue specimens, respectively, of 129 germ cell tumors showed that 46.4% of testes with seminoma and 68.3% of testes with teratoma display microcalcifications as round or roundish psammomatous bodies or irregular-shaped dystrophic calcifications, in teratoma as particles of bone tissue or calcified cartilage. Whereas psammomatous bodies are located within tubules in compressed residual testicular tissue arranged in a shell-like zone around the tumor mass, dystrophic calcifications and bone and cartilage tissues are identified inside the tumor. Often more than 10 microcalcifications per cm2 are present. The diagnostic importance of these findings for clinical use is discussed. Above all, it must be made dependent on a radiographic method which will not be dangerous for testicular tissue.", "contents": "[Microcalcifications in testicular germ cell tumors. Orientating study concerning its diagnostic utilization (author's transl)]. Connected to testicular germ cell tumors, microcalcifications have been identified by microscopic tissue evaluation, the significance of which has not yet been discussed. Microscopic and radiographic evaluation of histologic slides and paraffin embedded tissue specimens, respectively, of 129 germ cell tumors showed that 46.4% of testes with seminoma and 68.3% of testes with teratoma display microcalcifications as round or roundish psammomatous bodies or irregular-shaped dystrophic calcifications, in teratoma as particles of bone tissue or calcified cartilage. Whereas psammomatous bodies are located within tubules in compressed residual testicular tissue arranged in a shell-like zone around the tumor mass, dystrophic calcifications and bone and cartilage tissues are identified inside the tumor. Often more than 10 microcalcifications per cm2 are present. The diagnostic importance of these findings for clinical use is discussed. Above all, it must be made dependent on a radiographic method which will not be dangerous for testicular tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:141781", "title": "Acinar cell hydropic degeneration induced by intraductal instillation of solutions into the parotid glands of the rats.", "content": "Saline or BSA were instilled 2, 5, 8 or 11 times at daily intervals into the parotid glands of rats, via Stensen's duct. Hydropic change of the acinar cells developed after 8 and 11 instillations. Histologically, the lesion was characterized by enlargement of the acinar cells, the cytoplasm of which contained vacuoles displacing the nuclei. In view of the negative results of various histochemical reactions the vacuolization was interpreted as hydropic in nature.", "contents": "Acinar cell hydropic degeneration induced by intraductal instillation of solutions into the parotid glands of the rats. Saline or BSA were instilled 2, 5, 8 or 11 times at daily intervals into the parotid glands of rats, via Stensen's duct. Hydropic change of the acinar cells developed after 8 and 11 instillations. Histologically, the lesion was characterized by enlargement of the acinar cells, the cytoplasm of which contained vacuoles displacing the nuclei. In view of the negative results of various histochemical reactions the vacuolization was interpreted as hydropic in nature."}
{"id": "PMID:141782", "title": "Morphologic differential diagnosis of idiopathic cardiomyopathies.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic examination of the myocardium in cardiomyopathies is a valuable complementary method beside light and transmissionelectron microscopy for the differential diagnosis of this rare disease. In two cases of congestive cardiomyopathy no marked alterations of the myocardial architecture could be found whereas in one case of nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy myocardial cell alterations and structure disorders could be demonstrated in an almost stereologic view. The pathogenesis of heart failure in this disease was clearly shown. Similar changes were not observed in hearts without cardiomyopathy or in other forms of cardiac hypertrophy.", "contents": "Morphologic differential diagnosis of idiopathic cardiomyopathies. Scanning electron microscopic examination of the myocardium in cardiomyopathies is a valuable complementary method beside light and transmissionelectron microscopy for the differential diagnosis of this rare disease. In two cases of congestive cardiomyopathy no marked alterations of the myocardial architecture could be found whereas in one case of nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy myocardial cell alterations and structure disorders could be demonstrated in an almost stereologic view. The pathogenesis of heart failure in this disease was clearly shown. Similar changes were not observed in hearts without cardiomyopathy or in other forms of cardiac hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:141783", "title": "Non-malignant perineural spread of epithelial tissue in the orofacial region.", "content": "A 48 year-old male had two operations because of severe neuralgic pains in the region of the right infraorbital nerve. The first operative specimen consisted of connective tissue, striated muscle fibers and two myelinated nerve bundles, surrounded by a ring of well differentiated squamous epithelium. Initially the lesion was assumed to show perineural spread of cancer in this region. As the pain was not alleviated, a second operation was performed. The framework of the second specimen also consisted of connective tissue and muscle. It contained in addition an atheromalike cyst and some nerve bundles, ensheathed by well differentiated epithelial cells partly in a ring-, partly in a horseshoe-like pattern. The perineural epithelial sheaths could be traced to a rupture of the cyst, and to benign proliferation of its epithelial lining in the connective tissue and along the nerve bundles. Following the second operation the patient was relieved of his complaints. During the last five years he had repeated control examinations but no sign of malignant disease could be found; his state of health was perfect. Our finding of benign perineural spread of squamous epithelium has not been described previously. The nature of the so-called perineural lymph spaces is also discussed.", "contents": "Non-malignant perineural spread of epithelial tissue in the orofacial region. A 48 year-old male had two operations because of severe neuralgic pains in the region of the right infraorbital nerve. The first operative specimen consisted of connective tissue, striated muscle fibers and two myelinated nerve bundles, surrounded by a ring of well differentiated squamous epithelium. Initially the lesion was assumed to show perineural spread of cancer in this region. As the pain was not alleviated, a second operation was performed. The framework of the second specimen also consisted of connective tissue and muscle. It contained in addition an atheromalike cyst and some nerve bundles, ensheathed by well differentiated epithelial cells partly in a ring-, partly in a horseshoe-like pattern. The perineural epithelial sheaths could be traced to a rupture of the cyst, and to benign proliferation of its epithelial lining in the connective tissue and along the nerve bundles. Following the second operation the patient was relieved of his complaints. During the last five years he had repeated control examinations but no sign of malignant disease could be found; his state of health was perfect. Our finding of benign perineural spread of squamous epithelium has not been described previously. The nature of the so-called perineural lymph spaces is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141784", "title": "[Factor analysis in hypertension. Risks of coronary heart disease and hypertensive arteriolosclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Based upon factor analysis, initial findings of the risk factors for coronary heart disease are reported, following invesitgations performed on a large number of patho-anatomical cases which were selected for specified criteria. The so-called hypertensive form of arteriosclerosis was demonstrated in the spleen, pancreas, and adrenal gland. It was shown that diabetes mellitus is an influencing factor in arteriolosclerosis in the liver. Several types of arterial hypertension can be differentiated according to clinical features and findings in the heart. Renoparenchymatous and renovascular sclerosis, pyelonephritis, diabetes mellitus, and age are the factors correlated or associated with various types of hypertension. Primary (?) renal hypertension can be differentiated from the secondary (?) TYPE. The discussion suggests that the morphological findings of arteriosclerosis and its complications may be explained, to a certain extent, by the known risk factors of coronary diseases defined by the methods described.", "contents": "[Factor analysis in hypertension. Risks of coronary heart disease and hypertensive arteriolosclerosis (author's transl)]. Based upon factor analysis, initial findings of the risk factors for coronary heart disease are reported, following invesitgations performed on a large number of patho-anatomical cases which were selected for specified criteria. The so-called hypertensive form of arteriosclerosis was demonstrated in the spleen, pancreas, and adrenal gland. It was shown that diabetes mellitus is an influencing factor in arteriolosclerosis in the liver. Several types of arterial hypertension can be differentiated according to clinical features and findings in the heart. Renoparenchymatous and renovascular sclerosis, pyelonephritis, diabetes mellitus, and age are the factors correlated or associated with various types of hypertension. Primary (?) renal hypertension can be differentiated from the secondary (?) TYPE. The discussion suggests that the morphological findings of arteriosclerosis and its complications may be explained, to a certain extent, by the known risk factors of coronary diseases defined by the methods described."}
{"id": "PMID:141785", "title": "[Coronary arteriosclerosis and risk factors in coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A large number of cases were tested for the relevance of clinical risk factors in coronary heart disease with regard to coronary arteriosclerosis (atheroma, fibrosis; five different locations). The method applied was VARIMAX-rotated factor analysis. The resulting factors were interpreted as the multiple variables structures which are in different relationships to the risk criterion, coronary heart disease, and morphological vascular diagnosis of the coronary arteries. The importance of the known risk of the vascular diagnosis was estimated and the reterance of the clinically influencing criterion was discussed. It appears that in spite of limited methodology additional morphological criteria are required in order to be able to explain heart infarction which does not involve the epicardial branches of the coronary vascular system.", "contents": "[Coronary arteriosclerosis and risk factors in coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. A large number of cases were tested for the relevance of clinical risk factors in coronary heart disease with regard to coronary arteriosclerosis (atheroma, fibrosis; five different locations). The method applied was VARIMAX-rotated factor analysis. The resulting factors were interpreted as the multiple variables structures which are in different relationships to the risk criterion, coronary heart disease, and morphological vascular diagnosis of the coronary arteries. The importance of the known risk of the vascular diagnosis was estimated and the reterance of the clinically influencing criterion was discussed. It appears that in spite of limited methodology additional morphological criteria are required in order to be able to explain heart infarction which does not involve the epicardial branches of the coronary vascular system."}
{"id": "PMID:141786", "title": "Fine structure of adrenal adenomata causing Cushing's syndrome.", "content": "Adenomata taken from nine patients with Cushing's syndrome were observed  by electron microscopy. Agranular endoplasmic reticulum was prominently developed in all cases, occasionally fine dotty granules were observed in the tubules of agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria showed a wide variety of changes in size, shape and internal structure, and somtimes contained electron dense droplets in their matrix. Mitochondria resembling those in the normal zona fasciculata intermingled with pathologically altered ones, suggesting that the adenomata which caused Cushing's syndrome were derived from the zona fasciculata. Fibrous structures were seen in the cytoplasm in one case. It is proposed that all of the changes in cellular organelles of the adenoma cells are correlated with increased secretory activity.", "contents": "Fine structure of adrenal adenomata causing Cushing's syndrome. Adenomata taken from nine patients with Cushing's syndrome were observed  by electron microscopy. Agranular endoplasmic reticulum was prominently developed in all cases, occasionally fine dotty granules were observed in the tubules of agranular endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria showed a wide variety of changes in size, shape and internal structure, and somtimes contained electron dense droplets in their matrix. Mitochondria resembling those in the normal zona fasciculata intermingled with pathologically altered ones, suggesting that the adenomata which caused Cushing's syndrome were derived from the zona fasciculata. Fibrous structures were seen in the cytoplasm in one case. It is proposed that all of the changes in cellular organelles of the adenoma cells are correlated with increased secretory activity."}
{"id": "PMID:141787", "title": "Unilateral renal hypoplasia with associated venous anomaly and hypertension. A study of the juxtaglomerular cells.", "content": "A child with unilateral renal hypoplasia, high plasma renin levels and hypertension was found to have large numbers of juxtaglomerular granular cells in the affected kidney. They were seen adjacent to and sometimes in the interior of hyalinized glomeruli or, in loose nests scattered in the interstitium. Ultrastructurally they contained large numbers of crystalline protogranules in the Golgi region and also displayed other features suggestive of hyperactivity. Atrophic tubules, smooth muscle and mast cells were present in considerable numbers. Well-preserved renal cortex remained in the affected kidney with no demonstrable juxtaglomerular granularity. After unilateral nephrectomy the patient became normotensive and plasma renin levels became normal. Thus it appears that the juxtaglomerular cells are able to produce and release renin independent of the structural integrity of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and renal glomerulus.", "contents": "Unilateral renal hypoplasia with associated venous anomaly and hypertension. A study of the juxtaglomerular cells. A child with unilateral renal hypoplasia, high plasma renin levels and hypertension was found to have large numbers of juxtaglomerular granular cells in the affected kidney. They were seen adjacent to and sometimes in the interior of hyalinized glomeruli or, in loose nests scattered in the interstitium. Ultrastructurally they contained large numbers of crystalline protogranules in the Golgi region and also displayed other features suggestive of hyperactivity. Atrophic tubules, smooth muscle and mast cells were present in considerable numbers. Well-preserved renal cortex remained in the affected kidney with no demonstrable juxtaglomerular granularity. After unilateral nephrectomy the patient became normotensive and plasma renin levels became normal. Thus it appears that the juxtaglomerular cells are able to produce and release renin independent of the structural integrity of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and renal glomerulus."}
{"id": "PMID:141790", "title": "[The usefulness of echocardiography in clinical cardiology (author's transl)].", "content": "The principle of the ultrasound examination of the heart is explained and the possible applications of this method are discussed. Three case histories are presented to exemplify the usefulness of echocardiography in clinical cardiology.", "contents": "[The usefulness of echocardiography in clinical cardiology (author's transl)]. The principle of the ultrasound examination of the heart is explained and the possible applications of this method are discussed. Three case histories are presented to exemplify the usefulness of echocardiography in clinical cardiology."}
{"id": "PMID:141795", "title": "Eosinophil predominance in Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "Re-evaluating 327 Hodgkin's disease biopsy specimens, 10 cases with dense eosinophilic infiltration, amounting to more than 50% of the cell population, have been found. This phenomenon of eosinophilic predominance, occurred mainly in the fibrotic types of Hodgkin's disease. The survival time of patients with eosinophilic predominance was significantly shorter than that of the controls. The possible role of eosinophils in Hodgkin's disese has been discussed.", "contents": "Eosinophil predominance in Hodgkin's disease. Re-evaluating 327 Hodgkin's disease biopsy specimens, 10 cases with dense eosinophilic infiltration, amounting to more than 50% of the cell population, have been found. This phenomenon of eosinophilic predominance, occurred mainly in the fibrotic types of Hodgkin's disease. The survival time of patients with eosinophilic predominance was significantly shorter than that of the controls. The possible role of eosinophils in Hodgkin's disese has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141796", "title": "On the histogenesis of osseous structures in epithelial tumours. A light and electronmicroscopical study illustrated at the so-called mixed tumour of the mammary gland in bitches (author's transl).", "content": "The osseous areas of 126 canine mixed tumours of the mammary gland were studied by light microscopy. Seven cases were investigated in detail using the electronmicroscop. It is suggested, that these structures develop by enchondral ossification. There ist no indication that myoepithelial tumour cells play a role in formation of osteoid or osseous foci. The cells taking part in enchondral ossification in such tumours cannot be distinguished from cell normally found in enchondral ossification. They derive from the stroma growing into the chondroid matrix. Areas developed by enchondral ossification therefore cannot be considered as tumour tissue in the true sense.", "contents": "On the histogenesis of osseous structures in epithelial tumours. A light and electronmicroscopical study illustrated at the so-called mixed tumour of the mammary gland in bitches (author's transl). The osseous areas of 126 canine mixed tumours of the mammary gland were studied by light microscopy. Seven cases were investigated in detail using the electronmicroscop. It is suggested, that these structures develop by enchondral ossification. There ist no indication that myoepithelial tumour cells play a role in formation of osteoid or osseous foci. The cells taking part in enchondral ossification in such tumours cannot be distinguished from cell normally found in enchondral ossification. They derive from the stroma growing into the chondroid matrix. Areas developed by enchondral ossification therefore cannot be considered as tumour tissue in the true sense."}
{"id": "PMID:141797", "title": "Carcinogenesis tests of nitroso-N-methylpiperazine, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyldinitrosopiperazine, nitrosoisonipecotic acid and nitrosomethoxymethylamine in rats.", "content": "Four nitrosamines; nitroso-N-methylpiperazine, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyldinitrosopiperazine, nitrosoisonipecotic acid and nitrosomethoxymethylamine, closely related in structure to potent carcinogens, were fed chronically to rats in drinking water for one year. No toxic effects leading to life shortening were observed. There was no significant incidence of any malignant tumor other than the endocrine tumors normally found in untreated animals of our colony. This indicated that the small changes in structure represented by these compounds were sufficient to reduce greatly, or eliminate, the carcinogenic action.", "contents": "Carcinogenesis tests of nitroso-N-methylpiperazine, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyldinitrosopiperazine, nitrosoisonipecotic acid and nitrosomethoxymethylamine in rats. Four nitrosamines; nitroso-N-methylpiperazine, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyldinitrosopiperazine, nitrosoisonipecotic acid and nitrosomethoxymethylamine, closely related in structure to potent carcinogens, were fed chronically to rats in drinking water for one year. No toxic effects leading to life shortening were observed. There was no significant incidence of any malignant tumor other than the endocrine tumors normally found in untreated animals of our colony. This indicated that the small changes in structure represented by these compounds were sufficient to reduce greatly, or eliminate, the carcinogenic action."}
{"id": "PMID:141798", "title": "Therapeutic studies with BCG, cyclophosphamide and surgery alone and in combination on the autochthonous mammary carcinoma of the rat.", "content": "In a randomized study the effects of BCG, cyclophosphamide and surgery alone and in combination on the mammary carcinoma (induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene) of the rat were investigated. Surgical excision of the tumours increased the survival time. Cyclophosphamide retarded growth of tumours and delayed the appearance of relapses compared to surgery. A single, intravenous injection of BCG (10(7) viable organisms) showed no statistically significant retardation of tumours. Immunotherapy with BCG could not increase the effectiveness of cyclophosphamide or surgery or their combination.", "contents": "Therapeutic studies with BCG, cyclophosphamide and surgery alone and in combination on the autochthonous mammary carcinoma of the rat. In a randomized study the effects of BCG, cyclophosphamide and surgery alone and in combination on the mammary carcinoma (induced by 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene) of the rat were investigated. Surgical excision of the tumours increased the survival time. Cyclophosphamide retarded growth of tumours and delayed the appearance of relapses compared to surgery. A single, intravenous injection of BCG (10(7) viable organisms) showed no statistically significant retardation of tumours. Immunotherapy with BCG could not increase the effectiveness of cyclophosphamide or surgery or their combination."}
{"id": "PMID:141799", "title": "[Intraepithelial spread of the squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix into the endometrium. A contribution to the question of a surface spread of the cervical carcinoma].", "content": "Four cases have been reported in which a squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix was spreading on the surface of nearly the whole endometrial cavity by expansive intra-epithelial growth. In one of these cases, in the portio, there was only a beginning invasion into the stroma, whereas in the other three cases the wall of the cervix was variably infiltrated. In two cases a change to infiltrating growth into the corpus uteri could be observed.", "contents": "[Intraepithelial spread of the squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix into the endometrium. A contribution to the question of a surface spread of the cervical carcinoma]. Four cases have been reported in which a squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix was spreading on the surface of nearly the whole endometrial cavity by expansive intra-epithelial growth. In one of these cases, in the portio, there was only a beginning invasion into the stroma, whereas in the other three cases the wall of the cervix was variably infiltrated. In two cases a change to infiltrating growth into the corpus uteri could be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:141800", "title": "Experimental carcinogenesis in the resected colon of the rat.", "content": "Until now, carcinoma of the large intestine resected previously for benign disease has not been published. However an increasing number of patients resected for Crohn's disease, diverticulitis or trauma may reach nowadays a high lifespan. On the other hand, it is known that the gastroenteral anastomosis is predisposed to cancer development. In this study, the question of whether the large intestine following colotomy or ileotransversostomy is sensitive to carcinogenesis is examined. Male Wistar rats, subjected to colotomy or resection and ileotransversostomy, were treated weekly by subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (12 mg/kg body weight) for seven weeks. The animals were killed 54 weeks after the first injection. At autopsy, 21 out of 29 operated rats had developed adenocarcinomas of the remaining colon. Intact control animals had the same incidence of malignant degeneration of the large bowel. When the anastomosis is chronically irritated by inflammation or by formation of a diverticulum, development, of carcinoma near the stoma was observed. This was the case in three rats of 28 animals. The results demonstrate that the resected colon of the rat is not more sensitive to experimental carcinogenesis than the intact one.", "contents": "Experimental carcinogenesis in the resected colon of the rat. Until now, carcinoma of the large intestine resected previously for benign disease has not been published. However an increasing number of patients resected for Crohn's disease, diverticulitis or trauma may reach nowadays a high lifespan. On the other hand, it is known that the gastroenteral anastomosis is predisposed to cancer development. In this study, the question of whether the large intestine following colotomy or ileotransversostomy is sensitive to carcinogenesis is examined. Male Wistar rats, subjected to colotomy or resection and ileotransversostomy, were treated weekly by subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (12 mg/kg body weight) for seven weeks. The animals were killed 54 weeks after the first injection. At autopsy, 21 out of 29 operated rats had developed adenocarcinomas of the remaining colon. Intact control animals had the same incidence of malignant degeneration of the large bowel. When the anastomosis is chronically irritated by inflammation or by formation of a diverticulum, development, of carcinoma near the stoma was observed. This was the case in three rats of 28 animals. The results demonstrate that the resected colon of the rat is not more sensitive to experimental carcinogenesis than the intact one."}
{"id": "PMID:141801", "title": "Carcinogenicity of a food additive, AF-2, in hamsters and mice.", "content": "The carcinogenicity of a food additive, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide (trade name, AF-2), was studied. A diet containing AF-2 at a rate of 0.25% was administered to male golden hamsters and male ddY mice. The hamsters developed squamous cell carcinomas in the forestomach after the 49th day from the start of administration. In mice fed a AF-2 diet for 308 days, squamous cell carcinoma was observed in the forestomach after the 381th day from the start of the experiment; in some cases the carcinoma metastasized to the lung and liver.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of a food additive, AF-2, in hamsters and mice. The carcinogenicity of a food additive, 2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl) acrylamide (trade name, AF-2), was studied. A diet containing AF-2 at a rate of 0.25% was administered to male golden hamsters and male ddY mice. The hamsters developed squamous cell carcinomas in the forestomach after the 49th day from the start of administration. In mice fed a AF-2 diet for 308 days, squamous cell carcinoma was observed in the forestomach after the 381th day from the start of the experiment; in some cases the carcinoma metastasized to the lung and liver."}
{"id": "PMID:141802", "title": "Chronic oral administration of 1-nitrosopiperazine at high doses to MRC rats.", "content": "1-Nitrosopiperazine was fed to two groups of rats as drinking water solutions containing 400 mg/liter (3.5 millimolar) and 800 mg/liter (7.0 millimolar), respectively. The treatment was 20 ml per rat per day, 5 days per week for life. In both groups many animals died with olfactory tumors (mostly esthesioneuroblastomas), the first at 36 weeks in the higher dose group, the first at 64 weeks in the lower dose group. There was also a small number of liver tumors in both groups. None of these tumors was seen in the untreated controls. The similarity of this tumor distribution to that produced by 1,4-dinitrosopiperazine suggests that the observed carcinogenicity of 1-nitrosopiperazine may be entirely due to its disproportionation in the acidic medium of the rat stomach. Chemical data supporting this interpretation are presented.", "contents": "Chronic oral administration of 1-nitrosopiperazine at high doses to MRC rats. 1-Nitrosopiperazine was fed to two groups of rats as drinking water solutions containing 400 mg/liter (3.5 millimolar) and 800 mg/liter (7.0 millimolar), respectively. The treatment was 20 ml per rat per day, 5 days per week for life. In both groups many animals died with olfactory tumors (mostly esthesioneuroblastomas), the first at 36 weeks in the higher dose group, the first at 64 weeks in the lower dose group. There was also a small number of liver tumors in both groups. None of these tumors was seen in the untreated controls. The similarity of this tumor distribution to that produced by 1,4-dinitrosopiperazine suggests that the observed carcinogenicity of 1-nitrosopiperazine may be entirely due to its disproportionation in the acidic medium of the rat stomach. Chemical data supporting this interpretation are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:141804", "title": "Compared effects of N-hydroxyurethan, urethan and hydroxyurea on DNA synthesis. In vivo and in vitro studies.", "content": "The effect of N-hydroxyurethan (HUR) on DNA synthesis has been tested both in vivo on various tissues and in vitro on concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated rat thymocytes and compared with the action of urethan and hydroxyurea. HUR suppresses scheduled DNA synthesis, except that of non-stimulated spleen cells in vitro. The inhibition is efficient and rapid and takes place immediately if the drug is administered at the peak of the S-phase. UR inhibits DNA synthesis in vitro only at much higher doses and with different time course. It is effective or slightly effective if it is administered at the peak of the S-phase. A conversion of urethan into HUR the latter depressing DNA synthesis could partly explain the differences observed. No toxicity was found after treatment with drugs at the concentration employed. Finally, the relationships between drug doses and cell responses have been particularly observed in vivo.", "contents": "Compared effects of N-hydroxyurethan, urethan and hydroxyurea on DNA synthesis. In vivo and in vitro studies. The effect of N-hydroxyurethan (HUR) on DNA synthesis has been tested both in vivo on various tissues and in vitro on concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated rat thymocytes and compared with the action of urethan and hydroxyurea. HUR suppresses scheduled DNA synthesis, except that of non-stimulated spleen cells in vitro. The inhibition is efficient and rapid and takes place immediately if the drug is administered at the peak of the S-phase. UR inhibits DNA synthesis in vitro only at much higher doses and with different time course. It is effective or slightly effective if it is administered at the peak of the S-phase. A conversion of urethan into HUR the latter depressing DNA synthesis could partly explain the differences observed. No toxicity was found after treatment with drugs at the concentration employed. Finally, the relationships between drug doses and cell responses have been particularly observed in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:141805", "title": "Activation of chromatin-bound DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (E.C. 2.7.7.6.) in plant storage tissue slices.", "content": "The synthesis of RNA by chromatin-bound RNA polymerase (E.C. 2.7.7.6.) from white potato tubers proceeds at a low rate, which is enhanced after slicing the tissue, however. Concomitantly DNA template availability as measured with saturating amounts of Escherichia coli polymerase is diminished drastically. Nearest neighbor frequency analysis proved that the RNA synthesized on chromatin of intact tubers is different from that synthesized on chromatin of sliced tissue. The RNA polymerase of white potato tubers is dependent on all four ribonucleoside triphosphates and a divalent metal ion such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ and totally inhibited by the presence of pyrophosphate. Actinomycin D blocks the formation of the RNA product, which could be shown to be a heteropolymer by nearest neighbour frequency technique. The Km of the chromatin-bound enzyme with regard to ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP was 5.1 X 10(-5) M, 1.6X10(-5) M, 0.9X10(-5) M and 0.45X10(-5) M/l respectively. alpha-amanitin inhibits the overall activity to about 50%, which indicates the presence of equal amounts of polymerase I and polymerase II.", "contents": "Activation of chromatin-bound DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (E.C. 2.7.7.6.) in plant storage tissue slices. The synthesis of RNA by chromatin-bound RNA polymerase (E.C. 2.7.7.6.) from white potato tubers proceeds at a low rate, which is enhanced after slicing the tissue, however. Concomitantly DNA template availability as measured with saturating amounts of Escherichia coli polymerase is diminished drastically. Nearest neighbor frequency analysis proved that the RNA synthesized on chromatin of intact tubers is different from that synthesized on chromatin of sliced tissue. The RNA polymerase of white potato tubers is dependent on all four ribonucleoside triphosphates and a divalent metal ion such as Mg2+ or Mn2+ and totally inhibited by the presence of pyrophosphate. Actinomycin D blocks the formation of the RNA product, which could be shown to be a heteropolymer by nearest neighbour frequency technique. The Km of the chromatin-bound enzyme with regard to ATP, GTP, CTP and UTP was 5.1 X 10(-5) M, 1.6X10(-5) M, 0.9X10(-5) M and 0.45X10(-5) M/l respectively. alpha-amanitin inhibits the overall activity to about 50%, which indicates the presence of equal amounts of polymerase I and polymerase II."}
{"id": "PMID:141807", "title": "13C NMR investigations on the stacking of 5'-AMP with tryptamine.", "content": "Complex formation between 5'-adenosine monophosphate (5'-AMP) and tryptamine was investigated by measuring 13C chemical shifts and spin-lattice relaxation times. The chemical shift changes observed were attributed to ring current effects originating in the stacking of the two respective aromatic moieties and to puckering changes of the AMP ribose. Differences in the magnitude of the shifts of the aromatic carbons were related to the geometry of the complex and compared with those found for AMP selfassociation. Upon complex formation the relaxation times of especially the tryptamine indole carbons were greatly reduced, this was explained by an increase in the particle size. Small changes found for the AMP carbons in solutions without tryptamine result from AMP selfassociation. Deviations from isotropic motion observed for the non-aromatic moieties are discussed.", "contents": "13C NMR investigations on the stacking of 5'-AMP with tryptamine. Complex formation between 5'-adenosine monophosphate (5'-AMP) and tryptamine was investigated by measuring 13C chemical shifts and spin-lattice relaxation times. The chemical shift changes observed were attributed to ring current effects originating in the stacking of the two respective aromatic moieties and to puckering changes of the AMP ribose. Differences in the magnitude of the shifts of the aromatic carbons were related to the geometry of the complex and compared with those found for AMP selfassociation. Upon complex formation the relaxation times of especially the tryptamine indole carbons were greatly reduced, this was explained by an increase in the particle size. Small changes found for the AMP carbons in solutions without tryptamine result from AMP selfassociation. Deviations from isotropic motion observed for the non-aromatic moieties are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141806", "title": "Competition between oxalate and phosphate during active calcium accumulation by sarcoplasmic vesicles.", "content": "1. During ATP supported active calcium uptake oxalate as well as phosphate are accumulated with calcium. The uptake of calcium exceeds that of both anions by a small quantity--accounting for calcium binding to vesicular proteins and lipids. 2. From assay media containing phosphate and oxalate--nearly exclusively either oxalate or phosphate are taken up together with calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. The mutual exclusion occurs in a very narrow concentration range of the anions. 3. In solutions containing phosphate and oxalate, calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate precipitates are formed according to their solubility properties. 4. When phosphate prevents oxalate from being taken up, calcium transport is inhibited. Inhibition occurs, because the concentration of ionized calcium inside the vesicles rises approximately 100-fold when oxalate is replaced by phosphate. The activity of the calcium dependent ATPase parallels the calcium uptake activity. 5. It is excluded that the inhibition of calcium uptake produced by phosphate is caused by an enhanced permeability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes for calcium in the presence of phosphate.", "contents": "Competition between oxalate and phosphate during active calcium accumulation by sarcoplasmic vesicles. 1. During ATP supported active calcium uptake oxalate as well as phosphate are accumulated with calcium. The uptake of calcium exceeds that of both anions by a small quantity--accounting for calcium binding to vesicular proteins and lipids. 2. From assay media containing phosphate and oxalate--nearly exclusively either oxalate or phosphate are taken up together with calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. The mutual exclusion occurs in a very narrow concentration range of the anions. 3. In solutions containing phosphate and oxalate, calcium phosphate or calcium oxalate precipitates are formed according to their solubility properties. 4. When phosphate prevents oxalate from being taken up, calcium transport is inhibited. Inhibition occurs, because the concentration of ionized calcium inside the vesicles rises approximately 100-fold when oxalate is replaced by phosphate. The activity of the calcium dependent ATPase parallels the calcium uptake activity. 5. It is excluded that the inhibition of calcium uptake produced by phosphate is caused by an enhanced permeability of the sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes for calcium in the presence of phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:141808", "title": "Renal aminoacylase, a zinc enzyme.", "content": "Renal aminoacylase is inactivated by dialysis against metal complexing agents such as o-phenanthroline. Activity can be restored by addition of zinc ions. A zinc dissociation constant of about 10(-10)M at pH 7.8 is obtained by titration of the enzyme with a metal ion buffer. The reactivity of the SH groups of the enzyme is considerably affected by zinc ions. The enzyme contains two essential zinc ions per molecule.", "contents": "Renal aminoacylase, a zinc enzyme. Renal aminoacylase is inactivated by dialysis against metal complexing agents such as o-phenanthroline. Activity can be restored by addition of zinc ions. A zinc dissociation constant of about 10(-10)M at pH 7.8 is obtained by titration of the enzyme with a metal ion buffer. The reactivity of the SH groups of the enzyme is considerably affected by zinc ions. The enzyme contains two essential zinc ions per molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:141810", "title": "Variability of conductivity changes in black phosphatidylserine membranes induced by proteins from erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "The electrical conductivity of black phosphatidylserine membranes, in solutions of 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.1), is strongly increased by the intrinsic proteins (\"strongly bound\" protein fraction) from human erythrocyte membranes. The magnitude of the conductivity increase is highly dependent on the maximum pH-value pH used during the preparation of the protein (8.0 less than or equal to pH less than or equal 11.8). For each pH, membrane conductivity lambdaf and protein concentration c are linked by the equation lambdaf=k-cs, k and s being functions only of pH. The value of s varies between 1.0 (pH 8) and 4.0 (pH 10). It is assumed that the protein-induced conducting sites, at least for protein pretreatment at pH less than or equal to 10, are assembled from four protein subunits. The incorporation of the subunits into the lipid bilayer is supposed to occur either as the final tetramer (pH 8) or as monomers (pH 10) and possibly dimers (pH around 9).", "contents": "Variability of conductivity changes in black phosphatidylserine membranes induced by proteins from erythrocyte membranes. The electrical conductivity of black phosphatidylserine membranes, in solutions of 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.1), is strongly increased by the intrinsic proteins (\"strongly bound\" protein fraction) from human erythrocyte membranes. The magnitude of the conductivity increase is highly dependent on the maximum pH-value pH used during the preparation of the protein (8.0 less than or equal to pH less than or equal 11.8). For each pH, membrane conductivity lambdaf and protein concentration c are linked by the equation lambdaf=k-cs, k and s being functions only of pH. The value of s varies between 1.0 (pH 8) and 4.0 (pH 10). It is assumed that the protein-induced conducting sites, at least for protein pretreatment at pH less than or equal to 10, are assembled from four protein subunits. The incorporation of the subunits into the lipid bilayer is supposed to occur either as the final tetramer (pH 8) or as monomers (pH 10) and possibly dimers (pH around 9)."}
{"id": "PMID:141812", "title": "[Investigations of body fluids with low protein content by the combination of micro-disc-electrophoresis and electroimmunodiffusion (author's transl)].", "content": "Fluids of the human body with low protein content, i.e. aqueous humour, tears, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine were analyzed by a combination of micro-disc-electrophoresis and electroimmuno diffusion. By this method both qualitative and quantitative statements about the proteins of these fluids can be established.", "contents": "[Investigations of body fluids with low protein content by the combination of micro-disc-electrophoresis and electroimmunodiffusion (author's transl)]. Fluids of the human body with low protein content, i.e. aqueous humour, tears, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine were analyzed by a combination of micro-disc-electrophoresis and electroimmuno diffusion. By this method both qualitative and quantitative statements about the proteins of these fluids can be established."}
{"id": "PMID:141811", "title": "Transfer of glycolipid between membranes of tissue culture cells, using dansylcerebroside as a model.", "content": "Donor cells, which had incorporated dansylcerebroside in their membranes, could further transfer this glycolipid to monolayers of acceptor cells. The case of transfer varied among acceptor cells, BHK cells being the best and MDBK cells the poorest acceptors of the cells tested. The process of transfer seemed to be mediated by lipids rather than by proteins of the membranes. The mode of attachment between donors and acceptors, such as classified as loose contact, tight adhesion or binding by lectin, did not significantly influence the extent of glycolipid transfer. However, modification of plasma membranes by infection of acceptor cells with myxoviruses resulted in enhancement of glycolipid transfer in some cases. Various factors have been evaluated with respect to dynamics of cellular membranes.", "contents": "Transfer of glycolipid between membranes of tissue culture cells, using dansylcerebroside as a model. Donor cells, which had incorporated dansylcerebroside in their membranes, could further transfer this glycolipid to monolayers of acceptor cells. The case of transfer varied among acceptor cells, BHK cells being the best and MDBK cells the poorest acceptors of the cells tested. The process of transfer seemed to be mediated by lipids rather than by proteins of the membranes. The mode of attachment between donors and acceptors, such as classified as loose contact, tight adhesion or binding by lectin, did not significantly influence the extent of glycolipid transfer. However, modification of plasma membranes by infection of acceptor cells with myxoviruses resulted in enhancement of glycolipid transfer in some cases. Various factors have been evaluated with respect to dynamics of cellular membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:141813", "title": "Evolution of the transfer RNA molecule.", "content": "Base sequences of many transfer RNA (tRNA) species obtained from different sources contain homologous regions. These homologies, which are 6 to 20 nucleotides long, occur both within the same tRNA molecule and between many different tRNA molecules repeatedly. Since it is very unlikely an 80 or so nucleotide long tRNA molecule could have been formed at once, under primordial conditions, we propose that the homologous oligonucleotides found within the tRNA molecules to-day represent the earliest adapter from which tRNA molecules have evolved.", "contents": "Evolution of the transfer RNA molecule. Base sequences of many transfer RNA (tRNA) species obtained from different sources contain homologous regions. These homologies, which are 6 to 20 nucleotides long, occur both within the same tRNA molecule and between many different tRNA molecules repeatedly. Since it is very unlikely an 80 or so nucleotide long tRNA molecule could have been formed at once, under primordial conditions, we propose that the homologous oligonucleotides found within the tRNA molecules to-day represent the earliest adapter from which tRNA molecules have evolved."}
{"id": "PMID:141814", "title": "Isolation of messenger ribonucleoproteins from HeLa cells by affinity chromatography on poly (U) sepharose.", "content": "Polysomes of HeLa cells were adsorbed on Poly(U)-Sepharose columns. This adsorption is probably due to poly(A) sequences at 3' terminus of the messenger. Stepwise elution initially removed ribosomal subunits thereafter mRNA and a set of proteins. These proteins are identical with the main components of the polysomal messenger ribonucleoprotein particles described previously. Thus, this method allows their rapid and easy separation from ribosomal and other proteins.", "contents": "Isolation of messenger ribonucleoproteins from HeLa cells by affinity chromatography on poly (U) sepharose. Polysomes of HeLa cells were adsorbed on Poly(U)-Sepharose columns. This adsorption is probably due to poly(A) sequences at 3' terminus of the messenger. Stepwise elution initially removed ribosomal subunits thereafter mRNA and a set of proteins. These proteins are identical with the main components of the polysomal messenger ribonucleoprotein particles described previously. Thus, this method allows their rapid and easy separation from ribosomal and other proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:141815", "title": "A method for the purification of large quantities of biologically active ribonucleic acid components from cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, a multicomponent plant virus.", "content": "Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus RNA has been prepared in comparatively high yield (at least 50%) by a modified phenol extraction method. The preparation, which has high biological activity, has been resolved into four components by zonal centrifugation on a 15-40% (w/v) sucrose density gradient. The components obtained have been tested for biological activity against whole plants and plant protoplasts. Each of the two largest components RNA 1 and RNA 2 was by itself infective (50-90% of the specific infectivity of the whole genome) and produced virus-specific proteins (coat protein and P2) and RNAs (\"RNA 3\" and \"RNA 4\"). Contamination by small proportions (less than 10%) of neighbouring RNAs is presumed to be involved in this infectivity. The two smallest components were obtained in an almost pure form.", "contents": "A method for the purification of large quantities of biologically active ribonucleic acid components from cowpea chlorotic mottle virus, a multicomponent plant virus. Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus RNA has been prepared in comparatively high yield (at least 50%) by a modified phenol extraction method. The preparation, which has high biological activity, has been resolved into four components by zonal centrifugation on a 15-40% (w/v) sucrose density gradient. The components obtained have been tested for biological activity against whole plants and plant protoplasts. Each of the two largest components RNA 1 and RNA 2 was by itself infective (50-90% of the specific infectivity of the whole genome) and produced virus-specific proteins (coat protein and P2) and RNAs (\"RNA 3\" and \"RNA 4\"). Contamination by small proportions (less than 10%) of neighbouring RNAs is presumed to be involved in this infectivity. The two smallest components were obtained in an almost pure form."}
{"id": "PMID:141817", "title": "The structural components of hog cholera virus.", "content": "Hog cholera virus grown in PK-15 cells and SK-cells was labeled with [35S]methionine and [3H]uridine. At least 3 polypeptides were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after disruption of the virus with sodium dodecyl-sulfate. The molecular weights of the structural proteins were determined to be 55000 (p55), 46000 (gp46), and 36000 (p36). The molecular weight of the viral RNA was determined to be about 4 X 10(6) in polyacrylamide-agarose-gel electrophoresis. In sucrose gradients the RNA has a S20,w value of 40-45S.", "contents": "The structural components of hog cholera virus. Hog cholera virus grown in PK-15 cells and SK-cells was labeled with [35S]methionine and [3H]uridine. At least 3 polypeptides were resolved by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after disruption of the virus with sodium dodecyl-sulfate. The molecular weights of the structural proteins were determined to be 55000 (p55), 46000 (gp46), and 36000 (p36). The molecular weight of the viral RNA was determined to be about 4 X 10(6) in polyacrylamide-agarose-gel electrophoresis. In sucrose gradients the RNA has a S20,w value of 40-45S."}
{"id": "PMID:141818", "title": "[Spontaneous leukemia of AKR mice. Successful passive immunization with goat antibodies against isolated glycoprotein gp71 of Friend leukemia virus].", "content": "The occurrence of fatal spontaneous leukemia in AKR mice could be drastically reduced by passive immunization with goat antibody against isolated murine Friend virus glycoprotein gp71, possessing high group specific reactivity. The success depended on the time of antibody application. The best results were achieved when mothers and babies were inoculated.", "contents": "[Spontaneous leukemia of AKR mice. Successful passive immunization with goat antibodies against isolated glycoprotein gp71 of Friend leukemia virus]. The occurrence of fatal spontaneous leukemia in AKR mice could be drastically reduced by passive immunization with goat antibody against isolated murine Friend virus glycoprotein gp71, possessing high group specific reactivity. The success depended on the time of antibody application. The best results were achieved when mothers and babies were inoculated."}
{"id": "PMID:141827", "title": "[Identification and determination of age of needle tracks in human skin (author's transl)].", "content": "Examination of enzymic activities and histochemical reactions on needle pricks can be used to determine the age of micro-injuries with sufficient exactness. Well preserved skin shows patterns of enzymes which also appear with other skin injuries and which were described in detail especially by Raekallio (1970, 1972). In autolytical changes of the skin the adenosinetriphosphatase-reaction is still reliable and can be successfully estimated. If one has sufficient experience it is possible to fairly exactly estimate the age of an injury within the first hour after the injury by preparation of the adenosinetriphosphatase-reaction. If the times of injections are known one frequently succeeds in determining the time of death by exactly determining the age of the injury. In legal expertises the histochemical reactions can rightly be regarded as useful indications of a certain age of the injury. But they do not allow an exact estimate \"beyond a reasonable doubt\".", "contents": "[Identification and determination of age of needle tracks in human skin (author's transl)]. Examination of enzymic activities and histochemical reactions on needle pricks can be used to determine the age of micro-injuries with sufficient exactness. Well preserved skin shows patterns of enzymes which also appear with other skin injuries and which were described in detail especially by Raekallio (1970, 1972). In autolytical changes of the skin the adenosinetriphosphatase-reaction is still reliable and can be successfully estimated. If one has sufficient experience it is possible to fairly exactly estimate the age of an injury within the first hour after the injury by preparation of the adenosinetriphosphatase-reaction. If the times of injections are known one frequently succeeds in determining the time of death by exactly determining the age of the injury. In legal expertises the histochemical reactions can rightly be regarded as useful indications of a certain age of the injury. But they do not allow an exact estimate \"beyond a reasonable doubt\"."}
{"id": "PMID:141828", "title": "[Significance of enzyme-histochemical examinations in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma].", "content": "With the help of literary data is reported on the results of the ferment histochemistry and its significance in the recognition of the biological behaviour of a tumour achieved during the experimental cancerogenesis. At the same time the value of this method in diagnosing the prostatic carcinoma is emphasized, taking into consideration the investigations carried out already on the prostate gland.", "contents": "[Significance of enzyme-histochemical examinations in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma]. With the help of literary data is reported on the results of the ferment histochemistry and its significance in the recognition of the biological behaviour of a tumour achieved during the experimental cancerogenesis. At the same time the value of this method in diagnosing the prostatic carcinoma is emphasized, taking into consideration the investigations carried out already on the prostate gland."}
{"id": "PMID:141829", "title": "[Enamel bundles and lamellae under the scanning electron microscope].", "content": "Lamellae,  tufts and cracks were found in the enamel near the dentionenamel junction. When investigated by the scanning electron microscop, lamellae and tufts were very similar to each other as to their structure. Lamellae appeared in two kinds: 1. Organic material originating in the dentionenamel membrane filled the whole space. 2. The space was empty, yet an organic membrane was covering the walls of adjacent prisms. Tufts and lamellae differed merely in their lenght. The walls of the cracks lacked organic material, the prisms being damaged or their course interrupted.", "contents": "[Enamel bundles and lamellae under the scanning electron microscope]. Lamellae,  tufts and cracks were found in the enamel near the dentionenamel junction. When investigated by the scanning electron microscop, lamellae and tufts were very similar to each other as to their structure. Lamellae appeared in two kinds: 1. Organic material originating in the dentionenamel membrane filled the whole space. 2. The space was empty, yet an organic membrane was covering the walls of adjacent prisms. Tufts and lamellae differed merely in their lenght. The walls of the cracks lacked organic material, the prisms being damaged or their course interrupted."}
{"id": "PMID:141825", "title": "[Treatment through special education].", "content": "The author discusses the problem of integration of disabled children, and he points out that the present practices of the Swiss invalidity insurance scheme have a counter-productive effect with respect to early detection and early treatment of children with behavioral disorders.", "contents": "[Treatment through special education]. The author discusses the problem of integration of disabled children, and he points out that the present practices of the Swiss invalidity insurance scheme have a counter-productive effect with respect to early detection and early treatment of children with behavioral disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:141826", "title": "[Promotion of behavior disturbed children at the home for children].", "content": "The Home for Disturbed Children is a therapy centre with the main task to prepare later resocialisation in the children's previous environment. All the fields are conceived to this purpose. The new buildings are designed with respect to their pedagogic function, the rooms are clearly fitted for their end. The distribution of the children among the coeducatively led living communities (8-10 children) is done according to length of stay, possible cooperation with the parents and the structure of the respective group. The school (8 children per class at most) provides an education under the aspect of therapy, as the ability of the individual child can only be increased if his social maturity and his relationship with the environment are changed. In home therapy the manifold possibilities of appropriate attitude to work and adequate social behaviour are consciously included.", "contents": "[Promotion of behavior disturbed children at the home for children]. The Home for Disturbed Children is a therapy centre with the main task to prepare later resocialisation in the children's previous environment. All the fields are conceived to this purpose. The new buildings are designed with respect to their pedagogic function, the rooms are clearly fitted for their end. The distribution of the children among the coeducatively led living communities (8-10 children) is done according to length of stay, possible cooperation with the parents and the structure of the respective group. The school (8 children per class at most) provides an education under the aspect of therapy, as the ability of the individual child can only be increased if his social maturity and his relationship with the environment are changed. In home therapy the manifold possibilities of appropriate attitude to work and adequate social behaviour are consciously included."}
{"id": "PMID:141830", "title": "[Territorial differences in the occurrence of caries in Karl Marx Stadt children and adolescent after 12 years of water fluoridation].", "content": "Cariostatistical comparisons made since the start of drinking-water fluoridation in Karl-Marx-Stadt suggested territorial differences in the prevalence of dental decay. In the present paper an attempt is made to analyse the problems involved, with due consideration being given to both demographic and ecological factors.", "contents": "[Territorial differences in the occurrence of caries in Karl Marx Stadt children and adolescent after 12 years of water fluoridation]. Cariostatistical comparisons made since the start of drinking-water fluoridation in Karl-Marx-Stadt suggested territorial differences in the prevalence of dental decay. In the present paper an attempt is made to analyse the problems involved, with due consideration being given to both demographic and ecological factors."}
{"id": "PMID:141831", "title": "[Evaluation of Noracryl 100 as a filling material].", "content": "There were carried out clinical, chemical and scanning electron microscopical investigations of the filling material Noracryl 100, a composite produced by the Soviet Union. This material is one of the composites of the first generation and there were discussed its advantages and disadvantages in face of other filling materials of that kind.", "contents": "[Evaluation of Noracryl 100 as a filling material]. There were carried out clinical, chemical and scanning electron microscopical investigations of the filling material Noracryl 100, a composite produced by the Soviet Union. This material is one of the composites of the first generation and there were discussed its advantages and disadvantages in face of other filling materials of that kind."}
{"id": "PMID:141832", "title": "[Genetic studies in patients with trisomy 21 with special evaluation of morphology and pathogenesis in the orofacial region. Condition of periodontal and oral hygiene in trisomy 21].", "content": "The incidence and severity of parodontopathies and results of studies of the level of oral hygiene are reported, in terms of both subjective and objective parameters, for children and juveniles affected with trisomy 21. Also discussed are problems of age and sex dependence; causal, complementary, and reciprocal relationships; and possibilities of prophylaxis.", "contents": "[Genetic studies in patients with trisomy 21 with special evaluation of morphology and pathogenesis in the orofacial region. Condition of periodontal and oral hygiene in trisomy 21]. The incidence and severity of parodontopathies and results of studies of the level of oral hygiene are reported, in terms of both subjective and objective parameters, for children and juveniles affected with trisomy 21. Also discussed are problems of age and sex dependence; causal, complementary, and reciprocal relationships; and possibilities of prophylaxis."}
{"id": "PMID:141833", "title": "[The pathology of temporomandibular joint luxations--anatomical studies on temporomandibular joint preparations].", "content": "After a description of the published hypothesis of luxation and subluxation in the temporomandibular joint the preparations of five temporomandibular joints is described. The results refer to the movement of the discus and the capitulum mandibulae and to the effects of the musculus temporalis and of the facies articularis ossis temporalis. In addition a hypothesis is established according to which the temporomandibular-joint-luxation may be considered to occur in the menisco-condylar part of the joint.", "contents": "[The pathology of temporomandibular joint luxations--anatomical studies on temporomandibular joint preparations]. After a description of the published hypothesis of luxation and subluxation in the temporomandibular joint the preparations of five temporomandibular joints is described. The results refer to the movement of the discus and the capitulum mandibulae and to the effects of the musculus temporalis and of the facies articularis ossis temporalis. In addition a hypothesis is established according to which the temporomandibular-joint-luxation may be considered to occur in the menisco-condylar part of the joint."}
{"id": "PMID:141834", "title": "[The synovial membrane of the temporomandibular joint. Histological and morphometric studies on 106 temporomandibular joints].", "content": "Thickness of synovial lining cell layers, cytological appearance of synovial cells, the grade of fibrosis, the distance between subsynovial blood vessels and synovial surface, possible inflammatory infiltrations etc. have been controlled in synovial preparates of 106 mandibular joints. The age dependent fibrosis of the synovial tissue has been demonstrated.", "contents": "[The synovial membrane of the temporomandibular joint. Histological and morphometric studies on 106 temporomandibular joints]. Thickness of synovial lining cell layers, cytological appearance of synovial cells, the grade of fibrosis, the distance between subsynovial blood vessels and synovial surface, possible inflammatory infiltrations etc. have been controlled in synovial preparates of 106 mandibular joints. The age dependent fibrosis of the synovial tissue has been demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:141835", "title": "[Evaluation of split skin transplantation as a preprosthetic surgical measure].", "content": "The author, within the framework of a long-term research program, makes a careful analysis of the late results of plastic operations to the vestibulum oris, which were performed on 109 patients and where the wound surfaces were covered by free split-skin transplantation; in this, he uses both objectifiable methods of examination and biostatistical test methods. Patients are classified according to preoperative conditions. The method of operation may be assessed from a purely functional point of view.", "contents": "[Evaluation of split skin transplantation as a preprosthetic surgical measure]. The author, within the framework of a long-term research program, makes a careful analysis of the late results of plastic operations to the vestibulum oris, which were performed on 109 patients and where the wound surfaces were covered by free split-skin transplantation; in this, he uses both objectifiable methods of examination and biostatistical test methods. Patients are classified according to preoperative conditions. The method of operation may be assessed from a purely functional point of view."}
{"id": "PMID:141837", "title": "[The closing of large residual palatal and velum clefts using tongue flaps].", "content": "The author, after outlining the problems associated with palatoplasty, gives a detailed description of present methods of operation for cleft palate and cleft velum palatinum. Experience gained in the treatment of six patients, where a pedunculated lingual flap was used to repair the oral defect, shows that this particular method is a valuable addition to the techniques already available to the surgeon.", "contents": "[The closing of large residual palatal and velum clefts using tongue flaps]. The author, after outlining the problems associated with palatoplasty, gives a detailed description of present methods of operation for cleft palate and cleft velum palatinum. Experience gained in the treatment of six patients, where a pedunculated lingual flap was used to repair the oral defect, shows that this particular method is a valuable addition to the techniques already available to the surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:141838", "title": "[The problem of damage to the tooth germ by ionizing radiation].", "content": "Experiments on animals (four-week-old dogs) were conducted in an investigation made to study the possibility of dose-dependent tooth-germ damage produced by ionizing radiation. The individual doses were 50 r and 200 r, respectively, and they were administered once to three times at weekly intervals. Hyperemia and edemata could be observed on tooth-germ pulps from 150 r onward. Both of these conditions became more acute as the radiation dose increased (from 150 r to 600 r). Possible damage to both the dentin and enamel is pointed out.", "contents": "[The problem of damage to the tooth germ by ionizing radiation]. Experiments on animals (four-week-old dogs) were conducted in an investigation made to study the possibility of dose-dependent tooth-germ damage produced by ionizing radiation. The individual doses were 50 r and 200 r, respectively, and they were administered once to three times at weekly intervals. Hyperemia and edemata could be observed on tooth-germ pulps from 150 r onward. Both of these conditions became more acute as the radiation dose increased (from 150 r to 600 r). Possible damage to both the dentin and enamel is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:141840", "title": "[Experimental study on the effect of the model thickness and its profile on the behavior of the dimensions in cast crowns and bridge-work cast in one piece].", "content": "The dimensional response of cast objects as a function of the shape and thickness of their wax patterns was studied, the dimensions of investment patterns taken as null bodies being compared with the corresponding dimensions of cast crowns and bridges. The metal shrinkage values are discussed.", "contents": "[Experimental study on the effect of the model thickness and its profile on the behavior of the dimensions in cast crowns and bridge-work cast in one piece]. The dimensional response of cast objects as a function of the shape and thickness of their wax patterns was studied, the dimensions of investment patterns taken as null bodies being compared with the corresponding dimensions of cast crowns and bridges. The metal shrinkage values are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141857", "title": "[Effects of hypertrophy on the behavior of potentials in isolated ventricular strips of the rat].", "content": "Potentiation of right-ventricular strips obtained from normal rats (NT-group) and from rats showing hypertrophic hearts as a result of long-time swimming (HT-group) has been investigated. Strength-interval relationships, poststimulation potentiation and the potentiation by paired stimulation has been tested. The behavior of the action potential in both groups showed no significant differences. Standardized strength-interval relationships of HT-group were steeper than those of the NT-group. Maximal potentiation in the HT-group occurred at shorter delay-intervals. Potentiation after long-time pauses was greater in the HT-group. The results are discussed on the basis of model considerations of electro-mechanical coupling.", "contents": "[Effects of hypertrophy on the behavior of potentials in isolated ventricular strips of the rat]. Potentiation of right-ventricular strips obtained from normal rats (NT-group) and from rats showing hypertrophic hearts as a result of long-time swimming (HT-group) has been investigated. Strength-interval relationships, poststimulation potentiation and the potentiation by paired stimulation has been tested. The behavior of the action potential in both groups showed no significant differences. Standardized strength-interval relationships of HT-group were steeper than those of the NT-group. Maximal potentiation in the HT-group occurred at shorter delay-intervals. Potentiation after long-time pauses was greater in the HT-group. The results are discussed on the basis of model considerations of electro-mechanical coupling."}
{"id": "PMID:141858", "title": "[Synthetic inhibitors of serine proteinases. 13. Quantitative structure-activity relationship for inhibition of trypsin and thrombin by 4-amidinophenyl compounds with a ketone structure].", "content": "To establish quantitative structure-activity relationships for the inhibition of trypsin, plasmin and thrombin by 4-amidinophenyl compounds with a keto group, attempts have been made to detect correlations between data on inhibition and substituent constants. The inhibitor activity of the derivatives is described by lipophilic or steric substituent constants using linear free energy relationships. To describe the action of beta-ketones, an additional sigma I term is necessary. The lipophilic or steric term stands for binding of the inhibitor side chain to a second hydrophobic binding site of the enzyme. The electronic term describing inductive influences on the keto group suggests the contribution of the beta-keto group to the enzyme inhibitor binding via a tetrahedral conformation of the carbonyl carbon.", "contents": "[Synthetic inhibitors of serine proteinases. 13. Quantitative structure-activity relationship for inhibition of trypsin and thrombin by 4-amidinophenyl compounds with a ketone structure]. To establish quantitative structure-activity relationships for the inhibition of trypsin, plasmin and thrombin by 4-amidinophenyl compounds with a keto group, attempts have been made to detect correlations between data on inhibition and substituent constants. The inhibitor activity of the derivatives is described by lipophilic or steric substituent constants using linear free energy relationships. To describe the action of beta-ketones, an additional sigma I term is necessary. The lipophilic or steric term stands for binding of the inhibitor side chain to a second hydrophobic binding site of the enzyme. The electronic term describing inductive influences on the keto group suggests the contribution of the beta-keto group to the enzyme inhibitor binding via a tetrahedral conformation of the carbonyl carbon."}
{"id": "PMID:141859", "title": "Anaphylactoid reaction to dextran---a report of 133 cases.", "content": "From 1968 to 1975, the Swedish Adverse Drug Reaction Committee received 113 reports on anaphylactoid reaction to dextran 70, and 20 reports on the same reaction to dextran 40. For 1975, this would equal a reported incidence of anaphylactoid reaction to dextran 70 of 1:2,500. The median age of patients reacting to dextran 70 was 63 years. Median age increased with increasing severity of the anaphylactoid reaction: from 48 years in patients who died. Symptoms were noticed within 10 min of the start of the infusion, or before 100 ml had been infused in 96 patients (85%) with an anaphylactoid reaction to dextran 70. There was a tendency for severe reactions to be observed earlier than milder ones. Symptoms also tended to be observed earlier in conscious than in unconscious patients. Reactions reported to have occurred in unconscious patients tended to be more severe than those in conscious patients. Patients with anaphylactoid reaction to dextran 40 did not differ from those with reactions to dextran 70 with regard to age, severity of the reaction or time before onset of symptoms. There was one death in this group.", "contents": "Anaphylactoid reaction to dextran---a report of 133 cases. From 1968 to 1975, the Swedish Adverse Drug Reaction Committee received 113 reports on anaphylactoid reaction to dextran 70, and 20 reports on the same reaction to dextran 40. For 1975, this would equal a reported incidence of anaphylactoid reaction to dextran 70 of 1:2,500. The median age of patients reacting to dextran 70 was 63 years. Median age increased with increasing severity of the anaphylactoid reaction: from 48 years in patients who died. Symptoms were noticed within 10 min of the start of the infusion, or before 100 ml had been infused in 96 patients (85%) with an anaphylactoid reaction to dextran 70. There was a tendency for severe reactions to be observed earlier than milder ones. Symptoms also tended to be observed earlier in conscious than in unconscious patients. Reactions reported to have occurred in unconscious patients tended to be more severe than those in conscious patients. Patients with anaphylactoid reaction to dextran 40 did not differ from those with reactions to dextran 70 with regard to age, severity of the reaction or time before onset of symptoms. There was one death in this group."}
{"id": "PMID:141860", "title": "Treatment of Huntington's chorea with bromocriptine.", "content": "The authors tested the effects of 2-Br-ergocriptine (bromocriptine, CB-154), a drug which exerts a mixed agonist-antagonist activity on the dopaminergic receptors, in 12 patients with Huntington Chorea in a double-blind crossover trial. This treatment significantly reduced the abnormal involuntary movements and the disease severity in most of the patients. Subjects who were slightly disabled showed a better response than the ones with more severe degrees of disability.", "contents": "Treatment of Huntington's chorea with bromocriptine. The authors tested the effects of 2-Br-ergocriptine (bromocriptine, CB-154), a drug which exerts a mixed agonist-antagonist activity on the dopaminergic receptors, in 12 patients with Huntington Chorea in a double-blind crossover trial. This treatment significantly reduced the abnormal involuntary movements and the disease severity in most of the patients. Subjects who were slightly disabled showed a better response than the ones with more severe degrees of disability."}
{"id": "PMID:141861", "title": "Phagocytosis of heat-killed radiolabelled mycobacteria in human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro.", "content": "Human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro for 8 dyas were exposed to 125I-labelled, heat-killed Mycobacterium triviale. The microorganisms were apparently engulfed, but no digestion occurred within a period of 16 days after the engulfment, measured as release of radioactivity to the medium and observed microscopically. Attempts were made to stimulate intracellular digestion of the bacteria. Pre-incubation with BCG-stimulated lymphocytes or with supernatants from BCG-stimulated lymphocyte cultures did not increase the digestive ability of the cells. However, pre-incubation with BCG-stimulated lymphocytes or with supernatants caused detachment of the cells during the following digestion period, probably due to a cytotoxic effect of autologous, transformed lymphocytes on macrophages. When the macrophages were cultured in the presence of autologous lymphocytes and BCG, a similar effect was found.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of heat-killed radiolabelled mycobacteria in human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro. Human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro for 8 dyas were exposed to 125I-labelled, heat-killed Mycobacterium triviale. The microorganisms were apparently engulfed, but no digestion occurred within a period of 16 days after the engulfment, measured as release of radioactivity to the medium and observed microscopically. Attempts were made to stimulate intracellular digestion of the bacteria. Pre-incubation with BCG-stimulated lymphocytes or with supernatants from BCG-stimulated lymphocyte cultures did not increase the digestive ability of the cells. However, pre-incubation with BCG-stimulated lymphocytes or with supernatants caused detachment of the cells during the following digestion period, probably due to a cytotoxic effect of autologous, transformed lymphocytes on macrophages. When the macrophages were cultured in the presence of autologous lymphocytes and BCG, a similar effect was found."}
{"id": "PMID:141862", "title": "[Allergen testing in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis].", "content": "79 children with classical collagenoses, streptococcaldiseases, arthralgia of unclear genesis and infection arthritis as well as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and 25 normal children were submitted to an intracutaneous allergentest with various collecting extracts (legumens and cereals, house allergens, vegetables). Positive reactions to cereals in a high percentage were observed only in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and fewer also in children with unclear arthralgia and infection arthritis.", "contents": "[Allergen testing in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis]. 79 children with classical collagenoses, streptococcaldiseases, arthralgia of unclear genesis and infection arthritis as well as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and 25 normal children were submitted to an intracutaneous allergentest with various collecting extracts (legumens and cereals, house allergens, vegetables). Positive reactions to cereals in a high percentage were observed only in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and fewer also in children with unclear arthralgia and infection arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:141863", "title": "[Age-dependence of the cellular immune reaction in childhood. 1. Studies on healthy children and disease pictures with secondary modification of the immune apparatus (without leukoses and tumors)].", "content": "The dependence on age of the rates of transformation of lymphocytes is due not only to the different number and degree of maturity of lymph cells, but also to the macrophageal function as well as the feedback mechanism of specific and nonspecific defense reactions. Premature and newborn infants do not differ in their cellular immunoreactions. Between birth and the fifth year of life there is a continuous increase in the rates of transformation of lymphocytes. This increase in rates of transformation is less marked between the fifth and twelfth years of life, with the transformation rate leveling off as age increases. Tests made using nonspecific antigens showed the rate of transformation to decrease with further increasing age. Testing with histocompatibility antigens showed no influences whatsoever. A striking result were higher rates of transformation observed in children with virus infections. The evaluation of cellular immunoreactions subsequent to infections or immunization is an important parameter for the immune system.", "contents": "[Age-dependence of the cellular immune reaction in childhood. 1. Studies on healthy children and disease pictures with secondary modification of the immune apparatus (without leukoses and tumors)]. The dependence on age of the rates of transformation of lymphocytes is due not only to the different number and degree of maturity of lymph cells, but also to the macrophageal function as well as the feedback mechanism of specific and nonspecific defense reactions. Premature and newborn infants do not differ in their cellular immunoreactions. Between birth and the fifth year of life there is a continuous increase in the rates of transformation of lymphocytes. This increase in rates of transformation is less marked between the fifth and twelfth years of life, with the transformation rate leveling off as age increases. Tests made using nonspecific antigens showed the rate of transformation to decrease with further increasing age. Testing with histocompatibility antigens showed no influences whatsoever. A striking result were higher rates of transformation observed in children with virus infections. The evaluation of cellular immunoreactions subsequent to infections or immunization is an important parameter for the immune system."}
{"id": "PMID:141864", "title": "[Comparative studies on the sensitivity of smooth bronchial muscles to catecholamines during sensitization with various allergens].", "content": "An attempt has been made to compare the effects produced by adrenergic agents on smooth bronchial muscles of normal and BCG- as well as ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs. The method of determining the state of relaxation of the isolated bronchial tree was used to ascertain the degree of sensitivity to adrenergic agents of smooth bronchial muscles. Experiments conducted on a total of 34 guinea pigs showed a considerable decrease in the response of smooth bronchial muscles to novodrine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline subsequent to BCG and ovalbumin sensitization of experimental animals. In normal guinea pigs, minimal relaxation of smooth tracheal muscles was brought about by 7.10(-8) - 1.10(-7) G/ml novodrine, 1.10(-7) - 9.10(-7) g/ml adrenaline, and 1.10(-6) - 8.10(-6) g/ml noradrenaline. For BCG-sensitized animals, the data obtained were 3.10(-7) - these agents of smooth bronchial muscles of guinea pigs was more clearly evident in BCG-sensitized 2.10(-6) g/ml, 1.10(-6) - 2.10(-6) g/ml, and 3.10(-6) - 6.10(-6) g/ml, respectively. The decrease in sensitivity to bronchi during the process of sensitization is believed to be responsible for the decrease in response to animals than in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs. A partial blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors of catecholamines. The degree of partial blockade is dependent upon the kind of sensitization.", "contents": "[Comparative studies on the sensitivity of smooth bronchial muscles to catecholamines during sensitization with various allergens]. An attempt has been made to compare the effects produced by adrenergic agents on smooth bronchial muscles of normal and BCG- as well as ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs. The method of determining the state of relaxation of the isolated bronchial tree was used to ascertain the degree of sensitivity to adrenergic agents of smooth bronchial muscles. Experiments conducted on a total of 34 guinea pigs showed a considerable decrease in the response of smooth bronchial muscles to novodrine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline subsequent to BCG and ovalbumin sensitization of experimental animals. In normal guinea pigs, minimal relaxation of smooth tracheal muscles was brought about by 7.10(-8) - 1.10(-7) G/ml novodrine, 1.10(-7) - 9.10(-7) g/ml adrenaline, and 1.10(-6) - 8.10(-6) g/ml noradrenaline. For BCG-sensitized animals, the data obtained were 3.10(-7) - these agents of smooth bronchial muscles of guinea pigs was more clearly evident in BCG-sensitized 2.10(-6) g/ml, 1.10(-6) - 2.10(-6) g/ml, and 3.10(-6) - 6.10(-6) g/ml, respectively. The decrease in sensitivity to bronchi during the process of sensitization is believed to be responsible for the decrease in response to animals than in ovalbumin-sensitized guinea pigs. A partial blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors of catecholamines. The degree of partial blockade is dependent upon the kind of sensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:141865", "title": "Anaphylactic shock and contact urticaria after the patch test with professional allergens.", "content": "It is reported on 3 patients of medical profession who suffered from anaphylactic complications after the patch test with penicilline G, aminophenazone and promethazinhydrochloride. The triggering of the IgE mediated allergy is explained by the quick and complete epidermal penetration of the haptens because their low molecular weight and optimal solubility. It could be proved by the positive mast cell degranulation test, whereas the IgE level was elevated in serum only in one case, but in tissue in no case. Prophylactically, if the careful exploration is positive, the open patch test is indicated. It should carried out in the clinic or ambulance with consecutive observation of the patients for 60 min and with the possibility of the treatment of shock.", "contents": "Anaphylactic shock and contact urticaria after the patch test with professional allergens. It is reported on 3 patients of medical profession who suffered from anaphylactic complications after the patch test with penicilline G, aminophenazone and promethazinhydrochloride. The triggering of the IgE mediated allergy is explained by the quick and complete epidermal penetration of the haptens because their low molecular weight and optimal solubility. It could be proved by the positive mast cell degranulation test, whereas the IgE level was elevated in serum only in one case, but in tissue in no case. Prophylactically, if the careful exploration is positive, the open patch test is indicated. It should carried out in the clinic or ambulance with consecutive observation of the patients for 60 min and with the possibility of the treatment of shock."}
{"id": "PMID:141866", "title": "[Correlation between total serum IgE and the remaining allergologic-diagnostic methods in childhood].", "content": "The authors found in studing of 60 allergic children on Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus (D.P.) that besides all clinical allergological tests is extraordinary radioimmunological determinations of serum IgE in allergic patients. In small group of healthy children they found the mean value for serum IgE 499 U/ml (+/- SD - 242). In allergic children with bronchial asthma and vasomotoric allergic rhinitis with positive skin reaction +++ on D.P. and with positive provocation inhalation and nasal test found statistically significantly higher values for serum IgE in chidren with above mentioned diagnostic tests. Detail analyses of determination of total serum IgE showed that is necessary to start to determine also specific IgE with Phadebas IgE test for different inhalative allergens. The greatest advantage of determination of serum IgE in vitro is undengereous technique whereas other allergological diagnostical test especially in childhood are dangerous for live.", "contents": "[Correlation between total serum IgE and the remaining allergologic-diagnostic methods in childhood]. The authors found in studing of 60 allergic children on Dermatophagoides Pteronyssinus (D.P.) that besides all clinical allergological tests is extraordinary radioimmunological determinations of serum IgE in allergic patients. In small group of healthy children they found the mean value for serum IgE 499 U/ml (+/- SD - 242). In allergic children with bronchial asthma and vasomotoric allergic rhinitis with positive skin reaction +++ on D.P. and with positive provocation inhalation and nasal test found statistically significantly higher values for serum IgE in chidren with above mentioned diagnostic tests. Detail analyses of determination of total serum IgE showed that is necessary to start to determine also specific IgE with Phadebas IgE test for different inhalative allergens. The greatest advantage of determination of serum IgE in vitro is undengereous technique whereas other allergological diagnostical test especially in childhood are dangerous for live."}
{"id": "PMID:141867", "title": "[Rheumatoid factor in systemic lupus erythematosus].", "content": "1. Rheumatoid factors were found in 12 of a total of 105 SLE patients. 2. Rheumatoid factors were found especially in patients with additional chronic polyarthritis, whereas it was not possible to find a relation between these factors and the age of patients and the duration of disease, respectively. 3. There was no difference between SLE and progressive polyarthritis as regrads the cold precipitation of rheumatoid factors. 4. In vitro fixation of the complement to antinuclear factors was not hindered by rheumatoid factors. 5. Renal lesions and uremia were observed in SLE patients with and without rheumatoid factors, the percentages being roughly the same in the two groups.", "contents": "[Rheumatoid factor in systemic lupus erythematosus]. 1. Rheumatoid factors were found in 12 of a total of 105 SLE patients. 2. Rheumatoid factors were found especially in patients with additional chronic polyarthritis, whereas it was not possible to find a relation between these factors and the age of patients and the duration of disease, respectively. 3. There was no difference between SLE and progressive polyarthritis as regrads the cold precipitation of rheumatoid factors. 4. In vitro fixation of the complement to antinuclear factors was not hindered by rheumatoid factors. 5. Renal lesions and uremia were observed in SLE patients with and without rheumatoid factors, the percentages being roughly the same in the two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:141868", "title": "[Cholinergic bronchial reactivity in patients with sarcoidosis].", "content": "The acetylcholine aerosol test was used for testing 65 patients suffering from sarcoidosis for cholinergic bronchial hyperexcitability. Among 46 patients with stage I and stage II sarcoidosis there was only one female patient where the acetylcholine aerosol test gave positive results; however, it was not possible to establish a relationship between bronchial hyperexcitability and sarcoidosis. In two other patients with stage III sarcoidosis, where the acetylcholine aerosol test also gave positive results, there obviously was a close relationship between bronchial hyperexcitability and sarcoidosis. It is considered that positive acetylcholine aerosol test results might be interpreted as being indicative of stage III sarcoidosis. It should be noted in this connection that the third or fibrotic stage of sarcoidosis was characterized by a very much smaller number of cases showing positive acteylcholine aerosol test results than are, in general, observed for those forms of tuberculosis which are accompanied by more or less widespread fibrous processes taking place in, and causing major alterations to, the lungs and which may be described as chronically hematogenously disseminated, fibrocavernous, and cirrhotic forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. Also discussed in detail are the possible reasons for this different behavior.", "contents": "[Cholinergic bronchial reactivity in patients with sarcoidosis]. The acetylcholine aerosol test was used for testing 65 patients suffering from sarcoidosis for cholinergic bronchial hyperexcitability. Among 46 patients with stage I and stage II sarcoidosis there was only one female patient where the acetylcholine aerosol test gave positive results; however, it was not possible to establish a relationship between bronchial hyperexcitability and sarcoidosis. In two other patients with stage III sarcoidosis, where the acetylcholine aerosol test also gave positive results, there obviously was a close relationship between bronchial hyperexcitability and sarcoidosis. It is considered that positive acetylcholine aerosol test results might be interpreted as being indicative of stage III sarcoidosis. It should be noted in this connection that the third or fibrotic stage of sarcoidosis was characterized by a very much smaller number of cases showing positive acteylcholine aerosol test results than are, in general, observed for those forms of tuberculosis which are accompanied by more or less widespread fibrous processes taking place in, and causing major alterations to, the lungs and which may be described as chronically hematogenously disseminated, fibrocavernous, and cirrhotic forms of pulmonary tuberculosis. Also discussed in detail are the possible reasons for this different behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:141869", "title": "[Inhibition antibodies identified as anti-IgE].", "content": "Ten years ago the author described a precipitating agens which has been seen by immunreaction serum before and after desensitization. Now it was possible to identify it as Anti-IgE. Our first terminus was \"Hemmantik\u00f6rper\" (inhibition antibody). Contrary to Cooke's \"blocking antibody\" (= IgG) Anti-IgE is an IgM-Antibody. According to earlier statement once more could be established that \"Hemmantik\u00f6rper\" are specific to allergen but not specific to the individuum.", "contents": "[Inhibition antibodies identified as anti-IgE]. Ten years ago the author described a precipitating agens which has been seen by immunreaction serum before and after desensitization. Now it was possible to identify it as Anti-IgE. Our first terminus was \"Hemmantik\u00f6rper\" (inhibition antibody). Contrary to Cooke's \"blocking antibody\" (= IgG) Anti-IgE is an IgM-Antibody. According to earlier statement once more could be established that \"Hemmantik\u00f6rper\" are specific to allergen but not specific to the individuum."}
{"id": "PMID:141870", "title": "[Effect of leukeran on the local Shwartzman phenomenon].", "content": "A study has been made to investigate the effect of treatment with Leukeran (Chorambucil) on the development of what is known as a loval Shwartzman phenomenon. The experimental results show that it is only in those cases where the leukopoietic capacity of the organism has been fully exhausted that it is possible for the development of this particular phenomenon to be reliably prevented by immunsuppression brought about by treatment with Leukeran.", "contents": "[Effect of leukeran on the local Shwartzman phenomenon]. A study has been made to investigate the effect of treatment with Leukeran (Chorambucil) on the development of what is known as a loval Shwartzman phenomenon. The experimental results show that it is only in those cases where the leukopoietic capacity of the organism has been fully exhausted that it is possible for the development of this particular phenomenon to be reliably prevented by immunsuppression brought about by treatment with Leukeran."}
{"id": "PMID:141871", "title": "Effects of some polynucleotides on DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of several single-and double-stranded synthetic polyribonucleotides on the 3H-thymidine incorporation in intact and PHA-stimulated human lymphocyte cultures was investigated. Only polyuridilic and polyguanilic acids were found to stimulate DNA synthesis in the intact cells. All other polynucleotides tested had much weaker or had no stimulating activity. PHA-activated lymphocytes responded to addition of polynucleotides by the decrease of 3H-thymidine uptake. The mostly profound inhibition of lymphocyte response to PHA was observed with polyguanilic acid.", "contents": "Effects of some polynucleotides on DNA synthesis in human lymphocytes. The effect of several single-and double-stranded synthetic polyribonucleotides on the 3H-thymidine incorporation in intact and PHA-stimulated human lymphocyte cultures was investigated. Only polyuridilic and polyguanilic acids were found to stimulate DNA synthesis in the intact cells. All other polynucleotides tested had much weaker or had no stimulating activity. PHA-activated lymphocytes responded to addition of polynucleotides by the decrease of 3H-thymidine uptake. The mostly profound inhibition of lymphocyte response to PHA was observed with polyguanilic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:141872", "title": "Some characteristics of human lymphocyte responsibility to stimulation in vitro.", "content": "Attempts were made to examine the input of some ecological and physiological factors into the fluctuation of the lymphocyte transformation assay results. The spontaneous and PHA-induced 3H-thymidine uptake in lymphocyte cultures of adult healthy persons and healthy or rheumatic fever children fluctuated at different seasons of the year with the maximum at summer. The activity of cultured women's lymphocytes depended on the phases of menstrual cycle of donors.", "contents": "Some characteristics of human lymphocyte responsibility to stimulation in vitro. Attempts were made to examine the input of some ecological and physiological factors into the fluctuation of the lymphocyte transformation assay results. The spontaneous and PHA-induced 3H-thymidine uptake in lymphocyte cultures of adult healthy persons and healthy or rheumatic fever children fluctuated at different seasons of the year with the maximum at summer. The activity of cultured women's lymphocytes depended on the phases of menstrual cycle of donors."}
{"id": "PMID:141875", "title": "[About the elimination of thromboagglutinins from anti-lymphocytic serum (author's transl)].", "content": "The possible utilization of the effect of immunological tolerance for inhibition of formation of thromboagglutinins was studied, which dependent of the kind of antigen employed for immunization more or less contaminate antilymphocyte sera (ALS) or globulins (ALG). In the sera of pigs weighing 80-90 kg, immunized with human thrombocytes the thromboagglutinin levels in a) animals tolerated in adult age with an i.v. dose of 2.2 X 10(9) thrombocytes though the complete inhibition of thromboagglutinin formation failed even in these conditions. The attempted induction of tolerance in adult animals, similarly as in newborn piglets obtaining a dose of 1 X 10(9) thrombocytes, was of little success. Good results were recorded in animals tolerated in the perinatal period with a dose of 5 X 10(9) thrombocytes though the complete inhibition of thromboagglutinin formation failed even in these conditions. The authors suggest that of all possible methods for thromboagglutinin elimination, for ALS production the above technique, i.e. the induction of tolerance during the perinatal period seems most feasible, both from the viewpoint of effectiveness and thrombocyte consumption as well.", "contents": "[About the elimination of thromboagglutinins from anti-lymphocytic serum (author's transl)]. The possible utilization of the effect of immunological tolerance for inhibition of formation of thromboagglutinins was studied, which dependent of the kind of antigen employed for immunization more or less contaminate antilymphocyte sera (ALS) or globulins (ALG). In the sera of pigs weighing 80-90 kg, immunized with human thrombocytes the thromboagglutinin levels in a) animals tolerated in adult age with an i.v. dose of 2.2 X 10(9) thrombocytes though the complete inhibition of thromboagglutinin formation failed even in these conditions. The attempted induction of tolerance in adult animals, similarly as in newborn piglets obtaining a dose of 1 X 10(9) thrombocytes, was of little success. Good results were recorded in animals tolerated in the perinatal period with a dose of 5 X 10(9) thrombocytes though the complete inhibition of thromboagglutinin formation failed even in these conditions. The authors suggest that of all possible methods for thromboagglutinin elimination, for ALS production the above technique, i.e. the induction of tolerance during the perinatal period seems most feasible, both from the viewpoint of effectiveness and thrombocyte consumption as well."}
{"id": "PMID:141876", "title": "Quantitative study on the size of coronary artery supplying areas postmortem.", "content": "The relative amount of myocardium perfused by the three large coronary arteries was determined in 171 human hearts postmortem. Roentgenograms of transverse serial sections of the ventricular myocardium enabled planimetrical measurements. With little variation, an average of 41.5 per cent of the entire ventricular myocardium was supplied by the left descending coronary artery. Both left branches supplied an average of 63.8 per cent and the right coronary artery supplied 36.2 per cent of the myocardium. The size of supplying areas, in particular that of the right coronary artery and the left circumflex branch, was mainly dependent upon the coronary artery types. As a rule cardiac hypertrophy did not influence the size of coronary supplying areas as much as did the coronary artery types. Only very few hearts revealed that the myocardium was supplied to a greater extent by the right coronary artery than by the left (5.3 per cent). There is a close relationship between the size of the myocardial supplying area and the lumen of the corresponding coronary artery.", "contents": "Quantitative study on the size of coronary artery supplying areas postmortem. The relative amount of myocardium perfused by the three large coronary arteries was determined in 171 human hearts postmortem. Roentgenograms of transverse serial sections of the ventricular myocardium enabled planimetrical measurements. With little variation, an average of 41.5 per cent of the entire ventricular myocardium was supplied by the left descending coronary artery. Both left branches supplied an average of 63.8 per cent and the right coronary artery supplied 36.2 per cent of the myocardium. The size of supplying areas, in particular that of the right coronary artery and the left circumflex branch, was mainly dependent upon the coronary artery types. As a rule cardiac hypertrophy did not influence the size of coronary supplying areas as much as did the coronary artery types. Only very few hearts revealed that the myocardium was supplied to a greater extent by the right coronary artery than by the left (5.3 per cent). There is a close relationship between the size of the myocardial supplying area and the lumen of the corresponding coronary artery."}
{"id": "PMID:141879", "title": "Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (intact atrial septum) associated with mitral regurgitation.", "content": "The association of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection with intact atrial septum and isolated severe nonrheumatic mitral regurgitation is rare, this combination of lesions having been reported on only one other occasion. Two such cases have been presented, with each patient having experienced an episode resembling subacute bacterial endocarditis. At operation, however, the mitral valve had a congenital cleft in one case and was normal in the other. One patient underwent mitral valvuloplasty and the second patient had mitral valve replacement. The diagnosis of associated partial anaomalous pulmonary venous connection was established at cardiac catheterization, and successful surgical correction was achieved in each case by diversion of the anamolaous pulmonary venous drainage to the left atrium via a pericardial tunnel through a surgically created atrial septal defect.", "contents": "Partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection (intact atrial septum) associated with mitral regurgitation. The association of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection with intact atrial septum and isolated severe nonrheumatic mitral regurgitation is rare, this combination of lesions having been reported on only one other occasion. Two such cases have been presented, with each patient having experienced an episode resembling subacute bacterial endocarditis. At operation, however, the mitral valve had a congenital cleft in one case and was normal in the other. One patient underwent mitral valvuloplasty and the second patient had mitral valve replacement. The diagnosis of associated partial anaomalous pulmonary venous connection was established at cardiac catheterization, and successful surgical correction was achieved in each case by diversion of the anamolaous pulmonary venous drainage to the left atrium via a pericardial tunnel through a surgically created atrial septal defect."}
{"id": "PMID:141880", "title": "Cytological differentiation of human fetal skeletal muscle.", "content": "The ultrastructural differentiation of several different muscles was investigated in human fetuses ranging in age from 13 weeks to neonatal. At approximately 16 weeks of gestation cell cluster containing both myotubes and satellite cells lie enclosed by a newly formed basal lamina and show evidence of fusion. The development of organelles is evident in myoblasts, proceeds as the cells transform into myofibers, and continues in the neonate. Filament synthesis occurs primarily in the cell periphery where thin filaments appear to align themselves in relations to parallel arrays of ribosome-studded thick filaments: Z line formation follows the appearance of thin filaments. Intermediate filaments, approximately 10-12 nm thick, were also consistently observed in perinuclear regions and distal to filament assembly. Although sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) development is closely related to fibril formation, connections between Z lines and SR are not consistent, thus supporting the conclusion that SR does not evoke the formation of the Z line. Bristlecoated vesicles appear to be the precursors of elements of the SR, possibly the lateral sacs. Development of the transverse tubules, as invaginations of the sarcolemma, is closely associated with the formation of lateral sacs since the latter occur along the sarcolemma as soon as transverse tubules appear. Cytological differentiation is similar, though not identical, in several different muscles. During the last trimester muscle fibers show some evidence of diversity mainly of variation in Z line width. In gerneral the results suggest that the sequence and stages of human myogenesis are similar to those of other species.", "contents": "Cytological differentiation of human fetal skeletal muscle. The ultrastructural differentiation of several different muscles was investigated in human fetuses ranging in age from 13 weeks to neonatal. At approximately 16 weeks of gestation cell cluster containing both myotubes and satellite cells lie enclosed by a newly formed basal lamina and show evidence of fusion. The development of organelles is evident in myoblasts, proceeds as the cells transform into myofibers, and continues in the neonate. Filament synthesis occurs primarily in the cell periphery where thin filaments appear to align themselves in relations to parallel arrays of ribosome-studded thick filaments: Z line formation follows the appearance of thin filaments. Intermediate filaments, approximately 10-12 nm thick, were also consistently observed in perinuclear regions and distal to filament assembly. Although sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) development is closely related to fibril formation, connections between Z lines and SR are not consistent, thus supporting the conclusion that SR does not evoke the formation of the Z line. Bristlecoated vesicles appear to be the precursors of elements of the SR, possibly the lateral sacs. Development of the transverse tubules, as invaginations of the sarcolemma, is closely associated with the formation of lateral sacs since the latter occur along the sarcolemma as soon as transverse tubules appear. Cytological differentiation is similar, though not identical, in several different muscles. During the last trimester muscle fibers show some evidence of diversity mainly of variation in Z line width. In gerneral the results suggest that the sequence and stages of human myogenesis are similar to those of other species."}
{"id": "PMID:141882", "title": "The Framingham Eye Study. II. Association of ophthalmic pathology with single variables previously measured in the Framingham Heart Study.", "content": "Using the age-sex-specific data collected in the Framingham Heart Study 1948--1964 together with ophthalmic diagnoses made in the Framingham Eye Study in 1973--1975, the following variables were found to be associated with senile cataract: education, casual blood sugar, systemic blood pressure, height, vital capacity, serum phospholipid and hand strength; with senile macular degeneration: systemic blood pressure, height, vital capacity, left ventricular hypertrophy, hand strength and history of lung infection; with diabetic retinopathy: casual blood sugar, urine sugar and other specific elements of diabetes; with ocular hypertension: systemic blood pressure, height, casual blood sugar and pulse rate. No variables were identified as associated with open-angle glaucoma. The paper stresses the need for corroboration of these findings, which may be a mix of real and chance associations, and the need for additional analyses before any of these associations are considered evidence of factors related to risk of ophthalmic disease.", "contents": "The Framingham Eye Study. II. Association of ophthalmic pathology with single variables previously measured in the Framingham Heart Study. Using the age-sex-specific data collected in the Framingham Heart Study 1948--1964 together with ophthalmic diagnoses made in the Framingham Eye Study in 1973--1975, the following variables were found to be associated with senile cataract: education, casual blood sugar, systemic blood pressure, height, vital capacity, serum phospholipid and hand strength; with senile macular degeneration: systemic blood pressure, height, vital capacity, left ventricular hypertrophy, hand strength and history of lung infection; with diabetic retinopathy: casual blood sugar, urine sugar and other specific elements of diabetes; with ocular hypertension: systemic blood pressure, height, casual blood sugar and pulse rate. No variables were identified as associated with open-angle glaucoma. The paper stresses the need for corroboration of these findings, which may be a mix of real and chance associations, and the need for additional analyses before any of these associations are considered evidence of factors related to risk of ophthalmic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:141883", "title": "The evaluation of left ventricular function by echocardiography.", "content": "Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular size and function correlates well with that made by cineangiography. The technic is particularly suited to the early detection and serial monitoring of left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction in valvular heart disease, hypertensive heart disease and the cardiomyopathies. It also has advantages over angiography in experimental situations in which frequently repeated or continuous assessment of left ventricular size and function may be required. The limited usefulness of a single ultrasound beam in segmental heart disease, such as ischemic heart disease, may be overcome in the future with improvements in two-dimensional echocardiographic technics.", "contents": "The evaluation of left ventricular function by echocardiography. Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular size and function correlates well with that made by cineangiography. The technic is particularly suited to the early detection and serial monitoring of left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction in valvular heart disease, hypertensive heart disease and the cardiomyopathies. It also has advantages over angiography in experimental situations in which frequently repeated or continuous assessment of left ventricular size and function may be required. The limited usefulness of a single ultrasound beam in segmental heart disease, such as ischemic heart disease, may be overcome in the future with improvements in two-dimensional echocardiographic technics."}
{"id": "PMID:141887", "title": "Experimental aortic lesions of acute serum sickness in rabbits.", "content": "The mechanisms by which serum sickness cause lesions in the aortic intima are not known. The early aortic lesions of serum sickness detected by permeability to Evans blue dye were studied morphologically to determine the chronologic sequence of lesion initiation and immunochemically with fluorescein-labeled rabbit IgG and bovine serum albumin to detect the presence of antigen and antibody. The topographic localization of lesions and the morphologic changes observed suggest that endothelial injury occurs first, probably due to immune complex deposition, and that platelets play a secondary or reactive role in the process.", "contents": "Experimental aortic lesions of acute serum sickness in rabbits. The mechanisms by which serum sickness cause lesions in the aortic intima are not known. The early aortic lesions of serum sickness detected by permeability to Evans blue dye were studied morphologically to determine the chronologic sequence of lesion initiation and immunochemically with fluorescein-labeled rabbit IgG and bovine serum albumin to detect the presence of antigen and antibody. The topographic localization of lesions and the morphologic changes observed suggest that endothelial injury occurs first, probably due to immune complex deposition, and that platelets play a secondary or reactive role in the process."}
{"id": "PMID:141889", "title": "Mucopolysaccharide osmotic pressure in the measurement of interstitial pressure.", "content": "Subatmospheric pressures were recorded from cotton wicks inserted into Wharton's jelly of human umbilical cords (mean=-7.6+/-5.0 (SD) cmH2O; n=10). Hyaluronate concentrations (mean=0.69+/-0.30 g/100 g) and wick pressures correlated negatively (r=-0.825; P less than 0.01) but calculated hyaluronate osmotic pressures (mean=4.0+/-2.7 cmH2O) were insufficient to explain the full wick pressure. In model systems composed of asbestos fibers (mean radius=0.5 micron) and 0.9% saline, subatmospheric pressures were recorded which varied with the volume of saline added. When hyaluronate (1 g/100 g) was substituted for saline, lower wick pressures were recorded at each volume. The pressure lowering effect of hyaluronate was not seen in a matrix of glass fibers (mean radius=1.0 micron). It is suggested that the effect of hyaluronate in asbestos fibers is due to its immobilization by the matrix and the consequent development of osmotic pressure recorded via the wick. In the coarser glass-fiber matrix, hyaluronate was not immobilized and therefore had no osmotic effect. These experiments support the hypothesis that subatmospheric interstitial pressures result from osmotic pressure of immobilized mucopolysaccharide macromolecules.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharide osmotic pressure in the measurement of interstitial pressure. Subatmospheric pressures were recorded from cotton wicks inserted into Wharton's jelly of human umbilical cords (mean=-7.6+/-5.0 (SD) cmH2O; n=10). Hyaluronate concentrations (mean=0.69+/-0.30 g/100 g) and wick pressures correlated negatively (r=-0.825; P less than 0.01) but calculated hyaluronate osmotic pressures (mean=4.0+/-2.7 cmH2O) were insufficient to explain the full wick pressure. In model systems composed of asbestos fibers (mean radius=0.5 micron) and 0.9% saline, subatmospheric pressures were recorded which varied with the volume of saline added. When hyaluronate (1 g/100 g) was substituted for saline, lower wick pressures were recorded at each volume. The pressure lowering effect of hyaluronate was not seen in a matrix of glass fibers (mean radius=1.0 micron). It is suggested that the effect of hyaluronate in asbestos fibers is due to its immobilization by the matrix and the consequent development of osmotic pressure recorded via the wick. In the coarser glass-fiber matrix, hyaluronate was not immobilized and therefore had no osmotic effect. These experiments support the hypothesis that subatmospheric interstitial pressures result from osmotic pressure of immobilized mucopolysaccharide macromolecules."}
{"id": "PMID:141890", "title": "Na-K-activated ATPase: activity maturation in rabbit nephron segments dissected in vitro.", "content": "Single, defined nephron segments were dissected in vitro from fresh slices of neonatal and mature rabbit kidney. Na-K-ATPase was quantified for six different tubule segments with an ultramicromethod. The enzyme distribution pattern in the neonatal nephron was similar to that in the mature nephron. Activity in distal segments was 2-5 times higher than proximal tubule activity referred to tissue dry weight, and 2 times higher referred to tubule length. Neonatal enzyme activity was lower than mature in all segments. Some segments carried only 23% of mature activity. Enzyme activity in the proximal convoluted tubule was constant during maturation when referred to the basal and lateral membrane area measured in the same developmental stages. In vitro activities of these tubules were similar to the enzyme activity measured previously in freeze-dried slices. The Vmax during development of Na-K-ATPase was higher by a factor of 5 in the mature tubule, whereas the Km was identical in the neonatal and mature tubule. The ouabain-insensitive ATPase did not show a maturational activity change.", "contents": "Na-K-activated ATPase: activity maturation in rabbit nephron segments dissected in vitro. Single, defined nephron segments were dissected in vitro from fresh slices of neonatal and mature rabbit kidney. Na-K-ATPase was quantified for six different tubule segments with an ultramicromethod. The enzyme distribution pattern in the neonatal nephron was similar to that in the mature nephron. Activity in distal segments was 2-5 times higher than proximal tubule activity referred to tissue dry weight, and 2 times higher referred to tubule length. Neonatal enzyme activity was lower than mature in all segments. Some segments carried only 23% of mature activity. Enzyme activity in the proximal convoluted tubule was constant during maturation when referred to the basal and lateral membrane area measured in the same developmental stages. In vitro activities of these tubules were similar to the enzyme activity measured previously in freeze-dried slices. The Vmax during development of Na-K-ATPase was higher by a factor of 5 in the mature tubule, whereas the Km was identical in the neonatal and mature tubule. The ouabain-insensitive ATPase did not show a maturational activity change."}
{"id": "PMID:141891", "title": "Central neural influence on precapillary microvessels and sphincter.", "content": "The responses to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation of consecutive segments of arterioles down to the precapillary sphincter were measured in the mesoappendix and/or cremaster of nine male rats with indwelling electrodes. Under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia, vasoactive sites were stimulated at threshold for maximal constriction or lumen closure of the precapillary sphincter and/or immediately preceding precapillary arteriole (metarteriole). In all experiments, CNS stimulation induced blood pressure elevation and constriction of three consecutive segments of precapillary vessels and of the sphincter. A threefold increase in rate of vasomotion of precapillary sphincter and metarteriole was the rule, but this was noted infrequently in larger arterioles. In addition to an overall influence of the CNS on microcirculation, the data show a gradient of responses to stimulation, the slope of which is negatively related to the size of the vessels and sphincter, in both tissues studied. A complete lumen closure of the metarteriole and precapillary sphincter (when present) in response to CNS stimulation implies active participation in the regulation of local blood flow. No evidence was foun for central neural regulation of the precapillary sphincter independent of arteriolar control.", "contents": "Central neural influence on precapillary microvessels and sphincter. The responses to central nervous system (CNS) stimulation of consecutive segments of arterioles down to the precapillary sphincter were measured in the mesoappendix and/or cremaster of nine male rats with indwelling electrodes. Under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia, vasoactive sites were stimulated at threshold for maximal constriction or lumen closure of the precapillary sphincter and/or immediately preceding precapillary arteriole (metarteriole). In all experiments, CNS stimulation induced blood pressure elevation and constriction of three consecutive segments of precapillary vessels and of the sphincter. A threefold increase in rate of vasomotion of precapillary sphincter and metarteriole was the rule, but this was noted infrequently in larger arterioles. In addition to an overall influence of the CNS on microcirculation, the data show a gradient of responses to stimulation, the slope of which is negatively related to the size of the vessels and sphincter, in both tissues studied. A complete lumen closure of the metarteriole and precapillary sphincter (when present) in response to CNS stimulation implies active participation in the regulation of local blood flow. No evidence was foun for central neural regulation of the precapillary sphincter independent of arteriolar control."}
{"id": "PMID:141892", "title": "An extracorporeal shunt for the measurement of coronary flow in the closed-chest dog.", "content": "An extracorporeal shunt circuit interposed between the left carotid artery and the left coronary ostium employs an electromagnetic flowmeter to measure coronary blood flow in the closed-chest anesthetized dog. Flow may be measured with the animal's arterial pressure as the driving force; introduction of a roller pump, or a roller pump and a negative feedback pressure controller allows for constant flow or constant pressure modes. During occlusion of the circuit or cessation of pump flow, retrograde coronary blood flow can be collected for measurement. The construction of the circuit is relatively simple and inexpensive, using common laboratory materials and a commercially available electromagnetic flowmeter and probe.", "contents": "An extracorporeal shunt for the measurement of coronary flow in the closed-chest dog. An extracorporeal shunt circuit interposed between the left carotid artery and the left coronary ostium employs an electromagnetic flowmeter to measure coronary blood flow in the closed-chest anesthetized dog. Flow may be measured with the animal's arterial pressure as the driving force; introduction of a roller pump, or a roller pump and a negative feedback pressure controller allows for constant flow or constant pressure modes. During occlusion of the circuit or cessation of pump flow, retrograde coronary blood flow can be collected for measurement. The construction of the circuit is relatively simple and inexpensive, using common laboratory materials and a commercially available electromagnetic flowmeter and probe."}
{"id": "PMID:141893", "title": "Zero offset in electromagnetic flowmeters.", "content": "In electromagnetic square-wave flowmeters, it should be theoretically possible to determine zero flow by turning off the magnet drive. In actuality, this is not possible. A major source of zero offset in many commercial flowmeters lies in the fact that the very large voltage transients, seen as the flowmeter drive switches polarity, are distorted by the input amplifiers. This can be corrected by improved amplifier design. A second source of zero offset when flow probes have been immersed in conducting fluids is resistive leakage between the drive voltage and the input electrodes. This can be minimized through the use of shielded coils, with shield grounded, and by the use of a magnet drive isolated from ground. If both of these sources of zero offset are corrected, offset is greatly reduced. Polarization of the flowmeter electrodes, which has previously been suggested as a cause of zero offset, was not detected.", "contents": "Zero offset in electromagnetic flowmeters. In electromagnetic square-wave flowmeters, it should be theoretically possible to determine zero flow by turning off the magnet drive. In actuality, this is not possible. A major source of zero offset in many commercial flowmeters lies in the fact that the very large voltage transients, seen as the flowmeter drive switches polarity, are distorted by the input amplifiers. This can be corrected by improved amplifier design. A second source of zero offset when flow probes have been immersed in conducting fluids is resistive leakage between the drive voltage and the input electrodes. This can be minimized through the use of shielded coils, with shield grounded, and by the use of a magnet drive isolated from ground. If both of these sources of zero offset are corrected, offset is greatly reduced. Polarization of the flowmeter electrodes, which has previously been suggested as a cause of zero offset, was not detected."}
{"id": "PMID:141896", "title": "Histochemical studies of respiratory muscles of chicken.", "content": "The histochemical profiles of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADDase), and phosphorylase (Pase) activities were studied in the respiratory muscles of the chicken. Most respiratory muscles contained fibers exhibiting 18 possible combinations of staining reactions (dark or light ATPase; dark, intermediate, or light NADDase; dark, intermediate, or light Pase). Fibers that stained light for ATPase constituted as little as 10% of the total population in rectus abdominis, but as much as 32% of the total in costosternalis pars major. Those fibers did not tend to be smaller than fibers that stained dark for ATPase in the respiratory muscles as a group. Assuming these staining characteristics are correlated with functional properties of the fibers, as they are in mammals, the majority of the fibers should contract rapidly (dark ATPase) and be fatigue resistant (dark and intermediate NADDase).", "contents": "Histochemical studies of respiratory muscles of chicken. The histochemical profiles of myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide diaphorase (NADDase), and phosphorylase (Pase) activities were studied in the respiratory muscles of the chicken. Most respiratory muscles contained fibers exhibiting 18 possible combinations of staining reactions (dark or light ATPase; dark, intermediate, or light NADDase; dark, intermediate, or light Pase). Fibers that stained light for ATPase constituted as little as 10% of the total population in rectus abdominis, but as much as 32% of the total in costosternalis pars major. Those fibers did not tend to be smaller than fibers that stained dark for ATPase in the respiratory muscles as a group. Assuming these staining characteristics are correlated with functional properties of the fibers, as they are in mammals, the majority of the fibers should contract rapidly (dark ATPase) and be fatigue resistant (dark and intermediate NADDase)."}
{"id": "PMID:141897", "title": "Further controlled evaluations of fenbendazole as a bovine anthelmintic.", "content": "The efficacy of fenbendazole (methyl-5-(phenythio)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate) in cattle parasitized by the lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus and in other cattle parasitized by Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, and Oesophagostomum was investigated in 3 controlled critical experiments. A single treatment with 5.0 mg/kg of body weight administered in the feed or in a 10% suspension exceeded 99% efficacy against these helminths. Dosages of 1, 0.5, 0.35, and 0.25 mg/kg of body weight administered for 5 days to individual calves in their feed were 99% efficacious against all helminths, except Haemonchus. The 1.0 mg/kg dose removed 99.5% of the Haemonchus, and the other 3 dosages had efficacies of 91.0, 93.7, and 95.6%, respectively. The small daily dosages were not evaluated against Dictyocaulus.", "contents": "Further controlled evaluations of fenbendazole as a bovine anthelmintic. The efficacy of fenbendazole (methyl-5-(phenythio)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate) in cattle parasitized by the lungworm Dictyocaulus viviparus and in other cattle parasitized by Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, and Oesophagostomum was investigated in 3 controlled critical experiments. A single treatment with 5.0 mg/kg of body weight administered in the feed or in a 10% suspension exceeded 99% efficacy against these helminths. Dosages of 1, 0.5, 0.35, and 0.25 mg/kg of body weight administered for 5 days to individual calves in their feed were 99% efficacious against all helminths, except Haemonchus. The 1.0 mg/kg dose removed 99.5% of the Haemonchus, and the other 3 dosages had efficacies of 91.0, 93.7, and 95.6%, respectively. The small daily dosages were not evaluated against Dictyocaulus."}
{"id": "PMID:141898", "title": "Surgical anatomy of the aponeurotic expansions of the anterior abdominal wall.", "content": "Dissection of the anterior abdominal wall in 40 fresh cadavers, with confirmation of the anatomical findings at operation in 25 patients, has enabled the patterns of distribution of the aponeurotic expansions of the abdominal muscles to be traced and the relation of structure to function to be determined. It is pointed out that the linea alba should no longer be regarded as the line of insertion of the abdominal muscles but as the area of decussation of the tendinous aponeurotic fibres of the muscular strata passing from one side to the other, for which the name \"midline aponeurotic area\" is proposed. Two separate functional areas are described, a \"parachute respiratory mechanism\" in the upper abdomen and a belly support in the lower abdomen. Attention is drawn to the functional derangement that may follow some of the standard abdominal incisions and to possible mechanisms of herniation through the midline aponeurotic area.", "contents": "Surgical anatomy of the aponeurotic expansions of the anterior abdominal wall. Dissection of the anterior abdominal wall in 40 fresh cadavers, with confirmation of the anatomical findings at operation in 25 patients, has enabled the patterns of distribution of the aponeurotic expansions of the abdominal muscles to be traced and the relation of structure to function to be determined. It is pointed out that the linea alba should no longer be regarded as the line of insertion of the abdominal muscles but as the area of decussation of the tendinous aponeurotic fibres of the muscular strata passing from one side to the other, for which the name \"midline aponeurotic area\" is proposed. Two separate functional areas are described, a \"parachute respiratory mechanism\" in the upper abdomen and a belly support in the lower abdomen. Attention is drawn to the functional derangement that may follow some of the standard abdominal incisions and to possible mechanisms of herniation through the midline aponeurotic area."}
{"id": "PMID:141899", "title": "Abdominal wound dehiscence. A 10-year survey from a district general hospital.", "content": "The incidence of abdominal wound dehiscence at a district general hospital was found to be about 1.5%. Analysis of a group of 123 patients with dehiscence in 3 separate years during a 10-year period confirmed that disruption most commonly occurs during the second postoperative week. The suture material used for primary closure appeared to have no influence on subsequent dehiscence. After resuture the recorded incidence of incisional herniation was 19% and the mortality was 24%. Patients who survived resuture remained in hospital for a prolonged period.", "contents": "Abdominal wound dehiscence. A 10-year survey from a district general hospital. The incidence of abdominal wound dehiscence at a district general hospital was found to be about 1.5%. Analysis of a group of 123 patients with dehiscence in 3 separate years during a 10-year period confirmed that disruption most commonly occurs during the second postoperative week. The suture material used for primary closure appeared to have no influence on subsequent dehiscence. After resuture the recorded incidence of incisional herniation was 19% and the mortality was 24%. Patients who survived resuture remained in hospital for a prolonged period."}
{"id": "PMID:141904", "title": "Red and white muscle fibres in meniscectomy patients. Effects of postoperative physiotherapy.", "content": "Clinical examination of the knee joint of 16 meniscectomy patients was performed and muscle biopsies were taken preoperatively and four weeks postoperatively from the vastus medialis of the quadriceps muscle. Corresponding investigations were performed in 15 healthy volunteer controls. One group of the meniscectomy patients was given routine postoperative physiotherapy, the other group intensive physiotherapy. Type I and II muscle fibres were determined from the muscle biopsies of the myosin-ATPase staining method. No difference was observed in the clinical and histochemical findings between the patients given routine and intensive physiotherapy respectively. Compared with the controls, the older patients had clinical quadriceps atrophy preoperatively, but there were no differences in the muscle fibre composition. After meniscectomy the patients developed even more marked quadriceps atrophy, which was more manifest in the patients with a good preoperative muscle status. The surface areas of the type I and II fibres of the operated patients diminished compared with the samples from the healthy volunteer controls. Only in the male patients was the decrease in the type I muscle area considerable. The present data indicate that meniscectomy is accompanied by a marked change in the clinical and histochemical appearance of the quadriceps muscle compared with the muscle status following meniscus injury; the extent of physiotherapy as carried out in the present study did not significantly modify the results.", "contents": "Red and white muscle fibres in meniscectomy patients. Effects of postoperative physiotherapy. Clinical examination of the knee joint of 16 meniscectomy patients was performed and muscle biopsies were taken preoperatively and four weeks postoperatively from the vastus medialis of the quadriceps muscle. Corresponding investigations were performed in 15 healthy volunteer controls. One group of the meniscectomy patients was given routine postoperative physiotherapy, the other group intensive physiotherapy. Type I and II muscle fibres were determined from the muscle biopsies of the myosin-ATPase staining method. No difference was observed in the clinical and histochemical findings between the patients given routine and intensive physiotherapy respectively. Compared with the controls, the older patients had clinical quadriceps atrophy preoperatively, but there were no differences in the muscle fibre composition. After meniscectomy the patients developed even more marked quadriceps atrophy, which was more manifest in the patients with a good preoperative muscle status. The surface areas of the type I and II fibres of the operated patients diminished compared with the samples from the healthy volunteer controls. Only in the male patients was the decrease in the type I muscle area considerable. The present data indicate that meniscectomy is accompanied by a marked change in the clinical and histochemical appearance of the quadriceps muscle compared with the muscle status following meniscus injury; the extent of physiotherapy as carried out in the present study did not significantly modify the results."}
{"id": "PMID:141905", "title": "[Effect of coamide on immunogenesis during antibiotic therapy].", "content": "The dynamics of the antibody-producing cells in the spleen and the titer of hemagglutinines in the blood of albino mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes and treated with various doses (250, 500, 1000 gamma) of oxytetracycline and monomycin and their combinations with coamide, a complex of cobalt with nicotinic acid amide at different periods after the immunization. It was found that oxytetracycline in doses of 500 and 1000 gamma and monomycin in doses of 250, 500 and 1000 gamma administered intramuscularly for 4 days had an inhibitory effect on both the antibody-producing cells and the titer of hemagglutinines in the immunized animals at various periods after the immunization. Consequently, oxytetracycline and monomycin had the immunosuppressive effect. Exposure of the animals treated with oxytetracycline and monomycin to coamide for 5 days provided an increase in the number of the antibody-producing cells and the titer of the hemagglutinines. The results of the study showed the perspectivity of coamide use in complex therapy of infectious diseases.", "contents": "[Effect of coamide on immunogenesis during antibiotic therapy]. The dynamics of the antibody-producing cells in the spleen and the titer of hemagglutinines in the blood of albino mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes and treated with various doses (250, 500, 1000 gamma) of oxytetracycline and monomycin and their combinations with coamide, a complex of cobalt with nicotinic acid amide at different periods after the immunization. It was found that oxytetracycline in doses of 500 and 1000 gamma and monomycin in doses of 250, 500 and 1000 gamma administered intramuscularly for 4 days had an inhibitory effect on both the antibody-producing cells and the titer of hemagglutinines in the immunized animals at various periods after the immunization. Consequently, oxytetracycline and monomycin had the immunosuppressive effect. Exposure of the animals treated with oxytetracycline and monomycin to coamide for 5 days provided an increase in the number of the antibody-producing cells and the titer of the hemagglutinines. The results of the study showed the perspectivity of coamide use in complex therapy of infectious diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:141906", "title": "Mechanism of accumulation of the antitumor protein antibiotic neocarzinostatin in bladder tissue: intravenous administration, urinary excretion, and absorption into bladder tissue.", "content": "Some aspects of the absorption, distribution, and excretion of neocarzinostatin (NCS), a proteinous antitumor antibiotic, were studied in rabbits. NCS was given intravenously (i.v.) via the auricular vein, or [(14)C]NCS was instilled directly into the cavity of the bladder by tubing. In both groups, ureterostomy was performed, so that the drug excreted in the urine did not pass through the bladder. The results showed extremely rapid renal clearance; namely, two-thirds of the total recovered was excreted in the first 5 min. It was also shown that drug infused into the bladder cavity could be recovered in urine from the ureterostomized ureter. Also, the level of biological activity of NCS in bladder tissues after i.v. administration is significantly lower when ureterostomy is performed. Thus, evidence is presented for the absorption of NCS into bladder tissue from the lumen of the bladder. The high levels of NCS in bladder tissue are due to this effect as well as to accumulation via the iliac artery. These data should encourage further trials of NCS in bladder cancer. A study of urine containing NCS derived from i.v. administration showed an increase in antibacterial activity upon incubation, followed by a decrease. These effects are probably due to proteolysis, as shown by the appearance of a low-molecular-weight fragment and by the absence of such an increase in the presence of inhibitors of proteolysis.", "contents": "Mechanism of accumulation of the antitumor protein antibiotic neocarzinostatin in bladder tissue: intravenous administration, urinary excretion, and absorption into bladder tissue. Some aspects of the absorption, distribution, and excretion of neocarzinostatin (NCS), a proteinous antitumor antibiotic, were studied in rabbits. NCS was given intravenously (i.v.) via the auricular vein, or [(14)C]NCS was instilled directly into the cavity of the bladder by tubing. In both groups, ureterostomy was performed, so that the drug excreted in the urine did not pass through the bladder. The results showed extremely rapid renal clearance; namely, two-thirds of the total recovered was excreted in the first 5 min. It was also shown that drug infused into the bladder cavity could be recovered in urine from the ureterostomized ureter. Also, the level of biological activity of NCS in bladder tissues after i.v. administration is significantly lower when ureterostomy is performed. Thus, evidence is presented for the absorption of NCS into bladder tissue from the lumen of the bladder. The high levels of NCS in bladder tissue are due to this effect as well as to accumulation via the iliac artery. These data should encourage further trials of NCS in bladder cancer. A study of urine containing NCS derived from i.v. administration showed an increase in antibacterial activity upon incubation, followed by a decrease. These effects are probably due to proteolysis, as shown by the appearance of a low-molecular-weight fragment and by the absence of such an increase in the presence of inhibitors of proteolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:141912", "title": "Hepatic glycogen synthetase deficiency. Definition of syndrome from metabolic and enzyme studies on a 9-year-old girl.", "content": "In the 13 years since hepatic glycogen synthetase deficiency was first described in identical twins no further cases seem to have been observed. We report a child who had suffered from occasional morning convulsions since the age of 7. Three 24-hour metabolic profiles showed fasting hypoglycaemia, hyperketonaemia, but normal lactate. Hyperglycaemia and hyperlactataemia occurred after meals. Glucagon caused a rise in glucose 3 hours after a meal with a fall in lactate and alanine; no effect of glucagon was seen after a 12-hour fast. Normal increments in glucose followed oral galactose or alanine. Liver and abdominal wall muscle biopsies were taken. Glycogen content was subnormal in liver but normal in muscle. Glycogen synthetase (EC 2.4.1.11) was virtually absent from liver but fully active in muscle. Hepatic glycogen synthetase deficiency causing fasting hypoglycaemia has been confirmed. It is postulated that some children with \"ketotic hypoglycaemia\" may suffer from this disorder.", "contents": "Hepatic glycogen synthetase deficiency. Definition of syndrome from metabolic and enzyme studies on a 9-year-old girl. In the 13 years since hepatic glycogen synthetase deficiency was first described in identical twins no further cases seem to have been observed. We report a child who had suffered from occasional morning convulsions since the age of 7. Three 24-hour metabolic profiles showed fasting hypoglycaemia, hyperketonaemia, but normal lactate. Hyperglycaemia and hyperlactataemia occurred after meals. Glucagon caused a rise in glucose 3 hours after a meal with a fall in lactate and alanine; no effect of glucagon was seen after a 12-hour fast. Normal increments in glucose followed oral galactose or alanine. Liver and abdominal wall muscle biopsies were taken. Glycogen content was subnormal in liver but normal in muscle. Glycogen synthetase (EC 2.4.1.11) was virtually absent from liver but fully active in muscle. Hepatic glycogen synthetase deficiency causing fasting hypoglycaemia has been confirmed. It is postulated that some children with \"ketotic hypoglycaemia\" may suffer from this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:141913", "title": "Gastroschisis treated with lyophilized dura.", "content": "At the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Sydney, we have found that primary closure in gastroschisis is usually successful. However, in a small number of cases such closure is found to be impossible. In such patients we have not been satisfied with silastic sheeting and have on two occasions successfully used lyophilized dura.", "contents": "Gastroschisis treated with lyophilized dura. At the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children, Sydney, we have found that primary closure in gastroschisis is usually successful. However, in a small number of cases such closure is found to be impossible. In such patients we have not been satisfied with silastic sheeting and have on two occasions successfully used lyophilized dura."}
{"id": "PMID:141914", "title": "Synthesis and concentration of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate in erythrocytes from patients with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Plasma urate levels and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity were not significantly different in patients with Down's syndrome when compared with control subjects with mental retardation. No significant difference was found in 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) concentration and synthesis of PRPP in erythrocytes from glucose between subjects with Down's syndrome and controls. The purine metabolism of Down's syndrome is discussed.", "contents": "Synthesis and concentration of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate in erythrocytes from patients with Down's syndrome. Plasma urate levels and erythrocyte glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity were not significantly different in patients with Down's syndrome when compared with control subjects with mental retardation. No significant difference was found in 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) concentration and synthesis of PRPP in erythrocytes from glucose between subjects with Down's syndrome and controls. The purine metabolism of Down's syndrome is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:141915", "title": "Replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve with a composite graft: results in 25 patients.", "content": "Our experience with combined replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve with a composite prosthetic valve-Dacron tube graft in 25 patients from September, 1974, to December, 1976, is reviewed. The technique involves suture of the composite graft to the aortic annulus, to the aortic tissue surrounding the coronary ostia, and to the distal ascending aorta, closing the aortic wall over the graft before discontinuing cardiopulmonary bypass. Annuloaortic ectasia was the most common indication for operation (15 patients). Perfusion of the coronary arteries was used in the first 15 patients. In the remaining 20, internal and external myocardial cooling with one period of ischemic arrest (average, 67 minutes) was used. There was 1 hospital death (4%), and there have been 3 late deaths (12%) in the 27-month follow-up period. This technique appears to be applicable to most types of aneurysmal disease of the proximal ascending aorta associated with aortic valve incompetence. All aneurysmal tissue from the aortic annulus to the innominate artery is excluded, bleeding through the graft is eliminated, operative time is reduced, and the late results have been satisfactory to date.", "contents": "Replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve with a composite graft: results in 25 patients. Our experience with combined replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve with a composite prosthetic valve-Dacron tube graft in 25 patients from September, 1974, to December, 1976, is reviewed. The technique involves suture of the composite graft to the aortic annulus, to the aortic tissue surrounding the coronary ostia, and to the distal ascending aorta, closing the aortic wall over the graft before discontinuing cardiopulmonary bypass. Annuloaortic ectasia was the most common indication for operation (15 patients). Perfusion of the coronary arteries was used in the first 15 patients. In the remaining 20, internal and external myocardial cooling with one period of ischemic arrest (average, 67 minutes) was used. There was 1 hospital death (4%), and there have been 3 late deaths (12%) in the 27-month follow-up period. This technique appears to be applicable to most types of aneurysmal disease of the proximal ascending aorta associated with aortic valve incompetence. All aneurysmal tissue from the aortic annulus to the innominate artery is excluded, bleeding through the graft is eliminated, operative time is reduced, and the late results have been satisfactory to date."}
{"id": "PMID:141916", "title": "Acute venereal arthritis. Comparative study of acute Reiter syndrome and acute gonococcal arthritis.", "content": "Acute venereal arthritis, a syndrome of fever and inflammatory arthritis following recent sexual intercourse, is a frequently misdiagnosed arthritic presentation. Nearly half of 39 patients admitted with a diagnosis of acute gonococcal arthritis were subsequently recognized as having acute Reiter syndrome. A retrospective study of both diseases revealed differentiating features that, when prospectively applied to 21 consecutive patients, permitted a correct and prompt bedside diagnosis. Acute Reiter syndrome could be differentiated by characteristic mucucutaneous lesions, arthritis/tenosynovitis confined to lower extremities, massive recurrent knee effusions, low back pain, conjunctivitis, and genitourinary inflammation. Gonococcal arthritis could be differentiated by migratory arthralgias, high fevers, arthritis/tenosynovitis initially confined to upper extremities, typical cutaneous lesions, and dramatic defervescence to penicillin therapy. Laboratory data provided support for each diagnosis.", "contents": "Acute venereal arthritis. Comparative study of acute Reiter syndrome and acute gonococcal arthritis. Acute venereal arthritis, a syndrome of fever and inflammatory arthritis following recent sexual intercourse, is a frequently misdiagnosed arthritic presentation. Nearly half of 39 patients admitted with a diagnosis of acute gonococcal arthritis were subsequently recognized as having acute Reiter syndrome. A retrospective study of both diseases revealed differentiating features that, when prospectively applied to 21 consecutive patients, permitted a correct and prompt bedside diagnosis. Acute Reiter syndrome could be differentiated by characteristic mucucutaneous lesions, arthritis/tenosynovitis confined to lower extremities, massive recurrent knee effusions, low back pain, conjunctivitis, and genitourinary inflammation. Gonococcal arthritis could be differentiated by migratory arthralgias, high fevers, arthritis/tenosynovitis initially confined to upper extremities, typical cutaneous lesions, and dramatic defervescence to penicillin therapy. Laboratory data provided support for each diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:141917", "title": "Effect of ouabain on mechanical and electrical properties of rat and guinea pig hearts at 180 C.", "content": "The effects of ouabain 10(-6) M on rat and guinea pig hearts have been studied at 18 degrees C, in order to reduce almost fully both the Na+, K+-dependent ATPase activity and the ouabain induced inhibition of this enzyme. In isolated guinea pig hearts the positive inotropic response to ouabain obtained at 32 degrees C disappeared at 18 degrees C. On the contrary, the contractile strength of rat hearts was slightly reduced by ouabain and in the same manner at both temperatures. Current and voltage clamp experiments carried out at 18 degrees C in ventricular fibres revealed that ouabain 10(-6) M decreased both the action potential overshoot and the fast sodium current in rat and guinea pig, by reduction of the membrane sodium conductance. Ouabain did not change the calcium current in guinea pig preparations, whereas in rat heart muscle this current was reduced. The effects of ouabain on both the action potential plateau and outward repolarizing current indicated some inconsistencies from preparation to preparation and cannot therefore be considered as significant. The persistence of the ouabain induced alterations of g Na (in rat and guinea pig) and calcium current (in rat) at 18 degrees C supports the hypothesis of two ouabain cell receptors in heart muscle.", "contents": "Effect of ouabain on mechanical and electrical properties of rat and guinea pig hearts at 180 C. The effects of ouabain 10(-6) M on rat and guinea pig hearts have been studied at 18 degrees C, in order to reduce almost fully both the Na+, K+-dependent ATPase activity and the ouabain induced inhibition of this enzyme. In isolated guinea pig hearts the positive inotropic response to ouabain obtained at 32 degrees C disappeared at 18 degrees C. On the contrary, the contractile strength of rat hearts was slightly reduced by ouabain and in the same manner at both temperatures. Current and voltage clamp experiments carried out at 18 degrees C in ventricular fibres revealed that ouabain 10(-6) M decreased both the action potential overshoot and the fast sodium current in rat and guinea pig, by reduction of the membrane sodium conductance. Ouabain did not change the calcium current in guinea pig preparations, whereas in rat heart muscle this current was reduced. The effects of ouabain on both the action potential plateau and outward repolarizing current indicated some inconsistencies from preparation to preparation and cannot therefore be considered as significant. The persistence of the ouabain induced alterations of g Na (in rat and guinea pig) and calcium current (in rat) at 18 degrees C supports the hypothesis of two ouabain cell receptors in heart muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:141918", "title": "A continuous culture study of an ATPase-negative mutant of Escherichia coli.", "content": "For anaerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Escherichia coli a value of 8.5 was found for YmaxATP. For anaerobic glucose- or ammoniumlimited chemostat cultures of the ATPase-negative mutant M2-6 of E. coli YmaxATP values of 17.6 and 20.0 were found, respectively. From these data it can be concluded that in the wild type during anaerobic growth 51-58% of the total ATP production is used for energetization of the membrane. Using the YATP values obtained in the anaerobic experiments a P/O ratio of 1.46 could be calculated for aerobic experiments with the wild type. It is concluded that from the energy obtained by respiration in wild type E. coli about 60% is used for membrane energetization and only about 40% for the actual formation of ATP. No dramatic difference in the maintenance requirement for ATP or glucose has been observed between glucose- and ammonium-limited chemostat cultures of the mutant. The large difference in maintenance requirement observed for such cultures of the wild type is therefore supposed to be made possible by ATP hydrolysis by the ATPase.", "contents": "A continuous culture study of an ATPase-negative mutant of Escherichia coli. For anaerobic glucose-limited chemostat cultures of Escherichia coli a value of 8.5 was found for YmaxATP. For anaerobic glucose- or ammoniumlimited chemostat cultures of the ATPase-negative mutant M2-6 of E. coli YmaxATP values of 17.6 and 20.0 were found, respectively. From these data it can be concluded that in the wild type during anaerobic growth 51-58% of the total ATP production is used for energetization of the membrane. Using the YATP values obtained in the anaerobic experiments a P/O ratio of 1.46 could be calculated for aerobic experiments with the wild type. It is concluded that from the energy obtained by respiration in wild type E. coli about 60% is used for membrane energetization and only about 40% for the actual formation of ATP. No dramatic difference in the maintenance requirement for ATP or glucose has been observed between glucose- and ammonium-limited chemostat cultures of the mutant. The large difference in maintenance requirement observed for such cultures of the wild type is therefore supposed to be made possible by ATP hydrolysis by the ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:141919", "title": "The fine structural localization of adenosine triphosphatase activity on the taste bud in the fungiform papillae of the rat.", "content": "The localization of Mg++ activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in rat fungiform taste buds was demonstrated by electron microscopic histochemistry. Reaction product was found on the cell membrane of the taste cells, but not within their cytoplasm. Especially strong reaction occurred in the taste pore. Besides, enzymes were observed in axon-Schwann cell and axon-type I cell interspace, but not in the contacts of the nerve fiber and type II cell. The taste bud could well be distinguished from the surrounding epithelium by the existence of the reaction product. ATPase activity was absent at the synaptic portion where type III cells faced nerve fibers. No reaction product was seen along the basal lamina. In fungiform buds, the nerve fibers were frequently shown to make contact with each other, and these sites were devoid of deposits for ATPase.", "contents": "The fine structural localization of adenosine triphosphatase activity on the taste bud in the fungiform papillae of the rat. The localization of Mg++ activated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity in rat fungiform taste buds was demonstrated by electron microscopic histochemistry. Reaction product was found on the cell membrane of the taste cells, but not within their cytoplasm. Especially strong reaction occurred in the taste pore. Besides, enzymes were observed in axon-Schwann cell and axon-type I cell interspace, but not in the contacts of the nerve fiber and type II cell. The taste bud could well be distinguished from the surrounding epithelium by the existence of the reaction product. ATPase activity was absent at the synaptic portion where type III cells faced nerve fibers. No reaction product was seen along the basal lamina. In fungiform buds, the nerve fibers were frequently shown to make contact with each other, and these sites were devoid of deposits for ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:141920", "title": "Ultrastructure of the parotid duct. Cytochemical studies of the striated duct and papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum of the human parotid gland.", "content": "To our knowledge, there are currently no reports in the literature that discuss the fine structure of the striated ducts of the human parotid gland. Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin's tumor) is a benigh neoplasm found almost exclusively in the parotid gland that represents about 16% of all neoplasms of the gland. This neoplasm is believed to arise from the striated and/or excretory ducts, but there are contradictions with regard to the proposed origin and the cellular composition of some Warthin's tumors. Tissue was obtained at the time of surgery and examined ultrastructurally and cytochemically for the localization of alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase. Myoepithelial cells were found ultrastructurally and cytochemically on the proximal aspect of the striated duct, with their cell bodies situated at the junction of the striated and intercalated ducts. Two Warthin's tumors were observed with cells that were structurally and cytochemically similar to myoepithelial cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the parotid duct. Cytochemical studies of the striated duct and papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum of the human parotid gland. To our knowledge, there are currently no reports in the literature that discuss the fine structure of the striated ducts of the human parotid gland. Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum (Warthin's tumor) is a benigh neoplasm found almost exclusively in the parotid gland that represents about 16% of all neoplasms of the gland. This neoplasm is believed to arise from the striated and/or excretory ducts, but there are contradictions with regard to the proposed origin and the cellular composition of some Warthin's tumors. Tissue was obtained at the time of surgery and examined ultrastructurally and cytochemically for the localization of alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase. Myoepithelial cells were found ultrastructurally and cytochemically on the proximal aspect of the striated duct, with their cell bodies situated at the junction of the striated and intercalated ducts. Two Warthin's tumors were observed with cells that were structurally and cytochemically similar to myoepithelial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:141921", "title": "The handicapped driver: an insurer's point of view.", "content": "This paper reviews the approach used by one automobile insurer to underwrite and to medically evaluate a handicapped driver. Significant factors which must be carefully developed for each application for automobile insurance are discussed. In the final analysis. The extent of any physical or mental impairment must be considered along with information verifying the capability of the handicapped person to safely operate an automobile. Cooperation in research programs among many disciplines, namely, state motor vehicle bureaus, insurers, product manufacturers, health professionals and driver educators as well as handicapped drivers, is clearly indicated.", "contents": "The handicapped driver: an insurer's point of view. This paper reviews the approach used by one automobile insurer to underwrite and to medically evaluate a handicapped driver. Significant factors which must be carefully developed for each application for automobile insurance are discussed. In the final analysis. The extent of any physical or mental impairment must be considered along with information verifying the capability of the handicapped person to safely operate an automobile. Cooperation in research programs among many disciplines, namely, state motor vehicle bureaus, insurers, product manufacturers, health professionals and driver educators as well as handicapped drivers, is clearly indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:141922", "title": "Sexual function restoration in the physically disabled: use of a private hospital room.", "content": "For more than two years, a rehabilitation department in a large general hospital maintained a room adjacent to the ward as a site for evaluating and restoring sexual function of disabled patients. This report provides a description of the room, discusses its diverse purposes, and offers justifications of its feasibility in an acute hospital facility.", "contents": "Sexual function restoration in the physically disabled: use of a private hospital room. For more than two years, a rehabilitation department in a large general hospital maintained a room adjacent to the ward as a site for evaluating and restoring sexual function of disabled patients. This report provides a description of the room, discusses its diverse purposes, and offers justifications of its feasibility in an acute hospital facility."}
{"id": "PMID:141923", "title": "Electromyographic biofeedback for pain related to muscle tension. A study of tension headache, back, and jaw pain.", "content": "We review the literature on the application of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback to tension-related headaches, back and shoulder pain, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain and present clinical treatment data on 18 patients with tension headaches, eight patients with back and shoulder pain, and six patients with TMJ pain. Electromyographic tension levels declined in all groups of patients; pain declined significantly in 12 of 18 patients with tension headaches and one of eight back pain patients, and decreased slightly in three headache patients, three back and shoulder pain patients, and two patients with TMJ pain. Conclusions suggest that EMG biofeedback is generally more effective in treating tension headaches, but much less effective in the treatment of back, shoulder, or jaw pain, although the numbers of patients are small in the latter two groups.", "contents": "Electromyographic biofeedback for pain related to muscle tension. A study of tension headache, back, and jaw pain. We review the literature on the application of electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback to tension-related headaches, back and shoulder pain, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain and present clinical treatment data on 18 patients with tension headaches, eight patients with back and shoulder pain, and six patients with TMJ pain. Electromyographic tension levels declined in all groups of patients; pain declined significantly in 12 of 18 patients with tension headaches and one of eight back pain patients, and decreased slightly in three headache patients, three back and shoulder pain patients, and two patients with TMJ pain. Conclusions suggest that EMG biofeedback is generally more effective in treating tension headaches, but much less effective in the treatment of back, shoulder, or jaw pain, although the numbers of patients are small in the latter two groups."}
{"id": "PMID:141924", "title": "[The problem of the cardiomyopathies].", "content": "The author criticizes the tendency to broaden continuously the notion of \"cardiomyopathy\" and the attempts to cover by this term almost all etiological and pathogenetic variants of myocardial lesions. Classification of these variants by two groups is proposed: 1) idiopathic cardiomyopathies, etiology of which are either not known, or not established yet; 2) symptomatic cardiomyopathies the causes of which are known. The first group comprises congestive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. Their essential clinico-anatomical features and considerations concerning pathogenesis are set forth. Every variant of the second group of cardiomyopathies (symptomatic) is analysed separately according to the character of the pathogenic agent. The need for comprehensive study of myocardial pathology in the so-called cardiomyopathies is emphasized.", "contents": "[The problem of the cardiomyopathies]. The author criticizes the tendency to broaden continuously the notion of \"cardiomyopathy\" and the attempts to cover by this term almost all etiological and pathogenetic variants of myocardial lesions. Classification of these variants by two groups is proposed: 1) idiopathic cardiomyopathies, etiology of which are either not known, or not established yet; 2) symptomatic cardiomyopathies the causes of which are known. The first group comprises congestive and hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. Their essential clinico-anatomical features and considerations concerning pathogenesis are set forth. Every variant of the second group of cardiomyopathies (symptomatic) is analysed separately according to the character of the pathogenic agent. The need for comprehensive study of myocardial pathology in the so-called cardiomyopathies is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:141925", "title": "An adenosine triphosphate-dependent deoxyribonuclease from Alcaligenes faecalis.", "content": "A deoxyribonuclease was purified approx. 800-fold from crude extracts of the bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis. The enzyme requires ATP and Mn2+; ATP could be replaced by any other ribo- or deoxyribo-nucleoside triphosphate, and Mn2+ could be replaced by Mg2+ in 0.1 M-Tris/HCl, pH 8.0 at 37 degrees C. The enzyme could degrade linear duplex or denaturated DNA, but was inactive with closed-circular duplex DNA from bacteriophase PM-2. In the course of nucleolytic activity, ATP was hydrolysed. We have measured deoxyribonuclease and adenoxine triphosphatase activity in the presence of various salts, and found that the amount of ATP hydrolysis associated with a given amount of deoxyribonuclease activity was decreased in the presence of tetraethylammonium ions. Since these ions decrease the stability of the DNA helix, we conclude that one function of the ATP hydrolysis is to unwind the DNA.", "contents": "An adenosine triphosphate-dependent deoxyribonuclease from Alcaligenes faecalis. A deoxyribonuclease was purified approx. 800-fold from crude extracts of the bacterium Alcaligenes faecalis. The enzyme requires ATP and Mn2+; ATP could be replaced by any other ribo- or deoxyribo-nucleoside triphosphate, and Mn2+ could be replaced by Mg2+ in 0.1 M-Tris/HCl, pH 8.0 at 37 degrees C. The enzyme could degrade linear duplex or denaturated DNA, but was inactive with closed-circular duplex DNA from bacteriophase PM-2. In the course of nucleolytic activity, ATP was hydrolysed. We have measured deoxyribonuclease and adenoxine triphosphatase activity in the presence of various salts, and found that the amount of ATP hydrolysis associated with a given amount of deoxyribonuclease activity was decreased in the presence of tetraethylammonium ions. Since these ions decrease the stability of the DNA helix, we conclude that one function of the ATP hydrolysis is to unwind the DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:141926", "title": "Comparison of glucose metabolism in the lactating mammary gland of the rat in vivo and in vitro. Effects of starvation, prolactin or insulin deficiency.", "content": "1. Measurements of arteriovenous differences across mammary glands of normal and starved lactating rats, and lactating rats made short-term insulin-deficient with streptozotocin or prolactin-deficient with bromocryptine, showed that only in the starved animals was there a significant decrease in glucose uptake. This decrease was accompanied by release of lactate and pyruvate from the gland, in contrast with the uptake of these metabolites by glands of normal lactating rats. 2. There were no marked differences in metabolite concentrations in freeze-clamped glands in the four conditions studied, apart from a decrease in [lactate] and [pyruvate] and an increase in [glucose] in the glands of the streptozotocin-treated group. 3. Acini isolated from the glands of starved, insulin or prolactin-deficient rats had a higher production of lactate and pyruvate from glucose than did glands from normal rats; this is in agreement with the reported decrease in the proportion of active pyruvate dehydrogenase in these situations [Field & Coore (1976) Biochem. J.156, 333-337; Kankel & Reinauer (1976) Diabetologia12, 149-154]. 4. Addition of insulin did not increase the uptake of glucose by acini from normal glands, but it caused a significant increase in the utilization of glucose by acini from glands of starved rats. Insulin did not decrease the accumulation of lactate and pyruvate in any of the experiments. 5. It is concluded that isolated acini represent a suitable model for the study of mammary-gland carbohydrate metabolism in that they reflect metabolism of the gland in vivo.", "contents": "Comparison of glucose metabolism in the lactating mammary gland of the rat in vivo and in vitro. Effects of starvation, prolactin or insulin deficiency. 1. Measurements of arteriovenous differences across mammary glands of normal and starved lactating rats, and lactating rats made short-term insulin-deficient with streptozotocin or prolactin-deficient with bromocryptine, showed that only in the starved animals was there a significant decrease in glucose uptake. This decrease was accompanied by release of lactate and pyruvate from the gland, in contrast with the uptake of these metabolites by glands of normal lactating rats. 2. There were no marked differences in metabolite concentrations in freeze-clamped glands in the four conditions studied, apart from a decrease in [lactate] and [pyruvate] and an increase in [glucose] in the glands of the streptozotocin-treated group. 3. Acini isolated from the glands of starved, insulin or prolactin-deficient rats had a higher production of lactate and pyruvate from glucose than did glands from normal rats; this is in agreement with the reported decrease in the proportion of active pyruvate dehydrogenase in these situations [Field & Coore (1976) Biochem. J.156, 333-337; Kankel & Reinauer (1976) Diabetologia12, 149-154]. 4. Addition of insulin did not increase the uptake of glucose by acini from normal glands, but it caused a significant increase in the utilization of glucose by acini from glands of starved rats. Insulin did not decrease the accumulation of lactate and pyruvate in any of the experiments. 5. It is concluded that isolated acini represent a suitable model for the study of mammary-gland carbohydrate metabolism in that they reflect metabolism of the gland in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:141927", "title": "A mutation affecting a second component of the F0 portion of the magnesium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli K12. The uncC424 allele.", "content": "A new mutant strain of Escherichia coli in which phosphorylation is uncoupled from electron transport was isolated. The new mutant strain has a similar phenotype to the uncB mutant described previously; results from reconstitution experiments in vitro indicate that the new mutation also affects a component of the F0 portion of the Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. A method was developed to incorporate mutant unc alleles into plasmids. Partial diploid strains were prepared in which the uncB402 allele was incorporated into the plasmid and the new unc mutation into the chromosome, or vice versa. Complementation between the mutant unc alleles was indicated by growth on succinate, growth yields on glucose, ATP-dependent transhydrogenase activities, ATP-induced atebrin-fluorescence quenching and oxidative-phosphorylation measurements. The gene in which the new mutation occurs is therefore distinct from the uncB gene, and the mutant allele was designated uncC424.", "contents": "A mutation affecting a second component of the F0 portion of the magnesium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli K12. The uncC424 allele. A new mutant strain of Escherichia coli in which phosphorylation is uncoupled from electron transport was isolated. The new mutant strain has a similar phenotype to the uncB mutant described previously; results from reconstitution experiments in vitro indicate that the new mutation also affects a component of the F0 portion of the Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. A method was developed to incorporate mutant unc alleles into plasmids. Partial diploid strains were prepared in which the uncB402 allele was incorporated into the plasmid and the new unc mutation into the chromosome, or vice versa. Complementation between the mutant unc alleles was indicated by growth on succinate, growth yields on glucose, ATP-dependent transhydrogenase activities, ATP-induced atebrin-fluorescence quenching and oxidative-phosphorylation measurements. The gene in which the new mutation occurs is therefore distinct from the uncB gene, and the mutant allele was designated uncC424."}
{"id": "PMID:141928", "title": "Structure and metabolism of rat liver heparan sulphate.", "content": "Rat liver cells grown in primary cultures in the presence of [(35)S]sulphate synthesize a labelled heparan sulphate-like glycosaminoglycan. The characterization of the polysaccharide as heparan sulphate is based on its resistance to digestion with chondroitinase ABC or hyaluronidase and its susceptibility to HNO(2) treatment. The sulphate groups (including sulphamino and ester sulphate groups) are distributed along the polymer in the characteristic block fashion. In (3)H-labelled heparan sulphate, isolated after incubation of the cells with [(3)H]galactose, 40% of the radioactive uronic acid units are l-iduronic acid, the remainder being d-glucuronic acid. The location of heparan sulphate at the rat liver cell surface is demonstrated; part of the labelled polysaccharide can be removed from the cells by mild treatment with trypsin or heparitinase. Further, a purified plasma-membrane fraction isolated from rats previously injected with [(35)S]sulphate contains radioactively labelled heparan sulphate. A proteoglycan macromolecule composed of heparan sulphate chains attached to a protein core can be solubilized from the membrane fraction by extraction with 6m-guanidinium chloride. The proteoglycan structure is degraded by treatment with papain, Pronase or alkali. The production of heparan [(35)S]sulphate by rat liver cells incubated in the presence of [(35)S]sulphate was followed. Initially the amount of labelled polysaccharide increased with increasing incubation time. However, after 10h of incubation a steady state was reached where biosynthetic and degradative processes were in balance.", "contents": "Structure and metabolism of rat liver heparan sulphate. Rat liver cells grown in primary cultures in the presence of [(35)S]sulphate synthesize a labelled heparan sulphate-like glycosaminoglycan. The characterization of the polysaccharide as heparan sulphate is based on its resistance to digestion with chondroitinase ABC or hyaluronidase and its susceptibility to HNO(2) treatment. The sulphate groups (including sulphamino and ester sulphate groups) are distributed along the polymer in the characteristic block fashion. In (3)H-labelled heparan sulphate, isolated after incubation of the cells with [(3)H]galactose, 40% of the radioactive uronic acid units are l-iduronic acid, the remainder being d-glucuronic acid. The location of heparan sulphate at the rat liver cell surface is demonstrated; part of the labelled polysaccharide can be removed from the cells by mild treatment with trypsin or heparitinase. Further, a purified plasma-membrane fraction isolated from rats previously injected with [(35)S]sulphate contains radioactively labelled heparan sulphate. A proteoglycan macromolecule composed of heparan sulphate chains attached to a protein core can be solubilized from the membrane fraction by extraction with 6m-guanidinium chloride. The proteoglycan structure is degraded by treatment with papain, Pronase or alkali. The production of heparan [(35)S]sulphate by rat liver cells incubated in the presence of [(35)S]sulphate was followed. Initially the amount of labelled polysaccharide increased with increasing incubation time. However, after 10h of incubation a steady state was reached where biosynthetic and degradative processes were in balance."}
{"id": "PMID:141929", "title": "The effects of starvation and experimental diabetes on phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase in the guinea pig.", "content": "1. Approx. 85% of liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is associated with the mitochondrial fraction in the fed guinea pig. Enzyme activity is unchanged in diabetes, but doubles during starvation. In contrast with earlier reports, both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial activities were found to be increased. 2. In kidney cortex, total enzyme activity is increased in both starved and diabetic animals. These changes are associated with increases in the cytoplasmic activity alone. 3. In diabetic animals the mean blood-glucose concentration was 23.1 mM. Other blood metabolites were lower than those in the rat, and the animals did not show significant ketosis. 4. Changes in the rates of gluconeogenesis from lactate and propionate paralleled those in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity.", "contents": "The effects of starvation and experimental diabetes on phosphoenol-pyruvate carboxykinase in the guinea pig. 1. Approx. 85% of liver phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase is associated with the mitochondrial fraction in the fed guinea pig. Enzyme activity is unchanged in diabetes, but doubles during starvation. In contrast with earlier reports, both cytoplasmic and mitochondrial activities were found to be increased. 2. In kidney cortex, total enzyme activity is increased in both starved and diabetic animals. These changes are associated with increases in the cytoplasmic activity alone. 3. In diabetic animals the mean blood-glucose concentration was 23.1 mM. Other blood metabolites were lower than those in the rat, and the animals did not show significant ketosis. 4. Changes in the rates of gluconeogenesis from lactate and propionate paralleled those in phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:141933", "title": "Left ventricular filling in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. An angiographic study.", "content": "In order to study left ventricular filling in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular cineangiograms of 20 patients were digitised frame by frame and compared with those of 10 normal subjects. Peak left ventricular filling rate was 770+/-260 ml s-1 (mean+/-1 standard deviation), not significantly different from normal. Mitral valve opening was delayed, occurring 140+/-40 ms after time of minimum cavity area, compared with 93+/-14 msec in normals (P less than 0-01), indicating abnormal relaxation. Peak left ventricular filling rate was correlated inversely with this delay (r = 0-69, P less than 0-01), which was greater in patients with angina (155+/-27 ms) than in those without (85+/-23 ms) (P less than 0-01). The rapid filling period was also abnormally prolonged in 8 patients. End-diastolic transverse dimension was normal (5-3+/-0-7 cm) but end-systolic dimension was reduced (2-4+/-0-4 cm) (P less than 0-01) because of abnormal cavity shape. Peak rate of change of dimension during filling (18-7+/-5-3 cm s-1) was greater than normal (11-3+/-3-9 cm s-1) (P less than 0-01), and correlated with peak filling rate (r = 0-82, P less than 0-001). Thus, peak filling rate is normal in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but the filling pattern may be abnormal, apparently because of impaired relaxation and abnormal cavity shape rather than mechanical obstruction to inflow.", "contents": "Left ventricular filling in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. An angiographic study. In order to study left ventricular filling in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, left ventricular cineangiograms of 20 patients were digitised frame by frame and compared with those of 10 normal subjects. Peak left ventricular filling rate was 770+/-260 ml s-1 (mean+/-1 standard deviation), not significantly different from normal. Mitral valve opening was delayed, occurring 140+/-40 ms after time of minimum cavity area, compared with 93+/-14 msec in normals (P less than 0-01), indicating abnormal relaxation. Peak left ventricular filling rate was correlated inversely with this delay (r = 0-69, P less than 0-01), which was greater in patients with angina (155+/-27 ms) than in those without (85+/-23 ms) (P less than 0-01). The rapid filling period was also abnormally prolonged in 8 patients. End-diastolic transverse dimension was normal (5-3+/-0-7 cm) but end-systolic dimension was reduced (2-4+/-0-4 cm) (P less than 0-01) because of abnormal cavity shape. Peak rate of change of dimension during filling (18-7+/-5-3 cm s-1) was greater than normal (11-3+/-3-9 cm s-1) (P less than 0-01), and correlated with peak filling rate (r = 0-82, P less than 0-001). Thus, peak filling rate is normal in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but the filling pattern may be abnormal, apparently because of impaired relaxation and abnormal cavity shape rather than mechanical obstruction to inflow."}
{"id": "PMID:141937", "title": "Effects of ethacrynic acid and furosemide on phosphorylation reactions of kidney mitochondria. Inhibition of the adenine nucleotide translocase.", "content": "Previous reports that ethacrynic acid and furosemide diminish mitochondrial P : O ratios and reduce (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity suggested that these diuretics may inhibit mitochondrial phosphorylation reactions. This possibility was initially studied by determining the effects of ethacrynic acid and furosemide on [32P]ATP exchange activity of rat kidney mitochondria. Concentrations of both drugs at 10(-4) M or greater, significantly inhibited [32P]ATP exchange. To investigate the mechanism of this inhibition, the effects of ethacrynic acid and furosemide on the ATPase activity of intract mitochondria and sonicated submitochondrial particles were determined. Both diuretics inhibited ATPase activity of intact mitochondria at 10(-4) M. In contrast, ATPase of submitochondrial particles was significantly less susceptible to inhibition by the diuretics. These results suggested that ethacrynic acid anf furosemide inhibit adenine nucleotide transport across the mitochondrial membrane. This was directly tested by determining the effects of the diretics on the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase. At 5-10(-4) M, both ethacrynic acid and furosemide significantly inhibited adenine nucleotide transport. These findings suggest that ethacrynic acid and furosemide may diminish renal tubular solute reabsorption by direct inhibition of adenine nucleotide transport across the mitochondrial inner membrane.", "contents": "Effects of ethacrynic acid and furosemide on phosphorylation reactions of kidney mitochondria. Inhibition of the adenine nucleotide translocase. Previous reports that ethacrynic acid and furosemide diminish mitochondrial P : O ratios and reduce (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity suggested that these diuretics may inhibit mitochondrial phosphorylation reactions. This possibility was initially studied by determining the effects of ethacrynic acid and furosemide on [32P]ATP exchange activity of rat kidney mitochondria. Concentrations of both drugs at 10(-4) M or greater, significantly inhibited [32P]ATP exchange. To investigate the mechanism of this inhibition, the effects of ethacrynic acid and furosemide on the ATPase activity of intract mitochondria and sonicated submitochondrial particles were determined. Both diuretics inhibited ATPase activity of intact mitochondria at 10(-4) M. In contrast, ATPase of submitochondrial particles was significantly less susceptible to inhibition by the diuretics. These results suggested that ethacrynic acid anf furosemide inhibit adenine nucleotide transport across the mitochondrial membrane. This was directly tested by determining the effects of the diretics on the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocase. At 5-10(-4) M, both ethacrynic acid and furosemide significantly inhibited adenine nucleotide transport. These findings suggest that ethacrynic acid and furosemide may diminish renal tubular solute reabsorption by direct inhibition of adenine nucleotide transport across the mitochondrial inner membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:141938", "title": "Formation of ATP by the adenosine triphosphatase complex from spinach chloroplasts reconstituted together with bacteriorhodopsin.", "content": "The energy-linked ATPase complex has been isolated from spinach chloroplasts. This protein complex contained all the subunits of the chloroplast coupling factor (CF1) as well as several hydrophobic compoenents. When the activated complex was reconstituted with added soybean phospholipids, it catalyzed the exchange of radioactive inorganic phosphate with ATP. Sonication of the complex into proteoliposomes together with bacteriorhodopsin yield vesicles that catalyzed light-dependent ATP formation. Both the 32Pi-ATP exchange reactions and ATP formation were sensitive to uncouplers such as 3-tert-butyl-5,2'-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide, bis-(hexafluoroacetonyl)acetone and carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone, that act to dissipate a proton gradient. The energy transfer inhibitors dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, triphenyltin chloride and 2-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-4,6'-dihydroxydihydrochalcone were also effective inhibitors of both reactions.", "contents": "Formation of ATP by the adenosine triphosphatase complex from spinach chloroplasts reconstituted together with bacteriorhodopsin. The energy-linked ATPase complex has been isolated from spinach chloroplasts. This protein complex contained all the subunits of the chloroplast coupling factor (CF1) as well as several hydrophobic compoenents. When the activated complex was reconstituted with added soybean phospholipids, it catalyzed the exchange of radioactive inorganic phosphate with ATP. Sonication of the complex into proteoliposomes together with bacteriorhodopsin yield vesicles that catalyzed light-dependent ATP formation. Both the 32Pi-ATP exchange reactions and ATP formation were sensitive to uncouplers such as 3-tert-butyl-5,2'-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide, bis-(hexafluoroacetonyl)acetone and carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-hydrazone, that act to dissipate a proton gradient. The energy transfer inhibitors dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, triphenyltin chloride and 2-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-4,6'-dihydroxydihydrochalcone were also effective inhibitors of both reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:141939", "title": "The three-state model for the elementary process of energy conversion in muscle.", "content": "A three-state model for the elementary process of energy conversion in striated muscle is analysed; in two of the three states, the crossbridge is attached to an actin site, while the third is a detached state. This model accounts for the mechanical properties of steady shortening and lengthening processes as well as those of isometric and isotonic transient processes in a quantitative way. Moreover, qualitative agreement is obtained for the total energy liberation from muscle. Biochemical properties are also computed for transient processes. Comparisions are made with other models with \"three states\".", "contents": "The three-state model for the elementary process of energy conversion in muscle. A three-state model for the elementary process of energy conversion in striated muscle is analysed; in two of the three states, the crossbridge is attached to an actin site, while the third is a detached state. This model accounts for the mechanical properties of steady shortening and lengthening processes as well as those of isometric and isotonic transient processes in a quantitative way. Moreover, qualitative agreement is obtained for the total energy liberation from muscle. Biochemical properties are also computed for transient processes. Comparisions are made with other models with \"three states\"."}
{"id": "PMID:141940", "title": "Action of alkyl cations and the natural ATPase inhibitor from mitochondria on soluble mitochondrial ATPase.", "content": "The effect of the natural ATPase inhibitor and octylguanidine on the ATPase activity of soluble oligomycin-insensitive mitochondrial F1 were compared. Both compounds induced a maximal inhibition of 60-80% in various preparation of F1 studied. The inhibition was of the uncompetitive type with respect to MgATP, and the action of the compounds was partially additive. The data suggest that octylguanidine reproduces the action of the natural ATPase inhibitor. Alkylammonium salts also affect the ATPase activity in a similar form. F1 bound to Sepharose-hexylammonium is largely inactive, whilst free hexylammonium at higher concentrations induces only a partial inhibition of the activity. This suggests that the degree of immobilization of F1 is related to the magnitude of inhibition of ATPase activity induced by alkyl cations. The binding of F1 to Sepharose-hexylammonium is prevented by high concentrations of Na+ or K+.", "contents": "Action of alkyl cations and the natural ATPase inhibitor from mitochondria on soluble mitochondrial ATPase. The effect of the natural ATPase inhibitor and octylguanidine on the ATPase activity of soluble oligomycin-insensitive mitochondrial F1 were compared. Both compounds induced a maximal inhibition of 60-80% in various preparation of F1 studied. The inhibition was of the uncompetitive type with respect to MgATP, and the action of the compounds was partially additive. The data suggest that octylguanidine reproduces the action of the natural ATPase inhibitor. Alkylammonium salts also affect the ATPase activity in a similar form. F1 bound to Sepharose-hexylammonium is largely inactive, whilst free hexylammonium at higher concentrations induces only a partial inhibition of the activity. This suggests that the degree of immobilization of F1 is related to the magnitude of inhibition of ATPase activity induced by alkyl cations. The binding of F1 to Sepharose-hexylammonium is prevented by high concentrations of Na+ or K+."}
{"id": "PMID:141941", "title": "A reconstituted Na+ + K+ pump in liposomes containing purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from kidney medulla.", "content": "Liposomes containing either purified or microsomal (Na+,K+)-ATPase preparations from lamb kidney medulla catalyzed ATP-dependent transport of Na+ and K+ with a ratio of approximately 3Na+ to 2K+, which was inhibited by ouabain. Similar results were obtained with liposomes containing a partially purified (Na+,K+)-ATPase from cardiac muscle. This contrasts with an earlier report by Goldin and Tong (J. Biol. Chem. 249, 5907-5915, 1974), in which liposomes containing purified dog kidney (Na+,K+)-ATPase did not transport K+ but catalyzed ATP-dependent symport of Na+ and Cl-. When purified by our procedure, dog kidney (Na+,K+)-ATPase showed some ability to transport K+ but the ratio of Na+ : K+ was 5 : 1.", "contents": "A reconstituted Na+ + K+ pump in liposomes containing purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from kidney medulla. Liposomes containing either purified or microsomal (Na+,K+)-ATPase preparations from lamb kidney medulla catalyzed ATP-dependent transport of Na+ and K+ with a ratio of approximately 3Na+ to 2K+, which was inhibited by ouabain. Similar results were obtained with liposomes containing a partially purified (Na+,K+)-ATPase from cardiac muscle. This contrasts with an earlier report by Goldin and Tong (J. Biol. Chem. 249, 5907-5915, 1974), in which liposomes containing purified dog kidney (Na+,K+)-ATPase did not transport K+ but catalyzed ATP-dependent symport of Na+ and Cl-. When purified by our procedure, dog kidney (Na+,K+)-ATPase showed some ability to transport K+ but the ratio of Na+ : K+ was 5 : 1."}
{"id": "PMID:141945", "title": "Levels of the ribonucleoside triphosphates and rate of RNA synthesis in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The levels of the four ribonucleoside triphosphate (ATP, GTP, UTP and CTP) have been determined in Neurospora crassa in three conditions of exponential growth (on glucose, acetate and glycerol) as well as in the course of a shift-up and a shift-down transition of growth between two of them. Although in some cases the pools appear proportional to the rate of synthesis of ribosomal RNA, this seems not to be strictly dependent on the level of the nucleotides.", "contents": "Levels of the ribonucleoside triphosphates and rate of RNA synthesis in Neurospora crassa. The levels of the four ribonucleoside triphosphate (ATP, GTP, UTP and CTP) have been determined in Neurospora crassa in three conditions of exponential growth (on glucose, acetate and glycerol) as well as in the course of a shift-up and a shift-down transition of growth between two of them. Although in some cases the pools appear proportional to the rate of synthesis of ribosomal RNA, this seems not to be strictly dependent on the level of the nucleotides."}
{"id": "PMID:141946", "title": "On the interaction of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor and proteases. Evidence for the formation of a covalent crosslinkage and non-covalent weak bondings between the inhibitor and proteases.", "content": "alpha2-plasmin inhibitor is a proteinase inhibitor in plasma which efficiently inhibits the lysis of fibrin clots induced by plasminogen activator. The nature of the binding of the inhibitor to trypsin or plasmin was studied by the chemical treatment of the enzyme-inhibitor complex with 7.5 M hydrazine at pH 10.0. With the hydrazine treatment, the complexes were degraded to proteins corresponding to the respective enzyme and inhibitor moieties. These results indicate that the covalent bond between the inhibitor and the enzymes is a carboxylic ester. The binding reaction of the inhibitor to active site-modified trypsin was also studied. The inhibitor formed complexes with anhydrotrypsin and carboxyamidomethylated trypsin. The complexes were dissociated in the presence of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, to the individual components: the respective enzyme and inhibitor moieties. The inhibitor, however, did not form a complex with diisopropylphosphorylated trypsin regardless of the presence or absence of the denaturing reagent. These results suggest the contribution of non-covalent interactions to the complex formation between the inhibitor and native enzymes.", "contents": "On the interaction of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor and proteases. Evidence for the formation of a covalent crosslinkage and non-covalent weak bondings between the inhibitor and proteases. alpha2-plasmin inhibitor is a proteinase inhibitor in plasma which efficiently inhibits the lysis of fibrin clots induced by plasminogen activator. The nature of the binding of the inhibitor to trypsin or plasmin was studied by the chemical treatment of the enzyme-inhibitor complex with 7.5 M hydrazine at pH 10.0. With the hydrazine treatment, the complexes were degraded to proteins corresponding to the respective enzyme and inhibitor moieties. These results indicate that the covalent bond between the inhibitor and the enzymes is a carboxylic ester. The binding reaction of the inhibitor to active site-modified trypsin was also studied. The inhibitor formed complexes with anhydrotrypsin and carboxyamidomethylated trypsin. The complexes were dissociated in the presence of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, to the individual components: the respective enzyme and inhibitor moieties. The inhibitor, however, did not form a complex with diisopropylphosphorylated trypsin regardless of the presence or absence of the denaturing reagent. These results suggest the contribution of non-covalent interactions to the complex formation between the inhibitor and native enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:141948", "title": "Studies on the amino groups of myosin ATPase. IV. Effects of ATP and its analogs on the spectral properties of trinitrophenylated myosin and its active fragments.", "content": "A considerable blue shift was observed in the absorption spectrum of the trinitrophenyl moiety attached to a functional epsilon-lysyl amino group of subfragment-1, heavy meromyosin and myosin on addition of ATP or ATP analogs. The resulting difference spectra showed a maximum at 320 and a minimum at 365 nm. The greatest spectral change was observed with a non-hydrolyzable ATP analog, adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)triphosphate and it decreased in the order adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)triphosphate, ATP and ADP. The ATP-induced difference spectrum changed to that of ADP upon the hydrolysis of ATP. The observed spectra were depended on temperature and ionic strength. Difference spectra were produced also by ITP, IDP and pyrophosphate while AMP was practically ineffective. Mg2+ also caused small spectral changes which are not identical with those induced by ATP analogs. On the basis of measurements carried out on a model compound, it is assumed that as a consequence of the reaction of ATP with a myosin head, the environment of the functional lysyl residue becomes less polar, i.e. it becomes buried in the hydrophobic core of the molecule. Changes on addition of ATP or its analogs were observed also in the circular dichroic (CD) spectrum of trinitrophenylated subfragment-1, which also points to conformational changes in the vicinity of the functional lysyl residue.", "contents": "Studies on the amino groups of myosin ATPase. IV. Effects of ATP and its analogs on the spectral properties of trinitrophenylated myosin and its active fragments. A considerable blue shift was observed in the absorption spectrum of the trinitrophenyl moiety attached to a functional epsilon-lysyl amino group of subfragment-1, heavy meromyosin and myosin on addition of ATP or ATP analogs. The resulting difference spectra showed a maximum at 320 and a minimum at 365 nm. The greatest spectral change was observed with a non-hydrolyzable ATP analog, adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)triphosphate and it decreased in the order adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)triphosphate, ATP and ADP. The ATP-induced difference spectrum changed to that of ADP upon the hydrolysis of ATP. The observed spectra were depended on temperature and ionic strength. Difference spectra were produced also by ITP, IDP and pyrophosphate while AMP was practically ineffective. Mg2+ also caused small spectral changes which are not identical with those induced by ATP analogs. On the basis of measurements carried out on a model compound, it is assumed that as a consequence of the reaction of ATP with a myosin head, the environment of the functional lysyl residue becomes less polar, i.e. it becomes buried in the hydrophobic core of the molecule. Changes on addition of ATP or its analogs were observed also in the circular dichroic (CD) spectrum of trinitrophenylated subfragment-1, which also points to conformational changes in the vicinity of the functional lysyl residue."}
{"id": "PMID:141949", "title": "The cross-linking of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum protein.", "content": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins have been cross-linked in situ with two reagents, the disulphide-bridged bifunctional imido ester, dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate dihydrochloride and the mild oxidant cupric phenanthroline. Analysis of proteins so cross-linked by electrophoresis on agarose/acrylamide gels reveals that a series of new polypeptides, up to a molecular weight of 900 000, are formed. These have molecular weights which are multiples of 100 000. Further analysis of samples by electrophoresis in a second dimensions containing a reducing agent revealed the monomeric polypeptides from which the cross-linked polypeptides were formed. With dimethyl 3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate dihydrochloride homopolymers of the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase, calsequestrin and/or calcium binding protein were formed. With cupric phenanthroline only the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase was involved in polymer formation. It has been confirmed on another gel system that these two proteins which are involved in Ca2+ binding are not cross-linked intermolecularly with this latter reagent. We conclude that the 100 000 dalton Ca2+-stimulated ATPase polypeptides are within 2 A of each other in the membrane while calsequestrin and/or calcium binding protein are within 11 A of each other. Although there appears to be no limit to the extent of cross-linking of any of these polypeptides there is not indication of heteropolymer associations between them.", "contents": "The cross-linking of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum protein. Sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins have been cross-linked in situ with two reagents, the disulphide-bridged bifunctional imido ester, dimethyl-3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate dihydrochloride and the mild oxidant cupric phenanthroline. Analysis of proteins so cross-linked by electrophoresis on agarose/acrylamide gels reveals that a series of new polypeptides, up to a molecular weight of 900 000, are formed. These have molecular weights which are multiples of 100 000. Further analysis of samples by electrophoresis in a second dimensions containing a reducing agent revealed the monomeric polypeptides from which the cross-linked polypeptides were formed. With dimethyl 3,3'-dithiobispropionimidate dihydrochloride homopolymers of the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase, calsequestrin and/or calcium binding protein were formed. With cupric phenanthroline only the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase was involved in polymer formation. It has been confirmed on another gel system that these two proteins which are involved in Ca2+ binding are not cross-linked intermolecularly with this latter reagent. We conclude that the 100 000 dalton Ca2+-stimulated ATPase polypeptides are within 2 A of each other in the membrane while calsequestrin and/or calcium binding protein are within 11 A of each other. Although there appears to be no limit to the extent of cross-linking of any of these polypeptides there is not indication of heteropolymer associations between them."}
{"id": "PMID:141950", "title": "Tissue specific distribution of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in mammals.", "content": "A comparative study on the distribution of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in several tissues of five mammalian species is reported. It is shown that each tissue has a characteristic composition differing from each other regarding the relative amount, type and molecular size of chondroitin sulfate A/C, chondroitin sulfate B and heparan sulfate. It is also shown that the same tissue from different mammals has the same types and proportions of sulfated mucopolysaccharides, but with different molecular weights. Exception to this rule was observed for the distribution of heparin which was present only in a few tissues of the five mammals studied. The possible involvement of the sulfated mucopolysaccharides in cell recognition and/or adhesiveness is discussed in view of this characteristic distribution.", "contents": "Tissue specific distribution of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in mammals. A comparative study on the distribution of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in several tissues of five mammalian species is reported. It is shown that each tissue has a characteristic composition differing from each other regarding the relative amount, type and molecular size of chondroitin sulfate A/C, chondroitin sulfate B and heparan sulfate. It is also shown that the same tissue from different mammals has the same types and proportions of sulfated mucopolysaccharides, but with different molecular weights. Exception to this rule was observed for the distribution of heparin which was present only in a few tissues of the five mammals studied. The possible involvement of the sulfated mucopolysaccharides in cell recognition and/or adhesiveness is discussed in view of this characteristic distribution."}
{"id": "PMID:141951", "title": "Changes in sulfated mucopolysaccharide composition of mammalian tissues during growth and in cancer tissues.", "content": "The distribution of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in different tissues during growth and in cancer tissues is reported. It is shown that most of the tissues of 1 day-old rats and rabbits contain chondroitin sulfate A/C, chondroitin sulfate B and heparan sulfate in about the same proportions, whereas in adult animals chondroitin sulfate A/C decreases in concentration or disappears. Changes in the relative proportions of chondroitin sulfate B and heparan sulfate were also observed in most of the tissues. In rats, these changes occur in the first 25 days of extrauterine development. A great increase of chondroitin sulfate A/C was observed in human tumors of different origins when compared with the normal adjacent tissues. Changes in the relative proportions of chondroitin sulfate B and heparan sulfate were also observed in most of the tumors analysed. The possible role of chondroitin sulfate A/C in cell division is discussed in view of the present findings.", "contents": "Changes in sulfated mucopolysaccharide composition of mammalian tissues during growth and in cancer tissues. The distribution of sulfated mucopolysaccharides in different tissues during growth and in cancer tissues is reported. It is shown that most of the tissues of 1 day-old rats and rabbits contain chondroitin sulfate A/C, chondroitin sulfate B and heparan sulfate in about the same proportions, whereas in adult animals chondroitin sulfate A/C decreases in concentration or disappears. Changes in the relative proportions of chondroitin sulfate B and heparan sulfate were also observed in most of the tissues. In rats, these changes occur in the first 25 days of extrauterine development. A great increase of chondroitin sulfate A/C was observed in human tumors of different origins when compared with the normal adjacent tissues. Changes in the relative proportions of chondroitin sulfate B and heparan sulfate were also observed in most of the tumors analysed. The possible role of chondroitin sulfate A/C in cell division is discussed in view of the present findings."}
{"id": "PMID:141952", "title": "[5'-Nucleotidase activity of lymphocyte plasma membranes. Effect of concanavalin A].", "content": "The 5'-nucleotidase properties of isolated lymphocyte plasma membranes from young pig mesenteric nodes are described; nucleosides-5'-monophosphates are the substrates of this specific enzyme. Concanavalin A inhibits this enzyme; on the same membranes this mitogen does not affect alkaline phosphatase and activates the membrane bound (Ca2+) ATPase. The 5'-nucleotidase inhibition is due to a specific interaction of Con A with carbohydrate groups of the membrane; its high positive cooperativity suggests that the lectin promotes reorganization of the membrane bound 5'-nucleotidase. Solubilization of the 5'-nucleotidase does not prevent the effect of Con A and the solubilized enzyme is firmly bound by Con A-Sepharose 4B; these results suggest that Con A inhibits the enzyme by a direct interaction and that 5'-nucleotidase can be considered as an eventual receptor for the lectin.", "contents": "[5'-Nucleotidase activity of lymphocyte plasma membranes. Effect of concanavalin A]. The 5'-nucleotidase properties of isolated lymphocyte plasma membranes from young pig mesenteric nodes are described; nucleosides-5'-monophosphates are the substrates of this specific enzyme. Concanavalin A inhibits this enzyme; on the same membranes this mitogen does not affect alkaline phosphatase and activates the membrane bound (Ca2+) ATPase. The 5'-nucleotidase inhibition is due to a specific interaction of Con A with carbohydrate groups of the membrane; its high positive cooperativity suggests that the lectin promotes reorganization of the membrane bound 5'-nucleotidase. Solubilization of the 5'-nucleotidase does not prevent the effect of Con A and the solubilized enzyme is firmly bound by Con A-Sepharose 4B; these results suggest that Con A inhibits the enzyme by a direct interaction and that 5'-nucleotidase can be considered as an eventual receptor for the lectin."}
{"id": "PMID:141954", "title": "Dacron as arterial prosthetic material: nature, properties, brands, fate and perspectives.", "content": "Dacron graft prostheses are routinely implanted to overcome impairment of arterial flow to distal tissues. Many different fabric configurations have been developped and evaluated. Unfortunately, after implantation the flow surface of any graft persists as a fibrinous lining. No human specimen has a commonly ingrown extension of tissue exceeding some millimeters in length. Full wall healing and endothelialization of arterial prosthesis is a goal that must be pursued intensively because it seems that the goal is attainable.", "contents": "Dacron as arterial prosthetic material: nature, properties, brands, fate and perspectives. Dacron graft prostheses are routinely implanted to overcome impairment of arterial flow to distal tissues. Many different fabric configurations have been developped and evaluated. Unfortunately, after implantation the flow surface of any graft persists as a fibrinous lining. No human specimen has a commonly ingrown extension of tissue exceeding some millimeters in length. Full wall healing and endothelialization of arterial prosthesis is a goal that must be pursued intensively because it seems that the goal is attainable."}
{"id": "PMID:141955", "title": "The mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by polymer actin.", "content": "The rate of actin polymerization, the rate of nucleotide splitting and the rate of the nucleotide exchange have been measured simultaneously. Correlation of these three measurements demonstrated that nucleotide splitting and exchange were mainly connected with the association and dissociation reactions of actin protomers at the ends of actin filaments and were not caused by release and rebinding of nucleotide molecules at the binding sites along the filament. The observation made by others that the nucleotide exchange was accelerated in the presence of ATP was explained by the translocational head-to-tail polymerization of actin: Due to the simultaneous lengthening of the filament at one end and shortening at the other, nucleotide molecules are incorporated at one end and released at the other. In the absence of ATP, where the head-to-tail polymerization mechanism was not operative nucleotide exchange was brought about by the slow process of length fluctuation of polymers.", "contents": "The mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by polymer actin. The rate of actin polymerization, the rate of nucleotide splitting and the rate of the nucleotide exchange have been measured simultaneously. Correlation of these three measurements demonstrated that nucleotide splitting and exchange were mainly connected with the association and dissociation reactions of actin protomers at the ends of actin filaments and were not caused by release and rebinding of nucleotide molecules at the binding sites along the filament. The observation made by others that the nucleotide exchange was accelerated in the presence of ATP was explained by the translocational head-to-tail polymerization of actin: Due to the simultaneous lengthening of the filament at one end and shortening at the other, nucleotide molecules are incorporated at one end and released at the other. In the absence of ATP, where the head-to-tail polymerization mechanism was not operative nucleotide exchange was brought about by the slow process of length fluctuation of polymers."}
{"id": "PMID:141956", "title": "Detailed description of an implantable directional Doppler flowmeter.", "content": "A Doppler flowmeter and the necessary modifications for implantation are described in detail. Since only part of the electronics was implanted a phase-locked loop had to be introduced in order to keep the flow measurement directional. The proper working of the apparatus is demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. As an example the result of flow studies in the aorta and the pulmonary artery after homotransplantation of the lung in dogs are given.", "contents": "Detailed description of an implantable directional Doppler flowmeter. A Doppler flowmeter and the necessary modifications for implantation are described in detail. Since only part of the electronics was implanted a phase-locked loop had to be introduced in order to keep the flow measurement directional. The proper working of the apparatus is demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. As an example the result of flow studies in the aorta and the pulmonary artery after homotransplantation of the lung in dogs are given."}
{"id": "PMID:141958", "title": "[Damage to the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscles in leukemia: role of lipid peroxidation].", "content": "Ischemia development was accompanied by inhibition of the enzymatic transport system (ETS) of Ca2+ (reduction of the Ca2+/ATP value and of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity), this correlating with the accumulation of primary and secondary molecular products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes of the skeletal muscles, in vivo. Administration of antioxidants (2,6-ditretbutyl-4-methylphenol, alpha-tocopherol) prevented the LPO activation in the ischemic muscle and partially protected the ETS of Ca2+ from damage. The blood supply restoration after prolonged ischemia led to further ETS of Ca2+ inhibition against the background of unchanges LPO products level.", "contents": "[Damage to the sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscles in leukemia: role of lipid peroxidation]. Ischemia development was accompanied by inhibition of the enzymatic transport system (ETS) of Ca2+ (reduction of the Ca2+/ATP value and of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity), this correlating with the accumulation of primary and secondary molecular products of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes of the skeletal muscles, in vivo. Administration of antioxidants (2,6-ditretbutyl-4-methylphenol, alpha-tocopherol) prevented the LPO activation in the ischemic muscle and partially protected the ETS of Ca2+ from damage. The blood supply restoration after prolonged ischemia led to further ETS of Ca2+ inhibition against the background of unchanges LPO products level."}
{"id": "PMID:141959", "title": "[Formation of transversely oriented myofibrils in myocardiocytes in the presence of heart enlargement].", "content": "Myocardial hypertrophy was induced in rats and mice by training in the pressure chamber (high altitude hypoxia) or ligation of the apex of the heart. Transversely oriented myofibrils developed in the subsarcolemma area of some cardiomyocytes of the ventricles in a  fortnight; the Z bands of the newly-formed myofibrils were connected with the T tubules as in the normal myofibrils. It is supposed that this phenomenon was due to the appearance under the sarcolemma of transversely directed mechanical forrces as a result of enlargement of the cell volume.", "contents": "[Formation of transversely oriented myofibrils in myocardiocytes in the presence of heart enlargement]. Myocardial hypertrophy was induced in rats and mice by training in the pressure chamber (high altitude hypoxia) or ligation of the apex of the heart. Transversely oriented myofibrils developed in the subsarcolemma area of some cardiomyocytes of the ventricles in a  fortnight; the Z bands of the newly-formed myofibrils were connected with the T tubules as in the normal myofibrils. It is supposed that this phenomenon was due to the appearance under the sarcolemma of transversely directed mechanical forrces as a result of enlargement of the cell volume."}
{"id": "PMID:141961", "title": "[Species characteristics connected with the distribution of reticular cells with predominant enzymatic activity of the white pulp of the spleen of various rodents].", "content": "The histo-enzymatic comparative study of the reticular cells of some rodents' spleens (Rat, Guinea-Pig, Rabbit), shows many differences between these species. Three cell types can be seen; the phosphatasic type is phagocytic and derives from the M.P.S. system, the 5'nucleotidasic is not a phagocytic cell and probably comes from the vascular perithelium, the ATPasic cell is, perhaps, an endothelial cell. These different cells are not equaly distributed in the splenic parenchyma of all animals but one type can be lacking.", "contents": "[Species characteristics connected with the distribution of reticular cells with predominant enzymatic activity of the white pulp of the spleen of various rodents]. The histo-enzymatic comparative study of the reticular cells of some rodents' spleens (Rat, Guinea-Pig, Rabbit), shows many differences between these species. Three cell types can be seen; the phosphatasic type is phagocytic and derives from the M.P.S. system, the 5'nucleotidasic is not a phagocytic cell and probably comes from the vascular perithelium, the ATPasic cell is, perhaps, an endothelial cell. These different cells are not equaly distributed in the splenic parenchyma of all animals but one type can be lacking."}
{"id": "PMID:141964", "title": "Hospital or home care for the severely disabled: a cost comparison.", "content": "A case study of severely disabled patients needing regular mechanical help with breathing following poliomyelitis was set up in 1970 to establish what medical, technical, and social support would be required for home rather than hospital care. In this paper these two care alternatives are considered from an economic point of view and a detailed cost comparison is made between entirely hospital based care and predominantly home care.", "contents": "Hospital or home care for the severely disabled: a cost comparison. A case study of severely disabled patients needing regular mechanical help with breathing following poliomyelitis was set up in 1970 to establish what medical, technical, and social support would be required for home rather than hospital care. In this paper these two care alternatives are considered from an economic point of view and a detailed cost comparison is made between entirely hospital based care and predominantly home care."}
{"id": "PMID:141965", "title": "Scaling indices of disablement.", "content": "Williams et al. (1976) have suggested the use of Guttman scaling for scoring an index of disability. Two examples confirm the applicability of this method in the context of survey research. One of these examples is of a disablement scale widely employed in local authority social services research. For the purpose of survey assessment of disabled populations, the precise choice of scaling method for scoring disability is often of little consequence.", "contents": "Scaling indices of disablement. Williams et al. (1976) have suggested the use of Guttman scaling for scoring an index of disability. Two examples confirm the applicability of this method in the context of survey research. One of these examples is of a disablement scale widely employed in local authority social services research. For the purpose of survey assessment of disabled populations, the precise choice of scaling method for scoring disability is often of little consequence."}
{"id": "PMID:141966", "title": "Down's syndrome: an atheroma-free model?", "content": "Postmortem examination of five institutionalised patients with Down's syndrome (DS) aged 40-66 years showed a complete absence of atheroma, while a similar number of mental defectives with DS were found to have mild or severe atheroma. Previous investigation of risk factors for atheroma in 70 patients with DS and 70 age-and sex-matched mental defectives living in the same institution showed significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the DS group, with the exception of systolic pressure in men under 40. Fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were similar in the two groups, but triglyceride concentrations were significantly lower than in normal people without a history of vascular disease. These unexplained observations may be relevant in further studies of the pathogenesis of atheroma.", "contents": "Down's syndrome: an atheroma-free model? Postmortem examination of five institutionalised patients with Down's syndrome (DS) aged 40-66 years showed a complete absence of atheroma, while a similar number of mental defectives with DS were found to have mild or severe atheroma. Previous investigation of risk factors for atheroma in 70 patients with DS and 70 age-and sex-matched mental defectives living in the same institution showed significantly lower systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the DS group, with the exception of systolic pressure in men under 40. Fasting serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were similar in the two groups, but triglyceride concentrations were significantly lower than in normal people without a history of vascular disease. These unexplained observations may be relevant in further studies of the pathogenesis of atheroma."}
{"id": "PMID:141969", "title": "Neural regulation of muscle acetylcholinsterase: effects of batrachotoxin and 6-aminonicotinamide.", "content": "Batrachotoxin (BTX), which causes increased Na+ permeability and blocks axoplasmic transport, or 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), which causes neuronal damage, was injected into the subarachnoid space of rat lumbar spinal cord. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was measured in homogenates of the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and the slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscle 10 days after injection. Both drug treatments significantly decreased AChE in EDL and SOL. Correlative electrophysiological measurements were made in intact EDL and SOL after injection of BTX or 6-AN. The results support the hypothesis that AChE in muscle is neurotrophically controlled.", "contents": "Neural regulation of muscle acetylcholinsterase: effects of batrachotoxin and 6-aminonicotinamide. Batrachotoxin (BTX), which causes increased Na+ permeability and blocks axoplasmic transport, or 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), which causes neuronal damage, was injected into the subarachnoid space of rat lumbar spinal cord. The activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was measured in homogenates of the fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and the slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscle 10 days after injection. Both drug treatments significantly decreased AChE in EDL and SOL. Correlative electrophysiological measurements were made in intact EDL and SOL after injection of BTX or 6-AN. The results support the hypothesis that AChE in muscle is neurotrophically controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:141970", "title": "Purification of plasma membrane fractions from the bovine pars intermedia and neurohypophyseal lobe and properties of associated adenylate cyclase.", "content": "A procedure for the isolation of plasma-membrane-enriched fractions from bovine 'pars intermedia' and neurohypophysis is described. Various fractions are isolated by differential centrifugation and discontinuous sucrose density gradients. The plasma-membrane-enriched fractions have a density in sucrose of 1.14 and 1.16 and the yields are 1.8 mg and 1.5 mg per gram of tissue for the pars intermedia and neural lobe, respectively. The fractions are characterized by electron microscopy and enzymatic assays. The plasma membrane fractions are mainly vesicular in nature and are free of nuclei, mitochondria, and microsomes when examined by electron microscopy. 5'-Nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) and Mg2+-(Na+ + K+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activities are concentrated in the plasma-membrane-enriched fraction. Also, adenylate cyclase (EC 4.61.1) shows a 5 to 10-fold purification in the isolated membrane fraction. NaF (10mM) gives a two to three-fold stimulation of enzymatic activity in all fractions studied  The yields of adenylate cyclase, 5'-nucleotidase, and Mg2+-(Na+ +K+)-ATPase are about 6% in the membrane fraction.", "contents": "Purification of plasma membrane fractions from the bovine pars intermedia and neurohypophyseal lobe and properties of associated adenylate cyclase. A procedure for the isolation of plasma-membrane-enriched fractions from bovine 'pars intermedia' and neurohypophysis is described. Various fractions are isolated by differential centrifugation and discontinuous sucrose density gradients. The plasma-membrane-enriched fractions have a density in sucrose of 1.14 and 1.16 and the yields are 1.8 mg and 1.5 mg per gram of tissue for the pars intermedia and neural lobe, respectively. The fractions are characterized by electron microscopy and enzymatic assays. The plasma membrane fractions are mainly vesicular in nature and are free of nuclei, mitochondria, and microsomes when examined by electron microscopy. 5'-Nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) and Mg2+-(Na+ + K+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activities are concentrated in the plasma-membrane-enriched fraction. Also, adenylate cyclase (EC 4.61.1) shows a 5 to 10-fold purification in the isolated membrane fraction. NaF (10mM) gives a two to three-fold stimulation of enzymatic activity in all fractions studied  The yields of adenylate cyclase, 5'-nucleotidase, and Mg2+-(Na+ +K+)-ATPase are about 6% in the membrane fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:141971", "title": "Rapid anisotropic motion of the Ca2+-transport ATPase of the rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "1H nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to study the binding of uridine 5'-triphosphate to the Ca2+-transport ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from rabbit skeletal muscle. The nuclear spin relaxation times determined for the bound nucleotide are used to characterize the rotational motion of the ATPase to which the nucleotide is bound. The results, assuming an anisotropic model for the motion of the ATPase in the membrane, place a low upper limit on the rotational correlation time of the ATPase. This indicates that the motion of the ATPase in the membrane is quite rapid when compared, for example, with the motion found for other membrane-bound proteins such as rhodopsin.", "contents": "Rapid anisotropic motion of the Ca2+-transport ATPase of the rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance techniques were used to study the binding of uridine 5'-triphosphate to the Ca2+-transport ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from rabbit skeletal muscle. The nuclear spin relaxation times determined for the bound nucleotide are used to characterize the rotational motion of the ATPase to which the nucleotide is bound. The results, assuming an anisotropic model for the motion of the ATPase in the membrane, place a low upper limit on the rotational correlation time of the ATPase. This indicates that the motion of the ATPase in the membrane is quite rapid when compared, for example, with the motion found for other membrane-bound proteins such as rhodopsin."}
{"id": "PMID:141972", "title": "Microhyphema.", "content": "A case of microscopic hemorrhage into the anterior chamber is described. Slit-lamp examination disclosed a steady fine stream of blood issuing from a tiny grayish bulblike microhemangioma at the pupillary border. Fluorescein biomicroscopy revealed several similar microhemangiomas on the borders of each pupil. It is presumed that minor ocular irritation, due either to poison ivy or to a menthol (0.70%) cream which the patient applied to her face, precipitated the microhyphema.", "contents": "Microhyphema. A case of microscopic hemorrhage into the anterior chamber is described. Slit-lamp examination disclosed a steady fine stream of blood issuing from a tiny grayish bulblike microhemangioma at the pupillary border. Fluorescein biomicroscopy revealed several similar microhemangiomas on the borders of each pupil. It is presumed that minor ocular irritation, due either to poison ivy or to a menthol (0.70%) cream which the patient applied to her face, precipitated the microhyphema."}
{"id": "PMID:141974", "title": "The effect of thymosin on patients with disseminated malignancies. A phase I study.", "content": "A Phase I clinical trial of thymosin administered in doses of 10 to 250 mg/M2 intramuscularly for seven days was undertaken in ten patients with disseminated malignancies and evidence of immunoincompetence. Toxicity was minimal; one patient experienced a mild urticarial rash which cleared spontaneously, two patients developed low grade fever and one patient experienced pain at the injection site. There was no evidence of systemic toxicity or parenchymal organ dysfunction. Thymosin administration was associated with an increase in the E-rosette forming capacity of the patient's lymphocytes and the development of new skin test reactivity to recall antigens in some of these patients. One objective tumor response was noted. These findings are preliminary but are encouraging for further utilization of thymosin as an immunostimulant in cancer patients with immunoincompetence.", "contents": "The effect of thymosin on patients with disseminated malignancies. A phase I study. A Phase I clinical trial of thymosin administered in doses of 10 to 250 mg/M2 intramuscularly for seven days was undertaken in ten patients with disseminated malignancies and evidence of immunoincompetence. Toxicity was minimal; one patient experienced a mild urticarial rash which cleared spontaneously, two patients developed low grade fever and one patient experienced pain at the injection site. There was no evidence of systemic toxicity or parenchymal organ dysfunction. Thymosin administration was associated with an increase in the E-rosette forming capacity of the patient's lymphocytes and the development of new skin test reactivity to recall antigens in some of these patients. One objective tumor response was noted. These findings are preliminary but are encouraging for further utilization of thymosin as an immunostimulant in cancer patients with immunoincompetence."}
{"id": "PMID:141975", "title": "Virilizing adrenal cortical carcinoma.", "content": "A 43-year-old man with a 36-year history of virilization due to an adrenal carcinoma is presented. The initial presentation at age 7 with precocious puberty and epiphyseal bone fusion suggested increased androgen effect at a very early age. The patient's 36-year course before his death suggested either a very slow growing adrenal carcinoma or untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia that progressed to an adrenal carcinoma. Endocrine evaluation showed markedly increased DHEA and DHEA-sulfate levels. These were associated with elevated plasma and urinary estradiol levels and suppressed LH and FSH plasma concentrations. The 24-hour mean levels of cortisol and testosterone were normal. Studies of the circadian periodicity of cortisol showed a disturbed temporal pattern but a normal 24-hour mean concentration that correlated with a normal cortisol production rate. The 24-hour LH secretory pattern showed a decrease in the normal episodic fluctuation of this hormone over the 24-hour period.", "contents": "Virilizing adrenal cortical carcinoma. A 43-year-old man with a 36-year history of virilization due to an adrenal carcinoma is presented. The initial presentation at age 7 with precocious puberty and epiphyseal bone fusion suggested increased androgen effect at a very early age. The patient's 36-year course before his death suggested either a very slow growing adrenal carcinoma or untreated congenital adrenal hyperplasia that progressed to an adrenal carcinoma. Endocrine evaluation showed markedly increased DHEA and DHEA-sulfate levels. These were associated with elevated plasma and urinary estradiol levels and suppressed LH and FSH plasma concentrations. The 24-hour mean levels of cortisol and testosterone were normal. Studies of the circadian periodicity of cortisol showed a disturbed temporal pattern but a normal 24-hour mean concentration that correlated with a normal cortisol production rate. The 24-hour LH secretory pattern showed a decrease in the normal episodic fluctuation of this hormone over the 24-hour period."}
{"id": "PMID:141976", "title": "Steroid hormones and human breast cancer. An hypothesis.", "content": "The likely occurrence of two distinct types of human breast cancer is discussed. In the development of the \"Western-environmental\" or \"adrenal\" type, it is proposed that dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), secreted by the adrenal, may be implicated. This steroid is metabolized by mammary tumors to active androgens and estrogens. That these metabolic pathways are very similar to that in skin is emphasized and this is possibly explained by evolution of the mammary gland from primitive sweat glands. Formation of DHEAS from DHEA in mammary tumors, claimed to be correlated with an individual subject's prognosis and response to hormone ablation, is discussed in the light of a possible regulatory role of the sulphotransferase. It is proposed furthermore that a specific control of DHEAS secretion in the adrenal may exist at the level of the sulphurylation step. Nutritional factors are also possibly implicated here and these are discussed in the light of: 1) a possible higher secretion rate of DHEAS in obese subjects; and 2) the low breast cancer incidence in the Japanese and the accompanying low blood DHEAS levels.", "contents": "Steroid hormones and human breast cancer. An hypothesis. The likely occurrence of two distinct types of human breast cancer is discussed. In the development of the \"Western-environmental\" or \"adrenal\" type, it is proposed that dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), secreted by the adrenal, may be implicated. This steroid is metabolized by mammary tumors to active androgens and estrogens. That these metabolic pathways are very similar to that in skin is emphasized and this is possibly explained by evolution of the mammary gland from primitive sweat glands. Formation of DHEAS from DHEA in mammary tumors, claimed to be correlated with an individual subject's prognosis and response to hormone ablation, is discussed in the light of a possible regulatory role of the sulphotransferase. It is proposed furthermore that a specific control of DHEAS secretion in the adrenal may exist at the level of the sulphurylation step. Nutritional factors are also possibly implicated here and these are discussed in the light of: 1) a possible higher secretion rate of DHEAS in obese subjects; and 2) the low breast cancer incidence in the Japanese and the accompanying low blood DHEAS levels."}
{"id": "PMID:141977", "title": "A phase II study of triazinate (NSC 139105) in advanced colorectal carcinoma.", "content": "Triazinate (Baker's Antifol, NSC 139105) was given to 28 patients as a single agent in the chemotherapy of advanced colerectal carcinoma. The dosage utilized was 250 mg/m2 intravenously, administered daily in three consecutive days. Patients were evaluated at three weeks, six weeks, and then monthly until progression was evident. Various immunologic determinants (i.e., DNCB sensitization, immunoglobulins, recall skin tests, lymphocyte blastogenesis, and circulating lymphocytes, T-cells and B-cells) were obtained prior to treatment and at each re-evaluation. The principal side effects were dermatitis, stomatitis, diarrhea, nausea, somnolence, and leukopenia. There was no discernable effect of Triazinate on the immunologic determinants tested. There was one complete response, and four partial responses, for an objective regression rate of 18%. This study suggests that Triazinate has a definite, though limited, effect on advanced colorectal carcinoma.", "contents": "A phase II study of triazinate (NSC 139105) in advanced colorectal carcinoma. Triazinate (Baker's Antifol, NSC 139105) was given to 28 patients as a single agent in the chemotherapy of advanced colerectal carcinoma. The dosage utilized was 250 mg/m2 intravenously, administered daily in three consecutive days. Patients were evaluated at three weeks, six weeks, and then monthly until progression was evident. Various immunologic determinants (i.e., DNCB sensitization, immunoglobulins, recall skin tests, lymphocyte blastogenesis, and circulating lymphocytes, T-cells and B-cells) were obtained prior to treatment and at each re-evaluation. The principal side effects were dermatitis, stomatitis, diarrhea, nausea, somnolence, and leukopenia. There was no discernable effect of Triazinate on the immunologic determinants tested. There was one complete response, and four partial responses, for an objective regression rate of 18%. This study suggests that Triazinate has a definite, though limited, effect on advanced colorectal carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:141979", "title": "Suppressor cells in the spleen of tumor-allosensitized mice.", "content": "C57BL/6 mice were sensitized i.p. with 20 X 10(6) P-815 mastocytoma cells. Spleen and lymph node cells from these tumor-allosensitized mice become hyporesponsive in mixed-lymphocyte culture. The hyporesponsiveness appears to be due to the presence of suppressor cells. These suppressor cells can be demonstrated by their ability to inhibit the mixed-lymphocyte culture reactivity of normal mouse spleen cells. Suppressor activity in the spleen of tumor-allosensitized mice remains long after cytotoxic activity disappears. The mixed-lymphocyte culture suppressor cells do not adhere to glass and are cortisone resistant, X-irradiation resistant, anti-immunoglobulin serum resistant, but are anti-theta (Thy 1.2) serum sensitive. Adsorption of tumor-allosensitized spleen on specific allogeneic monolayers removes cytotoxic but not suppressor cells. On the basis of the kinetic data, cortisone sensitivity, antisera sensitivity, and adsorption results, we conclude that the suppressor cell is a thymus-derived lymphocyte that is separate from the cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocyte.", "contents": "Suppressor cells in the spleen of tumor-allosensitized mice. C57BL/6 mice were sensitized i.p. with 20 X 10(6) P-815 mastocytoma cells. Spleen and lymph node cells from these tumor-allosensitized mice become hyporesponsive in mixed-lymphocyte culture. The hyporesponsiveness appears to be due to the presence of suppressor cells. These suppressor cells can be demonstrated by their ability to inhibit the mixed-lymphocyte culture reactivity of normal mouse spleen cells. Suppressor activity in the spleen of tumor-allosensitized mice remains long after cytotoxic activity disappears. The mixed-lymphocyte culture suppressor cells do not adhere to glass and are cortisone resistant, X-irradiation resistant, anti-immunoglobulin serum resistant, but are anti-theta (Thy 1.2) serum sensitive. Adsorption of tumor-allosensitized spleen on specific allogeneic monolayers removes cytotoxic but not suppressor cells. On the basis of the kinetic data, cortisone sensitivity, antisera sensitivity, and adsorption results, we conclude that the suppressor cell is a thymus-derived lymphocyte that is separate from the cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:141980", "title": "Radioimmunoassays for methotrexate, citrovorum factor, neocarzinostatin, and actinomycin D.", "content": "Antisera specific for methotrexate, citrovorum factor, actinomycin D, and neocarzinostatin have been elicited in rabbits by immunization with appropriate antigens. The antibodies have been used together with radiolabeled marker haptens to produce sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays for each of these drugs.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassays for methotrexate, citrovorum factor, neocarzinostatin, and actinomycin D. Antisera specific for methotrexate, citrovorum factor, actinomycin D, and neocarzinostatin have been elicited in rabbits by immunization with appropriate antigens. The antibodies have been used together with radiolabeled marker haptens to produce sensitive and specific radioimmunoassays for each of these drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:141981", "title": "Compensatory hypertrophy of skeletal muscle fibers in streptozotocin-diabetic rats.", "content": "Previous studies have demonstrated an apparent differential response of the fiber types in mixed skeletal muscles of rats to streptozotocin diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to examine the ability of the different fiber types to hypertrophy in muscles from diabetic rats, which should further clarify the apparent differential trophic influence of insulin on the fibers. One group of rats was injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes. The gastrocnemius muscle was then removed from one hindlimb of rats of both the diabetic and a second, normal group, resulting in compensatory growth of ipsilateral plantaris muscle. Rats were sacrificed 60 days following the surgery. Experimental muscles in normal and diabetic rats enlarged 79% and 61% over control muscles, respectively. In normal hypertrophied muscles there was an 8% increase in relative cross-sectional area composed of slow-twitch fibers, whereas in diabetic rats the slow-twitch component increased 17%. The results indicate that slow-twitch fibers in diabetic rats were capable of responding to the chronic power overloaded condition, but that the fast-twitch fibers had a reduced capacity to undergo compensatory growth. These findings support our previous observations suggesting that insulin may exert a differential trophic effect upon the muscle fiber types.", "contents": "Compensatory hypertrophy of skeletal muscle fibers in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Previous studies have demonstrated an apparent differential response of the fiber types in mixed skeletal muscles of rats to streptozotocin diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to examine the ability of the different fiber types to hypertrophy in muscles from diabetic rats, which should further clarify the apparent differential trophic influence of insulin on the fibers. One group of rats was injected with streptozotocin to induce diabetes. The gastrocnemius muscle was then removed from one hindlimb of rats of both the diabetic and a second, normal group, resulting in compensatory growth of ipsilateral plantaris muscle. Rats were sacrificed 60 days following the surgery. Experimental muscles in normal and diabetic rats enlarged 79% and 61% over control muscles, respectively. In normal hypertrophied muscles there was an 8% increase in relative cross-sectional area composed of slow-twitch fibers, whereas in diabetic rats the slow-twitch component increased 17%. The results indicate that slow-twitch fibers in diabetic rats were capable of responding to the chronic power overloaded condition, but that the fast-twitch fibers had a reduced capacity to undergo compensatory growth. These findings support our previous observations suggesting that insulin may exert a differential trophic effect upon the muscle fiber types."}
{"id": "PMID:141982", "title": "[Inhibition of microsomal Na+ K+ ATPase of the brain by extracts of Mansonia altissima].", "content": "Water extracts of the bark of Mansonia altissima var altissima inhibit the activity of the Na+, K+-ATPase of Rabbit brain microsomes. The kinetics of hydrolysis of ATP show non-competitive inhibition analogous to that produced by ouabain.", "contents": "[Inhibition of microsomal Na+ K+ ATPase of the brain by extracts of Mansonia altissima]. Water extracts of the bark of Mansonia altissima var altissima inhibit the activity of the Na+, K+-ATPase of Rabbit brain microsomes. The kinetics of hydrolysis of ATP show non-competitive inhibition analogous to that produced by ouabain."}
{"id": "PMID:141983", "title": "A study of the human heart as a multiple dipole source. IV. Left ventricular hypertrophy in the presence of right bundle branch block.", "content": "This report concerns the task of electrocardiographic (ECG) diagnosis and quantitation of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with right bundle branch block (RBBB). In 36 patients with RBBB the left ventricular mass (LVM) of each patient was independently known from quantitative biplane angiography. Two ECG techniques, standard 12-lead ECG and multiple dipole electrocardiography (MDECG), were evaluated. In diagnosing LVH, the best performance of the several standard ECG criteria was sensitivity = 29%, specificity = 100%, and that of the MDECG was sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 96%. In quantitating LVH, the standard ECG gave a correlation with LVM of r = 46% and a standard error of estimate of 98 g. The corresponding figures for the MDECG were r = 81% and the root mean square prediction error = 64 g. These results confirm other studies showing that the conventional ECG is of only marginal value in the task of diagnosing LVH in the presence of RBBB. In contrast, the MDECG performs well both in this task and that of quantitating LVH. The results provide further support of the accuracy of the model of the cardiac electrical generator and volume conductor used in the MDECG method.", "contents": "A study of the human heart as a multiple dipole source. IV. Left ventricular hypertrophy in the presence of right bundle branch block. This report concerns the task of electrocardiographic (ECG) diagnosis and quantitation of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with right bundle branch block (RBBB). In 36 patients with RBBB the left ventricular mass (LVM) of each patient was independently known from quantitative biplane angiography. Two ECG techniques, standard 12-lead ECG and multiple dipole electrocardiography (MDECG), were evaluated. In diagnosing LVH, the best performance of the several standard ECG criteria was sensitivity = 29%, specificity = 100%, and that of the MDECG was sensitivity = 94%, specificity = 96%. In quantitating LVH, the standard ECG gave a correlation with LVM of r = 46% and a standard error of estimate of 98 g. The corresponding figures for the MDECG were r = 81% and the root mean square prediction error = 64 g. These results confirm other studies showing that the conventional ECG is of only marginal value in the task of diagnosing LVH in the presence of RBBB. In contrast, the MDECG performs well both in this task and that of quantitating LVH. The results provide further support of the accuracy of the model of the cardiac electrical generator and volume conductor used in the MDECG method."}
{"id": "PMID:141984", "title": "Serial electrocardiograms in hypertensive cardiovascular disease.", "content": "A graphic method for depicting serial changes in electrocardiograms is described and demonstrated for patients being treated in an antihypertension clinic. For these patients, the diagnostic categories, normal, left ventricular hypertrophy, and biventricular hypertrophy, are of primary interest. For each electrocardiogram, 14 measurements are used to compute posterior probabilities for each of the three categories. A triangular grid is used to plot each set of probabilities for an electrocardiogram as one point, which by its position in the triangle can be related to the three categories simultaneously. Points representing successive electrocardiograms can be plotted in the same triangle, giving a pattern of change with time. This pattern of change has been corroborated with associated clinical information on a number of patients. This display, which can be produced quickly and efficiently on a computer graphics terminal, should be considered as a possible tool in evaluating the status of individual hypertensive patients in terms of increase or decrease of ventricular hypertrophy and the efficacy of therapeutic measures.", "contents": "Serial electrocardiograms in hypertensive cardiovascular disease. A graphic method for depicting serial changes in electrocardiograms is described and demonstrated for patients being treated in an antihypertension clinic. For these patients, the diagnostic categories, normal, left ventricular hypertrophy, and biventricular hypertrophy, are of primary interest. For each electrocardiogram, 14 measurements are used to compute posterior probabilities for each of the three categories. A triangular grid is used to plot each set of probabilities for an electrocardiogram as one point, which by its position in the triangle can be related to the three categories simultaneously. Points representing successive electrocardiograms can be plotted in the same triangle, giving a pattern of change with time. This pattern of change has been corroborated with associated clinical information on a number of patients. This display, which can be produced quickly and efficiently on a computer graphics terminal, should be considered as a possible tool in evaluating the status of individual hypertensive patients in terms of increase or decrease of ventricular hypertrophy and the efficacy of therapeutic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:141985", "title": "The conduction system in tricuspid atresia with and without regular (d-) transposition.", "content": "This is a serial section examination of conduction system in six hearts with tricuspid atresia. Four had regular (d-) complete transposition and two did not have transposition. The conduction system was more or less the same in all the hearts. The atrioventricular (A-V) node was in the normal position posteriorly and was short. The A-V bundle was situated in the left ventricular aspect of the subendocardium and passed posteriorly to the ventricular septal defect. Even though this type of conduction system is abnormal in some respects, it is not the type one finds in single ventricle with small outlet chamber with regular (d-) transposition. In those hearts an anteriorly located A-V node is present. These findings further substantiate the concept that tricuspid atresia with or without transposition is not a form of single (primitive) ventricle.", "contents": "The conduction system in tricuspid atresia with and without regular (d-) transposition. This is a serial section examination of conduction system in six hearts with tricuspid atresia. Four had regular (d-) complete transposition and two did not have transposition. The conduction system was more or less the same in all the hearts. The atrioventricular (A-V) node was in the normal position posteriorly and was short. The A-V bundle was situated in the left ventricular aspect of the subendocardium and passed posteriorly to the ventricular septal defect. Even though this type of conduction system is abnormal in some respects, it is not the type one finds in single ventricle with small outlet chamber with regular (d-) transposition. In those hearts an anteriorly located A-V node is present. These findings further substantiate the concept that tricuspid atresia with or without transposition is not a form of single (primitive) ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:141986", "title": "Influence of cleft palate on growth of the maxilla in mouse embryos.", "content": "Cortisone acetate (7.5 mg on day 12, or 4 X 2.5 mg on days 12-15) and single dose of 6-aminonicotinamide (0.5 mg on day 14) were administered to pregnant females of random bred strain H-Velaz mice. The width of the alveolar arch of the developing maxilla was measured in drawings of the roof of the mouth of 600 fixed embryos taken between days 16 and 19. The width of the maxilla of experimental embryos with a closed secondary palate was the same as in the control embryos throughout the observation period, whereas the maxilla of all embryos with cleft palates was wider than in the controls. Final expansion of the maxilla was the same in all experimental groups.", "contents": "Influence of cleft palate on growth of the maxilla in mouse embryos. Cortisone acetate (7.5 mg on day 12, or 4 X 2.5 mg on days 12-15) and single dose of 6-aminonicotinamide (0.5 mg on day 14) were administered to pregnant females of random bred strain H-Velaz mice. The width of the alveolar arch of the developing maxilla was measured in drawings of the roof of the mouth of 600 fixed embryos taken between days 16 and 19. The width of the maxilla of experimental embryos with a closed secondary palate was the same as in the control embryos throughout the observation period, whereas the maxilla of all embryos with cleft palates was wider than in the controls. Final expansion of the maxilla was the same in all experimental groups."}
{"id": "PMID:141992", "title": "Huntington's chorea. A random process.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to investigate statistically the irregular nature of the choreatic jerks in Huntington's Chorea. EMG-bursts of certain muscles in a patient with Huntington's Chorea were taken as a measure of the jerks. Statistical analysis of the measurements, i.e. durations of bursts and intervals between bursts, revealed that the irregular nature of the choreatic jerks originate from a random process. Each choreatic jerk appears to be an entirely independent and unpredictable event.", "contents": "Huntington's chorea. A random process. The purpose of the present study was to investigate statistically the irregular nature of the choreatic jerks in Huntington's Chorea. EMG-bursts of certain muscles in a patient with Huntington's Chorea were taken as a measure of the jerks. Statistical analysis of the measurements, i.e. durations of bursts and intervals between bursts, revealed that the irregular nature of the choreatic jerks originate from a random process. Each choreatic jerk appears to be an entirely independent and unpredictable event."}
{"id": "PMID:141995", "title": "Acne therapy: Neutrogena hand cream as an aid to topical treatment.", "content": "Neutrogena hand cream has been used to modify the erythema, dryness, and topical irritancy caused by topical tretinoin and other topical acne preparations in a study of fifty-two patients.", "contents": "Acne therapy: Neutrogena hand cream as an aid to topical treatment. Neutrogena hand cream has been used to modify the erythema, dryness, and topical irritancy caused by topical tretinoin and other topical acne preparations in a study of fifty-two patients."}
{"id": "PMID:141997", "title": "Immune complex disease of the skin.", "content": "The physician can now recognize clinically and histopathologically the cutaneous manifestations of immune complex disease. The usual clinical environment in which this type of reaction occurs has been very specifically delineated. Studies of immunoglobulins, complement components, and B cells in the blood may confirm the nature of the reaction. Special studies of cryoproteins of C1q precipitin or radioimmunoassay procedures may demonstrate directly the complexes in the blood. Biopsy of skin for immunofluorescence is confirmative of the skin disease and the presence of immune complexes. Biopsy of normal skin may be prognostic and indicate severity of the disease. Lesions may be induced by epinephrine, trauma, and controlled imflammation for clinical and pathologic study and confirmation of diagnosis. Treatment of the disease with corticosteroids, sulfapyridine, nicotinic acid, and antimalarial drugs may be useful. Clofazimine is an intriguing experimental drug. Plasmaphoresis has worked well with some patients.", "contents": "Immune complex disease of the skin. The physician can now recognize clinically and histopathologically the cutaneous manifestations of immune complex disease. The usual clinical environment in which this type of reaction occurs has been very specifically delineated. Studies of immunoglobulins, complement components, and B cells in the blood may confirm the nature of the reaction. Special studies of cryoproteins of C1q precipitin or radioimmunoassay procedures may demonstrate directly the complexes in the blood. Biopsy of skin for immunofluorescence is confirmative of the skin disease and the presence of immune complexes. Biopsy of normal skin may be prognostic and indicate severity of the disease. Lesions may be induced by epinephrine, trauma, and controlled imflammation for clinical and pathologic study and confirmation of diagnosis. Treatment of the disease with corticosteroids, sulfapyridine, nicotinic acid, and antimalarial drugs may be useful. Clofazimine is an intriguing experimental drug. Plasmaphoresis has worked well with some patients."}
{"id": "PMID:141998", "title": "Tetracycline therapy for acne: incidence of vaginitis.", "content": "We have noted an incidence of vaginitis of 5 percent in women of childbearing age taking tetracycline for acne. We believe that tetracycline is a remarkably safe medication, and that the incidence of side effects from its use is low especially when instruction is given to the patient regarding its proper ingestion.", "contents": "Tetracycline therapy for acne: incidence of vaginitis. We have noted an incidence of vaginitis of 5 percent in women of childbearing age taking tetracycline for acne. We believe that tetracycline is a remarkably safe medication, and that the incidence of side effects from its use is low especially when instruction is given to the patient regarding its proper ingestion."}
{"id": "PMID:141993", "title": "Interpretation of the serum digoxin concentration.", "content": "Significant problems exist in the interpretation of serum digoxin concentration data. Failure to distinguish between results that do not require precise clinical correlation (proof of absorption, presence of drug, etc) and those which depend upon clinical correlation for their meaning ('toxicity' or 'effectiveness') can result in interpretive errors. Problems relating to the source of the serum digoxin concentration can also confound interpretation. Such difficulty may be controllable (obtaining the sample at the proper time, haemolysis, etc) or related to the laboratory technique (cross-reactivity with digoxin metabolites or other medications, technical errors, or lack of precision). Variation within the same patient over time or between patients related to disease (alterations in electrolytes, adrenergic or parasympathomimetic tone, or other medications) may prevent the direct attribution of an observed phenomenon to a particular digoxin concentration. Techniques for determining the effect of digoxin do exist and can be used to gather data for clinical correlations. Ways of improving the interpretaion of serum digoxin concentrations also exist and should be used to improve their value in patient management. The serum digoxin concentration seems to have an important future role. However, we need to know how better to interpret and exploit serum digoxin concentration data.", "contents": "Interpretation of the serum digoxin concentration. Significant problems exist in the interpretation of serum digoxin concentration data. Failure to distinguish between results that do not require precise clinical correlation (proof of absorption, presence of drug, etc) and those which depend upon clinical correlation for their meaning ('toxicity' or 'effectiveness') can result in interpretive errors. Problems relating to the source of the serum digoxin concentration can also confound interpretation. Such difficulty may be controllable (obtaining the sample at the proper time, haemolysis, etc) or related to the laboratory technique (cross-reactivity with digoxin metabolites or other medications, technical errors, or lack of precision). Variation within the same patient over time or between patients related to disease (alterations in electrolytes, adrenergic or parasympathomimetic tone, or other medications) may prevent the direct attribution of an observed phenomenon to a particular digoxin concentration. Techniques for determining the effect of digoxin do exist and can be used to gather data for clinical correlations. Ways of improving the interpretaion of serum digoxin concentrations also exist and should be used to improve their value in patient management. The serum digoxin concentration seems to have an important future role. However, we need to know how better to interpret and exploit serum digoxin concentration data."}
{"id": "PMID:142001", "title": "Atypical radiographic findings in neonates with absent pulmonary valve and tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "At birth, three infants had typical to-and-fro murmurs and laboratory features suggesting tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve. Initial posteroanterior chest x-ray films were atypical for the condition because of the apparent absence of dilation of the proximal pulmonary arterial tree. Lateral chest x-ray films invariably demonstrated a large hilar mass. Radiographic findings on the posteroanterior chest x-ray film considered pathognomonic for the complex lesion may not evolve until later during the first year of life.", "contents": "Atypical radiographic findings in neonates with absent pulmonary valve and tetralogy of Fallot. At birth, three infants had typical to-and-fro murmurs and laboratory features suggesting tetralogy of Fallot with absent pulmonary valve. Initial posteroanterior chest x-ray films were atypical for the condition because of the apparent absence of dilation of the proximal pulmonary arterial tree. Lateral chest x-ray films invariably demonstrated a large hilar mass. Radiographic findings on the posteroanterior chest x-ray film considered pathognomonic for the complex lesion may not evolve until later during the first year of life."}
{"id": "PMID:142002", "title": "Health services and needs in day care centers.", "content": "A survey of health services in a group of licensed day care centers indicates a general lack of written guidelines, failure to have a designated health coordinator and a serious paucity of nutrition and dental education programs.", "contents": "Health services and needs in day care centers. A survey of health services in a group of licensed day care centers indicates a general lack of written guidelines, failure to have a designated health coordinator and a serious paucity of nutrition and dental education programs."}
{"id": "PMID:142005", "title": "[Photochemotherapy of cutaneous lymphoma: oral and local 8-MOP-UVA treatment (author's transl)].", "content": "8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and long-wave ultra-violet light (UVA) were administered to 16 patients with mycosis fungoides and to three with other cutaneous lymphomas. Total body clearing was achieved in eleven patients, while temporary recurrences were observed in three, maintenance treatment arresting the recurrences. In the others all treatment failed. Histological and enzyme-cytochemical studies indicate that the histological features under 8-MOP-UVA treatment correspond to those induced by other forms of treatment: a lose enzyme-cytochemically negative lymphocytoid infiltrate remaining around blood vessels, after regression of the skin disease. Oral 8-MOV-UVA treatment (12 patients) proved superior to topical treatment (seven patients), because cutaneous lymphoma is a systemic disease. In mycosis fungoides the mean number of exposures causing clearance of skin lesions and the mean UVA dose (single treatment) were generally less than those for psoriasis vulgaris.", "contents": "[Photochemotherapy of cutaneous lymphoma: oral and local 8-MOP-UVA treatment (author's transl)]. 8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) and long-wave ultra-violet light (UVA) were administered to 16 patients with mycosis fungoides and to three with other cutaneous lymphomas. Total body clearing was achieved in eleven patients, while temporary recurrences were observed in three, maintenance treatment arresting the recurrences. In the others all treatment failed. Histological and enzyme-cytochemical studies indicate that the histological features under 8-MOP-UVA treatment correspond to those induced by other forms of treatment: a lose enzyme-cytochemically negative lymphocytoid infiltrate remaining around blood vessels, after regression of the skin disease. Oral 8-MOV-UVA treatment (12 patients) proved superior to topical treatment (seven patients), because cutaneous lymphoma is a systemic disease. In mycosis fungoides the mean number of exposures causing clearance of skin lesions and the mean UVA dose (single treatment) were generally less than those for psoriasis vulgaris."}
{"id": "PMID:142006", "title": "Effective treatment of gonorrhoea.", "content": "Effective therapy of gonorrhoea has changed drastically over the years, reflecting the progessive acquisition of relative antibiotic resistance by the causative organism. Although in the US. th 1974 USPHS recommendations are the best guidelines for management at present, recent epidemiological trends may obviate some of these provisions. The most important of these trends is the emergence of R-factor carrying strains capable of producing penicillinase, thereby making these strains absolutely resistant to clinically achievable levels of penicillin. This review analyses this problem in the context of reasonable therapeutic goals and also discusses optimum management of patients with such complications as pharyngeal infection, pelvic inflammatory disease and disseminated gonococcal infection.", "contents": "Effective treatment of gonorrhoea. Effective therapy of gonorrhoea has changed drastically over the years, reflecting the progessive acquisition of relative antibiotic resistance by the causative organism. Although in the US. th 1974 USPHS recommendations are the best guidelines for management at present, recent epidemiological trends may obviate some of these provisions. The most important of these trends is the emergence of R-factor carrying strains capable of producing penicillinase, thereby making these strains absolutely resistant to clinically achievable levels of penicillin. This review analyses this problem in the context of reasonable therapeutic goals and also discusses optimum management of patients with such complications as pharyngeal infection, pelvic inflammatory disease and disseminated gonococcal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:142008", "title": "Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase from chick brain by polyamines.", "content": "The amounts of the polyamines putrescine, spermine and spermidine as well as the Na,K-ATPase activity have been  determined in the developing chick brain. The amounts of spermine and spermidine per gram fresh weight do not change significantly, the amount of putrescine declines until the 17th day of incubation after which an increase takes place. Spermine is able to inhibit the Na,K-ATPase from chick brain competitively. Half maximal inhibition is achieved at 4 X 10(-5) mol/1 spermine. This polyamine functions as an allosteric inhibitor; the Hill coefficient is 2.2 +/- 0.3. A regulatory effect of spermine on the Na,K-ATPase from chick brain is discussed. In contrast to spermine 1 mmol/1 spermidine inhibits the Na,K-ATPase only slightly, while 1 mmol/1 putrescine does not inhibit the Na,K-ATPase at all.", "contents": "Inhibition of Na,K-ATPase from chick brain by polyamines. The amounts of the polyamines putrescine, spermine and spermidine as well as the Na,K-ATPase activity have been  determined in the developing chick brain. The amounts of spermine and spermidine per gram fresh weight do not change significantly, the amount of putrescine declines until the 17th day of incubation after which an increase takes place. Spermine is able to inhibit the Na,K-ATPase from chick brain competitively. Half maximal inhibition is achieved at 4 X 10(-5) mol/1 spermine. This polyamine functions as an allosteric inhibitor; the Hill coefficient is 2.2 +/- 0.3. A regulatory effect of spermine on the Na,K-ATPase from chick brain is discussed. In contrast to spermine 1 mmol/1 spermidine inhibits the Na,K-ATPase only slightly, while 1 mmol/1 putrescine does not inhibit the Na,K-ATPase at all."}
{"id": "PMID:142009", "title": "Primary structure of the B-chain of human plasmin.", "content": "The primary structure of the human plasmin B-chain has been determined. It consists of 230 residues divided in three cyanogen bromide fragments: The amino-terminal 24 residues, the carboxy-terminal three residues and the middle 203 residues. Sequence detemination was performed on the tryptic and the chymotryptic peptides obtained from the main cyanogen bromide fragment of this chain. Owing to similarities between some of the overlapping chymotryptic peptides, two different sequences were possible from these results. However, since the homologies with the pancreatic serine proteases and also the B-chains of thrombin and factor XA are pronounced, the arrangement still could be settled. By peptic digestion of partially reduced and S-carboxymethylated B-chain it was shown that there are two interchain disulphide bridges, which connect the A and B-chains of plasmin, involving Cys-5 and Cys-105 from the B-chain. The intrachain disulphides in the B-chain seem to be situated exactly as in chymotrypsin as partly judged from homologies.", "contents": "Primary structure of the B-chain of human plasmin. The primary structure of the human plasmin B-chain has been determined. It consists of 230 residues divided in three cyanogen bromide fragments: The amino-terminal 24 residues, the carboxy-terminal three residues and the middle 203 residues. Sequence detemination was performed on the tryptic and the chymotryptic peptides obtained from the main cyanogen bromide fragment of this chain. Owing to similarities between some of the overlapping chymotryptic peptides, two different sequences were possible from these results. However, since the homologies with the pancreatic serine proteases and also the B-chains of thrombin and factor XA are pronounced, the arrangement still could be settled. By peptic digestion of partially reduced and S-carboxymethylated B-chain it was shown that there are two interchain disulphide bridges, which connect the A and B-chains of plasmin, involving Cys-5 and Cys-105 from the B-chain. The intrachain disulphides in the B-chain seem to be situated exactly as in chymotrypsin as partly judged from homologies."}
{"id": "PMID:142011", "title": "The action of piperidine on muscle spindles in the rat.", "content": "Piperidine hydrochloride induced discharge in primary and secondary endings of muscle spindles in rat tailbase muscle preparations. The threshold concentration for primary endings (2.0 X 10(-5) g/ml) was below that for secondary endings (4.0 X 10(-5) g/ml). The effect of piperidine was antagonised by tubocurarine but not by atropine. The action of piperidine on primary and secondary endings responding to 'ramp-and-hold' stretch was predominantly on the static component of excitation, and usually in the absence of any concomitant enhancement of the dynamic effect. This effect was opposite to that induced by succinylcholine. A possible action of piperidine at cholinoceptive sites of the nicotinic type and associated with gamma-trial fusimotor terminals is discussed.", "contents": "The action of piperidine on muscle spindles in the rat. Piperidine hydrochloride induced discharge in primary and secondary endings of muscle spindles in rat tailbase muscle preparations. The threshold concentration for primary endings (2.0 X 10(-5) g/ml) was below that for secondary endings (4.0 X 10(-5) g/ml). The effect of piperidine was antagonised by tubocurarine but not by atropine. The action of piperidine on primary and secondary endings responding to 'ramp-and-hold' stretch was predominantly on the static component of excitation, and usually in the absence of any concomitant enhancement of the dynamic effect. This effect was opposite to that induced by succinylcholine. A possible action of piperidine at cholinoceptive sites of the nicotinic type and associated with gamma-trial fusimotor terminals is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142012", "title": "Effects of beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-GABA (baclofen) on spinal synaptic activity.", "content": "In the isolated perfused spinal cord of the bullfrog, baclofen caused a reduction in the rate of spontaneous discharges in the ventral root at lower concentrations than GABA. The inhibitory effect of baclofen was fully present in a chloride-free medium, whereas that of GABA was markedly reduced. In contrast to GABA, which depolarized the dorsal root, baclofen produced a hyperpolarization in the dorsal root. Moreover, baclofen produced a hyperpolarization in the ventral roots. In the rat, the development of spinal reflex inhibition by baclofen was slow and the effect was long-lasting. Baclofen decreased dorsal root reflexes, suggesting a decreased excitability of presynaptic fibres. Baclofen produced a more pronounced and faster inhibitory effect on monosynaptic reflexes than on polysynaptic reflexes. In the monoamine depleted rat, the effect of baclofen on both types of reflexes was markedly reduced. It appears that catecholamines are involved in the effects produced by baclofen.", "contents": "Effects of beta-(p-chlorophenyl)-GABA (baclofen) on spinal synaptic activity. In the isolated perfused spinal cord of the bullfrog, baclofen caused a reduction in the rate of spontaneous discharges in the ventral root at lower concentrations than GABA. The inhibitory effect of baclofen was fully present in a chloride-free medium, whereas that of GABA was markedly reduced. In contrast to GABA, which depolarized the dorsal root, baclofen produced a hyperpolarization in the dorsal root. Moreover, baclofen produced a hyperpolarization in the ventral roots. In the rat, the development of spinal reflex inhibition by baclofen was slow and the effect was long-lasting. Baclofen decreased dorsal root reflexes, suggesting a decreased excitability of presynaptic fibres. Baclofen produced a more pronounced and faster inhibitory effect on monosynaptic reflexes than on polysynaptic reflexes. In the monoamine depleted rat, the effect of baclofen on both types of reflexes was markedly reduced. It appears that catecholamines are involved in the effects produced by baclofen."}
{"id": "PMID:142024", "title": "Ionic currents in cardiac muscle: a framework for glycoside action.", "content": "This paper briefly reviews the current state of understanding of cardiac excitation--contraction coupling and its relation to glycoside action. Evidence that inotropic action of glycosides might result from increased influx of Ca2+ during action potential is reviewed. Recent voltage clamp studies that show little if any direct effect on Ca2+ influx during the action potential are cited. It is suggested that the primary inotropic effects derive from altered ionic exchange mechanisms secondary to inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase. The role of ionic currents in glycoside toxicity is considered, with discussion of a dynamic, depolarizing current that appears shortly after action potential. This current is apparently an inward movement of positive ions that is strongly mediated by extracellular Ca2+ levels. It is noted that such spontaneous depolarizations of the membrane have been observed in several other circumstances where strong positive inotropism has been induced. The conclusion is reached that membrane ionic currents probably play only a secondary role in glycoside inotropism and in many of the toxic effects.", "contents": "Ionic currents in cardiac muscle: a framework for glycoside action. This paper briefly reviews the current state of understanding of cardiac excitation--contraction coupling and its relation to glycoside action. Evidence that inotropic action of glycosides might result from increased influx of Ca2+ during action potential is reviewed. Recent voltage clamp studies that show little if any direct effect on Ca2+ influx during the action potential are cited. It is suggested that the primary inotropic effects derive from altered ionic exchange mechanisms secondary to inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase. The role of ionic currents in glycoside toxicity is considered, with discussion of a dynamic, depolarizing current that appears shortly after action potential. This current is apparently an inward movement of positive ions that is strongly mediated by extracellular Ca2+ levels. It is noted that such spontaneous depolarizations of the membrane have been observed in several other circumstances where strong positive inotropism has been induced. The conclusion is reached that membrane ionic currents probably play only a secondary role in glycoside inotropism and in many of the toxic effects."}
{"id": "PMID:142020", "title": "[Effect of combined administration of phenobarbital and 2-methyl-3-(o-chlorphenyl)-quinazolone-4 with hydrocortisone on the dynamics of blood corticosteroid content and ATPase activity of rat brain].", "content": "Tests conducted on rats evidenced that with combined use of hydrocortisone, 2-methyl-3-(o-chlorphenyl)-quinazolone-4 and phenobarbital the development of the hypnotic effect and the level of the blood corticosteroids were inversely proportional. The relation between the hypnotic effect and inhibition of the ATP-ase activity of the cerebral tissue homogenates in rats was observed only in experiments with phenobarbital.", "contents": "[Effect of combined administration of phenobarbital and 2-methyl-3-(o-chlorphenyl)-quinazolone-4 with hydrocortisone on the dynamics of blood corticosteroid content and ATPase activity of rat brain]. Tests conducted on rats evidenced that with combined use of hydrocortisone, 2-methyl-3-(o-chlorphenyl)-quinazolone-4 and phenobarbital the development of the hypnotic effect and the level of the blood corticosteroids were inversely proportional. The relation between the hypnotic effect and inhibition of the ATP-ase activity of the cerebral tissue homogenates in rats was observed only in experiments with phenobarbital."}
{"id": "PMID:142025", "title": "Recent advances in cardiac glycoside-Na+,K+-ATPase interaction.", "content": "Na+,K+-ATPase has been purified from lamb kidney and consists of two polypeptide peaks on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an enzyme activity of 1,000 mumole Pi/mg pro per hr. A scheme depicting the interaction of cardiac glycoside with the enzyme and ligand effects on binding has been constructed. Under all ligand conditions, ouabain binding tends to reach the same maximum if sufficient ouabain is present. Initial rates vary with ligand conditions. Using a chase method, the rate of dissociation of the glycoside from the enzyme is not influenced by the ligands present, although with separation of the enzyme-glycoside complex from the binding medium, differences are noted. The effect of ouabain on Na binding demonstrated two classes of sites, KD = 0.2 mM and KD = 18 mM. Denaturation decreased the high affinity sites. There was also a good correlation between ouabain binding and inhibition of Na binding. Clearly, ligands are critical in regulating cardiac glycoside interaction with the enzyme.", "contents": "Recent advances in cardiac glycoside-Na+,K+-ATPase interaction. Na+,K+-ATPase has been purified from lamb kidney and consists of two polypeptide peaks on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an enzyme activity of 1,000 mumole Pi/mg pro per hr. A scheme depicting the interaction of cardiac glycoside with the enzyme and ligand effects on binding has been constructed. Under all ligand conditions, ouabain binding tends to reach the same maximum if sufficient ouabain is present. Initial rates vary with ligand conditions. Using a chase method, the rate of dissociation of the glycoside from the enzyme is not influenced by the ligands present, although with separation of the enzyme-glycoside complex from the binding medium, differences are noted. The effect of ouabain on Na binding demonstrated two classes of sites, KD = 0.2 mM and KD = 18 mM. Denaturation decreased the high affinity sites. There was also a good correlation between ouabain binding and inhibition of Na binding. Clearly, ligands are critical in regulating cardiac glycoside interaction with the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:142026", "title": "Dissociation of Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition from digitalis inotropy.", "content": "Recent findings from our laboratory as well as those of other laboratories do not support the postulation that the mechanism of the positive inotropic action of digitalis is due to inhibition of NA,K-ATPase. Using short-acting digitalis steroids and drug washout experiments, in isolated myocardial preparations, it has been demonstrated that Na,K-ATPase isolated from such preparations is still significantly inhibited, whereas the positive inotropic effect is no longer present. Also, based on kinetic measurements the two exponential rate constants observed for drug half-life, a rapid and slow phase, were found to be associated, respectively, with the very short inotropic half-life and the very long enzyme inhibition half-life. In addition, a dissociation of the transient inotropic effects of digitalis was observed from the long lasting cardiotoxic effects of digitalis during drug washout. Moreover, a temporal correlation was noted between the persistent inhibitory effects of digitalis on Na,K-ATPase and the persistent cardiotoxic effects of digitalis. Therefore, it is concluded that inhibition of Na,K-ATPase is not responsible for the positive inotropic action of digitalis, but may be the mechanism, at least in part, for certain cardiotoxic effects of digitalis.", "contents": "Dissociation of Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition from digitalis inotropy. Recent findings from our laboratory as well as those of other laboratories do not support the postulation that the mechanism of the positive inotropic action of digitalis is due to inhibition of NA,K-ATPase. Using short-acting digitalis steroids and drug washout experiments, in isolated myocardial preparations, it has been demonstrated that Na,K-ATPase isolated from such preparations is still significantly inhibited, whereas the positive inotropic effect is no longer present. Also, based on kinetic measurements the two exponential rate constants observed for drug half-life, a rapid and slow phase, were found to be associated, respectively, with the very short inotropic half-life and the very long enzyme inhibition half-life. In addition, a dissociation of the transient inotropic effects of digitalis was observed from the long lasting cardiotoxic effects of digitalis during drug washout. Moreover, a temporal correlation was noted between the persistent inhibitory effects of digitalis on Na,K-ATPase and the persistent cardiotoxic effects of digitalis. Therefore, it is concluded that inhibition of Na,K-ATPase is not responsible for the positive inotropic action of digitalis, but may be the mechanism, at least in part, for certain cardiotoxic effects of digitalis."}
{"id": "PMID:142028", "title": "[Role of nucleoside triphosphatase in the formation of factor-X in frog myocardium following exposure to acetylcholine].", "content": "Under the effect of acetylcholine and vagal stimulation on the donor frog myocardium, a uridine polyphosphate-like substance (X-factor) is released. It intensifies contractions of the isolated heart-recipient and decreases the heart's sensitivity to acetylcholine and vagal stimulation. Acetylcholine (1-10(-4)-1-10(-5 g/ml) decreases UTPase activity (by 20-25%) and ATPase activity (by 15%) in isolated ventricle of the frog heart. When acetylcholine is washed away, UTPase activity is almost completely restored. Suppression of UTPase activity by acetylcholine seems to be one of the mechanisms responsible for the accumulation and release and uridine polyphosphates in the heart muscle.", "contents": "[Role of nucleoside triphosphatase in the formation of factor-X in frog myocardium following exposure to acetylcholine]. Under the effect of acetylcholine and vagal stimulation on the donor frog myocardium, a uridine polyphosphate-like substance (X-factor) is released. It intensifies contractions of the isolated heart-recipient and decreases the heart's sensitivity to acetylcholine and vagal stimulation. Acetylcholine (1-10(-4)-1-10(-5 g/ml) decreases UTPase activity (by 20-25%) and ATPase activity (by 15%) in isolated ventricle of the frog heart. When acetylcholine is washed away, UTPase activity is almost completely restored. Suppression of UTPase activity by acetylcholine seems to be one of the mechanisms responsible for the accumulation and release and uridine polyphosphates in the heart muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:142033", "title": "Hypersensitivity reactions to Gerovital.", "content": "Procaine chloride, which was a common cause of allergic reactions in earlier years, has lost importance as a contact allergen because its use for local anesthesia has ceased. Recently, we have seen hypersensitivity reactions in three patients after the use of Gerovital, which is known to contain procaine chloride. A word of warning is warranted against indiscriminate use of Gerovital, particularly of its topical preparations.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity reactions to Gerovital. Procaine chloride, which was a common cause of allergic reactions in earlier years, has lost importance as a contact allergen because its use for local anesthesia has ceased. Recently, we have seen hypersensitivity reactions in three patients after the use of Gerovital, which is known to contain procaine chloride. A word of warning is warranted against indiscriminate use of Gerovital, particularly of its topical preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:142034", "title": "Enzyme studies in the articular cartilage of diabetic rats and of rats bearing transplanted pancreatic islets.", "content": "The articular cartilage of normal rats, of rats made diabetic with streptozotocin, and of rats made diabetic with streptozotocin and subsequently transplanted with isologous pancreatic islets was examined for the activities of enzymes engaged in the synthesis and degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The activities assayed  were those of the degrading enzymes B-glucuronidase, B-acetyglucosaminidase, B-acetylgalactosaminidase, B-galactosidase, and those active in synthesis: uridine diphosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehyrogenase, and phosphofructokinase. In the diabetic animals all enzyme activities were increased, thos of the degrading enzymes more than those of the others. Implantation of pancreatic islets reversed the changes produced by diabetes, enzyme activities returning to near-normal levels.", "contents": "Enzyme studies in the articular cartilage of diabetic rats and of rats bearing transplanted pancreatic islets. The articular cartilage of normal rats, of rats made diabetic with streptozotocin, and of rats made diabetic with streptozotocin and subsequently transplanted with isologous pancreatic islets was examined for the activities of enzymes engaged in the synthesis and degradation of glycosaminoglycans (mucopolysaccharides). The activities assayed  were those of the degrading enzymes B-glucuronidase, B-acetyglucosaminidase, B-acetylgalactosaminidase, B-galactosidase, and those active in synthesis: uridine diphosphate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate dehyrogenase, and phosphofructokinase. In the diabetic animals all enzyme activities were increased, thos of the degrading enzymes more than those of the others. Implantation of pancreatic islets reversed the changes produced by diabetes, enzyme activities returning to near-normal levels."}
{"id": "PMID:142036", "title": "Effects of experimental diabetes and genetic obesity on regional blood flow in the rat.", "content": "Blood flow through various tissues of streptozotocin- and alloxan-diabetic and genetically obese rats was compared with that of controls by a radioisotopically labeled microsphere technique. Total cardiac output per unit body weight was unchanged in the diabetic group but decreased in the obese animals. The proportion of cardiac output received by the kidney and organs of the gastrointestinal tract was increased in the diabetic animals. Tissue hyperplasia appeared to be largely responsible. Blood flow per unit weight was markedly increased in the fat tissue of diabetic rats but was reduced in that of the obese rats, indicating a positive relationship between fat mobilization and blood flow. Blood flow in the hindlimbs, tail, skin, and spleen were all reduced in at least one diabetic group. Most of the changes observed appeared to progress with the duration of diabetes. Possible hormonal and metabolic causes are discussed. Some of the experimental changes observed may form useful models for diabetic vasculopathy.", "contents": "Effects of experimental diabetes and genetic obesity on regional blood flow in the rat. Blood flow through various tissues of streptozotocin- and alloxan-diabetic and genetically obese rats was compared with that of controls by a radioisotopically labeled microsphere technique. Total cardiac output per unit body weight was unchanged in the diabetic group but decreased in the obese animals. The proportion of cardiac output received by the kidney and organs of the gastrointestinal tract was increased in the diabetic animals. Tissue hyperplasia appeared to be largely responsible. Blood flow per unit weight was markedly increased in the fat tissue of diabetic rats but was reduced in that of the obese rats, indicating a positive relationship between fat mobilization and blood flow. Blood flow in the hindlimbs, tail, skin, and spleen were all reduced in at least one diabetic group. Most of the changes observed appeared to progress with the duration of diabetes. Possible hormonal and metabolic causes are discussed. Some of the experimental changes observed may form useful models for diabetic vasculopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:142038", "title": "[Ureterlesion in laparoscopic sterilisation of the Fallopian tube (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of severe ureterlesion following sterilisation of the Fallopian tube is presented. Since 28 days elapsed before operative relief of the kidney was attempted reconstructive surgery of the ureter at a later date proved to be unsuccessful. A secondary nephrectomy had to be performed.", "contents": "[Ureterlesion in laparoscopic sterilisation of the Fallopian tube (author's transl)]. A case of severe ureterlesion following sterilisation of the Fallopian tube is presented. Since 28 days elapsed before operative relief of the kidney was attempted reconstructive surgery of the ureter at a later date proved to be unsuccessful. A secondary nephrectomy had to be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:142040", "title": "Membrane mutation affecting energy-linked functions in Escherichia coli K 12.", "content": "A small-colony forming variant of Escherichia coli with a mutation in the ncf gene was analysed. The alternation of the protein composition in the cytoplasmic membrane and the interaction with K and E group colicins indicated a membrane mutation. The effect of this mutation on some membrane-bound processes, the activity of Mg2+-activated ATPase, the growth on different carbon sources and the active transport of amino acids, is described. This mutation does not exert any effect on the electron transport system.", "contents": "Membrane mutation affecting energy-linked functions in Escherichia coli K 12. A small-colony forming variant of Escherichia coli with a mutation in the ncf gene was analysed. The alternation of the protein composition in the cytoplasmic membrane and the interaction with K and E group colicins indicated a membrane mutation. The effect of this mutation on some membrane-bound processes, the activity of Mg2+-activated ATPase, the growth on different carbon sources and the active transport of amino acids, is described. This mutation does not exert any effect on the electron transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:142041", "title": "[Intrarenal localisation of renorenal collaterals in the dog. Observations on renal arteries as end-arteries (author's transl)].", "content": "One of the two main branches of the left renal artery was slowly occluded in four dogs. Repeated angiography was carried out from 45 to 61 days postoperatively; this made it possible to observe the development of collaterals between the normal and constricted branches of the renal artery, i.e. intrarenal renorenal collaterals. These collaterals developed predominantly from preexisting vessels of the extraglomerular system in the vicinity of the renal pelvis and calyces and, to a lesser extent, from medullary vessels and from forating capsular arteries.", "contents": "[Intrarenal localisation of renorenal collaterals in the dog. Observations on renal arteries as end-arteries (author's transl)]. One of the two main branches of the left renal artery was slowly occluded in four dogs. Repeated angiography was carried out from 45 to 61 days postoperatively; this made it possible to observe the development of collaterals between the normal and constricted branches of the renal artery, i.e. intrarenal renorenal collaterals. These collaterals developed predominantly from preexisting vessels of the extraglomerular system in the vicinity of the renal pelvis and calyces and, to a lesser extent, from medullary vessels and from forating capsular arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:142042", "title": "[Correlation between microangiography and histological findings in renal carcinomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial, venous and simultaneous arterial and venous injections with radio-opaque dyes were carried out under manometric control on three renal cell carcinomas following nephrectomy. The micro-angiographic appearances were then correlated with the histological findings. The radiologically abnormal vessels correspond with sinusoids with thin, capillary-like walls containing localised areas of thickening in a collagen-rich stroma. Both micro-angiographically and histologically, the sinusoidal connections can be demonstrated between the edge of the tumour and normal tissue. Arterio-venous anastomoses were not found. The angio architecture and micro-angiographic pattern in renal cell carcinomas is described. The significance of these changes in the circulation is discussed and its significance in carrying out pharmaco-angiography and retrograde phlebography is pointed out.", "contents": "[Correlation between microangiography and histological findings in renal carcinomas (author's transl)]. Arterial, venous and simultaneous arterial and venous injections with radio-opaque dyes were carried out under manometric control on three renal cell carcinomas following nephrectomy. The micro-angiographic appearances were then correlated with the histological findings. The radiologically abnormal vessels correspond with sinusoids with thin, capillary-like walls containing localised areas of thickening in a collagen-rich stroma. Both micro-angiographically and histologically, the sinusoidal connections can be demonstrated between the edge of the tumour and normal tissue. Arterio-venous anastomoses were not found. The angio architecture and micro-angiographic pattern in renal cell carcinomas is described. The significance of these changes in the circulation is discussed and its significance in carrying out pharmaco-angiography and retrograde phlebography is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:142043", "title": "[Pre-operative renal artery occlusion with a balloon catheter (author's transl)].", "content": "Renal artery occlusion with a balloon catheter introduced by the transfemoral route makes nephrectomy for tumour much easier. Advantages of vascular occlusion are a bloodless field and shrinking of the kidney with a significant reduction of blood loss during the operation. In addition, operative displacement of tumour thrombus is largely avoided.", "contents": "[Pre-operative renal artery occlusion with a balloon catheter (author's transl)]. Renal artery occlusion with a balloon catheter introduced by the transfemoral route makes nephrectomy for tumour much easier. Advantages of vascular occlusion are a bloodless field and shrinking of the kidney with a significant reduction of blood loss during the operation. In addition, operative displacement of tumour thrombus is largely avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:142044", "title": "[Kidney damage during translumbar aortography treated by selective catheter embolisation (author's transl)].", "content": "During a low translumbar aortogram, a kidney was damaged leading to uncontrollable haematuria. The damaged segmental artery was selectively occluded by the injection of butyl-2-cyanoacrylate through a catheter. Bleeding stopped immediately, thereby avoiding a nephrectomy which had been planned. The complications and potential hazards of therapeutic embolisation are discussed.", "contents": "[Kidney damage during translumbar aortography treated by selective catheter embolisation (author's transl)]. During a low translumbar aortogram, a kidney was damaged leading to uncontrollable haematuria. The damaged segmental artery was selectively occluded by the injection of butyl-2-cyanoacrylate through a catheter. Bleeding stopped immediately, thereby avoiding a nephrectomy which had been planned. The complications and potential hazards of therapeutic embolisation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142045", "title": "[Cardiac-phase-controlled selective and semi-selective renal angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "A technique for renal angiography is described, which uses a special catheter and cardiac-phase-controlled injection of contrast; it provides maximal information with a reduction in the amount of contrast and the number of exposures required. This reduces the stress on the patient, as well as the radiation dose.", "contents": "[Cardiac-phase-controlled selective and semi-selective renal angiography (author's transl)]. A technique for renal angiography is described, which uses a special catheter and cardiac-phase-controlled injection of contrast; it provides maximal information with a reduction in the amount of contrast and the number of exposures required. This reduces the stress on the patient, as well as the radiation dose."}
{"id": "PMID:142046", "title": "[Angiographic findings due to malfunction of Cimino shunts in haemodialysis patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Both the arterial and venous limb of a Cimino shunt can be well demonstrated by injection of contrast medium into the shunt vein during transient arterial and venous ccompression with a blood pressure cuff. Twenty-four angiograms in patients with shunt malfunctions carried out in this way were analysed with respect to various vascular changes.", "contents": "[Angiographic findings due to malfunction of Cimino shunts in haemodialysis patients (author's transl)]. Both the arterial and venous limb of a Cimino shunt can be well demonstrated by injection of contrast medium into the shunt vein during transient arterial and venous ccompression with a blood pressure cuff. Twenty-four angiograms in patients with shunt malfunctions carried out in this way were analysed with respect to various vascular changes."}
{"id": "PMID:142047", "title": "[Estimation of individual renal function by Tc-DMSA-uptake (author's transl)].", "content": "Hg-Cl2-accumulation and early hippuran uptake are widely used for the estimation of individual renal function, a clinically important procedure in nephrological-urological nuclear medicine. After clinical experience in more than 2500 patients we investigated the assessment of individual renal function by the uptake of Tc-DMSA, a new radiopharmaceutical for renal scintigraphy. Tc-DMSA-uptake was measured after application of 0.8-1.6 mCi Tc-99m-DMSA by a scintillation camera connected to a computer system and by a rectilinear scanner with data storage, additionally hippuran kinetics were registered with a scintillation camera, the total body clearance was performed due to the method of Oberhausen with a modified whole body counter. A good agreement and high correlation between Tc-DMSA-uptake with background corection and the unilateral renal clearance could be established. This easily available and clinically valuable method also can be adjusted to institutions with a rather simple equipment.", "contents": "[Estimation of individual renal function by Tc-DMSA-uptake (author's transl)]. Hg-Cl2-accumulation and early hippuran uptake are widely used for the estimation of individual renal function, a clinically important procedure in nephrological-urological nuclear medicine. After clinical experience in more than 2500 patients we investigated the assessment of individual renal function by the uptake of Tc-DMSA, a new radiopharmaceutical for renal scintigraphy. Tc-DMSA-uptake was measured after application of 0.8-1.6 mCi Tc-99m-DMSA by a scintillation camera connected to a computer system and by a rectilinear scanner with data storage, additionally hippuran kinetics were registered with a scintillation camera, the total body clearance was performed due to the method of Oberhausen with a modified whole body counter. A good agreement and high correlation between Tc-DMSA-uptake with background corection and the unilateral renal clearance could be established. This easily available and clinically valuable method also can be adjusted to institutions with a rather simple equipment."}
{"id": "PMID:142048", "title": "[Renal perfusion during experimental hyper-acute rejection. 133-xenon perfusion compared with microscopy and angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-two cat kidneys and 11 pig kidneys were incorporated into canine circulatory systems. The delayed hyper-acute and hyper-acute rejections produced by these models were studied with respect to blood flow and blood distribution with an intra-arterial 133-xenon wash-out technique at intervals of 7-30 minutes until the death of the kidney at 40 minutes to twelve hours. In addition, magnification angiograms and serial cortical biopsies were obtained for continuous histological study of the rejection phenomenon. At the beginning of the rejection process, there is a reduction in blood-flow through the cortex. During delayed hyper-acute rejection, cortical flow could no longer be demonstrated 180 minutes after the period of flow maximum. After A.L.G. treatment of dogs, rejection could be delayed for ten to twelve hours. Magnification angiograms showed characteristic changes consisting of irregular segmental and interlobar arteries, occlusion of small cortical vessels and focal contrast accumulation in the renal cortex. The changes in blood-flow and blood distribution measured with 133-xenon and the vascular findings on the angiogram could be correlated with the microscopic findings. Serial estimations of blood flow and blood distribution with the xenon blood wash-out technique permit differentiation between shock kidney and rejection following renal transplantation.", "contents": "[Renal perfusion during experimental hyper-acute rejection. 133-xenon perfusion compared with microscopy and angiography (author's transl)]. Twenty-two cat kidneys and 11 pig kidneys were incorporated into canine circulatory systems. The delayed hyper-acute and hyper-acute rejections produced by these models were studied with respect to blood flow and blood distribution with an intra-arterial 133-xenon wash-out technique at intervals of 7-30 minutes until the death of the kidney at 40 minutes to twelve hours. In addition, magnification angiograms and serial cortical biopsies were obtained for continuous histological study of the rejection phenomenon. At the beginning of the rejection process, there is a reduction in blood-flow through the cortex. During delayed hyper-acute rejection, cortical flow could no longer be demonstrated 180 minutes after the period of flow maximum. After A.L.G. treatment of dogs, rejection could be delayed for ten to twelve hours. Magnification angiograms showed characteristic changes consisting of irregular segmental and interlobar arteries, occlusion of small cortical vessels and focal contrast accumulation in the renal cortex. The changes in blood-flow and blood distribution measured with 133-xenon and the vascular findings on the angiogram could be correlated with the microscopic findings. Serial estimations of blood flow and blood distribution with the xenon blood wash-out technique permit differentiation between shock kidney and rejection following renal transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:142049", "title": "[The syndrome of polysplenia (author's transl)].", "content": "A strong tendency to symmetrical development of the organ systems manifests itself in the syndrome of Polysplenia. These symmetrical organs show the anatomy of leftsided structures. For this reason the syndrome is also referred to as the \"syndrome of bilateral leftsidedness\". It encompasses complex abnormalities of situs, typical cardiac and vascular deformities as well as extracardiac malformations. Polysplenia is the leading symptom. Diagnosis is rarely made intra vitam. Certain typical deformities can give hints to this diagnosis, which is finally proved by szintigraphic and arteriographic visualization of multiple spleens. A typical case is reported and subsequently discussed according to the picture of this syndrome in the literature.", "contents": "[The syndrome of polysplenia (author's transl)]. A strong tendency to symmetrical development of the organ systems manifests itself in the syndrome of Polysplenia. These symmetrical organs show the anatomy of leftsided structures. For this reason the syndrome is also referred to as the \"syndrome of bilateral leftsidedness\". It encompasses complex abnormalities of situs, typical cardiac and vascular deformities as well as extracardiac malformations. Polysplenia is the leading symptom. Diagnosis is rarely made intra vitam. Certain typical deformities can give hints to this diagnosis, which is finally proved by szintigraphic and arteriographic visualization of multiple spleens. A typical case is reported and subsequently discussed according to the picture of this syndrome in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:142050", "title": "[Bi-ventricular endo-myocardial fibrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Bi-ventricular endo-mycardial fibrosis was diagnosed in two European women. Clinically there was severe cardiac insufficiency in the presence of only moderate radiological cardiac enlargement. Haemodynamically there was restricted filling, but otherwise normal systolic ventricular function. The diagnosis depended on the angio-cardiographic demonstration of a small, globular left ventricular chamber with a tubular narrowed right ventricle with a thickened wall, particularly at the apex. In one patient the endo-myocardial fibrosis was also demonstrated by echocardiography.", "contents": "[Bi-ventricular endo-myocardial fibrosis (author's transl)]. Bi-ventricular endo-mycardial fibrosis was diagnosed in two European women. Clinically there was severe cardiac insufficiency in the presence of only moderate radiological cardiac enlargement. Haemodynamically there was restricted filling, but otherwise normal systolic ventricular function. The diagnosis depended on the angio-cardiographic demonstration of a small, globular left ventricular chamber with a tubular narrowed right ventricle with a thickened wall, particularly at the apex. In one patient the endo-myocardial fibrosis was also demonstrated by echocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:142051", "title": "[The radiological manifestations of disseminated histiocytosis X in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological findings of disseminated histiocytosis X in twelve patients (eight men, four women) aged 16 to 61 years are described. Pulmonary manifestations (eight cases) are characterised by symmetrical, bilateral involvement with predominance in the middle and upper lung fields, with relative sparing of the bases and apices. Multiple, unsharp, localised foci up to 1 cm. characterise the acute stage, \"honey-combing\" (multiple, uniform cysts of about 1 cm.) characterise the chronic stage. The hilar nodes are frequently somewhat enlarged. Pneumothorax (bilateral in one case) is a not uncommon complication. Skeletal involvement is often multiple (five out of seven cases) and symmetrical. Sharply defined or diffuse areas of osteolysis measuring from several millimetres to several centimetres were found in the skull, spine, ribs, pelvis and long tubular bones, sometimes with reactive sclerosis. Pathological fractures, cortical thickening, solid periostal reactions, bone expansion and central sequestra complete the radiological picture.", "contents": "[The radiological manifestations of disseminated histiocytosis X in adults (author's transl)]. The radiological findings of disseminated histiocytosis X in twelve patients (eight men, four women) aged 16 to 61 years are described. Pulmonary manifestations (eight cases) are characterised by symmetrical, bilateral involvement with predominance in the middle and upper lung fields, with relative sparing of the bases and apices. Multiple, unsharp, localised foci up to 1 cm. characterise the acute stage, \"honey-combing\" (multiple, uniform cysts of about 1 cm.) characterise the chronic stage. The hilar nodes are frequently somewhat enlarged. Pneumothorax (bilateral in one case) is a not uncommon complication. Skeletal involvement is often multiple (five out of seven cases) and symmetrical. Sharply defined or diffuse areas of osteolysis measuring from several millimetres to several centimetres were found in the skull, spine, ribs, pelvis and long tubular bones, sometimes with reactive sclerosis. Pathological fractures, cortical thickening, solid periostal reactions, bone expansion and central sequestra complete the radiological picture."}
{"id": "PMID:142052", "title": "[Radiograph and observation of the development of Q-fever pneumonia (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiograph in Q-fever pneumonia and the course of Q-fever was reported with the help of 12 clinically examined cases. Q-fever pneumonia is not to be diffrentiated from viral pneumonia or mycoplasmal pneumonia. A chronic course with residual infiltrates which lasts as long as two or three months is, however, more frequent in Q-fever pneumonia. According to our observations, a correlation seems to exist between the severity of the clinical symptoms, the extent of the pulmonary infiltrate and the level of the titer of the complement fixation.", "contents": "[Radiograph and observation of the development of Q-fever pneumonia (author's transl)]. The radiograph in Q-fever pneumonia and the course of Q-fever was reported with the help of 12 clinically examined cases. Q-fever pneumonia is not to be diffrentiated from viral pneumonia or mycoplasmal pneumonia. A chronic course with residual infiltrates which lasts as long as two or three months is, however, more frequent in Q-fever pneumonia. According to our observations, a correlation seems to exist between the severity of the clinical symptoms, the extent of the pulmonary infiltrate and the level of the titer of the complement fixation."}
{"id": "PMID:142053", "title": "[A contribution to the radiological findings interpreted by Haubrich as atelectatic rale of the inferior lobe (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases were reported with craniocaudal shadow stripes (in part double but also irregular or arched) on chest films taken in a dorsal position. The cases were elderly patients with signs of cardiac and circulatory insufficiency. It was questioned whether the cause was an atelectatic rale of the inferior lobe as Haubrich assumes. The author's own hypothese were supported overagainst Haubrich's explanation.", "contents": "[A contribution to the radiological findings interpreted by Haubrich as atelectatic rale of the inferior lobe (author's transl)]. Three cases were reported with craniocaudal shadow stripes (in part double but also irregular or arched) on chest films taken in a dorsal position. The cases were elderly patients with signs of cardiac and circulatory insufficiency. It was questioned whether the cause was an atelectatic rale of the inferior lobe as Haubrich assumes. The author's own hypothese were supported overagainst Haubrich's explanation."}
{"id": "PMID:142054", "title": "[Differences of X-ray exposure between roentgen examen with a conventional roentgen-screen-system and with an image intensifer-television-unit (author's transl)].", "content": "During roentgen examens of patients in the II. Medizinische Poliklinik the X-ray exposure was determined. It corresponded to the datas described in literature. Two groupes were compared: 518 patients examined with a conventional roentgen-screen-system and 642 patients examined with an image-intensifer-television-system. The results demonstrated that with exception of thoracical X-ray examination the replacing of the old system by the television system brought a remarkable increase of the X-ray exposure. The doses depended of the patients constitution to a high degree.", "contents": "[Differences of X-ray exposure between roentgen examen with a conventional roentgen-screen-system and with an image intensifer-television-unit (author's transl)]. During roentgen examens of patients in the II. Medizinische Poliklinik the X-ray exposure was determined. It corresponded to the datas described in literature. Two groupes were compared: 518 patients examined with a conventional roentgen-screen-system and 642 patients examined with an image-intensifer-television-system. The results demonstrated that with exception of thoracical X-ray examination the replacing of the old system by the television system brought a remarkable increase of the X-ray exposure. The doses depended of the patients constitution to a high degree."}
{"id": "PMID:142063", "title": "Parental origin of the extra chromosome in Down's syndrome.", "content": "Chromosome 21 fluorescent heteromorphisms were studied in 42 patients with Down's syndrome, their parents and their siblings. Included in this number are two instances of an aunt and niece affected with trisomy 21, and one of affected siblings. One case has a de novo 21/21 translocation. Blood group, red cell and serum protein markers were also studied for linkage, gene exclusions, associations, and paternity testing. Thirty-one of the trisomy 21 cases were informative for parental origin of the extra chromosome and for stage of meiosis. The non-disjunctional event was of maternal origin in 24; 23 occurred in meiosis I, 1 in meiosis II. Seven were of paternal origin; 5 in meiosis I, and 2 in meiosis II. The translocation case was of paternal origin. A literature search revealed a total of 98 cases informative for the parent of origin of the extra chromosome, of greater than 347 families tested. In addition, 3 de novo translocation cases, of 7 tested, were informative. The data suggest that most cases result from an error in the first meiotic division in the mother, but that a significant proportion are paternal in origin.", "contents": "Parental origin of the extra chromosome in Down's syndrome. Chromosome 21 fluorescent heteromorphisms were studied in 42 patients with Down's syndrome, their parents and their siblings. Included in this number are two instances of an aunt and niece affected with trisomy 21, and one of affected siblings. One case has a de novo 21/21 translocation. Blood group, red cell and serum protein markers were also studied for linkage, gene exclusions, associations, and paternity testing. Thirty-one of the trisomy 21 cases were informative for parental origin of the extra chromosome and for stage of meiosis. The non-disjunctional event was of maternal origin in 24; 23 occurred in meiosis I, 1 in meiosis II. Seven were of paternal origin; 5 in meiosis I, and 2 in meiosis II. The translocation case was of paternal origin. A literature search revealed a total of 98 cases informative for the parent of origin of the extra chromosome, of greater than 347 families tested. In addition, 3 de novo translocation cases, of 7 tested, were informative. The data suggest that most cases result from an error in the first meiotic division in the mother, but that a significant proportion are paternal in origin."}
{"id": "PMID:142066", "title": "Cytotoxic antibodies to cultured human lymphoid cells in polytransfused thrombocytopenic patients: association with reduced survival of allogeneic transfused platelets.", "content": "Four out of 8 thrombocytopenic patients without detectable cytotoxic antibodies to human peripheral lymphocytes contained cytotoxic antibodies to cultured human lymphoid cells. The presence of such antibodies was associated with reduced survival of infused allogeneic platelets in these patients. The antibodies reacted in a distinct fashion with a panel of cultured human lymphoid cells and are directed to B cell antigens. Cytotoxic antibodies to cultured human lymphoid cells did not react in vitro with platelets suggesting that the antibodies play no significant role in the accelerated destruction of infused allogeneic platelets, although their presence predicts it. Therefore, screening of sera with cultured human lymphoid cells appears to be a useful test in addition to those now used to select patients for transfusion of allogeneic platelets. Sera from polytransfused patients without cytotoxic antibodies to peripheral lymphocytes may be a useful source of antibodies to B cell antigens.", "contents": "Cytotoxic antibodies to cultured human lymphoid cells in polytransfused thrombocytopenic patients: association with reduced survival of allogeneic transfused platelets. Four out of 8 thrombocytopenic patients without detectable cytotoxic antibodies to human peripheral lymphocytes contained cytotoxic antibodies to cultured human lymphoid cells. The presence of such antibodies was associated with reduced survival of infused allogeneic platelets in these patients. The antibodies reacted in a distinct fashion with a panel of cultured human lymphoid cells and are directed to B cell antigens. Cytotoxic antibodies to cultured human lymphoid cells did not react in vitro with platelets suggesting that the antibodies play no significant role in the accelerated destruction of infused allogeneic platelets, although their presence predicts it. Therefore, screening of sera with cultured human lymphoid cells appears to be a useful test in addition to those now used to select patients for transfusion of allogeneic platelets. Sera from polytransfused patients without cytotoxic antibodies to peripheral lymphocytes may be a useful source of antibodies to B cell antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:142067", "title": "The relation between B-cell stimulation and delayed hypersensitivity. The effect of cyclophosphamide pretreatment on antibody production.", "content": "Cyclophosphamide (CY), which can enhance some forms of delayed-type hypersensitivity if given 3 days before immunization, is also a potent suppressor of most antibody mediated 4-h skin reactions to protein antigens. However many haemagglutinating antibodies, which are present in serum at the time of skin testing, are not similarly suppressed. Antibody titres in some sera recovered from CY-pretreated guinea-pigs differ little from titres in control sera. This resistance to CY suggests that long-lived precursors characterize the B-cell lines that produce many haemagglutinating antibodies, whereas the CY-sensitive precursors of skin reactive antibodies, which mediate Arthus-type reactions, are probably rapidly dividing, short-lived cells. Furthermore, the novel appearance of BGG antibodies in sera from CY-pretreated animals immunized with DNP50-BGG indicates that haemagglutinating antibody responses to some antigens are regulated by CY-sensitive mechanisms.", "contents": "The relation between B-cell stimulation and delayed hypersensitivity. The effect of cyclophosphamide pretreatment on antibody production. Cyclophosphamide (CY), which can enhance some forms of delayed-type hypersensitivity if given 3 days before immunization, is also a potent suppressor of most antibody mediated 4-h skin reactions to protein antigens. However many haemagglutinating antibodies, which are present in serum at the time of skin testing, are not similarly suppressed. Antibody titres in some sera recovered from CY-pretreated guinea-pigs differ little from titres in control sera. This resistance to CY suggests that long-lived precursors characterize the B-cell lines that produce many haemagglutinating antibodies, whereas the CY-sensitive precursors of skin reactive antibodies, which mediate Arthus-type reactions, are probably rapidly dividing, short-lived cells. Furthermore, the novel appearance of BGG antibodies in sera from CY-pretreated animals immunized with DNP50-BGG indicates that haemagglutinating antibody responses to some antigens are regulated by CY-sensitive mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:142068", "title": "Interactions of alpha1-acid glycoprotein with the immune system. I. Purification and effects upon lymphocyte responsiveness.", "content": "Alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) is a constituent of normal serum which is elevated in concentration in the acute phase of inflammation; its physical and chemical properties have been defined but its biological function is uncertain. In the present study, the effect of AAG on the proliferative response of lymphocytes to several different stimuli was determined. For this purpose AAG was prepared by precipitation of human ascites fluid with sulphosalicylic acid and passage of the supernate through SP-Sephadex; the eluted protein migrated as a single band during immunoelectrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and chromatography on Bio-Gel-A-1-5 m in 6 M guanidine HCl. This AAG was found to markedly inhibit the proliferative response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA; it also inhibited blastogenesis induced by Con A and PWM, but to a lesser extent. AAG was not cytotoxic to lymphocytes, and its inhibitory effects were reversed at higher mitogen concentrations. Lymphocytes preincubated with AAG remained less reactive to PHA indicating that, although AAG appeared to react with PHA, its effect was directed predominantly to the cell. Further, AAG markedly inhibited the mixed lymphocyte response, and this effect was directed to the responder cells. Thus, AAG is another acute phase reactant with the ability to modulate lymphocyte responsiveness.", "contents": "Interactions of alpha1-acid glycoprotein with the immune system. I. Purification and effects upon lymphocyte responsiveness. Alpha1-acid glycoprotein (AAG) is a constituent of normal serum which is elevated in concentration in the acute phase of inflammation; its physical and chemical properties have been defined but its biological function is uncertain. In the present study, the effect of AAG on the proliferative response of lymphocytes to several different stimuli was determined. For this purpose AAG was prepared by precipitation of human ascites fluid with sulphosalicylic acid and passage of the supernate through SP-Sephadex; the eluted protein migrated as a single band during immunoelectrophoresis, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and chromatography on Bio-Gel-A-1-5 m in 6 M guanidine HCl. This AAG was found to markedly inhibit the proliferative response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA; it also inhibited blastogenesis induced by Con A and PWM, but to a lesser extent. AAG was not cytotoxic to lymphocytes, and its inhibitory effects were reversed at higher mitogen concentrations. Lymphocytes preincubated with AAG remained less reactive to PHA indicating that, although AAG appeared to react with PHA, its effect was directed predominantly to the cell. Further, AAG markedly inhibited the mixed lymphocyte response, and this effect was directed to the responder cells. Thus, AAG is another acute phase reactant with the ability to modulate lymphocyte responsiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:142069", "title": "Biotin in man's nutrition and therapy -- a review.", "content": "The literature on biotin in human nutrition and therapy has been reviewed. The influence of the diet on biotin excretion and the intestinal synthesis of biotin is discussed. Biotin deficiency symptoms are occasionally seen, especially in infants where the deficiency is manifested as seborrhoeic dermatitis. Nevertheless, low urinary excretion and low circulating biotin levels can be found in certain sections of the population.", "contents": "Biotin in man's nutrition and therapy -- a review. The literature on biotin in human nutrition and therapy has been reviewed. The influence of the diet on biotin excretion and the intestinal synthesis of biotin is discussed. Biotin deficiency symptoms are occasionally seen, especially in infants where the deficiency is manifested as seborrhoeic dermatitis. Nevertheless, low urinary excretion and low circulating biotin levels can be found in certain sections of the population."}
{"id": "PMID:142072", "title": "Activity patterns of phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in microdissected fast and slow fibres from rabbit psoas and soleus muscle.", "content": "Methods for standardized determination of phosphofructokinase (PFK), glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities in nanogram samples of microdissected single fibres of rabbit psoas and soleus muscle are described. Fast and slow fibres in soleus muscle show lower absolute activities of these enzymes than the respective fibre types in psoas muscle. Slow fibres represent a more uniform population in the two muscles according to absolute and relative activities of the enzymes investigated. Slow fibres are characterized by high activities of MDH and relatively low activities of glycolytic enzymes. Fast fibres in the soleus muscle represent a population with high activities of MDH and glycolytic enzymes. Fast fibres in psoas muscle represent a heterogeneous population with high activities of glycolytic enzymes and extremely variable activity of MDH. More than 10-fold differences exist in the MDH activities of the extreme types of this fibre population. Differences in the activity levels of MDH in single fast type fibres but also in the activities of glycolytic enzymes between fast and slow fibres are greater than those reported between extreme white and red rabbit muscles.", "contents": "Activity patterns of phosphofructokinase, glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase in microdissected fast and slow fibres from rabbit psoas and soleus muscle. Methods for standardized determination of phosphofructokinase (PFK), glyceraldehydephosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) activities in nanogram samples of microdissected single fibres of rabbit psoas and soleus muscle are described. Fast and slow fibres in soleus muscle show lower absolute activities of these enzymes than the respective fibre types in psoas muscle. Slow fibres represent a more uniform population in the two muscles according to absolute and relative activities of the enzymes investigated. Slow fibres are characterized by high activities of MDH and relatively low activities of glycolytic enzymes. Fast fibres in the soleus muscle represent a population with high activities of MDH and glycolytic enzymes. Fast fibres in psoas muscle represent a heterogeneous population with high activities of glycolytic enzymes and extremely variable activity of MDH. More than 10-fold differences exist in the MDH activities of the extreme types of this fibre population. Differences in the activity levels of MDH in single fast type fibres but also in the activities of glycolytic enzymes between fast and slow fibres are greater than those reported between extreme white and red rabbit muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:142073", "title": "Light and electron microscopic demonstration of some lysosomal enzymes in the amoeboid microglia in neonatal rat brain.", "content": "A cytochemical study of the amoeboid microglial cells in the brain of the neonatal rat has shown that these vacuolated cells exhibit strong acid phosphatase, aryl sulphatase and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities. Endogenous peroxidase, however, was not present. With the electron microscope the reaction product of acid phosphatase was found to be localized in some of the Golgi cisternae, in the majority of the electron-dense secretory granules, and in an occasional long tubular profile. The secretory granules were not uniformly stained for this enzyme, some showing only a focal reaction or none at all. The distribution of the activity of aryl sulphatase corresponded to that of acid phosphatase except that all the granules appeared to contain the former enzyme. With the light microscope the amoeboid microglial cells were intensely stained for ATPase. From these observations it was concluded that amoeboid microglia are active phagocytes and their enzyme-rich secretory granules are lysosomes.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopic demonstration of some lysosomal enzymes in the amoeboid microglia in neonatal rat brain. A cytochemical study of the amoeboid microglial cells in the brain of the neonatal rat has shown that these vacuolated cells exhibit strong acid phosphatase, aryl sulphatase and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities. Endogenous peroxidase, however, was not present. With the electron microscope the reaction product of acid phosphatase was found to be localized in some of the Golgi cisternae, in the majority of the electron-dense secretory granules, and in an occasional long tubular profile. The secretory granules were not uniformly stained for this enzyme, some showing only a focal reaction or none at all. The distribution of the activity of aryl sulphatase corresponded to that of acid phosphatase except that all the granules appeared to contain the former enzyme. With the light microscope the amoeboid microglial cells were intensely stained for ATPase. From these observations it was concluded that amoeboid microglia are active phagocytes and their enzyme-rich secretory granules are lysosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:142074", "title": "A study of mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres using a combined histochemical and ultrastructural technique.", "content": "A direct correlation of the histochemical and ultrastructural properties of intrafusal muscle fibres has been achieved by cutting frozen serial sections for histochemical applications (15 micron thick sections) and for electron microscopy (60 micron thick sections) in a repeating sequence. Three types of intrafusal fibre were recognized, including two types of nuclear-bag fibre, designated bag1 and bag2. In addition to histochemical and ultrastructural differences, the three types of fibre differed in length and diameter. Regional variations of histochemical and ultrastructural properties were found. The results are compared with previous attempts to correlate histochemical and ultrastructural properties of intrafusal muscle fibres based on indirect methods.", "contents": "A study of mammalian intrafusal muscle fibres using a combined histochemical and ultrastructural technique. A direct correlation of the histochemical and ultrastructural properties of intrafusal muscle fibres has been achieved by cutting frozen serial sections for histochemical applications (15 micron thick sections) and for electron microscopy (60 micron thick sections) in a repeating sequence. Three types of intrafusal fibre were recognized, including two types of nuclear-bag fibre, designated bag1 and bag2. In addition to histochemical and ultrastructural differences, the three types of fibre differed in length and diameter. Regional variations of histochemical and ultrastructural properties were found. The results are compared with previous attempts to correlate histochemical and ultrastructural properties of intrafusal muscle fibres based on indirect methods."}
{"id": "PMID:142075", "title": "Rheological properties of microliter quantities of normal mucus.", "content": "Microliter quantities of normal canine tracheobronchial mucus were obtained by direct sampling from the tracheas of anesthetized dogs. The rheological properties of the mucus samples were determined using a newly developed magnetic rheometer. The data show a very rapid decrease in dynamic viscosity with increasing frequency, and a much less rapid increase in elasticity. Mean values of elasticity and viscosity at 1 rad-s-1 for seven dogs were ca. 300 dyn-cm-2 and ca. 75 P, respectively. The steady-state viscosity values were ca. 3 X 10(4) P, i.e., two orders of magnitude higher than the highest dynamic values measured. The significance of the rheological behavior in terms of the clearance of secretions from the lung is discussed.", "contents": "Rheological properties of microliter quantities of normal mucus. Microliter quantities of normal canine tracheobronchial mucus were obtained by direct sampling from the tracheas of anesthetized dogs. The rheological properties of the mucus samples were determined using a newly developed magnetic rheometer. The data show a very rapid decrease in dynamic viscosity with increasing frequency, and a much less rapid increase in elasticity. Mean values of elasticity and viscosity at 1 rad-s-1 for seven dogs were ca. 300 dyn-cm-2 and ca. 75 P, respectively. The steady-state viscosity values were ca. 3 X 10(4) P, i.e., two orders of magnitude higher than the highest dynamic values measured. The significance of the rheological behavior in terms of the clearance of secretions from the lung is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142076", "title": "Turnover of fibrinogen, plasminogen, and prothrombin during exercise in man.", "content": "The turnover of biologically intact high-purity 125I- and 131I-labeled fibrinogen, plasminogen, and/or prothrombin was studied in 16 untrained healthy subjects before and during strenuous physical exercise on a bicycle ergometer (repeated 4 times/day for 2 days). The exertion resulted in the well-known changes in the coagulation and fibrinolytic tests but did not induce changes in the concentration of fibrinogen, plasminogen, or prothrombin in the plasma. A significantly increased catabolism of fibrinogen and plasminogen but not of prothrombin was observed. The extent of Aalpha-chain degradation of fibrinogen in the plasma was quantitated before and 2 h after exercise, and a significant increase in degraded Aalpha chains was found in the postexercise samples. Immunochemical estimation of plasmin-antiplasmin complex in four subjects revealed a small increase after exercise in three of them. All these data support the concept that plasminogen activation and plasmin-induced fibrinogen degradation occur to some extent in man following strenuous physical exercise.", "contents": "Turnover of fibrinogen, plasminogen, and prothrombin during exercise in man. The turnover of biologically intact high-purity 125I- and 131I-labeled fibrinogen, plasminogen, and/or prothrombin was studied in 16 untrained healthy subjects before and during strenuous physical exercise on a bicycle ergometer (repeated 4 times/day for 2 days). The exertion resulted in the well-known changes in the coagulation and fibrinolytic tests but did not induce changes in the concentration of fibrinogen, plasminogen, or prothrombin in the plasma. A significantly increased catabolism of fibrinogen and plasminogen but not of prothrombin was observed. The extent of Aalpha-chain degradation of fibrinogen in the plasma was quantitated before and 2 h after exercise, and a significant increase in degraded Aalpha chains was found in the postexercise samples. Immunochemical estimation of plasmin-antiplasmin complex in four subjects revealed a small increase after exercise in three of them. All these data support the concept that plasminogen activation and plasmin-induced fibrinogen degradation occur to some extent in man following strenuous physical exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:142082", "title": "Developmental-stage-dependent adenine transport in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Although germinated conidia of Neurospora crassa transport adenine through two different systems, only one of these, namely, the general purine transport system, which transports adenine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and 6-methylpurine, is present in freshly harvested conidia of the wild type. The second system develops during germination. The latter system can transport adenine and 6-methylpurine. Time course and kinetic studies of adenine transport in freshly harvested conidia of an ad-8 mutant indicated that, in contrast to the wild type, the general purine transport activity is very low in this strain and that the second adenine transport system is possibly present in the ungerminated conidia. A study of adenine and hypoxanthine uptake in ad-8 and ad-4 mutants, both of which cannot utilize hypoxanthine for growth, isolated that the two transport systems may be under different metabolic controls.", "contents": "Developmental-stage-dependent adenine transport in Neurospora crassa. Although germinated conidia of Neurospora crassa transport adenine through two different systems, only one of these, namely, the general purine transport system, which transports adenine, hypoxanthine, guanine, and 6-methylpurine, is present in freshly harvested conidia of the wild type. The second system develops during germination. The latter system can transport adenine and 6-methylpurine. Time course and kinetic studies of adenine transport in freshly harvested conidia of an ad-8 mutant indicated that, in contrast to the wild type, the general purine transport activity is very low in this strain and that the second adenine transport system is possibly present in the ungerminated conidia. A study of adenine and hypoxanthine uptake in ad-8 and ad-4 mutants, both of which cannot utilize hypoxanthine for growth, isolated that the two transport systems may be under different metabolic controls."}
{"id": "PMID:142083", "title": "Membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli. III. Effects of sodium azide on the enzyme functions.", "content": "1) Sodium azide and diphenyl phosphorazidate (DPPA) inhibited purified membrane-bound ATPase [coupling factor of oxidative phosphorylation; EC 3.6.1.3] of Escherichia coli non-competitively with Ki values of 39 and 51 micrometer, respectively. 2) Sodium azide and DPPA inhibited the activity of ATPase bound to the membrane as effectively as that of the purified enzyme. 3) The effects of sodium azide on succinate-dependent ATP synthesis, Pi-ATP exchange, and ATP hydrolysis reactions by the membrane vesicles were compared under the same conditions. At concentrations below 1.0 mM, sodium azide inhibited ATP hydrolysis, but Pi-ATP exchange and ATP synthesis were almost unaffected. At 10 mM sodium azide, both Pi-ATP exchange and ATP synthesis reactions were completely inhibited, probably because at this concentration, sodium azide acted as a proton-conducting uncoupler.", "contents": "Membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli. III. Effects of sodium azide on the enzyme functions. 1) Sodium azide and diphenyl phosphorazidate (DPPA) inhibited purified membrane-bound ATPase [coupling factor of oxidative phosphorylation; EC 3.6.1.3] of Escherichia coli non-competitively with Ki values of 39 and 51 micrometer, respectively. 2) Sodium azide and DPPA inhibited the activity of ATPase bound to the membrane as effectively as that of the purified enzyme. 3) The effects of sodium azide on succinate-dependent ATP synthesis, Pi-ATP exchange, and ATP hydrolysis reactions by the membrane vesicles were compared under the same conditions. At concentrations below 1.0 mM, sodium azide inhibited ATP hydrolysis, but Pi-ATP exchange and ATP synthesis were almost unaffected. At 10 mM sodium azide, both Pi-ATP exchange and ATP synthesis reactions were completely inhibited, probably because at this concentration, sodium azide acted as a proton-conducting uncoupler."}
{"id": "PMID:142084", "title": "Presence of a unit for actin-myosin interaction during the superprecipitation of actomyosin.", "content": "The interaction of actin with myosin was studied in the presence of ATP at low ionic strength by means of measurements of the actin-activated ATPase activity of myosin and superprecipitation of actomyosin. At high ATP concentrations the ATPase activities of myosin, heavy meromyosin (HMM) and myosin subfragment 1 (S-1) were activated by actin in the same extent. At low ATP concentrations the myosin ATPase activity was activated about 30-fold by actin, whereas those of HMM and S-1 were stimulated only several-fold. This high actin activation of myosin ATPase was coupled with the occurrence of superprecipitation. The activation of HMM or S-1 ATPase by actin shows a simple hyperbolic dependence on actin concentration, but the myosin ATPase was maximally activated by actin at a 2:1 molar ratio of actin to myosin, and a further increase in the actin concentration had no effect on the activation. These results suggest the presence of a unit for actin-myosin interaction, composed of two actin monomers and one myosin molecule in the filaments.", "contents": "Presence of a unit for actin-myosin interaction during the superprecipitation of actomyosin. The interaction of actin with myosin was studied in the presence of ATP at low ionic strength by means of measurements of the actin-activated ATPase activity of myosin and superprecipitation of actomyosin. At high ATP concentrations the ATPase activities of myosin, heavy meromyosin (HMM) and myosin subfragment 1 (S-1) were activated by actin in the same extent. At low ATP concentrations the myosin ATPase activity was activated about 30-fold by actin, whereas those of HMM and S-1 were stimulated only several-fold. This high actin activation of myosin ATPase was coupled with the occurrence of superprecipitation. The activation of HMM or S-1 ATPase by actin shows a simple hyperbolic dependence on actin concentration, but the myosin ATPase was maximally activated by actin at a 2:1 molar ratio of actin to myosin, and a further increase in the actin concentration had no effect on the activation. These results suggest the presence of a unit for actin-myosin interaction, composed of two actin monomers and one myosin molecule in the filaments."}
{"id": "PMID:142086", "title": "alpha-Actinin and tropomyosin interactions with a hybrid complex of erythrocyte-actin and muscle-myosin.", "content": "alpha-Actinin isolated from dog muscle was used to incite antibodies in rabbits, Antibodies, purified by affinity chromatography on CNBr-Sepharose coupled with alpha-actinin and then ferritin-labeled were found to localize on the Z disc of muscle sarcomeres. Molecules of alpha-actinin as an adsorbed monolayer on the surface of polystyrene Lytron particles could bind muscle-actin and tropomyosin from solution. Both the ATPase activity and superprecipitation of an erythrocyte-actin and muscle-myosin hybrid actomyosin complex were altered by alpha-actinin, while tropomyosin diminished these alpha-actinin effects. The binding properties of alpha-actinin are consistent with those of an anchoring protein for microfilaments in nonmuscle cells.", "contents": "alpha-Actinin and tropomyosin interactions with a hybrid complex of erythrocyte-actin and muscle-myosin. alpha-Actinin isolated from dog muscle was used to incite antibodies in rabbits, Antibodies, purified by affinity chromatography on CNBr-Sepharose coupled with alpha-actinin and then ferritin-labeled were found to localize on the Z disc of muscle sarcomeres. Molecules of alpha-actinin as an adsorbed monolayer on the surface of polystyrene Lytron particles could bind muscle-actin and tropomyosin from solution. Both the ATPase activity and superprecipitation of an erythrocyte-actin and muscle-myosin hybrid actomyosin complex were altered by alpha-actinin, while tropomyosin diminished these alpha-actinin effects. The binding properties of alpha-actinin are consistent with those of an anchoring protein for microfilaments in nonmuscle cells."}
{"id": "PMID:142089", "title": "Purification of S-adenosylmethionine: epsilon-N-L-lysine methyltransferase. The first enzyme in carnitine biosynthesis.", "content": "The initial steps of carnitine biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa involve the methylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysine as follows: Lysine A leads to monomethyllysine B leads to dimethyllysine C leads to trimethyllysine. The methyl donor is S-adenosylmethionine. An enzyme, S-adenosylmethionine:epsilon-N-L-lysine methyltransferase, has been purified from N. crassa to near homogeneity as judged by column chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation. This protein catalyzes all three methylation reactions. The reaction rates are: A less than B less than C. Sedimentation equilibrium and molecular filtration give a molecular weight of 22,000 for the protein. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis of the protein in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis do not detect the possibility of subunit structure. The enzyme contains no half-cystine but does contain several acidic residues. The protein exhibits an absorption band between 400 and 420 nm which is 40 to 50 times less than the absorption seen at 280 nm and is not affected by the presence of substrates. The source of this absorption in unkown.", "contents": "Purification of S-adenosylmethionine: epsilon-N-L-lysine methyltransferase. The first enzyme in carnitine biosynthesis. The initial steps of carnitine biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa involve the methylation of the epsilon-amino group of lysine as follows: Lysine A leads to monomethyllysine B leads to dimethyllysine C leads to trimethyllysine. The methyl donor is S-adenosylmethionine. An enzyme, S-adenosylmethionine:epsilon-N-L-lysine methyltransferase, has been purified from N. crassa to near homogeneity as judged by column chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation. This protein catalyzes all three methylation reactions. The reaction rates are: A less than B less than C. Sedimentation equilibrium and molecular filtration give a molecular weight of 22,000 for the protein. Sedimentation equilibrium analysis of the protein in 6 M guanidine hydrochloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis do not detect the possibility of subunit structure. The enzyme contains no half-cystine but does contain several acidic residues. The protein exhibits an absorption band between 400 and 420 nm which is 40 to 50 times less than the absorption seen at 280 nm and is not affected by the presence of substrates. The source of this absorption in unkown."}
{"id": "PMID:142091", "title": "The sites of synthesis of the principal thylakoid membrane polypeptides in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.", "content": "The sites of synthesis of the major thylakoid membrane polypeptides have been studied in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by pulse labeling of cells with [14C]acetate in the presence of inhibitors specific for chloroplast and cytoplasmic protein synthesis. The labeled membrane polypeptides were separated by an improved method of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gradient gel electrophoresis, and autoradiographs were made of the dried gels. The results demonstrate that of the 33 polypeptides resolved in the gels, at least nine are made on chloroplast ribosomes. Two of these (polypeptides 2 and 6) are associated with the reaction centers of photosystems I and II. Another polypeptide (polypeptide 5) appears from genetic data to be coded by chloroplast DNA. Experiments with a mutant whose chloroplast ribosomes are resistant to spectinomycyn (spr-u-1-6-2) show that polypeptides whose synthesis takes place on chloroplast ribosomes are made in the presence of spectinomycin in the mutant although their synthesis is blocked by this antibiotic in wild type cells.", "contents": "The sites of synthesis of the principal thylakoid membrane polypeptides in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The sites of synthesis of the major thylakoid membrane polypeptides have been studied in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by pulse labeling of cells with [14C]acetate in the presence of inhibitors specific for chloroplast and cytoplasmic protein synthesis. The labeled membrane polypeptides were separated by an improved method of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gradient gel electrophoresis, and autoradiographs were made of the dried gels. The results demonstrate that of the 33 polypeptides resolved in the gels, at least nine are made on chloroplast ribosomes. Two of these (polypeptides 2 and 6) are associated with the reaction centers of photosystems I and II. Another polypeptide (polypeptide 5) appears from genetic data to be coded by chloroplast DNA. Experiments with a mutant whose chloroplast ribosomes are resistant to spectinomycyn (spr-u-1-6-2) show that polypeptides whose synthesis takes place on chloroplast ribosomes are made in the presence of spectinomycin in the mutant although their synthesis is blocked by this antibiotic in wild type cells."}
{"id": "PMID:142093", "title": "Determination of N1-methylnicotinamide in urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "This paper reports a precise method that is shorter than previously reported methods for the quantitative determination of N1-methylnicotinamide (MNA) in urine. The method employs a single column chromatographic isolation step, followed by high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis. Potential interfering substances present in urine are removed during the column chromatography step. The combined MNA fractions eluted from this column were collected and concentrated for quantitative assay of MNA by HPLC. HPLC analysis was effected in less than 15 min using a strong cation- exchange column eluted with 0.25 M ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 4.3). Linearity of MNA detection by HPLC at 254 nm extended below 20 ng, with an average recovery of 101% for 150, 250 and 500 microgram MNA added to 5 ml or urine.", "contents": "Determination of N1-methylnicotinamide in urine by high-pressure liquid chromatography. This paper reports a precise method that is shorter than previously reported methods for the quantitative determination of N1-methylnicotinamide (MNA) in urine. The method employs a single column chromatographic isolation step, followed by high-pressure liquid chromatographic (HPLC) analysis. Potential interfering substances present in urine are removed during the column chromatography step. The combined MNA fractions eluted from this column were collected and concentrated for quantitative assay of MNA by HPLC. HPLC analysis was effected in less than 15 min using a strong cation- exchange column eluted with 0.25 M ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (pH 4.3). Linearity of MNA detection by HPLC at 254 nm extended below 20 ng, with an average recovery of 101% for 150, 250 and 500 microgram MNA added to 5 ml or urine."}
{"id": "PMID:142090", "title": "A case of candida albicans endocarditis 3 years after an aortic valve replacement. Successful combined medical and surgical therapy.", "content": "The authors report a case of candida albicans endocarditis occurring 3 years after aortic valve replacement and bacterial endocarditis. They may attempt to the difficulty of the diagnosis, the successful combined surgical and medical treatment, the duration and the follow-up of the therapy and finally the aspect of the side effects of the used antifungal drugs.", "contents": "A case of candida albicans endocarditis 3 years after an aortic valve replacement. Successful combined medical and surgical therapy. The authors report a case of candida albicans endocarditis occurring 3 years after aortic valve replacement and bacterial endocarditis. They may attempt to the difficulty of the diagnosis, the successful combined surgical and medical treatment, the duration and the follow-up of the therapy and finally the aspect of the side effects of the used antifungal drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:142094", "title": "Evaluation of a new bacteriophage set for typing of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains.", "content": "A new set of typing phages was evaluated for typing 821 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from normal human skin and from acne lesions. This method was compared with two different systems for biochemical differentiation of S. epidermidis. Distinct subgroups of cocci, which differed in phage susceptibility as well as in biochemical properties, were found. A tentative subdivision of S. epidermidis strains by use of 16 phages arranged into four groups is proposed, together with additional biochemical differentiation of non-typable strains.", "contents": "Evaluation of a new bacteriophage set for typing of Staphylococcus epidermidis strains. A new set of typing phages was evaluated for typing 821 Staphylococcus epidermidis strains isolated from normal human skin and from acne lesions. This method was compared with two different systems for biochemical differentiation of S. epidermidis. Distinct subgroups of cocci, which differed in phage susceptibility as well as in biochemical properties, were found. A tentative subdivision of S. epidermidis strains by use of 16 phages arranged into four groups is proposed, together with additional biochemical differentiation of non-typable strains."}
{"id": "PMID:142095", "title": "Development of a bacteriophage-typing set for Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "Six phages isolated from lysogenic cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis were used to type cultures in our collection classified previously as \"untypable\" with our original typing set of 13 phages, new clinical isolates from Missouri, and clinical isolates from Connecticut, Georgia, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Typability with the new set of 6 phages and with our 13 original phages was compared. For 203 cultures, 81 (39.9%) cultures were typable with the set of 6 phages and 73 (36.0%) cultures were typable with the set of 13 phages. When the two typing sets were combined, the percentage of typability for 425 cultures increased to 49.9%. compared with 35.7% with the original set of 13 phages. For 109 cultures from outstate, the percentage of typability was 56.9%, whereas that for 316 cultures from Missouri was 47.5%. When only cultures in biotype 1 were considered, the percentage of typability for 268 cultures with the combined set increased to 58.2%, compared with 39.5% with the original set of 13 phages. Analysis of individual reactions for all 425 cultures typed in our laboratory indicated that 11 of the 19 phages in the combined set accounted for the majority of the reactions, and a provisional set containing these 11 phages is proposed.", "contents": "Development of a bacteriophage-typing set for Staphylococcus epidermidis. Six phages isolated from lysogenic cultures of Staphylococcus epidermidis were used to type cultures in our collection classified previously as \"untypable\" with our original typing set of 13 phages, new clinical isolates from Missouri, and clinical isolates from Connecticut, Georgia, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Typability with the new set of 6 phages and with our 13 original phages was compared. For 203 cultures, 81 (39.9%) cultures were typable with the set of 6 phages and 73 (36.0%) cultures were typable with the set of 13 phages. When the two typing sets were combined, the percentage of typability for 425 cultures increased to 49.9%. compared with 35.7% with the original set of 13 phages. For 109 cultures from outstate, the percentage of typability was 56.9%, whereas that for 316 cultures from Missouri was 47.5%. When only cultures in biotype 1 were considered, the percentage of typability for 268 cultures with the combined set increased to 58.2%, compared with 39.5% with the original set of 13 phages. Analysis of individual reactions for all 425 cultures typed in our laboratory indicated that 11 of the 19 phages in the combined set accounted for the majority of the reactions, and a provisional set containing these 11 phages is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:142096", "title": "The prenatal diagnosis of lower urinary tract obstruction using B scan ultrasound: a case report.", "content": "This is a case report of the ultrasonic detection of an enlarged urinary bladder in a 20 1/2 week fetus which subsequently was proven to have the prune belly or Eagle-Barrett syndrome. Serial sonograms were used to follow the progress of this abnormal pregnancy and were instrumental in the subsequent clinical management of the patient.", "contents": "The prenatal diagnosis of lower urinary tract obstruction using B scan ultrasound: a case report. This is a case report of the ultrasonic detection of an enlarged urinary bladder in a 20 1/2 week fetus which subsequently was proven to have the prune belly or Eagle-Barrett syndrome. Serial sonograms were used to follow the progress of this abnormal pregnancy and were instrumental in the subsequent clinical management of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:142098", "title": "Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in human epidermal tumors. 5.", "content": "The activities of eight enzymes were determined by fluorometric micromethods in epidermal tumors (basal and squamous cell epithelioma, verruca seborroeica and keratoacanthoma) and compared to the activities in the adjoining, apparently normal epidermis. The activities were increased in basal cell epithelioma, variable in squamous cell epithelioma and verruca seborroeica and lowered in keratoacanthoma.", "contents": "Enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism in human epidermal tumors. 5. The activities of eight enzymes were determined by fluorometric micromethods in epidermal tumors (basal and squamous cell epithelioma, verruca seborroeica and keratoacanthoma) and compared to the activities in the adjoining, apparently normal epidermis. The activities were increased in basal cell epithelioma, variable in squamous cell epithelioma and verruca seborroeica and lowered in keratoacanthoma."}
{"id": "PMID:142111", "title": "Chemotaxis of rat lymphocytes.", "content": "Rat lymphocytes obtained from spleens, lymph nodes, and thymus glands showed migratory responses to a variety of factors including fluids from mixed lymphocyte culture fluids from concanavalin A-stimulated cells, fluids from phagocytizing macrophages, and to anti-rat IgG. Migratory responses to the last factor were bimodal over a dose range of anti-Ig; at high concentrations of anti-Ig, the response appeared to be nonspecific, whereas, at low concentrations, the responses seemed to be chemotactic in character. When lymphocytes from spleens, lymph nodes, and thymic glands were compared, qualitative and quantitative differences on the responses were evident with use of the three attractants. When spleen lymphocytes were separated into T cell- and B cell-enriched fractions, T cells responded to the culture fluids from mixed lymphocyte cultures, whereas B cells seemed to respond poorly, if at all. Only B cells responded to anti-Ig. These findings may explain, at least in part, the accumulation of lymphoid cells at sites of inflammatory stimuli.", "contents": "Chemotaxis of rat lymphocytes. Rat lymphocytes obtained from spleens, lymph nodes, and thymus glands showed migratory responses to a variety of factors including fluids from mixed lymphocyte culture fluids from concanavalin A-stimulated cells, fluids from phagocytizing macrophages, and to anti-rat IgG. Migratory responses to the last factor were bimodal over a dose range of anti-Ig; at high concentrations of anti-Ig, the response appeared to be nonspecific, whereas, at low concentrations, the responses seemed to be chemotactic in character. When lymphocytes from spleens, lymph nodes, and thymic glands were compared, qualitative and quantitative differences on the responses were evident with use of the three attractants. When spleen lymphocytes were separated into T cell- and B cell-enriched fractions, T cells responded to the culture fluids from mixed lymphocyte cultures, whereas B cells seemed to respond poorly, if at all. Only B cells responded to anti-Ig. These findings may explain, at least in part, the accumulation of lymphoid cells at sites of inflammatory stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:142113", "title": "Interference with the transmission of T cell-derived messages by macrophage membranes.", "content": "Heat-killed macrophages (HK Mphi) and/or semi-purified Mphi membranes interfere with primary thymus-dependent but not thymus-independent in vitro immune responses. In addition, they can absorb out and render inactive the helper activity found in mixed lymphocyte culture supernatants which augments the primary in vitro response of normal spleen cells. They do not, however,  inactivate the helper activity which augments the response of thymus-deprived spleen cells. Both the immunologic interference and the absorbing activity of the HK Mphi are eliminated by treatments which inactivate or block Fc receptors. We suggest that HK Mphi or their membranes can act as competitive antagonists for live Mphi functions and in so doing block communication networks between T cell subclasses. Thus they can serve as useful probes both for studying some of the roles live Mphi might play in mediating immunologic functions as well as dissecting out some of the many arcane T cell interactions which normally occur.", "contents": "Interference with the transmission of T cell-derived messages by macrophage membranes. Heat-killed macrophages (HK Mphi) and/or semi-purified Mphi membranes interfere with primary thymus-dependent but not thymus-independent in vitro immune responses. In addition, they can absorb out and render inactive the helper activity found in mixed lymphocyte culture supernatants which augments the primary in vitro response of normal spleen cells. They do not, however,  inactivate the helper activity which augments the response of thymus-deprived spleen cells. Both the immunologic interference and the absorbing activity of the HK Mphi are eliminated by treatments which inactivate or block Fc receptors. We suggest that HK Mphi or their membranes can act as competitive antagonists for live Mphi functions and in so doing block communication networks between T cell subclasses. Thus they can serve as useful probes both for studying some of the roles live Mphi might play in mediating immunologic functions as well as dissecting out some of the many arcane T cell interactions which normally occur."}
{"id": "PMID:142114", "title": "Macrophages suppress CTL generation in rat mixed leukocyte cultures.", "content": "The generation of CTL in rat MLC was actively suppressed by a cell population present in spleen cell preparations from normal rats. These suppressor cells were characterized by using a variety of cell fractionation techniques. Suppressor cells were removed by passage of spleen cells through nylon wool columns or by treatment with carbonyl iron. Suppressive activity was present in the mononuclear cell fraction of spleen cells obtained by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. After velocity sedimentation at unit gravity, enrichment of suppressive activity was demonstrated in the fractions containing large cells as compared to the fractions containing small cells. Populations rich in macrophages were shown to have similar suppressive activity upon CTL induction in MLC. These studies suggest that macrophages present in normal rat spleen cell preparations account for the difficulty in generating CTL in MLC prepared with rat cells.", "contents": "Macrophages suppress CTL generation in rat mixed leukocyte cultures. The generation of CTL in rat MLC was actively suppressed by a cell population present in spleen cell preparations from normal rats. These suppressor cells were characterized by using a variety of cell fractionation techniques. Suppressor cells were removed by passage of spleen cells through nylon wool columns or by treatment with carbonyl iron. Suppressive activity was present in the mononuclear cell fraction of spleen cells obtained by Ficoll-Hypaque density gradient centrifugation. After velocity sedimentation at unit gravity, enrichment of suppressive activity was demonstrated in the fractions containing large cells as compared to the fractions containing small cells. Populations rich in macrophages were shown to have similar suppressive activity upon CTL induction in MLC. These studies suggest that macrophages present in normal rat spleen cell preparations account for the difficulty in generating CTL in MLC prepared with rat cells."}
{"id": "PMID:142115", "title": "Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity: effects of ageing, adult thymectomy and thymic factor.", "content": "Adult thymectomy, as well as ageing, depressed splenic lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) in the mouse. Ageing depressed significantly LMC as early as 19 weeks of age, independently of the number of cells used for immunization. Thymectomy affected LMC only when supoptimal numbers of immunizing allogeneic cells were used. This effect peaked at 6 to 12 weeks after thymectomy. No difference between thymectomized and normal mice was observed when LMC was tested 16 to 20 weeks after thymectomy, at an age when normal control mice themselves already showed a lowered LMC due to ageing. The effect of in vivo treatment with a circulating thymic factor (TF), which was shown to disappear with ageing as well as after adult thymectomy, has been tested in adult thymectomized mice and normal young and ageing mice. TF treatment prevented LMC depression in adult thymectomized mice, whereas it depressed paradoxically splenic LMC in normal young and old mice. The possible mechanisms of the effects of adult thymectomy, ageing, and thymic factor on the different T cell subsets involved in allogeneic killer cell generation are discussed.", "contents": "Lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity: effects of ageing, adult thymectomy and thymic factor. Adult thymectomy, as well as ageing, depressed splenic lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity (LMC) in the mouse. Ageing depressed significantly LMC as early as 19 weeks of age, independently of the number of cells used for immunization. Thymectomy affected LMC only when supoptimal numbers of immunizing allogeneic cells were used. This effect peaked at 6 to 12 weeks after thymectomy. No difference between thymectomized and normal mice was observed when LMC was tested 16 to 20 weeks after thymectomy, at an age when normal control mice themselves already showed a lowered LMC due to ageing. The effect of in vivo treatment with a circulating thymic factor (TF), which was shown to disappear with ageing as well as after adult thymectomy, has been tested in adult thymectomized mice and normal young and ageing mice. TF treatment prevented LMC depression in adult thymectomized mice, whereas it depressed paradoxically splenic LMC in normal young and old mice. The possible mechanisms of the effects of adult thymectomy, ageing, and thymic factor on the different T cell subsets involved in allogeneic killer cell generation are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142116", "title": "Cell mediated lympholysis: CML. a microplate technique requiring few target cells and employing a new method of supernatant collection.", "content": "A micro method for the 51Cr release assay is described. Allogeneically induced cytotoxic lymphocytes are generated in micro mixed lymphocyte cultures in the wells of micro plates. Their cytotoxic capacity is assayed by adding 51Cr labelled PHA derived lymphoblasts directly into the micro cultures with no pooling or transfer of the cytotoxic effector cells being required. The 51Cr isotope released into the cell supernatants is collected by inserting a cellulose acetate absorption cartridge into each well. A glass fiber filter attached to the cartridge effectively separates the supernatant from the cellular elements. This system allows the simultaneous collection of the supernatant from 96 wells, and can be used with either adherent or non-adherent target cells.", "contents": "Cell mediated lympholysis: CML. a microplate technique requiring few target cells and employing a new method of supernatant collection. A micro method for the 51Cr release assay is described. Allogeneically induced cytotoxic lymphocytes are generated in micro mixed lymphocyte cultures in the wells of micro plates. Their cytotoxic capacity is assayed by adding 51Cr labelled PHA derived lymphoblasts directly into the micro cultures with no pooling or transfer of the cytotoxic effector cells being required. The 51Cr isotope released into the cell supernatants is collected by inserting a cellulose acetate absorption cartridge into each well. A glass fiber filter attached to the cartridge effectively separates the supernatant from the cellular elements. This system allows the simultaneous collection of the supernatant from 96 wells, and can be used with either adherent or non-adherent target cells."}
{"id": "PMID:142120", "title": "Isotopic exchange in 59Fe labeled rice-based meals.", "content": "The process of isotopic exchange between extrinsic 59Fe tracer and native nonheme Fe in a rice-based meal was studied by performing Sephadex G-50 column chromatography of soluble supernatant of (1) 59Fe-labeled meal after in vitro pepsin digestion and (2) duodenal aspirate obtained from a human subject fed a similarly labeled meal. The elution patterns of radioactivity and chemically determined nonheme Fe differed markedly when the supernatant of in vitro digested meal at pH 1.8 was analyzed, whereas the patterns were similar when pH was adjusted to 6.2 and also for duodenal aspirate at pH 7. Our results imply that complete isotopic exchange between 59Fe tracer and native nonheme Fe in rice-based meal does not take place in vitro or even during gastric digestion but that it is probably completed in the duodenum.", "contents": "Isotopic exchange in 59Fe labeled rice-based meals. The process of isotopic exchange between extrinsic 59Fe tracer and native nonheme Fe in a rice-based meal was studied by performing Sephadex G-50 column chromatography of soluble supernatant of (1) 59Fe-labeled meal after in vitro pepsin digestion and (2) duodenal aspirate obtained from a human subject fed a similarly labeled meal. The elution patterns of radioactivity and chemically determined nonheme Fe differed markedly when the supernatant of in vitro digested meal at pH 1.8 was analyzed, whereas the patterns were similar when pH was adjusted to 6.2 and also for duodenal aspirate at pH 7. Our results imply that complete isotopic exchange between 59Fe tracer and native nonheme Fe in rice-based meal does not take place in vitro or even during gastric digestion but that it is probably completed in the duodenum."}
{"id": "PMID:142123", "title": "Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic response to right ventricular hypertrophy in the goat.", "content": "Basic differences were observed in the elctrocardiographic and vectorcardiogrpahic response to RVH in goats when compared to man and dogs. Instead of RVH inducing a redistribution of major fronts of electrical activity which result in profound QRS complex alterations as in man and dogs, it appears to produce no significant alteration of the QRS complex or major vector orientation in goats. Although slight reorientation of sagittal and horizontal vector forces occurred during development of RVH, no statistically significant changes could be detected.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic response to right ventricular hypertrophy in the goat. Basic differences were observed in the elctrocardiographic and vectorcardiogrpahic response to RVH in goats when compared to man and dogs. Instead of RVH inducing a redistribution of major fronts of electrical activity which result in profound QRS complex alterations as in man and dogs, it appears to produce no significant alteration of the QRS complex or major vector orientation in goats. Although slight reorientation of sagittal and horizontal vector forces occurred during development of RVH, no statistically significant changes could be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:142126", "title": "Some observations on SMON from Bombay.", "content": "Nine patients in whom subacute myelo-opticoneuropathy (SMON) was diagnosed with varying degrees of confidence are discussed. The cases were discovered after a retrospective examination of our records for the period 1967-71, and a prospective search from March 1972 to date. Subacute myelopathy with predominant dysaesthesiae and greater involvement of the pyramidal tracts was seen more often than fully developed SMON. Subacute myelopathy was seen in six instances, opticomyelopathy in two and myeloneuropathy only once. Clioquinol could not be excluded as an aetiological agent. The difference in the reported prevalence of SMON between Japan and India is noted, and factors which may account for this difference are discussed. Problems related to the diagnosis of SMON outside Japan, and particularly in India, are stressed.", "contents": "Some observations on SMON from Bombay. Nine patients in whom subacute myelo-opticoneuropathy (SMON) was diagnosed with varying degrees of confidence are discussed. The cases were discovered after a retrospective examination of our records for the period 1967-71, and a prospective search from March 1972 to date. Subacute myelopathy with predominant dysaesthesiae and greater involvement of the pyramidal tracts was seen more often than fully developed SMON. Subacute myelopathy was seen in six instances, opticomyelopathy in two and myeloneuropathy only once. Clioquinol could not be excluded as an aetiological agent. The difference in the reported prevalence of SMON between Japan and India is noted, and factors which may account for this difference are discussed. Problems related to the diagnosis of SMON outside Japan, and particularly in India, are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:142127", "title": "Erythrocyte cation-activated adenosine triphosphatases in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "The cation-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities of erythrocyte ghosts and erythrocyte ghost plasma membrane fragments of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) were compared with activities in age-matched normal male controls. DMD Mg++-stimulated ATPase activity was within the normal range. The specific activity of DMD erythrocyte ghost Na+,K+-stimulated, Mg++-dependent ATPase was also normal, and was inhibited by 10(-4) M ouabain to an extent comparable with controls. Ca++-stimulated, Mg++-dependent ATPase activity of DMD erythrocyte ghost plasma membrane fragments, assayed at 0.5 mM free Ca++, was 21% above that in age-matched male controls (n = 22, 2-tailed paired t-test, P less than 0.01). Kinetic studies indicated that the DMD erythrocyte Ca++-stimulated, Mg++-dependent ATPase has greater affinity for MgATP than the enzyme in control erythrocytes.", "contents": "Erythrocyte cation-activated adenosine triphosphatases in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The cation-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activities of erythrocyte ghosts and erythrocyte ghost plasma membrane fragments of patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) were compared with activities in age-matched normal male controls. DMD Mg++-stimulated ATPase activity was within the normal range. The specific activity of DMD erythrocyte ghost Na+,K+-stimulated, Mg++-dependent ATPase was also normal, and was inhibited by 10(-4) M ouabain to an extent comparable with controls. Ca++-stimulated, Mg++-dependent ATPase activity of DMD erythrocyte ghost plasma membrane fragments, assayed at 0.5 mM free Ca++, was 21% above that in age-matched male controls (n = 22, 2-tailed paired t-test, P less than 0.01). Kinetic studies indicated that the DMD erythrocyte Ca++-stimulated, Mg++-dependent ATPase has greater affinity for MgATP than the enzyme in control erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:142128", "title": "Fast-conducting skeletofusimotor axons supplying intrafusal chain fibers in the cat peroneus tertius muscle.", "content": "1. In six experiments on cat peroneus tertius muscle, from 12 to 23 motor axons with conduction velocities above 85 m/s were repetitively stimulated so as to produce glycogen depletion in the muscle fibers they innervated. 2. The whole muscle was then quick-frozen, serially cut, stained to demonstrate glycogen, and examined for intrafusal glycogen depletion. 3. Zones of glycogen depletion were found in 27 of the 99 examined spindles: they were almost invariably located on chain fibers and specifically on the longest of the chain fibers in affected spindles. 4. Since it was shown that there are no purely fusimotor fast axons in the motor supply to peroneus tertius, it is concluded that skeletofusimotor axons are present among the fastest motor axons to this muscle.", "contents": "Fast-conducting skeletofusimotor axons supplying intrafusal chain fibers in the cat peroneus tertius muscle. 1. In six experiments on cat peroneus tertius muscle, from 12 to 23 motor axons with conduction velocities above 85 m/s were repetitively stimulated so as to produce glycogen depletion in the muscle fibers they innervated. 2. The whole muscle was then quick-frozen, serially cut, stained to demonstrate glycogen, and examined for intrafusal glycogen depletion. 3. Zones of glycogen depletion were found in 27 of the 99 examined spindles: they were almost invariably located on chain fibers and specifically on the longest of the chain fibers in affected spindles. 4. Since it was shown that there are no purely fusimotor fast axons in the motor supply to peroneus tertius, it is concluded that skeletofusimotor axons are present among the fastest motor axons to this muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:142142", "title": "MMPI identification of nonrehabilitants among disabled veterans.", "content": "Utilized the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) with IQ scores and selected biographic data to identify drop-outs in a Veterans Administration vocational rehabilitation program. Subjects were 61 male disabled veterans. Data were collected at VA Hospital Richmond, Virginia, between September 1973 and September 1974. Follow-up six months after entrance into training utilized persistence in training or employment as success criteria. Multivariate analysis identified 32 of 33 successful and 25 of 28 unsuccessful subjects with p less than .001. Factor analysis of the best predictors identified MMPI Psychopathic deviate (Pd) Hypomania (Ma), and Lie (L) scales which was interpreted to be a social adjustment factor.  Four other factors were identified.  Results indicated the MMPI was a useful instrument in the identification of disabled veterans who were likely to experience difficulty in post-hospital vocational rehabilitation.", "contents": "MMPI identification of nonrehabilitants among disabled veterans. Utilized the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) with IQ scores and selected biographic data to identify drop-outs in a Veterans Administration vocational rehabilitation program. Subjects were 61 male disabled veterans. Data were collected at VA Hospital Richmond, Virginia, between September 1973 and September 1974. Follow-up six months after entrance into training utilized persistence in training or employment as success criteria. Multivariate analysis identified 32 of 33 successful and 25 of 28 unsuccessful subjects with p less than .001. Factor analysis of the best predictors identified MMPI Psychopathic deviate (Pd) Hypomania (Ma), and Lie (L) scales which was interpreted to be a social adjustment factor.  Four other factors were identified.  Results indicated the MMPI was a useful instrument in the identification of disabled veterans who were likely to experience difficulty in post-hospital vocational rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:142143", "title": "Liposomal entrapment of floxuridine.", "content": "Floxuridine was found to have an apparent initial entrapment within negatively charged sphingomyelin liposomes about three times higher than its parent, fluorouracil. The drug also diffused out of the liposomes at a much lower rate than fluorouracil. Substitution of lecithin for sphingomyelin destroyed the effect. Liposomal entrapment may provide enhanced stability and decreased toxicity of floxuridine, permitting wider therapeutic utilization of pyrimidine nucleosides.", "contents": "Liposomal entrapment of floxuridine. Floxuridine was found to have an apparent initial entrapment within negatively charged sphingomyelin liposomes about three times higher than its parent, fluorouracil. The drug also diffused out of the liposomes at a much lower rate than fluorouracil. Substitution of lecithin for sphingomyelin destroyed the effect. Liposomal entrapment may provide enhanced stability and decreased toxicity of floxuridine, permitting wider therapeutic utilization of pyrimidine nucleosides."}
{"id": "PMID:142144", "title": "Binding and effect of tritiated quinidine on cardiac subcellular enzyme systems: sarcomplasmic reticulum vesicles, mitochondria and Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "A tritium-labeled derivative of quinidine (D3HQ) was used to assess binding and effect of this drug on isolated membrane preparations from myocardium. D3HG bound to sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles (SRV) and diminished both Ca++ binding and Ca++ uptake activity. Binding of more than 19 nmol of D3HQ were required to displace 1 nmol of Ca++. Dual-wavelength spectrophotometric methods for monitoring the alterations in Ca++ binding showed that D3HQ depressed maximal Ca++ binding and hastened the onset of Ca++ release from Ca++-loaded SRV, but did not alter the maximal rate of Ca++ release. D3HG also diminished Ca++ sequestration by isolated cardiac mitochondria but the level of D3HQ binding did not correlate with the degree of inhibition. Binding of D3HQ to Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase also occurred to a limited extent and a partial inhibition of enzyme activity resulted. A reciprocal relationship between D3HQ binding and a decrease in functional activity of the subcellular membrane systems could be demonstrated only for SRV. The results suggest that cinchona alkaloids might affect myocardial contractility by their effects on Ca++ handling by SRV.", "contents": "Binding and effect of tritiated quinidine on cardiac subcellular enzyme systems: sarcomplasmic reticulum vesicles, mitochondria and Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase. A tritium-labeled derivative of quinidine (D3HQ) was used to assess binding and effect of this drug on isolated membrane preparations from myocardium. D3HG bound to sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles (SRV) and diminished both Ca++ binding and Ca++ uptake activity. Binding of more than 19 nmol of D3HQ were required to displace 1 nmol of Ca++. Dual-wavelength spectrophotometric methods for monitoring the alterations in Ca++ binding showed that D3HQ depressed maximal Ca++ binding and hastened the onset of Ca++ release from Ca++-loaded SRV, but did not alter the maximal rate of Ca++ release. D3HG also diminished Ca++ sequestration by isolated cardiac mitochondria but the level of D3HQ binding did not correlate with the degree of inhibition. Binding of D3HQ to Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase also occurred to a limited extent and a partial inhibition of enzyme activity resulted. A reciprocal relationship between D3HQ binding and a decrease in functional activity of the subcellular membrane systems could be demonstrated only for SRV. The results suggest that cinchona alkaloids might affect myocardial contractility by their effects on Ca++ handling by SRV."}
{"id": "PMID:142145", "title": "On the subdivision of static and dynamic fusimotor actions on the primary ending of the cat muscle spindle.", "content": "1. Using large ramp and triangular stretches a survey has been made of the effect of stimulating single gamma fusimotor fibres on primary endings of muscle spindles in the peroneus brevis to see whether 'intermediate' types of fusimotor action could be recognized, falling between the well known static and dynamic types. 2. Responses were classified into six groups, as detailed on pp. 844-846, ranging from apparently 'pure' dynamic action (category I) to apparently 'pure' static action (category IV). Models for a putative mixed action were produced by combining the stimulation of a static and of a dynamic fibre to the same spindle. The clearest sign of static action was firing on the releasing phase of the stretch. The essential sign of dynamic action, which survived combination with the more dominant static action, was the low adaptive decay of firing with a time constant of about 0-5 sec that occurs on the plateau of the ramp stretch. 3. Out of 153 responses, each elicited from a primary ending on stimulation of a single fusimotor fibre, 67% were apparently 'pure' examples of dynamic and static action. The remaining 33% of responses were to some degree suggestive of an admixture, in various proportions, of static and dynamic actions. For only 18% of them was there firm indication of such admixture. 4. When a given fibre was tested on more than one ending then, with one exception out of thirty-six instances, its action always proved to be either predominantly static or predominantly dynamic. There was no special tendency for an axon with a mixed action on one spindle to have a similarly mixed action on other endings so that individual fusimotor fibres were best classified as static or dynamic without intermediate grades. 5. Simultaneous stimulation of two fusimotor fibres eliciting apparently 'pure static and dynamic actions, could mimic all the intermediate types of action. 6. The results are discussed in relation to recent studies, especially those based on glycogen depletion. It was concluded that dynamic action arises from activation of the bag1 intrafusal muscle fibre, and that static action arises from the bag2 and chain fibres, whether acting individually or collaboratively. The intermediate actions are suggested to arise from an overlap of motor innervation to contrasting types of intrafusal muscle fibre. 7. On the basis of effects on the regularity of the afferent discharge the findings support the view that a given static action axon can innervate bag2 and chain fibres in various proportions in different spindles, so that they do not provide separable effector pathways. 8. Responses to large amplitude sinusoidal stretching were also studied in relation to our classification.", "contents": "On the subdivision of static and dynamic fusimotor actions on the primary ending of the cat muscle spindle. 1. Using large ramp and triangular stretches a survey has been made of the effect of stimulating single gamma fusimotor fibres on primary endings of muscle spindles in the peroneus brevis to see whether 'intermediate' types of fusimotor action could be recognized, falling between the well known static and dynamic types. 2. Responses were classified into six groups, as detailed on pp. 844-846, ranging from apparently 'pure' dynamic action (category I) to apparently 'pure' static action (category IV). Models for a putative mixed action were produced by combining the stimulation of a static and of a dynamic fibre to the same spindle. The clearest sign of static action was firing on the releasing phase of the stretch. The essential sign of dynamic action, which survived combination with the more dominant static action, was the low adaptive decay of firing with a time constant of about 0-5 sec that occurs on the plateau of the ramp stretch. 3. Out of 153 responses, each elicited from a primary ending on stimulation of a single fusimotor fibre, 67% were apparently 'pure' examples of dynamic and static action. The remaining 33% of responses were to some degree suggestive of an admixture, in various proportions, of static and dynamic actions. For only 18% of them was there firm indication of such admixture. 4. When a given fibre was tested on more than one ending then, with one exception out of thirty-six instances, its action always proved to be either predominantly static or predominantly dynamic. There was no special tendency for an axon with a mixed action on one spindle to have a similarly mixed action on other endings so that individual fusimotor fibres were best classified as static or dynamic without intermediate grades. 5. Simultaneous stimulation of two fusimotor fibres eliciting apparently 'pure static and dynamic actions, could mimic all the intermediate types of action. 6. The results are discussed in relation to recent studies, especially those based on glycogen depletion. It was concluded that dynamic action arises from activation of the bag1 intrafusal muscle fibre, and that static action arises from the bag2 and chain fibres, whether acting individually or collaboratively. The intermediate actions are suggested to arise from an overlap of motor innervation to contrasting types of intrafusal muscle fibre. 7. On the basis of effects on the regularity of the afferent discharge the findings support the view that a given static action axon can innervate bag2 and chain fibres in various proportions in different spindles, so that they do not provide separable effector pathways. 8. Responses to large amplitude sinusoidal stretching were also studied in relation to our classification."}
{"id": "PMID:142152", "title": "Intestinal bypass arthritis: association with circulating immune complexes and HLA B27.", "content": "Two patients are described in whom arthritis following intestinal bypass surgery for obesity was associated with the presence of circulating immune complexes (CLC) and HLA B27. The arthritis was characteristically intermittent and controlled by low dose prednisone, indomethacin, and tetracycline therapy. The findings suggest that immune complexes play a role in the pathogenesis of arthritis associated with condition, and that perhaps the association with HLA B27 may predispose to the development of this complication.", "contents": "Intestinal bypass arthritis: association with circulating immune complexes and HLA B27. Two patients are described in whom arthritis following intestinal bypass surgery for obesity was associated with the presence of circulating immune complexes (CLC) and HLA B27. The arthritis was characteristically intermittent and controlled by low dose prednisone, indomethacin, and tetracycline therapy. The findings suggest that immune complexes play a role in the pathogenesis of arthritis associated with condition, and that perhaps the association with HLA B27 may predispose to the development of this complication."}
{"id": "PMID:142153", "title": "Secondary syphilis revealed by rheumatic complaints.", "content": "Six patients (five men and one woman) are described, who consulted rheumatologists with varied rheumatic complaints: four had subacute synovitis with effusion, frequently associated with vague arthralgias; and five of the patients had back pain which was more severe at rest. Most of the patients had some clinical signs of secondary syphilis, such as roseola, loss of hair, or lymphadenopathy, and their serological reactions for lues were strongly positive. Since no other cause for these rheumatic complaints could be found, secondary syphilis was considered responsible for them. In all cases the rheumatic complaints cleared with specific treatment.", "contents": "Secondary syphilis revealed by rheumatic complaints. Six patients (five men and one woman) are described, who consulted rheumatologists with varied rheumatic complaints: four had subacute synovitis with effusion, frequently associated with vague arthralgias; and five of the patients had back pain which was more severe at rest. Most of the patients had some clinical signs of secondary syphilis, such as roseola, loss of hair, or lymphadenopathy, and their serological reactions for lues were strongly positive. Since no other cause for these rheumatic complaints could be found, secondary syphilis was considered responsible for them. In all cases the rheumatic complaints cleared with specific treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:142158", "title": "Reproduction in a woman with low  percentage t(21q21q) mosaicism.", "content": "The birth of a child is described with Down syndrome followed by the conception of a fetus bearing the t(21q21q) chromosome in 100% of their cells in a women mosiac for the translocation in less than 10% of 2 of her examined tissues and in none of the cells in her peripheral blood. Various hypotheses for explaining the above findings are discussed. The importance of examining as many parental tissues as possible for the detection of low percentage mosiacism is stressed.", "contents": "Reproduction in a woman with low  percentage t(21q21q) mosaicism. The birth of a child is described with Down syndrome followed by the conception of a fetus bearing the t(21q21q) chromosome in 100% of their cells in a women mosiac for the translocation in less than 10% of 2 of her examined tissues and in none of the cells in her peripheral blood. Various hypotheses for explaining the above findings are discussed. The importance of examining as many parental tissues as possible for the detection of low percentage mosiacism is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:142159", "title": "ATPase and phosphatase activities from human red cell membranes. III. Stimulation of K+-activated phosphatase by phospholipase C.", "content": "Treatment of red cell membranes with pure phospholipase C inactivates (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity and Na+-dependent phosphorylation but increases K+-dependent phosphatase activity. When phospholipase A2 replaces phospholipase C, all activities are lost. Activation of K+-dependent phosphatase by treatment with phospholipase C is caused by an increase in the maximum rate of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylphosphate and in the maximum activating effect of K+, the apparent affinities for substrate and cofactors being little affected. After phospholipase C treatment K+-dependent phosphatase is no longer sensitive to ouabain but becomes more sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide. In treated membranes Na+ partially replaces K+ as an activator of the phosphatase. Although ATP still inhibits phosphatase activity, neither ATP, nor ATP+Na+ are able to modify the apparent affinity for K+ of K+-dependent phosphatase in these membranes.", "contents": "ATPase and phosphatase activities from human red cell membranes. III. Stimulation of K+-activated phosphatase by phospholipase C. Treatment of red cell membranes with pure phospholipase C inactivates (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity and Na+-dependent phosphorylation but increases K+-dependent phosphatase activity. When phospholipase A2 replaces phospholipase C, all activities are lost. Activation of K+-dependent phosphatase by treatment with phospholipase C is caused by an increase in the maximum rate of hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylphosphate and in the maximum activating effect of K+, the apparent affinities for substrate and cofactors being little affected. After phospholipase C treatment K+-dependent phosphatase is no longer sensitive to ouabain but becomes more sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide. In treated membranes Na+ partially replaces K+ as an activator of the phosphatase. Although ATP still inhibits phosphatase activity, neither ATP, nor ATP+Na+ are able to modify the apparent affinity for K+ of K+-dependent phosphatase in these membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:142160", "title": "Role of magnesium in the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-stimulated membrane ATPase of human red blood cells.", "content": "(Ca2+ + Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase of human red cell membranes as a function of ATP concentration was measured at fixed Ca2+ concentration and at two different but constant Mg2+ concentrations. Under the assumption that free ATP rather than Mg-ATP is the substrate, a value for Km (for ATP) of 1-2 micron is found which is in good agreement with the value obtained in the phosphorylation reaction by A.F. Rega and P.J. Garrahan (1975. J. Membrane Biol. 22:313). Mg2+ increases both the maximal rate and the affinity for ATP, whereas Ca2+ increases the maximal rate without affecting Km for ATP. As a by-product of these experiments, it was shown that after thorough removal of intracellular proteins the adenylate kinase reaction at approximately 1 mM substrate concentration is several times faster than maximal rate of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)ATPase in red cell membranes.", "contents": "Role of magnesium in the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-stimulated membrane ATPase of human red blood cells. (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase of human red cell membranes as a function of ATP concentration was measured at fixed Ca2+ concentration and at two different but constant Mg2+ concentrations. Under the assumption that free ATP rather than Mg-ATP is the substrate, a value for Km (for ATP) of 1-2 micron is found which is in good agreement with the value obtained in the phosphorylation reaction by A.F. Rega and P.J. Garrahan (1975. J. Membrane Biol. 22:313). Mg2+ increases both the maximal rate and the affinity for ATP, whereas Ca2+ increases the maximal rate without affecting Km for ATP. As a by-product of these experiments, it was shown that after thorough removal of intracellular proteins the adenylate kinase reaction at approximately 1 mM substrate concentration is several times faster than maximal rate of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)ATPase in red cell membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:142165", "title": "Effects of diuretics on calcium excretion and Ca2+-activated ATPase in rat kidney.", "content": "Effects of three diuretics on the urinary Ca2+ excretion and on the microsomal Ca2+-activated ATPase were examined in the rat kidney. Furosemide and bumetanide increased Na+, K+, and Ca2+ excretion in the rats. Acetazolamide increased Na+ and K+ excretion but not Ca2+. Urinary inorganic phosphate excretion was not affected during the administration of acetazolamide. It is suggested that acetazolamide inhibits Na+ transport without affecting Ca2+ reabsorption in the rat nephron. Microsomal ATPase of the rat kidney cortex was  stimulated by Ca2+ or Mg2+ alone and an additive effect of the two cations was not observed. Microsomal ATPase activated by Ca2+ or Mg2+ was not inhibited by furosemide, bumetanide, and acetazolamide. These data suggest that the inhibitory effect of furosemide and bumetanide on the Ca2+ reabsorption is not related to the inhibition of Ca2+-activated ATPase.", "contents": "Effects of diuretics on calcium excretion and Ca2+-activated ATPase in rat kidney. Effects of three diuretics on the urinary Ca2+ excretion and on the microsomal Ca2+-activated ATPase were examined in the rat kidney. Furosemide and bumetanide increased Na+, K+, and Ca2+ excretion in the rats. Acetazolamide increased Na+ and K+ excretion but not Ca2+. Urinary inorganic phosphate excretion was not affected during the administration of acetazolamide. It is suggested that acetazolamide inhibits Na+ transport without affecting Ca2+ reabsorption in the rat nephron. Microsomal ATPase of the rat kidney cortex was  stimulated by Ca2+ or Mg2+ alone and an additive effect of the two cations was not observed. Microsomal ATPase activated by Ca2+ or Mg2+ was not inhibited by furosemide, bumetanide, and acetazolamide. These data suggest that the inhibitory effect of furosemide and bumetanide on the Ca2+ reabsorption is not related to the inhibition of Ca2+-activated ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:142166", "title": "[The receiving process of speech sounds by a hard-of-hearing child with Down's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In four experiments, difficulties in receiving speech sounds and the effect of hearing loss on discrimination between them, were analyzed for a hard-of-hearing boy with Down's Syndrome (11-yr-old). Results showed that (a) when the task consisted of pairs of speech sounds containing the different vowel-combinations, for example [hana]-(article, see text), he could learn to discriminate between them easily through the training to match them with the corresponding picture cards, but (b) when the task consisted of pairs of speech sounds containing the same vowel-combination, such as (article, see text), he could not discriminate between them, and (c) although it was difficult for him to acquire the acoustic cues to discriminate among consonants, he could learn to discriminate between some of the difficult pairs by repeated practice.", "contents": "[The receiving process of speech sounds by a hard-of-hearing child with Down's syndrome (author's transl)]. In four experiments, difficulties in receiving speech sounds and the effect of hearing loss on discrimination between them, were analyzed for a hard-of-hearing boy with Down's Syndrome (11-yr-old). Results showed that (a) when the task consisted of pairs of speech sounds containing the different vowel-combinations, for example [hana]-(article, see text), he could learn to discriminate between them easily through the training to match them with the corresponding picture cards, but (b) when the task consisted of pairs of speech sounds containing the same vowel-combination, such as (article, see text), he could not discriminate between them, and (c) although it was difficult for him to acquire the acoustic cues to discriminate among consonants, he could learn to discriminate between some of the difficult pairs by repeated practice."}
{"id": "PMID:142168", "title": "[1 of the molecular factors of development of compensatory myocardial hypertrophy].", "content": "Using the method of tryptic digestion, the authors have found that myosin of a hypertrophied myocardium is characterized by a high resistance to proteolysis. At the final stage of compensatory hypertrophy of the myocardium an increased activity of the myofibril catherpsins is discovered. According to the authors, one of the important factors of the compensatory growth of myofibrils consists in the high resistance of the newly synthesized proteins to decay. In characterizing the subunit composition and kinetics of the tryptic decay the possibility of the synthesis of a new population of myosin in the process of compensatory hypertrophy has been postulated. This demonstrates the heterogeneity of the activation of the genetic segments that control the synthesis of protein myofibril subunites with due regard to the regimen ot the myocardium work.", "contents": "[1 of the molecular factors of development of compensatory myocardial hypertrophy]. Using the method of tryptic digestion, the authors have found that myosin of a hypertrophied myocardium is characterized by a high resistance to proteolysis. At the final stage of compensatory hypertrophy of the myocardium an increased activity of the myofibril catherpsins is discovered. According to the authors, one of the important factors of the compensatory growth of myofibrils consists in the high resistance of the newly synthesized proteins to decay. In characterizing the subunit composition and kinetics of the tryptic decay the possibility of the synthesis of a new population of myosin in the process of compensatory hypertrophy has been postulated. This demonstrates the heterogeneity of the activation of the genetic segments that control the synthesis of protein myofibril subunites with due regard to the regimen ot the myocardium work."}
{"id": "PMID:142169", "title": "[Fibrinolytic activity of blood flowing through the heart ventricles and major vessels of rats under normal conditions and in experimental myocardial ischemia].", "content": "Sampling blood from the jugular, superior and inferior caval veins and the pulmonary artery and the heart ventricles of intact rats revealed that the fibrinolytic activity was the lowest in the jugular vein, while it was 1.5-2 times higher in the other sections. The fibrinolysis in these animals is 1.5 times higher in the right ventricle than in the left. One day after coronary artery ligation a reverse relationship is observed: the blood in the left ventricle has a 1.5-times higher fubinolytic activity than that in the right. The difference in the activity is due to a different plaminogen activator content. Three days after the onset of myocardium ischaemia the difference in the fibrinolytic activity of the blood in both ventricles disappears. The obtained data emphasize the role of local fibrinolysis in the development of cardiac pathology.", "contents": "[Fibrinolytic activity of blood flowing through the heart ventricles and major vessels of rats under normal conditions and in experimental myocardial ischemia]. Sampling blood from the jugular, superior and inferior caval veins and the pulmonary artery and the heart ventricles of intact rats revealed that the fibrinolytic activity was the lowest in the jugular vein, while it was 1.5-2 times higher in the other sections. The fibrinolysis in these animals is 1.5 times higher in the right ventricle than in the left. One day after coronary artery ligation a reverse relationship is observed: the blood in the left ventricle has a 1.5-times higher fubinolytic activity than that in the right. The difference in the activity is due to a different plaminogen activator content. Three days after the onset of myocardium ischaemia the difference in the fibrinolytic activity of the blood in both ventricles disappears. The obtained data emphasize the role of local fibrinolysis in the development of cardiac pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:142170", "title": "[Clinico-morphological and echocardiographic parallels in myocardial hypertrophy in patients with ischemic heart disease].", "content": "Left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy was found in patients with repeated myocardial infarctions, the greatest weight of the left ventricle being noted in those with congestive heart failure. A high correlation (r = 0.78) was established between the mass of the left ventricular myocardium calculated with the aid of echocardiography and the actual weight of the left ventricle. The important compensatory role of the ventricular septum is emphasized for the cases of myocardial infarction occurring in the free wall of the left ventricle. Left ventricular hypertrophy was detected by ECG in only 25% of those ischaemic heart disease cases in whom signs of myocardial hypertrophy were revealed by echocardiography.", "contents": "[Clinico-morphological and echocardiographic parallels in myocardial hypertrophy in patients with ischemic heart disease]. Left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy was found in patients with repeated myocardial infarctions, the greatest weight of the left ventricle being noted in those with congestive heart failure. A high correlation (r = 0.78) was established between the mass of the left ventricular myocardium calculated with the aid of echocardiography and the actual weight of the left ventricle. The important compensatory role of the ventricular septum is emphasized for the cases of myocardial infarction occurring in the free wall of the left ventricle. Left ventricular hypertrophy was detected by ECG in only 25% of those ischaemic heart disease cases in whom signs of myocardial hypertrophy were revealed by echocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:142171", "title": "[Study of arteriosclerosis in different geographical zones of the Soviet Union. 3. Fatty acid composition of blood serum lipid fractions in Tashkent population].", "content": "The composition of fatty acids in triglycerides and cholesterol ethers of blood serum was studied in 90 normal males, Russians and Uzbeks, aged 20 to 50 years, living in the city of Tashkent. The peculiarity of the tryglycerides fraction in indigenous Tashkent inhabitants consists in a high content of linoleic acid. (24.8%). This is attributed to the peculiarities of nutrition of the indigenous Uzbekistan population--a consumption of great amounts of cotton-seed oil rich in linoleic acid. With the growing age, the content of the linoleic acid in the cholesterol ethers decreases, and the portion of palmitic and oleic acids growing. Among indigenous. Tashkent residents, aged 20-29 years, the relative content of the linoleic acid in the cholesterol ether fraction is higher than among the non-indigenous residents of the same age-group.", "contents": "[Study of arteriosclerosis in different geographical zones of the Soviet Union. 3. Fatty acid composition of blood serum lipid fractions in Tashkent population]. The composition of fatty acids in triglycerides and cholesterol ethers of blood serum was studied in 90 normal males, Russians and Uzbeks, aged 20 to 50 years, living in the city of Tashkent. The peculiarity of the tryglycerides fraction in indigenous Tashkent inhabitants consists in a high content of linoleic acid. (24.8%). This is attributed to the peculiarities of nutrition of the indigenous Uzbekistan population--a consumption of great amounts of cotton-seed oil rich in linoleic acid. With the growing age, the content of the linoleic acid in the cholesterol ethers decreases, and the portion of palmitic and oleic acids growing. Among indigenous. Tashkent residents, aged 20-29 years, the relative content of the linoleic acid in the cholesterol ether fraction is higher than among the non-indigenous residents of the same age-group."}
{"id": "PMID:142172", "title": "[Data on epidemiology and pathology of arteriosclerosis of the iliac and femoral arteries among the population of the Samarkand district].", "content": "A comparative analysis of atherosclerotic lesions in the major arteries of the lower extremities (iliac and femoral) was conducted in different groups of population in the Samarkand region including autopsy material, mass screening data and examinations of patients hospitalized in surgical clinics of the city of Samarkand. The incidence, the period of appearance of atherosclerotic changes in the arteries of the lower extremities, their morphological peculiarities and localization were determined. The main factors correlating with the incidence, severity and localization of the vascular lesions in the lower extremities included the age, ethnic origin and nature of the underlying pathology.", "contents": "[Data on epidemiology and pathology of arteriosclerosis of the iliac and femoral arteries among the population of the Samarkand district]. A comparative analysis of atherosclerotic lesions in the major arteries of the lower extremities (iliac and femoral) was conducted in different groups of population in the Samarkand region including autopsy material, mass screening data and examinations of patients hospitalized in surgical clinics of the city of Samarkand. The incidence, the period of appearance of atherosclerotic changes in the arteries of the lower extremities, their morphological peculiarities and localization were determined. The main factors correlating with the incidence, severity and localization of the vascular lesions in the lower extremities included the age, ethnic origin and nature of the underlying pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:142173", "title": "[Experimental autoimmune cardiomyopathies in several generations of animals].", "content": "In 8 generations of mongrel rats 80 animals were immunized with minimal dozes of a mixture of homologous heart muscle homogenate and Freund's adjuvant (0.3 ml). From generation to generation, the rats demonstrated a reduction of their reproductive capacity and an increase of cardiovascular insufficiency signs. The primary lesion of the myocardium was morphologically characterized by widely spread foci of myocytolysis and hialine degeneration of muscle fibers and by an oedema of the cardiac stroma; at the same a focal-diffuse lymphoid-histiocytic infiltration occurred that should be interpreted as a hypersensitivity reaction of a delayed type. The results of the process consisted in interstitial cardiosclerosis and moderate hypertrophy of the preserved muscle fibers. Other causes excluded, this process can be considered an experimental model of autoimmune cardiomyopathy which inheritance or predisposition must be determined by a transplacental and transmammary transmission of the damaging immune complex (antigen--antibody).", "contents": "[Experimental autoimmune cardiomyopathies in several generations of animals]. In 8 generations of mongrel rats 80 animals were immunized with minimal dozes of a mixture of homologous heart muscle homogenate and Freund's adjuvant (0.3 ml). From generation to generation, the rats demonstrated a reduction of their reproductive capacity and an increase of cardiovascular insufficiency signs. The primary lesion of the myocardium was morphologically characterized by widely spread foci of myocytolysis and hialine degeneration of muscle fibers and by an oedema of the cardiac stroma; at the same a focal-diffuse lymphoid-histiocytic infiltration occurred that should be interpreted as a hypersensitivity reaction of a delayed type. The results of the process consisted in interstitial cardiosclerosis and moderate hypertrophy of the preserved muscle fibers. Other causes excluded, this process can be considered an experimental model of autoimmune cardiomyopathy which inheritance or predisposition must be determined by a transplacental and transmammary transmission of the damaging immune complex (antigen--antibody)."}
{"id": "PMID:142178", "title": "Congenital venous hypoplasia in the liver of rats.", "content": "Narrowed and rudimentary portal vein branches were observed in the livers of specified-pathogen-free rats which, at the age of 6-11 weeks, showed poor condition and reatrded growth. At autopsy abdominal venous distension and congestion suggestive of portal hypertension and collateral circulation appeared to have developed. The cause of the observations and their significance in view of the use of the rats are unknown.", "contents": "Congenital venous hypoplasia in the liver of rats. Narrowed and rudimentary portal vein branches were observed in the livers of specified-pathogen-free rats which, at the age of 6-11 weeks, showed poor condition and reatrded growth. At autopsy abdominal venous distension and congestion suggestive of portal hypertension and collateral circulation appeared to have developed. The cause of the observations and their significance in view of the use of the rats are unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:142179", "title": "Immune complex disease. VI. Some determinants of the varieties of glomerular lesions in the chronic bovine serum albumin-rabbit system.", "content": "Glomerular lesions were evaluated by light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy in rabbits given daily injections, for prolonged periods of time, of either 12.5 mg. of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (group I) or increasing doses of BSA, paralleling the immune response (group II). In animals clearing 12.5 mg. or more of BSA per day (excluding those dying of anaphylaxis or unknown causes), marked differences were noted in the incidence of membranous glomerulonephritis (GLN) (50 per cent in group I versus 15.4 per cent in group II), of crescentic GLN (none in group I versus 26.9 per cent in group II), and of mesangiopathic GLN (11.1 per cent in group I versus 30.8 per cent in group II). On the basis of these variations and immunofluorescence microscopy findinds, it is concluded that the occurrence of membranous GLN is favored by the presence in the circulation of small concentrations of soluble immune complexes, whereas crescentic GLN results from the presence of high concentrations of such complexes. When BSA injections were discontinued in group I animals having membranous GLN, the immune deposits were sequestered by membranous transformation so that they were not readily solubilized by injections of large amounts of BSA; one such animal developed crescentic GLN. The observation that BSA was difficult to detect in the lesions of mesangiopathic GLN suggests that this lesion results from the deposition of complexes formed at equivalence or in antibody excess.", "contents": "Immune complex disease. VI. Some determinants of the varieties of glomerular lesions in the chronic bovine serum albumin-rabbit system. Glomerular lesions were evaluated by light, electron, and immunofluorescence microscopy in rabbits given daily injections, for prolonged periods of time, of either 12.5 mg. of bovine serum albumin (BSA) (group I) or increasing doses of BSA, paralleling the immune response (group II). In animals clearing 12.5 mg. or more of BSA per day (excluding those dying of anaphylaxis or unknown causes), marked differences were noted in the incidence of membranous glomerulonephritis (GLN) (50 per cent in group I versus 15.4 per cent in group II), of crescentic GLN (none in group I versus 26.9 per cent in group II), and of mesangiopathic GLN (11.1 per cent in group I versus 30.8 per cent in group II). On the basis of these variations and immunofluorescence microscopy findinds, it is concluded that the occurrence of membranous GLN is favored by the presence in the circulation of small concentrations of soluble immune complexes, whereas crescentic GLN results from the presence of high concentrations of such complexes. When BSA injections were discontinued in group I animals having membranous GLN, the immune deposits were sequestered by membranous transformation so that they were not readily solubilized by injections of large amounts of BSA; one such animal developed crescentic GLN. The observation that BSA was difficult to detect in the lesions of mesangiopathic GLN suggests that this lesion results from the deposition of complexes formed at equivalence or in antibody excess."}
{"id": "PMID:142184", "title": "The deleterious effects of surgically induced complete right bundle branch block on long-term follow-up results of closure of ventricular septal defect.", "content": "The effects of complete right bundle branch block (CRBBB) on the early postoperative course and long-term follow-up results of closure of ventricle septal defect (VSD) were investigated. (1) Postoperative change in cardiothoracic ratio (CTR); In patients whose ratio of total pulmonary resistance to total systemic resistance (Rp/Rs) was larger than or equal to 0.33, CTR of the group with CRBBB did not decrease significantly (p greater than 0.1) but CTR of the group without CRBBB was improved markedly (p less than 0.01). However, in patients whose Rp/Rs was less than 0.33, there was no significant difference in CTR reduction between the two groups. (2) Postoperative change in Rp/Rs in patients with preoperative Rp/Rs larger than or equal to 0.33: In the group with CRBBB the Rp/Rs decreased from a preoperative average of 36 to 27 percent; in the group without CRBBB, it decreased from 39 to 21 percent. There were significant differences in both the postoperative value of RP/Rs and the degree of postoperative decrease in Rp/Rs between the two groups (both p less than 0.05). (3) Change of pulse rate in the early postoperative period: In patients with Rp/Rs larger than or equal to 0.33, the postoperative increase in pulse rate of the group with CRBBB was significantly higher than that of the group without CRBBB (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that CRBBB has a strong deleterious effect on right ventricular function. The possibility that CRBBB has an ill effect on left ventricular function in patients with Rp/Rs larger than or equal to 0.33 is discussed.", "contents": "The deleterious effects of surgically induced complete right bundle branch block on long-term follow-up results of closure of ventricular septal defect. The effects of complete right bundle branch block (CRBBB) on the early postoperative course and long-term follow-up results of closure of ventricle septal defect (VSD) were investigated. (1) Postoperative change in cardiothoracic ratio (CTR); In patients whose ratio of total pulmonary resistance to total systemic resistance (Rp/Rs) was larger than or equal to 0.33, CTR of the group with CRBBB did not decrease significantly (p greater than 0.1) but CTR of the group without CRBBB was improved markedly (p less than 0.01). However, in patients whose Rp/Rs was less than 0.33, there was no significant difference in CTR reduction between the two groups. (2) Postoperative change in Rp/Rs in patients with preoperative Rp/Rs larger than or equal to 0.33: In the group with CRBBB the Rp/Rs decreased from a preoperative average of 36 to 27 percent; in the group without CRBBB, it decreased from 39 to 21 percent. There were significant differences in both the postoperative value of RP/Rs and the degree of postoperative decrease in Rp/Rs between the two groups (both p less than 0.05). (3) Change of pulse rate in the early postoperative period: In patients with Rp/Rs larger than or equal to 0.33, the postoperative increase in pulse rate of the group with CRBBB was significantly higher than that of the group without CRBBB (p less than 0.05). These results suggest that CRBBB has a strong deleterious effect on right ventricular function. The possibility that CRBBB has an ill effect on left ventricular function in patients with Rp/Rs larger than or equal to 0.33 is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142185", "title": "Traumatic rupture of diaphragm: surgical reconstruction with special reference to delayed closure.", "content": "Thirteen cases of diaphragmatic rupture following blunt trauma or gunshot wounds are presented. In 10 cases the diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture was made immediately following the injury, and the defect was closed by primary diaphragmatic suture. In three cases, the diagnosis was delayed for 3 to 16 years after the initial trauma. In all of them, abdominal organs such as the colon or liver had migrated into the thoracic cavity. One of them had acute intestinal obstruction and died following several unsuccessful operations. The remaining two patients required plastic repair of the diaphragmatic hernia by a Dacron patch, and both recovered. The clinical and pathological aspects of diaphragmatic rupture, the importance of early diagnosis and surgical correction, and the surgical approach to this entity are considered. The use of Dacron fabric in delayed closure of diaphragmatic defects is described.", "contents": "Traumatic rupture of diaphragm: surgical reconstruction with special reference to delayed closure. Thirteen cases of diaphragmatic rupture following blunt trauma or gunshot wounds are presented. In 10 cases the diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture was made immediately following the injury, and the defect was closed by primary diaphragmatic suture. In three cases, the diagnosis was delayed for 3 to 16 years after the initial trauma. In all of them, abdominal organs such as the colon or liver had migrated into the thoracic cavity. One of them had acute intestinal obstruction and died following several unsuccessful operations. The remaining two patients required plastic repair of the diaphragmatic hernia by a Dacron patch, and both recovered. The clinical and pathological aspects of diaphragmatic rupture, the importance of early diagnosis and surgical correction, and the surgical approach to this entity are considered. The use of Dacron fabric in delayed closure of diaphragmatic defects is described."}
{"id": "PMID:142192", "title": "Erythema elevatum diutinum: skin and systemic manifestations, immunologic studies, and successful treatment with dapsone.", "content": "Erythema elevatum diutinum is a disease characterized by red, pink, purple and yellow cutaneous papules, nodules, and plaques distributed mainly over extensor surfaces. Histologically, there is leukocytoclastic vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis of the upper and mid dermal vessel walls. Two of the five patients presented had moderately severe arthralgias and, unlike previously reported cases, three of them had a long history of bacterial infections and one had a coincident IgA monoclonal gammopathy. Each of the four patients treated with dapsone responded dramatically with rapid resolution of existing lesions and marked diminution of systemic symptoms. Skin lesions and systemic complaints recurred within 12 to 48 hours after discontinuing dapsone. Four of the patients had Arthus-like reactions to SKSD skin tests prior to therapy, with a marked decrease in the response after institution of therapy. Neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness of two patients was impaired. The sera of three patients had significant C1q binding activity suggesting that they might have circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "Erythema elevatum diutinum: skin and systemic manifestations, immunologic studies, and successful treatment with dapsone. Erythema elevatum diutinum is a disease characterized by red, pink, purple and yellow cutaneous papules, nodules, and plaques distributed mainly over extensor surfaces. Histologically, there is leukocytoclastic vasculitis with fibrinoid necrosis of the upper and mid dermal vessel walls. Two of the five patients presented had moderately severe arthralgias and, unlike previously reported cases, three of them had a long history of bacterial infections and one had a coincident IgA monoclonal gammopathy. Each of the four patients treated with dapsone responded dramatically with rapid resolution of existing lesions and marked diminution of systemic symptoms. Skin lesions and systemic complaints recurred within 12 to 48 hours after discontinuing dapsone. Four of the patients had Arthus-like reactions to SKSD skin tests prior to therapy, with a marked decrease in the response after institution of therapy. Neutrophil chemotactic responsiveness of two patients was impaired. The sera of three patients had significant C1q binding activity suggesting that they might have circulating immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:142194", "title": "[Several cytologic features of the thermophilic bacteria Thermus flavus and Thermus ruber].", "content": "The extreme thermophilic bacterium Thermus flavus 71 and the obligate thermophilic bacterium Thermus ruber 40 have been isolated from hot springs of Kamchatka and Tadjikistan, and their fine structure has been studied. This cells are similar in structure to gram-negative bacteria, they do not form spores or flagella, and their cell walls and cytoplasmic membrane are clearly visible under the electron microscope since the cells of T . flavus contain a yellow carotenoid pigment and the cells of T. rubber contain a bright-red carotenoid pigment. The Thermus genus is characterized by a wavy structure of the outer layer of the cell wall caused by numerous invaginations which ensure a close contact between the outer and inner layers of the cell wall.", "contents": "[Several cytologic features of the thermophilic bacteria Thermus flavus and Thermus ruber]. The extreme thermophilic bacterium Thermus flavus 71 and the obligate thermophilic bacterium Thermus ruber 40 have been isolated from hot springs of Kamchatka and Tadjikistan, and their fine structure has been studied. This cells are similar in structure to gram-negative bacteria, they do not form spores or flagella, and their cell walls and cytoplasmic membrane are clearly visible under the electron microscope since the cells of T . flavus contain a yellow carotenoid pigment and the cells of T. rubber contain a bright-red carotenoid pigment. The Thermus genus is characterized by a wavy structure of the outer layer of the cell wall caused by numerous invaginations which ensure a close contact between the outer and inner layers of the cell wall."}
{"id": "PMID:142216", "title": "[The function of kidney membranes].", "content": "Plasma membranes were isolated from rat kidney and their transport properties for sodium, calcium, protons, phosphate, glucose, lactate, and phenylalanine were investigated. The results demonstrate that the luminal plasma membrane, which is in contact with the primary urine, and the contraluminal plasma membrane, which is in contact with the interstitial fluid, differ in their content of ion-sensitive ATPases and sodium-cotransport systems. This allows conclusions on the mechanism of renal transport in which luminal and contraluminal membranes are arranged functionally in series.", "contents": "[The function of kidney membranes]. Plasma membranes were isolated from rat kidney and their transport properties for sodium, calcium, protons, phosphate, glucose, lactate, and phenylalanine were investigated. The results demonstrate that the luminal plasma membrane, which is in contact with the primary urine, and the contraluminal plasma membrane, which is in contact with the interstitial fluid, differ in their content of ion-sensitive ATPases and sodium-cotransport systems. This allows conclusions on the mechanism of renal transport in which luminal and contraluminal membranes are arranged functionally in series."}
{"id": "PMID:142218", "title": "[Clinical considerations on the use of a new synthetic androgen, Calusterone, in the treatment of advanced breast cancer].", "content": "Results with a new synthetic androgen (Calusterone) in the management of 22 cases of advanced breast cancer are presented. Reference is made to the doses employed, the therapeutic results observed, and the side-effects caused by the drug. By comparison with the literature data, a partial response to treatment was observed in 47% of the series.", "contents": "[Clinical considerations on the use of a new synthetic androgen, Calusterone, in the treatment of advanced breast cancer]. Results with a new synthetic androgen (Calusterone) in the management of 22 cases of advanced breast cancer are presented. Reference is made to the doses employed, the therapeutic results observed, and the side-effects caused by the drug. By comparison with the literature data, a partial response to treatment was observed in 47% of the series."}
{"id": "PMID:142231", "title": "Primary congestive cardiomyopathy. Hemodynamic and autopsy findings.", "content": "Eight patients with congestive cardiomyopathy were examined at autopsy. All showed significant mural thrombi. The majority had repeated pulmonary and peripheral emboli. Cardiac catheterization was considered helpful in the diagnosis. Anticogaulation may be worthwhile in addition to the routine therapy for cardiomyopathic heart failure.", "contents": "Primary congestive cardiomyopathy. Hemodynamic and autopsy findings. Eight patients with congestive cardiomyopathy were examined at autopsy. All showed significant mural thrombi. The majority had repeated pulmonary and peripheral emboli. Cardiac catheterization was considered helpful in the diagnosis. Anticogaulation may be worthwhile in addition to the routine therapy for cardiomyopathic heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:142234", "title": "Large vein of Galen aneurysms in the neonate. A constellation of diagnostic chest and neck radiologic findings.", "content": "A constellation of plain film findings which can assist in the diagnosis of large intracranial arteriovenous malformations in the newborn is presented. Alone, none of these findings is specific but in combination they become highly suggestive of the diagnosis. They consist of: 1. cardiomegaly with right chamber preponderance and superior mediastinal widening, 2. retrosternal fullness and posterior displacement of the trachea, and 3. retropharyngeal soft tissue thickening.", "contents": "Large vein of Galen aneurysms in the neonate. A constellation of diagnostic chest and neck radiologic findings. A constellation of plain film findings which can assist in the diagnosis of large intracranial arteriovenous malformations in the newborn is presented. Alone, none of these findings is specific but in combination they become highly suggestive of the diagnosis. They consist of: 1. cardiomegaly with right chamber preponderance and superior mediastinal widening, 2. retrosternal fullness and posterior displacement of the trachea, and 3. retropharyngeal soft tissue thickening."}
{"id": "PMID:142235", "title": "Idiopathic dilatation of the right atrium revealed in childhood by dysrhythmias.", "content": "A 7-year-old male presented with apparently banal but repetitive episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, along with other manifestations of atrial hyperexcitability. Isolated dilatation of the right atrium was discovered. This disorder is usually latent or benign, but sometimes it is serious because of conduction defects. Lack of relevant studies means the basis of the disorder is not understood.", "contents": "Idiopathic dilatation of the right atrium revealed in childhood by dysrhythmias. A 7-year-old male presented with apparently banal but repetitive episodes of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, along with other manifestations of atrial hyperexcitability. Isolated dilatation of the right atrium was discovered. This disorder is usually latent or benign, but sometimes it is serious because of conduction defects. Lack of relevant studies means the basis of the disorder is not understood."}
{"id": "PMID:142245", "title": "Exotic diseases. Ounce of prevention or pound of cure?", "content": "With the growth of international travel, exotic diseases have assumed increasing importance to the physician. They can be effectively prevented by the use of commonsense measures. The physician should be prepared to offer advice on food, drink, and use of prophylactid drugs and to give needed immunizations to patients planning to travel. The biggest pitfall in diagnosis of exotic disease is failure to connect a history of travel with the signs and symptoms. An answer to the simple question, \"Where have you been?\" should arouse suspicion of the correct diagnosis.", "contents": "Exotic diseases. Ounce of prevention or pound of cure? With the growth of international travel, exotic diseases have assumed increasing importance to the physician. They can be effectively prevented by the use of commonsense measures. The physician should be prepared to offer advice on food, drink, and use of prophylactid drugs and to give needed immunizations to patients planning to travel. The biggest pitfall in diagnosis of exotic disease is failure to connect a history of travel with the signs and symptoms. An answer to the simple question, \"Where have you been?\" should arouse suspicion of the correct diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:142246", "title": "The non-invasive recognition of left atrial enlargement: comparison of electro- and echocardiographic measurements.", "content": "The aim of this study was to compare the ability of electro- and echocardiography to detect enlargement of the left atrium. Seventy-four patients, divided into three groups (eighteen normal, thirty-six valvular disease, twenty hypertension and/or coronary artery disease) were studied. The P wave terminal force in lead V1 (PTF-V1) was measured from a standard 12 lead electrocardiogram, and the internal left atrial dimension (LAD) was measured from time-motion echocardiograms. Linear regression analysis showed a small but significant linear correlation between PTF-V1 and LAD (r = 0-32, P less than 0-01). Both methods would separate patients with diseases known to cause left atrial enlargement from normals, but echocardiography showed greater \"specificity\" (100% v. 94+) and \"sensitivity\" (75% v. 67%). It was much superior to the ECG in detecting milder grades of left atrial enlargement and for following serial changes.", "contents": "The non-invasive recognition of left atrial enlargement: comparison of electro- and echocardiographic measurements. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of electro- and echocardiography to detect enlargement of the left atrium. Seventy-four patients, divided into three groups (eighteen normal, thirty-six valvular disease, twenty hypertension and/or coronary artery disease) were studied. The P wave terminal force in lead V1 (PTF-V1) was measured from a standard 12 lead electrocardiogram, and the internal left atrial dimension (LAD) was measured from time-motion echocardiograms. Linear regression analysis showed a small but significant linear correlation between PTF-V1 and LAD (r = 0-32, P less than 0-01). Both methods would separate patients with diseases known to cause left atrial enlargement from normals, but echocardiography showed greater \"specificity\" (100% v. 94+) and \"sensitivity\" (75% v. 67%). It was much superior to the ECG in detecting milder grades of left atrial enlargement and for following serial changes."}
{"id": "PMID:142244", "title": "Effect of two brain serotonin depletors on the sexual behavior of male rats.", "content": "We tested the effects of p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) and p-bromomethylamphetamine (V 111) on the homosexual and heterosexual behavior of male rats. We found that the two compounds affect differently the sexual behavior of sexually active, sluggish and inactive males. pCPA and chronic V 111 treatment stimulate the sexual activity in sexually sluggish males. In sexually inactive males only pCPA proved to be effective. The situation is similar in inducing homosexual behavior. In sexually active males pCPA does not increase the number of ejaculations. Acute V 111 treatment inhibits the copulatory behavior in sexually active males but a tolerance develops to this inhibitory effect. We concluded that V 111 acts on the serotonergic system in other way than pCPA does.", "contents": "Effect of two brain serotonin depletors on the sexual behavior of male rats. We tested the effects of p-chlorophenylalanine (pCPA) and p-bromomethylamphetamine (V 111) on the homosexual and heterosexual behavior of male rats. We found that the two compounds affect differently the sexual behavior of sexually active, sluggish and inactive males. pCPA and chronic V 111 treatment stimulate the sexual activity in sexually sluggish males. In sexually inactive males only pCPA proved to be effective. The situation is similar in inducing homosexual behavior. In sexually active males pCPA does not increase the number of ejaculations. Acute V 111 treatment inhibits the copulatory behavior in sexually active males but a tolerance develops to this inhibitory effect. We concluded that V 111 acts on the serotonergic system in other way than pCPA does."}
{"id": "PMID:142248", "title": "[Double-blind study on the analgesic efficacy of tilidine (valoron) and pethidine (dolantin) in gastro-intestinal endoscopies and liver biopsies (author's transl)].", "content": "In a double-blind trial involving 99 patients, equi-analgesic doses of tilidine and pethidine (100 mg of each i.m.) were compared as to their effectiveness in laparoscopies, gastroscopies, esophagoscopies and liver needle biopsies. The two substances produced equally analgesic effects both during and after the various procedures, with the exception of the liver biopsies, in which tilidine was shown to be significantly more effective than pethidine. Whereas no sedation was noted in connection with tilidine medication, pethidine produced a marked, undesirable sleepiness in 12% of the cases observed. Due to the high analgesic efficacy and tolerance of tilidine found in both this and numerous other clinical trials and to its particular advantages over pethidine and other opiates (no respiratory depression, no effect on intestinal motility) tilidine can be recommended for premedication in gastrointestinal endoscopies and liver needle biopsies. Tilidine (Valoron) is not subject to the restrictions imposed by the West German narcotics laws.", "contents": "[Double-blind study on the analgesic efficacy of tilidine (valoron) and pethidine (dolantin) in gastro-intestinal endoscopies and liver biopsies (author's transl)]. In a double-blind trial involving 99 patients, equi-analgesic doses of tilidine and pethidine (100 mg of each i.m.) were compared as to their effectiveness in laparoscopies, gastroscopies, esophagoscopies and liver needle biopsies. The two substances produced equally analgesic effects both during and after the various procedures, with the exception of the liver biopsies, in which tilidine was shown to be significantly more effective than pethidine. Whereas no sedation was noted in connection with tilidine medication, pethidine produced a marked, undesirable sleepiness in 12% of the cases observed. Due to the high analgesic efficacy and tolerance of tilidine found in both this and numerous other clinical trials and to its particular advantages over pethidine and other opiates (no respiratory depression, no effect on intestinal motility) tilidine can be recommended for premedication in gastrointestinal endoscopies and liver needle biopsies. Tilidine (Valoron) is not subject to the restrictions imposed by the West German narcotics laws."}
{"id": "PMID:142250", "title": "Uncouplers and the molecular mechanism of uncoupling in mitochondria.", "content": "Uncouplers are molecules with protonophoric and ionophoric capabilities that mediate coupled cyclical transport of cations--a transport that takes precedence over all other coupled processes. Uncouplers form cation-containing complexes with electrogenic ionophores that potentiate cyclical transport of cations. The molecular mechanism of uncoupling sheds strong light on the mechanism of coupling.", "contents": "Uncouplers and the molecular mechanism of uncoupling in mitochondria. Uncouplers are molecules with protonophoric and ionophoric capabilities that mediate coupled cyclical transport of cations--a transport that takes precedence over all other coupled processes. Uncouplers form cation-containing complexes with electrogenic ionophores that potentiate cyclical transport of cations. The molecular mechanism of uncoupling sheds strong light on the mechanism of coupling."}
{"id": "PMID:142251", "title": "Isolation of troponin-like complex from bovine brain cortex.", "content": "A troponin-like complex has been isolated from bovine brain cortex. This tropinin-like complex, with brain tropomyosin, confers Ca2+ sensitivity to the actin-activated myosin adenosinetriphosphatase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3). That is, the Mg2+-stimulated ATPase activity generated by the interaction of purified muscle actin with muscle myosin is inhibited in the absence of Ca2+ but not in the presence of Ca2+ as a result of the addition of both brain tropomyosin and troponin-like complex. The troponin-like complex contains three components, one of which is similar in molecular weight to the troponin-T of skeletal actomyosin.", "contents": "Isolation of troponin-like complex from bovine brain cortex. A troponin-like complex has been isolated from bovine brain cortex. This tropinin-like complex, with brain tropomyosin, confers Ca2+ sensitivity to the actin-activated myosin adenosinetriphosphatase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3). That is, the Mg2+-stimulated ATPase activity generated by the interaction of purified muscle actin with muscle myosin is inhibited in the absence of Ca2+ but not in the presence of Ca2+ as a result of the addition of both brain tropomyosin and troponin-like complex. The troponin-like complex contains three components, one of which is similar in molecular weight to the troponin-T of skeletal actomyosin."}
{"id": "PMID:142252", "title": "Interaction of cholinergic ligands and local anesthetics with plasma membrane fragments from lobster axon.", "content": "Isologous local anesthetics containing the ester, thiolester, or selenolester grouping and their quaternary ammonium analogs were studied for their ability to displace [3H]nicotine from plasma membrane fragments of lobster nerve. Tertiary and quaternary analogs were equiactive. The relative ability of oxo, thio, and seleno analogs to displace nicotine was the same as their relative ability to block axonal conduction and synaptic transmission. Among cholinergic ligands, choline and aminocholine, previously shown to be inactive as depolarizing agents, were uniquely unable to displace nicotine. The findings are compatible with the presence of a biopolymer capable of binding cholinergic ligands in axonal membranes and support the postulate that the relative inactivity of quaternary compounds in intact axons is due to permeability barriers.", "contents": "Interaction of cholinergic ligands and local anesthetics with plasma membrane fragments from lobster axon. Isologous local anesthetics containing the ester, thiolester, or selenolester grouping and their quaternary ammonium analogs were studied for their ability to displace [3H]nicotine from plasma membrane fragments of lobster nerve. Tertiary and quaternary analogs were equiactive. The relative ability of oxo, thio, and seleno analogs to displace nicotine was the same as their relative ability to block axonal conduction and synaptic transmission. Among cholinergic ligands, choline and aminocholine, previously shown to be inactive as depolarizing agents, were uniquely unable to displace nicotine. The findings are compatible with the presence of a biopolymer capable of binding cholinergic ligands in axonal membranes and support the postulate that the relative inactivity of quaternary compounds in intact axons is due to permeability barriers."}
{"id": "PMID:142253", "title": "Studies of streptozotocin-induced insulitis and diabetes.", "content": "Multiple small injections of streptozotocin produce a delayed, progressive increase in plasma glucose in mice within 5-6 days after the injections, in association with pronounced insulitis and induction of type C viruses within beta cells. Multiple subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin in rats and multiple injections of another beta cell toxin, alloxan, in mice did not induce insulitis although hyperglycemia followed the injection of larger quantities of both agents. In mice, the prior injection of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG) or nicotinamide attenuated the diabetic syndrome produced by streptozotocin; however, 3-OMG was more protective. Rabbit antimouse lymphocyte serum, alone, provided partial protection but, when given together with either 3-OMG or nicotinamide, effectively prevented the streptozotocin-induced diabetic syndrome. Cessation of these preventive treatments was followed by the appearance of insulitis and diabetes. These findings suggest that multiple injections of streptozotocin induce, in susceptible hosts, the triad of direct beta cell cytotoxicity, virus induction within beta cells, and cell-mediated autoimmune reaction. These factors, acting separately or in concert, appear to induce a destructive insulitis and severe diabetes. The relative importance of each component and the factors governing host susceptibility remain to be clarified.", "contents": "Studies of streptozotocin-induced insulitis and diabetes. Multiple small injections of streptozotocin produce a delayed, progressive increase in plasma glucose in mice within 5-6 days after the injections, in association with pronounced insulitis and induction of type C viruses within beta cells. Multiple subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin in rats and multiple injections of another beta cell toxin, alloxan, in mice did not induce insulitis although hyperglycemia followed the injection of larger quantities of both agents. In mice, the prior injection of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose (3-OMG) or nicotinamide attenuated the diabetic syndrome produced by streptozotocin; however, 3-OMG was more protective. Rabbit antimouse lymphocyte serum, alone, provided partial protection but, when given together with either 3-OMG or nicotinamide, effectively prevented the streptozotocin-induced diabetic syndrome. Cessation of these preventive treatments was followed by the appearance of insulitis and diabetes. These findings suggest that multiple injections of streptozotocin induce, in susceptible hosts, the triad of direct beta cell cytotoxicity, virus induction within beta cells, and cell-mediated autoimmune reaction. These factors, acting separately or in concert, appear to induce a destructive insulitis and severe diabetes. The relative importance of each component and the factors governing host susceptibility remain to be clarified."}
{"id": "PMID:142254", "title": "Effects of PCPA on the consumption of alcohol, water and other solutions.", "content": "The influence of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on the preference for alcohol, saccharin, glucose, and sodium chloride solutions and on water intake was studied in rats. Ten daily intragastric doses of 100 mg/kg PCPA were found to reduce alcohol preference both during and after PCPA treatment. Administration of daily 20 mg/kg IP doses of 5-hydroxtryptophan (5-HTP), plus a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, failed to reverse the PCPA-induced suppression in the post-PCPA test. Alcohol preference was not reduced below baseline following PCPA if this drug was administered between preference tests rater than coincident with alcohol drinking. Preference for saccharin, glucose, and sodium chloride solutions were all affected by PCPA. Large increases in water intake were produced by 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg PCPA given orally for 10 days. These experiments suggest that alcohol preference, in studies where PCPA treatment and alcohol drinking occur concurrently, may be considerably influenced by learned aversions to alcohol. Also, PCPA may, under some circumstances, produce an increased consumption of water by rats.", "contents": "Effects of PCPA on the consumption of alcohol, water and other solutions. The influence of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on the preference for alcohol, saccharin, glucose, and sodium chloride solutions and on water intake was studied in rats. Ten daily intragastric doses of 100 mg/kg PCPA were found to reduce alcohol preference both during and after PCPA treatment. Administration of daily 20 mg/kg IP doses of 5-hydroxtryptophan (5-HTP), plus a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor, failed to reverse the PCPA-induced suppression in the post-PCPA test. Alcohol preference was not reduced below baseline following PCPA if this drug was administered between preference tests rater than coincident with alcohol drinking. Preference for saccharin, glucose, and sodium chloride solutions were all affected by PCPA. Large increases in water intake were produced by 50, 100, or 200 mg/kg PCPA given orally for 10 days. These experiments suggest that alcohol preference, in studies where PCPA treatment and alcohol drinking occur concurrently, may be considerably influenced by learned aversions to alcohol. Also, PCPA may, under some circumstances, produce an increased consumption of water by rats."}
{"id": "PMID:142255", "title": "5-hydroxytryptamine depletion with para-chlorophenylalanine: effects on eating, drinking, irritability, muricide, and copulation.", "content": "Forty-four male rats were tested for eating, drinking, irritability, and copulation before and after intraperitonial para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) or control injections. Eleven of these rats were tested for muricide before and after PCPA injections (Group 1), while 18 others were tested only after PCPA injections (Groups 2). Group 1 rats received four 350 mg/kg PCPA injections spaced 6 days apart and showed hyperdipsia, weight loss, and a 24% increase in muricide. Group 2 rats received five daily 100 mg/kg PCPA injections repeated 11 days later and showed hyperdipsia and weight loss; in addition, 78% of them killed mice. Neither group showed significant changes in copulation. At the end of the experiment, t6 rats from Group 2 that were irritable and killed mice were injected intraperitonially with 5-hydroxytryptophan (80 mg/kg). Five of these rats lost their irritability and four stopped killing. The various behavioral changes were not corrleated significantly either with each other or with the degree of 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion. This tentatively suggests that PCPA may produce its effects on behavior by other means in addition to 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion.", "contents": "5-hydroxytryptamine depletion with para-chlorophenylalanine: effects on eating, drinking, irritability, muricide, and copulation. Forty-four male rats were tested for eating, drinking, irritability, and copulation before and after intraperitonial para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) or control injections. Eleven of these rats were tested for muricide before and after PCPA injections (Group 1), while 18 others were tested only after PCPA injections (Groups 2). Group 1 rats received four 350 mg/kg PCPA injections spaced 6 days apart and showed hyperdipsia, weight loss, and a 24% increase in muricide. Group 2 rats received five daily 100 mg/kg PCPA injections repeated 11 days later and showed hyperdipsia and weight loss; in addition, 78% of them killed mice. Neither group showed significant changes in copulation. At the end of the experiment, t6 rats from Group 2 that were irritable and killed mice were injected intraperitonially with 5-hydroxytryptophan (80 mg/kg). Five of these rats lost their irritability and four stopped killing. The various behavioral changes were not corrleated significantly either with each other or with the degree of 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion. This tentatively suggests that PCPA may produce its effects on behavior by other means in addition to 5-hydroxytryptamine depletion."}
{"id": "PMID:142258", "title": "Use of Dacron backing on the cartilage framework in the construction of ears.", "content": "Dacron velour sheeting can be used as a backing on a fenestrated, autogenous, cartilage auricular framework. The overlying skin will adhere through the fenestrations to the Dacron, and satisfactory contour is maintained after the ear is elevated from the head and skin grafted on the posterior surface.", "contents": "Use of Dacron backing on the cartilage framework in the construction of ears. Dacron velour sheeting can be used as a backing on a fenestrated, autogenous, cartilage auricular framework. The overlying skin will adhere through the fenestrations to the Dacron, and satisfactory contour is maintained after the ear is elevated from the head and skin grafted on the posterior surface."}
{"id": "PMID:142259", "title": "[In-vitro experiments on the clarification of the fibrinolytic activity in normal cerebrospinal fluid].", "content": "A direct and indirect detection of plasmin in native CSF was not possible by the thrombelastographic and hot fibrin agar plate method and by electroimmunodiffusion analysis using Laurell's method of fibrin degradation product determination, respectively. The same method was used to determine concentrations of plasminogen and fibrinogen. The CSF, which were retrospectively judged to be normal, neither showed plasmin activity nor exhibited plasminogen and fibrinogen concentrations. Therefore, the liqour possesses only a plasminogen activator protein and does not represent a fibrinolytically active CSF.", "contents": "[In-vitro experiments on the clarification of the fibrinolytic activity in normal cerebrospinal fluid]. A direct and indirect detection of plasmin in native CSF was not possible by the thrombelastographic and hot fibrin agar plate method and by electroimmunodiffusion analysis using Laurell's method of fibrin degradation product determination, respectively. The same method was used to determine concentrations of plasminogen and fibrinogen. The CSF, which were retrospectively judged to be normal, neither showed plasmin activity nor exhibited plasminogen and fibrinogen concentrations. Therefore, the liqour possesses only a plasminogen activator protein and does not represent a fibrinolytically active CSF."}
{"id": "PMID:142264", "title": "Cervical spinal stenosis.", "content": "Cervical spinal stenosis occurs at the craniovertebral junction, usually incident to a congenital malformation, or it appears as a developmental defect with diffuse narrowing of the cervical canal. In its acquired form the lesion may be limited to one or two levels, or it may be more extensive and affect three or more segments.", "contents": "Cervical spinal stenosis. Cervical spinal stenosis occurs at the craniovertebral junction, usually incident to a congenital malformation, or it appears as a developmental defect with diffuse narrowing of the cervical canal. In its acquired form the lesion may be limited to one or two levels, or it may be more extensive and affect three or more segments."}
{"id": "PMID:142267", "title": "The human Y chromosome: its routine identification and variability.", "content": "Different criteria for identifying the human Y chromosome using only conventional staining techniques were evaluated and a procedure based on three of them was developed. It leads to correct identification in 93% of cells even without resorting to differences in size between the Y and the other G chromosomes. The variability in size of the human Y chromosome was assessed in a random group of White men. It was found to be significantly greater than that of all other chromosomes in the karyotype when the comparisons were made in such a way as to avoid the size-dependent component of variation.", "contents": "The human Y chromosome: its routine identification and variability. Different criteria for identifying the human Y chromosome using only conventional staining techniques were evaluated and a procedure based on three of them was developed. It leads to correct identification in 93% of cells even without resorting to differences in size between the Y and the other G chromosomes. The variability in size of the human Y chromosome was assessed in a random group of White men. It was found to be significantly greater than that of all other chromosomes in the karyotype when the comparisons were made in such a way as to avoid the size-dependent component of variation."}
{"id": "PMID:142268", "title": "[Satellite association in two trisomic cases of Down's syndrome and in one healthy mother, with acrocentric variants (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of satellite association of two different acrocentric variants in two trisomic mongols was studied taking in consideration the possible relationship of these chromosomes in the etiology of non-disjunction events. The participation of the two variants and their homologous in satellite associations showed no differences suggesting, randommess in these two families.", "contents": "[Satellite association in two trisomic cases of Down's syndrome and in one healthy mother, with acrocentric variants (author's transl)]. The frequency of satellite association of two different acrocentric variants in two trisomic mongols was studied taking in consideration the possible relationship of these chromosomes in the etiology of non-disjunction events. The participation of the two variants and their homologous in satellite associations showed no differences suggesting, randommess in these two families."}
{"id": "PMID:142270", "title": "[The place of polar nephrectomy in the surgical treatment of renal lithiasis].", "content": "Out of a total of 475 interventions for renal lithiasis, the author has performed only 15 partial nephrectomies, as compared with 118 total nephrectomies and 342 conservatory pyelotomies and nephrotomies. The type of intervention described should be limited to cases where the polar parenchyma is jeopardised--partial tactical nephrectomy should be abandoned.", "contents": "[The place of polar nephrectomy in the surgical treatment of renal lithiasis]. Out of a total of 475 interventions for renal lithiasis, the author has performed only 15 partial nephrectomies, as compared with 118 total nephrectomies and 342 conservatory pyelotomies and nephrotomies. The type of intervention described should be limited to cases where the polar parenchyma is jeopardised--partial tactical nephrectomy should be abandoned."}
{"id": "PMID:142271", "title": "[Late hemorrhage after traumatic rupture of the spleen].", "content": "A study was performed of 31 late hemorrhages following traumatic rupture of the spleen. The authors make some considerations in connection with problems of diagnosis and treatment. The difficulty is stressed, encountered in the diagnosis of splenic rupture immediately after the causative trauma, and the high death-rate that ensues. In view of impriving the present results by early surgical treatment, the utility is stressed of clinical observation, as well as of hematologic, radiologic and angiographic explorations of these patients.", "contents": "[Late hemorrhage after traumatic rupture of the spleen]. A study was performed of 31 late hemorrhages following traumatic rupture of the spleen. The authors make some considerations in connection with problems of diagnosis and treatment. The difficulty is stressed, encountered in the diagnosis of splenic rupture immediately after the causative trauma, and the high death-rate that ensues. In view of impriving the present results by early surgical treatment, the utility is stressed of clinical observation, as well as of hematologic, radiologic and angiographic explorations of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:142273", "title": "[Physiopathological bases of the treatment of fractures of the trochanteric process].", "content": "The proximal end of the human femur represents the result of a long, phylo- and ontogenetic evolutionary process. Its functional structure is determined by biomechamical stresses imposed by the necessities of locomotion and of the upright position, the principal role being that of gravitational pull and the resultant contraction of the two major muscular groups. The older classifications of the fractures of the trochanteral massif, based on anatomical description, is being replaced by the classification based on pathophysiological data, with therapeutic and prognostic value. The notion of instability sets the course in the field of therapeutical principles, of which the most important is, certainly, the refection of the major sustentation pillar--the internal or the calear-femural cortical.", "contents": "[Physiopathological bases of the treatment of fractures of the trochanteric process]. The proximal end of the human femur represents the result of a long, phylo- and ontogenetic evolutionary process. Its functional structure is determined by biomechamical stresses imposed by the necessities of locomotion and of the upright position, the principal role being that of gravitational pull and the resultant contraction of the two major muscular groups. The older classifications of the fractures of the trochanteral massif, based on anatomical description, is being replaced by the classification based on pathophysiological data, with therapeutic and prognostic value. The notion of instability sets the course in the field of therapeutical principles, of which the most important is, certainly, the refection of the major sustentation pillar--the internal or the calear-femural cortical."}
{"id": "PMID:142274", "title": "[Scintigraphic and electrocardiographic changes after ligation of the pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and mixed ligation in dogs].", "content": "The authors have investigated in 6 dogs the disturbances of the perfusion determined by ligature of the main left pulmonary artery, of the pulmonary veins, and mixed ligatures. The scintigraphic method was used (consisting in intravenous injection of radionuclide-labelled ferric colloids, and detection with the Anger camera). In 12 dogs electrocardiographic modifications were also investigated, occuring at various intervals of time after the above-mentioned ligatures. With the aid of scintigraphy it was noted that pulmonary perfusion was abolished in the corresponding lung both immediately and at 24 hours following ligatures. With the aid of scintigraphy it was noted that pulmonary perfusion was abolished in the corresponding lung both immediately and at 24 hours following ligature of the vessels. The same aspects was noted in all three types of ligature. Consecutive infarctions were noted at necropsies. The electrocardiogram evidenced sings of coronary failure when all the pulmonary veins of one lung were ligatured, signs of ventricular and atrial overcharge in dogs with ligature of the pulmonary artery and mixed modifications, although less severe, in combined vascular ligatures. The more rapid evolution toward death of dogs with ligatures of the pulmonary veins could be explained by the coronary failure.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic and electrocardiographic changes after ligation of the pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins and mixed ligation in dogs]. The authors have investigated in 6 dogs the disturbances of the perfusion determined by ligature of the main left pulmonary artery, of the pulmonary veins, and mixed ligatures. The scintigraphic method was used (consisting in intravenous injection of radionuclide-labelled ferric colloids, and detection with the Anger camera). In 12 dogs electrocardiographic modifications were also investigated, occuring at various intervals of time after the above-mentioned ligatures. With the aid of scintigraphy it was noted that pulmonary perfusion was abolished in the corresponding lung both immediately and at 24 hours following ligatures. With the aid of scintigraphy it was noted that pulmonary perfusion was abolished in the corresponding lung both immediately and at 24 hours following ligature of the vessels. The same aspects was noted in all three types of ligature. Consecutive infarctions were noted at necropsies. The electrocardiogram evidenced sings of coronary failure when all the pulmonary veins of one lung were ligatured, signs of ventricular and atrial overcharge in dogs with ligature of the pulmonary artery and mixed modifications, although less severe, in combined vascular ligatures. The more rapid evolution toward death of dogs with ligatures of the pulmonary veins could be explained by the coronary failure."}
{"id": "PMID:142276", "title": "[Realities and uncertainties in normal and pathological physiology of the lymphatic system of the extremities].", "content": "In the special literature, values of pressures in the lymphatics trunks vary within very large limits, frequently in a contradictory manner, a fact that may generate confusion in the case of interpretation of pathological data. Following an analysis of numerous lymphographic aspects an explanation can be provided, for the radiological modifications of lymph vessels in various pathological circumstances, starting from the most plausible data concerning the lymph circulation in the limbs.", "contents": "[Realities and uncertainties in normal and pathological physiology of the lymphatic system of the extremities]. In the special literature, values of pressures in the lymphatics trunks vary within very large limits, frequently in a contradictory manner, a fact that may generate confusion in the case of interpretation of pathological data. Following an analysis of numerous lymphographic aspects an explanation can be provided, for the radiological modifications of lymph vessels in various pathological circumstances, starting from the most plausible data concerning the lymph circulation in the limbs."}
{"id": "PMID:142277", "title": "[Practical aspects of the treatment of Darrow's syndrome].", "content": "An analysis is made of a group of 30 patients who, in the course of the evolution of their basic disease,have also presented, at a certain time, lowered potassium concentrations in the blood and metabolic alkalosis. As etiological factors the frequency is stressed, of conditions in the course of which stasis gastric juice is lost, the chronical lack of potassium import, as well as corticoid therapy. Special attention is given to circumstances imposed by oedema of the anastomosis opening. Interpretation and monitoring of the treatment were carried out on the basis of sophisticated, as well as current laboratory methods, but the importance of the clinical signs is stressed, when a well-equiped laboratory department is not available.", "contents": "[Practical aspects of the treatment of Darrow's syndrome]. An analysis is made of a group of 30 patients who, in the course of the evolution of their basic disease,have also presented, at a certain time, lowered potassium concentrations in the blood and metabolic alkalosis. As etiological factors the frequency is stressed, of conditions in the course of which stasis gastric juice is lost, the chronical lack of potassium import, as well as corticoid therapy. Special attention is given to circumstances imposed by oedema of the anastomosis opening. Interpretation and monitoring of the treatment were carried out on the basis of sophisticated, as well as current laboratory methods, but the importance of the clinical signs is stressed, when a well-equiped laboratory department is not available."}
{"id": "PMID:142275", "title": "[Experimental studies concerning the use of plastic material in surgery of the abdominal wall].", "content": "The experimental study concerning the particularities of the cicatrization process in cases of defects of the abdominal wall -- in rabbits -- for which substitution grafts were applied, demonstrated them to be well tolerated. No essential differences were noted between surgical nets imported from foreign manufacturers, and those manufactured in our country.", "contents": "[Experimental studies concerning the use of plastic material in surgery of the abdominal wall]. The experimental study concerning the particularities of the cicatrization process in cases of defects of the abdominal wall -- in rabbits -- for which substitution grafts were applied, demonstrated them to be well tolerated. No essential differences were noted between surgical nets imported from foreign manufacturers, and those manufactured in our country."}
{"id": "PMID:142278", "title": "[Dynamics of serum immunoglobulins after anesthetic and surgical stress; clinical correlations].", "content": "In a group of patients undergoing various surgical interventions the authors have investigated the dynamics of serum immunoglobulins following anesthesic-surgical stress. The changes that have been observed are determined either by a general catabolic reaction which occurs after aggression, or by the polymicrobial antigenic stimulation, as a result of enentual septic complications.", "contents": "[Dynamics of serum immunoglobulins after anesthetic and surgical stress; clinical correlations]. In a group of patients undergoing various surgical interventions the authors have investigated the dynamics of serum immunoglobulins following anesthesic-surgical stress. The changes that have been observed are determined either by a general catabolic reaction which occurs after aggression, or by the polymicrobial antigenic stimulation, as a result of enentual septic complications."}
{"id": "PMID:142298", "title": "[Disk curettage in inveterate lumbago. Recent results in 45 cases].", "content": "Forty-five cases of intractable discogenic low back pain without sciatica were treated by curettage of the disc without grafting. One disc was curetted in 23 cases, two disc in 22 cases. The results are very good in 23 cases, good in 19 cases, and poor in 3 cases. The post-operative follow-up is between 1 and 2 years in 19 cases, 2 and 5 years in 13 cases, and more than 5 years in 13 cases. The length of follow-up and the number of discs curetted bear no relation to the quality of the result. In 8 cases a typical disc protrusion was found. In all other cases the appearance was different from that seen in the surgery of sciatica. Degeneration of the disc was a constant finding and presented various manifestations: simple protrusion, thickening of the posterior vertebral ligament, abnormal compressibility, and even an apparently normal disc, in which degeneration was only demonstrable after incision of the disc. Surgical exploration confirmed in early every case the data from discography. Radiodynamic examination after the operation showed a diminution in the mobility of the curetted disc, but perfect anatomical fusion is not necessary in order to obtain good results. The authors stress the necessity for great care in the selection of patients and in the operative technique.", "contents": "[Disk curettage in inveterate lumbago. Recent results in 45 cases]. Forty-five cases of intractable discogenic low back pain without sciatica were treated by curettage of the disc without grafting. One disc was curetted in 23 cases, two disc in 22 cases. The results are very good in 23 cases, good in 19 cases, and poor in 3 cases. The post-operative follow-up is between 1 and 2 years in 19 cases, 2 and 5 years in 13 cases, and more than 5 years in 13 cases. The length of follow-up and the number of discs curetted bear no relation to the quality of the result. In 8 cases a typical disc protrusion was found. In all other cases the appearance was different from that seen in the surgery of sciatica. Degeneration of the disc was a constant finding and presented various manifestations: simple protrusion, thickening of the posterior vertebral ligament, abnormal compressibility, and even an apparently normal disc, in which degeneration was only demonstrable after incision of the disc. Surgical exploration confirmed in early every case the data from discography. Radiodynamic examination after the operation showed a diminution in the mobility of the curetted disc, but perfect anatomical fusion is not necessary in order to obtain good results. The authors stress the necessity for great care in the selection of patients and in the operative technique."}
{"id": "PMID:142299", "title": "Cellology of HLA. 22. Heterogeneity of cellular reactions in negative HLA-D typing.", "content": "We have demonstrated that in more than half of the mixed lymphocyte reactions, proliferative reactions, in which responders were reacted against HLA-D-compatible homozygous typing cells, were significantly greater than zero. These reactions often masked the true HLA-D identity of the cells under test, as was subsequently shown by primed lymphocyte testing.", "contents": "Cellology of HLA. 22. Heterogeneity of cellular reactions in negative HLA-D typing. We have demonstrated that in more than half of the mixed lymphocyte reactions, proliferative reactions, in which responders were reacted against HLA-D-compatible homozygous typing cells, were significantly greater than zero. These reactions often masked the true HLA-D identity of the cells under test, as was subsequently shown by primed lymphocyte testing."}
{"id": "PMID:142300", "title": "Emergence of foreign H-2-like cytotoxicity and transplantation targets on vaccinia and Moloney virus-infected Meth. A tumour cells.", "content": "Using cytotoxic effector cells of different anti-H-2 specificities, new cell-mediated lympholysis targets, normally undetected on Meth. A tumour cells, were shown after passage with vaccinia or Moloney virus. The H-2d CML targets on Meth. A cells recognized by B10.BR anti-B10.D2 effector cells were presented only after simultaneous vaccinia virus passage, while passage with Moloney virus caused the emergence of H-2b targets. Small but significant killing of vaccinia virus-passaged Meth.A was also obtained by anti-H-2k effector cells. These results are discussed in relation to in vivo experiments: retardation of tumour growth was noted in mice which had received several injections of vaccinia or Moloney virus, showing that the new CML targets were probably acting as transplantation targets.", "contents": "Emergence of foreign H-2-like cytotoxicity and transplantation targets on vaccinia and Moloney virus-infected Meth. A tumour cells. Using cytotoxic effector cells of different anti-H-2 specificities, new cell-mediated lympholysis targets, normally undetected on Meth. A tumour cells, were shown after passage with vaccinia or Moloney virus. The H-2d CML targets on Meth. A cells recognized by B10.BR anti-B10.D2 effector cells were presented only after simultaneous vaccinia virus passage, while passage with Moloney virus caused the emergence of H-2b targets. Small but significant killing of vaccinia virus-passaged Meth.A was also obtained by anti-H-2k effector cells. These results are discussed in relation to in vivo experiments: retardation of tumour growth was noted in mice which had received several injections of vaccinia or Moloney virus, showing that the new CML targets were probably acting as transplantation targets."}
{"id": "PMID:142301", "title": "Tolerance induction to H-2 central region target antigens: in vivo/in vitro correlations.", "content": "Tolerance was induced against cytotoxic target determinants coded for by genes of the I region. Neonatal recipients were immunized with high doses of cells from an I region incompatible donor. Nonreactivity in adult life did not reflect extensive donor cell chimerism, since the great majority of cells in spleens of animals rendered tolerant were of host phenotype. Although specific nonresponsiveness in CML could be induced by these protocols, the MLC proliferative response was in most cases still present alghough very much decreased. In only a very occasional animal was complete nonreactivity in MLC seen. The nonresponse in CML was paralleled by acceptance of thyroid allografts as measured by radioactive iodine incorporation and morphological studies.", "contents": "Tolerance induction to H-2 central region target antigens: in vivo/in vitro correlations. Tolerance was induced against cytotoxic target determinants coded for by genes of the I region. Neonatal recipients were immunized with high doses of cells from an I region incompatible donor. Nonreactivity in adult life did not reflect extensive donor cell chimerism, since the great majority of cells in spleens of animals rendered tolerant were of host phenotype. Although specific nonresponsiveness in CML could be induced by these protocols, the MLC proliferative response was in most cases still present alghough very much decreased. In only a very occasional animal was complete nonreactivity in MLC seen. The nonresponse in CML was paralleled by acceptance of thyroid allografts as measured by radioactive iodine incorporation and morphological studies."}
{"id": "PMID:142305", "title": "DDT residues in adipose tissue of people in Rangoon area.", "content": "Necropsy fat samples from subjects living in Rangoon area have been analyzed by TLC for their DDT, DDE and endrin contents. DDT and DDE were found in all cases; endrin, in excess of 0.2 ppm, was detected in two cases only. There was no significant difference in DDT, DDE or total DDT content in various age groups or between males and females. Levels of these residues were found to be low when compared with those observed in the populations living in Calcutta and Bangkok. This may be due to limited use of DDT and endrin for the control of agricultural pests in Burma.", "contents": "DDT residues in adipose tissue of people in Rangoon area. Necropsy fat samples from subjects living in Rangoon area have been analyzed by TLC for their DDT, DDE and endrin contents. DDT and DDE were found in all cases; endrin, in excess of 0.2 ppm, was detected in two cases only. There was no significant difference in DDT, DDE or total DDT content in various age groups or between males and females. Levels of these residues were found to be low when compared with those observed in the populations living in Calcutta and Bangkok. This may be due to limited use of DDT and endrin for the control of agricultural pests in Burma."}
{"id": "PMID:142309", "title": "Employment and work adjustments of the disabled: 1972 survey of disabled and nondisabled adults.", "content": "Of the 15.6 million individuals in the United States who were currently disabled in 1972, 8 out of 10 were employed as the disability began. For these persons, several aspects of work adjustments after the onset of disability are examined here, with the measures of adjustment based on self-reports of the disabled. Women were less likely to be employed after onset than men. Those employed full time before they were disabled were more likely to work after onset than those who had been part-time workers. The relationship between duration of disability and employment varied with severity of disability. Among the severely disabled, those with a long-term disability were more likely not to work than were the recently disabled. Keeping the pre-onset work status varied with type of employment. For the severely and occupationally disabled, industries staffed by craftsmen and operatives had lower rates of retention than did other sectors. Most of those who returned to work after onset did so within 6 months. Men who returned to work did so more quickly than did women. Doctor's advice and family responsibility were the primary reasons for not returning to work.", "contents": "Employment and work adjustments of the disabled: 1972 survey of disabled and nondisabled adults. Of the 15.6 million individuals in the United States who were currently disabled in 1972, 8 out of 10 were employed as the disability began. For these persons, several aspects of work adjustments after the onset of disability are examined here, with the measures of adjustment based on self-reports of the disabled. Women were less likely to be employed after onset than men. Those employed full time before they were disabled were more likely to work after onset than those who had been part-time workers. The relationship between duration of disability and employment varied with severity of disability. Among the severely disabled, those with a long-term disability were more likely not to work than were the recently disabled. Keeping the pre-onset work status varied with type of employment. For the severely and occupationally disabled, industries staffed by craftsmen and operatives had lower rates of retention than did other sectors. Most of those who returned to work after onset did so within 6 months. Men who returned to work did so more quickly than did women. Doctor's advice and family responsibility were the primary reasons for not returning to work."}
{"id": "PMID:142311", "title": "Gastroschisis complicated by intestinal atresia.", "content": "Gastroschisis complicated by intestinal atresia is a complex problem. Six cases are presented. A review of the literature and of our own cases shows a high mortality rate. Success or failure is related more to the pathology present than to any specific method of operative management. Resection and primary anastomosis is the favored method of treatment, as the intestine heals well in spite of its appearance. Primary closure of the abdominal wall musculature and skin is done whenever possible. A gastrostomy is used uniformly. Intravenous hyperalimentation is critical to survival of these babies and should be used early. The use of this therapeutic modality allows for the onset of gastrointestinal function spontaneously (often over prolonged periods of time) without nutritional deprivation. Intestinal atresias almost always are easy to identify in babies with gastroschisis. Extensive dissection and mobilization of this friable intestine is contraindicated in those babies in whom an atresia is not obvious but only suspected. In such cases the gastroschisis defect should be managed by whatever method is deemed appropriate and the baby observed while receiving intravenous nutritional support. If an atresia is present, it can be managed later in the baby's course by resection and primary anastomosis.", "contents": "Gastroschisis complicated by intestinal atresia. Gastroschisis complicated by intestinal atresia is a complex problem. Six cases are presented. A review of the literature and of our own cases shows a high mortality rate. Success or failure is related more to the pathology present than to any specific method of operative management. Resection and primary anastomosis is the favored method of treatment, as the intestine heals well in spite of its appearance. Primary closure of the abdominal wall musculature and skin is done whenever possible. A gastrostomy is used uniformly. Intravenous hyperalimentation is critical to survival of these babies and should be used early. The use of this therapeutic modality allows for the onset of gastrointestinal function spontaneously (often over prolonged periods of time) without nutritional deprivation. Intestinal atresias almost always are easy to identify in babies with gastroschisis. Extensive dissection and mobilization of this friable intestine is contraindicated in those babies in whom an atresia is not obvious but only suspected. In such cases the gastroschisis defect should be managed by whatever method is deemed appropriate and the baby observed while receiving intravenous nutritional support. If an atresia is present, it can be managed later in the baby's course by resection and primary anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:142312", "title": "Intrasplenic islet isografts.", "content": "Sufficient numbers of pancreatic islets transplanted into the splenic pulp of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats can result in complete reversal of hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and polyuria while promoting weight gain. These changes are constant for at least 3 months. Animals transplanted in this way, however, fail to exhibit a normal biphasic insulin response during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. This lack of biphasic response is in marked contrast to that observed in portal-vein--transplanted animals. Basal serum insulin in intrasplenic-transplanted animals is twice that observed in normal animals and portal-vein--transplanted animals which have received the same number of islet isografts. Direct injection of islets into the splenic pulp does not insure that subsequently all islets will remain in the splenic pulp, and, in fact, subsequent splenectomy suggests that in some cases a majority of transplanted tissue lodges in other organs--most likely, the liver.", "contents": "Intrasplenic islet isografts. Sufficient numbers of pancreatic islets transplanted into the splenic pulp of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats can result in complete reversal of hyperglycemia, glycosuria, and polyuria while promoting weight gain. These changes are constant for at least 3 months. Animals transplanted in this way, however, fail to exhibit a normal biphasic insulin response during an intravenous glucose tolerance test. This lack of biphasic response is in marked contrast to that observed in portal-vein--transplanted animals. Basal serum insulin in intrasplenic-transplanted animals is twice that observed in normal animals and portal-vein--transplanted animals which have received the same number of islet isografts. Direct injection of islets into the splenic pulp does not insure that subsequently all islets will remain in the splenic pulp, and, in fact, subsequent splenectomy suggests that in some cases a majority of transplanted tissue lodges in other organs--most likely, the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:142313", "title": "A simple and practical method for isolation of an early plasmin degradation product of human fibrinogen.", "content": "One of the earliest plasmin degradation products of human fibrinogen, so-called fragment A, was isolated by a simple method. This peptide has a molecular weight of approximately 22,500, migrating electrophoretically at beta-area, and its amino acid composition shows a very high content of glycine, serine, threonine and proline, and a markedly low content of hydrophobic amino acids. This fragment does not react against anti-fibrinogen; however, the anti-serum of this fragment reacts strongly with fibrinogen.", "contents": "A simple and practical method for isolation of an early plasmin degradation product of human fibrinogen. One of the earliest plasmin degradation products of human fibrinogen, so-called fragment A, was isolated by a simple method. This peptide has a molecular weight of approximately 22,500, migrating electrophoretically at beta-area, and its amino acid composition shows a very high content of glycine, serine, threonine and proline, and a markedly low content of hydrophobic amino acids. This fragment does not react against anti-fibrinogen; however, the anti-serum of this fragment reacts strongly with fibrinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:142316", "title": "Inhibition of the mixed leukocyte reaction by alloantisera in man. I. Technical aspects.", "content": "Some technical aspects of MLC inhibition by sera obtained from multiparous women were studied. The variability of the MLC response was very high. The serum source used in the cultures was probably to a large extent responsible for this variability. Aspecific inhibition, which was observed with some test sera, could be removed by dialysis against PBS. To make the evaluation of inhibition by immune sera objective, a scoring system was introduced for the degree of inhibition. Test sera were usually added to the cultures. Alternatively, stimulator and responder cells were preincubated with the test serum. Preincubation of the stimulator cells did not show a difference in inhibition pattern when this was compared with serum addition. Preincubation of the responder cells showed a completely different inhibition pattern. The MLC inhibition test compared very well with an indirect immunofluorescence test and a cytotoxicity test using B-cell enriched cell suspensions.", "contents": "Inhibition of the mixed leukocyte reaction by alloantisera in man. I. Technical aspects. Some technical aspects of MLC inhibition by sera obtained from multiparous women were studied. The variability of the MLC response was very high. The serum source used in the cultures was probably to a large extent responsible for this variability. Aspecific inhibition, which was observed with some test sera, could be removed by dialysis against PBS. To make the evaluation of inhibition by immune sera objective, a scoring system was introduced for the degree of inhibition. Test sera were usually added to the cultures. Alternatively, stimulator and responder cells were preincubated with the test serum. Preincubation of the stimulator cells did not show a difference in inhibition pattern when this was compared with serum addition. Preincubation of the responder cells showed a completely different inhibition pattern. The MLC inhibition test compared very well with an indirect immunofluorescence test and a cytotoxicity test using B-cell enriched cell suspensions."}
{"id": "PMID:142317", "title": "Inhibition of the mixed leukocyte reaction by alloantisera in man. II. Incidence and characteristics of MLC-inhibiting antisera from multiparous women.", "content": "The incidence of MLC-inhibiting antibodies was determined in 42 pregnancy sera. MLC's were carried out between the cells from the serum donor and her husband in the presence of nonimmune AB serum and the test serum. Fifty per cent of the sera reduced the MLC response to less than 40% of the control values. Only four sera had lymphocytotoxic activity. The inhibition was strong against the specific immunizor, less strong against random unrelated cells and weak against cells which were SD-identical with the serum donor. Absorptions with lymphocytes and platelets were carried out. Lymphocytes removed activity in three of the four sera tested. Platelets removed activity from one serum. It was concluded that both anti-LD and anti-SD antibodies were able to inhibit the MLR at the stimulator cell level.", "contents": "Inhibition of the mixed leukocyte reaction by alloantisera in man. II. Incidence and characteristics of MLC-inhibiting antisera from multiparous women. The incidence of MLC-inhibiting antibodies was determined in 42 pregnancy sera. MLC's were carried out between the cells from the serum donor and her husband in the presence of nonimmune AB serum and the test serum. Fifty per cent of the sera reduced the MLC response to less than 40% of the control values. Only four sera had lymphocytotoxic activity. The inhibition was strong against the specific immunizor, less strong against random unrelated cells and weak against cells which were SD-identical with the serum donor. Absorptions with lymphocytes and platelets were carried out. Lymphocytes removed activity in three of the four sera tested. Platelets removed activity from one serum. It was concluded that both anti-LD and anti-SD antibodies were able to inhibit the MLR at the stimulator cell level."}
{"id": "PMID:142322", "title": "Temporal requirement for antigen in primary and secondary MLC reactions.", "content": "The requirement for antigen in primary and secondary mixed leukocyte culture was tested by removal of stimulating cells at various time points with antiserum plus complement. In the primary mixed leukocyte cultures, antigen was absolutely required for 24 hr and the need for antigen diminished essentially completely by 72 hr. In the primary mixed leukocyte culture, the antigen was required only for 6 to 9 hr. These findings are compared with other known parameters of in vitro generation of cytotoxic effector cells.", "contents": "Temporal requirement for antigen in primary and secondary MLC reactions. The requirement for antigen in primary and secondary mixed leukocyte culture was tested by removal of stimulating cells at various time points with antiserum plus complement. In the primary mixed leukocyte cultures, antigen was absolutely required for 24 hr and the need for antigen diminished essentially completely by 72 hr. In the primary mixed leukocyte culture, the antigen was required only for 6 to 9 hr. These findings are compared with other known parameters of in vitro generation of cytotoxic effector cells."}
{"id": "PMID:142323", "title": "MLR-R and MLR-S gene products are expressed on different lymphoid cells.", "content": "The role of human B and T lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was investigated using T- and B-enriched populations obtained either by centrifugation of E rosetting cells over a Ficoll-Isopaque gradient or after B or T cells had been killed by specific antihuman T lymphocyte antigen or antihuman B lymphocyte and monocyte antigen sera, respectively, in the presence of complement. Purified T lymphocytes responded to allogenic cells whereas they were unable to stimulate the MLR; in contrast, purified B lymphocytes were not activated but were found to be good stimulators. Treatment of the MLR, at the time of addition of tritiated thymidine, by antihuman T lymphocyte antigen serum and complement completely suppressed the thymidine incorporation, indicating that the bulk of the proliferative response was supported by the T lymphocytes. Additional experiments with populations depleted of complement or Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes did not suggest that these B lymphocyte subpopulations played any major role in the MLR.", "contents": "MLR-R and MLR-S gene products are expressed on different lymphoid cells. The role of human B and T lymphocytes in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was investigated using T- and B-enriched populations obtained either by centrifugation of E rosetting cells over a Ficoll-Isopaque gradient or after B or T cells had been killed by specific antihuman T lymphocyte antigen or antihuman B lymphocyte and monocyte antigen sera, respectively, in the presence of complement. Purified T lymphocytes responded to allogenic cells whereas they were unable to stimulate the MLR; in contrast, purified B lymphocytes were not activated but were found to be good stimulators. Treatment of the MLR, at the time of addition of tritiated thymidine, by antihuman T lymphocyte antigen serum and complement completely suppressed the thymidine incorporation, indicating that the bulk of the proliferative response was supported by the T lymphocytes. Additional experiments with populations depleted of complement or Fc receptor-bearing lymphocytes did not suggest that these B lymphocyte subpopulations played any major role in the MLR."}
{"id": "PMID:142325", "title": "[Effect of various metabolic poisons on the nature of contraction of the straight muscle of the abdomen of frog].", "content": "A slow decline of responses was obtained after acetylcholine and KCl-stimulation of musculus rectus abdominis of the lake frog in the presence of antymicin A (0.27 mcg/ml). Dinitrophenol (up to 6.7.10(-4) M) as well as antymicin A inhibited the muscle contractility, with the effect being reversible. Muscle contraction ensued the application of dinitrophenol in concentration more than 6.7.10(-4)M. Decurarization ability of dinitrophenol was established. Mechanisms of disruption of the excitation--contraction coupling due to metabolic inhibitors are discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of various metabolic poisons on the nature of contraction of the straight muscle of the abdomen of frog]. A slow decline of responses was obtained after acetylcholine and KCl-stimulation of musculus rectus abdominis of the lake frog in the presence of antymicin A (0.27 mcg/ml). Dinitrophenol (up to 6.7.10(-4) M) as well as antymicin A inhibited the muscle contractility, with the effect being reversible. Muscle contraction ensued the application of dinitrophenol in concentration more than 6.7.10(-4)M. Decurarization ability of dinitrophenol was established. Mechanisms of disruption of the excitation--contraction coupling due to metabolic inhibitors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142326", "title": "[Effect of various organic substances on the activity of the membrane preparations of Na, K-ATPase].", "content": "The effect of guanidine, lisine, arginine, acetamide and urea on the activity of the preparations of Na, K-ATPase from guinea pig kidney was studied. It was established that the enzymatic activity of the preparations can be lowered by 50% by the following concentrations of the substances examined: guanidine--0.07 M, argine--0.12 M, lisine--0.30 M, acetamide--0.95 M, urea--1.05 M. There correlation among the inhibitory ability of these substances and their basis properties.", "contents": "[Effect of various organic substances on the activity of the membrane preparations of Na, K-ATPase]. The effect of guanidine, lisine, arginine, acetamide and urea on the activity of the preparations of Na, K-ATPase from guinea pig kidney was studied. It was established that the enzymatic activity of the preparations can be lowered by 50% by the following concentrations of the substances examined: guanidine--0.07 M, argine--0.12 M, lisine--0.30 M, acetamide--0.95 M, urea--1.05 M. There correlation among the inhibitory ability of these substances and their basis properties."}
{"id": "PMID:142328", "title": "[Electron-cytochemical study of the localization and properties of ATPases in the isolated nuclei of rabbit skeletal muscle under normal conditions and in experimental muscular dystrophy].", "content": "The properties and localization of ATPase system in nuclei of skeletal muscle of normal rabbit and of those with experimental muscle dystrophy were studied by electron cytochemistry. The product of cytochemical reaction of ATP hydrolysis, which is a marker of ATPase activity localization in nuclear ultrastructures, was detected on the nuclear membrane, in chromatin and in the nucleolus, ATPase activity in the nuclei was detected in the presence of both, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Addition to the incubation medium, originally containing Mg2+, Na+ and K+, resulted in an increased formation of the product reaction in all the nuclear ultrastructures in both in the norm and under experimental muscle dystrophy. However, specific inhibitor of Mg2+, Na+, K+-ATPase--ouabain--suggests the absence in the nuclei of skeletal muscles of rabbit of transport ATPase working in the \"Na-pump\" system. The results of experiments with a specific complex of Ca2+--EGTA allow to suppose that Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase of skeletal muscle nuclei of normal rabbits is localized in the nucleoplasm, whereas Mg2+-ATPase is found on the nuclear membrane. Using EGTA we failed to detected the localization of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase in nuclear ultrastructures upon experimental muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "[Electron-cytochemical study of the localization and properties of ATPases in the isolated nuclei of rabbit skeletal muscle under normal conditions and in experimental muscular dystrophy]. The properties and localization of ATPase system in nuclei of skeletal muscle of normal rabbit and of those with experimental muscle dystrophy were studied by electron cytochemistry. The product of cytochemical reaction of ATP hydrolysis, which is a marker of ATPase activity localization in nuclear ultrastructures, was detected on the nuclear membrane, in chromatin and in the nucleolus, ATPase activity in the nuclei was detected in the presence of both, Mg2+ and Ca2+. Addition to the incubation medium, originally containing Mg2+, Na+ and K+, resulted in an increased formation of the product reaction in all the nuclear ultrastructures in both in the norm and under experimental muscle dystrophy. However, specific inhibitor of Mg2+, Na+, K+-ATPase--ouabain--suggests the absence in the nuclei of skeletal muscles of rabbit of transport ATPase working in the \"Na-pump\" system. The results of experiments with a specific complex of Ca2+--EGTA allow to suppose that Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase of skeletal muscle nuclei of normal rabbits is localized in the nucleoplasm, whereas Mg2+-ATPase is found on the nuclear membrane. Using EGTA we failed to detected the localization of Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase in nuclear ultrastructures upon experimental muscular dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:142345", "title": "Electron microscopic observations of the kidney in the generalized Shwartzman reaction.", "content": "Sequential changes in the kidney during the generalized Shwartzman reaction were studied electron microscopically. The first anatomical change was infiltration of neutrophils into the glomerular capillaries. Endothelial damage was not noticeable until the capillaries were filled with fibrin deposits. Fibrin appeared in the mesangium at almost the same time as in the capillary lumina, traversing through the endothelial fenestrae. Endothelial damage was more common in the mesangial portion than in the peripheral portion of the capillaries. Severe mesangiolysis developed after loss of endothelial cells had been followed by massive penetration of intracapillary contents. Later, signs of repair were evident in some parts of the damaged endothelium. The development of cortical necrosis coincided with the appearance of mesangiolysis and arteriolar thrombotic lesions.", "contents": "Electron microscopic observations of the kidney in the generalized Shwartzman reaction. Sequential changes in the kidney during the generalized Shwartzman reaction were studied electron microscopically. The first anatomical change was infiltration of neutrophils into the glomerular capillaries. Endothelial damage was not noticeable until the capillaries were filled with fibrin deposits. Fibrin appeared in the mesangium at almost the same time as in the capillary lumina, traversing through the endothelial fenestrae. Endothelial damage was more common in the mesangial portion than in the peripheral portion of the capillaries. Severe mesangiolysis developed after loss of endothelial cells had been followed by massive penetration of intracapillary contents. Later, signs of repair were evident in some parts of the damaged endothelium. The development of cortical necrosis coincided with the appearance of mesangiolysis and arteriolar thrombotic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:142346", "title": "Congenital lobar emphysema.", "content": "Congenital lobar emphysema is reported occurring in a 10 day old, low birth weight infant. Following resection, gross examination of the affected lobe revealed collapsed but unobstructed bronchi, suggesting a cartilaginous defect. The specimen was insufflated with formalin and the bronchial tree dissected out. Histological study including comparison with a normal pulmonary lobe, confirms that abnormalities of cartilage may be important in the pathogenesis of congenital lobar emphysema.", "contents": "Congenital lobar emphysema. Congenital lobar emphysema is reported occurring in a 10 day old, low birth weight infant. Following resection, gross examination of the affected lobe revealed collapsed but unobstructed bronchi, suggesting a cartilaginous defect. The specimen was insufflated with formalin and the bronchial tree dissected out. Histological study including comparison with a normal pulmonary lobe, confirms that abnormalities of cartilage may be important in the pathogenesis of congenital lobar emphysema."}
{"id": "PMID:142347", "title": "Brain development in hydrocephalic-polydactyl, a recessive pleiotropic mutant in the mouse.", "content": "Animals homozygous for the recessive, pleiotropic, mutation hpy (hydrocephalic-polydactyl) progressively lag behind their wild-type litter-mates in increase in body weight and brain dry weight over the period from 1-40 days post-partum; many homozygotes die within the first 14 days after birth. Light microscope observations of serial sections of brains revealed a mild to severe dilation of the entire ventricular system and damaged ependyma. Ciliated ependymal cells appeared reduced in number and destruction of ependymal cells over wide areas of the ventricular surfaces was observed. Preliminary scanning electron microscope studies confirmed the light microscope observations and revealed large numbers of erythrocytes and phagocytes associated with the ependymal surface. Neither the histological studies nor experiments involving intracerebral injections of tracer dyes demonstrated obstruction or stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius. Individual neurons appeared to be present in normal numbers and to be developing normally and at the same rate as in wild-type animals.", "contents": "Brain development in hydrocephalic-polydactyl, a recessive pleiotropic mutant in the mouse. Animals homozygous for the recessive, pleiotropic, mutation hpy (hydrocephalic-polydactyl) progressively lag behind their wild-type litter-mates in increase in body weight and brain dry weight over the period from 1-40 days post-partum; many homozygotes die within the first 14 days after birth. Light microscope observations of serial sections of brains revealed a mild to severe dilation of the entire ventricular system and damaged ependyma. Ciliated ependymal cells appeared reduced in number and destruction of ependymal cells over wide areas of the ventricular surfaces was observed. Preliminary scanning electron microscope studies confirmed the light microscope observations and revealed large numbers of erythrocytes and phagocytes associated with the ependymal surface. Neither the histological studies nor experiments involving intracerebral injections of tracer dyes demonstrated obstruction or stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius. Individual neurons appeared to be present in normal numbers and to be developing normally and at the same rate as in wild-type animals."}
{"id": "PMID:142348", "title": "Hepatocyte giant mitochondria: an almost constant lesion in systemic scleroderma.", "content": "Liver electron microscopic studies were performed in 14 patients with systemic scleroderma. In 13 of these patients, giant mitochondria were demonstrated in the hepatocytes. This ultrastructal abnormality was present whatever the type and duration of the disease and was also present even when the liver was histologically normal. The mechanism of formation of giant mitochondria in systemic scleroderma is unknown.", "contents": "Hepatocyte giant mitochondria: an almost constant lesion in systemic scleroderma. Liver electron microscopic studies were performed in 14 patients with systemic scleroderma. In 13 of these patients, giant mitochondria were demonstrated in the hepatocytes. This ultrastructal abnormality was present whatever the type and duration of the disease and was also present even when the liver was histologically normal. The mechanism of formation of giant mitochondria in systemic scleroderma is unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:142349", "title": "Quantitative morphological analysis of glomerular changes of the rabbit kidney on treatment with insulin preparations of different purity.", "content": "Thirty rabbits were immunized with MC insulin and high-molecular impurities of commercial insulin preparations (a+b component) over 30, 60 and 90 days. The serum insulin antibody titer was determined in animals as the insulin binding capacity. Further, a quantitative morphological analysis of the various types of glomerular cells and of the mesangium was performed on the glomeruli as a blind study. Significant mesangial cell proliferation and an increase in mesangial matrix were found on treatment with the a+b component whereas the animals treated with MC insulin exhibited only a transient and slight mesangial activation after 30 days. There was a positive correlation between the magnitude of the insulin binding capacity and the mesangial activation. Hence, the glomerular changes which are observed after treatment with insulin which is not highly purified must be attributed to the high treatment with insulin which is not highly purified must be attributed to the high molecular weight contaminants. Heterologous pure insulin must be regarded as having virtually no immunological effect.", "contents": "Quantitative morphological analysis of glomerular changes of the rabbit kidney on treatment with insulin preparations of different purity. Thirty rabbits were immunized with MC insulin and high-molecular impurities of commercial insulin preparations (a+b component) over 30, 60 and 90 days. The serum insulin antibody titer was determined in animals as the insulin binding capacity. Further, a quantitative morphological analysis of the various types of glomerular cells and of the mesangium was performed on the glomeruli as a blind study. Significant mesangial cell proliferation and an increase in mesangial matrix were found on treatment with the a+b component whereas the animals treated with MC insulin exhibited only a transient and slight mesangial activation after 30 days. There was a positive correlation between the magnitude of the insulin binding capacity and the mesangial activation. Hence, the glomerular changes which are observed after treatment with insulin which is not highly purified must be attributed to the high treatment with insulin which is not highly purified must be attributed to the high molecular weight contaminants. Heterologous pure insulin must be regarded as having virtually no immunological effect."}
{"id": "PMID:142350", "title": "A histochemical study of bone marrow hypoplasia in anorexia nervosa.", "content": "The bone marrow in patients with anorexia nervosa is commonly hypoplastic with transformation of marrow fat. The normal fat cells which appear clear and open in the marrow are surrounded by an amorphous, gelatinous material, thought to represent an increase in the ordinary acid mucopolysaccharide ground substance of the bone marrow. Since this lesion has a similar appearance grossly and microscopically to the lesion of serous fat atrophy found in cachectic patients, we have compared the histochemical properties of this amorphous material in a bone marrow from a patient with anorexia nervosa and from cachectic patients with epicardial serous fat atrophy and with the background substance in hypoplastic marrows. Both this fat-associated deposition in the bone marrow and serous fat atrophy were found to be predominantly a hyaluronic acid mucopolysaccharide. In contrast, the background substance contained a less acid mucopolysaccharide. The increase in bone marrow acid mucopolysaccharide in anorexia nervosa may represent a serous fat atrophy change rather than an increase in ground substance.", "contents": "A histochemical study of bone marrow hypoplasia in anorexia nervosa. The bone marrow in patients with anorexia nervosa is commonly hypoplastic with transformation of marrow fat. The normal fat cells which appear clear and open in the marrow are surrounded by an amorphous, gelatinous material, thought to represent an increase in the ordinary acid mucopolysaccharide ground substance of the bone marrow. Since this lesion has a similar appearance grossly and microscopically to the lesion of serous fat atrophy found in cachectic patients, we have compared the histochemical properties of this amorphous material in a bone marrow from a patient with anorexia nervosa and from cachectic patients with epicardial serous fat atrophy and with the background substance in hypoplastic marrows. Both this fat-associated deposition in the bone marrow and serous fat atrophy were found to be predominantly a hyaluronic acid mucopolysaccharide. In contrast, the background substance contained a less acid mucopolysaccharide. The increase in bone marrow acid mucopolysaccharide in anorexia nervosa may represent a serous fat atrophy change rather than an increase in ground substance."}
{"id": "PMID:142352", "title": "Immunohistochemical and electronmicroscopic observations on the local immune response in ulcerative colitis.", "content": "Inflammatory cell infiltrates in ulcerative colitis have been investigated by means of the immunoperoxidase method and by electronmicroscopy. Considerable morphological and functional changes of the local plasma cell population have been found. The absolute number of plasma cells is raised with a marked increase of IgG-cells and a relative decrease of IgA-cells. In particular complement (C3) has been demonstrated at the basement membrane of the surface epithelium and between epithelial cells. The significance of these findings, as a local humoral immune response, is briefly considered, with regard to their possible pathogenetic importance in aggravating and perpetuating the disease.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical and electronmicroscopic observations on the local immune response in ulcerative colitis. Inflammatory cell infiltrates in ulcerative colitis have been investigated by means of the immunoperoxidase method and by electronmicroscopy. Considerable morphological and functional changes of the local plasma cell population have been found. The absolute number of plasma cells is raised with a marked increase of IgG-cells and a relative decrease of IgA-cells. In particular complement (C3) has been demonstrated at the basement membrane of the surface epithelium and between epithelial cells. The significance of these findings, as a local humoral immune response, is briefly considered, with regard to their possible pathogenetic importance in aggravating and perpetuating the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:142353", "title": "Immunhistochemical and electron microscope analysis of adenomas of the thyroid gland. I. A comparative investigation of hot and cold nodules.", "content": "Histologic, immunhistochemical and electron microscopic changes in 8 cases of scintigraphically proven autonomous thyroid adenomas are described and compared with non-functioning adenomas. Adenomas with a light microscopic appearance suggesting autonomy show follicles which are mainly small or normal sized and lined by columnar thyroid cells with a partly vacuolated and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunhistochemically a high content of thyroglobulin corresponds to the amount of rough endoplasmatic reticulum. Typical ultrastructural criteria are a well developed cytocavitary network, numerous mainly apically localized lysosomes, prominent Golgi fields with sprouting vesicles and autophagic vacuoles. The cell surface is, when compared to non-functioning adenomas, enlared apically by numerous long microvilli and basally by deep infoldings. On contrast to experimentally TSH-stimulated animal thyroids, colloid droplets and pseudopodia are rare. The morphological findings are compared with recent biochemical results and the diagnostic value of electron microscopy is discussed.", "contents": "Immunhistochemical and electron microscope analysis of adenomas of the thyroid gland. I. A comparative investigation of hot and cold nodules. Histologic, immunhistochemical and electron microscopic changes in 8 cases of scintigraphically proven autonomous thyroid adenomas are described and compared with non-functioning adenomas. Adenomas with a light microscopic appearance suggesting autonomy show follicles which are mainly small or normal sized and lined by columnar thyroid cells with a partly vacuolated and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunhistochemically a high content of thyroglobulin corresponds to the amount of rough endoplasmatic reticulum. Typical ultrastructural criteria are a well developed cytocavitary network, numerous mainly apically localized lysosomes, prominent Golgi fields with sprouting vesicles and autophagic vacuoles. The cell surface is, when compared to non-functioning adenomas, enlared apically by numerous long microvilli and basally by deep infoldings. On contrast to experimentally TSH-stimulated animal thyroids, colloid droplets and pseudopodia are rare. The morphological findings are compared with recent biochemical results and the diagnostic value of electron microscopy is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142354", "title": "Ultrastructure of Ewing's Tumour.", "content": "Tumour tissue surgically excised from 10 patients bearing Ewing's tumour of bones was examined electron microscopically and histoenzymologically. In all cases the tumour was composed of polygonal cells with cytoplasm poor in organelles but with conspicuous aggregates of glycogen particles. There were numerous intercellular connections of desmosomal type and a distinct cell membrane bound positivity for alkaline phosphatase activity. In two cases in which there was a negative reaction for alkaline phosphatase, the lack of enzyme activity might have been related to cytotoxic treatment carried out for several months immediately before excision of the tissue used for histoenzymological studies. The problem of histogenesis of Ewing's tumour remains unresolved although some of the present findings support a haemangiogenic origin of the tumour.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of Ewing's Tumour. Tumour tissue surgically excised from 10 patients bearing Ewing's tumour of bones was examined electron microscopically and histoenzymologically. In all cases the tumour was composed of polygonal cells with cytoplasm poor in organelles but with conspicuous aggregates of glycogen particles. There were numerous intercellular connections of desmosomal type and a distinct cell membrane bound positivity for alkaline phosphatase activity. In two cases in which there was a negative reaction for alkaline phosphatase, the lack of enzyme activity might have been related to cytotoxic treatment carried out for several months immediately before excision of the tissue used for histoenzymological studies. The problem of histogenesis of Ewing's tumour remains unresolved although some of the present findings support a haemangiogenic origin of the tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:142355", "title": "[Factors in the progression and propagation of arteriosclerosis. Results of an interdisciplinary study (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting from generalized theories of the arteriosclerosis, a comprehensive model of factor analysis is presented which considers the clinical risk spectrum of coronary heart disease as presently known. Arteriosclerosis and morphological findings are also included in the analysis. A differentiation is made between \"progressive remification\" and \"multiple variable\" patterns, which combine the clinical risks in a specific structure. Fractions of unknown influencing factors could be estimated quantitatively and qualitatively in such a manner that suggestions concerning the huge dependency of time and the progressive increase with age could be determined.", "contents": "[Factors in the progression and propagation of arteriosclerosis. Results of an interdisciplinary study (author's transl)]. Starting from generalized theories of the arteriosclerosis, a comprehensive model of factor analysis is presented which considers the clinical risk spectrum of coronary heart disease as presently known. Arteriosclerosis and morphological findings are also included in the analysis. A differentiation is made between \"progressive remification\" and \"multiple variable\" patterns, which combine the clinical risks in a specific structure. Fractions of unknown influencing factors could be estimated quantitatively and qualitatively in such a manner that suggestions concerning the huge dependency of time and the progressive increase with age could be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:142356", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the red pulp of the spleen and the liver in unstable hemoglobin hemolytic anemia.", "content": "Electron microscopic observations on the process of red cell destruction in the spleen and liver of a patient with congenital Heinz body hemolytic anemia, associated with a new variant of unstable hemoglobin, are reported. Two major mechanisms of destruction of Heinz body-containing red cells were noted. One was phagocytosis of these cells in toto by cordal macrophages. The other mechanism though less significant quantitatively, was intravascular hemolysis of injured red cells in the splenic microvasculature. In the liver, phagocytosis of damaged red cells by Kupffer cells was rate and there was no evidence of intravascular hemolysis in this organ. These morphological findings, together with almost complete recovery from hemolysis following splenectomy, indicated that Heinz body-containing red cells were removed from the circulation predominantly by the spleen. In contrast to experimental Heinz body anemia in animals, Heinz bodies were present even in the nucleated cells.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the red pulp of the spleen and the liver in unstable hemoglobin hemolytic anemia. Electron microscopic observations on the process of red cell destruction in the spleen and liver of a patient with congenital Heinz body hemolytic anemia, associated with a new variant of unstable hemoglobin, are reported. Two major mechanisms of destruction of Heinz body-containing red cells were noted. One was phagocytosis of these cells in toto by cordal macrophages. The other mechanism though less significant quantitatively, was intravascular hemolysis of injured red cells in the splenic microvasculature. In the liver, phagocytosis of damaged red cells by Kupffer cells was rate and there was no evidence of intravascular hemolysis in this organ. These morphological findings, together with almost complete recovery from hemolysis following splenectomy, indicated that Heinz body-containing red cells were removed from the circulation predominantly by the spleen. In contrast to experimental Heinz body anemia in animals, Heinz bodies were present even in the nucleated cells."}
{"id": "PMID:142357", "title": "Growth kinetics in newborn mouse epidermis: response to epidermal chalone.", "content": "Epidermal DNA synthesis, the epidermal mitotic rate, and the responsiveness to the epidermal G1 and G2 inhibitors were examined in newborn mice at different times after birth. The rate of epidermal cell renewal was in general low during the first two weeks of life. Later the two growth parameters increased and reached very high values at 32-33 days after birth. The rate of epidermal cell proliferation then decreased to a level comparable with that found in adult hairless mouse epidermis at 40-45 days. A single i.p. injection of skin extract containing the two epidermal growth inhibitors induced varying types of responses. The epidermal G2 inhibitor stimulated the mitotic rate on day 2 and day 10, but inhibited it on all other days. The epidermal G1 inhibitor brought about an increase in epidermal DNA synthesis on day 6 and possibly on the following days. No response at all seen at 2, 4, 17, and 32 days after birth. At the other examined times the inhibition was similar to that found in adult mice. These findings differed from those made in vitro on separated newborn mouse epidermal cells (our own unpublished data), and we suggest that the variability of newborn mouse epidermis could be an expression of the immaturity of the skin as a whole, and that dermis in some way modifies the response of epidermis to exogenous epidermal chalone. Our study did not support the theory that the nonresponsiveness of newborn mouse epidermal at certain times could be due to the presence of nonresponsive stem cells in epidermis.", "contents": "Growth kinetics in newborn mouse epidermis: response to epidermal chalone. Epidermal DNA synthesis, the epidermal mitotic rate, and the responsiveness to the epidermal G1 and G2 inhibitors were examined in newborn mice at different times after birth. The rate of epidermal cell renewal was in general low during the first two weeks of life. Later the two growth parameters increased and reached very high values at 32-33 days after birth. The rate of epidermal cell proliferation then decreased to a level comparable with that found in adult hairless mouse epidermis at 40-45 days. A single i.p. injection of skin extract containing the two epidermal growth inhibitors induced varying types of responses. The epidermal G2 inhibitor stimulated the mitotic rate on day 2 and day 10, but inhibited it on all other days. The epidermal G1 inhibitor brought about an increase in epidermal DNA synthesis on day 6 and possibly on the following days. No response at all seen at 2, 4, 17, and 32 days after birth. At the other examined times the inhibition was similar to that found in adult mice. These findings differed from those made in vitro on separated newborn mouse epidermal cells (our own unpublished data), and we suggest that the variability of newborn mouse epidermis could be an expression of the immaturity of the skin as a whole, and that dermis in some way modifies the response of epidermis to exogenous epidermal chalone. Our study did not support the theory that the nonresponsiveness of newborn mouse epidermal at certain times could be due to the presence of nonresponsive stem cells in epidermis."}
{"id": "PMID:142366", "title": "[Isolation and properties of myosin from human skeletal muscles].", "content": "A method is described for isolation of purified myosin from human sceletal muscles. One isoenzyme of myosin, salting out at 35-45% saturation of ammonium sulfate, was found in aqueous extracts of human muscles. Preparations of myosin, obtained by the method described, possessed the following properties: the ratio of extinctions at 280 and 260 nm 1.5-1.6; the Ca2+-activated ATPase activity--0.15-0.26 mM of phosphorus/mg of protein/min. Molecule of human myosin consisted of two heavy and two light chains (by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis).", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of myosin from human skeletal muscles]. A method is described for isolation of purified myosin from human sceletal muscles. One isoenzyme of myosin, salting out at 35-45% saturation of ammonium sulfate, was found in aqueous extracts of human muscles. Preparations of myosin, obtained by the method described, possessed the following properties: the ratio of extinctions at 280 and 260 nm 1.5-1.6; the Ca2+-activated ATPase activity--0.15-0.26 mM of phosphorus/mg of protein/min. Molecule of human myosin consisted of two heavy and two light chains (by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)."}
{"id": "PMID:142367", "title": "[Effect of experiment hypoxia on the ATPase activity of brain, liver and myocardial nuclei and mitochondria].", "content": "Effect of circulatory, hypoxic and cytotoxic hypoxia on the ATPase activity was studied in mitochondrial fractions of brain, heart and liver tissues and in nuclear fractions of brain and liver tissues. All types of oxygen deficiency caused alterations in the activity of enyzmes studied. The observed alterations in the ATPase activity possessed the distinct phase type.", "contents": "[Effect of experiment hypoxia on the ATPase activity of brain, liver and myocardial nuclei and mitochondria]. Effect of circulatory, hypoxic and cytotoxic hypoxia on the ATPase activity was studied in mitochondrial fractions of brain, heart and liver tissues and in nuclear fractions of brain and liver tissues. All types of oxygen deficiency caused alterations in the activity of enyzmes studied. The observed alterations in the ATPase activity possessed the distinct phase type."}
{"id": "PMID:142368", "title": "[Interaction of platinum and palladium complexes with thiol groups of Ca2+-dependent ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum].", "content": "In native preparations of sarcoplasmic reticulum 10-12 thiol groups (in g-eqv per 10(5) g of protein) were estimated by the Benesh method (titration with AgNO3) and 2 thiol groups--by Ellman (titration with dithionitrobenzoic acid). After denaturation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations with 8 M urea 10-12 thiol groups were also determined by the Ellman method. When the preparations were treated with platinum tetrachloride or with palladium diaminodichloride, only 3 thiol groups were estimated by the Benesh and no one - by the Ellman method. Platinum and palladium complexes inhibited also the Ca2+-dependent activity blocking the transport of Ca2+ in sarcoplasmic reticulum. The inhibition was partially removed by glutathione.", "contents": "[Interaction of platinum and palladium complexes with thiol groups of Ca2+-dependent ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum]. In native preparations of sarcoplasmic reticulum 10-12 thiol groups (in g-eqv per 10(5) g of protein) were estimated by the Benesh method (titration with AgNO3) and 2 thiol groups--by Ellman (titration with dithionitrobenzoic acid). After denaturation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations with 8 M urea 10-12 thiol groups were also determined by the Ellman method. When the preparations were treated with platinum tetrachloride or with palladium diaminodichloride, only 3 thiol groups were estimated by the Benesh and no one - by the Ellman method. Platinum and palladium complexes inhibited also the Ca2+-dependent activity blocking the transport of Ca2+ in sarcoplasmic reticulum. The inhibition was partially removed by glutathione."}
{"id": "PMID:142369", "title": "[Increase in the rate of anaerobic glycolysis as an index of hypoxia in hemorrhagic shock].", "content": "A rate of anaerobic glycolysis and the activity of several enzymes involved were studied in brain, heart, liver and small intestine of rabbits in hemorrhagic shock. In hemorrhagic shock at 45 mm of m. c. the rate of glycolysis was increased in liver tissue and intestine, at 35 mm of m.c.--in liver tissue, intestine and brain, at 26 mm of m.c.--in all the tissues studied. The enzymatic activity did not alter markedly. The possible mechanism of the increased rate of anaerobic glycolysis is discussed.", "contents": "[Increase in the rate of anaerobic glycolysis as an index of hypoxia in hemorrhagic shock]. A rate of anaerobic glycolysis and the activity of several enzymes involved were studied in brain, heart, liver and small intestine of rabbits in hemorrhagic shock. In hemorrhagic shock at 45 mm of m. c. the rate of glycolysis was increased in liver tissue and intestine, at 35 mm of m.c.--in liver tissue, intestine and brain, at 26 mm of m.c.--in all the tissues studied. The enzymatic activity did not alter markedly. The possible mechanism of the increased rate of anaerobic glycolysis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142370", "title": "[Effects of hydroxythiamine and citrate on several reactions of the pentose phosphate cycle and glycolysis].", "content": "Hydroxythiamin was shown to inhibite distinctly phosphofructokinase and phosphohexoisomerase besides a direct antivitaminous effect on transketolase. In this case the regulatory action is likely to be carried out by erythrose-4-phosphate, accumulating in liver tissue. Citrate (administered separately and together with hydroxythiamin) is assumed to influence indirectly the transketolase activity affecting the total regulation of carbohydrate metabolism.", "contents": "[Effects of hydroxythiamine and citrate on several reactions of the pentose phosphate cycle and glycolysis]. Hydroxythiamin was shown to inhibite distinctly phosphofructokinase and phosphohexoisomerase besides a direct antivitaminous effect on transketolase. In this case the regulatory action is likely to be carried out by erythrose-4-phosphate, accumulating in liver tissue. Citrate (administered separately and together with hydroxythiamin) is assumed to influence indirectly the transketolase activity affecting the total regulation of carbohydrate metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:142375", "title": "[Change in the sensitivity of staphylococci to phages and the possible methodological procedures in their phage typing].", "content": "In a number of pathogenic staphylococci present in a food product that has been subjected to a mild heat treatment changes in the phage pattern were studied. The heat was found to produce in a number of staphylococcal strains a change in the sensitivity to phages, as a result of which phage patterns may assume different forms without losing their pathogenic and enterotoxic properties. This may lead to an erroneous interpretation of the results subsequent to an epidemiological study of staphylococcal intoxications.", "contents": "[Change in the sensitivity of staphylococci to phages and the possible methodological procedures in their phage typing]. In a number of pathogenic staphylococci present in a food product that has been subjected to a mild heat treatment changes in the phage pattern were studied. The heat was found to produce in a number of staphylococcal strains a change in the sensitivity to phages, as a result of which phage patterns may assume different forms without losing their pathogenic and enterotoxic properties. This may lead to an erroneous interpretation of the results subsequent to an epidemiological study of staphylococcal intoxications."}
{"id": "PMID:142379", "title": "Prenatal diagnosis: a directive approach to genetic counseling using decision analysis.", "content": "The decision which prospective parents face concerning mid-trimester amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis was examined by decision analysis. The prospective parents' decision depends on the likelihood of the birth of a child affected by a genetic disorder, the risk of amniocentesis, and the probability that the diagnoses provided by the amniocentesis will be correct. The couple's decision must also depend on their attitudes toward each possible outcome. The likelihoods of the outcomes can be obtained from appropriate medical consultation, while the relative costs or burdens of the outcomes should be obtained from the prospective parents. A truly informed decision for this couple can then be formulated from these probabilities and values, thus allowing genetic counseling to be more directive. The technique is illustrated for the prenatal diagnosis of Down's syndrome, meningomyelocele, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "Prenatal diagnosis: a directive approach to genetic counseling using decision analysis. The decision which prospective parents face concerning mid-trimester amniocentesis for prenatal diagnosis was examined by decision analysis. The prospective parents' decision depends on the likelihood of the birth of a child affected by a genetic disorder, the risk of amniocentesis, and the probability that the diagnoses provided by the amniocentesis will be correct. The couple's decision must also depend on their attitudes toward each possible outcome. The likelihoods of the outcomes can be obtained from appropriate medical consultation, while the relative costs or burdens of the outcomes should be obtained from the prospective parents. A truly informed decision for this couple can then be formulated from these probabilities and values, thus allowing genetic counseling to be more directive. The technique is illustrated for the prenatal diagnosis of Down's syndrome, meningomyelocele, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:142404", "title": "[Acute and chronic appendicitis; gynaecologic laparoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors performed 2000 laparoscopies in females with chronic and acute pelvic pain. In 399 cases an appendectomy had been done before. Among 478 patients with acute pelvic pain an acute appendicitis was found in 26 women by laparoscopy.", "contents": "[Acute and chronic appendicitis; gynaecologic laparoscopy (author's transl)]. The authors performed 2000 laparoscopies in females with chronic and acute pelvic pain. In 399 cases an appendectomy had been done before. Among 478 patients with acute pelvic pain an acute appendicitis was found in 26 women by laparoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:142412", "title": "Regeneration of masseter muscle following lidocaine-induced degeneration. A histochemical study.", "content": "The histoenzymatic characteristics of regenerating myofibers of rat masseter muscle following injection of 1% lidocaine, as well as morphometric and histochemical characteristics of the typical myofibers, were investigated. Myoblasts appeared initially by day 1 among numerous macrophages within the confines of degenerating myofibers. Myotubes predominated by the 3rd day. Complete regeneration of the muscle occurred by at least 45 days. Phosphorylase activity was absent at day 1 and reappeared by the 5th day when the regenerating myofibers showed slight activity. By the 15th day the myofiber types had partly differentiated; red myofibers were smaller and stained less intensely than the white myofibers. Myotubes stained uniformly for succinic dehydrogenase activity from 3 until 5 days. After 5 days this staining increased gradually. Myofiber types began differentiation by 15 days and were fully differentiated by 45 days. ATPase activity was barely evident by 1-3 days. This activity appeared uniformly low up to 5 days and increased to an intensity comparable with that of the typical myofiber by 15 days. Slight leucine aminopeptidase activity occurred in macrophages 1 day following injection. By 3 days this activity appeared in the remaining myoblasts and in the myotubes. Some activity was found in the fibroblasts. This staining intensity at 5 days was equal to that of earlier lesions. A trace of this activity was found at 7 days, and none at 15 days. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was present in the macrophages by day 1. It increased by 3 days and occurred mainly in myoblasts and myotubes. This activity decreased by 5 days, and none was found by 7 days.", "contents": "Regeneration of masseter muscle following lidocaine-induced degeneration. A histochemical study. The histoenzymatic characteristics of regenerating myofibers of rat masseter muscle following injection of 1% lidocaine, as well as morphometric and histochemical characteristics of the typical myofibers, were investigated. Myoblasts appeared initially by day 1 among numerous macrophages within the confines of degenerating myofibers. Myotubes predominated by the 3rd day. Complete regeneration of the muscle occurred by at least 45 days. Phosphorylase activity was absent at day 1 and reappeared by the 5th day when the regenerating myofibers showed slight activity. By the 15th day the myofiber types had partly differentiated; red myofibers were smaller and stained less intensely than the white myofibers. Myotubes stained uniformly for succinic dehydrogenase activity from 3 until 5 days. After 5 days this staining increased gradually. Myofiber types began differentiation by 15 days and were fully differentiated by 45 days. ATPase activity was barely evident by 1-3 days. This activity appeared uniformly low up to 5 days and increased to an intensity comparable with that of the typical myofiber by 15 days. Slight leucine aminopeptidase activity occurred in macrophages 1 day following injection. By 3 days this activity appeared in the remaining myoblasts and in the myotubes. Some activity was found in the fibroblasts. This staining intensity at 5 days was equal to that of earlier lesions. A trace of this activity was found at 7 days, and none at 15 days. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was present in the macrophages by day 1. It increased by 3 days and occurred mainly in myoblasts and myotubes. This activity decreased by 5 days, and none was found by 7 days."}
{"id": "PMID:142413", "title": "Histochemical studies on the submandibular ganglia of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penecillata).", "content": "The histochemistry of the neural cells was studied in the submandibular ganglia of 5 Callithrix jacchus (3 males and 2 females) and 4 Callithrix penicillata (2 males and 2 females). These cells contain neutral mucopolysaccharides, nucleoproteins and lipidic materia, but are apparently devoid of glycogen. It is impossible to demonstrate in them any reactivity for UDPG-GT, phosphorylases, ATPase at pH 6.3, leucine aminopeptidase and alanyl aminopeptidas. The reaction for the other searched enzymes was as follows: weak (F-1,6-P Ald and cytochrome oxidase), weak to moderate (ADH, 6-P-GDH, ICDH, SDH, MDH, alpha-GPDH and beta-OHBDH), moderate (G-6-PDH, F-1,6-PA, LDH and GDH), moderate to strong (ATPase at pH 7.4, nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase) and strong (G-6-PA, NADH2,-TR, NADPH2-TR, ATPase at pH 8.5 and 9.4 and alkaline phosphatase).", "contents": "Histochemical studies on the submandibular ganglia of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus and Callithrix penecillata). The histochemistry of the neural cells was studied in the submandibular ganglia of 5 Callithrix jacchus (3 males and 2 females) and 4 Callithrix penicillata (2 males and 2 females). These cells contain neutral mucopolysaccharides, nucleoproteins and lipidic materia, but are apparently devoid of glycogen. It is impossible to demonstrate in them any reactivity for UDPG-GT, phosphorylases, ATPase at pH 6.3, leucine aminopeptidase and alanyl aminopeptidas. The reaction for the other searched enzymes was as follows: weak (F-1,6-P Ald and cytochrome oxidase), weak to moderate (ADH, 6-P-GDH, ICDH, SDH, MDH, alpha-GPDH and beta-OHBDH), moderate (G-6-PDH, F-1,6-PA, LDH and GDH), moderate to strong (ATPase at pH 7.4, nonspecific esterase and acid phosphatase) and strong (G-6-PA, NADH2,-TR, NADPH2-TR, ATPase at pH 8.5 and 9.4 and alkaline phosphatase)."}
{"id": "PMID:142414", "title": "Cardiac jelly arrangement during the formation of the tubular heart of the chick embryo.", "content": "The hearts of chick embryos from stages 9 to 11 according to Hamburger and Hamilton are studied by means of the electron microscopy, and the arrangement of the cardiac jelly (CJ) during the different steps of the fusion of the paired heart anlage is described. It is shown that two different areas can be distinguished in CJ: the CJ located between the endocardium and the myocardium (MECJ) and the CJ located between the endocardium and the ventral foregut endoderm (EECJ). MECJ is a zone poor on ultrastructural components most of which are unbanded filamentous material and low-density amorphous material, and its arrangement remains constant during the whole fusion process; EECJ, on the contrary, is very rich in ultrastructural components containing greater amounts of high-density amorphous material, collagen fibrils and cellular, detritus, and the arragement of this area of the CJ undergoes changes during the different  fusion steps. Alcian blue staining does not show difference between both areas of CJ. It is suggested that the CJ can play a role during the fusion of the heart. In addition, some observations are reported which suggest that all the epithelial tissues surrounding the CJ can take part in the elaboration of that extracellular material.", "contents": "Cardiac jelly arrangement during the formation of the tubular heart of the chick embryo. The hearts of chick embryos from stages 9 to 11 according to Hamburger and Hamilton are studied by means of the electron microscopy, and the arrangement of the cardiac jelly (CJ) during the different steps of the fusion of the paired heart anlage is described. It is shown that two different areas can be distinguished in CJ: the CJ located between the endocardium and the myocardium (MECJ) and the CJ located between the endocardium and the ventral foregut endoderm (EECJ). MECJ is a zone poor on ultrastructural components most of which are unbanded filamentous material and low-density amorphous material, and its arrangement remains constant during the whole fusion process; EECJ, on the contrary, is very rich in ultrastructural components containing greater amounts of high-density amorphous material, collagen fibrils and cellular, detritus, and the arragement of this area of the CJ undergoes changes during the different  fusion steps. Alcian blue staining does not show difference between both areas of CJ. It is suggested that the CJ can play a role during the fusion of the heart. In addition, some observations are reported which suggest that all the epithelial tissues surrounding the CJ can take part in the elaboration of that extracellular material."}
{"id": "PMID:142415", "title": "Muscle spindle activity in man during standing.", "content": "In standing human subjects, muscle spindle activity was recorded from peroneal nerve fascicles innervating anterior compartment muscles. Provided that the receptor-bearing muscle remained relaxed, the basal activity and responses to stretch seen in multi-unit and single unit afferent recordings were stable and not altered by eye-closures of assistance to balance. The discharge frequencies of single afferent fibres were similar to those recorded at comparable muscle lengths in relaxed reclining subjects. By analogy to findings in reclining  subjects, these results suggest that, during standing, the background fusimotor drive to relaxed muscles is neglibible. Backward body sway can induce a sway-stabilizing reflex contraction in the muscles of the anterior compartment. Such reflex contractions were accompanied by increased muscle spindle activity, the intensity of which appeared to be related to the intensity of the skeletomotor contraction. When balance was assisted by holding a support, swaying movements of similar or greater amplitude and velocity did not produce reflex activity, and the spindle response was of low frequency. It is concluded that the sway-stabilizing reflex contraction operates in alpha-gamma linkage, and that these contractions are not generated by segmental stretch reflex pathways.", "contents": "Muscle spindle activity in man during standing. In standing human subjects, muscle spindle activity was recorded from peroneal nerve fascicles innervating anterior compartment muscles. Provided that the receptor-bearing muscle remained relaxed, the basal activity and responses to stretch seen in multi-unit and single unit afferent recordings were stable and not altered by eye-closures of assistance to balance. The discharge frequencies of single afferent fibres were similar to those recorded at comparable muscle lengths in relaxed reclining subjects. By analogy to findings in reclining  subjects, these results suggest that, during standing, the background fusimotor drive to relaxed muscles is neglibible. Backward body sway can induce a sway-stabilizing reflex contraction in the muscles of the anterior compartment. Such reflex contractions were accompanied by increased muscle spindle activity, the intensity of which appeared to be related to the intensity of the skeletomotor contraction. When balance was assisted by holding a support, swaying movements of similar or greater amplitude and velocity did not produce reflex activity, and the spindle response was of low frequency. It is concluded that the sway-stabilizing reflex contraction operates in alpha-gamma linkage, and that these contractions are not generated by segmental stretch reflex pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:142421", "title": "Understanding the floppy baby.", "content": "Muscle tone develops in a orderly sequence through gestation and continues to change after birth. Hypotonia is frequently found in infants, and pathological degrees must be differentiated from normal variations. This distinction is possible if the clinician understands how muscle tone is regulated and modifies his examination to include some special clinical signs. A variety of pathological conditions can influence muscle tone, and hypotonia can be an early and valuable clue to recognizing neuromuscular, CNS, metabolic, and other disease states in this age group.", "contents": "Understanding the floppy baby. Muscle tone develops in a orderly sequence through gestation and continues to change after birth. Hypotonia is frequently found in infants, and pathological degrees must be differentiated from normal variations. This distinction is possible if the clinician understands how muscle tone is regulated and modifies his examination to include some special clinical signs. A variety of pathological conditions can influence muscle tone, and hypotonia can be an early and valuable clue to recognizing neuromuscular, CNS, metabolic, and other disease states in this age group."}
{"id": "PMID:142426", "title": "Biochemically assisted antibiotic treatment of lethal murine Staphylococcus aureus septic shock.", "content": "Evidence has been sought for life-prolonging effects of a variety of chemicals given subcutaneously 1 hr after intraperitoneal challenge of mice with 10(9) Staphylococcus aureus cells. The chemicals were chosen to replace chemicals found to be missing in the blood or carcass at death or to treat biochemical or visible abnormalities in sick mice near death from infection. Nafcillin given subcutaneously in adequate amounts cure S. aureus infection. In these experiments nafcillin treatment was delayed until 40% of the time from challenge to death in the controls. Chemicals were given in addition to nafcillin subcutaneously 20% of the time from challenge to death. Cortisol, Dilantic, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, glucose, nicotinamide, olive oil, phentolamine-propanalol, sodium bicarbonate, sodium lactate, and reserpine each prolonged life compared to saline treatment. When nafcillin was added, only cortisol, Dilantin, nicotinamide and reserpine were found to prolong life significantly compared to nafcillin-saline treatment Fatality rates were significantly reduced with cortisol and Dilantin when they were given in association with nafcillin compared to nafcillin-saline treatment.", "contents": "Biochemically assisted antibiotic treatment of lethal murine Staphylococcus aureus septic shock. Evidence has been sought for life-prolonging effects of a variety of chemicals given subcutaneously 1 hr after intraperitoneal challenge of mice with 10(9) Staphylococcus aureus cells. The chemicals were chosen to replace chemicals found to be missing in the blood or carcass at death or to treat biochemical or visible abnormalities in sick mice near death from infection. Nafcillin given subcutaneously in adequate amounts cure S. aureus infection. In these experiments nafcillin treatment was delayed until 40% of the time from challenge to death in the controls. Chemicals were given in addition to nafcillin subcutaneously 20% of the time from challenge to death. Cortisol, Dilantic, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, glucose, nicotinamide, olive oil, phentolamine-propanalol, sodium bicarbonate, sodium lactate, and reserpine each prolonged life compared to saline treatment. When nafcillin was added, only cortisol, Dilantin, nicotinamide and reserpine were found to prolong life significantly compared to nafcillin-saline treatment Fatality rates were significantly reduced with cortisol and Dilantin when they were given in association with nafcillin compared to nafcillin-saline treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:142427", "title": "Dichotic verbal processing in Down's syndrome children having qualitatively different speech and language skills.", "content": "A dichotic word task was used to contrast the speech-perceptual functioning of two groups of Down's syndrome children having qualitatively different speech and language skills to that of nonretarded subjects. Although the 20 nonretarded subjects showed an average 23% right-ear effect on the task, the average ear effect for 29 Down's syndrome subjects was essentially zero. The pattern of phonemic processing of 15 Down's syndrome subjects having better speech and language resembled that of the nonretarded subjects; however, the pattern of 14 Down's syndrome subjects having poorer speech and language was atypical. Place of articulation and voicing of phonemes appeared frequently to have different affects in the latter group in the determination of which dichotic words were reported. Although the group having better speech and language had slightly higher MAs and IQs than the poorer group, MAs and IQs were not related to ear-preference scores.", "contents": "Dichotic verbal processing in Down's syndrome children having qualitatively different speech and language skills. A dichotic word task was used to contrast the speech-perceptual functioning of two groups of Down's syndrome children having qualitatively different speech and language skills to that of nonretarded subjects. Although the 20 nonretarded subjects showed an average 23% right-ear effect on the task, the average ear effect for 29 Down's syndrome subjects was essentially zero. The pattern of phonemic processing of 15 Down's syndrome subjects having better speech and language resembled that of the nonretarded subjects; however, the pattern of 14 Down's syndrome subjects having poorer speech and language was atypical. Place of articulation and voicing of phonemes appeared frequently to have different affects in the latter group in the determination of which dichotic words were reported. Although the group having better speech and language had slightly higher MAs and IQs than the poorer group, MAs and IQs were not related to ear-preference scores."}
{"id": "PMID:142428", "title": "Stereotypic attitudes and behavioral intentions toward handicapped children.", "content": "Fifty-six junion-high-school pupils were questioned about their attitudes toward mentally retarded and crippled children. Same- and opposite-sex ratings of stereotypes and behavioral intentions were obtained. Results indicated a significant main effect for handicap condition, with stereotypic attitudes toward the crippled child being more favorable than attitudes toward the mentally retarded child. No differences in attitudes toward the two handicapping conditions emerged on the measure of behavioral intentions. Sex of the subject and sex of the handicapped child being rated did not significantly affect attitude scores in this study. The data were discussed in relation to the many methodological difficulties encountered in attitude research toward handicapped populations.", "contents": "Stereotypic attitudes and behavioral intentions toward handicapped children. Fifty-six junion-high-school pupils were questioned about their attitudes toward mentally retarded and crippled children. Same- and opposite-sex ratings of stereotypes and behavioral intentions were obtained. Results indicated a significant main effect for handicap condition, with stereotypic attitudes toward the crippled child being more favorable than attitudes toward the mentally retarded child. No differences in attitudes toward the two handicapping conditions emerged on the measure of behavioral intentions. Sex of the subject and sex of the handicapped child being rated did not significantly affect attitude scores in this study. The data were discussed in relation to the many methodological difficulties encountered in attitude research toward handicapped populations."}
{"id": "PMID:142429", "title": "Regulatory dysfunction in leukotaxis.", "content": "The chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) in human serum appears to have important regulatory function in the inflammatory response. In humans with elevated serum levels of CFI, defective mobilization of leukocytes in vivo has been noted, both in skin windows and in skin testing with various antigens. In experimental immune complex-induced acute inflammatory reactions in rat skin and lung, purified human CFI at very low doses has potent antiinflammatory effects and is able to suppress permeability changes, neutrophil infiltration, and hemorrhage, all of which are dependent initially on the role of leukotactic mediators.", "contents": "Regulatory dysfunction in leukotaxis. The chemotactic factor inactivator (CFI) in human serum appears to have important regulatory function in the inflammatory response. In humans with elevated serum levels of CFI, defective mobilization of leukocytes in vivo has been noted, both in skin windows and in skin testing with various antigens. In experimental immune complex-induced acute inflammatory reactions in rat skin and lung, purified human CFI at very low doses has potent antiinflammatory effects and is able to suppress permeability changes, neutrophil infiltration, and hemorrhage, all of which are dependent initially on the role of leukotactic mediators."}
{"id": "PMID:142432", "title": "Pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis in relation to circulating immune complexes: a quantification of immune complexes by two radioimmunoassays.", "content": "Serum specimens from 53 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis were examined for the presence of immune complexes by 2 methods, the Raji cell and the monoclonal rheumatoid factor radioimmunoassays. We found increased concentrations of immune complexes in the sera of 27 patients by one or both techniques. A significant association was found between increased concentrations of immune complexes and stage III sarcoidosis. Seventeen of 23 patients with stage III sarcoidosis and 10 of 50 with stage I or II disease had increased concentrations of immune complexes. Eight of the 10 patients with stage I or II sarcoidosis and increased concentrations of immune complexes had extrapulmonary sarcoid features, such as erythema nodosum, synovitis, or salivary gland enlargements. The size of the immune complex was 15S in one of the patients examined. Concentrations of C4 were normal. The data suggest a possible role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary features of sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis in relation to circulating immune complexes: a quantification of immune complexes by two radioimmunoassays. Serum specimens from 53 patients with pulmonary sarcoidosis were examined for the presence of immune complexes by 2 methods, the Raji cell and the monoclonal rheumatoid factor radioimmunoassays. We found increased concentrations of immune complexes in the sera of 27 patients by one or both techniques. A significant association was found between increased concentrations of immune complexes and stage III sarcoidosis. Seventeen of 23 patients with stage III sarcoidosis and 10 of 50 with stage I or II disease had increased concentrations of immune complexes. Eight of the 10 patients with stage I or II sarcoidosis and increased concentrations of immune complexes had extrapulmonary sarcoid features, such as erythema nodosum, synovitis, or salivary gland enlargements. The size of the immune complex was 15S in one of the patients examined. Concentrations of C4 were normal. The data suggest a possible role of immune complexes in the pathogenesis of pulmonary and extrapulmonary features of sarcoidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:142436", "title": "[Toxic staphylococcal cutaneous necrolysis (scalded skin syndrome) (author's transl)].", "content": "The exfoliating exotoxin of serotype II staphylococci is responsable of three diseases with prevailing dermatologic symptoms: staphylococcal scarlet fever, staphylococcal Lyell syndrom and Ritter-Lyell disease. Melish demonstrated the effect of staphylococcal exotoxin on new-born mice less than five days old. This experimental model allowed to study the characteristics of the toxin. Precocious antistaphylococcal antibiotherapy is necessary.", "contents": "[Toxic staphylococcal cutaneous necrolysis (scalded skin syndrome) (author's transl)]. The exfoliating exotoxin of serotype II staphylococci is responsable of three diseases with prevailing dermatologic symptoms: staphylococcal scarlet fever, staphylococcal Lyell syndrom and Ritter-Lyell disease. Melish demonstrated the effect of staphylococcal exotoxin on new-born mice less than five days old. This experimental model allowed to study the characteristics of the toxin. Precocious antistaphylococcal antibiotherapy is necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:142430", "title": "Preliminary observations on steroid metabolism in isolated epithelum of guinea pig seminal vesicle.", "content": "The metabolism of nine radioactively labeled steroids in the epithelium of the seminal vesicle of the mature guinea pig has been studied. The rapid assimilation and metabolism of these steroids demostrate the very active biochemical nature of this tissue. Based on the use of several thin-layer chromatography systems and comparison with the locations of known standards, the following have been disclosed. Testosterone was rapidly converted to dihydrostestosterone and androstanediol. The latter was the major metablolite of dihydrotestosterone and of androsterone. Androstenedione was readily converted to androstanedione, testosterone, and dihydrostestosterone, although it formed little androstanediol. Dehydroepiandrosterone was converted to small amounts of androstenediol and androstanediol. Pregnenolone was rapidly converted to an unidentified highly polar compound only. Progesterone was converted to 5alpha-pregnane-3beta-ol-20-one and its 3alpha-isomer. Dehydroepiandrosterone and progesterone were also significantly converted to unidentified highly polar compounds. The major metabolites of 17-hydroxyprogesterone co-chromatographed with standard androstanediol, testosterone, and unidentified metabolite possessing intermediate chromatographic mobility. In addition, 17-hydroxyprogesterone was converted to small amounts of compounds possessing identical Rf values as standard androstenedione and dihydrostestosterone. The identification of the products of 17-hydroxyprogesterone metabolism and their physiologic significance must await critical evaluation. Because of its homogeneity, isolated epithelium of guinea pig seminal vesicle shows promise as a tissue preparation for use in future studies that might elucidate the role(s) of individual androgens in secretory tissues of the male accessory sex organs. Our demonstration of extensive steroid interconversions in this tissue is a logical prerequisite to such studies.", "contents": "Preliminary observations on steroid metabolism in isolated epithelum of guinea pig seminal vesicle. The metabolism of nine radioactively labeled steroids in the epithelium of the seminal vesicle of the mature guinea pig has been studied. The rapid assimilation and metabolism of these steroids demostrate the very active biochemical nature of this tissue. Based on the use of several thin-layer chromatography systems and comparison with the locations of known standards, the following have been disclosed. Testosterone was rapidly converted to dihydrostestosterone and androstanediol. The latter was the major metablolite of dihydrotestosterone and of androsterone. Androstenedione was readily converted to androstanedione, testosterone, and dihydrostestosterone, although it formed little androstanediol. Dehydroepiandrosterone was converted to small amounts of androstenediol and androstanediol. Pregnenolone was rapidly converted to an unidentified highly polar compound only. Progesterone was converted to 5alpha-pregnane-3beta-ol-20-one and its 3alpha-isomer. Dehydroepiandrosterone and progesterone were also significantly converted to unidentified highly polar compounds. The major metabolites of 17-hydroxyprogesterone co-chromatographed with standard androstanediol, testosterone, and unidentified metabolite possessing intermediate chromatographic mobility. In addition, 17-hydroxyprogesterone was converted to small amounts of compounds possessing identical Rf values as standard androstenedione and dihydrostestosterone. The identification of the products of 17-hydroxyprogesterone metabolism and their physiologic significance must await critical evaluation. Because of its homogeneity, isolated epithelium of guinea pig seminal vesicle shows promise as a tissue preparation for use in future studies that might elucidate the role(s) of individual androgens in secretory tissues of the male accessory sex organs. Our demonstration of extensive steroid interconversions in this tissue is a logical prerequisite to such studies."}
{"id": "PMID:142440", "title": "[E. coli resistance to antibiotics on the material  studied and the structure of the antibiotic resistance of the strains].", "content": "Standard filter paper discs were used to determine the sensitivity of 943 strains of E. coli isolated in 1970-1974 from patients' purulent-inflammatory foci with respect to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, levomycetin, tetracycline, erythromycin and monomycin. An increase in the specific weight of the cultures resistant to the 6 drugs from 4.7 +/- 1.7 per cent in 1970 to 16.0 +/- 2.6 per cent in 1974 was observed. Strains resistant to 5--6 antibiotis were more often isolated from the urine (64.6 per cent) and the wound content (48.9 per cent) and rarer from the abdominal cavity exudate (23.1 per cent), bile (28.0 per cent) and sputum (30.1 per cent). Most often certain combinations of resistance to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin were found in the E. coli strains tested.", "contents": "[E. coli resistance to antibiotics on the material  studied and the structure of the antibiotic resistance of the strains]. Standard filter paper discs were used to determine the sensitivity of 943 strains of E. coli isolated in 1970-1974 from patients' purulent-inflammatory foci with respect to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, levomycetin, tetracycline, erythromycin and monomycin. An increase in the specific weight of the cultures resistant to the 6 drugs from 4.7 +/- 1.7 per cent in 1970 to 16.0 +/- 2.6 per cent in 1974 was observed. Strains resistant to 5--6 antibiotis were more often isolated from the urine (64.6 per cent) and the wound content (48.9 per cent) and rarer from the abdominal cavity exudate (23.1 per cent), bile (28.0 per cent) and sputum (30.1 per cent). Most often certain combinations of resistance to benzylpenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline and erythromycin were found in the E. coli strains tested."}
{"id": "PMID:142441", "title": "[Effect of novoimanine on the cellular permeability indices of staphylococci].", "content": "Novoimanine is an antibacterial drug from Hypericum perforatum L. When used in the bacteriostatic concentration, i.e. 0.5 gamma/ml, it induced release of potassium ions from the cells of Staphylococcus aureus 209P and had no effect on release of the UV-absorbing compounds and 14C-amino acids. In addition, incubation of the cells with novoimanine (2.5--50 gamma/ml) provided \"preservation\" in them of the earlier absorbed 14C-amino acids, while in the control cells their level decreased. In a concentration of 100 gamma/ml novoimanine stimulated activity of ATP-ase and alkaline phosphatase by 34 and 37-57 per cent respectively. Histones F1 and F3 of the calf thymus induced an intensive release of 14C-amino acids from the cells of staphylococci and increased the activity of ATP-ase by 6-10 times. The data of the study suggested that the effect of novoimanine on the cytoplasmic membrane was limited and different from that on the polycationic antibacterial agents.", "contents": "[Effect of novoimanine on the cellular permeability indices of staphylococci]. Novoimanine is an antibacterial drug from Hypericum perforatum L. When used in the bacteriostatic concentration, i.e. 0.5 gamma/ml, it induced release of potassium ions from the cells of Staphylococcus aureus 209P and had no effect on release of the UV-absorbing compounds and 14C-amino acids. In addition, incubation of the cells with novoimanine (2.5--50 gamma/ml) provided \"preservation\" in them of the earlier absorbed 14C-amino acids, while in the control cells their level decreased. In a concentration of 100 gamma/ml novoimanine stimulated activity of ATP-ase and alkaline phosphatase by 34 and 37-57 per cent respectively. Histones F1 and F3 of the calf thymus induced an intensive release of 14C-amino acids from the cells of staphylococci and increased the activity of ATP-ase by 6-10 times. The data of the study suggested that the effect of novoimanine on the cytoplasmic membrane was limited and different from that on the polycationic antibacterial agents."}
{"id": "PMID:142442", "title": "[Spheroplasts of plague microbe strains from the Transcaucasian uplands and their capacity for pesticin synthesis].", "content": "Spherical formations of the plague microbe strains from the Transcaucasian Upland, I plague microbe strain of the sandwort variety and I strain of the marmot variety were obtained under the effect of lithium chloride. They had the remains of the cell wall, were viable, sensitive to osmotic shock, preserved sensitivity to the specific bacteriophage and pesticins. All this was evident of isolation of the spheroplasts of the plague microbe. The spheroplasts showed a capacity for pesticin production. The pesticin synthesis by the spheroplasts of the plague causative agent from the Transcaucasian Upland increased with an increase in the content of lithium chloride in the medium. The largest inhibiiton zones were observed, when 0.7-0.8 per cent of lithium chloride were present in the medium. In the spheroplasts of the plague causative agent from the Mountain Altai (the marmot variety) the pesticin synthesis was inhibited with an increase in the content of lithium chloride in the medium. The activity spectrum of the pesticins of the spheroplasts of the plague causative agent from the Transcaucasian Upland and the spheroplasts of the strains of the marmot and sandwort varieties was broader than that of the rod-like forms of these strains. The indicator properties were found in the strains of the plague microbe of the marmot and sandwort varieties with respect to the pesticins of the spheroplasts of the sel-like producing organisms and organisms from the Transcaucasian Upland.", "contents": "[Spheroplasts of plague microbe strains from the Transcaucasian uplands and their capacity for pesticin synthesis]. Spherical formations of the plague microbe strains from the Transcaucasian Upland, I plague microbe strain of the sandwort variety and I strain of the marmot variety were obtained under the effect of lithium chloride. They had the remains of the cell wall, were viable, sensitive to osmotic shock, preserved sensitivity to the specific bacteriophage and pesticins. All this was evident of isolation of the spheroplasts of the plague microbe. The spheroplasts showed a capacity for pesticin production. The pesticin synthesis by the spheroplasts of the plague causative agent from the Transcaucasian Upland increased with an increase in the content of lithium chloride in the medium. The largest inhibiiton zones were observed, when 0.7-0.8 per cent of lithium chloride were present in the medium. In the spheroplasts of the plague causative agent from the Mountain Altai (the marmot variety) the pesticin synthesis was inhibited with an increase in the content of lithium chloride in the medium. The activity spectrum of the pesticins of the spheroplasts of the plague causative agent from the Transcaucasian Upland and the spheroplasts of the strains of the marmot and sandwort varieties was broader than that of the rod-like forms of these strains. The indicator properties were found in the strains of the plague microbe of the marmot and sandwort varieties with respect to the pesticins of the spheroplasts of the sel-like producing organisms and organisms from the Transcaucasian Upland."}
{"id": "PMID:142448", "title": "Utilization of physician services for dermatologic complaints. The United States, 1974.", "content": "The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey provides data on the \"who,\" \"for what complaint,\" and \"to whom\" for office visits to office-based physicians. In 1974, complaints referable to the skin accounted for 44 million physicians visits. This represents 7% of the 634 million visits to physician offices made during this period. Dermatologists accounted for 34% of all visits for skin complaints. General and family practitioners accounted for 40% of such encounters. Office visits prompted by dermatologic complaints were frequently less than 16 minutes long. Each office-based dermatologist accounted for an average of 5,600 patient visit per year. According to the dermatologist's diagnosis, 31% of these visits were prompted by acne; warts accounted for an additional 8%.", "contents": "Utilization of physician services for dermatologic complaints. The United States, 1974. The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey provides data on the \"who,\" \"for what complaint,\" and \"to whom\" for office visits to office-based physicians. In 1974, complaints referable to the skin accounted for 44 million physicians visits. This represents 7% of the 634 million visits to physician offices made during this period. Dermatologists accounted for 34% of all visits for skin complaints. General and family practitioners accounted for 40% of such encounters. Office visits prompted by dermatologic complaints were frequently less than 16 minutes long. Each office-based dermatologist accounted for an average of 5,600 patient visit per year. According to the dermatologist's diagnosis, 31% of these visits were prompted by acne; warts accounted for an additional 8%."}
{"id": "PMID:142449", "title": "Leukocytoclastic angiitis in subacute bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "The case of a patient who had palpable purpura on his lower extremities due to Lactobacillus-caused subacute bacterial endocarditis is reported. Histologic examination of the purpuric lesions demonstrated a leukocytoclastic angiitis. It is postulated that purpuric and other cutaneous lesions of subacute bacterial endocarditis are related to circulating immune complexes.", "contents": "Leukocytoclastic angiitis in subacute bacterial endocarditis. The case of a patient who had palpable purpura on his lower extremities due to Lactobacillus-caused subacute bacterial endocarditis is reported. Histologic examination of the purpuric lesions demonstrated a leukocytoclastic angiitis. It is postulated that purpuric and other cutaneous lesions of subacute bacterial endocarditis are related to circulating immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:142452", "title": "Delayed hypersensitivity: indicator of acquired failure of host defenses in sepsis and trauma.", "content": "Primary failure of host defense mechanisms has been associated with increased infection and mortality. Anergy, the failure of delayed hypersensitivity response, has been shown to identify surgical patients at increased risk for sepsis and related mortality. The anergic and relatively anergic patients whose skin tests failed to improve had a mortality rate of 74.4%, whereas those who improved their responses had a mortality rate of 5.1% (P < 0.001). This study documents abnormalities of neutrophil chemotaxis, T-lymphocyte rosetting in anergic patients and the effect of autologous serum. These abnormalities may account for the increased infection and mortality rates in anergic patients. Skin testing with five standard antigens has identified 110 anergic (A) or relatively anergic (RA) patients in whom neutrophil chemotaxis (CTX) and bactericidal function (NBF), T-lymphocyte rosettes, mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), cell-mediated lympholysis (CML), and blastogenic factor (BF) were studied. The MLC, CML and BF were normal in the patients studied, and were not clinically helpful. Neutrophil CTX in 19 controls was 117.5 +/- 1.6 u whereas in 40 A patients, neutrophils migrated 81.7 +/- 2.3 u and in 15 RA patients 97.2 +/- 3.8 u (P < 0.01). In 14 patients whose skin tests converted to normal, neutrophil migration improved from 78.2 +/- 5.4 u to 107.2 +/- 4.0 u (P < 0.01). Incubation of A or control neutrophils in A serum reduced migration in A patients from 93 +/- 3.7 u to 86.2 +/- 3.5 u (P < 0.01) and in normals from 121.2 +/- 1.6 u to 103.6 +/- 2.6 u (P < 0.001). The per cent rosette forming cells in 66 A patients was 42.5 +/- 3.1 compared to 53.6 +/- 2.8 in normal responders (P < 0.02). Incubation of normal lymphocytes in anergic serum further reduced rosetting by 30%. Restoration of delayed hypersensitivity responses and concurrent improvement in cellular and serum components of host defense were correlated with maintenance of adequate nutrition and aggressive surgical drainage.", "contents": "Delayed hypersensitivity: indicator of acquired failure of host defenses in sepsis and trauma. Primary failure of host defense mechanisms has been associated with increased infection and mortality. Anergy, the failure of delayed hypersensitivity response, has been shown to identify surgical patients at increased risk for sepsis and related mortality. The anergic and relatively anergic patients whose skin tests failed to improve had a mortality rate of 74.4%, whereas those who improved their responses had a mortality rate of 5.1% (P < 0.001). This study documents abnormalities of neutrophil chemotaxis, T-lymphocyte rosetting in anergic patients and the effect of autologous serum. These abnormalities may account for the increased infection and mortality rates in anergic patients. Skin testing with five standard antigens has identified 110 anergic (A) or relatively anergic (RA) patients in whom neutrophil chemotaxis (CTX) and bactericidal function (NBF), T-lymphocyte rosettes, mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC), cell-mediated lympholysis (CML), and blastogenic factor (BF) were studied. The MLC, CML and BF were normal in the patients studied, and were not clinically helpful. Neutrophil CTX in 19 controls was 117.5 +/- 1.6 u whereas in 40 A patients, neutrophils migrated 81.7 +/- 2.3 u and in 15 RA patients 97.2 +/- 3.8 u (P < 0.01). In 14 patients whose skin tests converted to normal, neutrophil migration improved from 78.2 +/- 5.4 u to 107.2 +/- 4.0 u (P < 0.01). Incubation of A or control neutrophils in A serum reduced migration in A patients from 93 +/- 3.7 u to 86.2 +/- 3.5 u (P < 0.01) and in normals from 121.2 +/- 1.6 u to 103.6 +/- 2.6 u (P < 0.001). The per cent rosette forming cells in 66 A patients was 42.5 +/- 3.1 compared to 53.6 +/- 2.8 in normal responders (P < 0.02). Incubation of normal lymphocytes in anergic serum further reduced rosetting by 30%. Restoration of delayed hypersensitivity responses and concurrent improvement in cellular and serum components of host defense were correlated with maintenance of adequate nutrition and aggressive surgical drainage."}
{"id": "PMID:142454", "title": "[Value of myocardial mass measurements in the hemodynamic and angiographic evaluation of aortic stenosis: 70 cases].", "content": "The prognosis of aortic stenosis is often evaluated according to clinical criteria; but it is well known that the myocardial mass is one of the important determinants of prognosis. Starting from the fact that the ratio systolic work/myocardial mass (WS/VM) is a stable one in normal subjects (0.81 +/- 0.03), we were able to divide up the 70 patients with congenital and acquired aortic stenosis into three groups as follows:--Group I. WS/VM greater than 0.87; this group is called hyperfunctional, and characterised by an increase in WS, and a myocardial mass which is ostensibly normal.--Group II: 0.87 larger than or equal to WS/VM larger than or equal to 0.75; this isofunctional group is characterised by parallel increases in mass and systolic work.--Group III: WS/VM less than 0.75; this group is called hypofunctional, and is characterised by an increase in mass unrelated to an increase in work. A comparison of the sensitivity of other parameters with that of WS/VM gives rise to optimism that the precision of determination of the prognosis will increase, as will that of the choice of the time to operative, but only those patients in groups I and II can expect a return to normal function and ventricular mass.", "contents": "[Value of myocardial mass measurements in the hemodynamic and angiographic evaluation of aortic stenosis: 70 cases]. The prognosis of aortic stenosis is often evaluated according to clinical criteria; but it is well known that the myocardial mass is one of the important determinants of prognosis. Starting from the fact that the ratio systolic work/myocardial mass (WS/VM) is a stable one in normal subjects (0.81 +/- 0.03), we were able to divide up the 70 patients with congenital and acquired aortic stenosis into three groups as follows:--Group I. WS/VM greater than 0.87; this group is called hyperfunctional, and characterised by an increase in WS, and a myocardial mass which is ostensibly normal.--Group II: 0.87 larger than or equal to WS/VM larger than or equal to 0.75; this isofunctional group is characterised by parallel increases in mass and systolic work.--Group III: WS/VM less than 0.75; this group is called hypofunctional, and is characterised by an increase in mass unrelated to an increase in work. A comparison of the sensitivity of other parameters with that of WS/VM gives rise to optimism that the precision of determination of the prognosis will increase, as will that of the choice of the time to operative, but only those patients in groups I and II can expect a return to normal function and ventricular mass."}
{"id": "PMID:142455", "title": "[Asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Echocardiographic and angiographic diagnosis].", "content": "Three cases of symptomatic asymmetric septal hypertrophy are reported. The echocardiogram allows a reliable diagnosis; it entails no risk to the patient and it may be repeated during the course of the disease. Associated with biventricular angiocardiography, the echocardiogram represents the method of choice in detecting these lesions.", "contents": "[Asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Echocardiographic and angiographic diagnosis]. Three cases of symptomatic asymmetric septal hypertrophy are reported. The echocardiogram allows a reliable diagnosis; it entails no risk to the patient and it may be repeated during the course of the disease. Associated with biventricular angiocardiography, the echocardiogram represents the method of choice in detecting these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:142456", "title": "Effect of temperature and temperature shifts on growth and branching of a wild type and a temperature sensitive colonial mutant (Cot 1) of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Growth of a temperature sensitive colonial mutant (cot 1) of Neurospora crassa was compared with a wild type strain. The hyphal growth unit (the ratio between mycelial length and number of branches) of the wild type was not appreciably altered by temperature and there was a direct relationship between the specific growth rate (alpha) of these mycelia and their mean hyphal extension rate (E). The specific growth rate of cot 1 increased by about the same relative amount as the wild type between 15 degrees and 30 degrees C. Cot 1 grew and branched normally at 15 degrees and 25 degrees C but at 30 degrees C the hyphal growth unit and mean hyphal extension rate of the mutant mycelia were reduced. Thus, between 15-30 degrees C the ratio, E/alpha was constant for the wild type but not for cot 1. The effect of temperature and temperature shifts on extension zone length (2), extension zone expansion time (2t) and branching of leading hyphae of mature colonies were also studied. It is suggested that branching is governed by a mechanism which regulates the linear growth rate of hyphae; the cot 1 mutation may have a direct effect on wall extension or affect linear growth rate indirectly due to an influence on the transport of precursors to the tip.", "contents": "Effect of temperature and temperature shifts on growth and branching of a wild type and a temperature sensitive colonial mutant (Cot 1) of Neurospora crassa. Growth of a temperature sensitive colonial mutant (cot 1) of Neurospora crassa was compared with a wild type strain. The hyphal growth unit (the ratio between mycelial length and number of branches) of the wild type was not appreciably altered by temperature and there was a direct relationship between the specific growth rate (alpha) of these mycelia and their mean hyphal extension rate (E). The specific growth rate of cot 1 increased by about the same relative amount as the wild type between 15 degrees and 30 degrees C. Cot 1 grew and branched normally at 15 degrees and 25 degrees C but at 30 degrees C the hyphal growth unit and mean hyphal extension rate of the mutant mycelia were reduced. Thus, between 15-30 degrees C the ratio, E/alpha was constant for the wild type but not for cot 1. The effect of temperature and temperature shifts on extension zone length (2), extension zone expansion time (2t) and branching of leading hyphae of mature colonies were also studied. It is suggested that branching is governed by a mechanism which regulates the linear growth rate of hyphae; the cot 1 mutation may have a direct effect on wall extension or affect linear growth rate indirectly due to an influence on the transport of precursors to the tip."}
{"id": "PMID:142457", "title": "[Major cardiomegalies of the newborn].", "content": "Massive enlargement of the heart measured by cardio-thoracic ratio (C.T.R. greater than or equal to 0,75) was found in 17 neonates in the first ten days of their life. The diseases causing this rare anomaly (5% of all newborns with cardiac malformations) were: Ebstein's disease (6 cases), cerebral arterio-venous aneurism (6 cases), primary endocardial fibro-elastosis (2 cases), septic pericarditis, transposition of great arteries and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (1 case of each). A diagnosis scheme is proposed in order to recognize early tractable diseases and to avoid inadequate surgical indications.", "contents": "[Major cardiomegalies of the newborn]. Massive enlargement of the heart measured by cardio-thoracic ratio (C.T.R. greater than or equal to 0,75) was found in 17 neonates in the first ten days of their life. The diseases causing this rare anomaly (5% of all newborns with cardiac malformations) were: Ebstein's disease (6 cases), cerebral arterio-venous aneurism (6 cases), primary endocardial fibro-elastosis (2 cases), septic pericarditis, transposition of great arteries and pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum (1 case of each). A diagnosis scheme is proposed in order to recognize early tractable diseases and to avoid inadequate surgical indications."}
{"id": "PMID:142458", "title": "[The early diagnosis of Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome with confirmation of arylsulphatase deficiency].", "content": "The absence of aryl sulphatase B (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome) has been confirmed in a five month old child. The estimation of urine mucopolysaccharides and enzyme studies on cultured fibroblasts were performed at an early stage.", "contents": "[The early diagnosis of Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome with confirmation of arylsulphatase deficiency]. The absence of aryl sulphatase B (Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome) has been confirmed in a five month old child. The estimation of urine mucopolysaccharides and enzyme studies on cultured fibroblasts were performed at an early stage."}
{"id": "PMID:142459", "title": "The genetics of Alzheimer's disease: associations with hematologic malignancy and Down's syndrome.", "content": "Relatives of probands with histologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease had excessive morbidity from Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, and hematologic malignancies. These associations coupled with two previously reported ones, the indistinguishable histopathological changes in brain in Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome, and the 20-fold increased incidence of leukemia among persons with Down's syndrome, are evidence that some instances of those disorders are associated with a unitary genetic etiology. The genetic defect may be expressed through disorganization of microtubules. Other evidence suggests that the same process may be involved in aging and in other chromosomal aberrations.", "contents": "The genetics of Alzheimer's disease: associations with hematologic malignancy and Down's syndrome. Relatives of probands with histologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease had excessive morbidity from Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome, and hematologic malignancies. These associations coupled with two previously reported ones, the indistinguishable histopathological changes in brain in Alzheimer's disease and Down's syndrome, and the 20-fold increased incidence of leukemia among persons with Down's syndrome, are evidence that some instances of those disorders are associated with a unitary genetic etiology. The genetic defect may be expressed through disorganization of microtubules. Other evidence suggests that the same process may be involved in aging and in other chromosomal aberrations."}
{"id": "PMID:142460", "title": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. One of many diesases?", "content": "Membranoproliferative (mesangio-capillary) glomerulonephritis (MPGN) has been divided into two types: type 1, MPGN with subendothelial deposits; type 2, MPGN with intramembranous dense deposits. Although the types are clinically similar, the light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopical data differ. The cause in the majority of the cases is unknown, but chronic antigenemia as a pathogenic mechanism is suggested in cases associated with chronic bacteremia, chronic hepatitis, parasitic infections, certain blood dyscrasias, and partiallipodystrophy. Both the classic and the alternate pathway of complement activation may be important. The mechanism of the formation of the dense intramembranous deposits is unknown, but activation of the alternate pathway of complement appears to be an important factor. It is emphasized that while there are two basic pathologic types of MPGN, there are diverse clinical syndromes associated with these lesions, the recognition of which is crucial.", "contents": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. One of many diesases? Membranoproliferative (mesangio-capillary) glomerulonephritis (MPGN) has been divided into two types: type 1, MPGN with subendothelial deposits; type 2, MPGN with intramembranous dense deposits. Although the types are clinically similar, the light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopical data differ. The cause in the majority of the cases is unknown, but chronic antigenemia as a pathogenic mechanism is suggested in cases associated with chronic bacteremia, chronic hepatitis, parasitic infections, certain blood dyscrasias, and partiallipodystrophy. Both the classic and the alternate pathway of complement activation may be important. The mechanism of the formation of the dense intramembranous deposits is unknown, but activation of the alternate pathway of complement appears to be an important factor. It is emphasized that while there are two basic pathologic types of MPGN, there are diverse clinical syndromes associated with these lesions, the recognition of which is crucial."}
{"id": "PMID:142461", "title": "The cerebrospinal fluid choline levels in patients with Huntington's chorea. Negative effect of haloperidol treatment.", "content": "Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) choline (CH) levels were measured in patients with Huntington's chorea (n = 14). This group was found not to differ significantly from normal controls (n = 13). The values for lumbar CSF Ch levels in the normal subjects were comparable with previously reported values. Of the choreic patients, seven were put on haloperidol treatment (4--6 mg daily). The CSF choline level remained unchanged with this treatment after 20 days. CSF cholinesterase activity was measured in the control and choreic group. The results were not significantly different.", "contents": "The cerebrospinal fluid choline levels in patients with Huntington's chorea. Negative effect of haloperidol treatment. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) choline (CH) levels were measured in patients with Huntington's chorea (n = 14). This group was found not to differ significantly from normal controls (n = 13). The values for lumbar CSF Ch levels in the normal subjects were comparable with previously reported values. Of the choreic patients, seven were put on haloperidol treatment (4--6 mg daily). The CSF choline level remained unchanged with this treatment after 20 days. CSF cholinesterase activity was measured in the control and choreic group. The results were not significantly different."}
{"id": "PMID:142465", "title": "[Lowe's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Concerning the clinical study, the oculo-cerebro-renal syndroms are well drawn and we nearly could say there is no syndrome of Lowe without a cataract. This conviction puts aside some oculo-cerebro-renal syndroms occured to female and easily called \"Lowe's Syndrom\". The glaucoma which exists in half of the cases, is scarcely a mechanical type, sometimes it is an usual congenital type with membrane of Barkan, but the more frequently, it is secondary to an alteration of all constitutive elements of the anterior uvea and of the camerular angle. Concerning inheritance, the absence of female cases among the PF observations confirm the recessive transmission attached to the sex, which is, in fact, definively established. Though the search of hererozygote females after an ophtalmological or biochimical observation has no absolute value, it anyway adds some very precious genetic requirements. Concerning the etio-pathogenic study, as we tried to show, the authors agree in simultaneous and contemporary appearance, between the 4th and the 6th month of the intra-uterine life of oculo-cerebro-renal troubles of Lowe's Syndrom and in the existence of a common factor, probably a genetic one. Anyway, we still have to precise the nature of the gene and the inter relations existing between the three injures.", "contents": "[Lowe's syndrome (author's transl)]. Concerning the clinical study, the oculo-cerebro-renal syndroms are well drawn and we nearly could say there is no syndrome of Lowe without a cataract. This conviction puts aside some oculo-cerebro-renal syndroms occured to female and easily called \"Lowe's Syndrom\". The glaucoma which exists in half of the cases, is scarcely a mechanical type, sometimes it is an usual congenital type with membrane of Barkan, but the more frequently, it is secondary to an alteration of all constitutive elements of the anterior uvea and of the camerular angle. Concerning inheritance, the absence of female cases among the PF observations confirm the recessive transmission attached to the sex, which is, in fact, definively established. Though the search of hererozygote females after an ophtalmological or biochimical observation has no absolute value, it anyway adds some very precious genetic requirements. Concerning the etio-pathogenic study, as we tried to show, the authors agree in simultaneous and contemporary appearance, between the 4th and the 6th month of the intra-uterine life of oculo-cerebro-renal troubles of Lowe's Syndrom and in the existence of a common factor, probably a genetic one. Anyway, we still have to precise the nature of the gene and the inter relations existing between the three injures."}
{"id": "PMID:142466", "title": "[The technique of intracameral transplants applied to the study of experimental embryological problems concerning odontogenesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Two experimental embryological problems concerning odontogenesis are investigated using the technique of intracameral transplants in mice: --the presence of odontogenetic material in the mandibular arches of the 9 day mouse embryo, --the degree of specificity of the epitheliomesenchymatous interact-ons in the region of the tooth of the mouse and the rabbit. The tolerance of the recipient eye has been studied: --in the case of homografts, --in the case of heterografts. The indications and limiting factors of the method are specified within the framework of the chosen experimental conditions, taking into account the rejection phenomena manifested in the case of the heterografts.", "contents": "[The technique of intracameral transplants applied to the study of experimental embryological problems concerning odontogenesis (author's transl)]. Two experimental embryological problems concerning odontogenesis are investigated using the technique of intracameral transplants in mice: --the presence of odontogenetic material in the mandibular arches of the 9 day mouse embryo, --the degree of specificity of the epitheliomesenchymatous interact-ons in the region of the tooth of the mouse and the rabbit. The tolerance of the recipient eye has been studied: --in the case of homografts, --in the case of heterografts. The indications and limiting factors of the method are specified within the framework of the chosen experimental conditions, taking into account the rejection phenomena manifested in the case of the heterografts."}
{"id": "PMID:142468", "title": "[A study of a new osmotic anti-glaucoma medication, isosorbide, in ophthalmic surgical practice (author's transl)].", "content": "Study of isosorbide effect in postoperative long term therapy. A preestablished randomized sequence allows one to compare two series of cases, cataract and glaucoma procedures, one series receiving the drug, the other series serving as a control. Based on the following clinical parameters, coaptation of wound edges, depth of anterior chamber, vitreous volume and position, iris position, analysis of the results demonstrates less complications in the treated serie. Efficacy, safety, scarcity of side effects of the drug, allows its prolonged administration in such clinical situations entailing treatment of postoperative ocular hypertension.", "contents": "[A study of a new osmotic anti-glaucoma medication, isosorbide, in ophthalmic surgical practice (author's transl)]. Study of isosorbide effect in postoperative long term therapy. A preestablished randomized sequence allows one to compare two series of cases, cataract and glaucoma procedures, one series receiving the drug, the other series serving as a control. Based on the following clinical parameters, coaptation of wound edges, depth of anterior chamber, vitreous volume and position, iris position, analysis of the results demonstrates less complications in the treated serie. Efficacy, safety, scarcity of side effects of the drug, allows its prolonged administration in such clinical situations entailing treatment of postoperative ocular hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:142470", "title": "[A study in immunofluorescence of the plasma cells in allergic conjunctivitis, in particular of the cells forming immunoglobulin E (IgE) (author's transl)].", "content": "The relatively simple and precise technique of direct immunofluorescence on a tissue section enables the study and enumeration of all types of plasma cells including mastocytes (stained with acridine orange) in normal conjunctiva (5 cases), chronic non-allergic conjunctivitis (5 cases), allergic conjunctivitis of the educt (11 cases) and vernal conjunctivitis (11 cases). There is evidence of elevation of IgE plasma cells in type I allergic conjunctivitis where they are twice as raised as in non-allergic cases in adult forms, and three times more elevated in vernal conjunctivitis. There was no correlation between the number of IgE plasma cells in the tissues and IgE level in sera. Thus in air-borne conjunctival allergies local hypersensitivity seems to be the predominant, even exclusive, feature.", "contents": "[A study in immunofluorescence of the plasma cells in allergic conjunctivitis, in particular of the cells forming immunoglobulin E (IgE) (author's transl)]. The relatively simple and precise technique of direct immunofluorescence on a tissue section enables the study and enumeration of all types of plasma cells including mastocytes (stained with acridine orange) in normal conjunctiva (5 cases), chronic non-allergic conjunctivitis (5 cases), allergic conjunctivitis of the educt (11 cases) and vernal conjunctivitis (11 cases). There is evidence of elevation of IgE plasma cells in type I allergic conjunctivitis where they are twice as raised as in non-allergic cases in adult forms, and three times more elevated in vernal conjunctivitis. There was no correlation between the number of IgE plasma cells in the tissues and IgE level in sera. Thus in air-borne conjunctival allergies local hypersensitivity seems to be the predominant, even exclusive, feature."}
{"id": "PMID:142471", "title": "[Basal uveo-retinitis (peripheral uveitis, chronic posterior cyclitis, pars planitis, vitritis, hyalo-retinitis). and other inflammations of the peripheral retina].", "content": "The study of the histological features of the peripheral retina and the observation of this periphery in 149 cases of uveitis of various types has led us to consider these peripheral retinal inflammations as presenting clinically either as a local reaction in this area during the course of anterior and posterior uveitis, manifested by a circular inflammatory condensation of the peripheral vitreous, or as a specific affection related to the periphery. These latter assume two forms: either that of a peripheral chorio-retinitis, or that of a basal uveo-retinitis, a term proposed in place of those considered inadequate--pars planitis, peripheral uveitis, chronic posterior cyclitis. In accordance with this conception four forms of uveitis can be distinguished: anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis, peripheral chorio-retinitis and basal uveoretinitis.", "contents": "[Basal uveo-retinitis (peripheral uveitis, chronic posterior cyclitis, pars planitis, vitritis, hyalo-retinitis). and other inflammations of the peripheral retina]. The study of the histological features of the peripheral retina and the observation of this periphery in 149 cases of uveitis of various types has led us to consider these peripheral retinal inflammations as presenting clinically either as a local reaction in this area during the course of anterior and posterior uveitis, manifested by a circular inflammatory condensation of the peripheral vitreous, or as a specific affection related to the periphery. These latter assume two forms: either that of a peripheral chorio-retinitis, or that of a basal uveo-retinitis, a term proposed in place of those considered inadequate--pars planitis, peripheral uveitis, chronic posterior cyclitis. In accordance with this conception four forms of uveitis can be distinguished: anterior uveitis, posterior uveitis, peripheral chorio-retinitis and basal uveoretinitis."}
{"id": "PMID:142472", "title": "[Two cases of chondrodysplasia punctuate are reported].", "content": "The first one was a 13 months old lewish boy with typical features of the rhizometic type; clinicaly the patient demonstrated cataract, esotropia, nystagmus, malnutrition, micromelia, contracture, multiple stippled calcifications about the periphery of the cartilagenous structures of the vertebral bodies, sternum, wrists, knees, heels, ribs; and profound mental retardation, After cataract operation, the head of the optic nerve demonstrate to be narrower than usualy and white. Pathologic studies of the lens' fragments after surgery showed the cataract to be without any specific characters. The child now 2 yrs and 1/2 old is still alive but in poor condition. The second was a 16 months old Arabic boy without typical features but with a cataract and stippled calfications of a limited number of epiphysae. Pathologic studies of the lens after cataract surgery showed the cataracts to be without any specific characters, the optic nerves were normal. The child now 3 yrs old is normally developed and in good conditions. It is remarquable to note that in both cases there was an history of consanguinity (mother and father were first cousins).", "contents": "[Two cases of chondrodysplasia punctuate are reported]. The first one was a 13 months old lewish boy with typical features of the rhizometic type; clinicaly the patient demonstrated cataract, esotropia, nystagmus, malnutrition, micromelia, contracture, multiple stippled calcifications about the periphery of the cartilagenous structures of the vertebral bodies, sternum, wrists, knees, heels, ribs; and profound mental retardation, After cataract operation, the head of the optic nerve demonstrate to be narrower than usualy and white. Pathologic studies of the lens' fragments after surgery showed the cataract to be without any specific characters. The child now 2 yrs and 1/2 old is still alive but in poor condition. The second was a 16 months old Arabic boy without typical features but with a cataract and stippled calfications of a limited number of epiphysae. Pathologic studies of the lens after cataract surgery showed the cataracts to be without any specific characters, the optic nerves were normal. The child now 3 yrs old is normally developed and in good conditions. It is remarquable to note that in both cases there was an history of consanguinity (mother and father were first cousins)."}
{"id": "PMID:142473", "title": "[Soft hydrophilic lenses and permanent wear in optical cases. Physio-pathological considerations and conclusions].", "content": "The author has noted that the frequency of epithelial lesions appearing during the course of trials with soft hydrophilic lenses containing 40% water diminished almost completely with soft hydrophilic lenses containing 70% water. He attributes these epithelial lesions to anoxia occurring with soft hydrophilic lenses with 40% water. He compares the permeability to oxygen of different types of lenses according to their thickness. He concludes that at present the materials utilised and the thickness of the lenses do not allow permanent wear.", "contents": "[Soft hydrophilic lenses and permanent wear in optical cases. Physio-pathological considerations and conclusions]. The author has noted that the frequency of epithelial lesions appearing during the course of trials with soft hydrophilic lenses containing 40% water diminished almost completely with soft hydrophilic lenses containing 70% water. He attributes these epithelial lesions to anoxia occurring with soft hydrophilic lenses with 40% water. He compares the permeability to oxygen of different types of lenses according to their thickness. He concludes that at present the materials utilised and the thickness of the lenses do not allow permanent wear."}
{"id": "PMID:142474", "title": "[Pitfalls in dacryocystorhinostomy].", "content": "Dacryocystorhinostomy is an easy and efficacious operation which gives highly successful results. Yet, there are a few difficulties to overcome if one is to carry out the operation quickly and successfully. The authors wish to recall that these difficulties may occur at different moments. when incising to avoid injuring angular vessels; when opening the tear sac or the nasal mucose; when removing the bone and when suturing the flops of the tear sac and nasal mucose together.", "contents": "[Pitfalls in dacryocystorhinostomy]. Dacryocystorhinostomy is an easy and efficacious operation which gives highly successful results. Yet, there are a few difficulties to overcome if one is to carry out the operation quickly and successfully. The authors wish to recall that these difficulties may occur at different moments. when incising to avoid injuring angular vessels; when opening the tear sac or the nasal mucose; when removing the bone and when suturing the flops of the tear sac and nasal mucose together."}
{"id": "PMID:142475", "title": "[Gorlin-Goltz phakomatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Having had the occasion of observing a new case, the authors have started on a new description of a specific autosomal dominant inheritance disease, description which connects an eye trouble with basal cell nevi, with jaw cysts as well as with malformations of the skeleton and nervous lesions, the tumoral lesions having the essential characteristic of possessing and evolutive potential. The authors explain the reasons which have led them to give to this specific disease the name of Gorlin-Goltz phacomatosis.", "contents": "[Gorlin-Goltz phakomatosis (author's transl)]. Having had the occasion of observing a new case, the authors have started on a new description of a specific autosomal dominant inheritance disease, description which connects an eye trouble with basal cell nevi, with jaw cysts as well as with malformations of the skeleton and nervous lesions, the tumoral lesions having the essential characteristic of possessing and evolutive potential. The authors explain the reasons which have led them to give to this specific disease the name of Gorlin-Goltz phacomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:142477", "title": "The handicapped child population in South Australia in 1975.", "content": "A survey of 2,212 handicapped children was conducted in South Australia to provide basic information so that a dental service could be planned. The prevalence of various specified conditions is presented for both single and combined disabilities. The distribution of the various conditions between the sexes has been analysed.", "contents": "The handicapped child population in South Australia in 1975. A survey of 2,212 handicapped children was conducted in South Australia to provide basic information so that a dental service could be planned. The prevalence of various specified conditions is presented for both single and combined disabilities. The distribution of the various conditions between the sexes has been analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:142478", "title": "Dental care for the homebound--assessment and hygiene.", "content": "A general categorization of homebound patients is presented to aid the dentist in assessing their treatment needs and requirements. The importance of oral hygiene is shown, and modifications of oral hygiene appliances are presented. The role of the general dentist in the care of these patients is stressed.", "contents": "Dental care for the homebound--assessment and hygiene. A general categorization of homebound patients is presented to aid the dentist in assessing their treatment needs and requirements. The importance of oral hygiene is shown, and modifications of oral hygiene appliances are presented. The role of the general dentist in the care of these patients is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:142479", "title": "Effects of cellophane tape stripping of mouse skin on epidermal growth regulators (chalones).", "content": "Variations in epidermal chalones after a single surface application of methylcholanthrene and croton oil have been described in previous papers. This paper reports a study of the effect of adhesive tape stripping of the skin on epidermal growth regulators (G1 and G2 chalones). Pieces of adhesive tape were applied 6 times to the same area of skin in groups of mice. The short-term effects of tape stripping on epidermal DNA synthesis and on mitotic rate were studied at different intervals after stripping. Other groups of mice were killed at similar time intervals after stripping, and the treated area of skin was homogenized and extracted with water. The inhibitory effect of these extracts on normal epidermal DNA synthesis and mitotic rate was assayed in normal hairless mice. The resulting inhibitions were interpreted as an expression of the concentration of G1 or G2 chalone in the skin extracts. The first experiment confirmed that cellophane tape stripping gives rise to a short block in epidermal mitotic activity and probably also in DNA synthesis. This was followed by bimodal peaks of increased activity, the two maxima of labelling index being found on days 2 and 6, and the two maxima of mitotic rate on days 1-2 and 7. The concentrations of the two chalones in the skins of treated animals varied in inverse proportion to the alterations in the DNA synthesis and the mitotic rate, with one exception. Here there was initially a depression of the mitotic rate and a low concentration of G2 chalone. This was interpreted as a short reaction of the basel cells to the stripping trauma. It is concluded that adhesive tape stripping removes the differentiating cells and injures some basel cells, simultaneously altering the content of G1 and G2 chalones. The resulting increase in the rates of DNA synthesis and mitosis lasts only until the number of cells is high enough to produce growth-regulating substances (chalones) again. This theory may explain the changes observed. Since similar reactions are seen after both carcinogenic and co-carcinogenic chemical injury of the epidermis, the reaction pattern seems to be a general response to cell injury or cell removal.", "contents": "Effects of cellophane tape stripping of mouse skin on epidermal growth regulators (chalones). Variations in epidermal chalones after a single surface application of methylcholanthrene and croton oil have been described in previous papers. This paper reports a study of the effect of adhesive tape stripping of the skin on epidermal growth regulators (G1 and G2 chalones). Pieces of adhesive tape were applied 6 times to the same area of skin in groups of mice. The short-term effects of tape stripping on epidermal DNA synthesis and on mitotic rate were studied at different intervals after stripping. Other groups of mice were killed at similar time intervals after stripping, and the treated area of skin was homogenized and extracted with water. The inhibitory effect of these extracts on normal epidermal DNA synthesis and mitotic rate was assayed in normal hairless mice. The resulting inhibitions were interpreted as an expression of the concentration of G1 or G2 chalone in the skin extracts. The first experiment confirmed that cellophane tape stripping gives rise to a short block in epidermal mitotic activity and probably also in DNA synthesis. This was followed by bimodal peaks of increased activity, the two maxima of labelling index being found on days 2 and 6, and the two maxima of mitotic rate on days 1-2 and 7. The concentrations of the two chalones in the skins of treated animals varied in inverse proportion to the alterations in the DNA synthesis and the mitotic rate, with one exception. Here there was initially a depression of the mitotic rate and a low concentration of G2 chalone. This was interpreted as a short reaction of the basel cells to the stripping trauma. It is concluded that adhesive tape stripping removes the differentiating cells and injures some basel cells, simultaneously altering the content of G1 and G2 chalones. The resulting increase in the rates of DNA synthesis and mitosis lasts only until the number of cells is high enough to produce growth-regulating substances (chalones) again. This theory may explain the changes observed. Since similar reactions are seen after both carcinogenic and co-carcinogenic chemical injury of the epidermis, the reaction pattern seems to be a general response to cell injury or cell removal."}
{"id": "PMID:142480", "title": "Effects of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine on beating heart cell cultures from neonatal hamsters.", "content": "1. Primary heart cell cultures from neonatal hamsters yielded a heterogeneous cell population, containing muscle cells undergoing progressive differentiation, as well as non-muscle cells. 2. Addition of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, at an early stage, to such cultures enhanced the formation of beating sheets of differentiated muscle cells. Accumulation of myosin heavy chains and creatine kinase also occurred in the presence of the analogue. 3. To obtain these effects, the analogue had to be added during the initial rapid growth phase of the cells. Division of the treated cells then ceased when the cell numbers had approximately doubled. 4. Similar results were obtained with other inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Thus improved muscle cell cultures can be obtained by preventing non-muscle cells from overgrowing the cultures. 5. One effect caused only by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine was a large increase in the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) activity which sedimented at low ionic strength. This increase was not due to a greater content of myofibrillar myosin, or to myosin isoenzyme changes, because purified myosin prepared from treated and untreated cultures did not exhibit the increased Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity.", "contents": "Effects of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine on beating heart cell cultures from neonatal hamsters. 1. Primary heart cell cultures from neonatal hamsters yielded a heterogeneous cell population, containing muscle cells undergoing progressive differentiation, as well as non-muscle cells. 2. Addition of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, at an early stage, to such cultures enhanced the formation of beating sheets of differentiated muscle cells. Accumulation of myosin heavy chains and creatine kinase also occurred in the presence of the analogue. 3. To obtain these effects, the analogue had to be added during the initial rapid growth phase of the cells. Division of the treated cells then ceased when the cell numbers had approximately doubled. 4. Similar results were obtained with other inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Thus improved muscle cell cultures can be obtained by preventing non-muscle cells from overgrowing the cultures. 5. One effect caused only by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine was a large increase in the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) activity which sedimented at low ionic strength. This increase was not due to a greater content of myofibrillar myosin, or to myosin isoenzyme changes, because purified myosin prepared from treated and untreated cultures did not exhibit the increased Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:142481", "title": "5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-stimulated calcium ion- or magnesium ion-dependent ecto-(adenosine triphosphatase) activity of cultured hamster cardiac cells.", "content": "1. Treatment of hamster heart cells in primary culture with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine resulted in the greatly increased activity of a particulate Ca2+- or Mg2+-dependent ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase). 2. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine exerted these effects only when it was incorporated into cellular DNA, and then in a concentration-dependent  manner. 3. Serially replated cells contained less of the activity (expressed as a function of total cell protein) than did the primary cultures, but the stimulation caused by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine addition was much greater. 4. The affected enzyme was apparently localized in the plasma membrane of the cells with its active centre exposed to the outer environment [ecto-(ATPase) dependent on Ca2+ or Mg2+].5. The activity was unaffected by treatment with p-chloromercuriphenylsulphonate, ouabain andverapamil. 6. Ecto (5'-nucleotidase) activity was not increased by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine treatment of cells, and ecto-(p-nitrophenyl phosphatase) activity was only slightly enhanced.", "contents": "5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine-stimulated calcium ion- or magnesium ion-dependent ecto-(adenosine triphosphatase) activity of cultured hamster cardiac cells. 1. Treatment of hamster heart cells in primary culture with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine resulted in the greatly increased activity of a particulate Ca2+- or Mg2+-dependent ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase). 2. 5-Bromo-2'-deoxyuridine exerted these effects only when it was incorporated into cellular DNA, and then in a concentration-dependent  manner. 3. Serially replated cells contained less of the activity (expressed as a function of total cell protein) than did the primary cultures, but the stimulation caused by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine addition was much greater. 4. The affected enzyme was apparently localized in the plasma membrane of the cells with its active centre exposed to the outer environment [ecto-(ATPase) dependent on Ca2+ or Mg2+].5. The activity was unaffected by treatment with p-chloromercuriphenylsulphonate, ouabain andverapamil. 6. Ecto (5'-nucleotidase) activity was not increased by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine treatment of cells, and ecto-(p-nitrophenyl phosphatase) activity was only slightly enhanced."}
{"id": "PMID:142482", "title": "Studies of energy-linked reactions. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by DL-8-methyldihydrolipoate.", "content": "1. DL-8-Methyldihydrolipoate was shown to be a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ATP-driven energy-linked reactions. 2. ADP-stimulated respiration utilizing pyruvate + malate and succinate in both ox heart and rat liver mitochondria is inhibited; oxidative phosphorylation using pyruvate + malate, succinate and ascorbate + NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine as substrates is also inhibited; uncoupler-stimulated respiration is unaffected regardless of the substrate used. 3. Mitochondrial oligomycin-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase is inhibited in both the membrane-bound form and the purified detergent-dispersed preparation. 4. ATP-driven transhydrogenase and the ATP-driven energy-linked reduction of NAD+ by succinate in ox heart submitochondrial particles are inhibited, whereas the respiratory-chain-driven transhydrogenase is unaffected. 5. DL-8-Methyl-lipoate has no immediate effect on the above reactions, demonstrating the requirement for the reduced form for inhibition. 6. The inhibitory properties of DL-8-methyldihydrolipoate are analogous to those of oligomycin and provide further evidence of a role for lipoic acid in oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Studies of energy-linked reactions. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by DL-8-methyldihydrolipoate. 1. DL-8-Methyldihydrolipoate was shown to be a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ATP-driven energy-linked reactions. 2. ADP-stimulated respiration utilizing pyruvate + malate and succinate in both ox heart and rat liver mitochondria is inhibited; oxidative phosphorylation using pyruvate + malate, succinate and ascorbate + NNN'N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine as substrates is also inhibited; uncoupler-stimulated respiration is unaffected regardless of the substrate used. 3. Mitochondrial oligomycin-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase is inhibited in both the membrane-bound form and the purified detergent-dispersed preparation. 4. ATP-driven transhydrogenase and the ATP-driven energy-linked reduction of NAD+ by succinate in ox heart submitochondrial particles are inhibited, whereas the respiratory-chain-driven transhydrogenase is unaffected. 5. DL-8-Methyl-lipoate has no immediate effect on the above reactions, demonstrating the requirement for the reduced form for inhibition. 6. The inhibitory properties of DL-8-methyldihydrolipoate are analogous to those of oligomycin and provide further evidence of a role for lipoic acid in oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:142502", "title": "Ipratropium bromide: mucociliary clearance rate and airway resistance in normal subjects.", "content": "The effect of ipratropium bromide, a new anticholinergic drug, on the rate of clearance of secretions from the lung and on airways resistance was investigated in 12 healthy subjects in a double-blind cross-over trial with placebo and a control run without aerosol. Before taking the drug the subjects inhaled uniform 5 micrometer tracer particles of polystyrene in which 99mTc had been unleachably incorporated. The initial depth of deposition and the rate of clearance of the particles were obtained from serial gamma counts made externally to the chest over six hours. The difference between drug, placebo and control runs in the deposition patterns of the tracer particles and their subsequent rates of clearance were not significant. The drug treatment resulted in statistically significant falls in specific airway resistance at 1, 2, 3 and 6 hours (P less than 0.02). There was no objective or subjective evidence of side effects from the drug.", "contents": "Ipratropium bromide: mucociliary clearance rate and airway resistance in normal subjects. The effect of ipratropium bromide, a new anticholinergic drug, on the rate of clearance of secretions from the lung and on airways resistance was investigated in 12 healthy subjects in a double-blind cross-over trial with placebo and a control run without aerosol. Before taking the drug the subjects inhaled uniform 5 micrometer tracer particles of polystyrene in which 99mTc had been unleachably incorporated. The initial depth of deposition and the rate of clearance of the particles were obtained from serial gamma counts made externally to the chest over six hours. The difference between drug, placebo and control runs in the deposition patterns of the tracer particles and their subsequent rates of clearance were not significant. The drug treatment resulted in statistically significant falls in specific airway resistance at 1, 2, 3 and 6 hours (P less than 0.02). There was no objective or subjective evidence of side effects from the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:142505", "title": "A simple method for measuring DNA synthesis in epidermis and sebaceous glands and its application in chalone assays.", "content": "Liquid scintillation counting and autoradiography were used to measure DNA synthesis (3H-TdR uptake and incorporation) by the epidermis and the sebaceous glands in mouse pinna skin. Using this approach it has been possible to show that a chalone-like inhibitor of DNA synthesis acts rapidly to restrict the flow of epidermal G1 cells into S-phase. The point of action within the cell cycle is probably at the G1-S phase 'boundary'. The technique described is sufficiently sensitive to be used for measuring small alterations in DNA synthesis in short-term experiments and for long-term experiments in which the size of the progenitor cell population is altered by systemic or topical administration of compounds influencing DNA synthesis.", "contents": "A simple method for measuring DNA synthesis in epidermis and sebaceous glands and its application in chalone assays. Liquid scintillation counting and autoradiography were used to measure DNA synthesis (3H-TdR uptake and incorporation) by the epidermis and the sebaceous glands in mouse pinna skin. Using this approach it has been possible to show that a chalone-like inhibitor of DNA synthesis acts rapidly to restrict the flow of epidermal G1 cells into S-phase. The point of action within the cell cycle is probably at the G1-S phase 'boundary'. The technique described is sufficiently sensitive to be used for measuring small alterations in DNA synthesis in short-term experiments and for long-term experiments in which the size of the progenitor cell population is altered by systemic or topical administration of compounds influencing DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:142506", "title": "Oral retinoic acid as therapy for erythrokeratoderma variabilis.", "content": "Oral retinoic acid successfully and rapidly helped two patients with erythrokeratoderma variabilis. Treatment had to be maintained to prevent recurrence and no side effects have been observed so far.", "contents": "Oral retinoic acid as therapy for erythrokeratoderma variabilis. Oral retinoic acid successfully and rapidly helped two patients with erythrokeratoderma variabilis. Treatment had to be maintained to prevent recurrence and no side effects have been observed so far."}
{"id": "PMID:142507", "title": "Outpatient laparoscopic sterilization.", "content": "A prospective survey is described of 200 consecutive patients who had outpatient laparoscopic sterilizations by coagulation and division of the Fallopian tubes. The procedures were acceptable to patients, free of morbidity or complications and made minimal demands on the existing hospital services.", "contents": "Outpatient laparoscopic sterilization. A prospective survey is described of 200 consecutive patients who had outpatient laparoscopic sterilizations by coagulation and division of the Fallopian tubes. The procedures were acceptable to patients, free of morbidity or complications and made minimal demands on the existing hospital services."}
{"id": "PMID:142511", "title": "Reversal of ultraviolet-killing in an Escherichia coli lon mutant. Differential effects of protein synthesis inhibitors.", "content": "The effects of protein synthesis inhibition in post-irradiation treatments on the ultraviolet-survival of an Escherichia coli lon mutant were examined with six antibiotics. Kasugamycin was the most potent in enhancing the ultraviolet survival, whereas puromycin promoted ultraviolet killing rather than survival. Rifampicin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, and spectinomycin were weakly active in the enhancement of survival.", "contents": "Reversal of ultraviolet-killing in an Escherichia coli lon mutant. Differential effects of protein synthesis inhibitors. The effects of protein synthesis inhibition in post-irradiation treatments on the ultraviolet-survival of an Escherichia coli lon mutant were examined with six antibiotics. Kasugamycin was the most potent in enhancing the ultraviolet survival, whereas puromycin promoted ultraviolet killing rather than survival. Rifampicin, chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, and spectinomycin were weakly active in the enhancement of survival."}
{"id": "PMID:142513", "title": "Restoration of detergent-inactivated adenosine triphosphatase activity of human prostatic fluid with concanavalin A.", "content": "A stimulation by concanavalian A OF Mg2+ -and Ca2+-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) of human prostatic fluid has been observed after the enzyme system had been inactivated by a detergent such as 0.05% deoxycholate. The concanavalin A effect was specific since the positive effect was abolished in the presence o alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Furthermore, the positive effect of concanavalin A was obtained with a low lectin concentration, equal to the concentration reported for optimal stimulation of other membrane enzymes.", "contents": "Restoration of detergent-inactivated adenosine triphosphatase activity of human prostatic fluid with concanavalin A. A stimulation by concanavalian A OF Mg2+ -and Ca2+-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) of human prostatic fluid has been observed after the enzyme system had been inactivated by a detergent such as 0.05% deoxycholate. The concanavalin A effect was specific since the positive effect was abolished in the presence o alpha-methyl-D-mannoside. Furthermore, the positive effect of concanavalin A was obtained with a low lectin concentration, equal to the concentration reported for optimal stimulation of other membrane enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:142514", "title": "Purification and properties of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase of hamster brown adipose tissue.", "content": "1. Oligomycin-insensitive ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) was purified from brown adipose tissue mitochondria. It had a specific activity of 50 units/mg which could be increased up to 85 units/mg by KHCO3. The isolated enzyme represented less than 0.5% of the initial membrane proteins.2. The enzyme had a molecular weight equal to beef heart ATPase and was composed of five subunits with molecular weights of 56 200, 54 300, 33 500, 13 400 and 9500 respectively. 3. Isolated ATPase was labile while cold and was activated by the divalent cations Mn2+, Mg2+, Co2+ and Cd2+. The optimum ATP/Mg2+ ratio found was 1.58 and the enzyme had a maximum activity at pH 8.5; the Km was 220 micrometer. 4. The ATPase activity was 55% inhibited by aurovertin. The isolated enzyme enhanced the fluorescence of aurovertin, quenched by ATP and Mg2+ and enhanced by ADP. 5. Oligomycin sensitivity and cold stability of isolated ATPase was restored by its reconstitution with both brown adipose tissue and beef heart particles depleted of ATPase. 6. The results presented demonstrate that the low ATPase activity of brown adipose tissue mitochondria is due to a reduced content of ATPase.", "contents": "Purification and properties of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase of hamster brown adipose tissue. 1. Oligomycin-insensitive ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) was purified from brown adipose tissue mitochondria. It had a specific activity of 50 units/mg which could be increased up to 85 units/mg by KHCO3. The isolated enzyme represented less than 0.5% of the initial membrane proteins.2. The enzyme had a molecular weight equal to beef heart ATPase and was composed of five subunits with molecular weights of 56 200, 54 300, 33 500, 13 400 and 9500 respectively. 3. Isolated ATPase was labile while cold and was activated by the divalent cations Mn2+, Mg2+, Co2+ and Cd2+. The optimum ATP/Mg2+ ratio found was 1.58 and the enzyme had a maximum activity at pH 8.5; the Km was 220 micrometer. 4. The ATPase activity was 55% inhibited by aurovertin. The isolated enzyme enhanced the fluorescence of aurovertin, quenched by ATP and Mg2+ and enhanced by ADP. 5. Oligomycin sensitivity and cold stability of isolated ATPase was restored by its reconstitution with both brown adipose tissue and beef heart particles depleted of ATPase. 6. The results presented demonstrate that the low ATPase activity of brown adipose tissue mitochondria is due to a reduced content of ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:142517", "title": "Dual effect of Ca2+ on ultrasonic ATPase activity and polymerization of muscle actin.", "content": "Millimolar concentrations of Ca2+ stimulate actin polymerization whereas micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ depress polymerization. This latter effect leads to a reduction of ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity of actin during sonication at low Mg2+ concentrations and in the absence of KCl. In the presence of KCl (90 mM) there is activation of ATPase activity by micromolar Ca2+ concentrations. These Ca2+ effects are half-maximal at a Ca2+ concentration of 2-10(-7) M. They can be explained by assuming that that ATPase activity is optimal in a medium range of actin polymer stability and that micromolar Ca2+ concentrations tend to labilize and depolymerize F-actin.", "contents": "Dual effect of Ca2+ on ultrasonic ATPase activity and polymerization of muscle actin. Millimolar concentrations of Ca2+ stimulate actin polymerization whereas micromolar concentrations of Ca2+ depress polymerization. This latter effect leads to a reduction of ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity of actin during sonication at low Mg2+ concentrations and in the absence of KCl. In the presence of KCl (90 mM) there is activation of ATPase activity by micromolar Ca2+ concentrations. These Ca2+ effects are half-maximal at a Ca2+ concentration of 2-10(-7) M. They can be explained by assuming that that ATPase activity is optimal in a medium range of actin polymer stability and that micromolar Ca2+ concentrations tend to labilize and depolymerize F-actin."}
{"id": "PMID:142518", "title": "Effect of experimental diabetes and insulin on lipid metabolism in the isolated perfused rat lung.", "content": "The isolated perfused rat lung was used as a model to study the possible hormonal regulation of lipid metabolism in the mammalian adult lung. Experimental diabetes, whether induced by alloxan or streptozotocin, decreased the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into neutral lipids and phospholipids of both the surfactant fraction and the residual fraction of the lung by 60-80%. Glucose incorporation into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol is decreased in experimental diabetes in both the surfactant and residual fractions to a comparable degree. Glucose incorporation is decreased in both the fatty acid and the glycerophosphocholine moieties of phosphatidylcholine isolated from the surfactant and residual fractions. Insulin treatment of normal animals 30 or 15 min prior to perfusion resulted in an approximate doubling of the incorporation of glucose into the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol isolated from the surfactant and residual fractions of the lung. The incorporation of glucose into palmitic acid isolated from phosphatidylcholine was also shown to increase similarly. The results of these investigations indicate that insulin may play a role in regulating the synthesis of the important lipid components of the mammalian pulmonary surfactant complex.", "contents": "Effect of experimental diabetes and insulin on lipid metabolism in the isolated perfused rat lung. The isolated perfused rat lung was used as a model to study the possible hormonal regulation of lipid metabolism in the mammalian adult lung. Experimental diabetes, whether induced by alloxan or streptozotocin, decreased the incorporation of [U-14C]glucose into neutral lipids and phospholipids of both the surfactant fraction and the residual fraction of the lung by 60-80%. Glucose incorporation into phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol is decreased in experimental diabetes in both the surfactant and residual fractions to a comparable degree. Glucose incorporation is decreased in both the fatty acid and the glycerophosphocholine moieties of phosphatidylcholine isolated from the surfactant and residual fractions. Insulin treatment of normal animals 30 or 15 min prior to perfusion resulted in an approximate doubling of the incorporation of glucose into the phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol isolated from the surfactant and residual fractions of the lung. The incorporation of glucose into palmitic acid isolated from phosphatidylcholine was also shown to increase similarly. The results of these investigations indicate that insulin may play a role in regulating the synthesis of the important lipid components of the mammalian pulmonary surfactant complex."}
{"id": "PMID:142519", "title": "Heterogeneity of the cold-insoluble globulin of human plasma (CIg), a circulating cell surface protein.", "content": "The cold-insoluble globulin of human plasma (CIg), a circulating cell surface protein, exists in multiple molecular forms. Most molecules are found as two chain (MR approximately 220 000 per chain) disulfide-bridged dimeric units but several minor components of smaller size have also been identified; based upon their migration rates in dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoretic experiments, the smaller molecules characterized in this study range in molecular size from 235 000 to 146 000. The component of molecular weight 235 000 apparently represents a two chain disulfide-bridged derivative of larger parent molecules (one chain of 220 000 plus a smaller remnant), whereas smaller CIg components appear to be single chain proteins. These observations plus electrophoretic analyses of samples of plasmic digests of CIg indicate that the interchain disulfide bridging in the two chain molecule is located in a segment within approx. 175 residues of the NH2- or COOH-terminus.", "contents": "Heterogeneity of the cold-insoluble globulin of human plasma (CIg), a circulating cell surface protein. The cold-insoluble globulin of human plasma (CIg), a circulating cell surface protein, exists in multiple molecular forms. Most molecules are found as two chain (MR approximately 220 000 per chain) disulfide-bridged dimeric units but several minor components of smaller size have also been identified; based upon their migration rates in dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoretic experiments, the smaller molecules characterized in this study range in molecular size from 235 000 to 146 000. The component of molecular weight 235 000 apparently represents a two chain disulfide-bridged derivative of larger parent molecules (one chain of 220 000 plus a smaller remnant), whereas smaller CIg components appear to be single chain proteins. These observations plus electrophoretic analyses of samples of plasmic digests of CIg indicate that the interchain disulfide bridging in the two chain molecule is located in a segment within approx. 175 residues of the NH2- or COOH-terminus."}
{"id": "PMID:142523", "title": "Influence of adenine nucleotides on oligomycin inhibition of energy-transducing reactions in intact rat-liver mitochondria.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of oligomycin was investigated in intact mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation and uncoupler induced ATPase activity. Results show that oligomycin inhibition curves can be either sigmoidal or hyperbolic depending on experimental conditions and chiefly on the metabolic state of mitochondria with regard to the distribution of mitochondrial endogenous adenine-nucleotides. Active respiration and uncoupler-induced ATPse activity produce sigmoidal titration curves for a high initial ATP : ADP ratio and hyperbolic curves for a low ATP : ADP ratio. Time-dependent inhibitions are observed for the two reactions. The maximal inhibitory action for low concentrations of the inhibitor is delayed by the initial presence of ATP or the possibility of generating from inorganic phosphate before adding oligomycin. Results presented here show that the initial adenine-nucleotide distribution is important for oligomycin sensitivity of energy-linked reactions. Although a limited conformational change of the oligomycin-sensitivity to the inhibitor, it is more likely that a gross structural change of the inner membrane induced by adenine-nucleotides modifies membrane permeability to oligomycin.", "contents": "Influence of adenine nucleotides on oligomycin inhibition of energy-transducing reactions in intact rat-liver mitochondria. The inhibitory effect of oligomycin was investigated in intact mitochondria through oxidative phosphorylation and uncoupler induced ATPase activity. Results show that oligomycin inhibition curves can be either sigmoidal or hyperbolic depending on experimental conditions and chiefly on the metabolic state of mitochondria with regard to the distribution of mitochondrial endogenous adenine-nucleotides. Active respiration and uncoupler-induced ATPse activity produce sigmoidal titration curves for a high initial ATP : ADP ratio and hyperbolic curves for a low ATP : ADP ratio. Time-dependent inhibitions are observed for the two reactions. The maximal inhibitory action for low concentrations of the inhibitor is delayed by the initial presence of ATP or the possibility of generating from inorganic phosphate before adding oligomycin. Results presented here show that the initial adenine-nucleotide distribution is important for oligomycin sensitivity of energy-linked reactions. Although a limited conformational change of the oligomycin-sensitivity to the inhibitor, it is more likely that a gross structural change of the inner membrane induced by adenine-nucleotides modifies membrane permeability to oligomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:142520", "title": "[Inhibition of membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase by platinum and palladium salts].", "content": "Inhibition capacity of platinum and palladium complexes is studied on membrane-bound ADTP. The degree of inhibition of the enzyme activity is determined by the nature of the central atom and by the electron density on it, as well as by the ligand donor-acceptor capacity, by its mobility. The configuration of the complex and the charge of complex ion are of importance. The acidoligands studied according to their inhibition effect can be arranged in the following line: NO2, Cl, Br, SCN, I, which is true both for platinum and palladium compounds. For palladium complexes this line coincides with the location of ligands according to their ability to draw off the electron density from the central atom while in case of platinum complexes it has an opposite course of relationship for platinum and palladium complexes, points to a different mechanism of their interaction with the enzyme.", "contents": "[Inhibition of membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase by platinum and palladium salts]. Inhibition capacity of platinum and palladium complexes is studied on membrane-bound ADTP. The degree of inhibition of the enzyme activity is determined by the nature of the central atom and by the electron density on it, as well as by the ligand donor-acceptor capacity, by its mobility. The configuration of the complex and the charge of complex ion are of importance. The acidoligands studied according to their inhibition effect can be arranged in the following line: NO2, Cl, Br, SCN, I, which is true both for platinum and palladium compounds. For palladium complexes this line coincides with the location of ligands according to their ability to draw off the electron density from the central atom while in case of platinum complexes it has an opposite course of relationship for platinum and palladium complexes, points to a different mechanism of their interaction with the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:142524", "title": "[Characteristics of Ca2+ ion effect on the activity of Mg2+-dependent ATPase system in ghosts and reconstituted erythrocytes].", "content": "A good conformity if demonstrated of the kinetics of calcium ions effect on ATPase activity of human and rat erythrocyte ghosts. The increase of calcium concentration in the rat errythrocytes hemolysis medium (above 50-100 micrometer) results in a considerable aggregation of reconstructed vesicles. An activation of ouabaine-sensitive component of Mg2+-dependent ATPase under the increase of intracellular Ca2+ in reconstructed human erythrocytes is observed.", "contents": "[Characteristics of Ca2+ ion effect on the activity of Mg2+-dependent ATPase system in ghosts and reconstituted erythrocytes]. A good conformity if demonstrated of the kinetics of calcium ions effect on ATPase activity of human and rat erythrocyte ghosts. The increase of calcium concentration in the rat errythrocytes hemolysis medium (above 50-100 micrometer) results in a considerable aggregation of reconstructed vesicles. An activation of ouabaine-sensitive component of Mg2+-dependent ATPase under the increase of intracellular Ca2+ in reconstructed human erythrocytes is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:142521", "title": "[Quantitative model of human erythrocyte glycolysis. I. Relationship between the stationary rate of glycolysis and the ATP concentration].", "content": "A mathematical model is presented of the Embden--Meyerhof pathway in the human red blood cell. The rate of the system stationary flux is determined by the first part of the chain including three enzymatic reactions. The function has been calculated which describes the dependence of the stationary rate of glucose consumption and ATP production on the concentration of ATP. The curve has a bell shape with the physiological normal point situated in the descending segment. The descending segment is a result of the inhibition of the phosphofructokinase by ATP and the strong inhibition of the hexokinase by glucose-6-phosphate.", "contents": "[Quantitative model of human erythrocyte glycolysis. I. Relationship between the stationary rate of glycolysis and the ATP concentration]. A mathematical model is presented of the Embden--Meyerhof pathway in the human red blood cell. The rate of the system stationary flux is determined by the first part of the chain including three enzymatic reactions. The function has been calculated which describes the dependence of the stationary rate of glucose consumption and ATP production on the concentration of ATP. The curve has a bell shape with the physiological normal point situated in the descending segment. The descending segment is a result of the inhibition of the phosphofructokinase by ATP and the strong inhibition of the hexokinase by glucose-6-phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:142525", "title": "[Fragmentation of mitochondrial H+-ATPase hydrophobic complex].", "content": "The subunits with molecular weights of 30 000, 10 000 and 20 000 + 19 000 have been obtained by fractionation of the hydrophobic part of the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex on Sephadex G-200 and Sephadex G-150 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate.", "contents": "[Fragmentation of mitochondrial H+-ATPase hydrophobic complex]. The subunits with molecular weights of 30 000, 10 000 and 20 000 + 19 000 have been obtained by fractionation of the hydrophobic part of the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex on Sephadex G-200 and Sephadex G-150 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate."}
{"id": "PMID:142526", "title": "[Oxygen isotope exchange reactions in synaptosomal plasmatic membrane system].", "content": "Mg2+-Dependent, Ca2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase (E. C. 3.6.1.4) of synaptosomal plasmatic membrane from cow brain catalyses isotopic exchange of oxygen atoms: KH2P18O 4 in equilibrium H2O, the degree of exchange depending on Ca2+ concentration. The 18O-exchange catalysis suggests that the enzyme under consideration acts as a transport ATPase.", "contents": "[Oxygen isotope exchange reactions in synaptosomal plasmatic membrane system]. Mg2+-Dependent, Ca2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase (E. C. 3.6.1.4) of synaptosomal plasmatic membrane from cow brain catalyses isotopic exchange of oxygen atoms: KH2P18O 4 in equilibrium H2O, the degree of exchange depending on Ca2+ concentration. The 18O-exchange catalysis suggests that the enzyme under consideration acts as a transport ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:142527", "title": "[Histones of the fungi, Endomyces magnusii and Neurospora crassa].", "content": "Histones of Endomyces magnusii and Neurospora crassa were found to consist of four main fractions similar to calf thymus histones in their electrophoretic mobilities, molecular sizes and chromatographic behaviour on Akrilex P-60. Two of them are homologous to the most conservative histones H3 and H4. Other two fractions correspond to the histones H2A and H2B; however, they have some pecularities. A fraction of N. crassa histones corresponding to the H2B was isolated in a homogeneous state by means of gel filtration. It appeared to be very similar to calf thymus histone H2B in its amino acid composition.", "contents": "[Histones of the fungi, Endomyces magnusii and Neurospora crassa]. Histones of Endomyces magnusii and Neurospora crassa were found to consist of four main fractions similar to calf thymus histones in their electrophoretic mobilities, molecular sizes and chromatographic behaviour on Akrilex P-60. Two of them are homologous to the most conservative histones H3 and H4. Other two fractions correspond to the histones H2A and H2B; however, they have some pecularities. A fraction of N. crassa histones corresponding to the H2B was isolated in a homogeneous state by means of gel filtration. It appeared to be very similar to calf thymus histone H2B in its amino acid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:142530", "title": "[Synthesis of ribosomal RNA in the lymphocytes with 21-chromosome trisomy].", "content": "Normal and 21-trisomic lymphocytes isolated from whole blood were cultivated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 21 hours and labeled with 3H-uridine. Polysomes were then extracted, using magnesium precipitation. The samples of polysome rRNA were disc-electrophoresed, and the specific activity of the 28S-RNA was determined. In spite of the decreased RNA-synthetic response of the 21-trisomic lymphocytes (determined earlier) the specific activity of the rRNA in the aberrant cells failed to differ from the normal. A decrease in the number of the PHA-responsive cells in the 21-trisomic lymphoid population is supposed.", "contents": "[Synthesis of ribosomal RNA in the lymphocytes with 21-chromosome trisomy]. Normal and 21-trisomic lymphocytes isolated from whole blood were cultivated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 21 hours and labeled with 3H-uridine. Polysomes were then extracted, using magnesium precipitation. The samples of polysome rRNA were disc-electrophoresed, and the specific activity of the 28S-RNA was determined. In spite of the decreased RNA-synthetic response of the 21-trisomic lymphocytes (determined earlier) the specific activity of the rRNA in the aberrant cells failed to differ from the normal. A decrease in the number of the PHA-responsive cells in the 21-trisomic lymphoid population is supposed."}
{"id": "PMID:142531", "title": "[Acid polysaccharides of the internal zone of the kidney medulla of albino rats under different conditions of maintainance].", "content": "Water-deprived albino rats displayed a greater stability of reaction to acid mucopolysaccharides in the interstitium of the distal portion of the internal zone of the medulla of the kidneys in case of greater air humidity.", "contents": "[Acid polysaccharides of the internal zone of the kidney medulla of albino rats under different conditions of maintainance]. Water-deprived albino rats displayed a greater stability of reaction to acid mucopolysaccharides in the interstitium of the distal portion of the internal zone of the medulla of the kidneys in case of greater air humidity."}
{"id": "PMID:142532", "title": "[Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on several functional and morphologic properties of the heart and catecholamine metabolism in the presence of compensatory myocardial hypertrophy].", "content": "Rabbits subjected to hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) for one month following ascending aorta stenosis developed less distinct hypertrophy and signs of myocardial dystrophy with a more distinct enhancement of the left ventricular contractility than animals with aortic stenosis kept under normal pressure. In rabbits with heart hypertrophy developing under HBO the increasing adaptive capacity of the myocardium was accompanied by an elevation in functional reserve of the sympathetic regulation apparatus. Apparently HBO aided the development of the optimum cardiac adaptation to a high afterload.", "contents": "[Effect of hyperbaric oxygenation on several functional and morphologic properties of the heart and catecholamine metabolism in the presence of compensatory myocardial hypertrophy]. Rabbits subjected to hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) for one month following ascending aorta stenosis developed less distinct hypertrophy and signs of myocardial dystrophy with a more distinct enhancement of the left ventricular contractility than animals with aortic stenosis kept under normal pressure. In rabbits with heart hypertrophy developing under HBO the increasing adaptive capacity of the myocardium was accompanied by an elevation in functional reserve of the sympathetic regulation apparatus. Apparently HBO aided the development of the optimum cardiac adaptation to a high afterload."}
{"id": "PMID:142533", "title": "[Changes in calcium ion binding and characteristics of Na+, K+-ATPase functioning in erythrocytes in the presence of hypertension].", "content": "A greater amount of calcium is removed with the aid of EDTA from the erythrocyte membranes of patients with hypertensive disease than from erythrocytes of persons with a normal arterial blood pressure. When isotonic MgCl2 was used the amount of calcium removed from the erythrocytic membrane was equal in both groups. The activity of Na-K-ATP-ase in the membrane of reconstituted erythrocytes increased with the action of calcium ions in the patients with hypertensive disease only half as much as in healthy persons.", "contents": "[Changes in calcium ion binding and characteristics of Na+, K+-ATPase functioning in erythrocytes in the presence of hypertension]. A greater amount of calcium is removed with the aid of EDTA from the erythrocyte membranes of patients with hypertensive disease than from erythrocytes of persons with a normal arterial blood pressure. When isotonic MgCl2 was used the amount of calcium removed from the erythrocytic membrane was equal in both groups. The activity of Na-K-ATP-ase in the membrane of reconstituted erythrocytes increased with the action of calcium ions in the patients with hypertensive disease only half as much as in healthy persons."}
{"id": "PMID:142534", "title": "[Effect of an extract of mouse Ehrlich ascitic tumor cells on mitotic activity and DNA synthesis in that tumor].", "content": "The extract of Ehrlich's ascitis tumour cells depressed specifically the proliferative activity of this tumour cells. This was expressed in a marked reduction in the number of dividing and DNA-synthesizing cells after the extract injection. The mitotic index fell considerably as soon as 2 hours after the injection, reached the minimum in 4 to 5 hours and was restored to the control level in 9 to 12 hours. The radioactive index appeared to be evenly decreased in the course of 18 hours of the experiment.", "contents": "[Effect of an extract of mouse Ehrlich ascitic tumor cells on mitotic activity and DNA synthesis in that tumor]. The extract of Ehrlich's ascitis tumour cells depressed specifically the proliferative activity of this tumour cells. This was expressed in a marked reduction in the number of dividing and DNA-synthesizing cells after the extract injection. The mitotic index fell considerably as soon as 2 hours after the injection, reached the minimum in 4 to 5 hours and was restored to the control level in 9 to 12 hours. The radioactive index appeared to be evenly decreased in the course of 18 hours of the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:142536", "title": "Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine in morphine-, pethidine-, and methadone-induced hypothermia in rats at low ambient and room temperature.", "content": "1 The effect of morphine (10 or 20 mg/kg s.c.), pethidine (25 or 50 mg/kg s.c.) or methadone (4 or 8 mg/kg s.c.) on the body temperature of nontreated and p-chlorophenylalanine-pretreated rats was studied at room (21+/-0.2 degrees C) or low ambient (12+/-0.2 degrees C) temperature. 2 Neither pethidine nor smaller doses of morphine and methadone altered the mean rectal temperature of rats kept at room temperature but larger doses of morphine and methadone produced significant hypothermia. 3 All narcotic analgesics at doses used in the present investigation produced significant hypothermia in rats maintained in a low ambient temperature. The hypothermia was prevented by naloxone (1 mg/kg s.c.). 4 The administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 320 mg/kg i.p.) 48 h before the narcotic injection prevented the fall in body temperature both at room and low ambient temperature. 5 The administration of narcotic analgesics at doses, which when administered by themselves did not alter the body temperature of rats, produced significant hyperthermia in rats pretreated with PCPA. 6 When rats pretreated with PCPA were given 5-hydroxytryptophan (75 mg/kg s.c.) 30 min before narcotic administration, the usual response to narcotics was restored. 7 It appears that pethidine and methadone as well as morphine have both hyperthermic and hypothermic actions in rats and that 5-hydroxytryptamine may be involved in the narcotic-induced hypothermia not only at room temperature but also at low ambient temperature.", "contents": "Role of 5-hydroxytryptamine in morphine-, pethidine-, and methadone-induced hypothermia in rats at low ambient and room temperature. 1 The effect of morphine (10 or 20 mg/kg s.c.), pethidine (25 or 50 mg/kg s.c.) or methadone (4 or 8 mg/kg s.c.) on the body temperature of nontreated and p-chlorophenylalanine-pretreated rats was studied at room (21+/-0.2 degrees C) or low ambient (12+/-0.2 degrees C) temperature. 2 Neither pethidine nor smaller doses of morphine and methadone altered the mean rectal temperature of rats kept at room temperature but larger doses of morphine and methadone produced significant hypothermia. 3 All narcotic analgesics at doses used in the present investigation produced significant hypothermia in rats maintained in a low ambient temperature. The hypothermia was prevented by naloxone (1 mg/kg s.c.). 4 The administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA, 320 mg/kg i.p.) 48 h before the narcotic injection prevented the fall in body temperature both at room and low ambient temperature. 5 The administration of narcotic analgesics at doses, which when administered by themselves did not alter the body temperature of rats, produced significant hyperthermia in rats pretreated with PCPA. 6 When rats pretreated with PCPA were given 5-hydroxytryptophan (75 mg/kg s.c.) 30 min before narcotic administration, the usual response to narcotics was restored. 7 It appears that pethidine and methadone as well as morphine have both hyperthermic and hypothermic actions in rats and that 5-hydroxytryptamine may be involved in the narcotic-induced hypothermia not only at room temperature but also at low ambient temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:142537", "title": "Drugs altering insulin secretion: effects on plasma and brain concentrations of aromatic amino acids and on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover.", "content": "1 An investigation was made into the effects of drugs which alter insulin secretion on the concentrations of tryptophan and other aromatic amino acids in plasma and brain and on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in brain. Drugs used were streptozotocin, propranolol, tolbutamide and phentolamine. 2 Tolbutamide and phentolamine increased the plasma insulin concentrations by 100% and 300% respectively but with little effect on the brain/plasma ratios for the aromatic amino acids. Previously propranolol was found to decrease plasma insulin by 50% without altering the above ratios. The ratios were decreased by streptozotocin but only when plasma insulin fell by more than 50%. 3 Phentolamine and propranolol did not alter the brain/plasma ratios for the aromatic amino acids in streptozotocin-treated rats. 4 The results suggest that only large changes of insulin secretion e.g. those associated with food intake or aminophylline injection are likely to alter appreciably the brain/plasma ratios for the aromatic amino acids. 5 Tolbutamide displaced tryptophan from its binding to plasma albumin and increased brain 5-HIAA probably by inhibiting 5-HIAA efflux from brain. The other drugs did not alter brain 5-HT or 5-HIAA concentrations.", "contents": "Drugs altering insulin secretion: effects on plasma and brain concentrations of aromatic amino acids and on brain 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover. 1 An investigation was made into the effects of drugs which alter insulin secretion on the concentrations of tryptophan and other aromatic amino acids in plasma and brain and on 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in brain. Drugs used were streptozotocin, propranolol, tolbutamide and phentolamine. 2 Tolbutamide and phentolamine increased the plasma insulin concentrations by 100% and 300% respectively but with little effect on the brain/plasma ratios for the aromatic amino acids. Previously propranolol was found to decrease plasma insulin by 50% without altering the above ratios. The ratios were decreased by streptozotocin but only when plasma insulin fell by more than 50%. 3 Phentolamine and propranolol did not alter the brain/plasma ratios for the aromatic amino acids in streptozotocin-treated rats. 4 The results suggest that only large changes of insulin secretion e.g. those associated with food intake or aminophylline injection are likely to alter appreciably the brain/plasma ratios for the aromatic amino acids. 5 Tolbutamide displaced tryptophan from its binding to plasma albumin and increased brain 5-HIAA probably by inhibiting 5-HIAA efflux from brain. The other drugs did not alter brain 5-HT or 5-HIAA concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:142542", "title": "[Gene duplication and protein evolution. Case of aminoacyl-t-RNA synthetases].", "content": "Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a functionally homologous group of enzymes which catalyse the first step of protein synthesis. The accumulation of data on the oligomeric structures of these enzymes has revealed a wide diversity in the sizes and organization of the protomers. This is not consistent with the idea of a family with homologous primary and tertiary structures. Howewer recent studies have shown that all these enzymes may have evolved from a common ancestor through gene duplication and fusion which has led to extensive repeating sequences in the corresponding subunits.", "contents": "[Gene duplication and protein evolution. Case of aminoacyl-t-RNA synthetases]. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are a functionally homologous group of enzymes which catalyse the first step of protein synthesis. The accumulation of data on the oligomeric structures of these enzymes has revealed a wide diversity in the sizes and organization of the protomers. This is not consistent with the idea of a family with homologous primary and tertiary structures. Howewer recent studies have shown that all these enzymes may have evolved from a common ancestor through gene duplication and fusion which has led to extensive repeating sequences in the corresponding subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:142543", "title": "[Action of an antiestrogen agent, tamoxifen on the uterus and vagina of the ovariectomized rat].", "content": "Tamoxifen has more or less strong estrogen influence according to the targets : a light one on the uterus (1 mg being much less strong than 0.25 microgram of estradiol), a dynamic one on the vagina (50 microgram of tamoxifen make the vagina open in as short a time as 0.25 microgram of estradiol do but the keratinisation is still not completed even with 1 mg of tamoxifen). We can still see this influence four days after the end of the treatment. This influence is weak on the uterus until the 11 th day and it is much stronger on the vagina until about the 8 th day. Tamoxifen has an antiestrogenic action when opposed to 20 microgram of estradiol : this action is limited as soon as you give a dosis of 50 microgram on the uterus and it is nearly total with a dose of 1 mg ; we can notice it on the vaginal only from 200 microgram on.", "contents": "[Action of an antiestrogen agent, tamoxifen on the uterus and vagina of the ovariectomized rat]. Tamoxifen has more or less strong estrogen influence according to the targets : a light one on the uterus (1 mg being much less strong than 0.25 microgram of estradiol), a dynamic one on the vagina (50 microgram of tamoxifen make the vagina open in as short a time as 0.25 microgram of estradiol do but the keratinisation is still not completed even with 1 mg of tamoxifen). We can still see this influence four days after the end of the treatment. This influence is weak on the uterus until the 11 th day and it is much stronger on the vagina until about the 8 th day. Tamoxifen has an antiestrogenic action when opposed to 20 microgram of estradiol : this action is limited as soon as you give a dosis of 50 microgram on the uterus and it is nearly total with a dose of 1 mg ; we can notice it on the vaginal only from 200 microgram on."}
{"id": "PMID:142544", "title": "[Action of an antiestrogen agent, tamoxifen on the mammae of ovariectomized rats].", "content": "We have been studying the estrogen and antiestrogen action of tamoxifen and of clomifen on the development and secretion of acini and of the galactophore canals of the mammary gland. The ICI (50 or 200 microgram) has no effect : the very strong dose of 1 mg gives a light stimulation of the acini secretion which can be compared to that of light doses of clomifen (20 or 50 microgram) or of estradiol (0.25 microgram). Only 10 microgram of estradiol alone allow the development, the opening and secretion of acini. With 20 microgram, this action is more apparent, not only on the often dilated acini, but also on the canals. Administered along with 20 microgram of estradiol, tamoxifen is slightly antagonist with 50 microgram, strongly antagonist with 200 microgram, and completely antagonist with 1 mg. 50 microgram of clomifen are inefficient ; it is synergetic if the treatment starts and is over 4 days before the estradiol treatment.", "contents": "[Action of an antiestrogen agent, tamoxifen on the mammae of ovariectomized rats]. We have been studying the estrogen and antiestrogen action of tamoxifen and of clomifen on the development and secretion of acini and of the galactophore canals of the mammary gland. The ICI (50 or 200 microgram) has no effect : the very strong dose of 1 mg gives a light stimulation of the acini secretion which can be compared to that of light doses of clomifen (20 or 50 microgram) or of estradiol (0.25 microgram). Only 10 microgram of estradiol alone allow the development, the opening and secretion of acini. With 20 microgram, this action is more apparent, not only on the often dilated acini, but also on the canals. Administered along with 20 microgram of estradiol, tamoxifen is slightly antagonist with 50 microgram, strongly antagonist with 200 microgram, and completely antagonist with 1 mg. 50 microgram of clomifen are inefficient ; it is synergetic if the treatment starts and is over 4 days before the estradiol treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:142545", "title": "[Effect of sorbitol on the activity of alkaline phosphatases isolated from different areas of rat small intestine].", "content": "To elucidate by which way sorbitol (S) increases Ca absorption, the action of (S) on the alkaline phosphatases (A.P.) isolated from duodenum, jejunum and ileum of the young rat is studied. At pH = 9,8 A. P activation by (S) is the most pronounced with ileal A.P. At each studied pH (greater than or equal to 8) the ability of A. P to phosphorylate (S) is observed constantly. A diffusional system transfer of Ca is proposed involving the intervention of a A. P under the inhibiting control of phosphates. This inhibition would be suppressed by the A. P transphosphorylating action toward (S).", "contents": "[Effect of sorbitol on the activity of alkaline phosphatases isolated from different areas of rat small intestine]. To elucidate by which way sorbitol (S) increases Ca absorption, the action of (S) on the alkaline phosphatases (A.P.) isolated from duodenum, jejunum and ileum of the young rat is studied. At pH = 9,8 A. P activation by (S) is the most pronounced with ileal A.P. At each studied pH (greater than or equal to 8) the ability of A. P to phosphorylate (S) is observed constantly. A diffusional system transfer of Ca is proposed involving the intervention of a A. P under the inhibiting control of phosphates. This inhibition would be suppressed by the A. P transphosphorylating action toward (S)."}
{"id": "PMID:142546", "title": "[Variations of the loudness of a brief tone (20 ms) as a function of the rise and decay times at 1000 Hz].", "content": "The loudness of brief tones have been studied in relation to rise and decay times, by reference a long tone of same frequency. Some differences appear, but they are different with the subjects and the sound pressure levels.", "contents": "[Variations of the loudness of a brief tone (20 ms) as a function of the rise and decay times at 1000 Hz]. The loudness of brief tones have been studied in relation to rise and decay times, by reference a long tone of same frequency. Some differences appear, but they are different with the subjects and the sound pressure levels."}
{"id": "PMID:142547", "title": "[Biosynthesis of thyroglobulin in the endostyle of larva (ammocoetes) of a fresh water lamprey, Lampetra planeri B1].", "content": "The biosynthesis of thyroglobulin (Tg) in larva of a fresh-water lamprey, Lampetra planeri B1. has been established. This glycoprotein presents the same characters as in thyroid follicles of adult lampreys, as shown by its 18-19 S sedimentation coefficient and by the incorporation (in vivo and in vitro experiments of 4, 12, 72 h) of 125I, 3H-leucine and 3H-galactose. 3-8 S fractions and a 12 S monomer are the precursors of the 18-19 S protein. Total I % of Tg is very low (0.002 %) ; about 5 % of 125I are present in thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) in the 125I-labeled protein. The biosynthesis of 18-19 S Tg proceeds in larvs before the morphological differentiation of thyroid cells and follicles after metamorphosis. However, the biosynthesis of this protein is much slower in the endostyle of larvs, in which a primitive mechanism of storage is poorly efficient, compared to the accumulation of Tg in the colloid of the follicles of adults.", "contents": "[Biosynthesis of thyroglobulin in the endostyle of larva (ammocoetes) of a fresh water lamprey, Lampetra planeri B1]. The biosynthesis of thyroglobulin (Tg) in larva of a fresh-water lamprey, Lampetra planeri B1. has been established. This glycoprotein presents the same characters as in thyroid follicles of adult lampreys, as shown by its 18-19 S sedimentation coefficient and by the incorporation (in vivo and in vitro experiments of 4, 12, 72 h) of 125I, 3H-leucine and 3H-galactose. 3-8 S fractions and a 12 S monomer are the precursors of the 18-19 S protein. Total I % of Tg is very low (0.002 %) ; about 5 % of 125I are present in thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) in the 125I-labeled protein. The biosynthesis of 18-19 S Tg proceeds in larvs before the morphological differentiation of thyroid cells and follicles after metamorphosis. However, the biosynthesis of this protein is much slower in the endostyle of larvs, in which a primitive mechanism of storage is poorly efficient, compared to the accumulation of Tg in the colloid of the follicles of adults."}
{"id": "PMID:142548", "title": "[Collagen modifications after deep cutaneous burns in rats].", "content": "Acid extracted collegen is prepared from rat skin 48 hours after burning ; the material obtained is purified by salt precipitation and fractionnated by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography as described by Piez (3). Control samples are studied by a similar procedure. It can be concluded that after burning, rat skin collagen becomes insoluble ; the result seems to be consistent with intra and intermolecular crosslinks formation.", "contents": "[Collagen modifications after deep cutaneous burns in rats]. Acid extracted collegen is prepared from rat skin 48 hours after burning ; the material obtained is purified by salt precipitation and fractionnated by carboxymethylcellulose chromatography as described by Piez (3). Control samples are studied by a similar procedure. It can be concluded that after burning, rat skin collagen becomes insoluble ; the result seems to be consistent with intra and intermolecular crosslinks formation."}
{"id": "PMID:142549", "title": "[Liver extract effect on liver microsomal system and on an experimental model of intoxication].", "content": "A lyophilized liver extract (FLR) lengthens hexobarbital action in control rats ; it decreases slightly the induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes and normalizes diphenylhydantoin protection against electroshock seizure in phenobarbital-treated animals ; in the event of a CC14 intoxication, this extract reestablishes values close to normal for mebubarbital metabolism in mice and for BSP clearance in rats. FLR could act in regularizing drug metabolism.", "contents": "[Liver extract effect on liver microsomal system and on an experimental model of intoxication]. A lyophilized liver extract (FLR) lengthens hexobarbital action in control rats ; it decreases slightly the induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes and normalizes diphenylhydantoin protection against electroshock seizure in phenobarbital-treated animals ; in the event of a CC14 intoxication, this extract reestablishes values close to normal for mebubarbital metabolism in mice and for BSP clearance in rats. FLR could act in regularizing drug metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:142550", "title": "[Phentolamine and dibenamine action on the carotid reflexes induced by lobeline].", "content": "On the carotid reflexogenic zone lobeline provoques : 1) a increase of amplitude and rate of respiratory  movements with bradycardia and hypotension ; 2) a secondary decrease of amplitude and rate of breathing with tachycardia. Acting on the reflexogenic zone, phentolamine and dibenamine provoque a transitory weakening or disappearance of these reflexes. These effects are induced by a local action, because they are not observed by intravenous injection of the drugs and the lobeline reflexes starting from the carotid sinus of the other side are not affected.", "contents": "[Phentolamine and dibenamine action on the carotid reflexes induced by lobeline]. On the carotid reflexogenic zone lobeline provoques : 1) a increase of amplitude and rate of respiratory  movements with bradycardia and hypotension ; 2) a secondary decrease of amplitude and rate of breathing with tachycardia. Acting on the reflexogenic zone, phentolamine and dibenamine provoque a transitory weakening or disappearance of these reflexes. These effects are induced by a local action, because they are not observed by intravenous injection of the drugs and the lobeline reflexes starting from the carotid sinus of the other side are not affected."}
{"id": "PMID:142551", "title": "[The germinal population at embryonic stage and young age in the female hybrid duck born of male Pekin x female Barbary crossing. Comparison with ducks of the parent species].", "content": "As hatching the number of left ovary germinal cells of the female hybrid (Anas platyrhynchos x Cairina moschata) is weaker than that of the Peking and Barbary females because the small size of the genital crest limites the number of colonising germinal cells. As well after 16 days of incubation the multiplication of the oogonies stops in a way that we can not explain. The later growth of the ovarian follicle is, however, very fast, and the first laying is earlier than with the female parents.", "contents": "[The germinal population at embryonic stage and young age in the female hybrid duck born of male Pekin x female Barbary crossing. Comparison with ducks of the parent species]. As hatching the number of left ovary germinal cells of the female hybrid (Anas platyrhynchos x Cairina moschata) is weaker than that of the Peking and Barbary females because the small size of the genital crest limites the number of colonising germinal cells. As well after 16 days of incubation the multiplication of the oogonies stops in a way that we can not explain. The later growth of the ovarian follicle is, however, very fast, and the first laying is earlier than with the female parents."}
{"id": "PMID:142552", "title": "[Study of skin microcirculation by epicutaneous diffusion of 133 xenon].", "content": "The diffusion of radioactive inert gas xenon 133 through the epidermis in man was studied by compartimental model with a constant speed injection. From this we deduce the cutaneous and subcutaneous flow.", "contents": "[Study of skin microcirculation by epicutaneous diffusion of 133 xenon]. The diffusion of radioactive inert gas xenon 133 through the epidermis in man was studied by compartimental model with a constant speed injection. From this we deduce the cutaneous and subcutaneous flow."}
{"id": "PMID:142553", "title": "[Ultrastructure of rat vaginal epithelium submitted to various hormone sequences].", "content": "Electron microscopical study of estradiol-progesterone interrelationships on vaginal epithelium has been performed on 20 days old rats. Mucification or cornification depends on quantitative sequences of two hormones. Cornification is obtained when estradiol is the latest hormone injected, mucification, when sufficient progesterone.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of rat vaginal epithelium submitted to various hormone sequences]. Electron microscopical study of estradiol-progesterone interrelationships on vaginal epithelium has been performed on 20 days old rats. Mucification or cornification depends on quantitative sequences of two hormones. Cornification is obtained when estradiol is the latest hormone injected, mucification, when sufficient progesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:142554", "title": "[Transglomerular passage of protein macromolecules in the rat : attempt at quantitative evaluation using ferritin].", "content": "The present microscopic study evaluates precisely the density of ferritin-particules in several substructures of the glomerular barrier, particularly the endothelial barrier, and the glomerular basement membrane, 15 and 60 minutes after the injection of the tracer. This quantitative method opens the way to numerous studies on the pathway of this protein-tracer through the glomerular substructures in the normal and pathologic rat.", "contents": "[Transglomerular passage of protein macromolecules in the rat : attempt at quantitative evaluation using ferritin]. The present microscopic study evaluates precisely the density of ferritin-particules in several substructures of the glomerular barrier, particularly the endothelial barrier, and the glomerular basement membrane, 15 and 60 minutes after the injection of the tracer. This quantitative method opens the way to numerous studies on the pathway of this protein-tracer through the glomerular substructures in the normal and pathologic rat."}
{"id": "PMID:142555", "title": "[Excretion in rat urine of substances derived from the basal glomerular membrane].", "content": "We have prepared in rabbits antibodies against rat GBM, with GBM prepared from isolated glomeruli issued from rat renal cortex. It is shown with immunodiffusion technique the excretion of basement membrane-like fragments into the normal rat urine. This result confirms the earlier works studying the human and rabbit urines. The origin and the nature of this patterns, the signification of this presence into the mammalian urines are discussed.", "contents": "[Excretion in rat urine of substances derived from the basal glomerular membrane]. We have prepared in rabbits antibodies against rat GBM, with GBM prepared from isolated glomeruli issued from rat renal cortex. It is shown with immunodiffusion technique the excretion of basement membrane-like fragments into the normal rat urine. This result confirms the earlier works studying the human and rabbit urines. The origin and the nature of this patterns, the signification of this presence into the mammalian urines are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142556", "title": "[Effect of theophylline on diuresis and the physiological proteinuria of white rats].", "content": "The present study considers the quantitative variations of the physiologic proteinuria with theophyllin in the rat. The urins are collected, during 8 hours, every Rat being its own reference. The single theophyllin injection (20 mg/kg) induces an increased diuresis (+ 42,1 %) and proteinuria (+ 73,7 %). The repetitive theophyllin injections (during 5 days) confirms this constation. The hypothesis of a modification of the permeability of the glomerular barrier to proteic macromolecules is proposed to agree this result.", "contents": "[Effect of theophylline on diuresis and the physiological proteinuria of white rats]. The present study considers the quantitative variations of the physiologic proteinuria with theophyllin in the rat. The urins are collected, during 8 hours, every Rat being its own reference. The single theophyllin injection (20 mg/kg) induces an increased diuresis (+ 42,1 %) and proteinuria (+ 73,7 %). The repetitive theophyllin injections (during 5 days) confirms this constation. The hypothesis of a modification of the permeability of the glomerular barrier to proteic macromolecules is proposed to agree this result."}
{"id": "PMID:142557", "title": "[Effect of exogenous ADP and ATP on the motility and respiratory activity of human spermatozoa].", "content": "The respiratory activity of human sperms suspended in a salved solution, is varying when ADP or ATP are added to the medium. Those results seem to indicate that the apparent lack of regulation of the energetic metabolism, which is observed in this cell, could be partially due to low endogenous concentrations of nucleotide-phosphates. The enrichment of the medium with ATP does not lead to any effect on sperm motility and this negative result is discussed.", "contents": "[Effect of exogenous ADP and ATP on the motility and respiratory activity of human spermatozoa]. The respiratory activity of human sperms suspended in a salved solution, is varying when ADP or ATP are added to the medium. Those results seem to indicate that the apparent lack of regulation of the energetic metabolism, which is observed in this cell, could be partially due to low endogenous concentrations of nucleotide-phosphates. The enrichment of the medium with ATP does not lead to any effect on sperm motility and this negative result is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142558", "title": "[Transfer of volatile fatty acids in rat isolated cecum wall].", "content": "The transfer of acetic, propionic and butyric acids was studied in vitro, using everted sacs of rat caecum. In experiments it was never shown an absorption against the electrochemical potentiel. Short fatty acids flux through caecal membranes is assumed to involve solely passive diffusion.", "contents": "[Transfer of volatile fatty acids in rat isolated cecum wall]. The transfer of acetic, propionic and butyric acids was studied in vitro, using everted sacs of rat caecum. In experiments it was never shown an absorption against the electrochemical potentiel. Short fatty acids flux through caecal membranes is assumed to involve solely passive diffusion."}
{"id": "PMID:142559", "title": "[Evolution of mouse intestinal and blood immunoglobulins after oral route vaccination].", "content": "The authors have studied the mice immunoglobulins level after vaccination by oral route with a killed-pathogenic strain of Salmonella typhimurium and an avirulent mutant of the same bacteria. The obtained results show an increase of the intestinal IgA and IgG1 levels and a slighter one of sera IgG between the 10 th and 30 th day following immunization. No correlation was observed concerning the IgM, IgG and IgA levels and the mice protection against a challenge of pathogenic bacteria.", "contents": "[Evolution of mouse intestinal and blood immunoglobulins after oral route vaccination]. The authors have studied the mice immunoglobulins level after vaccination by oral route with a killed-pathogenic strain of Salmonella typhimurium and an avirulent mutant of the same bacteria. The obtained results show an increase of the intestinal IgA and IgG1 levels and a slighter one of sera IgG between the 10 th and 30 th day following immunization. No correlation was observed concerning the IgM, IgG and IgA levels and the mice protection against a challenge of pathogenic bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:142560", "title": "[Evaluation by electrocorticogram of the protective action of piridoxilate against cerebral hypoxia in rats].", "content": "Piridoxilate, at the concentration of 120 mg/kg i.p. in rats, enhanced resistance of these animals to hypoxia (N2 : O2 3,2 %). The electrocorticogram (ECOG) is used to indicate the effectiveness of the drug in lowering the time of electrographic silence, on control (n=19) and pretreated rats (n=12). The ECOG was recorded also during the recovery period under pure oxygen. In pretreated rats, the ECOG records became flat in approximately 551 sec (versus 269 sec on the control group). The latent period of successive steps of cerebral anoxia were delayed in pretreated rats exposed to hypoxia. During the recovery period, piridoxilate seems to enhance the restoration of normal ECOG, as a function of the duration of hypoxia.", "contents": "[Evaluation by electrocorticogram of the protective action of piridoxilate against cerebral hypoxia in rats]. Piridoxilate, at the concentration of 120 mg/kg i.p. in rats, enhanced resistance of these animals to hypoxia (N2 : O2 3,2 %). The electrocorticogram (ECOG) is used to indicate the effectiveness of the drug in lowering the time of electrographic silence, on control (n=19) and pretreated rats (n=12). The ECOG was recorded also during the recovery period under pure oxygen. In pretreated rats, the ECOG records became flat in approximately 551 sec (versus 269 sec on the control group). The latent period of successive steps of cerebral anoxia were delayed in pretreated rats exposed to hypoxia. During the recovery period, piridoxilate seems to enhance the restoration of normal ECOG, as a function of the duration of hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:142561", "title": "[Demonstration of interactions between visual and splanchnic afferences at the level of the cerebral cortex in cats].", "content": "In the chloralose-anesthetized cats, evoked potentials (E.P) were recorded from cerebral cortex with the use of 1) macroelectrodes in two overlapping zones between splanchnic and visual areas : Medial Lateral and Anterior Suprasylvian (S II) gyri ; 2) microelectrodes in Medial Lateral gyrus. Our results show : 1) a strong increase of the primary visual E.P. in Medial Laternal gyrus by splanchnic stimulus ; 2) a strong inhibition of the primary splanchnic E.P. in S II by visual stimulus ; 3) an inhibition of some cortical neurons in Medial Lateral gyrus by splanchnic stimulus ; 4) an inhibition of associative visual E.P. in S II by splanchnic stimulus, and of associative splanchnic E.P. in Medial Lateral gyrus by visual stimulus. In the other hand splanchnic and visual E.P. were recorded from N. reticularis and Corpus Geniculatum Mediale with the use of concentric electrode. Some hypothesis concerning interrelations mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "[Demonstration of interactions between visual and splanchnic afferences at the level of the cerebral cortex in cats]. In the chloralose-anesthetized cats, evoked potentials (E.P) were recorded from cerebral cortex with the use of 1) macroelectrodes in two overlapping zones between splanchnic and visual areas : Medial Lateral and Anterior Suprasylvian (S II) gyri ; 2) microelectrodes in Medial Lateral gyrus. Our results show : 1) a strong increase of the primary visual E.P. in Medial Laternal gyrus by splanchnic stimulus ; 2) a strong inhibition of the primary splanchnic E.P. in S II by visual stimulus ; 3) an inhibition of some cortical neurons in Medial Lateral gyrus by splanchnic stimulus ; 4) an inhibition of associative visual E.P. in S II by splanchnic stimulus, and of associative splanchnic E.P. in Medial Lateral gyrus by visual stimulus. In the other hand splanchnic and visual E.P. were recorded from N. reticularis and Corpus Geniculatum Mediale with the use of concentric electrode. Some hypothesis concerning interrelations mechanisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142562", "title": "[Modifications in chick embryo peripheral blood following graft of hen spleen fragments. I. Effects on blood volume].", "content": "After adjusting to embryonic material a method, generally used in Man, for the blood volume measurement (dilution of radio-iodinated 131I human albumin) it was possible to determine that the grafting on the chorioallantois membrane of homologous adult spleen fragments provoke a blood volume augmentation in the host embryo. The rate of this increasing, which seems to be partly caused by a blood dilution, and the spleen enhancement intensity are highly linked.", "contents": "[Modifications in chick embryo peripheral blood following graft of hen spleen fragments. I. Effects on blood volume]. After adjusting to embryonic material a method, generally used in Man, for the blood volume measurement (dilution of radio-iodinated 131I human albumin) it was possible to determine that the grafting on the chorioallantois membrane of homologous adult spleen fragments provoke a blood volume augmentation in the host embryo. The rate of this increasing, which seems to be partly caused by a blood dilution, and the spleen enhancement intensity are highly linked."}
{"id": "PMID:142563", "title": "[Formation of vascular cords in the chick embryo ; scanning electron microscopic observations].", "content": "The morphological changes of haemangioblasts during their sorting out from the pleural mesoderm have been studied as well as their later association within vascular cords, using scanning electron microscopy. These transformations involve only changing the shape and the relationship of cells.", "contents": "[Formation of vascular cords in the chick embryo ; scanning electron microscopic observations]. The morphological changes of haemangioblasts during their sorting out from the pleural mesoderm have been studied as well as their later association within vascular cords, using scanning electron microscopy. These transformations involve only changing the shape and the relationship of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:142564", "title": "[Glucose role in regulation of placental lactogen hormone (hPL) secretion].", "content": "The authors have studied the role of glucose on the excretion of hPL in the medium by explants of placenta in culture. 1. The glucose is necessary for this excretion and cannot be replaced by lactate. 2. At concentrations higher than 1.5 g/l, the glucose inhibits the excretion of hPL. 3. This inhibition is shown for long periods of action of the glucose (4 days) as well as for short periods (1, 2 and 4 hours).", "contents": "[Glucose role in regulation of placental lactogen hormone (hPL) secretion]. The authors have studied the role of glucose on the excretion of hPL in the medium by explants of placenta in culture. 1. The glucose is necessary for this excretion and cannot be replaced by lactate. 2. At concentrations higher than 1.5 g/l, the glucose inhibits the excretion of hPL. 3. This inhibition is shown for long periods of action of the glucose (4 days) as well as for short periods (1, 2 and 4 hours)."}
{"id": "PMID:142565", "title": "[Circulating molecular forms of prolactin in the normal nursing mother and during tumoral amenorrhea-galactorrhea].", "content": "The authors have studied by gel chromatography and radioimmuno assay, the molecular forms of prolactine in the serum of normal lactating women and in serum of three subjects having an hypophyseal tumor. 1. In the normal women, one find two pics of prolactine : one migrating like the monomere (M.W. 20000), and the other as a trimere (M.W. : 60000). There is small amounts of a large molecule migrating in the dead volume of the column. 2. In the patients having a tumor, one find not only the monomere but also a large molecule (M.W. greater than 100000) which is the principal form in the serum. The results are compared with these of the literature.", "contents": "[Circulating molecular forms of prolactin in the normal nursing mother and during tumoral amenorrhea-galactorrhea]. The authors have studied by gel chromatography and radioimmuno assay, the molecular forms of prolactine in the serum of normal lactating women and in serum of three subjects having an hypophyseal tumor. 1. In the normal women, one find two pics of prolactine : one migrating like the monomere (M.W. 20000), and the other as a trimere (M.W. : 60000). There is small amounts of a large molecule migrating in the dead volume of the column. 2. In the patients having a tumor, one find not only the monomere but also a large molecule (M.W. greater than 100000) which is the principal form in the serum. The results are compared with these of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:142566", "title": "[Study of molecular forms of ovine and human prolactin].", "content": "After labelling of human and ovine prolactine by the lactoperoxydase method, each prolactine shows at least three molecular forms : amorphous aggregates of large molecular weight, one dimere (M.W. no. 50 000) and one monomere (M.W. no. 25 000). The monomere and the dimere can spontaneously give rise to the aggregates. But the dimere never give monomere and monomere never give dimere. Urea 8 M alone have not dissociating action on the polymeres or on the dimere. But urea 8 M plus mercaptoethanol transforms polymeres into dimeres and monomeres.", "contents": "[Study of molecular forms of ovine and human prolactin]. After labelling of human and ovine prolactine by the lactoperoxydase method, each prolactine shows at least three molecular forms : amorphous aggregates of large molecular weight, one dimere (M.W. no. 50 000) and one monomere (M.W. no. 25 000). The monomere and the dimere can spontaneously give rise to the aggregates. But the dimere never give monomere and monomere never give dimere. Urea 8 M alone have not dissociating action on the polymeres or on the dimere. But urea 8 M plus mercaptoethanol transforms polymeres into dimeres and monomeres."}
{"id": "PMID:142567", "title": "[Use of measurement of liver cytochrome P 450 as a water toxicity test].", "content": "The authors describe a new approach to determine the toxicity of water samples. The level of liver hydroxylating cytochrome in mice injected with water samples is assayed. This assay is used to test the toxicity of waters containing an earth extract (humic and fulvic acids). The water samples showed various toxicities desinfected with chlorine or ozone.", "contents": "[Use of measurement of liver cytochrome P 450 as a water toxicity test]. The authors describe a new approach to determine the toxicity of water samples. The level of liver hydroxylating cytochrome in mice injected with water samples is assayed. This assay is used to test the toxicity of waters containing an earth extract (humic and fulvic acids). The water samples showed various toxicities desinfected with chlorine or ozone."}
{"id": "PMID:142568", "title": "[New data on luteotropic mechanism of action of estrogens during the rat estrus cycle].", "content": "An increase in peripheral blood progesterone concentration was observed in diestrus II, at 17:30 in 4-day cyclic female rats subcutaneously injected with 10 microgram estradiol benzoate (EB) at 10:00-11:00 on diestrus I. Pentobarbital injection (30 mg/kg) at 13:30 on diestrus II did not prevent this effect on EB. By contrast PB injected at 13:30 on diestrus II as above completely suppressed the luteinizing or ovulating effects of EB. The action of estrogen on blood progesterone level was therefore concluded to be unrelated to the mechanisms underlying estrogen-induced ovulation luteinization in the cyclic female rat.", "contents": "[New data on luteotropic mechanism of action of estrogens during the rat estrus cycle]. An increase in peripheral blood progesterone concentration was observed in diestrus II, at 17:30 in 4-day cyclic female rats subcutaneously injected with 10 microgram estradiol benzoate (EB) at 10:00-11:00 on diestrus I. Pentobarbital injection (30 mg/kg) at 13:30 on diestrus II did not prevent this effect on EB. By contrast PB injected at 13:30 on diestrus II as above completely suppressed the luteinizing or ovulating effects of EB. The action of estrogen on blood progesterone level was therefore concluded to be unrelated to the mechanisms underlying estrogen-induced ovulation luteinization in the cyclic female rat."}
{"id": "PMID:142569", "title": "[Brain monoamines and circadian rhythm of spontaneous motor activity of rats].", "content": "The effect of three drugs, parachlorophenylalanine, nialamide and disulfiram, drugs known by their action on the two sleep phases, slow wave sleep and I-REM-sleep, have been studied and tested by their effect on the motor circadian rhythm : PCPA and disulfiram reduce the amplitude of the rhythm by two opposed mechanisms : PCPA increases the motor activity, especially the day-time activity, disulfiram reduces the motor activity, especially the night-time activity. The former reduces the serotonine content, the latter the noradrenaline content of the central nervous system. Nialamide (5 or 10 mg/1000 g) is without any action of the rhythm. Both doses increase very much the motor activity ; but the central excitatory state undergoes the normal circadian rhythm. This monoaminoxydase inhibitor is without any action on the circadian rhythm.", "contents": "[Brain monoamines and circadian rhythm of spontaneous motor activity of rats]. The effect of three drugs, parachlorophenylalanine, nialamide and disulfiram, drugs known by their action on the two sleep phases, slow wave sleep and I-REM-sleep, have been studied and tested by their effect on the motor circadian rhythm : PCPA and disulfiram reduce the amplitude of the rhythm by two opposed mechanisms : PCPA increases the motor activity, especially the day-time activity, disulfiram reduces the motor activity, especially the night-time activity. The former reduces the serotonine content, the latter the noradrenaline content of the central nervous system. Nialamide (5 or 10 mg/1000 g) is without any action of the rhythm. Both doses increase very much the motor activity ; but the central excitatory state undergoes the normal circadian rhythm. This monoaminoxydase inhibitor is without any action on the circadian rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:142570", "title": "[Autologous and allogenic human rosettes].", "content": "A proportion of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes have the property to form spontaneous rosettes in vitro with autologous and allogeneic red blood cells. In our experience the percentage of allo-rosettes is higher than the percentage of auto-rosettes. Red blood cells of the Bombay type are capable of binding to allogeneic lymphocytes. However a low percentage of auto-rosettes was found in the Bombay donor.", "contents": "[Autologous and allogenic human rosettes]. A proportion of human peripheral blood T lymphocytes have the property to form spontaneous rosettes in vitro with autologous and allogeneic red blood cells. In our experience the percentage of allo-rosettes is higher than the percentage of auto-rosettes. Red blood cells of the Bombay type are capable of binding to allogeneic lymphocytes. However a low percentage of auto-rosettes was found in the Bombay donor."}
{"id": "PMID:142571", "title": "[Inhibition of compensatory kidney hypertrophy by hypothyroidism in the rat. Measurement of the mean diameter of glomeruli and proximal tubules].", "content": "The body, heart and kidney weights are reduced in the hypothyroid rat. In this animal, the diameter of the proximal tubule is significantly smaller than in euthyroid controls. The glomerular diameter is not affected by hypothyroidism. 21 days after uninephrectomy, the weight of the remaining kidney and the diameter of the proximal tubule increase significantly both in the hypothyroid and the euthyroid rats. But this compensatory renal hyperthrophy is definitely impaired in the hypothyroid animals.", "contents": "[Inhibition of compensatory kidney hypertrophy by hypothyroidism in the rat. Measurement of the mean diameter of glomeruli and proximal tubules]. The body, heart and kidney weights are reduced in the hypothyroid rat. In this animal, the diameter of the proximal tubule is significantly smaller than in euthyroid controls. The glomerular diameter is not affected by hypothyroidism. 21 days after uninephrectomy, the weight of the remaining kidney and the diameter of the proximal tubule increase significantly both in the hypothyroid and the euthyroid rats. But this compensatory renal hyperthrophy is definitely impaired in the hypothyroid animals."}
{"id": "PMID:142572", "title": "[Urinary excretion of LH-RH after intravenous injection in rabbit and man].", "content": "The excretion of immunoreactive and radioactive material in urine was studied after intravenous injection of synthetic LH-RH in a rabbit and in a man. The LH-RH-like immunoreactive substance (LHRH-LIS) found in unextracted urine by radioimmunoassay was excreted within the same timelag and in the same proportions in the rabbit and in the human, but different from those of synthetic LH-RH, as shown by purifications on sephadex.", "contents": "[Urinary excretion of LH-RH after intravenous injection in rabbit and man]. The excretion of immunoreactive and radioactive material in urine was studied after intravenous injection of synthetic LH-RH in a rabbit and in a man. The LH-RH-like immunoreactive substance (LHRH-LIS) found in unextracted urine by radioimmunoassay was excreted within the same timelag and in the same proportions in the rabbit and in the human, but different from those of synthetic LH-RH, as shown by purifications on sephadex."}
{"id": "PMID:142573", "title": "[Effect of pGlu-Tyr-Arg-Trp-NH2 on the serum level of gonadotropins in the male rat].", "content": "The tetrapeptide synthesized by Folkers et al. was injected intraperitonealy in normal adult male rats. The release of FSH is significant 90 and 120 minutes after injections of 150, 100, 250 microgram of this substance. An increase of LH was only observed at 120 minutes after injection of 100 microgram of the tetrapeptide. Thus, in rats dissociation between FSH and LH release can be observed.", "contents": "[Effect of pGlu-Tyr-Arg-Trp-NH2 on the serum level of gonadotropins in the male rat]. The tetrapeptide synthesized by Folkers et al. was injected intraperitonealy in normal adult male rats. The release of FSH is significant 90 and 120 minutes after injections of 150, 100, 250 microgram of this substance. An increase of LH was only observed at 120 minutes after injection of 100 microgram of the tetrapeptide. Thus, in rats dissociation between FSH and LH release can be observed."}
{"id": "PMID:142574", "title": "[Simultaneous liberation of vasopressin (ADH) and of neurophysins during nicotine perfusion in man].", "content": "Using the radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.) for neurophysins (I.R.N.) described in 1969, we demonstrated a concomitant, rapid release of both A.D.H. and I.R.N. within the first minutes (2') of the i.v. infusion of nicotine in 11 patients with normal neuropituitary function and 1 patient suffering from a Schwartz-Bartter syndrome. There is a close relationship (r : 0,82, p less than 0.001) similar to that described by other authors, between peak levels of A.D.H. and I.R.N. in all the patients. Hence, we proved that our R.I.A. system is influenced by nicotine stimulated neurophysins (N.S.N.). The negative results previously published by two of us in 5 normal men could have been due to the length of the period between the beginning of the test and the first blood sampling (30 mn).", "contents": "[Simultaneous liberation of vasopressin (ADH) and of neurophysins during nicotine perfusion in man]. Using the radioimmunoassay (R.I.A.) for neurophysins (I.R.N.) described in 1969, we demonstrated a concomitant, rapid release of both A.D.H. and I.R.N. within the first minutes (2') of the i.v. infusion of nicotine in 11 patients with normal neuropituitary function and 1 patient suffering from a Schwartz-Bartter syndrome. There is a close relationship (r : 0,82, p less than 0.001) similar to that described by other authors, between peak levels of A.D.H. and I.R.N. in all the patients. Hence, we proved that our R.I.A. system is influenced by nicotine stimulated neurophysins (N.S.N.). The negative results previously published by two of us in 5 normal men could have been due to the length of the period between the beginning of the test and the first blood sampling (30 mn)."}
{"id": "PMID:142575", "title": "[Ultrastructure of Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophages].", "content": "No morphological differences were found among the 10 Listeria phages suspensions examined. The polyhedric head appears to be about 62-66 nm in diameter, the tail devoided of contractile sheath measures 260-280 X 10 nm. The phage adsorption is observed on the cell-wall of Listeria.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophages]. No morphological differences were found among the 10 Listeria phages suspensions examined. The polyhedric head appears to be about 62-66 nm in diameter, the tail devoided of contractile sheath measures 260-280 X 10 nm. The phage adsorption is observed on the cell-wall of Listeria."}
{"id": "PMID:142576", "title": "Partial characterization of a soluble ATPase from pea cotyledon mitochondria.", "content": "A partially purified soluble ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) from pea cotyledon mitochondria was characterized. Inhibition patterns with azide, NaF, and cold, and a stimulation by 2,4-dinitrophenol were typical of F1-ATPases from mammalian mitochondria. The enzyme hydrolysed GTP, ITP, and ATP, but not CTP, UTP, ADP, or IDP. ATPase and ITPase activities were strongly inhibited by ADP and to a lesser extent by IDP. Distinctive properties of the pea mitochondrial enzyme were activation by high concentrations of CaCl2 and stimulation by NaCl.", "contents": "Partial characterization of a soluble ATPase from pea cotyledon mitochondria. A partially purified soluble ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) from pea cotyledon mitochondria was characterized. Inhibition patterns with azide, NaF, and cold, and a stimulation by 2,4-dinitrophenol were typical of F1-ATPases from mammalian mitochondria. The enzyme hydrolysed GTP, ITP, and ATP, but not CTP, UTP, ADP, or IDP. ATPase and ITPase activities were strongly inhibited by ADP and to a lesser extent by IDP. Distinctive properties of the pea mitochondrial enzyme were activation by high concentrations of CaCl2 and stimulation by NaCl."}
{"id": "PMID:142579", "title": "Treatment of advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with combinations of streptozotocin plus 5-fluorouracil and streptozotocin plus cyclophosphamide.", "content": "One hundred and sixteen patients with advanced and metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were randomized to treatment with combined Streptozotocin and 5-fluorouracil or combined Streptozotocin and cyclophosphamide. Toxic reactions to each regimen were qualitatively similar and consisted of nausea and vomiting during the time of treatment and subsequent leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Renal toxicity was less frequent and only rarely severe. Among 51 eligible and evaluable patients treated with the Streptozotocin-cyclophosphamide combination, 12% showed objective response and among 42 patients treated with Streptozotocin + 5-fluorouracil, 12% showed objective response. The Streptozotocin + 5-fluorouracil-treated patients showed a slight advantage in survival. Neither regimen can be considered of substantive value to the patient with advanced pancreatic carcinoma.", "contents": "Treatment of advanced adenocarcinoma of the pancreas with combinations of streptozotocin plus 5-fluorouracil and streptozotocin plus cyclophosphamide. One hundred and sixteen patients with advanced and metastatic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were randomized to treatment with combined Streptozotocin and 5-fluorouracil or combined Streptozotocin and cyclophosphamide. Toxic reactions to each regimen were qualitatively similar and consisted of nausea and vomiting during the time of treatment and subsequent leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Renal toxicity was less frequent and only rarely severe. Among 51 eligible and evaluable patients treated with the Streptozotocin-cyclophosphamide combination, 12% showed objective response and among 42 patients treated with Streptozotocin + 5-fluorouracil, 12% showed objective response. The Streptozotocin + 5-fluorouracil-treated patients showed a slight advantage in survival. Neither regimen can be considered of substantive value to the patient with advanced pancreatic carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:142580", "title": "Cardiac function, coronary flow and MVO2 in hypertrophy induced by pressure and volume overloading.", "content": "Myocardial function, flow and O2 consumption were compared in cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure-loading (P) and by volume overloading (V). Increases in LV-to-body weight ratios in P and V hypertrophied hearts were comparable. Indices of LV function such as cardiac output, stroke volume, stroke work, minute work, peak LV dP/dt, ratio of peak LV dP/dt-to-isovolumic pressure and -to-LVEDP, and Vmax were significantly reduced from normal only in hypertrophy induced by V. Left ventricular coronary flow was reduced from 167.1 +/- 27.2 in normal dogs to 146.2 +/- 17.1 cm3/min-100 g-1 in P hypertrophy, and was reduced further to 82.5 +/- 8.2 cm3/min-100 g-1 in V hypertrophy. Flows decreased similarly in epicardium and endocardium in both hypertrophied hearts. Cardiac O2 extraction in P and V hearts was greater than in control hearts. Myocardial O2 consumption was maintained at control values in P hypertrophy, and decreased by 54 +/- 3% in V hypertrophy. These findings indicate that LV function is impaired at rest in hypertrophy induced by V and is normal in hypertrophy induced by P.", "contents": "Cardiac function, coronary flow and MVO2 in hypertrophy induced by pressure and volume overloading. Myocardial function, flow and O2 consumption were compared in cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure-loading (P) and by volume overloading (V). Increases in LV-to-body weight ratios in P and V hypertrophied hearts were comparable. Indices of LV function such as cardiac output, stroke volume, stroke work, minute work, peak LV dP/dt, ratio of peak LV dP/dt-to-isovolumic pressure and -to-LVEDP, and Vmax were significantly reduced from normal only in hypertrophy induced by V. Left ventricular coronary flow was reduced from 167.1 +/- 27.2 in normal dogs to 146.2 +/- 17.1 cm3/min-100 g-1 in P hypertrophy, and was reduced further to 82.5 +/- 8.2 cm3/min-100 g-1 in V hypertrophy. Flows decreased similarly in epicardium and endocardium in both hypertrophied hearts. Cardiac O2 extraction in P and V hearts was greater than in control hearts. Myocardial O2 consumption was maintained at control values in P hypertrophy, and decreased by 54 +/- 3% in V hypertrophy. These findings indicate that LV function is impaired at rest in hypertrophy induced by V and is normal in hypertrophy induced by P."}
{"id": "PMID:142583", "title": "Changes in rat renal cortex, isolated plasma membranes and urinary enzymes following the injection of mercuric chloride.", "content": "Some of the biochemical changes in rat kidney following the administration of mercuric chloride have been determined. Mercuric chloride had an immediate effect on the renal brush border resulting in rapid loss of the microvilli. Plasma membranes were isolated and characterised at various stages in the necrotic process, mircovilli were absent from these preparations and the activities of marker enzymes for the brush border were significantly decreased. In contrast the basal plasma membranes were unaffected by the nephrotoxin during the early stages and no change occurred in the activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, a marker enzyme for the basal membranes. The change in the pattern of urinary enzyme excertion closely paralleled the ultrastructural changes in the tubular cells. The sequence of subcellular change following the administration of mercuric chloride is discussed in relation to the known mechanism of action of this agent.", "contents": "Changes in rat renal cortex, isolated plasma membranes and urinary enzymes following the injection of mercuric chloride. Some of the biochemical changes in rat kidney following the administration of mercuric chloride have been determined. Mercuric chloride had an immediate effect on the renal brush border resulting in rapid loss of the microvilli. Plasma membranes were isolated and characterised at various stages in the necrotic process, mircovilli were absent from these preparations and the activities of marker enzymes for the brush border were significantly decreased. In contrast the basal plasma membranes were unaffected by the nephrotoxin during the early stages and no change occurred in the activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, a marker enzyme for the basal membranes. The change in the pattern of urinary enzyme excertion closely paralleled the ultrastructural changes in the tubular cells. The sequence of subcellular change following the administration of mercuric chloride is discussed in relation to the known mechanism of action of this agent."}
{"id": "PMID:142587", "title": "Trends in the distribution of Staphylococcus aureus phage patterns in New York State during 1966-1975.", "content": "The phage patterns of 15 790 S. aureus isolates collected from human sources in New York State (exclusive of New York City) during the 10-year period 1966-1975 were analysed. The results showed changes in the distribution of phage groups and a steadily increasing incidence of nontypable S. aureus.", "contents": "Trends in the distribution of Staphylococcus aureus phage patterns in New York State during 1966-1975. The phage patterns of 15 790 S. aureus isolates collected from human sources in New York State (exclusive of New York City) during the 10-year period 1966-1975 were analysed. The results showed changes in the distribution of phage groups and a steadily increasing incidence of nontypable S. aureus."}
{"id": "PMID:142588", "title": "Intercapillary distance and capillary reserve in hypertrophied rat hearts beating in situ.", "content": "Functional intercapillary distance (ICD) was measured in stop-motion photomicrographs of hypertrophied, normally compensated, well oxygenated rat hearts beating in situ. Left ventricular hypertrophy was produced by salt loading and unilateral nephrectomy. Minimum ICD (when all capillaries are open) also was measured. Ventricular weight increased by 30-40% within 8-9 weeks after nephrectomy. To compare the effect of normal and pathological growth, ICD was also measured in normal rats. In normal animals, minimum ICD and functional ICD increased linearly and proportionately with left ventricular weight. Consequently, the extent to which capillary recruitment could decrease ICD was the same in large and small normal hearts (about 2 micrometer). In the hypertrophied hearts, capillary recruitment could have maintained ICD within normal limits at rest for several weeks. After 8-9 weeks, however, the capillary reserve in hypertrophy was fully utilized at rest, and mean functional ICD was 1.5-2.0 micrometer greater than normal for the age of the animal. An analysis of O2 transport indicates that anoxic foci would exist throughout the hypertrophied heart and particularly in subendocardium when the capillary reserve is exhausted. The calculated amount of anoxic tissue appears sufficient to account for the focal necrosis and fibrosis observed in hypertrophy and for the development of circulatory failure.", "contents": "Intercapillary distance and capillary reserve in hypertrophied rat hearts beating in situ. Functional intercapillary distance (ICD) was measured in stop-motion photomicrographs of hypertrophied, normally compensated, well oxygenated rat hearts beating in situ. Left ventricular hypertrophy was produced by salt loading and unilateral nephrectomy. Minimum ICD (when all capillaries are open) also was measured. Ventricular weight increased by 30-40% within 8-9 weeks after nephrectomy. To compare the effect of normal and pathological growth, ICD was also measured in normal rats. In normal animals, minimum ICD and functional ICD increased linearly and proportionately with left ventricular weight. Consequently, the extent to which capillary recruitment could decrease ICD was the same in large and small normal hearts (about 2 micrometer). In the hypertrophied hearts, capillary recruitment could have maintained ICD within normal limits at rest for several weeks. After 8-9 weeks, however, the capillary reserve in hypertrophy was fully utilized at rest, and mean functional ICD was 1.5-2.0 micrometer greater than normal for the age of the animal. An analysis of O2 transport indicates that anoxic foci would exist throughout the hypertrophied heart and particularly in subendocardium when the capillary reserve is exhausted. The calculated amount of anoxic tissue appears sufficient to account for the focal necrosis and fibrosis observed in hypertrophy and for the development of circulatory failure."}
{"id": "PMID:142589", "title": "Quantitative determination of plasmin: a fibrinogenolytic method.", "content": "A test system for the quantitative determination of plasmin activity is described. The proposed method is a modification of that employed in the well recognized casein test with human fibrinogen substituted for casein. With fibrinogen as substrate, the method gains specificity and sensitivity. The applicability to clinical use of the described fibrinogenolytic method for determination of the plasminogen/plasmin concentration in plasma is demonstrated.", "contents": "Quantitative determination of plasmin: a fibrinogenolytic method. A test system for the quantitative determination of plasmin activity is described. The proposed method is a modification of that employed in the well recognized casein test with human fibrinogen substituted for casein. With fibrinogen as substrate, the method gains specificity and sensitivity. The applicability to clinical use of the described fibrinogenolytic method for determination of the plasminogen/plasmin concentration in plasma is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:142591", "title": "Down syndrome and maternal age in Japan, 1950-1973.", "content": "The mean maternal age and the percentage age distribution of 2,650 mothers of children with Down syndrome were calculated for 1950-1973, from hospital records. Mean maternal age had dropped both for controls (28.55 leads to 27.37) and Down syndrome (31.26 leads to 29.59). The observed maternal age distributions were very similar to those expected in corresponding periods, from the age specific incidences of Collmann & Stoller (1962). It is conceivable that the fall in maternal age in Down syndrome in recent years has resulted from the general trend to decreasing maternal age. There has been no change in the age-specific incidences of Down syndrome. The incidence of Down syndrome seems to be falling in Japan.", "contents": "Down syndrome and maternal age in Japan, 1950-1973. The mean maternal age and the percentage age distribution of 2,650 mothers of children with Down syndrome were calculated for 1950-1973, from hospital records. Mean maternal age had dropped both for controls (28.55 leads to 27.37) and Down syndrome (31.26 leads to 29.59). The observed maternal age distributions were very similar to those expected in corresponding periods, from the age specific incidences of Collmann & Stoller (1962). It is conceivable that the fall in maternal age in Down syndrome in recent years has resulted from the general trend to decreasing maternal age. There has been no change in the age-specific incidences of Down syndrome. The incidence of Down syndrome seems to be falling in Japan."}
{"id": "PMID:142592", "title": "A diagnostic index for Down syndrome.", "content": "A simple and effective index for the diagnosis of Down syndrome is presented. It makes use of 12 characters with from two to nine states. The simple format allows persons with limited knowledge of the characters to use it. Simplicity was attained by combining character states when this did not result in a loss of discrimination and by avoiding characters that were redundant, subject or difficult to evaluate. A combination of characters that occur frequently in Down syndrome (wide applicability and characters that have a high relative frequency (high probability) was used. Additional data from comparable samples were used to calculate more representative scores for some characters. Over 82% of suspected cases may be diagnosed as having or not having Down syndrome with 99.9% confidence. Conditional probabilities for the various scores are provided. Individuals whose scores are in the Down or non-Down zones have a 98.7% probability or greater of having or not having the syndrome, respectively. The index is more effective than others as measured both by the percentage of individuals with and without Down syndrome whose scores fall into distinct zones (overlap method) and by the percentage with Down syndrome who have positive scores and controls who have negative scores (single point classification).", "contents": "A diagnostic index for Down syndrome. A simple and effective index for the diagnosis of Down syndrome is presented. It makes use of 12 characters with from two to nine states. The simple format allows persons with limited knowledge of the characters to use it. Simplicity was attained by combining character states when this did not result in a loss of discrimination and by avoiding characters that were redundant, subject or difficult to evaluate. A combination of characters that occur frequently in Down syndrome (wide applicability and characters that have a high relative frequency (high probability) was used. Additional data from comparable samples were used to calculate more representative scores for some characters. Over 82% of suspected cases may be diagnosed as having or not having Down syndrome with 99.9% confidence. Conditional probabilities for the various scores are provided. Individuals whose scores are in the Down or non-Down zones have a 98.7% probability or greater of having or not having the syndrome, respectively. The index is more effective than others as measured both by the percentage of individuals with and without Down syndrome whose scores fall into distinct zones (overlap method) and by the percentage with Down syndrome who have positive scores and controls who have negative scores (single point classification)."}
{"id": "PMID:142593", "title": "A t(5p-;21q+) translocation in a family with Down syndrome.", "content": "A mother and daughter carrying a t(5;21)(p13;q22) chromosome were discovered after they had contacted us for genetic counseling. They were concerned because of two cases of Down syndrome in their family. Four of the mother's eight pregnancies had resulted in miscarriages; the chromosome complements of the abortuses is not known. Evidence was found indicating that individuals carrying a structurally altered chromosome 21 have an increased risk of bearing a child with Down syndrome.", "contents": "A t(5p-;21q+) translocation in a family with Down syndrome. A mother and daughter carrying a t(5;21)(p13;q22) chromosome were discovered after they had contacted us for genetic counseling. They were concerned because of two cases of Down syndrome in their family. Four of the mother's eight pregnancies had resulted in miscarriages; the chromosome complements of the abortuses is not known. Evidence was found indicating that individuals carrying a structurally altered chromosome 21 have an increased risk of bearing a child with Down syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:142594", "title": "Comparison of T cell-mediated immune responsiveness of NZB, (NZB x &NZW)F1 hybrid and other murine strains.", "content": "The age-dependent capacity of NZB and (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid, BALB/c, DBA/2, C57BL/6 and C3H mice to generate T cell-mediated immune responses was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by measuring the following effector functions: (a) the time course of alloreactive cytotoxic T-cell activity triggered in vitro was comparable for NZ and other mouse strains; cell reactivity generated in vivo against EL4 tumour cells was low in young (NZB x NZW)F1 mice and in DBA/2 mice but was comparable for older (NZB x NZW)F1, NZB and other mouse strains; (b) the time-dependent, vaccinia virus-specific, cytotoxic T-cell activity after systemic infection was similar for all mouse strains; (c) the T cell-dependent primary footpad swelling after local injection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was within the same range for all mouse strains tested with respect to size and kinetics of the reaction; (d) the cell-mediated immune protection against Listeria monocytogenes after systemic infection revealed that NZ mice are, independent of age, more susceptible than C3H or C57BL/6 mice and comparable to A strain mice. Therefore, these responses in young, or clinically relatively normal older, NZB or (NZB x NZW)F1 strains that are affected by a lupus-like autoimmune disease did not differ markedly from the range of responses of other mouse strains of 2-14 months of age, which are not known to be similarly diseased. Thus, overall cell-mediated immunity of NZ mice as assessed quantitatively and kinetically in these functional models is within normal ranges. Possible T-cell defects may therefore be selective and either do not occur or were not detected in these models.", "contents": "Comparison of T cell-mediated immune responsiveness of NZB, (NZB x &NZW)F1 hybrid and other murine strains. The age-dependent capacity of NZB and (NZB x NZW)F1 hybrid, BALB/c, DBA/2, C57BL/6 and C3H mice to generate T cell-mediated immune responses was assessed qualitatively and quantitatively by measuring the following effector functions: (a) the time course of alloreactive cytotoxic T-cell activity triggered in vitro was comparable for NZ and other mouse strains; cell reactivity generated in vivo against EL4 tumour cells was low in young (NZB x NZW)F1 mice and in DBA/2 mice but was comparable for older (NZB x NZW)F1, NZB and other mouse strains; (b) the time-dependent, vaccinia virus-specific, cytotoxic T-cell activity after systemic infection was similar for all mouse strains; (c) the T cell-dependent primary footpad swelling after local injection with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus was within the same range for all mouse strains tested with respect to size and kinetics of the reaction; (d) the cell-mediated immune protection against Listeria monocytogenes after systemic infection revealed that NZ mice are, independent of age, more susceptible than C3H or C57BL/6 mice and comparable to A strain mice. Therefore, these responses in young, or clinically relatively normal older, NZB or (NZB x NZW)F1 strains that are affected by a lupus-like autoimmune disease did not differ markedly from the range of responses of other mouse strains of 2-14 months of age, which are not known to be similarly diseased. Thus, overall cell-mediated immunity of NZ mice as assessed quantitatively and kinetically in these functional models is within normal ranges. Possible T-cell defects may therefore be selective and either do not occur or were not detected in these models."}
{"id": "PMID:142595", "title": "The clinical course of IgA nephropathy in adults.", "content": "Renal function was studied in 25 patients with IgA nephropathy, aged 15--48 years, during a mean follow-up period of 47 months. GFR remained normal in ten patients but decreased in 15, necessitating regular hemodialysis in five. The evolution of GFR was not related to the degree of increase of the serum IgA level or to the presence of recurrent respiratory tract infections. The mean age of the patients with decreased GFR was ten years older and the mean follow-up time 20 months longer than of patients with maintained renal function. Also these patients had more proteinuria and were more frequently hypertensive. Their initial renal biopsies showed histologic evidence of nephron loss. The hypothesis is discussed that IgA nephropathy in adults not infrequently follows a slowly progressive course.", "contents": "The clinical course of IgA nephropathy in adults. Renal function was studied in 25 patients with IgA nephropathy, aged 15--48 years, during a mean follow-up period of 47 months. GFR remained normal in ten patients but decreased in 15, necessitating regular hemodialysis in five. The evolution of GFR was not related to the degree of increase of the serum IgA level or to the presence of recurrent respiratory tract infections. The mean age of the patients with decreased GFR was ten years older and the mean follow-up time 20 months longer than of patients with maintained renal function. Also these patients had more proteinuria and were more frequently hypertensive. Their initial renal biopsies showed histologic evidence of nephron loss. The hypothesis is discussed that IgA nephropathy in adults not infrequently follows a slowly progressive course."}
{"id": "PMID:142598", "title": "Functional and genetic analysis of Ia antigens.", "content": "Using negative selection with anti-Ia serum and complement, Ia-\"negative\" lymphocyte populations give rise to clonal progeny which produce only IgM antibody, whereas Ia-positive lymphocytes generate B-cell progeny which produce IgG or both IgM and IgG antibody. The responder cell in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and the precursor and effector cells in cell-mediated lympholysis appear to be Ia-\"negative\" lymphocyte subpopulations. Helper T cells in some system are Ia-positive, and allotype suppressor T cells are also Ia-positive. Allogenic effect factor produced in the usual manner functions as an antigen nonspecific helper factor for several different H-2 haplotypes. However, when allogenic effect factor is produced from a mixed lymphocyte culture between responder lymphocytes treated with anti-Ia and complement and irradiated stimulator lymphocytes treated with anti-Thy-1.2 and complement, this \"restricted\" AEF is sharply restricted in the haplotypes it can stimulate. \"Restricted\" AEF produced in this manner with B10.BR responder cells and B10.S stimulator cells helps B10.S T-cell-depleted, hap-ten-primed spleen B cells but does not help B10.BR spleen cells. This raises the possibility that the Ia antigens in AEF may be derived from the stimulator B cells and/or macrophages rather than from the responder T cells.", "contents": "Functional and genetic analysis of Ia antigens. Using negative selection with anti-Ia serum and complement, Ia-\"negative\" lymphocyte populations give rise to clonal progeny which produce only IgM antibody, whereas Ia-positive lymphocytes generate B-cell progeny which produce IgG or both IgM and IgG antibody. The responder cell in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and the precursor and effector cells in cell-mediated lympholysis appear to be Ia-\"negative\" lymphocyte subpopulations. Helper T cells in some system are Ia-positive, and allotype suppressor T cells are also Ia-positive. Allogenic effect factor produced in the usual manner functions as an antigen nonspecific helper factor for several different H-2 haplotypes. However, when allogenic effect factor is produced from a mixed lymphocyte culture between responder lymphocytes treated with anti-Ia and complement and irradiated stimulator lymphocytes treated with anti-Thy-1.2 and complement, this \"restricted\" AEF is sharply restricted in the haplotypes it can stimulate. \"Restricted\" AEF produced in this manner with B10.BR responder cells and B10.S stimulator cells helps B10.S T-cell-depleted, hap-ten-primed spleen B cells but does not help B10.BR spleen cells. This raises the possibility that the Ia antigens in AEF may be derived from the stimulator B cells and/or macrophages rather than from the responder T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:142601", "title": "Postsorters' rubber fingerstall dermatitis.", "content": "An outbreak of rubber fingerstall dermatitis in a Danish post office was found to be caused by minute amounts of isopropylphenyl-para-phenylenediamine (IPPD) in the fingerstalls. The presence of IPPD in the fingerstalls could not be explained by the manufacturer and had to be confirmed by gas chromatographic analysis.", "contents": "Postsorters' rubber fingerstall dermatitis. An outbreak of rubber fingerstall dermatitis in a Danish post office was found to be caused by minute amounts of isopropylphenyl-para-phenylenediamine (IPPD) in the fingerstalls. The presence of IPPD in the fingerstalls could not be explained by the manufacturer and had to be confirmed by gas chromatographic analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:142602", "title": "Industrial dermatitis in Northern Ireland.", "content": "Industrial injuries and disablement benefits paid for industrial dermatitis (PD 42) in Northern Ireland are analyzed by age, industry and substance responsible. The most significant trend is a decrease in the number of cases due to cement and an increase in the number of nickel cases.", "contents": "Industrial dermatitis in Northern Ireland. Industrial injuries and disablement benefits paid for industrial dermatitis (PD 42) in Northern Ireland are analyzed by age, industry and substance responsible. The most significant trend is a decrease in the number of cases due to cement and an increase in the number of nickel cases."}
{"id": "PMID:142604", "title": "Constitutional heterogeneity of the glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage proteoglycans.", "content": "Proteoglycans were extracted from bovine articular cartilage with guanidine-HCl and fractionated in cesium chloride density gradients by equilibrium ultracentrifugation. The acidic glycosaminoglycan (AGAG) components were then determined enzymatically with chondroitinase-ABC and streptomyces hyaluronidase. Under associative and dissociative conditions, the distribution of the AGAG components was as follows: the ratio of 4-sulfated disaccharide units to total AGAG increased with decreasing density gradients whereas that of 6-sulfated disaccharide units to total AGAG increased with increasing density gradients. The ratio of disulfated disaccharide units to total AGAG increased somewhat with decreasing density gradients whereas that of non-sulfated disaccharide units tended to decrease. Although the cartilage proteoglycan macromolecules were heterogeneous, a certain regularity was observed with respect to the distribution of sulfate and the degree of sulfation in the chondroitin sulfate chains of the proteoglycans.", "contents": "Constitutional heterogeneity of the glycosaminoglycans in articular cartilage proteoglycans. Proteoglycans were extracted from bovine articular cartilage with guanidine-HCl and fractionated in cesium chloride density gradients by equilibrium ultracentrifugation. The acidic glycosaminoglycan (AGAG) components were then determined enzymatically with chondroitinase-ABC and streptomyces hyaluronidase. Under associative and dissociative conditions, the distribution of the AGAG components was as follows: the ratio of 4-sulfated disaccharide units to total AGAG increased with decreasing density gradients whereas that of 6-sulfated disaccharide units to total AGAG increased with increasing density gradients. The ratio of disulfated disaccharide units to total AGAG increased somewhat with decreasing density gradients whereas that of non-sulfated disaccharide units tended to decrease. Although the cartilage proteoglycan macromolecules were heterogeneous, a certain regularity was observed with respect to the distribution of sulfate and the degree of sulfation in the chondroitin sulfate chains of the proteoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:142605", "title": "Normal newborn and adult human lung collagen--analysis of types.", "content": "Previous work has shown in experimental animals that lung contains extractable collagen of types I and II and possibly III and IV. The current studies describe the types of collagen which are found in normal newborn and adult human lung. Autopsy lung specimens were dissected into tissue which was cartilage free and tissue which contained cartilage. Pleura was excluded. Extraction of distal lung which did not contain cartilage by using 1.0 M NaCl and 0.5 N acetic yielded collagen having the characteristics on acrylamide gel electrophoresis and CM-cellulose chromatography of type I collagen [alpha 1(I)] alpha2. Newborn and adult type I lung collagen are similar as compared by amino acid analysis and cyanogen bromide peptide fragment analysis. Furthermore, distal lung type I collagen is very similar, if not identical, to that found in human skin. Human bronchial cartilage collagen is similar to that found in other human cartilages. Type II collagen, [alpha 1(III)], can be extracted from human distal lung using pepsin digestion and differential salt precipitation at 1.85 M sodium chloride. This distal lung type III collagen appears identical with that found in human skin. These data support the concept that normal human lung contains collagen of types I, II, and III, identical to that found elsewhere in the body. Current techniques have not revealed a unique lung collagen. This should lead to the studies which will investigate the types and ratios of the collagens in diseased human lung.", "contents": "Normal newborn and adult human lung collagen--analysis of types. Previous work has shown in experimental animals that lung contains extractable collagen of types I and II and possibly III and IV. The current studies describe the types of collagen which are found in normal newborn and adult human lung. Autopsy lung specimens were dissected into tissue which was cartilage free and tissue which contained cartilage. Pleura was excluded. Extraction of distal lung which did not contain cartilage by using 1.0 M NaCl and 0.5 N acetic yielded collagen having the characteristics on acrylamide gel electrophoresis and CM-cellulose chromatography of type I collagen [alpha 1(I)] alpha2. Newborn and adult type I lung collagen are similar as compared by amino acid analysis and cyanogen bromide peptide fragment analysis. Furthermore, distal lung type I collagen is very similar, if not identical, to that found in human skin. Human bronchial cartilage collagen is similar to that found in other human cartilages. Type II collagen, [alpha 1(III)], can be extracted from human distal lung using pepsin digestion and differential salt precipitation at 1.85 M sodium chloride. This distal lung type III collagen appears identical with that found in human skin. These data support the concept that normal human lung contains collagen of types I, II, and III, identical to that found elsewhere in the body. Current techniques have not revealed a unique lung collagen. This should lead to the studies which will investigate the types and ratios of the collagens in diseased human lung."}
{"id": "PMID:142606", "title": "Polymorphism in human uterine collagen.", "content": "Fifty percent of human uterine collagen has been solubilized by limited pepsin digestion. Carboxymethyl cellulose-, Bio-gel A-5m-chromatography and amino acid analysis revealed that the solubilized collagen consists of 20% Type III and 80% Type I collagen. Reduction and alkylation reactions indicated that the alpha1(III) collagen is in the tissue as a trimer with the chain composition [alpha1(III)].", "contents": "Polymorphism in human uterine collagen. Fifty percent of human uterine collagen has been solubilized by limited pepsin digestion. Carboxymethyl cellulose-, Bio-gel A-5m-chromatography and amino acid analysis revealed that the solubilized collagen consists of 20% Type III and 80% Type I collagen. Reduction and alkylation reactions indicated that the alpha1(III) collagen is in the tissue as a trimer with the chain composition [alpha1(III)]."}
{"id": "PMID:142607", "title": "Proteins retained with hyaluronic acid during ultrafiltration of synovial fluid.", "content": "The identity of the proteins associated with hyaluronic acid after ultrafiltration of bovine synovial fluid was examined. With discontinuous filtration, alpha2 macro- and IgM globulins were retained in hyaluronic complex both from synovial fluid and from a similar mixture of hyaluronic acid and serum. With continuous filtration and stirring to prevent formation of gels, protein was retained with hyaluronic acid in similar proportions. This protein showed immunologic identity with serum albumin, but differed in amino acid composition. After comparison with results of gel filtration, it was concluded that the identity of the retained proteins can be determined by the concentration of hyaluronic acid without variation in other ionic conditions.", "contents": "Proteins retained with hyaluronic acid during ultrafiltration of synovial fluid. The identity of the proteins associated with hyaluronic acid after ultrafiltration of bovine synovial fluid was examined. With discontinuous filtration, alpha2 macro- and IgM globulins were retained in hyaluronic complex both from synovial fluid and from a similar mixture of hyaluronic acid and serum. With continuous filtration and stirring to prevent formation of gels, protein was retained with hyaluronic acid in similar proportions. This protein showed immunologic identity with serum albumin, but differed in amino acid composition. After comparison with results of gel filtration, it was concluded that the identity of the retained proteins can be determined by the concentration of hyaluronic acid without variation in other ionic conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:142609", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of elastin.", "content": "Highly purified elastin was prepared from bovine ligamentum nuchae by hot alkali extraction. Antisera to the protein, developed against suspensions or acid solubilized preparations, were obtained from rabbits and guinea pigs. Of a large number of proteins, only insoluble elastin (from the aortae of several animal species) and tropoelastin, the putative soluble precursor, reacted with the antisera as determined by double antibody radioimmunoassay. Nanogram quantities of insoluble elastin can be detected following solubilization of the protein by brief acid treatment. Tropoelastin can be determined in the microgram range. The radioimmunoassay should permit determination in tissues, in fluids, and in in vitro cultures of soluble, newly synthesized elastin, mature insoluble elastin, and intermediate forms of the fibrous protein which may have heretofore escaped detection. A sensitive assay for elastin should also permit the acquisition of information concerned with connective tissue turnover during development, aging, and disease.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of elastin. Highly purified elastin was prepared from bovine ligamentum nuchae by hot alkali extraction. Antisera to the protein, developed against suspensions or acid solubilized preparations, were obtained from rabbits and guinea pigs. Of a large number of proteins, only insoluble elastin (from the aortae of several animal species) and tropoelastin, the putative soluble precursor, reacted with the antisera as determined by double antibody radioimmunoassay. Nanogram quantities of insoluble elastin can be detected following solubilization of the protein by brief acid treatment. Tropoelastin can be determined in the microgram range. The radioimmunoassay should permit determination in tissues, in fluids, and in in vitro cultures of soluble, newly synthesized elastin, mature insoluble elastin, and intermediate forms of the fibrous protein which may have heretofore escaped detection. A sensitive assay for elastin should also permit the acquisition of information concerned with connective tissue turnover during development, aging, and disease."}
{"id": "PMID:142612", "title": "Pericardial heart disease.", "content": "This report reviews morphologic aspects of pericardial heart disease. A morphologic classification for this condition is presented. An ideal classification of pericardial heart disease obviously would take into account clinical, etiologic and morphologic features of this condition but a single classification combining these 3 components is lacking. Pericardial heart disease is relatively uncommon clinically and when present at necropsy it usually had not been recognized during life. The term \"pericarditis\" is inaccurate because most pericardial diseases are noninflammatory in nature. Morphologically chronic pericardial heart disease may present clinically as an acut eillness. Even when clinical symptoms are present, however, fewpatients develop evidence of cardiac dysfunction (constriction). When pericardial \"constriction\" occurs, it is the result of increased pericardial fluid or increased pericardial tissue or both. Increased fluid is treated by drainage; increased tissue is treated by excision. In most patients with chronic constrictive \"pericarditis,\" the etiology is not apparent even after histologic examination of pericardia.", "contents": "Pericardial heart disease. This report reviews morphologic aspects of pericardial heart disease. A morphologic classification for this condition is presented. An ideal classification of pericardial heart disease obviously would take into account clinical, etiologic and morphologic features of this condition but a single classification combining these 3 components is lacking. Pericardial heart disease is relatively uncommon clinically and when present at necropsy it usually had not been recognized during life. The term \"pericarditis\" is inaccurate because most pericardial diseases are noninflammatory in nature. Morphologically chronic pericardial heart disease may present clinically as an acut eillness. Even when clinical symptoms are present, however, fewpatients develop evidence of cardiac dysfunction (constriction). When pericardial \"constriction\" occurs, it is the result of increased pericardial fluid or increased pericardial tissue or both. Increased fluid is treated by drainage; increased tissue is treated by excision. In most patients with chronic constrictive \"pericarditis,\" the etiology is not apparent even after histologic examination of pericardia."}
{"id": "PMID:142613", "title": "Contact dermatitis in black patients.", "content": "Black patients readily acquire allergic contact dermatitis from such contactants as paraphenylenediamine, nickel, chromates, and mercaptobenzothiazole. Such dermatitis is often complicated by hyperpigmentation and lichenification unless treated early anf vigorously with systemic corticosteroids. Patch testing is reliable on black skin. In addition, acne veneate (pomade acne, Vaselinoderma), which is characterized by noninflammatory acneiform lesions, is very common in black persons. Finally, the old wives' tale that blacks do not get poison ivy may be laid to rest, along with the popular notion that Indians chewed poison ivy leaves in order to prevent poison ivy dermatitis. Several years ago, I interviewed an Indian Chief on a western reservation and inquired whether, to his knowledge, Indians did ever chew poison ivy leaves. The chief's immediate answer was, \"You white men must be crazy to think that we would be that foolish!\".", "contents": "Contact dermatitis in black patients. Black patients readily acquire allergic contact dermatitis from such contactants as paraphenylenediamine, nickel, chromates, and mercaptobenzothiazole. Such dermatitis is often complicated by hyperpigmentation and lichenification unless treated early anf vigorously with systemic corticosteroids. Patch testing is reliable on black skin. In addition, acne veneate (pomade acne, Vaselinoderma), which is characterized by noninflammatory acneiform lesions, is very common in black persons. Finally, the old wives' tale that blacks do not get poison ivy may be laid to rest, along with the popular notion that Indians chewed poison ivy leaves in order to prevent poison ivy dermatitis. Several years ago, I interviewed an Indian Chief on a western reservation and inquired whether, to his knowledge, Indians did ever chew poison ivy leaves. The chief's immediate answer was, \"You white men must be crazy to think that we would be that foolish!\"."}
{"id": "PMID:142614", "title": "Skin diseases of football and wrestling participants.", "content": "This discussion has highlighted some of the cutaneous disorders that are found in football and wrestling participants in an exaggerated form. These disorders may occur in any person, of course, and are not limited to football or wrestling participants. Also, football and wrestling participants may have any cutaneous disorder; their disorders are not limited to those mentioned in this review. The dermatologist should be alert to contagous disorders in these participants, especially because of the close contact their activities necessitate and the potential epidemic spread of these disorders. One must also be alert to the possibility that a condition may be masked by the minor trauma of the sport. It is re-emphasized that these disorders are exaggerated because of the increased perspiration, heat, friction, secretion of fatty acids, body contact, special gear, climatic conditions, and trauma. Fortunately, the participants are normally healthy individuals who respond quickly to the appropriate therapy.", "contents": "Skin diseases of football and wrestling participants. This discussion has highlighted some of the cutaneous disorders that are found in football and wrestling participants in an exaggerated form. These disorders may occur in any person, of course, and are not limited to football or wrestling participants. Also, football and wrestling participants may have any cutaneous disorder; their disorders are not limited to those mentioned in this review. The dermatologist should be alert to contagous disorders in these participants, especially because of the close contact their activities necessitate and the potential epidemic spread of these disorders. One must also be alert to the possibility that a condition may be masked by the minor trauma of the sport. It is re-emphasized that these disorders are exaggerated because of the increased perspiration, heat, friction, secretion of fatty acids, body contact, special gear, climatic conditions, and trauma. Fortunately, the participants are normally healthy individuals who respond quickly to the appropriate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:142615", "title": "Football acne--an acneiform eruption.", "content": "Football acne is a peculiar form of localized acneiform eruption of the chin that occurs in acne-prone individuals, as a result of the use of a protective chin strap under conditions of physical and emotional stress. Perhaps it is a locus minoris resistentiae phenomenon. The condition responds favorably to the removal of the chin strap and to the usual topical and systemic acne therapies.", "contents": "Football acne--an acneiform eruption. Football acne is a peculiar form of localized acneiform eruption of the chin that occurs in acne-prone individuals, as a result of the use of a protective chin strap under conditions of physical and emotional stress. Perhaps it is a locus minoris resistentiae phenomenon. The condition responds favorably to the removal of the chin strap and to the usual topical and systemic acne therapies."}
{"id": "PMID:142616", "title": "Membranous subaortic stenosis and patent ductus arteriosus.", "content": "Six children (five of them girls) each initially had a large patent ductus arteriosus with auscultatory, radiologic, and electrocardiographic findings typical of that lesion. After surgery for the lesion, an ejection-type basal systolic murmur led to detection of discrete membranous subaortic stenosis, which became worse in late childhood. The murmur became louder, the systolic pressure gradient increased from slight to significant, and hypertrophic subaortic stenosis or aortic insufficiency (or both) developed in the older children. Surgical excision of the membrane afforded improvement, except in one patient with the most severe involvement. Because of the unexpected finding of discrete membranous subaortic stenosis in these infants and young children who had undergone surgery for a large patent ductus arteriosus and because of the treacherous worsening of the effects of the discrete membranous subaortic stenosis as childhood progressed, it is important that those patients with a persistent systolic murmur after ductal ligation not be discharged from cardiac follow-up as cured. Serial cardiac catheterization during the growing years appears to be the most accurate way of detecting worsening discrete membranous subaortic stenosis, so that the membrane can be excised before severe complications occur.", "contents": "Membranous subaortic stenosis and patent ductus arteriosus. Six children (five of them girls) each initially had a large patent ductus arteriosus with auscultatory, radiologic, and electrocardiographic findings typical of that lesion. After surgery for the lesion, an ejection-type basal systolic murmur led to detection of discrete membranous subaortic stenosis, which became worse in late childhood. The murmur became louder, the systolic pressure gradient increased from slight to significant, and hypertrophic subaortic stenosis or aortic insufficiency (or both) developed in the older children. Surgical excision of the membrane afforded improvement, except in one patient with the most severe involvement. Because of the unexpected finding of discrete membranous subaortic stenosis in these infants and young children who had undergone surgery for a large patent ductus arteriosus and because of the treacherous worsening of the effects of the discrete membranous subaortic stenosis as childhood progressed, it is important that those patients with a persistent systolic murmur after ductal ligation not be discharged from cardiac follow-up as cured. Serial cardiac catheterization during the growing years appears to be the most accurate way of detecting worsening discrete membranous subaortic stenosis, so that the membrane can be excised before severe complications occur."}
{"id": "PMID:142617", "title": "Spontaneous rupture of bicuspid aortic valve. An unusual cause of aortic insufficiency.", "content": "This report documents the clinicopathologic correlation between pure aortic regurgitation and an exceptional form of congenitally bicuspid aortic valve. The patient was known for many years to have mild aortic insufficiency. His condition suddenly deteriorated, with signs of an aggravated aortic regurgitation. Infectious endocarditis was considered, but the diagnosis was never established. Surgery revealed an exceptional form of a bicuspid aortic valve in which the conjoined cusp had prolapsed, due to rupture of a fibrous strand which previously had anchored the free rim of the cusp to the inner wall of the aorta. There were no signs of infectious endocarditis. It is suggested that spontaneous rupture of the cord caused the sudden aggravation of aortic regurgitation.", "contents": "Spontaneous rupture of bicuspid aortic valve. An unusual cause of aortic insufficiency. This report documents the clinicopathologic correlation between pure aortic regurgitation and an exceptional form of congenitally bicuspid aortic valve. The patient was known for many years to have mild aortic insufficiency. His condition suddenly deteriorated, with signs of an aggravated aortic regurgitation. Infectious endocarditis was considered, but the diagnosis was never established. Surgery revealed an exceptional form of a bicuspid aortic valve in which the conjoined cusp had prolapsed, due to rupture of a fibrous strand which previously had anchored the free rim of the cusp to the inner wall of the aorta. There were no signs of infectious endocarditis. It is suggested that spontaneous rupture of the cord caused the sudden aggravation of aortic regurgitation."}
{"id": "PMID:142618", "title": "Aortic and mitral valve replacement in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "We report a patient with severe aortic and mitral regurgitation secondary to osteogenesis imperfecta who successfully underwent double valve replacement in spite of the collagen defect and a bleeding diathesis.", "contents": "Aortic and mitral valve replacement in a patient with osteogenesis imperfecta. We report a patient with severe aortic and mitral regurgitation secondary to osteogenesis imperfecta who successfully underwent double valve replacement in spite of the collagen defect and a bleeding diathesis."}
{"id": "PMID:142619", "title": "Echophonocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm.", "content": "We report the presence of an unusual systolic murmur associated with a traumatic left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. Echophonocardiographic studies showed the murmur to begin at the first heart sound, but end well before the second heart sound. It seems likely that the murmur is caused by the systolic flow of blood from the left ventricle into the relatively noncompliant pseudoaneurysm. The echocardiographic scan of the left ventricle demonstrated a relatively echo-free space posterior to the left ventricular wall, supporting the diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm, which has confirmed with angiographic studies and at surgery. These findings indicate that a combination of noninvasive techniques is useful in establishing this diagnosis.", "contents": "Echophonocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. We report the presence of an unusual systolic murmur associated with a traumatic left ventricular pseudoaneurysm. Echophonocardiographic studies showed the murmur to begin at the first heart sound, but end well before the second heart sound. It seems likely that the murmur is caused by the systolic flow of blood from the left ventricle into the relatively noncompliant pseudoaneurysm. The echocardiographic scan of the left ventricle demonstrated a relatively echo-free space posterior to the left ventricular wall, supporting the diagnosis of pseudoaneurysm, which has confirmed with angiographic studies and at surgery. These findings indicate that a combination of noninvasive techniques is useful in establishing this diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:142623", "title": "[Effect of methaqualone on the respiration, phosphorylation and ATPase activity of rat brain mitochondria].", "content": "The authors examined the influence of the preparation metaqualone on some aspects of adrenergic metabolism-respiration, phosphorilation and ATP-ase activity of brain mitochondria of a rat in order to discover pharmacobiochemical mechanism of action. The experimental data showed that administration of metaqualon in a dose of 70 mg per kg of body weight intraperitonealy, induced a lowering of phosphorilating activity in a substrate succinate. This fact gave a foundation to suppose that in shorted respiratory chain the effect of metaqualone on the aerobic resynthesis of ATP was at a level succinat-dehydrogenase complexes. Metaqulaon induced changes in the energetic metabolism, influencing mainly of the mechanisms of the synthesis of ATP without substantial effect on the electrone transport.", "contents": "[Effect of methaqualone on the respiration, phosphorylation and ATPase activity of rat brain mitochondria]. The authors examined the influence of the preparation metaqualone on some aspects of adrenergic metabolism-respiration, phosphorilation and ATP-ase activity of brain mitochondria of a rat in order to discover pharmacobiochemical mechanism of action. The experimental data showed that administration of metaqualon in a dose of 70 mg per kg of body weight intraperitonealy, induced a lowering of phosphorilating activity in a substrate succinate. This fact gave a foundation to suppose that in shorted respiratory chain the effect of metaqualone on the aerobic resynthesis of ATP was at a level succinat-dehydrogenase complexes. Metaqulaon induced changes in the energetic metabolism, influencing mainly of the mechanisms of the synthesis of ATP without substantial effect on the electrone transport."}
{"id": "PMID:142631", "title": "The laparoscopic staging of primary biliary cirrhosis.", "content": "The laparoscopic photographs of 38 cases of primary biliary cirrhosis with high titres of mitochondrial antibodies were reviewed. The quality of laparoscopic photography is now so high that it proved possible to use these photographs as the basis of a system of laparoscopic staging. By analogy with the system of histological classification, the disease was divided into four stages. Laparoscopy provides an alternative approach to the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis, which should be based on clinical, biochemical, immunological and morphological data. However, by laparoscopy alone it is improssible to separate pure primary biliary cirrhosis from its mixed forms with chronic active hepatitis.", "contents": "The laparoscopic staging of primary biliary cirrhosis. The laparoscopic photographs of 38 cases of primary biliary cirrhosis with high titres of mitochondrial antibodies were reviewed. The quality of laparoscopic photography is now so high that it proved possible to use these photographs as the basis of a system of laparoscopic staging. By analogy with the system of histological classification, the disease was divided into four stages. Laparoscopy provides an alternative approach to the diagnosis of primary biliary cirrhosis, which should be based on clinical, biochemical, immunological and morphological data. However, by laparoscopy alone it is improssible to separate pure primary biliary cirrhosis from its mixed forms with chronic active hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:142632", "title": "Electrocardiogram, arterial and central venous pressure during laparoscopy under local anaesthesia.", "content": "Cardiovascular hazards of laparoscopy performed under local anaesthesia and with room air pneumoperitoneum are not well known. Therefore we have recorded electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure in 63 consecutive liver patients undergoing this procedure. Electrocardiographic changes were found in 34 cases, and consisted in transistory tachycardia and bradycardia, ectopic supraventricular and ventricular beats, ST segment depression and flattening of T wave. Blood pressure did not change significantly, but five patients had transitory hypotension during the procedure. Central venous pressure did not vary immediately after inflation, but a significant increase was found during the performance of laparoscopy and it was still observed after deflation. Our findings show that cardiovascular changes during laparoscopy under local anaesthesia are minimal, and that they are probably due to neurogenic factors.", "contents": "Electrocardiogram, arterial and central venous pressure during laparoscopy under local anaesthesia. Cardiovascular hazards of laparoscopy performed under local anaesthesia and with room air pneumoperitoneum are not well known. Therefore we have recorded electrocardiogram, arterial blood pressure and central venous pressure in 63 consecutive liver patients undergoing this procedure. Electrocardiographic changes were found in 34 cases, and consisted in transistory tachycardia and bradycardia, ectopic supraventricular and ventricular beats, ST segment depression and flattening of T wave. Blood pressure did not change significantly, but five patients had transitory hypotension during the procedure. Central venous pressure did not vary immediately after inflation, but a significant increase was found during the performance of laparoscopy and it was still observed after deflation. Our findings show that cardiovascular changes during laparoscopy under local anaesthesia are minimal, and that they are probably due to neurogenic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:142633", "title": "The role or non-role of ATPase activation by phenytoin in the stabilization of excitable membranes.", "content": "The role or non-role of NaK ATPase, Mg ATPase, and CaMg ATPase involvement in stabilization of excitable membranes by phenytoin is critically evaluated. There is no substantial evidence to indicate that the membrane-stabilizing effect of phenytoin is due to activation of the NaK ATPase. Previous reports of activation of the NaK ATPase at low potassium and high sodium are probably not due to phenytoin but to a potassium contamination in the phenytoin solution. In vitro experiments do not provide any clear evidence of any alterations of NaK ATPase properties by phenytoin. However, one cannot rule out the possibility that phenytoin alters the efficiency of the sodium-potassium pump. Likewise, the Ca ATPase is not inhibited by phenytoin. However, there is some evidence that the Mg ATPase in synaptic vesicles is substantially inhibited by phenytoin. There is substantial evidence indicating that phenytoin partially blocks passive diffusion of sodium into stimulated nerves. The mechanism by which phenytoin blocks sodium influx and the relationship of this effect to the drug's anticonvulsant action remain to be determined.", "contents": "The role or non-role of ATPase activation by phenytoin in the stabilization of excitable membranes. The role or non-role of NaK ATPase, Mg ATPase, and CaMg ATPase involvement in stabilization of excitable membranes by phenytoin is critically evaluated. There is no substantial evidence to indicate that the membrane-stabilizing effect of phenytoin is due to activation of the NaK ATPase. Previous reports of activation of the NaK ATPase at low potassium and high sodium are probably not due to phenytoin but to a potassium contamination in the phenytoin solution. In vitro experiments do not provide any clear evidence of any alterations of NaK ATPase properties by phenytoin. However, one cannot rule out the possibility that phenytoin alters the efficiency of the sodium-potassium pump. Likewise, the Ca ATPase is not inhibited by phenytoin. However, there is some evidence that the Mg ATPase in synaptic vesicles is substantially inhibited by phenytoin. There is substantial evidence indicating that phenytoin partially blocks passive diffusion of sodium into stimulated nerves. The mechanism by which phenytoin blocks sodium influx and the relationship of this effect to the drug's anticonvulsant action remain to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:142634", "title": "Inhibition of key glycolytic enzymes from rabbit kidney medulla by free fatty acids in vitro.", "content": "In vitro incubation of key glycolytic enzymes in supernatant fluids from rabbit kidney medulla with increasing concentrations of sodium laurate resulted in progressive inhibition of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. A corresponding reduction in the production of lactate from glucose was also observed. The possible effects of these enzyme inhibitions on the naturesis observed during fasting are discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of key glycolytic enzymes from rabbit kidney medulla by free fatty acids in vitro. In vitro incubation of key glycolytic enzymes in supernatant fluids from rabbit kidney medulla with increasing concentrations of sodium laurate resulted in progressive inhibition of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase. A corresponding reduction in the production of lactate from glucose was also observed. The possible effects of these enzyme inhibitions on the naturesis observed during fasting are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142637", "title": "The recBC enzyme of Escherichia coli K12: premature cessation of catalytic activities in vitro and reactivation by potassium ions.", "content": "It is shown that in vitro the degradation of native and single-stranded DNA as well as the hydrolysis of ATP by purified recBC enzyme ceases 2-3 min after the start of the reaction. The presence of potassium ions (60-100 mM), bovine serum albumin (1 mg/ml) or protein from cell-free Escherichia coli extract (10 microgram/ml) prevents the cessation of the activity. Once the cessation has occurred, the activity of the enzyme can be completely restored by the addition of potassium ions, but not by bovine serum albumin. Sedimentation studies revealed that, in contrast to the active recBC enzyme, the 'silent' enzyme is no longer associated with substrate DNA of high molecular weight. On the basis of these results and other observations it is hypothesized that during the degradation of DNA in the absence of potassium ions or bovine serum albumin the recBC enzyme is subject to an alteration of its molecular conformation which results in an inactive form.", "contents": "The recBC enzyme of Escherichia coli K12: premature cessation of catalytic activities in vitro and reactivation by potassium ions. It is shown that in vitro the degradation of native and single-stranded DNA as well as the hydrolysis of ATP by purified recBC enzyme ceases 2-3 min after the start of the reaction. The presence of potassium ions (60-100 mM), bovine serum albumin (1 mg/ml) or protein from cell-free Escherichia coli extract (10 microgram/ml) prevents the cessation of the activity. Once the cessation has occurred, the activity of the enzyme can be completely restored by the addition of potassium ions, but not by bovine serum albumin. Sedimentation studies revealed that, in contrast to the active recBC enzyme, the 'silent' enzyme is no longer associated with substrate DNA of high molecular weight. On the basis of these results and other observations it is hypothesized that during the degradation of DNA in the absence of potassium ions or bovine serum albumin the recBC enzyme is subject to an alteration of its molecular conformation which results in an inactive form."}
{"id": "PMID:142638", "title": "Uretic obstruction secondary to aortic femoral bypass graft.", "content": "Ureteric obstruction after aortic femoral bypass grafting is reported in 2 cases. This complication may occur more frequently than is suspected. In these 2 cases the ureter lay in its normal position in front of the graft whilst in most reported cases the ureter was passing behind the graft. Treatment is discussed.", "contents": "Uretic obstruction secondary to aortic femoral bypass graft. Ureteric obstruction after aortic femoral bypass grafting is reported in 2 cases. This complication may occur more frequently than is suspected. In these 2 cases the ureter lay in its normal position in front of the graft whilst in most reported cases the ureter was passing behind the graft. Treatment is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142641", "title": "Linear density gradient separation of human lymphocyte subsets. I. Analysis by mixed leukocyte culture and cell-mediated lympholysis responses.", "content": "Linear density gradients were used to separate either unsensitized human peripheral blood lymphocytes or cells sensitized in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC), at different time points in the immune response. Testing of cells from the various density fractions for their ability to respond in MLC and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) revealed that (a) activity between individual fractions differed, as well as activity between individual fractions and a suspension of unfractionated cells, (b) although precursor cells of MLC and CML were maximally enriched in closely associated light density regions, their respective distribution profiles were strikingly different, and (c) the density of cells responding in MLC and CML differed depending upon the point of the immune response at which the cells were separated. Whereas effector cells were of light density relative to the precursor cells, putative memory cells for CML exhibited a high density.", "contents": "Linear density gradient separation of human lymphocyte subsets. I. Analysis by mixed leukocyte culture and cell-mediated lympholysis responses. Linear density gradients were used to separate either unsensitized human peripheral blood lymphocytes or cells sensitized in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC), at different time points in the immune response. Testing of cells from the various density fractions for their ability to respond in MLC and cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) revealed that (a) activity between individual fractions differed, as well as activity between individual fractions and a suspension of unfractionated cells, (b) although precursor cells of MLC and CML were maximally enriched in closely associated light density regions, their respective distribution profiles were strikingly different, and (c) the density of cells responding in MLC and CML differed depending upon the point of the immune response at which the cells were separated. Whereas effector cells were of light density relative to the precursor cells, putative memory cells for CML exhibited a high density."}
{"id": "PMID:142643", "title": "Galactosyltransferase of Neurospora.", "content": "An enzyme, galactosyltransferase, able to catalyze the formation of galactose polymers was detected in cell-free extracts of a wild type strain of Neurospora crassa. Enzyme activity was found in both the supernatant and the particle fractions after centrifugation at 100,000 X g. The enzyme assayed in the 100,000 X g supernatant showed a 4fold difference in specific activity as compared to that found in the particle fraction.", "contents": "Galactosyltransferase of Neurospora. An enzyme, galactosyltransferase, able to catalyze the formation of galactose polymers was detected in cell-free extracts of a wild type strain of Neurospora crassa. Enzyme activity was found in both the supernatant and the particle fractions after centrifugation at 100,000 X g. The enzyme assayed in the 100,000 X g supernatant showed a 4fold difference in specific activity as compared to that found in the particle fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:142645", "title": "The action of ouabain in promoting the release of catecholamines.", "content": "It is suggested that ouabain promotes catecholamine release by causing a rise in intracellular Na+ which, in turn, causes an elevated steady-state level of intracellular Ca2+. It is suggested that the Na+-K+-ATPase is not directly involved in exocytosis at either adrenergic or cholinergic synapses.", "contents": "The action of ouabain in promoting the release of catecholamines. It is suggested that ouabain promotes catecholamine release by causing a rise in intracellular Na+ which, in turn, causes an elevated steady-state level of intracellular Ca2+. It is suggested that the Na+-K+-ATPase is not directly involved in exocytosis at either adrenergic or cholinergic synapses."}
{"id": "PMID:142648", "title": "Heterologous mischarging as a means of tRNA fractionation. II. Isolation of E. coli tRNA1Val and tRNA1Ala.", "content": "Highly purified E. coli tRNA1Val and tRNA1Ala have been isolated, based on the properties of heteroaminoacylated tRNAs and their behaviour on BD-cellulose chromatography.", "contents": "Heterologous mischarging as a means of tRNA fractionation. II. Isolation of E. coli tRNA1Val and tRNA1Ala. Highly purified E. coli tRNA1Val and tRNA1Ala have been isolated, based on the properties of heteroaminoacylated tRNAs and their behaviour on BD-cellulose chromatography."}
{"id": "PMID:142649", "title": "Cytochemical localization of the K+ regulation interface between blood and brain.", "content": "Phosphatase activity identified with Na+-K+-ATPase was localized at the basal surface of cerebral cortical capillary endothelium by perfusion with a p-nitrophenyl phosphate-strontium medium. The relationship of this to the blood-brain barrier to K+ is discussed.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of the K+ regulation interface between blood and brain. Phosphatase activity identified with Na+-K+-ATPase was localized at the basal surface of cerebral cortical capillary endothelium by perfusion with a p-nitrophenyl phosphate-strontium medium. The relationship of this to the blood-brain barrier to K+ is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142652", "title": "The sensitivity to plasmin digestion of human IgG proteins of different heavy chain subclasses.", "content": "Normal IgG and purified IgG proteins of all 4 subclasses were digested with plasmin. As expected, IgG3 proteins were highly susceptible to degradation. Usually, activation with streptokinase resulted in faster and more accentuated degradation, but normal IgG was more intensely degraded by nonactivated plasmin. The presence of plasmin activators in IgG preparation might account for this observation.", "contents": "The sensitivity to plasmin digestion of human IgG proteins of different heavy chain subclasses. Normal IgG and purified IgG proteins of all 4 subclasses were digested with plasmin. As expected, IgG3 proteins were highly susceptible to degradation. Usually, activation with streptokinase resulted in faster and more accentuated degradation, but normal IgG was more intensely degraded by nonactivated plasmin. The presence of plasmin activators in IgG preparation might account for this observation."}
{"id": "PMID:142666", "title": "Mesenteric hematoma--meckel's diverticulum: a rare laparoscopic complication.", "content": "As previously reported, most complications of laparoscopy occur during the induction of pneumoperitoneum. In addition to the known complications of emphysema, embolism, and pneumocolon, the insufflating needle may occasionally cause bleeding by entering inadvertently into a vessel which may in rare situations be a mesenteric artery. Luckily, this complication is rare enough not to necessitate typing, cross-matching, and preparation of blood for every laparoscopic procedure. Injury to the iliac mesentery, with mesenteric artery perforation and a resulting hematoma, occurred during laparoscopy for tubal sterilization. This report describes the operative finding of a Meckel's cord attaching the ileum to the umbilicus, leading to this unusual and serious complication necessitating an immediate laparotomy and ileal resection.", "contents": "Mesenteric hematoma--meckel's diverticulum: a rare laparoscopic complication. As previously reported, most complications of laparoscopy occur during the induction of pneumoperitoneum. In addition to the known complications of emphysema, embolism, and pneumocolon, the insufflating needle may occasionally cause bleeding by entering inadvertently into a vessel which may in rare situations be a mesenteric artery. Luckily, this complication is rare enough not to necessitate typing, cross-matching, and preparation of blood for every laparoscopic procedure. Injury to the iliac mesentery, with mesenteric artery perforation and a resulting hematoma, occurred during laparoscopy for tubal sterilization. This report describes the operative finding of a Meckel's cord attaching the ileum to the umbilicus, leading to this unusual and serious complication necessitating an immediate laparotomy and ileal resection."}
{"id": "PMID:142667", "title": "Treatment of acne vulgaris with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol.", "content": "The results obtained with low-dosage treatment with 2 mg cyproterone acetate and 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol in 10 women with moderate to severe acne are reported. Eight of these patients showed a very good response, one a moderate response, and one showed no improvement after 3 months. In four patients the administration of antibiotics could be discontinued, and in most of the other patients the dose could be reduced. Three patients discontinued this treatment, two because of side effects and one because of lack of improvement.", "contents": "Treatment of acne vulgaris with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol. The results obtained with low-dosage treatment with 2 mg cyproterone acetate and 0.05 mg ethinyl estradiol in 10 women with moderate to severe acne are reported. Eight of these patients showed a very good response, one a moderate response, and one showed no improvement after 3 months. In four patients the administration of antibiotics could be discontinued, and in most of the other patients the dose could be reduced. Three patients discontinued this treatment, two because of side effects and one because of lack of improvement."}
{"id": "PMID:142668", "title": "[Cutaneous side-effects of treatment with lithium (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper describes the cutaneous side-effects which appeared in 5 patients under Lithium medication for manic-depressive disease: 2 cases with facial and dorsal acne, 1 case with generalized pruritus with burning sensations on the tongue and tumefaction of the lips, 1 case with endogenous generalized psoriasis and 1 case with palmo-plantar hyperkeratosis, ichthyosis and associated with euthyroid goitre. The lithium content of the tissues was assayed by flame spectrophotometry of calcinated biopsy material taken from the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous adipose tissue from 4 of our 5 cases. An experimental investigation was carried out in guinea pigs fed with lithium salts during 6 months. The cation was assayed in samples of epidermis, dermis and perirenal adipose tissue. A study of the accumulation of lithium in epidermal, dermal and adipose tissue is thus added to the studies already published regarding the accumulation of this ion in other tissues.", "contents": "[Cutaneous side-effects of treatment with lithium (author's transl)]. This paper describes the cutaneous side-effects which appeared in 5 patients under Lithium medication for manic-depressive disease: 2 cases with facial and dorsal acne, 1 case with generalized pruritus with burning sensations on the tongue and tumefaction of the lips, 1 case with endogenous generalized psoriasis and 1 case with palmo-plantar hyperkeratosis, ichthyosis and associated with euthyroid goitre. The lithium content of the tissues was assayed by flame spectrophotometry of calcinated biopsy material taken from the epidermis, the dermis and the subcutaneous adipose tissue from 4 of our 5 cases. An experimental investigation was carried out in guinea pigs fed with lithium salts during 6 months. The cation was assayed in samples of epidermis, dermis and perirenal adipose tissue. A study of the accumulation of lithium in epidermal, dermal and adipose tissue is thus added to the studies already published regarding the accumulation of this ion in other tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:142669", "title": "[Has N-isopropyl-N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine a place among standard allergens? Importance of this allergen in rubber intolerance].", "content": "Allergic contact dermatitis to N-isopropyl-N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD) from rubber is far from being exceptional. Out of a total of 56 cases of allergic contact dermatitis to IPPD, 42 were considered as caused by occupational contacts: 17 cases were found in tyre manufacturers, 9 in car-mechanics, 9 in drivers, and 7 in various industrial branches. Out of the 56 cases, 23 also reacted allergically to mercaptobenzothiazole or to tetramethylthiuramdisulphide, or to both of these substances. In a chromatographic analysis of samples of 9 different tyre brands, IPPD was found in 8 cases.", "contents": "[Has N-isopropyl-N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine a place among standard allergens? Importance of this allergen in rubber intolerance]. Allergic contact dermatitis to N-isopropyl-N'-phenylparaphenylenediamine (IPPD) from rubber is far from being exceptional. Out of a total of 56 cases of allergic contact dermatitis to IPPD, 42 were considered as caused by occupational contacts: 17 cases were found in tyre manufacturers, 9 in car-mechanics, 9 in drivers, and 7 in various industrial branches. Out of the 56 cases, 23 also reacted allergically to mercaptobenzothiazole or to tetramethylthiuramdisulphide, or to both of these substances. In a chromatographic analysis of samples of 9 different tyre brands, IPPD was found in 8 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:142679", "title": "Immediate and long-term effects of developmental training in children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "The aim of the present experiment was to determine whether the rate of develoment of a group of mentally retarded children could be improved by early, systematic mental training. Eight children with Down's syndrome, aged from 21 to 69 months, were trained systematically, following the pattern of normal development, over a period of 1 1/2 years. The mental age of the trained children was compared with that of eight matched controls before, during and after the training period. Both groups were living in a small institution, offering a homogeneous environment. Results showed that training had a significant effect on the mental age of the trained children. However, in a follow-up study one year after the completion of training, the good effect was reduced in the trained group, although still higher over-all than the control group. This finding indicates that while early training is effective for mentally retarded children, it must be a continuous process to achieve long-term benefit.", "contents": "Immediate and long-term effects of developmental training in children with Down's syndrome. The aim of the present experiment was to determine whether the rate of develoment of a group of mentally retarded children could be improved by early, systematic mental training. Eight children with Down's syndrome, aged from 21 to 69 months, were trained systematically, following the pattern of normal development, over a period of 1 1/2 years. The mental age of the trained children was compared with that of eight matched controls before, during and after the training period. Both groups were living in a small institution, offering a homogeneous environment. Results showed that training had a significant effect on the mental age of the trained children. However, in a follow-up study one year after the completion of training, the good effect was reduced in the trained group, although still higher over-all than the control group. This finding indicates that while early training is effective for mentally retarded children, it must be a continuous process to achieve long-term benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:142680", "title": "[The electrocardiogram in cardiomyopathies].", "content": "The electrocardiogram of 27 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (CMC), 15 with obstructive (CMO) and 13 with hypertrophic without obstruction (CMH) have been studied. Cardiac catheterization, angiography, coronary arteriography, and, in some cases, echocardiography, were performed. The study was carried out in an attempt to define certain patterns of each CM with emphasis on the ischaemic-like features, as infarct pattern, symmetrical T wave inversion, ST elevation, non-typical troubles of ventricular repolarization and on the electrophysiology of these findings. Suggestive for CMC were: (1) prolonged PR, (2) high frequency of arrhythmias and conduction defects, especially complete left bundle branch block with abnormal left axis deviation, (3) left atrial enlargement and ventricular hypertrophy. Suggestive for CMO: (1) low incidence of arrhythmias and conduction defects, (2) left atrial enlargement and ventricular hypertrophy. Infarct pattern, symmetrical T wave inversion and other ischaemic-like features were equally found in all groups of CM, without any statistical difference. Pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy, particularly of CMH, is discussed, carrying out a review of literature.", "contents": "[The electrocardiogram in cardiomyopathies]. The electrocardiogram of 27 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (CMC), 15 with obstructive (CMO) and 13 with hypertrophic without obstruction (CMH) have been studied. Cardiac catheterization, angiography, coronary arteriography, and, in some cases, echocardiography, were performed. The study was carried out in an attempt to define certain patterns of each CM with emphasis on the ischaemic-like features, as infarct pattern, symmetrical T wave inversion, ST elevation, non-typical troubles of ventricular repolarization and on the electrophysiology of these findings. Suggestive for CMC were: (1) prolonged PR, (2) high frequency of arrhythmias and conduction defects, especially complete left bundle branch block with abnormal left axis deviation, (3) left atrial enlargement and ventricular hypertrophy. Suggestive for CMO: (1) low incidence of arrhythmias and conduction defects, (2) left atrial enlargement and ventricular hypertrophy. Infarct pattern, symmetrical T wave inversion and other ischaemic-like features were equally found in all groups of CM, without any statistical difference. Pathogenesis of cardiomyopathy, particularly of CMH, is discussed, carrying out a review of literature."}
{"id": "PMID:142686", "title": "[Ability to test phenylthiocarbamide (PTC-test) among the population of Kirghizia].", "content": "The distribution of the taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) among 320 Kirghiz boys, 320 Kirghiz girls, 45 Russian boys and 200 Russian girls was studied. The measurements of taste sensitivity to PTC was carried out by the standard method with a scale of PTC dilution to 29.", "contents": "[Ability to test phenylthiocarbamide (PTC-test) among the population of Kirghizia]. The distribution of the taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) among 320 Kirghiz boys, 320 Kirghiz girls, 45 Russian boys and 200 Russian girls was studied. The measurements of taste sensitivity to PTC was carried out by the standard method with a scale of PTC dilution to 29."}
{"id": "PMID:142687", "title": "[Mechanism of the chromosome damaging effect of ftorafur].", "content": "Chromosome damage induced by three antineoplastic drugs -- ftuorafur (Ft), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) hase been studied in Djungarian hamsters cell line after 24 hours exposition with these agents before the fixation. Ft at a dose of 10 micron/ml induced aberrations in 56.7% of metaphases. 60.0% of aberrant metaphases were obtained in experiments with 0.1 micron/ml of 5 FU. FUdr at the same dose induced 24.0% of aberrant metaphases. The high frequency of chromatid breaks and gaps was typical for the mutagenic action of these fluorinated pyrimidines. The addition of Ft or 5-FU to the cell cultures 1--12 hours before fixation did not produce any significant chrosome damage, while further exposition with the drugs for 15--24 hours caused breaks in more than 50% of metaphases. Thymidine at a concentration of 1.0 micron/ml suppressed the chromosome breaking effect of Ft and 5-FU. The results obtained are in accordance with the idea that fluorodeoxyruidinemonophosphate is the ultimate mutagen for both Ft and 5-FU and that the aberrations observed are due to the lack of thymidine nucelotides caused by the former agents while DNA replication.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the chromosome damaging effect of ftorafur]. Chromosome damage induced by three antineoplastic drugs -- ftuorafur (Ft), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) hase been studied in Djungarian hamsters cell line after 24 hours exposition with these agents before the fixation. Ft at a dose of 10 micron/ml induced aberrations in 56.7% of metaphases. 60.0% of aberrant metaphases were obtained in experiments with 0.1 micron/ml of 5 FU. FUdr at the same dose induced 24.0% of aberrant metaphases. The high frequency of chromatid breaks and gaps was typical for the mutagenic action of these fluorinated pyrimidines. The addition of Ft or 5-FU to the cell cultures 1--12 hours before fixation did not produce any significant chrosome damage, while further exposition with the drugs for 15--24 hours caused breaks in more than 50% of metaphases. Thymidine at a concentration of 1.0 micron/ml suppressed the chromosome breaking effect of Ft and 5-FU. The results obtained are in accordance with the idea that fluorodeoxyruidinemonophosphate is the ultimate mutagen for both Ft and 5-FU and that the aberrations observed are due to the lack of thymidine nucelotides caused by the former agents while DNA replication."}
{"id": "PMID:142710", "title": "Parental reactions to the birth of a handicapped child.", "content": "Study of the theories of crisis reaction and grief and mourning therapy provide an enlightened understanding of parental reactions to the birth of a handicapped child. This article explores ways in which the hospital social worker can assist parents in meeting this crisis and in dealing with the issues this reality presents.", "contents": "Parental reactions to the birth of a handicapped child. Study of the theories of crisis reaction and grief and mourning therapy provide an enlightened understanding of parental reactions to the birth of a handicapped child. This article explores ways in which the hospital social worker can assist parents in meeting this crisis and in dealing with the issues this reality presents."}
{"id": "PMID:142711", "title": "[Intracranial calcification on computer tomography a comparison with radiography (author's transl)].", "content": "It is possible to demonstrate extremely fine calcification by computer tomography which cannot be shown by skull radiographs. A value of + 70 CT units was found to be the limit below which calcification visible on the CT could no longer be demonstrated radiographically. The incidence of calcification of the falx and of the choroid plexus is considerably greater on the CT than on radiographs, although no difference was found for calcification of the pineal body. Since it is possible to demonstrate cerebral substance and CSF pathways simultaneously, it is possible to obtain an exact anatomical localisation of any calcification. CT is the method of choice for the demonstration and investigation of intracranial calcification.", "contents": "[Intracranial calcification on computer tomography a comparison with radiography (author's transl)]. It is possible to demonstrate extremely fine calcification by computer tomography which cannot be shown by skull radiographs. A value of + 70 CT units was found to be the limit below which calcification visible on the CT could no longer be demonstrated radiographically. The incidence of calcification of the falx and of the choroid plexus is considerably greater on the CT than on radiographs, although no difference was found for calcification of the pineal body. Since it is possible to demonstrate cerebral substance and CSF pathways simultaneously, it is possible to obtain an exact anatomical localisation of any calcification. CT is the method of choice for the demonstration and investigation of intracranial calcification."}
{"id": "PMID:142712", "title": "[Computerized tomography of the facial skeleton (part II). Pathological changes (author's transl)].", "content": "The value and main task of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of benign and malignant processes in the middle and upper facial skeleton lies in its accurate demonstration of the extent of the disease; this is important in relation to the planning of treatment, prognosis and to other complementary procedures. CT is a new and potent method for the TNM classification of tumours of the nose, paransal sinuses and nasal pharynx. The ability of the CT to demonstrate deeply situated structures in the face, without disturbing overlying shadows, makes precise staging of deep tumours possible, eg. stages T2-T4. The consequences in terms of pre-treatment TNM classification are discussed. In cases of fronto-basal fractures, the CT will show particularly trauma to the orbital contents, intracranial displacement of bone fragments and cerebral trauma with or without bleeding. Suspicion of orbital involvement by benign or malignant disease is a definite indication for a CT examination. As regards the middle and upper facial skeleton, computer tomography provides information of a morphological and quantitative nature and aids in the localisation of lesions. It should be properly integrated into the conventional clinical, endoscopic and tomographic methods employed in the diagnosis of lesions of the facial skeleton.", "contents": "[Computerized tomography of the facial skeleton (part II). Pathological changes (author's transl)]. The value and main task of computerized tomography in the diagnosis of benign and malignant processes in the middle and upper facial skeleton lies in its accurate demonstration of the extent of the disease; this is important in relation to the planning of treatment, prognosis and to other complementary procedures. CT is a new and potent method for the TNM classification of tumours of the nose, paransal sinuses and nasal pharynx. The ability of the CT to demonstrate deeply situated structures in the face, without disturbing overlying shadows, makes precise staging of deep tumours possible, eg. stages T2-T4. The consequences in terms of pre-treatment TNM classification are discussed. In cases of fronto-basal fractures, the CT will show particularly trauma to the orbital contents, intracranial displacement of bone fragments and cerebral trauma with or without bleeding. Suspicion of orbital involvement by benign or malignant disease is a definite indication for a CT examination. As regards the middle and upper facial skeleton, computer tomography provides information of a morphological and quantitative nature and aids in the localisation of lesions. It should be properly integrated into the conventional clinical, endoscopic and tomographic methods employed in the diagnosis of lesions of the facial skeleton."}
{"id": "PMID:142713", "title": "[Mammography with minimal radiation dosage. Comparative studies on various imaging systems].", "content": "Using an MR-film-screen combination for mammography, only 8% of the usual radiation dose was found to be necessary. This corresponds with an average skin dose of 0.55 R per exposure. The new technique resulted in visible improvement of contrast. Some loss of detail affected in particular the recognition of macrocalcification. As the sole method for the early diagnosis of occult carcinomas of the breast, it will therefore be necessary to improve image quality. The system is suitable for control examinations and investigation of special problems. The use of the MR system with non-screen film in two planes is discussed in relation to dose reduction.", "contents": "[Mammography with minimal radiation dosage. Comparative studies on various imaging systems]. Using an MR-film-screen combination for mammography, only 8% of the usual radiation dose was found to be necessary. This corresponds with an average skin dose of 0.55 R per exposure. The new technique resulted in visible improvement of contrast. Some loss of detail affected in particular the recognition of macrocalcification. As the sole method for the early diagnosis of occult carcinomas of the breast, it will therefore be necessary to improve image quality. The system is suitable for control examinations and investigation of special problems. The use of the MR system with non-screen film in two planes is discussed in relation to dose reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:142714", "title": "[Image quality in film and xero-mammography. I. Rendering of low contrast values (author's transl)].", "content": "The rendering of low contrast values by various mammographic imaging systems was investigated by a semi-objective procedure. Test exposures of a line raster with variable line widths were evaluated visually. Significantly better results were achieved by a xero-radiographic method. This was better than non-screen mammographic film in terms of object size, lower sensitivity to scatter and better resolution. The use of a tungsten rotating anode, with about 0.5 mm. Al filter, in xeromammography provided a satisfactory compromise between image quality and radiation dose in the rendering of low contrast studies.", "contents": "[Image quality in film and xero-mammography. I. Rendering of low contrast values (author's transl)]. The rendering of low contrast values by various mammographic imaging systems was investigated by a semi-objective procedure. Test exposures of a line raster with variable line widths were evaluated visually. Significantly better results were achieved by a xero-radiographic method. This was better than non-screen mammographic film in terms of object size, lower sensitivity to scatter and better resolution. The use of a tungsten rotating anode, with about 0.5 mm. Al filter, in xeromammography provided a satisfactory compromise between image quality and radiation dose in the rendering of low contrast studies."}
{"id": "PMID:142715", "title": "[The radiogical criteria of juvenile rheumatic cerivical synostosis in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological criteria of juvenile, rheumatic, cervical synostosis discovered in adult life are described and illustrated. These include: involvement of few or many segments, a tendency to bony ankylosis of the diseased intervertebral joints, dysplasias or hypoplasia of the vertebral body and intervertebral disc and dysplasias of the neural arches and hypoplasia of the transverse processes. Pathological ossification may involve the ligamentum flavum, the annulus, or the entire disc. The differential diagnosis of juvenile, rheumatic, cervical synostosis includes congenital block vertebrae, Klippel-Feil syndrome, acquired block vertebrae, juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, synostosing, intervertebral osteochondrosis and myositis ossificans progressiva.", "contents": "[The radiogical criteria of juvenile rheumatic cerivical synostosis in adults (author's transl)]. The radiological criteria of juvenile, rheumatic, cervical synostosis discovered in adult life are described and illustrated. These include: involvement of few or many segments, a tendency to bony ankylosis of the diseased intervertebral joints, dysplasias or hypoplasia of the vertebral body and intervertebral disc and dysplasias of the neural arches and hypoplasia of the transverse processes. Pathological ossification may involve the ligamentum flavum, the annulus, or the entire disc. The differential diagnosis of juvenile, rheumatic, cervical synostosis includes congenital block vertebrae, Klippel-Feil syndrome, acquired block vertebrae, juvenile ankylosing spondylitis, synostosing, intervertebral osteochondrosis and myositis ossificans progressiva."}
{"id": "PMID:142716", "title": "[Long-term radiological and clinical observations following surgery for tibio-fibular syndesmosis after fractures of the upper ankle joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Forty-two patients treated surgically for tibio-fibular syndesmosis were observed radiologically and clinically for a period of five years; the lesions followed fracture-dislocations type B, type C and following intra-articular fractures. Surgery consisted, as usual, of bone reconstruction and, where necessary, of transfixation of the syndesmosis with a horizontal screw introduced 2 cm. above the syndesmosis at a 30 degree angle to the frontal plane (15 cases). A new classification of the severity of subsequent arthrosis, as seen radiologically, was introduced and its correlation with clinical findings were determined. There was good agreement between the degree of arthrosis and functional results. The earliest signs of posttraumatic arthrosis following an incompletely treated lesion can be seen within the first year following the injury. An arthrosis of severity O due to sclerosis is of no, or only little, significance; it does not share the poor prognosis of severity grades I to III which, once they have developed, always show further deterioration.", "contents": "[Long-term radiological and clinical observations following surgery for tibio-fibular syndesmosis after fractures of the upper ankle joint (author's transl)]. Forty-two patients treated surgically for tibio-fibular syndesmosis were observed radiologically and clinically for a period of five years; the lesions followed fracture-dislocations type B, type C and following intra-articular fractures. Surgery consisted, as usual, of bone reconstruction and, where necessary, of transfixation of the syndesmosis with a horizontal screw introduced 2 cm. above the syndesmosis at a 30 degree angle to the frontal plane (15 cases). A new classification of the severity of subsequent arthrosis, as seen radiologically, was introduced and its correlation with clinical findings were determined. There was good agreement between the degree of arthrosis and functional results. The earliest signs of posttraumatic arthrosis following an incompletely treated lesion can be seen within the first year following the injury. An arthrosis of severity O due to sclerosis is of no, or only little, significance; it does not share the poor prognosis of severity grades I to III which, once they have developed, always show further deterioration."}
{"id": "PMID:142717", "title": "[Radiological observations on bone changes in women after bilateral ovariectomy with and without oestrogen prophylaxis (author's transl)].", "content": "A retrospective study was carried out on 69 women who had hysterectomies and bilateral ovariectomies carried out during puberty for non-malignant disease. The effect of oestrogen prophylaxis on bones was studied by various radiological methods (1. Miminal combined cortex thickness in the proximal radius according to Meema; 2. Biconcavity index according to Nordin; 3. Osteoporosis stage in the lumbar spine according to Saville; 4. The Singh index in the proximal femur and 5. Absorption coefficient and relative cortical thickness of the phalanges). It was found the the hormone-treated group (33 cases) showed significantly greater bone density than the control group (36 cases). It is therefore suggested that women undergoing ovariectomy before the menopause, or those with low bone density at the natural menopause, should be treated by long-term oestrogen therapy, provided there are no specific contraindications.", "contents": "[Radiological observations on bone changes in women after bilateral ovariectomy with and without oestrogen prophylaxis (author's transl)]. A retrospective study was carried out on 69 women who had hysterectomies and bilateral ovariectomies carried out during puberty for non-malignant disease. The effect of oestrogen prophylaxis on bones was studied by various radiological methods (1. Miminal combined cortex thickness in the proximal radius according to Meema; 2. Biconcavity index according to Nordin; 3. Osteoporosis stage in the lumbar spine according to Saville; 4. The Singh index in the proximal femur and 5. Absorption coefficient and relative cortical thickness of the phalanges). It was found the the hormone-treated group (33 cases) showed significantly greater bone density than the control group (36 cases). It is therefore suggested that women undergoing ovariectomy before the menopause, or those with low bone density at the natural menopause, should be treated by long-term oestrogen therapy, provided there are no specific contraindications."}
{"id": "PMID:142718", "title": "The use of 99mc-EHDP as a scanning agent in the detection of metastases from osteosarcoma.", "content": "The early detection of metastatic spread in sixteen patients with osteosarcoma has been studied over a twelve month period, comparing the techniques of bone scanning and radiography. In only two patients were we able to demonstrate changes suggestive of pulmonary metastases any earlier with a 99mTc-EHDP scan than with chest radiographs and one of these resolved spontaneously. However, the bone scan did accurately delineate the extent of the primary tumour and may, therefore, be helpful in deciding the level of the amputation and the response of the patient to treatment, particularly now that chemotherapy and immunotherapy are frequently used in the management of the disease.", "contents": "The use of 99mc-EHDP as a scanning agent in the detection of metastases from osteosarcoma. The early detection of metastatic spread in sixteen patients with osteosarcoma has been studied over a twelve month period, comparing the techniques of bone scanning and radiography. In only two patients were we able to demonstrate changes suggestive of pulmonary metastases any earlier with a 99mTc-EHDP scan than with chest radiographs and one of these resolved spontaneously. However, the bone scan did accurately delineate the extent of the primary tumour and may, therefore, be helpful in deciding the level of the amputation and the response of the patient to treatment, particularly now that chemotherapy and immunotherapy are frequently used in the management of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:142719", "title": "[About the so-called ischemic-ulcerative innerwall lesion of the bowels proximal to intestinal stenoses (author's transl)].", "content": "The ischemic ulceration resp. the ischemic necrosis of the intestine's internal wall located proximal to an obstruction is a rare complication. At present this diagnosis is established by the radiologist alone. The knowledge of this disease--which is at the time being abscure in its origin--is of great importance to the surgeon, who has to try to resect both, the obstructes and the ischemic-ulcerative regions, in order to avoid insufficiency of the anastomosis postoperatively. The oral border of the alteration can be determined by a frozen section during the operation. In this connection the fatal complications of total necrosis of the large and small intestines resp. is demonstrated for the first time.", "contents": "[About the so-called ischemic-ulcerative innerwall lesion of the bowels proximal to intestinal stenoses (author's transl)]. The ischemic ulceration resp. the ischemic necrosis of the intestine's internal wall located proximal to an obstruction is a rare complication. At present this diagnosis is established by the radiologist alone. The knowledge of this disease--which is at the time being abscure in its origin--is of great importance to the surgeon, who has to try to resect both, the obstructes and the ischemic-ulcerative regions, in order to avoid insufficiency of the anastomosis postoperatively. The oral border of the alteration can be determined by a frozen section during the operation. In this connection the fatal complications of total necrosis of the large and small intestines resp. is demonstrated for the first time."}
{"id": "PMID:142720", "title": "[Pneumatosis cystoides intestini. An angiographic finding (author's transl)].", "content": "The pneumatosis cystoides intestini (p.c.i.) is a rather uncommon condition, most frequently observed in patients with pulmonary disorders or gastroenterologic diseases. The pathology and etiology of p.c.i. are shortly discussed. According to an angiographic finding this report illustrates a case of disease for which a chronic ischemic etiology is supposed. The importance of radiologic diagnosis of p.c.i. is emphasized and the necessity of a larger indication for angiography considered.", "contents": "[Pneumatosis cystoides intestini. An angiographic finding (author's transl)]. The pneumatosis cystoides intestini (p.c.i.) is a rather uncommon condition, most frequently observed in patients with pulmonary disorders or gastroenterologic diseases. The pathology and etiology of p.c.i. are shortly discussed. According to an angiographic finding this report illustrates a case of disease for which a chronic ischemic etiology is supposed. The importance of radiologic diagnosis of p.c.i. is emphasized and the necessity of a larger indication for angiography considered."}
{"id": "PMID:142721", "title": "[Contrast medium persistence in lymph nodes as a prognostic criterion in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The persistence of contrast medium in the inguinal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes was observed in 104 cases of Hodgkin's disease. Systematic observations were continued until the contrast medium had disappeared completely. The maximum period of observation was 36 months. The following conclusions were reached: a) There is a difference in the behaviour in the contrast medium in normal and abnormal lymph nodes. b) There is a difference in behaviour between various groups of lymph nodes in patients with negative lymphographic findings. c) In patients with positive lymphographic findings the behaviour of the contrast medium varies depending on the histology and radiological appearances of the lymph nodes. An attempt to correlate the persistence of contrast medium with survival time has shown that there is a shorter period of survival in those patients in whom the contrast medium disappeared most quickly from the abnormal nodes. The persistence of contrast medium in the lymph nodes should be borne in mind during treatment planning.", "contents": "[Contrast medium persistence in lymph nodes as a prognostic criterion in Hodgkin's disease (author's transl)]. The persistence of contrast medium in the inguinal and retroperitoneal lymph nodes was observed in 104 cases of Hodgkin's disease. Systematic observations were continued until the contrast medium had disappeared completely. The maximum period of observation was 36 months. The following conclusions were reached: a) There is a difference in the behaviour in the contrast medium in normal and abnormal lymph nodes. b) There is a difference in behaviour between various groups of lymph nodes in patients with negative lymphographic findings. c) In patients with positive lymphographic findings the behaviour of the contrast medium varies depending on the histology and radiological appearances of the lymph nodes. An attempt to correlate the persistence of contrast medium with survival time has shown that there is a shorter period of survival in those patients in whom the contrast medium disappeared most quickly from the abnormal nodes. The persistence of contrast medium in the lymph nodes should be borne in mind during treatment planning."}
{"id": "PMID:142722", "title": "[Intravenous cholangio-cystography during childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty-five intravenous cholangio-cystograms were carried out in children aged 2 to 15 years (10 by injection, 15 by infusion). Total bilirubin, GOT, GPT, GLDH and alkaline phosphatase were determined before and after injection of the contrast medium. The contrast media used were \"Biligram for infusion\" (17%) and \"biligram for injection\" (35%). Contrast dose per kilo body weight depends on the age of the patient: a) For infusion: infants 1.6 ml/kg/KG, small children 1.2 ml/kgKG, older children 0.8 ml/kg/KG. b) for injection: infants 0.8 ml/kg/KG, small children 0.6 ml/kg/KG, older children 0.4 ml/kg/KG. Both methods, in the above doses, provided good demonstration of the biliary tree and gall bladder. Films were taken at 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes after the end of the injection, and 40 minutes after a fatty meal. No allergic reactions were observed, nor any effect on the liver enzymes.", "contents": "[Intravenous cholangio-cystography during childhood (author's transl)]. Twenty-five intravenous cholangio-cystograms were carried out in children aged 2 to 15 years (10 by injection, 15 by infusion). Total bilirubin, GOT, GPT, GLDH and alkaline phosphatase were determined before and after injection of the contrast medium. The contrast media used were \"Biligram for infusion\" (17%) and \"biligram for injection\" (35%). Contrast dose per kilo body weight depends on the age of the patient: a) For infusion: infants 1.6 ml/kg/KG, small children 1.2 ml/kgKG, older children 0.8 ml/kg/KG. b) for injection: infants 0.8 ml/kg/KG, small children 0.6 ml/kg/KG, older children 0.4 ml/kg/KG. Both methods, in the above doses, provided good demonstration of the biliary tree and gall bladder. Films were taken at 30 minutes, 60 minutes and 90 minutes after the end of the injection, and 40 minutes after a fatty meal. No allergic reactions were observed, nor any effect on the liver enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:142723", "title": "[The diagnosis of cystic malformations of the biliary tree during childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Percutaneous, transhepatic cholangiography was carried out in a child aged 1 year and 10 months suffering from obstructive jaundice when non-invasive radiological methods had proved useless. PTC is of considerable value in the diagnosis of cystic disease of the biliary system. Its advantages in planning surgery are described. The technique, indications and contra-indications are discussed.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of cystic malformations of the biliary tree during childhood (author's transl)]. Percutaneous, transhepatic cholangiography was carried out in a child aged 1 year and 10 months suffering from obstructive jaundice when non-invasive radiological methods had proved useless. PTC is of considerable value in the diagnosis of cystic disease of the biliary system. Its advantages in planning surgery are described. The technique, indications and contra-indications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142724", "title": "[The radiological demonstration of vessels in embryos and foetuses. Comparative radiological studies of the venous system of the neck, head and brain in domestic animals. Paper 3 (author's transl)].", "content": "A method was developed for prenatal, post-mortem angiography, post-mortem angiography of the venous system of the brain, head and neck; its development was studied in the embryos and foetuses of 80 cattle, 20 sheep and 20 pigs with a crown-rump lenght of 19 to 155 mm. Radiological and corrosion preparations were studied. The embryonic and foetal venous systems were filled with thin barium sulphate through the umbilical and omphalic veins. The development and transformation of the cerebral veins and sinuses are compared and are related to the corresponding vascular anatomy of the adult animal and to man. The radio-embryological method for demonstrating cerebral vessels is also applicable to live foetuses.", "contents": "[The radiological demonstration of vessels in embryos and foetuses. Comparative radiological studies of the venous system of the neck, head and brain in domestic animals. Paper 3 (author's transl)]. A method was developed for prenatal, post-mortem angiography, post-mortem angiography of the venous system of the brain, head and neck; its development was studied in the embryos and foetuses of 80 cattle, 20 sheep and 20 pigs with a crown-rump lenght of 19 to 155 mm. Radiological and corrosion preparations were studied. The embryonic and foetal venous systems were filled with thin barium sulphate through the umbilical and omphalic veins. The development and transformation of the cerebral veins and sinuses are compared and are related to the corresponding vascular anatomy of the adult animal and to man. The radio-embryological method for demonstrating cerebral vessels is also applicable to live foetuses."}
{"id": "PMID:142729", "title": "[The arterial haemodynamics of the liver and spleen in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The findings of detailed angiographic studies in 111 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and 12 patients with thrombosis of the portal system were compared with the angiographic findings in 105 normal people. Definite changes in the haemodynamics of the arterial system of the liver and spleen and of the portal system were observed in patients with cirrhosis. All forms of portal hypertension are characterised by increasing flow in the splenic and left gastric arteries. Arterial flow through the liver is closely correlated with portal pressure. The present angiographic findings confirm the existence of a close interdependence between the arterial and portal systems, which may be regarded as separate limbs of a total unified vascular chain.", "contents": "[The arterial haemodynamics of the liver and spleen in patients with cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)]. The findings of detailed angiographic studies in 111 patients with cirrhosis of the liver and 12 patients with thrombosis of the portal system were compared with the angiographic findings in 105 normal people. Definite changes in the haemodynamics of the arterial system of the liver and spleen and of the portal system were observed in patients with cirrhosis. All forms of portal hypertension are characterised by increasing flow in the splenic and left gastric arteries. Arterial flow through the liver is closely correlated with portal pressure. The present angiographic findings confirm the existence of a close interdependence between the arterial and portal systems, which may be regarded as separate limbs of a total unified vascular chain."}
{"id": "PMID:142730", "title": "[Limey bile (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1937 we have seen 43 cases of limey bile. The clinical and radiological features and pathological and chemical characteristics are described. Radiological investigation is essential for diagnosis. There are no characteristic clinical findings. Pathologically, the gall bladder shows mild inflammatory features with occlusion of the cystic duct, the gall bladder containing calcium-rich white bile. Calcium carbonate exists as a crystalline or amorphous sediment. The calcium carbonate excretion has not resulted in stone formation. Limey bile is produced by the gall bladder in the gall bladder mucosa. The reason for the high calcium carbonate content and for the crystalline form is unknown. In our experience limey bile is not an early stage in the formation of gall stones, nor does it result from a calcified gall bladder empyema. Limey bile must be considered as a parallel process to the formation of calcium carbonate stones.", "contents": "[Limey bile (author's transl)]. Since 1937 we have seen 43 cases of limey bile. The clinical and radiological features and pathological and chemical characteristics are described. Radiological investigation is essential for diagnosis. There are no characteristic clinical findings. Pathologically, the gall bladder shows mild inflammatory features with occlusion of the cystic duct, the gall bladder containing calcium-rich white bile. Calcium carbonate exists as a crystalline or amorphous sediment. The calcium carbonate excretion has not resulted in stone formation. Limey bile is produced by the gall bladder in the gall bladder mucosa. The reason for the high calcium carbonate content and for the crystalline form is unknown. In our experience limey bile is not an early stage in the formation of gall stones, nor does it result from a calcified gall bladder empyema. Limey bile must be considered as a parallel process to the formation of calcium carbonate stones."}
{"id": "PMID:142731", "title": "Hand angiography and Raynaud's syndrome.", "content": "Forty-eight patients with Raynaud's syndrome and seven volunteers without it were studied by magnification hand angiography which included studies of the effects of cold exposure before and after the selective intraarterial administration of reserpine. Most of the patients with Raynaud's syndrome, in addition to organic obstructive disease, exhibited both basal vasoconstriction and exaggerated, persisting cryogenic vasospasm of the hand arteries. Studies done two days after reserpine administration revealed decreases in both basal and cryogenic vasospasm in most patients and the degree of angiographic improvement correlated well with subsequently determined clinical responses to long-term vasodilator drug therapy. Hand angiography with examinations after cold exposure and its combination with the postreserpine pharmacodynamic studies is a useful technique in Raynaud's syndrome, both diagnostically and in predicting the outcome of longterm vasodilator therapy.", "contents": "Hand angiography and Raynaud's syndrome. Forty-eight patients with Raynaud's syndrome and seven volunteers without it were studied by magnification hand angiography which included studies of the effects of cold exposure before and after the selective intraarterial administration of reserpine. Most of the patients with Raynaud's syndrome, in addition to organic obstructive disease, exhibited both basal vasoconstriction and exaggerated, persisting cryogenic vasospasm of the hand arteries. Studies done two days after reserpine administration revealed decreases in both basal and cryogenic vasospasm in most patients and the degree of angiographic improvement correlated well with subsequently determined clinical responses to long-term vasodilator drug therapy. Hand angiography with examinations after cold exposure and its combination with the postreserpine pharmacodynamic studies is a useful technique in Raynaud's syndrome, both diagnostically and in predicting the outcome of longterm vasodilator therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:142732", "title": "[The value of intra-osseous angiography for primary, malignant bone tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of intra-osseous angiography, it is possible to demonstrate abnormal vascularisation, the vascular pattern of osteolytic sarcomas differing markedly from that of osteoplastictumours. Important information can be obtained regarding the close relationship between tumour vessels and the parosteal soft tissue vessels. The close relationship between these provides ample explanation for the early occurrence of haematogenous metastases. The extent of the intramedullary tumour component of chondrosarcomas can also be demonstrated.", "contents": "[The value of intra-osseous angiography for primary, malignant bone tumours (author's transl)]. By means of intra-osseous angiography, it is possible to demonstrate abnormal vascularisation, the vascular pattern of osteolytic sarcomas differing markedly from that of osteoplastictumours. Important information can be obtained regarding the close relationship between tumour vessels and the parosteal soft tissue vessels. The close relationship between these provides ample explanation for the early occurrence of haematogenous metastases. The extent of the intramedullary tumour component of chondrosarcomas can also be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:142733", "title": "[Myelography in patients with acute cauda equina syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "An emergency myelography was performed on 51 patients with acute cauda equina syndrome. Altogether 23 total obstructions for various causes were found; as well as 13 disc herniations, 2 spinal stenoses and 13 patients with minimal findings in water-soluble myelography. A scheme was developed to analyse the cause of the obstruction and the level of the obstruction in disc herniation cases. The scheme seems to function fairly well, although we have had three errors in the diagnoses of 23 obstructions.", "contents": "[Myelography in patients with acute cauda equina syndrome (author's transl)]. An emergency myelography was performed on 51 patients with acute cauda equina syndrome. Altogether 23 total obstructions for various causes were found; as well as 13 disc herniations, 2 spinal stenoses and 13 patients with minimal findings in water-soluble myelography. A scheme was developed to analyse the cause of the obstruction and the level of the obstruction in disc herniation cases. The scheme seems to function fairly well, although we have had three errors in the diagnoses of 23 obstructions."}
{"id": "PMID:142734", "title": "[Contrast and exposure in xeroradiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Systematic sensitometric measurements of xero-radiographs were carried out and compared with ordinary X-ray films. The effect of kilovoltage and exposure on image contrast and resolution was investigated; optimal exposure and kilovoltage were sought and sources of loss of information are pointed out.", "contents": "[Contrast and exposure in xeroradiography (author's transl)]. Systematic sensitometric measurements of xero-radiographs were carried out and compared with ordinary X-ray films. The effect of kilovoltage and exposure on image contrast and resolution was investigated; optimal exposure and kilovoltage were sought and sources of loss of information are pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:142735", "title": "[Xeroradiography in the radiological diagnosis of the extremities and soft tissues (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors carried out comparative examinations on 30 patients in order to determine whether xeroradiography had any advantages over film techniques in the examination of the soft tissues of the extremities. The xerograms show fatty degeneration of muscle fibres margins of individual muscles, calcification, oedema and so on, more clearly and are therefore of more value in diagnosis. The saving in time, using xerograms, is significant and conventional photo-copies can be obtained without logetronics.", "contents": "[Xeroradiography in the radiological diagnosis of the extremities and soft tissues (author's transl)]. The authors carried out comparative examinations on 30 patients in order to determine whether xeroradiography had any advantages over film techniques in the examination of the soft tissues of the extremities. The xerograms show fatty degeneration of muscle fibres margins of individual muscles, calcification, oedema and so on, more clearly and are therefore of more value in diagnosis. The saving in time, using xerograms, is significant and conventional photo-copies can be obtained without logetronics."}
{"id": "PMID:142736", "title": "[An investigation into the effect of xerographic property on tomograms (author's transl)].", "content": "The properties of xerography as they affect tomography have been studied on phantoms. It was shown that, apart from better rendering of soft tissues, there is no fundamental difference. Section thickness and unwanted shadows are not influenced either way for optimal exposures. Significant improvement in diagnostic information can only be expected, if at all, under very special circumstances.", "contents": "[An investigation into the effect of xerographic property on tomograms (author's transl)]. The properties of xerography as they affect tomography have been studied on phantoms. It was shown that, apart from better rendering of soft tissues, there is no fundamental difference. Section thickness and unwanted shadows are not influenced either way for optimal exposures. Significant improvement in diagnostic information can only be expected, if at all, under very special circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:142737", "title": "The influence of concentration and dose upon the extravascular distribution of intra-arterially injected meglumine diatrizoate.", "content": "The dose and concentration of an intra-arterially injected contrast medium, when increased approximately fivefold from a slightly hypotonic solution, produced lower tissue distribution volumes and lower extravascular diatrizoate fractions in the rat. A further fivefold increase in dose (to 1 ml/kg) with little change in concentration produced even lower early distribution volumes. Increases of concentration and dose caused a higher percentage of the contrast medium to remain within the vasculature, presumably as a result of extraction of tissue water by the hypertonic medium. Changes in the concentration of the contrast medium affected its distribution volume for a longer time than corresponding changes in the actual dose. The use of the more concentrated contrast media at higher doses should be expected to give better radiologic detail on angiograms.", "contents": "The influence of concentration and dose upon the extravascular distribution of intra-arterially injected meglumine diatrizoate. The dose and concentration of an intra-arterially injected contrast medium, when increased approximately fivefold from a slightly hypotonic solution, produced lower tissue distribution volumes and lower extravascular diatrizoate fractions in the rat. A further fivefold increase in dose (to 1 ml/kg) with little change in concentration produced even lower early distribution volumes. Increases of concentration and dose caused a higher percentage of the contrast medium to remain within the vasculature, presumably as a result of extraction of tissue water by the hypertonic medium. Changes in the concentration of the contrast medium affected its distribution volume for a longer time than corresponding changes in the actual dose. The use of the more concentrated contrast media at higher doses should be expected to give better radiologic detail on angiograms."}
{"id": "PMID:142738", "title": "[Experimental investigations on the effect of progesterone on contrast excretion (author's transl)].", "content": "The relationship between high dose progesterone treatment and pregnancy and dilatation of the upper urinary tract was investigated by doing intravenous urograms on eight female rabbits. Ten features of the urogram were studied. It was concluded that the administration of sex hormones to rabbits without any mechanical change in the ureters, did not lead to urographically demonstrable dilatation of the ureters. Negative findings in pregnant animals indicate that the mechanical situation in rabbits differs from that found in human pregnancy. The results are discussed with relation to the available literature.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations on the effect of progesterone on contrast excretion (author's transl)]. The relationship between high dose progesterone treatment and pregnancy and dilatation of the upper urinary tract was investigated by doing intravenous urograms on eight female rabbits. Ten features of the urogram were studied. It was concluded that the administration of sex hormones to rabbits without any mechanical change in the ureters, did not lead to urographically demonstrable dilatation of the ureters. Negative findings in pregnant animals indicate that the mechanical situation in rabbits differs from that found in human pregnancy. The results are discussed with relation to the available literature."}
{"id": "PMID:142751", "title": "[Contact allergy caused by new dental impression materials].", "content": "In 1965 a new group of polymeric materials has been introduced into dentistry which is used for temporary crowns, bridges and impression materials. In handling it contact may occur with all components of these impression materials (Scutan, Impregum). Contact over a long period may lead to allergic contact dermatitis. Epicutaneous tests in three dentists and a technical assistant revealed that the catalysts of the impression materials are responsible for contact allergy. In experiments with guinea pigs the strong sensitization capacity of the catalysts could be demonstrated. Methyl-dichlorbenzolsulfonat (catalyst of Impregum) showed a stronger effect than methyl-p-toluolsulfonat (catalyst of Scutan). Besides their allergenic properties these substances also act as primary irritants. As these materials are widespread in dentistry more attention should be payed at the risk of hand eczemas in dentists and dental personnel caused by the catalysts of Impregum and Scutan.", "contents": "[Contact allergy caused by new dental impression materials]. In 1965 a new group of polymeric materials has been introduced into dentistry which is used for temporary crowns, bridges and impression materials. In handling it contact may occur with all components of these impression materials (Scutan, Impregum). Contact over a long period may lead to allergic contact dermatitis. Epicutaneous tests in three dentists and a technical assistant revealed that the catalysts of the impression materials are responsible for contact allergy. In experiments with guinea pigs the strong sensitization capacity of the catalysts could be demonstrated. Methyl-dichlorbenzolsulfonat (catalyst of Impregum) showed a stronger effect than methyl-p-toluolsulfonat (catalyst of Scutan). Besides their allergenic properties these substances also act as primary irritants. As these materials are widespread in dentistry more attention should be payed at the risk of hand eczemas in dentists and dental personnel caused by the catalysts of Impregum and Scutan."}
{"id": "PMID:142752", "title": "[Serum levels of gonadotrophins, testosterone and estradiol in acne vulgaris].", "content": "In 69 male acne patients, 15--24 years old and 17 young men of the same age plasma FSH, prolactin, testosterone and estradiol are determined. Only the mean testosterone levels are significantly elevated in acne patients against the controls.", "contents": "[Serum levels of gonadotrophins, testosterone and estradiol in acne vulgaris]. In 69 male acne patients, 15--24 years old and 17 young men of the same age plasma FSH, prolactin, testosterone and estradiol are determined. Only the mean testosterone levels are significantly elevated in acne patients against the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:142754", "title": "The isolation and structure elucidation of macrocyclic lactone antibiotic, A26771B.", "content": "The isolation, biological properties and structure elucidation of a sixteen-membered macrocyclic lactone antibiotic, designated A26771B (1), obtained from Penicillium turbatum are discussed.", "contents": "The isolation and structure elucidation of macrocyclic lactone antibiotic, A26771B. The isolation, biological properties and structure elucidation of a sixteen-membered macrocyclic lactone antibiotic, designated A26771B (1), obtained from Penicillium turbatum are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142762", "title": "Nitrogen regulation of arginase in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The final products of the arginine catabolism that can be utilized as a nitrogen source in Neurospora crassa are ammonium, glutamic acid, and glutamine. The effect of these compounds on arginase induction by arginine was studied. In wild-type strain 74-A, induction by arginine was almost completely repressed by glutamic acid plus ammonium, whereas ammonium or glutamic acid alone had only moderate effects. Arginine products of catabolism also repressed arginase induction. A mutant, ure-1, which lacks urease activity, hyperinduced its arginase with arginine as a nitrogen source. The addition of either ammonium or glutamine produced effects similar to those in the wild-type strain. The effect of ammonium on arginase induction is mediated through its conversion into glutamine. This was demonstrated in mutant am-1, which lacks L-glutamate dehydrogenase activity. In this mutant, the effect of glutamic acid was reduced, and, with ammonium, it was completely lost. The addition of glutamine or glutamic acid plus ammonium to this strain decreased by threefold the induction of arginase by arginine. Proline, a final product of arginine catabolism, competitively inhibited arginase activity. This effect and the repression of arginase by glutamine are examples of negative modulation of the first enzyme in a catabolic pathway by its final products.", "contents": "Nitrogen regulation of arginase in Neurospora crassa. The final products of the arginine catabolism that can be utilized as a nitrogen source in Neurospora crassa are ammonium, glutamic acid, and glutamine. The effect of these compounds on arginase induction by arginine was studied. In wild-type strain 74-A, induction by arginine was almost completely repressed by glutamic acid plus ammonium, whereas ammonium or glutamic acid alone had only moderate effects. Arginine products of catabolism also repressed arginase induction. A mutant, ure-1, which lacks urease activity, hyperinduced its arginase with arginine as a nitrogen source. The addition of either ammonium or glutamine produced effects similar to those in the wild-type strain. The effect of ammonium on arginase induction is mediated through its conversion into glutamine. This was demonstrated in mutant am-1, which lacks L-glutamate dehydrogenase activity. In this mutant, the effect of glutamic acid was reduced, and, with ammonium, it was completely lost. The addition of glutamine or glutamic acid plus ammonium to this strain decreased by threefold the induction of arginase by arginine. Proline, a final product of arginine catabolism, competitively inhibited arginase activity. This effect and the repression of arginase by glutamine are examples of negative modulation of the first enzyme in a catabolic pathway by its final products."}
{"id": "PMID:142763", "title": "Localization of the phlorizin site on Na, K-ATPase in red cell membranes.", "content": "Phlorizin at 2 X 10(-4) M inhibited Na+ and Rb+-activated ATPase activities in human red cell membranes by 43%. It inhibited the 86Rb uptake activity of erythrocytes by only 15%. 86Rb uptake into resealed ghosts was inhibited strongly when phlorizin and ATP were preloaded in the ghosts before resealing. Na,K-ATPase activity in the resealed ghosts was also inhibited in the presence of phlorizin inside but not outside the ghosts. These findings suggested that the phlorizin site is located inside the cell.", "contents": "Localization of the phlorizin site on Na, K-ATPase in red cell membranes. Phlorizin at 2 X 10(-4) M inhibited Na+ and Rb+-activated ATPase activities in human red cell membranes by 43%. It inhibited the 86Rb uptake activity of erythrocytes by only 15%. 86Rb uptake into resealed ghosts was inhibited strongly when phlorizin and ATP were preloaded in the ghosts before resealing. Na,K-ATPase activity in the resealed ghosts was also inhibited in the presence of phlorizin inside but not outside the ghosts. These findings suggested that the phlorizin site is located inside the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:142765", "title": "Incubation of myosin with exogenous small components (g1, g2, or g3) in KSCN or LiCl and properties of g-exchanged myosins.", "content": "Myosin was incubated with a large excess of exogenous g1, g2 or g3 in 0.6 M KSCN (or in 4 M LiCl) for 1-2 h at 0-2 degrees C. KSCN (or LiCl) was then removed by dialysis. The composition of g-chains in the resulting myosin was analyzed by SDS-gel electrophoresis. When myosin was incubated with g1, the amount of g1 in myosin increased and the increment was nearly counterbalanced by a decrease in g3, whereas an opposite change was observed on incubation with g3. The amount of g2 was not changed by these treatments.  The same ATPase activity as that of control myosin was observed in the presence of Ca2+ or EDTA with the myosins incubated with g1, g2, or g3, but the activity in the presence of Mg2+ was about one-half of the control. The Ca2+ sensitivity of actomyosin containing the treated myosins was slightly higher than that of actomyosin containing the control myosin. Spin-labeled g1 or spin-labeled g3 was incorporated into myosin, but the ESR spectra of two spin labels were not distinguishable. No information could be obtained from the ESR spectra by the addition of Ca2+, Mg2+, nucleotides or actin. Inhibition of ATPase activity was observed when SH groups g1 or g3 in myosin were chemically modified.", "contents": "Incubation of myosin with exogenous small components (g1, g2, or g3) in KSCN or LiCl and properties of g-exchanged myosins. Myosin was incubated with a large excess of exogenous g1, g2 or g3 in 0.6 M KSCN (or in 4 M LiCl) for 1-2 h at 0-2 degrees C. KSCN (or LiCl) was then removed by dialysis. The composition of g-chains in the resulting myosin was analyzed by SDS-gel electrophoresis. When myosin was incubated with g1, the amount of g1 in myosin increased and the increment was nearly counterbalanced by a decrease in g3, whereas an opposite change was observed on incubation with g3. The amount of g2 was not changed by these treatments.  The same ATPase activity as that of control myosin was observed in the presence of Ca2+ or EDTA with the myosins incubated with g1, g2, or g3, but the activity in the presence of Mg2+ was about one-half of the control. The Ca2+ sensitivity of actomyosin containing the treated myosins was slightly higher than that of actomyosin containing the control myosin. Spin-labeled g1 or spin-labeled g3 was incorporated into myosin, but the ESR spectra of two spin labels were not distinguishable. No information could be obtained from the ESR spectra by the addition of Ca2+, Mg2+, nucleotides or actin. Inhibition of ATPase activity was observed when SH groups g1 or g3 in myosin were chemically modified."}
{"id": "PMID:142766", "title": "A simple method for the isolation of actin from myxomycete plasmodia.", "content": "A new, simple method for the isolation of actin from myxomycete plasmodia has been developed. Plasmodium myosin B was incubated at 55 degrees C for 15 min in the presence of ATP or was treated with 90% acetone. By this treatment myosin was denatured completely. Actin was then extracted with a dilute ATP and cysteine solution from the heat- or acetone-treated myosin B. The method is simple and almost pure actin was obtained in high yield. The purified G-actin polymerized to F-actin on addition of 0.1 M KCl or 2 mM MgCl2. The viscosity of the purified F-actin was 8-10 dl/g. The F-actin activated muscle myosin ATPase, and actomyosin synthesized from the F-actin and muscle myosin showed superprecipitation on addition of ATP.", "contents": "A simple method for the isolation of actin from myxomycete plasmodia. A new, simple method for the isolation of actin from myxomycete plasmodia has been developed. Plasmodium myosin B was incubated at 55 degrees C for 15 min in the presence of ATP or was treated with 90% acetone. By this treatment myosin was denatured completely. Actin was then extracted with a dilute ATP and cysteine solution from the heat- or acetone-treated myosin B. The method is simple and almost pure actin was obtained in high yield. The purified G-actin polymerized to F-actin on addition of 0.1 M KCl or 2 mM MgCl2. The viscosity of the purified F-actin was 8-10 dl/g. The F-actin activated muscle myosin ATPase, and actomyosin synthesized from the F-actin and muscle myosin showed superprecipitation on addition of ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:142767", "title": "Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of a light chain of the chicken gizzard myosin molecule.", "content": "Chicken gizzard myosin was incubated with ATP and/or \"native\" tropomyosin (NTM) of gizzard muscle in the presence or absence of calcium ions. One of the two light chains of the myosin molecule was phosphorylated in the presence of Ca, but not in its absence. The phosphorylated gizzard myosin was dephosphorylated by a crude preparation of myosin light-chain phosphatase obtained from gizzard muscle. In a superprecipitation test in the presence of EGTA, actomyosin reconstituted from dephosphorylated gizzard myosin did not superprecipitate, whereas actomyosin reconstituted from phosphorylated gizzard myosin showed superprecipitation activity which was inhibited by skeletal NTM and reactivated by Ca.", "contents": "Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of a light chain of the chicken gizzard myosin molecule. Chicken gizzard myosin was incubated with ATP and/or \"native\" tropomyosin (NTM) of gizzard muscle in the presence or absence of calcium ions. One of the two light chains of the myosin molecule was phosphorylated in the presence of Ca, but not in its absence. The phosphorylated gizzard myosin was dephosphorylated by a crude preparation of myosin light-chain phosphatase obtained from gizzard muscle. In a superprecipitation test in the presence of EGTA, actomyosin reconstituted from dephosphorylated gizzard myosin did not superprecipitate, whereas actomyosin reconstituted from phosphorylated gizzard myosin showed superprecipitation activity which was inhibited by skeletal NTM and reactivated by Ca."}
{"id": "PMID:142768", "title": "Studies on the turnovers in vivo of adenosine di- and triphosphates in a coupling factor of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The metabolic stabilities of bound adenine nucleotides in a membrane-bound ATPase (EF1) [EC 3.6.1.3] of Escherichia coli were studied by estimating their rates of turnover in vivo. Two-thirds of the bound ATP prelabelled with 32Pi in EF1 molecules was retained after 3 h in a chase medium. The bound ADP was chased rapidly with a half time of decrease of less than 1 h, the rate similar to that of cytoplasmic free nucleotides. These results suggest that bound ATP in the EF1 is not a direct intermediate in oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Studies on the turnovers in vivo of adenosine di- and triphosphates in a coupling factor of Escherichia coli. The metabolic stabilities of bound adenine nucleotides in a membrane-bound ATPase (EF1) [EC 3.6.1.3] of Escherichia coli were studied by estimating their rates of turnover in vivo. Two-thirds of the bound ATP prelabelled with 32Pi in EF1 molecules was retained after 3 h in a chase medium. The bound ADP was chased rapidly with a half time of decrease of less than 1 h, the rate similar to that of cytoplasmic free nucleotides. These results suggest that bound ATP in the EF1 is not a direct intermediate in oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:142769", "title": "Pathway for isoleucine formation form pyruvate by leucine biosynthetic enzymes in leucine-accumulating isoleucine revertants of Serratia marcescens.", "content": "Leaky revertants isolated from isoleucine auxotrophs of Serratia marcescens mutant resistant to alpha-aminobutyric acid were previously reported to accumulate leucine in the medium, due to the absence of both feedback inhibition and repression of leucine biosynthesis. Growth of the revertant was accelerated by pyruvate, D(-)-citramalate, citraconate, and alpha-ketobutyrate, but not by threonine. Extracts of the revertant exhibited high activities of pyruvate-dependent coenzyme A liberation from acetyl-coenzyme A, hydration of citraconate, and conversion of citraconate to alpha-ketobutyrate, but showed no threonine-deaminating activity. In the leucine-accumulating revertants the above three activities were not affected by leucine, but in the wild strain and other revertants accumulating no leucine all or one of these activities was controlled by leucine. A leucine auxotroph isolated from the leucine-accumulating revertant showed isoleucine auxotrophy as well. From these data, it is concluded that, in leucine-accumulating revertants, of S. marcescent, isoleucine, is synthesized from alpha-ketobutyrate via citramalate formed from pyruvate annd acetyl-coenzyme A by leucine biosynthetic enzymes, as a result of desensitization of alpha-isopropylmalate synthetase to feedback inhibition.", "contents": "Pathway for isoleucine formation form pyruvate by leucine biosynthetic enzymes in leucine-accumulating isoleucine revertants of Serratia marcescens. Leaky revertants isolated from isoleucine auxotrophs of Serratia marcescens mutant resistant to alpha-aminobutyric acid were previously reported to accumulate leucine in the medium, due to the absence of both feedback inhibition and repression of leucine biosynthesis. Growth of the revertant was accelerated by pyruvate, D(-)-citramalate, citraconate, and alpha-ketobutyrate, but not by threonine. Extracts of the revertant exhibited high activities of pyruvate-dependent coenzyme A liberation from acetyl-coenzyme A, hydration of citraconate, and conversion of citraconate to alpha-ketobutyrate, but showed no threonine-deaminating activity. In the leucine-accumulating revertants the above three activities were not affected by leucine, but in the wild strain and other revertants accumulating no leucine all or one of these activities was controlled by leucine. A leucine auxotroph isolated from the leucine-accumulating revertant showed isoleucine auxotrophy as well. From these data, it is concluded that, in leucine-accumulating revertants, of S. marcescent, isoleucine, is synthesized from alpha-ketobutyrate via citramalate formed from pyruvate annd acetyl-coenzyme A by leucine biosynthetic enzymes, as a result of desensitization of alpha-isopropylmalate synthetase to feedback inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:142772", "title": "Enzymatic properties of the heavy meromyosin subfragment of cardiac myosin from normal and thyrotoxic rabbits.", "content": "Myosin from the hearts of thyrotoxic animals (myosin-T) exhibits elevated Ca2+-ATPase activity. To clarify the physiological significance of this increased activity, we have investigated the steady state kinetics of the interaction of actin and MgATP with the double-headed heavy meromyosin subfragment of cardiac myosin from thyrotoxic rabbits (HMM-T). The enhanced Ca2+-ATPase activity of myosin-T was completely retained in HMM-T. The Vmax for actin-activated MgATP hydrolysis by HMM-T (1.08 +/- 0.10 mumol of Pi/mg/min). Under physiological ionic conditions, the Vmax was 0.14 +/- 0.02 mumol of Pi/mg/min as compared with the normal value of 0.08 +/- 0.01 mumol of Pi/mg/min. Furthermore, the salt dependence of Vmax and Kapp for the actin-activated ATPase of HMM-T differed markedly from normal and resembled that usually associated with the single-headed (S1) cleavage product of myosin. These results suggest that the changes in enzymatic properties of myosin-T are responsible for the increased speed of contraction observed in the hearts of thyrotoxic animals. Also, the alteration in the interaction of HMM-T with actin suggests that a loss of cooperativity between the myosin heads may occur.", "contents": "Enzymatic properties of the heavy meromyosin subfragment of cardiac myosin from normal and thyrotoxic rabbits. Myosin from the hearts of thyrotoxic animals (myosin-T) exhibits elevated Ca2+-ATPase activity. To clarify the physiological significance of this increased activity, we have investigated the steady state kinetics of the interaction of actin and MgATP with the double-headed heavy meromyosin subfragment of cardiac myosin from thyrotoxic rabbits (HMM-T). The enhanced Ca2+-ATPase activity of myosin-T was completely retained in HMM-T. The Vmax for actin-activated MgATP hydrolysis by HMM-T (1.08 +/- 0.10 mumol of Pi/mg/min). Under physiological ionic conditions, the Vmax was 0.14 +/- 0.02 mumol of Pi/mg/min as compared with the normal value of 0.08 +/- 0.01 mumol of Pi/mg/min. Furthermore, the salt dependence of Vmax and Kapp for the actin-activated ATPase of HMM-T differed markedly from normal and resembled that usually associated with the single-headed (S1) cleavage product of myosin. These results suggest that the changes in enzymatic properties of myosin-T are responsible for the increased speed of contraction observed in the hearts of thyrotoxic animals. Also, the alteration in the interaction of HMM-T with actin suggests that a loss of cooperativity between the myosin heads may occur."}
{"id": "PMID:142775", "title": "In vitro studies of transplantation antigens present on bone cells in the rat.", "content": "In vitro studies on isolated bone cells were undertaken to investigate the presence of transplantation (histocompatibility) antigens. Bone cells were cultured with allogeneic lymphocytes and exposed to cytotoxic sera containing antibodies against transplantation antigens, to determine their antigenic profile. Preliminary results suggest that bone cells may not express lymphocyte stimulating antigens in an active form, at least after the isolation procedure performed. On the other hand, bone cells were killed by cytotoxic antibodies in a specific way, providing evidence for the presence of serologically defined (SD) transplantation antigens on the cell surface. Additional studies with absorbed sera suggest \"sharing\" of histocompatibility antigens between bone cells and lymphocytes. The relevance of the surface antigens of bone cells to clinical fields such as bone allotransplantation, susceptibility to various orthopaedic diseases and skeletal sarcomata is discussed.", "contents": "In vitro studies of transplantation antigens present on bone cells in the rat. In vitro studies on isolated bone cells were undertaken to investigate the presence of transplantation (histocompatibility) antigens. Bone cells were cultured with allogeneic lymphocytes and exposed to cytotoxic sera containing antibodies against transplantation antigens, to determine their antigenic profile. Preliminary results suggest that bone cells may not express lymphocyte stimulating antigens in an active form, at least after the isolation procedure performed. On the other hand, bone cells were killed by cytotoxic antibodies in a specific way, providing evidence for the presence of serologically defined (SD) transplantation antigens on the cell surface. Additional studies with absorbed sera suggest \"sharing\" of histocompatibility antigens between bone cells and lymphocytes. The relevance of the surface antigens of bone cells to clinical fields such as bone allotransplantation, susceptibility to various orthopaedic diseases and skeletal sarcomata is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142777", "title": "Anabolic actions of reduced and S-carbamidomethylated human growth hormone and its plasmin digest in man.", "content": "Six children aged 12-15 yr, deficient in endogenous growth hormone, were each treated, after a 7-day control period, for 7 days with 0.0168, 0.052, and 0.168 U/kg body wt3/4 human growth (hGH) (doses A, B, and C, respectively) in separate metabolic balance studies. Doses B and C caused a dose-related retention of N, P, K, Na, and Cl in ratios of 1/0.069/4.5/7.5/5.6. These ratios indicate increments in masses of protoplasm/extracellular fluid (ECF)/bone in ratios of 1/2.0/ less than 0.001. Three of the children were also treated with doses A, B, and C of reduced and carbamidomethylated hGH (RCAM-hGH). Doses B and C caused 1.2-2.8 times as much retention of N, P, and K, and 0.3-0.5 times as much retention of Na and Cl, as did the corresponding doses of hGH. The plasmin digest of RCAM-hGH gave results generally similar to RCAM-hGH. For RCAM-hGH and its plasmin digest, N, P, K, Na, and Cl were retained in ratios of about 1/0.14/5.4/2.2/2.1, indicating increments of protoplasm/ECF/bone of about 1/0.8/0.05. These findings indicate that reduction and carbamidomethylation alter the anabolic actions of hGH in man in both quantitative and qualitative manner. RCAM-hGH is more potent in stimulating enlargement of protoplasm and bone, and less potent in stimulating expansion of ECF, than is the native hormone. The profile of anabolic actions of RCAM-hGH in man does not appear to be further altered by digestion with plasmin.", "contents": "Anabolic actions of reduced and S-carbamidomethylated human growth hormone and its plasmin digest in man. Six children aged 12-15 yr, deficient in endogenous growth hormone, were each treated, after a 7-day control period, for 7 days with 0.0168, 0.052, and 0.168 U/kg body wt3/4 human growth (hGH) (doses A, B, and C, respectively) in separate metabolic balance studies. Doses B and C caused a dose-related retention of N, P, K, Na, and Cl in ratios of 1/0.069/4.5/7.5/5.6. These ratios indicate increments in masses of protoplasm/extracellular fluid (ECF)/bone in ratios of 1/2.0/ less than 0.001. Three of the children were also treated with doses A, B, and C of reduced and carbamidomethylated hGH (RCAM-hGH). Doses B and C caused 1.2-2.8 times as much retention of N, P, and K, and 0.3-0.5 times as much retention of Na and Cl, as did the corresponding doses of hGH. The plasmin digest of RCAM-hGH gave results generally similar to RCAM-hGH. For RCAM-hGH and its plasmin digest, N, P, K, Na, and Cl were retained in ratios of about 1/0.14/5.4/2.2/2.1, indicating increments of protoplasm/ECF/bone of about 1/0.8/0.05. These findings indicate that reduction and carbamidomethylation alter the anabolic actions of hGH in man in both quantitative and qualitative manner. RCAM-hGH is more potent in stimulating enlargement of protoplasm and bone, and less potent in stimulating expansion of ECF, than is the native hormone. The profile of anabolic actions of RCAM-hGH in man does not appear to be further altered by digestion with plasmin."}
{"id": "PMID:142778", "title": "Denial, locus of control and depression among physically disabled and nondisabled men.", "content": "The Denial and the Depression scales of the MMPI and Rotter's Locus of Control scale were administered to 26 men with locomotor disabilities and to 44 nondisabled men. Among the disabled, brain-damaged scored higher in the Denial scale than the non-brain-damaged disabled, but not higher than the nondisabled Ss. A fairly high correlation was found between Denial and Locus of Control. The more the S believed that he is externally controlled, the less denial he employed. All disabled groups scored significantly higher on the Depression scale than the nondisabled group. The latter finding is discussed in terms of two behavioral formulations of depression.", "contents": "Denial, locus of control and depression among physically disabled and nondisabled men. The Denial and the Depression scales of the MMPI and Rotter's Locus of Control scale were administered to 26 men with locomotor disabilities and to 44 nondisabled men. Among the disabled, brain-damaged scored higher in the Denial scale than the non-brain-damaged disabled, but not higher than the nondisabled Ss. A fairly high correlation was found between Denial and Locus of Control. The more the S believed that he is externally controlled, the less denial he employed. All disabled groups scored significantly higher on the Depression scale than the nondisabled group. The latter finding is discussed in terms of two behavioral formulations of depression."}
{"id": "PMID:142779", "title": "Role of glucocorticoids in an abnormal grooming behavior in cats with pontile or frontal neocortical lesions.", "content": "Cats with pontile or frontal neocortical lesions display a tactually elicited dissociation of appetitive and consummatory grooming behaviors. Systemic administration of glucocorticoids abolished the abnormal grooming behavior in cats with lesions, even when the stimulatory effect of glucocorticoids on serotonin metabolism was blocked by administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Microinjections of glucocorticoids into the superior colliculi also significantly decreased the abnormal grooming behavior. Adrenalectomized cats did not display the abnormal grooming behavior, but the abnormal behavior did occur in PCPA-treated adrenalectomized cats. Administration of either glucorticoids or 5-hydroxytryptophan abolished the abnormal behavior in PCPA-treated adrenalectomized cats. Thus, it appears that the pontile and frontal neocortical lesions produce deficits in both glucocorticoids and serotonin, and these deficits are necessary and sufficient conditions for inducing the abnormal grooming behavior.", "contents": "Role of glucocorticoids in an abnormal grooming behavior in cats with pontile or frontal neocortical lesions. Cats with pontile or frontal neocortical lesions display a tactually elicited dissociation of appetitive and consummatory grooming behaviors. Systemic administration of glucocorticoids abolished the abnormal grooming behavior in cats with lesions, even when the stimulatory effect of glucocorticoids on serotonin metabolism was blocked by administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA). Microinjections of glucocorticoids into the superior colliculi also significantly decreased the abnormal grooming behavior. Adrenalectomized cats did not display the abnormal grooming behavior, but the abnormal behavior did occur in PCPA-treated adrenalectomized cats. Administration of either glucorticoids or 5-hydroxytryptophan abolished the abnormal behavior in PCPA-treated adrenalectomized cats. Thus, it appears that the pontile and frontal neocortical lesions produce deficits in both glucocorticoids and serotonin, and these deficits are necessary and sufficient conditions for inducing the abnormal grooming behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:142787", "title": "Rapid multiparameter analysis of cell stimulation in mixed lymphocyte culture reactions.", "content": "A flow-cytofluorometric method, based on the differential stability of deoxyribonucleic acid versus ribonucleic acid with the metachromatic dye, acridine orange, simultaneously measures the following parameters of stimulation in mixed lymphocyte cultures: (a) number of nonstimulated cells; (b) total number of stimulated lymphocytes; (c) number of stimulated lymphocytes in G1, S and G2 + M phases of the cell cycle; (d) number of macrophages; (e) number of dead cells. The progress of lymphocyte stimulation may also be measured by a parameter representing ribonucleic acid accumulation per cell. The method is rapid, avoids cell rinsing, fixation and centrifugation and is applicable to microcultures. Multiparameter analysis of cell stimulation which provides simultaneous measurements of lymphocyte proliferation and accumulation of ribonucleic acid per cell may prove to be a more sensitive assay of histocompatibility than tests based only on cell proliferation (tritiated thymidine incorporation).", "contents": "Rapid multiparameter analysis of cell stimulation in mixed lymphocyte culture reactions. A flow-cytofluorometric method, based on the differential stability of deoxyribonucleic acid versus ribonucleic acid with the metachromatic dye, acridine orange, simultaneously measures the following parameters of stimulation in mixed lymphocyte cultures: (a) number of nonstimulated cells; (b) total number of stimulated lymphocytes; (c) number of stimulated lymphocytes in G1, S and G2 + M phases of the cell cycle; (d) number of macrophages; (e) number of dead cells. The progress of lymphocyte stimulation may also be measured by a parameter representing ribonucleic acid accumulation per cell. The method is rapid, avoids cell rinsing, fixation and centrifugation and is applicable to microcultures. Multiparameter analysis of cell stimulation which provides simultaneous measurements of lymphocyte proliferation and accumulation of ribonucleic acid per cell may prove to be a more sensitive assay of histocompatibility than tests based only on cell proliferation (tritiated thymidine incorporation)."}
{"id": "PMID:142790", "title": "Antigenic requirements for the generation of secondary cytotoxicity.", "content": "The in vitro role of products of the H-2 complex in restimulation of secondary proliferative and cytotoxic responses has been studied. In this paper we have studied in particular the role of CD antigens, the target antigens for cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We have used UV-treated cells that express their CD antigens but no LD. Like others, we demonstrate that CD antigens alone are able to generate a secondary cytotoxic response and furthermore that these CD antigens must be the same as those used for primary sensitization. However, in contrast to the results of others, in some cases UV-treated  cells were unable to restimulate such a response even when appropriate controls showed that the CD antigens on UV-treated cells were functional. Furthermore, in these cases the addition of an LD stimulus in the presence of UV-treated cells results in a secondary cytotoxic response that is significantly greater than that elicited by LD restimulation alone. Such potentiation is not observed if the CD antigens used for restimulation are different from those used for the primary sensitization. In addition, a non-H 2 differences(s), presumably the M1s locus, appears to be able to generate a secondary response. The implication of these results are discussed in terms of \"memory\" T lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Antigenic requirements for the generation of secondary cytotoxicity. The in vitro role of products of the H-2 complex in restimulation of secondary proliferative and cytotoxic responses has been studied. In this paper we have studied in particular the role of CD antigens, the target antigens for cytotoxic T lymphocytes. We have used UV-treated cells that express their CD antigens but no LD. Like others, we demonstrate that CD antigens alone are able to generate a secondary cytotoxic response and furthermore that these CD antigens must be the same as those used for primary sensitization. However, in contrast to the results of others, in some cases UV-treated  cells were unable to restimulate such a response even when appropriate controls showed that the CD antigens on UV-treated cells were functional. Furthermore, in these cases the addition of an LD stimulus in the presence of UV-treated cells results in a secondary cytotoxic response that is significantly greater than that elicited by LD restimulation alone. Such potentiation is not observed if the CD antigens used for restimulation are different from those used for the primary sensitization. In addition, a non-H 2 differences(s), presumably the M1s locus, appears to be able to generate a secondary response. The implication of these results are discussed in terms of \"memory\" T lymphocytes in cell-mediated immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:142792", "title": "Antigen-induced cyclophosphamide-resistant suppressor T cells inhibit the in vitro generation of cytotoxic cells from one-way mixed leukocyte reactions.", "content": "Mice sensitized against a tumor allograft and given cyclophosmamide 6 days later failed to generate an immune response to the allograft. Spleen cells derived from these mice suppressed the generation of cytotoxic T cell response by normal spleen cells in mixed leukocyte cultures. The suppressor cells were not specific, thymus dependent, and resistant to 2000 R.", "contents": "Antigen-induced cyclophosphamide-resistant suppressor T cells inhibit the in vitro generation of cytotoxic cells from one-way mixed leukocyte reactions. Mice sensitized against a tumor allograft and given cyclophosmamide 6 days later failed to generate an immune response to the allograft. Spleen cells derived from these mice suppressed the generation of cytotoxic T cell response by normal spleen cells in mixed leukocyte cultures. The suppressor cells were not specific, thymus dependent, and resistant to 2000 R."}
{"id": "PMID:142793", "title": "In vitro reactivity in allograft tolerance: persistence of mixed leukocyte culture reactivity in highly tolerant rats.", "content": "Mixed leukocyte culture reactivity was studied in adult W/Fu rats judged to be highly tolerant after the inoculation of (W/Fu X BN)F1 hybrid spleen and bone marrow cells at birth. Reactivity was observed in a majority of tolerant donors tested and documented by quantitative dose-response and kinetic studies. Allograft tolerance cannot be explained by a complete lack of specific immune reactivity to tolerated alloantigens.", "contents": "In vitro reactivity in allograft tolerance: persistence of mixed leukocyte culture reactivity in highly tolerant rats. Mixed leukocyte culture reactivity was studied in adult W/Fu rats judged to be highly tolerant after the inoculation of (W/Fu X BN)F1 hybrid spleen and bone marrow cells at birth. Reactivity was observed in a majority of tolerant donors tested and documented by quantitative dose-response and kinetic studies. Allograft tolerance cannot be explained by a complete lack of specific immune reactivity to tolerated alloantigens."}
{"id": "PMID:142794", "title": "Neonatal islet cell transplantation in the diabetic rat: effect on hepatic enzyme activity and glucose homeostasis.", "content": "Intraperitoneal transplantation of collagenase-digested, isogeneic, neonatal rat pancreatic tissue successfully reversed streptozotocin-induced diabetes in 77% of recipients. The low serum immunoreactive insulin, hyperglycaemia, glycosuria and weight loss, characteristic of the diabetic animal, were corrected and the reduced activities of hepatic glucokinase and pyruvate kinase, and the low glycogen concentration of the liver of diabetic rats were restored to normal. Forty-three per cent of the successfully transplanted rats became normoglycaemic within 1 month of transplantation whereas 57% took from 1 to 6 months to achieve normoglycaemia and displayed a mild glucose intolerance when subjected to a glucose load. The rats which had not become normoglycaemic 6 months after transplantation showed some amelioration of the diabetic state, as shown by increased serum immunoreactive insulin and hepatic glycogen concentration and a slow weight gain compared with diabetic controls.", "contents": "Neonatal islet cell transplantation in the diabetic rat: effect on hepatic enzyme activity and glucose homeostasis. Intraperitoneal transplantation of collagenase-digested, isogeneic, neonatal rat pancreatic tissue successfully reversed streptozotocin-induced diabetes in 77% of recipients. The low serum immunoreactive insulin, hyperglycaemia, glycosuria and weight loss, characteristic of the diabetic animal, were corrected and the reduced activities of hepatic glucokinase and pyruvate kinase, and the low glycogen concentration of the liver of diabetic rats were restored to normal. Forty-three per cent of the successfully transplanted rats became normoglycaemic within 1 month of transplantation whereas 57% took from 1 to 6 months to achieve normoglycaemia and displayed a mild glucose intolerance when subjected to a glucose load. The rats which had not become normoglycaemic 6 months after transplantation showed some amelioration of the diabetic state, as shown by increased serum immunoreactive insulin and hepatic glycogen concentration and a slow weight gain compared with diabetic controls."}
{"id": "PMID:142796", "title": "Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. V. H-2 homology requirements for the production of a minor locus-induced suppressor factor.", "content": "A mixed leukocyte reaction suppressor factor is produced by spleen cells sensitized in vivo and restimulated in vitro across non-H-2 antigenic barriers. Cells capable of producing this factor appear in the spleens of minor locus-immunized animals later than in animals sensitized to major histocompatibility complex-encoded antigens. However, both H-2 and non H-2-induced factors suppress proliferative responses to any alloantigen. Splenocytes from animals immunized with H-2-identical, minor locus-disparate cells produce suppressor factor in vitro only when restimulated with cells sharing both H-2 and non-H-2 antigens with the in vivo stimulators.", "contents": "Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. V. H-2 homology requirements for the production of a minor locus-induced suppressor factor. A mixed leukocyte reaction suppressor factor is produced by spleen cells sensitized in vivo and restimulated in vitro across non-H-2 antigenic barriers. Cells capable of producing this factor appear in the spleens of minor locus-immunized animals later than in animals sensitized to major histocompatibility complex-encoded antigens. However, both H-2 and non H-2-induced factors suppress proliferative responses to any alloantigen. Splenocytes from animals immunized with H-2-identical, minor locus-disparate cells produce suppressor factor in vitro only when restimulated with cells sharing both H-2 and non-H-2 antigens with the in vivo stimulators."}
{"id": "PMID:142818", "title": "The Southeast Asian interpretation of gender dysphoria: an illustrative case report.", "content": "In the West gender dysphoria is commonly attributed to a biological abnormality, parental influences favoring assumption of a gender opposite to the subject's anatomical sex, or a combination of these factors. In Southeast Asia (among Hindus and Buddhists), numerous cases of gender dysphoria occur. They generally receive less attention than they do in the West and evoke relatively little concern on the part of the persons affected and the members of their families. The condition is attribwted to residues of a previous life as a member of the opposite sex. Some persons with gender identity confusion claim to remember details of previous lives. A case illustrating such claims (without verifiable details) is presented.", "contents": "The Southeast Asian interpretation of gender dysphoria: an illustrative case report. In the West gender dysphoria is commonly attributed to a biological abnormality, parental influences favoring assumption of a gender opposite to the subject's anatomical sex, or a combination of these factors. In Southeast Asia (among Hindus and Buddhists), numerous cases of gender dysphoria occur. They generally receive less attention than they do in the West and evoke relatively little concern on the part of the persons affected and the members of their families. The condition is attribwted to residues of a previous life as a member of the opposite sex. Some persons with gender identity confusion claim to remember details of previous lives. A case illustrating such claims (without verifiable details) is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:142828", "title": "The effect of training and detraining on muscle composition in the horse.", "content": "1. Percutaneous needle biopsies were obtained from six limb muscles in six horses before and during a training programme of 10 or 15 weeks designed to involve both aerobic and anaerobic work. In a subsequent detraining period, biopsies were also taken after 5 and 10 weeks. 2. Samples were analysed biochemically for enzyme activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), aldolase (ALD), citrate synthase (CS), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and for glycogen content. Fibre typing was carried out histochemically before and 10 weeks after commencement of training. 3. There was a significant increase in the percentage of high myosin ATPase activity pH 9-4/high oxidative (FTH) fibres with a corresponding decrease in high myosin ATPase activity pH 9-4/low oxidative (FT) fibres and low myosin ATPase activity pH 9-4/high oxidative (ST) fibres after 10 weeks training. 4. During training, enzyme activities increased progressively but at different rates with an approximate twofold increase in all of the enzymes except CPK by the end of the training period. Changes in all the muscles studied were similar. Glycogen content increased by approximately 33% which was significant when all the muscles were considered together. 5. A decrease in enzyme activity occurred after 5 weeks detraining. However at 10 weeks a consistent but inexplicable increase in all enzyme levels, except CS again occurred. 6. It is concluded that training increased greatly the activity of enzymes involved in both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism.", "contents": "The effect of training and detraining on muscle composition in the horse. 1. Percutaneous needle biopsies were obtained from six limb muscles in six horses before and during a training programme of 10 or 15 weeks designed to involve both aerobic and anaerobic work. In a subsequent detraining period, biopsies were also taken after 5 and 10 weeks. 2. Samples were analysed biochemically for enzyme activity of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), aldolase (ALD), citrate synthase (CS), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and for glycogen content. Fibre typing was carried out histochemically before and 10 weeks after commencement of training. 3. There was a significant increase in the percentage of high myosin ATPase activity pH 9-4/high oxidative (FTH) fibres with a corresponding decrease in high myosin ATPase activity pH 9-4/low oxidative (FT) fibres and low myosin ATPase activity pH 9-4/high oxidative (ST) fibres after 10 weeks training. 4. During training, enzyme activities increased progressively but at different rates with an approximate twofold increase in all of the enzymes except CPK by the end of the training period. Changes in all the muscles studied were similar. Glycogen content increased by approximately 33% which was significant when all the muscles were considered together. 5. A decrease in enzyme activity occurred after 5 weeks detraining. However at 10 weeks a consistent but inexplicable increase in all enzyme levels, except CS again occurred. 6. It is concluded that training increased greatly the activity of enzymes involved in both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:142826", "title": "Uncommon ocular changes in Down's syndrome (mongolism).", "content": "A one-year-old White female mongoloid child was seen with typical palpebral fissures, esotropia, myopic astigmatism, and nystagmus. Additional uncommon ocular findings included ganglionic neuroretinal hypoplasia (hypoplasia of the optic nerve) and bilateral congenital impatency of the nasolacrimal duct. An active search for these ocular changes is recommended in cases of Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Uncommon ocular changes in Down's syndrome (mongolism). A one-year-old White female mongoloid child was seen with typical palpebral fissures, esotropia, myopic astigmatism, and nystagmus. Additional uncommon ocular findings included ganglionic neuroretinal hypoplasia (hypoplasia of the optic nerve) and bilateral congenital impatency of the nasolacrimal duct. An active search for these ocular changes is recommended in cases of Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:142837", "title": "Reconstitution of a proton pump from gastric mucosa.", "content": "Purified vesicular fractions from hog gastric mucosa have been incorporated into phosphatidyl serine bilayers. In the presence of MgATP on one side and symmetrical Na2SO4 solutions, a short circuit current (SCC) away from that side is observed increasing exponentially with time, while the corresponding open circuit potential (OCP) is maintained constant for greater than 30 min. In K2SO4 solutions the SCC time course is essentially unchanged, but the OCP falls to almost zero after 15-20 min. In Na -- K gradient there is a similar SCC away from the K-side whose exponential rate is increased by ATP added to both sides. The time course of these events depends only on the time from the formation on the black film. These results are interpreted as showing: (1) There is an ATP-driven proton pump generating a constant potential EH in series with a time dependent conductance gHocekt. (2) There is a shunting K-conductance gKocek't. (3) In the presence of ATP k' greater than k. (4) This time dependence is due to thickness changes in the bilayer. A model relates these results to those obtained with the intact vesicles.", "contents": "Reconstitution of a proton pump from gastric mucosa. Purified vesicular fractions from hog gastric mucosa have been incorporated into phosphatidyl serine bilayers. In the presence of MgATP on one side and symmetrical Na2SO4 solutions, a short circuit current (SCC) away from that side is observed increasing exponentially with time, while the corresponding open circuit potential (OCP) is maintained constant for greater than 30 min. In K2SO4 solutions the SCC time course is essentially unchanged, but the OCP falls to almost zero after 15-20 min. In Na -- K gradient there is a similar SCC away from the K-side whose exponential rate is increased by ATP added to both sides. The time course of these events depends only on the time from the formation on the black film. These results are interpreted as showing: (1) There is an ATP-driven proton pump generating a constant potential EH in series with a time dependent conductance gHocekt. (2) There is a shunting K-conductance gKocek't. (3) In the presence of ATP k' greater than k. (4) This time dependence is due to thickness changes in the bilayer. A model relates these results to those obtained with the intact vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:142838", "title": "Calcium dependent ATP losses in intact red blood cells without cellular accumulations of calcium.", "content": "Intact human red blood cells incubated with ionophore A23187 and calcium develop a depletion of ATP that is dependent upon the concentrations of both A23187 and Ca. Incubations of fresh cells with 0.5 micrometer A23187 and concentrations of Ca at or below 70 micrometer produce a depletion of ATP without a net cellular uptake of Ca. In contrast, ATP-depleted cells display an ionophore-dependent cellular uptake of Ca, under identical conditions. A hypothesis is proposed that relates these ionophore-produced ATP depletions to active Ca extrusion by the Ca ATPase.", "contents": "Calcium dependent ATP losses in intact red blood cells without cellular accumulations of calcium. Intact human red blood cells incubated with ionophore A23187 and calcium develop a depletion of ATP that is dependent upon the concentrations of both A23187 and Ca. Incubations of fresh cells with 0.5 micrometer A23187 and concentrations of Ca at or below 70 micrometer produce a depletion of ATP without a net cellular uptake of Ca. In contrast, ATP-depleted cells display an ionophore-dependent cellular uptake of Ca, under identical conditions. A hypothesis is proposed that relates these ionophore-produced ATP depletions to active Ca extrusion by the Ca ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:142841", "title": "The structure of the human cell interphase chromatin in the mosaic form of Down's disease.", "content": "In an earlier publication we reported that, by using fluorescent microscopy with acridine orange (AO), we detected certain changes in the structure and function of interphase nuclear chromatin of peripheral blood lymphocytes of subjects with Down's disease (Fedorova, Inshakova and Spitkovsky, 1975). By employing the same method with additional thermal action on the cells studied it was shown that some of these changes were conditioned by the effect of the blood serum from a person with Down's syndrome (Fedorova and Spitkovsky, 1976). The purpose of the present work was to investigate the structure of the interphase chromatin of both disomic and trisomic human cells residing in the same serum, that is, in mosaic subjects. Small lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of mosaic mongols were selected for study, complete trisomic mongols and healthy subjects being used as controls.", "contents": "The structure of the human cell interphase chromatin in the mosaic form of Down's disease. In an earlier publication we reported that, by using fluorescent microscopy with acridine orange (AO), we detected certain changes in the structure and function of interphase nuclear chromatin of peripheral blood lymphocytes of subjects with Down's disease (Fedorova, Inshakova and Spitkovsky, 1975). By employing the same method with additional thermal action on the cells studied it was shown that some of these changes were conditioned by the effect of the blood serum from a person with Down's syndrome (Fedorova and Spitkovsky, 1976). The purpose of the present work was to investigate the structure of the interphase chromatin of both disomic and trisomic human cells residing in the same serum, that is, in mosaic subjects. Small lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of mosaic mongols were selected for study, complete trisomic mongols and healthy subjects being used as controls."}
{"id": "PMID:142843", "title": "A histochemical study of the muscles of Drosophila melanogaster.", "content": "The thoracic muscles of Drosophila melanogaster can be classified into two classes, the fibrillar and the tubular muscles, on morphological grounds. Histochemical techniques were used to characterize these two classes of muscle according to their content of various enzymes (alpha-glycerophosphate, NAD-dependent isocitrate, malate and succinate dehydrogenases, fumarase, acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and acetylcholinesterase) and of glycogen. These investigations showed that the two muslces types are histochemically very different and, further, that the morphologically similar tubular muscles are heterogeneous with respect to their enzyme content. In particular, the tergal depressor of the trochanter of the second leg, the largest of the tubular muslces, has considerably less of all the enzymes studied, with the exception of acetylcholinesterase, than all the other tubular muscles examined. The histochemical techniqes were also used to follow the changes in enzyme levels that occur during development of the indirect flight muscle fibres. All the enzymes that are present in adult flight muslces showed an increase in staining intensity throughout muscle development. Some minor differences were observed in the time of appearance and rate of increase of intensity of the different enzymes.", "contents": "A histochemical study of the muscles of Drosophila melanogaster. The thoracic muscles of Drosophila melanogaster can be classified into two classes, the fibrillar and the tubular muscles, on morphological grounds. Histochemical techniques were used to characterize these two classes of muscle according to their content of various enzymes (alpha-glycerophosphate, NAD-dependent isocitrate, malate and succinate dehydrogenases, fumarase, acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase and acetylcholinesterase) and of glycogen. These investigations showed that the two muslces types are histochemically very different and, further, that the morphologically similar tubular muscles are heterogeneous with respect to their enzyme content. In particular, the tergal depressor of the trochanter of the second leg, the largest of the tubular muslces, has considerably less of all the enzymes studied, with the exception of acetylcholinesterase, than all the other tubular muscles examined. The histochemical techniqes were also used to follow the changes in enzyme levels that occur during development of the indirect flight muscle fibres. All the enzymes that are present in adult flight muslces showed an increase in staining intensity throughout muscle development. Some minor differences were observed in the time of appearance and rate of increase of intensity of the different enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:142844", "title": "Effect of tryptophan and nicotinamide loads on urinary excretion of RNA metabolites by bladder cancer patients.", "content": "In a comparative study of tryptophan metabolism and urinary excretion of nucleic acid derivatives (including beta-aminoisobutyric acid, 7-methylguanine, pseudouridine, and urate) in 12 male bladder cancer patients, the excretion of pseudouridine and 7-methylguanine decreased significantly after an oral dose of 2 g L-tryptophan. A similar decrease occurred after an oral nicotinamide load of 50 mg four times a day, which indicated a possible common mode of action of tryptophan and nicotinamide. No definite resolution could be made as to the causal mechanism for the observed descrase in RNA turnover.", "contents": "Effect of tryptophan and nicotinamide loads on urinary excretion of RNA metabolites by bladder cancer patients. In a comparative study of tryptophan metabolism and urinary excretion of nucleic acid derivatives (including beta-aminoisobutyric acid, 7-methylguanine, pseudouridine, and urate) in 12 male bladder cancer patients, the excretion of pseudouridine and 7-methylguanine decreased significantly after an oral dose of 2 g L-tryptophan. A similar decrease occurred after an oral nicotinamide load of 50 mg four times a day, which indicated a possible common mode of action of tryptophan and nicotinamide. No definite resolution could be made as to the causal mechanism for the observed descrase in RNA turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:142850", "title": "[Effect of schizophyllan on delayed hypersensitivity in the mouse (author's transl)].", "content": "The delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity test with picryl chloride was used to demonstrate the effect of sonicated schizophyllan (SPG-S) on cellular immunity in mice. The increase of ear thickness in mice treated with SPG-S (0.5 approximately 10.0 mg/kg) 24 hours before the sensitization with picryl chloride proved to be significantly larger than that in untreated mice on testing with picryl chloride at 7 days following sensitization. Mice were intramuscularly injected with SPG-S (5.0 mg/kg) on -48, -24, 0, +24 or +48 hours of sensitization. Remarkable stimulating effect of SPG-S on the delayed hypersensitivity was recognized in all groups of mice, being somewhat lower in the group treated with SPG-S 48 hours after the sensitization. Stimulating effects of lipopolysaccharide, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen and SPG-S on the delayed hypersensitivity were compared. The effect of SPG-S was similar to that of concanavalin A, a nonspecific stimulant for T cells.", "contents": "[Effect of schizophyllan on delayed hypersensitivity in the mouse (author's transl)]. The delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity test with picryl chloride was used to demonstrate the effect of sonicated schizophyllan (SPG-S) on cellular immunity in mice. The increase of ear thickness in mice treated with SPG-S (0.5 approximately 10.0 mg/kg) 24 hours before the sensitization with picryl chloride proved to be significantly larger than that in untreated mice on testing with picryl chloride at 7 days following sensitization. Mice were intramuscularly injected with SPG-S (5.0 mg/kg) on -48, -24, 0, +24 or +48 hours of sensitization. Remarkable stimulating effect of SPG-S on the delayed hypersensitivity was recognized in all groups of mice, being somewhat lower in the group treated with SPG-S 48 hours after the sensitization. Stimulating effects of lipopolysaccharide, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen and SPG-S on the delayed hypersensitivity were compared. The effect of SPG-S was similar to that of concanavalin A, a nonspecific stimulant for T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:142855", "title": "[Comparative morphometric study of arteriosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries among urban and rural population].", "content": "A visual planimetric study of atherosclerosis of the aorta and the coronary arteries was conducted in 1571 residents of the city of Ryazan and in 769 inhabitants of the Ryazan region dying in the age of 10 and 69 years, as well as in 627 normal individuals engaged in physical and intellectual work, living in rural and urban settlements, dying in the age of 40 to 69 years (data from Ryazan, Tallinn, Kharkov). A randomized study has demonstrated that urban population displays more distinct atherosclerotic changes in the examined vessels than the rural population displays more distinct atherosclerotic changes in the examined vessels than the rural population. The differences in the severity of coronary atherosclerosis were significant between the compared groups of normal individuals engaged in intellectual activities, and insignificant between the groups of those engaged in physical labour. The severity of aortic atherosclerosis did not show any statistically significant differences between the groups of normal individuals living in urban and rural areas.", "contents": "[Comparative morphometric study of arteriosclerosis of the aorta and coronary arteries among urban and rural population]. A visual planimetric study of atherosclerosis of the aorta and the coronary arteries was conducted in 1571 residents of the city of Ryazan and in 769 inhabitants of the Ryazan region dying in the age of 10 and 69 years, as well as in 627 normal individuals engaged in physical and intellectual work, living in rural and urban settlements, dying in the age of 40 to 69 years (data from Ryazan, Tallinn, Kharkov). A randomized study has demonstrated that urban population displays more distinct atherosclerotic changes in the examined vessels than the rural population displays more distinct atherosclerotic changes in the examined vessels than the rural population. The differences in the severity of coronary atherosclerosis were significant between the compared groups of normal individuals engaged in intellectual activities, and insignificant between the groups of those engaged in physical labour. The severity of aortic atherosclerosis did not show any statistically significant differences between the groups of normal individuals living in urban and rural areas."}
{"id": "PMID:142856", "title": "[Modeling of myocardial pathology in mice with the surgical methods].", "content": "A description of three operations on the heart in mice is presented: a supravalvular narrowing of the ascending aorta, banding of the apex of the heart, and ligation of the coronaries. These surgical interventions permit to obtain in mice a functional overloading and hypertrophy of the myocardium, a cardiac aneurysm and occlusive myocardial infarction.", "contents": "[Modeling of myocardial pathology in mice with the surgical methods]. A description of three operations on the heart in mice is presented: a supravalvular narrowing of the ascending aorta, banding of the apex of the heart, and ligation of the coronaries. These surgical interventions permit to obtain in mice a functional overloading and hypertrophy of the myocardium, a cardiac aneurysm and occlusive myocardial infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:142862", "title": "[Treatment of traumatic postoperative total hyphaemas (author's transl)].", "content": "For more than ten years, we have successfully been using fibrinolysin for the treatment of total traumatic hyphaemas. Recently that enzyme was applied in 2 cases of total hyphaema with secondary glaucoma after cataract extraction and the results were excellent.", "contents": "[Treatment of traumatic postoperative total hyphaemas (author's transl)]. For more than ten years, we have successfully been using fibrinolysin for the treatment of total traumatic hyphaemas. Recently that enzyme was applied in 2 cases of total hyphaema with secondary glaucoma after cataract extraction and the results were excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:142867", "title": "Supravalvular aortic stenosis. Repair by extended aortoplasty.", "content": "Enlargement of the aorta with a diamond-shaped patch of the noncoronary sinus of Valsalva may not be sufficient in severe cases of supravalvular aortic stenosis. This traditional reconstruction is asymmetric, and, if the fibrous supravalvular ring is thick and rigid, the aorta may not open wide with patch angioplasty, so that aortic obstruction may remain. Also, because aortic valve function may not be perfect after asymmetric reconstruction, there may be aortic valve incompetence or obstruction of coronary ostia by the valve cusps. A new reconstructive operation was designed and used in eight patients. All survived and are asymptomatic. The aortoplasty was extended so that the supravalvular ring was incised at two points in the noncoronary and in the right coronary sinuses of Valsalva. The area of stenosis was opened wide, and the cusps of the aortic valve were lengthened, which provided better approximation and function. A tubular Dacron prosthesis, tailored to reconstruct the aorta, provided a wide aortic cross-sectional area. This technique of extended aortoplasty for symmetric reconstruction of the aorta should provide more predictable relief of aortic obstruction and improved function of the aortic valve.", "contents": "Supravalvular aortic stenosis. Repair by extended aortoplasty. Enlargement of the aorta with a diamond-shaped patch of the noncoronary sinus of Valsalva may not be sufficient in severe cases of supravalvular aortic stenosis. This traditional reconstruction is asymmetric, and, if the fibrous supravalvular ring is thick and rigid, the aorta may not open wide with patch angioplasty, so that aortic obstruction may remain. Also, because aortic valve function may not be perfect after asymmetric reconstruction, there may be aortic valve incompetence or obstruction of coronary ostia by the valve cusps. A new reconstructive operation was designed and used in eight patients. All survived and are asymptomatic. The aortoplasty was extended so that the supravalvular ring was incised at two points in the noncoronary and in the right coronary sinuses of Valsalva. The area of stenosis was opened wide, and the cusps of the aortic valve were lengthened, which provided better approximation and function. A tubular Dacron prosthesis, tailored to reconstruct the aorta, provided a wide aortic cross-sectional area. This technique of extended aortoplasty for symmetric reconstruction of the aorta should provide more predictable relief of aortic obstruction and improved function of the aortic valve."}
{"id": "PMID:142868", "title": "Effects of infusion of cardiotomy suction blood during extracorporeal circulation for coronary artery bypass surgery.", "content": "The effects of infusion of cardiotomy suction blood during extracorporeal circulation were evaluated in 15 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery without the use of a left ventricular vent. In Group I all cardiotomy suction blood was discarded. In Groups II and III cardiotomy suction blood was reinfused without and with Dacron wool filtration, respectively. Marked hematologic changes were noted in the pericardial samples which also were reflected in oxygenator samples obtained at the end of bypass. Although postoperative bleeding was significantly greater in patients from Group II as compared to Group I, no differences were seen in total intraoperative and postoperative transfusion requirements. No patient required reoperation for bleeding. Recirculation of larger volumes of cardiotomy suction blood potentially could contribute to bleeding problems in the immediate postoperative period.", "contents": "Effects of infusion of cardiotomy suction blood during extracorporeal circulation for coronary artery bypass surgery. The effects of infusion of cardiotomy suction blood during extracorporeal circulation were evaluated in 15 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery without the use of a left ventricular vent. In Group I all cardiotomy suction blood was discarded. In Groups II and III cardiotomy suction blood was reinfused without and with Dacron wool filtration, respectively. Marked hematologic changes were noted in the pericardial samples which also were reflected in oxygenator samples obtained at the end of bypass. Although postoperative bleeding was significantly greater in patients from Group II as compared to Group I, no differences were seen in total intraoperative and postoperative transfusion requirements. No patient required reoperation for bleeding. Recirculation of larger volumes of cardiotomy suction blood potentially could contribute to bleeding problems in the immediate postoperative period."}
{"id": "PMID:142873", "title": "[Implantation of ossicles (A histological study in animals) (author's transl)].", "content": "Autogenetic and allogenetic incuses as well as xenogenetic malleus were implanted into the middle-ear of rabbits after different procedures of conservation. The process of healing was studied by histological examination. The different conservation methods are leading to different antigenic qualities of the donor material. A different reorganization along the wurse of the donor vessels is resulting. Accordingly a different extent of osteoneogenesis of the intercellular substance is induced. The vascular tissue showed a revascularization in the case of autogenetic transplantation and in the case of implantation after cialit conservation of 1:5000. Whereas deep-freezing led to swelling, cialit conservation 1:500 to temporary fibrosis of the sides of vessels. Hyalinosis of the vessels was observed after lyophilization and gamma-sterilization of the xenogenetic malleus. The different effects on the healing process are discussed.", "contents": "[Implantation of ossicles (A histological study in animals) (author's transl)]. Autogenetic and allogenetic incuses as well as xenogenetic malleus were implanted into the middle-ear of rabbits after different procedures of conservation. The process of healing was studied by histological examination. The different conservation methods are leading to different antigenic qualities of the donor material. A different reorganization along the wurse of the donor vessels is resulting. Accordingly a different extent of osteoneogenesis of the intercellular substance is induced. The vascular tissue showed a revascularization in the case of autogenetic transplantation and in the case of implantation after cialit conservation of 1:5000. Whereas deep-freezing led to swelling, cialit conservation 1:500 to temporary fibrosis of the sides of vessels. Hyalinosis of the vessels was observed after lyophilization and gamma-sterilization of the xenogenetic malleus. The different effects on the healing process are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142874", "title": "[Experiences with incus autografts and preserved incus homografts in ear surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The healing process of free-transplantated incus autografts and preserved homografts in the middle-ear is largely non-irritating. They are suited for sound transmission. Under the osteoinductive influence of the non-vital graft, ingrowing vascular connective tissue of the host differentiates itself in osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondroblasts. The grafts are revitalised in relation to time. Rarely a marked resorption of preserved incus homografts was noticed in consequence of an antigen-antibody-reaction between the host and the implant which, however, never occurred in autografts.", "contents": "[Experiences with incus autografts and preserved incus homografts in ear surgery (author's transl)]. The healing process of free-transplantated incus autografts and preserved homografts in the middle-ear is largely non-irritating. They are suited for sound transmission. Under the osteoinductive influence of the non-vital graft, ingrowing vascular connective tissue of the host differentiates itself in osteoblasts, osteoclasts and chondroblasts. The grafts are revitalised in relation to time. Rarely a marked resorption of preserved incus homografts was noticed in consequence of an antigen-antibody-reaction between the host and the implant which, however, never occurred in autografts."}
{"id": "PMID:142875", "title": "[Primary intratympanic meningioma (author's transl)].", "content": "A primary intratympanic meningioma is reported, which was histologically verified. 1 1/2 and 2 1/2 years after surgical removal, there were no signs of recurrence, neither clinically nor histologically. Sites of origin of the primary intratympanic meningiomas are discussed. Symptoms, diagnostics, differential diagnosis, therapy and prognosis are summarized in relation to nine cases of the literature.", "contents": "[Primary intratympanic meningioma (author's transl)]. A primary intratympanic meningioma is reported, which was histologically verified. 1 1/2 and 2 1/2 years after surgical removal, there were no signs of recurrence, neither clinically nor histologically. Sites of origin of the primary intratympanic meningiomas are discussed. Symptoms, diagnostics, differential diagnosis, therapy and prognosis are summarized in relation to nine cases of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:142876", "title": "[Bone conduction changes in secretory otitis media (author's transl)].", "content": "In serous and secretory otitis media a reduction of bone conduction frequently exists besides the loss of air conduction. In 304 audiograms of ears with serous and viscous fluid in the middle ear there was a depression of the bone conduction between 15 and 40 dB in 40%. This bone conduction loss was reversible after the aeration of the tympanic cavity. That means that we deal with a false nerve deafness in many of these cases.", "contents": "[Bone conduction changes in secretory otitis media (author's transl)]. In serous and secretory otitis media a reduction of bone conduction frequently exists besides the loss of air conduction. In 304 audiograms of ears with serous and viscous fluid in the middle ear there was a depression of the bone conduction between 15 and 40 dB in 40%. This bone conduction loss was reversible after the aeration of the tympanic cavity. That means that we deal with a false nerve deafness in many of these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:142877", "title": "[Speech discrimination and dynamic compression. A comparative study with hearing aids (author's transl)].", "content": "A hearing aid with dynamic compression and the very same one without dynamic compression were used for an examination of 13 patients with recruitment who were hard of hearing with respect to sound perception. The maximum degree of speech discrimination possible to be reached was determined. Although in general the hearing aid with dynamic compression yielded better results, the differences between the two aids were, however, small and showed a high scattering range. Thus, we have to draw the conclusion that the lacking 100% speech discrimination in the case of recruitment-positive disorders with respect to sound perception is not due to distorted sound volume dynamics.", "contents": "[Speech discrimination and dynamic compression. A comparative study with hearing aids (author's transl)]. A hearing aid with dynamic compression and the very same one without dynamic compression were used for an examination of 13 patients with recruitment who were hard of hearing with respect to sound perception. The maximum degree of speech discrimination possible to be reached was determined. Although in general the hearing aid with dynamic compression yielded better results, the differences between the two aids were, however, small and showed a high scattering range. Thus, we have to draw the conclusion that the lacking 100% speech discrimination in the case of recruitment-positive disorders with respect to sound perception is not due to distorted sound volume dynamics."}
{"id": "PMID:142878", "title": "[The clinical use of an early evoked potential in the objective audiometry (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper gives a description of the derivation of an early evoked potential with a latent period of 6 to 8 ms in man. This 7-ms-potential is also ascertainable with stimulus intensities near the threshold. Our investigations gave evidence that this is superior to later evoked potentials (ERA) in nonsedated children younger than 10 years. The investigation time is short owing to a rapid succession of stimuli (1000 clicks in 5 ms stimulus interval). It is assumed that the potential can be assigned to colliculus inferior.", "contents": "[The clinical use of an early evoked potential in the objective audiometry (author's transl)]. The paper gives a description of the derivation of an early evoked potential with a latent period of 6 to 8 ms in man. This 7-ms-potential is also ascertainable with stimulus intensities near the threshold. Our investigations gave evidence that this is superior to later evoked potentials (ERA) in nonsedated children younger than 10 years. The investigation time is short owing to a rapid succession of stimuli (1000 clicks in 5 ms stimulus interval). It is assumed that the potential can be assigned to colliculus inferior."}
{"id": "PMID:142879", "title": "[Significance of spectral bands on the correlation abilities processing dichotic signals (author's transl)].", "content": "Hearing may be attributed with correlation abilities processing binaural signals. Significance of central correlation for dichotic hearing was investigated using interaural delayed pulse trains of noise with varying frequency spectra. To verify dependence of mode and degree of hearing disability on central correlation normal hearing persons as well as patients with cochlear and retrocochlear hearing losses were examined.", "contents": "[Significance of spectral bands on the correlation abilities processing dichotic signals (author's transl)]. Hearing may be attributed with correlation abilities processing binaural signals. Significance of central correlation for dichotic hearing was investigated using interaural delayed pulse trains of noise with varying frequency spectra. To verify dependence of mode and degree of hearing disability on central correlation normal hearing persons as well as patients with cochlear and retrocochlear hearing losses were examined."}
{"id": "PMID:142880", "title": "[Treatment of acute idiopathic vestibular paresis (author's transl)].", "content": "In 31 patients with sudden isolated unilateral idiopathic lesion of the vestibular function the effect of therapeutic application of low molecular weight dextran and cortison was examined. 15 out of 31 patients received no drugs, 16 patients were treated with dextran-infusion and cortison for 10 days. Without drug application the vestibular function was restored in only 4 out of 15 patients after about 9 months, but after the therapeutic application of low molecular weight dextran and cortison a normal reaction of the vestibular system was seen in 11 out of 16 patients.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute idiopathic vestibular paresis (author's transl)]. In 31 patients with sudden isolated unilateral idiopathic lesion of the vestibular function the effect of therapeutic application of low molecular weight dextran and cortison was examined. 15 out of 31 patients received no drugs, 16 patients were treated with dextran-infusion and cortison for 10 days. Without drug application the vestibular function was restored in only 4 out of 15 patients after about 9 months, but after the therapeutic application of low molecular weight dextran and cortison a normal reaction of the vestibular system was seen in 11 out of 16 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:142881", "title": "[Temporary vestibular loss following local anaesthesia of the ear (author's transl)].", "content": "There are described 3 cases of temporary vestibular irritation without hearing loss, following local anesthesia of the ear. The symptoms, nausea and vertigo, are beginning 30 to 60 min. after injection and are ending without any consequence 12 hours later.", "contents": "[Temporary vestibular loss following local anaesthesia of the ear (author's transl)]. There are described 3 cases of temporary vestibular irritation without hearing loss, following local anesthesia of the ear. The symptoms, nausea and vertigo, are beginning 30 to 60 min. after injection and are ending without any consequence 12 hours later."}
{"id": "PMID:142882", "title": "[ENG in young children--a contribution on examination problems. IInd part: rotation test (author's transl)].", "content": "This study reports the electronystagmographic results of 60 young children (3-6 years old) without any history of ear disease. Distribution into the groups \"without sedation\" and \"with sedation\" was done following a statistical key. The revolving chair was stopped after rotation at an angular velocity of 108 degrees/sec. Sedation was achieved by intramuscular injection of Valium. The statistical analysis of the various parameters is restricted to the postrotatory nystagmus I. Neither during the whole duration of the postrotatory nystagmus I nor during the cumulatory phase any significant difference in the total amplitude or number of beats could be observed. The only statistically significant difference was found in the maximal angular velocity; the reduction was 15+/-9% compared to the non sedated group. These results indicate that Valium can be used for sedation in nystagmographic examination.", "contents": "[ENG in young children--a contribution on examination problems. IInd part: rotation test (author's transl)]. This study reports the electronystagmographic results of 60 young children (3-6 years old) without any history of ear disease. Distribution into the groups \"without sedation\" and \"with sedation\" was done following a statistical key. The revolving chair was stopped after rotation at an angular velocity of 108 degrees/sec. Sedation was achieved by intramuscular injection of Valium. The statistical analysis of the various parameters is restricted to the postrotatory nystagmus I. Neither during the whole duration of the postrotatory nystagmus I nor during the cumulatory phase any significant difference in the total amplitude or number of beats could be observed. The only statistically significant difference was found in the maximal angular velocity; the reduction was 15+/-9% compared to the non sedated group. These results indicate that Valium can be used for sedation in nystagmographic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:142883", "title": "[The application of the digital computer in vestibulometry (author's transl)].", "content": "All the interesting parameters of nystagmus-reactions during routine vestibular examination are calculated by a digital computer. The new parameters are plotted in a numerical and graphical way. This histogram figure their temporal distribution comparing reactions of both sides and give information about quantitative and qualitative criterions of the ENG. By correlation of parameters with  each other and with further clinical findings their diagnostical value is investigated.", "contents": "[The application of the digital computer in vestibulometry (author's transl)]. All the interesting parameters of nystagmus-reactions during routine vestibular examination are calculated by a digital computer. The new parameters are plotted in a numerical and graphical way. This histogram figure their temporal distribution comparing reactions of both sides and give information about quantitative and qualitative criterions of the ENG. By correlation of parameters with  each other and with further clinical findings their diagnostical value is investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:142884", "title": "[Isolated rupture of the pharynx].", "content": "A case of isolated nonpenetrating traumatic rupture of the pharynx is reported. The possible explanations of origin and treatment are discussed and compared with similar cases reported in literature.", "contents": "[Isolated rupture of the pharynx]. A case of isolated nonpenetrating traumatic rupture of the pharynx is reported. The possible explanations of origin and treatment are discussed and compared with similar cases reported in literature."}
{"id": "PMID:142899", "title": "Actinomycosis involving urachal remnants.", "content": "A case of actinomycosis of lower abdominal wall and bladder apex related to and involving urachal remnants is reported. The elderly patient presented with the not uncommon problem of a lower abdominal mass and vague sympatomatology but, in this case, of rare aetiology.", "contents": "Actinomycosis involving urachal remnants. A case of actinomycosis of lower abdominal wall and bladder apex related to and involving urachal remnants is reported. The elderly patient presented with the not uncommon problem of a lower abdominal mass and vague sympatomatology but, in this case, of rare aetiology."}
{"id": "PMID:142900", "title": "Environmental dermatitis: contact dermatitis from Pinus radiata.", "content": "Various forms of contact dermatitis from Pinus radiata sawdust are described and illustrated by three cases. The sawdust causes industrial dermatitis which can be chronic and the purpose of the paper is to alert Australian practitioners.", "contents": "Environmental dermatitis: contact dermatitis from Pinus radiata. Various forms of contact dermatitis from Pinus radiata sawdust are described and illustrated by three cases. The sawdust causes industrial dermatitis which can be chronic and the purpose of the paper is to alert Australian practitioners."}
{"id": "PMID:142898", "title": "[Species composition of heterotrophic bacteria in the water of the Rybinek reservoir].", "content": "Twenty four cultures of heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from the water of the Rybinsk Reservoir on a medium containing organic matter. Bacteria belonging to the families Pseudomonadaceae and Achromobacteriaceae were most widely distributed; bacteria of the Mycobacteriaceae family were encountered less often. Predominating species which belonged to the genera Pseudomonas, Caulobacter, Flavobacterium, Mycobacterium, and Corynebacterium were isolated from the central part of the Reservoir. The special composition depended on the season. Bacteria of the Caulobacter genus were isolated mainly by the end of July and in May. Bacteria of the Corynebacterium genus predominated in March. Microflora belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium was more constant. Bacteria isolated on media with the minimum content of organic matter (0.5 mg C per litre) belonged mainly to the Pseudomonas genus. Morphological, cultural, and physiological properties of the bacteria were studied. The bacteria grew on media containing carbohydrates and alcohols as a source of carbon though organic acids were assimilated to a less extent. The activity of catalase was found in the cultures, with an exception of the genera Caulobacter and Achromobacter.", "contents": "[Species composition of heterotrophic bacteria in the water of the Rybinek reservoir]. Twenty four cultures of heterotrophic bacteria were isolated from the water of the Rybinsk Reservoir on a medium containing organic matter. Bacteria belonging to the families Pseudomonadaceae and Achromobacteriaceae were most widely distributed; bacteria of the Mycobacteriaceae family were encountered less often. Predominating species which belonged to the genera Pseudomonas, Caulobacter, Flavobacterium, Mycobacterium, and Corynebacterium were isolated from the central part of the Reservoir. The special composition depended on the season. Bacteria of the Caulobacter genus were isolated mainly by the end of July and in May. Bacteria of the Corynebacterium genus predominated in March. Microflora belonging to the genera Pseudomonas and Flavobacterium was more constant. Bacteria isolated on media with the minimum content of organic matter (0.5 mg C per litre) belonged mainly to the Pseudomonas genus. Morphological, cultural, and physiological properties of the bacteria were studied. The bacteria grew on media containing carbohydrates and alcohols as a source of carbon though organic acids were assimilated to a less extent. The activity of catalase was found in the cultures, with an exception of the genera Caulobacter and Achromobacter."}
{"id": "PMID:142903", "title": "The effect of translation and transcription inhibitors on the synthesis of periplasmic phosphatases in E. coli.", "content": "Previous studies by others have indicated that the synthesis of secreted enzymes is unusually sensitive to many translation inhibitors and resistant, for about 30 min, to rifampicin. We have studied the sensitivity of secreted (periplasmic) phosphatases to such inhibitors. Alkaline phosphatase synthesis is more sensitive than total protein synthesis to tetracyclin and spectinomycin, but not to sparsomycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, kasugamycin, blasticidin S or thiostrepton; it is slightly more resistant than total protein synthesis to the latter two antibiotics. Acid hexose-phosphatase was also preferentially sensitive to tetracyclin and spectinomycin and also to kasugamycin. beta-galactosidase was also included in the study, as an intracellular enzyme, and was found to be preferentially inhibited (\"repressed\"), sometimes transiently, by all eight translation inhibitors. This effect did not seem to be mediated through cyclic AMP or guanosine tetraphosphate; the \"repression\" was still evident in mutants with altered rho factor indicating that it may also not be related to artificial polarity. Synthesis of both periplasmic phosphatases was immediately inhibited by rifampicin. These results differ from those found in previous studies with other organisms and suggest a reappraisal of the usual interpretation of these phenomena.", "contents": "The effect of translation and transcription inhibitors on the synthesis of periplasmic phosphatases in E. coli. Previous studies by others have indicated that the synthesis of secreted enzymes is unusually sensitive to many translation inhibitors and resistant, for about 30 min, to rifampicin. We have studied the sensitivity of secreted (periplasmic) phosphatases to such inhibitors. Alkaline phosphatase synthesis is more sensitive than total protein synthesis to tetracyclin and spectinomycin, but not to sparsomycin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, kasugamycin, blasticidin S or thiostrepton; it is slightly more resistant than total protein synthesis to the latter two antibiotics. Acid hexose-phosphatase was also preferentially sensitive to tetracyclin and spectinomycin and also to kasugamycin. beta-galactosidase was also included in the study, as an intracellular enzyme, and was found to be preferentially inhibited (\"repressed\"), sometimes transiently, by all eight translation inhibitors. This effect did not seem to be mediated through cyclic AMP or guanosine tetraphosphate; the \"repression\" was still evident in mutants with altered rho factor indicating that it may also not be related to artificial polarity. Synthesis of both periplasmic phosphatases was immediately inhibited by rifampicin. These results differ from those found in previous studies with other organisms and suggest a reappraisal of the usual interpretation of these phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:142905", "title": "Kinetic properties of soluble adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Bound and solubilized ATPase from Escherichia coli show similar kinetic properties. The saturation curves for MgATP are hyperbolic with both preparations. The straight lines in the Line-weaver-Burk plot indicate that MgATP is the true substrate, that one molecule MgATP is bound per enzyme molecule, and that there is no cooperativity. Presence of EDTA leads to sigmoidal saturation curves. This effect could be reversed by adding MgCl2 stoichiometrically to EDTA. Different results in other publications, especially in that of CARREIRA and MUNOZ1 can be explained as being primarily the consequence of complexing agent contaminations in the assay.", "contents": "Kinetic properties of soluble adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli. Bound and solubilized ATPase from Escherichia coli show similar kinetic properties. The saturation curves for MgATP are hyperbolic with both preparations. The straight lines in the Line-weaver-Burk plot indicate that MgATP is the true substrate, that one molecule MgATP is bound per enzyme molecule, and that there is no cooperativity. Presence of EDTA leads to sigmoidal saturation curves. This effect could be reversed by adding MgCl2 stoichiometrically to EDTA. Different results in other publications, especially in that of CARREIRA and MUNOZ1 can be explained as being primarily the consequence of complexing agent contaminations in the assay."}
{"id": "PMID:142906", "title": "Researches on the formation of axial organs in the chick embryo. IX. On the development of somites in axial-paraaxial segments explanted to the zona pellucida.", "content": "Axial-paraaxial segments (neural tube, chorda, unilateral meso- and endoderm) excized from explanted 36--40-hour-incubated chick embryos at the level of unsegmented mesoderm, after removal of the ectoderm, were grafted onto subectodermal pockets of the zona pellucida. Under these conditions somites develop and differentiate normally. Paraaxial segments (unilateral meso- and endoderm) grafted under the same conditions show (retarded) somitogenesis only in 15% of the cases. Pure paraaxial unsegmented mesoderm grafted under the same conditions develops somites in 14% of the cases. Since in situ, the removal of the axial organs and of the endo- and ectoderm does not inhibit somitogenesis, the above-mentioned results prove that under conditions of grafting, some additionary \"factors of realization\" necessary for normal somitogenesis are lacking.", "contents": "Researches on the formation of axial organs in the chick embryo. IX. On the development of somites in axial-paraaxial segments explanted to the zona pellucida. Axial-paraaxial segments (neural tube, chorda, unilateral meso- and endoderm) excized from explanted 36--40-hour-incubated chick embryos at the level of unsegmented mesoderm, after removal of the ectoderm, were grafted onto subectodermal pockets of the zona pellucida. Under these conditions somites develop and differentiate normally. Paraaxial segments (unilateral meso- and endoderm) grafted under the same conditions show (retarded) somitogenesis only in 15% of the cases. Pure paraaxial unsegmented mesoderm grafted under the same conditions develops somites in 14% of the cases. Since in situ, the removal of the axial organs and of the endo- and ectoderm does not inhibit somitogenesis, the above-mentioned results prove that under conditions of grafting, some additionary \"factors of realization\" necessary for normal somitogenesis are lacking."}
{"id": "PMID:142907", "title": "Contributions to the transfer of preimplantation molse embryos into \"foster-mothers\".", "content": "A new method for the transfer of preimplantation stages in mice has been developed by using as recipient the \"pregnant empty uterus\" obtained by ligature at the utero-oviductal junction. Results obtained with several combinations between Wh, CBAT6T6, C57Bl6 strains varied according to transfer media and strain combination, the best percentage of taking being under the level of those reported by other authors. By using transfer within the RAP strain, taking (controlled at 14 days of pregnancy) was similar to the best results generally obtained by the surgical transfer method. The advantages offered by the transfer method are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Contributions to the transfer of preimplantation molse embryos into \"foster-mothers\". A new method for the transfer of preimplantation stages in mice has been developed by using as recipient the \"pregnant empty uterus\" obtained by ligature at the utero-oviductal junction. Results obtained with several combinations between Wh, CBAT6T6, C57Bl6 strains varied according to transfer media and strain combination, the best percentage of taking being under the level of those reported by other authors. By using transfer within the RAP strain, taking (controlled at 14 days of pregnancy) was similar to the best results generally obtained by the surgical transfer method. The advantages offered by the transfer method are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142908", "title": "Alkaline phosphatase positive lymphocytes (APPL) in man.", "content": "APPL are located in human lymph nodes in almost the same sites as in the laboratory rodents studied up to date. This means that their echotaxis is almost identical and may be an old phylogenetic heritage. But APPL may be found in man until puberty only; thereafter they disappear from all the lymphatic organs. At the age of 40 their depletion is perfected. This evolution of APPL is parallelized by thymus involution. Therefore we may strengthen the conclusion that APPL belong to the T-dependent lymphocytes and that all lymphocytes which really have visited the thymus acquire the enzymatic marker.", "contents": "Alkaline phosphatase positive lymphocytes (APPL) in man. APPL are located in human lymph nodes in almost the same sites as in the laboratory rodents studied up to date. This means that their echotaxis is almost identical and may be an old phylogenetic heritage. But APPL may be found in man until puberty only; thereafter they disappear from all the lymphatic organs. At the age of 40 their depletion is perfected. This evolution of APPL is parallelized by thymus involution. Therefore we may strengthen the conclusion that APPL belong to the T-dependent lymphocytes and that all lymphocytes which really have visited the thymus acquire the enzymatic marker."}
{"id": "PMID:142909", "title": "Histoenzymology of the lung. Some enzymic activities of capillary endothelia of the rabbit alveolar walls.", "content": "Mg-dependent ATP-ase, alkaline phosphatase and carbonic anhydrase activities were tested at the level of capillary endothelia of alveolar walls in normal rabbits. A constant and relatively intense activity within these endothelia appeared to be that of the Mg-dependent ATP-ase. The carbonic anhydrase activity marked some endothelia, and the alkaline phosphatase was unequally demonstrable at this level. These different histoenzymic aspects might reflect the unequal activity during time and space of these enzymes at the level of capillary endothelia of alveolar walls.", "contents": "Histoenzymology of the lung. Some enzymic activities of capillary endothelia of the rabbit alveolar walls. Mg-dependent ATP-ase, alkaline phosphatase and carbonic anhydrase activities were tested at the level of capillary endothelia of alveolar walls in normal rabbits. A constant and relatively intense activity within these endothelia appeared to be that of the Mg-dependent ATP-ase. The carbonic anhydrase activity marked some endothelia, and the alkaline phosphatase was unequally demonstrable at this level. These different histoenzymic aspects might reflect the unequal activity during time and space of these enzymes at the level of capillary endothelia of alveolar walls."}
{"id": "PMID:142910", "title": "Histoenzymological study on desquamative cervico-vaginal cells.", "content": "Dihydrofolate dehydrogenase activity was histochemically investigated comparatively to the activities of 6-phosphogluconate, glucose-6-phosphate, malate and lactate dehydrogenases, NADH-2-tetrazolium dehydrogenase, esterases, beta-glucuronidase and leucyl aminopeptidase in smears of desquamative cervico-vaginal cells of negative and positive Papanicolaou classes. Dihydrofolate dehydrogenase was found active in a greater percentage of cells and stronger in individual cells of cervical carcinoma than in normal, inflammatory or dysplastic cervix uteri. The other enzymes activities were less specifically increased in dyskaryotic cells.", "contents": "Histoenzymological study on desquamative cervico-vaginal cells. Dihydrofolate dehydrogenase activity was histochemically investigated comparatively to the activities of 6-phosphogluconate, glucose-6-phosphate, malate and lactate dehydrogenases, NADH-2-tetrazolium dehydrogenase, esterases, beta-glucuronidase and leucyl aminopeptidase in smears of desquamative cervico-vaginal cells of negative and positive Papanicolaou classes. Dihydrofolate dehydrogenase was found active in a greater percentage of cells and stronger in individual cells of cervical carcinoma than in normal, inflammatory or dysplastic cervix uteri. The other enzymes activities were less specifically increased in dyskaryotic cells."}
{"id": "PMID:142911", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of euthyroid goiter and Graves's disease.", "content": "The scanning electron microscopy of 5 euthyroid polynodular goiters and 5 cases of Grave's disease was studied. In the polynodular goiter most of the follicular cells were flattened. Small, coarse, irregular microvilli were noticed. In the Grave's disease cases the follicular cells were columnar, covered with long microvilli. Marked epithelial infoldings were found. Thick bundles of collagen surrounded the follicles, especially in the polynodular goiter.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of euthyroid goiter and Graves's disease. The scanning electron microscopy of 5 euthyroid polynodular goiters and 5 cases of Grave's disease was studied. In the polynodular goiter most of the follicular cells were flattened. Small, coarse, irregular microvilli were noticed. In the Grave's disease cases the follicular cells were columnar, covered with long microvilli. Marked epithelial infoldings were found. Thick bundles of collagen surrounded the follicles, especially in the polynodular goiter."}
{"id": "PMID:142917", "title": "[Mitral valve replacement in large hearts (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 61 patients with mitral valve defects operated on, 9 had a heart with an external volume of more than 1700 ml. Five of these patients died, four are still alive today. Three patients from the group with an external heart volume between 1247 ml and 1700 ml died, and in the group of patients with an external heart volume of less than 1247 ml no patient has died as yet. Under certain circumstances, the preoperative size of the heart can be a measure with which the limits of surgical mitral valve replacement can be defined.", "contents": "[Mitral valve replacement in large hearts (author's transl)]. Of 61 patients with mitral valve defects operated on, 9 had a heart with an external volume of more than 1700 ml. Five of these patients died, four are still alive today. Three patients from the group with an external heart volume between 1247 ml and 1700 ml died, and in the group of patients with an external heart volume of less than 1247 ml no patient has died as yet. Under certain circumstances, the preoperative size of the heart can be a measure with which the limits of surgical mitral valve replacement can be defined."}
{"id": "PMID:142918", "title": "[Muscle biopsy (author's transl)].", "content": "Modern morphological diagnostic methods for neuromuscular diseases are based on enzyme histological and electron microscopic techniques. By enzyme histochemical differentiation of fiber types, early morphological changes such as Type I atrophy in myotonic dystrophy, or particular disease forms like Type II atrophy or congenital fiber type disproportion and other congenital myopathies associated with a Type I atrophy may be detected. The ultrastructural characteristics and the fine structure of autofluorescent lipopigments rich in phosphatases in the skeletal muscle fiber permit appropriate diagnosis of the individual types of congenital myopathy or neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.", "contents": "[Muscle biopsy (author's transl)]. Modern morphological diagnostic methods for neuromuscular diseases are based on enzyme histological and electron microscopic techniques. By enzyme histochemical differentiation of fiber types, early morphological changes such as Type I atrophy in myotonic dystrophy, or particular disease forms like Type II atrophy or congenital fiber type disproportion and other congenital myopathies associated with a Type I atrophy may be detected. The ultrastructural characteristics and the fine structure of autofluorescent lipopigments rich in phosphatases in the skeletal muscle fiber permit appropriate diagnosis of the individual types of congenital myopathy or neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis."}
{"id": "PMID:142919", "title": "[Comparison of endoscopic biopsy and scintiscans in liver diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic possibilities of liver scintiscans with indium-113m acetylacetonate were investigated in 314 patients. The results obtained were compared with our own endoscopic biopsy investigations. The scintiscans give information on the stage of the disease, but in contradistinction to the laparoscopic biopsies, not on etiology or activity of the disease. In contrast to the endoscopic biopsies, scintigraphy carries no risk. The advantage of the indium-113m acetylacetonate we used lies in the low radiation exposure.", "contents": "[Comparison of endoscopic biopsy and scintiscans in liver diseases (author's transl)]. The diagnostic possibilities of liver scintiscans with indium-113m acetylacetonate were investigated in 314 patients. The results obtained were compared with our own endoscopic biopsy investigations. The scintiscans give information on the stage of the disease, but in contradistinction to the laparoscopic biopsies, not on etiology or activity of the disease. In contrast to the endoscopic biopsies, scintigraphy carries no risk. The advantage of the indium-113m acetylacetonate we used lies in the low radiation exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:142921", "title": "The action of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on non-established human cell lines in vitro. I. Cell cycle inhibition and aberration induction in diploid and Down's fibroblasts.", "content": "The effect of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) on the cell cycle, DNA synthesis and chromosomal sensitivity of cultivated diploid fibroblasts and fibroblasts with trisomy 21 was investigated in vitro. With the exception of the inhibition of G2, Down's cells proved to be more sensitive than diploid cells with respect to the decrease of the mitotic and labelling index, the inhibition of the progression of cells through the early and middle S and the frequency of induced chromosomal aberrations. The chromosomal sensitivity was dependent on the position of cells in the cell cycle during treatment with MNU. If treated during late S no differences concerning the S block and aberration frequencies were found between diploid and Down's cells. However, if MNU treatment took place in the middle and early S, Down's cells were more sensitive. The higher aberration frequencies in Down's cells resulted from elevated levels of chromatid breaks, multiple fragmentations and chromatid translocations. Possible reasons for the increased sensitivity of Down's cells are discussed.", "contents": "The action of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on non-established human cell lines in vitro. I. Cell cycle inhibition and aberration induction in diploid and Down's fibroblasts. The effect of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) on the cell cycle, DNA synthesis and chromosomal sensitivity of cultivated diploid fibroblasts and fibroblasts with trisomy 21 was investigated in vitro. With the exception of the inhibition of G2, Down's cells proved to be more sensitive than diploid cells with respect to the decrease of the mitotic and labelling index, the inhibition of the progression of cells through the early and middle S and the frequency of induced chromosomal aberrations. The chromosomal sensitivity was dependent on the position of cells in the cell cycle during treatment with MNU. If treated during late S no differences concerning the S block and aberration frequencies were found between diploid and Down's cells. However, if MNU treatment took place in the middle and early S, Down's cells were more sensitive. The higher aberration frequencies in Down's cells resulted from elevated levels of chromatid breaks, multiple fragmentations and chromatid translocations. Possible reasons for the increased sensitivity of Down's cells are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:142922", "title": "The action of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on non-established human cell lines in vitro. II. Non-random distribution of chromatid aberrations in diploid and Down's cells.", "content": "Chromatid gaps, breaks and aberrations involved in interchanges induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) were found non-randomly distributed on individual chromosomes and chromosome segments (G bands) both in human diploid fibroblasts with trisomy 21 cultured in vitro. Aberration events were located exclusively in pale G bands. Considering cells in the first post-treatment mitosis, the pattern of aberration distribution, as revealed by the position of hot spots, varied with recovery time and was different in diploid and Down's cells. In comparison with diploid cells, the X chromosomes of Down's cells were not involved in aberrations. Despite the higher aberration frequencies of Down's cells, the number of hot spots and the proportion of aberrations located in hot spots were not increased in this cell type. Therefore, the increased chromosomal sensitivity to MNU of Down's cells does not reflect an increased sensitivity of special chromosomes or chromosome sites.", "contents": "The action of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea on non-established human cell lines in vitro. II. Non-random distribution of chromatid aberrations in diploid and Down's cells. Chromatid gaps, breaks and aberrations involved in interchanges induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) were found non-randomly distributed on individual chromosomes and chromosome segments (G bands) both in human diploid fibroblasts with trisomy 21 cultured in vitro. Aberration events were located exclusively in pale G bands. Considering cells in the first post-treatment mitosis, the pattern of aberration distribution, as revealed by the position of hot spots, varied with recovery time and was different in diploid and Down's cells. In comparison with diploid cells, the X chromosomes of Down's cells were not involved in aberrations. Despite the higher aberration frequencies of Down's cells, the number of hot spots and the proportion of aberrations located in hot spots were not increased in this cell type. Therefore, the increased chromosomal sensitivity to MNU of Down's cells does not reflect an increased sensitivity of special chromosomes or chromosome sites."}
{"id": "PMID:142924", "title": "Quantitative histochemical studies of the hypothalamus. Control point enzymes during the estrous cycle.", "content": "Three control point enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), have been measured in individual hypothalamic nuclei during the 5-day estrous cycle of adult rats by quantitative histochemical methods. PK levels, low during proestrus, rise to maximum activity during estrus; this rise is significantly greater than on all other days of the cycle in the lateral preoptic area (LP), ventromedial pars medialis (VMM) and pars lateralis (VML) and posterior hypothalamic (Post) nuclei. HK activity also rises from low proestrous levels during the cycle but, in contrast to PK, reaches maximum activity during diestrus-1 (D-1) or diestrus-2 (D-2). PFK showed variable changes during the estrous cycle with peaks occurring during estrus in some nuclei and during diestrus in others, but these changes were not significantly different. These metabolic changes occur in specific hypothalamic nuclei which have been shown by electrical stimulation, lesion production, stereotaxic hormone implantation and localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor experiments to have an important role in reproductive physiology and sexual behavior.", "contents": "Quantitative histochemical studies of the hypothalamus. Control point enzymes during the estrous cycle. Three control point enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK), have been measured in individual hypothalamic nuclei during the 5-day estrous cycle of adult rats by quantitative histochemical methods. PK levels, low during proestrus, rise to maximum activity during estrus; this rise is significantly greater than on all other days of the cycle in the lateral preoptic area (LP), ventromedial pars medialis (VMM) and pars lateralis (VML) and posterior hypothalamic (Post) nuclei. HK activity also rises from low proestrous levels during the cycle but, in contrast to PK, reaches maximum activity during diestrus-1 (D-1) or diestrus-2 (D-2). PFK showed variable changes during the estrous cycle with peaks occurring during estrus in some nuclei and during diestrus in others, but these changes were not significantly different. These metabolic changes occur in specific hypothalamic nuclei which have been shown by electrical stimulation, lesion production, stereotaxic hormone implantation and localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing factor experiments to have an important role in reproductive physiology and sexual behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:142925", "title": "Detection of presymptomatic carriers of Huntington's chorea.", "content": "Laterality of thumb opposition and handedness were determined in three groups of subjects: patients with Huntington's chorea (n = 18), asymptomatic offspring of patients (n = 40), and asymptomatic siblings of patients over 50 years of age termed 'escapees' (n = 17). 100% of patients and 55% of young at-risk offspring had crossed laterality of thumb opposition and handedness. Only 2 (11.8%) of the 'escapees' had crossed laterality. Crossed laterality may be associated with symptomatic presymptomatic Huntington's chorea.", "contents": "Detection of presymptomatic carriers of Huntington's chorea. Laterality of thumb opposition and handedness were determined in three groups of subjects: patients with Huntington's chorea (n = 18), asymptomatic offspring of patients (n = 40), and asymptomatic siblings of patients over 50 years of age termed 'escapees' (n = 17). 100% of patients and 55% of young at-risk offspring had crossed laterality of thumb opposition and handedness. Only 2 (11.8%) of the 'escapees' had crossed laterality. Crossed laterality may be associated with symptomatic presymptomatic Huntington's chorea."}
{"id": "PMID:142929", "title": "Choline therapy in Huntington chorea.", "content": "Choline chloride was administered orally (3 to 15 gm per day) to five patients with Huntington chorea. A long-lasting dose-dependent elevation of the concentration of free choline in plasma was obtained and the highest plasma concentrations (25 to 30 mumol per liter) were of the same magnitude as those that increase brain acetylcholine content in the rat. However, the choline treatment did not conclusively alter the involuntary movements of these patients.", "contents": "Choline therapy in Huntington chorea. Choline chloride was administered orally (3 to 15 gm per day) to five patients with Huntington chorea. A long-lasting dose-dependent elevation of the concentration of free choline in plasma was obtained and the highest plasma concentrations (25 to 30 mumol per liter) were of the same magnitude as those that increase brain acetylcholine content in the rat. However, the choline treatment did not conclusively alter the involuntary movements of these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:142933", "title": "Uteroplacental blood flow and estrogen production following dehydroisoandrosterone infusion.", "content": "The effects of systemic infusions of dehydroisoandrosterone on uterine blood flow and the plasma concentration of estrogen in ovine pregnancy were studied in 7 pregnant ewes 52 to 128 days of gestation. Uterine blood flow increased 17.8% after a systemic infusion of dehydroisoandrosterone of 4.67 mg +/- 0.3. Maximum blood flows occurred 111 min +/- 5.8 after injection of dehydroisoandrosterone. The increase in flow (milliliter/minute) was greatest after 100 days of gestation. Plasma estrone concentrations increased from 67.9 pg/ml to 201 pg/ml, while estradiol rose from 42.6 pg/ml to 115 pg/ml (P less than 0.001). Estriol was not detected.", "contents": "Uteroplacental blood flow and estrogen production following dehydroisoandrosterone infusion. The effects of systemic infusions of dehydroisoandrosterone on uterine blood flow and the plasma concentration of estrogen in ovine pregnancy were studied in 7 pregnant ewes 52 to 128 days of gestation. Uterine blood flow increased 17.8% after a systemic infusion of dehydroisoandrosterone of 4.67 mg +/- 0.3. Maximum blood flows occurred 111 min +/- 5.8 after injection of dehydroisoandrosterone. The increase in flow (milliliter/minute) was greatest after 100 days of gestation. Plasma estrone concentrations increased from 67.9 pg/ml to 201 pg/ml, while estradiol rose from 42.6 pg/ml to 115 pg/ml (P less than 0.001). Estriol was not detected."}
{"id": "PMID:142935", "title": "Laparoscopic sterilization with silicone rubber bands.", "content": "Laparoscopic sterilization with silicone rubber bands was performed on 202 healthy females in an attempt to assess the simplicity, safety, and effectiveness of the technique. The procedure was performed under local anesthesia and analgesia in 156 subjects while in 46 it was done under general anesthesia. One hundred and eighty-two were interval operations while 18 were combined with first trimester abortions. Avulsion of the uterine tube leading to bleeding occurred in three instances and this was the only complication of some concern in this series. No laparotomy was required to treat any immediate complications. Two pregnancies had occurred by July 1976. Both were found to be luteal phase pregnancies. This technique appears to be relatively simple and safe. Complications are few in experienced hands and are avoidable by careful selection proper technique.", "contents": "Laparoscopic sterilization with silicone rubber bands. Laparoscopic sterilization with silicone rubber bands was performed on 202 healthy females in an attempt to assess the simplicity, safety, and effectiveness of the technique. The procedure was performed under local anesthesia and analgesia in 156 subjects while in 46 it was done under general anesthesia. One hundred and eighty-two were interval operations while 18 were combined with first trimester abortions. Avulsion of the uterine tube leading to bleeding occurred in three instances and this was the only complication of some concern in this series. No laparotomy was required to treat any immediate complications. Two pregnancies had occurred by July 1976. Both were found to be luteal phase pregnancies. This technique appears to be relatively simple and safe. Complications are few in experienced hands and are avoidable by careful selection proper technique."}
{"id": "PMID:142936", "title": "Postabortal laparoscopic tubal sterilization. Results in comparison to interval procedures.", "content": "This report documents our experiences in 3 groups of women undergoing laparoscopic tubal sterilization: those undergoing sterilization as an interval procedure, those performed in association with suction curettage, and those performed within 18 hours of second trimester pregnancy termination via intraaminiotic injection of prostaglandin F 2 alpha. As a postabortal sterilization procedure, laparoscopy is effective, logistically appealing, and convenient. There is, however, an increased risk of complications to the procedure when performed on the postabortal women. These include specifically, a 10-fold increased risk of infection and a 2.5-fold increased risk of bleeding complications as seen in our series. The results of these findings are discussed, and some suggestions for reducing these risks are offered.", "contents": "Postabortal laparoscopic tubal sterilization. Results in comparison to interval procedures. This report documents our experiences in 3 groups of women undergoing laparoscopic tubal sterilization: those undergoing sterilization as an interval procedure, those performed in association with suction curettage, and those performed within 18 hours of second trimester pregnancy termination via intraaminiotic injection of prostaglandin F 2 alpha. As a postabortal sterilization procedure, laparoscopy is effective, logistically appealing, and convenient. There is, however, an increased risk of complications to the procedure when performed on the postabortal women. These include specifically, a 10-fold increased risk of infection and a 2.5-fold increased risk of bleeding complications as seen in our series. The results of these findings are discussed, and some suggestions for reducing these risks are offered."}
{"id": "PMID:142943", "title": "Intraocular lens fixation with Dacron mesh: Part II.", "content": "We studied the feasibility of fixation of an intraocular lens in the posterior chamber by utilizing Dacron mesh to stimulate cellular ingrowth from the posterior iris surface. Tissue ingrowth into the Dacron mesh occurred five days after Dacron implantation and a firm adhesion between Dacron and the iris developed in a consistent and localized manner. Dacron fibers, when placed in contact with the posterior iris surface, induce fibroblastic and pigmented epithelial tissue ingrowth around the fibers. Fixation of the lens with and without the posterior lens capsule and vitreous is compared in vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized eyes. It is possible to achieve fixation without support from the posterior lens capsule and vitreous.", "contents": "Intraocular lens fixation with Dacron mesh: Part II. We studied the feasibility of fixation of an intraocular lens in the posterior chamber by utilizing Dacron mesh to stimulate cellular ingrowth from the posterior iris surface. Tissue ingrowth into the Dacron mesh occurred five days after Dacron implantation and a firm adhesion between Dacron and the iris developed in a consistent and localized manner. Dacron fibers, when placed in contact with the posterior iris surface, induce fibroblastic and pigmented epithelial tissue ingrowth around the fibers. Fixation of the lens with and without the posterior lens capsule and vitreous is compared in vitrectomized and nonvitrectomized eyes. It is possible to achieve fixation without support from the posterior lens capsule and vitreous."}
{"id": "PMID:142944", "title": "Tendon implants: primary and secondary usage.", "content": "The staged tendon grafting technique has definite advantages in reconstructive hand surgery. The benefits are realized in the more severely injured flexor tendon systems (Boyes' grades 2 to 4). The results obtained in these cases compare favorably with those achieved by primary tendon grafting in less severe grade 1 cases. This is made possible for the following two reasons: First, the inert nature of the implant allows numerous auxiliary procedures to be done at stage I, such as digital neurography, osteotomy, capsulotomy, scar resection, and pulley reconstruction. This can be done without fear of profuse formation of adhesions. Second, the passive gliding of the implant forms a pseudosynovial sheath, which provides a nutritive and physiologic bed for the autograft tendon at stage II. The operative technique has been presented and the postoperative care has been outlined. It cannot be overstressed that a good working relationship between the surgeon, hand therapist, and patient is of paramount importance to the success of the final result. Work on a prototype active gliding tendon prosthesis is described with details of the concepts and biomaterials involved in its development.", "contents": "Tendon implants: primary and secondary usage. The staged tendon grafting technique has definite advantages in reconstructive hand surgery. The benefits are realized in the more severely injured flexor tendon systems (Boyes' grades 2 to 4). The results obtained in these cases compare favorably with those achieved by primary tendon grafting in less severe grade 1 cases. This is made possible for the following two reasons: First, the inert nature of the implant allows numerous auxiliary procedures to be done at stage I, such as digital neurography, osteotomy, capsulotomy, scar resection, and pulley reconstruction. This can be done without fear of profuse formation of adhesions. Second, the passive gliding of the implant forms a pseudosynovial sheath, which provides a nutritive and physiologic bed for the autograft tendon at stage II. The operative technique has been presented and the postoperative care has been outlined. It cannot be overstressed that a good working relationship between the surgeon, hand therapist, and patient is of paramount importance to the success of the final result. Work on a prototype active gliding tendon prosthesis is described with details of the concepts and biomaterials involved in its development."}
{"id": "PMID:142945", "title": "[Physiological age of the fleas and the analysis of age structure of natural population of Xenopsylla gerbilli Wagn].", "content": "A new six-graded scale is suggested instead of five-graded one proposed earlier (Kunitskaya, 1960). Analysis of the reproduction and age composition of the natural population of X. gerbilli with a use of the suggested scale enabled the authors to find out regularities in the reproduction, senescence and change of generations of these insects in South Pribalkhashke. It was established that one complete, one incomplete and possibly third partial generation develop in this region for a year.", "contents": "[Physiological age of the fleas and the analysis of age structure of natural population of Xenopsylla gerbilli Wagn]. A new six-graded scale is suggested instead of five-graded one proposed earlier (Kunitskaya, 1960). Analysis of the reproduction and age composition of the natural population of X. gerbilli with a use of the suggested scale enabled the authors to find out regularities in the reproduction, senescence and change of generations of these insects in South Pribalkhashke. It was established that one complete, one incomplete and possibly third partial generation develop in this region for a year."}
{"id": "PMID:142947", "title": "[Method of determination of population density of the Aedes (Culicidae)].", "content": "For 6 years 16 species of the genus Aedes were recorded from the territory of Leningrad. To judge by the per cent ratio between mosquitoes and their larvae, such species as A. caspius dorsalic and A. flavescens such blood of man unwillingly and A. cantans and A. cinereus attack man in general. The abundance of Aedes population within the territory of Leningrad was estimated on the number of pupae per 1 m2 in various types of water bodies for the whole reproduction season by means of multiplication of the number of papae per 1 m2 by the whole area where aquatic stages of mosquitoes were observed.", "contents": "[Method of determination of population density of the Aedes (Culicidae)]. For 6 years 16 species of the genus Aedes were recorded from the territory of Leningrad. To judge by the per cent ratio between mosquitoes and their larvae, such species as A. caspius dorsalic and A. flavescens such blood of man unwillingly and A. cantans and A. cinereus attack man in general. The abundance of Aedes population within the territory of Leningrad was estimated on the number of pupae per 1 m2 in various types of water bodies for the whole reproduction season by means of multiplication of the number of papae per 1 m2 by the whole area where aquatic stages of mosquitoes were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:142946", "title": "[New species of black flies, Metacnephia pamiriensis Sp. N. (Simulidae), from Pamir].", "content": "Metacnephia pamiriensis Petrova, sp, n, in its genitalia is similar with M. pallipes. It differs in the number (16 rather than 30-60) and branching (arranged in three bundles) of respiratory threads and a peculiar structure of pupal cocoon. Diploid number of chromosomes is 6 (n = 3). Chromosomes are submetacentrical. The peculiarities of polytenic chromosomes are described and results of karyological comparison with M. pallipes given.", "contents": "[New species of black flies, Metacnephia pamiriensis Sp. N. (Simulidae), from Pamir]. Metacnephia pamiriensis Petrova, sp, n, in its genitalia is similar with M. pallipes. It differs in the number (16 rather than 30-60) and branching (arranged in three bundles) of respiratory threads and a peculiar structure of pupal cocoon. Diploid number of chromosomes is 6 (n = 3). Chromosomes are submetacentrical. The peculiarities of polytenic chromosomes are described and results of karyological comparison with M. pallipes given."}
{"id": "PMID:142948", "title": "[New genus and 2 new species of chiggers (Acariformes, Trombiculidae) from lizards].", "content": "The genus Lacertacarus g. n. is close to Neotrombicula differing from the latter in lanceolate dorsal setae, wide shield and other characters. Lacertacarus includes two new species, L. similis sp. n. and L latus sp. n., and Trombicula callosa Schluger, 1966 described earlier. Descriptions and key to species of the genus are given. Larvae were collected from lizards in the Krasnodar territory, Georgia.", "contents": "[New genus and 2 new species of chiggers (Acariformes, Trombiculidae) from lizards]. The genus Lacertacarus g. n. is close to Neotrombicula differing from the latter in lanceolate dorsal setae, wide shield and other characters. Lacertacarus includes two new species, L. similis sp. n. and L latus sp. n., and Trombicula callosa Schluger, 1966 described earlier. Descriptions and key to species of the genus are given. Larvae were collected from lizards in the Krasnodar territory, Georgia."}
{"id": "PMID:142950", "title": "[New species of Microsporidia - Thelohania assovi Sp. N. (Microsporidia, Nosematidae) from the larvae of black flies].", "content": "A new species of microsporidians, Thelohania assovi sp. n., was found in population of larvae of Odagmia sp. inhabiting mountain rivers of Tien-Shan and south-eastern Kazakhstan. The infection of larvae with this species varies from single individuals to 18-20% while pupae are infected only with single speciments. The species differes from all known members of this genus in a number of characters. Size of 50 measured spores varied from 4.4-7.0 X 2.5-3.8 in live specimens to 3.8-6.4 X 2.3-3.8 mem in fixed ones. The parasite causes patho--morphological changes in injured tissues.", "contents": "[New species of Microsporidia - Thelohania assovi Sp. N. (Microsporidia, Nosematidae) from the larvae of black flies]. A new species of microsporidians, Thelohania assovi sp. n., was found in population of larvae of Odagmia sp. inhabiting mountain rivers of Tien-Shan and south-eastern Kazakhstan. The infection of larvae with this species varies from single individuals to 18-20% while pupae are infected only with single speciments. The species differes from all known members of this genus in a number of characters. Size of 50 measured spores varied from 4.4-7.0 X 2.5-3.8 in live specimens to 3.8-6.4 X 2.3-3.8 mem in fixed ones. The parasite causes patho--morphological changes in injured tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:142951", "title": "[Ecological characteristics of the helminth fauna of the hawks from the Volga-Don interfluvial area].", "content": "206 birds of 11 species were examined. The variational and statistical analysis has shown the dependence of the humidity of biotopes, on the \"specific weight\" of animals--invaders in the food of birds and on the accumulation of some helminths in birds, difinitive hosts, as compared to invaders.", "contents": "[Ecological characteristics of the helminth fauna of the hawks from the Volga-Don interfluvial area]. 206 birds of 11 species were examined. The variational and statistical analysis has shown the dependence of the humidity of biotopes, on the \"specific weight\" of animals--invaders in the food of birds and on the accumulation of some helminths in birds, difinitive hosts, as compared to invaders."}
{"id": "PMID:142958", "title": "Obstruction of the airways by the heart and pulmonary vessels in infants.", "content": "It is well known that certain cardiovascular abnormalities, frequently compress the airways in infants [1]. Two additional cardiac mechanisms of airway obstruction are described in this paper: progressive compression of the bronchial tree by left sided cardiac enlargement and infantile cardiac asthma due to compression of the small airways by pulmonary venous congestion. Functional and reversible collapse of the trachea is a frequent finding in cardiac asthma. Infants with these entities often appear to have primary pulmonary disease when in fact the underlying cause of their distress is cardiac in origin.", "contents": "Obstruction of the airways by the heart and pulmonary vessels in infants. It is well known that certain cardiovascular abnormalities, frequently compress the airways in infants [1]. Two additional cardiac mechanisms of airway obstruction are described in this paper: progressive compression of the bronchial tree by left sided cardiac enlargement and infantile cardiac asthma due to compression of the small airways by pulmonary venous congestion. Functional and reversible collapse of the trachea is a frequent finding in cardiac asthma. Infants with these entities often appear to have primary pulmonary disease when in fact the underlying cause of their distress is cardiac in origin."}
{"id": "PMID:142954", "title": "[Karyotypes of phytoparasitic nematodes of the genus Anguina Scopoli, 1799].", "content": "Studies were carried out of karyotypes of Anguina sp. parasitic on four species of wild cereals and two species of sedge. The number of chromosomes in fissing genital cells was found to be n=9 for A. graminophila and n=18 for A. agrostis. Anguina sp. injuring sedge have the haploid number of chromosomes n=18.", "contents": "[Karyotypes of phytoparasitic nematodes of the genus Anguina Scopoli, 1799]. Studies were carried out of karyotypes of Anguina sp. parasitic on four species of wild cereals and two species of sedge. The number of chromosomes in fissing genital cells was found to be n=9 for A. graminophila and n=18 for A. agrostis. Anguina sp. injuring sedge have the haploid number of chromosomes n=18."}
{"id": "PMID:142959", "title": "Reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract with a conduit in congenital heart disease.", "content": "A series of five patients with complex cyanotic congenital cardiac malformations underwent surgical reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract using a Dacron conduit with a porcine aortic valve. All patients survived and all have shown clinical improvement. At cardiac catheterization postoperatively, a pressure gradient of between 20 and 50 mm Hg across the conduit was found in all patients. This surgical approach to patients necessitating reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is effective and appears to have the best long-term results.", "contents": "Reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract with a conduit in congenital heart disease. A series of five patients with complex cyanotic congenital cardiac malformations underwent surgical reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract using a Dacron conduit with a porcine aortic valve. All patients survived and all have shown clinical improvement. At cardiac catheterization postoperatively, a pressure gradient of between 20 and 50 mm Hg across the conduit was found in all patients. This surgical approach to patients necessitating reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is effective and appears to have the best long-term results."}
{"id": "PMID:142952", "title": "[Seasonal dynamics of the Monogenoidea of Schizotorax intermedius from the Kafirnigan river (Tadzhikistan)].", "content": "11 species of monogeneans were found on Schizotorax intermedius from the Kafirnigan river during investigations conducted in 1972. Their seasonal dynamics has a typical biopical curve of the parasites number.", "contents": "[Seasonal dynamics of the Monogenoidea of Schizotorax intermedius from the Kafirnigan river (Tadzhikistan)]. 11 species of monogeneans were found on Schizotorax intermedius from the Kafirnigan river during investigations conducted in 1972. Their seasonal dynamics has a typical biopical curve of the parasites number."}
{"id": "PMID:142953", "title": "[Proboscis worm, Echinorhynchus gadi (Zoega) from a relict cod of Lake Mogil'noye].", "content": "Data on the extensiveness and intensity of infection of Kildin island cod with Echinorhynchus gadi in various seasons are given. E. gadi was proved to have a one-year life cycle and Gammarus duebeni as an intermediate host in the lake. A change of the parasite generations occurs in late summer--autumn. A high extensiveness (100%) and intensity of Kildin cod infection with E. gadi depends on the feeding habits (monophagy) and narrow distribution range of the host. Infection intensity is directly correlated with the fish age. Selfregulation of the parasite quantity in the host's intenstine is an important factor affecting the existence of E. gadi population in Lake Mogilnoye.", "contents": "[Proboscis worm, Echinorhynchus gadi (Zoega) from a relict cod of Lake Mogil'noye]. Data on the extensiveness and intensity of infection of Kildin island cod with Echinorhynchus gadi in various seasons are given. E. gadi was proved to have a one-year life cycle and Gammarus duebeni as an intermediate host in the lake. A change of the parasite generations occurs in late summer--autumn. A high extensiveness (100%) and intensity of Kildin cod infection with E. gadi depends on the feeding habits (monophagy) and narrow distribution range of the host. Infection intensity is directly correlated with the fish age. Selfregulation of the parasite quantity in the host's intenstine is an important factor affecting the existence of E. gadi population in Lake Mogilnoye."}
{"id": "PMID:142961", "title": "Influence of bile acids on the (Na+-K+)-activated- and Mg2+-activated ATPase of rat colon.", "content": "The influence of various bile acids on the (Na+-K+)-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activity of rat colon is described. At a concentration of 0.6 mmol/l C and TC did not inhibit the (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity in contrast to GC. The taurine derivates TC, TCDC and TDC did not influence or even enhanced the (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity. All bile acids except C, TC and CDC depressed the Mg2+-ATPase activity. At higher concentrations only C and TC did not influence the (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity. C, GC and TC at 2.5 mmol/l decreased the (Na+-K+)-activated phosphatase with ATP as substrate. All other substrates tested did not influence the enzymic activity significantly. The results indicate that bile acids can inhibit the Na+-absorbing system in rat colon. Hence this inhibition can cause diarrhea.", "contents": "Influence of bile acids on the (Na+-K+)-activated- and Mg2+-activated ATPase of rat colon. The influence of various bile acids on the (Na+-K+)-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activity of rat colon is described. At a concentration of 0.6 mmol/l C and TC did not inhibit the (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity in contrast to GC. The taurine derivates TC, TCDC and TDC did not influence or even enhanced the (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity. All bile acids except C, TC and CDC depressed the Mg2+-ATPase activity. At higher concentrations only C and TC did not influence the (Na+-K+)-ATPase activity. C, GC and TC at 2.5 mmol/l decreased the (Na+-K+)-activated phosphatase with ATP as substrate. All other substrates tested did not influence the enzymic activity significantly. The results indicate that bile acids can inhibit the Na+-absorbing system in rat colon. Hence this inhibition can cause diarrhea."}
{"id": "PMID:142963", "title": "Visualization of capillaries in skeletal muscle by the ATPase reaction.", "content": "A simple and reliable technique for the visualization of capillaries in skeletal muscel of dogs, guinea pigs and rats is decribed. 10--20 micrometer frozen sections were incubated in a medium containing Ca2+ and ATP following acid preincubation (pH 3.8--4.2). The capillaries stained in black and were readily seen surrounding the muscle fibers. Serial sections were also treated for alkaline phosphatase. Values for capillary density using both methods were not different.", "contents": "Visualization of capillaries in skeletal muscle by the ATPase reaction. A simple and reliable technique for the visualization of capillaries in skeletal muscel of dogs, guinea pigs and rats is decribed. 10--20 micrometer frozen sections were incubated in a medium containing Ca2+ and ATP following acid preincubation (pH 3.8--4.2). The capillaries stained in black and were readily seen surrounding the muscle fibers. Serial sections were also treated for alkaline phosphatase. Values for capillary density using both methods were not different."}
{"id": "PMID:142964", "title": "Effects of increased cardiac mechanical performances on flow rates of cardiac lymph in dogs.", "content": "Relationship between flow rates of cardiac lymph (LF), and coronary blood flow (CF), coronary perfusion pressure (PP), left ventricular peak systolic pressure (LVSP) and heart rate (HR) was studied in open-chest dogs. Intra-coronary administration of catecholamines (CA) and electrical stimulation of the cardiac sympathetic nerve (ES) increased LF transiently with a concomitant rise in the cardiac mechanical performance, while dipyridamole induced no change in LF in spite of a marked increase in CF. Isoproterenol at does of 0.3 and 3x10(8) g/kg induced an increasein LF to 119 +/- 4 and 167 +/- 20% (mean +/- SE); norepinephrine, 0.3 and 3 X 10(7) g/kg, to 118 +/- r and 141 +/- 13%; ES AT 5 and 20 Hz, to 135 +/- 11 and 167 +/- 10%, respectively. Peak responses of LF correlated with changes in LVSP (R = 0.59, N l1,P less than 0.001), CF Tr = 0.53, n = 51, P less than 0.001), PP (r = 0.49, n = 51, P less than 0.001) but not with changes in HR (r = 0.27, n = 51, 0.05 less than P less than 0.10). Cardiac pacing also showed a poor correlation between the changes in LF and HR under the same LVSP within the changes in HR up to 134% of control value (r = -0.12, n = 17, P GREATER THAN 0.50). It is concluded that LF is independent of changes in HR, and increased LF after CA or ES may be caused mainly by an augmented propulsive force.", "contents": "Effects of increased cardiac mechanical performances on flow rates of cardiac lymph in dogs. Relationship between flow rates of cardiac lymph (LF), and coronary blood flow (CF), coronary perfusion pressure (PP), left ventricular peak systolic pressure (LVSP) and heart rate (HR) was studied in open-chest dogs. Intra-coronary administration of catecholamines (CA) and electrical stimulation of the cardiac sympathetic nerve (ES) increased LF transiently with a concomitant rise in the cardiac mechanical performance, while dipyridamole induced no change in LF in spite of a marked increase in CF. Isoproterenol at does of 0.3 and 3x10(8) g/kg induced an increasein LF to 119 +/- 4 and 167 +/- 20% (mean +/- SE); norepinephrine, 0.3 and 3 X 10(7) g/kg, to 118 +/- r and 141 +/- 13%; ES AT 5 and 20 Hz, to 135 +/- 11 and 167 +/- 10%, respectively. Peak responses of LF correlated with changes in LVSP (R = 0.59, N l1,P less than 0.001), CF Tr = 0.53, n = 51, P less than 0.001), PP (r = 0.49, n = 51, P less than 0.001) but not with changes in HR (r = 0.27, n = 51, 0.05 less than P less than 0.10). Cardiac pacing also showed a poor correlation between the changes in LF and HR under the same LVSP within the changes in HR up to 134% of control value (r = -0.12, n = 17, P GREATER THAN 0.50). It is concluded that LF is independent of changes in HR, and increased LF after CA or ES may be caused mainly by an augmented propulsive force."}
{"id": "PMID:142965", "title": "The aerobic metabolism of porcine carotid artery and its relationship to isometric force. Energy cost of isometric contraction.", "content": "1. The O2 consumption and aerobic lactate production of porcine carotid artery have been studied in relation to active isometric tension maintenance in order to estimate the tension cost, i.e., ATP hydrolysis rate per unit force maintained. 2. The relationship between total metabolism and isometric force was measured at several muscle lengths in order to distinguish tension-dependent and  -independent components of ATP utilization. 3. At the maximum isometric tension observed, 2 kg wt/wt/cm2, 1.3 mumole ATP/M in per gram wet weight out of a total metabolism of 2 mumole/min is tension de pardent. 4. The absolute levels of force, O2 consumption, lactate production and the ratio of oxidative to glycolytic metabolism varied considerably with the stimulant; however, the tension-dependent ATP utilization was invariant with respect to the mode of stimulation.", "contents": "The aerobic metabolism of porcine carotid artery and its relationship to isometric force. Energy cost of isometric contraction. 1. The O2 consumption and aerobic lactate production of porcine carotid artery have been studied in relation to active isometric tension maintenance in order to estimate the tension cost, i.e., ATP hydrolysis rate per unit force maintained. 2. The relationship between total metabolism and isometric force was measured at several muscle lengths in order to distinguish tension-dependent and  -independent components of ATP utilization. 3. At the maximum isometric tension observed, 2 kg wt/wt/cm2, 1.3 mumole ATP/M in per gram wet weight out of a total metabolism of 2 mumole/min is tension de pardent. 4. The absolute levels of force, O2 consumption, lactate production and the ratio of oxidative to glycolytic metabolism varied considerably with the stimulant; however, the tension-dependent ATP utilization was invariant with respect to the mode of stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:142967", "title": "[Abnormal cation transport in erythrocyte membranes during congenital hemolytic anemia (author's transl)].", "content": "In this paper we review our knowledge on: 1. The physiological mechanisms of constant low Na+, high K+ concentration in human red blood cells (cation content, cation movements through the erythrocyte membrane, membrane ATPases). 2. The pathologic findings observed in congenital hemolytic anemia. These alterations may explain hyperhemolysis in numerous diseases. In no case a primary genetically transmitted abnormal erythrocyte membrane protein can be formely demonstrated.", "contents": "[Abnormal cation transport in erythrocyte membranes during congenital hemolytic anemia (author's transl)]. In this paper we review our knowledge on: 1. The physiological mechanisms of constant low Na+, high K+ concentration in human red blood cells (cation content, cation movements through the erythrocyte membrane, membrane ATPases). 2. The pathologic findings observed in congenital hemolytic anemia. These alterations may explain hyperhemolysis in numerous diseases. In no case a primary genetically transmitted abnormal erythrocyte membrane protein can be formely demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:142974", "title": "Clues to neonatal genitourinary problems.", "content": "Most neonatal genitourinary problems are due to congenital anomalies. The first clues to urinary dysfunction are the quantity and quality of the urinary stream, and this should be scrutinized in every newborn. Common signs of dysfunction include anuria, hematuria, and masses. Anuria may be caused by obstruction, a vascular disorder, or renal agenesis or dysplasia. In the male, obstruction is commonly caused by posterior urethral valves. A mass may be a bladder distended by obstruction, a persistent urachus, a hydronephrotic or dysplastic kidney, or scrotal enlargement due to spermatic cord torsion.", "contents": "Clues to neonatal genitourinary problems. Most neonatal genitourinary problems are due to congenital anomalies. The first clues to urinary dysfunction are the quantity and quality of the urinary stream, and this should be scrutinized in every newborn. Common signs of dysfunction include anuria, hematuria, and masses. Anuria may be caused by obstruction, a vascular disorder, or renal agenesis or dysplasia. In the male, obstruction is commonly caused by posterior urethral valves. A mass may be a bladder distended by obstruction, a persistent urachus, a hydronephrotic or dysplastic kidney, or scrotal enlargement due to spermatic cord torsion."}
{"id": "PMID:142981", "title": "[Non-ionogenic detergents with antibacterial activity and their effect on bacterial membrane systems].", "content": "Certain new nonionogenic detergents which are hydroxy-polyethoxy-derivatives of dodecane show in vitro bacteriostatic action as related to gram-positive microorganisms. In this respect they are not inferior to chloride cetylpyridinium or sodium dodecyl sulphate. They are similar to chloride cetylpyridinium in their ability to disrupt the osmotic barrier of protoplasts and to inhibit NAD-H-oxidase of membrane fractions of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Unlike chloride cetylpyridinium and sodium dodecyl sulphate, nonionogenic detergents do not inhibit membrane-bound ATPase of these bacteria.", "contents": "[Non-ionogenic detergents with antibacterial activity and their effect on bacterial membrane systems]. Certain new nonionogenic detergents which are hydroxy-polyethoxy-derivatives of dodecane show in vitro bacteriostatic action as related to gram-positive microorganisms. In this respect they are not inferior to chloride cetylpyridinium or sodium dodecyl sulphate. They are similar to chloride cetylpyridinium in their ability to disrupt the osmotic barrier of protoplasts and to inhibit NAD-H-oxidase of membrane fractions of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. Unlike chloride cetylpyridinium and sodium dodecyl sulphate, nonionogenic detergents do not inhibit membrane-bound ATPase of these bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:142985", "title": "Escherichia coli 5S RNA binding proteins L18 and L25 interact with 5.8S RNA but not with 5S RNA from yeast ribosomes.", "content": "Reconstitution experiments showed that the two Escherichia coli 5S RNA binding proteins L18 and L25 form a specific complex with yeast 5.8S RNA and not with yeast 5S RNA. The yeast 5.8S RNA-E. coli protein complex was found to exhibit ATPase and GTPase activities that had previously been observed for the E. coli 5S RNA-protein complex. The tetranucleotide UpUpCpG, which is an analog of the tRNA fragment TpsipCpG, interacted strongly with 5S RNA-protein complexes from E. coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus and weakly with yeast 5.8S RNA. UpUpCpG did not bind to E. coli, B. stearothermophilus, or yeast 5S RNA or to the yeast 5.8S RNA-E. coli protein complex. It is suggested that 5.8S RNA evolved from prokaryotic 5S RNA and that the latter two RNAs are related and have similar functions in protein synthesis.", "contents": "Escherichia coli 5S RNA binding proteins L18 and L25 interact with 5.8S RNA but not with 5S RNA from yeast ribosomes. Reconstitution experiments showed that the two Escherichia coli 5S RNA binding proteins L18 and L25 form a specific complex with yeast 5.8S RNA and not with yeast 5S RNA. The yeast 5.8S RNA-E. coli protein complex was found to exhibit ATPase and GTPase activities that had previously been observed for the E. coli 5S RNA-protein complex. The tetranucleotide UpUpCpG, which is an analog of the tRNA fragment TpsipCpG, interacted strongly with 5S RNA-protein complexes from E. coli and Bacillus stearothermophilus and weakly with yeast 5.8S RNA. UpUpCpG did not bind to E. coli, B. stearothermophilus, or yeast 5S RNA or to the yeast 5.8S RNA-E. coli protein complex. It is suggested that 5.8S RNA evolved from prokaryotic 5S RNA and that the latter two RNAs are related and have similar functions in protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:142986", "title": "Sugar uptake into brush border vesicles from normal human kidney.", "content": "Uptake studies of simple sugars were performed on a membrane fractions containing osmotically active vesicles prepared from normal human kidney cortex. The uptake of D-glucose was found to be sodium-dependent and phlorizin-sensitive. The specificity of the D-glucose transport mechanism is such that it is shared by alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, D-galactose, and 5-thio-D-glucose, while 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-fructose show little, if any, affinity. Measurement of the sodium-dependent component of the initial D-glucose uptake as a function of glucose concentration resulted in a curvilinear Scatchard plot, indicating the possibility of cooperative effects, or alternatively, the existence of two (or more) sodium-dependent D-glucose transporters. In the case of two transporters, we estimate that Km congruent to 0.3 mM and Vmax congruent to 2.5 nmol/min per mg of protein for the \"high-affinity transporter,\" and Km approximately 6 mM and Vmax approximately 8 nmol/min per mg of protein for the \"low-affinity transporter.\" These specificity and kinetic properties strongly suggest that the sodium-dependent D-glucose transport mechanism characterized in our studies is localized to the brush border of the proximal tubule.", "contents": "Sugar uptake into brush border vesicles from normal human kidney. Uptake studies of simple sugars were performed on a membrane fractions containing osmotically active vesicles prepared from normal human kidney cortex. The uptake of D-glucose was found to be sodium-dependent and phlorizin-sensitive. The specificity of the D-glucose transport mechanism is such that it is shared by alpha-methyl-D-glucoside, D-galactose, and 5-thio-D-glucose, while 2-deoxy-D-glucose, 3-O-methyl-D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-fructose show little, if any, affinity. Measurement of the sodium-dependent component of the initial D-glucose uptake as a function of glucose concentration resulted in a curvilinear Scatchard plot, indicating the possibility of cooperative effects, or alternatively, the existence of two (or more) sodium-dependent D-glucose transporters. In the case of two transporters, we estimate that Km congruent to 0.3 mM and Vmax congruent to 2.5 nmol/min per mg of protein for the \"high-affinity transporter,\" and Km approximately 6 mM and Vmax approximately 8 nmol/min per mg of protein for the \"low-affinity transporter.\" These specificity and kinetic properties strongly suggest that the sodium-dependent D-glucose transport mechanism characterized in our studies is localized to the brush border of the proximal tubule."}
{"id": "PMID:142991", "title": "Behavioral sensitivity to LSD: dependency upon the pattern of central 5HT depletion.", "content": "Two experiments were carried out using a fixed ratio (FR) schedule of water reinforcement to determine the efficacy of two serotonin (5HT) depleting agents (p-chloroamphetamine, 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine) in altering sensitivity to a low dose of LSD (0.02 MG/KG). The results showed that while both p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) and 5, 7 dihydroxytryptamine (5, 7 DHT) were efficacious in reducing whole brain 5HT, only 5, 7 DHT altered LSD sensitivity such that a 0.02 mg/kg dose of LSD given 12 days after 5, 7 DHT administration disrupted bar press behavior. This was not observed in animals given PCA within similar parameters. Moreover, 4 animals given PCA that did not show increased sensitivity to LSD, did show behavioral disruption to LSD (0.02 mg/kg when they were pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine, Results are discussed on terms of a possible particular pattern of 5HT depletion that must be achieved before sensitivity to LSD is observed.", "contents": "Behavioral sensitivity to LSD: dependency upon the pattern of central 5HT depletion. Two experiments were carried out using a fixed ratio (FR) schedule of water reinforcement to determine the efficacy of two serotonin (5HT) depleting agents (p-chloroamphetamine, 5, 7-dihydroxytryptamine) in altering sensitivity to a low dose of LSD (0.02 MG/KG). The results showed that while both p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) and 5, 7 dihydroxytryptamine (5, 7 DHT) were efficacious in reducing whole brain 5HT, only 5, 7 DHT altered LSD sensitivity such that a 0.02 mg/kg dose of LSD given 12 days after 5, 7 DHT administration disrupted bar press behavior. This was not observed in animals given PCA within similar parameters. Moreover, 4 animals given PCA that did not show increased sensitivity to LSD, did show behavioral disruption to LSD (0.02 mg/kg when they were pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine, Results are discussed on terms of a possible particular pattern of 5HT depletion that must be achieved before sensitivity to LSD is observed."}
{"id": "PMID:142993", "title": "Influence of floor surface on the energy cost of wheelchair propulsion.", "content": "Carpeting of the type commonly used in hospitals imposed a burden upon normal and patient wheelchair users propelling a wheelchair as reflected in increased energy cost per unit of distance traveled. Wheelchair propulsion also tended to produce high heart rates compared to values reported for normal walking. Pneumatic tires offered no advantage over hard rubber tires on the type of carpet used in this study. Wheelchair propulsion required more energy expenditure per minute than values reported for normal ambulation at the same velocity.", "contents": "Influence of floor surface on the energy cost of wheelchair propulsion. Carpeting of the type commonly used in hospitals imposed a burden upon normal and patient wheelchair users propelling a wheelchair as reflected in increased energy cost per unit of distance traveled. Wheelchair propulsion also tended to produce high heart rates compared to values reported for normal walking. Pneumatic tires offered no advantage over hard rubber tires on the type of carpet used in this study. Wheelchair propulsion required more energy expenditure per minute than values reported for normal ambulation at the same velocity."}
{"id": "PMID:142995", "title": "Clinical definition of independent myocutaneous vascular territories.", "content": "The use of myocutandous flaps can increase the possibilities for construction in many cases by bringing in new blood supply to avascular areas by furnishing additional bulk for filling defects or covering bone grafts or other deep repairs, and sometimes by making longer flaps viable. Also, the need for delay procedures is decreased and sometimes avoided. In this paper we define the vascular territories of 13 clinical myocutaneous flaps, and we describe possible uses of them. Three illustrative clinical cases are presented, in which repairs were done with these flaps. The future uses of these flaps challenge the imagination. Knowledge about them may significantly alter the traditional approaches to flap designs and repairs.", "contents": "Clinical definition of independent myocutaneous vascular territories. The use of myocutandous flaps can increase the possibilities for construction in many cases by bringing in new blood supply to avascular areas by furnishing additional bulk for filling defects or covering bone grafts or other deep repairs, and sometimes by making longer flaps viable. Also, the need for delay procedures is decreased and sometimes avoided. In this paper we define the vascular territories of 13 clinical myocutaneous flaps, and we describe possible uses of them. Three illustrative clinical cases are presented, in which repairs were done with these flaps. The future uses of these flaps challenge the imagination. Knowledge about them may significantly alter the traditional approaches to flap designs and repairs."}
{"id": "PMID:142996", "title": "Morphine and ethanol as discriminative stimuli: absence of antagonism by p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, cinanserin, or BC-105.", "content": "It is well established that the effects of morphine and ethanol can function as discriminative stimuli in the rat. The present investigation sought to determine whether discriminated responding mediated by morphine and ethanol is affected by (a) p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (p-CPA) an inhibitor of the synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and (b) antagonists of 5-HT. The blocking agents employed were cinanserin, in ethanol-trained subjects, and BC-105, in morphine-trained subjects. No evidence of antagonism was obtained with either BC-105 or cinanserin. Results with p-CPA were somewhat variable but no consistent or statistically significant reduction in the efficacy of morphine or ethanol as discriminative stimuli was observed. The present results with p-CPA are at variance with earlier work by Schechter (1973) and by Rosecrans et al. (1973) who observed antagonism of the stimulus effects of ethanol and morphine, respectively, following depletion of 5-HT with p-chlorophenylalanine.", "contents": "Morphine and ethanol as discriminative stimuli: absence of antagonism by p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester, cinanserin, or BC-105. It is well established that the effects of morphine and ethanol can function as discriminative stimuli in the rat. The present investigation sought to determine whether discriminated responding mediated by morphine and ethanol is affected by (a) p-chlorophenylalanine methyl ester (p-CPA) an inhibitor of the synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and (b) antagonists of 5-HT. The blocking agents employed were cinanserin, in ethanol-trained subjects, and BC-105, in morphine-trained subjects. No evidence of antagonism was obtained with either BC-105 or cinanserin. Results with p-CPA were somewhat variable but no consistent or statistically significant reduction in the efficacy of morphine or ethanol as discriminative stimuli was observed. The present results with p-CPA are at variance with earlier work by Schechter (1973) and by Rosecrans et al. (1973) who observed antagonism of the stimulus effects of ethanol and morphine, respectively, following depletion of 5-HT with p-chlorophenylalanine."}
{"id": "PMID:143007", "title": "[Normal gait and its changes after total arthroplasty of the lower extremity. Study on 200 subjects of the support phase of the step and its impulse].", "content": "The authors have studied the normal gait of 50 individuals using a dynamometric platform. Measurements have been made of the impulse at each step, the weight bearing phase and the forces transmitted by the foot to the floor. The results have been compared with those obtained from a study of the gait of 150 patients treated by total prostheses (133 hips, 10 knees, 7 ankles). This type of study leads to a better appreciation of operative results.", "contents": "[Normal gait and its changes after total arthroplasty of the lower extremity. Study on 200 subjects of the support phase of the step and its impulse]. The authors have studied the normal gait of 50 individuals using a dynamometric platform. Measurements have been made of the impulse at each step, the weight bearing phase and the forces transmitted by the foot to the floor. The results have been compared with those obtained from a study of the gait of 150 patients treated by total prostheses (133 hips, 10 knees, 7 ankles). This type of study leads to a better appreciation of operative results."}
{"id": "PMID:143008", "title": "[The Dwyer operation in the surgical treatment of scoliosis].", "content": "The authors have used Dwyer's procedure in 50 patients with a maximum follow-up of 4 years. The average correction was 76 per cent--that is the average curve was 73 degrees before operation and 16 degrees after operation. The upper compensatory curve was also corrected from an average of 45 degrees to an average of 28 degreees. Associated kyphosis was corrected by 75 per cent in association with correction of rotation. In the follow-up, a loss of 7 degrees of correction in the main curve was noted. It was related to rupture of the cable (5 cases), to a high rate of non-union (50 per cent) and to too short a length of fixation. When curves were correctly fixed, loss of correction was only of 2 to 3 degrees. The main advantage of the Dwyer procedure is to allow limited fusion with horizontal levelling of unfused intervertebral spaces.", "contents": "[The Dwyer operation in the surgical treatment of scoliosis]. The authors have used Dwyer's procedure in 50 patients with a maximum follow-up of 4 years. The average correction was 76 per cent--that is the average curve was 73 degrees before operation and 16 degrees after operation. The upper compensatory curve was also corrected from an average of 45 degrees to an average of 28 degreees. Associated kyphosis was corrected by 75 per cent in association with correction of rotation. In the follow-up, a loss of 7 degrees of correction in the main curve was noted. It was related to rupture of the cable (5 cases), to a high rate of non-union (50 per cent) and to too short a length of fixation. When curves were correctly fixed, loss of correction was only of 2 to 3 degrees. The main advantage of the Dwyer procedure is to allow limited fusion with horizontal levelling of unfused intervertebral spaces."}
{"id": "PMID:143010", "title": "[Surgical treatment of recent severe sprains of the knee. Does the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee merit suturing?].", "content": "The authors have reviewed 62 cases of acute ligamentous injury of the knee, all surgically treated. They emphasize the importance of good co-ordination of muscles and ligaments in the function of the knee. The menisci should be preserved wherever possible. Direct suture of the anterior cruciate ligament gives poor results (20 per cent successful). They recommend immediate transplantation of a hamstring (semi-tendinosus) tendon by the Lindeman's technique. They conclude that the anterior cruciate ligament should not be sutured. In three cases it was resected with good results.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of recent severe sprains of the knee. Does the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee merit suturing?]. The authors have reviewed 62 cases of acute ligamentous injury of the knee, all surgically treated. They emphasize the importance of good co-ordination of muscles and ligaments in the function of the knee. The menisci should be preserved wherever possible. Direct suture of the anterior cruciate ligament gives poor results (20 per cent successful). They recommend immediate transplantation of a hamstring (semi-tendinosus) tendon by the Lindeman's technique. They conclude that the anterior cruciate ligament should not be sutured. In three cases it was resected with good results."}
{"id": "PMID:143009", "title": "[The dwyer operation in the treatment of paralytic scoliosis with oblique pelvis].", "content": "Pelvic obliquity due to spinal deformity is a well defined syndrome. Its natural history is related to the evolution of the scoliosis. The authors describe two types of pelvic obliquity--total pelvic obliquity in which the sacrum is the lowest vertebra of the lumbar curve and subtotal pelvic obliquity in which there is some compensation between L5 and the sacrum. Seventeen patients were operated on. The Dwyer's procedure was found to be satisfactory in total pelvic obliquities from the point of view of correction and stabilization. In subtotal pelvic obliquity, an additional lumbosacral fusion by a posterior approach was found to be necessary.", "contents": "[The dwyer operation in the treatment of paralytic scoliosis with oblique pelvis]. Pelvic obliquity due to spinal deformity is a well defined syndrome. Its natural history is related to the evolution of the scoliosis. The authors describe two types of pelvic obliquity--total pelvic obliquity in which the sacrum is the lowest vertebra of the lumbar curve and subtotal pelvic obliquity in which there is some compensation between L5 and the sacrum. Seventeen patients were operated on. The Dwyer's procedure was found to be satisfactory in total pelvic obliquities from the point of view of correction and stabilization. In subtotal pelvic obliquity, an additional lumbosacral fusion by a posterior approach was found to be necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:143012", "title": "[Chronic disseminated histiocytosis in the adult. Apropos of a case with a 12-year remission].", "content": "The authors report a rare case of diffuse histiocytosis X in an adult aged 47 followed up for 12 years. There was extensive skeletal and oral dissemination but without visceral, cutaneous or neurological involvement. Blood investigations showed only a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The literature of histiocytosis is reviewed; few papers could be found concerning this type of disease in adults.", "contents": "[Chronic disseminated histiocytosis in the adult. Apropos of a case with a 12-year remission]. The authors report a rare case of diffuse histiocytosis X in an adult aged 47 followed up for 12 years. There was extensive skeletal and oral dissemination but without visceral, cutaneous or neurological involvement. Blood investigations showed only a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The literature of histiocytosis is reviewed; few papers could be found concerning this type of disease in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:143011", "title": "[Reconstruction prosthesis after upper epiphyseal and diaphyseal resection of the femur for tumor. Results of 16 cases and a biomechanical study].", "content": "The authors have treated 16 cases of tumours of the upper end of the femur by resection over at least 12 centimetres and insertion of a massive prosthesis. The tumour was secondary in 9 cases and primary in 7. This treatment was used for metastases where conservative surgery was impossible or had failed. In primary tumours, when the excision was very extensive, the main problem was of stability of the prosthesis and its long-term future. A new type of total massive prosthesis, designed by the authors after biomechanical studies, is described.", "contents": "[Reconstruction prosthesis after upper epiphyseal and diaphyseal resection of the femur for tumor. Results of 16 cases and a biomechanical study]. The authors have treated 16 cases of tumours of the upper end of the femur by resection over at least 12 centimetres and insertion of a massive prosthesis. The tumour was secondary in 9 cases and primary in 7. This treatment was used for metastases where conservative surgery was impossible or had failed. In primary tumours, when the excision was very extensive, the main problem was of stability of the prosthesis and its long-term future. A new type of total massive prosthesis, designed by the authors after biomechanical studies, is described."}
{"id": "PMID:143050", "title": "Alterations of cardiac NaK-ATPase by the thyroid state in the rat.", "content": "Total and specific activity of cardiac NaK-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) in the rat varied parallel with the thyroid state. The functional state of the thyroid altered the number of NaK-ATPase molecules in the cell; the catalytic activity (turnover number) of individual enzyme molecules did not change. Sensitivity of NaK-ATPase to its specific inhibitor, ouabain, (as estimated from the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of ouabain) was lower in hypothyroidism but remained unchanged in hyperthyroidism relative to the euthyroid state. Action of thyroid hormones appeared to be selective for NaK-ATPase as shown by the behavior of another enzyme of the sarcolemma, adenyl cyclase. Adenyl cyclase of the heart was not affected by hyperthyroidism but was significantly elevated in hypothyroidism relative to euthyroid controls.", "contents": "Alterations of cardiac NaK-ATPase by the thyroid state in the rat. Total and specific activity of cardiac NaK-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) in the rat varied parallel with the thyroid state. The functional state of the thyroid altered the number of NaK-ATPase molecules in the cell; the catalytic activity (turnover number) of individual enzyme molecules did not change. Sensitivity of NaK-ATPase to its specific inhibitor, ouabain, (as estimated from the half-maximal inhibitory concentration of ouabain) was lower in hypothyroidism but remained unchanged in hyperthyroidism relative to the euthyroid state. Action of thyroid hormones appeared to be selective for NaK-ATPase as shown by the behavior of another enzyme of the sarcolemma, adenyl cyclase. Adenyl cyclase of the heart was not affected by hyperthyroidism but was significantly elevated in hypothyroidism relative to euthyroid controls."}
{"id": "PMID:143058", "title": "Evidence of 'K'-cell killing by alloactivated, Fc-receptor-bearing cytotoxic T lymphocytes.", "content": "Upon in vivo alloactivation of Ig-anti-Ig column-purified splenic 'T' cells in lethally irradiated allogeneic recipients, a variable proportion of donor-derived cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are able to bind IgG antibody-coated erythrocytes through surface Fc receptors (FcR) and form rosettes. The use of fractionation procedures based on the ability of these cells to form rosettes has enabled us to separate FcR-positive CTLs from FcR-negative CTLs and to examine the ability of these two cell populations to perform as effector cells in direct T-cell-mediated killing and in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. A series of experiments, either by direct isolation of the two cell populations or by deletion of the FcR-positive population by filtration through complexed immunoglobulin columns (Ig-anti-Ig), has shown both populations to be efficient in direct T-cell mediated cytotoxicity against the relevant target cell. The striking difference between the two populations is the exclusive ability of the FcR-positive population to function as effector cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Purification steps before in vivo alloactivation of our responding cells for the removal of 'B' cells and FcR-bearing cells with 'K'-cell activity, followed by procedures to remove phagocytic and adherent cells in the resulting immune spleen cell preparation and, finally, b y velocity sedimentation of the rosetting and nonrosetting blasts from the small lymphocyte population, has resulted in a population of FcR-positive cells 98% positive for the Thy 1.2 alloantigen. These fractionation steps and immunofluorescence criteria of purity strongly favor the contention that the ADCC activity within the FcR-positive T-cell population is indeed a property of the CTL itself.", "contents": "Evidence of 'K'-cell killing by alloactivated, Fc-receptor-bearing cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Upon in vivo alloactivation of Ig-anti-Ig column-purified splenic 'T' cells in lethally irradiated allogeneic recipients, a variable proportion of donor-derived cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are able to bind IgG antibody-coated erythrocytes through surface Fc receptors (FcR) and form rosettes. The use of fractionation procedures based on the ability of these cells to form rosettes has enabled us to separate FcR-positive CTLs from FcR-negative CTLs and to examine the ability of these two cell populations to perform as effector cells in direct T-cell-mediated killing and in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. A series of experiments, either by direct isolation of the two cell populations or by deletion of the FcR-positive population by filtration through complexed immunoglobulin columns (Ig-anti-Ig), has shown both populations to be efficient in direct T-cell mediated cytotoxicity against the relevant target cell. The striking difference between the two populations is the exclusive ability of the FcR-positive population to function as effector cells in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Purification steps before in vivo alloactivation of our responding cells for the removal of 'B' cells and FcR-bearing cells with 'K'-cell activity, followed by procedures to remove phagocytic and adherent cells in the resulting immune spleen cell preparation and, finally, b y velocity sedimentation of the rosetting and nonrosetting blasts from the small lymphocyte population, has resulted in a population of FcR-positive cells 98% positive for the Thy 1.2 alloantigen. These fractionation steps and immunofluorescence criteria of purity strongly favor the contention that the ADCC activity within the FcR-positive T-cell population is indeed a property of the CTL itself."}
{"id": "PMID:143059", "title": "Subpopulations of cells involved in the human mixed lymphocyte culture response.", "content": "Various subpopulations of human peripheral lymphoid cells were tested for their role in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response. Preparations of lymphocytes enriched for T cells, separated by a rosette sedimentation technique, were usually found to exhibit higher MLC responses than preparations enriched for B cells. The relatively high responses of B-cell-enriched preparations could largely be explained by contaminating T cells (approximately 5%) whose MLC reactivities were strongly enhanced by autologous non-T lymphocytes. Cell preparations enriched for B cells were found to be more potent stimulations of MLC responses than T-cell-enriched preparations in most responder-stimulator cell combinations. An MLC response could only be elicited in the presence of cells with characteristics of monocytes/macrophages. These cells could be derived from either the responder or the stimulator.", "contents": "Subpopulations of cells involved in the human mixed lymphocyte culture response. Various subpopulations of human peripheral lymphoid cells were tested for their role in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) response. Preparations of lymphocytes enriched for T cells, separated by a rosette sedimentation technique, were usually found to exhibit higher MLC responses than preparations enriched for B cells. The relatively high responses of B-cell-enriched preparations could largely be explained by contaminating T cells (approximately 5%) whose MLC reactivities were strongly enhanced by autologous non-T lymphocytes. Cell preparations enriched for B cells were found to be more potent stimulations of MLC responses than T-cell-enriched preparations in most responder-stimulator cell combinations. An MLC response could only be elicited in the presence of cells with characteristics of monocytes/macrophages. These cells could be derived from either the responder or the stimulator."}
{"id": "PMID:143060", "title": "Back symptoms and psychological perception of work. A study among nursing aides in a geriatric hospital.", "content": "233 nursing aides in a geriatric hospital were interviewed about back symptoms and asked to fill in a questionnaire about their psychological perception of their work. Seven psychological scales and a variable of the overall satisfaction with the job were tested against the presence/absence of cervical, thoracic and low-back symptoms. Nursing aides with thoracic and low-back symptoms exhibited in general a lower level of overall satisfaction with the job, perceived more negative relations with supervisors and workmates and perceived greater strain and a greater demand for physical and psychic strength. The psychological perception of the work was, however, only partly related to the presence/absence of back symptoms.", "contents": "Back symptoms and psychological perception of work. A study among nursing aides in a geriatric hospital. 233 nursing aides in a geriatric hospital were interviewed about back symptoms and asked to fill in a questionnaire about their psychological perception of their work. Seven psychological scales and a variable of the overall satisfaction with the job were tested against the presence/absence of cervical, thoracic and low-back symptoms. Nursing aides with thoracic and low-back symptoms exhibited in general a lower level of overall satisfaction with the job, perceived more negative relations with supervisors and workmates and perceived greater strain and a greater demand for physical and psychic strength. The psychological perception of the work was, however, only partly related to the presence/absence of back symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:143062", "title": "Comparative effects of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants on succinycholine-induced fasciculations and postoperative pain.", "content": "The effectiveness of pancuronium (1.0 to 1.5 mg), d-tubocurarine (3 mg), and gallamine (20 mg) administered three minutes before succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) in preventing muscle fasciculations and postoperative muscle pains was compared in 100 patients. Pretreatment with pancuronium abolished fasciculations and produced rapid and excellent muscle relaxation for endotracheal intubation. Both d-tubocurarine (dTc) and gallamine administered prior to succinylcholine (SCh) were inconsistent in prevention fasciculations. Muscle relaxation was significantly delayed in onset, shorter in duration, and was inadequate for intubation in the majority of patients. The 45% incidence of postoperative muscle pains in the control group decreased after pretreatment with gallamine, dTc, and pancuronium to 20%, 15%, and less than 5%, respectively. It was concluded from the present study that pancuronium is superior to dTc and gallamine for preventing SCh-induced fasciculations and postoperative muscle pains without compromising the muscle relaxation for intubation. However, pancuronium administered for pretreatment may significantly prolong the action of succinylcholine and caution is to be exercised in patients having short surgical procedures and when additional doses of muscle relaxants may be required.", "contents": "Comparative effects of nondepolarizing muscle relaxants on succinycholine-induced fasciculations and postoperative pain. The effectiveness of pancuronium (1.0 to 1.5 mg), d-tubocurarine (3 mg), and gallamine (20 mg) administered three minutes before succinylcholine (1 mg/kg) in preventing muscle fasciculations and postoperative muscle pains was compared in 100 patients. Pretreatment with pancuronium abolished fasciculations and produced rapid and excellent muscle relaxation for endotracheal intubation. Both d-tubocurarine (dTc) and gallamine administered prior to succinylcholine (SCh) were inconsistent in prevention fasciculations. Muscle relaxation was significantly delayed in onset, shorter in duration, and was inadequate for intubation in the majority of patients. The 45% incidence of postoperative muscle pains in the control group decreased after pretreatment with gallamine, dTc, and pancuronium to 20%, 15%, and less than 5%, respectively. It was concluded from the present study that pancuronium is superior to dTc and gallamine for preventing SCh-induced fasciculations and postoperative muscle pains without compromising the muscle relaxation for intubation. However, pancuronium administered for pretreatment may significantly prolong the action of succinylcholine and caution is to be exercised in patients having short surgical procedures and when additional doses of muscle relaxants may be required."}
{"id": "PMID:143063", "title": "Desmoid tumors of the abdominal wall.", "content": "Desmoid tumors are musculo-aponeurotic fibromatoses which most commonly occur in the abdominal wall. They do not metastasize but local recurrence is common. The treatment of choice is wide local excision of the mass and surrounding normal tissue. We have described a rare desmoid tumor which involved the abdominal wall as well as small and large bowel. En bloc intestinal resections were required for complete tumor extirpation.", "contents": "Desmoid tumors of the abdominal wall. Desmoid tumors are musculo-aponeurotic fibromatoses which most commonly occur in the abdominal wall. They do not metastasize but local recurrence is common. The treatment of choice is wide local excision of the mass and surrounding normal tissue. We have described a rare desmoid tumor which involved the abdominal wall as well as small and large bowel. En bloc intestinal resections were required for complete tumor extirpation."}
{"id": "PMID:143064", "title": "Immune complex disease associated with an infected ventriculojugular shunt: a curable form of glomerulonephritis.", "content": "A 22-year-old man with a ventriculojugular shunt had edema, hematuria, proteinuria, hypocomplementemia, azotemia, and S epidermidis bacteremia. Initial percutaneous renal biopsy showed a diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. Subendothelial and intramembranous deposits were seen on electron microscopy. Immunofluorescent studies were positive for IgG and C3. A repeat percutaneous renal biopsy six weeks after cessation of antibiotic therapy revealed a mild proliferative glomerulonephritis with some evidence of resolution. No deposits were seen on electron microscopy and immunofluorescent studies were negative. At elective shunt revision three months after cessation of therapy, culture of the jugular portion of the removed shunt revealed S epidermidis. Early recognition of immune complex glomerulonephritis occurring with an infected ventriculovascular shunt should permit early treatment (antibiotic therapy and removal of the infected foreign body) and a favorable outcome.", "contents": "Immune complex disease associated with an infected ventriculojugular shunt: a curable form of glomerulonephritis. A 22-year-old man with a ventriculojugular shunt had edema, hematuria, proteinuria, hypocomplementemia, azotemia, and S epidermidis bacteremia. Initial percutaneous renal biopsy showed a diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis. Subendothelial and intramembranous deposits were seen on electron microscopy. Immunofluorescent studies were positive for IgG and C3. A repeat percutaneous renal biopsy six weeks after cessation of antibiotic therapy revealed a mild proliferative glomerulonephritis with some evidence of resolution. No deposits were seen on electron microscopy and immunofluorescent studies were negative. At elective shunt revision three months after cessation of therapy, culture of the jugular portion of the removed shunt revealed S epidermidis. Early recognition of immune complex glomerulonephritis occurring with an infected ventriculovascular shunt should permit early treatment (antibiotic therapy and removal of the infected foreign body) and a favorable outcome."}
{"id": "PMID:143077", "title": "Topical nitrofurazone, a potent sensitizer of the skin and mucosae.", "content": "Although freely available, topical nitrofurazone (Furacin) frequently causes severe contact dermatitis, necessitating hospitalization. Six patients with sensitivity reactions to topical nitrofurazone are described. Our experience suggests that the free availability of this drug may increase the incidence of reactions due to its use, and should be condemned.", "contents": "Topical nitrofurazone, a potent sensitizer of the skin and mucosae. Although freely available, topical nitrofurazone (Furacin) frequently causes severe contact dermatitis, necessitating hospitalization. Six patients with sensitivity reactions to topical nitrofurazone are described. Our experience suggests that the free availability of this drug may increase the incidence of reactions due to its use, and should be condemned."}
{"id": "PMID:143078", "title": "Disabled-worker beneficiaries under OASDI: comparison with severely disabled PA recipients.", "content": "The 1972 Survey of Disabled and Nondisabled Adults found that more than 1 million severely disabled persons aged 20-64 were receiving payments under Federal-State public assistance programs. To determine the reasons why most of these individuals did not qualify for disabled-worker benefits under the social security program, their characteristics were compared with those of the approximately 1.5 million disabled-worker beneficiaries. The public assistance recipients were found to be younger and less well educated than their disabled-worker beneficiary counterparts. A greater proportion of them were women and more were members of minority races. Public assistance recipients became disabled at an earlier age and had been disabled longer. Compared with disabled-worker beneficiaries, they had held less skilled jobs, had earned less money, and had had a weaker attachment to the labor force. These characteristics greatly reduced their chances of qualifying for disabled-worker benefits. Lack of knowledge about the program was also an important contributing factor.", "contents": "Disabled-worker beneficiaries under OASDI: comparison with severely disabled PA recipients. The 1972 Survey of Disabled and Nondisabled Adults found that more than 1 million severely disabled persons aged 20-64 were receiving payments under Federal-State public assistance programs. To determine the reasons why most of these individuals did not qualify for disabled-worker benefits under the social security program, their characteristics were compared with those of the approximately 1.5 million disabled-worker beneficiaries. The public assistance recipients were found to be younger and less well educated than their disabled-worker beneficiary counterparts. A greater proportion of them were women and more were members of minority races. Public assistance recipients became disabled at an earlier age and had been disabled longer. Compared with disabled-worker beneficiaries, they had held less skilled jobs, had earned less money, and had had a weaker attachment to the labor force. These characteristics greatly reduced their chances of qualifying for disabled-worker benefits. Lack of knowledge about the program was also an important contributing factor."}
{"id": "PMID:143079", "title": "Cardiac output following adrenomedullary deprivation.", "content": "This study was performed to determine whether or not the adrenal medulla supports cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance after acute hypovolemia. Two groups of anesthetized dogs were studied. The first group underwent right adrenalectomy and the second, left adrenal denervation in addition. Adrenocortical function, as reflected by compound F and dihydroepiandrosterone determinations, was equally maintained in both groups for 120 minutes after hemorrhage. Arterial plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine were low in group 2, p greater than 0.05 to greater 0.01. Cardiac index and peripheral vascular resistance were comparable in both groups before and for two hours after the induction of hypovolemia to a mean arterial pressure of 50 millimeters of mercury. The findings indicate that cardiac output and total peripheral resistance do not require adrenomedullary catecholamine release after acute hypovolemia.", "contents": "Cardiac output following adrenomedullary deprivation. This study was performed to determine whether or not the adrenal medulla supports cardiac output and total peripheral vascular resistance after acute hypovolemia. Two groups of anesthetized dogs were studied. The first group underwent right adrenalectomy and the second, left adrenal denervation in addition. Adrenocortical function, as reflected by compound F and dihydroepiandrosterone determinations, was equally maintained in both groups for 120 minutes after hemorrhage. Arterial plasma concentrations of norepinephrine and epinephrine were low in group 2, p greater than 0.05 to greater 0.01. Cardiac index and peripheral vascular resistance were comparable in both groups before and for two hours after the induction of hypovolemia to a mean arterial pressure of 50 millimeters of mercury. The findings indicate that cardiac output and total peripheral resistance do not require adrenomedullary catecholamine release after acute hypovolemia."}
{"id": "PMID:143083", "title": "[Intraoperative control of revascularisation and indication for reintervention (author's transl)].", "content": "Among the procedures of intraoperative control of revascularisation the simple method of probe passage for determination of technical mistakes during anastomoses is very valuable. More informative is the measurement of bypass-flow using an electromagnetic flowmeter. We compared this method with the results of intraoperative angiography, which is performed in our hospital routinely for immediate control of revascularisation. A comparison of 214 veins demonstrated a good statistically significant correlation between run-off and bypass-flow. The quality of the anastomosis can only be judged by intraoperative angiography and does not correlate with a low bypass flow. According to these measurements it was necessary in four cases to perfrom an intraoperative reintervention.", "contents": "[Intraoperative control of revascularisation and indication for reintervention (author's transl)]. Among the procedures of intraoperative control of revascularisation the simple method of probe passage for determination of technical mistakes during anastomoses is very valuable. More informative is the measurement of bypass-flow using an electromagnetic flowmeter. We compared this method with the results of intraoperative angiography, which is performed in our hospital routinely for immediate control of revascularisation. A comparison of 214 veins demonstrated a good statistically significant correlation between run-off and bypass-flow. The quality of the anastomosis can only be judged by intraoperative angiography and does not correlate with a low bypass flow. According to these measurements it was necessary in four cases to perfrom an intraoperative reintervention."}
{"id": "PMID:143088", "title": "In vitro conversion of 5-androstenediol to testosterone by the central nervous system and pituitary of the male rat.", "content": "The in vitro metabolism of 7-3H-5-androstenediol by the pituitary, some brain structures, and ventral prostate of adult castrated male rat was studied. Conversion of 5-androstenediol to radiochemically pure testosterone was demonstrated in all tissues studied in the presence of a NADPH generating system. Formation of dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone was also detected. The higher conversion rates were found in the pituitary, hypothalamus and mesencephalic tegmentum. These results demonstrate the presence of 3beta-hydroxy steroid oxidoreductase, delta4- delta5 isomerase, 5alpha-reductase, and 17beta-ol dehydrogenase in the rat brain which may in part explain the behavioral and brain virilization effects of 5-androstenediol.", "contents": "In vitro conversion of 5-androstenediol to testosterone by the central nervous system and pituitary of the male rat. The in vitro metabolism of 7-3H-5-androstenediol by the pituitary, some brain structures, and ventral prostate of adult castrated male rat was studied. Conversion of 5-androstenediol to radiochemically pure testosterone was demonstrated in all tissues studied in the presence of a NADPH generating system. Formation of dihydrotestosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone was also detected. The higher conversion rates were found in the pituitary, hypothalamus and mesencephalic tegmentum. These results demonstrate the presence of 3beta-hydroxy steroid oxidoreductase, delta4- delta5 isomerase, 5alpha-reductase, and 17beta-ol dehydrogenase in the rat brain which may in part explain the behavioral and brain virilization effects of 5-androstenediol."}
{"id": "PMID:143089", "title": "Modification of immunological potential by ultraviolet radiation. I. Immune status of short-term UV-irradiated mice.", "content": "C3Hf/HeN mice support the progressive growth of most transplanted syngeneic ultraviolet (UV) light-induced tumors following short-term UV exposure whereas nonexposed mice reject these tumors. Because an immunosuppressive role in UV-mediated tumor susceptibility might be suggested by these observations, a comparison of several immunological parameters has been conducted. These include antibody production, proliferation in response to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation, and the generation of cytotoxic effector cells by normal or short-term UV-exposed mice. The results indicate that short-term UV irradiation of mice does not result in any readily detectable alterations of the host's immune system other than the consistent loss of the antitumor response mediating rejection of the transplanted UV-induced tumor.", "contents": "Modification of immunological potential by ultraviolet radiation. I. Immune status of short-term UV-irradiated mice. C3Hf/HeN mice support the progressive growth of most transplanted syngeneic ultraviolet (UV) light-induced tumors following short-term UV exposure whereas nonexposed mice reject these tumors. Because an immunosuppressive role in UV-mediated tumor susceptibility might be suggested by these observations, a comparison of several immunological parameters has been conducted. These include antibody production, proliferation in response to antigenic and mitogenic stimulation, and the generation of cytotoxic effector cells by normal or short-term UV-exposed mice. The results indicate that short-term UV irradiation of mice does not result in any readily detectable alterations of the host's immune system other than the consistent loss of the antitumor response mediating rejection of the transplanted UV-induced tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:143093", "title": "The effect of thiabendazole in a mixed leukocyte culture.", "content": "The effect of thiabendazole (TBZ), an anthelmintic, on a mixed leukocyte culture was assessed. Following i.p. administration of TBZ at a dose of 20 mg/kg to C57BL/6 mice, spleen cells were harvested and reacted in a one-way mixed leukocyte culture with irradiated BALB/c stimulator cells. When TBZ was administered 24 hr before the animals were killed, the proliferative response of spleen cells after 5 days in culture was greater than two times that of responder cells from normal, untreated C57BL/6 mice; the reactivity of spleen cells harvested 48 hr after TBZ administration was not statistically different from controls. Although proliferative response of normal responder cells reached a peak on day 6, TBZ treatment 24 hr before the mice were killed caused spleen cells to reach a proliferate peak on day 3. The magnitude of this peak was three times the normal proliferative peak on day 6. The population of spleen cells affected by TBZ is in the plastic-adherent fraction, and the drug effect can be transferred to normal responder lymphocytes by the addition of peritoneal exudate cells from TBZ-treated mice.", "contents": "The effect of thiabendazole in a mixed leukocyte culture. The effect of thiabendazole (TBZ), an anthelmintic, on a mixed leukocyte culture was assessed. Following i.p. administration of TBZ at a dose of 20 mg/kg to C57BL/6 mice, spleen cells were harvested and reacted in a one-way mixed leukocyte culture with irradiated BALB/c stimulator cells. When TBZ was administered 24 hr before the animals were killed, the proliferative response of spleen cells after 5 days in culture was greater than two times that of responder cells from normal, untreated C57BL/6 mice; the reactivity of spleen cells harvested 48 hr after TBZ administration was not statistically different from controls. Although proliferative response of normal responder cells reached a peak on day 6, TBZ treatment 24 hr before the mice were killed caused spleen cells to reach a proliferate peak on day 3. The magnitude of this peak was three times the normal proliferative peak on day 6. The population of spleen cells affected by TBZ is in the plastic-adherent fraction, and the drug effect can be transferred to normal responder lymphocytes by the addition of peritoneal exudate cells from TBZ-treated mice."}
{"id": "PMID:143097", "title": "[Cytochemical study of different stages in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. I. Amylopectin and lipids in endozoites].", "content": "Attempts were made to localize cytochemically acid micopolysaccharides, in addition to sulphate groups of mucosubstances in Toxoplasma endozoites of SS-119 and RH strains with negative results. Amylopectin was found to be the only polysaccharide so far detected in the endozoite stage, using the PAS technique. With RH strain toxoplasmas, the dynamics of amylopectin was followed within 6 days after mouse inoculation. On day 2, toxoplasmas and the host cells of the mouse peritoneal exudate being practically PAS-negative, the amount of amylopectin increased progressively towards day 6. The immune response of the host may be presumably involved in the pattern of this dynamics. Phospholipids were detected in the cytoplasm of intra- and extracellular endozoites of strain SS-119. Little, if any, amount of neutral fat was observed. Of special interest is the increased phospholipid content in the infected host cells.", "contents": "[Cytochemical study of different stages in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. I. Amylopectin and lipids in endozoites]. Attempts were made to localize cytochemically acid micopolysaccharides, in addition to sulphate groups of mucosubstances in Toxoplasma endozoites of SS-119 and RH strains with negative results. Amylopectin was found to be the only polysaccharide so far detected in the endozoite stage, using the PAS technique. With RH strain toxoplasmas, the dynamics of amylopectin was followed within 6 days after mouse inoculation. On day 2, toxoplasmas and the host cells of the mouse peritoneal exudate being practically PAS-negative, the amount of amylopectin increased progressively towards day 6. The immune response of the host may be presumably involved in the pattern of this dynamics. Phospholipids were detected in the cytoplasm of intra- and extracellular endozoites of strain SS-119. Little, if any, amount of neutral fat was observed. Of special interest is the increased phospholipid content in the infected host cells."}
{"id": "PMID:143101", "title": "A computer system for on-line decoding of ultrasonic Doppler signals from blood flow measurement.", "content": "This work describes a computer system which may be used for analyzing Doppler signals obtained when measuring the blood velocity. The computer operates on-line, and the velocity components in the blood vessel are obtainedin real-time. The mean velocity and the relative velocity distribution is calculated from the velocity spectrum. Measurements taken from a femoral artery are shown.", "contents": "A computer system for on-line decoding of ultrasonic Doppler signals from blood flow measurement. This work describes a computer system which may be used for analyzing Doppler signals obtained when measuring the blood velocity. The computer operates on-line, and the velocity components in the blood vessel are obtainedin real-time. The mean velocity and the relative velocity distribution is calculated from the velocity spectrum. Measurements taken from a femoral artery are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:143099", "title": "[ATPase activity of the guinea pig central nervous system tissue with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis].", "content": "It is established that the activity of Na+, K+ = ATPase and Mg2+, Ca2+ = ATPase lowers significantly at the paralytic stage of the disease. At earlier stages of the disease preceding the appearance of peculiar neurological symptoms (the seventh and fourteenth days of the incubation period) a decrease of the Mg2+, Ca2+ = ATPase activity was observed in the brain and spinal cord, whereas the Na+, K+ = ATPase activity in the brain remained at the control level up to the appearance of the disease clearly developed symptoms. The Na+, K+ = ATPase activity of the brain on the fourteenth day of the incubation period corresponded to the level of the activity at the paralytic stage of the disease.", "contents": "[ATPase activity of the guinea pig central nervous system tissue with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis]. It is established that the activity of Na+, K+ = ATPase and Mg2+, Ca2+ = ATPase lowers significantly at the paralytic stage of the disease. At earlier stages of the disease preceding the appearance of peculiar neurological symptoms (the seventh and fourteenth days of the incubation period) a decrease of the Mg2+, Ca2+ = ATPase activity was observed in the brain and spinal cord, whereas the Na+, K+ = ATPase activity in the brain remained at the control level up to the appearance of the disease clearly developed symptoms. The Na+, K+ = ATPase activity of the brain on the fourteenth day of the incubation period corresponded to the level of the activity at the paralytic stage of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:143103", "title": "Chronic serous otitis media: an immune complex disease.", "content": "In characterizing the immunochemical and biochemical nature of middle ear effusions (MEE) of chronic serous otitis media (SOM), we have previously shown that MEE contain all major immunoglobulin classes, increased levels of several lysosomal enzymes, decreased total complement, but increased levels of C3. This report extends these observations by showing that MEE also contains C3 proactivator (C3PA) that can be activated by those organisms involved in acute otitis media, which confirms a functional alternate complement pathway. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the presence of soluble immune complexes in MEE using the Raji cell test. These data further support an immune complex mediated etiopathogenesis for chronic SOM.", "contents": "Chronic serous otitis media: an immune complex disease. In characterizing the immunochemical and biochemical nature of middle ear effusions (MEE) of chronic serous otitis media (SOM), we have previously shown that MEE contain all major immunoglobulin classes, increased levels of several lysosomal enzymes, decreased total complement, but increased levels of C3. This report extends these observations by showing that MEE also contains C3 proactivator (C3PA) that can be activated by those organisms involved in acute otitis media, which confirms a functional alternate complement pathway. Furthermore, we have demonstrated the presence of soluble immune complexes in MEE using the Raji cell test. These data further support an immune complex mediated etiopathogenesis for chronic SOM."}
{"id": "PMID:143109", "title": "[Adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase activity of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes].", "content": "Albion mice were immunized with a suspension of sheep erythrocytes. The animals were killed on the fifth and eighth day, and lymphocytes were taken from their spleen tissue. Studied was the activity of the adenosinetriphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase in the lymphocytes during the immunogenesis in terms of their link with the cellblast transformation. The enzyme activity was determined by the method of Emmelot, Bos, and the extent of the blast transformation was expressed by the so-called blastogenic index (BI). It was found that: 1. During immunogenesis 32% of the lymphocytes in the mouse spleen are transformed into blast cells. 2. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase drops, and that of adenosinetriphosphatase rises. 3. Parallelism exists between the extent of the lymphocyte blast transformation and the level of adenosinetriphosphatase. 4. The drop in the activity of 5'-nucleotidase is considered to be the aftermath of the drop in the intracellular adenosinetriphosphatase content.", "contents": "[Adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase activity of antigen-stimulated lymphocytes]. Albion mice were immunized with a suspension of sheep erythrocytes. The animals were killed on the fifth and eighth day, and lymphocytes were taken from their spleen tissue. Studied was the activity of the adenosinetriphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase in the lymphocytes during the immunogenesis in terms of their link with the cellblast transformation. The enzyme activity was determined by the method of Emmelot, Bos, and the extent of the blast transformation was expressed by the so-called blastogenic index (BI). It was found that: 1. During immunogenesis 32% of the lymphocytes in the mouse spleen are transformed into blast cells. 2. The activity of 5'-nucleotidase drops, and that of adenosinetriphosphatase rises. 3. Parallelism exists between the extent of the lymphocyte blast transformation and the level of adenosinetriphosphatase. 4. The drop in the activity of 5'-nucleotidase is considered to be the aftermath of the drop in the intracellular adenosinetriphosphatase content."}
{"id": "PMID:143110", "title": "[ATP and ATPase activity in the liver and brain cell fractions of gamma-irradiated chick embryos and newly hatched chicks].", "content": "Studied were the level of ADP and the adenosinetriphosphatase in nuclei, mitochondria, and microsomes taken from the brain and liver of singly gamma-irradiated at 1000 rd chick embryos and birds. As a result of the treatment of ADP content dropped, while the activity ADP rose. These changes were most strongly expressed in the nuclei, then in the mitochondria, and to a lesser extent-in the microsomes. Twelve-day chick embryos showed more markedly expressed radiosensitivity than newly hatched chicks. This embryonal state is characterized by intense growth, differentiation and metabolic processes in the liver, which substantiate not only the higher radiosensitivity of this age group but the more strongly expressed changes in the liver as compared with the brain.", "contents": "[ATP and ATPase activity in the liver and brain cell fractions of gamma-irradiated chick embryos and newly hatched chicks]. Studied were the level of ADP and the adenosinetriphosphatase in nuclei, mitochondria, and microsomes taken from the brain and liver of singly gamma-irradiated at 1000 rd chick embryos and birds. As a result of the treatment of ADP content dropped, while the activity ADP rose. These changes were most strongly expressed in the nuclei, then in the mitochondria, and to a lesser extent-in the microsomes. Twelve-day chick embryos showed more markedly expressed radiosensitivity than newly hatched chicks. This embryonal state is characterized by intense growth, differentiation and metabolic processes in the liver, which substantiate not only the higher radiosensitivity of this age group but the more strongly expressed changes in the liver as compared with the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:143111", "title": "Esthesioneuroblastoma. Histological, histochemical and electron microscopie studies of a case.", "content": "A case of esthesioneuroblastoma was examined by histological, histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The tumour cells showed an argyrophil reaction with the Grimelius technique and contained cytoplasmic secretory granules, but in contrast to previous reports were devoid of histochemically demonstrable biogenic amines. For routine diagnosis the argyrophil technique may be useful in differentiating this type of tumour from epidermoid carcinoma.", "contents": "Esthesioneuroblastoma. Histological, histochemical and electron microscopie studies of a case. A case of esthesioneuroblastoma was examined by histological, histochemical and electron microscopic techniques. The tumour cells showed an argyrophil reaction with the Grimelius technique and contained cytoplasmic secretory granules, but in contrast to previous reports were devoid of histochemically demonstrable biogenic amines. For routine diagnosis the argyrophil technique may be useful in differentiating this type of tumour from epidermoid carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:143112", "title": "Chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis--an electron microscopic study including freeze-fracture. II. Granulocytes, erythrocytes, plasma cells and myeloid stroma.", "content": "In 5 patients with chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis (CMGM) bone marrow specimens were studied by electron microscopy to investigate possible abnormalities of the granulocytic cell lineage. Thin sections were compared with freeze-fracture replicas to elucidate further aspects of leucocyte cytology. The atypia exhibited in these cells (eosinophils, basophils and neutrophil granulocytes) consisted mostly of a disorganization of granulopoiesis with hyper- and hypogranulation, a pathological increase in the number of nuclear blebs and a maturation asynchrony sometimes leading to Pelger-like cell forms. Moreover, a presumptive stem cell was demonstrated in the erythopoietic and granulocytic cell lines resembling CFU cells. In conclusion, granulopoiesis in CMGM exhibited abnormalities as generally observed in chronic myelogenous leukaemia. When considered with our previous finding of malignancy in megakaryopoiesis, CMGM has to be classified as a myelosis of mixed cellularity.", "contents": "Chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis--an electron microscopic study including freeze-fracture. II. Granulocytes, erythrocytes, plasma cells and myeloid stroma. In 5 patients with chronic megakaryocytic-granulocytic myelosis (CMGM) bone marrow specimens were studied by electron microscopy to investigate possible abnormalities of the granulocytic cell lineage. Thin sections were compared with freeze-fracture replicas to elucidate further aspects of leucocyte cytology. The atypia exhibited in these cells (eosinophils, basophils and neutrophil granulocytes) consisted mostly of a disorganization of granulopoiesis with hyper- and hypogranulation, a pathological increase in the number of nuclear blebs and a maturation asynchrony sometimes leading to Pelger-like cell forms. Moreover, a presumptive stem cell was demonstrated in the erythopoietic and granulocytic cell lines resembling CFU cells. In conclusion, granulopoiesis in CMGM exhibited abnormalities as generally observed in chronic myelogenous leukaemia. When considered with our previous finding of malignancy in megakaryopoiesis, CMGM has to be classified as a myelosis of mixed cellularity."}
{"id": "PMID:143113", "title": "Spontaneous atherosclerosis: an ultrastructural study in the white Carneau pigeon.", "content": "The atheroscleroit lesions, associated with the celiac intimal smooth muscle cushions, of four and five year old White Carneau pigeons were studied with the light and electron microscopes. Light microscopic examination of the spontaneous lesions demonstrated large intimal cushions composed of smooth muscle abundant collagen, clusters of foam cells and cholesterol crystal clefts. Ultrastructural examination of the intimal atheroma revealed dilatations between apposing endothelial cells which contained a flocculent material, similar to that seen in the subendothelial space. The subendothelial compartment contained abundant collagen, extracellular lipid, vesiculated material and cell processes which contained a flocculent matrix and tubular-like elements. In addition, fibroblast-like interlaminar cells were often observed. Numerous intimal smooth muscle cells were seen which displayed varied morphology. Abundant foam cells were also present within the intimal atheromas. The presence of atherosclerotic lesions in preexisting intimal smooth muscle cushions suggests that hemodynamic factors may be important in the progression of these spontaneous lesions. Endothelial cell dilatations may provide an important route of transport for circulating elements which may accumulate withing the subendothelial space. Morphologically, it appears that the smooth muscle cells undergo modification and may represent the precursors of foam cells in this species.", "contents": "Spontaneous atherosclerosis: an ultrastructural study in the white Carneau pigeon. The atheroscleroit lesions, associated with the celiac intimal smooth muscle cushions, of four and five year old White Carneau pigeons were studied with the light and electron microscopes. Light microscopic examination of the spontaneous lesions demonstrated large intimal cushions composed of smooth muscle abundant collagen, clusters of foam cells and cholesterol crystal clefts. Ultrastructural examination of the intimal atheroma revealed dilatations between apposing endothelial cells which contained a flocculent material, similar to that seen in the subendothelial space. The subendothelial compartment contained abundant collagen, extracellular lipid, vesiculated material and cell processes which contained a flocculent matrix and tubular-like elements. In addition, fibroblast-like interlaminar cells were often observed. Numerous intimal smooth muscle cells were seen which displayed varied morphology. Abundant foam cells were also present within the intimal atheromas. The presence of atherosclerotic lesions in preexisting intimal smooth muscle cushions suggests that hemodynamic factors may be important in the progression of these spontaneous lesions. Endothelial cell dilatations may provide an important route of transport for circulating elements which may accumulate withing the subendothelial space. Morphologically, it appears that the smooth muscle cells undergo modification and may represent the precursors of foam cells in this species."}
{"id": "PMID:143114", "title": "Serum creatinine concentration and renal interstitial volume. Analysis of correlations in endocapillary (acute) glomerulonephritis and in moderately severe mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Renal biopsies of 44 patients with endocapillary acute glomerulonephritis (gn) and 64 patients with moderately severe mesangioproliferative gn were investigated morphometrically (point-counting-method, tubulometry). In both gn's statistically significant positive corrleations between relative interstitial volume and the concentration of serum creatinine at the time of biopsy were found. Despite severe glomerular lesions the serum creatinine concentration is not increased in most cases of endocapillary acute gn, providing the relative interstitial volume is not increased by more than 15%. Increased serum creatinine concentration without a markedly enlared interstitium was found in 11 cases of endocapillary acute gn with clinically and morphologically proven acute renal failure. In these cases the glomerular function is probably impaired by the Thurau-mechanism. In all other patients, especially in those with moderately severe mesangioproliferative gn, the serum creatinine concentration rises with an enlargement of relative interstitial volume. This reduction of renal function may be explained by a decrease to the total cross-sectional area of postglomerular vessesl, caused by interstitial fibrosis. That may possible lead to diminished renal blood flow and glomerular filtration with an increase of the serum creatinine concentration.", "contents": "Serum creatinine concentration and renal interstitial volume. Analysis of correlations in endocapillary (acute) glomerulonephritis and in moderately severe mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis. Renal biopsies of 44 patients with endocapillary acute glomerulonephritis (gn) and 64 patients with moderately severe mesangioproliferative gn were investigated morphometrically (point-counting-method, tubulometry). In both gn's statistically significant positive corrleations between relative interstitial volume and the concentration of serum creatinine at the time of biopsy were found. Despite severe glomerular lesions the serum creatinine concentration is not increased in most cases of endocapillary acute gn, providing the relative interstitial volume is not increased by more than 15%. Increased serum creatinine concentration without a markedly enlared interstitium was found in 11 cases of endocapillary acute gn with clinically and morphologically proven acute renal failure. In these cases the glomerular function is probably impaired by the Thurau-mechanism. In all other patients, especially in those with moderately severe mesangioproliferative gn, the serum creatinine concentration rises with an enlargement of relative interstitial volume. This reduction of renal function may be explained by a decrease to the total cross-sectional area of postglomerular vessesl, caused by interstitial fibrosis. That may possible lead to diminished renal blood flow and glomerular filtration with an increase of the serum creatinine concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:143115", "title": "The mechanism of palatal shelf elevation and the pathogenesis of cleft palate.", "content": "Both normal Wistar rat fetuses and those with cleft palate induced by 5-Fluoro-2-Desoxyuridine were studied with a view to elucidating the mechanism of palatal shelf elevation and the pathogenesis of cleft palate. It was postulated that normal shelf elevation is brought about rapidly by an intrinsic turgor shelf force generated by binding of water to mucopolysaccharides. Interference with mucopolysaccharide synthesis would seem to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of some types of cleft palate.", "contents": "The mechanism of palatal shelf elevation and the pathogenesis of cleft palate. Both normal Wistar rat fetuses and those with cleft palate induced by 5-Fluoro-2-Desoxyuridine were studied with a view to elucidating the mechanism of palatal shelf elevation and the pathogenesis of cleft palate. It was postulated that normal shelf elevation is brought about rapidly by an intrinsic turgor shelf force generated by binding of water to mucopolysaccharides. Interference with mucopolysaccharide synthesis would seem to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of some types of cleft palate."}
{"id": "PMID:143125", "title": "[Role of mass screening in detection of ovarian tumors].", "content": "The author presents an analysis of mass prophylactic examinations among female population both according to the literature data and based on the personal observations. Gynecological examinations are shown to be inadequate for active recognition of early forms of malignant ovarian tumors. Low percentage (from 0.0018 to 0.07%) of recognition of boundary and malignant ovarian tumors during mass prophylactic examinations enabled the author to advocate changing of the aim of prophylactic examinations proper and to single out the contingent with a high-risk of ovarian tumors. It is of great practical value, since it makes possible to select only those potential patients among the females, who are likely to be affected by ovarian tumors in future.", "contents": "[Role of mass screening in detection of ovarian tumors]. The author presents an analysis of mass prophylactic examinations among female population both according to the literature data and based on the personal observations. Gynecological examinations are shown to be inadequate for active recognition of early forms of malignant ovarian tumors. Low percentage (from 0.0018 to 0.07%) of recognition of boundary and malignant ovarian tumors during mass prophylactic examinations enabled the author to advocate changing of the aim of prophylactic examinations proper and to single out the contingent with a high-risk of ovarian tumors. It is of great practical value, since it makes possible to select only those potential patients among the females, who are likely to be affected by ovarian tumors in future."}
{"id": "PMID:143126", "title": "[Value of dispensary examination for the earliest possible detection of malignant ovarian tumors].", "content": "A comparative estimation of the results of dispensary observation, based on the data of only gynecological study and effective dispensary control with the organization of high-risk groups and application of the complex diagnostics system, proved the rationale to raise the question on the need of effective recognition of patients with ovarian tumors. The effective dispensary control was found to enable the detection of ovarian tumors with an adequate reliability in 93.6%; (versus 22.0% without using a detailed examination), unsuspected ovarian tumors being found clinically in 3.0%. There were not only benign but also proliferating and malignant tumors in early stages among effectively revealed ovarian tumors.", "contents": "[Value of dispensary examination for the earliest possible detection of malignant ovarian tumors]. A comparative estimation of the results of dispensary observation, based on the data of only gynecological study and effective dispensary control with the organization of high-risk groups and application of the complex diagnostics system, proved the rationale to raise the question on the need of effective recognition of patients with ovarian tumors. The effective dispensary control was found to enable the detection of ovarian tumors with an adequate reliability in 93.6%; (versus 22.0% without using a detailed examination), unsuspected ovarian tumors being found clinically in 3.0%. There were not only benign but also proliferating and malignant tumors in early stages among effectively revealed ovarian tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:143129", "title": "[Acromegalic cardiopathy].", "content": "A patient with acromegaly is described with a relatively small eosinophilic adenoma of the hypophysis, the cardiopathy standing out on the foreground of the clinical pictrire, due to which it has for a long time been interpreted as a primary cardiac ailment. The cardiac disorder proceeds with cardiomegaly, conductivity disturbances and left, quickly progressing into complete and resistant to treatment cardiac insufficiency. The problem of the origination of the so called primary cardiac insufficiency is discussed, resulting from the direct effect of STH upon myocardium.", "contents": "[Acromegalic cardiopathy]. A patient with acromegaly is described with a relatively small eosinophilic adenoma of the hypophysis, the cardiopathy standing out on the foreground of the clinical pictrire, due to which it has for a long time been interpreted as a primary cardiac ailment. The cardiac disorder proceeds with cardiomegaly, conductivity disturbances and left, quickly progressing into complete and resistant to treatment cardiac insufficiency. The problem of the origination of the so called primary cardiac insufficiency is discussed, resulting from the direct effect of STH upon myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:143130", "title": "[Functional characteristics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy].", "content": "The hemodynamics was studies in 59 patients with hypertrophic cardiopathy: obstructive (33 cases) and non-obstructive (26 cases). The diagnosis was made and the hemodynamics studied by left and right ventricle catheterization, left ventriculography and echocardiography. A general hyperkinetism of the left ventricle pump function was established--increased fraction of forcing, per cent of the systolic shortening and contraction rate of the circumferential fibres with a not adequately large beat and minute volume. The regional functional of the left ventricle is characterized by hypokinetism of the interventricular septum and considerable hypercontractility of the left ventricle free wall. The diastolic filling of the left ventricle is impeded due to the decreased telediastolic size and volume and diminished extensibility. That leads to the increase of the final diastolic pressure in the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery, manifested especially after physical loading. The subaortic constriction is a result mainly of the systolic shifting of the posterior papillaris muscle forward and upward towards the hypertrophic interventricular septum. Subaortic  stenosis shows considerable deviations and changes during the dynamic observations of the patients.", "contents": "[Functional characteristics of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]. The hemodynamics was studies in 59 patients with hypertrophic cardiopathy: obstructive (33 cases) and non-obstructive (26 cases). The diagnosis was made and the hemodynamics studied by left and right ventricle catheterization, left ventriculography and echocardiography. A general hyperkinetism of the left ventricle pump function was established--increased fraction of forcing, per cent of the systolic shortening and contraction rate of the circumferential fibres with a not adequately large beat and minute volume. The regional functional of the left ventricle is characterized by hypokinetism of the interventricular septum and considerable hypercontractility of the left ventricle free wall. The diastolic filling of the left ventricle is impeded due to the decreased telediastolic size and volume and diminished extensibility. That leads to the increase of the final diastolic pressure in the left ventricle and the pulmonary artery, manifested especially after physical loading. The subaortic constriction is a result mainly of the systolic shifting of the posterior papillaris muscle forward and upward towards the hypertrophic interventricular septum. Subaortic  stenosis shows considerable deviations and changes during the dynamic observations of the patients."}
{"id": "PMID:143127", "title": "[Characteristics of the microflora of food products from the southwest zone of Kazakhstan].", "content": "The question as to the prevalence of toxigenic microscopic fungi in foodstuffs originating in Kazakhstan is but little studied. In particular, no information on the microflora in the products coming from the south-western areas of the republic are available. The paper brings forth the results consequent upon the study of the problem in the Guriev and Dzhambul regions typical of this area. Microflora in 317 samples of various foodstuffs (wheat grains, flour and mealy products, rice, husket millet, dried meat, etc.) taken in rural families was studied by conventional methods. A highly frequent and intensive contamination of the vegetable and animal products with micomycetes, among which a definite prevalence of the species belonging to genus Aspergillus was noted. Aspergilli were represented mainly by the species known by their toxigenicity (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. candidus, A. niger, A. versicolor and others). A conclusion is drawn as to a potential hazard of mycotoxicoses arising in the south-western part of Kazakhstan. Recommendations for instituting preventive measures are given.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the microflora of food products from the southwest zone of Kazakhstan]. The question as to the prevalence of toxigenic microscopic fungi in foodstuffs originating in Kazakhstan is but little studied. In particular, no information on the microflora in the products coming from the south-western areas of the republic are available. The paper brings forth the results consequent upon the study of the problem in the Guriev and Dzhambul regions typical of this area. Microflora in 317 samples of various foodstuffs (wheat grains, flour and mealy products, rice, husket millet, dried meat, etc.) taken in rural families was studied by conventional methods. A highly frequent and intensive contamination of the vegetable and animal products with micomycetes, among which a definite prevalence of the species belonging to genus Aspergillus was noted. Aspergilli were represented mainly by the species known by their toxigenicity (A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. candidus, A. niger, A. versicolor and others). A conclusion is drawn as to a potential hazard of mycotoxicoses arising in the south-western part of Kazakhstan. Recommendations for instituting preventive measures are given."}
{"id": "PMID:143137", "title": "[A new method for the fixation of the \"T\"-drainage in long-term experiments].", "content": "A new method of long-term fixing the T-drainage in the abdominal wall in animal experience is discribed. Measurements of the pressure in the ductus choledochus were carried out by using a caroli-manometer in an long-term experiment.", "contents": "[A new method for the fixation of the \"T\"-drainage in long-term experiments]. A new method of long-term fixing the T-drainage in the abdominal wall in animal experience is discribed. Measurements of the pressure in the ductus choledochus were carried out by using a caroli-manometer in an long-term experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:143140", "title": "Carcinogenic activity of anthanthrene on mouse skin.", "content": "Dibenzo [cd,jk] pyrene (anthanthrene), considered to be noncarcinogenic, was examined for carcinogenicity in a comparative study with other polycyclic hydrocarbons. Anthanthrene induced benign and malignant epidermal neoplasms in female Swiss mice after repeated skin application. The incidence of these tumors (47%) was lower and the latency longer than those found after benzo[a]pyrene or dibenzo[a,h]pyrene treatment. Since the proportion of malignant neoplasms was similar (60%) in these three groups, the results indicate that anthanthrene is a relatively strong carcinogen. A rationale accounting for previous negative results in percutaneous experiments with this compound is suggested.", "contents": "Carcinogenic activity of anthanthrene on mouse skin. Dibenzo [cd,jk] pyrene (anthanthrene), considered to be noncarcinogenic, was examined for carcinogenicity in a comparative study with other polycyclic hydrocarbons. Anthanthrene induced benign and malignant epidermal neoplasms in female Swiss mice after repeated skin application. The incidence of these tumors (47%) was lower and the latency longer than those found after benzo[a]pyrene or dibenzo[a,h]pyrene treatment. Since the proportion of malignant neoplasms was similar (60%) in these three groups, the results indicate that anthanthrene is a relatively strong carcinogen. A rationale accounting for previous negative results in percutaneous experiments with this compound is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:143141", "title": "Hepatocarcinogenetic effect of DENA in pigs.", "content": "DENA was fed to G\u00f6ttingen mini-pigs at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg body weight with a total dosage of 420 mg/kg over an experimental period of five years. The animals showed multiple neoplasia of the liver with all transitions, including hepatocellular carcinoma and Kupffer-cell sarcoma with metastases in the regional lymph nodes and the lung. Two animals had metastases in the lung as well as one renal carcinoma and one tumor in the hemisphere of the brain.", "contents": "Hepatocarcinogenetic effect of DENA in pigs. DENA was fed to G\u00f6ttingen mini-pigs at a dose of 0.4 mg/kg body weight with a total dosage of 420 mg/kg over an experimental period of five years. The animals showed multiple neoplasia of the liver with all transitions, including hepatocellular carcinoma and Kupffer-cell sarcoma with metastases in the regional lymph nodes and the lung. Two animals had metastases in the lung as well as one renal carcinoma and one tumor in the hemisphere of the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:143142", "title": "[Experimental investigations on the tumorigenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate on mouse skin. VII. Comparative studies of condensates from different modified cigarettes (author's transl)].", "content": "Condensate from different modified cigarettes were compared with condensate from a standard cigarette with regard to its tumorigenic activity on mouse skin. Significant lower effects were observed in test series with cigarettes from expanded tobacco. Different results were obtained in experiments with cigarettes from the new smoking materials. In one case the effect was higher, in two another cases the effect was lower in comparison to the effect of condensate from reference cigarettes. A certain influence may be referred to the diameter of the cigarette, i.e. a thinner cigarette shows a lower biological effect. The lowest tumoringenic effect was observed in tests with cigarettes with a high content of Burley-stems.", "contents": "[Experimental investigations on the tumorigenic activity of cigarette smoke condensate on mouse skin. VII. Comparative studies of condensates from different modified cigarettes (author's transl)]. Condensate from different modified cigarettes were compared with condensate from a standard cigarette with regard to its tumorigenic activity on mouse skin. Significant lower effects were observed in test series with cigarettes from expanded tobacco. Different results were obtained in experiments with cigarettes from the new smoking materials. In one case the effect was higher, in two another cases the effect was lower in comparison to the effect of condensate from reference cigarettes. A certain influence may be referred to the diameter of the cigarette, i.e. a thinner cigarette shows a lower biological effect. The lowest tumoringenic effect was observed in tests with cigarettes with a high content of Burley-stems."}
{"id": "PMID:143146", "title": "The effect of dimethylbenz(a) anthracene on murine hematopoiesis.", "content": "DMBA was given p.o. to young adult female CBA/J mice in two regimens, a single dose of 1 mg and 4 doses of 1 mg in weekly intervals. In the peripheral blood only a transient reticulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia was observed in both groups. After 4 doses the thymus and spleen weights were reduced up to 4 weeks after the last dose. In the bone marrow the cellularity was lower in treated animals than in controls. After 1 mg DMBA pluripotent stem cells (CFUc) in the marrow were reduced to about 50--70% over a 2- to 3-week period, in the spleen the CFUs concentration was reduced to 10% at day 3 with about normal levels after 3  to 4 weeks. The compartment of granulocytic committed stem cells (CFUs) in both organs followed the same pattern with an overshoot in CFUc concentration in the spleen after 3 to 4 weeks. After 4 doses CFUs and CFUc were more depressed, regeneration began about 2 weeks after the last dose in both organs. CFUc in the marrow had normal and in the spleen supra-normal concentrations 3 and 4 weeks after the last dose.", "contents": "The effect of dimethylbenz(a) anthracene on murine hematopoiesis. DMBA was given p.o. to young adult female CBA/J mice in two regimens, a single dose of 1 mg and 4 doses of 1 mg in weekly intervals. In the peripheral blood only a transient reticulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia was observed in both groups. After 4 doses the thymus and spleen weights were reduced up to 4 weeks after the last dose. In the bone marrow the cellularity was lower in treated animals than in controls. After 1 mg DMBA pluripotent stem cells (CFUc) in the marrow were reduced to about 50--70% over a 2- to 3-week period, in the spleen the CFUs concentration was reduced to 10% at day 3 with about normal levels after 3  to 4 weeks. The compartment of granulocytic committed stem cells (CFUs) in both organs followed the same pattern with an overshoot in CFUc concentration in the spleen after 3 to 4 weeks. After 4 doses CFUs and CFUc were more depressed, regeneration began about 2 weeks after the last dose in both organs. CFUc in the marrow had normal and in the spleen supra-normal concentrations 3 and 4 weeks after the last dose."}
{"id": "PMID:143161", "title": "[Determination of the residual monomer diffusion from implanted kallokryl-K bodies and their mandibular tissue reactions].", "content": "The paper, after discussing the problems associated with the implantation of cold-polymerizing polymethyl methacrylates, describes the methods and results of determining the diffusion of residual monomers from implanted Kallokryl K bodies. Also described and discussed are histological studies of the implant supporting tissue and possible consequences of the decreasing, but constant diffusion of residual monomers, respectively.", "contents": "[Determination of the residual monomer diffusion from implanted kallokryl-K bodies and their mandibular tissue reactions]. The paper, after discussing the problems associated with the implantation of cold-polymerizing polymethyl methacrylates, describes the methods and results of determining the diffusion of residual monomers from implanted Kallokryl K bodies. Also described and discussed are histological studies of the implant supporting tissue and possible consequences of the decreasing, but constant diffusion of residual monomers, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:143160", "title": "[Visceral diseases as cause of lumbar syndromes].", "content": "30 patients with hepatitis, 50 patients with gynecological diseases, and 100 with urological diseases were investigated with regards to lumbago to find out whether there is a correlation between the internal disease and the signs of low back pain. The patients were compared with a control group of 33 healthy people. The vertebral localisation of the pain and its radiation were investigated and discussed in certain diseases as well as any correlation between lumbago and average age. The various possibilities of pain radiation are described and the importance of the vertebral column as secondary seat of low back pain is pointed out.", "contents": "[Visceral diseases as cause of lumbar syndromes]. 30 patients with hepatitis, 50 patients with gynecological diseases, and 100 with urological diseases were investigated with regards to lumbago to find out whether there is a correlation between the internal disease and the signs of low back pain. The patients were compared with a control group of 33 healthy people. The vertebral localisation of the pain and its radiation were investigated and discussed in certain diseases as well as any correlation between lumbago and average age. The various possibilities of pain radiation are described and the importance of the vertebral column as secondary seat of low back pain is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:143164", "title": "[Changes in the retinal vessels in mandibular nerve anesthesia. A potential for complications].", "content": "Examinations of the eyegrounds were made on thirty subjects after conduction anesthesia with xylocitin of the inferior alveolar nerve as well as on nine subjects after sodium chloride injections in order to determine the effect of mandibular conduction anesthesia on retinal vessels. Retinal vascular widths were measured and arteriovenous indices determined. The subjects were divided into groups according to preexisting general diseases, age, sex, and smoking habits. Retinal vascular changes were determined in dependence on age and smoking habits after injections made into the mandibular foramen, and the manner of origin and the results are discussed with particular reference to data reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Changes in the retinal vessels in mandibular nerve anesthesia. A potential for complications]. Examinations of the eyegrounds were made on thirty subjects after conduction anesthesia with xylocitin of the inferior alveolar nerve as well as on nine subjects after sodium chloride injections in order to determine the effect of mandibular conduction anesthesia on retinal vessels. Retinal vascular widths were measured and arteriovenous indices determined. The subjects were divided into groups according to preexisting general diseases, age, sex, and smoking habits. Retinal vascular changes were determined in dependence on age and smoking habits after injections made into the mandibular foramen, and the manner of origin and the results are discussed with particular reference to data reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:143165", "title": "[Results after surgical therapy of temporomandibular joint ankylosis].", "content": "This paper reports the results of, and experience gained from, seventy-nine operations for ankylosis performed between 1946 and 1974 at the Berlin Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery. In fourteen surgical operations freeze-dried dura was used as an implant, with good functional results being obtained.", "contents": "[Results after surgical therapy of temporomandibular joint ankylosis]. This paper reports the results of, and experience gained from, seventy-nine operations for ankylosis performed between 1946 and 1974 at the Berlin Clinic of Maxillofacial Surgery. In fourteen surgical operations freeze-dried dura was used as an implant, with good functional results being obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:143167", "title": "[Sarcoma of the abdominal wall ruptured during labor].", "content": "A case of fibrosarcoma of the extraperitoneal connective tissue of the right rectus muscle with rupture intra partum is reported. A review of the literature is presented. The prognosis after treatment by two consecutive operations and irradiation is discussed.", "contents": "[Sarcoma of the abdominal wall ruptured during labor]. A case of fibrosarcoma of the extraperitoneal connective tissue of the right rectus muscle with rupture intra partum is reported. A review of the literature is presented. The prognosis after treatment by two consecutive operations and irradiation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143171", "title": "[Effect of peptidoglycan preparations on phage inactivation: decrease in phage 187 binding using monosaccharides].", "content": "Monosaccharides were found to be capable to decreasing the binding of phage 187 with peptidoglycan. Galactosamine hydrochloride and glucosamine hydrochloride proved to be the most effective, followed in order of decreasing activity by N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, glucose and galactose; mannose produced a weak effect. Ca2+ ions increased the reduction of phage peptiglycan binding with N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Both of these monosaccharides also reduced the adsorption of phage 187 by the Staphylococcus aureus cells. In the medium enriched with Ca2+ ions; in the absence of Ca2+, they were, however, incapable of releasing the phage irreversibly bound with the peptidoglycan.", "contents": "[Effect of peptidoglycan preparations on phage inactivation: decrease in phage 187 binding using monosaccharides]. Monosaccharides were found to be capable to decreasing the binding of phage 187 with peptidoglycan. Galactosamine hydrochloride and glucosamine hydrochloride proved to be the most effective, followed in order of decreasing activity by N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, glucose and galactose; mannose produced a weak effect. Ca2+ ions increased the reduction of phage peptiglycan binding with N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylglucosamine. Both of these monosaccharides also reduced the adsorption of phage 187 by the Staphylococcus aureus cells. In the medium enriched with Ca2+ ions; in the absence of Ca2+, they were, however, incapable of releasing the phage irreversibly bound with the peptidoglycan."}
{"id": "PMID:143172", "title": "[Interrelationship between toxigenic and non-toxigenic diphtheria microbes in the epidemic process].", "content": "A study of the circulation of toxigenic and nontoxigenic diphtheria bacilli was carried out in several carrier state foci under conditions of a natural course of the epidemic process. There were 2623 persons under observation. A total of 32158 analyses were carried out, and 2271 strains were isolated and studied. No formation of the toxigenic variants of diphtheria bacillus as a result of phage conversion was revealed in the foci of carrier state despite the wide spread in them of nontoxigenic lysosensitive cultures capable of acquiring the toxigenic properties under experimental conditions, and of the cultures which had converting corinephages. Thus, autonomy of the circulation of the toxigenic and nontoxigenic diphtheria bacilli occurred in the carrier state foci; the leading role in the change of the diphtheria bacillus type belonged to reinfection.", "contents": "[Interrelationship between toxigenic and non-toxigenic diphtheria microbes in the epidemic process]. A study of the circulation of toxigenic and nontoxigenic diphtheria bacilli was carried out in several carrier state foci under conditions of a natural course of the epidemic process. There were 2623 persons under observation. A total of 32158 analyses were carried out, and 2271 strains were isolated and studied. No formation of the toxigenic variants of diphtheria bacillus as a result of phage conversion was revealed in the foci of carrier state despite the wide spread in them of nontoxigenic lysosensitive cultures capable of acquiring the toxigenic properties under experimental conditions, and of the cultures which had converting corinephages. Thus, autonomy of the circulation of the toxigenic and nontoxigenic diphtheria bacilli occurred in the carrier state foci; the leading role in the change of the diphtheria bacillus type belonged to reinfection."}
{"id": "PMID:143168", "title": "[Magnesium-activated adenosine triphosphate of the ampullae of Lorenzini of the skate Dasyatis pastinaca].", "content": "Studies have been made on Mg2+-activated ATPase of electroreceptor structures of the lateral line organin the ray D. pastinaca. It was shown that the enzyme is activated by magnesium ions (2.5 mM), maximum activation being observed at pH 8.0-8.5. The enzyme exhibits substrate specificity to adenyl nucleotides. Walls of ampullar canals also contain Mg2+-ATPase, however the level of the enzymatic activity in these walls is significantly lower.", "contents": "[Magnesium-activated adenosine triphosphate of the ampullae of Lorenzini of the skate Dasyatis pastinaca]. Studies have been made on Mg2+-activated ATPase of electroreceptor structures of the lateral line organin the ray D. pastinaca. It was shown that the enzyme is activated by magnesium ions (2.5 mM), maximum activation being observed at pH 8.0-8.5. The enzyme exhibits substrate specificity to adenyl nucleotides. Walls of ampullar canals also contain Mg2+-ATPase, however the level of the enzymatic activity in these walls is significantly lower."}
{"id": "PMID:143173", "title": "[Basic patterns in the epidemic process of measles under conditions of massive immunization].", "content": "Observations over the measles epidemic process in Leningrad showed that the sporadic morbidity level reached in 1974--4.1 per 100 000 residents; however periodic elevation and decline of morbidity and tis seasonal variations persisted. A rise of morbidity in 1972--1973, and by preliminary data--in 1975, occurred on account of the older age groups. There was revealed no dependence of the disease incidence among the persons vaccinated on the time lapse after their vaccination. Individual batches of live measles vaccine issued in 1963--1969 were not up to the standard, this serving as one of the cases of the occurence of group incidence of the infection in some foci.", "contents": "[Basic patterns in the epidemic process of measles under conditions of massive immunization]. Observations over the measles epidemic process in Leningrad showed that the sporadic morbidity level reached in 1974--4.1 per 100 000 residents; however periodic elevation and decline of morbidity and tis seasonal variations persisted. A rise of morbidity in 1972--1973, and by preliminary data--in 1975, occurred on account of the older age groups. There was revealed no dependence of the disease incidence among the persons vaccinated on the time lapse after their vaccination. Individual batches of live measles vaccine issued in 1963--1969 were not up to the standard, this serving as one of the cases of the occurence of group incidence of the infection in some foci."}
{"id": "PMID:143169", "title": "[Cerebral synaptosome ATPase activity in Citellus erythrogenys susliks during periods of wakefulness and hibernation].", "content": "The activity of synaptosomal Mg- and Na, K-ATPases has been compared during natural hibernation and active periods in ground squirrels. Being assayed in vitro at temperature 37 degrees, the activity of Na, K-ATPase decreases during hibernation by 25%, that of Mg-ATPase--by 37%. The decreased level of the activity of these enzymic systems may result from structural alterations in the brain membranes during hibernation of the animals.", "contents": "[Cerebral synaptosome ATPase activity in Citellus erythrogenys susliks during periods of wakefulness and hibernation]. The activity of synaptosomal Mg- and Na, K-ATPases has been compared during natural hibernation and active periods in ground squirrels. Being assayed in vitro at temperature 37 degrees, the activity of Na, K-ATPase decreases during hibernation by 25%, that of Mg-ATPase--by 37%. The decreased level of the activity of these enzymic systems may result from structural alterations in the brain membranes during hibernation of the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:143174", "title": "[Possible disorder of tissue immunity function in mothers who have given birth to a child with Down's disease].", "content": "The rates of DNA synthesis were studied in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of mothers giving birth to a child with Down's disease. For control purposes a group of donors of the same age and sex were studied as wells. A decrease of 3H-thymidine incorporation was detected in the lymphocytes of the mothers of such children. The found differences were due to a drop of lymphocyte PH-reactivity in the older maternal age group (over 30 years). Interrelation between the changed function of the maternal immune system and the birth of children with chromosome unbalance are discussed.", "contents": "[Possible disorder of tissue immunity function in mothers who have given birth to a child with Down's disease]. The rates of DNA synthesis were studied in PHA-stimulated lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of mothers giving birth to a child with Down's disease. For control purposes a group of donors of the same age and sex were studied as wells. A decrease of 3H-thymidine incorporation was detected in the lymphocytes of the mothers of such children. The found differences were due to a drop of lymphocyte PH-reactivity in the older maternal age group (over 30 years). Interrelation between the changed function of the maternal immune system and the birth of children with chromosome unbalance are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143176", "title": "[Electron-cytochemical distribution of acetylcholinesterase, monamine oxidase and Mg2+-ATPase in the human hypothalamus].", "content": "The distribution of acetylcholinesterase, monoaminoxidase and ATP-ase was studied in human hypothalamus by means of electron microscopy. The study demonstrated a possibility of differentiation of the hypothalamic neurons according to phases of neurosecretion. These data were achieved on the basis of electron cytochemistry in detecting ATP-asa in the nuclei of neurons. Comparing literary data concerning the nonmediator role of acetyl-choline and catecholeamines with personal studies, the authors demonstrate the internal and external barrier functions of acetylcholinesterase and monoamineoxidase in the brain.", "contents": "[Electron-cytochemical distribution of acetylcholinesterase, monamine oxidase and Mg2+-ATPase in the human hypothalamus]. The distribution of acetylcholinesterase, monoaminoxidase and ATP-ase was studied in human hypothalamus by means of electron microscopy. The study demonstrated a possibility of differentiation of the hypothalamic neurons according to phases of neurosecretion. These data were achieved on the basis of electron cytochemistry in detecting ATP-asa in the nuclei of neurons. Comparing literary data concerning the nonmediator role of acetyl-choline and catecholeamines with personal studies, the authors demonstrate the internal and external barrier functions of acetylcholinesterase and monoamineoxidase in the brain."}
{"id": "PMID:143177", "title": "[Demography of several hereditary diseases of the nervous system among the population of the Fergan valley].", "content": "The author studied some hereditary diseases of the nervous system among the population of the Fergan Valley. An analysis of 19751 case histories made it possible to estimate the frequency of separate forms of neuroheredodegenerative diseases (Huntington's chorea, Str\u00fcmpel's paraplegia and different forms of myopathy). A clinico-genetical study of 50 families of the probands permitted to define some clinical and genetical traits of these diseases. It was established that in families of the probands there was a recessive type of inheritance of Str\u00fcmpel's paraplegia and Erbb's myopathy. Huntington's chorea was characterized by a dominant type of inheritance. It was also established that in famalies with a higher inbreeding, Str\u00fcmpel's paraplegia was characterized by an early onset of the disease and a rapid development. The author established the frequency of mutations in these diseases which in Hutington's chorea was 2.8X10(-6), for Str\u00fcmpel's paraplegia--5.8 X 10(-5), Erbb's myopathy 1.12 X 10(5) and Duchenne's myopathy--2.4 X 10(-5).", "contents": "[Demography of several hereditary diseases of the nervous system among the population of the Fergan valley]. The author studied some hereditary diseases of the nervous system among the population of the Fergan Valley. An analysis of 19751 case histories made it possible to estimate the frequency of separate forms of neuroheredodegenerative diseases (Huntington's chorea, Str\u00fcmpel's paraplegia and different forms of myopathy). A clinico-genetical study of 50 families of the probands permitted to define some clinical and genetical traits of these diseases. It was established that in families of the probands there was a recessive type of inheritance of Str\u00fcmpel's paraplegia and Erbb's myopathy. Huntington's chorea was characterized by a dominant type of inheritance. It was also established that in famalies with a higher inbreeding, Str\u00fcmpel's paraplegia was characterized by an early onset of the disease and a rapid development. The author established the frequency of mutations in these diseases which in Hutington's chorea was 2.8X10(-6), for Str\u00fcmpel's paraplegia--5.8 X 10(-5), Erbb's myopathy 1.12 X 10(5) and Duchenne's myopathy--2.4 X 10(-5)."}
{"id": "PMID:143178", "title": "[Effect of lithium on the energy metabolism of nervous tissue].", "content": "Lithium (0.5--4 mM) either significantly increase, either completely normalizers the intensity of the oxidative and energy metabolism of the brain mitochondria, decreased by the influence of the blood serum of patients with manic-depressive psychosis and attack like schizophrenia. At the same time lithium gives an insignificant increase in the intensity of processes of phosphorilation in cases of an action of the blood serum of patients with a continuous development of schizophrenia. Processes of phosphorilation become normalized in a joint action on the mitochondria by lithium and antioxidants. In the process of phosphorilation in comparison with the blood serum of patients who do not receive this preparation. It is assumed that an increase in the intensity of the energy metabolism is one of the mechanisms of therapeutical and prophylactic action of lithium.", "contents": "[Effect of lithium on the energy metabolism of nervous tissue]. Lithium (0.5--4 mM) either significantly increase, either completely normalizers the intensity of the oxidative and energy metabolism of the brain mitochondria, decreased by the influence of the blood serum of patients with manic-depressive psychosis and attack like schizophrenia. At the same time lithium gives an insignificant increase in the intensity of processes of phosphorilation in cases of an action of the blood serum of patients with a continuous development of schizophrenia. Processes of phosphorilation become normalized in a joint action on the mitochondria by lithium and antioxidants. In the process of phosphorilation in comparison with the blood serum of patients who do not receive this preparation. It is assumed that an increase in the intensity of the energy metabolism is one of the mechanisms of therapeutical and prophylactic action of lithium."}
{"id": "PMID:143179", "title": "[Lithium and nucleotide metabolism in brain tissue].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the influence of lithium on the metabolism of free nucleotides and the main sourse of marcoerges in the cell ATP. It was established that lithium increases the consumption of glucose by the brain tissues of rats and guinea pigs, stimulating the creation of macroegic phosphates. Lithium increases the synthesis of cyclic adenosinmonophosphates (AMP) especially on the background of stimulators of adenylatcyclase, the activity of which is inhibited by lithium and calcium and is not changed under the influence of rubidium. Lithium exerts an inhibiting action on the activity of phosphodiestherase, especially expressed on the background of detergent actions. In experimental conditions it stimulates the formation of inosinmonophosphates from AMP and by this way may change the synthesis of nucleotides in the CNS.", "contents": "[Lithium and nucleotide metabolism in brain tissue]. The paper is concerned with the influence of lithium on the metabolism of free nucleotides and the main sourse of marcoerges in the cell ATP. It was established that lithium increases the consumption of glucose by the brain tissues of rats and guinea pigs, stimulating the creation of macroegic phosphates. Lithium increases the synthesis of cyclic adenosinmonophosphates (AMP) especially on the background of stimulators of adenylatcyclase, the activity of which is inhibited by lithium and calcium and is not changed under the influence of rubidium. Lithium exerts an inhibiting action on the activity of phosphodiestherase, especially expressed on the background of detergent actions. In experimental conditions it stimulates the formation of inosinmonophosphates from AMP and by this way may change the synthesis of nucleotides in the CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:143181", "title": "By-pass grafting for femoro-popliteal atherosclerosis.", "content": "175 by-pass operations were performed for femoro-popliteal atherosclerosis during the period January 1967-April 1975. 154 were femoro-popliteal vein by-pass grafts. The material in addition includes 12 distal tibial arterial by-pass grafts, 6 homologous vein grafts, 2 Sparks prosthesis and 1 dacron graft. In the femoro-popliteal vein by-pass group 51% were operated for rest-pain or distal gangrene, while 49% had intermittent claudication. The 4 year patency rate in the two groups was 54% and 66% resepctively and was more favourable when the distal anastomosis was placed above than below the knee. However, the latter group had more severe ischaemic symptoms and the difference is probably in part due to case selection. The results were also more favourable when the proximal anastomosis was placed on the common femoral artery. The operative mortality was 38%. Vein by-pass to the lower leg arteries had a 2 year patency of only 34%. Semi-closed endarterectomy is preferred to homologous vein, Sparks prosthesis or dacron grafts where no sufficient vein for grafting exists. It is concluded that saphenous vein by-pass is the method of choice in patients where femoro-popliteal reconstruction is indicated.", "contents": "By-pass grafting for femoro-popliteal atherosclerosis. 175 by-pass operations were performed for femoro-popliteal atherosclerosis during the period January 1967-April 1975. 154 were femoro-popliteal vein by-pass grafts. The material in addition includes 12 distal tibial arterial by-pass grafts, 6 homologous vein grafts, 2 Sparks prosthesis and 1 dacron graft. In the femoro-popliteal vein by-pass group 51% were operated for rest-pain or distal gangrene, while 49% had intermittent claudication. The 4 year patency rate in the two groups was 54% and 66% resepctively and was more favourable when the distal anastomosis was placed above than below the knee. However, the latter group had more severe ischaemic symptoms and the difference is probably in part due to case selection. The results were also more favourable when the proximal anastomosis was placed on the common femoral artery. The operative mortality was 38%. Vein by-pass to the lower leg arteries had a 2 year patency of only 34%. Semi-closed endarterectomy is preferred to homologous vein, Sparks prosthesis or dacron grafts where no sufficient vein for grafting exists. It is concluded that saphenous vein by-pass is the method of choice in patients where femoro-popliteal reconstruction is indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:143182", "title": "Development of a probe for endoureteral investigation of peristalsis by flow velocity and cross section area measurement.", "content": "A probe system for measurement of ureteric flow velocity and ureter cross section area is described. The flow velocity transducer is placed at the tip of a conventional 4-F ureteric catheter. The cross section transducer consists of two circular electrodes at an interval of 4 mm, mounted on the catheter just behind the flow velocity transducer. In vitro calibration established voltage as a function of flow velocity according to Kings law. Stability was excellent (0-point drift less than 1%/hour). Response time for flow rise was 0.02 second, and for flow fall 1.0 second. Variations of the ambient temperature at constant flow showed a margin of error in flow determination of 10 to 15%/1 degrees C temperature variation. In vitro calibration of the cross section transducer established linear correlation between voltage and tube diameter, but limited by the actual interelectrode interval. Probe displacement from tube axis gave an error of up to 10%. In vivo studies were made in anaesthetized pigs. The probe did not affect ureter peristalsis. Flow velocities ranged from 0 to 5 cm/second and ureter cross sectional areas between 0 and 0.2 cm2. Further developments in the measuring system are discussed.", "contents": "Development of a probe for endoureteral investigation of peristalsis by flow velocity and cross section area measurement. A probe system for measurement of ureteric flow velocity and ureter cross section area is described. The flow velocity transducer is placed at the tip of a conventional 4-F ureteric catheter. The cross section transducer consists of two circular electrodes at an interval of 4 mm, mounted on the catheter just behind the flow velocity transducer. In vitro calibration established voltage as a function of flow velocity according to Kings law. Stability was excellent (0-point drift less than 1%/hour). Response time for flow rise was 0.02 second, and for flow fall 1.0 second. Variations of the ambient temperature at constant flow showed a margin of error in flow determination of 10 to 15%/1 degrees C temperature variation. In vitro calibration of the cross section transducer established linear correlation between voltage and tube diameter, but limited by the actual interelectrode interval. Probe displacement from tube axis gave an error of up to 10%. In vivo studies were made in anaesthetized pigs. The probe did not affect ureter peristalsis. Flow velocities ranged from 0 to 5 cm/second and ureter cross sectional areas between 0 and 0.2 cm2. Further developments in the measuring system are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143184", "title": "Muscle spindles in the inferior constrictor pharyngis muscle of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca irus).", "content": "Pharyngeal muscles were considered to be lacking in spindles. A search was made for the same in the inferior constrictor pharyngis muscle of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca irus). Muscle spindles were found for the first time in this muscle. Transverse serial sections and teased preparations were obtained from this muscle belonging to six such animals, and these tissues were stained by Masson's trichrome and Ranvier's gold method, respectively. Both the methods were successful in revealing these receptors. The potential significance of this finding was discussed in relation to the activities of the pharyngeal muscles and a suggestion for a thorough re-investigation of the so-called spindleless muscles was made.", "contents": "Muscle spindles in the inferior constrictor pharyngis muscle of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca irus). Pharyngeal muscles were considered to be lacking in spindles. A search was made for the same in the inferior constrictor pharyngis muscle of the crab-eating monkey (Macaca irus). Muscle spindles were found for the first time in this muscle. Transverse serial sections and teased preparations were obtained from this muscle belonging to six such animals, and these tissues were stained by Masson's trichrome and Ranvier's gold method, respectively. Both the methods were successful in revealing these receptors. The potential significance of this finding was discussed in relation to the activities of the pharyngeal muscles and a suggestion for a thorough re-investigation of the so-called spindleless muscles was made."}
{"id": "PMID:143185", "title": "Ultrastructural effects of parachlorophenylalanine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and the imipramine group on the nerve processes of the small intestine.", "content": "The structure of the nerve fibres in the chronically isolated cat ileum was studied by fluorescence and electron microscopy after imipramine group compounds, parachlorophenylalanine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine treatment. Following treatment with parachlorophenylalanine and imipramine group compounds in the nerve fibres of the small intestine, specific granules were selectively decreased (p less than 0.001) in number. In concordance with ultrastructural observations, a marked diminution of fluorescence intensity was demonstrable in the small intestine. In addition, the number of the granular vesicles was significantly increased following 5-hydroxytryptamine treatment, and yellow fluorescent neurones and processes were observed in the myenteric and submucous plexuses. On the basis of these observations, the serotoninergic nature of certain nerve fibres could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Ultrastructural effects of parachlorophenylalanine, 5-hydroxytryptamine and the imipramine group on the nerve processes of the small intestine. The structure of the nerve fibres in the chronically isolated cat ileum was studied by fluorescence and electron microscopy after imipramine group compounds, parachlorophenylalanine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine treatment. Following treatment with parachlorophenylalanine and imipramine group compounds in the nerve fibres of the small intestine, specific granules were selectively decreased (p less than 0.001) in number. In concordance with ultrastructural observations, a marked diminution of fluorescence intensity was demonstrable in the small intestine. In addition, the number of the granular vesicles was significantly increased following 5-hydroxytryptamine treatment, and yellow fluorescent neurones and processes were observed in the myenteric and submucous plexuses. On the basis of these observations, the serotoninergic nature of certain nerve fibres could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:143180", "title": "Anastomotic aneurysms of the femoral anastomosis after aortic bifurcation graft.", "content": "A 17 year experience (1958-1975 with anastomotic aneurysms of the femoral anastomosis after aortic bifurcation graft is presented. An anastomotic aneurysm is a progressive dilatation of an anastomosis between an artery and a prosthesis, caused either by a defective suture line or by a wall dilatation. One thousand one hundred and eighty-four femoral anastomoses with a decent follow-up were reviewed and 89 aneurysms were encountered, a per site incidence of 7.5%. Aetiological agents were arterial hypertension, non-infective bad wound healing, type of suture material, defect of the graft and trauma. The therapeutical approach with only 12% recurrences is a segmental interposition. The rate of satisfactory results was 78%. By reducing our bad wound healing from 15 to 10% of the anastomoses over the last five years, we reduced considerably our percentage of anastomotic aneurysms. The use of ultraleight weight prostheses seems to have also reduced the incidence and, in our study that we closed in December 1975, we encountered no aneurysm on Cooley or Milliknit, even with a follow-up of four years. Since the end of the study, however, we encountered one case of bilateral anastomotic aneurysm with Milliknit, one year after the primary operation but with a definite trauma in the anamnesis.", "contents": "Anastomotic aneurysms of the femoral anastomosis after aortic bifurcation graft. A 17 year experience (1958-1975 with anastomotic aneurysms of the femoral anastomosis after aortic bifurcation graft is presented. An anastomotic aneurysm is a progressive dilatation of an anastomosis between an artery and a prosthesis, caused either by a defective suture line or by a wall dilatation. One thousand one hundred and eighty-four femoral anastomoses with a decent follow-up were reviewed and 89 aneurysms were encountered, a per site incidence of 7.5%. Aetiological agents were arterial hypertension, non-infective bad wound healing, type of suture material, defect of the graft and trauma. The therapeutical approach with only 12% recurrences is a segmental interposition. The rate of satisfactory results was 78%. By reducing our bad wound healing from 15 to 10% of the anastomoses over the last five years, we reduced considerably our percentage of anastomotic aneurysms. The use of ultraleight weight prostheses seems to have also reduced the incidence and, in our study that we closed in December 1975, we encountered no aneurysm on Cooley or Milliknit, even with a follow-up of four years. Since the end of the study, however, we encountered one case of bilateral anastomotic aneurysm with Milliknit, one year after the primary operation but with a definite trauma in the anamnesis."}
{"id": "PMID:143186", "title": "On the molecular composition and physico-chemical properties of the pseudo-exfoliation material.", "content": "The protein tracer peroxidase has been found to be excluded from pseudoexfoliation (PE) material. But after the treatment of the PE material with cetylpyridinium-chloride, peroxidase was found to penetrate into the material. This observation seems to support the concept that the PE material is a gel of proteoglycans, from which peroxidase is excluded by an excluded volume effect. Microperoxidase was found to penetrate into the superficial parts of the (untreated) PE material, and to be regularly distributed according to two different patterns: 1) along the PE fibrils, and 2) along lines in the interfibrillar matrix; lines which can not be seen without the presence of microperoxidase. At both locations the microperoxidase reaction product was found at regular intervals, with spacings of about 53 nm. The interpretation is that both the fibrils and the interfibrillar matrix are composed of the same kind of long extended linear proteoglycan complexes, but with a different arrangement and density.", "contents": "On the molecular composition and physico-chemical properties of the pseudo-exfoliation material. The protein tracer peroxidase has been found to be excluded from pseudoexfoliation (PE) material. But after the treatment of the PE material with cetylpyridinium-chloride, peroxidase was found to penetrate into the material. This observation seems to support the concept that the PE material is a gel of proteoglycans, from which peroxidase is excluded by an excluded volume effect. Microperoxidase was found to penetrate into the superficial parts of the (untreated) PE material, and to be regularly distributed according to two different patterns: 1) along the PE fibrils, and 2) along lines in the interfibrillar matrix; lines which can not be seen without the presence of microperoxidase. At both locations the microperoxidase reaction product was found at regular intervals, with spacings of about 53 nm. The interpretation is that both the fibrils and the interfibrillar matrix are composed of the same kind of long extended linear proteoglycan complexes, but with a different arrangement and density."}
{"id": "PMID:143188", "title": "Lithium treatment of Huntington's chorea. A placebo-controlled clinical trial.", "content": "The therapeutic effect of lithium in Huntington's chorea was tested in six patients through a double-blind cross-over comparison of lithium and placebo, each administered for 6 weeks. Four of the patients received neuroleptic drugs at the same time. Lithium and placebo periods did not differ as regards motor skills, hyperkinesias, or total ward situation, all rated quantitatively with the use of scales. Lithium does not seem to be of therapeutic value in Huntington's chorea.", "contents": "Lithium treatment of Huntington's chorea. A placebo-controlled clinical trial. The therapeutic effect of lithium in Huntington's chorea was tested in six patients through a double-blind cross-over comparison of lithium and placebo, each administered for 6 weeks. Four of the patients received neuroleptic drugs at the same time. Lithium and placebo periods did not differ as regards motor skills, hyperkinesias, or total ward situation, all rated quantitatively with the use of scales. Lithium does not seem to be of therapeutic value in Huntington's chorea."}
{"id": "PMID:143190", "title": "Deoxyuridine suppression test: a comparison of two methods and effect of thymidine on the incorporation of 3H-deoxyuridine into DNA in human bone marrow cells.", "content": "Deoxyuridine suppression tests have been performed by two different methods of six normoblastic and eight megaloblastic marrows. A good correlation was obtained between the results by the modified and the original methods. The simplified method was found to be applicable for a clinical purpose to diagnose megaloblastosis in the marrow. Uptake of 3H-deoxyuridine into DNA and effect of various concentrations of thymidine was studied on five normoblastic and six megaloblastic marrows. In megaloblastic marrows, a greater amount of thymidine was required to obtain the same rate of suppression of 3H-deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA than in normoblastic marrows. Impairment of thymidine incorporation into DNA in megaloblastic marrows was not revealed. Therefore, lower rate of suppression of 3H-deoxyuridine by thymidine in megaloblastic marrows may be due to impairment of the incorporation of deoxyuridine before the addition of thymidine.", "contents": "Deoxyuridine suppression test: a comparison of two methods and effect of thymidine on the incorporation of 3H-deoxyuridine into DNA in human bone marrow cells. Deoxyuridine suppression tests have been performed by two different methods of six normoblastic and eight megaloblastic marrows. A good correlation was obtained between the results by the modified and the original methods. The simplified method was found to be applicable for a clinical purpose to diagnose megaloblastosis in the marrow. Uptake of 3H-deoxyuridine into DNA and effect of various concentrations of thymidine was studied on five normoblastic and six megaloblastic marrows. In megaloblastic marrows, a greater amount of thymidine was required to obtain the same rate of suppression of 3H-deoxyuridine incorporation into DNA than in normoblastic marrows. Impairment of thymidine incorporation into DNA in megaloblastic marrows was not revealed. Therefore, lower rate of suppression of 3H-deoxyuridine by thymidine in megaloblastic marrows may be due to impairment of the incorporation of deoxyuridine before the addition of thymidine."}
{"id": "PMID:143192", "title": "RNA synthesis in mitochondria isolated from rat liver.", "content": "Mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) was synthesized from purine and pyrimidine nucleosides in coupling with oxidative phosphorylation using isolated mitochondria. The in vivo synthesized mtRNA was adenine-uracil rich and sedimented at about 20 S by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A major part of the newly synthesized mtRNA was shown to be poly (A)-containing RNA by the resistance to the digestion with pancreatic RNase and RNase T1 and the affinity to poly (U)-Sepharose columns or Millipore filters.", "contents": "RNA synthesis in mitochondria isolated from rat liver. Mitochondrial RNA (mtRNA) was synthesized from purine and pyrimidine nucleosides in coupling with oxidative phosphorylation using isolated mitochondria. The in vivo synthesized mtRNA was adenine-uracil rich and sedimented at about 20 S by sucrose density gradient centrifugation. A major part of the newly synthesized mtRNA was shown to be poly (A)-containing RNA by the resistance to the digestion with pancreatic RNase and RNase T1 and the affinity to poly (U)-Sepharose columns or Millipore filters."}
{"id": "PMID:143200", "title": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in the sick elderly.", "content": "From a study of routine electrocardiography on 300 ill elderly patients in an acute geriatric unit, it is evident that the incidence of atrial fibrillation, ventricular extrasystoles, myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction is much higher than in the general population of similar age group. In females, the incidence increases with advance in age. It is suggested that the time is ripe for a large multicentre study which would help to decide the true incidence and significance of the abnormalities.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic abnormalities in the sick elderly. From a study of routine electrocardiography on 300 ill elderly patients in an acute geriatric unit, it is evident that the incidence of atrial fibrillation, ventricular extrasystoles, myocardial ischaemia and myocardial infarction is much higher than in the general population of similar age group. In females, the incidence increases with advance in age. It is suggested that the time is ripe for a large multicentre study which would help to decide the true incidence and significance of the abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:143201", "title": "The role of histamine in wound healing I. The effect of high doses of histamine on collagen and glycosoaminoglycan content in wounds.", "content": "The effect of high doses of histamine (Hi) on collagen and glycosoaminoglycan (GAG) content in skin wounds of rats was studied on days 1, 3, 5, 10 and 14 after wounding. Injection of high doses of Hi into the wounded area inhibited colagen production, collagen polymerization and GAG synthesis; levels of chondroitin sulphates (chondroitin-4,6-sulphate and dermatan sulphate) and hyaluronic acid were decreased.", "contents": "The role of histamine in wound healing I. The effect of high doses of histamine on collagen and glycosoaminoglycan content in wounds. The effect of high doses of histamine (Hi) on collagen and glycosoaminoglycan (GAG) content in skin wounds of rats was studied on days 1, 3, 5, 10 and 14 after wounding. Injection of high doses of Hi into the wounded area inhibited colagen production, collagen polymerization and GAG synthesis; levels of chondroitin sulphates (chondroitin-4,6-sulphate and dermatan sulphate) and hyaluronic acid were decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:143202", "title": "Cardiomegaly as a cause of nonuniform pulmonary artery perfusion.", "content": "In patients with cardiomegaly, a common cause of nonuniform pulmonary artery perfusion on pulmonary arteriograms is compression of the left lower lobe arteries by the enlarged heart, an effect which is accentuated by gravity in the supine position. This may impede flow in such a manner as to erroneously suggest the presence of pulmonary emboli. Subselective left lower lobe arteriography with the patient in the right posterior oblique position will allow better anatomic definition of the vessels in this region and result in fewer equivocal or false positive studies.", "contents": "Cardiomegaly as a cause of nonuniform pulmonary artery perfusion. In patients with cardiomegaly, a common cause of nonuniform pulmonary artery perfusion on pulmonary arteriograms is compression of the left lower lobe arteries by the enlarged heart, an effect which is accentuated by gravity in the supine position. This may impede flow in such a manner as to erroneously suggest the presence of pulmonary emboli. Subselective left lower lobe arteriography with the patient in the right posterior oblique position will allow better anatomic definition of the vessels in this region and result in fewer equivocal or false positive studies."}
{"id": "PMID:143204", "title": "Therapeutics of disordered movement.", "content": "Human motor behavior is organized around two major neurotransmitter systems in the basal ganglia--dopaminergic and cholinergic. Hypokinetic disease may result from hypofunction of the dopaminergic system or cholinergic hyperfunction. The reverse seems true for many hyperkinetic movement disorders. Drugs which facilitate dopaminergic neurotransmission or which block cholinergic transmission relieve many hypokinetic disorders; the opposite approach is useful in treating many hyperkinetic disorders.", "contents": "Therapeutics of disordered movement. Human motor behavior is organized around two major neurotransmitter systems in the basal ganglia--dopaminergic and cholinergic. Hypokinetic disease may result from hypofunction of the dopaminergic system or cholinergic hyperfunction. The reverse seems true for many hyperkinetic movement disorders. Drugs which facilitate dopaminergic neurotransmission or which block cholinergic transmission relieve many hypokinetic disorders; the opposite approach is useful in treating many hyperkinetic disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:143207", "title": "Septal perforator compression (narrowing) in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Thirteen patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were compared with two groups of subjects: 10 patients with chest pain, normal coronary arteries and a normal left ventricle, and 10 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Five of the latter had aortic stenosis and five had idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy. Coronary arteriography revealed that the septal branches of the left anterior descending artery closed or narrowed during systole in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and did not do so in the other patient groups. This narrowing is possibly related to an abnormal position of the septal arteries within the septum in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Systolic compression of the septal perforator arteries is not a pathognomonic sign of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "contents": "Septal perforator compression (narrowing) in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Thirteen patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were compared with two groups of subjects: 10 patients with chest pain, normal coronary arteries and a normal left ventricle, and 10 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Five of the latter had aortic stenosis and five had idiopathic left ventricular hypertrophy. Coronary arteriography revealed that the septal branches of the left anterior descending artery closed or narrowed during systole in patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis and did not do so in the other patient groups. This narrowing is possibly related to an abnormal position of the septal arteries within the septum in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Systolic compression of the septal perforator arteries is not a pathognomonic sign of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:143208", "title": "Muscle fiber disarray in common heart diseases.", "content": "Myocardial fiber disarray was found at necropsy in each of 53 hearts, 33 from patients with cardiovascular disease--systemic hypertension (12 patients), coronary heart disease (17 patients) or cor pulmonale (4 patients)--and 20 from patients with a normal heart. The myocardial fiber disarray was of mild degree in all 53 patients and, although similar to that observed by others in hearts of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the amount of myocardial fiber disarray per heart was considerably less than that observed in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Muscle fiber disarray in common heart diseases. Myocardial fiber disarray was found at necropsy in each of 53 hearts, 33 from patients with cardiovascular disease--systemic hypertension (12 patients), coronary heart disease (17 patients) or cor pulmonale (4 patients)--and 20 from patients with a normal heart. The myocardial fiber disarray was of mild degree in all 53 patients and, although similar to that observed by others in hearts of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, the amount of myocardial fiber disarray per heart was considerably less than that observed in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:143209", "title": "Displacement of the heart by a giant mediastinal cyst.", "content": "A giant mediastinal cyst caused marked cardiac displacement, factitious cardiomegaly and clinical and hemodynamic findings suggestive of constrictive pericarditis. The correct diagnosis was established with echocardiography and confirmed with angiography and surgery.", "contents": "Displacement of the heart by a giant mediastinal cyst. A giant mediastinal cyst caused marked cardiac displacement, factitious cardiomegaly and clinical and hemodynamic findings suggestive of constrictive pericarditis. The correct diagnosis was established with echocardiography and confirmed with angiography and surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:143212", "title": "Handicapped children in a developing nation--Bangladesh.", "content": "Bangladesh is a young, struggling nation that is emerging with strong religious and family networks and a positive hope for the future. Children are viewed as the step toward that future. The attitudes toward handicapped children were explored by examining the available health services and then conducting a survey of parents of handicapped children. Since there are few treatment facilities and these are located in cities, many children do not receive treatment. Family-oriented treatment in which therapeutic activities are incorporated into the child's daily routine and where therapists can train the child and family members, periodically reassess the child, and provide guidance and advice when necessary may be an effective way to treat handicapped children. Unlike more developed nations, the families of Bangladesh were not interested in institutions for their handicapped children, and expressed hope even in the face of serious disabilities. Providing training to these families could perhaps help them achieve that hope.", "contents": "Handicapped children in a developing nation--Bangladesh. Bangladesh is a young, struggling nation that is emerging with strong religious and family networks and a positive hope for the future. Children are viewed as the step toward that future. The attitudes toward handicapped children were explored by examining the available health services and then conducting a survey of parents of handicapped children. Since there are few treatment facilities and these are located in cities, many children do not receive treatment. Family-oriented treatment in which therapeutic activities are incorporated into the child's daily routine and where therapists can train the child and family members, periodically reassess the child, and provide guidance and advice when necessary may be an effective way to treat handicapped children. Unlike more developed nations, the families of Bangladesh were not interested in institutions for their handicapped children, and expressed hope even in the face of serious disabilities. Providing training to these families could perhaps help them achieve that hope."}
{"id": "PMID:143213", "title": "A continent colostomy: The magnetic stoma cap.", "content": "An apparatus to create continence in an end left-sided colostomy in dogs is assessed. The device consists of a samarium-cobalt magnetic ring encased in methyl methacrylate and a magnetic cap. The ring is implanted in the abdominal wall and the colon delivered through it and matured to the skin. The stoma is later obturated by the magnetic cap to provide continence. Ten dogs exposed to \"uncoated\" samarium-cobalt magnets for periods of up to eight months showed no elevation of cobalt levels in the serum or tissues and no histopathologic changes on postmortem examination. In twelve dogs, magnetic rings were used to create continent colostomies. Eleven of twelve dogs followed for periods up to eight months were continent and tolerated the appliance well. One ring was extruded after a peristomal skin dehiscence occurred. Two skin strictures appeared and were readily controlled by digital dilatation. Sinus, fistula, or infection were not seen. Clinical application of this device is discussed.", "contents": "A continent colostomy: The magnetic stoma cap. An apparatus to create continence in an end left-sided colostomy in dogs is assessed. The device consists of a samarium-cobalt magnetic ring encased in methyl methacrylate and a magnetic cap. The ring is implanted in the abdominal wall and the colon delivered through it and matured to the skin. The stoma is later obturated by the magnetic cap to provide continence. Ten dogs exposed to \"uncoated\" samarium-cobalt magnets for periods of up to eight months showed no elevation of cobalt levels in the serum or tissues and no histopathologic changes on postmortem examination. In twelve dogs, magnetic rings were used to create continent colostomies. Eleven of twelve dogs followed for periods up to eight months were continent and tolerated the appliance well. One ring was extruded after a peristomal skin dehiscence occurred. Two skin strictures appeared and were readily controlled by digital dilatation. Sinus, fistula, or infection were not seen. Clinical application of this device is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143214", "title": "Pitfalls in peripheral vascular surgery: Disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Disseminated intravascular coagulation is infrequently encountered in the practice of peripheral vascular surgery. Nonetheless, it has devastating and often fatal effects. In our series of eight cases, the mortality rate was 62.5 per cent. A better understanding of the basic disease process as prompted by this review, earlier diagnosis, and rational treatment should lead to higher survival rates and lowered morbidity.", "contents": "Pitfalls in peripheral vascular surgery: Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Disseminated intravascular coagulation is infrequently encountered in the practice of peripheral vascular surgery. Nonetheless, it has devastating and often fatal effects. In our series of eight cases, the mortality rate was 62.5 per cent. A better understanding of the basic disease process as prompted by this review, earlier diagnosis, and rational treatment should lead to higher survival rates and lowered morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:143215", "title": "Renal allograft artery stenosis.", "content": "Thirteen renal artery stenoses occurred in 127 renal allograft transplantations performed at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center over a four year period. The most common symptoms were hypertension and decreasing renal function occurring from three days to three years post transplantation. Eight lesions occurred in patients with a single artery and five when double arteries had been joined together prior to anastomosis rather than implanted separately. The most common causes of renal artery stenosis was intimal hyperplasia of the donor vessel distal to the anastomosis (8 patients), atheromatous plaques (2), technical failure (2), and external compression (1). Surgical correction was facilitated by a midline incision. Resection of the stenotic segment and reanastomosis was the preferred procedure. Surgical failure and recurrence of hypertension were associated with involvement of small arteries or distal arteriolar level. When kidneys with multiple arteries are available, Carrel patches should be used when possible; if not, they should be implanted separately rather than joined together prior to anastomosis, thus decreasing the possibility of creating turbulent blood flow.", "contents": "Renal allograft artery stenosis. Thirteen renal artery stenoses occurred in 127 renal allograft transplantations performed at the University of Cincinnati Medical Center over a four year period. The most common symptoms were hypertension and decreasing renal function occurring from three days to three years post transplantation. Eight lesions occurred in patients with a single artery and five when double arteries had been joined together prior to anastomosis rather than implanted separately. The most common causes of renal artery stenosis was intimal hyperplasia of the donor vessel distal to the anastomosis (8 patients), atheromatous plaques (2), technical failure (2), and external compression (1). Surgical correction was facilitated by a midline incision. Resection of the stenotic segment and reanastomosis was the preferred procedure. Surgical failure and recurrence of hypertension were associated with involvement of small arteries or distal arteriolar level. When kidneys with multiple arteries are available, Carrel patches should be used when possible; if not, they should be implanted separately rather than joined together prior to anastomosis, thus decreasing the possibility of creating turbulent blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:143219", "title": "[Lesions of the rabbit cornea produced by laser light (author's transl)].", "content": "Threshold radiant exposure of the cornea of gray rabbits was evaluated for Argon- and YAG-Laser light. Threshold for the Argonlaser is about 15 kJ/cm2 (exposure time 200 ms to 2 s, spot size 65 micron). For experimental and methodical reasons the value for the YAG-Laser (115 kJ/cm2) is of limited accuracy. The healing process of supraliminal lesions of the cornea is observed clinically and histologycally up to six weeks following exposure to laser radiation.", "contents": "[Lesions of the rabbit cornea produced by laser light (author's transl)]. Threshold radiant exposure of the cornea of gray rabbits was evaluated for Argon- and YAG-Laser light. Threshold for the Argonlaser is about 15 kJ/cm2 (exposure time 200 ms to 2 s, spot size 65 micron). For experimental and methodical reasons the value for the YAG-Laser (115 kJ/cm2) is of limited accuracy. The healing process of supraliminal lesions of the cornea is observed clinically and histologycally up to six weeks following exposure to laser radiation."}
{"id": "PMID:143222", "title": "[Adenosine triphosphatases in the bovine endometrium and in the trophoblast during implantation. Microscopic and electron microscopic investigations (author's transl)].", "content": "Investigations of the bovine epithelium uteri and trophoblast between the 22nd and 24th day after insemination have been made according to the method of FARQUHAR and PALADE (1966) concerning the activity and microstructural localization of the Mg++-, Ca++- as well as the (Mg++-Na+-K+)-ATPases which may be made active (E. C. 3.6.1.3). The evidence of the ATPases in the so-called free cells during the pre-implantative stage is associated with a production of immunoglobulin A and thus the importance of these cells within the scope of an immunological position of reaction of the endometrium is being discussed. On the epithelium uteri there is a correlation at first between the activity of this hydrolase, which can only be proved at the later pre-contact stage, and the microstructural symptoms of increasing secretion. During the subsequent stage of apposition and after consolidated implantation ATPase-dependent transportations through membranes are likely to serve in the formation of hemotrophs as well as in the hemotroph metabolism. Finally, an attempt is made to give an explanation of the precipitate depositions on the cells of the uterine glands.", "contents": "[Adenosine triphosphatases in the bovine endometrium and in the trophoblast during implantation. Microscopic and electron microscopic investigations (author's transl)]. Investigations of the bovine epithelium uteri and trophoblast between the 22nd and 24th day after insemination have been made according to the method of FARQUHAR and PALADE (1966) concerning the activity and microstructural localization of the Mg++-, Ca++- as well as the (Mg++-Na+-K+)-ATPases which may be made active (E. C. 3.6.1.3). The evidence of the ATPases in the so-called free cells during the pre-implantative stage is associated with a production of immunoglobulin A and thus the importance of these cells within the scope of an immunological position of reaction of the endometrium is being discussed. On the epithelium uteri there is a correlation at first between the activity of this hydrolase, which can only be proved at the later pre-contact stage, and the microstructural symptoms of increasing secretion. During the subsequent stage of apposition and after consolidated implantation ATPase-dependent transportations through membranes are likely to serve in the formation of hemotrophs as well as in the hemotroph metabolism. Finally, an attempt is made to give an explanation of the precipitate depositions on the cells of the uterine glands."}
{"id": "PMID:143223", "title": "The ultrastructural histochemistry of the basement membranes of the exocrine pancreas.", "content": "The basement membranes in the exocrine pancreas were examined by routine electron microscopy, by fixation for electron microscopy with a glutaraldehyde-tannic acid solution and by staining for ultrastructural demonstration of mucosubstances with the dialyzed iron, high iron diamine, ruthenium red and Concanavalin A-horseradish  peroxidase procedures. The basement membranes are considered from morphologic and histochemical observations to consist of an inner lamina lucida, an intermediate lamina densa and an outer lamina diffusa. Sulfated mucosubstance was found in the lamina diffusa of the basement membrane of all epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cells but was encountered in the lamina lucida of the duct cells exclusively. Bridging structures, presumably polypeptides, were also seen connecting the lamina densa and the basal plasma membrane in specimens fixed with the glutaraldehydetannic acid solution. The findings demonstrated that the histochemical and morphological qualities of the basement membrane are uniform of a given cell type but differ considerably among the several cell types in the pancreas.", "contents": "The ultrastructural histochemistry of the basement membranes of the exocrine pancreas. The basement membranes in the exocrine pancreas were examined by routine electron microscopy, by fixation for electron microscopy with a glutaraldehyde-tannic acid solution and by staining for ultrastructural demonstration of mucosubstances with the dialyzed iron, high iron diamine, ruthenium red and Concanavalin A-horseradish  peroxidase procedures. The basement membranes are considered from morphologic and histochemical observations to consist of an inner lamina lucida, an intermediate lamina densa and an outer lamina diffusa. Sulfated mucosubstance was found in the lamina diffusa of the basement membrane of all epithelial cells and capillary endothelial cells but was encountered in the lamina lucida of the duct cells exclusively. Bridging structures, presumably polypeptides, were also seen connecting the lamina densa and the basal plasma membrane in specimens fixed with the glutaraldehydetannic acid solution. The findings demonstrated that the histochemical and morphological qualities of the basement membrane are uniform of a given cell type but differ considerably among the several cell types in the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:143229", "title": "Corticosteroid glaucoma.", "content": "Chronic as well as acute glaucoma can be induced by corticosteroids. The hypertensive response to the topical corticosteroid test is not genetically determined. The pathogenesis of the corticosteroid glaucoma can be explained by clones of goniocytes, which contain mucopolysaccharides sensitive to hyaluronidase. When these mucopolysaccharides are polymerized, they retain water and when they are depolymerized, they loose water. As the corticosteroid strengthen the lysosomal membranes, the retained catabolising enzymes prevent the catabolism of the mucopolysaccharides, which tend to accumulate in a more polymerized and more hydrophilic form.", "contents": "Corticosteroid glaucoma. Chronic as well as acute glaucoma can be induced by corticosteroids. The hypertensive response to the topical corticosteroid test is not genetically determined. The pathogenesis of the corticosteroid glaucoma can be explained by clones of goniocytes, which contain mucopolysaccharides sensitive to hyaluronidase. When these mucopolysaccharides are polymerized, they retain water and when they are depolymerized, they loose water. As the corticosteroid strengthen the lysosomal membranes, the retained catabolising enzymes prevent the catabolism of the mucopolysaccharides, which tend to accumulate in a more polymerized and more hydrophilic form."}
{"id": "PMID:143232", "title": "Cutaneous larva migrans, an occupational disease.", "content": "Creeping skin eruption is known to follow exposure to canine and feline hookworm larvae found in contaminated soil encountered in humid, tropical and subtropical regions. A little known hazard of similar infections exists among veterinarians and laboratory workers exposed to Strongyloides larvae from horses located in temperate climates. The evolving clinical picture is described in detail. Continued exposure may lead to a state of hypersensitivity to the parasitic protein resulting in severe hyperimmune reactions. The invasiveness of Strongyloides larvae through intact skin and the pathologic changes associated with infection were demonstrated in a rabbit.", "contents": "Cutaneous larva migrans, an occupational disease. Creeping skin eruption is known to follow exposure to canine and feline hookworm larvae found in contaminated soil encountered in humid, tropical and subtropical regions. A little known hazard of similar infections exists among veterinarians and laboratory workers exposed to Strongyloides larvae from horses located in temperate climates. The evolving clinical picture is described in detail. Continued exposure may lead to a state of hypersensitivity to the parasitic protein resulting in severe hyperimmune reactions. The invasiveness of Strongyloides larvae through intact skin and the pathologic changes associated with infection were demonstrated in a rabbit."}
{"id": "PMID:143233", "title": "[Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of gonadotropins in azoo and oligospermia. Relationship with spermatogenesis and plasma concentration of androgens (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma concentrations and urinary excretions rate of gonadotropins, testosterone, delta 4-androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and 17 and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone plasma concentrations have been studied in 69 patients with oligo or azoospermia and compared with results obtained in 30 normal control subjects. A sperm count and a caryotype have been done in all patients and a testicular biopsy in 35. Analysis of the histo-hormonal correlations does not show a particular stage of spermatogenesis associated with a modification in FSH production. There is a quantitative relationship between spermatogenesis and FSH production. Plasma testosterone is low and LH production normal in excretory azoospermia. In the other patients plasma testosterone is also low but associated with an increased production of LH. Finally there is a direct relationship between urinary excretion of LH and FSH in both normal subjects and patients, suggesting a modulation by specific factors of a common regulation of the secretion of both gonadotropins.", "contents": "[Plasma concentrations and urinary excretion of gonadotropins in azoo and oligospermia. Relationship with spermatogenesis and plasma concentration of androgens (author's transl)]. Plasma concentrations and urinary excretions rate of gonadotropins, testosterone, delta 4-androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone and 17 and 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone plasma concentrations have been studied in 69 patients with oligo or azoospermia and compared with results obtained in 30 normal control subjects. A sperm count and a caryotype have been done in all patients and a testicular biopsy in 35. Analysis of the histo-hormonal correlations does not show a particular stage of spermatogenesis associated with a modification in FSH production. There is a quantitative relationship between spermatogenesis and FSH production. Plasma testosterone is low and LH production normal in excretory azoospermia. In the other patients plasma testosterone is also low but associated with an increased production of LH. Finally there is a direct relationship between urinary excretion of LH and FSH in both normal subjects and patients, suggesting a modulation by specific factors of a common regulation of the secretion of both gonadotropins."}
{"id": "PMID:143234", "title": "[Suppressor cells in the \"in vitro\" induced cell mediated immune response: their origin and target (author's transl)].", "content": "Suppressor cells, produced in a mixed lymphocyte reaction between CBA and irradiated DBA/2 lymphocytes, inhibited the production of cytotoxic CBA cells in a second MLR. There were several suppressor cells: T and non-T cells, cells with or without Fc-receptors, and cytotoxic as well as non-cytotoxic cells. Reconstitution of the in vitro production of cytotoxic as well as non-cytotoxic cells. Reconstitution of the in vitro production of cytotoxic lymphocytes in suppressed cultures by supplementary CBA cells was better than that which took place after the addition of DBA/2 stimulator cells.", "contents": "[Suppressor cells in the \"in vitro\" induced cell mediated immune response: their origin and target (author's transl)]. Suppressor cells, produced in a mixed lymphocyte reaction between CBA and irradiated DBA/2 lymphocytes, inhibited the production of cytotoxic CBA cells in a second MLR. There were several suppressor cells: T and non-T cells, cells with or without Fc-receptors, and cytotoxic as well as non-cytotoxic cells. Reconstitution of the in vitro production of cytotoxic as well as non-cytotoxic cells. Reconstitution of the in vitro production of cytotoxic lymphocytes in suppressed cultures by supplementary CBA cells was better than that which took place after the addition of DBA/2 stimulator cells."}
{"id": "PMID:143238", "title": "Effects of membrane-energy mutations and cations on streptomycin and gentamicin accumulation by bacteria: a model for entry of streptomycin and gentamicin in susceptible and resistant bacteria.", "content": "Several mutants of Escherichia coli affecting aerobic energy generation and energization of the bacterial membrane have been examined for their effect on streptomycin and gentamicin accumulation and susceptibility. A heme-deficient mutant (K207) and two mutants (CJ-8 [colicin K insensitive] and NR-70) associated with defective aerobic active transport were associated with decreased transport of streptomycin and gentamicin and increased resistance to those antibiotics. These mutants also exhibited increased resistance to several other aminoglycoside antibiotics, but not the aminocyclitol spectinomycin. The same observations were made with a ubiquinone-deficient mutant, but a strA derivative of this mutant was shown additionally to be saturable for streptomycin accumulation at a concentration four or more times lower than that required for saturation of the parent. A mutant uncoupled for adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis from electron transport and membrane Mg-adenosine 5'-triphosphatase deficient was hypersensitive to those aminoglycosides tested and spectinomycin, and showed enhanced transport of streptomycin and gentamicin. A variety of compounds structurally related to streptomycin were examined at high concentrations for inhibition of streptomycin uptake in a strA mutant of E. coli K-12 SA 1306, but no evidence for competition was detected, suggesting the absence of a common transport carrier. Four different divalent cations were shown to inhibit streptomycin and gentamicin accumulation in E. coli K-12 SA 1306. Divalent cations were shown to inhibit uptake of these two drugs in two bacterial species with distinct cell wall structures, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, and to inhibit streptomycin uptake in spheroplasts of streptomycin-susceptible and -resistant E. coli. However, calcium had almost no inhibitory effect on streptomycin uptake by the ubiquinone-deficient mutant E. coli AN66. These and previous findings have been used to formulate a model for aminoglycoside entry into bacteria using a low-affinity membranous complex involved in membrane energization that includes respiratory quinones, which probably act to bind and transport aminoglycosides across the cell membrane. This phase of transport is associated with the lowest accumulation rate (termed energy-dependent phase I) that is rate limiting for susceptibility. It is further proposed that subsequent association of the membrane-bound aminoglycoside with higher-affinity binding sites on membrane-associated ribosomes carrying out a normal ribosomal cycle and protein synthesis results in a more rapid transport rate (termed energy-dependent phase II). The increased rate could result from a state of membrane energization analogous to that causing enhanced aminoglycoside transport rates seen in the uncoupled mutant, AN120. How this model explains the mechanism by which enzymatically modified aminoglycosides render cells resistant to unmodified aminoglycosides is also discussed.", "contents": "Effects of membrane-energy mutations and cations on streptomycin and gentamicin accumulation by bacteria: a model for entry of streptomycin and gentamicin in susceptible and resistant bacteria. Several mutants of Escherichia coli affecting aerobic energy generation and energization of the bacterial membrane have been examined for their effect on streptomycin and gentamicin accumulation and susceptibility. A heme-deficient mutant (K207) and two mutants (CJ-8 [colicin K insensitive] and NR-70) associated with defective aerobic active transport were associated with decreased transport of streptomycin and gentamicin and increased resistance to those antibiotics. These mutants also exhibited increased resistance to several other aminoglycoside antibiotics, but not the aminocyclitol spectinomycin. The same observations were made with a ubiquinone-deficient mutant, but a strA derivative of this mutant was shown additionally to be saturable for streptomycin accumulation at a concentration four or more times lower than that required for saturation of the parent. A mutant uncoupled for adenosine 5'-triphosphate synthesis from electron transport and membrane Mg-adenosine 5'-triphosphatase deficient was hypersensitive to those aminoglycosides tested and spectinomycin, and showed enhanced transport of streptomycin and gentamicin. A variety of compounds structurally related to streptomycin were examined at high concentrations for inhibition of streptomycin uptake in a strA mutant of E. coli K-12 SA 1306, but no evidence for competition was detected, suggesting the absence of a common transport carrier. Four different divalent cations were shown to inhibit streptomycin and gentamicin accumulation in E. coli K-12 SA 1306. Divalent cations were shown to inhibit uptake of these two drugs in two bacterial species with distinct cell wall structures, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, and to inhibit streptomycin uptake in spheroplasts of streptomycin-susceptible and -resistant E. coli. However, calcium had almost no inhibitory effect on streptomycin uptake by the ubiquinone-deficient mutant E. coli AN66. These and previous findings have been used to formulate a model for aminoglycoside entry into bacteria using a low-affinity membranous complex involved in membrane energization that includes respiratory quinones, which probably act to bind and transport aminoglycosides across the cell membrane. This phase of transport is associated with the lowest accumulation rate (termed energy-dependent phase I) that is rate limiting for susceptibility. It is further proposed that subsequent association of the membrane-bound aminoglycoside with higher-affinity binding sites on membrane-associated ribosomes carrying out a normal ribosomal cycle and protein synthesis results in a more rapid transport rate (termed energy-dependent phase II). The increased rate could result from a state of membrane energization analogous to that causing enhanced aminoglycoside transport rates seen in the uncoupled mutant, AN120. How this model explains the mechanism by which enzymatically modified aminoglycosides render cells resistant to unmodified aminoglycosides is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143242", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis from sunscreen preparations complicating photodermatitis.", "content": "Two men with known histories of photosensitivity had apparent exacerbations of their dermatoses. Patch-testing showed the presence of allergic contact sensitivity to the sunscreens that they were using. The clinical distribution patterns of adverse reactions to sunscreens naturally simulate sun-induced reactions, thus providing clinical problems that require evaluation by both patch and photo-patch tests. These findings emphasize that allergic contact or photo-contact dermatitis from sunscreens that are used for prophylaxis of photodermatitis can actually complicate or aggravate the preexisting state of photodermatitis for which the sunscreens are prescribed.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis from sunscreen preparations complicating photodermatitis. Two men with known histories of photosensitivity had apparent exacerbations of their dermatoses. Patch-testing showed the presence of allergic contact sensitivity to the sunscreens that they were using. The clinical distribution patterns of adverse reactions to sunscreens naturally simulate sun-induced reactions, thus providing clinical problems that require evaluation by both patch and photo-patch tests. These findings emphasize that allergic contact or photo-contact dermatitis from sunscreens that are used for prophylaxis of photodermatitis can actually complicate or aggravate the preexisting state of photodermatitis for which the sunscreens are prescribed."}
{"id": "PMID:143247", "title": "[Quantitative isolation of acid mucopolysaccharides from urine in progressive scleroderma (author's transl)].", "content": "After filtration the urine was concentrated to about 1/10 of the original volume. The urine was centrifuged for 15 min at 5000 rev/min. The supernatant was chromatographed on Bio-Gel P-2-with a 10% aqueous solution of ethanol. Then the glycosaminoglycan fraction was separated into seven further fractions by chromatography on Dowex 1 X 2 and elution with increasing concentration of sodium chlorid. The desalted fractions were analysed. From the analytical data presented no definite correlation between excretion of glycosaminoglycans in urine and progressive scleroderma can be observed. These results were discussed with further data presented by Hexosamine determination.", "contents": "[Quantitative isolation of acid mucopolysaccharides from urine in progressive scleroderma (author's transl)]. After filtration the urine was concentrated to about 1/10 of the original volume. The urine was centrifuged for 15 min at 5000 rev/min. The supernatant was chromatographed on Bio-Gel P-2-with a 10% aqueous solution of ethanol. Then the glycosaminoglycan fraction was separated into seven further fractions by chromatography on Dowex 1 X 2 and elution with increasing concentration of sodium chlorid. The desalted fractions were analysed. From the analytical data presented no definite correlation between excretion of glycosaminoglycans in urine and progressive scleroderma can be observed. These results were discussed with further data presented by Hexosamine determination."}
{"id": "PMID:143248", "title": "The spine in sport and veteran military parachutists.", "content": "Spinal injuries and symptoms were studied in 109 ex-military parachutists and 112 sport (free fall) parachutists by means of postal questionnaires. 46 ex-military parachutists aged 50 years or over had a radiological examination of the lumbar spine and 58 sport parachutists had a radiological examination of the cervical spine as part of the survey. A history of back pain was significantly (P<0.01) associated with body weight in sport parachutists but not with the number of descents or with the subject's age. In the older ex-military group neither age, weight, nor the number of descents was significantly associated with backache. Of those ex-military parachutists x-rayed, 10 (21.7%) were found to have vertebral body fractures (most frequently at D12), and 8 of these were unaware of these lesions. Vertebral fractures caused no disability and did not permanently curtail parachuting activities in either the sport or ex-military group. Of the ex-military parachutists x-rayed, 84.7% had lumbar disc degeneration of all grades of severity, 17.4% had moderate changes, and 10.8% had severe changes. The frequency of moderate and severe disc degeneration was significantly related to age but not to body weight or to the number of descents. Spondylolysis was found in 2 subjects (4.3%) and spondylolisthesis unassociated with spondylolysis in 4 (8.7%). Spondylolisthesis was always associated with a history of back pain.A low prevalence of radiological cervical intervertebral disc degeneration of all grades of severity of 8.7% was found among the free fall parachutists (mean age 33 years). 2 cases of cervical vertebral body fracture were seen, one related to a parachute landing injury and the other to a parachute opening injury. This study does not implicate parachuting as a cause of intervertebral disc degeneration, either cervical or lumbar, nor as a cause of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Serious long-term disability from pain appears to be uncommon among parachutists despite the frequency of the spinal trauma they sustain.", "contents": "The spine in sport and veteran military parachutists. Spinal injuries and symptoms were studied in 109 ex-military parachutists and 112 sport (free fall) parachutists by means of postal questionnaires. 46 ex-military parachutists aged 50 years or over had a radiological examination of the lumbar spine and 58 sport parachutists had a radiological examination of the cervical spine as part of the survey. A history of back pain was significantly (P<0.01) associated with body weight in sport parachutists but not with the number of descents or with the subject's age. In the older ex-military group neither age, weight, nor the number of descents was significantly associated with backache. Of those ex-military parachutists x-rayed, 10 (21.7%) were found to have vertebral body fractures (most frequently at D12), and 8 of these were unaware of these lesions. Vertebral fractures caused no disability and did not permanently curtail parachuting activities in either the sport or ex-military group. Of the ex-military parachutists x-rayed, 84.7% had lumbar disc degeneration of all grades of severity, 17.4% had moderate changes, and 10.8% had severe changes. The frequency of moderate and severe disc degeneration was significantly related to age but not to body weight or to the number of descents. Spondylolysis was found in 2 subjects (4.3%) and spondylolisthesis unassociated with spondylolysis in 4 (8.7%). Spondylolisthesis was always associated with a history of back pain.A low prevalence of radiological cervical intervertebral disc degeneration of all grades of severity of 8.7% was found among the free fall parachutists (mean age 33 years). 2 cases of cervical vertebral body fracture were seen, one related to a parachute landing injury and the other to a parachute opening injury. This study does not implicate parachuting as a cause of intervertebral disc degeneration, either cervical or lumbar, nor as a cause of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis. Serious long-term disability from pain appears to be uncommon among parachutists despite the frequency of the spinal trauma they sustain."}
{"id": "PMID:143250", "title": "Experience with valved conduits for repair of congenital cardiac lesions.", "content": "Dacron valved conduits or aortic allografts were placed between the right heart and the pulmonary artery for repair of various complex congenital cardiac anomalies in 56 patients (aged 15 days to 33 years; median, 11 years). Forty-four patients had a total of 56 previous palliative procedures, which contributed to postoperative morbidity and mortality. Six patients had a total of seven episodes of early or late sepsis involving the conduit. One patient, treated for early sepsis, again developed infection in the Hancock graft 1 year postoperatively and died. Three other patients, 2 with calcified allografts, developed infections 4 months to 7 years following repair and required graft replacement. Hemodynamic data 1 month to 5 years (mean, 1.6 years) following repair revealed mild to moderate obstruction (less than 45 mm Hg gradient) at the Hancock conduit valve ring in 13 of 19 patients, while 5 had large pressure gradients (greater than 75 mm Hg). All aortic allografts had severe obstruction and calcification necessitating graft replacement. It is anticipated that improved technique and appropriate timing of palliative and corrective operations will substantially reduce or eliminate these problems.", "contents": "Experience with valved conduits for repair of congenital cardiac lesions. Dacron valved conduits or aortic allografts were placed between the right heart and the pulmonary artery for repair of various complex congenital cardiac anomalies in 56 patients (aged 15 days to 33 years; median, 11 years). Forty-four patients had a total of 56 previous palliative procedures, which contributed to postoperative morbidity and mortality. Six patients had a total of seven episodes of early or late sepsis involving the conduit. One patient, treated for early sepsis, again developed infection in the Hancock graft 1 year postoperatively and died. Three other patients, 2 with calcified allografts, developed infections 4 months to 7 years following repair and required graft replacement. Hemodynamic data 1 month to 5 years (mean, 1.6 years) following repair revealed mild to moderate obstruction (less than 45 mm Hg gradient) at the Hancock conduit valve ring in 13 of 19 patients, while 5 had large pressure gradients (greater than 75 mm Hg). All aortic allografts had severe obstruction and calcification necessitating graft replacement. It is anticipated that improved technique and appropriate timing of palliative and corrective operations will substantially reduce or eliminate these problems."}
{"id": "PMID:143251", "title": "Aneurysm of pericardial right ventricular outflow tract patches.", "content": "Among 1,022 patients who underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot, 252 received a pericardial patch of the right ventricular outflow tract; of these, 10 subsequently developed an aneurysm of the right ventricular outflow tract. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed moderate pulmonary insufficiency in all patients, a residual pressure gradient in the right ventricular outflow tract in 7, and a residual ventricular septal defect in 2 patients. Reoperation was indicated in 8 patients because of progressive distention of the aneurysm, residual infundibular or pulmonary artery stenosis, and recurrent ventricular septal defect. Reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract was accomplished by resection of the aneurysm and insertion of a woven Dacron patch in 5 patients, primary suture of the pulmonary artery in 2, and implantation of a woven Dacron conduit containing a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley cardiac valve prosthesis in 1 patient. There were no early or late deaths. When reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is necessary, we recommend a woven Dacron patch because pericardium may form an aneurysm.", "contents": "Aneurysm of pericardial right ventricular outflow tract patches. Among 1,022 patients who underwent repair of tetralogy of Fallot, 252 received a pericardial patch of the right ventricular outflow tract; of these, 10 subsequently developed an aneurysm of the right ventricular outflow tract. Cardiac catheterization and angiography revealed moderate pulmonary insufficiency in all patients, a residual pressure gradient in the right ventricular outflow tract in 7, and a residual ventricular septal defect in 2 patients. Reoperation was indicated in 8 patients because of progressive distention of the aneurysm, residual infundibular or pulmonary artery stenosis, and recurrent ventricular septal defect. Reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract was accomplished by resection of the aneurysm and insertion of a woven Dacron patch in 5 patients, primary suture of the pulmonary artery in 2, and implantation of a woven Dacron conduit containing a Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley cardiac valve prosthesis in 1 patient. There were no early or late deaths. When reconstruction of the right ventricular outflow tract is necessary, we recommend a woven Dacron patch because pericardium may form an aneurysm."}
{"id": "PMID:143252", "title": "Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta: whether or not, when, and whom?", "content": "Recently, those who profess conservative views concerning management of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta argued against operative treatment, saying that the mere presence of an aneurysm is an indication that a patient often suffers from an advanced, terminal stage of diffuse arteriosclerosis and that operation in this patient is futile because it does not prolong life. The experience reported here represents a contrary view. Four hundred and eighty consecutive patients were followed from three to ten years postoperatively. Although the survival rate of these patients was lower than that of the general population of comparable age, it remained significantly higher than that of patients with known aneurysms who did not have the benefit of surgical treatment.", "contents": "Aneurysms of the abdominal aorta: whether or not, when, and whom? Recently, those who profess conservative views concerning management of aneurysms of the abdominal aorta argued against operative treatment, saying that the mere presence of an aneurysm is an indication that a patient often suffers from an advanced, terminal stage of diffuse arteriosclerosis and that operation in this patient is futile because it does not prolong life. The experience reported here represents a contrary view. Four hundred and eighty consecutive patients were followed from three to ten years postoperatively. Although the survival rate of these patients was lower than that of the general population of comparable age, it remained significantly higher than that of patients with known aneurysms who did not have the benefit of surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:143254", "title": "Therapeutic regimens for anorectal gonococcal infection in males.", "content": "Anorectal gonococcal infection is particularly prevalent in women and homosexual men. Although the currently recommended Public Health Service therapeutic regimens for uncomplicated gonorrhea appear to be effective also for anorectal gonorrhea in women, their efficacy for anorectal infection in men has not been adequately evaluated. We report a case of gonococcal proctitis in a homosexual man that did not respond to therapy with ampicillin plus probenecid and tetracycline, but subsequently responded to spectinomycin therapy. Currently available therapeutic regimens for anorectal gonococcal infection in males are reviewed.", "contents": "Therapeutic regimens for anorectal gonococcal infection in males. Anorectal gonococcal infection is particularly prevalent in women and homosexual men. Although the currently recommended Public Health Service therapeutic regimens for uncomplicated gonorrhea appear to be effective also for anorectal gonorrhea in women, their efficacy for anorectal infection in men has not been adequately evaluated. We report a case of gonococcal proctitis in a homosexual man that did not respond to therapy with ampicillin plus probenecid and tetracycline, but subsequently responded to spectinomycin therapy. Currently available therapeutic regimens for anorectal gonococcal infection in males are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:143255", "title": "Fine structure of taste buds in the rat.", "content": "The taste buds of rat circumvallate papillae contain three distinct types of cells. The type I (dark) cell is characterized by the presence of dense round granules, which are precursor to the dense substance of the taste pore. The granules are discharged into the pore by exocytosis. The type II (light) cell is filled with numerous vesicles and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The type III cell contains in its basal cytoplasm characteristic dark-cored vesicles and masses of clear vesicles, and makes synapse-like contacts with nerve fibers. The fine structure of foliate buds corresponds to that of circumvallate papillae, while fungiform buds differ in their apical regions. In the latter the pore is filled with vesicles alone, and the type I cell contains rod-shaped granules of moderate density. When polysaccharides were examined by means of the periodic acid-silver methenamine and the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide methods, slightly positive reactions were found on the dense granules of the type I cell and the dense substance in the pore, whereas the membranes of the pore vesicles, apical cytoplasmic processes and cytoplasmic vesicles in type II cells showed intense reactions.", "contents": "Fine structure of taste buds in the rat. The taste buds of rat circumvallate papillae contain three distinct types of cells. The type I (dark) cell is characterized by the presence of dense round granules, which are precursor to the dense substance of the taste pore. The granules are discharged into the pore by exocytosis. The type II (light) cell is filled with numerous vesicles and smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. The type III cell contains in its basal cytoplasm characteristic dark-cored vesicles and masses of clear vesicles, and makes synapse-like contacts with nerve fibers. The fine structure of foliate buds corresponds to that of circumvallate papillae, while fungiform buds differ in their apical regions. In the latter the pore is filled with vesicles alone, and the type I cell contains rod-shaped granules of moderate density. When polysaccharides were examined by means of the periodic acid-silver methenamine and the periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide methods, slightly positive reactions were found on the dense granules of the type I cell and the dense substance in the pore, whereas the membranes of the pore vesicles, apical cytoplasmic processes and cytoplasmic vesicles in type II cells showed intense reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:143258", "title": "[Cytochemical characteristics of the labrocyte-like cells in the capsule of the plerocercoids of Triaenophorus nodulosus (Pallas, 1781) and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) cestodes].", "content": "Out of six fish species examined (Esox lucius, Paracottus kessleri, Perca fluviatilis, Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis, Coregonus autumnalis migratorius, Thymallus arcticus baicalensis) labrocyte-like cells were detected in Esox lucius, Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis, Coregonus autumnalis migratotius. The cells contain large metachromatic granules. Histochemical methods revealed in them sulfated and carboxylic acid mucopolysacharides. The amount of labrocyte-like cells in the capsules around plerocercoids of Triaenophrus nodulosis from Esox lucits liver depends on the age of the capsule and that of the plerocercoid. It increases when the connective tissue papsule is forming and decreases again under aging and degeneration of the capsule containing plerocercoid. The amount of labrocyte-like cells in the cestodes capsules of Raillietina increases sharply when they locate in an accidental organ (liver). This demonstrates the acuteness of organ reactivity to a nonspecific helminth.", "contents": "[Cytochemical characteristics of the labrocyte-like cells in the capsule of the plerocercoids of Triaenophorus nodulosus (Pallas, 1781) and Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Nitzsch, 1824) cestodes]. Out of six fish species examined (Esox lucius, Paracottus kessleri, Perca fluviatilis, Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis, Coregonus autumnalis migratorius, Thymallus arcticus baicalensis) labrocyte-like cells were detected in Esox lucius, Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis, Coregonus autumnalis migratotius. The cells contain large metachromatic granules. Histochemical methods revealed in them sulfated and carboxylic acid mucopolysacharides. The amount of labrocyte-like cells in the capsules around plerocercoids of Triaenophrus nodulosis from Esox lucits liver depends on the age of the capsule and that of the plerocercoid. It increases when the connective tissue papsule is forming and decreases again under aging and degeneration of the capsule containing plerocercoid. The amount of labrocyte-like cells in the cestodes capsules of Raillietina increases sharply when they locate in an accidental organ (liver). This demonstrates the acuteness of organ reactivity to a nonspecific helminth."}
{"id": "PMID:143260", "title": "[Idiopathic myocardial hypertrophy].", "content": "Pathoanatomical studies on the hearts of 20 fatal cases of idiopathic myocardial hypertrophy (IMH) were carried out. In all the cases the dilatational form of IMH was found. The utilization of routine histological methods did not reveal any changes specific for the dilatational form of IMH with the exception of uneven hypertrophy of myocardial fibers. In most cases, sclerotic changes in the endocardium and subendocardial parts of the myocardium were observed in the area of the efferent tract of the left ventricle. In the analysis of case histories of the patients dying with IMH noteworthy was a rapid progression of the symptoms of cardiac failure stubborn to treatment as well as ECG signs of significant disorders in rhythm and conductivity. The etiological factors and pathogenetical mechanisms of IMH remain obscure.", "contents": "[Idiopathic myocardial hypertrophy]. Pathoanatomical studies on the hearts of 20 fatal cases of idiopathic myocardial hypertrophy (IMH) were carried out. In all the cases the dilatational form of IMH was found. The utilization of routine histological methods did not reveal any changes specific for the dilatational form of IMH with the exception of uneven hypertrophy of myocardial fibers. In most cases, sclerotic changes in the endocardium and subendocardial parts of the myocardium were observed in the area of the efferent tract of the left ventricle. In the analysis of case histories of the patients dying with IMH noteworthy was a rapid progression of the symptoms of cardiac failure stubborn to treatment as well as ECG signs of significant disorders in rhythm and conductivity. The etiological factors and pathogenetical mechanisms of IMH remain obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:143261", "title": "[Epidemiological studies of arteriosclerosis according to pathoanatomical materials].", "content": "Data are presented on the principles of carrying out morphological epidemiological studies on atherosclerosis. The important conditions for such studies are: (1) representative character of the materials to be studied (they must be characteristic of a certain population group), and (2) objective quantitative evaluation of the intensity of atherosclerosis in arteries. When these conditions are fulfilled, it is possible to obtain comparable data for populations of different areas and towns. Some results of epidmiological studies are presented indicating significant differences in the intensity of manifestations of atherosclerosis in people of different countries and some towns of the USSR. Moreover, in different ethnical groups of the population of one town the intensity of atherosclerosis may differ widely )Frunze, Ashkhabad, Yakutsk). The epidemiological studies are very important for the research on the factors of risk of ischemic disease and atherosclerosis.", "contents": "[Epidemiological studies of arteriosclerosis according to pathoanatomical materials]. Data are presented on the principles of carrying out morphological epidemiological studies on atherosclerosis. The important conditions for such studies are: (1) representative character of the materials to be studied (they must be characteristic of a certain population group), and (2) objective quantitative evaluation of the intensity of atherosclerosis in arteries. When these conditions are fulfilled, it is possible to obtain comparable data for populations of different areas and towns. Some results of epidmiological studies are presented indicating significant differences in the intensity of manifestations of atherosclerosis in people of different countries and some towns of the USSR. Moreover, in different ethnical groups of the population of one town the intensity of atherosclerosis may differ widely )Frunze, Ashkhabad, Yakutsk). The epidemiological studies are very important for the research on the factors of risk of ischemic disease and atherosclerosis."}
{"id": "PMID:143262", "title": "[Enzymomorphology in cholerogenic intoxication in suckling rabbits].", "content": "The cholerogenic effect produced in suckling rabbits by intraintestinal administration of a cholerogen was shown to be accompanied by the edema of villi, formation of lympho-histiocytic infiltrates in the stroma and bases of crypts, hemorrhages in the stroma of the villi and loss of individual enterocytes mostly on tops of the villi. In the large intestine, vacuolation and pyknosis of the epithelial nuclei and edema of the submucosa were observed. The intensity of the cholerogenic effect correlated with the degree of the decline of the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline and acid phosphatases in the intestinal tract. Intraintestinal administration of heat-inactivated cholerogen induced no cholerogenic effect and the enzymatic activity in the intestinal tract declined focally and insignificantly.", "contents": "[Enzymomorphology in cholerogenic intoxication in suckling rabbits]. The cholerogenic effect produced in suckling rabbits by intraintestinal administration of a cholerogen was shown to be accompanied by the edema of villi, formation of lympho-histiocytic infiltrates in the stroma and bases of crypts, hemorrhages in the stroma of the villi and loss of individual enterocytes mostly on tops of the villi. In the large intestine, vacuolation and pyknosis of the epithelial nuclei and edema of the submucosa were observed. The intensity of the cholerogenic effect correlated with the degree of the decline of the activity of succinate dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, alkaline and acid phosphatases in the intestinal tract. Intraintestinal administration of heat-inactivated cholerogen induced no cholerogenic effect and the enzymatic activity in the intestinal tract declined focally and insignificantly."}
{"id": "PMID:143264", "title": "[Tumors and pseudo-tumoral dysplasias of orbital bones].", "content": "The authors review and study, especially from the anatomo-pathological aspect, the different tumours and pseudo-tumoural dysplasias of the orbital bones taken from the collection of the Laboratory of Ocular Pathological Anatomy of the Hotel-Dieu in Paris. They demonstrate the particular frequency of osteomas and fibrous dysplasias and discuss the orbital predisposition of giant cell tumours of bone. Finally they underline the existence of vascular bone tumours and aneurysmal cysts.", "contents": "[Tumors and pseudo-tumoral dysplasias of orbital bones]. The authors review and study, especially from the anatomo-pathological aspect, the different tumours and pseudo-tumoural dysplasias of the orbital bones taken from the collection of the Laboratory of Ocular Pathological Anatomy of the Hotel-Dieu in Paris. They demonstrate the particular frequency of osteomas and fibrous dysplasias and discuss the orbital predisposition of giant cell tumours of bone. Finally they underline the existence of vascular bone tumours and aneurysmal cysts."}
{"id": "PMID:143265", "title": "[Total expansion of the orbit for micro-orbitism].", "content": "Micro-orbitism which follows the very early arrested development of the optic vesicles hinders the fitting of a prosthesis. A total enlargement of the orbit is proposed which restores the normal dimensions and enables facial symmetry to be re-established. The risks and advantages of this procedure are discussed.", "contents": "[Total expansion of the orbit for micro-orbitism]. Micro-orbitism which follows the very early arrested development of the optic vesicles hinders the fitting of a prosthesis. A total enlargement of the orbit is proposed which restores the normal dimensions and enables facial symmetry to be re-established. The risks and advantages of this procedure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143266", "title": "[Soft hydrophilic lenses and the fluorescein test].", "content": "The author briefly explains the value in the use of fluorescein in contact lens fitting. The use of such a substance is not possible with soft hydrophilic lenses as it colours the lens. A special type of fluorescein was tested and the author explains how to use it and emphasies its value in the adaptation and control of these lenses.", "contents": "[Soft hydrophilic lenses and the fluorescein test]. The author briefly explains the value in the use of fluorescein in contact lens fitting. The use of such a substance is not possible with soft hydrophilic lenses as it colours the lens. A special type of fluorescein was tested and the author explains how to use it and emphasies its value in the adaptation and control of these lenses."}
{"id": "PMID:143267", "title": "[Electroretinographic changes in experimental metalloses].", "content": "In this experimental study the authors studied the Eclectroretinographic alterations and the histological lesions after the introduction of foreign bodies of iron and copper into the vitreous body of eyes of rabbits. The ERG alterations depend on the kind of the intraocular foreign body and on the size and the time it remained into the eye. These alterations are characterised either by a parallel diminution of the a and b wave of the ERG, or by an increase of the a wave while the b wave becomes flat. From the histological studies it was found that the iron is deposited into the nucleus and the cytoplasm in the form of granules, while the copper causes a violent inflammatory reaction and is deposited extracellularly.", "contents": "[Electroretinographic changes in experimental metalloses]. In this experimental study the authors studied the Eclectroretinographic alterations and the histological lesions after the introduction of foreign bodies of iron and copper into the vitreous body of eyes of rabbits. The ERG alterations depend on the kind of the intraocular foreign body and on the size and the time it remained into the eye. These alterations are characterised either by a parallel diminution of the a and b wave of the ERG, or by an increase of the a wave while the b wave becomes flat. From the histological studies it was found that the iron is deposited into the nucleus and the cytoplasm in the form of granules, while the copper causes a violent inflammatory reaction and is deposited extracellularly."}
{"id": "PMID:143268", "title": "[Experimental retinal vascular photocoagulation with the argon laser. Optic microscopic study of the results in rabbits and humans].", "content": "Argon laser vascular retinal photocoagulation's experimental study on rabbit point out hemorrage risk when using 1500 mw, 0,05 sec, 200 microns beam. If 800 mw 0,05 sec, 200 microns beam is selected white cell migration comes at 48 hours inside and outside the photcoagulated vessel. On human one can success intermaculopapillar photocoagulations without injurying intern retinal layers (we use 300 mw, 0,05 sec, 200 microns beam). At 650 mw, 0,05 sec, 200 microns perivascular retinal injury is considerable, but at 24th hour on artery there is no evidence of obliteration possibility.", "contents": "[Experimental retinal vascular photocoagulation with the argon laser. Optic microscopic study of the results in rabbits and humans]. Argon laser vascular retinal photocoagulation's experimental study on rabbit point out hemorrage risk when using 1500 mw, 0,05 sec, 200 microns beam. If 800 mw 0,05 sec, 200 microns beam is selected white cell migration comes at 48 hours inside and outside the photcoagulated vessel. On human one can success intermaculopapillar photocoagulations without injurying intern retinal layers (we use 300 mw, 0,05 sec, 200 microns beam). At 650 mw, 0,05 sec, 200 microns perivascular retinal injury is considerable, but at 24th hour on artery there is no evidence of obliteration possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:143269", "title": "[Action of physostigmine on the acetylcholine level of the bovine iris].", "content": "The work discusses the measurement of acetylcholine (ACh) in the bovine iris in 150 mg of tissue on guinea-pig ileum. Prior to the extraction of ACh, a 1% solution of physostigmine salicylate (eserine) was instilled into the conjunctival sac ten times at a dose of three drops at intervals of three minutes (to a total of 15,000 micron g). The fellow eye of the same animal was left untreated and served as a control. One hour after the least instillation the animal was killed. The nine eserinised irides showed an average of 0.65 micron g ACh, and the nine controls an average of 0.47 micron g ACh (for 150 mg of tissue). The difference was statistically significant. In the discussion the authors admit that the amplitude of contraction of the guinea-pig ileum can be very little influenced by traces of eserine, possibly by binding effect. The form of eserine applied no longer influences the amplitude of the guinea-pig ileum contractions after an hour of in vivo action, and this is the same in considerably smaller doses where it is possible to prove its inactivation. Augmentation of the activity in the eserinised iris is adequate for the levels of acetylcholine. The more intensive action of eserine on the iris compared to that of pilocarpine is related to its greater binding power with the iris tissues.", "contents": "[Action of physostigmine on the acetylcholine level of the bovine iris]. The work discusses the measurement of acetylcholine (ACh) in the bovine iris in 150 mg of tissue on guinea-pig ileum. Prior to the extraction of ACh, a 1% solution of physostigmine salicylate (eserine) was instilled into the conjunctival sac ten times at a dose of three drops at intervals of three minutes (to a total of 15,000 micron g). The fellow eye of the same animal was left untreated and served as a control. One hour after the least instillation the animal was killed. The nine eserinised irides showed an average of 0.65 micron g ACh, and the nine controls an average of 0.47 micron g ACh (for 150 mg of tissue). The difference was statistically significant. In the discussion the authors admit that the amplitude of contraction of the guinea-pig ileum can be very little influenced by traces of eserine, possibly by binding effect. The form of eserine applied no longer influences the amplitude of the guinea-pig ileum contractions after an hour of in vivo action, and this is the same in considerably smaller doses where it is possible to prove its inactivation. Augmentation of the activity in the eserinised iris is adequate for the levels of acetylcholine. The more intensive action of eserine on the iris compared to that of pilocarpine is related to its greater binding power with the iris tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:143274", "title": "Cell membrane receptors for cardiac glycosides in the heart.", "content": "Cell membranes contain special binding proteins for hormones and drugs. These binding sites (\"receptors\") located on the outside surface are linked to or are part of an enzyme facing the inner side of the membrane and are transducing and probably amplifying the information carried by the pharmacological agent to the cell. As the first step of their action cardiac glycosides reversibly bind with high affinity to specific receptors in cardiac cells and by this inhibit the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, which is the enzyme system responsible for the active transmembraneous transport of sodium and potassium. It is thought that the inhibition of this active cation transport precedes the positive inotropic effect. Cardio-inactive glycosides have but low affinity to this receptor and thus do inhibit the (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase only at very high concentrations. The characterization of the cardiac glycoside-receptor interaction in the heart reveals several factors that influence the affinity of the binding sites for the glycosides and thereby determine the sensitivity to this widely used group of potent drugs.", "contents": "Cell membrane receptors for cardiac glycosides in the heart. Cell membranes contain special binding proteins for hormones and drugs. These binding sites (\"receptors\") located on the outside surface are linked to or are part of an enzyme facing the inner side of the membrane and are transducing and probably amplifying the information carried by the pharmacological agent to the cell. As the first step of their action cardiac glycosides reversibly bind with high affinity to specific receptors in cardiac cells and by this inhibit the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, which is the enzyme system responsible for the active transmembraneous transport of sodium and potassium. It is thought that the inhibition of this active cation transport precedes the positive inotropic effect. Cardio-inactive glycosides have but low affinity to this receptor and thus do inhibit the (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase only at very high concentrations. The characterization of the cardiac glycoside-receptor interaction in the heart reveals several factors that influence the affinity of the binding sites for the glycosides and thereby determine the sensitivity to this widely used group of potent drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:143277", "title": "[Early embryonal maldevelopment of the umbilical cord with defect of the abdominal wall and severe body malformations (dysplasia umbilico-fetalis) (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of dysplasia umbilico-fetalis is demonstrated. The malformation comprises a rare and strange reduction anomaly of the feto-umbilical unit, which is caused during early embryonic life (around the 7 mm stage, corresponding to the end of the third week of gestation). The cause of the damage is not known. The folding off of the embryo from the yolk sac and the development of the abdominal stalk are impaired. No abdominal wall is formed, and the umbilicus and umbilical cord are not developed. The abdominal organs are enclosed in a short amnion-mesoderm tube, which is bordered by the retroperitoneum at the fetal side and by the chorionic plate at the placenta side. The umbilical vessels are only a few centimeters long and traverse in the mesodermal layer of the amnion-mesoderm tube. The thin wall of the tube usually ruptures before birth, thus causing an abacterial fibrinoid peritonitis by the chemical irritation of the peritoneum through the constituents of the amniotic fluid. The lower extremities of the fetus reveal varying degrees of reduction deformities. One leg and large parts of the pelvis may be entirely missing, if the side of origin of the extremity is included in the amnion-mesoderm tube. Severe kyphoscoliosis is probably a secondary phenomenon. In addition, malformations of the inner organs occur such as caudal displacement and hernia of the diaphragma, hypoplasia of the lungs, dysplasia of the genito-urinary tract and non-rotation of the gut. The pathophysiology of the rare developmental defect and its secondary implications are discussed with special reference to related malformations such as omphalocele and infraumbilical defect of the abdominal wall.", "contents": "[Early embryonal maldevelopment of the umbilical cord with defect of the abdominal wall and severe body malformations (dysplasia umbilico-fetalis) (author's transl)]. A case of dysplasia umbilico-fetalis is demonstrated. The malformation comprises a rare and strange reduction anomaly of the feto-umbilical unit, which is caused during early embryonic life (around the 7 mm stage, corresponding to the end of the third week of gestation). The cause of the damage is not known. The folding off of the embryo from the yolk sac and the development of the abdominal stalk are impaired. No abdominal wall is formed, and the umbilicus and umbilical cord are not developed. The abdominal organs are enclosed in a short amnion-mesoderm tube, which is bordered by the retroperitoneum at the fetal side and by the chorionic plate at the placenta side. The umbilical vessels are only a few centimeters long and traverse in the mesodermal layer of the amnion-mesoderm tube. The thin wall of the tube usually ruptures before birth, thus causing an abacterial fibrinoid peritonitis by the chemical irritation of the peritoneum through the constituents of the amniotic fluid. The lower extremities of the fetus reveal varying degrees of reduction deformities. One leg and large parts of the pelvis may be entirely missing, if the side of origin of the extremity is included in the amnion-mesoderm tube. Severe kyphoscoliosis is probably a secondary phenomenon. In addition, malformations of the inner organs occur such as caudal displacement and hernia of the diaphragma, hypoplasia of the lungs, dysplasia of the genito-urinary tract and non-rotation of the gut. The pathophysiology of the rare developmental defect and its secondary implications are discussed with special reference to related malformations such as omphalocele and infraumbilical defect of the abdominal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:143275", "title": "Effect of fasting and streptozotocin-diabetes on the coronary flow in isolated rat hearts: A possible role of endogenous catecholamines and prostaglandins.", "content": "The coronary flow rate of retrogradely perfused hearts from fasted (group I) and streptozotocin-diabetic rats (group II) is increased when compared with the flow rate of control, fed animals (group III). The enhanced coronary flow is absent when hearts of groups I and II are perfused in the presence of indomethacin (1 microgram/ml) in the perfusion fluid and the lowest flow rates are observed after depletion of the endogenous catecholamines by reserpin. Hearts from groups I and II showed a marked increase in prostaglandin-release which was counteracted both in the presence of indomethacin (1 microgram/ml) and by reserpin-pretreatment. The results suggest that the increased coronary flow rates in hearts from fasted and streptozotocin-diabetic rats are mediated by an effect of released endogenous catecholamines on coronary vascular smooth muscle and by a catecholamine-induced release of vasodilatory, prostaglandin-like substances.", "contents": "Effect of fasting and streptozotocin-diabetes on the coronary flow in isolated rat hearts: A possible role of endogenous catecholamines and prostaglandins. The coronary flow rate of retrogradely perfused hearts from fasted (group I) and streptozotocin-diabetic rats (group II) is increased when compared with the flow rate of control, fed animals (group III). The enhanced coronary flow is absent when hearts of groups I and II are perfused in the presence of indomethacin (1 microgram/ml) in the perfusion fluid and the lowest flow rates are observed after depletion of the endogenous catecholamines by reserpin. Hearts from groups I and II showed a marked increase in prostaglandin-release which was counteracted both in the presence of indomethacin (1 microgram/ml) and by reserpin-pretreatment. The results suggest that the increased coronary flow rates in hearts from fasted and streptozotocin-diabetic rats are mediated by an effect of released endogenous catecholamines on coronary vascular smooth muscle and by a catecholamine-induced release of vasodilatory, prostaglandin-like substances."}
{"id": "PMID:143278", "title": "Effect of citrate on the activities of 6-phosphofructokinase from nervous and muscle tissues from different animals and its relationships to the regulation of glycolysis.", "content": "1. Citrate inhibits the activities of phosphofructokinase from muscles and nervous tissues from different animals across the Animal Kingdom except for the insects. The enzymes from the flight muscle of nine different insects and the cerebral ganglion of the locust were investigated: no inhibition by citrate was observed. Inhibition was observed with the enzymes from both aerobic (e.g. pectoral muscle of pigeon) and anaerobic (e.g. fish muscle, pectoral muscle of the game birds) muscles. It is suggested that this inhibition is of physiological importance in decreasing the rate of glucose utilization in skeletal muscle of animals during starvation and/or prolonged exercise. 2. The rates of glucose utilization by the sartorius and gastrocnemius muscles of the frog were markedly decreased by ketone bodies. The latter elevated the glucose 6-phosphate and citrate contents of the gastrocnemius muscle, indicating that citrate inhibition of phosphofructokinase could be, in part, responsible for the decreased rate of glycolysis. 3. These findings provide evidence that the concept of the glucose-fatty acid-ketone-body cycle involves both aerobic and anaerobic skeletal muscle and nervous tissue from a wide range of animals except the insects. In the latter the concept of the cycle may not be applicable.", "contents": "Effect of citrate on the activities of 6-phosphofructokinase from nervous and muscle tissues from different animals and its relationships to the regulation of glycolysis. 1. Citrate inhibits the activities of phosphofructokinase from muscles and nervous tissues from different animals across the Animal Kingdom except for the insects. The enzymes from the flight muscle of nine different insects and the cerebral ganglion of the locust were investigated: no inhibition by citrate was observed. Inhibition was observed with the enzymes from both aerobic (e.g. pectoral muscle of pigeon) and anaerobic (e.g. fish muscle, pectoral muscle of the game birds) muscles. It is suggested that this inhibition is of physiological importance in decreasing the rate of glucose utilization in skeletal muscle of animals during starvation and/or prolonged exercise. 2. The rates of glucose utilization by the sartorius and gastrocnemius muscles of the frog were markedly decreased by ketone bodies. The latter elevated the glucose 6-phosphate and citrate contents of the gastrocnemius muscle, indicating that citrate inhibition of phosphofructokinase could be, in part, responsible for the decreased rate of glycolysis. 3. These findings provide evidence that the concept of the glucose-fatty acid-ketone-body cycle involves both aerobic and anaerobic skeletal muscle and nervous tissue from a wide range of animals except the insects. In the latter the concept of the cycle may not be applicable."}
{"id": "PMID:143276", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes in cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters (strain BIO 8262).", "content": "Under ether anesthesia electrocardiograms were derived from Syrian hamsters (strain BIO 8262) suffering from cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy. In addition, ventricular weights and body weight were determined. Young hamsters -- not yet showing morphological signs of the cardiomyopathy with the exception of possible left ventricular hypertrophy -- demonstrated only a longer ventricular activation time than normal hamsters. With the onset of cardiac necrotization left axis deviation in frontal plane projection and right bundle branch blocks are developing in the cardiomyopathic hamsters followed by first degree atrioventricular conduction defects. During the late stage of the cardiomyopathy left bundle branch blocks are additionally arising, while left ventricular hypertrophy is disappearing. Since no overt heart failure is occurring in this strain of cardiomyopathic hamsters, gradual development of high degree conduction defects is assumed to terminate their lives. The electrocardiographic pattern of the hamster cardiomyopathy fits partly into that of human primary as well as secondary cardiomyopathy. Nevertheless, it seems to form an entity of its own, as arrhythmias, higher degree atrioventricular conduction disturbances, typical signs of ventricular or septal hypertrophy, abnormal P and Q waves, ST segment and T wave changes are lacking.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes in cardiomyopathic Syrian hamsters (strain BIO 8262). Under ether anesthesia electrocardiograms were derived from Syrian hamsters (strain BIO 8262) suffering from cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy. In addition, ventricular weights and body weight were determined. Young hamsters -- not yet showing morphological signs of the cardiomyopathy with the exception of possible left ventricular hypertrophy -- demonstrated only a longer ventricular activation time than normal hamsters. With the onset of cardiac necrotization left axis deviation in frontal plane projection and right bundle branch blocks are developing in the cardiomyopathic hamsters followed by first degree atrioventricular conduction defects. During the late stage of the cardiomyopathy left bundle branch blocks are additionally arising, while left ventricular hypertrophy is disappearing. Since no overt heart failure is occurring in this strain of cardiomyopathic hamsters, gradual development of high degree conduction defects is assumed to terminate their lives. The electrocardiographic pattern of the hamster cardiomyopathy fits partly into that of human primary as well as secondary cardiomyopathy. Nevertheless, it seems to form an entity of its own, as arrhythmias, higher degree atrioventricular conduction disturbances, typical signs of ventricular or septal hypertrophy, abnormal P and Q waves, ST segment and T wave changes are lacking."}
{"id": "PMID:143290", "title": "A description of rheumatology practice. The American Rheumatism Association Committee on Rheumatologic Practice.", "content": "Four rheumatologists kept a log of the diagnoses of all patients seen their offices for 2 months. The great majority of patients had rheumatic complaints. Musculoskeletal pain syndromes and back syndromes were encountered most frequently; rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis were also common. Patients with SLE and connective tissue diseases were relatively infrequent.", "contents": "A description of rheumatology practice. The American Rheumatism Association Committee on Rheumatologic Practice. Four rheumatologists kept a log of the diagnoses of all patients seen their offices for 2 months. The great majority of patients had rheumatic complaints. Musculoskeletal pain syndromes and back syndromes were encountered most frequently; rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis were also common. Patients with SLE and connective tissue diseases were relatively infrequent."}
{"id": "PMID:143295", "title": "The ribosomal RNA genes on Neurospora crassa mitochondrial DNA are adjacent.", "content": "Hybridization of separated 24 S and 17 S ribosomal RNA from Neurospora crassa mitochondrial ribosomes to restriction fragments of mitochondrial DNA leads to the conclusion that the large and small ribosomal RNA are adjacent on the restriction endonuclease cleavage map of the DNA. The distance between the two genes is estimated at 900 basepairs. This result is consistent with the existence of a ribosomal precursor RNA in N. crassa mitochondria and is in contrast to the situation in yeast, where the ribosomal genes are far apart on the mitochondrial DNA. The position of the ribosomal RNA genes on the cleavage map of N. crassa mtDNA provides a start for ordering the Hind III restriction fragments.", "contents": "The ribosomal RNA genes on Neurospora crassa mitochondrial DNA are adjacent. Hybridization of separated 24 S and 17 S ribosomal RNA from Neurospora crassa mitochondrial ribosomes to restriction fragments of mitochondrial DNA leads to the conclusion that the large and small ribosomal RNA are adjacent on the restriction endonuclease cleavage map of the DNA. The distance between the two genes is estimated at 900 basepairs. This result is consistent with the existence of a ribosomal precursor RNA in N. crassa mitochondria and is in contrast to the situation in yeast, where the ribosomal genes are far apart on the mitochondrial DNA. The position of the ribosomal RNA genes on the cleavage map of N. crassa mtDNA provides a start for ordering the Hind III restriction fragments."}
{"id": "PMID:143296", "title": "A combined sensor suitable for telemetering respiratory functions.", "content": "A system for measuring oxygen consumption from momentary respiratory values of free moving person is described. The main part presented here is a sensor consisting of a flowmeter based on the impeller principle, called 'Wirbelrespirometer', joint with a polarographic electrode sensitive to oxygen, and a very fast reacting thermistor. First comparative studies in computation of respiratory volume and oxygen consumption yielded average deviations against comparison methods of less than +/- 1% for computation of volume, and +/- 4% for computation of oxygen consumption.", "contents": "A combined sensor suitable for telemetering respiratory functions. A system for measuring oxygen consumption from momentary respiratory values of free moving person is described. The main part presented here is a sensor consisting of a flowmeter based on the impeller principle, called 'Wirbelrespirometer', joint with a polarographic electrode sensitive to oxygen, and a very fast reacting thermistor. First comparative studies in computation of respiratory volume and oxygen consumption yielded average deviations against comparison methods of less than +/- 1% for computation of volume, and +/- 4% for computation of oxygen consumption."}
{"id": "PMID:143297", "title": "[Analysis of the pathways of substance transport into the acinar cells].", "content": "In the exchange link of the microcirculation system of the exocrine part of the pancreas of Rana temporaria the substances moved from the blood capillary into the pericapillary space, then into the intercellular clefts and into the acinar cells by active transport. This is confirmed by the electron microscope studies of the ATP-ase activity localization in the exchange link: there are numerous lead phosphate granules in the endothelium of blood capillaries, on the fibrillae structures of the pericapillary space interstitium, on the lateral plasmic membrane of the exocrine pancreacytes, and on the cytoplasmic plates forming pinocytotic vacuoles.", "contents": "[Analysis of the pathways of substance transport into the acinar cells]. In the exchange link of the microcirculation system of the exocrine part of the pancreas of Rana temporaria the substances moved from the blood capillary into the pericapillary space, then into the intercellular clefts and into the acinar cells by active transport. This is confirmed by the electron microscope studies of the ATP-ase activity localization in the exchange link: there are numerous lead phosphate granules in the endothelium of blood capillaries, on the fibrillae structures of the pericapillary space interstitium, on the lateral plasmic membrane of the exocrine pancreacytes, and on the cytoplasmic plates forming pinocytotic vacuoles."}
{"id": "PMID:143298", "title": "Classic slow virus diseases.", "content": "Two human disease, kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and two animal diseases, scrapie and mink encephalopathy, comprise the group designated the subacute spongiform encephalopathies. Studies on these four classic conditions have generated a new philosophy, new concepts, and new technology that provide a basis for the study of chronic diseases and latent infections of man and animals. These aspects are discussed more broadly and in variable detail in the references listed on the following page.", "contents": "Classic slow virus diseases. Two human disease, kuru and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and two animal diseases, scrapie and mink encephalopathy, comprise the group designated the subacute spongiform encephalopathies. Studies on these four classic conditions have generated a new philosophy, new concepts, and new technology that provide a basis for the study of chronic diseases and latent infections of man and animals. These aspects are discussed more broadly and in variable detail in the references listed on the following page."}
{"id": "PMID:143299", "title": "Immunopathologic processes in chronic viral diseases.", "content": "Immune complex disease is frequently associated with chronic virus infections of both animals and man. The relative pathogenetic significance of tissue injury caused by deposition of immune complexes is only partly understood. Further study should be made of these problems through use of recently developed techniques for immune complex identification.", "contents": "Immunopathologic processes in chronic viral diseases. Immune complex disease is frequently associated with chronic virus infections of both animals and man. The relative pathogenetic significance of tissue injury caused by deposition of immune complexes is only partly understood. Further study should be made of these problems through use of recently developed techniques for immune complex identification."}
{"id": "PMID:143304", "title": "[Metabolic activation of a natural promutagen, eugenol, by replicative cultures of adult rat liver epithelial cells].", "content": "The metabolism of eugenol via the epoxide-diol pathway has been characterized by the incubation of this compound in replicative cultures of epithelial cells from sexed rat liver. It is a naturally occuring compound which has been found as the second metabolite of a known hepatocancerogen: safrole. Eugenol did not appear as a mutagen while epoxyeugenol was mutagenic using the Ames Test.", "contents": "[Metabolic activation of a natural promutagen, eugenol, by replicative cultures of adult rat liver epithelial cells]. The metabolism of eugenol via the epoxide-diol pathway has been characterized by the incubation of this compound in replicative cultures of epithelial cells from sexed rat liver. It is a naturally occuring compound which has been found as the second metabolite of a known hepatocancerogen: safrole. Eugenol did not appear as a mutagen while epoxyeugenol was mutagenic using the Ames Test."}
{"id": "PMID:143305", "title": "[Metabolic activation by adrenal tissue in rats of a liver carcinogen: safrole].", "content": "In vivo and in vitro metabolisms by the rat adrenal tissue of safrol, a natural hepatocarcinogen, were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared to the hepatic metabolism. In the adrenals the epoxide-diol pathway was found besides demethylase and hydroxylase activities, suggesting that the adrenal cortex may participate to the metabolic activation of a procarcinogen.", "contents": "[Metabolic activation by adrenal tissue in rats of a liver carcinogen: safrole]. In vivo and in vitro metabolisms by the rat adrenal tissue of safrol, a natural hepatocarcinogen, were studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and compared to the hepatic metabolism. In the adrenals the epoxide-diol pathway was found besides demethylase and hydroxylase activities, suggesting that the adrenal cortex may participate to the metabolic activation of a procarcinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:143306", "title": "[Experimental study of neural and neuro-muscular conduction during simulated diving in dogs and rabbits: anatomo-pathologic correlations].", "content": "Five dogs and twelve rabbits were submitted to simulated diving at 6 ATA (compressed air) and 13-15 ATA (normoxic oxygen + nitrogen). Progressive decompressions were carried on for the first, rapid for the lasts. Motor nerve conduction velocity and nerve-muscle delays were measured. No variations could be observed neither for nerve conduction velocity nor for muscular and nerve action potentials. Nevertheless optic and electronic microscopy observations shew some nerve, neuronal and a few muscular alterations occuring during rapid decompression.", "contents": "[Experimental study of neural and neuro-muscular conduction during simulated diving in dogs and rabbits: anatomo-pathologic correlations]. Five dogs and twelve rabbits were submitted to simulated diving at 6 ATA (compressed air) and 13-15 ATA (normoxic oxygen + nitrogen). Progressive decompressions were carried on for the first, rapid for the lasts. Motor nerve conduction velocity and nerve-muscle delays were measured. No variations could be observed neither for nerve conduction velocity nor for muscular and nerve action potentials. Nevertheless optic and electronic microscopy observations shew some nerve, neuronal and a few muscular alterations occuring during rapid decompression."}
{"id": "PMID:143308", "title": "[Plasma prolactin levels in normal children from birth to adolescence].", "content": "Plasma prolactin levels were determined by an homologous radio-immuno assay in normal children: in cord blood, at the first day of life, during childhood and along puberty. 1. In both sexes, there is a very important secretion of prolactin during the neonatal period. 2. Longitudinal studies make obvious a different pattern of plasma prolactin in boys and in girls at puberty.", "contents": "[Plasma prolactin levels in normal children from birth to adolescence]. Plasma prolactin levels were determined by an homologous radio-immuno assay in normal children: in cord blood, at the first day of life, during childhood and along puberty. 1. In both sexes, there is a very important secretion of prolactin during the neonatal period. 2. Longitudinal studies make obvious a different pattern of plasma prolactin in boys and in girls at puberty."}
{"id": "PMID:143309", "title": "[Radioautographic study of the in vitro incorporation of tritiated noradrenaline into central catecholaminergic fibers in active and hibernating hedgehogs].", "content": "After in vitro incubation for 15 min at 38 degrees C with tritiated noradrenaline (3H-NA) of pieces of brain, including cortex and hypothalamus, from active hedgehogs, significant radioautographic reactions were observed on thick and thin sections where they overlaid catecholaminergic varicosities. Such reactions were severely decreased in the same in vitro conditions using brains from hibernating animals. After reserpine treatment they disappeared in active animals and could not be observed during hibernation. There were no reactions in these two cases following incubation at 6 degrees C. Incorporation of 3H NA at 6 degrees C in central catecholaminergic fibers does not there fore differ in homeotherms and in this hibernating animal. Its reduction during hibernation, even after (rapid) warming up at 38 degrees C, might be related to the impairment of energetic metabolic processes during this period.", "contents": "[Radioautographic study of the in vitro incorporation of tritiated noradrenaline into central catecholaminergic fibers in active and hibernating hedgehogs]. After in vitro incubation for 15 min at 38 degrees C with tritiated noradrenaline (3H-NA) of pieces of brain, including cortex and hypothalamus, from active hedgehogs, significant radioautographic reactions were observed on thick and thin sections where they overlaid catecholaminergic varicosities. Such reactions were severely decreased in the same in vitro conditions using brains from hibernating animals. After reserpine treatment they disappeared in active animals and could not be observed during hibernation. There were no reactions in these two cases following incubation at 6 degrees C. Incorporation of 3H NA at 6 degrees C in central catecholaminergic fibers does not there fore differ in homeotherms and in this hibernating animal. Its reduction during hibernation, even after (rapid) warming up at 38 degrees C, might be related to the impairment of energetic metabolic processes during this period."}
{"id": "PMID:143311", "title": "[Study of Hoffmann's reflex of the soleus muscle during spinal shock in man].", "content": "The Hoffmann's reflex of the soleus muscle, was studied in 14 patients mith complete spinal cord section and spinal shock. This H reflex was absent in most of the cases seen before the 24th hour. In others or in subjects later examined, there was some abnormalities of the recruitement and recovery curves-wich progressively disappeared. These date bring new understandings on the pathophysiology of the spinal shock wich, even in man, early corresponds to a complete depression of the alpha-motoneurone excitability.", "contents": "[Study of Hoffmann's reflex of the soleus muscle during spinal shock in man]. The Hoffmann's reflex of the soleus muscle, was studied in 14 patients mith complete spinal cord section and spinal shock. This H reflex was absent in most of the cases seen before the 24th hour. In others or in subjects later examined, there was some abnormalities of the recruitement and recovery curves-wich progressively disappeared. These date bring new understandings on the pathophysiology of the spinal shock wich, even in man, early corresponds to a complete depression of the alpha-motoneurone excitability."}
{"id": "PMID:143313", "title": "[Effects of thiamine pyrophosphate and sodium dichloroacetate on the increase of lactate and insulin outputs induced by phenformin on the isolated and perfused rat pancreas].", "content": "Thiamine pyrophosphate and sodium dichloroacetate, substances which promote the aerobic metabolism of pyruvate, reduce the increase in lactate output induced by phenformin (100 mg/l) on the isolated and perfused rat pancreas. Both substances provoke a decrease in insulin secretion produced by phenformin.", "contents": "[Effects of thiamine pyrophosphate and sodium dichloroacetate on the increase of lactate and insulin outputs induced by phenformin on the isolated and perfused rat pancreas]. Thiamine pyrophosphate and sodium dichloroacetate, substances which promote the aerobic metabolism of pyruvate, reduce the increase in lactate output induced by phenformin (100 mg/l) on the isolated and perfused rat pancreas. Both substances provoke a decrease in insulin secretion produced by phenformin."}
{"id": "PMID:143314", "title": "[Influence of temperature on insulin secretion induced by different concentrations of glucose].", "content": "Lowering of the temperature from 37.5 degrees C to 28 degrees C provokes a decrease in the response of the beta cell to the stimulation by glucose (1.5 g/1, 3 g/1 and 5 g/1). The insulin secretion obtained at 28 degrees C, compared to that obtained at 37.5 degrees C, is weaker for strongly stimulating concentrations (3 g/1 and 5 g/1) than for a slightly stimulating concentration (1.5 g/1).", "contents": "[Influence of temperature on insulin secretion induced by different concentrations of glucose]. Lowering of the temperature from 37.5 degrees C to 28 degrees C provokes a decrease in the response of the beta cell to the stimulation by glucose (1.5 g/1, 3 g/1 and 5 g/1). The insulin secretion obtained at 28 degrees C, compared to that obtained at 37.5 degrees C, is weaker for strongly stimulating concentrations (3 g/1 and 5 g/1) than for a slightly stimulating concentration (1.5 g/1)."}
{"id": "PMID:143315", "title": "[Influence of temperature on the secretion of insulin and glucagon induced by stimulation of cholinergic receptors in the presence of glucose].", "content": "In the presence of a glucose concentration of 1.5 g/1 the secretion of insulin from the isolated perfused rat pancreas is clearly weaker at 28 degrees C than at 37.5 degrees C. In response to cholinergic stimulation, the absolute increase of insulin secretion rate is less at 28 degrees C than at 37.5 degrees C. However, when evaluated in percentage in relation to the baseline value, this increase is more important at the lower temperature. As to glucagon secretion, lowering of the temperature from 37.5 degrees C to 28 degrees C modifies neither this secretion in the presence of glucose alone, nor the increased secretion provoked by the cholinergic stimulation.", "contents": "[Influence of temperature on the secretion of insulin and glucagon induced by stimulation of cholinergic receptors in the presence of glucose]. In the presence of a glucose concentration of 1.5 g/1 the secretion of insulin from the isolated perfused rat pancreas is clearly weaker at 28 degrees C than at 37.5 degrees C. In response to cholinergic stimulation, the absolute increase of insulin secretion rate is less at 28 degrees C than at 37.5 degrees C. However, when evaluated in percentage in relation to the baseline value, this increase is more important at the lower temperature. As to glucagon secretion, lowering of the temperature from 37.5 degrees C to 28 degrees C modifies neither this secretion in the presence of glucose alone, nor the increased secretion provoked by the cholinergic stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:143316", "title": "[Cardiovascular effects of S 2620 in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital].", "content": "In the dog under pentobarbitone anesthesia, the intravenous infusion of 1 mg/kg S 2620 results in tachycardia and systemic arterial hypertension. The same attenuated effects are caused by a second injection of the drug after cervical vagotomy and chemoreceptors denervation. Tachycardia and peripheral vaso constriction can account for elevation of arterial pressure.", "contents": "[Cardiovascular effects of S 2620 in dogs anesthetized with pentobarbital]. In the dog under pentobarbitone anesthesia, the intravenous infusion of 1 mg/kg S 2620 results in tachycardia and systemic arterial hypertension. The same attenuated effects are caused by a second injection of the drug after cervical vagotomy and chemoreceptors denervation. Tachycardia and peripheral vaso constriction can account for elevation of arterial pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:143317", "title": "[Study in vapor phase of the reversible action of volatile narcotics and toxic drugs by the method of inhibition of bacterial photogenesis].", "content": "A new method is proposed in order to appreciate the potency of some volatile anaesthetics and toxics in vapour phase. The method is founded upon the classical concept of thermodynamic activity and on the reversible inhibition of bacterioluminescence tested in vapour phase. Deprived of all experimental inertia the method allows very precise kinetic studies of the various types of inhibition.", "contents": "[Study in vapor phase of the reversible action of volatile narcotics and toxic drugs by the method of inhibition of bacterial photogenesis]. A new method is proposed in order to appreciate the potency of some volatile anaesthetics and toxics in vapour phase. The method is founded upon the classical concept of thermodynamic activity and on the reversible inhibition of bacterioluminescence tested in vapour phase. Deprived of all experimental inertia the method allows very precise kinetic studies of the various types of inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:143318", "title": "[Testing synergism between ethinyl estradiol and norethisterone on the histamine-induced deciduoma and vaginal mucification of castrated rats].", "content": "Through the histaminic deciduoma test and a vaginal mucification test, we have endeavoured to show that, in spayed female rats there exists a possibility of synergism between ethynylestradiol and pure norethisterone per os. No synergism could be shown in the former test, owing to, or so it seems, a lack of deciduogenic power proper to norethisterone. The latter test showed, indeed, that ethynylestradiol can, in low quantities, bring about a synergism on the mucifying properties of norethisterone, whereas, in large quantities, it creates an antagonism on the aforesaid properties.", "contents": "[Testing synergism between ethinyl estradiol and norethisterone on the histamine-induced deciduoma and vaginal mucification of castrated rats]. Through the histaminic deciduoma test and a vaginal mucification test, we have endeavoured to show that, in spayed female rats there exists a possibility of synergism between ethynylestradiol and pure norethisterone per os. No synergism could be shown in the former test, owing to, or so it seems, a lack of deciduogenic power proper to norethisterone. The latter test showed, indeed, that ethynylestradiol can, in low quantities, bring about a synergism on the mucifying properties of norethisterone, whereas, in large quantities, it creates an antagonism on the aforesaid properties."}
{"id": "PMID:143319", "title": "[Effects of ligation of the ductuli efferentes or the epididymis on testicular function and secretion of gonadotropins in rats].", "content": "One week after ligating the vasa efferentes or the corpus epididymis in adult Wistar rats, we have studied the histological structure of the testes, measured their weights, as well as those of the seminal vesicles, and estimated F.S.H. and I.C.S.H. levels in  the plasma through radioimmunoassay. Whereas ligating the corpus epididymis has not effect, ligating the efferent ducts damages the germinal line, without any damage on the Leydig cells; it also raises F.S.H. circulating level, if not I.C.S.H. level. We therefore confirm an inhibin production by seminiferous tubules, this hormone returning to the blood stream in the testis or rather in the head of epididymis as our research in progress suggests.", "contents": "[Effects of ligation of the ductuli efferentes or the epididymis on testicular function and secretion of gonadotropins in rats]. One week after ligating the vasa efferentes or the corpus epididymis in adult Wistar rats, we have studied the histological structure of the testes, measured their weights, as well as those of the seminal vesicles, and estimated F.S.H. and I.C.S.H. levels in  the plasma through radioimmunoassay. Whereas ligating the corpus epididymis has not effect, ligating the efferent ducts damages the germinal line, without any damage on the Leydig cells; it also raises F.S.H. circulating level, if not I.C.S.H. level. We therefore confirm an inhibin production by seminiferous tubules, this hormone returning to the blood stream in the testis or rather in the head of epididymis as our research in progress suggests."}
{"id": "PMID:143320", "title": "[In vitro metabolism of (6,7-H3)estrone and of (6,7-H3) estradiol by the liver in pregnant guinea pigs].", "content": "Slices of pregnant guinea pig liver were incubated with (6,7-3H)estrone and with (6,7-3H)estradiol. Free, glucuro- and sulfo-conjugated fractions were isolated by specific extraction and hydrolysis. The radioactivity distribution in these 3 fractions demonstrated a predominance of conjugated compounds (95% of isolated estrogens) with slightly more glucuro-conjugated than sulfo-conjugated compounds. After isolating estrogens by TLC, we were able to determine estrone and estradiol in these 3 fractions from incubations with 3H-estrone or with 3H-estradiol by means of specific activity recrystallisation. Estriol was determined in glucuro-and sulfo-conjugated fractions after incubation with 3H-estrone as well as in sulfo-conjugated fraction after incubation with 3H-estradiol. Glucuro- or sulfo-conjugated estrone was the predominant estrogen after incubation with 3H-estrone just as after incubation with 3H-estradiol. This led us to conclude to an important 17beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase activity. The 16alpha-hydroxylastic-activity is weaker since estriol represented only 1,43 % of estrogens isolated after incubation with 3H-estrone and 0.82% after incubation with 3H-estradiol.", "contents": "[In vitro metabolism of (6,7-H3)estrone and of (6,7-H3) estradiol by the liver in pregnant guinea pigs]. Slices of pregnant guinea pig liver were incubated with (6,7-3H)estrone and with (6,7-3H)estradiol. Free, glucuro- and sulfo-conjugated fractions were isolated by specific extraction and hydrolysis. The radioactivity distribution in these 3 fractions demonstrated a predominance of conjugated compounds (95% of isolated estrogens) with slightly more glucuro-conjugated than sulfo-conjugated compounds. After isolating estrogens by TLC, we were able to determine estrone and estradiol in these 3 fractions from incubations with 3H-estrone or with 3H-estradiol by means of specific activity recrystallisation. Estriol was determined in glucuro-and sulfo-conjugated fractions after incubation with 3H-estrone as well as in sulfo-conjugated fraction after incubation with 3H-estradiol. Glucuro- or sulfo-conjugated estrone was the predominant estrogen after incubation with 3H-estrone just as after incubation with 3H-estradiol. This led us to conclude to an important 17beta-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase activity. The 16alpha-hydroxylastic-activity is weaker since estriol represented only 1,43 % of estrogens isolated after incubation with 3H-estrone and 0.82% after incubation with 3H-estradiol."}
{"id": "PMID:143321", "title": "[Differential effect of estradiol on the activities of 2 thymidine kinases present in the oviducts of the newt Pleurodeles. I. Measurement of apparent Km and study of thermostability].", "content": "We have compared the properties of the deoxythymidine kinases extracted from the oviducts of newts which have been stimulated by estradiol or from control ones. The estradiol treatment affects the apparent Km which decreased from 10(-5) M (control) to 5.10(-6) M (stimulated). Experiments in which we mixed extracts of control and stimulated oviducts indicate that the increase of the affinity cannot be interpreted as the result of an hormonal action upon an enzymatic effector. The study of heat denaturation (45 degrees C) indicates that the oviduct of stimulated animals and control ones contains two thymidine kinases (one is heat resistant: ES; the other is heat denaturated: EL). The estradiol increases the activity of both enzymes (EL and ES) but this action is differential: the EL activity is twice or five time more increased than ES activity after 6 or 12 days of hormonal treatment.", "contents": "[Differential effect of estradiol on the activities of 2 thymidine kinases present in the oviducts of the newt Pleurodeles. I. Measurement of apparent Km and study of thermostability]. We have compared the properties of the deoxythymidine kinases extracted from the oviducts of newts which have been stimulated by estradiol or from control ones. The estradiol treatment affects the apparent Km which decreased from 10(-5) M (control) to 5.10(-6) M (stimulated). Experiments in which we mixed extracts of control and stimulated oviducts indicate that the increase of the affinity cannot be interpreted as the result of an hormonal action upon an enzymatic effector. The study of heat denaturation (45 degrees C) indicates that the oviduct of stimulated animals and control ones contains two thymidine kinases (one is heat resistant: ES; the other is heat denaturated: EL). The estradiol increases the activity of both enzymes (EL and ES) but this action is differential: the EL activity is twice or five time more increased than ES activity after 6 or 12 days of hormonal treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:143322", "title": "[Comparative activity of ethaverine and papaverine on the effective refractory period of the isolated guinea pig atrium].", "content": "From lower concentrations (from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M) ethaverine reduces the maximal following frequency (MFF) of isolated guinea-pig's right atrium during its electrical driving at increasing frequencies. On the other hand, papaverine assumes a variable effect according to its concentration: increase (10(-7) M) or decrease (10(-6) M) of MFF. Modifications of MFF are related with those of atrial effective refractory period (ERP). These results show that ethaverine induces a lengthening of ERP whereas papaverine reduces or increases ERP. These observations are discussed comparatively with previous personal data on anesthetized dogs (Lacroix et al.) and with local anesthetic properties of ethaverine.", "contents": "[Comparative activity of ethaverine and papaverine on the effective refractory period of the isolated guinea pig atrium]. From lower concentrations (from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M) ethaverine reduces the maximal following frequency (MFF) of isolated guinea-pig's right atrium during its electrical driving at increasing frequencies. On the other hand, papaverine assumes a variable effect according to its concentration: increase (10(-7) M) or decrease (10(-6) M) of MFF. Modifications of MFF are related with those of atrial effective refractory period (ERP). These results show that ethaverine induces a lengthening of ERP whereas papaverine reduces or increases ERP. These observations are discussed comparatively with previous personal data on anesthetized dogs (Lacroix et al.) and with local anesthetic properties of ethaverine."}
{"id": "PMID:143323", "title": "[Development of liver glycogen reserves in rats subjected to chronic alcoholic intoxication].", "content": "Literature offers many but very different informations about the effects of alcohol on the hepatic carbohydrates metabolism. Therefore we have tried to observe, in process of time, the evolution of the hepatic glycogen reserves on rats intoxicated by ethanol 40% during variable durations. Stuffing is made by oesophageal way at the rate of 6,4 g/kg/day. During this period of poisoning, we note a significant increasing of the hepatic glycogen reserves.", "contents": "[Development of liver glycogen reserves in rats subjected to chronic alcoholic intoxication]. Literature offers many but very different informations about the effects of alcohol on the hepatic carbohydrates metabolism. Therefore we have tried to observe, in process of time, the evolution of the hepatic glycogen reserves on rats intoxicated by ethanol 40% during variable durations. Stuffing is made by oesophageal way at the rate of 6,4 g/kg/day. During this period of poisoning, we note a significant increasing of the hepatic glycogen reserves."}
{"id": "PMID:143324", "title": "[Structure of scorpion hemocyanin: heterogeneity of its sub-units].", "content": "Six dissociation products isolated from the Androctonus australis scorpion haemocyanin are studied through analytical ultracentrifugation and acrylamide-SDS electrophoresis: the results show that one of these fractions exists as a dimer and that the five others are monomers. A genetical study shows that two subunits at least can undergo mutations.", "contents": "[Structure of scorpion hemocyanin: heterogeneity of its sub-units]. Six dissociation products isolated from the Androctonus australis scorpion haemocyanin are studied through analytical ultracentrifugation and acrylamide-SDS electrophoresis: the results show that one of these fractions exists as a dimer and that the five others are monomers. A genetical study shows that two subunits at least can undergo mutations."}
{"id": "PMID:143325", "title": "[The cell wall fractions of Brucella are specific mitogens. Implications in the genesis of the primary immune response].", "content": "Phenol-water extracts from smooth B. melitensis or B. abortus induce specific proliferation of lymphocytes from Brucella-sensitized men or animals. These extracts have no effect on lymphocytes of uninfected subjects. Above findings imply that an antigen will not trigger the so-called primary response when administered to a immune virgin animal.", "contents": "[The cell wall fractions of Brucella are specific mitogens. Implications in the genesis of the primary immune response]. Phenol-water extracts from smooth B. melitensis or B. abortus induce specific proliferation of lymphocytes from Brucella-sensitized men or animals. These extracts have no effect on lymphocytes of uninfected subjects. Above findings imply that an antigen will not trigger the so-called primary response when administered to a immune virgin animal."}
{"id": "PMID:143326", "title": "[Changes, induced by certain flavonoids, of the hypotensive effects of arachidonic acid].", "content": "In the rat, silybine and Z 12007, a derivative of rutoside, increase the vasodepressive activities of arachidonic acid, a prostaglandin precursor. They reduce the activity of PGE2. Quercetine also increases the hypotensive action of arachidonic acid. These three flavonoids are supposed to increase the prostaglandin biosynthesis.", "contents": "[Changes, induced by certain flavonoids, of the hypotensive effects of arachidonic acid]. In the rat, silybine and Z 12007, a derivative of rutoside, increase the vasodepressive activities of arachidonic acid, a prostaglandin precursor. They reduce the activity of PGE2. Quercetine also increases the hypotensive action of arachidonic acid. These three flavonoids are supposed to increase the prostaglandin biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:143330", "title": "[Exchange of adenylic nucleotides and bacterial growth].", "content": "Adenylic nucleotides pool reaches optimum with biomass. The ATP quantity decreases after exponential growth. AMP increases when ATP decreases. Energetic load is optimum two hours before optimum growth. E. coli prevent the growth of Pseudomonas. AMP is discharged in the medium at the beginning of growth of E. coli and every time by Pseudomonas.", "contents": "[Exchange of adenylic nucleotides and bacterial growth]. Adenylic nucleotides pool reaches optimum with biomass. The ATP quantity decreases after exponential growth. AMP increases when ATP decreases. Energetic load is optimum two hours before optimum growth. E. coli prevent the growth of Pseudomonas. AMP is discharged in the medium at the beginning of growth of E. coli and every time by Pseudomonas."}
{"id": "PMID:143331", "title": "[Influence of low energy alimentation and nitrogen on free amino acids in the blood of dairy cows at the beginning of lactation].", "content": "Dairy cows are fed low energy and adequate nitrogen (T), or low energy and low nitrogen (C) diets. Blood free aminoacids, urea and glucose are estimated. The relations between gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, liveweight and milk production are discusssed.", "contents": "[Influence of low energy alimentation and nitrogen on free amino acids in the blood of dairy cows at the beginning of lactation]. Dairy cows are fed low energy and adequate nitrogen (T), or low energy and low nitrogen (C) diets. Blood free aminoacids, urea and glucose are estimated. The relations between gluconeogenesis, protein catabolism, liveweight and milk production are discusssed."}
{"id": "PMID:143332", "title": "[Rest and active potentials of dissociated rat heart cells in culture].", "content": "Intracellular investigation of bioelectrical properties is performed on cultivated rat myocardial cells. Electrophysiological parameters of cells dissociated from rat myocardium are very similar to those of in vivo cells. Fast sodium channels are found to be fonctional. Spontaneous arrhythmia are recorded from some impaled cells.", "contents": "[Rest and active potentials of dissociated rat heart cells in culture]. Intracellular investigation of bioelectrical properties is performed on cultivated rat myocardial cells. Electrophysiological parameters of cells dissociated from rat myocardium are very similar to those of in vivo cells. Fast sodium channels are found to be fonctional. Spontaneous arrhythmia are recorded from some impaled cells."}
{"id": "PMID:143333", "title": "[Cytotoxic effect of peritoneal macrophages on an intestinal carcinoma in rats. Demonstration of a new cytotoxicity test].", "content": "Macrophages were isolated from the peritoneal cavity of rats treated by BCG. These macrophages were found to be cytotoxic for syngeneic intestinal cancer cells cultivated in vitro. Cytotoxicity was demonstrated by a new quantitative assay using acidic elution of methylene blue staining the residual cells.", "contents": "[Cytotoxic effect of peritoneal macrophages on an intestinal carcinoma in rats. Demonstration of a new cytotoxicity test]. Macrophages were isolated from the peritoneal cavity of rats treated by BCG. These macrophages were found to be cytotoxic for syngeneic intestinal cancer cells cultivated in vitro. Cytotoxicity was demonstrated by a new quantitative assay using acidic elution of methylene blue staining the residual cells."}
{"id": "PMID:143334", "title": "[Effects of methy-2[(chloro-4'-benzoyl)-4-phenoxy]-2 propionic acid on the respiratory activity of isolated rat liver mitochondria].", "content": "The effects of methyl-2 [(chloro-4' benzoyl)-4 phenoxy]-2 propionic acid (LF 153) on mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation are studied in vitro. Its activity is related to that of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (LT3), 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid (TA3), and to that of clofibrate, LF 153 acts as an inhibitory uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Its uncoupling action is however very intense.", "contents": "[Effects of methy-2[(chloro-4'-benzoyl)-4-phenoxy]-2 propionic acid on the respiratory activity of isolated rat liver mitochondria]. The effects of methyl-2 [(chloro-4' benzoyl)-4 phenoxy]-2 propionic acid (LF 153) on mitochondrial respiration and oxidative phosphorylation are studied in vitro. Its activity is related to that of 3,5,3'-triiodo-L-thyronine (LT3), 3,5,3'-triiodothyroacetic acid (TA3), and to that of clofibrate, LF 153 acts as an inhibitory uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation. Its uncoupling action is however very intense."}
{"id": "PMID:143335", "title": "The comparative effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate (C12MDP) and ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on growth and modeling of the rat tibia.", "content": "Male rats weighing 100 g were assigned to groups and injected daily for 10 days with vehicle (control), 0.4, 2.0, 4.0, 10.0, or 20.0 mg/kg/day of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (C12MDP). The proximal tibial metaphysis and epiphysis were assayed for changes in percentage of hard tissue and bone formation parameters. From the data, information about hard tissue resorption was deduced. All doses of C12MDP and doses of 2.0 mg EHDP/kg/day and greater caused significant increases in percentage of hard tissues with C12MDP being more effective than similar doses of EHDP in decreasing bone resorption. Osteoclast population parameters were increased with all doses of both C12MDP and EHDP with C12MDP having a greater effect than similar doses of EHDP. Decreases in the proliferation of the osteoprogenitor pool parallel the decreases in osteoblasts and bone formation parameters. These decreases in osteoprogenitor pool proliferation do not account for the increases with diphosphonates in osteoclast population parameters.", "contents": "The comparative effects of dichloromethylene diphosphonate (C12MDP) and ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) on growth and modeling of the rat tibia. Male rats weighing 100 g were assigned to groups and injected daily for 10 days with vehicle (control), 0.4, 2.0, 4.0, 10.0, or 20.0 mg/kg/day of ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (EHDP) or dichloromethylene diphosphonate (C12MDP). The proximal tibial metaphysis and epiphysis were assayed for changes in percentage of hard tissue and bone formation parameters. From the data, information about hard tissue resorption was deduced. All doses of C12MDP and doses of 2.0 mg EHDP/kg/day and greater caused significant increases in percentage of hard tissues with C12MDP being more effective than similar doses of EHDP in decreasing bone resorption. Osteoclast population parameters were increased with all doses of both C12MDP and EHDP with C12MDP having a greater effect than similar doses of EHDP. Decreases in the proliferation of the osteoprogenitor pool parallel the decreases in osteoblasts and bone formation parameters. These decreases in osteoprogenitor pool proliferation do not account for the increases with diphosphonates in osteoclast population parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:143336", "title": "Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on development of cross-tolerance between pentobarbital and ethanol.", "content": "Rats developed cross-tolerance to the motor-impairing effects of ethanol after daily oral administration of pentobarbital. Chronic administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), in a dosage regimen previously demonstrated to maintain extensive brain serotonin (5-HT) depletion, slowed down cross-tolerance development. p-CPA did not appear to exert this effect by altering the disposition of ethanol, since blood ethanol levels measured 20 min after ethanol administration were not affected by p-CPA treatment. This study extends our previous findings with respect to the inhibitory effects of p-CPA on tolerance development to ethanol and pentobarbital, and suggests that 5-HT may play a role in cross-tolerance development between ethanol and pentobarbital.", "contents": "Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on development of cross-tolerance between pentobarbital and ethanol. Rats developed cross-tolerance to the motor-impairing effects of ethanol after daily oral administration of pentobarbital. Chronic administration of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA), in a dosage regimen previously demonstrated to maintain extensive brain serotonin (5-HT) depletion, slowed down cross-tolerance development. p-CPA did not appear to exert this effect by altering the disposition of ethanol, since blood ethanol levels measured 20 min after ethanol administration were not affected by p-CPA treatment. This study extends our previous findings with respect to the inhibitory effects of p-CPA on tolerance development to ethanol and pentobarbital, and suggests that 5-HT may play a role in cross-tolerance development between ethanol and pentobarbital."}
{"id": "PMID:143337", "title": "Stimulation of cerebral cortical synaptosomal Na-K-ATPase by biogenic amines.", "content": "The amines noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and histamine (0.01-0.5 mM) enhanced the activity of Na-K-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) in rat cerebral cortical synaptosomal fractions. The activities of Mg-ATPase and Ca-Mg-ATPase were not significantly affected. No stimulation of Na-K-ATPase occurred in the presence of chelating agents (0.5 mM EGTA or EDTA) unless 0.5 mM calcium had also been added to the incubation medium. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that amines depress cerebral cortical neurones by activation of an electrogenic sodium pump. Calcium ions appear to be involved in this process.", "contents": "Stimulation of cerebral cortical synaptosomal Na-K-ATPase by biogenic amines. The amines noradrenaline, dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and histamine (0.01-0.5 mM) enhanced the activity of Na-K-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) in rat cerebral cortical synaptosomal fractions. The activities of Mg-ATPase and Ca-Mg-ATPase were not significantly affected. No stimulation of Na-K-ATPase occurred in the presence of chelating agents (0.5 mM EGTA or EDTA) unless 0.5 mM calcium had also been added to the incubation medium. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that amines depress cerebral cortical neurones by activation of an electrogenic sodium pump. Calcium ions appear to be involved in this process."}
{"id": "PMID:143338", "title": "Phosphofrucktokinase and glucose catabolism of Mucor and Penicillium species.", "content": "The primary catabolic pathways in the fungi Penicillium notatum and P. duponti, and Mucor rouxii and M. miehei were examined by measuring the relative rate of 14CO2 production from different carbon atoms of specifically labelled glucose. It was found that these organisms dissimilate glucose predominantly via the Embden--Meyerhof pathway in conjunction with the tricarboxylic acid cycle and to a lesser extent by the pentose phosphate pathway. Phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) activity could not be detected initially in Penicillium species because of the interference from mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.17) and NADH oxidase (EC 1.6.99.3). A combination of differential centrifuging and a heat treatment of Penicillium cell-free extracts in the presence of fructose-6-phosphate removed the interfering enzymes. The kinetic characteristics of phosphofructokinase from P. notatum and M. rouxii are described. The enzyme presents highly cooperative kinetics for fructose-6-phosphate. The kinetics for ATP show no cooperativity and inhibition by excess ATP is observed. The addition of AMP activated the P. notatum enzyme, relieving ATP inhibition; slight inhibition by AMP was observed with the M. rouxii enzyme. In contrast M. rouxii pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) is activated 50-fold by fructose-1,6-diphosphate whereas pyruvate kinase from P. notatum and P. duponti were unaffected by fructose-1,6-diphosphate.", "contents": "Phosphofrucktokinase and glucose catabolism of Mucor and Penicillium species. The primary catabolic pathways in the fungi Penicillium notatum and P. duponti, and Mucor rouxii and M. miehei were examined by measuring the relative rate of 14CO2 production from different carbon atoms of specifically labelled glucose. It was found that these organisms dissimilate glucose predominantly via the Embden--Meyerhof pathway in conjunction with the tricarboxylic acid cycle and to a lesser extent by the pentose phosphate pathway. Phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11) activity could not be detected initially in Penicillium species because of the interference from mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.17) and NADH oxidase (EC 1.6.99.3). A combination of differential centrifuging and a heat treatment of Penicillium cell-free extracts in the presence of fructose-6-phosphate removed the interfering enzymes. The kinetic characteristics of phosphofructokinase from P. notatum and M. rouxii are described. The enzyme presents highly cooperative kinetics for fructose-6-phosphate. The kinetics for ATP show no cooperativity and inhibition by excess ATP is observed. The addition of AMP activated the P. notatum enzyme, relieving ATP inhibition; slight inhibition by AMP was observed with the M. rouxii enzyme. In contrast M. rouxii pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) is activated 50-fold by fructose-1,6-diphosphate whereas pyruvate kinase from P. notatum and P. duponti were unaffected by fructose-1,6-diphosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:143339", "title": "Physical management of muscular low back pain in the athlete.", "content": "The Canadian medical staff at the 1976 Olympic Games found that muscular low back pain was a common problem among the athletes. The problem had usually developed during training as a result of neglect of certain anatomic areas, particularly the abdominal region. A five-point treatment and prevention program was used with good results. It included (a) relief of spasm and pain, (b) stretching, (c) exercise, (d) alteration of the training program and (e) education to prevent future problems or worsening of the present problem.", "contents": "Physical management of muscular low back pain in the athlete. The Canadian medical staff at the 1976 Olympic Games found that muscular low back pain was a common problem among the athletes. The problem had usually developed during training as a result of neglect of certain anatomic areas, particularly the abdominal region. A five-point treatment and prevention program was used with good results. It included (a) relief of spasm and pain, (b) stretching, (c) exercise, (d) alteration of the training program and (e) education to prevent future problems or worsening of the present problem."}
{"id": "PMID:143340", "title": "Factors related to survival following resection for gastric carcinoma: analysis of 903 cases.", "content": "This report is based on 903 patients with resections for gastric carcinoma between October 1957, and July 1969, entered in controlled trials of adjuvant therapy with Thio-TEPA and FUDR. Neither Thio-TEPA nor FUDR, as administered, prolonged survival. The extent of disease at the time of curative surgery is related to survival for the first 36 months postoperatively. Involvement of lymph nodes, resection of the esophagus, and serosal penetration are predictive of recurrence up to 36 months. There appear to be three groups of patients: 1) Cured (26%); 2) Slowly growing tumor--23% (median survival, 25 months); and 3) Rapidly growing tumor--51% (median survival, eight months). The absence of blood-vessel invasion, lymphatic invasion, lymph-node involvement, and serosal penetration characterize those patients in Group A.", "contents": "Factors related to survival following resection for gastric carcinoma: analysis of 903 cases. This report is based on 903 patients with resections for gastric carcinoma between October 1957, and July 1969, entered in controlled trials of adjuvant therapy with Thio-TEPA and FUDR. Neither Thio-TEPA nor FUDR, as administered, prolonged survival. The extent of disease at the time of curative surgery is related to survival for the first 36 months postoperatively. Involvement of lymph nodes, resection of the esophagus, and serosal penetration are predictive of recurrence up to 36 months. There appear to be three groups of patients: 1) Cured (26%); 2) Slowly growing tumor--23% (median survival, 25 months); and 3) Rapidly growing tumor--51% (median survival, eight months). The absence of blood-vessel invasion, lymphatic invasion, lymph-node involvement, and serosal penetration characterize those patients in Group A."}
{"id": "PMID:143341", "title": "The role of nicotinamide and of certain other modifying factors in diethylnitrosamine carcinogenesis: fusaria mycotoxins and \"spontaneous\" tumors in animals and man.", "content": "Pretreatment of rats with large doses of nicotinamide, which has been shown to increase the incidence of pancreatic islet-cell tumors after streptozotocin and after heliotrine, appears to promote the development of kidney neoplasias in rats given several doses of diethylnitrosamine. Nicotinamide, one of the B vitamins, and a constituent of NAD coenzymes, will prevent the depletion of NAD coenzymes by alkylating agents. It may protect the animal to some extent from the acute effects of hepatocarcinogens but not from the induction of tumors, although it may change the localization of the latter. The possible mechanisms involved in the action of nicotinamide and of certain other modifying agents are discussed. Attention is drawn to the possibility that pituitary, mammary and certain other tumors that sometimes occur among the controls, as well as among experimental animals, may be due to the occasional presence in laboratory animal diets of estrogenic and/or toxic secondary metabolites of the field fungi, Fusaria. Mycotoxins, such as zearalenone and the trichothecenes, are also likely to contaminate human foods; this could explain why multiple tumors in man occur mainly in the sex organs and in the digestive tract.", "contents": "The role of nicotinamide and of certain other modifying factors in diethylnitrosamine carcinogenesis: fusaria mycotoxins and \"spontaneous\" tumors in animals and man. Pretreatment of rats with large doses of nicotinamide, which has been shown to increase the incidence of pancreatic islet-cell tumors after streptozotocin and after heliotrine, appears to promote the development of kidney neoplasias in rats given several doses of diethylnitrosamine. Nicotinamide, one of the B vitamins, and a constituent of NAD coenzymes, will prevent the depletion of NAD coenzymes by alkylating agents. It may protect the animal to some extent from the acute effects of hepatocarcinogens but not from the induction of tumors, although it may change the localization of the latter. The possible mechanisms involved in the action of nicotinamide and of certain other modifying agents are discussed. Attention is drawn to the possibility that pituitary, mammary and certain other tumors that sometimes occur among the controls, as well as among experimental animals, may be due to the occasional presence in laboratory animal diets of estrogenic and/or toxic secondary metabolites of the field fungi, Fusaria. Mycotoxins, such as zearalenone and the trichothecenes, are also likely to contaminate human foods; this could explain why multiple tumors in man occur mainly in the sex organs and in the digestive tract."}
{"id": "PMID:143343", "title": "In vitro inhibition of human leukemic cells (CCRF-CEM) by agarose-immobilized neocarzinostatin.", "content": "Neocarzinostatin (NCS) is an acidic protein (molecular weight, 10,700) isolated from Streptomyces carzinostaticus that has antitumor activity both in model rodent systems and in humans. In vitro it inhibits the growth of a human lymphoblastic leukemic cell line (CCRF-CEM) at a very low concentration (the amount of drug that causes a 50% inhibition of growth compared to control cultures as extrapolated from a dose-response curve (ID50), 2.4 X 10(-9) M). We covalently coupled NCS to the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of agarose and obtained a product that, by a variety of biochemical and immunological criteria, has been demonstrated to be devoid of any free or loosely bound NCS. Agarose-bound NCS, which is unable to enter cells because of its size, retains a significant amount of inhibitory activity (ID50, 6 to 15 X 10(-9) M) and is also capable of inhibiting tritiated deoxythymidine incorporation into CCRF-CEM cells. Since agarose-bound NCS cannot enter mammalian cells, the above findings indicate that NCS is able to exert its toxic effects by binding to or reacting with receptors on the cell membrane.", "contents": "In vitro inhibition of human leukemic cells (CCRF-CEM) by agarose-immobilized neocarzinostatin. Neocarzinostatin (NCS) is an acidic protein (molecular weight, 10,700) isolated from Streptomyces carzinostaticus that has antitumor activity both in model rodent systems and in humans. In vitro it inhibits the growth of a human lymphoblastic leukemic cell line (CCRF-CEM) at a very low concentration (the amount of drug that causes a 50% inhibition of growth compared to control cultures as extrapolated from a dose-response curve (ID50), 2.4 X 10(-9) M). We covalently coupled NCS to the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of agarose and obtained a product that, by a variety of biochemical and immunological criteria, has been demonstrated to be devoid of any free or loosely bound NCS. Agarose-bound NCS, which is unable to enter cells because of its size, retains a significant amount of inhibitory activity (ID50, 6 to 15 X 10(-9) M) and is also capable of inhibiting tritiated deoxythymidine incorporation into CCRF-CEM cells. Since agarose-bound NCS cannot enter mammalian cells, the above findings indicate that NCS is able to exert its toxic effects by binding to or reacting with receptors on the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:143344", "title": "Intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin immunotherapy of canine venereal tumors.", "content": "Canine transmissible venereal tumors were studied for response to intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) therapy. Six pairs of littermates, identical for the major histocompatibility complex, were evaluated. One member of each pair received intralesional BCG to one of two growing tumors. Lesions of control animals received 0.9% NaCl solution. Both injected and noninjected lesions of BCG-treated animals underwent regression within 63 days, as compared to an extended period of tumor growth (beyond 100 days) for controls (p less than 0.05). Serial in vitro assays during therapy included; (a) mixed lymphocyte-tumor culture, (b) phytohemagglutinin stimulation, and (c) assessment of lymphocyte surface markers. Lymphocytes from BCG-treated dogs were significantly more responsive to tumor cells in mixed lymphocyte-tumor culture assay than were those from controls (p less than 0.05). Maximal responses occurred during tumor regression. T- and B-lymphocyte levels as assayed by rosette formation and surface marker immunoglobulins were not influenced by BCG therapy. It was concluded that intralesional BCG therapy of canine venereal tumors was highly effective in  causing regression of injected and noninjected lesions. This tumor model system may be useful for the evaluation of the effectiveness of new immunotherapeutic approaches on established neoplasms in large, randomly bred animals.", "contents": "Intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin immunotherapy of canine venereal tumors. Canine transmissible venereal tumors were studied for response to intralesional Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) therapy. Six pairs of littermates, identical for the major histocompatibility complex, were evaluated. One member of each pair received intralesional BCG to one of two growing tumors. Lesions of control animals received 0.9% NaCl solution. Both injected and noninjected lesions of BCG-treated animals underwent regression within 63 days, as compared to an extended period of tumor growth (beyond 100 days) for controls (p less than 0.05). Serial in vitro assays during therapy included; (a) mixed lymphocyte-tumor culture, (b) phytohemagglutinin stimulation, and (c) assessment of lymphocyte surface markers. Lymphocytes from BCG-treated dogs were significantly more responsive to tumor cells in mixed lymphocyte-tumor culture assay than were those from controls (p less than 0.05). Maximal responses occurred during tumor regression. T- and B-lymphocyte levels as assayed by rosette formation and surface marker immunoglobulins were not influenced by BCG therapy. It was concluded that intralesional BCG therapy of canine venereal tumors was highly effective in  causing regression of injected and noninjected lesions. This tumor model system may be useful for the evaluation of the effectiveness of new immunotherapeutic approaches on established neoplasms in large, randomly bred animals."}
{"id": "PMID:143345", "title": "Peritoneoscopy: a technique to evaluate therapeutic efficacy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients.", "content": "Peritoneoscopy was performed in 22 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as a re-staging technique to rule out relapse or persistence of active disease after intensive chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Fifteen patients with previous hepatic involvement achieved a complete clinical remission; however, five patients (33%) had persistent disease proved by biopsy at peritoneoscopy. In seven patients suspected to have a clinical relapse, peritoneoscopy biopsies documented relapse in three patients (43%), including two patients with negative percutaneous liver biopsies. Because of its low morbidity rate (4%), peritoneoscopy can be utilized to re-stage hepatic involvement by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients more accurately than percutaneous liver biopsies and with less morbidity than laparotomy.", "contents": "Peritoneoscopy: a technique to evaluate therapeutic efficacy in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients. Peritoneoscopy was performed in 22 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma as a re-staging technique to rule out relapse or persistence of active disease after intensive chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Fifteen patients with previous hepatic involvement achieved a complete clinical remission; however, five patients (33%) had persistent disease proved by biopsy at peritoneoscopy. In seven patients suspected to have a clinical relapse, peritoneoscopy biopsies documented relapse in three patients (43%), including two patients with negative percutaneous liver biopsies. Because of its low morbidity rate (4%), peritoneoscopy can be utilized to re-stage hepatic involvement by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients more accurately than percutaneous liver biopsies and with less morbidity than laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:143347", "title": "Some observations on the diurnal variation of mitosis in the stratified squamous epithelium of wounded tympanic membrane.", "content": "A study of mitosis in the stratified squamous epithelium of the tympanic membrane of the guinea-pig was made after wounding this organ at 09.00 h in one series of animals and at 21.00 h in a second series. It was found that the diurnal variation of mitosis was abolished by the injury. This finding corresponds with a basic requirement of the chalone-adrenaline hypothesis which is considered to be a factor in the mitotic control of epidermal cells. It was also found that the maximum number of dividing cells was at the wound edge in the group wounded at 09.00 h, which also agrees with the chalone concept. In the group wounded at 21.00 h, however, the initial mitotic response was in cells distally placed from the wound edge which is more difficult to explain. Perhaps these cells are inhibited mitotically by the factors normaly producing a low nocturnal mitotic rate and undergo migration to cover the defect in the first instance, and only divide at a later time when the mitotic inhibition is lifted. It appears that the factors responsible for the increased mitotic rate after wounding are different from those responsible for the diurnal variation.", "contents": "Some observations on the diurnal variation of mitosis in the stratified squamous epithelium of wounded tympanic membrane. A study of mitosis in the stratified squamous epithelium of the tympanic membrane of the guinea-pig was made after wounding this organ at 09.00 h in one series of animals and at 21.00 h in a second series. It was found that the diurnal variation of mitosis was abolished by the injury. This finding corresponds with a basic requirement of the chalone-adrenaline hypothesis which is considered to be a factor in the mitotic control of epidermal cells. It was also found that the maximum number of dividing cells was at the wound edge in the group wounded at 09.00 h, which also agrees with the chalone concept. In the group wounded at 21.00 h, however, the initial mitotic response was in cells distally placed from the wound edge which is more difficult to explain. Perhaps these cells are inhibited mitotically by the factors normaly producing a low nocturnal mitotic rate and undergo migration to cover the defect in the first instance, and only divide at a later time when the mitotic inhibition is lifted. It appears that the factors responsible for the increased mitotic rate after wounding are different from those responsible for the diurnal variation."}
{"id": "PMID:143352", "title": "Actin-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity of native and N-ethylmaleimide-modified cardiac myosin from normal and thyrotoxic rabbits.", "content": "The Ca2+-ATPase activity of cardiac myosin is increased in thyrotoxic animals. However, the physiological significance of this observation is uncertain since, in living muscle, Mg-ATP is hydrolyzed by myosin under the stimulating influence of actin. In this study, we have compared the actin-activated ATPase activity of myosin from euthyroid (myosin-N) and thyrotoxic (myosin-T) rabbits and the derivatives of myosin-N and myosin-T formed by blocking the most rapidly reacting class of thiols (SH1) with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Also, we have studied the activity of these myosins in the presence of a complex of troponin and tropomyosin that confers calcium sensitivity on the system. Vmax for the actin-activated ATPase of myosin-T was about 168% greater than for myosin N. The apparent dissociation constant for actin, Kapp, for myosin-T was about 42% of the normal value. After NEM modification, Vmax and Kapp for NEM-modified myosin-T and myosin-N decreased, becoming essentially the same for both myosins. In the presence of troponin-tropomyosin complex, the actin-activated ATPase of myosin-T exhibited calcium sensitivity that could be reduced by thiol modification. These results suggest that the SH1 thiols or the region near these groups are important to the actin-activated ATPase of myosin-N and are essential to the increased activity of myosin-T. Also, they suggest that the changes in the enzymatic properties of myosin induced by thyroxine may be responsible for altering the contractile properties of the heart.", "contents": "Actin-activated adenosine triphosphatase activity of native and N-ethylmaleimide-modified cardiac myosin from normal and thyrotoxic rabbits. The Ca2+-ATPase activity of cardiac myosin is increased in thyrotoxic animals. However, the physiological significance of this observation is uncertain since, in living muscle, Mg-ATP is hydrolyzed by myosin under the stimulating influence of actin. In this study, we have compared the actin-activated ATPase activity of myosin from euthyroid (myosin-N) and thyrotoxic (myosin-T) rabbits and the derivatives of myosin-N and myosin-T formed by blocking the most rapidly reacting class of thiols (SH1) with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Also, we have studied the activity of these myosins in the presence of a complex of troponin and tropomyosin that confers calcium sensitivity on the system. Vmax for the actin-activated ATPase of myosin-T was about 168% greater than for myosin N. The apparent dissociation constant for actin, Kapp, for myosin-T was about 42% of the normal value. After NEM modification, Vmax and Kapp for NEM-modified myosin-T and myosin-N decreased, becoming essentially the same for both myosins. In the presence of troponin-tropomyosin complex, the actin-activated ATPase of myosin-T exhibited calcium sensitivity that could be reduced by thiol modification. These results suggest that the SH1 thiols or the region near these groups are important to the actin-activated ATPase of myosin-N and are essential to the increased activity of myosin-T. Also, they suggest that the changes in the enzymatic properties of myosin induced by thyroxine may be responsible for altering the contractile properties of the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:143353", "title": "The pathology of wear in the Beall model 104 heart valve prosthesis.", "content": "We examined 13 Beall model 104 prostheses recovered at surgery or autopsy 10 to 84 1/2 months after insertion and observed the pattern of prosthesis wear. We defined wear as  \"mild\" when the disc was notched but neither the metal of the struts was exposed not the cloth seat torn. In \"moderate\" wear the disc was notched, the Teflon coating of the struts was worn away exposing the underlying metal but the cloth of the set was not torn. The cloth seat was torn in \"severe\" wear, exposing the metal seat and causing a different pattern of disc erosion. In one case this allowed the disc to tilt into the valve lumen and, later, to escape from its cage. Most of the prostheses studied showed \"moderate\" or \"severe\" wear. We believe that some degree of wear is inevitable. Clinical signs and symptoms were not specific but a rough correlation existed between the severity of hemolysis, as indicated by serum LDH levels, and the degree of prosthesis wear. When wear was \"severe\", the results of cardiac catheterization studies usually mirrored the change, but there were a few exceptions. All patients with the Beall model 104 prosthesis may eventually develop \"severe\" wear, and we recommend regular reassessment with a view toward prosthesis replacement.", "contents": "The pathology of wear in the Beall model 104 heart valve prosthesis. We examined 13 Beall model 104 prostheses recovered at surgery or autopsy 10 to 84 1/2 months after insertion and observed the pattern of prosthesis wear. We defined wear as  \"mild\" when the disc was notched but neither the metal of the struts was exposed not the cloth seat torn. In \"moderate\" wear the disc was notched, the Teflon coating of the struts was worn away exposing the underlying metal but the cloth of the set was not torn. The cloth seat was torn in \"severe\" wear, exposing the metal seat and causing a different pattern of disc erosion. In one case this allowed the disc to tilt into the valve lumen and, later, to escape from its cage. Most of the prostheses studied showed \"moderate\" or \"severe\" wear. We believe that some degree of wear is inevitable. Clinical signs and symptoms were not specific but a rough correlation existed between the severity of hemolysis, as indicated by serum LDH levels, and the degree of prosthesis wear. When wear was \"severe\", the results of cardiac catheterization studies usually mirrored the change, but there were a few exceptions. All patients with the Beall model 104 prosthesis may eventually develop \"severe\" wear, and we recommend regular reassessment with a view toward prosthesis replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:143354", "title": "Right and left heart size and function in infants with symptomatic coarctation.", "content": "Right and left heart volumes, ejection fractions and ventricular outputs were determined from biplane cineangiocardiograms in infants with symptomatic coarctation of the aorta and correlated with clinical and hemodynamic alterations. Patients were divided into two age groups: group 1, aged 3.5 to 14 days and group 2, 5 weeks to 7 1/2 months. Infants in group 1 had severe depressions of left ventricular ejection fraction and output associated with normal left ventricular size. The massive cardiomegaly in these infants results from right heart enlargement secondary to left-to-right atrial shunting, and pulmonary hypertensive right heart failure, and possibly a more distensible right than left ventricle. Infants in group 2 also have right, and to a lesser degree, left heart enlargement. Group 2 patients differ from group 1 infants in having less impairment of left heart pump function and significant left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy. Echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular pump function are normal or increased in postoperative patients. Thus alterations of left ventricular function in infants with symptomatic coarctation appear to be largely afterload related and do not indicate permanent impairment of left ventricular contractile function.", "contents": "Right and left heart size and function in infants with symptomatic coarctation. Right and left heart volumes, ejection fractions and ventricular outputs were determined from biplane cineangiocardiograms in infants with symptomatic coarctation of the aorta and correlated with clinical and hemodynamic alterations. Patients were divided into two age groups: group 1, aged 3.5 to 14 days and group 2, 5 weeks to 7 1/2 months. Infants in group 1 had severe depressions of left ventricular ejection fraction and output associated with normal left ventricular size. The massive cardiomegaly in these infants results from right heart enlargement secondary to left-to-right atrial shunting, and pulmonary hypertensive right heart failure, and possibly a more distensible right than left ventricle. Infants in group 2 also have right, and to a lesser degree, left heart enlargement. Group 2 patients differ from group 1 infants in having less impairment of left heart pump function and significant left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy. Echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular pump function are normal or increased in postoperative patients. Thus alterations of left ventricular function in infants with symptomatic coarctation appear to be largely afterload related and do not indicate permanent impairment of left ventricular contractile function."}
{"id": "PMID:143356", "title": "Education of lymphocytes in vivo following a transient take of a matched unrelated bone-marrow graft in man.", "content": "A patient suffering from aplastic anaemia was treated by bone-marrow transplantation from an ABO- and HLA-identical, MLC- and CML-negative, unrelated donor. MLC and CML became positive after transplantation indicating that a cellular immune response had developed against lymphocyte determinants not recognized prior to sensitization in vivo. Whether these determinants are governed by genes of the HLA region is unknown at present.", "contents": "Education of lymphocytes in vivo following a transient take of a matched unrelated bone-marrow graft in man. A patient suffering from aplastic anaemia was treated by bone-marrow transplantation from an ABO- and HLA-identical, MLC- and CML-negative, unrelated donor. MLC and CML became positive after transplantation indicating that a cellular immune response had developed against lymphocyte determinants not recognized prior to sensitization in vivo. Whether these determinants are governed by genes of the HLA region is unknown at present."}
{"id": "PMID:143357", "title": "The effects of menadione, ethyl biscoumacetate, and sodium salicylate on the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides in the aortic wall and liver of rats.", "content": "In rats with hyper- and hypovitaminosis the contents were determined of acid mucopolysaccharides (MPS) on the basis of contents of hexuronic acids; the total contents of biopolymers containing hexosamines (acid MPS, glycoproteins), on the basis of contents of hexosamines in the aortic wall and in the liver; and the activity of glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GPAT; EC 2.6.1.16) in the liver. Menadione-induced K hypervitaminosis was accompanied by moderate elevations of indicators of MPS metabolism. Protracted administration of ethyl biscoumacetate or sodium salicylate lowered the contents of acid MPS and of biopolymers containing hexosamines in the aortic wall and in the liver. Simultaneously, the GPAT activity in the liver markedly decreased.", "contents": "The effects of menadione, ethyl biscoumacetate, and sodium salicylate on the metabolism of mucopolysaccharides in the aortic wall and liver of rats. In rats with hyper- and hypovitaminosis the contents were determined of acid mucopolysaccharides (MPS) on the basis of contents of hexuronic acids; the total contents of biopolymers containing hexosamines (acid MPS, glycoproteins), on the basis of contents of hexosamines in the aortic wall and in the liver; and the activity of glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase (GPAT; EC 2.6.1.16) in the liver. Menadione-induced K hypervitaminosis was accompanied by moderate elevations of indicators of MPS metabolism. Protracted administration of ethyl biscoumacetate or sodium salicylate lowered the contents of acid MPS and of biopolymers containing hexosamines in the aortic wall and in the liver. Simultaneously, the GPAT activity in the liver markedly decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:143359", "title": "[Traumatic abdominal-wall hernia in childhood].", "content": "In recent years an increased occurrence of posttraumatic abdominal-wall hernias, i. e., subcutaneous abdominal ruptures, has been observed in children. The causal trauma is a fall on a scooter or bicycle handlebar. The predilectional place of injury lies near the linea alba or lateral of the rectus sheath. After several days of observation in order to exclude the possibility of an additional intra-abdominal injury, the hernial gap is operatively closed. An important safety measure would be remodelling bicycle bars.", "contents": "[Traumatic abdominal-wall hernia in childhood]. In recent years an increased occurrence of posttraumatic abdominal-wall hernias, i. e., subcutaneous abdominal ruptures, has been observed in children. The causal trauma is a fall on a scooter or bicycle handlebar. The predilectional place of injury lies near the linea alba or lateral of the rectus sheath. After several days of observation in order to exclude the possibility of an additional intra-abdominal injury, the hernial gap is operatively closed. An important safety measure would be remodelling bicycle bars."}
{"id": "PMID:143361", "title": "Anterior sacral meningocele: report of five cases and review of the literature.", "content": "Five new cases of anterior sacral meningocele are presented, including one secondary to neurofibromatosis, a previously undescribed association. The literature is reviewed, drawing attention to the relationship between anterior sacral meningocele, sacral dysgenesis, and other congenital anomalies. Special consideration is given to the clinical features of this entity, as well as to the techniques and results of surgical management.", "contents": "Anterior sacral meningocele: report of five cases and review of the literature. Five new cases of anterior sacral meningocele are presented, including one secondary to neurofibromatosis, a previously undescribed association. The literature is reviewed, drawing attention to the relationship between anterior sacral meningocele, sacral dysgenesis, and other congenital anomalies. Special consideration is given to the clinical features of this entity, as well as to the techniques and results of surgical management."}
{"id": "PMID:143365", "title": "Neonatal polycythemia and chest roentgenograms.", "content": "Chest roentgenograms of 34 newborns with a hematocrit of 75 or more at the age of 12 hours were studied. An analysis was made of the findings during the first four days of life and the results were compared with those of 18 newborns with a hematocrit of 65 or less. The cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) was found to be greater in the polycythemic infants than in the non-polycythemic infants, and greatest of all in infants with symptomatic polycythemia. Prominent pulmonary vascularity and pulmonary hyperaeration were seen more often in polycythemic newborns than in non-polycythemic infants. Eleven infants in the polycythemic group and three in the non-polycythemic group had some symptoms or signs.", "contents": "Neonatal polycythemia and chest roentgenograms. Chest roentgenograms of 34 newborns with a hematocrit of 75 or more at the age of 12 hours were studied. An analysis was made of the findings during the first four days of life and the results were compared with those of 18 newborns with a hematocrit of 65 or less. The cardiothoracic ratio (CTR) was found to be greater in the polycythemic infants than in the non-polycythemic infants, and greatest of all in infants with symptomatic polycythemia. Prominent pulmonary vascularity and pulmonary hyperaeration were seen more often in polycythemic newborns than in non-polycythemic infants. Eleven infants in the polycythemic group and three in the non-polycythemic group had some symptoms or signs."}
{"id": "PMID:143367", "title": "Experimental cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol in the rat.", "content": "Isoproterenol (IPR) administered to rats in a dose of 5 mg/kg for seven days induces cardiomegaly. To determine the degree of myocardial enlargement, wet and dry heart weight, myocardial RNA, DNA, protein content and protein synthesis were measured. Wet and dry heart weight, and the level of cardiac RNA, DNA and protein were augmented by IPR treatment, with RNA increasing more than DNA and protein. Incorporation of 14C-leucine into the protein of the heart was enhanced by IPR. Thus the IPR-induced cardiomegaly may serve as a model for studying the development of cardiac hypertrophy under various conditions.", "contents": "Experimental cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoproterenol in the rat. Isoproterenol (IPR) administered to rats in a dose of 5 mg/kg for seven days induces cardiomegaly. To determine the degree of myocardial enlargement, wet and dry heart weight, myocardial RNA, DNA, protein content and protein synthesis were measured. Wet and dry heart weight, and the level of cardiac RNA, DNA and protein were augmented by IPR treatment, with RNA increasing more than DNA and protein. Incorporation of 14C-leucine into the protein of the heart was enhanced by IPR. Thus the IPR-induced cardiomegaly may serve as a model for studying the development of cardiac hypertrophy under various conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:143369", "title": "Effect of aldosterone and methylprednisolone on cardiac NaK-ATPase.", "content": "Aldosterone (15 microgram BID) and methylprednisolone (8 mg QD) administration to female guinea-pigs augmented both the total and the specific activity of NaK-ATPase but not the activity of adenylate cyclase in the cardiac sarcolemma. The rise in NaK-ATPase was due to increase in the number of enzyme molecules; catalytic activity and ouabain-sensitivity of individual molecules did not change.", "contents": "Effect of aldosterone and methylprednisolone on cardiac NaK-ATPase. Aldosterone (15 microgram BID) and methylprednisolone (8 mg QD) administration to female guinea-pigs augmented both the total and the specific activity of NaK-ATPase but not the activity of adenylate cyclase in the cardiac sarcolemma. The rise in NaK-ATPase was due to increase in the number of enzyme molecules; catalytic activity and ouabain-sensitivity of individual molecules did not change."}
{"id": "PMID:143370", "title": "Steroid metabolism by mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro.", "content": "Mouse preimplantation embryos were incubated with radioactive pregnenolone, progesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone for various periods of time. These substrates were not converted to metabolites even after incubation of 120 h. We suggest that preimplantation mouse embryo does not possess enzyme activities for steroid metabolism.", "contents": "Steroid metabolism by mouse preimplantation embryos in vitro. Mouse preimplantation embryos were incubated with radioactive pregnenolone, progesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone for various periods of time. These substrates were not converted to metabolites even after incubation of 120 h. We suggest that preimplantation mouse embryo does not possess enzyme activities for steroid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:143377", "title": "Alloimmune anti-H-2 mouse sera inhibit human mixed lymphocyte reactions.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of alloimmune congenic mouse anti-H-2f serum on human mixed lymphocyte cultures was investigated. The anti-H-2 serum tested produced a strong inhibitory effect on human allogeneic MLR. This effect was more pronounced when HLA-A2 positive cells were involved in the MLR. More experiments are needed to substantiate the finding that both stimulator and responder functions of the human lymphocytes are impaired. The anti-H-2 serum also inhibited the human lymphocyte response to PHA.", "contents": "Alloimmune anti-H-2 mouse sera inhibit human mixed lymphocyte reactions. The inhibitory effect of alloimmune congenic mouse anti-H-2f serum on human mixed lymphocyte cultures was investigated. The anti-H-2 serum tested produced a strong inhibitory effect on human allogeneic MLR. This effect was more pronounced when HLA-A2 positive cells were involved in the MLR. More experiments are needed to substantiate the finding that both stimulator and responder functions of the human lymphocytes are impaired. The anti-H-2 serum also inhibited the human lymphocyte response to PHA."}
{"id": "PMID:143372", "title": "[Reactivity of the liver to administration of cholic acid to rats subjected to polychloropinene expsoure for a long time].", "content": "It was found that in healthy rats cholic acid caused a moderately increased intensity of bile secretion and raised the content of bile acids in it. In animals with toxic hepatitis produced by a long-term action of the chemical poison polychlorpinene in a dose of 1/10 DL50 and following introduction to such rats of cholic acid in a dose of 30 mg/100 g an intensified elinination of cholates and cholesterol excretion were evident. Combined action of polychlorpinene and cholic acid was conductive to a reduced conjugation of cholic acid with taurine and to a greater conjugation with glycine, this being attended by an increased content of free bile acids in the bile.", "contents": "[Reactivity of the liver to administration of cholic acid to rats subjected to polychloropinene expsoure for a long time]. It was found that in healthy rats cholic acid caused a moderately increased intensity of bile secretion and raised the content of bile acids in it. In animals with toxic hepatitis produced by a long-term action of the chemical poison polychlorpinene in a dose of 1/10 DL50 and following introduction to such rats of cholic acid in a dose of 30 mg/100 g an intensified elinination of cholates and cholesterol excretion were evident. Combined action of polychlorpinene and cholic acid was conductive to a reduced conjugation of cholic acid with taurine and to a greater conjugation with glycine, this being attended by an increased content of free bile acids in the bile."}
{"id": "PMID:143373", "title": "[Toxicological characteristics of thaliblastine[].", "content": "The toxic action of the antiphlogistic drug thaliblastin, containing 93-95 per cent of the alcaloid thalicarpine was investigated. With its single intraperitoneal injection to mice the DL10 of the drug amounts to 273-306 mg/kg, DL50-325-350 mg/kg and DL90-370-402 mg/kg. With its 5-day long administration the respective figures for mice are 102-165, 125-201 and 154-243 mg/kg and for rats--170, 203 and 272 mg/kg. The respective figures for a 20-day long introduction to mice are 155, 185 and 220 mg/kg. Introduction of thaliblastin in doses of DL10 single and multiply results in a marked loss of the mass in mice.", "contents": "[Toxicological characteristics of thaliblastine[]. The toxic action of the antiphlogistic drug thaliblastin, containing 93-95 per cent of the alcaloid thalicarpine was investigated. With its single intraperitoneal injection to mice the DL10 of the drug amounts to 273-306 mg/kg, DL50-325-350 mg/kg and DL90-370-402 mg/kg. With its 5-day long administration the respective figures for mice are 102-165, 125-201 and 154-243 mg/kg and for rats--170, 203 and 272 mg/kg. The respective figures for a 20-day long introduction to mice are 155, 185 and 220 mg/kg. Introduction of thaliblastin in doses of DL10 single and multiply results in a marked loss of the mass in mice."}
{"id": "PMID:143379", "title": "'Sezary-like' cells in malignant and non-malignant diseases.", "content": "Lymphocyte-like distinctive cells with cerebriform and serpentiform nuclei, as described in 'S\u00e9zary syndrome' were detected in the peripheral blood of two patients, one with plasma-cell leukemia and one with bacterial sepsis. These observations suggest that 'S\u00e9zary cells' are not strictly specific, neither for a neoplastic nor for a nonneoplastic disease, but rather representing a reactive form of lymphocytes to different stimuli.", "contents": "'Sezary-like' cells in malignant and non-malignant diseases. Lymphocyte-like distinctive cells with cerebriform and serpentiform nuclei, as described in 'S\u00e9zary syndrome' were detected in the peripheral blood of two patients, one with plasma-cell leukemia and one with bacterial sepsis. These observations suggest that 'S\u00e9zary cells' are not strictly specific, neither for a neoplastic nor for a nonneoplastic disease, but rather representing a reactive form of lymphocytes to different stimuli."}
{"id": "PMID:143386", "title": "Genetic influence of the streptozotocin-induced insulitis and hyperglycemia.", "content": "Multiple injections of subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin (SZ) to CD-1 male mice produce a diabetic syndrome that includes a cell-mediated immune reaction against the pancreatic islet. The importance of the host genetic background in the pathogenesis of this model of diabetes was studied by comparing various inbred strains of mice. Of eight strains of mice studied, only C57BL/KsJ developed insulitis and hyperglycemia comparable to that observed in CD-1 mice. In two mouse strains (DBA/J and BALB/cJ) having an H-2d haplotype similar to the C57BL/KsJ, only mild insulitis and glucose intolerance were observed. These data suggest that major histocompatibility complex genes, as presently defined, cannot be the only determinant of the severity of hyperglycemia and insulitis in this model.", "contents": "Genetic influence of the streptozotocin-induced insulitis and hyperglycemia. Multiple injections of subdiabetogenic doses of streptozotocin (SZ) to CD-1 male mice produce a diabetic syndrome that includes a cell-mediated immune reaction against the pancreatic islet. The importance of the host genetic background in the pathogenesis of this model of diabetes was studied by comparing various inbred strains of mice. Of eight strains of mice studied, only C57BL/KsJ developed insulitis and hyperglycemia comparable to that observed in CD-1 mice. In two mouse strains (DBA/J and BALB/cJ) having an H-2d haplotype similar to the C57BL/KsJ, only mild insulitis and glucose intolerance were observed. These data suggest that major histocompatibility complex genes, as presently defined, cannot be the only determinant of the severity of hyperglycemia and insulitis in this model."}
{"id": "PMID:143387", "title": "Spontaneous recovery from streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats pretreated with pertussis vaccine or hydrocortisone.", "content": "Following the intravenous injection of streptozotocin into rats, postprandial hyperglycaemia was sustained from 24 hours over a subsequent period of some weeks and the rats were glucose intolerant. When streptozotocin was similarly injected into pertussis-sensitized or hydrocortisone treated rats, the postprandial hyperglycaemia observed at 24 hours did not persist, but showed a progressive decline until near normoglycaemia was obtained a week later. These animals manifested normal glucose tolerance one week after streptozotocin. Thus, a spontaneous recovery from streptozotocin-induced diabetes occurred under these conditions. This spontaneous recovery from diabetes was associated with hyperinsulinaemia in the fed state.", "contents": "Spontaneous recovery from streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats pretreated with pertussis vaccine or hydrocortisone. Following the intravenous injection of streptozotocin into rats, postprandial hyperglycaemia was sustained from 24 hours over a subsequent period of some weeks and the rats were glucose intolerant. When streptozotocin was similarly injected into pertussis-sensitized or hydrocortisone treated rats, the postprandial hyperglycaemia observed at 24 hours did not persist, but showed a progressive decline until near normoglycaemia was obtained a week later. These animals manifested normal glucose tolerance one week after streptozotocin. Thus, a spontaneous recovery from streptozotocin-induced diabetes occurred under these conditions. This spontaneous recovery from diabetes was associated with hyperinsulinaemia in the fed state."}
{"id": "PMID:143400", "title": "[Ultrasound for differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid, autonomous adenoma and thyroiditis (author's transl)].", "content": "The article deals with a number of thyroid abnormalities which produce similar sonographic patterns, characterised by a paucity of echos of low amplitude. It concerns three more or less circumscribed changes (differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid, autonomous adenoma and focal thyroiditis) and two diffuse thyroid conditions (sub-acute and lymphocytic diffuse thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism). Carcinoma of the thyroid is of particular interest. The distinguishing features and differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Ultrasound for differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid, autonomous adenoma and thyroiditis (author's transl)]. The article deals with a number of thyroid abnormalities which produce similar sonographic patterns, characterised by a paucity of echos of low amplitude. It concerns three more or less circumscribed changes (differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid, autonomous adenoma and focal thyroiditis) and two diffuse thyroid conditions (sub-acute and lymphocytic diffuse thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism). Carcinoma of the thyroid is of particular interest. The distinguishing features and differential diagnosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143401", "title": "Angiographic management of gastrointestinal bleeding with vasopressin.", "content": "Selective arteriography and infusions of vasopressin have become valuable tools for localization and therapy of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastric mucosal hemorrhage can be treated successfully in about 84% of cases. Gastric ulcers can be treated successfully in about 65-70%. Acute colonorectal bleeding is controlled in about 90% of patients.", "contents": "Angiographic management of gastrointestinal bleeding with vasopressin. Selective arteriography and infusions of vasopressin have become valuable tools for localization and therapy of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastric mucosal hemorrhage can be treated successfully in about 84% of cases. Gastric ulcers can be treated successfully in about 65-70%. Acute colonorectal bleeding is controlled in about 90% of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:143402", "title": "Prognostic value of angiography in management of severe acute renal transplant rejection.", "content": "Angiograms of 34 kidney transplant patients with progressive decrease in renal function after multiple doses of intravenous methylprednisolone (MP) were evaluated retrospectively in regard to the prognostic value of angiography. The following parameters were included in evaluation: prolonged arterial washout time, large vessel vasculitis, presence of arteriovenous shunting, poor cortical perfusion as evidenced by non-filling of cortical vessels, poor definition of cortico-medullary junction, and a poor nephrogram. When 1 to 3 of these abnormalities existed in angiogram, 67% of living related donor transplants (LRD) recovered under continued MP-therapy. With 4-6 angiographic abnormalities the recovery rate was reduced to 30%. The overall recovery rate for LRD transplants was 44%. Cadaveric transplants (CAD) had a statistically significant poorer prognosis as evidenced by only 8% recovery rate under continued MP-therapy.", "contents": "Prognostic value of angiography in management of severe acute renal transplant rejection. Angiograms of 34 kidney transplant patients with progressive decrease in renal function after multiple doses of intravenous methylprednisolone (MP) were evaluated retrospectively in regard to the prognostic value of angiography. The following parameters were included in evaluation: prolonged arterial washout time, large vessel vasculitis, presence of arteriovenous shunting, poor cortical perfusion as evidenced by non-filling of cortical vessels, poor definition of cortico-medullary junction, and a poor nephrogram. When 1 to 3 of these abnormalities existed in angiogram, 67% of living related donor transplants (LRD) recovered under continued MP-therapy. With 4-6 angiographic abnormalities the recovery rate was reduced to 30%. The overall recovery rate for LRD transplants was 44%. Cadaveric transplants (CAD) had a statistically significant poorer prognosis as evidenced by only 8% recovery rate under continued MP-therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:143403", "title": "Liver and spleen scanning as a useful diagnostic test in the management of liver trauma in young patients.", "content": "Liver and spleen scanning is a safe, fast and noninvasive diagnostic procedure. With the advent of mobile Gamma Cameras it can be ideally performed in a casualty department. The number of patients with traumatic blunt injuries to the abdomen is increasing and in correlation with the increased speed and concentration of traffic. In eleven patients with ages ranging between 4 and 23, and under observation for violent trauma to the abdomen, liver and spleen scanning was performed either as an emergency procedure or as a follow-up study. Very useful information was obtained regarding the integrety of these organs, before and or after emergency surgical treatment.", "contents": "Liver and spleen scanning as a useful diagnostic test in the management of liver trauma in young patients. Liver and spleen scanning is a safe, fast and noninvasive diagnostic procedure. With the advent of mobile Gamma Cameras it can be ideally performed in a casualty department. The number of patients with traumatic blunt injuries to the abdomen is increasing and in correlation with the increased speed and concentration of traffic. In eleven patients with ages ranging between 4 and 23, and under observation for violent trauma to the abdomen, liver and spleen scanning was performed either as an emergency procedure or as a follow-up study. Very useful information was obtained regarding the integrety of these organs, before and or after emergency surgical treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:143404", "title": "[Scintigraphic studies of skeletal abnormalities during childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "An extensive application of nuclear medical examination in the field of pediatric diagnostics was only made possible by introduction of short-lived radionuclides. On the one hand, they cause low radiation exposure, on the other they allow short-term check-ups. Analysis carried out on examination results of 47 children revealing various skeletal disorders showed a combination of radiologic-nuclear medical examination methods to produce maximal information suitable for both diagnostics and therapeutical planning. Specific questions such as termination of pathologic alteration process within the skeleton, can be answered only by the use of the scintigraphy. With reference to 4 cases the wide range of possibilities and limitations of skeletal scintigraphy in pediatrics are shown.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic studies of skeletal abnormalities during childhood (author's transl)]. An extensive application of nuclear medical examination in the field of pediatric diagnostics was only made possible by introduction of short-lived radionuclides. On the one hand, they cause low radiation exposure, on the other they allow short-term check-ups. Analysis carried out on examination results of 47 children revealing various skeletal disorders showed a combination of radiologic-nuclear medical examination methods to produce maximal information suitable for both diagnostics and therapeutical planning. Specific questions such as termination of pathologic alteration process within the skeleton, can be answered only by the use of the scintigraphy. With reference to 4 cases the wide range of possibilities and limitations of skeletal scintigraphy in pediatrics are shown."}
{"id": "PMID:143405", "title": "[Intraosseous angiography in the investigation of the pathogenesis of osteochondromas (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of intraosseous angiography it was possible for the first time to demonstrate the vessels in an osteochondroma during life. The vascular structure as demonstrated and the well known histopathological appearances indicate that an osteochondroma represents an error of enchondral development which is due to an anomaly of the diaphyseal vessels. With fusion of the epiphyseal plate, the osteochondroma becomes an independant tumour with malignant potential.", "contents": "[Intraosseous angiography in the investigation of the pathogenesis of osteochondromas (author's transl)]. By means of intraosseous angiography it was possible for the first time to demonstrate the vessels in an osteochondroma during life. The vascular structure as demonstrated and the well known histopathological appearances indicate that an osteochondroma represents an error of enchondral development which is due to an anomaly of the diaphyseal vessels. With fusion of the epiphyseal plate, the osteochondroma becomes an independant tumour with malignant potential."}
{"id": "PMID:143406", "title": "[Symmetrical cortical calcification of the cerebrum following pre-natal encephalitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Purely cortical cerebral calcification without involvement of the cerebellum was observed radiologically in a 3-month old girl; the calcification was extensive and symmetrical. During a three year period of observation, she showed severe psychomotor retardation, spasticity, microcephaly, a secondary scoliosis, subluxation of the hips and fits. These changes have only been observed so far following pre-natal herpes encephalitis. Following this condition there may also be periventricular calcification. Therefore it is assumed that the extensive cortical calcification is due to a virus, but not necessarily a specific one and that it depends on the age of the foetus at the time of the infection.", "contents": "[Symmetrical cortical calcification of the cerebrum following pre-natal encephalitis (author's transl)]. Purely cortical cerebral calcification without involvement of the cerebellum was observed radiologically in a 3-month old girl; the calcification was extensive and symmetrical. During a three year period of observation, she showed severe psychomotor retardation, spasticity, microcephaly, a secondary scoliosis, subluxation of the hips and fits. These changes have only been observed so far following pre-natal herpes encephalitis. Following this condition there may also be periventricular calcification. Therefore it is assumed that the extensive cortical calcification is due to a virus, but not necessarily a specific one and that it depends on the age of the foetus at the time of the infection."}
{"id": "PMID:143407", "title": "[The radiological anatomy of the tear ducts in neonates (author's transl)].", "content": "This position and relationship to the facial skeleton of the tear ducts in neonates were studies during 25 post mortem examinations by injection of contrast material into them and the findings were correlated with microscopic appearances. This produced the following results: in more than 50% cases there was unilateral or bilateral narrowing of the distal end of the duct due to persistence of Hasner's membrane. The ration of length of the tear duct and the ductus in neonates is 1:2 (adults 1:3). The proximal portions of the ducts between the saccus and the ductus show multiple transverse mucosal folds. There are several more or less acute curves in both planes. The examination indicates that in the treatment of neonatal dachryostenosis it is necessary to use a combination of dilatation and pressure injections.", "contents": "[The radiological anatomy of the tear ducts in neonates (author's transl)]. This position and relationship to the facial skeleton of the tear ducts in neonates were studies during 25 post mortem examinations by injection of contrast material into them and the findings were correlated with microscopic appearances. This produced the following results: in more than 50% cases there was unilateral or bilateral narrowing of the distal end of the duct due to persistence of Hasner's membrane. The ration of length of the tear duct and the ductus in neonates is 1:2 (adults 1:3). The proximal portions of the ducts between the saccus and the ductus show multiple transverse mucosal folds. There are several more or less acute curves in both planes. The examination indicates that in the treatment of neonatal dachryostenosis it is necessary to use a combination of dilatation and pressure injections."}
{"id": "PMID:143408", "title": "[The urethrogram in children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction (author's transl)].", "content": "Various types of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in children show characteristic changes on micturating cystograms. The reflex bladder shows a short area of narrowing of the urethra at the pelvic floor; the autonomous bladder, during voiding by straining or Cred\u00e9 shows an elongated and deformed urethra, which is narrowed at the pelvic floor and which, because of the low position of the bladder, is angled. Both spastic and paretic pelvic floor in association with neurogenically determined abnormalities of bladder emptying may result in functional obstruction of the urethra. This, like any other stenosis, leads to morphological changes, first in the lower, but subsequently in the upper urinary tract. Children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction occasionally have micturating cystograms which resemble the appearances of urethral valves. The occurrence of so-called occult neurogenic bladders is mentioned and the difficulties in diagnosis associated with this condition are stressed.", "contents": "[The urethrogram in children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction (author's transl)]. Various types of neurogenic bladder dysfunction in children show characteristic changes on micturating cystograms. The reflex bladder shows a short area of narrowing of the urethra at the pelvic floor; the autonomous bladder, during voiding by straining or Cred\u00e9 shows an elongated and deformed urethra, which is narrowed at the pelvic floor and which, because of the low position of the bladder, is angled. Both spastic and paretic pelvic floor in association with neurogenically determined abnormalities of bladder emptying may result in functional obstruction of the urethra. This, like any other stenosis, leads to morphological changes, first in the lower, but subsequently in the upper urinary tract. Children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction occasionally have micturating cystograms which resemble the appearances of urethral valves. The occurrence of so-called occult neurogenic bladders is mentioned and the difficulties in diagnosis associated with this condition are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:143409", "title": "[Transvenous removal of a catheter which has embolised to the heart (author's transl)].", "content": "The removal of intravenous catheters that embolized into the vena cava superior and the right atrium, is described. This is done with a \"Dormia basket\", in conjunction with a controllable Medi-Tech-Selection-Catheter. This set is especially suited for the removal of intracardial foreign bodies. The extraction of a catheter is a relatively expedient procedure without undue discomfort for the patient.", "contents": "[Transvenous removal of a catheter which has embolised to the heart (author's transl)]. The removal of intravenous catheters that embolized into the vena cava superior and the right atrium, is described. This is done with a \"Dormia basket\", in conjunction with a controllable Medi-Tech-Selection-Catheter. This set is especially suited for the removal of intracardial foreign bodies. The extraction of a catheter is a relatively expedient procedure without undue discomfort for the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:143410", "title": "[Radiological heart volume determination--a new method carried out in the sitting position (author's transl)].", "content": "A method is described for the determination of cardiac volume with the subject in a sitting position. The results correspond with those of other accepted methods, but there are several significant advantages: 1. The position is easily maintained by the subject and the method is therefore acceptable for patients with cardiac disease. 2. The risks connected with a Valsalva effect are reduced. 3. There is no need to change the position of the x-ray tube during the examination. 4. Contrary to the traditional technique, the x-ray room does not require a very high ceiling. 5. Because of even blood distribution, the cardiac volume determinations also provide information regarding the lungs.", "contents": "[Radiological heart volume determination--a new method carried out in the sitting position (author's transl)]. A method is described for the determination of cardiac volume with the subject in a sitting position. The results correspond with those of other accepted methods, but there are several significant advantages: 1. The position is easily maintained by the subject and the method is therefore acceptable for patients with cardiac disease. 2. The risks connected with a Valsalva effect are reduced. 3. There is no need to change the position of the x-ray tube during the examination. 4. Contrary to the traditional technique, the x-ray room does not require a very high ceiling. 5. Because of even blood distribution, the cardiac volume determinations also provide information regarding the lungs."}
{"id": "PMID:143411", "title": "[Pericardial effusion: its demonstration through the epicardial fat (author's transl)].", "content": "The statement by Torrance and Kremens that it is possible to demonstrate radiologically pericardial effusions by analysing the epicardial fat layer is confirmed. Our retrospective study of 33 patients was used to determine the best technique of examination and the accuracy of the method.", "contents": "[Pericardial effusion: its demonstration through the epicardial fat (author's transl)]. The statement by Torrance and Kremens that it is possible to demonstrate radiologically pericardial effusions by analysing the epicardial fat layer is confirmed. Our retrospective study of 33 patients was used to determine the best technique of examination and the accuracy of the method."}
{"id": "PMID:143412", "title": "[Marginal atelectasis of skin fold? (author's transl)].", "content": "R. Haubrich (1976) described marginal atelectasis of the lower lobes in chest films in patients in bed. Two such patients were studied in detail and a retrospective analysis of examinations of 546 patients carried out in their beds was undertaken. In the first two of these patients it was possible to prove that the so-called marginal atelectases were, in fact, due to skin folds. The retrospective analysis produced a strong correlation between so-called marginal atelectasis and the presence of skin folds. It is concluded that one should not assume the presence of marginal atelectasis until the possibility of a skin fold has been excluded.", "contents": "[Marginal atelectasis of skin fold? (author's transl)]. R. Haubrich (1976) described marginal atelectasis of the lower lobes in chest films in patients in bed. Two such patients were studied in detail and a retrospective analysis of examinations of 546 patients carried out in their beds was undertaken. In the first two of these patients it was possible to prove that the so-called marginal atelectases were, in fact, due to skin folds. The retrospective analysis produced a strong correlation between so-called marginal atelectasis and the presence of skin folds. It is concluded that one should not assume the presence of marginal atelectasis until the possibility of a skin fold has been excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:143414", "title": "[Limitations of detail recognition in radiographs due to threshold contrast values (author's transl)].", "content": "The minimal contrast was studied which can be recognised by the eye, using similar, neighbouring images under varying conditions of brightness. Subsequently the effect of contrast thresholds on the recognition of detail in radiographs has been examined.", "contents": "[Limitations of detail recognition in radiographs due to threshold contrast values (author's transl)]. The minimal contrast was studied which can be recognised by the eye, using similar, neighbouring images under varying conditions of brightness. Subsequently the effect of contrast thresholds on the recognition of detail in radiographs has been examined."}
{"id": "PMID:143419", "title": "[Gray-scale sonographie. Vascular anatomy of the abdomen (author's transl)].", "content": "Gray scale sonography produces an exact topographical visualization of the following abdominal arteries and veins in longitudinal and transverse sections: Aorta, V. cava inferior, portal and splenic veins, mesenteric and renal vessels, coeliac trunk, intrahepatic systemic and portal veins. This allows for new possibilities in organ diagnosis with more exact localization of pathologic lesions.", "contents": "[Gray-scale sonographie. Vascular anatomy of the abdomen (author's transl)]. Gray scale sonography produces an exact topographical visualization of the following abdominal arteries and veins in longitudinal and transverse sections: Aorta, V. cava inferior, portal and splenic veins, mesenteric and renal vessels, coeliac trunk, intrahepatic systemic and portal veins. This allows for new possibilities in organ diagnosis with more exact localization of pathologic lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:143420", "title": "[The accuracy of sonography in the diagnosis of renal disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The accuracy of sonography in the diagnosis of spaceoccupying renal lesions was evaluated by a retrospective study of 221 patients. There were 15 incorrect diagnoses. In 93% of cases the sonographic diagnosis was correct. Erroneous diagnoses, which would have been difficult to avoid even retrospectively, were usually due to complex lesions which were partly cystic and partly solid. In order to differentiate cysts from solid lesions it is considered essential to use both A- and B-scans and step-wise variations of sound energy. These results emphasise the great value of ultrasound in the differentiation of renal abnormalities. Sonography should be used, during the clinical work up, after the urogram, but before angiography or other invasive methods are employed.", "contents": "[The accuracy of sonography in the diagnosis of renal disease (author's transl)]. The accuracy of sonography in the diagnosis of spaceoccupying renal lesions was evaluated by a retrospective study of 221 patients. There were 15 incorrect diagnoses. In 93% of cases the sonographic diagnosis was correct. Erroneous diagnoses, which would have been difficult to avoid even retrospectively, were usually due to complex lesions which were partly cystic and partly solid. In order to differentiate cysts from solid lesions it is considered essential to use both A- and B-scans and step-wise variations of sound energy. These results emphasise the great value of ultrasound in the differentiation of renal abnormalities. Sonography should be used, during the clinical work up, after the urogram, but before angiography or other invasive methods are employed."}
{"id": "PMID:143421", "title": "[Advances in cerebral angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "During recent years, catheter angiography of the cerebral vessels has tended to displace direct puncture of the carotid arteries. The method has significant advantages for the radiologist and the patient. A number of procedures are described which make this examination more easily performed, increase its diagnostic value and, most important, render it safer for the patient. Changes in catheter technique, in the radiographic apparatus and in the scope of the method are discussed.", "contents": "[Advances in cerebral angiography (author's transl)]. During recent years, catheter angiography of the cerebral vessels has tended to displace direct puncture of the carotid arteries. The method has significant advantages for the radiologist and the patient. A number of procedures are described which make this examination more easily performed, increase its diagnostic value and, most important, render it safer for the patient. Changes in catheter technique, in the radiographic apparatus and in the scope of the method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143422", "title": "[Angiography for intracranial aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar system (author's transl)].", "content": "Amongst 112 patients with a total of 122 intracranial aneurysms, there were eleven (9%) in the vertebro-basilar system. Four of the vertebral artery aneurysms were situated at the origin of the inferior posterior cerebellar artery, three at the bifurcation of the basilar artery; there were three rare aneurysms situated peripherally on the cerebellar vessels and there was one circumscribed aneurysm of the basilar artery stem. Selective vertebral angiography, with high position of the catheter, is recommended for the demonstration of these aneurysms. If there is insufficient reflux into the opposite vertebral artery from a left-sided injection, bilateral vertebral angiography must be carried out. Special projections, such as transoral (open-mouth) or transfacial may be of advantage. Angiotomography has also proved valuable and magnification can be helpful. Subtraction is particularly indicated for sagittal projections.", "contents": "[Angiography for intracranial aneurysms of the vertebrobasilar system (author's transl)]. Amongst 112 patients with a total of 122 intracranial aneurysms, there were eleven (9%) in the vertebro-basilar system. Four of the vertebral artery aneurysms were situated at the origin of the inferior posterior cerebellar artery, three at the bifurcation of the basilar artery; there were three rare aneurysms situated peripherally on the cerebellar vessels and there was one circumscribed aneurysm of the basilar artery stem. Selective vertebral angiography, with high position of the catheter, is recommended for the demonstration of these aneurysms. If there is insufficient reflux into the opposite vertebral artery from a left-sided injection, bilateral vertebral angiography must be carried out. Special projections, such as transoral (open-mouth) or transfacial may be of advantage. Angiotomography has also proved valuable and magnification can be helpful. Subtraction is particularly indicated for sagittal projections."}
{"id": "PMID:143423", "title": "[Arterio-venous malformations of the dura (author's transl)].", "content": "Two supra tentorial arteriovenous malformations of the dura are described. In one there was a direct localised shunt between the anterior and middle meningeal arteries, and the superior sagittal sinus. The shunt had resulted in varicosities of the cortical veins in both hemispheres. The second malformation was situated in the tentorium and the left occipital lobe and resulted in thrombosis of the left transverse sinus.", "contents": "[Arterio-venous malformations of the dura (author's transl)]. Two supra tentorial arteriovenous malformations of the dura are described. In one there was a direct localised shunt between the anterior and middle meningeal arteries, and the superior sagittal sinus. The shunt had resulted in varicosities of the cortical veins in both hemispheres. The second malformation was situated in the tentorium and the left occipital lobe and resulted in thrombosis of the left transverse sinus."}
{"id": "PMID:143424", "title": "[Occlusion phlebography. Technics and possibilities of use].", "content": "The technique and use of occlusion phlebography is described. The method is based on temporary occlusion of blood flow by means of a balloon catheter. Various balloon catheter systems were used and their technical properties were evaluated. The distal veins can be demonstrated by using double lumen catheters, distal and proximal veins by using a catheter with three lumina. Occlusion phlebography is a suitable method for demonstrating hepatic and renal veins; it improves the demonstration of the azygos vein, the suprarenal vein and of visceral pelvic veins, including the iliolumbar veins. It also permits demonstration of the inferior vena cava and parietal veins in the pelvis in separate stages. Occlusion phlebography is the method of choice for the direct demonstration of splenorenal shunts.", "contents": "[Occlusion phlebography. Technics and possibilities of use]. The technique and use of occlusion phlebography is described. The method is based on temporary occlusion of blood flow by means of a balloon catheter. Various balloon catheter systems were used and their technical properties were evaluated. The distal veins can be demonstrated by using double lumen catheters, distal and proximal veins by using a catheter with three lumina. Occlusion phlebography is a suitable method for demonstrating hepatic and renal veins; it improves the demonstration of the azygos vein, the suprarenal vein and of visceral pelvic veins, including the iliolumbar veins. It also permits demonstration of the inferior vena cava and parietal veins in the pelvis in separate stages. Occlusion phlebography is the method of choice for the direct demonstration of splenorenal shunts."}
{"id": "PMID:143425", "title": "[Magnification technique in peripheral angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourteen exactly similar conventional and magnified serial angiograms were compared and the advantages and disadvantages of magnification angiography are discussed. Particular attention was paid to exact comparability of the series in order to make the analysis valid. In three patients small end-vessels and collaterals were visible on the magnification angiogram which could not be seen on the ordinary series even in retrospect. Macro-angiography was also valuable in cases of microsurgery, both before and after operation. Considering the well-known disadvantages of magnification angiography, such as increased radiation and cost, its use appears to be indicated only for the elucidation of special problems.", "contents": "[Magnification technique in peripheral angiography (author's transl)]. Fourteen exactly similar conventional and magnified serial angiograms were compared and the advantages and disadvantages of magnification angiography are discussed. Particular attention was paid to exact comparability of the series in order to make the analysis valid. In three patients small end-vessels and collaterals were visible on the magnification angiogram which could not be seen on the ordinary series even in retrospect. Macro-angiography was also valuable in cases of microsurgery, both before and after operation. Considering the well-known disadvantages of magnification angiography, such as increased radiation and cost, its use appears to be indicated only for the elucidation of special problems."}
{"id": "PMID:143426", "title": "[Embolisation techniques for renal tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "We have performed ten embolisations in nine patients with vascular renal tumours, eight of these pre-operatively. One patient had an inoperable hypernephroma which was embolised twice. We have used gelatine sponge particles (Gelaspon). In every patient it was possible to occlude the arterial supply. There were no complications.", "contents": "[Embolisation techniques for renal tumors (author's transl)]. We have performed ten embolisations in nine patients with vascular renal tumours, eight of these pre-operatively. One patient had an inoperable hypernephroma which was embolised twice. We have used gelatine sponge particles (Gelaspon). In every patient it was possible to occlude the arterial supply. There were no complications."}
{"id": "PMID:143427", "title": "[The value of early urographic films in the investigation of arterial hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of early films during a urogram in the investigation of arterial hypertension was investigated (402 urograms on unselected hypertensives, with arteriographic examination in 80). The diagnostic accuracy in cases of proven unilateral reno-vascular disease was 58%, signs suggestive of renal artery stenosis were found in 6.5% of the total material. Possible causes of the low degree of accuracy are discussed.", "contents": "[The value of early urographic films in the investigation of arterial hypertension (author's transl)]. The value of early films during a urogram in the investigation of arterial hypertension was investigated (402 urograms on unselected hypertensives, with arteriographic examination in 80). The diagnostic accuracy in cases of proven unilateral reno-vascular disease was 58%, signs suggestive of renal artery stenosis were found in 6.5% of the total material. Possible causes of the low degree of accuracy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143428", "title": "[Comparative investigations of osteotropic radiopharmaceuticals. V. Demonstration of abnormal uptake with various scanners (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments with phantoms have shown that there is a higher probability of showing areas of increased uptake when using a camera than with a scanner. In 49 patients with suspected bone metastases, scans were performed during their pre-operative work-up, under identical conditions, using a whole body scintigraphic scanner with a 5-inch double head and a scintillation camera with total body facility. The scintillation camera showed a significantly higher sensitivity to bone metastases, but there was no difference in the pick-up rate of distant metastases. Despite the possibly more frequent use of the camera, its cost is no higher than that of the scanner. Both on diagnostic and economic grounds, we consider the scintillation camera, with a total body facility, to be the instrument of choice for total skeleton scintigraphy.", "contents": "[Comparative investigations of osteotropic radiopharmaceuticals. V. Demonstration of abnormal uptake with various scanners (author's transl)]. Experiments with phantoms have shown that there is a higher probability of showing areas of increased uptake when using a camera than with a scanner. In 49 patients with suspected bone metastases, scans were performed during their pre-operative work-up, under identical conditions, using a whole body scintigraphic scanner with a 5-inch double head and a scintillation camera with total body facility. The scintillation camera showed a significantly higher sensitivity to bone metastases, but there was no difference in the pick-up rate of distant metastases. Despite the possibly more frequent use of the camera, its cost is no higher than that of the scanner. Both on diagnostic and economic grounds, we consider the scintillation camera, with a total body facility, to be the instrument of choice for total skeleton scintigraphy."}
{"id": "PMID:143429", "title": "[Aplasia of vertebral bodies (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reports two cases of congenital absence of vertebral bodies illustrated by radiographs. Only a few such cases have been reported in the literature. The author discusses whether the condition is to be considered as \"asoma\" (Putti) or absence of ossification of a pre-existing cartilagenous vertebral body. Its origin must lie in a very early teratogenic period of embryonic development.", "contents": "[Aplasia of vertebral bodies (author's transl)]. The article reports two cases of congenital absence of vertebral bodies illustrated by radiographs. Only a few such cases have been reported in the literature. The author discusses whether the condition is to be considered as \"asoma\" (Putti) or absence of ossification of a pre-existing cartilagenous vertebral body. Its origin must lie in a very early teratogenic period of embryonic development."}
{"id": "PMID:143430", "title": "[Idiopathic multicentric osteolysis with craniodysplasis and mental retardation: a new syndrome? (author's transl)].", "content": "A new case of idiopathic multicentric osteolysis presenting with cranial malformation and mental retardation is described. The patient could be followed for some years. Differential diagnosis is considered and a classification of osteolytic syndromes attempted.", "contents": "[Idiopathic multicentric osteolysis with craniodysplasis and mental retardation: a new syndrome? (author's transl)]. A new case of idiopathic multicentric osteolysis presenting with cranial malformation and mental retardation is described. The patient could be followed for some years. Differential diagnosis is considered and a classification of osteolytic syndromes attempted."}
{"id": "PMID:143431", "title": "[The differential diagnosis of aneurysmal bones cysts and non-ossifying fibromas (author's transl)].", "content": "With the help of intraosseous angiography, and bearing in mind the plain films and histopathological basis of the lesions, it is now possible to differentiate with certainty between a non-ossifying fibroma and an aneurysmal bone cyst. Since 20% of aneurysmal bone cysts recur after curretage or excision and most non-ossifying fibromas disappear spontaneously, intraosseous angiography has a valuable place in diagnosis.", "contents": "[The differential diagnosis of aneurysmal bones cysts and non-ossifying fibromas (author's transl)]. With the help of intraosseous angiography, and bearing in mind the plain films and histopathological basis of the lesions, it is now possible to differentiate with certainty between a non-ossifying fibroma and an aneurysmal bone cyst. Since 20% of aneurysmal bone cysts recur after curretage or excision and most non-ossifying fibromas disappear spontaneously, intraosseous angiography has a valuable place in diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:143432", "title": "[The \"crescent sign\" in older children (author's transl)].", "content": "The \"crescent sign\", a dense, convex line parallel to the surface of the kidney, has only been reported in small children with obstructive uropathy during urograms. Two patients (aged 13 and 14 years) with this sign are described. The cause of this appearance is discussed and related to the striations seen on late films in adults with urinary obstruction. The practical value of the \"crescent sign\" is the possibility of diagnosing obstructive uropathies in the absence of contrast filling of the upper urinary tracts. According to the literature available to us, this is the first time the sign has been reported in older children.", "contents": "[The \"crescent sign\" in older children (author's transl)]. The \"crescent sign\", a dense, convex line parallel to the surface of the kidney, has only been reported in small children with obstructive uropathy during urograms. Two patients (aged 13 and 14 years) with this sign are described. The cause of this appearance is discussed and related to the striations seen on late films in adults with urinary obstruction. The practical value of the \"crescent sign\" is the possibility of diagnosing obstructive uropathies in the absence of contrast filling of the upper urinary tracts. According to the literature available to us, this is the first time the sign has been reported in older children."}
{"id": "PMID:143433", "title": "Fetal uptake of an intravascular radiologic contrast medium.", "content": "Trans-placental passage of methylglucamine diatrizoate was studied in 11 human fetuses after intravenous injection to the mother 5 to 49 minutes prior to abortion by hysterotomy. The contrast medium passed the placental barrier and was detected in all fetal tissues measured. No evidence was found of selective uptake by any fetal tissue. The hazards of fetal exposure should be taken into consideration before the administration of intravascular radiographic contrast agents to pregnant women.", "contents": "Fetal uptake of an intravascular radiologic contrast medium. Trans-placental passage of methylglucamine diatrizoate was studied in 11 human fetuses after intravenous injection to the mother 5 to 49 minutes prior to abortion by hysterotomy. The contrast medium passed the placental barrier and was detected in all fetal tissues measured. No evidence was found of selective uptake by any fetal tissue. The hazards of fetal exposure should be taken into consideration before the administration of intravascular radiographic contrast agents to pregnant women."}
{"id": "PMID:143436", "title": "Radiation damage in mouse embryos exposed to 1 rad x-rays or negative pions.", "content": "Pregnant mice of two different strains (F/A and NMRI) were exposed to 1 rad of whole-body pion- or X-irradiation at day 8 of gestation. Lucanthone (Miracil D), a known radiosensitizer in various biological systems, was applicated 30 min before irradiation. Five days after treatment the fetuses were observed for developmental anomalies. In both strains of mice it was found that the radiation dose as low as 1 rad results in a significant increase in the rate of abnormal fetuses compared to nonirradiated, but restrained fetuses. Comparing the effectiveness of negative pions (peak irradiation) with X-rays for teratogenic effects, the RBE was between 1.7 and 1.9. The application of Lucanthone increased the number of damaged fetuses and led to various degrees of sensitization depending on the mouse strain and dosage used. Differences between the strains as regards the frequency of damages are explained by different development stages at the time of treatment.", "contents": "Radiation damage in mouse embryos exposed to 1 rad x-rays or negative pions. Pregnant mice of two different strains (F/A and NMRI) were exposed to 1 rad of whole-body pion- or X-irradiation at day 8 of gestation. Lucanthone (Miracil D), a known radiosensitizer in various biological systems, was applicated 30 min before irradiation. Five days after treatment the fetuses were observed for developmental anomalies. In both strains of mice it was found that the radiation dose as low as 1 rad results in a significant increase in the rate of abnormal fetuses compared to nonirradiated, but restrained fetuses. Comparing the effectiveness of negative pions (peak irradiation) with X-rays for teratogenic effects, the RBE was between 1.7 and 1.9. The application of Lucanthone increased the number of damaged fetuses and led to various degrees of sensitization depending on the mouse strain and dosage used. Differences between the strains as regards the frequency of damages are explained by different development stages at the time of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:143437", "title": "[The medical uses of radio-active substance in North Rhine-Westphalia during the last ten years (author's transl)].", "content": "On 1st April 1977, legislation for protection from ionising radiation has replaced the law of 24th June 1960. This appears to be an appropriate occasion to consider the medical use of radioactive substances in North Rhine-Westphalia in the last ten years. The supervisory function of the competent authority has been statistically investigated. The extent to which the most commonly used controlled radioactive substances are employed in medical practice has been studied. The controls used and the radiation dose received by personnel are summarised.", "contents": "[The medical uses of radio-active substance in North Rhine-Westphalia during the last ten years (author's transl)]. On 1st April 1977, legislation for protection from ionising radiation has replaced the law of 24th June 1960. This appears to be an appropriate occasion to consider the medical use of radioactive substances in North Rhine-Westphalia in the last ten years. The supervisory function of the competent authority has been statistically investigated. The extent to which the most commonly used controlled radioactive substances are employed in medical practice has been studied. The controls used and the radiation dose received by personnel are summarised."}
{"id": "PMID:143441", "title": "Determination of seven unconjugated steroids in the blood and seminal plasma of the fertile male rabbit.", "content": "Seven unconjugated steroids were measured in the blood and seminal plasmas of fertile male rabbits by radioimmunoassay. The blood plasma testosterone concentration was 4--5 times that of the seminal plasma. Dehydroepiandrosterone, estrone and 17beta-estradiol were found in measurable amounts in the blood plasma; however, these steroid levels were slightly lower in seminal plasma. Androstenedione and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone were present in equal quantities in both the seminal and blood plasmas. By contrast, seminal plasma pregnenolone level was about twice that of the blood plasma. The determination of seminal plasma steroids may lend itself as a complementary assessment to blood steroid determinations for the evaluation of the normal function of various reproductive organs.", "contents": "Determination of seven unconjugated steroids in the blood and seminal plasma of the fertile male rabbit. Seven unconjugated steroids were measured in the blood and seminal plasmas of fertile male rabbits by radioimmunoassay. The blood plasma testosterone concentration was 4--5 times that of the seminal plasma. Dehydroepiandrosterone, estrone and 17beta-estradiol were found in measurable amounts in the blood plasma; however, these steroid levels were slightly lower in seminal plasma. Androstenedione and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone were present in equal quantities in both the seminal and blood plasmas. By contrast, seminal plasma pregnenolone level was about twice that of the blood plasma. The determination of seminal plasma steroids may lend itself as a complementary assessment to blood steroid determinations for the evaluation of the normal function of various reproductive organs."}
{"id": "PMID:143443", "title": "Partial trisomy 21. Further evidence that trisomy of band 21q22 is essential for Down's phenotype.", "content": "Cytogenetic analysis of a 6-year-old girl with moderate mental retardation revealed 46 chromosomes with a tandem translocation (21;21) resulting in a partial trisomy 21. Only the terminal band 21q22 was not in triplicate. G-, Q-, R-, and C-banding techniques and silver nitrate staining of the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were used to identify this chromosome fully. The phenotype of the patient was not typical for Down's syndrome, providing additional evidence that trisomy of band 21q22 is pathogenetic for the phenotype of Down's syndrome. This is also a new example in human pathology of a stable 'dicentric' chromosome in which one of the centromeric constrictions appears to be nonfunctional.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 21. Further evidence that trisomy of band 21q22 is essential for Down's phenotype. Cytogenetic analysis of a 6-year-old girl with moderate mental retardation revealed 46 chromosomes with a tandem translocation (21;21) resulting in a partial trisomy 21. Only the terminal band 21q22 was not in triplicate. G-, Q-, R-, and C-banding techniques and silver nitrate staining of the nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) were used to identify this chromosome fully. The phenotype of the patient was not typical for Down's syndrome, providing additional evidence that trisomy of band 21q22 is pathogenetic for the phenotype of Down's syndrome. This is also a new example in human pathology of a stable 'dicentric' chromosome in which one of the centromeric constrictions appears to be nonfunctional."}
{"id": "PMID:143444", "title": "Fetal cells in the maternal blood. Lack of response of fetal cells in maternal blood to mitogens and mixed leukocyte culture.", "content": "In an attempt to stimulate fetal cells in the maternal blood to mitotic division, peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured from ten primiparous women and six multiparous women. In the case of the ten primiparous women, PWM was used to stimulate lymphocytes in 3- and 7-day cultures made at the 16th, 20th, 24th, and 28th week of gestation. Altogether, 10565 mitoses were analyzed after quinacrine staining of cells from five mothers who each subsequently gave birth to a male infant, and not a single XY mitosis was found. In the case of the multiparous women, lymphocyte cultures, with PHA or LPS as mitogen and MLC, were initiated between the 13th and 20th week of pregnancy. Four of the mothers were pregnant with a male child, and two with a female child. From cultures of each of the four mothers expecting a boy, a total of 9721 mitoses were analyzed after quinacrine staining, and not a single XY mitosis was found. However, one XY cell was found in the culture from one of the two women who delivered a girl. The XY mitosis probably originated from a pregnancy 8 months earlier which terminated in a male infant. In an attempt to culture and obtain good chromosome preparations from small numbers of cells, it was shown that a good mitotic response and good chromosome preparations could be obtained from as few as 6000 lymphocytes.", "contents": "Fetal cells in the maternal blood. Lack of response of fetal cells in maternal blood to mitogens and mixed leukocyte culture. In an attempt to stimulate fetal cells in the maternal blood to mitotic division, peripheral blood lymphocytes were cultured from ten primiparous women and six multiparous women. In the case of the ten primiparous women, PWM was used to stimulate lymphocytes in 3- and 7-day cultures made at the 16th, 20th, 24th, and 28th week of gestation. Altogether, 10565 mitoses were analyzed after quinacrine staining of cells from five mothers who each subsequently gave birth to a male infant, and not a single XY mitosis was found. In the case of the multiparous women, lymphocyte cultures, with PHA or LPS as mitogen and MLC, were initiated between the 13th and 20th week of pregnancy. Four of the mothers were pregnant with a male child, and two with a female child. From cultures of each of the four mothers expecting a boy, a total of 9721 mitoses were analyzed after quinacrine staining, and not a single XY mitosis was found. However, one XY cell was found in the culture from one of the two women who delivered a girl. The XY mitosis probably originated from a pregnancy 8 months earlier which terminated in a male infant. In an attempt to culture and obtain good chromosome preparations from small numbers of cells, it was shown that a good mitotic response and good chromosome preparations could be obtained from as few as 6000 lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:143445", "title": "Two cases of trisomy 21 and one XXY case with atypical clinical features.", "content": "Three patients with mental retardation and multiple congenital abnormalities are described. Although their clinical appearance was not suggestive of Down's syndrome, chromosome studies showed a non-disjunctional trisomy 21 in two of the patients. The third case had an unsuspected XXY karyotype.", "contents": "Two cases of trisomy 21 and one XXY case with atypical clinical features. Three patients with mental retardation and multiple congenital abnormalities are described. Although their clinical appearance was not suggestive of Down's syndrome, chromosome studies showed a non-disjunctional trisomy 21 in two of the patients. The third case had an unsuspected XXY karyotype."}
{"id": "PMID:143446", "title": "Down's syndrome: chromosome analysis of 362 cases in Hungary.", "content": "A survey is given of the karyotypes observed in 362 children clinically diagnosed as cases of Down's syndrome from whom material was sent to 8 collaborating cytogenic laboratories in Hungary during the period 1965-1974. The sample studied cytogenetically constitutes about 20% of all children born in Hungary in this decade with Down's syndrome. The ways in which patients were selected for cytogenetic examinations could not be specified. In the sample, standard trisomy 21 was found in 91.7%, translocations in 3.9% and mosaicism in 4.4%. The mean age of the mothers of the children investigated was 29.05 years, a relatively low figure which may be explained by the decrease of the mean maternal age over the last decades.", "contents": "Down's syndrome: chromosome analysis of 362 cases in Hungary. A survey is given of the karyotypes observed in 362 children clinically diagnosed as cases of Down's syndrome from whom material was sent to 8 collaborating cytogenic laboratories in Hungary during the period 1965-1974. The sample studied cytogenetically constitutes about 20% of all children born in Hungary in this decade with Down's syndrome. The ways in which patients were selected for cytogenetic examinations could not be specified. In the sample, standard trisomy 21 was found in 91.7%, translocations in 3.9% and mosaicism in 4.4%. The mean age of the mothers of the children investigated was 29.05 years, a relatively low figure which may be explained by the decrease of the mean maternal age over the last decades."}
{"id": "PMID:143448", "title": "The planning environment of health systems agencies: a strategy for intervention.", "content": "In this study, the dependence of the health systems agency, formed under P.L.93-641 in its planning environment, has been analyzed. After presenting some generic barriers to the implementation of the Act, the specific components of the planning environment that support the HSA were identified. The hypothesis is that the viability of the new HSA depends largely upon an improved planning environment. The present constituencies of the HSA are weak, or even negative. A strategy of interventions is tailored for each major component of the planning environment, on the assumption that each is unique in its structure and objectives and therefore in its client relationship to the HSA. The innovative planning processes required by P.L.93-641 will not be achieved without vigorous support from each component.", "contents": "The planning environment of health systems agencies: a strategy for intervention. In this study, the dependence of the health systems agency, formed under P.L.93-641 in its planning environment, has been analyzed. After presenting some generic barriers to the implementation of the Act, the specific components of the planning environment that support the HSA were identified. The hypothesis is that the viability of the new HSA depends largely upon an improved planning environment. The present constituencies of the HSA are weak, or even negative. A strategy of interventions is tailored for each major component of the planning environment, on the assumption that each is unique in its structure and objectives and therefore in its client relationship to the HSA. The innovative planning processes required by P.L.93-641 will not be achieved without vigorous support from each component."}
{"id": "PMID:143456", "title": "Inability of spleen cells from chancre-immune rabbits to confer immunity to challenge with Treponema pallidum.", "content": "Although several lines of evidence suggest that cellular immune mechanisms play a role in controlling infection due to Treponema pallidum, recent studies have shown that induction of acquired cellular resistance by antigenically unrelated organisms fails to protect rabbits against syphilitic infection, thereby casting doubt on this hypothesis. In the present paper we describe attempts to transfer immunity to syphilis by using spleen cells from chancre-immune rabbits. Intravenous infusion of 2 X 10(8) spleen lymphocytes was capable of transferring acquired cellular resistance to Listeria and delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin. However, in eight separate experiments using outbred or inbred rabbits, 2 X 10(8) spleen cells from syphilis-immune animals failed to confer resistance to T. pallidum whether by intravenous or intradermal challenge. Mixing immune lymphocytes with treponemes immediately before intradermal inoculation also failed to confer resistance. Despite the fact that syphilitic infection stimulates cellular immune mechanisms and induces acquired cellular resistance to antigenically unrelated organisms, cellular immunity may not play an important role in immunity to syphilis.", "contents": "Inability of spleen cells from chancre-immune rabbits to confer immunity to challenge with Treponema pallidum. Although several lines of evidence suggest that cellular immune mechanisms play a role in controlling infection due to Treponema pallidum, recent studies have shown that induction of acquired cellular resistance by antigenically unrelated organisms fails to protect rabbits against syphilitic infection, thereby casting doubt on this hypothesis. In the present paper we describe attempts to transfer immunity to syphilis by using spleen cells from chancre-immune rabbits. Intravenous infusion of 2 X 10(8) spleen lymphocytes was capable of transferring acquired cellular resistance to Listeria and delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin. However, in eight separate experiments using outbred or inbred rabbits, 2 X 10(8) spleen cells from syphilis-immune animals failed to confer resistance to T. pallidum whether by intravenous or intradermal challenge. Mixing immune lymphocytes with treponemes immediately before intradermal inoculation also failed to confer resistance. Despite the fact that syphilitic infection stimulates cellular immune mechanisms and induces acquired cellular resistance to antigenically unrelated organisms, cellular immunity may not play an important role in immunity to syphilis."}
{"id": "PMID:143457", "title": "The relative proliferation index as a more sensitive parameter for evaluating lymphoproliferative responses of cancer patients to mitogens and alloantigens.", "content": "Lymphocyte proliferation (LP) assays were performed in microculture using the T-cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A); the T + B cell mitogens, pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and staphylococcal phage lysate (SPL); and a pool of allogeneic stimulating leukocytes in one-way mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) in lung and breast cancer patients and normal individuals. The resultant data were expressed in three different ways: (1) as mean counts per minute (CPM) of tritiated thymidine incorporation; (2) as a stimulation index (SI) and (3) as a relative proliferation index (RPI). The RPI is defined as the ratio of net CPM (nCPM) in experimental cultures with stimulant (E) minus medium control cultures (C) of a test individual to the mean nCPM of three or more normal individuals examined in the same assay on the same day. These expressions were then compared for their ability to discriminate between LP responses in cancer patients and normal individuals. The RPI value and selected cut-off values gave the most sensitive measure for the determination of depressed proliferative responses. These analyses demonstrated that lung carcinoma patients were depressed to PHA (50%), MLC (47%), PWM (43%) and Con A (40%). To a lesser degree, breast carcinoma patients were also depressed to MLC (36%), PHA (31%), PWM (27%) and Con A (19%). Our data indicate that the use of the RPI in the analysis of LP response represents an improved method for detecting impaired response of lymphocytes to general mitogens and alloantigens which can consistently reveal immunosuppression in many cancer patients and may be useful for serial monitoring of individual patients.", "contents": "The relative proliferation index as a more sensitive parameter for evaluating lymphoproliferative responses of cancer patients to mitogens and alloantigens. Lymphocyte proliferation (LP) assays were performed in microculture using the T-cell mitogens phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A (Con A); the T + B cell mitogens, pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and staphylococcal phage lysate (SPL); and a pool of allogeneic stimulating leukocytes in one-way mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) in lung and breast cancer patients and normal individuals. The resultant data were expressed in three different ways: (1) as mean counts per minute (CPM) of tritiated thymidine incorporation; (2) as a stimulation index (SI) and (3) as a relative proliferation index (RPI). The RPI is defined as the ratio of net CPM (nCPM) in experimental cultures with stimulant (E) minus medium control cultures (C) of a test individual to the mean nCPM of three or more normal individuals examined in the same assay on the same day. These expressions were then compared for their ability to discriminate between LP responses in cancer patients and normal individuals. The RPI value and selected cut-off values gave the most sensitive measure for the determination of depressed proliferative responses. These analyses demonstrated that lung carcinoma patients were depressed to PHA (50%), MLC (47%), PWM (43%) and Con A (40%). To a lesser degree, breast carcinoma patients were also depressed to MLC (36%), PHA (31%), PWM (27%) and Con A (19%). Our data indicate that the use of the RPI in the analysis of LP response represents an improved method for detecting impaired response of lymphocytes to general mitogens and alloantigens which can consistently reveal immunosuppression in many cancer patients and may be useful for serial monitoring of individual patients."}
{"id": "PMID:143462", "title": "[Effect of wash-active substances in hair-washing preparations].", "content": "Standardized hair washes have been carried out at weekly intervals over a period of four weeks in a total of 35 male subjects. A standard surfactant solution was applied in all subjects for the first two washes. For the third and fourth wash three different surfactant solutions were used in three groups of subjects. It was observed that the microbial splitting of the triglycerides into fatty acids can be inhibited by surfactants. We think that in this way a seborrhoea oleosa can be changed into a seborrhoea sicca. Moreover some but not all surfactants have a strong \"keratolytic\" action when they are used in shampoos.", "contents": "[Effect of wash-active substances in hair-washing preparations]. Standardized hair washes have been carried out at weekly intervals over a period of four weeks in a total of 35 male subjects. A standard surfactant solution was applied in all subjects for the first two washes. For the third and fourth wash three different surfactant solutions were used in three groups of subjects. It was observed that the microbial splitting of the triglycerides into fatty acids can be inhibited by surfactants. We think that in this way a seborrhoea oleosa can be changed into a seborrhoea sicca. Moreover some but not all surfactants have a strong \"keratolytic\" action when they are used in shampoos."}
{"id": "PMID:143463", "title": "[Pityrosporum orbiculare in acneiform eruptions].", "content": "Six patients with acneiform eruptions in the predilection sites of pityriasis versicolor are briefly described. Histologically there were abscesses below the acroinfundibulum wherein yeasts could be found with the characteristics of pityrosporum orbiculare. The possible pathogenity of these fungi is discussed.", "contents": "[Pityrosporum orbiculare in acneiform eruptions]. Six patients with acneiform eruptions in the predilection sites of pityriasis versicolor are briefly described. Histologically there were abscesses below the acroinfundibulum wherein yeasts could be found with the characteristics of pityrosporum orbiculare. The possible pathogenity of these fungi is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143467", "title": "The ultrahistochemical picture of the so-called reversed ATPase in the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat.", "content": "The ultrahistochemical localization of the \"reversed\" ATPase activity was investigated. Red muscle fibres showed permanent sarcomere contraction, enzymatic activity in the inner membrane and matrix of mitochondria, and large, osmiophilic, probably calcium-containing structures within mitochondria and on their outside. White muscle fibre sarcomeres were relaxed, and activity within their sarcoplasmic reticulum was marked, but slight in the mitochondria. The relaxed state of the sarcomere in the white muscle fibres is supposed to be connected with inactivation of myofibrillar ATPase by acid preincubation, whereas red muscle contraction indicates that acid preincubation does not inactivate their myofibrillar ATPase. That the product of its activity failed to become visible in the sarcomeres is probably due to imperfection of the method. Two sub-types of red muscle fibres were distinguished: those showing only enzymatic activity in mitochondria, and those containing large intra- and extramitochondrial osmiophilic structures. The origin and composition of these structures is difficult to explain. A relation seems to exist between their presence within mitochondria and outside.", "contents": "The ultrahistochemical picture of the so-called reversed ATPase in the gastrocnemius muscle of the rat. The ultrahistochemical localization of the \"reversed\" ATPase activity was investigated. Red muscle fibres showed permanent sarcomere contraction, enzymatic activity in the inner membrane and matrix of mitochondria, and large, osmiophilic, probably calcium-containing structures within mitochondria and on their outside. White muscle fibre sarcomeres were relaxed, and activity within their sarcoplasmic reticulum was marked, but slight in the mitochondria. The relaxed state of the sarcomere in the white muscle fibres is supposed to be connected with inactivation of myofibrillar ATPase by acid preincubation, whereas red muscle contraction indicates that acid preincubation does not inactivate their myofibrillar ATPase. That the product of its activity failed to become visible in the sarcomeres is probably due to imperfection of the method. Two sub-types of red muscle fibres were distinguished: those showing only enzymatic activity in mitochondria, and those containing large intra- and extramitochondrial osmiophilic structures. The origin and composition of these structures is difficult to explain. A relation seems to exist between their presence within mitochondria and outside."}
{"id": "PMID:143479", "title": "Visualization of atrial myocardium with thallium-201: case report.", "content": "An adult patient evaluated for cyanotic congenital heart disease was found to have pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, hypoplastic right ventricle, and right atrial enlargement. Thallium-201 myocardial imaging before surgical correction showed thallium activity in the right atrium. Following the establishment of a conduit from the right atrium to pulmonary artery, the right-atrial thallium uptake was even more prominent.", "contents": "Visualization of atrial myocardium with thallium-201: case report. An adult patient evaluated for cyanotic congenital heart disease was found to have pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum, hypoplastic right ventricle, and right atrial enlargement. Thallium-201 myocardial imaging before surgical correction showed thallium activity in the right atrium. Following the establishment of a conduit from the right atrium to pulmonary artery, the right-atrial thallium uptake was even more prominent."}
{"id": "PMID:143480", "title": "Control of occupational exposure to nitrous oxide in the dental operatory.", "content": "Methods were developed for controlling the dental team's occupational exposure to nitrous oxide. The most applicable and effective use of these methods included the use of properly maintained gas delivery equipment, a double-walled scavenging nosepiece and vented suction machine, and minimizing speech by the patients. These methods were evaluated by measuring concentrations of nitrous oxide present in the air inspired by dental personnel. Before their use, the dentist inhaled 900 ppm nitrous oxide; their application reduced his inhaled concentration to 31 ppm, representing a 97% reduction. These methods were well accepted during 157 procedures completed by a group of eight dentists engaged in private practice (four general practitioners, two pedodontists, and two oral surgeons).", "contents": "Control of occupational exposure to nitrous oxide in the dental operatory. Methods were developed for controlling the dental team's occupational exposure to nitrous oxide. The most applicable and effective use of these methods included the use of properly maintained gas delivery equipment, a double-walled scavenging nosepiece and vented suction machine, and minimizing speech by the patients. These methods were evaluated by measuring concentrations of nitrous oxide present in the air inspired by dental personnel. Before their use, the dentist inhaled 900 ppm nitrous oxide; their application reduced his inhaled concentration to 31 ppm, representing a 97% reduction. These methods were well accepted during 157 procedures completed by a group of eight dentists engaged in private practice (four general practitioners, two pedodontists, and two oral surgeons)."}
{"id": "PMID:143481", "title": "Custom finger guard-mouth prop as an alternative to conventional mouth props.", "content": "Conventional mouth props are an essential part of a dentist's armamentarium and are irreplaceable in certain dental situations. These props, however, may provide too harsh an approach or be injurious in other situations. The custom-made finger prop is a valuable alternative to the other mouth props when treating the young or handicapped.", "contents": "Custom finger guard-mouth prop as an alternative to conventional mouth props. Conventional mouth props are an essential part of a dentist's armamentarium and are irreplaceable in certain dental situations. These props, however, may provide too harsh an approach or be injurious in other situations. The custom-made finger prop is a valuable alternative to the other mouth props when treating the young or handicapped."}
{"id": "PMID:143492", "title": "Occupational health hazards resulting from elevated work rate situations.", "content": "Some occupational health hazards resulting from an elevated rate of work due to recent mechanization and automatization are discussed on the basis of results of health examinations. A rapid increase of a cervicobrachial disorder among young cash register and packing machine operators has been observed. Switching to the use of electronic cash registers has been shown to have only limited efficacy due to increased operation speed, and high-speed complex finger and hand movements of packer operators have also proven to be as hazardous as key-board operations. The high incidence of low-back pain, in particular gradually developing pain, among workers in electric power supply work has been suggested to be the result of quick and intensified work to meet increasing supply demand. Likewise, the workload of electric locomotive and bullet train drivers has increased in accordance with increased train speeds, and has been shown to have had significant effects on their health particularly in regards to neural strain, intra-cab environment such as air pressure change, vibration, and noise, and rotation on irregular shifts. New steps seem required therefore to meet the new health problems arising from a combination of modern technological changes and elevated working speeds.", "contents": "Occupational health hazards resulting from elevated work rate situations. Some occupational health hazards resulting from an elevated rate of work due to recent mechanization and automatization are discussed on the basis of results of health examinations. A rapid increase of a cervicobrachial disorder among young cash register and packing machine operators has been observed. Switching to the use of electronic cash registers has been shown to have only limited efficacy due to increased operation speed, and high-speed complex finger and hand movements of packer operators have also proven to be as hazardous as key-board operations. The high incidence of low-back pain, in particular gradually developing pain, among workers in electric power supply work has been suggested to be the result of quick and intensified work to meet increasing supply demand. Likewise, the workload of electric locomotive and bullet train drivers has increased in accordance with increased train speeds, and has been shown to have had significant effects on their health particularly in regards to neural strain, intra-cab environment such as air pressure change, vibration, and noise, and rotation on irregular shifts. New steps seem required therefore to meet the new health problems arising from a combination of modern technological changes and elevated working speeds."}
{"id": "PMID:143494", "title": "The in vitro drug resistance of Salmonella dublin isolated from cattle.", "content": "The resistance of Salmonella dublin to eight antibacterial drugs was assessed under diagnostic laboratory conditions. Two techniques were used consecutively and the differences in the results are described. Strains of S. dublin isolated from either calves, adult cattle or abortion material showed no differences in resistance for either of the techniques, though differences between the two techniques were found.", "contents": "The in vitro drug resistance of Salmonella dublin isolated from cattle. The resistance of Salmonella dublin to eight antibacterial drugs was assessed under diagnostic laboratory conditions. Two techniques were used consecutively and the differences in the results are described. Strains of S. dublin isolated from either calves, adult cattle or abortion material showed no differences in resistance for either of the techniques, though differences between the two techniques were found."}
{"id": "PMID:143498", "title": "Skin surface lipid composition, acne, pubertal development, and urinary excretion of testosterone and 17-ketosteroids in children.", "content": "Fifty-two children, age 5-10, from acne-prone families, were studied for a period of 1 year to examine the interrelationship between sebum, acne, pubertal development, and urinary steroid excretion. In each of the subjects, 30 boys and 22 girls, the composition of forehead skin lipid was determined 4 times yearly by thin-layer chromatography, with measurement of triglycerides, diglycerides, free fatty acids, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters. Twice yearly, examination was made of the presence or absence of acne, pubertal maturation and the 24-hour urinary excretion of testosterone as determined by radioimmunnoassay, and of total 17-ketosteroids, dehydroepiandrosterone, androsterone, and etiocholanolone, as determined by paper chromatography. The relative amount of sebaceous lipids was positively correlated with age of the subjects (wax esters p less than .001, squalene p less than .05), as was the triglyceride-diglyceride component (p less than .05). No significant correlation was seen with the fatty acids. Acne, primarily comedonal, occurred in 27/52 subjects (15 girls, 12 boys) and was associated with higher sebum values. One-half of the children with acne had no signs of pubertal development. A significantly positive correlation was observed between the relative amount of sebaceous lipid and the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids, androsterone, and etiocholanolone in both sexes, and of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in boys. The development of acne in children is an early pubertal event, often evident before other signs of pubertal maturation, and it is associated with an increase in sebum and in the urinary excretion of androgenic steroids.", "contents": "Skin surface lipid composition, acne, pubertal development, and urinary excretion of testosterone and 17-ketosteroids in children. Fifty-two children, age 5-10, from acne-prone families, were studied for a period of 1 year to examine the interrelationship between sebum, acne, pubertal development, and urinary steroid excretion. In each of the subjects, 30 boys and 22 girls, the composition of forehead skin lipid was determined 4 times yearly by thin-layer chromatography, with measurement of triglycerides, diglycerides, free fatty acids, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol, and cholesterol esters. Twice yearly, examination was made of the presence or absence of acne, pubertal maturation and the 24-hour urinary excretion of testosterone as determined by radioimmunnoassay, and of total 17-ketosteroids, dehydroepiandrosterone, androsterone, and etiocholanolone, as determined by paper chromatography. The relative amount of sebaceous lipids was positively correlated with age of the subjects (wax esters p less than .001, squalene p less than .05), as was the triglyceride-diglyceride component (p less than .05). No significant correlation was seen with the fatty acids. Acne, primarily comedonal, occurred in 27/52 subjects (15 girls, 12 boys) and was associated with higher sebum values. One-half of the children with acne had no signs of pubertal development. A significantly positive correlation was observed between the relative amount of sebaceous lipid and the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids, androsterone, and etiocholanolone in both sexes, and of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone in boys. The development of acne in children is an early pubertal event, often evident before other signs of pubertal maturation, and it is associated with an increase in sebum and in the urinary excretion of androgenic steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:143499", "title": "Inhibition of Na+, K+-adenosinetriphosphatase by endotoxin: a possible mechanism for endotoxin-induced cholestasis.", "content": "Cholestatic jaundice is one complication of nonhepatic gram-negative bacterial infection. The endotoxin of Escherichia coli has been reported to cause cholestasis by inhibiting the bile salt-independent fraction (BSIF) of bile in the perfused rat liver. Accordingly, the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis on the Na+, K+-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) in canalicular-enriched plasma membranes of rate liver were examined. At 20 microgram/ml, both endotoxins inhibited this enzyme by approximately 40%. Maximal inhibition (70%-80%) occurred at concentrations of greater than or equal to 120 microgram/ml. The LPS of neither organism exerted any effect on the activity of Mg++-ATPase or 5'-nucleotidase in the same preparations. Inhibition by the E. coli LPS appeared to be noncompetitive in nature, and the calculated Ki was 45 microgram/ml. Since the Na+, K+-ATPase may be responsible for the elaboration of BSIF, inhibition of this enzyme could be the underlying mechanism for the endotoxin-induced cholestasis.", "contents": "Inhibition of Na+, K+-adenosinetriphosphatase by endotoxin: a possible mechanism for endotoxin-induced cholestasis. Cholestatic jaundice is one complication of nonhepatic gram-negative bacterial infection. The endotoxin of Escherichia coli has been reported to cause cholestasis by inhibiting the bile salt-independent fraction (BSIF) of bile in the perfused rat liver. Accordingly, the effects of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of E. coli and Salmonella enteritidis on the Na+, K+-adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) in canalicular-enriched plasma membranes of rate liver were examined. At 20 microgram/ml, both endotoxins inhibited this enzyme by approximately 40%. Maximal inhibition (70%-80%) occurred at concentrations of greater than or equal to 120 microgram/ml. The LPS of neither organism exerted any effect on the activity of Mg++-ATPase or 5'-nucleotidase in the same preparations. Inhibition by the E. coli LPS appeared to be noncompetitive in nature, and the calculated Ki was 45 microgram/ml. Since the Na+, K+-ATPase may be responsible for the elaboration of BSIF, inhibition of this enzyme could be the underlying mechanism for the endotoxin-induced cholestasis."}
{"id": "PMID:143501", "title": "Treatment of autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis with vasoactive amine antagonists.", "content": "AIC nephritis produced in rats by a single injection of FxIA in CFA was treated by agents with known antihistamine and antiserotonin activity. The effect of this drug regimen in altering the deposition of Ag-Ab complexes in the glomerulus was assessed by light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy. The vasoactive amine antagonists Chlortrimeton, Vistaril, Azatadine, and Sansert, when given singly or in combinations which completely abrogated histamine and serotonin-induced skin wheal formation, were unsuccessful at reducing apparent glomerular deposition of the circulating immune complexes of AIC nephritis.", "contents": "Treatment of autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis with vasoactive amine antagonists. AIC nephritis produced in rats by a single injection of FxIA in CFA was treated by agents with known antihistamine and antiserotonin activity. The effect of this drug regimen in altering the deposition of Ag-Ab complexes in the glomerulus was assessed by light, immunofluorescent, and electron microscopy. The vasoactive amine antagonists Chlortrimeton, Vistaril, Azatadine, and Sansert, when given singly or in combinations which completely abrogated histamine and serotonin-induced skin wheal formation, were unsuccessful at reducing apparent glomerular deposition of the circulating immune complexes of AIC nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:143502", "title": "Serotonin as a factor in depression of collateral blood flow following experimental arterial thrombosis.", "content": "The relationship of serotonin to the inhibition of collateral blood flow was investigated. Five cats, in which the aorta contained a 6 microgram injection of serotonin in a closed aortic segment exhibited depressed hindlimb blood flow. The serotonin effects were eliminated in three animals by pretreatment with cinarserin HCl, a serotonin antagonist. The caudal 1.5 cm of the aorta was occluded in 24 cats by a blood clot formed by injection of thromboplastin subsequent to ligation. Eight of these animals were pretreated with cinanserin HCl and exhibited a significant improvement in hindlimb collateral blood flow. Serotonin was reduced in nine of these animals with reserpine/p-CPA treatment, and they exhibited the most significant recovery of all treated animals. Seven of the cats with blood serotonin reduced by decreasing blood platelets showed no improvement in hindlimb blood flow. The results of this study indicate that serotonin is a factor in the inhibition of collateral blood flow which follows arterial thrombosis.", "contents": "Serotonin as a factor in depression of collateral blood flow following experimental arterial thrombosis. The relationship of serotonin to the inhibition of collateral blood flow was investigated. Five cats, in which the aorta contained a 6 microgram injection of serotonin in a closed aortic segment exhibited depressed hindlimb blood flow. The serotonin effects were eliminated in three animals by pretreatment with cinarserin HCl, a serotonin antagonist. The caudal 1.5 cm of the aorta was occluded in 24 cats by a blood clot formed by injection of thromboplastin subsequent to ligation. Eight of these animals were pretreated with cinanserin HCl and exhibited a significant improvement in hindlimb collateral blood flow. Serotonin was reduced in nine of these animals with reserpine/p-CPA treatment, and they exhibited the most significant recovery of all treated animals. Seven of the cats with blood serotonin reduced by decreasing blood platelets showed no improvement in hindlimb blood flow. The results of this study indicate that serotonin is a factor in the inhibition of collateral blood flow which follows arterial thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:143503", "title": "Effect of mithramycin on hydroxyproline metabolism in Paget's disease.", "content": "Hydroxyproline was measured in the plasma and urine of six patients with symptomatic osseous Paget's disease before and after parenteral mithramycin treatment. The plasma profile data included free, peptide, and protein hydroxyproline values. Corresponding urine samples were analyzed for total hydroxyproline content and, in some instances, for free hydroxyproline. Plasma values of free and peptide hydroxyproline fell promptly toward the range of normal within 24 hr after the first intravenous injection of mithramycin. Protein hydroxyproline in the plasma was slightly but significantly lower than in the 15 normal control subjects, and this value did not change appreciably over the 4-day period during which the patients were treated. The urine excretion rate of total hydroxyproline decreased precipitously. Our results support the hypothesis that mithramycin rapidly reduces the accelerated rate of \"collagenolytic\" activity of osteocytes and osteoclasts in this disorder, presumably by an inhibiting effect on these bone-modeling cells. The major degradative lesion, as reflected in the plasma and urine, is characterized by the production of non-TCA-precipitable peptides containing hydroxyproline, which rapidly fell to normal levels after the administration of mithramycin.", "contents": "Effect of mithramycin on hydroxyproline metabolism in Paget's disease. Hydroxyproline was measured in the plasma and urine of six patients with symptomatic osseous Paget's disease before and after parenteral mithramycin treatment. The plasma profile data included free, peptide, and protein hydroxyproline values. Corresponding urine samples were analyzed for total hydroxyproline content and, in some instances, for free hydroxyproline. Plasma values of free and peptide hydroxyproline fell promptly toward the range of normal within 24 hr after the first intravenous injection of mithramycin. Protein hydroxyproline in the plasma was slightly but significantly lower than in the 15 normal control subjects, and this value did not change appreciably over the 4-day period during which the patients were treated. The urine excretion rate of total hydroxyproline decreased precipitously. Our results support the hypothesis that mithramycin rapidly reduces the accelerated rate of \"collagenolytic\" activity of osteocytes and osteoclasts in this disorder, presumably by an inhibiting effect on these bone-modeling cells. The major degradative lesion, as reflected in the plasma and urine, is characterized by the production of non-TCA-precipitable peptides containing hydroxyproline, which rapidly fell to normal levels after the administration of mithramycin."}
{"id": "PMID:143507", "title": "Psychosomatic backache.", "content": "It is contended in this report that the majority of pain syndromes involving the neck, shoulders, and low back are the result of a benign, reversible process in the musculature which is psychosomatic in nature and which has been called tension myositis. The natural history of the disorder, findings on physical examination, and diagnostic studies are briefly described. The theoretical basis for the conclusion that it is psychosomatic is discussed, the therapeutic program is described, and long-term results with a group of treated patients are presented. The results suggest that a program of physician counseling and physical therapy is generally successful. The author believes that the psychosomatic nature of the disorder places it within the purview of the behaviorally oriented specialty of family practice.", "contents": "Psychosomatic backache. It is contended in this report that the majority of pain syndromes involving the neck, shoulders, and low back are the result of a benign, reversible process in the musculature which is psychosomatic in nature and which has been called tension myositis. The natural history of the disorder, findings on physical examination, and diagnostic studies are briefly described. The theoretical basis for the conclusion that it is psychosomatic is discussed, the therapeutic program is described, and long-term results with a group of treated patients are presented. The results suggest that a program of physician counseling and physical therapy is generally successful. The author believes that the psychosomatic nature of the disorder places it within the purview of the behaviorally oriented specialty of family practice."}
{"id": "PMID:143508", "title": "Biochemical aspects of Huntington's chorea.", "content": "Fifteen patients affected by Huntington's chorea were divided into two groups, 'slow' and 'fast', according to IQ scores on the Wechsler-Bellevue scale, and scores on some motor performance tests. A possible correlation was looked for between some biochemical data (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5HIAA) levels, plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), dopamine (DA) uptake by platelets), and clinical data (duration of illness, severity of symptoms, age of patients, IQ scores, 'slow' and 'fast' groups). The CSF, HVA, and 5HIAA levels were found to be significantly lowered in comparison with normal controls. DBH activity and DA uptake by platelets did not differ significantly from normal subjects. Treatment with haloperidol in all patients and with dipropylacetic acid in three patients did not appear to modify the CSF, HVA, and 5HIAA concentrations, the plasma DBH activity, or the DA uptake. There were no significant differences in the CSF, HVA, and 5HIAA contents between the two groups of patients, and there was no correlation between biochemical data and clinical features.", "contents": "Biochemical aspects of Huntington's chorea. Fifteen patients affected by Huntington's chorea were divided into two groups, 'slow' and 'fast', according to IQ scores on the Wechsler-Bellevue scale, and scores on some motor performance tests. A possible correlation was looked for between some biochemical data (cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5HIAA) levels, plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), dopamine (DA) uptake by platelets), and clinical data (duration of illness, severity of symptoms, age of patients, IQ scores, 'slow' and 'fast' groups). The CSF, HVA, and 5HIAA levels were found to be significantly lowered in comparison with normal controls. DBH activity and DA uptake by platelets did not differ significantly from normal subjects. Treatment with haloperidol in all patients and with dipropylacetic acid in three patients did not appear to modify the CSF, HVA, and 5HIAA concentrations, the plasma DBH activity, or the DA uptake. There were no significant differences in the CSF, HVA, and 5HIAA contents between the two groups of patients, and there was no correlation between biochemical data and clinical features."}
{"id": "PMID:143509", "title": "Regeneration following denervation of minced gastrocnemius muscles in mice.", "content": "Gastrocnemius muscles in mice were minced and orthotopically implanted. At the same time all nervous supply to this muscle was completely removed. It was observed that initially the pattern of muscle regeneration was similar to what was observed in a normally innervated implant. But by day 6, distinct degeneration of regenerated muscle fibres sets in, which continues unabated so that by about 3 weeks there usually remains only a thin band of connective tissue in place of the implant. Histochemically, there is a gradual loss of SDH, myofibrillar ATPase and cholinesterase activities within the degenerating muscle fibres and a corresponding appearance of these enzymes in the regenerating fibres. In the denervated implants, with the onset of degeneration of the regenerating fibres, the enzymatic activities were also lost. Histochemical fibre typing was not achieved within the regenerating fibres. The regeneration and degeneration pattern of the denervated muscle observed in the present study is compared with the one observed in other animals.", "contents": "Regeneration following denervation of minced gastrocnemius muscles in mice. Gastrocnemius muscles in mice were minced and orthotopically implanted. At the same time all nervous supply to this muscle was completely removed. It was observed that initially the pattern of muscle regeneration was similar to what was observed in a normally innervated implant. But by day 6, distinct degeneration of regenerated muscle fibres sets in, which continues unabated so that by about 3 weeks there usually remains only a thin band of connective tissue in place of the implant. Histochemically, there is a gradual loss of SDH, myofibrillar ATPase and cholinesterase activities within the degenerating muscle fibres and a corresponding appearance of these enzymes in the regenerating fibres. In the denervated implants, with the onset of degeneration of the regenerating fibres, the enzymatic activities were also lost. Histochemical fibre typing was not achieved within the regenerating fibres. The regeneration and degeneration pattern of the denervated muscle observed in the present study is compared with the one observed in other animals."}
{"id": "PMID:143510", "title": "[K+]o clearance in cortex: a new analytical model.", "content": "1. It has been suggested that passive diffusion is the principal mechanism of the clearance of locally elevated extracellular potassium, K+o, in the cerebral cortex. This concept was based on the assumption that elevated K+ could be modeled as a point source. In the present study, the functional role of passive diffusion was reevaluated in the anesthetized cat cortex following local electrical stimulation. 2. The initial spatial distribution of extracellular potassium activity, [K+]o, elevated by monopolar stimulation, could be modeled by a two-dimensional Gaussian function at and below the 500-micron cortical depth. Azimuthal symmetry around the stimulating electrode was assumed and cylindrical spatial coordinates were used. 3. The observed clearance of transiently elevated [K+]o as a function of space and time was much more rapid than that predicted by an analytical model consisting of the homogeneous diffusion equation whose initial condition was the Gaussian spatial distribution of [K+]o at the onset of the clearance process. 4. It is concluded that passive diffusion does not significantly contribute to the rapid clearance of locally elevated extracellular potassium in the cortex. Active uptake of potassium by cortical cells should be more seriously considered as being primarily responsible for the potassium clearance.", "contents": "[K+]o clearance in cortex: a new analytical model. 1. It has been suggested that passive diffusion is the principal mechanism of the clearance of locally elevated extracellular potassium, K+o, in the cerebral cortex. This concept was based on the assumption that elevated K+ could be modeled as a point source. In the present study, the functional role of passive diffusion was reevaluated in the anesthetized cat cortex following local electrical stimulation. 2. The initial spatial distribution of extracellular potassium activity, [K+]o, elevated by monopolar stimulation, could be modeled by a two-dimensional Gaussian function at and below the 500-micron cortical depth. Azimuthal symmetry around the stimulating electrode was assumed and cylindrical spatial coordinates were used. 3. The observed clearance of transiently elevated [K+]o as a function of space and time was much more rapid than that predicted by an analytical model consisting of the homogeneous diffusion equation whose initial condition was the Gaussian spatial distribution of [K+]o at the onset of the clearance process. 4. It is concluded that passive diffusion does not significantly contribute to the rapid clearance of locally elevated extracellular potassium in the cortex. Active uptake of potassium by cortical cells should be more seriously considered as being primarily responsible for the potassium clearance."}
{"id": "PMID:143511", "title": "Responses of primary and secondary endings of isolated mammalian muscle spindles to sinusoidal length changes.", "content": "1. Responses of primary and secondary endings of isolated cat spindles to sinusoidal length changes have been recorded before and after block of impulse activity by tetrodotoxin. 2. Primary endings may discharge with each cycle of sinusoidal stretch at 25-50 Hz, with stretch amplitudes applied to the spindle poles as small as 1 micron. Thresholds are higher at lower frequencies. 3. In primary endings, amplitude of the receptor potential varies with frequency and magnitude of sinusoidal stretch. At a given stretch amplitude, the receptor-potential response increases markedly between 1 and 10 Hz. At a fixed frequency, for example, at Hz, the response to graded amplitude of sinusoidal stretch is highly nonlinear, sensitivity decreasing with large amplitudes. 4. Secondary endings show a much higher threshold than primary endings to sinusoidal stretch. Thus, at 25 Hz, secondary endings required stretch amplitudes of 50-100 micron to evoke discharge. Relatively large amplitudes of stretch were also required to evoked detectable receptor potentials. Over the range studied, the receptor potential varied more linearly with stretch amplitude in secondary than in primary endings.", "contents": "Responses of primary and secondary endings of isolated mammalian muscle spindles to sinusoidal length changes. 1. Responses of primary and secondary endings of isolated cat spindles to sinusoidal length changes have been recorded before and after block of impulse activity by tetrodotoxin. 2. Primary endings may discharge with each cycle of sinusoidal stretch at 25-50 Hz, with stretch amplitudes applied to the spindle poles as small as 1 micron. Thresholds are higher at lower frequencies. 3. In primary endings, amplitude of the receptor potential varies with frequency and magnitude of sinusoidal stretch. At a given stretch amplitude, the receptor-potential response increases markedly between 1 and 10 Hz. At a fixed frequency, for example, at Hz, the response to graded amplitude of sinusoidal stretch is highly nonlinear, sensitivity decreasing with large amplitudes. 4. Secondary endings show a much higher threshold than primary endings to sinusoidal stretch. Thus, at 25 Hz, secondary endings required stretch amplitudes of 50-100 micron to evoke discharge. Relatively large amplitudes of stretch were also required to evoked detectable receptor potentials. Over the range studied, the receptor potential varied more linearly with stretch amplitude in secondary than in primary endings."}
{"id": "PMID:143512", "title": "Structures in sensory region of snake spindles and their displacment during stretch.", "content": "1. Structures within the sensory region of short- and long-capsule snake muscle spindles have been visualized using differential interference contrast microscopy. Profiles seen with Nomarski microscopy have been identified by electron microscopy of the same preparations. 2. Sensory nerve terminals, nuclei and other cytoplasmic inclusions in the intrafusal fiber, collagen bands, and capsular cells may be seen in the living preparation. 3. The length changes of various elements within the sensory region in response to stretch of the spindle have been measured using high-speed cin\u00e9 photomicrography. This has been corrleated with the impulse response from sensory endings in short-and long-capsule spindles. 4. Short-capsule spindles, which have a high dynamic sensitivity, show length changes in the sensory region in response to ramp-and-hold stretch, which are not parallel to the changes in impulse frequency. The implications for mechanical models of spindle behavior are discussed.", "contents": "Structures in sensory region of snake spindles and their displacment during stretch. 1. Structures within the sensory region of short- and long-capsule snake muscle spindles have been visualized using differential interference contrast microscopy. Profiles seen with Nomarski microscopy have been identified by electron microscopy of the same preparations. 2. Sensory nerve terminals, nuclei and other cytoplasmic inclusions in the intrafusal fiber, collagen bands, and capsular cells may be seen in the living preparation. 3. The length changes of various elements within the sensory region in response to stretch of the spindle have been measured using high-speed cin\u00e9 photomicrography. This has been corrleated with the impulse response from sensory endings in short-and long-capsule spindles. 4. Short-capsule spindles, which have a high dynamic sensitivity, show length changes in the sensory region in response to ramp-and-hold stretch, which are not parallel to the changes in impulse frequency. The implications for mechanical models of spindle behavior are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143513", "title": "The role of HLA B27 in the diagnosis and management of low-back pain and sciatica.", "content": "Present diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) lean heavily on the x-ray examination, but there is much dispute as to its efficacy, especially in mild or early cases. Determinations of the HLA B27 histocompatibility antigen appear to define the population at risk far better than any other means. Of 31 patients who had the HLA B27 antigen, all had negative latex fixation tests and axial polyarthritic complaints (seronegative spondyloarthropathy or rheumatoid variant). Three had Reiter's syndrome and one had ulcerative colitis. Of the remaining 27 patients, nine had definite AS, 11 had probable AS, and seven had possible AS. Eleven of the 27 underwent at least one invasive spinal procedure (myelogram, laminectomy, fusion, facet denervation) before a diagnosis of AS was made.", "contents": "The role of HLA B27 in the diagnosis and management of low-back pain and sciatica. Present diagnostic criteria for ankylosing spondylitis (AS) lean heavily on the x-ray examination, but there is much dispute as to its efficacy, especially in mild or early cases. Determinations of the HLA B27 histocompatibility antigen appear to define the population at risk far better than any other means. Of 31 patients who had the HLA B27 antigen, all had negative latex fixation tests and axial polyarthritic complaints (seronegative spondyloarthropathy or rheumatoid variant). Three had Reiter's syndrome and one had ulcerative colitis. Of the remaining 27 patients, nine had definite AS, 11 had probable AS, and seven had possible AS. Eleven of the 27 underwent at least one invasive spinal procedure (myelogram, laminectomy, fusion, facet denervation) before a diagnosis of AS was made."}
{"id": "PMID:143525", "title": "TLC determination of iodochlorhydroxyquin and its conjugate in plasma.", "content": "A simple, specific, reliable, and sensitive method for the determination of iodochlorhydroxyquin and/or its conjugate in biological fluids is described. The method is based on a quantitative ether-acetone (1:1) extraction of plasma samples followed by TLC separation, visualization, elution, and determination at 267 nm. Iodochlorhydroxyquin released by hydrolysis of its conjugate was analyzed. Both compounds are detectable in amounts as low as 0.04 microgram/ml. Application of the one-compartment open model to the data (assuming the biotransformation of the drug in conjugated form) provides a pharmacokinetic profile for the 50-mg/kg dose of iodochlorhydroxyquin in Wistar male rats.", "contents": "TLC determination of iodochlorhydroxyquin and its conjugate in plasma. A simple, specific, reliable, and sensitive method for the determination of iodochlorhydroxyquin and/or its conjugate in biological fluids is described. The method is based on a quantitative ether-acetone (1:1) extraction of plasma samples followed by TLC separation, visualization, elution, and determination at 267 nm. Iodochlorhydroxyquin released by hydrolysis of its conjugate was analyzed. Both compounds are detectable in amounts as low as 0.04 microgram/ml. Application of the one-compartment open model to the data (assuming the biotransformation of the drug in conjugated form) provides a pharmacokinetic profile for the 50-mg/kg dose of iodochlorhydroxyquin in Wistar male rats."}
{"id": "PMID:143526", "title": "The effect of bumetanide on cation transport in human red blood cells.", "content": "Bumetanide, a sulfamyl-aminobenzoic acid derivative, is a new and highly effective diuretic agent. The present studies were designed to examine its effects on cation transport in human red cells. At a concentration of 10(-3) M, the drug inhibited both active and passive unidirectional sodium fluxes, as well as active potassium influx. It also caused a significant inhibition of glycolysis. The inhibition caused by bumetanide was less than that seen with ouabain alone, but a bumetanide effect was also present in ouabain-treated cells. Bumetanide had no effect on red cell Na-K adenosine triphosphatase activity and did not affect net transport of sodium in sodium-loaded cells. The data are consistent with a model in which the inhibition of monovalent cation movement in red cells by bumetanide is related to an effect of this compound in decreasing the permeability of the red cell membrane to sodium.", "contents": "The effect of bumetanide on cation transport in human red blood cells. Bumetanide, a sulfamyl-aminobenzoic acid derivative, is a new and highly effective diuretic agent. The present studies were designed to examine its effects on cation transport in human red cells. At a concentration of 10(-3) M, the drug inhibited both active and passive unidirectional sodium fluxes, as well as active potassium influx. It also caused a significant inhibition of glycolysis. The inhibition caused by bumetanide was less than that seen with ouabain alone, but a bumetanide effect was also present in ouabain-treated cells. Bumetanide had no effect on red cell Na-K adenosine triphosphatase activity and did not affect net transport of sodium in sodium-loaded cells. The data are consistent with a model in which the inhibition of monovalent cation movement in red cells by bumetanide is related to an effect of this compound in decreasing the permeability of the red cell membrane to sodium."}
{"id": "PMID:143527", "title": "Effects of fusimotor stimulation on the response of the secondary ending of the muscle spindle to sinusoidal stretching.", "content": "1. The responsiveness of the spindle secondary ending to sinusoidal stretching has been studied using the soleus muscle of the anaesthetized cat. The sensitivity (impulses/sec firing per mm stretching) and the phase of the response were determined by computer averaging. The small linear range was studied at frequencies of 0.5-500 Hz, and also the larger non-linear range at 1 Hz.2. In the linear range, stimulation of single fusimotor fibres (which were presumed to be static axons) approximately halved the sensitivity of the ending to low frequency stretching (up to 30 Hz), but did not produce any change in the phase of the response. Thus, from the point of view of motor function, fusimotor activity provides control of gain and a biasing signal, but not control of the relative sensitivity of the secondary ending to length and velocity.3. In contrast, such stimulation slightly increased the responsiveness of the secondary ending to high-frequency stretching (100-500 Hz) and slightly advanced the phase of the response above that of the passive ending.4. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of static fusimotor stimulation on the primary ending, and to findings on secondary endings in the decerebrate cat.", "contents": "Effects of fusimotor stimulation on the response of the secondary ending of the muscle spindle to sinusoidal stretching. 1. The responsiveness of the spindle secondary ending to sinusoidal stretching has been studied using the soleus muscle of the anaesthetized cat. The sensitivity (impulses/sec firing per mm stretching) and the phase of the response were determined by computer averaging. The small linear range was studied at frequencies of 0.5-500 Hz, and also the larger non-linear range at 1 Hz.2. In the linear range, stimulation of single fusimotor fibres (which were presumed to be static axons) approximately halved the sensitivity of the ending to low frequency stretching (up to 30 Hz), but did not produce any change in the phase of the response. Thus, from the point of view of motor function, fusimotor activity provides control of gain and a biasing signal, but not control of the relative sensitivity of the secondary ending to length and velocity.3. In contrast, such stimulation slightly increased the responsiveness of the secondary ending to high-frequency stretching (100-500 Hz) and slightly advanced the phase of the response above that of the passive ending.4. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of static fusimotor stimulation on the primary ending, and to findings on secondary endings in the decerebrate cat."}
{"id": "PMID:143534", "title": "Role of lipids in the Neurospora crassa membrane. II. Membrane potential and resistance studies; the effect of altered fatty acid composition on the electrical properties of the cell membrane.", "content": "The effect of doubling the saturated fatty acid content on the electrophysiology of Neurospora crassa membranes was studied. Intracellular membrane input resistance (Rm) and potential (Em) were measured for wild-type (w/t) and cel- (Tween 40) organisms as a function of temperature. Over the 0 to 40 degrees C temperature range studied, mean Em values of both w/t and cel- (Tw 40) organisms increased from -160 to -210 mV. This difference is greater than that expected from Nernst potential considerations, indicating an active component of Em. This active component is insensitive to a doubling of the saturated fatty acid content. Rm exhibits a temperature dependence and hysteresis. Averaged data indicate an increase in Rm with decreased temperature. The slope of the temperature dependence varies among individual hyphae. Above 17.5 degrees C cel- (Tw 40) hyphae averaged greater than 70% higher values of Rm than w/t. Below 17.5 degrees C w/t Rm data divided into low and high temperature dependence groups, while cel- data exhibited a low temperature dependence. The results are discussed in relation to gel-liquid crystal phase transitions, membrane fluidity, and the contribution of fatty acid structure to membrane electrical properties.", "contents": "Role of lipids in the Neurospora crassa membrane. II. Membrane potential and resistance studies; the effect of altered fatty acid composition on the electrical properties of the cell membrane. The effect of doubling the saturated fatty acid content on the electrophysiology of Neurospora crassa membranes was studied. Intracellular membrane input resistance (Rm) and potential (Em) were measured for wild-type (w/t) and cel- (Tween 40) organisms as a function of temperature. Over the 0 to 40 degrees C temperature range studied, mean Em values of both w/t and cel- (Tw 40) organisms increased from -160 to -210 mV. This difference is greater than that expected from Nernst potential considerations, indicating an active component of Em. This active component is insensitive to a doubling of the saturated fatty acid content. Rm exhibits a temperature dependence and hysteresis. Averaged data indicate an increase in Rm with decreased temperature. The slope of the temperature dependence varies among individual hyphae. Above 17.5 degrees C cel- (Tw 40) hyphae averaged greater than 70% higher values of Rm than w/t. Below 17.5 degrees C w/t Rm data divided into low and high temperature dependence groups, while cel- data exhibited a low temperature dependence. The results are discussed in relation to gel-liquid crystal phase transitions, membrane fluidity, and the contribution of fatty acid structure to membrane electrical properties."}
{"id": "PMID:143536", "title": "Studies on isolated subcellular components of cat pancreas. I. Isolation and enzymatic characterization.", "content": "Pancreas of the cat was fractionated into its subcellular components by centrifugation through an exponential ficoll-sucrose density gradient in a zonal rotor. This enables a preparation of four fractions enriched in plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and zymogen granules, respectively. The first fraction, enriched by 9- to 15-fold in the plasma membrane marker enzymes, hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase, (Na+K+)-ATPase, and 5'-nucleotidase, is contaminated by membranes derived from endoplasmic reticulum but is virtually free from mitochondrial and zymogen-granule contamination. The second fraction from the zonal gradient shows only moderate enrichment of the above marker enzymes but contains a considerable quantity of plasma membrane marker enzymes and represents mostly rough endoplasmic reticulum. The third fraction contains the bulk of mitochondria and the fourth mainly zymogen granules as assessed by electron microscopy and marker enzymes for both mitochondria and zymogen granules, namely succinic dehydrogenase, trypsin and amylase. Further purification of the plasma membrane fractions by differential and sucrose step-gradient centrifugation yields plasma membranes enriched 40-fold in basal and hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase and (Na+K+)-ATPase.", "contents": "Studies on isolated subcellular components of cat pancreas. I. Isolation and enzymatic characterization. Pancreas of the cat was fractionated into its subcellular components by centrifugation through an exponential ficoll-sucrose density gradient in a zonal rotor. This enables a preparation of four fractions enriched in plasma membranes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and zymogen granules, respectively. The first fraction, enriched by 9- to 15-fold in the plasma membrane marker enzymes, hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase, (Na+K+)-ATPase, and 5'-nucleotidase, is contaminated by membranes derived from endoplasmic reticulum but is virtually free from mitochondrial and zymogen-granule contamination. The second fraction from the zonal gradient shows only moderate enrichment of the above marker enzymes but contains a considerable quantity of plasma membrane marker enzymes and represents mostly rough endoplasmic reticulum. The third fraction contains the bulk of mitochondria and the fourth mainly zymogen granules as assessed by electron microscopy and marker enzymes for both mitochondria and zymogen granules, namely succinic dehydrogenase, trypsin and amylase. Further purification of the plasma membrane fractions by differential and sucrose step-gradient centrifugation yields plasma membranes enriched 40-fold in basal and hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase and (Na+K+)-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:143540", "title": "Effect of hyperthermia on the functional activity of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes.", "content": "The effect of hyperthermia on the functional activity of murine cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes (CTL's) has been investigated. CTL's were generated in vitro in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC's) and assayed for cytotoxicity on 51Cr-labeled allogeneic P-815 mastocytoma cells. Exposure of MLC cells to temperatures of 43 degrees C or above rapidly inactivated CTL function. The degree of inactivation depended on temperature and time of exposure to heat. CTL function was much more sensitive to hyperthermia than was the reproductive capacity of tumor target cells (assessed by a cloning assay), and the heat sensitivity of CTL's appeared to depend on their stage of differentiation. CTL function dramatically increased when MLC cells were incubated at 37 degrees C after exposure to hyperthermia or when a total exposure to heat was split into two equal fractions separated by an interval at 37 degrees C. These latter findings were operationally analogous to the repair of potentially lethal and sublethal radiation damage, respectively, and suggested that further studies are required to assess the complex interrelationships between hyperthermia, cell-mediated immunity, and tumor cell survival.", "contents": "Effect of hyperthermia on the functional activity of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. The effect of hyperthermia on the functional activity of murine cytotoxic thymus-derived lymphocytes (CTL's) has been investigated. CTL's were generated in vitro in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC's) and assayed for cytotoxicity on 51Cr-labeled allogeneic P-815 mastocytoma cells. Exposure of MLC cells to temperatures of 43 degrees C or above rapidly inactivated CTL function. The degree of inactivation depended on temperature and time of exposure to heat. CTL function was much more sensitive to hyperthermia than was the reproductive capacity of tumor target cells (assessed by a cloning assay), and the heat sensitivity of CTL's appeared to depend on their stage of differentiation. CTL function dramatically increased when MLC cells were incubated at 37 degrees C after exposure to hyperthermia or when a total exposure to heat was split into two equal fractions separated by an interval at 37 degrees C. These latter findings were operationally analogous to the repair of potentially lethal and sublethal radiation damage, respectively, and suggested that further studies are required to assess the complex interrelationships between hyperthermia, cell-mediated immunity, and tumor cell survival."}
{"id": "PMID:143541", "title": "Problems and solutions in achieving uniform dose distribution in superficial total body electron therapy.", "content": "In treating mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome patients with electron beam, the entire thickness and the area of the skin from crown to sole should be irradiated uniformly. To achieve irradiation of the entire thickness of the skin, electron beams of 3 - 4 MeV energy with 80 percent depth dose at 6 mm is sufficient. This unique property of limited penetration of electron beam does not cause any systemic toxicity during or after total body electron therapy. However, this property of limited penetration of electrons poses the problem of self-shielding in the curvaceous human body. The optic lens, which is within the range of penetrability of electron beam energy used for total body electron therapy, is to be shielded artificially.The purpose of this paper is to discuss the problems of self and artificial shielding in the superficial total body electron therapy for MF and Sezary syndrome.", "contents": "Problems and solutions in achieving uniform dose distribution in superficial total body electron therapy. In treating mycosis fungoides (MF) and Sezary syndrome patients with electron beam, the entire thickness and the area of the skin from crown to sole should be irradiated uniformly. To achieve irradiation of the entire thickness of the skin, electron beams of 3 - 4 MeV energy with 80 percent depth dose at 6 mm is sufficient. This unique property of limited penetration of electron beam does not cause any systemic toxicity during or after total body electron therapy. However, this property of limited penetration of electrons poses the problem of self-shielding in the curvaceous human body. The optic lens, which is within the range of penetrability of electron beam energy used for total body electron therapy, is to be shielded artificially.The purpose of this paper is to discuss the problems of self and artificial shielding in the superficial total body electron therapy for MF and Sezary syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:143542", "title": "Bladder evaluation in pediatric patients before undiversion in previously diverted urinary tracts.", "content": "An easily performed test is described for simulating physiologic micturition in the defunctionalized bladder. Accurate clinical observations of continence and emptying capabilities before undiversion or transplantation are therefore possible. The test has predicted accurately adequate functional capabilities of the bladder in a series of children after total reconstruction. Moreover, when abnormal bladder function is identified by this technique a more physiologic state is provided for further investigation by more sophisticated urodynamic techniques. Successful retesting after appropriate corrective measures have been taken will avoid complications in the undiverted patient.", "contents": "Bladder evaluation in pediatric patients before undiversion in previously diverted urinary tracts. An easily performed test is described for simulating physiologic micturition in the defunctionalized bladder. Accurate clinical observations of continence and emptying capabilities before undiversion or transplantation are therefore possible. The test has predicted accurately adequate functional capabilities of the bladder in a series of children after total reconstruction. Moreover, when abnormal bladder function is identified by this technique a more physiologic state is provided for further investigation by more sophisticated urodynamic techniques. Successful retesting after appropriate corrective measures have been taken will avoid complications in the undiverted patient."}
{"id": "PMID:143543", "title": "Prune belly syndrome in the female subject.", "content": "The prune belly syndrome of marked abdominal muscle deficiency and associated genitourinary anomalies has been found almost exclusively in male subjects. Of the few reported cases of female patients with this entity most are questionable or incomplete forms. The light microscopic histology and electron microscopic ureteral abnormalities in male subjects have been reported previously. A female newborn with marked abdominal muscle deficiency and severe bilateral ureteropyelocaliectasis is described. Chromosomal studies showed 46 XX karyotype. Histologic examination of the ureter by light microscopy was compatible with the diagnosis.", "contents": "Prune belly syndrome in the female subject. The prune belly syndrome of marked abdominal muscle deficiency and associated genitourinary anomalies has been found almost exclusively in male subjects. Of the few reported cases of female patients with this entity most are questionable or incomplete forms. The light microscopic histology and electron microscopic ureteral abnormalities in male subjects have been reported previously. A female newborn with marked abdominal muscle deficiency and severe bilateral ureteropyelocaliectasis is described. Chromosomal studies showed 46 XX karyotype. Histologic examination of the ureter by light microscopy was compatible with the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:143551", "title": "Bile canalicular membrane pathology in cytochalasin B-induced cholestasis.", "content": "The mechanism of cytochalasin B-induced intrahepatic cholestasis was examined using electron cytochemical techniques. Since previous studies suggested that the earliest lesions were in hepatic canaliculi, markers were used for three canalicular membrane components, namely ruthenium red for the glycoprotein-rich surface coat, the Mg2+-ATPase reaction as an example of a membrane-bound protein, and uranyl acetate en bloc and ruthenium red staining for the canalicular membrane-associated microfilaments. In rat liver infused in vivo with cytochalasin B, reduction in bile flow correlated with bile canalicular dilation, loss of the ruthenium red-positive surface coat from the canalicular membrane, and loss of demonstrable Mg2+-ATPase activity. In addition, structural alterations in microfilaments with widening of the ectoplasmic zone were noted. In isolated liver cells in vitro, identical changes were found. Bile canaliculi isolated from the in vivo cytochalasin B-infused rat liver lacked their normal investment of microfilaments. Detachment of the filaments from the bile canalicular membrane may be involved in the mechanism of cytochalasin B-induced cholestasis.", "contents": "Bile canalicular membrane pathology in cytochalasin B-induced cholestasis. The mechanism of cytochalasin B-induced intrahepatic cholestasis was examined using electron cytochemical techniques. Since previous studies suggested that the earliest lesions were in hepatic canaliculi, markers were used for three canalicular membrane components, namely ruthenium red for the glycoprotein-rich surface coat, the Mg2+-ATPase reaction as an example of a membrane-bound protein, and uranyl acetate en bloc and ruthenium red staining for the canalicular membrane-associated microfilaments. In rat liver infused in vivo with cytochalasin B, reduction in bile flow correlated with bile canalicular dilation, loss of the ruthenium red-positive surface coat from the canalicular membrane, and loss of demonstrable Mg2+-ATPase activity. In addition, structural alterations in microfilaments with widening of the ectoplasmic zone were noted. In isolated liver cells in vitro, identical changes were found. Bile canaliculi isolated from the in vivo cytochalasin B-infused rat liver lacked their normal investment of microfilaments. Detachment of the filaments from the bile canalicular membrane may be involved in the mechanism of cytochalasin B-induced cholestasis."}
{"id": "PMID:143554", "title": "Congestive cardiomyopathy in Noonan's syndrome.", "content": "We report a clinicopathologic study of intractable congestive cardiomyopathy in a teenaged patient who had features of Noonan's syndrome. Various forms of congenital cardiac malformations occur commonly in Noonan's syndrome, and there are also a few reported cases of cardiomyopathy in this entity. Unlike previously documented cases, our patient was found at autopsy to have nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Congestive cardiomyopathy in Noonan's syndrome. We report a clinicopathologic study of intractable congestive cardiomyopathy in a teenaged patient who had features of Noonan's syndrome. Various forms of congenital cardiac malformations occur commonly in Noonan's syndrome, and there are also a few reported cases of cardiomyopathy in this entity. Unlike previously documented cases, our patient was found at autopsy to have nonobstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:143556", "title": "[Tracheal transplantation in inbred strains of rate--I. Microsurgical technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Tracheal transplantations in isohistogenic strains of rats are performed to obtain reproducable conditions in experiment. A microsurgical technique of tracheal transplantation in rats is described. The results are summarized without discussing the problems of immunology, histology or the regeneration of tracheal epithelium.", "contents": "[Tracheal transplantation in inbred strains of rate--I. Microsurgical technique (author's transl)]. Tracheal transplantations in isohistogenic strains of rats are performed to obtain reproducable conditions in experiment. A microsurgical technique of tracheal transplantation in rats is described. The results are summarized without discussing the problems of immunology, histology or the regeneration of tracheal epithelium."}
{"id": "PMID:143557", "title": "[Long term experience of using preserved cartilage in reconstructive surgery of the nose (author's transl)].", "content": "Long term experience of nasal surgery using cartilage homografts preserved in merthiolate shows the implants to have the following properties: 1. They heal without complications and are well tolerated. 2. Rate of resorption varies according to the quality of the recipient site and the stresses on it from outside. 3. Very suitable for support to replace resected or destroyed cartilage. 4. Limited use in reconstructing weight bearing areas because of unduly high resorption rate in 50% of implanted struts. 5. No clinical evidence of resorption in areas not subject to stress. 6. Resorption in areas of stress varies from a virtual absence to a rapid process.", "contents": "[Long term experience of using preserved cartilage in reconstructive surgery of the nose (author's transl)]. Long term experience of nasal surgery using cartilage homografts preserved in merthiolate shows the implants to have the following properties: 1. They heal without complications and are well tolerated. 2. Rate of resorption varies according to the quality of the recipient site and the stresses on it from outside. 3. Very suitable for support to replace resected or destroyed cartilage. 4. Limited use in reconstructing weight bearing areas because of unduly high resorption rate in 50% of implanted struts. 5. No clinical evidence of resorption in areas not subject to stress. 6. Resorption in areas of stress varies from a virtual absence to a rapid process."}
{"id": "PMID:143558", "title": "[Middle ear pressure after rhinoplasty surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "Middle ear pressure after rhinoplasty surgery was determined by tympanometry. Measurings were done in 94 patients (total of 177 ears) before the rhinoplasty operation and during the following 6 days respectively in special cases up to three weeks. In 153 ears normal middle ear pressure was found before the operation. After the rhinoplasty in about 2/3 of all cases negative pressure up to 300 mm Ws developed. This negative pressure was equalized in the vast majority of cases (84.3%) after the tamponade was removed. In some cases negative pressure persisted for 6 days after the operation (9.8%); in few cases (5.9%) up to three weeks. In 13 out of 24 patients having negative middle ear pressures together with rhinomanometrically objectified impaired nasal ventilation rhinoplasty led to normal middle ear pressure. Reasons for the development of negative pressures in the middle ear are discussed. The results of the investigations lead to consequences concerning tympanoplasty in connection with rhinoplasty operations. Rhinoplasty and tympanoplasty should not be performed on the same day--there should be an intervall of 4--6 days between these operations. Negative pressure in the middle ear in cases of impaired nasal ventilation can be improved by rhinoplasty.", "contents": "[Middle ear pressure after rhinoplasty surgery (author's transl)]. Middle ear pressure after rhinoplasty surgery was determined by tympanometry. Measurings were done in 94 patients (total of 177 ears) before the rhinoplasty operation and during the following 6 days respectively in special cases up to three weeks. In 153 ears normal middle ear pressure was found before the operation. After the rhinoplasty in about 2/3 of all cases negative pressure up to 300 mm Ws developed. This negative pressure was equalized in the vast majority of cases (84.3%) after the tamponade was removed. In some cases negative pressure persisted for 6 days after the operation (9.8%); in few cases (5.9%) up to three weeks. In 13 out of 24 patients having negative middle ear pressures together with rhinomanometrically objectified impaired nasal ventilation rhinoplasty led to normal middle ear pressure. Reasons for the development of negative pressures in the middle ear are discussed. The results of the investigations lead to consequences concerning tympanoplasty in connection with rhinoplasty operations. Rhinoplasty and tympanoplasty should not be performed on the same day--there should be an intervall of 4--6 days between these operations. Negative pressure in the middle ear in cases of impaired nasal ventilation can be improved by rhinoplasty."}
{"id": "PMID:143559", "title": "[A method for the reconstruction of perforating radiogenic defects of the auricle (author's transl)].", "content": "Perforating radiogenic defects of the auricle in the area of the cymba, conchal cavity and triangular fossa can be reconstructed in a one stage procedure by a pedicled composite flap of conchal cartilage and skin. The conchal donor area is covered with a free skin-fat-graft from the lobule or with a full-thickness retroauricular graft from the unaffected ear. The defect reconstruction on the retroauricular side can be carried out with a pedicled skin flap from the unaffected adjacent retroauricular region.", "contents": "[A method for the reconstruction of perforating radiogenic defects of the auricle (author's transl)]. Perforating radiogenic defects of the auricle in the area of the cymba, conchal cavity and triangular fossa can be reconstructed in a one stage procedure by a pedicled composite flap of conchal cartilage and skin. The conchal donor area is covered with a free skin-fat-graft from the lobule or with a full-thickness retroauricular graft from the unaffected ear. The defect reconstruction on the retroauricular side can be carried out with a pedicled skin flap from the unaffected adjacent retroauricular region."}
{"id": "PMID:143560", "title": "[Wiresutures for improvement of swallowing after Alonso-operation (author's transl)].", "content": "After the horizontal hemilaryngectomy by Alonso there very often are deglutitions, where it is very strenous for the patient, to put the base of the tongue over the entrance of the larynx. Especially, since through the defect of the operation the base of the tongue and the rest of the larynx disperse in consequence of the weight of the lungs. Wiresutures between the remaining parts of the hyoid and between hyoid and cartilage thyroid, could hinder this dispersion. In that way the preoperative topic of these parts could quarantee and enable frequently undisturbed swallowing after a few days.", "contents": "[Wiresutures for improvement of swallowing after Alonso-operation (author's transl)]. After the horizontal hemilaryngectomy by Alonso there very often are deglutitions, where it is very strenous for the patient, to put the base of the tongue over the entrance of the larynx. Especially, since through the defect of the operation the base of the tongue and the rest of the larynx disperse in consequence of the weight of the lungs. Wiresutures between the remaining parts of the hyoid and between hyoid and cartilage thyroid, could hinder this dispersion. In that way the preoperative topic of these parts could quarantee and enable frequently undisturbed swallowing after a few days."}
{"id": "PMID:143561", "title": "[Reconstructive procedures in the oral cavity and oropharynx following tumor resection (author's transl)].", "content": "Even in far advanced carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx (T3-tumors) with extensive resections there are methods of plastic reconstruction which provide an acceptable functional and esthetic result for most patients. For immediate reconstruction of the soft tissues the forehead flap of McGregor, the deltopectoral flap of Bakamjian and the posteriorly pedicled tongue flap are particularly useful. Following surgical removal of the chin portion of the mandible a titanium implant is recommended for immediate replacement. Inspite the advances in plastic reconstructive surgery, these procedures rarely lead to a five-year cure rate; regarding palliation and hope for cure they are more promising, however, than radiation therapy alone.", "contents": "[Reconstructive procedures in the oral cavity and oropharynx following tumor resection (author's transl)]. Even in far advanced carcinomas of the oral cavity and oropharynx (T3-tumors) with extensive resections there are methods of plastic reconstruction which provide an acceptable functional and esthetic result for most patients. For immediate reconstruction of the soft tissues the forehead flap of McGregor, the deltopectoral flap of Bakamjian and the posteriorly pedicled tongue flap are particularly useful. Following surgical removal of the chin portion of the mandible a titanium implant is recommended for immediate replacement. Inspite the advances in plastic reconstructive surgery, these procedures rarely lead to a five-year cure rate; regarding palliation and hope for cure they are more promising, however, than radiation therapy alone."}
{"id": "PMID:143562", "title": "[Computer documentation of allergological data on patients suffering from allergies of the ENT-tract (author's transl)].", "content": "After a brief discussion of the purpose of EDP in medicine an EDP system is described that serves the collection of data on patients of an allergy department. It was taken into account that in addition to data concerning case histories and the general and special status data on the different courses of therapies and test results can be collected. The system is specifically adapted to the problem of allergies of the respiratory tract, but may also be used--with minor additions or alterations--for internal or dermatological cases. The aim of this documentation is the systemization and at the same time the rationalization of the examination course, without, however, ruling out individual extensions. Such a system facilitates and accelerates not only the collection of data, it also allows a faster systematic disclosure of errors and makes a meaningful scientific evaluation possible.", "contents": "[Computer documentation of allergological data on patients suffering from allergies of the ENT-tract (author's transl)]. After a brief discussion of the purpose of EDP in medicine an EDP system is described that serves the collection of data on patients of an allergy department. It was taken into account that in addition to data concerning case histories and the general and special status data on the different courses of therapies and test results can be collected. The system is specifically adapted to the problem of allergies of the respiratory tract, but may also be used--with minor additions or alterations--for internal or dermatological cases. The aim of this documentation is the systemization and at the same time the rationalization of the examination course, without, however, ruling out individual extensions. Such a system facilitates and accelerates not only the collection of data, it also allows a faster systematic disclosure of errors and makes a meaningful scientific evaluation possible."}
{"id": "PMID:143563", "title": "[Diagnostic reliability of ipsilateral evoked impedance changes of the tympanic membrane (author's tranl)].", "content": "The ipsilateral registration of impedance change is necessary in case of unilateral cochlear or retrocochlear disease with middle ear impairment of the other ear and, therefore, impossibility of contralateral evocation of the reflex. If contralateral evocation fails, moreover, it will be useful in order to clarify, whether the evocation did not succeed or the registration at the contralateral ear; thus enabling a differentiation between lesions of the reflexe's afferent and efferent way. In ipsilateral impedance-change-measurements it should be distinguished between an increase of the acoustic impedance (as searched for--turn to the right at the balancemeter) and a decrease of it (turn to the left at the balancemeter). The \"turns to the left\" at ipsilateral evocation occur without latency and only at SPL 100 dB or more. They can be observed in patients suffering from otosclerosis, complete deafness and indissected temporal bones as well. This acoustic-mechanical effect rises at high sound pressures from the non-linearity of the sound-field, which produces an extra pressure unbalancing the pressure before and behind the tympanic membrane. This effect may interfere with the real reflex-response, but only at more than 100 dB SPL; however, it must be distinguished from the proper response in order not to find the reflex falsely positive. In three clinical examples (angioblastoma of the right cerebellum hemisphere, multiple sclerosis, cerebello-pontine angle lesion) the absence of ipsilateral impedance reflexes (isolated or additional) is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Diagnostic reliability of ipsilateral evoked impedance changes of the tympanic membrane (author's tranl)]. The ipsilateral registration of impedance change is necessary in case of unilateral cochlear or retrocochlear disease with middle ear impairment of the other ear and, therefore, impossibility of contralateral evocation of the reflex. If contralateral evocation fails, moreover, it will be useful in order to clarify, whether the evocation did not succeed or the registration at the contralateral ear; thus enabling a differentiation between lesions of the reflexe's afferent and efferent way. In ipsilateral impedance-change-measurements it should be distinguished between an increase of the acoustic impedance (as searched for--turn to the right at the balancemeter) and a decrease of it (turn to the left at the balancemeter). The \"turns to the left\" at ipsilateral evocation occur without latency and only at SPL 100 dB or more. They can be observed in patients suffering from otosclerosis, complete deafness and indissected temporal bones as well. This acoustic-mechanical effect rises at high sound pressures from the non-linearity of the sound-field, which produces an extra pressure unbalancing the pressure before and behind the tympanic membrane. This effect may interfere with the real reflex-response, but only at more than 100 dB SPL; however, it must be distinguished from the proper response in order not to find the reflex falsely positive. In three clinical examples (angioblastoma of the right cerebellum hemisphere, multiple sclerosis, cerebello-pontine angle lesion) the absence of ipsilateral impedance reflexes (isolated or additional) is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:143564", "title": "[Aspiration biopsy cytology of salivary gland tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Tumours of the salivary glands can be diagnosed in most cases by fine needle aspiration biopsy followed by cytological investigation of the biopsy samples. Compared with the histological results obtained from 194 samples, the diagnostic accuracy amounted to 75.5%. When the assessment of dignity of the tumour is carried out without further classification of the tumour, the accuracy increases above 90%. Possible errors involved in the aspiration technique and in the cytological assessment are discussed. The advantages of the fine needle aspiration biopsy for diagnosis and therapy of salivary gland tumours are stressed.", "contents": "[Aspiration biopsy cytology of salivary gland tumours (author's transl)]. Tumours of the salivary glands can be diagnosed in most cases by fine needle aspiration biopsy followed by cytological investigation of the biopsy samples. Compared with the histological results obtained from 194 samples, the diagnostic accuracy amounted to 75.5%. When the assessment of dignity of the tumour is carried out without further classification of the tumour, the accuracy increases above 90%. Possible errors involved in the aspiration technique and in the cytological assessment are discussed. The advantages of the fine needle aspiration biopsy for diagnosis and therapy of salivary gland tumours are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:143565", "title": "[Clinical features of papilliferous cystadenolymphoma of the parotid (Whartin's tumour) (author's transl)].", "content": "Out of 222 parotid tumours treated by surgery 22 (10%) proved to be cystadenolymphoma papilliferum. The tumour was found predominantly in men over fifty, tended to grow rapidly often causing pain. Suspicion of papilliferous cystadenolymphoma (a parotid tumour in older men) must be confirmed by early operation. The surgical procedure for cystadenolymphoma is like that for pleomorphic adenoma (exposure of the facial nerve followed by partial parotidectomy). An extracapsular dissection is not recommended.", "contents": "[Clinical features of papilliferous cystadenolymphoma of the parotid (Whartin's tumour) (author's transl)]. Out of 222 parotid tumours treated by surgery 22 (10%) proved to be cystadenolymphoma papilliferum. The tumour was found predominantly in men over fifty, tended to grow rapidly often causing pain. Suspicion of papilliferous cystadenolymphoma (a parotid tumour in older men) must be confirmed by early operation. The surgical procedure for cystadenolymphoma is like that for pleomorphic adenoma (exposure of the facial nerve followed by partial parotidectomy). An extracapsular dissection is not recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:143566", "title": "[Calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe masquerading as a parotid-tumour (author's transl)].", "content": "3 cases of epithelioma calcificans Malherbe are being reported on, which were observed on children in the parotid area. The scarcity of such lesions in the regio parotidea is stressed, conclusions concerning differential diagnosis are following. The sometimes high concentration of mitoses is discussed under consideration of eventual diagnostic problems regarding cytological investigation.", "contents": "[Calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe masquerading as a parotid-tumour (author's transl)]. 3 cases of epithelioma calcificans Malherbe are being reported on, which were observed on children in the parotid area. The scarcity of such lesions in the regio parotidea is stressed, conclusions concerning differential diagnosis are following. The sometimes high concentration of mitoses is discussed under consideration of eventual diagnostic problems regarding cytological investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:143567", "title": "[The function and legal position of the medical expert (author's transl)].", "content": "Numerous facets of the relationships between the judge and the expert affect the function of the panel and its deliberations. Rules of professional conduct may not inhibit the expert's role because no rules exist which run counter to the obligations of the legal advisor. A critical commentary is given of the censure of the federal court by certain medical experts which has caused a stir and provoked an appropriate riposte from a federal judge. The expert differs from an ordinary witness in assisting the judge by interpreting medical facts so that a just assessment may be arrived at. This is the basis of his \"power\". The responsibility for the judgement rests solely with the judge. Courts, doctors and especially medical experts are inevitable sentenced to collaboration with each other. The exchange of facts and information between litigants may help to calm the apparently strained relations between doctors, patients and the judiciary.", "contents": "[The function and legal position of the medical expert (author's transl)]. Numerous facets of the relationships between the judge and the expert affect the function of the panel and its deliberations. Rules of professional conduct may not inhibit the expert's role because no rules exist which run counter to the obligations of the legal advisor. A critical commentary is given of the censure of the federal court by certain medical experts which has caused a stir and provoked an appropriate riposte from a federal judge. The expert differs from an ordinary witness in assisting the judge by interpreting medical facts so that a just assessment may be arrived at. This is the basis of his \"power\". The responsibility for the judgement rests solely with the judge. Courts, doctors and especially medical experts are inevitable sentenced to collaboration with each other. The exchange of facts and information between litigants may help to calm the apparently strained relations between doctors, patients and the judiciary."}
{"id": "PMID:143569", "title": "[Endonasal Ar+-laser beam guide system and first clinical application in vasomotor rhinitis (author's transl)].", "content": "First clinical experiences in the treatment of vasomotr rhinitis of 3 patients using an Ar+-laser are discussed. Punctiform and stripe laser lesions were produced on the lower human turbinates. Macroscopically the typical laser lesion consists of a central area of carbonisation surrounded by a sharply bordered zone of coagulation. Later a hyperemic margin arises. Some days after laser application an ulcus developes which is cleaned after some days. 20 days after laser application the wound is healed completely. The advantage of laser surgery is the absent of blood and pain if premedication and surface anesthesia are used. Laser surgery is compared with present-day surgical techniques for treatment of vasomotor rhinitis. Within the present time of observation of 6 months the patients are free of symptoms, if a sufficient laser surgical treatment took place. The laser surgical technique and the contruction of the laser beam guide system is described. At a laser power of 1.5-2 W and a beam diameter of 0.7 mm on the tissue the time of irradiation was several seconds on each lesion. The disadvantages of the laser technique are the high costs for the laser instrument and some technical problems with the nasal end tube.", "contents": "[Endonasal Ar+-laser beam guide system and first clinical application in vasomotor rhinitis (author's transl)]. First clinical experiences in the treatment of vasomotr rhinitis of 3 patients using an Ar+-laser are discussed. Punctiform and stripe laser lesions were produced on the lower human turbinates. Macroscopically the typical laser lesion consists of a central area of carbonisation surrounded by a sharply bordered zone of coagulation. Later a hyperemic margin arises. Some days after laser application an ulcus developes which is cleaned after some days. 20 days after laser application the wound is healed completely. The advantage of laser surgery is the absent of blood and pain if premedication and surface anesthesia are used. Laser surgery is compared with present-day surgical techniques for treatment of vasomotor rhinitis. Within the present time of observation of 6 months the patients are free of symptoms, if a sufficient laser surgical treatment took place. The laser surgical technique and the contruction of the laser beam guide system is described. At a laser power of 1.5-2 W and a beam diameter of 0.7 mm on the tissue the time of irradiation was several seconds on each lesion. The disadvantages of the laser technique are the high costs for the laser instrument and some technical problems with the nasal end tube."}
{"id": "PMID:143570", "title": "[Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis with oral penicillin (author's transl)].", "content": "The present study was performed in order to pinpoint whether or not the oral penicillin treatment of the acute purulent maxillary sinusitis, which represents a common treatment modality in general practice, is in fact effective. The efficacy of penicillin V was tested in 32 patients under controlled conditions. In 24 out of 32 cases, which have been treated by administration of 4 X 1 tablet of Ospen 1500 per day, the acute signs and symptoms disappeared completely within a period of 7.4 +/- 2.02 days. The values obtained 4-5 hours after administration of 1 tablet of Ospen 1500 were significantly higher than the minimal inhibitory penicillin concentration for the bacteria tested. The plasma and sinus secret pencillin concentration time curves were found to be parallel. This implies similar kinetics of penicillin V in the plasma and the sinus secret. Since the present study shows that after oral administration penicillin is present in the nasal sinus secret in sufficient concentrations, oral penicillin therapy has been proven a necessful treatment of acute purulent maxillary sinusitis.", "contents": "[Treatment of acute maxillary sinusitis with oral penicillin (author's transl)]. The present study was performed in order to pinpoint whether or not the oral penicillin treatment of the acute purulent maxillary sinusitis, which represents a common treatment modality in general practice, is in fact effective. The efficacy of penicillin V was tested in 32 patients under controlled conditions. In 24 out of 32 cases, which have been treated by administration of 4 X 1 tablet of Ospen 1500 per day, the acute signs and symptoms disappeared completely within a period of 7.4 +/- 2.02 days. The values obtained 4-5 hours after administration of 1 tablet of Ospen 1500 were significantly higher than the minimal inhibitory penicillin concentration for the bacteria tested. The plasma and sinus secret pencillin concentration time curves were found to be parallel. This implies similar kinetics of penicillin V in the plasma and the sinus secret. Since the present study shows that after oral administration penicillin is present in the nasal sinus secret in sufficient concentrations, oral penicillin therapy has been proven a necessful treatment of acute purulent maxillary sinusitis."}
{"id": "PMID:143571", "title": "[Comparison of x-ray, echography and sinumanometry findings in paranasal sinusitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Comparative echography and x-ray findings in suspected paranasal sinus disease reveal a good liability of negative x-ray reports. Positiv findings i.e. the diagnosis of mucous membrane thickening in the maxillary sinus and clouding of the frontal sinus are often misleading. Echography is reliable in diagnosing retention of sinus secretions. The patency of the maxillary ostium for air was tested in patients with complete opacity of the sinus. There was a significant difference between air or fluid containing sinuses, using echography as a control. Complete radiographic opacity has no bearing on ostial patency. In air containing sinuses with radiographic opacity, ostial permeability is slightly affected, the ostium nevertheless being patent for respiratory pressure changes.", "contents": "[Comparison of x-ray, echography and sinumanometry findings in paranasal sinusitis (author's transl)]. Comparative echography and x-ray findings in suspected paranasal sinus disease reveal a good liability of negative x-ray reports. Positiv findings i.e. the diagnosis of mucous membrane thickening in the maxillary sinus and clouding of the frontal sinus are often misleading. Echography is reliable in diagnosing retention of sinus secretions. The patency of the maxillary ostium for air was tested in patients with complete opacity of the sinus. There was a significant difference between air or fluid containing sinuses, using echography as a control. Complete radiographic opacity has no bearing on ostial patency. In air containing sinuses with radiographic opacity, ostial permeability is slightly affected, the ostium nevertheless being patent for respiratory pressure changes."}
{"id": "PMID:143572", "title": "[The management of orbital fractures by Zange's lower eye-lid incision (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper deals with the problem of approach in the management of fractures of the lower bony orbit. An incision close to the rim of the lower lid as described by Zange (1950/Lidrandschnitt) has following advantages in relation to other approaches: good survey, good cosmetical results, no postoperative edema.", "contents": "[The management of orbital fractures by Zange's lower eye-lid incision (author's transl)]. This paper deals with the problem of approach in the management of fractures of the lower bony orbit. An incision close to the rim of the lower lid as described by Zange (1950/Lidrandschnitt) has following advantages in relation to other approaches: good survey, good cosmetical results, no postoperative edema."}
{"id": "PMID:143573", "title": "[A contribution for conservative septal surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The correction of the lower part of the septum serves the operation principle after Cottle. In the following work is a simplification shown to help discover the \"Premaxilla-Area\". Because of the possibility of mucous membrane perforation and irritation of the nasopalatinus nerve the building of an isolated inferior tunnel is purposely avoided. In any case the main aim is the least traumatical exposure of structures.", "contents": "[A contribution for conservative septal surgery (author's transl)]. The correction of the lower part of the septum serves the operation principle after Cottle. In the following work is a simplification shown to help discover the \"Premaxilla-Area\". Because of the possibility of mucous membrane perforation and irritation of the nasopalatinus nerve the building of an isolated inferior tunnel is purposely avoided. In any case the main aim is the least traumatical exposure of structures."}
{"id": "PMID:143574", "title": "[Fine structure of nasal mucosa in mucoviscidosis, with special regard to polyposis (author's transl)].", "content": "In mucoviscidosis, even the clinically and histologically often normal appearing nasal mucosa exhibits characteristic changes with the electron microscope. The epithelial cells show intra- and extracellular edema, the cilia membrane damage. The highly viscous mucous blanket and the frequent lamination of the basement membrane of the capillaries can be explained by a disturbance in mucopolysaccharide and glycoprotein metabolism respectively. The functional disorder of the goblet cells and the nasal glands manifests itself with signs of increased activity, but without definite degenerative changes. The course of the pathologic mucous formation on the cells appears morphologically normal so that a disturbance of membrane transport or in the dilution of the secretions must be assumed. The endonasal polyps differ from allergic polyps by the absence of eosinophilic infiltration.", "contents": "[Fine structure of nasal mucosa in mucoviscidosis, with special regard to polyposis (author's transl)]. In mucoviscidosis, even the clinically and histologically often normal appearing nasal mucosa exhibits characteristic changes with the electron microscope. The epithelial cells show intra- and extracellular edema, the cilia membrane damage. The highly viscous mucous blanket and the frequent lamination of the basement membrane of the capillaries can be explained by a disturbance in mucopolysaccharide and glycoprotein metabolism respectively. The functional disorder of the goblet cells and the nasal glands manifests itself with signs of increased activity, but without definite degenerative changes. The course of the pathologic mucous formation on the cells appears morphologically normal so that a disturbance of membrane transport or in the dilution of the secretions must be assumed. The endonasal polyps differ from allergic polyps by the absence of eosinophilic infiltration."}
{"id": "PMID:143575", "title": "[A reciprocating saw for micro-surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "A reciprocating saw for osteoplastic microsurgery of the ear is presented. An electromagnetic oscillator of a common electric razor, used as motor, drives the saw with 100 oscillations per second. The amplitude of the vibrations can be adjusted by a special device within the range of 0.5 to 3 mm. The saw blades are 0.2 mm thick and not set. They perform very smooth straight cuts of 0.2 to 0.3 mm width and can easily be applied in the narrow operative field of the middle ear.", "contents": "[A reciprocating saw for micro-surgery (author's transl)]. A reciprocating saw for osteoplastic microsurgery of the ear is presented. An electromagnetic oscillator of a common electric razor, used as motor, drives the saw with 100 oscillations per second. The amplitude of the vibrations can be adjusted by a special device within the range of 0.5 to 3 mm. The saw blades are 0.2 mm thick and not set. They perform very smooth straight cuts of 0.2 to 0.3 mm width and can easily be applied in the narrow operative field of the middle ear."}
{"id": "PMID:143576", "title": "[Osteoplastic meato-mastoidectomy, tongue and groove technique with reciprocating microsaw for temporal removal of posterior and superior canal segment (author's transl)].", "content": "A new technique of osteoplastic operation in chronic otitis with cholesteatoma is described. It combines an optimal exposure of all middle ear spaces with the advantage of preserving the posterior canal wall. Starting from an attico-antrotomy the lateral epitympanic wall and the posterior canal wall are temporarily removed by 4 slanting cuts with the micro-saw. Thus an exposure of the middle ear as in a radical operation is achieved. After removing all pathology and reconstructing the ossicular chain and tympanic membrane the wedge-shaped canal segment is reimplanted firmly without any cleft due to the special arrangement of the saw cuts.", "contents": "[Osteoplastic meato-mastoidectomy, tongue and groove technique with reciprocating microsaw for temporal removal of posterior and superior canal segment (author's transl)]. A new technique of osteoplastic operation in chronic otitis with cholesteatoma is described. It combines an optimal exposure of all middle ear spaces with the advantage of preserving the posterior canal wall. Starting from an attico-antrotomy the lateral epitympanic wall and the posterior canal wall are temporarily removed by 4 slanting cuts with the micro-saw. Thus an exposure of the middle ear as in a radical operation is achieved. After removing all pathology and reconstructing the ossicular chain and tympanic membrane the wedge-shaped canal segment is reimplanted firmly without any cleft due to the special arrangement of the saw cuts."}
{"id": "PMID:143577", "title": "[Bilateral retro- and subauricular fistulae with eversion of the epithelial lining (author's transl)].", "content": "An infant with multiple congenital anomalies was observed: bilateral cleft lip and palate, left cystic kidney, bilateral retroauricular fistulae with ectropion of the epithelial lining. These fistulae ended in tissue of thymus. They are derived from the ductus thymopharyngicus. In this case a large ectropion was constated on both sides, which was in this form not described before. The early case history, the therapy and the rare histological findings are described and the up to date unknown abnormality with figures represented.", "contents": "[Bilateral retro- and subauricular fistulae with eversion of the epithelial lining (author's transl)]. An infant with multiple congenital anomalies was observed: bilateral cleft lip and palate, left cystic kidney, bilateral retroauricular fistulae with ectropion of the epithelial lining. These fistulae ended in tissue of thymus. They are derived from the ductus thymopharyngicus. In this case a large ectropion was constated on both sides, which was in this form not described before. The early case history, the therapy and the rare histological findings are described and the up to date unknown abnormality with figures represented."}
{"id": "PMID:143578", "title": "[Surgical treatment of acquired stenosis of the external auditory meatus (author's transl)].", "content": "Acquired stenosis caused by augmentation of the soft tissues usually are arrayed circulary and less diffusely; the posterior and superior wall seems to be favoured. Circular stenosis are to excise and to cover by a free skin flap. So the circular scars are changed into longitudinale and prevent a circular recurrent. Also after removal of a diffuse stenosis finally longitudinal stripes of skin are implanted with analogous effect. The transplantation of a new and healthy skin may work additionally against a shrinking-tendency of the local skin. The removal of bone is only needed exceptionally. We did not see any indication for a mastoidectomy and removal of the posterior bony wall; our last case should even demonstrate a contraindication.", "contents": "[Surgical treatment of acquired stenosis of the external auditory meatus (author's transl)]. Acquired stenosis caused by augmentation of the soft tissues usually are arrayed circulary and less diffusely; the posterior and superior wall seems to be favoured. Circular stenosis are to excise and to cover by a free skin flap. So the circular scars are changed into longitudinale and prevent a circular recurrent. Also after removal of a diffuse stenosis finally longitudinal stripes of skin are implanted with analogous effect. The transplantation of a new and healthy skin may work additionally against a shrinking-tendency of the local skin. The removal of bone is only needed exceptionally. We did not see any indication for a mastoidectomy and removal of the posterior bony wall; our last case should even demonstrate a contraindication."}
{"id": "PMID:143579", "title": "[How to avoid strictures of the external auditory meatus after tympanoplasty with the modified enaural incision by Heermann (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a surgical technique to avoid strictures of the external auditory meatus with the enaural method on tympanoplasty. A pedicle flap is formed by a modified short Heermann's incision on the beginning of the bony and cartilagenous external auditory meatus. During the operation it is fixed by a retractor and it is readapted at the end of the operation. The skin of the external auditory meatus which is situated medial of this pedicle flap can be used for transplantation to replace the tympanic membrane without danger of stenosis. The authors has had 15 years of positive experience with this method.", "contents": "[How to avoid strictures of the external auditory meatus after tympanoplasty with the modified enaural incision by Heermann (author's transl)]. Report on a surgical technique to avoid strictures of the external auditory meatus with the enaural method on tympanoplasty. A pedicle flap is formed by a modified short Heermann's incision on the beginning of the bony and cartilagenous external auditory meatus. During the operation it is fixed by a retractor and it is readapted at the end of the operation. The skin of the external auditory meatus which is situated medial of this pedicle flap can be used for transplantation to replace the tympanic membrane without danger of stenosis. The authors has had 15 years of positive experience with this method."}
{"id": "PMID:143586", "title": "[Long-term observation of fungal and other skin disorders after renal transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "All of 68 renal transplant recipients (mean observation time 28.4 months after transplantation) showed skin complications. In these subjects fungal infection was found in 51, viral disease in 45 and bacterial infection in 36 cases. Of fungal manifestations candidiasis, onychomycosis, and dermatomycosis were most commonly observed. The most important viral disease was herpes simplex. The main part of bacterial infections was either caused by surgical complications or by super-infection (impetigo) of steroid acne. Non infectious dermatological disorders were usually due to immunosuppressive therapy.", "contents": "[Long-term observation of fungal and other skin disorders after renal transplantation (author's transl)]. All of 68 renal transplant recipients (mean observation time 28.4 months after transplantation) showed skin complications. In these subjects fungal infection was found in 51, viral disease in 45 and bacterial infection in 36 cases. Of fungal manifestations candidiasis, onychomycosis, and dermatomycosis were most commonly observed. The most important viral disease was herpes simplex. The main part of bacterial infections was either caused by surgical complications or by super-infection (impetigo) of steroid acne. Non infectious dermatological disorders were usually due to immunosuppressive therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:143600", "title": "Activation parameters and molecular changes induced by substrate hydrolysis of the adenosine triphosphatase of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. A comparison of three different soluble forms of the enzyme.", "content": "The Arrhenius plots for the active and low activity soluble forms of the ATPase purified from the membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus grown at 30 degrees C presented discontinuities at 30 and 33 degrees C, respectively. Their activation parameters differed, being highest for the low activity form of the enzyme. Both forms underwent changes in their molecular properties as a consequence of being enzymically active, i.e., upon incubation with substrates at an adequate temperature. These changes consisted of a decrease in the relative mobilities of some of their subunits in dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the temperature at which they occurred depended on the energy of activation of the particular form of the ATPase used. The low activity form required an incubation temperature of 50 degrees C, whereas for an active form 37 degrees C was sufficient.", "contents": "Activation parameters and molecular changes induced by substrate hydrolysis of the adenosine triphosphatase of Micrococcus lysodeikticus. A comparison of three different soluble forms of the enzyme. The Arrhenius plots for the active and low activity soluble forms of the ATPase purified from the membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus grown at 30 degrees C presented discontinuities at 30 and 33 degrees C, respectively. Their activation parameters differed, being highest for the low activity form of the enzyme. Both forms underwent changes in their molecular properties as a consequence of being enzymically active, i.e., upon incubation with substrates at an adequate temperature. These changes consisted of a decrease in the relative mobilities of some of their subunits in dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the temperature at which they occurred depended on the energy of activation of the particular form of the ATPase used. The low activity form required an incubation temperature of 50 degrees C, whereas for an active form 37 degrees C was sufficient."}
{"id": "PMID:143603", "title": "[Low back pain from the orthopedic point of view. Diagnosis and differential diagnostic. (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic clarification of low back pain from the orthopedic point of view requires a specific exploration of the clinical history and an exact elicitation of findings not only of the vertebral column but also of the hip joints and the lower extremities. In the differential diagnosis of the disease processes which must be considered, congenital deformities, disturbances of statics and functional muscular states, inflammatory, degenerative, metabolic, tumorous and post-traumatic changes of the vertebral column must be demarcated from diseases of other etiology.", "contents": "[Low back pain from the orthopedic point of view. Diagnosis and differential diagnostic. (author's transl)]. The diagnostic clarification of low back pain from the orthopedic point of view requires a specific exploration of the clinical history and an exact elicitation of findings not only of the vertebral column but also of the hip joints and the lower extremities. In the differential diagnosis of the disease processes which must be considered, congenital deformities, disturbances of statics and functional muscular states, inflammatory, degenerative, metabolic, tumorous and post-traumatic changes of the vertebral column must be demarcated from diseases of other etiology."}
{"id": "PMID:143604", "title": "[Psychiatric aspects of low back pain (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic low back pain is more significant from the psychiatric point of view than the acute pain. As a persistent pain of organic origin it leads to typical psychopathological symptoms (\"algogenic psychosyndrome\"). The algogenic psychosyndrome must be differentiated diagnostically from neurotic developments and masked depressions. Psychosomatic low back pain is a warning of failure in the accomplishment of professional or family duties and chronic and chronic inhibited aggression. - An interdisciplinary study of the courses of 50 patients operated on for prolapse of the lumbar intervertebral disk showed that the psychopathological picture and the pain syndrome are usually determined by several factors. The majority of neurotic disordered personalities developed symptoms of new syndromes after the operation.", "contents": "[Psychiatric aspects of low back pain (author's transl)]. Chronic low back pain is more significant from the psychiatric point of view than the acute pain. As a persistent pain of organic origin it leads to typical psychopathological symptoms (\"algogenic psychosyndrome\"). The algogenic psychosyndrome must be differentiated diagnostically from neurotic developments and masked depressions. Psychosomatic low back pain is a warning of failure in the accomplishment of professional or family duties and chronic and chronic inhibited aggression. - An interdisciplinary study of the courses of 50 patients operated on for prolapse of the lumbar intervertebral disk showed that the psychopathological picture and the pain syndrome are usually determined by several factors. The majority of neurotic disordered personalities developed symptoms of new syndromes after the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:143606", "title": "[Operation results in 2000 cases of lumbar intervertebral disk lesions (author's transl)].", "content": "Operative treatment of lesions of the lumbar intervertebral disks with compression of the nerve roots is directed against the principal biomechanical cause of the clinical picture of the lumbosciatica. Very satisfactory results can be obtained if, besides the removal of the prolapsed portions of the disk in the intervertebral space, the diseased layer is also carefully cleared out as far as it is possible to do so, in the interests of preventing relapse. The operation should not be considered one for the inexperienced surgeon. The importance of reliable preoperative localization of the level of the root compression by lumbar radiculography is emphasized.", "contents": "[Operation results in 2000 cases of lumbar intervertebral disk lesions (author's transl)]. Operative treatment of lesions of the lumbar intervertebral disks with compression of the nerve roots is directed against the principal biomechanical cause of the clinical picture of the lumbosciatica. Very satisfactory results can be obtained if, besides the removal of the prolapsed portions of the disk in the intervertebral space, the diseased layer is also carefully cleared out as far as it is possible to do so, in the interests of preventing relapse. The operation should not be considered one for the inexperienced surgeon. The importance of reliable preoperative localization of the level of the root compression by lumbar radiculography is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:143607", "title": "[The treatment of chronic low back pain with psychotropic drugs (author's transl)].", "content": "The results are reported of many years' experience in the treatment of severe chronic painful conditions, including low back pain, with psychotropic drugs. Out of 103 inpatients with severe chronic painful states, 82 showed considerable improvement after treatment with a combination of antidepressants and neuroleptics. There were also 9 patients with chronic back pains, 8 of whom recorded a good effect. The treatment of chronic painful conditions with psychotropics, especially with a combination of antidepressants and neuroleptics, offers, among other things, the advantages of analgesic potentiation, analgesic saving and the avoidance of misuse or dependence on analgesics. A concrete plan of treatment with chlorimipramine and haloperidol for outpatients and inpatients in presented.", "contents": "[The treatment of chronic low back pain with psychotropic drugs (author's transl)]. The results are reported of many years' experience in the treatment of severe chronic painful conditions, including low back pain, with psychotropic drugs. Out of 103 inpatients with severe chronic painful states, 82 showed considerable improvement after treatment with a combination of antidepressants and neuroleptics. There were also 9 patients with chronic back pains, 8 of whom recorded a good effect. The treatment of chronic painful conditions with psychotropics, especially with a combination of antidepressants and neuroleptics, offers, among other things, the advantages of analgesic potentiation, analgesic saving and the avoidance of misuse or dependence on analgesics. A concrete plan of treatment with chlorimipramine and haloperidol for outpatients and inpatients in presented."}
{"id": "PMID:143608", "title": "[Operative therapy of low back pain (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibilities of operative therapy of low back pain are summarized. The correlation of the clinical symptoms and the pathological substrate is essential for a specific intervention. This implies risks to the vertebral column because of its complex innervation. Only exact clinical examination and history, the correct interpretation of radiographs and the possible consultation of photographs of function may - together with the psychically favorable attitude of the patient - lead to successful operation.", "contents": "[Operative therapy of low back pain (author's transl)]. The possibilities of operative therapy of low back pain are summarized. The correlation of the clinical symptoms and the pathological substrate is essential for a specific intervention. This implies risks to the vertebral column because of its complex innervation. Only exact clinical examination and history, the correct interpretation of radiographs and the possible consultation of photographs of function may - together with the psychically favorable attitude of the patient - lead to successful operation."}
{"id": "PMID:143614", "title": "[Multifactorial diagnosis and treatment of low back pain (author's transl)].", "content": "As a rule chronic or acute low back pain has not one, but a number of pathogenetic factors. Disturbances of the supporting and locomotor systems, the cerebrospinal and autonomic nervous systems, the viscera, posture and the psyche are to be recognized and delimited. The therapeutic aim is the extinction, suppression or elimination of disturbing factors in the supporting and locomotor systems, in the peripheral voluntary and autonomic nervous systems and the psyche, in order to enable the organism to regain its normal functions at all levels as far as possible. After successful treatment we will have to see to the maintenance and stabilization of the regained functions. Here exercising and supporting procedures have their place in the somatic and psychic areas.", "contents": "[Multifactorial diagnosis and treatment of low back pain (author's transl)]. As a rule chronic or acute low back pain has not one, but a number of pathogenetic factors. Disturbances of the supporting and locomotor systems, the cerebrospinal and autonomic nervous systems, the viscera, posture and the psyche are to be recognized and delimited. The therapeutic aim is the extinction, suppression or elimination of disturbing factors in the supporting and locomotor systems, in the peripheral voluntary and autonomic nervous systems and the psyche, in order to enable the organism to regain its normal functions at all levels as far as possible. After successful treatment we will have to see to the maintenance and stabilization of the regained functions. Here exercising and supporting procedures have their place in the somatic and psychic areas."}
{"id": "PMID:143616", "title": "The potential impact of sexual equality on health.", "content": "There are major differences between the sexes in morbidity and mortality rates. At all ages males have higher death rates and are more frequently afflicted with the chronic diseases associated with considerable reductions in longevity. Trend data indicate that males have become relatively more disadvantaged during a period characterized by major advances in medicine and increased access to care. In contrast, rates of disability and use of services are higher among females. There is some evidence that these differences are associated more with behavioral than with biologic factors. Certain shifts in age-specific mortality rates reflect sex-role-related changes in behavior--e.g., increased consumption of tobacco by women and a reversal in sex mortality ratio for cancer of the lung. Changes in sex roles may affect directly, or indirectly through family dynamics, the health status of both sexes.", "contents": "The potential impact of sexual equality on health. There are major differences between the sexes in morbidity and mortality rates. At all ages males have higher death rates and are more frequently afflicted with the chronic diseases associated with considerable reductions in longevity. Trend data indicate that males have become relatively more disadvantaged during a period characterized by major advances in medicine and increased access to care. In contrast, rates of disability and use of services are higher among females. There is some evidence that these differences are associated more with behavioral than with biologic factors. Certain shifts in age-specific mortality rates reflect sex-role-related changes in behavior--e.g., increased consumption of tobacco by women and a reversal in sex mortality ratio for cancer of the lung. Changes in sex roles may affect directly, or indirectly through family dynamics, the health status of both sexes."}
{"id": "PMID:143623", "title": "Maternal plasma estrogens after dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate injection into the fetus.", "content": "To study the biogenesis of estrogens by the fetoplacental unit in late pregnancy, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was injected directly into the fetus and maternal blood sampled at intervals for 2 hours thereafter. There was no increase of estrone, estradiol, or estriol concentration in the maternal circulation.", "contents": "Maternal plasma estrogens after dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate injection into the fetus. To study the biogenesis of estrogens by the fetoplacental unit in late pregnancy, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate was injected directly into the fetus and maternal blood sampled at intervals for 2 hours thereafter. There was no increase of estrone, estradiol, or estriol concentration in the maternal circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:143640", "title": "[Glycolysis in the eye tissues of the rabbit in ontogeny. I. The enzymes of glycolysis and hexosemonophosphate shunt].", "content": "The activity of the enzymes of glycolysis (phosphofructokinase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase) and hexose monophosphate shunt (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) was determined in the eye tissues of the rabbit at different stages of ontogenesis. The activity of these enzymes in the retina was shown to be higher than in other eye tissues. In the uveal tract (iris, ciliary bodies, uvea) the activity of glycolytic enzymes changes with the age. The greatest changes in the activity of enzymes were found during the period of the opening of eyelids. The activity of the enzymes of hexose monophosphate shunt in the eye tissues increases with the age. The relative activity of dehydrogenases of the hexose monophosphate shunt after the establishment of visual function is, however, not high and does not exceed that of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in the eye tissues of the rabbit.", "contents": "[Glycolysis in the eye tissues of the rabbit in ontogeny. I. The enzymes of glycolysis and hexosemonophosphate shunt]. The activity of the enzymes of glycolysis (phosphofructokinase, aldolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase) and hexose monophosphate shunt (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) was determined in the eye tissues of the rabbit at different stages of ontogenesis. The activity of these enzymes in the retina was shown to be higher than in other eye tissues. In the uveal tract (iris, ciliary bodies, uvea) the activity of glycolytic enzymes changes with the age. The greatest changes in the activity of enzymes were found during the period of the opening of eyelids. The activity of the enzymes of hexose monophosphate shunt in the eye tissues increases with the age. The relative activity of dehydrogenases of the hexose monophosphate shunt after the establishment of visual function is, however, not high and does not exceed that of phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase in the eye tissues of the rabbit."}
{"id": "PMID:143641", "title": "[Discovery of an endocupola in a nematode of genus Cephalobellus (Oxyurata, Thelastomatidae)].", "content": "One male of Cephalobellus sp. from the hind-gut of Levisonus thaum is described from the Shkotovsky region of the Primorje territory. It has endokupol, a complex of cephalic structures formed by the inner cuticular layer of the cephalic end. The stomatoidal ring of the endokupol is fixed to stomatorhabdia supporting the stoma. The comparison of endokupols of Cephalobellus sp. and those of marine nematodes shows their homology; an opinion is expressed on the independent (parallel) origin of endokupol of Cephalobellus sp.", "contents": "[Discovery of an endocupola in a nematode of genus Cephalobellus (Oxyurata, Thelastomatidae)]. One male of Cephalobellus sp. from the hind-gut of Levisonus thaum is described from the Shkotovsky region of the Primorje territory. It has endokupol, a complex of cephalic structures formed by the inner cuticular layer of the cephalic end. The stomatoidal ring of the endokupol is fixed to stomatorhabdia supporting the stoma. The comparison of endokupols of Cephalobellus sp. and those of marine nematodes shows their homology; an opinion is expressed on the independent (parallel) origin of endokupol of Cephalobellus sp."}
{"id": "PMID:143642", "title": "[Ecology of ixodid ticks from small mammals in the Leningrad oblast].", "content": "Collections from rodents conducted over a period of 11 years in natural nidi of tularemia in the Leningrad region include the ticks of Ixodes persulcatus, I. ricinus, I. trianguliceps and I. apronophorus. The redbacked vole is the main host of I. trianguliceps larvae. The larvae of this species have two peaks of abundance, in June and September. Larvae and other developmental phases of I. apronophorus were most abundant on water vole in June. Larvae of I. persulcatus and I. ricinus feed on small mammals in general but the latter are unessential in the feeding of nymphs.", "contents": "[Ecology of ixodid ticks from small mammals in the Leningrad oblast]. Collections from rodents conducted over a period of 11 years in natural nidi of tularemia in the Leningrad region include the ticks of Ixodes persulcatus, I. ricinus, I. trianguliceps and I. apronophorus. The redbacked vole is the main host of I. trianguliceps larvae. The larvae of this species have two peaks of abundance, in June and September. Larvae and other developmental phases of I. apronophorus were most abundant on water vole in June. Larvae of I. persulcatus and I. ricinus feed on small mammals in general but the latter are unessential in the feeding of nymphs."}
{"id": "PMID:143646", "title": "Hyperplasia of similar and dissimilar mucosa adjoining gastric mucosal wounds in the rat.", "content": "Deep mucosal wounds were produced within 1 mm of the squamo-columnar junction of the stomach of the rat, either on the squamous or on the glandular side, and the response of both the regenerating epithelium and of the adjoining, dissimilar epithelium was studied 24 hours to 12 weeks later. Squamous epithelium, both overlying previously injured squamous areas and adjoining previously injured glandular areas showed distinct hyperplasia that began on the 3rd day and was still present at 12 weeks. Glandular epithelium overlying previously injured glandular areas and adjoining previously injured squamous areas showed no hyperplasia but modulation of parietal and chief cells into mucus-secreting cells with increased mitosis. These changes appear more likely the effects of non-specific mitogenic agents than of reduced concentration of epithelial chalones.", "contents": "Hyperplasia of similar and dissimilar mucosa adjoining gastric mucosal wounds in the rat. Deep mucosal wounds were produced within 1 mm of the squamo-columnar junction of the stomach of the rat, either on the squamous or on the glandular side, and the response of both the regenerating epithelium and of the adjoining, dissimilar epithelium was studied 24 hours to 12 weeks later. Squamous epithelium, both overlying previously injured squamous areas and adjoining previously injured glandular areas showed distinct hyperplasia that began on the 3rd day and was still present at 12 weeks. Glandular epithelium overlying previously injured glandular areas and adjoining previously injured squamous areas showed no hyperplasia but modulation of parietal and chief cells into mucus-secreting cells with increased mitosis. These changes appear more likely the effects of non-specific mitogenic agents than of reduced concentration of epithelial chalones."}
{"id": "PMID:143643", "title": "[Species composition and population dynamics of fleas on the small suslik in stable foci of plague on the Ergenin ridge].", "content": "The paper presents results of investigations of fleas from Citellus pygmaeus obtained during epizootological surveys in 1972-1974 (the Ergenin ridge, Kalmyk ASSR). The most high number of the main species of fleas of C. pygmaeus was observed in the first year of epizootic on the background of great abundance of the host (over 30 specimens per 1 hectare). In the following years the decrease in the number of C. pygmaeus was accompanied by the fall in the fleas number. The distribution of different species of fleas in a microbiotope is uneven in various periods. In all periods in nests fleas of N. setosa were dominant while fleas of C. tesquorum were most abundant on the host. In burrows there was noted a change of dominant species: in the period of intensive epizootic of 1972 they were Ct. pollex and C. tesquorum, in 1973 during a slump of epizootic--C. tesquorum and N. setosa and in 1974 when epizootic was not discovered at all--N. setosa.", "contents": "[Species composition and population dynamics of fleas on the small suslik in stable foci of plague on the Ergenin ridge]. The paper presents results of investigations of fleas from Citellus pygmaeus obtained during epizootological surveys in 1972-1974 (the Ergenin ridge, Kalmyk ASSR). The most high number of the main species of fleas of C. pygmaeus was observed in the first year of epizootic on the background of great abundance of the host (over 30 specimens per 1 hectare). In the following years the decrease in the number of C. pygmaeus was accompanied by the fall in the fleas number. The distribution of different species of fleas in a microbiotope is uneven in various periods. In all periods in nests fleas of N. setosa were dominant while fleas of C. tesquorum were most abundant on the host. In burrows there was noted a change of dominant species: in the period of intensive epizootic of 1972 they were Ct. pollex and C. tesquorum, in 1973 during a slump of epizootic--C. tesquorum and N. setosa and in 1974 when epizootic was not discovered at all--N. setosa."}
{"id": "PMID:143644", "title": "[New species of Infusoria of genus Scyphidja (Ciliata, Peritricha) from fishes in Kolkhid-Anatolia area basins].", "content": "Two new species of the genus Scyphidia are described. The species were collected in 1964-1966 on fishes from waters of the Kolkhida-Anatolijsky area. S. baninae was found on the skin of Alosa caspia palaeostomi and S. doliaris - on the skin of Cyprinus carpio.", "contents": "[New species of Infusoria of genus Scyphidja (Ciliata, Peritricha) from fishes in Kolkhid-Anatolia area basins]. Two new species of the genus Scyphidia are described. The species were collected in 1964-1966 on fishes from waters of the Kolkhida-Anatolijsky area. S. baninae was found on the skin of Alosa caspia palaeostomi and S. doliaris - on the skin of Cyprinus carpio."}
{"id": "PMID:143645", "title": "[Land molluscs--intermediate hosts of trematodes of the family Microphallidae travassos, 1920].", "content": "Encysted metacercariae of Microphallus sp. were found in the land mollusks Bradybaena duplocincta and Jaminia potaniniana asiatica collected on the slopes of Tien-Shan. The above mollusks are first reported as intermediate hosts of microphallids. The meta cercariae found were fed to white mice, golden hamsters, chickens and nestlings of sparrows and starlings. Maritae developed only in white mice and golden hamsters. Mature trematodes containing 14 to 35 eggs in the uterus were found in the small intestine 66-90 hours after the infection. Small mammals are assumed to be the definitive hosts of these trematodes. The trematodes of Microphallus sp. are characterized by a short life cycle with one intermediate host, land mollusk.", "contents": "[Land molluscs--intermediate hosts of trematodes of the family Microphallidae travassos, 1920]. Encysted metacercariae of Microphallus sp. were found in the land mollusks Bradybaena duplocincta and Jaminia potaniniana asiatica collected on the slopes of Tien-Shan. The above mollusks are first reported as intermediate hosts of microphallids. The meta cercariae found were fed to white mice, golden hamsters, chickens and nestlings of sparrows and starlings. Maritae developed only in white mice and golden hamsters. Mature trematodes containing 14 to 35 eggs in the uterus were found in the small intestine 66-90 hours after the infection. Small mammals are assumed to be the definitive hosts of these trematodes. The trematodes of Microphallus sp. are characterized by a short life cycle with one intermediate host, land mollusk."}
{"id": "PMID:143654", "title": "[Muscular glycogenesis and haemolytic anaemia due to enzyme deficiency in two siblings. Familial form of Tarui's disease due to a deficiency in muscular and erythrocytic phosphofructokinase (author's transl)].", "content": "Tarui's diseases affecting a brother and sister was studied. On the basis of these case, a general review is undertaken of this rare muscle glycogenosis, of which only six cases have been reported up to the present. This study underlines the characteristics of the responsible phosphofructokinase deficiency which has the special characteristic of manifesting itself at one and the same time in muscle by a picture of non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis and in the red cells by haemolysis, in most cases sub-clinical. This sign, clinically evident in the first case, was nevertheless a fundamental diagnostic element. In the context of the diagnostic criteria, emphasis is placed upon the value of the measurement of blood lactic acid after effort, the results of which, in conjunction with an increase in muscle enzymes, confirm the presence of a true muscle glygenosis. Enzyme studies indicate the nature of the latter.", "contents": "[Muscular glycogenesis and haemolytic anaemia due to enzyme deficiency in two siblings. Familial form of Tarui's disease due to a deficiency in muscular and erythrocytic phosphofructokinase (author's transl)]. Tarui's diseases affecting a brother and sister was studied. On the basis of these case, a general review is undertaken of this rare muscle glycogenosis, of which only six cases have been reported up to the present. This study underlines the characteristics of the responsible phosphofructokinase deficiency which has the special characteristic of manifesting itself at one and the same time in muscle by a picture of non-traumatic rhabdomyolysis and in the red cells by haemolysis, in most cases sub-clinical. This sign, clinically evident in the first case, was nevertheless a fundamental diagnostic element. In the context of the diagnostic criteria, emphasis is placed upon the value of the measurement of blood lactic acid after effort, the results of which, in conjunction with an increase in muscle enzymes, confirm the presence of a true muscle glygenosis. Enzyme studies indicate the nature of the latter."}
{"id": "PMID:143663", "title": "Expression in Escherichia coli K-12 of the structural gene for catabolic dehydroquinase of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa is controlled by four genes, the qa cluster which includes structural genes qa-2, qa-3, qa-4 for three enzymes and a regulatory gene, qa-1. In this paper we report the molecular cloning of at least the qa-2 gene which encodes the catabolic dehydroquinase (5-dehydroquinate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.10). Endo.R.HindIII restriction endonuclease fragments of N. crassa DNA from a qa-1(c) (constitutive) mutant and of Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322 DNA were ligated in vitro and used to transform an aroD6 (5-dehydroquinate hydrolyase deficient) strain of E. coli K12. The recombinant plasmid (pVK55) isolated from one AroD(+) transformant (SK1518) contained, in addition to pBR322, two N. crassa HindIII fragments with molecular weights of 2.3 x 10(6) and 1.9 x 10(6). Derivatives of SK1518 cured of plasmid DNA were phenotypically Amp(s) and AroD(-). These cured strains, retransformed with pVK55, were phenotypically Amp(R) and AroD(+). Strains transformed with pVK55 possessed 5-dehydroquinate hydrolyase activity but no activity was present in any AroD(-) strain. The enzyme extracted from strains containing the recombinant plasmid was identical to N. crassa catabolic dehydroquinase by the criteria of heat stability, ammonium sulfate fractionation, immunological crossreactivity, molecular weight, and purification characteristics. This identity demonstrates that the N. crassa qa-2(+) gene is carried by the recombinant plasmid and is apparently transcribed and translated with complete fidelity. Furthermore, subunit assembly of the N. crassa polypeptides also occurs in E. coli, because the catabolic dehydroquinase is a multimer composed of approximately 20 identical subunits.", "contents": "Expression in Escherichia coli K-12 of the structural gene for catabolic dehydroquinase of Neurospora crassa. The inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa is controlled by four genes, the qa cluster which includes structural genes qa-2, qa-3, qa-4 for three enzymes and a regulatory gene, qa-1. In this paper we report the molecular cloning of at least the qa-2 gene which encodes the catabolic dehydroquinase (5-dehydroquinate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.10). Endo.R.HindIII restriction endonuclease fragments of N. crassa DNA from a qa-1(c) (constitutive) mutant and of Escherichia coli plasmid pBR322 DNA were ligated in vitro and used to transform an aroD6 (5-dehydroquinate hydrolyase deficient) strain of E. coli K12. The recombinant plasmid (pVK55) isolated from one AroD(+) transformant (SK1518) contained, in addition to pBR322, two N. crassa HindIII fragments with molecular weights of 2.3 x 10(6) and 1.9 x 10(6). Derivatives of SK1518 cured of plasmid DNA were phenotypically Amp(s) and AroD(-). These cured strains, retransformed with pVK55, were phenotypically Amp(R) and AroD(+). Strains transformed with pVK55 possessed 5-dehydroquinate hydrolyase activity but no activity was present in any AroD(-) strain. The enzyme extracted from strains containing the recombinant plasmid was identical to N. crassa catabolic dehydroquinase by the criteria of heat stability, ammonium sulfate fractionation, immunological crossreactivity, molecular weight, and purification characteristics. This identity demonstrates that the N. crassa qa-2(+) gene is carried by the recombinant plasmid and is apparently transcribed and translated with complete fidelity. Furthermore, subunit assembly of the N. crassa polypeptides also occurs in E. coli, because the catabolic dehydroquinase is a multimer composed of approximately 20 identical subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:143664", "title": "Synthesis of a fibrinolytic activator and inhibitor by endothelial cells.", "content": "Vascular endothelial cells derived from rabbit vena cava and maintained in continuous culture exhibited properties characteristic of the intact endothelium. These cells were used as a model for characterizing the fibrinolytic components specified by the endothelium. Endothelial cells in culture digested radiolabeled fibrinogen. Digestion resulted from the synthesis and secretion of a plasminogen activator. Fibrinolysis was not detected when cells were grown in medium lacking plasminogen, indicating the absence of plasminogen-independent fibrinolytic enzymes. Phorbol-myristate-acetate increased extracellular plasminogen activator activity dramatically. This increase was prevented when actinomycin D or cycloheximide was included in the growth medium, indicating that new gene expression was required for it. Intracellular plasminogen activator could not be detected unless the cell extracts were exposed briefly to mildly acidic conditions. Mixing experiments between acid-treated and untreated extracts suggested that the cells contained a potent, acid-labile inhibitor of fibrinolysis. As little as 10 mug of protein from whole cell extracts inhibited both cell and urokinase-mediated fibrinolysis by more than 70%. Cell fractionation studies localized the inhibitor to the cytosol whereas plasminogen activator activity was restricted to the membrane-rich fraction. This membrane fraction did not require acidification for activity, suggesting that the inhibitor had been removed and that acidification did not activate a plasminogen proactivator. These observations demonstrate that regulation of endothelial fibrinolytic activity is far more complex than had been anticipated and raise several uncertainties in regard to detecting the presence of plasminogen activators in cells and tissues.", "contents": "Synthesis of a fibrinolytic activator and inhibitor by endothelial cells. Vascular endothelial cells derived from rabbit vena cava and maintained in continuous culture exhibited properties characteristic of the intact endothelium. These cells were used as a model for characterizing the fibrinolytic components specified by the endothelium. Endothelial cells in culture digested radiolabeled fibrinogen. Digestion resulted from the synthesis and secretion of a plasminogen activator. Fibrinolysis was not detected when cells were grown in medium lacking plasminogen, indicating the absence of plasminogen-independent fibrinolytic enzymes. Phorbol-myristate-acetate increased extracellular plasminogen activator activity dramatically. This increase was prevented when actinomycin D or cycloheximide was included in the growth medium, indicating that new gene expression was required for it. Intracellular plasminogen activator could not be detected unless the cell extracts were exposed briefly to mildly acidic conditions. Mixing experiments between acid-treated and untreated extracts suggested that the cells contained a potent, acid-labile inhibitor of fibrinolysis. As little as 10 mug of protein from whole cell extracts inhibited both cell and urokinase-mediated fibrinolysis by more than 70%. Cell fractionation studies localized the inhibitor to the cytosol whereas plasminogen activator activity was restricted to the membrane-rich fraction. This membrane fraction did not require acidification for activity, suggesting that the inhibitor had been removed and that acidification did not activate a plasminogen proactivator. These observations demonstrate that regulation of endothelial fibrinolytic activity is far more complex than had been anticipated and raise several uncertainties in regard to detecting the presence of plasminogen activators in cells and tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:143658", "title": "[Participation of the cerebral serotonin receptors in the negative-feedback mechanisms of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-testis system].", "content": "Intraperitoneal administration of 5-oxytryptophane or the administration of serotonin into the lateral ventricle of the brain to the unilaterally castrated male albino rats was accompanied by block of the compensatory increase of the testosterone level in the peripheral blood plasma occurring after its fall caused by hemicastration. Under analogous conditions the intraperitoneal administration of p-chlorphenylalanine or the intraventricular administration of methisergide intensified the compensatory increase of blood testosterone after castration. A conclusion was drawn that stimulation of the serotonin receptors of the brain produced an inhibitory influence on the central negative feed-back mechanisms in the hypothalamus-hypophysis-testes system.", "contents": "[Participation of the cerebral serotonin receptors in the negative-feedback mechanisms of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-testis system]. Intraperitoneal administration of 5-oxytryptophane or the administration of serotonin into the lateral ventricle of the brain to the unilaterally castrated male albino rats was accompanied by block of the compensatory increase of the testosterone level in the peripheral blood plasma occurring after its fall caused by hemicastration. Under analogous conditions the intraperitoneal administration of p-chlorphenylalanine or the intraventricular administration of methisergide intensified the compensatory increase of blood testosterone after castration. A conclusion was drawn that stimulation of the serotonin receptors of the brain produced an inhibitory influence on the central negative feed-back mechanisms in the hypothalamus-hypophysis-testes system."}
{"id": "PMID:143667", "title": "HLA and MLC typing in patients with Hodgkin's disease.", "content": "HLA typing for 27 A and B locus antigens was performed in 137 Caucasian patients with Hodgkin's disease. A and B locus antigen frequencies were compared for the entire group of patients, for 51 patients studied in a prospective manner and for 62 patients surviving with Hodgkin's disease for more than 5 years. MLC typing (HLA-D) was performed in 51 unselected Caucasian patients using 6 differend HLA-D homozygous test cells which define 3 HLA-D specificity groups (DW2, DW3, and DW4). HLA-AW33 was found in 0.0% of patients and in 5.9% of random Caucasian blood donors at the Sloan--Kettering Institute (X2 equals 7.04, p less than 0.01). HLA-A1 was found to be increased to 35.8% in the entire patient group (N = 137) as compared to 25.4% in 855 random North American Caucasians (X2 = 5.97, p less than 0.02). There was no significant deviation of any A or B locus antigen in relation to sex, histology, age of patient, or duration of survival (newly diagnosed vs 5-year survivors). No significant deviation for either of the 3 common HLA-D determinants (DW2, DW3, or DW4) was observed.", "contents": "HLA and MLC typing in patients with Hodgkin's disease. HLA typing for 27 A and B locus antigens was performed in 137 Caucasian patients with Hodgkin's disease. A and B locus antigen frequencies were compared for the entire group of patients, for 51 patients studied in a prospective manner and for 62 patients surviving with Hodgkin's disease for more than 5 years. MLC typing (HLA-D) was performed in 51 unselected Caucasian patients using 6 differend HLA-D homozygous test cells which define 3 HLA-D specificity groups (DW2, DW3, and DW4). HLA-AW33 was found in 0.0% of patients and in 5.9% of random Caucasian blood donors at the Sloan--Kettering Institute (X2 equals 7.04, p less than 0.01). HLA-A1 was found to be increased to 35.8% in the entire patient group (N = 137) as compared to 25.4% in 855 random North American Caucasians (X2 = 5.97, p less than 0.02). There was no significant deviation of any A or B locus antigen in relation to sex, histology, age of patient, or duration of survival (newly diagnosed vs 5-year survivors). No significant deviation for either of the 3 common HLA-D determinants (DW2, DW3, or DW4) was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:143669", "title": "Fluorescence of human liver alanine aminopeptidase.", "content": "Fluorescence of human liver alanine aminopeptidase has been attributed to tryptophan fluorescence. The fluorescence maximum is at 330 nm, 20 nm lower than that for free tryptophan, suggesting that most of the enzyme tryptophans are in a nonpolar environment and are shielded from solvent. Quenching of enzyme fluorescence by iodide, pyridine, and N-methyl nicotinamide also demonstrates that enzyme tryptophan residues are largely buried and inaccessible to solvent. Those accessible are in negatively charged environments. 8-(1'-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5'-sulfonylamido-octanoic acid (8-DNS-octanoic acid) and epsilon-DNS-L-Lys inhibit aminopeptidase. One molecule of inhibitor when bound to the enzyme quenched 57% and 63% of enzyme fluorescence, respectively. Such efficient quenching may indicate a degree of segregation of tryptophan toward the active center.", "contents": "Fluorescence of human liver alanine aminopeptidase. Fluorescence of human liver alanine aminopeptidase has been attributed to tryptophan fluorescence. The fluorescence maximum is at 330 nm, 20 nm lower than that for free tryptophan, suggesting that most of the enzyme tryptophans are in a nonpolar environment and are shielded from solvent. Quenching of enzyme fluorescence by iodide, pyridine, and N-methyl nicotinamide also demonstrates that enzyme tryptophan residues are largely buried and inaccessible to solvent. Those accessible are in negatively charged environments. 8-(1'-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5'-sulfonylamido-octanoic acid (8-DNS-octanoic acid) and epsilon-DNS-L-Lys inhibit aminopeptidase. One molecule of inhibitor when bound to the enzyme quenched 57% and 63% of enzyme fluorescence, respectively. Such efficient quenching may indicate a degree of segregation of tryptophan toward the active center."}
{"id": "PMID:143671", "title": "Lysergic acid diethylamide: evidence for stimulation of pituitary dopamine receptors.", "content": "Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 0.05 mg/kg and 0.20 mg/kg, significantly decreased plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in male rats. LSD, 0.20 mg/kg, also inhibits the increase in plasma PRL levels produced by chlorpromazine (CPZ), 5 mg/kg, and alpha-methyl-paratyrosine (AMPT), 50 mg/kg, both of which interfere with dopaminergic inhibition of PRL secretion. LSD was more potent than methysergide, a serotonin receptor blocker, in lowering plasma PRL levels and more potent than apomorphine, a known direct acting dopamine agonist, in blocking the increase in plasma PRL produced by quipazine, a 5-HT agonist. These results suggest LSD has potent dopamine agonist properties on the rat pituitary or hypothalamic dopamine receptors which directly or indirectly inhibit PRL secretion.", "contents": "Lysergic acid diethylamide: evidence for stimulation of pituitary dopamine receptors. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 0.05 mg/kg and 0.20 mg/kg, significantly decreased plasma prolactin (PRL) levels in male rats. LSD, 0.20 mg/kg, also inhibits the increase in plasma PRL levels produced by chlorpromazine (CPZ), 5 mg/kg, and alpha-methyl-paratyrosine (AMPT), 50 mg/kg, both of which interfere with dopaminergic inhibition of PRL secretion. LSD was more potent than methysergide, a serotonin receptor blocker, in lowering plasma PRL levels and more potent than apomorphine, a known direct acting dopamine agonist, in blocking the increase in plasma PRL produced by quipazine, a 5-HT agonist. These results suggest LSD has potent dopamine agonist properties on the rat pituitary or hypothalamic dopamine receptors which directly or indirectly inhibit PRL secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:143677", "title": "A search on karyotypic mosaicism in mongoloid patients and their parents.", "content": "The frequency of chromosomal mosaicism among patients with clinical diagnosis of mongolism was determined. Among 50 patients with at least 32 cells studied, 2 (or 4%) were found to be mosaics of the 46/47, +G type. Among 350 patients with at least 5 cells studied, 2 (or 0.57%) 46/47, +G mosaic cases were detected. Taking in account the probability of detecting mosaicism when 5 cells are analysed, a frequency of 0.58% of mosaic cases was estimated for this sample. The mosaic patients were submitted to repeated cytogenetic examination. One of these cases showed significant differences between the frequencies of normal cells, but a linear regression analysis showed that there was no correlation between the frequency of these cells and the patient's age. Clinically, the mosaic patients showed no consistent differences in the severity of the syndrome when compared to mongoloids without mosaicism. A frequency of 16 translocation cases (4%) was found in the total number of mongoloid patients studied. In a sample of 190 parents of regular trisomy-21 children no mosaicism was found in the blood. Also no significant differences were observed between the frequencies of aneuploid, hyperdiploid or hypodiploid cells and those obtained by other authors in the general population.", "contents": "A search on karyotypic mosaicism in mongoloid patients and their parents. The frequency of chromosomal mosaicism among patients with clinical diagnosis of mongolism was determined. Among 50 patients with at least 32 cells studied, 2 (or 4%) were found to be mosaics of the 46/47, +G type. Among 350 patients with at least 5 cells studied, 2 (or 0.57%) 46/47, +G mosaic cases were detected. Taking in account the probability of detecting mosaicism when 5 cells are analysed, a frequency of 0.58% of mosaic cases was estimated for this sample. The mosaic patients were submitted to repeated cytogenetic examination. One of these cases showed significant differences between the frequencies of normal cells, but a linear regression analysis showed that there was no correlation between the frequency of these cells and the patient's age. Clinically, the mosaic patients showed no consistent differences in the severity of the syndrome when compared to mongoloids without mosaicism. A frequency of 16 translocation cases (4%) was found in the total number of mongoloid patients studied. In a sample of 190 parents of regular trisomy-21 children no mosaicism was found in the blood. Also no significant differences were observed between the frequencies of aneuploid, hyperdiploid or hypodiploid cells and those obtained by other authors in the general population."}
{"id": "PMID:143681", "title": "[Benign tumors of the stomach].", "content": "In 19 cases of benign tumors of the stomach (representing 4,8% of a total of 417 cases of gastric tumors hospitalized between 1969 and 1975) the authors stress the difficulties of the early diagnosis, the non-characteristic symptomatology, as well as the fact that the patients are hospitalized mostly for acute complications (upper digestive hemorhages). The type of expresis depends on the location and the extension of the tumors.", "contents": "[Benign tumors of the stomach]. In 19 cases of benign tumors of the stomach (representing 4,8% of a total of 417 cases of gastric tumors hospitalized between 1969 and 1975) the authors stress the difficulties of the early diagnosis, the non-characteristic symptomatology, as well as the fact that the patients are hospitalized mostly for acute complications (upper digestive hemorhages). The type of expresis depends on the location and the extension of the tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:143683", "title": "[Colo-pyloric anastomosis with pyloroplasty in esophagoplasty].", "content": "A procedure is presented, allowing to include the stomach in the intestinal pathway in cases of oesophagoplasties, preventing at the same time the development of anastomotic peptic ulcers. A colo-pyloric anastomosis is performed with the aboral stump of the elevated colic loop. The colic end is anastomosed terminoterminally to the pylorus, in such a way that a 6--7 cm pylorotomy is performed. The pyloric function is suppressed and the evacuation of the stomach's contents into the duodenum is facilitated. The reflux of the alkaline duodenal fluid is also possible, into the antrum. The duodenum, the antrum, and the aboral part of the elevated colic loop constitute a sort of \"cloaca\" inside which the acidic gastric secretion is neutralized, partially by the salivary fluid and on the other hand by the duodenal reflux. To such a type of anastomosis vagotomy can also be associated, especially in cases with hyperacidity.", "contents": "[Colo-pyloric anastomosis with pyloroplasty in esophagoplasty]. A procedure is presented, allowing to include the stomach in the intestinal pathway in cases of oesophagoplasties, preventing at the same time the development of anastomotic peptic ulcers. A colo-pyloric anastomosis is performed with the aboral stump of the elevated colic loop. The colic end is anastomosed terminoterminally to the pylorus, in such a way that a 6--7 cm pylorotomy is performed. The pyloric function is suppressed and the evacuation of the stomach's contents into the duodenum is facilitated. The reflux of the alkaline duodenal fluid is also possible, into the antrum. The duodenum, the antrum, and the aboral part of the elevated colic loop constitute a sort of \"cloaca\" inside which the acidic gastric secretion is neutralized, partially by the salivary fluid and on the other hand by the duodenal reflux. To such a type of anastomosis vagotomy can also be associated, especially in cases with hyperacidity."}
{"id": "PMID:143684", "title": "[Critieria of brain death (personal opinions)].", "content": "The study reviews the literature dealing with cerebral death and raises some problems, not yet discussed in the literature, such as those in connection with the decerebrated pregnant woman, of which the following ones are stressed: 1. The pregnancy can continue in the decerebrated woman. If the answer is affirmative, development of the pregnancy represents represents a test of particular biological value in assessing the efficiency of ressuscitation therapy; 2. What are the effects of hipoxyia that led to decerebration of the mother on the psychosomatic development of the child, and the possibility to evaluate it in correlation with the age of the pregnancy; 3. What are the effects of prolonged forced ventilation and the artificial feeding on the development of the pregnancy? The study ends with concrete proposals for establishing criteria for cerebral death, stressing the need for an adequate juridical frame for organ transplantation.", "contents": "[Critieria of brain death (personal opinions)]. The study reviews the literature dealing with cerebral death and raises some problems, not yet discussed in the literature, such as those in connection with the decerebrated pregnant woman, of which the following ones are stressed: 1. The pregnancy can continue in the decerebrated woman. If the answer is affirmative, development of the pregnancy represents represents a test of particular biological value in assessing the efficiency of ressuscitation therapy; 2. What are the effects of hipoxyia that led to decerebration of the mother on the psychosomatic development of the child, and the possibility to evaluate it in correlation with the age of the pregnancy; 3. What are the effects of prolonged forced ventilation and the artificial feeding on the development of the pregnancy? The study ends with concrete proposals for establishing criteria for cerebral death, stressing the need for an adequate juridical frame for organ transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:143686", "title": "[Surgical anatomy of the terminal choledochus].", "content": "On the basis of data from the literature, as well as on his personal experience, the author defines a series of notions concerning the structural particularities of the terminal choledocus, highly interesting from the surgical view point. It is shown that at this level a valve exists, with a special structure, as well as a complex sphincteral system, highly refined in its functions, that should be carefully preserved, within the possibilities of techniques applied during surgical interventions.", "contents": "[Surgical anatomy of the terminal choledochus]. On the basis of data from the literature, as well as on his personal experience, the author defines a series of notions concerning the structural particularities of the terminal choledocus, highly interesting from the surgical view point. It is shown that at this level a valve exists, with a special structure, as well as a complex sphincteral system, highly refined in its functions, that should be carefully preserved, within the possibilities of techniques applied during surgical interventions."}
{"id": "PMID:143687", "title": "[Anatomical bases of incomplete vagotomy].", "content": "The results are presented, of an intraoperative anatomical study concerning the variable disposition of the vagal nerves in the abdominal section of the oesophagus. This study was carried out in a large number of patients with ulcers in which vagotomy was performed. All the patients were followed and in all periodical controls were made after surgery in view of detecting possible ulcerative relapses. The authors conclude that the negative results of vagotomy are due to the fact that this is usually incomplete. The study demonstrated the existence of many variants of the anatomical disposition of the vagal nerves at the level of the abdominal oesophagus, which the authors synthesize in a practical scheme which is available to any surgeon. The risk of an incomplete vagotomy is the highest when the patient presents an anatomical variant with a large number of branches.", "contents": "[Anatomical bases of incomplete vagotomy]. The results are presented, of an intraoperative anatomical study concerning the variable disposition of the vagal nerves in the abdominal section of the oesophagus. This study was carried out in a large number of patients with ulcers in which vagotomy was performed. All the patients were followed and in all periodical controls were made after surgery in view of detecting possible ulcerative relapses. The authors conclude that the negative results of vagotomy are due to the fact that this is usually incomplete. The study demonstrated the existence of many variants of the anatomical disposition of the vagal nerves at the level of the abdominal oesophagus, which the authors synthesize in a practical scheme which is available to any surgeon. The risk of an incomplete vagotomy is the highest when the patient presents an anatomical variant with a large number of branches."}
{"id": "PMID:143704", "title": "[Antigenic relations between Vibrio cholerae and Aeromonas hydrophila].", "content": "The antigenic relationships between Vibrio cholerae and the oxidase-positive intestinal bacteria, agglutinated on slides by cholera antiserum, were investigated by the agglutination reaction. Of the 478 oxidase-positive strains studied only strain 209 A, belonging to species Aeromonas hydrophila was selected. Evidence was found of common agglutinogenic fractions between Vibrio cholerae and Aeromonas hydrophila 209 A. Attention is drawn to possible confusions in the preliminary stages of a laboratory diagnosis of cholera.", "contents": "[Antigenic relations between Vibrio cholerae and Aeromonas hydrophila]. The antigenic relationships between Vibrio cholerae and the oxidase-positive intestinal bacteria, agglutinated on slides by cholera antiserum, were investigated by the agglutination reaction. Of the 478 oxidase-positive strains studied only strain 209 A, belonging to species Aeromonas hydrophila was selected. Evidence was found of common agglutinogenic fractions between Vibrio cholerae and Aeromonas hydrophila 209 A. Attention is drawn to possible confusions in the preliminary stages of a laboratory diagnosis of cholera."}
{"id": "PMID:143709", "title": "[Analogs of juvenile hormones in the control of insects of medical or sanitary importance].", "content": "The growth and moulting or immature insects is related to three main groups of hormones : cerebral, ecdysonal and juvenile. Juvenile hormone analogues mark a new stage in the control of detrimental insects, and have significant advantages over the conventional insecticides. In order to establish the effectiveness of juvenile hormone analogues a series of biotests were performed : the wax pupal test, injections, systemic and topical applications, the treatment of food, pulverizations and exposure to vapors. In the laboratory, the efficiency of the analogues was tested against the following genera : Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, Culiseta, Musca, Stomoxys and Blattella, obtaining several effects, such as : lengthening of the larval stages, blocking of metamorphosis and ecdysis, blocking of the emergence of adults, morphogenetic ovicide, sterilizing and lethal effects, etc. Exploratory trials were performed in the field with compounds whose effectiveness had been demonstrated, against some Aedes, Musca, Stomoxys, Pediculus and Bovicola species. Laboratory experiments showed, however, that the insects might become resistant to juvenile hormone analogues.", "contents": "[Analogs of juvenile hormones in the control of insects of medical or sanitary importance]. The growth and moulting or immature insects is related to three main groups of hormones : cerebral, ecdysonal and juvenile. Juvenile hormone analogues mark a new stage in the control of detrimental insects, and have significant advantages over the conventional insecticides. In order to establish the effectiveness of juvenile hormone analogues a series of biotests were performed : the wax pupal test, injections, systemic and topical applications, the treatment of food, pulverizations and exposure to vapors. In the laboratory, the efficiency of the analogues was tested against the following genera : Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, Culiseta, Musca, Stomoxys and Blattella, obtaining several effects, such as : lengthening of the larval stages, blocking of metamorphosis and ecdysis, blocking of the emergence of adults, morphogenetic ovicide, sterilizing and lethal effects, etc. Exploratory trials were performed in the field with compounds whose effectiveness had been demonstrated, against some Aedes, Musca, Stomoxys, Pediculus and Bovicola species. Laboratory experiments showed, however, that the insects might become resistant to juvenile hormone analogues."}
{"id": "PMID:143708", "title": "[Pathogenicity expressed by inhibition of the Pasteur effect].", "content": "The experiments carried out demonstrate that under the influence of tetanus exotoxin, Gram-negative bacteria endotoxins, staphylococcal infection and infestation with Tr. spiralis, inhibition of the Pasteur effect occurs. Recently published data show that the same manifestation of pathogenicity is induced by diphtheria alpha and delta exotoxin, staphylococcal toxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin, streptolysin O, infections with Cl. perfringens, Pasteurella and Rickettsia and hepatitis viruses in man. These data confirm a previous hypothesis according to which inhibition of the Pasteur effect represents the expression and metabolic measure of pathogenicity and toxicity. The inhibitory effect was proportional to the amount of pathogenic agent or toxin, just as the respective anatoxin or toxin + endotoxin mixture does not influence the Pasteur effect. The metabolic criteria of the Pasteur effect, i.e. inhibition of hyperlactacidaemia and decrease of the organic P/inorganic P ratio, are thus the direct indices of pathogenicity and toxigenicity. This also accounts for deep alteration of the Pasteur effect in infections generating states of infectious and endotoxinic shock.", "contents": "[Pathogenicity expressed by inhibition of the Pasteur effect]. The experiments carried out demonstrate that under the influence of tetanus exotoxin, Gram-negative bacteria endotoxins, staphylococcal infection and infestation with Tr. spiralis, inhibition of the Pasteur effect occurs. Recently published data show that the same manifestation of pathogenicity is induced by diphtheria alpha and delta exotoxin, staphylococcal toxin, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin, staphylococcal enterotoxin, streptolysin O, infections with Cl. perfringens, Pasteurella and Rickettsia and hepatitis viruses in man. These data confirm a previous hypothesis according to which inhibition of the Pasteur effect represents the expression and metabolic measure of pathogenicity and toxicity. The inhibitory effect was proportional to the amount of pathogenic agent or toxin, just as the respective anatoxin or toxin + endotoxin mixture does not influence the Pasteur effect. The metabolic criteria of the Pasteur effect, i.e. inhibition of hyperlactacidaemia and decrease of the organic P/inorganic P ratio, are thus the direct indices of pathogenicity and toxigenicity. This also accounts for deep alteration of the Pasteur effect in infections generating states of infectious and endotoxinic shock."}
{"id": "PMID:143714", "title": "The transitional vertebra of the lumbosacral spine: its radiological classification, incidence, prevalence, and clinical significance.", "content": "This report presents interim results from a series of studies of the lumbosacral region of the spine. A new classification of the lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) is proposed. An LSTV was found with similar frequency in patients and in population samples. The radiological findings were related to the presence of symptoms and to evidence of urological problems. Whilst Brocher (1973), Rubin (1971), and others have considered an LSTV to be of importance because it should lead to unfavourable weight bearing in the lower spine, the present extensive material shows that there is no relation between an LSTV and low backache. There may be a genetic factor involved in the various types of LSTV.", "contents": "The transitional vertebra of the lumbosacral spine: its radiological classification, incidence, prevalence, and clinical significance. This report presents interim results from a series of studies of the lumbosacral region of the spine. A new classification of the lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV) is proposed. An LSTV was found with similar frequency in patients and in population samples. The radiological findings were related to the presence of symptoms and to evidence of urological problems. Whilst Brocher (1973), Rubin (1971), and others have considered an LSTV to be of importance because it should lead to unfavourable weight bearing in the lower spine, the present extensive material shows that there is no relation between an LSTV and low backache. There may be a genetic factor involved in the various types of LSTV."}
{"id": "PMID:143710", "title": "[Clinical study of strongyloidiasis].", "content": "Between 1961 and 1974 the authors had in their care 260 patients suffering from strongyloidiasis. The present paper deals with the clinical data evaluated from two points of view : the frequency of subjective and objective symptoms in the course of the disease, and the frequency of the groups of symptoms in terms of the clinical form of the disease. The frequency of the symptoms is listed according to the five evolutive stages of the disease (invasion, latency, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and neuropsychical phases). The following clinical forms were recorded : hepato-duodenovesicular, enterocolitic, pulmonary, neuropsychical, polymorphous and asymptomatic. Particularly efficient among the drugs used were gentian violet and dithiazanin (Telmid or Dilombrin).", "contents": "[Clinical study of strongyloidiasis]. Between 1961 and 1974 the authors had in their care 260 patients suffering from strongyloidiasis. The present paper deals with the clinical data evaluated from two points of view : the frequency of subjective and objective symptoms in the course of the disease, and the frequency of the groups of symptoms in terms of the clinical form of the disease. The frequency of the symptoms is listed according to the five evolutive stages of the disease (invasion, latency, pulmonary, gastrointestinal and neuropsychical phases). The following clinical forms were recorded : hepato-duodenovesicular, enterocolitic, pulmonary, neuropsychical, polymorphous and asymptomatic. Particularly efficient among the drugs used were gentian violet and dithiazanin (Telmid or Dilombrin)."}
{"id": "PMID:143715", "title": "In vivo responses of alloreactive lymphocytes stimulated in vitro. Helper-cell activity of MLR-primed lymphocytes.", "content": "Populations of mouse lymphocytes enriched in specific alloreactive cells by priming in a mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) include cells which, when injected into congenic nude mice, enable them to make alloantibody after immunization. Helper cells for the priming H-2 alloantigens (H-2b or H-2k) were enriched relative to helper cells for the other H-2 type. Furthermore, the alloantibody responses of nude mice reconstituted with lymphocytes primed twice in vitro were virtually monospecific for the priming alloantigens. These studies suggest that lymphocytes that proliferate in MLR include lymphocytes capable of giving specific help for H-2 antigens in vivo. Nude mice reconstituted with MLR-primed lymphocytes made less antibody to bacteriophage T4 and phix than mice reconstituted with unprimed cells, and fewer mice responded. Priming of cells a second time in MLR further depleted the population of phage helper cells. Similar results were sometimes, but not always, obtained when testing reconstituted nude mice for their ability to make anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) responses. These results suggest that lymphocytes primed against H-2b or H-2k alloantigens do not have specificity for antigens of T4 or phix. These alloreactive cells may also lack specificity for SRBC. However, the results do not allow a definitive conclusion to be drawn.", "contents": "In vivo responses of alloreactive lymphocytes stimulated in vitro. Helper-cell activity of MLR-primed lymphocytes. Populations of mouse lymphocytes enriched in specific alloreactive cells by priming in a mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) include cells which, when injected into congenic nude mice, enable them to make alloantibody after immunization. Helper cells for the priming H-2 alloantigens (H-2b or H-2k) were enriched relative to helper cells for the other H-2 type. Furthermore, the alloantibody responses of nude mice reconstituted with lymphocytes primed twice in vitro were virtually monospecific for the priming alloantigens. These studies suggest that lymphocytes that proliferate in MLR include lymphocytes capable of giving specific help for H-2 antigens in vivo. Nude mice reconstituted with MLR-primed lymphocytes made less antibody to bacteriophage T4 and phix than mice reconstituted with unprimed cells, and fewer mice responded. Priming of cells a second time in MLR further depleted the population of phage helper cells. Similar results were sometimes, but not always, obtained when testing reconstituted nude mice for their ability to make anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) responses. These results suggest that lymphocytes primed against H-2b or H-2k alloantigens do not have specificity for antigens of T4 or phix. These alloreactive cells may also lack specificity for SRBC. However, the results do not allow a definitive conclusion to be drawn."}
{"id": "PMID:143716", "title": "Studies on the clinical efficacy, serum levels and side effects of clindamycin phosphate administered intravenously.", "content": "Clindamycin phosphate was administered intravenously to 41 patients with different types of infections including osteomyelitis, septicaemia and soft tissue infections. All bacterial strains tested showed low MIC values for clindamycin. Maximum serum concentrations after 600 mg intravenously were 6.0--29.0 microgram/ml, after 300 mg intravenously 2.6--26.0 microgram/ml. The therapeutic effect of the drug was considered good in 26 of 31 patients with proven or probable bacterial aetiology. Side effects were noted in 16 of the 41 patients. However, in only 5 of these the treatment had to be terminated, all due to pruritic rashes. In the 7 cases with diarrhoea as side effect, the symptoms were mild and of short duration.", "contents": "Studies on the clinical efficacy, serum levels and side effects of clindamycin phosphate administered intravenously. Clindamycin phosphate was administered intravenously to 41 patients with different types of infections including osteomyelitis, septicaemia and soft tissue infections. All bacterial strains tested showed low MIC values for clindamycin. Maximum serum concentrations after 600 mg intravenously were 6.0--29.0 microgram/ml, after 300 mg intravenously 2.6--26.0 microgram/ml. The therapeutic effect of the drug was considered good in 26 of 31 patients with proven or probable bacterial aetiology. Side effects were noted in 16 of the 41 patients. However, in only 5 of these the treatment had to be terminated, all due to pruritic rashes. In the 7 cases with diarrhoea as side effect, the symptoms were mild and of short duration."}
{"id": "PMID:143711", "title": "[Research on anti-diphtheria immunization in the city of Bucharest].", "content": "Biological, sero-epidemiological and bacteriological investigations, carried out in the town of Bucharest for evaluating the present diphtheria vaccination programme showed: -- high anatoxin titers, exceeding the titer considered as protective, in the vaccinates ; -- a concentration of the level of the titers of 1--4 AU/ml, in over 62% of the subjects, which means that the protective titer was exceeded 33 to lucru: -- negative Schick reaction, in the mean 95.06%, in the subjects examined during the 1969--1975 period; -- isolation of the Bacillus diphtheriae in a proportion of 0.08%, none of the toxigenic gravis type. The authors, correlating these data, consider the present vaccination calendar too loaded both as number of inoculations and as antigen concentration per revaccination dose, and recommend reconsideration of the vaccination programme.", "contents": "[Research on anti-diphtheria immunization in the city of Bucharest]. Biological, sero-epidemiological and bacteriological investigations, carried out in the town of Bucharest for evaluating the present diphtheria vaccination programme showed: -- high anatoxin titers, exceeding the titer considered as protective, in the vaccinates ; -- a concentration of the level of the titers of 1--4 AU/ml, in over 62% of the subjects, which means that the protective titer was exceeded 33 to lucru: -- negative Schick reaction, in the mean 95.06%, in the subjects examined during the 1969--1975 period; -- isolation of the Bacillus diphtheriae in a proportion of 0.08%, none of the toxigenic gravis type. The authors, correlating these data, consider the present vaccination calendar too loaded both as number of inoculations and as antigen concentration per revaccination dose, and recommend reconsideration of the vaccination programme."}
{"id": "PMID:143717", "title": "Mortality among male disability pensioners.", "content": "The basic material consists of all 235 men who were granted temporary or permanent disability pension in Malm\u00f6 for the first time in 1964. By the end of 1974, 111 had died; the expected mortality was 42. The most common causes of death were diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms, and diseases of the respiratory system. The post-mortem diagnoses of the 111 deceased usually agreed with the main diagnoses at the time of the pension award.", "contents": "Mortality among male disability pensioners. The basic material consists of all 235 men who were granted temporary or permanent disability pension in Malm\u00f6 for the first time in 1964. By the end of 1974, 111 had died; the expected mortality was 42. The most common causes of death were diseases of the circulatory system, neoplasms, and diseases of the respiratory system. The post-mortem diagnoses of the 111 deceased usually agreed with the main diagnoses at the time of the pension award."}
{"id": "PMID:143718", "title": "Unilateral nephrectomy: effect on survival in NZB/NZW mice.", "content": "Male F1 New Zealand Black X New Zealand White mice, which spontaneously develop immune complex renal disease, underwent unilateral nephrectomy at 3 months of age and were compared with sham-operated controls. At 12 months of age only 24% of mice with a single kidney were alive, while 85% of sham-operated controls survived to the same age. Unilaterally nephrectomized mice had more severe renal histologic changes, as shown by light and immunofluorescence microscopy.", "contents": "Unilateral nephrectomy: effect on survival in NZB/NZW mice. Male F1 New Zealand Black X New Zealand White mice, which spontaneously develop immune complex renal disease, underwent unilateral nephrectomy at 3 months of age and were compared with sham-operated controls. At 12 months of age only 24% of mice with a single kidney were alive, while 85% of sham-operated controls survived to the same age. Unilaterally nephrectomized mice had more severe renal histologic changes, as shown by light and immunofluorescence microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:143713", "title": "[Value of some enzyme tests used in practice for identification of enterobacteria].", "content": "A restricted biochemical scheme for the identification of enterobacteria, consisting of 12 enzymatic tests, of which 7 performed on the multitest TSI and MIU media (H2S, the production of acid and gas from glucose, fermentation of lactose/saccharose, mobility, urease and indol production) and 5 additional tests performed separately : lysindecarboxylase, phenylalanindeaminase, beta galactosidase, increase on citrate media and splitting of sodium malonate is proposed. Of 7782 coprocultures, 275 were selected on TSI and MIU media as belonging to one of the groups of known pathogenic enterobacteria ; 94.87% of these cultures were correctly identified by using the 5 additional tests alone. Of the 14 cultures that could not be listed taxonomically, 10 gave atypical reactions with at least one of these tests. The current use of this restricted scheme and the use of the more extensive sets only in doubtful cases presents a real advantage by reducing the volume of work and materials under satisfactorily accurate conditions for identification.", "contents": "[Value of some enzyme tests used in practice for identification of enterobacteria]. A restricted biochemical scheme for the identification of enterobacteria, consisting of 12 enzymatic tests, of which 7 performed on the multitest TSI and MIU media (H2S, the production of acid and gas from glucose, fermentation of lactose/saccharose, mobility, urease and indol production) and 5 additional tests performed separately : lysindecarboxylase, phenylalanindeaminase, beta galactosidase, increase on citrate media and splitting of sodium malonate is proposed. Of 7782 coprocultures, 275 were selected on TSI and MIU media as belonging to one of the groups of known pathogenic enterobacteria ; 94.87% of these cultures were correctly identified by using the 5 additional tests alone. Of the 14 cultures that could not be listed taxonomically, 10 gave atypical reactions with at least one of these tests. The current use of this restricted scheme and the use of the more extensive sets only in doubtful cases presents a real advantage by reducing the volume of work and materials under satisfactorily accurate conditions for identification."}
{"id": "PMID:143719", "title": "Recent advances in antimicrobial therapy.", "content": "Metronidazole is a relatively nontoxic, oral agent which may prove to be useful in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible anaerobic organisms. Use of metronidazole to treat anaerobic infections presently is investigational.", "contents": "Recent advances in antimicrobial therapy. Metronidazole is a relatively nontoxic, oral agent which may prove to be useful in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible anaerobic organisms. Use of metronidazole to treat anaerobic infections presently is investigational."}
{"id": "PMID:143720", "title": "Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis against vascular graft infection.", "content": "This study investigated the efficacy of perioperative antibiotics in preventing bacteremic infection of vascular suture lines, Dacron grafts, and bovine heterografts. One hundred forty-nine dogs had either segmental excision of the abdominal aorta with primary repair, Dacron prosthesis, or bovine heterograft placement. Animals were randomly assigned to a control group, to receive 10(8) S aureus, or to receive this same dose of staphylococci plus cephalothin (15 mg/kg). After six weeks, graft cultures were obtained. All control animals had negative cultures. Often dogs with an aortic suture line subjected to bacteremia, five were infected. Eight dogs with aortic suture lines received bactermia and antibiotics resulting in only one positive culture. Nineteen animals with bovine grafts were given S aureus resulting in 18 infections, and seven of 12 bovine grafts became infected even with antibiotic coverage. Twenty-eight dogs had a Dacron graft and infusion of Staphylococcus, yielding 23 infections. Of the 24 Dacron graft subjects with induced bacteremia and antibiotics, only four were infected. Intraoperative antibiotics are significantly effective in preventing infection of vascular suture lines and Dacron prostheses but afford less protection to bovine heterografts.", "contents": "Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis against vascular graft infection. This study investigated the efficacy of perioperative antibiotics in preventing bacteremic infection of vascular suture lines, Dacron grafts, and bovine heterografts. One hundred forty-nine dogs had either segmental excision of the abdominal aorta with primary repair, Dacron prosthesis, or bovine heterograft placement. Animals were randomly assigned to a control group, to receive 10(8) S aureus, or to receive this same dose of staphylococci plus cephalothin (15 mg/kg). After six weeks, graft cultures were obtained. All control animals had negative cultures. Often dogs with an aortic suture line subjected to bacteremia, five were infected. Eight dogs with aortic suture lines received bactermia and antibiotics resulting in only one positive culture. Nineteen animals with bovine grafts were given S aureus resulting in 18 infections, and seven of 12 bovine grafts became infected even with antibiotic coverage. Twenty-eight dogs had a Dacron graft and infusion of Staphylococcus, yielding 23 infections. Of the 24 Dacron graft subjects with induced bacteremia and antibiotics, only four were infected. Intraoperative antibiotics are significantly effective in preventing infection of vascular suture lines and Dacron prostheses but afford less protection to bovine heterografts."}
{"id": "PMID:143737", "title": "In vitro labeling of solid tissues with tritiated thymidine for autoradiographic detection of S-phase nuclei.", "content": "In vitro measurement of the thymidine labeling index (TLI) of solid tissues requires hyperbaric oxygenation and is potentiated by blockade of thymidylate synthetase by 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR) to favor uptake of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR). Hyperbaric oxygenation can be achieved in a simple system through injection of oxygen into rubber-stoppered test tubes. Incubations are carried out in Hanks' balanced salt solution in a shaker bath at 37 C for 2 hours; an FUdR concentration of approximately 1 micron is optimal. Autoradiographic exposure for 1 week or less is sufficient for TLI measurements on human tissues. With 3 to 4 atmospheres oxygen tension, incorporation of 3H-TdR is sufficient for TLI measurement throughout slices of tissue cut 1 mm thick or less. Mincing of tissue is not necessary, and the anatomic continuity seen in ordinary histological preparations is preserved. A gradient of labeling intensity is present from the surface to the interior of the tissue, but sufficient intensity of labeling for detection of DNA synthesis can be achieved in the interior of the section. The gradient can be reduced only slightly by prior incubation in 3H-TdR with hyperbaric oxygen at 0 C. The method permits TLI measurements on the same specimens, including needle biopsies, that are used for pathologic diagnosis.", "contents": "In vitro labeling of solid tissues with tritiated thymidine for autoradiographic detection of S-phase nuclei. In vitro measurement of the thymidine labeling index (TLI) of solid tissues requires hyperbaric oxygenation and is potentiated by blockade of thymidylate synthetase by 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR) to favor uptake of tritiated thymidine (3H-TdR). Hyperbaric oxygenation can be achieved in a simple system through injection of oxygen into rubber-stoppered test tubes. Incubations are carried out in Hanks' balanced salt solution in a shaker bath at 37 C for 2 hours; an FUdR concentration of approximately 1 micron is optimal. Autoradiographic exposure for 1 week or less is sufficient for TLI measurements on human tissues. With 3 to 4 atmospheres oxygen tension, incorporation of 3H-TdR is sufficient for TLI measurement throughout slices of tissue cut 1 mm thick or less. Mincing of tissue is not necessary, and the anatomic continuity seen in ordinary histological preparations is preserved. A gradient of labeling intensity is present from the surface to the interior of the tissue, but sufficient intensity of labeling for detection of DNA synthesis can be achieved in the interior of the section. The gradient can be reduced only slightly by prior incubation in 3H-TdR with hyperbaric oxygen at 0 C. The method permits TLI measurements on the same specimens, including needle biopsies, that are used for pathologic diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:143741", "title": "Filarial infection of Equidae in the Tehran area of Iran.", "content": "Microfilariae of three genera, namely Elaeophora b\u00f6hmi, Onchocerca cervicalis and Parafilaria multipapillosa were recovered from blood samples of equidae in Tehran, Iran. These microfilarial infections in equidae are reported for the first time from Iran.", "contents": "Filarial infection of Equidae in the Tehran area of Iran. Microfilariae of three genera, namely Elaeophora b\u00f6hmi, Onchocerca cervicalis and Parafilaria multipapillosa were recovered from blood samples of equidae in Tehran, Iran. These microfilarial infections in equidae are reported for the first time from Iran."}
{"id": "PMID:143743", "title": "Further observations of the detrusor electromyogram.", "content": "Using sophisticated recording equipment and two fine copper wire electrodes introduced through the cystoscope into the bladder muscle of conscious patients at cystoscopy, reproducible electromyographic recordings were obtained from the normal and the neuropathic bladders of a group of patients. By means of simultaneous recording of the electromyographic activity of the rectus abdominis muscle in these patients, it was found that, in general, the variations in electromyographic activity of the normal bladder with filling and voiding are quite independent of abdominal muscle activity. The upper motor neuron bladders by a way of contrast showed continuing electrical activity even at rest and this activity increases with abdominal contraction. Lower motor neuron bladders remain electrically silent at all times including during abdominal muscle contraction. This suggests that the bladder electrodes do not record muscle activity from the abdomen or elsewhere and confirms the validity of the detrusor EMG.", "contents": "Further observations of the detrusor electromyogram. Using sophisticated recording equipment and two fine copper wire electrodes introduced through the cystoscope into the bladder muscle of conscious patients at cystoscopy, reproducible electromyographic recordings were obtained from the normal and the neuropathic bladders of a group of patients. By means of simultaneous recording of the electromyographic activity of the rectus abdominis muscle in these patients, it was found that, in general, the variations in electromyographic activity of the normal bladder with filling and voiding are quite independent of abdominal muscle activity. The upper motor neuron bladders by a way of contrast showed continuing electrical activity even at rest and this activity increases with abdominal contraction. Lower motor neuron bladders remain electrically silent at all times including during abdominal muscle contraction. This suggests that the bladder electrodes do not record muscle activity from the abdomen or elsewhere and confirms the validity of the detrusor EMG."}
{"id": "PMID:143744", "title": "Terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy: a method of urinary drainage in kidney transplantation.", "content": "A non-functional and permanently damaged lower urinary tract is no longer a contraindication to kidney transplantation. In patients with this disorder the ureter commonly is drained by an intestinal conduit. We have used terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy as a method of urinary drainage in 3 patients with cadaver kidney transplants who have been followed for up to 8 years. The technique of terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy and a report of these cases are presented.", "contents": "Terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy: a method of urinary drainage in kidney transplantation. A non-functional and permanently damaged lower urinary tract is no longer a contraindication to kidney transplantation. In patients with this disorder the ureter commonly is drained by an intestinal conduit. We have used terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy as a method of urinary drainage in 3 patients with cadaver kidney transplants who have been followed for up to 8 years. The technique of terminal loop cutaneous ureterostomy and a report of these cases are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:143745", "title": "Culture of isolated pancreatic islets: its applications for transplantation purposes.", "content": "The aim of this study was to assess the curative effects of long-term stored islets, when transplanted into diabetic recipients. For this purpose mouse pancreatic islets, either freshly isolated or cultured for 10 days, were allografted intraperitoneally into noninbred mice or into nude mice, all made diabetic by means of a streptozotocin injection. When implanted into nude mice, which lack a cell-mediated immune response, cultured islets were equally effective as were freshly isolated islets, in reducing the hyperglycemia. When fresh or cultured islets were allografted into diabetic NMRI mice there was only a short and transient reduction of the blood sugar, suggesting that no reduction of the antigenicity of the islets had occurred after 10 days of culture. The culture system, however, may serve as a purification step, after which only functionally competent islets remain.", "contents": "Culture of isolated pancreatic islets: its applications for transplantation purposes. The aim of this study was to assess the curative effects of long-term stored islets, when transplanted into diabetic recipients. For this purpose mouse pancreatic islets, either freshly isolated or cultured for 10 days, were allografted intraperitoneally into noninbred mice or into nude mice, all made diabetic by means of a streptozotocin injection. When implanted into nude mice, which lack a cell-mediated immune response, cultured islets were equally effective as were freshly isolated islets, in reducing the hyperglycemia. When fresh or cultured islets were allografted into diabetic NMRI mice there was only a short and transient reduction of the blood sugar, suggesting that no reduction of the antigenicity of the islets had occurred after 10 days of culture. The culture system, however, may serve as a purification step, after which only functionally competent islets remain."}
{"id": "PMID:143740", "title": "Continuous- and semicontinuous-flow blood centrifugation systems: therapeutic applications, with plasma-, platelet, lympha-, and eosinapheresis.", "content": "Blood centrifugation, with a continuous-flow or semicontinuous-flow system, was used in the treatment of 17 patients with various hematologic disorders. Total plasma exchange (TPE) controlled symptoms of hyperviscosity and arrested bleeding in three patients. In two patients, TPE made is possible to perform urgent surgical procedures. It was a very valuable adjuvant in the treatment of one patient with a Factor VIII inhibitor. Eosinapheresis was not of significant value in the therapy of syndromes associated with eosinophilia. Lymphapheresis significantly reduced peripheral lymphocytosis, aiding in the chemotherapeutic control of chronic lymphosarcoma cell leukemia in one patient. It was of questionable value in the maintenance therapy of two patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome. Plateletapheresis significantly reduced peripheral platelet count in thrombocytosis, making it possible to minimize the chemotherapeutic dose and permitting urgent surgical procedures in two patients.", "contents": "Continuous- and semicontinuous-flow blood centrifugation systems: therapeutic applications, with plasma-, platelet, lympha-, and eosinapheresis. Blood centrifugation, with a continuous-flow or semicontinuous-flow system, was used in the treatment of 17 patients with various hematologic disorders. Total plasma exchange (TPE) controlled symptoms of hyperviscosity and arrested bleeding in three patients. In two patients, TPE made is possible to perform urgent surgical procedures. It was a very valuable adjuvant in the treatment of one patient with a Factor VIII inhibitor. Eosinapheresis was not of significant value in the therapy of syndromes associated with eosinophilia. Lymphapheresis significantly reduced peripheral lymphocytosis, aiding in the chemotherapeutic control of chronic lymphosarcoma cell leukemia in one patient. It was of questionable value in the maintenance therapy of two patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome. Plateletapheresis significantly reduced peripheral platelet count in thrombocytosis, making it possible to minimize the chemotherapeutic dose and permitting urgent surgical procedures in two patients."}
{"id": "PMID:143749", "title": "Efficacy of tetramisole and dichloroxylenol against Syngamus trachea in pheasants and turkeys.", "content": "Two water soluble products currently recommended for the treatment of syngamiasis were tested in pheasants and turkeys. Dichloroxylenol (Rotgape; Adams & Moulson), was found to have no efficacy. Although tetramisole (Game Bird Wormer; ICI) administered in drinking water had a moderate efficacy against three- and four-day-old larvae (47 to 71 per cent), its level of efficacy against infections associated with disease, those of seven days and older, was poor (5 to 29 per cent). It is concluded that neither product is likely to be of value in field outbreaks of syngamiasis.", "contents": "Efficacy of tetramisole and dichloroxylenol against Syngamus trachea in pheasants and turkeys. Two water soluble products currently recommended for the treatment of syngamiasis were tested in pheasants and turkeys. Dichloroxylenol (Rotgape; Adams & Moulson), was found to have no efficacy. Although tetramisole (Game Bird Wormer; ICI) administered in drinking water had a moderate efficacy against three- and four-day-old larvae (47 to 71 per cent), its level of efficacy against infections associated with disease, those of seven days and older, was poor (5 to 29 per cent). It is concluded that neither product is likely to be of value in field outbreaks of syngamiasis."}
{"id": "PMID:143767", "title": "Target-targetoid phenomenon of the human muscle fibers. A histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "Target and targetoid fibers in a muscle biopsy from a patient with paralysis of the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles were studied by light and electron microscopy. The probable cause of the neuropathy was tumor compression. Target and targetoid change was exclusively confined to hypertrophic or normal-sized fibers. Morphometric evaluation of the target and targetoid fibers showed no significant difference between them. With the electron microscope, up to 4 structural zones were seen in the typical target fiber but many were devoid of either zone 2(halo) or zone 3, or both. It was conceivable that focal irregularity and streaming of Z-bands were the primary alterations in the process of target-targetoid fiber formation, and that this phenomenon was induced both by partial residual innervation as well as re-innervation.", "contents": "Target-targetoid phenomenon of the human muscle fibers. A histological, histochemical and ultrastructural study. Target and targetoid fibers in a muscle biopsy from a patient with paralysis of the deltoid and supraspinatus muscles were studied by light and electron microscopy. The probable cause of the neuropathy was tumor compression. Target and targetoid change was exclusively confined to hypertrophic or normal-sized fibers. Morphometric evaluation of the target and targetoid fibers showed no significant difference between them. With the electron microscope, up to 4 structural zones were seen in the typical target fiber but many were devoid of either zone 2(halo) or zone 3, or both. It was conceivable that focal irregularity and streaming of Z-bands were the primary alterations in the process of target-targetoid fiber formation, and that this phenomenon was induced both by partial residual innervation as well as re-innervation."}
{"id": "PMID:143768", "title": "[Muscle bridges over the left anterior descending coronary artery: their influence on arterial disease (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 711 hearts was studied and examined for coronary muscle bridges of the left anterior descending (LAD) macroscopically, angiographically and histologically. A muscular overbridging of the LAD was found in 22.9% of all hearts. The average distance from left artery bifurcation was 33.6 mm, the average length was 22.5 mm and the average thickness 2.8 mm. A thin layer of fat tissue is mostly to be found between the overbridged coronary artery and the myocardial bridge. The patient group with and without myocardial overbridging showed no difference in sex or age nor in average stature and the average heart weight. Statistically, there is significantly more atherosclerosis of the coronary artery proximal to the muscle bridge than there is under and distal to the bridge. A difference in frequency and extent of atherosclerosis in hearts with and without coronary muscle bridge could not be shown for this portion of the LAD. Nevertheless, there is a tendency for fewer anterior-wall infarctions in the patient group with a coronary muscle bridge of the LAD, because, when the whole branch is considered, there is a significantly lower incidence of atherosclerosis in hearts with myocardial overbridging of the LAD. The reason for the protective effect of a coronary muscle bridge is yet not clear.", "contents": "[Muscle bridges over the left anterior descending coronary artery: their influence on arterial disease (author's transl)]. A total of 711 hearts was studied and examined for coronary muscle bridges of the left anterior descending (LAD) macroscopically, angiographically and histologically. A muscular overbridging of the LAD was found in 22.9% of all hearts. The average distance from left artery bifurcation was 33.6 mm, the average length was 22.5 mm and the average thickness 2.8 mm. A thin layer of fat tissue is mostly to be found between the overbridged coronary artery and the myocardial bridge. The patient group with and without myocardial overbridging showed no difference in sex or age nor in average stature and the average heart weight. Statistically, there is significantly more atherosclerosis of the coronary artery proximal to the muscle bridge than there is under and distal to the bridge. A difference in frequency and extent of atherosclerosis in hearts with and without coronary muscle bridge could not be shown for this portion of the LAD. Nevertheless, there is a tendency for fewer anterior-wall infarctions in the patient group with a coronary muscle bridge of the LAD, because, when the whole branch is considered, there is a significantly lower incidence of atherosclerosis in hearts with myocardial overbridging of the LAD. The reason for the protective effect of a coronary muscle bridge is yet not clear."}
{"id": "PMID:143769", "title": "[The liver sinusoids in rats following fractionated local telecobalt-irradiation. A transmission and scanning electron microscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes in liver sinusoids following fractionated irradiation were studied by use of TEM and SEM. Rats received telecobalt-irradiation of their liver regions in daily doses of 500 r for 9 days, a total dose of 4500 r. One day after the end of the irradiation series the fine structure of hepatocytes was almost intact. In SEM the liver sinusoids contained numerous corpuscles, which in TEM were recognized as cellular blebs separated from endothelial cells. 8 days after irradiation small foci of necrotic hepatocytes could be visualized. Instead of complexes of small fenestrations (sieve plates) the endothelial cells contained striking round or oval holes in their tenuous processes. After 120 days small groups of hepatocytes with alterated fine structure of their organelles and some necrotic parenchyma cells were still present. Away from these focal necroses the endothelial cells now resembled sinusoidal endothelium in control animals. Fat-storing cells appeared to have multiplied and were enlarged. There was distinct fibrosis only in perisinusoidal spaces. The formation and discharge of electron lucent blebs is discussed as a mechanism compensating for an enhanced uptake of fluid into irradiation injured endothelial cells. In order to form holes in the tenuos processes of endothelial cells a disordered synthetic pattern and the shearing forces of the circulating blood are thought to be necessary. Repair of these intracellular holes may be possible. In rats irradiation induced lesions of the small intrahepatic vessels can be excluded as a cause of the late changes in liver parenchyma cells.", "contents": "[The liver sinusoids in rats following fractionated local telecobalt-irradiation. A transmission and scanning electron microscopic study (author's transl)]. Changes in liver sinusoids following fractionated irradiation were studied by use of TEM and SEM. Rats received telecobalt-irradiation of their liver regions in daily doses of 500 r for 9 days, a total dose of 4500 r. One day after the end of the irradiation series the fine structure of hepatocytes was almost intact. In SEM the liver sinusoids contained numerous corpuscles, which in TEM were recognized as cellular blebs separated from endothelial cells. 8 days after irradiation small foci of necrotic hepatocytes could be visualized. Instead of complexes of small fenestrations (sieve plates) the endothelial cells contained striking round or oval holes in their tenuous processes. After 120 days small groups of hepatocytes with alterated fine structure of their organelles and some necrotic parenchyma cells were still present. Away from these focal necroses the endothelial cells now resembled sinusoidal endothelium in control animals. Fat-storing cells appeared to have multiplied and were enlarged. There was distinct fibrosis only in perisinusoidal spaces. The formation and discharge of electron lucent blebs is discussed as a mechanism compensating for an enhanced uptake of fluid into irradiation injured endothelial cells. In order to form holes in the tenuos processes of endothelial cells a disordered synthetic pattern and the shearing forces of the circulating blood are thought to be necessary. Repair of these intracellular holes may be possible. In rats irradiation induced lesions of the small intrahepatic vessels can be excluded as a cause of the late changes in liver parenchyma cells."}
{"id": "PMID:143770", "title": "Pancarditis with valvulitis in endomyocardial fibrosis (=emf) and in human African trypanosomiasis (= hat). A comparative histological study of four Ugandan cases.", "content": "The study compares the histotopographical lesions of two cases of endomyocardial fibrosis with those of two hearts in sleeping sickness, all of them from Uganda. There was considerable overlapping of the fibrosed zones in endomyocardial fibrosis and the corresponding sites occupied by the chronic inflammatory process in trypanosomiasis. There was a tendency towards fibrosis in the hearts of trypanosomiasis while, in endomyocardial fibrosis, there were mild focal chronic cellular infiltrations. This overlapping and to some extent similarities would suggest that the two conditions may only differ in evolution in time and intensity and that they may be the result of the same inflammatory process. Stipulating a cardiac tropism for African trypanosomes, it is suggested that some African cases of endomyocardial fibrosis may be merely burnt-out lesions of trypanosomal pancarditis. Previous descriptions of carditis in human African and American trypanosomiasis are briefly reviewed, and the present findings are discussed in view of a possible trypanosomal aetiology in some African cardiomyopathies.", "contents": "Pancarditis with valvulitis in endomyocardial fibrosis (=emf) and in human African trypanosomiasis (= hat). A comparative histological study of four Ugandan cases. The study compares the histotopographical lesions of two cases of endomyocardial fibrosis with those of two hearts in sleeping sickness, all of them from Uganda. There was considerable overlapping of the fibrosed zones in endomyocardial fibrosis and the corresponding sites occupied by the chronic inflammatory process in trypanosomiasis. There was a tendency towards fibrosis in the hearts of trypanosomiasis while, in endomyocardial fibrosis, there were mild focal chronic cellular infiltrations. This overlapping and to some extent similarities would suggest that the two conditions may only differ in evolution in time and intensity and that they may be the result of the same inflammatory process. Stipulating a cardiac tropism for African trypanosomes, it is suggested that some African cases of endomyocardial fibrosis may be merely burnt-out lesions of trypanosomal pancarditis. Previous descriptions of carditis in human African and American trypanosomiasis are briefly reviewed, and the present findings are discussed in view of a possible trypanosomal aetiology in some African cardiomyopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:143771", "title": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus and congestive heart failure. Heart histological and ultrastructural study (author's transl)].", "content": "Histological and ultrastructural studies were performed on myocardial biopsies and aortic and mitral valve leaflets obtained during an operation on a patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (S.L.E.). Congestive heart failure and valvular dysfunction appeared five years after the diagnosis of S.L.E. was made. On histological study, aortic and mitral valve leaflets are uniformly thickened by fibrous tissue with a nodular appearance. No active endocarditis was associated with the fibrous scarring. Atrial myocardium and papillary muscle countain a fibrous net-work discret in the former, extensive in the latter. The scattered foci of fibrosis in the papillary muscle surround vessels without obliteration or parietal necrosis. Ultrastructurally their lumina appears narrowed by prominent endothelial cells with cytoplasmic aggregates of tubuloreticular structures (T.R.S.). These tubules are also present in some endocardial endothelial cells but are rare in the normal intrapapillary or atrial vessels that are not associated with a scar. Myocardial fibrous foci enclose atrophic and severely degenerated cardiac muscle cells; other cells situated at the periphery of the foci are normal in size or hypertrophic and moderately degenerated. The most altered muscle cells show an important loss of myofibrils, a proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in myofibril free spaces, or necrosis with macrophagic resorption. Focal changes with loss of myofilaments, Z material streaming and concentric lamellar bodies are found in moderately degenerate cardiac muscle cells. The remaining papillary muscle cells and the atrial cells are all hypertrophied without degeneration. These changes suggest that focal myocardial fibrosis and associated cardiac muscle cell degeneration may be responsible for impaired cardiac performance in some patients with S.L.E. According to the constant topographic relation between the narrowed vessels whose endothelial cells contain T.R.S. and the surrounding fibrous foci, we believe that the myocardial fibrous patches may correspond to scarring of microinfarcts related to active S.L.E. vascularitis.", "contents": "[Systemic lupus erythematosus and congestive heart failure. Heart histological and ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. Histological and ultrastructural studies were performed on myocardial biopsies and aortic and mitral valve leaflets obtained during an operation on a patient with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (S.L.E.). Congestive heart failure and valvular dysfunction appeared five years after the diagnosis of S.L.E. was made. On histological study, aortic and mitral valve leaflets are uniformly thickened by fibrous tissue with a nodular appearance. No active endocarditis was associated with the fibrous scarring. Atrial myocardium and papillary muscle countain a fibrous net-work discret in the former, extensive in the latter. The scattered foci of fibrosis in the papillary muscle surround vessels without obliteration or parietal necrosis. Ultrastructurally their lumina appears narrowed by prominent endothelial cells with cytoplasmic aggregates of tubuloreticular structures (T.R.S.). These tubules are also present in some endocardial endothelial cells but are rare in the normal intrapapillary or atrial vessels that are not associated with a scar. Myocardial fibrous foci enclose atrophic and severely degenerated cardiac muscle cells; other cells situated at the periphery of the foci are normal in size or hypertrophic and moderately degenerated. The most altered muscle cells show an important loss of myofibrils, a proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum in myofibril free spaces, or necrosis with macrophagic resorption. Focal changes with loss of myofilaments, Z material streaming and concentric lamellar bodies are found in moderately degenerate cardiac muscle cells. The remaining papillary muscle cells and the atrial cells are all hypertrophied without degeneration. These changes suggest that focal myocardial fibrosis and associated cardiac muscle cell degeneration may be responsible for impaired cardiac performance in some patients with S.L.E. According to the constant topographic relation between the narrowed vessels whose endothelial cells contain T.R.S. and the surrounding fibrous foci, we believe that the myocardial fibrous patches may correspond to scarring of microinfarcts related to active S.L.E. vascularitis."}
{"id": "PMID:143773", "title": "The influence of glomerular and interstitial factors on the serum creatinine concentration in renal amyloidosis.", "content": "48 cases of renal amyloidosis (grade I-IV) were investigated morphologically (point-counting method). Statistically significant positive correlations exist between relative interstitial volume and serum creatinine concentration at the time of biopsy. In amyloidosis there are furthermore connections (positive rank correlations) between the extent of glomerular amyloidosis and renal insufficiency, although single cases of grade III show normal serum creatinine concentrations if the interstitium is not enlarged. With regard to interstitial alterations only fibrosis, not amyloid masses, seems to influence renal function, especially in the case of predamaged glomeruli (grade II to IV). The diminished renal function - reduction of the glom. filtr. rate - may be explained in the case of interstitial fibrosis by slowing of renal blood flow caused by a decreasing cross-sectional area of postglomerular vessels. Renal insufficiency seems to depend upon both the glomerular and the interstitial factor, but in grades II-IV the interstitial fibrosis is thought to be of more importance for renal function.", "contents": "The influence of glomerular and interstitial factors on the serum creatinine concentration in renal amyloidosis. 48 cases of renal amyloidosis (grade I-IV) were investigated morphologically (point-counting method). Statistically significant positive correlations exist between relative interstitial volume and serum creatinine concentration at the time of biopsy. In amyloidosis there are furthermore connections (positive rank correlations) between the extent of glomerular amyloidosis and renal insufficiency, although single cases of grade III show normal serum creatinine concentrations if the interstitium is not enlarged. With regard to interstitial alterations only fibrosis, not amyloid masses, seems to influence renal function, especially in the case of predamaged glomeruli (grade II to IV). The diminished renal function - reduction of the glom. filtr. rate - may be explained in the case of interstitial fibrosis by slowing of renal blood flow caused by a decreasing cross-sectional area of postglomerular vessels. Renal insufficiency seems to depend upon both the glomerular and the interstitial factor, but in grades II-IV the interstitial fibrosis is thought to be of more importance for renal function."}
{"id": "PMID:143774", "title": "Trabecular bone morphometry in beagles with chronic renal failure.", "content": "A morphometric study was performed on undecalcified sections of trabecular bone from the ribs of adult dogs that were controls (n = 8), or had various degrees of renal failure as a result of perinatal irradiation (n = 16). In a group identified as markedly uremic there was an increase in the proportion of surface with osteoid seams (P less than 0.01), osteoblasts (P less than 0.01) and osteoclastic resorption (P less than 0.01) as well as the % osteoid volume (P less than 0.01). Aside from a decrease in the % trabecular bone which was of unclear significance, the results agree well with those of similar studies in man. Within this group, 6 of the samples had a histologic pattern that was principally that of hyperarathyroidism and in the remaining 2 there was evidence of a mineralization defect and osteomalacic changes. These 2 dogs had the poorest renal function and one that had been biopsied 5 months earlier, when its renal function was less impaired, had had a hyperparathyroid pattern.", "contents": "Trabecular bone morphometry in beagles with chronic renal failure. A morphometric study was performed on undecalcified sections of trabecular bone from the ribs of adult dogs that were controls (n = 8), or had various degrees of renal failure as a result of perinatal irradiation (n = 16). In a group identified as markedly uremic there was an increase in the proportion of surface with osteoid seams (P less than 0.01), osteoblasts (P less than 0.01) and osteoclastic resorption (P less than 0.01) as well as the % osteoid volume (P less than 0.01). Aside from a decrease in the % trabecular bone which was of unclear significance, the results agree well with those of similar studies in man. Within this group, 6 of the samples had a histologic pattern that was principally that of hyperarathyroidism and in the remaining 2 there was evidence of a mineralization defect and osteomalacic changes. These 2 dogs had the poorest renal function and one that had been biopsied 5 months earlier, when its renal function was less impaired, had had a hyperparathyroid pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:143775", "title": "Different types of benign nerve sheath tumors. Light microscopy, electron microscopy and autoradiography.", "content": "In a light-, electronmicroscopic and autoradiographic study different types of nerve sheath tumors were classified. Their cellular population was quantitatively evaluated in the electron microscope. In the neurinoma the predominant cell was found to be the Schwann cell, but in the different types of neurofibromata a variable content of connective tissue cells was noted. T-HE DIFFUSE NEUROFIBROMATA SHOWED A QUANTITATIVE CELLULAR COMPOSITION SIMILAR TO NORMAL PERIPHERAL NERVES. In the plexiform neurofibroma a large number of fibroblasts were present and in the argyrophilic neurofibroma high content of perineurial cells was found. In autoradiographic sections the tumors showed in general a low proliferation rate (L.i. 1-3.6%). In the argyrophilic neurofibrom a higher labelling index (9.5%) was found.", "contents": "Different types of benign nerve sheath tumors. Light microscopy, electron microscopy and autoradiography. In a light-, electronmicroscopic and autoradiographic study different types of nerve sheath tumors were classified. Their cellular population was quantitatively evaluated in the electron microscope. In the neurinoma the predominant cell was found to be the Schwann cell, but in the different types of neurofibromata a variable content of connective tissue cells was noted. T-HE DIFFUSE NEUROFIBROMATA SHOWED A QUANTITATIVE CELLULAR COMPOSITION SIMILAR TO NORMAL PERIPHERAL NERVES. In the plexiform neurofibroma a large number of fibroblasts were present and in the argyrophilic neurofibroma high content of perineurial cells was found. In autoradiographic sections the tumors showed in general a low proliferation rate (L.i. 1-3.6%). In the argyrophilic neurofibrom a higher labelling index (9.5%) was found."}
{"id": "PMID:143776", "title": "[Immunohistological findings in non-glomerulonephritic renal disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Immunohistological study of 123 kidney biopsies of non-glomerulonephritic kidney diseases showed that deposits of immunoglobulins are found more often in cases of malignant than in cases of benign nephrosclerosis. Primary malignant nephrosclerosis is mostly associated with glomerular deposits of immunoglobulins. Positive immunohistological findings are frequent in cases of diabetic glomerulosclerosis, mainly within glomeruli, but also in tubular basement membranes and Bowman's capsule. In cases of glomerular amyloidosis we see cloudy-bandlike deposits, but are unable to differentiate cases with or without the nephrotic syndrome. If we consider an immunopathogenetic mechanism for the diseases discussed in terms of the present findings, it seems possible for primary malignant nephrosclerosis as well as for certain glomerular changes associated with acute renal failure or rejection of transplants. In diabetic glomerulosclerosis (apart from special forms with perimembranous lesions) and glomerular amyloidosis, we consider such a mechanism to be unlikely. By separating the non-glomerulonephritic diseases into different types of deposits we found pictures that correspond with immunocomplex diseases. Pictures resembling anti-basement membrane diseases have not been seen. Characteristic patterns of deposits were not found, thus immunohistology is without additional diagnostic value in the field of non-glomerulonephritis disease.", "contents": "[Immunohistological findings in non-glomerulonephritic renal disease (author's transl)]. Immunohistological study of 123 kidney biopsies of non-glomerulonephritic kidney diseases showed that deposits of immunoglobulins are found more often in cases of malignant than in cases of benign nephrosclerosis. Primary malignant nephrosclerosis is mostly associated with glomerular deposits of immunoglobulins. Positive immunohistological findings are frequent in cases of diabetic glomerulosclerosis, mainly within glomeruli, but also in tubular basement membranes and Bowman's capsule. In cases of glomerular amyloidosis we see cloudy-bandlike deposits, but are unable to differentiate cases with or without the nephrotic syndrome. If we consider an immunopathogenetic mechanism for the diseases discussed in terms of the present findings, it seems possible for primary malignant nephrosclerosis as well as for certain glomerular changes associated with acute renal failure or rejection of transplants. In diabetic glomerulosclerosis (apart from special forms with perimembranous lesions) and glomerular amyloidosis, we consider such a mechanism to be unlikely. By separating the non-glomerulonephritic diseases into different types of deposits we found pictures that correspond with immunocomplex diseases. Pictures resembling anti-basement membrane diseases have not been seen. Characteristic patterns of deposits were not found, thus immunohistology is without additional diagnostic value in the field of non-glomerulonephritis disease."}
{"id": "PMID:143777", "title": "Unusual obliterative disease of the hepatic veins in an infant.", "content": "Hepatic fibrosis with obliterative lesions of the small hepatic veins occurred in a three month old infant with fatal congenital leukaemia treated with cytostatic drugs. The vascular changes were characterized by an unusual, hitherto unreported angiomatoid, proliferation of the endothelium. The process is compared with the more common subendothelial-fibrous type of the \"veno-occlusive disease\". An etiological interpretation is difficult, possibly the process is a secondary reaction to the endothelial to a cytostatic-induced lesion with hepatic fibrosis.", "contents": "Unusual obliterative disease of the hepatic veins in an infant. Hepatic fibrosis with obliterative lesions of the small hepatic veins occurred in a three month old infant with fatal congenital leukaemia treated with cytostatic drugs. The vascular changes were characterized by an unusual, hitherto unreported angiomatoid, proliferation of the endothelium. The process is compared with the more common subendothelial-fibrous type of the \"veno-occlusive disease\". An etiological interpretation is difficult, possibly the process is a secondary reaction to the endothelial to a cytostatic-induced lesion with hepatic fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:143778", "title": "Intestinal mucosal changes following induced hypothyroidism in the developing rat.", "content": "In this study, morphological changes which occur in the small intestine of hypothyroid rats are described. Hypothyroidism was induced during the first 24 h postnataly. - Samples from duodenojejunal and ileocecal junctions were taken, and histologic, histomorphometric, and ultrastructural studies were performed. The most prominent feature was the decrease of the villous height and total mucosal thickness. At electron microscopic level, microvillous height was also markedly decreased. These changes probably represent a direct effect of hormonal deprivation upon the intestinal mucosa, combined with the effect that hypothyroidism may have on the villi.", "contents": "Intestinal mucosal changes following induced hypothyroidism in the developing rat. In this study, morphological changes which occur in the small intestine of hypothyroid rats are described. Hypothyroidism was induced during the first 24 h postnataly. - Samples from duodenojejunal and ileocecal junctions were taken, and histologic, histomorphometric, and ultrastructural studies were performed. The most prominent feature was the decrease of the villous height and total mucosal thickness. At electron microscopic level, microvillous height was also markedly decreased. These changes probably represent a direct effect of hormonal deprivation upon the intestinal mucosa, combined with the effect that hypothyroidism may have on the villi."}
{"id": "PMID:143779", "title": "Leukemic nodules in the eye in immature-cellular infantile leukoses.", "content": "Two boys, aged 5 1/4 and 10 1/4, respectively, with acute immature-cell leukosis, died of massive cerebral haemorrhage. Their eyes showed extensive leukaemic involvement of the retina with development of numerous miliary leukaemic nodules; the vitreous of case 2 was also involved. The lesions were considered to have developed because of high circulating white cell counts, a tendency of blast cells to produce nodules, an oxygen poor avascular matrix in which to grow, and a physical environment which permitted growth without haemorrhage or distortion due to tissue pressures etc. Using histological methods, an attempt is made to trace the pattern of formation of the nodule, from an initial growing focus through \"colonial\" form resembling a bacterial colony to lysis. Necrotic blast cells are apparently a metabolic source for viable tumour cells. Their localization in the eye makes access by cytotoxic drugs difficult; thus they should be considered as blast cell pools.", "contents": "Leukemic nodules in the eye in immature-cellular infantile leukoses. Two boys, aged 5 1/4 and 10 1/4, respectively, with acute immature-cell leukosis, died of massive cerebral haemorrhage. Their eyes showed extensive leukaemic involvement of the retina with development of numerous miliary leukaemic nodules; the vitreous of case 2 was also involved. The lesions were considered to have developed because of high circulating white cell counts, a tendency of blast cells to produce nodules, an oxygen poor avascular matrix in which to grow, and a physical environment which permitted growth without haemorrhage or distortion due to tissue pressures etc. Using histological methods, an attempt is made to trace the pattern of formation of the nodule, from an initial growing focus through \"colonial\" form resembling a bacterial colony to lysis. Necrotic blast cells are apparently a metabolic source for viable tumour cells. Their localization in the eye makes access by cytotoxic drugs difficult; thus they should be considered as blast cell pools."}
{"id": "PMID:143780", "title": "Nuclear DNA of myocardial cells in the periphery of infarctions and scars.", "content": "In 20 hearts the enlargement of muscle fibers and the increase in nuclear DNA is studied in the periphery of fresh and healed infarctions. The data of attack is verified by ECG records in most cases, five had passed undiagnosed. Selective cytophotometry is performed by measuring the largest nucleus in each of 50 fields of comparable density. Since significant differences in polyploidization exist between the control regions of hearts of similar weight primarily regions of the same heart are compared. No differences are observed in five hearts with infarctions about one week old. After five to six months the enlargement of the fibers is significaant (P less than 0.0005) while the increase in polyploidy is still slight (P less than 0.15). In all cases with scars one to nine years old the enlargement of fibers is significant (P less than 0.0005) while the increase in DNA is significant in most of them (5 X P less than 0.0005, 3 X P less than 0.005, 2 X P less than 0.01). In a case with two lesions, one posterior five (P less than 0.0005) and one anterior seven years old (P less than 0.0005), there is still slight increase in polyploidy with age (P less than 0.1). In the five undiagnosed cases only one has no significant increase in DNA. There is no correlation found between the enlargement of fibers and the increase in polyploidy in this limited number of cases.", "contents": "Nuclear DNA of myocardial cells in the periphery of infarctions and scars. In 20 hearts the enlargement of muscle fibers and the increase in nuclear DNA is studied in the periphery of fresh and healed infarctions. The data of attack is verified by ECG records in most cases, five had passed undiagnosed. Selective cytophotometry is performed by measuring the largest nucleus in each of 50 fields of comparable density. Since significant differences in polyploidization exist between the control regions of hearts of similar weight primarily regions of the same heart are compared. No differences are observed in five hearts with infarctions about one week old. After five to six months the enlargement of the fibers is significaant (P less than 0.0005) while the increase in polyploidy is still slight (P less than 0.15). In all cases with scars one to nine years old the enlargement of fibers is significant (P less than 0.0005) while the increase in DNA is significant in most of them (5 X P less than 0.0005, 3 X P less than 0.005, 2 X P less than 0.01). In a case with two lesions, one posterior five (P less than 0.0005) and one anterior seven years old (P less than 0.0005), there is still slight increase in polyploidy with age (P less than 0.1). In the five undiagnosed cases only one has no significant increase in DNA. There is no correlation found between the enlargement of fibers and the increase in polyploidy in this limited number of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:143788", "title": "[Laparoscopic diagnosis of intra-abdominal metastases of extra-abdominal tumors].", "content": "In 67 of 227 patients endoscopy revealed intraabdominal metastases or extensive cancer dissemination. Endoscopic findings made it possible to reject surgery in 35 patients and to recommend but not extensive palliative operations in 38 patients. The remaining 154 patients were subjected to radical operations. Laparoscopy was shown to be a valuable diagnostic method permitting to support to pinpoint further and, in a number of cases to detect abdominal metastases, thus obviating the need for extensive and unnecessary operations in many cases. The data obtained in laparoscopy are comprehensive and precise, their diagnostic value being not inferior to those obtained during the operation.", "contents": "[Laparoscopic diagnosis of intra-abdominal metastases of extra-abdominal tumors]. In 67 of 227 patients endoscopy revealed intraabdominal metastases or extensive cancer dissemination. Endoscopic findings made it possible to reject surgery in 35 patients and to recommend but not extensive palliative operations in 38 patients. The remaining 154 patients were subjected to radical operations. Laparoscopy was shown to be a valuable diagnostic method permitting to support to pinpoint further and, in a number of cases to detect abdominal metastases, thus obviating the need for extensive and unnecessary operations in many cases. The data obtained in laparoscopy are comprehensive and precise, their diagnostic value being not inferior to those obtained during the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:143789", "title": "[Detectability of oncological patients in the Kar-kalpak ASSR based on expedition data].", "content": "A two-step prophylactic examination was employed in 5921 healthy persons living in rural areas of the Kara-Kalpak ASSR, different malignant tumors being revealed in 47 persons (i. e. in 0.79 per cent of the individuals under examination). It is worth noting that the high rate of recognition of oncological patients in mass prophylactic examinations is mainly due to the use of a fibergastroscope made in Japan. Among the cases with revealed malignancies esophageal cancer takes the first place (in 26 persons), making 55.3%. Large-frame esophagofluorography in 21 patients allowed the detection of the esophageal and cardiac involvement, thus encouraging to raise a question of the organization of large-frame fluorography of the esophagus in persons, aged over 40, in the areas and republics where esophageal cancer is a commonly observed pathology.", "contents": "[Detectability of oncological patients in the Kar-kalpak ASSR based on expedition data]. A two-step prophylactic examination was employed in 5921 healthy persons living in rural areas of the Kara-Kalpak ASSR, different malignant tumors being revealed in 47 persons (i. e. in 0.79 per cent of the individuals under examination). It is worth noting that the high rate of recognition of oncological patients in mass prophylactic examinations is mainly due to the use of a fibergastroscope made in Japan. Among the cases with revealed malignancies esophageal cancer takes the first place (in 26 persons), making 55.3%. Large-frame esophagofluorography in 21 patients allowed the detection of the esophageal and cardiac involvement, thus encouraging to raise a question of the organization of large-frame fluorography of the esophagus in persons, aged over 40, in the areas and republics where esophageal cancer is a commonly observed pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:143790", "title": "[Prognosis of lung cancer mortality in the Moldavian SSR].", "content": "Lung cancer morbidity in MSSR is analysed on the basis of statistical data for 1966-1972. The rate of lung cancer incidence is found to be higher than in cancer of the stomach. As a result of extrapolation of average tendencies in the morbidity and mortality of main cancer localizations, it was found that provided the observed tendencies are remained, lung cancer will occupy the first place in the structure of oncological morbidity (to 1976--1977) and mortality (to 1979--1980).", "contents": "[Prognosis of lung cancer mortality in the Moldavian SSR]. Lung cancer morbidity in MSSR is analysed on the basis of statistical data for 1966-1972. The rate of lung cancer incidence is found to be higher than in cancer of the stomach. As a result of extrapolation of average tendencies in the morbidity and mortality of main cancer localizations, it was found that provided the observed tendencies are remained, lung cancer will occupy the first place in the structure of oncological morbidity (to 1976--1977) and mortality (to 1979--1980)."}
{"id": "PMID:143792", "title": "[Esophageal cancer morbidity according to patient genealogies (based on data from Guryev Province)].", "content": "The author has studied familial predisposition to esophageal tumors, taking into account the high incidence of esophageal cancer among the population of Gur'ev Province. Totally, 200 patients with esophageal cancer (probands) were questioned. The destiny of 2432 relatives in the four generations genealogy was followd up.", "contents": "[Esophageal cancer morbidity according to patient genealogies (based on data from Guryev Province)]. The author has studied familial predisposition to esophageal tumors, taking into account the high incidence of esophageal cancer among the population of Gur'ev Province. Totally, 200 patients with esophageal cancer (probands) were questioned. The destiny of 2432 relatives in the four generations genealogy was followd up."}
{"id": "PMID:143793", "title": "[Role of examination rooms in the prevention of oncological diseases among housewives].", "content": "The probability to be examined by a gynecologist is less for housewives than for working women. The specific weight of housewives' primary visits in the year concerned was 14.6%. The multiple of their examination during the year is lower than that in all examined females. The total number of recorded genital lesions in housewives (per 100 primary visits) do not differ significantly from the analogous index in all examined females, however, the frequency of recognition of precancer lesions of the genitalia is higher in housewives. This proves the importance of women's diagnostic departments for the prophylaxis of cancer and precancer lseions among nonorganized female population.", "contents": "[Role of examination rooms in the prevention of oncological diseases among housewives]. The probability to be examined by a gynecologist is less for housewives than for working women. The specific weight of housewives' primary visits in the year concerned was 14.6%. The multiple of their examination during the year is lower than that in all examined females. The total number of recorded genital lesions in housewives (per 100 primary visits) do not differ significantly from the analogous index in all examined females, however, the frequency of recognition of precancer lesions of the genitalia is higher in housewives. This proves the importance of women's diagnostic departments for the prophylaxis of cancer and precancer lseions among nonorganized female population."}
{"id": "PMID:143795", "title": "[Results of studying a live mumps vaccine from strain L-3 manufactured by the Moscow Research Institute of Viral Preparations. The epidemiological effectiveness of the vaccine].", "content": "A controlled experiment was carried out to study the epidemiological effectiveness of live mumps vaccine from the L-3 strain, the importance of urgent prophylaxis by vaccination in mumps foci and to evaluate the economic effectiveness of mass prophylaxis of mumps by vaccination. The observations involved 113,967 children of 1 to 12 years. Vaccinations were given to 51,701 subjects and 62,256 subjects were the control group. The groups were formed by random selection. One vaccination dose contained 10(4)HAdU50 of mumps virus. The results attest to high epidemilogical effectiveness of the mumps vaccine. The incidence of mumps among the vaccinees was 29.7-fold lower than among unvaccinated, and the coefficient of protection was 96.6%. The urgent vaccination vaccination prophylaxis carried out in children's institutions during the period of introduction of mumps arrested the outbreak within one month, nad the duration of quarantine was reduced 2-3-fold. As a result of the vaccination the economic effect of 290,000 roubles was achieved.", "contents": "[Results of studying a live mumps vaccine from strain L-3 manufactured by the Moscow Research Institute of Viral Preparations. The epidemiological effectiveness of the vaccine]. A controlled experiment was carried out to study the epidemiological effectiveness of live mumps vaccine from the L-3 strain, the importance of urgent prophylaxis by vaccination in mumps foci and to evaluate the economic effectiveness of mass prophylaxis of mumps by vaccination. The observations involved 113,967 children of 1 to 12 years. Vaccinations were given to 51,701 subjects and 62,256 subjects were the control group. The groups were formed by random selection. One vaccination dose contained 10(4)HAdU50 of mumps virus. The results attest to high epidemilogical effectiveness of the mumps vaccine. The incidence of mumps among the vaccinees was 29.7-fold lower than among unvaccinated, and the coefficient of protection was 96.6%. The urgent vaccination vaccination prophylaxis carried out in children's institutions during the period of introduction of mumps arrested the outbreak within one month, nad the duration of quarantine was reduced 2-3-fold. As a result of the vaccination the economic effect of 290,000 roubles was achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:143797", "title": "[Anti-androgen treatment of acne (author's transl)].", "content": "A group of women suffering from acne vulgaris or post-pubertal acne was selected for a trial of anti-androgen treatment on the basis of suspected concomitant endocrine disorder from the case history. A satisfactory response to anti-androgen treatment was obtained in 80% of these subjects. The serum testosterone levels, which were slightly elevated or within the normal range prior to therapy, decreased significantly in response to anti-androgen treatment with an oral contraceptive of the combined type containing cyproterone acetate and ethinyl oestradiol. The highest rate of response was observed in patients with post-pubertal acne resistant to conventional therapy.", "contents": "[Anti-androgen treatment of acne (author's transl)]. A group of women suffering from acne vulgaris or post-pubertal acne was selected for a trial of anti-androgen treatment on the basis of suspected concomitant endocrine disorder from the case history. A satisfactory response to anti-androgen treatment was obtained in 80% of these subjects. The serum testosterone levels, which were slightly elevated or within the normal range prior to therapy, decreased significantly in response to anti-androgen treatment with an oral contraceptive of the combined type containing cyproterone acetate and ethinyl oestradiol. The highest rate of response was observed in patients with post-pubertal acne resistant to conventional therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:143798", "title": "[Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) as a histocompatibilty test for allogen grafts. Part I: HLA-D locus: genetics and typing (author's transl)].", "content": "The importance of the HLA-gene complex is discussed and, in particular, of the HLA-D locus with respect to the clinical outcome of allografts. The genetic situation is deduced from an evaluation of population and family studies using the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Further methods for the typing of gene products of HLA-D or closely-linked loci are described.", "contents": "[Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) as a histocompatibilty test for allogen grafts. Part I: HLA-D locus: genetics and typing (author's transl)]. The importance of the HLA-gene complex is discussed and, in particular, of the HLA-D locus with respect to the clinical outcome of allografts. The genetic situation is deduced from an evaluation of population and family studies using the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). Further methods for the typing of gene products of HLA-D or closely-linked loci are described."}
{"id": "PMID:143799", "title": "[Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) as a histocompatibility test for allogen grafts. Part II. technique, significance and applications (author's transl)].", "content": "This study introduces mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) as a clinical method for prognostic assessment in allogen grafts. The principle and technical data are discussed. The technical variance and biological reproducibility of the MLC was tested by means of the recommendations of the Sixth International Histocompatibility Workshop 1975. The individual data show fluctuation, but the relative values and the order of rank are important. The order of rank is reproducible.", "contents": "[Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) as a histocompatibility test for allogen grafts. Part II. technique, significance and applications (author's transl)]. This study introduces mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) as a clinical method for prognostic assessment in allogen grafts. The principle and technical data are discussed. The technical variance and biological reproducibility of the MLC was tested by means of the recommendations of the Sixth International Histocompatibility Workshop 1975. The individual data show fluctuation, but the relative values and the order of rank are important. The order of rank is reproducible."}
{"id": "PMID:143803", "title": "Pulse-Doppler ultrasound and its clinical application.", "content": "Doppler devices can provide clinically useful information about blood flow. This paper describes how a pulse-Doppler instrument has been linked to a B-scan machine so that flow patterns in any ultrasonically accessible vessel can be monitored from the skin surface. The same transducer is used for both modes of investigation to enable accurate and reliable positioning of the sample-volume. After briefly summarizing the principles of continuous-wave and pulse-Doppler operation, the concepts and relative advantages of coherent and non-coherent detection are explained. The potential clinical uses of the pulse-echo-Doppler hybrid and Doppler devices in general are then discussed.", "contents": "Pulse-Doppler ultrasound and its clinical application. Doppler devices can provide clinically useful information about blood flow. This paper describes how a pulse-Doppler instrument has been linked to a B-scan machine so that flow patterns in any ultrasonically accessible vessel can be monitored from the skin surface. The same transducer is used for both modes of investigation to enable accurate and reliable positioning of the sample-volume. After briefly summarizing the principles of continuous-wave and pulse-Doppler operation, the concepts and relative advantages of coherent and non-coherent detection are explained. The potential clinical uses of the pulse-echo-Doppler hybrid and Doppler devices in general are then discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143810", "title": "Tumorigenic effect of 4-methylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride in Swiss mice.", "content": "4-Methylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride was administered as 10 weekly subcutaneous injections of 140 microgram/g body weight and as 7 weekly intragastric instillations of 250 microgram/g body weight in physiological saline to randomly bred Swiss mice. Treatments given subcutaneously resulted in induction of lung tumors in incidences of 36% in females and 44% in males, while intragastric treatment caused a 40% incidence in females. In addition, it gave rise to blood vessel tumors by intragastric route in incidences of 32% in females and 18% in males. In the two physiological saline-treated control groups, the lung tumor incidence (combined) was 20% in females and 21% in males, while the blood vessel tumor incidence (combined) was 7% in females and 6% in males. Histopathologically, the lesions were classified as adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lungs, and angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels. 4-Methylphenylhydrazine was postulated to be a metabolite of 4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine, an ingredient of the commonly eaten mushroom Agaricus bisporus. The implications are discussed with respect to the tumorigenesis data.", "contents": "Tumorigenic effect of 4-methylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride in Swiss mice. 4-Methylphenylhydrazine hydrochloride was administered as 10 weekly subcutaneous injections of 140 microgram/g body weight and as 7 weekly intragastric instillations of 250 microgram/g body weight in physiological saline to randomly bred Swiss mice. Treatments given subcutaneously resulted in induction of lung tumors in incidences of 36% in females and 44% in males, while intragastric treatment caused a 40% incidence in females. In addition, it gave rise to blood vessel tumors by intragastric route in incidences of 32% in females and 18% in males. In the two physiological saline-treated control groups, the lung tumor incidence (combined) was 20% in females and 21% in males, while the blood vessel tumor incidence (combined) was 7% in females and 6% in males. Histopathologically, the lesions were classified as adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lungs, and angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels. 4-Methylphenylhydrazine was postulated to be a metabolite of 4-hydroxymethylphenylhydrazine, an ingredient of the commonly eaten mushroom Agaricus bisporus. The implications are discussed with respect to the tumorigenesis data."}
{"id": "PMID:143812", "title": "Hodgkin's disease in Medellin, Colombia.", "content": "Four hundred and fifty two cases of Hodgkin's disease (H.D.) were studied in Medellin, Colombia, following the Rye histological classification: The relative frequency of H.D. was 2.3% for all malignancies and 34% for the solid lymphoreticular tumors. The percentage of H.D. in children as compared with adults was 27%, which is higher than usually reported. The age curve of incidence was bimodal with a first high peak at age 5--9 years and a lower second peak between 15--25 years. Males predominated mainly in children, 4.5--1. The epidemiological pattern for H.D. in our area generally corresponded with the Type I recently described for developing countries; but a high frequency for Nodular Sclerosis in children, with unusual anatomical localizations, more severe clinical manifestations, and poorer prognosis seems to indicate complex factors in the etiopathogenesis of the disease in the same geographical area.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease in Medellin, Colombia. Four hundred and fifty two cases of Hodgkin's disease (H.D.) were studied in Medellin, Colombia, following the Rye histological classification: The relative frequency of H.D. was 2.3% for all malignancies and 34% for the solid lymphoreticular tumors. The percentage of H.D. in children as compared with adults was 27%, which is higher than usually reported. The age curve of incidence was bimodal with a first high peak at age 5--9 years and a lower second peak between 15--25 years. Males predominated mainly in children, 4.5--1. The epidemiological pattern for H.D. in our area generally corresponded with the Type I recently described for developing countries; but a high frequency for Nodular Sclerosis in children, with unusual anatomical localizations, more severe clinical manifestations, and poorer prognosis seems to indicate complex factors in the etiopathogenesis of the disease in the same geographical area."}
{"id": "PMID:143813", "title": "Combination chemotherapy with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU) and cyclophosphamide in solid tumors.", "content": "Twenty-four patients with far advanced malignant tumors, resistent to established chemotherapy,, were treated with the combination of MNU and Cyclophosphamide. The drugs were administered in six-day cycles sequentially. MNU in doses of 4 mg/kg body weight and Cyclophosphamide in doses of 8 mg/kg body weight were given. Results of treatment showed response (greater than 50% tumor regression) in 10 (42%) of the 24 treated patients. Seven remissions were complete and three partial. Patients with Hodgkin's disease, malignant melanoma and breast cancer responded to this combination chemotherapy. Objective remissions were obtained also in five of thirteen patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors and in five of nine patients with pulmonary metastases. Nausea and vomiting were the main toxic effects, especially after injections of MNU. Myelosuppression was noted in about 50% of treated patients. Since this combination of cytostatics showed significant antitumor activity, further investigations are necessary on a larger number of patients and in other types of malignant tumors.", "contents": "Combination chemotherapy with 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU) and cyclophosphamide in solid tumors. Twenty-four patients with far advanced malignant tumors, resistent to established chemotherapy,, were treated with the combination of MNU and Cyclophosphamide. The drugs were administered in six-day cycles sequentially. MNU in doses of 4 mg/kg body weight and Cyclophosphamide in doses of 8 mg/kg body weight were given. Results of treatment showed response (greater than 50% tumor regression) in 10 (42%) of the 24 treated patients. Seven remissions were complete and three partial. Patients with Hodgkin's disease, malignant melanoma and breast cancer responded to this combination chemotherapy. Objective remissions were obtained also in five of thirteen patients with primary or metastatic brain tumors and in five of nine patients with pulmonary metastases. Nausea and vomiting were the main toxic effects, especially after injections of MNU. Myelosuppression was noted in about 50% of treated patients. Since this combination of cytostatics showed significant antitumor activity, further investigations are necessary on a larger number of patients and in other types of malignant tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:143814", "title": "[Biochemistry of metallocenes, II. Organ-distribution and thymus affinity of cinnamoyl-[103Ru]ruthenocene (author's transl)].", "content": "Metallocenes, labelled with 103Ru, are potential radiopharmaceuticals for use in nuclear medicine diagnosis. Ruthenocene derivatives with oxopropene side-chains were administered to mice and rats to study their biochemical properties. Excretion rates and organ distributions of 103RuCl3 and Cinnamoyl-[103Ru]ruthenocene were very different. While 103RuCl3 was relatively evenly distributed in the body, the metallocene derivative was concentrated in liver, lungs and spleen after intravenous (i.v.) injection. After i.p. injection however a high thymus affinity was observed and autoradiography proved that the site of 103Ru accumulation was in thymocytes. The thymus affinity can be diminished by corticoid pretreatment and raised by inhibition of phagocytosis (BeSO4). The mechanism of accumulation in the thymus and a possible clinical application are discussed.", "contents": "[Biochemistry of metallocenes, II. Organ-distribution and thymus affinity of cinnamoyl-[103Ru]ruthenocene (author's transl)]. Metallocenes, labelled with 103Ru, are potential radiopharmaceuticals for use in nuclear medicine diagnosis. Ruthenocene derivatives with oxopropene side-chains were administered to mice and rats to study their biochemical properties. Excretion rates and organ distributions of 103RuCl3 and Cinnamoyl-[103Ru]ruthenocene were very different. While 103RuCl3 was relatively evenly distributed in the body, the metallocene derivative was concentrated in liver, lungs and spleen after intravenous (i.v.) injection. After i.p. injection however a high thymus affinity was observed and autoradiography proved that the site of 103Ru accumulation was in thymocytes. The thymus affinity can be diminished by corticoid pretreatment and raised by inhibition of phagocytosis (BeSO4). The mechanism of accumulation in the thymus and a possible clinical application are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143816", "title": "The orientation of the electric field gradient tensor in CO-liganded myoglobin.", "content": "The EFG-tensor at the position of the Fe-atom of CO-liganded sperm whale myoglobin has been investigated by nuclear gamma-resonance absorption experiments on single crystals. In addition the temperature dependence of the quadrupole splitting of the 14.4 keV level of the iron nucleus was measured. An unambiguous solution for the magnitude and the orientation of the field gradient tensor could only be obtained with the assumption that a C2-axis perpendicular to the haem plane is one principal axis of the electric field gradient tensor. Within this solution the electronic structure of the iron is described by a singlet ground state with Nz = 0.75 and the largest EFG component perpendicular to the haem plane.", "contents": "The orientation of the electric field gradient tensor in CO-liganded myoglobin. The EFG-tensor at the position of the Fe-atom of CO-liganded sperm whale myoglobin has been investigated by nuclear gamma-resonance absorption experiments on single crystals. In addition the temperature dependence of the quadrupole splitting of the 14.4 keV level of the iron nucleus was measured. An unambiguous solution for the magnitude and the orientation of the field gradient tensor could only be obtained with the assumption that a C2-axis perpendicular to the haem plane is one principal axis of the electric field gradient tensor. Within this solution the electronic structure of the iron is described by a singlet ground state with Nz = 0.75 and the largest EFG component perpendicular to the haem plane."}
{"id": "PMID:143817", "title": "Glycerol conformation and the crystal structure of lipids. I. An electron diffraction study of tripalmitin and conformationally fixed analogs.", "content": "Transmission electron diffraction is used as a qualitative analytical probe of polymethylene chain packing in three conformationally-restricted analogs of tripalmitin derived from configurational isomers of cyclopentane-1,2,3-triol. The analysis demonstrates that the all trans \"tuning-fork\" conformation seen in X-ray crystal structure analyses on homologous compounds is also found in microcrystals, in contrast to a proposal by Fringeli et al. (Z. Naturforsch. 27b, 780 [1972]) that an all cis conformation of the triglyceride exists in solvent-grown microcrystals and in multilayers. The presence of mixed polymorphs is also shown for bulk samples previously examined by X-ray powder diffraction techniques by other workers.", "contents": "Glycerol conformation and the crystal structure of lipids. I. An electron diffraction study of tripalmitin and conformationally fixed analogs. Transmission electron diffraction is used as a qualitative analytical probe of polymethylene chain packing in three conformationally-restricted analogs of tripalmitin derived from configurational isomers of cyclopentane-1,2,3-triol. The analysis demonstrates that the all trans \"tuning-fork\" conformation seen in X-ray crystal structure analyses on homologous compounds is also found in microcrystals, in contrast to a proposal by Fringeli et al. (Z. Naturforsch. 27b, 780 [1972]) that an all cis conformation of the triglyceride exists in solvent-grown microcrystals and in multilayers. The presence of mixed polymorphs is also shown for bulk samples previously examined by X-ray powder diffraction techniques by other workers."}
{"id": "PMID:143815", "title": "[Total synthesis of human big gastrin I and the 32-leucine analogue (author's transl)].", "content": "Synthetic Peptide Hormones, Human Big Gastrin I. A new total synthesis of the tetratriacontapeptide amide corresponding to the proposed primary structure of human big gastrin I is described. The synthetic route was based on the preparation of six suitably protected fragments, related to sequence 28-34, 23-27, 21-22, 15-20, 9-14, and 1-8, to be used as building blocks for the total synthesis. The protecting groups were selected according to the Schwyzer-W\u00fcnsch strategy of maximum side chain protection based on tertiary alcohols, also for the imidazol function of histidine. Subsequent assembly of the six fragments by three different pathways using the highly efficient W\u00fcnsch-Weygand condensation procedure to ensure minimum racemization, followed by deprotection of the synthetic products via exposure to trifluoroacetic acid and final purification by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and partition chromatography on Sephadex G-25, led to human big gastrin I, homogeneous within the limits of the analytical methods used. The biological activity of the synthetic product proved to be 50 percent higher than that of human little gastrin I. The 32-leucine analogue of human big gastrin I  was prepared in the same way.", "contents": "[Total synthesis of human big gastrin I and the 32-leucine analogue (author's transl)]. Synthetic Peptide Hormones, Human Big Gastrin I. A new total synthesis of the tetratriacontapeptide amide corresponding to the proposed primary structure of human big gastrin I is described. The synthetic route was based on the preparation of six suitably protected fragments, related to sequence 28-34, 23-27, 21-22, 15-20, 9-14, and 1-8, to be used as building blocks for the total synthesis. The protecting groups were selected according to the Schwyzer-W\u00fcnsch strategy of maximum side chain protection based on tertiary alcohols, also for the imidazol function of histidine. Subsequent assembly of the six fragments by three different pathways using the highly efficient W\u00fcnsch-Weygand condensation procedure to ensure minimum racemization, followed by deprotection of the synthetic products via exposure to trifluoroacetic acid and final purification by ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex A-25 and partition chromatography on Sephadex G-25, led to human big gastrin I, homogeneous within the limits of the analytical methods used. The biological activity of the synthetic product proved to be 50 percent higher than that of human little gastrin I. The 32-leucine analogue of human big gastrin I  was prepared in the same way."}
{"id": "PMID:143819", "title": "Conformations of the nucleoside analogs formycin, 2-azaadenosine, and nebularine in solution.", "content": "The ribose conformations of formycine, 2-azaadenosine, nebularine, 8-bromoinosine, and 8-bromoxanthosine have been studied using proton magnetic resonance in ND3 solutions, in D2O solutions, and in pyridine solutions. The temperature was varied between -60 degrees C and +40 degrees C in ND3 and between +10 degrees C and +60 degrees C in D2O solutions. In solution, 2-azaadenosine and neubularine have a conformational behaviour similar to that of the common purine (beta) ribosides. This is in agreement with the conformations observed in the solid state. The conformations of formycin and formycin B have strong analogies with those of the 8-bromopurineribosides and differ significantly from those of the 8-azapurineribosides since they adopt preferentially the syn-S-g+ conformation. This conformation is very probably stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond between between O(5 degrees) and N (3).", "contents": "Conformations of the nucleoside analogs formycin, 2-azaadenosine, and nebularine in solution. The ribose conformations of formycine, 2-azaadenosine, nebularine, 8-bromoinosine, and 8-bromoxanthosine have been studied using proton magnetic resonance in ND3 solutions, in D2O solutions, and in pyridine solutions. The temperature was varied between -60 degrees C and +40 degrees C in ND3 and between +10 degrees C and +60 degrees C in D2O solutions. In solution, 2-azaadenosine and neubularine have a conformational behaviour similar to that of the common purine (beta) ribosides. This is in agreement with the conformations observed in the solid state. The conformations of formycin and formycin B have strong analogies with those of the 8-bromopurineribosides and differ significantly from those of the 8-azapurineribosides since they adopt preferentially the syn-S-g+ conformation. This conformation is very probably stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond between between O(5 degrees) and N (3)."}
{"id": "PMID:143820", "title": "Sucrose gradient analysis: computer simulation and measurement of the parameters involved in the sedimentation of DNA molecules.", "content": "The Montecarlo method is used to computer simulate a random distribution of molecular lengths generated by inducing T4 DNA fragmentation through the decay of 32P atoms introduced in the molecule. Taking into account the experimental conditions we find that the value of alpha for alkali sucrose gradients is 0.46 +/- 0.02 and does not depend on the running time. Our findings also prove that the computer simulation can be utilized to analyze sedimentation profiles of DNA molecules fragmented in vivo.", "contents": "Sucrose gradient analysis: computer simulation and measurement of the parameters involved in the sedimentation of DNA molecules. The Montecarlo method is used to computer simulate a random distribution of molecular lengths generated by inducing T4 DNA fragmentation through the decay of 32P atoms introduced in the molecule. Taking into account the experimental conditions we find that the value of alpha for alkali sucrose gradients is 0.46 +/- 0.02 and does not depend on the running time. Our findings also prove that the computer simulation can be utilized to analyze sedimentation profiles of DNA molecules fragmented in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:143821", "title": "Immunological reaction of UV-induced radiation damage in coliphage DNA.", "content": "Denatured DNA of coliphage T1, poly-dT and dTpT were UV-irradiated (2537 A) and conjugated to methylated bovine serum albumin. These molecules act as haptens after injection into rabbits. Antibodies are predominantly formed against UV-induced cyclobutane-type of cis-synthymine dimers. They belong to the IgG-type of antibody molecules. Antigen-antibody complexes were detected by means of the CsCl-density gradient method. Denaturation of the DNA strongly influences the amount of specific antibodies bound to the antigen. In native DNA thymine dimers are masked concerning their reaction with antibodies. Photoproducts of UV-irradiated dTpT induce a specific production of antibody. Our results indicate that the cyclobutane type of thymine dimers is the relevant antigenic determinant group in UV-irradiated DNA.", "contents": "Immunological reaction of UV-induced radiation damage in coliphage DNA. Denatured DNA of coliphage T1, poly-dT and dTpT were UV-irradiated (2537 A) and conjugated to methylated bovine serum albumin. These molecules act as haptens after injection into rabbits. Antibodies are predominantly formed against UV-induced cyclobutane-type of cis-synthymine dimers. They belong to the IgG-type of antibody molecules. Antigen-antibody complexes were detected by means of the CsCl-density gradient method. Denaturation of the DNA strongly influences the amount of specific antibodies bound to the antigen. In native DNA thymine dimers are masked concerning their reaction with antibodies. Photoproducts of UV-irradiated dTpT induce a specific production of antibody. Our results indicate that the cyclobutane type of thymine dimers is the relevant antigenic determinant group in UV-irradiated DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:143818", "title": "Nonenzymatic transformation of riboflavin into 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole.", "content": "Riboflavin, the biosynthetic precursor of the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety of vitamin B12, is transformed non-enzymatically into 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole in small yield on treatment with 1 N or 5 N NaOH at 100 degrees C. Besides 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole 1,2-diamino-4,5-dimethylbenzene, 1,2-dihydro-6,7-dimethyl-2-keto-1-D-ribityl-3-quinoxaline carboxylic acid and N-1-D-ribitylamino-2-amino-4,5-dimethylbenzene can be detected. When [1 degree -14C]riboflavin is used the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole contains about 75 per cent of the specific radioactivity of riboflavin. N-1-D-ribityl-amino-2-amino-4,5-dimethylbenzene is transformed into 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole more efficiently than riboflavin. Oxygen enhances the yield of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole and 1,2-diamino-4,5-dimethylbenzene from riboflavin as well as from N-1-D-ribitylamino-2-amino-4,5-dimethylbenzene. 1,2-diamino-4,5-dimethylbenzene reacts together with formaldehyde but not with formate to form 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole under alkaline conditions at 100 degrees C. It is therefore suggested that the nonenzymatic reaction of riboflavin proceeds via N-1-D-ribitylamino-2-amino-4,5-dimethylbenzene and 1,2-diamino-4,5-dimethylbenzene, and that the latter reacts with formaldehyde preferably formed by oxidative degradation of C-1 degree of the ribitly side chain to form 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole via its unstable imidazoline derivative. The possible relevance of these results for the enzymatic process is discussed.", "contents": "Nonenzymatic transformation of riboflavin into 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole. Riboflavin, the biosynthetic precursor of the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole moiety of vitamin B12, is transformed non-enzymatically into 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole in small yield on treatment with 1 N or 5 N NaOH at 100 degrees C. Besides 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole 1,2-diamino-4,5-dimethylbenzene, 1,2-dihydro-6,7-dimethyl-2-keto-1-D-ribityl-3-quinoxaline carboxylic acid and N-1-D-ribitylamino-2-amino-4,5-dimethylbenzene can be detected. When [1 degree -14C]riboflavin is used the 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole contains about 75 per cent of the specific radioactivity of riboflavin. N-1-D-ribityl-amino-2-amino-4,5-dimethylbenzene is transformed into 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole more efficiently than riboflavin. Oxygen enhances the yield of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole and 1,2-diamino-4,5-dimethylbenzene from riboflavin as well as from N-1-D-ribitylamino-2-amino-4,5-dimethylbenzene. 1,2-diamino-4,5-dimethylbenzene reacts together with formaldehyde but not with formate to form 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole under alkaline conditions at 100 degrees C. It is therefore suggested that the nonenzymatic reaction of riboflavin proceeds via N-1-D-ribitylamino-2-amino-4,5-dimethylbenzene and 1,2-diamino-4,5-dimethylbenzene, and that the latter reacts with formaldehyde preferably formed by oxidative degradation of C-1 degree of the ribitly side chain to form 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole via its unstable imidazoline derivative. The possible relevance of these results for the enzymatic process is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143822", "title": "[Degradation of antipyrin by pyrazon-degrading bacteria (author's transl)].", "content": "Bacteria with the ability to grow on pyrazon as sole source of carbon were isolated from soil. They also are able to grow on antipyrin. Then three metabolites of antipyrin can be isolated from the culture fluid which were identified as 2,3-dimethyl-1-(cis-2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxy-4,6-cyclohexadiene-1-yl)-pyrazolone (5) (I), as 2,3-dimethyl-1-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)-pyrazolone (5) (II) and as 2,3-dimethyl-pyrazolone (5) (III), respectively. Compound I and II were used as substrates for enzyme studies. A dioxygenase catalyzes the enzymatic conversion of antipyrin into compound I. In the presence of NAD as cosubstrate compound I is transformed into compound II by a dehydrogenase. A pure preparation of metapyrocatechase from pyrazon-degrading bacteria converts compound II into the dephenylated heterocyclic moiety of antipyrin (III) and into 2-pyrone-6-carboxylic acid. Based on the results of the enzymatic studies a pathway for the degradation of antipyrin is proposed.", "contents": "[Degradation of antipyrin by pyrazon-degrading bacteria (author's transl)]. Bacteria with the ability to grow on pyrazon as sole source of carbon were isolated from soil. They also are able to grow on antipyrin. Then three metabolites of antipyrin can be isolated from the culture fluid which were identified as 2,3-dimethyl-1-(cis-2,3-dihydro-2,3-dihydroxy-4,6-cyclohexadiene-1-yl)-pyrazolone (5) (I), as 2,3-dimethyl-1-(2,3-dihydroxyphenyl)-pyrazolone (5) (II) and as 2,3-dimethyl-pyrazolone (5) (III), respectively. Compound I and II were used as substrates for enzyme studies. A dioxygenase catalyzes the enzymatic conversion of antipyrin into compound I. In the presence of NAD as cosubstrate compound I is transformed into compound II by a dehydrogenase. A pure preparation of metapyrocatechase from pyrazon-degrading bacteria converts compound II into the dephenylated heterocyclic moiety of antipyrin (III) and into 2-pyrone-6-carboxylic acid. Based on the results of the enzymatic studies a pathway for the degradation of antipyrin is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:143823", "title": "Application of lanthanide induced shifts in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of juvenile hormones.", "content": "A downfield shift of proton signals up to 9 ppm is induced in the 1H NMR spectra of juvenile hormone I (methyl 3,11-dimethyl-10,11-cis-epoxy-7-ethyl-2-trans, 6-trans-tridecadienoate) and III (methyl 10,11-epoxy-2-trans, 6-trans-farnesoate) by the lanthanide complex Eu(fod)3. A plot of induced shift vs the ratio of [LSR]/[substrate] shows a good linear correlation for the range 0.3--1.0 mole ratio. Highest shifts are induced for the protons H-10 and H-2 adjacent to the two Lewis base groups of the hormone. Resolution due to induced shift decreases for the other signals with increasing distance of protons from the two coordination sites.", "contents": "Application of lanthanide induced shifts in proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of juvenile hormones. A downfield shift of proton signals up to 9 ppm is induced in the 1H NMR spectra of juvenile hormone I (methyl 3,11-dimethyl-10,11-cis-epoxy-7-ethyl-2-trans, 6-trans-tridecadienoate) and III (methyl 10,11-epoxy-2-trans, 6-trans-farnesoate) by the lanthanide complex Eu(fod)3. A plot of induced shift vs the ratio of [LSR]/[substrate] shows a good linear correlation for the range 0.3--1.0 mole ratio. Highest shifts are induced for the protons H-10 and H-2 adjacent to the two Lewis base groups of the hormone. Resolution due to induced shift decreases for the other signals with increasing distance of protons from the two coordination sites."}
{"id": "PMID:143825", "title": "The adenine and thymine molecules. Some excited singlet and triplet levels of the normal and tautomeric forms.", "content": "The shape of the barrier for the H transfer between the normal and tautomeric forms have been determined for the adenine and thymine molecules. The correlations for several singlet and triplet states has been calculated using the CNDO/2-CI method. The relative stability between both conformations and the agreement with some experimental values is also discussed.", "contents": "The adenine and thymine molecules. Some excited singlet and triplet levels of the normal and tautomeric forms. The shape of the barrier for the H transfer between the normal and tautomeric forms have been determined for the adenine and thymine molecules. The correlations for several singlet and triplet states has been calculated using the CNDO/2-CI method. The relative stability between both conformations and the agreement with some experimental values is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143824", "title": "Preparation of human erythrocyte ghosts in isotonic solution: haemoglobin content and polypeptide composition.", "content": "Human red blood cell ghosts were prepared by dielectric breakdown of the cell membrane and subsequent electrical haemolysis in isotonic and isoionic solutions. Almost complete removal of haemoglobin (to about 0.1%) could be achieved by subjecting the erythrocytes suspended in isotonic solution to three consecutive electric field pulses of 16 kV/cm in the presence of 10 mM EDTA, followed by dilution with EDTA-free isoionic medium. The cup-shaped ghost cells were electrically homogeneous. The polypeptide composition of the electrically prepared ghost cells, as analyzed by polyacrylamide electrophoresis in 1% SDS, revealed a pattern similar to ghost cells prepared by osmotic haemolysis. However, the band 6, corresponding to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase protomer, was absent from the electrically prepared ghost cells. Also the band 8, which is eluted at low ionic strength, appeared to be very prominent in the electrical preparations.", "contents": "Preparation of human erythrocyte ghosts in isotonic solution: haemoglobin content and polypeptide composition. Human red blood cell ghosts were prepared by dielectric breakdown of the cell membrane and subsequent electrical haemolysis in isotonic and isoionic solutions. Almost complete removal of haemoglobin (to about 0.1%) could be achieved by subjecting the erythrocytes suspended in isotonic solution to three consecutive electric field pulses of 16 kV/cm in the presence of 10 mM EDTA, followed by dilution with EDTA-free isoionic medium. The cup-shaped ghost cells were electrically homogeneous. The polypeptide composition of the electrically prepared ghost cells, as analyzed by polyacrylamide electrophoresis in 1% SDS, revealed a pattern similar to ghost cells prepared by osmotic haemolysis. However, the band 6, corresponding to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase protomer, was absent from the electrically prepared ghost cells. Also the band 8, which is eluted at low ionic strength, appeared to be very prominent in the electrical preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:143826", "title": "Aerobic oxidation of p-hydroquinone by horse radish peroxidase in the presence of a thiol and MnCl2.", "content": "In the presence of MnCl2 and a thiol (glutathione, cysteine, 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid) horse radish peroxidase oxidizes p-hydroquinone to p-benzoquinone which in turn immediately adds the thiol present yielding 2-S-substituted p-hydroquinone.", "contents": "Aerobic oxidation of p-hydroquinone by horse radish peroxidase in the presence of a thiol and MnCl2. In the presence of MnCl2 and a thiol (glutathione, cysteine, 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid) horse radish peroxidase oxidizes p-hydroquinone to p-benzoquinone which in turn immediately adds the thiol present yielding 2-S-substituted p-hydroquinone."}
{"id": "PMID:143827", "title": "[Chromosomal structures of Pseudomonas testosteroni. IV. Effect of testosterone on RNA-synthesis (author's transl)].", "content": "Testosterone degrading enzymes are synthesized de novo by bacterium P. testosteroni to utilize testosterone-like steroids as the only source of carbon. RNA-synthesis of the whole lysate of testosterone-induced bacteria was found to be 15% reduced compared to the control, suggesting a cytoplasmatic factor which modulates chromatin associated RNA-polymerase activity.", "contents": "[Chromosomal structures of Pseudomonas testosteroni. IV. Effect of testosterone on RNA-synthesis (author's transl)]. Testosterone degrading enzymes are synthesized de novo by bacterium P. testosteroni to utilize testosterone-like steroids as the only source of carbon. RNA-synthesis of the whole lysate of testosterone-induced bacteria was found to be 15% reduced compared to the control, suggesting a cytoplasmatic factor which modulates chromatin associated RNA-polymerase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:143828", "title": "Artificial phospholipid and glycolipid particles, visualization of their structures by fluorescence markers and some biological properties expressed by these particles.", "content": "Homogeneous large (5--30 micrometer) lipid particles comparable in size and shape to blood cells can be obtained when excess of cholesterol is homogenized with egg phospholipids or brain glycolipids in a Dounce apparatus. The particles contain distinct structures of membranes and lipid cores as visualized by the included fluorescence markers. When these particles were used as models in studying interactions between membranes, it was demonstrated that several properties normally pertaining to natural membranes could be exhibited by lipids alone. It could also be shown that particles containing phospholipids or glycolipids were very different in their adhesiveness to tissue culture cells and in their response to sera of various species.", "contents": "Artificial phospholipid and glycolipid particles, visualization of their structures by fluorescence markers and some biological properties expressed by these particles. Homogeneous large (5--30 micrometer) lipid particles comparable in size and shape to blood cells can be obtained when excess of cholesterol is homogenized with egg phospholipids or brain glycolipids in a Dounce apparatus. The particles contain distinct structures of membranes and lipid cores as visualized by the included fluorescence markers. When these particles were used as models in studying interactions between membranes, it was demonstrated that several properties normally pertaining to natural membranes could be exhibited by lipids alone. It could also be shown that particles containing phospholipids or glycolipids were very different in their adhesiveness to tissue culture cells and in their response to sera of various species."}
{"id": "PMID:143835", "title": "[The clinical picture of localized skin and mucosal amyloidosis in the facial region].", "content": "A case of localized secondary mucosal amyloidosis in the facial region is reported.", "contents": "[The clinical picture of localized skin and mucosal amyloidosis in the facial region]. A case of localized secondary mucosal amyloidosis in the facial region is reported."}
{"id": "PMID:143838", "title": "[Studies on tooth migration in animal experiments].", "content": "The migration of the germ of the 2nd lower molars after the extraction of all adjacent teeth in comparison to the health side was investigated in Vietnamese hanging belly pigs. The animals were killed in seven age groups so that the results could be evaluated in dependence upon the time. The biometric results reveal migratory phenomena similar to those described for humans after tooth extraction.", "contents": "[Studies on tooth migration in animal experiments]. The migration of the germ of the 2nd lower molars after the extraction of all adjacent teeth in comparison to the health side was investigated in Vietnamese hanging belly pigs. The animals were killed in seven age groups so that the results could be evaluated in dependence upon the time. The biometric results reveal migratory phenomena similar to those described for humans after tooth extraction."}
{"id": "PMID:143839", "title": "[The reproducibility of oral exfoliative-cytological findings].", "content": "In periodontology, exfoliative-cytological examinations are used to support the diagnosis, to assess the effectiveness of periodontal-therapeutical procedures and in basic research. It was tried to demonstrate the reproducibility of exfoliative-cytological findings by repeated counting of 114 gingival smears by two examiners (blind trial). The numerical values obtained for the different kinds of cells were in good agreement, which was confirmed with the aid of mathematical statistics.", "contents": "[The reproducibility of oral exfoliative-cytological findings]. In periodontology, exfoliative-cytological examinations are used to support the diagnosis, to assess the effectiveness of periodontal-therapeutical procedures and in basic research. It was tried to demonstrate the reproducibility of exfoliative-cytological findings by repeated counting of 114 gingival smears by two examiners (blind trial). The numerical values obtained for the different kinds of cells were in good agreement, which was confirmed with the aid of mathematical statistics."}
{"id": "PMID:143840", "title": "[The significance of morphological factors and of the morphology of neoplasm-host relationships in oral epidermoid carcinomas].", "content": "The significance of form of growth, histological grading and loss of blood group substances was investigated in oral epidermoid carcinoma. These factors and morphological expression of tumor-host-relations: reaction of stroma, reactions in regional lymph node (free from metastases) have relations to short-time-prognosis.", "contents": "[The significance of morphological factors and of the morphology of neoplasm-host relationships in oral epidermoid carcinomas]. The significance of form of growth, histological grading and loss of blood group substances was investigated in oral epidermoid carcinoma. These factors and morphological expression of tumor-host-relations: reaction of stroma, reactions in regional lymph node (free from metastases) have relations to short-time-prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:143841", "title": "[Successful surgery for extensive meningoencephalocele in a 4 weeks old infant].", "content": "The state, and the successful surgical intervention in the case, of an exceptional meningoencephalocele, which has not so far been reported in the literature, are described. The cele originated from the petrous portion of the temporal bone and was unconnected with the brain. Protrusion was toward the pharynx, parotid region, and as far as the throat.", "contents": "[Successful surgery for extensive meningoencephalocele in a 4 weeks old infant]. The state, and the successful surgical intervention in the case, of an exceptional meningoencephalocele, which has not so far been reported in the literature, are described. The cele originated from the petrous portion of the temporal bone and was unconnected with the brain. Protrusion was toward the pharynx, parotid region, and as far as the throat."}
{"id": "PMID:143857", "title": "Effect of three nematicides on the growth of some phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi.", "content": "The effect of three nematicides, aldicarb, fensulfothion, and phenamiphos at four concentrations (1, 5, 25, and 125 ppm) was tested on the growth of five bacteria, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Corynebacterium fascians, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas solanacearum, and Streptomyces scabies and four fungi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium bataticola. Of the bacteria, P. solanacearum was most affected by the chemicals at all concentrations, while E. carotovora was least affected. Fensulfothion was generally the most effective nematicide on the bacteria tested, while phenamiphos was the least effective. Similarly, the effect of the chemicals on the fungi tested varied greatly. F. solani and R. solani were generally most affected, followed by F. oxysporum, while S. bataticola was least affected. Of the chemicals tested, phenamiphos was generally the most effective, followed by fensulfothion, while aldicarb was the least effective.", "contents": "Effect of three nematicides on the growth of some phytopathogenic bacteria and fungi. The effect of three nematicides, aldicarb, fensulfothion, and phenamiphos at four concentrations (1, 5, 25, and 125 ppm) was tested on the growth of five bacteria, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Corynebacterium fascians, Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas solanacearum, and Streptomyces scabies and four fungi, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotium bataticola. Of the bacteria, P. solanacearum was most affected by the chemicals at all concentrations, while E. carotovora was least affected. Fensulfothion was generally the most effective nematicide on the bacteria tested, while phenamiphos was the least effective. Similarly, the effect of the chemicals on the fungi tested varied greatly. F. solani and R. solani were generally most affected, followed by F. oxysporum, while S. bataticola was least affected. Of the chemicals tested, phenamiphos was generally the most effective, followed by fensulfothion, while aldicarb was the least effective."}
{"id": "PMID:143860", "title": "Determination and functional significance of low affinity nucleotide sites of Ca2+ + Mg2+ -dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The protective effect of ATP, ADP and GTP against the inactivation of Ca2+ + Mg2+ -dependent ATPase by the thiol reagent NBD-chloride is used to calculate the apparent dissociation constants (K'D) of nucleotide enzyme complexes on the basis of a simple kinetic model. The K'D-values of the complexes with Mg-ATP (80 micrometer) and Mg-GTP (500 micrometer) are found to be rather close to their Km-values in the high concentration range supporting maximum activity. The requirement of the occupancy of the low affinity site by Mg ATP for a high rate of the Ca2+ transport system is explained in terms of the flip-flop mechanism established earlier for the analogous Na+ + K+-transporting ATPase system.", "contents": "Determination and functional significance of low affinity nucleotide sites of Ca2+ + Mg2+ -dependent ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum. The protective effect of ATP, ADP and GTP against the inactivation of Ca2+ + Mg2+ -dependent ATPase by the thiol reagent NBD-chloride is used to calculate the apparent dissociation constants (K'D) of nucleotide enzyme complexes on the basis of a simple kinetic model. The K'D-values of the complexes with Mg-ATP (80 micrometer) and Mg-GTP (500 micrometer) are found to be rather close to their Km-values in the high concentration range supporting maximum activity. The requirement of the occupancy of the low affinity site by Mg ATP for a high rate of the Ca2+ transport system is explained in terms of the flip-flop mechanism established earlier for the analogous Na+ + K+-transporting ATPase system."}
{"id": "PMID:143862", "title": "Correlation between rises of gonadotrophins and rises of sex steroids during clomiphene test in men.", "content": "Serum FSH, LH and testosterone and urinary excretion of androsterone, aetiocholanolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and total oestrogens were measured in normal and oligospermic men before and after clomiphene stimulation. Responses in all parameters were highly variably from one individual to another and this great variation formed the basis for investigating the correlations between responses. There was no correlation between increase of FSH and LH or increase of LH and steroids. Also there was no correlation between rises of FSH and rises of androgens. But a significant correlation existed between rises of FSH and rises of oestrogens. This confirms that one action of FSH is to stimulate production of testicular oestrogens which presumably takes place in the Sertoli cells.", "contents": "Correlation between rises of gonadotrophins and rises of sex steroids during clomiphene test in men. Serum FSH, LH and testosterone and urinary excretion of androsterone, aetiocholanolone, dehydroepiandrosterone and total oestrogens were measured in normal and oligospermic men before and after clomiphene stimulation. Responses in all parameters were highly variably from one individual to another and this great variation formed the basis for investigating the correlations between responses. There was no correlation between increase of FSH and LH or increase of LH and steroids. Also there was no correlation between rises of FSH and rises of androgens. But a significant correlation existed between rises of FSH and rises of oestrogens. This confirms that one action of FSH is to stimulate production of testicular oestrogens which presumably takes place in the Sertoli cells."}
{"id": "PMID:143863", "title": "Age dependence of testosterone precursors in plasma of normal adult males.", "content": "Radioimmunoassays for the measurement of pregnenolone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenediol (5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol) have been developed. In addition the reliability criteria of these methods have been established. Age dependence of testosterone precursors in plasma was studied in 80 normal males aged 19 to 93 years. When a young to middle aged group (19-54 years) was compared with an old age group (67-93 years) a highly significant (P less than 0.001) decrease was observed for all the precursors studied: DHEA -68.1%, pregnenolone -60.3%, androstenediol -53.8%, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone -47.5% and androstenedione -39.2%.", "contents": "Age dependence of testosterone precursors in plasma of normal adult males. Radioimmunoassays for the measurement of pregnenolone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenediol (5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol) have been developed. In addition the reliability criteria of these methods have been established. Age dependence of testosterone precursors in plasma was studied in 80 normal males aged 19 to 93 years. When a young to middle aged group (19-54 years) was compared with an old age group (67-93 years) a highly significant (P less than 0.001) decrease was observed for all the precursors studied: DHEA -68.1%, pregnenolone -60.3%, androstenediol -53.8%, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone -47.5% and androstenedione -39.2%."}
{"id": "PMID:143864", "title": "High precision mixing of anesthetic gases based on a new principle.", "content": "A machine has been constructed for mixing O2 and N2O. It consists of: (a) a proportional pressure and thereby flow regulator at the inlets for O2 and N2O; (b) a digital gas mixer which determines the gas mixture; and (c) a rotameter to measure the outlet flow. The contents of mixtures obtained from the machine were measured with a quadropole mass spectrometer (at 2 and 5 1 min--1 with downstream pressures of 500 and 3000 Pa). The mean numeric difference between desired and registered vol% O2 varied between 0.3 and 0.5 vol% at the four conditions tested. The maximal deviation was 1.2 vol%. Five conventional machines in daily use at the hospital were also tested. The mean numeric difference for these machines varied between 1.1 and 2.7 vol% O2. The maximum deviation was 7.4 vol%.", "contents": "High precision mixing of anesthetic gases based on a new principle. A machine has been constructed for mixing O2 and N2O. It consists of: (a) a proportional pressure and thereby flow regulator at the inlets for O2 and N2O; (b) a digital gas mixer which determines the gas mixture; and (c) a rotameter to measure the outlet flow. The contents of mixtures obtained from the machine were measured with a quadropole mass spectrometer (at 2 and 5 1 min--1 with downstream pressures of 500 and 3000 Pa). The mean numeric difference between desired and registered vol% O2 varied between 0.3 and 0.5 vol% at the four conditions tested. The maximal deviation was 1.2 vol%. Five conventional machines in daily use at the hospital were also tested. The mean numeric difference for these machines varied between 1.1 and 2.7 vol% O2. The maximum deviation was 7.4 vol%."}
{"id": "PMID:143865", "title": "A simple method of monitoring carbon dioxide output in anaesthetized patients.", "content": "The mean CO2 output during anaesthesia in paralyzed patients can be monitored by continuous capnographic analysis of the total exhaled gases, the latter being mechanically integrated by pumice canisters. The gas is evacuated from the Hafnia A circuit via an ejector flowmeter. The results are not influenced by the flow rates employed.", "contents": "A simple method of monitoring carbon dioxide output in anaesthetized patients. The mean CO2 output during anaesthesia in paralyzed patients can be monitored by continuous capnographic analysis of the total exhaled gases, the latter being mechanically integrated by pumice canisters. The gas is evacuated from the Hafnia A circuit via an ejector flowmeter. The results are not influenced by the flow rates employed."}
{"id": "PMID:143861", "title": "Cytochemical properties of human endometrial cells in vitro.", "content": "The cytochemical properties of the human endometrial cell nuclei have been studied during the menstrual cycle in eight women by means of two different microfluorometric methods, both considered to be specific for DNA: the BAO-Feulgen method and a method based upon an interaction between DNA and mithramycin. An in vitro system was developed where dissociated endometrial cells were studied at 4 hours and 18 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C. The cytochemical properties of the dissociated endometrial cells did not change significantly in the in vitro system used. An increase in the BAO-fluorescence intensity per cell nucleus was observed in all the endometrial samples when compared with the diploid standard DNA value of a non-growing cell population. A similar increase in the mithramycin fluorescence intensity per cell nucleus appeared only during the secretory phase. It is suggested that the nucleoproteins play an essential role in changing the cytochemical properties of the human endometrial cell nuclei during the menstrual cycle.", "contents": "Cytochemical properties of human endometrial cells in vitro. The cytochemical properties of the human endometrial cell nuclei have been studied during the menstrual cycle in eight women by means of two different microfluorometric methods, both considered to be specific for DNA: the BAO-Feulgen method and a method based upon an interaction between DNA and mithramycin. An in vitro system was developed where dissociated endometrial cells were studied at 4 hours and 18 hours of incubation at 37 degrees C. The cytochemical properties of the dissociated endometrial cells did not change significantly in the in vitro system used. An increase in the BAO-fluorescence intensity per cell nucleus was observed in all the endometrial samples when compared with the diploid standard DNA value of a non-growing cell population. A similar increase in the mithramycin fluorescence intensity per cell nucleus appeared only during the secretory phase. It is suggested that the nucleoproteins play an essential role in changing the cytochemical properties of the human endometrial cell nuclei during the menstrual cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:143866", "title": "Some aspects of ocular function after precurarization.", "content": "Small doses of nondepolarizing relaxants are often recommended as prior medication to suxamethonium in order to avoid or attenuate the side effects elicited by the latter drug. After D-tubocurarine (0.05 mg/kg b.w. and 0.075 mg/kg b.w.) in unmedicated volunteers, a dose-dependent recession of the monocular near point of accomodation was recorded. This recession, which parallelled the decrease in grip strength, was 4 cm and 9 cm, respectively. The same doses evoked an exophoria of 14 and 17 prism diopters, respectively. Intraocular pressure was significantly lowered by D-tubocurarine 0.05 mg/kg b.w., from 2.01 kPa (15.1 mmHg) to 1.64 kPa (12.3 mmHg), and by pancuronium 0.015 mg/kg b.w. from 1.90 kPa (14.3 mmHg) to 1.44 kPa (10.8 mmHg). The decreases lasted for 7 min. Gallamine 0.3 mg/kg b.w. also decreased intraocular pressure, but to a lesser degree, and with statistical significance only during the fourth minute after administration. Relaxation of extraocular muscles may change the slightly ovoid shape of the eyeball into a more spherical one, thereby inducing a fall in intraocular pressure and a recession of the near point of accommodation.", "contents": "Some aspects of ocular function after precurarization. Small doses of nondepolarizing relaxants are often recommended as prior medication to suxamethonium in order to avoid or attenuate the side effects elicited by the latter drug. After D-tubocurarine (0.05 mg/kg b.w. and 0.075 mg/kg b.w.) in unmedicated volunteers, a dose-dependent recession of the monocular near point of accomodation was recorded. This recession, which parallelled the decrease in grip strength, was 4 cm and 9 cm, respectively. The same doses evoked an exophoria of 14 and 17 prism diopters, respectively. Intraocular pressure was significantly lowered by D-tubocurarine 0.05 mg/kg b.w., from 2.01 kPa (15.1 mmHg) to 1.64 kPa (12.3 mmHg), and by pancuronium 0.015 mg/kg b.w. from 1.90 kPa (14.3 mmHg) to 1.44 kPa (10.8 mmHg). The decreases lasted for 7 min. Gallamine 0.3 mg/kg b.w. also decreased intraocular pressure, but to a lesser degree, and with statistical significance only during the fourth minute after administration. Relaxation of extraocular muscles may change the slightly ovoid shape of the eyeball into a more spherical one, thereby inducing a fall in intraocular pressure and a recession of the near point of accommodation."}
{"id": "PMID:143867", "title": "Effects of precurarization on the heart measured by systolic time intervals.", "content": "The effects of precurarization, with or without prior atropine medication, on heart rate, systolic time intervals (preejection period (PEP) and left ventricular ejection time (LVET)) and derivatives from these were studied in 80 healthy patients before minor surgery. Atropine (0.5-0.7 mg i.v.) exerted a vagolytic action with no changes in systolic time intervals. D-tubocurarine (0.5 mg/kg b.w.) did not affect heart rate or systolic time intervals. Both gallamine (0.3 mg/kg b.w.) and pancuronium (0.015 mg/kg b.w.) increased heart rate due to the inherent vagolytic effect. Furthermore, a short-lasting decrease in PEP and an increase in LVET were demonstrated. Consequently, a fall in PEP/LVET and a rise in 1/PEP2 were induced, indicating an increase in cardiac pump performance. These changes were blocked by prior atropine medication, a result which is not easily explainable. Possible clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Effects of precurarization on the heart measured by systolic time intervals. The effects of precurarization, with or without prior atropine medication, on heart rate, systolic time intervals (preejection period (PEP) and left ventricular ejection time (LVET)) and derivatives from these were studied in 80 healthy patients before minor surgery. Atropine (0.5-0.7 mg i.v.) exerted a vagolytic action with no changes in systolic time intervals. D-tubocurarine (0.5 mg/kg b.w.) did not affect heart rate or systolic time intervals. Both gallamine (0.3 mg/kg b.w.) and pancuronium (0.015 mg/kg b.w.) increased heart rate due to the inherent vagolytic effect. Furthermore, a short-lasting decrease in PEP and an increase in LVET were demonstrated. Consequently, a fall in PEP/LVET and a rise in 1/PEP2 were induced, indicating an increase in cardiac pump performance. These changes were blocked by prior atropine medication, a result which is not easily explainable. Possible clinical implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143870", "title": "The pharmacological action of pronase-digested egg albumin upon cerebral hypoxia.", "content": "The purification of a substance which protects mitochondrial activity against its decay in association with various cerebral pathologies, and the effect of this substance in vitro and in vivo have been mentioned. Defatted egg albumin was hydrolyzed with pronase, and diafiltrated through mesh, to obtain fractions of molecular weight less than 5,000. The diafiltrate was further fractionated using Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, and a fraction which had a protective action against the decay of mitochondrial DNP-ATPase activity was gathered. This digested egg albumin (DEA 5,000 S) showed no immunological reaction and seemingly penetrated well through the cell membrane. DEA 5,000 S prevented the decay of DNP-ATPase activity and swelling of brain mitochondria during aging in vitro. Also, the administration of DEA 5,000 S in vivo shortened the duration of unconsciousness and reduced EEG abnormalities in rats subjected to hypoxia in a special chamber filled with N2 gas. It is suggested that this Digested Egg Albumin has a marked action in restoring the function of metabolically impaired brain.", "contents": "The pharmacological action of pronase-digested egg albumin upon cerebral hypoxia. The purification of a substance which protects mitochondrial activity against its decay in association with various cerebral pathologies, and the effect of this substance in vitro and in vivo have been mentioned. Defatted egg albumin was hydrolyzed with pronase, and diafiltrated through mesh, to obtain fractions of molecular weight less than 5,000. The diafiltrate was further fractionated using Sephadex G-25 column chromatography, and a fraction which had a protective action against the decay of mitochondrial DNP-ATPase activity was gathered. This digested egg albumin (DEA 5,000 S) showed no immunological reaction and seemingly penetrated well through the cell membrane. DEA 5,000 S prevented the decay of DNP-ATPase activity and swelling of brain mitochondria during aging in vitro. Also, the administration of DEA 5,000 S in vivo shortened the duration of unconsciousness and reduced EEG abnormalities in rats subjected to hypoxia in a special chamber filled with N2 gas. It is suggested that this Digested Egg Albumin has a marked action in restoring the function of metabolically impaired brain."}
{"id": "PMID:143871", "title": "[Classical low back pain and sciatica syndrome caused by a melanotic nerv sheath tumour of the first sacral root (author's transl)].", "content": "This is the description of the case of a 22 year old patient with low back pain and sciatica on the right side investigated by lumbar Dimer-X-Myelography. The result of the examination was an impression in the contrast column at the L5/S 1 level on the right. At operation an intradural tumour, plum-sized, well-defined, and blue-black in colour, was found and removed. Histologically the tumour was melanotic and of high cellular density, with spindle-shaped cells as well as giant cells, with round nuclei, considerable polymorphism, and atypical mitoses. On the basis of the operation finding, the clinical course, and the histology, the diagnosis is melanotic nerve sheath tumour of the first sacral root. For two years following operation the patient has experienced no discomfort.", "contents": "[Classical low back pain and sciatica syndrome caused by a melanotic nerv sheath tumour of the first sacral root (author's transl)]. This is the description of the case of a 22 year old patient with low back pain and sciatica on the right side investigated by lumbar Dimer-X-Myelography. The result of the examination was an impression in the contrast column at the L5/S 1 level on the right. At operation an intradural tumour, plum-sized, well-defined, and blue-black in colour, was found and removed. Histologically the tumour was melanotic and of high cellular density, with spindle-shaped cells as well as giant cells, with round nuclei, considerable polymorphism, and atypical mitoses. On the basis of the operation finding, the clinical course, and the histology, the diagnosis is melanotic nerve sheath tumour of the first sacral root. For two years following operation the patient has experienced no discomfort."}
{"id": "PMID:143878", "title": "Complications of long term transbrachial hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy.", "content": "A total of 127 transbrachial hepatic artery catheters were placed in 75 patients for prolonged infusion of chemotherapeutic agents for primary and secondary tumors of the liver. Hepatic or celiac artery catheterization was possible in 97.4% of patients. The most frequent major complication was partial or complete arterial thrombosis (30 patients). bleeding at the arteriotomy site and pseudoaneurysm also occurred. Minor complications included displacement of catheter from the hepatic artery in 46, cracks or leaks in the catheter at the arteriotomy site in 21, and clotted catheter in 10 instances. Infection occurred in four patients and loss of radial pulse in seven. In view of a significant increase in survival, the complications did not contraindicate long term intraarterial infusion of chemotherapeutic agents. The no. 5 French blue thin wall 1.24-1.70 mm tubing proved to be easiest to use and least prone to complications. Proper management of these patients by a team approach (nurse, oncologist, and radiologist) helps to minimize the frequency and severity of complications.", "contents": "Complications of long term transbrachial hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy. A total of 127 transbrachial hepatic artery catheters were placed in 75 patients for prolonged infusion of chemotherapeutic agents for primary and secondary tumors of the liver. Hepatic or celiac artery catheterization was possible in 97.4% of patients. The most frequent major complication was partial or complete arterial thrombosis (30 patients). bleeding at the arteriotomy site and pseudoaneurysm also occurred. Minor complications included displacement of catheter from the hepatic artery in 46, cracks or leaks in the catheter at the arteriotomy site in 21, and clotted catheter in 10 instances. Infection occurred in four patients and loss of radial pulse in seven. In view of a significant increase in survival, the complications did not contraindicate long term intraarterial infusion of chemotherapeutic agents. The no. 5 French blue thin wall 1.24-1.70 mm tubing proved to be easiest to use and least prone to complications. Proper management of these patients by a team approach (nurse, oncologist, and radiologist) helps to minimize the frequency and severity of complications."}
{"id": "PMID:143882", "title": "Echocardiographic correlate of presystolic pulmonary ejection sound in congenital valvular pulmonic stenosis.", "content": "A presystolic ejection click was present in a patient with congenital valvular pulmonic stenosis. The coincidence of this sound with presystolic pulmonary valve opening was demonstrated by simultaneous phonoechocardiography. Hemodynamic confirmation of this observation was made by demonstrating presystolic crossover of RV-PA pressures. This sound was distinguished on phonocardiogram as a high frequency sound separate from a lower frequency presystolic (S4) gallop.", "contents": "Echocardiographic correlate of presystolic pulmonary ejection sound in congenital valvular pulmonic stenosis. A presystolic ejection click was present in a patient with congenital valvular pulmonic stenosis. The coincidence of this sound with presystolic pulmonary valve opening was demonstrated by simultaneous phonoechocardiography. Hemodynamic confirmation of this observation was made by demonstrating presystolic crossover of RV-PA pressures. This sound was distinguished on phonocardiogram as a high frequency sound separate from a lower frequency presystolic (S4) gallop."}
{"id": "PMID:143883", "title": "Valvular heart disease in osteogenesis imperfecta.", "content": "Aortic and mitral valve abnormalities have been reported which clearly appear to be related to the underlying connective tissue disorder in two patients, a father and daughter, with osteogenesis imperfecta. Although this appears to occur with a much lower prevalence and lesser severity than in the Marfan syndrome, the true prevalence of cardiac connective tissue involvement is not known, and the orthopedic complications of osteogenesis imperfecta may have overshadowed attention to cardiovascular abnormalities. In evaluating patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, careful attention should be paid to cardiovascular findings and if valvular lesions are noted, patients should be instructed regarding the need for antibiotic prophylaxis for dental and surgical procedures. The valvular lesions can progress, and regular follow-up cardiovascular evaluation should be planned. Finally, despite potential problems with tissue friability and healing and a possible tendency for increased bleeding, successful valve replacement can be carried out if necessitated by cardiac disability.", "contents": "Valvular heart disease in osteogenesis imperfecta. Aortic and mitral valve abnormalities have been reported which clearly appear to be related to the underlying connective tissue disorder in two patients, a father and daughter, with osteogenesis imperfecta. Although this appears to occur with a much lower prevalence and lesser severity than in the Marfan syndrome, the true prevalence of cardiac connective tissue involvement is not known, and the orthopedic complications of osteogenesis imperfecta may have overshadowed attention to cardiovascular abnormalities. In evaluating patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, careful attention should be paid to cardiovascular findings and if valvular lesions are noted, patients should be instructed regarding the need for antibiotic prophylaxis for dental and surgical procedures. The valvular lesions can progress, and regular follow-up cardiovascular evaluation should be planned. Finally, despite potential problems with tissue friability and healing and a possible tendency for increased bleeding, successful valve replacement can be carried out if necessitated by cardiac disability."}
{"id": "PMID:143884", "title": "Influence of etiology of atrial fibrillation on incidence of systemic embolism.", "content": "Atrial fibrillation is well known to increase greatly the risk of systemic arterial embolism in patients with mitral valve disease. In light of the clinical frequency of embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation due to other types of heart disease, a study was made of embolic occurrences in 333 autopsy patients with atrial fibrillation associated with various kinds of heart disease. Considering only symptomatic emboli with pathologic or surgical confirmation, embolism occurred in 41% of patients with mitral valve disease, 35% of those with ischemic heart disease, 35% of those with coexisting mitral and ischemic heart disease and 17% of those with \"other\" types of heart disease. Embolism was found in only 7% of a control group of 58 autopsy patients with ischemic heart disease without atrial fibrillation. These findings suggest a high risk of embolism from atrial fibrillation of any origin, but particularly from that caused by ischemic heart disease and mitral valve disease.", "contents": "Influence of etiology of atrial fibrillation on incidence of systemic embolism. Atrial fibrillation is well known to increase greatly the risk of systemic arterial embolism in patients with mitral valve disease. In light of the clinical frequency of embolism in patients with atrial fibrillation due to other types of heart disease, a study was made of embolic occurrences in 333 autopsy patients with atrial fibrillation associated with various kinds of heart disease. Considering only symptomatic emboli with pathologic or surgical confirmation, embolism occurred in 41% of patients with mitral valve disease, 35% of those with ischemic heart disease, 35% of those with coexisting mitral and ischemic heart disease and 17% of those with \"other\" types of heart disease. Embolism was found in only 7% of a control group of 58 autopsy patients with ischemic heart disease without atrial fibrillation. These findings suggest a high risk of embolism from atrial fibrillation of any origin, but particularly from that caused by ischemic heart disease and mitral valve disease."}
{"id": "PMID:143885", "title": "Idiopathic enlargement of the right atrium.", "content": "A huge saccular idiopathic dilatation of the right atrium was detected with angiography and echocardiography in a 75 year old man. Cardiac catheterization data were compared with data obtained 4 years earlier. Idiopathic right atrial enlargement is not usually accompanied by tricuspid valve disease, but in this case tricuspid insufficiency did occur over a period of 4 years, possibly as a complication in the late stage of idiopathic right atrial enlargement.", "contents": "Idiopathic enlargement of the right atrium. A huge saccular idiopathic dilatation of the right atrium was detected with angiography and echocardiography in a 75 year old man. Cardiac catheterization data were compared with data obtained 4 years earlier. Idiopathic right atrial enlargement is not usually accompanied by tricuspid valve disease, but in this case tricuspid insufficiency did occur over a period of 4 years, possibly as a complication in the late stage of idiopathic right atrial enlargement."}
{"id": "PMID:143886", "title": "T cell leukemia--lymphoma in young adults.", "content": "The clinical, pathologic, immunologic and electron microscopic findings in three cases of young men who had T cell leukemia and lymphoma are presented. The disease in this older age group appears to have the same characteristics as that seen in children. It is an aggressive, rapidly fatal disease with a poor response to the usual chemotherapeutic regimens for acute leukemia or poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, with which this T cell disorder is frequently grouped. An example of Burkitt's lymphoma in another young man is presented briefly to illustrate the clinical, morphologic and immunologic similarities to and differences from an aggressive B cell lymphoma.", "contents": "T cell leukemia--lymphoma in young adults. The clinical, pathologic, immunologic and electron microscopic findings in three cases of young men who had T cell leukemia and lymphoma are presented. The disease in this older age group appears to have the same characteristics as that seen in children. It is an aggressive, rapidly fatal disease with a poor response to the usual chemotherapeutic regimens for acute leukemia or poorly differentiated lymphocytic lymphoma, with which this T cell disorder is frequently grouped. An example of Burkitt's lymphoma in another young man is presented briefly to illustrate the clinical, morphologic and immunologic similarities to and differences from an aggressive B cell lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:143887", "title": "Immune complex nephropathy in mixed connective tissue disease.", "content": "Initial reports on the clinical spectrum of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) indicated that renal involvement was uncommon. Four of 20 patients with MCTD underwent renal biopsy and all showed evidence of immune complex trapping with a membranous glomerulonephritis in three patients. Clinically evident renal disease was absent in two patients. These findings suggest that renal involvement in MCTD may be more prevalent than previously indicated.", "contents": "Immune complex nephropathy in mixed connective tissue disease. Initial reports on the clinical spectrum of mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) indicated that renal involvement was uncommon. Four of 20 patients with MCTD underwent renal biopsy and all showed evidence of immune complex trapping with a membranous glomerulonephritis in three patients. Clinically evident renal disease was absent in two patients. These findings suggest that renal involvement in MCTD may be more prevalent than previously indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:143889", "title": "The safety of combined abortion-sterilization procedure.", "content": "To determine the safety of tubal sterilization performed at the time of induced abortion, we compared data on 616 women who underwent induced abortion and concurrent tubal ligation (Group 1) with 1,805 women  who had induced abortion only (Group 2). These two groups of women were healthy, seven to 12 weeks pregnant, and between the ages of 16 and 44 years. The partly-standardized morbidity rates for Group 1 and Group 2 were 5.4 and 3.6%, respectively. Thus, the sterilization procedure added 1.8% to the complication rate of induced abortion only. The complication rate for women who had interval culdoscopic ligation under the same conditions in the same department was 2.4%. This is not significantly different from the complication rate of 1.8% attributable to sterilization procedures in women who had abortion and concurrent ligation. We conclude that these data support our present practice of performing tubal ligation at the time of induced abortion, rather than changing to the practice of abortion followed by interval sterilization six weeks later, with its many disadvantages to the patient as well as to those providing family-planning services.", "contents": "The safety of combined abortion-sterilization procedure. To determine the safety of tubal sterilization performed at the time of induced abortion, we compared data on 616 women who underwent induced abortion and concurrent tubal ligation (Group 1) with 1,805 women  who had induced abortion only (Group 2). These two groups of women were healthy, seven to 12 weeks pregnant, and between the ages of 16 and 44 years. The partly-standardized morbidity rates for Group 1 and Group 2 were 5.4 and 3.6%, respectively. Thus, the sterilization procedure added 1.8% to the complication rate of induced abortion only. The complication rate for women who had interval culdoscopic ligation under the same conditions in the same department was 2.4%. This is not significantly different from the complication rate of 1.8% attributable to sterilization procedures in women who had abortion and concurrent ligation. We conclude that these data support our present practice of performing tubal ligation at the time of induced abortion, rather than changing to the practice of abortion followed by interval sterilization six weeks later, with its many disadvantages to the patient as well as to those providing family-planning services."}
{"id": "PMID:143890", "title": "A case of elevated intraocular pressure associated with systemic steroid therapy.", "content": "Although it is well known that topically administered steroids can increase intraocular pressure systemically administered steroids are much less frequently implicated in episodes of ocular hypertension. In the case reported, a marked increase in intraocular pressure was apparently caused by seroids used in treating poison ivy dermatitis. Pressures returned to normal shortly after the drug was withdrawn.", "contents": "A case of elevated intraocular pressure associated with systemic steroid therapy. Although it is well known that topically administered steroids can increase intraocular pressure systemically administered steroids are much less frequently implicated in episodes of ocular hypertension. In the case reported, a marked increase in intraocular pressure was apparently caused by seroids used in treating poison ivy dermatitis. Pressures returned to normal shortly after the drug was withdrawn."}
{"id": "PMID:143891", "title": "Interaction of dichloromethylene diphosphonate and vitamin D on bone of thyroparathyroidectomized rats.", "content": "Dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) antagonized the action of vitamin D on bone in thyroparathyroidectomized rats by reducing the metabolic activity of osteoblasts and osteocytes and decreasing the number of osteoclasts. Ultrastructurally, osteoblasts in Cl2MDP-treated rats were interpreted to be less active in bone matrix synthesis. Osteocytes in Cl2MDP-treated rats were interpreted ultrastructurally to be inactive; there was no evidence of bone resorption when compared to osteocytes in rats given vitamin D alone. Abnormal osmiophilic densities in the pericellular bone matrix of rats given vitamin D alone were not present in rats given vitamin D and Cl2MDP. The ultrastructure of osteoclasts was unaltered by Cl2MDT. These cellular changes were associated with a decrease in serum calcium and increase in bone ash and magnesium concentration in rats given high levels (10 mg/kg) of Cl2MDP. Bone adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities were not affected by Cl2MDP. These results suggest that Cl2MDP may limit the hypercalcemia of hypervitaminosis D by directly inhibiting bone cells in addition to its physicochemical action.", "contents": "Interaction of dichloromethylene diphosphonate and vitamin D on bone of thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) antagonized the action of vitamin D on bone in thyroparathyroidectomized rats by reducing the metabolic activity of osteoblasts and osteocytes and decreasing the number of osteoclasts. Ultrastructurally, osteoblasts in Cl2MDP-treated rats were interpreted to be less active in bone matrix synthesis. Osteocytes in Cl2MDP-treated rats were interpreted ultrastructurally to be inactive; there was no evidence of bone resorption when compared to osteocytes in rats given vitamin D alone. Abnormal osmiophilic densities in the pericellular bone matrix of rats given vitamin D alone were not present in rats given vitamin D and Cl2MDP. The ultrastructure of osteoclasts was unaltered by Cl2MDT. These cellular changes were associated with a decrease in serum calcium and increase in bone ash and magnesium concentration in rats given high levels (10 mg/kg) of Cl2MDP. Bone adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase activities were not affected by Cl2MDP. These results suggest that Cl2MDP may limit the hypercalcemia of hypervitaminosis D by directly inhibiting bone cells in addition to its physicochemical action."}
{"id": "PMID:143892", "title": "Macular corneal dystrophy. Studies of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in corneal explant and confluent stromal cell cultures.", "content": "The inherited disorder macular corneal dystrophy (MCD), a localized corneal mucopolysaccharidosis, is currently thought to result from an inability to catabolize corneal keratan sulfate (keratan sulfate 1). As studies on isolated cells have provided insight into metabolic abnormalities in other inherited disorders, we investigated cultured corneal fibroblasts from 4 patients with MCD from several standpoints. Lines of corneal fibroblasts with MCD could not be distinguished from controls with cytochemical methods known to stain the naturally occurring accumulations. In contrast to cultured fibroblasts from patients with mucopolysaccharidoses Type I-H (Hurler syndrome) and Type II (Hunter syndrome), corneal fibroblasts from patients with MCD did not accumulate abnormal quantities of (35)S-sulfate-labeled glycosaminoglycans, but like normal corneal and cutaneous fibroblasts reached a state of equilibrium within 2 days. Also, the rate at which sulfated glycosaminoglycans were removed from cultured corneal fibroblasts in MCD by secretion and degradation more closely resembled that of normal cells than those with the systemic mucopolysaccharidoses. The secretion of sulfated glycosaminoglycans into the nutrient medium by corneal fibroblasts from patients with MCD occurred at a linear rate comparable to that of other cells studied. The aforementioned data, nonetheless, remain consistent with the hypothesis that MCD is an inherited disorder of keratan sulfate I (corneal keratan sulfate) catabolism, as isolated corneal fibroblasts in contrast to corneal explants synthesize little or no keratan sulfate in culture. In view of the latter, we also compared the profile of (35)S-labeled glycosaminoglycans produced by a corneal explant from a patient with MCD with that normally synthesized by human corneal explants. The latter synthesized and secreted a population of (35)S-sulfate-labeled glycosaminoglycans with properties of keratan sulfate. Considerably less material with these attributes was identified with the same analytic techniques in the cornea with MCD or in its surrounding medium after the abnormal cornea had been incubated under identical conditions. In addition to manifesting an impaired synthesis of corneal keratan sulfate-like material, the cornea with MCD produced a greater percentage of chondroitin-6-sulfate than normal. These findings suggest that the synthesis of corneal keratan sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans may be altered in MCD.", "contents": "Macular corneal dystrophy. Studies of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in corneal explant and confluent stromal cell cultures. The inherited disorder macular corneal dystrophy (MCD), a localized corneal mucopolysaccharidosis, is currently thought to result from an inability to catabolize corneal keratan sulfate (keratan sulfate 1). As studies on isolated cells have provided insight into metabolic abnormalities in other inherited disorders, we investigated cultured corneal fibroblasts from 4 patients with MCD from several standpoints. Lines of corneal fibroblasts with MCD could not be distinguished from controls with cytochemical methods known to stain the naturally occurring accumulations. In contrast to cultured fibroblasts from patients with mucopolysaccharidoses Type I-H (Hurler syndrome) and Type II (Hunter syndrome), corneal fibroblasts from patients with MCD did not accumulate abnormal quantities of (35)S-sulfate-labeled glycosaminoglycans, but like normal corneal and cutaneous fibroblasts reached a state of equilibrium within 2 days. Also, the rate at which sulfated glycosaminoglycans were removed from cultured corneal fibroblasts in MCD by secretion and degradation more closely resembled that of normal cells than those with the systemic mucopolysaccharidoses. The secretion of sulfated glycosaminoglycans into the nutrient medium by corneal fibroblasts from patients with MCD occurred at a linear rate comparable to that of other cells studied. The aforementioned data, nonetheless, remain consistent with the hypothesis that MCD is an inherited disorder of keratan sulfate I (corneal keratan sulfate) catabolism, as isolated corneal fibroblasts in contrast to corneal explants synthesize little or no keratan sulfate in culture. In view of the latter, we also compared the profile of (35)S-labeled glycosaminoglycans produced by a corneal explant from a patient with MCD with that normally synthesized by human corneal explants. The latter synthesized and secreted a population of (35)S-sulfate-labeled glycosaminoglycans with properties of keratan sulfate. Considerably less material with these attributes was identified with the same analytic techniques in the cornea with MCD or in its surrounding medium after the abnormal cornea had been incubated under identical conditions. In addition to manifesting an impaired synthesis of corneal keratan sulfate-like material, the cornea with MCD produced a greater percentage of chondroitin-6-sulfate than normal. These findings suggest that the synthesis of corneal keratan sulfate and other glycosaminoglycans may be altered in MCD."}
{"id": "PMID:143894", "title": "Contractile properties of rat soleus muscle: effects of training and fatique.", "content": "The effects of exercise training and fatique on the contractile properties of rat soleus muscles have been investigated. Prolonged exercise, consisting of 2 h or daily treadmill running, induced small but significant decrease in contraction time, one-half relaxation time, and maximum tetanic tension (Po), and increase in the peak rate of tension development (dP/dt) during a twitch, and an increase in maximum shortening velocity (Vmax). The 20% increase in Vmax was proportional to the previously reported increase in actomyosin ATPase induced by 2 h of daily running. These results indicate that prolonged training can induce modifications of the neurally determined contractile properties of skeletal muscle. To investigate the effects of fatigue, soleus muscles were stimulated in situ with 250-ms trains of 100 Hz at a rate of 110 trains per minute for 30 min. This resulted in a 32% decrease in Po, a 48% decline in peak tetanic dP/dt, and a 12% decrease in Vmax in muscles of untrained animals. Muscles that had adapted to exercise were significantly protected against the decrease in Po (only an 8% decrease) and Vmax (no significant decrease) but not against the decline in peak dP/dt.", "contents": "Contractile properties of rat soleus muscle: effects of training and fatique. The effects of exercise training and fatique on the contractile properties of rat soleus muscles have been investigated. Prolonged exercise, consisting of 2 h or daily treadmill running, induced small but significant decrease in contraction time, one-half relaxation time, and maximum tetanic tension (Po), and increase in the peak rate of tension development (dP/dt) during a twitch, and an increase in maximum shortening velocity (Vmax). The 20% increase in Vmax was proportional to the previously reported increase in actomyosin ATPase induced by 2 h of daily running. These results indicate that prolonged training can induce modifications of the neurally determined contractile properties of skeletal muscle. To investigate the effects of fatigue, soleus muscles were stimulated in situ with 250-ms trains of 100 Hz at a rate of 110 trains per minute for 30 min. This resulted in a 32% decrease in Po, a 48% decline in peak tetanic dP/dt, and a 12% decrease in Vmax in muscles of untrained animals. Muscles that had adapted to exercise were significantly protected against the decrease in Po (only an 8% decrease) and Vmax (no significant decrease) but not against the decline in peak dP/dt."}
{"id": "PMID:143895", "title": "Oscillatory changes in muscle lipoprotein lipase activity of fed and starved rats.", "content": "Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured at short time intervals in cardiac and skeletal muscles of normal and streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats fed ad libitum or deprived of food. In normal animals fed ad libitum, lipoprotein lipase activities of heart, diaphragm, soleus, and fast-twitch red fibers of the quadriceps muscle showed rhythmic oscillations that appeared to coincide with the nocturnal feeding habits of the animals. During the day (7 A.M. to 7 P.M.), when food consumption by the rats was greatly reduced, lipoprotein lipase activity in all muscles increased, followed by a decline to basal levels during the night. Similar oscillatory changes in lipoprotein lipase activity were observed in the muscles of diabetic rats fed ad libitum. In normal rats deprived of food, however, the oscillatory changes in muscle lipoprotein lipase activity were not abolished and persisted for at least 48 h. In diabetic rats starved during a 48-h period, the oscillatory changes in muscle lipoprotein lipase activity were markedly altered. In all animals, muscle lipoprotein lipase activities were not correlated to plasma glucagon levels.", "contents": "Oscillatory changes in muscle lipoprotein lipase activity of fed and starved rats. Lipoprotein lipase activity was measured at short time intervals in cardiac and skeletal muscles of normal and streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats fed ad libitum or deprived of food. In normal animals fed ad libitum, lipoprotein lipase activities of heart, diaphragm, soleus, and fast-twitch red fibers of the quadriceps muscle showed rhythmic oscillations that appeared to coincide with the nocturnal feeding habits of the animals. During the day (7 A.M. to 7 P.M.), when food consumption by the rats was greatly reduced, lipoprotein lipase activity in all muscles increased, followed by a decline to basal levels during the night. Similar oscillatory changes in lipoprotein lipase activity were observed in the muscles of diabetic rats fed ad libitum. In normal rats deprived of food, however, the oscillatory changes in muscle lipoprotein lipase activity were not abolished and persisted for at least 48 h. In diabetic rats starved during a 48-h period, the oscillatory changes in muscle lipoprotein lipase activity were markedly altered. In all animals, muscle lipoprotein lipase activities were not correlated to plasma glucagon levels."}
{"id": "PMID:143896", "title": "Mechanism of active chloride secretion by shark rectal gland: role of Na-K-ATPase in chloride transport.", "content": "The isolated rectal gland of Squalus acanthias was stimulated to secrete chloride against an electrical and a chemical gradient when perfused in vitro by theophylline and/or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Chloride secretion was depressed by ouabain which inhibits Na-K-ATPase. Thiocyanate and furosemide also inhibited chloride secretion but ethoxzolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, did not. Chloride transport was highly dependent on sodium concentration in the perfusate. The intracellular concentration of chloride averaged 70-80 meq/liter in intact glands, exceeding the level expected at electrochemical equilibrium and suggesting active transport of chloride into the cell. These features suggest a tentative hypothesis for chloride secretion by the rectal gland in which the uphill transport of chloride into the cytoplasm is coupled through a membrane carrier to the downhill movement of sodium along its electrochemical gradient. The latter is maintained by the Na-K-ATPase pump while chloride is extruded into the duct by electrical forces.", "contents": "Mechanism of active chloride secretion by shark rectal gland: role of Na-K-ATPase in chloride transport. The isolated rectal gland of Squalus acanthias was stimulated to secrete chloride against an electrical and a chemical gradient when perfused in vitro by theophylline and/or dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Chloride secretion was depressed by ouabain which inhibits Na-K-ATPase. Thiocyanate and furosemide also inhibited chloride secretion but ethoxzolamide, a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, did not. Chloride transport was highly dependent on sodium concentration in the perfusate. The intracellular concentration of chloride averaged 70-80 meq/liter in intact glands, exceeding the level expected at electrochemical equilibrium and suggesting active transport of chloride into the cell. These features suggest a tentative hypothesis for chloride secretion by the rectal gland in which the uphill transport of chloride into the cytoplasm is coupled through a membrane carrier to the downhill movement of sodium along its electrochemical gradient. The latter is maintained by the Na-K-ATPase pump while chloride is extruded into the duct by electrical forces."}
{"id": "PMID:143901", "title": "Fibroplastic parietal endocarditis with eosinophilia.", "content": "A 44-year-old woman with marked eosinophilia, leukocytosis, congestive heart failure, and the murmur of mitral stenosis had a restrictive type of pulse contour at cardiac catheterization. A right atrial angiogram revealed a huge right atrium, a small right ventricle, and a dilated contractile outflow tract consistent with the diagnosis of Loeffler's endocarditis. A marked conduction delay at the atrial level was demonstrated by His bundle electrogram studies.", "contents": "Fibroplastic parietal endocarditis with eosinophilia. A 44-year-old woman with marked eosinophilia, leukocytosis, congestive heart failure, and the murmur of mitral stenosis had a restrictive type of pulse contour at cardiac catheterization. A right atrial angiogram revealed a huge right atrium, a small right ventricle, and a dilated contractile outflow tract consistent with the diagnosis of Loeffler's endocarditis. A marked conduction delay at the atrial level was demonstrated by His bundle electrogram studies."}
{"id": "PMID:143904", "title": "[Antibiotic resistance dynamics of plasma-coagulating staphylococci isolated from patients in 1970-1975].", "content": "Resistance of 2345 strains of plasmocoagulating staphylococci isolated from purulent inflammatory foci of surgical patients was studied with respect to the widely used antibiotics by the method of standard paper discs in 1970--1975. It was noted that the cultures resistant to erythromycin and monomycin were more frequent, i.e. from 24.2 +/- 2.5 to 51.4 +/- 3.4 per cent and from 1.0 +/- 0.6 to 28.0 +/- 2.1 per cent respectively, p less than 0.001 in both cases, while the percentage of the strains resistant to benzylpenicillin and tetracycline steadily increased, i.e. from 69.9 +/- 2.4 to 47.0 +/- 2.3 per cent and from 72.8 +/- 2.4 to 28.4 +/- 2.1 per cent respectively, p less than 0.001 in both cases. The number of the resistant cultures to streptomycin and levomycetin slightly changed and was relatively high (about 50 per cent and more). Direct correlation (mean and pronounced) between the amount of levomycetin, tetracycline, erythromycin or monomycin used per citizen of Minsk and the frequency of the strains isolated from the patients to these drugs was noted.", "contents": "[Antibiotic resistance dynamics of plasma-coagulating staphylococci isolated from patients in 1970-1975]. Resistance of 2345 strains of plasmocoagulating staphylococci isolated from purulent inflammatory foci of surgical patients was studied with respect to the widely used antibiotics by the method of standard paper discs in 1970--1975. It was noted that the cultures resistant to erythromycin and monomycin were more frequent, i.e. from 24.2 +/- 2.5 to 51.4 +/- 3.4 per cent and from 1.0 +/- 0.6 to 28.0 +/- 2.1 per cent respectively, p less than 0.001 in both cases, while the percentage of the strains resistant to benzylpenicillin and tetracycline steadily increased, i.e. from 69.9 +/- 2.4 to 47.0 +/- 2.3 per cent and from 72.8 +/- 2.4 to 28.4 +/- 2.1 per cent respectively, p less than 0.001 in both cases. The number of the resistant cultures to streptomycin and levomycetin slightly changed and was relatively high (about 50 per cent and more). Direct correlation (mean and pronounced) between the amount of levomycetin, tetracycline, erythromycin or monomycin used per citizen of Minsk and the frequency of the strains isolated from the patients to these drugs was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:143905", "title": "[Clinical biological possibilities of the early detection of the side effects of antibiotics].", "content": "The study of the dynamics of biogenic amines in the blood of patients provided to a certain extent determination of the possible thread of the drug complications. In this respect the serotonin level was of special significance. As for the reaction of leucocyte agglomeration it may be used before the treatment if there is a doubt in the tolerance of the antibacterial drug prescribed. Increased serotonin blood levels in this case also serve a confirmation of the thread of the possible allergic or toxic reaction in the patient.", "contents": "[Clinical biological possibilities of the early detection of the side effects of antibiotics]. The study of the dynamics of biogenic amines in the blood of patients provided to a certain extent determination of the possible thread of the drug complications. In this respect the serotonin level was of special significance. As for the reaction of leucocyte agglomeration it may be used before the treatment if there is a doubt in the tolerance of the antibacterial drug prescribed. Increased serotonin blood levels in this case also serve a confirmation of the thread of the possible allergic or toxic reaction in the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:143906", "title": "[Modern problems of drug allergy to antibiotics in the clinical aspects of skin and venereal diseases].", "content": "Allergic dermatoses induced by antibiotics amounted to 45.2 per cent of all determined drug reactions according to the data of the Kharkov Research Institute of Dermatology and Venerology. The data on the factors favouring development of the drug dermatoses are presented. Difficulties in differential diagnosis by means of clinical and laboratory methods are indicated. The modern immunological tests of etiological diagnosis of drug resistance and the results of studying non-specific reactivity in patients with medicamentous dermatoses were analyzed. The principles of therapy and prophylaxis are summarized.", "contents": "[Modern problems of drug allergy to antibiotics in the clinical aspects of skin and venereal diseases]. Allergic dermatoses induced by antibiotics amounted to 45.2 per cent of all determined drug reactions according to the data of the Kharkov Research Institute of Dermatology and Venerology. The data on the factors favouring development of the drug dermatoses are presented. Difficulties in differential diagnosis by means of clinical and laboratory methods are indicated. The modern immunological tests of etiological diagnosis of drug resistance and the results of studying non-specific reactivity in patients with medicamentous dermatoses were analyzed. The principles of therapy and prophylaxis are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:143907", "title": "Reduction of fensulfothion to fensulfothion sulfide by Klebsiella pneumoniae.", "content": "A cell suspension of Klebsiella pneumoniae converted the organophosphorus pesticide fensulfothion to a product that was shown by chemical oxidation, gas-liquid chromatography, infrared spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry to be fensulfothion sulfide. Further alteration of this metabolite was not noted.", "contents": "Reduction of fensulfothion to fensulfothion sulfide by Klebsiella pneumoniae. A cell suspension of Klebsiella pneumoniae converted the organophosphorus pesticide fensulfothion to a product that was shown by chemical oxidation, gas-liquid chromatography, infrared spectrophotometry, and mass spectrometry to be fensulfothion sulfide. Further alteration of this metabolite was not noted."}
{"id": "PMID:143903", "title": "Experimental alteration of physiological state of inner ear fluids.", "content": "Mechanisms of endolymphatic hydrops formation in the inner ear are not yet fully understood. The available knowledge of the composition and the function of inner ear fluids, of mechanisms for maintenance of microhomeostasis, and the possible factors responsible for hydrops formation were reviewed. The nature of the functional barrier systems of the inner ear was investigated by measuring the amount of intravenously or intracisternally injected test substances which entered the perilymph. Based on studies of the osmotic relationship between the blood and the perilymph, an hypothesis of hydrops formation is proposed. The hypothesis predicts an osmotic imbalance, resulting from an upset of the homeostasis between the fluid compartments and the tissues of the inner ear, as a factor responsible for endolymphatic hydrops formation. An osmotic imbalance can be induced by various experimental conditions including metabolic disorders. The results of animal experiments strongly suggest the necessity of further survey of metabolic imbalance in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's patients.", "contents": "Experimental alteration of physiological state of inner ear fluids. Mechanisms of endolymphatic hydrops formation in the inner ear are not yet fully understood. The available knowledge of the composition and the function of inner ear fluids, of mechanisms for maintenance of microhomeostasis, and the possible factors responsible for hydrops formation were reviewed. The nature of the functional barrier systems of the inner ear was investigated by measuring the amount of intravenously or intracisternally injected test substances which entered the perilymph. Based on studies of the osmotic relationship between the blood and the perilymph, an hypothesis of hydrops formation is proposed. The hypothesis predicts an osmotic imbalance, resulting from an upset of the homeostasis between the fluid compartments and the tissues of the inner ear, as a factor responsible for endolymphatic hydrops formation. An osmotic imbalance can be induced by various experimental conditions including metabolic disorders. The results of animal experiments strongly suggest the necessity of further survey of metabolic imbalance in M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's patients."}
{"id": "PMID:143908", "title": "Exocellular mucopolysaccharide closely related to bacterial floc formation.", "content": "A bacterium isolated from activated sludge formed a visible floc and also produced an exoenzyme that could bring about deflocculation. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed that the cells were embedded in a film mesh in the floc, which disappeared after treatment with the deflocculating enzyme. Polysaccharides isolated from the floc were fractionated into three fractions by diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography, whereas those from the free cells were fractionated into only two fractions. The missing fraction was a mucopolysaccharide composed of glucosamine, glucose, mannose, galactose, and rhamnose and was hydrolyzed to oligosaccharides by the deflocculating enzyme. The other two fractions were resistant to the enzyme. These results show that the mesh structure of the floc is dependent on a mucopolysaccharide hydrolyzed by the deflocculating enzyme.", "contents": "Exocellular mucopolysaccharide closely related to bacterial floc formation. A bacterium isolated from activated sludge formed a visible floc and also produced an exoenzyme that could bring about deflocculation. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed that the cells were embedded in a film mesh in the floc, which disappeared after treatment with the deflocculating enzyme. Polysaccharides isolated from the floc were fractionated into three fractions by diethylaminoethyl-Sephadex A-25 column chromatography, whereas those from the free cells were fractionated into only two fractions. The missing fraction was a mucopolysaccharide composed of glucosamine, glucose, mannose, galactose, and rhamnose and was hydrolyzed to oligosaccharides by the deflocculating enzyme. The other two fractions were resistant to the enzyme. These results show that the mesh structure of the floc is dependent on a mucopolysaccharide hydrolyzed by the deflocculating enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:143910", "title": "Topical clindamycin in acne vulgaris. Safety and stability.", "content": "Eighteen patients with acne vulgaris used a hydroalcoholic solution of clindamycin hydrochloride topically. Serum samples were obtained and assayed for clindamycin; no evidence for systemic absorption was found. The clindamycin capsules used in this preparation contained insoluble fillers that may be removed by filtration without loss of in vitro antibacterial activity. This solution is stable for at least six months.", "contents": "Topical clindamycin in acne vulgaris. Safety and stability. Eighteen patients with acne vulgaris used a hydroalcoholic solution of clindamycin hydrochloride topically. Serum samples were obtained and assayed for clindamycin; no evidence for systemic absorption was found. The clindamycin capsules used in this preparation contained insoluble fillers that may be removed by filtration without loss of in vitro antibacterial activity. This solution is stable for at least six months."}
{"id": "PMID:143911", "title": "Immunological and chromosomal studies in a patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome.", "content": "A patient with the small-cell variant of S\u00e9zary syndrome was studied before and during treatment with low-dose chlorambucil. He had depressed responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A that returned to normal with clinical improvement. Spontaneously dividing cells were found in the peripheral blood by culturing lymphocytes without PHA for 24 hours. Seventy-two-hour PHA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures revealed predominantly hypodiploid chromosome numbers. Both abnormalities improved during treatment. Lymphocytes that were studied for sister chromatid exchanges had an increased number of exchanges per metaphase. Immunofluorescence studies revealed immunoglobulins and C at the dermoepidermal junction and in the dermal vessel walls. Our findings demonstrate that the depression of mitogen responsiveness that is sometimes seen in S\u00e9zary syndrome can be favorably affected by chemotherapy. Likewise, some chromosomal abnormalities may regress during successful therapy. These findings may provide a way of measuring the response to therapy.", "contents": "Immunological and chromosomal studies in a patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome. A patient with the small-cell variant of S\u00e9zary syndrome was studied before and during treatment with low-dose chlorambucil. He had depressed responses to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and concanavalin A that returned to normal with clinical improvement. Spontaneously dividing cells were found in the peripheral blood by culturing lymphocytes without PHA for 24 hours. Seventy-two-hour PHA-stimulated lymphocyte cultures revealed predominantly hypodiploid chromosome numbers. Both abnormalities improved during treatment. Lymphocytes that were studied for sister chromatid exchanges had an increased number of exchanges per metaphase. Immunofluorescence studies revealed immunoglobulins and C at the dermoepidermal junction and in the dermal vessel walls. Our findings demonstrate that the depression of mitogen responsiveness that is sometimes seen in S\u00e9zary syndrome can be favorably affected by chemotherapy. Likewise, some chromosomal abnormalities may regress during successful therapy. These findings may provide a way of measuring the response to therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:143914", "title": "The effect of cadmium on soluble proteins, enzymes, and essential metals of the  duodenal mucosa.", "content": "In this study, it was observed that Cd administration had effects on metal distribution and enzyme activities and induced metallothionein in the soluble fraction of the duodenal mucosa. Wistar rats were given water containing 100 ppm of Cd ad libitum for 30 days. Cd treatment caused a significant increase in the mucosal weight and in the soluble protein. The existence of metallothionein was apparent and 40% of the soluble Cd was bound to the thionein. Most of the remaining Cd was bound to the larger proteins. The activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) enzymes, localized in the soluble fraction, were significantly increased by  Cd ingestion. The increase of Zn and the decrease of Mn and Mg were also observed in the soluble fraction of the duodenal mucosa.", "contents": "The effect of cadmium on soluble proteins, enzymes, and essential metals of the  duodenal mucosa. In this study, it was observed that Cd administration had effects on metal distribution and enzyme activities and induced metallothionein in the soluble fraction of the duodenal mucosa. Wistar rats were given water containing 100 ppm of Cd ad libitum for 30 days. Cd treatment caused a significant increase in the mucosal weight and in the soluble protein. The existence of metallothionein was apparent and 40% of the soluble Cd was bound to the thionein. Most of the remaining Cd was bound to the larger proteins. The activities of isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) enzymes, localized in the soluble fraction, were significantly increased by  Cd ingestion. The increase of Zn and the decrease of Mn and Mg were also observed in the soluble fraction of the duodenal mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:143916", "title": "Islet transplantation in genetically determined diabetes.", "content": "Hyperglycemia induced in animals by beta cell toxins or by pancreatectomy can be reversed by pancreatic islet transplantation. Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism in juvenile onset human diabetics has also been corrected, albeit temporarily because of graft rejection, by pancreatic transplantation. It does not necessarily follow that naturally occurring diabetes in animals or adult onset diabetes in man would respond to similar treatment. Islet transplantation was studied in mice with chemically induced or genetically determined diabetes. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were permanently cured by syngeneic islets and, when immunosuppressed, were rendered normoglycemic for six weeks after receiving xenogeneic rat islets. In contrast, histocompatible islets from normoglycemic coisogenic donors were ineffective in hyperglycemic db/db recipients as were xenogeneic rat islets in immunosuppressed db/db hosts. However, when islets were isolated from db/db donors and transplated to genetically normal coisogenic mice, which had been rendered hyperglycemic with streptozotocin, they became normoglycemic. Apparently the metabolic defect in the db/db mice, which is similar in some ways to human maturity onset diabetes, does not reside in their islets as these cells can function normally if transplanted to genetically nondiabetic hosts. In two other types of genetic diabetes (ob/ob and NZO) islet transplantation was more effective. Pancreatic transplantation is unlikely to be the proper treatment for all types of diabetes even if technical and immunological problems are overcome.", "contents": "Islet transplantation in genetically determined diabetes. Hyperglycemia induced in animals by beta cell toxins or by pancreatectomy can be reversed by pancreatic islet transplantation. Abnormal carbohydrate metabolism in juvenile onset human diabetics has also been corrected, albeit temporarily because of graft rejection, by pancreatic transplantation. It does not necessarily follow that naturally occurring diabetes in animals or adult onset diabetes in man would respond to similar treatment. Islet transplantation was studied in mice with chemically induced or genetically determined diabetes. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice were permanently cured by syngeneic islets and, when immunosuppressed, were rendered normoglycemic for six weeks after receiving xenogeneic rat islets. In contrast, histocompatible islets from normoglycemic coisogenic donors were ineffective in hyperglycemic db/db recipients as were xenogeneic rat islets in immunosuppressed db/db hosts. However, when islets were isolated from db/db donors and transplated to genetically normal coisogenic mice, which had been rendered hyperglycemic with streptozotocin, they became normoglycemic. Apparently the metabolic defect in the db/db mice, which is similar in some ways to human maturity onset diabetes, does not reside in their islets as these cells can function normally if transplanted to genetically nondiabetic hosts. In two other types of genetic diabetes (ob/ob and NZO) islet transplantation was more effective. Pancreatic transplantation is unlikely to be the proper treatment for all types of diabetes even if technical and immunological problems are overcome."}
{"id": "PMID:143917", "title": "Advantages of potassium cardioplegia and perfusion hypothermia in left ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "An attempt was made to determine the effect of hypothermic potassium cardioplegia (35 mEq of potassium chloride) on the hypertrophic ventricle. Puppies with induced left ventricular hypertrophy were divided into four groups and studied after one hour on global ischemia. Myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was best preserved in the hypothermically perfused groups and correlated well with measurements of coronary sinus creatine phosphokinase (CPK). In Groups 1 and 2 (anoxic arrest at 37 degrees C and KC1 perfusion at 37 degrees C), CPK at 30 minutes of reperfusion was 1,031 and 198 IU, respectively, compared to 35 IU in Group 3 (KC1 perfusion at 4 degrees C) and 44 IU in Group 4 (Ringer's lactate at 4 degrees C). Myocardial injury was milder in Groups 3 and 4 regardless of whether potassium chloride was added. It is apparent that hypothermic perfusion of a hypertrophic ventricle was the major factor in myocardial preservation, as determined by myocardial ATP and coronary sinus CPK.", "contents": "Advantages of potassium cardioplegia and perfusion hypothermia in left ventricular hypertrophy. An attempt was made to determine the effect of hypothermic potassium cardioplegia (35 mEq of potassium chloride) on the hypertrophic ventricle. Puppies with induced left ventricular hypertrophy were divided into four groups and studied after one hour on global ischemia. Myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was best preserved in the hypothermically perfused groups and correlated well with measurements of coronary sinus creatine phosphokinase (CPK). In Groups 1 and 2 (anoxic arrest at 37 degrees C and KC1 perfusion at 37 degrees C), CPK at 30 minutes of reperfusion was 1,031 and 198 IU, respectively, compared to 35 IU in Group 3 (KC1 perfusion at 4 degrees C) and 44 IU in Group 4 (Ringer's lactate at 4 degrees C). Myocardial injury was milder in Groups 3 and 4 regardless of whether potassium chloride was added. It is apparent that hypothermic perfusion of a hypertrophic ventricle was the major factor in myocardial preservation, as determined by myocardial ATP and coronary sinus CPK."}
{"id": "PMID:143915", "title": "Health hazards to timber and forestry workers from the Douglas fir tussock moth.", "content": "A heavy infestation of the tussock moth caterpillar (Orgyia pseudotsugata McDonnough) in forested areas of Oregon was associated with itching of the skin and eyes, nasal discharge, cough, and, at times, respiratory difficulty, Personal interviews and inspection of forty-one occupationally exposed persons were supplemented by a questionnaire administered to 428 individuals, composing three groups at various degrees of risk and a control group. There was a cause and effect relationship between the adverse symptoms and the exposure to tussock moth larvae. The specific etiologic agent was not identified, but it was felt that the secretion, hairs, or other substances in the larvae or cocoons of the moth acted as a potent allergenic substance and, for some persons, was also a primary skin irritant.", "contents": "Health hazards to timber and forestry workers from the Douglas fir tussock moth. A heavy infestation of the tussock moth caterpillar (Orgyia pseudotsugata McDonnough) in forested areas of Oregon was associated with itching of the skin and eyes, nasal discharge, cough, and, at times, respiratory difficulty, Personal interviews and inspection of forty-one occupationally exposed persons were supplemented by a questionnaire administered to 428 individuals, composing three groups at various degrees of risk and a control group. There was a cause and effect relationship between the adverse symptoms and the exposure to tussock moth larvae. The specific etiologic agent was not identified, but it was felt that the secretion, hairs, or other substances in the larvae or cocoons of the moth acted as a potent allergenic substance and, for some persons, was also a primary skin irritant."}
{"id": "PMID:143919", "title": "Fructose metabolism in four Pseudomonas species.", "content": "1. ATP-Dependent phosphorylation of fructose could not be detected in extracts of fructose-grown cells of Pseudomonas extorquens strain 16, Pseudomonas 3A2, Pseudomonas acidovorans and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Instead, phosphorylation of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate was found to occur when cell-free extracts were incubated with fructose and phosphoenolpyruvate. Such an activity could not be detected in cell-free extracts of succinate-grown cells. 2. High levels of 1-phosphofructokinase were found in extracts of the above organisms when growth on fructose. 3. Mutants of Pseudomonas extorquens strain 16 lacking 1-phosphofructokinase were unable to grow on fructose. Revertants to growth on fructose had regained the capacity to synthesize this enzyme, indicating its necessary involvement in fructose metabolism. 4. A survey has been carried out of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in the species listed above.", "contents": "Fructose metabolism in four Pseudomonas species. 1. ATP-Dependent phosphorylation of fructose could not be detected in extracts of fructose-grown cells of Pseudomonas extorquens strain 16, Pseudomonas 3A2, Pseudomonas acidovorans and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Instead, phosphorylation of fructose to fructose-1-phosphate was found to occur when cell-free extracts were incubated with fructose and phosphoenolpyruvate. Such an activity could not be detected in cell-free extracts of succinate-grown cells. 2. High levels of 1-phosphofructokinase were found in extracts of the above organisms when growth on fructose. 3. Mutants of Pseudomonas extorquens strain 16 lacking 1-phosphofructokinase were unable to grow on fructose. Revertants to growth on fructose had regained the capacity to synthesize this enzyme, indicating its necessary involvement in fructose metabolism. 4. A survey has been carried out of enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism in the species listed above."}
{"id": "PMID:143921", "title": "Sex therapy and marital counseling for the disabled.", "content": "The myth that handicapped people have no sexual needs has been recently dispelled. Professional concern is now present for their sexual rehabilitation, ideally starting shortly after injury, surgery or disease and continuing in specialized clinics for sexual counseling and therapy. The patients are referred either in couples or as singles, married or non-married. Therapy is similar to that for able-bodied individuals: the couple is seen together, then separately and finally together again for detailed discussion. Both the disabled and his or her partner learn that when open, honest communication is possible and sexual potential is present, a mutually rewarding sexual relationship can be obtained and developed.", "contents": "Sex therapy and marital counseling for the disabled. The myth that handicapped people have no sexual needs has been recently dispelled. Professional concern is now present for their sexual rehabilitation, ideally starting shortly after injury, surgery or disease and continuing in specialized clinics for sexual counseling and therapy. The patients are referred either in couples or as singles, married or non-married. Therapy is similar to that for able-bodied individuals: the couple is seen together, then separately and finally together again for detailed discussion. Both the disabled and his or her partner learn that when open, honest communication is possible and sexual potential is present, a mutually rewarding sexual relationship can be obtained and developed."}
{"id": "PMID:143923", "title": "Laparoscopy for diagnosis and treatment of abdominal pain in adolescent girls.", "content": "Between 1973 and 1976, laparoscopy was performed on 50 girls aged 12 to 18 years old for evaluation of abdominal pain severe enough to warrant hospitalization. In nine patients, a pelvic mass was suspected on physical examination or ultrasonography. Twenty-three patients had histories of previous episodes of salpingitis, but negative cultures at time of admission. Eighteen patients had no significant past medical history and normal physical findings. Laparoscopy established a diagnosis in 28 of the 50 patients, and in the 32 patients in whom a specific preoperative diagnosis was entertained, laparoscopy proved it to be incorrect in 15. In all cases where laparoscopy resulted in specific treatment, the symptoms were relieved. There was no morbidity or mortality.", "contents": "Laparoscopy for diagnosis and treatment of abdominal pain in adolescent girls. Between 1973 and 1976, laparoscopy was performed on 50 girls aged 12 to 18 years old for evaluation of abdominal pain severe enough to warrant hospitalization. In nine patients, a pelvic mass was suspected on physical examination or ultrasonography. Twenty-three patients had histories of previous episodes of salpingitis, but negative cultures at time of admission. Eighteen patients had no significant past medical history and normal physical findings. Laparoscopy established a diagnosis in 28 of the 50 patients, and in the 32 patients in whom a specific preoperative diagnosis was entertained, laparoscopy proved it to be incorrect in 15. In all cases where laparoscopy resulted in specific treatment, the symptoms were relieved. There was no morbidity or mortality."}
{"id": "PMID:143924", "title": "Successful simultaneous renal transplantation and abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy.", "content": "At the time of related donor renal transplantation, a 49-year-old man with chronic glomerulinephritis was found to have a large fusiform aneurysm involving the internal and external iliac arteries, the abdominal aorta, and both common iliac arteries. Transplantation and abdominal aneurysmectomy using a standard Dacron bifurcation graft were successfully carried out. This patient has had no associated complications and is currently five years after transplantation and aneurysmectomy, with excellent renal function. It is believed that transplantation may now be offered to an older age group of patients with end-stage renal disease in whom atherosclerosis wll have developed as a natural process of aging.", "contents": "Successful simultaneous renal transplantation and abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. At the time of related donor renal transplantation, a 49-year-old man with chronic glomerulinephritis was found to have a large fusiform aneurysm involving the internal and external iliac arteries, the abdominal aorta, and both common iliac arteries. Transplantation and abdominal aneurysmectomy using a standard Dacron bifurcation graft were successfully carried out. This patient has had no associated complications and is currently five years after transplantation and aneurysmectomy, with excellent renal function. It is believed that transplantation may now be offered to an older age group of patients with end-stage renal disease in whom atherosclerosis wll have developed as a natural process of aging."}
{"id": "PMID:143927", "title": "[Microspectrophotometric study of the content of various metabolites in cervical cancer].", "content": "The composite microspectrophotometric study of the content of DNA, PAS-positive, alcian-positive substances, lipids, and the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and ascorbic acid in the cervical epithelium normally and in cancer tumors showed preinvasive forms of cancer to be characterized by increased polyploidy, content of DNA and lipids, and increased activity of succinate dehydrogenase, and decreased content of glycogen, acid mucopolysaccharides and ascorbic acid. Invasive forms of cancer are characterized by more marked changes in these values.", "contents": "[Microspectrophotometric study of the content of various metabolites in cervical cancer]. The composite microspectrophotometric study of the content of DNA, PAS-positive, alcian-positive substances, lipids, and the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and ascorbic acid in the cervical epithelium normally and in cancer tumors showed preinvasive forms of cancer to be characterized by increased polyploidy, content of DNA and lipids, and increased activity of succinate dehydrogenase, and decreased content of glycogen, acid mucopolysaccharides and ascorbic acid. Invasive forms of cancer are characterized by more marked changes in these values."}
{"id": "PMID:143928", "title": "Cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid variations in neurological disorders.", "content": "Neuropathologically, Huntington's disease is characterized by a profound reduction in neuronal cells originating in the corpus striatum and globus pallidus. Since one of these cell types utilizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter, it may be possible to differentially diagnose this disorder on the basis of the CSF content of this amino acid. In order to determine the validity of this hypothesis, cerebrospinal fluid GABA was analyzed, using a recently developed radioreceptor assay procedure and was found to be significantly reduced in patients diagnosed as having Huntington's disease and also lower in patients with Alzheimer's disease, though no difference was noted between Parkinson patients and control subjects. The results suggest that analysis of cerebrospinal fluid GABA may have diagnostic, and perhaps predictive, value in certain neurological disorders.", "contents": "Cerebrospinal fluid gamma-aminobutyric acid variations in neurological disorders. Neuropathologically, Huntington's disease is characterized by a profound reduction in neuronal cells originating in the corpus striatum and globus pallidus. Since one of these cell types utilizes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a neurotransmitter, it may be possible to differentially diagnose this disorder on the basis of the CSF content of this amino acid. In order to determine the validity of this hypothesis, cerebrospinal fluid GABA was analyzed, using a recently developed radioreceptor assay procedure and was found to be significantly reduced in patients diagnosed as having Huntington's disease and also lower in patients with Alzheimer's disease, though no difference was noted between Parkinson patients and control subjects. The results suggest that analysis of cerebrospinal fluid GABA may have diagnostic, and perhaps predictive, value in certain neurological disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:143931", "title": "Early mobilization and rehabilitation in fractures and orthopaedic conditions.", "content": "Many advances have taken place during the past decade in the early mobilization of orthopaedic patients and those with injuries. Light-weight scientific splinting, early rigid fixation with compression plates and nails, and the early mobilization of patients with pathological fractures in neoplastic disease, have meant that these patients can often be mobile in days, and home in a fortnight, instead of spending months languishing in hospital. Scientific treatment of patients with neck and low back pain may similarly minimize chronic disability, while early rehabilitation can enable their early return to employment. It is the purpose of this paper to underline some of the important advances in treatment which have made this possible.", "contents": "Early mobilization and rehabilitation in fractures and orthopaedic conditions. Many advances have taken place during the past decade in the early mobilization of orthopaedic patients and those with injuries. Light-weight scientific splinting, early rigid fixation with compression plates and nails, and the early mobilization of patients with pathological fractures in neoplastic disease, have meant that these patients can often be mobile in days, and home in a fortnight, instead of spending months languishing in hospital. Scientific treatment of patients with neck and low back pain may similarly minimize chronic disability, while early rehabilitation can enable their early return to employment. It is the purpose of this paper to underline some of the important advances in treatment which have made this possible."}
{"id": "PMID:143932", "title": "[Toxic ulcerative contact dermatitis due to prefabricated concrete (cement burns)].", "content": "In the present report the case of a toxic ulcerous contact dermatitis (cement burns) by pre-fabricated concrete is described. This can be clearly distinguished by anamnesis, findings and development from the allergic and cumulative-toxic contact dermatitis caused by cement and related substances. It is pointed out, that in the few cases of \"cement burns\" made known up to now, pre-fabricated concrete was always the triggering agent.", "contents": "[Toxic ulcerative contact dermatitis due to prefabricated concrete (cement burns)]. In the present report the case of a toxic ulcerous contact dermatitis (cement burns) by pre-fabricated concrete is described. This can be clearly distinguished by anamnesis, findings and development from the allergic and cumulative-toxic contact dermatitis caused by cement and related substances. It is pointed out, that in the few cases of \"cement burns\" made known up to now, pre-fabricated concrete was always the triggering agent."}
{"id": "PMID:143933", "title": "[Allergic eczema due to textile pigment-supports].", "content": "A worker employed in a textile printing-shop showing a rebellious eczema on hands and forearms, was submitted to three series of patch-tests which disclosed a polysensitization to chromium, to formaldehyde, to the urea-formaldehyde resin and to some pigments (Helizarine BASF, Fluolac FMC). The chemical analysis of some of these pigments shows an interesting relation between allergenicity for a certain pigment and the presence of formaldehyde. Thus, it is an allergy to the pigment-support and not to the pigment itself.", "contents": "[Allergic eczema due to textile pigment-supports]. A worker employed in a textile printing-shop showing a rebellious eczema on hands and forearms, was submitted to three series of patch-tests which disclosed a polysensitization to chromium, to formaldehyde, to the urea-formaldehyde resin and to some pigments (Helizarine BASF, Fluolac FMC). The chemical analysis of some of these pigments shows an interesting relation between allergenicity for a certain pigment and the presence of formaldehyde. Thus, it is an allergy to the pigment-support and not to the pigment itself."}
{"id": "PMID:143934", "title": "[Skin diseases and work disability in the Netherlands. 1. Results of a preliminary examination].", "content": "Based on official Dutch Government data a study was performed in order to define the relative importance of skin diseases in causing a short- or longlasting incapacity to work. At the same time it was investigated which skin diseases caused a longlasting incapacity during the years 1967--1974 in Groningen, one of the provinces of the Netherlands.", "contents": "[Skin diseases and work disability in the Netherlands. 1. Results of a preliminary examination]. Based on official Dutch Government data a study was performed in order to define the relative importance of skin diseases in causing a short- or longlasting incapacity to work. At the same time it was investigated which skin diseases caused a longlasting incapacity during the years 1967--1974 in Groningen, one of the provinces of the Netherlands."}
{"id": "PMID:143935", "title": "[Expert-testimony and therapeutic findings and observations in wine-dressers of the Mosel-region with late sequelae of arsenic intoxication].", "content": "During the years 1972--1976 an overall number of 122 vine-dressers of the middle Moselle region called for examination, control, and medical treatment because of late damages caused by arsenic intoxication. In 1976 there were twenty-two new cases. By keratolytic treatment, excision, cauterization, and X-ray therapy a considerable reduction of precancerous and carcinous degenerations of the skin caused by arsenic in the form of keratosis and melanosis of the head, rump, arms, chest, volae and plantae could be achieved. By comparing two groups of vine-dressers with skin damages caused by arsenic a distinct reduction of praecancerous and carcinous degenerations of the predestined skin regions could be seen in those who had had medical treatment. A 3 months' dermatological survey of the patients is required.", "contents": "[Expert-testimony and therapeutic findings and observations in wine-dressers of the Mosel-region with late sequelae of arsenic intoxication]. During the years 1972--1976 an overall number of 122 vine-dressers of the middle Moselle region called for examination, control, and medical treatment because of late damages caused by arsenic intoxication. In 1976 there were twenty-two new cases. By keratolytic treatment, excision, cauterization, and X-ray therapy a considerable reduction of precancerous and carcinous degenerations of the skin caused by arsenic in the form of keratosis and melanosis of the head, rump, arms, chest, volae and plantae could be achieved. By comparing two groups of vine-dressers with skin damages caused by arsenic a distinct reduction of praecancerous and carcinous degenerations of the predestined skin regions could be seen in those who had had medical treatment. A 3 months' dermatological survey of the patients is required."}
{"id": "PMID:143941", "title": "The primary plasmin inhibitor in rheumatoid synovial fluid.", "content": "In 20 consecutive rheumatoid arthritis patients, 14 women and 6 men, age 26--76, average 62 years, the concentration of the recently found \"primary plasmin inhibitor\" and phase proteins was estimated in plasma and synovial fluid. In 12 patients a complex between the inhibitor and plasmin could be demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis into immunoglobulins against the primary plasmin inhibitor and immunoglobulin against plasminogen. Only free inhibitor was found in corresponding plasma. All plasminogen present in synovial fluid could be activated to plasmin upon addition of urokinase (24 nM/1). In those patients where enzyme-inhibitor complex in synovial fluid was present, a higher concentration of phase proteins in synovial fluid was found, indicating an increased degree of inflammation despite identical scores in the Lansbury clinical index in the two groups. From these experiments it was concluded that the fibrinolytic capacity in rheumatoid synovial fluid is not decreased. It is suggested that the fibrin-like material in synovial tissue and upon the synovial membrane is a poor substrate for plasmin.", "contents": "The primary plasmin inhibitor in rheumatoid synovial fluid. In 20 consecutive rheumatoid arthritis patients, 14 women and 6 men, age 26--76, average 62 years, the concentration of the recently found \"primary plasmin inhibitor\" and phase proteins was estimated in plasma and synovial fluid. In 12 patients a complex between the inhibitor and plasmin could be demonstrated by crossed immunoelectrophoresis into immunoglobulins against the primary plasmin inhibitor and immunoglobulin against plasminogen. Only free inhibitor was found in corresponding plasma. All plasminogen present in synovial fluid could be activated to plasmin upon addition of urokinase (24 nM/1). In those patients where enzyme-inhibitor complex in synovial fluid was present, a higher concentration of phase proteins in synovial fluid was found, indicating an increased degree of inflammation despite identical scores in the Lansbury clinical index in the two groups. From these experiments it was concluded that the fibrinolytic capacity in rheumatoid synovial fluid is not decreased. It is suggested that the fibrin-like material in synovial tissue and upon the synovial membrane is a poor substrate for plasmin."}
{"id": "PMID:143949", "title": "QRS voltage of the electrocardiogram and Frank vectorcardiogram in relation to ventricular volume.", "content": "Left ventricular volumes were estimated in 59 patients, who were investigated by single plane ventriculography and coronary arteriography. The relation of the left ventricular end-diastolic volumes to the QRS voltage of the 12-lead electrocardiograms and Frank vectorcardiograms was examined. It was found that the maximum spatial QRS voltage and the R wave voltage of leads V5 and V6 in patients without left ventricular hypertrophy were inversely correlated with end-diastolic volume. This inverse relation of QRS voltage and left ventricular volume may explain loss of QRS voltage with dilatation of the heart. In patients with left ventricular hypertropy QRS voltage is usually positively correlated with the degree of hypertrophy, but there is no significant correlation in the presence of cardiac dilatation. If the results of this study are extrapolated to patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac dilatation, then the inverse correlation of volume and QRS voltage may reduce the diagnostic sensitivity of unipolar chest lead and vectorcardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "QRS voltage of the electrocardiogram and Frank vectorcardiogram in relation to ventricular volume. Left ventricular volumes were estimated in 59 patients, who were investigated by single plane ventriculography and coronary arteriography. The relation of the left ventricular end-diastolic volumes to the QRS voltage of the 12-lead electrocardiograms and Frank vectorcardiograms was examined. It was found that the maximum spatial QRS voltage and the R wave voltage of leads V5 and V6 in patients without left ventricular hypertrophy were inversely correlated with end-diastolic volume. This inverse relation of QRS voltage and left ventricular volume may explain loss of QRS voltage with dilatation of the heart. In patients with left ventricular hypertropy QRS voltage is usually positively correlated with the degree of hypertrophy, but there is no significant correlation in the presence of cardiac dilatation. If the results of this study are extrapolated to patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac dilatation, then the inverse correlation of volume and QRS voltage may reduce the diagnostic sensitivity of unipolar chest lead and vectorcardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:143950", "title": "An assessment of the Gapmeter Lab Kit.", "content": "The Gapmeter Lab Kit series of flowmeters has been calibrated using air. Two of the flowmeters were also calibrated using argon and oxygen as the priming gases. Linear calibration graphs have been obtained for all the Gapmeters. The two low flow Gapmeters are extremely susceptible to back-pressure.", "contents": "An assessment of the Gapmeter Lab Kit. The Gapmeter Lab Kit series of flowmeters has been calibrated using air. Two of the flowmeters were also calibrated using argon and oxygen as the priming gases. Linear calibration graphs have been obtained for all the Gapmeters. The two low flow Gapmeters are extremely susceptible to back-pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:143951", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation in subjects with nodulo cystic acne.", "content": "Patients with severe nodulo-cystic acne are known to have elevated serum antibody levels and increased immediate hypersensitivity reactions to Propionibacterium acnes. This organism is the predominant bacterium in normal pilosebaceous follicles of human skin, and can be consistently isolated from pustular lesions in acne. Previously it had been observed that delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to P. acnes were negative in patients with acne. The present study investigated the proliferative response of lymphocytes from patients with nodulo-cystic acne to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and P. acnes antigen stimulation. The response to PHA stimulation was within normal limits. The response to P. acnes antigen showed a significant increase over control values obtained by testing lymphocytes from acne-free subjects. Thus cell mediated immunity to P. acnes may be present in subjects with severe inflammatory acne. These findings raise the possibility that reactions to P. acnes may contribute to intensifying the inflammatory response in acne lesions.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation in subjects with nodulo cystic acne. Patients with severe nodulo-cystic acne are known to have elevated serum antibody levels and increased immediate hypersensitivity reactions to Propionibacterium acnes. This organism is the predominant bacterium in normal pilosebaceous follicles of human skin, and can be consistently isolated from pustular lesions in acne. Previously it had been observed that delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to P. acnes were negative in patients with acne. The present study investigated the proliferative response of lymphocytes from patients with nodulo-cystic acne to phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and P. acnes antigen stimulation. The response to PHA stimulation was within normal limits. The response to P. acnes antigen showed a significant increase over control values obtained by testing lymphocytes from acne-free subjects. Thus cell mediated immunity to P. acnes may be present in subjects with severe inflammatory acne. These findings raise the possibility that reactions to P. acnes may contribute to intensifying the inflammatory response in acne lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:143952", "title": "Dilating dangerous pupils.", "content": "Altogether 85 eyes from patients at risk to the development of closed-angle glaucoma were dilated with either parasympatholytic or sympathomimetic drugs. Of 21 eyes dilated with cyclopentolate 1/2%, 9 developed angle closure and a significantly raised pressure at some stage during dilatation and subsequent miosis. Of 58 eyes dilated with tropicamide 1/2%, 19 developed angle closure and a significantly raised pressure during dilatation. Treatment with intravenous acetazolamide and pilocarpine rapidly returned pressure to normal levels. Six eyes that had previously had a positive provocative test with simultaneous pilocarpine and phenylephrine were safely dilated with phenylephrine alone. Subsequent miosis with pilocarpine produced closed-angle glaucoma in all eyes. The significance of these observations is explained and discussed, and it is suggested that high-risk eyes should never be dilated with cyclopentolate. Tropicamide is safe if elementary precautions are observed. Safest of all, however, is phenylephrine-induced mydriasis and subsequent miosis with thymoxamine drops 1/2%.", "contents": "Dilating dangerous pupils. Altogether 85 eyes from patients at risk to the development of closed-angle glaucoma were dilated with either parasympatholytic or sympathomimetic drugs. Of 21 eyes dilated with cyclopentolate 1/2%, 9 developed angle closure and a significantly raised pressure at some stage during dilatation and subsequent miosis. Of 58 eyes dilated with tropicamide 1/2%, 19 developed angle closure and a significantly raised pressure during dilatation. Treatment with intravenous acetazolamide and pilocarpine rapidly returned pressure to normal levels. Six eyes that had previously had a positive provocative test with simultaneous pilocarpine and phenylephrine were safely dilated with phenylephrine alone. Subsequent miosis with pilocarpine produced closed-angle glaucoma in all eyes. The significance of these observations is explained and discussed, and it is suggested that high-risk eyes should never be dilated with cyclopentolate. Tropicamide is safe if elementary precautions are observed. Safest of all, however, is phenylephrine-induced mydriasis and subsequent miosis with thymoxamine drops 1/2%."}
{"id": "PMID:143958", "title": "Physarum action. Observations on its presence, stability, and assembly in plasmodial extracts and development of an improved purification procedure.", "content": "Actin is readily extracted from plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum by low ionic strength solutions which do not solubilize the plasmodial myosin. The actin in such extracts exists predominantly as a monomer which slowly denatures, apparently via removal of bound nucleotide, and is subsequently proteolyzed. However, the native monomeric actin can be induced to assemble into polymeric arrays under appropriate solvent conditions. Actin assembly is dependent on the addition of ATP and is a function of KCl and CaCl2 concentrations. These observations have allowed the development of an improved actin purification scheme which is simple, rapid, and efficient, yielding approximately 60 mg of protein from 100 g of plasmodium. The actin thus obtained is pure, stable, and comparable to that obtained by previously described procedlres. Furthermore, the observations suggest that actin polymers may be metastably assembled in vivo and raise the possibility that actin assembly, and plasmodial movements, could be regulated via alterations in intracellular concentrations of nucleotide and/or divalent cation.", "contents": "Physarum action. Observations on its presence, stability, and assembly in plasmodial extracts and development of an improved purification procedure. Actin is readily extracted from plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum by low ionic strength solutions which do not solubilize the plasmodial myosin. The actin in such extracts exists predominantly as a monomer which slowly denatures, apparently via removal of bound nucleotide, and is subsequently proteolyzed. However, the native monomeric actin can be induced to assemble into polymeric arrays under appropriate solvent conditions. Actin assembly is dependent on the addition of ATP and is a function of KCl and CaCl2 concentrations. These observations have allowed the development of an improved actin purification scheme which is simple, rapid, and efficient, yielding approximately 60 mg of protein from 100 g of plasmodium. The actin thus obtained is pure, stable, and comparable to that obtained by previously described procedlres. Furthermore, the observations suggest that actin polymers may be metastably assembled in vivo and raise the possibility that actin assembly, and plasmodial movements, could be regulated via alterations in intracellular concentrations of nucleotide and/or divalent cation."}
{"id": "PMID:143959", "title": "Convergence of active center geometries.", "content": "Comparisons have been made between the active center geometries of lactate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, chymotrypsin and papain, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and papain. In the dehydrogenases, orientation of the nicotinamide ring about the glycosidic bond is determined by the substrate stereochemistry. The proper positioning of the carboxyamide moiety allows for the close approach of the C4 atom on the nicotinamide and the reactive carbon of the substrate. It follows that, once the conformation of the substrate or substrate intermediate has been established with respect to the functional groups in the enzyme, the A- or B-side specificity of the nicotinamide ring is predetermined. Hence, dehydrogenases which are divergently evolving from a common precursor must maintain the nicotinamide specificity if the protein fold of the catalytic domain is conserved. The tetrahedral intermediates produced during acylation of chymotrypsin and papain are found to be of opposite hand, while those of papain and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase can be regarded to be of the same hand. Thus the serine proteases, subtilisin and those of the chymotrypsin family, are of one hand while the cysteine enzymes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and papain, are of the other.", "contents": "Convergence of active center geometries. Comparisons have been made between the active center geometries of lactate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, chymotrypsin and papain, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and papain. In the dehydrogenases, orientation of the nicotinamide ring about the glycosidic bond is determined by the substrate stereochemistry. The proper positioning of the carboxyamide moiety allows for the close approach of the C4 atom on the nicotinamide and the reactive carbon of the substrate. It follows that, once the conformation of the substrate or substrate intermediate has been established with respect to the functional groups in the enzyme, the A- or B-side specificity of the nicotinamide ring is predetermined. Hence, dehydrogenases which are divergently evolving from a common precursor must maintain the nicotinamide specificity if the protein fold of the catalytic domain is conserved. The tetrahedral intermediates produced during acylation of chymotrypsin and papain are found to be of opposite hand, while those of papain and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase can be regarded to be of the same hand. Thus the serine proteases, subtilisin and those of the chymotrypsin family, are of one hand while the cysteine enzymes, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and papain, are of the other."}
{"id": "PMID:143960", "title": "(Na, K)ATPase activity in membrane preparations of ouabain-resistant HeLa cells.", "content": "Membrane preparations from two independent ouabain-resistant HeLa cell clones, HI-B1 and HI-C1, each appear to contain two species of (Na,K)ATPase. Two-thirds of the total (Na,K)ATPase in each mutant is indistinguishable from the enzyme in preparations of wild type cells with respect to ouabain binding, ouabain inhibition of (Na,K)ATPase activity, and dependence of ATP hydrolysis on Na, Mg, K, and ATP concentration. The remaining (Na,K)ATPase activity in the mutants is up to 1000 and 10 000 times, respectively, more resistant to ouabain than wild type enzyme. Resistance results from a lower affinity of the mutant enzymes for the inhibitor. The presence of Na, K, or Mg has little or no effect on the degree of resistance expressed by the mutant enzymes, although the resistance of the wild type enzyme varies 400-fold in the presence of different ligands. Incubation with 5 X 10(-8) M ouabain abolishes the activity of the wild type enzyme without affecting the activity of the resistant enzymes. Using this procedure we compared the parameters of ATP hydrolysis via the resistant and wild type enzymes. Ouabain-resistant (Na,K)ATPase of HI-C1 has an apparent K0.5 for potassium 3-4 times higher than that of either wild type enzyme or the resistant enzyme of HI-B1.", "contents": "(Na, K)ATPase activity in membrane preparations of ouabain-resistant HeLa cells. Membrane preparations from two independent ouabain-resistant HeLa cell clones, HI-B1 and HI-C1, each appear to contain two species of (Na,K)ATPase. Two-thirds of the total (Na,K)ATPase in each mutant is indistinguishable from the enzyme in preparations of wild type cells with respect to ouabain binding, ouabain inhibition of (Na,K)ATPase activity, and dependence of ATP hydrolysis on Na, Mg, K, and ATP concentration. The remaining (Na,K)ATPase activity in the mutants is up to 1000 and 10 000 times, respectively, more resistant to ouabain than wild type enzyme. Resistance results from a lower affinity of the mutant enzymes for the inhibitor. The presence of Na, K, or Mg has little or no effect on the degree of resistance expressed by the mutant enzymes, although the resistance of the wild type enzyme varies 400-fold in the presence of different ligands. Incubation with 5 X 10(-8) M ouabain abolishes the activity of the wild type enzyme without affecting the activity of the resistant enzymes. Using this procedure we compared the parameters of ATP hydrolysis via the resistant and wild type enzymes. Ouabain-resistant (Na,K)ATPase of HI-C1 has an apparent K0.5 for potassium 3-4 times higher than that of either wild type enzyme or the resistant enzyme of HI-B1."}
{"id": "PMID:143961", "title": "Different effects of inhibitors on two mutants of Escherichia coli K12 affected in the Fo portion of the adenosine triphosphatase complex.", "content": "The effects of the inhibitors dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide (DCCD), bathophenanthroline and tertiary octylcatechol, on some enzyme activities in membranes from strains of Escherichia coli carrying mutations in the uncB or uncC genes have been studied. Membranes prepared from uncC mutants retain a normal DCCD-sensitive Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Mg-ATPase) activity whereas in uncB mutants this enzyme activity is insensitive to DCCD. The membrane-bound Mg-ATPase activity from the uncC mutant strain, as compared with that from the normal strain, is only partially sensitive to the inhibitors bathophenanthroline or tertiary-octylcatechol. Both of these inhibitors stimulate the membrane-bound Mg-ATPase from uncB mutant strains. A DCCD-insensitive Mg-ATPase activity is found in the cytoplasmic fraction following cell disruption of either the uncB or the uncC mutants. The lipophilic chelators bathophenanthroline and tertiary-octylcatechol stimulate the activity of the 'soluble' Mg-ATPase in the uncB mutant but partially inhibit the activity in the uncC mutant. The NADH oxidase activities in membranes from both mutant and normal strains are strongly inhibited by tertiary-octylcatechol and bathophenanthroline but not by DCCD.", "contents": "Different effects of inhibitors on two mutants of Escherichia coli K12 affected in the Fo portion of the adenosine triphosphatase complex. The effects of the inhibitors dicyclohexyl-carbodiimide (DCCD), bathophenanthroline and tertiary octylcatechol, on some enzyme activities in membranes from strains of Escherichia coli carrying mutations in the uncB or uncC genes have been studied. Membranes prepared from uncC mutants retain a normal DCCD-sensitive Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Mg-ATPase) activity whereas in uncB mutants this enzyme activity is insensitive to DCCD. The membrane-bound Mg-ATPase activity from the uncC mutant strain, as compared with that from the normal strain, is only partially sensitive to the inhibitors bathophenanthroline or tertiary-octylcatechol. Both of these inhibitors stimulate the membrane-bound Mg-ATPase from uncB mutant strains. A DCCD-insensitive Mg-ATPase activity is found in the cytoplasmic fraction following cell disruption of either the uncB or the uncC mutants. The lipophilic chelators bathophenanthroline and tertiary-octylcatechol stimulate the activity of the 'soluble' Mg-ATPase in the uncB mutant but partially inhibit the activity in the uncC mutant. The NADH oxidase activities in membranes from both mutant and normal strains are strongly inhibited by tertiary-octylcatechol and bathophenanthroline but not by DCCD."}
{"id": "PMID:143962", "title": "Arginine modifiers as energy transfer inhibitors in photophosphorylation.", "content": "Photophosphorylation by spinach chloroplasts is inhibited after they have been incubated in the dark with either phenylglyoxal or butanedione. Inhibition by phenylglyoxal is strongest when N-ethylmorpholine is the buffer used during the incubation; that by butanedione requires the presence of borate as buffer. The inhibitions are not reversed by simply washing out the inhibitor, suggesting that a covalent modification of one or more arginine residues is responsible. This is supported by the reversibility of the butanedione inhibition if both the inhibitor and borate buffer are removed. ATPase of the chloroplasts, and of extracted protein, is inhibited, whether activated by trypsin or by heating. This indicates that arginine residues of the coupling factor are the probable major site(s) for attack by these modifiers, leading to the observed inhibitions.", "contents": "Arginine modifiers as energy transfer inhibitors in photophosphorylation. Photophosphorylation by spinach chloroplasts is inhibited after they have been incubated in the dark with either phenylglyoxal or butanedione. Inhibition by phenylglyoxal is strongest when N-ethylmorpholine is the buffer used during the incubation; that by butanedione requires the presence of borate as buffer. The inhibitions are not reversed by simply washing out the inhibitor, suggesting that a covalent modification of one or more arginine residues is responsible. This is supported by the reversibility of the butanedione inhibition if both the inhibitor and borate buffer are removed. ATPase of the chloroplasts, and of extracted protein, is inhibited, whether activated by trypsin or by heating. This indicates that arginine residues of the coupling factor are the probable major site(s) for attack by these modifiers, leading to the observed inhibitions."}
{"id": "PMID:143965", "title": "Synthetic inhibitors of trypsin, plasmin, kallikrein, thrombin, C1r-, and C1 esterase.", "content": "p-Carbethoxyphenyl episol-guanidinocaproate and p-(p'-guanidinobenzoyloxy)-phenyl derivatives were prepared, and their inhibitory effects on trypsin, plasmin, plasma kallikrein, thrombin, C1r- and C1 esterase were examined. Among the various inhibitors tested, p-nitrophenyl p'-guanidinobenzoate, N,N-dimethylamino p-(p'-guanidinobenzoyloxy)-benzoyl glycolate and N,N-dimethylamino p-(p'-guanidinobenzoyloxy)-benzilcarbonyloxy glycolate were the most effective inhibitors of trypsin, plasmin, plasma kallikrien and thrombin, and they strongly inhibited the esterolytic activities of C1r- and C1 esterase.", "contents": "Synthetic inhibitors of trypsin, plasmin, kallikrein, thrombin, C1r-, and C1 esterase. p-Carbethoxyphenyl episol-guanidinocaproate and p-(p'-guanidinobenzoyloxy)-phenyl derivatives were prepared, and their inhibitory effects on trypsin, plasmin, plasma kallikrein, thrombin, C1r- and C1 esterase were examined. Among the various inhibitors tested, p-nitrophenyl p'-guanidinobenzoate, N,N-dimethylamino p-(p'-guanidinobenzoyloxy)-benzoyl glycolate and N,N-dimethylamino p-(p'-guanidinobenzoyloxy)-benzilcarbonyloxy glycolate were the most effective inhibitors of trypsin, plasmin, plasma kallikrien and thrombin, and they strongly inhibited the esterolytic activities of C1r- and C1 esterase."}
{"id": "PMID:143966", "title": "The interaction in human plasma of antiplasmin, the fast-reacting plasmin inhibitor, with plasmin, thrombin, trypsin and chymotrypsin.", "content": "The inhibition of plasmin, (EC 3.4.21.7), thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5), trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) by antiplasmin, the recently described fast-reacting plasmin inhibitor of human plasma, was studied. To determine the quantitative importance of antiplasmin relative to the other plasma protease inhibitors, enzyme inhibition assays were performed on whole plasma and on plasma specifically depleted in antiplasmin, after addition of excess enzyme. Plasmin was the only enzyme for which the inhibitory capacity of antiplasmin-depleted plasma was lower than that of normal plasma. To determine the affinity of the enzymes for antiplasmin, as compared to the other inhibitors, various amounts of enzymes were added to normal plasma and the formation of enzyme-antiplasmin complexes studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis using specific antisera against antiplasmin. Plasmin and trypsin, but not thrombin or chymotrypsin formed complexes with antiplasmin. It is concluded that antiplasmin is the only fast-reacting plasmin inhibitor of human plasma. It is also a fast-reacting inhibitor of trypsin but only accounts for a very small part of the fast-reacting trypsin-inhibitory activity of plasma. This can be explained by the low concentration of antiplasmin (1 muM) in normal plasma, compared to the other inhibitors (e.g. alpha1-antitrypsin: 40-80 muM).", "contents": "The interaction in human plasma of antiplasmin, the fast-reacting plasmin inhibitor, with plasmin, thrombin, trypsin and chymotrypsin. The inhibition of plasmin, (EC 3.4.21.7), thrombin (EC 3.4.21.5), trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) by antiplasmin, the recently described fast-reacting plasmin inhibitor of human plasma, was studied. To determine the quantitative importance of antiplasmin relative to the other plasma protease inhibitors, enzyme inhibition assays were performed on whole plasma and on plasma specifically depleted in antiplasmin, after addition of excess enzyme. Plasmin was the only enzyme for which the inhibitory capacity of antiplasmin-depleted plasma was lower than that of normal plasma. To determine the affinity of the enzymes for antiplasmin, as compared to the other inhibitors, various amounts of enzymes were added to normal plasma and the formation of enzyme-antiplasmin complexes studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis using specific antisera against antiplasmin. Plasmin and trypsin, but not thrombin or chymotrypsin formed complexes with antiplasmin. It is concluded that antiplasmin is the only fast-reacting plasmin inhibitor of human plasma. It is also a fast-reacting inhibitor of trypsin but only accounts for a very small part of the fast-reacting trypsin-inhibitory activity of plasma. This can be explained by the low concentration of antiplasmin (1 muM) in normal plasma, compared to the other inhibitors (e.g. alpha1-antitrypsin: 40-80 muM)."}
{"id": "PMID:143967", "title": "Conformational changes of purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase detected by a sulfhydryl fluorescence probe.", "content": "The fluorescent sulfhydryl reagent S-mercuric-N-dansyl cysteine (Dn-Cys-Hg+) has been used to label a purified preparation of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase obtained from the electric organ of Electrophorous electricus. The labelled (Na+ +K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3), although reversibly inhibited, was capable of undergoing conformational changes associated with the active enzyme that could be monitored fluorometrically. The presence of ligands (Na+ + Mg2+ + ATP or Mg2+ + Pi) which are known to convert the enzyme from the E-1 state to the E-2-P state brought about large (97--100%) increases in fluorescence of the dimethylaminonaphthalene sulfonyl (Dn) label. An E-2 state could be achieved by the addition of Mg2+ which caused only a 32.3% increase in fluorescence over the E-1 state. Neither AMP nor TTP with or without Mg2+ or Na+ or Pi added without Mg2+ had any effect on the Dn fluorescence. If the enzyme was denatured, no fluorescence changes were observed. Small changes in the polarization of fluorescence of the Dn moiety were observed under all the conditions used. These small polarization changes and the large increases in the fluorescence intensity suggest that the enzyme can change conformational states in the presence of appropriate ligands and these conformational changes may take place in a relatively limited region of the protein's structure.", "contents": "Conformational changes of purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase detected by a sulfhydryl fluorescence probe. The fluorescent sulfhydryl reagent S-mercuric-N-dansyl cysteine (Dn-Cys-Hg+) has been used to label a purified preparation of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase obtained from the electric organ of Electrophorous electricus. The labelled (Na+ +K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3), although reversibly inhibited, was capable of undergoing conformational changes associated with the active enzyme that could be monitored fluorometrically. The presence of ligands (Na+ + Mg2+ + ATP or Mg2+ + Pi) which are known to convert the enzyme from the E-1 state to the E-2-P state brought about large (97--100%) increases in fluorescence of the dimethylaminonaphthalene sulfonyl (Dn) label. An E-2 state could be achieved by the addition of Mg2+ which caused only a 32.3% increase in fluorescence over the E-1 state. Neither AMP nor TTP with or without Mg2+ or Na+ or Pi added without Mg2+ had any effect on the Dn fluorescence. If the enzyme was denatured, no fluorescence changes were observed. Small changes in the polarization of fluorescence of the Dn moiety were observed under all the conditions used. These small polarization changes and the large increases in the fluorescence intensity suggest that the enzyme can change conformational states in the presence of appropriate ligands and these conformational changes may take place in a relatively limited region of the protein's structure."}
{"id": "PMID:143968", "title": "Immunochemical evidence for the species-specificity of mammalian cardiac myosin and heavy meromyosin.", "content": "Structural differences between various myosins were investigated by means of antibodies to heavy meromyosin, a tryptic subfragment of myosin. Heavy meromyosin was purified from rabbit white skeletal and from pig and human cardiac muscles by gel filtration, and antisera were produced in guinea pigs. Analyses, carried out with the quantitative micro-complement fixation technique, indicated that the antibodies were specific to heavy meromyosin and myosin and not to other contractile proteins. For each muscle type, the corresponding intact myosin reacted, and the degree of dixation was always lower than with heavy meromyosin (50 and 70% fixation respectively). This vertical shift was the same for the three muscle types, indicating that the heavy meromyosin represent corresponding fragments of the myosin molecule from one muscle to the other. Antisera to pig or human cardiac heavy meromyosin clearly distinguished antigens (heavy meromyosins, myosins, or crude extracts) from the ventricles of various heterologous species. Relative to pig, the immunological distances were 50 for the rabbit, 73 for the rat and greater than 100 for human and mice. Relative to human, these values were 20 for the rat, 60 for the rabbit, 72 for the pig. These data provide direct evidence that mammalian cardiac myosin is species-specific.", "contents": "Immunochemical evidence for the species-specificity of mammalian cardiac myosin and heavy meromyosin. Structural differences between various myosins were investigated by means of antibodies to heavy meromyosin, a tryptic subfragment of myosin. Heavy meromyosin was purified from rabbit white skeletal and from pig and human cardiac muscles by gel filtration, and antisera were produced in guinea pigs. Analyses, carried out with the quantitative micro-complement fixation technique, indicated that the antibodies were specific to heavy meromyosin and myosin and not to other contractile proteins. For each muscle type, the corresponding intact myosin reacted, and the degree of dixation was always lower than with heavy meromyosin (50 and 70% fixation respectively). This vertical shift was the same for the three muscle types, indicating that the heavy meromyosin represent corresponding fragments of the myosin molecule from one muscle to the other. Antisera to pig or human cardiac heavy meromyosin clearly distinguished antigens (heavy meromyosins, myosins, or crude extracts) from the ventricles of various heterologous species. Relative to pig, the immunological distances were 50 for the rabbit, 73 for the rat and greater than 100 for human and mice. Relative to human, these values were 20 for the rat, 60 for the rabbit, 72 for the pig. These data provide direct evidence that mammalian cardiac myosin is species-specific."}
{"id": "PMID:143969", "title": "A direct analysis of lamellar x-ray diffraction from hydrated oriented multilayers of fully functional sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The profile structure of functional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes was investigated by X-ray diffraction methods to a resolution of 10 A. The lamellar diffraction data from hydrated oriented multilayers of SR vesicles showed monotonically increasing widths for higher order lamellar reflections, indicative of simple lattice disorder within the multilayer. A generalized Patterson function analysis, previously developed for treating lamellar diffraction from lattice-disordered multilayers, was used to identify the autocorrelation function of the unit cell electron density profile. Subsequent deconvolution of this autocorrelation function provided the most probable unit cell electron density profile of the SR vesicle membrane pair. The resulting single membrane profile possesses marked asymmetry, suggesting that a major portion of the Ca++ -ATPase resides on the exterior of the vesicle. The electron density profile also suggests that the Ca++-dependent ATPase penetrates into the lipid hydrocarbon core of the SR membrane. Under conditions suitable for X-ray analysis, SR vesicles prepared as partially dehydrated oriented multilayers are shown to conserve most of their ATP-induced Ca++ uptake functionality, as monitored spectrophotometrically with the Ca++ indicator arsenazo III. This has been verified both in resuspensions of SR after centrifugation and slow partial dehydration, and directly in SR multilayers in a partially dehydrated state (20-30 percent water). Therefore, the profile structure of the SR membrane that we have determined may closely resemble that found in vivo.", "contents": "A direct analysis of lamellar x-ray diffraction from hydrated oriented multilayers of fully functional sarcoplasmic reticulum. The profile structure of functional sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) membranes was investigated by X-ray diffraction methods to a resolution of 10 A. The lamellar diffraction data from hydrated oriented multilayers of SR vesicles showed monotonically increasing widths for higher order lamellar reflections, indicative of simple lattice disorder within the multilayer. A generalized Patterson function analysis, previously developed for treating lamellar diffraction from lattice-disordered multilayers, was used to identify the autocorrelation function of the unit cell electron density profile. Subsequent deconvolution of this autocorrelation function provided the most probable unit cell electron density profile of the SR vesicle membrane pair. The resulting single membrane profile possesses marked asymmetry, suggesting that a major portion of the Ca++ -ATPase resides on the exterior of the vesicle. The electron density profile also suggests that the Ca++-dependent ATPase penetrates into the lipid hydrocarbon core of the SR membrane. Under conditions suitable for X-ray analysis, SR vesicles prepared as partially dehydrated oriented multilayers are shown to conserve most of their ATP-induced Ca++ uptake functionality, as monitored spectrophotometrically with the Ca++ indicator arsenazo III. This has been verified both in resuspensions of SR after centrifugation and slow partial dehydration, and directly in SR multilayers in a partially dehydrated state (20-30 percent water). Therefore, the profile structure of the SR membrane that we have determined may closely resemble that found in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:143970", "title": "[Rat brain Mg2+-ATPase activity and Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration in the presence of amizil and arecoline].", "content": "The effect of benactyzine (the central cholinolytic) in a dose of 40 mg/kg and arecoline (cholinomimetic) in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg on the activity of Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase and the content of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in the brain was studied in rats. It was shown that benactyzine and arecoline evoked a biphasic change in the activity of the enzyme and the electrolyte content. A conclusion was drawn that the enzyme inhibition was connected with the accumulation of Ca2+ ions in the brain tissue, whereas its inhibition--with the Mg2+ ion accumulation. It is supposed that throught these effects benactyzine and arecoline influenced the release and retention of the neuromediators in the tissue depot.", "contents": "[Rat brain Mg2+-ATPase activity and Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration in the presence of amizil and arecoline]. The effect of benactyzine (the central cholinolytic) in a dose of 40 mg/kg and arecoline (cholinomimetic) in a dose of 2.5 mg/kg on the activity of Mg2+-dependent ATP-ase and the content of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions in the brain was studied in rats. It was shown that benactyzine and arecoline evoked a biphasic change in the activity of the enzyme and the electrolyte content. A conclusion was drawn that the enzyme inhibition was connected with the accumulation of Ca2+ ions in the brain tissue, whereas its inhibition--with the Mg2+ ion accumulation. It is supposed that throught these effects benactyzine and arecoline influenced the release and retention of the neuromediators in the tissue depot."}
{"id": "PMID:143971", "title": "[Connective tissue of capsules surrounding lavsan under conditions of long-term implantation].", "content": "An experimental study of the capsules formed around the net lavsan prostheses at periods of from 7 days to 5.5 years demonstrated that in the process of prolonged implantation morphology and metabolism of the capsule connective tissue underwent changes which could be associated with the release from the implants of low molecular products producing a damaging effect on the tissues surrounding the implant.", "contents": "[Connective tissue of capsules surrounding lavsan under conditions of long-term implantation]. An experimental study of the capsules formed around the net lavsan prostheses at periods of from 7 days to 5.5 years demonstrated that in the process of prolonged implantation morphology and metabolism of the capsule connective tissue underwent changes which could be associated with the release from the implants of low molecular products producing a damaging effect on the tissues surrounding the implant."}
{"id": "PMID:143972", "title": "The role of Mg++-ATPase (actomyosin-like protein) in maintaining the biconcave shape of erythrocytes.", "content": "Chemically different substances known to change the Mg++-ATPase activity in the red cell membrane, likewise alter the red cell shape. Normal human red cells retain their biconcave shape only when the activity of this enzyme remains unchanged. The present work deals with the possibility that Mg++-ATPase may cause certain tension in the membrane responsible for the biconcave shape of the erythrocyte.", "contents": "The role of Mg++-ATPase (actomyosin-like protein) in maintaining the biconcave shape of erythrocytes. Chemically different substances known to change the Mg++-ATPase activity in the red cell membrane, likewise alter the red cell shape. Normal human red cells retain their biconcave shape only when the activity of this enzyme remains unchanged. The present work deals with the possibility that Mg++-ATPase may cause certain tension in the membrane responsible for the biconcave shape of the erythrocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:143973", "title": "The ultrastructure of mycosis fungoides, of Sezary's syndrome, and of Woringer-Kolopp's disease (pagetoid reticulosis).", "content": "Skin lesions of 13 cases of mycosis fungoides, 2 cases of S\u00e9zary's syndrome and one case of Woringer-Kolopp's disease were studied. In mycosis fungoides two main cell types were observed: small atypical lymphoid cells, and large atypical lymphoid cells. The small atypical lymphoid cells were characterized by dense nuclei with varying degrees of nuclear lobulation. Normal-appearing lymphocytes and typical mycosis cells were in this cell group. The large atypical  lymphoid cells were characterized by large nuclei with little lobulation and by less chromatin condensation, as well as by a more abundant cytoplasm. Their identification is discussed and indications of their possibly being neoplastic or proliferating lymphoblasts are given. In S\u00e9zary's syndrome S\u00e9zary cells with more lobulated nuclei than in mycosis cells and lymphoblast-like cells as in mycosis fungoides could be found. In Woringer-Kolopp's disease cells similar to S\u00e9zary cells aggregated mainly in the epidermis. No interdigitating reticulum cells and no other morphological signs of a specific lymphocyte microenvironment were found in any of the cases.", "contents": "The ultrastructure of mycosis fungoides, of Sezary's syndrome, and of Woringer-Kolopp's disease (pagetoid reticulosis). Skin lesions of 13 cases of mycosis fungoides, 2 cases of S\u00e9zary's syndrome and one case of Woringer-Kolopp's disease were studied. In mycosis fungoides two main cell types were observed: small atypical lymphoid cells, and large atypical lymphoid cells. The small atypical lymphoid cells were characterized by dense nuclei with varying degrees of nuclear lobulation. Normal-appearing lymphocytes and typical mycosis cells were in this cell group. The large atypical  lymphoid cells were characterized by large nuclei with little lobulation and by less chromatin condensation, as well as by a more abundant cytoplasm. Their identification is discussed and indications of their possibly being neoplastic or proliferating lymphoblasts are given. In S\u00e9zary's syndrome S\u00e9zary cells with more lobulated nuclei than in mycosis cells and lymphoblast-like cells as in mycosis fungoides could be found. In Woringer-Kolopp's disease cells similar to S\u00e9zary cells aggregated mainly in the epidermis. No interdigitating reticulum cells and no other morphological signs of a specific lymphocyte microenvironment were found in any of the cases."}
{"id": "PMID:143974", "title": "Cytophotometric studies on mycosis fungoides and other cutaneous reticuloses.", "content": "Feulgen-DNA cytophotometry was carried out in skin imprint preparations of patients with mycosis fungoides, reticulum-cell sarcoma, lymphomatoid papulosis and S\u00e9zary's syndrome. These patients proved to have aneuploid and polyploid DNA histograms. In tumour stage of mycosis fungoides a more bimodal distribution of the DNA values was found. Of 79 cases of suspected malignant reticulosis of the skin, 32 showed an abnormal DNA histogram with 5 percent or more tetraploid and hypertetraploid cells. Thirty of these patients developed a malignant skin reticulosis during the 4-year follow-up period. It is concluded that DNA cytophotometry has value as a supplement to routine morphological histopathology in malignant cutaneous reticulosis.", "contents": "Cytophotometric studies on mycosis fungoides and other cutaneous reticuloses. Feulgen-DNA cytophotometry was carried out in skin imprint preparations of patients with mycosis fungoides, reticulum-cell sarcoma, lymphomatoid papulosis and S\u00e9zary's syndrome. These patients proved to have aneuploid and polyploid DNA histograms. In tumour stage of mycosis fungoides a more bimodal distribution of the DNA values was found. Of 79 cases of suspected malignant reticulosis of the skin, 32 showed an abnormal DNA histogram with 5 percent or more tetraploid and hypertetraploid cells. Thirty of these patients developed a malignant skin reticulosis during the 4-year follow-up period. It is concluded that DNA cytophotometry has value as a supplement to routine morphological histopathology in malignant cutaneous reticulosis."}
{"id": "PMID:143975", "title": "Preferential replication of S\u00e9zary cells in the epidermis.", "content": "Skin biopsies from three patients with S\u00e9zary Syndrome have been labeled in vitro with H-3Thymidine. Labeled cells have been counted in semithin Epon embedded sections and characterized by electron microscopic autoradiography. The ratio of labeled S\u00e9zary cells to total lymphocytes was two to four times higher in the epidermis than in the dermis. It is concluded that S\u00e9zary cells replicate in the skin and that epidermal cells seem to possess new blastogenic properties in S\u00e9zary Syndrome.", "contents": "Preferential replication of S\u00e9zary cells in the epidermis. Skin biopsies from three patients with S\u00e9zary Syndrome have been labeled in vitro with H-3Thymidine. Labeled cells have been counted in semithin Epon embedded sections and characterized by electron microscopic autoradiography. The ratio of labeled S\u00e9zary cells to total lymphocytes was two to four times higher in the epidermis than in the dermis. It is concluded that S\u00e9zary cells replicate in the skin and that epidermal cells seem to possess new blastogenic properties in S\u00e9zary Syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:143976", "title": "Clinical and hematological heterogeneity of T-cell derived lymphoproliferative diseases.", "content": "Human lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by T derived neoplastic cells include Sezary's syndrome and mycosis fungoides, most childhood lymphoblastic lymphomas, about a quarter of acute lymphoblastic leukemias and rare cases of poorly differentiated immunoblastic or lymphocytic lymphomas as well as a small percentage of chronic lymphocytic leukemias. Particular emphasis is placed on the immunological diagnosis of T derived cells using various membrane markers and on the hematological and clinical features of each of the disorders discussed.", "contents": "Clinical and hematological heterogeneity of T-cell derived lymphoproliferative diseases. Human lymphoproliferative disorders characterized by T derived neoplastic cells include Sezary's syndrome and mycosis fungoides, most childhood lymphoblastic lymphomas, about a quarter of acute lymphoblastic leukemias and rare cases of poorly differentiated immunoblastic or lymphocytic lymphomas as well as a small percentage of chronic lymphocytic leukemias. Particular emphasis is placed on the immunological diagnosis of T derived cells using various membrane markers and on the hematological and clinical features of each of the disorders discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:143978", "title": "A technical and clinical evaluation of the Disa uroflowmeter.", "content": "This investigation reveals that there is a marked reduction in the rotational speed of the transducer disc as the stream flowrate is increased, although the non-linearity is partly reduced by electronic compensation within the instrument. The inaccuracy at low flowrates is probably unimportant in routine clinical applications. However, significant errors are recorded at high flowrates when the stream strikes the grid intersections or when the point of impact is close to the edge of the rotating disc. For these reasons, it is desirable that the patient should avoid micturating directly on to the grid. To obtain acceptable clinical recordings, an instrument time constant of 0-5 sec must be used. Although some characteristic tracings can be identified, the clinical measurements indicate that the effects of the volume voided and stream movement must be taken into consideration when the flow patterns are being interpreted.", "contents": "A technical and clinical evaluation of the Disa uroflowmeter. This investigation reveals that there is a marked reduction in the rotational speed of the transducer disc as the stream flowrate is increased, although the non-linearity is partly reduced by electronic compensation within the instrument. The inaccuracy at low flowrates is probably unimportant in routine clinical applications. However, significant errors are recorded at high flowrates when the stream strikes the grid intersections or when the point of impact is close to the edge of the rotating disc. For these reasons, it is desirable that the patient should avoid micturating directly on to the grid. To obtain acceptable clinical recordings, an instrument time constant of 0-5 sec must be used. Although some characteristic tracings can be identified, the clinical measurements indicate that the effects of the volume voided and stream movement must be taken into consideration when the flow patterns are being interpreted."}
{"id": "PMID:143983", "title": "The effect of ragwort (Senecio jacobea) on the liver of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) : a histopathological and enzyme histochemical study.", "content": "1. Twenty-five 1-week-old male chicks were fed for 6 weeks on a standard diet incorporating 7% dried and ground ragwort (Senecio jacobea). The chicks received the standard diet for a further 6 weeks whilst a control group of 25 similar birds received the standard diet throughout. 2. Two birds from each group were killed at intervals of about 1 week and their livers were examined histologically and histochemically. 3. Ragwort feeding caused megalocytosis, focal necrosis, focal hyperplasia and portal fibrosis. There were no veno-occlusive changes. 4. As the lesion progressed there was an overall loss of enzyme activity especially in the areas of necrosis. The groups of small hyperplastic cells showed normal or increased activity and there was increased enzyme activity in the megalocytes. 5. The development of groups of proliferating cells may be a prelude to the neoplastic changes described in earlier reports of longer term studies of the effects of pyrolizidine alkaloids on the liver of chicks.", "contents": "The effect of ragwort (Senecio jacobea) on the liver of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) : a histopathological and enzyme histochemical study. 1. Twenty-five 1-week-old male chicks were fed for 6 weeks on a standard diet incorporating 7% dried and ground ragwort (Senecio jacobea). The chicks received the standard diet for a further 6 weeks whilst a control group of 25 similar birds received the standard diet throughout. 2. Two birds from each group were killed at intervals of about 1 week and their livers were examined histologically and histochemically. 3. Ragwort feeding caused megalocytosis, focal necrosis, focal hyperplasia and portal fibrosis. There were no veno-occlusive changes. 4. As the lesion progressed there was an overall loss of enzyme activity especially in the areas of necrosis. The groups of small hyperplastic cells showed normal or increased activity and there was increased enzyme activity in the megalocytes. 5. The development of groups of proliferating cells may be a prelude to the neoplastic changes described in earlier reports of longer term studies of the effects of pyrolizidine alkaloids on the liver of chicks."}
{"id": "PMID:143984", "title": "[Perfusion of isolated rat liver. Utilization of a perfusion without heparin. Validity of the preparation].", "content": "The blood and liver giver animals are given \"Tromexan\" for a period of three days. The blood defibrination is finished off by shaking. The perfusion is made of defibrinated blood to which is added a compounding of mineral salts, albumin and glucose in adequate proportions. The fluid is used during 150 minutes with a biliary flow of 4 ul/minute (instead of 8 in perfusions with heparine). The validity of the preparation is tested by biliary acids, cholesterol and Brom Sulfon Phtalein biliary elimination research. This fluid can be used when heparin is avoided: for example in a case of investigation of fat emulsion scrubbing.", "contents": "[Perfusion of isolated rat liver. Utilization of a perfusion without heparin. Validity of the preparation]. The blood and liver giver animals are given \"Tromexan\" for a period of three days. The blood defibrination is finished off by shaking. The perfusion is made of defibrinated blood to which is added a compounding of mineral salts, albumin and glucose in adequate proportions. The fluid is used during 150 minutes with a biliary flow of 4 ul/minute (instead of 8 in perfusions with heparine). The validity of the preparation is tested by biliary acids, cholesterol and Brom Sulfon Phtalein biliary elimination research. This fluid can be used when heparin is avoided: for example in a case of investigation of fat emulsion scrubbing."}
{"id": "PMID:143985", "title": "[Variation of phosphagens in sea urchin eggs before and after fertilization].", "content": "Improved methods of separation, identification and determination of phosphagens have been applied to the study of monosubstituted guanidines and phosphagenes in sea urchin eggs, before and after fertilization. We have been able not only to identify in these materials phosphoarginine, but also phosphocreatine and to detect an unknown phosphagen. After fertilization, free arginine and creatine decrease, within respect to unfertilized eggs, whereas phosphocreatine undergoes a large increase; phosphoarginine remains almost constant, and an unknown phosphagen appears. These observations allow to interprete the results of some authors, who, applyng less refined methods, found only an increase in phosphoarginine in the same materials.", "contents": "[Variation of phosphagens in sea urchin eggs before and after fertilization]. Improved methods of separation, identification and determination of phosphagens have been applied to the study of monosubstituted guanidines and phosphagenes in sea urchin eggs, before and after fertilization. We have been able not only to identify in these materials phosphoarginine, but also phosphocreatine and to detect an unknown phosphagen. After fertilization, free arginine and creatine decrease, within respect to unfertilized eggs, whereas phosphocreatine undergoes a large increase; phosphoarginine remains almost constant, and an unknown phosphagen appears. These observations allow to interprete the results of some authors, who, applyng less refined methods, found only an increase in phosphoarginine in the same materials."}
{"id": "PMID:143986", "title": "[Distribution, uptake and hydrolysis of cholesterol oleate (-1-14C) in brain tissue after its injection in the cerebral ventricles of the conscious cat].", "content": "Distribution, uptake and hydrolysys of cholesteryl oleate (-1-14C) in vivo in the cat's brain were investigated. Four hours following intraventricular injection of cholesteryl oleate (-1-14C), about one third of the injected radioactivity was taken up and about 50 % of that radioactive material was hydrolysed by brain tissue. Even more, the labelled material was found in the brain tissue surrounding the cerebral ventricles as well as in the cerebral cortex, but in varying amounts: the smallest amounts were found in the cerebral cortex, while the highest were in the hypothalamus. Radioactive material was also detected in the peripheral venous blood.", "contents": "[Distribution, uptake and hydrolysis of cholesterol oleate (-1-14C) in brain tissue after its injection in the cerebral ventricles of the conscious cat]. Distribution, uptake and hydrolysys of cholesteryl oleate (-1-14C) in vivo in the cat's brain were investigated. Four hours following intraventricular injection of cholesteryl oleate (-1-14C), about one third of the injected radioactivity was taken up and about 50 % of that radioactive material was hydrolysed by brain tissue. Even more, the labelled material was found in the brain tissue surrounding the cerebral ventricles as well as in the cerebral cortex, but in varying amounts: the smallest amounts were found in the cerebral cortex, while the highest were in the hypothalamus. Radioactive material was also detected in the peripheral venous blood."}
{"id": "PMID:143987", "title": "[Social effects of the behavior of male and female mice in open field].", "content": "Canonical discriminant analysis is used to differentiate behaviors, in male and female mice, either isolated, either grouped by two, or grouped by five, and placed into two different open-fields, one of 1 m X 1 m and one of 2.5 m X 2.5 m. Social effects are experimentally demonstrated. In addition the evidenced complexity of the behavior of mice in an openfield cannot be merely reduced to a decrease or increase of an emotional or of an exploratory behavior, as it has been previously stated.", "contents": "[Social effects of the behavior of male and female mice in open field]. Canonical discriminant analysis is used to differentiate behaviors, in male and female mice, either isolated, either grouped by two, or grouped by five, and placed into two different open-fields, one of 1 m X 1 m and one of 2.5 m X 2.5 m. Social effects are experimentally demonstrated. In addition the evidenced complexity of the behavior of mice in an openfield cannot be merely reduced to a decrease or increase of an emotional or of an exploratory behavior, as it has been previously stated."}
{"id": "PMID:143988", "title": "[Effect of pentobarbital on the biothermic individuality of growing rats and during instrumental conditioning in heat].", "content": "At the dosis of 12,5 mg by kg and in 30 growing white rats, pentobarbital acts by shortening the reaction time, by inducing a short period of psychomotor instrumental activity and after a latency of 5 to 20 mn by depressing the total reserve of instrumental activity acquired before this sessions under physiological serum or caffein injections state dependent larning in heat.", "contents": "[Effect of pentobarbital on the biothermic individuality of growing rats and during instrumental conditioning in heat]. At the dosis of 12,5 mg by kg and in 30 growing white rats, pentobarbital acts by shortening the reaction time, by inducing a short period of psychomotor instrumental activity and after a latency of 5 to 20 mn by depressing the total reserve of instrumental activity acquired before this sessions under physiological serum or caffein injections state dependent larning in heat."}
{"id": "PMID:143990", "title": "[Effect of catecholamines in blood flow in arteries of distribution].", "content": "In large arteries, distributing blood to an area (hind leg of dog), the vasomotor substances (catecholamines) induce differences in flow. In case of state of vasoconstriction, the mean velocity of flow decreases, while the amplitude of pulsatile flow and the pressure increase. The radial expansion is wider. In case of state of dilatation, inverse reactions are observed.", "contents": "[Effect of catecholamines in blood flow in arteries of distribution]. In large arteries, distributing blood to an area (hind leg of dog), the vasomotor substances (catecholamines) induce differences in flow. In case of state of vasoconstriction, the mean velocity of flow decreases, while the amplitude of pulsatile flow and the pressure increase. The radial expansion is wider. In case of state of dilatation, inverse reactions are observed."}
{"id": "PMID:143991", "title": "[Effect of localized heat on blood flow in arteries of distribution].", "content": "In large arteries distributing blood to an area (hind leg of dog), local heat induces a vasodilatation. The mechanical reactions (variations of mean velocity of flow and amplitude of pulsatile flow) express a distal dilatation. Radial expansion responds in original way (pulsation become uniform).", "contents": "[Effect of localized heat on blood flow in arteries of distribution]. In large arteries distributing blood to an area (hind leg of dog), local heat induces a vasodilatation. The mechanical reactions (variations of mean velocity of flow and amplitude of pulsatile flow) express a distal dilatation. Radial expansion responds in original way (pulsation become uniform)."}
{"id": "PMID:143992", "title": "[Effects of alpha-amanitin on the development of Xenopus (Xenopus laevis Daud.) heart in vitro].", "content": "The differentiation of Xenopus heart is studied in vitro, in the presence of alpha-amanitin. The results obtained depend on the concentration of the inhibitor, the length of treatment and the stage of primordium. The mRNA pool assures the differentiation of explants, removed from young stages, for 12 hours. This time is half for the primordia removed from stages greater than 3,5 mm.", "contents": "[Effects of alpha-amanitin on the development of Xenopus (Xenopus laevis Daud.) heart in vitro]. The differentiation of Xenopus heart is studied in vitro, in the presence of alpha-amanitin. The results obtained depend on the concentration of the inhibitor, the length of treatment and the stage of primordium. The mRNA pool assures the differentiation of explants, removed from young stages, for 12 hours. This time is half for the primordia removed from stages greater than 3,5 mm."}
{"id": "PMID:143993", "title": "[Somatostatin-containing fibers and neurophysin-containing fibers in the median eminence of the fox, as seen with a double staining cytoimmunoenzyme technique].", "content": "In the external layer of the median eminence of the fox, the somatostatin-containing fibers and neurophysin-containing fibers of the hypothalamo-infundibular tract are located in distinct areas. In the neural lobe, somatostatin-positive areas are simultaneously neurophysin-positive. Outside the SON and PVN, some somatostatin-positive and neurophysin-negative perikarya are scattered close to the third ventricle. These facts suggest the existence of two somatostatin systems: a hypothalamo-infundibular (neurophysin-negative) one and a hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal (neurophysin-positive) one.", "contents": "[Somatostatin-containing fibers and neurophysin-containing fibers in the median eminence of the fox, as seen with a double staining cytoimmunoenzyme technique]. In the external layer of the median eminence of the fox, the somatostatin-containing fibers and neurophysin-containing fibers of the hypothalamo-infundibular tract are located in distinct areas. In the neural lobe, somatostatin-positive areas are simultaneously neurophysin-positive. Outside the SON and PVN, some somatostatin-positive and neurophysin-negative perikarya are scattered close to the third ventricle. These facts suggest the existence of two somatostatin systems: a hypothalamo-infundibular (neurophysin-negative) one and a hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal (neurophysin-positive) one."}
{"id": "PMID:143995", "title": "[Dynamics and karyotyping of a population of wild boar with clear colored fur].", "content": "The population of wild boars living in the wood of Chize contains 25 % of animals having a clear coloured fur. Chromosomal study of these, don't reveal any anomaly of number or structure of their chromosomes. This modification seems be due to a genic mutation and not to an eventual hybridization with domestic pigs.", "contents": "[Dynamics and karyotyping of a population of wild boar with clear colored fur]. The population of wild boars living in the wood of Chize contains 25 % of animals having a clear coloured fur. Chromosomal study of these, don't reveal any anomaly of number or structure of their chromosomes. This modification seems be due to a genic mutation and not to an eventual hybridization with domestic pigs."}
{"id": "PMID:143996", "title": "[Effect of theophylline on the glomerular pathway of ferritin macromolecules in rats].", "content": "The present microscopic study evaluates the quantitative variations of ferritin particules density within the glomerular ultrastructures after theophyllin perfusion in the Rat. The ferritin particules density increases 3,65 times in the glomerular basement membrane and decreases 3,28 times in the glomerular capillary lumen. So, theophyllin increases considerably the glomerular pathway of the protein macromolecules. This results confirm the increased volumic flow (Jv) and macro-solutes flow (Js') noted with clearance methods and urinary excretion studies.", "contents": "[Effect of theophylline on the glomerular pathway of ferritin macromolecules in rats]. The present microscopic study evaluates the quantitative variations of ferritin particules density within the glomerular ultrastructures after theophyllin perfusion in the Rat. The ferritin particules density increases 3,65 times in the glomerular basement membrane and decreases 3,28 times in the glomerular capillary lumen. So, theophyllin increases considerably the glomerular pathway of the protein macromolecules. This results confirm the increased volumic flow (Jv) and macro-solutes flow (Js') noted with clearance methods and urinary excretion studies."}
{"id": "PMID:143997", "title": "[Spinal, thalamic and cortical levels of splanchno-splanchnic interactions].", "content": "Using the occlusion method, we have shown splanchno splanchnic interactions on spinal, thalamic and cortical cells in cat. 1. At the first level, splanchno splanchnic interactions concern only the cells located in the Rexed V layer. The splanchnic fibres involved are small sized ones (Agammadelta, B and C types). 2. At the second level, splanchno splanchnic interactions have been observed in the VPL nucleus. The latencies of responses suggest that only large fibres are concerned. 3. At the third level, cortical cells of SI and SII areas have been studied. Splanchno splanchnic interactions have been elicited by different afferent splanchnic fibres (medullated and non medullated ones).", "contents": "[Spinal, thalamic and cortical levels of splanchno-splanchnic interactions]. Using the occlusion method, we have shown splanchno splanchnic interactions on spinal, thalamic and cortical cells in cat. 1. At the first level, splanchno splanchnic interactions concern only the cells located in the Rexed V layer. The splanchnic fibres involved are small sized ones (Agammadelta, B and C types). 2. At the second level, splanchno splanchnic interactions have been observed in the VPL nucleus. The latencies of responses suggest that only large fibres are concerned. 3. At the third level, cortical cells of SI and SII areas have been studied. Splanchno splanchnic interactions have been elicited by different afferent splanchnic fibres (medullated and non medullated ones)."}
{"id": "PMID:143998", "title": "[Circadian variation in the free fatty acid level of abdominal muscle of Palaemon serratus (Pennant 1777) Crustacea, Decapoda].", "content": "Free fatty acids extracted from the abdominal muscle of Palaemon serratus (Crustacea, Decapoda) maintained on a L-D: 19-5 photoperiod show important circadian variations, characterised by two diurnal maximums and one nocturnal by the end of dark period. Principal maximum is diurnal and occurs 7 hours after the beginning of the light phase.", "contents": "[Circadian variation in the free fatty acid level of abdominal muscle of Palaemon serratus (Pennant 1777) Crustacea, Decapoda]. Free fatty acids extracted from the abdominal muscle of Palaemon serratus (Crustacea, Decapoda) maintained on a L-D: 19-5 photoperiod show important circadian variations, characterised by two diurnal maximums and one nocturnal by the end of dark period. Principal maximum is diurnal and occurs 7 hours after the beginning of the light phase."}
{"id": "PMID:143999", "title": "[Characterization of lipase activity in a yeast of the genus Rhodotorula (Rh. rubra)].", "content": "Lipase activity of whole cells of Rh. rubra has been localized in a particular fraction rich in walls and in isolated cell walls. The enzyme activity has been determinated with olive oil and the triglyceride fraction of olive oil as substrats. Gas chromatography of fatty acids and triglycerides isolated after enzyme hydrolysis shows that the action of Rh. rubra is not only limited to a simple hydrolysis of the substrate. The triglyceridase activity level is dependent of the phosphate content of the culture medium.", "contents": "[Characterization of lipase activity in a yeast of the genus Rhodotorula (Rh. rubra)]. Lipase activity of whole cells of Rh. rubra has been localized in a particular fraction rich in walls and in isolated cell walls. The enzyme activity has been determinated with olive oil and the triglyceride fraction of olive oil as substrats. Gas chromatography of fatty acids and triglycerides isolated after enzyme hydrolysis shows that the action of Rh. rubra is not only limited to a simple hydrolysis of the substrate. The triglyceridase activity level is dependent of the phosphate content of the culture medium."}
{"id": "PMID:144000", "title": "[Dynamic copper balance in a fresh water Lamellibranch \"sentinel\": effect of suspended matter].", "content": "The fresh-water pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) act as bio-indicator in the study of correlations between exchangeable copper mass and metabolic spaces, in situ and experimenteded. Competitions exercise between different copper localizations: sediment and suspended matter. The amount of copper in the \"target\" species is function of the balance: species contamination equilibrium surrounding contamination.", "contents": "[Dynamic copper balance in a fresh water Lamellibranch \"sentinel\": effect of suspended matter]. The fresh-water pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera (L.) act as bio-indicator in the study of correlations between exchangeable copper mass and metabolic spaces, in situ and experimenteded. Competitions exercise between different copper localizations: sediment and suspended matter. The amount of copper in the \"target\" species is function of the balance: species contamination equilibrium surrounding contamination."}
{"id": "PMID:144002", "title": "[Synergistic effects of ethynylestradiol and norethisterone on the formation and lengthening of uterine lace in immature rabbits].", "content": "We have shown, through a test proceeding from the McPhail test, in the immature rabbit female, the existence of succession and simultaneity synergisms between ethynylestradiol and pure or impure norethisterone, given by oral route. The estrogen, administrated before the progestative, is able to potentialize the action of the latter on the building of the endometrial lace in 5 days, more than on the lengthening of it in 15 days. Ethynylestradiol, absorbed with norethisterone, strengthens the effects of the latter on the second phenomenon more than on the first one. Absolute and relative doses of the estrogen and of the progestative differ only lightly according as norethisterone is pure or not pure, because of the more potent estrogenicity of the impure norethisterone.", "contents": "[Synergistic effects of ethynylestradiol and norethisterone on the formation and lengthening of uterine lace in immature rabbits]. We have shown, through a test proceeding from the McPhail test, in the immature rabbit female, the existence of succession and simultaneity synergisms between ethynylestradiol and pure or impure norethisterone, given by oral route. The estrogen, administrated before the progestative, is able to potentialize the action of the latter on the building of the endometrial lace in 5 days, more than on the lengthening of it in 15 days. Ethynylestradiol, absorbed with norethisterone, strengthens the effects of the latter on the second phenomenon more than on the first one. Absolute and relative doses of the estrogen and of the progestative differ only lightly according as norethisterone is pure or not pure, because of the more potent estrogenicity of the impure norethisterone."}
{"id": "PMID:144003", "title": "[Evidence, in the epididymis, of a strong lowering factor for blood FSH in rats].", "content": "The supernatant of centrifuged epididymis homogenates was injected in the peritoneum of castrated Wistar rats for three days. It involves a strong decrease of FSH in the blood plasma, without a significant change of LH and LTH, measured by radioimmuno-assay. Now ligating the vasa efferentes --- but not the epididymis corpus --- involves an increase of the plasma FSH, as we showed in a previous paper. Then we conclude that testicular inhibin gets into the blood stream through the head of the epididymis.", "contents": "[Evidence, in the epididymis, of a strong lowering factor for blood FSH in rats]. The supernatant of centrifuged epididymis homogenates was injected in the peritoneum of castrated Wistar rats for three days. It involves a strong decrease of FSH in the blood plasma, without a significant change of LH and LTH, measured by radioimmuno-assay. Now ligating the vasa efferentes --- but not the epididymis corpus --- involves an increase of the plasma FSH, as we showed in a previous paper. Then we conclude that testicular inhibin gets into the blood stream through the head of the epididymis."}
{"id": "PMID:144004", "title": "[Localization of a 5alpha-reductase activity in the nuclear membranes of the anterior hypophysis of normal and castrated adult male rats].", "content": "A 5alpha-reductase activity may be found in purified nuclei from anterior pituitary of intact or castrated male rats. When nuclear membranes are separated from nucleoplams this enzymic activity is recovered in nuclear membranes. Following 7 days of castration, the 5alpha-reductase activity in nuclear membranes is increased by 105 % with regard to the activity in nuclear membranes from intact animals.", "contents": "[Localization of a 5alpha-reductase activity in the nuclear membranes of the anterior hypophysis of normal and castrated adult male rats]. A 5alpha-reductase activity may be found in purified nuclei from anterior pituitary of intact or castrated male rats. When nuclear membranes are separated from nucleoplams this enzymic activity is recovered in nuclear membranes. Following 7 days of castration, the 5alpha-reductase activity in nuclear membranes is increased by 105 % with regard to the activity in nuclear membranes from intact animals."}
{"id": "PMID:144005", "title": "[Strong increase in hepatic and blood histamine levels after partial hepatectomy in rats].", "content": "The histamine rates, when established by fluorometry, according to the method of Shore, in the residual liver and in the whole blood of Wistar-Commentry male rats, quickly increase after partial hepatectomy carried out as described by Higgins and Anderson. The levels reach a peak 24 h after hepatectomy, then progressively lower, and on the 4th day are almost equal to the rates of control or sham operated animals.", "contents": "[Strong increase in hepatic and blood histamine levels after partial hepatectomy in rats]. The histamine rates, when established by fluorometry, according to the method of Shore, in the residual liver and in the whole blood of Wistar-Commentry male rats, quickly increase after partial hepatectomy carried out as described by Higgins and Anderson. The levels reach a peak 24 h after hepatectomy, then progressively lower, and on the 4th day are almost equal to the rates of control or sham operated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:144008", "title": "[Antigenic reactivation in vitro of the cytotoxic activity of lymphoid cells from mice bearing syngeneic tumors].", "content": "The cytotoxic activity of lymphoid cells from mice bearing syngeneic sarcomas is increased when these cells are preincubated on heavily irradiated cells of the same tumours. This secondary stimulation is highest at the time when the cytotoxicity measured directly is relatively low. In consequence, whatever the age of the tumour, the level of cytotoxicity reached (35-45 %) cannot be increased further in normal conditions.", "contents": "[Antigenic reactivation in vitro of the cytotoxic activity of lymphoid cells from mice bearing syngeneic tumors]. The cytotoxic activity of lymphoid cells from mice bearing syngeneic sarcomas is increased when these cells are preincubated on heavily irradiated cells of the same tumours. This secondary stimulation is highest at the time when the cytotoxicity measured directly is relatively low. In consequence, whatever the age of the tumour, the level of cytotoxicity reached (35-45 %) cannot be increased further in normal conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:144009", "title": "[Reversible inhibition of nucleolar function in fibroblasts treated in vitro with adriamycin].", "content": "In chick embryo fibroblasts treated in vitro with adriamycin, the mitotic activity is strongly depressed, the nucleoli are altered, nucleolar RNA synthesis is inhibited and the RNA content is lowered. These effects can be concomitantly and spontaneously reversible, but the mitotic activity does not resume.", "contents": "[Reversible inhibition of nucleolar function in fibroblasts treated in vitro with adriamycin]. In chick embryo fibroblasts treated in vitro with adriamycin, the mitotic activity is strongly depressed, the nucleoli are altered, nucleolar RNA synthesis is inhibited and the RNA content is lowered. These effects can be concomitantly and spontaneously reversible, but the mitotic activity does not resume."}
{"id": "PMID:144010", "title": "[In vivo assay of antisomatotropic activity of somatostatin and two of its analogs].", "content": "Somatostatin (Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone or somatotrophin-release inhibiting factor) and its analogues can be measured in vivo by inhibiting the pentobarbital induced growth hormone release in male rats. Experimental conditions must be carefully defined to become optimal.", "contents": "[In vivo assay of antisomatotropic activity of somatostatin and two of its analogs]. Somatostatin (Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone or somatotrophin-release inhibiting factor) and its analogues can be measured in vivo by inhibiting the pentobarbital induced growth hormone release in male rats. Experimental conditions must be carefully defined to become optimal."}
{"id": "PMID:144011", "title": "[Relationship between age of the male and spontaneous or radiation induced prenatal mortality in mice].", "content": "Control and X-irradiated male mice from the BALB/c strain, three or twelve months old, have been mated with 3 months old virgin females from the same strain. Dissection of the females on the seventeenth day after the beginning of the mating has shown that the preimplantation is increased when the males are twelve months old whereas exposure to ionizing radiations enhances only the postimplantation loss. It is possible that the increase in preimplantation loss results from some changes in the vitality or fertilizing capacity of the spermatozoa.", "contents": "[Relationship between age of the male and spontaneous or radiation induced prenatal mortality in mice]. Control and X-irradiated male mice from the BALB/c strain, three or twelve months old, have been mated with 3 months old virgin females from the same strain. Dissection of the females on the seventeenth day after the beginning of the mating has shown that the preimplantation is increased when the males are twelve months old whereas exposure to ionizing radiations enhances only the postimplantation loss. It is possible that the increase in preimplantation loss results from some changes in the vitality or fertilizing capacity of the spermatozoa."}
{"id": "PMID:144012", "title": "[Inhibition of the prostaglandin-liberating activity of bradykinin in the rat].", "content": "In the rat, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone and chloroquine do not inhibit the hypotensive activity of arachidonic acid, which is due to endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. They reduce or suppress the secondary hypotensive phase induced by bradykinin. These substances inhibit the prostaglandin releasing activity of bradykinin but do not interfere with prostaglandin synthesis.", "contents": "[Inhibition of the prostaglandin-liberating activity of bradykinin in the rat]. In the rat, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone and chloroquine do not inhibit the hypotensive activity of arachidonic acid, which is due to endogenous prostaglandin synthesis. They reduce or suppress the secondary hypotensive phase induced by bradykinin. These substances inhibit the prostaglandin releasing activity of bradykinin but do not interfere with prostaglandin synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:144013", "title": "[Blood calcitonin in alcoholic cirrhosis].", "content": "In spite of an important metabolic role of the liver in the synthesis and degradation of hormonal peptides and seco-stero\u00efds, the clinical occurrence of disturbed regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism is rare in hepatic disorders. 23 patients suffering from alcoholic cirrhosis were studied. All had normal plasma calcium and phosphorus concentration as well as immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels. 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were decreased. Immunoreactive calcitonin were increased in relation to the increase in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. The causes and consequences of these endocrine disturbances are discussed.", "contents": "[Blood calcitonin in alcoholic cirrhosis]. In spite of an important metabolic role of the liver in the synthesis and degradation of hormonal peptides and seco-stero\u00efds, the clinical occurrence of disturbed regulation of calcium and phosphorus metabolism is rare in hepatic disorders. 23 patients suffering from alcoholic cirrhosis were studied. All had normal plasma calcium and phosphorus concentration as well as immunoreactive parathyroid hormone levels. 25 hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were decreased. Immunoreactive calcitonin were increased in relation to the increase in plasma alkaline phosphatase activity. The causes and consequences of these endocrine disturbances are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144014", "title": "[Classification of the responses of a giant neuron from the snail Acatina fulica F\u00e9russac, caused by inhibitory sugstances depending on chlorine ions].", "content": "GABA, three of its derivatives (l-GABOB, d-GABOB and delta-amino valeric acid), acetycholine (Ach), dopamine (DA) and l-Phe-Tyr all inhibit an identifiable giant neurone (the TAN, tonically autoactive neurone) of Achatina fulica. These effects were examined by microdrop application in two different conditions: in physiological solution and in the absence of chloride ions. The results show that the relatively transient (rapid) inhibitions caused by GABA, by its derivatives and by Ach are dependent on chloride ions; the relatively maintained (long-lasting) inhibitions, caused by DA and l-Phe-Tyr, are independent of chloride ions.", "contents": "[Classification of the responses of a giant neuron from the snail Acatina fulica F\u00e9russac, caused by inhibitory sugstances depending on chlorine ions]. GABA, three of its derivatives (l-GABOB, d-GABOB and delta-amino valeric acid), acetycholine (Ach), dopamine (DA) and l-Phe-Tyr all inhibit an identifiable giant neurone (the TAN, tonically autoactive neurone) of Achatina fulica. These effects were examined by microdrop application in two different conditions: in physiological solution and in the absence of chloride ions. The results show that the relatively transient (rapid) inhibitions caused by GABA, by its derivatives and by Ach are dependent on chloride ions; the relatively maintained (long-lasting) inhibitions, caused by DA and l-Phe-Tyr, are independent of chloride ions."}
{"id": "PMID:144015", "title": "[Thymus dependent immunity against Tyzzer's disease in the mouse].", "content": "Nude (nu/nu) mice fail to resist to challenge infection of Tyzzer's disease after pretreatment with formalin-killed organisms that was effective for protecting heterozygous haired (nu/\u0142) mice from challenge. Resistance was induced nu/nu mice after the transfer of spleen cells from immunized nu/\u0142 and concomitant formalin vaccine treatment.", "contents": "[Thymus dependent immunity against Tyzzer's disease in the mouse]. Nude (nu/nu) mice fail to resist to challenge infection of Tyzzer's disease after pretreatment with formalin-killed organisms that was effective for protecting heterozygous haired (nu/\u0142) mice from challenge. Resistance was induced nu/nu mice after the transfer of spleen cells from immunized nu/\u0142 and concomitant formalin vaccine treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:144017", "title": "Cross-linking of minor subunits in the adenosine triphosphatase of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "The subunits of the purified ATPase of rat liver mitochondria were cross-linked with the cleavable disulfide crosslinking reagent dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate). Besides cross-linking of the major (alpha,beta) subunits interactions between beta and gamma and between gamma and epsilon subunits were observed.", "contents": "Cross-linking of minor subunits in the adenosine triphosphatase of rat liver mitochondria. The subunits of the purified ATPase of rat liver mitochondria were cross-linked with the cleavable disulfide crosslinking reagent dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate). Besides cross-linking of the major (alpha,beta) subunits interactions between beta and gamma and between gamma and epsilon subunits were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:144018", "title": "Solvolytic desulfation of glycosaminoglycuronan sulfates with dimethyl sulfoxide containing water or methanol.", "content": "A solvolytic desulfation of glycosaminoglycuronan sulfates was developed by treatment of their pyridinium salts with dimethyl sulfoxide containing 10% of water or methanol at 80-100 degrees. Chemical and physical studies showed that the solvolytic desulfation is a useful method applicable to all the known glycosaminoglycuronan sulfates without producing depolymerization or unfavorable chemical changes in the polysaccharide molecules. An almost completely desulfated, N-acetylated heparin (S: 0.12%) was obtained by treatment of an N-desulfated and N-acetylated heparin with dimethyl sulfoxide containing 10% of methanol for 2 h at 100 degrees.", "contents": "Solvolytic desulfation of glycosaminoglycuronan sulfates with dimethyl sulfoxide containing water or methanol. A solvolytic desulfation of glycosaminoglycuronan sulfates was developed by treatment of their pyridinium salts with dimethyl sulfoxide containing 10% of water or methanol at 80-100 degrees. Chemical and physical studies showed that the solvolytic desulfation is a useful method applicable to all the known glycosaminoglycuronan sulfates without producing depolymerization or unfavorable chemical changes in the polysaccharide molecules. An almost completely desulfated, N-acetylated heparin (S: 0.12%) was obtained by treatment of an N-desulfated and N-acetylated heparin with dimethyl sulfoxide containing 10% of methanol for 2 h at 100 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:144020", "title": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with midventricular obstruction associated with mitral stenosis: partial relief of the obstruction by papillary muscle and trabecular resection.", "content": "A patient is reported with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy where midventricular obstruction was found in association with mitral stenosis. Partial relief of the intraventricular obstruction was obtained by extensive papillary and trabecular muscle resection in the mid-left ventricular area, in conjunction with mitral valve replacement with a porcine heterograft.", "contents": "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with midventricular obstruction associated with mitral stenosis: partial relief of the obstruction by papillary muscle and trabecular resection. A patient is reported with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy where midventricular obstruction was found in association with mitral stenosis. Partial relief of the intraventricular obstruction was obtained by extensive papillary and trabecular muscle resection in the mid-left ventricular area, in conjunction with mitral valve replacement with a porcine heterograft."}
{"id": "PMID:144031", "title": "Inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase by 2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene.", "content": "2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene (THS) wa s found to inhibit rat liver mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity induced by various concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). The I50 was found to be 17 nmoles/mg mitochondrial protein. The maximum inhibitory effects of oligomycin and atractyloside on the DNP-activated mitochondrial ATPase activity can be enhanced by adding THS. The atractyloside-insensitive ATPase activity of Lubrol-treated rat liver mitochondria was also inhibited by low concentration of THS. The tetramethoxyderivative of THS was much less effective than the parent compound in depressing the ATPase activity of both intact and Lubrol-treated mitochondria. These observations suggest that the phenolic groups are essential for the mitochondrial actions of THS, and this compound most probably acts by a mechanism different from oligomycin on the mitochondrial ATPase complex.", "contents": "Inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase by 2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene. 2,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxystilbene (THS) wa s found to inhibit rat liver mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity induced by various concentrations of 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). The I50 was found to be 17 nmoles/mg mitochondrial protein. The maximum inhibitory effects of oligomycin and atractyloside on the DNP-activated mitochondrial ATPase activity can be enhanced by adding THS. The atractyloside-insensitive ATPase activity of Lubrol-treated rat liver mitochondria was also inhibited by low concentration of THS. The tetramethoxyderivative of THS was much less effective than the parent compound in depressing the ATPase activity of both intact and Lubrol-treated mitochondria. These observations suggest that the phenolic groups are essential for the mitochondrial actions of THS, and this compound most probably acts by a mechanism different from oligomycin on the mitochondrial ATPase complex."}
{"id": "PMID:144034", "title": "Cardiac size and function in acromegaly.", "content": "Sixteen acromegalic patients underwent echocardiography, phonocardiography, stress electrocardiography with Thallium perfusion scanning and gated radioisotope left ventricular angiocardiograms. Abnormalities consisting of increased echo left ventricular mass index, low velocity of circumferential fiber shortening or elevated pre-ejection period to left ventricular ejection time ratio were found in six patients with coexistent hypertension or coronary disease. Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy was also found in three patients with no known etiology other than acromegaly of greater than thirteen years' duration or with fasting growth hormone concentrations greater than 100 ng/ml. One of these three also had left ventricular dysfunction. Neither hypertrophy nor ventricular dysfunction was found in other acromegalics with shorter duration of disease or lower growth hormone concentrations or with normal growth hormone concentrations after therapy. A high prevalence of coronary artery and hypertensive heart disease is associated with acromegaly. A few patients with acromegaly have a specific, potentially reversible cardiomyopathy probably related to prolonged acromegaly or very high growth hormone concentrations.", "contents": "Cardiac size and function in acromegaly. Sixteen acromegalic patients underwent echocardiography, phonocardiography, stress electrocardiography with Thallium perfusion scanning and gated radioisotope left ventricular angiocardiograms. Abnormalities consisting of increased echo left ventricular mass index, low velocity of circumferential fiber shortening or elevated pre-ejection period to left ventricular ejection time ratio were found in six patients with coexistent hypertension or coronary disease. Concentric left ventricular hypertrophy was also found in three patients with no known etiology other than acromegaly of greater than thirteen years' duration or with fasting growth hormone concentrations greater than 100 ng/ml. One of these three also had left ventricular dysfunction. Neither hypertrophy nor ventricular dysfunction was found in other acromegalics with shorter duration of disease or lower growth hormone concentrations or with normal growth hormone concentrations after therapy. A high prevalence of coronary artery and hypertensive heart disease is associated with acromegaly. A few patients with acromegaly have a specific, potentially reversible cardiomyopathy probably related to prolonged acromegaly or very high growth hormone concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:144035", "title": "Consumption coagulopathy and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with an axillo-femoral graft.", "content": "Consumption coagulopathy and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia occurred as a complication of insertion of an axillofemoral, preclotted dacron graft. Treatment with heparin followed by dipyridamole and aspirin normalized the hematologic and coagulation abnormalities over a two month period. The mechanism of consumption coagulopathy associated with prosthetic grafts is discussed and a possible role for treatment with antiplatelet agents is suggested.", "contents": "Consumption coagulopathy and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia with an axillo-femoral graft. Consumption coagulopathy and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia occurred as a complication of insertion of an axillofemoral, preclotted dacron graft. Treatment with heparin followed by dipyridamole and aspirin normalized the hematologic and coagulation abnormalities over a two month period. The mechanism of consumption coagulopathy associated with prosthetic grafts is discussed and a possible role for treatment with antiplatelet agents is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:144036", "title": "Differentiation of mucopolysaccharidoses by analyses of the excreted sulfated mucopolysaccharides.", "content": "Analyses of sulfated mucopolysaccharides excreted by patients with Hunter, Hurler, Scheie, Sanfilippo A and Sanfilippo B syndromes are reported. Three distinct methods, namely agarose gel electrophoresis, enzymatic degradation and molecular weight determination, were used in an attempt to differentiate the mucopolysaccharidoses by analysis of the urinary mucopolysaccharides. It is shown that by the combination of these methods it is possible to differentiate most of the syndromes and also to demonstrated that some patients with the same syndrome excrete different types of sulfated mucopolysaccharides.", "contents": "Differentiation of mucopolysaccharidoses by analyses of the excreted sulfated mucopolysaccharides. Analyses of sulfated mucopolysaccharides excreted by patients with Hunter, Hurler, Scheie, Sanfilippo A and Sanfilippo B syndromes are reported. Three distinct methods, namely agarose gel electrophoresis, enzymatic degradation and molecular weight determination, were used in an attempt to differentiate the mucopolysaccharidoses by analysis of the urinary mucopolysaccharides. It is shown that by the combination of these methods it is possible to differentiate most of the syndromes and also to demonstrated that some patients with the same syndrome excrete different types of sulfated mucopolysaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:144032", "title": "Dental care for the handicapped-ambulatory and hospital considerations.", "content": "Estimates of the incidence of handicap are totally confused, and there is little coordination in provision of information as to types of disability. The author attempts to distinguish between the various handicaps from a standpoint of dental services delivery. Some of the psycho-social problems of the handicapped are discused in relation to dental care, and distinction is made between those who can be treated on an ambulatory basis and those who have to be hospitalized. Guidelines are established for each of the aforementioned techniques in order to make the experience more bearable for patient, parent and dentist.", "contents": "Dental care for the handicapped-ambulatory and hospital considerations. Estimates of the incidence of handicap are totally confused, and there is little coordination in provision of information as to types of disability. The author attempts to distinguish between the various handicaps from a standpoint of dental services delivery. Some of the psycho-social problems of the handicapped are discused in relation to dental care, and distinction is made between those who can be treated on an ambulatory basis and those who have to be hospitalized. Guidelines are established for each of the aforementioned techniques in order to make the experience more bearable for patient, parent and dentist."}
{"id": "PMID:144033", "title": "Integration.", "content": "The problems of intergrating the disabled child in the ordinary school are examined. The child's adaptation and adjustment are briefly discussed and the influence on these of the home, medical and educational services is considered. Handicap is seen to be created by a combination of the functional limitations imposed by the disability and by the reaction of society to it. Successful integration is considered to be in some way dependent upon efforts which will reduce both this secondary socially induced handicap and also any peer group stigmatization. Positive professional attitudes and intensive family centered support and guidance are considered essential to the successful habilitation of the disabled child.", "contents": "Integration. The problems of intergrating the disabled child in the ordinary school are examined. The child's adaptation and adjustment are briefly discussed and the influence on these of the home, medical and educational services is considered. Handicap is seen to be created by a combination of the functional limitations imposed by the disability and by the reaction of society to it. Successful integration is considered to be in some way dependent upon efforts which will reduce both this secondary socially induced handicap and also any peer group stigmatization. Positive professional attitudes and intensive family centered support and guidance are considered essential to the successful habilitation of the disabled child."}
{"id": "PMID:144039", "title": "Treatment of Paget's disease of bone with mithramycin.", "content": "The hypothesis that Paget's disease of bone is a low grade neoplastic process led us to use the cytotoxic antibiotic mithramycin in its treatment. The dramatic effects observed on the serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase, and urinary hydroxyproline are compatible with the concept that mithramycin is primarily toxic to osteoclasts. Subjective and objective clinical effects establish this agent as useful in the treatment of Paget's disease despite its observed toxicity to other organ systems.", "contents": "Treatment of Paget's disease of bone with mithramycin. The hypothesis that Paget's disease of bone is a low grade neoplastic process led us to use the cytotoxic antibiotic mithramycin in its treatment. The dramatic effects observed on the serum calcium and alkaline phosphatase, and urinary hydroxyproline are compatible with the concept that mithramycin is primarily toxic to osteoclasts. Subjective and objective clinical effects establish this agent as useful in the treatment of Paget's disease despite its observed toxicity to other organ systems."}
{"id": "PMID:144040", "title": "Low back pain due to neisseria prostatitis: report of three cases.", "content": "After a short term of employment in a new job, 3 young heroin addicts became disabled from low back pain due to neisseria gonorrhea prostatitis. Each returned to work after a few weeks of antibiotic therapy without symptoms following proper diagnosis. These patients demonstrate the importance of a careful history and thorough examination of the patient with low back pain including a rectal examination of the prostate gland.", "contents": "Low back pain due to neisseria prostatitis: report of three cases. After a short term of employment in a new job, 3 young heroin addicts became disabled from low back pain due to neisseria gonorrhea prostatitis. Each returned to work after a few weeks of antibiotic therapy without symptoms following proper diagnosis. These patients demonstrate the importance of a careful history and thorough examination of the patient with low back pain including a rectal examination of the prostate gland."}
{"id": "PMID:144041", "title": "Circulating inhibitor of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase after expansion of extracellular fluid volume in rats.", "content": "1. Serum was collected from normal rats and from rats volume-expanded with isotonic sodium chloride solution. 2. The serum was fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and each fraction was tested for inhibitory activity against sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase prepared from rat kidney homogenate. 3. A single low-molecular-weight fraction, eluting after the salts and after exogenously added lysine-vasopressin, had significantly greater enzyme inhibitory activity when obtained from serum of volume-expanded animals than from control serum. 4. As this fraction has been shown in previous independent studies to contain a natriuretic factor, it may be concluded that one property of this factor is the ability to inhibit sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase.", "contents": "Circulating inhibitor of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase after expansion of extracellular fluid volume in rats. 1. Serum was collected from normal rats and from rats volume-expanded with isotonic sodium chloride solution. 2. The serum was fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-25 and each fraction was tested for inhibitory activity against sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase prepared from rat kidney homogenate. 3. A single low-molecular-weight fraction, eluting after the salts and after exogenously added lysine-vasopressin, had significantly greater enzyme inhibitory activity when obtained from serum of volume-expanded animals than from control serum. 4. As this fraction has been shown in previous independent studies to contain a natriuretic factor, it may be concluded that one property of this factor is the ability to inhibit sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:144042", "title": "Effect of alpha-methyldopa on the pulmonary vascular changes induced by chronic hypoxia in rats.", "content": "1. Groups of young rats were kept in a hypoxic chamber or in air as control animals for 28 days. 2. Hypoxic and control animals were treated with either alpha-methyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (alpha-methyldopa) or distilled water. 3. alpha-Methyldopa significantly reduced the increase in pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy induced by chronic hypoxia and partially prevented the histological changes in the small pulmonary vessels.", "contents": "Effect of alpha-methyldopa on the pulmonary vascular changes induced by chronic hypoxia in rats. 1. Groups of young rats were kept in a hypoxic chamber or in air as control animals for 28 days. 2. Hypoxic and control animals were treated with either alpha-methyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (alpha-methyldopa) or distilled water. 3. alpha-Methyldopa significantly reduced the increase in pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy induced by chronic hypoxia and partially prevented the histological changes in the small pulmonary vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:144043", "title": "Evaluation and accountability in a parent-implemented early intervention service.", "content": "Traditionally human-service programs have lacked systematic procedures of evaluation and accountability to the clients served. The Regional Intervention Program, a parent-implemented early intervention service, developed and instituted one system of program evaluation to demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness. The system as developed incorporates an economic justification in terms of the costs and benefits to the funding source, evaluation of specifically defined organizational and clinet objectives, data-based assessments of child progress, and accountability to a consumer-based evaluation committee. Collectively, these four components provide a means of continuous and reliable feedback to the funding source and to the clients served.", "contents": "Evaluation and accountability in a parent-implemented early intervention service. Traditionally human-service programs have lacked systematic procedures of evaluation and accountability to the clients served. The Regional Intervention Program, a parent-implemented early intervention service, developed and instituted one system of program evaluation to demonstrate its efficiency and effectiveness. The system as developed incorporates an economic justification in terms of the costs and benefits to the funding source, evaluation of specifically defined organizational and clinet objectives, data-based assessments of child progress, and accountability to a consumer-based evaluation committee. Collectively, these four components provide a means of continuous and reliable feedback to the funding source and to the clients served."}
{"id": "PMID:144048", "title": "Variations in the length of S-phase related to the time cells are blocked at the G1-S interface.", "content": "The inhibition of DNA synthesis with hydroxyurea or 5-fluorode-oxyuridine decreases the duration of S-phase of synchronously growing Chinese hamster cultures. - The observed drug effects are discussed in relation to an alteration of programmed DNA replication.", "contents": "Variations in the length of S-phase related to the time cells are blocked at the G1-S interface. The inhibition of DNA synthesis with hydroxyurea or 5-fluorode-oxyuridine decreases the duration of S-phase of synchronously growing Chinese hamster cultures. - The observed drug effects are discussed in relation to an alteration of programmed DNA replication."}
{"id": "PMID:144051", "title": "Effect of streptozotocin administration on somatostatin content of pancreas and hypothalamus in rats.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for somatostatin (SRIF) utilizing rabbit antiserum against synthetic SRIF coupled with human serum alpha-globulin is described. Synthetic N alpha-tyrosylated SRIF was labelled with 125I using the lactoperoxidase method and purified on a Sephadex G-10 column. This assay system was highly specific for SRIF and did not cross-react with hypothalamic trophic hormones, pituitary trophic hormones or gastrointestinal hormones. The effect of streptozotocin induced diabetes on the SRIF content was examined in the pancreas, the pancreatic islets, as well as the hypothalamus of rats. SRIF content in both the pancreas and islets of the diabetic rats was shown by RIA to have significantly increased. However, content in the hypothalamus of the diabetic rats did not differ from that of the control. The physiological and pathophysiological significance of the SRIF changes remains to determined.", "contents": "Effect of streptozotocin administration on somatostatin content of pancreas and hypothalamus in rats. A radioimmunoassay (RIA) method for somatostatin (SRIF) utilizing rabbit antiserum against synthetic SRIF coupled with human serum alpha-globulin is described. Synthetic N alpha-tyrosylated SRIF was labelled with 125I using the lactoperoxidase method and purified on a Sephadex G-10 column. This assay system was highly specific for SRIF and did not cross-react with hypothalamic trophic hormones, pituitary trophic hormones or gastrointestinal hormones. The effect of streptozotocin induced diabetes on the SRIF content was examined in the pancreas, the pancreatic islets, as well as the hypothalamus of rats. SRIF content in both the pancreas and islets of the diabetic rats was shown by RIA to have significantly increased. However, content in the hypothalamus of the diabetic rats did not differ from that of the control. The physiological and pathophysiological significance of the SRIF changes remains to determined."}
{"id": "PMID:144052", "title": "Some histochemical observations on the epididymis of rat--a comparison with chronological events in testis.", "content": "Histological and histochemical changes (lipids, phospholipids, neutral polysaccharides, acid mucopolysaccharides and sialic acid) were studied in the rat at pre- and postpubertal stages. At 10 days lipid and phospholipid staining was not observed both in the testis and epididymis though neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides and sialic acid were demonstrable. By 21 days, lipid and phospholipid staining was present in moderate amounts both in testis and epididymis. There was also a slight increase in other parameters studied. Maximum histochemical staining for all the parameters was seen at 60 days when the testicular and further components were well organized and functional. These findings reveal that both the testis and epididymis follow a similar pattern of development and are possibly governed by a common controlling factor--the androgens.", "contents": "Some histochemical observations on the epididymis of rat--a comparison with chronological events in testis. Histological and histochemical changes (lipids, phospholipids, neutral polysaccharides, acid mucopolysaccharides and sialic acid) were studied in the rat at pre- and postpubertal stages. At 10 days lipid and phospholipid staining was not observed both in the testis and epididymis though neutral and acid mucopolysaccharides and sialic acid were demonstrable. By 21 days, lipid and phospholipid staining was present in moderate amounts both in testis and epididymis. There was also a slight increase in other parameters studied. Maximum histochemical staining for all the parameters was seen at 60 days when the testicular and further components were well organized and functional. These findings reveal that both the testis and epididymis follow a similar pattern of development and are possibly governed by a common controlling factor--the androgens."}
{"id": "PMID:144053", "title": "The binding constant of ATP to myosin S1 fragment.", "content": "The extent of ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi at the active centre of myosin subfragment 1 has been reinvestigated. The results have been interpreted using a treatment which is not dependent on the number or nature of the intermediates in the ATPase mechanism. An average value for the binding constant of ATP of (3.25 +/- 0.96) X 10(11) M-1 at pH 8.0 23 degrees C and ionic strength 0.12 M was obtained. Additional evidence is given to confirm that synthesis at the active site has been investigated.", "contents": "The binding constant of ATP to myosin S1 fragment. The extent of ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi at the active centre of myosin subfragment 1 has been reinvestigated. The results have been interpreted using a treatment which is not dependent on the number or nature of the intermediates in the ATPase mechanism. An average value for the binding constant of ATP of (3.25 +/- 0.96) X 10(11) M-1 at pH 8.0 23 degrees C and ionic strength 0.12 M was obtained. Additional evidence is given to confirm that synthesis at the active site has been investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:144056", "title": "Immunodeficiency in Down's syndrome: relationship between presence of human thyroglobulin antibodies and HBsAg carrier status.", "content": "The relationship between the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies to human thyroglobulin (HTgAb) has been studied in 110 subjects with Down's syndrome (DS) from 4 months to 50 years of age and in 122 controls carefully matched for sex, age and socio-environmental conditions. The overall percentage of HBsAg carriers was 22.7 in DS and 6.6 in controls and that of HTgAb-positive subjects was 41.8 in DS and 19.7 in controls. In DS the frequency of HTgAb-positive subjects was very high, even in the youngest age groups in which the percentage of HBsAg carriers was relatively low; the latter thereafter showed a marked increase with age. A positive association between the presence of HBsAg and HTgAb was found only in the oldest age group of DS subjects. It is thus concluded that in DS the high frequency of HTgAb cannot be attributed to chronic hepatitis B virus infection. On the contrary, the presence of HTgAb might well represent an early \"marker\" of immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infection with hepatitis B virus.", "contents": "Immunodeficiency in Down's syndrome: relationship between presence of human thyroglobulin antibodies and HBsAg carrier status. The relationship between the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies to human thyroglobulin (HTgAb) has been studied in 110 subjects with Down's syndrome (DS) from 4 months to 50 years of age and in 122 controls carefully matched for sex, age and socio-environmental conditions. The overall percentage of HBsAg carriers was 22.7 in DS and 6.6 in controls and that of HTgAb-positive subjects was 41.8 in DS and 19.7 in controls. In DS the frequency of HTgAb-positive subjects was very high, even in the youngest age groups in which the percentage of HBsAg carriers was relatively low; the latter thereafter showed a marked increase with age. A positive association between the presence of HBsAg and HTgAb was found only in the oldest age group of DS subjects. It is thus concluded that in DS the high frequency of HTgAb cannot be attributed to chronic hepatitis B virus infection. On the contrary, the presence of HTgAb might well represent an early \"marker\" of immunodeficiency and increased susceptibility to infection with hepatitis B virus."}
{"id": "PMID:144057", "title": "Beta-glucuronidase deficiency in a girl with unusual clinical features.", "content": "beta-glucuronidase deficiency in fibroblasts, leucocytes and in serum and increased urinary excretion of mucopolysaccharides were found in a girl, now 13 years old, who exhibits some features of a mucopolysaccharidosis such as moderate mental deficiency, craniofacial dysmorphism, a short neck, protruding sternum, vertebral deformities and corneal clouding. Coarse granulations were found in her leucocytes. The liver and spleen are not enlarged and there is no gingival hyperplasia. Additional features, hitherto undescribed, are hydronephrosis and defective ossification of the medial carpal and tarsal bones. Low enzyme activity in the parents and a normal brother suggests heterozygosity.", "contents": "Beta-glucuronidase deficiency in a girl with unusual clinical features. beta-glucuronidase deficiency in fibroblasts, leucocytes and in serum and increased urinary excretion of mucopolysaccharides were found in a girl, now 13 years old, who exhibits some features of a mucopolysaccharidosis such as moderate mental deficiency, craniofacial dysmorphism, a short neck, protruding sternum, vertebral deformities and corneal clouding. Coarse granulations were found in her leucocytes. The liver and spleen are not enlarged and there is no gingival hyperplasia. Additional features, hitherto undescribed, are hydronephrosis and defective ossification of the medial carpal and tarsal bones. Low enzyme activity in the parents and a normal brother suggests heterozygosity."}
{"id": "PMID:144060", "title": "Heart/body weight ratios for aging high and low blood pressure mice.", "content": "Heart weight and heart/body weight ratios were determined for stocks of mice bred from Schlager's high and low blood pressure mice. Results of an analysis in which three different age groups (means = 15, 17, and 28 months) were compared indicated a nonsignificant interaction between age and blood pressure for heart weight and between age and blood pressure for heart/body weight ratios. Heart weight and heart/body weight ratios were significantly higher for the high than for the low BP mice at all ages with one exception; heart weights did not differ between the two lines at mean age 28 months. It was concluded that high blood pressure mice do not exhibit cardiac hypertrophy in the strictest sense of a disproportionately greater increase in heart/body weight ratios across the life span than low blood pressure for this particular stock.", "contents": "Heart/body weight ratios for aging high and low blood pressure mice. Heart weight and heart/body weight ratios were determined for stocks of mice bred from Schlager's high and low blood pressure mice. Results of an analysis in which three different age groups (means = 15, 17, and 28 months) were compared indicated a nonsignificant interaction between age and blood pressure for heart weight and between age and blood pressure for heart/body weight ratios. Heart weight and heart/body weight ratios were significantly higher for the high than for the low BP mice at all ages with one exception; heart weights did not differ between the two lines at mean age 28 months. It was concluded that high blood pressure mice do not exhibit cardiac hypertrophy in the strictest sense of a disproportionately greater increase in heart/body weight ratios across the life span than low blood pressure for this particular stock."}
{"id": "PMID:144070", "title": "[Identification of muscle spindles by direct and indirect electric stimulation of intrafusal muscle fibers].", "content": "In two series of experiments on 25 anesthetized deefferented cats methods of quick identification of muscle spindles were used. The first method was based on the postcontractory sensory discharge in a muscle spindle after brief strong electrical stimulation of the muscle nerve. In another approach the concentric electrodes inserted into the muscle were used. If the intrafusal muscle fibers were selectively contracted by direct electrical stimulation the sensory discharge appeared without any increase in the total muscle tension. It seems that these methods enable to identify the unit under study more precisely in comparison with conduction velocity measurements, as the group I and II afferents are sometimes present in muscle nerve from joint and deep tissues.", "contents": "[Identification of muscle spindles by direct and indirect electric stimulation of intrafusal muscle fibers]. In two series of experiments on 25 anesthetized deefferented cats methods of quick identification of muscle spindles were used. The first method was based on the postcontractory sensory discharge in a muscle spindle after brief strong electrical stimulation of the muscle nerve. In another approach the concentric electrodes inserted into the muscle were used. If the intrafusal muscle fibers were selectively contracted by direct electrical stimulation the sensory discharge appeared without any increase in the total muscle tension. It seems that these methods enable to identify the unit under study more precisely in comparison with conduction velocity measurements, as the group I and II afferents are sometimes present in muscle nerve from joint and deep tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:144071", "title": "[Mechanism of action of parathyroid hormone on the functional activity of myocardial tissue].", "content": "The effect of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) on AP and the ventricle myocardium contractions in frogs was studied under conditions of the calcium permeability blockade and in calciumfree solution: the AP duration shortened, while AP amplitude increased like in control solution. The hormone's ion mechanisms are supposed to be based on increased transfer of calcium along the \"slow\" channels of membrane and of sodium--along the \"fast\" channels, as well as on activation of the Na-K-dependent ATPhase.", "contents": "[Mechanism of action of parathyroid hormone on the functional activity of myocardial tissue]. The effect of the parathyroid hormone (PTH) on AP and the ventricle myocardium contractions in frogs was studied under conditions of the calcium permeability blockade and in calciumfree solution: the AP duration shortened, while AP amplitude increased like in control solution. The hormone's ion mechanisms are supposed to be based on increased transfer of calcium along the \"slow\" channels of membrane and of sodium--along the \"fast\" channels, as well as on activation of the Na-K-dependent ATPhase."}
{"id": "PMID:144072", "title": "[Changes in adrenal gland and thymus induced by sex steroid administration in newborn rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), progesterone, estradiol-17beta, estrone, estriol, 2-hydroxyestradiol-17beta, 2-hydroxyestriol, deoxyestrone and diethylstilbestrol were injected s.c. in a dose of 0.5 mg each into newborn rats on the first day of life, and changes in the adrenal gland, thymus and spleen were examined 3 days later. Increase in the body weight during the 3 days was less in rats treated with DHEA, 2-hydroxyestriol and deoxyestrone, as compared with that in controls. Development of the thymus was significantly impaired in rats injected with various kinds of sex steroids, except progesterone and diethylstilbestrol. Reduction of the spleen weight by sex steroid treatment was not marked. The weight of adrenal gland decreased in rats injected with DHEA and progesterone, while the weight increased in those given estrone and diethylstilbestrol. Estrogens, particularly estriol, induced a marked increase in adrenal corticosterone content, while 2-hydroxyestriol caused only slight elevation and 2-hydroxyestradiol and deoxyestrone had no influence on the content. Suppressive effect of cortisol on the adrenal gland of newborn rats was slightly, but significantly, lessened by estriol treatment. From the results, physiological role of estriol and DHEA in adrenal secretion was discussed.", "contents": "[Changes in adrenal gland and thymus induced by sex steroid administration in newborn rats (author's transl)]. Testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), progesterone, estradiol-17beta, estrone, estriol, 2-hydroxyestradiol-17beta, 2-hydroxyestriol, deoxyestrone and diethylstilbestrol were injected s.c. in a dose of 0.5 mg each into newborn rats on the first day of life, and changes in the adrenal gland, thymus and spleen were examined 3 days later. Increase in the body weight during the 3 days was less in rats treated with DHEA, 2-hydroxyestriol and deoxyestrone, as compared with that in controls. Development of the thymus was significantly impaired in rats injected with various kinds of sex steroids, except progesterone and diethylstilbestrol. Reduction of the spleen weight by sex steroid treatment was not marked. The weight of adrenal gland decreased in rats injected with DHEA and progesterone, while the weight increased in those given estrone and diethylstilbestrol. Estrogens, particularly estriol, induced a marked increase in adrenal corticosterone content, while 2-hydroxyestriol caused only slight elevation and 2-hydroxyestradiol and deoxyestrone had no influence on the content. Suppressive effect of cortisol on the adrenal gland of newborn rats was slightly, but significantly, lessened by estriol treatment. From the results, physiological role of estriol and DHEA in adrenal secretion was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144078", "title": "Chromosomal mosaicism in Down's syndrome: a diagnostic challenge.", "content": "In individuals with mosaicism for trisomy 21, phenotype-karyotype correlations are unpredictable. Two patients are described--one with typical features of Down's syndrome and the other with severe mental retardation only. Both had normal karyotypes in their peripheral lymphocytes but high percentages of trisomic cells in skin fibroblasts.", "contents": "Chromosomal mosaicism in Down's syndrome: a diagnostic challenge. In individuals with mosaicism for trisomy 21, phenotype-karyotype correlations are unpredictable. Two patients are described--one with typical features of Down's syndrome and the other with severe mental retardation only. Both had normal karyotypes in their peripheral lymphocytes but high percentages of trisomic cells in skin fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:144079", "title": "Modification of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats by pretreatment with cortisone.", "content": "Cortisone pretreatment considerably enhances the mortality of young, male, streptozotocin-injected Holtzman rats. In those that survive, cortisone pretreatment decreases the ensuing hyperglycaemia, extends the period during which streptozotocin-induced B cell damage can be observed from less than two to as much as four to seven days and permits the persistence of poorly granulated B cells in such animals. These effects are at least partially attributable to a cortisone-induced augmentation of the total B cell mass. Compared with the high degree of protection against alloxan-induced damage afforded the pancreatic B cells of cortisone-pretreated rabbits, the protective effect of cortisone against B cell destruction in streptozotocin-injected rats is thus much more limited in scope. Species differences as well as differing pathogenetic mechanisms may account for these results.", "contents": "Modification of streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats by pretreatment with cortisone. Cortisone pretreatment considerably enhances the mortality of young, male, streptozotocin-injected Holtzman rats. In those that survive, cortisone pretreatment decreases the ensuing hyperglycaemia, extends the period during which streptozotocin-induced B cell damage can be observed from less than two to as much as four to seven days and permits the persistence of poorly granulated B cells in such animals. These effects are at least partially attributable to a cortisone-induced augmentation of the total B cell mass. Compared with the high degree of protection against alloxan-induced damage afforded the pancreatic B cells of cortisone-pretreated rabbits, the protective effect of cortisone against B cell destruction in streptozotocin-injected rats is thus much more limited in scope. Species differences as well as differing pathogenetic mechanisms may account for these results."}
{"id": "PMID:144081", "title": "[Genetic heterogeneity of G6PD deficiency: mutant alleles of G6PD in the Shekii district of Azerbaijan].", "content": "Examination on G6PD deficiency in 349 patients of Shekii district hospital (Azerbaijan) revealed 16 hemi-, 4 homo- and 9 heterozygotic carriers of the defect. Gd- frequency, calculated from the data obtained (7.7%), may be compared to neighbouring regions' frequencies (6-30%). Carriers of G6PD deficiency are residents of 11 villages located in Alasani-Aphtalan valley, highly endemic with malaria in the past; nearly all marriages are endogamic. Physico-chemical and kinetic study of 10 mutant forms of G6PD, according to WHO program, led to identification of 5 variants of the II class (Shekii, Bideiz, Shirin-Bulakh, Okhut I and Zakataly) and 2 variants of the III class (Okhut II and Martinique-like). Resemblance of the majority of variants in electrophoretic mobility and the level of erythrocyte enzyme activity permit to suggest the existence of a common parental mutant G6PD allele distributed in this area.", "contents": "[Genetic heterogeneity of G6PD deficiency: mutant alleles of G6PD in the Shekii district of Azerbaijan]. Examination on G6PD deficiency in 349 patients of Shekii district hospital (Azerbaijan) revealed 16 hemi-, 4 homo- and 9 heterozygotic carriers of the defect. Gd- frequency, calculated from the data obtained (7.7%), may be compared to neighbouring regions' frequencies (6-30%). Carriers of G6PD deficiency are residents of 11 villages located in Alasani-Aphtalan valley, highly endemic with malaria in the past; nearly all marriages are endogamic. Physico-chemical and kinetic study of 10 mutant forms of G6PD, according to WHO program, led to identification of 5 variants of the II class (Shekii, Bideiz, Shirin-Bulakh, Okhut I and Zakataly) and 2 variants of the III class (Okhut II and Martinique-like). Resemblance of the majority of variants in electrophoretic mobility and the level of erythrocyte enzyme activity permit to suggest the existence of a common parental mutant G6PD allele distributed in this area."}
{"id": "PMID:144082", "title": "[Phenotypic frequencies of ABO, rhesus and MN erythrocyte antigen systems, their gene npool and comparative study of the inhabitants of Central Kazakhstan].", "content": "The distribution of ABO, Rh and MN blood groups among 6450 persons of six main nationalities in Karaganda is found to be the following (in percent); O blood group-Ukrainians (34.04+/-1.5), Germans (35.46+/-1.5), Kazakhs(34.62+/-1.6), Tatars (35.9+/-2.2), Russians (37.01+/-1.5), Byelorussians (40.36+/-2.4); A blood group--Kazakhs (27.47+/-1.5), Tatars (32.57+/-2.1), Russians (32.66+/-1.5), Byelorussians (37.23+/-2.4), Ukrainians (37.70+/-1.5), Germans (46.32+/-1.5); B blood group--Germans (13.37+/-1.1), Byelorussians (16.55+/-1.8), Ukrainians (19.30+/-1.3), Russians (23.11+/-1.3), Tatars (24.22+/-0.2), Kazakhs (28.33+/-1.5); AB blood group--Germans (4.85+/-0.7), Byelorussians (5.86+/-1.2), Tatars (7.30+/-1.2), Russians (7.22+/-0.8), Ukrainians (8.96+/-0.9). Reliable differences in Rh system were discovered only in Kazakhs and Tatars, among persons of different nationalities.", "contents": "[Phenotypic frequencies of ABO, rhesus and MN erythrocyte antigen systems, their gene npool and comparative study of the inhabitants of Central Kazakhstan]. The distribution of ABO, Rh and MN blood groups among 6450 persons of six main nationalities in Karaganda is found to be the following (in percent); O blood group-Ukrainians (34.04+/-1.5), Germans (35.46+/-1.5), Kazakhs(34.62+/-1.6), Tatars (35.9+/-2.2), Russians (37.01+/-1.5), Byelorussians (40.36+/-2.4); A blood group--Kazakhs (27.47+/-1.5), Tatars (32.57+/-2.1), Russians (32.66+/-1.5), Byelorussians (37.23+/-2.4), Ukrainians (37.70+/-1.5), Germans (46.32+/-1.5); B blood group--Germans (13.37+/-1.1), Byelorussians (16.55+/-1.8), Ukrainians (19.30+/-1.3), Russians (23.11+/-1.3), Tatars (24.22+/-0.2), Kazakhs (28.33+/-1.5); AB blood group--Germans (4.85+/-0.7), Byelorussians (5.86+/-1.2), Tatars (7.30+/-1.2), Russians (7.22+/-0.8), Ukrainians (8.96+/-0.9). Reliable differences in Rh system were discovered only in Kazakhs and Tatars, among persons of different nationalities."}
{"id": "PMID:144088", "title": "Dissolution of noncovalently bonded fibrin in the presence of bromide ions.", "content": "Two peaks were demonstrated after gel chromatography on Sepharose 6-B of noncovalently bonded firbrin dissolved in 1 M NaBr at pH 5.3. One was eluted at the void volume while the other one was eluted at the elution volume of fibrinogen. Both fractions were stable during rechromatography. The fraction eluted at the void volume was highly heterogeneous and consisted of noncovalently bonded aggregates of fibrin monomer units. Our experiments indicate that these high molecular weight derivatives develop during dissolution of fibrin in NaBr solution. The possible explanation of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Dissolution of noncovalently bonded fibrin in the presence of bromide ions. Two peaks were demonstrated after gel chromatography on Sepharose 6-B of noncovalently bonded firbrin dissolved in 1 M NaBr at pH 5.3. One was eluted at the void volume while the other one was eluted at the elution volume of fibrinogen. Both fractions were stable during rechromatography. The fraction eluted at the void volume was highly heterogeneous and consisted of noncovalently bonded aggregates of fibrin monomer units. Our experiments indicate that these high molecular weight derivatives develop during dissolution of fibrin in NaBr solution. The possible explanation of these results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144089", "title": "[Psychosomatics of acne].", "content": "Psychopathology occurs much more frequently in cases of persisting than in juvenile acne. Moreover, a neurotic personality structure is much more common in cases of persisting than juvenile acne. When a neurotic structure is present, the juvenile acne patient maladjusts to the acne and develops neurotic symptoms. Such psychological consequences represent further stress and cause exacerbations, thus transforming the juvenile into persisting acne. The increased psychopathology in persisting acne is thus both a result as well as a partial cause. It is a link in a vicious circle. The typical pathological patterns of reaction in acne are described.", "contents": "[Psychosomatics of acne]. Psychopathology occurs much more frequently in cases of persisting than in juvenile acne. Moreover, a neurotic personality structure is much more common in cases of persisting than juvenile acne. When a neurotic structure is present, the juvenile acne patient maladjusts to the acne and develops neurotic symptoms. Such psychological consequences represent further stress and cause exacerbations, thus transforming the juvenile into persisting acne. The increased psychopathology in persisting acne is thus both a result as well as a partial cause. It is a link in a vicious circle. The typical pathological patterns of reaction in acne are described."}
{"id": "PMID:144090", "title": "[Acquired isolated ventricular septal defects].", "content": "Among the acquired defects of ventricular septum the rupture of the septum are known to occur as a rare complication following penetrating and non-penetrating injuries of the chest and more common as sequel of myocardial infarction. A left to right shunt usually follows the acute rupture of the interventricular septum, and is usually lethal. Only a few patients survive for several months under conventional therapy. Early diagnostic procedures using heart catheterization are crucial to determine whether surgical maneuvers are necessary. We present patients who experienced acute rupture of the ventricular septum. We discuss their pathological and clinical findings as well as the problems related to prognosis and therapy.", "contents": "[Acquired isolated ventricular septal defects]. Among the acquired defects of ventricular septum the rupture of the septum are known to occur as a rare complication following penetrating and non-penetrating injuries of the chest and more common as sequel of myocardial infarction. A left to right shunt usually follows the acute rupture of the interventricular septum, and is usually lethal. Only a few patients survive for several months under conventional therapy. Early diagnostic procedures using heart catheterization are crucial to determine whether surgical maneuvers are necessary. We present patients who experienced acute rupture of the ventricular septum. We discuss their pathological and clinical findings as well as the problems related to prognosis and therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:144091", "title": "[Results of the Wertheim-Meigs hysterectomy with special regard to postoperative complications].", "content": "From 1965 to 1975, 232 radical hysterectomies (using the Wertheim-Meigs method) were performed in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Mannheim. Statistical evaluation showed that the average patient was 43,3 years old. In more than 50 percent of all cases the reason for admission to hospital was given as bleeding problems and contact bleeding, in 30 percent of the cases the readon was given as suspicious cervical os findings. 80 percent of all patients were operated on in stage Ia or Ib. An indwelling catherer was in place for an average of 14.96 days. Postoperative complications occurred in 194 (83.62%) patients. Of those, a majority (71.55%) was found to be an urological problem. Wound healing disturbances amounted to 12 percent of all cases. The mortality rate was 1.29 percent.", "contents": "[Results of the Wertheim-Meigs hysterectomy with special regard to postoperative complications]. From 1965 to 1975, 232 radical hysterectomies (using the Wertheim-Meigs method) were performed in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Mannheim. Statistical evaluation showed that the average patient was 43,3 years old. In more than 50 percent of all cases the reason for admission to hospital was given as bleeding problems and contact bleeding, in 30 percent of the cases the readon was given as suspicious cervical os findings. 80 percent of all patients were operated on in stage Ia or Ib. An indwelling catherer was in place for an average of 14.96 days. Postoperative complications occurred in 194 (83.62%) patients. Of those, a majority (71.55%) was found to be an urological problem. Wound healing disturbances amounted to 12 percent of all cases. The mortality rate was 1.29 percent."}
{"id": "PMID:144093", "title": "Abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function in staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in an adult patient.", "content": "Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, a disease rarely reported in adults, developed in a 38-year-old male while on steroid therapy for chronic active hepatitis. Studies of immunologic parameters important in staphylococcal host defense revealed normal opsonic activity and phagocytic function but marked defects in neutrophil chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Compromised host defense appears to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the syndrome in adults.", "contents": "Abnormal neutrophil chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function in staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in an adult patient. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, a disease rarely reported in adults, developed in a 38-year-old male while on steroid therapy for chronic active hepatitis. Studies of immunologic parameters important in staphylococcal host defense revealed normal opsonic activity and phagocytic function but marked defects in neutrophil chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Compromised host defense appears to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the syndrome in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:144095", "title": "Growth inhibitory effects of interferon on normal and malignant human haemopoietic cells.", "content": "A study of the effects of human leukocyte and lymphoblastoid interferon preparation on the growth of normal, immune and malignant haemopoietic cells has been carried out. At a standard dose of 10,000 U/ml, incorporation of tritiated thymidine ([3H] TdR) was reduced by 7-92% of control values, and cell survival by 35-82% in acute myelogenous leukaemia cell cultures, whereas in normal bone-marrow cultures interferon showed a 58-62% reduction in [3H] TdR uptake but only up to 13% reduction in cell survival. [3H] TdR incorporation by MLC-stimulated lymphocytes was also significantly reduced by interferon but the blastogenic response to PHA was not. These effects of interferon were shown to be dose-dependent. The problems of using interferon in the treatment of AML in the light of these findings are discussed.", "contents": "Growth inhibitory effects of interferon on normal and malignant human haemopoietic cells. A study of the effects of human leukocyte and lymphoblastoid interferon preparation on the growth of normal, immune and malignant haemopoietic cells has been carried out. At a standard dose of 10,000 U/ml, incorporation of tritiated thymidine ([3H] TdR) was reduced by 7-92% of control values, and cell survival by 35-82% in acute myelogenous leukaemia cell cultures, whereas in normal bone-marrow cultures interferon showed a 58-62% reduction in [3H] TdR uptake but only up to 13% reduction in cell survival. [3H] TdR incorporation by MLC-stimulated lymphocytes was also significantly reduced by interferon but the blastogenic response to PHA was not. These effects of interferon were shown to be dose-dependent. The problems of using interferon in the treatment of AML in the light of these findings are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144098", "title": "[Staphylogenous Lyell's syndrome].", "content": "The scalded skin syndrome or Lyell syndrome can now be divided into two distinct forms. One form is associated with staphylococci that are usually phage group II Staphylococcus aureus, are penicillin resistant, and produce a protein exotoxin which produces epidermolysis by causing a split to develop in the epidermis between the stratum granulosum and the stratum spinosum. The other form is associated usually with drug reactions and is characterized by necrosis of the epidermis with a split between epidermis and dermis. The staphylococcal Lyell syndrome should be treated with penicillinase resistant antibiotics and not with corticosteroids; the non-staphylococcal form of the Lyell syndrome often requires systemic corticosteroids. Therefore the correct diagnosis must be established early. This is possible since the histopathology of the two forms is different.", "contents": "[Staphylogenous Lyell's syndrome]. The scalded skin syndrome or Lyell syndrome can now be divided into two distinct forms. One form is associated with staphylococci that are usually phage group II Staphylococcus aureus, are penicillin resistant, and produce a protein exotoxin which produces epidermolysis by causing a split to develop in the epidermis between the stratum granulosum and the stratum spinosum. The other form is associated usually with drug reactions and is characterized by necrosis of the epidermis with a split between epidermis and dermis. The staphylococcal Lyell syndrome should be treated with penicillinase resistant antibiotics and not with corticosteroids; the non-staphylococcal form of the Lyell syndrome often requires systemic corticosteroids. Therefore the correct diagnosis must be established early. This is possible since the histopathology of the two forms is different."}
{"id": "PMID:144099", "title": "Influence of fixation and buffer treatment on the release of enzymes from the plasma membrane.", "content": "1. Pretreatment of frozon cryostat sections with formaldehyde or calcium ions inhibits diffusion of the plasma membrane enzymes 5' nucleotidase, ATP-ase and alkaline phosphatase during incubation. 2. Treatment of fixed sections with different kinds of buffer at 37 degrees C induces diffusion of enzyme activity from the plasma membrane to other sites of the section and into the incubation medium. This buffer influence depends on temperature: at 4 degrees C only a slight diffusion occurs. Addition of phospholipase C, digitonin or taurocholate to the buffer opposes the buffer effect. 3. Pretreatment  of  frozen cryostat sections with a mixture of equal parts of chloroform and acetone give a good fixation of the plasma membrane enzymes 5'-nucleotidase, ATP-ase, alkaline phosphate and leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase. During this treatment the different kinds of lipids present in the membrane are ex-racted equally. After this fixation buffer treatment does not cause a visible diffusion of enzyme activity in the section. Only a slight diffusion (1 till 7 percent) into the buffer solution takes place. 4. The mentioned  treatments open up possibilities to get insight into the membrane anchorage of plasma membrane enzymes.", "contents": "Influence of fixation and buffer treatment on the release of enzymes from the plasma membrane. 1. Pretreatment of frozon cryostat sections with formaldehyde or calcium ions inhibits diffusion of the plasma membrane enzymes 5' nucleotidase, ATP-ase and alkaline phosphatase during incubation. 2. Treatment of fixed sections with different kinds of buffer at 37 degrees C induces diffusion of enzyme activity from the plasma membrane to other sites of the section and into the incubation medium. This buffer influence depends on temperature: at 4 degrees C only a slight diffusion occurs. Addition of phospholipase C, digitonin or taurocholate to the buffer opposes the buffer effect. 3. Pretreatment  of  frozen cryostat sections with a mixture of equal parts of chloroform and acetone give a good fixation of the plasma membrane enzymes 5'-nucleotidase, ATP-ase, alkaline phosphate and leucyl-beta-naphthylamidase. During this treatment the different kinds of lipids present in the membrane are ex-racted equally. After this fixation buffer treatment does not cause a visible diffusion of enzyme activity in the section. Only a slight diffusion (1 till 7 percent) into the buffer solution takes place. 4. The mentioned  treatments open up possibilities to get insight into the membrane anchorage of plasma membrane enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:144113", "title": "Kinetic characterization of the two phosphate uptake systems in the fungus Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The kinetics of phosphate uptake by exponentially growing Neurospora crassa were studied to determine the nature of the differences in uptake activity associated with growth at different external phosphate concentrations. Conidia, grown in liquid medium containing either 10 mM or 50 micronM phosphate, were harvested, and their phosphate uptake ability was measured. Initial experiments, where uptake was examined over a narrow concentration range near that of the growth medium, indicated the presence of a low-affintiy (high Km) system in germlings from 50 micronM phosphate. Uptake by each system was energy dependent and sensitive to inhibitors of membrane function. No efflux of phosphate or phosphorus-containing compounds could be detected. When examined over a wide concentration range, uptake was consistent with the simultaneous operation of low- and high-affinity systems in both types of germlings. The Vmax estimates for the two systems were higher in germlings from 50 micronM phosphate than for the corresponding systems in germlings from 10 mM phosphate. The Km of the high-affinity system was the same in both types of germlings, whereas the Km of the low-affinity system in germlings from 10 mM phosphate was about three three times that of the system in germlings from 50 micronM phosphate.", "contents": "Kinetic characterization of the two phosphate uptake systems in the fungus Neurospora crassa. The kinetics of phosphate uptake by exponentially growing Neurospora crassa were studied to determine the nature of the differences in uptake activity associated with growth at different external phosphate concentrations. Conidia, grown in liquid medium containing either 10 mM or 50 micronM phosphate, were harvested, and their phosphate uptake ability was measured. Initial experiments, where uptake was examined over a narrow concentration range near that of the growth medium, indicated the presence of a low-affintiy (high Km) system in germlings from 50 micronM phosphate. Uptake by each system was energy dependent and sensitive to inhibitors of membrane function. No efflux of phosphate or phosphorus-containing compounds could be detected. When examined over a wide concentration range, uptake was consistent with the simultaneous operation of low- and high-affinity systems in both types of germlings. The Vmax estimates for the two systems were higher in germlings from 50 micronM phosphate than for the corresponding systems in germlings from 10 mM phosphate. The Km of the high-affinity system was the same in both types of germlings, whereas the Km of the low-affinity system in germlings from 10 mM phosphate was about three three times that of the system in germlings from 50 micronM phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:144114", "title": "Adaptive changes in phosphate uptake by the fungus Neurospora crassa in response to phosphate supply.", "content": "The phosphate uptake rate of Neurospora crassa germlings growing exponentially in media containing phosphate at concentrations between 10 mM and 50 micronM was virtually constant. The uptake characteristics of these germlings were studied in detail assuming the simultaneous operation of two uptake systems, one of low affinity and one of high affinity. The Km of the low-affinity system was constant after growth at phosphate concentrations greater than 1 mM but became progressively lower as the concentration was reduced below 1 mM. In contrast, the Km of the high-affinity system was independent of the phosphate concentration of the growth medium. The Vmax of each system was highest after growth at low phosphate concentrations. As the phosphate concentration was increased to a maximum of 100 mM, the Vmax of the low-affinity system fell gradually, whereas that of the high-affinity system at first fell rapidly but then reached a constant minimum value at concentrations of 2.5 mM and higher. The differences in the kinetic parameters fully account for the constancy of uptake rate shown by the germlings.", "contents": "Adaptive changes in phosphate uptake by the fungus Neurospora crassa in response to phosphate supply. The phosphate uptake rate of Neurospora crassa germlings growing exponentially in media containing phosphate at concentrations between 10 mM and 50 micronM was virtually constant. The uptake characteristics of these germlings were studied in detail assuming the simultaneous operation of two uptake systems, one of low affinity and one of high affinity. The Km of the low-affinity system was constant after growth at phosphate concentrations greater than 1 mM but became progressively lower as the concentration was reduced below 1 mM. In contrast, the Km of the high-affinity system was independent of the phosphate concentration of the growth medium. The Vmax of each system was highest after growth at low phosphate concentrations. As the phosphate concentration was increased to a maximum of 100 mM, the Vmax of the low-affinity system fell gradually, whereas that of the high-affinity system at first fell rapidly but then reached a constant minimum value at concentrations of 2.5 mM and higher. The differences in the kinetic parameters fully account for the constancy of uptake rate shown by the germlings."}
{"id": "PMID:144115", "title": "Unstable S-Adenosylmethionine synthetase in an ethionine-resistant strain of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "A pleitropic ethionine-resistant mutant of Neurospora contains an S-adenosylmethionine synthetase that is labile to heat and dialysis but exhibits normal kinetics for methionine and ethionine.", "contents": "Unstable S-Adenosylmethionine synthetase in an ethionine-resistant strain of Neurospora crassa. A pleitropic ethionine-resistant mutant of Neurospora contains an S-adenosylmethionine synthetase that is labile to heat and dialysis but exhibits normal kinetics for methionine and ethionine."}
{"id": "PMID:144117", "title": "Effects of free fatty acids on fibrinolytic activity.", "content": "A novel method for the estimation of fibrinolytic activity is proposed. In this method, a fibrin clot suspension is used as a substrate (fibrin is known to be a physiological substrate of plasmin). The fibrin clot suspension was prepared by homogenization of human fibrin clots. With this method, we found that free fatty acids inhibited the plasmin activity, and long-chain, unsaturated free fatty acids had a particularly strong inhibitory action on plasmin. As regards the mechanism of the inhibitory action, free fatty acids may not inhibit complex formation between plasmin and fibirin, but may make it impossible for plasmin to act on fibrin due to deformation of the surface of the fibrin clot.", "contents": "Effects of free fatty acids on fibrinolytic activity. A novel method for the estimation of fibrinolytic activity is proposed. In this method, a fibrin clot suspension is used as a substrate (fibrin is known to be a physiological substrate of plasmin). The fibrin clot suspension was prepared by homogenization of human fibrin clots. With this method, we found that free fatty acids inhibited the plasmin activity, and long-chain, unsaturated free fatty acids had a particularly strong inhibitory action on plasmin. As regards the mechanism of the inhibitory action, free fatty acids may not inhibit complex formation between plasmin and fibirin, but may make it impossible for plasmin to act on fibrin due to deformation of the surface of the fibrin clot."}
{"id": "PMID:144120", "title": "Synaptic vesicle fraction devoid of adenosine triphosphatase activity from bovine caudatolenticular nuclei and thalamus.", "content": "1. As a part of studies on the mechanism by which catecholamines are released from the nerve terminals, the synaptic vesicle fraction was isolated from bovine caudatolenticular nuclei and thalamus by differential centrifugation essentially according to the method of Kadota and Kadota (17). 2. Further centrifugation on a sucrose density gradient of the synaptic vesicle fraction by the method of Whittaker et al. (1) yielded white materials on the upper portion of 0.4 M sucrose, which consisted of vesicles averaging 600-800 A in diameter, and did not show Mg2+-dependent ATpase activity. On the other hand, the denser materials centering on 0.6 M sucrose, consisting of  a mixture of microsomes and synaptic vesicles of 400-500 A diameter, showed an ATpase activity activated by either Mg2+ or Ca2+ but not inhibited by ouabain. 3. The white materials on 0.4 M sucrose were almost free of mitochondria, but they contained a large amount of non-heme iron, as reported elsewhere (2). Furthermore, the protein components analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels were similar to those already reported for purified synaptic vesicles (3). 4. Based on these results, the white materials were assumed to be synaptic vesicles devoid of Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity.", "contents": "Synaptic vesicle fraction devoid of adenosine triphosphatase activity from bovine caudatolenticular nuclei and thalamus. 1. As a part of studies on the mechanism by which catecholamines are released from the nerve terminals, the synaptic vesicle fraction was isolated from bovine caudatolenticular nuclei and thalamus by differential centrifugation essentially according to the method of Kadota and Kadota (17). 2. Further centrifugation on a sucrose density gradient of the synaptic vesicle fraction by the method of Whittaker et al. (1) yielded white materials on the upper portion of 0.4 M sucrose, which consisted of vesicles averaging 600-800 A in diameter, and did not show Mg2+-dependent ATpase activity. On the other hand, the denser materials centering on 0.6 M sucrose, consisting of  a mixture of microsomes and synaptic vesicles of 400-500 A diameter, showed an ATpase activity activated by either Mg2+ or Ca2+ but not inhibited by ouabain. 3. The white materials on 0.4 M sucrose were almost free of mitochondria, but they contained a large amount of non-heme iron, as reported elsewhere (2). Furthermore, the protein components analyzed on SDS-polyacrylamide gels were similar to those already reported for purified synaptic vesicles (3). 4. Based on these results, the white materials were assumed to be synaptic vesicles devoid of Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:144121", "title": "Identification of myosin in Nitella flexilis.", "content": "A myosin B-like protein was extracted from the alga Nitella flexilis. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of myosin heavy chain and actin as the main components. At high ionic strength, its ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] reaction was activated by EDTA or Ca2+ and inhibited by Mg2+. At low ionic strength, superprecipitation was induced by the addition of ATP. Myosin was purified from Nitella myosin B. The molecular weight of the heavy chain of Nitella myosin, estimated by SDS-gel electrophoresis, was slightly higher than that of skeletal muscle myosin. At low ionic strength, Nitella myosin aggregated to form bipolar filaments about 0.2 micron long. At high ionic strength, its ATPase reaction was activated by EDTA or Ca2+, and inhibited by Mg2+. The Mg2+-ATPase reaction of Nitella myosin was activated by skeletal muscle F-actin.", "contents": "Identification of myosin in Nitella flexilis. A myosin B-like protein was extracted from the alga Nitella flexilis. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of myosin heavy chain and actin as the main components. At high ionic strength, its ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] reaction was activated by EDTA or Ca2+ and inhibited by Mg2+. At low ionic strength, superprecipitation was induced by the addition of ATP. Myosin was purified from Nitella myosin B. The molecular weight of the heavy chain of Nitella myosin, estimated by SDS-gel electrophoresis, was slightly higher than that of skeletal muscle myosin. At low ionic strength, Nitella myosin aggregated to form bipolar filaments about 0.2 micron long. At high ionic strength, its ATPase reaction was activated by EDTA or Ca2+, and inhibited by Mg2+. The Mg2+-ATPase reaction of Nitella myosin was activated by skeletal muscle F-actin."}
{"id": "PMID:144124", "title": "Effect of methyl mercury on phosphorylation, transport, and oxidation in mammalian mitochondria.", "content": "the toxic effects of CH3HgCL on mitochondria of  mammalian organs including human and rat liver were examined. [203Hg]CH3HGCl was bound mainly to mitochondrial proteins. The binding was not effected by the energy state of mitochondria. The state 3  respiration, oxidative phosphorylation and 32Pi-ATP exchange reaction were inhibited by 10 to 50 nmol of CH3HgCl per mg of mitochondrial protein, while NADH-and succinate-dehydrogenase and ATPase were more resistant to it The difference spectrum of the treated mitochondria indicated that the point of inhibition was located after flavin and before cytochrome b. Mitochondrial swelling was induced by CH3HgCl, in accordance with previous morphological observations  in vivo. The swelling, stimulation of ATPase and energy-dependent H+ extrusion cauded by CH3HgCl were equally dependent on K+. Under these conditions, uptake of K+ by mitochondria was increased and the membrane potential was dissipated. Unlike the case with other organomercuric compounds, transport of phosphate was not inhibited by CH3HgCl. When tested on liposomes, CH3HgCl itself was not lipid-soluble, as some organomercuric compounds are, and was not an uncoupler or a K+-carrier. It was concluded that protein bound CH3HgS-induced K+ uptake into mitochondria and the resulting loss of membrane potential was the major cause of uncoupling, though at higher concentrations, the electron transport system was also inhibited.", "contents": "Effect of methyl mercury on phosphorylation, transport, and oxidation in mammalian mitochondria. the toxic effects of CH3HgCL on mitochondria of  mammalian organs including human and rat liver were examined. [203Hg]CH3HGCl was bound mainly to mitochondrial proteins. The binding was not effected by the energy state of mitochondria. The state 3  respiration, oxidative phosphorylation and 32Pi-ATP exchange reaction were inhibited by 10 to 50 nmol of CH3HgCl per mg of mitochondrial protein, while NADH-and succinate-dehydrogenase and ATPase were more resistant to it The difference spectrum of the treated mitochondria indicated that the point of inhibition was located after flavin and before cytochrome b. Mitochondrial swelling was induced by CH3HgCl, in accordance with previous morphological observations  in vivo. The swelling, stimulation of ATPase and energy-dependent H+ extrusion cauded by CH3HgCl were equally dependent on K+. Under these conditions, uptake of K+ by mitochondria was increased and the membrane potential was dissipated. Unlike the case with other organomercuric compounds, transport of phosphate was not inhibited by CH3HgCl. When tested on liposomes, CH3HgCl itself was not lipid-soluble, as some organomercuric compounds are, and was not an uncoupler or a K+-carrier. It was concluded that protein bound CH3HgS-induced K+ uptake into mitochondria and the resulting loss of membrane potential was the major cause of uncoupling, though at higher concentrations, the electron transport system was also inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:144125", "title": "Competitive and uncompetitive effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol on ATPase activities of rabbit skeletal actomyosin and myosin.", "content": "A kinetic  study of the ATPase reactions catalyzed by myosin and actomyosin was carried out by varying the concentrations of ATP and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Mg-ATPase of myosin in the initial burst and that of actomyosin were both inhibited competitively by DNP. The dissociation contants for the DNP-myosin interaction (Ki) were estimated to be very similar, that is, 4.2 mM in the initial burst of ATP splitting, and 3.3 mM for the actomyosin ATPase. It is therefore suggested that DNP acts at the same site when it inhibits the burst splitting of ATP and the actomyosin ATPase. In contrast, Mg,-Ca-, and EDTA-ATPase activities of myosin in the steady state were all affected uncompetitively by DNP. Moreover,  the Ki value for Mg-ATPase of myosin in the steady state was found to be 31 mM, which is much higher than those mentioned above for the initial burst and actomyosin ATPase. It is therefore suggested that the site at which DNP acts to inhibit the burst splitting of ATP is different from the site at which DNP acts to affect Mg-, Ca-, and EDTA-ATPases in the steady state.", "contents": "Competitive and uncompetitive effects of 2,4-dinitrophenol on ATPase activities of rabbit skeletal actomyosin and myosin. A kinetic  study of the ATPase reactions catalyzed by myosin and actomyosin was carried out by varying the concentrations of ATP and 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). Mg-ATPase of myosin in the initial burst and that of actomyosin were both inhibited competitively by DNP. The dissociation contants for the DNP-myosin interaction (Ki) were estimated to be very similar, that is, 4.2 mM in the initial burst of ATP splitting, and 3.3 mM for the actomyosin ATPase. It is therefore suggested that DNP acts at the same site when it inhibits the burst splitting of ATP and the actomyosin ATPase. In contrast, Mg,-Ca-, and EDTA-ATPase activities of myosin in the steady state were all affected uncompetitively by DNP. Moreover,  the Ki value for Mg-ATPase of myosin in the steady state was found to be 31 mM, which is much higher than those mentioned above for the initial burst and actomyosin ATPase. It is therefore suggested that the site at which DNP acts to inhibit the burst splitting of ATP is different from the site at which DNP acts to affect Mg-, Ca-, and EDTA-ATPases in the steady state."}
{"id": "PMID:144126", "title": "Changes in allosteric properties of phosphofructokinase bound to erythrocyte membranes.", "content": "Human and rabbit erythrocyte membranes prepared by hypotonic hemolysis contained 5 to 15% of the phosphofructokinase in the erythrocytes. The membrane-bound phosphofructokinase can be eluted by a saline wash. Human erythrocyte and rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase bind to the saline-washed membranes. This binding is specific for the inner surface of the membrane. The amount of phosphofructokinase bound is dependent on pH; at pH 7, 6 times more enzyme is bound than at pH 7.5. Unlike free phosphofructokinase, the membrane-bound phosphofructokinase is not inhibited by ATP or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and its fructose-6-P saturation curve is nonsigmoidal.", "contents": "Changes in allosteric properties of phosphofructokinase bound to erythrocyte membranes. Human and rabbit erythrocyte membranes prepared by hypotonic hemolysis contained 5 to 15% of the phosphofructokinase in the erythrocytes. The membrane-bound phosphofructokinase can be eluted by a saline wash. Human erythrocyte and rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase bind to the saline-washed membranes. This binding is specific for the inner surface of the membrane. The amount of phosphofructokinase bound is dependent on pH; at pH 7, 6 times more enzyme is bound than at pH 7.5. Unlike free phosphofructokinase, the membrane-bound phosphofructokinase is not inhibited by ATP or 2,3-diphosphoglycerate, and its fructose-6-P saturation curve is nonsigmoidal."}
{"id": "PMID:144128", "title": "Biosynthesis of carnitine in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "In growing cultures of Neurospora crassa lysine auxotroph 33933, (a) beta-hydroxy-epsilon-N-trimethyllysine and gamma-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde, postulated precursors of carnitine in the rat, effectively blocked synthesis of labeles carnitine from epsilon-N-[CH3-3H]trimethyllysine; and (b) beta-hydroxy-epsilon-N[CH3-3H[trimethyllysine and gamma-N-[CH3-3H]trimethylaminobutyraldehyde were effectively utilized for carnitine formation. From these isotopic experiments, the latter steps of carnitine synthesis in Neurospora are postulated to be epsilon-N-trimethyllysine leads to beta-hydroxy-epsilon-N-trimethyllysine leads to gamma-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde leads to gamma-butyrobetaine leads to carnitine.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of carnitine in Neurospora crassa. In growing cultures of Neurospora crassa lysine auxotroph 33933, (a) beta-hydroxy-epsilon-N-trimethyllysine and gamma-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde, postulated precursors of carnitine in the rat, effectively blocked synthesis of labeles carnitine from epsilon-N-[CH3-3H]trimethyllysine; and (b) beta-hydroxy-epsilon-N[CH3-3H[trimethyllysine and gamma-N-[CH3-3H]trimethylaminobutyraldehyde were effectively utilized for carnitine formation. From these isotopic experiments, the latter steps of carnitine synthesis in Neurospora are postulated to be epsilon-N-trimethyllysine leads to beta-hydroxy-epsilon-N-trimethyllysine leads to gamma-N-trimethylaminobutyraldehyde leads to gamma-butyrobetaine leads to carnitine."}
{"id": "PMID:144127", "title": "Vanadate is a potent (Na,K)-ATPase inhibitor found in ATP derived from muscle.", "content": "A potent (Na,K)-ATPase inhibitor purified from \"Sigma Grade* ATP has been identified as vanadium using electron probe microanalysis and confirmed by microwave-induced emission spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sodium orthovanadate (Na3 VO4) is identical with the purified inhibitor with respect to ultraviolet absorbance, migration on thin layer chromatography, and inhibition of (Na,K)-ATPase. The (Na,K)-ATPase is in-inhibited 50% by 40 nM Na3 VO4 under optimal conditions (28 mM Mg2+) and the inhibition is 100% reversible by millimolar concentrations of norepinephrine. The physiological significance of this inhibition is discussed in relation to vanadium concentrations in vivo.", "contents": "Vanadate is a potent (Na,K)-ATPase inhibitor found in ATP derived from muscle. A potent (Na,K)-ATPase inhibitor purified from \"Sigma Grade* ATP has been identified as vanadium using electron probe microanalysis and confirmed by microwave-induced emission spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sodium orthovanadate (Na3 VO4) is identical with the purified inhibitor with respect to ultraviolet absorbance, migration on thin layer chromatography, and inhibition of (Na,K)-ATPase. The (Na,K)-ATPase is in-inhibited 50% by 40 nM Na3 VO4 under optimal conditions (28 mM Mg2+) and the inhibition is 100% reversible by millimolar concentrations of norepinephrine. The physiological significance of this inhibition is discussed in relation to vanadium concentrations in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:144129", "title": "Purification and properties of a cytosol Ca2+-activated ATPase from Tetrahymena pyriformis.", "content": "A Ca2+-activated ATPase has been isolated from the cytosol of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The enzyme, whose specific activity increases with culture age, was purified to homogeneity from extracts of stationary phase cells. The pure enzyme which has a molecular weight of 89,000 was found to contain three identical subunits of molecular weight approximately 29,000. ATP is the preferred substrate for the enzyme and maximal activity is dependent on either Ca2+ or Ba2+. Inhibitors of known ATPases do not affect the enzyme activity. Antibodies developed against the pure enzyme only react with ATPase in the cytosol fraction prepared by differential centrifugation of a crude homogenate of cells. The function of the cytosol ATPase which has, thus far, only been detected in various strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis is presently under investigation.", "contents": "Purification and properties of a cytosol Ca2+-activated ATPase from Tetrahymena pyriformis. A Ca2+-activated ATPase has been isolated from the cytosol of Tetrahymena pyriformis. The enzyme, whose specific activity increases with culture age, was purified to homogeneity from extracts of stationary phase cells. The pure enzyme which has a molecular weight of 89,000 was found to contain three identical subunits of molecular weight approximately 29,000. ATP is the preferred substrate for the enzyme and maximal activity is dependent on either Ca2+ or Ba2+. Inhibitors of known ATPases do not affect the enzyme activity. Antibodies developed against the pure enzyme only react with ATPase in the cytosol fraction prepared by differential centrifugation of a crude homogenate of cells. The function of the cytosol ATPase which has, thus far, only been detected in various strains of Tetrahymena pyriformis is presently under investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:144130", "title": "Isolation and characterization of native and lower molecular weight forms of sheep plasminogen.", "content": "Two major forms of native sheep plasminogen (SPg-a) have been isolated from plasma by affinity chromatography. These forms differ in molecular weight, charge characteristics, affinity for epsilon-aminocaproic acid (epsilon-Ahx), and carbohydrate content. Upon treatment of SPg-a with plasmin, lower molecular weight  plasminogens can be isolated. A plasminogen (SPg-b) of molecular weight approximately 8,000 less than native plasminogen is rapidly produced when either major plasminogen form is treated with plasmin. The molecular weight differences found in the major SPg-a forms are retained in the SPg-b forms, derived from each SPg-a. Upon protracted treatment of either major form of SPg-a or SPg-b with plasmin, a plasminogen (SPg-c) or molecular weight approximately 32,000 less than SPg-b is produced. A single peptide (P) is also produced in this step. The SPg-c species produced from each original SPg-a major form possess essentially the same molecular weights and carbohydrate compositions; but the P cleaved retains the molecular weight and carbohydrate differences found in each major SPg-a or SPg-b form. A large decrease in the S20,w of SPg-a is observed upon the binding of epsilon-Ahx to this protein. A much smaller alteration in the S20,w of SPg-b and SPg-c is observed upon binding of epsilon-Ahx to these proteins.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of native and lower molecular weight forms of sheep plasminogen. Two major forms of native sheep plasminogen (SPg-a) have been isolated from plasma by affinity chromatography. These forms differ in molecular weight, charge characteristics, affinity for epsilon-aminocaproic acid (epsilon-Ahx), and carbohydrate content. Upon treatment of SPg-a with plasmin, lower molecular weight  plasminogens can be isolated. A plasminogen (SPg-b) of molecular weight approximately 8,000 less than native plasminogen is rapidly produced when either major plasminogen form is treated with plasmin. The molecular weight differences found in the major SPg-a forms are retained in the SPg-b forms, derived from each SPg-a. Upon protracted treatment of either major form of SPg-a or SPg-b with plasmin, a plasminogen (SPg-c) or molecular weight approximately 32,000 less than SPg-b is produced. A single peptide (P) is also produced in this step. The SPg-c species produced from each original SPg-a major form possess essentially the same molecular weights and carbohydrate compositions; but the P cleaved retains the molecular weight and carbohydrate differences found in each major SPg-a or SPg-b form. A large decrease in the S20,w of SPg-a is observed upon the binding of epsilon-Ahx to this protein. A much smaller alteration in the S20,w of SPg-b and SPg-c is observed upon binding of epsilon-Ahx to these proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:144133", "title": "On the mechanism of sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase. Time course of intermediary steps examined by computer simulation of transient kinetics.", "content": "In order to learn whether the kinetics of transient phosphorylation of sodium plus potassium ion transport adenosine triphosphatase was compatible with the hydrolysis of ATP, computer simulation of experimental data was studied. The enzyme mechanism was described in terms of first order and pseudo-first order reactions. The resulting system of linear first order differential equations was solved by a Runge-Kutta method. Phosphorylation kinetics was studied by means of a rapid mixing apparatus at 21 degrees in the presence of 100 micron ATP, 3 mM MgCl2, 120 mM NaCl, and 10 mM KCl. Computer simulation gave a close fit to experimental data with a model of the reaction mechanism which included a sequence of two dephospho forms and two phospho forms of the enzyme. With this model, rate constants obtained by computer simulation were in agreement with constants which had been determined in separate phosphorylation and dephosphorylation experiments. Within experimental limits, the net flux of reaction in each partial step was compatible with the (Na+,K+)-stimulated hydrolysis of ATP (about 324 and 300 nmol-mg-1-min-1, respectively).", "contents": "On the mechanism of sodium- and potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase. Time course of intermediary steps examined by computer simulation of transient kinetics. In order to learn whether the kinetics of transient phosphorylation of sodium plus potassium ion transport adenosine triphosphatase was compatible with the hydrolysis of ATP, computer simulation of experimental data was studied. The enzyme mechanism was described in terms of first order and pseudo-first order reactions. The resulting system of linear first order differential equations was solved by a Runge-Kutta method. Phosphorylation kinetics was studied by means of a rapid mixing apparatus at 21 degrees in the presence of 100 micron ATP, 3 mM MgCl2, 120 mM NaCl, and 10 mM KCl. Computer simulation gave a close fit to experimental data with a model of the reaction mechanism which included a sequence of two dephospho forms and two phospho forms of the enzyme. With this model, rate constants obtained by computer simulation were in agreement with constants which had been determined in separate phosphorylation and dephosphorylation experiments. Within experimental limits, the net flux of reaction in each partial step was compatible with the (Na+,K+)-stimulated hydrolysis of ATP (about 324 and 300 nmol-mg-1-min-1, respectively)."}
{"id": "PMID:144134", "title": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora. V. Tryptic peptides.", "content": "The isolation and sequences of an additional 80 peptides from a tryptic digest of the NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa are reported. These include an additional peptide containing a lysine residue labeled at the epsilon-amino group with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The sequence of this peptide shows some homology with the reactive lysine residue of other glutamate dehydrogenases.", "contents": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora. V. Tryptic peptides. The isolation and sequences of an additional 80 peptides from a tryptic digest of the NAD-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of Neurospora crassa are reported. These include an additional peptide containing a lysine residue labeled at the epsilon-amino group with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The sequence of this peptide shows some homology with the reactive lysine residue of other glutamate dehydrogenases."}
{"id": "PMID:144135", "title": "Trypsin-induced changes in the orientation of latent ATPase in protoplast ghosts from Mycobacterium phlei.", "content": "Latent ATPase, located on the inner surface of protoplast ghosts of Mycobacterium phlei, was unmasked either by trypsin or an impermeable form of trypsin, ethylene maleic anhydride-trypsin. Density gradient experiments showed that the ghost preparations remained intact following trypsin treatment. Evidence was obtained that 125I-trypsin failed to penetrate the ghost membranes. Thus, attempts were made to determine whether the ATPase molecule in the ghost membranes is accessible from the outer surface. Treatment of protoplast ghosts and trypsin-treated ghosts with 125I by the lactoperoxidase method resulted in the labeling of ATPase only in the trypsin-treated ghost preparations. The antibody to latent ATPase inhibited ATPase activity in trypsin-treated ghosts. The changes in the fluorescence polarization of diphenyl hexatriene indicated that trypsin treatment of the ghost membranes resulted in an increase in membrane fluidity. These studies suggest that the latent ATPase moiety has undergone translocation to the outer surface or it became accessible to trypsin digestion from the outer surface of the membranes as a result of removal of some proteins covering ATPase molecule in the membranes.", "contents": "Trypsin-induced changes in the orientation of latent ATPase in protoplast ghosts from Mycobacterium phlei. Latent ATPase, located on the inner surface of protoplast ghosts of Mycobacterium phlei, was unmasked either by trypsin or an impermeable form of trypsin, ethylene maleic anhydride-trypsin. Density gradient experiments showed that the ghost preparations remained intact following trypsin treatment. Evidence was obtained that 125I-trypsin failed to penetrate the ghost membranes. Thus, attempts were made to determine whether the ATPase molecule in the ghost membranes is accessible from the outer surface. Treatment of protoplast ghosts and trypsin-treated ghosts with 125I by the lactoperoxidase method resulted in the labeling of ATPase only in the trypsin-treated ghost preparations. The antibody to latent ATPase inhibited ATPase activity in trypsin-treated ghosts. The changes in the fluorescence polarization of diphenyl hexatriene indicated that trypsin treatment of the ghost membranes resulted in an increase in membrane fluidity. These studies suggest that the latent ATPase moiety has undergone translocation to the outer surface or it became accessible to trypsin digestion from the outer surface of the membranes as a result of removal of some proteins covering ATPase molecule in the membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:144139", "title": "Evidence that coated vesicles isolated from brain are calcium-sequestering organelles resembling sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Coated vesicles from the brain have been purified to near morphological homogeneity by a modification of the method of Pearse. These vesicles resemble sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments isolated from skeletal muscle. They contain proteins with 100,000- and 55,000-dalton mol wt which co-migrate on polyacrylamide gels, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, with the two major proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum fragment. These vesicles contain adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity which is stimulated by calcium ions in the presence of Triton X-100 (Rohm & Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.), displaying maximal activity at 8 x 10(-7) M Ca ++. They take up calcium ions from the medium, and this uptake is stimulated by ATP and by potassium oxalate, a calcium-trapping agent. The 100,000-dalton protein of the coated vesicles displays immunological reactivity with an antiserum directed against the 100,000-dalton, calcium-stimulated ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. As with the sarcoplasmic reticulum fragment, this protein becomes radiolabeled when coated vesicles are briefly incubated with gamma-labeled [32P]ATP. The possible functions of coated vesicles as calcium-sequestering organelles are discussed.", "contents": "Evidence that coated vesicles isolated from brain are calcium-sequestering organelles resembling sarcoplasmic reticulum. Coated vesicles from the brain have been purified to near morphological homogeneity by a modification of the method of Pearse. These vesicles resemble sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments isolated from skeletal muscle. They contain proteins with 100,000- and 55,000-dalton mol wt which co-migrate on polyacrylamide gels, in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate, with the two major proteins of the sarcoplasmic reticulum fragment. These vesicles contain adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity which is stimulated by calcium ions in the presence of Triton X-100 (Rohm & Haas Co., Philadelphia, Pa.), displaying maximal activity at 8 x 10(-7) M Ca ++. They take up calcium ions from the medium, and this uptake is stimulated by ATP and by potassium oxalate, a calcium-trapping agent. The 100,000-dalton protein of the coated vesicles displays immunological reactivity with an antiserum directed against the 100,000-dalton, calcium-stimulated ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. As with the sarcoplasmic reticulum fragment, this protein becomes radiolabeled when coated vesicles are briefly incubated with gamma-labeled [32P]ATP. The possible functions of coated vesicles as calcium-sequestering organelles are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144140", "title": "Changes of the cell surface and of the digestive apparatus of Dictyostelium discoideum during the staruation period triggering aggregation.", "content": "The effects of starvation on the cell morphology of Dictyostelium discoideum were studied with different cytochemical techniques, and with a morphometric method by which the surface areas of the cell membrane and of the digestive system can be determined. During the first 2 h, the cell membrane becomes very wrinkled and many phagocytic cups and filopods are formed. These changes are in accord with the 40 percent increase in the cell surface area to cytoplasmic volume ratio observed, which is mainly due to a strong decrease in the cytoplasmic volume. At this time of starvation, cells are able to ingest twice as many yeast as during growth. Afterwards, while the phagocytic ability decreases, the phagocytic cups disappear, and all the cells become bristled with many thin filopods. In spite of these morphological changes, no quantitative or topological differences have been observed concerning the polysaccharide content of the plasma membrane, whether it was stained with phosphotungstic acid, silver proteinate, or ruthenium red. During this time, the digestive vacuoles imbricate one into the other. Part of the vacuoles are degraded by this process, thus leading to an atrophy of the digestive apparatus. The digestive apparatus is progressively replaced by an autophagic system. Polysaccharide stainings and morphological observations show that the cytosegresomes seem to originate from the food vacuoles which flatten and sequester portions of cytoplasm. After 5 h of starvation, the digestive system is entirely transformed into an autophagic apparatus. The cell population appears to be homogeneous with respect to these changes. Therefore, potential precursors of prestalk and prespore cells were not observed.", "contents": "Changes of the cell surface and of the digestive apparatus of Dictyostelium discoideum during the staruation period triggering aggregation. The effects of starvation on the cell morphology of Dictyostelium discoideum were studied with different cytochemical techniques, and with a morphometric method by which the surface areas of the cell membrane and of the digestive system can be determined. During the first 2 h, the cell membrane becomes very wrinkled and many phagocytic cups and filopods are formed. These changes are in accord with the 40 percent increase in the cell surface area to cytoplasmic volume ratio observed, which is mainly due to a strong decrease in the cytoplasmic volume. At this time of starvation, cells are able to ingest twice as many yeast as during growth. Afterwards, while the phagocytic ability decreases, the phagocytic cups disappear, and all the cells become bristled with many thin filopods. In spite of these morphological changes, no quantitative or topological differences have been observed concerning the polysaccharide content of the plasma membrane, whether it was stained with phosphotungstic acid, silver proteinate, or ruthenium red. During this time, the digestive vacuoles imbricate one into the other. Part of the vacuoles are degraded by this process, thus leading to an atrophy of the digestive apparatus. The digestive apparatus is progressively replaced by an autophagic system. Polysaccharide stainings and morphological observations show that the cytosegresomes seem to originate from the food vacuoles which flatten and sequester portions of cytoplasm. After 5 h of starvation, the digestive system is entirely transformed into an autophagic apparatus. The cell population appears to be homogeneous with respect to these changes. Therefore, potential precursors of prestalk and prespore cells were not observed."}
{"id": "PMID:144141", "title": "Basolateral plasma membrane localiztion of ouabain-sensitive sodium transport sites in the secretory epithelium of the avian salt gland.", "content": "The distribution of Na+ pump sites (Na+-K+-ATPase) in the secretory epithelium of the avian salt gland was demonstrated by freeze-dry autoradiographic analysis of [(3)H] ouabain binding sites. Kinetic studies indicated that near saturation of tissue binding sites occurred when slices of salt glands from salt-stressed ducks were exposed to 2.2 muM ouabain (containing 5 muCi/ml [(3)H]ouabain) for 90 min. Washing with label-free Ringer's solution for 90 min extracted only 10% of the inhibitor, an amount which corresponded to ouabain present in the tissue spaces labeled by [(14)C]insulin. Increasing the KCl concentration of the incubation medium reduced the rate of ouabain binding but not the maximal amount bound. In contrast to the low level of ouabain binding to salt glands of ducks maintained on a freshwater regimen, exposure to a salt water diet led to a more than threefold increase in binding within 9-11 days. This increase paralleled the similar increment in Na+-K+-ATPase activity described previously. [(3)H]ouabain binding sites were localized autoradiographically to the folded basolateral plasma membrane of the principal secretory cells. The luminal surfaces of these cells were unlabeled. Mitotically active peripheral cells were also unlabeled. The cell-specific pattern of [(3)H]ouabain binding to principal secretory cells and the membrane-specific localization of binding sites to the nonluminal surfaces of these cells were identical to the distribution of Na+-K+-ATPase as reflected by the cytochemical localization of ouabain-sensitive and K+-dependent nitrophenyl phosphatase activity. The relationship between the nonluminal localization of Na+-K+-ATPase and the possible role of the enzyme n NaCl secretion is considered in the light of physiological data on electrolyte transport in salt glands and other secretory epithelia.", "contents": "Basolateral plasma membrane localiztion of ouabain-sensitive sodium transport sites in the secretory epithelium of the avian salt gland. The distribution of Na+ pump sites (Na+-K+-ATPase) in the secretory epithelium of the avian salt gland was demonstrated by freeze-dry autoradiographic analysis of [(3)H] ouabain binding sites. Kinetic studies indicated that near saturation of tissue binding sites occurred when slices of salt glands from salt-stressed ducks were exposed to 2.2 muM ouabain (containing 5 muCi/ml [(3)H]ouabain) for 90 min. Washing with label-free Ringer's solution for 90 min extracted only 10% of the inhibitor, an amount which corresponded to ouabain present in the tissue spaces labeled by [(14)C]insulin. Increasing the KCl concentration of the incubation medium reduced the rate of ouabain binding but not the maximal amount bound. In contrast to the low level of ouabain binding to salt glands of ducks maintained on a freshwater regimen, exposure to a salt water diet led to a more than threefold increase in binding within 9-11 days. This increase paralleled the similar increment in Na+-K+-ATPase activity described previously. [(3)H]ouabain binding sites were localized autoradiographically to the folded basolateral plasma membrane of the principal secretory cells. The luminal surfaces of these cells were unlabeled. Mitotically active peripheral cells were also unlabeled. The cell-specific pattern of [(3)H]ouabain binding to principal secretory cells and the membrane-specific localization of binding sites to the nonluminal surfaces of these cells were identical to the distribution of Na+-K+-ATPase as reflected by the cytochemical localization of ouabain-sensitive and K+-dependent nitrophenyl phosphatase activity. The relationship between the nonluminal localization of Na+-K+-ATPase and the possible role of the enzyme n NaCl secretion is considered in the light of physiological data on electrolyte transport in salt glands and other secretory epithelia."}
{"id": "PMID:144143", "title": "Amniotic fluid androgens and estrogens in midgestation.", "content": "Amniotic fluid androgen and estrogen levels associated with 48 male and 72 female fetuses between 14 and 20 weeks of gestation were measured. Amniotic fluid testosterone levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in the male (224 +/- 11 pg/ml) than the female fetuses (39 +/- 2 pg/ml) with no overlap of values. Amniotic fluid androstenedione concentrations were also significantly higher (P less than 0.001) with male (1024 +/- 53 pg/ml) than female fetuses (668 +/- 39 pg/ml), but there was overlap. There was no difference between anmiotic fluid dehydroepiandrosterone levels for the two sexes. Estrone concentrations were slightly but not significantly higher with the male (353 +/- 33 pg/ml) than with female fetuses (331 +/- 28 pg/ml), while estradiol concentrations were significantly higher (P =0.002) with the female (96 +/- 8 pg/ml) than male (64 +/- 4 pg/ml) fetuses. It is interpreted that the higher amniotic fluid testosterone and androstenedione levels for the male fetuses reflect fetal testicular secretion. The significantly higher estradiol concentrations for the female fetuses may reflect early ovarian secretion.", "contents": "Amniotic fluid androgens and estrogens in midgestation. Amniotic fluid androgen and estrogen levels associated with 48 male and 72 female fetuses between 14 and 20 weeks of gestation were measured. Amniotic fluid testosterone levels were significantly higher (P less than 0.001) in the male (224 +/- 11 pg/ml) than the female fetuses (39 +/- 2 pg/ml) with no overlap of values. Amniotic fluid androstenedione concentrations were also significantly higher (P less than 0.001) with male (1024 +/- 53 pg/ml) than female fetuses (668 +/- 39 pg/ml), but there was overlap. There was no difference between anmiotic fluid dehydroepiandrosterone levels for the two sexes. Estrone concentrations were slightly but not significantly higher with the male (353 +/- 33 pg/ml) than with female fetuses (331 +/- 28 pg/ml), while estradiol concentrations were significantly higher (P =0.002) with the female (96 +/- 8 pg/ml) than male (64 +/- 4 pg/ml) fetuses. It is interpreted that the higher amniotic fluid testosterone and androstenedione levels for the male fetuses reflect fetal testicular secretion. The significantly higher estradiol concentrations for the female fetuses may reflect early ovarian secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:144144", "title": "Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the rectus sheath case report with ultrasonic findings.", "content": "The ultrasonic findings in a 54 year old white male with a rare tumor, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, involving the rectus sheath are described. The sonogram confirmed the tumor's location in the anterior abdominal wall and provided useful information regarding its extent. An interesting feature was the lesion's relative sonolucency, apparently due to its myxoid content.", "contents": "Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma of the rectus sheath case report with ultrasonic findings. The ultrasonic findings in a 54 year old white male with a rare tumor, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, involving the rectus sheath are described. The sonogram confirmed the tumor's location in the anterior abdominal wall and provided useful information regarding its extent. An interesting feature was the lesion's relative sonolucency, apparently due to its myxoid content."}
{"id": "PMID:144146", "title": "Effect of bovine plasmin on alpha-S1-B and kappa-A caseins.", "content": "Both alpha-S1- and kappa-caseins were incubated at 37 C in the presence of bovine plasmin (.28 mg/ml) prepared from fresh blood plasma. The electrophoretic pattern of kappa-casein A was unchanged following 60-min incubation with plasmin. However, the electrophoretic band corresponding to alpha-S1-casein B gradually disappeared during the initial 30-min incubation with plasmin. Proteolysis was accompanied by the formation of one polypeptide band with electrophoretic mobility slightly slower than alpha-S1-casein B and several bands with faster electrophoretic mobilities. Two of the faster electrophoretic bands contained phosphorus. Estimates of molecular weights were 20,500, 12,300, and 10,300 daltons for three of these early degradation products of alpha-S1-casein B by plasmin.", "contents": "Effect of bovine plasmin on alpha-S1-B and kappa-A caseins. Both alpha-S1- and kappa-caseins were incubated at 37 C in the presence of bovine plasmin (.28 mg/ml) prepared from fresh blood plasma. The electrophoretic pattern of kappa-casein A was unchanged following 60-min incubation with plasmin. However, the electrophoretic band corresponding to alpha-S1-casein B gradually disappeared during the initial 30-min incubation with plasmin. Proteolysis was accompanied by the formation of one polypeptide band with electrophoretic mobility slightly slower than alpha-S1-casein B and several bands with faster electrophoretic mobilities. Two of the faster electrophoretic bands contained phosphorus. Estimates of molecular weights were 20,500, 12,300, and 10,300 daltons for three of these early degradation products of alpha-S1-casein B by plasmin."}
{"id": "PMID:144148", "title": "Digital arthroplasty by power surgery with minimal incision.", "content": "A description of a new method for arthroplasty of the fifth toe, its postoperative considerations, complications, reoccurrence, advantages and disadvantages has been presented.", "contents": "Digital arthroplasty by power surgery with minimal incision. A description of a new method for arthroplasty of the fifth toe, its postoperative considerations, complications, reoccurrence, advantages and disadvantages has been presented."}
{"id": "PMID:144160", "title": "The expression of Ia antigens on immunocompetent cells in the quinea pig. I the differential expression of Ia antigens on T cell subpopulations.", "content": "We have examined the effect of negative selection with anti-Ia serum and C on a number of T cell functions and have clearly defined two subpopulations of guinea pig T lymphocytes. One subpopulation is susceptible to the lytic effects on anti-Ia serum and C and includes the majority of the primed T cells which proliferate and which produce migration inhibition factor in response to specific antigen stimulation in vitro. The lytic effects of anti-Ia serum were directed against the antigen-specific T cell and not an accessory cell such as a macrophage or nonantigen-specific T cell. No evidence for allelic exclusion of the Ia antigens of the antigen-responsive cell could be demonstrated. The susceptibility of the mitogen-responsive T cell to lysis by anti-Ia serum and C varied with the mitogen used, anatomic origin of the T cell, and the strain of animals studied. A second subpopulation of T cells is completely resistant to the lytic effects of anti-Ia serum and C and includes the primed T helper cell and the T cell that proliferates in response to alloantigenic stimulation in the MLR.", "contents": "The expression of Ia antigens on immunocompetent cells in the quinea pig. I the differential expression of Ia antigens on T cell subpopulations. We have examined the effect of negative selection with anti-Ia serum and C on a number of T cell functions and have clearly defined two subpopulations of guinea pig T lymphocytes. One subpopulation is susceptible to the lytic effects on anti-Ia serum and C and includes the majority of the primed T cells which proliferate and which produce migration inhibition factor in response to specific antigen stimulation in vitro. The lytic effects of anti-Ia serum were directed against the antigen-specific T cell and not an accessory cell such as a macrophage or nonantigen-specific T cell. No evidence for allelic exclusion of the Ia antigens of the antigen-responsive cell could be demonstrated. The susceptibility of the mitogen-responsive T cell to lysis by anti-Ia serum and C varied with the mitogen used, anatomic origin of the T cell, and the strain of animals studied. A second subpopulation of T cells is completely resistant to the lytic effects of anti-Ia serum and C and includes the primed T helper cell and the T cell that proliferates in response to alloantigenic stimulation in the MLR."}
{"id": "PMID:144161", "title": "The expression of Ia antigens on immunocompetent cells in the guinea pig. II. Ia antigens on macrophages.", "content": "Only 15 to 25% of purified oil-induced guinea pig macrophages could be lysed by treatment with anti-Ia serum and C. Those cells remaining alive after treatment were not damaged and were metabolically active since they readily phagocytized latex beads. However, the \"Ia-negative\" macrophages were markedly deficient in their ability to present protein antigens to immune T lymphocytes and to function as stimulator cells when mixed with allogeneic T cells in the mixed leukocyte reaction. It thus appears that Ia antigens are expressed on a subpopulation of macrophages and that this subpopulation plays a critical role in the activation of T cell proliferation to soluble protein antigens and to alloantigens.", "contents": "The expression of Ia antigens on immunocompetent cells in the guinea pig. II. Ia antigens on macrophages. Only 15 to 25% of purified oil-induced guinea pig macrophages could be lysed by treatment with anti-Ia serum and C. Those cells remaining alive after treatment were not damaged and were metabolically active since they readily phagocytized latex beads. However, the \"Ia-negative\" macrophages were markedly deficient in their ability to present protein antigens to immune T lymphocytes and to function as stimulator cells when mixed with allogeneic T cells in the mixed leukocyte reaction. It thus appears that Ia antigens are expressed on a subpopulation of macrophages and that this subpopulation plays a critical role in the activation of T cell proliferation to soluble protein antigens and to alloantigens."}
{"id": "PMID:144162", "title": "Interaction of T cells with allogeneic macrophages in mixed leukocyte cultures in rats.", "content": "The role of macrophages in rat mixed leukocyte cultures was investigated. Previous studies indicated that macrophages in the responding cells suppressed the proliferative and cytotoxic responses. When, in the present study, macrophages were depleted from the stimulating cells, the proliferative and cytotoxic responses were greatly depressed. Reconstitution of the macrophage-depleted cultures with low concentrations of irradiated peritoneal exudate cells of the stimulator but not the responder haplotype resulted in the generation of strong cytotoxic responses. Further, highly purified stimulator peritoneal macrophage populations induced the generation of strongly cytotoxic effector cells, which suggested that macrophages are the predominant stimulating cells in rat mixed leukocyte cultures.", "contents": "Interaction of T cells with allogeneic macrophages in mixed leukocyte cultures in rats. The role of macrophages in rat mixed leukocyte cultures was investigated. Previous studies indicated that macrophages in the responding cells suppressed the proliferative and cytotoxic responses. When, in the present study, macrophages were depleted from the stimulating cells, the proliferative and cytotoxic responses were greatly depressed. Reconstitution of the macrophage-depleted cultures with low concentrations of irradiated peritoneal exudate cells of the stimulator but not the responder haplotype resulted in the generation of strong cytotoxic responses. Further, highly purified stimulator peritoneal macrophage populations induced the generation of strongly cytotoxic effector cells, which suggested that macrophages are the predominant stimulating cells in rat mixed leukocyte cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:144164", "title": "Murine B lymphocyte heterogeneity: distribution of complement receptor-bearing and minor lymphocyte-stimulating B lymphocytes among cells with different densities of total surface Ig and IgM.", "content": "The distribution of complement receptor-bearing (CR+) and minor lymphocyte-stimulating (Mls)-defined lymphocyte-activating determinants (LAD) among B lymphocytes with different densities of total surface immunoglobulin (sIg) and sIgM was determined. B lymphocytes that bore intermediate densities of sIg and low densities of sIgM had the highest frequency of CR+ cells and were the most active in expressing Mls-defined LAD. The distribution of these and other surface markers on B-lymphocyte subpopulations is discussed.", "contents": "Murine B lymphocyte heterogeneity: distribution of complement receptor-bearing and minor lymphocyte-stimulating B lymphocytes among cells with different densities of total surface Ig and IgM. The distribution of complement receptor-bearing (CR+) and minor lymphocyte-stimulating (Mls)-defined lymphocyte-activating determinants (LAD) among B lymphocytes with different densities of total surface immunoglobulin (sIg) and sIgM was determined. B lymphocytes that bore intermediate densities of sIg and low densities of sIgM had the highest frequency of CR+ cells and were the most active in expressing Mls-defined LAD. The distribution of these and other surface markers on B-lymphocyte subpopulations is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144165", "title": "Ia antigens in inbred rats and their relationship to the MLR phenotype.", "content": "Three different alloantisera were raised by using Ag-B/MLR disparate rats, and the cytotoxic activity remaining after absorption with erythrocytes to remove anti-Ag-B antibodies was examined. The alloantisera detected surface antigens present only on B cells and segregation studies demonstrated that the genes that code for these antigenic specificities were linked to the major histocompatibility complex. The reactivity of the alloantisera with splenic lymphocytes from a panel of strains representative of the currently known Ag-B groups showed that multiple specificities were present in two of the three antisera and that these specificities were shared by many inbred strains. The appropriate absorption studies showed, however, that each antiserum detected an unique specificity that was found only in those inbred strains that shared the same mixed lymphocyte reactivity (MLR) phenotype as the donor strain. The alloantiserum produced against the KGH strain inhibited the MLR reactions involving this strain only when it was used as the stimulating cell population. The antigens detected by the three alloantisera described here have the characteristics of Ia antigens, and they have tentatively been designated Ia.1 (ACI anti-KGH), Ia.3 (B3 anti-BN) and Ia.4 (MNR anti-DA).", "contents": "Ia antigens in inbred rats and their relationship to the MLR phenotype. Three different alloantisera were raised by using Ag-B/MLR disparate rats, and the cytotoxic activity remaining after absorption with erythrocytes to remove anti-Ag-B antibodies was examined. The alloantisera detected surface antigens present only on B cells and segregation studies demonstrated that the genes that code for these antigenic specificities were linked to the major histocompatibility complex. The reactivity of the alloantisera with splenic lymphocytes from a panel of strains representative of the currently known Ag-B groups showed that multiple specificities were present in two of the three antisera and that these specificities were shared by many inbred strains. The appropriate absorption studies showed, however, that each antiserum detected an unique specificity that was found only in those inbred strains that shared the same mixed lymphocyte reactivity (MLR) phenotype as the donor strain. The alloantiserum produced against the KGH strain inhibited the MLR reactions involving this strain only when it was used as the stimulating cell population. The antigens detected by the three alloantisera described here have the characteristics of Ia antigens, and they have tentatively been designated Ia.1 (ACI anti-KGH), Ia.3 (B3 anti-BN) and Ia.4 (MNR anti-DA)."}
{"id": "PMID:144166", "title": "Characterization of guinea pig mitogenic factors. I. Evidence that antigen-induced mitogenic factor and mitogenic factor from mixed leukocyte cultures are distinct molecular entities.", "content": "Mitogenic factor from BCG-sensitized cells stimulated with antigen (PPD) was found to have a m.w. between 20 and 25,000 daltons and an isoelectric point of about 7.5. The blastogenic activity of this factor was not affected by L-fucose or heating at 56 degrees C for up to 1 hr. Mitogenic factor obtained from supernatants of allogeneic cell mixtures (MLC-MF) on the other hand, had a m.w. at 15 to 18,000 daltons and an isoelectric point of 6.5. The blastogenic activity of MLC-MF was inhibited by 0.1 M L-fucose. The factor was stable at 56 degrees C for 1 hr. An antibody prepared against MLC-MF inhibited the MLC reaction as well as the activity of MLC-MF on non-committed cells. This antibody, however, did not affect the response of lymphocytes to PHA or PPD and had no suppressive effect on PPD-MF. The antibody was not cytotoxic and its suppressive activity in the MLC response could not be absorbed out by lymphoid cells indicating that it is probably directed against a lymphocyte activation product (MLC-MF) rather than membrane antigens. The chemical and immunologic differences exhibited by PPD-MF and MLC-MF indicate that these two lymphokines are distinct molecular entities.", "contents": "Characterization of guinea pig mitogenic factors. I. Evidence that antigen-induced mitogenic factor and mitogenic factor from mixed leukocyte cultures are distinct molecular entities. Mitogenic factor from BCG-sensitized cells stimulated with antigen (PPD) was found to have a m.w. between 20 and 25,000 daltons and an isoelectric point of about 7.5. The blastogenic activity of this factor was not affected by L-fucose or heating at 56 degrees C for up to 1 hr. Mitogenic factor obtained from supernatants of allogeneic cell mixtures (MLC-MF) on the other hand, had a m.w. at 15 to 18,000 daltons and an isoelectric point of 6.5. The blastogenic activity of MLC-MF was inhibited by 0.1 M L-fucose. The factor was stable at 56 degrees C for 1 hr. An antibody prepared against MLC-MF inhibited the MLC reaction as well as the activity of MLC-MF on non-committed cells. This antibody, however, did not affect the response of lymphocytes to PHA or PPD and had no suppressive effect on PPD-MF. The antibody was not cytotoxic and its suppressive activity in the MLC response could not be absorbed out by lymphoid cells indicating that it is probably directed against a lymphocyte activation product (MLC-MF) rather than membrane antigens. The chemical and immunologic differences exhibited by PPD-MF and MLC-MF indicate that these two lymphokines are distinct molecular entities."}
{"id": "PMID:144168", "title": "Characterization of functionally distinct lymphoid and myeloid cells from human blood and bone marrow. I. Separation by a buoyant density gradient technique.", "content": "A buoyant density gradient procedure for mammalian cell separation is described. Gradients of Ficoll and Hypaque in balanced salt solution were used in a zonal rotor to separate distinct leukocyte populations from human peripheral blood and bone marrow. This method possesses the advantages of uniform osmolarity, density determination by refractometry, ease of preparation of gradient solutions, large sample capacity, and low viscosity with consequent ease of sterilization. Granulocyte-monocyte colony-forming units (CFU-C) from blood and bone marrow banded as a homogeneous peak with a density of 1.056 g cm-3 on steep gradients. Recovery of CFU-C was 36% with a 7- to 9-fold enrichment on shallow gradients. Both fractionated and unfractionated peripheral blood cells were stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A), and allogeneic lymphocytes. In contrast, cells from unfractionated bone marrow and cells from the light density fraction of marrow were inhibited by Con A and responded variably to PHA.", "contents": "Characterization of functionally distinct lymphoid and myeloid cells from human blood and bone marrow. I. Separation by a buoyant density gradient technique. A buoyant density gradient procedure for mammalian cell separation is described. Gradients of Ficoll and Hypaque in balanced salt solution were used in a zonal rotor to separate distinct leukocyte populations from human peripheral blood and bone marrow. This method possesses the advantages of uniform osmolarity, density determination by refractometry, ease of preparation of gradient solutions, large sample capacity, and low viscosity with consequent ease of sterilization. Granulocyte-monocyte colony-forming units (CFU-C) from blood and bone marrow banded as a homogeneous peak with a density of 1.056 g cm-3 on steep gradients. Recovery of CFU-C was 36% with a 7- to 9-fold enrichment on shallow gradients. Both fractionated and unfractionated peripheral blood cells were stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A), and allogeneic lymphocytes. In contrast, cells from unfractionated bone marrow and cells from the light density fraction of marrow were inhibited by Con A and responded variably to PHA."}
{"id": "PMID:144169", "title": "Characterization of functionally distinct lymphoid and myeloid cells from human blood and bone marrow. II. Separation by velocity sedimentation.", "content": "Velocity sedimentation in a zonal rotor using gradients of uniform osmolarity was used to separate leukocyte subpopulations from human blood and bone marrow. The separations were performed at high sedimentation rates having the advantage of rapidity over conventional unit gravity separations. Myeloid stem cells (CFU-C) and cells reactive with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A), and in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) were separated and their sedimentation profiles obtained. CFU-C sedimented ahead of lymphoid cells and behind mature myeloid elements. Two distinct marrow subpopulations separated by velocity sedimentation were consistently stimulated by Con A, and variably stimulated by PHA and MLC reactions. Both large cells (predominantly myeloid) and small cells (predominantly lymphoid) from bone marrow were stimulated by Con A in [3H]thymidine incorporation assays. When separated subpopulations showing stimulation by Con A were mixed, inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation resulted.", "contents": "Characterization of functionally distinct lymphoid and myeloid cells from human blood and bone marrow. II. Separation by velocity sedimentation. Velocity sedimentation in a zonal rotor using gradients of uniform osmolarity was used to separate leukocyte subpopulations from human blood and bone marrow. The separations were performed at high sedimentation rates having the advantage of rapidity over conventional unit gravity separations. Myeloid stem cells (CFU-C) and cells reactive with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), Concanavalin A (Con A), and in mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) were separated and their sedimentation profiles obtained. CFU-C sedimented ahead of lymphoid cells and behind mature myeloid elements. Two distinct marrow subpopulations separated by velocity sedimentation were consistently stimulated by Con A, and variably stimulated by PHA and MLC reactions. Both large cells (predominantly myeloid) and small cells (predominantly lymphoid) from bone marrow were stimulated by Con A in [3H]thymidine incorporation assays. When separated subpopulations showing stimulation by Con A were mixed, inhibition of [3H]thymidine incorporation resulted."}
{"id": "PMID:144170", "title": "Trends and seasonality of antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae.", "content": "Over 8,400 pretreatment isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae collected in the United States between November 1972 and April 1975 were tested for their in vitro resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin. Trends and seasonality of resistance were examined by use of a harmonic regression technique. During the study period, there was a significant difference among years in the mean minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for each antibiotic (P less than 0.001 for penicillin, ampicillin, and tetracycline; P less 0.05 for spectinomycin), and the mean MIC for each antibiotic decreased. Resistance to tetracycline and penicillin was highest in the winter months. Seasonality  of resistance, alone or as an interaction with year, approached significance (P less than 0.10) or was significant (P less than 0.05) for all four antibiotics.", "contents": "Trends and seasonality of antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Over 8,400 pretreatment isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae collected in the United States between November 1972 and April 1975 were tested for their in vitro resistance to penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, and spectinomycin. Trends and seasonality of resistance were examined by use of a harmonic regression technique. During the study period, there was a significant difference among years in the mean minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for each antibiotic (P less than 0.001 for penicillin, ampicillin, and tetracycline; P less 0.05 for spectinomycin), and the mean MIC for each antibiotic decreased. Resistance to tetracycline and penicillin was highest in the winter months. Seasonality  of resistance, alone or as an interaction with year, approached significance (P less than 0.10) or was significant (P less than 0.05) for all four antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:144173", "title": "The impact of the computer-reported vectorcardiogram on the cardiologist interpreter of the scalar electrocardiogram.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine if the computer-reported vectorcardiogram (VCG) had a notable impact on the cardiologist interpreter of the 12-lead scalar electrocardiogram (ECG). Three cardiologists read 100 12-lead scalar ECGs and four months later again read the same tracings while having available the VCG computer report. The diagnosis was altered in 25% of the repeated interpretations. Forty-five per cent of these had only minor changes and can probably be disregarded. Major or significant changes occurred in 14% of the records, and 80% of these were apparently attributable to the computer report. It was concluded that the use of a computer-assisted interpretation of a VCG may enhance the uniformity and consistency of the cardiologist's interpretation of the scalar ECG.", "contents": "The impact of the computer-reported vectorcardiogram on the cardiologist interpreter of the scalar electrocardiogram. The purpose of this study was to determine if the computer-reported vectorcardiogram (VCG) had a notable impact on the cardiologist interpreter of the 12-lead scalar electrocardiogram (ECG). Three cardiologists read 100 12-lead scalar ECGs and four months later again read the same tracings while having available the VCG computer report. The diagnosis was altered in 25% of the repeated interpretations. Forty-five per cent of these had only minor changes and can probably be disregarded. Major or significant changes occurred in 14% of the records, and 80% of these were apparently attributable to the computer report. It was concluded that the use of a computer-assisted interpretation of a VCG may enhance the uniformity and consistency of the cardiologist's interpretation of the scalar ECG."}
{"id": "PMID:144174", "title": "Left bifascicular block with normally conducting middle fascicle.", "content": "A case of aortic insufficiency showing an ECG pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy and strain has been followed over time. One year after the initial observation, the ECG and VCG recordings showed the appearance of a left bifascicular block, due to involvement of the anterior and posterior fascicles, with normal septal activation. It is suggested that the normally functioning middle fascicle activates the inferior two-thirds of the septum. This hypothesis is discussed in light of recent experimental data.", "contents": "Left bifascicular block with normally conducting middle fascicle. A case of aortic insufficiency showing an ECG pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy and strain has been followed over time. One year after the initial observation, the ECG and VCG recordings showed the appearance of a left bifascicular block, due to involvement of the anterior and posterior fascicles, with normal septal activation. It is suggested that the normally functioning middle fascicle activates the inferior two-thirds of the septum. This hypothesis is discussed in light of recent experimental data."}
{"id": "PMID:144176", "title": "Hereditary chorea without dementia.", "content": "We describe here a distinct syndrome of chorea without dementia, occurring in three generations of a family and inherited as a mendelian dominant.", "contents": "Hereditary chorea without dementia. We describe here a distinct syndrome of chorea without dementia, occurring in three generations of a family and inherited as a mendelian dominant."}
{"id": "PMID:144177", "title": "The objective corroboration of back pain through thermography.", "content": "The potential usefulness of thermography  as an aid to the diagnosis of neuro-musculo-skeletal disease in  occupational settings is discussed. The characteristics of the infrared spectrum are briefly outlinded, followed by a description of basic concepts and technics necessary to ensure reproducible results. A pilot study demonstrating the association between thermographic changes and back pain is presented. Findings are compared with normal thermograms and are statistically evaluated. Thermography seems to have the potential to be developed into a useful tool of occupational medicine  in general.", "contents": "The objective corroboration of back pain through thermography. The potential usefulness of thermography  as an aid to the diagnosis of neuro-musculo-skeletal disease in  occupational settings is discussed. The characteristics of the infrared spectrum are briefly outlinded, followed by a description of basic concepts and technics necessary to ensure reproducible results. A pilot study demonstrating the association between thermographic changes and back pain is presented. Findings are compared with normal thermograms and are statistically evaluated. Thermography seems to have the potential to be developed into a useful tool of occupational medicine  in general."}
{"id": "PMID:144178", "title": "Occupational exposure to chloromethyl ethers. A retrospective cohort mortality study (1948-1972).", "content": "This industry-wide epidemiologic study to evaluate the human carcinogenicity of the chloromethyl ethers (CME) included 1827 CME-exposed workers and 8870 controls. Duration and relative intensity of exposure were classified by job description in the personnel records. This information permitted assigning relative magnitude of exposure scores for each job category at several plants, with allowance for temporal changes in the plant processes. Social security records were used for the ascertainment of deaths among separated employees. Death certificates were obtained for virtually all known deaths, and hospital pathology reports were obtained where possible for the cancer-related deaths. No differences in noncancer death rates were found. An increased risk of respiratory cancer death in CME-exposed workers was found at only one firm where high exposures are known to have occurred. A clear dose-response relationship with risk ratios exceeding ten for the longest duration and greatest exposure subgroups was demonstrated for this firm.", "contents": "Occupational exposure to chloromethyl ethers. A retrospective cohort mortality study (1948-1972). This industry-wide epidemiologic study to evaluate the human carcinogenicity of the chloromethyl ethers (CME) included 1827 CME-exposed workers and 8870 controls. Duration and relative intensity of exposure were classified by job description in the personnel records. This information permitted assigning relative magnitude of exposure scores for each job category at several plants, with allowance for temporal changes in the plant processes. Social security records were used for the ascertainment of deaths among separated employees. Death certificates were obtained for virtually all known deaths, and hospital pathology reports were obtained where possible for the cancer-related deaths. No differences in noncancer death rates were found. An increased risk of respiratory cancer death in CME-exposed workers was found at only one firm where high exposures are known to have occurred. A clear dose-response relationship with risk ratios exceeding ten for the longest duration and greatest exposure subgroups was demonstrated for this firm."}
{"id": "PMID:144181", "title": "The interaction of monovalent cations with the sodium pump of low-potassium goat erythrocytes.", "content": "1. The activation by Na ions and the effect of the anti-L antibody on the sodium pump of low-potassium type (LK) erythrocytes, have been studied by measuring ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity of red cell membranes of LK goats. The experimental data were first corrected for incomplete occupation of the external K sites of the pump, using a saturation function obtained from influx experiments.2. Double-reciprocal plots of the corrected rates against Na concentration at various fixed K concentrations, yield a pattern of competitive K inhibition when it is assumed that three equivalent sodium sites take part in the internal activation of LK-(Na+K)-ATPase. The dissociation constant of Na at each site (K(m)) lies between 10 and 20 mM and that of K as competitive inhibitor (K(i)), between 1.5 and 4.5 mM.3. The maximal rate of hydrolysis of LK goat (Na + K)-ATPase is not different from those usually obtained with the high-potassium type (HK) red cell enzyme. Then, the low pumping rate of LK erythrocytes in physiological conditions is only reflecting the poor Na affinity, both absolute and relative, at the internal Na sites of their sodium pumps.4. The stimulation of the ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity by sensitization of the membranes with anti-L serum, is mediated by a threefold reduction of the K(m)/K(i) ratio at each site. K(m) decreases by a factor of 10, but there is also a smaller diminution of K(i). The maximal rate of hydrolysis, however, is unchanged by the anti-L treatment. The least-squares fitting of the pooled data by the rate equation, converges better with less than three and more than two equivalent sodium sites.5. The affinity sequence at two external K sites of the LK goat erythrocyte sodium pump, determined in the presence of 100 mM external Na, is Rb > K > Cs. It is obtained from the concentration dependence in influx experiments, and is the same as reported for human red cells.6. Cubic-root Dixon plots of the corrected ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity against the concentration of K and its congeners, show the sequence Tl > K > Rb > Na > Cs for the affinities at the internal cation sites of the LK sodium pump. Anti-L treatment decreases the relative magnitude of Na and Cs selectivities, it being not certain whether a Rb-Na transition then occurs.7. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms whereby the sodium pump of LK and HK red cells may adjust the properties of their cation sites upon translocation of monovalent cations.", "contents": "The interaction of monovalent cations with the sodium pump of low-potassium goat erythrocytes. 1. The activation by Na ions and the effect of the anti-L antibody on the sodium pump of low-potassium type (LK) erythrocytes, have been studied by measuring ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity of red cell membranes of LK goats. The experimental data were first corrected for incomplete occupation of the external K sites of the pump, using a saturation function obtained from influx experiments.2. Double-reciprocal plots of the corrected rates against Na concentration at various fixed K concentrations, yield a pattern of competitive K inhibition when it is assumed that three equivalent sodium sites take part in the internal activation of LK-(Na+K)-ATPase. The dissociation constant of Na at each site (K(m)) lies between 10 and 20 mM and that of K as competitive inhibitor (K(i)), between 1.5 and 4.5 mM.3. The maximal rate of hydrolysis of LK goat (Na + K)-ATPase is not different from those usually obtained with the high-potassium type (HK) red cell enzyme. Then, the low pumping rate of LK erythrocytes in physiological conditions is only reflecting the poor Na affinity, both absolute and relative, at the internal Na sites of their sodium pumps.4. The stimulation of the ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity by sensitization of the membranes with anti-L serum, is mediated by a threefold reduction of the K(m)/K(i) ratio at each site. K(m) decreases by a factor of 10, but there is also a smaller diminution of K(i). The maximal rate of hydrolysis, however, is unchanged by the anti-L treatment. The least-squares fitting of the pooled data by the rate equation, converges better with less than three and more than two equivalent sodium sites.5. The affinity sequence at two external K sites of the LK goat erythrocyte sodium pump, determined in the presence of 100 mM external Na, is Rb > K > Cs. It is obtained from the concentration dependence in influx experiments, and is the same as reported for human red cells.6. Cubic-root Dixon plots of the corrected ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity against the concentration of K and its congeners, show the sequence Tl > K > Rb > Na > Cs for the affinities at the internal cation sites of the LK sodium pump. Anti-L treatment decreases the relative magnitude of Na and Cs selectivities, it being not certain whether a Rb-Na transition then occurs.7. The results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms whereby the sodium pump of LK and HK red cells may adjust the properties of their cation sites upon translocation of monovalent cations."}
{"id": "PMID:144190", "title": "Levamisole: anthelmintic activity in calves following dermal application.", "content": "A series of seven experiments designed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of levamisole (1-tetramisole) by dermal application is described. This work involved use of 181 artificially infested calves. The drug was formulated at a concentration of 10% m/v levamisole base in a solvent system promoting dermal absorption and was applied to both sides of the spine in the lumber region at a dose rate of 10 mg levamisole base per kg livemass. A consistent performance was achieved in these investigations, the results from all of which were based upon necropsy findings. Efficacy of treatment was assessed against the third and fourth larval stages and fifth stage larvae/adult worms of six nematode species; the respective efficacies obtained were Haemonchus placei 72,0%; 99,3%; and 100%: Ostertagia ostertagi 85,5%; 38,1% and 74,5%: Cooperia spp. 98,9%; 99,9% and 100%: Bunostomum phlebotomum 83,0%; 100% and 98,5%: Oesophagostomum radiatum 47,4%; 94,9% and 99,6% and Dictyocaulus viviparus 79,5%; 94,1%; 90.9% (fifth stage larvae) and 93,8% (adult worms). The anthelmintic efficacy of levamisole in these experiments is of the same order as that achieved by orthodox methods of administration at dose rates between 7,5 and 10,0 mg levamisole HC1 per kg livemass. These findings add a new dimension to the use of levamisole and to anthelmintic therapy in general.", "contents": "Levamisole: anthelmintic activity in calves following dermal application. A series of seven experiments designed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of levamisole (1-tetramisole) by dermal application is described. This work involved use of 181 artificially infested calves. The drug was formulated at a concentration of 10% m/v levamisole base in a solvent system promoting dermal absorption and was applied to both sides of the spine in the lumber region at a dose rate of 10 mg levamisole base per kg livemass. A consistent performance was achieved in these investigations, the results from all of which were based upon necropsy findings. Efficacy of treatment was assessed against the third and fourth larval stages and fifth stage larvae/adult worms of six nematode species; the respective efficacies obtained were Haemonchus placei 72,0%; 99,3%; and 100%: Ostertagia ostertagi 85,5%; 38,1% and 74,5%: Cooperia spp. 98,9%; 99,9% and 100%: Bunostomum phlebotomum 83,0%; 100% and 98,5%: Oesophagostomum radiatum 47,4%; 94,9% and 99,6% and Dictyocaulus viviparus 79,5%; 94,1%; 90.9% (fifth stage larvae) and 93,8% (adult worms). The anthelmintic efficacy of levamisole in these experiments is of the same order as that achieved by orthodox methods of administration at dose rates between 7,5 and 10,0 mg levamisole HC1 per kg livemass. These findings add a new dimension to the use of levamisole and to anthelmintic therapy in general."}
{"id": "PMID:144191", "title": "Trials with rafoxanide. 8. Efficacy of an injectable solution against trematodes and nematodes in cattle.", "content": "Four experiments are described in which the efficacy of an experimental 5% injectable solution of rafoxanide was evaluated against various adult and immature helminths in cattle. Subcutaneous injection at a dosage of 3 mg/kg live mass resulted in the following reductions in mean worm burdens: adult Fasciola hepatica, 82,6%; adult Fasciola gigantica, 99,8% immature Paramphistomum microbothrium, 10,1% adult Haemonchus placei, 99,6%, third stage H. placei, 73,7%; adult Bunostomum phlebotomum, 99,8%; adult Oesophagostomum radiatum, 99,9%; and fourth stage O. radiatum, 76,9%. At 5 mg/kg live mass, rafoxanide solution was 97,5% and 99,2% effective against 8-week old F. gigantica and third stage H. placei respectively and at 7,5 mg/kg, 92,4% against 6-week old F. gigantica.", "contents": "Trials with rafoxanide. 8. Efficacy of an injectable solution against trematodes and nematodes in cattle. Four experiments are described in which the efficacy of an experimental 5% injectable solution of rafoxanide was evaluated against various adult and immature helminths in cattle. Subcutaneous injection at a dosage of 3 mg/kg live mass resulted in the following reductions in mean worm burdens: adult Fasciola hepatica, 82,6%; adult Fasciola gigantica, 99,8% immature Paramphistomum microbothrium, 10,1% adult Haemonchus placei, 99,6%, third stage H. placei, 73,7%; adult Bunostomum phlebotomum, 99,8%; adult Oesophagostomum radiatum, 99,9%; and fourth stage O. radiatum, 76,9%. At 5 mg/kg live mass, rafoxanide solution was 97,5% and 99,2% effective against 8-week old F. gigantica and third stage H. placei respectively and at 7,5 mg/kg, 92,4% against 6-week old F. gigantica."}
{"id": "PMID:144193", "title": "[Laparoscopy in the diagnosis of polycystic kidneys (author's transl)].", "content": "Nineteen cases of polycystic kidney disease were studied by laparoscopy in order to demonstrate the presence of renal cysts. The right kidney was seen in all cases and the left in 14. Cysts were not seen in 2 cases in the right kidney and 7 cases in the left. At endoscopy the cysts hve the appearance of thin-walled vesicles, highly variable in number and size. Diagnosis by intravenous pyelography was not possible in 7 cases whilst laparoscopy failed to provide the necessary evidence in only 2 patients.", "contents": "[Laparoscopy in the diagnosis of polycystic kidneys (author's transl)]. Nineteen cases of polycystic kidney disease were studied by laparoscopy in order to demonstrate the presence of renal cysts. The right kidney was seen in all cases and the left in 14. Cysts were not seen in 2 cases in the right kidney and 7 cases in the left. At endoscopy the cysts hve the appearance of thin-walled vesicles, highly variable in number and size. Diagnosis by intravenous pyelography was not possible in 7 cases whilst laparoscopy failed to provide the necessary evidence in only 2 patients."}
{"id": "PMID:144194", "title": "Covered cloacal exstrophy: another variation on the theme.", "content": "Two cases showing many of the visceral features of exstrophy of the cloaca are described. In addition, there were the typical pelvic skeletal deformity and lumbosacral spina bifida but the abdominal wall was intact, although thin and weak. The embryogenesis is discussed. It is considered that the condition resulted from the breakdown of an infra-umbilical membrane at the 5 mm. stage. Later, mesodermal infiltration led to secondary closure of the membrane but visceral development was halted.", "contents": "Covered cloacal exstrophy: another variation on the theme. Two cases showing many of the visceral features of exstrophy of the cloaca are described. In addition, there were the typical pelvic skeletal deformity and lumbosacral spina bifida but the abdominal wall was intact, although thin and weak. The embryogenesis is discussed. It is considered that the condition resulted from the breakdown of an infra-umbilical membrane at the 5 mm. stage. Later, mesodermal infiltration led to secondary closure of the membrane but visceral development was halted."}
{"id": "PMID:144195", "title": "Pyeloileovesical diversion in a case of prune belly syndrome.", "content": "A case of prune belly syndrome that was managed at birth with cutaneous ureterostomies and later reconstructed with a pyeloileovesical diversion (reversed 7) is presented. This constitutes the first report of such treatment in this anomaly. The indications, operative procedure and results after long-term followup are discussed.", "contents": "Pyeloileovesical diversion in a case of prune belly syndrome. A case of prune belly syndrome that was managed at birth with cutaneous ureterostomies and later reconstructed with a pyeloileovesical diversion (reversed 7) is presented. This constitutes the first report of such treatment in this anomaly. The indications, operative procedure and results after long-term followup are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144196", "title": "Observations on the seasonal prevalence, pathology and transmission of Dracunculus insignis (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) in the raccoon (Procyon lotor (L.) in Ontario.", "content": "Lesions due to Dracunculus insignis in the legs of raccoons (Procyon lotor) in southern Ontario occur seasonally as most larvigerous females emerge in the spring and early summer (April-June). The pathology of dracunculiasis in the raccoon is described and the transmission of the parasite in the wild is discussed with respect to seasonality and local agricultural practices. Crayfish, fishes and frogs (including tadpoles) were given infective third-stage larvae of D. insignis to test their suitability as paratenic hosts. Most of the larvae fed to adult Rana pipiens and R. clamitans were recovered from the somatic musculature. Larvae had increased in size and were highly infective to raccoons.", "contents": "Observations on the seasonal prevalence, pathology and transmission of Dracunculus insignis (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) in the raccoon (Procyon lotor (L.) in Ontario. Lesions due to Dracunculus insignis in the legs of raccoons (Procyon lotor) in southern Ontario occur seasonally as most larvigerous females emerge in the spring and early summer (April-June). The pathology of dracunculiasis in the raccoon is described and the transmission of the parasite in the wild is discussed with respect to seasonality and local agricultural practices. Crayfish, fishes and frogs (including tadpoles) were given infective third-stage larvae of D. insignis to test their suitability as paratenic hosts. Most of the larvae fed to adult Rana pipiens and R. clamitans were recovered from the somatic musculature. Larvae had increased in size and were highly infective to raccoons."}
{"id": "PMID:144205", "title": "Effects of cadmium on the active transport of sodium by the abdominal skin of a bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana).", "content": "Effects of Cd on the active transport of Na in SO4-Ringer's solution on the abdominal skin of a bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) were investigated. The short circuit current (SCC), potential difference (PD), and Na flux were determined. The skin resistance (Rm), the electromotive force of active Na transport (Ena), and the resistance to the active Na current (Rna) were calculated from the measured data. The application of Cd to the epidermal side at 2 mM was more effective in increasing SCC than that to the dermal side at the same concentration. The time course of changes in SCC induced by Cd were classified into three types: (I) a simple increase in SCC during Cd application, (II) an early decrease followed by an increase in SCC, and (III) a decrease in SCC except for a small increase in the initial short period. Type I response was observed in the majority of cases (about two-thirds). Types II and III were observed in 7 and 32 percent of 28 cases, respectively. The Cd-induced changes in SCC were analyzed on the basis of changes in ENa and RNa. In Type I, the increase in SCC was due to a remarkable decrease in RNa without an appreciable  change in ENa (since SCC = ENa/RNa). In Types II and III, the changes in SCC in the early and the later stages could be explained by the differences in the extents to which ENa and RNa decreased. The experimental and calculated ratios of PDcd to PDcontrol in these stages were in good agreement with each other.", "contents": "Effects of cadmium on the active transport of sodium by the abdominal skin of a bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). Effects of Cd on the active transport of Na in SO4-Ringer's solution on the abdominal skin of a bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) were investigated. The short circuit current (SCC), potential difference (PD), and Na flux were determined. The skin resistance (Rm), the electromotive force of active Na transport (Ena), and the resistance to the active Na current (Rna) were calculated from the measured data. The application of Cd to the epidermal side at 2 mM was more effective in increasing SCC than that to the dermal side at the same concentration. The time course of changes in SCC induced by Cd were classified into three types: (I) a simple increase in SCC during Cd application, (II) an early decrease followed by an increase in SCC, and (III) a decrease in SCC except for a small increase in the initial short period. Type I response was observed in the majority of cases (about two-thirds). Types II and III were observed in 7 and 32 percent of 28 cases, respectively. The Cd-induced changes in SCC were analyzed on the basis of changes in ENa and RNa. In Type I, the increase in SCC was due to a remarkable decrease in RNa without an appreciable  change in ENa (since SCC = ENa/RNa). In Types II and III, the changes in SCC in the early and the later stages could be explained by the differences in the extents to which ENa and RNa decreased. The experimental and calculated ratios of PDcd to PDcontrol in these stages were in good agreement with each other."}
{"id": "PMID:144206", "title": "Effect of exercise on the skeletal myosin of growing rat.", "content": "In order to study the effect of running on ATPase activity of myofibril and myosin in the hindlimb muscles, male wister rats of the same venter weighing approximately 50 g were housed in individual cages and allowed to run unimpeded on a treadwheel for 25-30 days. The myofibril and myosin prepared from the exercised rats had lower activation energy of ATP hydrolysis reaction and higher specific ATPase activity than those from the control rats. The myosin prepared from the running-group contained a much higher amount of the light chain having a molecular weight of 16,000, characteristic of white skeletal myosin, than that from the control group. These observations suggest that physical training changed the ratio of populations in myosin molecules, for instance, white and red skeletal myosin.", "contents": "Effect of exercise on the skeletal myosin of growing rat. In order to study the effect of running on ATPase activity of myofibril and myosin in the hindlimb muscles, male wister rats of the same venter weighing approximately 50 g were housed in individual cages and allowed to run unimpeded on a treadwheel for 25-30 days. The myofibril and myosin prepared from the exercised rats had lower activation energy of ATP hydrolysis reaction and higher specific ATPase activity than those from the control rats. The myosin prepared from the running-group contained a much higher amount of the light chain having a molecular weight of 16,000, characteristic of white skeletal myosin, than that from the control group. These observations suggest that physical training changed the ratio of populations in myosin molecules, for instance, white and red skeletal myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:144207", "title": "Effect of lipid peroxidation on phospholipase A2 activity of rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "Effect of lipid peroxidation on phospholipase A1 activity was examined in rat liver mitochondria. Content of lipid peroxides in rat liver mitochondria was markedly increased in the presence of ascorbic acid (0.1 mM) and ferrous ion (40 muM, as compared to the control. Phospholipase A2 activity in mitochondria was activated by approximately 60% after lipid peroxidation. Mg2+-activated ATPase activity in mitochondria was markedly stimulated by about 200% following treatment with ascorbic acid and ferrous ion. There was no difference in calcium content of mitochondria before and after lipid peroxidation.", "contents": "Effect of lipid peroxidation on phospholipase A2 activity of rat liver mitochondria. Effect of lipid peroxidation on phospholipase A1 activity was examined in rat liver mitochondria. Content of lipid peroxides in rat liver mitochondria was markedly increased in the presence of ascorbic acid (0.1 mM) and ferrous ion (40 muM, as compared to the control. Phospholipase A2 activity in mitochondria was activated by approximately 60% after lipid peroxidation. Mg2+-activated ATPase activity in mitochondria was markedly stimulated by about 200% following treatment with ascorbic acid and ferrous ion. There was no difference in calcium content of mitochondria before and after lipid peroxidation."}
{"id": "PMID:144216", "title": "[The cialit-conserved trachea homograft (author's transl)].", "content": "After all techniques for reconstruction of tracheal segments with trachea-homografts, known from the literature, have failed to show satisfactory functional results, we have carried out further experiments concerning this subject. Our main interest was focused on the following topics: 1. the regeneration pattern of the respiratory epithelium in the trachea, 2. possibilities of the conservation of trachea-transplants, 3. the behaviour of the receptor area against trachea homografts. We found, that in correspondence with clinical observations, even large circumferencial defected epithelial areas in the mucous layer of the trachea have been regenerated in a form of new mucous membrane which showed no morphological difference from normal structure. Segments of trachea can be preserved in Cialit solution. Prefixation in formaldehydsaline fixative improves the preservation of the tissue structure. Homografts obtained in the above described technique could almost always be made to heal, either directly in the trachea or in the subcutaneous tissue of the recipient-animals. The behaviour of the cartilage and the epithelium is demonstrated by histological methods as well as by scanning electronmicroscopy.", "contents": "[The cialit-conserved trachea homograft (author's transl)]. After all techniques for reconstruction of tracheal segments with trachea-homografts, known from the literature, have failed to show satisfactory functional results, we have carried out further experiments concerning this subject. Our main interest was focused on the following topics: 1. the regeneration pattern of the respiratory epithelium in the trachea, 2. possibilities of the conservation of trachea-transplants, 3. the behaviour of the receptor area against trachea homografts. We found, that in correspondence with clinical observations, even large circumferencial defected epithelial areas in the mucous layer of the trachea have been regenerated in a form of new mucous membrane which showed no morphological difference from normal structure. Segments of trachea can be preserved in Cialit solution. Prefixation in formaldehydsaline fixative improves the preservation of the tissue structure. Homografts obtained in the above described technique could almost always be made to heal, either directly in the trachea or in the subcutaneous tissue of the recipient-animals. The behaviour of the cartilage and the epithelium is demonstrated by histological methods as well as by scanning electronmicroscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:144217", "title": "[Reconstruction of a larynx and trachea after polytraumatism (author's transl)].", "content": "The sourse of a larynx and oesophagus-which had suffered repeated lesion-is reported. Because of the cicatrization and the proliferation the lumen of the larynx was unadapted to respiration. Into the stoma of the cicatrized trachea only a child's cannula could be inserted. The tracheal proliferation was removed surgically and the cicatrial entrance was duly dilated. Afterwards by dilating operation satisfactory air passage was assured. Finally, by wandering of a flap obtained from a thoracal skin the larynx and the tracheostoma were covered. The satisfactory results of the surgical intervention are verified by the time of two years, passed symptom-free and free of complaints since the operation.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of a larynx and trachea after polytraumatism (author's transl)]. The sourse of a larynx and oesophagus-which had suffered repeated lesion-is reported. Because of the cicatrization and the proliferation the lumen of the larynx was unadapted to respiration. Into the stoma of the cicatrized trachea only a child's cannula could be inserted. The tracheal proliferation was removed surgically and the cicatrial entrance was duly dilated. Afterwards by dilating operation satisfactory air passage was assured. Finally, by wandering of a flap obtained from a thoracal skin the larynx and the tracheostoma were covered. The satisfactory results of the surgical intervention are verified by the time of two years, passed symptom-free and free of complaints since the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:144218", "title": "[Leukoplakias of the larynx (i. clinical and histological classification) (author's transl)].", "content": "A clinical and histological classification of leukoplakias of the larynx is described. Basis for this classification is the prognostically important systematical, histologic and cytologic knowledge gained in gynecology. The early clinical diagnosis limited to a macroscopic description of leukoplakias is completed by a prognostic attribute won by cytology and/or histology. Thus the final diagnosis of precancerous lesions of the larynx is classified into leukoplakias with low-graded dysplasias, middle-graded dysplasia, highgraded dysplasia and atypical epithelium. The old nomenclature regards dysplasias as facultative precancerous lesions and the atypical epithelium as an obligatory precancerous lesion.", "contents": "[Leukoplakias of the larynx (i. clinical and histological classification) (author's transl)]. A clinical and histological classification of leukoplakias of the larynx is described. Basis for this classification is the prognostically important systematical, histologic and cytologic knowledge gained in gynecology. The early clinical diagnosis limited to a macroscopic description of leukoplakias is completed by a prognostic attribute won by cytology and/or histology. Thus the final diagnosis of precancerous lesions of the larynx is classified into leukoplakias with low-graded dysplasias, middle-graded dysplasia, highgraded dysplasia and atypical epithelium. The old nomenclature regards dysplasias as facultative precancerous lesions and the atypical epithelium as an obligatory precancerous lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:144219", "title": "[A simplified method of the endolaryngeal laterofixation of the vocal cord (author's transl)].", "content": "In a modification of Thornell's procedure of surgical treatment of bilateral abductor paralysis of the vocal cords, the arytenoid cartilage is preserved, but only its vocal process is removed. After preparing of a pedicled subglottic mucosaflap a partial resection of the vocal cord and of the vocal muscle is followed. An endolaryngeal packing with a soft foam-rubber stent allows an optimal adaptation of the mucosaflap. Two years follow-up studies have shown that all 14 patients had a satisfying respiration, their voice was either partially hoarse or almost as good as before the operation. All 14 cases could be decannulated, 12 of them within 12 days.", "contents": "[A simplified method of the endolaryngeal laterofixation of the vocal cord (author's transl)]. In a modification of Thornell's procedure of surgical treatment of bilateral abductor paralysis of the vocal cords, the arytenoid cartilage is preserved, but only its vocal process is removed. After preparing of a pedicled subglottic mucosaflap a partial resection of the vocal cord and of the vocal muscle is followed. An endolaryngeal packing with a soft foam-rubber stent allows an optimal adaptation of the mucosaflap. Two years follow-up studies have shown that all 14 patients had a satisfying respiration, their voice was either partially hoarse or almost as good as before the operation. All 14 cases could be decannulated, 12 of them within 12 days."}
{"id": "PMID:144220", "title": "[Surgical aspects at the treatment of foreign bodies in the oesophagus trachea and bronchies in infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In the course of the last 8 years 53 such cases, with reference to the age of the children, the frequency, the localisation, and the nature of the extracted foreign bodies, had been carefully examined. Some diagnostic problems, the technique of the endoscopic extraction, as well as the post-extractional treatment are briefly described and special emphasize is given to the advantages of general anaesthesia. Further on the surgical aspects-which are the consequences as well of the extraction, as of post-extractional complications-are discussed, on the base of four typical cases.", "contents": "[Surgical aspects at the treatment of foreign bodies in the oesophagus trachea and bronchies in infancy (author's transl)]. In the course of the last 8 years 53 such cases, with reference to the age of the children, the frequency, the localisation, and the nature of the extracted foreign bodies, had been carefully examined. Some diagnostic problems, the technique of the endoscopic extraction, as well as the post-extractional treatment are briefly described and special emphasize is given to the advantages of general anaesthesia. Further on the surgical aspects-which are the consequences as well of the extraction, as of post-extractional complications-are discussed, on the base of four typical cases."}
{"id": "PMID:144221", "title": "[Judgement of function of eustachian tube in children with polyethylene tubes (author's transl)].", "content": "Report about the evaluation of tubal function in children with tubulated ear drums because of chronic-secretory otitis media. With the aspiration-deflation method only 9% of 243 cases showed active tubal opening in swallowing when negative pressure was produced in the middle ear. The probable cause is discussed.", "contents": "[Judgement of function of eustachian tube in children with polyethylene tubes (author's transl)]. Report about the evaluation of tubal function in children with tubulated ear drums because of chronic-secretory otitis media. With the aspiration-deflation method only 9% of 243 cases showed active tubal opening in swallowing when negative pressure was produced in the middle ear. The probable cause is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144222", "title": "[Mucoserotympanon in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "In a great number of adults we investigated anamnesis, etiology, symptomatic, age and sex distribution and quantity of seromucotympanon. Tympanometry is represented as the final method for diagnosis and control. Moment and application of conservative and operative therapy are discussed.", "contents": "[Mucoserotympanon in adults (author's transl)]. In a great number of adults we investigated anamnesis, etiology, symptomatic, age and sex distribution and quantity of seromucotympanon. Tympanometry is represented as the final method for diagnosis and control. Moment and application of conservative and operative therapy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144223", "title": "[Chronic mucous effusions of the middle ear and the influence on inner ear function (author's transl)].", "content": "Audiometric recordings of children suffering from chronic mucous effusion of the middle ear have revealed a statistically significant and permanent sensorineural hearing loss of high frequences. Attemps for mechanical or physical factors as explanation are not convincing. We believe that inner ear disturbances in chronic mucous effusion rise by direct intoxication of the basal turns of the cochlea caused by pathologic alterations of mucous membrane tissue. Certain substances like lysozymes or histamine are supposed to diffuse via round window membrane to the inner ear. On the other hand mucous effusion which fills the middle cavity prevents oxygen to diffuse from the middle ear to the inner ear. Maass et al. (1976) and Morgenstern (1977) clearly have shown that under physiological conditions oxygen tension in the perilymph of the basal cochlear turn partly depends on diffusion from the middle ear. The results of our clinical observations indicate that early diagnosis and prompt treatment is necessary to prevent permanent sensorineural hearing loss of high frequencies, especially in infants and children.", "contents": "[Chronic mucous effusions of the middle ear and the influence on inner ear function (author's transl)]. Audiometric recordings of children suffering from chronic mucous effusion of the middle ear have revealed a statistically significant and permanent sensorineural hearing loss of high frequences. Attemps for mechanical or physical factors as explanation are not convincing. We believe that inner ear disturbances in chronic mucous effusion rise by direct intoxication of the basal turns of the cochlea caused by pathologic alterations of mucous membrane tissue. Certain substances like lysozymes or histamine are supposed to diffuse via round window membrane to the inner ear. On the other hand mucous effusion which fills the middle cavity prevents oxygen to diffuse from the middle ear to the inner ear. Maass et al. (1976) and Morgenstern (1977) clearly have shown that under physiological conditions oxygen tension in the perilymph of the basal cochlear turn partly depends on diffusion from the middle ear. The results of our clinical observations indicate that early diagnosis and prompt treatment is necessary to prevent permanent sensorineural hearing loss of high frequencies, especially in infants and children."}
{"id": "PMID:144224", "title": "[Clinical comparison of dextran 40 and xantinol nicotinate in the treatment of sudden deafness caused by shock waves (author's transl)].", "content": "The therapeutic success of inner ear lesions by acute acoustic trauma was examined by two statistically comparable groups of patients. 80 patients were attended by dextran 40 and 59 by xantinol nicotinate. The amelioration of hearing and tinnitus was statistically better after treatment with dextran 40.", "contents": "[Clinical comparison of dextran 40 and xantinol nicotinate in the treatment of sudden deafness caused by shock waves (author's transl)]. The therapeutic success of inner ear lesions by acute acoustic trauma was examined by two statistically comparable groups of patients. 80 patients were attended by dextran 40 and 59 by xantinol nicotinate. The amelioration of hearing and tinnitus was statistically better after treatment with dextran 40."}
{"id": "PMID:144225", "title": "[The alcohol effect on the latency time of acoustically evoked potentials (author's transl)].", "content": "The alcohol effect on the latency time of acoustically evoked potentials (ERA and 7 ms-Potentials) was investigated in 19 normal hearing persons. The latency time for N1 of the slow evoked potentials was significantly longer by alcohol concentrations of more than 1%. By blood levels=1.5% and by low stimulus intensity the results were more distinct. The alcohol effect was not registered by the brainstem potentials.", "contents": "[The alcohol effect on the latency time of acoustically evoked potentials (author's transl)]. The alcohol effect on the latency time of acoustically evoked potentials (ERA and 7 ms-Potentials) was investigated in 19 normal hearing persons. The latency time for N1 of the slow evoked potentials was significantly longer by alcohol concentrations of more than 1%. By blood levels=1.5% and by low stimulus intensity the results were more distinct. The alcohol effect was not registered by the brainstem potentials."}
{"id": "PMID:144226", "title": "[Is hearing of the students damaged by environmental noise in their leisure time? (author's transl))].", "content": "An examination of 1300 students between the ages of 10 and 20 who had not yet been exposed to industrial noise was performed in order to establish to what extent general environmental noise influences hearing. The fact that there was no age-dependent increase of high tone hearing loss, as well as the small correlation between hearing loss and total noise load are evidence that there is no hearing loss produced by increasing environmental noise exposure of teenagers in Germany. Middle ear infections, infections diseases and skull trauma are suggested as causes of the usually minimal high tone hearing losses.", "contents": "[Is hearing of the students damaged by environmental noise in their leisure time? (author's transl))]. An examination of 1300 students between the ages of 10 and 20 who had not yet been exposed to industrial noise was performed in order to establish to what extent general environmental noise influences hearing. The fact that there was no age-dependent increase of high tone hearing loss, as well as the small correlation between hearing loss and total noise load are evidence that there is no hearing loss produced by increasing environmental noise exposure of teenagers in Germany. Middle ear infections, infections diseases and skull trauma are suggested as causes of the usually minimal high tone hearing losses."}
{"id": "PMID:144227", "title": "[The reliability of audiometry based on conscious orientation of the hearing impaired child (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors present the audiometric procedure for hearing impaired children, which has been developed and performed routinely for some years by the Department of Audiology in the ENT-Clinic of the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena. Problems of children's audiometry are discussed. The procedure developed, is based on the children's conscious orientation to the source of sound which can regularly be registered especially in children of the age from 5 or 6 months to 3 or 4 years. The threshold provoking orientation is 45 to 50 dB (absolute). The results gained by the method described are compaired with those which were obtained 4 to 9 years later in 41 subjects suffering from heredodegenerative hearing loss. A coefficient of correlation r = 0.77 was found, indication a very near correlation of results for both procedures. When compaired to ERA, the test presented is simple to perform and is though to be very valuable for praxis. The orientation audiometry is more exact than the test of subjective audiometry and various procedures based on acoustical reflexes, too.", "contents": "[The reliability of audiometry based on conscious orientation of the hearing impaired child (author's transl)]. The authors present the audiometric procedure for hearing impaired children, which has been developed and performed routinely for some years by the Department of Audiology in the ENT-Clinic of the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena. Problems of children's audiometry are discussed. The procedure developed, is based on the children's conscious orientation to the source of sound which can regularly be registered especially in children of the age from 5 or 6 months to 3 or 4 years. The threshold provoking orientation is 45 to 50 dB (absolute). The results gained by the method described are compaired with those which were obtained 4 to 9 years later in 41 subjects suffering from heredodegenerative hearing loss. A coefficient of correlation r = 0.77 was found, indication a very near correlation of results for both procedures. When compaired to ERA, the test presented is simple to perform and is though to be very valuable for praxis. The orientation audiometry is more exact than the test of subjective audiometry and various procedures based on acoustical reflexes, too."}
{"id": "PMID:144228", "title": "[A model for different types of computers for recording, managing and evaluating data of middle ear operations (author's transl)].", "content": "A system is presented for recording, managing and evaluating data which is so simple that the clinician is able to handle it. The recording of data is done by marking on preformulated questionnaires without any coding of information by the doctor. From the documents, the key-punch operator then makes the punch cards (the alternative: marking documents that can be read directly by an optical mark page reader). The managing of data is done by an own program written in FORTRAN. It creates a tape-sentence of equal length and fixed format for each case. That means each case would contain the same variables, and the order of variables within each case would be the same. The ordering is done by means of an identification code which is derived from the employee numbering system and which makes it independent of all archive-based records. The evaluation is carried out by means of a data processing system which is available for most computers (SPSS). The preformulated questionnaires used for recordings, the program for managing the data and the evaluating procedure punch cards are described. All will be sent by demand.", "contents": "[A model for different types of computers for recording, managing and evaluating data of middle ear operations (author's transl)]. A system is presented for recording, managing and evaluating data which is so simple that the clinician is able to handle it. The recording of data is done by marking on preformulated questionnaires without any coding of information by the doctor. From the documents, the key-punch operator then makes the punch cards (the alternative: marking documents that can be read directly by an optical mark page reader). The managing of data is done by an own program written in FORTRAN. It creates a tape-sentence of equal length and fixed format for each case. That means each case would contain the same variables, and the order of variables within each case would be the same. The ordering is done by means of an identification code which is derived from the employee numbering system and which makes it independent of all archive-based records. The evaluation is carried out by means of a data processing system which is available for most computers (SPSS). The preformulated questionnaires used for recordings, the program for managing the data and the evaluating procedure punch cards are described. All will be sent by demand."}
{"id": "PMID:144232", "title": "Dedifferentiation of lens epithelial cells in tissue culture.", "content": "Lens epithelial cells can be kept in their original differentiated state or brought to dedifferentiation depending on the culture conditions. The different stages of differentiation can be identified using specific markers, namely the activity of steroid metabolizing enzymes, and the synthesis of specific structural lens polypeptides. For this reason lens epithelial cells in tissue culture provide a unique system for the study of the regulation of RNA and protein biosynthesis.", "contents": "Dedifferentiation of lens epithelial cells in tissue culture. Lens epithelial cells can be kept in their original differentiated state or brought to dedifferentiation depending on the culture conditions. The different stages of differentiation can be identified using specific markers, namely the activity of steroid metabolizing enzymes, and the synthesis of specific structural lens polypeptides. For this reason lens epithelial cells in tissue culture provide a unique system for the study of the regulation of RNA and protein biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:144234", "title": "A microspectrophotometric study of the periodic acid-Schiff reaction product in the rat central nervous system.", "content": "The comparison of microspectrophotometric curves recorded from PAS-stained brain slices reveals clear-cut differences concerning the fixation method and the age of the animal, namely the colour is weaker in Carnoy-fixed tissue and in perinatal rats as referred to Bouin mixture and adult animals, respectively. It seems that the PAS-positive reaction in the rat brain is mainly due to glycolipids rather than to complex polysaccharides.", "contents": "A microspectrophotometric study of the periodic acid-Schiff reaction product in the rat central nervous system. The comparison of microspectrophotometric curves recorded from PAS-stained brain slices reveals clear-cut differences concerning the fixation method and the age of the animal, namely the colour is weaker in Carnoy-fixed tissue and in perinatal rats as referred to Bouin mixture and adult animals, respectively. It seems that the PAS-positive reaction in the rat brain is mainly due to glycolipids rather than to complex polysaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:144235", "title": "Histopathological study of human placenta in women infected with rubella virus during pregnancy.", "content": "A histopathological and virological study is carried out on a group of placentae in the second trimester of pregnancy, obtained during the 1974 rubella epidemic in Cuba. The comparison between the positive and negative cases did not show characteristic lesions of the virus passage through the placenta, which does not coincide with the reports of other authors who generally consider these alterations as a result of this pathology. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic granules were found in the Hofbauer cells, which should be studied by employing other techniques for accurate identification.", "contents": "Histopathological study of human placenta in women infected with rubella virus during pregnancy. A histopathological and virological study is carried out on a group of placentae in the second trimester of pregnancy, obtained during the 1974 rubella epidemic in Cuba. The comparison between the positive and negative cases did not show characteristic lesions of the virus passage through the placenta, which does not coincide with the reports of other authors who generally consider these alterations as a result of this pathology. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic granules were found in the Hofbauer cells, which should be studied by employing other techniques for accurate identification."}
{"id": "PMID:144242", "title": "Sister chromatid exchanges in Down syndromes and normal human beings.", "content": "The BrdU-Giemsa method was used to analyze the frequency of SCEs in a group of five Down syndromes and in a group of five normal human beings. In total 25 second mitoses were scored for SCEs in each individual. Although Down syndromes exhibited a tendency to have higher rates of exchange than normal human beings the analysis of variance showed that these differences were not statistically significant. On the other hand, significant differences were observed in the rates of SCEs between individuals within each group. This variability may reflect inter-individual differences in the efficiency of the mechanisms involved in the production of exchanges. The frequency of SCEs in blood cultures in probably the average of the rates exhibited by two or more lymphocyte sub-populations with different sensitivities to BrdU. Hence, the variability in the rate of exchange between different cultures of the same individual probably arises by changes in the percentage of cells in the second mitosis deriving from each lymphocyte sub-population.", "contents": "Sister chromatid exchanges in Down syndromes and normal human beings. The BrdU-Giemsa method was used to analyze the frequency of SCEs in a group of five Down syndromes and in a group of five normal human beings. In total 25 second mitoses were scored for SCEs in each individual. Although Down syndromes exhibited a tendency to have higher rates of exchange than normal human beings the analysis of variance showed that these differences were not statistically significant. On the other hand, significant differences were observed in the rates of SCEs between individuals within each group. This variability may reflect inter-individual differences in the efficiency of the mechanisms involved in the production of exchanges. The frequency of SCEs in blood cultures in probably the average of the rates exhibited by two or more lymphocyte sub-populations with different sensitivities to BrdU. Hence, the variability in the rate of exchange between different cultures of the same individual probably arises by changes in the percentage of cells in the second mitosis deriving from each lymphocyte sub-population."}
{"id": "PMID:144236", "title": "The diagnostic value of interpleural lymph node biopsy.", "content": "The authors examined biopsies of the interpleural lymph nodes harvested by mediastinoscopy and hilloscopy in 162 patients (133 males and 29 females). The diagnostic efficiency is very high in sarcoidosis, silicosis and in Hodgkin's disease. In sarcoidosis biopsy is able to indicate the evolutive stage of the disease. In malignant lymphogranulomatosis all the observations belonged to type II of nodular sclerosis. In bronchial carcinoma interpleural lymph node biopsy may be practised with diagnostic purposes or in order to check up operability.", "contents": "The diagnostic value of interpleural lymph node biopsy. The authors examined biopsies of the interpleural lymph nodes harvested by mediastinoscopy and hilloscopy in 162 patients (133 males and 29 females). The diagnostic efficiency is very high in sarcoidosis, silicosis and in Hodgkin's disease. In sarcoidosis biopsy is able to indicate the evolutive stage of the disease. In malignant lymphogranulomatosis all the observations belonged to type II of nodular sclerosis. In bronchial carcinoma interpleural lymph node biopsy may be practised with diagnostic purposes or in order to check up operability."}
{"id": "PMID:144238", "title": "Myocardial necrosis through chemical-calcic mechanism.", "content": "An 18-day-old child is presented with a ventricular septal defect and aspiration bronchopneumonia with abscesses. An extensives myocardial necrosis with calcium deposits is also present. The authors think that the myocardial necrosis is a consequence of the calcium deposition on the mitochondria of myocardial fibres, favoured by the general and local changes, especially the heart hypoxia due to the combined action of the heart congenital diseases and of bronchopneumonia.", "contents": "Myocardial necrosis through chemical-calcic mechanism. An 18-day-old child is presented with a ventricular septal defect and aspiration bronchopneumonia with abscesses. An extensives myocardial necrosis with calcium deposits is also present. The authors think that the myocardial necrosis is a consequence of the calcium deposition on the mitochondria of myocardial fibres, favoured by the general and local changes, especially the heart hypoxia due to the combined action of the heart congenital diseases and of bronchopneumonia."}
{"id": "PMID:144239", "title": "The systemic conception and its methods in pathology. Theses for a theoretical attempt.", "content": "A theoretical attempt concerning the use of the systemic conception and of its methods in pathology and in morphological research is presented in several theses. These bear on the systemic conception, the open informational biological systems, the structural analysis useful in biology and medicine, the possible development in the normal and pathological morphology. Some other theses are referred to: the pathological process as a whole and its features as a system formed by lesions and sequences, the internal and external relationships of pathological processes, the effects of different structural-organizational levels involved, the ensemble of determining factors, the stereotypes of pathological processes and the possibilities to influence them by the organismic mechanisms and by extrinsic interventions, including therapeutic ones. The relatively independent evolution of constituted pathological processes and its relationships with the integrating suprasystem (the organism) are also discussed.", "contents": "The systemic conception and its methods in pathology. Theses for a theoretical attempt. A theoretical attempt concerning the use of the systemic conception and of its methods in pathology and in morphological research is presented in several theses. These bear on the systemic conception, the open informational biological systems, the structural analysis useful in biology and medicine, the possible development in the normal and pathological morphology. Some other theses are referred to: the pathological process as a whole and its features as a system formed by lesions and sequences, the internal and external relationships of pathological processes, the effects of different structural-organizational levels involved, the ensemble of determining factors, the stereotypes of pathological processes and the possibilities to influence them by the organismic mechanisms and by extrinsic interventions, including therapeutic ones. The relatively independent evolution of constituted pathological processes and its relationships with the integrating suprasystem (the organism) are also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144251", "title": "[Aortoplasty with dacron patch in the surgical treatment of aortic coarctation].", "content": "The indications for aortoplasty and the techniques employed are described. The advantages of using Dacron patches are explained, namely: restricted mobilisation of the aorta, no sacrifice of intercostal vessels, no risk of haemorrhage from ectasic collateral vessels with weak walls, or from the calcified aorta wall, and simplicity. The method requires lengthwise section (extended as necessary) of the aorta where it is restricted following the application of clamps, removal of the stenosing diaphragm and application of a lozenge-shaped patch, with continuous suture of the anterior edges of the opening in the vessel. It is pointed out that the method is especially indicated in cases with marked atheromatous alterations and in chil-childrens, whose aorta is thereby enabled to grow normally, since a sufficient part of the wall is left in its natural continuity.", "contents": "[Aortoplasty with dacron patch in the surgical treatment of aortic coarctation]. The indications for aortoplasty and the techniques employed are described. The advantages of using Dacron patches are explained, namely: restricted mobilisation of the aorta, no sacrifice of intercostal vessels, no risk of haemorrhage from ectasic collateral vessels with weak walls, or from the calcified aorta wall, and simplicity. The method requires lengthwise section (extended as necessary) of the aorta where it is restricted following the application of clamps, removal of the stenosing diaphragm and application of a lozenge-shaped patch, with continuous suture of the anterior edges of the opening in the vessel. It is pointed out that the method is especially indicated in cases with marked atheromatous alterations and in chil-childrens, whose aorta is thereby enabled to grow normally, since a sufficient part of the wall is left in its natural continuity."}
{"id": "PMID:144261", "title": "The granulocytic chalone-a specific inhibor of granulopoiesis: molecular weight and chemical nature.", "content": "Chalones specifically inhibit cell rpoliferation not only in their respective normal cell system, but also in the malignant descendants of these cells. Consequently, a number of hypotheses have been put forward as to how chalones could be used in cancer treatment or related areas. As chalones are not cytotoxic themselves, but merely inhibit proliferation, the regression of tumors which have been observed in some cases must have been caused by other mechanisms, not directly related to the increased chalone level. Some of the potential advantages and drawbacks of this direct approach will be discussed. Some models in which chalones serve as adjuncts to other forms of therapy will be discussed. The experimental testing of these procedures and hypothesis is hampered severly by the unavailability of satisfactory chalone preparations. A possible approach to overcome this by using synthetic granulocytic (and possibly other) chalone(s) is discussed in detail.", "contents": "The granulocytic chalone-a specific inhibor of granulopoiesis: molecular weight and chemical nature. Chalones specifically inhibit cell rpoliferation not only in their respective normal cell system, but also in the malignant descendants of these cells. Consequently, a number of hypotheses have been put forward as to how chalones could be used in cancer treatment or related areas. As chalones are not cytotoxic themselves, but merely inhibit proliferation, the regression of tumors which have been observed in some cases must have been caused by other mechanisms, not directly related to the increased chalone level. Some of the potential advantages and drawbacks of this direct approach will be discussed. Some models in which chalones serve as adjuncts to other forms of therapy will be discussed. The experimental testing of these procedures and hypothesis is hampered severly by the unavailability of satisfactory chalone preparations. A possible approach to overcome this by using synthetic granulocytic (and possibly other) chalone(s) is discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:144262", "title": "Tumor-specific immunity in sarcoma patients.", "content": "Stimulatory responses of 40 patients with bone [33] and soft tissue [7] sarcomas to autologous tumor cells were correlated with clinical data and prognosis. Although conclusive judgments for individual patients cannot be made, some genral features emerge: patients with stimulation indices greater than 1.5 have a 50 percent relapse-free interval after surgery of 22 months, patients with indices, below 1.5 have a 50 percent relapse-free interval of 5 months. 7 out of 10 responder patients are tumor-free 1 year after surgery as compared to 5 out of 19 (26 percent of non-responder pateints (p less than 0.05). Removal of the tumor is followed by an increase in the stimulatory response and by the dissappearance of blocking serum factors in patients with favourable prognosis. Responses return to baseline levels in tumor free patients 9-12 months after surgery. The results suggest that tumor-associated immune responses play a role in the development of human sarcomas. In addition, 47 lymphocyte samples of 25 patients were tested for stimulation by autologous tumor cells and for cell-mediated cytotoxicity against allogeneic sarcoma cell lines. Similar results were obtained in both test systems when pre-therapy lymphocytes were used. Discordant results were frequently seen at times after surgery. Both test systems may complement each other and may help clarify the tumor-specificity of certain lymphocytotoxic activities.", "contents": "Tumor-specific immunity in sarcoma patients. Stimulatory responses of 40 patients with bone [33] and soft tissue [7] sarcomas to autologous tumor cells were correlated with clinical data and prognosis. Although conclusive judgments for individual patients cannot be made, some genral features emerge: patients with stimulation indices greater than 1.5 have a 50 percent relapse-free interval after surgery of 22 months, patients with indices, below 1.5 have a 50 percent relapse-free interval of 5 months. 7 out of 10 responder patients are tumor-free 1 year after surgery as compared to 5 out of 19 (26 percent of non-responder pateints (p less than 0.05). Removal of the tumor is followed by an increase in the stimulatory response and by the dissappearance of blocking serum factors in patients with favourable prognosis. Responses return to baseline levels in tumor free patients 9-12 months after surgery. The results suggest that tumor-associated immune responses play a role in the development of human sarcomas. In addition, 47 lymphocyte samples of 25 patients were tested for stimulation by autologous tumor cells and for cell-mediated cytotoxicity against allogeneic sarcoma cell lines. Similar results were obtained in both test systems when pre-therapy lymphocytes were used. Discordant results were frequently seen at times after surgery. Both test systems may complement each other and may help clarify the tumor-specificity of certain lymphocytotoxic activities."}
{"id": "PMID:144263", "title": "Application of glass capillary gas chromatography to the study of urinary steroid excretion in normal children and in patients with various endocrinopathies.", "content": "A method of gas chromatography on glass capillary columns (g. c. c. c.) is presented which allows the determination of 26 urinary C19 and C21 steroid metabolites in one procedure. Hundredthirtyseven normal individuals of both sexes from 6 months through 32 years of age were studied regarding their urinary steroid patterns. These were compared to the excretion patterns of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia before and during treatment and of a child with virilizing adrenal carcinoma. From the results it is concluded that g. c. c. c. may be considered a valuable tool in the study of steroid production and metabolism.", "contents": "Application of glass capillary gas chromatography to the study of urinary steroid excretion in normal children and in patients with various endocrinopathies. A method of gas chromatography on glass capillary columns (g. c. c. c.) is presented which allows the determination of 26 urinary C19 and C21 steroid metabolites in one procedure. Hundredthirtyseven normal individuals of both sexes from 6 months through 32 years of age were studied regarding their urinary steroid patterns. These were compared to the excretion patterns of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia before and during treatment and of a child with virilizing adrenal carcinoma. From the results it is concluded that g. c. c. c. may be considered a valuable tool in the study of steroid production and metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:144264", "title": "In vivo lability of red cell phosphofructokinase in term infants: the possible molecular basis of the relative phosphofructokinase deficiency in neonatal red cells.", "content": "Cord blood erythrocytes from nine term infants were separated by density gradient centrifugation into cohorts of intact cells of progressively increasing density and compared with red cells treated in a similar manner from four healthy adults. Pyruvate kinase (PK), an age-dependent enzyme, progressively decreased in activity from the lightest to the heaviest fractions, in both neonatal and adult red cells, indicating that red cells from newborn infants exhibit the same relationship between red cell age and density that had previously been demonstrated in red cells from adults. The rate of decline of red cell PK activity was essentially the same in neonates and adults, whereas phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity in cord erythrocytes decreased at a significantly faster rate when compared to adults. These data suggest that PFK has an accelerated rate of in vivo decay in neonatal red cells and is an unstable enzyme in the newborn.", "contents": "In vivo lability of red cell phosphofructokinase in term infants: the possible molecular basis of the relative phosphofructokinase deficiency in neonatal red cells. Cord blood erythrocytes from nine term infants were separated by density gradient centrifugation into cohorts of intact cells of progressively increasing density and compared with red cells treated in a similar manner from four healthy adults. Pyruvate kinase (PK), an age-dependent enzyme, progressively decreased in activity from the lightest to the heaviest fractions, in both neonatal and adult red cells, indicating that red cells from newborn infants exhibit the same relationship between red cell age and density that had previously been demonstrated in red cells from adults. The rate of decline of red cell PK activity was essentially the same in neonates and adults, whereas phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity in cord erythrocytes decreased at a significantly faster rate when compared to adults. These data suggest that PFK has an accelerated rate of in vivo decay in neonatal red cells and is an unstable enzyme in the newborn."}
{"id": "PMID:144266", "title": "Static and dynamic balance skills of trainable children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "This study compared static and dynamic balance performance of 25 subjects with Down's Syndrome and 25 without Down's Syndrome; controls were placed on CA and IQ. No significant difference between the two samples' static balance performance was noted; subjects with the Down's Syndrome had significantly superior dynamic balance performance.", "contents": "Static and dynamic balance skills of trainable children with Down's syndrome. This study compared static and dynamic balance performance of 25 subjects with Down's Syndrome and 25 without Down's Syndrome; controls were placed on CA and IQ. No significant difference between the two samples' static balance performance was noted; subjects with the Down's Syndrome had significantly superior dynamic balance performance."}
{"id": "PMID:144269", "title": "[The influence of abnormal vertebral column on failure in epidural anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "In 387 pat., we observed the interdependence of abnormal vertebral column and failures in epidural anaesthesia by medial tap with the \"los of resistance\" method. We could show that in contradistinction to other opinions scoliosis induces no higher rate of failure of epidural anaesthesia than the normal vertebral column. In patients with kyphoscoliosis and ossified ligaments the epidural space was identified less frequently than in the normal group, perforations of the dura were encountered more frequently. These results are statistically significant. In patients who had or have pain in the back (p.e. lumbago) and those with ossified ligaments we found significantly more pain during operation although analgesia was tested before. In these three abnormalities of the vertebral column we recommend to judicously balance advantages against disadvantages of epidural anaesthesia and alternative anaesthetic procedures.", "contents": "[The influence of abnormal vertebral column on failure in epidural anaesthesia (author's transl)]. In 387 pat., we observed the interdependence of abnormal vertebral column and failures in epidural anaesthesia by medial tap with the \"los of resistance\" method. We could show that in contradistinction to other opinions scoliosis induces no higher rate of failure of epidural anaesthesia than the normal vertebral column. In patients with kyphoscoliosis and ossified ligaments the epidural space was identified less frequently than in the normal group, perforations of the dura were encountered more frequently. These results are statistically significant. In patients who had or have pain in the back (p.e. lumbago) and those with ossified ligaments we found significantly more pain during operation although analgesia was tested before. In these three abnormalities of the vertebral column we recommend to judicously balance advantages against disadvantages of epidural anaesthesia and alternative anaesthetic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:144276", "title": "Serotonergic basis of reward in median raph\u00e9 of the rat.", "content": "Rats were trained to self-stimulate simultaneously in the ventromedian tegmentum (VMT) and the median raphe (MR) by pressing two independent bars. Bar-pressing rates for VMT self-stimulation (SS) were increased following methamphetamine and decreased following alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine while no appreciable effects were observed on SS in the MR. On the other hand, MR SS was specifically decreased following para-chlorophenylalanine. The above results taken together support the hypothesis that SS in the MR is due to the stimulation of serotonergic neuronal elements.", "contents": "Serotonergic basis of reward in median raph\u00e9 of the rat. Rats were trained to self-stimulate simultaneously in the ventromedian tegmentum (VMT) and the median raphe (MR) by pressing two independent bars. Bar-pressing rates for VMT self-stimulation (SS) were increased following methamphetamine and decreased following alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine while no appreciable effects were observed on SS in the MR. On the other hand, MR SS was specifically decreased following para-chlorophenylalanine. The above results taken together support the hypothesis that SS in the MR is due to the stimulation of serotonergic neuronal elements."}
{"id": "PMID:144277", "title": "Do hormonal (stress) and vascular (ischaemia) factors contribute to reflex muscle atrophy induced by chronic nociceptive stimulation in rats?", "content": "1. Reflex muscle atrophy was induced in rats by fracturing the metatarsal bones of one hind paw and injecting 0.02 ml turpentine oil into the planta under shortlasting ether anaesthesia. The atrophy thus evoked in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) was compared with the contralateral muscles. 2. There was a twelvefold increase of plasma corticosteroid levels one hour after application of the above nociceptive stimulus and the levels were still somewhat enhanced at 3 days. Neither bilateral adrenalectomy nor administration of corticosteroid hormones or cold stress affected the development of reflex atrophy. 3. Restriction of the arterial blood supply (ligature of the common iliac artery) led to a slowly progressing atrophy with a maximum 10 days after the ligature. Reflex atrophy introduced at different times after ligature was not enhanced. 4. These results are interpreted as evidence that neither general stress (and the effect of catabolic hormones) nor local restriction of muscle blood flow (by reflex vasospasm, for example) are likely to play any appreciable role in the mechanism of reflex muscle atrophy.", "contents": "Do hormonal (stress) and vascular (ischaemia) factors contribute to reflex muscle atrophy induced by chronic nociceptive stimulation in rats? 1. Reflex muscle atrophy was induced in rats by fracturing the metatarsal bones of one hind paw and injecting 0.02 ml turpentine oil into the planta under shortlasting ether anaesthesia. The atrophy thus evoked in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) was compared with the contralateral muscles. 2. There was a twelvefold increase of plasma corticosteroid levels one hour after application of the above nociceptive stimulus and the levels were still somewhat enhanced at 3 days. Neither bilateral adrenalectomy nor administration of corticosteroid hormones or cold stress affected the development of reflex atrophy. 3. Restriction of the arterial blood supply (ligature of the common iliac artery) led to a slowly progressing atrophy with a maximum 10 days after the ligature. Reflex atrophy introduced at different times after ligature was not enhanced. 4. These results are interpreted as evidence that neither general stress (and the effect of catabolic hormones) nor local restriction of muscle blood flow (by reflex vasospasm, for example) are likely to play any appreciable role in the mechanism of reflex muscle atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:144278", "title": "Corticosterone synthesis and serum levels at the end of the perinatal period a study of the effects of stress, diazepam and polyethylene glycol treatments.", "content": "The effects of stress (intraperitoneal injections onece daily for three days), diazepam (Faustan, Germed) and polyethylene glycol (Macrogolum, Spofa) on the corticosterone production rate (BPR) and concurrent changes in serum corticosterone levels (BSL) were investigated in 4-day-old male rats. Stress stimulation increased the BSL but the BPR was affected only slightly and the difference was not statistically significant. A low dose of diazepam (1 mg/kg) prevented the stress-induced rise in BSL and decrease of BPR, in comparison to stressed animals. On the contrary, high doses of diazepam (10 mg/kg) increased the BSL, while BPR corresponded to control values. Polyethylene glycol (0.12 g/kg; substance of this class is contained in the diazepam vehiculum) decreased the BSL, but the BPR was increased above control values; a higher dose of this substance (1.2 g/kg) yielded only scattered, non-significant results. It is concluded that in preweaned animals 1. the changes in BSL may be associated with minor or transient changes in BPR which indicate small changes in brainpituitary adrenocorticotropic activity, 2. changes in peripheral corticosterone metabolism can play an exceptionally important role in the regulation of glucocorticoid activity in very young rats, 3. a comparison of controls with stressed animals which had received low doses of diazepam indicate a relatively high steady state activity of adrenal cortex and its regulation in 4-day-old control rats.", "contents": "Corticosterone synthesis and serum levels at the end of the perinatal period a study of the effects of stress, diazepam and polyethylene glycol treatments. The effects of stress (intraperitoneal injections onece daily for three days), diazepam (Faustan, Germed) and polyethylene glycol (Macrogolum, Spofa) on the corticosterone production rate (BPR) and concurrent changes in serum corticosterone levels (BSL) were investigated in 4-day-old male rats. Stress stimulation increased the BSL but the BPR was affected only slightly and the difference was not statistically significant. A low dose of diazepam (1 mg/kg) prevented the stress-induced rise in BSL and decrease of BPR, in comparison to stressed animals. On the contrary, high doses of diazepam (10 mg/kg) increased the BSL, while BPR corresponded to control values. Polyethylene glycol (0.12 g/kg; substance of this class is contained in the diazepam vehiculum) decreased the BSL, but the BPR was increased above control values; a higher dose of this substance (1.2 g/kg) yielded only scattered, non-significant results. It is concluded that in preweaned animals 1. the changes in BSL may be associated with minor or transient changes in BPR which indicate small changes in brainpituitary adrenocorticotropic activity, 2. changes in peripheral corticosterone metabolism can play an exceptionally important role in the regulation of glucocorticoid activity in very young rats, 3. a comparison of controls with stressed animals which had received low doses of diazepam indicate a relatively high steady state activity of adrenal cortex and its regulation in 4-day-old control rats."}
{"id": "PMID:144279", "title": "Significance of the weaning period for natality and maternal behaviour of laboratory rats.", "content": "Normally weaned females (at 30 days) displayed seasonal cyclic changes in natality and the characteristics of the young. Natality in the spring and summer was high, the litters were large, the proportion of females and males in the litter was equal and deaths among the unweaned young were very few. Natality in the autumn and winter was low and the litters were small and consisted mainly of males. The death rate among the young was higher than in the spring and summer. Prematurely weaned females (at 15 days) displayed no seasonal cycle either in natality or in the characteristics  of the young. The studied parameters corresponded to the values found in the spring and summer in normally weaned females. No differences were found in maternal retrieving, but there was a marked difference in nest-building. The normally weaned female tore up paper (building material) into small fragments 24 hours before giving birth and dropped the young into a soft nest of finely shredded paper. On leaving the nest it covered the young up. The prematurely weaned female scattered the paper about the cage 24 hours before giving birth and dropped the young into a depression stamped out among whole pieces of paper. It did not cover the young up on leaving the nest. The cause of the difference in building behaviour is evidently that prematurely weaned females failed to acquire early experience of this behaviour between the 15th and 30th day of life.", "contents": "Significance of the weaning period for natality and maternal behaviour of laboratory rats. Normally weaned females (at 30 days) displayed seasonal cyclic changes in natality and the characteristics of the young. Natality in the spring and summer was high, the litters were large, the proportion of females and males in the litter was equal and deaths among the unweaned young were very few. Natality in the autumn and winter was low and the litters were small and consisted mainly of males. The death rate among the young was higher than in the spring and summer. Prematurely weaned females (at 15 days) displayed no seasonal cycle either in natality or in the characteristics  of the young. The studied parameters corresponded to the values found in the spring and summer in normally weaned females. No differences were found in maternal retrieving, but there was a marked difference in nest-building. The normally weaned female tore up paper (building material) into small fragments 24 hours before giving birth and dropped the young into a soft nest of finely shredded paper. On leaving the nest it covered the young up. The prematurely weaned female scattered the paper about the cage 24 hours before giving birth and dropped the young into a depression stamped out among whole pieces of paper. It did not cover the young up on leaving the nest. The cause of the difference in building behaviour is evidently that prematurely weaned females failed to acquire early experience of this behaviour between the 15th and 30th day of life."}
{"id": "PMID:144280", "title": "The development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos interaction of picrotoxin and GABA.", "content": "The effect of the systemic administration of picrotoxin (1 mg/kg egg weight) and GABA (103 mg/kg e.w.) on the spontaneous motility of 11- to 21-day check embryos was studied intact eggs. Embryonal motility was recorded by the method of Kovach (1970). The activating effect of picrotoxin on 11- and 13-day embryos was unaffected by the administration of GABA. In 13- and 17-day-old embryos, GABA did not modify the paroxysmal effect of picrotoxin, but when the two substances were administered together, it prolonged the interparoxysmal intervals. The effect of GABA was most pronounced in 19- and 21-day-old embryos, in which it either stopped picrotoxin paroxysms from developing at all, or noticeably altered the length of the paroxysms, the amplitude of the movements and the length of the interparoxysmal intervals. The results show that the sensitivity of central apparatuses of embryonal spontaneous motility to GABA develops later than the early activatory effect of picrotoxin and are evidence of specific antagonism of these two neutrotropic substances.", "contents": "The development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos interaction of picrotoxin and GABA. The effect of the systemic administration of picrotoxin (1 mg/kg egg weight) and GABA (103 mg/kg e.w.) on the spontaneous motility of 11- to 21-day check embryos was studied intact eggs. Embryonal motility was recorded by the method of Kovach (1970). The activating effect of picrotoxin on 11- and 13-day embryos was unaffected by the administration of GABA. In 13- and 17-day-old embryos, GABA did not modify the paroxysmal effect of picrotoxin, but when the two substances were administered together, it prolonged the interparoxysmal intervals. The effect of GABA was most pronounced in 19- and 21-day-old embryos, in which it either stopped picrotoxin paroxysms from developing at all, or noticeably altered the length of the paroxysms, the amplitude of the movements and the length of the interparoxysmal intervals. The results show that the sensitivity of central apparatuses of embryonal spontaneous motility to GABA develops later than the early activatory effect of picrotoxin and are evidence of specific antagonism of these two neutrotropic substances."}
{"id": "PMID:144281", "title": "Age differences in interrelationships between saline consumption, blood pressure and kidney weight in salt hypertension in the rat.", "content": "Young and adult uninephrectomized male rats (aged 25 and 87 days respectively) were exposed to an increased salt intake (1% saline as the only drinking fluid) either alone or in combination with DOCA-treatment for 25 and 46 days respectively. Age dependent differences of interrelationships between saline intake (SI), blood pressure (BP) and kidney weight (KW) were studied during development of salt and DOCA-salt hypertension to specify possible factors involved in the higher susceptibility of the young rats to these regimes. Correlation analysis was employed using the step-wise regression procedure. Only in the young rats did saline treatment induce an increase in KW, which preceded the development of mild hypertension. This age group also responded to DOCA-saline treatment with a more pronounced increase in both BP and KW. SI was higher in the young than adult rats exposed to either saline or DOCA-saline treatment. This, however, does not account by itself for the higher hypertensive response of the young rats, since there was no primary relationship between SI and BP in the hypertensive groups. Increase in KW accompanying development of hypertension was dependent on BP in the young rats and on SI in adult rats. This indicates that saline and DOCA-saline treatment renders the kidneys of young rats more sensitive to damaging effects of BP, which play a part in the more pronounced hypertensive response.", "contents": "Age differences in interrelationships between saline consumption, blood pressure and kidney weight in salt hypertension in the rat. Young and adult uninephrectomized male rats (aged 25 and 87 days respectively) were exposed to an increased salt intake (1% saline as the only drinking fluid) either alone or in combination with DOCA-treatment for 25 and 46 days respectively. Age dependent differences of interrelationships between saline intake (SI), blood pressure (BP) and kidney weight (KW) were studied during development of salt and DOCA-salt hypertension to specify possible factors involved in the higher susceptibility of the young rats to these regimes. Correlation analysis was employed using the step-wise regression procedure. Only in the young rats did saline treatment induce an increase in KW, which preceded the development of mild hypertension. This age group also responded to DOCA-saline treatment with a more pronounced increase in both BP and KW. SI was higher in the young than adult rats exposed to either saline or DOCA-saline treatment. This, however, does not account by itself for the higher hypertensive response of the young rats, since there was no primary relationship between SI and BP in the hypertensive groups. Increase in KW accompanying development of hypertension was dependent on BP in the young rats and on SI in adult rats. This indicates that saline and DOCA-saline treatment renders the kidneys of young rats more sensitive to damaging effects of BP, which play a part in the more pronounced hypertensive response."}
{"id": "PMID:144282", "title": "Effect of oestrogen and ascorbic acid on the serum ceruloplasmin level in rats.", "content": "The administration of long-acting oestrogen (1 mg twice a week for 3 weeks) is followed, in rats, by an increase in the serum ceruloplasmin concentration to about 150% of the control value. The simultaneous administration of ascorbic acid in a dose of 10, 20 or 50 mg/rat/day in food raises the ceruloplasmin concentration to 180-200% of the control value (no significant difference was observed in the effect of the various doses of ascorbic acid). The increase produced by combining ascorbic acid with the oestrogen amounts to 20-30% of the value recorded in animals treated only with oestrogen. The mechanism by which ascorbic acid potentiates the effect of oestrogens on the ceruloplasmin level is not known.", "contents": "Effect of oestrogen and ascorbic acid on the serum ceruloplasmin level in rats. The administration of long-acting oestrogen (1 mg twice a week for 3 weeks) is followed, in rats, by an increase in the serum ceruloplasmin concentration to about 150% of the control value. The simultaneous administration of ascorbic acid in a dose of 10, 20 or 50 mg/rat/day in food raises the ceruloplasmin concentration to 180-200% of the control value (no significant difference was observed in the effect of the various doses of ascorbic acid). The increase produced by combining ascorbic acid with the oestrogen amounts to 20-30% of the value recorded in animals treated only with oestrogen. The mechanism by which ascorbic acid potentiates the effect of oestrogens on the ceruloplasmin level is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:144283", "title": "Acute effect of large doses of calcitonin on calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate levels in rat serum in correlation to differences in thryroid function.", "content": "The acute effect of pharmacological doses of porcine calcitonin were studied on the calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium level in correlation to thyroid function in experimental rats. In every case, and with all three doses, the serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus level fell significantly within 60 minutes after calcitonin administration. The drop in both minerals was most pronounced in the group with experimental hyperthyroidism, in which all different doses had the same effect. In experimental hypothyroidism, the decrease was correlated to the dose. In the case of the serum magnesium level, a statistically significant drop was observed in animals with hyperthyroidism after the two largest doses of calcitonin, while only a mild increase occurred in animals with hypothyroidism after the smallest dose. None of the doses of calcitonin affected the magnesium level in animals with normal thyroid function.", "contents": "Acute effect of large doses of calcitonin on calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphate levels in rat serum in correlation to differences in thryroid function. The acute effect of pharmacological doses of porcine calcitonin were studied on the calcium, inorganic phosphorus and magnesium level in correlation to thyroid function in experimental rats. In every case, and with all three doses, the serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus level fell significantly within 60 minutes after calcitonin administration. The drop in both minerals was most pronounced in the group with experimental hyperthyroidism, in which all different doses had the same effect. In experimental hypothyroidism, the decrease was correlated to the dose. In the case of the serum magnesium level, a statistically significant drop was observed in animals with hyperthyroidism after the two largest doses of calcitonin, while only a mild increase occurred in animals with hypothyroidism after the smallest dose. None of the doses of calcitonin affected the magnesium level in animals with normal thyroid function."}
{"id": "PMID:144284", "title": "Spreading depression analysis of contact behaviour of rats.", "content": "Social contact behaviour induced by spreading cortical depression was studied in rats. The controls looked for and remained in contact, whereas between the rats with spreading cortical depression and their other partners there was no contact. This phenomenon is due mainly to the absence of an active urge for contact. The contact behaviour of rats is evidently controlled by the cerebral cortex or by subcortical areas of the brain which are inhibited after the elicitation of spreading depression. The experiments show that the contact behaviour of rats has at least two components - an active urge for contact and passive tolerance of contact.", "contents": "Spreading depression analysis of contact behaviour of rats. Social contact behaviour induced by spreading cortical depression was studied in rats. The controls looked for and remained in contact, whereas between the rats with spreading cortical depression and their other partners there was no contact. This phenomenon is due mainly to the absence of an active urge for contact. The contact behaviour of rats is evidently controlled by the cerebral cortex or by subcortical areas of the brain which are inhibited after the elicitation of spreading depression. The experiments show that the contact behaviour of rats has at least two components - an active urge for contact and passive tolerance of contact."}
{"id": "PMID:144285", "title": "Role of the claustrum in sensory activation.", "content": "The functional organization of the claustrum was studied in acute experiments in cats from birth to adulthood. No somatotopic organization was found, but, on the contrary, multisensory convergence was confirmed. The significance of the claustrum for somesthetic and acoustic afferentation is emphasized. The claustrum is activated mainly by a \"cortical loop\", along the following route: the diencephalic nuclei (the relevant modality system) leads to cortical projection areas (including secondary and probably association areas) leads to the claustrum. All the correlations described exist from the very first period of postnatal development.", "contents": "Role of the claustrum in sensory activation. The functional organization of the claustrum was studied in acute experiments in cats from birth to adulthood. No somatotopic organization was found, but, on the contrary, multisensory convergence was confirmed. The significance of the claustrum for somesthetic and acoustic afferentation is emphasized. The claustrum is activated mainly by a \"cortical loop\", along the following route: the diencephalic nuclei (the relevant modality system) leads to cortical projection areas (including secondary and probably association areas) leads to the claustrum. All the correlations described exist from the very first period of postnatal development."}
{"id": "PMID:144286", "title": "Localization of the interference of ascorbic acid deficiency with bile acid biogenesis.", "content": "The catabolism of 26-14C-cholesterol and of 26-14C-7alpha-hydroxycholesterol, the first stage in the transformation of cholesterol to bile acids, was studied in guinea-pigs with chronic latent vitamin C deficiency. Vitamin C deficiency markedly inhibited the oxidation of 26-14C-cholesterol to 14CO2, but did not significantly affect the catabolism of 26-14C-7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. The distribution of 14C in the tissues and body fluids of control and vitamin-deficient guinea pigs injected with labelled 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol was likewise the same. Ascorbic acids is probably needed only for 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol, while the other stages of bile acid biogenesis are independent of vitamin C.", "contents": "Localization of the interference of ascorbic acid deficiency with bile acid biogenesis. The catabolism of 26-14C-cholesterol and of 26-14C-7alpha-hydroxycholesterol, the first stage in the transformation of cholesterol to bile acids, was studied in guinea-pigs with chronic latent vitamin C deficiency. Vitamin C deficiency markedly inhibited the oxidation of 26-14C-cholesterol to 14CO2, but did not significantly affect the catabolism of 26-14C-7alpha-hydroxycholesterol. The distribution of 14C in the tissues and body fluids of control and vitamin-deficient guinea pigs injected with labelled 7alpha-hydroxycholesterol was likewise the same. Ascorbic acids is probably needed only for 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholesterol, while the other stages of bile acid biogenesis are independent of vitamin C."}
{"id": "PMID:144287", "title": "Determination of cholesterol turnover rate by a one-and two-pool kinetic analysis.", "content": "The cholesterol turnover rate in rabbits with alimentary cholesterol atherosclerosis and in guinea-pigs with chronic vitamin C deficiency was studied by a one- and two-pool kinetic analysis. The one-pool analysis yielded exaggeraged values for the turnover rate, but the turnover rate differences between the control and experimental groups in the one- and the two-pool analysis were very similar. One-pool analysis can be used in initial studies to obtain preliminary data on the effect of nutritional, pharmacological and other factors on cholesterol turnover rate.", "contents": "Determination of cholesterol turnover rate by a one-and two-pool kinetic analysis. The cholesterol turnover rate in rabbits with alimentary cholesterol atherosclerosis and in guinea-pigs with chronic vitamin C deficiency was studied by a one- and two-pool kinetic analysis. The one-pool analysis yielded exaggeraged values for the turnover rate, but the turnover rate differences between the control and experimental groups in the one- and the two-pool analysis were very similar. One-pool analysis can be used in initial studies to obtain preliminary data on the effect of nutritional, pharmacological and other factors on cholesterol turnover rate."}
{"id": "PMID:144288", "title": "The course of ionic transmembrane currents during cardiac action potentials.", "content": "The course of the total transmembrane ionic current (Ii) during a natural action potential (AP) was reconstructed from a family of current traces recorded for single voltage clamp depolarization steps to various levels. The experiments were performed on 9 papillary cat muscles driven at 0.5 per second in oxygenated 31 degrees C Tyrode. Under varying experimental conditions very good agreement was found between the resulting Ii curve and another indicator of Ii, the first time derivative of the AP (dV/dt). Furthermore, the coefficient needed to adjust dV/dt to reconstructed Ii may serve as an indicator of the membrane capacity. The results suggest the validity of the employed approximation and, in general, the adequacy of the sucrose gap technique applied to cardiac muscle.", "contents": "The course of ionic transmembrane currents during cardiac action potentials. The course of the total transmembrane ionic current (Ii) during a natural action potential (AP) was reconstructed from a family of current traces recorded for single voltage clamp depolarization steps to various levels. The experiments were performed on 9 papillary cat muscles driven at 0.5 per second in oxygenated 31 degrees C Tyrode. Under varying experimental conditions very good agreement was found between the resulting Ii curve and another indicator of Ii, the first time derivative of the AP (dV/dt). Furthermore, the coefficient needed to adjust dV/dt to reconstructed Ii may serve as an indicator of the membrane capacity. The results suggest the validity of the employed approximation and, in general, the adequacy of the sucrose gap technique applied to cardiac muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:144289", "title": "Changes of regional myocardial blood flow during and after acute focal experimental ischaemia.", "content": "The regional blood flow through the myocardium of the left ventricle was measured in 11 dogs after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, by means of a local injection of 133Xe depot and precordial detection of its washout 2 hours after ligation. Immediately after ligation the blood flow in the ischaemic area declined considerably but at the same time there was a significant increase of blood flow in the non-ischaemic left ventricular myocardium. The regional flow in the ischaemic and non-ischaemic area increased insignificantly for 2 hrs. These changes were not due to alterations in coronary artery pressure, as the mean arterial pressure declined significantly during the first hour. After temporary ischaemia by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 2--4 minutes, an intensive reactive hyperaemia developed in the ischaemic region (the blood flow reached 221% of control values on the average) which was the more intensive, the greater the drop of blood flow in the ischaemic area after ligation.", "contents": "Changes of regional myocardial blood flow during and after acute focal experimental ischaemia. The regional blood flow through the myocardium of the left ventricle was measured in 11 dogs after ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery, by means of a local injection of 133Xe depot and precordial detection of its washout 2 hours after ligation. Immediately after ligation the blood flow in the ischaemic area declined considerably but at the same time there was a significant increase of blood flow in the non-ischaemic left ventricular myocardium. The regional flow in the ischaemic and non-ischaemic area increased insignificantly for 2 hrs. These changes were not due to alterations in coronary artery pressure, as the mean arterial pressure declined significantly during the first hour. After temporary ischaemia by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery for 2--4 minutes, an intensive reactive hyperaemia developed in the ischaemic region (the blood flow reached 221% of control values on the average) which was the more intensive, the greater the drop of blood flow in the ischaemic area after ligation."}
{"id": "PMID:144290", "title": "Circadian and seasonal variations of some metabolic parameters in the serum of the albino laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus var. alba).", "content": "Total protein (TP), glucose (GL), esterified fatty acids (EFA) and total cholesterol (TC) were determined at 4-hour intervals during the 24-hour cycle in the serum of 270 female Wistar rats, in February, May and July. The results can be summed up under the following points: 1) The differences found between the levels of the given parameters in February, May and July were statistically highly significant. The greatest differences were observed in the TC level, which was lowest in July (0.82 mmol/l) and highest in February (1.87 mmol/l). The highest TP and GL values were found in May (62.5 g/l; 10.69 mmol/l) and the lowest in February (40.1 g/l; 7.8 mmol/l). The smallest differences were observed in the EFA level, which was highest in July (8.09 mEq/l) and lowest in February (6.39 mEq/l). The minimum 24-hour variations in the levels of most of the given parameters during the 24-hour cycle were observed in May (compared with February and July). 2) In a study of TP and GL concentration, the time of day was found to be a very important factor. The maximum TP level during the 24-hour cycle was found most often in the early morning or forenoon, while the blood glucose level was highest at about midday and in some cases in the early morning. The blood cholesterol level was relatively stable during the 24-hour cycle and it is impossible to draw definite conclusions from its fluctuations. Changes in the EFA level during the 24-hour cycle were likewise irregular. 3) Except for cholesterol, interindividual differences in the levels of the given parameters in the various months seem to be statistically non-significant.", "contents": "Circadian and seasonal variations of some metabolic parameters in the serum of the albino laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus var. alba). Total protein (TP), glucose (GL), esterified fatty acids (EFA) and total cholesterol (TC) were determined at 4-hour intervals during the 24-hour cycle in the serum of 270 female Wistar rats, in February, May and July. The results can be summed up under the following points: 1) The differences found between the levels of the given parameters in February, May and July were statistically highly significant. The greatest differences were observed in the TC level, which was lowest in July (0.82 mmol/l) and highest in February (1.87 mmol/l). The highest TP and GL values were found in May (62.5 g/l; 10.69 mmol/l) and the lowest in February (40.1 g/l; 7.8 mmol/l). The smallest differences were observed in the EFA level, which was highest in July (8.09 mEq/l) and lowest in February (6.39 mEq/l). The minimum 24-hour variations in the levels of most of the given parameters during the 24-hour cycle were observed in May (compared with February and July). 2) In a study of TP and GL concentration, the time of day was found to be a very important factor. The maximum TP level during the 24-hour cycle was found most often in the early morning or forenoon, while the blood glucose level was highest at about midday and in some cases in the early morning. The blood cholesterol level was relatively stable during the 24-hour cycle and it is impossible to draw definite conclusions from its fluctuations. Changes in the EFA level during the 24-hour cycle were likewise irregular. 3) Except for cholesterol, interindividual differences in the levels of the given parameters in the various months seem to be statistically non-significant."}
{"id": "PMID:144294", "title": "[Onset of arthrosis. Physiopathologic, nosologic and therapeutic perspectives].", "content": "The author has studied specimens of patellar articular cartilage obtained by drill biopsy during 45 operations for chondromalacia patellae. The samples were examined by electron microscopy. Thirty patients were suffering from early chondromalacia and 15 from long standing chondromalacia. The findings showed that the initial lesions were located in the superficial layer of the cartilage in areas subjected to high pressure. The author considers that a better knowledge of the evolution of the cartilaginous lesion can lead to better treatment, either medical or surgical.", "contents": "[Onset of arthrosis. Physiopathologic, nosologic and therapeutic perspectives]. The author has studied specimens of patellar articular cartilage obtained by drill biopsy during 45 operations for chondromalacia patellae. The samples were examined by electron microscopy. Thirty patients were suffering from early chondromalacia and 15 from long standing chondromalacia. The findings showed that the initial lesions were located in the superficial layer of the cartilage in areas subjected to high pressure. The author considers that a better knowledge of the evolution of the cartilaginous lesion can lead to better treatment, either medical or surgical."}
{"id": "PMID:144295", "title": "[Functional study of a double arthrodesis of the foot].", "content": "The authors have reviewed 190 feet treated by double arthrodesis for a variety of lesions including post-traumatic deformities, flat foot, paralytic lesions, club foot and other conditions. Follow-up was more than two years in 101 cases, more than five years in 73 cases and more than ten years in 30 cases. The importance of obtaining a good correction of both hindfoot and forefoot is emphasized. The long-term results of feet correctly aligned was good. The fate of the neighbouring joints and the functional adaptability of the foot have been studied. Details of surgical technique are given.", "contents": "[Functional study of a double arthrodesis of the foot]. The authors have reviewed 190 feet treated by double arthrodesis for a variety of lesions including post-traumatic deformities, flat foot, paralytic lesions, club foot and other conditions. Follow-up was more than two years in 101 cases, more than five years in 73 cases and more than ten years in 30 cases. The importance of obtaining a good correction of both hindfoot and forefoot is emphasized. The long-term results of feet correctly aligned was good. The fate of the neighbouring joints and the functional adaptability of the foot have been studied. Details of surgical technique are given."}
{"id": "PMID:144296", "title": "[Combination of methylmethacrylate (acrylic cement) and antibiotics. Bacteriologic and mechanical study].", "content": "The authors report the results of a study about the association of acrylic cement with antibiotics. Three cements have been tested: Simplex, CMW, Palacos, with 14 different antibiotics. A series of experiments has been carried out in three phases: a macroscopic study of the polymerisation of the mixture; in vitro bacteriological studies; and mechanical studies (trials of resistance to traction, flexion, shock measuring the modulus of elasticity and hardness). In vivo bacteriological testings have been carried out on 10 patients. It has come out from this study that the polymerisation of cement, usually does not destroy antibiotics which remain active and that the mechanical properties of cement are modified in sundry manners. All  additions of tested antibiotics modifie mechanical properties by about 25 p. 100 but some additions seem to be preferable. Improvements must still be made and confirmed by this type of research.", "contents": "[Combination of methylmethacrylate (acrylic cement) and antibiotics. Bacteriologic and mechanical study]. The authors report the results of a study about the association of acrylic cement with antibiotics. Three cements have been tested: Simplex, CMW, Palacos, with 14 different antibiotics. A series of experiments has been carried out in three phases: a macroscopic study of the polymerisation of the mixture; in vitro bacteriological studies; and mechanical studies (trials of resistance to traction, flexion, shock measuring the modulus of elasticity and hardness). In vivo bacteriological testings have been carried out on 10 patients. It has come out from this study that the polymerisation of cement, usually does not destroy antibiotics which remain active and that the mechanical properties of cement are modified in sundry manners. All  additions of tested antibiotics modifie mechanical properties by about 25 p. 100 but some additions seem to be preferable. Improvements must still be made and confirmed by this type of research."}
{"id": "PMID:144297", "title": "[Aseptic osteonecrosis in the renal transplant patient. Apropos of 27 surgically treated cases].", "content": "The authors have treated 27 cases of avascular necrosis of bone in patients following renal transplantation. They have noted some specific features--early onset after transplantation, multiple localization and rapid and severe progress of the lesion. The authors discuss the pathogenesis as it relates to cortico-steroids, bone dystrophy due to renal failure and the effects of dialysis. Surgical treatment requires special care because of the poor general condition of the patient. Operations have been done on 20 hips (12 forages, 1 cup arthroplasty, 2 Moore prostheses, 5 total prostheses) and 7 knees (1 forage, 6 removal of loose bodies). Two procedures were found to be valuable at the hip--forage at a very early stage and total prosthetic replacement. The indications for operation depend on the degree of functional disability. For the knee, necrosis affected both the femoral and tibial component resulting in effusion and locking. The only useful procedure seemed to be removal of loose bodies. In every case, surgical procedures must be conducted under careful and constant medical supervision.", "contents": "[Aseptic osteonecrosis in the renal transplant patient. Apropos of 27 surgically treated cases]. The authors have treated 27 cases of avascular necrosis of bone in patients following renal transplantation. They have noted some specific features--early onset after transplantation, multiple localization and rapid and severe progress of the lesion. The authors discuss the pathogenesis as it relates to cortico-steroids, bone dystrophy due to renal failure and the effects of dialysis. Surgical treatment requires special care because of the poor general condition of the patient. Operations have been done on 20 hips (12 forages, 1 cup arthroplasty, 2 Moore prostheses, 5 total prostheses) and 7 knees (1 forage, 6 removal of loose bodies). Two procedures were found to be valuable at the hip--forage at a very early stage and total prosthetic replacement. The indications for operation depend on the degree of functional disability. For the knee, necrosis affected both the femoral and tibial component resulting in effusion and locking. The only useful procedure seemed to be removal of loose bodies. In every case, surgical procedures must be conducted under careful and constant medical supervision."}
{"id": "PMID:144299", "title": "[The use of sulphan blue dye during surgical procedures for bone infection].", "content": "Sulfan blue is a vital dye which can be injected intravenously before a surgical procedure and produces a greenish coloration of all vascularised tissues. The authors describe the technique of its use and its toxicity. This technique makes it possible to recognize during an operation all devitalised tissues and to excise them with greater accuracy.", "contents": "[The use of sulphan blue dye during surgical procedures for bone infection]. Sulfan blue is a vital dye which can be injected intravenously before a surgical procedure and produces a greenish coloration of all vascularised tissues. The authors describe the technique of its use and its toxicity. This technique makes it possible to recognize during an operation all devitalised tissues and to excise them with greater accuracy."}
{"id": "PMID:144300", "title": "[Conservative treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis of the elbow].", "content": "The authors have applied conservative treatment in 21 cases of tuberculosis of the elbow with 12 months of specific chemotherapy and antibiotics and plaster immobilization for 3 montths followed by rehabilitation. Four elbows were ankylosed at the end of treatment. Seventeen elbows had useful joint mobility. In thirteen cases, there was more than 70 degrees of movement in flexion but the results were not so satisfactory as regards pronation and supination. The authors believe that conservative management gives better results than surgery by arthrodesis or resection.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of osteoarticular tuberculosis of the elbow]. The authors have applied conservative treatment in 21 cases of tuberculosis of the elbow with 12 months of specific chemotherapy and antibiotics and plaster immobilization for 3 montths followed by rehabilitation. Four elbows were ankylosed at the end of treatment. Seventeen elbows had useful joint mobility. In thirteen cases, there was more than 70 degrees of movement in flexion but the results were not so satisfactory as regards pronation and supination. The authors believe that conservative management gives better results than surgery by arthrodesis or resection."}
{"id": "PMID:144301", "title": "[Treatment of patello-femoral arthrosis by anterior displacement of the tibial tuberosity (Maquet procedure)].", "content": "The authors have treated 71 cases of patello-femoral arthrosis by anterior displacement of the tibial tuberosity to diminish pressure of the patella. In most cases, an osteotomy of the tibial crest was made and forward displacement maintained by the addition of a bone graft. The medial and lateral patellar retinacula were divided, the patellar articular cartilage was shaved and fine drill holes made in chondromalacic cartilage. The results were satisfactory in 75% of cases but the follow-up was short (about one year). It was concluded that the tibial tuberosity should be displaced forward by about 2 centimetres. The surgical technique is fully described.", "contents": "[Treatment of patello-femoral arthrosis by anterior displacement of the tibial tuberosity (Maquet procedure)]. The authors have treated 71 cases of patello-femoral arthrosis by anterior displacement of the tibial tuberosity to diminish pressure of the patella. In most cases, an osteotomy of the tibial crest was made and forward displacement maintained by the addition of a bone graft. The medial and lateral patellar retinacula were divided, the patellar articular cartilage was shaved and fine drill holes made in chondromalacic cartilage. The results were satisfactory in 75% of cases but the follow-up was short (about one year). It was concluded that the tibial tuberosity should be displaced forward by about 2 centimetres. The surgical technique is fully described."}
{"id": "PMID:144302", "title": "[Osteotomy of the calcaneus for pes cavus in childhood].", "content": "Osteotomy of the calcaneus (Dwyer procedure) was performed in 14 children (26 feet) aged between 5 and 15 years. On four occasions it was associated with an osteotomy of the first metatarsal and on three occasions with tarsectomy. The technique is described and the results are analysed. The authors conclude that the results were good in children under the age of 10 whilst the feet were still supple. In children over the age of 10, in whom the feet were more rigid, the gait was improved but the cavus deformity was not improved. The best age for operation is between 6 and 10 years.", "contents": "[Osteotomy of the calcaneus for pes cavus in childhood]. Osteotomy of the calcaneus (Dwyer procedure) was performed in 14 children (26 feet) aged between 5 and 15 years. On four occasions it was associated with an osteotomy of the first metatarsal and on three occasions with tarsectomy. The technique is described and the results are analysed. The authors conclude that the results were good in children under the age of 10 whilst the feet were still supple. In children over the age of 10, in whom the feet were more rigid, the gait was improved but the cavus deformity was not improved. The best age for operation is between 6 and 10 years."}
{"id": "PMID:144303", "title": "[Fractures of the tibial shaft treated by blind intramedullary nailing. A review of 521 cases].", "content": "The authors have studied a series of 521 fractures of the tibia treated by blind intramedullary nailing without reaming. Union by the 120th day was obtained in 93.3% of cases. Malunion was uncommon and was related to an inadequate initial reduction. A secondary procedure was only necessary in two cases of malunion. In closed fractures, no case suffered infection. In compound fractures, 4.3% became infected (5 osteitis, 4 septic non-union) but all cases were cured by secondary procedures. Aseptic non-union occurred in 2.3% of cases. The authors recommend the use of nails of at least 8 mm diameter driven down to the region of the lower articular surface. In patients with a narrow medullary canal, or in fractures of the lower third of the tibia, the authors consider that reaming would have given better results. In other types of fracture reaming is more hazardous than useful.", "contents": "[Fractures of the tibial shaft treated by blind intramedullary nailing. A review of 521 cases]. The authors have studied a series of 521 fractures of the tibia treated by blind intramedullary nailing without reaming. Union by the 120th day was obtained in 93.3% of cases. Malunion was uncommon and was related to an inadequate initial reduction. A secondary procedure was only necessary in two cases of malunion. In closed fractures, no case suffered infection. In compound fractures, 4.3% became infected (5 osteitis, 4 septic non-union) but all cases were cured by secondary procedures. Aseptic non-union occurred in 2.3% of cases. The authors recommend the use of nails of at least 8 mm diameter driven down to the region of the lower articular surface. In patients with a narrow medullary canal, or in fractures of the lower third of the tibia, the authors consider that reaming would have given better results. In other types of fracture reaming is more hazardous than useful."}
{"id": "PMID:144304", "title": "[Conservative treatment of deformities of the anterior chest wall].", "content": "The authors have treated 55 deformities of the anterior chest wall in children. There were 37 cases of symmetrical pectus carinatum, 15 cases of asymmetrical pectus carinatum and 3 cases of pectus arcuatum. Associated lesions of the ribs, scapulae and spine are described. Treatment in every  case was by plaster casts followed by a plaster jacket and exercises. The results were much more satisfactory in deformities associated with prominence than with depression of the sternum. In pectus carinatum, the results were better when the apex of the deformity was more distal. The best age for treatment was between 12 and 13 years. No patient was treated by operation.", "contents": "[Conservative treatment of deformities of the anterior chest wall]. The authors have treated 55 deformities of the anterior chest wall in children. There were 37 cases of symmetrical pectus carinatum, 15 cases of asymmetrical pectus carinatum and 3 cases of pectus arcuatum. Associated lesions of the ribs, scapulae and spine are described. Treatment in every  case was by plaster casts followed by a plaster jacket and exercises. The results were much more satisfactory in deformities associated with prominence than with depression of the sternum. In pectus carinatum, the results were better when the apex of the deformity was more distal. The best age for treatment was between 12 and 13 years. No patient was treated by operation."}
{"id": "PMID:144305", "title": "[Results and limitations of rehabilitation in cerebral palsy].", "content": "The authors have studied 1575 children treated by rehabilitation, splintage and eventually surgery. Some were followed up for 25 years and all were followed up for more than 4 years. The results are described for the upper limb in hemiplegics and quadriplegics and for the lower limb in paraplegics and quadriplegics. An analysis was made of the influence of I.Q., age at onset of treatment, and neurological features (spasticity, athetosis, sensory deficiency, anaesthesia). It is concluded that some attempts to treat must always be made. The authors describe the results that may be expected.", "contents": "[Results and limitations of rehabilitation in cerebral palsy]. The authors have studied 1575 children treated by rehabilitation, splintage and eventually surgery. Some were followed up for 25 years and all were followed up for more than 4 years. The results are described for the upper limb in hemiplegics and quadriplegics and for the lower limb in paraplegics and quadriplegics. An analysis was made of the influence of I.Q., age at onset of treatment, and neurological features (spasticity, athetosis, sensory deficiency, anaesthesia). It is concluded that some attempts to treat must always be made. The authors describe the results that may be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:144307", "title": "[Planning and building with responsibility towards society].", "content": "Comprehensive general provisions in the field of social legeslation and an excellent building programme have provided essential pre-requisites for therapeutic work and rehabilitation procedures for the disabled. Less favourable, however, is the public attitude vis-\u00e0-vis the societal responsibilities. In the building sector this is reflected in the poor quality of the architectural environment, e.g., unimaginative layout plans, careless building agglomerations, and town planning developments determined by economic interests, all causative factors to disabilities and fruitless rehabilitation efforts. Depending upon the planners' and architects' understanding of the constructed environment as a decisive influential factor on the individual and society's behaviour the town planning and architectural prerequisites for integration, community living and solidarity will be provided, or not. Also, the individual performance of the building experts determine whether, for the disabled citizens, too, the houses, flats, towns and regions produce a friendly or inhospitable atmosphere, or no atmosphere at all. We must call for an architecture with artistic quality based on the liberal and social principles of our basic civil rights.", "contents": "[Planning and building with responsibility towards society]. Comprehensive general provisions in the field of social legeslation and an excellent building programme have provided essential pre-requisites for therapeutic work and rehabilitation procedures for the disabled. Less favourable, however, is the public attitude vis-\u00e0-vis the societal responsibilities. In the building sector this is reflected in the poor quality of the architectural environment, e.g., unimaginative layout plans, careless building agglomerations, and town planning developments determined by economic interests, all causative factors to disabilities and fruitless rehabilitation efforts. Depending upon the planners' and architects' understanding of the constructed environment as a decisive influential factor on the individual and society's behaviour the town planning and architectural prerequisites for integration, community living and solidarity will be provided, or not. Also, the individual performance of the building experts determine whether, for the disabled citizens, too, the houses, flats, towns and regions produce a friendly or inhospitable atmosphere, or no atmosphere at all. We must call for an architecture with artistic quality based on the liberal and social principles of our basic civil rights."}
{"id": "PMID:144308", "title": "[City guides for the disabled - an interim balance (author's transl)].", "content": "The following article wants to bring city guides for the disabled into focus, which appeared in rapid succession in the Federal Republic of Germany since 1971. After reflecting about the purpose and effect of city guides upon the consumer, city planners, and the wider public the author surveys hitherto published guides. Based on his own essential contribution to the making of the guide to the city of Ludwigshafen the author retraces the various stages of conception.", "contents": "[City guides for the disabled - an interim balance (author's transl)]. The following article wants to bring city guides for the disabled into focus, which appeared in rapid succession in the Federal Republic of Germany since 1971. After reflecting about the purpose and effect of city guides upon the consumer, city planners, and the wider public the author surveys hitherto published guides. Based on his own essential contribution to the making of the guide to the city of Ludwigshafen the author retraces the various stages of conception."}
{"id": "PMID:144309", "title": "[The effects of wheelchair dependency on the self-concept (author's transl)].", "content": "The article studies the question whether the self-concept of wheelchair-bound people - as described in a personality questionnaire (Freiburg personality inventory) - differ from that of the non-disabled and other disability groups, and to what extent. The study was performed on 297 wheelchair-bound persons and corresponding reference samples. There was evidence that differences between these groups are existent. The way wheelchair-bound people describe themselves indicates mechanisms developed to compensate for reduced self-acceptance. Furthermore, the study results argue in favour of psychological training methods to be applied in the rehabilitation of this disability group and the development of appropriate measuring instruments.", "contents": "[The effects of wheelchair dependency on the self-concept (author's transl)]. The article studies the question whether the self-concept of wheelchair-bound people - as described in a personality questionnaire (Freiburg personality inventory) - differ from that of the non-disabled and other disability groups, and to what extent. The study was performed on 297 wheelchair-bound persons and corresponding reference samples. There was evidence that differences between these groups are existent. The way wheelchair-bound people describe themselves indicates mechanisms developed to compensate for reduced self-acceptance. Furthermore, the study results argue in favour of psychological training methods to be applied in the rehabilitation of this disability group and the development of appropriate measuring instruments."}
{"id": "PMID:144314", "title": "In vivo responses of alloreactive lymphocytes stimulated in vitro. Skin graft rejection mediated by MLR-Primed lymphocytes.", "content": "Mouse lymphocytes that have been primed in vitro against alloantigens show a specific increase in cells reactive to the priming antigens in mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) and include cells that are specifically cytotoxic in vitro. The primed population also contains cells capable of causing rejection of skin grafts when injected into nude mice. Functional enrichment of cells capable of rejecting skin grafts bearing specific alloantigens and depletion of cells capable of rejecting a third-party graft have been shown. Priming the cells a second time in vitro may result in a moderate enrichment of cells capable of rejecting the specific graft and depletion of cells reactive to third-party skin compared with once-primed cells. These findings support the prediction that the MLR is an in vitro model of allograft responses in vivo.", "contents": "In vivo responses of alloreactive lymphocytes stimulated in vitro. Skin graft rejection mediated by MLR-Primed lymphocytes. Mouse lymphocytes that have been primed in vitro against alloantigens show a specific increase in cells reactive to the priming antigens in mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) and include cells that are specifically cytotoxic in vitro. The primed population also contains cells capable of causing rejection of skin grafts when injected into nude mice. Functional enrichment of cells capable of rejecting skin grafts bearing specific alloantigens and depletion of cells capable of rejecting a third-party graft have been shown. Priming the cells a second time in vitro may result in a moderate enrichment of cells capable of rejecting the specific graft and depletion of cells reactive to third-party skin compared with once-primed cells. These findings support the prediction that the MLR is an in vitro model of allograft responses in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:144315", "title": "[Therapy of acute gonorrhea].", "content": "Since the appearance of totally resistant, penicillinase producing gonococci, penicillin should no longer be considered first choice in the treatment of acute gonorrhea. In order to limit further extension of resistant strains, thiamphenicol (Urfamycin 2,5 p.o. or 0,75 i.m.) or spectinomycin (Trobicin 2,0 i.m.) are suggested as replacements for penicillin.", "contents": "[Therapy of acute gonorrhea]. Since the appearance of totally resistant, penicillinase producing gonococci, penicillin should no longer be considered first choice in the treatment of acute gonorrhea. In order to limit further extension of resistant strains, thiamphenicol (Urfamycin 2,5 p.o. or 0,75 i.m.) or spectinomycin (Trobicin 2,0 i.m.) are suggested as replacements for penicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:144316", "title": "[Benign acute pericarditis: choice of treatment?].", "content": "101 cases of acute benign pericarditis covering a period of 18 years are reported, and it is stressed that 80% of patients who relapsed had been treated with corticosteroids. It was also found that corticotherapy did not favourably influence the evolution of the tamponade risk, the persistence of cardiomegaly or pericardic constriction. It is concluded that, except for a few well-defined indications, corticotherapy is to be avoided in the treatment of acute benign pericarditis because of the high risk of recurrence. Some suggestions regarding the indications for corticotherapy are presented.", "contents": "[Benign acute pericarditis: choice of treatment?]. 101 cases of acute benign pericarditis covering a period of 18 years are reported, and it is stressed that 80% of patients who relapsed had been treated with corticosteroids. It was also found that corticotherapy did not favourably influence the evolution of the tamponade risk, the persistence of cardiomegaly or pericardic constriction. It is concluded that, except for a few well-defined indications, corticotherapy is to be avoided in the treatment of acute benign pericarditis because of the high risk of recurrence. Some suggestions regarding the indications for corticotherapy are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:144313", "title": "In vitro proliferative response of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "The peripheral blood lymphocytes of 13 previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients showed a decreased and delayed response in vitro to plant mitogens (PHA and PWM) and specific antigens (PPD and MLC). In addition, the serum of these patients inhibited the mitotic reactivity of both autologous and homologous normal lymphocytes. Since incubation with CLL serum did not affect the SRBC-rosetting capacity of normal lymphocytes, we believe that CLL serum interferes with some metabolic stage in blastogenesis rather than at the level of mitogen membrane interaction. The in vitro transformation of lymph node, bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes in some of these patients was also investigated. Stimulation of peripheral blood cells with plant mitogens resulted in a more serious impairment of the response than that found with bone marrow and lymph node cells. This could be explained by the fact that, although CLL is a widespread lymphoproliferative disorder, some preferential homing of normally reactive cells in the bone marrow and lymph nodes cannot be excluded. Finally, since no stimulation was observed in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC), our experiments provide evidence that no antigenic differences are detectable in CLL lymphoid populations.", "contents": "In vitro proliferative response of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The peripheral blood lymphocytes of 13 previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients showed a decreased and delayed response in vitro to plant mitogens (PHA and PWM) and specific antigens (PPD and MLC). In addition, the serum of these patients inhibited the mitotic reactivity of both autologous and homologous normal lymphocytes. Since incubation with CLL serum did not affect the SRBC-rosetting capacity of normal lymphocytes, we believe that CLL serum interferes with some metabolic stage in blastogenesis rather than at the level of mitogen membrane interaction. The in vitro transformation of lymph node, bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocytes in some of these patients was also investigated. Stimulation of peripheral blood cells with plant mitogens resulted in a more serious impairment of the response than that found with bone marrow and lymph node cells. This could be explained by the fact that, although CLL is a widespread lymphoproliferative disorder, some preferential homing of normally reactive cells in the bone marrow and lymph nodes cannot be excluded. Finally, since no stimulation was observed in mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC), our experiments provide evidence that no antigenic differences are detectable in CLL lymphoid populations."}
{"id": "PMID:144320", "title": "Membrane adenosinetriphosphatase: a digitalis receptor?", "content": "The enzyme Na+,K+-ATPase is a good model for receptor studies because of its known functional correlates. The binding of digitalis to the enzyme observed in vitro satisfied the criteria for receptor binding. Studies of the relationship between the digitalis binding and the drug action reveal an impressive correlation between these events but fail to provide proof of a causal relationship. Studies with other Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitors and agents that affect transmembrane Na+ movements (steps that would follow Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition) provide further supportive evidence that sodium pump inhibition and the resulting enhancement of intracellular Na+ transients cause the inotropic action of digitalis.", "contents": "Membrane adenosinetriphosphatase: a digitalis receptor? The enzyme Na+,K+-ATPase is a good model for receptor studies because of its known functional correlates. The binding of digitalis to the enzyme observed in vitro satisfied the criteria for receptor binding. Studies of the relationship between the digitalis binding and the drug action reveal an impressive correlation between these events but fail to provide proof of a causal relationship. Studies with other Na+,K+-ATPase inhibitors and agents that affect transmembrane Na+ movements (steps that would follow Na+,K+-ATPase inhibition) provide further supportive evidence that sodium pump inhibition and the resulting enhancement of intracellular Na+ transients cause the inotropic action of digitalis."}
{"id": "PMID:144321", "title": "Mucopolysaccharidosis in a cat with arylsulfatase B deficiency: a model of Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome.", "content": "A Siamese cat that presented clinical signs similar to those seen in humans with mucopolysaccharidoses was studied. The animal excreted increased amounts of polymeric glycosaminoglycans in the urine, consisting almost entirely of dermatan sulfate. Electron microscopy of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes revealed the presence of many membrane-bound lamellar inclusion bodies. Sulfate incorporation studies with cultured skin fibroblasts indicated defective glycosaminoglycan degradation. These cells showed a deficiency in arylsulfatase B activity. The disorder appears similar or identical to the Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome described in humans.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharidosis in a cat with arylsulfatase B deficiency: a model of Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome. A Siamese cat that presented clinical signs similar to those seen in humans with mucopolysaccharidoses was studied. The animal excreted increased amounts of polymeric glycosaminoglycans in the urine, consisting almost entirely of dermatan sulfate. Electron microscopy of circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes revealed the presence of many membrane-bound lamellar inclusion bodies. Sulfate incorporation studies with cultured skin fibroblasts indicated defective glycosaminoglycan degradation. These cells showed a deficiency in arylsulfatase B activity. The disorder appears similar or identical to the Maroteaux-Lamy syndrome described in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:144324", "title": "Aortico-left ventricular tunnel with natal cardiac failure.", "content": "Presented is a case of aortico-left ventricular tunnel in a 1-day-old girl who was in shock and severe cardiac failure. The clinical, auscultatory, hemodynamic and angiocardiographic, surgical, and pathologic findings in this case and from the 21 others reported in the literature are described. The diagnosis should be considered in an infant or child with signs of aortic insufficiency. Aortography is diagnostic when a localized supravascular aortic channel communicating with the left ventricle is opacified. Definitive treatment is surgical, though residual aortic insufficiency is common.", "contents": "Aortico-left ventricular tunnel with natal cardiac failure. Presented is a case of aortico-left ventricular tunnel in a 1-day-old girl who was in shock and severe cardiac failure. The clinical, auscultatory, hemodynamic and angiocardiographic, surgical, and pathologic findings in this case and from the 21 others reported in the literature are described. The diagnosis should be considered in an infant or child with signs of aortic insufficiency. Aortography is diagnostic when a localized supravascular aortic channel communicating with the left ventricle is opacified. Definitive treatment is surgical, though residual aortic insufficiency is common."}
{"id": "PMID:144326", "title": "Lifetime covered earnings and quarters of coverage of retired and disabled workers, 1972.", "content": "This article presents information on the lifetime covered earnings of retired-worker and disabled worker beneficiaries under OASDHI, the year of their first earnings credits, their quarters of coverage, and the relationship of these factors to 1972 benefit levels. Among both groups, relatively more women began earning credits after 1940; they also worked fewer years in covered employment and had lower lifetime earnings overall. Their benefits were thus smaller than those of men. White men tended to have higher lifetime covered earnings than did black and other men, but the latter sometimes had lifetime earnings that exceeded those of white women with equal quarters of coverage. Black women and those of other minority races tended to have the lowest lifetime covered earnings. Both retired and disabled workers whose covered employment began after 1950 were likely to have benefits as high or higher than the benefits of those with earlier credits--a reflection of rising wage levels and higher taxable maximums, as well as the \"new start\" computation method. as well as the \"new start\" computation method.", "contents": "Lifetime covered earnings and quarters of coverage of retired and disabled workers, 1972. This article presents information on the lifetime covered earnings of retired-worker and disabled worker beneficiaries under OASDHI, the year of their first earnings credits, their quarters of coverage, and the relationship of these factors to 1972 benefit levels. Among both groups, relatively more women began earning credits after 1940; they also worked fewer years in covered employment and had lower lifetime earnings overall. Their benefits were thus smaller than those of men. White men tended to have higher lifetime covered earnings than did black and other men, but the latter sometimes had lifetime earnings that exceeded those of white women with equal quarters of coverage. Black women and those of other minority races tended to have the lowest lifetime covered earnings. Both retired and disabled workers whose covered employment began after 1950 were likely to have benefits as high or higher than the benefits of those with earlier credits--a reflection of rising wage levels and higher taxable maximums, as well as the \"new start\" computation method. as well as the \"new start\" computation method."}
{"id": "PMID:144327", "title": "Temporary vascular bypass for perfusion of a renal transplant during abdominal aneurysmectomy.", "content": "A temporary vascular bypass was utilized to maintain perfusion of a renal transplant during abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. The shunt, of polyvinyl tubing, was placed between the upper abdominal aorta and the common iliac artery, where the perfusion pressure was only 15 mm Hg less than systemic pressure.  The transplanted kidney fuctioned normally during 71 minutes of aortic cross clamping, and there was no evidence of postoperative renal failure.", "contents": "Temporary vascular bypass for perfusion of a renal transplant during abdominal aneurysmectomy. A temporary vascular bypass was utilized to maintain perfusion of a renal transplant during abdominal aortic aneurysmectomy. The shunt, of polyvinyl tubing, was placed between the upper abdominal aorta and the common iliac artery, where the perfusion pressure was only 15 mm Hg less than systemic pressure.  The transplanted kidney fuctioned normally during 71 minutes of aortic cross clamping, and there was no evidence of postoperative renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:144329", "title": "Ventral hernia with a skin-covered Silastic sheet for newborn infants with a diaphragmatic hernia.", "content": "The persistently high mortality rate for newborn infants with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia, which is symptomatic and treated in the first 24 hours of life, is due to multiple pulmonary and vascular factors. This demands the exclusion of any additional compromising elements. The effects of increased intra-abdominal pressure due to replacement of the intestine into the abdomen can be avoided by the formation of a ventral hernia. A large hernia can be produced best by suturing a sheet of Dacron reinforced Silastic to the fascia of a midline abdominal incision and covering it with skin flaps. This nonreactive prosthesis will remain in place for several months and later can be removed simply. This technique was used successfully in three infants and should improve the survival rate of precariously balanced newborn infants operated upon during the first few hours of life.", "contents": "Ventral hernia with a skin-covered Silastic sheet for newborn infants with a diaphragmatic hernia. The persistently high mortality rate for newborn infants with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia, which is symptomatic and treated in the first 24 hours of life, is due to multiple pulmonary and vascular factors. This demands the exclusion of any additional compromising elements. The effects of increased intra-abdominal pressure due to replacement of the intestine into the abdomen can be avoided by the formation of a ventral hernia. A large hernia can be produced best by suturing a sheet of Dacron reinforced Silastic to the fascia of a midline abdominal incision and covering it with skin flaps. This nonreactive prosthesis will remain in place for several months and later can be removed simply. This technique was used successfully in three infants and should improve the survival rate of precariously balanced newborn infants operated upon during the first few hours of life."}
{"id": "PMID:144335", "title": "Two-chain subunit structure of HLA-D antigens.", "content": "Both F(ab')2 fragments and intact antibody from rabbit anti-B-cell antisera were shown to specifically block the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction. The antisera, which were raised to papain-solubilized spleen cell membrane antigens, appeared to block the stimulator cell and not the responder cell. Specificity of the blocking was shown in that antisera to beta2 microglobulin would not block the MLC-stimulating cell. Membrane antigens from acute lymphocytic leukemia cells were labeled with 125I, solubilized with sodium deoxycholate and immunoprecipitated with either human or rabbit anti-B-cell antisera. Both sources of antisera precipitated polypeptide subunits of 27,000 and 35,000 daltons.", "contents": "Two-chain subunit structure of HLA-D antigens. Both F(ab')2 fragments and intact antibody from rabbit anti-B-cell antisera were shown to specifically block the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reaction. The antisera, which were raised to papain-solubilized spleen cell membrane antigens, appeared to block the stimulator cell and not the responder cell. Specificity of the blocking was shown in that antisera to beta2 microglobulin would not block the MLC-stimulating cell. Membrane antigens from acute lymphocytic leukemia cells were labeled with 125I, solubilized with sodium deoxycholate and immunoprecipitated with either human or rabbit anti-B-cell antisera. Both sources of antisera precipitated polypeptide subunits of 27,000 and 35,000 daltons."}
{"id": "PMID:144338", "title": "Mixed leucocyte interaction suppression generated after alloimmunization.", "content": "Utilizing a bone marrow cell immunization protocol designed to actively enhance renal or cardiac allografts, the in vitro mixed lymphocyte interaction has been studied. After immunization with allogeneic cells over a wide dose (10(5) to 10(8)) and time range, the mixed lymphocyte interaction using peripheral blood lymphocytes is reduced, and this reduction is shown in mixing experiments to be attributable to a circulating suppressor cell that has adherence characteristics of T lymphocytes. Specificity for in vivo generation of these circulating cells as well as specificity in the in vitro reaction was shown, although a nonspecific suppression background was observed. Allogeneic thymocytes, splenocytes, and platelets were effective in immunizing to generate these cells also. There was no general correlation with the ability to generate these cells and to actively enhance cardiac allografts, since suppression was seen after alloimmunization in strain combination that cannot be actively enhanced.", "contents": "Mixed leucocyte interaction suppression generated after alloimmunization. Utilizing a bone marrow cell immunization protocol designed to actively enhance renal or cardiac allografts, the in vitro mixed lymphocyte interaction has been studied. After immunization with allogeneic cells over a wide dose (10(5) to 10(8)) and time range, the mixed lymphocyte interaction using peripheral blood lymphocytes is reduced, and this reduction is shown in mixing experiments to be attributable to a circulating suppressor cell that has adherence characteristics of T lymphocytes. Specificity for in vivo generation of these circulating cells as well as specificity in the in vitro reaction was shown, although a nonspecific suppression background was observed. Allogeneic thymocytes, splenocytes, and platelets were effective in immunizing to generate these cells also. There was no general correlation with the ability to generate these cells and to actively enhance cardiac allografts, since suppression was seen after alloimmunization in strain combination that cannot be actively enhanced."}
{"id": "PMID:144339", "title": "Portal versus systemic transplantation of dispersed neonatal pancreas.", "content": "It is not known whether the advantage of the portal vein as a transplant site for islet transplantation is caused by the immediate availability of a blood supply or by the localization of the islets in the portal circulation. We transplanted minimal quantities of islet tissue from neonatal rat donors to isogeneic adult rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Transplants were performed to three sites, i.p., portal vein, and systemic vein (i.v.). When four neonatal donors were used for each recipient there were no i.p. cures but 90% i.v. and 100% portal vein cures, which suggests that access to a blood supply is important. As the amount of tissue transplanted was decreased, there were significantly more cures with the portal vein route, which suggests that localization of the islets in the portal circulation is also important to graft survival.", "contents": "Portal versus systemic transplantation of dispersed neonatal pancreas. It is not known whether the advantage of the portal vein as a transplant site for islet transplantation is caused by the immediate availability of a blood supply or by the localization of the islets in the portal circulation. We transplanted minimal quantities of islet tissue from neonatal rat donors to isogeneic adult rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Transplants were performed to three sites, i.p., portal vein, and systemic vein (i.v.). When four neonatal donors were used for each recipient there were no i.p. cures but 90% i.v. and 100% portal vein cures, which suggests that access to a blood supply is important. As the amount of tissue transplanted was decreased, there were significantly more cures with the portal vein route, which suggests that localization of the islets in the portal circulation is also important to graft survival."}
{"id": "PMID:144345", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity of in vitro cultivated human bladder cell lines.", "content": "Three human bladder carcinoma cell lines, T 24, RT 4, and MANO, a human bladder nonmalignant epithelial cell line, HCV-29, and a human lung fibroblast line, 460 H1, were investigated for their ability to induce fibrinolytic, urokinase and plasmin inhibitory activities in cell culture, using serum-free medium, for up to 36 h. Generally, the non-malignant cell line and the fibroblast line had a greater ability to produce urokinase inhibitor than did the malignant cell lines. The amount produced varied greatly between cells and over the study period. A low concentration of plasminogen activator, immunologically identical with urokinase, and its accumulation in culture supernate were found with RT 4 after 12 h and 24 h cultivations, whereas no plasminogen activator was detected in all other cell lines for periods up to 36 h. No plasmin, non-specific protease or plasmin inhibitory activities were detected in any of the supernates from the cell lines.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity of in vitro cultivated human bladder cell lines. Three human bladder carcinoma cell lines, T 24, RT 4, and MANO, a human bladder nonmalignant epithelial cell line, HCV-29, and a human lung fibroblast line, 460 H1, were investigated for their ability to induce fibrinolytic, urokinase and plasmin inhibitory activities in cell culture, using serum-free medium, for up to 36 h. Generally, the non-malignant cell line and the fibroblast line had a greater ability to produce urokinase inhibitor than did the malignant cell lines. The amount produced varied greatly between cells and over the study period. A low concentration of plasminogen activator, immunologically identical with urokinase, and its accumulation in culture supernate were found with RT 4 after 12 h and 24 h cultivations, whereas no plasminogen activator was detected in all other cell lines for periods up to 36 h. No plasmin, non-specific protease or plasmin inhibitory activities were detected in any of the supernates from the cell lines."}
{"id": "PMID:144342", "title": "[Comparative electrophoretic studies of native myosin and myosin treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate from smooth and skeletal muscles].", "content": "A procedure is proposed for electrophoretic studies of skeletal and smooth muscle myosins in 2.2% polyacrylamide gel at high ionic strength (mu = 0.4). When separated by electrophoresis myosin is shown to retain the ATPase activity which was dtermined histochemically directly in the gels. It is established that myosin molecules of the studied types of muscles have different electrophoretic mobility. At the electrophoresis on dodecylsulphate gels two types of light chains were detected in the smooth muscle myosin (their molecular weights being 26,900 and 17,800) in contrast to skeletal myosin which has three types of light chains. The obtained data evidence for existence of isoenzymic forms for myosin.", "contents": "[Comparative electrophoretic studies of native myosin and myosin treated with sodium dodecyl sulfate from smooth and skeletal muscles]. A procedure is proposed for electrophoretic studies of skeletal and smooth muscle myosins in 2.2% polyacrylamide gel at high ionic strength (mu = 0.4). When separated by electrophoresis myosin is shown to retain the ATPase activity which was dtermined histochemically directly in the gels. It is established that myosin molecules of the studied types of muscles have different electrophoretic mobility. At the electrophoresis on dodecylsulphate gels two types of light chains were detected in the smooth muscle myosin (their molecular weights being 26,900 and 17,800) in contrast to skeletal myosin which has three types of light chains. The obtained data evidence for existence of isoenzymic forms for myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:144343", "title": "[Dynamics and kinetics of 14C-nicotinic acid uptake by leukocytes and erythrocytes as an index of vitamin PP transport regulation].", "content": "Isolated leukocytes with the presence of 14C-nicotinate in physiological concentrations (1 mg%) uptake it intensely from the dilute plasm for 6h. Dynamics of the uptake is characterized by two maxima (30-50 min and 3-5 h) which might reflect metabolic transformation of vitamin PP in leukocytes. Isolated erythrocytes and blood plasma proteins under these conditions accumulate the labelled vitamin in the largest amounts for first minutes of incubation without subsequent changes, accumulation of the labelled nicotinate by erythrocytes is 20 times as low as that by leukocytes. Kinetics of 14C-nicotinate uptake in increasing concentrations (from 4.0 up to 50.0 mM) by isolated leukocytes indicates to a system of this vitamin intake through the plasmatic membrane ensuring its intensive transport into cells with the present of 3.0-6.5 mM of nicotinic acid and a step inhibition of the label accumulation at higher concentrations which reflects decompensation of the vitamin-barrier function of the leukocytes plasma membranes with a rise in the nicotinate concentration in the medium from 6.5 to 16.3 mM the label accumulation is inhibited not only by leukocytes but also by erythrocytes. However the blood plasma proteins still bind 14C-nicotinate when it is present in the medium in linearly increasing high concentrations (16.0 = 50 mM).", "contents": "[Dynamics and kinetics of 14C-nicotinic acid uptake by leukocytes and erythrocytes as an index of vitamin PP transport regulation]. Isolated leukocytes with the presence of 14C-nicotinate in physiological concentrations (1 mg%) uptake it intensely from the dilute plasm for 6h. Dynamics of the uptake is characterized by two maxima (30-50 min and 3-5 h) which might reflect metabolic transformation of vitamin PP in leukocytes. Isolated erythrocytes and blood plasma proteins under these conditions accumulate the labelled vitamin in the largest amounts for first minutes of incubation without subsequent changes, accumulation of the labelled nicotinate by erythrocytes is 20 times as low as that by leukocytes. Kinetics of 14C-nicotinate uptake in increasing concentrations (from 4.0 up to 50.0 mM) by isolated leukocytes indicates to a system of this vitamin intake through the plasmatic membrane ensuring its intensive transport into cells with the present of 3.0-6.5 mM of nicotinic acid and a step inhibition of the label accumulation at higher concentrations which reflects decompensation of the vitamin-barrier function of the leukocytes plasma membranes with a rise in the nicotinate concentration in the medium from 6.5 to 16.3 mM the label accumulation is inhibited not only by leukocytes but also by erythrocytes. However the blood plasma proteins still bind 14C-nicotinate when it is present in the medium in linearly increasing high concentrations (16.0 = 50 mM)."}
{"id": "PMID:144349", "title": "Recent advances in respiratory conditions in cattle.", "content": "The study of cattle respiratory diseases during the last decade show that several observations made in the late 1960s are still relevant today. Many of these diseases are shared with other countries in Europe, but the developments discussed will be examined with the respiratory disease problems that occur in Britain in mind. The new information is dealth with as it applies to (i) structure, function and immunology of the lungs (ii) diseases of calves indoors (iii) diseases of young animals grazing, (iv) diseases of adult animals indoors and (v) diseases of adult animals grazing.", "contents": "Recent advances in respiratory conditions in cattle. The study of cattle respiratory diseases during the last decade show that several observations made in the late 1960s are still relevant today. Many of these diseases are shared with other countries in Europe, but the developments discussed will be examined with the respiratory disease problems that occur in Britain in mind. The new information is dealth with as it applies to (i) structure, function and immunology of the lungs (ii) diseases of calves indoors (iii) diseases of young animals grazing, (iv) diseases of adult animals indoors and (v) diseases of adult animals grazing."}
{"id": "PMID:144356", "title": "En face organ cultures of rabbit aortic segments after a single dilatation trauma in vivo. A new model in the study of endothelial regeneration.", "content": "Following an in vivo lesion of the rabbit thoracic aorta, endothelial regeneration was studied in silver-stained specimens from en face organ cultures of aortic segments with and without intercostal arteries. The in vivo lesion had been inflicted by an embolectomy catheter. Our results confirmed that endothelium regenerates from preexisting endothelium around the mounths of the intercostal arteries. A conspicuous observation was the orientation pattern of endothelial cells during regeneration. Transmission electron microscopy suggests that the cell cytoskeleton plays a role in the regulation of regeneration. The organ culture technique described, complementary to in vivo and in vitro investigations with cell cultures, seems to be a valuable tool in further investigations on factors involved in the repair of arterial tissue.", "contents": "En face organ cultures of rabbit aortic segments after a single dilatation trauma in vivo. A new model in the study of endothelial regeneration. Following an in vivo lesion of the rabbit thoracic aorta, endothelial regeneration was studied in silver-stained specimens from en face organ cultures of aortic segments with and without intercostal arteries. The in vivo lesion had been inflicted by an embolectomy catheter. Our results confirmed that endothelium regenerates from preexisting endothelium around the mounths of the intercostal arteries. A conspicuous observation was the orientation pattern of endothelial cells during regeneration. Transmission electron microscopy suggests that the cell cytoskeleton plays a role in the regulation of regeneration. The organ culture technique described, complementary to in vivo and in vitro investigations with cell cultures, seems to be a valuable tool in further investigations on factors involved in the repair of arterial tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:144357", "title": "Multiple primary malignancies. A statistical study based on autopsy data from 1943-1972.", "content": "Autopsy data from 1943 to 1972 has been analysed for the study of multiple primary malignancies (MPM). It is shown that association between different primaries takes place at random and that there are no favourable combinations. It is further concluded that tumors do not produce either immunity or enhanced susceptibility to any subsequent malignancies of the same or any other organ. The importance of such studies is pointed out.", "contents": "Multiple primary malignancies. A statistical study based on autopsy data from 1943-1972. Autopsy data from 1943 to 1972 has been analysed for the study of multiple primary malignancies (MPM). It is shown that association between different primaries takes place at random and that there are no favourable combinations. It is further concluded that tumors do not produce either immunity or enhanced susceptibility to any subsequent malignancies of the same or any other organ. The importance of such studies is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:144358", "title": "[Long-term tissue culture of normal and atherosclerotic human arterial explants (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for longterm tissue culture of human arterial explants is described. The explants of normal and atherosclerotic femoral arteries, removed immediately post mortem, were kept in culture for up to 14 days in a biochemically active state. Viability was checked by glucose uptake and lactate production, with daily changes of incubation media and sterility controls. Compared to the well established short term incubation systems where metabolic activity decreases progressively after 6 h, glucose uptake, lactate production and uptake of 3H-oleic acid are linear within 4-14 h. The highest incorporation of 3H-oleic acid is found in phospholipids, the lowest in cholesterol ester. But whilst activity, after the pulse label of 24 h, progressively decreases in phospholipids, it constantly increases in the cholesterol ester fraction as a consequence of the persistant cholesterol esterification.", "contents": "[Long-term tissue culture of normal and atherosclerotic human arterial explants (author's transl)]. A method for longterm tissue culture of human arterial explants is described. The explants of normal and atherosclerotic femoral arteries, removed immediately post mortem, were kept in culture for up to 14 days in a biochemically active state. Viability was checked by glucose uptake and lactate production, with daily changes of incubation media and sterility controls. Compared to the well established short term incubation systems where metabolic activity decreases progressively after 6 h, glucose uptake, lactate production and uptake of 3H-oleic acid are linear within 4-14 h. The highest incorporation of 3H-oleic acid is found in phospholipids, the lowest in cholesterol ester. But whilst activity, after the pulse label of 24 h, progressively decreases in phospholipids, it constantly increases in the cholesterol ester fraction as a consequence of the persistant cholesterol esterification."}
{"id": "PMID:144359", "title": "[Enzyme histochemical, histometrical and ultrastructural studies of spleens in vinylchloride-disease (author's transl)].", "content": "By means of histometric, enzyme histochemical, and electron microscopic investigations it was demonstrated that the pathological changes in the spleen in vinylchloride-disease are primary. Fibroblastic cells are the only specific splenic cells involved. Fibre-associated reticulum cells of the red pulp and fibroblastic reticulum cells in white pulp are stimulated to produce excessive amounts of the extracellular elements of connective tissue, especially collagen fibrils. The newly formed connective tissue causes obliteration of extracellular blood channels in the red pulp and thus a reduction in the number of pulp-cord macrophages, and scarring of the periaterial lymphatic sheaths. The results of this fibrosing process are characteristic quantitative changes in the splenic histologic structures. These changes are different from those structural alterations occurring in spleens following extrasplenic hemodynamic changes, such as thrombosis of the splenic veins or cirrhosis of the liver.", "contents": "[Enzyme histochemical, histometrical and ultrastructural studies of spleens in vinylchloride-disease (author's transl)]. By means of histometric, enzyme histochemical, and electron microscopic investigations it was demonstrated that the pathological changes in the spleen in vinylchloride-disease are primary. Fibroblastic cells are the only specific splenic cells involved. Fibre-associated reticulum cells of the red pulp and fibroblastic reticulum cells in white pulp are stimulated to produce excessive amounts of the extracellular elements of connective tissue, especially collagen fibrils. The newly formed connective tissue causes obliteration of extracellular blood channels in the red pulp and thus a reduction in the number of pulp-cord macrophages, and scarring of the periaterial lymphatic sheaths. The results of this fibrosing process are characteristic quantitative changes in the splenic histologic structures. These changes are different from those structural alterations occurring in spleens following extrasplenic hemodynamic changes, such as thrombosis of the splenic veins or cirrhosis of the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:144365", "title": "Familial Hodgkin's disease and the major histocompatibility complex.", "content": "Two sisters who developed nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease (H.D., N.S.) within 3 months of their 25th birthdays were HLA and MLC identical. All family members possessed the HLA-B7 antigen. The propositi, a third HLA/MLC identical sister, and the mother, shared the maternal B7 and lacked Dw2. The father and a fourth sibling with the paternal B7 were heterozygous for Dw2. In six unrelated patients with H.D., N.S., the presence of B7 and Dw2 correlated precisely. In 69 consecutive patients with H.D., N.S., the frequencies of 23 HLA antigens did not differ significantly from the frequencies in 245 control subjects.", "contents": "Familial Hodgkin's disease and the major histocompatibility complex. Two sisters who developed nodular sclerosis Hodgkin's disease (H.D., N.S.) within 3 months of their 25th birthdays were HLA and MLC identical. All family members possessed the HLA-B7 antigen. The propositi, a third HLA/MLC identical sister, and the mother, shared the maternal B7 and lacked Dw2. The father and a fourth sibling with the paternal B7 were heterozygous for Dw2. In six unrelated patients with H.D., N.S., the presence of B7 and Dw2 correlated precisely. In 69 consecutive patients with H.D., N.S., the frequencies of 23 HLA antigens did not differ significantly from the frequencies in 245 control subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:144368", "title": "[Diagnostic value of Frank's corrected orthogonal electrocardiogram].", "content": "The changes in the corrected orthogonal electrocardiograms of 411 patients were analyzed: 134 with right ventricle loading, 137 with left ventricle loading and 140 with myocardial infarction (chronic phase). On the base of sensitivity and specificity criteria the indices SXmV, SXmsec and QZmV for the patients with right ventricle loading and RXmV and RZmV for the patients with left ventricle loading proved to be with the highest diagnostic value. Sensitivity is within 19% to 61%. Sensitivity is within 85% and 95% in patients with myocardial infarction (chronic phase), for the different indices depending on the infarction zone. The comparative analyses of the indices of the corrected orthagonal Frank electrocardiogram and the standard electrocardiogram (12 leads) give a certain preference to the indices of the standard electrocardiography.", "contents": "[Diagnostic value of Frank's corrected orthogonal electrocardiogram]. The changes in the corrected orthogonal electrocardiograms of 411 patients were analyzed: 134 with right ventricle loading, 137 with left ventricle loading and 140 with myocardial infarction (chronic phase). On the base of sensitivity and specificity criteria the indices SXmV, SXmsec and QZmV for the patients with right ventricle loading and RXmV and RZmV for the patients with left ventricle loading proved to be with the highest diagnostic value. Sensitivity is within 19% to 61%. Sensitivity is within 85% and 95% in patients with myocardial infarction (chronic phase), for the different indices depending on the infarction zone. The comparative analyses of the indices of the corrected orthagonal Frank electrocardiogram and the standard electrocardiogram (12 leads) give a certain preference to the indices of the standard electrocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:144367", "title": "[Virological and serological examination of wild birds during the spring migrations in the region of the Manych Reservoir, Rostov Province].", "content": "In accordance with the Soviet-American collaboration program on influenza and ARD, cooperative field studies were undertaken in 1975 in the USSR in order to test the field and laboratory methods for studies on influenza virus ecology. In the Rostov region of the USSR, virological and serological examinations of 321 birds of 25 species were carried out. Virological tests were performed with 678 biological specimens and in various serological tests 308 blood serum specimesn from wild birds were examined. Examinations of specimens of washings and organs of birds revealed no hemagglutinating agents. The paper presents the results of studies of avian blood serum specimens in the HI test, neuraminidase activity inhibition test and the immunodiffusion test.", "contents": "[Virological and serological examination of wild birds during the spring migrations in the region of the Manych Reservoir, Rostov Province]. In accordance with the Soviet-American collaboration program on influenza and ARD, cooperative field studies were undertaken in 1975 in the USSR in order to test the field and laboratory methods for studies on influenza virus ecology. In the Rostov region of the USSR, virological and serological examinations of 321 birds of 25 species were carried out. Virological tests were performed with 678 biological specimens and in various serological tests 308 blood serum specimesn from wild birds were examined. Examinations of specimens of washings and organs of birds revealed no hemagglutinating agents. The paper presents the results of studies of avian blood serum specimens in the HI test, neuraminidase activity inhibition test and the immunodiffusion test."}
{"id": "PMID:144373", "title": "Some aspects of protein changes in frozen foods.", "content": "In the past decades many results on changes of food proteins caused by freezing and their relation to quality changes were found. Recently especially the nutrition physiological viewpoint of these alterations has aroused considerable interest. In the present paper the attempt is made to outline some aspects of these changes which are usually referred to as \"denaturation\" caused by freezing. After a description of the phenomena observed and their measurement, a survey of the main causes presumed for the \"denaturation\" of fish muscle proteins by freezing is given. With special consideration of the molecular range it can be said that generally aggregation phenomena prevail and that the participating molecules, or part of them, may still be native or more or less changed in their conformation before or during aggregation. Definite judgement of the nutritional properties of the altered proteins in frozen foods is possible only when convincing results of feeding experiments will be available.", "contents": "Some aspects of protein changes in frozen foods. In the past decades many results on changes of food proteins caused by freezing and their relation to quality changes were found. Recently especially the nutrition physiological viewpoint of these alterations has aroused considerable interest. In the present paper the attempt is made to outline some aspects of these changes which are usually referred to as \"denaturation\" caused by freezing. After a description of the phenomena observed and their measurement, a survey of the main causes presumed for the \"denaturation\" of fish muscle proteins by freezing is given. With special consideration of the molecular range it can be said that generally aggregation phenomena prevail and that the participating molecules, or part of them, may still be native or more or less changed in their conformation before or during aggregation. Definite judgement of the nutritional properties of the altered proteins in frozen foods is possible only when convincing results of feeding experiments will be available."}
{"id": "PMID:144376", "title": "[Influence of water activity on the enzymatic changes in freeze-dehydrated muscle. IV. Change in the activity of glycolytic enzymes during storage (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of water activity (25-65% r.h.) on the changes in activity of glycolytic enzymes during storage (up to 120 days) of freeze-dehydrated bovine muscle was investigated. For this purpose, at different times of storage the decrease of glycogen and the increase in lactate in the rehydrated samples were determined. At 25% r.h. no loss in activity was observed. However, during storage at 40% r.h. and higher the glycolytic activity decreased; this effect increased with rising water activity. The denaturation of the enzyme proteins might be due to Maillard reactions, particularly to the reaction of proteins with the highly reactive glycolytic metabolites glyceraldehyde phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate.", "contents": "[Influence of water activity on the enzymatic changes in freeze-dehydrated muscle. IV. Change in the activity of glycolytic enzymes during storage (author's transl)]. The influence of water activity (25-65% r.h.) on the changes in activity of glycolytic enzymes during storage (up to 120 days) of freeze-dehydrated bovine muscle was investigated. For this purpose, at different times of storage the decrease of glycogen and the increase in lactate in the rehydrated samples were determined. At 25% r.h. no loss in activity was observed. However, during storage at 40% r.h. and higher the glycolytic activity decreased; this effect increased with rising water activity. The denaturation of the enzyme proteins might be due to Maillard reactions, particularly to the reaction of proteins with the highly reactive glycolytic metabolites glyceraldehyde phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate."}
{"id": "PMID:144377", "title": "[The pathomorphology of chronic apical periodontitis].", "content": "The clinical, roentgenological and histopathological diagnoses of thirty apical processes are compared. The paper also discusses certain histopathological characteristics. As a result of these investigations, a proposal is made to modify the classification of chronic apical processes.", "contents": "[The pathomorphology of chronic apical periodontitis]. The clinical, roentgenological and histopathological diagnoses of thirty apical processes are compared. The paper also discusses certain histopathological characteristics. As a result of these investigations, a proposal is made to modify the classification of chronic apical processes."}
{"id": "PMID:144378", "title": "[Clinical-radiological parallel control of a longitudinal study of the anti-caries effect of aminofluoride applied locally for 7 years in a double-blind test].", "content": "The determination of anticarious effects of topically administered fluorine compounds is usually based on short-time cross-sectional or longitudinal studies. In a comparison made for a period of more than seven years the anticarious effects of amine fluorides administered to selected groups of test subjects have been studied under controlled clinical experimental conditions.", "contents": "[Clinical-radiological parallel control of a longitudinal study of the anti-caries effect of aminofluoride applied locally for 7 years in a double-blind test]. The determination of anticarious effects of topically administered fluorine compounds is usually based on short-time cross-sectional or longitudinal studies. In a comparison made for a period of more than seven years the anticarious effects of amine fluorides administered to selected groups of test subjects have been studied under controlled clinical experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:144379", "title": "[Animal experimental studies on the question of chemical prevention of congenital clefts. II. Studies on mouse cleft palates due to cyclophosphamide].", "content": "Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects were produced by cyclophosphamide in mice of the AB/Jena-Halle strain. The simultaneous administration of Solcoseryl tended to modify these noxious effects, significantly reducing the incidence of cleft palates to one half.", "contents": "[Animal experimental studies on the question of chemical prevention of congenital clefts. II. Studies on mouse cleft palates due to cyclophosphamide]. Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects were produced by cyclophosphamide in mice of the AB/Jena-Halle strain. The simultaneous administration of Solcoseryl tended to modify these noxious effects, significantly reducing the incidence of cleft palates to one half."}
{"id": "PMID:144388", "title": "[Complications in gynecologic laparoscopy].", "content": "During the past nine years 2700 laparoscopies with 0,4% complications were performed. By reason of the increasing interest for laparoscopy it is refered to cause and avoidance of those complications. Exact technique, an optimum of equipment of apparatus and increasing experience are very important for the laparoscopic examination with the lowest risk.", "contents": "[Complications in gynecologic laparoscopy]. During the past nine years 2700 laparoscopies with 0,4% complications were performed. By reason of the increasing interest for laparoscopy it is refered to cause and avoidance of those complications. Exact technique, an optimum of equipment of apparatus and increasing experience are very important for the laparoscopic examination with the lowest risk."}
{"id": "PMID:144390", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of the epidemiology of intestinal coli infection caused by 2d-category Escherichia and of Sonne dysentery].", "content": "The authors present the results of a comparative study of Sonne dysentery and of the intestinal coli infection 0124 and 0151; significant differences in their epidemiology shown were chiefly caused by a different degree of pathogenicity of the causative agents of these diseases. A low degree of escherichia pathogenicity, and, in this connection, dependence of the character of the infection manifestation on the dose of the causative agent indicated food factor of the infection spread to be necessary for the origination of the clinically expressed disease. Epidemiological observations and bacteriological data showed that in diseases of escherichia etiology only those persons who had clinical manifestations of the disease could serve as epidemiologically significant sources of infection. In this connection prophylaxis of the mentioned affection should be primarily based on the intensification of the general sanitary measures.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of the epidemiology of intestinal coli infection caused by 2d-category Escherichia and of Sonne dysentery]. The authors present the results of a comparative study of Sonne dysentery and of the intestinal coli infection 0124 and 0151; significant differences in their epidemiology shown were chiefly caused by a different degree of pathogenicity of the causative agents of these diseases. A low degree of escherichia pathogenicity, and, in this connection, dependence of the character of the infection manifestation on the dose of the causative agent indicated food factor of the infection spread to be necessary for the origination of the clinically expressed disease. Epidemiological observations and bacteriological data showed that in diseases of escherichia etiology only those persons who had clinical manifestations of the disease could serve as epidemiologically significant sources of infection. In this connection prophylaxis of the mentioned affection should be primarily based on the intensification of the general sanitary measures."}
{"id": "PMID:144392", "title": "[Biological characteristics of Proteus strains isolated from water sources in the Azerbajiani SSR].", "content": "Biological characteristics of 102 Proteus strains isolated from the water bodies is given. The strains studied were referred to Pr. mirabilis, more rarely to Pr. vulgaris; about half of the cultures deviated from these biological types by the signs of indol formation and maltose fermentation. Proteus of groups O3, O5, O13, O23, and O30 were revealed in studying the serological characteristics. All the cultures were polyresistant, nonbacteriocinogenic; most of them were sensitive to the wide colicine spectrum. One strain produced a cytopathogenic action on the tissue culture.", "contents": "[Biological characteristics of Proteus strains isolated from water sources in the Azerbajiani SSR]. Biological characteristics of 102 Proteus strains isolated from the water bodies is given. The strains studied were referred to Pr. mirabilis, more rarely to Pr. vulgaris; about half of the cultures deviated from these biological types by the signs of indol formation and maltose fermentation. Proteus of groups O3, O5, O13, O23, and O30 were revealed in studying the serological characteristics. All the cultures were polyresistant, nonbacteriocinogenic; most of them were sensitive to the wide colicine spectrum. One strain produced a cytopathogenic action on the tissue culture."}
{"id": "PMID:144393", "title": "[Study of the incomplete antibodies in a population of different age groups in foci of bovine brucellosis in Kashka-Darya Province].", "content": "Antiglobulin Coombs' test was included into the complex of sero-allergic reactions used for selection of the groups of population to be vaccinated by epidemiological indications, for the purpose of studying the incomplete antibodies in age aspect under conditions of the existing foci of brucellosis infection. A total of 1904 persons were examined. Incomplete antibodies were found with equal frequency in the blood serum of children and in adults of the population of the Kashka-Dariya region of Uzbek SSR residing in the foci of cattle brucellosis; it was revealed in 40.3% of children aged from 7 to 10  to 10 years, in 45.6% of children aged from 11 to 14 years, and in 42.3% of adults aged from 31 to 40 years.", "contents": "[Study of the incomplete antibodies in a population of different age groups in foci of bovine brucellosis in Kashka-Darya Province]. Antiglobulin Coombs' test was included into the complex of sero-allergic reactions used for selection of the groups of population to be vaccinated by epidemiological indications, for the purpose of studying the incomplete antibodies in age aspect under conditions of the existing foci of brucellosis infection. A total of 1904 persons were examined. Incomplete antibodies were found with equal frequency in the blood serum of children and in adults of the population of the Kashka-Dariya region of Uzbek SSR residing in the foci of cattle brucellosis; it was revealed in 40.3% of children aged from 7 to 10  to 10 years, in 45.6% of children aged from 11 to 14 years, and in 42.3% of adults aged from 31 to 40 years."}
{"id": "PMID:144398", "title": "Histochemical studies on the mucosubstances in the gill of fresh water mussel, Parreysia corrugata var. nagpoorensis (Lea).", "content": "The present paper deals with the characterisation and distribution of the mucosubstances elaborated by the gill in fresh water mussel by employing recent well-established histochemical techniques. The results showed that the gill secretes the mucosubstances consisting of neutral mucins, sulfomucins, sialomucins and atypical high pH azurophilic mucosubstances having alcianophilia at pH = 5.6. Hyaluronic acid could not be detected. The importance of these mucins is discussed with reference to feeding.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on the mucosubstances in the gill of fresh water mussel, Parreysia corrugata var. nagpoorensis (Lea). The present paper deals with the characterisation and distribution of the mucosubstances elaborated by the gill in fresh water mussel by employing recent well-established histochemical techniques. The results showed that the gill secretes the mucosubstances consisting of neutral mucins, sulfomucins, sialomucins and atypical high pH azurophilic mucosubstances having alcianophilia at pH = 5.6. Hyaluronic acid could not be detected. The importance of these mucins is discussed with reference to feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:144400", "title": "[The metallic cations' capture through the external mucopolysaccharide surface coat encompassing the neurons (author's transl)].", "content": "Union of several iron compounds and other metallic cations to the duodenum mucines and to the neuronal surface mucopolysaccharides is studied. The results differentiate clearly the behaviour of the duodenum mucosubstances and neuronal surface mucosubstances. The duodenum mucines only attract to certain cations, in such a way that their union seems to be specific. On the contrary the neuronal surface mucopolysaccharides attract to most of the assaied metallic cations. These results coincide with other biochemical ones that prove that cationic attraction by the acid mucopolysaccharides is of electrostatic nature. To reveal the metallic cation union to the mucopolysaccharides is used ammonium sulphide in solution. The physiological role of these perineuronal mucopolysaccharides in relation to nervous impulse transmission and propagation is discussed attending to the obtained results.", "contents": "[The metallic cations' capture through the external mucopolysaccharide surface coat encompassing the neurons (author's transl)]. Union of several iron compounds and other metallic cations to the duodenum mucines and to the neuronal surface mucopolysaccharides is studied. The results differentiate clearly the behaviour of the duodenum mucosubstances and neuronal surface mucosubstances. The duodenum mucines only attract to certain cations, in such a way that their union seems to be specific. On the contrary the neuronal surface mucopolysaccharides attract to most of the assaied metallic cations. These results coincide with other biochemical ones that prove that cationic attraction by the acid mucopolysaccharides is of electrostatic nature. To reveal the metallic cation union to the mucopolysaccharides is used ammonium sulphide in solution. The physiological role of these perineuronal mucopolysaccharides in relation to nervous impulse transmission and propagation is discussed attending to the obtained results."}
{"id": "PMID:144404", "title": "Assessment of cor pulmonale in cystic fibrosis by echocardiography.", "content": "Thirty-one patients with cystic fibrosis of varying severity were examined by echocardiography. Right ventricular dimension (RVD) was above upper normal limit in 14 patients and right ventricular dimension index (RVD index) was higher than the upper normal limit in 11 patients. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between increasing RVD index and 1) decreasing forced vital capacity (FVC) both actual test results and average 6 months values; and 2) decreasing peak-expiratory flow rate (PEFR) both actual test results and average 6 months values. This observation suggests a persistent heart involvement. Five patients had either heart failure and/or electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular abnormality. These patients had increased RVD index and one patient with the highest RVD index died 8 weeks after the examination. The present study has shown the usefulness of echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular dimension and of septal motion in assessing cor pulmonale, before development of electrocardiographic abnormalities and right heart failure.", "contents": "Assessment of cor pulmonale in cystic fibrosis by echocardiography. Thirty-one patients with cystic fibrosis of varying severity were examined by echocardiography. Right ventricular dimension (RVD) was above upper normal limit in 14 patients and right ventricular dimension index (RVD index) was higher than the upper normal limit in 11 patients. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between increasing RVD index and 1) decreasing forced vital capacity (FVC) both actual test results and average 6 months values; and 2) decreasing peak-expiratory flow rate (PEFR) both actual test results and average 6 months values. This observation suggests a persistent heart involvement. Five patients had either heart failure and/or electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular abnormality. These patients had increased RVD index and one patient with the highest RVD index died 8 weeks after the examination. The present study has shown the usefulness of echocardiographic measurement of right ventricular dimension and of septal motion in assessing cor pulmonale, before development of electrocardiographic abnormalities and right heart failure."}
{"id": "PMID:144405", "title": "Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the medullary interstitial matrix of rat kidney.", "content": "Medullary tissue of the normal rat kidney was perfused with 3 percent glutaraldehyde (GA), incubated in 0.5 percent cetyl pyridinium chloride and postfixed in 1 percent OsO4. In comparison with the ordinary fixation with GA and OSO4, the medullary interstitium represented abundant matrical substance that is rich in acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) and morphologically represents a diffuse reticular structure consisting of 30 to 150 a thick microfibrils and granular structures of 300 to 500 A in diameter. When chondroitinase was applied before OsO4 treatment, the dense granes disappeared and the microfibrils were replaced by loosely textured 30 A thick microfilaments. After hyaluronidase treatment the microfibrils disappeared and most granules changed into a ring-shaped structure with an electronlucent central portion. These results suggest that the reticular structure consists of microfilaments of hyaluronates and amorphous masking substance of chondroitin sulfates. In the dense granule, hyaluronates become concentrated in the central portion and chondroitin sulfate in the peripheral zone. When perfused with a CPC-containing GA, the medullary interstitium was diffusely filled with a large amount of fine granular substances suggesting the presence of water soluble free AMPS filling the reticular space.", "contents": "Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the medullary interstitial matrix of rat kidney. Medullary tissue of the normal rat kidney was perfused with 3 percent glutaraldehyde (GA), incubated in 0.5 percent cetyl pyridinium chloride and postfixed in 1 percent OsO4. In comparison with the ordinary fixation with GA and OSO4, the medullary interstitium represented abundant matrical substance that is rich in acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) and morphologically represents a diffuse reticular structure consisting of 30 to 150 a thick microfibrils and granular structures of 300 to 500 A in diameter. When chondroitinase was applied before OsO4 treatment, the dense granes disappeared and the microfibrils were replaced by loosely textured 30 A thick microfilaments. After hyaluronidase treatment the microfibrils disappeared and most granules changed into a ring-shaped structure with an electronlucent central portion. These results suggest that the reticular structure consists of microfilaments of hyaluronates and amorphous masking substance of chondroitin sulfates. In the dense granule, hyaluronates become concentrated in the central portion and chondroitin sulfate in the peripheral zone. When perfused with a CPC-containing GA, the medullary interstitium was diffusely filled with a large amount of fine granular substances suggesting the presence of water soluble free AMPS filling the reticular space."}
{"id": "PMID:144407", "title": "Mixed lymphocyte culture reactions at delivery and in the puerperium: effects of parity, HLA antigens and maternal serum.", "content": "Mixed lymphocyte culture reactions between maternal and related neonatal cells at delivery, and maternal and paternal cells about a week after delivery, and the effect of maternal serum and HLA antigens on these reactions were studied in 11 families with primiparous or secundiparous mothers and in 13 families with multiparous mothers (six or more pregnancies). Weak or absent MLC response of the mother to her infant was observed in one-third of primiparous and secundiparous mothers and in one-half of multiparous mothers. In some cases the non-reactivity could be due to genetic similarity, i.e. HLA or HLA-D identity between the mother and her infant. In other cases, this was obviously not a valid explanation and no apparent reason for the non-reactivity was found. The MLC suppressing effect of maternal serum on MLC reactions at delivery and about a week later was not correlated with the strength of maternal-neonatal MLC reaction. Four of the ten sera from multiparous mothers studied a week after delivery had an inhibitory effect of 50% or more on MLC reactions involving stimulatory paternal cells. Responding paternal cells and other MLC combinations were also inhibited to varying degrees. None of the sera of primiparous and secundiparous mothers had an equally strong MLC inhibiting effect.", "contents": "Mixed lymphocyte culture reactions at delivery and in the puerperium: effects of parity, HLA antigens and maternal serum. Mixed lymphocyte culture reactions between maternal and related neonatal cells at delivery, and maternal and paternal cells about a week after delivery, and the effect of maternal serum and HLA antigens on these reactions were studied in 11 families with primiparous or secundiparous mothers and in 13 families with multiparous mothers (six or more pregnancies). Weak or absent MLC response of the mother to her infant was observed in one-third of primiparous and secundiparous mothers and in one-half of multiparous mothers. In some cases the non-reactivity could be due to genetic similarity, i.e. HLA or HLA-D identity between the mother and her infant. In other cases, this was obviously not a valid explanation and no apparent reason for the non-reactivity was found. The MLC suppressing effect of maternal serum on MLC reactions at delivery and about a week later was not correlated with the strength of maternal-neonatal MLC reaction. Four of the ten sera from multiparous mothers studied a week after delivery had an inhibitory effect of 50% or more on MLC reactions involving stimulatory paternal cells. Responding paternal cells and other MLC combinations were also inhibited to varying degrees. None of the sera of primiparous and secundiparous mothers had an equally strong MLC inhibiting effect."}
{"id": "PMID:144403", "title": "Volume displacement of the tympanic membrane in the sitting position as a function of middle ear muscle activity. A quantitative microflow method.", "content": "An open microflow meter system has been worked out for quantitative recording of the volume displacement of the tympanic membrane and its movement direction at stapedius reflex. An acoustically elicited M. stapedius contraction can be recognized by the characteristic response and latency time. The stapedius reflex contraction causes an outward or inward movement of the tympanic membrane. The magnitude of the volume displacement of the tympanic membrane is influenced by the middle ear pressure and in some ears the movement direction of the tympanic membrane changes.", "contents": "Volume displacement of the tympanic membrane in the sitting position as a function of middle ear muscle activity. A quantitative microflow method. An open microflow meter system has been worked out for quantitative recording of the volume displacement of the tympanic membrane and its movement direction at stapedius reflex. An acoustically elicited M. stapedius contraction can be recognized by the characteristic response and latency time. The stapedius reflex contraction causes an outward or inward movement of the tympanic membrane. The magnitude of the volume displacement of the tympanic membrane is influenced by the middle ear pressure and in some ears the movement direction of the tympanic membrane changes."}
{"id": "PMID:144408", "title": "Local lymph node response in rats to allogeneic stimulus: analysis of the in vitro responding cells.", "content": "Parental strain rats were immunized in the footpads by F1 hybrid spleen cells. The draining lymph nodes were removed during the first 10 days after immunization and tested for mitogen responsiveness. Cell fractionation was performed by removal of macrophages, surface Ig positive, and F(c)-, and C3-receptor carrying lymphocytes. The depleted suspensions were tested in MLC to test the effect of lymphocyte subpopulations on the accelerated MLC response profile exhibited by the immune lymph node cells. Overall increase in mitogen stimulation was observed, but stimulation indices were slightly reduced as compared to non-immunized cells. Removal of phagocytic cells gave some increase in MLC response which was most pronounced when responder cells were tested during the first days after immunization. Depletion for non-T lymphocytes resulted in lowering of non-stimulated responder cell 14C uptake, whereas the specific accelerated MLC profile was unaltered or tended to improve acceleration. It is concluded from indirect evidence that T lymphocytes are the cell type responsible for the altered MLC kinetics, but that macrophages and non-T cells modify the response.", "contents": "Local lymph node response in rats to allogeneic stimulus: analysis of the in vitro responding cells. Parental strain rats were immunized in the footpads by F1 hybrid spleen cells. The draining lymph nodes were removed during the first 10 days after immunization and tested for mitogen responsiveness. Cell fractionation was performed by removal of macrophages, surface Ig positive, and F(c)-, and C3-receptor carrying lymphocytes. The depleted suspensions were tested in MLC to test the effect of lymphocyte subpopulations on the accelerated MLC response profile exhibited by the immune lymph node cells. Overall increase in mitogen stimulation was observed, but stimulation indices were slightly reduced as compared to non-immunized cells. Removal of phagocytic cells gave some increase in MLC response which was most pronounced when responder cells were tested during the first days after immunization. Depletion for non-T lymphocytes resulted in lowering of non-stimulated responder cell 14C uptake, whereas the specific accelerated MLC profile was unaltered or tended to improve acceleration. It is concluded from indirect evidence that T lymphocytes are the cell type responsible for the altered MLC kinetics, but that macrophages and non-T cells modify the response."}
{"id": "PMID:144409", "title": "Inhibitory effect of human mononuclear phagocytes on DNA synthesis in stimulated lymphocytes.", "content": "Human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro revealed an inhibitory influence on DNA synthesis, as measured by 3H thymidine incorporation, in lymphocytes stimulated by a lectin (PHA), a soluble antigen (PPD) and allogenic lymphocytes. The inhibitory effect increased with increasing ratio of macrophages to lymphocytes, and was positively related to the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. The inhibitory ability appeared to have no connection with the histocompatibility gene complex. The culture medium of macrophages cultured with and without lymphocytes showed no inhibitory effect.", "contents": "Inhibitory effect of human mononuclear phagocytes on DNA synthesis in stimulated lymphocytes. Human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro revealed an inhibitory influence on DNA synthesis, as measured by 3H thymidine incorporation, in lymphocytes stimulated by a lectin (PHA), a soluble antigen (PPD) and allogenic lymphocytes. The inhibitory effect increased with increasing ratio of macrophages to lymphocytes, and was positively related to the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. The inhibitory ability appeared to have no connection with the histocompatibility gene complex. The culture medium of macrophages cultured with and without lymphocytes showed no inhibitory effect."}
{"id": "PMID:144410", "title": "Immuno-inductive and immuno-suppressive influence of human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro.", "content": "DNA-synthesis, as measured by 3H thymidine incorporation, in immune lymphocytes from human blood stimulated in vitro with PPD was shown to require monocytes. No such requirement was demonstrated for PHA-induced DNA-synthesis under the same conditions. Initial packing of cells by centrifugation was beneficial for the cultures stimulated by antigen, but not for the cultures stimulated by lectin, thus indicating the necessity for contact between monocytes and lymphocytes for antigen stimulation. Monocytes and macrophages preincubated with PPD indced DNA-synthesis in lymphocytes. Monocytes were found to be least as capable of retaining and presenting antigen as macrophages, and autologous macrophages presented antigen more efficiently than allogeneic macrophages. DNA-synthesis in lymphocytes, induced by adding PPD or PHA to the culture medium, was inhibited by a large number of monocytes. Macrophages caused inhibition under the same conditions, even a small number. DNA-synthesis in lymphocytes induced by PPD-preincubated monocytes and macrophages increased with increasing ratio of mononuclear phagocytes to lymphocytes up to a certain value. A further increase in the ratio caused inhibition, thus indicating both an immunoinductive and an immuno-suppressive influence of mononuclear phagocytes.", "contents": "Immuno-inductive and immuno-suppressive influence of human mononuclear phagocytes cultured in vitro. DNA-synthesis, as measured by 3H thymidine incorporation, in immune lymphocytes from human blood stimulated in vitro with PPD was shown to require monocytes. No such requirement was demonstrated for PHA-induced DNA-synthesis under the same conditions. Initial packing of cells by centrifugation was beneficial for the cultures stimulated by antigen, but not for the cultures stimulated by lectin, thus indicating the necessity for contact between monocytes and lymphocytes for antigen stimulation. Monocytes and macrophages preincubated with PPD indced DNA-synthesis in lymphocytes. Monocytes were found to be least as capable of retaining and presenting antigen as macrophages, and autologous macrophages presented antigen more efficiently than allogeneic macrophages. DNA-synthesis in lymphocytes, induced by adding PPD or PHA to the culture medium, was inhibited by a large number of monocytes. Macrophages caused inhibition under the same conditions, even a small number. DNA-synthesis in lymphocytes induced by PPD-preincubated monocytes and macrophages increased with increasing ratio of mononuclear phagocytes to lymphocytes up to a certain value. A further increase in the ratio caused inhibition, thus indicating both an immunoinductive and an immuno-suppressive influence of mononuclear phagocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:144412", "title": "Muscle adaptation to extreme endurance training in man.", "content": "To evaluate the effect of extreme endurance training on muscle fibre composition and activities of oxidative enzymes in different fibre types biopsies were taken from vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius and deltoideus of elite orienteers. Comparisons were made between the (trained) leg muscles and the (relatively untrained) arm muscles, and with leg muscles of 16--18 years old boys. The orienteers had the same percentage type I fibres and vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius as in deltoideus, but higher percentage type I fibres in vastus lateralis compared with the controls. The similarity between trained and untrained muscle in the orienteers suggests that training had not caused the high percentage type I fibres which rather might be the result of selection of individuals with the best prerequisites for high oxidative capacity. However, the distribution of type II subgroups in the leg muscles of the orienteers differed from both their own deltoideus and leg muscles of the controls, the relationship IIA/IIB being altered in favour of the more oxidative IIA. The leg muscles of the orienteers also showed an increased occurrence of the normally IIC fibre. These latter findings point at the possibility of a training induced alteration in the subgroup pattern. Unlike in the controls there was no significant difference in succinate dehydrogenase activity, measured in single fibres, between type I and II fibres in gastrocnemius of the orienteers. Thus, type II fibres have the ability metabolically to adapt to high oxidative demands. This might to some extent be mediated by a conversion from IIB to IIA form.", "contents": "Muscle adaptation to extreme endurance training in man. To evaluate the effect of extreme endurance training on muscle fibre composition and activities of oxidative enzymes in different fibre types biopsies were taken from vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius and deltoideus of elite orienteers. Comparisons were made between the (trained) leg muscles and the (relatively untrained) arm muscles, and with leg muscles of 16--18 years old boys. The orienteers had the same percentage type I fibres and vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius as in deltoideus, but higher percentage type I fibres in vastus lateralis compared with the controls. The similarity between trained and untrained muscle in the orienteers suggests that training had not caused the high percentage type I fibres which rather might be the result of selection of individuals with the best prerequisites for high oxidative capacity. However, the distribution of type II subgroups in the leg muscles of the orienteers differed from both their own deltoideus and leg muscles of the controls, the relationship IIA/IIB being altered in favour of the more oxidative IIA. The leg muscles of the orienteers also showed an increased occurrence of the normally IIC fibre. These latter findings point at the possibility of a training induced alteration in the subgroup pattern. Unlike in the controls there was no significant difference in succinate dehydrogenase activity, measured in single fibres, between type I and II fibres in gastrocnemius of the orienteers. Thus, type II fibres have the ability metabolically to adapt to high oxidative demands. This might to some extent be mediated by a conversion from IIB to IIA form."}
{"id": "PMID:144413", "title": "Experimental cardiac hypertrophy and the synthesis of  poly (A) containing RNA and of myocardial proteins in the rat: the effect of digitoxin treatment.", "content": "The synthesis  of poly(A) containing RNA was increased in heart of non-digitalized and digitalized rats after aortic constriction, the increase being of the same degree as that of the RNA lacking this sequence. No differences were found, either  in  the absence or presence of polyuridylic acid, in the incorporation of radioactivity into protein by cardiac ribosomes isolated from animals treated differently. It may be concluded, that after the constriction of the aorta the synthesis of mRNA proceeds at a similar rate as that of the  bulk RNA, and that the treatment of the animals with digitoxin does not abolish the stimulus for hypertrophy.", "contents": "Experimental cardiac hypertrophy and the synthesis of  poly (A) containing RNA and of myocardial proteins in the rat: the effect of digitoxin treatment. The synthesis  of poly(A) containing RNA was increased in heart of non-digitalized and digitalized rats after aortic constriction, the increase being of the same degree as that of the RNA lacking this sequence. No differences were found, either  in  the absence or presence of polyuridylic acid, in the incorporation of radioactivity into protein by cardiac ribosomes isolated from animals treated differently. It may be concluded, that after the constriction of the aorta the synthesis of mRNA proceeds at a similar rate as that of the  bulk RNA, and that the treatment of the animals with digitoxin does not abolish the stimulus for hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:144414", "title": "Primary psychiatric illness in a neurological out-patient department in North East England. An assessment of symptomatology.", "content": "A total of 2,716 patients attended a neurological out-patient clinic in North East England between May 1970 and May 1974. The symptomatology of 358 patients with primary psychiatric illness has been analyzed in a retrospective study. There were 172 symptom wordings and these were grouped in 18 headings. The most common symptoms were headache, dizziness and pain in the body. The presenting symptoms were analyzed with reference to age, sex, pattern of referral, diagnostic category and method of disposal. Aspects of non-organic disease in a neurological clinic are discussed.", "contents": "Primary psychiatric illness in a neurological out-patient department in North East England. An assessment of symptomatology. A total of 2,716 patients attended a neurological out-patient clinic in North East England between May 1970 and May 1974. The symptomatology of 358 patients with primary psychiatric illness has been analyzed in a retrospective study. There were 172 symptom wordings and these were grouped in 18 headings. The most common symptoms were headache, dizziness and pain in the body. The presenting symptoms were analyzed with reference to age, sex, pattern of referral, diagnostic category and method of disposal. Aspects of non-organic disease in a neurological clinic are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144415", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity against digestive organ cancers : leucocyte migration inhibitory factor activity as an immunological parameter.", "content": "The present study was conducted to investigate the usefulness of the direct leucocyte migration agarose method for studying cell-mediated immunity in vitro. Comparative studies of the purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test and the leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) in which PPD was used as test antigen indicated a significant qualitative and a weak quantitative correlation between these two tests. Furthermore a positive correlation was found between the LMIT and the macrophage migration inhibition test (MIT) using ultrasonicated authochthonous tumor antigen. Comparative studies of the LMIT, MIT, PPD skin and DNCB tests on the same patients showed that cases responding positively to the the PPD skin and DNCB tests tended to respond positively to the LMIT and MIT. Patients with digestive organ cancers were examined by the LMIT. With the advance of cancer, decreased positive test test rates were found. After gastric cancer operations the LMIT findings were divided into two groups: one type changed from positive to negative, and the other type changed from negative to positive. The former response was suggestive of a successful operation, and the latter response was suggestive of a non-curative operation. These results indicated that the direct leucocyte migration inhibition agarose test was useful investigating cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity against digestive organ cancers : leucocyte migration inhibitory factor activity as an immunological parameter. The present study was conducted to investigate the usefulness of the direct leucocyte migration agarose method for studying cell-mediated immunity in vitro. Comparative studies of the purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test and the leucocyte migration inhibition test (LMIT) in which PPD was used as test antigen indicated a significant qualitative and a weak quantitative correlation between these two tests. Furthermore a positive correlation was found between the LMIT and the macrophage migration inhibition test (MIT) using ultrasonicated authochthonous tumor antigen. Comparative studies of the LMIT, MIT, PPD skin and DNCB tests on the same patients showed that cases responding positively to the the PPD skin and DNCB tests tended to respond positively to the LMIT and MIT. Patients with digestive organ cancers were examined by the LMIT. With the advance of cancer, decreased positive test test rates were found. After gastric cancer operations the LMIT findings were divided into two groups: one type changed from positive to negative, and the other type changed from negative to positive. The former response was suggestive of a successful operation, and the latter response was suggestive of a non-curative operation. These results indicated that the direct leucocyte migration inhibition agarose test was useful investigating cell-mediated immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:144416", "title": "The effect of cycloheximide on mouse learning.", "content": "Mice were trained in an avoidance learning task. The incorporation of 3H-leucine into the hippocampal regions of trained mice was higher than that of control mice. When mice were injected with cycloheximide, a strong inhibitor of protein synthesis, impairment was evident in acquisition of learning. Cycloheximide produced morphological changes in mitochondria and microtubules of some brain axons. It is suggested that the cycloheximide-induced learning impairment may be due to the blocking of the synthesis of the specific protein necessary of neutral conductivity.", "contents": "The effect of cycloheximide on mouse learning. Mice were trained in an avoidance learning task. The incorporation of 3H-leucine into the hippocampal regions of trained mice was higher than that of control mice. When mice were injected with cycloheximide, a strong inhibitor of protein synthesis, impairment was evident in acquisition of learning. Cycloheximide produced morphological changes in mitochondria and microtubules of some brain axons. It is suggested that the cycloheximide-induced learning impairment may be due to the blocking of the synthesis of the specific protein necessary of neutral conductivity."}
{"id": "PMID:144417", "title": "Early diagnosis of acute renal allograft rejection: efficacy of macrophage migration inhibition test as an immunological diagnosis.", "content": "1. Three cases of acute rejection were detected by macrophage migration inhibition tests (MIT) conducted directly on seven patients who had received renal allografts. The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) activity was positive in all cases 1-2 days before the appearance of acute rejection. 2. After the administration of a high dose of Solu-Medrol (1g/day for 3 days) to suppress the acute rejection, MIF activity recovered to its normal level 3 days later. These findings seem to indicate that MIT yields immunologically useful criteria for the early detection of an acute rejection.", "contents": "Early diagnosis of acute renal allograft rejection: efficacy of macrophage migration inhibition test as an immunological diagnosis. 1. Three cases of acute rejection were detected by macrophage migration inhibition tests (MIT) conducted directly on seven patients who had received renal allografts. The macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) activity was positive in all cases 1-2 days before the appearance of acute rejection. 2. After the administration of a high dose of Solu-Medrol (1g/day for 3 days) to suppress the acute rejection, MIF activity recovered to its normal level 3 days later. These findings seem to indicate that MIT yields immunologically useful criteria for the early detection of an acute rejection."}
{"id": "PMID:144418", "title": "Diagnosis of drug induced liver injury using a lymphocyte blast transformation test based on whole blood culture.", "content": "Twenty cases of suspected drug induced liver injury (16 cases of which satisfied the criteria for at least a query positive diagnosis as based on the Fourth Congress of \"Drugs and the Liver\" in Japan) were studied by the whole blood culture technique of lumphocyte blast transformation. The positive rate with this technique was 10%, and no more than 15% even with the addition of one query positive. One reason for the low positive rate was that there was not only an allergic mechanism at work in the study group but that liver injury due to direct cytotoxicity of the drug was involved also. For a drug such as chlorpromazine with strong cytotoxicity for lymphocytes, it was difficult to demonstrate a relationship between allergic mechanisms and the drug with this method.", "contents": "Diagnosis of drug induced liver injury using a lymphocyte blast transformation test based on whole blood culture. Twenty cases of suspected drug induced liver injury (16 cases of which satisfied the criteria for at least a query positive diagnosis as based on the Fourth Congress of \"Drugs and the Liver\" in Japan) were studied by the whole blood culture technique of lumphocyte blast transformation. The positive rate with this technique was 10%, and no more than 15% even with the addition of one query positive. One reason for the low positive rate was that there was not only an allergic mechanism at work in the study group but that liver injury due to direct cytotoxicity of the drug was involved also. For a drug such as chlorpromazine with strong cytotoxicity for lymphocytes, it was difficult to demonstrate a relationship between allergic mechanisms and the drug with this method."}
{"id": "PMID:144419", "title": "Purification and some characteristics of liver cytosol cornin, an antimitotic substance from rat liver cytosol.", "content": "Further purification and characterization are reported on rat cytosol cornin (RLCC), an antimitotic substance. Fraction I (purified RLCC) was purified more than 10-fold from crude RLCC with Sephadex G-50 column chromatography and showed a remarkable inhibitory effect on division of inseminated sea urchin eggs and mouse fibroblast cells. Fraction I was observed as one spot, and the molecular weight was estimated to be about 25,000 by thin layer gel filtration. Fraction I contained protein (92%) and RNA (8%), but the antimitotic activity was scarcely affected by treatment by pancreatic RNase. The protein of Fraction I was separated into two bands by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the molecular weight was estimated as 10,000 and 15,000, respectively. The 50% inhibition dose of Fraction I on the first division of inseminated sea urchin eggs and on proliferation of mouse L cells was about 2.5 X 10(-5) g/ml and 5 X 10(-4) g/ml, respectively. The yield of fraction I was about 35 mg from 100 g rat liver.", "contents": "Purification and some characteristics of liver cytosol cornin, an antimitotic substance from rat liver cytosol. Further purification and characterization are reported on rat cytosol cornin (RLCC), an antimitotic substance. Fraction I (purified RLCC) was purified more than 10-fold from crude RLCC with Sephadex G-50 column chromatography and showed a remarkable inhibitory effect on division of inseminated sea urchin eggs and mouse fibroblast cells. Fraction I was observed as one spot, and the molecular weight was estimated to be about 25,000 by thin layer gel filtration. Fraction I contained protein (92%) and RNA (8%), but the antimitotic activity was scarcely affected by treatment by pancreatic RNase. The protein of Fraction I was separated into two bands by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the molecular weight was estimated as 10,000 and 15,000, respectively. The 50% inhibition dose of Fraction I on the first division of inseminated sea urchin eggs and on proliferation of mouse L cells was about 2.5 X 10(-5) g/ml and 5 X 10(-4) g/ml, respectively. The yield of fraction I was about 35 mg from 100 g rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:144420", "title": "[Glucose tolerance abnormalities in mice actively immunized with components of bovine pancreatic hormones (author's transl)].", "content": "The relationship between immune insulitis and glucose tolerance was investigated in three groups of mice following active immunization with different components of bovine pancreatic hormone. An abnormal blood glucose level was observed in the three groups ranging from 33.3% to 87.5% of sensitized mice. A relationship was not present between the glucose tolerance response and the presence of insulitis or anti-insulin antibody in the blood of sensitized mice. However, all sensitized mice with a marked decrease in glucose tolerance were found to have insulitis. In animals without established insulitis and with no demonstrable anti-insulin antibody, abnormal glucose tolerance was noted. This latter condition occurred more frequently with recrystallized insulin than with a-component and did not occur with monocomponent insulin. These findings seemed to indicate that two distinct processes involving some circulating antibodies with anti-insulin antibody and insulitis might be involved in the development of the observed glucose tolerance abnormality.", "contents": "[Glucose tolerance abnormalities in mice actively immunized with components of bovine pancreatic hormones (author's transl)]. The relationship between immune insulitis and glucose tolerance was investigated in three groups of mice following active immunization with different components of bovine pancreatic hormone. An abnormal blood glucose level was observed in the three groups ranging from 33.3% to 87.5% of sensitized mice. A relationship was not present between the glucose tolerance response and the presence of insulitis or anti-insulin antibody in the blood of sensitized mice. However, all sensitized mice with a marked decrease in glucose tolerance were found to have insulitis. In animals without established insulitis and with no demonstrable anti-insulin antibody, abnormal glucose tolerance was noted. This latter condition occurred more frequently with recrystallized insulin than with a-component and did not occur with monocomponent insulin. These findings seemed to indicate that two distinct processes involving some circulating antibodies with anti-insulin antibody and insulitis might be involved in the development of the observed glucose tolerance abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:144421", "title": "Myocardial scintigraphy as a supplementary diagnostic tool in heart disease.", "content": "Myocardial scintigraphy with cesium-131 and thallium-201 was performed in 191 patients. Previous myocardial infarctions localized to the anterior and lateral wall of the left ventricle were correctly diagnosed with both radionuclides. Inferior and posterior infarctions were only detected when thallium was used. In patients with non-informative ECG changes like bundle branch block, non-specific ST-T changes or with atypical symptoms, myocardial imaging made an essential contribution to the establishment of a correct diagnosis. The potential value of myocardial imaging in patients with valvular heart disease and in cardiomyopathy is described.", "contents": "Myocardial scintigraphy as a supplementary diagnostic tool in heart disease. Myocardial scintigraphy with cesium-131 and thallium-201 was performed in 191 patients. Previous myocardial infarctions localized to the anterior and lateral wall of the left ventricle were correctly diagnosed with both radionuclides. Inferior and posterior infarctions were only detected when thallium was used. In patients with non-informative ECG changes like bundle branch block, non-specific ST-T changes or with atypical symptoms, myocardial imaging made an essential contribution to the establishment of a correct diagnosis. The potential value of myocardial imaging in patients with valvular heart disease and in cardiomyopathy is described."}
{"id": "PMID:144422", "title": "Percutaneous rhizotomy of the articular nerve of Luschka for low back and sciatic pain.", "content": "The results of percutaneous facet rhizotomy for the treatment of low back and sciatic pain in 30 patients are reported. Satisfactory results were obtained in 76% of cases. No complications were found. This procedure should be tried in every patient with low back and extremity pain and no major neurological deficit before resorting to laminectomy.", "contents": "Percutaneous rhizotomy of the articular nerve of Luschka for low back and sciatic pain. The results of percutaneous facet rhizotomy for the treatment of low back and sciatic pain in 30 patients are reported. Satisfactory results were obtained in 76% of cases. No complications were found. This procedure should be tried in every patient with low back and extremity pain and no major neurological deficit before resorting to laminectomy."}
{"id": "PMID:144423", "title": "Precerebral arterial blood flow pattern in intracranial hypertension with cerebral blood flow arrest.", "content": "A pulsed echo Doppler flowmeter was used to confirm cerebral flow arrest in patients with intracranial hypertension resulting in a cerebral perfusion pressure of zero or close to zero. The cerebral angiograms showed non-filling. The term brain tamponade is used for this condition. The patient had a mean arterial blood pressure at the time or recording ranging from 70 to 160 mmHg. Under these conditions the transcutaneous recording of internal carotid artery flow velocity immediately distal to the carotid bifurcation showed a reverberating flow pattern with marked pulsations. The forward flow in systole was counterbalanced by the retrograde flow during diastole resulting in a net flow of zero. This flow pattern is basically caused by a combination of intracranial vascular obstruction, the arterial blood pressure at the site of measurement, and finally the compliance of the distal arterial segment as well as the intracranial compliance. This non-invasive method is of potential value in the determination of intracranial flow arrest.", "contents": "Precerebral arterial blood flow pattern in intracranial hypertension with cerebral blood flow arrest. A pulsed echo Doppler flowmeter was used to confirm cerebral flow arrest in patients with intracranial hypertension resulting in a cerebral perfusion pressure of zero or close to zero. The cerebral angiograms showed non-filling. The term brain tamponade is used for this condition. The patient had a mean arterial blood pressure at the time or recording ranging from 70 to 160 mmHg. Under these conditions the transcutaneous recording of internal carotid artery flow velocity immediately distal to the carotid bifurcation showed a reverberating flow pattern with marked pulsations. The forward flow in systole was counterbalanced by the retrograde flow during diastole resulting in a net flow of zero. This flow pattern is basically caused by a combination of intracranial vascular obstruction, the arterial blood pressure at the site of measurement, and finally the compliance of the distal arterial segment as well as the intracranial compliance. This non-invasive method is of potential value in the determination of intracranial flow arrest."}
{"id": "PMID:144434", "title": "The industrial back problem: role of the industrial hygienist and ergonomics.", "content": "This article discusses a major and costly problem in industry today--the industrial back problem. What does industrial hygiene have to do with back accident problems? This article relates the problem to the basic philosphy of industrial hygiene and ergonomics. Information is provided to give the reader a better understanding of the back problem. The role of industrial hygiene and ergonomics is explained as a help to industry in curbing the high costs and workdays lost due to perplexing back problems in industry.", "contents": "The industrial back problem: role of the industrial hygienist and ergonomics. This article discusses a major and costly problem in industry today--the industrial back problem. What does industrial hygiene have to do with back accident problems? This article relates the problem to the basic philosphy of industrial hygiene and ergonomics. Information is provided to give the reader a better understanding of the back problem. The role of industrial hygiene and ergonomics is explained as a help to industry in curbing the high costs and workdays lost due to perplexing back problems in industry."}
{"id": "PMID:144435", "title": "Variations in intrafusal fiber size within histochemically identified types of intrafusal fibers in the pigeon.", "content": "The myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase reaction with acid preincubation allowed the identification of three types of intrafusal fibers in pigeon flexor carpi ulnaris muscle spindles. Measurements of cross-sectional areas at the polar region showed much overlap in fiber size among populations of each type.", "contents": "Variations in intrafusal fiber size within histochemically identified types of intrafusal fibers in the pigeon. The myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase reaction with acid preincubation allowed the identification of three types of intrafusal fibers in pigeon flexor carpi ulnaris muscle spindles. Measurements of cross-sectional areas at the polar region showed much overlap in fiber size among populations of each type."}
{"id": "PMID:144436", "title": "A case-control study of uterine perforations documented at laparoscopy.", "content": "A case-control analysis was done of 19 cases of uterine perforations which occurred during laparoscopic sterilization at Gardy Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, between February 1, 1974, and January 31, 1976. The over-all perforation rate, 30.4 per 1,000 procedures, is three to 30 times that commonly reported for dilatation and suction or sharp curettage (D&C) of the uterus. Case women were 10.4 times more likely than control women to combine two of the following three characteristics: age greater than 34, parity greater than 4, and obesity greater than 20 per cent above the ideal body weight for height. Surgeons with fewer months of formal Ob/Gyn training were no more likely than their relatively more experienced colleagues to perforate the uterus. No other risk factors were delineated. It is believed that the perforation rate, higher in this study than in earlier ones, reflects better ascertainment of perforations. The bleeding site was always visualized with the laparoscope in this series.", "contents": "A case-control study of uterine perforations documented at laparoscopy. A case-control analysis was done of 19 cases of uterine perforations which occurred during laparoscopic sterilization at Gardy Memorial Hospital in Atlanta, between February 1, 1974, and January 31, 1976. The over-all perforation rate, 30.4 per 1,000 procedures, is three to 30 times that commonly reported for dilatation and suction or sharp curettage (D&C) of the uterus. Case women were 10.4 times more likely than control women to combine two of the following three characteristics: age greater than 34, parity greater than 4, and obesity greater than 20 per cent above the ideal body weight for height. Surgeons with fewer months of formal Ob/Gyn training were no more likely than their relatively more experienced colleagues to perforate the uterus. No other risk factors were delineated. It is believed that the perforation rate, higher in this study than in earlier ones, reflects better ascertainment of perforations. The bleeding site was always visualized with the laparoscope in this series."}
{"id": "PMID:144438", "title": "Ion pumps in the renal tubule.", "content": "Biochemical studies of renal tissue have so far not shown the presence of any active pump mechanism other than Na-K-ATPase. In this review of possible transport mechanisms for the ions Na, K, H, Cl, and HCO3, it is suggested that transport of these ions can be coupled to ATPase by conductance (uniport) processes or by ion gradients by co-transport (symport) or countertransport (antiport) systems. These may be neutral or electrogenic. Accordingly, the function of any region of the tubule will be determined by the porter(s) present in the apical or basal-lateral membrane, and by the Na-K-ATPase located almost exclusively in the basal-lateral membrane. Future research in this area will probably define these porters in vesicles isolated from specific cell types of the kidney.", "contents": "Ion pumps in the renal tubule. Biochemical studies of renal tissue have so far not shown the presence of any active pump mechanism other than Na-K-ATPase. In this review of possible transport mechanisms for the ions Na, K, H, Cl, and HCO3, it is suggested that transport of these ions can be coupled to ATPase by conductance (uniport) processes or by ion gradients by co-transport (symport) or countertransport (antiport) systems. These may be neutral or electrogenic. Accordingly, the function of any region of the tubule will be determined by the porter(s) present in the apical or basal-lateral membrane, and by the Na-K-ATPase located almost exclusively in the basal-lateral membrane. Future research in this area will probably define these porters in vesicles isolated from specific cell types of the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:144439", "title": "Dynamic compliance of arterial grafts.", "content": "A cantilever transducer has been developed which allows measurements of diastolic diameter and diameter change in response to pulse pressure in dissected blood vessels during sterile procedures. Preliminary results indicate that it will detect subtle changes in wall elastic properties of arterial grafts at subtle changes in wall elastic properties of arterial grafts at and following implantation, which changes may influence graft function. Compliance, the percentage change in volume per unit pressure, was greater in normal canine femoral artery than in autogenous vein grafts (AVG). Two new graft materials were tested. Mesh-covered modified human umbilical cord vein (DBM) was similar in compliance to AVG but more compliant than double-velour Dacron. Diastolic diameter changes were also recorded. After 2 wk, all three graft materials had increased in diameter: AVG by 8%, DBM by 6%, and Dacron by 5%. After 3 mo, AVG diameter increased by 24%.", "contents": "Dynamic compliance of arterial grafts. A cantilever transducer has been developed which allows measurements of diastolic diameter and diameter change in response to pulse pressure in dissected blood vessels during sterile procedures. Preliminary results indicate that it will detect subtle changes in wall elastic properties of arterial grafts at subtle changes in wall elastic properties of arterial grafts at and following implantation, which changes may influence graft function. Compliance, the percentage change in volume per unit pressure, was greater in normal canine femoral artery than in autogenous vein grafts (AVG). Two new graft materials were tested. Mesh-covered modified human umbilical cord vein (DBM) was similar in compliance to AVG but more compliant than double-velour Dacron. Diastolic diameter changes were also recorded. After 2 wk, all three graft materials had increased in diameter: AVG by 8%, DBM by 6%, and Dacron by 5%. After 3 mo, AVG diameter increased by 24%."}
{"id": "PMID:144440", "title": "Effect of prophylactic digitalization on the development of myocardial hypertrophy.", "content": "The effect of prophylactic digitalization on the development of left ventricular hypertrophy was studied in adult rats. Digitoxin, 0.1 mg/100 g body wt or solvent was given daily for 1 wk prior to either aortic constriction or sham operation and was continued until the animals were killed, either 1 or 4 wk after surgery. A hemodynamic study was done in those animals killed 1 wk after surgery; hearts of all animals were examined for evidence of myocardial hypertrophy. Constriction of the ascending aorta had no significant effect on cardiac output but did reduce peak flow velocity and flow acceleration. An increase in left ventricular mass, RNA, and hydroxyproline was found in the animals with aortic constriction. Digitoxin treatment did not alter peak flow velocity or flow acceleration, but did significantly increase isovolumic (dP/dt)P-1. Digitoxin had no effect on body weight, heart weight, RNA, or hydroxyproline in either the sham-operated animals or in the animals with aortic constriction. Therefore, despite plasma digitoxin levels sufficient to affect myocardial contractility, left ventricular hypertrophy still developed after aortic constriction.", "contents": "Effect of prophylactic digitalization on the development of myocardial hypertrophy. The effect of prophylactic digitalization on the development of left ventricular hypertrophy was studied in adult rats. Digitoxin, 0.1 mg/100 g body wt or solvent was given daily for 1 wk prior to either aortic constriction or sham operation and was continued until the animals were killed, either 1 or 4 wk after surgery. A hemodynamic study was done in those animals killed 1 wk after surgery; hearts of all animals were examined for evidence of myocardial hypertrophy. Constriction of the ascending aorta had no significant effect on cardiac output but did reduce peak flow velocity and flow acceleration. An increase in left ventricular mass, RNA, and hydroxyproline was found in the animals with aortic constriction. Digitoxin treatment did not alter peak flow velocity or flow acceleration, but did significantly increase isovolumic (dP/dt)P-1. Digitoxin had no effect on body weight, heart weight, RNA, or hydroxyproline in either the sham-operated animals or in the animals with aortic constriction. Therefore, despite plasma digitoxin levels sufficient to affect myocardial contractility, left ventricular hypertrophy still developed after aortic constriction."}
{"id": "PMID:144441", "title": "Transient postocclusive renal vasospasm in conscious rhesus monkeys.", "content": "Transient postocclusive renal vasospasm occurred in nine conscious postoperative monkeys with electromagnetic flowmeters implanted on the left renal artery. During an interval of 5-7 days, beginning approximately 1 wk after the implantation of an electromagnetic flowmeter and pneumatic occlusive cuff on the renal artery, occlusions produced by 2- to 15-s inflations of the cuff were invariably followed by flow reduction of 40%-90%, which began 30-60 s after occlusion and lasted from 3 to 60 min. These flow reductions were not related to changes in heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure, nor to flow in other branches of the aorta; nor were they affected by papaverine (5 mg/kg), propranolol (1 mg/kg), phentolamine (3-5 mg/kg per min), or dipyridamole (1 mg/kg). This response to renal artery occlusion disappeared after 5-7 days and did not recur. This phenomenon should be kept in mind when planning experiments involving long-term implantation of flowmeters on the renal arteries of monkeys.", "contents": "Transient postocclusive renal vasospasm in conscious rhesus monkeys. Transient postocclusive renal vasospasm occurred in nine conscious postoperative monkeys with electromagnetic flowmeters implanted on the left renal artery. During an interval of 5-7 days, beginning approximately 1 wk after the implantation of an electromagnetic flowmeter and pneumatic occlusive cuff on the renal artery, occlusions produced by 2- to 15-s inflations of the cuff were invariably followed by flow reduction of 40%-90%, which began 30-60 s after occlusion and lasted from 3 to 60 min. These flow reductions were not related to changes in heart rate, cardiac output, blood pressure, nor to flow in other branches of the aorta; nor were they affected by papaverine (5 mg/kg), propranolol (1 mg/kg), phentolamine (3-5 mg/kg per min), or dipyridamole (1 mg/kg). This response to renal artery occlusion disappeared after 5-7 days and did not recur. This phenomenon should be kept in mind when planning experiments involving long-term implantation of flowmeters on the renal arteries of monkeys."}
{"id": "PMID:144443", "title": "Bruch's membrane in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Histochemical, ultrastructural, and x-ray microanalytical study of the membrane and angioid streak areas.", "content": "In a case of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), Bruch's membrane was studied histochemically, ultrastructurally and by element analysis. Two kinds of calcifications were observed, one composed of hydroxyapatite and the other of CaHPO4. They were seen in the scar tissue of angioid streak areas and in the membrane outside these areas, respectively. Furthermore, a thready material was found in the membrane as well as an increased amount of acid mucopolysaccharides. The genesis of the calcifications and the pathogenesis of angioid streaks are discussed. The author is in favor of a malformed collagen as the basic defect in PXE.", "contents": "Bruch's membrane in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Histochemical, ultrastructural, and x-ray microanalytical study of the membrane and angioid streak areas. In a case of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE), Bruch's membrane was studied histochemically, ultrastructurally and by element analysis. Two kinds of calcifications were observed, one composed of hydroxyapatite and the other of CaHPO4. They were seen in the scar tissue of angioid streak areas and in the membrane outside these areas, respectively. Furthermore, a thready material was found in the membrane as well as an increased amount of acid mucopolysaccharides. The genesis of the calcifications and the pathogenesis of angioid streaks are discussed. The author is in favor of a malformed collagen as the basic defect in PXE."}
{"id": "PMID:144445", "title": "Laparoscopic exposure and sequential observation of the ovary of the cycling bitch.", "content": "A method was developed to alter surgically the bursa of the bitch to allow sequential observation of the ovary by means of laparoscopy. Adult anesthetized female dogs of three breeds underwent laparoscopic examinations in which each natural bursa slit was lengthened 1.0-1.5 cm using laparoscopic hook scissors in conjunction with electrocautery. The ovary could be effectively and repeatedly exposed for laparoscopic viewing through the lengthened bursa slit. Neither laparoscopic surgery nor frequent routine laparoscopic examinations of the reproductive organs had an effect on subsequent ovarian activity. All dogs subjected to the laparoscopic ovarian exposure technique exhibited estrus behavior, follicle development, ovulation and corpus luteum formation. Preovulatory follicular development was detected as early as 11 days before ovulation with the most rapid follicular maturation occurring two to three days before ovulation. Follicular collapse and extensive hemorrhage at the rupture site during ovulation did not occur. Release of the cumulus mass from a vesicular follicle was observed in one bitch. The cumulative mass adhered to the follicular wall for an indefinite time following ovulation. The structural size of the bitch corpus luteum was maximal four to eight days following ovulation. Corpora lutea remained visible on the ovarian surface for 16 weeks. No differences in cyclic ovarian morphology were observed among the three breeds of dogs studied.", "contents": "Laparoscopic exposure and sequential observation of the ovary of the cycling bitch. A method was developed to alter surgically the bursa of the bitch to allow sequential observation of the ovary by means of laparoscopy. Adult anesthetized female dogs of three breeds underwent laparoscopic examinations in which each natural bursa slit was lengthened 1.0-1.5 cm using laparoscopic hook scissors in conjunction with electrocautery. The ovary could be effectively and repeatedly exposed for laparoscopic viewing through the lengthened bursa slit. Neither laparoscopic surgery nor frequent routine laparoscopic examinations of the reproductive organs had an effect on subsequent ovarian activity. All dogs subjected to the laparoscopic ovarian exposure technique exhibited estrus behavior, follicle development, ovulation and corpus luteum formation. Preovulatory follicular development was detected as early as 11 days before ovulation with the most rapid follicular maturation occurring two to three days before ovulation. Follicular collapse and extensive hemorrhage at the rupture site during ovulation did not occur. Release of the cumulus mass from a vesicular follicle was observed in one bitch. The cumulative mass adhered to the follicular wall for an indefinite time following ovulation. The structural size of the bitch corpus luteum was maximal four to eight days following ovulation. Corpora lutea remained visible on the ovarian surface for 16 weeks. No differences in cyclic ovarian morphology were observed among the three breeds of dogs studied."}
{"id": "PMID:144446", "title": "Muscle spindles in nonhuman primate extrinsic auricular muscles.", "content": "Muscle spindles were sought in peri-auricular muscles of several primate species (rhesus monkey, woolly monkey, and baboon). Transverse sections cut at 10 mu and stained primarily by a silver impregnation technique were examined using light microscopy. Spindles were identified on the basis of standard criteria. Posterior and/or superior auricular muscles of each species were found to contain spindles. At least some muscles innervated by facial nerve have classical spindles as component structures.", "contents": "Muscle spindles in nonhuman primate extrinsic auricular muscles. Muscle spindles were sought in peri-auricular muscles of several primate species (rhesus monkey, woolly monkey, and baboon). Transverse sections cut at 10 mu and stained primarily by a silver impregnation technique were examined using light microscopy. Spindles were identified on the basis of standard criteria. Posterior and/or superior auricular muscles of each species were found to contain spindles. At least some muscles innervated by facial nerve have classical spindles as component structures."}
{"id": "PMID:144452", "title": "Isolation and characteristics of bacteriophages from staphylococci of chicken origin.", "content": "Lysogenicity in chicken coagulase-positive staphylococci was tested by incubating the strains in the presence of mitomycin C. Of 88 strains tested, 84 (95.5%) were proved to be phage carriers and 81 were susceptible to any of the phages. The lysogenic strains were detected with almost equal frequency from both of typeable and untypeable strains by the international phages. Sixteen phages (CH phages) were isolated from chicken lysogenic strains, and their usefulness for the typing of chicken staphylococci was evaluated. Of 122 strains examined, 101 (82.8%) were found to be typeable with the CH phages at a routine test dilution (RTD). About 82% of strains untypeable by the phages of the international series were lysed by one or more of the CH phages. The phages seemed to be highly specific to chicken staphylococci, because they lysed only a few strains of animal origin other than chicken. Thus, the 16 phages newly established were found to have significant advantages in typing chicken strains.", "contents": "Isolation and characteristics of bacteriophages from staphylococci of chicken origin. Lysogenicity in chicken coagulase-positive staphylococci was tested by incubating the strains in the presence of mitomycin C. Of 88 strains tested, 84 (95.5%) were proved to be phage carriers and 81 were susceptible to any of the phages. The lysogenic strains were detected with almost equal frequency from both of typeable and untypeable strains by the international phages. Sixteen phages (CH phages) were isolated from chicken lysogenic strains, and their usefulness for the typing of chicken staphylococci was evaluated. Of 122 strains examined, 101 (82.8%) were found to be typeable with the CH phages at a routine test dilution (RTD). About 82% of strains untypeable by the phages of the international series were lysed by one or more of the CH phages. The phages seemed to be highly specific to chicken staphylococci, because they lysed only a few strains of animal origin other than chicken. Thus, the 16 phages newly established were found to have significant advantages in typing chicken strains."}
{"id": "PMID:144453", "title": "Efficacy of fenbendazole against adult Dictyocaulus viviparus in experimentally infected calves.", "content": "Fenbendazole, methyl-5(phenylthio)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate, a new broad-spectrum anthelmintic, was evaluated against the adult Dictyocaulus viviparus, lungworm of cattle, in artificially infected calves. At a dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight, fenbendazole removed 100% of the worms if given as an oral suspension, and 99.7% of the worms if given as a feed additive.", "contents": "Efficacy of fenbendazole against adult Dictyocaulus viviparus in experimentally infected calves. Fenbendazole, methyl-5(phenylthio)-2-benzimidazolecarbamate, a new broad-spectrum anthelmintic, was evaluated against the adult Dictyocaulus viviparus, lungworm of cattle, in artificially infected calves. At a dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight, fenbendazole removed 100% of the worms if given as an oral suspension, and 99.7% of the worms if given as a feed additive."}
{"id": "PMID:144455", "title": "[Utilisation of photochemotherapy by UVA and locally applied psoralens (author's transl)].", "content": "In the Skin Clinic of Neurnberg about 1,500 patients have been treated since 1972 with blacklight and 8-methoxypsoralen, approximately 120-150 every day. This new therapy has proved very good in psoriasis, acne, bacterial disseminated eczema, parapsoriasis and mycosis fungoides. The technique and the rate of relapses, the side effects and their endogenous as well as exogenous causes will be discussed.", "contents": "[Utilisation of photochemotherapy by UVA and locally applied psoralens (author's transl)]. In the Skin Clinic of Neurnberg about 1,500 patients have been treated since 1972 with blacklight and 8-methoxypsoralen, approximately 120-150 every day. This new therapy has proved very good in psoriasis, acne, bacterial disseminated eczema, parapsoriasis and mycosis fungoides. The technique and the rate of relapses, the side effects and their endogenous as well as exogenous causes will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144457", "title": "In vitro activity of spectinomycin against recent urinary tract isolates.", "content": "The susceptibilities to spectinomycin of 303 recent urinary tract isolates were determined and compared to the susceptibilities of those strains to ampicillin, tetracycline, and gentamicin. Based on minimal inhibitory concentrations, 84% of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter, 31% of other Enterobacteriaceae, 7% of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus (including enterococci), and 0% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were susceptible to concentrations of spectinomycin that are easily surpassed in serum (</=32 mug/ml); 90% of all organisms tested other than P. aeruginosa were susceptible to concentrations that are easily surpassed in urine (</=128 mug/ml). Spectinomycin was active against more isolates than either ampicillin or tetracycline but against fewer isolates than gentamicin. Disk diffusion susceptibility tests did not reliably distinguish susceptible from resistant isolates with any of the four antibiotics studied.", "contents": "In vitro activity of spectinomycin against recent urinary tract isolates. The susceptibilities to spectinomycin of 303 recent urinary tract isolates were determined and compared to the susceptibilities of those strains to ampicillin, tetracycline, and gentamicin. Based on minimal inhibitory concentrations, 84% of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, and Enterobacter, 31% of other Enterobacteriaceae, 7% of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus (including enterococci), and 0% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were susceptible to concentrations of spectinomycin that are easily surpassed in serum (</=32 mug/ml); 90% of all organisms tested other than P. aeruginosa were susceptible to concentrations that are easily surpassed in urine (</=128 mug/ml). Spectinomycin was active against more isolates than either ampicillin or tetracycline but against fewer isolates than gentamicin. Disk diffusion susceptibility tests did not reliably distinguish susceptible from resistant isolates with any of the four antibiotics studied."}
{"id": "PMID:144461", "title": "A new technique for resecting the non-inflamed not-adhesive appendix through a mini-laparotomy with the aid of the laparoscope.", "content": "A new technique for appendicectomy is described. Following detailed laparoscopic inspection of the abdomen, the appendix is pulled out with a laparoscopic forceps through a small incision in the right lower abdomen; it is then skeletized. Following ligation with catgut and nylon, the appendix is severed using the thermocautery. The stump is subjected to careful after-coagulation or treated with iodine, and repositioned. Only the skin is sutured.", "contents": "A new technique for resecting the non-inflamed not-adhesive appendix through a mini-laparotomy with the aid of the laparoscope. A new technique for appendicectomy is described. Following detailed laparoscopic inspection of the abdomen, the appendix is pulled out with a laparoscopic forceps through a small incision in the right lower abdomen; it is then skeletized. Following ligation with catgut and nylon, the appendix is severed using the thermocautery. The stump is subjected to careful after-coagulation or treated with iodine, and repositioned. Only the skin is sutured."}
{"id": "PMID:144462", "title": "Yeast opsonization defect and immunoglobulin deficiency in severe infantile dermatitis (Leiner's disease).", "content": "The defect in Leiner's disease, which presents in early infancy with extensive dermatitis, diarrhoea, and failure to thrive, has been attributed to a defect of the fifth component of complement (C5). We report 2 brothers with extensive dermatitis and dysgammaglobulinaemia. Both died. The older showed symptoms of Leiner's disease: C5 tests were not performed. The younger had extensive dermatitis and was found to have the C5 defect. He developed normally, but died suddenly with pertussis. We postulate that the C5 defect is not the sole cause of Leiner's disease as has been suggested, but that hypogammaglobulinaemia or other lymphoid deficiency is also required for its expression.", "contents": "Yeast opsonization defect and immunoglobulin deficiency in severe infantile dermatitis (Leiner's disease). The defect in Leiner's disease, which presents in early infancy with extensive dermatitis, diarrhoea, and failure to thrive, has been attributed to a defect of the fifth component of complement (C5). We report 2 brothers with extensive dermatitis and dysgammaglobulinaemia. Both died. The older showed symptoms of Leiner's disease: C5 tests were not performed. The younger had extensive dermatitis and was found to have the C5 defect. He developed normally, but died suddenly with pertussis. We postulate that the C5 defect is not the sole cause of Leiner's disease as has been suggested, but that hypogammaglobulinaemia or other lymphoid deficiency is also required for its expression."}
{"id": "PMID:144463", "title": "Biochemical changes in progressive osteoarthrosis.", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative variations in glycosaminoglycan content were studied in fibrillated, intact, and osteophytic cartilage of the human femoral head in osteoarthrosis. Total glycosaminoglycan content was reduced in fibrillated, unchanged in intact, and raised in osteophytic cartilage. In fibrillated and osteophytic cartilage the ratio of chondroitin sulphate to keratan sulphate was high and therefore resembled immature cartilage. Hyaluronic acid was present in reduced amount in all osteoarthrotic material. Proportionally more proteoglycans were extractable by 0-15 M NaCl and 4 M guanidinium chloride from the diseased cartilage than from normal cartilage, and all proteoglycans irrespective of buoyant density were carbohydrate deficient. It is postulated that the changes described are compatible with collagen and matrix disruption due to focal overloading and the general attempt at repair.", "contents": "Biochemical changes in progressive osteoarthrosis. Quantitative and qualitative variations in glycosaminoglycan content were studied in fibrillated, intact, and osteophytic cartilage of the human femoral head in osteoarthrosis. Total glycosaminoglycan content was reduced in fibrillated, unchanged in intact, and raised in osteophytic cartilage. In fibrillated and osteophytic cartilage the ratio of chondroitin sulphate to keratan sulphate was high and therefore resembled immature cartilage. Hyaluronic acid was present in reduced amount in all osteoarthrotic material. Proportionally more proteoglycans were extractable by 0-15 M NaCl and 4 M guanidinium chloride from the diseased cartilage than from normal cartilage, and all proteoglycans irrespective of buoyant density were carbohydrate deficient. It is postulated that the changes described are compatible with collagen and matrix disruption due to focal overloading and the general attempt at repair."}
{"id": "PMID:144466", "title": "Errors and artifacts of Doppler flowmeters and their solution.", "content": "Continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound flowmeters are essential instruments for the vascular surgeon. Unfortunately, when used for quantitative purposes, they yield a flow velocity waveform that is substantially in error. Current directional continuous-wave Doppler velocimeters used a O-crossing detector to convert the Doppler signal to a waveform. Unfortunately, there are several inherent problems with this technique, and velocity waveforms are produced that have significant artifacts or errors. In this report, it is shown that a multifilter system is a simple, inexpensive alternative to systems using a O-crossing detector, and furthermore, permits real-time display of the Doppler waveform. The severity of the underlying arterial disease can be quantified by the calculation of pulsatility index. The pulsatility index was calculated from the Doppler waveforms recorded from peripheral arteries in 155 limbs and showed an excellent correlation with the severity of atherosclerosis as assessed by arteriography.", "contents": "Errors and artifacts of Doppler flowmeters and their solution. Continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound flowmeters are essential instruments for the vascular surgeon. Unfortunately, when used for quantitative purposes, they yield a flow velocity waveform that is substantially in error. Current directional continuous-wave Doppler velocimeters used a O-crossing detector to convert the Doppler signal to a waveform. Unfortunately, there are several inherent problems with this technique, and velocity waveforms are produced that have significant artifacts or errors. In this report, it is shown that a multifilter system is a simple, inexpensive alternative to systems using a O-crossing detector, and furthermore, permits real-time display of the Doppler waveform. The severity of the underlying arterial disease can be quantified by the calculation of pulsatility index. The pulsatility index was calculated from the Doppler waveforms recorded from peripheral arteries in 155 limbs and showed an excellent correlation with the severity of atherosclerosis as assessed by arteriography."}
{"id": "PMID:144467", "title": "[Histochemical study of experimental burn wound].", "content": "A composite histochemical and histoenzymechemical study of an experimental burn wound was carried out. The results indicated that the process of healing of the burn wound differed considerably from that of wounds of different etiologies. The burn wound was characterized by secondary obligate deepening, inhibition of leucocyte and macrophage reactions with a reduced functional activity of the cells, simultaneous existence of alterative-exudative and macrophage reactions, inhibition of granulation development, microbial dissemination in the wound and development of vasculites in the wound.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of experimental burn wound]. A composite histochemical and histoenzymechemical study of an experimental burn wound was carried out. The results indicated that the process of healing of the burn wound differed considerably from that of wounds of different etiologies. The burn wound was characterized by secondary obligate deepening, inhibition of leucocyte and macrophage reactions with a reduced functional activity of the cells, simultaneous existence of alterative-exudative and macrophage reactions, inhibition of granulation development, microbial dissemination in the wound and development of vasculites in the wound."}
{"id": "PMID:144468", "title": "[Congenital defects of the cerebral vessels associated with cardiomegaly].", "content": "A case of cardiomegaly developed due to the congenital malformation--aneurysm of Galen's vein in combination with hemangioma of the right hemisphere of the brain--in a newborn is described; the baby died on the 3rd day after birth of increased cardiac insufficiency.", "contents": "[Congenital defects of the cerebral vessels associated with cardiomegaly]. A case of cardiomegaly developed due to the congenital malformation--aneurysm of Galen's vein in combination with hemangioma of the right hemisphere of the brain--in a newborn is described; the baby died on the 3rd day after birth of increased cardiac insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:144469", "title": "[Relationship between the myocardial mass and the volume of human heart ventricles in hypertrophy].", "content": "The weight and volume values of heart ventricles from patients dying of cardio-vascular and some other diseases were studied. Measuring of sarcomeres in freely fixed and controlled pressure-fixed hearts showed that with the former method of fixation heart ventricles were contracted and the volume of their cavity approached the tidal volume. In freely fixed and \"fresh\" hearts removed at autopsies within 2-27 hours after death, concentric and excentric hypertrophy of ventricles may be characterized by numeric values of the relative mass: the ratio of ventricle mass to volume of its cavity, and in the left ventricle--by the relative diameter of the cavity: the ratio of the cavity diameter in cross-section to the thickness of the ventricle wall.", "contents": "[Relationship between the myocardial mass and the volume of human heart ventricles in hypertrophy]. The weight and volume values of heart ventricles from patients dying of cardio-vascular and some other diseases were studied. Measuring of sarcomeres in freely fixed and controlled pressure-fixed hearts showed that with the former method of fixation heart ventricles were contracted and the volume of their cavity approached the tidal volume. In freely fixed and \"fresh\" hearts removed at autopsies within 2-27 hours after death, concentric and excentric hypertrophy of ventricles may be characterized by numeric values of the relative mass: the ratio of ventricle mass to volume of its cavity, and in the left ventricle--by the relative diameter of the cavity: the ratio of the cavity diameter in cross-section to the thickness of the ventricle wall."}
{"id": "PMID:144464", "title": "[Malignant hypertension. Report of a case].", "content": "A case of malignant arterial hypertension, treated with sodium nitroferrecianuro, beta blockers, vasodialators, and hemodialysis with hyposodic baths is presented. It shows the favorable response to this type of treatment, in the cardiac sphere as well as the alteration in the eye grounds. The etiopathogenisis and treatment of malignant arterial hypertension, and indications for the nephrectomy and renal transplant are discussed.", "contents": "[Malignant hypertension. Report of a case]. A case of malignant arterial hypertension, treated with sodium nitroferrecianuro, beta blockers, vasodialators, and hemodialysis with hyposodic baths is presented. It shows the favorable response to this type of treatment, in the cardiac sphere as well as the alteration in the eye grounds. The etiopathogenisis and treatment of malignant arterial hypertension, and indications for the nephrectomy and renal transplant are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144465", "title": "Hemodynamics of hypertension and of hypertensive heart disease.", "content": "Therefore, one may look on the hemodynamic changes in essential hypertension as a continuum of greater degrees of peripheral vasoconstriction. In labile hypertension, the mild arteriolar constriction only slightly increases vascular resistance (the \"inappropriately\" normal level), and the mild venoconstriction serves to redistribute blood to the heart and lungs, thereby augmenting or increasing cardiac output to its increased level. Thus, in this schema it is possible to find mildly hypertensive patients, or even some subjects with labile hypertension, with a normal cardiac output, especially if their circulating volume is already reduced. With advancing disease, arteriolar constriction increases, providing further increases in total peripheral resistance and stress upon the heart, and the coincident venular constriction reduces circulating plasma volume, venous return, and cardiac output.", "contents": "Hemodynamics of hypertension and of hypertensive heart disease. Therefore, one may look on the hemodynamic changes in essential hypertension as a continuum of greater degrees of peripheral vasoconstriction. In labile hypertension, the mild arteriolar constriction only slightly increases vascular resistance (the \"inappropriately\" normal level), and the mild venoconstriction serves to redistribute blood to the heart and lungs, thereby augmenting or increasing cardiac output to its increased level. Thus, in this schema it is possible to find mildly hypertensive patients, or even some subjects with labile hypertension, with a normal cardiac output, especially if their circulating volume is already reduced. With advancing disease, arteriolar constriction increases, providing further increases in total peripheral resistance and stress upon the heart, and the coincident venular constriction reduces circulating plasma volume, venous return, and cardiac output."}
{"id": "PMID:144473", "title": "[A new approach to cataract surgery. Extraction through the pars plana with a phakotribe (\"lens gobbler\") (author's transl)].", "content": "Lens extraction by the posterior route with the phakotribe keeps the complete anterior segment intact. The approach causes no inconvenience to the globe. An account of 18 months experience. The method enables extraction of the most delicate cataracts without subsequent procedures. Vision can be restored rapidly by a contact lens. However the indications must be well evaluated in experimental hands. This technique may be indicated in cataracts in children whether they are congenital or traumatic as well as in traumatic cataracts in adults.", "contents": "[A new approach to cataract surgery. Extraction through the pars plana with a phakotribe (\"lens gobbler\") (author's transl)]. Lens extraction by the posterior route with the phakotribe keeps the complete anterior segment intact. The approach causes no inconvenience to the globe. An account of 18 months experience. The method enables extraction of the most delicate cataracts without subsequent procedures. Vision can be restored rapidly by a contact lens. However the indications must be well evaluated in experimental hands. This technique may be indicated in cataracts in children whether they are congenital or traumatic as well as in traumatic cataracts in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:144474", "title": "[The processes of osteotomy in ocular surgery. Introduction of a new type of oscillating osteotome (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors recall the different technics of bone approach in the dacryocystorhinostomy, the orbital osteosynthesis, the resilient buckling of the lids, the restoration of the medial palpebral ligament and the orbitotomies by temporal way. The processes that utilize a circular oscillating trephine or a saw with oscillatory motion seem to be suitable to most of these operations. A new type of oscillating osteotome is offered.", "contents": "[The processes of osteotomy in ocular surgery. Introduction of a new type of oscillating osteotome (author's transl)]. The authors recall the different technics of bone approach in the dacryocystorhinostomy, the orbital osteosynthesis, the resilient buckling of the lids, the restoration of the medial palpebral ligament and the orbitotomies by temporal way. The processes that utilize a circular oscillating trephine or a saw with oscillatory motion seem to be suitable to most of these operations. A new type of oscillating osteotome is offered."}
{"id": "PMID:144475", "title": "[Treatment of corneal ulcers by hydrophilic lenses pre-soaked in proteolytic hydrolysates of the corneal stroma (author's transl)].", "content": "The faculty of confering to hydrophilic contact lenses the properties of corneal bandage made unable to swell has been investigated by saturating them with calf's corneal hydrolysate. The absorption and storage of the proteolytic hydrolysate (properties and collagenasic hydrolysate's technic of obtention is mentioned) by hydrophilic contact lenses are studied. The treatment of some corneal ulcers is related for 27 eyes from 20 patients. The results appear more suitable for torpic ulcers than for mechanical ulcers.", "contents": "[Treatment of corneal ulcers by hydrophilic lenses pre-soaked in proteolytic hydrolysates of the corneal stroma (author's transl)]. The faculty of confering to hydrophilic contact lenses the properties of corneal bandage made unable to swell has been investigated by saturating them with calf's corneal hydrolysate. The absorption and storage of the proteolytic hydrolysate (properties and collagenasic hydrolysate's technic of obtention is mentioned) by hydrophilic contact lenses are studied. The treatment of some corneal ulcers is related for 27 eyes from 20 patients. The results appear more suitable for torpic ulcers than for mechanical ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:144476", "title": "[The experimental study of the tolerance to suture materials in the sclerocorneal zone of the globe (author's transl)].", "content": "The problem of tissue reaction to the presence of sutures in the sclerocorneal zone has been studied experimentally in 60 rabbit eyes. The suture material used was 6/0 thickness produced By Braun/Melsungen, R.F.A. with nontraumatic needles, silk, non-chromic and chromic catgut, and biosutures prepared from rat tails according to the technique of the Filatov Institute in Odessa (U.S.S.R.). Following non-chromic catgut and the biosuture the tissue reaction was generally very mild but they reabsorbed rapidly. By contrast chromic catgut provoked an intensive reaction and absorbed more slowly with the possibility of producing a toxo-allergic reaction. The silk sutures behaved in the same way as the biosutures and the non chromic catgut. If after 11 or 14 days the silk sutures were not eliminated necrotic changes  developed over them more intensively and the suture fell out. This situation could provoke the formation of fistulae.", "contents": "[The experimental study of the tolerance to suture materials in the sclerocorneal zone of the globe (author's transl)]. The problem of tissue reaction to the presence of sutures in the sclerocorneal zone has been studied experimentally in 60 rabbit eyes. The suture material used was 6/0 thickness produced By Braun/Melsungen, R.F.A. with nontraumatic needles, silk, non-chromic and chromic catgut, and biosutures prepared from rat tails according to the technique of the Filatov Institute in Odessa (U.S.S.R.). Following non-chromic catgut and the biosuture the tissue reaction was generally very mild but they reabsorbed rapidly. By contrast chromic catgut provoked an intensive reaction and absorbed more slowly with the possibility of producing a toxo-allergic reaction. The silk sutures behaved in the same way as the biosutures and the non chromic catgut. If after 11 or 14 days the silk sutures were not eliminated necrotic changes  developed over them more intensively and the suture fell out. This situation could provoke the formation of fistulae."}
{"id": "PMID:144477", "title": "[Exudative diabetic retinopathy. The use of clofibrate in the treatment of hard exudates using a reduced but prolonged dosage over several years (author's transl)].", "content": "Clofibrate is the treatment of choice in exudative diabetic retinopathy. With a low dose the exudates disappear, on the condition to carry on the treatment during several years. 1 or 2 capsules a day (500 or 1 000 mg/day) is enough. At this dose the tolerance is very good, allowing a regular and non-stop treatment.", "contents": "[Exudative diabetic retinopathy. The use of clofibrate in the treatment of hard exudates using a reduced but prolonged dosage over several years (author's transl)]. Clofibrate is the treatment of choice in exudative diabetic retinopathy. With a low dose the exudates disappear, on the condition to carry on the treatment during several years. 1 or 2 capsules a day (500 or 1 000 mg/day) is enough. At this dose the tolerance is very good, allowing a regular and non-stop treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:144478", "title": "[Lacrimal physiology (author's transl)].", "content": "The althors want to recall the importance of the quality of the lacrymal film. The role of the accessory lacrymal glands is essential. The excretory system is not a passive emunctory but an active pumping system, the walls of the passages absorb most of the lacrymal fluid. Easy tests enable to probe the lacrymal system.", "contents": "[Lacrimal physiology (author's transl)]. The althors want to recall the importance of the quality of the lacrymal film. The role of the accessory lacrymal glands is essential. The excretory system is not a passive emunctory but an active pumping system, the walls of the passages absorb most of the lacrymal fluid. Easy tests enable to probe the lacrymal system."}
{"id": "PMID:144480", "title": "[C\u00fcppers' string operation (author's transl)].", "content": "C\u00fcppers' thread operation opens a new chapter in Oculo-motor surgery. This operation aims at reducing the rotational force of the recti muscles innervational impulsion without changing the balance in primary position. This result is obtained by suturing the muscle belly and sclera at least 13 mm behind the original scleral insertion. The indications for this operation are the following: 1. Oculo-motors Paralysis, in acoordance to the C\u00fcpper's principle: \"paresis versus paresis\" reducing the rotational force of the innervational impulsion of a muscle induces an increasing of innervational impulsion in the yoke muscle. 2. Surgery in excentric fixation: creating a pseudo-paralysis induces a change of fixation in the opposite direction. 3. Nystagmus surgery: the thread allows a reduction of the innervational impulsion in the muscles which create the blockage; the abnormal head posture is thus reduced. 4. Surgery in variable non accommodative squint: the static component of the deviation is treated by classical surgery, the dynamic component by thread operation.", "contents": "[C\u00fcppers' string operation (author's transl)]. C\u00fcppers' thread operation opens a new chapter in Oculo-motor surgery. This operation aims at reducing the rotational force of the recti muscles innervational impulsion without changing the balance in primary position. This result is obtained by suturing the muscle belly and sclera at least 13 mm behind the original scleral insertion. The indications for this operation are the following: 1. Oculo-motors Paralysis, in acoordance to the C\u00fcpper's principle: \"paresis versus paresis\" reducing the rotational force of the innervational impulsion of a muscle induces an increasing of innervational impulsion in the yoke muscle. 2. Surgery in excentric fixation: creating a pseudo-paralysis induces a change of fixation in the opposite direction. 3. Nystagmus surgery: the thread allows a reduction of the innervational impulsion in the muscles which create the blockage; the abnormal head posture is thus reduced. 4. Surgery in variable non accommodative squint: the static component of the deviation is treated by classical surgery, the dynamic component by thread operation."}
{"id": "PMID:144481", "title": "[Changes of the corneal thickness after cataract extration (author's transl)].", "content": "A study of changes of the corneal thickness after cataract extraction was carried out on 149 patients. Cataract extraction was performed with partial knife incision or \"ab externo\" incision. The corneal thickness was measured with a Haag-Streit pachometer prior to cataract extraction and 4 days to 6 months after the operation. The investigation showed that the postoperative increase of the corneal thickness returns as before the operation.", "contents": "[Changes of the corneal thickness after cataract extration (author's transl)]. A study of changes of the corneal thickness after cataract extraction was carried out on 149 patients. Cataract extraction was performed with partial knife incision or \"ab externo\" incision. The corneal thickness was measured with a Haag-Streit pachometer prior to cataract extraction and 4 days to 6 months after the operation. The investigation showed that the postoperative increase of the corneal thickness returns as before the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:144482", "title": "[Vitelliform degeneration of the macula and Leber's amaurosis. Discussion on nosology (author's transl)].", "content": "A description of vitelliform degeneration of the macula in 6 year-old child, and Leber's amaurosis in his first cousin aged 7. The evolution has been followed and studied for 18 months from the point of view of slit-lamp examination, function and electrophysiology. The intrafamilial association of these two types of hereditary tapeto-retinal degeneration allows a discussion on their respective nosological character in the light of the small amount of literature available.", "contents": "[Vitelliform degeneration of the macula and Leber's amaurosis. Discussion on nosology (author's transl)]. A description of vitelliform degeneration of the macula in 6 year-old child, and Leber's amaurosis in his first cousin aged 7. The evolution has been followed and studied for 18 months from the point of view of slit-lamp examination, function and electrophysiology. The intrafamilial association of these two types of hereditary tapeto-retinal degeneration allows a discussion on their respective nosological character in the light of the small amount of literature available."}
{"id": "PMID:144483", "title": "[Herpetic keratitis as a cause of disturbance of motility of the globe and upper lid (author's transl)].", "content": "The author describes the phenomenon of convergent squint and ptosis of the upper eyelid caused by relasping herpetic keratitis have not been previously reported, although this possibility should be considered. This observation represents a contribution to the better understanding of herpetic eye disease in general as well as the eventual recognition of the toxic effect of the HSH virus on man in vivo. According to the author these ocular disturbances are provoked by the toxic effect of the human herpes simplex virus and are connected to its neurotropism.", "contents": "[Herpetic keratitis as a cause of disturbance of motility of the globe and upper lid (author's transl)]. The author describes the phenomenon of convergent squint and ptosis of the upper eyelid caused by relasping herpetic keratitis have not been previously reported, although this possibility should be considered. This observation represents a contribution to the better understanding of herpetic eye disease in general as well as the eventual recognition of the toxic effect of the HSH virus on man in vivo. According to the author these ocular disturbances are provoked by the toxic effect of the human herpes simplex virus and are connected to its neurotropism."}
{"id": "PMID:144484", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of two cases of persistent primary vitreous (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrastructural study of two cases of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Behind posterior lens capsule we find a connective tissue where fibroblasts present an intense activity. Numerous vessels and neuro-ectodermal tissue were noted.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of two cases of persistent primary vitreous (author's transl)]. Ultrastructural study of two cases of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Behind posterior lens capsule we find a connective tissue where fibroblasts present an intense activity. Numerous vessels and neuro-ectodermal tissue were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:144485", "title": "[Vitrectomy through the pars-plana in two cases of persitent primary vitreous (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous have been managed by the vitreous cutter Sukon \"Alternating\" with a pars-plana approach.", "contents": "[Vitrectomy through the pars-plana in two cases of persitent primary vitreous (author's transl)]. Two cases of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous have been managed by the vitreous cutter Sukon \"Alternating\" with a pars-plana approach."}
{"id": "PMID:144486", "title": "[Ultrastructural study of a case of molluscum contagiosum (author's transl)].", "content": "This is the case of a female child with molluscum contagiosum widely disseminated around the mouth and the eye-lids. Antibiotics were used to stop local staphylococcal superinfection. Follicular conjunctivitis and keratitis punctata disappeared only after complete removal of all cutaneous lesions. Biological diagnosis was done by direct observation of the Poxvirus with the electron microscope, since isolation of the virus itself is impossible. Ultrastructural study of the excised tumor has shown the different stages of the growth of the virus, and the associated cellular lesions.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural study of a case of molluscum contagiosum (author's transl)]. This is the case of a female child with molluscum contagiosum widely disseminated around the mouth and the eye-lids. Antibiotics were used to stop local staphylococcal superinfection. Follicular conjunctivitis and keratitis punctata disappeared only after complete removal of all cutaneous lesions. Biological diagnosis was done by direct observation of the Poxvirus with the electron microscope, since isolation of the virus itself is impossible. Ultrastructural study of the excised tumor has shown the different stages of the growth of the virus, and the associated cellular lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:144509", "title": "[Clinical trial of the new percutaneously active antirheumatic etofenamate. Summarising report (author's transl)].", "content": "2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethyl-N-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)anthranilate (etofenamate, Rheumon Gel), a percutaneously active antirheumatic containing etofenamate as active principle has been subjected to clinical studies in both hospitalized and out-patients in various types of rheumatic disease. These trials included double-blind studies against placebo gel, controlled comparative studies against two topical commercial products (ointmentI: combination of 2-hydroxyethyl salicylate and p-menthan-3-ol; ointment II: 3,5-dioxo-1,2-diphenyl-4-n-butylpyrazolidine) and open trials for efficacy and tolerance. Of the 760 patients taking part in the trials, 556 were treated with Rheumon Gel.", "contents": "[Clinical trial of the new percutaneously active antirheumatic etofenamate. Summarising report (author's transl)]. 2-(2-Hydroxyethoxy)ethyl-N-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)anthranilate (etofenamate, Rheumon Gel), a percutaneously active antirheumatic containing etofenamate as active principle has been subjected to clinical studies in both hospitalized and out-patients in various types of rheumatic disease. These trials included double-blind studies against placebo gel, controlled comparative studies against two topical commercial products (ointmentI: combination of 2-hydroxyethyl salicylate and p-menthan-3-ol; ointment II: 3,5-dioxo-1,2-diphenyl-4-n-butylpyrazolidine) and open trials for efficacy and tolerance. Of the 760 patients taking part in the trials, 556 were treated with Rheumon Gel."}
{"id": "PMID:144506", "title": "Prostaglandin E1 treatment of NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mice. II. Prevention of glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The F1 hybrid of New Zealand black and New Zealand white mice--the NZB/NZW mouse--spontaneously develops a disease similar to human systemic lupus erythematous, characterized by impaired cell-mediated and enhanced humoral immune responses, development of antibodies to nuclear antigens, and immune complex glomerulonephritis. Because there is experimental evidence that prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) can enhance T-cell function and cell-mediated responses and suppress B-cell activity, NZB/NZW mice were treated with 200 microgram PGE1 subcutaneously once or twice daily from 6 weeks of age. PGE1 treatment of female and male mice prevents giomerular deposition of immunoglobulins and complement (monitored by immunofluorescence), and development of the proliferative glomerulonephritis (determined by light and electron microscopy) characteristic of untreated NZB/NZW mice. After 1 year of treatment, 18 of 19 female mice survived, whereas only 2 of 19 untreated control mice were alive. Male mice treated with 200 microgram PGE1 daily were also protected: 9 of 11 versus 2 of 9 untreated mice were alive at 65 weeks. PGE1 treatment did not prevent development of antibodies to nuclear material in any of the treated groups.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E1 treatment of NZB/NZW F1 hybrid mice. II. Prevention of glomerulonephritis. The F1 hybrid of New Zealand black and New Zealand white mice--the NZB/NZW mouse--spontaneously develops a disease similar to human systemic lupus erythematous, characterized by impaired cell-mediated and enhanced humoral immune responses, development of antibodies to nuclear antigens, and immune complex glomerulonephritis. Because there is experimental evidence that prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) can enhance T-cell function and cell-mediated responses and suppress B-cell activity, NZB/NZW mice were treated with 200 microgram PGE1 subcutaneously once or twice daily from 6 weeks of age. PGE1 treatment of female and male mice prevents giomerular deposition of immunoglobulins and complement (monitored by immunofluorescence), and development of the proliferative glomerulonephritis (determined by light and electron microscopy) characteristic of untreated NZB/NZW mice. After 1 year of treatment, 18 of 19 female mice survived, whereas only 2 of 19 untreated control mice were alive. Male mice treated with 200 microgram PGE1 daily were also protected: 9 of 11 versus 2 of 9 untreated mice were alive at 65 weeks. PGE1 treatment did not prevent development of antibodies to nuclear material in any of the treated groups."}
{"id": "PMID:144510", "title": "Short-term and prolonged treatment with oral contraceptives and liver function.", "content": "Experiments on female rats were performed to observe the effects of progesterone and two synthetic progestens: ethinodiol-diacetate and methylestrenolone on liver function. In acute experiments animals were treated for the duration of one sexual cycle. All three compounds prolonged the hexobarbital biotransformation time. This effect is reversible and normalised 48 h after stopping treatment. The testosterone inducement of microsomal mixed function oxydases remained at the level of controls after methylestrenolone pretreatments and was even higher in the ethinodiol-diacetate and progesterone pretreated animals. Subacute and chronical treatments lasting for two or more sexual cycles resulted in the same slight inhibition of hexobarbital biotransformation when performed with the two progestogens. Chronical progesterone administration prolonged significantly hexobarbital biotransformation time. This impairement is also reversible. Our results pertain to a moderate, transitive inhibition of hexobarbital metabolism during short-term and prolonged progesterone and progestogen treatment. This effect may be easily suspended by interrupting drug administration or inducing microsomal enzymes with a single dosage of testosterone. In our progesterone experiments the inhibition of liver function increased with dosage and exposition time. In case of the two examined progestogens exposition time has not been proven as a predisposing factor for impairing liver function.", "contents": "Short-term and prolonged treatment with oral contraceptives and liver function. Experiments on female rats were performed to observe the effects of progesterone and two synthetic progestens: ethinodiol-diacetate and methylestrenolone on liver function. In acute experiments animals were treated for the duration of one sexual cycle. All three compounds prolonged the hexobarbital biotransformation time. This effect is reversible and normalised 48 h after stopping treatment. The testosterone inducement of microsomal mixed function oxydases remained at the level of controls after methylestrenolone pretreatments and was even higher in the ethinodiol-diacetate and progesterone pretreated animals. Subacute and chronical treatments lasting for two or more sexual cycles resulted in the same slight inhibition of hexobarbital biotransformation when performed with the two progestogens. Chronical progesterone administration prolonged significantly hexobarbital biotransformation time. This impairement is also reversible. Our results pertain to a moderate, transitive inhibition of hexobarbital metabolism during short-term and prolonged progesterone and progestogen treatment. This effect may be easily suspended by interrupting drug administration or inducing microsomal enzymes with a single dosage of testosterone. In our progesterone experiments the inhibition of liver function increased with dosage and exposition time. In case of the two examined progestogens exposition time has not been proven as a predisposing factor for impairing liver function."}
{"id": "PMID:144507", "title": "Clinical evaluation of D-penicillamine by multicentric double-blind comparative study in chronic rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In order to evaluate clinical efficacy of D-penicillamine (DP) a double-blind study was conducted by the Metalcaptase Research Group consisting of forty-one rheumatological centers in Japan. A total of 179 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was divided into two groups; one treated with 5 mg (control group) and the other with 100 mg (drug group) of DP in capsule form. The trial lasted 24 weeks. Global judgment by physicians revealed that improvement was found in 27% in the controls and 65% in the drug group. Adverse reactions occurred in 34% of the controls and 49% of the drug group. Skin rashes, taste disturbances, gastrointestinal upset and proteinuria were frequent in the drug group, but severe or fatal reactions could not be seen in this trial.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of D-penicillamine by multicentric double-blind comparative study in chronic rheumatoid arthritis. In order to evaluate clinical efficacy of D-penicillamine (DP) a double-blind study was conducted by the Metalcaptase Research Group consisting of forty-one rheumatological centers in Japan. A total of 179 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was divided into two groups; one treated with 5 mg (control group) and the other with 100 mg (drug group) of DP in capsule form. The trial lasted 24 weeks. Global judgment by physicians revealed that improvement was found in 27% in the controls and 65% in the drug group. Adverse reactions occurred in 34% of the controls and 49% of the drug group. Skin rashes, taste disturbances, gastrointestinal upset and proteinuria were frequent in the drug group, but severe or fatal reactions could not be seen in this trial."}
{"id": "PMID:144508", "title": "A double-blind trial of high versus conventional dosages of gold salts for rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "In a double-blind study, patients were randomly selected for treatment using conventional doses (CD; 50 mg) or high doses (HD; 150 mg) of sodium aurothiomalate given weekly by injection. Twenty-three patients were assigned to the CD group and 24 to the HD group. Neither efficacy nor toxicity correlated with serum gold concentrations. Conventional doses were as efficacious as high doses with respect to both rapidity and degree of response. However, side effects were much more frequent and severe in the HD group. Thus there is no reason to recommend a 150 mg weekly dosage regimen.", "contents": "A double-blind trial of high versus conventional dosages of gold salts for rheumatoid arthritis. In a double-blind study, patients were randomly selected for treatment using conventional doses (CD; 50 mg) or high doses (HD; 150 mg) of sodium aurothiomalate given weekly by injection. Twenty-three patients were assigned to the CD group and 24 to the HD group. Neither efficacy nor toxicity correlated with serum gold concentrations. Conventional doses were as efficacious as high doses with respect to both rapidity and degree of response. However, side effects were much more frequent and severe in the HD group. Thus there is no reason to recommend a 150 mg weekly dosage regimen."}
{"id": "PMID:144518", "title": "A study of the in vitro metabolism of androgens by human scalp and pubic skin.", "content": "The metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione and testosterone was compared in vitro in human scalp, forehead, pubic and axillary skin biopsies. Conversion of testosterone to the metabolite 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, believed to be the active form of androgen, occurred in all tissues; however 17-oxosteroids such as androstenedione, 5alpha-androstanedione and androsterone were also formed from testosterone and were the major metabolites of scalp and forehead skin. While 17beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity was present in every skin sample, it was evident there were differences in the direction of operation of this enzyme in skin from different body sites. Axillary skin readily metabolised androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone to active 17beta-hydroxy steroids such as testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, but these compounds were minor metabolites of androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone in forehead and scalp skin despite their activity in 17beta-oxidation of testosterone. Pubic skin was intermediate between axillary and scalp skin in its ability to form 17beta-hydroxy products from androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone. It is suggested these patterns of metabolism may reflect differences in androgen sensitivity.", "contents": "A study of the in vitro metabolism of androgens by human scalp and pubic skin. The metabolism of dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione and testosterone was compared in vitro in human scalp, forehead, pubic and axillary skin biopsies. Conversion of testosterone to the metabolite 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, believed to be the active form of androgen, occurred in all tissues; however 17-oxosteroids such as androstenedione, 5alpha-androstanedione and androsterone were also formed from testosterone and were the major metabolites of scalp and forehead skin. While 17beta-hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase activity was present in every skin sample, it was evident there were differences in the direction of operation of this enzyme in skin from different body sites. Axillary skin readily metabolised androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone to active 17beta-hydroxy steroids such as testosterone and 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, but these compounds were minor metabolites of androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone in forehead and scalp skin despite their activity in 17beta-oxidation of testosterone. Pubic skin was intermediate between axillary and scalp skin in its ability to form 17beta-hydroxy products from androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone. It is suggested these patterns of metabolism may reflect differences in androgen sensitivity."}
{"id": "PMID:144519", "title": "An assessment of laparoscopy as the primary investigation in the subfertile female.", "content": "Our experience with laparoscopy as the primary means of assessment of the female genital tract is described in 279 women attending a subfertility clinic. Thirty-two per cent of patients with primary infertility and 60 per cent of patients with secondary infertility had significant pelvic disease. We feel that laparoscopy should replace other methods for the routine primary assessment of the genital tract in infertile women.", "contents": "An assessment of laparoscopy as the primary investigation in the subfertile female. Our experience with laparoscopy as the primary means of assessment of the female genital tract is described in 279 women attending a subfertility clinic. Thirty-two per cent of patients with primary infertility and 60 per cent of patients with secondary infertility had significant pelvic disease. We feel that laparoscopy should replace other methods for the routine primary assessment of the genital tract in infertile women."}
{"id": "PMID:144520", "title": "Reactivity of essential thiols of myosin. Chemical probes of the activated state.", "content": "14C-Labeled fluorodinitrobenzene and N-ethylmaleimide have been used as chemical probes of the conformational states of myosin induced by the binding of MgADP and MgATP. The results indicate that in the high-energy conformation, MMgADP-Pi, the essential thiols are protected from modification but their diminished reactivity does not result from depletion of the reagent by reaction at nonessential thiols. The binding of MgADP to myosin exposes the essential thiols as reflected by an increased rate of their modification. The influence of the divalent cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ on the conformation of the M species has also been investigated. By monitoring the incorporation of fluorodinitrobenzene, the conformations of the M state in the presence of these cations can be clearly discerned.", "contents": "Reactivity of essential thiols of myosin. Chemical probes of the activated state. 14C-Labeled fluorodinitrobenzene and N-ethylmaleimide have been used as chemical probes of the conformational states of myosin induced by the binding of MgADP and MgATP. The results indicate that in the high-energy conformation, MMgADP-Pi, the essential thiols are protected from modification but their diminished reactivity does not result from depletion of the reagent by reaction at nonessential thiols. The binding of MgADP to myosin exposes the essential thiols as reflected by an increased rate of their modification. The influence of the divalent cations Mg2+ and Ca2+ on the conformation of the M species has also been investigated. By monitoring the incorporation of fluorodinitrobenzene, the conformations of the M state in the presence of these cations can be clearly discerned."}
{"id": "PMID:144522", "title": "Effect of nucleotide binding on the proximity of the essential sulfhydryl groups of myosin. Chemical probing of movement of residues during conformational transitions.", "content": "The reaction of myosin with three bifunctional sulfhydryl reagents of differing cross-linking span is reported. In the absence of nucleotide only p-N,N'-phenylenedimaleimide with a cross-linking span of 12-14 A can bridge between the two essential sulfhydryls of myosin. The other two reagents, 2,4-dinitro-1,5-difluorobenzene and 4,4'-difluoro-3,3'-dinitrodiphenyl sulfone with cross-linking spans of 3-5 and 7-10 A, respectively, react under identical conditions with the SH1 sulfhydryl but do not bridge to the SH2 group. In the presence of MgADP, both p-N,N'-phenylenedimaleimide and 4,4'-difluoro-3,3'-dinitrodiphenyl sulfone bridge across the SH1 and SH2 groups indicating a closer proximity of these two sulfhydryls in the presence of bound nucleotide. These results are discussed in relation to the conformational change induced in myosin by binding of the nucleotide.", "contents": "Effect of nucleotide binding on the proximity of the essential sulfhydryl groups of myosin. Chemical probing of movement of residues during conformational transitions. The reaction of myosin with three bifunctional sulfhydryl reagents of differing cross-linking span is reported. In the absence of nucleotide only p-N,N'-phenylenedimaleimide with a cross-linking span of 12-14 A can bridge between the two essential sulfhydryls of myosin. The other two reagents, 2,4-dinitro-1,5-difluorobenzene and 4,4'-difluoro-3,3'-dinitrodiphenyl sulfone with cross-linking spans of 3-5 and 7-10 A, respectively, react under identical conditions with the SH1 sulfhydryl but do not bridge to the SH2 group. In the presence of MgADP, both p-N,N'-phenylenedimaleimide and 4,4'-difluoro-3,3'-dinitrodiphenyl sulfone bridge across the SH1 and SH2 groups indicating a closer proximity of these two sulfhydryls in the presence of bound nucleotide. These results are discussed in relation to the conformational change induced in myosin by binding of the nucleotide."}
{"id": "PMID:144523", "title": "Neocarzinostatin: effect of modification of side chain amino and carboxyl groups on chemical and biological properties.", "content": "The antitumor protein neocarzinostatin (NCS), isolated from Streptomyces carzinostaticus, is a single chain polypeptide with 109 amino acid residues. Complete acylation of the amino groups (alanine-1 and lysine-20) was observed when NCS was allowed to react with 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester at pH 8.5. Since the ensuing bis[(alanine-1, lysine-20)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]-propionamide NCS was fully active in antibacterial potency and in the inhibition of growth of leukemic (CCRF-CEM) cells in vitro, it appears that the two amino groups in the protein are not essential for biological activity. Radiolabeled NCS was prepared by using a tritiated or 125I-labeled acylating agent. Since the CD spectra of native and bis(alanine-1, lysine-20)-amino modified NCS were indistinguishable, there is presumably no change in the native conformation of the protein due to acylation. Reaction of NCS with ammonium chloride in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide at pH 4.75 converted all the 10 carboxyl groups into carboxamides and produced a protein derivative of basic character. This modification caused a change in the native conformation of the protein accompanied by a loss in biological inhibitory activities.", "contents": "Neocarzinostatin: effect of modification of side chain amino and carboxyl groups on chemical and biological properties. The antitumor protein neocarzinostatin (NCS), isolated from Streptomyces carzinostaticus, is a single chain polypeptide with 109 amino acid residues. Complete acylation of the amino groups (alanine-1 and lysine-20) was observed when NCS was allowed to react with 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester at pH 8.5. Since the ensuing bis[(alanine-1, lysine-20)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]-propionamide NCS was fully active in antibacterial potency and in the inhibition of growth of leukemic (CCRF-CEM) cells in vitro, it appears that the two amino groups in the protein are not essential for biological activity. Radiolabeled NCS was prepared by using a tritiated or 125I-labeled acylating agent. Since the CD spectra of native and bis(alanine-1, lysine-20)-amino modified NCS were indistinguishable, there is presumably no change in the native conformation of the protein due to acylation. Reaction of NCS with ammonium chloride in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide at pH 4.75 converted all the 10 carboxyl groups into carboxamides and produced a protein derivative of basic character. This modification caused a change in the native conformation of the protein accompanied by a loss in biological inhibitory activities."}
{"id": "PMID:144524", "title": "Changes in plasma membrane enzyme activities during liver regeneration in the rat.", "content": "Changes in activities of plasma membrane enzymes during liver regeneration may be related to the maintenance of hepatic function or to the regulation of cell proliferation. Plasma membranes were isolated from rat livers at various times after partial hepatectomy, and the specific activities of alkaline phosphatase, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, leucine aminopeptidase, 5'-nucleotidase, and adenylate cyclase (basal and with glucagon or epinephrine) were measured. Alkaline phosphatase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity increased 3.6-fold and 2-fold respectively, during the first 48 h after partial hepatectomy. The time of onset and duration of change suggest that these increases in activity are involved in the maintenance of bile secretion. Decreases in leucine aminopeptidase activity at 48--108 h and in 5'-nucleotidase activity at 12--24 h were observed, which may be involved in the restoration of protein and accumulation of RNA. The basal activity of adenylate cyclase increased after partial hepatectomy. The response of adenylate cyclase to epinephrine showed a transitory increase between 36 and 108 h after surgery, while the response to glucagon was decreased by approximately 50% at all time points through 324 h after surgery. These changes in the hormone responsiveness of adenylate cyclase are similar to those previously observed in fetal and preneoplastic liver.", "contents": "Changes in plasma membrane enzyme activities during liver regeneration in the rat. Changes in activities of plasma membrane enzymes during liver regeneration may be related to the maintenance of hepatic function or to the regulation of cell proliferation. Plasma membranes were isolated from rat livers at various times after partial hepatectomy, and the specific activities of alkaline phosphatase, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, leucine aminopeptidase, 5'-nucleotidase, and adenylate cyclase (basal and with glucagon or epinephrine) were measured. Alkaline phosphatase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity increased 3.6-fold and 2-fold respectively, during the first 48 h after partial hepatectomy. The time of onset and duration of change suggest that these increases in activity are involved in the maintenance of bile secretion. Decreases in leucine aminopeptidase activity at 48--108 h and in 5'-nucleotidase activity at 12--24 h were observed, which may be involved in the restoration of protein and accumulation of RNA. The basal activity of adenylate cyclase increased after partial hepatectomy. The response of adenylate cyclase to epinephrine showed a transitory increase between 36 and 108 h after surgery, while the response to glucagon was decreased by approximately 50% at all time points through 324 h after surgery. These changes in the hormone responsiveness of adenylate cyclase are similar to those previously observed in fetal and preneoplastic liver."}
{"id": "PMID:144525", "title": "A simple method for the determination of affinity and binding site concentration in receptor binding studies.", "content": "In ligand binding studies, it is often difficult to apply kinetic analyses because of an uncertainty in experimental data obtained at high ligand concentrations. Under such circumstances, Kd value (an index of the affinity) and the binding site concentration may be estimated more accurately from the binding of a fixed concentration of labelled ligand observed in the presence of various concentrations of the non-labelled ligand, if the fraction of both labelled and non-labelled ligand bound is small. When there is no cooperative effect of the ligand binding, the Kd value may be calculated by subtracting the concentration of the labelled drug from the concentration of the non-labelled drug to cause a 50% reduction of the saturable binding of the labelled drug. From above values, the binding site concentration may be calculated. The proposed method is capable of examining the cooperativity of the ligand binding, the labelled drug concentration and the specific radioactivity of the labelled drug and does not require large amounts of the labelled drug.", "contents": "A simple method for the determination of affinity and binding site concentration in receptor binding studies. In ligand binding studies, it is often difficult to apply kinetic analyses because of an uncertainty in experimental data obtained at high ligand concentrations. Under such circumstances, Kd value (an index of the affinity) and the binding site concentration may be estimated more accurately from the binding of a fixed concentration of labelled ligand observed in the presence of various concentrations of the non-labelled ligand, if the fraction of both labelled and non-labelled ligand bound is small. When there is no cooperative effect of the ligand binding, the Kd value may be calculated by subtracting the concentration of the labelled drug from the concentration of the non-labelled drug to cause a 50% reduction of the saturable binding of the labelled drug. From above values, the binding site concentration may be calculated. The proposed method is capable of examining the cooperativity of the ligand binding, the labelled drug concentration and the specific radioactivity of the labelled drug and does not require large amounts of the labelled drug."}
{"id": "PMID:144526", "title": "An inducible acetate transport system in Neurospora crassa conidia.", "content": "Neurospora crassa conidia possess an active transport system for the uptake of acetate. This system was characterized as: (a) energy dependent; (b) taking place against a concentration gradient; (c) saturating at higher substrate concentrations and (d) competitively inhibited by propionate. Activity of the acetate transport system can be further enhanced by preincubating conidia in 1 mM acetate medium for 180 min (the  inducible transport system). The conidial system and the inducible system have similar properties. The development of the inducible transport was dependent on RNA and protein synthesis. A genetic control of this system was further confirmed by isolating a mutant acp-i acetate permease, inducible) that fails to develop the inducible transport system.", "contents": "An inducible acetate transport system in Neurospora crassa conidia. Neurospora crassa conidia possess an active transport system for the uptake of acetate. This system was characterized as: (a) energy dependent; (b) taking place against a concentration gradient; (c) saturating at higher substrate concentrations and (d) competitively inhibited by propionate. Activity of the acetate transport system can be further enhanced by preincubating conidia in 1 mM acetate medium for 180 min (the  inducible transport system). The conidial system and the inducible system have similar properties. The development of the inducible transport was dependent on RNA and protein synthesis. A genetic control of this system was further confirmed by isolating a mutant acp-i acetate permease, inducible) that fails to develop the inducible transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:144527", "title": "Electron microscopic visualization of the arrangement of the two protein components of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.", "content": "The information obtained by electron microscopic examination of highly purified membrane preparations of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase after freeze-fracturing or negative staining suggests the following conclusions. The catalytic 100 000 dalton protein component penetrates with its greater 'globular' mass the plasma membrane and protudes with its smaller mass from the protoplasmic surface by a stalked knob carrying the catalytic centre. The 40 000 dalton glycoprotein component is anchored in the membrane interior by a non-pom the outer membrane surface forming a surface coat of ill-definable substructure.", "contents": "Electron microscopic visualization of the arrangement of the two protein components of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. The information obtained by electron microscopic examination of highly purified membrane preparations of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase after freeze-fracturing or negative staining suggests the following conclusions. The catalytic 100 000 dalton protein component penetrates with its greater 'globular' mass the plasma membrane and protudes with its smaller mass from the protoplasmic surface by a stalked knob carrying the catalytic centre. The 40 000 dalton glycoprotein component is anchored in the membrane interior by a non-pom the outer membrane surface forming a surface coat of ill-definable substructure."}
{"id": "PMID:144528", "title": "Enhancement of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity of human erythrocyte membranes by hemolysis in isosmotic imidazole buffer. I. General properties of variously prepared membranes and the mechanism of the isosmotic imidazole effect.", "content": "1. Membranes prepared from human erythrocytes hemolyzed in isosmotic (310 imosM) imidazole buffer, pH 7.4, show enhanced and stabilized (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity compared with membranes prepared from erythrocytes hemolyzed in hypotonic (20 imosM) phosphate or imidazole buffer, pH 7.4. 2. Exposure of intact erythrocytes or well-washed erythrocyte membranes to isosmotic imidazole does not cause enhanced (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity. 3. Exposure of erythrocyte membranes, in the presence of isosmotic imidazole, to the supernatant of erythrocyte hemolysis or to a partially purified endogenous (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activator, promotes enhanced (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity. Under appropriate conditions, NaCl can be shown to substitute for imidazole. The results demonstrate that imidazole does not act directly on the erythrocyte membrane but rather by promoting interaction between an endogenous (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activator and the erythrocyte membrane.", "contents": "Enhancement of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity of human erythrocyte membranes by hemolysis in isosmotic imidazole buffer. I. General properties of variously prepared membranes and the mechanism of the isosmotic imidazole effect. 1. Membranes prepared from human erythrocytes hemolyzed in isosmotic (310 imosM) imidazole buffer, pH 7.4, show enhanced and stabilized (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity compared with membranes prepared from erythrocytes hemolyzed in hypotonic (20 imosM) phosphate or imidazole buffer, pH 7.4. 2. Exposure of intact erythrocytes or well-washed erythrocyte membranes to isosmotic imidazole does not cause enhanced (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity. 3. Exposure of erythrocyte membranes, in the presence of isosmotic imidazole, to the supernatant of erythrocyte hemolysis or to a partially purified endogenous (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activator, promotes enhanced (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity. Under appropriate conditions, NaCl can be shown to substitute for imidazole. The results demonstrate that imidazole does not act directly on the erythrocyte membrane but rather by promoting interaction between an endogenous (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activator and the erythrocyte membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:144529", "title": "Enhancement of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity of human erythrocyte membranes by hemolysis in isosmotic imidazole buffer. II. Dependence on calcium and a cytoplasmic activator.", "content": "1. Activity of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase of erythrocyte membrane may be enhanced by a cytoplasmic protein activator. The presence of Ca2+ is necessary for the ionic strength-dependent interaction between the erythrocyte membrane and the activator. This is true no matter the purity of activator (unfractionated hemolysis supernatant or partially purified activator) or the major source of ionic strength (imidazole or NaCl). 2. When the endogenous activator enhances (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity of the erythrocyte membrane, there is a physical association between activator and membrane. This association is not disrupted by a decrease in ionic strength to 0.005 but is reversed by exposure to 5 mM ethyleneglycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid. 3. Activator binding necessary for enhancement of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity may occur during preparation of membranes or during incubation for assay of ATPase.", "contents": "Enhancement of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity of human erythrocyte membranes by hemolysis in isosmotic imidazole buffer. II. Dependence on calcium and a cytoplasmic activator. 1. Activity of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase of erythrocyte membrane may be enhanced by a cytoplasmic protein activator. The presence of Ca2+ is necessary for the ionic strength-dependent interaction between the erythrocyte membrane and the activator. This is true no matter the purity of activator (unfractionated hemolysis supernatant or partially purified activator) or the major source of ionic strength (imidazole or NaCl). 2. When the endogenous activator enhances (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity of the erythrocyte membrane, there is a physical association between activator and membrane. This association is not disrupted by a decrease in ionic strength to 0.005 but is reversed by exposure to 5 mM ethyleneglycol bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid. 3. Activator binding necessary for enhancement of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activity may occur during preparation of membranes or during incubation for assay of ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:144530", "title": "Is there a plasma-membrane-located anion-sensitive ATPase? II. Further studies on rabbit kidney.", "content": "A study has been made to determine whether renal plasma membranes contain an HCO3 stimulated, ouabain insensitive Mg ATPase. Purified mitochondrial, microsomal and brush border membrane fractions have been isolated from rabbit kidney. The microsomal anion-sensitive ATPase activity appears to be entirely of mitochondrial origin on the basis of the effects of inhibitors of mitochondrial Mg ATPase. The brush border membrane fraction is contaminated with mitochondrial fragments and contains an Mg ATPase activity with low anion-sensitivity. Further purification of this fraction causes parallel decreases in anion-sensitivity of the Mg ATPase activity and in cytochrome c oxidase activity. These results indicate that conclusions previously reached by other investigators for a role of anion-sensitive Mg ATPase in the bicarbonate reabsorption of the proximal tubule may no longer be tenable.", "contents": "Is there a plasma-membrane-located anion-sensitive ATPase? II. Further studies on rabbit kidney. A study has been made to determine whether renal plasma membranes contain an HCO3 stimulated, ouabain insensitive Mg ATPase. Purified mitochondrial, microsomal and brush border membrane fractions have been isolated from rabbit kidney. The microsomal anion-sensitive ATPase activity appears to be entirely of mitochondrial origin on the basis of the effects of inhibitors of mitochondrial Mg ATPase. The brush border membrane fraction is contaminated with mitochondrial fragments and contains an Mg ATPase activity with low anion-sensitivity. Further purification of this fraction causes parallel decreases in anion-sensitivity of the Mg ATPase activity and in cytochrome c oxidase activity. These results indicate that conclusions previously reached by other investigators for a role of anion-sensitive Mg ATPase in the bicarbonate reabsorption of the proximal tubule may no longer be tenable."}
{"id": "PMID:144531", "title": "The formation of phosphoenzyme of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Requirement for membrane-bound Ca2+.", "content": "Membrane-bound Ca or Mg of sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments were removed by treating the membrane with EDTA or an acidic solution, and the changes in the enzymatic activities of sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments induced by these treatments were examined. With the decrease in the amount of membrane-bound Ca below 1-3-10(-8) mol/mg protein, it was demonstrated that the activity of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase transiently increased and then diminished, that the Ca-uptake and phosphoenzyme formation declined gradually, and that the activity of Mg2+-ATPase was affected to a less extent. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoretic patterns of peptides from the metal-deficient membranes were the same as those of the untreated material. The level of the phosphoenzyme formation of the metal-deficient membrane was restored by increasing the amount of membrane-bound Ca, but not by increasing the amount of membrane-bound Mg.", "contents": "The formation of phosphoenzyme of sarcoplasmic reticulum. Requirement for membrane-bound Ca2+. Membrane-bound Ca or Mg of sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments were removed by treating the membrane with EDTA or an acidic solution, and the changes in the enzymatic activities of sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments induced by these treatments were examined. With the decrease in the amount of membrane-bound Ca below 1-3-10(-8) mol/mg protein, it was demonstrated that the activity of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase transiently increased and then diminished, that the Ca-uptake and phosphoenzyme formation declined gradually, and that the activity of Mg2+-ATPase was affected to a less extent. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoretic patterns of peptides from the metal-deficient membranes were the same as those of the untreated material. The level of the phosphoenzyme formation of the metal-deficient membrane was restored by increasing the amount of membrane-bound Ca, but not by increasing the amount of membrane-bound Mg."}
{"id": "PMID:144534", "title": "Substrate inhibition of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase in the presence of excess Mg2+.", "content": "1. High concentrations of ATP inhibit completely the activity of (Na+, K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) prepared from sheep brain. 2. The inhibition depends on the concentration of total ATP, i.e. complexed ATP+ free ATP. 3. The inhibition by high ATP concentrations persists in the absence of K+, and is then independent of the Na+ concentration between 2 and 140 mM Na+. 4. Raising the K+ concentration at 20 mM Na+ increases the ATP concentration required for the maximal hydrolysis rate. 5. The Hill number for the inhibition process is about three. 6. The inhibition by ATP is temperature-dependent, in that as the temperature is increased, higher ATP concentrations are required for inhibition.", "contents": "Substrate inhibition of the (Na+, K+)-ATPase in the presence of excess Mg2+. 1. High concentrations of ATP inhibit completely the activity of (Na+, K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) prepared from sheep brain. 2. The inhibition depends on the concentration of total ATP, i.e. complexed ATP+ free ATP. 3. The inhibition by high ATP concentrations persists in the absence of K+, and is then independent of the Na+ concentration between 2 and 140 mM Na+. 4. Raising the K+ concentration at 20 mM Na+ increases the ATP concentration required for the maximal hydrolysis rate. 5. The Hill number for the inhibition process is about three. 6. The inhibition by ATP is temperature-dependent, in that as the temperature is increased, higher ATP concentrations are required for inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:144535", "title": "Enzymatic release of iron from sideramines in fungi. NADH:sideramine oxidoreductase in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Young mycelia of the fungus Neurospora crassa contain a soluble NADH-linked sideramine reductase, which may be responsible for liberating iron in vivo from accumulated sideramines during iron-deficient cultivation. The enzymes can be assayed using a soluble supernatant fraction, EDTA, and an atmosphere of pure nitrogen. The enzyme is stable without loss of activity up to 45 degrees C and has an optimum of activity at pH 7.0. Besides coprogen (Km = 100 micrometer,  V=2.8 nmol/min per mg protein), some other ferrichrome-type compounds are reduced. However, ferrichrome, ferrirubin coprogen B and ferrioxamine are poor substrates. When the mucelia were grown in a medium containing 10(-5) M ferri iron, the activity of the reductase was found to be only 30% of that found under low iron conditions. The enzyme is inhibited by oxygen, SH-alkylating agents and partly by some detergents. Unlike the reductase of N. crassa, the corresponding enzyme from Aspergillus fumigatus revealed low reduction of coprogen and high reduction of ferrichrome, indicating genusdependent specificities of sideramine reduction enzymes in fungi. The participation of acids of the citric acid cycle as natural iron acceptors during strong iron deficiency is studied and confirmed by iron uptake measurements on isolated mitochondria.", "contents": "Enzymatic release of iron from sideramines in fungi. NADH:sideramine oxidoreductase in Neurospora crassa. Young mycelia of the fungus Neurospora crassa contain a soluble NADH-linked sideramine reductase, which may be responsible for liberating iron in vivo from accumulated sideramines during iron-deficient cultivation. The enzymes can be assayed using a soluble supernatant fraction, EDTA, and an atmosphere of pure nitrogen. The enzyme is stable without loss of activity up to 45 degrees C and has an optimum of activity at pH 7.0. Besides coprogen (Km = 100 micrometer,  V=2.8 nmol/min per mg protein), some other ferrichrome-type compounds are reduced. However, ferrichrome, ferrirubin coprogen B and ferrioxamine are poor substrates. When the mucelia were grown in a medium containing 10(-5) M ferri iron, the activity of the reductase was found to be only 30% of that found under low iron conditions. The enzyme is inhibited by oxygen, SH-alkylating agents and partly by some detergents. Unlike the reductase of N. crassa, the corresponding enzyme from Aspergillus fumigatus revealed low reduction of coprogen and high reduction of ferrichrome, indicating genusdependent specificities of sideramine reduction enzymes in fungi. The participation of acids of the citric acid cycle as natural iron acceptors during strong iron deficiency is studied and confirmed by iron uptake measurements on isolated mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:144537", "title": "[The functional coupling between Ca2+-ATPase and creatine phosphokinase in heart muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum].", "content": "The functional role of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the process of energy supply for the Ca2+-ATPase reaction and ion transport across the membrane of heart sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) has been studied. It has been shown that isolated and purified preparations of heart SR contain significant activity of CPK. The localization of CPK on the membrane of SR has been revealed also by an electron microscopic histochemical method. Under conditions of the Ca+-ATPase reaction in the presence of creatine phosphate the release of creatine into the reaction medium is observed, the rate of the latter process being dependent upon the MgATP concentration in accordance with the kinetic parameters of the Ca2+-ATPase reaction. CPK localized on the SR membrane is able to maintain higher rate of calcium uptake by SR vesicles, as compared to that with added ATP-regenerating system. The results obtained demonstrate the close functional coupling between CPK and Ca2+-ATPase in the membrane of SR.", "contents": "[The functional coupling between Ca2+-ATPase and creatine phosphokinase in heart muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum]. The functional role of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) in the process of energy supply for the Ca2+-ATPase reaction and ion transport across the membrane of heart sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) has been studied. It has been shown that isolated and purified preparations of heart SR contain significant activity of CPK. The localization of CPK on the membrane of SR has been revealed also by an electron microscopic histochemical method. Under conditions of the Ca+-ATPase reaction in the presence of creatine phosphate the release of creatine into the reaction medium is observed, the rate of the latter process being dependent upon the MgATP concentration in accordance with the kinetic parameters of the Ca2+-ATPase reaction. CPK localized on the SR membrane is able to maintain higher rate of calcium uptake by SR vesicles, as compared to that with added ATP-regenerating system. The results obtained demonstrate the close functional coupling between CPK and Ca2+-ATPase in the membrane of SR."}
{"id": "PMID:144543", "title": "Spectinomycin hydrochloride in the treatment of gonorrhoea: Its effect on associated Chlamydia trachomatis infections.", "content": "Sixty-three heterosexual men were successfully treated with a single injection of spectinomycin hydrochloride 2 g for urethral infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from the urethra of 11 of these men both before and after treatment. In six men, the organism was isolated after but not before treatment. No isolates were obtained from the remaining men either before or after treatment. All 17 of the men who yielded C. trachomatis developed post-gonococcal urethritis. Eight of 46 men from whom no isolate was obtained in their cultures developed post-gonococcal urethritis. Seventeen of 50 women successfully treated with spectinomycin for cervical infections with N. gonorrhoeae yielded isolates of C. trachomatis both before and after treatment. The organism was isolated from five women before but not after treatment, and from four women after but not before treatment. In 24 women culture for C. trachomatis was negative both before and after treatment. Spectinomycin hydrochloride in the dosage used rarely eliminated C. trachomatis from the genital tract of either men or women; in this respect it resembled two other drugs commonly used for the treatment of gonorrhoea-pencillin and ampicillin.", "contents": "Spectinomycin hydrochloride in the treatment of gonorrhoea: Its effect on associated Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Sixty-three heterosexual men were successfully treated with a single injection of spectinomycin hydrochloride 2 g for urethral infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Chlamydia trachomatis was recovered from the urethra of 11 of these men both before and after treatment. In six men, the organism was isolated after but not before treatment. No isolates were obtained from the remaining men either before or after treatment. All 17 of the men who yielded C. trachomatis developed post-gonococcal urethritis. Eight of 46 men from whom no isolate was obtained in their cultures developed post-gonococcal urethritis. Seventeen of 50 women successfully treated with spectinomycin for cervical infections with N. gonorrhoeae yielded isolates of C. trachomatis both before and after treatment. The organism was isolated from five women before but not after treatment, and from four women after but not before treatment. In 24 women culture for C. trachomatis was negative both before and after treatment. Spectinomycin hydrochloride in the dosage used rarely eliminated C. trachomatis from the genital tract of either men or women; in this respect it resembled two other drugs commonly used for the treatment of gonorrhoea-pencillin and ampicillin."}
{"id": "PMID:144548", "title": "Effects of verapamil on (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and adenylate cyclase activity in a membrane fraction from rat and guinea pig ventricular muscle.", "content": "The electrophysiologic properties and the negative inotropic effect of verapamil are most likely due to the inhibition of calcium movement across the sarcolemmal membrane. A possible biochemical basis for this inhibition of calcium movement was studied in a membrane fraction rich in (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) and adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) activity and which demonstrated Ca2+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity. Since each of these enzymes has the potential for influencing transsarcolemmal calcium movements, the effect of verapamil on their activities was studied in this membrane fraction isolated from rat and guinea pig hearts. Ca2+-ATPase activity in the rat was 37.7 mumol Pi/mg per hour compared with 13.8 +/- 2.9 in the guinea pig (p less than 0.01). Corresponding values for (Na+ + k+)-atpase activites were 7.9 +/- 0.9 mumol Pi/mg per hour versus 10.2 +/- 1.4. Adenylate cyclase activity in the rat was 240 +/- 8 pmol/mg per minute compared with 299 +/- 27. It was found that verapamil in concentrations of 0.01-100 mg/litre (2.1 X 10(-8) to 2.1 X 10(-4) M) had no effect on the activity of the above enzymes in either species and it was concluded that a biochemical basis for the effect of verapamil on calcium flux has yet to be defined.", "contents": "Effects of verapamil on (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, and adenylate cyclase activity in a membrane fraction from rat and guinea pig ventricular muscle. The electrophysiologic properties and the negative inotropic effect of verapamil are most likely due to the inhibition of calcium movement across the sarcolemmal membrane. A possible biochemical basis for this inhibition of calcium movement was studied in a membrane fraction rich in (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) and adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) activity and which demonstrated Ca2+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity. Since each of these enzymes has the potential for influencing transsarcolemmal calcium movements, the effect of verapamil on their activities was studied in this membrane fraction isolated from rat and guinea pig hearts. Ca2+-ATPase activity in the rat was 37.7 mumol Pi/mg per hour compared with 13.8 +/- 2.9 in the guinea pig (p less than 0.01). Corresponding values for (Na+ + k+)-atpase activites were 7.9 +/- 0.9 mumol Pi/mg per hour versus 10.2 +/- 1.4. Adenylate cyclase activity in the rat was 240 +/- 8 pmol/mg per minute compared with 299 +/- 27. It was found that verapamil in concentrations of 0.01-100 mg/litre (2.1 X 10(-8) to 2.1 X 10(-4) M) had no effect on the activity of the above enzymes in either species and it was concluded that a biochemical basis for the effect of verapamil on calcium flux has yet to be defined."}
{"id": "PMID:144549", "title": "Effect of osmolality on renal medullary Na-K-ATPase activity in the postobstructive kidney.", "content": "The aim of this study was to determine the effect of changes in osmolality on the reduced renal medullary Na-K-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity of the postobstructive kidney. The effect of osmolality on renal medullary Na-K-ATPase activity was studied by incubating tissue slices from sham-operated and bilaterally obstructed rats in media with osmolality varied before enzyme isolation using sodium chloride, choline chloride, or sucrose. Both sham-operated and bilaterally obstructed rat renal medullary enzyme showed a similar increase in activity with increased osmolality due to sodium chloride. Medullary Na-K-ATPase from the postobstructive kidney also showed increased activity with osmotic changes induced by choline chloride or sucrose. It is proposed that the decrease of Na-K-ATPase activity observed after bilateral ureteral obstruction is due, at least in part, to the loss of the solute concentration gradient in the kidney.", "contents": "Effect of osmolality on renal medullary Na-K-ATPase activity in the postobstructive kidney. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of changes in osmolality on the reduced renal medullary Na-K-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity of the postobstructive kidney. The effect of osmolality on renal medullary Na-K-ATPase activity was studied by incubating tissue slices from sham-operated and bilaterally obstructed rats in media with osmolality varied before enzyme isolation using sodium chloride, choline chloride, or sucrose. Both sham-operated and bilaterally obstructed rat renal medullary enzyme showed a similar increase in activity with increased osmolality due to sodium chloride. Medullary Na-K-ATPase from the postobstructive kidney also showed increased activity with osmotic changes induced by choline chloride or sucrose. It is proposed that the decrease of Na-K-ATPase activity observed after bilateral ureteral obstruction is due, at least in part, to the loss of the solute concentration gradient in the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:144550", "title": "The effect of ouabain on the guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle: 1. ATPase activities in a sarcolemma-enriched fraction prepared with the aid of divalent cation depletion of the intact muscle.", "content": "Depletion of divalent cations before fractionation of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum yielded a sarcolemma-enriched microsomal fraction free of mitochondria. A major portion of the ATPase activity in the presence of Mg, Na, and K was due to stimulation by Na alone. A further small stimulation by K was demonstrated only in the presence of an activating factor from the 105 000 X g supernatant. Ouabain inhibited only the K activation and had no effect on the Na-stimulated Mg-ATPase.", "contents": "The effect of ouabain on the guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle: 1. ATPase activities in a sarcolemma-enriched fraction prepared with the aid of divalent cation depletion of the intact muscle. Depletion of divalent cations before fractionation of the longitudinal muscle of the guinea pig ileum yielded a sarcolemma-enriched microsomal fraction free of mitochondria. A major portion of the ATPase activity in the presence of Mg, Na, and K was due to stimulation by Na alone. A further small stimulation by K was demonstrated only in the presence of an activating factor from the 105 000 X g supernatant. Ouabain inhibited only the K activation and had no effect on the Na-stimulated Mg-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:144551", "title": "The effect of ouabain on the guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle: 2. Intracellular levels of Ca, Na, K, and Mg during the ouabain response and the dependence of the response on extracellular Ca.", "content": "Isotonic Tris-HCl containing 10 mM LaCl3 at 4 degrees C effectively removed extracellular ions in 30 min while preventing loss of intracellular ions. Intracellular Ca and Na increased during the contraction in the presence of 10 mM ouabain and then decreased during relaxation. Intracellular Na increased again during the latter part of the relaxation phase when K loss became apparent. Mg levels remained essentially constant. Ouabain responses were rapidly lost in Ca-free medium indicating that they were dependent on extracellular Ca. A 5.5-fold increase in the normal levels of extracellular K did not reduce the contraction to a submaximal dose of ouabain. A full phasic response to high K (60 mM) was observed after a 10-min exposure of the tissue to ouabain, at which time the ouabain response had returned to basal tension. The contraction to ouabain appears to be dissociated from inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase at the K site. The changes in intracellular ions indicated that ouabain contracted the muscle by increasing the plasma membrane permeability to Ca and Na and later decreased the K and Na concentration gradients, probably by inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase.", "contents": "The effect of ouabain on the guinea pig ileum longitudinal smooth muscle: 2. Intracellular levels of Ca, Na, K, and Mg during the ouabain response and the dependence of the response on extracellular Ca. Isotonic Tris-HCl containing 10 mM LaCl3 at 4 degrees C effectively removed extracellular ions in 30 min while preventing loss of intracellular ions. Intracellular Ca and Na increased during the contraction in the presence of 10 mM ouabain and then decreased during relaxation. Intracellular Na increased again during the latter part of the relaxation phase when K loss became apparent. Mg levels remained essentially constant. Ouabain responses were rapidly lost in Ca-free medium indicating that they were dependent on extracellular Ca. A 5.5-fold increase in the normal levels of extracellular K did not reduce the contraction to a submaximal dose of ouabain. A full phasic response to high K (60 mM) was observed after a 10-min exposure of the tissue to ouabain, at which time the ouabain response had returned to basal tension. The contraction to ouabain appears to be dissociated from inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase at the K site. The changes in intracellular ions indicated that ouabain contracted the muscle by increasing the plasma membrane permeability to Ca and Na and later decreased the K and Na concentration gradients, probably by inhibition of the Na,K-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:144552", "title": "Uptake and efflux of adenine and its derivatives in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Conidia of wild-type Neurospora crassa, preincubated for 3 1/2 h in growth medium, showed a typical triphasic pattern of adenine uptake. The three phases consisted of a quick initial uptake, followed by a plateau phase, and then by a resume lowered uptake. A study of the relative influx and efflux of [14C] adenine showed that the plateau phase in fact is a period of transmembrane movement of adenine and adenine metabolites. The efflux during the plateau phase essentially cancelled out all the influx during the same period. The uptake curve derived after taking into account the effluxed portion of radioactivity indicated that the second phase represents a period of lowered uptake activity. The beginning of the lowered uptake activity during the second phase is correlated with the presence of a high intracellular level of ATP derived from exogenous [14C]adenine. At the end of the secod phase, the intracellular level of ATP is much smaller and the rate of adenine uptake increases again. Analysis of the acid-soluble pool after feeding [14C]adenine indicated the presence of other 14C-nucleotides, but no detectable levels of bases and nucleosides were present. However, chromatographic analysis of the medium indicated that efflux results essentially in the accumulation of bases. The significance of this finding in relation to efflux is discussed.", "contents": "Uptake and efflux of adenine and its derivatives in Neurospora crassa. Conidia of wild-type Neurospora crassa, preincubated for 3 1/2 h in growth medium, showed a typical triphasic pattern of adenine uptake. The three phases consisted of a quick initial uptake, followed by a plateau phase, and then by a resume lowered uptake. A study of the relative influx and efflux of [14C] adenine showed that the plateau phase in fact is a period of transmembrane movement of adenine and adenine metabolites. The efflux during the plateau phase essentially cancelled out all the influx during the same period. The uptake curve derived after taking into account the effluxed portion of radioactivity indicated that the second phase represents a period of lowered uptake activity. The beginning of the lowered uptake activity during the second phase is correlated with the presence of a high intracellular level of ATP derived from exogenous [14C]adenine. At the end of the secod phase, the intracellular level of ATP is much smaller and the rate of adenine uptake increases again. Analysis of the acid-soluble pool after feeding [14C]adenine indicated the presence of other 14C-nucleotides, but no detectable levels of bases and nucleosides were present. However, chromatographic analysis of the medium indicated that efflux results essentially in the accumulation of bases. The significance of this finding in relation to efflux is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144553", "title": "Hydrogen sulfide poisoning: review of 5 years' experience.", "content": "The workforce of Alberta, a province rich in fossil fuel, faces an increasing risk of exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Basic knowledge of the population exposed during the years 1969 to 1973 inclusive was accumulated to identify the immediate medical and management problems. Data were recorded from three sources of records: the Workers' Compensation Board of Alberta, the Alberta Hospital Services Commission and the provincial coroner's office. There were 221 cases of exposure to H2S. The overall mortality was 6%; 5% of victims were dead on arrival at hospital. Admission to hospital was required for 65% of the victims arriving at a hospital emergency room (78% of the 221). Acute problems were coma, dysequilibrium and respiratory insufficiency with pulmonary edema. Increased attention to cardiopulmonary resuscitation at the exposure site and during transportation to hospital is necessary to reduce the mortality from H2S exposure. No long-term adverse effects were apparent in the survivors.", "contents": "Hydrogen sulfide poisoning: review of 5 years' experience. The workforce of Alberta, a province rich in fossil fuel, faces an increasing risk of exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Basic knowledge of the population exposed during the years 1969 to 1973 inclusive was accumulated to identify the immediate medical and management problems. Data were recorded from three sources of records: the Workers' Compensation Board of Alberta, the Alberta Hospital Services Commission and the provincial coroner's office. There were 221 cases of exposure to H2S. The overall mortality was 6%; 5% of victims were dead on arrival at hospital. Admission to hospital was required for 65% of the victims arriving at a hospital emergency room (78% of the 221). Acute problems were coma, dysequilibrium and respiratory insufficiency with pulmonary edema. Increased attention to cardiopulmonary resuscitation at the exposure site and during transportation to hospital is necessary to reduce the mortality from H2S exposure. No long-term adverse effects were apparent in the survivors."}
{"id": "PMID:144554", "title": "The long term effects of radiation of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood after regional irradiation.", "content": "The long term alterations of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients treated with regional irradiation for various malignancies were examined. Eighty patients were tested at various intervals after the completion of irradiation. Absolute lymphocyte counts, the percentages of T cells and B cells, and the blastogenic response to phocyte reaction (MLR) were determined. Nearly all patients initially had absolute lymphocytopenia and one-third of the patients tested 3 years after completion of irradiation had lymphocyte counts which were more than two standard deviations below the normal range. The depression was not specific for either the T-or B-lymphocyte subpopulations. The PHA response was impaired for extended periods of time after the completion or irradiation. Differences in the mean response of lymphocytes to PHA were noted for all concentrations of the mitogen, but were most marked with suboptimal concentrations of PHA. The MLR was below the lower limits of normal in 70% of the recently irradiated patients. There was a gradual recovery of the ability to respond in the MLR, and all patients tested more than 4.5 years after the completion of therapy had a normal response. These results were compared with those obtained in patients treated with total lymphoid irradiation for Hodgkin's disease. Although three appeared to be a difference in the effect of radiation on lymphocyte subpopulations in the two groups, the effects on lymphocyte function were similar.", "contents": "The long term effects of radiation of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood after regional irradiation. The long term alterations of T and B lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of patients treated with regional irradiation for various malignancies were examined. Eighty patients were tested at various intervals after the completion of irradiation. Absolute lymphocyte counts, the percentages of T cells and B cells, and the blastogenic response to phocyte reaction (MLR) were determined. Nearly all patients initially had absolute lymphocytopenia and one-third of the patients tested 3 years after completion of irradiation had lymphocyte counts which were more than two standard deviations below the normal range. The depression was not specific for either the T-or B-lymphocyte subpopulations. The PHA response was impaired for extended periods of time after the completion or irradiation. Differences in the mean response of lymphocytes to PHA were noted for all concentrations of the mitogen, but were most marked with suboptimal concentrations of PHA. The MLR was below the lower limits of normal in 70% of the recently irradiated patients. There was a gradual recovery of the ability to respond in the MLR, and all patients tested more than 4.5 years after the completion of therapy had a normal response. These results were compared with those obtained in patients treated with total lymphoid irradiation for Hodgkin's disease. Although three appeared to be a difference in the effect of radiation on lymphocyte subpopulations in the two groups, the effects on lymphocyte function were similar."}
{"id": "PMID:144556", "title": "Isolation and purification of normal and malignant colonic plasma membranes.", "content": "Plasma membrane fractions from normal colon cells and a transplantable colon adenocarcinoma were isolated and purified by differential and zonal density centrifugation. Enrichment of normal and adenocarcinoma plasma membranes was found in zonal fractions I and II (ZI and ZII) following centrifugation in an 18--50% sucrose gradient. The distribution of various marker enzymes in normal colon preparations suggested an apical origin for the membranes obtained in zonal fraction I while zonal fraction II appeared to contain basal-lateral membrane fragments. Enzymatic analysis of the plasma membrane derived from the colon tumor indicated that these fractions possess a more uniform distribution of Na-K+ ATPase perhaps reflecting a dedifferentiated state. The plasma membrane fractions isolated should prove useful for investigation of transport and other properties of vesicles derived from malignant and normal colon cells.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of normal and malignant colonic plasma membranes. Plasma membrane fractions from normal colon cells and a transplantable colon adenocarcinoma were isolated and purified by differential and zonal density centrifugation. Enrichment of normal and adenocarcinoma plasma membranes was found in zonal fractions I and II (ZI and ZII) following centrifugation in an 18--50% sucrose gradient. The distribution of various marker enzymes in normal colon preparations suggested an apical origin for the membranes obtained in zonal fraction I while zonal fraction II appeared to contain basal-lateral membrane fragments. Enzymatic analysis of the plasma membrane derived from the colon tumor indicated that these fractions possess a more uniform distribution of Na-K+ ATPase perhaps reflecting a dedifferentiated state. The plasma membrane fractions isolated should prove useful for investigation of transport and other properties of vesicles derived from malignant and normal colon cells."}
{"id": "PMID:144559", "title": "Chemical and biological properties of B16 murine melanoma cells grown in defined medium containing bovine serum albumin.", "content": "The addition of 1 percent (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the F12 medium utilized for the growth of the B16 melanoma cells significantly stimulated the growth of this cell line. The synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and sialoglycopeptides in this medium is identical with that in Eagle's minimal essential medium with Earle's balanced salt solution supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, twice the recommended concentration of vitamins, nonessential amino acids, sodium pyruvate, and 10 percent (v/v) fetal calf serum. Cell volume and morphology did not change significantly, under the different growth conditions and tumorigenicity, as assayed by injection of cultured cells into syngeneic animals, was not decreased. Analysis of the BSA used indicated the presence of a sialoglycoprotein contaminant. This sialoglycoprotein contaminant was present in all lots examined and contains N-acetyl-and N-glycolylneuraminic acid, mannose, galactose, and glucosamine. The sialoglycoprotein can be removed by chromatography on acetate form anion-exchange resin at pH 4.3. F12 media containing the purified BSA plus selenite and the sodium salts of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids supported growth of the melanoma cells to the same extent as did the media containing unpurified BSA, indicating that the sialoglycoprotein has no role in sustaining the growth of the cells.", "contents": "Chemical and biological properties of B16 murine melanoma cells grown in defined medium containing bovine serum albumin. The addition of 1 percent (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the F12 medium utilized for the growth of the B16 melanoma cells significantly stimulated the growth of this cell line. The synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and sialoglycopeptides in this medium is identical with that in Eagle's minimal essential medium with Earle's balanced salt solution supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, twice the recommended concentration of vitamins, nonessential amino acids, sodium pyruvate, and 10 percent (v/v) fetal calf serum. Cell volume and morphology did not change significantly, under the different growth conditions and tumorigenicity, as assayed by injection of cultured cells into syngeneic animals, was not decreased. Analysis of the BSA used indicated the presence of a sialoglycoprotein contaminant. This sialoglycoprotein contaminant was present in all lots examined and contains N-acetyl-and N-glycolylneuraminic acid, mannose, galactose, and glucosamine. The sialoglycoprotein can be removed by chromatography on acetate form anion-exchange resin at pH 4.3. F12 media containing the purified BSA plus selenite and the sodium salts of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids supported growth of the melanoma cells to the same extent as did the media containing unpurified BSA, indicating that the sialoglycoprotein has no role in sustaining the growth of the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:144560", "title": "Effect of methotrexate and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine on ribonucleotide reductase activity in mammalian cells.", "content": "A number of studies in bacteria have indicated that deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate may be a repressor or corepressor of ribonucleotide reductase. For determination of whether a similar regulating mechanism exists in mammalian cells, HeLa cells and partially hepatectomized rats were treated with either methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine in order to block thymidylate synthesis and consequently lower the intracellular pools of deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate. In HeLa cells there was a significant (360 to 400 percent) increase in reductase activity in both the methotrexate and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine-treated cells. The administration of methotrexate to partially hepatectomized rats resulted in a 2.7-fold enhancement of the hepatectomy-induced increase in reductase activity, and the 5-fluorouracil treatment yielded a 60 percent increment in the increase of ribonucleotide reductase activity after partial hepatectomy. Cycloheximide prevented the increase in reductase activity after the exposure of HeLa cells to methotrexate and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, indicating that the stimulation of ribonucleotide reductase activity was the result of enhancement of de novo enzyme synthesis rather than of enzyme activation. The data support the thesis that deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate or a thymidylate metabolite may be involved in the regulation of ribonucleotide reductase levels in mammalian cells.", "contents": "Effect of methotrexate and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine on ribonucleotide reductase activity in mammalian cells. A number of studies in bacteria have indicated that deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate may be a repressor or corepressor of ribonucleotide reductase. For determination of whether a similar regulating mechanism exists in mammalian cells, HeLa cells and partially hepatectomized rats were treated with either methotrexate, 5-fluorouracil, or 5-fluorodeoxyuridine in order to block thymidylate synthesis and consequently lower the intracellular pools of deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate. In HeLa cells there was a significant (360 to 400 percent) increase in reductase activity in both the methotrexate and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine-treated cells. The administration of methotrexate to partially hepatectomized rats resulted in a 2.7-fold enhancement of the hepatectomy-induced increase in reductase activity, and the 5-fluorouracil treatment yielded a 60 percent increment in the increase of ribonucleotide reductase activity after partial hepatectomy. Cycloheximide prevented the increase in reductase activity after the exposure of HeLa cells to methotrexate and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, indicating that the stimulation of ribonucleotide reductase activity was the result of enhancement of de novo enzyme synthesis rather than of enzyme activation. The data support the thesis that deoxythymidine 5'-triphosphate or a thymidylate metabolite may be involved in the regulation of ribonucleotide reductase levels in mammalian cells."}
{"id": "PMID:144561", "title": "Inhibition of surface immunoglobulin centeral capping of Daudi cells and cell spreading of HeLa-S3 cells by neocarzinostatin.", "content": "The effects of an antitumor antibiotic, neocarzinostatin (NCS), on the surface immunoglobulin central capping induced by anti-immunoglobulin M antibody on Daudi cells and on the cell spreading of trypsinized HeLa-S3 cells were examined. Pretreatment of Daudi cells and HeLa-S3 cells with NCS, 5 to 30 micrograms/ml, for 4 hr inhibited cap formation and cell spreading, respectively. It was shown that there is a direct relationship between the dose and the degree of inhibition. Inhibitors of DNA synthesis such as bleomycin, mitomycin C, and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine showed no inhibitory effect on cap formation or cell spreading. However, known microtubule-acting agents such as colchicine and vinblastine sulfate completely inhibited both capping and cell spreading at a dose of 10 micrograms/ml. In view of the fact that 10 micorograms NCS per ml also inhibit the formation of microtubular paracrystals induced by vinblastine sulfate in HeLa-S3 cells and that other agents known to influence microtubule function such as local anesthetics and calcium ionophores also inhibit both paracrystal formation and cap formation, these new observations add further support to our hypothesis that NCS affects microtubular proteins transmembranously in vivo.", "contents": "Inhibition of surface immunoglobulin centeral capping of Daudi cells and cell spreading of HeLa-S3 cells by neocarzinostatin. The effects of an antitumor antibiotic, neocarzinostatin (NCS), on the surface immunoglobulin central capping induced by anti-immunoglobulin M antibody on Daudi cells and on the cell spreading of trypsinized HeLa-S3 cells were examined. Pretreatment of Daudi cells and HeLa-S3 cells with NCS, 5 to 30 micrograms/ml, for 4 hr inhibited cap formation and cell spreading, respectively. It was shown that there is a direct relationship between the dose and the degree of inhibition. Inhibitors of DNA synthesis such as bleomycin, mitomycin C, and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine showed no inhibitory effect on cap formation or cell spreading. However, known microtubule-acting agents such as colchicine and vinblastine sulfate completely inhibited both capping and cell spreading at a dose of 10 micrograms/ml. In view of the fact that 10 micorograms NCS per ml also inhibit the formation of microtubular paracrystals induced by vinblastine sulfate in HeLa-S3 cells and that other agents known to influence microtubule function such as local anesthetics and calcium ionophores also inhibit both paracrystal formation and cap formation, these new observations add further support to our hypothesis that NCS affects microtubular proteins transmembranously in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:144563", "title": "Inhibition of lymphocyte transformation by disrupted murine oncornavirus.", "content": "Freeze-thaw preparations of banded Rauscher murine leukemia virus markedly suppressed the in vitro cellular-mediated blastogenic response of murine splenic lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin-P and to allogeneic cells in two-way mixed-leukocyte reaction. Suppression was shown not to be due to cytotoxicity or to virus-mitogen binding. It is suggested that a virion envelope component interferes with cellular-mediated immunity by altering cell recognition sites.", "contents": "Inhibition of lymphocyte transformation by disrupted murine oncornavirus. Freeze-thaw preparations of banded Rauscher murine leukemia virus markedly suppressed the in vitro cellular-mediated blastogenic response of murine splenic lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin-P and to allogeneic cells in two-way mixed-leukocyte reaction. Suppression was shown not to be due to cytotoxicity or to virus-mitogen binding. It is suggested that a virion envelope component interferes with cellular-mediated immunity by altering cell recognition sites."}
{"id": "PMID:144564", "title": "Regulation of maturation rate of mouse granulocytes.", "content": "Regenerating mouse bone marrow cells were cultured i.p. in diffusion chambers (DC) to study factors affecting the maturation rate of granulocyte precursors. One day after exposing 3-day-old DC cultures to 3H-thymidine the cultures were harvested, and labelled proliferative and non-proliferative granulocytes were counted in radioautographs. The relative maturation rate--defined as the fraction of proliferative precursors maturing into the non-proliferative compartment per unit time--could be increased by different experimental procedures that inhibit cell production. Inhibition was obtained (a) by increasing culture cellularity; (b) by implanting DC into normal rats or rats with huge s.c. chloroma tumours rather than into mice; and (c) by treating the cells with leucocyte extracts  (granulocyte chalone) during the last day of culture. Furthermore, a sudden inhibition of rapidly proliferating granulocytes by leucocyte extracts resulted in an increase (apparently transient) in the absolute number of labelled non-proliferative granulocytes. Such an increae was not detected in experiments involving a stronger or sustained inhibition of granulopoiesis, evidently because the size of the precursor population had been markedly reduced.", "contents": "Regulation of maturation rate of mouse granulocytes. Regenerating mouse bone marrow cells were cultured i.p. in diffusion chambers (DC) to study factors affecting the maturation rate of granulocyte precursors. One day after exposing 3-day-old DC cultures to 3H-thymidine the cultures were harvested, and labelled proliferative and non-proliferative granulocytes were counted in radioautographs. The relative maturation rate--defined as the fraction of proliferative precursors maturing into the non-proliferative compartment per unit time--could be increased by different experimental procedures that inhibit cell production. Inhibition was obtained (a) by increasing culture cellularity; (b) by implanting DC into normal rats or rats with huge s.c. chloroma tumours rather than into mice; and (c) by treating the cells with leucocyte extracts  (granulocyte chalone) during the last day of culture. Furthermore, a sudden inhibition of rapidly proliferating granulocytes by leucocyte extracts resulted in an increase (apparently transient) in the absolute number of labelled non-proliferative granulocytes. Such an increae was not detected in experiments involving a stronger or sustained inhibition of granulopoiesis, evidently because the size of the precursor population had been markedly reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:144565", "title": "Leptofibrils in intrafusal muscle fibres of muscle spindles in the domestic fowl.", "content": "Leptofibrils consisting of narrow dark and wide light bands at regular periods are commonly found in intrafusal muscle fibres of chicken muscle spindles. They are particularly abundant in intrafusal muscle fibres with the loose type of myofilaments. They occur either at the periphery of intrafusal muscle fibres or in deeper regions, or even close to sensory nerve terminals. Dark bands of some peripheral leptofibrils vary considerably in size and appear less regular in configuration. Lateral extensions from the dark bands may occur with or without interconnections. Lateral attachments to myofilaments at the immediate neighbourhood may also occur.", "contents": "Leptofibrils in intrafusal muscle fibres of muscle spindles in the domestic fowl. Leptofibrils consisting of narrow dark and wide light bands at regular periods are commonly found in intrafusal muscle fibres of chicken muscle spindles. They are particularly abundant in intrafusal muscle fibres with the loose type of myofilaments. They occur either at the periphery of intrafusal muscle fibres or in deeper regions, or even close to sensory nerve terminals. Dark bands of some peripheral leptofibrils vary considerably in size and appear less regular in configuration. Lateral extensions from the dark bands may occur with or without interconnections. Lateral attachments to myofilaments at the immediate neighbourhood may also occur."}
{"id": "PMID:144570", "title": "[Our experience in the treatment of inguinal hernia using a silastic-dacron prosthesis].", "content": "The Authors report their experience on 50 patients suffering from inguinal hernia and treated with a plastic surgery operation preceded by subfascial introduction of a Silastic-Dacron prothesis. They describe the reported complications and relate on the frequency of relapses within a period of 3 years, comparing them with the data reported by the existing literature on this subject.", "contents": "[Our experience in the treatment of inguinal hernia using a silastic-dacron prosthesis]. The Authors report their experience on 50 patients suffering from inguinal hernia and treated with a plastic surgery operation preceded by subfascial introduction of a Silastic-Dacron prothesis. They describe the reported complications and relate on the frequency of relapses within a period of 3 years, comparing them with the data reported by the existing literature on this subject."}
{"id": "PMID:144571", "title": "The influence of venous return on cardiac mechanical and sarcoplasmic reticulum function during endotoxemia.", "content": "E. coli endotoxin (0.03 mg/ml) added to blood perfusing a heart-lung preparation with a venous return of 600 ml/min produced a significant depression in ventricular function within 4 hours. Fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from the myocardium of the endotoxin-perfused heart-lung preparations showed depressed calcium uptake rates and ATPase activity. When venous return was increased to 1,200 ml/min, gram-negative endotoxin had no effect on ventricular function, isolated fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake, or ATPase activity. These observations suggest that gram-negative endotoxin or a product thereof acts in synergism with low venous return in order to depress myocardial function.", "contents": "The influence of venous return on cardiac mechanical and sarcoplasmic reticulum function during endotoxemia. E. coli endotoxin (0.03 mg/ml) added to blood perfusing a heart-lung preparation with a venous return of 600 ml/min produced a significant depression in ventricular function within 4 hours. Fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum isolated from the myocardium of the endotoxin-perfused heart-lung preparations showed depressed calcium uptake rates and ATPase activity. When venous return was increased to 1,200 ml/min, gram-negative endotoxin had no effect on ventricular function, isolated fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium uptake, or ATPase activity. These observations suggest that gram-negative endotoxin or a product thereof acts in synergism with low venous return in order to depress myocardial function."}
{"id": "PMID:144572", "title": "Functional morphology of the pressure- and the volume-hypertrophied rat heart.", "content": "We studied hearts in which hypertrophy was caused by both pressure and volume overload. Pressure hypertrophy was induced by an aortic constriction; volume hypertrophy was induced by an iron-copper deficiency (anemia). The ventricular weight was increased by 34% in the pressure-hypertrophied hearts at the end of 6 weeks. The ventricular weight was increased by 54% in the volume-hypertrophied hearts at the end of 3 months. A potassium arrest-formalin fixation technique was used to produce a \"diastole-like\" ventricle. In the pressure-hypertrophied ventricle, the ventricular wall thickness and external radii were significantly increased, whereas the valve-to-apex distance and internal radii remained unchanged. We also found that in the volume-hypertrophied ventricle there was an increase in the valve-to-apex distance, external radii, internal radii, and wall thickness. Although external and internal dimensions increased, the ventricular shape did not change significantly in the volume-hypertrophied ventricle.", "contents": "Functional morphology of the pressure- and the volume-hypertrophied rat heart. We studied hearts in which hypertrophy was caused by both pressure and volume overload. Pressure hypertrophy was induced by an aortic constriction; volume hypertrophy was induced by an iron-copper deficiency (anemia). The ventricular weight was increased by 34% in the pressure-hypertrophied hearts at the end of 6 weeks. The ventricular weight was increased by 54% in the volume-hypertrophied hearts at the end of 3 months. A potassium arrest-formalin fixation technique was used to produce a \"diastole-like\" ventricle. In the pressure-hypertrophied ventricle, the ventricular wall thickness and external radii were significantly increased, whereas the valve-to-apex distance and internal radii remained unchanged. We also found that in the volume-hypertrophied ventricle there was an increase in the valve-to-apex distance, external radii, internal radii, and wall thickness. Although external and internal dimensions increased, the ventricular shape did not change significantly in the volume-hypertrophied ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:144573", "title": "Mechanisms of cellular enzyme release. II. Inhibition of sarcolemmal enzymes by myopathy-inducing agents.", "content": "A defective membrane mechanism has been suggested [Arch. Neurol. 33, 315 (1976)] for the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The characteristic clinical and biological findings, including leakage of cellular enzymes into the serum in the disease, have been duplicated by the imipramine/serotonin rat myopathy model. Sarcolemma was prepared from quadriceps femoris muscles of control and myopathy-affected animals. The activities of sarcolemmal adenosinetriphosphatase and acetylcholinesterase were inhibited in vitro by imipramine and serotonin. The inhibition by imipramine of these sarcolemma-bound enzyme systems decreased the Vmax and increased the Km. This mixed type of inhibition is consistent with an imipramine-induced interference at these enzyme sites and a disruption of lipid-protein interrelations. We hypothesize that such conformational membrane changes might contribute to the leakage of macromolecules such as enzymes from the cell interior.", "contents": "Mechanisms of cellular enzyme release. II. Inhibition of sarcolemmal enzymes by myopathy-inducing agents. A defective membrane mechanism has been suggested [Arch. Neurol. 33, 315 (1976)] for the pathogenesis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The characteristic clinical and biological findings, including leakage of cellular enzymes into the serum in the disease, have been duplicated by the imipramine/serotonin rat myopathy model. Sarcolemma was prepared from quadriceps femoris muscles of control and myopathy-affected animals. The activities of sarcolemmal adenosinetriphosphatase and acetylcholinesterase were inhibited in vitro by imipramine and serotonin. The inhibition by imipramine of these sarcolemma-bound enzyme systems decreased the Vmax and increased the Km. This mixed type of inhibition is consistent with an imipramine-induced interference at these enzyme sites and a disruption of lipid-protein interrelations. We hypothesize that such conformational membrane changes might contribute to the leakage of macromolecules such as enzymes from the cell interior."}
{"id": "PMID:144574", "title": "Acoustic impedance measurement in the otological assessment of multiply handicapped children.", "content": "This survey investigated the use of acoustic impedance measurement on a population of multiply handicapped children and correlated the results with otoscopy. Thirty-one children were tested with an impedance meter studying tympanometry, tympanic membrane compliance, and acoustic reflex. Otoscopic examination was also scheduled for each child. The results show that 42% of children tested had some kind of middle-ear problem, mostly unrecognized at the time of this survey. There was 100% agreement between impedance and otoscopic findings. Apparently impedance audiometry can be useful for identifying middle-ear disorders in children who cannot be tested by traditional audiometric methods.", "contents": "Acoustic impedance measurement in the otological assessment of multiply handicapped children. This survey investigated the use of acoustic impedance measurement on a population of multiply handicapped children and correlated the results with otoscopy. Thirty-one children were tested with an impedance meter studying tympanometry, tympanic membrane compliance, and acoustic reflex. Otoscopic examination was also scheduled for each child. The results show that 42% of children tested had some kind of middle-ear problem, mostly unrecognized at the time of this survey. There was 100% agreement between impedance and otoscopic findings. Apparently impedance audiometry can be useful for identifying middle-ear disorders in children who cannot be tested by traditional audiometric methods."}
{"id": "PMID:144578", "title": "Koro in a Yemenite and a Georgian Jewish Immigrant.", "content": "Koro is a syndrome consisting of fears that the male organ is withdrawing into the abdominal cavity and ultimately this will lead to death. The syndrome is observed among inhabitants of South East Asia and seems to be extremely rare outside that geographical area. In this paper one case of koro is described in a Yemenite Jewish immigrant and another in a Georgian Jewish immigrant to Israel. Some of the theoretical aspects and implications of the koro syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "Koro in a Yemenite and a Georgian Jewish Immigrant. Koro is a syndrome consisting of fears that the male organ is withdrawing into the abdominal cavity and ultimately this will lead to death. The syndrome is observed among inhabitants of South East Asia and seems to be extremely rare outside that geographical area. In this paper one case of koro is described in a Yemenite Jewish immigrant and another in a Georgian Jewish immigrant to Israel. Some of the theoretical aspects and implications of the koro syndrome are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144580", "title": "A comparison of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan core protein produced by chondroitinase and hyaluronidase: the possible role of protease contaminants.", "content": "The basic subunit of cartilage proteoglycan consists of multiple glycosaminoglycan chains covalently attached to a core protein. It is unclear as to whether there is a single core protein or multiple different core proteins, since previous studies using either chondroitinase or testicular hyaluronidase to enzymatically remove chondroitin sulfate side chains from the proteoglycan subunit have yielded conflicting results. In the present study, a chondroitinase-produced core protein preparation isolated as a single peak on Sepharose gel chromatography was found to contain at least two immunologically distinct components. Hyaluronidase-produced core protein from the same proteoglycan subunit fraction was found to contain multiple components nearly all of which were smaller than the components in the chondroitinase digest. A possible explanation of these findings is that they resulted from proteolytic degradation of the core protein in the course of the enzymatic removal of its chondroitin sulfate. The presence of small amounts of protease contaminants in several commercial chondroitinase and hyaluronidase preparations was detected by an extremely sensitive radioassay. Until proteases can be rigorously excluded from enzyme preparations used to degrade the proteoglycan subunit, it will not be possible to determine whether it consists of a single or several different core proteins.", "contents": "A comparison of bovine nasal cartilage proteoglycan core protein produced by chondroitinase and hyaluronidase: the possible role of protease contaminants. The basic subunit of cartilage proteoglycan consists of multiple glycosaminoglycan chains covalently attached to a core protein. It is unclear as to whether there is a single core protein or multiple different core proteins, since previous studies using either chondroitinase or testicular hyaluronidase to enzymatically remove chondroitin sulfate side chains from the proteoglycan subunit have yielded conflicting results. In the present study, a chondroitinase-produced core protein preparation isolated as a single peak on Sepharose gel chromatography was found to contain at least two immunologically distinct components. Hyaluronidase-produced core protein from the same proteoglycan subunit fraction was found to contain multiple components nearly all of which were smaller than the components in the chondroitinase digest. A possible explanation of these findings is that they resulted from proteolytic degradation of the core protein in the course of the enzymatic removal of its chondroitin sulfate. The presence of small amounts of protease contaminants in several commercial chondroitinase and hyaluronidase preparations was detected by an extremely sensitive radioassay. Until proteases can be rigorously excluded from enzyme preparations used to degrade the proteoglycan subunit, it will not be possible to determine whether it consists of a single or several different core proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:144581", "title": "Isolation and purification of a small molecular weight hydroxyproline-containing structural glycopeptide from early mammalian granulation tissue.", "content": "A small molecular weight structural glycopeptide was solubilized after collagenase digestion of the connective tissue capsule surrounding the 5-day sponge-implant of the rat. The major amino acids are one residue each of aspartic and glutamic acids, proline, hydroxyproline and alanine and two residues of glycine, and the carbohydrates are one residue each of glucose, xylose and hexosamine and two residues of mannose. The sum of the amino acid and carbohydrate residues gives a molecular weight of 1635. Dansylation of the glycopeptide produces a single strongly fluorescent yellow-orange amino-terminal spot, not positively identified. The solubilization of the granuloma glycopeptide by collagenase and its composition are suggestive of its association with an immature form of collagen in early granulation tissue.", "contents": "Isolation and purification of a small molecular weight hydroxyproline-containing structural glycopeptide from early mammalian granulation tissue. A small molecular weight structural glycopeptide was solubilized after collagenase digestion of the connective tissue capsule surrounding the 5-day sponge-implant of the rat. The major amino acids are one residue each of aspartic and glutamic acids, proline, hydroxyproline and alanine and two residues of glycine, and the carbohydrates are one residue each of glucose, xylose and hexosamine and two residues of mannose. The sum of the amino acid and carbohydrate residues gives a molecular weight of 1635. Dansylation of the glycopeptide produces a single strongly fluorescent yellow-orange amino-terminal spot, not positively identified. The solubilization of the granuloma glycopeptide by collagenase and its composition are suggestive of its association with an immature form of collagen in early granulation tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:144582", "title": "Effect of low dosage schedule of D-penicillamine on collagen cross-linking in a nine week immobilized rabbit knee.", "content": "Rabbits immobilized with one leg pinned in a fully flexed position, were treated with 60 mg of D-penicillamine/kg three times a week for 9 weeks. After this period of immobilization the animals were sacrificed and the periarticular connective tissue collagen reduced with [3H] NaBH4 for determination of collagen cross-links. There was a significant decrease in the formation of cross-links in the control and immobilized knee in the treated animals as compared to the untreated animals. Penicillamine also blocked the increase in DHLNL, HLNL and HHMD previously demonstrated in immobilized rabbit knees. This is the first demonstration that in vivo administration of penicillamine directly inhibits cross-linking reactions in collagen.", "contents": "Effect of low dosage schedule of D-penicillamine on collagen cross-linking in a nine week immobilized rabbit knee. Rabbits immobilized with one leg pinned in a fully flexed position, were treated with 60 mg of D-penicillamine/kg three times a week for 9 weeks. After this period of immobilization the animals were sacrificed and the periarticular connective tissue collagen reduced with [3H] NaBH4 for determination of collagen cross-links. There was a significant decrease in the formation of cross-links in the control and immobilized knee in the treated animals as compared to the untreated animals. Penicillamine also blocked the increase in DHLNL, HLNL and HHMD previously demonstrated in immobilized rabbit knees. This is the first demonstration that in vivo administration of penicillamine directly inhibits cross-linking reactions in collagen."}
{"id": "PMID:144586", "title": "The effects of ethanol on myocardial mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic ATPase in rats.", "content": "The effects of the ethanol on the activities of mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic Mg2+-Ca2+-activated ATPase in rat myocardium were studied on two experimental alcoholic models: a) in an acute model - after a single dose of ethanol, 250 mg/100g of body weight; b) in a chronic model - after daily administration of the same dose for 10 weeks. In the acute model the ATPase activities sank both in mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum. In the chronic model an opposite tendency was observed: in both subcellular organelles the ATPase activities moderately rose. The findings are assessed from the aspect of the dynamics of myocardial metabolic changes in dependence on the duration of action of ethanol upon the myocardium. It is stressed that acute symptoms of the ethanol action on myocardial metabolic processes are no adequate basis for drawing conclusions about the mechanism of myocardial lesion and the development of ethanol-induced mycardiopathy in chronic alcoholics.", "contents": "The effects of ethanol on myocardial mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic ATPase in rats. The effects of the ethanol on the activities of mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic Mg2+-Ca2+-activated ATPase in rat myocardium were studied on two experimental alcoholic models: a) in an acute model - after a single dose of ethanol, 250 mg/100g of body weight; b) in a chronic model - after daily administration of the same dose for 10 weeks. In the acute model the ATPase activities sank both in mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum. In the chronic model an opposite tendency was observed: in both subcellular organelles the ATPase activities moderately rose. The findings are assessed from the aspect of the dynamics of myocardial metabolic changes in dependence on the duration of action of ethanol upon the myocardium. It is stressed that acute symptoms of the ethanol action on myocardial metabolic processes are no adequate basis for drawing conclusions about the mechanism of myocardial lesion and the development of ethanol-induced mycardiopathy in chronic alcoholics."}
{"id": "PMID:144588", "title": "Protein changes in frozen fish.", "content": "Storage of frozen fish brings about a decrease of extractability of myofibrillar proteins. There is also deterioration of the texture and functional properties of the flesh. In model systems, aggregation of myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and whole myofibrils have been described. These changes are caused by concurrent action of partial dehydration due to the freezing out of water, exposure of the proteins to inorganic salts which are concentrated in the remaining nonfrozen fluid, interactions with free fatty acids liberated from phospholipids and with lipid oxidation products, and cross-linking by formaldehyde produced in some species of fish as a result of enzymic decomposition of trimethylamine oxide. The extent of protein alterations increases with time and temperature of storage as well as with advanced disintegration of the tissues and intermixing of their components. The role played by the individual factors and the significance of different types of bonds, i.e., hydrophobic adherences, ionic bonds, and covalent cross-links in particular cases are not yet fully disclosed. Retardation of the deteriorative changes of proteins in frozen fish is possible by avoiding high storage temperatures and oxidation of lipids, removing hematin compounds and other constituents promoting cross-linking reactions, and by adding cryoprotectors like sugars, several organic acids, amino acids, or peptides.", "contents": "Protein changes in frozen fish. Storage of frozen fish brings about a decrease of extractability of myofibrillar proteins. There is also deterioration of the texture and functional properties of the flesh. In model systems, aggregation of myosin, actin, tropomyosin, and whole myofibrils have been described. These changes are caused by concurrent action of partial dehydration due to the freezing out of water, exposure of the proteins to inorganic salts which are concentrated in the remaining nonfrozen fluid, interactions with free fatty acids liberated from phospholipids and with lipid oxidation products, and cross-linking by formaldehyde produced in some species of fish as a result of enzymic decomposition of trimethylamine oxide. The extent of protein alterations increases with time and temperature of storage as well as with advanced disintegration of the tissues and intermixing of their components. The role played by the individual factors and the significance of different types of bonds, i.e., hydrophobic adherences, ionic bonds, and covalent cross-links in particular cases are not yet fully disclosed. Retardation of the deteriorative changes of proteins in frozen fish is possible by avoiding high storage temperatures and oxidation of lipids, removing hematin compounds and other constituents promoting cross-linking reactions, and by adding cryoprotectors like sugars, several organic acids, amino acids, or peptides."}
{"id": "PMID:144592", "title": "Clinically silent pericardial effusions in patients on long-term hemodialysis. Pericardial effusions in hemodialysis.", "content": "The danger of cardiac tamponade occurring when pericarditis is accompanied by pericardial effusion, as opposed merely to the presence of a friction rub without effusion, has been unclear. Forty patients on hemodialysis were studied by physical examination, chest x-ray film, and echocardiography for evidence of pericarditis and pericardial effusion. Only two patients developed a friction rub during the study and were placed on regional heparin. Ten of 11 patients who were positive on echocardiogram for pericardial effusion had unremarkable physical examinations. These 11 patients had cardiomegaly as noted on chest x-ray examination. Eighteen of 25 patients without effusion also had cardiomegaly on chest x-ray film. No patient remaining on systemic heparin and having a pericardial effusion developed cardiovascular complications during hemodialysis. This study suggests that while many patients on longterm hemodialysis have pericardial effusion undiagnosed on the basis of physical examination, but noted on echocardiogram, special precautions to prevent tamponade during hemodialysis are not necessary. Also, posterior-anterior chest x-ray film showing a normal-sized heart will usually exclude significant pericardial effusion.", "contents": "Clinically silent pericardial effusions in patients on long-term hemodialysis. Pericardial effusions in hemodialysis. The danger of cardiac tamponade occurring when pericarditis is accompanied by pericardial effusion, as opposed merely to the presence of a friction rub without effusion, has been unclear. Forty patients on hemodialysis were studied by physical examination, chest x-ray film, and echocardiography for evidence of pericarditis and pericardial effusion. Only two patients developed a friction rub during the study and were placed on regional heparin. Ten of 11 patients who were positive on echocardiogram for pericardial effusion had unremarkable physical examinations. These 11 patients had cardiomegaly as noted on chest x-ray examination. Eighteen of 25 patients without effusion also had cardiomegaly on chest x-ray film. No patient remaining on systemic heparin and having a pericardial effusion developed cardiovascular complications during hemodialysis. This study suggests that while many patients on longterm hemodialysis have pericardial effusion undiagnosed on the basis of physical examination, but noted on echocardiogram, special precautions to prevent tamponade during hemodialysis are not necessary. Also, posterior-anterior chest x-ray film showing a normal-sized heart will usually exclude significant pericardial effusion."}
{"id": "PMID:144593", "title": "[Experience report on the intraoperative use of the ultrasonic Doppler Probe].", "content": "Experiences in the intraoperative use of an ultrasonic doppler-flowmeter are described. The method can be helpful when performing various operations within the field of generalsurgery and vascular surgery.", "contents": "[Experience report on the intraoperative use of the ultrasonic Doppler Probe]. Experiences in the intraoperative use of an ultrasonic doppler-flowmeter are described. The method can be helpful when performing various operations within the field of generalsurgery and vascular surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:144594", "title": "Histochemistry of inferior oblique muscle in a case of congenital third nerve palsy.", "content": "Material obtained from the inferior oblique muscle proved to give the best preparations for histological and histochemical investigation. The normal aspects of inferior oblique muscle are discussed. The usefulness of inferior oblique muscle biopsy in pathological material is illustrated by a biopsy of a 6-year-old boy operated on for strabismus due to congenital third nerve palsy.", "contents": "Histochemistry of inferior oblique muscle in a case of congenital third nerve palsy. Material obtained from the inferior oblique muscle proved to give the best preparations for histological and histochemical investigation. The normal aspects of inferior oblique muscle are discussed. The usefulness of inferior oblique muscle biopsy in pathological material is illustrated by a biopsy of a 6-year-old boy operated on for strabismus due to congenital third nerve palsy."}
{"id": "PMID:144597", "title": "[Effect of talliblastine on several hematologic indices].", "content": "The authors carried out a study on the blood formation of healthy experimental animals after treatment with the potential antitumours agent taliblastine in view of clarifying its influence. The experiments were undertaken on inbred mice DVA/2 and rats on the Wistar strain. Taliblastine was administered intraperitonealy: in ice-aingly and in a 5-day course, but in rats only in a 5-day course. The substance was administered after single treatment with doses of LD50 maximal threshold limit dose (MTD), but in the dourses with MTD and 1/2 of MTD. They examined the changes in hemoglobin, number of leucocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes and reticulocytes, but in rats-the number of bone-marrow cells as well. The values of hematological indices were determined 24 hours, 10 and 30 days after conclusion of the administration of taliblastine. It was established that taliblastine did not affect substantialy the values of hemoglobine and caused transitory changes in the absolute number of leucocytes and lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Effect of talliblastine on several hematologic indices]. The authors carried out a study on the blood formation of healthy experimental animals after treatment with the potential antitumours agent taliblastine in view of clarifying its influence. The experiments were undertaken on inbred mice DVA/2 and rats on the Wistar strain. Taliblastine was administered intraperitonealy: in ice-aingly and in a 5-day course, but in rats only in a 5-day course. The substance was administered after single treatment with doses of LD50 maximal threshold limit dose (MTD), but in the dourses with MTD and 1/2 of MTD. They examined the changes in hemoglobin, number of leucocytes, erythrocytes, thrombocytes and reticulocytes, but in rats-the number of bone-marrow cells as well. The values of hematological indices were determined 24 hours, 10 and 30 days after conclusion of the administration of taliblastine. It was established that taliblastine did not affect substantialy the values of hemoglobine and caused transitory changes in the absolute number of leucocytes and lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:144598", "title": "Adenosine triphosphatase activity associated with purified cholinergic synaptic vesicles of Torpedo marmorata.", "content": "A rapid method for purifying Torpedo electric organ vesicles is described, which employs an isoosmotic continuous sucrose-glycine gradient followed by chromagography on CPG-10-3000 porous glass beads. The synaptic vesicles have a buoyant density of 1.057 g/ml. The purified vesicles are free of cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase and Na+, K+-stimulated ATPase activity. They contain a  ouabaininsensitive, Na+, K+-inhibited, Mg2+, Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity. This is further stimulated by acetylcholine but not by choline.", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphatase activity associated with purified cholinergic synaptic vesicles of Torpedo marmorata. A rapid method for purifying Torpedo electric organ vesicles is described, which employs an isoosmotic continuous sucrose-glycine gradient followed by chromagography on CPG-10-3000 porous glass beads. The synaptic vesicles have a buoyant density of 1.057 g/ml. The purified vesicles are free of cholinesterase, lactate dehydrogenase and Na+, K+-stimulated ATPase activity. They contain a  ouabaininsensitive, Na+, K+-inhibited, Mg2+, Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activity. This is further stimulated by acetylcholine but not by choline."}
{"id": "PMID:144600", "title": "The isolation and characterization of differentially phosphorylated fractions of phosphofructokinase from rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "A preparation of phosphofructokinase from rabbit skeletal muscle is described which exploits the association-dissociation properties of the enzyme. Phosphofructokinase to prepared is partially phosphorylated and may be fractioned into three distinct species with sedimentation coefficients of 30 S, 18 S and 13 S by chromatography of agarose gels, hydroxyapatite or DEAE-cellulose. Measurements of alkali-labile phosphate content (phosphoserine and/or phosphothreonine) show that fractions consisting almost exclusively of 30-S species and fractions consisting predominantly of 18-S and 13-S species contain approximately 0.15 and 0.29 mol of phosphate per phosphofructokinase monomer (Mr = 80000) respectively. The results are interpreted in terms of at least two 13-S components which differ in their phosphate contents and also in their self-association properties. The possible significance of phosphorylation is discussed.", "contents": "The isolation and characterization of differentially phosphorylated fractions of phosphofructokinase from rabbit skeletal muscle. A preparation of phosphofructokinase from rabbit skeletal muscle is described which exploits the association-dissociation properties of the enzyme. Phosphofructokinase to prepared is partially phosphorylated and may be fractioned into three distinct species with sedimentation coefficients of 30 S, 18 S and 13 S by chromatography of agarose gels, hydroxyapatite or DEAE-cellulose. Measurements of alkali-labile phosphate content (phosphoserine and/or phosphothreonine) show that fractions consisting almost exclusively of 30-S species and fractions consisting predominantly of 18-S and 13-S species contain approximately 0.15 and 0.29 mol of phosphate per phosphofructokinase monomer (Mr = 80000) respectively. The results are interpreted in terms of at least two 13-S components which differ in their phosphate contents and also in their self-association properties. The possible significance of phosphorylation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144602", "title": "T cells which proliferate in response to concanavalin A include cells which proliferate in mixed leucocyte reactions.", "content": "Selection in long-term culture of alloreactive T cells, by successive in vitro restimulation with semi-allogeneic cells, results in primed responder cell populations which maintain full proliferative reactivity to allogeneic cells as well as to the T cell mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) but are depleted of cells which can effect target cell destruction in either a specific or nonspecific manner. Con A-induced T cell blasts (selected by velocity sedimentation) can revert to small resting lymphocytes in the presence of inert \"filler\" cells. Con A blasts which have reverted, readily proliferate in response to Con A or allogeneic stimulator cells but are largely depleted of effector killer cells and PHA-responsive cells.", "contents": "T cells which proliferate in response to concanavalin A include cells which proliferate in mixed leucocyte reactions. Selection in long-term culture of alloreactive T cells, by successive in vitro restimulation with semi-allogeneic cells, results in primed responder cell populations which maintain full proliferative reactivity to allogeneic cells as well as to the T cell mitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) but are depleted of cells which can effect target cell destruction in either a specific or nonspecific manner. Con A-induced T cell blasts (selected by velocity sedimentation) can revert to small resting lymphocytes in the presence of inert \"filler\" cells. Con A blasts which have reverted, readily proliferate in response to Con A or allogeneic stimulator cells but are largely depleted of effector killer cells and PHA-responsive cells."}
{"id": "PMID:144603", "title": "Lack of effect on brain stem and cerebral cortex Na+, K+-ATPase during heart block produced by chronic digoxin treatment.", "content": "The autonomic nervous system has been shown to play an important role in digitalis toxicity. In order to determine whether the central nervous system could be digitalis' site of action, the effect of chronic treatment with toxic doses of digitalis on brain Na+,K+-ATPase was studied in the dog. After four weeks of digoxin treatment, Na+,K+-ATPase activity of the brainstem or cerebral cortex was unaffected at the time when digitalis toxicity (heart block) was apparent. ATP-dependent (3H)-ouabain binding to these tissues was also unaffected indicating that a significant occupancy of brain Na+,K+-ATPase by digoxin did not occur during chronic drug treatment. In contrast, cardiac Na+,K+-ATPase was markedly inhibited with the concomitant binding of digoxin to the enzyme. Since Na+,K+-ATPase is the most digitalis sensitive system identified to date, it appears that digoxin does not affect neuronal function directly.", "contents": "Lack of effect on brain stem and cerebral cortex Na+, K+-ATPase during heart block produced by chronic digoxin treatment. The autonomic nervous system has been shown to play an important role in digitalis toxicity. In order to determine whether the central nervous system could be digitalis' site of action, the effect of chronic treatment with toxic doses of digitalis on brain Na+,K+-ATPase was studied in the dog. After four weeks of digoxin treatment, Na+,K+-ATPase activity of the brainstem or cerebral cortex was unaffected at the time when digitalis toxicity (heart block) was apparent. ATP-dependent (3H)-ouabain binding to these tissues was also unaffected indicating that a significant occupancy of brain Na+,K+-ATPase by digoxin did not occur during chronic drug treatment. In contrast, cardiac Na+,K+-ATPase was markedly inhibited with the concomitant binding of digoxin to the enzyme. Since Na+,K+-ATPase is the most digitalis sensitive system identified to date, it appears that digoxin does not affect neuronal function directly."}
{"id": "PMID:144601", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of a pulmonary artery aneurysm.", "content": "Aneurysm of the pulmonary artery is an uncommon anomaly which may be very difficult to diagnose without angiography. The present report demonstrates that the echocardiographic diagnosis of a pulmonary artery aneurysm is feasible. Correlation between chest X-ray, echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization, angiography and necropsy is presented. Several echocardiographic features of the pulmonic valve motion in pulmonary hypertension, not previously described, are discussed.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of a pulmonary artery aneurysm. Aneurysm of the pulmonary artery is an uncommon anomaly which may be very difficult to diagnose without angiography. The present report demonstrates that the echocardiographic diagnosis of a pulmonary artery aneurysm is feasible. Correlation between chest X-ray, echocardiogram, cardiac catheterization, angiography and necropsy is presented. Several echocardiographic features of the pulmonic valve motion in pulmonary hypertension, not previously described, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144612", "title": "Comparison of polyglactic and polyglycolic acid sutures in reproductive tissue.", "content": "Polyglactic acid and polyglycolic acid suture materials were compared in rat uterine and abdominal wall tissues for inflammatory response and tissue fibrosis. By 90 days after surgery, the tissue inflammatory reaction and fibrosis were significantly less in response to polyglactic acid suture (Vicryl) in both uterus and skin as compared with the response to polyglycolic acid (Dexon). In addition, the over-all tissue response in skin was significantly greater than that in uterus for both suture materials. The potential importance of tissue fibrosis--particularly in oviductal surgery, over and above the formation of adhesions between one organ and another--is emphasized. It is concluded that (1) the magnitude of tissue response to suture material varies for different tissues, (2) the degree of tissue wall fibrosis does not necessarily correspond to external tissue adhesions, (3) adhesions are maximal at the surgical knots regardless of the suture material used, and (4) polyglactic acid suture material may be preferable to polyglycolic acid suture material for infertility surgery, in which a minimum of tissue reaction is imperative.", "contents": "Comparison of polyglactic and polyglycolic acid sutures in reproductive tissue. Polyglactic acid and polyglycolic acid suture materials were compared in rat uterine and abdominal wall tissues for inflammatory response and tissue fibrosis. By 90 days after surgery, the tissue inflammatory reaction and fibrosis were significantly less in response to polyglactic acid suture (Vicryl) in both uterus and skin as compared with the response to polyglycolic acid (Dexon). In addition, the over-all tissue response in skin was significantly greater than that in uterus for both suture materials. The potential importance of tissue fibrosis--particularly in oviductal surgery, over and above the formation of adhesions between one organ and another--is emphasized. It is concluded that (1) the magnitude of tissue response to suture material varies for different tissues, (2) the degree of tissue wall fibrosis does not necessarily correspond to external tissue adhesions, (3) adhesions are maximal at the surgical knots regardless of the suture material used, and (4) polyglactic acid suture material may be preferable to polyglycolic acid suture material for infertility surgery, in which a minimum of tissue reaction is imperative."}
{"id": "PMID:144607", "title": "[Mechanism of the hypobilirubinemic action of nicofezon].", "content": "The effect of nicophesone on the processes of cojugation and alkaline phosphatase was studied in tests staged on albino rats and rabbits poisoned with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Nicophesone is shown to stimulate conjugation of bilirubin with glucoronic and sulphuric acids and to depress the activity of alkaline phosphatase. The data obtained are considered inasmuch as they concern the hypobilirubinemic action of nicophesone.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the hypobilirubinemic action of nicofezon]. The effect of nicophesone on the processes of cojugation and alkaline phosphatase was studied in tests staged on albino rats and rabbits poisoned with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Nicophesone is shown to stimulate conjugation of bilirubin with glucoronic and sulphuric acids and to depress the activity of alkaline phosphatase. The data obtained are considered inasmuch as they concern the hypobilirubinemic action of nicophesone."}
{"id": "PMID:144613", "title": "[Ultrastructural localization of adenosine triphosphatase activity in the proximal kidney tubules of white rats].", "content": "In white rats, the ferment topography of Mg+2 and (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPh-ses in proximal canaliculi was studied with the aid of the ultrastructural cytochemistry. The final product of the fermentative reaction (PhHPO4) in the form of small dense granuli is positioned on the duplicate folds of epithelial cells, the cells limiting the brush border micropiles, and on invaginations of the apical plasmalemme at the micropiles base. For (Na+ %K+)-activated ATPh-ses a localisation of the reaction product was determined in the canaliculi vessels.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural localization of adenosine triphosphatase activity in the proximal kidney tubules of white rats]. In white rats, the ferment topography of Mg+2 and (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPh-ses in proximal canaliculi was studied with the aid of the ultrastructural cytochemistry. The final product of the fermentative reaction (PhHPO4) in the form of small dense granuli is positioned on the duplicate folds of epithelial cells, the cells limiting the brush border micropiles, and on invaginations of the apical plasmalemme at the micropiles base. For (Na+ %K+)-activated ATPh-ses a localisation of the reaction product was determined in the canaliculi vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:144614", "title": "Cellular cooperation at the level of antibody-producing cells in chickens.", "content": "The effect of in vitro cocultivation of immune and non-immune syngeneic lymphoid cells on the antibody response was studied in chickens. Cocultivation of immune and non-immune spleen cells did not affect significantly the PFC numbers. Substantial increase in PFC was observed in mixed cultures of immune spleen cells with non-immune bone marrow cells. The existence of an enhancing effect of non-immune cells on the antibody-producing cells, which had been earlier described in mice, was observed in a phylogenetically distant species. Therefore it seems probable that it exists in most, if not all, homoiotherm animal species.", "contents": "Cellular cooperation at the level of antibody-producing cells in chickens. The effect of in vitro cocultivation of immune and non-immune syngeneic lymphoid cells on the antibody response was studied in chickens. Cocultivation of immune and non-immune spleen cells did not affect significantly the PFC numbers. Substantial increase in PFC was observed in mixed cultures of immune spleen cells with non-immune bone marrow cells. The existence of an enhancing effect of non-immune cells on the antibody-producing cells, which had been earlier described in mice, was observed in a phylogenetically distant species. Therefore it seems probable that it exists in most, if not all, homoiotherm animal species."}
{"id": "PMID:144619", "title": "Psuedolymphoma syndrome.", "content": "A transient dermatologic abnormality which gave a histologic picture compatible with malignant lymphoma is described. The clinical manifestations included diarrhea, hepatosplenomegaly, moderate lymph node enlargement without histopathological changes and evidence of involvement of the reticulo-endothelial system. Both the dermatologic and gastrointestinal disorders appeared approximately 1 year after discontinuation of treatment with diphenylhydantoin, which the patient had taken for 2 years. The possible association between the transient abnormality and the previous diphenylhydantoin therapy justifies the classification of this case as 'pseudolymphoma syndrome'.", "contents": "Psuedolymphoma syndrome. A transient dermatologic abnormality which gave a histologic picture compatible with malignant lymphoma is described. The clinical manifestations included diarrhea, hepatosplenomegaly, moderate lymph node enlargement without histopathological changes and evidence of involvement of the reticulo-endothelial system. Both the dermatologic and gastrointestinal disorders appeared approximately 1 year after discontinuation of treatment with diphenylhydantoin, which the patient had taken for 2 years. The possible association between the transient abnormality and the previous diphenylhydantoin therapy justifies the classification of this case as 'pseudolymphoma syndrome'."}
{"id": "PMID:144634", "title": "[Statistical evaluation of vectorcardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of posterior myocardial necrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "85 vectorcardiograms, characterized by anteriorly oriented horizontal ventricular loop, were analized in order to evaluate if this pattern can be considered diagnostic at all for strictly posterior myocardial infarction. Records were divided into two groups according to positivity or negativity of clinical history for myocardial infarction. Records consistent with right ventricular hypertrophy were ruled out. Nine parameters related to ventricular depolarization and repolarization were measured and the values were submitted to statistical analysis. The study showed that:--selection of the two groups was correct, because of first group's homogeneity and control group's unhomogeneity;--mean values of the nine parameters did not differ significantly in the two groups;--single parameter into each group was unrelated to others. As a consequence, criteria at the time in use for diagnosis of strictly posterior myocardial infarction seem not to be useful, as other conditions beside myocardial infarction or right ventricular hypertrophy are able to determine the same vectorcardiographic pattern.", "contents": "[Statistical evaluation of vectorcardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of posterior myocardial necrosis (author's transl)]. 85 vectorcardiograms, characterized by anteriorly oriented horizontal ventricular loop, were analized in order to evaluate if this pattern can be considered diagnostic at all for strictly posterior myocardial infarction. Records were divided into two groups according to positivity or negativity of clinical history for myocardial infarction. Records consistent with right ventricular hypertrophy were ruled out. Nine parameters related to ventricular depolarization and repolarization were measured and the values were submitted to statistical analysis. The study showed that:--selection of the two groups was correct, because of first group's homogeneity and control group's unhomogeneity;--mean values of the nine parameters did not differ significantly in the two groups;--single parameter into each group was unrelated to others. As a consequence, criteria at the time in use for diagnosis of strictly posterior myocardial infarction seem not to be useful, as other conditions beside myocardial infarction or right ventricular hypertrophy are able to determine the same vectorcardiographic pattern."}
{"id": "PMID:144635", "title": "[A new surgical technique for treatments of left ventricular outflow tract obstructions. Report of a case and reexamination of our experience (author's transl)].", "content": "Aortic valvotomy, aortic valve replacement, resection of the subaortic membrane and aortic patch angioplasty do not always provide satisfactory relief of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. From August 1975 through January 1977, 15 patients underwent creation of a left ventricular vent by means of a Dacron fabric conduit containing a heterograft valve going from the left ventricle to the supraceliac portion of the abdominal aorta (Cooley's point). All patients had valvular, subvalvular, supravalvular aortic stenosis, or combined defects. One patient had severe hemolytic anemia following aortic valve replacement. Eleven of our 15 patients had undergone one or more previous surgical procedures for relief of aortic stenosis. The operative mortality has been one patient. At postoperative catheterization, there was a normalization of pressure gradients, and the blood flow through the conduit was 40% of the cardiac output. An interesting case of supravalvular aortic stenosis associated with stenosis of the vessels of the arch is presented.", "contents": "[A new surgical technique for treatments of left ventricular outflow tract obstructions. Report of a case and reexamination of our experience (author's transl)]. Aortic valvotomy, aortic valve replacement, resection of the subaortic membrane and aortic patch angioplasty do not always provide satisfactory relief of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. From August 1975 through January 1977, 15 patients underwent creation of a left ventricular vent by means of a Dacron fabric conduit containing a heterograft valve going from the left ventricle to the supraceliac portion of the abdominal aorta (Cooley's point). All patients had valvular, subvalvular, supravalvular aortic stenosis, or combined defects. One patient had severe hemolytic anemia following aortic valve replacement. Eleven of our 15 patients had undergone one or more previous surgical procedures for relief of aortic stenosis. The operative mortality has been one patient. At postoperative catheterization, there was a normalization of pressure gradients, and the blood flow through the conduit was 40% of the cardiac output. An interesting case of supravalvular aortic stenosis associated with stenosis of the vessels of the arch is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:144636", "title": "[Sterilization by partial resection of the oviducts via bipolar electrocoagulation (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 2,357 sterilizations via bipolar coagulation was effected at the University Clinics of Gynecology at Basel and T\u00fcbingen since 1972 and 1975 respectively. Of these, 2,143 were effected via laparoscopy. The following complications occurred which required laparotomy: in two cases, hemorrhages from the abdominal cavity as a result of the second puncture, in one case from the mesosalpinx, and, as a late complication, two extrauterine pregnancies. The method failed in the case of the two extrauterine pregnancies and possibly also in the case of two doubtful intrauterine pregnancies (0.8--1.7 per thousand). Today this surgical measure is being performed in T\u00fcbingen exclusively by the single-puncture technique an increasingly under local anesthesia. The advantages of the method are an accurately determinable coagulation zone, sparing of the mesosalpinx, low incidence of complications, absence of life-threatening incidents, and low failure quota.", "contents": "[Sterilization by partial resection of the oviducts via bipolar electrocoagulation (author's transl)]. A total of 2,357 sterilizations via bipolar coagulation was effected at the University Clinics of Gynecology at Basel and T\u00fcbingen since 1972 and 1975 respectively. Of these, 2,143 were effected via laparoscopy. The following complications occurred which required laparotomy: in two cases, hemorrhages from the abdominal cavity as a result of the second puncture, in one case from the mesosalpinx, and, as a late complication, two extrauterine pregnancies. The method failed in the case of the two extrauterine pregnancies and possibly also in the case of two doubtful intrauterine pregnancies (0.8--1.7 per thousand). Today this surgical measure is being performed in T\u00fcbingen exclusively by the single-puncture technique an increasingly under local anesthesia. The advantages of the method are an accurately determinable coagulation zone, sparing of the mesosalpinx, low incidence of complications, absence of life-threatening incidents, and low failure quota."}
{"id": "PMID:144644", "title": "Mucosubstances in the human skeletal muscles.", "content": "With histomchemical, and electronmicroscopic-histochemical methods two types of human skeletal muscle fibres were established. The first type of muscle fibres does not contain acidic mucosubstances. The staining reactions and cellulase digestion indicate that, the neutral polysaccharides are cellulose-like substances. The second type of fibres contains only acidic mucosubstances, hyaluronic acid and chondroitine sulphate. The author suggests that the mucosubstances have joint function. These polysaccharides contributed to the jointing both of myofibrils and sarcomers. The polysaccharides can be exhibited in the joint points of contractile elements. In mechanical injury this point became disintegrated.", "contents": "Mucosubstances in the human skeletal muscles. With histomchemical, and electronmicroscopic-histochemical methods two types of human skeletal muscle fibres were established. The first type of muscle fibres does not contain acidic mucosubstances. The staining reactions and cellulase digestion indicate that, the neutral polysaccharides are cellulose-like substances. The second type of fibres contains only acidic mucosubstances, hyaluronic acid and chondroitine sulphate. The author suggests that the mucosubstances have joint function. These polysaccharides contributed to the jointing both of myofibrils and sarcomers. The polysaccharides can be exhibited in the joint points of contractile elements. In mechanical injury this point became disintegrated."}
{"id": "PMID:144645", "title": "Histochemical studies on the mucopolysaccharides of the developing chick kidney. II. Mucopolysaccharides of the collecting tubules and excretory ducts.", "content": "Mucopolysaccharides of the collecting tubules and excretory ducts of developing chick kidney were studied histochemically to elucidate the relations, between the changing chemical properties of these compounds and excretory processes during pronephric, mesonephric and metanephric developmental stages. At the pronephric ammonotelic stage the collecting tubules contain only neutral mucopolysaccharides, whereas at the mesonephric ureotelic stage neutral mucopoly saccharides are found till the 9th day. Sialic acids make their appearance in luminal border regions of the mesonephric collecting tubules from the 9th day on, their concentration being highest on the 15th day. Hyaluronic acid is observed from the 16th day on. Its concentration is predominant in hatched young birds and increases with age. The physiological significance of alterations in the mucopolysaccharides contents is discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on the mucopolysaccharides of the developing chick kidney. II. Mucopolysaccharides of the collecting tubules and excretory ducts. Mucopolysaccharides of the collecting tubules and excretory ducts of developing chick kidney were studied histochemically to elucidate the relations, between the changing chemical properties of these compounds and excretory processes during pronephric, mesonephric and metanephric developmental stages. At the pronephric ammonotelic stage the collecting tubules contain only neutral mucopolysaccharides, whereas at the mesonephric ureotelic stage neutral mucopoly saccharides are found till the 9th day. Sialic acids make their appearance in luminal border regions of the mesonephric collecting tubules from the 9th day on, their concentration being highest on the 15th day. Hyaluronic acid is observed from the 16th day on. Its concentration is predominant in hatched young birds and increases with age. The physiological significance of alterations in the mucopolysaccharides contents is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144646", "title": "Histochemistry of the utero-vaginal junction with special reference to the sperm-host glands in the oviduct of the domestic duck.", "content": "The \"utero-vaginal junction\" that connects the uterus and vagina of duck oviduct differs histologically and histochemically from the adjacent zones. The region is characterised by low, somewhat longitudinally arranged mucosal folds, lined by tall columner cilliated cells with apical nuclei alternating with mucous secreting goblet cells containing basal nuclei. Within the propria of the mucosa there are numerous tubular glands--the sperm host glands--which are responsible for sperm storage after copulation. The goblet cells of the utero-vaginal junction contain an admixture of neutral, sulfated and nonsulfated acid mucopolysaccharides, while the sperm host glands are devoid of any mucopolysaccharide and secrete complex lipoidal materials and exhibit intense acid phosphatase activity. The functional significance of the secretory materials of the sperm host glands have been discussed in the light of sperm release mechanism.", "contents": "Histochemistry of the utero-vaginal junction with special reference to the sperm-host glands in the oviduct of the domestic duck. The \"utero-vaginal junction\" that connects the uterus and vagina of duck oviduct differs histologically and histochemically from the adjacent zones. The region is characterised by low, somewhat longitudinally arranged mucosal folds, lined by tall columner cilliated cells with apical nuclei alternating with mucous secreting goblet cells containing basal nuclei. Within the propria of the mucosa there are numerous tubular glands--the sperm host glands--which are responsible for sperm storage after copulation. The goblet cells of the utero-vaginal junction contain an admixture of neutral, sulfated and nonsulfated acid mucopolysaccharides, while the sperm host glands are devoid of any mucopolysaccharide and secrete complex lipoidal materials and exhibit intense acid phosphatase activity. The functional significance of the secretory materials of the sperm host glands have been discussed in the light of sperm release mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:144647", "title": "Histochemistry of mucosubstances in the mantle of fresh water mussel, Parreysia corrugata var. nagpoorensis (Lea) II. Mucosubstances of the middle marginal fold.", "content": "The results of the various histochemical reactions on mucosubstances indicate that in the middle fold of the mantle edge two types of mucus cells exist, one producing sulphomucins and the other neutral mucosubstances. The cells secreting neutral mucosubstances are few in number. The sulphated mucus is strongly alcianophilic. The alcianophilia persists when the tissues are stained with alcian blue in concentration up to 0-5 M magnesium chloride. Testicular hyaluronidase has no effect on the staining pattern of the mucus.", "contents": "Histochemistry of mucosubstances in the mantle of fresh water mussel, Parreysia corrugata var. nagpoorensis (Lea) II. Mucosubstances of the middle marginal fold. The results of the various histochemical reactions on mucosubstances indicate that in the middle fold of the mantle edge two types of mucus cells exist, one producing sulphomucins and the other neutral mucosubstances. The cells secreting neutral mucosubstances are few in number. The sulphated mucus is strongly alcianophilic. The alcianophilia persists when the tissues are stained with alcian blue in concentration up to 0-5 M magnesium chloride. Testicular hyaluronidase has no effect on the staining pattern of the mucus."}
{"id": "PMID:144648", "title": "[Mammography and age (author's transl)].", "content": "Following Egan (2), Gros et al. (8,9), Ingleby and Gershon-Cohen (11) and Witten (18) the appearances of mammograms were divided into four groups: I. Dense, II. Atrophic, III. Shrunken-fibrous and IV. Cotton-wool, diffuse. In young women up to the age of 30 a dense structure is the most common (74.8%). On the basis of available statistics, the use of mammography for routine detection of carcinoma of the breast cannot be justified in women under the age of 30; not only is this condition very rare at this age, but proper evaluation of the relevant signs is only possible in one woman in four because of the structure of the breast. On the other hand, if there is any suspicion of the presence of a carcinoma, then mammography should be carried out and additional forms of examination, such as thermography and xerography, should not be neglected.", "contents": "[Mammography and age (author's transl)]. Following Egan (2), Gros et al. (8,9), Ingleby and Gershon-Cohen (11) and Witten (18) the appearances of mammograms were divided into four groups: I. Dense, II. Atrophic, III. Shrunken-fibrous and IV. Cotton-wool, diffuse. In young women up to the age of 30 a dense structure is the most common (74.8%). On the basis of available statistics, the use of mammography for routine detection of carcinoma of the breast cannot be justified in women under the age of 30; not only is this condition very rare at this age, but proper evaluation of the relevant signs is only possible in one woman in four because of the structure of the breast. On the other hand, if there is any suspicion of the presence of a carcinoma, then mammography should be carried out and additional forms of examination, such as thermography and xerography, should not be neglected."}
{"id": "PMID:144649", "title": "[Clinical-radiological evaluation of barium sulfate suspension in double contrast examination (author's transl)].", "content": "In four selected, commercial barium sulfate preparations, viscosity, surface tension and particle size were measured; examined were agglomeration, sedimentation and homogeneity in vitro. For the clinical-radiological examination, an evaluation scheme has been developed containing the following criteria: uniformity and thickness of contrast medium layer, demonstration of the areae gastricae, clearness of gastric contour, and vesiculation. A blind study, encompassing about 100 double contrast examinations of each preparation, ascertained the usability of this scheme. Significant differences could be detected among the four contrast media. The barium sulfate suspension which was rated the highest lay within a viscosity range of 50-90 cP, had a particle diameter of 0.2-1.6 micrometer and showed the least degree of agglomeration. Results of the in vitro examinations, when compared to the clinical tests, lead to the conclusion that both, gastric mucous and contrast medium additives, may exert considerable influence on the pictorial quality of the above defined criteria.", "contents": "[Clinical-radiological evaluation of barium sulfate suspension in double contrast examination (author's transl)]. In four selected, commercial barium sulfate preparations, viscosity, surface tension and particle size were measured; examined were agglomeration, sedimentation and homogeneity in vitro. For the clinical-radiological examination, an evaluation scheme has been developed containing the following criteria: uniformity and thickness of contrast medium layer, demonstration of the areae gastricae, clearness of gastric contour, and vesiculation. A blind study, encompassing about 100 double contrast examinations of each preparation, ascertained the usability of this scheme. Significant differences could be detected among the four contrast media. The barium sulfate suspension which was rated the highest lay within a viscosity range of 50-90 cP, had a particle diameter of 0.2-1.6 micrometer and showed the least degree of agglomeration. Results of the in vitro examinations, when compared to the clinical tests, lead to the conclusion that both, gastric mucous and contrast medium additives, may exert considerable influence on the pictorial quality of the above defined criteria."}
{"id": "PMID:144650", "title": "[Radiological bone patterns compared with pathological and anatomical appearances (author's transl)].", "content": "In the present study, radiographs of the skeleton were compared with relevant pathological sections; in this way some information could be more clearly brought out and changes in the structure and contours of bones could be classified. The radiographs were compared with photographs of the actual specimen. For this purpose either plain radiographs or tomographic cuts were used. In addition, bone sections were studied by a radiographic magnification method in order to improve detail recognition.", "contents": "[Radiological bone patterns compared with pathological and anatomical appearances (author's transl)]. In the present study, radiographs of the skeleton were compared with relevant pathological sections; in this way some information could be more clearly brought out and changes in the structure and contours of bones could be classified. The radiographs were compared with photographs of the actual specimen. For this purpose either plain radiographs or tomographic cuts were used. In addition, bone sections were studied by a radiographic magnification method in order to improve detail recognition."}
{"id": "PMID:144651", "title": "[Pathological bone structure (author's transl)].", "content": "The pathological and anatomical basis of various radiographic changes in a number of diseases of the skeleton is discussed. The conditions include abnormalities of bone formation and bone removal, including osteoporosis, fibrous dysplasia, osteomyelosclerosis, osteitis deformans, posttraumatic changes and ossifying periostitis. The form and structure of the pathological and anatomical substrate determine the radiological appearances and are essential for arriving at a diagnosis.", "contents": "[Pathological bone structure (author's transl)]. The pathological and anatomical basis of various radiographic changes in a number of diseases of the skeleton is discussed. The conditions include abnormalities of bone formation and bone removal, including osteoporosis, fibrous dysplasia, osteomyelosclerosis, osteitis deformans, posttraumatic changes and ossifying periostitis. The form and structure of the pathological and anatomical substrate determine the radiological appearances and are essential for arriving at a diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:144652", "title": "[K\u00f6hler's \"tear drop\". Relationship between the radiologic picture and anatomic substrate].", "content": "The diagnostic value and anatomical basis of K\u00f6hler's \"tear drop\" has been in doubt. By means of radiographs of the right side of the pelvis taken with various degrees of rotation tilt, and by X-raying serial sections, it was possible to demonstrate how this appearance is produced. It was shown which parts of the pelvis contribute to the \"tear drop\". This simplifies an understanding of the radiographic appearances of the pelvis in the region of the hip joint.", "contents": "[K\u00f6hler's \"tear drop\". Relationship between the radiologic picture and anatomic substrate]. The diagnostic value and anatomical basis of K\u00f6hler's \"tear drop\" has been in doubt. By means of radiographs of the right side of the pelvis taken with various degrees of rotation tilt, and by X-raying serial sections, it was possible to demonstrate how this appearance is produced. It was shown which parts of the pelvis contribute to the \"tear drop\". This simplifies an understanding of the radiographic appearances of the pelvis in the region of the hip joint."}
{"id": "PMID:144653", "title": "[The radiographic appearances of the acromio-clavicular joints in old age (author's transl)].", "content": "The author studied 200 shoulders in 100 normal persons over the age of 60 and found the following changes in the acromioclavicular joint due to old age: simple sclerosis of the joint surfaces, some new bone formation, hypertrophy of the acromial end of the clavicle, uneveness of the acromion and caudal dislocation of the clavicle. Marginal changes of the clavicle at the point of attachment of the coraco-clavicular ligament are also due to old age and are not a sign of rheumatoid arthritis.", "contents": "[The radiographic appearances of the acromio-clavicular joints in old age (author's transl)]. The author studied 200 shoulders in 100 normal persons over the age of 60 and found the following changes in the acromioclavicular joint due to old age: simple sclerosis of the joint surfaces, some new bone formation, hypertrophy of the acromial end of the clavicle, uneveness of the acromion and caudal dislocation of the clavicle. Marginal changes of the clavicle at the point of attachment of the coraco-clavicular ligament are also due to old age and are not a sign of rheumatoid arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:144654", "title": "[Soft tissue changes in pseudo-pseudo-hypoparathyroidism (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have demonstrated subcutaneous calcification which is characteristic for pseudo-pseudo-hypoparathyroidism (pph) and which is best shown by xero-radiography. If the presence of pph is suspected, or if it needs to be distinguished from some other condition, it is valuable to obtain xerograms of the soft tissues of the extremities. In pph the subcutaneous calcification is in all probability derived from the skeleton.", "contents": "[Soft tissue changes in pseudo-pseudo-hypoparathyroidism (author's transl)]. The authors have demonstrated subcutaneous calcification which is characteristic for pseudo-pseudo-hypoparathyroidism (pph) and which is best shown by xero-radiography. If the presence of pph is suspected, or if it needs to be distinguished from some other condition, it is valuable to obtain xerograms of the soft tissues of the extremities. In pph the subcutaneous calcification is in all probability derived from the skeleton."}
{"id": "PMID:144655", "title": "Achondrogenesis, type I.", "content": "Achondrogenesis is a rare form of lethal dwarfism. Usually discovered post partum, in a few instances only it has been diagnosed in utero. One such a case is here presented together with differential diagnosis with other forms of lethal dwarfism.", "contents": "Achondrogenesis, type I. Achondrogenesis is a rare form of lethal dwarfism. Usually discovered post partum, in a few instances only it has been diagnosed in utero. One such a case is here presented together with differential diagnosis with other forms of lethal dwarfism."}
{"id": "PMID:144656", "title": "[The arteriographic appearances of the hypothenar hammer syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The characteristic angiographic appearances found in the superficial palmar arch are described in five cases of the hypothenar hammer syndrome. The symptoms depend on the anatomical peculiarities of the arteries in the hand, the extent of the causative lesion and the condition of the peripheral digital arteries. The condition is probably more common than is thought. It can be differentiated from other vascular abnormalities of the hand by angiography.", "contents": "[The arteriographic appearances of the hypothenar hammer syndrome (author's transl)]. The characteristic angiographic appearances found in the superficial palmar arch are described in five cases of the hypothenar hammer syndrome. The symptoms depend on the anatomical peculiarities of the arteries in the hand, the extent of the causative lesion and the condition of the peripheral digital arteries. The condition is probably more common than is thought. It can be differentiated from other vascular abnormalities of the hand by angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:144657", "title": "[The primitive otic artery, a very rare, persistent, primitive artery (author's transl)].", "content": "A very rare carotid-basilar anastomosis, the primitive otic artery, is described. In the presence of hypoplasia of the vertebral and basilar arteries and dorsal interruption of the circle of Willis, an attempt is made to explain the situation embryologically and to discuss the disadvantages associated with this condition.", "contents": "[The primitive otic artery, a very rare, persistent, primitive artery (author's transl)]. A very rare carotid-basilar anastomosis, the primitive otic artery, is described. In the presence of hypoplasia of the vertebral and basilar arteries and dorsal interruption of the circle of Willis, an attempt is made to explain the situation embryologically and to discuss the disadvantages associated with this condition."}
{"id": "PMID:144658", "title": "[Demonstration of the skull base by computed tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to showing the structures of the brain, it is possible with computed tomography to demonstrate the bone of the skull. For this the window width has to be increased, or one has to use additive photographic manipulation (integral photography). The clinical value of views of the skull base is illustrated. The advantages of computed tomography compared with conventional radiographic technique are stressed.", "contents": "[Demonstration of the skull base by computed tomography (author's transl)]. In addition to showing the structures of the brain, it is possible with computed tomography to demonstrate the bone of the skull. For this the window width has to be increased, or one has to use additive photographic manipulation (integral photography). The clinical value of views of the skull base is illustrated. The advantages of computed tomography compared with conventional radiographic technique are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:144659", "title": "[First clinical experience with axial emission computer tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "104 examinations were carried out on 81 patients with a new commercial emission computer tomographic scanner. The technique provides additional information in half the brain scans, but only in one third of liver scans. No indications for this examination could be discovered in a relatively small clinical material for the examination of the kidneys or the skeleton. Other organs were not included in this assessment. The authors confirm reports in the literature which show that this method is not particularly valuable for finding pathology. It finds its application in conforming or excluding suspected abnormalities and for better localisation and delineation of lesions, thereby aiding differential diagnosis. However, further technical improvements and increased clinical experiency may increase the applicability of the technique.", "contents": "[First clinical experience with axial emission computer tomography (author's transl)]. 104 examinations were carried out on 81 patients with a new commercial emission computer tomographic scanner. The technique provides additional information in half the brain scans, but only in one third of liver scans. No indications for this examination could be discovered in a relatively small clinical material for the examination of the kidneys or the skeleton. Other organs were not included in this assessment. The authors confirm reports in the literature which show that this method is not particularly valuable for finding pathology. It finds its application in conforming or excluding suspected abnormalities and for better localisation and delineation of lesions, thereby aiding differential diagnosis. However, further technical improvements and increased clinical experiency may increase the applicability of the technique."}
{"id": "PMID:144660", "title": "[Improved scintigraphic imaging of the adrenals with 6beta-131I-iodomethyl-cholesterol (author's transl)].", "content": "Scintigraphic visualization of the adrenals is greatly improved after substitution of 131I-19-I-Cholesterol by 6beta-131I-Iodomethyl-Cholesterol which was first seen as a radiochemical impurity during the synthesis of 131I-19-Iodocholesterol. The interpretation of the scintigraphic imaging is further improved by application of a cross section through the visualized adrenals. In an animal experiment the radioactivity of the adrenals and to a less degree that of different tissues was found up to four times higher after injection of 6beta-131I-Iodomethyl-Cholesterol than with the applications of 131I-19-Iodocholesterol. The high affinity of the tissue for 6beta-131I-Iodomethyl-Cholesterol results in high radiation exposure of the patients. However, since less activity of 6beta-131I-Iodomethyl-Cholesterol is necessary for visualization of the adrenals the overall radiation is also less than with the application of 131I-Iodocholesterol. Higher stability of the labelled molecule is suggested to be responsible for improved scintigraphic imaging of the adrenals.", "contents": "[Improved scintigraphic imaging of the adrenals with 6beta-131I-iodomethyl-cholesterol (author's transl)]. Scintigraphic visualization of the adrenals is greatly improved after substitution of 131I-19-I-Cholesterol by 6beta-131I-Iodomethyl-Cholesterol which was first seen as a radiochemical impurity during the synthesis of 131I-19-Iodocholesterol. The interpretation of the scintigraphic imaging is further improved by application of a cross section through the visualized adrenals. In an animal experiment the radioactivity of the adrenals and to a less degree that of different tissues was found up to four times higher after injection of 6beta-131I-Iodomethyl-Cholesterol than with the applications of 131I-19-Iodocholesterol. The high affinity of the tissue for 6beta-131I-Iodomethyl-Cholesterol results in high radiation exposure of the patients. However, since less activity of 6beta-131I-Iodomethyl-Cholesterol is necessary for visualization of the adrenals the overall radiation is also less than with the application of 131I-Iodocholesterol. Higher stability of the labelled molecule is suggested to be responsible for improved scintigraphic imaging of the adrenals."}
{"id": "PMID:144661", "title": "[Sequential scintigraphy in the investigation of changes in renal function during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes in renal function during pregnancy were studied by sequential scintigraphy in 16 women with normal kidneys. The examinations were carried out during the first and third trimesters. Time activity curves were obtained by a computer-assisted storage and analysis procedure, using a \"region of interest\" technique for renal parenchyma and renal pelvis. The study included topographic changes and the evaluation of 13 semi-quantitative parameters related to the renal parenchyma and of nine parameters related to the renal pelvis. The results were demonstrated graphically. The predominantly rightsided changes in renal function during the third trimester are discussed in relation to the relevant literature.", "contents": "[Sequential scintigraphy in the investigation of changes in renal function during pregnancy (author's transl)]. Changes in renal function during pregnancy were studied by sequential scintigraphy in 16 women with normal kidneys. The examinations were carried out during the first and third trimesters. Time activity curves were obtained by a computer-assisted storage and analysis procedure, using a \"region of interest\" technique for renal parenchyma and renal pelvis. The study included topographic changes and the evaluation of 13 semi-quantitative parameters related to the renal parenchyma and of nine parameters related to the renal pelvis. The results were demonstrated graphically. The predominantly rightsided changes in renal function during the third trimester are discussed in relation to the relevant literature."}
{"id": "PMID:144662", "title": "[Inhibition malformation of the female genitaltract combined with gynatresia on one side (author's transl)].", "content": "Reduplication malformations of uterus and vagina are caused either by absence or inkomplete fusion of the paired M\u00fcller's ducts. When this occurs in conjunction with gynatresia it's often not diagnosed until many years after the menarche. Even by hysterosalpingography only few cases of combined inhibition malformation of the female genitaltract are diagnosed. The radiological findings in a patient with uterus bicornis bicollis and vagina septa unilateralis associated with unilateral renal aplasia are described.", "contents": "[Inhibition malformation of the female genitaltract combined with gynatresia on one side (author's transl)]. Reduplication malformations of uterus and vagina are caused either by absence or inkomplete fusion of the paired M\u00fcller's ducts. When this occurs in conjunction with gynatresia it's often not diagnosed until many years after the menarche. Even by hysterosalpingography only few cases of combined inhibition malformation of the female genitaltract are diagnosed. The radiological findings in a patient with uterus bicornis bicollis and vagina septa unilateralis associated with unilateral renal aplasia are described."}
{"id": "PMID:144670", "title": "[Computerised tomography of the trunk-a first report (author's transl)].", "content": "One thousand patients have been examined with the body scanner and a preliminary report is presented on the value of this method in the examination of abdomen and the thorax. Unlike other radiological procedures, computerised tomography is often able to demonstrate disease states directly and not only as a result of their effect on neighbouring structures. It provides a non-invasive means for achieving a diagnosis, for therapy planning and for control of treatment of space-occupying lesions within the trunk. Its role can only be defined after a systematic comparision with conventional diagnostic procedures.", "contents": "[Computerised tomography of the trunk-a first report (author's transl)]. One thousand patients have been examined with the body scanner and a preliminary report is presented on the value of this method in the examination of abdomen and the thorax. Unlike other radiological procedures, computerised tomography is often able to demonstrate disease states directly and not only as a result of their effect on neighbouring structures. It provides a non-invasive means for achieving a diagnosis, for therapy planning and for control of treatment of space-occupying lesions within the trunk. Its role can only be defined after a systematic comparision with conventional diagnostic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:144671", "title": "[Whole body computer tomography in the planning and follow-up of radiation therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Whole body computer tomography provides accurate transverse sections of the areas to be irradiated in the position used for irradiation. The method has been used in 167 patients with malignant tumours in various parts of the body on a routine basis. Actual-size cuts allowed accurate delineation of the tumour or of the area to be irradiated with its neighbouring organs in 135 patients; in 66 patients CT scanning probided additional information regarding the extent of the tumour. Follow-up examinations carried out in 29 patients proved effective in showing the results of treatment. The introduction of the whole body scanner into radiation therapy has improbed radiation planning when compared with conventional methods because of the more accurate delineation of the area to be irradiated and of the surrounding organs.", "contents": "[Whole body computer tomography in the planning and follow-up of radiation therapy (author's transl)]. Whole body computer tomography provides accurate transverse sections of the areas to be irradiated in the position used for irradiation. The method has been used in 167 patients with malignant tumours in various parts of the body on a routine basis. Actual-size cuts allowed accurate delineation of the tumour or of the area to be irradiated with its neighbouring organs in 135 patients; in 66 patients CT scanning probided additional information regarding the extent of the tumour. Follow-up examinations carried out in 29 patients proved effective in showing the results of treatment. The introduction of the whole body scanner into radiation therapy has improbed radiation planning when compared with conventional methods because of the more accurate delineation of the area to be irradiated and of the surrounding organs."}
{"id": "PMID:144672", "title": "[Polycystic degeneration of parenchymatous organs in the abdomen or malignant tumour? Computer tomographic investigations].", "content": "The report deals with the computer tomographic investigation of a space-occupying intra-abdominal process in which there were polycystic lesions of the liver, kidneys and pancreas. CT scanning combined with biochemical investigations provided clear proof of the presence of cysts, their morphology and extent. The possibility of the neoplasm could be excluded; it proved unnecessary to carry out any invasive procedures and a laparotomy also became unneccessary.", "contents": "[Polycystic degeneration of parenchymatous organs in the abdomen or malignant tumour? Computer tomographic investigations]. The report deals with the computer tomographic investigation of a space-occupying intra-abdominal process in which there were polycystic lesions of the liver, kidneys and pancreas. CT scanning combined with biochemical investigations provided clear proof of the presence of cysts, their morphology and extent. The possibility of the neoplasm could be excluded; it proved unnecessary to carry out any invasive procedures and a laparotomy also became unneccessary."}
{"id": "PMID:144673", "title": "[Cholangiographic appearance of the intraphepatic bile ducts (author's transl)].", "content": "Percutaneous transphepatic cholangiography patterns of intrahepatic bile ducts in 134 patients were analysed. The majority of case material consisted of gallstone disease and complications of its surgery (44 cases) and secondary or primary neoplasms of the liver (40 cases). A satisfactory filling of the peripheral bile ducts was obtained after drainage of bile and with an injection of somewhat increased quantities of contrast medium into the biliary system. PTC was found to be highly effective in detecting space occupying lesions of neoplastic origin i.e. sensitivity-90 percent, specificity-95 percent, predictive value of a positive result-88 percent. PTC patterns of liver cirrhosis with concommitant extraheptic obstruction, chronic cholangitis, congenital ectasia of the bile ducts, liver abscesses are described. Although PTC is aimed primarily at the detection of nature and level of the extraheptic biliary obstruction there is no essential reason for neglecting its possibilities in recognizing intrahepatic disease.", "contents": "[Cholangiographic appearance of the intraphepatic bile ducts (author's transl)]. Percutaneous transphepatic cholangiography patterns of intrahepatic bile ducts in 134 patients were analysed. The majority of case material consisted of gallstone disease and complications of its surgery (44 cases) and secondary or primary neoplasms of the liver (40 cases). A satisfactory filling of the peripheral bile ducts was obtained after drainage of bile and with an injection of somewhat increased quantities of contrast medium into the biliary system. PTC was found to be highly effective in detecting space occupying lesions of neoplastic origin i.e. sensitivity-90 percent, specificity-95 percent, predictive value of a positive result-88 percent. PTC patterns of liver cirrhosis with concommitant extraheptic obstruction, chronic cholangitis, congenital ectasia of the bile ducts, liver abscesses are described. Although PTC is aimed primarily at the detection of nature and level of the extraheptic biliary obstruction there is no essential reason for neglecting its possibilities in recognizing intrahepatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:144674", "title": "[Hepatobiliary scintigraphy with (99m)Tc-diethyl-IDA (author's transl)].", "content": "A short description of the pharmacology and kinetics of (99m)Tc-diethyl-IDA is given; our experience with this new radiopharmaceutical as a functional test of liver and bile ducts is illustrated by a number of typical examples. The ability to use increased activity together with high resolution \"low energy\" detectors provides excellent detail recognition in the hepato-biliary system. In addition, sequential scintigraphy with its resulting time-activity curves provides information regarding the function of the hepatocytes. The significance of hepatobiliary scintigraphy is its ability to distinguish between parenchymal and obstructive jaundice.", "contents": "[Hepatobiliary scintigraphy with (99m)Tc-diethyl-IDA (author's transl)]. A short description of the pharmacology and kinetics of (99m)Tc-diethyl-IDA is given; our experience with this new radiopharmaceutical as a functional test of liver and bile ducts is illustrated by a number of typical examples. The ability to use increased activity together with high resolution \"low energy\" detectors provides excellent detail recognition in the hepato-biliary system. In addition, sequential scintigraphy with its resulting time-activity curves provides information regarding the function of the hepatocytes. The significance of hepatobiliary scintigraphy is its ability to distinguish between parenchymal and obstructive jaundice."}
{"id": "PMID:144675", "title": "[Hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy-developments, methods and recommendations for its clinical use. Experience in 350 patients with (99m)Tc-Solcoscint-Hepatobida (author's transl)].", "content": "Hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy is an isotope method in the diagnosis of liver and biliary disease. The value and accuracy of the diagnostic information depends on the development of high resolution gamma cameras and new radiopharmaceuticals; these are described briefly. Our investigations on 350 patients were carried out (99m)Tc-Soloscint-Hepatobida. A number of clinical examples illustrate the scope and value of the examination; from these the indications can be deduced. Hepto-biliary scintigraphy will not replace proven gastro-enterological and radiological methods of investigation, but may be added to these in order to obtain rapid and reliable information. This will be of assitance both to the physician and the patient in deciding which of the more complex methods should be employed next.", "contents": "[Hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy-developments, methods and recommendations for its clinical use. Experience in 350 patients with (99m)Tc-Solcoscint-Hepatobida (author's transl)]. Hepato-biliary sequential scintigraphy is an isotope method in the diagnosis of liver and biliary disease. The value and accuracy of the diagnostic information depends on the development of high resolution gamma cameras and new radiopharmaceuticals; these are described briefly. Our investigations on 350 patients were carried out (99m)Tc-Soloscint-Hepatobida. A number of clinical examples illustrate the scope and value of the examination; from these the indications can be deduced. Hepto-biliary scintigraphy will not replace proven gastro-enterological and radiological methods of investigation, but may be added to these in order to obtain rapid and reliable information. This will be of assitance both to the physician and the patient in deciding which of the more complex methods should be employed next."}
{"id": "PMID:144676", "title": "[Sonography and conventional radiography for post-operative local infections in the upper abdomen (author's transl)].", "content": "The findings on sonography and radiography were compared in 32 patients with abscesses or empyemas in the upper abdomen following surgery. Sonography demonstrated each of eight liver abscesses, eleven of 21 upper abdominal empyemas and three abscesses or empyemas in other positions. Corresponding figures for radiography were five out of eight liver abscesses, 16 out of 21 upper abdominal empyemas and one of the remaining lesions. The methods are complimentary. Sonography demonstrates fluidfilled cavities, radiography shows particularly the presence of extraluminal gas. Recommendations are made for the proper sequence of these diagnostic measures.", "contents": "[Sonography and conventional radiography for post-operative local infections in the upper abdomen (author's transl)]. The findings on sonography and radiography were compared in 32 patients with abscesses or empyemas in the upper abdomen following surgery. Sonography demonstrated each of eight liver abscesses, eleven of 21 upper abdominal empyemas and three abscesses or empyemas in other positions. Corresponding figures for radiography were five out of eight liver abscesses, 16 out of 21 upper abdominal empyemas and one of the remaining lesions. The methods are complimentary. Sonography demonstrates fluidfilled cavities, radiography shows particularly the presence of extraluminal gas. Recommendations are made for the proper sequence of these diagnostic measures."}
{"id": "PMID:144677", "title": "[Fine needle puncture for antegrade pyelography and percutaneous nephropyelostomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A method for antegrade pyelography and pyelonephrostomy is described using a long, thin needle with a shorter, wider Seldinger cannula. Puncture with a thin needle reduces the risk during antegrade demonstration of the upper urinary tract and can also be used for puncturing collecting systems which are only slightly dilated. When necessary, the Seldinger cannula can be advanced over the needle; subsequently, with the aid of a J-wire, a nephropyelostomy can be performed. The method has been used in 20 patients. In one case of intended bilateral nephropyelostomy the puncture was successful on only one side. There were no serious complications. In only one patient a small perirenal haematoma was found at operation.", "contents": "[Fine needle puncture for antegrade pyelography and percutaneous nephropyelostomy (author's transl)]. A method for antegrade pyelography and pyelonephrostomy is described using a long, thin needle with a shorter, wider Seldinger cannula. Puncture with a thin needle reduces the risk during antegrade demonstration of the upper urinary tract and can also be used for puncturing collecting systems which are only slightly dilated. When necessary, the Seldinger cannula can be advanced over the needle; subsequently, with the aid of a J-wire, a nephropyelostomy can be performed. The method has been used in 20 patients. In one case of intended bilateral nephropyelostomy the puncture was successful on only one side. There were no serious complications. In only one patient a small perirenal haematoma was found at operation."}
{"id": "PMID:144678", "title": "[Radiological findings in severe renal trauma during childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological findings in 21 children aged between four and 14 years, suffering from severe renal trauma, are described. Various radiological signs are described and their value and frequency are discussed. Plain films provide only non-specific evidence. Contrast extravasation during an excretions urogram is the only reliable sign of rupture. Immediate angiography in order to exclude vascular damage is indicated if there is no contrast excretion by the damaged kidney. Angiography at a later date should be carried out if there is persistent haematuria, in  cases of doubt regarding the excretion urogram, or when it is impossible to decide on the basis of the excretion urogram whether operative or conservative treatment is indicated. Regular observation is necessary, both after operative and conservative treatment, in order to recognise complications at an early stage.", "contents": "[Radiological findings in severe renal trauma during childhood (author's transl)]. The radiological findings in 21 children aged between four and 14 years, suffering from severe renal trauma, are described. Various radiological signs are described and their value and frequency are discussed. Plain films provide only non-specific evidence. Contrast extravasation during an excretions urogram is the only reliable sign of rupture. Immediate angiography in order to exclude vascular damage is indicated if there is no contrast excretion by the damaged kidney. Angiography at a later date should be carried out if there is persistent haematuria, in  cases of doubt regarding the excretion urogram, or when it is impossible to decide on the basis of the excretion urogram whether operative or conservative treatment is indicated. Regular observation is necessary, both after operative and conservative treatment, in order to recognise complications at an early stage."}
{"id": "PMID:144679", "title": "[Erogotism as a cuase of abnormal peripheral arterial flow (author's transl)].", "content": "Ergotism is seen rarely as a complication of the treatment of migraine with drugs containing egotamine. The prognosis is good if the disease is recognised at an early stage and ergotamine medication is discontinued. A case of ergotism studied angiographically is described. The patient was a 46-year old woman who developed severe vascular spasm in pelvic and lower limb arteries within four weeks of taking 100 mg. erotamine tartrate. The changes disappeared completely once the ergotamine preparation was stopped.", "contents": "[Erogotism as a cuase of abnormal peripheral arterial flow (author's transl)]. Ergotism is seen rarely as a complication of the treatment of migraine with drugs containing egotamine. The prognosis is good if the disease is recognised at an early stage and ergotamine medication is discontinued. A case of ergotism studied angiographically is described. The patient was a 46-year old woman who developed severe vascular spasm in pelvic and lower limb arteries within four weeks of taking 100 mg. erotamine tartrate. The changes disappeared completely once the ergotamine preparation was stopped."}
{"id": "PMID:144680", "title": "[Gorlin-Cohen syndrome (frontometaphyseal dysplasia)].", "content": "The classical case of a Gorlin-Cohen-Syndrom (= fronto-metaphyseal dysplasis=FMD) is presented. The disease has been mentioned in literature for the first time in 1969 and has been described four times up to now. The characteristic features of this syndrome are very prominent supraorbital ridges with generalized bone dysplasia and joint deformities.", "contents": "[Gorlin-Cohen syndrome (frontometaphyseal dysplasia)]. The classical case of a Gorlin-Cohen-Syndrom (= fronto-metaphyseal dysplasis=FMD) is presented. The disease has been mentioned in literature for the first time in 1969 and has been described four times up to now. The characteristic features of this syndrome are very prominent supraorbital ridges with generalized bone dysplasia and joint deformities."}
{"id": "PMID:144681", "title": "[Arthrography of the hand in an accident clinic (author's transl)].", "content": "By 115 arthrographies of the wrist in patients with posttraumatic pain, the importance of the method for diagnosis in injured patients is discussed. It was possible to detect 29 cases with a lesion of the articular disc, 4 patients with ruptured radiocarpal joint and 3 cases with an injury of the distal radioulnar joint. The technique of filling the wrist is described and different manifestations of \"normal\" arthrogramms are exhibited.", "contents": "[Arthrography of the hand in an accident clinic (author's transl)]. By 115 arthrographies of the wrist in patients with posttraumatic pain, the importance of the method for diagnosis in injured patients is discussed. It was possible to detect 29 cases with a lesion of the articular disc, 4 patients with ruptured radiocarpal joint and 3 cases with an injury of the distal radioulnar joint. The technique of filling the wrist is described and different manifestations of \"normal\" arthrogramms are exhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:144682", "title": "[Arthrography and ultrasound scanning for the detection of Baker cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "23 knee joints with clinical evidence of Baker's cysts have been studied in comparison by arthrography and ultrasound-scanning. In 20 knees, there was correlation between arthrographic and sonographic findings. In 3 cases, a positive sonogram was not confirmed by arthrography. Possible causes for faulty interpretation and differential diagnoses have been discussed. We prefer ultrasound scanning for the diagnosis in inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases because it is entirely harmless. In cases of traumatic Baker cysts the arthrogram may reveal an additional meniscal injury.", "contents": "[Arthrography and ultrasound scanning for the detection of Baker cysts (author's transl)]. 23 knee joints with clinical evidence of Baker's cysts have been studied in comparison by arthrography and ultrasound-scanning. In 20 knees, there was correlation between arthrographic and sonographic findings. In 3 cases, a positive sonogram was not confirmed by arthrography. Possible causes for faulty interpretation and differential diagnoses have been discussed. We prefer ultrasound scanning for the diagnosis in inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases because it is entirely harmless. In cases of traumatic Baker cysts the arthrogram may reveal an additional meniscal injury."}
{"id": "PMID:144683", "title": "[A simple device for examination of the ankle joint (author's transl)].", "content": "Ligamentous injuries of the ankle joint can be demonstrated radiologically by special techniques using lateral and A.P. projections. A device is described for obtaining the requisite views. It enables accurate projections to be achieved and a standardised technique is assured by applying a pull of constant weight. The problem of muscle spasm, resulting as a reflex from pain, is discussed.", "contents": "[A simple device for examination of the ankle joint (author's transl)]. Ligamentous injuries of the ankle joint can be demonstrated radiologically by special techniques using lateral and A.P. projections. A device is described for obtaining the requisite views. It enables accurate projections to be achieved and a standardised technique is assured by applying a pull of constant weight. The problem of muscle spasm, resulting as a reflex from pain, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144684", "title": "[Possibilities and limits of xeroradiography. A statement (author's transl)].", "content": "Xeroradiography has proved to be of particular use for the examination of soft tissues. Due to great latitude and edge enhancement effect alterations of the splanchnocranium, the breast and the juxtaosseous soft tissues are especially well recognizable. Also for examination of larynx and trachea as well as certain soft tissues in the region of the neck this method is advantageous and proves its facilities to demonstrate diseases of the lungs and hilar region. On the contrary, alterations of the vertebral column, the basis of the skull and the abdomen cannot be examined by means of xeroradiography because of not justified radiation dosage. Xeroradiography offers no advantage for arthrography, angiography and examination of bones and skeletal parts of joints.", "contents": "[Possibilities and limits of xeroradiography. A statement (author's transl)]. Xeroradiography has proved to be of particular use for the examination of soft tissues. Due to great latitude and edge enhancement effect alterations of the splanchnocranium, the breast and the juxtaosseous soft tissues are especially well recognizable. Also for examination of larynx and trachea as well as certain soft tissues in the region of the neck this method is advantageous and proves its facilities to demonstrate diseases of the lungs and hilar region. On the contrary, alterations of the vertebral column, the basis of the skull and the abdomen cannot be examined by means of xeroradiography because of not justified radiation dosage. Xeroradiography offers no advantage for arthrography, angiography and examination of bones and skeletal parts of joints."}
{"id": "PMID:144685", "title": "[Positive ventriculography with metrizamide (Amipaque)(author's transl)].", "content": "Our experience with the water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide (Amipaque) for ventriculography is described. No significant side effects were observed in our 27 patients, of whom 12 were children. A mild increase in CSF cell count disappeared after a few days. In 24 of the 27 patients, very good or adequate, and in any case diagnostic, information was obtained regarding the third and fourth ventricles, aqueduct, as well as sometimes the basal cisterns and outline of the cerebellum.", "contents": "[Positive ventriculography with metrizamide (Amipaque)(author's transl)]. Our experience with the water-soluble contrast medium metrizamide (Amipaque) for ventriculography is described. No significant side effects were observed in our 27 patients, of whom 12 were children. A mild increase in CSF cell count disappeared after a few days. In 24 of the 27 patients, very good or adequate, and in any case diagnostic, information was obtained regarding the third and fourth ventricles, aqueduct, as well as sometimes the basal cisterns and outline of the cerebellum."}
{"id": "PMID:144686", "title": "[Side effect of metrizamide and meglumine iocarmate in lumbar myelography. A prospective, parallel, interview study (author's transl)].", "content": "Side effects of metrizamide (Amipaque) and meglumine iocarmate (Dimer-X) were compared in lumbar myelography of 161 patients by a prospective, parallel, interview study. Severe complications were not observed. The percentage pairs of smaller complications were mainly in favour of Dimer-X, but in 2 of the 54 pairs only the difference did raise to a significant level. In one pair there were less symptomless patients after Amipaque-myelography (p less than 0.05) and in another pair the men had more headache after Amipaque-myelography (p less than 0.01). It may be possible to show with larger comparative series, that Amipaque has a tendency to cause more central-subcortical or meningeal-side effects than Dimer-X.", "contents": "[Side effect of metrizamide and meglumine iocarmate in lumbar myelography. A prospective, parallel, interview study (author's transl)]. Side effects of metrizamide (Amipaque) and meglumine iocarmate (Dimer-X) were compared in lumbar myelography of 161 patients by a prospective, parallel, interview study. Severe complications were not observed. The percentage pairs of smaller complications were mainly in favour of Dimer-X, but in 2 of the 54 pairs only the difference did raise to a significant level. In one pair there were less symptomless patients after Amipaque-myelography (p less than 0.05) and in another pair the men had more headache after Amipaque-myelography (p less than 0.01). It may be possible to show with larger comparative series, that Amipaque has a tendency to cause more central-subcortical or meningeal-side effects than Dimer-X."}
{"id": "PMID:144693", "title": "Influence of somatostatin on peripheral leucocyte count and granulation tissue in man and rats.", "content": "Subcutaneous injection of synthetic protamin-zink-somatostatin completely prevents endotoxin-induced leucocytosis in normal rats. Piromen-induced elevated stab neutrophil, neutrophil and monocyte counts remain within the normal range during somatostatin administration. There is an inhibiting effect of synthetic protamin-zink-somatostatin on the wet weights of granulation tissue of cotton pellet granulomata, too. Incorporation of 35S-sulfate in sulfated mucopolysaccharides of granulation tissue in cotton pellet granulomata is not inhibited. Intravenous administration of synthetic linear somatostatin decreases stab neutrophil and neutrophil blood count in patients with acute bacterial leucocytosis. After the termination of somatostatin infusion a rebound phenomenon occurs. In healthy subjects lymphocyte count increases during somatostatin infusion. This effect can not be demonstrated in patients with bacterial leucocytosis.", "contents": "Influence of somatostatin on peripheral leucocyte count and granulation tissue in man and rats. Subcutaneous injection of synthetic protamin-zink-somatostatin completely prevents endotoxin-induced leucocytosis in normal rats. Piromen-induced elevated stab neutrophil, neutrophil and monocyte counts remain within the normal range during somatostatin administration. There is an inhibiting effect of synthetic protamin-zink-somatostatin on the wet weights of granulation tissue of cotton pellet granulomata, too. Incorporation of 35S-sulfate in sulfated mucopolysaccharides of granulation tissue in cotton pellet granulomata is not inhibited. Intravenous administration of synthetic linear somatostatin decreases stab neutrophil and neutrophil blood count in patients with acute bacterial leucocytosis. After the termination of somatostatin infusion a rebound phenomenon occurs. In healthy subjects lymphocyte count increases during somatostatin infusion. This effect can not be demonstrated in patients with bacterial leucocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:144696", "title": "Pseudopyogenic granuloma: enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural study.", "content": "In an attempt to elucidate the nature of the abnormal vessels in pseudopyogenic granuloma, we performed enzyme histochemical analysis of 10 lesions and correlated them with electron microscopic findings in four lesions. The dermal vessels of pseudopyogenic granuloma possess voluminous endothelial cells demonstrating marked activity of various hydrolytic and respiratory enzymes. The alkaline phosphatase activity, however, is characteristically faint or absent. Electron microscopy reveals that mitochondria and the other common cytoplasmic organelles are abundant in the hypertrophic endothelial cells, probably reflecting increased metabolic cellular activity, whereas specific endothelial granules (Weibel-Palade bodies) are generally sparse in these abnormal cells. Other notable features occurring in several endothelial cells are cytoplasmic vacuolation and the acquisition in the subnuclear zone of dense bodies associated with fine actin-like filaments, 55 to 75 A thick. The latter change is interpreted as evidence of endothelial contraction. Classification of the abnormal dermal vessels using available criteria has proved difficult, but it is suggested that they arise predominantly from the venous side of the microcirculation and are mainly postcapillary venules, although involvement of both larger and smaller caliber vessels also occurs.", "contents": "Pseudopyogenic granuloma: enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural study. In an attempt to elucidate the nature of the abnormal vessels in pseudopyogenic granuloma, we performed enzyme histochemical analysis of 10 lesions and correlated them with electron microscopic findings in four lesions. The dermal vessels of pseudopyogenic granuloma possess voluminous endothelial cells demonstrating marked activity of various hydrolytic and respiratory enzymes. The alkaline phosphatase activity, however, is characteristically faint or absent. Electron microscopy reveals that mitochondria and the other common cytoplasmic organelles are abundant in the hypertrophic endothelial cells, probably reflecting increased metabolic cellular activity, whereas specific endothelial granules (Weibel-Palade bodies) are generally sparse in these abnormal cells. Other notable features occurring in several endothelial cells are cytoplasmic vacuolation and the acquisition in the subnuclear zone of dense bodies associated with fine actin-like filaments, 55 to 75 A thick. The latter change is interpreted as evidence of endothelial contraction. Classification of the abnormal dermal vessels using available criteria has proved difficult, but it is suggested that they arise predominantly from the venous side of the microcirculation and are mainly postcapillary venules, although involvement of both larger and smaller caliber vessels also occurs."}
{"id": "PMID:144698", "title": "Meiosis I non-disjunction as the main cause of trisomy 21.", "content": "The relative roles of Meiosis I and Meiosis II non-disjunctions in the causation of trisomy 21 have been assessed by analysing the distribution of polymorphic phenotypes of the chromosomes 21 in a group of individuals with Down's syndrome. The data suggest that the majority of cases of trisomy 21 are due to meiosis I non-disjunctions.", "contents": "Meiosis I non-disjunction as the main cause of trisomy 21. The relative roles of Meiosis I and Meiosis II non-disjunctions in the causation of trisomy 21 have been assessed by analysing the distribution of polymorphic phenotypes of the chromosomes 21 in a group of individuals with Down's syndrome. The data suggest that the majority of cases of trisomy 21 are due to meiosis I non-disjunctions."}
{"id": "PMID:144703", "title": "Serotype B staphylococcal bacteriophage singly converting staphylokinase.", "content": "A new staphylococcal phage, Pphi-2, which could convert the capability of producing staphylokinase, was isolated. The phage is different from the phage reported by Winkler and co-workers [Nature(London) 195:407-408, 1962; J. Gen. Microbiol. 39:321-333, 1965]. The former is a single-converting phage belonging to serotype B, but the latter is a serotype F phage capable of converting not only staphylokinase but also beta-hemolysin. Staphylokinase, i.e., the fibrinolysin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, therefore, can now be classified into three types. One is controlled by the genes on the bacterial chromosome, and the other two are mediated by lysogenic conversion by prophage Pphi-2 and the classical phage reported by Winkler and co-workers.", "contents": "Serotype B staphylococcal bacteriophage singly converting staphylokinase. A new staphylococcal phage, Pphi-2, which could convert the capability of producing staphylokinase, was isolated. The phage is different from the phage reported by Winkler and co-workers [Nature(London) 195:407-408, 1962; J. Gen. Microbiol. 39:321-333, 1965]. The former is a single-converting phage belonging to serotype B, but the latter is a serotype F phage capable of converting not only staphylokinase but also beta-hemolysin. Staphylokinase, i.e., the fibrinolysin produced by Staphylococcus aureus, therefore, can now be classified into three types. One is controlled by the genes on the bacterial chromosome, and the other two are mediated by lysogenic conversion by prophage Pphi-2 and the classical phage reported by Winkler and co-workers."}
{"id": "PMID:144704", "title": "Use of transferrin-iron enterobactin complexes as the source of iron by serum-exposed bacteria.", "content": "Two smooth and six rough strains of Salmonella typhimurium with progressively smaller amounts of sugar and protein in their outer membrane were tested for degree of virulence in normal and iron-injected mice and for ability to acquire iron in mammalian sera. The rate of mortality showed that bacterial virulence for mice was lowered with progressive decrease of outer-membrane sugar and protein. Iron injections increased the rate of mortality in mice infected either with smooth strains or with superficially rough strains but were without effect in mice infected with deep rough strains. In in vitro experiments, iron promoted with equal effectiveness the growth of all serum-exposed bacterial strains, whereas enterobactin (E) was much more effective in promoting the growth of smooth and superficial rough than in promoting that of deep rough strains. Various experiments showed that deep rough strains cannot grow in E-supplemented serum because they are not able to use the transferrin-iron-E complexes that E forms with transferrin-iron. This failure to use transferrin-iron-E complexes by deep rough strains was found to be due to the inability of these strains to absorb iron containing complexes to their outer membrane. Adsorption studies with chemically treated bacteria showed that the receptor of transferrin-iron-E or E-iron complexes is a protein of the outer membrane of bacterial cells.", "contents": "Use of transferrin-iron enterobactin complexes as the source of iron by serum-exposed bacteria. Two smooth and six rough strains of Salmonella typhimurium with progressively smaller amounts of sugar and protein in their outer membrane were tested for degree of virulence in normal and iron-injected mice and for ability to acquire iron in mammalian sera. The rate of mortality showed that bacterial virulence for mice was lowered with progressive decrease of outer-membrane sugar and protein. Iron injections increased the rate of mortality in mice infected either with smooth strains or with superficially rough strains but were without effect in mice infected with deep rough strains. In in vitro experiments, iron promoted with equal effectiveness the growth of all serum-exposed bacterial strains, whereas enterobactin (E) was much more effective in promoting the growth of smooth and superficial rough than in promoting that of deep rough strains. Various experiments showed that deep rough strains cannot grow in E-supplemented serum because they are not able to use the transferrin-iron-E complexes that E forms with transferrin-iron. This failure to use transferrin-iron-E complexes by deep rough strains was found to be due to the inability of these strains to absorb iron containing complexes to their outer membrane. Adsorption studies with chemically treated bacteria showed that the receptor of transferrin-iron-E or E-iron complexes is a protein of the outer membrane of bacterial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:144708", "title": "Papular mucinosis.", "content": "Most patients previously reported to have papular mucinosis had the generalized lichenoid papular form (scleromyxedema) with abnormal gamma globulin. Microscopic examination of affected skin showed increased acid mucopolysaccharides in the dermis and proliferation of fibroblasts. Our patient had the discrete form of papular mucinosis without abnormal serum gamma globulin but with increased amounts of acid mucopolysaccharides in the dermis and no proliferation of fibroblasts.", "contents": "Papular mucinosis. Most patients previously reported to have papular mucinosis had the generalized lichenoid papular form (scleromyxedema) with abnormal gamma globulin. Microscopic examination of affected skin showed increased acid mucopolysaccharides in the dermis and proliferation of fibroblasts. Our patient had the discrete form of papular mucinosis without abnormal serum gamma globulin but with increased amounts of acid mucopolysaccharides in the dermis and no proliferation of fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:144709", "title": "Primary and recurrent herpetic whitlow.", "content": "Herpetic whitlow has been reported as a cross-infection among personnel working in clinics or hospitals. Vesicles or bullae suggest the diagnosis; confirmation is by virus isolation. Eight cases in medical personnel whose duties included contact with the oral cavity of infected patients were seen within a period of 3 years. The disease started as a paronychia in 3 instances, but involvement of the pulp space was the rule. Radiating pain along the C7 distribution was noted in 4 patients. Numbness and hypoesthesia following the acute episode were observed in one patient. Two individuals suffered recurrent attacks of herpetic whitlow at the same site.", "contents": "Primary and recurrent herpetic whitlow. Herpetic whitlow has been reported as a cross-infection among personnel working in clinics or hospitals. Vesicles or bullae suggest the diagnosis; confirmation is by virus isolation. Eight cases in medical personnel whose duties included contact with the oral cavity of infected patients were seen within a period of 3 years. The disease started as a paronychia in 3 instances, but involvement of the pulp space was the rule. Radiating pain along the C7 distribution was noted in 4 patients. Numbness and hypoesthesia following the acute episode were observed in one patient. Two individuals suffered recurrent attacks of herpetic whitlow at the same site."}
{"id": "PMID:144710", "title": "Calcifying acne lesions.", "content": "Cutaneous calcium deposition can occur in long-term inflammation. The deposition of calcium in long-standing acne may produce either small pigmented nodules or no visible lesions. The former type is or no visible lesions. The former type is much less common, with the nodules containing particulate spheres of mineral which probably represent true osteomas. Both types of calcification can be demonstrated roentgenographically and may occur in as many as half of all cases of severe long-standing acne.", "contents": "Calcifying acne lesions. Cutaneous calcium deposition can occur in long-term inflammation. The deposition of calcium in long-standing acne may produce either small pigmented nodules or no visible lesions. The former type is or no visible lesions. The former type is much less common, with the nodules containing particulate spheres of mineral which probably represent true osteomas. Both types of calcification can be demonstrated roentgenographically and may occur in as many as half of all cases of severe long-standing acne."}
{"id": "PMID:144712", "title": "Na+-K+ and HCO-3 ATPase activity in retina: dependence on calcium and sodium.", "content": "With the use of homogenates of whole rat retina, the activities of Na+-K+-- and HCO-3-stimulated ATPases were measured in media containing different concentrations of calcium and sodium ions. In comparison to the Na+-K+ ATPase activity observed in the presence of 2 mM calcium and 130 mM sodium, the omission of calcium from the medium led to a 16-fold increase in activity. Furthermore, the omission of calcium and the reduction of the concentration of sodium in the medium to 25 mM also resulted in an increase in activity of ninefold. This study also demonstrates, for the first time, the existence of a HCO-3 stimulated. ATPase activity in the retina. These results are discussed in relation to recent observations on the effects of calcium- and bicarbonate-free media on the electrical and metabolic activities of the rat retina.", "contents": "Na+-K+ and HCO-3 ATPase activity in retina: dependence on calcium and sodium. With the use of homogenates of whole rat retina, the activities of Na+-K+-- and HCO-3-stimulated ATPases were measured in media containing different concentrations of calcium and sodium ions. In comparison to the Na+-K+ ATPase activity observed in the presence of 2 mM calcium and 130 mM sodium, the omission of calcium from the medium led to a 16-fold increase in activity. Furthermore, the omission of calcium and the reduction of the concentration of sodium in the medium to 25 mM also resulted in an increase in activity of ninefold. This study also demonstrates, for the first time, the existence of a HCO-3 stimulated. ATPase activity in the retina. These results are discussed in relation to recent observations on the effects of calcium- and bicarbonate-free media on the electrical and metabolic activities of the rat retina."}
{"id": "PMID:144716", "title": "Transitional stages in the histochemical development of muscle fibres during post-natal growth.", "content": "Serial frozen sections of longissimus dorsi muscles from seven pigs at different live weights (13 to 127 kg) were reacted for ATPase by the calcium method at an alkaline pH and for NADH oxidative activity. One hundred muscle fibres from each animal were identified individually in serial sections and their staining intensity was measured with a microscope photometer at 600 nm. For each section, staining intensity of fibres (% tranmission) was measured and converted to the nearest one-tenth unit of the range from the darkest to the lightest staining fibres. Frequency of occurrence of fibre types was plotted on a 10 X 10 grid using the range co-ordinates for NADH oxidative activity (vertical) and ATPase activity (horizontal). The commonly recognized histochemical fibre types in this muscle appeared as crowded areas in the grid but, in many cases, these areas were part of a continuous 'L' shaped range, a continuous but skewed distribution with regard to NADH oxidative activity was detected. In fibres with NADH oxidative activity of 0.6 to 1.0 units of the range, a continuous but irregular distribution with regard to ATPase activity was detected. Within this range, there was some evidence of a growth-related shift towards weaker ATPase activity.", "contents": "Transitional stages in the histochemical development of muscle fibres during post-natal growth. Serial frozen sections of longissimus dorsi muscles from seven pigs at different live weights (13 to 127 kg) were reacted for ATPase by the calcium method at an alkaline pH and for NADH oxidative activity. One hundred muscle fibres from each animal were identified individually in serial sections and their staining intensity was measured with a microscope photometer at 600 nm. For each section, staining intensity of fibres (% tranmission) was measured and converted to the nearest one-tenth unit of the range from the darkest to the lightest staining fibres. Frequency of occurrence of fibre types was plotted on a 10 X 10 grid using the range co-ordinates for NADH oxidative activity (vertical) and ATPase activity (horizontal). The commonly recognized histochemical fibre types in this muscle appeared as crowded areas in the grid but, in many cases, these areas were part of a continuous 'L' shaped range, a continuous but skewed distribution with regard to NADH oxidative activity was detected. In fibres with NADH oxidative activity of 0.6 to 1.0 units of the range, a continuous but irregular distribution with regard to ATPase activity was detected. Within this range, there was some evidence of a growth-related shift towards weaker ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:144717", "title": "A method for correlating ultrastructural and histochemical data from individual muscle fibers.", "content": "The present study describes a new method making possible correlation of histochemical and ultrastructural data from identical muscle fibers. The method appears a valuable tool in studies where both light and electron microsocopy are required to obtain all necessary information.", "contents": "A method for correlating ultrastructural and histochemical data from individual muscle fibers. The present study describes a new method making possible correlation of histochemical and ultrastructural data from identical muscle fibers. The method appears a valuable tool in studies where both light and electron microsocopy are required to obtain all necessary information."}
{"id": "PMID:144718", "title": "Myosin light chain patterns of individual fast and slow-twitch fibres of rabbit muscles.", "content": "Single muscle fibres were isolated by microdissection from freeze-dried samples of rabbit psoas and soleus muscles. The individual fibres were typed according to qualitative histochemical reactions for succinate dehydrogenase or NADH-tetrazolium reductase and for alkaline Ca2+-activated myofibrilla myosin ATPase after acid or alkaline preincubation. Methods are described for electrophoretic analysis by means of polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis in the presence of SDS of total myofibrilla proteins in single fibres after pre-extraction of soluble proteins. Fast-twitch white fibres revealed a myosin light chain pattern characteristic of \"fast- type\" myosin with three light chains of apparent molecular weights of 22,300 (LC1) 18,400 (LC2) and 16,000 (LC3). Fast-twitch red fibres were indistinguishable in this respect from fast-twist white fibres and showed an identical pattern of myosin light chains. Slow-twitch fibres could be characterized by a myosin light chain pattern typical of myosin of slow-twitch muscles with peptides of the apparent molecular weights of 23,500 (LC1Sa), 23,000 (LC1Sb) and 18,500 (LS2S). Slow-twitch fibres isolated from soleus as well as from psoas muscle were indistinguishable with regard to their myosin light chain patterns, thus suggesting that fibres of the same histochemical type correspond in their myosin light chain patterns irrespective of their origin from different muscles.", "contents": "Myosin light chain patterns of individual fast and slow-twitch fibres of rabbit muscles. Single muscle fibres were isolated by microdissection from freeze-dried samples of rabbit psoas and soleus muscles. The individual fibres were typed according to qualitative histochemical reactions for succinate dehydrogenase or NADH-tetrazolium reductase and for alkaline Ca2+-activated myofibrilla myosin ATPase after acid or alkaline preincubation. Methods are described for electrophoretic analysis by means of polyacrylamide disc electrophoresis in the presence of SDS of total myofibrilla proteins in single fibres after pre-extraction of soluble proteins. Fast-twitch white fibres revealed a myosin light chain pattern characteristic of \"fast- type\" myosin with three light chains of apparent molecular weights of 22,300 (LC1) 18,400 (LC2) and 16,000 (LC3). Fast-twitch red fibres were indistinguishable in this respect from fast-twist white fibres and showed an identical pattern of myosin light chains. Slow-twitch fibres could be characterized by a myosin light chain pattern typical of myosin of slow-twitch muscles with peptides of the apparent molecular weights of 23,500 (LC1Sa), 23,000 (LC1Sb) and 18,500 (LS2S). Slow-twitch fibres isolated from soleus as well as from psoas muscle were indistinguishable with regard to their myosin light chain patterns, thus suggesting that fibres of the same histochemical type correspond in their myosin light chain patterns irrespective of their origin from different muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:144719", "title": "Some determinants of the reinforcing and punishing effects of timeout.", "content": "Some determinants of the reinforcing and punishing properties of timeout were investigated in two experiments. Experiment I began as an attempt to reduce the frequency of tantrums in a 6-yr-old autistic girl by using timeout. Unexpectedly, the result was a substantial increase in the frequency of tantrums. Using a reversal design, subsequent manipulations showed that the opportunity to engage in self-stimulatory behavior during the timeout period was largely responsible for the increase in tantrums. Experiment II was initiated following the failure of timeout to reduce the spitting and self-injurious behavior of a 16-yr-old retarded boy. Using a multiple-baseline design, the nature of the timein environment was shown to be an important determinant of the effects of timeout. When the timein environment was \"enriched\", timeout was effective as a punisher. A conception of timeout in terms of the relative reinforcing properties of timein and timeout and their clinical implications are discussed.", "contents": "Some determinants of the reinforcing and punishing effects of timeout. Some determinants of the reinforcing and punishing properties of timeout were investigated in two experiments. Experiment I began as an attempt to reduce the frequency of tantrums in a 6-yr-old autistic girl by using timeout. Unexpectedly, the result was a substantial increase in the frequency of tantrums. Using a reversal design, subsequent manipulations showed that the opportunity to engage in self-stimulatory behavior during the timeout period was largely responsible for the increase in tantrums. Experiment II was initiated following the failure of timeout to reduce the spitting and self-injurious behavior of a 16-yr-old retarded boy. Using a multiple-baseline design, the nature of the timein environment was shown to be an important determinant of the effects of timeout. When the timein environment was \"enriched\", timeout was effective as a punisher. A conception of timeout in terms of the relative reinforcing properties of timein and timeout and their clinical implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144720", "title": "Germination-defective mutant of Neurospora crassa that responds to siderophores.", "content": "A conditionally germination-defective mutant of Neurospora crassa has been found to be partially curable by ferricrocin and other siderophores. The mutant conidia rapidly lose their membrane-bound siderophores when suspended in buffer or growth media. Germination is consequently delayed unless large numbers of conidia are present (positive population effect). This indicates that the mutant has a membrane defect involving the siderophore attachment site.", "contents": "Germination-defective mutant of Neurospora crassa that responds to siderophores. A conditionally germination-defective mutant of Neurospora crassa has been found to be partially curable by ferricrocin and other siderophores. The mutant conidia rapidly lose their membrane-bound siderophores when suspended in buffer or growth media. Germination is consequently delayed unless large numbers of conidia are present (positive population effect). This indicates that the mutant has a membrane defect involving the siderophore attachment site."}
{"id": "PMID:144721", "title": "Isolation and preparation of pretyrosine, accumulated as a dead-end metabolite by Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Pretyrosine is an amino acid intermediate of phenylalanine and/or tyrosine biosyntheses in a variety of organisms. A procedure for the isolation of high-quality pretyrosine as the barium salt is described. Stable solutions of ammonium pretyrosine that are suitable for use as substrate in enzyme assays can be prepared in good yield with relatively few purification steps. A triple mutant of Neurospora crassa, bearing genetic blocks corresponding to each initial enzyme step of the three pathway branchlets leading to the aromatic amino acids, accumulates prephenate and pretyrosine. Although the time courses of prephenate and pretyrosine accumulations were found to be parallel in any given experiment, the ratios of the two metabolites varied as much as 100-fold depending upon such variables as carbon source, temperature of growth, accumulation, and especially the presence of aromatic pathway metabolites. Under appropriate nutritional conditions of accumulation, pretyrosine concentrations in excess of 4 mM in culture supernatant fluids were obtained. Strains individually auxotrophic for phenylalanine or tyrosine accumulate lesser amounts of prephenate and pretyrosine. The metabolic blocks of the mutant result in high intracellular levels of prephenate, which is then partially transaminated to pretyrosine. In N. crassa, pretyrosine is a dead-end metabolite since it is not enzymatically converted to phenylalanine or tyrosine. At a mildly acidic pH, pretyrosine is quantitatively converted to phenylalanine in a nonenzymatic reaction.", "contents": "Isolation and preparation of pretyrosine, accumulated as a dead-end metabolite by Neurospora crassa. Pretyrosine is an amino acid intermediate of phenylalanine and/or tyrosine biosyntheses in a variety of organisms. A procedure for the isolation of high-quality pretyrosine as the barium salt is described. Stable solutions of ammonium pretyrosine that are suitable for use as substrate in enzyme assays can be prepared in good yield with relatively few purification steps. A triple mutant of Neurospora crassa, bearing genetic blocks corresponding to each initial enzyme step of the three pathway branchlets leading to the aromatic amino acids, accumulates prephenate and pretyrosine. Although the time courses of prephenate and pretyrosine accumulations were found to be parallel in any given experiment, the ratios of the two metabolites varied as much as 100-fold depending upon such variables as carbon source, temperature of growth, accumulation, and especially the presence of aromatic pathway metabolites. Under appropriate nutritional conditions of accumulation, pretyrosine concentrations in excess of 4 mM in culture supernatant fluids were obtained. Strains individually auxotrophic for phenylalanine or tyrosine accumulate lesser amounts of prephenate and pretyrosine. The metabolic blocks of the mutant result in high intracellular levels of prephenate, which is then partially transaminated to pretyrosine. In N. crassa, pretyrosine is a dead-end metabolite since it is not enzymatically converted to phenylalanine or tyrosine. At a mildly acidic pH, pretyrosine is quantitatively converted to phenylalanine in a nonenzymatic reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:144722", "title": "Membrane asymmetry and expression of cell surface antigens of Micrococcus lysodeikticus established by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.", "content": "Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of Triton X-100-solubilized plasma membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus established the presence of 27 discrete antigens. Individual antigens were identified as membrane components possessing enzyme activity by zymogram staining procedures and by reactivity of certain antigens with a selection of four lectins in the crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (immunoaffinoelectrophoresis) system. Absorption experiments with intact, stable protoplasts and isolated membranes established the asymmetric nature of the M. lysodeikticus plasma membranes. Of the 14 antigens with determinants accessible solely on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane, four possessed individual dehydrogenase activities, and a fifth was identifiable as a component possessing adenosine triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity. Evidence from absorption studies with isolated membranes suggested that antigens such as the adenosine triphosphatase complex were more readily accessible to reaction with antibodies than was succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), for example. Twelve antigens were located on the protoplast surface as determined by antibody absorption, and the succinylated lipomannan was identified as a major antigen. At least five other antigens possessed sugar residues that interacted with concanavalin A. With the antisera generated to isolated membranes, there was no evidence suggesting that any of these antigens was not detectable on either surface of the plasma membrane. From absorption experiments with washed, whole cells of M. lysodeikticus, it was concluded that the immunogens on the protoplast surface were also detectable on the surface of the intact cell. However, some of the components such as the succinylated lipomannan appeared to be exposed to a greater extent than others. The cytoplasmic fraction from M. lysodeikticus was used as an antigen source to generate antibodies, and 97 immunoprecipitates were resolvable by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In the cytoplasm-anticytoplasm reference immunoelectrophoresis pattern of precipitates, three of the immunoprecipitates unique to the cytoplasmic fraction were identifiable by zymogram staining procedures as catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42), and polynucleotide phosphorylase (EC 2.3.7.8). The identification of membrane and cytoplasmic antigens (including the above-mentioned enzymes) provides a sensitive analytical system for monitoring cross-contamination and antigen distribution in cellular fractions.", "contents": "Membrane asymmetry and expression of cell surface antigens of Micrococcus lysodeikticus established by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Crossed immunoelectrophoresis of Triton X-100-solubilized plasma membranes of Micrococcus lysodeikticus established the presence of 27 discrete antigens. Individual antigens were identified as membrane components possessing enzyme activity by zymogram staining procedures and by reactivity of certain antigens with a selection of four lectins in the crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (immunoaffinoelectrophoresis) system. Absorption experiments with intact, stable protoplasts and isolated membranes established the asymmetric nature of the M. lysodeikticus plasma membranes. Of the 14 antigens with determinants accessible solely on the cytoplasmic face of the membrane, four possessed individual dehydrogenase activities, and a fifth was identifiable as a component possessing adenosine triphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity. Evidence from absorption studies with isolated membranes suggested that antigens such as the adenosine triphosphatase complex were more readily accessible to reaction with antibodies than was succinate dehydrogenase (EC 1.3.99.1), for example. Twelve antigens were located on the protoplast surface as determined by antibody absorption, and the succinylated lipomannan was identified as a major antigen. At least five other antigens possessed sugar residues that interacted with concanavalin A. With the antisera generated to isolated membranes, there was no evidence suggesting that any of these antigens was not detectable on either surface of the plasma membrane. From absorption experiments with washed, whole cells of M. lysodeikticus, it was concluded that the immunogens on the protoplast surface were also detectable on the surface of the intact cell. However, some of the components such as the succinylated lipomannan appeared to be exposed to a greater extent than others. The cytoplasmic fraction from M. lysodeikticus was used as an antigen source to generate antibodies, and 97 immunoprecipitates were resolvable by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. In the cytoplasm-anticytoplasm reference immunoelectrophoresis pattern of precipitates, three of the immunoprecipitates unique to the cytoplasmic fraction were identifiable by zymogram staining procedures as catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), isocitrate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.42), and polynucleotide phosphorylase (EC 2.3.7.8). The identification of membrane and cytoplasmic antigens (including the above-mentioned enzymes) provides a sensitive analytical system for monitoring cross-contamination and antigen distribution in cellular fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:144723", "title": "Generation of miniplasmids from copy number mutants of the R plasmid NR1.", "content": "Small, closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid molecules, called miniplasmids, were observed in Escherichia coli harboring copy number mutants of the R plasmid NR1 after growth in medium containing tetracycline. The level of tetracycline resistance conferred by the copy mutant plasmids was lower (3 to 6 microgram/ml) than that conferred by NR1 (100 MICROGRAM/ML). The presence of the miniplasmid enhanced the level of tetracycline resistance conferred by the copy mutant. Miniplasmids of molecular weights 4 X 10(6) to 13 X 10(6) were found. They carried no antibiotic resistance markers and could be eliminated by growth in the presence of chloramphenicol and/or streptomycin-spectinomycin. Studies with the restriction endonucleases EcoRI and Sal I indicated that the miniplasmids are derived from the region of the copy mutant plasmids that contains the origin for replication of the resistance transfer factor. There were approximately 12 copies of the miniplasmid per chromosome, compared with 3 and 6 copies of the copy mutants of NR1. The miniplasmids appeared to be incompatible with the copy mutant plasmids.", "contents": "Generation of miniplasmids from copy number mutants of the R plasmid NR1. Small, closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid molecules, called miniplasmids, were observed in Escherichia coli harboring copy number mutants of the R plasmid NR1 after growth in medium containing tetracycline. The level of tetracycline resistance conferred by the copy mutant plasmids was lower (3 to 6 microgram/ml) than that conferred by NR1 (100 MICROGRAM/ML). The presence of the miniplasmid enhanced the level of tetracycline resistance conferred by the copy mutant. Miniplasmids of molecular weights 4 X 10(6) to 13 X 10(6) were found. They carried no antibiotic resistance markers and could be eliminated by growth in the presence of chloramphenicol and/or streptomycin-spectinomycin. Studies with the restriction endonucleases EcoRI and Sal I indicated that the miniplasmids are derived from the region of the copy mutant plasmids that contains the origin for replication of the resistance transfer factor. There were approximately 12 copies of the miniplasmid per chromosome, compared with 3 and 6 copies of the copy mutants of NR1. The miniplasmids appeared to be incompatible with the copy mutant plasmids."}
{"id": "PMID:144724", "title": "The mechanism of increase in the ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles treated with n-alcohols.", "content": "Treatment of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles with aqueous n-alcohols caused inhibition of calcium uptake and enhancement of ATPase activity. With increasing alcohol concentration, the ATPase activity reached a maximum (in the case of n-butanol, at about 350 mM) and then decreased. The effect of n-butanol was extensively studied. The purified ATPase enzyme and leaky vesicles treated with Triton X-100 or phospholipase A showed high ATPase activity in the absence of n-butanol. With increasing n-butanol concentration, their atpase activities began to decrease above about 250 mM n-butanol, without any enhancement. In the presence of ATP, the turnover rate of calcium after calcium accumulation had reached a steady level was the same as that at the initial uptake. n-Butanol did not affect these rates. Kinetic analyses of these experiments were carried out. The mechanisms of calcium transport and of increase of ATPase activity in the presence of alcohol were interpreted as follows. After calcium accumulation had reached a steady level, fast influx and efflux continued; the influx was coupled with phosphorylated enzyme (E-P) formation and most of the efflux was coupled with rephosphorylation of ATP from ADP and E-P. The observed ATPase activity is the difference between these two reactions. If alcohol molecules make the vesicles leaky, calcium ions will flow out without ATP synthesis and the apparent ATPase activity will increase. The effect of alcohols on sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was separated into two actions. The enhancement of ATPase activity was attributed to a leakage of calcium ions from the vesicles, while the decrease of ATPase activity at higher concentrations of alcohols was attributed to denaturation of the ATPase enzyme itself. The two effects were interpreted in terms of equilibrium binding of alcohol molecules to two different sites of the vesicles; leakage and denaturation sites. Similar analysis was carried out for various n-alcohols from methanol to n-heptanol. The apparent free energies of binding of the methylene groups of n-alcohols were evaluated to be -863 cal/mol for the leakage site, and -732 cal/mol for the denaturation site.", "contents": "The mechanism of increase in the ATPase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles treated with n-alcohols. Treatment of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles with aqueous n-alcohols caused inhibition of calcium uptake and enhancement of ATPase activity. With increasing alcohol concentration, the ATPase activity reached a maximum (in the case of n-butanol, at about 350 mM) and then decreased. The effect of n-butanol was extensively studied. The purified ATPase enzyme and leaky vesicles treated with Triton X-100 or phospholipase A showed high ATPase activity in the absence of n-butanol. With increasing n-butanol concentration, their atpase activities began to decrease above about 250 mM n-butanol, without any enhancement. In the presence of ATP, the turnover rate of calcium after calcium accumulation had reached a steady level was the same as that at the initial uptake. n-Butanol did not affect these rates. Kinetic analyses of these experiments were carried out. The mechanisms of calcium transport and of increase of ATPase activity in the presence of alcohol were interpreted as follows. After calcium accumulation had reached a steady level, fast influx and efflux continued; the influx was coupled with phosphorylated enzyme (E-P) formation and most of the efflux was coupled with rephosphorylation of ATP from ADP and E-P. The observed ATPase activity is the difference between these two reactions. If alcohol molecules make the vesicles leaky, calcium ions will flow out without ATP synthesis and the apparent ATPase activity will increase. The effect of alcohols on sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was separated into two actions. The enhancement of ATPase activity was attributed to a leakage of calcium ions from the vesicles, while the decrease of ATPase activity at higher concentrations of alcohols was attributed to denaturation of the ATPase enzyme itself. The two effects were interpreted in terms of equilibrium binding of alcohol molecules to two different sites of the vesicles; leakage and denaturation sites. Similar analysis was carried out for various n-alcohols from methanol to n-heptanol. The apparent free energies of binding of the methylene groups of n-alcohols were evaluated to be -863 cal/mol for the leakage site, and -732 cal/mol for the denaturation site."}
{"id": "PMID:144728", "title": "Inhibition of proteases in coagulation, kinin-forming and complement systems by alpha2-plasmin inhibitor.", "content": "Inhibitory activities of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor against various proteases were investigated. The inhibitor promptly inhibited the esterolytic activity of alpha-chymotrypsin and progressively inhibited the esterolytic or amidolytic activities of bovine plasma kallikrein, bovine thrombin and bovine activated factor X. Heparin had no effect on the reaction of the inhibitor with thrombin or activated factor X. However, the inhibitor had no effect on the activities of human C-1-esterase, papain and snake venom kininogenase. On the basis of its rapid inhibition of kallikrein, alpha2-plasmin inhibitor is considered to exert some regulating effect on kallikrein activity in plasma.", "contents": "Inhibition of proteases in coagulation, kinin-forming and complement systems by alpha2-plasmin inhibitor. Inhibitory activities of alpha2-plasmin inhibitor against various proteases were investigated. The inhibitor promptly inhibited the esterolytic activity of alpha-chymotrypsin and progressively inhibited the esterolytic or amidolytic activities of bovine plasma kallikrein, bovine thrombin and bovine activated factor X. Heparin had no effect on the reaction of the inhibitor with thrombin or activated factor X. However, the inhibitor had no effect on the activities of human C-1-esterase, papain and snake venom kininogenase. On the basis of its rapid inhibition of kallikrein, alpha2-plasmin inhibitor is considered to exert some regulating effect on kallikrein activity in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:144730", "title": "Acanthamoeba cofactor protein is a heavy chain kinase required for actin activation of the Mg2+-ATPase activity of Acanthamoeba myosin I.", "content": "We have purified a cofactor protein previously shown (Pollard, T. D., and Korn, E. D. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4691-4697) to be required for actin activation of the Mg2+-ATPase activity of Acanthamoeba myosin I. The purified cofactor protein is a novel myosin kinase that phosphorylates the single heavy chain, but neither of the two light chains, of Acanthamoeba myosin I. Phosphorylation of Acanthamoeba myosin I by the purified cofactor protein requires ATP and Mg2+ but is Ca2+-independent. The Mg2+-ATPase activity of phosphorylated Acanthamoeba myosin I is highly activated by F-actin in the absence of cofactor protein. Actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase activity is lost when phosphorylated Acanthamoeba myosin I is dephosphorylated by platelet phosphatase. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation have no effect on the (K+,EDTA)-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities of Acanthamoeba myosin I. These results show that cofactor protein is an Acanthamoeba myosin I heavy chain kinase and that phosphorylation of the heavy chain of this myosin is required for actin activation of its Mg2+-ATPase activity.", "contents": "Acanthamoeba cofactor protein is a heavy chain kinase required for actin activation of the Mg2+-ATPase activity of Acanthamoeba myosin I. We have purified a cofactor protein previously shown (Pollard, T. D., and Korn, E. D. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4691-4697) to be required for actin activation of the Mg2+-ATPase activity of Acanthamoeba myosin I. The purified cofactor protein is a novel myosin kinase that phosphorylates the single heavy chain, but neither of the two light chains, of Acanthamoeba myosin I. Phosphorylation of Acanthamoeba myosin I by the purified cofactor protein requires ATP and Mg2+ but is Ca2+-independent. The Mg2+-ATPase activity of phosphorylated Acanthamoeba myosin I is highly activated by F-actin in the absence of cofactor protein. Actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase activity is lost when phosphorylated Acanthamoeba myosin I is dephosphorylated by platelet phosphatase. Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation have no effect on the (K+,EDTA)-ATPase and Ca2+-ATPase activities of Acanthamoeba myosin I. These results show that cofactor protein is an Acanthamoeba myosin I heavy chain kinase and that phosphorylation of the heavy chain of this myosin is required for actin activation of its Mg2+-ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:144731", "title": "Aurovertin binds to the beta subunit of yeast mitochondrial ATPase.", "content": "Isolated beta subunit of ATPase (F1) from yeast mitochondria does not catalyze an ATPase reaction but still binds the specific F1 inhibitor aurovertin. Binding was measured by enhancement of aurovertin fluorescence; it was as tight as that to F1-ATPase. No binding was observed with F1 or with isolated beta subunit from a single-gene nuclear yeast mutant whose F1-ATPase was resistant to aurovertin.", "contents": "Aurovertin binds to the beta subunit of yeast mitochondrial ATPase. Isolated beta subunit of ATPase (F1) from yeast mitochondria does not catalyze an ATPase reaction but still binds the specific F1 inhibitor aurovertin. Binding was measured by enhancement of aurovertin fluorescence; it was as tight as that to F1-ATPase. No binding was observed with F1 or with isolated beta subunit from a single-gene nuclear yeast mutant whose F1-ATPase was resistant to aurovertin."}
{"id": "PMID:144732", "title": "Modification of (Na+,K+)-ATPase function by purified antibodies to the holoenzyme. Effects on enzyme activity and (3H)ouabain binding.", "content": "Antibodies (abys) raised to (Na+,K+)-ATPase were purified by elution methods and shown to be cross-reactive with anti-gamma-globulin and the original antigen. Abys were isolated from two different antisera and the effects on (Na+,K+)-ATPase hydrolytic activity and [3H]ouabain binding were measured. The antisera fractions differed as to their maximum level of inhibition of hydrolytic activity and maximal [3H]ouabain binding, but both fractions caused inhibition of maximal [3H]ouabain binding to the same quantitative extent as inhibition of hydrolytic activity. Variable effects on the rate of [3H]ouabain binding were noted which were highly dependent on ligand conditions. During the \"turnover state conditions\" of the enzyme, the abys stimulated the rate of [3H]ouabain binding to the (Na+,K+)-ATPase. We conclude that effects of aby-(Na+,K+)-ATPase interaction depend upon degree of purity of aby, specificity, aby/enzyme ratios, and ligand conditions.", "contents": "Modification of (Na+,K+)-ATPase function by purified antibodies to the holoenzyme. Effects on enzyme activity and (3H)ouabain binding. Antibodies (abys) raised to (Na+,K+)-ATPase were purified by elution methods and shown to be cross-reactive with anti-gamma-globulin and the original antigen. Abys were isolated from two different antisera and the effects on (Na+,K+)-ATPase hydrolytic activity and [3H]ouabain binding were measured. The antisera fractions differed as to their maximum level of inhibition of hydrolytic activity and maximal [3H]ouabain binding, but both fractions caused inhibition of maximal [3H]ouabain binding to the same quantitative extent as inhibition of hydrolytic activity. Variable effects on the rate of [3H]ouabain binding were noted which were highly dependent on ligand conditions. During the \"turnover state conditions\" of the enzyme, the abys stimulated the rate of [3H]ouabain binding to the (Na+,K+)-ATPase. We conclude that effects of aby-(Na+,K+)-ATPase interaction depend upon degree of purity of aby, specificity, aby/enzyme ratios, and ligand conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:144736", "title": "Crawling patterns in neglected poliomyelitis in the Solomon Islands.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-two adult crawling poliomyelitic cripples were investigated. Analysis showed that bilateral lower limb paralysis with or without trunk involvement was the most common residual lesion. Remarkably paralysis was confined to a single lower limb in six cases. The various crawling patterns can be classified into six broad groups which are described and illustrated. It is suggested that in a developing country this classification has a practical application in the assessment of patients for rehabilitation to crutch walking. Subjects in the \"true quandruped progression\" and \"squatting gait\" categories generally have an excellent potential for rehabilitation, as often do those in the \"infant-like crawl\" group. Caution should be exercised in attempting crutch walking for those in the \"body-dragging\" group, and there seems little indication for attempting to establish upright walking for those in the \"buttock pivoting\" and \"minimal movement\" groups.", "contents": "Crawling patterns in neglected poliomyelitis in the Solomon Islands. Two hundred and twenty-two adult crawling poliomyelitic cripples were investigated. Analysis showed that bilateral lower limb paralysis with or without trunk involvement was the most common residual lesion. Remarkably paralysis was confined to a single lower limb in six cases. The various crawling patterns can be classified into six broad groups which are described and illustrated. It is suggested that in a developing country this classification has a practical application in the assessment of patients for rehabilitation to crutch walking. Subjects in the \"true quandruped progression\" and \"squatting gait\" categories generally have an excellent potential for rehabilitation, as often do those in the \"infant-like crawl\" group. Caution should be exercised in attempting crutch walking for those in the \"body-dragging\" group, and there seems little indication for attempting to establish upright walking for those in the \"buttock pivoting\" and \"minimal movement\" groups."}
{"id": "PMID:144737", "title": "Ultrastructure of the sodium pump. Comparison of thin sectioning, negative staining, and freeze-fracture of purified, membrane-bound (Na+,K+)-ATPase.", "content": "Purified (Na+, K+)-ATPase was studied by electron microscopy after thin sectioning, negative staining, and freeze-fracturing, particular emphasis being paid to the dimensions and frequencies of substructures in the membranes. Ultrathin sections show exclusively flat or cup-shaped membrane fragments which are triple-layered along much of their length and have diameters of 0.1-0.6 mum. Negative staining revealed a distinct substructure of particles with diameters between 30 and 50 A and with a frequency of 12,500 +/- 2,400 (SD) per mum(2). Comparisons with sizes of the protein components suggest that each surface particle contains as its major component one large catalytic chain with mol wt close to 100,000 and that two surface particles unite to form the unit of (Na+,K+)-ATPase which binds one molecule of ATP or ouabain. The further observations that the surface particles protrude from the membrane surface and are observed on both membrane surfaces in different patterns and degrees of clustering suggest that protein units span the membrane and are capable of lateral mobility. Freeze-fracturing shows intramembranous particles with diameters of 90-110 A and distributed on both concave and convex fracture faces with a frequency of 3,410 +/- 370 per mum(2) and 390 +/- 170 per mum(2), respectively. The larger diameters and three to fourfold smaller frequency of the intramembranous particles as compared to the surface particles seen after negative staining may reflect technical differences between methods, but it is more likely that the intramembranous particle is an oliogomer composed of two or even more of the protein units which form the surface particles.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the sodium pump. Comparison of thin sectioning, negative staining, and freeze-fracture of purified, membrane-bound (Na+,K+)-ATPase. Purified (Na+, K+)-ATPase was studied by electron microscopy after thin sectioning, negative staining, and freeze-fracturing, particular emphasis being paid to the dimensions and frequencies of substructures in the membranes. Ultrathin sections show exclusively flat or cup-shaped membrane fragments which are triple-layered along much of their length and have diameters of 0.1-0.6 mum. Negative staining revealed a distinct substructure of particles with diameters between 30 and 50 A and with a frequency of 12,500 +/- 2,400 (SD) per mum(2). Comparisons with sizes of the protein components suggest that each surface particle contains as its major component one large catalytic chain with mol wt close to 100,000 and that two surface particles unite to form the unit of (Na+,K+)-ATPase which binds one molecule of ATP or ouabain. The further observations that the surface particles protrude from the membrane surface and are observed on both membrane surfaces in different patterns and degrees of clustering suggest that protein units span the membrane and are capable of lateral mobility. Freeze-fracturing shows intramembranous particles with diameters of 90-110 A and distributed on both concave and convex fracture faces with a frequency of 3,410 +/- 370 per mum(2) and 390 +/- 170 per mum(2), respectively. The larger diameters and three to fourfold smaller frequency of the intramembranous particles as compared to the surface particles seen after negative staining may reflect technical differences between methods, but it is more likely that the intramembranous particle is an oliogomer composed of two or even more of the protein units which form the surface particles."}
{"id": "PMID:144738", "title": "On the distribution of Na+-pump sites in the frog skin.", "content": "Exposure of the outside of the isolated frog skin to a Ringer's solution, made hypertonic by the addition of mannitol, causes a rapid and sustained increase in transepithelial permeability through a structural distortion-a focal blistering-of the \"tight\" junctions of the outermost living cell layer. [(3)H]ouabain, used as an autoradiographic marker for the Na+-pump (Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase), is usually unable to penetrate the frog skin from the outside solution, but when added to a hypertonic mannitol- Ringer's solution in the outside bath it readily penetrates the epithelium, presumably through the opened shunt pathway. Radioautographic analysis of [(3)H]ouabain binding sites revealed that most of ouabain enters from the outside solution binds to the sites on the cell membranes of the stratum spinosum, as was the case when it was applied from the inside bath in an earlier study. The outer living cell layer, the first to be exposed to ouabain, does not appear to be the major site for the Na+-pump, and therefore, is not likely to be responsible for most of the active pumping of Na+. This result demonstrates that previous failure to show a high density of Na+-pump sites on the cells of the outermost layer, when [(3)H]ouabain was applied from the inside solution, was not due to the inability of the marker to reach these cells at a sufficient concentration to reveal all pump sites. These results provide further support for a model of Na+-transport across the frog skin which distributes the active pump step on the inward facing membranes of all living cells.", "contents": "On the distribution of Na+-pump sites in the frog skin. Exposure of the outside of the isolated frog skin to a Ringer's solution, made hypertonic by the addition of mannitol, causes a rapid and sustained increase in transepithelial permeability through a structural distortion-a focal blistering-of the \"tight\" junctions of the outermost living cell layer. [(3)H]ouabain, used as an autoradiographic marker for the Na+-pump (Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase), is usually unable to penetrate the frog skin from the outside solution, but when added to a hypertonic mannitol- Ringer's solution in the outside bath it readily penetrates the epithelium, presumably through the opened shunt pathway. Radioautographic analysis of [(3)H]ouabain binding sites revealed that most of ouabain enters from the outside solution binds to the sites on the cell membranes of the stratum spinosum, as was the case when it was applied from the inside bath in an earlier study. The outer living cell layer, the first to be exposed to ouabain, does not appear to be the major site for the Na+-pump, and therefore, is not likely to be responsible for most of the active pumping of Na+. This result demonstrates that previous failure to show a high density of Na+-pump sites on the cells of the outermost layer, when [(3)H]ouabain was applied from the inside solution, was not due to the inability of the marker to reach these cells at a sufficient concentration to reveal all pump sites. These results provide further support for a model of Na+-transport across the frog skin which distributes the active pump step on the inward facing membranes of all living cells."}
{"id": "PMID:144741", "title": "Application of the somatization factor of the MMPI-168 with low back pain patients.", "content": "The usefulness of the Somatization factor of the MMPI-168 with low back pain patients was examined in two separate studies. In study 1, 58 male veteran low back pain patients who had been divided into organic and mixed groups served as Ss. MMPI protocols were rescored for the five factors of Overall, Hunter, and Butcher (1973). The organic and mixed groups differed only on the Somatization factor. A cutting score of raw greater than or equal to 8 (T = 75) was determined to classify the sample correctly 74.5% of the time. In study 2, a second sample of 48 male veteran low back pain patients was divided into mixed, organic, and functional groups. The mixed group was subdivided further into a mixed-pain group who still were having pain and were seeking treatment and a mixed-relief group who were experiencing a reduction of pain and were returning to vocational activities. The functional and mixed-pain groups differed from the organic and mixed-relief groups on the Somatization and Depression factors. The cutting score determined in the study 1 correctly classified patients 83% of the time.", "contents": "Application of the somatization factor of the MMPI-168 with low back pain patients. The usefulness of the Somatization factor of the MMPI-168 with low back pain patients was examined in two separate studies. In study 1, 58 male veteran low back pain patients who had been divided into organic and mixed groups served as Ss. MMPI protocols were rescored for the five factors of Overall, Hunter, and Butcher (1973). The organic and mixed groups differed only on the Somatization factor. A cutting score of raw greater than or equal to 8 (T = 75) was determined to classify the sample correctly 74.5% of the time. In study 2, a second sample of 48 male veteran low back pain patients was divided into mixed, organic, and functional groups. The mixed group was subdivided further into a mixed-pain group who still were having pain and were seeking treatment and a mixed-relief group who were experiencing a reduction of pain and were returning to vocational activities. The functional and mixed-pain groups differed from the organic and mixed-relief groups on the Somatization and Depression factors. The cutting score determined in the study 1 correctly classified patients 83% of the time."}
{"id": "PMID:144743", "title": "Study of the noncollagenous components of the periodontium.", "content": "Periodontal ligament and gingivae of bovine and porcine periodontium were analyzed for relative amounts of carbohydrates, collagen, and acid mucopolysaccharides. The sugar content was 3.6% and 3.4% of dry weight in bovine and porcine periodontal ligament, respectively. The values were lower in the gingivae being 2.34% and 2.30%, respectively. Approximately 50% of hexosamine in gingivae was present in acid mucopolysacchrides as compared to 36% in periodontal ligament. Relative to collagen there was a considerable amount of non-collagenous glycoproteins present in the periodontium as judged by carbohydrate content of the tissue.", "contents": "Study of the noncollagenous components of the periodontium. Periodontal ligament and gingivae of bovine and porcine periodontium were analyzed for relative amounts of carbohydrates, collagen, and acid mucopolysaccharides. The sugar content was 3.6% and 3.4% of dry weight in bovine and porcine periodontal ligament, respectively. The values were lower in the gingivae being 2.34% and 2.30%, respectively. Approximately 50% of hexosamine in gingivae was present in acid mucopolysacchrides as compared to 36% in periodontal ligament. Relative to collagen there was a considerable amount of non-collagenous glycoproteins present in the periodontium as judged by carbohydrate content of the tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:144744", "title": "Muscle spindle supply to the human jaw muscle.", "content": "Histological study of the human jaw muscle revealed that the temporal muscle displayed 342 muscle spindles, 208 in the horizontal and 134 in the vertical portion; the masseter muscle contained 114 spindles, 91 in the superficial and 23 in the profound portion; the medial pterygoid muscle had 59; and the lateral pterygoid muscle contained 6, four in the upper head and two in the lower head. These data suggest that the extensive mobility of the temporomandibular joint, and the maintenance of mandibular posture during mastication and speech are strongly influenced by proprioceptive mechanisms.", "contents": "Muscle spindle supply to the human jaw muscle. Histological study of the human jaw muscle revealed that the temporal muscle displayed 342 muscle spindles, 208 in the horizontal and 134 in the vertical portion; the masseter muscle contained 114 spindles, 91 in the superficial and 23 in the profound portion; the medial pterygoid muscle had 59; and the lateral pterygoid muscle contained 6, four in the upper head and two in the lower head. These data suggest that the extensive mobility of the temporomandibular joint, and the maintenance of mandibular posture during mastication and speech are strongly influenced by proprioceptive mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:144747", "title": "Circulating immune complexes and activation of the complement sequence in acute allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.", "content": "A 13-yr-old asthmatic girl with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) exhibited eosinophilia, IgE hypergammaglobulinemia, serum precipitins to Aspergillus, a dual skin reaction to Aspergillus fumigatus, and positive, lymphocyte transformation in vitro in response to stimulation with Aspergillus fumigatus antigen. The acute phase of the disease was characterized by an increase in blood eosinophilia, a rise in serum IgE, circulating immune complexes, and evidence of activation of the complement system through the classical pathway.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes and activation of the complement sequence in acute allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. A 13-yr-old asthmatic girl with allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) exhibited eosinophilia, IgE hypergammaglobulinemia, serum precipitins to Aspergillus, a dual skin reaction to Aspergillus fumigatus, and positive, lymphocyte transformation in vitro in response to stimulation with Aspergillus fumigatus antigen. The acute phase of the disease was characterized by an increase in blood eosinophilia, a rise in serum IgE, circulating immune complexes, and evidence of activation of the complement system through the classical pathway."}
{"id": "PMID:144748", "title": "Metabolism of crufomate [(4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphormidate)] by the rat.", "content": "Fifteen metabolites of crufomate (4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate, I) were identified in the excreta from rats given single oral doses of I. Compound I was not detected in either the urine or the feces. The metabolic reactions observed were N-and O-demethylation, oxidations of the t-butyl moiety, replacement of the H-N-CH3 with an OH moiety, hydrolysis of the phosphoramidate moiety to yield the phenol, conjugation with glucuronic acid, and combinations of these reactions. No ring dehalogenation or ring substitution was observed.", "contents": "Metabolism of crufomate [(4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphormidate)] by the rat. Fifteen metabolites of crufomate (4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate, I) were identified in the excreta from rats given single oral doses of I. Compound I was not detected in either the urine or the feces. The metabolic reactions observed were N-and O-demethylation, oxidations of the t-butyl moiety, replacement of the H-N-CH3 with an OH moiety, hydrolysis of the phosphoramidate moiety to yield the phenol, conjugation with glucuronic acid, and combinations of these reactions. No ring dehalogenation or ring substitution was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:144749", "title": "Rat intestinal metabolism of crufomate (4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate).", "content": "Everted sacs of rat small intestine metabolized crufomate (4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate) under in vitro conditions to form six 14C-labeled metabolites in quantities sufficient for isolation and identification. These metabolites were 4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl phosphoramidate (25%), 2-chloro-4(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate (19%), 2-[3-chloro-4-[[(methoxy) (methyl-amino)phosphoinyl]oxy]phenyl]-2-methylpropionic acid (2%), 4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenol (0.8%) and its glucuronide (6%), and the aromatic glucuronide of 2-chloro-4(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol (1%). These intestinal metabolites may represent precursory stages in the overall metabolism of crufomate.", "contents": "Rat intestinal metabolism of crufomate (4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate). Everted sacs of rat small intestine metabolized crufomate (4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate) under in vitro conditions to form six 14C-labeled metabolites in quantities sufficient for isolation and identification. These metabolites were 4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenyl methyl phosphoramidate (25%), 2-chloro-4(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl methyl methylphosphoramidate (19%), 2-[3-chloro-4-[[(methoxy) (methyl-amino)phosphoinyl]oxy]phenyl]-2-methylpropionic acid (2%), 4-tert-butyl-2-chlorophenol (0.8%) and its glucuronide (6%), and the aromatic glucuronide of 2-chloro-4(2-hydroxy-1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol (1%). These intestinal metabolites may represent precursory stages in the overall metabolism of crufomate."}
{"id": "PMID:144762", "title": "Uranaffin reaction: a new cytochemical technique for the localization of adenine nucleotides in organelles storing biogenic amines.", "content": "Amine storage organelles of aldehyde-fixed rabbit platelets have a strong affinity for uranyl ions before their dehydration and appear highly electron-dense when examined by electron microscopy; both the matrix and membrane of these organelles are intensely stained. This affinity, which is also shown by platelets of other species, including healthy reserpinized platelets, which contain no cytochemically demonstrable amine, show a positive uranaffin reaction. However, platelets and megakaryocytes of strains with storage pool deficiency (low adenosine-5'-triphosphate), including patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, are uranaffin negative. The cytochemical reaction, probably the result of an interaction between UO2++ ions and phosphate groups of 5'-phosphonucleotides, is also observed in adrenal medulla, sympathetic nerve terminals and ganglion cells, suggesting that the technique will be of considerable value in identification of aminergic neurons and in further elucidation of amine storage mechanisms.", "contents": "Uranaffin reaction: a new cytochemical technique for the localization of adenine nucleotides in organelles storing biogenic amines. Amine storage organelles of aldehyde-fixed rabbit platelets have a strong affinity for uranyl ions before their dehydration and appear highly electron-dense when examined by electron microscopy; both the matrix and membrane of these organelles are intensely stained. This affinity, which is also shown by platelets of other species, including healthy reserpinized platelets, which contain no cytochemically demonstrable amine, show a positive uranaffin reaction. However, platelets and megakaryocytes of strains with storage pool deficiency (low adenosine-5'-triphosphate), including patients with Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome, are uranaffin negative. The cytochemical reaction, probably the result of an interaction between UO2++ ions and phosphate groups of 5'-phosphonucleotides, is also observed in adrenal medulla, sympathetic nerve terminals and ganglion cells, suggesting that the technique will be of considerable value in identification of aminergic neurons and in further elucidation of amine storage mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:144766", "title": "Androgenic control of the harderian gland in the male golden hamster.", "content": "In the golden hamster, there are marked sex differences in the Harderian gland. Male glands (which are heavier than female glands) possess two cell forms (Type I and Type II cells); female glands only exhibit the former. Female (but not male) glands contain large amounts of porphyrin, which are readily visible as solid depositions within the lumina. The weight, histology and porphyrin content of the Harderian gland was examined in intact adult male hamsters and in male hamsters castrated for 1,2 or 8 months. Castration resulted in a significant reduction in the weight of the gland, the disappearance of Type II cells, and the presence in the gland of solid porphyrin accretions. The levels of copro- and (especially) protoporphyrin were greatly increased. These changes were more marked with time after castration. When the ability of diverse androgens (testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (androstenedione), dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone) to prevent these changes was tested, testosterone and androstenedione maintained glandular weight. All the androgens maintained normal frequencies of Type II cells and all except dehydroepiandrosterone prevented deposition of porphyrin. The potencies of the various androgens in maintaining normal Harderian gland morphology and activity are compared with their effects on other somatic variables and sexual behaviour.", "contents": "Androgenic control of the harderian gland in the male golden hamster. In the golden hamster, there are marked sex differences in the Harderian gland. Male glands (which are heavier than female glands) possess two cell forms (Type I and Type II cells); female glands only exhibit the former. Female (but not male) glands contain large amounts of porphyrin, which are readily visible as solid depositions within the lumina. The weight, histology and porphyrin content of the Harderian gland was examined in intact adult male hamsters and in male hamsters castrated for 1,2 or 8 months. Castration resulted in a significant reduction in the weight of the gland, the disappearance of Type II cells, and the presence in the gland of solid porphyrin accretions. The levels of copro- and (especially) protoporphyrin were greatly increased. These changes were more marked with time after castration. When the ability of diverse androgens (testosterone, 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione (androstenedione), dehydroepiandrosterone and androsterone) to prevent these changes was tested, testosterone and androstenedione maintained glandular weight. All the androgens maintained normal frequencies of Type II cells and all except dehydroepiandrosterone prevented deposition of porphyrin. The potencies of the various androgens in maintaining normal Harderian gland morphology and activity are compared with their effects on other somatic variables and sexual behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:144767", "title": "Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. VI. Interaction of H-2 and non-H-2 genes in elaboration of mixed leukocyte reaction suppressor factor.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that alloantigen-activated spleen T cells produce a soluble factor which suppresses mixed lymphocyte reaction proliferative responses, and that the interaction between suppressor and responder cells is controlled by genes of the H-2 complex. However a defect in the expression of suppressor activity was identified in the mouse strain C57BL/6J. Factor prepared from alloactivated B6 spleen cells failed to suppress MLR responses of syngeneic or H-2 compatible responder cells. Unimpaired suppressor factor production by other H-2 (b) strains and failure of suppressor factor production by a B6 congenic strain, B6.C-H-2(d) isolated the defective gene to the non-H-2 portion of the genome. In addition, the defect appeared to be related specifically to inability to produce an active factor, while the capacity to respond to suppressor molecules was unimpaired. The genetic character of the non-H-2 gene action was identified in F1 hybrid studies. Initially F(1) hybrids of the nondefective histoincompatible strains were studied. Suppressor factor from F1 cells suppressed the responses of both parental strains, and parental factors each suppressed the response of F(1) cells. Adsorption of F(1) factor with Con A-activated thymocytes of either parental strain removed suppressor activity specific for that strain, leaving activity against the other parental strain intact. The data support cedominant expression and production of distinct, parental H-2 haplotype-specific suppressor molecules by F(1) suppressor cells. An F(1) hybrid of the defective B6 strain with nondefective BALB/c produced suppressor factor which was also capable of suppressing both parental strains. Production of a suppressive B6-reactive factor by F(1) cells was verified by adsorption studies. Thus it appears that non-H-2 genes of the BALB/c parent acted in a genetically dominant fashion to provide the function required for expression of B6 suppressor molecules. We conclude that multiple genes control the expression of alloactivated suppressor cell activity, with at least one gene mapped to the I-C subregion of the murine major histocompatibility complex and one or more genes mapped to the non-H-2 gene complement.", "contents": "Regulatory mechanisms in cell-mediated immune responses. VI. Interaction of H-2 and non-H-2 genes in elaboration of mixed leukocyte reaction suppressor factor. Previous studies have shown that alloantigen-activated spleen T cells produce a soluble factor which suppresses mixed lymphocyte reaction proliferative responses, and that the interaction between suppressor and responder cells is controlled by genes of the H-2 complex. However a defect in the expression of suppressor activity was identified in the mouse strain C57BL/6J. Factor prepared from alloactivated B6 spleen cells failed to suppress MLR responses of syngeneic or H-2 compatible responder cells. Unimpaired suppressor factor production by other H-2 (b) strains and failure of suppressor factor production by a B6 congenic strain, B6.C-H-2(d) isolated the defective gene to the non-H-2 portion of the genome. In addition, the defect appeared to be related specifically to inability to produce an active factor, while the capacity to respond to suppressor molecules was unimpaired. The genetic character of the non-H-2 gene action was identified in F1 hybrid studies. Initially F(1) hybrids of the nondefective histoincompatible strains were studied. Suppressor factor from F1 cells suppressed the responses of both parental strains, and parental factors each suppressed the response of F(1) cells. Adsorption of F(1) factor with Con A-activated thymocytes of either parental strain removed suppressor activity specific for that strain, leaving activity against the other parental strain intact. The data support cedominant expression and production of distinct, parental H-2 haplotype-specific suppressor molecules by F(1) suppressor cells. An F(1) hybrid of the defective B6 strain with nondefective BALB/c produced suppressor factor which was also capable of suppressing both parental strains. Production of a suppressive B6-reactive factor by F(1) cells was verified by adsorption studies. Thus it appears that non-H-2 genes of the BALB/c parent acted in a genetically dominant fashion to provide the function required for expression of B6 suppressor molecules. We conclude that multiple genes control the expression of alloactivated suppressor cell activity, with at least one gene mapped to the I-C subregion of the murine major histocompatibility complex and one or more genes mapped to the non-H-2 gene complement."}
{"id": "PMID:144768", "title": "Quantitative studies on the precursors of cytotoxic lymphocytes. III. The lineage of memory cells.", "content": "In the course of a mixed lymphocyte culture, memory cells are produced which can give rise to a large secondary cytotoxic lymphocyte response on reexposure to the sensitizing alloantigen. We have studied the lineage of these memory cells using a clonal assay for precursors of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CLP). Our data provide conclusive evidence that individual CLP, upon stimulation with alloantigens, gives rise to clones which contain memory cells of the same specificity as the CLP. Only half of the clones that responded in the primary stimulation could be reactivated upon exposure to the original priming alloantigen.", "contents": "Quantitative studies on the precursors of cytotoxic lymphocytes. III. The lineage of memory cells. In the course of a mixed lymphocyte culture, memory cells are produced which can give rise to a large secondary cytotoxic lymphocyte response on reexposure to the sensitizing alloantigen. We have studied the lineage of these memory cells using a clonal assay for precursors of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CLP). Our data provide conclusive evidence that individual CLP, upon stimulation with alloantigens, gives rise to clones which contain memory cells of the same specificity as the CLP. Only half of the clones that responded in the primary stimulation could be reactivated upon exposure to the original priming alloantigen."}
{"id": "PMID:144769", "title": "H-2 effects on cell-cell interactions in the response to single non-H-2 alloantigens. II. H-2D region control of H-7.1-specific stimulator function in mixed lymphocyte culture and susceptibility to lysis by H-7.1-specific cytotoxic cells.", "content": "The relative immunogenicity of the H-7.1 alloantigen has been shown in a previous communication to be regulated by a gene in the D region of the mouse major histocompatibility (H-2) complex. The level of relative immunogenicity was inferred from survival times of H-7.1-incompatible skin grafts donated by donors with different H-2 haplotype origins of H-2D region genes. In this communication we report the results of an extension of these previous investigations into the possible role of H-2D region genes in controlling the capacity of H-7.1-incompatible lymphocytes to stimulate H-7.1-speciflc mixed lymphocyte culture proliferation and generation of cytotoxic effector cells. The results reported herein demonstrate that the H-2D genotype of H-7.1-incompatible stimulator cells determines the relative H-7.1-specific capacity of those lymphocytes to stimulate H-7.1-specific proliferation of in vivo primed responder T cells in secondary mixed lymphocyte culture. H-2D(b)-bearing, H-7.l-incompatible stimulators were significantly more effective in stimulating H-7.1-specific proliferation than H-2D(d)-bearing stimulators. As expected, H-2D(b), H-7.1-in-compatible stimulators were also more effective than H-2D(d) a stimulators in generating H-7.1- specific cytotoxic effector cells. Further, the susceptibility of (51)Cr- labeled, H-7.1-incompatible lymphoblast targets to H-7.1-specific lysis was similarly regulated by an H-2D gene. Reciprocal H-2 restriction (F(1) cells are capable of killing only the cells bearing the immunizing cell parental H-2 haplotype) observed by other investigators for cytolysis of non-H-2-incompatible targets was not observed. H-2D a-bearing, H-7.1- incompatible stimulators stimulated generation of cytotoxic effectors capable of detectably lysing H-2D(b) but not H-2D(a)-bearing, H-7.1- incompatible targets. The impact of these observations on the proposed models for H-2 restriction of non-H-2 histocompatibility antigen-specific cytolysis is discussed.", "contents": "H-2 effects on cell-cell interactions in the response to single non-H-2 alloantigens. II. H-2D region control of H-7.1-specific stimulator function in mixed lymphocyte culture and susceptibility to lysis by H-7.1-specific cytotoxic cells. The relative immunogenicity of the H-7.1 alloantigen has been shown in a previous communication to be regulated by a gene in the D region of the mouse major histocompatibility (H-2) complex. The level of relative immunogenicity was inferred from survival times of H-7.1-incompatible skin grafts donated by donors with different H-2 haplotype origins of H-2D region genes. In this communication we report the results of an extension of these previous investigations into the possible role of H-2D region genes in controlling the capacity of H-7.1-incompatible lymphocytes to stimulate H-7.1-speciflc mixed lymphocyte culture proliferation and generation of cytotoxic effector cells. The results reported herein demonstrate that the H-2D genotype of H-7.1-incompatible stimulator cells determines the relative H-7.1-specific capacity of those lymphocytes to stimulate H-7.1-specific proliferation of in vivo primed responder T cells in secondary mixed lymphocyte culture. H-2D(b)-bearing, H-7.l-incompatible stimulators were significantly more effective in stimulating H-7.1-specific proliferation than H-2D(d)-bearing stimulators. As expected, H-2D(b), H-7.1-in-compatible stimulators were also more effective than H-2D(d) a stimulators in generating H-7.1- specific cytotoxic effector cells. Further, the susceptibility of (51)Cr- labeled, H-7.1-incompatible lymphoblast targets to H-7.1-specific lysis was similarly regulated by an H-2D gene. Reciprocal H-2 restriction (F(1) cells are capable of killing only the cells bearing the immunizing cell parental H-2 haplotype) observed by other investigators for cytolysis of non-H-2-incompatible targets was not observed. H-2D a-bearing, H-7.1- incompatible stimulators stimulated generation of cytotoxic effectors capable of detectably lysing H-2D(b) but not H-2D(a)-bearing, H-7.1- incompatible targets. The impact of these observations on the proposed models for H-2 restriction of non-H-2 histocompatibility antigen-specific cytolysis is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144770", "title": "Occurrence of restricted suppressor T-cell activity in man.", "content": "Blood leukocytes from an immunologically hyporesponsive patient with urinary bladder carcinoma were found to be deficient in their ability to stimulate 3 of 27 responder leukocyte preparations from normal individuals in one-way mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). The patient's T-depleted leukocytes, however, functioned adequately as stimulator cells. T-enriched lymphocytes from this patient suppressed the MLC responsiveness of those three normals but not the responsiveness of other normals. The patient's cells suppressed the MLC responsiveness of only one of each of the parents of two of the normals who could be suppressed by the patient's leukocytes suggesting a possible genetic restriction to this suppressor cell activity.", "contents": "Occurrence of restricted suppressor T-cell activity in man. Blood leukocytes from an immunologically hyporesponsive patient with urinary bladder carcinoma were found to be deficient in their ability to stimulate 3 of 27 responder leukocyte preparations from normal individuals in one-way mixed leukocyte culture (MLC). The patient's T-depleted leukocytes, however, functioned adequately as stimulator cells. T-enriched lymphocytes from this patient suppressed the MLC responsiveness of those three normals but not the responsiveness of other normals. The patient's cells suppressed the MLC responsiveness of only one of each of the parents of two of the normals who could be suppressed by the patient's leukocytes suggesting a possible genetic restriction to this suppressor cell activity."}
{"id": "PMID:144771", "title": "The role of gene products of the I-J subregion in mixed lymphocyte reactions.", "content": "We have examined the MLR reaction in two sets of recombinants that differ in the I-J subregion. In both cases, significant stimulation was mediated by antigens controlled by genes in the I-J subregion. This stimulation was inhibitable by the addition of the culture of antisera directed against the I-J gene products on the stimulator cell. The specificity of this inhibition was shown by specific blocking of the relevant gene product on F1 hybrid stimulator cells. MLR stimulation was also eliminated by pretreatment of the stimulator population with anti-I-J sera plus complement. Pretreatment of F1 hybrid stimulator T cells with anti-I-J sera directed against either parental I-J product in the presence of complement, completely eliminated stimulation, indicating that there is no allelic exclusion of the relevant I-J products. Pretreatment with an anti-I-E/I-C serum and complement also eliminated stimulation, suggesting that the stimulating T cells express both I-J and I-E/I-C subregion products. This assay offers a potentially more direct and practical method for serological detection of the I-J products.", "contents": "The role of gene products of the I-J subregion in mixed lymphocyte reactions. We have examined the MLR reaction in two sets of recombinants that differ in the I-J subregion. In both cases, significant stimulation was mediated by antigens controlled by genes in the I-J subregion. This stimulation was inhibitable by the addition of the culture of antisera directed against the I-J gene products on the stimulator cell. The specificity of this inhibition was shown by specific blocking of the relevant gene product on F1 hybrid stimulator cells. MLR stimulation was also eliminated by pretreatment of the stimulator population with anti-I-J sera plus complement. Pretreatment of F1 hybrid stimulator T cells with anti-I-J sera directed against either parental I-J product in the presence of complement, completely eliminated stimulation, indicating that there is no allelic exclusion of the relevant I-J products. Pretreatment with an anti-I-E/I-C serum and complement also eliminated stimulation, suggesting that the stimulating T cells express both I-J and I-E/I-C subregion products. This assay offers a potentially more direct and practical method for serological detection of the I-J products."}
{"id": "PMID:144772", "title": "Autologous mixed lymphocyte culture reactions and generation of cytotoxic T cells.", "content": "Autologous mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions were studied utilizing autologous purified B cells and autologous established B lymphoid cell lines as stimulating cells. Similar results were obtained although somewhat greater stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation was found with the autologous lymphoid cell lines. Cytotoxic T cells were not generated against the stimulating cells in either case when peripheral blood cells were used as targets. A low cytotoxicity was detected when lymphoid cell lines were used both as stimulators and target cells. However this was nonspecific and was always greater for heterologous lines than for the stimulator line. Third-party cell experiments demonstrated that the autologous reaction could serve as a proliferative stimulus for specific cytotoxic lymphocyte generation. Heat-treated allogeneic lymphocytes that alone do not stimulate proliferation ro cytotoxic T-cell generation in MLC reactions when added to the autologous system produced specific cytotoxic cells. The separation of the proliferative phase from the cytotoxic cell generation was especially striking in these experiments. Possible uses of this system for the generation of specific cytotoxic cells to other nonstimulatory cells are discussed.", "contents": "Autologous mixed lymphocyte culture reactions and generation of cytotoxic T cells. Autologous mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactions were studied utilizing autologous purified B cells and autologous established B lymphoid cell lines as stimulating cells. Similar results were obtained although somewhat greater stimulation of lymphocyte proliferation was found with the autologous lymphoid cell lines. Cytotoxic T cells were not generated against the stimulating cells in either case when peripheral blood cells were used as targets. A low cytotoxicity was detected when lymphoid cell lines were used both as stimulators and target cells. However this was nonspecific and was always greater for heterologous lines than for the stimulator line. Third-party cell experiments demonstrated that the autologous reaction could serve as a proliferative stimulus for specific cytotoxic lymphocyte generation. Heat-treated allogeneic lymphocytes that alone do not stimulate proliferation ro cytotoxic T-cell generation in MLC reactions when added to the autologous system produced specific cytotoxic cells. The separation of the proliferative phase from the cytotoxic cell generation was especially striking in these experiments. Possible uses of this system for the generation of specific cytotoxic cells to other nonstimulatory cells are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144773", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation induced by autologous cells. V. Generation of immunologic memory and specificity during the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "content": "Lymphocyte proliferation in vitro may follow antigen recognition and serve as a correlate of cell-mediated immunity. Lymphocyte proliferation can also be simulated by nonimmune mechanisms as, for example, following culture with plant lectin, lipopolysaccharides, or staphylococcal protein A (1). The autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) refers to the proliferation of T lymphocytes cultured with autologous mon-T lymphocytes (2,3). The purpose of this study was to determine whether lymphocyte proliferation in the autologous MLR results from immune or nonimmune mechanisms. We have shown that the autologous MLR has two classical attributes of an immune phenomenon: memory and specificity.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation induced by autologous cells. V. Generation of immunologic memory and specificity during the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction. Lymphocyte proliferation in vitro may follow antigen recognition and serve as a correlate of cell-mediated immunity. Lymphocyte proliferation can also be simulated by nonimmune mechanisms as, for example, following culture with plant lectin, lipopolysaccharides, or staphylococcal protein A (1). The autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) refers to the proliferation of T lymphocytes cultured with autologous mon-T lymphocytes (2,3). The purpose of this study was to determine whether lymphocyte proliferation in the autologous MLR results from immune or nonimmune mechanisms. We have shown that the autologous MLR has two classical attributes of an immune phenomenon: memory and specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:144774", "title": "Acne vulgaris: recent advances in pathogenesis and treatment.", "content": "Hormonal factors, particularly androgens, appear to be important in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. The sebaceous glands in acne are more sensitive to normal blood levels of androgens, and are stimulated to produce more sebum. Corynebacterium acnes in the sebaceous follicles act on triglycerides in the sebum to form free fatty acids which might alter the process of keratinization in the follicular canal. A microcomedo is formed which can progress to the clinical lesions of acne. Sebum and its components may also be inflammatory if released into the skin. There are, however, still a number of unanswered questions relating to acne pathogenesis. Currently, therapy of acne vulgaris revolves around topical benzoyl peroxide and retinoic acid and systemic tetracyclines. Benzoyl peroxide and tetracyclines are antibacterial while retinoic acid is comedolytic. Because of these different actions, combined therapy appears to be more effective (benzoyl peroxide and/or tetracyclines together with retinoic acid). Topical antibiotics show promise as new therapeutic agents.", "contents": "Acne vulgaris: recent advances in pathogenesis and treatment. Hormonal factors, particularly androgens, appear to be important in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. The sebaceous glands in acne are more sensitive to normal blood levels of androgens, and are stimulated to produce more sebum. Corynebacterium acnes in the sebaceous follicles act on triglycerides in the sebum to form free fatty acids which might alter the process of keratinization in the follicular canal. A microcomedo is formed which can progress to the clinical lesions of acne. Sebum and its components may also be inflammatory if released into the skin. There are, however, still a number of unanswered questions relating to acne pathogenesis. Currently, therapy of acne vulgaris revolves around topical benzoyl peroxide and retinoic acid and systemic tetracyclines. Benzoyl peroxide and tetracyclines are antibacterial while retinoic acid is comedolytic. Because of these different actions, combined therapy appears to be more effective (benzoyl peroxide and/or tetracyclines together with retinoic acid). Topical antibiotics show promise as new therapeutic agents."}
{"id": "PMID:144775", "title": "Rapid modulation of gill Na+ + K+-dependent ATPase activity during acclimation of the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus to salinity change.", "content": "The enzymatic properties of membrane-bound Na+ + K+-ATPase from gills of killifish acclimated to fresh water, to 16% sea water, or to 30% sea water appear to be identical, indicating that the same enzyme may function to absorb Na+ in low salinities and excrete Na+ at the gills in high salinities. Ammonium ion is an effective substitute for K+: in the ATPase reaction itself, in blocking phosphorylation of the ATPase protein, and in inhibiting the binding of ouabain to the enzyme. The specific activities of the Na+ + K+-ATPase in the three different salinities are consistent with the expected Na+ pumping rates: higher in fresh water and 30% sea water than in 16% sea water. Within one-half hour after transfer of killifish from one salinity to another, gill Na+ + K+-ATPase activities reach equilibrium levels. The rapid increase in Na+ + K+-ATPase activity in gill microsomes of fish acclimating from fresh water to 30% sea water is accompanied by a slow decrease in the number of binding sites for ouabain, supporting the idea that acclimation to short-term salinity changes may involve modifications in the catalytic rate rather than the number of Na+ + K+-ATPase molecules.", "contents": "Rapid modulation of gill Na+ + K+-dependent ATPase activity during acclimation of the killifish Fundulus heteroclitus to salinity change. The enzymatic properties of membrane-bound Na+ + K+-ATPase from gills of killifish acclimated to fresh water, to 16% sea water, or to 30% sea water appear to be identical, indicating that the same enzyme may function to absorb Na+ in low salinities and excrete Na+ at the gills in high salinities. Ammonium ion is an effective substitute for K+: in the ATPase reaction itself, in blocking phosphorylation of the ATPase protein, and in inhibiting the binding of ouabain to the enzyme. The specific activities of the Na+ + K+-ATPase in the three different salinities are consistent with the expected Na+ pumping rates: higher in fresh water and 30% sea water than in 16% sea water. Within one-half hour after transfer of killifish from one salinity to another, gill Na+ + K+-ATPase activities reach equilibrium levels. The rapid increase in Na+ + K+-ATPase activity in gill microsomes of fish acclimating from fresh water to 30% sea water is accompanied by a slow decrease in the number of binding sites for ouabain, supporting the idea that acclimation to short-term salinity changes may involve modifications in the catalytic rate rather than the number of Na+ + K+-ATPase molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:144787", "title": "Pathways of glucose metabolism in Candida 107, a lipid-accumulating yeast.", "content": "Phosphofructokinase was not detected in extracts of Candida 107 prepared in a variety of ways but was highly active in cells treated with toluene. Disruption of these cells destroyed activity of phosphofructokinase indicating that the enzyme is extremely labile. As patterns of labelling from [I-14C]glucose and [6-14C]glucose showed that 60% of glucose was metabolized via the pentose cycle, augmentation of this cycle is necessary to account for the high molar growth yields of this yeast. Phosphoketolases, reacting with xylulose 5-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, were found but the extent to which they contribute to glucose metabolism was not assessed.", "contents": "Pathways of glucose metabolism in Candida 107, a lipid-accumulating yeast. Phosphofructokinase was not detected in extracts of Candida 107 prepared in a variety of ways but was highly active in cells treated with toluene. Disruption of these cells destroyed activity of phosphofructokinase indicating that the enzyme is extremely labile. As patterns of labelling from [I-14C]glucose and [6-14C]glucose showed that 60% of glucose was metabolized via the pentose cycle, augmentation of this cycle is necessary to account for the high molar growth yields of this yeast. Phosphoketolases, reacting with xylulose 5-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, were found but the extent to which they contribute to glucose metabolism was not assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:144788", "title": "Ouabain binding sites in skeletal muscle from normal and dystrophic mice.", "content": "The specific binding of tritiated ouabain was used to estimate the density of Na+-K+-ATPase sites (\"Na+-pump\" sites) in segments of skeletal muscle from normal and dystrophic mice. Ouabain binding was approximately 4 times greater in red (soleus) muscle than in white (superficial gastrocnemius) muscle from normal animals. In dystrophic soleus muscles, ouabain binding was decreased by nearly one-half. Because Na+-K+-ATPase activity is associated with plasma membranes, these observations constitute further evidence for a sarcolemmal abnormality in dystrophic mice.", "contents": "Ouabain binding sites in skeletal muscle from normal and dystrophic mice. The specific binding of tritiated ouabain was used to estimate the density of Na+-K+-ATPase sites (\"Na+-pump\" sites) in segments of skeletal muscle from normal and dystrophic mice. Ouabain binding was approximately 4 times greater in red (soleus) muscle than in white (superficial gastrocnemius) muscle from normal animals. In dystrophic soleus muscles, ouabain binding was decreased by nearly one-half. Because Na+-K+-ATPase activity is associated with plasma membranes, these observations constitute further evidence for a sarcolemmal abnormality in dystrophic mice."}
{"id": "PMID:144789", "title": "Neurotransmitter enzyme abnormalities in senile dementia. Choline acetyltransferase and glutamic acid decarboxylase activities in necropsy brain tissue.", "content": "Reductions in 2 neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes in brain, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase (CAT), have been found in dementias of different origins, including senile dementia (Alzheimer type). Significant reductions in cerebral GAD have also been found in depression (unipolar). The GAD reductions did not generally appear to be localised in any specific region of the brain examined. However, the reduction of CAT in the hippocampus, relative to reductions in other areas examined, was substantially greater in the brains with Alzheimer-type changes. GAD and CAT activities in normal brains were examined for the effects of some variable factors inherent in necropsy biochemical measurements. These factors included: (i) age; (ii) agonal status; (iii) time of death, and (iv) delay in tissue sampling; and GAD was found to be significantly influenced by (ii), (iii) and (iv) and CAT by (i), (iii) and (iv). None of these factors accounted for the total alterations in the enzyme activities of the mentally abnormal brains. The results indicate that reductions in cerebral GAD require to be interpreted with caution in view of the sensitivity of this enzyme to premortem status but that reductions in cerebral CAT may be a more reliable index of pathological change in senile (Alzheimer-type) dementia.", "contents": "Neurotransmitter enzyme abnormalities in senile dementia. Choline acetyltransferase and glutamic acid decarboxylase activities in necropsy brain tissue. Reductions in 2 neurotransmitter synthesizing enzymes in brain, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase (CAT), have been found in dementias of different origins, including senile dementia (Alzheimer type). Significant reductions in cerebral GAD have also been found in depression (unipolar). The GAD reductions did not generally appear to be localised in any specific region of the brain examined. However, the reduction of CAT in the hippocampus, relative to reductions in other areas examined, was substantially greater in the brains with Alzheimer-type changes. GAD and CAT activities in normal brains were examined for the effects of some variable factors inherent in necropsy biochemical measurements. These factors included: (i) age; (ii) agonal status; (iii) time of death, and (iv) delay in tissue sampling; and GAD was found to be significantly influenced by (ii), (iii) and (iv) and CAT by (i), (iii) and (iv). None of these factors accounted for the total alterations in the enzyme activities of the mentally abnormal brains. The results indicate that reductions in cerebral GAD require to be interpreted with caution in view of the sensitivity of this enzyme to premortem status but that reductions in cerebral CAT may be a more reliable index of pathological change in senile (Alzheimer-type) dementia."}
{"id": "PMID:144790", "title": "Immunocytochemical localization of the sodium, potassium activated ATPase in knifefish brain.", "content": "Results presented in this paper demonstrate the feasibility of using immunocytochemical methods to localize the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, and its subunits, in the C.N.S. We have shown that in the Black Ghost knifefish, Sternarchus albifrons, the enzyme is located on the plasma membrane of the somata and dendrites of neurons and on the somata and cellular processes of glia. In myelinated axons the enzyme is restricted in localization to those portions of the axolemma not covered by the myelin sheath. The capacity of cell plasma membranes to restrict mobility of functionally important proteins should be considered in models of membrane structure in which lateral mobility of membrane components is considered a major characteristic.", "contents": "Immunocytochemical localization of the sodium, potassium activated ATPase in knifefish brain. Results presented in this paper demonstrate the feasibility of using immunocytochemical methods to localize the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, and its subunits, in the C.N.S. We have shown that in the Black Ghost knifefish, Sternarchus albifrons, the enzyme is located on the plasma membrane of the somata and dendrites of neurons and on the somata and cellular processes of glia. In myelinated axons the enzyme is restricted in localization to those portions of the axolemma not covered by the myelin sheath. The capacity of cell plasma membranes to restrict mobility of functionally important proteins should be considered in models of membrane structure in which lateral mobility of membrane components is considered a major characteristic."}
{"id": "PMID:144795", "title": "A 'late supernormal period' in the recovery of excitability following an action potential in muscle spindle and tendon organ receptors.", "content": "1. Discharge patterns have been recorded from five types of stretch receptor; frog muscle spindles, lizard tendon organs, cat soleus tendon organs and primary and secondary endings of cat soleus muscle spindles.2. The fully adapted discharge of each type of receptor is irregular, especially for frog spindles and primary endings of cat spindles as compared with the other three types (the ;regularly firing' receptors). Frog spindles and some cat spindle primary endings would maintain a discharge at very low mean rates (1/sec or less) while the remaining receptors would stop suddenly, as soon as their rate of discharge fell below a critical value characteristic for each individual ending.3. This pattern of discharge suggests that there is a peak in the excitability of ;regularly firing' receptors at a time following a preceding impulse, which corresponds to the intervals between impulses at each particular receptor's slowest rate of maintained firing, and that the excitability subsequently falls again. Primary endings of cat muscle spindles also showed some evidence of such a ;late supernormal period', but frog spindles did not.4. Direct evidence for the ;late supernormal period' was obtained from experiments in which a maintained discharge was restarted by an antidromic action potential in a receptor which had stopped firing, and to which had been applied a stretch just too small to restart the discharge.5. It is shown in an Appendix that a model receptor in which the recovery of excitability following an impulse has a hyperbolic time course, and in which Gaussian distributed noise is superimposed on the generator potential, can have a discharge pattern very closely resembling that of a frog spindle (cf. Buller, 1965).6. After addition of a late supernormal period to the model, its discharge pattern could mimic closely that of a lizard or cat tendon organ, or of a secondary ending of a cat spindle.", "contents": "A 'late supernormal period' in the recovery of excitability following an action potential in muscle spindle and tendon organ receptors. 1. Discharge patterns have been recorded from five types of stretch receptor; frog muscle spindles, lizard tendon organs, cat soleus tendon organs and primary and secondary endings of cat soleus muscle spindles.2. The fully adapted discharge of each type of receptor is irregular, especially for frog spindles and primary endings of cat spindles as compared with the other three types (the ;regularly firing' receptors). Frog spindles and some cat spindle primary endings would maintain a discharge at very low mean rates (1/sec or less) while the remaining receptors would stop suddenly, as soon as their rate of discharge fell below a critical value characteristic for each individual ending.3. This pattern of discharge suggests that there is a peak in the excitability of ;regularly firing' receptors at a time following a preceding impulse, which corresponds to the intervals between impulses at each particular receptor's slowest rate of maintained firing, and that the excitability subsequently falls again. Primary endings of cat muscle spindles also showed some evidence of such a ;late supernormal period', but frog spindles did not.4. Direct evidence for the ;late supernormal period' was obtained from experiments in which a maintained discharge was restarted by an antidromic action potential in a receptor which had stopped firing, and to which had been applied a stretch just too small to restart the discharge.5. It is shown in an Appendix that a model receptor in which the recovery of excitability following an impulse has a hyperbolic time course, and in which Gaussian distributed noise is superimposed on the generator potential, can have a discharge pattern very closely resembling that of a frog spindle (cf. Buller, 1965).6. After addition of a late supernormal period to the model, its discharge pattern could mimic closely that of a lizard or cat tendon organ, or of a secondary ending of a cat spindle."}
{"id": "PMID:144796", "title": "The close correlation between symptoms and disease expression in HLA B27 positive individuals.", "content": "Following demonstration that 20 percent of presumed \"healthy\" HLA B27 positive individuals develop symptomatic ankylosing spondylitis, a controlled follow-up assessment of the remaining \"asymptomatic\" 80 percent was performed. The clinical and radiological study revealed that there is a close correlation between symptoms and radiologic change in HLA B27 positive subjects; those individuals remaining symptom free have normal pelvic radiographs. Ankylosing spondylitis or \"asymptomatic sarcroiliitis\" does not exist in a subclinical manner throughout the entire group of B27 positive subjects. Evaluation of the pelvic radiographs of both symptomatic and asymptomatic HLA B27 positive subjects and symptomatic HLA B27 negative controls demonstrated that osteitis pubis and fluffy periostitis are equally distributed among the three groups, only the frequency of sacroiliitis being statistically greater in the B27 positive symptomatic subjects.", "contents": "The close correlation between symptoms and disease expression in HLA B27 positive individuals. Following demonstration that 20 percent of presumed \"healthy\" HLA B27 positive individuals develop symptomatic ankylosing spondylitis, a controlled follow-up assessment of the remaining \"asymptomatic\" 80 percent was performed. The clinical and radiological study revealed that there is a close correlation between symptoms and radiologic change in HLA B27 positive subjects; those individuals remaining symptom free have normal pelvic radiographs. Ankylosing spondylitis or \"asymptomatic sarcroiliitis\" does not exist in a subclinical manner throughout the entire group of B27 positive subjects. Evaluation of the pelvic radiographs of both symptomatic and asymptomatic HLA B27 positive subjects and symptomatic HLA B27 negative controls demonstrated that osteitis pubis and fluffy periostitis are equally distributed among the three groups, only the frequency of sacroiliitis being statistically greater in the B27 positive symptomatic subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:144797", "title": "The prune belly anomaly: heterogeneity and superficial X-linkage mimicry.", "content": "The genetic, clinical, and necropsy findings of 2 brothers with the prune belly anomaly are presented and the literature reviewed. The combined data emphasise the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of the disorder and show that in at least some instances a heritable component may be the primary insult. The most likely heritable explanation involves a two-step autosomal dominant mutation with sex-limited expression that partially mimics X-linkage.", "contents": "The prune belly anomaly: heterogeneity and superficial X-linkage mimicry. The genetic, clinical, and necropsy findings of 2 brothers with the prune belly anomaly are presented and the literature reviewed. The combined data emphasise the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of the disorder and show that in at least some instances a heritable component may be the primary insult. The most likely heritable explanation involves a two-step autosomal dominant mutation with sex-limited expression that partially mimics X-linkage."}
{"id": "PMID:144798", "title": "Regular G21-trisomy in 3 sibs from mother with trisomy 21 mosaicism.", "content": "This paper describes a family with 3 affected sibs with regular trisomy 21 Down syndrome. The condition seems to be transmitted from a phenotypically normal mother in whom G-trisomy mosaicism was identified. Giemsa banding depicted trisomy 21 mosaicism in cells from the mother. Chromosomes from the children showed a trisomy 21 in all the cells analysed.", "contents": "Regular G21-trisomy in 3 sibs from mother with trisomy 21 mosaicism. This paper describes a family with 3 affected sibs with regular trisomy 21 Down syndrome. The condition seems to be transmitted from a phenotypically normal mother in whom G-trisomy mosaicism was identified. Giemsa banding depicted trisomy 21 mosaicism in cells from the mother. Chromosomes from the children showed a trisomy 21 in all the cells analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:144799", "title": "Serum cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) in Down's syndrome: 1. Phenotype frequencies at the E1 and E2 loci.", "content": "Dibucaine, fluoride and RO2-0683 inhibition studies were used to determine the serum cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) phenotypes at the E1 locus in a sample of 130 subject with Down's syndrome and fifty-three mentally retarded control subjects. No example of the Ef1 and Es1 allele was detected in either group, nor were any of the genotype E1a E1a detected. The gene frequency of E1a for the control group (0.0189) resembles closely that reported in the literature for normal European populations but in the Down's group was significantly lower (0.0038). The means and distribution of the dibucaine, fluoride and RO numbers in both groups were similar to those reported in normal subjects. The presence of the additional C5 cholinesterase type heterozygous for a variant cholinesterase on the E2 locus) was detected after starch gel electrophoresis, and the frequency was found to be raised in both groups. Several possible environmental factors (age, sex, maternal age, etc.) were investigated to account for this finding but with no success.", "contents": "Serum cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) in Down's syndrome: 1. Phenotype frequencies at the E1 and E2 loci. Dibucaine, fluoride and RO2-0683 inhibition studies were used to determine the serum cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) phenotypes at the E1 locus in a sample of 130 subject with Down's syndrome and fifty-three mentally retarded control subjects. No example of the Ef1 and Es1 allele was detected in either group, nor were any of the genotype E1a E1a detected. The gene frequency of E1a for the control group (0.0189) resembles closely that reported in the literature for normal European populations but in the Down's group was significantly lower (0.0038). The means and distribution of the dibucaine, fluoride and RO numbers in both groups were similar to those reported in normal subjects. The presence of the additional C5 cholinesterase type heterozygous for a variant cholinesterase on the E2 locus) was detected after starch gel electrophoresis, and the frequency was found to be raised in both groups. Several possible environmental factors (age, sex, maternal age, etc.) were investigated to account for this finding but with no success."}
{"id": "PMID:144800", "title": "Serum cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) in Down's syndrome: 2. Quantitative levels.", "content": "The observation elsewhere (Drew and Rundle, 1977) that increase frequencies of the C5 + variant of the serum cholinesterase in Down's syndrome may be due to a protective influence against adverse environmental factors has been investigated for such factors as age, sex, duration of institutionalisation, presence of the hepatitis -B antigen and maternal age. With the exception of the maternal age none of the factors tested appear to affect the circulating levels of cholinesterase. A maternal age effect in the Down's subjects was detected with lower levels of the enzyme being found in the subject positive for the C5 + variant born to mothers over thirty-five years when compared to the C5 + subjects born to mothers under thirty-five years. Further studies confirmed the presence of a relationship between maternal age, serum cholinesterase levels and haptoglobin phenotypes.", "contents": "Serum cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) in Down's syndrome: 2. Quantitative levels. The observation elsewhere (Drew and Rundle, 1977) that increase frequencies of the C5 + variant of the serum cholinesterase in Down's syndrome may be due to a protective influence against adverse environmental factors has been investigated for such factors as age, sex, duration of institutionalisation, presence of the hepatitis -B antigen and maternal age. With the exception of the maternal age none of the factors tested appear to affect the circulating levels of cholinesterase. A maternal age effect in the Down's subjects was detected with lower levels of the enzyme being found in the subject positive for the C5 + variant born to mothers over thirty-five years when compared to the C5 + subjects born to mothers under thirty-five years. Further studies confirmed the presence of a relationship between maternal age, serum cholinesterase levels and haptoglobin phenotypes."}
{"id": "PMID:144801", "title": "The use of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, the Merrill-Palmer Scale of mental tests (non-verbal items) and the Reynell Developmental Language Scales with children in contact with the services for severe mental retardation.", "content": "Psychological tests were administered to a complete population of severely retarded children aged 0-14, from one area of south-east London. The fifty-six children selected for the present study included all those who had obtained scores on measures of social maturity, visuo-spatial skills not involving symbolic concepts, and level of language comprehension. The results show very low correlations between the age-related quotients obtained for each measure. This suggests that, in severely retarded children, marked discrepancies can occur between different areas of cognitive and social development. Some children could be classified as moderately or mildly retarded on one type of test but as profoundly retarded on another. The profiles on the tests can be related to diagnosis and behaviour pattern. The findings highlight the problems of assessment and educational placement of retarded children.", "contents": "The use of the Vineland Social Maturity Scale, the Merrill-Palmer Scale of mental tests (non-verbal items) and the Reynell Developmental Language Scales with children in contact with the services for severe mental retardation. Psychological tests were administered to a complete population of severely retarded children aged 0-14, from one area of south-east London. The fifty-six children selected for the present study included all those who had obtained scores on measures of social maturity, visuo-spatial skills not involving symbolic concepts, and level of language comprehension. The results show very low correlations between the age-related quotients obtained for each measure. This suggests that, in severely retarded children, marked discrepancies can occur between different areas of cognitive and social development. Some children could be classified as moderately or mildly retarded on one type of test but as profoundly retarded on another. The profiles on the tests can be related to diagnosis and behaviour pattern. The findings highlight the problems of assessment and educational placement of retarded children."}
{"id": "PMID:144802", "title": "Thymus and breast cancer--plasma androgens, thymic pathology, and peripheral lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Plasma androgen sulfates were measured in 92 patients with myasthenia gravis. Plasma androgen sulfates were strongly associated with thymic pathology. The presence of germinal centers was associated with decreased androgen levels. A weak but significant positive correlation existed between androgen sulfates and lymphocyte counts. Low lymphocyte counts in patients with germinal centers were associated with subnormal androgen concentrations. Plasma androgen sulfate levels decreased immediately after thymectomy, but overall no significant differences were found between prethymectomy and post thymectomy levels. A trend toward higher concentrations of plasma androgens was noted 5 or more years post thymectomy. Plasma androgen sulfate levels in myasthenia gravis patients with breast cancer were markedly depressed. The lowest androgen sulfate levels were observed in patients who had previous bilateral breast cancer and those who, subsequent to the determination of the steroid sulfates, developed a second primary lesion of the breast.", "contents": "Thymus and breast cancer--plasma androgens, thymic pathology, and peripheral lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis. Plasma androgen sulfates were measured in 92 patients with myasthenia gravis. Plasma androgen sulfates were strongly associated with thymic pathology. The presence of germinal centers was associated with decreased androgen levels. A weak but significant positive correlation existed between androgen sulfates and lymphocyte counts. Low lymphocyte counts in patients with germinal centers were associated with subnormal androgen concentrations. Plasma androgen sulfate levels decreased immediately after thymectomy, but overall no significant differences were found between prethymectomy and post thymectomy levels. A trend toward higher concentrations of plasma androgens was noted 5 or more years post thymectomy. Plasma androgen sulfate levels in myasthenia gravis patients with breast cancer were markedly depressed. The lowest androgen sulfate levels were observed in patients who had previous bilateral breast cancer and those who, subsequent to the determination of the steroid sulfates, developed a second primary lesion of the breast."}
{"id": "PMID:144803", "title": "Lack of involvement of monoamine oxidase inhibition in the lethality of acute poisoning by chlordimeform.", "content": "Depletion of serotonin or norepinephrine in male rats by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine or DL-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, respectively, failed to reduce the lethality of the monoamine oxidase-inhibiting acaricide, chlordimeform. Administration of phenylephrine, a directly acting alpha-adrenergic agonist, with  chlordimeform did not increase the lethality of chlordimeform. Thus, monoamine oxidase inhibition by chlordimeform does not seem to contribute to its lethality.", "contents": "Lack of involvement of monoamine oxidase inhibition in the lethality of acute poisoning by chlordimeform. Depletion of serotonin or norepinephrine in male rats by pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine or DL-alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, respectively, failed to reduce the lethality of the monoamine oxidase-inhibiting acaricide, chlordimeform. Administration of phenylephrine, a directly acting alpha-adrenergic agonist, with  chlordimeform did not increase the lethality of chlordimeform. Thus, monoamine oxidase inhibition by chlordimeform does not seem to contribute to its lethality."}
{"id": "PMID:144804", "title": "A carbon dioxide flowmeter.", "content": "A simple and inexpensive uroflowmeter has been designed that uses a common carbon dioxide cystometer. The patient voids urine in a specially designed container connected at the bottom of the carbon dioxide source in the cystometer. After proper calibration (500 cc fluid for a 20 mm. deflection in the paper) the patient is asked to void while carbon dioxide flows through the container and the paper recording commences. Any change of volume in the container produces a change in the pressure recorded by the cystometer, which will allow us to know, following calibration, the 2 factors involved in flow: 1) volume voided and 2) time. A table of average flow is available for a quick reading of the findings only by superimposing the table on the uroflow study. The only attachment needed for the cystometer is the special container. Our results support the use of this economical new way to determine urinary flow.", "contents": "A carbon dioxide flowmeter. A simple and inexpensive uroflowmeter has been designed that uses a common carbon dioxide cystometer. The patient voids urine in a specially designed container connected at the bottom of the carbon dioxide source in the cystometer. After proper calibration (500 cc fluid for a 20 mm. deflection in the paper) the patient is asked to void while carbon dioxide flows through the container and the paper recording commences. Any change of volume in the container produces a change in the pressure recorded by the cystometer, which will allow us to know, following calibration, the 2 factors involved in flow: 1) volume voided and 2) time. A table of average flow is available for a quick reading of the findings only by superimposing the table on the uroflow study. The only attachment needed for the cystometer is the special container. Our results support the use of this economical new way to determine urinary flow."}
{"id": "PMID:144813", "title": "Metabolic changes with inflammation induced by a surfactant.", "content": "Studies were carried out to determine the relationship between metabolic histopathological changes in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats in which an acute exudative inflammation had been induced by alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (alkyl-DBAC, a cationic surfactant). Succinate respiration, Na+-K+-Mg2+ ATPase activity and ATP, ADP and AMP levels were determined as the index of metabolic changes. Myofascial edematous swelling with the acceleration of succinate oxidation and Na+-K+-Mg2+ ATPase activity was noted at 30 minutes in the inflamed muscle. The ATP level was also transiently reduced. On the other hand, Na+-K+-Mg2+ ATPase activity and succinate oxidation were inhibited by alkyl-DBAC, at this concentration, in vitro. These results support the possibility that enhancement of energy metabolism is not directly initiated by alkyl-DBAC but may be the result of certain chemical mediators released by alkyl-DBAC. The enhancement of energy metabolism continued after 1 hour and this energy may initiate leukocyte migration as well as increase vascular permeability and edema.", "contents": "Metabolic changes with inflammation induced by a surfactant. Studies were carried out to determine the relationship between metabolic histopathological changes in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats in which an acute exudative inflammation had been induced by alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (alkyl-DBAC, a cationic surfactant). Succinate respiration, Na+-K+-Mg2+ ATPase activity and ATP, ADP and AMP levels were determined as the index of metabolic changes. Myofascial edematous swelling with the acceleration of succinate oxidation and Na+-K+-Mg2+ ATPase activity was noted at 30 minutes in the inflamed muscle. The ATP level was also transiently reduced. On the other hand, Na+-K+-Mg2+ ATPase activity and succinate oxidation were inhibited by alkyl-DBAC, at this concentration, in vitro. These results support the possibility that enhancement of energy metabolism is not directly initiated by alkyl-DBAC but may be the result of certain chemical mediators released by alkyl-DBAC. The enhancement of energy metabolism continued after 1 hour and this energy may initiate leukocyte migration as well as increase vascular permeability and edema."}
{"id": "PMID:144816", "title": "[Mathematical model of transient long-term adaptation processes of the heart].", "content": "A mathematical model of the heart's long-term adaptation to changing load is described. The model is based on the long-term adaptation concept which assumes the phosphorylation potential changing in the heart muscle cells with the load to control the genetic apparatus activity and thus determine structural alterations ensuring adaptation. The computerized model reproduces the transient process in four major types of the heart's long-term adaptation, i.e. in a compensatory hypertrophy development and hypertrophy regression, as well as in the training and detraining states formation. The simulation results are in agreement with the available data and predict the phenomena that are not as yet substantiated by experiments.", "contents": "[Mathematical model of transient long-term adaptation processes of the heart]. A mathematical model of the heart's long-term adaptation to changing load is described. The model is based on the long-term adaptation concept which assumes the phosphorylation potential changing in the heart muscle cells with the load to control the genetic apparatus activity and thus determine structural alterations ensuring adaptation. The computerized model reproduces the transient process in four major types of the heart's long-term adaptation, i.e. in a compensatory hypertrophy development and hypertrophy regression, as well as in the training and detraining states formation. The simulation results are in agreement with the available data and predict the phenomena that are not as yet substantiated by experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:144817", "title": "[Activity of key enzymes of glycolysis in the rat liver during the development of experimental myocardial necrosis].", "content": "Hexokinase, glucokinase, and phosphofructokinase activity in supernatant hepatic fluid obtained by centrifugation of the homogenate at 20,000 g for 20 minutes was studied during the development of experimental necrosis of the heart muscle. The activity of these enzymes was lowest in the 12th and 24th hour following arterial occlusion. Phosphofructokinase and glucokinase activity returned to the initial level on the 6th and 9th days, respectively; hexokinase activity was still diminished after the 12th day.", "contents": "[Activity of key enzymes of glycolysis in the rat liver during the development of experimental myocardial necrosis]. Hexokinase, glucokinase, and phosphofructokinase activity in supernatant hepatic fluid obtained by centrifugation of the homogenate at 20,000 g for 20 minutes was studied during the development of experimental necrosis of the heart muscle. The activity of these enzymes was lowest in the 12th and 24th hour following arterial occlusion. Phosphofructokinase and glucokinase activity returned to the initial level on the 6th and 9th days, respectively; hexokinase activity was still diminished after the 12th day."}
{"id": "PMID:144818", "title": "[Role of membrane-bound calcium in the changes of ion permeability and Na+, 5+ and ATPase activity of the erythrocytes in hypertension].", "content": "The content of calcium bound to the erythrocyte membrane and the effect of intracellular calcium concentration on the activity of Na+, K+-ATPase in the reconstituted erythrocytes were studied in 20 patients with essential hypertension and in 20 individuals with normal pressure. In incubation of the erythrocytes in a solution containing EDTA much more calcium is removed from the outer surface of their membrane in patients with essential hypertension than in the control group (60 +/- 5 mEq/l and 41 +/- 3 mEq/l, respectively). When the intracellular calcium concentration varies from 0 to 500 mumol/l, which corresponds to a rise in the free calcium (Ca2f+-3) concentration to 41 mumol/l, a difference in the changes of Na+, K+-ATPase activity of the reconstituted erythrocytes is noted. When intracellular calcium concentration is 50 mumol/l (Ca2f+-3 mumol/l), ATP-ase activity in patients with essential hypertension is 21% less than that in individuals with normal pressure (P less than 0.005). The authors explain the difference in the kinetics of Na+, K+-ATPase changes by the different degree of calcium depletion of the inner surface of the erythrocyte membrane in relatively low Ca2f+ values in the internal medium. The data obtained are evidence of the altered calcium-binding capacity of the erythrocyte membrane, which may cause the increased permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to sodium and potassium ions in patients with essential hypertension, which the authors had revealed earlier. The authors consider the revealed changes to be a fragment of a more extensive membrane defect which may be the principal cause of activation of the servomechanisms which maintain arterial pressure.", "contents": "[Role of membrane-bound calcium in the changes of ion permeability and Na+, 5+ and ATPase activity of the erythrocytes in hypertension]. The content of calcium bound to the erythrocyte membrane and the effect of intracellular calcium concentration on the activity of Na+, K+-ATPase in the reconstituted erythrocytes were studied in 20 patients with essential hypertension and in 20 individuals with normal pressure. In incubation of the erythrocytes in a solution containing EDTA much more calcium is removed from the outer surface of their membrane in patients with essential hypertension than in the control group (60 +/- 5 mEq/l and 41 +/- 3 mEq/l, respectively). When the intracellular calcium concentration varies from 0 to 500 mumol/l, which corresponds to a rise in the free calcium (Ca2f+-3) concentration to 41 mumol/l, a difference in the changes of Na+, K+-ATPase activity of the reconstituted erythrocytes is noted. When intracellular calcium concentration is 50 mumol/l (Ca2f+-3 mumol/l), ATP-ase activity in patients with essential hypertension is 21% less than that in individuals with normal pressure (P less than 0.005). The authors explain the difference in the kinetics of Na+, K+-ATPase changes by the different degree of calcium depletion of the inner surface of the erythrocyte membrane in relatively low Ca2f+ values in the internal medium. The data obtained are evidence of the altered calcium-binding capacity of the erythrocyte membrane, which may cause the increased permeability of the erythrocyte membrane to sodium and potassium ions in patients with essential hypertension, which the authors had revealed earlier. The authors consider the revealed changes to be a fragment of a more extensive membrane defect which may be the principal cause of activation of the servomechanisms which maintain arterial pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:144825", "title": "[Cardiac effects of antikaliuretic diuretics-clinical and biochemical investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "Recently direct myocardial effects of antikaliuretic diuretics with respect to contractility parameters and prevention of digitalis-induced arrhythmias were published. In order to test the value of these reports we measured the effect of potassium-canrenoate and triamterene on cardiac output and on digitalis-induced arrhythmias in patients during diagnostic and the therapeutic flow directed right heart catheterization (Swan-Ganz) in our intensive care unit. In addition the influence of these drugs on (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and on (3H)g-strophanthin binding to human cardiac cell membranes was investigated to gain information on the mechanism of their action. Triamterene (100-200 mg p.o.) was without any effect on cardiac output, the same was found true for potassium-canrenoate given in a single dose (200-1000 mg intravenously). However, when applied in two doses (200 mg i.v. and 60 min later 400 mg i.v.), potassium-canrenoate increased cardiac output by 11 percent (p less than 0.05). Only in 2 out of 14 patients potassium-canrenoate (200-400 mg i.v.) suppressed digitalis-induced ventricular ectopic beats. Canrenone, the active metabolite of potassium-canrenoate displaces [(3H)]g-strophanthin from its binding sites in human cardiac cell membranes and inhibits (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. These in vitro effects were measured at the same concentrations as found in vivo after \"therapeutical\" doses. The effects of triamterene in this respect were found only in extremely high concentrations. Our results imply that canrenone has cardiac glycoside-like effects in human cardiac cell membranes.", "contents": "[Cardiac effects of antikaliuretic diuretics-clinical and biochemical investigation (author's transl)]. Recently direct myocardial effects of antikaliuretic diuretics with respect to contractility parameters and prevention of digitalis-induced arrhythmias were published. In order to test the value of these reports we measured the effect of potassium-canrenoate and triamterene on cardiac output and on digitalis-induced arrhythmias in patients during diagnostic and the therapeutic flow directed right heart catheterization (Swan-Ganz) in our intensive care unit. In addition the influence of these drugs on (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and on (3H)g-strophanthin binding to human cardiac cell membranes was investigated to gain information on the mechanism of their action. Triamterene (100-200 mg p.o.) was without any effect on cardiac output, the same was found true for potassium-canrenoate given in a single dose (200-1000 mg intravenously). However, when applied in two doses (200 mg i.v. and 60 min later 400 mg i.v.), potassium-canrenoate increased cardiac output by 11 percent (p less than 0.05). Only in 2 out of 14 patients potassium-canrenoate (200-400 mg i.v.) suppressed digitalis-induced ventricular ectopic beats. Canrenone, the active metabolite of potassium-canrenoate displaces [(3H)]g-strophanthin from its binding sites in human cardiac cell membranes and inhibits (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. These in vitro effects were measured at the same concentrations as found in vivo after \"therapeutical\" doses. The effects of triamterene in this respect were found only in extremely high concentrations. Our results imply that canrenone has cardiac glycoside-like effects in human cardiac cell membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:144827", "title": "Murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis: the history of a natural cross-infection from wild to laboratory mice.", "content": "A new locus of wild house mice tolerantly infected with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) has been identified in the United Kingdom. Evidence is presented which indicates that these mice were the source of infection in a laboratory mouse breeding colony, the mode of transmission probably being bites on tails and limbs exposed through wire-grid flooring. The results of an experiment which simulated indirect exposure of SPF mice to tolerantly infected wild mice supported earlier observations that without injury to the epidermis the risk of spread of infection from the infective urine, saliva or faeces is low.", "contents": "Murine lymphocytic choriomeningitis: the history of a natural cross-infection from wild to laboratory mice. A new locus of wild house mice tolerantly infected with the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) has been identified in the United Kingdom. Evidence is presented which indicates that these mice were the source of infection in a laboratory mouse breeding colony, the mode of transmission probably being bites on tails and limbs exposed through wire-grid flooring. The results of an experiment which simulated indirect exposure of SPF mice to tolerantly infected wild mice supported earlier observations that without injury to the epidermis the risk of spread of infection from the infective urine, saliva or faeces is low."}
{"id": "PMID:144828", "title": "The use of biotyping of Enterobacteriaceae as an evaluation of the isolation efficacy of laboratory animals.", "content": "2 sets of data are given of biotyping the Enterobacteriaceae from the faecal flora of SPF rats and cats housed with different isolation arrangements. The method is presented as an evaluation of the isolation efficiency of laboratory animals. Biotypes which were determined on almost every occasion belonged to the resident flora of the animals while those found occasionally represented contamination. Contaminating bacteria are cleared from an SPF breeding unit by colonization resistance and the continuous efflux of animals from the unit. A parameter of isolation efficacy is the number of different biotypes determined in time. With optimal isolation arrangements a stable bacterial flora of permanently colonized biotypes is obtained in the animals.", "contents": "The use of biotyping of Enterobacteriaceae as an evaluation of the isolation efficacy of laboratory animals. 2 sets of data are given of biotyping the Enterobacteriaceae from the faecal flora of SPF rats and cats housed with different isolation arrangements. The method is presented as an evaluation of the isolation efficiency of laboratory animals. Biotypes which were determined on almost every occasion belonged to the resident flora of the animals while those found occasionally represented contamination. Contaminating bacteria are cleared from an SPF breeding unit by colonization resistance and the continuous efflux of animals from the unit. A parameter of isolation efficacy is the number of different biotypes determined in time. With optimal isolation arrangements a stable bacterial flora of permanently colonized biotypes is obtained in the animals."}
{"id": "PMID:144834", "title": "Alkaloids of Thalictrum. XXII. Isolation of alkaloids with hypotensive and antimicrobial activity from Thalictrum revolutum.", "content": "Sixteen alkaloids were characterized from Thalictrum revolutum DC., namely; thalidasine, O-methylthalmethine, O-methylthalicberine, thalrugosaminine, thalicarpine, thalmelatine, pennsylvanine, palmatine, berberine, thalifendine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, deoxythalidastine, thalphenine and magnoflorine. The structure of thairugosaminine (1) a bisbenzylisoquinoline type which was previously proposed on partial data was completely established, including the absolute configuration as S,S. Thalphenine, thalidasine, O-methylthalicberine, thalicarpine, thalrugosaminine and thaliglucinone were found to possess hypotensive activity in rabbits. Thalrugosaminine, thalicarpine, thalmelatine, O-methylthalmethine, pennsylvanine and thalphenine were found to be active against Mycobacterium smegmatis.", "contents": "Alkaloids of Thalictrum. XXII. Isolation of alkaloids with hypotensive and antimicrobial activity from Thalictrum revolutum. Sixteen alkaloids were characterized from Thalictrum revolutum DC., namely; thalidasine, O-methylthalmethine, O-methylthalicberine, thalrugosaminine, thalicarpine, thalmelatine, pennsylvanine, palmatine, berberine, thalifendine, columbamine, jatrorrhizine, deoxythalidastine, thalphenine and magnoflorine. The structure of thairugosaminine (1) a bisbenzylisoquinoline type which was previously proposed on partial data was completely established, including the absolute configuration as S,S. Thalphenine, thalidasine, O-methylthalicberine, thalicarpine, thalrugosaminine and thaliglucinone were found to possess hypotensive activity in rabbits. Thalrugosaminine, thalicarpine, thalmelatine, O-methylthalmethine, pennsylvanine and thalphenine were found to be active against Mycobacterium smegmatis."}
{"id": "PMID:144840", "title": "[Bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients in the microbiology department].", "content": "78 Staphylococci isolated from mouth, throat, nose, ear passages and skin lesions were typed with 22 basic phage types. 68 of 78 staphylococci were typed. 45 of these (66%) could be typed with RTD, and 23 (33.8%) with 1000 X RTD. When phage grouping is considered, 14 out of 68 strains were from Group III and 12 out of 52 strains isolated from nose were from Group I phage.", "contents": "[Bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients in the microbiology department]. 78 Staphylococci isolated from mouth, throat, nose, ear passages and skin lesions were typed with 22 basic phage types. 68 of 78 staphylococci were typed. 45 of these (66%) could be typed with RTD, and 23 (33.8%) with 1000 X RTD. When phage grouping is considered, 14 out of 68 strains were from Group III and 12 out of 52 strains isolated from nose were from Group I phage."}
{"id": "PMID:144841", "title": "[Bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dental plaque and saliva].", "content": "Samples from 1127 persons were collected, S. aureus were isolated from 39 (3,4%) dental and from 4 (3,5%) saliva. The strains were tested with 22 basic phage types and 56 of them could be typed. 19 of them were typed by RTD and 19 by 1000 X RTD. Most of them were from phage Group II.", "contents": "[Bacteriophage typing of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from dental plaque and saliva]. Samples from 1127 persons were collected, S. aureus were isolated from 39 (3,4%) dental and from 4 (3,5%) saliva. The strains were tested with 22 basic phage types and 56 of them could be typed. 19 of them were typed by RTD and 19 by 1000 X RTD. Most of them were from phage Group II."}
{"id": "PMID:144842", "title": "[Therapy of androgenization symptoms: double blind study of an antiandrogen preparation (SH B 209 AB) against neogynon (author's transl)].", "content": "The antiandrogen-containing preparation SH B 209 AB was tested in comparison with an ovulation inhibitor with no antiandrogenic effect (Neogynon) in a randomized, double blind study conducted to determine the effects of both on androgenization symptoms. 88 patients took part in the study. In the majority of cases the duration of the treatment period was more than 6 months. It was shown that the therapy with the combination preparation containing cyproterone acetate was distinctly more successful in cases of acne and seborrhoea: not only acne in its various locations but also all forms of seborrhoea were more favourably influenced by the trial preparation. This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). It was not possible to establish a significant difference between the two preparations in the case of hirsutism in its various locations from the limited number of cases observed. There were also no differences detected in hepatic tolerance. During treatment with both preparations all values measured were within the normal range.", "contents": "[Therapy of androgenization symptoms: double blind study of an antiandrogen preparation (SH B 209 AB) against neogynon (author's transl)]. The antiandrogen-containing preparation SH B 209 AB was tested in comparison with an ovulation inhibitor with no antiandrogenic effect (Neogynon) in a randomized, double blind study conducted to determine the effects of both on androgenization symptoms. 88 patients took part in the study. In the majority of cases the duration of the treatment period was more than 6 months. It was shown that the therapy with the combination preparation containing cyproterone acetate was distinctly more successful in cases of acne and seborrhoea: not only acne in its various locations but also all forms of seborrhoea were more favourably influenced by the trial preparation. This difference was statistically significant (p less than 0.05). It was not possible to establish a significant difference between the two preparations in the case of hirsutism in its various locations from the limited number of cases observed. There were also no differences detected in hepatic tolerance. During treatment with both preparations all values measured were within the normal range."}
{"id": "PMID:144864", "title": "Nuclear-extranuclear interactions affecting oligomycin resistance in Aspergillus nidulans.", "content": "The extranuclear mitochondrial oligomycin-resistant mutation of Aspergillus nidulans, (oliA1), was transferred asexually into four nuclear oligomycin-resistant strains of different phenotypes. In all four cases, the possession of the nuclear plus extranuclear mutation led to an increase in the in vivo level of oligomycin resistance. In two cases, the altered cytochrome spectrum and impaired growth ability determined by (oliA1) were suppressed by the nuclear mutations. In the third case, the in vitro oligomycin resistance of the double mutant ATPase was dramatically increased above that of either of the component single mutant strains, indicating a synergystic interaction between the nuclear and extranuclear gene products. In the fourth case, the double mutant became cold-sensitive. A new extranuclear mitochondrial oligomycin-resistant mutation (oliB332) is described. This mutant is phenotypically similar to, though not identical with, (oliA1) but is separable by recombination. A range of nuclear oligomycin-resistant mutants have been mapped. Despite presenting five distinctly different phenotypes, they all map at the same locus.", "contents": "Nuclear-extranuclear interactions affecting oligomycin resistance in Aspergillus nidulans. The extranuclear mitochondrial oligomycin-resistant mutation of Aspergillus nidulans, (oliA1), was transferred asexually into four nuclear oligomycin-resistant strains of different phenotypes. In all four cases, the possession of the nuclear plus extranuclear mutation led to an increase in the in vivo level of oligomycin resistance. In two cases, the altered cytochrome spectrum and impaired growth ability determined by (oliA1) were suppressed by the nuclear mutations. In the third case, the in vitro oligomycin resistance of the double mutant ATPase was dramatically increased above that of either of the component single mutant strains, indicating a synergystic interaction between the nuclear and extranuclear gene products. In the fourth case, the double mutant became cold-sensitive. A new extranuclear mitochondrial oligomycin-resistant mutation (oliB332) is described. This mutant is phenotypically similar to, though not identical with, (oliA1) but is separable by recombination. A range of nuclear oligomycin-resistant mutants have been mapped. Despite presenting five distinctly different phenotypes, they all map at the same locus."}
{"id": "PMID:144865", "title": "Interaction of the cytoplasmic membrane and ribosomes in Escherichia coli; altered ribosomal proteins in sucrose-dependent spectinomycin-resistant mutants.", "content": "Alterations in the ribosomes of sucrose-dependent spectinomycin-resistant (Sucd-Spcr) mutants of Escherichia coli were studied. Subunit exchange experiments showed that 30S subunits were responsible for the resistance of ribosomes to spectinomycin in all Sucd-Spcr mutants tested. Proteins of 30S ribosomes were analyzed by carboxymethyl cellulose column chromatography based on their elution positions. Mutants YM22 and YM93 had an altered 30S ribosomal protein component, S5, and mutant YM50 had an altered protein, S4. Although a shift of elution position was not detected for all the 30S ribosomal proteins from mutant YM101, the amount of protein S3 was appreciably lowered in the isolated 30S subunits. A partial reconstitution experiment with protein S3 prepared from both the wild-type strain and YM101 revealed that the mutant had altered protein S3 which is responsible for the spectinomycin resistance. These alterations in 30S subunits are discussed in relation to the interaction between ribosomes and the cytoplasmic membrane.", "contents": "Interaction of the cytoplasmic membrane and ribosomes in Escherichia coli; altered ribosomal proteins in sucrose-dependent spectinomycin-resistant mutants. Alterations in the ribosomes of sucrose-dependent spectinomycin-resistant (Sucd-Spcr) mutants of Escherichia coli were studied. Subunit exchange experiments showed that 30S subunits were responsible for the resistance of ribosomes to spectinomycin in all Sucd-Spcr mutants tested. Proteins of 30S ribosomes were analyzed by carboxymethyl cellulose column chromatography based on their elution positions. Mutants YM22 and YM93 had an altered 30S ribosomal protein component, S5, and mutant YM50 had an altered protein, S4. Although a shift of elution position was not detected for all the 30S ribosomal proteins from mutant YM101, the amount of protein S3 was appreciably lowered in the isolated 30S subunits. A partial reconstitution experiment with protein S3 prepared from both the wild-type strain and YM101 revealed that the mutant had altered protein S3 which is responsible for the spectinomycin resistance. These alterations in 30S subunits are discussed in relation to the interaction between ribosomes and the cytoplasmic membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:144866", "title": "Cholesterol in muscle membranes.", "content": "The composition of skeletal muscle microsomes is reviewed. Evidence for the involvement of cholesterol in the transport of calcium by vesicles derived from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is considered. Results obtained by non aqueous extractions of skeletal muscle microsomes, and by use of the cholesterol analogue 20, 25 diazacholesterol indicate that cholesterol is not involved in calcium transport by vesicles of sarcoplasmic reticulum origin. Use of density perturbation procedures indicating that cholesterol is present in muscle membranes other than those of the sarcoplasmic reticulum involved in calcium transport is discussed. The distribution of membranal cholesterol in muscle is compared to that in other tissues.", "contents": "Cholesterol in muscle membranes. The composition of skeletal muscle microsomes is reviewed. Evidence for the involvement of cholesterol in the transport of calcium by vesicles derived from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is considered. Results obtained by non aqueous extractions of skeletal muscle microsomes, and by use of the cholesterol analogue 20, 25 diazacholesterol indicate that cholesterol is not involved in calcium transport by vesicles of sarcoplasmic reticulum origin. Use of density perturbation procedures indicating that cholesterol is present in muscle membranes other than those of the sarcoplasmic reticulum involved in calcium transport is discussed. The distribution of membranal cholesterol in muscle is compared to that in other tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:144869", "title": "On the kinetics of acetylcholine at the synapse.", "content": "Electrophysiologic, morphologic, and biochemical definitions of the synapse will be correlated spatially and temporally. Postsynaptic fatigue and facilitation follow oscillations of the free pool of acetylcholine, predicted by the kinetic theory and observed at the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. The underlying thermodynamic instability exhibits properties of the Na+--K+-dependent hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate and represents a necessary condition for synaptic memory.", "contents": "On the kinetics of acetylcholine at the synapse. Electrophysiologic, morphologic, and biochemical definitions of the synapse will be correlated spatially and temporally. Postsynaptic fatigue and facilitation follow oscillations of the free pool of acetylcholine, predicted by the kinetic theory and observed at the electric organ of Torpedo marmorata. The underlying thermodynamic instability exhibits properties of the Na+--K+-dependent hydrolysis of adenosine triphosphate and represents a necessary condition for synaptic memory."}
{"id": "PMID:144870", "title": "Secretion of monoquaternary ammonium compounds by guinea pig small intestine in vivo.", "content": "In anesthetized guinea pigs N-(3H)methylscopolamine (NMScop), N1-(14C)methylnicotinamide (NMN), and (14C)tetraethylammonium (TEA), administered intravenously, were secreted against a concentration gradient into the lumen of the small intestine. The concentration ratio of unmetabolized ammonium base in the intestinal lumen to that in the plasma was 4.3 and 6.5 for NMScop and NMN, respectively, 75 min after the intravenous injection of 1 nmole/g body weight of the individual compounds. The corresponding value for TEA after 180 min was 2.0. The establishment of the concentration gradient between intestinal lumen and plasma was diminished with increasing doses. An excess of NMN inhibited the uphill transport of NMScop. Since the electrical potential difference across the intestinal epithelium and a 'fluid circuit' mechanism cannot solely account for the observed accumulation of the monoquaternary ammonium compounds in the intestinal lumen, the evidence presented supports previous in vitro findings that the small intestine is capable of actively secreting organic cations.", "contents": "Secretion of monoquaternary ammonium compounds by guinea pig small intestine in vivo. In anesthetized guinea pigs N-(3H)methylscopolamine (NMScop), N1-(14C)methylnicotinamide (NMN), and (14C)tetraethylammonium (TEA), administered intravenously, were secreted against a concentration gradient into the lumen of the small intestine. The concentration ratio of unmetabolized ammonium base in the intestinal lumen to that in the plasma was 4.3 and 6.5 for NMScop and NMN, respectively, 75 min after the intravenous injection of 1 nmole/g body weight of the individual compounds. The corresponding value for TEA after 180 min was 2.0. The establishment of the concentration gradient between intestinal lumen and plasma was diminished with increasing doses. An excess of NMN inhibited the uphill transport of NMScop. Since the electrical potential difference across the intestinal epithelium and a 'fluid circuit' mechanism cannot solely account for the observed accumulation of the monoquaternary ammonium compounds in the intestinal lumen, the evidence presented supports previous in vitro findings that the small intestine is capable of actively secreting organic cations."}
{"id": "PMID:144871", "title": "Clinical neurogenetics. A survey of the relationship of medical genetics to clinical neurology.", "content": "A retrospective survey was made of the prevalence of neurologic disorders with an established or possible genetic component in a university hospital patient population. More than half the patient visits to the Medical Genetics Clinic concerned diseases of the nervous system. More than 20 percent of pediatric neurology inpatients and at least 8.5 percent of adult neurology inpatients had disorders with a genetic factor. This study documents the common ground shared by medical genetics and clinical neurology.", "contents": "Clinical neurogenetics. A survey of the relationship of medical genetics to clinical neurology. A retrospective survey was made of the prevalence of neurologic disorders with an established or possible genetic component in a university hospital patient population. More than half the patient visits to the Medical Genetics Clinic concerned diseases of the nervous system. More than 20 percent of pediatric neurology inpatients and at least 8.5 percent of adult neurology inpatients had disorders with a genetic factor. This study documents the common ground shared by medical genetics and clinical neurology."}
{"id": "PMID:144872", "title": "An outline for the analysis of dementia. The memory disorder of Huntingtons disease.", "content": "Methods have been developed for assessing the cognitive parameters contributing to a memory disorder. Our findings suggest that individuals with Huntington disease have impairments in the encoding of new information and the consistent retrieval from storage of learned material. Their difficulties lie particularly in the realm of episodic memory.", "contents": "An outline for the analysis of dementia. The memory disorder of Huntingtons disease. Methods have been developed for assessing the cognitive parameters contributing to a memory disorder. Our findings suggest that individuals with Huntington disease have impairments in the encoding of new information and the consistent retrieval from storage of learned material. Their difficulties lie particularly in the realm of episodic memory."}
{"id": "PMID:144873", "title": "Unexplained infertility. A reappraisal.", "content": "During a 30-month period 229 couples were evaluated for infertility at the Naval Regional Medical Center, Oakland. Laparoscopy was used in all cases of otherwise unexplained infertility. The resulting laparoscopic examination of the female partner of 24 such couples demonstrated abnormal findings in 18 (75%). Of these 18 subjects, unsuspected endometriosis was found in 11 (46%) and peritubal adhesions in 7 (29%). Of the 229 couples evaluated, only 8 (3.5%) failed to show some etiologic factor associated with infertility. Thus, the previously reported 10 to 20% incidence of unexplained infertility is too high an estimate in view of the additional information made available through pelvic endoscopy.", "contents": "Unexplained infertility. A reappraisal. During a 30-month period 229 couples were evaluated for infertility at the Naval Regional Medical Center, Oakland. Laparoscopy was used in all cases of otherwise unexplained infertility. The resulting laparoscopic examination of the female partner of 24 such couples demonstrated abnormal findings in 18 (75%). Of these 18 subjects, unsuspected endometriosis was found in 11 (46%) and peritubal adhesions in 7 (29%). Of the 229 couples evaluated, only 8 (3.5%) failed to show some etiologic factor associated with infertility. Thus, the previously reported 10 to 20% incidence of unexplained infertility is too high an estimate in view of the additional information made available through pelvic endoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:144874", "title": "Hormone levels following wedge resection in polycystic ovary syndrome.", "content": "A study of serum estradiol, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxy-progesterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), delta4-androstenedione (delta4-A), FSH, and LH was carried out in one of three sisters having polycystic ovarian disease for a period of 18 days before wedge resection, at the time of surgery, and for 24 days following wedge resection. The mean levels of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, DHA, delta4-A, and LH were remarkably elevated prior to wedge resection. There was considerable day-to-day variation. Serum LH varied from 12.5 to 70.5 mIU/ml with a mean of 41.03 +/- 3.55 mIU/ml. Serum estradiol and progesterone levels were generally higher than those found in the early follicular phage. Wedge resection resulted in a fall in serum estradiol, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, DHA, and delta4-A. Ovarian secretion of the last four steroids was confirmed by a study of the ovarian vein blood obtained at the time of surgery. An estradiol peak occurred on the 14th post wedge resection day with smaller increases in 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, DHA and delta4-A. An increase in serum LH occurred on the 15th post wedge resection day with a peak on Day 16 accompanied by increases in FSH and progesterone. The postovulatory rise of progesterone was accompanied by reduction of serum LH levels to those generally found in the early part of the menstrual cycle. Various hypotheses for the ovulatory failure are discussed.", "contents": "Hormone levels following wedge resection in polycystic ovary syndrome. A study of serum estradiol, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxy-progesterone, testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), delta4-androstenedione (delta4-A), FSH, and LH was carried out in one of three sisters having polycystic ovarian disease for a period of 18 days before wedge resection, at the time of surgery, and for 24 days following wedge resection. The mean levels of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, testosterone, DHA, delta4-A, and LH were remarkably elevated prior to wedge resection. There was considerable day-to-day variation. Serum LH varied from 12.5 to 70.5 mIU/ml with a mean of 41.03 +/- 3.55 mIU/ml. Serum estradiol and progesterone levels were generally higher than those found in the early follicular phage. Wedge resection resulted in a fall in serum estradiol, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, DHA, and delta4-A. Ovarian secretion of the last four steroids was confirmed by a study of the ovarian vein blood obtained at the time of surgery. An estradiol peak occurred on the 14th post wedge resection day with smaller increases in 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, DHA and delta4-A. An increase in serum LH occurred on the 15th post wedge resection day with a peak on Day 16 accompanied by increases in FSH and progesterone. The postovulatory rise of progesterone was accompanied by reduction of serum LH levels to those generally found in the early part of the menstrual cycle. Various hypotheses for the ovulatory failure are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:144890", "title": "Differences between functional versus organic low back pain patients.", "content": "There are contradictory findings about whether there are differences in personality and/or amount of emotional disturbance between patients with functional versus organic low back pain. The MMPI scores of 42 back pain patients diagnosed as \"organic\" were compared with the scores of 37 patients classified as \"functional\". The functional patients scored significantly higher than the organics on the Hs, Hy, Pd, Sc, Ma, and Si scales. The organics scored significantly higher than the functionals on the K scale. The results confirm the view that certain symptoms of emotional disturbance are more characteristic of patients who have relatively little evidence of physical findings. However, the degree of overlap between groups was high enough to suggest caution in making predictions and diagnoses about functional versus organic pain on individual patients solely on the basis of personality data.", "contents": "Differences between functional versus organic low back pain patients. There are contradictory findings about whether there are differences in personality and/or amount of emotional disturbance between patients with functional versus organic low back pain. The MMPI scores of 42 back pain patients diagnosed as \"organic\" were compared with the scores of 37 patients classified as \"functional\". The functional patients scored significantly higher than the organics on the Hs, Hy, Pd, Sc, Ma, and Si scales. The organics scored significantly higher than the functionals on the K scale. The results confirm the view that certain symptoms of emotional disturbance are more characteristic of patients who have relatively little evidence of physical findings. However, the degree of overlap between groups was high enough to suggest caution in making predictions and diagnoses about functional versus organic pain on individual patients solely on the basis of personality data."}
{"id": "PMID:144899", "title": "Non-quantal release of transmitter at mouse neuromuscular junction and its dependence on the activity of Na+-K+ ATP-ase.", "content": "The postjunctional membrane of mouse diaphragm fibres was hyperpolarized by 1-2 mV during local curarization of the end-plate zone in the presence of anticholinesterase. In a solution containing 5 mM K+, the mean hyperpolarization was 1.0+/-0.35 mV. Hyperpolarization was 1.46+/-0.30 mV when the activity of the Na-K pump was blocked by 2 x 10(-5) M ouabain and 1.82+/-0.43 mV when it was blocked by bathing the muscle in a K+-free medium. Reactivation of membrane ATP-ase by addition of potassium after a period in K+-free medium reduced the hyperpolarization to zero, when measurements were made 10-20 min after the readdition. It is concluded that spontaneous non-quantal leakage of acetylcholine occurs at the mouse neuromuscular junction, as it does in the frog (2). Conditions which block the Na+-k+-dependent ATPase increased the leakage whereas potentiation of the pump activity decreased it.", "contents": "Non-quantal release of transmitter at mouse neuromuscular junction and its dependence on the activity of Na+-K+ ATP-ase. The postjunctional membrane of mouse diaphragm fibres was hyperpolarized by 1-2 mV during local curarization of the end-plate zone in the presence of anticholinesterase. In a solution containing 5 mM K+, the mean hyperpolarization was 1.0+/-0.35 mV. Hyperpolarization was 1.46+/-0.30 mV when the activity of the Na-K pump was blocked by 2 x 10(-5) M ouabain and 1.82+/-0.43 mV when it was blocked by bathing the muscle in a K+-free medium. Reactivation of membrane ATP-ase by addition of potassium after a period in K+-free medium reduced the hyperpolarization to zero, when measurements were made 10-20 min after the readdition. It is concluded that spontaneous non-quantal leakage of acetylcholine occurs at the mouse neuromuscular junction, as it does in the frog (2). Conditions which block the Na+-k+-dependent ATPase increased the leakage whereas potentiation of the pump activity decreased it."}
{"id": "PMID:144900", "title": "Studies on the biological role of DNA methylation: III Role in excision of one-genome long single-stranded phi X 174 DNA.", "content": "Accumulation of replicative intermediates of the bacteriophage phi X174 was observed in E. coli C infected cells when phage DNA methylation has been inhibited by nicotinamide or when cells were infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant in gene A. Analysis of the accumulating replicative intermediates by electron microscopy revealed that these molecules are composed of double-stranded DNA rings with multiple-genome length single-stranded \"tails\". These results suggest that the single 5-methylcytosine residue present in the phage DNA serves as a recognition site for the gene A protein mediating the excision of one-genome long phage DNA. This excision process is oligatory for the final maturation of the phage.", "contents": "Studies on the biological role of DNA methylation: III Role in excision of one-genome long single-stranded phi X 174 DNA. Accumulation of replicative intermediates of the bacteriophage phi X174 was observed in E. coli C infected cells when phage DNA methylation has been inhibited by nicotinamide or when cells were infected with a temperature-sensitive mutant in gene A. Analysis of the accumulating replicative intermediates by electron microscopy revealed that these molecules are composed of double-stranded DNA rings with multiple-genome length single-stranded \"tails\". These results suggest that the single 5-methylcytosine residue present in the phage DNA serves as a recognition site for the gene A protein mediating the excision of one-genome long phage DNA. This excision process is oligatory for the final maturation of the phage."}
{"id": "PMID:144909", "title": "[Role of iodine and manganese in the etiology of endemic goiter in the Martuksk region of the Aktubinsk district].", "content": "Iodine deficiency in the external environment served as the main etiological factor of endemic goiter. Low iodine content in the soil (1.8-390 mg/kg) undoubtedly served as the cause of endemic goiter development. Water from the sources of the Martuksk district contained iodine in low concentration. Soils of the Martuksk district are characterized by an acute deficiency of mobile manganese. Manganese concentration in the arable soil layer (16.9-75.4 mg/kg) was regarded as reduced, this being characteristic of the foci of goiter endemia. Water manganese content (from 66 to 186 microgram/1, 99.45 +/- 10.6 microgram/1, on the average) was below the maximal permissible concentrations indicated in the International standard for drinking water. Iodine, manganese content in the soil, food products and in the water of the Martuksk district of the Aktyubinsk region indicated a reverse relationship between iodine and manganese content and the extent of endemic goiter spread.", "contents": "[Role of iodine and manganese in the etiology of endemic goiter in the Martuksk region of the Aktubinsk district]. Iodine deficiency in the external environment served as the main etiological factor of endemic goiter. Low iodine content in the soil (1.8-390 mg/kg) undoubtedly served as the cause of endemic goiter development. Water from the sources of the Martuksk district contained iodine in low concentration. Soils of the Martuksk district are characterized by an acute deficiency of mobile manganese. Manganese concentration in the arable soil layer (16.9-75.4 mg/kg) was regarded as reduced, this being characteristic of the foci of goiter endemia. Water manganese content (from 66 to 186 microgram/1, 99.45 +/- 10.6 microgram/1, on the average) was below the maximal permissible concentrations indicated in the International standard for drinking water. Iodine, manganese content in the soil, food products and in the water of the Martuksk district of the Aktyubinsk region indicated a reverse relationship between iodine and manganese content and the extent of endemic goiter spread."}
{"id": "PMID:144913", "title": "Action of nucleotide phosphotransferase of Escherichia coli on nicotinamide riboside and nicotinamide mononucleotide.", "content": "The action of the nucleotide phosphotransferase of Escherichia coli on nicotinamide riboside and on its 5'-phosphate results in the addition of one phosphate moiety to each of the substrates. Although the proof is not conclusive, it is likely that the phosphate group is transferred to the 3'-hydroxyl of the ribose. This is in contrast to the behavior of the enzyme toward NAD in which only the adenylic acid portion is phosphorylated enzymically.", "contents": "Action of nucleotide phosphotransferase of Escherichia coli on nicotinamide riboside and nicotinamide mononucleotide. The action of the nucleotide phosphotransferase of Escherichia coli on nicotinamide riboside and on its 5'-phosphate results in the addition of one phosphate moiety to each of the substrates. Although the proof is not conclusive, it is likely that the phosphate group is transferred to the 3'-hydroxyl of the ribose. This is in contrast to the behavior of the enzyme toward NAD in which only the adenylic acid portion is phosphorylated enzymically."}
{"id": "PMID:144914", "title": "Migration of Escherichia coli dnaB protein on the template DNA strand as a mechanism in initiating DNA replication.", "content": "The first step in conversion of varphiX174 singlestranded DNA to the duplex replicative form in vitro is the synthesis of a nucleoprotein intermediate [Weiner, J. H., McMacken, R. & Kornberg, A. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 752-756]. We now demonstrate that dnaB protein (approximately one molecule per DNA circle) is an essential component of the intermediate and retains its ATPase activity. Synthesis of RNA primers, dependent on dnaG protein (primase), occurred only on DNA that had been converted to the intermediate form. In a coupled RNA priming-DNA replication reaction the first primer synthesized was extended by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme into full-length complementary strand DNA. In RNA priming uncoupled from replication, multiple RNA primers were initiated on a varphiX174 circle. The single dnaB protein molecule present on each DNA circle participated in initiation of each of the RNA primers, which appear to be aligned at regular intervals along the template strand. We propose that dnaB protein, once bound to the template, migrates in a processive fashion along the DNA strand, perhaps utilizing energy released by hydrolysis of ATP for propulsion; in this scheme the actively moving dnaB protein acts as a \"mobile promoter\" signal for dnaG protein (primase) to produce many RNA primers. Schemes are proposed for participation of dnaB protein both in the initiation of replication at the origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome and in the initiation of primers for nascent (Okazaki) fragments at a replication fork.", "contents": "Migration of Escherichia coli dnaB protein on the template DNA strand as a mechanism in initiating DNA replication. The first step in conversion of varphiX174 singlestranded DNA to the duplex replicative form in vitro is the synthesis of a nucleoprotein intermediate [Weiner, J. H., McMacken, R. & Kornberg, A. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 73, 752-756]. We now demonstrate that dnaB protein (approximately one molecule per DNA circle) is an essential component of the intermediate and retains its ATPase activity. Synthesis of RNA primers, dependent on dnaG protein (primase), occurred only on DNA that had been converted to the intermediate form. In a coupled RNA priming-DNA replication reaction the first primer synthesized was extended by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme into full-length complementary strand DNA. In RNA priming uncoupled from replication, multiple RNA primers were initiated on a varphiX174 circle. The single dnaB protein molecule present on each DNA circle participated in initiation of each of the RNA primers, which appear to be aligned at regular intervals along the template strand. We propose that dnaB protein, once bound to the template, migrates in a processive fashion along the DNA strand, perhaps utilizing energy released by hydrolysis of ATP for propulsion; in this scheme the actively moving dnaB protein acts as a \"mobile promoter\" signal for dnaG protein (primase) to produce many RNA primers. Schemes are proposed for participation of dnaB protein both in the initiation of replication at the origin of the Escherichia coli chromosome and in the initiation of primers for nascent (Okazaki) fragments at a replication fork."}
{"id": "PMID:144915", "title": "Proof of de novo synthesis of the qa enzymes of Neurospora crassa during induction.", "content": "In Neurospora crassa three inducible enzymes are necessary to catabolize quinic acid to protocatechuic acid. The three genes encoding these enzymes are tightly linked on chromosome VII near methionine-7 (me-7). This qa cluster includes a fourth gene, qa-1, which encodes a regulatory protein apparently exerting positive control over transcription of the other three qa genes. However, an alternative hypothesis is that the qa-1 protein simply activates preformed polypeptides derived from the three structural genes. The use of density labeling with D(2)O demonstrated conclusively that the qa enzymes are synthesized de novo only during induction on quinic acid. Native catabolic dehydroquinase (5-dehydroquinate dehydratase; 5-dehydroquinate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.10) (a homopolymer of ca 22 identical subunits) has a density of 1.2790 g/cm(3) as determined by centrifugation in a modified cesium chloride density gradient. Growth in H(2)O followed by induction in 95% D(2)O shifts the density of the enzyme to 1.3130 g/cm(3), indicating de novo synthesis during induction. In the reciprocal experiment, i.e., growth in 80% D(2)O followed by induction in either 95% D(2)O or H(2)O, the densities of catabolic dehydroquinase were 1.3135 and 1.2800 g/cm(3), respectively. Because growth on D(2)O does not affect the density of the H(2)O-induced enzyme, there can be no significant synthesis of catabolic dehydroquinase prior to induction. Similar results were obtained for a second qa enzyme, quinate dehydrogenase (quinate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.24). Thus, induction of two qa enzymes involves de novo protein synthesis, not enzyme activation or assembly.", "contents": "Proof of de novo synthesis of the qa enzymes of Neurospora crassa during induction. In Neurospora crassa three inducible enzymes are necessary to catabolize quinic acid to protocatechuic acid. The three genes encoding these enzymes are tightly linked on chromosome VII near methionine-7 (me-7). This qa cluster includes a fourth gene, qa-1, which encodes a regulatory protein apparently exerting positive control over transcription of the other three qa genes. However, an alternative hypothesis is that the qa-1 protein simply activates preformed polypeptides derived from the three structural genes. The use of density labeling with D(2)O demonstrated conclusively that the qa enzymes are synthesized de novo only during induction on quinic acid. Native catabolic dehydroquinase (5-dehydroquinate dehydratase; 5-dehydroquinate hydro-lyase, EC 4.2.1.10) (a homopolymer of ca 22 identical subunits) has a density of 1.2790 g/cm(3) as determined by centrifugation in a modified cesium chloride density gradient. Growth in H(2)O followed by induction in 95% D(2)O shifts the density of the enzyme to 1.3130 g/cm(3), indicating de novo synthesis during induction. In the reciprocal experiment, i.e., growth in 80% D(2)O followed by induction in either 95% D(2)O or H(2)O, the densities of catabolic dehydroquinase were 1.3135 and 1.2800 g/cm(3), respectively. Because growth on D(2)O does not affect the density of the H(2)O-induced enzyme, there can be no significant synthesis of catabolic dehydroquinase prior to induction. Similar results were obtained for a second qa enzyme, quinate dehydrogenase (quinate:NAD(+) oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.24). Thus, induction of two qa enzymes involves de novo protein synthesis, not enzyme activation or assembly."}
{"id": "PMID:144916", "title": "Oligomycin-dependent ionophoric protein subunit of mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase.", "content": "A proteolipid isolated from yeast mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase (subunit 9) (ATP phosphohydrolase; EC 3.6.1.3) by chloroform/methanol extraction has been shown to discharge photo-induced potentials across a planar phospholipid membrane containing bacteriorhodopsin. Oligomycin, a specific inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation which binds to this protein, allows the potential gradient to be reestablished. When proteolipid was isolated from an oligomycin-resistant strain, ionophoric activity was still obtained but the effect was not reversed by oligomycin. These studies suggest that the hydrophobic subunit-9 polypeptide is the ionophoric component linking ATP synthesis (hydrolysis) with proton translocation.", "contents": "Oligomycin-dependent ionophoric protein subunit of mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase. A proteolipid isolated from yeast mitochondrial adenosinetriphosphatase (subunit 9) (ATP phosphohydrolase; EC 3.6.1.3) by chloroform/methanol extraction has been shown to discharge photo-induced potentials across a planar phospholipid membrane containing bacteriorhodopsin. Oligomycin, a specific inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation which binds to this protein, allows the potential gradient to be reestablished. When proteolipid was isolated from an oligomycin-resistant strain, ionophoric activity was still obtained but the effect was not reversed by oligomycin. These studies suggest that the hydrophobic subunit-9 polypeptide is the ionophoric component linking ATP synthesis (hydrolysis) with proton translocation."}
{"id": "PMID:144917", "title": "F1-ATPase-catalyzed synthesis of ATP from oleoylphosphate and ADP.", "content": "Purified preparations of F1-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase; EC 3.6.1.3) isolated from yeast mitochondria catalyze the reaction of oleoylphosphate with ADP to yield ATP and oleic acid. Formation of ATP is specifically inhibited by the F1-ATPase inhibitor 1799 and by dinitrophenol. In the presence of F1, dinitrophenol \"uncouples\" the synthase reaction by causing rapid hydrolysis of oleoylphosphate without ATP formation. It is proposed that this F1 catalyzed ATP synthesis reaction corresponds to the terminal chemical step in oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "F1-ATPase-catalyzed synthesis of ATP from oleoylphosphate and ADP. Purified preparations of F1-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase; EC 3.6.1.3) isolated from yeast mitochondria catalyze the reaction of oleoylphosphate with ADP to yield ATP and oleic acid. Formation of ATP is specifically inhibited by the F1-ATPase inhibitor 1799 and by dinitrophenol. In the presence of F1, dinitrophenol \"uncouples\" the synthase reaction by causing rapid hydrolysis of oleoylphosphate without ATP formation. It is proposed that this F1 catalyzed ATP synthesis reaction corresponds to the terminal chemical step in oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:144918", "title": "Identification of dynein as the outer arms of sea urchin sperm axonemes.", "content": "The location of dynein, the main flagellar ATPase, within the sea urchin sperm axoneme was investigated by the use of immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, employing an antiserum against a tryptic fragment of dynein 1 (Fragment 1A) purified from sea urchin sperm flagella. The axonemes were found to be stained with the antiserum when examined by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Immunoelectron microscopy with the antiserum and a ferritin-conjugated IgG fraction of goat antiserum to rabbit IgG revealed that, among the structures within the axoneme, only the outer arms were labeled with ferritin particles. With either the normal serum or antiserum absorbed with Fragment 1A, there were no ferritin particles within the axonemes. When the outer arms were extracted with 0.5 M NaCl, leaving the inner arms intact, again no ferritin dots were detected. Furthermore, it was found that the outer arm on the no. 5 doublet microtubule, which connects with the extra arm projection backward from the no. 6 doublet, had no attached ferritin particles. From these observations, it can be concluded that the outer arm consists of dynein (at least dynein 1) and that Fragment 1A, containing the active site for ATPase activity of dynein 1, is located at the distal end of the outer arms. The significance of the present findings is considered in connection with flagellar movement.", "contents": "Identification of dynein as the outer arms of sea urchin sperm axonemes. The location of dynein, the main flagellar ATPase, within the sea urchin sperm axoneme was investigated by the use of immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, employing an antiserum against a tryptic fragment of dynein 1 (Fragment 1A) purified from sea urchin sperm flagella. The axonemes were found to be stained with the antiserum when examined by an indirect immunofluorescence technique. Immunoelectron microscopy with the antiserum and a ferritin-conjugated IgG fraction of goat antiserum to rabbit IgG revealed that, among the structures within the axoneme, only the outer arms were labeled with ferritin particles. With either the normal serum or antiserum absorbed with Fragment 1A, there were no ferritin particles within the axonemes. When the outer arms were extracted with 0.5 M NaCl, leaving the inner arms intact, again no ferritin dots were detected. Furthermore, it was found that the outer arm on the no. 5 doublet microtubule, which connects with the extra arm projection backward from the no. 6 doublet, had no attached ferritin particles. From these observations, it can be concluded that the outer arm consists of dynein (at least dynein 1) and that Fragment 1A, containing the active site for ATPase activity of dynein 1, is located at the distal end of the outer arms. The significance of the present findings is considered in connection with flagellar movement."}
{"id": "PMID:144919", "title": "Histological investigation of aortic wall in experimental sclerosis of rabbits.", "content": "Rabbit aortic changes were investigated after different sclerogenic diets. A subintimal chondroitin sulfate layer was characterized by toluidine blue metachromatic staining at pH 1--3, CEC value expressed in MgCl2 concentration: 0.4M, hyaluronidase sensitivity. This layer becomes disorganized during plaque formation and partly disaappears. A long-lasting sclerogenic diet, as well as a diet containing several sclerogenic factors, produced an increase of frequency and extension of the media necrosis, calcification, and chondroid metaplasia of the aortic wall. In these lesions, an increase of mucopolysaccharide secretion of modified smooth muscle cells was observed.", "contents": "Histological investigation of aortic wall in experimental sclerosis of rabbits. Rabbit aortic changes were investigated after different sclerogenic diets. A subintimal chondroitin sulfate layer was characterized by toluidine blue metachromatic staining at pH 1--3, CEC value expressed in MgCl2 concentration: 0.4M, hyaluronidase sensitivity. This layer becomes disorganized during plaque formation and partly disaappears. A long-lasting sclerogenic diet, as well as a diet containing several sclerogenic factors, produced an increase of frequency and extension of the media necrosis, calcification, and chondroid metaplasia of the aortic wall. In these lesions, an increase of mucopolysaccharide secretion of modified smooth muscle cells was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:144921", "title": "Antioestrogenic action of the aldosterone antagonist canrenoate K in the rat (adenohypophysis, ceruloplasmin).", "content": "In a dose of 7,k mg/rat/day in food, the aldosterone antagonist canrenoate K inhibited the adenohypophyseal reaction (growth, raised thyroxine-binding capacity of the adenohypophyseal proteins in vitro) and the ceruloplasmin reaction (elevation of the serum ceruloplasmin level) to three weeks' intramuscular administration of long-acting oestradiol benzoate in doses of 1 mg twice a week. The effect was similar to that of the antioestrogen clomiphen in a dose of 1.25 mg/rat/day in food. In combined administration of clomiphen and canrenoate K, no summation of their effect was observed. Neither canrenoate nor clomiphen affected the post-oestradiol drop in body weight, but they both potentiated the oestradiol-induced decrease in testicular weight and canrenoate potentiated the effect of oestradiol on uterine weight. It was therefore concluded that the effect of canrenoate is not of a catatoxic nature, i.e. that it is not determined by increased metabolic degradation of oestradiol.", "contents": "Antioestrogenic action of the aldosterone antagonist canrenoate K in the rat (adenohypophysis, ceruloplasmin). In a dose of 7,k mg/rat/day in food, the aldosterone antagonist canrenoate K inhibited the adenohypophyseal reaction (growth, raised thyroxine-binding capacity of the adenohypophyseal proteins in vitro) and the ceruloplasmin reaction (elevation of the serum ceruloplasmin level) to three weeks' intramuscular administration of long-acting oestradiol benzoate in doses of 1 mg twice a week. The effect was similar to that of the antioestrogen clomiphen in a dose of 1.25 mg/rat/day in food. In combined administration of clomiphen and canrenoate K, no summation of their effect was observed. Neither canrenoate nor clomiphen affected the post-oestradiol drop in body weight, but they both potentiated the oestradiol-induced decrease in testicular weight and canrenoate potentiated the effect of oestradiol on uterine weight. It was therefore concluded that the effect of canrenoate is not of a catatoxic nature, i.e. that it is not determined by increased metabolic degradation of oestradiol."}
{"id": "PMID:144922", "title": "Effect of intravenously infused noradrenaline on the cardiovascular system of cold-acclimated rats.", "content": "Total metabolism, body temperature and basic circulatory parameters (the heart rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen content and hind limb blood flow) were measured in anaesthetized cold-acclimated male laboratory rats exposed to the calorigenic action of noradrenaline. In addition, cardiac output, the oxygen extraction coefficient and peripheral vascular resistance were calculated from these data.", "contents": "Effect of intravenously infused noradrenaline on the cardiovascular system of cold-acclimated rats. Total metabolism, body temperature and basic circulatory parameters (the heart rate, blood pressure, blood oxygen content and hind limb blood flow) were measured in anaesthetized cold-acclimated male laboratory rats exposed to the calorigenic action of noradrenaline. In addition, cardiac output, the oxygen extraction coefficient and peripheral vascular resistance were calculated from these data."}
{"id": "PMID:144923", "title": "Pulmonary haemodynamics during nasal apnoea in rabbits.", "content": "Changes in pulmonary haemodynamics, produced during stimulation of the nasal mucosa with xylol fumes, were found in experiments on anaesthetized rabbits. In spontaneously breathing animals, a decrease in the mean blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and an increase in the mean blood pressure in the left atrium occurred in addition to apnoea and bradycardia. Pulmonary vascular resistance fell significantly, whereas systemic vascular resistance rose. Changes in the pulmonary circulation during nasal stimulation in spontaneously breathing rabbits did not differ significantly from changes in artifically ventilated animals.", "contents": "Pulmonary haemodynamics during nasal apnoea in rabbits. Changes in pulmonary haemodynamics, produced during stimulation of the nasal mucosa with xylol fumes, were found in experiments on anaesthetized rabbits. In spontaneously breathing animals, a decrease in the mean blood pressure in the pulmonary artery and an increase in the mean blood pressure in the left atrium occurred in addition to apnoea and bradycardia. Pulmonary vascular resistance fell significantly, whereas systemic vascular resistance rose. Changes in the pulmonary circulation during nasal stimulation in spontaneously breathing rabbits did not differ significantly from changes in artifically ventilated animals."}
{"id": "PMID:144924", "title": "Effect of anaesthesia on the pattern of breathing.", "content": "The pattern of breathing of male rats was studied after stimulating respiration with carbon dioxide at different levels of general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced by the inhalation of halothane or by the i.p. injection of urethane. Ventilation values were measured in intubated rats in body plethysmograph. It was found that a linear relationship between minute ventilation and tidal volume was maintained during the decrease of minute ventilation due to deepening of anaesthesia. The slope of the relationship after stimulating respiration with carbon dioxide also diminished during deeper anaesthesia. The duration of inspiration did not alter significantly, despite marked changes in tidal volume. Tidal volume correlated with the duration of expiration at different anaesthesia levels. In vagotomized rats, the duration of expiration shortened as ventilation was depressed by deepening anaesthesia.", "contents": "Effect of anaesthesia on the pattern of breathing. The pattern of breathing of male rats was studied after stimulating respiration with carbon dioxide at different levels of general anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced by the inhalation of halothane or by the i.p. injection of urethane. Ventilation values were measured in intubated rats in body plethysmograph. It was found that a linear relationship between minute ventilation and tidal volume was maintained during the decrease of minute ventilation due to deepening of anaesthesia. The slope of the relationship after stimulating respiration with carbon dioxide also diminished during deeper anaesthesia. The duration of inspiration did not alter significantly, despite marked changes in tidal volume. Tidal volume correlated with the duration of expiration at different anaesthesia levels. In vagotomized rats, the duration of expiration shortened as ventilation was depressed by deepening anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:144925", "title": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos. Sensitivity to aminergic transmitters.", "content": "The consequences of systemic administration of aminergic transmitters (n-adrenaline 16 microgram/kg egg weight; serotonin 2.5 and 5 mg/kg e.w.; dopamine 2.5 and 5 mg/kg e.w.) for the spontaneous motility and heart rate of 11- to 19-day chick embryos were studied intack eggs. The following results were characteristic for all three transmitters: a) when administered to 11- and 13-day embryos their effect was non-significant; the first signs of activity did not appear until the 15th day of incubation. The effect on 17- and 19-day embryos was stronger. b) After the 15th day of incubation, all these transmitters had a predominantly inhibitory effect on spontaneous motility; in 17- and 19-day embryos this acquired a periodic character. c) The changes in spontaneous motility did not correlate significantly in any way with the relatively small heart rate changes.  It is concluded from the results that aminergic mechanisms begin to participate in regulation of the spontaneous motility of chick embryos from the 15th day of incubation, and not before.", "contents": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos. Sensitivity to aminergic transmitters. The consequences of systemic administration of aminergic transmitters (n-adrenaline 16 microgram/kg egg weight; serotonin 2.5 and 5 mg/kg e.w.; dopamine 2.5 and 5 mg/kg e.w.) for the spontaneous motility and heart rate of 11- to 19-day chick embryos were studied intack eggs. The following results were characteristic for all three transmitters: a) when administered to 11- and 13-day embryos their effect was non-significant; the first signs of activity did not appear until the 15th day of incubation. The effect on 17- and 19-day embryos was stronger. b) After the 15th day of incubation, all these transmitters had a predominantly inhibitory effect on spontaneous motility; in 17- and 19-day embryos this acquired a periodic character. c) The changes in spontaneous motility did not correlate significantly in any way with the relatively small heart rate changes.  It is concluded from the results that aminergic mechanisms begin to participate in regulation of the spontaneous motility of chick embryos from the 15th day of incubation, and not before."}
{"id": "PMID:144927", "title": "[In vitro studies to elucidate the fibrinolytic activity in cerebrospinal fluid altered by inflammation and hemorrhage and having pathologic protein values].", "content": "Using selectively immunological methods, it was possible, through FSP determination, for plasmin activities and plasminogen concentrations to be occasionally and exclusively detected in inflammatorily altered liquores and in bloody liquores, respectively. Thus, bloody cerebrospinal fluid, in contrast with inflammatorily altered liquor, usually shows free fibrinolytic activity, so that antifibrinolytic therapy of intracranial aneurysmal hemorrhage is pathophysiologically justifiable.", "contents": "[In vitro studies to elucidate the fibrinolytic activity in cerebrospinal fluid altered by inflammation and hemorrhage and having pathologic protein values]. Using selectively immunological methods, it was possible, through FSP determination, for plasmin activities and plasminogen concentrations to be occasionally and exclusively detected in inflammatorily altered liquores and in bloody liquores, respectively. Thus, bloody cerebrospinal fluid, in contrast with inflammatorily altered liquor, usually shows free fibrinolytic activity, so that antifibrinolytic therapy of intracranial aneurysmal hemorrhage is pathophysiologically justifiable."}
{"id": "PMID:144928", "title": "Evidence for a noradrenergic mechanism in the grooming produced by (+)-amphetamine and 4, alpha-dimethyl-m-tyramine (H 77/77) in rats.", "content": "Rats were kept on a 12-h light-dark cycle. One hour after the light was switched on, physiological saline, (+)-amphetamine 1 mg/kg, and H 77/77 5 mg/kg were injected s.c.; the number of groomings was counted 1-2 h after the treatments. (+)-Amphetamine and H 77/77 produced increased grooming which was antagonized by the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor H 44/68 (250 mg/kg), the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA 63 (40), the neuroleptics haloperidol (0.1 and 0.5), and clozapine (1 and 5). The (+)-amphetamine-induced grooming was also antagonized by the NA-receptor blocker aceperone (10) but not by the sedative phenothiazines mepazine (10) and diphenhydramine (20) nor diazepam (1). These results indicate that NA-release is involved in the mediation of (+)-amphetamine- and H 77/77-induced grooming. The inhibition of haloperidol and clozapine is presumably due to NA-receptor blockade.", "contents": "Evidence for a noradrenergic mechanism in the grooming produced by (+)-amphetamine and 4, alpha-dimethyl-m-tyramine (H 77/77) in rats. Rats were kept on a 12-h light-dark cycle. One hour after the light was switched on, physiological saline, (+)-amphetamine 1 mg/kg, and H 77/77 5 mg/kg were injected s.c.; the number of groomings was counted 1-2 h after the treatments. (+)-Amphetamine and H 77/77 produced increased grooming which was antagonized by the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor H 44/68 (250 mg/kg), the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor FLA 63 (40), the neuroleptics haloperidol (0.1 and 0.5), and clozapine (1 and 5). The (+)-amphetamine-induced grooming was also antagonized by the NA-receptor blocker aceperone (10) but not by the sedative phenothiazines mepazine (10) and diphenhydramine (20) nor diazepam (1). These results indicate that NA-release is involved in the mediation of (+)-amphetamine- and H 77/77-induced grooming. The inhibition of haloperidol and clozapine is presumably due to NA-receptor blockade."}
{"id": "PMID:144986", "title": "Circadian rhythms in lung resistance and dynamic lung compliance of healthy children. Effects of two bronchodilators.", "content": "In two groups of healthy children synchronized with a diurnal activity (light-on at 07.00) and a nocturnal rest(light-off at 21.00), lug resistance (R1) and dynamic lung compliance (C1 dyn) were measured at fixed clock hours (07.30, 11.30, 16.30, 22.30). The measurements were performed before and 10 minutes after the inhalation of bronchodilators (a beta-sympathetic stimulating agent (orciprenaline, dose 2 mg) and a vagolytic agent (SCH 1000, doses 80 mug and 200 mug). A circadian rhythm is detected for R1 and C1 dyn and quantified by the cosinor method. R1 and C1 dyn acrophase (peak time in the 24-h scale) are not significantly different for both groups: they are located for R1 at 05.39 and 03.31, for C1 dyn at 09.31 and 12.51. R1 and C1 dyn circadian rhythms are not detectable both after 2 mg orciprenaline and 200 mug SCH 1000 inhalation. This chronopharmacologic effect of the bronchodilators might be considered indirect evidence of a circadian rhythm in the bronchial tone. This latter may be related to circadian changes in neurovegetative activity. A dose-effect difference of the vagolytic agent on R1 at night seems to indicate a relative nocturnal prominence of the vagal tone.", "contents": "Circadian rhythms in lung resistance and dynamic lung compliance of healthy children. Effects of two bronchodilators. In two groups of healthy children synchronized with a diurnal activity (light-on at 07.00) and a nocturnal rest(light-off at 21.00), lug resistance (R1) and dynamic lung compliance (C1 dyn) were measured at fixed clock hours (07.30, 11.30, 16.30, 22.30). The measurements were performed before and 10 minutes after the inhalation of bronchodilators (a beta-sympathetic stimulating agent (orciprenaline, dose 2 mg) and a vagolytic agent (SCH 1000, doses 80 mug and 200 mug). A circadian rhythm is detected for R1 and C1 dyn and quantified by the cosinor method. R1 and C1 dyn acrophase (peak time in the 24-h scale) are not significantly different for both groups: they are located for R1 at 05.39 and 03.31, for C1 dyn at 09.31 and 12.51. R1 and C1 dyn circadian rhythms are not detectable both after 2 mg orciprenaline and 200 mug SCH 1000 inhalation. This chronopharmacologic effect of the bronchodilators might be considered indirect evidence of a circadian rhythm in the bronchial tone. This latter may be related to circadian changes in neurovegetative activity. A dose-effect difference of the vagolytic agent on R1 at night seems to indicate a relative nocturnal prominence of the vagal tone."}
{"id": "PMID:144990", "title": "[Relations between human and animal influenza viruses].", "content": "The following more important problems are dealth with in the present paper:--antigenic relationships between human and animal influenza viruses;--recombination of human and animal influenza viruses;--epidemiological relationships between human and animal influenza viruses;--the theory of cyclical evolution of influenza viruses.", "contents": "[Relations between human and animal influenza viruses]. The following more important problems are dealth with in the present paper:--antigenic relationships between human and animal influenza viruses;--recombination of human and animal influenza viruses;--epidemiological relationships between human and animal influenza viruses;--the theory of cyclical evolution of influenza viruses."}
{"id": "PMID:144991", "title": "[Aspects of bacteriophage-eukaryotic cell relationships].", "content": "The present work deals with bacteriophage--eukaryotic cell interrelationship, including:--Data on the possible presence of bacteriophages in calf serum and viral vaccines.--Methodological problems of research on phage--eukaryotic cell relations.--Data concerning the effects of phage infection on eukaryotic cells (demonstration of phage infection of the eukaryotic cell; integration of phage genetic material in the genome of the eukaryotic cell; coding of phage proteins in phage-infected eukaryotic cells; modified multiplication parameters and transformed potential of some phage-infected eukaryotic cells).--Indications for solving some of the problems.", "contents": "[Aspects of bacteriophage-eukaryotic cell relationships]. The present work deals with bacteriophage--eukaryotic cell interrelationship, including:--Data on the possible presence of bacteriophages in calf serum and viral vaccines.--Methodological problems of research on phage--eukaryotic cell relations.--Data concerning the effects of phage infection on eukaryotic cells (demonstration of phage infection of the eukaryotic cell; integration of phage genetic material in the genome of the eukaryotic cell; coding of phage proteins in phage-infected eukaryotic cells; modified multiplication parameters and transformed potential of some phage-infected eukaryotic cells).--Indications for solving some of the problems."}
{"id": "PMID:144992", "title": "[Mucoproteinuria in complicated scarlet fever].", "content": "Mucoproteinuria, determined by Bugard's semiquantitative method, revealed values of 100-350 mg/24 h in common scarlet fever and of 300-882 mg/24 h in scarlet fever complicated by early nephritis, pseudorheumatism and acute diffuse glomerulonephritis. These alterations appear to lend support to the recent hypothesis concerning the mucoprotein substrate of the autoimmune mechanism in the complications of streptoccal infection.", "contents": "[Mucoproteinuria in complicated scarlet fever]. Mucoproteinuria, determined by Bugard's semiquantitative method, revealed values of 100-350 mg/24 h in common scarlet fever and of 300-882 mg/24 h in scarlet fever complicated by early nephritis, pseudorheumatism and acute diffuse glomerulonephritis. These alterations appear to lend support to the recent hypothesis concerning the mucoprotein substrate of the autoimmune mechanism in the complications of streptoccal infection."}
{"id": "PMID:144993", "title": "[Aspects of the relation between Enterobius vermicularis and appendectomy in Oradea].", "content": "The relationship between the nematode Enterobius vermicularis and appendicectomy in three age-groups: 0--15, 16--20 and 21--25 years was followed during the 1968-1973 period. Following the compaign against enterobiosis, there was a significant decrease in the number of operations for appendicitis in the 0--15 years age-group; the incidence of appendicectomy was greater in the 16--20 years age-group than in the reference 21--25 years age-group.", "contents": "[Aspects of the relation between Enterobius vermicularis and appendectomy in Oradea]. The relationship between the nematode Enterobius vermicularis and appendicectomy in three age-groups: 0--15, 16--20 and 21--25 years was followed during the 1968-1973 period. Following the compaign against enterobiosis, there was a significant decrease in the number of operations for appendicitis in the 0--15 years age-group; the incidence of appendicectomy was greater in the 16--20 years age-group than in the reference 21--25 years age-group."}
{"id": "PMID:144994", "title": "[Simplified diagnostic scheme for Enterobacteriaceae].", "content": "After testing 18 experimental variants against 40 reference strains belonging to different Enterovacteriaceae groups, the authors chose a multitest medium that permits concomitant testing of mobility, indol, lysinedecarboxylase and phenylalanine deaminase (MILP). In this medium, the reactions of 3734 strains belonging to the genera Escherichia, Shigella. Salmonella, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia. Proteus and Providencia were concordant with the reactions in individual test media, taking as reference, in a proportion of 99.7 and 100%. The authors, associating the MILP medium to TSI agar, propose a simple scheme consisting of eight test which permits, within only 24 hours, the correct identification of the genus and sometimes of the species of cultures or isolated colonies from selective media.", "contents": "[Simplified diagnostic scheme for Enterobacteriaceae]. After testing 18 experimental variants against 40 reference strains belonging to different Enterovacteriaceae groups, the authors chose a multitest medium that permits concomitant testing of mobility, indol, lysinedecarboxylase and phenylalanine deaminase (MILP). In this medium, the reactions of 3734 strains belonging to the genera Escherichia, Shigella. Salmonella, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia. Proteus and Providencia were concordant with the reactions in individual test media, taking as reference, in a proportion of 99.7 and 100%. The authors, associating the MILP medium to TSI agar, propose a simple scheme consisting of eight test which permits, within only 24 hours, the correct identification of the genus and sometimes of the species of cultures or isolated colonies from selective media."}
{"id": "PMID:144995", "title": "[Intrauterine inoculation, an experimental model in colibacillary infection in mice].", "content": "Impuber females of the RAP, Swiss, Albino-Rosso, NRMI and C57Bl mice strains were inoculated by intrauterine route with E. coli O55B5, following up the mortality rate, dissemination and persistence of the bacilli in different organs, the onest of possible lesions in the urinary and genital tract, the reproduction capacity and frequency of coli diarrhea in the progeny. The C57Bl, NRMI and H strains were more sensitive, and the RAP, Swiss and Albino-Rosso more resistent to the lethal effect of the intraperitoneal inoculations. Intrauterine inoculation revealed no significant difference in the susceptibility of the animal strains, the mortality rate being virtually nil even when doses much higher than those inoculated by i.p. route were used, except for C57Bl mice in which lethal cases were recorded also after intrauterine inoculation. E. coli was isolated from the liver and sporadically from the kidneys and urinary bladder up to 14 ways after i.p. inoculation. After intrauterine inoculation E. coli was isolated from the uterus up to 30 days, and sporadically from the kidneys and urinary bladder, but not from the liver. In this case, too, the C57Bl mice were the exception, E. coli benig found in the liver after both i.p. and intrauterine inoculation. The latter inoculation did not influence the reproduction capacity of the females or the appearance of epizootic diarrhea in the progeny.", "contents": "[Intrauterine inoculation, an experimental model in colibacillary infection in mice]. Impuber females of the RAP, Swiss, Albino-Rosso, NRMI and C57Bl mice strains were inoculated by intrauterine route with E. coli O55B5, following up the mortality rate, dissemination and persistence of the bacilli in different organs, the onest of possible lesions in the urinary and genital tract, the reproduction capacity and frequency of coli diarrhea in the progeny. The C57Bl, NRMI and H strains were more sensitive, and the RAP, Swiss and Albino-Rosso more resistent to the lethal effect of the intraperitoneal inoculations. Intrauterine inoculation revealed no significant difference in the susceptibility of the animal strains, the mortality rate being virtually nil even when doses much higher than those inoculated by i.p. route were used, except for C57Bl mice in which lethal cases were recorded also after intrauterine inoculation. E. coli was isolated from the liver and sporadically from the kidneys and urinary bladder up to 14 ways after i.p. inoculation. After intrauterine inoculation E. coli was isolated from the uterus up to 30 days, and sporadically from the kidneys and urinary bladder, but not from the liver. In this case, too, the C57Bl mice were the exception, E. coli benig found in the liver after both i.p. and intrauterine inoculation. The latter inoculation did not influence the reproduction capacity of the females or the appearance of epizootic diarrhea in the progeny."}
{"id": "PMID:145027", "title": "Peritoneoscopy as a diagnostic supplement to liver function tests and liver scan in patients with carcinoma.", "content": "Liver function tests, liver scintigraphy and peritoneoscopy were carried out in 240 patients with carcinoma. Hepatic invasion was demonstrated by peritoneoscopy essentially when both of the other tests were positive. However, in one-third of the patients, peritoneoscopy revealed the presence of other pathologic changes which could account for the positivity of either of the other diagnostic procedures. The status of the liver, with regard to presence or absence of metastases, could be microscopically documented in 59 patients. False-negative findings of liver chemistry tests, liver scan and peritoneoscopy were seen in 27, 42 and 36 per cent, respectively, of the patients while the rate of false-positive results was 15, 10 and 3 per cent, respectively. The rate of false-negative peritoneoscopy examinations in the absence of simultaneous positivey of the two other investigations was insignificant. These data indicate that liver chemistry tests, liver scan and peritoneoscopy play a major and complementary role in the screening of patients with carcinoma.", "contents": "Peritoneoscopy as a diagnostic supplement to liver function tests and liver scan in patients with carcinoma. Liver function tests, liver scintigraphy and peritoneoscopy were carried out in 240 patients with carcinoma. Hepatic invasion was demonstrated by peritoneoscopy essentially when both of the other tests were positive. However, in one-third of the patients, peritoneoscopy revealed the presence of other pathologic changes which could account for the positivity of either of the other diagnostic procedures. The status of the liver, with regard to presence or absence of metastases, could be microscopically documented in 59 patients. False-negative findings of liver chemistry tests, liver scan and peritoneoscopy were seen in 27, 42 and 36 per cent, respectively, of the patients while the rate of false-positive results was 15, 10 and 3 per cent, respectively. The rate of false-negative peritoneoscopy examinations in the absence of simultaneous positivey of the two other investigations was insignificant. These data indicate that liver chemistry tests, liver scan and peritoneoscopy play a major and complementary role in the screening of patients with carcinoma."}
{"id": "PMID:145028", "title": "Distribution of water between extracellular and intracellular compartments of incised wounds of rabbits.", "content": "The distribution of water between the extracellular and intracellular compartments in incised wounds of skin, muscle and stomach has been studied in healthy rabbits and the progress of healing monitored by the determination of tensile strength for 120 days. It has been shown that, after wounding, there is an immediate expansion of the extracellular space. The increase is most marked during the first 24 hours and is maximal by this time in wounds of the skin and the muscle. During the first 30 days of healing, all incised tissues contain similar amounts of extracellular water which constitute approximately one-half of the total tissue mass, irrespective of the size of the extracellular space prior to wounding. There is an inverse relationship between the increase in the amount of extracellular water and the size of the extracellular space prior to wounding. All incised tissues maintain an elevated, and similar, concentration of extracellular water for more than 120 days. The period of maximal gain in tensile strength corresponds to the period of maximal expansion of the extracellular space which signifies a particularly active phase in the wound healing process. The intracellular space in wounds of muscle and stomach is reduced for more than 120 days, but no significant changes are seen in the intracellular water of wounds of skin. It has been concluded that expansion of the extracellular space is essential for wound healing, and it can, therefore, serve as a sensitive indicator of tissue injury.", "contents": "Distribution of water between extracellular and intracellular compartments of incised wounds of rabbits. The distribution of water between the extracellular and intracellular compartments in incised wounds of skin, muscle and stomach has been studied in healthy rabbits and the progress of healing monitored by the determination of tensile strength for 120 days. It has been shown that, after wounding, there is an immediate expansion of the extracellular space. The increase is most marked during the first 24 hours and is maximal by this time in wounds of the skin and the muscle. During the first 30 days of healing, all incised tissues contain similar amounts of extracellular water which constitute approximately one-half of the total tissue mass, irrespective of the size of the extracellular space prior to wounding. There is an inverse relationship between the increase in the amount of extracellular water and the size of the extracellular space prior to wounding. All incised tissues maintain an elevated, and similar, concentration of extracellular water for more than 120 days. The period of maximal gain in tensile strength corresponds to the period of maximal expansion of the extracellular space which signifies a particularly active phase in the wound healing process. The intracellular space in wounds of muscle and stomach is reduced for more than 120 days, but no significant changes are seen in the intracellular water of wounds of skin. It has been concluded that expansion of the extracellular space is essential for wound healing, and it can, therefore, serve as a sensitive indicator of tissue injury."}
{"id": "PMID:145029", "title": "Celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery occlusion: surgical considerations.", "content": "Occlusion of the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric artery has been studied in 46 patients treated by operation. The condition was acute and was caused by embolic obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery in four cardiac patients and detachment of the inferior mesenteric artery in two patients during removal of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. The condition was chronic and involved two or all three of the vessels in 40 patient. Embolic obstruction caused severe abdominal pain but few physical signs early in the process,, but the picture of an acute abdomen indicating bowel gangrene developed in a few hours. Ischemia from inferior mesenteric detachment was observed at operation. Patients with chronic obstruction had abdominal pain, weight loss, and diarrhea. Patients with embolic obstruction were treated successfully by embolectomy, and patients developing intraoperative sigmoid ischemia were treated by reattachment of inferior mesenteric arteries to aortic graft. Various procedures were employed in patients with chronic multiple obstruction. However, graft bypass using Dacron tubing was preferable because of its simplicity and because the frequently (48%) associated occlusive disease and aneurysm of the distal aorta were treated at the same time. Confining operation to the abdomen significantly reduced the magnitude of operation and eliminated risks in this age group. Of the 46 patients, 91% survived and were relieved of their symptoms despite associated disease. The 5-year survival rate in this group of patients was 62%.", "contents": "Celiac axis, superior mesenteric artery, and inferior mesenteric artery occlusion: surgical considerations. Occlusion of the celiac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric artery has been studied in 46 patients treated by operation. The condition was acute and was caused by embolic obstruction of the superior mesenteric artery in four cardiac patients and detachment of the inferior mesenteric artery in two patients during removal of infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms. The condition was chronic and involved two or all three of the vessels in 40 patient. Embolic obstruction caused severe abdominal pain but few physical signs early in the process,, but the picture of an acute abdomen indicating bowel gangrene developed in a few hours. Ischemia from inferior mesenteric detachment was observed at operation. Patients with chronic obstruction had abdominal pain, weight loss, and diarrhea. Patients with embolic obstruction were treated successfully by embolectomy, and patients developing intraoperative sigmoid ischemia were treated by reattachment of inferior mesenteric arteries to aortic graft. Various procedures were employed in patients with chronic multiple obstruction. However, graft bypass using Dacron tubing was preferable because of its simplicity and because the frequently (48%) associated occlusive disease and aneurysm of the distal aorta were treated at the same time. Confining operation to the abdomen significantly reduced the magnitude of operation and eliminated risks in this age group. Of the 46 patients, 91% survived and were relieved of their symptoms despite associated disease. The 5-year survival rate in this group of patients was 62%."}
{"id": "PMID:145030", "title": "The reoperation of choice for aortofemoral graft occlusion.", "content": "Restoration of circulation following occlusion of an aortofemoral graft was attempted in 50 limbs in 38 patients. Progressive arteriosclerosis in the femoral vessels was the cause of graft limb thrombosis in most instances. Profundaplasty was employed in 47 limbs and femoral-popliteal bypass in two to provide effective runoff. Inflow was established by thrombectomy in 30 of the 37 limbs in which it was attempted, and it was readily accomplished with a Fogarty catheter if carried out within a few weeks after graft occlusion. In the 20 limbs in which thrombectomy was either abandoned (seven or not feasible because of prolonged delay (13), new grafts were inserted (13) or extra-anatomic bypass was carried out by femoral-femoral (four) or axillary-femoral (three) techniques. Operative death occurred in one patient (2.6%) after transabdominal graft replacement, and only two other patients had significant complications with full recovery. Initial graft patency was achieved in 96.6% following thrombectomy and in 85% following new graft or extra-anatomic bypass. Cumulative patency was 75% after 3 years. Amputation was required in five of the limbs in which graft patency could not be maintained. Reoperation should be performed promptly after graft limb thrombosis. The procedure of choice is thrombectomy and profundaplasty through a simple groin incision.", "contents": "The reoperation of choice for aortofemoral graft occlusion. Restoration of circulation following occlusion of an aortofemoral graft was attempted in 50 limbs in 38 patients. Progressive arteriosclerosis in the femoral vessels was the cause of graft limb thrombosis in most instances. Profundaplasty was employed in 47 limbs and femoral-popliteal bypass in two to provide effective runoff. Inflow was established by thrombectomy in 30 of the 37 limbs in which it was attempted, and it was readily accomplished with a Fogarty catheter if carried out within a few weeks after graft occlusion. In the 20 limbs in which thrombectomy was either abandoned (seven or not feasible because of prolonged delay (13), new grafts were inserted (13) or extra-anatomic bypass was carried out by femoral-femoral (four) or axillary-femoral (three) techniques. Operative death occurred in one patient (2.6%) after transabdominal graft replacement, and only two other patients had significant complications with full recovery. Initial graft patency was achieved in 96.6% following thrombectomy and in 85% following new graft or extra-anatomic bypass. Cumulative patency was 75% after 3 years. Amputation was required in five of the limbs in which graft patency could not be maintained. Reoperation should be performed promptly after graft limb thrombosis. The procedure of choice is thrombectomy and profundaplasty through a simple groin incision."}
{"id": "PMID:145036", "title": "Protective effect of drugs on histamine-induced asthma.", "content": "Controlled standardised histamine inhalation tests were carried out in 21 asthmatics to determine the degree of non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity with and without prior treatment with several anti-asthmatic drugs. A significant protective effect was produced by inhaled salbutamol, 200 microgram, ingested salbutamol, 4 mg, inhaled Sch1000, 40 microgram inhaled atropine sulphate, 290 microgram, and ingested choline theophylinate (200 or 400 mg) producing serum theophylline levels over 10 mg/l. Inhaled salbutamol was consistently the most effective and was significantly better than the other drugs. The protective effect between the other four was not significantly different. Drug side-effects occurred only with the ingested drugs. No significant protection was detected after ingested choline theophyllinate producing serum theophylline levels of less than 10 mg/l, inhaled sodium cromoglycate, 20 mg given once or six-hourly for one week, or ingested ascorbic acid, 1 gram.", "contents": "Protective effect of drugs on histamine-induced asthma. Controlled standardised histamine inhalation tests were carried out in 21 asthmatics to determine the degree of non-specific bronchial hyperreactivity with and without prior treatment with several anti-asthmatic drugs. A significant protective effect was produced by inhaled salbutamol, 200 microgram, ingested salbutamol, 4 mg, inhaled Sch1000, 40 microgram inhaled atropine sulphate, 290 microgram, and ingested choline theophylinate (200 or 400 mg) producing serum theophylline levels over 10 mg/l. Inhaled salbutamol was consistently the most effective and was significantly better than the other drugs. The protective effect between the other four was not significantly different. Drug side-effects occurred only with the ingested drugs. No significant protection was detected after ingested choline theophyllinate producing serum theophylline levels of less than 10 mg/l, inhaled sodium cromoglycate, 20 mg given once or six-hourly for one week, or ingested ascorbic acid, 1 gram."}
{"id": "PMID:145047", "title": "[Nuclear proteins and DNA in the myocardial myocytes in compensatory cardiac hypertrophy].", "content": "Using cytophotometry, the amount of DNA, total nuclear proteins and of histones were studied in the myocardial cells during days 21--36 of experimental compensatory hypertrophy of the heart (in rats). The enlargement of myocardial nuclei during the cardial hyperfunction was accompanied by accumulation of total nuclear protein, in particular, the histone fraction, without distinct changes in DNA. Analysis of correlations between nuclear proteins and DNA in the myocardial cells allows to reveal a delayed accumulation of histones in the big and gigantic nuclei, with a superfluous increase in non-histone nuclear proteins. In middle-sized nuclei, non-histone proteins have little changes against intensive accumulation of histones.", "contents": "[Nuclear proteins and DNA in the myocardial myocytes in compensatory cardiac hypertrophy]. Using cytophotometry, the amount of DNA, total nuclear proteins and of histones were studied in the myocardial cells during days 21--36 of experimental compensatory hypertrophy of the heart (in rats). The enlargement of myocardial nuclei during the cardial hyperfunction was accompanied by accumulation of total nuclear protein, in particular, the histone fraction, without distinct changes in DNA. Analysis of correlations between nuclear proteins and DNA in the myocardial cells allows to reveal a delayed accumulation of histones in the big and gigantic nuclei, with a superfluous increase in non-histone nuclear proteins. In middle-sized nuclei, non-histone proteins have little changes against intensive accumulation of histones."}
{"id": "PMID:145046", "title": "[Immunogenetic characteristics of the population of the Transcarpathian region of the UkrSSR ABO system erythrocyte antigen findings].", "content": "The phenotypes with their respective alleles frequencies of the ABO system were studied in 33 230 individuals of 9 ethnic groups of the Transcarpathian Region population. Statistically significant differences in allele frequencies were found in Gypsies, Germans and Slovaks as compared to those in the main Ukrainian population. There are significant differences between Hungarians and Gypsies of the Transcarpathian Region and analogous populations beyond the region. Absence of a reliable difference between gene pools of the Slav groups of the population and of Hungarians may point to the local origin of the later.", "contents": "[Immunogenetic characteristics of the population of the Transcarpathian region of the UkrSSR ABO system erythrocyte antigen findings]. The phenotypes with their respective alleles frequencies of the ABO system were studied in 33 230 individuals of 9 ethnic groups of the Transcarpathian Region population. Statistically significant differences in allele frequencies were found in Gypsies, Germans and Slovaks as compared to those in the main Ukrainian population. There are significant differences between Hungarians and Gypsies of the Transcarpathian Region and analogous populations beyond the region. Absence of a reliable difference between gene pools of the Slav groups of the population and of Hungarians may point to the local origin of the later."}
{"id": "PMID:145057", "title": "[Significance of the autoimmune component in the genesis of inflammatory \"tumors\" of the abdomen].", "content": "Data concerning  the studies on autoimmune processes in 110 cases of inflammatory \"tumors\" of the abdomen and its anterior wall are set forth in this article. With this goal, pathomorphological immunomorphological studies of inflammatory \"tumors\" specimens, a dynamic study of the reaction intensity of the complement fixation (RFC) with the tissue antigen and also the immunoglobuline  serum level together with eosinophylic reaction of the organism were carried out. The dynamic study of the fixation of the complement reaction, immunoglobuline level and eosinophylic reaction of the body permits to make a more complete judgement on the degree of the pathological process activity and on  the postoperative clinical course.", "contents": "[Significance of the autoimmune component in the genesis of inflammatory \"tumors\" of the abdomen]. Data concerning  the studies on autoimmune processes in 110 cases of inflammatory \"tumors\" of the abdomen and its anterior wall are set forth in this article. With this goal, pathomorphological immunomorphological studies of inflammatory \"tumors\" specimens, a dynamic study of the reaction intensity of the complement fixation (RFC) with the tissue antigen and also the immunoglobuline  serum level together with eosinophylic reaction of the organism were carried out. The dynamic study of the fixation of the complement reaction, immunoglobuline level and eosinophylic reaction of the body permits to make a more complete judgement on the degree of the pathological process activity and on  the postoperative clinical course."}
{"id": "PMID:145081", "title": "Hyperplastic and metaplastic lesions in the reproductive tract of male rats induced by neonatal treatment with diethylstilbestrol.", "content": "Newborn male Wistar rats were castrated on the day of birth (= day 1) and treated daily with diethylstilbestrol (DES) from days 1 to 30; 1 microgram for the first 10 days of life, 2 microgram for the next 10 days and 4 microgram for the last 10 days. The animals were autopsied at 30, 90 and 270 days of age. The epithelium of the coagulating glands (CGs) and ejaculatory ducts (EDs) underwent metaplastic transformation in all DES-treated rats. These pathological changes were more marked with age. The most striking changes were found in the periurethral regions of the CGs and EDs and associated regions of the dorsal urethral wall. The normal transitional epithelial lining almost disappeared and large papillary epithelial outgrowths occurred near the opening of the EDs and CGs. This type of neoplastic change was most marked in the group of rats sacrificed at 9 months of age.", "contents": "Hyperplastic and metaplastic lesions in the reproductive tract of male rats induced by neonatal treatment with diethylstilbestrol. Newborn male Wistar rats were castrated on the day of birth (= day 1) and treated daily with diethylstilbestrol (DES) from days 1 to 30; 1 microgram for the first 10 days of life, 2 microgram for the next 10 days and 4 microgram for the last 10 days. The animals were autopsied at 30, 90 and 270 days of age. The epithelium of the coagulating glands (CGs) and ejaculatory ducts (EDs) underwent metaplastic transformation in all DES-treated rats. These pathological changes were more marked with age. The most striking changes were found in the periurethral regions of the CGs and EDs and associated regions of the dorsal urethral wall. The normal transitional epithelial lining almost disappeared and large papillary epithelial outgrowths occurred near the opening of the EDs and CGs. This type of neoplastic change was most marked in the group of rats sacrificed at 9 months of age."}
{"id": "PMID:145084", "title": "The influence of chronically hypoxemic states on human carotid body structure and cardiac hypertrophy.", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative changes in the human carotid body morphology, and their relationship to changes in the weight of right and left ventricles were investigated in 10 patients with a history of chronic hypoxemia. 5 patients without a history of cardiac, pulmonary or cerebral respiratory failure served as the control group. In the chronically hypoxemic group, a 2.67-fold increase in the total specific glomus cell volume was found. Up to a critical volume this increase is due to hypertrophy, beyond that it is due to hyperplasia. The course of the morphologic changes under the influence of slowly progressive chronic hypoxemia is discussed in a frame work of three stages (stage I - hypertrophy, stage II = nodular hyperplasia, stage III = atrophy). Plasmacellular infiltrates are constant though sometimes sparse. They are mostly perineural in location, less often intralobular and if so almost exclusively periglomoidal. In one case, we found an increase of Schwann cells in the interstitial and periglomoidal space without demonstrable degeneration of the nerve fibres themselves. Our hypothesis suggests that degeneration of special nerve terminals of the reciprocal type occurs in afferent nerve fibers. The increase of right ventricular weight (by a factor of 2.05) is significant, in contrast to that of the left. A linear correlation between the increase of right ventricular weight and the increased total glomus cell volume was not established. In 4 cases, however, we found pulmonary hypertensive vascular changes, which might be responsible for the disparity in the linear relationship.", "contents": "The influence of chronically hypoxemic states on human carotid body structure and cardiac hypertrophy. Quantitative and qualitative changes in the human carotid body morphology, and their relationship to changes in the weight of right and left ventricles were investigated in 10 patients with a history of chronic hypoxemia. 5 patients without a history of cardiac, pulmonary or cerebral respiratory failure served as the control group. In the chronically hypoxemic group, a 2.67-fold increase in the total specific glomus cell volume was found. Up to a critical volume this increase is due to hypertrophy, beyond that it is due to hyperplasia. The course of the morphologic changes under the influence of slowly progressive chronic hypoxemia is discussed in a frame work of three stages (stage I - hypertrophy, stage II = nodular hyperplasia, stage III = atrophy). Plasmacellular infiltrates are constant though sometimes sparse. They are mostly perineural in location, less often intralobular and if so almost exclusively periglomoidal. In one case, we found an increase of Schwann cells in the interstitial and periglomoidal space without demonstrable degeneration of the nerve fibres themselves. Our hypothesis suggests that degeneration of special nerve terminals of the reciprocal type occurs in afferent nerve fibers. The increase of right ventricular weight (by a factor of 2.05) is significant, in contrast to that of the left. A linear correlation between the increase of right ventricular weight and the increased total glomus cell volume was not established. In 4 cases, however, we found pulmonary hypertensive vascular changes, which might be responsible for the disparity in the linear relationship."}
{"id": "PMID:145085", "title": "Ultrastructural study of a hitherto unknown disturbance of the synthesis of collagen precursor molecules in human cutis.", "content": "The ultrastructural characteristics of on hitherto unknown disturbance of collagen precursor molecules in human skin were studied. A severe disturbance of the synthesis of collagen exists at the procollagen stage. The paracrystalline accumulation of a form of procollagen in the tubes of the smooth ER and an increase in its appearance in the extracellular space, distinguish this clinical picture from all other previously described connective tissue disorders, especially from Dermatosparaxis and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VII. For this clinical picture we suggest the name \"Dermatosparaxis endoplasmatica\".", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of a hitherto unknown disturbance of the synthesis of collagen precursor molecules in human cutis. The ultrastructural characteristics of on hitherto unknown disturbance of collagen precursor molecules in human skin were studied. A severe disturbance of the synthesis of collagen exists at the procollagen stage. The paracrystalline accumulation of a form of procollagen in the tubes of the smooth ER and an increase in its appearance in the extracellular space, distinguish this clinical picture from all other previously described connective tissue disorders, especially from Dermatosparaxis and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome type VII. For this clinical picture we suggest the name \"Dermatosparaxis endoplasmatica\"."}
{"id": "PMID:145086", "title": "Experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis in the mouse with two types of immune complexes.", "content": "Immune complex glomerulonephritis was induced in three groups of mice by long-term immunization. Two antigens of similar molecular weight were used. The first group was immunized with ferritin (mol wt 480,000). In altered glomeruli deposits of immune complexes were seen in the subendothelial and subepithelial spaces of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and in the mesangium. The immune complex deposits were formed by amorphous matrix with marked dense molecules of ferritin. The second group was immunized with human fibrinogen (mol wt 450,000). The immune complex deposits were present in the intramembranous, subepithelial and subendothelial spaces of the GBM and in the mesangium. These deposits were relatively less electron-dense and had a fine granular structure. The third group of mice were immunized with both ferritin and fibrinogen simultaneously. Two types of deposits situated subendothelially in the GBM and in the mesangium were seen in one animal of this group. One type of deposit resembled structurally the ferritin-antiferritin complex deposits, the other resembled the fibrinogen-antifibrinogen complex deposits. The individual deposits in the GBM and in the mesangium formed discrete homogeneous masses. The two types of deposit were occassionally in direct contact with one another, but were more often completely separate and were never mixed. It can be assumed that in at least some phase of the experiment both types of complex were present in the circulating blood simultaneously. However, since none of the complexes deposited in the GBM or in the mesangium were mixed, it seems probable that each type of complex is deposited separately in the form of \"clusters\" composed of a single type of complex. The phagocytic activity of mesangial cells of animals with complex glomerulonephritis was not increased when compared with control animals.", "contents": "Experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis in the mouse with two types of immune complexes. Immune complex glomerulonephritis was induced in three groups of mice by long-term immunization. Two antigens of similar molecular weight were used. The first group was immunized with ferritin (mol wt 480,000). In altered glomeruli deposits of immune complexes were seen in the subendothelial and subepithelial spaces of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) and in the mesangium. The immune complex deposits were formed by amorphous matrix with marked dense molecules of ferritin. The second group was immunized with human fibrinogen (mol wt 450,000). The immune complex deposits were present in the intramembranous, subepithelial and subendothelial spaces of the GBM and in the mesangium. These deposits were relatively less electron-dense and had a fine granular structure. The third group of mice were immunized with both ferritin and fibrinogen simultaneously. Two types of deposits situated subendothelially in the GBM and in the mesangium were seen in one animal of this group. One type of deposit resembled structurally the ferritin-antiferritin complex deposits, the other resembled the fibrinogen-antifibrinogen complex deposits. The individual deposits in the GBM and in the mesangium formed discrete homogeneous masses. The two types of deposit were occassionally in direct contact with one another, but were more often completely separate and were never mixed. It can be assumed that in at least some phase of the experiment both types of complex were present in the circulating blood simultaneously. However, since none of the complexes deposited in the GBM or in the mesangium were mixed, it seems probable that each type of complex is deposited separately in the form of \"clusters\" composed of a single type of complex. The phagocytic activity of mesangial cells of animals with complex glomerulonephritis was not increased when compared with control animals."}
{"id": "PMID:145087", "title": "Cerebriform (S\u00e9zary like) mononuclear cells in healthy individuals: a morphologically distinct population of T cells. Relationship with mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome.", "content": "The ultrastructural and surface marker characteristics of lymphocytes in human cord blood and peripheral blood of healthy donors were studied with respect to the presence of cerebriform mononuclear cells similar to those occurring in the dermal infiltrate of patients with mycosis fungoides (mycosis cells), and the skin infiltrate and peripheral blood of patients with S\u00e9zary's syndrome (S\u00e9zary cells). Cerebriform monuclear (S\u00e9zary-like) cells are characterized by a high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, deep and narrow nuclear identations, condensed chromatin at the nuclear membrane and cytoplasm poor in organelles. Of the lymphoid cells in human cord blood and peripheral blood of healthy donors 6.7 and 8.7% respectively proved to be cerebriform mononuclear cells. Since these cells invariably form E-rosettes they are part of the T-cell population in healthy individuals. The finding of similar cells in the skin infiltrate of patch test areas of patients allergic to rubber, formalin and peruvian balsam--an expression of cellular immunity mediated by T-cells--suggests that these cells are reactive T cells. Not all (up to 85%) of the cerebriform mononuclear cells in patients with mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome have T-cell membrane characteristics as shown by E-rosette formation. This suggests the presence of two populations of cerebriform mononuclear cells in mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome. The relationship of cerebriform T cells as seen in healthy individuals with cerebriform or atypical mononuclear cells occurring in the S\u00e9zary syndrome and mycosis fungoides is discussed.", "contents": "Cerebriform (S\u00e9zary like) mononuclear cells in healthy individuals: a morphologically distinct population of T cells. Relationship with mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome. The ultrastructural and surface marker characteristics of lymphocytes in human cord blood and peripheral blood of healthy donors were studied with respect to the presence of cerebriform mononuclear cells similar to those occurring in the dermal infiltrate of patients with mycosis fungoides (mycosis cells), and the skin infiltrate and peripheral blood of patients with S\u00e9zary's syndrome (S\u00e9zary cells). Cerebriform monuclear (S\u00e9zary-like) cells are characterized by a high nucleus-cytoplasm ratio, deep and narrow nuclear identations, condensed chromatin at the nuclear membrane and cytoplasm poor in organelles. Of the lymphoid cells in human cord blood and peripheral blood of healthy donors 6.7 and 8.7% respectively proved to be cerebriform mononuclear cells. Since these cells invariably form E-rosettes they are part of the T-cell population in healthy individuals. The finding of similar cells in the skin infiltrate of patch test areas of patients allergic to rubber, formalin and peruvian balsam--an expression of cellular immunity mediated by T-cells--suggests that these cells are reactive T cells. Not all (up to 85%) of the cerebriform mononuclear cells in patients with mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome have T-cell membrane characteristics as shown by E-rosette formation. This suggests the presence of two populations of cerebriform mononuclear cells in mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome. The relationship of cerebriform T cells as seen in healthy individuals with cerebriform or atypical mononuclear cells occurring in the S\u00e9zary syndrome and mycosis fungoides is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145093", "title": "[Periodicity of chickenpox and epidemic parotitis].", "content": "The pattern of the dynamics of incidence of chickenpox and epidemic mumps in Leningrad for many years was studied. The application of mathematical methods of treatment of the incidence data revealed the main trends of the processes and the occurrence of three rhythms in each infection. The average values of the periods of these rhythms differ for chickenpox and epidemic mumps and are 11.0, 6.2, and 4.1 years and 8.2, 4.0, and 2.8 years, respectively. The study of the age incidence in comparison with the dynamics of the epidemic process for many years showed that periodicity of these infections could not be explained completely by variations of the herd immunity of the population.", "contents": "[Periodicity of chickenpox and epidemic parotitis]. The pattern of the dynamics of incidence of chickenpox and epidemic mumps in Leningrad for many years was studied. The application of mathematical methods of treatment of the incidence data revealed the main trends of the processes and the occurrence of three rhythms in each infection. The average values of the periods of these rhythms differ for chickenpox and epidemic mumps and are 11.0, 6.2, and 4.1 years and 8.2, 4.0, and 2.8 years, respectively. The study of the age incidence in comparison with the dynamics of the epidemic process for many years showed that periodicity of these infections could not be explained completely by variations of the herd immunity of the population."}
{"id": "PMID:145097", "title": "[Benzoyl peroxide in the treatment of acne vulgaris (author's transl)].", "content": "63 patients suffering from predominantly papulo-pustular acne vulgaris were treated with 5-10% benzoyl peroxidegel over a period of 2-4 months. The skin condition showed marked improvement in 80% of the patients. Two patients developed cutaneous allergy. Benzoyl peroxide is the therapy of choice for the inflammatory form of acne vulgaris. Systemic tetracyclines need not be given concomitantly. Autoradiographic studies revealed that benzoyl peroxide also has a truly sebostatic effect.", "contents": "[Benzoyl peroxide in the treatment of acne vulgaris (author's transl)]. 63 patients suffering from predominantly papulo-pustular acne vulgaris were treated with 5-10% benzoyl peroxidegel over a period of 2-4 months. The skin condition showed marked improvement in 80% of the patients. Two patients developed cutaneous allergy. Benzoyl peroxide is the therapy of choice for the inflammatory form of acne vulgaris. Systemic tetracyclines need not be given concomitantly. Autoradiographic studies revealed that benzoyl peroxide also has a truly sebostatic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:145094", "title": "[Epidemiologic study data on foci of enzootic abortion of sheep in Rostov Province].", "content": "Epidemiological and serological investigations of diseases among cattle-breeders aimed at the elucidation of the etiological importance of mammalian Chlamydia in human pathology were carried out in cattle-breeding farms where Chlamydial infection in sheep (enzootic abortion of sheep) had been diagnosed previously. In these foci with the suppressed enzootic process from 6.2% to 15.6% of the personnel attending to the animals were found to be infected. Retrospectively, patients and convalescents were found whose sera gave positive results in tests with the group Chlamydial antigen when the infection with the agent of ornithosis had been excluded. Among the seropositive subjects, 61.7% had the history of a clinical disease with symptomocomplex of the affection of the respiratory tract or locomotor system; 37.3% denied the disease which suggests the possibility of a latent infection. The foregoing indicates a possible role of mammalian Chlamydia in the etiology of human disease and the necessity of further thorough clinical and epidemiological study of this possibility.", "contents": "[Epidemiologic study data on foci of enzootic abortion of sheep in Rostov Province]. Epidemiological and serological investigations of diseases among cattle-breeders aimed at the elucidation of the etiological importance of mammalian Chlamydia in human pathology were carried out in cattle-breeding farms where Chlamydial infection in sheep (enzootic abortion of sheep) had been diagnosed previously. In these foci with the suppressed enzootic process from 6.2% to 15.6% of the personnel attending to the animals were found to be infected. Retrospectively, patients and convalescents were found whose sera gave positive results in tests with the group Chlamydial antigen when the infection with the agent of ornithosis had been excluded. Among the seropositive subjects, 61.7% had the history of a clinical disease with symptomocomplex of the affection of the respiratory tract or locomotor system; 37.3% denied the disease which suggests the possibility of a latent infection. The foregoing indicates a possible role of mammalian Chlamydia in the etiology of human disease and the necessity of further thorough clinical and epidemiological study of this possibility."}
{"id": "PMID:145098", "title": "[Cellular immunity during and after high-dose methotrexate therapy in patients with osteosarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Nine patients with osteogenic sarcoma and one patient with epitheloid sarcoma of bone undergoing treatment with high-dose methotrexate (MTX) therapy were studied immunologically. The following peripheral blood lymphocyte parameters were evaluated: 1-8 days after the intravenous infusion of 7.5 g MTX followed by leucovorin rescue: absolute count/mm3, the stimulatory response to the mitogens, phythemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed (PW) and the reactivity in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). The response to PHA remained unaffected during the observation period, whereas the response to PW decreased on the 2nd and 4th day after treatment. The MLC response was inhibited between the 1st and the 4th day. The inhibition manifested itself first in the patients plasma and was demonstrable 48 hours later in the lymphocyte itself. The responsiveness regained normal or even reacted supranormal values about 7 days after treatment. Lymphocyte function remained essentially unaltered after several cycles of treatment. Absolute lymphocyte counts, however, tended to decrease. The MTX sensitive period in vitro lasts from the 2nd to the 6th day of the MLC, which is the period of intense RNA and DNA synthesis. We conclude that high-dose MTX therapy for osteogenic sarcoma leaves the patient without major permanent damage to cellular immune function.", "contents": "[Cellular immunity during and after high-dose methotrexate therapy in patients with osteosarcoma (author's transl)]. Nine patients with osteogenic sarcoma and one patient with epitheloid sarcoma of bone undergoing treatment with high-dose methotrexate (MTX) therapy were studied immunologically. The following peripheral blood lymphocyte parameters were evaluated: 1-8 days after the intravenous infusion of 7.5 g MTX followed by leucovorin rescue: absolute count/mm3, the stimulatory response to the mitogens, phythemagglutinin (PHA) and pokeweed (PW) and the reactivity in the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC). The response to PHA remained unaffected during the observation period, whereas the response to PW decreased on the 2nd and 4th day after treatment. The MLC response was inhibited between the 1st and the 4th day. The inhibition manifested itself first in the patients plasma and was demonstrable 48 hours later in the lymphocyte itself. The responsiveness regained normal or even reacted supranormal values about 7 days after treatment. Lymphocyte function remained essentially unaltered after several cycles of treatment. Absolute lymphocyte counts, however, tended to decrease. The MTX sensitive period in vitro lasts from the 2nd to the 6th day of the MLC, which is the period of intense RNA and DNA synthesis. We conclude that high-dose MTX therapy for osteogenic sarcoma leaves the patient without major permanent damage to cellular immune function."}
{"id": "PMID:145101", "title": "[The effect of cardiovascular hypertrophy on the work capacity of hypertensive patients].", "content": "Hypertensive persons with pathological ECG in rest compared with healthy persons and hypertensives with normal ECG in rest show a significantly decreased physical efficiency. In hypertensives in stage II disturbances in form of references to a stress heart insufficiency, to a stress coronary insufficiency and a circulatory dysregulation are the cause of the disturbed function of the circulation. Thus the pathological ECG in rest in the hypertensive is an important diagnostic and prognostic criterion for practice.", "contents": "[The effect of cardiovascular hypertrophy on the work capacity of hypertensive patients]. Hypertensive persons with pathological ECG in rest compared with healthy persons and hypertensives with normal ECG in rest show a significantly decreased physical efficiency. In hypertensives in stage II disturbances in form of references to a stress heart insufficiency, to a stress coronary insufficiency and a circulatory dysregulation are the cause of the disturbed function of the circulation. Thus the pathological ECG in rest in the hypertensive is an important diagnostic and prognostic criterion for practice."}
{"id": "PMID:145105", "title": "Sensitization of rat T cells to syngeneic tumor cultures by cocultivation in diffusion chambers.", "content": "Total population and T cell enriched fractions of rat spleen were cultivated in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally to mice and rats. 10-16% of the input cells were recovered after 5 days. When the chambers were carried in the xenogeneic environment activation occurred as indicated by blastogenesis and non-discriminative cytotoxicity. Specific activation of the T population was induced by mixed lymphocyte-tumor culture in chambers implanted in rats. The presence of tumor cells induced blastogenesis, elevation of the proportion of Fc receptor positive cells and generated cytotoxic cells to the sensitizer tumor. The precursor of cytotoxic cells did not have Fc or C3 receptors since nylon wool colum passed fractions depleted from these cells by elimination of EA- or EAC-rosettes were also activated.", "contents": "Sensitization of rat T cells to syngeneic tumor cultures by cocultivation in diffusion chambers. Total population and T cell enriched fractions of rat spleen were cultivated in diffusion chambers implanted intraperitoneally to mice and rats. 10-16% of the input cells were recovered after 5 days. When the chambers were carried in the xenogeneic environment activation occurred as indicated by blastogenesis and non-discriminative cytotoxicity. Specific activation of the T population was induced by mixed lymphocyte-tumor culture in chambers implanted in rats. The presence of tumor cells induced blastogenesis, elevation of the proportion of Fc receptor positive cells and generated cytotoxic cells to the sensitizer tumor. The precursor of cytotoxic cells did not have Fc or C3 receptors since nylon wool colum passed fractions depleted from these cells by elimination of EA- or EAC-rosettes were also activated."}
{"id": "PMID:145106", "title": "Histochemical studies on macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular complex of rat ren in normal and experimental conditions.", "content": "The author pays particular attention to the JGA cells of a rat kidney macula densa in noraml and experimental conditions (a single injection of Unazid, Plive, in a dose of 15 mg/kg). The activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosine-triphosphatase and acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides are negative in these cells, whereas, acid phosphatase and thiamine pyrophatase in the macula densa cells show an activity exclusively near the nucleus, usually in Golgi's zone. The functional meaning of results obtained from the authors own research and that of others was also discussed in the paper.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on macula densa cells in the juxtaglomerular complex of rat ren in normal and experimental conditions. The author pays particular attention to the JGA cells of a rat kidney macula densa in noraml and experimental conditions (a single injection of Unazid, Plive, in a dose of 15 mg/kg). The activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosine-triphosphatase and acid and neutral mucopolysaccharides are negative in these cells, whereas, acid phosphatase and thiamine pyrophatase in the macula densa cells show an activity exclusively near the nucleus, usually in Golgi's zone. The functional meaning of results obtained from the authors own research and that of others was also discussed in the paper."}
{"id": "PMID:145107", "title": "Histochemical localization of acid mucopolysaccharide in the respiratory muscles of a fresh-water air-breathing siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.).", "content": "Respiratory muscles involved in gill ventilation (= irrigation) of an amphibious siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.) were studied by phase contrast and light microscopy after the treatment with PAS. Alcian Blue at pH 2.5 and 1.0, dialyzed iron and Toludine Blue. The transverse muscle bands lightly stained with PAS, Alcian Blue at pH 2.5 and 1.0 and Dialyzed Iron suggesting that the mucopolysaccharide occured in relatively low concentrations. Phase contrast microscopy indicated that the transverse bands stained by the above mentioned reagents correspond to the I-bands. Methylation for 4 hours at 60 degrees C prevented I-band staining with Alcian Blue in the muscles studied. Saponification alone left I-band alcianophilia intact. These findings reveal that myofibrillar I-bands of respiratory muscles contain sulphated acid mucosubstances.", "contents": "Histochemical localization of acid mucopolysaccharide in the respiratory muscles of a fresh-water air-breathing siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.). Respiratory muscles involved in gill ventilation (= irrigation) of an amphibious siluroid fish, Clarias batrachus (Linn.) were studied by phase contrast and light microscopy after the treatment with PAS. Alcian Blue at pH 2.5 and 1.0, dialyzed iron and Toludine Blue. The transverse muscle bands lightly stained with PAS, Alcian Blue at pH 2.5 and 1.0 and Dialyzed Iron suggesting that the mucopolysaccharide occured in relatively low concentrations. Phase contrast microscopy indicated that the transverse bands stained by the above mentioned reagents correspond to the I-bands. Methylation for 4 hours at 60 degrees C prevented I-band staining with Alcian Blue in the muscles studied. Saponification alone left I-band alcianophilia intact. These findings reveal that myofibrillar I-bands of respiratory muscles contain sulphated acid mucosubstances."}
{"id": "PMID:145108", "title": "X-ray-diffraction study and determination of absolute configuration of the anticancer drug S(--)cyclophosphamide (Endoxan, Cytoxan, NSC-26271).", "content": "(--)Cyclophosphamide(1) crystallized from tetrachloromethane in the triclinic space group P1 with cell dimensions a = 10.500 (4) A, b = 10.490 (4) A, c = 10.761 (4) A, alpha = 110.0 (2) degrees, beta = 110.0 (2) degrees, gamma = 108.9 (2) degrees. Three molecules are contained in the unit cell. The X-ray analysis was based on diffractometer measurement of 2635 independent reflections and the structure was solved by Patterson and direct methods. The final R and Rw factors after full-matrix least-squares refinement are 0.0717 and 0.0677, respectively. The absolute configuration is S based on Hamilton's R-factor ratio test. The oxazaphosphorinane ring exists in a chair form with the bis-beta chloroethyl-amino group in equatorial position and about perpendicular to and bisecting the O--P--N plane. The structure is similar to that found in racemic 1 except a different conformation about one ethyl-amino N--C bond.", "contents": "X-ray-diffraction study and determination of absolute configuration of the anticancer drug S(--)cyclophosphamide (Endoxan, Cytoxan, NSC-26271). (--)Cyclophosphamide(1) crystallized from tetrachloromethane in the triclinic space group P1 with cell dimensions a = 10.500 (4) A, b = 10.490 (4) A, c = 10.761 (4) A, alpha = 110.0 (2) degrees, beta = 110.0 (2) degrees, gamma = 108.9 (2) degrees. Three molecules are contained in the unit cell. The X-ray analysis was based on diffractometer measurement of 2635 independent reflections and the structure was solved by Patterson and direct methods. The final R and Rw factors after full-matrix least-squares refinement are 0.0717 and 0.0677, respectively. The absolute configuration is S based on Hamilton's R-factor ratio test. The oxazaphosphorinane ring exists in a chair form with the bis-beta chloroethyl-amino group in equatorial position and about perpendicular to and bisecting the O--P--N plane. The structure is similar to that found in racemic 1 except a different conformation about one ethyl-amino N--C bond."}
{"id": "PMID:145110", "title": "[Investigation of the recombination kinetic of photodissoziated myoglobin-CO at low temperatures by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "Myoglobin-CO (MbCO) has been photodissoziated with white and monochromatic light at low temperatures (5--40 degrees K). The photoproduct Mb* was identified with M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy as ferrous high-spin complex, with isomer shift and quadrupole splitting, which are similar to the corresponding parameters of deoxymyoglobin. From the time-dependent change of the linewidth of the Mb*-M\u00f6ssbauer-spectrum at 5 degrees K over a time-intervall of 7 hours we conclude, that there exist several slightly different Mb*-conformations with different recombination characteristics. In order to obtain a convenient time resolution of the recombination behavior, we investigate the time-dependence of one of the Mb*-absorptionlines with a M\u00f6ssbauer drive of constant velocity. The resulting recombination data then are analyzed in various steps of approximation. It is shown that at least two independent exponentials are necessary for the interpretation of experimental data. The attempt to interprete the experimental data on the basis of distribution of energies is in qualitative agreement with corresponding results, which are derived from optical recombination data by Austin et al. Typical activation energies for the recombination process CO leads to Mb* are 2 kcal/mol. At low temperature (T less than 46 degrees K) the recombination behavior is explained by quantum-mechanical tunneling.", "contents": "[Investigation of the recombination kinetic of photodissoziated myoglobin-CO at low temperatures by M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy (author's transl)]. Myoglobin-CO (MbCO) has been photodissoziated with white and monochromatic light at low temperatures (5--40 degrees K). The photoproduct Mb* was identified with M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy as ferrous high-spin complex, with isomer shift and quadrupole splitting, which are similar to the corresponding parameters of deoxymyoglobin. From the time-dependent change of the linewidth of the Mb*-M\u00f6ssbauer-spectrum at 5 degrees K over a time-intervall of 7 hours we conclude, that there exist several slightly different Mb*-conformations with different recombination characteristics. In order to obtain a convenient time resolution of the recombination behavior, we investigate the time-dependence of one of the Mb*-absorptionlines with a M\u00f6ssbauer drive of constant velocity. The resulting recombination data then are analyzed in various steps of approximation. It is shown that at least two independent exponentials are necessary for the interpretation of experimental data. The attempt to interprete the experimental data on the basis of distribution of energies is in qualitative agreement with corresponding results, which are derived from optical recombination data by Austin et al. Typical activation energies for the recombination process CO leads to Mb* are 2 kcal/mol. At low temperature (T less than 46 degrees K) the recombination behavior is explained by quantum-mechanical tunneling."}
{"id": "PMID:145111", "title": "Biologically active constituents of leaves and roots of Aloe arborescens var. natalensis.", "content": "Several biologically active substances, such as aloenin (1), magnesium lactate, aloe-emodin (4), barbaloin (5), and succinic acid, were found to be contained in the leaf juice of Aloe arborescens Mill. var. natalensis Berger, which has widely been used in domestic medicines. Aloenin (1) and magnesium lactate were elucidated to exhibit an inhibitory action on the gastric juice secretion of rats. Various constituents other than the above bioactive substances were found in the leaves and the roots of the plant.", "contents": "Biologically active constituents of leaves and roots of Aloe arborescens var. natalensis. Several biologically active substances, such as aloenin (1), magnesium lactate, aloe-emodin (4), barbaloin (5), and succinic acid, were found to be contained in the leaf juice of Aloe arborescens Mill. var. natalensis Berger, which has widely been used in domestic medicines. Aloenin (1) and magnesium lactate were elucidated to exhibit an inhibitory action on the gastric juice secretion of rats. Various constituents other than the above bioactive substances were found in the leaves and the roots of the plant."}
{"id": "PMID:145112", "title": "Composition of the ventral gland-pad sebum from the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus.", "content": "The chemical composition of the gland-pad sebum of gerbils of both sexes is analysed using gas-liquid chromatographical and mass spectroscopical techniques and compared with the lipids from distal skin areas. Cholesterol esters, with (omega-1)-methyl-substituted fatty acids as acidic constituents, were shown to occur in the gland-pad sebum of both sexes in high concentrations, whereas cholesta-3,5-diene could be detected in the males only.", "contents": "Composition of the ventral gland-pad sebum from the Mongolian gerbil, Meriones unguiculatus. The chemical composition of the gland-pad sebum of gerbils of both sexes is analysed using gas-liquid chromatographical and mass spectroscopical techniques and compared with the lipids from distal skin areas. Cholesterol esters, with (omega-1)-methyl-substituted fatty acids as acidic constituents, were shown to occur in the gland-pad sebum of both sexes in high concentrations, whereas cholesta-3,5-diene could be detected in the males only."}
{"id": "PMID:145113", "title": "Electrophoretic analyses of the crop contents of Helobdella stagnalis (L.) (Hirudinea).", "content": "First, experiments were tested for a new method concerning analyses of crop contents in liquosomatophagous animals. Disc-electrophoretic separations of the crop contents of Helobdella stagnalis yielded protein patterns typical for the number of bands and for the relative mobilities in these Chironomid larvae, on which H. stagnalis were fed. Additionally, slowly migrating bands occurred in the separations of the crop contents, varying in their number; likewise, an esterase showed a high activity at a crop contents of pH 6.2.", "contents": "Electrophoretic analyses of the crop contents of Helobdella stagnalis (L.) (Hirudinea). First, experiments were tested for a new method concerning analyses of crop contents in liquosomatophagous animals. Disc-electrophoretic separations of the crop contents of Helobdella stagnalis yielded protein patterns typical for the number of bands and for the relative mobilities in these Chironomid larvae, on which H. stagnalis were fed. Additionally, slowly migrating bands occurred in the separations of the crop contents, varying in their number; likewise, an esterase showed a high activity at a crop contents of pH 6.2."}
{"id": "PMID:145114", "title": "[Structure and mechanical properties of dermatosparactic collagen (author's transl)].", "content": "Dermatosparactic calf-tail-tendon-collagen was investigated by mechanical measurements, electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. We suppose, that the tensile strength decrease of the fibres is due to the irregular aggregation of subfibrils to fibrils. The x-ray diagram of the fibre is not influenced by state of disorder. Cyclic extension of dermatosparactic collagen leads to a higher increase in tensile strength than in the case of normal calf tendon. The effect might be due to the increase of fibril- and area-density resulting in an augmentation of crosslinks.", "contents": "[Structure and mechanical properties of dermatosparactic collagen (author's transl)]. Dermatosparactic calf-tail-tendon-collagen was investigated by mechanical measurements, electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. We suppose, that the tensile strength decrease of the fibres is due to the irregular aggregation of subfibrils to fibrils. The x-ray diagram of the fibre is not influenced by state of disorder. Cyclic extension of dermatosparactic collagen leads to a higher increase in tensile strength than in the case of normal calf tendon. The effect might be due to the increase of fibril- and area-density resulting in an augmentation of crosslinks."}
{"id": "PMID:145115", "title": "Structure and anticholinesterase activity of series of ethyl substituted phenyl methylphosphonates.", "content": "Thirty derivates from substituted-phenyl-ethyl methylphosphonates have been synthesized and their inhibiting power of acetyl-cholinesterase have been examined in vitro and in vivo. The correlation between inhibition of the enzyme and electrophylic power of the substituent of the phenyl group was excellent, but when this group contains two substituents, steric factors appear to operate. The activity of these compounds has been demonstrated to be higher than their phosphate analogs.", "contents": "Structure and anticholinesterase activity of series of ethyl substituted phenyl methylphosphonates. Thirty derivates from substituted-phenyl-ethyl methylphosphonates have been synthesized and their inhibiting power of acetyl-cholinesterase have been examined in vitro and in vivo. The correlation between inhibition of the enzyme and electrophylic power of the substituent of the phenyl group was excellent, but when this group contains two substituents, steric factors appear to operate. The activity of these compounds has been demonstrated to be higher than their phosphate analogs."}
{"id": "PMID:145116", "title": "Hydroxycinnamoyl: coenzyme A transferase involved in the biosynthesis of kaempferol-3-(p-coumaroyl triglucoside) in Pisum sativum.", "content": "The major flavonoids of Pisum are derivatives of kaempferol and quercetin, including both triglucosides and acylated triglucosides in which the acyl group is p-coumaric acid. Although hydroxycinnamic acid esters of flavonoids are common pigments in many plants, neither the enzymes nor the precursors involved in their biosynthesis have been demonstrated. We report here that crude enzyme preparations extracted from peas catalyze the transfer of the p-coumaroyl moiety of p-coumaroyl:Coenzyme A to kaempferol-3-triglucoside forming kaempferol-3-(p-coumaroyl triglucoside) as the acylated product. The reaction product has been vigorously shown to be identical to the naturally occurring kaempferol-3-(p-coumaroyl triglucoside) in both chromatographic and chemical properties. The enzymatic formation of the acylated derivative occurred only minimally when incubated with the cofactors required for carboxyl group activation (ligase) and maximally when incubated with p-coumaroyl : Coenzyme A as the acyl donor.", "contents": "Hydroxycinnamoyl: coenzyme A transferase involved in the biosynthesis of kaempferol-3-(p-coumaroyl triglucoside) in Pisum sativum. The major flavonoids of Pisum are derivatives of kaempferol and quercetin, including both triglucosides and acylated triglucosides in which the acyl group is p-coumaric acid. Although hydroxycinnamic acid esters of flavonoids are common pigments in many plants, neither the enzymes nor the precursors involved in their biosynthesis have been demonstrated. We report here that crude enzyme preparations extracted from peas catalyze the transfer of the p-coumaroyl moiety of p-coumaroyl:Coenzyme A to kaempferol-3-triglucoside forming kaempferol-3-(p-coumaroyl triglucoside) as the acylated product. The reaction product has been vigorously shown to be identical to the naturally occurring kaempferol-3-(p-coumaroyl triglucoside) in both chromatographic and chemical properties. The enzymatic formation of the acylated derivative occurred only minimally when incubated with the cofactors required for carboxyl group activation (ligase) and maximally when incubated with p-coumaroyl : Coenzyme A as the acyl donor."}
{"id": "PMID:145117", "title": "The reaction of aminoacylase with chloromethylketone analogs of amino acids.", "content": "1. Aminoacylase is irreversibly inactivated by the chloromethylketone analogs of benzyloxy-carobonyl-L-alanine, L-alanine, L-leucine, L-aspartic acid (beta), tosyl-L-phenylalanine and L-leucyl-L-alanine. The kinetics of the inactivation of the enzyme by the halo-methylketones were investigated. 2. Leucyl-and alanyl chloromethylketone inactivate the enzyme by blocking of 4 SH groups. Experiments with [U-14C]leucyl chloromethylketone confirm that maximal 4 residues are covalently bound to be protein. 3. Inactivation of the enzyme by benzyloxycarbonylalanyl and tosylphenylalanyl chloromethylketone is the result of the substitution of the epsilon-amino group of one lysine resine residue per active site and not of SH groups. However, in the presence of competitive inhibitors these halomethylketones react only with the SH groups of the enzyme, too.", "contents": "The reaction of aminoacylase with chloromethylketone analogs of amino acids. 1. Aminoacylase is irreversibly inactivated by the chloromethylketone analogs of benzyloxy-carobonyl-L-alanine, L-alanine, L-leucine, L-aspartic acid (beta), tosyl-L-phenylalanine and L-leucyl-L-alanine. The kinetics of the inactivation of the enzyme by the halo-methylketones were investigated. 2. Leucyl-and alanyl chloromethylketone inactivate the enzyme by blocking of 4 SH groups. Experiments with [U-14C]leucyl chloromethylketone confirm that maximal 4 residues are covalently bound to be protein. 3. Inactivation of the enzyme by benzyloxycarbonylalanyl and tosylphenylalanyl chloromethylketone is the result of the substitution of the epsilon-amino group of one lysine resine residue per active site and not of SH groups. However, in the presence of competitive inhibitors these halomethylketones react only with the SH groups of the enzyme, too."}
{"id": "PMID:145119", "title": "Assimilatory sulfate reduction by choloroplasts: the regulatory influence of adenosine-mono-and adenosine-diphosphate.", "content": "The first three enzymatic steps of assimilatory sulfate reduction in chloroplasts of higher plants have been investigated with emphasis on the influence of adenosine-mono-and-diphosphate upon the formation of APS, PAPS and bound sulfite. The data show that the activation process is governed by the energy charge of the chloroplast. The regulatory step is localized at the ATP-sulfurylase reaction. It was found that this enzyme is inhibited by low concentrations of AMP and ADP, with apparent KiAMP=1.8 mM and KiADP=0.5 mM for the chloroplast preparations. The isolated purified ATP-sulfurylase is inhibited by the nucleotides accordingly, with KiAMP=0.2 mM and KiADP=0.4 mM. The results are interpreted as a regulatory mechanism for the complete process of assimilatory sulfate reduction in the chloroplast.", "contents": "Assimilatory sulfate reduction by choloroplasts: the regulatory influence of adenosine-mono-and adenosine-diphosphate. The first three enzymatic steps of assimilatory sulfate reduction in chloroplasts of higher plants have been investigated with emphasis on the influence of adenosine-mono-and-diphosphate upon the formation of APS, PAPS and bound sulfite. The data show that the activation process is governed by the energy charge of the chloroplast. The regulatory step is localized at the ATP-sulfurylase reaction. It was found that this enzyme is inhibited by low concentrations of AMP and ADP, with apparent KiAMP=1.8 mM and KiADP=0.5 mM for the chloroplast preparations. The isolated purified ATP-sulfurylase is inhibited by the nucleotides accordingly, with KiAMP=0.2 mM and KiADP=0.4 mM. The results are interpreted as a regulatory mechanism for the complete process of assimilatory sulfate reduction in the chloroplast."}
{"id": "PMID:145120", "title": "Hill-acitivity and P700 concentration of chloroplasts isolated from radish seedlings treated with-indoleacetic acid, kinetin of gibberellic acid.", "content": "The Hill-activity (reduction of DCPIP or methylviolgen) and the concentration of P700 were studied in chloroplasts isolated from cotyledons of radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L. saxa Treib), which had been grown with the addition of beta-indoleacetic acid (IAA), kinetin, or gibberellic acid. 1) The photosynthetic activity of young chloroplasts from 3 day old Raphanus seedlings is very high (c. 180 micron mol O2/mol chlorophyll X h) and decreases continuously thereafter with increasing age. The steady state Hill-activity is reached after 8 to 10 days (values of 55 to 50 micron mol O2/mg chlorophyll X h). 2) Chloroplasts from plants treated with IAA or kinetin not only exhibit higher plastoquinone levels 1,2, but also a higher P700-content and a higher Hill-activity. The promotion effect is more pronounced with kinetin (+36 tb 40%) than with IAA (+12 to 17%). 3) Gibberellic acid has a different effect on composition and activity of chloroplasts. In younger seedlings the Hill-activity appears to be somewhat stimulated, without promotion effect on plastoquinone 2 or P700 concentration. After 10 days GA3-treated plants show signs of chlorosis combined with a strong decrease in photosynthetic activity. 4) The data clearly demonstrate that the composition and activity of the photosynthetic apparatus are under phytohormone control. IAA and even better kinetin promote the light induced formation of pigment systems and electrontransport chains. GA3 seems to block the rebuilding of the photosynthetic apparatus under steady state conditions.", "contents": "Hill-acitivity and P700 concentration of chloroplasts isolated from radish seedlings treated with-indoleacetic acid, kinetin of gibberellic acid. The Hill-activity (reduction of DCPIP or methylviolgen) and the concentration of P700 were studied in chloroplasts isolated from cotyledons of radish seedlings (Raphanus sativus L. saxa Treib), which had been grown with the addition of beta-indoleacetic acid (IAA), kinetin, or gibberellic acid. 1) The photosynthetic activity of young chloroplasts from 3 day old Raphanus seedlings is very high (c. 180 micron mol O2/mol chlorophyll X h) and decreases continuously thereafter with increasing age. The steady state Hill-activity is reached after 8 to 10 days (values of 55 to 50 micron mol O2/mg chlorophyll X h). 2) Chloroplasts from plants treated with IAA or kinetin not only exhibit higher plastoquinone levels 1,2, but also a higher P700-content and a higher Hill-activity. The promotion effect is more pronounced with kinetin (+36 tb 40%) than with IAA (+12 to 17%). 3) Gibberellic acid has a different effect on composition and activity of chloroplasts. In younger seedlings the Hill-activity appears to be somewhat stimulated, without promotion effect on plastoquinone 2 or P700 concentration. After 10 days GA3-treated plants show signs of chlorosis combined with a strong decrease in photosynthetic activity. 4) The data clearly demonstrate that the composition and activity of the photosynthetic apparatus are under phytohormone control. IAA and even better kinetin promote the light induced formation of pigment systems and electrontransport chains. GA3 seems to block the rebuilding of the photosynthetic apparatus under steady state conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:145121", "title": "Localization and functional characterization of three thylakoid membrane polypeptides of the molecular weight 66000.", "content": "Three polypeptide fractions with the apparent molecular weight 66 000 were isolated from stromafreed Antirrhinum chloroplasts which were solubilized with dodecyl sulfate. Antisera to these fractions affect electron transport in distinctly different ways. For the characterization of the three antisera photochemical reactions of chloroplast preparation with artificial electron donors and acceptors as well the analysis of fluorescence rise curves were used. Antiserum 66 000 PSI-96 inhibits electron transport apparently on the acceptor side of photosystem I, provided the antibodies are adsorbed onto the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane. Antiserum 66 000 PSI-88 probably acts directly on the reaction  centre I or on its immediate vicinity, if the antibodies are adsorbed at the inner surface of the thylakoid membrane. Antiserum 66 000 PSII-42 inhibits electron transport in the region of photosystem II. The antigen towards which the antiserum is directed appears to belong to the reaction centre II, as also in the condition of high inhibition degrees, the fluorescence intensity remains unchanged. The determinants are located at the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane.", "contents": "Localization and functional characterization of three thylakoid membrane polypeptides of the molecular weight 66000. Three polypeptide fractions with the apparent molecular weight 66 000 were isolated from stromafreed Antirrhinum chloroplasts which were solubilized with dodecyl sulfate. Antisera to these fractions affect electron transport in distinctly different ways. For the characterization of the three antisera photochemical reactions of chloroplast preparation with artificial electron donors and acceptors as well the analysis of fluorescence rise curves were used. Antiserum 66 000 PSI-96 inhibits electron transport apparently on the acceptor side of photosystem I, provided the antibodies are adsorbed onto the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane. Antiserum 66 000 PSI-88 probably acts directly on the reaction  centre I or on its immediate vicinity, if the antibodies are adsorbed at the inner surface of the thylakoid membrane. Antiserum 66 000 PSII-42 inhibits electron transport in the region of photosystem II. The antigen towards which the antiserum is directed appears to belong to the reaction centre II, as also in the condition of high inhibition degrees, the fluorescence intensity remains unchanged. The determinants are located at the outer surface of the thylakoid membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:145122", "title": "Phosphorylation by inorganic phosphate of sarcoplasmic membranes.", "content": "The calcium transport protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum accepts inorganic phosphate rapidly when phosphorylation is initiated either by the addition of phosphate or magnesium ions to the calcium free protein. Phosphorylation proceeds much more slowly when it is initiated by the addition of the calcium chelatro ethyleneglycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) to the phosphate and magnesium containing assay. The time course of phosphorylation following immediately calcium removal is monophasic at all temperatures between 20 degrees and 37 degrees C. In contrast, biphasic time course doses not only apply to net formation of phosphoprotein but also to its exchange with medium phosphate. On addition of calcium, the phosphoprotein decays in a biphasic process the time constants of which are much longer than those observed for phosphoprotein formation. The temperature dependence of the rate as well as of the extent of phosphoprotein formation indicate a discontinuity in the reactivity of the protein.", "contents": "Phosphorylation by inorganic phosphate of sarcoplasmic membranes. The calcium transport protein of the sarcoplasmic reticulum accepts inorganic phosphate rapidly when phosphorylation is initiated either by the addition of phosphate or magnesium ions to the calcium free protein. Phosphorylation proceeds much more slowly when it is initiated by the addition of the calcium chelatro ethyleneglycol-bis (beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) to the phosphate and magnesium containing assay. The time course of phosphorylation following immediately calcium removal is monophasic at all temperatures between 20 degrees and 37 degrees C. In contrast, biphasic time course doses not only apply to net formation of phosphoprotein but also to its exchange with medium phosphate. On addition of calcium, the phosphoprotein decays in a biphasic process the time constants of which are much longer than those observed for phosphoprotein formation. The temperature dependence of the rate as well as of the extent of phosphoprotein formation indicate a discontinuity in the reactivity of the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:145125", "title": "Development of phage populations in a bacterial culture: a mathematical model.", "content": "A mathematical model for the interaction kinetic in phage-bacterium culture is proposed. An appropriate analytical relationship between phage and bacterial concentrations has been derived. Characteristic kinetic constants have been obtained by comparing the experimental growth curves with computer-simulation analysis. The model allows also to evaluate the phage-yield as a function of the initial concentrations.", "contents": "Development of phage populations in a bacterial culture: a mathematical model. A mathematical model for the interaction kinetic in phage-bacterium culture is proposed. An appropriate analytical relationship between phage and bacterial concentrations has been derived. Characteristic kinetic constants have been obtained by comparing the experimental growth curves with computer-simulation analysis. The model allows also to evaluate the phage-yield as a function of the initial concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:145128", "title": "The tautomeric conformers for the molecules of guanine and cytosine. Some remarks about their stability.", "content": "In this paper we seek to determine the shape of the barrier between the normal and tautomeric conformers for some excited singlet and triplet states in the molecules of guanine and cytosine. The molecules as considered isolated and a particular movement of the H atom is analysed. The semi-empirical CNDO/2-CI has been used. The calculated results are compared with the available experimental data.", "contents": "The tautomeric conformers for the molecules of guanine and cytosine. Some remarks about their stability. In this paper we seek to determine the shape of the barrier between the normal and tautomeric conformers for some excited singlet and triplet states in the molecules of guanine and cytosine. The molecules as considered isolated and a particular movement of the H atom is analysed. The semi-empirical CNDO/2-CI has been used. The calculated results are compared with the available experimental data."}
{"id": "PMID:145126", "title": "Genetic information analysis of bacteriophage phiX 174.", "content": "The genetic information of phix 174 genome (genes and intermediate segments) is analyzed in terms of its independent (D1 index) and dependent information (D2 and D3 Markovian indexes), as well as of its ability to generate secondary structure. Genes B and E, enclosed in A and D respectively, have: 1) values of D1 and D3 indexes closer to the theoretical random distribution curves than those of (A-B) and (D-E) gene fractions, and 2) in the ability for secondary structure generation minor differences with genes A and D. F leads to G and mRNA start leads to A intermediate segments differ from randomness in their D1 and D2 indexes, but not so much in the D3 values. All these data point out the use of code degeneracy for increasing the genetic information density of the virus.", "contents": "Genetic information analysis of bacteriophage phiX 174. The genetic information of phix 174 genome (genes and intermediate segments) is analyzed in terms of its independent (D1 index) and dependent information (D2 and D3 Markovian indexes), as well as of its ability to generate secondary structure. Genes B and E, enclosed in A and D respectively, have: 1) values of D1 and D3 indexes closer to the theoretical random distribution curves than those of (A-B) and (D-E) gene fractions, and 2) in the ability for secondary structure generation minor differences with genes A and D. F leads to G and mRNA start leads to A intermediate segments differ from randomness in their D1 and D2 indexes, but not so much in the D3 values. All these data point out the use of code degeneracy for increasing the genetic information density of the virus."}
{"id": "PMID:145127", "title": "Ability to light-induced conductance change of arthropod visual cell membrane, indirectly depending on membrane potential, during depolarization by external potassium or ouabain.", "content": "Light responses (ReP) and pre-stimulus membrane potential (PMP) and conductance of photoreceptors of Astacus leptodactylus and Limulus polyphemus (lateral eye) were recorded and changes were observed when the photoreceptor was depolarized by the action of external ouabain of high potassium concentration application. 1 mM/1 ouabain application causes a transient increase of PMP and ReP in Limulus, followed by a decrease which is faster for the ReP (half time time 34 min) than for the PMP (half time 80 min). Irreversible loss of excitability occurs when the PMP is still ca. 40% of the reference value. In both preparations high external potassium concentration leads to total depolarization (beyond zero line to + 10-+ 20 mV) of the PMP and after a time lag of 10 min also to a loss of excitability (intracellular recording). In extracellular recordings (Astacus) the excitability remains at a low level of 15%. The effects are reversible and are similar whether no or 10% external sodium is present. In all experiments the light-induced changes of membrane conductance are about parallel to those of the light response. The fact that the ability of the photosensoric membrane to undergo light-induced conductance changes is membrane potential-dependent is discussed, leading to the explanation that dipolar membrane constituents such as channel forming molecules (probably not rhodopsin) have to be ordered by membrane potential to keep the membrane functional for the photosensoric action.", "contents": "Ability to light-induced conductance change of arthropod visual cell membrane, indirectly depending on membrane potential, during depolarization by external potassium or ouabain. Light responses (ReP) and pre-stimulus membrane potential (PMP) and conductance of photoreceptors of Astacus leptodactylus and Limulus polyphemus (lateral eye) were recorded and changes were observed when the photoreceptor was depolarized by the action of external ouabain of high potassium concentration application. 1 mM/1 ouabain application causes a transient increase of PMP and ReP in Limulus, followed by a decrease which is faster for the ReP (half time time 34 min) than for the PMP (half time 80 min). Irreversible loss of excitability occurs when the PMP is still ca. 40% of the reference value. In both preparations high external potassium concentration leads to total depolarization (beyond zero line to + 10-+ 20 mV) of the PMP and after a time lag of 10 min also to a loss of excitability (intracellular recording). In extracellular recordings (Astacus) the excitability remains at a low level of 15%. The effects are reversible and are similar whether no or 10% external sodium is present. In all experiments the light-induced changes of membrane conductance are about parallel to those of the light response. The fact that the ability of the photosensoric membrane to undergo light-induced conductance changes is membrane potential-dependent is discussed, leading to the explanation that dipolar membrane constituents such as channel forming molecules (probably not rhodopsin) have to be ordered by membrane potential to keep the membrane functional for the photosensoric action."}
{"id": "PMID:145156", "title": "The activity of Golgi-membrane galactosyltransferase in the liver of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.", "content": "The Golgi-rich membrane fraction isolated from streptozotocin-diabetic rat liver had a lower protein content than the corresponding fraction from normal liver. Its UDPgalactose-N-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase activity calculated per 1 g of liver or whole liver was decreased. The electron-microscopic examination of the negatively stained fraction revealed morphological changes. The morphology of the Golgi complex in thin sections of diabetic liver was also changed.", "contents": "The activity of Golgi-membrane galactosyltransferase in the liver of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. The Golgi-rich membrane fraction isolated from streptozotocin-diabetic rat liver had a lower protein content than the corresponding fraction from normal liver. Its UDPgalactose-N-acetylglucosamine galactosyltransferase activity calculated per 1 g of liver or whole liver was decreased. The electron-microscopic examination of the negatively stained fraction revealed morphological changes. The morphology of the Golgi complex in thin sections of diabetic liver was also changed."}
{"id": "PMID:145157", "title": "[Monozygotic heterocaryotic twinning (author's transl)].", "content": "Since the first publication in 1961, cases of monozygotic heterocaryotic twinning have been repeatedly found and a total of 14 observations can now be analysed. The mechanism involved in this type of twinning is yet uncertain and eventually is not identical in each case, the main uncertainty being to decide whether the chromosomal error affecting one of the twins is related, directly or indirectly, to the process of MZ twinning per se. Regarding the time of occurrence, the error seems to occur at few days of development at the most and, in one case at least, was contemporary to the first division cleavage. Considering the possibility of twins of different sex (e.g., one XY and one XO) the MZ heterocaryotic twinning could be considered as a potential equivalent of autofecundation in species in which the XO is a fertile female. Evolutive implications shall be discussed.", "contents": "[Monozygotic heterocaryotic twinning (author's transl)]. Since the first publication in 1961, cases of monozygotic heterocaryotic twinning have been repeatedly found and a total of 14 observations can now be analysed. The mechanism involved in this type of twinning is yet uncertain and eventually is not identical in each case, the main uncertainty being to decide whether the chromosomal error affecting one of the twins is related, directly or indirectly, to the process of MZ twinning per se. Regarding the time of occurrence, the error seems to occur at few days of development at the most and, in one case at least, was contemporary to the first division cleavage. Considering the possibility of twins of different sex (e.g., one XY and one XO) the MZ heterocaryotic twinning could be considered as a potential equivalent of autofecundation in species in which the XO is a fertile female. Evolutive implications shall be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145159", "title": "Cancer immunotherapy with surgery.", "content": "With the recent advances in the immunological surveillance system, an understanding of the role of host immunity has become essential to the management of carcinogenesis, tumor proliferation, recurrence and metastasis. Although it is important to continue chemical and surgical treatment of cancer, support of the anti-tumor immune system of the host should also be considered. Long term remission has been reported in leukemia by treating with BCG after chemotherapy whereas surgical treatment is usually more effective in preventing cancer recurrence in digestive organ cancer. The first step is extirpating the tumor as thoroughly as possible and the second step is chemo-immunotherapy. Cancer immunity, however weak, constitutes the basis for other treatments in selectively attacking cancer cells remaining after surgery, chemotherapy or irradiation. Immunotherapy should thus not replace chemotherapy or radiotherapy, but these methods should be employed in combination to attain more favorable results.", "contents": "Cancer immunotherapy with surgery. With the recent advances in the immunological surveillance system, an understanding of the role of host immunity has become essential to the management of carcinogenesis, tumor proliferation, recurrence and metastasis. Although it is important to continue chemical and surgical treatment of cancer, support of the anti-tumor immune system of the host should also be considered. Long term remission has been reported in leukemia by treating with BCG after chemotherapy whereas surgical treatment is usually more effective in preventing cancer recurrence in digestive organ cancer. The first step is extirpating the tumor as thoroughly as possible and the second step is chemo-immunotherapy. Cancer immunity, however weak, constitutes the basis for other treatments in selectively attacking cancer cells remaining after surgery, chemotherapy or irradiation. Immunotherapy should thus not replace chemotherapy or radiotherapy, but these methods should be employed in combination to attain more favorable results."}
{"id": "PMID:145160", "title": "Studies on human KC cell syncytia formation induced by Mason-Pfizer monkey virus.", "content": "Human KC cell monolayer inoculated with concentraten Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) showed syncytia formation within an hour. The cell fusion was blocked by the treatment of the MPMV with neutralizing antiserum. Treatment of the MPVM with beta-propiolactone resulted in the loss of infectivity although KC cell fusion ability of the virus still remained. KC cells inoculated with unconcentrated MPMV showed no cell fusion even after several transfers, although a chronic MPMV infection was established. The virus-producing KC cells were refractory to fusion by MPMV. Human embryonic lung cells (HEL) were infected by serially diluted MPMV harvested from virus-producing culture, transferred twice, then cultivated together with KC cells for syncytia formation to examine the end point dilution titer of the virus. HEL infected by 10(-4)-diluted MPMV still induced syncytia formation by cocultivation with KC cells.", "contents": "Studies on human KC cell syncytia formation induced by Mason-Pfizer monkey virus. Human KC cell monolayer inoculated with concentraten Mason-Pfizer monkey virus (MPMV) showed syncytia formation within an hour. The cell fusion was blocked by the treatment of the MPMV with neutralizing antiserum. Treatment of the MPVM with beta-propiolactone resulted in the loss of infectivity although KC cell fusion ability of the virus still remained. KC cells inoculated with unconcentrated MPMV showed no cell fusion even after several transfers, although a chronic MPMV infection was established. The virus-producing KC cells were refractory to fusion by MPMV. Human embryonic lung cells (HEL) were infected by serially diluted MPMV harvested from virus-producing culture, transferred twice, then cultivated together with KC cells for syncytia formation to examine the end point dilution titer of the virus. HEL infected by 10(-4)-diluted MPMV still induced syncytia formation by cocultivation with KC cells."}
{"id": "PMID:145161", "title": "Lipoyl dehydrogenase activity of erythrocytes in Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten's disease.", "content": "Using the method for the determination of the lipoyl dehydrogenase activity in intact erythrocytes described by Seet and Lee (1975), it was demonstrated that in patients with Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten's disease, this activity was around the lower limit of normal. In these patients, the enzymatic activity is significantly reduced to such an extent that it may affect the function and metabolism of the erythrocytes.", "contents": "Lipoyl dehydrogenase activity of erythrocytes in Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten's disease. Using the method for the determination of the lipoyl dehydrogenase activity in intact erythrocytes described by Seet and Lee (1975), it was demonstrated that in patients with Spielmeyer-Vogt-Batten's disease, this activity was around the lower limit of normal. In these patients, the enzymatic activity is significantly reduced to such an extent that it may affect the function and metabolism of the erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:145158", "title": "[Centronuclear myopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Three cases of centronuclear myopathy are reported in a sibship. The disease starts during the late childhood and has a very slow progressive course. Clinical examination reveals a ptosis of the eyelids, a weakness of the facial muscles, a high-arched palate and a diffuse involvement of the lower extremities. The respiratory muscles are involved in the two oldest siblings. Combined morphological studies of the tibialis anterior muscle in one patient demonstrate the following features: 1. the presence of small type I fibres and of large type I or type II fibres; 2. a predominance of type I fibers which represent 86% of the total amount of muscle fibres; 3. central nuclei in about 98% of the muscle fibres; 4. moderate ultrastructural changes. All these features are compared with the relevant data of the literature.", "contents": "[Centronuclear myopathy (author's transl)]. Three cases of centronuclear myopathy are reported in a sibship. The disease starts during the late childhood and has a very slow progressive course. Clinical examination reveals a ptosis of the eyelids, a weakness of the facial muscles, a high-arched palate and a diffuse involvement of the lower extremities. The respiratory muscles are involved in the two oldest siblings. Combined morphological studies of the tibialis anterior muscle in one patient demonstrate the following features: 1. the presence of small type I fibres and of large type I or type II fibres; 2. a predominance of type I fibers which represent 86% of the total amount of muscle fibres; 3. central nuclei in about 98% of the muscle fibres; 4. moderate ultrastructural changes. All these features are compared with the relevant data of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:145162", "title": "Preoperative blastformation rate in gastrointestinal cancer patients.", "content": "The rate of blastformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was assessed preoperatively in 393 patients with gastrointestinal cancer. The series consisted of 291 cases of gastric cancer and 102 cases of colon cancer, all patients being under 70 years of age. The blastformation rate was related to the stage of cancer ground at operation. Preoperative blastformation rates for both colon cancer and gastric cancer decreased as the cancer progressed. With Stage I gastric cancer 81.4% of those that underwent curative resection had preoperative blastformation rates greater than 40%. However, the number of those with blastformation rates over 40% decreased markedly in the curative cases of gastric cancer Stage II to stage IV. Eighty three percent of cases that underwent curative resection with colon cancer, including advanced cancer, had preoperative blastformation rates of over 40%. These results indicated that the correlation of the preoperative blastformation rate with success of curative resection better for colon cancer than for gastric cancer.", "contents": "Preoperative blastformation rate in gastrointestinal cancer patients. The rate of blastformation of peripheral blood lymphocytes in response to stimulation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) was assessed preoperatively in 393 patients with gastrointestinal cancer. The series consisted of 291 cases of gastric cancer and 102 cases of colon cancer, all patients being under 70 years of age. The blastformation rate was related to the stage of cancer ground at operation. Preoperative blastformation rates for both colon cancer and gastric cancer decreased as the cancer progressed. With Stage I gastric cancer 81.4% of those that underwent curative resection had preoperative blastformation rates greater than 40%. However, the number of those with blastformation rates over 40% decreased markedly in the curative cases of gastric cancer Stage II to stage IV. Eighty three percent of cases that underwent curative resection with colon cancer, including advanced cancer, had preoperative blastformation rates of over 40%. These results indicated that the correlation of the preoperative blastformation rate with success of curative resection better for colon cancer than for gastric cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:145163", "title": "Anemia in the elderly patients with special reference to folic acid status.", "content": "To investigate the role of folic acid deficiency in the pathogenesis of anemia in the elderly, hematological examinationa and assays of serum iron, vitamin B12 and folate were carried out on the 86 elderly patients admitted to a home for the aged. Means of red blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels and hematocrit were 385.3 x 10(4)/mm3, 12g/dl and 36%, respectively. These levels were lower than any other report in Japan. Anemia was detected in 23 out of 86 patients. Judging from mean corposcular volume and mean corposcular hemoglobin, most of them were normocytic and normochromic. Although low serum levels of iron and folate were rather frequently observed, the results on hematological examinations suggest that deficiency of these factors alone is not the cause of the anemia in the elderly patients. Rapid clearance of 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid and increased excretion of formiminoglutamic acid after histidine loading were revealed in some of those who had subnormal serum folate levels. Therefore, supplementation of folic acid is recommended to those who had poor dietary intake.", "contents": "Anemia in the elderly patients with special reference to folic acid status. To investigate the role of folic acid deficiency in the pathogenesis of anemia in the elderly, hematological examinationa and assays of serum iron, vitamin B12 and folate were carried out on the 86 elderly patients admitted to a home for the aged. Means of red blood cell counts, hemoglobin levels and hematocrit were 385.3 x 10(4)/mm3, 12g/dl and 36%, respectively. These levels were lower than any other report in Japan. Anemia was detected in 23 out of 86 patients. Judging from mean corposcular volume and mean corposcular hemoglobin, most of them were normocytic and normochromic. Although low serum levels of iron and folate were rather frequently observed, the results on hematological examinations suggest that deficiency of these factors alone is not the cause of the anemia in the elderly patients. Rapid clearance of 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolic acid and increased excretion of formiminoglutamic acid after histidine loading were revealed in some of those who had subnormal serum folate levels. Therefore, supplementation of folic acid is recommended to those who had poor dietary intake."}
{"id": "PMID:145164", "title": "Normal chemotactic activity of granulocytes obtained by filtration leucapheresis.", "content": "The chemotactic activity of granulocytes obtained by the Terumo Filtration Leucapheresis System (F.L.) was examined by the method of Boyden's chamber. The number of cells migrating through the Millipore filter was expressed as the chemotactic activity. The mean values were 117 for the F.L. and 122 in a control, in which cells were collected from the same donor blood using dextran sedimentation. The results suggested that the in vitro chemotactic function of granulocytes obtained by F.L. was within normal limits.", "contents": "Normal chemotactic activity of granulocytes obtained by filtration leucapheresis. The chemotactic activity of granulocytes obtained by the Terumo Filtration Leucapheresis System (F.L.) was examined by the method of Boyden's chamber. The number of cells migrating through the Millipore filter was expressed as the chemotactic activity. The mean values were 117 for the F.L. and 122 in a control, in which cells were collected from the same donor blood using dextran sedimentation. The results suggested that the in vitro chemotactic function of granulocytes obtained by F.L. was within normal limits."}
{"id": "PMID:145168", "title": "Tryptophan metabolism \"via\" nicotimic acid in patients with scleroderma.", "content": "The tryptophan metabolism \"via\" kynurenine was studied in five patients with scleroderma after aminoacid loading. Four of these patients had abnormal tryptophan metabolism, characterized by a large urinary excretion of kynurenine and kynurenic acid in two cases, of kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine and kynurenic acid in one case and of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in another case and generally a reduced excretion of xanthurenic acid and its 8-methyl ether in comparison with a group of healthy controls. Only two of the four patients had a normal response to tryptophan loading after pyridoxine administration, while no one of these responded to nicotinamide supplementation. But the simultaneous administration of pyridoxine and nicotinamide to three of these patients normalized the excretory picture after tryptophan loading. This suggested the presence of a combined vitamin deficiency in seleroderma. As four out of five patients showed total excretory values of kynurenine, kynurenic acid and acetylkynurenine higher than that of the controls, the sum of these values might be considered as a characteristic index of scleroderma.", "contents": "Tryptophan metabolism \"via\" nicotimic acid in patients with scleroderma. The tryptophan metabolism \"via\" kynurenine was studied in five patients with scleroderma after aminoacid loading. Four of these patients had abnormal tryptophan metabolism, characterized by a large urinary excretion of kynurenine and kynurenic acid in two cases, of kynurenine, 3-hydroxykynurenine and kynurenic acid in one case and of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid in another case and generally a reduced excretion of xanthurenic acid and its 8-methyl ether in comparison with a group of healthy controls. Only two of the four patients had a normal response to tryptophan loading after pyridoxine administration, while no one of these responded to nicotinamide supplementation. But the simultaneous administration of pyridoxine and nicotinamide to three of these patients normalized the excretory picture after tryptophan loading. This suggested the presence of a combined vitamin deficiency in seleroderma. As four out of five patients showed total excretory values of kynurenine, kynurenic acid and acetylkynurenine higher than that of the controls, the sum of these values might be considered as a characteristic index of scleroderma."}
{"id": "PMID:145169", "title": "[Immunologic investigations of house-dust and house-dust mites. I. Schultz-Dale test (author's transl)].", "content": "With Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and house-dust sensitized guinea-pigs showed cross-reactions between house-dust, D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae in the Schultz-Dale test. Euroglyphus maynei gave positive reactions only in animals sensitized with D. pteronyssinus. The stored food mites Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Chortoglyphus arcuatus and Glycyphagus destructor and the rearing medium (horse dander/yeast) did not cause any cross-reactions in any test group.", "contents": "[Immunologic investigations of house-dust and house-dust mites. I. Schultz-Dale test (author's transl)]. With Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and house-dust sensitized guinea-pigs showed cross-reactions between house-dust, D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae in the Schultz-Dale test. Euroglyphus maynei gave positive reactions only in animals sensitized with D. pteronyssinus. The stored food mites Tyrophagus putrescentiae, Chortoglyphus arcuatus and Glycyphagus destructor and the rearing medium (horse dander/yeast) did not cause any cross-reactions in any test group."}
{"id": "PMID:145170", "title": "Studies on function of lymphocytes in NZB X NZW F 1 hybrid mice; autoantibody-producing cells and cytotoxicity of lymphocytes.", "content": "Several experiments were performed using B/W mice, experimental model of human systemic lupus crythematosus, with a view to explore the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. As a result of the Investigation by the immunocyte adherence method, autoantibody-producing cells were demonstrated at a ration of 1 to 4% in the spleen, thymus and lymph nodes of B/W mice, but nearly absent in the bone marrow. B/W mouse lymphocytes showed the cytotoxic activity to allgeneic target cells (L cells), but ANA positive sera from B/W mice also had a remarkable cytotoxic activity in the presence of the complement of a high concentration. It was also disclosed that there are Ig+ and theta-lymphocytes in the B/W mouse thymus at a nearly equal percentage, and the possible identity of the two was suggested.", "contents": "Studies on function of lymphocytes in NZB X NZW F 1 hybrid mice; autoantibody-producing cells and cytotoxicity of lymphocytes. Several experiments were performed using B/W mice, experimental model of human systemic lupus crythematosus, with a view to explore the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. As a result of the Investigation by the immunocyte adherence method, autoantibody-producing cells were demonstrated at a ration of 1 to 4% in the spleen, thymus and lymph nodes of B/W mice, but nearly absent in the bone marrow. B/W mouse lymphocytes showed the cytotoxic activity to allgeneic target cells (L cells), but ANA positive sera from B/W mice also had a remarkable cytotoxic activity in the presence of the complement of a high concentration. It was also disclosed that there are Ig+ and theta-lymphocytes in the B/W mouse thymus at a nearly equal percentage, and the possible identity of the two was suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:145171", "title": "[Immunologic diagnostic pulmonary diseases caused by inhaled isocyanates (author's transl)].", "content": "Besides the strong irritative effect on the respiratory tract the isocyanates probably also have an allergenic effect. The paper gives a review of literature about immunologic in vitro- and in vivo-methods in this question. Difficulties arise especially with preparation of antigen. Isocyanates are thought to link with proteins to give antigenic conjugates. Specifity firstly depends on the isocyanate hapten.", "contents": "[Immunologic diagnostic pulmonary diseases caused by inhaled isocyanates (author's transl)]. Besides the strong irritative effect on the respiratory tract the isocyanates probably also have an allergenic effect. The paper gives a review of literature about immunologic in vitro- and in vivo-methods in this question. Difficulties arise especially with preparation of antigen. Isocyanates are thought to link with proteins to give antigenic conjugates. Specifity firstly depends on the isocyanate hapten."}
{"id": "PMID:145172", "title": "[The detection of chloramphenicol allergy by leucocyte migration inhibition test in the skin chamber (author's transl)].", "content": "In the leucocyte migration inhibition test in the skin chamber under in vivo conditions an immune reaction is induced, which influences the migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes into the chamber in a characteristic way. An inhibition of the migration of leucocytes above 40 per cent is considered positive. In 16 out of 17 patients with chloramphenicol exanthema the test was positive. Five allergic patients with eczematous skin lesions presented negative results. In 14 controlpatients chloramphenicol caused a negative result, too. The mechanical irritation of the skin and the immune response produce different mechanisms, which promote and inhibit migration. The observed influence of the number of leukocyte in the skin chamber is the result of these mechanisms.", "contents": "[The detection of chloramphenicol allergy by leucocyte migration inhibition test in the skin chamber (author's transl)]. In the leucocyte migration inhibition test in the skin chamber under in vivo conditions an immune reaction is induced, which influences the migration of polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytes into the chamber in a characteristic way. An inhibition of the migration of leucocytes above 40 per cent is considered positive. In 16 out of 17 patients with chloramphenicol exanthema the test was positive. Five allergic patients with eczematous skin lesions presented negative results. In 14 controlpatients chloramphenicol caused a negative result, too. The mechanical irritation of the skin and the immune response produce different mechanisms, which promote and inhibit migration. The observed influence of the number of leukocyte in the skin chamber is the result of these mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:145173", "title": "[Detection of immunoglobulins in pharyngeal tonsillar tissue by direct immunofluorescence technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a direct immunofluorescent staining method a qualitative determination of different immunoglobulin fractions in the tissue of hypertropic pharyngeal tonsils of children and youth suffering from repeated infections was performed. It was found that the immunofluorescent staining of IgG was stronger than of IgA. A difference with regard to the frequency of appearance between IgG and IgA could not be seen. On the other hand IgM staining was less frequent and strong. Extracellular IgG was present in germinal centres of the secondary lymphoid follicles, intracellular one was found in the immunocompetent cells. Extra- and intracellular IgG was more often demonstrable in the spaces of the lymphoid tissue, between the surface epithelial cells or around the glands and the blood cappilaries. The results seen here are in correlation with the values of the earlier performed quantitative estimations of the different immunoglobulin classes.", "contents": "[Detection of immunoglobulins in pharyngeal tonsillar tissue by direct immunofluorescence technique (author's transl)]. Using a direct immunofluorescent staining method a qualitative determination of different immunoglobulin fractions in the tissue of hypertropic pharyngeal tonsils of children and youth suffering from repeated infections was performed. It was found that the immunofluorescent staining of IgG was stronger than of IgA. A difference with regard to the frequency of appearance between IgG and IgA could not be seen. On the other hand IgM staining was less frequent and strong. Extracellular IgG was present in germinal centres of the secondary lymphoid follicles, intracellular one was found in the immunocompetent cells. Extra- and intracellular IgG was more often demonstrable in the spaces of the lymphoid tissue, between the surface epithelial cells or around the glands and the blood cappilaries. The results seen here are in correlation with the values of the earlier performed quantitative estimations of the different immunoglobulin classes."}
{"id": "PMID:145174", "title": "[Production of an anti human B lymphocyte serum for detection of B cell-specific membrane antigens (author's transl)].", "content": "Rabbits were immunized with lymphocytes from patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), who showed a remarkable lymphocytosis of B cell origin (distinct membrane fluorescence). After absorption with AB-erythrocytes, kidney tissue powder and infant thymocytes specificity of the antiserum was demonstrated by examination of normal lymphocytes, thymocytes and different CLL-lymphocytes (B- and T-cell leukemias) using indirect membrane fluorescence.", "contents": "[Production of an anti human B lymphocyte serum for detection of B cell-specific membrane antigens (author's transl)]. Rabbits were immunized with lymphocytes from patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia (CLL), who showed a remarkable lymphocytosis of B cell origin (distinct membrane fluorescence). After absorption with AB-erythrocytes, kidney tissue powder and infant thymocytes specificity of the antiserum was demonstrated by examination of normal lymphocytes, thymocytes and different CLL-lymphocytes (B- and T-cell leukemias) using indirect membrane fluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:145175", "title": "[Influence on the function of lymphocytes in children with generalised mycosis during treatment with 5-fluorocytosin (author's transl)].", "content": "After LT Tests with PHA, PPE and Candidin in mixed cultures negativ or decreased results of cellular immunoreactions were obtained in cases of generalised mycosis, taking into account age-specific variations. The generalised form of mycosis having disappeared, the findings returned to normal. While in other diseases the use of metabolites always diminishes cellular immunoreactions, there is no decrease of lymphozyte transformation during treatment with 5-fc in mycosis. After a successful therapy even an increase may be found in this case. Our studies confirm the opinion that 5-FC does not influence the function of T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "[Influence on the function of lymphocytes in children with generalised mycosis during treatment with 5-fluorocytosin (author's transl)]. After LT Tests with PHA, PPE and Candidin in mixed cultures negativ or decreased results of cellular immunoreactions were obtained in cases of generalised mycosis, taking into account age-specific variations. The generalised form of mycosis having disappeared, the findings returned to normal. While in other diseases the use of metabolites always diminishes cellular immunoreactions, there is no decrease of lymphozyte transformation during treatment with 5-fc in mycosis. After a successful therapy even an increase may be found in this case. Our studies confirm the opinion that 5-FC does not influence the function of T-lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:145176", "title": "[In-vitro-investigation of immuno lymphocytolysis by influence of streptolysin O (author's transl)].", "content": "The cytolytic effect of Streptolysin O to leucocytes, T and B lymphocytes and granulocytes has been examined using an in vitro immuno lymphocytolytic test at 62 patients with different dermatological diseases. This test was established to be only about the immuno-cytolytic reaction of the T lymphocytes, and this process was bound to the present of complement. It is suggested that this method is suitable to in vitro study of the cellular immunity of patients with chronic infectious diseases.", "contents": "[In-vitro-investigation of immuno lymphocytolysis by influence of streptolysin O (author's transl)]. The cytolytic effect of Streptolysin O to leucocytes, T and B lymphocytes and granulocytes has been examined using an in vitro immuno lymphocytolytic test at 62 patients with different dermatological diseases. This test was established to be only about the immuno-cytolytic reaction of the T lymphocytes, and this process was bound to the present of complement. It is suggested that this method is suitable to in vitro study of the cellular immunity of patients with chronic infectious diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:145177", "title": "Cardiomyopathy in an adult with Bartter's syndrome and hypokalemia. Hemodynamic, angiographic and metabolic studies.", "content": "A case of an adult with Bartter's syndrome (hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular complex with hyperaldosteronism and hypokalemic alkalosis) is described; the patient had the unusual manifestation of cardiomyopathy, probably secondary to severe hypokalemia. Results of metabolic studies and kidney biopsy were consistent with Bartter's syndrome; angiographic and hemodynamic findings were abnormal. The cardiomyopathy was confirmed at autopsy after the patient's sudden death. Conclusions from this case are that severe hypokalemia can pose a serious threat both immediately in the form of dangerous arrhythmias and in the long term in the form of cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Cardiomyopathy in an adult with Bartter's syndrome and hypokalemia. Hemodynamic, angiographic and metabolic studies. A case of an adult with Bartter's syndrome (hyperplasia of the juxtaglomerular complex with hyperaldosteronism and hypokalemic alkalosis) is described; the patient had the unusual manifestation of cardiomyopathy, probably secondary to severe hypokalemia. Results of metabolic studies and kidney biopsy were consistent with Bartter's syndrome; angiographic and hemodynamic findings were abnormal. The cardiomyopathy was confirmed at autopsy after the patient's sudden death. Conclusions from this case are that severe hypokalemia can pose a serious threat both immediately in the form of dangerous arrhythmias and in the long term in the form of cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:145178", "title": "Automated and manual determination of N1-methylnicotinamide in urine.", "content": "An automated AutoAnalyzer method and a manual adaptation of the automated method are described for determining N1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) in urine. The new methods incorporate improvements presented by Pelletier and Campbell (Anal. Biochem. 3:60, 1962) for the fluorometric determination of NMN after condensation with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). The new methods are simpler and not limited by the usage of a single brand of MEK. Various brands of MEK into which hydrogen peroxide had been added in order to catalyze the formation of the condensation product were used and found to give comparable NMN values with different urine specimens. Results of the analysis of 21 urine specimens by the new procedures agreed well with those by the method of Carpenter and Kodicek (Biochem. J. 46: 421, 1950) for which interpretation guidelines exist. Furthermore, it was found that eluates from the chromatographic purification of thiamine in urine with Decalso retained the NMN present in the original specimens, gave complete recoveries of added NMN and were free from nearly all interfering fluorescing substances; this purification would be advantageous for determining with accuracy and precision NMN levels in the urine of deficient subjects and could be used routinely when thiamine analysis has to be performed.", "contents": "Automated and manual determination of N1-methylnicotinamide in urine. An automated AutoAnalyzer method and a manual adaptation of the automated method are described for determining N1-methylnicotinamide (NMN) in urine. The new methods incorporate improvements presented by Pelletier and Campbell (Anal. Biochem. 3:60, 1962) for the fluorometric determination of NMN after condensation with methyl ethyl ketone (MEK). The new methods are simpler and not limited by the usage of a single brand of MEK. Various brands of MEK into which hydrogen peroxide had been added in order to catalyze the formation of the condensation product were used and found to give comparable NMN values with different urine specimens. Results of the analysis of 21 urine specimens by the new procedures agreed well with those by the method of Carpenter and Kodicek (Biochem. J. 46: 421, 1950) for which interpretation guidelines exist. Furthermore, it was found that eluates from the chromatographic purification of thiamine in urine with Decalso retained the NMN present in the original specimens, gave complete recoveries of added NMN and were free from nearly all interfering fluorescing substances; this purification would be advantageous for determining with accuracy and precision NMN levels in the urine of deficient subjects and could be used routinely when thiamine analysis has to be performed."}
{"id": "PMID:145179", "title": "Dosage effects for superoxide dismutase-1 in nucleated cells aneuploid for chromosome 21.", "content": "Assays of the activity of chromosome 21 determined superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) in lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear granulocytes have demonstrated 38% and 40% increases, respectively, in cells from individuals with trisomy 21. Similarly, SOD-1 activity in trisomic fibroblasts is increased by 81%, while cells monosomic for chromosome 21 have only 60% of normal activity. Taken together with the data on SOD-1 activities in trisomic erythrocytes and platelets, the present results firmly confirm the existence of a true dosage effect for this enzyme in cells aneuploid for chromosome 21. However, the results of assays of the activity of glutathione peroxidase in trisomic fibroblasts did not confirm the possibility previously reported of a chromosome 21 related dosage effect for this enzyme.", "contents": "Dosage effects for superoxide dismutase-1 in nucleated cells aneuploid for chromosome 21. Assays of the activity of chromosome 21 determined superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD-1) in lymphocytes and polymorphonuclear granulocytes have demonstrated 38% and 40% increases, respectively, in cells from individuals with trisomy 21. Similarly, SOD-1 activity in trisomic fibroblasts is increased by 81%, while cells monosomic for chromosome 21 have only 60% of normal activity. Taken together with the data on SOD-1 activities in trisomic erythrocytes and platelets, the present results firmly confirm the existence of a true dosage effect for this enzyme in cells aneuploid for chromosome 21. However, the results of assays of the activity of glutathione peroxidase in trisomic fibroblasts did not confirm the possibility previously reported of a chromosome 21 related dosage effect for this enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:145180", "title": "Mucopolysaccharide accumulation in cultured skin fibroblasts derived from patients with mucolipidosis IV.", "content": "Increased concentrations of total sulfated mucopolysaccharides (MPS), threefold, and hyaluronic acid (HA), 10-fold, were found in ML IV fibroblast extracts when compared to normal controls. Such accumulations altered the distribution of MPS:HA comprised 70% of total MPS in ML IV but only 30% in control cells. Intracellular sulfated MPS was observed accumulating almost linearly in ML IV fibroblasts. \"Pulse-chase\" experiments indicate that both HA and the sulfated MPS remain in the ML IV cells for long periods of time; in control cells, they are rapidly removed as low molecular weight, dialyzable fragments. These data suggest that the MPS accumulation in ML IV fibroblasts, is the consequence of a catabolic block, probably involving the lysosome.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharide accumulation in cultured skin fibroblasts derived from patients with mucolipidosis IV. Increased concentrations of total sulfated mucopolysaccharides (MPS), threefold, and hyaluronic acid (HA), 10-fold, were found in ML IV fibroblast extracts when compared to normal controls. Such accumulations altered the distribution of MPS:HA comprised 70% of total MPS in ML IV but only 30% in control cells. Intracellular sulfated MPS was observed accumulating almost linearly in ML IV fibroblasts. \"Pulse-chase\" experiments indicate that both HA and the sulfated MPS remain in the ML IV cells for long periods of time; in control cells, they are rapidly removed as low molecular weight, dialyzable fragments. These data suggest that the MPS accumulation in ML IV fibroblasts, is the consequence of a catabolic block, probably involving the lysosome."}
{"id": "PMID:145181", "title": "Dermatoglyphics in Down's syndrome patients of different racial origins.", "content": "To investigate whether the phenotypic resemblance of Down's syndrome patients of different racial origins extended to include their dermatoglyphic characteristics, we made comparisons of dermal pattern frequencies on digits, palms, and hallucal areas of white, black and Japanese patients and matched controls. The results showed similarities in frequencies of digital whorls and ulnar loops in patients of all racial groups, of patterns in hallucal, thenar/I, second and third interdigital areas in white and black patients, and of hypothenar patterns and t\" triradii in Japanese and black patients. The frequencies of the digital arches and remainder of the palmar configurations in patients of three racial groups showed significant, though often smaller, differences than those found in their controls.", "contents": "Dermatoglyphics in Down's syndrome patients of different racial origins. To investigate whether the phenotypic resemblance of Down's syndrome patients of different racial origins extended to include their dermatoglyphic characteristics, we made comparisons of dermal pattern frequencies on digits, palms, and hallucal areas of white, black and Japanese patients and matched controls. The results showed similarities in frequencies of digital whorls and ulnar loops in patients of all racial groups, of patterns in hallucal, thenar/I, second and third interdigital areas in white and black patients, and of hypothenar patterns and t\" triradii in Japanese and black patients. The frequencies of the digital arches and remainder of the palmar configurations in patients of three racial groups showed significant, though often smaller, differences than those found in their controls."}
{"id": "PMID:145182", "title": "Head Start has little to do with mental retardation: a reply to Clarke and Clarke.", "content": "Clarke and Clarke's (1977) critique of Head Start in an editorial on mental retardation is based upon questionable assumptions, a selective review of research, and errors in fact. There is considerable evidence that Head Start has improved the social competence of economically disadvantaged children.", "contents": "Head Start has little to do with mental retardation: a reply to Clarke and Clarke. Clarke and Clarke's (1977) critique of Head Start in an editorial on mental retardation is based upon questionable assumptions, a selective review of research, and errors in fact. There is considerable evidence that Head Start has improved the social competence of economically disadvantaged children."}
{"id": "PMID:145183", "title": "Auditory reinforcement in profoundly retarded multiply handicapped children.", "content": "Profoundly retarded multiply handicapped children were placed in a situation where auditory stimulation was made contingent on a visually directed level-pulling response. Two experiments were performed. In the first, a technique for establishing an effective reinforcer from a range of possible reinforcing stimuli was evaluated. In the second experiment, a multiple schedule was used to compare the effectiveness of a reinforcer whose efficacy was established in Experiment 1 with a second auditory stimulus. The selection of auditory reinforcers and an evaluation of their relative potency was achieved using these techniques. The results show the feasibility of systematic measurement of operant-conditioning effects with very severely handicapped subjects in a laboratory situation. The information gained concerning the effectiveness of auditory reinforcers has implications for behavior-modification programs with these children.", "contents": "Auditory reinforcement in profoundly retarded multiply handicapped children. Profoundly retarded multiply handicapped children were placed in a situation where auditory stimulation was made contingent on a visually directed level-pulling response. Two experiments were performed. In the first, a technique for establishing an effective reinforcer from a range of possible reinforcing stimuli was evaluated. In the second experiment, a multiple schedule was used to compare the effectiveness of a reinforcer whose efficacy was established in Experiment 1 with a second auditory stimulus. The selection of auditory reinforcers and an evaluation of their relative potency was achieved using these techniques. The results show the feasibility of systematic measurement of operant-conditioning effects with very severely handicapped subjects in a laboratory situation. The information gained concerning the effectiveness of auditory reinforcers has implications for behavior-modification programs with these children."}
{"id": "PMID:145186", "title": "A theory of endothelial control of corneal hydration.", "content": "The details of our previously described theory of how the endothelium controls corneal hydration in the absence of the epithelium are provided. A central postulate is that the endothelium can produce across its limiting plasma membranes an osmotic gradient that reduces stromal swelling pressure so that it does not exceed intraocular pressure during thinning of a swollen cornea.", "contents": "A theory of endothelial control of corneal hydration. The details of our previously described theory of how the endothelium controls corneal hydration in the absence of the epithelium are provided. A central postulate is that the endothelium can produce across its limiting plasma membranes an osmotic gradient that reduces stromal swelling pressure so that it does not exceed intraocular pressure during thinning of a swollen cornea."}
{"id": "PMID:145187", "title": "Chronic brain disease: an overview.", "content": "The author discusses the current state of clinical and pathological knowledge regarding chronic brain disease, focusing particularly on the dementias. His review of clinical studies deals with diagnostic issues and methods, etiology, and treatment. More basic research on brain alterations with aging, their relation to clinical manifestations of dementia, and studies of specific disorders are also reviewed. These disorders have been receiving increasing attention from psychiatrists, who are becoming more aware of the importance of organic cerebral factors in their patients' complaints. The need to understand the chronic brain diseases and their appropriate diagnosis and treatment will continue to grow as the proportion of older individuals in our society increases.", "contents": "Chronic brain disease: an overview. The author discusses the current state of clinical and pathological knowledge regarding chronic brain disease, focusing particularly on the dementias. His review of clinical studies deals with diagnostic issues and methods, etiology, and treatment. More basic research on brain alterations with aging, their relation to clinical manifestations of dementia, and studies of specific disorders are also reviewed. These disorders have been receiving increasing attention from psychiatrists, who are becoming more aware of the importance of organic cerebral factors in their patients' complaints. The need to understand the chronic brain diseases and their appropriate diagnosis and treatment will continue to grow as the proportion of older individuals in our society increases."}
{"id": "PMID:145190", "title": "Thymoxamine and intraocular pressure.", "content": "Topical treatment with 1% thymoxamine produces in rabbit and human eyes a small but real miotic and tension-lowering effect. The latter is more evident using two different models of experimental ocular hypertension in rabbits. In human open-angle glaucoma eyes, tonographic measurements indicate that the outflow facility is left unchanged by the drug.", "contents": "Thymoxamine and intraocular pressure. Topical treatment with 1% thymoxamine produces in rabbit and human eyes a small but real miotic and tension-lowering effect. The latter is more evident using two different models of experimental ocular hypertension in rabbits. In human open-angle glaucoma eyes, tonographic measurements indicate that the outflow facility is left unchanged by the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:145191", "title": "Establishment of a new bacteriophage set for typing avian staphylococci.", "content": "A new phage set was proposed for the typing of coagulase-positive staphylococci from chickens. The set was composed of 16 phages isolated from lysogenic staphylococci from chickens and 3 adapted phages derived from the international phage set. These phages were classified into 4 groups (I, II, III and IV) according to their host ranges. The 19 phages were used for typing 569 coagulase-positive staphylococci; 94.2% of the isolates were lysed by 1 or more phages, 88.0% at a routine test dilution, and 6.25% only at a routine test dilution X 100. The reacting ability of the phages seemed to be limited to staphylococci from chickens. It was proved that the phages were more accurate than the international phage set in typing staphylococci isolated from chicken in Japan.", "contents": "Establishment of a new bacteriophage set for typing avian staphylococci. A new phage set was proposed for the typing of coagulase-positive staphylococci from chickens. The set was composed of 16 phages isolated from lysogenic staphylococci from chickens and 3 adapted phages derived from the international phage set. These phages were classified into 4 groups (I, II, III and IV) according to their host ranges. The 19 phages were used for typing 569 coagulase-positive staphylococci; 94.2% of the isolates were lysed by 1 or more phages, 88.0% at a routine test dilution, and 6.25% only at a routine test dilution X 100. The reacting ability of the phages seemed to be limited to staphylococci from chickens. It was proved that the phages were more accurate than the international phage set in typing staphylococci isolated from chicken in Japan."}
{"id": "PMID:145192", "title": "Occurrence and seasonal behavior of gastrointestinal nematodes infecting Maine dairy cattle.", "content": "Gastrointestinal tracts of 48 yearling Maine dairy cattle were examined (8 animals every 2 months) for 1 year. Adult and immature nematodes were identified and counted. Species recovered were Bunostomum phlebotomum, Cooperia mcmasteri, Cooperia oncophora, Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia punctata, Haemonchus placei, Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Ostertagia circumcincta, Ostertagia lyrata, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostongylus axei, and Trichuris ovis. Strongyle parasitism was observed during every sampling period and the overall incidence was 93.7%. The most commonly encountered genera were Ostertagia spp (85.4%) and Cooperia spp (81.2%). Seasonal fluctuations in the worm burden of various nematodes were observed, with largest numbers seen in the fall. The incidence and degree of parasitism appeared to be related to environmental conditions. Proportions of adult and immature worms were shown to fluctuate with the time of year. Greatest numbers of immature worms were observed during the fall and winter.", "contents": "Occurrence and seasonal behavior of gastrointestinal nematodes infecting Maine dairy cattle. Gastrointestinal tracts of 48 yearling Maine dairy cattle were examined (8 animals every 2 months) for 1 year. Adult and immature nematodes were identified and counted. Species recovered were Bunostomum phlebotomum, Cooperia mcmasteri, Cooperia oncophora, Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia punctata, Haemonchus placei, Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, Ostertagia circumcincta, Ostertagia lyrata, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trichostongylus axei, and Trichuris ovis. Strongyle parasitism was observed during every sampling period and the overall incidence was 93.7%. The most commonly encountered genera were Ostertagia spp (85.4%) and Cooperia spp (81.2%). Seasonal fluctuations in the worm burden of various nematodes were observed, with largest numbers seen in the fall. The incidence and degree of parasitism appeared to be related to environmental conditions. Proportions of adult and immature worms were shown to fluctuate with the time of year. Greatest numbers of immature worms were observed during the fall and winter."}
{"id": "PMID:145193", "title": "Right ventricular enlargement in heartworm disease.", "content": "The size of the right ventricle of 15 dogs with spontaneous Dirofilaris immitis microfilaria was evaluated by thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, and right ventricular free wall weights. Based on electrocardiography and right ventricular weights, none of the 15 dogs had evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy. Based on radiography, only 2 of the 15 dogs had right ventricles of normal size. Right ventricular dilation in the absence of right ventricular hypertrophy was demonstrated. The right ventricle appears to dilate, prior to hypertrophy, in response to D immitis infestation.", "contents": "Right ventricular enlargement in heartworm disease. The size of the right ventricle of 15 dogs with spontaneous Dirofilaris immitis microfilaria was evaluated by thoracic radiography, electrocardiography, and right ventricular free wall weights. Based on electrocardiography and right ventricular weights, none of the 15 dogs had evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy. Based on radiography, only 2 of the 15 dogs had right ventricles of normal size. Right ventricular dilation in the absence of right ventricular hypertrophy was demonstrated. The right ventricle appears to dilate, prior to hypertrophy, in response to D immitis infestation."}
{"id": "PMID:145196", "title": "[Renal venous and inferior cava vein thrombosis post-catheterization (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of renal vein and inferior cava thrombosis in a previously catheterized infant with cyanotic congenital heart disease is reported. The different origins of R.V.T. in newborns and infants are briefly discussed. The different factors that favour the beginning of thrombotic process (cyanotic heart disease diabetic mother, etc.) are also emphasized. Some considerations are made on the danger inherent to the use of intravascular catheters.", "contents": "[Renal venous and inferior cava vein thrombosis post-catheterization (author's transl)]. A case of renal vein and inferior cava thrombosis in a previously catheterized infant with cyanotic congenital heart disease is reported. The different origins of R.V.T. in newborns and infants are briefly discussed. The different factors that favour the beginning of thrombotic process (cyanotic heart disease diabetic mother, etc.) are also emphasized. Some considerations are made on the danger inherent to the use of intravascular catheters."}
{"id": "PMID:145197", "title": "[Acute duodenal obstruction due to incomplete duodenal diaphragm and foreign bodies in a two-year old child (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of congenital incomplete duodenal diaphragm associated to foreign bodies, in a 28 months child with Down's syndrom is reported. This case had an acute beginning of the symptoms and a severe clinical picture. We discuss the clinical features diagnostic and therapeutic aspects.", "contents": "[Acute duodenal obstruction due to incomplete duodenal diaphragm and foreign bodies in a two-year old child (author's transl)]. A case of congenital incomplete duodenal diaphragm associated to foreign bodies, in a 28 months child with Down's syndrom is reported. This case had an acute beginning of the symptoms and a severe clinical picture. We discuss the clinical features diagnostic and therapeutic aspects."}
{"id": "PMID:145198", "title": "Musculoskeletal manifestations of bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "In a retrospective analysis of bacterial endocarditis, 84 of 192 cases (44%) were found to have musculoskeletal manifestations of one or more types. Common manifestations were arthralgias (32 cases), arthritis (26 cases), low back pain (24 cases), diffuse myalgia (16 cases), and myalgias localized to the thigh or calf (11 cases). The joint manifestations typically were monarticular or oligoarticular, and the myalgias were commonly unilateral. No association was found between the pattern of rheumatic symptoms and other clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, or causative bacterial organisms. In 52 patients (27%), musculoskeletal complaints were the first or among the first symptoms of bacterial endocarditis. The frequency and character of these manifestations and their tendency to occur early in the course of the disease indicate that they are an important feature of endocarditis which, if not recognized, may cause a delay in the diagnosis by mimicking a rheumatic disease.", "contents": "Musculoskeletal manifestations of bacterial endocarditis. In a retrospective analysis of bacterial endocarditis, 84 of 192 cases (44%) were found to have musculoskeletal manifestations of one or more types. Common manifestations were arthralgias (32 cases), arthritis (26 cases), low back pain (24 cases), diffuse myalgia (16 cases), and myalgias localized to the thigh or calf (11 cases). The joint manifestations typically were monarticular or oligoarticular, and the myalgias were commonly unilateral. No association was found between the pattern of rheumatic symptoms and other clinical manifestations, laboratory tests, or causative bacterial organisms. In 52 patients (27%), musculoskeletal complaints were the first or among the first symptoms of bacterial endocarditis. The frequency and character of these manifestations and their tendency to occur early in the course of the disease indicate that they are an important feature of endocarditis which, if not recognized, may cause a delay in the diagnosis by mimicking a rheumatic disease."}
{"id": "PMID:145199", "title": "[Cytogenetic study of 350 mental deficient patients at medico-pedagogic institutions].", "content": "This report brings to light the results of cytogenetic study carried out on 350 mentally retarded persons (medium: Group I, deep Group II). In 8,2% and 12,56% of the cases a chromosomic abnormality is observed (mainly trisomy 21). These percentages are in correlation with the results of other studies. Ante and peri natal pathology plays a very important part among exogenous factors. In numerous cases a multifactors etiology can be found as the cause of this mental retardation, the effect of an initial organic mental retardation being aggravated by precocious affective perturbations. For those cases without apparent etiology, a teratologic origin may be thought as their cause.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic study of 350 mental deficient patients at medico-pedagogic institutions]. This report brings to light the results of cytogenetic study carried out on 350 mentally retarded persons (medium: Group I, deep Group II). In 8,2% and 12,56% of the cases a chromosomic abnormality is observed (mainly trisomy 21). These percentages are in correlation with the results of other studies. Ante and peri natal pathology plays a very important part among exogenous factors. In numerous cases a multifactors etiology can be found as the cause of this mental retardation, the effect of an initial organic mental retardation being aggravated by precocious affective perturbations. For those cases without apparent etiology, a teratologic origin may be thought as their cause."}
{"id": "PMID:145201", "title": "Assessment of cardiac function in marathon runners by graphic noninvasive techniques.", "content": "The volume overload type of heart often observed in endurance athletes, was simulate a diseased heart. We used a battery of noninvasive graphic techniques, i.e., echocardiogram, apexcardiogram, carotid pulse, electrocardiogram, vectorcardiogram, phonocardiogram, systolic time intervals, and treadmill stress testing in 12 professional marathon runners, mean age 33.8 +/- 11.1. Twenty nonathletes matched for age, height, sex, and weight served as a control group. Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension in marathon runners averaged 5.53 +/- 0.5 cm compared to 4.81 +/- 0.04 cm in nonathletes (p less than 0.001), LV end-diastolic volume was 172.69 +/- 43.3 ml compared to 113.57 +/- 30.41 ml in nonathletes (p less than 0.001), stroke volume was 122.27 +/- 32.8 ml compared to 78.42 +/- 20.44 ml in non-athletes (p less than 0.001), the thickness of the posterior LV wall was 1.0 +/- 0.2 cm compared to 0.7 +/- 0.1 cm in nonathletes (p less than 0.001), and LV mass was significantly increased, 212.43 +/- 55.8 g compared to 123.48 +/- 24.54 g in non-athletes (p less than 0.01). Left atrium and aortic root were also relatively larger in athletes (p less than 0.01). Right ventricular end-diastolic dimension was enlarged in marathon runners (2.02 +/- 0.65 cm). No statistically significant differences were noted in ejection fraction, percentage of internal diameter shortening (% delta D) and PEP/LVET. The carotid tracing had a bisferiens pulse in five marathon runners. The apexcardiogram showed a bifid systolic thrust in three and absence of abnormal A wave. These abnormalities were related to the overload type of heart as proven by echocardiogram. \"Early repolarization syndrome\" (abnormal RS-T segment elevation) and notched T waves in ECG had a counterpart a semilunar configuration in the VCG. Three athletes met ECG criteria and one met VCG criteria of LVH. The treadmill exercise ECG was negative in all 12 athletes. Biventricular enlargement and increased left ventricular mass are present in the marathon runner's heart. Myocardial contractility at rest was, however, not statistically different from nonathletes.", "contents": "Assessment of cardiac function in marathon runners by graphic noninvasive techniques. The volume overload type of heart often observed in endurance athletes, was simulate a diseased heart. We used a battery of noninvasive graphic techniques, i.e., echocardiogram, apexcardiogram, carotid pulse, electrocardiogram, vectorcardiogram, phonocardiogram, systolic time intervals, and treadmill stress testing in 12 professional marathon runners, mean age 33.8 +/- 11.1. Twenty nonathletes matched for age, height, sex, and weight served as a control group. Left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic dimension in marathon runners averaged 5.53 +/- 0.5 cm compared to 4.81 +/- 0.04 cm in nonathletes (p less than 0.001), LV end-diastolic volume was 172.69 +/- 43.3 ml compared to 113.57 +/- 30.41 ml in nonathletes (p less than 0.001), stroke volume was 122.27 +/- 32.8 ml compared to 78.42 +/- 20.44 ml in non-athletes (p less than 0.001), the thickness of the posterior LV wall was 1.0 +/- 0.2 cm compared to 0.7 +/- 0.1 cm in nonathletes (p less than 0.001), and LV mass was significantly increased, 212.43 +/- 55.8 g compared to 123.48 +/- 24.54 g in non-athletes (p less than 0.01). Left atrium and aortic root were also relatively larger in athletes (p less than 0.01). Right ventricular end-diastolic dimension was enlarged in marathon runners (2.02 +/- 0.65 cm). No statistically significant differences were noted in ejection fraction, percentage of internal diameter shortening (% delta D) and PEP/LVET. The carotid tracing had a bisferiens pulse in five marathon runners. The apexcardiogram showed a bifid systolic thrust in three and absence of abnormal A wave. These abnormalities were related to the overload type of heart as proven by echocardiogram. \"Early repolarization syndrome\" (abnormal RS-T segment elevation) and notched T waves in ECG had a counterpart a semilunar configuration in the VCG. Three athletes met ECG criteria and one met VCG criteria of LVH. The treadmill exercise ECG was negative in all 12 athletes. Biventricular enlargement and increased left ventricular mass are present in the marathon runner's heart. Myocardial contractility at rest was, however, not statistically different from nonathletes."}
{"id": "PMID:145202", "title": "The athlete's heart syndrome: a new perspective.", "content": "Although earlier electrocardiographic and roentgenographic studies suggested that the heart of trained athletes differed from that of nonathletes, little was known of the cardiac dimensions of the athlete's heart until the advent of echocardiography. Echocardiographic studies have demonstrated that trained athletes may have increased left ventricular mass and that the structural change accounting for this increase is related to the type of physical conditioning. Athletes participating primarily in isotonic exercise have an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume with little or no increase in left ventricular wall thickness whereas those athletes participating primarily in isometric exercise have an increase in left ventricular wall thickness associated with normal left ventricular end-diastolic volume. Comparisons between echocardiographically determined cardiac changes in college and world class athletes were made, and the electrocardiographic and chest roentgenographic changes present in the athlete's heart syndrome were reviewed.", "contents": "The athlete's heart syndrome: a new perspective. Although earlier electrocardiographic and roentgenographic studies suggested that the heart of trained athletes differed from that of nonathletes, little was known of the cardiac dimensions of the athlete's heart until the advent of echocardiography. Echocardiographic studies have demonstrated that trained athletes may have increased left ventricular mass and that the structural change accounting for this increase is related to the type of physical conditioning. Athletes participating primarily in isotonic exercise have an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic volume with little or no increase in left ventricular wall thickness whereas those athletes participating primarily in isometric exercise have an increase in left ventricular wall thickness associated with normal left ventricular end-diastolic volume. Comparisons between echocardiographically determined cardiac changes in college and world class athletes were made, and the electrocardiographic and chest roentgenographic changes present in the athlete's heart syndrome were reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:145204", "title": "Iliopopliteal Dacron graft in treatment of advanced ischaemia of the leg.", "content": "This is a preliminary report of 14 patients treated for advanced ischaemic disease by iliopopliteal Dacron graft. In all the patients either the saphenous vein was not available for use or the occlusion was too long to be bypassed by saphenous vein. In these circumstances no alternative treatment exists other than amputation. The operation is not difficult and preliminary results are very favourable.", "contents": "Iliopopliteal Dacron graft in treatment of advanced ischaemia of the leg. This is a preliminary report of 14 patients treated for advanced ischaemic disease by iliopopliteal Dacron graft. In all the patients either the saphenous vein was not available for use or the occlusion was too long to be bypassed by saphenous vein. In these circumstances no alternative treatment exists other than amputation. The operation is not difficult and preliminary results are very favourable."}
{"id": "PMID:145203", "title": "[Report on two cases of bullous manifestations, one of which being a pemphigus, induced by penicillamine (author's transl)].", "content": "Cutaneous bullous disease may be induced by D-penicillamin. We have briefly reviewed what was then possible: bullosa epidermolysis, pemphigus, bullous toxiderma. We have had the opportunity to observe twice this phenomenon. In one case, as already mentioned about fifteen times in the literature, it was a pemphigus. Its clinical, histological and immunological features are mentioned, and its good prognosis confirmed. The other case gives matter to discussion about toxic pre-pemphigus.", "contents": "[Report on two cases of bullous manifestations, one of which being a pemphigus, induced by penicillamine (author's transl)]. Cutaneous bullous disease may be induced by D-penicillamin. We have briefly reviewed what was then possible: bullosa epidermolysis, pemphigus, bullous toxiderma. We have had the opportunity to observe twice this phenomenon. In one case, as already mentioned about fifteen times in the literature, it was a pemphigus. Its clinical, histological and immunological features are mentioned, and its good prognosis confirmed. The other case gives matter to discussion about toxic pre-pemphigus."}
{"id": "PMID:145206", "title": "Transfusion requirements of patients with enzyme deficient red blood cells.", "content": "Red cell enzyme deficiency disease states are reviewed to outline the requirements for transfusion therapy in the neonatal period, during spontaneous crises, drug or infection-induced crises and chronic anemia.", "contents": "Transfusion requirements of patients with enzyme deficient red blood cells. Red cell enzyme deficiency disease states are reviewed to outline the requirements for transfusion therapy in the neonatal period, during spontaneous crises, drug or infection-induced crises and chronic anemia."}
{"id": "PMID:145212", "title": "Deanol acetamidobenzoate treatment in choreiform movement disorders.", "content": "Deanol acetamidobenzoate was administered in double-blind, crossover fashion with placebo to five patients with tardive dyskinesia, three patients with Huntington's chorea, and one patient with posthemiplegic chorea. No significant effect on dyskinesia was observed. Preliminary administration of physostigmine salicylate to patients with tardive dyskinesia had a variable effect, while benztropine mesylate produced no change. Since the status of deanol as an effective precursor of acetylcholine is uncertain, further trials with putative cholinergic agents remain warranted in choreiform syndromes.", "contents": "Deanol acetamidobenzoate treatment in choreiform movement disorders. Deanol acetamidobenzoate was administered in double-blind, crossover fashion with placebo to five patients with tardive dyskinesia, three patients with Huntington's chorea, and one patient with posthemiplegic chorea. No significant effect on dyskinesia was observed. Preliminary administration of physostigmine salicylate to patients with tardive dyskinesia had a variable effect, while benztropine mesylate produced no change. Since the status of deanol as an effective precursor of acetylcholine is uncertain, further trials with putative cholinergic agents remain warranted in choreiform syndromes."}
{"id": "PMID:145209", "title": "[A comparative study of the development of trisomy 21 concepti and the growth of their cells in vitro].", "content": "Children with trisomy 21 are only a part of conceptuses with this anomaly which leads mainly to early arrests of development. Growth retardation of embryo and placenta are the main characteristics of these abortuses. Cell lines were established from tissues of trisomics 21 of different types of evolution (early spontaneous abortions, abortions after prenatal diagnosis, stillbirths and newborn-infants). Differences in the in vitro growth characteristics of these cells have been evidenced. They may explain the variations in the developmental potentials of trisomy 21 conceptuses.", "contents": "[A comparative study of the development of trisomy 21 concepti and the growth of their cells in vitro]. Children with trisomy 21 are only a part of conceptuses with this anomaly which leads mainly to early arrests of development. Growth retardation of embryo and placenta are the main characteristics of these abortuses. Cell lines were established from tissues of trisomics 21 of different types of evolution (early spontaneous abortions, abortions after prenatal diagnosis, stillbirths and newborn-infants). Differences in the in vitro growth characteristics of these cells have been evidenced. They may explain the variations in the developmental potentials of trisomy 21 conceptuses."}
{"id": "PMID:145210", "title": "[Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations in normal boys and in those with growth retardation].", "content": "Radioimmunoassay of plasma DHA in 179 boys 2 to 16 years old has allowed assessment of normal values (mean and 95% confidence limits) increasing with age on a log DHA/age relationship. Plasma DHA was normal in 58 cases of male idiopathic growth retardation and 40 boys with delayed adolescence. It was significantly increased in 42 obese boys. DHA levels were normal in 10 hypopituitary dwarfs with isolated GH deficiency, and significantly decreased in 24 others with multiple pituitary deficiencies. In pituitary dwarfism, a lowered DHA level may be a reliable index of ACTH deficiency, and may be of importance for evaluation of therapeutic programmes.", "contents": "[Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations in normal boys and in those with growth retardation]. Radioimmunoassay of plasma DHA in 179 boys 2 to 16 years old has allowed assessment of normal values (mean and 95% confidence limits) increasing with age on a log DHA/age relationship. Plasma DHA was normal in 58 cases of male idiopathic growth retardation and 40 boys with delayed adolescence. It was significantly increased in 42 obese boys. DHA levels were normal in 10 hypopituitary dwarfs with isolated GH deficiency, and significantly decreased in 24 others with multiple pituitary deficiencies. In pituitary dwarfism, a lowered DHA level may be a reliable index of ACTH deficiency, and may be of importance for evaluation of therapeutic programmes."}
{"id": "PMID:145216", "title": "[Occupational dermatitis due to inhalation and ingestion].", "content": "Occupational materials contacted systemically, either by inhalation or ingestion, are capable of producing toxic as well as allergic skin reactions in exposed persons. Depigmentations of vitiligo type due to paratertiary butyl-phenol, various exanthems due to trichlorethylene fumes in the metal industry and due to alpha-phenylindole in the plastics industry, and the so-called vinyl chloride sickness in the PVC industry are examples of conditions with a probable toxic pathogenesis. Allergic skin conditions may occur as either immediate type (urticaria and Quincke's edema) or delayed type (endogenic contact eczema, more rarely pigmented purpuric eruptions) reactions. Relevant examples from the literature and our own case histories are briefly presented. Some types of eczema and dysidrosiform eruptions, which show an immediate type sensitization to occupational allergens of a protein nature in the skin tests, are difficult to interpret pathogenically. The prototype of such reactions is bakers' eczema with cutaneous vascular sensitization to flour. In addition, farmers' eczema can be related to an immediate type sensitivity to animal hair, resp. farm dust. Our own observations concerning such cases are briefly described.", "contents": "[Occupational dermatitis due to inhalation and ingestion]. Occupational materials contacted systemically, either by inhalation or ingestion, are capable of producing toxic as well as allergic skin reactions in exposed persons. Depigmentations of vitiligo type due to paratertiary butyl-phenol, various exanthems due to trichlorethylene fumes in the metal industry and due to alpha-phenylindole in the plastics industry, and the so-called vinyl chloride sickness in the PVC industry are examples of conditions with a probable toxic pathogenesis. Allergic skin conditions may occur as either immediate type (urticaria and Quincke's edema) or delayed type (endogenic contact eczema, more rarely pigmented purpuric eruptions) reactions. Relevant examples from the literature and our own case histories are briefly presented. Some types of eczema and dysidrosiform eruptions, which show an immediate type sensitization to occupational allergens of a protein nature in the skin tests, are difficult to interpret pathogenically. The prototype of such reactions is bakers' eczema with cutaneous vascular sensitization to flour. In addition, farmers' eczema can be related to an immediate type sensitivity to animal hair, resp. farm dust. Our own observations concerning such cases are briefly described."}
{"id": "PMID:145217", "title": "[Contact eczema in rubberhose makers].", "content": "4 tube-bonelace-makers of a rubber tube plant suffered from an allergic contact dermatitis due to rubberdyes of azotype. The cause is a permanent contamination of the skin by coloured rubber solutions used for sticking and signing the enclosed textures of the different tubes, bags and hoses.", "contents": "[Contact eczema in rubberhose makers]. 4 tube-bonelace-makers of a rubber tube plant suffered from an allergic contact dermatitis due to rubberdyes of azotype. The cause is a permanent contamination of the skin by coloured rubber solutions used for sticking and signing the enclosed textures of the different tubes, bags and hoses."}
{"id": "PMID:145218", "title": "[Skin diseases and working disability in the Netherlands. II. Catamnestic study in 3 groups of patients with occupational contact eczema].", "content": "A follow-up study was performed of the medical and social condition of 164 patients with an occupational allergic contact dermatitis. A change of work did not always lead to an improvement of the dermatitis. A number of patients improved without changing their job. It is suggested that a change of occupation can only be advised to these patients if the causal allergen can be avoided completely by doing so and only by doing so; at the same time one must reckon with other aetiologic factors and the social situation after change of work. Moreover it is pointed out that patients who changed their occupation did hardly use the possibilities, created by the Dutch law, to obtain expert advice or to be retrained for another job at the expense of the community.", "contents": "[Skin diseases and working disability in the Netherlands. II. Catamnestic study in 3 groups of patients with occupational contact eczema]. A follow-up study was performed of the medical and social condition of 164 patients with an occupational allergic contact dermatitis. A change of work did not always lead to an improvement of the dermatitis. A number of patients improved without changing their job. It is suggested that a change of occupation can only be advised to these patients if the causal allergen can be avoided completely by doing so and only by doing so; at the same time one must reckon with other aetiologic factors and the social situation after change of work. Moreover it is pointed out that patients who changed their occupation did hardly use the possibilities, created by the Dutch law, to obtain expert advice or to be retrained for another job at the expense of the community."}
{"id": "PMID:145215", "title": "[Quantitative morphology of coronary arteriosclerosis and coronary insufficiency in heart hypertrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "After post-mortem coronary angiography the degree of ventricular hypertrophy was estimated on 18 hearts. The cases were divided in three groups: 9 hearts with right ventricular hypertrophy, 4 hearts with left ventricular hypertrophy and 5 hearts with hypertrophy of both ventricles. Cytophotometric studies revealed a close correlation between absolute weight of heart segments and DNA content of muscle cell nuclei of both ventricles . Radius and area of lumen, thickness and area of both intima and media were measured at serial cross sections of all three coronary arteries. Using these data indices on coronary sclerosis and, including the heart weight, indices on coronary insufficiency were calculated. By determining these indices for the isolated right and left ventricle and the interventricular septum additional criteria suggesting failure of coronary perfusion were obtained. These criteria disclosed that in cases of right ventricular hypertrophy the connective tissue of the right ventricular myocardium was increased only at high values of the insufficiency indices. On the other hand in cases of left ventricular hypertrophy the morphological features of decreased perfusion of the right ventricle were observed at low index values. In all three groups the increased vulnerability of the left ventricle to failure of coronary perfusion was numerically proved.", "contents": "[Quantitative morphology of coronary arteriosclerosis and coronary insufficiency in heart hypertrophy (author's transl)]. After post-mortem coronary angiography the degree of ventricular hypertrophy was estimated on 18 hearts. The cases were divided in three groups: 9 hearts with right ventricular hypertrophy, 4 hearts with left ventricular hypertrophy and 5 hearts with hypertrophy of both ventricles. Cytophotometric studies revealed a close correlation between absolute weight of heart segments and DNA content of muscle cell nuclei of both ventricles . Radius and area of lumen, thickness and area of both intima and media were measured at serial cross sections of all three coronary arteries. Using these data indices on coronary sclerosis and, including the heart weight, indices on coronary insufficiency were calculated. By determining these indices for the isolated right and left ventricle and the interventricular septum additional criteria suggesting failure of coronary perfusion were obtained. These criteria disclosed that in cases of right ventricular hypertrophy the connective tissue of the right ventricular myocardium was increased only at high values of the insufficiency indices. On the other hand in cases of left ventricular hypertrophy the morphological features of decreased perfusion of the right ventricle were observed at low index values. In all three groups the increased vulnerability of the left ventricle to failure of coronary perfusion was numerically proved."}
{"id": "PMID:145219", "title": "[Dermatomycoses in miners of the \"Anna\" mine].", "content": "100 miners have been examined for mycosis pedis. All had interdigital macerations, mainly of both feet. 57 cultures of fungi were positive. Blastomyces and especially Candida albicans were the most frequent fungi. Some remarks are made concerning individual hygiene and surface disinfection.", "contents": "[Dermatomycoses in miners of the \"Anna\" mine]. 100 miners have been examined for mycosis pedis. All had interdigital macerations, mainly of both feet. 57 cultures of fungi were positive. Blastomyces and especially Candida albicans were the most frequent fungi. Some remarks are made concerning individual hygiene and surface disinfection."}
{"id": "PMID:145220", "title": "[Epidemiology of occupational disease among bricklayers in Nigeria. Effects of age and duration of contact].", "content": "Clinical and epidemiological investigations on 240 bricklayers in Nigeria show an incidence of 2,3% of cement-eczema, 2,0% of wear and tear dermatosis, and 2,8% of sensitivity against chrome. None of the examined showed a concomitant reaction to cobalt chloride. The workers with longest professional contact with cement showed the highest incidence of cement-eczema, and sensitivity against chrome. Workers of the lower age group had a higher alkali neutralization power of the skin than the older workers. The same tendency was noticed in the control tests. Generally, the African skin showed a higher alkali neutralization power than the white skin. The discussion tried to expand on the possible factors which could have influenced the observed rate of sensitization in Nigeria.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of occupational disease among bricklayers in Nigeria. Effects of age and duration of contact]. Clinical and epidemiological investigations on 240 bricklayers in Nigeria show an incidence of 2,3% of cement-eczema, 2,0% of wear and tear dermatosis, and 2,8% of sensitivity against chrome. None of the examined showed a concomitant reaction to cobalt chloride. The workers with longest professional contact with cement showed the highest incidence of cement-eczema, and sensitivity against chrome. Workers of the lower age group had a higher alkali neutralization power of the skin than the older workers. The same tendency was noticed in the control tests. Generally, the African skin showed a higher alkali neutralization power than the white skin. The discussion tried to expand on the possible factors which could have influenced the observed rate of sensitization in Nigeria."}
{"id": "PMID:145221", "title": "Adenosine triphosphatase and adenosine diphosphate/adenosine triphosphate isotope-exchange activities of the chromaffin-granule membrane.", "content": "The association of adenosine triphosphatase and ADP/ATP isotope-exchange activities with chromaffin-granule membranes was shown by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. The two activities were solubilized, and separated by differential sedimentation.", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphatase and adenosine diphosphate/adenosine triphosphate isotope-exchange activities of the chromaffin-granule membrane. The association of adenosine triphosphatase and ADP/ATP isotope-exchange activities with chromaffin-granule membranes was shown by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation. The two activities were solubilized, and separated by differential sedimentation."}
{"id": "PMID:145228", "title": "Left ventricular performance in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy caused by systemic arterial hypertension.", "content": "To assess the adaptation of the left ventricle to a chronic pressure overload we used echocardiography to study 18 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy caused by systemic arterial hypertension. Increased values for either posterior wall or interventricular septal thickness or both confirmed the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy in all patients and an increase in the average wall thickness to radius ratio was consistent with the development of concentric hypertrophy. No patient had clinical evidence of ischaemic heart disease. Ejection phase indices of left ventricular performance (mean Vcf, fractional per cent of shortening, normalised posterior wall velocity, and ejection fraction) were within the normal range in the basal state in 16 of the 18 patients. The hypothesis is advanced that patients with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy resulting from systemic arterial hypertension usually have normal left ventricular performance in the basal state because values for wall stress remain within the normal range. We conclude that the hypertrophic response to a chronic increase in systemic arterial pressure does not per se result in depression of the basal inotropic state of the left ventricle.", "contents": "Left ventricular performance in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy caused by systemic arterial hypertension. To assess the adaptation of the left ventricle to a chronic pressure overload we used echocardiography to study 18 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy caused by systemic arterial hypertension. Increased values for either posterior wall or interventricular septal thickness or both confirmed the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy in all patients and an increase in the average wall thickness to radius ratio was consistent with the development of concentric hypertrophy. No patient had clinical evidence of ischaemic heart disease. Ejection phase indices of left ventricular performance (mean Vcf, fractional per cent of shortening, normalised posterior wall velocity, and ejection fraction) were within the normal range in the basal state in 16 of the 18 patients. The hypothesis is advanced that patients with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy resulting from systemic arterial hypertension usually have normal left ventricular performance in the basal state because values for wall stress remain within the normal range. We conclude that the hypertrophic response to a chronic increase in systemic arterial pressure does not per se result in depression of the basal inotropic state of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:145229", "title": "Myopotential inhibition of a bipolar pacemaker caused by electrode insulation defect.", "content": "A patient is described in whom myopotentials orginating from the anterior abdominal wall muscle suppressed the implanted demand pacemaker despite its bipolar mode of action. This phenomenon was shown by simultaneous recording of the electrocardiogram the electromyogram. At operation, a defect in the insulation of a previously repaired epicardial electrode was found lying in close proximity to these muscles. After repair of the insulation defect, normal pacemaker function was restored. It is suggested that the myopotentials leaked into the pacing system through the insulation defect, thereby suppressing the demand unit, which maintained its bipolar mode of pacing throughout.", "contents": "Myopotential inhibition of a bipolar pacemaker caused by electrode insulation defect. A patient is described in whom myopotentials orginating from the anterior abdominal wall muscle suppressed the implanted demand pacemaker despite its bipolar mode of action. This phenomenon was shown by simultaneous recording of the electrocardiogram the electromyogram. At operation, a defect in the insulation of a previously repaired epicardial electrode was found lying in close proximity to these muscles. After repair of the insulation defect, normal pacemaker function was restored. It is suggested that the myopotentials leaked into the pacing system through the insulation defect, thereby suppressing the demand unit, which maintained its bipolar mode of pacing throughout."}
{"id": "PMID:145230", "title": "Ketamine as the sole anaesthetic agent for laparoscopic sterilization. The effects of premedication on the frequency of adverse clinical reactions.", "content": "Ketamine, as the sole anaesthetic agent, was assessed in a double-blind study of 135 female patients who underwent laparoscopic sterilization. The patients were allocated randomly to one of four groups according to the type (pentobarbitone or droperidol) and route (i.v. or i.m.) of premedication. In addition all the patients received hyoscine i.m. Neither pentobarbitone nor droperidol prevented adverse emergence reactions and the total frequency of dream-like activity. However, patients who received pentobarbitone i.v. did not recall unpleasant dream-like activity. Patients who received droperidol i.v. had the shortest recovery time after ketamine anaesthesia. There was a high incidence of visual disturbances in all groups. Droperidol protected against the initial increase of heart rate, and pentobarbitone against the increase in arterial systolic pressure associated with ketamine.", "contents": "Ketamine as the sole anaesthetic agent for laparoscopic sterilization. The effects of premedication on the frequency of adverse clinical reactions. Ketamine, as the sole anaesthetic agent, was assessed in a double-blind study of 135 female patients who underwent laparoscopic sterilization. The patients were allocated randomly to one of four groups according to the type (pentobarbitone or droperidol) and route (i.v. or i.m.) of premedication. In addition all the patients received hyoscine i.m. Neither pentobarbitone nor droperidol prevented adverse emergence reactions and the total frequency of dream-like activity. However, patients who received pentobarbitone i.v. did not recall unpleasant dream-like activity. Patients who received droperidol i.v. had the shortest recovery time after ketamine anaesthesia. There was a high incidence of visual disturbances in all groups. Droperidol protected against the initial increase of heart rate, and pentobarbitone against the increase in arterial systolic pressure associated with ketamine."}
{"id": "PMID:145231", "title": "Anaesthesia and Huntington's chorea. A report of two cases.", "content": "Two patients with Huntington's chorea were anaesthetized successfully with a technique including thiopentone, nitrous oxide and either a narcotic analgesic or halothane; pancuronium was employed for myoneural blockade.", "contents": "Anaesthesia and Huntington's chorea. A report of two cases. Two patients with Huntington's chorea were anaesthetized successfully with a technique including thiopentone, nitrous oxide and either a narcotic analgesic or halothane; pancuronium was employed for myoneural blockade."}
{"id": "PMID:145232", "title": "Maternal-fetal mixed lymphocyte reactivity in pre-eclampsia.", "content": "Two-way mixed lymphocyte reactivity (2-way-MLR) between maternal and fetal lymphocytes in vitro, and one-way mixed lymphocyte reactivity (1-way-MLR) of maternal lymphocytes (responders) to stimulation by mitomycin-treated fetal lymphocytes (stimulators), were investigated in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. No relationship was observed between pre-eclampsia and the 2-way-MLR. The 1-way-MLR was lowest in normal pregnancy, higher in mild pre-eclampsia, and highest in severe pre-eclampsia, although none of these differences were statistically significant.", "contents": "Maternal-fetal mixed lymphocyte reactivity in pre-eclampsia. Two-way mixed lymphocyte reactivity (2-way-MLR) between maternal and fetal lymphocytes in vitro, and one-way mixed lymphocyte reactivity (1-way-MLR) of maternal lymphocytes (responders) to stimulation by mitomycin-treated fetal lymphocytes (stimulators), were investigated in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancies. No relationship was observed between pre-eclampsia and the 2-way-MLR. The 1-way-MLR was lowest in normal pregnancy, higher in mild pre-eclampsia, and highest in severe pre-eclampsia, although none of these differences were statistically significant."}
{"id": "PMID:145233", "title": "A preliminary study of biochemical changes in the rat small intestine following long-term ingestion of chrysotile asbestos.", "content": "Changes are reported in the DNA, RNA, protein and brush border enzymes in the small intestine mucosal lining cells and gut lumen, induced by maintaining rats on a diet containing chrysotile asbestos for 10 months. Intracellular levels of RNA, DNA and protein remained unchanged but significant alterations, consistent with a mineral-induced cytotoxicity, were found in the lumen level of DNA (increased) and RNA (decreased) in asbestos-treated rats. Most intracellular enzyme levels were consistently, but not significantly, elevated in animals maintained on diets containing asbestos whilst the activities within the lumen were significantly higher than those found in normal animals. The presence of cigarette smoke alone in the diet induced changes in intracellular RNA and lumen ATPase but the combined effect of cigarette smoke and asbestos was rarely different from the alterations induced by asbestos alone on the majority of parameters studied.", "contents": "A preliminary study of biochemical changes in the rat small intestine following long-term ingestion of chrysotile asbestos. Changes are reported in the DNA, RNA, protein and brush border enzymes in the small intestine mucosal lining cells and gut lumen, induced by maintaining rats on a diet containing chrysotile asbestos for 10 months. Intracellular levels of RNA, DNA and protein remained unchanged but significant alterations, consistent with a mineral-induced cytotoxicity, were found in the lumen level of DNA (increased) and RNA (decreased) in asbestos-treated rats. Most intracellular enzyme levels were consistently, but not significantly, elevated in animals maintained on diets containing asbestos whilst the activities within the lumen were significantly higher than those found in normal animals. The presence of cigarette smoke alone in the diet induced changes in intracellular RNA and lumen ATPase but the combined effect of cigarette smoke and asbestos was rarely different from the alterations induced by asbestos alone on the majority of parameters studied."}
{"id": "PMID:145235", "title": "Androgen receptor in human skin.", "content": "Cytosol androgen receptor was assayed in 18 human skin biopsies by an exchange technique with a labelled potent synthetic androgen, methyltrienolone (R 1881), under conditions which measured total (i.e. both free and occupied) binding sites. Androgen binding sites were only present in skin biopsies from patients with marked seborrhoea often accompanied by acne (8 cases) and no sites were detected in normal skin biopsies (7 cases). Three biopsies from seborrhoeic patients, however, did not contain androgen receptor. Although no direct quantitative correlation could be drawn between binding site concentration and sebum excretion, it would seem that the androgen receptor content nevertheless constitutes an important parameter in the study of the hormonal control of seborrhoea.", "contents": "Androgen receptor in human skin. Cytosol androgen receptor was assayed in 18 human skin biopsies by an exchange technique with a labelled potent synthetic androgen, methyltrienolone (R 1881), under conditions which measured total (i.e. both free and occupied) binding sites. Androgen binding sites were only present in skin biopsies from patients with marked seborrhoea often accompanied by acne (8 cases) and no sites were detected in normal skin biopsies (7 cases). Three biopsies from seborrhoeic patients, however, did not contain androgen receptor. Although no direct quantitative correlation could be drawn between binding site concentration and sebum excretion, it would seem that the androgen receptor content nevertheless constitutes an important parameter in the study of the hormonal control of seborrhoea."}
{"id": "PMID:145237", "title": "A double-blind study of the effect of zinc and oxytetracycline in acne vulgaris.", "content": "With a double-blind technique, the effects of oral zinc and tetracyclines were compared in 37 patients with moderate and severe acne. No difference in effect between the treatments was seen and no side-effects were noted in any group. After 12 weeks of treatment, the average decrease in the acne score was about 70% in both groups.", "contents": "A double-blind study of the effect of zinc and oxytetracycline in acne vulgaris. With a double-blind technique, the effects of oral zinc and tetracyclines were compared in 37 patients with moderate and severe acne. No difference in effect between the treatments was seen and no side-effects were noted in any group. After 12 weeks of treatment, the average decrease in the acne score was about 70% in both groups."}
{"id": "PMID:145238", "title": "Iododerma after high dose urography in an oliguric patient.", "content": "A case of iododerma caused by iodinated urographic contrast media is presented. It seems possible that iodide is split from the organic molecule in patients with severe renal impairment.", "contents": "Iododerma after high dose urography in an oliguric patient. A case of iododerma caused by iodinated urographic contrast media is presented. It seems possible that iodide is split from the organic molecule in patients with severe renal impairment."}
{"id": "PMID:145240", "title": "Changes in the activities of some membrane-associated enzymes during in vivo ageing of the normal human erythrocyte.", "content": "Human erythrocytes from healthy male donors were fractionated with respect to in vivo age by simple centrifugation in order to characterize changes in the functional integrity of the membrane during the life-span of the cell. The three enzymes, Na/K-ATPase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADH-ferricyanide reductase, were found not to change with age, but significant age-dependent decreases were observed in the cases of acetylcholinesterase, phosphoglycerate kinase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, adenylate kinase, Mg-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase. The possibility that these changes were attributable to mechanisms other than age-related inactivation, such as reticulocyte contamination, differential resealing and crypticity, was investigated. Only the decrease in acetylcholinesterase could be explained wholly in terms of reticulocyte contamination. A decrease in membrane integrity on ageing was observed, which accounted for approximately half the change in alkaline phosphatase and may have contributed to the other enzyme activity changes. This membrane integrity effect masked a real decrease in the highly cryptic NADH-ferricyanide reductase, this decrease being apparent only after total disaggregation of the membrane with nonionic surfactant.", "contents": "Changes in the activities of some membrane-associated enzymes during in vivo ageing of the normal human erythrocyte. Human erythrocytes from healthy male donors were fractionated with respect to in vivo age by simple centrifugation in order to characterize changes in the functional integrity of the membrane during the life-span of the cell. The three enzymes, Na/K-ATPase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADH-ferricyanide reductase, were found not to change with age, but significant age-dependent decreases were observed in the cases of acetylcholinesterase, phosphoglycerate kinase, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, adenylate kinase, Mg-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase. The possibility that these changes were attributable to mechanisms other than age-related inactivation, such as reticulocyte contamination, differential resealing and crypticity, was investigated. Only the decrease in acetylcholinesterase could be explained wholly in terms of reticulocyte contamination. A decrease in membrane integrity on ageing was observed, which accounted for approximately half the change in alkaline phosphatase and may have contributed to the other enzyme activity changes. This membrane integrity effect masked a real decrease in the highly cryptic NADH-ferricyanide reductase, this decrease being apparent only after total disaggregation of the membrane with nonionic surfactant."}
{"id": "PMID:145241", "title": "Steady-state kinetics of smooth muscle myosin.", "content": "The kinetic properties of purified smooth muscle myosin, free of actin, have been examined. Analysis of the steady-state kinetic data revealed an intermediary plateau region on the substrate saturation curves. In addition, these data, when analyzed by Hill and Lineweaver and Burk plots, indicate both positive and negative cooperativity, suggesting at least four substrate binding sites. The plateau region was abolished when the kinetic measurements were made at pH 5.5 and 9.0. Both positive and negative cooperative effects were absent at pH 9.0 and hyperbolic kinetics was observed. In contrast, at pH 5.5, although the plateau region was abolished, the enzyme exhibited positive cooperativity of substrate binding. When either heated or urea treated enzyme was used for kinetic measurements: (i) the plateau region shifted toward higher substrate concentration range; (ii) the cooperativity of binding sites was lost at low substrate concentrations but was instead seen at higher concentrations; and (iii) the Vmax was doubled. These data have been interpreted as due to ligand-induced conformational changes in the enzyme according to J. Teipel and D. E. Koshland, Jr. (1969).", "contents": "Steady-state kinetics of smooth muscle myosin. The kinetic properties of purified smooth muscle myosin, free of actin, have been examined. Analysis of the steady-state kinetic data revealed an intermediary plateau region on the substrate saturation curves. In addition, these data, when analyzed by Hill and Lineweaver and Burk plots, indicate both positive and negative cooperativity, suggesting at least four substrate binding sites. The plateau region was abolished when the kinetic measurements were made at pH 5.5 and 9.0. Both positive and negative cooperative effects were absent at pH 9.0 and hyperbolic kinetics was observed. In contrast, at pH 5.5, although the plateau region was abolished, the enzyme exhibited positive cooperativity of substrate binding. When either heated or urea treated enzyme was used for kinetic measurements: (i) the plateau region shifted toward higher substrate concentration range; (ii) the cooperativity of binding sites was lost at low substrate concentrations but was instead seen at higher concentrations; and (iii) the Vmax was doubled. These data have been interpreted as due to ligand-induced conformational changes in the enzyme according to J. Teipel and D. E. Koshland, Jr. (1969)."}
{"id": "PMID:145242", "title": "Cold lability of membrane-bound F1-ATPase.", "content": "1. Preincubation of MgATP submitochondrial particles with EDTA or Tris.HCl liberated a measurable amount of ATPase inhibitor that could be rapidly purified using only trichloroacetic acid precipitation and heat treatment. 2. In spite of the emergence of high ATPase activity, a considerable amount of ATPase inhibitor was left in the particles. Comparative analysis of other submitochondrial preparations indicated that only AS-particles were effectively depleted. 3. The high ATPase activity of inhibitor-deficient particles, was labile at low temperature provided that the exposure to cold was done in the presence of MgATP. Other nucleotides could not substitute for ATP. Glycerol inhibited and salts enhanced the cold inactivation of membrane-bound F1-ATPase. Isolation of F1-ATPase from cold-inactivated particles yielded a soluble preparation of correspondingly lower activity. 4. It is concluded that together with the increase of ATPase activity, the ATP-dependent cold lability of membrane-bound F1-ATPase and the dislocation of ATPase inhibitor at non operative sites reveal the extent of ATPase complex disorganization.", "contents": "Cold lability of membrane-bound F1-ATPase. 1. Preincubation of MgATP submitochondrial particles with EDTA or Tris.HCl liberated a measurable amount of ATPase inhibitor that could be rapidly purified using only trichloroacetic acid precipitation and heat treatment. 2. In spite of the emergence of high ATPase activity, a considerable amount of ATPase inhibitor was left in the particles. Comparative analysis of other submitochondrial preparations indicated that only AS-particles were effectively depleted. 3. The high ATPase activity of inhibitor-deficient particles, was labile at low temperature provided that the exposure to cold was done in the presence of MgATP. Other nucleotides could not substitute for ATP. Glycerol inhibited and salts enhanced the cold inactivation of membrane-bound F1-ATPase. Isolation of F1-ATPase from cold-inactivated particles yielded a soluble preparation of correspondingly lower activity. 4. It is concluded that together with the increase of ATPase activity, the ATP-dependent cold lability of membrane-bound F1-ATPase and the dislocation of ATPase inhibitor at non operative sites reveal the extent of ATPase complex disorganization."}
{"id": "PMID:145244", "title": "The binding of aurovertin to isolated F1 (mitochondrial ATPase).", "content": "1. Isolated F1 contains 14.9% N, indicating the presence of at least 8% non-protein material. The Lowry method, standardized with bovine serum albumin, correctly measures the protein content. 2. An extinction coefficient of 28.5 mM-1.cm-1 at 367.5 nm was found for aurovertin D in ethanol. 3. The fluorescence enhancement of aurovertin bound to F1 at pH 7.5 was found to be more than 100-fold. 4. Binding parameters calculated from the fluorescence enhancement with fixed F1 and variable aurovertin concentrations, and vice versa, indicate two binding sites per F1 molecule. 5. The fluorescence data are not readily interpreted on the basis of successive binding of aurovertin by 3-component binding reactions of the form E + A in equilibrium EA, but fit closely a model of two non-interacting sites binding aurovertin in a 4-component reaction, EF + A in equilibrium EA + F, with an equilibrium constant of about 2.", "contents": "The binding of aurovertin to isolated F1 (mitochondrial ATPase). 1. Isolated F1 contains 14.9% N, indicating the presence of at least 8% non-protein material. The Lowry method, standardized with bovine serum albumin, correctly measures the protein content. 2. An extinction coefficient of 28.5 mM-1.cm-1 at 367.5 nm was found for aurovertin D in ethanol. 3. The fluorescence enhancement of aurovertin bound to F1 at pH 7.5 was found to be more than 100-fold. 4. Binding parameters calculated from the fluorescence enhancement with fixed F1 and variable aurovertin concentrations, and vice versa, indicate two binding sites per F1 molecule. 5. The fluorescence data are not readily interpreted on the basis of successive binding of aurovertin by 3-component binding reactions of the form E + A in equilibrium EA, but fit closely a model of two non-interacting sites binding aurovertin in a 4-component reaction, EF + A in equilibrium EA + F, with an equilibrium constant of about 2."}
{"id": "PMID:145245", "title": "The binding of aurovertin to isolated beta subunit of F1 (mitochondrial ATPase). Stoicheiometry of beta subunit in F1.", "content": "1. Beef-heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) is inactivated and dissociated by incubation with 0.85 M LiCl. ATP partly protects against inactivation. Three dissociation products could be identified after chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose: the delta subunit which is not adsorbed, the beta subunit which may be eluted from the column, and the alpha and gamma subunits which remain bound to the column. 2. Aurovertin binds to dissociated F1 with a fluorescence enhancement equal to about 30% that found with F1. Unlike intact F1 which shows two kinetically separated phases of fluorescence enhancement, only a fast phase is found with dissociated enzyme. 3. Fluorescence measurements at varying aurovertin and protein concentrations indicate that aurovertin binds to dissociated F1 in a simple 3-component reaction with dissociation constant 0.4 muM. There are two indistinguishable binding sites, calculated on the basis of the initial F1 concentration before dissociation. 4. The beta subunit was isolated from dissociated F1 by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. It has no ATPase activity but reacts with aurovertin with a fluorescence enhancement similar to that of dissociated F1. 5. The isolated beta subunit contains one aurovertin binding site with a dissociation constant of 0.56 muM. 6. It is concluded that F1 contains two beta subunits.", "contents": "The binding of aurovertin to isolated beta subunit of F1 (mitochondrial ATPase). Stoicheiometry of beta subunit in F1. 1. Beef-heart mitochondrial ATPase (F1) is inactivated and dissociated by incubation with 0.85 M LiCl. ATP partly protects against inactivation. Three dissociation products could be identified after chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose: the delta subunit which is not adsorbed, the beta subunit which may be eluted from the column, and the alpha and gamma subunits which remain bound to the column. 2. Aurovertin binds to dissociated F1 with a fluorescence enhancement equal to about 30% that found with F1. Unlike intact F1 which shows two kinetically separated phases of fluorescence enhancement, only a fast phase is found with dissociated enzyme. 3. Fluorescence measurements at varying aurovertin and protein concentrations indicate that aurovertin binds to dissociated F1 in a simple 3-component reaction with dissociation constant 0.4 muM. There are two indistinguishable binding sites, calculated on the basis of the initial F1 concentration before dissociation. 4. The beta subunit was isolated from dissociated F1 by DEAE-cellulose chromatography. It has no ATPase activity but reacts with aurovertin with a fluorescence enhancement similar to that of dissociated F1. 5. The isolated beta subunit contains one aurovertin binding site with a dissociation constant of 0.56 muM. 6. It is concluded that F1 contains two beta subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:145248", "title": "[18 O-exchange during ATP and n-nitrophenylphosphate hydrolysis by Na, K-ATPase from bovine brain].", "content": "The reaction of the oxygen isotope exchange (18O-exchange) was studied in the course of the Na, K-ATPase reaction. It was shown that the intermediary and direct 18O-exchanges occurred in the system in the presence of both ATP and p-NPP. These findings are indicative of the same intermediate during the hydrolytic process in both cases. The intermediary 18O-exchange was activated by N-ethylmaleimide, hydroxylamine and 2.0--1.5 18O atoms, respectively. The detection of 18O-exchange Ouabain had no effect on the exchange. The levels of intermediary 18O-exchange during ATP and p-NPP hydrolyses were equal to 1.3--1.4 and 2.0--1.5 18O atoms, respectively. The detection of 18O-exchange reactions at the intermediary steps of both ATP and p-NPP hydrolyses implies the identity of certain stages in the destruction of these substrates by Na, K-ATPase.", "contents": "[18 O-exchange during ATP and n-nitrophenylphosphate hydrolysis by Na, K-ATPase from bovine brain]. The reaction of the oxygen isotope exchange (18O-exchange) was studied in the course of the Na, K-ATPase reaction. It was shown that the intermediary and direct 18O-exchanges occurred in the system in the presence of both ATP and p-NPP. These findings are indicative of the same intermediate during the hydrolytic process in both cases. The intermediary 18O-exchange was activated by N-ethylmaleimide, hydroxylamine and 2.0--1.5 18O atoms, respectively. The detection of 18O-exchange Ouabain had no effect on the exchange. The levels of intermediary 18O-exchange during ATP and p-NPP hydrolyses were equal to 1.3--1.4 and 2.0--1.5 18O atoms, respectively. The detection of 18O-exchange reactions at the intermediary steps of both ATP and p-NPP hydrolyses implies the identity of certain stages in the destruction of these substrates by Na, K-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:145251", "title": "[Relationship between the activity of the kallikrein, plasmin and thrombin systems of the blood during intense physical exertion].", "content": "The authors studied the changes in the level of precursors of kallikrein, plasmine, and their inhibitors with the aid of a complex method. Blood plasma of sportsmen was examined--of healthy persons and of those with the syndrome of myocardial overstraining under conditions of rest and intensive bicycle ergometric exercises. The results obtained and correlation analysis data pointed to the functional association of the \"Hageman's factor system\". Sportsmen with the overstrain syndrome displayed an aggravation of the functional possibilities of humoral systems of the hemovascular regulation, this being expressed in a reduced level of the proenzymatic activity and a reduction of the inhibitor values. Correlation of the mentioned indices was disturbed both at rest and during the exercises.", "contents": "[Relationship between the activity of the kallikrein, plasmin and thrombin systems of the blood during intense physical exertion]. The authors studied the changes in the level of precursors of kallikrein, plasmine, and their inhibitors with the aid of a complex method. Blood plasma of sportsmen was examined--of healthy persons and of those with the syndrome of myocardial overstraining under conditions of rest and intensive bicycle ergometric exercises. The results obtained and correlation analysis data pointed to the functional association of the \"Hageman's factor system\". Sportsmen with the overstrain syndrome displayed an aggravation of the functional possibilities of humoral systems of the hemovascular regulation, this being expressed in a reduced level of the proenzymatic activity and a reduction of the inhibitor values. Correlation of the mentioned indices was disturbed both at rest and during the exercises."}
{"id": "PMID:145252", "title": "[Refractory nature of erythrocytes and thrombocytes].", "content": "The authors studied the influence of proteolytic enzymes and arachidonic acid on the erythrocyte and platelet aggregation. These substances stimulated the blood formed elements aggregation. At the same time preliminary incubation of fibrinolysin, trypsin and arachidonic acid with the blood formed elements suspension was accompanied by a significant reduction of their aggregation capacity, i.e. by the development of a refractory condition. A possible mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed.", "contents": "[Refractory nature of erythrocytes and thrombocytes]. The authors studied the influence of proteolytic enzymes and arachidonic acid on the erythrocyte and platelet aggregation. These substances stimulated the blood formed elements aggregation. At the same time preliminary incubation of fibrinolysin, trypsin and arachidonic acid with the blood formed elements suspension was accompanied by a significant reduction of their aggregation capacity, i.e. by the development of a refractory condition. A possible mechanism of this phenomenon is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145253", "title": "[Joint action of protein-chondroitin-4-keratan-sulfate and hyaluronic acid on erythrocyte aggregation and adhesion].", "content": "It was shown that the rate and the degree of erythrocytes aggregation brought about by a mixture of protein-chondroitin-4-keratan sulfate (PCKS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) was greater than the sum of the values of the corresponding indices observed during separate independent action of these proteoglycans on the aggregation of the mentioned cells concentrations as in the mixtures. It may be supposed that such phenomenon is connected with formation in the mixture of a hybrid PCKS-HA complex which is more active in respect to the erythrocyte aggregation than its components separately.", "contents": "[Joint action of protein-chondroitin-4-keratan-sulfate and hyaluronic acid on erythrocyte aggregation and adhesion]. It was shown that the rate and the degree of erythrocytes aggregation brought about by a mixture of protein-chondroitin-4-keratan sulfate (PCKS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) was greater than the sum of the values of the corresponding indices observed during separate independent action of these proteoglycans on the aggregation of the mentioned cells concentrations as in the mixtures. It may be supposed that such phenomenon is connected with formation in the mixture of a hybrid PCKS-HA complex which is more active in respect to the erythrocyte aggregation than its components separately."}
{"id": "PMID:145256", "title": "Histology of the capsules causing constrictive fibrosis around breast implants.", "content": "Histological features seen in 9 capsules formed around breast prostheses with Dacron patches were described. Dacron evoked a marked foreign body reaction and fibroplasia. Parts of the silicone layer in which the Dacron fibres were originally anchored may also get into the capsule together with the Dacron. The main cause of fibrotic thickening in the capsules was contamination of the tissues with a foreign material, very probably silicone. The contamination of the capsules showed individual and local variation, with no definite correlation to the time which has elapsed since implantation.", "contents": "Histology of the capsules causing constrictive fibrosis around breast implants. Histological features seen in 9 capsules formed around breast prostheses with Dacron patches were described. Dacron evoked a marked foreign body reaction and fibroplasia. Parts of the silicone layer in which the Dacron fibres were originally anchored may also get into the capsule together with the Dacron. The main cause of fibrotic thickening in the capsules was contamination of the tissues with a foreign material, very probably silicone. The contamination of the capsules showed individual and local variation, with no definite correlation to the time which has elapsed since implantation."}
{"id": "PMID:145257", "title": "Evidence for two different Na+-dependent [3H]-ouabain binding sites of a Na+-K+-ATPase of guinea-pig hearts.", "content": "1. The influence of various Na+ concentrations on [3H]-ouabain binding was studied in experiments on a microsomal Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) from guinea-pig hearts. 2. The ATP-independent cardiac glycoside binding was not influenced by increasing Na+ concentrations. However, a good correlation was found between the ATP-dependent [3H]-ouabain binding and Na+ concentration. 3. A more detailed analysis of these results according to Hofstee (1952) revealed two distinct processes involved in this interaction: one ouabain binding process was activated at rather low Na+ concentrations, (K0.5 = 4.5 mM); this type of [3H]-ouabain binding was strongly correlated to the Na+ concentration necessary for half maximum phosphorylation (K0.5 = 1 mM). The other ouabain binding process was predominant at high Na+ concentrations (K0.5 = 69 mM). 4. On the basis of the commonly accepted ATPase reaction cycle a model for the interaction of cardiac glycosides with the Na+-K+-ATPase is proposed, assuming two different binding sites for cardiac glycosides (E2-P and E1-P) and involving a translocation of these drugs from an outer to an inner compartment of the cell membrane.", "contents": "Evidence for two different Na+-dependent [3H]-ouabain binding sites of a Na+-K+-ATPase of guinea-pig hearts. 1. The influence of various Na+ concentrations on [3H]-ouabain binding was studied in experiments on a microsomal Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) from guinea-pig hearts. 2. The ATP-independent cardiac glycoside binding was not influenced by increasing Na+ concentrations. However, a good correlation was found between the ATP-dependent [3H]-ouabain binding and Na+ concentration. 3. A more detailed analysis of these results according to Hofstee (1952) revealed two distinct processes involved in this interaction: one ouabain binding process was activated at rather low Na+ concentrations, (K0.5 = 4.5 mM); this type of [3H]-ouabain binding was strongly correlated to the Na+ concentration necessary for half maximum phosphorylation (K0.5 = 1 mM). The other ouabain binding process was predominant at high Na+ concentrations (K0.5 = 69 mM). 4. On the basis of the commonly accepted ATPase reaction cycle a model for the interaction of cardiac glycosides with the Na+-K+-ATPase is proposed, assuming two different binding sites for cardiac glycosides (E2-P and E1-P) and involving a translocation of these drugs from an outer to an inner compartment of the cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:145258", "title": "A pharmacological study of the spontaneous convulsive activity induced by 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol) in the anaesthetized mouse.", "content": "1. The convulsive activity induced by catechol has been examined in anaesthetized mice either by determining the CD50 for the convulsions in drug-treated and control animals, or by studying the effects of various drugs on the total whole body activity. 2. The results indicate that catecholamines play no part in the mechanism of action of catechol. Drugs which alter cerebral catecholamine levels had no effect on the convulsions, nor did the alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. 3. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) could possibly be important, though results with drugs which either change brain 5-HT levels, or block 5-HT receptors were inconsistent. 4. gamma-Aminobutyric acid also appears not to be involved in the mechanism of action of catechol. 5. The results strongly suggest that catechol primarily activates a central cholinergic system, in that muscarinic and nicotinic receptor blocking drugs inhibit, and anticholinesterases potentiate the convulsions.", "contents": "A pharmacological study of the spontaneous convulsive activity induced by 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol) in the anaesthetized mouse. 1. The convulsive activity induced by catechol has been examined in anaesthetized mice either by determining the CD50 for the convulsions in drug-treated and control animals, or by studying the effects of various drugs on the total whole body activity. 2. The results indicate that catecholamines play no part in the mechanism of action of catechol. Drugs which alter cerebral catecholamine levels had no effect on the convulsions, nor did the alpha- and beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs. 3. 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) could possibly be important, though results with drugs which either change brain 5-HT levels, or block 5-HT receptors were inconsistent. 4. gamma-Aminobutyric acid also appears not to be involved in the mechanism of action of catechol. 5. The results strongly suggest that catechol primarily activates a central cholinergic system, in that muscarinic and nicotinic receptor blocking drugs inhibit, and anticholinesterases potentiate the convulsions."}
{"id": "PMID:145259", "title": "The rate of urine production and the isotope renogram.", "content": "The rate of urine production has been measured in a group of normal subjects undergoing renography. It has been helpful in assessing the results. Renograms look unusual at low flow rates and can be misinterpreted if the urine flow rate is not known.", "contents": "The rate of urine production and the isotope renogram. The rate of urine production has been measured in a group of normal subjects undergoing renography. It has been helpful in assessing the results. Renograms look unusual at low flow rates and can be misinterpreted if the urine flow rate is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:145260", "title": "The ultrasound diagnosis of rectus sheath haematoma.", "content": "Three cases of rectus sheath haematoma are presented in which the diagnosis was confirmed by the use of ultrasound. The aetiology and diagnosis of the disease are discussed and the use of ultrasonography in a disease with a previously low preoperative diagnostic rate is emphasized.", "contents": "The ultrasound diagnosis of rectus sheath haematoma. Three cases of rectus sheath haematoma are presented in which the diagnosis was confirmed by the use of ultrasound. The aetiology and diagnosis of the disease are discussed and the use of ultrasonography in a disease with a previously low preoperative diagnostic rate is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:145263", "title": "The other handicap: brightness.", "content": "Because of changing attitudes to the measurement of mental abilities, only the slow child is assessed and receives special educational help. By contrast, the bright child may remain undetected because unassessed. For these children there are few special provisions, and they may present as behaviourally disturbed or educationally retarded. We describe four such children, and we feel that more facilities should be devoted to helping bright children, both at home and in school.", "contents": "The other handicap: brightness. Because of changing attitudes to the measurement of mental abilities, only the slow child is assessed and receives special educational help. By contrast, the bright child may remain undetected because unassessed. For these children there are few special provisions, and they may present as behaviourally disturbed or educationally retarded. We describe four such children, and we feel that more facilities should be devoted to helping bright children, both at home and in school."}
{"id": "PMID:145264", "title": "Sterilisation failure.", "content": "During 1969-76 77 pregnancies occurred after sterilisation in Aberdeen. The overall pregnancy rate was higher for laparoscopic sterilisation (1.2%) than for non-laparoscopic methods (0.23%), although there has been a great improvement over the past three years. The pregnancy rate was double if sterilisation was combined with termination of pregnancy, and in 30% there were surgical difficulties. Inexperienced operators were responsible for over 80% of the failures. The ectopic pregnancy rate was 15.6%.", "contents": "Sterilisation failure. During 1969-76 77 pregnancies occurred after sterilisation in Aberdeen. The overall pregnancy rate was higher for laparoscopic sterilisation (1.2%) than for non-laparoscopic methods (0.23%), although there has been a great improvement over the past three years. The pregnancy rate was double if sterilisation was combined with termination of pregnancy, and in 30% there were surgical difficulties. Inexperienced operators were responsible for over 80% of the failures. The ectopic pregnancy rate was 15.6%."}
{"id": "PMID:145268", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptives on sebum excretion rate.", "content": "Oral contraceptives containing a high dose of oestrogen reduce the sebum excretion rate (SER) and improve acne vulgaris, but more progestogenic preparations may exacerbate acne. The effect on the SER of several oral contraceptives with varying progestogenic potencies was studied in 81 women. The predominantly progestogenic pills (Eugynon 30, Gynovlar) produced no significant change in SER, whereas the rate in women taking a more oestrogenic pill (Minovlar) was significantly reduced compared with the rate in controls. Progestogens therefore do not exacerbate acne by inducing seborrhoea, but in the doses we studied they nullified the inhibitory effect of oestrogens on the sebaceous glands. Acne-prone women who require an oral contraceptive should be given a predominantly oestrogenic preparation.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptives on sebum excretion rate. Oral contraceptives containing a high dose of oestrogen reduce the sebum excretion rate (SER) and improve acne vulgaris, but more progestogenic preparations may exacerbate acne. The effect on the SER of several oral contraceptives with varying progestogenic potencies was studied in 81 women. The predominantly progestogenic pills (Eugynon 30, Gynovlar) produced no significant change in SER, whereas the rate in women taking a more oestrogenic pill (Minovlar) was significantly reduced compared with the rate in controls. Progestogens therefore do not exacerbate acne by inducing seborrhoea, but in the doses we studied they nullified the inhibitory effect of oestrogens on the sebaceous glands. Acne-prone women who require an oral contraceptive should be given a predominantly oestrogenic preparation."}
{"id": "PMID:145270", "title": "Monoamine involvement in hippocampal self-stimulation.", "content": "The roles of noradrenergic and serotonergic projections to the hippocampus were investigated with respect to their involvement in the intracranial self-stimulation of this structure. In the first study, 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the dorsal tegmental noradrenergic bundle, which depleted hippocampal NE by 97%, had no effect on hippocampal self-stimulation in rats. In the second study, intragastric administration of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) decreased hippocampal self-stimulation, suggesting the importance of a serotonin input in maintaining this behavior. Identical PCPA treatments resulted in temporary depletions of brain serotonin which paralleled the changes in hippocampal self-stimulation. The maximal decreases in both the biochemical and behavioral measures occured at 4 days post-drug. Interpretations of this deficit in hippocampal self-stimulation in terms of gross sensory and/or motor changes were ruled out as animals with lateral hypothalamic electrodes showed increases in self-stimulation paralleling the post-drug serotonin changes. An intra-sessional analysis of the PCPA-induced behavioral changes revealed that lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation was facilitated mainly during the first hour of the two-hour test sessions, whereas the depression in hippocampal self-stimulation occurred primarily in the last hour of the sessions. The differential effects of PCPA on lateral hypothalamic and hippocampal self-stimulation provide evidence against simple monoamine theories of reinforcement.", "contents": "Monoamine involvement in hippocampal self-stimulation. The roles of noradrenergic and serotonergic projections to the hippocampus were investigated with respect to their involvement in the intracranial self-stimulation of this structure. In the first study, 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesions of the dorsal tegmental noradrenergic bundle, which depleted hippocampal NE by 97%, had no effect on hippocampal self-stimulation in rats. In the second study, intragastric administration of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) decreased hippocampal self-stimulation, suggesting the importance of a serotonin input in maintaining this behavior. Identical PCPA treatments resulted in temporary depletions of brain serotonin which paralleled the changes in hippocampal self-stimulation. The maximal decreases in both the biochemical and behavioral measures occured at 4 days post-drug. Interpretations of this deficit in hippocampal self-stimulation in terms of gross sensory and/or motor changes were ruled out as animals with lateral hypothalamic electrodes showed increases in self-stimulation paralleling the post-drug serotonin changes. An intra-sessional analysis of the PCPA-induced behavioral changes revealed that lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation was facilitated mainly during the first hour of the two-hour test sessions, whereas the depression in hippocampal self-stimulation occurred primarily in the last hour of the sessions. The differential effects of PCPA on lateral hypothalamic and hippocampal self-stimulation provide evidence against simple monoamine theories of reinforcement."}
{"id": "PMID:145271", "title": "[Differentiation of the prostate in the snail Helix aspersa M\u00fcll].", "content": "The differentiation of the snail Helix aspersa prostate gland is studied in animals from one to six months old. After the presentation of organogenesis the primary stage of secretion (3 months) and a stage where the prostate gland shows abundant secretions (6 months) were described; but the oviduct is still indifferentiated. The ultrastructural analysis shows the formation of secretory and ciliated cells in epithelioid prostatic tubes.", "contents": "[Differentiation of the prostate in the snail Helix aspersa M\u00fcll]. The differentiation of the snail Helix aspersa prostate gland is studied in animals from one to six months old. After the presentation of organogenesis the primary stage of secretion (3 months) and a stage where the prostate gland shows abundant secretions (6 months) were described; but the oviduct is still indifferentiated. The ultrastructural analysis shows the formation of secretory and ciliated cells in epithelioid prostatic tubes."}
{"id": "PMID:145272", "title": "[Numerical arguments in favor of the existence of clone cells in the adenohypophysis].", "content": "In the rat's anterior pituitary, mitoses occur to be side by side, forming \"pairs\", the frequency of which is significant all the more as their number is underrated in sections. In 85% of the pairs the mitoses are synchronous. These paired synchronous mitoses are suggestive of the existence of cellular clones in the pituitary.", "contents": "[Numerical arguments in favor of the existence of clone cells in the adenohypophysis]. In the rat's anterior pituitary, mitoses occur to be side by side, forming \"pairs\", the frequency of which is significant all the more as their number is underrated in sections. In 85% of the pairs the mitoses are synchronous. These paired synchronous mitoses are suggestive of the existence of cellular clones in the pituitary."}
{"id": "PMID:145273", "title": "[Kinetics of the glycosidases activity in Schistocerca gregaria Forsk].", "content": "Extracts from the alimentary canal of Schistocerca gregaria Forsk allow hydrolysis of a remarkably wide range of oligosaccharides, heterosides and polysaccharides. Sucrose and starch are more rapidly and more intensely attacked, other osides much more slowly. The balance of released monosaccharides shows a clean predominance of glucose but some oses are released in appreciable amount only in case of delayed digestion.", "contents": "[Kinetics of the glycosidases activity in Schistocerca gregaria Forsk]. Extracts from the alimentary canal of Schistocerca gregaria Forsk allow hydrolysis of a remarkably wide range of oligosaccharides, heterosides and polysaccharides. Sucrose and starch are more rapidly and more intensely attacked, other osides much more slowly. The balance of released monosaccharides shows a clean predominance of glucose but some oses are released in appreciable amount only in case of delayed digestion."}
{"id": "PMID:145274", "title": "[Pharmacological analysis of the pendular movements appearing during calcium blocking of peristalsis in the isolated guinea pig ileum].", "content": "Calcium chloride acting from the serosal surface blocked the peristaltic reflex and at the same time, after about 30 minutes, evoked pendulum type of activity in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig isolated ileum, subjected to constant intraluminal pressure. Hexamethonium, tetraethylammonium, morphine, methadone and atropine blocked, while, neostigmine potentiated the pendulum movements evoked by calcium chloride. In the Magnus preparation of the guinea-pig isolated ileum calcium chloride also caused pendulum type of activity. From these experiments it is concluded that calcium chloride evoked pendular movements by stimulating the postganglionic cholinergic nerves in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig isolated ileum.", "contents": "[Pharmacological analysis of the pendular movements appearing during calcium blocking of peristalsis in the isolated guinea pig ileum]. Calcium chloride acting from the serosal surface blocked the peristaltic reflex and at the same time, after about 30 minutes, evoked pendulum type of activity in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig isolated ileum, subjected to constant intraluminal pressure. Hexamethonium, tetraethylammonium, morphine, methadone and atropine blocked, while, neostigmine potentiated the pendulum movements evoked by calcium chloride. In the Magnus preparation of the guinea-pig isolated ileum calcium chloride also caused pendulum type of activity. From these experiments it is concluded that calcium chloride evoked pendular movements by stimulating the postganglionic cholinergic nerves in the longitudinal muscle of the guinea-pig isolated ileum."}
{"id": "PMID:145275", "title": "[Pharmacological analysis of the peristalsis block induced by magnesium applied at the serosal and mucosal surfaces of the isolated guinea pig ileum].", "content": "Acetylcholine, metacholine, eserine and neostigmine, acting from the serosal surface antagonised the peristaltic block produced by mucosal application of magnesium, as well as when choline esters and anticholinesterases were injected intraluminally and magnesium acted from the serosal side of the guinea-pig isolated ileum. On the other hand, 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine did not remove the peristaltic block produced by magnesium. It is concluded that cholinoceptive sites within the myenteric plexus which, when stimulated by cholinergic substanced, produce regular peristaltic waves, are accessible from either sides of the guinea-pig isolated ileum.", "contents": "[Pharmacological analysis of the peristalsis block induced by magnesium applied at the serosal and mucosal surfaces of the isolated guinea pig ileum]. Acetylcholine, metacholine, eserine and neostigmine, acting from the serosal surface antagonised the peristaltic block produced by mucosal application of magnesium, as well as when choline esters and anticholinesterases were injected intraluminally and magnesium acted from the serosal side of the guinea-pig isolated ileum. On the other hand, 5-hydroxytryptamine and histamine did not remove the peristaltic block produced by magnesium. It is concluded that cholinoceptive sites within the myenteric plexus which, when stimulated by cholinergic substanced, produce regular peristaltic waves, are accessible from either sides of the guinea-pig isolated ileum."}
{"id": "PMID:145276", "title": "[The effect of zinc and cobalt ions on the chromogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of methylphosphonic acid].", "content": "Adding zinc or cobalt sulphate into synthetic culture media of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was followed by partial or total inhibition of pyocyanine production, varying with the nature of the chemical source of phosphorus. An antagonism between Zn2+ and Co2+ ions was shown.", "contents": "[The effect of zinc and cobalt ions on the chromogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the presence of methylphosphonic acid]. Adding zinc or cobalt sulphate into synthetic culture media of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was followed by partial or total inhibition of pyocyanine production, varying with the nature of the chemical source of phosphorus. An antagonism between Zn2+ and Co2+ ions was shown."}
{"id": "PMID:145277", "title": "[The effect of theophylline on the diameter of the afferent glomerular arteriole of the rat].", "content": "Agar-agar and indian ink mixture intrarenal injections enable the precise glomerular afferent arteriole diameter and the evaluation of its variations after theophyllin perfusion. The increased diameter (+ 35, 78 %) confirms the peripheral vasodilating theophyllin effect, never to our knowledge proven in situ in the kidney.", "contents": "[The effect of theophylline on the diameter of the afferent glomerular arteriole of the rat]. Agar-agar and indian ink mixture intrarenal injections enable the precise glomerular afferent arteriole diameter and the evaluation of its variations after theophyllin perfusion. The increased diameter (+ 35, 78 %) confirms the peripheral vasodilating theophyllin effect, never to our knowledge proven in situ in the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:145278", "title": "[Strict additivity of the antispasmodic effects of papaverine and tiemonium: an example of sequential blockage].", "content": "The interaction of papaverine and tiemonium alone or combined, with BaCL2 and histamine on guinea pig ileum and with acetylcholine on rat jejunum have been studied with the help of molecular pharmacology techniques. The competitive antagonist effects of tiemonium and the non competitive antagonist effects of papaverine are evidenced and shown to be strictly additive when the two drugs are combined. This reflects a sequential blockage of the effects of acetylcholine, histamine and barium ions at the smooth muscle level. No such antagonism has been previously described in the case of the interaction with barium chloride with any other combination of two spasmolytic drugs.", "contents": "[Strict additivity of the antispasmodic effects of papaverine and tiemonium: an example of sequential blockage]. The interaction of papaverine and tiemonium alone or combined, with BaCL2 and histamine on guinea pig ileum and with acetylcholine on rat jejunum have been studied with the help of molecular pharmacology techniques. The competitive antagonist effects of tiemonium and the non competitive antagonist effects of papaverine are evidenced and shown to be strictly additive when the two drugs are combined. This reflects a sequential blockage of the effects of acetylcholine, histamine and barium ions at the smooth muscle level. No such antagonism has been previously described in the case of the interaction with barium chloride with any other combination of two spasmolytic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:145279", "title": "[The combined effects of testosterone propionate and a temporary lowering of temperature on the fate of M\u00fcllerian ducts of the female bird embryo. Morphological, histological, and cytobiochemical studies].", "content": "The action of testosterone propionate combined with a temporary lowering of temperature after the sexual differentiation of chick and quail female embryos--inhibits the cephalo-caudal regression of the right m\u00fcllerian duct--prevents the development of the left one. In some cases, these two ducts are thread and often have the same length: in other cases, the involution of the m\u00fcllerian tractus may be total.", "contents": "[The combined effects of testosterone propionate and a temporary lowering of temperature on the fate of M\u00fcllerian ducts of the female bird embryo. Morphological, histological, and cytobiochemical studies]. The action of testosterone propionate combined with a temporary lowering of temperature after the sexual differentiation of chick and quail female embryos--inhibits the cephalo-caudal regression of the right m\u00fcllerian duct--prevents the development of the left one. In some cases, these two ducts are thread and often have the same length: in other cases, the involution of the m\u00fcllerian tractus may be total."}
{"id": "PMID:145280", "title": "[Plasma concentration and metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone at weaning, at puberty, and in adult guinea pigs].", "content": "Plasma aldosterone concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and metabolic clearance rates (M.C.R.) were determined by a continuous infusion of H3-aldosterone on day 20 and 50 and at 3, 6 and 24 months in the male and the female guinea-pig. Plasma aldosterone concentration rose gradually from day 20 up to 24 months. At every stage the values were always higher in the female than in the male. M.C.R. (1/24 h/100 g) decreased from day 20 to 24 months and appeared to be sex-dependent in the guinea-pig.", "contents": "[Plasma concentration and metabolic clearance rate of aldosterone at weaning, at puberty, and in adult guinea pigs]. Plasma aldosterone concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay and metabolic clearance rates (M.C.R.) were determined by a continuous infusion of H3-aldosterone on day 20 and 50 and at 3, 6 and 24 months in the male and the female guinea-pig. Plasma aldosterone concentration rose gradually from day 20 up to 24 months. At every stage the values were always higher in the female than in the male. M.C.R. (1/24 h/100 g) decreased from day 20 to 24 months and appeared to be sex-dependent in the guinea-pig."}
{"id": "PMID:145281", "title": "[Changes in the electric charge of blood lymphocyte populations after secondary immunization with tetanus antitoxin in man].", "content": "The electrophoretic mobility of circulating lymphocytes has been studied in normal human subjects after immunization by tetanus toxoid. The mean migration speed was shown to increase, particularly two and three days after secondary immunization. This increase appeared to be due to the elevation of percentage of T cells migrating at 1.20 and 1.35 micrometer. sec.-1v.-1 cm. (active rosettes-forming cells), with a decrease of the percentage of B cells and T lymphocytes migrating at 1.10 micrometer. sec.-1v.-1 cm. The return to the anterior status was observed between day 4 and 8 after immunization.", "contents": "[Changes in the electric charge of blood lymphocyte populations after secondary immunization with tetanus antitoxin in man]. The electrophoretic mobility of circulating lymphocytes has been studied in normal human subjects after immunization by tetanus toxoid. The mean migration speed was shown to increase, particularly two and three days after secondary immunization. This increase appeared to be due to the elevation of percentage of T cells migrating at 1.20 and 1.35 micrometer. sec.-1v.-1 cm. (active rosettes-forming cells), with a decrease of the percentage of B cells and T lymphocytes migrating at 1.10 micrometer. sec.-1v.-1 cm. The return to the anterior status was observed between day 4 and 8 after immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:145282", "title": "[Morphine self-administration added to food conditioning: methodological variant in rats].", "content": "Rats with permanent intra-jugular cannula are submitted to an alimentary operant reinforcement schedule with fixed ratio type FR 1, FR5, then FR 20. As a result, the animals are self administering (together with the alimentary inducer) a slow (about 5 sec) intravenous infusion of morphine (0.05 mg/kg). 20 per cent only of the experimental population exhibit a psychogenic dependance afterward. On the other hand, the animals for which morphine self-administration has been substituted to the alimentary reinforcement without respecting a transitory period combining both types of reinforcement have never shown any tendancy toward morphine self-administration. The lack of positive results could be related to the marked duration of the self-injection.", "contents": "[Morphine self-administration added to food conditioning: methodological variant in rats]. Rats with permanent intra-jugular cannula are submitted to an alimentary operant reinforcement schedule with fixed ratio type FR 1, FR5, then FR 20. As a result, the animals are self administering (together with the alimentary inducer) a slow (about 5 sec) intravenous infusion of morphine (0.05 mg/kg). 20 per cent only of the experimental population exhibit a psychogenic dependance afterward. On the other hand, the animals for which morphine self-administration has been substituted to the alimentary reinforcement without respecting a transitory period combining both types of reinforcement have never shown any tendancy toward morphine self-administration. The lack of positive results could be related to the marked duration of the self-injection."}
{"id": "PMID:145283", "title": "[Culture of cells isolated from the smooth muscle of the rat duodenum].", "content": "A culture obtained from rat duodenal smooth muscle layer is described. The cells are isolated by trypsinization (0.2 %) and the medium used for culture is either MEM with glutamine and non essentiel AA, or RPMI, both containing 10 % foetal calf serum. The cell culture contains both smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in proportions varying with the age of the culture. At day 6, cell differenciation is important. At day 12, when the cells and confluent, the majority of the cells are fibroblasts. Although it is difficult, the transfer of cells is possible at least twice.", "contents": "[Culture of cells isolated from the smooth muscle of the rat duodenum]. A culture obtained from rat duodenal smooth muscle layer is described. The cells are isolated by trypsinization (0.2 %) and the medium used for culture is either MEM with glutamine and non essentiel AA, or RPMI, both containing 10 % foetal calf serum. The cell culture contains both smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts in proportions varying with the age of the culture. At day 6, cell differenciation is important. At day 12, when the cells and confluent, the majority of the cells are fibroblasts. Although it is difficult, the transfer of cells is possible at least twice."}
{"id": "PMID:145284", "title": "[The effect of hypoxia on the branchial vascular system of the perfused trout head].", "content": "Measurements of inflow (VE) and arterial (Vsa) and venous (VSv) outflow in trout perfused head preparations show significant decreases of VE and VSa during low PO2 saline perfusion (20 torr). Comparable results are gained during adenosine perfusion (1.10(-8) to (1.10(-6) M). Theophylline (10(-4) M) inhibits both hypoxia and adenosine effects.", "contents": "[The effect of hypoxia on the branchial vascular system of the perfused trout head]. Measurements of inflow (VE) and arterial (Vsa) and venous (VSv) outflow in trout perfused head preparations show significant decreases of VE and VSa during low PO2 saline perfusion (20 torr). Comparable results are gained during adenosine perfusion (1.10(-8) to (1.10(-6) M). Theophylline (10(-4) M) inhibits both hypoxia and adenosine effects."}
{"id": "PMID:145285", "title": "[Metabolism of nucleoside Y in a mutant strain auxotrophic for guanine (gua 2 su+) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae].", "content": "The study of free nucleoside Y metabolism in a mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae seems to indicate that this component is not only provided by t-RNA Phe turnover. A peculiar physiologic activity-mitogenic type - may be connected with this observation.", "contents": "[Metabolism of nucleoside Y in a mutant strain auxotrophic for guanine (gua 2 su+) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae]. The study of free nucleoside Y metabolism in a mutant strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae seems to indicate that this component is not only provided by t-RNA Phe turnover. A peculiar physiologic activity-mitogenic type - may be connected with this observation."}
{"id": "PMID:145286", "title": "[The effect of a mixture of bacterial ribosomes and membrane fractions of Klebsiella pneumoniae on the development of a transplanted epithelial cancer in rats].", "content": "An association of bacterial ribosomes and cell-wall of Klebsiella pneumoniae was shown to reduce the incidence of an epidermoid carcinoma in Sprague-Dawley rats when administered subcutaneously prior the tumoral graft. Mononuclear cells accumulate around the tumor. This association was considered as a non specific adjuvant stimulating the host's intrinsic immunity to tumor antigens.", "contents": "[The effect of a mixture of bacterial ribosomes and membrane fractions of Klebsiella pneumoniae on the development of a transplanted epithelial cancer in rats]. An association of bacterial ribosomes and cell-wall of Klebsiella pneumoniae was shown to reduce the incidence of an epidermoid carcinoma in Sprague-Dawley rats when administered subcutaneously prior the tumoral graft. Mononuclear cells accumulate around the tumor. This association was considered as a non specific adjuvant stimulating the host's intrinsic immunity to tumor antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:145287", "title": "[The effect of osmotic pressure on the mobility and metabolism of human spermatozoa].", "content": "When human sperm was suspended in a hypertonic medium, their motility is damaged and their oxygen consumption is reduced. Hypotonic conditions are more disastrous because the cells become immotile. These results are discussed with reference to high osmolarity of seminal fluid.", "contents": "[The effect of osmotic pressure on the mobility and metabolism of human spermatozoa]. When human sperm was suspended in a hypertonic medium, their motility is damaged and their oxygen consumption is reduced. Hypotonic conditions are more disastrous because the cells become immotile. These results are discussed with reference to high osmolarity of seminal fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:145288", "title": "[Cholinesterases and arylesterase in the umbilical cord, the placenta, and the amniotic membrane, in the female at term].", "content": "Cholinesterasic activity of umbilical cord (tissue), completely bloodless, is exclusively due to pseudocholinesterase. Cholinesterase is more active in placenta than in cord; it is an acetylcholinesterase at 80 per cent. Both forms coexist, about equally, in amniotic membrane. A considerable arylesterasic activity is proved in cord, placenta and membrane, the greatest activity being in placenta. Comparing the greater activity in maternal plasma and cord blood's plasma to the very weak activity in amniotic fluid, it is possible to think that cork, membrane, placenta and also amniotic fluid pseudocholinesterase and arylesterase, come from plasma. On the contrary, placental acetylcholinesterase seems original and probably is the source of this enzyme activity in amniotic fluid.", "contents": "[Cholinesterases and arylesterase in the umbilical cord, the placenta, and the amniotic membrane, in the female at term]. Cholinesterasic activity of umbilical cord (tissue), completely bloodless, is exclusively due to pseudocholinesterase. Cholinesterase is more active in placenta than in cord; it is an acetylcholinesterase at 80 per cent. Both forms coexist, about equally, in amniotic membrane. A considerable arylesterasic activity is proved in cord, placenta and membrane, the greatest activity being in placenta. Comparing the greater activity in maternal plasma and cord blood's plasma to the very weak activity in amniotic fluid, it is possible to think that cork, membrane, placenta and also amniotic fluid pseudocholinesterase and arylesterase, come from plasma. On the contrary, placental acetylcholinesterase seems original and probably is the source of this enzyme activity in amniotic fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:145289", "title": "[Visceral, vagal, and splanchnic projections in the region of the ventro-medial nucleus of the hypothalamus in cats].", "content": "In anaesthetized cats, evoked or unitary potentials were produced in the hypothalamus by electrical stimulation of splanchnic and vagus nerves. Responses were recorded bilaterally in an area corresponding to the median nucleus. They were greater for the splanchnic stimulation than for the vagal one. The stimulation parameters and the response latencies suggested that the afferent fibres involved belonged chiefly to B and C nerve components. From this preliminary study, it will be possible to analyze the effects of different splanchnic and vagal afferents on the unitary activity of the ventro-median nucleus.", "contents": "[Visceral, vagal, and splanchnic projections in the region of the ventro-medial nucleus of the hypothalamus in cats]. In anaesthetized cats, evoked or unitary potentials were produced in the hypothalamus by electrical stimulation of splanchnic and vagus nerves. Responses were recorded bilaterally in an area corresponding to the median nucleus. They were greater for the splanchnic stimulation than for the vagal one. The stimulation parameters and the response latencies suggested that the afferent fibres involved belonged chiefly to B and C nerve components. From this preliminary study, it will be possible to analyze the effects of different splanchnic and vagal afferents on the unitary activity of the ventro-median nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:145290", "title": "[Hepatic and renal desamidinases in swine].", "content": "By cellulose acetate electrophoresis we have confirmed the presence of two desamidinasic fractions in aqueous extracts of acetone powder from pig liver. Pig kidney extracts have been partially purified by thermal denaturation and chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and D.E.A.E. Sephadex A-50. Michaelis constants of the two eluted arginasic fractions have been determined.", "contents": "[Hepatic and renal desamidinases in swine]. By cellulose acetate electrophoresis we have confirmed the presence of two desamidinasic fractions in aqueous extracts of acetone powder from pig liver. Pig kidney extracts have been partially purified by thermal denaturation and chromatography on Sephadex G-200 and D.E.A.E. Sephadex A-50. Michaelis constants of the two eluted arginasic fractions have been determined."}
{"id": "PMID:145291", "title": "[The effects of age and sex on the acute toxicity of two barbiturate anesthetics in rats].", "content": "The study of the acute toxicity of two barbiturics anaesthetics (pentobarbital and thiopental) shows the newborn period a higher susceptibility of the young rat, probably due to an immaturity of biotransformations enzymatic systems or to an increased blood-brain-barrier permeability.", "contents": "[The effects of age and sex on the acute toxicity of two barbiturate anesthetics in rats]. The study of the acute toxicity of two barbiturics anaesthetics (pentobarbital and thiopental) shows the newborn period a higher susceptibility of the young rat, probably due to an immaturity of biotransformations enzymatic systems or to an increased blood-brain-barrier permeability."}
{"id": "PMID:145292", "title": "[Raphe nucleus and corticorophic activity in pigeons].", "content": "Multiple electrolytic lesions were placed in the raphe area of pigeons. Basal plasma corticosterone level (B) was found not to be altered. Stress-induced adrenocortical activation was markedly reduced in raphe lesioned pigeons as compared to controls. Electrical stimulation of the nucleus raphes in permanently implanted, unrestrained and unanesthetized birds induced a significant rise in B. However the magnitude of the response to raphe stimulating was lower (1/2 approximately) and especially later than after hypothalamic stimulation since it paralleled exactly the pattern of stress induced activation.", "contents": "[Raphe nucleus and corticorophic activity in pigeons]. Multiple electrolytic lesions were placed in the raphe area of pigeons. Basal plasma corticosterone level (B) was found not to be altered. Stress-induced adrenocortical activation was markedly reduced in raphe lesioned pigeons as compared to controls. Electrical stimulation of the nucleus raphes in permanently implanted, unrestrained and unanesthetized birds induced a significant rise in B. However the magnitude of the response to raphe stimulating was lower (1/2 approximately) and especially later than after hypothalamic stimulation since it paralleled exactly the pattern of stress induced activation."}
{"id": "PMID:145293", "title": "[Temporary normalization of blood sugar, in a totally pancreatectomized dog, after placing an artificial insulin distributor].", "content": "Islets of Langerhans were stablished in the spaces between 9 synthetic hollowfibers in a \"bio-artificial insulin distributor\" which was implanted in the carotid artery of totally pancreatectomized dogs. Normo-glycemia was restored after 4 hours. The major problem encountered was coagulation in the fibers. Presently, this limits the prolonged utilization of this system.", "contents": "[Temporary normalization of blood sugar, in a totally pancreatectomized dog, after placing an artificial insulin distributor]. Islets of Langerhans were stablished in the spaces between 9 synthetic hollowfibers in a \"bio-artificial insulin distributor\" which was implanted in the carotid artery of totally pancreatectomized dogs. Normo-glycemia was restored after 4 hours. The major problem encountered was coagulation in the fibers. Presently, this limits the prolonged utilization of this system."}
{"id": "PMID:145294", "title": "[Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and insulin secretion: effect of different concentrations and effect of temperature].", "content": "In the presence of a glucose concentration of 1.5 g/1, ATP provokes a biphasic stimulation of insulin secretion from the isolated and perfused rat pancreas. For ATP concentrations ranging from 0.5 mg/1 to 200 mg/1, the increase in insulin secretion presents a linear relation with the logarithm of the concentration. Lowering the temperature from 37.5 degrees C to 28 degrees C provokes a decrease in insulin secretion induced by glucose (1.5 g/1). In response to the stimulation by ATP, the increase in insulin secretion measured during the first phase is weaker at 28 degrees C than at 37.5 degrees C when estimated in ng/min; however, when evaluated in percentage in relation to the baseline value, this increase is more important at the lower temperature.", "contents": "[Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and insulin secretion: effect of different concentrations and effect of temperature]. In the presence of a glucose concentration of 1.5 g/1, ATP provokes a biphasic stimulation of insulin secretion from the isolated and perfused rat pancreas. For ATP concentrations ranging from 0.5 mg/1 to 200 mg/1, the increase in insulin secretion presents a linear relation with the logarithm of the concentration. Lowering the temperature from 37.5 degrees C to 28 degrees C provokes a decrease in insulin secretion induced by glucose (1.5 g/1). In response to the stimulation by ATP, the increase in insulin secretion measured during the first phase is weaker at 28 degrees C than at 37.5 degrees C when estimated in ng/min; however, when evaluated in percentage in relation to the baseline value, this increase is more important at the lower temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:145295", "title": "[Lack of concordance in the effect of large doses of phenformin on insulin secretion and glycemia. Tentative analysis].", "content": "In the anesthetized dog normal or pretreated with phenformin (20 mg/kg per os) for 7 days, a subcutaneous injection of this biguanide (20 mg/kg) triggers a considerable hyperinsulinemia without concomitant hypoglycemia. The insulin secreted by these animals is biologically active on rat epididymal fat pads. On the other hand, epididymal fat pads of rats pretreated with phenformin display a lower response to insulin than that of non treated rats. The hypoglycemic effect of the same dose of insulin is less important in the normal dog after chronic pretreatment with phenformin.", "contents": "[Lack of concordance in the effect of large doses of phenformin on insulin secretion and glycemia. Tentative analysis]. In the anesthetized dog normal or pretreated with phenformin (20 mg/kg per os) for 7 days, a subcutaneous injection of this biguanide (20 mg/kg) triggers a considerable hyperinsulinemia without concomitant hypoglycemia. The insulin secreted by these animals is biologically active on rat epididymal fat pads. On the other hand, epididymal fat pads of rats pretreated with phenformin display a lower response to insulin than that of non treated rats. The hypoglycemic effect of the same dose of insulin is less important in the normal dog after chronic pretreatment with phenformin."}
{"id": "PMID:145296", "title": "[Tooth regeneration in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)].", "content": "The first inferior molar has been extracted, a part of its being reimplanted or not. A new molar of normal form regenerated, apparently from the apex of the tooth germ, in all cases in which the alveolus was left free or implanted with a tooth freagment deprived of pulpa.", "contents": "[Tooth regeneration in the guinea pig (Cavia porcellus)]. The first inferior molar has been extracted, a part of its being reimplanted or not. A new molar of normal form regenerated, apparently from the apex of the tooth germ, in all cases in which the alveolus was left free or implanted with a tooth freagment deprived of pulpa."}
{"id": "PMID:145297", "title": "[Autoradiography of the exchanges that can occur between murine sarcoma cells (BP 8) and yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, complete or protoplast)].", "content": "We can tell after observing the resulting negative that yeasts are able, in our experimental conditions, to collect a sequence of ADN and of ARN proceeding from the cancerous cells. Then, those yeasts could turn their synthesis towards the production of new materials. If those informed yeasts were introduced into a mouse, they would induce at the level of the immunocompetent cells a specific immunizing antitumoral power.", "contents": "[Autoradiography of the exchanges that can occur between murine sarcoma cells (BP 8) and yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, complete or protoplast)]. We can tell after observing the resulting negative that yeasts are able, in our experimental conditions, to collect a sequence of ADN and of ARN proceeding from the cancerous cells. Then, those yeasts could turn their synthesis towards the production of new materials. If those informed yeasts were introduced into a mouse, they would induce at the level of the immunocompetent cells a specific immunizing antitumoral power."}
{"id": "PMID:145298", "title": "[Cardiac arrhythmia in the rabbit under the effect of adrenaline and difluorodichloromethane (FC12)].", "content": "Inhalation of gas mixtures containing different concentrations of FC12 by anesthetized and normally oxygenated rabbits produces blood levels of FC12 which are stable and proportional to the rate of FC12 in the mixture. From the arterial concentration of 80 microgram/ml FC12 (10 % FC12) mixture) and over, FC12 alone causes effects proportional to doses: arterial pressure decrease with tachycardia; slight morphological alterations of the electrocardiogram at high concentration. Arrhythmia never occurs under the action of FC12 alone even at maximum arterial concentration reached here: 235 microgram/ml (40 % FC12 mixture). Recorded disturbances are always reversible. The intravenous perfusion of epinephrine alone evokes the appearance of premature contractions at only very high doses: 12 microgram/kg/min. The presence of FC12 in blood conjoined with epinephrine induces the inhibition of the hypertensive action of epinephrine at high concentrations and lowers the arrhythmogenic threshold. Both parameters interfere: the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine is a function of blood levels of FC12.", "contents": "[Cardiac arrhythmia in the rabbit under the effect of adrenaline and difluorodichloromethane (FC12)]. Inhalation of gas mixtures containing different concentrations of FC12 by anesthetized and normally oxygenated rabbits produces blood levels of FC12 which are stable and proportional to the rate of FC12 in the mixture. From the arterial concentration of 80 microgram/ml FC12 (10 % FC12) mixture) and over, FC12 alone causes effects proportional to doses: arterial pressure decrease with tachycardia; slight morphological alterations of the electrocardiogram at high concentration. Arrhythmia never occurs under the action of FC12 alone even at maximum arterial concentration reached here: 235 microgram/ml (40 % FC12 mixture). Recorded disturbances are always reversible. The intravenous perfusion of epinephrine alone evokes the appearance of premature contractions at only very high doses: 12 microgram/kg/min. The presence of FC12 in blood conjoined with epinephrine induces the inhibition of the hypertensive action of epinephrine at high concentrations and lowers the arrhythmogenic threshold. Both parameters interfere: the arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine is a function of blood levels of FC12."}
{"id": "PMID:145299", "title": "[Experimental study of the precocious formation of the endothelial wall in bird embryos].", "content": "Pieces of ectomesoderm from the area pellucida of primitive streak stages don't give normal endothelium when transplanted on ectoderm of the area opaca. Endothelium is able to differenciate from mesoderm transplanted with endoderm. Mesenchyme from the primitive streak migrating between the endoderm and the ectoderm of the host always gives endothelial tubes.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the precocious formation of the endothelial wall in bird embryos]. Pieces of ectomesoderm from the area pellucida of primitive streak stages don't give normal endothelium when transplanted on ectoderm of the area opaca. Endothelium is able to differenciate from mesoderm transplanted with endoderm. Mesenchyme from the primitive streak migrating between the endoderm and the ectoderm of the host always gives endothelial tubes."}
{"id": "PMID:145300", "title": "[The effect of 3 mercury derivatives on the growth of Euglena gracilis Z].", "content": "The study of the toxicity of three mercuric derivatives on the growth of Euglena gracilis Z. shows that these chemicals act according to two different ways: quick inhibition of the growth for a peculiar concentration or progressive inhibition characterized by a lag-phase, the significance of which is discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of 3 mercury derivatives on the growth of Euglena gracilis Z]. The study of the toxicity of three mercuric derivatives on the growth of Euglena gracilis Z. shows that these chemicals act according to two different ways: quick inhibition of the growth for a peculiar concentration or progressive inhibition characterized by a lag-phase, the significance of which is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145301", "title": "[Immunocytological study of the gonadotrophic and thyrotrophic cells of the rat adenohypophysis].", "content": "On paraffin or semi-thin sections various anti-LH or anti-TSH sera stain indifferently all the thyrotrophs and the gonadotrophs. Inversely anti-beta-TSH, anti-beta-LH or anti-beta-FSH purified sera permit the discrimination of these two cell populations. The constancy of fixation of the anti-beta-LH and anti-beta-FSH sera on all the gonadotrophs gives evidence of their ability to produce both FSH and LH. However in a few female rats the central gonadotrophs are stained more weakly by anti-beta-FSH serum than by anti-beta-LH serum. The purification of the antisera by adjunction of hormonal antigens (alpha subunits or heterologous hormone) does not enable, with the PAP technique on thin sections, a selective staining of the secretory granules of the thyrotrophs or of the gonadotrophs.", "contents": "[Immunocytological study of the gonadotrophic and thyrotrophic cells of the rat adenohypophysis]. On paraffin or semi-thin sections various anti-LH or anti-TSH sera stain indifferently all the thyrotrophs and the gonadotrophs. Inversely anti-beta-TSH, anti-beta-LH or anti-beta-FSH purified sera permit the discrimination of these two cell populations. The constancy of fixation of the anti-beta-LH and anti-beta-FSH sera on all the gonadotrophs gives evidence of their ability to produce both FSH and LH. However in a few female rats the central gonadotrophs are stained more weakly by anti-beta-FSH serum than by anti-beta-LH serum. The purification of the antisera by adjunction of hormonal antigens (alpha subunits or heterologous hormone) does not enable, with the PAP technique on thin sections, a selective staining of the secretory granules of the thyrotrophs or of the gonadotrophs."}
{"id": "PMID:145302", "title": "[Ultrastructural localization of neurohypophyseal hormones and their carrier proteins by the \"triple bridge\" immunoenzymatic technique].", "content": "High specific antibodies have permitted the ultrastructural localization of vasopressin, ocytocin and neurophysins 1 and 2. Hormones and carrier proteins are detected in neurosecretory granules of the hypothalamic and neurohypophyseal fibres and so at the granular and extra-granular level of supra-optic pericaryons.", "contents": "[Ultrastructural localization of neurohypophyseal hormones and their carrier proteins by the \"triple bridge\" immunoenzymatic technique]. High specific antibodies have permitted the ultrastructural localization of vasopressin, ocytocin and neurophysins 1 and 2. Hormones and carrier proteins are detected in neurosecretory granules of the hypothalamic and neurohypophyseal fibres and so at the granular and extra-granular level of supra-optic pericaryons."}
{"id": "PMID:145303", "title": "[The length of the fertility period of the rat spermatozoa].", "content": "4-day cyclic Wistar female rats were caged with sexually experiences males at either 18:00-19:00 on proestrus or at 21:30-22:30 during the following night. 16 out of 17 bulbectomized females and 16 out of 40 intact females respectively mated at 18:00-1900. 22 out of 24 intact females mated at 21:30-22:30. Only 11 out of the 32 receptive females became pregnant in the first group while 14 out of the 22 receptive females went into pregnancy in the second group. It is then supposed, given that ovulation does not take place before midnight during the night from proestrus to estrus in the rat that the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoon is of relatively short duration in the rat.", "contents": "[The length of the fertility period of the rat spermatozoa]. 4-day cyclic Wistar female rats were caged with sexually experiences males at either 18:00-19:00 on proestrus or at 21:30-22:30 during the following night. 16 out of 17 bulbectomized females and 16 out of 40 intact females respectively mated at 18:00-1900. 22 out of 24 intact females mated at 21:30-22:30. Only 11 out of the 32 receptive females became pregnant in the first group while 14 out of the 22 receptive females went into pregnancy in the second group. It is then supposed, given that ovulation does not take place before midnight during the night from proestrus to estrus in the rat that the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoon is of relatively short duration in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:145304", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle of ducks (Barbary duck: Cairina moschata, Pekin duck: Anas platyrhynchos].", "content": "In the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle of the ducks, the Golgi apparatus is developed, the granular endoplasmic reticulum is important. Owing to these characters, these cells are probably oriented towards the elaboration of proteins. The seasonal variations of the aspect of these cells are important: in January all organits are not very developed when in May they are all very developed. For a determined season all cells present the same aspect.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle of ducks (Barbary duck: Cairina moschata, Pekin duck: Anas platyrhynchos]. In the granulosa cells of the ovarian follicle of the ducks, the Golgi apparatus is developed, the granular endoplasmic reticulum is important. Owing to these characters, these cells are probably oriented towards the elaboration of proteins. The seasonal variations of the aspect of these cells are important: in January all organits are not very developed when in May they are all very developed. For a determined season all cells present the same aspect."}
{"id": "PMID:145305", "title": "[Autoradiography and tritiated thymidine labeling during spermatogenesis of the Barbary Duck (Cairina moschata L.)].", "content": "Using autoradiographic method (intraveinous of 1 mCi-3H thymidine/kg of body weight) the authors show that meiotic prophase of the spermatogenesis of the Barbary drake (Cairina moschata L.) lasts 5 days 1/4; the first labeled gametes appear in the ejaculate at the end of the 12th day.", "contents": "[Autoradiography and tritiated thymidine labeling during spermatogenesis of the Barbary Duck (Cairina moschata L.)]. Using autoradiographic method (intraveinous of 1 mCi-3H thymidine/kg of body weight) the authors show that meiotic prophase of the spermatogenesis of the Barbary drake (Cairina moschata L.) lasts 5 days 1/4; the first labeled gametes appear in the ejaculate at the end of the 12th day."}
{"id": "PMID:145306", "title": "[Autoradiography after tritiated thymidine labeling of the abortive gametogenesis in hybrid male ducks from the cross male Pekin X female Barbary].", "content": "This autoradiographic data concludes that meiotic prophase of the abortive gametogenesis of the sterile hybride drake (from the mating Peking male = Anas platyrhynchos L. X Barbary female = Cairina moschata L.) lasts 5 days 1/4. 6 days after the injection of the marker the seminiferous tubules contain numerous labeles necrosing cells but never typical elongated spermatids.", "contents": "[Autoradiography after tritiated thymidine labeling of the abortive gametogenesis in hybrid male ducks from the cross male Pekin X female Barbary]. This autoradiographic data concludes that meiotic prophase of the abortive gametogenesis of the sterile hybride drake (from the mating Peking male = Anas platyrhynchos L. X Barbary female = Cairina moschata L.) lasts 5 days 1/4. 6 days after the injection of the marker the seminiferous tubules contain numerous labeles necrosing cells but never typical elongated spermatids."}
{"id": "PMID:145307", "title": "[Demonstration of the variations in accessibility or reactivity of mitochondrial SH groups according to the energy status of the mitochondria].", "content": "Evidence for energy dependent variations of mitochondrial SH groups accessibility or reactivity was obtained using alkylating agents. These variations are thought to be consecutive to conformational changes affecting some proteins among them the phosphate carrier and the adenylic nucleotide translocator.", "contents": "[Demonstration of the variations in accessibility or reactivity of mitochondrial SH groups according to the energy status of the mitochondria]. Evidence for energy dependent variations of mitochondrial SH groups accessibility or reactivity was obtained using alkylating agents. These variations are thought to be consecutive to conformational changes affecting some proteins among them the phosphate carrier and the adenylic nucleotide translocator."}
{"id": "PMID:145308", "title": "[Free amino acid pool in the brain of inbred strains of mice with different learning aptitudes].", "content": "GABA, glycine, taurine, putative inhibitory transmitters or modulators of the CNS are at a significantly lower level in the brains of SEC and DBA strains of mice which offer higher performances in avoidance and learning tests than in the C57 strain which scores poorly.", "contents": "[Free amino acid pool in the brain of inbred strains of mice with different learning aptitudes]. GABA, glycine, taurine, putative inhibitory transmitters or modulators of the CNS are at a significantly lower level in the brains of SEC and DBA strains of mice which offer higher performances in avoidance and learning tests than in the C57 strain which scores poorly."}
{"id": "PMID:145309", "title": "[Comparative study of the regeneration of the microcirculation of rabbit femur bone marrow after curetage and at the time of experimental myelosclerosis].", "content": "Destruction and regeneration of the bone marrow microcirculation in rabbit femur have been studied after curetage and experimental myelosclerosis. Different lesions lead to comparable restoration processes such as: installation of supplying vascular networks, appearance of a neovascularisation progressively replaced by neighboring structures of normal interadipocytic networks.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the regeneration of the microcirculation of rabbit femur bone marrow after curetage and at the time of experimental myelosclerosis]. Destruction and regeneration of the bone marrow microcirculation in rabbit femur have been studied after curetage and experimental myelosclerosis. Different lesions lead to comparable restoration processes such as: installation of supplying vascular networks, appearance of a neovascularisation progressively replaced by neighboring structures of normal interadipocytic networks."}
{"id": "PMID:145310", "title": "[Myeloelectric complex of the small intestine and variations in the intestinal motility in sheep].", "content": "The motor pattern of the small intestine of the sheep fed ad libitum is characterized by the regular occurrence of myoelectric complexes comprising a phase of regular and irregular spiking activities. Each complex is propagated along the ovine small intestine at a mean velocity of 17 cm/min and originated on the duodenal bulb at 70-100 mn intervals. Reduction and increase in duration of the phase of irregular spiking activity of the complex occurred during fasting and overfeeding respectively. Reduction in spiking activity is paralleled by an increased velocity of propagation whilst a lower migration and a reduced number of the complexes are characteristic of overfeeding. It is concluded that duration, number and velocity of propagation of the myoelectric complexes are adaptative factors in changes of the intestinal flow rate.", "contents": "[Myeloelectric complex of the small intestine and variations in the intestinal motility in sheep]. The motor pattern of the small intestine of the sheep fed ad libitum is characterized by the regular occurrence of myoelectric complexes comprising a phase of regular and irregular spiking activities. Each complex is propagated along the ovine small intestine at a mean velocity of 17 cm/min and originated on the duodenal bulb at 70-100 mn intervals. Reduction and increase in duration of the phase of irregular spiking activity of the complex occurred during fasting and overfeeding respectively. Reduction in spiking activity is paralleled by an increased velocity of propagation whilst a lower migration and a reduced number of the complexes are characteristic of overfeeding. It is concluded that duration, number and velocity of propagation of the myoelectric complexes are adaptative factors in changes of the intestinal flow rate."}
{"id": "PMID:145311", "title": "[Motility and absorption of glucose at the level of the small intestine of sheep].", "content": "Relationships between the basic motor patterns of the small bowel, i.e. the occurrence at hourly intervals of myoelectric complexes and absorption of glucose were studied in vivo on 2-m length ovine jejunum isolated loops by means of the \"perfusion marker\" technique. For a mean flow rate of about 480 ml/h, the net glucose movement during queiscence was decrease at the occurrence of the phase of irregular spiking activity (ISA) and increased during the phase of regular spiking activity (RSA) of the myoelectric complex. When the flow rate was nearly halved (225 ml/h), the net absorption of glucose was decreased at the occurrence of the phases of either ISA or RSA of the complexes.", "contents": "[Motility and absorption of glucose at the level of the small intestine of sheep]. Relationships between the basic motor patterns of the small bowel, i.e. the occurrence at hourly intervals of myoelectric complexes and absorption of glucose were studied in vivo on 2-m length ovine jejunum isolated loops by means of the \"perfusion marker\" technique. For a mean flow rate of about 480 ml/h, the net glucose movement during queiscence was decrease at the occurrence of the phase of irregular spiking activity (ISA) and increased during the phase of regular spiking activity (RSA) of the myoelectric complex. When the flow rate was nearly halved (225 ml/h), the net absorption of glucose was decreased at the occurrence of the phases of either ISA or RSA of the complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:145312", "title": "[Conformation properties and pharmacological activity of adrenergic catecholamines].", "content": "In this study, the authors propose a comparison between conformational properties and pharmacological activity of a series of adrenergic phenethylamines; in particular they conclude that if the alpha adrenergic compounds adopt a gauche conformation, beta adrenergics prefer a trans form.", "contents": "[Conformation properties and pharmacological activity of adrenergic catecholamines]. In this study, the authors propose a comparison between conformational properties and pharmacological activity of a series of adrenergic phenethylamines; in particular they conclude that if the alpha adrenergic compounds adopt a gauche conformation, beta adrenergics prefer a trans form."}
{"id": "PMID:145313", "title": "Report of large kinship with familial translocation between chromosomes 21 and 22.", "content": "This paper reports a large kinship with a familial (21;22) translocation occurring in both the balanced and the unbalanced states. Recurrence risks for the (21;22) translocation in the unbalanced state are high (14%) for the offspring of female carriers as compared with those for the offspring of male carriers (4%), but the offspring of male carriers appear to have a much higher risk (50%) of being balanced carriers than those of female carriers (30%).", "contents": "Report of large kinship with familial translocation between chromosomes 21 and 22. This paper reports a large kinship with a familial (21;22) translocation occurring in both the balanced and the unbalanced states. Recurrence risks for the (21;22) translocation in the unbalanced state are high (14%) for the offspring of female carriers as compared with those for the offspring of male carriers (4%), but the offspring of male carriers appear to have a much higher risk (50%) of being balanced carriers than those of female carriers (30%)."}
{"id": "PMID:145314", "title": "A comparison of the biological and biochemical properties of 1-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea and 2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-D-glucopyranose.", "content": "1-4-Amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (ACNU) is a water-soluble nitrosourea that has produced delayed hematological toxicity in man during Phase 1 clinical trials. ACNU has in vitro alkylating activy 40% less than that of 2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-D-glucopyranose (chlorozotocin) but shares the property of negligible carbamoylating activity with the latter compounds. ACNU is highly active against murine L1210 leukemia. However, the maximum therapeutic dose, 30 mg/kg (a dose lethal to 10% of the animals), produced a 64% reduction in peripheral WBC and an 85% decrease in circulating neutrophils in normal mice. This was correlated with a 76% inhibition of normal mouse bone marrow DNA synthesis within 24 hr after treatment, followed by full recovery within 48 hr after treatment, followed by full recovery within 48 hr. In contrast, DNA synthesis in L1210 cells was suppressed to less than 10% of control for a minimum of 72 hr. While ACNU, a pyrimidine analog, possesses many of the chemical properties of chlorozotocin, it does not share with the latter compound its reduced myelotoxicity at therapeutic doses. The glucose carrier of the chlorozotocin molecule appears to impart the selective sparing of normal bone marrow.", "contents": "A comparison of the biological and biochemical properties of 1-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea and 2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-D-glucopyranose. 1-4-Amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea (ACNU) is a water-soluble nitrosourea that has produced delayed hematological toxicity in man during Phase 1 clinical trials. ACNU has in vitro alkylating activy 40% less than that of 2-[3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido]-D-glucopyranose (chlorozotocin) but shares the property of negligible carbamoylating activity with the latter compounds. ACNU is highly active against murine L1210 leukemia. However, the maximum therapeutic dose, 30 mg/kg (a dose lethal to 10% of the animals), produced a 64% reduction in peripheral WBC and an 85% decrease in circulating neutrophils in normal mice. This was correlated with a 76% inhibition of normal mouse bone marrow DNA synthesis within 24 hr after treatment, followed by full recovery within 48 hr after treatment, followed by full recovery within 48 hr. In contrast, DNA synthesis in L1210 cells was suppressed to less than 10% of control for a minimum of 72 hr. While ACNU, a pyrimidine analog, possesses many of the chemical properties of chlorozotocin, it does not share with the latter compound its reduced myelotoxicity at therapeutic doses. The glucose carrier of the chlorozotocin molecule appears to impart the selective sparing of normal bone marrow."}
{"id": "PMID:145316", "title": "Clinical-electrocardiographic correlations: aortic valve disease and hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "Concentric and eccentric hypertrophy result from systolic and diastolic overloading of the left ventricle. The ECG patterns are often similar, although aortic regurgitation (diastolic overload) is more often associated with prominent septal Q waves than aortic stenosis (systolic overload). Asymmetric septal hypertrophy as noted in hypertrophic subaortic aortic stenosis (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy) is generally indistinguishable by ECG changes, although an approximately 20 percent incidence of large prominent Q waves (\"pseudo-infarction\") is noted. The various ECG criteria for recognition of left ventricular hypertrophy include voltage and repolarization changes. The voltage criteria tend to be more sensitive, but less specific. ST and T wave abnormalities are less sensitive but more specific. All the classic indices of hypertrophy may be absent in more than 20 percent of patients with severe aortic valve disease or hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. In some instances, ECG signs of left atrial enlargement may provide additional clues to the presence of left ventricular dysfunction. It is generally not possible to quantitate the actual severity of aortic valve lesions from the ECG changes with any degree of accuracy. Although vectorcardiographic criteria have been examined, these are not significantly more useful in the evaluation of a patient with aortic valve disease, they provide but one more clue in the total clinical picture.", "contents": "Clinical-electrocardiographic correlations: aortic valve disease and hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Concentric and eccentric hypertrophy result from systolic and diastolic overloading of the left ventricle. The ECG patterns are often similar, although aortic regurgitation (diastolic overload) is more often associated with prominent septal Q waves than aortic stenosis (systolic overload). Asymmetric septal hypertrophy as noted in hypertrophic subaortic aortic stenosis (hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy) is generally indistinguishable by ECG changes, although an approximately 20 percent incidence of large prominent Q waves (\"pseudo-infarction\") is noted. The various ECG criteria for recognition of left ventricular hypertrophy include voltage and repolarization changes. The voltage criteria tend to be more sensitive, but less specific. ST and T wave abnormalities are less sensitive but more specific. All the classic indices of hypertrophy may be absent in more than 20 percent of patients with severe aortic valve disease or hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. In some instances, ECG signs of left atrial enlargement may provide additional clues to the presence of left ventricular dysfunction. It is generally not possible to quantitate the actual severity of aortic valve lesions from the ECG changes with any degree of accuracy. Although vectorcardiographic criteria have been examined, these are not significantly more useful in the evaluation of a patient with aortic valve disease, they provide but one more clue in the total clinical picture."}
{"id": "PMID:145319", "title": "Cardiac hypertrophy and antihypertensive therapy.", "content": "Biochemical (myocardial DNA, RNA, and hydroxyproline) and humoral (plasma [PRA] and kidney [KRA] renin activity) factors were determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar controls (NR) before and following treatment with minoxidil or propranolol. Minoxidil (150 mg.litre-1 drinking water) effectively controlled blood pressure (17.3 kPa vs 24.9 kPa [130 mmHg vs 187 mmHg], P less than 0.001) despite marked and sustained increases in both PRA and KRA ventricular weight which were not reduced and myocardial DNA, RNA, and hyperdroxyproline which were increased by minoxidil (P less than 0.01). In contrast propranolol did not reduce blood pressure in SHR but ventricular weight was reduced somewhat (3.1 +/- 0.4 mg.g-1 vs 3.4 +/- 0.09 mg.g-1, P less than 0.05); in both SHR and NR, KRA, and PRA were lowered by pranolol. Methyldopa which controlled blood pressure and lowered PRA led to a reversal of hypertrophy. Thus, although blood pressure control is obviously important for reversing cardiac hypertrophy, it may not be the sole factor for the development and reversal of cardiac hypertrophy.", "contents": "Cardiac hypertrophy and antihypertensive therapy. Biochemical (myocardial DNA, RNA, and hydroxyproline) and humoral (plasma [PRA] and kidney [KRA] renin activity) factors were determined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar controls (NR) before and following treatment with minoxidil or propranolol. Minoxidil (150 mg.litre-1 drinking water) effectively controlled blood pressure (17.3 kPa vs 24.9 kPa [130 mmHg vs 187 mmHg], P less than 0.001) despite marked and sustained increases in both PRA and KRA ventricular weight which were not reduced and myocardial DNA, RNA, and hyperdroxyproline which were increased by minoxidil (P less than 0.01). In contrast propranolol did not reduce blood pressure in SHR but ventricular weight was reduced somewhat (3.1 +/- 0.4 mg.g-1 vs 3.4 +/- 0.09 mg.g-1, P less than 0.05); in both SHR and NR, KRA, and PRA were lowered by pranolol. Methyldopa which controlled blood pressure and lowered PRA led to a reversal of hypertrophy. Thus, although blood pressure control is obviously important for reversing cardiac hypertrophy, it may not be the sole factor for the development and reversal of cardiac hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:145320", "title": "Biochemical and cytochemical localization of ATPases on the membranes of the electrocyte of Electrophorus electricus.", "content": "The localization of (Na+-K+) ATPase in the intact electrocyte of the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus (L.) and its subcellular fractions was investigated by biochemical and cytochemical methods. The distribution of AChE activity in the subcellular fractions was also comparatively analysed with this enzyme serving as a marker of the innervated membranes of the electrocyte. After application of cytochemical method of Farquhar and Palade to glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue, reaction was observed only at the membranes of vesicles localized at the periphery of the electrocyte. Previously fixed electrocytes, incubated in Ernst's medium showed reaction only at the vesicles whereas in unfixed tissue reaction also appeared at other membranes (surface and invaginations) of the anterior and posterior faces. This reaction was significantly inhibited in the presence of ouabain or in the absence of K+. Inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase by glutaraldehyde fixation was also confirmed by biochemical analysis.", "contents": "Biochemical and cytochemical localization of ATPases on the membranes of the electrocyte of Electrophorus electricus. The localization of (Na+-K+) ATPase in the intact electrocyte of the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus (L.) and its subcellular fractions was investigated by biochemical and cytochemical methods. The distribution of AChE activity in the subcellular fractions was also comparatively analysed with this enzyme serving as a marker of the innervated membranes of the electrocyte. After application of cytochemical method of Farquhar and Palade to glutaraldehyde-fixed tissue, reaction was observed only at the membranes of vesicles localized at the periphery of the electrocyte. Previously fixed electrocytes, incubated in Ernst's medium showed reaction only at the vesicles whereas in unfixed tissue reaction also appeared at other membranes (surface and invaginations) of the anterior and posterior faces. This reaction was significantly inhibited in the presence of ouabain or in the absence of K+. Inhibition of Na+-K+-ATPase by glutaraldehyde fixation was also confirmed by biochemical analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:145325", "title": "An enzyme histochemical study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and allied disease.", "content": "The enzyme activity for alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase, naphthol-AS-acetate esterase, naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase, acid phosphatase, L(+)-tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, and 5'-nucleotidase was examined on the neoplastic cells of giant follicular lymphoblastoma, the so-called reticulum cell sarcoma and S\u00e9zary syndrome. The neoplastic cells of giant follicular lymphoblastoma showed distinct activity for adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase, and those of the so-called reticulum cell sarcoma had no characteristic nature of the reticulum cells or histiocytes enzyme histochemically. These findings suggest that these neoplastic cells may be derived from the B-cell system. In S\u00e9zary syndrome, acid phosphatase activity was localized in a small paranuclear area in S\u00e9zary cells, which were considered to have a T-cell nature. It is thought that these enzyme histochemical methods are easy and useful in differentiating the B- or T-cell nature and the classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.", "contents": "An enzyme histochemical study of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and allied disease. The enzyme activity for alpha-naphthyl-acetate esterase, naphthol-AS-acetate esterase, naphthol-AS-D-chloroacetate esterase, acid phosphatase, L(+)-tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, adenosine triphosphatase, and 5'-nucleotidase was examined on the neoplastic cells of giant follicular lymphoblastoma, the so-called reticulum cell sarcoma and S\u00e9zary syndrome. The neoplastic cells of giant follicular lymphoblastoma showed distinct activity for adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase, and those of the so-called reticulum cell sarcoma had no characteristic nature of the reticulum cells or histiocytes enzyme histochemically. These findings suggest that these neoplastic cells may be derived from the B-cell system. In S\u00e9zary syndrome, acid phosphatase activity was localized in a small paranuclear area in S\u00e9zary cells, which were considered to have a T-cell nature. It is thought that these enzyme histochemical methods are easy and useful in differentiating the B- or T-cell nature and the classification of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:145326", "title": "Electron microscope cytochemistry of host-parasite membrane interactions in malaria.", "content": "Two membrane-bound enzymes were localized by electron microscope cytochemical techniques in Plasmodium lophurae and its host erythrocyte. Parasites were prepared by saponin lysis, French pressure cell lysis, or anti-red blood cell serum lysis; infected and uninfected erythrocyte ghosts were prepared by saponin or French pressure cell lysis. Enzyme incubations were performed on unfixed cells. Adenosinetriphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity was found on the inside of the ghost membrane and on the inside of the outer parasite membrane. NADH oxidase was found on the outside of the erythrocyte membrane and on the outside of the parasite outer membrane. The parasite plasma membrane was negative for both enzymes. The location of both enzymes on the outer parasite membrane were reversed from what one would have expected if the outer membrane had remained merely an invaginated erythrocyte membrane. It is concluded that the outer membrane, although derived from the red cell membrane, has been altered by its association with the malarial parasite.", "contents": "Electron microscope cytochemistry of host-parasite membrane interactions in malaria. Two membrane-bound enzymes were localized by electron microscope cytochemical techniques in Plasmodium lophurae and its host erythrocyte. Parasites were prepared by saponin lysis, French pressure cell lysis, or anti-red blood cell serum lysis; infected and uninfected erythrocyte ghosts were prepared by saponin or French pressure cell lysis. Enzyme incubations were performed on unfixed cells. Adenosinetriphosphatase (EC 3.6.1.3) activity was found on the inside of the ghost membrane and on the inside of the outer parasite membrane. NADH oxidase was found on the outside of the erythrocyte membrane and on the outside of the parasite outer membrane. The parasite plasma membrane was negative for both enzymes. The location of both enzymes on the outer parasite membrane were reversed from what one would have expected if the outer membrane had remained merely an invaginated erythrocyte membrane. It is concluded that the outer membrane, although derived from the red cell membrane, has been altered by its association with the malarial parasite."}
{"id": "PMID:145328", "title": "Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in the absence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy.", "content": "Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) is considered the unifying link in the spectrum of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. ASH and mitral valve systolic anterior motion (SAM) are the two most important echocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). Ten patients found have SAM without ASH were studied. Septal thickness, thickening, and excursion were normal. Seven patients had left ventricular ejection times (LVET) measured before and after amyl nitrite inhalation. In six of them, corrected LVET increased by more than 40 msec. Four patients underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Resting or provocable left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradients were demonstrable in all four patients. The echocardiographic features in patients with SAM alone, ASH and SAM, and ASH alone were compared. compared. LVOT measurements in patients with SAM alone (2.2 +/- .4 cm) and ASH and SAM (2.1 +/- .5 cm) were similar and narrower than in patients with ASH alone (2.8 +/- .5 cm, P less than 0.001). Ejection fractions in patients with SAM alone (79 +/- 10%) were greater than in patients with ASH and SAM (66 +/- 16%, P less than 0.02) or ASH alone (60 +/- 15%, P less than 0.001). Thus, dynamic left ventricular outflow obstruction can exist in the absence of echocardiographic ASH. LVOT width and abnormal LV ejection dynamics may contribute to the LVOT obstruction with or without the presence of ASH.", "contents": "Systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve in the absence of asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) is considered the unifying link in the spectrum of hypertrophic cardiomyopathies. ASH and mitral valve systolic anterior motion (SAM) are the two most important echocardiographic criteria for the diagnosis of idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS). Ten patients found have SAM without ASH were studied. Septal thickness, thickening, and excursion were normal. Seven patients had left ventricular ejection times (LVET) measured before and after amyl nitrite inhalation. In six of them, corrected LVET increased by more than 40 msec. Four patients underwent diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Resting or provocable left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) gradients were demonstrable in all four patients. The echocardiographic features in patients with SAM alone, ASH and SAM, and ASH alone were compared. compared. LVOT measurements in patients with SAM alone (2.2 +/- .4 cm) and ASH and SAM (2.1 +/- .5 cm) were similar and narrower than in patients with ASH alone (2.8 +/- .5 cm, P less than 0.001). Ejection fractions in patients with SAM alone (79 +/- 10%) were greater than in patients with ASH and SAM (66 +/- 16%, P less than 0.02) or ASH alone (60 +/- 15%, P less than 0.001). Thus, dynamic left ventricular outflow obstruction can exist in the absence of echocardiographic ASH. LVOT width and abnormal LV ejection dynamics may contribute to the LVOT obstruction with or without the presence of ASH."}
{"id": "PMID:145329", "title": "Left ventricular anomalies associated with Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve.", "content": "Seventeen patients with Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve have been evaluated. The majority of patients (11/17) presented in the newborn period with cyanosis and cardiomegaly. The remainder (6/17) were referred because of cardiomegaly on chest X-ray and/or a heart murmur heard on routine examination. Three patients have died; one in the newborn period and two suddenly at the age of 11 and 15 years. Thirteen patients have undergone right and left heart cardiac catheterization within the last seven years. Twelve of these 13 patients (92%) had angiocardiographic left ventricular contraction abnormalities. Five patients also had mitral valve prolapse associated with left ventricular dysfunction. Since many patients with Ebstein's anomaly may have significant left ventricular abnormalities, careful and systematic evaluation of the left ventricle is warranted.", "contents": "Left ventricular anomalies associated with Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve. Seventeen patients with Ebstein's malformation of the tricuspid valve have been evaluated. The majority of patients (11/17) presented in the newborn period with cyanosis and cardiomegaly. The remainder (6/17) were referred because of cardiomegaly on chest X-ray and/or a heart murmur heard on routine examination. Three patients have died; one in the newborn period and two suddenly at the age of 11 and 15 years. Thirteen patients have undergone right and left heart cardiac catheterization within the last seven years. Twelve of these 13 patients (92%) had angiocardiographic left ventricular contraction abnormalities. Five patients also had mitral valve prolapse associated with left ventricular dysfunction. Since many patients with Ebstein's anomaly may have significant left ventricular abnormalities, careful and systematic evaluation of the left ventricle is warranted."}
{"id": "PMID:145331", "title": "Chylothorax in two mongoloid infants.", "content": "Two newborns with stigmata of Down syndrome required resuscitation at birth because of unilateral congenital chylous pleural effusion. After thoracentesis, ventilation was improved. Congenital chylous pleural effusion in newborns with Down syndrome has not previously been described. Pleural effusion at birth must be promptly diagnosed and aspirated.", "contents": "Chylothorax in two mongoloid infants. Two newborns with stigmata of Down syndrome required resuscitation at birth because of unilateral congenital chylous pleural effusion. After thoracentesis, ventilation was improved. Congenital chylous pleural effusion in newborns with Down syndrome has not previously been described. Pleural effusion at birth must be promptly diagnosed and aspirated."}
{"id": "PMID:145335", "title": "Relapse of chromate dermatitis from sheet metal.", "content": "Galvanised sheet metal has previously been described as a source of chromate dermatitis (Fregert et al. 1970). We report a patient who appears to have been sensitised many years previously by an entirely different source of chromate, but whose resulting hand eczema has relapsed while handling galvanised sheet metal at work.", "contents": "Relapse of chromate dermatitis from sheet metal. Galvanised sheet metal has previously been described as a source of chromate dermatitis (Fregert et al. 1970). We report a patient who appears to have been sensitised many years previously by an entirely different source of chromate, but whose resulting hand eczema has relapsed while handling galvanised sheet metal at work."}
{"id": "PMID:145336", "title": "Sensitivity to 2-chlorocyclohexanone and its derivatives.", "content": "Three workers developed dermatitis when synthesizing lysine from cyclohexanone; they showed positive patch tests to 2-chlorocyclohexanone and some of its derivatives. Two of them became sensitive to at least two differen compounds.", "contents": "Sensitivity to 2-chlorocyclohexanone and its derivatives. Three workers developed dermatitis when synthesizing lysine from cyclohexanone; they showed positive patch tests to 2-chlorocyclohexanone and some of its derivatives. Two of them became sensitive to at least two differen compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:145337", "title": "Chromate dermatitis from a boiler lining.", "content": "Chromate dermatitis is described in a mechanical fitter working inside boiler combustion chambers. A source of hexavalent chromate is traced to the action of the heat and alkaline fuel ash on trivalent chrome ore in parts of the refractory lining. Removal of the patient from this contact has resulted in almost complete clearing of his dermatitis, without any relapse, during a 9-month follow-up period.", "contents": "Chromate dermatitis from a boiler lining. Chromate dermatitis is described in a mechanical fitter working inside boiler combustion chambers. A source of hexavalent chromate is traced to the action of the heat and alkaline fuel ash on trivalent chrome ore in parts of the refractory lining. Removal of the patient from this contact has resulted in almost complete clearing of his dermatitis, without any relapse, during a 9-month follow-up period."}
{"id": "PMID:145343", "title": "Contact dermatitis from polyfunctional acrylic monomers.", "content": "Five out of 26 men employed formulating radiation drying printing ink developed eczematous dermatitis. Positive patch tests were obtained with two polyfunctional acrylic monomers, pentaerythritol triacrylate and trimethylol propane triacrylate and with formulations containing these in four affected employees. Cross sensitization was observed to dipentaerythritol monohydroxy pentaacrylate in each case. A fifth employee appeared to have developed irritant dermatitis from contact with these materials.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis from polyfunctional acrylic monomers. Five out of 26 men employed formulating radiation drying printing ink developed eczematous dermatitis. Positive patch tests were obtained with two polyfunctional acrylic monomers, pentaerythritol triacrylate and trimethylol propane triacrylate and with formulations containing these in four affected employees. Cross sensitization was observed to dipentaerythritol monohydroxy pentaacrylate in each case. A fifth employee appeared to have developed irritant dermatitis from contact with these materials."}
{"id": "PMID:145344", "title": "Letterflex photoprepolymer sensitization in newspaper printers due to penta erythritol tetrakis 3 mercaptopropionate and 3 mercaptopropionic acid.", "content": "The Letterflex urethane photopolymer mixture contains eight components. The curing agent penta erythritol-tetrakis-3 mercaptopropionate and an auxiliary substance present separately, namely 3 mercaptopropionic acid, gave positive reactions in five patients suffering from occupational contact allergic dermatitis. The mixture contains a third substance to which contact sensitization in a single patient has been described in the literature. This substance did not play any role in the patients' dermatitis. The ways in which the workers come into contact with the liquid form of the prepolymer, which is the sensitizing form of the mixture, are described. Safety measures and complete labelling are advised.", "contents": "Letterflex photoprepolymer sensitization in newspaper printers due to penta erythritol tetrakis 3 mercaptopropionate and 3 mercaptopropionic acid. The Letterflex urethane photopolymer mixture contains eight components. The curing agent penta erythritol-tetrakis-3 mercaptopropionate and an auxiliary substance present separately, namely 3 mercaptopropionic acid, gave positive reactions in five patients suffering from occupational contact allergic dermatitis. The mixture contains a third substance to which contact sensitization in a single patient has been described in the literature. This substance did not play any role in the patients' dermatitis. The ways in which the workers come into contact with the liquid form of the prepolymer, which is the sensitizing form of the mixture, are described. Safety measures and complete labelling are advised."}
{"id": "PMID:145345", "title": "Contact allergy due to lichens in patients with a history of photosensitivity.", "content": "Ten patients with a history of photosensitivity and of a rash showed abnormal reactions to long-wave UVR. The rash occurred particularly in areas exposed to light, though other areas were occasionally involved. The development of the rash could in all patients be related to contact with lichens and although exposure to sunlight usually led to an aggravation of symptoms, some patients, particularly forestry workers, showed exacerbations even during the winter. Positive responses were observed in both irradiated and non-irradiated patch tests with different species of lichen and in several patients irradiation precipitated a stronger response. These findings suggest that lichens can cause both contact and photocontact dermatitis. The suspected allergens contained in these lichens are atranorin, physodalic and pysodic acids.", "contents": "Contact allergy due to lichens in patients with a history of photosensitivity. Ten patients with a history of photosensitivity and of a rash showed abnormal reactions to long-wave UVR. The rash occurred particularly in areas exposed to light, though other areas were occasionally involved. The development of the rash could in all patients be related to contact with lichens and although exposure to sunlight usually led to an aggravation of symptoms, some patients, particularly forestry workers, showed exacerbations even during the winter. Positive responses were observed in both irradiated and non-irradiated patch tests with different species of lichen and in several patients irradiation precipitated a stronger response. These findings suggest that lichens can cause both contact and photocontact dermatitis. The suspected allergens contained in these lichens are atranorin, physodalic and pysodic acids."}
{"id": "PMID:145346", "title": "Contact sensitization to benzoyl peroxide.", "content": "Four formulations of benzoyl peroxide, two 5% and two 10% gels, were assayed for contact sensitizing capability by the human maximization test. Seventy-six per cent became sensitized. Sensitized subjects reacted to all four formulations. Benzoic acid and related compounds failed to elicit an allergic reaction.", "contents": "Contact sensitization to benzoyl peroxide. Four formulations of benzoyl peroxide, two 5% and two 10% gels, were assayed for contact sensitizing capability by the human maximization test. Seventy-six per cent became sensitized. Sensitized subjects reacted to all four formulations. Benzoic acid and related compounds failed to elicit an allergic reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:145354", "title": "Influence of alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with thymoxamine on changes in pupil diameter and accommodation produced by tropicamide and ephedrine.", "content": "In a study in 12 healthy volunteers, local instillation of thymoxamine eye-drops (0.2%) completely reversed the mydriasis produced by ephedrine (5%) but not that produced by ephedrine (5%) together with tropicamide (0.5%). Small but significant changes in accommodation were found with ephedrine and reversed by thymoxamine, suggesting that they were mediated through alpha-adrenoceptor activity. The thymoxamine eyedrops were well tolerated.", "contents": "Influence of alpha-adrenoceptor blockade with thymoxamine on changes in pupil diameter and accommodation produced by tropicamide and ephedrine. In a study in 12 healthy volunteers, local instillation of thymoxamine eye-drops (0.2%) completely reversed the mydriasis produced by ephedrine (5%) but not that produced by ephedrine (5%) together with tropicamide (0.5%). Small but significant changes in accommodation were found with ephedrine and reversed by thymoxamine, suggesting that they were mediated through alpha-adrenoceptor activity. The thymoxamine eyedrops were well tolerated."}
{"id": "PMID:145356", "title": "Histopathologic changes in skin after photochemotherapy.", "content": "In summary, PUVA therapy is an exciting, acceptable, and effective therapy for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. The histologic changes in the skin secondary to PUVA therapy appeared to be an accentuated solar damage of skin. Whether this therapy also enhances the incidence of skin cancers will be answered only by continued observation of these treated patients. The fear of all those engaged in PUVA therapy is that the potentiation of cutaneous neoplasia will not be recognized for many years, as was the case in superficial x-ray therapy. Obviously, careful monitoring of PUVA patients and their clinical response will help reduce UVA exposure as well as decrease the amount of psoralen ingested, and may indeed avoid the prolonged use of PUVA therapy and hopefully lessen the potential longterm cutaneous changes and possible superficial skin cancers.", "contents": "Histopathologic changes in skin after photochemotherapy. In summary, PUVA therapy is an exciting, acceptable, and effective therapy for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris. The histologic changes in the skin secondary to PUVA therapy appeared to be an accentuated solar damage of skin. Whether this therapy also enhances the incidence of skin cancers will be answered only by continued observation of these treated patients. The fear of all those engaged in PUVA therapy is that the potentiation of cutaneous neoplasia will not be recognized for many years, as was the case in superficial x-ray therapy. Obviously, careful monitoring of PUVA patients and their clinical response will help reduce UVA exposure as well as decrease the amount of psoralen ingested, and may indeed avoid the prolonged use of PUVA therapy and hopefully lessen the potential longterm cutaneous changes and possible superficial skin cancers."}
{"id": "PMID:145357", "title": "Seborrheic dermatitis: practical therapy.", "content": "A discussion of seborrheic dermatitis is presented, including the clinical picture, etiology, pathology, histochemistry, and therapy regimen and rationale.", "contents": "Seborrheic dermatitis: practical therapy. A discussion of seborrheic dermatitis is presented, including the clinical picture, etiology, pathology, histochemistry, and therapy regimen and rationale."}
{"id": "PMID:145362", "title": "[Percutaneous caffeine poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 23-year-old patient with psoriatic erythrodermia external application of about 30g of caffeine in anhydrous eucerine led to caffeine poisoning.", "contents": "[Percutaneous caffeine poisoning (author's transl)]. In a 23-year-old patient with psoriatic erythrodermia external application of about 30g of caffeine in anhydrous eucerine led to caffeine poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:145365", "title": "F1-ATPase from Micrococcus sp. ATCC 398. Purification by ion-exchange chromatography and further characterization. (Auto)proteolysis and dissociative effects.", "content": "The preparation of highly purified F1-ATPase from Micrococcus sp. ATCC 398 by application of DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B chromatography as final step is described. This enzyme consists of five subunits of different molecular weight: alpha (65000), beta (55000),gamma (35000), delta (20000), and epsilon (17000). Disc electrophoresis on 5% polyacrylamide gels removes the epsilon-polypeptide yielding an active ATPase complex with four different subunits: alpha, beta, gamma, delta. Additionally, by variation of the ionic strength delta can (partly) removed allowing the isolation by disc electrophoresis of an active ATPase complex which consists only of three different subunits alpha, beta, and gamma. If the DEAE-Sepharose chromatography is carried out in the absence of diisopropyl phosphofluoridate (auto)proteolysis yields both an active ATPase with the subunits alpha+ (mol. wt 61000), beta, gamma, and delta and an inactive protein complex with the subunits alpha+, beta, gamma, delta, and two additional polypeptides a (mol. wt 38000) and b (mol. wt 23000). The latter two polypeptides are supposedly fragments of alpha+-chains which have become partially cleaved by (auto)proteolysis.", "contents": "F1-ATPase from Micrococcus sp. ATCC 398. Purification by ion-exchange chromatography and further characterization. (Auto)proteolysis and dissociative effects. The preparation of highly purified F1-ATPase from Micrococcus sp. ATCC 398 by application of DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B chromatography as final step is described. This enzyme consists of five subunits of different molecular weight: alpha (65000), beta (55000),gamma (35000), delta (20000), and epsilon (17000). Disc electrophoresis on 5% polyacrylamide gels removes the epsilon-polypeptide yielding an active ATPase complex with four different subunits: alpha, beta, gamma, delta. Additionally, by variation of the ionic strength delta can (partly) removed allowing the isolation by disc electrophoresis of an active ATPase complex which consists only of three different subunits alpha, beta, and gamma. If the DEAE-Sepharose chromatography is carried out in the absence of diisopropyl phosphofluoridate (auto)proteolysis yields both an active ATPase with the subunits alpha+ (mol. wt 61000), beta, gamma, and delta and an inactive protein complex with the subunits alpha+, beta, gamma, delta, and two additional polypeptides a (mol. wt 38000) and b (mol. wt 23000). The latter two polypeptides are supposedly fragments of alpha+-chains which have become partially cleaved by (auto)proteolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:145366", "title": "Delineation of Robertsonian translocations in man by means of chromosome banding.", "content": "Robertsonian translocations from thirteen unrelated individuals were studied by G, Q and C banding, and by autoradiography. Each of three D-D translocations involved chromosomes 13 and 14, all four D-G translocations involved chromosomes 14 and 21, and five of six G-G translocations involved two chromsomes 21 while the sixth involved 21 and 22. Two centromeres were noted in a single 21-21 translocation chromosome by C banding. Autoradiogrpahy was much less useful in identifying the chromosomes involved in the thirteen translocations. G and Q banding were consistently accurate.", "contents": "Delineation of Robertsonian translocations in man by means of chromosome banding. Robertsonian translocations from thirteen unrelated individuals were studied by G, Q and C banding, and by autoradiography. Each of three D-D translocations involved chromosomes 13 and 14, all four D-G translocations involved chromosomes 14 and 21, and five of six G-G translocations involved two chromsomes 21 while the sixth involved 21 and 22. Two centromeres were noted in a single 21-21 translocation chromosome by C banding. Autoradiogrpahy was much less useful in identifying the chromosomes involved in the thirteen translocations. G and Q banding were consistently accurate."}
{"id": "PMID:145374", "title": "Histopathological and histochemical studies of the skin of guinea pigs after long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide.", "content": "Male guinea pigs were exposed to nitrogen dioxide (2 mg/m3) during 180 days (8 hours a day). Long-term exposure induced thickening of the corneal layer of the epidermis as well as inflammatory infiltrations in the proper skin. The following enzymes were estimated histochemically in skin samples of experimental and control animals: succinic dehydrogenase, NADH2-tetrazolium reductase, lactate dehydrogenase; alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase. Chronic exposrue stimulated a decrease of NADH2-tetrazolium reductase in the epidermis and connective tissue components of proper skin and marked positive reaction of lactate dehydrogenase in epidermal cells and hair follicles. Increase of a diffuse reaction on adenosine triphosphatase in smooth muscles of the skin was found also in exposed animals.", "contents": "Histopathological and histochemical studies of the skin of guinea pigs after long-term exposure to nitrogen dioxide. Male guinea pigs were exposed to nitrogen dioxide (2 mg/m3) during 180 days (8 hours a day). Long-term exposure induced thickening of the corneal layer of the epidermis as well as inflammatory infiltrations in the proper skin. The following enzymes were estimated histochemically in skin samples of experimental and control animals: succinic dehydrogenase, NADH2-tetrazolium reductase, lactate dehydrogenase; alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase. Chronic exposrue stimulated a decrease of NADH2-tetrazolium reductase in the epidermis and connective tissue components of proper skin and marked positive reaction of lactate dehydrogenase in epidermal cells and hair follicles. Increase of a diffuse reaction on adenosine triphosphatase in smooth muscles of the skin was found also in exposed animals."}
{"id": "PMID:145378", "title": "Silicone rubber band for laparoscopic tubal sterilization.", "content": "In 1974, Yoon and associates (Am J Obstet Gynecol 120:132, 1974) described a new approach in which laparoscopic tubal occlusion was accomplished by utilizing the silicone rubber band technique. Recognizing the great advantages of the new technique in eliminating potential thermal injury associated with electrocoagulation, the authors have utilized the Yoon silicone rubber band technique in these institutions over the past 20 months. Thus far the procedure has been performed in 304 patients without any major complications. In the hope of eliminating and/or reducing possible pregnancy-failure rates, in 110 cases. In addition to application of the silicone band, the tube within the band was transected with non-electrical Seigler biopsy forceps. This, we believe, should provide an interesting long-term comparative study.", "contents": "Silicone rubber band for laparoscopic tubal sterilization. In 1974, Yoon and associates (Am J Obstet Gynecol 120:132, 1974) described a new approach in which laparoscopic tubal occlusion was accomplished by utilizing the silicone rubber band technique. Recognizing the great advantages of the new technique in eliminating potential thermal injury associated with electrocoagulation, the authors have utilized the Yoon silicone rubber band technique in these institutions over the past 20 months. Thus far the procedure has been performed in 304 patients without any major complications. In the hope of eliminating and/or reducing possible pregnancy-failure rates, in 110 cases. In addition to application of the silicone band, the tube within the band was transected with non-electrical Seigler biopsy forceps. This, we believe, should provide an interesting long-term comparative study."}
{"id": "PMID:145383", "title": "Follicular contact dermatitis due to formaldehyde.", "content": "2 patients with textile contact dermatitis due to formaldehyde developed follicular, papular lesions. Histologically these papules showed eczematous changes in the follicular epidermis and mononuclear cell infiltrates in the dermis around the involved follicle. The skin between the papules was intact. It is suggested that the concept of \"dermal\" contact sensitivity does not fit for the explanation of papular dermatitis due to formaldehyde.", "contents": "Follicular contact dermatitis due to formaldehyde. 2 patients with textile contact dermatitis due to formaldehyde developed follicular, papular lesions. Histologically these papules showed eczematous changes in the follicular epidermis and mononuclear cell infiltrates in the dermis around the involved follicle. The skin between the papules was intact. It is suggested that the concept of \"dermal\" contact sensitivity does not fit for the explanation of papular dermatitis due to formaldehyde."}
{"id": "PMID:145384", "title": "[Papillon-lef\u00e8vre syndrome].", "content": "Papillon-Lef\u00e8vre syndrome in a 13-year-old boy is described. His two great-grandfathers were first-degree cousins (consanguinity). However, no other case of the syndrome nor of palmoplantar keratoderma exists in the family. The palmoplantar keratoderma, which had started before becoming 1 year of age, is usually more pronounced during spring and autumn as well as during feverish diseases. However, it is of the transgradient type and is not necessarily very severe. The loss of the deciduous and permanent teeth was a consequence of severe juvenile parodontitis and of bone destruction. The boy could extract his teeth easily by himself and has total prothesis since the age of 14 years. Every treatment was unsuccessful.", "contents": "[Papillon-lef\u00e8vre syndrome]. Papillon-Lef\u00e8vre syndrome in a 13-year-old boy is described. His two great-grandfathers were first-degree cousins (consanguinity). However, no other case of the syndrome nor of palmoplantar keratoderma exists in the family. The palmoplantar keratoderma, which had started before becoming 1 year of age, is usually more pronounced during spring and autumn as well as during feverish diseases. However, it is of the transgradient type and is not necessarily very severe. The loss of the deciduous and permanent teeth was a consequence of severe juvenile parodontitis and of bone destruction. The boy could extract his teeth easily by himself and has total prothesis since the age of 14 years. Every treatment was unsuccessful."}
{"id": "PMID:145386", "title": "Pancreatic beta cell toxicity by streptozotocin anomers.", "content": "D-glucose in the pyranose (ring) form exists as two anomers. The alpha-anomer is more effective than the beta-anomer in promoting insulin secretion, suppressing that of glucagon, and protecting beta-cells against alloxan toxicity. Streptozotocin (SZ), a beta cell toxin, is composed of a cytotoxic moiety, 1-methyl 1-nitrosourea, attached to carbon-2 of glucose and exists as either of two anomers in the pyranose form. In 24-hour-fasted male rats, predominantly alpha- or predominantly beta-SZ was injected intravenously and plasma glucose levels were obtained 48 hours later. The alpha-anomer produced significantly greater beta-cell necrosis at doses of 30, 35, and 40 mg./kg. body weight. At higher doses, no differences between the alpha and beta anomers were observed. 3-O-Methyl glucose (3-OMG) protected against both SZ anomers; however, the alpha-SZ remained more toxic. Larger doses of glucose protected against the lower doses of SZ and, under such conditions, the individual glucose anomers appeared equally potent. Finally, mannitol at comparable molar concentrations was ineffective in protecting against the SZ toxicity. This study suggests that streptozotocin's beta cell toxicity is mediated through recognition by the beta cell. In addition, 3-OMG and, to a lesser but significant extent, glucose were shown to protect against the streptozotocin toxicity, whereas mannitol did not.", "contents": "Pancreatic beta cell toxicity by streptozotocin anomers. D-glucose in the pyranose (ring) form exists as two anomers. The alpha-anomer is more effective than the beta-anomer in promoting insulin secretion, suppressing that of glucagon, and protecting beta-cells against alloxan toxicity. Streptozotocin (SZ), a beta cell toxin, is composed of a cytotoxic moiety, 1-methyl 1-nitrosourea, attached to carbon-2 of glucose and exists as either of two anomers in the pyranose form. In 24-hour-fasted male rats, predominantly alpha- or predominantly beta-SZ was injected intravenously and plasma glucose levels were obtained 48 hours later. The alpha-anomer produced significantly greater beta-cell necrosis at doses of 30, 35, and 40 mg./kg. body weight. At higher doses, no differences between the alpha and beta anomers were observed. 3-O-Methyl glucose (3-OMG) protected against both SZ anomers; however, the alpha-SZ remained more toxic. Larger doses of glucose protected against the lower doses of SZ and, under such conditions, the individual glucose anomers appeared equally potent. Finally, mannitol at comparable molar concentrations was ineffective in protecting against the SZ toxicity. This study suggests that streptozotocin's beta cell toxicity is mediated through recognition by the beta cell. In addition, 3-OMG and, to a lesser but significant extent, glucose were shown to protect against the streptozotocin toxicity, whereas mannitol did not."}
{"id": "PMID:145387", "title": "Plasma androgen concentrations in diabetic women.", "content": "Plasma androgen levels were determined in women assigned to the following groups: idiopathically hirsute, diabetic, both idiopathically hirsute and diabetic, and normal. The androgens examined were androstenedione (AD), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). We find statistical differences between young (less than 38 years) and older (larger than or equal to 38 years) controls at confidence levels of p less than or equal to 0.01 for AD, DHT, and T and of p less than or equal to 0.05 for DHEA. The results indicate that peak circulating androgen levels occur prior to age 30-35 years for women. There are no significant differences between the young controls and young idiopathically hirsute subjects, but a statistical difference exists between older hirsute and older controls for all four androgens (p less than or equal to 0.05). When a comparison is made among the diabetic, hirsute diabetic, and older control groups (all groups larger than or equal to 38 years), the diabetic group is significantly higher than the control in plasma AD (p less than or equal to 0.01) and DHEA (p less than or equal to 0.05). These same two steroids are also higher in the diabetic group than in the hirsute diabetic group (p less than or equal to 0.05), while the latter differs from controls only in testosterone levels (p less than or equal to 0.05). DHT levels are similar for all three groups.", "contents": "Plasma androgen concentrations in diabetic women. Plasma androgen levels were determined in women assigned to the following groups: idiopathically hirsute, diabetic, both idiopathically hirsute and diabetic, and normal. The androgens examined were androstenedione (AD), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), testosterone (T), and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). We find statistical differences between young (less than 38 years) and older (larger than or equal to 38 years) controls at confidence levels of p less than or equal to 0.01 for AD, DHT, and T and of p less than or equal to 0.05 for DHEA. The results indicate that peak circulating androgen levels occur prior to age 30-35 years for women. There are no significant differences between the young controls and young idiopathically hirsute subjects, but a statistical difference exists between older hirsute and older controls for all four androgens (p less than or equal to 0.05). When a comparison is made among the diabetic, hirsute diabetic, and older control groups (all groups larger than or equal to 38 years), the diabetic group is significantly higher than the control in plasma AD (p less than or equal to 0.01) and DHEA (p less than or equal to 0.05). These same two steroids are also higher in the diabetic group than in the hirsute diabetic group (p less than or equal to 0.05), while the latter differs from controls only in testosterone levels (p less than or equal to 0.05). DHT levels are similar for all three groups."}
{"id": "PMID:145390", "title": "E. coli phosphofructokinase synthesized in vitro from a ColE1 hybrid plasmid.", "content": "A hybrid plasmid, pLC 16-4, from the ColE1-DNA (E. coli) bank of Clarke and Carbon (1976) carrying pfkA was used to program an in vitro protein synthesis system from E. coli. Phosphofructokinase was the main product, as determined by enzyme assay, immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was synthesized in vitro without added cAMP at a rate (enzyme/genome/h) ca. 30% the in vivo value, a higher efficiency than usually found in cell free systems. The plasmic molecular weight is ca. 16.10(6) daltons.", "contents": "E. coli phosphofructokinase synthesized in vitro from a ColE1 hybrid plasmid. A hybrid plasmid, pLC 16-4, from the ColE1-DNA (E. coli) bank of Clarke and Carbon (1976) carrying pfkA was used to program an in vitro protein synthesis system from E. coli. Phosphofructokinase was the main product, as determined by enzyme assay, immunoprecipitation and gel electrophoresis. The enzyme was synthesized in vitro without added cAMP at a rate (enzyme/genome/h) ca. 30% the in vivo value, a higher efficiency than usually found in cell free systems. The plasmic molecular weight is ca. 16.10(6) daltons."}
{"id": "PMID:145392", "title": "Dihydroergotoxine and ethanol: physiological and neurochemical variables in male mice.", "content": "The residual effects of dihydroergotoxine mesylate (DHET: active substance of Hydergine), ethanol, and DHET + ethanol were investigated in aging male mice. Prolonged alcohol or DHET consumption was found to prolong hexobarbital sleeping time and increase oxygen consumption. Administration of alcohol combined with DHET inhibited the ability of each drug to prolong hexobarbital sleeping time and increase oxygen consumption. There were no significant differences between groups in forebrain synaptosomal (Na+-K+) adenosine- triphosphatase and acetylcholinesterase activity or cerebellar protein, DNA and RNA content. The relative proportion of phospholipid to protein in isolated myelin of the medulla was significantly reduced, whereas the sphingomyelin content of total phospholipid was highest in alcohol-treated mice. Conocomitant treatment of mice with alcohol combined with DHET prevented the physiological and neurochemical changes caused by alcohol and, in some cases, DHET, administered alone.", "contents": "Dihydroergotoxine and ethanol: physiological and neurochemical variables in male mice. The residual effects of dihydroergotoxine mesylate (DHET: active substance of Hydergine), ethanol, and DHET + ethanol were investigated in aging male mice. Prolonged alcohol or DHET consumption was found to prolong hexobarbital sleeping time and increase oxygen consumption. Administration of alcohol combined with DHET inhibited the ability of each drug to prolong hexobarbital sleeping time and increase oxygen consumption. There were no significant differences between groups in forebrain synaptosomal (Na+-K+) adenosine- triphosphatase and acetylcholinesterase activity or cerebellar protein, DNA and RNA content. The relative proportion of phospholipid to protein in isolated myelin of the medulla was significantly reduced, whereas the sphingomyelin content of total phospholipid was highest in alcohol-treated mice. Conocomitant treatment of mice with alcohol combined with DHET prevented the physiological and neurochemical changes caused by alcohol and, in some cases, DHET, administered alone."}
{"id": "PMID:145401", "title": "[T-cell subpopulations in mixed lymphocyte cultured. Model of T-cell interactions].", "content": "The present studies have shown that two subpopulations of thymus-dependent lymphocytes may act synergisticaly in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in the mouse. One subpopulation was well represented in the young adult thymus and the other in lymph nodes. For optimum synergy, both populations must be allogeneic to the stimulator cells. Pretreatment of either population with mitomycin-C abolished synergy. In a cinetic study lymph node cells were proliferating before thymus cells. A mixture of thymus and lymph node cells (4:1) demonstrated a proliferation pattern like pure lymph node cells. Possibly, in MLC 3 cell types react, a T1- and T2-cell triggered by LD-antigens and a T-effector cell triggered by SD-antigens. These different T-cell subpopulations may interact in MLC.", "contents": "[T-cell subpopulations in mixed lymphocyte cultured. Model of T-cell interactions]. The present studies have shown that two subpopulations of thymus-dependent lymphocytes may act synergisticaly in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) in the mouse. One subpopulation was well represented in the young adult thymus and the other in lymph nodes. For optimum synergy, both populations must be allogeneic to the stimulator cells. Pretreatment of either population with mitomycin-C abolished synergy. In a cinetic study lymph node cells were proliferating before thymus cells. A mixture of thymus and lymph node cells (4:1) demonstrated a proliferation pattern like pure lymph node cells. Possibly, in MLC 3 cell types react, a T1- and T2-cell triggered by LD-antigens and a T-effector cell triggered by SD-antigens. These different T-cell subpopulations may interact in MLC."}
{"id": "PMID:145402", "title": "Periovulatory steroid concentrations in HCG-treated rabbits.", "content": "The level of pregnenolone increased within 1 h and remained high for 4 h after an intravenous injection of HCG in conscious rabbits. Peaks for progesterone, estrogens and dehydroepiandrosterone were recorded at 2 h, and that of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone 6 h after HCG injection. At the time of ovulation the serum concentrations of all steroids had returned to their basal levels. It seems that HCG maintained a high production of pregnenolone and promoted the synthesis of different steroids.", "contents": "Periovulatory steroid concentrations in HCG-treated rabbits. The level of pregnenolone increased within 1 h and remained high for 4 h after an intravenous injection of HCG in conscious rabbits. Peaks for progesterone, estrogens and dehydroepiandrosterone were recorded at 2 h, and that of 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone 6 h after HCG injection. At the time of ovulation the serum concentrations of all steroids had returned to their basal levels. It seems that HCG maintained a high production of pregnenolone and promoted the synthesis of different steroids."}
{"id": "PMID:145403", "title": "Repression of asexual embryogenesis in vitro by some plant growth regulators.", "content": "A factor that represses asexual embryogenesis has been observed in the Rutaceae, with particularly high concentrations in the naturally monoembryonic cultivars. This investigation was an initial step towards identifying the factor. Citrus reticulata Blanco Ponkan mandarin nucellus explants and Daucus carota L. 'Queen Anne's Lace' callus were employed to examine effects of known plant growth regulators and to determine possible identity of one or more of them with the repressive factor. The chalazal halves of ovules of C. media L. 'Citron of Commerce' were used as control repressor source. Embryo initiation and growth of both test tissues were depressed markedly by 2,4-D, abscisic acid and ethephon. Slight inhibitions were obtained with IAA, kinetin and gibberellic acid. Recovery from the repressor did not occur readily in Citrus nucellus following recultures in citron-ovule-free medium; carrot callus resumed normal embryogenesis immediately upon transfer to suppressor-free medium. The repression by natural sources apparently involved the combined action of some or all natural hormones that are generically related to the above.", "contents": "Repression of asexual embryogenesis in vitro by some plant growth regulators. A factor that represses asexual embryogenesis has been observed in the Rutaceae, with particularly high concentrations in the naturally monoembryonic cultivars. This investigation was an initial step towards identifying the factor. Citrus reticulata Blanco Ponkan mandarin nucellus explants and Daucus carota L. 'Queen Anne's Lace' callus were employed to examine effects of known plant growth regulators and to determine possible identity of one or more of them with the repressive factor. The chalazal halves of ovules of C. media L. 'Citron of Commerce' were used as control repressor source. Embryo initiation and growth of both test tissues were depressed markedly by 2,4-D, abscisic acid and ethephon. Slight inhibitions were obtained with IAA, kinetin and gibberellic acid. Recovery from the repressor did not occur readily in Citrus nucellus following recultures in citron-ovule-free medium; carrot callus resumed normal embryogenesis immediately upon transfer to suppressor-free medium. The repression by natural sources apparently involved the combined action of some or all natural hormones that are generically related to the above."}
{"id": "PMID:145406", "title": "Differentiation of functionally active mouse T-lymphocytes from functionally inactive bone marrow precursors.", "content": "An investigation has been made of the development of various T cell functions in lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with anti-0 treated spleen or bone marrow cells. Evidence is presented to show that both organs contain a post-thymic precursor pool able to regenerate by 15 days limited T cell responses in thymectomized recipients. A prethymic pool also exists in each organ able to regenerate, at a later date, first a suppressor T cell population and probably later, mature functional T cells involved in helper functions and cell mediated lympholysis. The spleen is apparently a better source of precursors of the suppressor cells than bone marrow, while a poorer source of precursors of the other T cell functions. All T cell functions investigated apparently first appear in large cells which undergo a reversion to small cells without necessarily maturing to their full potential reactivity. By following the kinetics of appearance of T cell functions, and the physical parameters of the cells with which these functions are associated, it is shown that PHA responding and Con A responding cells, cytotoxic T cell progenitors, helper T cells for antibody production and helper T cells for cytotoxicity induction can all at some stage of differentiation be separated from one another.", "contents": "Differentiation of functionally active mouse T-lymphocytes from functionally inactive bone marrow precursors. An investigation has been made of the development of various T cell functions in lethally irradiated mice reconstituted with anti-0 treated spleen or bone marrow cells. Evidence is presented to show that both organs contain a post-thymic precursor pool able to regenerate by 15 days limited T cell responses in thymectomized recipients. A prethymic pool also exists in each organ able to regenerate, at a later date, first a suppressor T cell population and probably later, mature functional T cells involved in helper functions and cell mediated lympholysis. The spleen is apparently a better source of precursors of the suppressor cells than bone marrow, while a poorer source of precursors of the other T cell functions. All T cell functions investigated apparently first appear in large cells which undergo a reversion to small cells without necessarily maturing to their full potential reactivity. By following the kinetics of appearance of T cell functions, and the physical parameters of the cells with which these functions are associated, it is shown that PHA responding and Con A responding cells, cytotoxic T cell progenitors, helper T cells for antibody production and helper T cells for cytotoxicity induction can all at some stage of differentiation be separated from one another."}
{"id": "PMID:145415", "title": "Activated mouse lymphocyte release factors which modulate the proliferative responses of other lymphocytes.", "content": "Supernatants of mouse lymphocyte cultures briefly exposed to phytomitogens or various antigens may contain factors---lymphokines--which are mitogenic for lymphocytes in the absence of any additional stimulatory agents. Whether such supernatants can modulate the proliferative responses of lymphocytes exposed to phytomitogens or allogeneic cells is the subject of the present investigation. Active supernatants were obtained from cultures of either mouse lymph node cells incubated with concanavalin A bound to Sepharose or allogeneic cells for 24 h. Both types of active supernatants reduced the 3H-thymidine uptakes of lymph node cells and cortisone-resistant--medullary--thymocytes in response to various phytomitogens and allogeneic cells. In contrast, normal suspensions of mouse thymocytes, containing both cortical and medullary lymphocytes, exhibited stimulations higher than anticipated. The results indicate that activated lymphocytes may release factors which reduce proliferative responses of some lymphocytes, presumably immunologically mature T cells, and enhance the responses of other lymphocytes which are relatively immature.", "contents": "Activated mouse lymphocyte release factors which modulate the proliferative responses of other lymphocytes. Supernatants of mouse lymphocyte cultures briefly exposed to phytomitogens or various antigens may contain factors---lymphokines--which are mitogenic for lymphocytes in the absence of any additional stimulatory agents. Whether such supernatants can modulate the proliferative responses of lymphocytes exposed to phytomitogens or allogeneic cells is the subject of the present investigation. Active supernatants were obtained from cultures of either mouse lymph node cells incubated with concanavalin A bound to Sepharose or allogeneic cells for 24 h. Both types of active supernatants reduced the 3H-thymidine uptakes of lymph node cells and cortisone-resistant--medullary--thymocytes in response to various phytomitogens and allogeneic cells. In contrast, normal suspensions of mouse thymocytes, containing both cortical and medullary lymphocytes, exhibited stimulations higher than anticipated. The results indicate that activated lymphocytes may release factors which reduce proliferative responses of some lymphocytes, presumably immunologically mature T cells, and enhance the responses of other lymphocytes which are relatively immature."}
{"id": "PMID:145417", "title": "Contribution to the biochemical characterization of cardiac glycosides concerning their influence on ATP-ases.", "content": "1. A comparison of the complex binding constants of different glycosides show no significant differences between these different glycosides at least not in the model containing ATP. 2. There are greater differences regarding the ATP-ase activity of the different glycoside complexes measured by means of the Rb-transport method. 3. The absorption of different proscillaridin and methylproscillaridin preparations was investigated with this method. 4. Using the rat as experimental animal the effect of different glycosides on the Na-K and Ca ATP-ase of the heart muscle was demonstrated showing a remarkable activation of the Ca-activated ATP-ase caused by proscillaridin. In order to find an explanation for the therapeutic and toxic effects these investigations have to be repeated in the pig, which shows more similarities in the ATP-ase distribution to man than the rat.", "contents": "Contribution to the biochemical characterization of cardiac glycosides concerning their influence on ATP-ases. 1. A comparison of the complex binding constants of different glycosides show no significant differences between these different glycosides at least not in the model containing ATP. 2. There are greater differences regarding the ATP-ase activity of the different glycoside complexes measured by means of the Rb-transport method. 3. The absorption of different proscillaridin and methylproscillaridin preparations was investigated with this method. 4. Using the rat as experimental animal the effect of different glycosides on the Na-K and Ca ATP-ase of the heart muscle was demonstrated showing a remarkable activation of the Ca-activated ATP-ase caused by proscillaridin. In order to find an explanation for the therapeutic and toxic effects these investigations have to be repeated in the pig, which shows more similarities in the ATP-ase distribution to man than the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:145421", "title": "Myomuscular junctions in re-innervated rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "Re-innervated extensor digitorum longus, soleus and plantaris muscles of the rat were studied after denervation performed at various postnatal ages. The muscle fibres, which normally run from tendon to tendon as independent units, were found to be very frequently connected by myomuscular junctions, both in the form of terminal insertions of one fibre into another and of lateral bridges which may join two or more muscle fibres at one or more levels. Positive reaction for AChE activity was demonstrated at the level of the junctions. Incubation for myosin ATPase activity showed that myomuscular junctions are only found between fibres of the same histochemical type, which in re-innervated muscles are usually aggregated in 'type groupings'. Ultrastructural features were similar in both forms of myomuscular junctions. The appearance is that of an interdigitation of muscle projections from neighbouring fibres, each projection being covered by a basement membrane with attached collagen fibrils. The finger-like projections at their endings contain vesicles and elongated cisternae filled with granular dense material. It is postulated that the synchronous activity of neighbouring fibres within the compact motor units of reinnervated muscles is a causal factor initiating the formation of myomuscular junctions.", "contents": "Myomuscular junctions in re-innervated rat skeletal muscle. Re-innervated extensor digitorum longus, soleus and plantaris muscles of the rat were studied after denervation performed at various postnatal ages. The muscle fibres, which normally run from tendon to tendon as independent units, were found to be very frequently connected by myomuscular junctions, both in the form of terminal insertions of one fibre into another and of lateral bridges which may join two or more muscle fibres at one or more levels. Positive reaction for AChE activity was demonstrated at the level of the junctions. Incubation for myosin ATPase activity showed that myomuscular junctions are only found between fibres of the same histochemical type, which in re-innervated muscles are usually aggregated in 'type groupings'. Ultrastructural features were similar in both forms of myomuscular junctions. The appearance is that of an interdigitation of muscle projections from neighbouring fibres, each projection being covered by a basement membrane with attached collagen fibrils. The finger-like projections at their endings contain vesicles and elongated cisternae filled with granular dense material. It is postulated that the synchronous activity of neighbouring fibres within the compact motor units of reinnervated muscles is a causal factor initiating the formation of myomuscular junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:145422", "title": "Myosin ATPase activity after strengthening exercise.", "content": "Alteration in the histochemical activity of myosin ATPase has been demonstrated in the soleus of adult rats after brief (A) and prolonged (B) intensive weight lifting exercises. The former represented 'high intensity-short duration' and the latter 'high intensity-prolonged duration' exercise. The data revealed a significant muscle hypertrophy (23-26%) in both the exercising groups. Whereas group A muscles showed a relative increase in the number of type II (FOG) fibres, accompanied by a hypertrophy of the type I or slow twitch-oxidative (SO) fibres, the soleus muscles in group B showed a significant decrease (P less than 0.01) in the number of type II (FOG) fibres, presumably owing to a conversion of type II (FOG) to type I (SO) fibres. It is hypothesized that strengthening exercise may enhance the activity of the 'fast type' of myosin ATPase in brief or static work, and the 'slow type' in prolonged or more dynamic high intensity work.", "contents": "Myosin ATPase activity after strengthening exercise. Alteration in the histochemical activity of myosin ATPase has been demonstrated in the soleus of adult rats after brief (A) and prolonged (B) intensive weight lifting exercises. The former represented 'high intensity-short duration' and the latter 'high intensity-prolonged duration' exercise. The data revealed a significant muscle hypertrophy (23-26%) in both the exercising groups. Whereas group A muscles showed a relative increase in the number of type II (FOG) fibres, accompanied by a hypertrophy of the type I or slow twitch-oxidative (SO) fibres, the soleus muscles in group B showed a significant decrease (P less than 0.01) in the number of type II (FOG) fibres, presumably owing to a conversion of type II (FOG) to type I (SO) fibres. It is hypothesized that strengthening exercise may enhance the activity of the 'fast type' of myosin ATPase in brief or static work, and the 'slow type' in prolonged or more dynamic high intensity work."}
{"id": "PMID:145423", "title": "Studies on the ionophorous antibiotics. XII. Effects of ionophore lysocellin on cation distribution and respiration in mitochondria.", "content": "The effects of the ionophore lysocellin on the movements of Ca2+, Mg2+ and alkali metal cations and its effect on energy utilization by rat liver mitochondria have been investigated. At a concentration of 0.05 micrometer, lysocellin induced dissociation of membrane-bound calcium, and an apparent steady state was established across the inner membrane between energy-linked calcium accumulation and the ionophore-induced depletion of calcium. No detectable efflux of intramitochondrial Ca2+ and Mg2+ was induced by 0.05 micrometer lysocellin, but the uptake of exogenously added calcium was significantly inhibited. The ionophore augmented Mg2+ release from mitochondria induced by Ca2+ addition and also caused rapid release of K+ from mitochondria preloaded with K+ by valinomycin or monazomycin. High levels (0.5 approximately 10 micrometer of lysocellin caused massive depletion of endogenous Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ from mitochondria, resulting in disruption of mitochondrial functions including release of state 4 respiration, stimulation of ATPase and inhibition of ADP- or DNP-stimulated respiration. Structure-activity studies with chemically modified compounds of lysocellin indicated the important role of terminal carboxylic acid and C21 hydroxyl function in the activity of the ionophore, and there is a good correlation between the effect of lysocellin on mitochondrial cation movements and its ability to complex with cations determined in an organic solvent-water two-phase partition system.", "contents": "Studies on the ionophorous antibiotics. XII. Effects of ionophore lysocellin on cation distribution and respiration in mitochondria. The effects of the ionophore lysocellin on the movements of Ca2+, Mg2+ and alkali metal cations and its effect on energy utilization by rat liver mitochondria have been investigated. At a concentration of 0.05 micrometer, lysocellin induced dissociation of membrane-bound calcium, and an apparent steady state was established across the inner membrane between energy-linked calcium accumulation and the ionophore-induced depletion of calcium. No detectable efflux of intramitochondrial Ca2+ and Mg2+ was induced by 0.05 micrometer lysocellin, but the uptake of exogenously added calcium was significantly inhibited. The ionophore augmented Mg2+ release from mitochondria induced by Ca2+ addition and also caused rapid release of K+ from mitochondria preloaded with K+ by valinomycin or monazomycin. High levels (0.5 approximately 10 micrometer of lysocellin caused massive depletion of endogenous Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ from mitochondria, resulting in disruption of mitochondrial functions including release of state 4 respiration, stimulation of ATPase and inhibition of ADP- or DNP-stimulated respiration. Structure-activity studies with chemically modified compounds of lysocellin indicated the important role of terminal carboxylic acid and C21 hydroxyl function in the activity of the ionophore, and there is a good correlation between the effect of lysocellin on mitochondrial cation movements and its ability to complex with cations determined in an organic solvent-water two-phase partition system."}
{"id": "PMID:145418", "title": "Effects of contrast material on dimensions and hemodynamics of the newborn heart: a study in conscious newborn lambs.", "content": "Injections of contrast material (Hypaque M-75%) and normal saline into the left ventricle (LV) of 1- to 3-month-old conscious lambs, during continuous monitoring of LV internal dimensions and pressures, revealed instaneous increases in LV end diastolic and end systolic volumes and LV end diastolic pressure. After contrast material, these alterations were sustained. Contrast injections were also accompanied by a mild depression in LV contractile state (dp/dt/P), systemic vasodilatation and persistent augmentation of cardiac output. The immediate effects on LV dimensions are primarily a consequence of acute volume expansion of the LV by the injection while the sustained changes likely reflect an expanded intravascular volume.", "contents": "Effects of contrast material on dimensions and hemodynamics of the newborn heart: a study in conscious newborn lambs. Injections of contrast material (Hypaque M-75%) and normal saline into the left ventricle (LV) of 1- to 3-month-old conscious lambs, during continuous monitoring of LV internal dimensions and pressures, revealed instaneous increases in LV end diastolic and end systolic volumes and LV end diastolic pressure. After contrast material, these alterations were sustained. Contrast injections were also accompanied by a mild depression in LV contractile state (dp/dt/P), systemic vasodilatation and persistent augmentation of cardiac output. The immediate effects on LV dimensions are primarily a consequence of acute volume expansion of the LV by the injection while the sustained changes likely reflect an expanded intravascular volume."}
{"id": "PMID:145424", "title": "Spectinomycin modification. III Chloro-deoxy analogs.", "content": "9-Epichloro-9-deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin (3), 9-chloro-9-deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin (7), 9-deoxy-8, 9-epimino-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin (6), and 9-epichloro-9-deoxy-spectinomycin (10) have been prepared and their structures established by proton magnetic resonance. These analogs are devoid of antibiotic activity.", "contents": "Spectinomycin modification. III Chloro-deoxy analogs. 9-Epichloro-9-deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin (3), 9-chloro-9-deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin (7), 9-deoxy-8, 9-epimino-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin (6), and 9-epichloro-9-deoxy-spectinomycin (10) have been prepared and their structures established by proton magnetic resonance. These analogs are devoid of antibiotic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:145425", "title": "Measurement of oxygen consumption: assessing the accuracy of a method.", "content": "We have previously described a flow through system for measuring oxygen consumption in infants and children. Because of the need to assess the accuracy of the system periodically, we have developed a simple procedure for doing so. This procedure also provides a means for troubleshooting if the system is not functioning properly and may be applied to other types of flow-through systems for similar purposes.", "contents": "Measurement of oxygen consumption: assessing the accuracy of a method. We have previously described a flow through system for measuring oxygen consumption in infants and children. Because of the need to assess the accuracy of the system periodically, we have developed a simple procedure for doing so. This procedure also provides a means for troubleshooting if the system is not functioning properly and may be applied to other types of flow-through systems for similar purposes."}
{"id": "PMID:145432", "title": "Energy transduction in Escherichia coli: physiological and biochemical effects of mutation in the uncB locus.", "content": "The transduction of energy through biological membranes was investigated in Escherichia coli strains defective in the ATP synthetase complex. Everted vesicles prepared from strains containing an uncA or uncB mutation were compared with those of the parental strain for their ability to couple energy derived from the oxidation of substrates by the electron transport chain or from the hydrolysis of ATP by the Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase, as measured by the energy-dependent quenching of quinacrine fluorescence or the active transport of 45Ca2+. Removal of the Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase from membranes derived from the parental or an uncA strain caused a loss of energy-linked functions and a concomitant increase in the permeability of the membrane for protons. Proton impermeability was restored by treatment with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. When membranes of the uncB strain were treated in a similar manner, there was no loss of respiratory-driven functions, nor was there a change in proton permeability. These observations suggest that the uncB mutation specifically results in alteration of an intrinsic membrane protein channel necessary for the generation of utilzation of the electrochemical gradient of protons by that complex. Loss of the function of the proton channel is believed to prevent the transduction of energy through the ATP synthetase complex.", "contents": "Energy transduction in Escherichia coli: physiological and biochemical effects of mutation in the uncB locus. The transduction of energy through biological membranes was investigated in Escherichia coli strains defective in the ATP synthetase complex. Everted vesicles prepared from strains containing an uncA or uncB mutation were compared with those of the parental strain for their ability to couple energy derived from the oxidation of substrates by the electron transport chain or from the hydrolysis of ATP by the Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase, as measured by the energy-dependent quenching of quinacrine fluorescence or the active transport of 45Ca2+. Removal of the Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase from membranes derived from the parental or an uncA strain caused a loss of energy-linked functions and a concomitant increase in the permeability of the membrane for protons. Proton impermeability was restored by treatment with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. When membranes of the uncB strain were treated in a similar manner, there was no loss of respiratory-driven functions, nor was there a change in proton permeability. These observations suggest that the uncB mutation specifically results in alteration of an intrinsic membrane protein channel necessary for the generation of utilzation of the electrochemical gradient of protons by that complex. Loss of the function of the proton channel is believed to prevent the transduction of energy through the ATP synthetase complex."}
{"id": "PMID:145433", "title": "Inhibition, by a protease inhibitor, of the solubilization of the F1-portion of the Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli.", "content": "The effects of two protease inhibitors on the solubilization of the membrane-bound Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase (Mg-ATPase) of Escherichia coli were investigated. p-Aminobenzamidine prevented the solubilization of the Mg-ATPase during treatment of membranes with low-ionic-strength buffers containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. p-Aminobenzamidine did not prevent subsequent solubilization of the Mg-ATPase by treatment of the membranes with chloroform. This method of solubilization yielded a preparation of similar apparent molecular weight but with a 10-fold-increased specific activity as compared with the Mg-ATPase solubilized by washing with low-ionic-strength buffer. However, in contrast to the latter preparation, the chloroform-solubilized Mg-ATPase did not reconstitute ATP-dependent energization of stripped membranes, which were prepared by low-ionic-strength washing in the absence of p-aminobenzamidine. Another protease inhibitor, epsilon-amino-n-caproic acid, did not effect the solubilization of the Mg-ATPase, but did inhibit the loss of activity occurring during concentration, by ultrafiltration, of the Mg-ATPase solublized by the low-ionic-strength treatment.", "contents": "Inhibition, by a protease inhibitor, of the solubilization of the F1-portion of the Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli. The effects of two protease inhibitors on the solubilization of the membrane-bound Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase (Mg-ATPase) of Escherichia coli were investigated. p-Aminobenzamidine prevented the solubilization of the Mg-ATPase during treatment of membranes with low-ionic-strength buffers containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. p-Aminobenzamidine did not prevent subsequent solubilization of the Mg-ATPase by treatment of the membranes with chloroform. This method of solubilization yielded a preparation of similar apparent molecular weight but with a 10-fold-increased specific activity as compared with the Mg-ATPase solubilized by washing with low-ionic-strength buffer. However, in contrast to the latter preparation, the chloroform-solubilized Mg-ATPase did not reconstitute ATP-dependent energization of stripped membranes, which were prepared by low-ionic-strength washing in the absence of p-aminobenzamidine. Another protease inhibitor, epsilon-amino-n-caproic acid, did not effect the solubilization of the Mg-ATPase, but did inhibit the loss of activity occurring during concentration, by ultrafiltration, of the Mg-ATPase solublized by the low-ionic-strength treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:145434", "title": "ATP hydrolysis in a marine bacterium.", "content": "The membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase of marine pseudomonad B-16, when solubilized, is able to rebind to depleted membrane residues of the bacterium and to those of Escherichia coli.", "contents": "ATP hydrolysis in a marine bacterium. The membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase of marine pseudomonad B-16, when solubilized, is able to rebind to depleted membrane residues of the bacterium and to those of Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:145435", "title": "Purine base transport in nit-2 mutants of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The nit-2 mutants possess general purine transport activity. Reduced hypoxanthine uptake in germinated conidia of these mutants may be a consequence of their defective purine metabolism.", "contents": "Purine base transport in nit-2 mutants of Neurospora crassa. The nit-2 mutants possess general purine transport activity. Reduced hypoxanthine uptake in germinated conidia of these mutants may be a consequence of their defective purine metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:145436", "title": "Association and dissociation of Neurospora crassa cytoplasmic ribosomes.", "content": "Dissociation and association factors of ribosomal particles were detected in extracts from Neurospora crassa at different stages of growth. The dissociation factor was easily released into the S100 supernatant fraction, whereas the association factor remained bound to the ribosomes.", "contents": "Association and dissociation of Neurospora crassa cytoplasmic ribosomes. Dissociation and association factors of ribosomal particles were detected in extracts from Neurospora crassa at different stages of growth. The dissociation factor was easily released into the S100 supernatant fraction, whereas the association factor remained bound to the ribosomes."}
{"id": "PMID:145438", "title": "Separation of two different heavy meromyosins. Evidence for the presence of myosin isozymes in rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "Heavy meromyosin prepared from rabbit skeletal myosin by chymotryptic digestion was separated into two different heavy meromyosins by Sepharose 4B-6 aminohexyl PPi column chromatography. SDS-gel electrophoresis of one fraction of heavy meromyosin, which was eluted with 75 mM ammonium acetate, showed that it contained the small polypeptide chains, g3 and g2, as well as the large chains. The other fraction of heavy meromyosin, which was eluted with 85 mM ammonium acetate, contained g1 and g2. We concluded that the two heavy meromyosins arose from two different populations (isozymes) of myosin. No significant difference in Ca2+-ATPase activity was detected between the two heavy meromyosins.", "contents": "Separation of two different heavy meromyosins. Evidence for the presence of myosin isozymes in rabbit skeletal muscle. Heavy meromyosin prepared from rabbit skeletal myosin by chymotryptic digestion was separated into two different heavy meromyosins by Sepharose 4B-6 aminohexyl PPi column chromatography. SDS-gel electrophoresis of one fraction of heavy meromyosin, which was eluted with 75 mM ammonium acetate, showed that it contained the small polypeptide chains, g3 and g2, as well as the large chains. The other fraction of heavy meromyosin, which was eluted with 85 mM ammonium acetate, contained g1 and g2. We concluded that the two heavy meromyosins arose from two different populations (isozymes) of myosin. No significant difference in Ca2+-ATPase activity was detected between the two heavy meromyosins."}
{"id": "PMID:145440", "title": "A percutaneous implant using a porous metal surface coating for adhesion to bone and a velour covering for soft tissue attachment: results of trials in pigs.", "content": "A percutaneous implant for the attachment of an artificial limb has been designed and tested in 14 pigs. Firm fixation to bone was achieved with the porous-surface layered metal intramedullary stem design in some cases. Dacron velour was used at the soft tissue interface. Evidence of soft tissue ingrowth was seen. However, the velour was unable to maintain adequate epithelial adhesion to form an anatomical seal and a barrier to bacteria.", "contents": "A percutaneous implant using a porous metal surface coating for adhesion to bone and a velour covering for soft tissue attachment: results of trials in pigs. A percutaneous implant for the attachment of an artificial limb has been designed and tested in 14 pigs. Firm fixation to bone was achieved with the porous-surface layered metal intramedullary stem design in some cases. Dacron velour was used at the soft tissue interface. Evidence of soft tissue ingrowth was seen. However, the velour was unable to maintain adequate epithelial adhesion to form an anatomical seal and a barrier to bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:145441", "title": "Combination drug therapy in treatment of Paget's disease of bone: clinical and metabolic response.", "content": "Twenty-seven patients with symptomatic Paget's disease of bone were randomly treated with mithramycin, glucagon, and calcitonin given either alone or in combination. Mithramycin, at a dose of fifteen micrograms per kilogram of body weight per day, proved to be a relatively safe drug and elicited a rapid response with only transient side effects. Calcitonin combined with mithramycin was the most effective therapy.", "contents": "Combination drug therapy in treatment of Paget's disease of bone: clinical and metabolic response. Twenty-seven patients with symptomatic Paget's disease of bone were randomly treated with mithramycin, glucagon, and calcitonin given either alone or in combination. Mithramycin, at a dose of fifteen micrograms per kilogram of body weight per day, proved to be a relatively safe drug and elicited a rapid response with only transient side effects. Calcitonin combined with mithramycin was the most effective therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:145443", "title": "Peripheral proteins and smooth membrane from erythrocyte ghosts. Segregation of ATP-utilizing enzymes into smooth membrane.", "content": "Erythrocytes and their isolated membranes display ATP-dependent endocytosis. To localize the enzymes responsible for this phenomenon, the erythrocyte membranes (ghosts) were fractionated under conditions which retained ATPase activity. Fractionation of the ghosts resulted in three fractions: spectrin-actin, the peripheral proteins soluble in high salt, and the smooth membrane containing integral proteins. On the average, 87% of the protein and 88% of the phosphorus of the original ghosts were recovered in these fractions, and all of the kinds of ATP-splitting activities of the membrane were recovered in the smooth membrane. A tiny ATPase activity, detectable by special methodology in spectrinactin, could have been due to contamination with membranous material. Although the  purified spectrin-actin did not have a significant ATPase of its own, it stimulated the Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase of the smooth membrane significantly, suggesting a cooperative interaction between these two fractions. This segregation of the ATPase activities into the smooth membrane, combined with the energy dependence of endocytosis, showed that the smooth membrane must be involved in the energy production for endocytosis. The possibility that the spectrin-actin filaments cooperate with a myosinlike ATPase in the membrane to generate membrane movements is discussed.", "contents": "Peripheral proteins and smooth membrane from erythrocyte ghosts. Segregation of ATP-utilizing enzymes into smooth membrane. Erythrocytes and their isolated membranes display ATP-dependent endocytosis. To localize the enzymes responsible for this phenomenon, the erythrocyte membranes (ghosts) were fractionated under conditions which retained ATPase activity. Fractionation of the ghosts resulted in three fractions: spectrin-actin, the peripheral proteins soluble in high salt, and the smooth membrane containing integral proteins. On the average, 87% of the protein and 88% of the phosphorus of the original ghosts were recovered in these fractions, and all of the kinds of ATP-splitting activities of the membrane were recovered in the smooth membrane. A tiny ATPase activity, detectable by special methodology in spectrinactin, could have been due to contamination with membranous material. Although the  purified spectrin-actin did not have a significant ATPase of its own, it stimulated the Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase of the smooth membrane significantly, suggesting a cooperative interaction between these two fractions. This segregation of the ATPase activities into the smooth membrane, combined with the energy dependence of endocytosis, showed that the smooth membrane must be involved in the energy production for endocytosis. The possibility that the spectrin-actin filaments cooperate with a myosinlike ATPase in the membrane to generate membrane movements is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145444", "title": "Differences in surface membrane ecto-ATPase and ecto-AMPase in normal and malignant cells. I. Decrease in ecto-ATPase in myeloid leukemic cells and the independent regulation of ecto-ATPase and ecto-AMPase.", "content": "The hydrolysis of ATP and AMP by enzymes located on the external side of the plasma membrane (ecto-ATPase and ecto-AMPase) was studied in mouse myeloid leukemic cells, normal early myeloid cells, and normal mature granulocytes and macrophages. Nine clones of myeloid leukemic cells were used belonging to three groups that differ in their ability to be induced to differentiate by the differentiation-inducing protein MGI. These three groups consisted of MGI+D+ that can be induced to undergo complete differentiation, MGI+D- that can be induced to partially differentiate and MGI-D- with no induction of differentiation. The ecto-ATPase activity of normal early myeloid cells was similar to that of normal mature granulocytes and macrophages and higher than that of any of the leukemic cells. Among the leukemic cells, the MGI-D- cells had the highest level of ecto-ATPase activity. The behaviour of ecto-AMPase differed from that of ecto-ATPase. Some MGI-D- clones had a higher ecto-AMPase activity than normal cells and MGI+D- and MGI+D+ cells showed no detectable activity. Neither the ecto-ATP-ase nor ecto-AMPase activities changed after induction of differentiation in normal early myeloid or MGI+D+ leukemic cells. The results indicate that the myeloid leukemic cells had a decreased ability to hydrolyse external ATP, that there can be an independent regulation of ecto-ATPase and ecto-AMPase and that neither of these enzyme activities changed during differentiation.", "contents": "Differences in surface membrane ecto-ATPase and ecto-AMPase in normal and malignant cells. I. Decrease in ecto-ATPase in myeloid leukemic cells and the independent regulation of ecto-ATPase and ecto-AMPase. The hydrolysis of ATP and AMP by enzymes located on the external side of the plasma membrane (ecto-ATPase and ecto-AMPase) was studied in mouse myeloid leukemic cells, normal early myeloid cells, and normal mature granulocytes and macrophages. Nine clones of myeloid leukemic cells were used belonging to three groups that differ in their ability to be induced to differentiate by the differentiation-inducing protein MGI. These three groups consisted of MGI+D+ that can be induced to undergo complete differentiation, MGI+D- that can be induced to partially differentiate and MGI-D- with no induction of differentiation. The ecto-ATPase activity of normal early myeloid cells was similar to that of normal mature granulocytes and macrophages and higher than that of any of the leukemic cells. Among the leukemic cells, the MGI-D- cells had the highest level of ecto-ATPase activity. The behaviour of ecto-AMPase differed from that of ecto-ATPase. Some MGI-D- clones had a higher ecto-AMPase activity than normal cells and MGI+D- and MGI+D+ cells showed no detectable activity. Neither the ecto-ATP-ase nor ecto-AMPase activities changed after induction of differentiation in normal early myeloid or MGI+D+ leukemic cells. The results indicate that the myeloid leukemic cells had a decreased ability to hydrolyse external ATP, that there can be an independent regulation of ecto-ATPase and ecto-AMPase and that neither of these enzyme activities changed during differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:145445", "title": "Variation in potassium transport properties of mouse 3T3 cells as a result of subcultivation.", "content": "Unindirectional potassium influx and the fraction of this influx sensitive to ouabain, an inhibitor of the (Na + K) activated ATPase, have been  evaluated as a function of subcultivation of the 3T3 and SV40 transformed 3T3 cell. Total and ouabain-sensitive K influx change little over approximately 50 passages of the transformed 3T3 cell. In contrast, these components of K influx increase nearly 5-fold over a similar number of passages of the 3T3 cell. During early passages total and ouabain-sensitive K influx of the 3T3 cell are below that of the SV40 3T3 cell on a per cell volume basis. At later passages the magnitude of these components of K transport exceed those found in the SV40 3T3 cell. Previous studies have reported the ouabain-sensitive uptake of K and the levels of (Na + K) activated ATPase as being higher, lower or equivalent in the 3T3 versus transformed 3T3 cell. The present data suggest these differences may results from the degree to which the cells were passaged at the time of the experiments. Evaluation of previous studies substantiates this conclusion.", "contents": "Variation in potassium transport properties of mouse 3T3 cells as a result of subcultivation. Unindirectional potassium influx and the fraction of this influx sensitive to ouabain, an inhibitor of the (Na + K) activated ATPase, have been  evaluated as a function of subcultivation of the 3T3 and SV40 transformed 3T3 cell. Total and ouabain-sensitive K influx change little over approximately 50 passages of the transformed 3T3 cell. In contrast, these components of K influx increase nearly 5-fold over a similar number of passages of the 3T3 cell. During early passages total and ouabain-sensitive K influx of the 3T3 cell are below that of the SV40 3T3 cell on a per cell volume basis. At later passages the magnitude of these components of K transport exceed those found in the SV40 3T3 cell. Previous studies have reported the ouabain-sensitive uptake of K and the levels of (Na + K) activated ATPase as being higher, lower or equivalent in the 3T3 versus transformed 3T3 cell. The present data suggest these differences may results from the degree to which the cells were passaged at the time of the experiments. Evaluation of previous studies substantiates this conclusion."}
{"id": "PMID:145446", "title": "Unusual coiled gram-positive anaerobe isolated from a gutter wall abscess.", "content": "A gram-positive, nonsporing coiled rod was visible on Gram stain and isolated in pure culture from 20 ml of pus. This organism differs from previously described species in that it produces only acetic acid from glucose metabolism, hydrolyzes esculin, and has less fermentative activity in carbohydrates.", "contents": "Unusual coiled gram-positive anaerobe isolated from a gutter wall abscess. A gram-positive, nonsporing coiled rod was visible on Gram stain and isolated in pure culture from 20 ml of pus. This organism differs from previously described species in that it produces only acetic acid from glucose metabolism, hydrolyzes esculin, and has less fermentative activity in carbohydrates."}
{"id": "PMID:145447", "title": "Rectus sheath hematoma.", "content": "Two patients who developed rectus sheath hematoma while on anticoagulants are presented. Ultrasound was the definitive method of establishing the diagnosis.", "contents": "Rectus sheath hematoma. Two patients who developed rectus sheath hematoma while on anticoagulants are presented. Ultrasound was the definitive method of establishing the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:145448", "title": "Treatment of painful scars on soles and digits with injections of fluid silicone.", "content": "Between 1964 and 1975, 389 patients were treated with injections of fluid silicone for corns, calluses, healed diabetic ulcers, and painful scars. This paper presents the results achieved in 27 patients with 31 plantar and 3 digital scars treated by injections of silicone to induce protective subdermal cushioning at sites of increased pressure.", "contents": "Treatment of painful scars on soles and digits with injections of fluid silicone. Between 1964 and 1975, 389 patients were treated with injections of fluid silicone for corns, calluses, healed diabetic ulcers, and painful scars. This paper presents the results achieved in 27 patients with 31 plantar and 3 digital scars treated by injections of silicone to induce protective subdermal cushioning at sites of increased pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:145453", "title": "Practolol and deafness.", "content": "Practolol ('Eraldin') is a beta-blocking agent whose prolonged use may result in the appearance of untoward side-effects, notably ocular symptoms, skin rashes and deafness. We report ten cases of deafness due, or thought to be due, to practolol; and in all except three of the cases (8,9 and 10), the deafness became manifest many months after the appearance of lesions in the skin and eyes. Progression of any hearing loss caused by this drug seems to be arrested by its withdrawal. Otologists are urged to report any suspicious cases to the Committee on Safety of Medicines, Finsbury Square House, 33/37A Finsbury Square, London EC2A IPP.", "contents": "Practolol and deafness. Practolol ('Eraldin') is a beta-blocking agent whose prolonged use may result in the appearance of untoward side-effects, notably ocular symptoms, skin rashes and deafness. We report ten cases of deafness due, or thought to be due, to practolol; and in all except three of the cases (8,9 and 10), the deafness became manifest many months after the appearance of lesions in the skin and eyes. Progression of any hearing loss caused by this drug seems to be arrested by its withdrawal. Otologists are urged to report any suspicious cases to the Committee on Safety of Medicines, Finsbury Square House, 33/37A Finsbury Square, London EC2A IPP."}
{"id": "PMID:145455", "title": "Embryonic malformations in rats, resulting from maternal diabetes: preliminary observations.", "content": "Diabetes mellitus was induced in female Wistar rats by injections of either alloxan or streptozotocin, and their embryos were found to have significantly higher incidences (7.5%) of brain and heart abnormalities (non-closure of neural folds, and deformities of heart chambers) at mid-gestation than controls (2.2%). There were also increased numbers of resorptions (25% in diabetic animals: 7.2% in controls). Both drugs produced similar abnormalities. External and X-ray examination of 488 foetuses from streptozotocin-treated animals at 20 days showed eight cases of exomphalos, two cases of micrognathia with tongue protrusion, and 34 cases of incomplete sacral ossification. This last deformity occurred also in foetuses of mildly diabetic animals, and has been seen occasionally in infants of human diabetic mothers. Other evidence suggests that skeletal deformities may be due to hyperinsulinism in the foetuses of diabetic mothers. Even a mild or pre-diabetic condition may set the foetus at risk.", "contents": "Embryonic malformations in rats, resulting from maternal diabetes: preliminary observations. Diabetes mellitus was induced in female Wistar rats by injections of either alloxan or streptozotocin, and their embryos were found to have significantly higher incidences (7.5%) of brain and heart abnormalities (non-closure of neural folds, and deformities of heart chambers) at mid-gestation than controls (2.2%). There were also increased numbers of resorptions (25% in diabetic animals: 7.2% in controls). Both drugs produced similar abnormalities. External and X-ray examination of 488 foetuses from streptozotocin-treated animals at 20 days showed eight cases of exomphalos, two cases of micrognathia with tongue protrusion, and 34 cases of incomplete sacral ossification. This last deformity occurred also in foetuses of mildly diabetic animals, and has been seen occasionally in infants of human diabetic mothers. Other evidence suggests that skeletal deformities may be due to hyperinsulinism in the foetuses of diabetic mothers. Even a mild or pre-diabetic condition may set the foetus at risk."}
{"id": "PMID:145469", "title": "Familial Down's syndrome.", "content": "A family is reported in which the same mother conceived two children with trisomy 21. The pregnancy with the second affected child was interrupted after diagnostic amniocentesis. Maternal chromosome analysis was normal. This family and those previously reported suggest that there is an increased recurrence risk of trisomy 21 after the birth of an affected individual, possibly caused by a genetic tendency for non-disjunction. After the birth of a child with Down's syndrome, amniocentesis and chromosome analysis of cultured amniotic fluid cells is indicated in each further pregnancy, irrespective of maternal age.", "contents": "Familial Down's syndrome. A family is reported in which the same mother conceived two children with trisomy 21. The pregnancy with the second affected child was interrupted after diagnostic amniocentesis. Maternal chromosome analysis was normal. This family and those previously reported suggest that there is an increased recurrence risk of trisomy 21 after the birth of an affected individual, possibly caused by a genetic tendency for non-disjunction. After the birth of a child with Down's syndrome, amniocentesis and chromosome analysis of cultured amniotic fluid cells is indicated in each further pregnancy, irrespective of maternal age."}
{"id": "PMID:145473", "title": "Effect of ouabain upon erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase in Duchenne muscular dystrophy.", "content": "The adenosine triphosphatase activity of erythrocyte ghosts from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy was inhibited by 10(-4) M ouabain to a smaller extent than in normals, when measured in the presence of either high or low concentrations of sodium or potassium ions. The inhibition by ouabain of the enzyme in normal ghosts, measured with low sodium or potassium ions, was less if the erythrocytes were first incubated with plasma from Duchenne patients than if incubated with normal plasma. Similar results were obtained when the ghosts themselves were incubated with Duchenne or normal plasma before assay.", "contents": "Effect of ouabain upon erythrocyte membrane adenosine triphosphatase in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The adenosine triphosphatase activity of erythrocyte ghosts from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy was inhibited by 10(-4) M ouabain to a smaller extent than in normals, when measured in the presence of either high or low concentrations of sodium or potassium ions. The inhibition by ouabain of the enzyme in normal ghosts, measured with low sodium or potassium ions, was less if the erythrocytes were first incubated with plasma from Duchenne patients than if incubated with normal plasma. Similar results were obtained when the ghosts themselves were incubated with Duchenne or normal plasma before assay."}
{"id": "PMID:145474", "title": "Developmental patterns of glycolytic enzymes in regenerating skeletal muscle after autogenous free grafting.", "content": "Extensor digitorum longus muscles of rats were removed and injected with a solution of Marcaine plus hyaluronidase. After incubation in Marcaine solution for 10 min, the muscles were grafted into their original beds. The grafts and the contralateral control muscles were removed from the rats at 0, 1-5, 7, 11, 36, and 69 days postoperatively. The muscles were then frozen in dry ice and isopentane and subsequently homogenized and centrifuged. The supernatant was analyzed for a number of enzymes, the regenerative patterns of which can be classified into 3 groups: (1) early increase in activity: hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; (2) early decrease in activity with failure to recover to control levels: phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; and (3) early decrease followed by return to control levels: lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, creatine phosphokinase, adenylate kinase. These patterns are not identical to those reported for embryogenesis of muscle. The data are discussed with regard to correlative histological studies of muscle regeneration.", "contents": "Developmental patterns of glycolytic enzymes in regenerating skeletal muscle after autogenous free grafting. Extensor digitorum longus muscles of rats were removed and injected with a solution of Marcaine plus hyaluronidase. After incubation in Marcaine solution for 10 min, the muscles were grafted into their original beds. The grafts and the contralateral control muscles were removed from the rats at 0, 1-5, 7, 11, 36, and 69 days postoperatively. The muscles were then frozen in dry ice and isopentane and subsequently homogenized and centrifuged. The supernatant was analyzed for a number of enzymes, the regenerative patterns of which can be classified into 3 groups: (1) early increase in activity: hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; (2) early decrease in activity with failure to recover to control levels: phosphorylase, phosphofructokinase, alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase; and (3) early decrease followed by return to control levels: lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase, creatine phosphokinase, adenylate kinase. These patterns are not identical to those reported for embryogenesis of muscle. The data are discussed with regard to correlative histological studies of muscle regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:145475", "title": "Odontoblast metabolism in rats deficient in vitamin D and calcium. II. Changes in activities of alkaline phosphatases.", "content": "Rats were fed a low calcium diet deficient in vitamin D for 14 days. Changes in alkaline phosphatase activities in odontoblasts dissected out from incisor teeth were studied biochemically. A strong increase in pNPP-ase, PPi-ase, total ATP-degradation and Ca2+- ATPase was observed in the deficient animals compared with animals fed a control diet.", "contents": "Odontoblast metabolism in rats deficient in vitamin D and calcium. II. Changes in activities of alkaline phosphatases. Rats were fed a low calcium diet deficient in vitamin D for 14 days. Changes in alkaline phosphatase activities in odontoblasts dissected out from incisor teeth were studied biochemically. A strong increase in pNPP-ase, PPi-ase, total ATP-degradation and Ca2+- ATPase was observed in the deficient animals compared with animals fed a control diet."}
{"id": "PMID:145490", "title": "Comparison of the effects of aminosugar cardiac glycosides with ouabain and digoxin on Na+, K+ -adenosine triphosphatase and cardiac contractile force.", "content": "Two aminosugar cardiac glycosides, 3-beta-O-(4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl) digitoxigenin (ASI-222) and its 4-aminoglucose analog (ASI-254) have been shown in our laboratory to have a greater therapeutic index than ouabain (O) or digoxin (D). We have now compared the ability of ASI-222, its nonamino galactose analog (ASI-253), ASI-254, ouabain and digoxin to inhibit swine brain Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase) and to increase contractile force of isolated, driven rabbit atria. As inhibitors of Na+,K+ -ATPase, both ASI-222 and ASI-254 were found to be about 10 times more potent than ASI-253, O or D (I50:ASI-222, 1.3 X 10(-7) M; ASI-254, 1.4 X 10(-7) M; ASI-253, 1.15 X 10(-6) M; D, 1.6 X 10(-6) M; O, 1.75 X 10(-6) 7). Moreover the potency of these glycosides in inhibiting Na+, K+ -ATPase correlates closely with the ability of these same glycosides to increase contractile force. The concentration needed to obtain 50% of the maximum increase in contractile force was 9.7 X 10(-8) M for ASI-254, 1.5 X 10(-7) M for ASI-222, 8.8 X 10(-7) M for ASI-253 8.4 X 10(-7) M for O and 1.2 X 10(-6) M for D. Since ASI-253, a nonaminogalactose analog of ASI-222, exhibits a potency in both of our test systems which is similar to the other neutral sugar cardenolides, our data also indicate that the presence of an aminosugar group at position 4 of a sugar in a cardiac glycoside confers greater potency.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of aminosugar cardiac glycosides with ouabain and digoxin on Na+, K+ -adenosine triphosphatase and cardiac contractile force. Two aminosugar cardiac glycosides, 3-beta-O-(4-amino-4,6-dideoxy-beta-D-galactopyranosyl) digitoxigenin (ASI-222) and its 4-aminoglucose analog (ASI-254) have been shown in our laboratory to have a greater therapeutic index than ouabain (O) or digoxin (D). We have now compared the ability of ASI-222, its nonamino galactose analog (ASI-253), ASI-254, ouabain and digoxin to inhibit swine brain Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase) and to increase contractile force of isolated, driven rabbit atria. As inhibitors of Na+,K+ -ATPase, both ASI-222 and ASI-254 were found to be about 10 times more potent than ASI-253, O or D (I50:ASI-222, 1.3 X 10(-7) M; ASI-254, 1.4 X 10(-7) M; ASI-253, 1.15 X 10(-6) M; D, 1.6 X 10(-6) M; O, 1.75 X 10(-6) 7). Moreover the potency of these glycosides in inhibiting Na+, K+ -ATPase correlates closely with the ability of these same glycosides to increase contractile force. The concentration needed to obtain 50% of the maximum increase in contractile force was 9.7 X 10(-8) M for ASI-254, 1.5 X 10(-7) M for ASI-222, 8.8 X 10(-7) M for ASI-253 8.4 X 10(-7) M for O and 1.2 X 10(-6) M for D. Since ASI-253, a nonaminogalactose analog of ASI-222, exhibits a potency in both of our test systems which is similar to the other neutral sugar cardenolides, our data also indicate that the presence of an aminosugar group at position 4 of a sugar in a cardiac glycoside confers greater potency."}
{"id": "PMID:145492", "title": "The effect of synthetic gestagens on progesterone formation in vitro in human placenta of early pregnancy.", "content": "Villous tissue from 26 placentae of 7-17 weeks was incubated with radioactive pregnenolone alone and with pregnenolone in the presence of progesterone and 9 synthetic gestagenic steroids and the progesterone formation was measured after 30 min. When progesterone was present in a concentration of 31 or 310 mumol/1 the conversion rate of labelled pregnenolone to progesterone was reduced to 88.6 and 82.2% of that of the respective control incubations. Dydrogesterone, allyloestrenol, lynoestrenol and norethynodrel under similar conditions did not inhibit the formation of progesterone. The inhibitory effects of megoestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate and norgestrel were close to that of progesterone. Norethisterone and methyloestrenolone were the most effective inhibitors of progesterone formation: when incubated in an equimolar concentration (35 mumol/1) with pregnenolone (50 microgram) the progesterone formation was reduced to 60.0-62.7% and 29.1-34.0% respectively of that of the respective control experiments.", "contents": "The effect of synthetic gestagens on progesterone formation in vitro in human placenta of early pregnancy. Villous tissue from 26 placentae of 7-17 weeks was incubated with radioactive pregnenolone alone and with pregnenolone in the presence of progesterone and 9 synthetic gestagenic steroids and the progesterone formation was measured after 30 min. When progesterone was present in a concentration of 31 or 310 mumol/1 the conversion rate of labelled pregnenolone to progesterone was reduced to 88.6 and 82.2% of that of the respective control incubations. Dydrogesterone, allyloestrenol, lynoestrenol and norethynodrel under similar conditions did not inhibit the formation of progesterone. The inhibitory effects of megoestrol acetate, medroxyprogesterone acetate and norgestrel were close to that of progesterone. Norethisterone and methyloestrenolone were the most effective inhibitors of progesterone formation: when incubated in an equimolar concentration (35 mumol/1) with pregnenolone (50 microgram) the progesterone formation was reduced to 60.0-62.7% and 29.1-34.0% respectively of that of the respective control experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:145493", "title": "Histochemical distribution of delta5-3beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in hamster trophoblast.", "content": "The histochemical distribution of delta5-3beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases was demonstrated in hamster trophoblast between Days 8 and 15 of pregnancy. The delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the ectoplacental trophoblast of 8-day embryos was demonstrated by use of delta5-pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone as substrates; between Days 11 and 15, activity was demonstrated in the trophoblastic giant cells of the placenta and in the intra-arterial trophoblast cells when delta5-pregnenolone was the substrate. Between Days 11 and 15, 17beta-hydroxysteroid activity was present in the spongiotrophoblast, labyrinth, placental giant cells and intra-arterial trophoblast cells, as shown by use of testosterone and oestradiol as substrates. Both enzymes were demonstrated in ectopic trophoblast cells, indicating that these activities are autonomous.", "contents": "Histochemical distribution of delta5-3beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in hamster trophoblast. The histochemical distribution of delta5-3beta- and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases was demonstrated in hamster trophoblast between Days 8 and 15 of pregnancy. The delta5-3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity in the ectoplacental trophoblast of 8-day embryos was demonstrated by use of delta5-pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone as substrates; between Days 11 and 15, activity was demonstrated in the trophoblastic giant cells of the placenta and in the intra-arterial trophoblast cells when delta5-pregnenolone was the substrate. Between Days 11 and 15, 17beta-hydroxysteroid activity was present in the spongiotrophoblast, labyrinth, placental giant cells and intra-arterial trophoblast cells, as shown by use of testosterone and oestradiol as substrates. Both enzymes were demonstrated in ectopic trophoblast cells, indicating that these activities are autonomous."}
{"id": "PMID:145495", "title": "Laparoscopy at a community hospital: an analysis of 4,300 cases.", "content": "In a 54-month period, a community hospital developed a laparoscopic program that has offered 4,361 patients the benefits of laparoscopic diagnosis, sterilization and ancillary intraabdominal procedures. It has also provided training for residents and beginning laparoscopists and additional income for the hospital. The evolution in technique and method are reviewed. A statistical compilation of all cases is presented. Among 1,924 bipolar procedures in this series, no method-related complications were observed.", "contents": "Laparoscopy at a community hospital: an analysis of 4,300 cases. In a 54-month period, a community hospital developed a laparoscopic program that has offered 4,361 patients the benefits of laparoscopic diagnosis, sterilization and ancillary intraabdominal procedures. It has also provided training for residents and beginning laparoscopists and additional income for the hospital. The evolution in technique and method are reviewed. A statistical compilation of all cases is presented. Among 1,924 bipolar procedures in this series, no method-related complications were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:145494", "title": "Premature ovarian failure.", "content": "Twelve cases of premature ovarian failure (POF) are described. The clinical, hormonal, histopathologic and cytogenetic studies of each patient have been presented. The scope and the limitations of laparoscopic ovarian biopsy are discussed, as is the importance of radioimmunoassay of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones (FSH/LH) in comparison to ovarian biopsy for the diagnosis of premature ovarian failure. A plea is made for the early diagnosis of POF so that these young women can be spared the expensive and time-consuming treatment for the associated problem of infertility.", "contents": "Premature ovarian failure. Twelve cases of premature ovarian failure (POF) are described. The clinical, hormonal, histopathologic and cytogenetic studies of each patient have been presented. The scope and the limitations of laparoscopic ovarian biopsy are discussed, as is the importance of radioimmunoassay of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones (FSH/LH) in comparison to ovarian biopsy for the diagnosis of premature ovarian failure. A plea is made for the early diagnosis of POF so that these young women can be spared the expensive and time-consuming treatment for the associated problem of infertility."}
{"id": "PMID:145496", "title": "Effects of DDT on eggshell quality and calcium adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Adult mallard ducks were fed a diet containing 50 ppm DDT for 6 months. Eggs laid during this period were collected and eggshell weight, thickness, and calcium were determined. Chronic ingestion of DDT resulted in production of eggshells that were significantly thinner and lighter than those of controls. Total calcium of thinned eggshells was also reduced; however, calcium per gram of eggshell was not altered, indicating that other eggshell constituents were not incorporated as well. Calcium adenosine triphosphatase activity in the microsomal fraction of eggshell gland epithelium was assayed in control and DDT-fed ducks. Enzyme activity in DDT-fed ducks was reduced to 65% of control values. Since Ca-ATPase has been shown to be associated with calcium transport, enzyme inhibition may be responsible for decreased eggshell weight and thickness. Electron microscopic evaluation of microsomal fractions showed elements of the plasma membrane, including cilia and microvilli, as well as rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Inhibition of calcium transport at the plasma membrane of mucosal epithelium is proposed as a possible mechanism of DDT-induced eggshell thinning.", "contents": "Effects of DDT on eggshell quality and calcium adenosine triphosphatase. Adult mallard ducks were fed a diet containing 50 ppm DDT for 6 months. Eggs laid during this period were collected and eggshell weight, thickness, and calcium were determined. Chronic ingestion of DDT resulted in production of eggshells that were significantly thinner and lighter than those of controls. Total calcium of thinned eggshells was also reduced; however, calcium per gram of eggshell was not altered, indicating that other eggshell constituents were not incorporated as well. Calcium adenosine triphosphatase activity in the microsomal fraction of eggshell gland epithelium was assayed in control and DDT-fed ducks. Enzyme activity in DDT-fed ducks was reduced to 65% of control values. Since Ca-ATPase has been shown to be associated with calcium transport, enzyme inhibition may be responsible for decreased eggshell weight and thickness. Electron microscopic evaluation of microsomal fractions showed elements of the plasma membrane, including cilia and microvilli, as well as rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Inhibition of calcium transport at the plasma membrane of mucosal epithelium is proposed as a possible mechanism of DDT-induced eggshell thinning."}
{"id": "PMID:145497", "title": "Teratogenic effects of 6-aminonicotinamide in mice.", "content": "6-Aminonicotinamide (6-AN), a potential broad-spectrum rodenticide, was examined for embryotoxic and teratogenic potential. Mice of the BALB/c strain were given a single oral dose of 1, 17, 34, 51 or 136 mg/kg on one of days 8 to 13 of gestation. Fetuses were either examined on day 18 post coitum (prenatal study), or allowed to go to term and examined 2 days after birth. Dam weights were significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) at dose levels of 17 mg/kg and greater. These same dose levels caused a significant decrease (p less than 0.01) in litter size and in mean fetal weight. They also caused an increase in the number of resorptions. Hydrocephalus and cleft palate were the most frequent visceral anomalies and were dose-dependent. Skeletal anomalies were also dose-dependent, and the fetus was most susceptible on days 8 to 10 post coitum. A significant (p less than 0.05) increase in the ratio of female to male fetuses was observed at dose levels of 34 mg/kg and greater. Surviving 2-day-old pups had few visceral anomalies but skeletal anomalies were more frequent. Because of its teratogenic properties, it would be difficult to register 6-AN for use against commensal rodents or as a broad-spectrum rodenticide for use in agricultural crops.", "contents": "Teratogenic effects of 6-aminonicotinamide in mice. 6-Aminonicotinamide (6-AN), a potential broad-spectrum rodenticide, was examined for embryotoxic and teratogenic potential. Mice of the BALB/c strain were given a single oral dose of 1, 17, 34, 51 or 136 mg/kg on one of days 8 to 13 of gestation. Fetuses were either examined on day 18 post coitum (prenatal study), or allowed to go to term and examined 2 days after birth. Dam weights were significantly reduced (p less than 0.01) at dose levels of 17 mg/kg and greater. These same dose levels caused a significant decrease (p less than 0.01) in litter size and in mean fetal weight. They also caused an increase in the number of resorptions. Hydrocephalus and cleft palate were the most frequent visceral anomalies and were dose-dependent. Skeletal anomalies were also dose-dependent, and the fetus was most susceptible on days 8 to 10 post coitum. A significant (p less than 0.05) increase in the ratio of female to male fetuses was observed at dose levels of 34 mg/kg and greater. Surviving 2-day-old pups had few visceral anomalies but skeletal anomalies were more frequent. Because of its teratogenic properties, it would be difficult to register 6-AN for use against commensal rodents or as a broad-spectrum rodenticide for use in agricultural crops."}
{"id": "PMID:145499", "title": "DNA replication in bacteriophage-infected Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The synthesis of viral and host DNA in phage-infected Staphylococcus aureus was examined. Three intracellular forms of phage 52HJD DNA were demonstrated: covalently closed circular, open circular, and linear DNA species. It was noted that infection of S. aureus-propagating strains 81 and 52 with phage 52HJD inhibited the replication of the bacterial chromosome and a stringently controlled penicillinase plasmid. A small tetracycline plasmid, normally under relaxed replication control, continued to replicate in the postinfection period. No breakdown of the host chromosome into small-molecular-weight fragments or utilization of bacterial DNA material for the synthesis of viral DNA was observed.", "contents": "DNA replication in bacteriophage-infected Staphylococcus aureus. The synthesis of viral and host DNA in phage-infected Staphylococcus aureus was examined. Three intracellular forms of phage 52HJD DNA were demonstrated: covalently closed circular, open circular, and linear DNA species. It was noted that infection of S. aureus-propagating strains 81 and 52 with phage 52HJD inhibited the replication of the bacterial chromosome and a stringently controlled penicillinase plasmid. A small tetracycline plasmid, normally under relaxed replication control, continued to replicate in the postinfection period. No breakdown of the host chromosome into small-molecular-weight fragments or utilization of bacterial DNA material for the synthesis of viral DNA was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:145500", "title": "Increased atrial contribution to ventricular filling in ischemic heart disease. Non-invasive measurement by ECG-gated radiocardiography.", "content": "1. A total of 112 subjects, including 37 controls, 43 hypertensives, 27 IHD and 5 HCM, were tested by routine RCG and ECG gated RCG. 2. The atrial contribution to ventricualar filling (c/b ratio) was measured by ECG-gated RCG and a characteristic increase was found in IHD (37.5 +/- 7.7, mean +/- s.d.) and Hypertensives (26.5 +/- 8.0) compared to controls (16.1 +/- 5.0). 3. The increase in c/b ratio and the decrease in PDdV/dt in IHD seemed to be caused by primary abnormalities in the relaxation of the ventricle. 4. ECG-gated RCG, being non-invasive method, serves useful informations in estimating ischemic heart disease especially by a quantitative analysis of the diastolic filling.", "contents": "Increased atrial contribution to ventricular filling in ischemic heart disease. Non-invasive measurement by ECG-gated radiocardiography. 1. A total of 112 subjects, including 37 controls, 43 hypertensives, 27 IHD and 5 HCM, were tested by routine RCG and ECG gated RCG. 2. The atrial contribution to ventricualar filling (c/b ratio) was measured by ECG-gated RCG and a characteristic increase was found in IHD (37.5 +/- 7.7, mean +/- s.d.) and Hypertensives (26.5 +/- 8.0) compared to controls (16.1 +/- 5.0). 3. The increase in c/b ratio and the decrease in PDdV/dt in IHD seemed to be caused by primary abnormalities in the relaxation of the ventricle. 4. ECG-gated RCG, being non-invasive method, serves useful informations in estimating ischemic heart disease especially by a quantitative analysis of the diastolic filling."}
{"id": "PMID:145506", "title": "[Neuroophthalmological complications through liquor leakage after surgical operation on the spinal canal for diagnostic i.e. therapeutic purposes (author's transl)].", "content": "The rare liquor leakage syndrome with cranial nerve lesion, which preferably affects the eye-muscle nerves, can be caused either by further leakage of liquor cerebrospinalis through the dura hole made by the lumbar puncture - or after a surgical operation on the spinal canal leaving a dura closure, which is not tight. This does not occur after a suboccipital puncture. A report is given on three cases with different eye-muscle paresis after a simple diagnostic lumbar puncture, after a lumbosacral myelography and after a resection of the sacral nerve roots including the filum terminale and caudal dural sac. The prognosis of the eye-muscle paresis is good. Restitutio ad integrum resulted. A fourth case with temporary loss of sight of one eye is reported after a lumbar air encephalography, but the eye nerves were damaged before as a result of previous tuberculous basal meningitis. Only partial recovery of the visual power occurred.", "contents": "[Neuroophthalmological complications through liquor leakage after surgical operation on the spinal canal for diagnostic i.e. therapeutic purposes (author's transl)]. The rare liquor leakage syndrome with cranial nerve lesion, which preferably affects the eye-muscle nerves, can be caused either by further leakage of liquor cerebrospinalis through the dura hole made by the lumbar puncture - or after a surgical operation on the spinal canal leaving a dura closure, which is not tight. This does not occur after a suboccipital puncture. A report is given on three cases with different eye-muscle paresis after a simple diagnostic lumbar puncture, after a lumbosacral myelography and after a resection of the sacral nerve roots including the filum terminale and caudal dural sac. The prognosis of the eye-muscle paresis is good. Restitutio ad integrum resulted. A fourth case with temporary loss of sight of one eye is reported after a lumbar air encephalography, but the eye nerves were damaged before as a result of previous tuberculous basal meningitis. Only partial recovery of the visual power occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:145507", "title": "[The significance of fibrin/fibrinogen for growth and metastasis of malignant tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "It seems evident that fibrinogen and fibrin representing the final substrate und product of clotting system act as pathogenetic connecting links for development and spread of malignant tumors. The results reported demonstrate the influence of fibrin on the initial phase of haematogenic metastasis particularly. Several tumor-specific mechanisms are shown to cause frequently an accumulation of fibrin in malignant tumors. The results discussed here stress the importance of fibrin in tumors for tumor cells and tumor cell units. In the literature a large number of indications to fibrin depositions in experimental tumors is found, an attempt is made to compare these findings semiquantitatively. The last part of this article discusses the therapeutic and diagnostic consequences based on the possible key position of fibrin-(ogen) in the tumor pathology.", "contents": "[The significance of fibrin/fibrinogen for growth and metastasis of malignant tumors (author's transl)]. It seems evident that fibrinogen and fibrin representing the final substrate und product of clotting system act as pathogenetic connecting links for development and spread of malignant tumors. The results reported demonstrate the influence of fibrin on the initial phase of haematogenic metastasis particularly. Several tumor-specific mechanisms are shown to cause frequently an accumulation of fibrin in malignant tumors. The results discussed here stress the importance of fibrin in tumors for tumor cells and tumor cell units. In the literature a large number of indications to fibrin depositions in experimental tumors is found, an attempt is made to compare these findings semiquantitatively. The last part of this article discusses the therapeutic and diagnostic consequences based on the possible key position of fibrin-(ogen) in the tumor pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:145514", "title": "Isolation of membrane vesicles with inverted topology by osmotic lysis of Azotobacter vinelandii spheroplasts.", "content": "Membrane vesicles were prepared from Azotobacter vinelandii spheroplasts by lysis in either potassium phosphate (pH 7.0) or Tris1-acetate (pH 7.8) buffers. These 2 types of preparations differ considerably in their properties: 1) Examination by scanning electron microscopy reveals that the Pi vesicles consist primarily of closed structures 0.6-0.8 micrometer in diameter with a rough or particulate surface similar to that of spheroplasts. The Tris vesicles are significantly smaller, 0.1-0.3 micrometer in diameter, and have a much smoother surface structure. 2) Antisera from rabbits immunized with A. vinelandii lipopolysaccharide antigen will agglutinate Pi vesicles but not Tris vesicles. 3) Tris vesicles have a fourfold higher specific activity of latent H+-ATPase than Pi vesicles. After exposure to Triton X-100 similar ATPase activities are observed for both types of vesicles. 4) Pi vesicles transport calcium in the presence of ATP or lactate at less than 30% of the rats observed for Tris vesicles. 5) Tris vesicles have less than 22% of the transport capacity of Pi vesicles for accumulation of labeled sucrose and less than 3% of the capacity for valinomycin-induced uptake of rubidium observed during respiration. 6) Quinacrine fluorescence intensity is reduced by 30% during lactate oxidation and 20% during ATP hydrolysis by Tris vesicles. Under similar conditions, fluorescence in Pi vesicles is quenched by only 7% and less than 2%, respectively. These findings suggest that Pi vesicles have the normal orientation of the intact cell whereas Tris vesicles have an inverted topology.", "contents": "Isolation of membrane vesicles with inverted topology by osmotic lysis of Azotobacter vinelandii spheroplasts. Membrane vesicles were prepared from Azotobacter vinelandii spheroplasts by lysis in either potassium phosphate (pH 7.0) or Tris1-acetate (pH 7.8) buffers. These 2 types of preparations differ considerably in their properties: 1) Examination by scanning electron microscopy reveals that the Pi vesicles consist primarily of closed structures 0.6-0.8 micrometer in diameter with a rough or particulate surface similar to that of spheroplasts. The Tris vesicles are significantly smaller, 0.1-0.3 micrometer in diameter, and have a much smoother surface structure. 2) Antisera from rabbits immunized with A. vinelandii lipopolysaccharide antigen will agglutinate Pi vesicles but not Tris vesicles. 3) Tris vesicles have a fourfold higher specific activity of latent H+-ATPase than Pi vesicles. After exposure to Triton X-100 similar ATPase activities are observed for both types of vesicles. 4) Pi vesicles transport calcium in the presence of ATP or lactate at less than 30% of the rats observed for Tris vesicles. 5) Tris vesicles have less than 22% of the transport capacity of Pi vesicles for accumulation of labeled sucrose and less than 3% of the capacity for valinomycin-induced uptake of rubidium observed during respiration. 6) Quinacrine fluorescence intensity is reduced by 30% during lactate oxidation and 20% during ATP hydrolysis by Tris vesicles. Under similar conditions, fluorescence in Pi vesicles is quenched by only 7% and less than 2%, respectively. These findings suggest that Pi vesicles have the normal orientation of the intact cell whereas Tris vesicles have an inverted topology."}
{"id": "PMID:145515", "title": "Active calcium treatment transport via coupling between the enzymatic and the ionophoric sites of Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase.", "content": "The 20K dalton fragment of Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase obtained from th tryptically digested sarcoplasmic reticulum has been further purified using Bio-Gel P-100. This removed low-molecular-weight UV-absorbing and positive Lowry-reacting contaminants. The ionophoric activity of the 20K fragment in both oxidized cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol membranes is unaltered by this further purification. The 20K selectivity sequence in phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol membrane is Ba2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Mn2+ Mg2+. Digestion of intact sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles with trypsin, which results in the dissection of the hydrolytic site (30K) from the ionophoric site (20K), is shown to disrupt energy transduction between ATP hydrolysis and calcium transport. This further implicates the 20K dalton fragment as a calcium transport site. These data and previous evidence are discussed in terms of a proposed model for the ATPase molecular structure and the mechanisms of cation transport in sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Active calcium treatment transport via coupling between the enzymatic and the ionophoric sites of Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase. The 20K dalton fragment of Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase obtained from th tryptically digested sarcoplasmic reticulum has been further purified using Bio-Gel P-100. This removed low-molecular-weight UV-absorbing and positive Lowry-reacting contaminants. The ionophoric activity of the 20K fragment in both oxidized cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol membranes is unaltered by this further purification. The 20K selectivity sequence in phosphatidylcholine:cholesterol membrane is Ba2+ greater than Ca2+ greater than Sr2+ greater than Mn2+ Mg2+. Digestion of intact sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles with trypsin, which results in the dissection of the hydrolytic site (30K) from the ionophoric site (20K), is shown to disrupt energy transduction between ATP hydrolysis and calcium transport. This further implicates the 20K dalton fragment as a calcium transport site. These data and previous evidence are discussed in terms of a proposed model for the ATPase molecular structure and the mechanisms of cation transport in sarcoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:145516", "title": "Defective transport of thymidine by cultured cells resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine.", "content": "A line of HeLa cells resistant to 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) was established by continuous culture in growth medium containing BUdR; during the selection period, BUdR concentrations, initially 15 micrometer, were gradually increased to 100 micrometer. Cells of a clone (HeLa/B5) established from this line were also resistant to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR), but not to the free base, 5-fluorouracil. Although extracts of HeLa/B5 cells exhibited levels of thymidine kinase activity comparable to those of parental cells, rates of uptake of BUdR, FUdR, and thymidine into intact cells were much reduced. The kinetics of uptake of uridine and adenosine, nucleosides which appear to be transported independently of thymidine in HeLa cells, were similar for HeLa/B5 and the parental line (HeLa/O). Relative to thymidine uptake by HeLa/O cells, that by HeLa/B5 cells was distinctly less sensitive to nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR), a specific inhibitor of nucleoside transport in various types of animal cells. Despite this difference in NBMPR sensitivity, both cell lines possessed the same number of high affinity NBMPR binding sites per mg cell protein. The altered kinetics of thymidine uptake and the NBMPR insensitivity of that function in HeLA/B5 cells suggest that resistance to BUdR is due to an altered thymidine transport mechanism.", "contents": "Defective transport of thymidine by cultured cells resistant to 5-bromodeoxyuridine. A line of HeLa cells resistant to 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BUdR) was established by continuous culture in growth medium containing BUdR; during the selection period, BUdR concentrations, initially 15 micrometer, were gradually increased to 100 micrometer. Cells of a clone (HeLa/B5) established from this line were also resistant to 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR), but not to the free base, 5-fluorouracil. Although extracts of HeLa/B5 cells exhibited levels of thymidine kinase activity comparable to those of parental cells, rates of uptake of BUdR, FUdR, and thymidine into intact cells were much reduced. The kinetics of uptake of uridine and adenosine, nucleosides which appear to be transported independently of thymidine in HeLa cells, were similar for HeLa/B5 and the parental line (HeLa/O). Relative to thymidine uptake by HeLa/O cells, that by HeLa/B5 cells was distinctly less sensitive to nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR), a specific inhibitor of nucleoside transport in various types of animal cells. Despite this difference in NBMPR sensitivity, both cell lines possessed the same number of high affinity NBMPR binding sites per mg cell protein. The altered kinetics of thymidine uptake and the NBMPR insensitivity of that function in HeLA/B5 cells suggest that resistance to BUdR is due to an altered thymidine transport mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:145517", "title": "Association of (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity with ATP-dependent Ca uptake in vesicles prepared from human erythrocytes.", "content": "Ghost membranes prepared from human erythrocytes exhibit 2 distinct (Ca + Mg)-ATPase1 activities (Quist and Roufogalis, Arch Biochem Biophys 168:240, 1975). (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity dependent on a water soluble protein fraction is selectively lost from ghost membranes during preparation of vesicles under low ionic strength, slightly alkaline conditions. In this study, the Ca2+ dependence of the remaining membrane bound (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity and ATP-dependent Ca uptake in vesicles were compared. The Ca2+ activation curves for (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity and Ca uptake into vesicles were parallel over a Ca2+ range of 0.3-330 micrometer, and both curves have 2 apparent KA values for Ca2+ of 0.45 and 100 micrometer. Addition of a concentrated soluble protein fraction containing predominantly spectrin to the vesicles increased (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity over twofold but did not affect the rate of Ca uptake. These findings suggest that the (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity remaining in vesicles after extraction of the water soluble proteins is associated with the Ca pump whereas (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity dependent on the soluble protein fraction is associated with some other function.", "contents": "Association of (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity with ATP-dependent Ca uptake in vesicles prepared from human erythrocytes. Ghost membranes prepared from human erythrocytes exhibit 2 distinct (Ca + Mg)-ATPase1 activities (Quist and Roufogalis, Arch Biochem Biophys 168:240, 1975). (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity dependent on a water soluble protein fraction is selectively lost from ghost membranes during preparation of vesicles under low ionic strength, slightly alkaline conditions. In this study, the Ca2+ dependence of the remaining membrane bound (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity and ATP-dependent Ca uptake in vesicles were compared. The Ca2+ activation curves for (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity and Ca uptake into vesicles were parallel over a Ca2+ range of 0.3-330 micrometer, and both curves have 2 apparent KA values for Ca2+ of 0.45 and 100 micrometer. Addition of a concentrated soluble protein fraction containing predominantly spectrin to the vesicles increased (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity over twofold but did not affect the rate of Ca uptake. These findings suggest that the (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity remaining in vesicles after extraction of the water soluble proteins is associated with the Ca pump whereas (Ca + Mg)-ATPase activity dependent on the soluble protein fraction is associated with some other function."}
{"id": "PMID:145518", "title": "Risks of BCG intralesional therapy: an experience with melanoma.", "content": "A nearly fatal allergic reaction to intratumor BCG injections was associated with a complete remission of recurrent malignant melanoma. Clinical course and histologic sections suggested both anaphylactic and Arthus reactions. The occurrence of reactions at BCG injection sites as well as at uninjected sites of tumor suggests common BCG and melanoma antigens. The management of events involved in this often fatal postimmunotherapy complication involves the early administration of parenteral fluids, antituberculous therapy, antihistamines, and possible steroids. The prophylactic use of antihistamines and an in-hospital administration of intralesional BCG immunotherapy are strongly suggested. In the future, prophylactic INH may prove to be both therapeutically efficacious and protective against infectious complications.", "contents": "Risks of BCG intralesional therapy: an experience with melanoma. A nearly fatal allergic reaction to intratumor BCG injections was associated with a complete remission of recurrent malignant melanoma. Clinical course and histologic sections suggested both anaphylactic and Arthus reactions. The occurrence of reactions at BCG injection sites as well as at uninjected sites of tumor suggests common BCG and melanoma antigens. The management of events involved in this often fatal postimmunotherapy complication involves the early administration of parenteral fluids, antituberculous therapy, antihistamines, and possible steroids. The prophylactic use of antihistamines and an in-hospital administration of intralesional BCG immunotherapy are strongly suggested. In the future, prophylactic INH may prove to be both therapeutically efficacious and protective against infectious complications."}
{"id": "PMID:145519", "title": "Successful Jatene operation for transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum. A case report.", "content": "A description of a successful Jatene operation in an infant with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum (Group I of TGA) is presented. It is presently believed that the Jatene operation should not be applied in the patient with TGA and intact ventricular septum. However, this report shows the feasibility of this procedure even for the patient in Group I of TGA.", "contents": "Successful Jatene operation for transposition of the great arteries with intact ventricular septum. A case report. A description of a successful Jatene operation in an infant with transposition of the great arteries and intact ventricular septum (Group I of TGA) is presented. It is presently believed that the Jatene operation should not be applied in the patient with TGA and intact ventricular septum. However, this report shows the feasibility of this procedure even for the patient in Group I of TGA."}
{"id": "PMID:145520", "title": "[Emergency peritoneoscopy in blunt abdominal trauma and acute abdomen (author's transl)].", "content": "Peritoneoscopy, angiography, and peritoneal lavage are highly reliable methods for the detection of intraabdominal bleedings in blunt abdominal traumas. Acute peritonitis in severely ill patients can easily be detected by peritoneoscopy, but not by other methods. The results of emergency peritoneoscopy in 166 patients with blunt abdominal trauma and 115 patients with suspected peritonitis are reported.", "contents": "[Emergency peritoneoscopy in blunt abdominal trauma and acute abdomen (author's transl)]. Peritoneoscopy, angiography, and peritoneal lavage are highly reliable methods for the detection of intraabdominal bleedings in blunt abdominal traumas. Acute peritonitis in severely ill patients can easily be detected by peritoneoscopy, but not by other methods. The results of emergency peritoneoscopy in 166 patients with blunt abdominal trauma and 115 patients with suspected peritonitis are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:145521", "title": "[Spinal anesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "Because of our own experiences with more than 10,000 cases of spinal anesthesia without neurologic complications, it is emphasized that the method has regained clinical importance due to modernized techniques, new local anesthetics (lidocain, mepivacain, bupivacain), and a better understanding of the pathomechanisms involved. Restricting the spinal block to the D 8 dermatome level, thus avoiding side effects, and sticking to a clear-cut range of contraindications renders spinal anesthesia a method that compares favorably with that of general anesthesia in the high-risk patient.", "contents": "[Spinal anesthesia (author's transl)]. Because of our own experiences with more than 10,000 cases of spinal anesthesia without neurologic complications, it is emphasized that the method has regained clinical importance due to modernized techniques, new local anesthetics (lidocain, mepivacain, bupivacain), and a better understanding of the pathomechanisms involved. Restricting the spinal block to the D 8 dermatome level, thus avoiding side effects, and sticking to a clear-cut range of contraindications renders spinal anesthesia a method that compares favorably with that of general anesthesia in the high-risk patient."}
{"id": "PMID:145522", "title": "[Saunders-plasty in case of hereditary teleangiectasia using highly-concentrated human fibrinogen for tissue-adhesion (author's transl)].", "content": "A report is given about the Saunders-plasty in a case of Morbus Osler. A 66-year-old female patient had been successfully treated with this method after a ligature of the external carotid artery had to be performed due to heavy bleeding from the teleangiectasia of the bilaterally mucous membrane of the nose. To apply the split thickness skin graft a method of tissue-adhesion, using highly-concentrated human fibrinogen was used. Human fibrinogen, thrombin and blood-clotting factor XIII make an effective physiological tissue glue.", "contents": "[Saunders-plasty in case of hereditary teleangiectasia using highly-concentrated human fibrinogen for tissue-adhesion (author's transl)]. A report is given about the Saunders-plasty in a case of Morbus Osler. A 66-year-old female patient had been successfully treated with this method after a ligature of the external carotid artery had to be performed due to heavy bleeding from the teleangiectasia of the bilaterally mucous membrane of the nose. To apply the split thickness skin graft a method of tissue-adhesion, using highly-concentrated human fibrinogen was used. Human fibrinogen, thrombin and blood-clotting factor XIII make an effective physiological tissue glue."}
{"id": "PMID:145523", "title": "[Reconstruction of the nasal septum combined with septal dermoplasty in Rendu-Osler-Weber's disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Severe and recurrent epistaxis in cases of Rendu-Osler-Weber's disease can be treated best by septal dermoplasty and intranasal skin grafting beyond the septum to include the upper lateral cartilage and interior turbinate as well as the floor of the anterior part of the nose. Combined with a large defect of the nasal septum the dermoplasty alone with the lining of the anterior part of the nose with split-thickness skin grafts is not without problems because of the excessive dryness and the severe and in part malodorous crusting of the nasal cavity. The necessary removal of the crustings can effect recurrent epistaxis. In this case, the reconstruction of the large septal defect with a frontotemporal flap is recommended. The temporal part of this pedicled forehead flap is taken from a region, which is only slightly affected by the teleangiectasias. Four weeks after the implantation of the frontotemporal flap into the septal defect the pedicle of the flap can be transected and removed. The functional result of this reconstruction of the nasal septum combined with the dermoplasty is satisfying.", "contents": "[Reconstruction of the nasal septum combined with septal dermoplasty in Rendu-Osler-Weber's disease (author's transl)]. Severe and recurrent epistaxis in cases of Rendu-Osler-Weber's disease can be treated best by septal dermoplasty and intranasal skin grafting beyond the septum to include the upper lateral cartilage and interior turbinate as well as the floor of the anterior part of the nose. Combined with a large defect of the nasal septum the dermoplasty alone with the lining of the anterior part of the nose with split-thickness skin grafts is not without problems because of the excessive dryness and the severe and in part malodorous crusting of the nasal cavity. The necessary removal of the crustings can effect recurrent epistaxis. In this case, the reconstruction of the large septal defect with a frontotemporal flap is recommended. The temporal part of this pedicled forehead flap is taken from a region, which is only slightly affected by the teleangiectasias. Four weeks after the implantation of the frontotemporal flap into the septal defect the pedicle of the flap can be transected and removed. The functional result of this reconstruction of the nasal septum combined with the dermoplasty is satisfying."}
{"id": "PMID:145524", "title": "[The process of manufacturing splints for the nose after nasal tip surgery (author's transl)].", "content": "The process of manufacturing splints for the nose after nasal tip surgery falls into three catagories: impressions, moulding and insertion. The plastic ware is carried out in a dental laboratory, so as to help the surgeon who is less familiar with the preparation of the material. The special procedure of moulding is suitable for this purpose. The splints are favourable in regard of cosmetics and tissue compatibility.", "contents": "[The process of manufacturing splints for the nose after nasal tip surgery (author's transl)]. The process of manufacturing splints for the nose after nasal tip surgery falls into three catagories: impressions, moulding and insertion. The plastic ware is carried out in a dental laboratory, so as to help the surgeon who is less familiar with the preparation of the material. The special procedure of moulding is suitable for this purpose. The splints are favourable in regard of cosmetics and tissue compatibility."}
{"id": "PMID:145525", "title": "[Experiences with the postoperative intranasal long term splinting of the septum (author's transl)].", "content": "Reference is made to the stabilizing function of the septal cartilage and the incalculability of its reaction after injury or surgical treatment. Apart from various forms of tampons particularly the use of cut polyethylen splints for long term splinting of the septum has to be mentioned. We emphasize their stabilizing effect in the healing phase, the compatability with the patient, the application possibilities and finally surgical details. Even after a period of 3 weeks observation, we can see active ciliated epithelium by microscopic examination, a transformation into inferior squamous epithelium does not take place.", "contents": "[Experiences with the postoperative intranasal long term splinting of the septum (author's transl)]. Reference is made to the stabilizing function of the septal cartilage and the incalculability of its reaction after injury or surgical treatment. Apart from various forms of tampons particularly the use of cut polyethylen splints for long term splinting of the septum has to be mentioned. We emphasize their stabilizing effect in the healing phase, the compatability with the patient, the application possibilities and finally surgical details. Even after a period of 3 weeks observation, we can see active ciliated epithelium by microscopic examination, a transformation into inferior squamous epithelium does not take place."}
{"id": "PMID:145526", "title": "[On the ligation of Stenon's duct in chronic-recurrent parotitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Ligation of Stenon's duct represents a possibility for treatment of chronic-recurrent parotitis. This procedure leads to an atrophy of the gland parenchyma. In one case, observed by us as a complication of this method ligation of the duct was followed by the formation of a great parotid gland cyst. Under respect of this casuistic report, possibilities are discussed to prevent similar and other complications. They consist in the section of the preganglionic fibers of the tympanic plexus respectively in a simultaneous radiation therapy of the diseased gland.", "contents": "[On the ligation of Stenon's duct in chronic-recurrent parotitis (author's transl)]. Ligation of Stenon's duct represents a possibility for treatment of chronic-recurrent parotitis. This procedure leads to an atrophy of the gland parenchyma. In one case, observed by us as a complication of this method ligation of the duct was followed by the formation of a great parotid gland cyst. Under respect of this casuistic report, possibilities are discussed to prevent similar and other complications. They consist in the section of the preganglionic fibers of the tympanic plexus respectively in a simultaneous radiation therapy of the diseased gland."}
{"id": "PMID:145527", "title": "[Amylase activity and isoamylase patterns in human parotid saliva (author's transl)].", "content": "For the determination of amylase activity and number of isoamylases in the parotid saliva of persons without diseases of the salivary glands, we investigated the saliva of 90 subjects who had been divided into 3 groups of 30 individuals each (up to 30 years, 31 to 60 years, 61 years and older). Within each group the sex ratio was 1:1. Although the amylase activities reveal no age-dependent differences, the number of isoamylases increases with age, the highest number being found only in the age group over 61 years. The possible diagnostic value of the determination of amylase activity and distribution of isoamylases is discussed.", "contents": "[Amylase activity and isoamylase patterns in human parotid saliva (author's transl)]. For the determination of amylase activity and number of isoamylases in the parotid saliva of persons without diseases of the salivary glands, we investigated the saliva of 90 subjects who had been divided into 3 groups of 30 individuals each (up to 30 years, 31 to 60 years, 61 years and older). Within each group the sex ratio was 1:1. Although the amylase activities reveal no age-dependent differences, the number of isoamylases increases with age, the highest number being found only in the age group over 61 years. The possible diagnostic value of the determination of amylase activity and distribution of isoamylases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145528", "title": "[On the testing of the difference limen of intensity (author's transl)].", "content": "To extinct to a great extent the methodic faults (rhythm) at the common way of the measurement of the difference-limen of intensity, the original parameter (the intensity) is randomized. The patient himself has to find out the minimal hearable modulation at this intensity. The testing-signal is interrupted in a rhythm of 0.8 cps, so that the effects of adaptation are reduced to a great extent. This test was carried out on 20 normal-hearing persons; 13 of them also were examined with a continuous tone; by this continuous tone the difference-limen of intensity was significantly reduced (p less than 1%).", "contents": "[On the testing of the difference limen of intensity (author's transl)]. To extinct to a great extent the methodic faults (rhythm) at the common way of the measurement of the difference-limen of intensity, the original parameter (the intensity) is randomized. The patient himself has to find out the minimal hearable modulation at this intensity. The testing-signal is interrupted in a rhythm of 0.8 cps, so that the effects of adaptation are reduced to a great extent. This test was carried out on 20 normal-hearing persons; 13 of them also were examined with a continuous tone; by this continuous tone the difference-limen of intensity was significantly reduced (p less than 1%)."}
{"id": "PMID:145529", "title": "[The influence of contralateral acoustic stimulation on the summating potential in the human cochlea (author's transl)].", "content": "In registering stimulus-related potentials from the promontory in man one frequently finds so-called positive or negative summating potentials (SP). These SP's are influenced by acoustically induced activity in the crossed olivocochlear bundle (COCB): COCB activity causes a negativation of the SP. A tentative explanation will be given.", "contents": "[The influence of contralateral acoustic stimulation on the summating potential in the human cochlea (author's transl)]. In registering stimulus-related potentials from the promontory in man one frequently finds so-called positive or negative summating potentials (SP). These SP's are influenced by acoustically induced activity in the crossed olivocochlear bundle (COCB): COCB activity causes a negativation of the SP. A tentative explanation will be given."}
{"id": "PMID:145530", "title": "[Registration of the early acoustically evoked potentials using monaural and binaural stimulation (author's transl)].", "content": "At seven normally hearing test persons the early acoustically evoked potentials were registered using monaural, binaural and contralateral click-stimulation with a repetition-rate of 10/sec at the intensities of 90 and 70 dB SPL. In comparison to the monaural stimulation the binaural stimulation yields in the mean no significant alteration of the potentials I, II and III at both intensities. The mean enlargement of potential IV by binaural stimulation amounts to about 40% and is highly significant, but this advantage does not apply always to everybody: the factor of magnification of potential IV covers the range from one to two. The average increase of 66% at potential V is weakly significant for the intensity of 90 dB SPL. As expected from the results of contralateral stimulation the registrations at patients suffering from unilateral hearing impairment show on both sides the potential's threshold of the better hearing ear when stimulating binaurally; therefore you cannot determine the better cochlea. In addition to this fact the binaural stimulation of patients suffering from an acoustic neuroma removes the diagnostically important tool to recognize differences between the two sides. These findings are demonstrated by examples. Since it is impossible to predict an increase of the amplitude in the individual case and since there are serious diagnostic disadvantages, we don't deem advisable a binaural stimulation.", "contents": "[Registration of the early acoustically evoked potentials using monaural and binaural stimulation (author's transl)]. At seven normally hearing test persons the early acoustically evoked potentials were registered using monaural, binaural and contralateral click-stimulation with a repetition-rate of 10/sec at the intensities of 90 and 70 dB SPL. In comparison to the monaural stimulation the binaural stimulation yields in the mean no significant alteration of the potentials I, II and III at both intensities. The mean enlargement of potential IV by binaural stimulation amounts to about 40% and is highly significant, but this advantage does not apply always to everybody: the factor of magnification of potential IV covers the range from one to two. The average increase of 66% at potential V is weakly significant for the intensity of 90 dB SPL. As expected from the results of contralateral stimulation the registrations at patients suffering from unilateral hearing impairment show on both sides the potential's threshold of the better hearing ear when stimulating binaurally; therefore you cannot determine the better cochlea. In addition to this fact the binaural stimulation of patients suffering from an acoustic neuroma removes the diagnostically important tool to recognize differences between the two sides. These findings are demonstrated by examples. Since it is impossible to predict an increase of the amplitude in the individual case and since there are serious diagnostic disadvantages, we don't deem advisable a binaural stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:145531", "title": "[Results of ERA-hearing-tests during infancy (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 50 children with partial or complex hearing loss, referred to the hospital for diagnosis, were evaluated according to different aspects. Haloperidol (0,1 mg/kg) administered orally causes potential changes similar to those known in the literature for natural sleep and chloral hydrate sleep (Freigang and Kevanishvili 1975). The components N2 and P3 are dominant in the potential picture instead of N1 and P2. Regarding sedation, the drug meets all requirements. The identification of the hearing level by means of the input/output functions could be performed in 24 per cent of all cases, whereas summation curves must be employed in 26 per cent and threshold determinations according to Biesalski in 30 per cent. Deafness is assumed in 20 per cent of the patients with nondetectable AEP. The average hearing loss evaluated according to age groups is between 55 and 70 dB.", "contents": "[Results of ERA-hearing-tests during infancy (author's transl)]. The results of 50 children with partial or complex hearing loss, referred to the hospital for diagnosis, were evaluated according to different aspects. Haloperidol (0,1 mg/kg) administered orally causes potential changes similar to those known in the literature for natural sleep and chloral hydrate sleep (Freigang and Kevanishvili 1975). The components N2 and P3 are dominant in the potential picture instead of N1 and P2. Regarding sedation, the drug meets all requirements. The identification of the hearing level by means of the input/output functions could be performed in 24 per cent of all cases, whereas summation curves must be employed in 26 per cent and threshold determinations according to Biesalski in 30 per cent. Deafness is assumed in 20 per cent of the patients with nondetectable AEP. The average hearing loss evaluated according to age groups is between 55 and 70 dB."}
{"id": "PMID:145532", "title": "[Preparation and processing of clinical ERA-datas using a small laboratory computer: tentative experiences and results for the late, acoustically evoked potential N1 (author's transl)].", "content": "The efficacy of the Electric Response Audiometry (ERA) in the supraliminal range can be enlarged and improved by the use of laboratory computers. The acoustic system has to be described as objectively as possible from the lot of datas resulting especially from clinical examinations. An off-line-program sequence which may be routinely used, was elaborated for the laboratory computer PDP 12 in order to measure and evaluate the late, acoustically evoked potential N1. In addition to the organisation and documentation of the datas it is shown that for many cases the described and performed preparation and processing of the datas yield qualitatively and quantitatively better results.", "contents": "[Preparation and processing of clinical ERA-datas using a small laboratory computer: tentative experiences and results for the late, acoustically evoked potential N1 (author's transl)]. The efficacy of the Electric Response Audiometry (ERA) in the supraliminal range can be enlarged and improved by the use of laboratory computers. The acoustic system has to be described as objectively as possible from the lot of datas resulting especially from clinical examinations. An off-line-program sequence which may be routinely used, was elaborated for the laboratory computer PDP 12 in order to measure and evaluate the late, acoustically evoked potential N1. In addition to the organisation and documentation of the datas it is shown that for many cases the described and performed preparation and processing of the datas yield qualitatively and quantitatively better results."}
{"id": "PMID:145533", "title": "[Haematological diseases with primary otorhinolaryngological manifestation (author's transl)].", "content": "There are reports of 10 haematological diseases with primary oto-rhino-laryngological manifestation. The clinical diagnoses were confirmed by laboratory results. The actual diseases were primarily hidden by a tonsillitis, bleeding of the nose after an eye-operation, by an extreme dyspnoe, or by a tumor-like change in the larynx. The authors stress the general necessity of immediate laboratory examinations in dept. of oto-rhinolaryngology.", "contents": "[Haematological diseases with primary otorhinolaryngological manifestation (author's transl)]. There are reports of 10 haematological diseases with primary oto-rhino-laryngological manifestation. The clinical diagnoses were confirmed by laboratory results. The actual diseases were primarily hidden by a tonsillitis, bleeding of the nose after an eye-operation, by an extreme dyspnoe, or by a tumor-like change in the larynx. The authors stress the general necessity of immediate laboratory examinations in dept. of oto-rhinolaryngology."}
{"id": "PMID:145534", "title": "[Ichthyosis hystrix gravior typus Rheydt: an otologic-dermatologic syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of congenital ichthyosis hystrix gravior combined with non-progressive inner ear hearing loss bordering on deafness is reported. None of the syndromes of keratinization disturbances combined with hearing loss of the inner ear known up to now is comparable. The patient was examined by the dermatologic and otorhino-laryngologic clinics. The findings were presented at the \"S\u00fcdwestdeutschen Dermatologen-Kongress in Heidelberg 1976\". Particular otologic findings were a non-progressive inner ear hearing loss bordering on deafness, a fungus-covered cell detritus in the cartilaginous part of the external ear canal, and hyperkeratosis of the auricula. Specific dermatologic findings were skin hyperkeratoses most prominent on face and extremities. In it's ultrastructure, this type is basically different from all other types of inherited ichthyoses that have been studied by electron microscopy. Combined with a lack of normal tonofilaments, an unusual synthesis of large amounts of mucous granules is present under the large spines that is not normally found in healthy skin. No other members of the family are affected.", "contents": "[Ichthyosis hystrix gravior typus Rheydt: an otologic-dermatologic syndrome (author's transl)]. A case of congenital ichthyosis hystrix gravior combined with non-progressive inner ear hearing loss bordering on deafness is reported. None of the syndromes of keratinization disturbances combined with hearing loss of the inner ear known up to now is comparable. The patient was examined by the dermatologic and otorhino-laryngologic clinics. The findings were presented at the \"S\u00fcdwestdeutschen Dermatologen-Kongress in Heidelberg 1976\". Particular otologic findings were a non-progressive inner ear hearing loss bordering on deafness, a fungus-covered cell detritus in the cartilaginous part of the external ear canal, and hyperkeratosis of the auricula. Specific dermatologic findings were skin hyperkeratoses most prominent on face and extremities. In it's ultrastructure, this type is basically different from all other types of inherited ichthyoses that have been studied by electron microscopy. Combined with a lack of normal tonofilaments, an unusual synthesis of large amounts of mucous granules is present under the large spines that is not normally found in healthy skin. No other members of the family are affected."}
{"id": "PMID:145537", "title": "[Occupational dermatoses reported in the L\u00f3d\u017a district in the years 1972-1976].", "content": "108 cases were evaluated. It was stated that they were mostly caused by an exposure to allergic effects of industrial allergens: metal compounds, epoxides, paragroup compounds, turpentine, formalin and rubber components. Location and clinical picture of dermatoses constitute mainly dermatitis and contact eczema on the skin of hands. The cases referred mainly to the men employed in building, chemical, textile and metal industries. Opening a center performing allergic tests with industrial allergents, which at the same time could determine their occurrence in work environment, provides the basic condition for a proper diagnosis and prophylaxis of occupational dermatoses.", "contents": "[Occupational dermatoses reported in the L\u00f3d\u017a district in the years 1972-1976]. 108 cases were evaluated. It was stated that they were mostly caused by an exposure to allergic effects of industrial allergens: metal compounds, epoxides, paragroup compounds, turpentine, formalin and rubber components. Location and clinical picture of dermatoses constitute mainly dermatitis and contact eczema on the skin of hands. The cases referred mainly to the men employed in building, chemical, textile and metal industries. Opening a center performing allergic tests with industrial allergents, which at the same time could determine their occurrence in work environment, provides the basic condition for a proper diagnosis and prophylaxis of occupational dermatoses."}
{"id": "PMID:145536", "title": "[Effect of surface roughness of polymers on thrombus formation].", "content": "Thromboresistant properties of fluoroplast-4, lavsan, polymethylmetacrylate, carbon glass, employed in various devices contacting the blood and presenting different degrees of the surface roughness, were studied. The thromboresistant properties of polymers were judged on the ground of modified methods for determining the blood coagulating time, thromboelastograms, with reference to the prothrombin complex factors concentration, the amount of fibrinogen, heparin blood tolerance, the thrombocytes adhesion index, their splitting and flattening. A higher class of the polymer surface roughness was found to raise the thromboresistant properties of the surface. In case of polymers with high mechanical and strength properties the surface roughness is of greater importance in the genesis of thrombosis than in polymers possessing elastic properties.", "contents": "[Effect of surface roughness of polymers on thrombus formation]. Thromboresistant properties of fluoroplast-4, lavsan, polymethylmetacrylate, carbon glass, employed in various devices contacting the blood and presenting different degrees of the surface roughness, were studied. The thromboresistant properties of polymers were judged on the ground of modified methods for determining the blood coagulating time, thromboelastograms, with reference to the prothrombin complex factors concentration, the amount of fibrinogen, heparin blood tolerance, the thrombocytes adhesion index, their splitting and flattening. A higher class of the polymer surface roughness was found to raise the thromboresistant properties of the surface. In case of polymers with high mechanical and strength properties the surface roughness is of greater importance in the genesis of thrombosis than in polymers possessing elastic properties."}
{"id": "PMID:145544", "title": "X-ray structures of two oxidation states of a flavin-nicotinamide biscoenzyme and models for flavin--nicotinamide interactions.", "content": "The flavin nicotinamide biscoenzymes Flox(-)--C3--Nic+ and H2Flred--C3--Nic+ assume extended conformations in the solid state. In both derivatives the nicotinamide and flavin groups associate through hydrogen bonding. The bending angle of the reduced flavin moiety is less than half that in any previously reported 1,5-dihydroflavin structure. This effect is apparently due to ring stacking interactions.", "contents": "X-ray structures of two oxidation states of a flavin-nicotinamide biscoenzyme and models for flavin--nicotinamide interactions. The flavin nicotinamide biscoenzymes Flox(-)--C3--Nic+ and H2Flred--C3--Nic+ assume extended conformations in the solid state. In both derivatives the nicotinamide and flavin groups associate through hydrogen bonding. The bending angle of the reduced flavin moiety is less than half that in any previously reported 1,5-dihydroflavin structure. This effect is apparently due to ring stacking interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:145549", "title": "Juvenile Huntington chorea: clinical, ultrastructural, and biochemical studies.", "content": "A brain biopsy from a 20-year-old patient whose clinical course was marked by progressive dementia and chorea since age 10 years showed increased amounts of lipofuscin, abnormal mitochondria, and other organelles in cortical neurons, neurites, and astrocytes. Juvenile Huntington chorea was confirmed at autopsy. High levels of three histone-like proteins (molecular weight 10,000 to 16,000) in the microsomal fraction of purified neurons were found by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fatty acids were abnormal in white matter sphingomyelin. These ultrastructural and biochemical findings conformed to those established in adult Huntington chorea, thus strengthening the concept of a uniform pathologic process in adult and juvenile Huntington diseases in spite of some clinical and histologic differences.", "contents": "Juvenile Huntington chorea: clinical, ultrastructural, and biochemical studies. A brain biopsy from a 20-year-old patient whose clinical course was marked by progressive dementia and chorea since age 10 years showed increased amounts of lipofuscin, abnormal mitochondria, and other organelles in cortical neurons, neurites, and astrocytes. Juvenile Huntington chorea was confirmed at autopsy. High levels of three histone-like proteins (molecular weight 10,000 to 16,000) in the microsomal fraction of purified neurons were found by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Fatty acids were abnormal in white matter sphingomyelin. These ultrastructural and biochemical findings conformed to those established in adult Huntington chorea, thus strengthening the concept of a uniform pathologic process in adult and juvenile Huntington diseases in spite of some clinical and histologic differences."}
{"id": "PMID:145550", "title": "Histochemistry and acetylcholine receptor distribution in normal and denervated monkey extraocular muscles.", "content": "In monkey extraocular muscles (EOM), a battery of histochemical reactions delineates three muscle fiber types, coarse, fine, and granular. Normal EOM are compared with EOM denervated by intracranial oculomotor nerve section. The experimentally denervated EOM fibers did not show the constellation of histologic responses typical of denervated limb muscle, making a diagnosis of a denervation process in EOM muscle very difficult. Although the denervated fine and granular fibers (but not the coarse fibers) develop diffuse extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors (AChR) following experimental denervation, this is not a reliable criterion of denervation because not all of those fibers developed it and they did not show it beyond a 12-week period following nerve section; moreover, myopathic mechanisms have previously been shown capable of provoking diffuse extrajunctional AChR in limb-muscle fibers.", "contents": "Histochemistry and acetylcholine receptor distribution in normal and denervated monkey extraocular muscles. In monkey extraocular muscles (EOM), a battery of histochemical reactions delineates three muscle fiber types, coarse, fine, and granular. Normal EOM are compared with EOM denervated by intracranial oculomotor nerve section. The experimentally denervated EOM fibers did not show the constellation of histologic responses typical of denervated limb muscle, making a diagnosis of a denervation process in EOM muscle very difficult. Although the denervated fine and granular fibers (but not the coarse fibers) develop diffuse extrajunctional acetylcholine receptors (AChR) following experimental denervation, this is not a reliable criterion of denervation because not all of those fibers developed it and they did not show it beyond a 12-week period following nerve section; moreover, myopathic mechanisms have previously been shown capable of provoking diffuse extrajunctional AChR in limb-muscle fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:145551", "title": "The visually evoked potential in Huntington disease.", "content": "The visually evoked potential was abnormal in 17 of 18 patients with Huntington disease. Both early and late wave components were affected, and the averaged amplitude for the patients was reduced in comparison with 50 normal control subjects. Despite striking attenuation and disorganization of the complex, latency of initial wave components was normal. The abnormality was not present in patients with a variety of other nonfocal cerebral disorders nor in 13 children of patients with Huntington disease.", "contents": "The visually evoked potential in Huntington disease. The visually evoked potential was abnormal in 17 of 18 patients with Huntington disease. Both early and late wave components were affected, and the averaged amplitude for the patients was reduced in comparison with 50 normal control subjects. Despite striking attenuation and disorganization of the complex, latency of initial wave components was normal. The abnormality was not present in patients with a variety of other nonfocal cerebral disorders nor in 13 children of patients with Huntington disease."}
{"id": "PMID:145552", "title": "Neurophysiological and behavioural changes during mental work in children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Telemetered EEG and ECG were recorded from 18 Down's syndrome children (5;6--11 years) during rest, a visuomotor and a cognitive test, exploration and play. Simultaneously the behaviour was observed and recorded. In comparison with normal children (3;9--5;5 y. resp. 5;6--7;6 y.) the Down's syndrome children showed a low degree of motor activity, reduced attention and exploration and little variation of heart rate in relation to test difficulty. The main findings in the EEG (parieto-occipital recording) were a low amount and a small variability of alpha waves and a high amount of beta waves. This EEG phenomenon which is obviously not due to high activation is discussed with regard to possible connections with defective neurophysiological mechanisms of attention.", "contents": "Neurophysiological and behavioural changes during mental work in children with Down's syndrome. Telemetered EEG and ECG were recorded from 18 Down's syndrome children (5;6--11 years) during rest, a visuomotor and a cognitive test, exploration and play. Simultaneously the behaviour was observed and recorded. In comparison with normal children (3;9--5;5 y. resp. 5;6--7;6 y.) the Down's syndrome children showed a low degree of motor activity, reduced attention and exploration and little variation of heart rate in relation to test difficulty. The main findings in the EEG (parieto-occipital recording) were a low amount and a small variability of alpha waves and a high amount of beta waves. This EEG phenomenon which is obviously not due to high activation is discussed with regard to possible connections with defective neurophysiological mechanisms of attention."}
{"id": "PMID:145553", "title": "[Specific and aspecific myocardial changes in progressive muscular dystrophy and their importance in rehabilitative treatment].", "content": "Clinical and instrumental parameters studied in over 200 progressive muscular dystrophy patients during a period of about 10 yr revealed four different types of cardiopathy in this disease. The most interesting finding was that 38% of patients with Duch\u00e8nne's dystrophy presented a clinical and ECG picture reminiscent of that of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Some suggestions are made for the pharmacological and rehabilitative management of subjects with myocardiopathy in the course of myodystrophy.", "contents": "[Specific and aspecific myocardial changes in progressive muscular dystrophy and their importance in rehabilitative treatment]. Clinical and instrumental parameters studied in over 200 progressive muscular dystrophy patients during a period of about 10 yr revealed four different types of cardiopathy in this disease. The most interesting finding was that 38% of patients with Duch\u00e8nne's dystrophy presented a clinical and ECG picture reminiscent of that of obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Some suggestions are made for the pharmacological and rehabilitative management of subjects with myocardiopathy in the course of myodystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:145555", "title": "Comparative evaluation of laparoscopy and hysterosalpingography in infertile patients.", "content": "A comparative study of hysterosalpingography (HSG) and laparoscopy in the investigation of infertility is presented. From 1973-1977, 352 cases were investigated with both HSG and laparoscopy. In 57.67% of the cases there was complete agreement between HSG and laparoscopy. The study included 168 cases of unexplained infertility and 184 cases with abnormal hysterosalpingographic findings. Pelvic adhesions were demonstrated in 151 cases by laparoscopy as compared to 76 cases in which its presence was only suspected by HSG. Laparoscopy revealed a 57.14% of associated pelvic pathology in cases of unexplained fertility. The present study concludes that laparoscopy as compared to HSG is not only more informative, but also more accurate and conclusive.", "contents": "Comparative evaluation of laparoscopy and hysterosalpingography in infertile patients. A comparative study of hysterosalpingography (HSG) and laparoscopy in the investigation of infertility is presented. From 1973-1977, 352 cases were investigated with both HSG and laparoscopy. In 57.67% of the cases there was complete agreement between HSG and laparoscopy. The study included 168 cases of unexplained infertility and 184 cases with abnormal hysterosalpingographic findings. Pelvic adhesions were demonstrated in 151 cases by laparoscopy as compared to 76 cases in which its presence was only suspected by HSG. Laparoscopy revealed a 57.14% of associated pelvic pathology in cases of unexplained fertility. The present study concludes that laparoscopy as compared to HSG is not only more informative, but also more accurate and conclusive."}
{"id": "PMID:145565", "title": "The regulation system of granulopoiesis.", "content": "Extracts containing the granulocytic chalone (GCh) have been prepared from bone marrow conditioned medium by ultrafiltration and column chromatography. This preparation selectively inhibits myeloid cells and does not affect other, e.g., lymphoid cells. The action on myelopoiesis seems to include all mitotically competent immature granulocytes as indicated also by an inhibitory effect on bone marrow colony formation in agar. Results obtained by this technique and by applying mild trypsinization of bone marrow cells prior to testing chalone responsiveness indicate that GCh acts via membrane receptors. Finally the apparent antagonistic role of colony stimulating factor and GCh as regulators of granulopoiesis is discussed and a model of the regulation system is described.", "contents": "The regulation system of granulopoiesis. Extracts containing the granulocytic chalone (GCh) have been prepared from bone marrow conditioned medium by ultrafiltration and column chromatography. This preparation selectively inhibits myeloid cells and does not affect other, e.g., lymphoid cells. The action on myelopoiesis seems to include all mitotically competent immature granulocytes as indicated also by an inhibitory effect on bone marrow colony formation in agar. Results obtained by this technique and by applying mild trypsinization of bone marrow cells prior to testing chalone responsiveness indicate that GCh acts via membrane receptors. Finally the apparent antagonistic role of colony stimulating factor and GCh as regulators of granulopoiesis is discussed and a model of the regulation system is described."}
{"id": "PMID:145566", "title": "[Formation of membranes of the basic substance by hemocytes of Alveonasus lahorensis (Argasidae) ticks].", "content": "Observations have shown that in vitro haemocytes of A. lahorensis are capable of forming different structures, even membrane ones. These structures include mucopolysaccharides. Haemocytes are supposed to take part in the formation and deposition of the basic (intercellular) substance and in the building of tunica propria which can be considered as components of the inner medium.", "contents": "[Formation of membranes of the basic substance by hemocytes of Alveonasus lahorensis (Argasidae) ticks]. Observations have shown that in vitro haemocytes of A. lahorensis are capable of forming different structures, even membrane ones. These structures include mucopolysaccharides. Haemocytes are supposed to take part in the formation and deposition of the basic (intercellular) substance and in the building of tunica propria which can be considered as components of the inner medium."}
{"id": "PMID:145568", "title": "[Distribution characteristics of Leishmania tropica major strains of differing virulence in natural and territorial complexes of the Murgab eco-area (southeastern Turkmenistan)].", "content": "In September--October of 1973 and 1974 263 specimens of Rhombomys opimus were shot in the territory of the Murghab stationar. The seeding of the material (a piece of tissue) from all animals into NNN medium was done. 9 strains of L. tropica major were isolated from this material the virulence of which was studied on 2.5--3 months--old golden hamsters, Cricetus auratus. Differences in the virulence of the isolated strains according to their natural-territorial complexes are shown. These differences depend apparently on the specific composition of the vectors. It is shown that the specific composition of sand flies as well as other epizootical characters are determined by the landscape of the territory where  nidi of zoonosis cutaneous leishmaniasis are situated.", "contents": "[Distribution characteristics of Leishmania tropica major strains of differing virulence in natural and territorial complexes of the Murgab eco-area (southeastern Turkmenistan)]. In September--October of 1973 and 1974 263 specimens of Rhombomys opimus were shot in the territory of the Murghab stationar. The seeding of the material (a piece of tissue) from all animals into NNN medium was done. 9 strains of L. tropica major were isolated from this material the virulence of which was studied on 2.5--3 months--old golden hamsters, Cricetus auratus. Differences in the virulence of the isolated strains according to their natural-territorial complexes are shown. These differences depend apparently on the specific composition of the vectors. It is shown that the specific composition of sand flies as well as other epizootical characters are determined by the landscape of the territory where  nidi of zoonosis cutaneous leishmaniasis are situated."}
{"id": "PMID:145567", "title": "[Phenology of sandflies of the subspecies Paraphlebotomus inhabiting the burrow of the great gerbil in the Karshi Steppe].", "content": "Oberservations were conducted (1960 to 1973) on the sand flies of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus inhabiting the burrows of Rhombomys opimus in the Karshinskaya steppe (Uzbekistan). Ph. mongolensis is most abundant in oasis, Ph. caucasicus--in loess low-mountain areas. Throughout the territory investigated Ph. mongolensis has two generations per season. The emergence of imago of this species in oasis begins early in May with the first peak of abundance at the end of May--beginning of June and with the second peak in the first decade of August. The flight of Ph. mongolensis ceases in general to the middle of September. In the northern part of the territory investigated Ph. caucasicus has two mass generations with peaks in the second decade of June--first-second decade of August. In the southern part of the territory three peaks of abundance of ph. caucasicus were noted: in the middle of May, end of June--beginning of July and the end of August--beginning of September. Therefore, the presence of three generations per season can be suggested here.", "contents": "[Phenology of sandflies of the subspecies Paraphlebotomus inhabiting the burrow of the great gerbil in the Karshi Steppe]. Oberservations were conducted (1960 to 1973) on the sand flies of the subgenus Paraphlebotomus inhabiting the burrows of Rhombomys opimus in the Karshinskaya steppe (Uzbekistan). Ph. mongolensis is most abundant in oasis, Ph. caucasicus--in loess low-mountain areas. Throughout the territory investigated Ph. mongolensis has two generations per season. The emergence of imago of this species in oasis begins early in May with the first peak of abundance at the end of May--beginning of June and with the second peak in the first decade of August. The flight of Ph. mongolensis ceases in general to the middle of September. In the northern part of the territory investigated Ph. caucasicus has two mass generations with peaks in the second decade of June--first-second decade of August. In the southern part of the territory three peaks of abundance of ph. caucasicus were noted: in the middle of May, end of June--beginning of July and the end of August--beginning of September. Therefore, the presence of three generations per season can be suggested here."}
{"id": "PMID:145569", "title": "[Microsporidians (Protozoa, Microsporidia) of lower crustaceans from the reservoirs of Leningrad Province].", "content": "18 species of microsporidians were found in crustaceans of the Leningrad region. Of them 6 are referred to known species, 7 are described as new ones and 5 are identified to the genus. Some preliminary data are given on the influence of microsporidians on the host population, their specificity and variability.", "contents": "[Microsporidians (Protozoa, Microsporidia) of lower crustaceans from the reservoirs of Leningrad Province]. 18 species of microsporidians were found in crustaceans of the Leningrad region. Of them 6 are referred to known species, 7 are described as new ones and 5 are identified to the genus. Some preliminary data are given on the influence of microsporidians on the host population, their specificity and variability."}
{"id": "PMID:145570", "title": "[Mechanism of attachment of Dactylogyrus extensus and D. achmerowi (Monogenoidea) to host gills].", "content": "The mechanism of adhesion was studied in two species of the genus Dactylogyrus. The muscular system of the disc of both species is described. Data are given on the presence of rudiment of the 8th pair of hooks and on the possible function of this formation as well as the data on the adhesion of the postlarva of D. extensus.", "contents": "[Mechanism of attachment of Dactylogyrus extensus and D. achmerowi (Monogenoidea) to host gills]. The mechanism of adhesion was studied in two species of the genus Dactylogyrus. The muscular system of the disc of both species is described. Data are given on the presence of rudiment of the 8th pair of hooks and on the possible function of this formation as well as the data on the adhesion of the postlarva of D. extensus."}
{"id": "PMID:145575", "title": "The ultrastructural development of the schistosome egg granuloma in mice.", "content": "Hepatic granulomas from mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni for periods of 8 weeks to 1 year studied by electron microscopy. The different cell types present in the granulomas suggested that whilst a delayed hypersensitivity response predominated during early stages of infection an Arthus-type reaction associated with delayed hypersensitivity occurred at later stages of infection.", "contents": "The ultrastructural development of the schistosome egg granuloma in mice. Hepatic granulomas from mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni for periods of 8 weeks to 1 year studied by electron microscopy. The different cell types present in the granulomas suggested that whilst a delayed hypersensitivity response predominated during early stages of infection an Arthus-type reaction associated with delayed hypersensitivity occurred at later stages of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:145580", "title": "Muscle fiber types in women athletes and non-athletes.", "content": "Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle of 5 female collegiate field hockey players and 5 untrained female students. The fibers were classified histochemically as fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG) and slow-twitch-oxidative (SO). The fibers were found to be similar to those of males in distribution and histochemical properties, but were smaller. In the women athletes all 3 fiber types were larger than the respective fibers in the controls. Also, the athletes had a much higher percentage of oxidative fibers (SO + FOG), 83% vs. 46%. A direct relationship between fiber size and oxidative activity was observed in fast-twitch fibers, whereas the reverse was found in slow-twitch fibers.", "contents": "Muscle fiber types in women athletes and non-athletes. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle of 5 female collegiate field hockey players and 5 untrained female students. The fibers were classified histochemically as fast-twitch-oxidative-glycolytic (FOG), fast-twitch-glycolytic (FG) and slow-twitch-oxidative (SO). The fibers were found to be similar to those of males in distribution and histochemical properties, but were smaller. In the women athletes all 3 fiber types were larger than the respective fibers in the controls. Also, the athletes had a much higher percentage of oxidative fibers (SO + FOG), 83% vs. 46%. A direct relationship between fiber size and oxidative activity was observed in fast-twitch fibers, whereas the reverse was found in slow-twitch fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:145583", "title": "A system for intravascular, radially orientation-independent electromagnetic flow- and diameter-sensing.", "content": "The difficulty of optimally orienting an intravascular loop probe of an extracorporeal field electromagnetic flow meter is circumvented by uniting 2 mutually perpendicular loop sensors into a single flow-diameter probe. When one of the loops is unfavorably oriented in the magnetic field, the orientations of the other loop is more favorable. The most unfavorable case is a 45 degrees angle between the magnetic field and the planes of the loops, when the signal drops to 70.7% of the optimal value. By taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the 2 loop transducer signals, one obtains an output for flow and diameter measurements which is independent of the probe orientation. This operation can be accomplished electronically.", "contents": "A system for intravascular, radially orientation-independent electromagnetic flow- and diameter-sensing. The difficulty of optimally orienting an intravascular loop probe of an extracorporeal field electromagnetic flow meter is circumvented by uniting 2 mutually perpendicular loop sensors into a single flow-diameter probe. When one of the loops is unfavorably oriented in the magnetic field, the orientations of the other loop is more favorable. The most unfavorable case is a 45 degrees angle between the magnetic field and the planes of the loops, when the signal drops to 70.7% of the optimal value. By taking the square root of the sum of the squares of the 2 loop transducer signals, one obtains an output for flow and diameter measurements which is independent of the probe orientation. This operation can be accomplished electronically."}
{"id": "PMID:145584", "title": "Induction of Na-K-ATPase in plasma membranes to rat cecum mucosa by diet: time course and kinetics.", "content": "Dietary polyethylene glycol (PEG) induces an increase in the specific activity of Na+-K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) in the cecum mucosa of rats. Using cecum mucosa homogenates and cellular subfractions obtained by differential centrifugation, the induction process was studied with respect to time course, subcellular distribution and properties of the enzyme. In comparison with controls, Na-K-ATPase specific activity was stimulated in PEG treated rats in the total homogenate and the microsomal (105000 X g) but not in the mitochondrial (9000 X g) or nuclear (1000 X g) sediment. The specific activity of Mg-ATPase did not change in any of the fractions. Na-K-ATPase induction was statistically significant after 2 days and complete after 1-2 weeks, in parallel with the previously described stimulation in net sodium absorption. Kinetic analysis showed Vmax for ATP to be doubled while Km for ATP, Na and K as well as the optimal Mg/ATP ratio and Ki for ouabain remained unchanged. It is proposed that Na-K-ATPase and active sodium transport are closely associated in rat cecum and that dietary Na-K-ATPase stimulation is due to the induction of more enzyme molecules per unit basolateral cell membrane.", "contents": "Induction of Na-K-ATPase in plasma membranes to rat cecum mucosa by diet: time course and kinetics. Dietary polyethylene glycol (PEG) induces an increase in the specific activity of Na+-K+-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) in the cecum mucosa of rats. Using cecum mucosa homogenates and cellular subfractions obtained by differential centrifugation, the induction process was studied with respect to time course, subcellular distribution and properties of the enzyme. In comparison with controls, Na-K-ATPase specific activity was stimulated in PEG treated rats in the total homogenate and the microsomal (105000 X g) but not in the mitochondrial (9000 X g) or nuclear (1000 X g) sediment. The specific activity of Mg-ATPase did not change in any of the fractions. Na-K-ATPase induction was statistically significant after 2 days and complete after 1-2 weeks, in parallel with the previously described stimulation in net sodium absorption. Kinetic analysis showed Vmax for ATP to be doubled while Km for ATP, Na and K as well as the optimal Mg/ATP ratio and Ki for ouabain remained unchanged. It is proposed that Na-K-ATPase and active sodium transport are closely associated in rat cecum and that dietary Na-K-ATPase stimulation is due to the induction of more enzyme molecules per unit basolateral cell membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:145590", "title": "The effect of serotonin receptor blocking agents--cyproheptadine and danitracen--on serotonin turnover in the rat brain.", "content": "Cyproheptadine (CPH), 0.5 mg/kg ip, did not affect the cerebral serotonin (5-HT) level, but elevated the level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Danitracen (DN), 1 mg/kg ip, depressed the cerebral 5-HT level and elevated the 5-HIAA level, but at a dose 10 mg/kg did not affect the levels of either the amine, or its metabolite. Both CPH and DN, 1 mg/kg, significantly potentiated the disappearance of 5-HT after administration of p-chlorophenylalanine. DN, in a low dose, accelerated the disappearance of 5-HT after inhibition of 5-HT synthesis by alpha-propyldopacetamide. The rate of accumulation of 5-HIAA after probenecid, was increased only by CPH. CPH did not affect the 5-HT accumulation after pargyline, while DN depressed its accumulation. The results of experiments on the levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA, and on the rate of disappearance of 5-HT after inhibition of tryptophan decarboxylase suggest that CPH and DN increase the 5-HT turnover. The results of studies on the turnover rate of 5-HT after administration of probenecid and parygline do not corroborate fully this assumption. Possibly, this discrepancy may depend on differences in the action of 5-HT in various brain areas and interaction of serotoninolytics tested with effects of the MAO inhibitor.", "contents": "The effect of serotonin receptor blocking agents--cyproheptadine and danitracen--on serotonin turnover in the rat brain. Cyproheptadine (CPH), 0.5 mg/kg ip, did not affect the cerebral serotonin (5-HT) level, but elevated the level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA). Danitracen (DN), 1 mg/kg ip, depressed the cerebral 5-HT level and elevated the 5-HIAA level, but at a dose 10 mg/kg did not affect the levels of either the amine, or its metabolite. Both CPH and DN, 1 mg/kg, significantly potentiated the disappearance of 5-HT after administration of p-chlorophenylalanine. DN, in a low dose, accelerated the disappearance of 5-HT after inhibition of 5-HT synthesis by alpha-propyldopacetamide. The rate of accumulation of 5-HIAA after probenecid, was increased only by CPH. CPH did not affect the 5-HT accumulation after pargyline, while DN depressed its accumulation. The results of experiments on the levels of 5-HT and 5-HIAA, and on the rate of disappearance of 5-HT after inhibition of tryptophan decarboxylase suggest that CPH and DN increase the 5-HT turnover. The results of studies on the turnover rate of 5-HT after administration of probenecid and parygline do not corroborate fully this assumption. Possibly, this discrepancy may depend on differences in the action of 5-HT in various brain areas and interaction of serotoninolytics tested with effects of the MAO inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:145591", "title": "Nomifensine and central monoamine neurons: histofluorescence studies.", "content": "The effect of nomifensine (NF) on the content of serotonin (5-HT) and catecholamines (CA) in discrete regions of rat brain was studied with the histofluorescence technique of Falck, NF, 20 and 40 mg/kg ip, produced, after 30 min, a depression of 5-HT content in the neurocytes of dorsal and median raphe nuclei (NDR and NMR). The blockade of dopamine receptors by spiperone did not abolish the action of NF in NDR, and inhibited the effect in NMR only in some animals. NF did not affect significantly the CA content in the striatum (caudate nucleus--putamen), hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and paraventricular rotundocellular nucleus. The results indicate, a direct action of NF on 5-HT neurons in the rat mesencephalon. In addition, the drug may also act indirectly on 5-HT neurons in NMR, via dopaminergic system.", "contents": "Nomifensine and central monoamine neurons: histofluorescence studies. The effect of nomifensine (NF) on the content of serotonin (5-HT) and catecholamines (CA) in discrete regions of rat brain was studied with the histofluorescence technique of Falck, NF, 20 and 40 mg/kg ip, produced, after 30 min, a depression of 5-HT content in the neurocytes of dorsal and median raphe nuclei (NDR and NMR). The blockade of dopamine receptors by spiperone did not abolish the action of NF in NDR, and inhibited the effect in NMR only in some animals. NF did not affect significantly the CA content in the striatum (caudate nucleus--putamen), hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, and paraventricular rotundocellular nucleus. The results indicate, a direct action of NF on 5-HT neurons in the rat mesencephalon. In addition, the drug may also act indirectly on 5-HT neurons in NMR, via dopaminergic system."}
{"id": "PMID:145598", "title": "Reliability of the tonic vibratory reflex.", "content": "Reliability of the tonic vibratory reflex was examined in 30 able-bodied subjects over different time periods (5-minute, 24-hour, and 2-week intervals) and with different coupling pressures (20 mm Hg and 45 mm Hg). A high average correlation ( r = 0.85) was found for intraday test-retest situations. The average 24-hour and 2-week interval interday correlatins were r = 0.64 and r = 0.54, respectively. Various pressures of vibrator head attachments did not produce significantly different tonic vibratory reflex responses. All subjects showed a significant decrease in tonic vibratory reflex responses over the 2-week period (F = 9.71, DF 8,224). The conclusions were that a) intraday but not interday tonic vibratory reflex responses were adequate for diagnostic purposes, and b) that the reasons for the significant decrease of the tonic vibratory reflex response over time need further investigation.", "contents": "Reliability of the tonic vibratory reflex. Reliability of the tonic vibratory reflex was examined in 30 able-bodied subjects over different time periods (5-minute, 24-hour, and 2-week intervals) and with different coupling pressures (20 mm Hg and 45 mm Hg). A high average correlation ( r = 0.85) was found for intraday test-retest situations. The average 24-hour and 2-week interval interday correlatins were r = 0.64 and r = 0.54, respectively. Various pressures of vibrator head attachments did not produce significantly different tonic vibratory reflex responses. All subjects showed a significant decrease in tonic vibratory reflex responses over the 2-week period (F = 9.71, DF 8,224). The conclusions were that a) intraday but not interday tonic vibratory reflex responses were adequate for diagnostic purposes, and b) that the reasons for the significant decrease of the tonic vibratory reflex response over time need further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:145597", "title": "The application of solid dispersion technique in the preparation of therapeutic tablets. Part 1: Paracetamol, amylobarbitone, and caffeine tablets.", "content": "A trial was made to study the possibility of preparing high-quality therapeutic tablets by direct compression of the solidified drugcarrier melt via solid dispersion technique. Paracetamol-mannitol, amylobarbitone-urea and caffeine-nicotinamide systems were investigated. Phase diagrams of the first two systems were found to be of the simple eutectic type, while that of the third system was a peritectic type. Solubility studies were also carried out. Dissolution rate studies showed that the fused mannitol/paracetamol (80:20), urea/amylobarbitone (80:20) and nicotinamide/caffeine (50:50 and 70:30) solid dispersions exhibited better rates of dissolution than those of the pure drugs. Comparative studies were carried on with tablets prepared by direct compression of the drug-carrier solidified melt exhibiting the highest dissolution rate and by slugging the pure drug and the drug-carrier physical mixture of corresponding composition. The physical properties and dissolution rate data showed the superiority of the tablets prepared by the solid dispersion technique. The drug release from these tablets was 4.5, 7.6 and 3.7 times greater than that from tablets prepared from pure paracetamol, amylobarbitone and caffeine respectively.", "contents": "The application of solid dispersion technique in the preparation of therapeutic tablets. Part 1: Paracetamol, amylobarbitone, and caffeine tablets. A trial was made to study the possibility of preparing high-quality therapeutic tablets by direct compression of the solidified drugcarrier melt via solid dispersion technique. Paracetamol-mannitol, amylobarbitone-urea and caffeine-nicotinamide systems were investigated. Phase diagrams of the first two systems were found to be of the simple eutectic type, while that of the third system was a peritectic type. Solubility studies were also carried out. Dissolution rate studies showed that the fused mannitol/paracetamol (80:20), urea/amylobarbitone (80:20) and nicotinamide/caffeine (50:50 and 70:30) solid dispersions exhibited better rates of dissolution than those of the pure drugs. Comparative studies were carried on with tablets prepared by direct compression of the drug-carrier solidified melt exhibiting the highest dissolution rate and by slugging the pure drug and the drug-carrier physical mixture of corresponding composition. The physical properties and dissolution rate data showed the superiority of the tablets prepared by the solid dispersion technique. The drug release from these tablets was 4.5, 7.6 and 3.7 times greater than that from tablets prepared from pure paracetamol, amylobarbitone and caffeine respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:145602", "title": "The results of non-operative management of stiff joints in the hand.", "content": "We selected 500 patients randomly from a total of 1300 patients seen in our Hand Rehabilitation Center between 1971 and 1975; 212 of the 500 presented with a chief complaint of stiff hand joints. Of the 212 patients treated non-operatively, 173 responded sufficiently to this treatment alone. Of the 789 stiff joints, 686 responded sufficiently to this treatment alone. The results of this regime of non-operative treatment of stiff joints provide excellent functional improvement in most patients, with a large saving of money through the reduction in disability payments required.", "contents": "The results of non-operative management of stiff joints in the hand. We selected 500 patients randomly from a total of 1300 patients seen in our Hand Rehabilitation Center between 1971 and 1975; 212 of the 500 presented with a chief complaint of stiff hand joints. Of the 212 patients treated non-operatively, 173 responded sufficiently to this treatment alone. Of the 789 stiff joints, 686 responded sufficiently to this treatment alone. The results of this regime of non-operative treatment of stiff joints provide excellent functional improvement in most patients, with a large saving of money through the reduction in disability payments required."}
{"id": "PMID:145603", "title": "[Favorable, unfavorable and indifferent side effects of pharmacotherapy of psychoses].", "content": "Not all side-effects are undesirable side-effects of a treatment. Under certain conditions allergic side-effects during the therapy of phasic psychotics affect a turn in the course of the basic illness and bring a premature end to depression. As a result of the observation of a sudden cure of a deep vital depression in a 73 year old patient in direct chronological connection with the appearance of an allergic urticaria, studies were carried out, in the 8 years following, of a total of 18 cases of similar circumstances; during the treatment of an endogenous depression the development of intercurrent allergic skin reactions showed: in 6 cases the psychosis completely disappeared with the development of the urticaria; in 8 cases the symptoms were considerably relieved so that only the remains of vegetative disorders persisted; in 4 cases no effect could be determined. In 2 cases the same allergic reaction was consciously provoked by a reapplication of the medicaments concerned during a following depressive phase; again with favourable results since under these conditions coincidences are not very probable, the conclusion can be made, and experimentally supported, that allergic drug reactions may be employed in the course of depressions, with careful avoidance of complications.", "contents": "[Favorable, unfavorable and indifferent side effects of pharmacotherapy of psychoses]. Not all side-effects are undesirable side-effects of a treatment. Under certain conditions allergic side-effects during the therapy of phasic psychotics affect a turn in the course of the basic illness and bring a premature end to depression. As a result of the observation of a sudden cure of a deep vital depression in a 73 year old patient in direct chronological connection with the appearance of an allergic urticaria, studies were carried out, in the 8 years following, of a total of 18 cases of similar circumstances; during the treatment of an endogenous depression the development of intercurrent allergic skin reactions showed: in 6 cases the psychosis completely disappeared with the development of the urticaria; in 8 cases the symptoms were considerably relieved so that only the remains of vegetative disorders persisted; in 4 cases no effect could be determined. In 2 cases the same allergic reaction was consciously provoked by a reapplication of the medicaments concerned during a following depressive phase; again with favourable results since under these conditions coincidences are not very probable, the conclusion can be made, and experimentally supported, that allergic drug reactions may be employed in the course of depressions, with careful avoidance of complications."}
{"id": "PMID:145600", "title": "Na+ and K+ dependent ATP-ase and structural modifications in hypokinetic rats.", "content": "In rats the hypokinetic state obtained by restraint in special cages, produces after 30 days, a marked decrease in Na+ and K+ dependent ATP-ase in the skeletal muscle. After 15 days hypokinesia the enzymatic content of the investigated tissues did not change. In the left cardiac ventricular muscle Na+ and K+ dependent ATP-ase decreased after 15 days and particularly after 30 days hypokinesia. These changes were brought about by the hypofunctional state of both muscles, which also produced structural alterations. In the skeletal and cardiac muscles electron microscopy revealed fibrillar atrophy and mitochondrial alterations typical of an affected function. In the cardiac muscle, in which these changes were more accentuated, the dissociation of the intercalar disc was also noted, aspects partially described by others.", "contents": "Na+ and K+ dependent ATP-ase and structural modifications in hypokinetic rats. In rats the hypokinetic state obtained by restraint in special cages, produces after 30 days, a marked decrease in Na+ and K+ dependent ATP-ase in the skeletal muscle. After 15 days hypokinesia the enzymatic content of the investigated tissues did not change. In the left cardiac ventricular muscle Na+ and K+ dependent ATP-ase decreased after 15 days and particularly after 30 days hypokinesia. These changes were brought about by the hypofunctional state of both muscles, which also produced structural alterations. In the skeletal and cardiac muscles electron microscopy revealed fibrillar atrophy and mitochondrial alterations typical of an affected function. In the cardiac muscle, in which these changes were more accentuated, the dissociation of the intercalar disc was also noted, aspects partially described by others."}
{"id": "PMID:145605", "title": "[The effectiveness of the serotonin antagonist Divascan in migraine therapy].", "content": "It appeared from the evaluation of a clinical test of the serotonin antagonist in 22 patients that DIVASCAN proved itself particularly effective in cases of ophthalmic migraine, in the second place in cases of migraena simplex with vegetative accentuation and likewise in cases of migraena cerebellaris. Besides this there is a favourable effect on the tendency to the edema and facial pain.", "contents": "[The effectiveness of the serotonin antagonist Divascan in migraine therapy]. It appeared from the evaluation of a clinical test of the serotonin antagonist in 22 patients that DIVASCAN proved itself particularly effective in cases of ophthalmic migraine, in the second place in cases of migraena simplex with vegetative accentuation and likewise in cases of migraena cerebellaris. Besides this there is a favourable effect on the tendency to the edema and facial pain."}
{"id": "PMID:145613", "title": "[Surgical reoperations for complicated pyeloplasties].", "content": "Comments are made in connection with a statistics concerning 41 pyeloplasties and 14 re-interventions for complications of pyeloplasties. The author reviews cases in which the reconstruction failed and stresses the problems related to the performance of the intervention and the post-operative care. Early post-operative urography is recommended, on extenation of the patient, in view of checking if the kidney is functional or not. Also the quality of pyelo-uretheral anastomosis is checked by this method.", "contents": "[Surgical reoperations for complicated pyeloplasties]. Comments are made in connection with a statistics concerning 41 pyeloplasties and 14 re-interventions for complications of pyeloplasties. The author reviews cases in which the reconstruction failed and stresses the problems related to the performance of the intervention and the post-operative care. Early post-operative urography is recommended, on extenation of the patient, in view of checking if the kidney is functional or not. Also the quality of pyelo-uretheral anastomosis is checked by this method."}
{"id": "PMID:145616", "title": "[Anatomo-surgical aspects of the liver in situs inversus].", "content": "The hepatic veins and the intra-parenchymal branches of the portal vein and of the hepatic artery were dissected in two isolated livers form subjects with situs inversus. As a general observation, the intra-hepatic distribution of the portal vein in these cases represented a \"looking-glass image\" of the normal liver. The intra-hepatic branches differ from the normal by the presence of a large interarterial anastomotic canal in one of the cases. In the other case branches were found, of the left hepatic artery, for the upper sub-segments of the right lobe, that were irrigated from the venous standpoint, by the right branch of the portal vein.", "contents": "[Anatomo-surgical aspects of the liver in situs inversus]. The hepatic veins and the intra-parenchymal branches of the portal vein and of the hepatic artery were dissected in two isolated livers form subjects with situs inversus. As a general observation, the intra-hepatic distribution of the portal vein in these cases represented a \"looking-glass image\" of the normal liver. The intra-hepatic branches differ from the normal by the presence of a large interarterial anastomotic canal in one of the cases. In the other case branches were found, of the left hepatic artery, for the upper sub-segments of the right lobe, that were irrigated from the venous standpoint, by the right branch of the portal vein."}
{"id": "PMID:145617", "title": "[Thyroid radiography and thyroid lymphography].", "content": "A detailed representation is made of the technique used in the performance of thyroidography and an analysis is carried out of the authors' personal experience Thyroidography and thyroido-limphography have been applied in 40 patients with various diseases of the thyroid gland. The authors evaluate the method as being simple to perform, accessible, well tolerated and capable to provide significant morphological data (size of the lobes, the presence of retrosternal thyroid tissue, structure of the gland), also allowing for visualization of the cervical limph-nodes.", "contents": "[Thyroid radiography and thyroid lymphography]. A detailed representation is made of the technique used in the performance of thyroidography and an analysis is carried out of the authors' personal experience Thyroidography and thyroido-limphography have been applied in 40 patients with various diseases of the thyroid gland. The authors evaluate the method as being simple to perform, accessible, well tolerated and capable to provide significant morphological data (size of the lobes, the presence of retrosternal thyroid tissue, structure of the gland), also allowing for visualization of the cervical limph-nodes."}
{"id": "PMID:145619", "title": "[Congenital tracheoesophageal fistula: operation and cure].", "content": "On the basis of their personal experience, covering approximately 100 cases of oeso-thoracal fistulae of various origins and with different anatomo-pathological forms, the authors present a case of oeso-tracheal fistula of congenital origin, in a child aged 4 years, that recovered after surgery. The practical aspects of surgery are stressed, as well as the sequence of surgical stages, evaluating the fact that gastrostomy should be carried out simultaneously, at the end of the thoracal intervention.", "contents": "[Congenital tracheoesophageal fistula: operation and cure]. On the basis of their personal experience, covering approximately 100 cases of oeso-thoracal fistulae of various origins and with different anatomo-pathological forms, the authors present a case of oeso-tracheal fistula of congenital origin, in a child aged 4 years, that recovered after surgery. The practical aspects of surgery are stressed, as well as the sequence of surgical stages, evaluating the fact that gastrostomy should be carried out simultaneously, at the end of the thoracal intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:145621", "title": "[Dissecting popliteal cyst in rheumatoid polyarthritis: clinical and therapeutic aspects].", "content": "The authors present a dynamic observation of a patient with advanced rheumatic polyarthritis that developed considerable hydrathrosis of the left knee and popliteal deep cyst of the Backer type. The general treatment was completed with radioisotopic synoviorthesis with Au198 that administered directly in the articulation and in the cavity of the cyst, resulting in the rupture of its wall. The symptomatology of the dissecting popliteal cyst was similar to that of thrombophlebitis. Posterior incision and drainage of the cyst collection have resulted in the disappearance of the local phenomena.", "contents": "[Dissecting popliteal cyst in rheumatoid polyarthritis: clinical and therapeutic aspects]. The authors present a dynamic observation of a patient with advanced rheumatic polyarthritis that developed considerable hydrathrosis of the left knee and popliteal deep cyst of the Backer type. The general treatment was completed with radioisotopic synoviorthesis with Au198 that administered directly in the articulation and in the cavity of the cyst, resulting in the rupture of its wall. The symptomatology of the dissecting popliteal cyst was similar to that of thrombophlebitis. Posterior incision and drainage of the cyst collection have resulted in the disappearance of the local phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:145623", "title": "[Laboratory studies of the effect of Pavulon on the blood pressure in induced autonomic dystonias].", "content": "In experimental studies performed in dogs Pavulon enhances the hypertensive effects of para- and orthosympathicomymetics (nicotinelike and liberation of cathecholamine respectively), parasympaticolytics lowering essentially the rise of the blood pressure induced by Pavulon, which sympathicolytics--depending on the dose administered--can decrease until zero. These facts have a significant role in the anesthesia and intensive care practice.", "contents": "[Laboratory studies of the effect of Pavulon on the blood pressure in induced autonomic dystonias]. In experimental studies performed in dogs Pavulon enhances the hypertensive effects of para- and orthosympathicomymetics (nicotinelike and liberation of cathecholamine respectively), parasympaticolytics lowering essentially the rise of the blood pressure induced by Pavulon, which sympathicolytics--depending on the dose administered--can decrease until zero. These facts have a significant role in the anesthesia and intensive care practice."}
{"id": "PMID:145625", "title": "Binding of divalent cations by canine cardiac myosin: differences in normal right and left ventricles dependent upon number of light chains.", "content": "The moles of calcium bound by the left ventricle were 1.5 +/- 0.1, while those of the right ventricle were 2.9 +/- 0.2. The calcium binding constants were the same between myosins of the two cardiac ventricles. The Ca2+ binding constants were approximately 1.1 X 10(5) M-1 for both left and right ventricular myosins. Left ventricular myosin bound 1.3 +/- 0.1 mol of Mn2+, whereas right ventricular myosin bound 2.8 +/- 0.1 mol of Mn2+. The divalent cation Mn2+ only partially competed out Ca2+ (50%). Because of the partial competition, it seemed that Ca2+ and Mn2+ had some sights in common. These studies demonstrate a twofold difference in divalent cation binding (Ca2+, Mn2+) between left and right ventricular myosins. This variation in cation binding between the two ventricles is reflected in similar differences in myosin ATPase activity between the two ventricles.", "contents": "Binding of divalent cations by canine cardiac myosin: differences in normal right and left ventricles dependent upon number of light chains. The moles of calcium bound by the left ventricle were 1.5 +/- 0.1, while those of the right ventricle were 2.9 +/- 0.2. The calcium binding constants were the same between myosins of the two cardiac ventricles. The Ca2+ binding constants were approximately 1.1 X 10(5) M-1 for both left and right ventricular myosins. Left ventricular myosin bound 1.3 +/- 0.1 mol of Mn2+, whereas right ventricular myosin bound 2.8 +/- 0.1 mol of Mn2+. The divalent cation Mn2+ only partially competed out Ca2+ (50%). Because of the partial competition, it seemed that Ca2+ and Mn2+ had some sights in common. These studies demonstrate a twofold difference in divalent cation binding (Ca2+, Mn2+) between left and right ventricular myosins. This variation in cation binding between the two ventricles is reflected in similar differences in myosin ATPase activity between the two ventricles."}
{"id": "PMID:145628", "title": "Regulatory mechanism in arterial smooth muscle contraction.", "content": "The regulatory mechanism in the aortic actomyosin system was studied. Superprecipitation of desensitized aortic myosin B was not exhibited even in the presence of Ca2+, but was observable only in the presence of native tropomyosin and Ca2+. Reconstituted actomyosin composed of pure aortic myosin and pure skeletal actin did not show superprecipitation. Addition of aortic native tropomyosin and Ca2+ caused a marked superprecipitation. The ATPase of reconstituted actomyosin was enhanced three- or fourfold by aortic native tropomyosin and Ca2+. The extent of superprecipitation of aortic myosin B did not show a biphasic type of response to Mg-ATP concentration. Thus, aortic native tropomyosin induces a real activation of the myosin, actin, and ATP system in the presence of Ca2+, in contrast with the case of skeletal native tropomyosin, which induces the depression of skeletal myosin-actin-ATP interaction in the absence of Ca2+.", "contents": "Regulatory mechanism in arterial smooth muscle contraction. The regulatory mechanism in the aortic actomyosin system was studied. Superprecipitation of desensitized aortic myosin B was not exhibited even in the presence of Ca2+, but was observable only in the presence of native tropomyosin and Ca2+. Reconstituted actomyosin composed of pure aortic myosin and pure skeletal actin did not show superprecipitation. Addition of aortic native tropomyosin and Ca2+ caused a marked superprecipitation. The ATPase of reconstituted actomyosin was enhanced three- or fourfold by aortic native tropomyosin and Ca2+. The extent of superprecipitation of aortic myosin B did not show a biphasic type of response to Mg-ATP concentration. Thus, aortic native tropomyosin induces a real activation of the myosin, actin, and ATP system in the presence of Ca2+, in contrast with the case of skeletal native tropomyosin, which induces the depression of skeletal myosin-actin-ATP interaction in the absence of Ca2+."}
{"id": "PMID:145626", "title": "Phosphorylation of cardiac myofibrillar proteins.", "content": "The P light chain of cardiac myosin is phosphorylated and dephosphorylated by highly specific enzymes. These reactions take place in the beating rabbit heart and there is evidence that dephosphorylation of the light chain occurs during the inotropic response produced by adrenaline. The extent of phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I is determined by the functional state of the beating heart. During perfusion of the rabbit heart the basal phosphate content of troponin I increased from the basal level of about 1.5 moles P per mole to about 2.7 moles P per mole at the height of the inotropic response to adrenaline. The three sites of phosphorylation on troponin I are probably located in the N terminal cyanogen bromide peptide of 48 residues.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of cardiac myofibrillar proteins. The P light chain of cardiac myosin is phosphorylated and dephosphorylated by highly specific enzymes. These reactions take place in the beating rabbit heart and there is evidence that dephosphorylation of the light chain occurs during the inotropic response produced by adrenaline. The extent of phosphorylation of cardiac troponin I is determined by the functional state of the beating heart. During perfusion of the rabbit heart the basal phosphate content of troponin I increased from the basal level of about 1.5 moles P per mole to about 2.7 moles P per mole at the height of the inotropic response to adrenaline. The three sites of phosphorylation on troponin I are probably located in the N terminal cyanogen bromide peptide of 48 residues."}
{"id": "PMID:145630", "title": "Binding of [3H]atropine by cardiac plasma membrane-enriched fractions.", "content": "The binding of [3H]atropine by the primary subcellular fractions and plasma membrane-enriched fractions from atria and ventricles of various species was measured by the Millipore filtration technique. Although all of the primary particulate fractions exhibited binding activities, the bulk of the total homogenate binding activity was associated with the washed particles sedimenting at the lower gravitational forces; this was observed with either atria or ventricles of dog, guinea pig, rabbit, hamster, and rat. Plasma membrane-enriched fractions isolated from the right atrium of guinea pig exhibited atropine binding activities with characteristics similar to dog atrial membranes; binding activity was moderately enriched in these membranes with respect to the starting material.", "contents": "Binding of [3H]atropine by cardiac plasma membrane-enriched fractions. The binding of [3H]atropine by the primary subcellular fractions and plasma membrane-enriched fractions from atria and ventricles of various species was measured by the Millipore filtration technique. Although all of the primary particulate fractions exhibited binding activities, the bulk of the total homogenate binding activity was associated with the washed particles sedimenting at the lower gravitational forces; this was observed with either atria or ventricles of dog, guinea pig, rabbit, hamster, and rat. Plasma membrane-enriched fractions isolated from the right atrium of guinea pig exhibited atropine binding activities with characteristics similar to dog atrial membranes; binding activity was moderately enriched in these membranes with respect to the starting material."}
{"id": "PMID:145633", "title": "Effect of acetaldehyde on functioning of cardiac muscle at the ultrastructural level.", "content": "The effect of acetaldehyde, the hepatic metabolite of alcohol, on the functioning of cardiac muscle was investigated at the subcellular level. Concentrations of acetaldehyde that occur in plasma failed to alter either the microsomal Ca2+-accumulating and ATPase activity or the Ca2+-accumulating activity of the mitochondria. These same concentrations of acetaldehyde inhibited the Ca2+-dependent myofibrillar ATPase.", "contents": "Effect of acetaldehyde on functioning of cardiac muscle at the ultrastructural level. The effect of acetaldehyde, the hepatic metabolite of alcohol, on the functioning of cardiac muscle was investigated at the subcellular level. Concentrations of acetaldehyde that occur in plasma failed to alter either the microsomal Ca2+-accumulating and ATPase activity or the Ca2+-accumulating activity of the mitochondria. These same concentrations of acetaldehyde inhibited the Ca2+-dependent myofibrillar ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:145632", "title": "Effect of ouabain on sodium movement in cardiac cells.", "content": "A computer simulation indicates that intracellular sodium concentration within a space near the inner surface of sarcolemma fluctuates during a cycle of myocardial function. The sodium transient (a transient increase in sodium ion concentration associated with membrane excitation) is enhanced by the inhibition of (Na+, K+)-ATPase by ouabain, but an accumulation of myocardial sodium does not occur until the inhibition exceeds a critical point. The critical magnitude of sodium pump inhibition that causes a progressive sodium accumulation is dependent on the heart rate.", "contents": "Effect of ouabain on sodium movement in cardiac cells. A computer simulation indicates that intracellular sodium concentration within a space near the inner surface of sarcolemma fluctuates during a cycle of myocardial function. The sodium transient (a transient increase in sodium ion concentration associated with membrane excitation) is enhanced by the inhibition of (Na+, K+)-ATPase by ouabain, but an accumulation of myocardial sodium does not occur until the inhibition exceeds a critical point. The critical magnitude of sodium pump inhibition that causes a progressive sodium accumulation is dependent on the heart rate."}
{"id": "PMID:145636", "title": "Histopathological study of hypertrophied myocardium of known etiologies with special reference to correlation of ECG changes.", "content": "Sixty-two autopsied hearts, with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) caused by mitral regurgitation (MR), aortic failure (AR), combined valvular disease (CVD), hypertension (HHD), or ischemia (IHD), and 23 control hearts with normal left ventricles were studied morphologically for analysis of modes of hypertrophy and for ECG-pathology correlation. Basic disorders modify the mode of hypertrophy; that is, elongated AR-type LV makes muscle fiber orientation in the outer layer more vertical, and globular MR-type LV makes it more horizontal than normal. High-voltage QRS correlates with hypertrophy of the outer layer which is often associated with that of the inner layer. ST depression and T changes correspond to relative deterioration of the inner and median layers, respectively.", "contents": "Histopathological study of hypertrophied myocardium of known etiologies with special reference to correlation of ECG changes. Sixty-two autopsied hearts, with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) caused by mitral regurgitation (MR), aortic failure (AR), combined valvular disease (CVD), hypertension (HHD), or ischemia (IHD), and 23 control hearts with normal left ventricles were studied morphologically for analysis of modes of hypertrophy and for ECG-pathology correlation. Basic disorders modify the mode of hypertrophy; that is, elongated AR-type LV makes muscle fiber orientation in the outer layer more vertical, and globular MR-type LV makes it more horizontal than normal. High-voltage QRS correlates with hypertrophy of the outer layer which is often associated with that of the inner layer. ST depression and T changes correspond to relative deterioration of the inner and median layers, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:145635", "title": "Ultrastructural aspects of contractile proteins in cardiac hypertrophy and failure.", "content": "A review is presented in this chapter of morphological changes in contractile elements of cardiac muscle cells in hypertrophy and failure, with emphasis on alterations occurring in human hearts in the late stages of hypertrophy. The formation of new sarcomeres involves the synthesis of a variety of different proteins, their aggregation into filaments, and the organization of filaments into specific tridimensional arrays. Z-line material appears to play an organizer role in the formation of new sarcomeres. The ultrastructural appearance of contractile elements in hypertrophied muscle cells varies according to the cause and the stage of the hypertrophy. Myofibrillar lysis, with preferential loss of thick myofilaments, occurs in the late stages of hypertrophy in association with degenerative changes, including dissociation of intercellular junctions, proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, cellular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis.", "contents": "Ultrastructural aspects of contractile proteins in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. A review is presented in this chapter of morphological changes in contractile elements of cardiac muscle cells in hypertrophy and failure, with emphasis on alterations occurring in human hearts in the late stages of hypertrophy. The formation of new sarcomeres involves the synthesis of a variety of different proteins, their aggregation into filaments, and the organization of filaments into specific tridimensional arrays. Z-line material appears to play an organizer role in the formation of new sarcomeres. The ultrastructural appearance of contractile elements in hypertrophied muscle cells varies according to the cause and the stage of the hypertrophy. Myofibrillar lysis, with preferential loss of thick myofilaments, occurs in the late stages of hypertrophy in association with degenerative changes, including dissociation of intercellular junctions, proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum, cellular atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:145640", "title": "Characterization of myosin from patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy.", "content": "Human cardiac myosin isolated from operatively obtained samples of ventricular septum and left ventricular free wall of patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was compared, with respect to structural and enzymatic properties, to myosin isolated from hearts of patients without heart disease. The following parameters were studied: 1) activation of myosin ATPase activity by K+-EDTA and Ca2+,2) molecular weight of the heavy and light chains of myosin as determined by electrophoretic migration in SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and 3) ability to form bipolar aggregates at low ionic strength, as examined by electron microscopy. No difference was present in any of these parameters between human cardiac myosin from patients with ASH and from patients without heart disease. Thus, the genetic defect present in patients with ASH is not expressed in the particular structural and functional characteristics of myosin evaluated in this study.", "contents": "Characterization of myosin from patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy. Human cardiac myosin isolated from operatively obtained samples of ventricular septum and left ventricular free wall of patients with asymmetric septal hypertrophy (ASH) was compared, with respect to structural and enzymatic properties, to myosin isolated from hearts of patients without heart disease. The following parameters were studied: 1) activation of myosin ATPase activity by K+-EDTA and Ca2+,2) molecular weight of the heavy and light chains of myosin as determined by electrophoretic migration in SDS-polyacrylamide gels, and 3) ability to form bipolar aggregates at low ionic strength, as examined by electron microscopy. No difference was present in any of these parameters between human cardiac myosin from patients with ASH and from patients without heart disease. Thus, the genetic defect present in patients with ASH is not expressed in the particular structural and functional characteristics of myosin evaluated in this study."}
{"id": "PMID:145637", "title": "Right ventricular hypertrophy in tetralogy of Fallot.", "content": "Histopathological studies were carried out on right ventricular myocardium in 104 patients with tetralogy of Fallot (T/F). Detailed analysis of the correlation between morphological and clinical data was performed. Right ventricular hypertrophy in T/F was found to initiate immediately after birth, and the diameter of right ventricular muscle fiber (D) increased with age (r = 0.74). There was a correlation between D and the hemoglobin level. There was, however, no correlation between D arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), and pulmonary trunk/aorta diameter (PA/Ao) ratio. Histopathological alterations were related directly to D and to the age of the patient, and were unrelated to hemoglobin, SaO2, and PA/Ao ratio. Irreversible histopathological alterations were first observed when the D exceeded 15 micron, when most patients were four years old or more. From these findings, it is considered that the optimal age for corrective surgery to prevent irreversible alteration of the right ventricular muscle fibers in patients with T/F is less than three years.", "contents": "Right ventricular hypertrophy in tetralogy of Fallot. Histopathological studies were carried out on right ventricular myocardium in 104 patients with tetralogy of Fallot (T/F). Detailed analysis of the correlation between morphological and clinical data was performed. Right ventricular hypertrophy in T/F was found to initiate immediately after birth, and the diameter of right ventricular muscle fiber (D) increased with age (r = 0.74). There was a correlation between D and the hemoglobin level. There was, however, no correlation between D arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), and pulmonary trunk/aorta diameter (PA/Ao) ratio. Histopathological alterations were related directly to D and to the age of the patient, and were unrelated to hemoglobin, SaO2, and PA/Ao ratio. Irreversible histopathological alterations were first observed when the D exceeded 15 micron, when most patients were four years old or more. From these findings, it is considered that the optimal age for corrective surgery to prevent irreversible alteration of the right ventricular muscle fibers in patients with T/F is less than three years."}
{"id": "PMID:145641", "title": "Increased protein synthesis during right ventricular hypertrophy following pulmonary stenosis in the dog.", "content": "The synthesis rates of mixed protein in the left and right ventricles were the same in normal dogs, averaging 7.8% per day. After five days, pulmonary stenosis protein synthesis rate in the right ventricle increased rapidly to 13.6% per day and subsequently decreased to near normal by 12 days, during which time the right ventricle protein mass increased by 48% after five days and by 73% after 12 days. Similarly the synthesis rate of the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins was almost doubled after five days of stenosis. The protein synthesis rate in the left ventricle did not change significantly during the 24 days of pulmonary stenosis.", "contents": "Increased protein synthesis during right ventricular hypertrophy following pulmonary stenosis in the dog. The synthesis rates of mixed protein in the left and right ventricles were the same in normal dogs, averaging 7.8% per day. After five days, pulmonary stenosis protein synthesis rate in the right ventricle increased rapidly to 13.6% per day and subsequently decreased to near normal by 12 days, during which time the right ventricle protein mass increased by 48% after five days and by 73% after 12 days. Similarly the synthesis rate of the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins was almost doubled after five days of stenosis. The protein synthesis rate in the left ventricle did not change significantly during the 24 days of pulmonary stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:145642", "title": "Electron microscopic studies on ATPase activities in myocardial infarction.", "content": "Comparative studies of the fine structural changes and histochemical examination of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity were performed in canine ischemic heart muscle cells following left coronary artery ligation. In the intact myocardial cells, the ATPase activities were observed most intensely in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), particularly in the terminal cisternae (TC), and moderately around gap junctions of the intercalated discs and on myofilaments. Ischemic cellular changes occurred three to 24 hours after coronary ligation and became severe after three to seven days. ATPase activities decreased at around 48 hours and also became weak at three to seven days. Two to three weeks after ligation, improvement of the fine structure and increase in ATPase activities were observed in the ischemic cells, suggesting recovery. ATPase activities in the ischemic cardiac cells appeared to be decreased in parallel with the process of the fine structural changes.", "contents": "Electron microscopic studies on ATPase activities in myocardial infarction. Comparative studies of the fine structural changes and histochemical examination of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity were performed in canine ischemic heart muscle cells following left coronary artery ligation. In the intact myocardial cells, the ATPase activities were observed most intensely in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), particularly in the terminal cisternae (TC), and moderately around gap junctions of the intercalated discs and on myofilaments. Ischemic cellular changes occurred three to 24 hours after coronary ligation and became severe after three to seven days. ATPase activities decreased at around 48 hours and also became weak at three to seven days. Two to three weeks after ligation, improvement of the fine structure and increase in ATPase activities were observed in the ischemic cells, suggesting recovery. ATPase activities in the ischemic cardiac cells appeared to be decreased in parallel with the process of the fine structural changes."}
{"id": "PMID:145638", "title": "The pathways of protein synthesis and degradation in normal heart and during development and regression of cardiac hypertrophy.", "content": "The half-life of cardiac myosin heavy chains (HC) was determined, with leucyl-tRNA as precursor, to be 5.4 days. Myosin HC are labeled more rapidly than actin; myosin light chains (LC1 and LC2) are labeled more slowly than HC. The observed differences are attributable to heterogeneity in the half-lives, e.g., actin, and to the effect of dilution by the existing macromolecular precursor pool (LC1 and LC2). Cardiac and skeletal muscle contain a population of filaments that can be released from myofibrils by ATP-relaxing solution. The easily released filaments (ERF) are devoid of alpha-actinin and M-protein. Labeling of ERF is more rapid than that of residual myofibrils. Cardiac and skeletal muscle contains calcium-activated neutral protease, which selectively removes alpha-actinin when incubated with isolated myofibrils. During development of pressure-induced cardiac hypertrophy, the labeling of LC2 is increased. In regressing cardiac hypertrophy the activities of free and total cathepsin D and of acidic RNase are unaltered.", "contents": "The pathways of protein synthesis and degradation in normal heart and during development and regression of cardiac hypertrophy. The half-life of cardiac myosin heavy chains (HC) was determined, with leucyl-tRNA as precursor, to be 5.4 days. Myosin HC are labeled more rapidly than actin; myosin light chains (LC1 and LC2) are labeled more slowly than HC. The observed differences are attributable to heterogeneity in the half-lives, e.g., actin, and to the effect of dilution by the existing macromolecular precursor pool (LC1 and LC2). Cardiac and skeletal muscle contain a population of filaments that can be released from myofibrils by ATP-relaxing solution. The easily released filaments (ERF) are devoid of alpha-actinin and M-protein. Labeling of ERF is more rapid than that of residual myofibrils. Cardiac and skeletal muscle contains calcium-activated neutral protease, which selectively removes alpha-actinin when incubated with isolated myofibrils. During development of pressure-induced cardiac hypertrophy, the labeling of LC2 is increased. In regressing cardiac hypertrophy the activities of free and total cathepsin D and of acidic RNase are unaltered."}
{"id": "PMID:145645", "title": "The early phase of insulin release in man--a new method for quantitative analysis.", "content": "A method is presented for the quantitative analysis of early insulin release in man. There were measured arterial insulin levels after glibornuride administered intravenously. The mathematical procedure has been modified: Modification I is based on the assumption that early insulin release represents a wave like insulin delivery, modification II is based on the assumption that this insulin bolus is immediately followed by a slower insulin release which must be distinguished from the second phase of insulin release. For the calculations there was used a \"primary insulin space\" derived from experiments with exogenous insulin. The results of calculations were varying up to 1.5 units of early insulin release in healthy volunteers receiving glibornuride with dosages varying up to 50 mg. The value of the presented method for examinations of insulin release for theoretical and clinical purposes is discussed.", "contents": "The early phase of insulin release in man--a new method for quantitative analysis. A method is presented for the quantitative analysis of early insulin release in man. There were measured arterial insulin levels after glibornuride administered intravenously. The mathematical procedure has been modified: Modification I is based on the assumption that early insulin release represents a wave like insulin delivery, modification II is based on the assumption that this insulin bolus is immediately followed by a slower insulin release which must be distinguished from the second phase of insulin release. For the calculations there was used a \"primary insulin space\" derived from experiments with exogenous insulin. The results of calculations were varying up to 1.5 units of early insulin release in healthy volunteers receiving glibornuride with dosages varying up to 50 mg. The value of the presented method for examinations of insulin release for theoretical and clinical purposes is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145639", "title": "Alteration in calcium metabolism in cardiac hypertrophy and failure caused by bacterial infection.", "content": "Left ventricular hypertrophy was seen in catheterized, uninfected rabbits, whereas contractile failure superimposed upon hypertrophy was observed in catheterized animals after injection with Streptococcus viridans within six days. The infected animals showed marked changes in the ultrastructure of the left heart in comparison to the uninfected rabbits. The levels of calcium and potassium were decreased, whereas sodium was increased in both infected and uninfected hearts; however, magnesium levels did not change in uninfected hearts but were decreased at three days and increased at six days of infection. The microsomal calcium uptake was decreased in six-day uninfected as well as three-and six-day infected hearts. On the other hand, the mitochondrial calcium uptake was increased in six-day uninfected and three-day infected hearts but decreased in six-day infected hearts. The sarcolemmal calcium binding and (Na+,K+)ATPase activities were decreased in six-day uninfected as well as three- and six-day infected hearts. These results dramatic changes in intracellular calcium metabolism in myocardial hypertrophy and failure caused by bacterial infection.", "contents": "Alteration in calcium metabolism in cardiac hypertrophy and failure caused by bacterial infection. Left ventricular hypertrophy was seen in catheterized, uninfected rabbits, whereas contractile failure superimposed upon hypertrophy was observed in catheterized animals after injection with Streptococcus viridans within six days. The infected animals showed marked changes in the ultrastructure of the left heart in comparison to the uninfected rabbits. The levels of calcium and potassium were decreased, whereas sodium was increased in both infected and uninfected hearts; however, magnesium levels did not change in uninfected hearts but were decreased at three days and increased at six days of infection. The microsomal calcium uptake was decreased in six-day uninfected as well as three-and six-day infected hearts. On the other hand, the mitochondrial calcium uptake was increased in six-day uninfected and three-day infected hearts but decreased in six-day infected hearts. The sarcolemmal calcium binding and (Na+,K+)ATPase activities were decreased in six-day uninfected as well as three- and six-day infected hearts. These results dramatic changes in intracellular calcium metabolism in myocardial hypertrophy and failure caused by bacterial infection."}
{"id": "PMID:145643", "title": "Tolerance to ischemia in the human heart.", "content": "The tolerance to ischemic cardiac arrest during open-heart surgery depends on the degree of hypertrophy and on the functional impairment of the heart. The angiographically determined muscle mass is a good indicator of the susceptibility of the myocardium to ischemic injury and of its ability to quickly restore myocardial structure upon reperfusion. Tissue from extremely hypertrophied hearts exhibited numerous degenerative alterations.", "contents": "Tolerance to ischemia in the human heart. The tolerance to ischemic cardiac arrest during open-heart surgery depends on the degree of hypertrophy and on the functional impairment of the heart. The angiographically determined muscle mass is a good indicator of the susceptibility of the myocardium to ischemic injury and of its ability to quickly restore myocardial structure upon reperfusion. Tissue from extremely hypertrophied hearts exhibited numerous degenerative alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:145649", "title": "Cancer of the breast--induction by radiation and role of mammography.", "content": "Conflict in the management of cancer of the breast exists. Diagnosis by x-ray mammography provides early effective treatment, but x-ray exposure to the breast is cancerogenic. Prudence requires the use of low dose x-rays in mammography, and limits the use of x-ray mammography in the young. Guide lines for the indications for mammography are changing, and large scale population exposure to radiation should await results of demonstration projects in the United States.", "contents": "Cancer of the breast--induction by radiation and role of mammography. Conflict in the management of cancer of the breast exists. Diagnosis by x-ray mammography provides early effective treatment, but x-ray exposure to the breast is cancerogenic. Prudence requires the use of low dose x-rays in mammography, and limits the use of x-ray mammography in the young. Guide lines for the indications for mammography are changing, and large scale population exposure to radiation should await results of demonstration projects in the United States."}
{"id": "PMID:145652", "title": "Intra-operative ascending aortic flowmetry.", "content": "Intra-operative flowmetry was carried out before and after cardiopulmonary bypass in 34 patients who underwent aortic root surgery. Most of the patients had either aortic or combined aortic and mitral valve replacement. Flowmetry performed before and after the procedure proved to be a very useful diagnostic tool, particularly in evaluating the immediate postoperative haemodynamic performance of the replaced aortic valve and the completeness of the correction.", "contents": "Intra-operative ascending aortic flowmetry. Intra-operative flowmetry was carried out before and after cardiopulmonary bypass in 34 patients who underwent aortic root surgery. Most of the patients had either aortic or combined aortic and mitral valve replacement. Flowmetry performed before and after the procedure proved to be a very useful diagnostic tool, particularly in evaluating the immediate postoperative haemodynamic performance of the replaced aortic valve and the completeness of the correction."}
{"id": "PMID:145654", "title": "[Use of aerosols in obstructive respiratory tract diseases. Clinical-pharmacological studies using fenoterol, salbutamol, ipratropium bromide and terbutaline].", "content": "The acute bronchodilator effect of aerosolized fenoterol, salbutamol, ipratropium bromide, and terbutaline was tested in single-blind cross-over trials by whole body plethysmography. In 4 different series, patients with chronic obstructive airway disease were investigated using combined alternating medication. Only commercially available metered dose inhalers were included in this study. Special attention was paid to comparison of the efficacy of administration by the investigator and by the patients themselves. The doses recommended by the manufacturers sometimes resulted in widely different bronchodilation when the metered dose inhalers were administered by the patients. Some possible reasons for these results and some implications with regard to different types of inhalers, single doses, instruction of the patients and evaluation of clinical trials are discussed.", "contents": "[Use of aerosols in obstructive respiratory tract diseases. Clinical-pharmacological studies using fenoterol, salbutamol, ipratropium bromide and terbutaline]. The acute bronchodilator effect of aerosolized fenoterol, salbutamol, ipratropium bromide, and terbutaline was tested in single-blind cross-over trials by whole body plethysmography. In 4 different series, patients with chronic obstructive airway disease were investigated using combined alternating medication. Only commercially available metered dose inhalers were included in this study. Special attention was paid to comparison of the efficacy of administration by the investigator and by the patients themselves. The doses recommended by the manufacturers sometimes resulted in widely different bronchodilation when the metered dose inhalers were administered by the patients. Some possible reasons for these results and some implications with regard to different types of inhalers, single doses, instruction of the patients and evaluation of clinical trials are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145655", "title": "Ingestion of crude oil: sublethal effects in herring gull chicks.", "content": "A single small oral dose of Kuwait or South Louisiana crude oil caused cessation of growth, osmoregulatory impairment, and hypertrophy of hepatic, adrenal, and nasal gland tissue in herring gull chicks living in a simulated marine environment. These findings suggest that ingesting crude oil causes multiple sublethal effects that might impair a bird's ability to survive at sea.", "contents": "Ingestion of crude oil: sublethal effects in herring gull chicks. A single small oral dose of Kuwait or South Louisiana crude oil caused cessation of growth, osmoregulatory impairment, and hypertrophy of hepatic, adrenal, and nasal gland tissue in herring gull chicks living in a simulated marine environment. These findings suggest that ingesting crude oil causes multiple sublethal effects that might impair a bird's ability to survive at sea."}
{"id": "PMID:145660", "title": "Atherosclerosis and the hypoplastic aortoiliac system.", "content": "Between January, 1965, and December, 1975, 204 patients (138 men and 66 women) underwent aortoiliac reconstruction for atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Eighteen patients (9%) had a hypoplastic aortoiliac segment and an analysis of these 18 patients constitutes the basis of this report. There were 17 women and one man, and their ages ranged from 28 to 60 years, with an average of 43 years. Hyperlipidema was present in nine of 13 patients tested. All patients were heavy cigarrete smokers and had lower extremity claudication with weak or absent pulses. Carotid or subclavian artery disease was found in 50%. Angiography demonstrated hypoplasia of the aorta distal to the renal arteries with either occlusion, diffuse narrowing, or, most often, an \"hourglass\" stenosis. The iliac and femoral arteries also were narrowed. Reconstruction was achieved primarily by aortobilateral-iliac or femoral bypass. There were no operative deaths and all patients were improved initially. It appears that normally occurring atherosclerosis in this portion of the aorta, along with congenital narrowing, accounts for symptoms at an early age. The predominence in women is a puzzle. The prognosis does not appear to be too grim. This may be due to absence of diabetes mellitus and the infrequency of coronary artery disease. All patients are still alive; there has been one major amputation following graft infection 1 1/2 years after operation. When progression of atherosclerosis occurs, it seems to involve the superficial femoral, carotid, and subclavian arteries.", "contents": "Atherosclerosis and the hypoplastic aortoiliac system. Between January, 1965, and December, 1975, 204 patients (138 men and 66 women) underwent aortoiliac reconstruction for atherosclerotic occlusive disease. Eighteen patients (9%) had a hypoplastic aortoiliac segment and an analysis of these 18 patients constitutes the basis of this report. There were 17 women and one man, and their ages ranged from 28 to 60 years, with an average of 43 years. Hyperlipidema was present in nine of 13 patients tested. All patients were heavy cigarrete smokers and had lower extremity claudication with weak or absent pulses. Carotid or subclavian artery disease was found in 50%. Angiography demonstrated hypoplasia of the aorta distal to the renal arteries with either occlusion, diffuse narrowing, or, most often, an \"hourglass\" stenosis. The iliac and femoral arteries also were narrowed. Reconstruction was achieved primarily by aortobilateral-iliac or femoral bypass. There were no operative deaths and all patients were improved initially. It appears that normally occurring atherosclerosis in this portion of the aorta, along with congenital narrowing, accounts for symptoms at an early age. The predominence in women is a puzzle. The prognosis does not appear to be too grim. This may be due to absence of diabetes mellitus and the infrequency of coronary artery disease. All patients are still alive; there has been one major amputation following graft infection 1 1/2 years after operation. When progression of atherosclerosis occurs, it seems to involve the superficial femoral, carotid, and subclavian arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:145662", "title": "Effect of 6-aminonicotinamide in teratogenic doses on the DNA- and RNA-concentration in rabbit embryos.", "content": "Pregnant rabbits were injected ip with 5 mg/kg 6-ANA at day 10, 11, 12 or 12.5 respectively of gestation. Embryos removed at day 13 of gestation had reduced DNA and RNA concentrations. The differences (DNA: 14 percent; RNA: 22.4 percent) were significant in the group treated on the twelfth day. Some possible mechanisms are discussed.", "contents": "Effect of 6-aminonicotinamide in teratogenic doses on the DNA- and RNA-concentration in rabbit embryos. Pregnant rabbits were injected ip with 5 mg/kg 6-ANA at day 10, 11, 12 or 12.5 respectively of gestation. Embryos removed at day 13 of gestation had reduced DNA and RNA concentrations. The differences (DNA: 14 percent; RNA: 22.4 percent) were significant in the group treated on the twelfth day. Some possible mechanisms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145663", "title": "6-Aminonicotinamide-induced cleft palate in the mouse: the nature of the difference between the A/J and C57Bl/6J strains in frequency of response and its genetic basis.", "content": "Cleft palate induction by 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) was examined in the A/J and C57BL/6J strains of mice to determine the nature of the strain difference in frequency of cleft-palate response. Probit analysis of the cleft-palate response to dose of different genotypes revealed a family of linear and parallel dose-response curves. The genotypes differ only in dosage tolerance (log ED50) to 6-AN that is required for the cleft-palate response. No evidence for a maternal cytoplasmic effect on 6-AN-induced cleft palate was found under the conditions of the present study. When the difference is dosage tolerance to 6-AN between A/J and C57BL/6J was examined with a single dose and measured by differences in frequency of induced cleft palate on a probit scale, there was some departure from genetic additivity. There was an indication off dominance deviation of the F1 embryos in the direction of C57BL/6J.A3-locus, epistatic model is proposed to account for the difference in embryonic tolerance ot 6-AN-induced cleft palate. There was a suggestion of association with the brown (b) locus.", "contents": "6-Aminonicotinamide-induced cleft palate in the mouse: the nature of the difference between the A/J and C57Bl/6J strains in frequency of response and its genetic basis. Cleft palate induction by 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) was examined in the A/J and C57BL/6J strains of mice to determine the nature of the strain difference in frequency of cleft-palate response. Probit analysis of the cleft-palate response to dose of different genotypes revealed a family of linear and parallel dose-response curves. The genotypes differ only in dosage tolerance (log ED50) to 6-AN that is required for the cleft-palate response. No evidence for a maternal cytoplasmic effect on 6-AN-induced cleft palate was found under the conditions of the present study. When the difference is dosage tolerance to 6-AN between A/J and C57BL/6J was examined with a single dose and measured by differences in frequency of induced cleft palate on a probit scale, there was some departure from genetic additivity. There was an indication off dominance deviation of the F1 embryos in the direction of C57BL/6J.A3-locus, epistatic model is proposed to account for the difference in embryonic tolerance ot 6-AN-induced cleft palate. There was a suggestion of association with the brown (b) locus."}
{"id": "PMID:145665", "title": "Spontaneous atrial thrombosis in aged Syrian hamsters. I. Incidence and pathology.", "content": "Many of the aging Syrian hamsters maintained in our Division spontaneously develop atrial thrombosis accompanied by a consumption coagulopathy. The 50% mortality level is reached earlier by females (16 months) than by males (24 months). The incidence of thrombosis increases with age, beginning at 13.5 months in females and at 21.5 months in males, and the overall incidence (73%) is nearly the same for both sexes. Bilateral ventricular hypertrophy was found in thrombosed hearts. The hearts of most aged hamsters, whether thrombosed or not, had myxoid valvular thickenings and myocardial degeneration. Myodystrophic changes included hypertrophied nuclei, cytoplasmic vacuolation, fiber atrophy, and finally replacement fibrosis. Thrombosis probably resulted from local blood stasis secondary to cardiac failure. These hamsters may be an especially useful model for comparative study of the effects of aging and myocardial degeneration on spontaneous thrombosis.", "contents": "Spontaneous atrial thrombosis in aged Syrian hamsters. I. Incidence and pathology. Many of the aging Syrian hamsters maintained in our Division spontaneously develop atrial thrombosis accompanied by a consumption coagulopathy. The 50% mortality level is reached earlier by females (16 months) than by males (24 months). The incidence of thrombosis increases with age, beginning at 13.5 months in females and at 21.5 months in males, and the overall incidence (73%) is nearly the same for both sexes. Bilateral ventricular hypertrophy was found in thrombosed hearts. The hearts of most aged hamsters, whether thrombosed or not, had myxoid valvular thickenings and myocardial degeneration. Myodystrophic changes included hypertrophied nuclei, cytoplasmic vacuolation, fiber atrophy, and finally replacement fibrosis. Thrombosis probably resulted from local blood stasis secondary to cardiac failure. These hamsters may be an especially useful model for comparative study of the effects of aging and myocardial degeneration on spontaneous thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:145666", "title": "Fibrin and fibrinogen proteolysis products: comparison between gel filtration and SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis analysis.", "content": "The proteolysis of purified human fibrinogen, stabilized and non-stabilized fibrin by plasmin were investigated by gel filtration analysis and SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis of the reaction products. Plasmin proteolysis of fibrinogen followed the sequential steps previously reported and the two analytical methods yielded concordant results. Large molecular weight proteolysis products, of substantially greater molecular weight than native fibrinogen, were identified by gel filtration analysis following dissolution of stabilized and non-stabilized fibrin clots; with further incubation with plasmin, these proteolysis products gradually diminished in size. On the other hand, SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis of these fibrin digests demonstrated that while non-stabilized fibrin yielded breakdown products similar in size to those obtained after proteolysis of fibrinogen, stabilized fibrin digests showed moieties of greater molecular size estimated to be of molecular weight 400,000 to 800,000. The final breakdown products of stabilized fibrin differed from those of fibrinogen and nonstabilized fibrin in that fragment D was present in the \"double D\" cross-linked form.", "contents": "Fibrin and fibrinogen proteolysis products: comparison between gel filtration and SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis analysis. The proteolysis of purified human fibrinogen, stabilized and non-stabilized fibrin by plasmin were investigated by gel filtration analysis and SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis of the reaction products. Plasmin proteolysis of fibrinogen followed the sequential steps previously reported and the two analytical methods yielded concordant results. Large molecular weight proteolysis products, of substantially greater molecular weight than native fibrinogen, were identified by gel filtration analysis following dissolution of stabilized and non-stabilized fibrin clots; with further incubation with plasmin, these proteolysis products gradually diminished in size. On the other hand, SDS polyacrylamide electrophoresis of these fibrin digests demonstrated that while non-stabilized fibrin yielded breakdown products similar in size to those obtained after proteolysis of fibrinogen, stabilized fibrin digests showed moieties of greater molecular size estimated to be of molecular weight 400,000 to 800,000. The final breakdown products of stabilized fibrin differed from those of fibrinogen and nonstabilized fibrin in that fragment D was present in the \"double D\" cross-linked form."}
{"id": "PMID:145669", "title": "Increased absorption of iodochlorhydroxyquin by rat intestine in the presence of solubilizing agents.", "content": "The intestinal absorption of iodochlorhydroxyquin (clioquinol) by the rat was studied by determining the radioactivity in the bile, blood and several organs 90 min after direct application of 125I-labeled clioquinol into the duodenum. The addition of solubilizing agents such as carboxymethyl-cellulose and lauryl sulfate to clioquinol preparation markedly enhanced the intestinal absorption of the drug in either the presence of absence of bile secretion which, by itself, increased the drug absorption. Possible significance of the enhanced absorption of clioquinol by solubilizing agents in the etiology of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON) in Japan is discussed.", "contents": "Increased absorption of iodochlorhydroxyquin by rat intestine in the presence of solubilizing agents. The intestinal absorption of iodochlorhydroxyquin (clioquinol) by the rat was studied by determining the radioactivity in the bile, blood and several organs 90 min after direct application of 125I-labeled clioquinol into the duodenum. The addition of solubilizing agents such as carboxymethyl-cellulose and lauryl sulfate to clioquinol preparation markedly enhanced the intestinal absorption of the drug in either the presence of absence of bile secretion which, by itself, increased the drug absorption. Possible significance of the enhanced absorption of clioquinol by solubilizing agents in the etiology of subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON) in Japan is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145670", "title": "A radioimmunoassay for 7 alpha-hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone in human plasma.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay for plasma 3 beta, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (7 alpha-hydroxy DHA) has been developed using anti-sera raised against 3 beta, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5-androstene-17 beta-carboxyl-bovine serum albumin conjugate and [1, 2 (n) - 3H] 7 alpha-hydroxy DHA as the radioligand. Significant cross reactivity was found with 3 beta, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (44%), 3 beta, 7 beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (6%), 3 beta, 6 beta-dihydroxy-4-androsten-17-one (2.5%), 3 beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (DHA, 2%), 3 beta, 7 beta-dihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (2%) and 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3, 20-dione (1%). 7 alpha-Hydroxy DHA was extracted from plasma and separated from cross-reacting factors using alumina micro-columns. The separation of bound and free steroid was achieved using dextran-coated charcoal. The concentration of 7 alpha-hydroxy DHA in the plasma of breast cancer patients was significantly lower than the concentrations in the plasma of normal women, hospitalized women suffering from non-endocrine diseases and patients with benign breast disease. The decrease in the concentration of 7 alpha-hydroxy DHA in the plasma of pregnant women was not significant.", "contents": "A radioimmunoassay for 7 alpha-hydroxy dehydroepiandrosterone in human plasma. A radioimmunoassay for plasma 3 beta, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (7 alpha-hydroxy DHA) has been developed using anti-sera raised against 3 beta, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5-androstene-17 beta-carboxyl-bovine serum albumin conjugate and [1, 2 (n) - 3H] 7 alpha-hydroxy DHA as the radioligand. Significant cross reactivity was found with 3 beta, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (44%), 3 beta, 7 beta-dihydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (6%), 3 beta, 6 beta-dihydroxy-4-androsten-17-one (2.5%), 3 beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one (DHA, 2%), 3 beta, 7 beta-dihydroxy-5-pregnen-20-one (2%) and 7 alpha-hydroxy-4-androstene-3, 20-dione (1%). 7 alpha-Hydroxy DHA was extracted from plasma and separated from cross-reacting factors using alumina micro-columns. The separation of bound and free steroid was achieved using dextran-coated charcoal. The concentration of 7 alpha-hydroxy DHA in the plasma of breast cancer patients was significantly lower than the concentrations in the plasma of normal women, hospitalized women suffering from non-endocrine diseases and patients with benign breast disease. The decrease in the concentration of 7 alpha-hydroxy DHA in the plasma of pregnant women was not significant."}
{"id": "PMID:145674", "title": "Pretransplant monitoring of donor-recipient compatibility.", "content": "In these studies, pretransplant testing of donor-recipient compatibility was performed in 10 related donor and 26 cadaveric renal transplants using a variety of cell-mediated immunity tests. Mixed lymphocyte culture results did not correlate with acute rejection (AR), acute irreversible rejection, or chronic rejection (CR). Lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis also did not correlate with AR, acute irreversible rejection, or CR. Cell-mediated lympholysis correlated with AR but not with acute irreversible rejection or CR. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCMC) was positive pretransplant in 13 (36%) of the recipients. Of the positive patients, 4 had early severe AR and 9 developed typical CR. Of these 13 patients, 9 or 69% lost graft function to rejection whereas only 3 of 20 (15%) of ADCMC-negative patients lost graft function because of rejection (P less than 0.05). In summary, cell-mediated lympholysis testing demonstrated a capability to predict AR episodes. The most useful pretransplant monitoring assay in this patient series was the ADCMC assay. A positive ADCMC against donor cells pretransplant indicates a relatively poor prognosis for long-term graft survival.", "contents": "Pretransplant monitoring of donor-recipient compatibility. In these studies, pretransplant testing of donor-recipient compatibility was performed in 10 related donor and 26 cadaveric renal transplants using a variety of cell-mediated immunity tests. Mixed lymphocyte culture results did not correlate with acute rejection (AR), acute irreversible rejection, or chronic rejection (CR). Lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis also did not correlate with AR, acute irreversible rejection, or CR. Cell-mediated lympholysis correlated with AR but not with acute irreversible rejection or CR. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytolysis (ADCMC) was positive pretransplant in 13 (36%) of the recipients. Of the positive patients, 4 had early severe AR and 9 developed typical CR. Of these 13 patients, 9 or 69% lost graft function to rejection whereas only 3 of 20 (15%) of ADCMC-negative patients lost graft function because of rejection (P less than 0.05). In summary, cell-mediated lympholysis testing demonstrated a capability to predict AR episodes. The most useful pretransplant monitoring assay in this patient series was the ADCMC assay. A positive ADCMC against donor cells pretransplant indicates a relatively poor prognosis for long-term graft survival."}
{"id": "PMID:145675", "title": "Effects of allogeneic stimulations on the proliferation and differentiation of the hemopoietic stem cell.", "content": "The effects of allogeneic stimulatins on the hemopoietic system were investigated. Spleen cells of mice activated in vivo with alloantigens were able to produce highly active colony-stimulating factor in the culture medium without any stimulation. But spleen cells of these mice could not release colony-stimulating factor after treatment in vitro with anti-theta serum and complement. The number of granulopoietic progenitor cells (colony-forming unit-culture) in both bone marrow and spleen cells of mice treated with such procedures was significantly greater than that of the control, and the number of pluripotent stem cells (colony-forming unit-spleen) of these mice was markedly increased compared with that of the control, especially in spleen cells. These experiments suggest that T lymphocytes activated in vivo with alloantigens may release active substances in the differentiation and proliferation of hemopoietic stem cells.", "contents": "Effects of allogeneic stimulations on the proliferation and differentiation of the hemopoietic stem cell. The effects of allogeneic stimulatins on the hemopoietic system were investigated. Spleen cells of mice activated in vivo with alloantigens were able to produce highly active colony-stimulating factor in the culture medium without any stimulation. But spleen cells of these mice could not release colony-stimulating factor after treatment in vitro with anti-theta serum and complement. The number of granulopoietic progenitor cells (colony-forming unit-culture) in both bone marrow and spleen cells of mice treated with such procedures was significantly greater than that of the control, and the number of pluripotent stem cells (colony-forming unit-spleen) of these mice was markedly increased compared with that of the control, especially in spleen cells. These experiments suggest that T lymphocytes activated in vivo with alloantigens may release active substances in the differentiation and proliferation of hemopoietic stem cells."}
{"id": "PMID:145673", "title": "Selection of compatible platelet donors: a prospective evaluation of three cross-matching techniques.", "content": "A prospective study was undertaken to assess the values of platelet aggregometry, lymphocytotoxicity, and mixed lymphocyte cultures in selecting compatible donors for patients refractory to random platelet transfusions. Donors were selected at random without regard to HLA types. Concurrent with each platelet transfusion, platelet aggregometry and lymphocytotoxicity were performed using patient serum and donor cells. The results were compared with HLA types, MLC, and increments in platelet counts. Forty-one transfusions were given to 21 patients; 27 were from related and 14 from unrelated donors. Platelet aggregometry was used successfully in selecting compatible donors in 37 cases (90%) with three false negative and one false positive results. Lymphocytotoxicity was useful in 73 per cent of cases with eight false negative and three false positive results. The response to platelet transfusions correlated poorly with HLA matches or MLC reactions. These data suggest platelet aggregometry and lymphocytotoxicity are useful cross matching techniques in selection of compatible platelet donors.", "contents": "Selection of compatible platelet donors: a prospective evaluation of three cross-matching techniques. A prospective study was undertaken to assess the values of platelet aggregometry, lymphocytotoxicity, and mixed lymphocyte cultures in selecting compatible donors for patients refractory to random platelet transfusions. Donors were selected at random without regard to HLA types. Concurrent with each platelet transfusion, platelet aggregometry and lymphocytotoxicity were performed using patient serum and donor cells. The results were compared with HLA types, MLC, and increments in platelet counts. Forty-one transfusions were given to 21 patients; 27 were from related and 14 from unrelated donors. Platelet aggregometry was used successfully in selecting compatible donors in 37 cases (90%) with three false negative and one false positive results. Lymphocytotoxicity was useful in 73 per cent of cases with eight false negative and three false positive results. The response to platelet transfusions correlated poorly with HLA matches or MLC reactions. These data suggest platelet aggregometry and lymphocytotoxicity are useful cross matching techniques in selection of compatible platelet donors."}
{"id": "PMID:145709", "title": "Histochemical similarity of senile plaque amyloid to apudamyloid.", "content": "Senile plaque amyloid of both isolated and perivascular (dyshoric) types was compared histochemically to other major types of amyloid. In contrast to most amyloids tested, senile plaque amyloid contained less tryptophan and tyrosine reactivity and more alcianophilia. These histochemical features indicate that senile plaque amyloid is similar to apudamyloid, and suggest that local factors are more important than systemic circulating factors in its genesis. The implications of these histochemical observations are discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical similarity of senile plaque amyloid to apudamyloid. Senile plaque amyloid of both isolated and perivascular (dyshoric) types was compared histochemically to other major types of amyloid. In contrast to most amyloids tested, senile plaque amyloid contained less tryptophan and tyrosine reactivity and more alcianophilia. These histochemical features indicate that senile plaque amyloid is similar to apudamyloid, and suggest that local factors are more important than systemic circulating factors in its genesis. The implications of these histochemical observations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145711", "title": "Experimental bone marrow fat necrosis.", "content": "We have studied serially by light and electronmicroscopy the development of lesions of the adipose tissue of the bone marrow of the rabbit following intravenous injections of saponin. Two types of steatonecrotic lesions were seen: in the femur giant-cell granulomas surrounding necrotic fat cells and in the sternum, small foci of fat necrosis containing calcified deposits. In both cases the lesions were of ischemic origin and secondary to the destruction of the microcirculation of the bone marrow by saponin. These studies suggest that necrosis of the bone marrow fat cells can contribute to the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis. They also suggest that adipose tissue responds differently to ischemia depending on topography. In hematopoietic marrow necrosis of fat cells is followed by calcium deposits, whereas in fatty marrow necrosis leads to resorptive giant cell reaction.", "contents": "Experimental bone marrow fat necrosis. We have studied serially by light and electronmicroscopy the development of lesions of the adipose tissue of the bone marrow of the rabbit following intravenous injections of saponin. Two types of steatonecrotic lesions were seen: in the femur giant-cell granulomas surrounding necrotic fat cells and in the sternum, small foci of fat necrosis containing calcified deposits. In both cases the lesions were of ischemic origin and secondary to the destruction of the microcirculation of the bone marrow by saponin. These studies suggest that necrosis of the bone marrow fat cells can contribute to the pathogenesis of myelofibrosis. They also suggest that adipose tissue responds differently to ischemia depending on topography. In hematopoietic marrow necrosis of fat cells is followed by calcium deposits, whereas in fatty marrow necrosis leads to resorptive giant cell reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:145712", "title": "Fetal development in experimental uremia.", "content": "Uremic women on hemodialysis with metabolic bone disease (hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia resulting from defective vitamin D metabolism) and anemia (erythropoietin deficiency) are known to give birth to infants without bone disease or anemia. Therefore, skeletal development (enchondral and desmal bone formation) and hepatic erythropoiesis were evaluated in fetuses of uremic rats. These fetuses failed to show defective mineralisation or evidence of bone disease. Bolus injection of high doses of exogenous PTH into the maternal or fetal organism did not affect fetal bone histology. In addition, no apparent defect of bone mineralisation or bone formation was found in fetuses of ricketic rats. Normal mineralisation in the offspring of uremic rats may be explained by fetal hyperphosphatemia and/or insensitivity of fetal (woven) bone mineralisation to vitamin D. Absence of fetal anemia (normal hematocrits, normal density of hematopoietic cells in the liver) in the presence of maternal anemia is presumably due to the insensitivity of fetal erythropoiesis to erythropoietin.", "contents": "Fetal development in experimental uremia. Uremic women on hemodialysis with metabolic bone disease (hyperparathyroidism, osteomalacia resulting from defective vitamin D metabolism) and anemia (erythropoietin deficiency) are known to give birth to infants without bone disease or anemia. Therefore, skeletal development (enchondral and desmal bone formation) and hepatic erythropoiesis were evaluated in fetuses of uremic rats. These fetuses failed to show defective mineralisation or evidence of bone disease. Bolus injection of high doses of exogenous PTH into the maternal or fetal organism did not affect fetal bone histology. In addition, no apparent defect of bone mineralisation or bone formation was found in fetuses of ricketic rats. Normal mineralisation in the offspring of uremic rats may be explained by fetal hyperphosphatemia and/or insensitivity of fetal (woven) bone mineralisation to vitamin D. Absence of fetal anemia (normal hematocrits, normal density of hematopoietic cells in the liver) in the presence of maternal anemia is presumably due to the insensitivity of fetal erythropoiesis to erythropoietin."}
{"id": "PMID:145713", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase-activity in rectal mucosa of children with obstipation.", "content": "The results are presented of a clinical-enzyme histochemical evaluation of the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the rectal mucosa of 46 children with obstipation. In four cases abundant and coarse acetylcholinesterase positive nerve fibres were present in the lamina propria of the mucosa. Only in these 4 cases was the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease supported by the clinical course. Local accumulations of fine acetylcholinesterase positive nerve fibres or accumulations of acetylcholinesterase positive foamy or structureless material were not correlated with Hirschsprung's disease.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase-activity in rectal mucosa of children with obstipation. The results are presented of a clinical-enzyme histochemical evaluation of the activity of acetylcholinesterase in the rectal mucosa of 46 children with obstipation. In four cases abundant and coarse acetylcholinesterase positive nerve fibres were present in the lamina propria of the mucosa. Only in these 4 cases was the diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease supported by the clinical course. Local accumulations of fine acetylcholinesterase positive nerve fibres or accumulations of acetylcholinesterase positive foamy or structureless material were not correlated with Hirschsprung's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:145714", "title": "Malignant histiocytosis with chronic course. Ultrastructural and ultrastructural cytochemical studies.", "content": "Four cases of malignant histiocytosis with leukemic manifestations and chronic course were reported. Light microscopic, ultrastructural and ultrastructural cytochemical details of these atypical cells were demonstrated. Ultrastructurally these cells resembled hairy cells most closely among the known varieties of leukemic cells. However, ribosome-lamella complexes were not found and some atypical cells had a few short cytoplasmic projections. In addition, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was absent from these cells. We speculate that this leukemic reticuloendotheliosis with a chronic course seen in Japan seems to be analogous to malignant histiocytosis with massive splenomegaly reported by Vardiman et al.", "contents": "Malignant histiocytosis with chronic course. Ultrastructural and ultrastructural cytochemical studies. Four cases of malignant histiocytosis with leukemic manifestations and chronic course were reported. Light microscopic, ultrastructural and ultrastructural cytochemical details of these atypical cells were demonstrated. Ultrastructurally these cells resembled hairy cells most closely among the known varieties of leukemic cells. However, ribosome-lamella complexes were not found and some atypical cells had a few short cytoplasmic projections. In addition, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase was absent from these cells. We speculate that this leukemic reticuloendotheliosis with a chronic course seen in Japan seems to be analogous to malignant histiocytosis with massive splenomegaly reported by Vardiman et al."}
{"id": "PMID:145715", "title": "Benign pleural lesion and malignant mesothelioma.", "content": "In a series of eighteen diffuse malignant mesotheliomas, five cases were encountered in which thoracic surgery with benign nontumorous diagnosis preceded the development of a malignant mesothelioma by several years. The morphological findings in three of these five cases are compared with the morphology of the tumor specimens and an attempt is made to recognize the earliest possible malignant features. Crowding of mesothelial cells, their variability in size and nuclear hyperchromatism are pointed out as warning signs. In relation to these findings, the histogenetic significance of predominantly fibroproliferative versus epithelial-like pleural lesions is discussed. A histogenetic classification, based on the studies of eighteen diffuse malignant mesotheliomas, two benign fibrous mesotheliomas, one pleural fibrosarcoma, and numerous pleural plaques as well as reactive mesothelial lesions, is offered. The therapeutic aspects are mentioned.", "contents": "Benign pleural lesion and malignant mesothelioma. In a series of eighteen diffuse malignant mesotheliomas, five cases were encountered in which thoracic surgery with benign nontumorous diagnosis preceded the development of a malignant mesothelioma by several years. The morphological findings in three of these five cases are compared with the morphology of the tumor specimens and an attempt is made to recognize the earliest possible malignant features. Crowding of mesothelial cells, their variability in size and nuclear hyperchromatism are pointed out as warning signs. In relation to these findings, the histogenetic significance of predominantly fibroproliferative versus epithelial-like pleural lesions is discussed. A histogenetic classification, based on the studies of eighteen diffuse malignant mesotheliomas, two benign fibrous mesotheliomas, one pleural fibrosarcoma, and numerous pleural plaques as well as reactive mesothelial lesions, is offered. The therapeutic aspects are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:145716", "title": "Hereditary nephronophthisis with a life span of three decades. Light and electron microscopical, immunohistochemical, clinical and family studies.", "content": "Familial nephronophthisis was diagnosed in a son and two daughters of a mother who herself died in uraemia at the age of 29 years. The son died at 33 years, two daughters are alive at 30 and 33 years. Our cases suggest a dominant autosomal type of inheritance because the mother married twice; the affected son was from the first marriage and the affected daughters from the second marriage. There was no known consanguinity between the parents. The pathogenesis of the disease can be explained by a slowly progressive process that leads to complete or partial obstruction of the tubules in the corticomedullary area, and also, therefore, to cystic dilatations. Histological evidence for this is provided by the proliferation of fibroblasts around the collecting ducts and other tubules, prominent thickening of the tubular basement membrane, and fibroblasts and collagen fibrils in or inside the thickened basement membranes. An ultrastructural description of affected kidneys is given.", "contents": "Hereditary nephronophthisis with a life span of three decades. Light and electron microscopical, immunohistochemical, clinical and family studies. Familial nephronophthisis was diagnosed in a son and two daughters of a mother who herself died in uraemia at the age of 29 years. The son died at 33 years, two daughters are alive at 30 and 33 years. Our cases suggest a dominant autosomal type of inheritance because the mother married twice; the affected son was from the first marriage and the affected daughters from the second marriage. There was no known consanguinity between the parents. The pathogenesis of the disease can be explained by a slowly progressive process that leads to complete or partial obstruction of the tubules in the corticomedullary area, and also, therefore, to cystic dilatations. Histological evidence for this is provided by the proliferation of fibroblasts around the collecting ducts and other tubules, prominent thickening of the tubular basement membrane, and fibroblasts and collagen fibrils in or inside the thickened basement membranes. An ultrastructural description of affected kidneys is given."}
{"id": "PMID:145719", "title": "Lymphatic malformation in human fetuses. A study of fetuses with Turner's syndrome or status Bonnevie-Ullrich.", "content": "In 7 spontaneously aborted fetuses characterized by a large cystic hygroma in the nuchal region and a prominent and generalized edema, the structure and extension of the lymphatic system was studied. In all fetuses marked malformations of this system were found. Although the morphologic appearance seemed to vary greatly it is suggested that the disorder is essentially a generalized hypoplasia and partial agenesis of the lymphatic system, which ceases to extend peripherally at an early embryonic stage. A suggestion as to the mechanism of this growth inhibition is made.", "contents": "Lymphatic malformation in human fetuses. A study of fetuses with Turner's syndrome or status Bonnevie-Ullrich. In 7 spontaneously aborted fetuses characterized by a large cystic hygroma in the nuchal region and a prominent and generalized edema, the structure and extension of the lymphatic system was studied. In all fetuses marked malformations of this system were found. Although the morphologic appearance seemed to vary greatly it is suggested that the disorder is essentially a generalized hypoplasia and partial agenesis of the lymphatic system, which ceases to extend peripherally at an early embryonic stage. A suggestion as to the mechanism of this growth inhibition is made."}
{"id": "PMID:145720", "title": "Necrotizing lymphadenitis: possible acute toxoplasmic infection.", "content": "A rapid rise in serum hemagglutination antibody (HA) titers for toxoplasma was detected about 2 months after the onset of cervical lymphadenopathy in two patients with necrotizing lymphadenitis. These lymph nodes proliferation of histiocytes with nuclear debris, phagocytized macrophages and necrotic areas, and the association suggested that necrotizing lymphadenitis might be caused by acute toxoplasmic infection.", "contents": "Necrotizing lymphadenitis: possible acute toxoplasmic infection. A rapid rise in serum hemagglutination antibody (HA) titers for toxoplasma was detected about 2 months after the onset of cervical lymphadenopathy in two patients with necrotizing lymphadenitis. These lymph nodes proliferation of histiocytes with nuclear debris, phagocytized macrophages and necrotic areas, and the association suggested that necrotizing lymphadenitis might be caused by acute toxoplasmic infection."}
{"id": "PMID:145721", "title": "Pituitary adenoma producing thyrotropin and prolactin. An immunocytochemical and electron microscopic study.", "content": "A pituitary adenoma with suprasellar extension that had caused hyperthyroidism due to secretion of excess thyrotropin (TSH), as well as mild hyperprolactinemia, was studied with differential staining, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Most cells of the tumor strained lightly with aldehyde thionin, which demonstrates the granules of normal thyrotrops, and immunocytochemically with antiserum to the hormone-specific beta chain of TSH. A minority of the cells was immunoreactive for prolactin. Electron microscopy revealed light cells interspersed with highly pleomorphic dark cells. Both were sometimes multinucleated, and contained variable numbers of small secretion granules, multiple Golgi complexes, and abundant endoplasmic reticulum.", "contents": "Pituitary adenoma producing thyrotropin and prolactin. An immunocytochemical and electron microscopic study. A pituitary adenoma with suprasellar extension that had caused hyperthyroidism due to secretion of excess thyrotropin (TSH), as well as mild hyperprolactinemia, was studied with differential staining, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Most cells of the tumor strained lightly with aldehyde thionin, which demonstrates the granules of normal thyrotrops, and immunocytochemically with antiserum to the hormone-specific beta chain of TSH. A minority of the cells was immunoreactive for prolactin. Electron microscopy revealed light cells interspersed with highly pleomorphic dark cells. Both were sometimes multinucleated, and contained variable numbers of small secretion granules, multiple Golgi complexes, and abundant endoplasmic reticulum."}
{"id": "PMID:145723", "title": "Giant cell tumor of bone: fine structural localization of acid phosphatase.", "content": "The fine structural localization of acid phosphatase in the different cells in a benign giant cell tumor of bone has been studied. Stromal cells type 1 and 2 (fibroblast-like and macrophage-like, respectively) showed the presence of lead phosphate precipitate following incubation in a Gomori-type lead salt medium only in conventional lysosomes. In the multinucleated giant cells, the final product was deposited over lysosome-like organelles, and also over Golgi cisternae, vesicles, and vacuoles. Furthermore, evidence for presence of acid phosphatase was obtained in smooth-surfaced tubular, sausage-, horse-shoe-, and ring-shaped structures and over digestive vacuoles of autophagic or heterophagic origin. Finally, in these cells, many of the tubular and vacuolar elements located subjacent to areas of the plasma membrane with microvillous specializations (abortive brush borders?) were shown to carry acid phosphatase.", "contents": "Giant cell tumor of bone: fine structural localization of acid phosphatase. The fine structural localization of acid phosphatase in the different cells in a benign giant cell tumor of bone has been studied. Stromal cells type 1 and 2 (fibroblast-like and macrophage-like, respectively) showed the presence of lead phosphate precipitate following incubation in a Gomori-type lead salt medium only in conventional lysosomes. In the multinucleated giant cells, the final product was deposited over lysosome-like organelles, and also over Golgi cisternae, vesicles, and vacuoles. Furthermore, evidence for presence of acid phosphatase was obtained in smooth-surfaced tubular, sausage-, horse-shoe-, and ring-shaped structures and over digestive vacuoles of autophagic or heterophagic origin. Finally, in these cells, many of the tubular and vacuolar elements located subjacent to areas of the plasma membrane with microvillous specializations (abortive brush borders?) were shown to carry acid phosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:145724", "title": "Immunohistochemical patterns of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in patients with hepatitis, renal homografts recipients and normal carriers.", "content": "A series of 180, Bouin-fixed and paraffin embedded liver biopsies obtained from 147 patients was investigated for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs) by histochemical and indirect immunofluorescence techniques. A comparison between orcein staining and Masson's trichrome preparations for ground glass hepatocytes, showed that immunofluorescence was both the more reliable and the more specific method for detection of HBsAg in liver tissue. The ability to perform this technique on paraffin sections facilitates systematic studies and allows retrospective work-up. IF-HBs positive hepatocytes were found in approximately two thirds of all HBs-positive patients in their serum, but never seen in HBs-negative patients. HBs-positive cells were observed in healthy chronic carriers and in all forms of chronic hepatitis, but never in acute HBs-positive hepatitis. In patients treated with chronic hemodialysis and in renal homograft recipients, the incidence of positive cells was higher than in the chronic hepatitis groups; this could be correlated with the duration of antigenemia at the time of biopsy.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical patterns of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) in patients with hepatitis, renal homografts recipients and normal carriers. A series of 180, Bouin-fixed and paraffin embedded liver biopsies obtained from 147 patients was investigated for the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs) by histochemical and indirect immunofluorescence techniques. A comparison between orcein staining and Masson's trichrome preparations for ground glass hepatocytes, showed that immunofluorescence was both the more reliable and the more specific method for detection of HBsAg in liver tissue. The ability to perform this technique on paraffin sections facilitates systematic studies and allows retrospective work-up. IF-HBs positive hepatocytes were found in approximately two thirds of all HBs-positive patients in their serum, but never seen in HBs-negative patients. HBs-positive cells were observed in healthy chronic carriers and in all forms of chronic hepatitis, but never in acute HBs-positive hepatitis. In patients treated with chronic hemodialysis and in renal homograft recipients, the incidence of positive cells was higher than in the chronic hepatitis groups; this could be correlated with the duration of antigenemia at the time of biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:145725", "title": "Sympathetic innervation of the human leg arteries.", "content": "Sympathetic innervation of the human main leg arteries was morphologically investigated by the Formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method of Falck and the silver-impregnation method of Bodian. The following points were established: 1. There is a compact fine-meshed nerve-net directly on the surface of the media. 2. In the dorsal pedal, the anterior tibial, the peroneal, the posterior tibial, and the femoral artery, fine unmyelinated nerve fibers which run on the surface of the media penetrate constantly into the extreme outer layer of the media together with elastic and collagenous elements of the adventitia. 3. There is no difference in the innervation mode of the media of various leg arteries. 4. It seems that there is no correlation between the innervation of the arterial wall and the morbidity difference in the chronic arterial occlusive diseases of leg arteries.", "contents": "Sympathetic innervation of the human leg arteries. Sympathetic innervation of the human main leg arteries was morphologically investigated by the Formaldehyde-induced fluorescence method of Falck and the silver-impregnation method of Bodian. The following points were established: 1. There is a compact fine-meshed nerve-net directly on the surface of the media. 2. In the dorsal pedal, the anterior tibial, the peroneal, the posterior tibial, and the femoral artery, fine unmyelinated nerve fibers which run on the surface of the media penetrate constantly into the extreme outer layer of the media together with elastic and collagenous elements of the adventitia. 3. There is no difference in the innervation mode of the media of various leg arteries. 4. It seems that there is no correlation between the innervation of the arterial wall and the morbidity difference in the chronic arterial occlusive diseases of leg arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:145726", "title": "Studies on the vesicular component of the Auerbach's plexus and the substance P content of the mouse colon in the acute phase of the experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection.", "content": "A dramatic reduction in the total number of dense vesicles in Auerbach's plexus of the mouse colon was observed during the acute phase of experimental American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease). A significant decrease in substance P activity of the colon of inoculated animals was also measured. It is suggested that this decrease in substance P activity could be related to the reduction in the number of dense vesicles in Auerbach's plexus.", "contents": "Studies on the vesicular component of the Auerbach's plexus and the substance P content of the mouse colon in the acute phase of the experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection. A dramatic reduction in the total number of dense vesicles in Auerbach's plexus of the mouse colon was observed during the acute phase of experimental American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas' disease). A significant decrease in substance P activity of the colon of inoculated animals was also measured. It is suggested that this decrease in substance P activity could be related to the reduction in the number of dense vesicles in Auerbach's plexus."}
{"id": "PMID:145728", "title": "A lymphocyte chalone assay using lymphocyte colony growth in agar capillaries.", "content": "Using a recently developed method of culturing T-lymphocyte colonies in agar-containing capillary tubes, the capacity of three different lymphoid extracts with lymphocyte chalone (LC) activity to inhibit colony growth was demonstrated. Sephadex fractions from a calf spleen extract were tested on the colony growth of granulocytic cells and PHA-stimulated T-lymphocytes as well as on the in vitro uptake of 3H-thymidine by bone marrow and ConA- and LPS-stimulated mouse spleen cells. The data strongly suggest that it is only the combination of several different assay systems applied to the same fractions that permits a clear-cut determination of a specific lymphocyte proliferation inhibitor like LC.", "contents": "A lymphocyte chalone assay using lymphocyte colony growth in agar capillaries. Using a recently developed method of culturing T-lymphocyte colonies in agar-containing capillary tubes, the capacity of three different lymphoid extracts with lymphocyte chalone (LC) activity to inhibit colony growth was demonstrated. Sephadex fractions from a calf spleen extract were tested on the colony growth of granulocytic cells and PHA-stimulated T-lymphocytes as well as on the in vitro uptake of 3H-thymidine by bone marrow and ConA- and LPS-stimulated mouse spleen cells. The data strongly suggest that it is only the combination of several different assay systems applied to the same fractions that permits a clear-cut determination of a specific lymphocyte proliferation inhibitor like LC."}
{"id": "PMID:145735", "title": "[Causes of death in thyroid cancer patients].", "content": "To determine the necessary extent of surgery in thyroid cancer 128 autopsy reports of patients with thyroid cancer were studied. It was found that in a group of those died from cancer the specific weight of death issues due to papillary cancer, most frequently observed, was small (8.5%), consequently these patients would show a recovery postoperatively. Patients with one lobe involved die following its resection but, as a rule, not because of the process spreading to the second lobe. The prognosis for patients with thyroid cancer largely depends on the histological type of tumor rather than the extent of surgery. All this supports the idea that in appropriate cases it is feasible to continue oneself to the resection of the lateral thyroid lobe for this kind of tumor.", "contents": "[Causes of death in thyroid cancer patients]. To determine the necessary extent of surgery in thyroid cancer 128 autopsy reports of patients with thyroid cancer were studied. It was found that in a group of those died from cancer the specific weight of death issues due to papillary cancer, most frequently observed, was small (8.5%), consequently these patients would show a recovery postoperatively. Patients with one lobe involved die following its resection but, as a rule, not because of the process spreading to the second lobe. The prognosis for patients with thyroid cancer largely depends on the histological type of tumor rather than the extent of surgery. All this supports the idea that in appropriate cases it is feasible to continue oneself to the resection of the lateral thyroid lobe for this kind of tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:145736", "title": "[HL-A system antigen distribution in malignant neoplasm patients].", "content": "The distribution of transplantation HL-A antigens in 124 patients (cancer of the stomach, mammary glands, the large intestine, the lung, skeletal sarcoma) was studied in microlymphocyte toxic reaction. A comparison with the results of the analogous examination of healthy persons dwelling in Leningrad indicated certain differences in the frequency of encountering some antigens, and the absence of HLA-B18 antigen among patients. Most frequently (in 62%) an \"incomplete set\" of antigens was found in a group of patients, antigens typical for the whole locus (more frequently \"B\") being absent in 7.3%. In 6.4% \"extra\" (live or more) HL-A antigens were noted. The use of adaptive immunotherapy would significantly change antigenic spectrum of lymphocytes in patients.", "contents": "[HL-A system antigen distribution in malignant neoplasm patients]. The distribution of transplantation HL-A antigens in 124 patients (cancer of the stomach, mammary glands, the large intestine, the lung, skeletal sarcoma) was studied in microlymphocyte toxic reaction. A comparison with the results of the analogous examination of healthy persons dwelling in Leningrad indicated certain differences in the frequency of encountering some antigens, and the absence of HLA-B18 antigen among patients. Most frequently (in 62%) an \"incomplete set\" of antigens was found in a group of patients, antigens typical for the whole locus (more frequently \"B\") being absent in 7.3%. In 6.4% \"extra\" (live or more) HL-A antigens were noted. The use of adaptive immunotherapy would significantly change antigenic spectrum of lymphocytes in patients."}
{"id": "PMID:145734", "title": "[Fractional composition and activity of ATPase proteins in the aorta of rats with vitamin E deficiency].", "content": "Proteins, extracted from aorta by 0.15 M NaCl solution, were separated into 10-12 fractions by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis; 5 main protein zones were noted among these fractions. Decrease in content of the 2nd protein fraction, which is similar to blood serum albumins in its electrophoretic mobility, was observed in the E-avitaminous animals. The Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity of proteins, extracted from aorta of E-avitaminous animals, was decreased to 15.9 +/- 1.04 un as compared with control (26.5 +/- 4.7 un).", "contents": "[Fractional composition and activity of ATPase proteins in the aorta of rats with vitamin E deficiency]. Proteins, extracted from aorta by 0.15 M NaCl solution, were separated into 10-12 fractions by polyacrylamide gel disc electrophoresis; 5 main protein zones were noted among these fractions. Decrease in content of the 2nd protein fraction, which is similar to blood serum albumins in its electrophoretic mobility, was observed in the E-avitaminous animals. The Ca2+, Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity of proteins, extracted from aorta of E-avitaminous animals, was decreased to 15.9 +/- 1.04 un as compared with control (26.5 +/- 4.7 un)."}
{"id": "PMID:145738", "title": "[Enzyme cytochemical investigations on pleural effusions (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 130 smears from 77 patients with various diseises (42 patients with tumors, 35 patients with specific and non-specific lung diseases) were investigated with enzyme cytochemical methods with regard to the practical application of enzyme cytochemistry in pleural effusions. It is possible to demonstrate all investigated enzymes on normal air-dried  or aceton-fixed smears without any technical problems. Between tumor and mesothelial cells a different reaction on some enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase, aminopeptidase, beta-glucuronidase) could be found valuable for diagnostic purpose. For application in praxi alkaline phosphatase seems to be most important. 70% of all pleural effusions of tumorous origin contain alkaline phosphatase positive tumor cells.", "contents": "[Enzyme cytochemical investigations on pleural effusions (author's transl)]. A total of 130 smears from 77 patients with various diseises (42 patients with tumors, 35 patients with specific and non-specific lung diseases) were investigated with enzyme cytochemical methods with regard to the practical application of enzyme cytochemistry in pleural effusions. It is possible to demonstrate all investigated enzymes on normal air-dried  or aceton-fixed smears without any technical problems. Between tumor and mesothelial cells a different reaction on some enzymes (alkaline phosphatase, non-specific esterase, aminopeptidase, beta-glucuronidase) could be found valuable for diagnostic purpose. For application in praxi alkaline phosphatase seems to be most important. 70% of all pleural effusions of tumorous origin contain alkaline phosphatase positive tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:145745", "title": "Inhibition of diethylnitrosamine-induced strand breaks in liver DNA by disulfiram.", "content": "Disulfiram (DSF) delayed the appearance of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced strand breaks in liver DNA of rats. The fragmentation of liver DNA produced by DEN was studied 4 and 24 h after administration of the carcinogen on alkaline sucrose gradients. A single dose of 500 mg/kg DSF given 1 h prior to carcinogen treatment delayed for at least 4 h the DEN--induced strand breaks in liver DNA. A single DSF pretreatment, however, did not protect against carcinogen-induced strand breaks when observed 24 h after DEN injection. It is possible that continuous administration of DSF might inhibit the DEN-produced damage of the genetic material.", "contents": "Inhibition of diethylnitrosamine-induced strand breaks in liver DNA by disulfiram. Disulfiram (DSF) delayed the appearance of diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced strand breaks in liver DNA of rats. The fragmentation of liver DNA produced by DEN was studied 4 and 24 h after administration of the carcinogen on alkaline sucrose gradients. A single dose of 500 mg/kg DSF given 1 h prior to carcinogen treatment delayed for at least 4 h the DEN--induced strand breaks in liver DNA. A single DSF pretreatment, however, did not protect against carcinogen-induced strand breaks when observed 24 h after DEN injection. It is possible that continuous administration of DSF might inhibit the DEN-produced damage of the genetic material."}
{"id": "PMID:145746", "title": "[Mononuclear phagocytes in tumors: differentiation by a rosette technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Mononuclear phagocytes in tumors cannot be reliably identified and quantified using morphological criteria alone. For this reason an alternative method, which depends on functional properties is described: Macrophages and monocytes derived from tumors from rosettes with antibody-coated sheep red blood cells and can thereby easily be detected and differentiated from tumor cells.", "contents": "[Mononuclear phagocytes in tumors: differentiation by a rosette technique (author's transl)]. Mononuclear phagocytes in tumors cannot be reliably identified and quantified using morphological criteria alone. For this reason an alternative method, which depends on functional properties is described: Macrophages and monocytes derived from tumors from rosettes with antibody-coated sheep red blood cells and can thereby easily be detected and differentiated from tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:145747", "title": "Per-operative intravascular tumor cell shedding. An experimental methodological study.", "content": "A previously reported experimental technique for estimation of the per-operative intravascular tumor cell shedding was further studied. A significant increased tumor cell shedding was found in rats after tumor biopsy compared with animals operatively prepared for such a biopsy. An attempt was made to estimate the number of intravascularly shedded vital tumor cells under biopsy.", "contents": "Per-operative intravascular tumor cell shedding. An experimental methodological study. A previously reported experimental technique for estimation of the per-operative intravascular tumor cell shedding was further studied. A significant increased tumor cell shedding was found in rats after tumor biopsy compared with animals operatively prepared for such a biopsy. An attempt was made to estimate the number of intravascularly shedded vital tumor cells under biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:145748", "title": "[Carcinomas in papillary cystadenolymphomas of the parotid gland--definition and differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Within a collective of 1431 salivavry gland tumors of the salivary gland register (1965--1976) an observation has been done, which has been classified as a \"carcinoma in a papillary cystadenolymphoma\". Corresponding to the \"carcinoma in a pleomorphous adenoma\" of the WHO-classification of salivary gland tumors the terminus \"carcinoma in a cystadenolymphoma\" is further defined. 6 additional cases from the literature are reviewed. The possible role of epithelial metaplasia and of a proceding radiation in the development of carcinomas in cystadenolymphomas are discussed. The following other tumors have to be differentiated from a carcinoma in a cystadenolymphoma: Metastases of other tumors beyond a cystadenolymphoma; malignant lymphoepithelial lesions (predominantly malignant lymphomas in a preexisting immune-sialadenitis of the myoepithelial sialadenitis type; rare carcinomas), and lymphoepitheliomas.", "contents": "[Carcinomas in papillary cystadenolymphomas of the parotid gland--definition and differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. Within a collective of 1431 salivavry gland tumors of the salivary gland register (1965--1976) an observation has been done, which has been classified as a \"carcinoma in a papillary cystadenolymphoma\". Corresponding to the \"carcinoma in a pleomorphous adenoma\" of the WHO-classification of salivary gland tumors the terminus \"carcinoma in a cystadenolymphoma\" is further defined. 6 additional cases from the literature are reviewed. The possible role of epithelial metaplasia and of a proceding radiation in the development of carcinomas in cystadenolymphomas are discussed. The following other tumors have to be differentiated from a carcinoma in a cystadenolymphoma: Metastases of other tumors beyond a cystadenolymphoma; malignant lymphoepithelial lesions (predominantly malignant lymphomas in a preexisting immune-sialadenitis of the myoepithelial sialadenitis type; rare carcinomas), and lymphoepitheliomas."}
{"id": "PMID:145749", "title": "Detection of strand breaks in phiX 174 RFI and PM2 DNA reacted with ultimate and proximate carcinogens.", "content": "Supercoiled DNA duplexes of phages phiX 174 and PM2 were treated in aqueous solution at neutral pH with ultimate and proximate carcinogens. Subsequently, the carcinogen-treated phage DNAs were subjected to velocity sedimentation in neutral and alkaline sucrose to quantitative introduction of single strand breaks. Reaction of phage DNA with the ultimate carcinogens N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MeNOUr), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (EtNOUr), 7-bromomethyl-benza[a]-anthracene, N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene [(Ac)2ONFln] and K-region oxides for short periods followed by sedimentation in neutral sucrose gradients led to very few breaks. Incubation with the proximate carcinogens N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 7-methyl-, and 7,12-dimethyl-benza[a]anthracene did not result in breaks. However, when the phage DNAs were reacted with the ultimate carcinogens under the same conditions but subsequently alkali-denatured and sedimented in alkaline sucrose gradients, single strand breaks were readily introduced. Incubation with the proximate carcinogens followed by alkali denaturation and sedimentation in alkaline sucrose showed that only 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene and, to a minor extent, 7-methyl-benz[]anthracene caused alkali-inducible breaks. The ability of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to effect breakdown of superhelical phage DNA in alkali was found enhanced in the presence of N-acetyl-cysteine.", "contents": "Detection of strand breaks in phiX 174 RFI and PM2 DNA reacted with ultimate and proximate carcinogens. Supercoiled DNA duplexes of phages phiX 174 and PM2 were treated in aqueous solution at neutral pH with ultimate and proximate carcinogens. Subsequently, the carcinogen-treated phage DNAs were subjected to velocity sedimentation in neutral and alkaline sucrose to quantitative introduction of single strand breaks. Reaction of phage DNA with the ultimate carcinogens N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MeNOUr), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (EtNOUr), 7-bromomethyl-benza[a]-anthracene, N-acetoxy-2-acetylaminofluorene [(Ac)2ONFln] and K-region oxides for short periods followed by sedimentation in neutral sucrose gradients led to very few breaks. Incubation with the proximate carcinogens N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 7-methyl-, and 7,12-dimethyl-benza[a]anthracene did not result in breaks. However, when the phage DNAs were reacted with the ultimate carcinogens under the same conditions but subsequently alkali-denatured and sedimented in alkaline sucrose gradients, single strand breaks were readily introduced. Incubation with the proximate carcinogens followed by alkali denaturation and sedimentation in alkaline sucrose showed that only 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene and, to a minor extent, 7-methyl-benz[]anthracene caused alkali-inducible breaks. The ability of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine to effect breakdown of superhelical phage DNA in alkali was found enhanced in the presence of N-acetyl-cysteine."}
{"id": "PMID:145750", "title": "Transplacental effects of nitrosamines in Syrian hamsters. II. Nitrosopiperidine.", "content": "Nitrosopiperidine (NP) was found in Syrian hamsters quantitatively in the maternal blood for more than 8 h after subcutaneous injection, whereas it disappeared from placenta, fetus and amniotic fluid within the same time period. For N6MI, only traces were seen after 2 h in the same tissues. The long-term transplacental effect of a single dose of NP was weak, as demonstrated by a low respiratory tract tumor incidence (P-generation: 54%, F1- generation: 4%). Some tumors occurring in the digestive tract of exposed young were not found in their mothers and not commonly observed in controls. These tumors were considered a borderline transplacental effect. Tumors of other sites (i.e., the urogenital and genital tracts, reticuloendothelial system, endocrine organs and other tissues) corresponded in incidences to the overall fluctuations observed in this hamster colony.", "contents": "Transplacental effects of nitrosamines in Syrian hamsters. II. Nitrosopiperidine. Nitrosopiperidine (NP) was found in Syrian hamsters quantitatively in the maternal blood for more than 8 h after subcutaneous injection, whereas it disappeared from placenta, fetus and amniotic fluid within the same time period. For N6MI, only traces were seen after 2 h in the same tissues. The long-term transplacental effect of a single dose of NP was weak, as demonstrated by a low respiratory tract tumor incidence (P-generation: 54%, F1- generation: 4%). Some tumors occurring in the digestive tract of exposed young were not found in their mothers and not commonly observed in controls. These tumors were considered a borderline transplacental effect. Tumors of other sites (i.e., the urogenital and genital tracts, reticuloendothelial system, endocrine organs and other tissues) corresponded in incidences to the overall fluctuations observed in this hamster colony."}
{"id": "PMID:145751", "title": "Transplacental effects of nitrosamines in Syrian hamsters. III. Dimethyl- and dipropylnitrosamine.", "content": "The aliphatic nitrosamines dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), diethylnitrosamine (DEN), dipropylnitrosamine (DPN), and dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) reached fetal tissue in quantitatively measurable amounts after subcutaneous administration to pregnant Syrian hamsters. The compounds were present for at least 2 h in maternal blood, placenta, fetus, and amniotic fluid; DBN was still measurable after 6 h. Only a weak or borderline transplacental effect was seen when incidences and latencies of neoplasms in the respiratory and digestive tracts of the F1-generation were compared with those of the P-generation after exposure to a single dose of DMN or DPN. However, some tumor types occurred at relatively high rates in the young, but were seen only occcasionally in their mothers or in this hamster colony in general.", "contents": "Transplacental effects of nitrosamines in Syrian hamsters. III. Dimethyl- and dipropylnitrosamine. The aliphatic nitrosamines dimethylnitrosamine (DMN), diethylnitrosamine (DEN), dipropylnitrosamine (DPN), and dibutylnitrosamine (DBN) reached fetal tissue in quantitatively measurable amounts after subcutaneous administration to pregnant Syrian hamsters. The compounds were present for at least 2 h in maternal blood, placenta, fetus, and amniotic fluid; DBN was still measurable after 6 h. Only a weak or borderline transplacental effect was seen when incidences and latencies of neoplasms in the respiratory and digestive tracts of the F1-generation were compared with those of the P-generation after exposure to a single dose of DMN or DPN. However, some tumor types occurred at relatively high rates in the young, but were seen only occcasionally in their mothers or in this hamster colony in general."}
{"id": "PMID:145752", "title": "Immunhistochemical demonstration of different collagen types in the normal epiphyseal plate and in benign and malignant tumors of bone and cartilage.", "content": "Several benign and malignant tumors of bone and cartilage were examined by means of type-specific collagen antibodies in connection with indirect immunofluorescence technique in order to determine wether there is a positive correlation between cell morphology and gene expression as refered to the synthesis of tissue- or cell-specific collagen. In general benign bone and cartilage tumors show the collagen type corresponding to the original maternal tissue. In malignant osteogenic tumors a strong positive correlation was found between morphologic differentiation of osteosarcoma cells and tissue specific collagen synthesarcomas. Unrelated to the grade of differentiation and the type of malignant tumor, collagen type III could be demonstrated in all tumors investigated, occurring rather from vascular stroma than from the tumor cell itself.", "contents": "Immunhistochemical demonstration of different collagen types in the normal epiphyseal plate and in benign and malignant tumors of bone and cartilage. Several benign and malignant tumors of bone and cartilage were examined by means of type-specific collagen antibodies in connection with indirect immunofluorescence technique in order to determine wether there is a positive correlation between cell morphology and gene expression as refered to the synthesis of tissue- or cell-specific collagen. In general benign bone and cartilage tumors show the collagen type corresponding to the original maternal tissue. In malignant osteogenic tumors a strong positive correlation was found between morphologic differentiation of osteosarcoma cells and tissue specific collagen synthesarcomas. Unrelated to the grade of differentiation and the type of malignant tumor, collagen type III could be demonstrated in all tumors investigated, occurring rather from vascular stroma than from the tumor cell itself."}
{"id": "PMID:145753", "title": "Transplacental effect of nitrosamines in Syrian hamsters. IV. Metabolites of dipropyl- and dibutylnitrosamine.", "content": "The present investigations showed that assumed and established metabolites of dipropylnitrosamine and dibutylnitrosamine reach the Syrian hamster fetus after subcutaneous (s.c.) treatment of their mothers (at day 14 of gestation). The compounds [2-hydroxypropylpropylnitrosamine, HPPN; 2-oxopropylpropylnitrosamine, OPPN; methylpropylnitrosamine, MPN; N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine, BHP; and 4-hydroxybutylbutylnitrosamine, HBBN] were still present in the examined tissue (maternal blood, placenta, fetus, amniotic fluid) 4--6 h after s.c. injection. The overall incidence of transplacentally induced tumors was lower in the F1- than in the P-generation and comparatively longer latencies were also observed in the F1- generation. However, in some groups low incidences were found of tumors which did not occur in the mothers (i.e., nasal cavities: BHP, HBBN; trachea: HBBN; lungs: HPPN, BHP, HBBN; liver: OPN, MPN, BHP, HBBN). Compared to exposure at early gestation, the transplacental carcinogenic effect increased at day 14 of gestation. Neoplasms originating in other organs were not associated with a transplacental effect of the examined nitrosamines.", "contents": "Transplacental effect of nitrosamines in Syrian hamsters. IV. Metabolites of dipropyl- and dibutylnitrosamine. The present investigations showed that assumed and established metabolites of dipropylnitrosamine and dibutylnitrosamine reach the Syrian hamster fetus after subcutaneous (s.c.) treatment of their mothers (at day 14 of gestation). The compounds [2-hydroxypropylpropylnitrosamine, HPPN; 2-oxopropylpropylnitrosamine, OPPN; methylpropylnitrosamine, MPN; N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)amine, BHP; and 4-hydroxybutylbutylnitrosamine, HBBN] were still present in the examined tissue (maternal blood, placenta, fetus, amniotic fluid) 4--6 h after s.c. injection. The overall incidence of transplacentally induced tumors was lower in the F1- than in the P-generation and comparatively longer latencies were also observed in the F1- generation. However, in some groups low incidences were found of tumors which did not occur in the mothers (i.e., nasal cavities: BHP, HBBN; trachea: HBBN; lungs: HPPN, BHP, HBBN; liver: OPN, MPN, BHP, HBBN). Compared to exposure at early gestation, the transplacental carcinogenic effect increased at day 14 of gestation. Neoplasms originating in other organs were not associated with a transplacental effect of the examined nitrosamines."}
{"id": "PMID:145754", "title": "Local and systemic effects of 1-acetoxypropylpropylnitrosamine in Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "1-Acetoxypropylpropylnitrosamine (1-APPN) was synthesized and its biological effect examined in Syrian hamsters after subcutaneous (s.c.) administration. 1-APPN induced mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms at the injection sites, as well as epithelial tumors in remote organs. Local neoplasms were a.c. sarcomas, mammary adenocarcinomas and Schwannomas, whereas tumors of the respiratory tract (papillary polyps, papillomas, adenomas, epidermoid carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas) were attributed to a systemic effect as were pancreas duct tumors. Neoplasms which originated in the upper digestive and genital tracts of females (papillomas, epidermoid carcinomas) may be related to a systemic and local effect of 1-APPN.", "contents": "Local and systemic effects of 1-acetoxypropylpropylnitrosamine in Syrian golden hamsters. 1-Acetoxypropylpropylnitrosamine (1-APPN) was synthesized and its biological effect examined in Syrian hamsters after subcutaneous (s.c.) administration. 1-APPN induced mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms at the injection sites, as well as epithelial tumors in remote organs. Local neoplasms were a.c. sarcomas, mammary adenocarcinomas and Schwannomas, whereas tumors of the respiratory tract (papillary polyps, papillomas, adenomas, epidermoid carcinomas, and adenocarcinomas) were attributed to a systemic effect as were pancreas duct tumors. Neoplasms which originated in the upper digestive and genital tracts of females (papillomas, epidermoid carcinomas) may be related to a systemic and local effect of 1-APPN."}
{"id": "PMID:145755", "title": "Comparison of the effect of beta-oxidized dipropylnitrosamine metabolites administered at equimolar doses to Syrian hamsters.", "content": "After subcutaneous administration of dipropylnitrosamine (DPN) to Syrian hamsters, gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the 16-h urine revealed the DPN metabolites, 2-hydroxypropyl-, 2-oxopropyl-, and methylpropylnitrosamines. In a related series of experiments, hamsters received equimolar doses of the above compounds and of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)-amine (BHP) and 2,2'-dimethyldipropylnitrosamine (DMDPN). The metabolites as well as BHP and DMDPN had a weaker effect than did DPN on the rate and/or latency of respiratory tumors. In the respiratory tract, the segmental tumor distribution and histological types varied according to the compounds. The metabolites of DPN induced additional tumors in the digestive tract. These experiments do not support the concept that the beta-oxidized metabolites of DPN are the proximate carcinogens of the parent compound.", "contents": "Comparison of the effect of beta-oxidized dipropylnitrosamine metabolites administered at equimolar doses to Syrian hamsters. After subcutaneous administration of dipropylnitrosamine (DPN) to Syrian hamsters, gas-liquid chromatographic analysis of the 16-h urine revealed the DPN metabolites, 2-hydroxypropyl-, 2-oxopropyl-, and methylpropylnitrosamines. In a related series of experiments, hamsters received equimolar doses of the above compounds and of N-nitrosobis(2-hydroxypropyl)-amine (BHP) and 2,2'-dimethyldipropylnitrosamine (DMDPN). The metabolites as well as BHP and DMDPN had a weaker effect than did DPN on the rate and/or latency of respiratory tumors. In the respiratory tract, the segmental tumor distribution and histological types varied according to the compounds. The metabolites of DPN induced additional tumors in the digestive tract. These experiments do not support the concept that the beta-oxidized metabolites of DPN are the proximate carcinogens of the parent compound."}
{"id": "PMID:145756", "title": "Carcinogenicity of N-nitrosopyrrolidine: dose-response study in rats.", "content": "Results from a dose-response study in rats are reported, in which daily oral doses of 10, 3, 1, and 0.3 mg/kg bodyweight/day respectively were administered. The three highest dose levels resulted in incidences of liver cancer of 46, 84, and 32% respectively. In the lowest dose group (0.3 mg/kg/day) no statistically significant increase in tumor rate compared to untreated controls was found.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of N-nitrosopyrrolidine: dose-response study in rats. Results from a dose-response study in rats are reported, in which daily oral doses of 10, 3, 1, and 0.3 mg/kg bodyweight/day respectively were administered. The three highest dose levels resulted in incidences of liver cancer of 46, 84, and 32% respectively. In the lowest dose group (0.3 mg/kg/day) no statistically significant increase in tumor rate compared to untreated controls was found."}
{"id": "PMID:145757", "title": "Interrelationship between annulate lamellae and the cytoplasmic microtubule complex in tumor cells in vivo and in vitro.", "content": "Annulate lamellae were observed in untreated in vivo ascites tumor cells with a diminished cytoplasmic microtubule complex. The ascites tumor cells in vitro responded to prolonged colchicine treatment with the formation of annulate lamellae. Simultaneous treatment with dibutyryl cycle adenosine monophosphate and colchicine seemed to enhance the formation of annulate lamellae. Single pore complexes were found in the granular endoplasmic reticulum in untreated tumor cell in vitro, and a close association of microtubules with the nuclear envelope was observed. Our results suggest the existence of an interrelationship between the cytoplasmic microtubule complex and certain other cell structures, i.e. the nuclear envelope, annulate lamellae, and single pore complexes.", "contents": "Interrelationship between annulate lamellae and the cytoplasmic microtubule complex in tumor cells in vivo and in vitro. Annulate lamellae were observed in untreated in vivo ascites tumor cells with a diminished cytoplasmic microtubule complex. The ascites tumor cells in vitro responded to prolonged colchicine treatment with the formation of annulate lamellae. Simultaneous treatment with dibutyryl cycle adenosine monophosphate and colchicine seemed to enhance the formation of annulate lamellae. Single pore complexes were found in the granular endoplasmic reticulum in untreated tumor cell in vitro, and a close association of microtubules with the nuclear envelope was observed. Our results suggest the existence of an interrelationship between the cytoplasmic microtubule complex and certain other cell structures, i.e. the nuclear envelope, annulate lamellae, and single pore complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:145758", "title": "[The carrier potential of liposomes for methotrexate. Changing of the tissue levels of methotrexate in the organs of mice (author's transl)].", "content": "Drugs entrapped in liposomes (artificial lipid vesicles) exhibit different pharmacokinetics after intravenous application than drugs injected in a free form. The folidacidantagonist methotrexate can be entrapped in liposomes in a therapeutically useful concentration (0.5 mg MTX/ml) and can be stored with high stability of entrappment. After intravenous injection into the tail vein of mice liposomes entrapped methotrexate is found more enriched in cell systems with high rate of endocytosis and not eliminated by the kidneys within 3 h like free methotrexate. It can be shown, that for the organs liver, spleen, kidney, gut, lung, and blood over a 6 h period liposomes entrapped methotrexate is enriched in the tissues and that for example after 6 h the methotrexate level in the liver is 20 fold higher in comparison to free injected methotrexate.", "contents": "[The carrier potential of liposomes for methotrexate. Changing of the tissue levels of methotrexate in the organs of mice (author's transl)]. Drugs entrapped in liposomes (artificial lipid vesicles) exhibit different pharmacokinetics after intravenous application than drugs injected in a free form. The folidacidantagonist methotrexate can be entrapped in liposomes in a therapeutically useful concentration (0.5 mg MTX/ml) and can be stored with high stability of entrappment. After intravenous injection into the tail vein of mice liposomes entrapped methotrexate is found more enriched in cell systems with high rate of endocytosis and not eliminated by the kidneys within 3 h like free methotrexate. It can be shown, that for the organs liver, spleen, kidney, gut, lung, and blood over a 6 h period liposomes entrapped methotrexate is enriched in the tissues and that for example after 6 h the methotrexate level in the liver is 20 fold higher in comparison to free injected methotrexate."}
{"id": "PMID:145759", "title": "Induction of the deficient acid DNAse activity in mouse interfollicular epidermis by croton oil as a possible tumor promoting mechanism.", "content": "Histochemical activity of acid DNAse, intensity of nucleic acid staining and histological alterations in mouse interfollicular epidermis (I.F.E.) were investigated after a single dose or after chronic topical administration of two hyperplastic agents, of which one (croton oil) was a potent tumor promotor, and the other one (podophyllin) did not promote skin carcinogenesis. Podophyllin induced intense uniform I.F.E. hyperplasia without any proliferation of poorly differentiated basal cells, without increased nucleic acid staining and without any appreciably decreased acid DNAse activity. On the other hand, croton oil (as well as TPA) produced almost immediate, distinct hyperplasia of poorly differentiated basal cells with increased intensity in the staining of both nucleic acids and nearly complete deficiency in acid DNAse activity. Similar histochemical and histological patterns were observed at the sites of wounding hyperplasia in untreated control mice. Such wounding hyperplasia was thought also to be a tumor promoting factor. It was suggested that the decrease in acid DNAse activity which occurred almost immediately after administration of potent tumor promoters and which could not be induced by a hyperplastic agent without tumor promoting action may have a particular importance in the mechanisms of tumor promotion.", "contents": "Induction of the deficient acid DNAse activity in mouse interfollicular epidermis by croton oil as a possible tumor promoting mechanism. Histochemical activity of acid DNAse, intensity of nucleic acid staining and histological alterations in mouse interfollicular epidermis (I.F.E.) were investigated after a single dose or after chronic topical administration of two hyperplastic agents, of which one (croton oil) was a potent tumor promotor, and the other one (podophyllin) did not promote skin carcinogenesis. Podophyllin induced intense uniform I.F.E. hyperplasia without any proliferation of poorly differentiated basal cells, without increased nucleic acid staining and without any appreciably decreased acid DNAse activity. On the other hand, croton oil (as well as TPA) produced almost immediate, distinct hyperplasia of poorly differentiated basal cells with increased intensity in the staining of both nucleic acids and nearly complete deficiency in acid DNAse activity. Similar histochemical and histological patterns were observed at the sites of wounding hyperplasia in untreated control mice. Such wounding hyperplasia was thought also to be a tumor promoting factor. It was suggested that the decrease in acid DNAse activity which occurred almost immediately after administration of potent tumor promoters and which could not be induced by a hyperplastic agent without tumor promoting action may have a particular importance in the mechanisms of tumor promotion."}
{"id": "PMID:145760", "title": "The methylation of DNA in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "There was more persistent methylation of liver DNA from rats given [14C]DMN if it was given during liver regeneration, either after partial hepatectomy or a dose of CCl4 compared to otherwise untreated rats. During liver regeneration, DMN metabolism was slowed making the active metabolites available for longer.", "contents": "The methylation of DNA in regenerating rat liver. There was more persistent methylation of liver DNA from rats given [14C]DMN if it was given during liver regeneration, either after partial hepatectomy or a dose of CCl4 compared to otherwise untreated rats. During liver regeneration, DMN metabolism was slowed making the active metabolites available for longer."}
{"id": "PMID:145761", "title": "[Left ventricular ejection and ejection reserve during isoproterenol infusion in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 10 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and in 10 patients without heart disease (normals) left ventricular function and myocardial reserve under isoproterenol (Iso) infusion (0.3 microgram/kg B.W./min) were measured. From the monoplane cineangiography of the left ventricle diastolic wall thickness as well as ejection phase contractile indices, ejection fraction (EF) mean velocity of fiber shortening (VCF) and mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER), were calculated. Maximum total load (TL) served as measure for afterload. Wall thickness in HOCM was higher by 73% as compared to normals (p less than 0.001). Hemodynamic values for normals at rest were as follows: EF 68.9 +/- 8.0%, VCF 1.22 +/- 0.19 circ/sec, MNSER 2.25 +/- 0.25 vol/sec and TL 228.6 +/- 37.4 dynes . 10(5). Values for HOCM at rest were as follows: EF 77.4 +/- 7.71% (p less than 0.05), VCF 1.53 +/- 0.3 circ/sec (p less than 0.05); MNSER 2.66 +/- 0.35 vol/sec (p less than 0.01) and TL 288.5 +/- 55.5 dynes . 10(5) (p less than 0.01) as compared to normals. The values under Iso in normals resulted in a significant fall of the TL (p less than 0.05), the enddiastolic volume (EDV, p less than 0.05) and of the enddiastolic pressure (EDP, p less than 0.05), VCF rose by 89% (p less than 0.001), MNSER by 66% (p less than 0.001) and EF by 23% (p less than 0.001). In HOCM under Iso TL rose by 45% (p less than 0.05), EDV and EDP did not change (p less than 0.05), VCF and MNSER rose by 23% (p less than 0.05 respectively p less than 0.01). VCF and MNSER in HOCM with Iso were reduced by 17% respectively by 13% (p less than 0.01) as compared to normals, the EDP was increased by factor 4, while EDV showed no significant difference (p less than 0.05). Our results indicate that the left ventricle in HOCM in spite of its marked hypertrophy is unable to adequately compensate for an acute gain of afterload as induced by the effect of catecholamines. Therefore, we assume stress-related congestive symptoms in HOCM to be caused--aside from other mechanisms--by diminished ejection reserve.", "contents": "[Left ventricular ejection and ejection reserve during isoproterenol infusion in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (author's transl)]. In 10 patients with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) and in 10 patients without heart disease (normals) left ventricular function and myocardial reserve under isoproterenol (Iso) infusion (0.3 microgram/kg B.W./min) were measured. From the monoplane cineangiography of the left ventricle diastolic wall thickness as well as ejection phase contractile indices, ejection fraction (EF) mean velocity of fiber shortening (VCF) and mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER), were calculated. Maximum total load (TL) served as measure for afterload. Wall thickness in HOCM was higher by 73% as compared to normals (p less than 0.001). Hemodynamic values for normals at rest were as follows: EF 68.9 +/- 8.0%, VCF 1.22 +/- 0.19 circ/sec, MNSER 2.25 +/- 0.25 vol/sec and TL 228.6 +/- 37.4 dynes . 10(5). Values for HOCM at rest were as follows: EF 77.4 +/- 7.71% (p less than 0.05), VCF 1.53 +/- 0.3 circ/sec (p less than 0.05); MNSER 2.66 +/- 0.35 vol/sec (p less than 0.01) and TL 288.5 +/- 55.5 dynes . 10(5) (p less than 0.01) as compared to normals. The values under Iso in normals resulted in a significant fall of the TL (p less than 0.05), the enddiastolic volume (EDV, p less than 0.05) and of the enddiastolic pressure (EDP, p less than 0.05), VCF rose by 89% (p less than 0.001), MNSER by 66% (p less than 0.001) and EF by 23% (p less than 0.001). In HOCM under Iso TL rose by 45% (p less than 0.05), EDV and EDP did not change (p less than 0.05), VCF and MNSER rose by 23% (p less than 0.05 respectively p less than 0.01). VCF and MNSER in HOCM with Iso were reduced by 17% respectively by 13% (p less than 0.01) as compared to normals, the EDP was increased by factor 4, while EDV showed no significant difference (p less than 0.05). Our results indicate that the left ventricle in HOCM in spite of its marked hypertrophy is unable to adequately compensate for an acute gain of afterload as induced by the effect of catecholamines. Therefore, we assume stress-related congestive symptoms in HOCM to be caused--aside from other mechanisms--by diminished ejection reserve."}
{"id": "PMID:145764", "title": "[Cyclic changes in the excitability of the cerebral cortex in alert rats under conditions of direct interference with serotonin and noradrenaline metabolism].", "content": "Excitability recovery cycles in the visual cortex before and after administration of 5-OTP, d, 1-DOPA, PCPA and L-methyl-DOPA were studied on 23 alert rats with electrodes chronically implanted in the brain. The appearance of cyclicity under the influence of the drugs was established in the trace processes elicited by a photic stimulus. Differences between the periods of cyclic changes were revealed in conditions of activity predominance of the serotoninergic system (300-400 ms) and the noradrenergic system (200 ms). Their function in the short-term memory mechanisms is discussed.", "contents": "[Cyclic changes in the excitability of the cerebral cortex in alert rats under conditions of direct interference with serotonin and noradrenaline metabolism]. Excitability recovery cycles in the visual cortex before and after administration of 5-OTP, d, 1-DOPA, PCPA and L-methyl-DOPA were studied on 23 alert rats with electrodes chronically implanted in the brain. The appearance of cyclicity under the influence of the drugs was established in the trace processes elicited by a photic stimulus. Differences between the periods of cyclic changes were revealed in conditions of activity predominance of the serotoninergic system (300-400 ms) and the noradrenergic system (200 ms). Their function in the short-term memory mechanisms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145765", "title": "[Analysis of apomorphine aggessiveness and stereotypy: role of serotonin- and cholinergic systems of the brain].", "content": "In male albino rats the electrolytic lesions of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of the mesencephalon diminished apomorphine-induced aggressiveness (number of attacks, aggressive posture latencies) but didn't influence significantly the intensity of the stereotypy. Both the blockator of tryptophane hydroxylase parachlorophenylamine (PCPA) and 1-tryptophane did not exert any influence on behavioral effects of apomorphine. The raphe-lesion as well as PCPA decreased the level of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the rat forebrain. PCPA decreased in raphe-lesioned rats the dopamine level too. M-cholinoblocking agent atrophine enhanced apomorphine-induced aggressiveness and stereotypy. The blockator of cholinesterase physostigmine had opposite effects. The results suggest that apomorphine induced aggressiveness depends on serotoninergic and cholinergic activity in the brain and there exists a functional link between these neuromediator systems in the CNS.", "contents": "[Analysis of apomorphine aggessiveness and stereotypy: role of serotonin- and cholinergic systems of the brain]. In male albino rats the electrolytic lesions of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of the mesencephalon diminished apomorphine-induced aggressiveness (number of attacks, aggressive posture latencies) but didn't influence significantly the intensity of the stereotypy. Both the blockator of tryptophane hydroxylase parachlorophenylamine (PCPA) and 1-tryptophane did not exert any influence on behavioral effects of apomorphine. The raphe-lesion as well as PCPA decreased the level of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the rat forebrain. PCPA decreased in raphe-lesioned rats the dopamine level too. M-cholinoblocking agent atrophine enhanced apomorphine-induced aggressiveness and stereotypy. The blockator of cholinesterase physostigmine had opposite effects. The results suggest that apomorphine induced aggressiveness depends on serotoninergic and cholinergic activity in the brain and there exists a functional link between these neuromediator systems in the CNS."}
{"id": "PMID:145766", "title": "Major congenital malformations in neonates at U.T.H. Lusaka Zambia.", "content": "The incidence of major congenital malformations in U.T.H., Lusaka during 1976 is reported. The incidence of some common major malformations are compared with the other series. Central nervous system and Alimentry system malformations were most frequent. The relative low incidence of anencephaly and cleft lip and palate in African newborns is confirmed.", "contents": "Major congenital malformations in neonates at U.T.H. Lusaka Zambia. The incidence of major congenital malformations in U.T.H., Lusaka during 1976 is reported. The incidence of some common major malformations are compared with the other series. Central nervous system and Alimentry system malformations were most frequent. The relative low incidence of anencephaly and cleft lip and palate in African newborns is confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:145772", "title": "[Gamma rigidity in parkinsonism].", "content": "The paper presents the results of the study on a muscle tension in patients with parkinsonism. The great role in the maintenance of the motor tonic activity in parkinsonism is played by an increased excitability (of a static type) of the receptors of the muscle length. The assumption is made that an increased sensitivity in these receptors is the result of the increased fusiomotor activity. The author discusses a possibility of changes in the structure of intrafusal fibres in spindles of the muscle due to which these receptors can preserve an excited state for a long time.", "contents": "[Gamma rigidity in parkinsonism]. The paper presents the results of the study on a muscle tension in patients with parkinsonism. The great role in the maintenance of the motor tonic activity in parkinsonism is played by an increased excitability (of a static type) of the receptors of the muscle length. The assumption is made that an increased sensitivity in these receptors is the result of the increased fusiomotor activity. The author discusses a possibility of changes in the structure of intrafusal fibres in spindles of the muscle due to which these receptors can preserve an excited state for a long time."}
{"id": "PMID:145773", "title": "Some histochemical reactions on the neurosecretory cells of Rivulogammarus syriacus chevreux (Crustacea, Amphipoda).", "content": "The histochemistry of neurosecretory material in neurosecretory cells of Rivulo-gammarus syriacus has been investigated. Histochemically, these cells contain different neurosecretory substances. The material in A and C cells consists of mucopolysaccharides and lipids, that in B, B' and D cells there are a protein containing cystine S-S group, mucopolysaccharides and lipids, and that in E cell contains a weak protein with cystine S-S group, a substance showing beta metachromasia and lipids. The lipids are found in all the cells.", "contents": "Some histochemical reactions on the neurosecretory cells of Rivulogammarus syriacus chevreux (Crustacea, Amphipoda). The histochemistry of neurosecretory material in neurosecretory cells of Rivulo-gammarus syriacus has been investigated. Histochemically, these cells contain different neurosecretory substances. The material in A and C cells consists of mucopolysaccharides and lipids, that in B, B' and D cells there are a protein containing cystine S-S group, mucopolysaccharides and lipids, and that in E cell contains a weak protein with cystine S-S group, a substance showing beta metachromasia and lipids. The lipids are found in all the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:145774", "title": "An extended model of the glycolysis in erythrocytes.", "content": "An extension of a previous model [2] is proposed of the glycolysis of erythrocytes which includes realistic rat laws for the hexokinase-phosphofructokinase system and for the 2,3-P2G phosphatase. Whereas most conclusions previously drawn are reinforced, the mechanism of ATP regulation is different in the present model. The ATP concentration is mainly regulated by the inhibitory action of ATP and the activating effect of AMP on the phosphofructokinase. The role of the 2,3-P2G bypass as a buffer of changes in the ATP demand is of lesser significance than previously thought. Besides the feedback action of the adenine nucleotides on the hexokinase-phosphofructokinase system in the quasisteady state the role of 2,3-P2G as an energy source is important since it can yield ATP for a certain period of time. The present version of the model describes qualitatively the experimental data on the modulation of Na+-K+-ATPase.", "contents": "An extended model of the glycolysis in erythrocytes. An extension of a previous model [2] is proposed of the glycolysis of erythrocytes which includes realistic rat laws for the hexokinase-phosphofructokinase system and for the 2,3-P2G phosphatase. Whereas most conclusions previously drawn are reinforced, the mechanism of ATP regulation is different in the present model. The ATP concentration is mainly regulated by the inhibitory action of ATP and the activating effect of AMP on the phosphofructokinase. The role of the 2,3-P2G bypass as a buffer of changes in the ATP demand is of lesser significance than previously thought. Besides the feedback action of the adenine nucleotides on the hexokinase-phosphofructokinase system in the quasisteady state the role of 2,3-P2G as an energy source is important since it can yield ATP for a certain period of time. The present version of the model describes qualitatively the experimental data on the modulation of Na+-K+-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:145777", "title": "[Control of glycolysis in magnesium deficiency: studies on intact red cells and hemolysates].", "content": "The behaviour of glycolytic flux and glycolytic metabolic concentrations was studied under conditions of magnesium deficiency. The Mg-deficiency was produced in whole animals (rats) by feeding a diet almost completely free of Mg and in hemolysates of men by the addition of a chelating agent. The results show that the decrease of the free Mg-level is diminished by partial destruction of ATP and 2,3-DPG. The analysis of the control strength of the overall flux leads to the conclusion that the decrease of the glycolytic rate is caused by an inhibition of the hexokinase-phosphofructokinase-control system. The decrease of the MgATP-Complex and free Mg++-level explains the diminished phosphorylation of glucose by the hexokinase. The ATP-inhibition of the phosphofructokinase is amplified by a small increase of free ATP-concentration and a simultaneous decrease of the Fru-6P-level. The increase of the PEP-level is caused by the diminished free Mg++ and MgATP-complex and does not demonstrate a larger control strength of the pyruvate kinase.", "contents": "[Control of glycolysis in magnesium deficiency: studies on intact red cells and hemolysates]. The behaviour of glycolytic flux and glycolytic metabolic concentrations was studied under conditions of magnesium deficiency. The Mg-deficiency was produced in whole animals (rats) by feeding a diet almost completely free of Mg and in hemolysates of men by the addition of a chelating agent. The results show that the decrease of the free Mg-level is diminished by partial destruction of ATP and 2,3-DPG. The analysis of the control strength of the overall flux leads to the conclusion that the decrease of the glycolytic rate is caused by an inhibition of the hexokinase-phosphofructokinase-control system. The decrease of the MgATP-Complex and free Mg++-level explains the diminished phosphorylation of glucose by the hexokinase. The ATP-inhibition of the phosphofructokinase is amplified by a small increase of free ATP-concentration and a simultaneous decrease of the Fru-6P-level. The increase of the PEP-level is caused by the diminished free Mg++ and MgATP-complex and does not demonstrate a larger control strength of the pyruvate kinase."}
{"id": "PMID:145778", "title": "Nigerian 'heart muscle disease': the late stages of untreated hypertensive heart failure?", "content": "Evidence for the hypertensive origin of Nigerian 'heart muscle disease' is presented. Epidemiologically, clinically and pathologically it is similar to hypertensive failure and it is associated with hypertension. It is more severe than hypertensive failure as judged by its prognosis and the myocardial damage at necropsy. The radiographic aortic width and renal histology, but not the retinal arteries have evidence of chronic hypertension in some. Using renal histology and scores on a discriminant analysis it was estimated that 34/62 cases in the necropsy series had been hypertensive . Up to 28 cases had not suffered from chronic hypertension but this figure (3%) of cardiac necropsies does not justify the identification of a highly prevalent myocardial disease in Nigeria. The arguments could apply to South African cryptogenic 'heart disease' and 'Jamaican cardiomyopathy'. The study presents data on the natural history of hypertensive failure.", "contents": "Nigerian 'heart muscle disease': the late stages of untreated hypertensive heart failure? Evidence for the hypertensive origin of Nigerian 'heart muscle disease' is presented. Epidemiologically, clinically and pathologically it is similar to hypertensive failure and it is associated with hypertension. It is more severe than hypertensive failure as judged by its prognosis and the myocardial damage at necropsy. The radiographic aortic width and renal histology, but not the retinal arteries have evidence of chronic hypertension in some. Using renal histology and scores on a discriminant analysis it was estimated that 34/62 cases in the necropsy series had been hypertensive . Up to 28 cases had not suffered from chronic hypertension but this figure (3%) of cardiac necropsies does not justify the identification of a highly prevalent myocardial disease in Nigeria. The arguments could apply to South African cryptogenic 'heart disease' and 'Jamaican cardiomyopathy'. The study presents data on the natural history of hypertensive failure."}
{"id": "PMID:145782", "title": "Mucopolysaccharide histochemistry of the avian tongue. Histochemical features of the lingual glands in Larus ridibundus (L).", "content": "From the histochemical analysis carried out on the tongue of Larus ridibundus (L.), it has been possible to establish that it is covered by thick stratum corneum on the dorsal surface and shows both in the anterior and posterior portions lingual glands, which histologically consist of aggregates of branched tubules. These glands exhibit identical histochemical reactions which show the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides, sulfated and unsulfated acid mucosubstances and hyaluronidase-resistant sulfomucins. The acid mucosubstances have no connection with sialic or hyaluronic acid. The seeming absence of sialomucins which may probably not be due to the feeding habits of the animal, could be referred to the phylogenetic aspects of some markedly heterogeneous glycoproteins.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharide histochemistry of the avian tongue. Histochemical features of the lingual glands in Larus ridibundus (L). From the histochemical analysis carried out on the tongue of Larus ridibundus (L.), it has been possible to establish that it is covered by thick stratum corneum on the dorsal surface and shows both in the anterior and posterior portions lingual glands, which histologically consist of aggregates of branched tubules. These glands exhibit identical histochemical reactions which show the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides, sulfated and unsulfated acid mucosubstances and hyaluronidase-resistant sulfomucins. The acid mucosubstances have no connection with sialic or hyaluronic acid. The seeming absence of sialomucins which may probably not be due to the feeding habits of the animal, could be referred to the phylogenetic aspects of some markedly heterogeneous glycoproteins."}
{"id": "PMID:145779", "title": "The management of abdominal wall stomata: skin protection, peristomal wound healing and support for the collecting bag. A multi-center study.", "content": "The specific properties of Stomahesive tested in 116 stomal and 20 fistulous patients render it really useful in stomatherapy where it increases the comfort of the patients: 1. it offers an excellent peristomal skin protection whatever the nature of the stoma or origin of the fistula; 2. it promotes rapid healing of skin lesions, even in ileostomy, transverse colostomy, ureterostomy and fistula patients; 3. it ensures an effective degree of impermeability; 4. it provides a large base for adhesion of the collecting bag; 5. it can be kept on for about 6 days in most cases; 6. The local tolerance is excellent (Acta chir. belg., 1977, 76, 533-537).", "contents": "The management of abdominal wall stomata: skin protection, peristomal wound healing and support for the collecting bag. A multi-center study. The specific properties of Stomahesive tested in 116 stomal and 20 fistulous patients render it really useful in stomatherapy where it increases the comfort of the patients: 1. it offers an excellent peristomal skin protection whatever the nature of the stoma or origin of the fistula; 2. it promotes rapid healing of skin lesions, even in ileostomy, transverse colostomy, ureterostomy and fistula patients; 3. it ensures an effective degree of impermeability; 4. it provides a large base for adhesion of the collecting bag; 5. it can be kept on for about 6 days in most cases; 6. The local tolerance is excellent (Acta chir. belg., 1977, 76, 533-537)."}
{"id": "PMID:145783", "title": "Ultrahistochemistry of matrix vesicles in elastic cartilage.", "content": "Matrix vesicles in the elastic cartilage of epiglottis were negative for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and ATPase. This is in agreement with the very rare occurrence of mineralization of elastic cartilage. Only the lysosomes of the chondrocytes showed a positive reaction for acid phosphatase, and a positive reaction for alkaline phosphatase and ATPase was found in relation to the cells of the perichondrium.", "contents": "Ultrahistochemistry of matrix vesicles in elastic cartilage. Matrix vesicles in the elastic cartilage of epiglottis were negative for acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, and ATPase. This is in agreement with the very rare occurrence of mineralization of elastic cartilage. Only the lysosomes of the chondrocytes showed a positive reaction for acid phosphatase, and a positive reaction for alkaline phosphatase and ATPase was found in relation to the cells of the perichondrium."}
{"id": "PMID:145780", "title": "[Can we define \"histological tolerance\" of the abdominal wall after the implantation of various prosthetic materials?].", "content": "This experimental work is a comparative trial in the rat of 6 inert prostheses (3 permeable and 3 non-permeable) that are regularly used in man for the repair of large abdominal wall defects. This is performed in both aseptic and septic conditions. Serial macroscopic and bacteriological observations were done. Quantitative histological criteria were defined to characterize the resistance and biological tolerance to the material. This shows that: 1. the width of the cellular reaction, the number of giant, inflammatory, fibroblastic cells confirms the superiority of meshes whatever the implantation conditions; 2. the proportion of fibroblasts to inflammatory cells is a histological expression of the solidity of the repair and of the biological tolerance to the material (Acta chir. belg., 1977, 76, 575-582).", "contents": "[Can we define \"histological tolerance\" of the abdominal wall after the implantation of various prosthetic materials?]. This experimental work is a comparative trial in the rat of 6 inert prostheses (3 permeable and 3 non-permeable) that are regularly used in man for the repair of large abdominal wall defects. This is performed in both aseptic and septic conditions. Serial macroscopic and bacteriological observations were done. Quantitative histological criteria were defined to characterize the resistance and biological tolerance to the material. This shows that: 1. the width of the cellular reaction, the number of giant, inflammatory, fibroblastic cells confirms the superiority of meshes whatever the implantation conditions; 2. the proportion of fibroblasts to inflammatory cells is a histological expression of the solidity of the repair and of the biological tolerance to the material (Acta chir. belg., 1977, 76, 575-582)."}
{"id": "PMID:145784", "title": "Duration of disability following lumbar disc surgery.", "content": "The total duration of disability of 116 patients operated on for lumbar disc prolapse was studied 10 years postoperatively. From the beginning of the observation period 10 years before surgery, the number of days on sick-leave increased continually and no positive effect of the surgical treatment in this respect could be observed. There was a highly significant coincidence between the end-result assessment by the patient and the total duration of the postoperative disability. The following factors were conducive to a short total period of post-operative disability: early surgery (short interval of preoperative sciatica), short total preoperative period of sick-leave and immediate relief of sciatic pain by the operation. The objective changes in the preoperative state of the patient such as neurological and X-ray findings had a less significant influence.", "contents": "Duration of disability following lumbar disc surgery. The total duration of disability of 116 patients operated on for lumbar disc prolapse was studied 10 years postoperatively. From the beginning of the observation period 10 years before surgery, the number of days on sick-leave increased continually and no positive effect of the surgical treatment in this respect could be observed. There was a highly significant coincidence between the end-result assessment by the patient and the total duration of the postoperative disability. The following factors were conducive to a short total period of post-operative disability: early surgery (short interval of preoperative sciatica), short total preoperative period of sick-leave and immediate relief of sciatic pain by the operation. The objective changes in the preoperative state of the patient such as neurological and X-ray findings had a less significant influence."}
{"id": "PMID:145785", "title": "Spondylolisthesis. Treatment by excision of the loose lamina and resection of the pedicle.", "content": "Eighty patients were treated by radical arch resection, i.e., removal of the loose lamina and the fibrous tissue in and around the pseudarthrosis and resection of the caudal portion of the ventral part of the pedicle. In 17 patients an additional spinal fusion was performed. The mean observation time was 4.7 years. The forward dislocation increased by 25 per cent in the group without fusion compared with 16 per cent in the fused group. The symptoms of nerve root affection for the most part improved, but the back pain persisted in 28 patients. Fifty per cent of the patients were in full-time employment at the time of the follow-up. A total of 75 per cent were improved and 25 per cent unchanged or worse.", "contents": "Spondylolisthesis. Treatment by excision of the loose lamina and resection of the pedicle. Eighty patients were treated by radical arch resection, i.e., removal of the loose lamina and the fibrous tissue in and around the pseudarthrosis and resection of the caudal portion of the ventral part of the pedicle. In 17 patients an additional spinal fusion was performed. The mean observation time was 4.7 years. The forward dislocation increased by 25 per cent in the group without fusion compared with 16 per cent in the fused group. The symptoms of nerve root affection for the most part improved, but the back pain persisted in 28 patients. Fifty per cent of the patients were in full-time employment at the time of the follow-up. A total of 75 per cent were improved and 25 per cent unchanged or worse."}
{"id": "PMID:145797", "title": "The effects of fractions (chalones) obtained from lymphoid organs on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro.", "content": "Aqueous extracts of lymphoid organs were prepared and fractionated by means of gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. A protein-containing fraction with a molecular weight of approximately 80,000--90,000 and isoelectric points of 7.6 and 5.3--6.2 was isolated and shown to inhibit reproducibly both thymidine incorporation and proliferation of concanavalin A-stimulated mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro. This effect appeared specific since proliferation of mastocytoma P-815 and leukemia L-1210 cells remained unaffected. A small molecular weight fraction (500 to 10,000 daltons) was also found to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation in vitro but was without apparent specificity for cell type.", "contents": "The effects of fractions (chalones) obtained from lymphoid organs on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro. Aqueous extracts of lymphoid organs were prepared and fractionated by means of gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and isoelectric focusing. A protein-containing fraction with a molecular weight of approximately 80,000--90,000 and isoelectric points of 7.6 and 5.3--6.2 was isolated and shown to inhibit reproducibly both thymidine incorporation and proliferation of concanavalin A-stimulated mouse spleen lymphocytes in vitro. This effect appeared specific since proliferation of mastocytoma P-815 and leukemia L-1210 cells remained unaffected. A small molecular weight fraction (500 to 10,000 daltons) was also found to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation in vitro but was without apparent specificity for cell type."}
{"id": "PMID:145799", "title": "Electromagnetic rheoangiometry: an extension of selective angiography.", "content": "A harmless magnetic field produced by an extracorporeal magnet induces in the blood vessels of a living subject electrical signals which carry information about regional blood flows. Loop probes of hairlike consistency equipped with fine electrodes can now be introduced percutaneously and selectively into the vasculature through angiographic catheters to pick up these magnetically induced signals at selected loci. In addition to a continuous record of phasic blood flow, the loop sensors provide signals which measure variations in vascular diameters, thus yielding a continuous record of active and passive vasomotion. Coupled with blood pressure recordings, these data will permit determination of the elastic constants of blood vessels in situ. The manifold capabilities of electromagnetic rheoangiometry for providing continuous records of these vascular parameters are illustrated in dogs with tracings using multichannel recorders which provide continuous information of arterial blood pressures, instantaneous and mean blood flows, and instantaneous and mean vascular diameter changes simultaneously in two nonadjacent arteries.", "contents": "Electromagnetic rheoangiometry: an extension of selective angiography. A harmless magnetic field produced by an extracorporeal magnet induces in the blood vessels of a living subject electrical signals which carry information about regional blood flows. Loop probes of hairlike consistency equipped with fine electrodes can now be introduced percutaneously and selectively into the vasculature through angiographic catheters to pick up these magnetically induced signals at selected loci. In addition to a continuous record of phasic blood flow, the loop sensors provide signals which measure variations in vascular diameters, thus yielding a continuous record of active and passive vasomotion. Coupled with blood pressure recordings, these data will permit determination of the elastic constants of blood vessels in situ. The manifold capabilities of electromagnetic rheoangiometry for providing continuous records of these vascular parameters are illustrated in dogs with tracings using multichannel recorders which provide continuous information of arterial blood pressures, instantaneous and mean blood flows, and instantaneous and mean vascular diameter changes simultaneously in two nonadjacent arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:145800", "title": "Ultrasonographic appearance of gas-containing abscesses in the abdomen.", "content": "This report describes the sonographic appearance of six gas-containing abdominal abscesses. Gas-containing abscesses may appear as densely echogenic masses with acoustical shadowing, but may also be seen merely as regions of acoustical shadowing or as an echogenic mass. A hypothesis is advanced that the appearance of gas-containing abscesses as echogenic masses may be due to a \"microbubble\" constrast effect.", "contents": "Ultrasonographic appearance of gas-containing abscesses in the abdomen. This report describes the sonographic appearance of six gas-containing abdominal abscesses. Gas-containing abscesses may appear as densely echogenic masses with acoustical shadowing, but may also be seen merely as regions of acoustical shadowing or as an echogenic mass. A hypothesis is advanced that the appearance of gas-containing abscesses as echogenic masses may be due to a \"microbubble\" constrast effect."}
{"id": "PMID:145804", "title": "Meibomian keratoconjunctivitis.", "content": "We evaluated, dermatologically and ophthalmologically, 26 patients who had chronic blepharitis (meibomitis); we also investigated 26 age- and sex-matched controls. All of the blepharitic patients had an abnormality of sebaceous gland function ranging from seborrhea sicca to seborrheic dermatitis or acne rosacea, suggesting a generalized sebaceous gland dysfunction that included the meibomian glands. Sebaceous gland abnormalities most frequently involved the cool areas of the face or scalp. Stagnation of the meibomian glands presumably caused a defect in the tear lipid layer; this resulted in an unstable tear film that produced superficial punctate keratopathy. The break-up time was much lower in these patients than in controls. The break-up time returned to normal or super-normal levels when fresh meibomian secretions were expressed into the tear film. The superficial punctate keratopathy had the characteristics of those seen in conditions with a known unstable tear film and not of those experimentally produced by staphylococcus toxin.", "contents": "Meibomian keratoconjunctivitis. We evaluated, dermatologically and ophthalmologically, 26 patients who had chronic blepharitis (meibomitis); we also investigated 26 age- and sex-matched controls. All of the blepharitic patients had an abnormality of sebaceous gland function ranging from seborrhea sicca to seborrheic dermatitis or acne rosacea, suggesting a generalized sebaceous gland dysfunction that included the meibomian glands. Sebaceous gland abnormalities most frequently involved the cool areas of the face or scalp. Stagnation of the meibomian glands presumably caused a defect in the tear lipid layer; this resulted in an unstable tear film that produced superficial punctate keratopathy. The break-up time was much lower in these patients than in controls. The break-up time returned to normal or super-normal levels when fresh meibomian secretions were expressed into the tear film. The superficial punctate keratopathy had the characteristics of those seen in conditions with a known unstable tear film and not of those experimentally produced by staphylococcus toxin."}
{"id": "PMID:145805", "title": "Left atrial ultrastructure in mitral valvular disease.", "content": "Light microscopic and ultrastructural observations were made on left atrial tissues obtained from 14 patients at the time of operation for correction of mitral valvular disease. Cardiac muscle cells varied in size but most frequently were hypertrophied. In fibrotic areas, present in all left atria, the muscle cells tended to be isolated from adjacent cells and exhibited degenerative changes of varying severity. These changes consisted or proliferation of Z-band material and cytoskeletal filaments, myofibrillar loss, proliferation of elements of free and extended junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum, variations in size and number of mitochondria, occurrence of abnormal mitochondria, dissociation of intercellular junctions, formation of spherical microparticles, and accumulation of lysosomal degradation products. Hypertrophy was considered to lead to cellular degeneration, with decrease or loss of contractile function. Atrial fibrillation was associated with severe cellular degeneration. The severity of degeneration was greater in patients with mitral regurgitation, with or without associated mitral stenosis, than in patients with pure mitral stenosis.", "contents": "Left atrial ultrastructure in mitral valvular disease. Light microscopic and ultrastructural observations were made on left atrial tissues obtained from 14 patients at the time of operation for correction of mitral valvular disease. Cardiac muscle cells varied in size but most frequently were hypertrophied. In fibrotic areas, present in all left atria, the muscle cells tended to be isolated from adjacent cells and exhibited degenerative changes of varying severity. These changes consisted or proliferation of Z-band material and cytoskeletal filaments, myofibrillar loss, proliferation of elements of free and extended junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum, variations in size and number of mitochondria, occurrence of abnormal mitochondria, dissociation of intercellular junctions, formation of spherical microparticles, and accumulation of lysosomal degradation products. Hypertrophy was considered to lead to cellular degeneration, with decrease or loss of contractile function. Atrial fibrillation was associated with severe cellular degeneration. The severity of degeneration was greater in patients with mitral regurgitation, with or without associated mitral stenosis, than in patients with pure mitral stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:145806", "title": "Effects of carbon tetrachloride on rat liver plasmalemmal calcium adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Calcium adenosine triphosphatase (Ca-ATPase) activity in rat liver plasma membrane fractions prepared by zonal centrifugation was studied for sensitivity to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Levels of Ca-ATPase activity in such membrane fractions from animals given CCl4 by gastric intubation were no different from those in plasmalemmal fractions obtained from control rats. When the fractions were incubated in vitro, however, this enzyme activity was inhibited by the presence of CCl4 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, inhibition of Ca-ATPase could be reversed by the removal of CCl4. These results would explain the observed increase in hepatic calcium content following the administration of CCl4 if the Ca-ATPase were capable of actively extruding calcium and if this extrusion mechanism proved sensitive to CCl4 present on or about the hepatocytes.", "contents": "Effects of carbon tetrachloride on rat liver plasmalemmal calcium adenosine triphosphatase. Calcium adenosine triphosphatase (Ca-ATPase) activity in rat liver plasma membrane fractions prepared by zonal centrifugation was studied for sensitivity to carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Levels of Ca-ATPase activity in such membrane fractions from animals given CCl4 by gastric intubation were no different from those in plasmalemmal fractions obtained from control rats. When the fractions were incubated in vitro, however, this enzyme activity was inhibited by the presence of CCl4 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, inhibition of Ca-ATPase could be reversed by the removal of CCl4. These results would explain the observed increase in hepatic calcium content following the administration of CCl4 if the Ca-ATPase were capable of actively extruding calcium and if this extrusion mechanism proved sensitive to CCl4 present on or about the hepatocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:145807", "title": "Dystrophic cardiac calcinosis in mice: genetic, hormonal, and dietary influences.", "content": "Mice of five inbred strains (BALB/c, C3H, C3Hf, DBA/2, and C57BL/6) of both sexes, mated and virginal, were examined for the incidence, severity, and location of dystrophic cardiac calcinosis (DCC) at various ages. Three hybrids, B6C3F1, C3B6F1, and CC3F1 of both sexes, all mated, were likewise studied. Excepting DBA/2, females of the inbred strains acquired the lesion at a much earlier age than males; DCC appeared in young DBA/s mice of both sexes. DCC in BALB/c mice was almost exclusively epicardial and occurred with equal frequency and severity in mated males and females, with higher incidence but lesser extent in virginal females. The occurrence was highest, the degree most severe, and the location exclusively myocardial in C3H and C3Hf mated females, irrespective of parity, whereas virginal females of these strains were entirely free of disease even after administration of exogenous progesterone. Involvement of males, also myocardial, was relatively minimal, especially in C3Hf mice. Over half the DBA/2 mice were affected, regardless of sex or mating; calcinosis appeared in the epicardium and/or myocardium, predominantly in the myocardium. Strain C57BL/6 was completely devoid of the lesion, as were the two hybrids thereof, B6C3F1 and C3B6F1. The hybrid of BALB/c and C3H showed a high incidence of minimal involvement, exclusively myocardial and limited to breeding females, indicating dominance of the C3H gene(s). Renal calcinosis was uncommon among BALB/c mice but was frequently found in C3H, C3Hf, and DBA/2 strains. Pulmonary calcinosis was rare and limited to C3H and C3Hf female breeders. Mated C3H females fed increasing amounts of fat showed a concomitant rise in incidence and severity of the cardiac lesions. Progression of the lesion from necrotic myocardial fibers to fibrocalcific masses is illustrated, as is formation of the renal deposits.", "contents": "Dystrophic cardiac calcinosis in mice: genetic, hormonal, and dietary influences. Mice of five inbred strains (BALB/c, C3H, C3Hf, DBA/2, and C57BL/6) of both sexes, mated and virginal, were examined for the incidence, severity, and location of dystrophic cardiac calcinosis (DCC) at various ages. Three hybrids, B6C3F1, C3B6F1, and CC3F1 of both sexes, all mated, were likewise studied. Excepting DBA/2, females of the inbred strains acquired the lesion at a much earlier age than males; DCC appeared in young DBA/s mice of both sexes. DCC in BALB/c mice was almost exclusively epicardial and occurred with equal frequency and severity in mated males and females, with higher incidence but lesser extent in virginal females. The occurrence was highest, the degree most severe, and the location exclusively myocardial in C3H and C3Hf mated females, irrespective of parity, whereas virginal females of these strains were entirely free of disease even after administration of exogenous progesterone. Involvement of males, also myocardial, was relatively minimal, especially in C3Hf mice. Over half the DBA/2 mice were affected, regardless of sex or mating; calcinosis appeared in the epicardium and/or myocardium, predominantly in the myocardium. Strain C57BL/6 was completely devoid of the lesion, as were the two hybrids thereof, B6C3F1 and C3B6F1. The hybrid of BALB/c and C3H showed a high incidence of minimal involvement, exclusively myocardial and limited to breeding females, indicating dominance of the C3H gene(s). Renal calcinosis was uncommon among BALB/c mice but was frequently found in C3H, C3Hf, and DBA/2 strains. Pulmonary calcinosis was rare and limited to C3H and C3Hf female breeders. Mated C3H females fed increasing amounts of fat showed a concomitant rise in incidence and severity of the cardiac lesions. Progression of the lesion from necrotic myocardial fibers to fibrocalcific masses is illustrated, as is formation of the renal deposits."}
{"id": "PMID:145808", "title": "Relationship between mineralocorticoids and renal Na+-K+-ATPase: sodium reabsorption.", "content": "To evaluate the mechanism responsible for the effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) on renal Na+-K+-ATPase, we compared the relative contribution of this hormone and of increased absolute sodium reabsorption (TNa) to the restoration of the enzyme in kidneys of adrenalectomized rats. In study A, adrenalectomized animals maintained on a salt-free diet received 5 mg/kg per day DOCA i.m., while sham-operated and untreated adrenalectomized rats receiving the same diet served as controls. Absolute TNa and Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity in the cortex and outer medulla of DOCA-treated rats were similar to those measured in untreated adrenalectomized animals, but were significantly lower than in sham-operated controls. In study B, the adrenalectomized rats did not receive DOCA but were fed a high salt diet and received isotonic saline, 50 ml/kg per day s.c. Absolute TNa and cortical and medullary Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity were significantly higher in the salt-loaded group than in both adrenalectomized and sham-operated rats deprived of salt. These results suggest that absolute sodium reabsorption is a major determinant of renal Na+-K+-ATPase activity, and that the effect of DOCA on this enzyme is secondary to its stimulation of absolute tubular sodium transport.", "contents": "Relationship between mineralocorticoids and renal Na+-K+-ATPase: sodium reabsorption. To evaluate the mechanism responsible for the effect of deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) on renal Na+-K+-ATPase, we compared the relative contribution of this hormone and of increased absolute sodium reabsorption (TNa) to the restoration of the enzyme in kidneys of adrenalectomized rats. In study A, adrenalectomized animals maintained on a salt-free diet received 5 mg/kg per day DOCA i.m., while sham-operated and untreated adrenalectomized rats receiving the same diet served as controls. Absolute TNa and Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity in the cortex and outer medulla of DOCA-treated rats were similar to those measured in untreated adrenalectomized animals, but were significantly lower than in sham-operated controls. In study B, the adrenalectomized rats did not receive DOCA but were fed a high salt diet and received isotonic saline, 50 ml/kg per day s.c. Absolute TNa and cortical and medullary Na+-K+-ATPase specific activity were significantly higher in the salt-loaded group than in both adrenalectomized and sham-operated rats deprived of salt. These results suggest that absolute sodium reabsorption is a major determinant of renal Na+-K+-ATPase activity, and that the effect of DOCA on this enzyme is secondary to its stimulation of absolute tubular sodium transport."}
{"id": "PMID:145809", "title": "Management of enterocutaneous fistulas and problem stomas with silicone casting of the abdominal wall defect.", "content": "Silicone casting of abdominal wall defects around enteric fistulas in six patients and problem stomas in three patients proved to be an effective means of controlling the output of the fistulas, reducing wound care time, and reducing or eliminating parenteral nutrition needs. Outpatient management was possible in seven of the nine patients. It is observed that the wounds healed rapidly with this method of fistula control. Epithelialization occurred more rapidly than expected. This method of management may tend to make the fistulas remain open longer than by other means of care, but the significant increase in patient comfort, the financial savings, and the relative safety warrant continued utilization and observation of this method of management.", "contents": "Management of enterocutaneous fistulas and problem stomas with silicone casting of the abdominal wall defect. Silicone casting of abdominal wall defects around enteric fistulas in six patients and problem stomas in three patients proved to be an effective means of controlling the output of the fistulas, reducing wound care time, and reducing or eliminating parenteral nutrition needs. Outpatient management was possible in seven of the nine patients. It is observed that the wounds healed rapidly with this method of fistula control. Epithelialization occurred more rapidly than expected. This method of management may tend to make the fistulas remain open longer than by other means of care, but the significant increase in patient comfort, the financial savings, and the relative safety warrant continued utilization and observation of this method of management."}
{"id": "PMID:145810", "title": "Total infrarenal aortic occlusion.", "content": "Our experience from 1960 to 1976 with total infrarenal aortic thrombosis (Leriche syndrome) was reviewed. Sixteen heavy smokers (14 men and 2 women) with an average age of fifty-four years underwent thrombectomy with aortoiliac (12 patients) or aortofemoral (4) Dacron bypasses. The last ten patients were hydrated for 12 hours preoperatively with 3,000 ml of Ringer's solution containing supplemental potassium. Mannitol (25 g), furosemide (20 mg), and heparin (120 u/kg) were given intraoperatively. Thrombectomy was accomplished by transection of the aorta, with proximal manual control of the aorta after the renal arteries were occluded. With this technic there were no deaths or renal complications, whereas previously, three of the six patients developed renal complications and one died. Ninety-two per cent of the grafts have remained open. We recommend that the direct transabdominal approach be continued rather than the extraanatomic bypass (axillobilateral-femoral), since further propagation of the aortic thrombosis may then lead to infarction of the kidneys or other viscera.", "contents": "Total infrarenal aortic occlusion. Our experience from 1960 to 1976 with total infrarenal aortic thrombosis (Leriche syndrome) was reviewed. Sixteen heavy smokers (14 men and 2 women) with an average age of fifty-four years underwent thrombectomy with aortoiliac (12 patients) or aortofemoral (4) Dacron bypasses. The last ten patients were hydrated for 12 hours preoperatively with 3,000 ml of Ringer's solution containing supplemental potassium. Mannitol (25 g), furosemide (20 mg), and heparin (120 u/kg) were given intraoperatively. Thrombectomy was accomplished by transection of the aorta, with proximal manual control of the aorta after the renal arteries were occluded. With this technic there were no deaths or renal complications, whereas previously, three of the six patients developed renal complications and one died. Ninety-two per cent of the grafts have remained open. We recommend that the direct transabdominal approach be continued rather than the extraanatomic bypass (axillobilateral-femoral), since further propagation of the aortic thrombosis may then lead to infarction of the kidneys or other viscera."}
{"id": "PMID:145811", "title": "The atherosclerotic popliteal aneurysm: report of diagnosis and treatment in twenty-six cases.", "content": "Twenty-six popliteal aneurysms in eighteen patients are presented. There was a 45 per cent incidence of bilaterality and a 33 per cent incidence of extrapopliteal aneurysms. Rest pain and/or gangrene secondary to thrombosis of the aneurysm were the most common presenting symptoms. Eleven reconstructive procedures were carried out with good results and no mortality. All popliteal aneurysms should be repaired when found regardless of size, and due to the high incidence of extrapopliteal aneurysm, these patients should undergo a thorough search for aneurysms at other sites. They may be excised with end-to-end anastomosis with the graft or simply ligated and bypass grafting accomplished. Saphenous vein or Dacron graft may be used with equally satisfactory results. Long-term follow-up is recommended because of propensity for recurrence of aneurysms in the residual popliteal artery and to rule out extrapopliteal aneurysm formation.", "contents": "The atherosclerotic popliteal aneurysm: report of diagnosis and treatment in twenty-six cases. Twenty-six popliteal aneurysms in eighteen patients are presented. There was a 45 per cent incidence of bilaterality and a 33 per cent incidence of extrapopliteal aneurysms. Rest pain and/or gangrene secondary to thrombosis of the aneurysm were the most common presenting symptoms. Eleven reconstructive procedures were carried out with good results and no mortality. All popliteal aneurysms should be repaired when found regardless of size, and due to the high incidence of extrapopliteal aneurysm, these patients should undergo a thorough search for aneurysms at other sites. They may be excised with end-to-end anastomosis with the graft or simply ligated and bypass grafting accomplished. Saphenous vein or Dacron graft may be used with equally satisfactory results. Long-term follow-up is recommended because of propensity for recurrence of aneurysms in the residual popliteal artery and to rule out extrapopliteal aneurysm formation."}
{"id": "PMID:145813", "title": "Potassium metabolism.", "content": "In man, mechanisms for potassium excretion are complex and highly developed, while potassium conservation is potentially inadequate. Potassium balance is regulated by alterations in excretion in the distal renal tubule, where mineralocorticoid hormones and Na-K ATPase are the major regulating factors. The distribution of potassium across cell membranes is influenced by changes in acid-base status, by pancreatic hormones and by the autonomic nervous system. Potassium stimulates insulin and aldosterone secretion and increases Na-K ATPase in the distal nephron, so promoting its own redistribution or excretion. Emergency management of hyperkalaemia is best effected by promoting cell-entry of potassium, rather than renal excretion. The speed of replacement of deficits is always limited by the small extracellular potassium pool.", "contents": "Potassium metabolism. In man, mechanisms for potassium excretion are complex and highly developed, while potassium conservation is potentially inadequate. Potassium balance is regulated by alterations in excretion in the distal renal tubule, where mineralocorticoid hormones and Na-K ATPase are the major regulating factors. The distribution of potassium across cell membranes is influenced by changes in acid-base status, by pancreatic hormones and by the autonomic nervous system. Potassium stimulates insulin and aldosterone secretion and increases Na-K ATPase in the distal nephron, so promoting its own redistribution or excretion. Emergency management of hyperkalaemia is best effected by promoting cell-entry of potassium, rather than renal excretion. The speed of replacement of deficits is always limited by the small extracellular potassium pool."}
{"id": "PMID:145814", "title": "[The adaptation of the skeletal muscle fiber types to extensive and intensive loading forms--a review (author's transl)].", "content": "Hitherto existing findings let us recognize that the adaptation of the skeletal muscle fiber to loading is depended of the type of the single muscle fiber, which is of the other hand caused in the embryological determination.", "contents": "[The adaptation of the skeletal muscle fiber types to extensive and intensive loading forms--a review (author's transl)]. Hitherto existing findings let us recognize that the adaptation of the skeletal muscle fiber to loading is depended of the type of the single muscle fiber, which is of the other hand caused in the embryological determination."}
{"id": "PMID:145816", "title": "Effect of albendazole on gastrointestinal parasites of cattle.", "content": "The efficacy of albendazole in removing gastrointestinal nematodes and tapeworms was studied in 16 treated and 16 untreated (control) beef calves. The anthelmintic was administered as an oral drench at a dose level of 5 ml/45.5 kg of body weight (5 mg/kg). Percentage of efficacy against the various genera was: Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Moniezia-100.0; Haemonchus placei, Cooperia spp, and Trichostrongylus colubriformis - greater than 99.0; Ostertagia ostertagi -98.3; and Bunostomum phlebotomum -96.2. Efficacy against Trichuris was 20.2. Efficacy against immature nematodes in the abomasum and small intestine was high, 91.9 and 86.4, respectively, but total numbers of nematodes were not large. Efficacy against immature stages in the cecum and remainder of the large intestine was 48.5. Signs of toxicosis were not observed in calves treated with albendazole.", "contents": "Effect of albendazole on gastrointestinal parasites of cattle. The efficacy of albendazole in removing gastrointestinal nematodes and tapeworms was studied in 16 treated and 16 untreated (control) beef calves. The anthelmintic was administered as an oral drench at a dose level of 5 ml/45.5 kg of body weight (5 mg/kg). Percentage of efficacy against the various genera was: Trichostrongylus axei, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Moniezia-100.0; Haemonchus placei, Cooperia spp, and Trichostrongylus colubriformis - greater than 99.0; Ostertagia ostertagi -98.3; and Bunostomum phlebotomum -96.2. Efficacy against Trichuris was 20.2. Efficacy against immature nematodes in the abomasum and small intestine was high, 91.9 and 86.4, respectively, but total numbers of nematodes were not large. Efficacy against immature stages in the cecum and remainder of the large intestine was 48.5. Signs of toxicosis were not observed in calves treated with albendazole."}
{"id": "PMID:145818", "title": "Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene as dialysis access grafts: serial study of histology and fibrinolytic activity.", "content": "Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) grafts were evaluated as hemodialysis access shunts. A serial study of cellular ingrowth and endothelialization was performed. The development of fibrinolytic activator was sequentially monitored and shown to be consistently higher in the Gore-Tex grafts than in either knitted or woven Dacron prostheses. Functional assessment by repeated needle puncture demonstrated that PTFE grafts were durable, had uniform patency (6 mm ID size) and showed no evidence of degeneration during the time limit of this study. Although these are favorable characteristics, further long-term evaluation of PTFE grafts is necessary before its role as a vascular prosthesis applicable to clinical practice, can be established.", "contents": "Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene as dialysis access grafts: serial study of histology and fibrinolytic activity. Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) grafts were evaluated as hemodialysis access shunts. A serial study of cellular ingrowth and endothelialization was performed. The development of fibrinolytic activator was sequentially monitored and shown to be consistently higher in the Gore-Tex grafts than in either knitted or woven Dacron prostheses. Functional assessment by repeated needle puncture demonstrated that PTFE grafts were durable, had uniform patency (6 mm ID size) and showed no evidence of degeneration during the time limit of this study. Although these are favorable characteristics, further long-term evaluation of PTFE grafts is necessary before its role as a vascular prosthesis applicable to clinical practice, can be established."}
{"id": "PMID:145819", "title": "Female sterilization by laparoscopy: a comparative study of tubal occlusion with electrocoagulation and spring-loaded clip with one-year follow-up.", "content": "Findings are reported of a study conducted to evaluate and compare the safety and effectiveness of the spring-loaded clip and the electrocoagulation techniques of tubal occlusion via laparoscopy. The study was conducted from June, 1974 to June, 1975 on 300 cases in a Bangkok, Thailand hospital. Only patients who requested sterilization to limit family size were included in the study, and study patients were required to return for 6- and 12-month follow-up visits. To minimize possible patient and physician biases, all sterilization procedures were performed by one author (S. K.). and data were analyzed by the other author (S. P.). The specific operative technique was randomly assigned to the patient immediately prior to surgery, and the patient was unaware of the particular technique used. The findings showed no potentially serious complications for either technique. Neither complication rates nor incidence of pain were significantly different for the two procedures. The presence of adhesions was the most frequent cause of surgical difficulty in both techniques. No mechanical difficulties were reported. No pregnancies were reported within one year of sterilization.", "contents": "Female sterilization by laparoscopy: a comparative study of tubal occlusion with electrocoagulation and spring-loaded clip with one-year follow-up. Findings are reported of a study conducted to evaluate and compare the safety and effectiveness of the spring-loaded clip and the electrocoagulation techniques of tubal occlusion via laparoscopy. The study was conducted from June, 1974 to June, 1975 on 300 cases in a Bangkok, Thailand hospital. Only patients who requested sterilization to limit family size were included in the study, and study patients were required to return for 6- and 12-month follow-up visits. To minimize possible patient and physician biases, all sterilization procedures were performed by one author (S. K.). and data were analyzed by the other author (S. P.). The specific operative technique was randomly assigned to the patient immediately prior to surgery, and the patient was unaware of the particular technique used. The findings showed no potentially serious complications for either technique. Neither complication rates nor incidence of pain were significantly different for the two procedures. The presence of adhesions was the most frequent cause of surgical difficulty in both techniques. No mechanical difficulties were reported. No pregnancies were reported within one year of sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:145823", "title": "Isolation of putrescine-requiring mutants of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Two auxotrophs of Neurospora crassa have been isolated that give a positive growth response to putrescine, spermidine or spermine. One of the mutants is deficient in ornithine decarboxylase activity and has been designated put-I. Both mutants map on linkage group VR, fail to complement and are infertile when crossed to one another, indicating that they are probably alleles. A putrescine auxotroph is incapable of suppressing a pro-4 mutant. The isolation of the mutants confirms that putrescine is an essential factor the normal growth of the organism, and is synthesized via a single pathway in Neurospora.", "contents": "Isolation of putrescine-requiring mutants of Neurospora crassa. Two auxotrophs of Neurospora crassa have been isolated that give a positive growth response to putrescine, spermidine or spermine. One of the mutants is deficient in ornithine decarboxylase activity and has been designated put-I. Both mutants map on linkage group VR, fail to complement and are infertile when crossed to one another, indicating that they are probably alleles. A putrescine auxotroph is incapable of suppressing a pro-4 mutant. The isolation of the mutants confirms that putrescine is an essential factor the normal growth of the organism, and is synthesized via a single pathway in Neurospora."}
{"id": "PMID:145826", "title": "Contact dermatitis due to multiple corticosteroid creams.", "content": "A patient was allergic to the corticosteroids halcinonide, fluocinonide, desonide, and triamcinolone acetonide. She also was allergic to ethylendiamine hydrochloride, neomycin, thimerosal, formaldehyde solution, and nystatin.", "contents": "Contact dermatitis due to multiple corticosteroid creams. A patient was allergic to the corticosteroids halcinonide, fluocinonide, desonide, and triamcinolone acetonide. She also was allergic to ethylendiamine hydrochloride, neomycin, thimerosal, formaldehyde solution, and nystatin."}
{"id": "PMID:145827", "title": "Thyroid neoplasms after radiation therapy for adolescent acne vulgaris.", "content": "There is a potential hazard of thyroid cancer after exposure to external irradiation for the treatment of adolescent acne vulgaris. We noted a 60% incidence of thyroid carcinoma among 20 patients with such a history, who were operated on for thyroid nodules during a five-year period. Eighty-three percent of the patients with carcinoma had either a follicular or a mixed papillary-follicular carcinoma; 17% had a papillary carcinoma; 33% had regional node metastases; none had evidence of distant metastases. The interval between radiation exposure and thyroidectomy ranged from nine to 41 years. This association of thyroid neoplasms and a prior history of radiation for acne vulgaris may be coincidental and therefore remains to be proved by retrospective surveys of large numbers of treated patients with appropriate controls.", "contents": "Thyroid neoplasms after radiation therapy for adolescent acne vulgaris. There is a potential hazard of thyroid cancer after exposure to external irradiation for the treatment of adolescent acne vulgaris. We noted a 60% incidence of thyroid carcinoma among 20 patients with such a history, who were operated on for thyroid nodules during a five-year period. Eighty-three percent of the patients with carcinoma had either a follicular or a mixed papillary-follicular carcinoma; 17% had a papillary carcinoma; 33% had regional node metastases; none had evidence of distant metastases. The interval between radiation exposure and thyroidectomy ranged from nine to 41 years. This association of thyroid neoplasms and a prior history of radiation for acne vulgaris may be coincidental and therefore remains to be proved by retrospective surveys of large numbers of treated patients with appropriate controls."}
{"id": "PMID:145828", "title": "The role of microorganisms in diaper dermatitis.", "content": "A quantitative microbiological survey of multiple sites in the diaper area in 40 normal infants and 100 infants with various forms of diaper dermatitis showed (1) no significant differences between normal infants and those with common chafing form of diaper dermatitis except for a low number of Staphylococcus aureus organisms in 50% of those with chafing dermatitis compared to no S aureus in normals; (2) S aureus occurred in high numbers in every case of atopic dermatitis and was frequently found at much lower levels in psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and chafing dermatitis; (3) Candida albicans occurred in 80% of cases clinically diagnosed as moniliasis localized to the diaper area and in 33% of those suspected of Candida infection with dissemination beyond the diaper area, while C albicans was found in only five of 145 culture sites in 40 normal infants.", "contents": "The role of microorganisms in diaper dermatitis. A quantitative microbiological survey of multiple sites in the diaper area in 40 normal infants and 100 infants with various forms of diaper dermatitis showed (1) no significant differences between normal infants and those with common chafing form of diaper dermatitis except for a low number of Staphylococcus aureus organisms in 50% of those with chafing dermatitis compared to no S aureus in normals; (2) S aureus occurred in high numbers in every case of atopic dermatitis and was frequently found at much lower levels in psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and chafing dermatitis; (3) Candida albicans occurred in 80% of cases clinically diagnosed as moniliasis localized to the diaper area and in 33% of those suspected of Candida infection with dissemination beyond the diaper area, while C albicans was found in only five of 145 culture sites in 40 normal infants."}
{"id": "PMID:145829", "title": "Familial balanced translocation 4p+/17q- as a suggested cause of primary trisomy-21 Down's syndrome.", "content": "A case is presented in which a 4p+/17q- familial balanced reciprocal translocation in the mother produced a son with primary trisomy-21, as well as the structural chromosomal anomaly. A number of similar situations have been reported, suggesting that the two events are related. In practice, this (as well as other direct risks) should be taken into account when counseling those families in which one parent carries a balanced translocation. A hypothesis, based on experiments in Drosophila, has been put forward by Grell to explain the mechanism which links the balanced structural abnormality to an aneuploidy of chromosomes not taking part in the structural change, and this has been extended to similar human situations.", "contents": "Familial balanced translocation 4p+/17q- as a suggested cause of primary trisomy-21 Down's syndrome. A case is presented in which a 4p+/17q- familial balanced reciprocal translocation in the mother produced a son with primary trisomy-21, as well as the structural chromosomal anomaly. A number of similar situations have been reported, suggesting that the two events are related. In practice, this (as well as other direct risks) should be taken into account when counseling those families in which one parent carries a balanced translocation. A hypothesis, based on experiments in Drosophila, has been put forward by Grell to explain the mechanism which links the balanced structural abnormality to an aneuploidy of chromosomes not taking part in the structural change, and this has been extended to similar human situations."}
{"id": "PMID:145830", "title": "[Autoradiographic investigations in actinic (senile) comedones (author's transl].", "content": "Skin specimens of patients suffering from actinic comedones, young patients with acne vulgaris, and normal controls of the same age groups respectively were subjected to in vitro autoradiography. From the results it can be concluded, that a rise in the proliferational activity in the follicular infundibulum due to actinic stimuli is responsible for the development and growth of actinic comedones.", "contents": "[Autoradiographic investigations in actinic (senile) comedones (author's transl]. Skin specimens of patients suffering from actinic comedones, young patients with acne vulgaris, and normal controls of the same age groups respectively were subjected to in vitro autoradiography. From the results it can be concluded, that a rise in the proliferational activity in the follicular infundibulum due to actinic stimuli is responsible for the development and growth of actinic comedones."}
{"id": "PMID:145831", "title": "Musculoskeletal manifestations of bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "The records of 180 patients out of 247 with bacterial endocarditis were examined. 50 patients had rheumatic manifestations. In 10 there was arthritis of 2-12 weeks' duration before diagnosis; 19 had myalgia/arthralgia; 17 had back or neck pain; 14 had demonstrable arthritis; and 2 tenosynovitis of the foot. Of the 14 patients with arthritis, 8 had monarticular arthritis and 6 polyarticular. All but one patient had a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and in one patient rheumatoid factor was positive. The rheumatic features responded when the endocarditis was treated. Some of the symptoms undoubtedly resulted from the infection and fever of the endocarditis, and emboli may have caused the transient aches but there was no evidence that they caused the synovitis in the patients with arthritis. The rheumatic manifestations of bacterial endocarditis can mimic other rheumatic diseases and disguise the underlying disease.", "contents": "Musculoskeletal manifestations of bacterial endocarditis. The records of 180 patients out of 247 with bacterial endocarditis were examined. 50 patients had rheumatic manifestations. In 10 there was arthritis of 2-12 weeks' duration before diagnosis; 19 had myalgia/arthralgia; 17 had back or neck pain; 14 had demonstrable arthritis; and 2 tenosynovitis of the foot. Of the 14 patients with arthritis, 8 had monarticular arthritis and 6 polyarticular. All but one patient had a raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and in one patient rheumatoid factor was positive. The rheumatic features responded when the endocarditis was treated. Some of the symptoms undoubtedly resulted from the infection and fever of the endocarditis, and emboli may have caused the transient aches but there was no evidence that they caused the synovitis in the patients with arthritis. The rheumatic manifestations of bacterial endocarditis can mimic other rheumatic diseases and disguise the underlying disease."}
{"id": "PMID:145832", "title": "Gold-induced immune complex nephritis in seronegative rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Proteinuria, with or without the nephrotic syndrome, developed in 8 patients with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis after the institution of gold therapy. Light microscope examination of renal biopsies showed normal findings in 7, and a focal increase in the mesangial matrix of one glomerulus in the eighth. In all patients immunofluorescence showed deposits of IgG and C3 along the glomerular basement membrane, indicative of immune complex nephritis. The renal biopsies of 5 patients were studied with the electron microscope and subepithelial deposits were detected in all. The Rose-Waaler test for the detection of IgM-rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) was repeatedly negative in all patients. These results suggest that the development of gold nephropathy may be related to an absence of IgM-RF in serum.", "contents": "Gold-induced immune complex nephritis in seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. Proteinuria, with or without the nephrotic syndrome, developed in 8 patients with seronegative rheumatoid arthritis after the institution of gold therapy. Light microscope examination of renal biopsies showed normal findings in 7, and a focal increase in the mesangial matrix of one glomerulus in the eighth. In all patients immunofluorescence showed deposits of IgG and C3 along the glomerular basement membrane, indicative of immune complex nephritis. The renal biopsies of 5 patients were studied with the electron microscope and subepithelial deposits were detected in all. The Rose-Waaler test for the detection of IgM-rheumatoid factor (IgM-RF) was repeatedly negative in all patients. These results suggest that the development of gold nephropathy may be related to an absence of IgM-RF in serum."}
{"id": "PMID:145833", "title": "Surgical management of congenital pulmonary valve dysplasia.", "content": "Pulmonary valvular stenosis secondary to congenital valve dysplasia differs markedly from the classic variety of pulmonary stenosis. The reported mortality of patients treated by standard commissurotomy is 38 to 66%. The clinical features and operative management of 14 patients with dysplastic pulmonary valves are reviewed. Three groups of patients were studied. Group 1 consisted of 5 patients treated by commissurotomy. Group 2 comprised 3 patients treated by partial excision of the valve. In neither group were there operative deaths, but 5 of the 8 patients developed recurrent stenosis; 3 required reoperation. In 1975, because of the high incidence of recurrent stenosis, total valvectomy was begun. Ten patients (Group 3) have undergone valvectomy with 1 death. Nine patients were doing well at 3 to 15 months of follow-up. Based on the reported mortality and present findings, total excision of the valve is recommended for relief of stenosis in pulmonary valve dysplasia.", "contents": "Surgical management of congenital pulmonary valve dysplasia. Pulmonary valvular stenosis secondary to congenital valve dysplasia differs markedly from the classic variety of pulmonary stenosis. The reported mortality of patients treated by standard commissurotomy is 38 to 66%. The clinical features and operative management of 14 patients with dysplastic pulmonary valves are reviewed. Three groups of patients were studied. Group 1 consisted of 5 patients treated by commissurotomy. Group 2 comprised 3 patients treated by partial excision of the valve. In neither group were there operative deaths, but 5 of the 8 patients developed recurrent stenosis; 3 required reoperation. In 1975, because of the high incidence of recurrent stenosis, total valvectomy was begun. Ten patients (Group 3) have undergone valvectomy with 1 death. Nine patients were doing well at 3 to 15 months of follow-up. Based on the reported mortality and present findings, total excision of the valve is recommended for relief of stenosis in pulmonary valve dysplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:145834", "title": "The effects of different amphetamines on copulatory behaviour and stereotype activity in the female rat, after treatment with monoamine depletors and synthesis inhibitors.", "content": "The effects of treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alphaMPT), parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA) and reserpine in combination with D- or L-amphetamine on copulatory behaviour and stereotype activity was studied in estrogen + progesterone treated ovariectomized rats. In doses which clearly prevented D- and L-amphetamine-induced stereotype activity alphaMPT or pCPA did not influence the effect of D- and L-amphetamine on lordosis response. Reserpine treatment decreased the enhanced stereotype activity after D- and L-amphetamine but did not decrease the effect on the copulatory behaviour. Pretreatment with pCPA or reserpine clearly reduced the effect of fenfluramine on the lordosis response. It is suggested that different mechanisms of action are involved in the D-amphetamine effect on the lordosis response and on stereotype activity. The present data give further evidence that the lordosis inhibitory effect of fenfluramine is mediated by 5-HT-mechanisms. The mechanism by which L-amphetamine inhibits the lordosis response seems to be different from both the action of fenfluramine and the effect of D-amphetamine.", "contents": "The effects of different amphetamines on copulatory behaviour and stereotype activity in the female rat, after treatment with monoamine depletors and synthesis inhibitors. The effects of treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (alphaMPT), parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA) and reserpine in combination with D- or L-amphetamine on copulatory behaviour and stereotype activity was studied in estrogen + progesterone treated ovariectomized rats. In doses which clearly prevented D- and L-amphetamine-induced stereotype activity alphaMPT or pCPA did not influence the effect of D- and L-amphetamine on lordosis response. Reserpine treatment decreased the enhanced stereotype activity after D- and L-amphetamine but did not decrease the effect on the copulatory behaviour. Pretreatment with pCPA or reserpine clearly reduced the effect of fenfluramine on the lordosis response. It is suggested that different mechanisms of action are involved in the D-amphetamine effect on the lordosis response and on stereotype activity. The present data give further evidence that the lordosis inhibitory effect of fenfluramine is mediated by 5-HT-mechanisms. The mechanism by which L-amphetamine inhibits the lordosis response seems to be different from both the action of fenfluramine and the effect of D-amphetamine."}
{"id": "PMID:145835", "title": "Peritoneoscopy for the diagnosis of left lobe lesions of the liver.", "content": "Peritoneoscopy and direct-vision liver biopsy are simple, safe, and accurate methods for the documentation of focal lesions predominantly involving the left lobe of the liver or the left portion of the right lobe. Focal lesions of the left lobe of the liver constitute a major indication for peritoneoscopy and direct-vision biopsy of the liver when its use is not contraindicated and when blind percutaneous biopsy or biopsies and cytologic examination have failed to establish the diagnosis.", "contents": "Peritoneoscopy for the diagnosis of left lobe lesions of the liver. Peritoneoscopy and direct-vision liver biopsy are simple, safe, and accurate methods for the documentation of focal lesions predominantly involving the left lobe of the liver or the left portion of the right lobe. Focal lesions of the left lobe of the liver constitute a major indication for peritoneoscopy and direct-vision biopsy of the liver when its use is not contraindicated and when blind percutaneous biopsy or biopsies and cytologic examination have failed to establish the diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:145839", "title": "Neurophysiological experiments on intention tremor (author's transl).", "content": "During a postural innervation, cerebellar intention tremor can be produced by applying direct stimulus to the muscle. The stimulus is followed by a silent period of 160 to 200 ms, which exceeds the normal variation. Simultaneously, a massive rebound in the antagonistic muscle is evoked due to the tension reflex in the agonistic muscle. Passive shortening or stretching of the voluntarily activated muscle has no effect: there is no silent period in the shortened muscle, no rebound in the stretched muscle, and, consequently, little or no oscillation follows. The spindle apparatus seems irrelevant to the development of intention tremor. The feedback mechanism of the Golgi-inhibition systems is discussed. These findings cannot be explained by assuming a central pacemaker.", "contents": "Neurophysiological experiments on intention tremor (author's transl). During a postural innervation, cerebellar intention tremor can be produced by applying direct stimulus to the muscle. The stimulus is followed by a silent period of 160 to 200 ms, which exceeds the normal variation. Simultaneously, a massive rebound in the antagonistic muscle is evoked due to the tension reflex in the agonistic muscle. Passive shortening or stretching of the voluntarily activated muscle has no effect: there is no silent period in the shortened muscle, no rebound in the stretched muscle, and, consequently, little or no oscillation follows. The spindle apparatus seems irrelevant to the development of intention tremor. The feedback mechanism of the Golgi-inhibition systems is discussed. These findings cannot be explained by assuming a central pacemaker."}
{"id": "PMID:145840", "title": "Apomorphine hydrochloride-induced improvement in Huntington's chorea: stimulation of dopamine receptor.", "content": "Four patients affected by Huntington's chorea (HC) with a well defined family history of the disease were injected intramuscularly with apomorphine hydrochloride in nonemetic doses, ranging from 1 to 4 mg. Soon after treatment, all patients showed a marked decrease in abnormal involuntary movements. Pretreatment with haloperidol (2 mg intramuscularly) or sulpiride (100 mg intramuscularly) 30 minutes prior to apomorphine treatment, prevented the therapeutic effect of this compound. It is suggested that apomorphine-induced improvement in Huntington's Chorea is mediated by the stimulation of a special kind of dopamine receptor, leading to inhibition of the activity of dopaminergic neurons.", "contents": "Apomorphine hydrochloride-induced improvement in Huntington's chorea: stimulation of dopamine receptor. Four patients affected by Huntington's chorea (HC) with a well defined family history of the disease were injected intramuscularly with apomorphine hydrochloride in nonemetic doses, ranging from 1 to 4 mg. Soon after treatment, all patients showed a marked decrease in abnormal involuntary movements. Pretreatment with haloperidol (2 mg intramuscularly) or sulpiride (100 mg intramuscularly) 30 minutes prior to apomorphine treatment, prevented the therapeutic effect of this compound. It is suggested that apomorphine-induced improvement in Huntington's Chorea is mediated by the stimulation of a special kind of dopamine receptor, leading to inhibition of the activity of dopaminergic neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:145843", "title": "[Biometry of the malignant glaucoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The survey of a population of 7 patients with malignant glaucoma, whose 3 were bilateral, showed that the total length of these eyes was weaker, the corneal radius shorter, the anterior chamber more shallow and the insertion of the lens more anterior than that of eyeballs with angle-closure glaucoma on the whole. These latter, we must remind, are already smaller than normal eyes. But this lessening of size does not affect the corneal diameter which remains always normal. And the lens, which is greater than normally in the angle-closure glaucoma, in the contrary is normal or smaller in the malignant glaucoma. The authors think that this little size of the lens allows it to be dislocated anteriorly through the limbal ring after the operation, and so is the cause of the post-surgical malignant glaucoma.", "contents": "[Biometry of the malignant glaucoma (author's transl)]. The survey of a population of 7 patients with malignant glaucoma, whose 3 were bilateral, showed that the total length of these eyes was weaker, the corneal radius shorter, the anterior chamber more shallow and the insertion of the lens more anterior than that of eyeballs with angle-closure glaucoma on the whole. These latter, we must remind, are already smaller than normal eyes. But this lessening of size does not affect the corneal diameter which remains always normal. And the lens, which is greater than normally in the angle-closure glaucoma, in the contrary is normal or smaller in the malignant glaucoma. The authors think that this little size of the lens allows it to be dislocated anteriorly through the limbal ring after the operation, and so is the cause of the post-surgical malignant glaucoma."}
{"id": "PMID:145844", "title": "[The retro-equatorial muscular strapping. A technical adaptation of Cuppers's Faden-Operation. A preliminary report (author's transl)].", "content": "Reckoning up the Balance-sheet of about 300 Faden-operations performed during two years in blocking convergent squints, the Authors note that whether this operation is absolutely appointed in various forms of horizontal incomitances in which the spasmodic factor is prevalent on the other hand in moderate forms it does not seem to give better results than classic muscular surgery. After having detailed the characteristics and technical difficulties of this operation, first they mention that its effects are unforeseeable in spite of a previous careful clinical examination; then moreover, it has a binding character. In many cases reoperations allowed to notice a considerable sclerosis of the formerly operated muscle and neighbouring capsule. To avoid these drawbacks, instead of a muscular fastening, they make a retroequatorial strapping on the sclera. They describe the successive steps in their procedure, which appears having many benefits with regard to the original Faden-operation.", "contents": "[The retro-equatorial muscular strapping. A technical adaptation of Cuppers's Faden-Operation. A preliminary report (author's transl)]. Reckoning up the Balance-sheet of about 300 Faden-operations performed during two years in blocking convergent squints, the Authors note that whether this operation is absolutely appointed in various forms of horizontal incomitances in which the spasmodic factor is prevalent on the other hand in moderate forms it does not seem to give better results than classic muscular surgery. After having detailed the characteristics and technical difficulties of this operation, first they mention that its effects are unforeseeable in spite of a previous careful clinical examination; then moreover, it has a binding character. In many cases reoperations allowed to notice a considerable sclerosis of the formerly operated muscle and neighbouring capsule. To avoid these drawbacks, instead of a muscular fastening, they make a retroequatorial strapping on the sclera. They describe the successive steps in their procedure, which appears having many benefits with regard to the original Faden-operation."}
{"id": "PMID:145845", "title": "[The influence of the type of monofilament suture on re-epithelialisation of corneal grafts (author's transl)].", "content": "We have investigated whether a correlation exists between the quality of graft epithelialisation and three types of suture: triangular sutures, continuous and interrupted sutures. The study concerns 192 randomly chosen keratoplasties, performed by the same surgeon using suture material of 9 or 10/0 monofilament. We used the chi2 test for statistical analysis. No correlation was found to exist between the quality of epithelialisation and the type of sutures. By contrast the aetiology of the corneal disease had a highly significant influence (alpha at 1%) on the quality of this epithelialisation, with this correlation persisting whatever type of suturing was used.", "contents": "[The influence of the type of monofilament suture on re-epithelialisation of corneal grafts (author's transl)]. We have investigated whether a correlation exists between the quality of graft epithelialisation and three types of suture: triangular sutures, continuous and interrupted sutures. The study concerns 192 randomly chosen keratoplasties, performed by the same surgeon using suture material of 9 or 10/0 monofilament. We used the chi2 test for statistical analysis. No correlation was found to exist between the quality of epithelialisation and the type of sutures. By contrast the aetiology of the corneal disease had a highly significant influence (alpha at 1%) on the quality of this epithelialisation, with this correlation persisting whatever type of suturing was used."}
{"id": "PMID:145846", "title": "[Soluble therapeutic implants in ophthalmology (author's transl)].", "content": "The insertion into the conjunctival sac of a soluble polyacylamide implant (2.A.A.) makes it possible to obtain high and durable concentrations of drugs in the eye.", "contents": "[Soluble therapeutic implants in ophthalmology (author's transl)]. The insertion into the conjunctival sac of a soluble polyacylamide implant (2.A.A.) makes it possible to obtain high and durable concentrations of drugs in the eye."}
{"id": "PMID:145847", "title": "[Experimental phaco-emulsification in the rabbit. Induced corneal endothelial lesions, regeneration at 24 hours (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate action of the Shock phacofragmentor's tip vibrations; this study was done in rabbit corneal endothelium: 1--Tip in the anterior chamber close to the cornea and iterative entrances by the incision; 2--In order to avoid some endothelial injuries, it appears necessary to introduce the instrument only once and also use the vibrations only inside the nucleus. Then the lens materials can be removed by irrigation and or aspiration.", "contents": "[Experimental phaco-emulsification in the rabbit. Induced corneal endothelial lesions, regeneration at 24 hours (author's transl)]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate action of the Shock phacofragmentor's tip vibrations; this study was done in rabbit corneal endothelium: 1--Tip in the anterior chamber close to the cornea and iterative entrances by the incision; 2--In order to avoid some endothelial injuries, it appears necessary to introduce the instrument only once and also use the vibrations only inside the nucleus. Then the lens materials can be removed by irrigation and or aspiration."}
{"id": "PMID:145848", "title": "[The action of instilled physostigmine on the acetylcholine content of the bovine ciliary body (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have compared the content of acetylcholine (ACh) of the two ciliary bodies (150 microgram of tissue) after the instillation of a stimulating dose of a 1% aqueous solution of physostigmine (10 applications of three drops at intervals of three minutes) into the conjunctival fornix of one eye. Kymographic measurements on guinea-pig ileum demonstrated an average elevation of the ACh content in the instilled ciliary bodies (0.48 microgram) against the controls (0.33 micron). The eyes were enucleated one hour after the last application.", "contents": "[The action of instilled physostigmine on the acetylcholine content of the bovine ciliary body (author's transl)]. The authors have compared the content of acetylcholine (ACh) of the two ciliary bodies (150 microgram of tissue) after the instillation of a stimulating dose of a 1% aqueous solution of physostigmine (10 applications of three drops at intervals of three minutes) into the conjunctival fornix of one eye. Kymographic measurements on guinea-pig ileum demonstrated an average elevation of the ACh content in the instilled ciliary bodies (0.48 microgram) against the controls (0.33 micron). The eyes were enucleated one hour after the last application."}
{"id": "PMID:145851", "title": "Early effects of ethacrynic acid on cochlear histochemistry.", "content": "We have investigated the histochemical changes in the succinodehydrogenase (SDH) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme systems of the guinea pig cochlea at 30, 60, and 240 minutes following the intracardiac injection of ethacrynic acid. In control animals, there is intense SDH activity in the stria vascularis, spiral prominence, and hair cells. At all periods after ethacrynic acid injection, there was decreased activity of SDH in the outer hair cells in the basal turn. The activity of SDH in the stria vascularis and spiral prominence was equally as intense as in control animals at all periods, however. Strong ATPase activity in control animals was demonstrated by dark-brown precipitations in the external sulcus cells, stria vascularis, and hair cells. The ATPase activity was decreased at 60 minutes after ethacrynic acid injection only in the stria vascularis. The importance of these results is discussed.", "contents": "Early effects of ethacrynic acid on cochlear histochemistry. We have investigated the histochemical changes in the succinodehydrogenase (SDH) and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) enzyme systems of the guinea pig cochlea at 30, 60, and 240 minutes following the intracardiac injection of ethacrynic acid. In control animals, there is intense SDH activity in the stria vascularis, spiral prominence, and hair cells. At all periods after ethacrynic acid injection, there was decreased activity of SDH in the outer hair cells in the basal turn. The activity of SDH in the stria vascularis and spiral prominence was equally as intense as in control animals at all periods, however. Strong ATPase activity in control animals was demonstrated by dark-brown precipitations in the external sulcus cells, stria vascularis, and hair cells. The ATPase activity was decreased at 60 minutes after ethacrynic acid injection only in the stria vascularis. The importance of these results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145855", "title": "Protein synthesis during right-ventricular hypertrophy after pulmonary-artery stenosis in the dog.", "content": "The rate of protein synthesis in the heart of normal dogs and those with pulmonary-artery stenosis was measured by a continuous intravenous infusion of [14C]tyrosine. The protein-synthesis rate of both ventricles was the same in normal dogs and averaged 7.5% per day. The right ventricle hypertrophied rapidly after the acute imposition of pulmonary-artery stenosis, the wet weight increasing by 84% after 24 days, with the rate of increase being most rapid over the first 5 days. The left ventricle remained largely unaffected and served as an internal control. During hypertrophy there was an increased incorporation of [14C]tyrosine into protein without a significant change in the specific radioactivity of free tyrosine in the ventricles. After 5 days of stenosis the synthesis rate of the total mixed proteins of the right ventricle had increased to 13.6% per day, compared with 6.2% in the control left ventricle. This increase in synthesis was reflected in both the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins. After 5 days the protein-synthesis rate decreased, but still remained significantly elevated above that in the control left ventricle by 24 days of stenosis.", "contents": "Protein synthesis during right-ventricular hypertrophy after pulmonary-artery stenosis in the dog. The rate of protein synthesis in the heart of normal dogs and those with pulmonary-artery stenosis was measured by a continuous intravenous infusion of [14C]tyrosine. The protein-synthesis rate of both ventricles was the same in normal dogs and averaged 7.5% per day. The right ventricle hypertrophied rapidly after the acute imposition of pulmonary-artery stenosis, the wet weight increasing by 84% after 24 days, with the rate of increase being most rapid over the first 5 days. The left ventricle remained largely unaffected and served as an internal control. During hypertrophy there was an increased incorporation of [14C]tyrosine into protein without a significant change in the specific radioactivity of free tyrosine in the ventricles. After 5 days of stenosis the synthesis rate of the total mixed proteins of the right ventricle had increased to 13.6% per day, compared with 6.2% in the control left ventricle. This increase in synthesis was reflected in both the myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins. After 5 days the protein-synthesis rate decreased, but still remained significantly elevated above that in the control left ventricle by 24 days of stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:145856", "title": "The catabolism of intravenously injected heparan N-[35S] sulphate in the rat.", "content": "The metabolic fate of heparan N-[(35)S]sulphate was studied in rats. Heparan sulphate was obtained from either bovine aorta or lung and labelled with (35)S by desulphation and subsequent resulphation in vitro. Experiments in which heparan N-[(35)S]sulphate was administered intravenously to either free-range or wholly anaesthetized rats with ureter cannulae established that substantial desulphation occurs in vivo, with elimination of inorganic [(35)S]sulphate in urine. Oligosaccharides labelled with (35)S, possible intermediates in heparan sulphate degradation, could not be detected in urine or blood. The general distribution of radioactivity after administration of heparan N-[(35)S]sulphate, as demonstrated by whole-body radioautography, suggested that desulphation was not restricted to one organ in particular. Support for this view was obtained in experiments in which heparan N-[(35)S]sulphate was administered to animals after the removal of kidneys, liver, spleen, pancreas or gastrointestinal tract. In all cases inorganic [(35)S]sulphate was still produced. The ability of rats of desulphate heparan N-[(35)S]sulphate was progressively impaired by increasing concentrations of heparin administered simultaneously. It was concluded that heparan sulphate is metabolized at a number of sites in the body by a sequence of degradative events leading to the formation of inorganic sulphate. It is also concluded that at least some of these events are common to heparan sulphate and heparin.", "contents": "The catabolism of intravenously injected heparan N-[35S] sulphate in the rat. The metabolic fate of heparan N-[(35)S]sulphate was studied in rats. Heparan sulphate was obtained from either bovine aorta or lung and labelled with (35)S by desulphation and subsequent resulphation in vitro. Experiments in which heparan N-[(35)S]sulphate was administered intravenously to either free-range or wholly anaesthetized rats with ureter cannulae established that substantial desulphation occurs in vivo, with elimination of inorganic [(35)S]sulphate in urine. Oligosaccharides labelled with (35)S, possible intermediates in heparan sulphate degradation, could not be detected in urine or blood. The general distribution of radioactivity after administration of heparan N-[(35)S]sulphate, as demonstrated by whole-body radioautography, suggested that desulphation was not restricted to one organ in particular. Support for this view was obtained in experiments in which heparan N-[(35)S]sulphate was administered to animals after the removal of kidneys, liver, spleen, pancreas or gastrointestinal tract. In all cases inorganic [(35)S]sulphate was still produced. The ability of rats of desulphate heparan N-[(35)S]sulphate was progressively impaired by increasing concentrations of heparin administered simultaneously. It was concluded that heparan sulphate is metabolized at a number of sites in the body by a sequence of degradative events leading to the formation of inorganic sulphate. It is also concluded that at least some of these events are common to heparan sulphate and heparin."}
{"id": "PMID:145857", "title": "Characteristics of sarcoplasmic reticulum from slowly glycolysing and from rapidly glycolysing pig skeletal muscle post mortem.", "content": "The composition and function of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum from pig skeletal muscle was examined in the period immediately post mortem. Muscle was defined as being either slowly glycolysing or rapidly glycolysing on the basis of colour, pH and concentrations of glycogen and lactate. The microsomal fraction was separated on a discontinuous gradient of 35, 40 and 45% (w/v) sucrose into heavy and intermediate fractions which sedimented to the interfaces, and a light fraction which remained on the surface of the 35%-sucrose layer. The sarcoplasmic reticulum from rapidly glycolysing muscle had a lower buoyant density than had that from slowly glycolysing muscle. This was reflected in the consistent lack of material in the heavy fraction and a greater proportion in the light fraction. The latter material had significantly lower ratios (w/w) of protein to phospholipid (2.3:1 versus 3.8:1) and of protein to cholesterol (10.4:1 versus 15.6:1). There were no gross differences in phospholipid content or in fatty acid composition of individual phospholipid classes in the membranes from the two types of muscle. Analysis of membrane proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed that ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) was a major component of each fraction and that its contribution to the total protein content of the membrane was greater in rapidly glycolysing muscle, suggesting a loss of non-ATPase proteins. The two fractions of sarcoplasmic reticulum prepared from rapidly glycolysing muscle had approximately one-third the normal activities of Ca(2+) binding and Ca(2+) uptake in the presence of ATP and one-half the passive Ca(2+)-binding capacity in the absence of ATP of the fractions from slowly glycolysing muscle. However, the (Ca(2+)+Mg(2+))-stimulated ATPase activities were similar. Efflux from actively loaded vesicles, after the addition of EDTA, consisted of a rapid and a slow phase. Vesicles from rapidly glycolysing muscle lost 60% of associated Ca(2+) (approx. 0.10mumol of Ca(2+)/mg of protein) during the rapid phase, compared with 30% (approx. 0.17mumol of Ca(2+)/mg of protein) in those from slowly glycolysing muscle. The efflux rate during the slower phase was comparable in both types of vesicles. Analysis of the temperature-dependence of (Ca(2+)+Mg(2+))-stimulated ATPase activity revealed that a high-activation-energy process operating in the temperature range 31-45 degrees C in the intermediate and light fractions from slowly glycolysing muscle was not apparent in vesicles from rapidly glycolysing muscle. Conditions that result in the prolonged activation of glycogenolysis in pig muscle post mortem primarily affect the protein components of the sarcoplasmic-reticular membrane, giving rise to a loss of loosely associated proteins. The function of the membranes observed under these conditions does not appear to be due to enhanced permeability of the membrane to Ca(2+) and may be the result of a defect in the transport of Ca(2+) into the vesicles.", "contents": "Characteristics of sarcoplasmic reticulum from slowly glycolysing and from rapidly glycolysing pig skeletal muscle post mortem. The composition and function of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum from pig skeletal muscle was examined in the period immediately post mortem. Muscle was defined as being either slowly glycolysing or rapidly glycolysing on the basis of colour, pH and concentrations of glycogen and lactate. The microsomal fraction was separated on a discontinuous gradient of 35, 40 and 45% (w/v) sucrose into heavy and intermediate fractions which sedimented to the interfaces, and a light fraction which remained on the surface of the 35%-sucrose layer. The sarcoplasmic reticulum from rapidly glycolysing muscle had a lower buoyant density than had that from slowly glycolysing muscle. This was reflected in the consistent lack of material in the heavy fraction and a greater proportion in the light fraction. The latter material had significantly lower ratios (w/w) of protein to phospholipid (2.3:1 versus 3.8:1) and of protein to cholesterol (10.4:1 versus 15.6:1). There were no gross differences in phospholipid content or in fatty acid composition of individual phospholipid classes in the membranes from the two types of muscle. Analysis of membrane proteins by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis showed that ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) was a major component of each fraction and that its contribution to the total protein content of the membrane was greater in rapidly glycolysing muscle, suggesting a loss of non-ATPase proteins. The two fractions of sarcoplasmic reticulum prepared from rapidly glycolysing muscle had approximately one-third the normal activities of Ca(2+) binding and Ca(2+) uptake in the presence of ATP and one-half the passive Ca(2+)-binding capacity in the absence of ATP of the fractions from slowly glycolysing muscle. However, the (Ca(2+)+Mg(2+))-stimulated ATPase activities were similar. Efflux from actively loaded vesicles, after the addition of EDTA, consisted of a rapid and a slow phase. Vesicles from rapidly glycolysing muscle lost 60% of associated Ca(2+) (approx. 0.10mumol of Ca(2+)/mg of protein) during the rapid phase, compared with 30% (approx. 0.17mumol of Ca(2+)/mg of protein) in those from slowly glycolysing muscle. The efflux rate during the slower phase was comparable in both types of vesicles. Analysis of the temperature-dependence of (Ca(2+)+Mg(2+))-stimulated ATPase activity revealed that a high-activation-energy process operating in the temperature range 31-45 degrees C in the intermediate and light fractions from slowly glycolysing muscle was not apparent in vesicles from rapidly glycolysing muscle. Conditions that result in the prolonged activation of glycogenolysis in pig muscle post mortem primarily affect the protein components of the sarcoplasmic-reticular membrane, giving rise to a loss of loosely associated proteins. The function of the membranes observed under these conditions does not appear to be due to enhanced permeability of the membrane to Ca(2+) and may be the result of a defect in the transport of Ca(2+) into the vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:145858", "title": "Effects of noradrenaline on the activation and the stability of brain adenylate cyclase.", "content": "At constant 1 mM-ATP, the Mg2+-saturation curves for adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) particulate preparations obtained from corpus striatum and cortex tissues of rat brain show that addition of 0.1 mM-noradrenaline increases the apparent Vmax. for Mg2+ by 300% in corpus striatum particles, and by 280% in cortex particles. At 10 mM-MgCl2, the addition of 0.1 mM-noradrenaline increased by 800% the adenylate cyclase activity of corpus striatum particles. At all Mg2+ concentrations, the addition of 0.3 mM-CaCl2 suppressed the noradrenaline-induced stimulation of adenylate cyclase of corpus striatum particles, and even resulted in a strong inhibition of the activating effect of Mg2+ itself on adenylate cyclase of corpus striatum particles, and even resulted in a strong inhibition of the activating effect of Mg2+ itself on adenylate cyclase activity of cortex particles. The addition of noradrenaline during a 3 h preincubation of particle preparations of brain cortex at 38 degrees C decreased by more than 4-fold the half-life of the decay of adenylate cyclase activity. The addition of MgATP protected against noradrenaline-induced inactivation.", "contents": "Effects of noradrenaline on the activation and the stability of brain adenylate cyclase. At constant 1 mM-ATP, the Mg2+-saturation curves for adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) particulate preparations obtained from corpus striatum and cortex tissues of rat brain show that addition of 0.1 mM-noradrenaline increases the apparent Vmax. for Mg2+ by 300% in corpus striatum particles, and by 280% in cortex particles. At 10 mM-MgCl2, the addition of 0.1 mM-noradrenaline increased by 800% the adenylate cyclase activity of corpus striatum particles. At all Mg2+ concentrations, the addition of 0.3 mM-CaCl2 suppressed the noradrenaline-induced stimulation of adenylate cyclase of corpus striatum particles, and even resulted in a strong inhibition of the activating effect of Mg2+ itself on adenylate cyclase of corpus striatum particles, and even resulted in a strong inhibition of the activating effect of Mg2+ itself on adenylate cyclase activity of cortex particles. The addition of noradrenaline during a 3 h preincubation of particle preparations of brain cortex at 38 degrees C decreased by more than 4-fold the half-life of the decay of adenylate cyclase activity. The addition of MgATP protected against noradrenaline-induced inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:145859", "title": "The effects of unsaturated fatty acid depletion on the proton permeability and energetic functions of yeast mitochondria.", "content": "1. The fatty acid composition of the ole-1 and ole-1 petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was manipulated by growing the organism in the presence of defined supplements of Tween 80 or by allowing cells that had first been grown in the presence of Tween 80 to deplete their unsaturated fatty acids by sequent growth in the absence of Tween 80. 2. The transition temperature of Arrhenius plots of mitochondrial ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) increases as the unsaturated fatty acid content is lowered. 3. Cells require larger amounts of unsaturated fatty acids to grow on ethanol at lower temperatures. 4. Cells that stop growing owing to unsaturated fatty acid depletion at low temperatures are induced to grow further by raising the temperature and this results in a further depletion of unsaturated acids. This is due to a higher rate, but not a greater efficiency, of mitochondrial ATP synthesis. 5. Arrhenius plots of the passive permeability of mitochondria to protons between 4 and 37 degrees C are linear. The rate and the Arrhenius activation energy of proton entry increase greatly as the unsaturated fatty acid content is lowered. 6. Unsaturated fatty acid depletion has the same effects on the proton permeability of ole-1 petite mitochondria, indicating that the mitochondrially synthesized subunits of the ATPase are not involved in the enhanced rates of proton entry. 7. The adenylate energy charge of depleted ole-1 cells is greatly decreased by growth on ethanol medium. 8. The adenylate energy charge of isolated mitochondria is also lowered by unsaturated fatty acid depletion. 9. The results confirm that unsaturated fatty acid depletion uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in yeast both in vivo and in vitro, and is a consequence of changes in the lipid part of the membrane.", "contents": "The effects of unsaturated fatty acid depletion on the proton permeability and energetic functions of yeast mitochondria. 1. The fatty acid composition of the ole-1 and ole-1 petite mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was manipulated by growing the organism in the presence of defined supplements of Tween 80 or by allowing cells that had first been grown in the presence of Tween 80 to deplete their unsaturated fatty acids by sequent growth in the absence of Tween 80. 2. The transition temperature of Arrhenius plots of mitochondrial ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) increases as the unsaturated fatty acid content is lowered. 3. Cells require larger amounts of unsaturated fatty acids to grow on ethanol at lower temperatures. 4. Cells that stop growing owing to unsaturated fatty acid depletion at low temperatures are induced to grow further by raising the temperature and this results in a further depletion of unsaturated acids. This is due to a higher rate, but not a greater efficiency, of mitochondrial ATP synthesis. 5. Arrhenius plots of the passive permeability of mitochondria to protons between 4 and 37 degrees C are linear. The rate and the Arrhenius activation energy of proton entry increase greatly as the unsaturated fatty acid content is lowered. 6. Unsaturated fatty acid depletion has the same effects on the proton permeability of ole-1 petite mitochondria, indicating that the mitochondrially synthesized subunits of the ATPase are not involved in the enhanced rates of proton entry. 7. The adenylate energy charge of depleted ole-1 cells is greatly decreased by growth on ethanol medium. 8. The adenylate energy charge of isolated mitochondria is also lowered by unsaturated fatty acid depletion. 9. The results confirm that unsaturated fatty acid depletion uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in yeast both in vivo and in vitro, and is a consequence of changes in the lipid part of the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:145860", "title": "Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride, a covalent inhibitor of the adenosine triphosphate synthase complex.", "content": "1. The synthesis of dibutylchloromethyltin chloride, a new covalent inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthase [oligomycin-sensitive ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase)] complex is described, together with a method for preparing dibutylchloro[(3)H]methyltin chloride. 2. Studies with the yeast mitochondrial oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex show that dibutylchloromethyltin chloride inhibits both the membrane-bound enzyme and also the purified Triton X-100-dispersed preparation. 3. F(1)-ATPase is not inhibited even at 500nmol of dibutylchloromethyltin chloride/mg of protein, and the general inhibitory properties are similar to those of triethyltin, oligomycin and dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide, known energy-transfer inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. 4. Binding studies with yeast submitochondrial particles show that dibutylchloromethyltin chloride antagonizes the binding of triethyl[(113)Sn]tin, indicating that there is an interaction between the two inhibitor-binding sites. 5. Unlike triethyltin, inhibition by dibutylchloromethyltin chloride is due to a covalent interaction which titrates a component of the inner mitochondrial membrane present at a concentration of 8-9nmol/mg of protein. 6. All of the labelled component can be extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v), and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the chloroform/methanol extract indicates that the labelled component has an apparent mol.wt. of 6000-8000. However, t.l.c. reveals the presence of only one labelled component which is lipophilic and non-protein and is distinct from the free inhibitor, mitochondrial phospholipids and the dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide-binding protein (subunit 9). 7. Inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase and oxidative phosphorylation is correlated with specific interaction with a non-protein lipophilic component of the mitochondrial inner membrane which is proposed to be a co-factor or intermediate of oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Dibutylchloromethyltin chloride, a covalent inhibitor of the adenosine triphosphate synthase complex. 1. The synthesis of dibutylchloromethyltin chloride, a new covalent inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthase [oligomycin-sensitive ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase)] complex is described, together with a method for preparing dibutylchloro[(3)H]methyltin chloride. 2. Studies with the yeast mitochondrial oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex show that dibutylchloromethyltin chloride inhibits both the membrane-bound enzyme and also the purified Triton X-100-dispersed preparation. 3. F(1)-ATPase is not inhibited even at 500nmol of dibutylchloromethyltin chloride/mg of protein, and the general inhibitory properties are similar to those of triethyltin, oligomycin and dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide, known energy-transfer inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation. 4. Binding studies with yeast submitochondrial particles show that dibutylchloromethyltin chloride antagonizes the binding of triethyl[(113)Sn]tin, indicating that there is an interaction between the two inhibitor-binding sites. 5. Unlike triethyltin, inhibition by dibutylchloromethyltin chloride is due to a covalent interaction which titrates a component of the inner mitochondrial membrane present at a concentration of 8-9nmol/mg of protein. 6. All of the labelled component can be extracted with chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v), and sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the chloroform/methanol extract indicates that the labelled component has an apparent mol.wt. of 6000-8000. However, t.l.c. reveals the presence of only one labelled component which is lipophilic and non-protein and is distinct from the free inhibitor, mitochondrial phospholipids and the dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide-binding protein (subunit 9). 7. Inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase and oxidative phosphorylation is correlated with specific interaction with a non-protein lipophilic component of the mitochondrial inner membrane which is proposed to be a co-factor or intermediate of oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:145861", "title": "Inhibition of the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli by dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide.", "content": "The inhibition of the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli by DCCD (dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide) is studied under conditions of varying KCl concentration. An increase in K+ concentration and in other cations causes an increase in the DCCD sensitivity of the enzyme, as well as significant changes in the kinetic parameters.", "contents": "Inhibition of the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli by dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide. The inhibition of the membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli by DCCD (dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide) is studied under conditions of varying KCl concentration. An increase in K+ concentration and in other cations causes an increase in the DCCD sensitivity of the enzyme, as well as significant changes in the kinetic parameters."}
{"id": "PMID:145871", "title": "Streptozotocin-induced renal tumours in rats.", "content": "Forty-six separate renal tumours developed in 36/80 Wistar male rats given a single i.v. dose of streptozotocin (25 mg/kg body wt) to induce diabetes mellitus. Fourteen of the tumours were epithelial in type, 8 were wholly mesenchymal and 24 were largely mesenchymal but also contained epithelial elements. The purely epithelial tumours correspond to the renal adenomas and adenocarcinomas seen in man. The mesenchymal tumours were composed either of undifferentiated spindle cells or of a mixutre of poorly differentiated mesenchyme and epithelial glands. Microscopically, the mixed tumours resembled the nephroblastomas seen in man; both elements appeared to be malignant, but in the absence of metastases this remains unproven. The management of the diabetic state did not influence the incidence of tumours, but insulin appeared to enhance tumour growth.", "contents": "Streptozotocin-induced renal tumours in rats. Forty-six separate renal tumours developed in 36/80 Wistar male rats given a single i.v. dose of streptozotocin (25 mg/kg body wt) to induce diabetes mellitus. Fourteen of the tumours were epithelial in type, 8 were wholly mesenchymal and 24 were largely mesenchymal but also contained epithelial elements. The purely epithelial tumours correspond to the renal adenomas and adenocarcinomas seen in man. The mesenchymal tumours were composed either of undifferentiated spindle cells or of a mixutre of poorly differentiated mesenchyme and epithelial glands. Microscopically, the mixed tumours resembled the nephroblastomas seen in man; both elements appeared to be malignant, but in the absence of metastases this remains unproven. The management of the diabetic state did not influence the incidence of tumours, but insulin appeared to enhance tumour growth."}
{"id": "PMID:145872", "title": "Intense tumour-cell destruction by syngeneic mice: role of macrophages, complement activation and tumour-cell factors.", "content": "When injected i.p. and in large numbers (10(7)) into syngeneic mice, 125IUdR-labelled L1210 cells are rapidly destroyed in a small proportion of animals, while in the other animals the lysis is low. This bimodal distribution is clearly visible 24 h after cell injection. The intense lysis occurs in fewer animals when macrophage-derived lysosomal enzymes are inhibited by trypan blue and if the complement is depleted by high doses of cobra venom factor (CVF). The intense destruction occurs in more animals after adjuvant treatment, if the mice are latently contaminated, after a moderate production of C3b by low doses of CVF, or after the injection of a tumour-cell dialysate. The destruction seems to be the result of positive feedback reaction which involves at least macrophages and complement activation.", "contents": "Intense tumour-cell destruction by syngeneic mice: role of macrophages, complement activation and tumour-cell factors. When injected i.p. and in large numbers (10(7)) into syngeneic mice, 125IUdR-labelled L1210 cells are rapidly destroyed in a small proportion of animals, while in the other animals the lysis is low. This bimodal distribution is clearly visible 24 h after cell injection. The intense lysis occurs in fewer animals when macrophage-derived lysosomal enzymes are inhibited by trypan blue and if the complement is depleted by high doses of cobra venom factor (CVF). The intense destruction occurs in more animals after adjuvant treatment, if the mice are latently contaminated, after a moderate production of C3b by low doses of CVF, or after the injection of a tumour-cell dialysate. The destruction seems to be the result of positive feedback reaction which involves at least macrophages and complement activation."}
{"id": "PMID:145873", "title": "Reaction of (Na-K)ATPase with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole: evidence for an essential tyrosine at the active site.", "content": "The reaction of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole [NBD-Cl] with purified eel electrophax Na+ and K+ stimulated adenosine triphosphatase [(Na-K)ATPase] has been monitored by changes in the (Na-K)ATPase activity, the K+ stimulated p-nitrophenyl phosphatase [PNPase] activity, and the protein ultraviolet absorption spectrum. The NBD-Cl reacts with two tyrosine residues per mol of enzyme (approximately 6-7 nmol/mg of protein), as judged by changes in protein absorption spectra and incorporation of [14C]NBD-Cl. The modified tyrosine groups are located on the Mr = 95 000 polypeptide chain and react at different rates. Only one tyrosine modification is necessary for complete inhibition of (Na-K)ATPase activity, although both must be modified for complete inhibition of PNPase activity. Reversal of these modifications by 2-mercaptoethanol restores 65% of both activities. Na+ increases the rate of tyrosine modification, K+ decreases the rate, and ATP affords the more reactive tyrosine group complete protection. NBD-Cl modification of approximately 6-7 nmol of tyrosine groups/mg of protein results in a large decrease in ATP affinity as judged by equilibrium binding. These results are compared with similar results obtained from NBD-Cl modification of the coupling factors of oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. A model is presented suggesting an asymmetric arrangement of two 95 000 polypeptide chains with a single tyrosine residue at the ATP site.", "contents": "Reaction of (Na-K)ATPase with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole: evidence for an essential tyrosine at the active site. The reaction of 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole [NBD-Cl] with purified eel electrophax Na+ and K+ stimulated adenosine triphosphatase [(Na-K)ATPase] has been monitored by changes in the (Na-K)ATPase activity, the K+ stimulated p-nitrophenyl phosphatase [PNPase] activity, and the protein ultraviolet absorption spectrum. The NBD-Cl reacts with two tyrosine residues per mol of enzyme (approximately 6-7 nmol/mg of protein), as judged by changes in protein absorption spectra and incorporation of [14C]NBD-Cl. The modified tyrosine groups are located on the Mr = 95 000 polypeptide chain and react at different rates. Only one tyrosine modification is necessary for complete inhibition of (Na-K)ATPase activity, although both must be modified for complete inhibition of PNPase activity. Reversal of these modifications by 2-mercaptoethanol restores 65% of both activities. Na+ increases the rate of tyrosine modification, K+ decreases the rate, and ATP affords the more reactive tyrosine group complete protection. NBD-Cl modification of approximately 6-7 nmol of tyrosine groups/mg of protein results in a large decrease in ATP affinity as judged by equilibrium binding. These results are compared with similar results obtained from NBD-Cl modification of the coupling factors of oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. A model is presented suggesting an asymmetric arrangement of two 95 000 polypeptide chains with a single tyrosine residue at the ATP site."}
{"id": "PMID:145874", "title": "Tentoxin. An uncompetitive inhibitor of lettuce chloroplast coupling factor 1.", "content": "The interaction of tentoxin [cyclo-(-L-leucyl-N-methyl-(Z)-dehydrophenylalanyl-glycyl-N-methyl-L-alanyl-)] with solubilized lettuce chloroplast coupling factor 1 was characterized by direct binding studies, measurement of the time course of ATPase inhibition, and steady-state enzyme kinetics. Neither substrates, products or Ca2+ competed with the tentoxin binding site, nor did they induce any large change in tentoxin affinity. The inhibition of lettuce chloroplast coupling factor 1 ATPase was found to be the time dependent, and at equilibrium the affinities estimated by equilibrium ultrafiltration and enzyme inhibition were similar (1.8 . 10(8) M-1). The steady-state kinetics best fit an uncompetitive pattern suggesting that the inhibited steps follow an irreversible step occurring after ATP binding.", "contents": "Tentoxin. An uncompetitive inhibitor of lettuce chloroplast coupling factor 1. The interaction of tentoxin [cyclo-(-L-leucyl-N-methyl-(Z)-dehydrophenylalanyl-glycyl-N-methyl-L-alanyl-)] with solubilized lettuce chloroplast coupling factor 1 was characterized by direct binding studies, measurement of the time course of ATPase inhibition, and steady-state enzyme kinetics. Neither substrates, products or Ca2+ competed with the tentoxin binding site, nor did they induce any large change in tentoxin affinity. The inhibition of lettuce chloroplast coupling factor 1 ATPase was found to be the time dependent, and at equilibrium the affinities estimated by equilibrium ultrafiltration and enzyme inhibition were similar (1.8 . 10(8) M-1). The steady-state kinetics best fit an uncompetitive pattern suggesting that the inhibited steps follow an irreversible step occurring after ATP binding."}
{"id": "PMID:145875", "title": "The extent of mitochondrial F1-ATPase and adenine nucleotide carrier activity with epsilon-ATP.", "content": "1. The use of 1,N6-ethenoadenosine 5'-triphosphate (epsilon-ATP), a synthetic, fluorescent analog of ATP, by whole rat liver mitochondria and by submitochondrial particles produced via sonication has been studied. 2. Direct [3H]adenine nucleotide uptake studies with isolated mitochondria, indicate the epsilon-[3H]ATP is not transported through the inner membrane by the adenine nucleotide carrier and is therefore not utilized by the 2,4-dinitrophenol-sensitive F1-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) that functions in oxidative phosphorylation. However, epsilon-ATP is hydrolyzed by a Mg2+-dependent, 2,4-dinitrophenol-insensitive ATPase that is characteristic of damaged mitochondria. 3. epsilon-ATP can be utilized quite well by the exposed F1-ATPase of sonic submitochondrial particles. This epsilon-ATP hydrolysis activity is inhibited by oligomycin and stimulated by 2,4-dinitrophenol. The particle F1-ATPase displays similar Km values for both ATP and epsilon-ATP; however, the V with ATP is approximately six times greater than with epsilon-ATP. 4. Since epsilon-ATP is a capable substrate for the submitochondrial particle F1-ATPase, it is proposed that the fluorescent properties of this ATP analog might be employed to study the submitochondrial particle F1-ATPase complex, and its response to various modifiers of oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "The extent of mitochondrial F1-ATPase and adenine nucleotide carrier activity with epsilon-ATP. 1. The use of 1,N6-ethenoadenosine 5'-triphosphate (epsilon-ATP), a synthetic, fluorescent analog of ATP, by whole rat liver mitochondria and by submitochondrial particles produced via sonication has been studied. 2. Direct [3H]adenine nucleotide uptake studies with isolated mitochondria, indicate the epsilon-[3H]ATP is not transported through the inner membrane by the adenine nucleotide carrier and is therefore not utilized by the 2,4-dinitrophenol-sensitive F1-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) that functions in oxidative phosphorylation. However, epsilon-ATP is hydrolyzed by a Mg2+-dependent, 2,4-dinitrophenol-insensitive ATPase that is characteristic of damaged mitochondria. 3. epsilon-ATP can be utilized quite well by the exposed F1-ATPase of sonic submitochondrial particles. This epsilon-ATP hydrolysis activity is inhibited by oligomycin and stimulated by 2,4-dinitrophenol. The particle F1-ATPase displays similar Km values for both ATP and epsilon-ATP; however, the V with ATP is approximately six times greater than with epsilon-ATP. 4. Since epsilon-ATP is a capable substrate for the submitochondrial particle F1-ATPase, it is proposed that the fluorescent properties of this ATP analog might be employed to study the submitochondrial particle F1-ATPase complex, and its response to various modifiers of oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:145876", "title": "Effect of liposomes containing cholesterol on adenylate cyclase activity of cultured mammalian fibroblasts.", "content": "Liposomes prepared with cholesterol and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine were incubated with a clone of normal rat kidney fibroblast of cells in culture. The cells took up [14C]cholesterol in proportion to the concentration of liposomes in the incubation medium, and the uptake increased with time over the four hours of study. Two cell membrane enzymes, adenylate cyclase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, exhibited decreased activity after treatment with cholesterol-containing liposomes. The decrease in adenylate cyclase activity was directly proportional to the uptake of [14C]cholesterol. When a variety of subclones of NRK 5W were examined some were found to respond to cholesterol treatment and some did not. These data are consistent with the view that membrane cholesterol content plays a role in controlling the activity of some plasma membrane enzymes.", "contents": "Effect of liposomes containing cholesterol on adenylate cyclase activity of cultured mammalian fibroblasts. Liposomes prepared with cholesterol and dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine were incubated with a clone of normal rat kidney fibroblast of cells in culture. The cells took up [14C]cholesterol in proportion to the concentration of liposomes in the incubation medium, and the uptake increased with time over the four hours of study. Two cell membrane enzymes, adenylate cyclase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, exhibited decreased activity after treatment with cholesterol-containing liposomes. The decrease in adenylate cyclase activity was directly proportional to the uptake of [14C]cholesterol. When a variety of subclones of NRK 5W were examined some were found to respond to cholesterol treatment and some did not. These data are consistent with the view that membrane cholesterol content plays a role in controlling the activity of some plasma membrane enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:145877", "title": "Proteolytic modification of staphylokinse.", "content": "There are three types of staphylokinase of different isoelectric points (6.7, 6.1 and 5.7). Staphylokinse of pI 6.7 was converted to that of pI 6.1 and then to that of pI 5.7 by the treatment with trypsin. Heterogeneity of staphylokinase might be the result of post-translational modification by proteolytic enzyme.", "contents": "Proteolytic modification of staphylokinse. There are three types of staphylokinase of different isoelectric points (6.7, 6.1 and 5.7). Staphylokinse of pI 6.7 was converted to that of pI 6.1 and then to that of pI 5.7 by the treatment with trypsin. Heterogeneity of staphylokinase might be the result of post-translational modification by proteolytic enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:145878", "title": "Reaction mechanism of erythrocyte phosphofructokinase.", "content": "The reaction mechanism of erythrocyte phosphofructokinase (PFK) was investigated by the initial velocity and the product inhibition. Intersecting lines obtained with initial velocity studies are consistent with a sequential mechanism and the formation of ternary complex as an intermediate. The product inhibition studies support an ordered Bi Bi mechanism in which fructose 6 phosphate (F6P) is the first substrate binding and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is dissociated from the enzyme before fructose-1,6-P2 (FDP).", "contents": "Reaction mechanism of erythrocyte phosphofructokinase. The reaction mechanism of erythrocyte phosphofructokinase (PFK) was investigated by the initial velocity and the product inhibition. Intersecting lines obtained with initial velocity studies are consistent with a sequential mechanism and the formation of ternary complex as an intermediate. The product inhibition studies support an ordered Bi Bi mechanism in which fructose 6 phosphate (F6P) is the first substrate binding and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is dissociated from the enzyme before fructose-1,6-P2 (FDP)."}
{"id": "PMID:145879", "title": "A new experimental model of hyperphenylalaninemia in rat. Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine and cotrimoxazole.", "content": "A new experimental model of hyperphenylalaninemia was proposed. Combination of p.chlorophenylalanine, strongly inhibitor of phenylalanine hydroxylase, and cotrimoxazole, presumably inhibitor of dihydropteridine reductase, produced a good inhibition of phenylalanine hydroxylation in vivo. Thus phenylalaninemia reached values similar to those found in PKU patients, without administration of excess phenylalanine. Tyrosine concentrations remained near the control values and a phenylketonuria occurred.", "contents": "A new experimental model of hyperphenylalaninemia in rat. Effect of p-chlorophenylalanine and cotrimoxazole. A new experimental model of hyperphenylalaninemia was proposed. Combination of p.chlorophenylalanine, strongly inhibitor of phenylalanine hydroxylase, and cotrimoxazole, presumably inhibitor of dihydropteridine reductase, produced a good inhibition of phenylalanine hydroxylation in vivo. Thus phenylalaninemia reached values similar to those found in PKU patients, without administration of excess phenylalanine. Tyrosine concentrations remained near the control values and a phenylketonuria occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:145880", "title": "[Changes in the activity and tertiary structure of beta-amylase from wheat seeds under the effect of salts].", "content": "Changes are observed of 1-anylinonaphtalene-8-sulphonate probe fluorescence intensity, connected with beta-amylase in the presence of Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, KNO3, NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4 at a concentration range within 10(-4)--1 M. Considerable decrease of the fluorescence intensity was observed under the addition of all the salts mentioned at concentration of 10(-3)--10(-4) M. A quantum yield increase of probe fluorescence was noted for Mg(NO3)2 (10(-4) M). High concentrations of Ca(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2 (0.25--1 M) also resulted in a sharp increase of the fluorescence intensity. Changes of beta-amylase activity took place simultaneously. The changes of the enzyme activity are suggested to be due to changes in the conformation of the enzyme protein under the effect of salts.", "contents": "[Changes in the activity and tertiary structure of beta-amylase from wheat seeds under the effect of salts]. Changes are observed of 1-anylinonaphtalene-8-sulphonate probe fluorescence intensity, connected with beta-amylase in the presence of Ca(NO3)2, Mg(NO3)2, KNO3, NH4NO3 and (NH4)2SO4 at a concentration range within 10(-4)--1 M. Considerable decrease of the fluorescence intensity was observed under the addition of all the salts mentioned at concentration of 10(-3)--10(-4) M. A quantum yield increase of probe fluorescence was noted for Mg(NO3)2 (10(-4) M). High concentrations of Ca(NO3)2 and Mg(NO3)2 (0.25--1 M) also resulted in a sharp increase of the fluorescence intensity. Changes of beta-amylase activity took place simultaneously. The changes of the enzyme activity are suggested to be due to changes in the conformation of the enzyme protein under the effect of salts."}
{"id": "PMID:145881", "title": "[Osmotic activity and ionic permeability of membrane vesicles from Streptococcus faecalis and Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells].", "content": "Membrane fractions containing osmotically active vesicles with sufficiently low membrane permeability for K+, Na+ and Cl- ions typical for the intact cell membrane were isolated from the cells of the glycolyzing bacterium Streptococcus faecalis. In their osmotic properties and ionic permeability the membrane fractions of S. faecalis were found similar to those of the respiring bacterium Micrococcus lysodeikticus, which are capable of the energy-dependent potassium transport. It may be thus assumed that the S. faecalis fractions obtained may be used to study ionic transport. The removal of proton-dependent ATPase of the S. faecalis membrane preparations did not affect the permeability of membranes for K+ ions which is indicative of different mechanisms of proton and potassium translocation.", "contents": "[Osmotic activity and ionic permeability of membrane vesicles from Streptococcus faecalis and Micrococcus lysodeikticus cells]. Membrane fractions containing osmotically active vesicles with sufficiently low membrane permeability for K+, Na+ and Cl- ions typical for the intact cell membrane were isolated from the cells of the glycolyzing bacterium Streptococcus faecalis. In their osmotic properties and ionic permeability the membrane fractions of S. faecalis were found similar to those of the respiring bacterium Micrococcus lysodeikticus, which are capable of the energy-dependent potassium transport. It may be thus assumed that the S. faecalis fractions obtained may be used to study ionic transport. The removal of proton-dependent ATPase of the S. faecalis membrane preparations did not affect the permeability of membranes for K+ ions which is indicative of different mechanisms of proton and potassium translocation."}
{"id": "PMID:145882", "title": "[Electrophoretic study of muscle extracts of low ionic strength].", "content": "The method of Na-dodecylsulfate electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel demonstrated that the so-called tonoactomyosin of smooth muscles extracted from the muscle homogenate with salt media of low ionic power represented a complicated protein system into whose composition there was included a heavy myosin chain with the mol wt of 210000, premyosin subunit with the mol wt of 230000, actin, and, possibly, a number of other proteins. The extracts of low ionic power possessed Mg2+ and Ca2+ activated by ATP-ase activity. The premyosin subunit was also revealed in the extracts of low ionic power from the skeletal muscle homogenates. It is supposed that premyosin subunit was included into the enzymatic system responsible for the ATP-asic properties of the extracts of low ionic power from the homogenates of different types of muscles.", "contents": "[Electrophoretic study of muscle extracts of low ionic strength]. The method of Na-dodecylsulfate electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel demonstrated that the so-called tonoactomyosin of smooth muscles extracted from the muscle homogenate with salt media of low ionic power represented a complicated protein system into whose composition there was included a heavy myosin chain with the mol wt of 210000, premyosin subunit with the mol wt of 230000, actin, and, possibly, a number of other proteins. The extracts of low ionic power possessed Mg2+ and Ca2+ activated by ATP-ase activity. The premyosin subunit was also revealed in the extracts of low ionic power from the skeletal muscle homogenates. It is supposed that premyosin subunit was included into the enzymatic system responsible for the ATP-asic properties of the extracts of low ionic power from the homogenates of different types of muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:145885", "title": "Light and electron microscopy study on urethral regeneration.", "content": "In a series of experiments on dogs, it was feasible to replace a segment of urethra using wide-mesh Dacron. Light and electron microscopy study on the regenerated urethra showed no evidence of muscle, cavernous tissue and nerve regeneration. Although an excess of fibrous tissue surrounded the regenerated urethra, there was no change in the calibre of the new urethra after 7 months' observation.", "contents": "Light and electron microscopy study on urethral regeneration. In a series of experiments on dogs, it was feasible to replace a segment of urethra using wide-mesh Dacron. Light and electron microscopy study on the regenerated urethra showed no evidence of muscle, cavernous tissue and nerve regeneration. Although an excess of fibrous tissue surrounded the regenerated urethra, there was no change in the calibre of the new urethra after 7 months' observation."}
{"id": "PMID:145892", "title": "Myocardial lipid metabolism in cardiac hyper- and hypo-function. Studies on triiodothyronine-treated and transplanted rat hearts.", "content": "Lipid composition of the myocardium and in vitro lipid metabolism were studied in hearts from young rats after 30 days of treatment with triiodothyronine (100 microgram/kg per day) and in heterotopically isotransplanted hearts of inbred adult rats 6 days after surgery. The former served as an experimental model of cardiac hyperfunction, while the latter, empty beating hearts, served as a model of cardiac hypofunction. In hearts from hyperthyroid animals the concentration of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin, and the incorporation of 14C-labelled palmitic and erucic acid into these phospholipids were increased significantly as compared with controls. In contrast, the triglyceride concentration and the incorporation of palmitate into triglyceride was significantly decreased. In transplanted hearts, the phospholipid concentration and the incorporation of 14C-labelled fatty acids into phospholipids were significantly decreased as compared with the hearts of the inbred host rats of the same age. The results indicate that the mechanical performance of the heart affects the phospholipid composition, which may be a reflection of increased or decreased proliferation of subcellular membranes in sustained cardiac hyper- or hypo-function.", "contents": "Myocardial lipid metabolism in cardiac hyper- and hypo-function. Studies on triiodothyronine-treated and transplanted rat hearts. Lipid composition of the myocardium and in vitro lipid metabolism were studied in hearts from young rats after 30 days of treatment with triiodothyronine (100 microgram/kg per day) and in heterotopically isotransplanted hearts of inbred adult rats 6 days after surgery. The former served as an experimental model of cardiac hyperfunction, while the latter, empty beating hearts, served as a model of cardiac hypofunction. In hearts from hyperthyroid animals the concentration of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, cardiolipin, and the incorporation of 14C-labelled palmitic and erucic acid into these phospholipids were increased significantly as compared with controls. In contrast, the triglyceride concentration and the incorporation of palmitate into triglyceride was significantly decreased. In transplanted hearts, the phospholipid concentration and the incorporation of 14C-labelled fatty acids into phospholipids were significantly decreased as compared with the hearts of the inbred host rats of the same age. The results indicate that the mechanical performance of the heart affects the phospholipid composition, which may be a reflection of increased or decreased proliferation of subcellular membranes in sustained cardiac hyper- or hypo-function."}
{"id": "PMID:145893", "title": "Platelet dopamine uptake in Huntington's chorea and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: effect of haloperidol.", "content": "Uptake of 14C-dopamine by human platelets has been studied in two diseases, namely Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and Huntington's chroea, in which abnormal metabolism of dopamine has been implicated. Platelets from untreated Huntington's chorea patients showed a small increase in Km and Vmax.; platelets from patients in all other groups showed an uptake identical with the controls. Haloperidol (10(-5)M) was also shown to be a strong non-competitive inhibitor of 14C-DA uptake by platelets. This property is probably unrelated to the drugs' action in ameliorating the symptoms of Huntington's chorea which is likely related to the increase in cholinergic neuronal activity produced by neuroleptic blockade of dopamine receptors.", "contents": "Platelet dopamine uptake in Huntington's chorea and Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome: effect of haloperidol. Uptake of 14C-dopamine by human platelets has been studied in two diseases, namely Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome and Huntington's chroea, in which abnormal metabolism of dopamine has been implicated. Platelets from untreated Huntington's chorea patients showed a small increase in Km and Vmax.; platelets from patients in all other groups showed an uptake identical with the controls. Haloperidol (10(-5)M) was also shown to be a strong non-competitive inhibitor of 14C-DA uptake by platelets. This property is probably unrelated to the drugs' action in ameliorating the symptoms of Huntington's chorea which is likely related to the increase in cholinergic neuronal activity produced by neuroleptic blockade of dopamine receptors."}
{"id": "PMID:145894", "title": "Antitryptic property of cancer-related glycoprotein EDC1.", "content": "Cancer-related urinary glycoprotein EDC1 inhibits the action of trypsin and chymotrypsin on casein and synthetic substrates. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of EDC1 are different from those reported for pregnancy-related urinary trypsin inhibitors.", "contents": "Antitryptic property of cancer-related glycoprotein EDC1. Cancer-related urinary glycoprotein EDC1 inhibits the action of trypsin and chymotrypsin on casein and synthetic substrates. The amino acid and carbohydrate compositions of EDC1 are different from those reported for pregnancy-related urinary trypsin inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:145911", "title": "[Cardiomyopathies].", "content": "Cardiomyopathies have been characterized as diseases of the heart muscle of unknown cause. The dilated type [idiopathic cardiomegaly] cannot be regarded as a separate entity, but a uniform final result of myocardial damage due to various factors. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [asymmetrical hypertrophy of septum] probably represents a genetically conditioned disease with characteristic clinical and pathological features.", "contents": "[Cardiomyopathies]. Cardiomyopathies have been characterized as diseases of the heart muscle of unknown cause. The dilated type [idiopathic cardiomegaly] cannot be regarded as a separate entity, but a uniform final result of myocardial damage due to various factors. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy [asymmetrical hypertrophy of septum] probably represents a genetically conditioned disease with characteristic clinical and pathological features."}
{"id": "PMID:145912", "title": "[Neurogenic muscular lesion presenting a picture of \"central core disease\"].", "content": "A neurogenic lesion has been described in mother and son. In the son there was a prevalence of denervation changes whereas reinervation ones prevailed in the mother. In both, \"central cores\" were present in aggregations of type-1 fibres. In the authors' opinion the findings represent a neurogenic lesion (also verified clinically and electromyographically), less advanced in the son and more advanced in the mother, ultimately stabilizing to yield a pattern resembling that of the \"central core disease\".", "contents": "[Neurogenic muscular lesion presenting a picture of \"central core disease\"]. A neurogenic lesion has been described in mother and son. In the son there was a prevalence of denervation changes whereas reinervation ones prevailed in the mother. In both, \"central cores\" were present in aggregations of type-1 fibres. In the authors' opinion the findings represent a neurogenic lesion (also verified clinically and electromyographically), less advanced in the son and more advanced in the mother, ultimately stabilizing to yield a pattern resembling that of the \"central core disease\"."}
{"id": "PMID:145914", "title": "Localization of the membrane perturber adamantylsulfate in sarcoplasmic reticular vesicles.", "content": "The properties of a new membrane perturbing agent, adamantyl sulfate (A-1-S) are described. Lobster sarcoplasmic reticular vesicles (SRV) were used as a test membrane system and the activity of the Ca2+--Mg2+-dependent ATPase in conjunction with spin label data was used to determine the location of A-1-S in the membrane. The results suggest that A-1-S perturbs only the polar region of the SRV and that this causes loss of ATPase function. Thus, ATPase activity requires integrity of the membrane polar region.", "contents": "Localization of the membrane perturber adamantylsulfate in sarcoplasmic reticular vesicles. The properties of a new membrane perturbing agent, adamantyl sulfate (A-1-S) are described. Lobster sarcoplasmic reticular vesicles (SRV) were used as a test membrane system and the activity of the Ca2+--Mg2+-dependent ATPase in conjunction with spin label data was used to determine the location of A-1-S in the membrane. The results suggest that A-1-S perturbs only the polar region of the SRV and that this causes loss of ATPase function. Thus, ATPase activity requires integrity of the membrane polar region."}
{"id": "PMID:145915", "title": "Voluntary organizations for handicapped children and their families: the meaning of membership.", "content": "Two surveys of families caring for very severely disabled children at home reveal that about half the families belong to a voluntary organization. Membership varies by disease, social class, income, family composition and locality. Over half the non-members would like to belong to such organizations and practical obstacles are the most common reason for not belonging. The principal benefits derived by members are the opportunities to share problems and exchange information and advice. In general such bodies hava a role that is different from and complementary to statutory services.", "contents": "Voluntary organizations for handicapped children and their families: the meaning of membership. Two surveys of families caring for very severely disabled children at home reveal that about half the families belong to a voluntary organization. Membership varies by disease, social class, income, family composition and locality. Over half the non-members would like to belong to such organizations and practical obstacles are the most common reason for not belonging. The principal benefits derived by members are the opportunities to share problems and exchange information and advice. In general such bodies hava a role that is different from and complementary to statutory services."}
{"id": "PMID:145920", "title": "Transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation: a new therapeutic modality for controlling pain.", "content": "Transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation relieves chronic and acute pain by blocking the transmission of pain impulses with comfortable electrical stimulation of light touch sensation. The original Gate Control Theory of Melzack and Wall provides a working model to explain the significant pain relief afforded patients. As high as 80% of selected patients presenting with a wide variety of causes could achieve some relief after treatment. This comfortable, safe method is finding wide application in clinical practice.", "contents": "Transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation: a new therapeutic modality for controlling pain. Transcutaneous electrical neurostimulation relieves chronic and acute pain by blocking the transmission of pain impulses with comfortable electrical stimulation of light touch sensation. The original Gate Control Theory of Melzack and Wall provides a working model to explain the significant pain relief afforded patients. As high as 80% of selected patients presenting with a wide variety of causes could achieve some relief after treatment. This comfortable, safe method is finding wide application in clinical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:145916", "title": "Meeting the needs of handicapped children and their families. The evolution of Honeylands: a family support unit, Exeter.", "content": "A support service for families with mental, physical, sensory or environmental handicap has evolved from a paediatric ward of a District Hospital. Expressed parental needs have been the source of evolutionary change. About 200 families use the various services of specific therapy, day or longer term residential relief, playgroups for those with special needs, school for the chronically ill. The location is a remodelled stately home on large grounds close to the centre of a city of 100 000, and serves a district of 300 000. The demand for permanent residential placement in the age group under 11 years in this area appears to have been reduced by 80%.", "contents": "Meeting the needs of handicapped children and their families. The evolution of Honeylands: a family support unit, Exeter. A support service for families with mental, physical, sensory or environmental handicap has evolved from a paediatric ward of a District Hospital. Expressed parental needs have been the source of evolutionary change. About 200 families use the various services of specific therapy, day or longer term residential relief, playgroups for those with special needs, school for the chronically ill. The location is a remodelled stately home on large grounds close to the centre of a city of 100 000, and serves a district of 300 000. The demand for permanent residential placement in the age group under 11 years in this area appears to have been reduced by 80%."}
{"id": "PMID:145917", "title": "Parents of Down's syndrome babies: their early needs.", "content": "The paper reports the results of detailed interviews with parents of Down's syndrome infants shortly after their being informed of the diagnosis. It reviews previous studies and confirms a number of findings. 1. The majority of parents wish to be told of the diagnosis as soon as possible and with the spouse present. 2. They do not automatically resent the 'teller'. 3. They wish to be told directly but sympathetically, in private and have access to the baby. 4. Several interviews are needed at short intervals following the initial telling for parents to ask further questions and to assimilate more information about their child's condition.", "contents": "Parents of Down's syndrome babies: their early needs. The paper reports the results of detailed interviews with parents of Down's syndrome infants shortly after their being informed of the diagnosis. It reviews previous studies and confirms a number of findings. 1. The majority of parents wish to be told of the diagnosis as soon as possible and with the spouse present. 2. They do not automatically resent the 'teller'. 3. They wish to be told directly but sympathetically, in private and have access to the baby. 4. Several interviews are needed at short intervals following the initial telling for parents to ask further questions and to assimilate more information about their child's condition."}
{"id": "PMID:145918", "title": "Physically handicapped children in long-stay hospitals.", "content": "Six thousand five hundred handicapped children live permanently in long-stay hospitals, where their needs may not be met because of lack of resources within the hospital, eg. there is a shortage of therapy staff in long-stay hospitals. These children could be accommodated in the community if local authorities were prepared to make adequate residential provision for them. The children are likely to suffer emotional distress in hospital, because there is a grave shortage of nursing staff and very little understanding about the mothering needs of children in institutions. This paper is based on some of the findings of a 2-year study into the care of 223 multiply handicapped children in eight mental handicap hospitals. The study was financed by the Spastics Society, and undertaken from the Thomas Coram Research Unit at the University of London Institute of Education.", "contents": "Physically handicapped children in long-stay hospitals. Six thousand five hundred handicapped children live permanently in long-stay hospitals, where their needs may not be met because of lack of resources within the hospital, eg. there is a shortage of therapy staff in long-stay hospitals. These children could be accommodated in the community if local authorities were prepared to make adequate residential provision for them. The children are likely to suffer emotional distress in hospital, because there is a grave shortage of nursing staff and very little understanding about the mothering needs of children in institutions. This paper is based on some of the findings of a 2-year study into the care of 223 multiply handicapped children in eight mental handicap hospitals. The study was financed by the Spastics Society, and undertaken from the Thomas Coram Research Unit at the University of London Institute of Education."}
{"id": "PMID:145922", "title": "Industrial rehabilitation of dermatitis patients.", "content": "Industrial rehabilitation is identified as an integral part of the process of patient resettlement. The organization of the Government-sponsored Employment Rehabilitation Service is described. The low incidence of dermatitis as seen by medical advisers in that Service is explained. Ways in which employment medical advisers can provide complementary support to consultant dermatologists is suggested.", "contents": "Industrial rehabilitation of dermatitis patients. Industrial rehabilitation is identified as an integral part of the process of patient resettlement. The organization of the Government-sponsored Employment Rehabilitation Service is described. The low incidence of dermatitis as seen by medical advisers in that Service is explained. Ways in which employment medical advisers can provide complementary support to consultant dermatologists is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:145923", "title": "Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers.", "content": "The preparation of food in restaurant kitchens carries a high risk of occupational dermatoses. Analysis of 33 cases revealed four different etiological types. Simple irritant dermatitis was rare (2 cases), plain contact dermatitis was more common (6 cases). Fifteen patients had relevant patch tests and scratch tests; ten had positive scratch tests only to explain the cause of their dermatitis. The last type was termed protein contact dermatitis. The major type IV allergens incriminated were metals, onion and garlic. The major proteinaceous allergens indicated by history and test results were fish and shell-fish. Open patch tests with the incriminated foods may cause erythema or oedema on normal skin after 20 minutes. Previously eczematous, now normal looking, skin often responds with a crop of dyshidrotic vesicles preceded by erythema and itching 30 minutes after the application of an open test. Examination for specific IgE is not always positive in such cases. Inhalant allergy was rare. The results indicate that food handlers are sensitized by the protein they touch, and then react to later contact with the proteins. Protein contact dermatitis is similarly common among veterinary surgeons, while the importance in other occupational groups remains to be studied.", "contents": "Occupational protein contact dermatitis in food handlers. The preparation of food in restaurant kitchens carries a high risk of occupational dermatoses. Analysis of 33 cases revealed four different etiological types. Simple irritant dermatitis was rare (2 cases), plain contact dermatitis was more common (6 cases). Fifteen patients had relevant patch tests and scratch tests; ten had positive scratch tests only to explain the cause of their dermatitis. The last type was termed protein contact dermatitis. The major type IV allergens incriminated were metals, onion and garlic. The major proteinaceous allergens indicated by history and test results were fish and shell-fish. Open patch tests with the incriminated foods may cause erythema or oedema on normal skin after 20 minutes. Previously eczematous, now normal looking, skin often responds with a crop of dyshidrotic vesicles preceded by erythema and itching 30 minutes after the application of an open test. Examination for specific IgE is not always positive in such cases. Inhalant allergy was rare. The results indicate that food handlers are sensitized by the protein they touch, and then react to later contact with the proteins. Protein contact dermatitis is similarly common among veterinary surgeons, while the importance in other occupational groups remains to be studied."}
{"id": "PMID:145924", "title": "Cross-reactions between ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine.", "content": "A consecutive series of 1544 patients and 137 patients in occupational contact with epoxy resins were tested with ethylenediamine and/or triethylenetetramine; some were tested with diethylenetriamine. Guinea pigs sensitized to triethylenetetramine were tested with ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine. The results showed that cross-reactions may occur between triethylenetetramine and ethylenediamine, although the majority of the patients were sensitized to only one of the compounds.", "contents": "Cross-reactions between ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine and triethylenetetramine. A consecutive series of 1544 patients and 137 patients in occupational contact with epoxy resins were tested with ethylenediamine and/or triethylenetetramine; some were tested with diethylenetriamine. Guinea pigs sensitized to triethylenetetramine were tested with ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine. The results showed that cross-reactions may occur between triethylenetetramine and ethylenediamine, although the majority of the patients were sensitized to only one of the compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:145925", "title": "The chamber-scarification test for irritancy.", "content": "A procedure has been designed (the chamber-scarification test), which possesses greatly increased sensitivity for assessing the irritancy of topically applied materials. A forearm test site is criss-cross scarified by drawing a 30-gauge needle over the skin with just enough pressure to cleave the epidermis without drawing blood. The test agent is applied in an aluminum chamber once daily for 3 days. The advantages of the method over conventional patch testing are: enhanced capacity to measure mild irritants, reduced time (3 days versus 10 to 21 days), less effort, less cost, less discomfort for the volunteers and greater reproducibility.", "contents": "The chamber-scarification test for irritancy. A procedure has been designed (the chamber-scarification test), which possesses greatly increased sensitivity for assessing the irritancy of topically applied materials. A forearm test site is criss-cross scarified by drawing a 30-gauge needle over the skin with just enough pressure to cleave the epidermis without drawing blood. The test agent is applied in an aluminum chamber once daily for 3 days. The advantages of the method over conventional patch testing are: enhanced capacity to measure mild irritants, reduced time (3 days versus 10 to 21 days), less effort, less cost, less discomfort for the volunteers and greater reproducibility."}
{"id": "PMID:145926", "title": "Occupational allergy from 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one and other preservatives in plastic emulsions.", "content": "Two male employees in an industry producing plastic emulsions acquired contact dermatitis from preservatives. One was sensitized to both components in a preservative, i.e. 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one and ethylene diamine. The other man acquired a contact allergy to 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one and to another preservative, formaldehyde.", "contents": "Occupational allergy from 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one and other preservatives in plastic emulsions. Two male employees in an industry producing plastic emulsions acquired contact dermatitis from preservatives. One was sensitized to both components in a preservative, i.e. 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one and ethylene diamine. The other man acquired a contact allergy to 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one and to another preservative, formaldehyde."}
{"id": "PMID:145932", "title": "The electrocardiogram in aortic valvular atresia.", "content": "In a review of the electrocardiograms of 27 patients with aortic valvular atresia,  several showed an unusual pattern. In two, the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was present, and in the third, complete right bundle-branch block was seen. The study also confirms that left axis deviation and left ventricular hypertrophy can occur rarely. No patient showed a Q wave in lead V6.", "contents": "The electrocardiogram in aortic valvular atresia. In a review of the electrocardiograms of 27 patients with aortic valvular atresia,  several showed an unusual pattern. In two, the Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome was present, and in the third, complete right bundle-branch block was seen. The study also confirms that left axis deviation and left ventricular hypertrophy can occur rarely. No patient showed a Q wave in lead V6."}
{"id": "PMID:145933", "title": "Silent unilateral pulmonary venous obstruction. Occurrence after surgical correction of transposition of the great arteries.", "content": "An 11-year-old girl was found to have completely obstructed left pulmonary veins eight years following corrective surgery for transposition of the great arteries. The patient was acyanotic and asymptomatic. Retrograde flow of arterial blood from the affected left lung accounted for an angiographic appearance that mimicked occlusion of the left pulmonary artery and resulted from a failure of systemic venous development. Pulmonary venous anatomy could only be demonstrated by pulmonary arterial wedge angiographic studies. This experience emphasizes that complete unilateral pulmonary venous obstruction may occur in an asymptomatic patient and underlines the importance of investigating pulmonary venous anatomy in any patient with gross inequality of the distribution of pulmonary blood flow.", "contents": "Silent unilateral pulmonary venous obstruction. Occurrence after surgical correction of transposition of the great arteries. An 11-year-old girl was found to have completely obstructed left pulmonary veins eight years following corrective surgery for transposition of the great arteries. The patient was acyanotic and asymptomatic. Retrograde flow of arterial blood from the affected left lung accounted for an angiographic appearance that mimicked occlusion of the left pulmonary artery and resulted from a failure of systemic venous development. Pulmonary venous anatomy could only be demonstrated by pulmonary arterial wedge angiographic studies. This experience emphasizes that complete unilateral pulmonary venous obstruction may occur in an asymptomatic patient and underlines the importance of investigating pulmonary venous anatomy in any patient with gross inequality of the distribution of pulmonary blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:145934", "title": "Symptomatic osseous sarcoidosis with findings on bone scan.", "content": "Twenty-one years after the onset of sarcoidosis, a 51-year-old woman experienced pain in the lower portion of her back, which proved to be the result of sarcoidosis involving the pelvis. The pelvic abnormality consisted of osteosclerotic and osteoblastic lesions. A bone scan showed several other areas of increased uptake, and the diagnosis was confirmed by bone biopsy. The patient improved with treatment with steroids, but the findings on the x-ray film and the bone scan did not change. Sarcoidosis may cause obscure, but symptomatic, osseous lesions.", "contents": "Symptomatic osseous sarcoidosis with findings on bone scan. Twenty-one years after the onset of sarcoidosis, a 51-year-old woman experienced pain in the lower portion of her back, which proved to be the result of sarcoidosis involving the pelvis. The pelvic abnormality consisted of osteosclerotic and osteoblastic lesions. A bone scan showed several other areas of increased uptake, and the diagnosis was confirmed by bone biopsy. The patient improved with treatment with steroids, but the findings on the x-ray film and the bone scan did not change. Sarcoidosis may cause obscure, but symptomatic, osseous lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:145936", "title": "Synergistic effects of chlorpromazine and perphenazine on several chemotherapeutic agents. I. General profile of the effects measured by the filter paper strip-agar diffusion method with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.", "content": "The combination effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and periphenazine (PPZ) with beta-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefazolin) and nalidixic acid group compounds (nalidixic acid, piromidic acid and pipemidic acid) have been estimated to be synergistic by the filter paper strip-agar diffusion method (Dye's method) with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as test organisms. The observed synergism might be associated with their inhibition of various enzymes including ATPase and DNAase as well as with their specific binding to DNA. Similar synergistic effects of CPZ and PPZ have been shown by the broth dilution method. Based on these findings, it seems to be a fascinating project to devise a new phenothiazine drug without influence in mental disease that will have a greater measure of synergistic effect when combined with the above-studied antibacterial agents.", "contents": "Synergistic effects of chlorpromazine and perphenazine on several chemotherapeutic agents. I. General profile of the effects measured by the filter paper strip-agar diffusion method with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The combination effects of chlorpromazine (CPZ) and periphenazine (PPZ) with beta-lactam antibiotics (ampicillin, carbenicillin, cefazolin) and nalidixic acid group compounds (nalidixic acid, piromidic acid and pipemidic acid) have been estimated to be synergistic by the filter paper strip-agar diffusion method (Dye's method) with Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as test organisms. The observed synergism might be associated with their inhibition of various enzymes including ATPase and DNAase as well as with their specific binding to DNA. Similar synergistic effects of CPZ and PPZ have been shown by the broth dilution method. Based on these findings, it seems to be a fascinating project to devise a new phenothiazine drug without influence in mental disease that will have a greater measure of synergistic effect when combined with the above-studied antibacterial agents."}
{"id": "PMID:145940", "title": "Vitamin A acid: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris.", "content": "Vitamin A acid (retinoic acid: tretinoin) is a vitamin A derivative used in the topical treatment of acne. It acts by 'unseating' comedones, improvement developing slowly over a period of 2 to 3 or more months, and is also said to prevent the formation of new lesions. About three-quarters of patients with acne vulgaris benefit from treatment. In controlled studies, results achieved after a 3 to 4 months course of treatment were superior to those with sulphur-resorcinol-salicylic acid. When compared with benzoyl peroxide, results were variable and appear to depend on the length of treatment, the types of formulations used, and the concentrations compared. Application of vitamin A acid should be continued until the patient has been free of new lesions for several months. Further continued application at a less frequent interval or using a less active dosage form may help to prevent exacerbations of acne. A systemic antibacterial agent such as tetracycline can be given as well as in patients with moderate to severe lesions. Vitamin A acid is used in conjunction with gentle washing (to remove surface oil) but should be applied to a dry skin to avoid unnecessary irritation. Patient education and encouragement are crucial during the initial phase of treatment when microcomedones may be converted to pustules prior to desquamation.", "contents": "Vitamin A acid: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. Vitamin A acid (retinoic acid: tretinoin) is a vitamin A derivative used in the topical treatment of acne. It acts by 'unseating' comedones, improvement developing slowly over a period of 2 to 3 or more months, and is also said to prevent the formation of new lesions. About three-quarters of patients with acne vulgaris benefit from treatment. In controlled studies, results achieved after a 3 to 4 months course of treatment were superior to those with sulphur-resorcinol-salicylic acid. When compared with benzoyl peroxide, results were variable and appear to depend on the length of treatment, the types of formulations used, and the concentrations compared. Application of vitamin A acid should be continued until the patient has been free of new lesions for several months. Further continued application at a less frequent interval or using a less active dosage form may help to prevent exacerbations of acne. A systemic antibacterial agent such as tetracycline can be given as well as in patients with moderate to severe lesions. Vitamin A acid is used in conjunction with gentle washing (to remove surface oil) but should be applied to a dry skin to avoid unnecessary irritation. Patient education and encouragement are crucial during the initial phase of treatment when microcomedones may be converted to pustules prior to desquamation."}
{"id": "PMID:145941", "title": "ATPase activities, Ca2+ transport and phosphoprotein formation in sarcoplasmic reticulum subfractions of fast and slow rabbit muscles.", "content": "Subfractionation of sarcoplasmic reticulum from fast-twitch and slow-twitch rabbit skeletal muscles was performed on a sucrose density gradient. Vesicle fractions were characterized by: measurement of (Ca2+,Mg2+)-dependent (extra) ATPase, Mg2+-dependent (basal) ATPase, Ca2+ uptake characteristics, polypeptide patterns in sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses, phosphoprotein formation and electronmicroscopy of negatively stained samples. In fast-twitch muscle, low and high density vesicles were separated. The latter showed high activity of (Ca2+,Mg2+)-dependent ATPase, negligible activity of Mg2+-dependent ATPase, high initial rate and high capacity of Ca2+ uptake, high amount of phosphorylated 115000-Mr polypeptide, and appeared morphologically as thin-walled vesicles covered with particles of 4 nm in diameter. Low density vesicles had little (Ca2+,Mg2+)-dependent ATPase but high Mg2+-dependent ATPase. Although the initial rate of Ca2+ uptake was markedly lower, the total capacity of uptake was comparable with that of high density vesicles. Phosphorylated 115000-Mr polypeptide was detectable at low concentrations. Instead, 57000 and 47000-Mr polypeptides were characterized as forming stable phosphoproteins in the presence of ATP and Mg2+. Negatively stained, these vesicles appeared to have smooth surfaces. It is suggested that low density vesicles represent a Ca2+ sequestering system different from that of high density vesicles and that Mg2+-dependent (basal) ATPase as well as the 57000 and 47000-Mr polypeptides are part of the Ca2+ transport system within the low density vesicles. According to the results from slow-twitch muscle, Ca2+ sequestration by the sarcoplasmic reticulum functions in this muscle type only through the low density vesicles.", "contents": "ATPase activities, Ca2+ transport and phosphoprotein formation in sarcoplasmic reticulum subfractions of fast and slow rabbit muscles. Subfractionation of sarcoplasmic reticulum from fast-twitch and slow-twitch rabbit skeletal muscles was performed on a sucrose density gradient. Vesicle fractions were characterized by: measurement of (Ca2+,Mg2+)-dependent (extra) ATPase, Mg2+-dependent (basal) ATPase, Ca2+ uptake characteristics, polypeptide patterns in sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses, phosphoprotein formation and electronmicroscopy of negatively stained samples. In fast-twitch muscle, low and high density vesicles were separated. The latter showed high activity of (Ca2+,Mg2+)-dependent ATPase, negligible activity of Mg2+-dependent ATPase, high initial rate and high capacity of Ca2+ uptake, high amount of phosphorylated 115000-Mr polypeptide, and appeared morphologically as thin-walled vesicles covered with particles of 4 nm in diameter. Low density vesicles had little (Ca2+,Mg2+)-dependent ATPase but high Mg2+-dependent ATPase. Although the initial rate of Ca2+ uptake was markedly lower, the total capacity of uptake was comparable with that of high density vesicles. Phosphorylated 115000-Mr polypeptide was detectable at low concentrations. Instead, 57000 and 47000-Mr polypeptides were characterized as forming stable phosphoproteins in the presence of ATP and Mg2+. Negatively stained, these vesicles appeared to have smooth surfaces. It is suggested that low density vesicles represent a Ca2+ sequestering system different from that of high density vesicles and that Mg2+-dependent (basal) ATPase as well as the 57000 and 47000-Mr polypeptides are part of the Ca2+ transport system within the low density vesicles. According to the results from slow-twitch muscle, Ca2+ sequestration by the sarcoplasmic reticulum functions in this muscle type only through the low density vesicles."}
{"id": "PMID:145937", "title": "Siderophores: diverse roles in microbial and human physiology.", "content": "Siderophores, defined as high affinity iron(III) ion transport agents, and their cognate membrane-bound receptor complexes, occur in the enteric bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The total system is tightly regulated by iron repression. The transport properties of the specific siderophores enterobactin and ferrichrome (which is not made by these particular enteric bacteria) have been examined in detail. In E. coli the outer membrane receptor for ferrichrome is programmed by the tonA gene; the receptor also serves as the binding site for T1, T5, phi80, albomycin and colicin M. Similarly, in S. typhimurium phage ES18, ferrichrome and albomycin compete for the genetic equivalent of the tonA locus. The ability of ascorbic acid to protect against atherosclerosis as well as rhinovirus infection in humans may be related to the role of the vitamin in iron metabolism. Deferrisiderophores are clinically useful in the treatment of acute and chronic iron poisoning but, on the other hand, they could constitute a natural hazard by transporting actinides, such as 239Pu, through the food chain.", "contents": "Siderophores: diverse roles in microbial and human physiology. Siderophores, defined as high affinity iron(III) ion transport agents, and their cognate membrane-bound receptor complexes, occur in the enteric bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. The total system is tightly regulated by iron repression. The transport properties of the specific siderophores enterobactin and ferrichrome (which is not made by these particular enteric bacteria) have been examined in detail. In E. coli the outer membrane receptor for ferrichrome is programmed by the tonA gene; the receptor also serves as the binding site for T1, T5, phi80, albomycin and colicin M. Similarly, in S. typhimurium phage ES18, ferrichrome and albomycin compete for the genetic equivalent of the tonA locus. The ability of ascorbic acid to protect against atherosclerosis as well as rhinovirus infection in humans may be related to the role of the vitamin in iron metabolism. Deferrisiderophores are clinically useful in the treatment of acute and chronic iron poisoning but, on the other hand, they could constitute a natural hazard by transporting actinides, such as 239Pu, through the food chain."}
{"id": "PMID:145938", "title": "Transport mechanisms in the preimplantation mammalian embryo.", "content": "Compaction is associated with major changes in the transport processes in preimplantation embryos. Before this time the processes are homocellular, in which all the component cells exchange materials across their cell membranes with a common environment. After compaction the outer trophoblast cells become organized into a simple, squamous epithelium which is capable of transcellular vectorial transport, that selectively controls the movement of materials into the embryo. Measurements of the intracellular concentrations and membrane permeabilities of Na+, K+ and Cl- in the mouse oocyte and two-cell embryo have demonstrated that they undergo significant changes during this period of development. The development of transcellular transport across the trophectoderm is fundamental in the regionalization of the embryo. These physiological mechanisms are involved in the formation of the blastocoele fluid, and may be dependent on the development of regionally located Na+, K+-ATPase on the juxtacoelic surfaces of the trophoblast cells.", "contents": "Transport mechanisms in the preimplantation mammalian embryo. Compaction is associated with major changes in the transport processes in preimplantation embryos. Before this time the processes are homocellular, in which all the component cells exchange materials across their cell membranes with a common environment. After compaction the outer trophoblast cells become organized into a simple, squamous epithelium which is capable of transcellular vectorial transport, that selectively controls the movement of materials into the embryo. Measurements of the intracellular concentrations and membrane permeabilities of Na+, K+ and Cl- in the mouse oocyte and two-cell embryo have demonstrated that they undergo significant changes during this period of development. The development of transcellular transport across the trophectoderm is fundamental in the regionalization of the embryo. These physiological mechanisms are involved in the formation of the blastocoele fluid, and may be dependent on the development of regionally located Na+, K+-ATPase on the juxtacoelic surfaces of the trophoblast cells."}
{"id": "PMID:145943", "title": "Transport of cytoplasmically synthesized proteins into the mitochondria in a cell free system from Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Synthesis and transport of mitochondrial proteins were followed in a cell-free homogenate of Neurospora crassa in which mitochondrial translation was inhibited. Proteins synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes are transferred into the mitochondrial fraction. The relative amounts of proteins which are transferred in vitro are comparable to those transferred in whole cells. Cycloheximide and puromycin inhibit the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins but not their transfer into mitochondria. The transfer of immunoprecipitable mitochondrial proteins was demonstrated for matrix proteins, carboxyatractyloside-binding protein and cytochrome c. Import of proteins into mitochondria exhibits a degree of specificity. The transport mechanism differentiates between newly synthesized proteins and preexistent mitochondrial proteins, at least in the case of matrix proteins. In the cell-free homogenate membrane-bound ribosomes are more active in the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins than are free ribosomes. The finished translation products appear to be released from the membrane-bound ribosomes into the cytosol rather than into the membrane vesicles. The results suggest that the transport of cytoplasmically synthesized mitochondrial proteins is essentially independent of cytoplasmic translation; that cytoplasmically synthesized mitochondrial proteins exist in an extramitochondrial pool prior to import; that the site of this pool is the cytosol for at least some of the mitochondrial proteins; and that the precursors in the extramitochondrial pool differ in structure or conformation from the functional proteins in the mitochondria.", "contents": "Transport of cytoplasmically synthesized proteins into the mitochondria in a cell free system from Neurospora crassa. Synthesis and transport of mitochondrial proteins were followed in a cell-free homogenate of Neurospora crassa in which mitochondrial translation was inhibited. Proteins synthesized on cytoplasmic ribosomes are transferred into the mitochondrial fraction. The relative amounts of proteins which are transferred in vitro are comparable to those transferred in whole cells. Cycloheximide and puromycin inhibit the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins but not their transfer into mitochondria. The transfer of immunoprecipitable mitochondrial proteins was demonstrated for matrix proteins, carboxyatractyloside-binding protein and cytochrome c. Import of proteins into mitochondria exhibits a degree of specificity. The transport mechanism differentiates between newly synthesized proteins and preexistent mitochondrial proteins, at least in the case of matrix proteins. In the cell-free homogenate membrane-bound ribosomes are more active in the synthesis of mitochondrial proteins than are free ribosomes. The finished translation products appear to be released from the membrane-bound ribosomes into the cytosol rather than into the membrane vesicles. The results suggest that the transport of cytoplasmically synthesized mitochondrial proteins is essentially independent of cytoplasmic translation; that cytoplasmically synthesized mitochondrial proteins exist in an extramitochondrial pool prior to import; that the site of this pool is the cytosol for at least some of the mitochondrial proteins; and that the precursors in the extramitochondrial pool differ in structure or conformation from the functional proteins in the mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:145944", "title": "Human platelet actin. Evidence of beta and gamma forms and similarity of properties with sarcomeric actin.", "content": "Human blood platelet actin was purified using 30% sucrose to extract actomyosin and potassium iodide to dissociate actomyosin and to depolymerize actin. Pure actin thus obtained resembles skeletic muscle actin in its polymerization properties, CD spectra and ability to activate myosin myosin Mg2+-ATPase. Isoelectric focusing gel analysis shows that human blood platelet actin exists in beta and gamma forms. The ratio of beta to gamma forms is of 5 in purified actin, in whole cell extract and in all the fractions studied.", "contents": "Human platelet actin. Evidence of beta and gamma forms and similarity of properties with sarcomeric actin. Human blood platelet actin was purified using 30% sucrose to extract actomyosin and potassium iodide to dissociate actomyosin and to depolymerize actin. Pure actin thus obtained resembles skeletic muscle actin in its polymerization properties, CD spectra and ability to activate myosin myosin Mg2+-ATPase. Isoelectric focusing gel analysis shows that human blood platelet actin exists in beta and gamma forms. The ratio of beta to gamma forms is of 5 in purified actin, in whole cell extract and in all the fractions studied."}
{"id": "PMID:145947", "title": "Responses in human pretibial muscles to sudden stretch and to nerve stimulation.", "content": "Electromyograms have been recorded from the human tibialis anterior muscle during voluntary contraction. The accessibility of the nerve to this muscle (common peroneal) has permitted a comparison of reflex responses to low threshold electrical stimulation of the nerve with those to stretch of the muscle itself. Nerve stimulation elicited a reflex at monosynaptic latency (V1 at 28-29 ms) and a second response (V2 at 50-52 ms). A tendon tap induced  two responses (M1 at 29 ms and M2 at 50 ms). The responses to a 'ramp' stretch were similar. The homology of V1 with M1, and of V2 with M2 is discussed. V2 and M2 probably correspond to the 'transcortical' reflexes described from other muscles. Neither V1, V2, M1 nor M2 were influenced by anaesthesia of the foot. M1 and M2 were both reduced in amplitude by a selective gamma-efferent block produced by local anaesthetic in the common peroneal nerve. It is concluded, that muscle spindles are the receptors predominantly responsible for M2 ('transcortical') responses. The amplitudes of M1 and M2, but not V1 and V2 were augmented by prior instruction to 'resist' the stimulus. This is interpreted as evidence for voluntary modulation of gamma-efferent activity at a constant force of contraction.", "contents": "Responses in human pretibial muscles to sudden stretch and to nerve stimulation. Electromyograms have been recorded from the human tibialis anterior muscle during voluntary contraction. The accessibility of the nerve to this muscle (common peroneal) has permitted a comparison of reflex responses to low threshold electrical stimulation of the nerve with those to stretch of the muscle itself. Nerve stimulation elicited a reflex at monosynaptic latency (V1 at 28-29 ms) and a second response (V2 at 50-52 ms). A tendon tap induced  two responses (M1 at 29 ms and M2 at 50 ms). The responses to a 'ramp' stretch were similar. The homology of V1 with M1, and of V2 with M2 is discussed. V2 and M2 probably correspond to the 'transcortical' reflexes described from other muscles. Neither V1, V2, M1 nor M2 were influenced by anaesthesia of the foot. M1 and M2 were both reduced in amplitude by a selective gamma-efferent block produced by local anaesthetic in the common peroneal nerve. It is concluded, that muscle spindles are the receptors predominantly responsible for M2 ('transcortical') responses. The amplitudes of M1 and M2, but not V1 and V2 were augmented by prior instruction to 'resist' the stimulus. This is interpreted as evidence for voluntary modulation of gamma-efferent activity at a constant force of contraction."}
{"id": "PMID:145948", "title": "Possible role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity in thiamine transport.", "content": "Thiamine deficiency caused a marked decrease of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (al-Pase) activity, but had no effect on the Ca++-ATPase activity and Ca++-absorption in rats. The al-Pase activity was significantly decreased 1 h after oral administration of ethanol at 0.5 and 2.5 g/kg. In contrast, Mg++-, Ca++-and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities did not change after the administration of ethanol. These findings show that the al-Pase activity, unlike the Ca++-ATPase activity, is not related to Ca++-absorption. A possible role of al-Pase activity in the active transport of thiamine in the intestine was discussed.", "contents": "Possible role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity in thiamine transport. Thiamine deficiency caused a marked decrease of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (al-Pase) activity, but had no effect on the Ca++-ATPase activity and Ca++-absorption in rats. The al-Pase activity was significantly decreased 1 h after oral administration of ethanol at 0.5 and 2.5 g/kg. In contrast, Mg++-, Ca++-and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities did not change after the administration of ethanol. These findings show that the al-Pase activity, unlike the Ca++-ATPase activity, is not related to Ca++-absorption. A possible role of al-Pase activity in the active transport of thiamine in the intestine was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145949", "title": "Prostaglandin E1-induced fever in rabbits pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine.", "content": "The prostaglandin E1-induced fever was neither potentiated nor attenuated at all levels of the ambient temperatures (2, 22 and 32 degrees C) studied after pretreatment of the conscious rabbits with p-chlorophenylalanine, when compared to the untreated control.", "contents": "Prostaglandin E1-induced fever in rabbits pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine. The prostaglandin E1-induced fever was neither potentiated nor attenuated at all levels of the ambient temperatures (2, 22 and 32 degrees C) studied after pretreatment of the conscious rabbits with p-chlorophenylalanine, when compared to the untreated control."}
{"id": "PMID:145950", "title": "Effects of streptozotocin on early rat embryos grown in culture.", "content": "Addition of 1 mg/ml streptozotocin to serum in which 10-day rat embryos are cultured reduces their growth and viability. There is therefore a risk that administration of this drug to pregnant animals to induce diabetes could also have direct, deleterious effects on the embryos.", "contents": "Effects of streptozotocin on early rat embryos grown in culture. Addition of 1 mg/ml streptozotocin to serum in which 10-day rat embryos are cultured reduces their growth and viability. There is therefore a risk that administration of this drug to pregnant animals to induce diabetes could also have direct, deleterious effects on the embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:145975", "title": "Erythromycin stearate in acne vulgaris: its effect on the skin surface lipids and on the activity of purified pancreatic lipase.", "content": "To study the mechanism of action of erythromycin stearate in acne vulgaris, the composition of the skin surface lipids was analyzed before, during and after treatment (500 mg daily for 1 week, 250 mg daily for 2 months) in 17 patients. Quantitative thin-layer chromatography showed that the fatty acid fraction in the skin surface lipids decreased significantly during the treatment period. The clinical effect was good in 14 of 17 patients. Further investigations were performed on the effect of erythromycin stearate on purified pancreatic lipase. The enzyme activity was not inhibited by exposure to the drug.", "contents": "Erythromycin stearate in acne vulgaris: its effect on the skin surface lipids and on the activity of purified pancreatic lipase. To study the mechanism of action of erythromycin stearate in acne vulgaris, the composition of the skin surface lipids was analyzed before, during and after treatment (500 mg daily for 1 week, 250 mg daily for 2 months) in 17 patients. Quantitative thin-layer chromatography showed that the fatty acid fraction in the skin surface lipids decreased significantly during the treatment period. The clinical effect was good in 14 of 17 patients. Further investigations were performed on the effect of erythromycin stearate on purified pancreatic lipase. The enzyme activity was not inhibited by exposure to the drug."}
{"id": "PMID:145980", "title": "[The quantitative cineangiography. Part II. Computerized analysis of the left ventricular volumes in man (author's transl)].", "content": "The values of left ventricular volumes (EDV and ESV) were determined in 35 patients with various heart diseases by computerized reading technique utilizying both the area-length and the slice methods. The data thus obtained were compared both with those derived manually and with those obtained following injection of 113mIn into the left ventricle and monitoring by external counting the dilution curve. Good agreement among the data obtained by the various methods was found. It appears, then, in the clinical practice, the computerized method has definite advantages over the others since it allows quick determination of the data and therefore examination of multiple frames.", "contents": "[The quantitative cineangiography. Part II. Computerized analysis of the left ventricular volumes in man (author's transl)]. The values of left ventricular volumes (EDV and ESV) were determined in 35 patients with various heart diseases by computerized reading technique utilizying both the area-length and the slice methods. The data thus obtained were compared both with those derived manually and with those obtained following injection of 113mIn into the left ventricle and monitoring by external counting the dilution curve. Good agreement among the data obtained by the various methods was found. It appears, then, in the clinical practice, the computerized method has definite advantages over the others since it allows quick determination of the data and therefore examination of multiple frames."}
{"id": "PMID:145984", "title": "[Cytogenetic differences in radiation effects on red-haired field mice from different geographic populations].", "content": "The paper presents the data on the effect of X-rays on the incidence of chromosome aberrations and on the mitotic activity of bone marrow cells in two geographical populations of Clethrionomys glareolus. It is shown that the percentage of aberrant cells at different intervals after the irradiation (350 r) is higher in the Moscow population than in the Komi ASSR population. The fractionation radiation results in different increase in the number of aberrant cells. The change of the mitotic activity after X-irradiation was also different in these two geographical populations.", "contents": "[Cytogenetic differences in radiation effects on red-haired field mice from different geographic populations]. The paper presents the data on the effect of X-rays on the incidence of chromosome aberrations and on the mitotic activity of bone marrow cells in two geographical populations of Clethrionomys glareolus. It is shown that the percentage of aberrant cells at different intervals after the irradiation (350 r) is higher in the Moscow population than in the Komi ASSR population. The fractionation radiation results in different increase in the number of aberrant cells. The change of the mitotic activity after X-irradiation was also different in these two geographical populations."}
{"id": "PMID:145985", "title": "[Medico-genetic study of the population of Uzbekistan. I. Incidence and variety of hereditary pathology].", "content": "In district of the Samarkand province the screening for families burdened with multiple cases of non-infectious diseases was performed. The principles of the applied screening procedure are described in the present paper. In the course of clinical examination 98 families were detected, 55 of which included more than one person suffering presumably with Mendelian diseases and 43--with multifactorial disorders. Over 30 nosological forms were found, among which orthopaedic and neurological forms were the most frequent. As a rule, identical cases were detected in one or two families. The role of certain genetic processes in the distribution of hereditary diseases in the Uzbek population is discussed.", "contents": "[Medico-genetic study of the population of Uzbekistan. I. Incidence and variety of hereditary pathology]. In district of the Samarkand province the screening for families burdened with multiple cases of non-infectious diseases was performed. The principles of the applied screening procedure are described in the present paper. In the course of clinical examination 98 families were detected, 55 of which included more than one person suffering presumably with Mendelian diseases and 43--with multifactorial disorders. Over 30 nosological forms were found, among which orthopaedic and neurological forms were the most frequent. As a rule, identical cases were detected in one or two families. The role of certain genetic processes in the distribution of hereditary diseases in the Uzbek population is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145981", "title": "Hematologic changes in Down's syndrome during infantile and early childhood period.", "content": "\"Twenty cases of Down's syndrome and 25 age-matched normal controls were subjected to hematologic study including Hb, R.B.Cs, W.B.Cs., HbF., bone marrow, protein electrophoresis and chromosomal study. Peripheral blood and bone marrow showed noticeable increase in granulocytes, increase in staff, and decrease in lymphocytes in mongols as compared to the controls. HbF was lower than normal in 18 cases. The other two showed abnormally high HbF. Protein electrophoretic study showed normal pattern except one case in which a remarkable decrease in the Beta and Gamma Fraction was noticed\".", "contents": "Hematologic changes in Down's syndrome during infantile and early childhood period. \"Twenty cases of Down's syndrome and 25 age-matched normal controls were subjected to hematologic study including Hb, R.B.Cs, W.B.Cs., HbF., bone marrow, protein electrophoresis and chromosomal study. Peripheral blood and bone marrow showed noticeable increase in granulocytes, increase in staff, and decrease in lymphocytes in mongols as compared to the controls. HbF was lower than normal in 18 cases. The other two showed abnormally high HbF. Protein electrophoretic study showed normal pattern except one case in which a remarkable decrease in the Beta and Gamma Fraction was noticed\"."}
{"id": "PMID:145993", "title": "A histochemical study of fibrinolytic activity and inhibition of plasmin in the lungs of some animal species.", "content": "Determined by the histochemical fibrin slide technique, the fibrinolytic activity of  lungs decreased in the following order of species: rat, mouse, pig, guinea pig, rabbit, cattle. Examined by the fibrin slide 'sandwich' technique, inhibition of plasmin showed the opposite mode of decrease. The possible role of these differences in the pathogenesis of various disorders of the lungs in the different species is discussed.", "contents": "A histochemical study of fibrinolytic activity and inhibition of plasmin in the lungs of some animal species. Determined by the histochemical fibrin slide technique, the fibrinolytic activity of  lungs decreased in the following order of species: rat, mouse, pig, guinea pig, rabbit, cattle. Examined by the fibrin slide 'sandwich' technique, inhibition of plasmin showed the opposite mode of decrease. The possible role of these differences in the pathogenesis of various disorders of the lungs in the different species is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145994", "title": "[Antiallergic asthma effect of ipatropium bromide (Sch 1000) in dogs (author's transl)].", "content": "Antiasthmatic effect of ipratropium bromide (Sch 1000) which is a quarternary ammonium derivative of atropine was investigated in comparison with atropine in anesthetized dogs. Asthmatic responses were provoked with inhalation of Ascaris suum antigen. Sch 1000 (0.1 approximately 0.3%) and atropine (0.1 approximately 0.3%) were given by inhalation for 10 min prior to or after the antigen inhalation. Pretreatment of Sch 1000 and atropine inhibited the increase in respiratory resistance (Rrs) induced by antigen by 55 approximately 75% and 25 approximately 50%, respectively. After treatment with each drug, the enhanced Rrs was reduced by 40 approximately 55% and 35 approximately 40%, respectively. The activity of Sch 1000 was three fold stronger than that of atropine. Sch 1000 and atropine also effectively inhibited the increase in airway secretion produced by antigen, while both drugs in 0.3% solution had no effect on the normal bronchial tone and secretion. The findings suggest that vagal activity is involved in allergy related asthma and inhalations of anticholinergic drugs such as Sch 1000 show promise in the treatment of bronchial asthma.", "contents": "[Antiallergic asthma effect of ipatropium bromide (Sch 1000) in dogs (author's transl)]. Antiasthmatic effect of ipratropium bromide (Sch 1000) which is a quarternary ammonium derivative of atropine was investigated in comparison with atropine in anesthetized dogs. Asthmatic responses were provoked with inhalation of Ascaris suum antigen. Sch 1000 (0.1 approximately 0.3%) and atropine (0.1 approximately 0.3%) were given by inhalation for 10 min prior to or after the antigen inhalation. Pretreatment of Sch 1000 and atropine inhibited the increase in respiratory resistance (Rrs) induced by antigen by 55 approximately 75% and 25 approximately 50%, respectively. After treatment with each drug, the enhanced Rrs was reduced by 40 approximately 55% and 35 approximately 40%, respectively. The activity of Sch 1000 was three fold stronger than that of atropine. Sch 1000 and atropine also effectively inhibited the increase in airway secretion produced by antigen, while both drugs in 0.3% solution had no effect on the normal bronchial tone and secretion. The findings suggest that vagal activity is involved in allergy related asthma and inhalations of anticholinergic drugs such as Sch 1000 show promise in the treatment of bronchial asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:145995", "title": "[X-ray negative pulmonary carcinoma with positive sputum cytology (author's transl)].", "content": "The repeated finding of malignant or suspicious cells in the sputum of an apparently normal person must not be ignored. Immediate and intensive attempts should be made to localize the carcinoma. Sometimes, in the presence of a central tumour an early diagnosis can be made radiologically. With peripheral tumours and early diagnosis is more likely. The most successful method for the early localisation of an occult bronchial carcinoma is fibre optic bronchoscopy, with selective bronchial aspiration. Consistent finding of malignant cells in the secretions from a lobar bronchus, provided contamination can be excluded, justifies surgery such as a lobectomy. Delay in instituting treatment while waiting for radiological or bronchoscopic confirmation reduces the chance of successful surgery because of the possibility of metastases or the development of cardiological or respiratory complications.", "contents": "[X-ray negative pulmonary carcinoma with positive sputum cytology (author's transl)]. The repeated finding of malignant or suspicious cells in the sputum of an apparently normal person must not be ignored. Immediate and intensive attempts should be made to localize the carcinoma. Sometimes, in the presence of a central tumour an early diagnosis can be made radiologically. With peripheral tumours and early diagnosis is more likely. The most successful method for the early localisation of an occult bronchial carcinoma is fibre optic bronchoscopy, with selective bronchial aspiration. Consistent finding of malignant cells in the secretions from a lobar bronchus, provided contamination can be excluded, justifies surgery such as a lobectomy. Delay in instituting treatment while waiting for radiological or bronchoscopic confirmation reduces the chance of successful surgery because of the possibility of metastases or the development of cardiological or respiratory complications."}
{"id": "PMID:145997", "title": "[Radiological aspects of emphysema (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiology is the basic factor in diagnosis of emphysema. Further differentiation is possible by assessment of the concomitant cardio-vascular changes. By these means, the type of emphysema (accompanying emphysema in chronic bronchitis, or primary emphysema) can be established.", "contents": "[Radiological aspects of emphysema (author's transl)]. Radiology is the basic factor in diagnosis of emphysema. Further differentiation is possible by assessment of the concomitant cardio-vascular changes. By these means, the type of emphysema (accompanying emphysema in chronic bronchitis, or primary emphysema) can be established."}
{"id": "PMID:145998", "title": "[Supravalvular aortic stenosis: Congenital and acquired changes in the ascending aorta near the valve (author's transl)].", "content": "Three patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis are described. One was a typical, sporadic-type supravalvular aortic stenosis, another a predominant aortic valve stenosis as part a complex heart lesion and the third inflammatory shrinking of the anulus fibrosus with an inflammatory aortic valve stenosis. The means of diagnosis are discussed. Angiocardiography and aortography are essential in order to demonstrate the pathology, haemodynamics, relation to the coronary arteries and the sinus of Valsalva, and in order to show other abnormalities. The aetiology and pathogenesis of various types of supravalvular aortic stenosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Supravalvular aortic stenosis: Congenital and acquired changes in the ascending aorta near the valve (author's transl)]. Three patients with supravalvular aortic stenosis are described. One was a typical, sporadic-type supravalvular aortic stenosis, another a predominant aortic valve stenosis as part a complex heart lesion and the third inflammatory shrinking of the anulus fibrosus with an inflammatory aortic valve stenosis. The means of diagnosis are discussed. Angiocardiography and aortography are essential in order to demonstrate the pathology, haemodynamics, relation to the coronary arteries and the sinus of Valsalva, and in order to show other abnormalities. The aetiology and pathogenesis of various types of supravalvular aortic stenosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:145999", "title": "[Special indications for using the whole body scanner (author's transl)].", "content": "In addition to the role of the body scanner in the diagnosis of diseases of the body cavity and parenchymal organs, the authors review the scope and indications for using whole body computer tomography in special situations. Examples are given of its use in the diagnosis of tumours in the vicinity of the skull base, in the orbits, the facial skeleton, soft tissue tumours, bone diseases and CT-controlled biopsies.", "contents": "[Special indications for using the whole body scanner (author's transl)]. In addition to the role of the body scanner in the diagnosis of diseases of the body cavity and parenchymal organs, the authors review the scope and indications for using whole body computer tomography in special situations. Examples are given of its use in the diagnosis of tumours in the vicinity of the skull base, in the orbits, the facial skeleton, soft tissue tumours, bone diseases and CT-controlled biopsies."}
{"id": "PMID:146000", "title": "[The diagnostic value of mammography during pregnancy and lactation (the radiological features of the breast during pregnancy) (author's transl)].", "content": "During early and late pregnancy and lactation, there is an increase in the size of the breasts, with increased density of their structure. The moderately dense parenchyma in young women is characterised by a) wavy contours of the subcutaneous zone and b) linear or oval translucencies in the central parenchyma. Our investigations indicate that it usually takes three months after delivery before the breast structure returns to normal and one is able to interpret the mammogram satisfactorily. For this reason mammography should be avoided during these three months and if there is a suspicion of disease in the breast, a biopsy should be carried out immediately.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of mammography during pregnancy and lactation (the radiological features of the breast during pregnancy) (author's transl)]. During early and late pregnancy and lactation, there is an increase in the size of the breasts, with increased density of their structure. The moderately dense parenchyma in young women is characterised by a) wavy contours of the subcutaneous zone and b) linear or oval translucencies in the central parenchyma. Our investigations indicate that it usually takes three months after delivery before the breast structure returns to normal and one is able to interpret the mammogram satisfactorily. For this reason mammography should be avoided during these three months and if there is a suspicion of disease in the breast, a biopsy should be carried out immediately."}
{"id": "PMID:146001", "title": "[A comparison of radiographic and operative findings in lumbar disc prolapse (author's transl)].", "content": "Myelography with water soluble contrast is a valuable method of diagnosis for suspected disc prolapse. In our experience complications are rare and therefore the indications for contrast examinations should not be too strict. Only in this way is it possible to localise the level accurately, so that surgical intervention can be confined to the appropriate level.", "contents": "[A comparison of radiographic and operative findings in lumbar disc prolapse (author's transl)]. Myelography with water soluble contrast is a valuable method of diagnosis for suspected disc prolapse. In our experience complications are rare and therefore the indications for contrast examinations should not be too strict. Only in this way is it possible to localise the level accurately, so that surgical intervention can be confined to the appropriate level."}
{"id": "PMID:146002", "title": "[Myelography with water soluble contrast for malformations of the conus medullaris and filum terminale (author's transl)].", "content": "Contrast demonstration of the distal dural sac and its contents is essential for an understanding of the regional pathology in cases of occult or previously operated non-occult forms of lumbar myelodysplasia. Only in this way is it possible to demonstrate the position of the conus medullaris, the course of the nerve roots, thickening of the filum terminale or other soft tissue abnormalities. Of various methods, the most detailed information can be obtained by the use of water soluble contrast injected after careful, high lumbar puncture (L 2/3). This is illustrated in five cases in which Dimer X was used. In view of its proven low neurotoxicity, Amipaque, which is now available in Germany, will be used in future.", "contents": "[Myelography with water soluble contrast for malformations of the conus medullaris and filum terminale (author's transl)]. Contrast demonstration of the distal dural sac and its contents is essential for an understanding of the regional pathology in cases of occult or previously operated non-occult forms of lumbar myelodysplasia. Only in this way is it possible to demonstrate the position of the conus medullaris, the course of the nerve roots, thickening of the filum terminale or other soft tissue abnormalities. Of various methods, the most detailed information can be obtained by the use of water soluble contrast injected after careful, high lumbar puncture (L 2/3). This is illustrated in five cases in which Dimer X was used. In view of its proven low neurotoxicity, Amipaque, which is now available in Germany, will be used in future."}
{"id": "PMID:146003", "title": "[Abnormal scintigrams in demyelinating diseases of the brain (author's transl)].", "content": "In 6 patients with acute or exacerbating demyelinating disease and in 2 cases suffering from adrenoleucodystrophy (Schilder's disease) brain scintigraphy revealed areas with increased isotope uptake. The pathological foci were verified by autopsy in 4 cases and by inspection in 1. These foci are difficult to distinguish from other localized brain diseases causing increased isotope uptake; in addition to the clinical course and to spinal fluid abnormalities reversibility of the scintigraphic lesions indicate demyelinating diseases. The typical pattern of symmetrical lesions within the white matter and the progression of abnormalities from the occipital to the frontal lobe speak in favor of Schilder's disease.", "contents": "[Abnormal scintigrams in demyelinating diseases of the brain (author's transl)]. In 6 patients with acute or exacerbating demyelinating disease and in 2 cases suffering from adrenoleucodystrophy (Schilder's disease) brain scintigraphy revealed areas with increased isotope uptake. The pathological foci were verified by autopsy in 4 cases and by inspection in 1. These foci are difficult to distinguish from other localized brain diseases causing increased isotope uptake; in addition to the clinical course and to spinal fluid abnormalities reversibility of the scintigraphic lesions indicate demyelinating diseases. The typical pattern of symmetrical lesions within the white matter and the progression of abnormalities from the occipital to the frontal lobe speak in favor of Schilder's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:146004", "title": "[Gastro-intestinal bleeding and vascular calcification in pseudoxanthoma elasticum (author's transl)].", "content": "Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is an hereditary disease of elastic fibres affecting the skin, eyes and the cardio-vascular system. The radiologist should be familiar with this disease; the vascular changes can lead to bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, which can be elucidated angiographically. There may also be circulatory disturbances in the extremities associated with early and pronounced calcification of the media and intima.", "contents": "[Gastro-intestinal bleeding and vascular calcification in pseudoxanthoma elasticum (author's transl)]. Pseudoxanthoma elasticum is an hereditary disease of elastic fibres affecting the skin, eyes and the cardio-vascular system. The radiologist should be familiar with this disease; the vascular changes can lead to bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract, which can be elucidated angiographically. There may also be circulatory disturbances in the extremities associated with early and pronounced calcification of the media and intima."}
{"id": "PMID:146005", "title": "[Radiological changes in glomerulo-nephritis--typical and atypical changes in 368 patients (author's transl)].", "content": "Atypical radiological excretory patterns were analysed amongst 368 patients with histologically proven glomerulonephritis. Amongst the functional, i.e. reversible, changes 17% showed radiological abnormalities. In most cases, the clinical features indicated the diagnosis, but in a few it was necessary to add angiography to renal biopsy. The findings are discussed and related to the relevant literature.", "contents": "[Radiological changes in glomerulo-nephritis--typical and atypical changes in 368 patients (author's transl)]. Atypical radiological excretory patterns were analysed amongst 368 patients with histologically proven glomerulonephritis. Amongst the functional, i.e. reversible, changes 17% showed radiological abnormalities. In most cases, the clinical features indicated the diagnosis, but in a few it was necessary to add angiography to renal biopsy. The findings are discussed and related to the relevant literature."}
{"id": "PMID:146006", "title": "[Diagnostic exploration of biliodigestive anastomoses with isotopes (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the radiopharmaceutical Solcoscint-Hepatobida (99mTc) and a high definition camera, sequential hepato-biliary scans were performed. Twenty-five patients were used to demonstrate the value of the method for the evaluation of biliodigestive anastomoses and for the recognition of post-operative complications. The method can be recommended in combination with radiological procedures or in situations where radiology cannot be used.", "contents": "[Diagnostic exploration of biliodigestive anastomoses with isotopes (author's transl)]. Using the radiopharmaceutical Solcoscint-Hepatobida (99mTc) and a high definition camera, sequential hepato-biliary scans were performed. Twenty-five patients were used to demonstrate the value of the method for the evaluation of biliodigestive anastomoses and for the recognition of post-operative complications. The method can be recommended in combination with radiological procedures or in situations where radiology cannot be used."}
{"id": "PMID:146007", "title": "[Sequential hepato-splenic scintigraphy with 99mTc-pertechnetate in experimental post-hepatic block (author's transl)].", "content": "Using baloon catheters in the inferior vena cava, post-hepatic blocks were produced in experimental animals. Subsequent liver perfusion scintigraphy showed marked reduction in portal flow. The significance of these findings in the diagnosis of the Budd-Chiari syndrome and its differentiation by scintigraphy from an intrahepatic block in cirrhosis of the liver is discussed.", "contents": "[Sequential hepato-splenic scintigraphy with 99mTc-pertechnetate in experimental post-hepatic block (author's transl)]. Using baloon catheters in the inferior vena cava, post-hepatic blocks were produced in experimental animals. Subsequent liver perfusion scintigraphy showed marked reduction in portal flow. The significance of these findings in the diagnosis of the Budd-Chiari syndrome and its differentiation by scintigraphy from an intrahepatic block in cirrhosis of the liver is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146008", "title": "[A comparison of intravenous and infusion cholangiography with intraoperative and tomocholangiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Seventy-four patients are described who were examined by various cholangiographic methods. 1. In the diagnosis of stenosis of the papilla, intraoperative cholangiography was found to be the most reliable. Intravenous and infusion cholangiography were of equal value and provided less information than the intra-operative examination. 2. For stones, intravenous and infusion cholangiography is significantly better than the intro-operative cholangiogram. Tomography provides no additional information. 3. For stones in the papilla, the intra-operative method is best and is superior to intravenous and infusion cholangiography. Pre-operative tomography resulted in a loss of information.", "contents": "[A comparison of intravenous and infusion cholangiography with intraoperative and tomocholangiography (author's transl)]. Seventy-four patients are described who were examined by various cholangiographic methods. 1. In the diagnosis of stenosis of the papilla, intraoperative cholangiography was found to be the most reliable. Intravenous and infusion cholangiography were of equal value and provided less information than the intra-operative examination. 2. For stones, intravenous and infusion cholangiography is significantly better than the intro-operative cholangiogram. Tomography provides no additional information. 3. For stones in the papilla, the intra-operative method is best and is superior to intravenous and infusion cholangiography. Pre-operative tomography resulted in a loss of information."}
{"id": "PMID:146009", "title": "[Programming of a 70 mm. serial technique (author's transl)].", "content": "An electronic programme selector for a 70 mm. serial technique is described. Its use is discussed, particularly in its quantitative aspects. The advantages are accuracy, reproducebility and flexibility.", "contents": "[Programming of a 70 mm. serial technique (author's transl)]. An electronic programme selector for a 70 mm. serial technique is described. Its use is discussed, particularly in its quantitative aspects. The advantages are accuracy, reproducebility and flexibility."}
{"id": "PMID:146010", "title": "[Modulation transmission function and detail recognition in tomograms (author's transl)].", "content": "Tomograms with linear movements and 40 degrees swing have shown that the usual T-modulation transmission function is inadequate and that the I-modulation transmission function is as significant as for plain films. Moreover, several selected modulation transmission functions are necessary. Even if resolution is high, detail recognition is reduced in relation to the threshold contrast. This is particularly true for the level of the cut and its close vicinity. On the other hand, pseudoimages are supressed by the threshold contrast.", "contents": "[Modulation transmission function and detail recognition in tomograms (author's transl)]. Tomograms with linear movements and 40 degrees swing have shown that the usual T-modulation transmission function is inadequate and that the I-modulation transmission function is as significant as for plain films. Moreover, several selected modulation transmission functions are necessary. Even if resolution is high, detail recognition is reduced in relation to the threshold contrast. This is particularly true for the level of the cut and its close vicinity. On the other hand, pseudoimages are supressed by the threshold contrast."}
{"id": "PMID:146019", "title": "[Complaints in the lumbosacral region and their management with Dolo-Neurobion].", "content": "Many patients complaining of acute pain in the lumbosacral area suffer from affections of intrapelvic organs (urinary bladder, prostate glands, female genital-organs). The routine diagnosis in such cases is described. In 53 own patients the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of Dolo-Neurobion has been evaluated. It is a combination drug consisting of the neurotropic vitamins B1, B6 and B12 and the analgesic metamizole. The treatment was started parenterally in the recommended doses and continued orally. If there were definite signs of infection in the pelvic area, additional antibiotics were administered after bacteriological tests. Dolo-Neurobion showed good or excellent results in 77,4% and moderate effects in 15,1% of the patients. There were no major side-effects or intolerance.", "contents": "[Complaints in the lumbosacral region and their management with Dolo-Neurobion]. Many patients complaining of acute pain in the lumbosacral area suffer from affections of intrapelvic organs (urinary bladder, prostate glands, female genital-organs). The routine diagnosis in such cases is described. In 53 own patients the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effect of Dolo-Neurobion has been evaluated. It is a combination drug consisting of the neurotropic vitamins B1, B6 and B12 and the analgesic metamizole. The treatment was started parenterally in the recommended doses and continued orally. If there were definite signs of infection in the pelvic area, additional antibiotics were administered after bacteriological tests. Dolo-Neurobion showed good or excellent results in 77,4% and moderate effects in 15,1% of the patients. There were no major side-effects or intolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:146021", "title": "Grandmaternal age at birth of parents of children with trisomy 21.", "content": "The authors investigated the age of the parents and grandmothers of 262 children with simple trisomy 21. In cases in which the mother was under 30, the mean grandmaternal age was higher than that of the controls. This might mean that some of these cases, being the children of old mothers, began their lives as trisomic zygotes. The authors assume that not only maternal but also paternal mosaicism might be significant. They evaluate their results in light of genetic counseling and in consideration of practical conclusions that can be used in prenatal genetic diagnosis.", "contents": "Grandmaternal age at birth of parents of children with trisomy 21. The authors investigated the age of the parents and grandmothers of 262 children with simple trisomy 21. In cases in which the mother was under 30, the mean grandmaternal age was higher than that of the controls. This might mean that some of these cases, being the children of old mothers, began their lives as trisomic zygotes. The authors assume that not only maternal but also paternal mosaicism might be significant. They evaluate their results in light of genetic counseling and in consideration of practical conclusions that can be used in prenatal genetic diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:146023", "title": "Induction of specific unresponsiveness against the C3H M1s=antigen in mice, increase of suppressive capacity of C3H X CBA F1-lymphocytes after sensitization against CBA lymphoid cells.", "content": "Injection of adult CBA mice with lymphocytes from C3H X CBA donors leads to a specific reduction of the MLC reactivity of the recipients' lymphocytes. This effect is mediated by a population of F1-lymphocytes which do not seem to possess the relevant MLC-stimulatory M1s-antigen. In this investigation we have shown that injection of C3H X CBA mice with CBA, but not C3H spleen cells enhances the 'tolerogenic' capacity of their thymocytes and lymph node cells. A similar enhancing effect was achieved by 'educating' C3H X CBA lymphocytes in irradiated CBA, but not C3H hosts. The results indicate that C3H X CBA lymphocytes reduce the MLC-reactivity by reacting immunologically against CBA T-cells which possess recognition structures for the relevant M1s antigen. Lymphocytes of C3H X CBA mice can be sensitized against such recognition structures which thus renders them more 'tolerogenic'.", "contents": "Induction of specific unresponsiveness against the C3H M1s=antigen in mice, increase of suppressive capacity of C3H X CBA F1-lymphocytes after sensitization against CBA lymphoid cells. Injection of adult CBA mice with lymphocytes from C3H X CBA donors leads to a specific reduction of the MLC reactivity of the recipients' lymphocytes. This effect is mediated by a population of F1-lymphocytes which do not seem to possess the relevant MLC-stimulatory M1s-antigen. In this investigation we have shown that injection of C3H X CBA mice with CBA, but not C3H spleen cells enhances the 'tolerogenic' capacity of their thymocytes and lymph node cells. A similar enhancing effect was achieved by 'educating' C3H X CBA lymphocytes in irradiated CBA, but not C3H hosts. The results indicate that C3H X CBA lymphocytes reduce the MLC-reactivity by reacting immunologically against CBA T-cells which possess recognition structures for the relevant M1s antigen. Lymphocytes of C3H X CBA mice can be sensitized against such recognition structures which thus renders them more 'tolerogenic'."}
{"id": "PMID:146024", "title": "A readout for pulsed Doppler velocity meters.", "content": "The use of the pulsed Doppler velocity meter in cardiovascular applications has been restricted, due in part to difficulties in experimental usage of the device and systematic errors in signal processing, leading to inaccurate results. These problems have been alleviated by a multiparameter readout which provides information on the position of the sample region with respect to surrounding tissues in an M-mode type display, and a first moment Doppler frequency shift output capable of following the rapid velocity fluctuations which occur in disturbed flow conditions. The use of the readout in obtaining blood velocity measurements from within the human heart is demonstrated with representative examples of output for various clinical situations.", "contents": "A readout for pulsed Doppler velocity meters. The use of the pulsed Doppler velocity meter in cardiovascular applications has been restricted, due in part to difficulties in experimental usage of the device and systematic errors in signal processing, leading to inaccurate results. These problems have been alleviated by a multiparameter readout which provides information on the position of the sample region with respect to surrounding tissues in an M-mode type display, and a first moment Doppler frequency shift output capable of following the rapid velocity fluctuations which occur in disturbed flow conditions. The use of the readout in obtaining blood velocity measurements from within the human heart is demonstrated with representative examples of output for various clinical situations."}
{"id": "PMID:146026", "title": "[Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae].", "content": "The present state of epidemiology and the microbiology of beta-lactamase-producing N. gonorrhoeae are reviewed. Methods of identification of such strains and therapeutic consequences are discussed.", "contents": "[Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae]. The present state of epidemiology and the microbiology of beta-lactamase-producing N. gonorrhoeae are reviewed. Methods of identification of such strains and therapeutic consequences are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146027", "title": "[Vitamin B 12-(cyanocobalamin)-allergy].", "content": "A case of vitamin B12 allergy is reported. Typical eczematous and exanthematic skin lesions appeared after long-term and high-dosed intake of a vitamin B12 drug (Biovital). Patch tests with vitamin B12 were positive. This observation of vitamin B12 allergy we compared with previous published cases.", "contents": "[Vitamin B 12-(cyanocobalamin)-allergy]. A case of vitamin B12 allergy is reported. Typical eczematous and exanthematic skin lesions appeared after long-term and high-dosed intake of a vitamin B12 drug (Biovital). Patch tests with vitamin B12 were positive. This observation of vitamin B12 allergy we compared with previous published cases."}
{"id": "PMID:146028", "title": "[Treatment of inflammatory and proliferative skin diseases].", "content": "Treatment of inflammatory and proliferation dermatoses can now be accomplished with pharmacologic agents which inhibit production of mediators or their actions. The immune system can be stimulated by thymosin, imidazo drugs, BCG, corynebacterium parvum and idoxyuridine. Immune complex diseases may be treated with corticosteroids, clofazimine, sulfonamides, antimalarial drugs, and nicotinic acid. Low dose, safe immunosuppressive therapy can successfully control scleromyxedema, guttate parapsoriasis, histiocytosis X, Kaposi's sarcoma, and S\u00e9zary syndrome.", "contents": "[Treatment of inflammatory and proliferative skin diseases]. Treatment of inflammatory and proliferation dermatoses can now be accomplished with pharmacologic agents which inhibit production of mediators or their actions. The immune system can be stimulated by thymosin, imidazo drugs, BCG, corynebacterium parvum and idoxyuridine. Immune complex diseases may be treated with corticosteroids, clofazimine, sulfonamides, antimalarial drugs, and nicotinic acid. Low dose, safe immunosuppressive therapy can successfully control scleromyxedema, guttate parapsoriasis, histiocytosis X, Kaposi's sarcoma, and S\u00e9zary syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:146025", "title": "In vivo incorporation of 3H-glycerol and 14C-palmitate into lipids of subcellular fractions of the myocardium hypertrophied during experimental hypoxia.", "content": "Incorporation of labelled precursors into neutral lipids and phospholipids of hypertrophied guinea-pig cardiac ventricles during normobaric hypoxia (breathing gas mixture of N2: O2, 9: 91%) was studied. The lipids of the heart were isotopically labelled in vivo with [1-14C] palmitate and [2-3H] glycerol, and, after a period of 2 hours, the incorporation of the two injected precursors into mitochondrial and microsomal fractions was determined. Eighty hours after the onset of the hypoxic treatment, the specific activities of isolated lipids showed a more elevated incorporation into lipid classes of hypoxic right and left ventricles with respect to that of the control. For both precursors, the percent increase of incorporation into microsomal and mitochondrial neutral lipids was higher than into phospholipids. In the microsomal fraction the increase of 14C-radioactivity incorporation was more pronounced than 3H-incorporation. 3H/14C incorporation ratio appeared decreased in hypoxic ventricles. The data in this experiment suggest that the net increase of 3H-glycerol and 14C-palmitate incorporation into myocardial lipid classes was a compensatory response of the heart to the hypoxic stimulus.", "contents": "In vivo incorporation of 3H-glycerol and 14C-palmitate into lipids of subcellular fractions of the myocardium hypertrophied during experimental hypoxia. Incorporation of labelled precursors into neutral lipids and phospholipids of hypertrophied guinea-pig cardiac ventricles during normobaric hypoxia (breathing gas mixture of N2: O2, 9: 91%) was studied. The lipids of the heart were isotopically labelled in vivo with [1-14C] palmitate and [2-3H] glycerol, and, after a period of 2 hours, the incorporation of the two injected precursors into mitochondrial and microsomal fractions was determined. Eighty hours after the onset of the hypoxic treatment, the specific activities of isolated lipids showed a more elevated incorporation into lipid classes of hypoxic right and left ventricles with respect to that of the control. For both precursors, the percent increase of incorporation into microsomal and mitochondrial neutral lipids was higher than into phospholipids. In the microsomal fraction the increase of 14C-radioactivity incorporation was more pronounced than 3H-incorporation. 3H/14C incorporation ratio appeared decreased in hypoxic ventricles. The data in this experiment suggest that the net increase of 3H-glycerol and 14C-palmitate incorporation into myocardial lipid classes was a compensatory response of the heart to the hypoxic stimulus."}
{"id": "PMID:146036", "title": "Ca2+ regulation in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "Regulation of aorta smooth muscle contraction by Ca ion requires the collaboration of the 80,000 dalton factor and tropomyosin. A method for preparing pure actin from aorta smooth muscle is described.", "contents": "Ca2+ regulation in vascular smooth muscle. Regulation of aorta smooth muscle contraction by Ca ion requires the collaboration of the 80,000 dalton factor and tropomyosin. A method for preparing pure actin from aorta smooth muscle is described."}
{"id": "PMID:146037", "title": "Increased (Na+,K+)-ATPase concentrations in various tissues of rats caused by thyroid hormone treatment.", "content": "Effects of triiodothyronine treatment on (Na+,K+)-ATPase in the brain, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle were studied in the rat. The number of (Na+,K+)-ATPase units in the particulate fractions obtained from deoxycholate-treated homogenates was estimated from the concentration of [3H]ouabain binding sites assayed with a labeled drug-displacement method. The concentration of [3H]ouabain binding sites was highest in the brain tissue, intermediate in the kidney, and relatively low in the liver and skeletal muscle. The affinity of the binding sites for ouabain was highest in the brain, intermediate in the skeletal muscle, low in the kidney, and lowest in the liver. Triiodothyronine treatment increased the [3H]ouabain binding site concentration in the liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle but failed to affect it in the brain. Affinity of the binding sites for ouabain was unchanged by the triiodothyronine treatment in all tissues studied. These data indicate that triiodothyronine treatment of rats results in an increased tissue concentration of (Na+,K+)-ATPase in the liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle, but not in the brain. These changes do not accompany marked changes in the characteristics of the enzyme.", "contents": "Increased (Na+,K+)-ATPase concentrations in various tissues of rats caused by thyroid hormone treatment. Effects of triiodothyronine treatment on (Na+,K+)-ATPase in the brain, liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle were studied in the rat. The number of (Na+,K+)-ATPase units in the particulate fractions obtained from deoxycholate-treated homogenates was estimated from the concentration of [3H]ouabain binding sites assayed with a labeled drug-displacement method. The concentration of [3H]ouabain binding sites was highest in the brain tissue, intermediate in the kidney, and relatively low in the liver and skeletal muscle. The affinity of the binding sites for ouabain was highest in the brain, intermediate in the skeletal muscle, low in the kidney, and lowest in the liver. Triiodothyronine treatment increased the [3H]ouabain binding site concentration in the liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle but failed to affect it in the brain. Affinity of the binding sites for ouabain was unchanged by the triiodothyronine treatment in all tissues studied. These data indicate that triiodothyronine treatment of rats results in an increased tissue concentration of (Na+,K+)-ATPase in the liver, kidney, and skeletal muscle, but not in the brain. These changes do not accompany marked changes in the characteristics of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:146038", "title": "Glycolysis of quiescent cultures of 3T3 cells. Addition of serum, epidermal growth factor, and insulin increases the activity of phosphofructokinase in a protein synthesis-independent manner.", "content": "Addition of serum to quiescent cultures of 3T3 cells markedly enhances the specific activity of phosphofructokinase assayed in centrifuged homogenates. The effect depends on both serum concentration and the time of exposure to serum. Mixing experiments, mearsurements of the enzyme at different pH values and persistence of the activation after Sephadex chromatography render unlikely the possibility that activators or inhibitors play a significant role in the stimulation of phosphofructokinase by serum. In addition to serum, epidermal growth factor and insulin also enhance the activity of phosphofructokinase. The activation occurs in the presence of 30 microgram/ml of cycloheximide. It is not the result of a high glycolytic flux because drugs (dinitrophenol and oligomycin) that interfere with ATP synthesis and are potent stimulators of glycolysis in intact cells fail to increase phosphofructokinase activity and because the growth-promoting factors increase the enzyme activity in glucose-free medium. Thus, the activation of phosphofructokinase activity appears specifically related to the action of growth-promoting factors and it may offer an experimental system to investigate the chemical signals or cellular conditions, or both, that lead to rapid cell proliferation.", "contents": "Glycolysis of quiescent cultures of 3T3 cells. Addition of serum, epidermal growth factor, and insulin increases the activity of phosphofructokinase in a protein synthesis-independent manner. Addition of serum to quiescent cultures of 3T3 cells markedly enhances the specific activity of phosphofructokinase assayed in centrifuged homogenates. The effect depends on both serum concentration and the time of exposure to serum. Mixing experiments, mearsurements of the enzyme at different pH values and persistence of the activation after Sephadex chromatography render unlikely the possibility that activators or inhibitors play a significant role in the stimulation of phosphofructokinase by serum. In addition to serum, epidermal growth factor and insulin also enhance the activity of phosphofructokinase. The activation occurs in the presence of 30 microgram/ml of cycloheximide. It is not the result of a high glycolytic flux because drugs (dinitrophenol and oligomycin) that interfere with ATP synthesis and are potent stimulators of glycolysis in intact cells fail to increase phosphofructokinase activity and because the growth-promoting factors increase the enzyme activity in glucose-free medium. Thus, the activation of phosphofructokinase activity appears specifically related to the action of growth-promoting factors and it may offer an experimental system to investigate the chemical signals or cellular conditions, or both, that lead to rapid cell proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:146040", "title": "Colicins and bacterial membranes: structures and functions. II. Studies on reconstituted homologous and hybrid membranes prepared from cytoplasmic membranes of untreated and colicin K-treated bacteria.", "content": "Cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli K12 C600 treated and not treated with colicin K were dissociated into unsolubilized and solubilized fractions. Neither fraction catalyzed ATP-linked transhydrogenase activity. Mixtures of unsolubilized fractions of the untreated bacteria with solubilized fractions of either the treated or untreated bacteria yielded reconstituted membranes with restored ATP-linked transhydrogenase activity. The level of the activity was similar to that of the undissociated membranes of untreated bacteria. The membranes which were reconstituted from unsolubilized fractions of the treated bacteria and the solubilized fraction of the treated or the untreated bacteria showed impairment of activity. The impairment is not due to an inability to bind ATPase of the soluble fraction or to an incorrect binding of the ATPase. The impaired, reconstituted membranes showed striking decreases in the relative amounts of three proteins with apparent molecular weights of 122,000, 73,000, and 62,000. The affected proteins were found to be components of the unsolubilized membrane fraction. It is, thus, concluded that the impaired activity is due to the defective nature of the unsolubilized membrane fraction of colicin-treated cells.", "contents": "Colicins and bacterial membranes: structures and functions. II. Studies on reconstituted homologous and hybrid membranes prepared from cytoplasmic membranes of untreated and colicin K-treated bacteria. Cytoplasmic membranes of Escherichia coli K12 C600 treated and not treated with colicin K were dissociated into unsolubilized and solubilized fractions. Neither fraction catalyzed ATP-linked transhydrogenase activity. Mixtures of unsolubilized fractions of the untreated bacteria with solubilized fractions of either the treated or untreated bacteria yielded reconstituted membranes with restored ATP-linked transhydrogenase activity. The level of the activity was similar to that of the undissociated membranes of untreated bacteria. The membranes which were reconstituted from unsolubilized fractions of the treated bacteria and the solubilized fraction of the treated or the untreated bacteria showed impairment of activity. The impairment is not due to an inability to bind ATPase of the soluble fraction or to an incorrect binding of the ATPase. The impaired, reconstituted membranes showed striking decreases in the relative amounts of three proteins with apparent molecular weights of 122,000, 73,000, and 62,000. The affected proteins were found to be components of the unsolubilized membrane fraction. It is, thus, concluded that the impaired activity is due to the defective nature of the unsolubilized membrane fraction of colicin-treated cells."}
{"id": "PMID:146041", "title": "Bile acid-induced increase in bile acid-independent flow and plasma membrane NaK-ATPase activity in rat liver.", "content": "Previous studies showed that in rats with obstruction of the bile ducts draining the median and left hepatic lobes, and in rats with normal bile ducts in which the bile acid pool size and secretion were augmented by 48-h intraduodenal infusion of taurocholate, bile acid flux through secreting hepatocytes was increased. Under these conditions, taurocholate transport maximum exhibited a time-dependent adaptation to increased secretory load.Unexpectedly, bile acid-independent canalicular flow in these experimental models also was found to be increased when measured at 48 h. Relative to controls, bile acid-independent flow per gram of nonobstructed liver was increased approximately threefold in selectively obstructed rats and 43% in bile acid-loaded rats with normal ducts. In rats infused with bile acids at similar rates for only 16 h, no increase was observed. Studies with [(14)C]erythritol suggested that the increased bile flow under these conditions was of canalicular origin.NaK-ATPase activity in canaliculi-enriched liver plasma membrane preparations from the nonobstructed lobes of selectively obstructed rats and from 48-h bile acid-loaded rats was increased by 47% and 52%, respectively, relative to controls, but was not increased in membranes from 16-h bile acid-loaded rats. Canalicular membrane 5'-nucleotidase and Mg ATPase also were increased. These studies show that augmented bile acid flux through secreting liver causes an adaptive increase in bile acid-\"independent\" flow and in the activity of canalicular membrane enzymes. The mechanism by which bile acids modulate this and previously reported aspects of bile secretion remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Bile acid-induced increase in bile acid-independent flow and plasma membrane NaK-ATPase activity in rat liver. Previous studies showed that in rats with obstruction of the bile ducts draining the median and left hepatic lobes, and in rats with normal bile ducts in which the bile acid pool size and secretion were augmented by 48-h intraduodenal infusion of taurocholate, bile acid flux through secreting hepatocytes was increased. Under these conditions, taurocholate transport maximum exhibited a time-dependent adaptation to increased secretory load.Unexpectedly, bile acid-independent canalicular flow in these experimental models also was found to be increased when measured at 48 h. Relative to controls, bile acid-independent flow per gram of nonobstructed liver was increased approximately threefold in selectively obstructed rats and 43% in bile acid-loaded rats with normal ducts. In rats infused with bile acids at similar rates for only 16 h, no increase was observed. Studies with [(14)C]erythritol suggested that the increased bile flow under these conditions was of canalicular origin.NaK-ATPase activity in canaliculi-enriched liver plasma membrane preparations from the nonobstructed lobes of selectively obstructed rats and from 48-h bile acid-loaded rats was increased by 47% and 52%, respectively, relative to controls, but was not increased in membranes from 16-h bile acid-loaded rats. Canalicular membrane 5'-nucleotidase and Mg ATPase also were increased. These studies show that augmented bile acid flux through secreting liver causes an adaptive increase in bile acid-\"independent\" flow and in the activity of canalicular membrane enzymes. The mechanism by which bile acids modulate this and previously reported aspects of bile secretion remains to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:146053", "title": "Cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes. VII. cellular origin of alpha-lymphotoxin.", "content": "To detect the cellular origins of alpha-lymphotoxin (alpha-LT), we cultured various subpopulations of human blood lymphocytes separated by erythrocyte-rosetting techniques with various mitogens. T cell-enriched subpopulations responded to PHA by increased 3H-thymidine uptake into DNA and large amounts of alpha-LT production. SPL and Con A-Sepharose stimulated DNA synthesis in T cell-enriched cultures if the macrophage content was greater than 1.5%; however, alpha-LT production was not induced by these two mitogens even when reconstituted with 10% macrophages. B and/or null cell-enriched populations severely depleted of T cells (less than 0.7% did not respond to PHA, SPL, or Con A-Sepharose. However, reconstitution to 5 or more percent in E-RFC allowed all three mitogens to stimulate DNA synthesis and alpha-LT production. The LT made by all cell populations 5 and 7 days after stimulation were equally neutralized by a heterologous antiserum to alpha-LT. These results show that human T and B and/or null cells, when appropriately stimulated, can produce alpha-LT.", "contents": "Cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes. VII. cellular origin of alpha-lymphotoxin. To detect the cellular origins of alpha-lymphotoxin (alpha-LT), we cultured various subpopulations of human blood lymphocytes separated by erythrocyte-rosetting techniques with various mitogens. T cell-enriched subpopulations responded to PHA by increased 3H-thymidine uptake into DNA and large amounts of alpha-LT production. SPL and Con A-Sepharose stimulated DNA synthesis in T cell-enriched cultures if the macrophage content was greater than 1.5%; however, alpha-LT production was not induced by these two mitogens even when reconstituted with 10% macrophages. B and/or null cell-enriched populations severely depleted of T cells (less than 0.7% did not respond to PHA, SPL, or Con A-Sepharose. However, reconstitution to 5 or more percent in E-RFC allowed all three mitogens to stimulate DNA synthesis and alpha-LT production. The LT made by all cell populations 5 and 7 days after stimulation were equally neutralized by a heterologous antiserum to alpha-LT. These results show that human T and B and/or null cells, when appropriately stimulated, can produce alpha-LT."}
{"id": "PMID:146054", "title": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes. V. Genetic predisposition of independent F1 T cell subpopulations responsive to antigen-pulsed parental macrophages.", "content": "Nonimmune (2 x 13)F1 guinea pig T lymphocytes initially stimulated with trinitrophenyl- (TNP) modified macrophages from one parental strain and then treated with bromodeoxyuridrine (BUdR) and light are unable to be primed subsequently with TNP-modified macrophages of the same parental strain. In contrast, these BUdR and light treated F1 T cells can be primed with TNP-modified macrophages of the other parental strain. These results demonstrate that in a nonimmune F1 animal two T cell subpopulations exist before priming that are genetically predisposed to respond to antigen associated with macrophages derived from one or the other parent.", "contents": "Nature of the antigenic complex recognized by T lymphocytes. V. Genetic predisposition of independent F1 T cell subpopulations responsive to antigen-pulsed parental macrophages. Nonimmune (2 x 13)F1 guinea pig T lymphocytes initially stimulated with trinitrophenyl- (TNP) modified macrophages from one parental strain and then treated with bromodeoxyuridrine (BUdR) and light are unable to be primed subsequently with TNP-modified macrophages of the same parental strain. In contrast, these BUdR and light treated F1 T cells can be primed with TNP-modified macrophages of the other parental strain. These results demonstrate that in a nonimmune F1 animal two T cell subpopulations exist before priming that are genetically predisposed to respond to antigen associated with macrophages derived from one or the other parent."}
{"id": "PMID:146056", "title": "Topical bioavailability of a potential anti-acne agent (SC-23110) as determined by cumulative excretion and areas under plasma concentration time curves.", "content": "The topical bioavailability of a potential anti-acne agent ([14C]-SC-23110) was determined in the rhesus monkey, an animal model relevant to man. By the method of cumulative excretion in urine and feces the percutaneous absorption of 21 microgram/cm2 of the free base form was determined to be 0.58 +/- 0.16 (SD) percent of the applied dose. The mean areas under the plasma concentration time curves (AUC) following topical and intravenous administration were also determined. The ratior of the AUC's following topical and iv administration gave a bioavailability of 0.49% of the applied dose, a value in good agreement with the 0.58% obtained by cumulative excretion. Plasma AUC curves can be used to determined the percutaneous absorption (bioavailability) of compounds. Percutaneous absorption of [14C]-SC-23110 (80 microgram/cm2) when topically applied as the salt or free base form was compared. Twice the amount of compound was absorbed as the free base (0.34%) than as the salt (0.17%).", "contents": "Topical bioavailability of a potential anti-acne agent (SC-23110) as determined by cumulative excretion and areas under plasma concentration time curves. The topical bioavailability of a potential anti-acne agent ([14C]-SC-23110) was determined in the rhesus monkey, an animal model relevant to man. By the method of cumulative excretion in urine and feces the percutaneous absorption of 21 microgram/cm2 of the free base form was determined to be 0.58 +/- 0.16 (SD) percent of the applied dose. The mean areas under the plasma concentration time curves (AUC) following topical and intravenous administration were also determined. The ratior of the AUC's following topical and iv administration gave a bioavailability of 0.49% of the applied dose, a value in good agreement with the 0.58% obtained by cumulative excretion. Plasma AUC curves can be used to determined the percutaneous absorption (bioavailability) of compounds. Percutaneous absorption of [14C]-SC-23110 (80 microgram/cm2) when topically applied as the salt or free base form was compared. Twice the amount of compound was absorbed as the free base (0.34%) than as the salt (0.17%)."}
{"id": "PMID:146058", "title": "Chronic atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease.", "content": "Retrospective study of the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in 841 consecutive patients who had selective coronary arteriography and left ventricular catheterization from January 1, 1966 to December 31, 1976 was undertaken. There were 496 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), 138 with valvular disease or cardiomyopathy, and 207 were normal. Chronic atrial fibrillation was present in 45 patients, of whom 35 has valvular disease or cardiomyopathy. One had coronary artery disease and 9 were normal. Chronic atrial fibrillation in coronary artery disease was rarely found.", "contents": "Chronic atrial fibrillation and coronary artery disease. Retrospective study of the incidence of atrial fibrillation (AF) in 841 consecutive patients who had selective coronary arteriography and left ventricular catheterization from January 1, 1966 to December 31, 1976 was undertaken. There were 496 patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), 138 with valvular disease or cardiomyopathy, and 207 were normal. Chronic atrial fibrillation was present in 45 patients, of whom 35 has valvular disease or cardiomyopathy. One had coronary artery disease and 9 were normal. Chronic atrial fibrillation in coronary artery disease was rarely found."}
{"id": "PMID:146072", "title": "Transduction of penicillinase production and other antibiotic-resistance markers in Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "Transduction of resistance from a multiply antibiotic-resistant strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis sub-group II was studied using the typing phage 108. The effect of increasing doses of ultraviolet radiation on the transducing phage was used to indicate the chromosomal or plasmid nature of the genes. Tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance behaved as plasmid genes and streptomycin resistance as a chromosomal marker. It was also possible to transduce penicillin resistance (Pc) due to penicillinase production (bla+) using a low level of benzylpenicillin (0.03 microgram ml-1) for recovery. Approximately 10(-5) transductant colonies per phage input were obtained and ultraviolet kinetics indicated that Pc was plasmid carried. Pc transductants fell into two categories. In one group PC was stable as in the donor strain and transductants had the same phage sensitivity as the recipient. In the other, Pc was unstable at 37 degrees C and the instability was enhanced by growth at approximately 43.5 degrees C; these transductants also gained genes for restriction and modification of certain phages. Transductants that subsequently lost bla+ also lost the restriction and modification characters.", "contents": "Transduction of penicillinase production and other antibiotic-resistance markers in Staphylococcus epidermidis. Transduction of resistance from a multiply antibiotic-resistant strain of Staphylococcus epidermidis sub-group II was studied using the typing phage 108. The effect of increasing doses of ultraviolet radiation on the transducing phage was used to indicate the chromosomal or plasmid nature of the genes. Tetracycline and chloramphenicol resistance behaved as plasmid genes and streptomycin resistance as a chromosomal marker. It was also possible to transduce penicillin resistance (Pc) due to penicillinase production (bla+) using a low level of benzylpenicillin (0.03 microgram ml-1) for recovery. Approximately 10(-5) transductant colonies per phage input were obtained and ultraviolet kinetics indicated that Pc was plasmid carried. Pc transductants fell into two categories. In one group PC was stable as in the donor strain and transductants had the same phage sensitivity as the recipient. In the other, Pc was unstable at 37 degrees C and the instability was enhanced by growth at approximately 43.5 degrees C; these transductants also gained genes for restriction and modification of certain phages. Transductants that subsequently lost bla+ also lost the restriction and modification characters."}
{"id": "PMID:146075", "title": "Tumours of the cauda equina.", "content": "A retrospective study of 70 consecutive patients with a cauda equina tumour who were admitted to Neurosurgical Department at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford is presented. The diagnosis of these tumours is often difficult and delayed. The quality of life largely depends upon the neurological disability at presentation. The diagnostic features and investigations are discussed together with the treatment and prognosis.", "contents": "Tumours of the cauda equina. A retrospective study of 70 consecutive patients with a cauda equina tumour who were admitted to Neurosurgical Department at the Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford is presented. The diagnosis of these tumours is often difficult and delayed. The quality of life largely depends upon the neurological disability at presentation. The diagnostic features and investigations are discussed together with the treatment and prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:146076", "title": "Small-signal analysis of response of mammalian muscle spindles with fusimotor stimulation and a comparison with large-signal responses.", "content": "1. Response dynamics of primary and secondary muscle spindle endings to small-amplitude sinusoidal stretches were found to be unaltered by tonic repetitive stimulation of fusistatic or fusidynamic fibers. 2. Overall sensitivity of these receptors is decreased by fusistatic stimulation and either unchanged, increased, or decreased by fusidynamic stimulation at rates of 75/s or greater. 3. In the case of primary endings, the results obtained with small-amplitude sinusoidal stretches are not compatible with the response of these receptors to large-amplitude ramp stretches. The difference is explained by dependence of receptor dynamics on stretch amplitude. Fusistatic stimulation tends to prevent those changes in dynamics, whereas fusidynamic stimulation tends to enhance them. 4. In the case of secondary endings, the results obtained with small- and large-amplitude stretches appear to be compatible with a linear model for this receptor (i.e., one with dynamics independent of input parameters). 5. By modulating the frequency of stimulation applied to fusimotor fibers and comparing the resulting afferent response to the receptor response to stretch dynamic characteristics of intrafusal muscle contraction can be deduced. The results suggest that the dynamics of fusiastatic and fusidynamic contraction are the same and, furthermore, that they are the same as those of extrafusal muscle. We note that the result is incompatible with measurements of the time course of twitch and tetanus development and suggest, therefore, that muscle dynamics are a function of contractile state.", "contents": "Small-signal analysis of response of mammalian muscle spindles with fusimotor stimulation and a comparison with large-signal responses. 1. Response dynamics of primary and secondary muscle spindle endings to small-amplitude sinusoidal stretches were found to be unaltered by tonic repetitive stimulation of fusistatic or fusidynamic fibers. 2. Overall sensitivity of these receptors is decreased by fusistatic stimulation and either unchanged, increased, or decreased by fusidynamic stimulation at rates of 75/s or greater. 3. In the case of primary endings, the results obtained with small-amplitude sinusoidal stretches are not compatible with the response of these receptors to large-amplitude ramp stretches. The difference is explained by dependence of receptor dynamics on stretch amplitude. Fusistatic stimulation tends to prevent those changes in dynamics, whereas fusidynamic stimulation tends to enhance them. 4. In the case of secondary endings, the results obtained with small- and large-amplitude stretches appear to be compatible with a linear model for this receptor (i.e., one with dynamics independent of input parameters). 5. By modulating the frequency of stimulation applied to fusimotor fibers and comparing the resulting afferent response to the receptor response to stretch dynamic characteristics of intrafusal muscle contraction can be deduced. The results suggest that the dynamics of fusiastatic and fusidynamic contraction are the same and, furthermore, that they are the same as those of extrafusal muscle. We note that the result is incompatible with measurements of the time course of twitch and tetanus development and suggest, therefore, that muscle dynamics are a function of contractile state."}
{"id": "PMID:146078", "title": "Localization of sodium pump sites in cat salivary glands.", "content": "1. Cat submandibular glands were perfused with Locke solution containing [3H]ouabain. In some experiments additional medium was given by retrograde intraductal injection. 2. [3H]ouabain binding sites were localized by light microscopical autoradiography and the findings compared with the electron micrographs. 3. The cells of the striated ducts were heavily labelled with [3H]ouabain, predominantly in the contraluminal parts. 4. At the acinar level moderate amounts of [3H]ouabain were found in relation to the plasma membranes of the demilunar cells. The central acinar cells were found to be virtually devoid of [3H]ouabain. 5. Electron microscopy revealed that the demilunar cells possessed long, tortuous intercellular spaces separated from the secretory canaliculi by junctional complexes. In contrast, the membranes between adjacent central acinar cells were fairly straight. 6. It is concluded that the striated ducts play a dominant role in the ductal reabsorption of sodium, and that the transport is probably mediated by a (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase. The findings on the acinar level are in agreement with the view that the primary saliva is formed predominantly by the demilunar cells. The role of a (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase in this process is unclear.", "contents": "Localization of sodium pump sites in cat salivary glands. 1. Cat submandibular glands were perfused with Locke solution containing [3H]ouabain. In some experiments additional medium was given by retrograde intraductal injection. 2. [3H]ouabain binding sites were localized by light microscopical autoradiography and the findings compared with the electron micrographs. 3. The cells of the striated ducts were heavily labelled with [3H]ouabain, predominantly in the contraluminal parts. 4. At the acinar level moderate amounts of [3H]ouabain were found in relation to the plasma membranes of the demilunar cells. The central acinar cells were found to be virtually devoid of [3H]ouabain. 5. Electron microscopy revealed that the demilunar cells possessed long, tortuous intercellular spaces separated from the secretory canaliculi by junctional complexes. In contrast, the membranes between adjacent central acinar cells were fairly straight. 6. It is concluded that the striated ducts play a dominant role in the ductal reabsorption of sodium, and that the transport is probably mediated by a (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase. The findings on the acinar level are in agreement with the view that the primary saliva is formed predominantly by the demilunar cells. The role of a (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase in this process is unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:146089", "title": "Removing a sewing needle from the pelvic cul-de-sac with an operative laparoscope.", "content": "A case is reported of an unusual foreign body, a sewing needle, found in the pelvis beneath the peritoneum of the cul-de-sac and its successful removal via laparoscopy. The preoperative radiologic localization techniques are discussed. The use of the laparoscope for removing accessible foreign bodies can obviate the need for a more extensive surgical procedure.", "contents": "Removing a sewing needle from the pelvic cul-de-sac with an operative laparoscope. A case is reported of an unusual foreign body, a sewing needle, found in the pelvis beneath the peritoneum of the cul-de-sac and its successful removal via laparoscopy. The preoperative radiologic localization techniques are discussed. The use of the laparoscope for removing accessible foreign bodies can obviate the need for a more extensive surgical procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:146090", "title": "Electrogenesis from an ATPase-ATP-sodium pseudo pump.", "content": "The short circuit current and the open circuit voltage responses of membranes to ATP, which have been attributed to membrane ATPase acting as a sodium pump, have been reproduced not only in a lipid membrane containing solubilized ATPase but also in membranes formed of the phospholipids contained in ATPase. The response is greatest with cardiolipin, but occurs with other acidic phospholipids. This observation of electrogenesis without hydrolysis is a surface phenomenon probably due to the alignment of ATP on the phospholipid by ion association at its interface with the water phase. The finding constitutes a precaution for interpreting studies of membrane Na-K-ATPase or for its incorporation into an artificial membrane. The substances necessary for electrogenesis are present at the mitochondrial membrane, and the particular orientation of the ATP on the phospholipids in vitro suggests a role for this ion association in the function of Na-K-ATPase.", "contents": "Electrogenesis from an ATPase-ATP-sodium pseudo pump. The short circuit current and the open circuit voltage responses of membranes to ATP, which have been attributed to membrane ATPase acting as a sodium pump, have been reproduced not only in a lipid membrane containing solubilized ATPase but also in membranes formed of the phospholipids contained in ATPase. The response is greatest with cardiolipin, but occurs with other acidic phospholipids. This observation of electrogenesis without hydrolysis is a surface phenomenon probably due to the alignment of ATP on the phospholipid by ion association at its interface with the water phase. The finding constitutes a precaution for interpreting studies of membrane Na-K-ATPase or for its incorporation into an artificial membrane. The substances necessary for electrogenesis are present at the mitochondrial membrane, and the particular orientation of the ATP on the phospholipids in vitro suggests a role for this ion association in the function of Na-K-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:146096", "title": "Effect of thymosin on T-lymphocyte functions in patients with acute thermal burns.", "content": "Patients with severe thermal burns demonstrate a decreased cellular immunity. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether thymosin enhances in vitro T-lymphocyte functions in such patients. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained serially from 22 burned patients and 35 health adults. In vitro lymphocyte functions were evaluated by E-rosette formation, lymphocyte culture responses to PHA, Con A, PWM, PPD, SK-SD, mumps antigen, and tetanus toxoid, and mixed lymphocyte culture reactions. These tests were performed with and without in vitro addition of thymosin. Most of the parameters examined were significantly decreased in patients during the first 2 weeks postburn. The in vitro addition of thymosin significantly restored impaired lymphocyte responses, except in mixed lymphocyte culture reactions. These results demonstrate that thymosin enhances certain in vitro T-lymphocyte functions in burned patients. They further suggest that the administration of thymosin may restore decreased cell-mediated immunity in severely burned patients.", "contents": "Effect of thymosin on T-lymphocyte functions in patients with acute thermal burns. Patients with severe thermal burns demonstrate a decreased cellular immunity. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether thymosin enhances in vitro T-lymphocyte functions in such patients. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained serially from 22 burned patients and 35 health adults. In vitro lymphocyte functions were evaluated by E-rosette formation, lymphocyte culture responses to PHA, Con A, PWM, PPD, SK-SD, mumps antigen, and tetanus toxoid, and mixed lymphocyte culture reactions. These tests were performed with and without in vitro addition of thymosin. Most of the parameters examined were significantly decreased in patients during the first 2 weeks postburn. The in vitro addition of thymosin significantly restored impaired lymphocyte responses, except in mixed lymphocyte culture reactions. These results demonstrate that thymosin enhances certain in vitro T-lymphocyte functions in burned patients. They further suggest that the administration of thymosin may restore decreased cell-mediated immunity in severely burned patients."}
{"id": "PMID:146097", "title": "Complications of diagnostic paracentesis in patients with liver disease.", "content": "A retrospective analysis of 242 consecutive diagnostic abdominal paracenteses in patients with liver disease disclosed seven major complications, including serious hemorrhage (four), perforation of bowel with generalized peritonitis (one), perforation of bowel with abdominal wall abscess (one), and a catheter fragment left in the abdominal wall or cavity (one). The results of this study emphasize the potential dangers of this procedure in these patients and raise the possibility that complications may be more common than previously thought.", "contents": "Complications of diagnostic paracentesis in patients with liver disease. A retrospective analysis of 242 consecutive diagnostic abdominal paracenteses in patients with liver disease disclosed seven major complications, including serious hemorrhage (four), perforation of bowel with generalized peritonitis (one), perforation of bowel with abdominal wall abscess (one), and a catheter fragment left in the abdominal wall or cavity (one). The results of this study emphasize the potential dangers of this procedure in these patients and raise the possibility that complications may be more common than previously thought."}
{"id": "PMID:146098", "title": "Determination of right ventricular wall thickness by echocardiogram.", "content": "Right ventricular wall-thickness measurements were performed by echocardiography and at necropsy in 25 patients. Correlations were made and found to be good in all subjects (r = .82). The echocardiographic technique was successful in separating nine patients with right ventricular hypertrophy from 16 patients without right ventricular hypertrophy at necropsy. The diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy by ECG correlated poorly with necropsy and echocardiographic findings. Right ventricular wall thickness can be accurately measured by echocardiography.", "contents": "Determination of right ventricular wall thickness by echocardiogram. Right ventricular wall-thickness measurements were performed by echocardiography and at necropsy in 25 patients. Correlations were made and found to be good in all subjects (r = .82). The echocardiographic technique was successful in separating nine patients with right ventricular hypertrophy from 16 patients without right ventricular hypertrophy at necropsy. The diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy by ECG correlated poorly with necropsy and echocardiographic findings. Right ventricular wall thickness can be accurately measured by echocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:146099", "title": "The treatment of gonococcal proctitis. An evaluation of 173 patients treated with 4 g of spectinomycin.", "content": "A group of 1,533 homosexual males were examined in 1976 for gonorrhea at the Skin Clinic of the Boston Dispensary. This examination included a rectal culture. There were 213 males with positive rectal cultures: an infection rate of 13.7%. Of these, 173 were treated with 4 g of spectinomycin hydrochloride, intramuscularly, and 127 (73.4%) returned in one week for a posttreatment examination and culture. All who returned had a negative culture. Four grams of intramuscular spectinomycin hydrochloride appears to be effective in the treatment of gonococcal proctitis.", "contents": "The treatment of gonococcal proctitis. An evaluation of 173 patients treated with 4 g of spectinomycin. A group of 1,533 homosexual males were examined in 1976 for gonorrhea at the Skin Clinic of the Boston Dispensary. This examination included a rectal culture. There were 213 males with positive rectal cultures: an infection rate of 13.7%. Of these, 173 were treated with 4 g of spectinomycin hydrochloride, intramuscularly, and 127 (73.4%) returned in one week for a posttreatment examination and culture. All who returned had a negative culture. Four grams of intramuscular spectinomycin hydrochloride appears to be effective in the treatment of gonococcal proctitis."}
{"id": "PMID:146104", "title": "[Echocardiography in evaluation of the results of surgical treatment of aortic coarctation].", "content": "Patients with isolated coarctation of the aorta were examined by echocardiography be fore operation and in the immediate and remote postoperative period. Before operation all the patients had marked hypertrophy of the myocardium of the left ventricle displayed by an  increase in its thickness during the diastole and by an increase in its mass. Besides myocardial hypertrophy, most patients had dilatation of the left ventricle. In the immediate postoperative period a decrease in the dilatation of the left ventricle was noted in patients of the younger age group. The mass of the myocardium did not change in most patients. In the remote postoperative periods a decrease in the mass of the myocardium of the left ventricle was revealed, which was most marked in adult patients.", "contents": "[Echocardiography in evaluation of the results of surgical treatment of aortic coarctation]. Patients with isolated coarctation of the aorta were examined by echocardiography be fore operation and in the immediate and remote postoperative period. Before operation all the patients had marked hypertrophy of the myocardium of the left ventricle displayed by an  increase in its thickness during the diastole and by an increase in its mass. Besides myocardial hypertrophy, most patients had dilatation of the left ventricle. In the immediate postoperative period a decrease in the dilatation of the left ventricle was noted in patients of the younger age group. The mass of the myocardium did not change in most patients. In the remote postoperative periods a decrease in the mass of the myocardium of the left ventricle was revealed, which was most marked in adult patients."}
{"id": "PMID:146105", "title": "[Ischemic heart disease in a group of men 35 to 44 engaged in stressful mental work (data from the 1st examination)].", "content": "A group of 514 males between the ages of 35 and 44, whose occupation involved strained mental work, were examined. Ischemic heart disease was diagnosed in 56 of them (10.7%); 191 formed a group with doubtful signs of ischemic heart disease, and 267 composed a group of practically healthy persons. Hypertensive disease was revealed in 18.4% and hyperlipoproteinemia in 20% of persons examined. There was a statistically significant difference between the group of healthy individuals and that of patients with ischemic heart disease in the frequency of hypertensive disease and hyperlipoproteinemia. Smoking, adiposity, low physical activity, and aggravated heredity were encountered at a practically equal rate in both groups. In half of the patients with ischemic heart disease hypertensive disease and hyperlipoproteinemia were not found, while other risk factors of ischemic heart disease were encountered no more frequently than in the group of healthy persons. Thus, just like most other epidemiologic studies, our investigation showed hypertensive disease and hyperlipoproteinemia to be of highest significance as ischemic heart disease risk factor.", "contents": "[Ischemic heart disease in a group of men 35 to 44 engaged in stressful mental work (data from the 1st examination)]. A group of 514 males between the ages of 35 and 44, whose occupation involved strained mental work, were examined. Ischemic heart disease was diagnosed in 56 of them (10.7%); 191 formed a group with doubtful signs of ischemic heart disease, and 267 composed a group of practically healthy persons. Hypertensive disease was revealed in 18.4% and hyperlipoproteinemia in 20% of persons examined. There was a statistically significant difference between the group of healthy individuals and that of patients with ischemic heart disease in the frequency of hypertensive disease and hyperlipoproteinemia. Smoking, adiposity, low physical activity, and aggravated heredity were encountered at a practically equal rate in both groups. In half of the patients with ischemic heart disease hypertensive disease and hyperlipoproteinemia were not found, while other risk factors of ischemic heart disease were encountered no more frequently than in the group of healthy persons. Thus, just like most other epidemiologic studies, our investigation showed hypertensive disease and hyperlipoproteinemia to be of highest significance as ischemic heart disease risk factor."}
{"id": "PMID:146108", "title": "[Alcoholic heart disease (alcoholic cardiomyopathy)].", "content": "With no intention of belittling the importance of chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD) in modern cardiology, the article focuses the attention on primary alcoholic heart disease--alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACMP)--which arouses a far from causal interest due to the prevalence of alcoholism. It is suggested to distinguish three main clinical forms of ACMP: valence of alcoholism. It is suggested to distinguish three main clinical forms of ACMP: (1) \"classical\", manifested by dilatation of the heart and signs of its failure; (2) \"quasi-ischemic\" manifested by cardialgia and changes in the ECG, resembling those in CIHD; (3) \"arrythmic\", characterized by variants of disorders of myocardial excitability and conduction. The ACMP diagnostic criteria, methods for its identification and differential diagnosis from CIHD, modern conceptions of ACMP pathogenesis, and the main principles of treatment are discussed.", "contents": "[Alcoholic heart disease (alcoholic cardiomyopathy)]. With no intention of belittling the importance of chronic ischemic heart disease (CIHD) in modern cardiology, the article focuses the attention on primary alcoholic heart disease--alcoholic cardiomyopathy (ACMP)--which arouses a far from causal interest due to the prevalence of alcoholism. It is suggested to distinguish three main clinical forms of ACMP: valence of alcoholism. It is suggested to distinguish three main clinical forms of ACMP: (1) \"classical\", manifested by dilatation of the heart and signs of its failure; (2) \"quasi-ischemic\" manifested by cardialgia and changes in the ECG, resembling those in CIHD; (3) \"arrythmic\", characterized by variants of disorders of myocardial excitability and conduction. The ACMP diagnostic criteria, methods for its identification and differential diagnosis from CIHD, modern conceptions of ACMP pathogenesis, and the main principles of treatment are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146109", "title": "[Diagnostic problems in mosaic-Downs-syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "In 14 cytogenetically diagnosed patients with mosaic Down's syndrome a dermatoglyphic examination was performed. A highly significant correlation between the percentage of trisomic cells and the grade of mongoloid stigmata in the dermatoglyphic pattern was observed. In 11 of the 14 patients a second chromosome analysis could be done after different periods. In several cases a very distinct shifting between the normal and the trisomic cell line occurred. In three patients the normal cell line disappeared and in one other patient the trisomic cell line was lost. The diagnostic problems are pointed out which occur by the total loss of trisomic cell lines. The value of dermatoglyphic examinations in such cases is discussed.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems in mosaic-Downs-syndrome (author's transl)]. In 14 cytogenetically diagnosed patients with mosaic Down's syndrome a dermatoglyphic examination was performed. A highly significant correlation between the percentage of trisomic cells and the grade of mongoloid stigmata in the dermatoglyphic pattern was observed. In 11 of the 14 patients a second chromosome analysis could be done after different periods. In several cases a very distinct shifting between the normal and the trisomic cell line occurred. In three patients the normal cell line disappeared and in one other patient the trisomic cell line was lost. The diagnostic problems are pointed out which occur by the total loss of trisomic cell lines. The value of dermatoglyphic examinations in such cases is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146111", "title": "Humoral inhibitors of the immune response in uremia. I. Effect of serum and of the supernatant of spleen cultures from uremic rats on the mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "content": "The effects of the serum of rats with experimentally induced chronic renal failure and of the supernatant of cultured spleen cells obtained from these animals were tested in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Serum of uremic rats with blood urea nitrogen levels greater than 35 mg. per 100 ml. and supernatant of spleen cultures from animals with blood urea nitrogen levels greater than 60 mg. per 100 ml. were found to be inhibitory to the MLR. The inhibitory activity of uremic serum was directly correlated with blood urea nitrogen levels. The inhibitory activities both of uremic serum and of the supernatant of cultured uremic spleen cells were further studied and compared. Dialysis in vitro does not remove the suppressing effect of serum or of supernatant on the MLR. Irreversible inhibition of the MLR is observed after 48 hours' exposure to the serum or to the supernatant; this inhibition occurs whether the MLR culture is exposed during the first 48 hours or last 48 hours of incubation. In some uremic rats the inhibitory activity of the serum disappears or is weakened after splenectomy, despite a continued rise in blood urea nitrogen levels.", "contents": "Humoral inhibitors of the immune response in uremia. I. Effect of serum and of the supernatant of spleen cultures from uremic rats on the mixed lymphocyte reaction. The effects of the serum of rats with experimentally induced chronic renal failure and of the supernatant of cultured spleen cells obtained from these animals were tested in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Serum of uremic rats with blood urea nitrogen levels greater than 35 mg. per 100 ml. and supernatant of spleen cultures from animals with blood urea nitrogen levels greater than 60 mg. per 100 ml. were found to be inhibitory to the MLR. The inhibitory activity of uremic serum was directly correlated with blood urea nitrogen levels. The inhibitory activities both of uremic serum and of the supernatant of cultured uremic spleen cells were further studied and compared. Dialysis in vitro does not remove the suppressing effect of serum or of supernatant on the MLR. Irreversible inhibition of the MLR is observed after 48 hours' exposure to the serum or to the supernatant; this inhibition occurs whether the MLR culture is exposed during the first 48 hours or last 48 hours of incubation. In some uremic rats the inhibitory activity of the serum disappears or is weakened after splenectomy, despite a continued rise in blood urea nitrogen levels."}
{"id": "PMID:146112", "title": "Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on deoxyribonucleic acid-protein adducts induced by ultraviolet light on chromatin cells.", "content": "The formation of DNA-protein adducts induced by ultraviolet irradiation (254-nm. wavelength) has been analyzed by cesium chloride equilibrium sedimentation. The formation of ultraviolet-induced DNA-protein adducts is increased in 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted chromatin. Cross-linking is dependent in part upon the extent of 5-bromodeoxyuridine substitution, and is detectable either in chromatin irradiated in vitro or in chromatin from cells irradiated in vivo prior to the isolation of chromatin. As much as 80% of the DNA can be cross-linked to proteins by ultraviolet irradiation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted chromatin at a fluence of 2,928 Jm-2. In unsubstituted chromatin 11,712 Jm-2 are required to obtain to obtain the same effect. Under the same conditions of 5-bromodeoxyuridine replacement and ultraviolet irradiation only 10% of the total chromosomal proteins can be cross-linked to DNA, whether in vivo or in vitro. Approximately two-thirds of the cross-linked proteins chromatograph as nonhistone proteins, the remaining one-third as histones.", "contents": "Effect of 5-bromodeoxyuridine on deoxyribonucleic acid-protein adducts induced by ultraviolet light on chromatin cells. The formation of DNA-protein adducts induced by ultraviolet irradiation (254-nm. wavelength) has been analyzed by cesium chloride equilibrium sedimentation. The formation of ultraviolet-induced DNA-protein adducts is increased in 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted chromatin. Cross-linking is dependent in part upon the extent of 5-bromodeoxyuridine substitution, and is detectable either in chromatin irradiated in vitro or in chromatin from cells irradiated in vivo prior to the isolation of chromatin. As much as 80% of the DNA can be cross-linked to proteins by ultraviolet irradiation of 5-bromodeoxyuridine-substituted chromatin at a fluence of 2,928 Jm-2. In unsubstituted chromatin 11,712 Jm-2 are required to obtain to obtain the same effect. Under the same conditions of 5-bromodeoxyuridine replacement and ultraviolet irradiation only 10% of the total chromosomal proteins can be cross-linked to DNA, whether in vivo or in vitro. Approximately two-thirds of the cross-linked proteins chromatograph as nonhistone proteins, the remaining one-third as histones."}
{"id": "PMID:146124", "title": "[Course of intraluminal esophageal pressure after laryngectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "A new electronic equipment permits the measurement of the course of intraluminal esophageal pressures in patients before and after laryngectomy. The values obtained in all parts of the esophagus could be reproduced, thus proving the correctness of the measuring system. In patients with laryngectomy having a good compensatory esophageal voice the pressures in the lower esophageal sphincter doubled, when compared with those patients with laryngectomy which had little or no compensatory voice. The pressure in the area of the upper esophageal sphincter was reduced because of the laryngectomy, and the pressure in the area of the upper third of the esophagus was unchanged. There was no difference between the groups with good and with poor esophageal voice.", "contents": "[Course of intraluminal esophageal pressure after laryngectomy (author's transl)]. A new electronic equipment permits the measurement of the course of intraluminal esophageal pressures in patients before and after laryngectomy. The values obtained in all parts of the esophagus could be reproduced, thus proving the correctness of the measuring system. In patients with laryngectomy having a good compensatory esophageal voice the pressures in the lower esophageal sphincter doubled, when compared with those patients with laryngectomy which had little or no compensatory voice. The pressure in the area of the upper esophageal sphincter was reduced because of the laryngectomy, and the pressure in the area of the upper third of the esophagus was unchanged. There was no difference between the groups with good and with poor esophageal voice."}
{"id": "PMID:146125", "title": "[Otorhinolaryngological-neurosurgical problems on the skull base (author's transl)].", "content": "Adequate tumour surgery on the skull base is, because of the close connection with vital blood vessels and nerve structures, difficult and full of risks. From six rare cases, an account is given here, of experiences which were gained by the combined ENT and neurosurgical team work. Singularly, the approach to processes of the frontal, middle and hind skull base is discussed. Through diagnosis, and when indicated, combined operative team work between the Otolaryngologist and the Neurosurgeon, using microsurgical operative techniques, reorganizational advancements regarding the maintenance of function and functional reconstruction, in the surgery of the base of skull, are possible. Under this aspect, endeavors must be made in this area, by slow growing benign new growths, to establish an early diagnosis, and the earliest possible operation, thus promoting the chances of preservation of the remaining undamaged blood vessels and nerve structures.", "contents": "[Otorhinolaryngological-neurosurgical problems on the skull base (author's transl)]. Adequate tumour surgery on the skull base is, because of the close connection with vital blood vessels and nerve structures, difficult and full of risks. From six rare cases, an account is given here, of experiences which were gained by the combined ENT and neurosurgical team work. Singularly, the approach to processes of the frontal, middle and hind skull base is discussed. Through diagnosis, and when indicated, combined operative team work between the Otolaryngologist and the Neurosurgeon, using microsurgical operative techniques, reorganizational advancements regarding the maintenance of function and functional reconstruction, in the surgery of the base of skull, are possible. Under this aspect, endeavors must be made in this area, by slow growing benign new growths, to establish an early diagnosis, and the earliest possible operation, thus promoting the chances of preservation of the remaining undamaged blood vessels and nerve structures."}
{"id": "PMID:146126", "title": "[Vagus neurinoma of the basic of the skull and endocranium (author's transl)].", "content": "We are discussing a case of neurinoma of the tenth cranial nerve in the area of the base of the skull with endocranial extension in a 51-years-old female patients. The first symptom was hoarseness of the voice, and three years later more cranialnerves were involved (V-VII-X-XI-XII). The existence and the extension of the tumor was verified by radiological examination of the base of the skull, carotic angiography, myelography and scanning; the diagnosis was proved by biopsy. The treatment of choice is the operation because the tumor is radioresistant.", "contents": "[Vagus neurinoma of the basic of the skull and endocranium (author's transl)]. We are discussing a case of neurinoma of the tenth cranial nerve in the area of the base of the skull with endocranial extension in a 51-years-old female patients. The first symptom was hoarseness of the voice, and three years later more cranialnerves were involved (V-VII-X-XI-XII). The existence and the extension of the tumor was verified by radiological examination of the base of the skull, carotic angiography, myelography and scanning; the diagnosis was proved by biopsy. The treatment of choice is the operation because the tumor is radioresistant."}
{"id": "PMID:146127", "title": "[CSF-rhinorrhea due to removal of an acoustic neuroma (author's transl)].", "content": "After removal of an acoustic neuroma by the suboccipital route cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was observed. This procedure was complicated by meningitis and pneumatocephalus. Finally, after one neurosurgical and four otosurgical interventions, the cerebrospinal fluid leak was identified in the membrane of the round window. It was plugged with a fascial graft.", "contents": "[CSF-rhinorrhea due to removal of an acoustic neuroma (author's transl)]. After removal of an acoustic neuroma by the suboccipital route cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea was observed. This procedure was complicated by meningitis and pneumatocephalus. Finally, after one neurosurgical and four otosurgical interventions, the cerebrospinal fluid leak was identified in the membrane of the round window. It was plugged with a fascial graft."}
{"id": "PMID:146128", "title": "[The trigeminus nerve in neuro-otological diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The Trigeminus nerve is represented by a large area in brainstem and therefore we often find symptoms of this nerve, if there are dysfunctions in this region. Especially when we suspect disorders of the central part of the vestibular or auditory systems the Trigeminus can give distinct signs. Besides other qualities (tactile, nociceptive) the sensitivity for warmth can be measured exactly with the thermic-impulse-test (TITT). The importance of this test is shown in some cases (tumor of the cerebello-pontine angle, tumors in the brainstem and multiple sclerosis). On the other hand in lesons of the facial part of the skull (traumatic, tumoral and postoperative) the TITT gives reliable signs and seems to be more sensitive than other tests of Trigeminus.", "contents": "[The trigeminus nerve in neuro-otological diagnosis (author's transl)]. The Trigeminus nerve is represented by a large area in brainstem and therefore we often find symptoms of this nerve, if there are dysfunctions in this region. Especially when we suspect disorders of the central part of the vestibular or auditory systems the Trigeminus can give distinct signs. Besides other qualities (tactile, nociceptive) the sensitivity for warmth can be measured exactly with the thermic-impulse-test (TITT). The importance of this test is shown in some cases (tumor of the cerebello-pontine angle, tumors in the brainstem and multiple sclerosis). On the other hand in lesons of the facial part of the skull (traumatic, tumoral and postoperative) the TITT gives reliable signs and seems to be more sensitive than other tests of Trigeminus."}
{"id": "PMID:146129", "title": "[For the documentation of the results of the positional test a new schematic pointer diagram is recommended, the positiogram (author's transl)].", "content": "It contains six fields representing the six main positions of the test. In each field the intensity and the duration of the positional nystagmus are given by the coordinates of the maximal frequency as abscissa and of the duration as ordinate. The direction of the nystagmus is arrowed by the direction of the resulting pointer. The survey on all the six fields informs about the pertaining nystagmus direction, its intensity and positional type. The positiogram enhances a quick evaluation of the positional test and facilitates follow-up studies.", "contents": "[For the documentation of the results of the positional test a new schematic pointer diagram is recommended, the positiogram (author's transl)]. It contains six fields representing the six main positions of the test. In each field the intensity and the duration of the positional nystagmus are given by the coordinates of the maximal frequency as abscissa and of the duration as ordinate. The direction of the nystagmus is arrowed by the direction of the resulting pointer. The survey on all the six fields informs about the pertaining nystagmus direction, its intensity and positional type. The positiogram enhances a quick evaluation of the positional test and facilitates follow-up studies."}
{"id": "PMID:146130", "title": "[Clinical comparison of perrotatory and postrotatory nystagmus characteristics (author's transl)].", "content": "Rotatory stimulation is a physiological stimulation of the vestibular canalicular organs. In every day's neurootological routine it is applied in sinusoidal, triangular and trapezoidal shape. The rotatory intensity damping test (RIDT) applies a perrotatory and postrotatory test combination of a trapezoidal stimulus pattern. Thus the perrotatory as well as the postrotatory nystagmus can be recorded during several phases of the after phenomena. In terms of acceleration/time plots the supraliminal perrotatory acceleration exhibits a rectangular or step-like stimulus characteristic. The supramaximal postrotatory stimulus however has a needle-like impulse pattern. The nystagmus reaction being recorded by the ENG is evaluated according to frequency or beat-rate distributions. The perrotatory nystagmus can be linearily optimalized in a linear to linear plot during its maximal reactional dynamics. The postrotatory nystagmus distribution can also be linearily graphed in a nomogram. However this nomogram is a log.log intensity/time-chart. This paper clinically compares per- and postrotatory reactions of the rotatory intensity damping test. It can be seen that this test adds important information to the clinical study of the dizzy patient.", "contents": "[Clinical comparison of perrotatory and postrotatory nystagmus characteristics (author's transl)]. Rotatory stimulation is a physiological stimulation of the vestibular canalicular organs. In every day's neurootological routine it is applied in sinusoidal, triangular and trapezoidal shape. The rotatory intensity damping test (RIDT) applies a perrotatory and postrotatory test combination of a trapezoidal stimulus pattern. Thus the perrotatory as well as the postrotatory nystagmus can be recorded during several phases of the after phenomena. In terms of acceleration/time plots the supraliminal perrotatory acceleration exhibits a rectangular or step-like stimulus characteristic. The supramaximal postrotatory stimulus however has a needle-like impulse pattern. The nystagmus reaction being recorded by the ENG is evaluated according to frequency or beat-rate distributions. The perrotatory nystagmus can be linearily optimalized in a linear to linear plot during its maximal reactional dynamics. The postrotatory nystagmus distribution can also be linearily graphed in a nomogram. However this nomogram is a log.log intensity/time-chart. This paper clinically compares per- and postrotatory reactions of the rotatory intensity damping test. It can be seen that this test adds important information to the clinical study of the dizzy patient."}
{"id": "PMID:146132", "title": "[The intratracheal behavior of the ear-composite graft. An experimental and histological study (author's transl)].", "content": "The behavior of the composite graft obtained from the concha of the external ear is studied in mini-pigs, 25, 35, 46 and 85 days following transplantation into the tracheal wall by light- and electromicroscopy. The squameous cell epithelium persists to the same extent, but its thickness has decreased as well as desquamation by adaption to the intratracheal conditions. The transplanted cartilage started degeneration in the 4th postoperative week by a slowly and continous transformation into a granulating and fibrous tissue. The adjacent respiratory epithelium reacts by hypersecretion and by the increase of goblet cells. Therefore it may be differentiated from the transplanted squameous cell epithelium. The suture material vicryl is well tolerated causing only a slight reaction by the surrounding tissue, so far as the stitch is placed intraluminally through both, the transplant and the tracheal wall.", "contents": "[The intratracheal behavior of the ear-composite graft. An experimental and histological study (author's transl)]. The behavior of the composite graft obtained from the concha of the external ear is studied in mini-pigs, 25, 35, 46 and 85 days following transplantation into the tracheal wall by light- and electromicroscopy. The squameous cell epithelium persists to the same extent, but its thickness has decreased as well as desquamation by adaption to the intratracheal conditions. The transplanted cartilage started degeneration in the 4th postoperative week by a slowly and continous transformation into a granulating and fibrous tissue. The adjacent respiratory epithelium reacts by hypersecretion and by the increase of goblet cells. Therefore it may be differentiated from the transplanted squameous cell epithelium. The suture material vicryl is well tolerated causing only a slight reaction by the surrounding tissue, so far as the stitch is placed intraluminally through both, the transplant and the tracheal wall."}
{"id": "PMID:146133", "title": "[Ultrastructure of hemidesmosomes in invasive laryngeal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The occurence, distribution, and ultrastructural morphological of hemidesmosomes in malignant epithelial cells of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of human larynx were studied by electron microscopy. In the more advanced invasive carcinomas, the hemidesmosomes were reduced in number or were absent as was the basement membrane over extensive areas of the epithelial-connective tissue junction. In other places structural alterations of the hemidesmosomes were seen as a defective attachment plaque on the cytoplasmic side of the internal leaflet of the plasmalemma including retraction or absence of the inserting tonofilaments. Other structural changes were found to involve the basement membrane and the associated subbasal fibrous elements of the epithelial-stromal junction. Hemidesmosome-containing areas of the basal plasma membrane were seen to invaginate and to appear to pinch off. It was observed that the detached hemidesmosomes rounded up with their cytoplasmic attachment plaque lying on the inner circumference of the vesicular structures. These vesicular hemidesmosomes contained components of their extracellular portion. The observations indicate that autophagocytosis of detached hemidesomosomes may lead to the reduction of epithelial-dermal adherence and may thus facilitate the invasion of the underlying stroma by invasive carcinomas of the larynx.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of hemidesmosomes in invasive laryngeal carcinoma (author's transl)]. The occurence, distribution, and ultrastructural morphological of hemidesmosomes in malignant epithelial cells of invasive squamous cell carcinoma of human larynx were studied by electron microscopy. In the more advanced invasive carcinomas, the hemidesmosomes were reduced in number or were absent as was the basement membrane over extensive areas of the epithelial-connective tissue junction. In other places structural alterations of the hemidesmosomes were seen as a defective attachment plaque on the cytoplasmic side of the internal leaflet of the plasmalemma including retraction or absence of the inserting tonofilaments. Other structural changes were found to involve the basement membrane and the associated subbasal fibrous elements of the epithelial-stromal junction. Hemidesmosome-containing areas of the basal plasma membrane were seen to invaginate and to appear to pinch off. It was observed that the detached hemidesmosomes rounded up with their cytoplasmic attachment plaque lying on the inner circumference of the vesicular structures. These vesicular hemidesmosomes contained components of their extracellular portion. The observations indicate that autophagocytosis of detached hemidesomosomes may lead to the reduction of epithelial-dermal adherence and may thus facilitate the invasion of the underlying stroma by invasive carcinomas of the larynx."}
{"id": "PMID:146134", "title": "[Problems of early diagnosis of carcinoma of the cancer of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the anamneses of 1231 patients with laryngeal carcinoma, who were treated in the ORL-clinic at the University om Halle, we investigated the relations among the duration of the anamneses, the place and the stage (TNM-system) of the tumor at the first registration. The causes of the neglection by the patient, the family doctor and the medical specialist are pointed at, and the possibilities for a modern laryngological diagnosis are given. An improvement of the early registration of patients with laryngeal carcinoma cannot be proved in the area of this clinic during the period from 1940 to 1974.", "contents": "[Problems of early diagnosis of carcinoma of the cancer of the larynx (author's transl)]. Using the anamneses of 1231 patients with laryngeal carcinoma, who were treated in the ORL-clinic at the University om Halle, we investigated the relations among the duration of the anamneses, the place and the stage (TNM-system) of the tumor at the first registration. The causes of the neglection by the patient, the family doctor and the medical specialist are pointed at, and the possibilities for a modern laryngological diagnosis are given. An improvement of the early registration of patients with laryngeal carcinoma cannot be proved in the area of this clinic during the period from 1940 to 1974."}
{"id": "PMID:146135", "title": "[Statistics on 1231 patients with cancer of the larynx 1940 to 1974 (author's transl)].", "content": "At the ENT-Univ. Clinic Halle/Saale 1231 patients suffering from an histological verified cancer of the larynx have been observed over the last 33 years. The numbers of male cases have been trebled within the last 30 years. This trend could not be observed in women. The increase is connected with a remarcable concentration of the supraglottic localisation. Despite of intensive information of the population most of the patients only turn to our clinic in the stage II and III (TNM-system). Only in 9.9% of the cases their fate remained unknown.", "contents": "[Statistics on 1231 patients with cancer of the larynx 1940 to 1974 (author's transl)]. At the ENT-Univ. Clinic Halle/Saale 1231 patients suffering from an histological verified cancer of the larynx have been observed over the last 33 years. The numbers of male cases have been trebled within the last 30 years. This trend could not be observed in women. The increase is connected with a remarcable concentration of the supraglottic localisation. Despite of intensive information of the population most of the patients only turn to our clinic in the stage II and III (TNM-system). Only in 9.9% of the cases their fate remained unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:146136", "title": "[Amyloidtumor of the larynx (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on two cases of local amyloid-tumors of the larynx. The microsurgical resection resulted in excellent functional recovery. One year after surgery no signs of recurrency were observed.", "contents": "[Amyloidtumor of the larynx (author's transl)]. Report on two cases of local amyloid-tumors of the larynx. The microsurgical resection resulted in excellent functional recovery. One year after surgery no signs of recurrency were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:146137", "title": "[Specialities of female patients with laryngeal carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 1231 patients with laryngeal carcinoma were 48 women. These were compared with male patients showing laryngeal carcinoma with respect to nine various groups of criteria. There was no significant difference in: Histological Diagnosis, the first symptom, the second tumor. In opposition to male patients with laryngeal carcinoma the number of women's carcinoma has not increased since 1940. Women are relatively more frequently taken ill at a younger age, they show a longer anamnese and relatively more frequently suffer from an inner carcinoma than men. Although the female patients with laryngeal carcinoma were attended relatively frequently at a rather favourable stage, we were not able to notice any better results after the five years' survival in comparison with the male patients.", "contents": "[Specialities of female patients with laryngeal carcinoma (author's transl)]. Among 1231 patients with laryngeal carcinoma were 48 women. These were compared with male patients showing laryngeal carcinoma with respect to nine various groups of criteria. There was no significant difference in: Histological Diagnosis, the first symptom, the second tumor. In opposition to male patients with laryngeal carcinoma the number of women's carcinoma has not increased since 1940. Women are relatively more frequently taken ill at a younger age, they show a longer anamnese and relatively more frequently suffer from an inner carcinoma than men. Although the female patients with laryngeal carcinoma were attended relatively frequently at a rather favourable stage, we were not able to notice any better results after the five years' survival in comparison with the male patients."}
{"id": "PMID:146147", "title": "Photography as a method of recording and improving skill in laparoscopy.", "content": "The techniques of photography in diagnostic laparoscopy are presented. It is suggested that photography, as well as being the best method of recording information, is of great use in improving and teaching laparoscopic skill, through comparison of case findings either at subsequent laparotomy on the same patient, or in similar conditions found at laparoscopy in different patients. Presumptive and hurried diagnoses cannot be made if a camera is used; the abnormality must be found to be photographed and recorded. A plea is made for the increased use of photography. Experience is presented with both polaroid and reflex 35 mm cameras.", "contents": "Photography as a method of recording and improving skill in laparoscopy. The techniques of photography in diagnostic laparoscopy are presented. It is suggested that photography, as well as being the best method of recording information, is of great use in improving and teaching laparoscopic skill, through comparison of case findings either at subsequent laparotomy on the same patient, or in similar conditions found at laparoscopy in different patients. Presumptive and hurried diagnoses cannot be made if a camera is used; the abnormality must be found to be photographed and recorded. A plea is made for the increased use of photography. Experience is presented with both polaroid and reflex 35 mm cameras."}
{"id": "PMID:146148", "title": "Counselling about Down's syndrome: the parents' viewpoint.", "content": "The parents of 50 children with Down's syndrome were interviewed to find what sort of information they were given at the time of diagnosis and what arrangements were made for the child's future. Particular emphasis was placed upon the method and timing of giving the parents the diagnosis, the utilization of community resources to help the family and what information they would have liked to have been given in retrospect. The ages of the children ranged between three months and eight years at the time of the survey. Seventy-two per cent of parents were given the diagnosis during the first week, with an increasing proportion being dissatisfied with the timing the longer the delay in telling what was wrong with the child. The mother has been told first in 48% of cases, and both parents have been told together in only 20% of cases. Fifty-four per cent of parents were encouraged to take the baby home, 22% were encouraged to place the baby in an institution, while in 28% of cases the decision was left to them. Forty-six per cent of patients felt that an overly-pessimistic outlook had been given by the doctor. Eighty-four per cent had medical follow-up, community follow-up, or literature supplied, whereas 16% had no such arrangements made. The parents' own suggestions for better management were sought. The two most outstanding were to be placed in early contact with community facilities and to be given a chance to meet other parents of children with Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Counselling about Down's syndrome: the parents' viewpoint. The parents of 50 children with Down's syndrome were interviewed to find what sort of information they were given at the time of diagnosis and what arrangements were made for the child's future. Particular emphasis was placed upon the method and timing of giving the parents the diagnosis, the utilization of community resources to help the family and what information they would have liked to have been given in retrospect. The ages of the children ranged between three months and eight years at the time of the survey. Seventy-two per cent of parents were given the diagnosis during the first week, with an increasing proportion being dissatisfied with the timing the longer the delay in telling what was wrong with the child. The mother has been told first in 48% of cases, and both parents have been told together in only 20% of cases. Fifty-four per cent of parents were encouraged to take the baby home, 22% were encouraged to place the baby in an institution, while in 28% of cases the decision was left to them. Forty-six per cent of patients felt that an overly-pessimistic outlook had been given by the doctor. Eighty-four per cent had medical follow-up, community follow-up, or literature supplied, whereas 16% had no such arrangements made. The parents' own suggestions for better management were sought. The two most outstanding were to be placed in early contact with community facilities and to be given a chance to meet other parents of children with Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:146158", "title": "[Vascular surgery in arterial occlusive disease. Possibilities and indications (author's transl)].", "content": "Besides amputation and resection of the sympathetic trunk, vascular reconstructive operations are among the most important surgical possibilities for the treatment of arterial occlusive disease. Disobliteration and bypass procedures come into consideration. Depending on the localization of the obstruction and the affected organ, one or the other method will be given preference. The indication for vascular reconstruction is principally governed by the disease complex, the danger to the organ due to the reduced blood supply and finally the extent of the arterial obstruction. The lethality of the intervention, the results, complications and follow-up are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Vascular surgery in arterial occlusive disease. Possibilities and indications (author's transl)]. Besides amputation and resection of the sympathetic trunk, vascular reconstructive operations are among the most important surgical possibilities for the treatment of arterial occlusive disease. Disobliteration and bypass procedures come into consideration. Depending on the localization of the obstruction and the affected organ, one or the other method will be given preference. The indication for vascular reconstruction is principally governed by the disease complex, the danger to the organ due to the reduced blood supply and finally the extent of the arterial obstruction. The lethality of the intervention, the results, complications and follow-up are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:146160", "title": "Circulating immune complexes in the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias.", "content": "We determined circulating immune complex levels and their correlation with pulmonary histopathology, immunofluorescence and steroid responsiveness in 24 patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Levels were elevated in all but three of 16 patients with cellular disease, but in none of eight with diffuse fibrosis (P less than 0.001). Granular deposition of IgG, usually with elevated levels, but in only 11 per cent of those with normal levels (P less than 0.001). The radiographic and physiologic response to corticosteroid therapy was better in patients with initially elevated levels than in those with normal levels (P less than 0.03). Circulating immune complexex are present in patients with cellular idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, have a pathogentic role in this disease and may identify a patient population that is potentially steroid responsive.", "contents": "Circulating immune complexes in the idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. We determined circulating immune complex levels and their correlation with pulmonary histopathology, immunofluorescence and steroid responsiveness in 24 patients with idiopathic interstitial pneumonias. Levels were elevated in all but three of 16 patients with cellular disease, but in none of eight with diffuse fibrosis (P less than 0.001). Granular deposition of IgG, usually with elevated levels, but in only 11 per cent of those with normal levels (P less than 0.001). The radiographic and physiologic response to corticosteroid therapy was better in patients with initially elevated levels than in those with normal levels (P less than 0.03). Circulating immune complexex are present in patients with cellular idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, have a pathogentic role in this disease and may identify a patient population that is potentially steroid responsive."}
{"id": "PMID:146166", "title": "Raphe induced inhibition of intralaminar thalamic unitary activities and its blockade by para-chlorophenylalanine in cats.", "content": "Extracellular recordings were made of intralaminar thalamic neurones responding to stimulation of the radial nerves. The effects on this response of a conditioning stimulation of the median raphe nucleus were studied in both untreated and p-CPA pretreated cats. Ninety-two percent of thalamic responses to somatic stimulation in untreated cats was inhibited by conditioning stimulation of the raphe nucleus. The intensities of conditioning stimulation required for the inhibition were significantly higher in cats pretreated with p-CPA than in cats not treated with the drug. It is suggested that raphe projection to intralaminar thalamus excerts an inhibitory influence on thalamic activities, and that the inhibition is mediated by a putative neurotransmitter, serotonin. The possible involvement of the median raphe nucleus in pain processing is discussed.", "contents": "Raphe induced inhibition of intralaminar thalamic unitary activities and its blockade by para-chlorophenylalanine in cats. Extracellular recordings were made of intralaminar thalamic neurones responding to stimulation of the radial nerves. The effects on this response of a conditioning stimulation of the median raphe nucleus were studied in both untreated and p-CPA pretreated cats. Ninety-two percent of thalamic responses to somatic stimulation in untreated cats was inhibited by conditioning stimulation of the raphe nucleus. The intensities of conditioning stimulation required for the inhibition were significantly higher in cats pretreated with p-CPA than in cats not treated with the drug. It is suggested that raphe projection to intralaminar thalamus excerts an inhibitory influence on thalamic activities, and that the inhibition is mediated by a putative neurotransmitter, serotonin. The possible involvement of the median raphe nucleus in pain processing is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146171", "title": "[Telangiectasias].", "content": "Teleangectasia is of interest to the general practitioner, though rather ignored by pathologists and hence not easily dealt with as an organic whole. The clinical pictures of congnita and acquired (idiopathic and symptomatic forms) are explained. Treatments indicated for different forms include: surgical diathermy, injection of sclerosing substances, cryotherapy and the CO2 laser.", "contents": "[Telangiectasias]. Teleangectasia is of interest to the general practitioner, though rather ignored by pathologists and hence not easily dealt with as an organic whole. The clinical pictures of congnita and acquired (idiopathic and symptomatic forms) are explained. Treatments indicated for different forms include: surgical diathermy, injection of sclerosing substances, cryotherapy and the CO2 laser."}
{"id": "PMID:146172", "title": "HBsAg and anti-HBs in staff and patients of a psychopaedic hospital.", "content": "One hundred and thirty-eight patients and 248 staff of Templeton Hospital and Training School were examined for hepatitis B surface ant,gen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-Hbs) during a 14 month period. Sixty percent of the patients showed either HBsAg or anti-HBs. Twelve of 38 Down's syndrome and 10 of 100 intellectually handicapped patients were identified as asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg. Patients from 12 of the 19 residential units were sampled and some patients from all the units sampled had either HBsAg or anti-HBs. Twenty-five staff had detectable anti-HBs. Seventeen of these were psychopaedic nurses, employed in a psychopaedic hospital between three and 39 years (average 11.4 years). Only six of the nurses with anti-HBs had a pase history of hepatitis.", "contents": "HBsAg and anti-HBs in staff and patients of a psychopaedic hospital. One hundred and thirty-eight patients and 248 staff of Templeton Hospital and Training School were examined for hepatitis B surface ant,gen (HBsAg) and antibody (anti-Hbs) during a 14 month period. Sixty percent of the patients showed either HBsAg or anti-HBs. Twelve of 38 Down's syndrome and 10 of 100 intellectually handicapped patients were identified as asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg. Patients from 12 of the 19 residential units were sampled and some patients from all the units sampled had either HBsAg or anti-HBs. Twenty-five staff had detectable anti-HBs. Seventeen of these were psychopaedic nurses, employed in a psychopaedic hospital between three and 39 years (average 11.4 years). Only six of the nurses with anti-HBs had a pase history of hepatitis."}
{"id": "PMID:146176", "title": "Iris tissue reaction to intraocular materials: feasibility for intraocular lens fixation.", "content": "We evaluated six commercially available materials for possible use in intraocular lens fixation. Dacron, Teflon, Marlex, nylon, silk, and catgut samples were placed adjacent to rabbit iris tissue and judged for tissue ingrowth and adhesion. Dacon produced maximal adhesion with minimal postoperative inflammation.", "contents": "Iris tissue reaction to intraocular materials: feasibility for intraocular lens fixation. We evaluated six commercially available materials for possible use in intraocular lens fixation. Dacron, Teflon, Marlex, nylon, silk, and catgut samples were placed adjacent to rabbit iris tissue and judged for tissue ingrowth and adhesion. Dacon produced maximal adhesion with minimal postoperative inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:146180", "title": "Factors of the langugage of pain in patient and volunteer groups.", "content": "An empirical determination of the nature and minimum number of dimension necessary to describe responses to the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and a comparison of groups, experiencing clinical or experimentally induced pain, on the dimensions were carried out. Eighty-five patients referred to a low back pain diagnostic clinic and groups of 129 volunteer students exposed to electric shock to pain threshold and pain tolerance levels described their pain using the McGill Pain Questionnaire's descriptive words. An incomplete principle component factor analysis of subjects' ratings suggested that 5 factors should be retained. These factors were judged to reflect: (I) immediated anxiety, (II) perception of harm, (III) somesthetic pressure, (IV) cutaneous sensitivity, and (V) sensory information. Canonical Analysis of Variance and univariate comparisons of back pain, threshold, and tolerance groups on these dimensions were conducted and implications for clinical and laboratory research discussed.", "contents": "Factors of the langugage of pain in patient and volunteer groups. An empirical determination of the nature and minimum number of dimension necessary to describe responses to the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and a comparison of groups, experiencing clinical or experimentally induced pain, on the dimensions were carried out. Eighty-five patients referred to a low back pain diagnostic clinic and groups of 129 volunteer students exposed to electric shock to pain threshold and pain tolerance levels described their pain using the McGill Pain Questionnaire's descriptive words. An incomplete principle component factor analysis of subjects' ratings suggested that 5 factors should be retained. These factors were judged to reflect: (I) immediated anxiety, (II) perception of harm, (III) somesthetic pressure, (IV) cutaneous sensitivity, and (V) sensory information. Canonical Analysis of Variance and univariate comparisons of back pain, threshold, and tolerance groups on these dimensions were conducted and implications for clinical and laboratory research discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146181", "title": "[Autumn ecology of Culicoides riethi (Ceratopogonidae) in the Kalmyk ASSR].", "content": "The activity of imago, habitats of preimaginal stages, intensity of the autumn hatching of imago and the initial period of their hibernation were investigated in summer-autumn of 1975 in the Kalmyk ASSR. The activity of winged insects in September was rather high, decreased in mid-October and ceased virtually by the beginning of November. The pupation and emergence of midges take place up to the second decade of October. IIId and IVth -instar larvae hibernate.", "contents": "[Autumn ecology of Culicoides riethi (Ceratopogonidae) in the Kalmyk ASSR]. The activity of imago, habitats of preimaginal stages, intensity of the autumn hatching of imago and the initial period of their hibernation were investigated in summer-autumn of 1975 in the Kalmyk ASSR. The activity of winged insects in September was rather high, decreased in mid-October and ceased virtually by the beginning of November. The pupation and emergence of midges take place up to the second decade of October. IIId and IVth -instar larvae hibernate."}
{"id": "PMID:146185", "title": "Aortic dystrophy: a cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of obscure origin.", "content": "Cardiac hypertrophy of obscure origin, with or without features of congestive heart failure, is a relatively common finding at autopsy. A primary abnormality of cardiac muscle has usually been considered the basis of this condition. This paper proposes that the basic pathologic process does not affect the myocardium, but rather the ascending aorta. This \"aortic dystrophy\" is characterized grossly by diffuse ectasia of the ascending aorta, and microscopically by typical histologic features. The hypertrophy of the left heart appears to be work hypertrophy secondary to increased volume of the ascending aorta and reduced elastic recoil of the aortic wall following ventricular systole. The disorder in \"idopathic\" cardiac hypertrophy with aortic dystrophy is heritable (mendelian dominant), also affects the skeleton, and can be demonstrated in relatives. Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta is an alternative manifestation of aortic dystrophy, and may occur in families or in patients with \"idiopathic\" cardiac hypertrophy.", "contents": "Aortic dystrophy: a cause of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy of obscure origin. Cardiac hypertrophy of obscure origin, with or without features of congestive heart failure, is a relatively common finding at autopsy. A primary abnormality of cardiac muscle has usually been considered the basis of this condition. This paper proposes that the basic pathologic process does not affect the myocardium, but rather the ascending aorta. This \"aortic dystrophy\" is characterized grossly by diffuse ectasia of the ascending aorta, and microscopically by typical histologic features. The hypertrophy of the left heart appears to be work hypertrophy secondary to increased volume of the ascending aorta and reduced elastic recoil of the aortic wall following ventricular systole. The disorder in \"idopathic\" cardiac hypertrophy with aortic dystrophy is heritable (mendelian dominant), also affects the skeleton, and can be demonstrated in relatives. Dissecting aneurysm of the aorta is an alternative manifestation of aortic dystrophy, and may occur in families or in patients with \"idiopathic\" cardiac hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:146187", "title": "Further studies on the adaptation of fish myofibrillar ATPases to different cell temperatures.", "content": "Previous studies on fish Mg2+Ca2+ activated myofibrillar ATPases have been extended to species inhabiting diverse thermal environments. Cold adapted ATPases have considerably higher catalytic centred activities at low temperatures than warm adapted ATPases. Differences in cell temperature have also lead to evolutionary modifications in thermodynamic activation parameters. The free energies (deltaG2+), enthalpies (deltaH2+) and entropies (deltaS2+) of activation of the Mg2+Ca2+ myofibrillar ATPase are positively correlated with adaptation temperature. Myofibrils with CaATP-2 as substrate in the absence of Mg2+ will hydrolyse ATP by a mechanism not associated with fibril shortening. Differences in activation enthalpies (deltaHH) between cold and warm adapted Ca2+-activated myofibrillar ATPases are less pronounced than for the physiological ATPase. Furthermore the Ca2+-activated ATPase showed no relationship between environmental temperature and substrate turnover number or free energy of activation (deltaG2+).", "contents": "Further studies on the adaptation of fish myofibrillar ATPases to different cell temperatures. Previous studies on fish Mg2+Ca2+ activated myofibrillar ATPases have been extended to species inhabiting diverse thermal environments. Cold adapted ATPases have considerably higher catalytic centred activities at low temperatures than warm adapted ATPases. Differences in cell temperature have also lead to evolutionary modifications in thermodynamic activation parameters. The free energies (deltaG2+), enthalpies (deltaH2+) and entropies (deltaS2+) of activation of the Mg2+Ca2+ myofibrillar ATPase are positively correlated with adaptation temperature. Myofibrils with CaATP-2 as substrate in the absence of Mg2+ will hydrolyse ATP by a mechanism not associated with fibril shortening. Differences in activation enthalpies (deltaHH) between cold and warm adapted Ca2+-activated myofibrillar ATPases are less pronounced than for the physiological ATPase. Furthermore the Ca2+-activated ATPase showed no relationship between environmental temperature and substrate turnover number or free energy of activation (deltaG2+)."}
{"id": "PMID:146189", "title": "[Diagnosis of a fibrosarcoma of the psoas presenting with fever only by gallium citrate scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "A fibrosarcoma of the psoas in a 62-year-old woman manifested itself essentially by a febrile syndrome for approximately one year. It would appear that the first manifestation of the lesion occurred three years previously (lumbar pain). Careful clinical examination, numerous radiological studies and two exploratory laparotomies failed to reveal the site of the lesion. The latter was finally demonstrated by GaC67 gammagraphy. This case thus confirms the great value of this radioactive tracer in the diagnostic study of a febrile syndrome as a tumour syndrome. It would appear to be perhaps desirable, in this pathological context, to request a whole body study using GaC67 before proceeding to exploratory laparotomy.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of a fibrosarcoma of the psoas presenting with fever only by gallium citrate scintigraphy (author's transl)]. A fibrosarcoma of the psoas in a 62-year-old woman manifested itself essentially by a febrile syndrome for approximately one year. It would appear that the first manifestation of the lesion occurred three years previously (lumbar pain). Careful clinical examination, numerous radiological studies and two exploratory laparotomies failed to reveal the site of the lesion. The latter was finally demonstrated by GaC67 gammagraphy. This case thus confirms the great value of this radioactive tracer in the diagnostic study of a febrile syndrome as a tumour syndrome. It would appear to be perhaps desirable, in this pathological context, to request a whole body study using GaC67 before proceeding to exploratory laparotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:146192", "title": "Nucleotide sequence of Neurospora crassa cytoplasmic initiator tRNA.", "content": "Initiator methionine tRNA from the cytoplasm of Neurospora crassa has been purified and sequenced. The sequence is: pAGCUGCAUm1GGCGCAGCGGAAGCGCM22GCY*GGGCUCAUt6AACCCGGAGm7GU (or D) - CACUCGAUCGm1AAACGAG*UUGCAGCUACCAOH. Similar to initiator tRNAs from the cytoplasm of other eukaryotes, this tRNA also contains the sequence -AUCG- instead of the usual -TphiCG (or A)- found in loop IV of other tRNAs. The sequence of the N. crassa cytoplasmic initiator tRNA is quite different from that of the corresponding mitochondrial initiator tRNA. Comparison of the sequence of N. crassa cytoplasmic initiator tRNA to those of yeast, wheat germ and vertebrate cytoplasmic initiator tRNA indicates that the sequences of the two fungal tRNAs are no more similar to each other than they are to those of other initiator tRNAs.", "contents": "Nucleotide sequence of Neurospora crassa cytoplasmic initiator tRNA. Initiator methionine tRNA from the cytoplasm of Neurospora crassa has been purified and sequenced. The sequence is: pAGCUGCAUm1GGCGCAGCGGAAGCGCM22GCY*GGGCUCAUt6AACCCGGAGm7GU (or D) - CACUCGAUCGm1AAACGAG*UUGCAGCUACCAOH. Similar to initiator tRNAs from the cytoplasm of other eukaryotes, this tRNA also contains the sequence -AUCG- instead of the usual -TphiCG (or A)- found in loop IV of other tRNAs. The sequence of the N. crassa cytoplasmic initiator tRNA is quite different from that of the corresponding mitochondrial initiator tRNA. Comparison of the sequence of N. crassa cytoplasmic initiator tRNA to those of yeast, wheat germ and vertebrate cytoplasmic initiator tRNA indicates that the sequences of the two fungal tRNAs are no more similar to each other than they are to those of other initiator tRNAs."}
{"id": "PMID:146197", "title": "Chemical evidence that proteolytic cleavage causes the heterogeneity present in human ceruloplasmin preparations.", "content": "Nine samples of human ceruloplasmin [iron(II):oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.16.3.1] prepared by different procedures have been examined for heterogeneity; gel electrophoresis showed that seven contained a number of components with molecular weights ranging from 20,000 to 130,000, and two contained largely a single component of molecular weight 130,000. Digestion of a single-component preparation with plasmin produced fragments with molecular weights similar to those found in the multicomponent preparations. Amino-terminal analysis, peptide mapping, and amino acid analysis showed that plasmin digestion generated a fragment of 20,000 molecular weight, which corresponded to a component present in a multicomponent ceruloplasmin preparation. The 20,000 molecular weight fragment appears to correspond to the so-called alpha-subunit or L-chain of human ceruloplasmin. Chemical evidence is thus provided that ceruloplasmin is a single-chain protein and that the so-called subunits are fragments. The 20,000 molecular weight fragment contains a single cysteine; amino acid sequence studies have shown that the sequence in the vicinity of this residue is similar to that around the single cysteine residue in plant plastocyanins and bacterial azurins, which are small, blue, copper-containing proteins.", "contents": "Chemical evidence that proteolytic cleavage causes the heterogeneity present in human ceruloplasmin preparations. Nine samples of human ceruloplasmin [iron(II):oxygen oxidoreductase; EC 1.16.3.1] prepared by different procedures have been examined for heterogeneity; gel electrophoresis showed that seven contained a number of components with molecular weights ranging from 20,000 to 130,000, and two contained largely a single component of molecular weight 130,000. Digestion of a single-component preparation with plasmin produced fragments with molecular weights similar to those found in the multicomponent preparations. Amino-terminal analysis, peptide mapping, and amino acid analysis showed that plasmin digestion generated a fragment of 20,000 molecular weight, which corresponded to a component present in a multicomponent ceruloplasmin preparation. The 20,000 molecular weight fragment appears to correspond to the so-called alpha-subunit or L-chain of human ceruloplasmin. Chemical evidence is thus provided that ceruloplasmin is a single-chain protein and that the so-called subunits are fragments. The 20,000 molecular weight fragment contains a single cysteine; amino acid sequence studies have shown that the sequence in the vicinity of this residue is similar to that around the single cysteine residue in plant plastocyanins and bacterial azurins, which are small, blue, copper-containing proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:146198", "title": "Molybdenum cofactors from molybdoenzymes and in vitro reconstitution of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase.", "content": "A molybdenum cofactor (Mo-co) from xanthine oxidase (xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.2) can be isolated from the enzyme by a technique that has been used to isolate an iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) from component I of nitrogenase. N-Methylformamide is used for the extraction of these molybdenum cofactors. Mo-co from xanthine oxidase activates nitrate reductase (NADPH:nitrate oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.6.2) in an extract from Neurospora crassa mutant strain Nit-1; however, FeMo-co is unable to activate nitrate reductase in strain Nit-1. Mo-co from xanthine oxidase is unable to activate nitrogenase in an extract of Azotobacter vinelandii mutant strain UW45. Inactive component I in this extract can be activated by FeMo-co. These results indicate that nitrate reductase and xanthine oxidase share a common molybdenum cofactor, but this cofactor is different from the molybdenum cofactor in nitrogenase.A. vinelandii synthesizes both Mo-co and FeMo-co. Mo-co is produced when the cells fix N(2) and also when they are repressed for nitrogenase synthesis by growth in a medium containing excess ammonium. However, FeMo-co is not produced when cells are grown in an ammonium-containing medium. Partially purified preparations of component I from A. vinelandii and Klebsiella pneumoniae contain both FeMo-co and Mo-co. The presence of both FeMo-co and Mo-co activities in partially purified preparations of component I explains previous reports of activation of inactive nitrate reductase in strain Nit-1 by acid-treated component I of nitrogenase. The Mo-co can be separated from FeMo-co in these preparations by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 in N-methylformamide. Both FeMo-co and Mo-co are sensitive to oxygen.", "contents": "Molybdenum cofactors from molybdoenzymes and in vitro reconstitution of nitrogenase and nitrate reductase. A molybdenum cofactor (Mo-co) from xanthine oxidase (xanthine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.2) can be isolated from the enzyme by a technique that has been used to isolate an iron-molybdenum cofactor (FeMo-co) from component I of nitrogenase. N-Methylformamide is used for the extraction of these molybdenum cofactors. Mo-co from xanthine oxidase activates nitrate reductase (NADPH:nitrate oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.6.2) in an extract from Neurospora crassa mutant strain Nit-1; however, FeMo-co is unable to activate nitrate reductase in strain Nit-1. Mo-co from xanthine oxidase is unable to activate nitrogenase in an extract of Azotobacter vinelandii mutant strain UW45. Inactive component I in this extract can be activated by FeMo-co. These results indicate that nitrate reductase and xanthine oxidase share a common molybdenum cofactor, but this cofactor is different from the molybdenum cofactor in nitrogenase.A. vinelandii synthesizes both Mo-co and FeMo-co. Mo-co is produced when the cells fix N(2) and also when they are repressed for nitrogenase synthesis by growth in a medium containing excess ammonium. However, FeMo-co is not produced when cells are grown in an ammonium-containing medium. Partially purified preparations of component I from A. vinelandii and Klebsiella pneumoniae contain both FeMo-co and Mo-co. The presence of both FeMo-co and Mo-co activities in partially purified preparations of component I explains previous reports of activation of inactive nitrate reductase in strain Nit-1 by acid-treated component I of nitrogenase. The Mo-co can be separated from FeMo-co in these preparations by chromatography on Sephadex G-100 in N-methylformamide. Both FeMo-co and Mo-co are sensitive to oxygen."}
{"id": "PMID:146199", "title": "31P nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of ATPase kinetics in aerobic Escherichia coli cells.", "content": "We have measured the in vivo unidirectional rates between the terminal phosphate of ATP and intracellular inorganic phosphate (PiIN) in aerobic suspensions of Escherichia coli cells using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance saturation transfer techniques. Typically, the measurements consisted of saturating the ATPgamma resonance and observing a 20 +/- 5% reduction in the intensity of the PiIN resonance. No saturation transfer was observed after incubation with 1 mM dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, an ATPase inhibitor. From the measured decrease in intensity of PiIN coming from saturation transfer, the apparent unimolecular rate constant of PiIN to ATP was calculated to be 0.6 +/- 0.15 sec-1.", "contents": "31P nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of ATPase kinetics in aerobic Escherichia coli cells. We have measured the in vivo unidirectional rates between the terminal phosphate of ATP and intracellular inorganic phosphate (PiIN) in aerobic suspensions of Escherichia coli cells using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance saturation transfer techniques. Typically, the measurements consisted of saturating the ATPgamma resonance and observing a 20 +/- 5% reduction in the intensity of the PiIN resonance. No saturation transfer was observed after incubation with 1 mM dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, an ATPase inhibitor. From the measured decrease in intensity of PiIN coming from saturation transfer, the apparent unimolecular rate constant of PiIN to ATP was calculated to be 0.6 +/- 0.15 sec-1."}
{"id": "PMID:146200", "title": "Antibody-induced linkages of plasma membrane proteins to intracellular actomyosin-containing filaments in cultured fibroblasts.", "content": "The surface distributions of three different membrane integral proteins, beta2-microglobulin (part of the histocompatibility antigen complex), aminopeptidase (alpha-aminoacyl-peptide hydrolase; EC 3.4.11.2), and the Na+,K+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase; EC 3.6.1.3) on human fibroblasts grown in monolayer culture have been studied with their specific antibodies by immunofluorescence. On the same cells, the distribution of intracellular actin was observed by a spectrally distinct fluorescent staining procedure. If each of the antibody reagents was permitted to cluster its specific protein in the plane of the membrane, these clusters apparently became linked, through the membrane, to actin- and myosin-containing filaments (stress fibers) underneath the membrane, and were thereby immobilized. From these and other experiments, it appears that most, if not all, integral proteins can, upon clustering, form such transmembrane linkages to actin and myosin. A molecular mechanism for the formation of these linkages is proposed which postulates that actin is associated with the cytoplasmic surface of plasma membranes by peripheral attachment to a ubiquitous integral protein X in the membrane; when other integral proteins are induced to form clusters, they become bound to X and hence to actin (and myosin). The possible physiological role of these transmembrane linkages is briefly discussed.", "contents": "Antibody-induced linkages of plasma membrane proteins to intracellular actomyosin-containing filaments in cultured fibroblasts. The surface distributions of three different membrane integral proteins, beta2-microglobulin (part of the histocompatibility antigen complex), aminopeptidase (alpha-aminoacyl-peptide hydrolase; EC 3.4.11.2), and the Na+,K+-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase; EC 3.6.1.3) on human fibroblasts grown in monolayer culture have been studied with their specific antibodies by immunofluorescence. On the same cells, the distribution of intracellular actin was observed by a spectrally distinct fluorescent staining procedure. If each of the antibody reagents was permitted to cluster its specific protein in the plane of the membrane, these clusters apparently became linked, through the membrane, to actin- and myosin-containing filaments (stress fibers) underneath the membrane, and were thereby immobilized. From these and other experiments, it appears that most, if not all, integral proteins can, upon clustering, form such transmembrane linkages to actin and myosin. A molecular mechanism for the formation of these linkages is proposed which postulates that actin is associated with the cytoplasmic surface of plasma membranes by peripheral attachment to a ubiquitous integral protein X in the membrane; when other integral proteins are induced to form clusters, they become bound to X and hence to actin (and myosin). The possible physiological role of these transmembrane linkages is briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146204", "title": "Calcium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity preservation in isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "ATPase activity in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was measured before and after storage for several weeks and under a variety of conditions. Rapid freezing and storage at-80 degrees C provided optimum protection of enzyme activity. Sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations stored at 0 degrees C or frozen slowly and stored at-20 degrees C were not stable. At 0 degrees C sucrose, glycerol, and dithiothreitol had a stabilizing effect while NaCl, dimethylsulfoxide, and antioxidants afforded little or no protection.", "contents": "Calcium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity preservation in isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum. ATPase activity in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles was measured before and after storage for several weeks and under a variety of conditions. Rapid freezing and storage at-80 degrees C provided optimum protection of enzyme activity. Sarcoplasmic reticulum preparations stored at 0 degrees C or frozen slowly and stored at-20 degrees C were not stable. At 0 degrees C sucrose, glycerol, and dithiothreitol had a stabilizing effect while NaCl, dimethylsulfoxide, and antioxidants afforded little or no protection."}
{"id": "PMID:146206", "title": "[Incidence and diagnosis of lumbosacral pouch diverticula].", "content": "The myelograms of ninety-nine patients with an ischias symptomatology were analyzed. In fifteen of the subjects there were found lumbosacral radicular pouch diverticula which, after elimination of other nosogenic factors, were considered chiefly responsible for the clinical and neurological pictures observed in six cases. The pathological and anatomical, clinical and radiographic results described by the authors represent a disease picture which is little known and, hence, not generally included in the differential diagnosis of ischialgia, but which has been found to yield to neurosurgical treatment in selected cases.", "contents": "[Incidence and diagnosis of lumbosacral pouch diverticula]. The myelograms of ninety-nine patients with an ischias symptomatology were analyzed. In fifteen of the subjects there were found lumbosacral radicular pouch diverticula which, after elimination of other nosogenic factors, were considered chiefly responsible for the clinical and neurological pictures observed in six cases. The pathological and anatomical, clinical and radiographic results described by the authors represent a disease picture which is little known and, hence, not generally included in the differential diagnosis of ischialgia, but which has been found to yield to neurosurgical treatment in selected cases."}
{"id": "PMID:146209", "title": "Enhancement of lung colony-forming efficiency by local thoracic irradiation: interpretation of labeled cell studies.", "content": "The dynamics of 125IUdR-labeled tumor cell retention in the lungs have been compared with the efficiency of lung colony formation over a wide range of inoculum sizes in normal mice and in mice pretreated with 1000 rads local thoracic irradiation (LTI). These studies indicate that the increase in lung colony yield after LTI cannot be ascribed to improved intravascular trapping or interstitial lodgement of tumor cells. Hypotheses purporting that active specific or nonspecific host defense might be impaired by LTI were reassessed but rejected in favor of the idea that radiation-induced alterations in the physiological mocroenvironment of the lungs improve an intrinsically poor survival capability of intravenously disseminated tumor cells.", "contents": "Enhancement of lung colony-forming efficiency by local thoracic irradiation: interpretation of labeled cell studies. The dynamics of 125IUdR-labeled tumor cell retention in the lungs have been compared with the efficiency of lung colony formation over a wide range of inoculum sizes in normal mice and in mice pretreated with 1000 rads local thoracic irradiation (LTI). These studies indicate that the increase in lung colony yield after LTI cannot be ascribed to improved intravascular trapping or interstitial lodgement of tumor cells. Hypotheses purporting that active specific or nonspecific host defense might be impaired by LTI were reassessed but rejected in favor of the idea that radiation-induced alterations in the physiological mocroenvironment of the lungs improve an intrinsically poor survival capability of intravenously disseminated tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:146210", "title": "The preexcitation syndromes.", "content": "Current methodology permits one to define the functional basis of the preexcitation syndromes with reasonable certainty and to develop a rationale for instituting trials of medical therapy. Future studies will hopefully result in a more exact definition of the anatomic substrates of preexcitation and their relationship to the pathophysiology of the associated syndromes. New antiarrhythmic agents must also be developed to add to the relatively small number of available drugs. Important questions still remain. Should asymptomatic patients with preexcitation be studied? If found to demonstrate potential for malignant arrhythmias, should they be treated prophylactically? The answers to these questions will require study and long-term follow-up of nonhospital referral patients. Surgery offers a feasible therapeutic alternative for patients with life-threatening or disabling arrhythmias but demands a team equipped to perform precise preoperative and intraoperative mapping studies to define the type and location of underlying anatomic substrates.", "contents": "The preexcitation syndromes. Current methodology permits one to define the functional basis of the preexcitation syndromes with reasonable certainty and to develop a rationale for instituting trials of medical therapy. Future studies will hopefully result in a more exact definition of the anatomic substrates of preexcitation and their relationship to the pathophysiology of the associated syndromes. New antiarrhythmic agents must also be developed to add to the relatively small number of available drugs. Important questions still remain. Should asymptomatic patients with preexcitation be studied? If found to demonstrate potential for malignant arrhythmias, should they be treated prophylactically? The answers to these questions will require study and long-term follow-up of nonhospital referral patients. Surgery offers a feasible therapeutic alternative for patients with life-threatening or disabling arrhythmias but demands a team equipped to perform precise preoperative and intraoperative mapping studies to define the type and location of underlying anatomic substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:146253", "title": "Validity of the \"airflometer\"--a simple device for assessment of forced expiration.", "content": "The device is basically a plastic turbine with a reduction gear (approximately 1:300) driving an indicator. Following a forced expiration on the indicator comes to rest after about 30 s, when it is read. The reading appears to be generated by the expired flow versus time pattern, and during a forced expiration, close to maximum speed for the turbine is reached within 0.5 s. In a given subject repeated measurements with the same apparatus varied within a few per cent, whereas the variation was considerable among different apparatuses. Readings correlated about equally well with FEV0.5 and FEV1.", "contents": "Validity of the \"airflometer\"--a simple device for assessment of forced expiration. The device is basically a plastic turbine with a reduction gear (approximately 1:300) driving an indicator. Following a forced expiration on the indicator comes to rest after about 30 s, when it is read. The reading appears to be generated by the expired flow versus time pattern, and during a forced expiration, close to maximum speed for the turbine is reached within 0.5 s. In a given subject repeated measurements with the same apparatus varied within a few per cent, whereas the variation was considerable among different apparatuses. Readings correlated about equally well with FEV0.5 and FEV1."}
{"id": "PMID:146254", "title": "Use of a new simple device, the airflometer, in detecting changes in airways obstuction.", "content": "A simple device for measuring ventilatory function, the airflowmeter, was found to be at least as sensitive as the Wright peak-flow meter in detecting histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients. The apparatus also was found suitable for monitoring ventilatory function by the patients themselves at home.", "contents": "Use of a new simple device, the airflometer, in detecting changes in airways obstuction. A simple device for measuring ventilatory function, the airflowmeter, was found to be at least as sensitive as the Wright peak-flow meter in detecting histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic patients. The apparatus also was found suitable for monitoring ventilatory function by the patients themselves at home."}
{"id": "PMID:146255", "title": "[Chordomas. Excision of a lumbar chordoma: 2 1/2 years survival without signs of recurrence and without functional complications].", "content": "In connection with surgical removal of a chordoma in the lumbar region by large excision, followed by 31-month survival of the patient without complications, personal experience of 8 chordomas operated on over the last 20 years is reported. The authors believe their observations show the value of active surgical treatment combined with radiotherapy, which has a palliative effect on the pain and slows the evolution of the tumor. The effectiveness of surgical treatment and radiotherapy leads the authors to challenge the negative attitude generally taken towards the treatment of this condition and to adopt a position of moderate optimism.", "contents": "[Chordomas. Excision of a lumbar chordoma: 2 1/2 years survival without signs of recurrence and without functional complications]. In connection with surgical removal of a chordoma in the lumbar region by large excision, followed by 31-month survival of the patient without complications, personal experience of 8 chordomas operated on over the last 20 years is reported. The authors believe their observations show the value of active surgical treatment combined with radiotherapy, which has a palliative effect on the pain and slows the evolution of the tumor. The effectiveness of surgical treatment and radiotherapy leads the authors to challenge the negative attitude generally taken towards the treatment of this condition and to adopt a position of moderate optimism."}
{"id": "PMID:146250", "title": "The motor unit: anatomy and histochemical functional correlations.", "content": "The glycogen depletion technique has demonstrated the distribution of fibres in normal and reinnervated motor units, the histochemical uniformity of its fibres and enabled direct correlation between histochemistry and function. Homogeneity exhibits the capacity of the motoneurone to determine histochemical and related functional properties of its muscle fibres at a specific level. Changes in rat soleus motor units during growth indicate mechanisms by which the motoneurone is able to alter this level even qualitatively in order to adapt the muscle to its usage.", "contents": "The motor unit: anatomy and histochemical functional correlations. The glycogen depletion technique has demonstrated the distribution of fibres in normal and reinnervated motor units, the histochemical uniformity of its fibres and enabled direct correlation between histochemistry and function. Homogeneity exhibits the capacity of the motoneurone to determine histochemical and related functional properties of its muscle fibres at a specific level. Changes in rat soleus motor units during growth indicate mechanisms by which the motoneurone is able to alter this level even qualitatively in order to adapt the muscle to its usage."}
{"id": "PMID:146256", "title": "[Indications for and dangers of methods for gastroenterological endoscopy].", "content": "The value of modern fiberoptic endoscopy is discussed by comparing negative and positive aspects of both radiology and endoscopy. A detailed analysis is provided of the complications observed in 16,477 invasive gastrointestinal investigations performed over the last 11 1/2 years in our unit. The morbidity was 0.1% in 5886 large bowel examinations and 0.2% in esophago-gastroduodenoscopy and in all 2871 investigations involving invasive liver-pancreas diagnostics. The overall mortality was 0.06%. It is emphasized that in invasive gastrointestinal examinations elderly and debilitated patients are at risk, whereas the danger is minimal for patients in reasonable health.", "contents": "[Indications for and dangers of methods for gastroenterological endoscopy]. The value of modern fiberoptic endoscopy is discussed by comparing negative and positive aspects of both radiology and endoscopy. A detailed analysis is provided of the complications observed in 16,477 invasive gastrointestinal investigations performed over the last 11 1/2 years in our unit. The morbidity was 0.1% in 5886 large bowel examinations and 0.2% in esophago-gastroduodenoscopy and in all 2871 investigations involving invasive liver-pancreas diagnostics. The overall mortality was 0.06%. It is emphasized that in invasive gastrointestinal examinations elderly and debilitated patients are at risk, whereas the danger is minimal for patients in reasonable health."}
{"id": "PMID:146257", "title": "Membrane enzymes: artifacts in Arrhenius plots due to temperature dependence of substrate-binding affinity.", "content": "For the membrane sodium-stimulated magnesium-adenosinetriphosphatase of Acholeplasma laidlawii B both the Vmax and Km values in the Michaelis equation very strongly with temperature. Simulations of Arrhenius plots show that an enzyme with a temperature-dependent Km can yield a variety of Arrhenius plot artifacts, most notably erroneous \"breaks,\" if activity is assayed at a fixed substrate concentration.", "contents": "Membrane enzymes: artifacts in Arrhenius plots due to temperature dependence of substrate-binding affinity. For the membrane sodium-stimulated magnesium-adenosinetriphosphatase of Acholeplasma laidlawii B both the Vmax and Km values in the Michaelis equation very strongly with temperature. Simulations of Arrhenius plots show that an enzyme with a temperature-dependent Km can yield a variety of Arrhenius plot artifacts, most notably erroneous \"breaks,\" if activity is assayed at a fixed substrate concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:146271", "title": "A morphologic study on the effect of suturing the submucosa of the large intestine.", "content": "Five suture materials, chromic catgut, braided silk, Prolene, Teflon coated braided Dacron and Dexon have been examined morphologically for their effect on the submucosal collagen structure of the large intestine. The rougher surfaced materials, such as catgut, braided silk and Dexon, cause considerable damage to the submucosa on either side of an intestinal anastomosis. Because of this damage, it would appear that these sutures are more likely to jeopardize the integrity of an intestinal anastomosis.", "contents": "A morphologic study on the effect of suturing the submucosa of the large intestine. Five suture materials, chromic catgut, braided silk, Prolene, Teflon coated braided Dacron and Dexon have been examined morphologically for their effect on the submucosal collagen structure of the large intestine. The rougher surfaced materials, such as catgut, braided silk and Dexon, cause considerable damage to the submucosa on either side of an intestinal anastomosis. Because of this damage, it would appear that these sutures are more likely to jeopardize the integrity of an intestinal anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:146272", "title": "Serine protease specificity for peptide chromogenic substrates.", "content": "Rates of hydrolysis of the newly developed peptide chromogenic substrates S-2160 (N-Bz-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA, HCl), S-2238 (H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA, 2HCl), S-2222 (N-Bz-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-pNA, HCl), and S-2251 (H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA, 2HCl) from AB Kabi Peptide Research and Chromozym TH (Z-Gly-Pro-Arg-pNA, HCl) from Pentapharm Limited were tested against highly purified preparations of human plasmin, bovine trypsin, human alpha thrombin, and bovine factor Xa. S-2160, S-2238, and Chromozym TH are sensitive to thrombin, Chromozym TH and S-2238 exhibiting a substantially greater sensitivity than S-2160. All 3 substrates are insensitive to factor Xa but hydrolyzed to varying degrees by plasmin and trypsin. In contrast, S-2222 is sensitive to Xa and insensitive to thrombin. S-2251 is relatively plasmin-specific, being resistant to the clotting enzymes thrombin and Xa. S-2251 exhibits even greater sensitivity to the SK-plasmin complex than to plasmin. In addition, the substrate Chromozym PK (N-Bz-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA, HCl) was evaluated and found to be relatively specific for plasma kallikrein. Assays for antithrombin III and heparin using S-2222 as the substrate and factor Xa as the enzyme, plasma plasminogen and plasmin inhibitors using S-2251 as the substrate, and plasma prekallikrein and kallikrein inhibitors using Chromozym PK as the substrate have been developed. Synthetic peptides mimicking amino acid sequences adjacent to proteolytic activation cleavage of plasma serine protease precursors appear to be sensitive and relatively specific tools applicable to kinetical and clinical studies of these enzymes and their inhibitors.", "contents": "Serine protease specificity for peptide chromogenic substrates. Rates of hydrolysis of the newly developed peptide chromogenic substrates S-2160 (N-Bz-Phe-Val-Arg-pNA, HCl), S-2238 (H-D-Phe-Pip-Arg-pNA, 2HCl), S-2222 (N-Bz-Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg-pNA, HCl), and S-2251 (H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA, 2HCl) from AB Kabi Peptide Research and Chromozym TH (Z-Gly-Pro-Arg-pNA, HCl) from Pentapharm Limited were tested against highly purified preparations of human plasmin, bovine trypsin, human alpha thrombin, and bovine factor Xa. S-2160, S-2238, and Chromozym TH are sensitive to thrombin, Chromozym TH and S-2238 exhibiting a substantially greater sensitivity than S-2160. All 3 substrates are insensitive to factor Xa but hydrolyzed to varying degrees by plasmin and trypsin. In contrast, S-2222 is sensitive to Xa and insensitive to thrombin. S-2251 is relatively plasmin-specific, being resistant to the clotting enzymes thrombin and Xa. S-2251 exhibits even greater sensitivity to the SK-plasmin complex than to plasmin. In addition, the substrate Chromozym PK (N-Bz-Pro-Phe-Arg-pNA, HCl) was evaluated and found to be relatively specific for plasma kallikrein. Assays for antithrombin III and heparin using S-2222 as the substrate and factor Xa as the enzyme, plasma plasminogen and plasmin inhibitors using S-2251 as the substrate, and plasma prekallikrein and kallikrein inhibitors using Chromozym PK as the substrate have been developed. Synthetic peptides mimicking amino acid sequences adjacent to proteolytic activation cleavage of plasma serine protease precursors appear to be sensitive and relatively specific tools applicable to kinetical and clinical studies of these enzymes and their inhibitors."}
{"id": "PMID:146273", "title": "Degradation pathway of fibrinogen by plasmin.", "content": "The molecular weights of derivatives obtained from chemical and enzymatic degradation of fibrinogen and fibrin support a model in which the two halves of the fibrinogen molecule are covalently linked by a set of disulfide bonds at the amino-terminal region. The 2 asymmetric cleavages caused by plasmin in the fibrinogen molecule occur according to the reactions: X leads to Y + D Y leads to E + D. The quantitative analysis of the amino-terminal amino acids in fragments D (from fibrinogen) and DD (from crosslinked fibrin) yields a total of 3.0 and 6.9 moles of amino acids per mole of protein, indicating three and six polypeptide chain structures, respectively. The data on molecular weights, polypeptide chain composition and immunologic properties of fibrinogen degradation products support the hypothesis on the asymmetric pathway of fibrinogen degradation by plasmin and the formation of two fragment D and one fragment E molecules from each molecule of fibrinogen.", "contents": "Degradation pathway of fibrinogen by plasmin. The molecular weights of derivatives obtained from chemical and enzymatic degradation of fibrinogen and fibrin support a model in which the two halves of the fibrinogen molecule are covalently linked by a set of disulfide bonds at the amino-terminal region. The 2 asymmetric cleavages caused by plasmin in the fibrinogen molecule occur according to the reactions: X leads to Y + D Y leads to E + D. The quantitative analysis of the amino-terminal amino acids in fragments D (from fibrinogen) and DD (from crosslinked fibrin) yields a total of 3.0 and 6.9 moles of amino acids per mole of protein, indicating three and six polypeptide chain structures, respectively. The data on molecular weights, polypeptide chain composition and immunologic properties of fibrinogen degradation products support the hypothesis on the asymmetric pathway of fibrinogen degradation by plasmin and the formation of two fragment D and one fragment E molecules from each molecule of fibrinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:146274", "title": "The intravascular generation of fibrinogen derivatives and the blood vessel wall in venous thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation.", "content": "Both deep venous thrombosis and DIC are intermediate mechanisms of disease--both are a consequence of the deposition of fibrin-rich material in blood vessels some distance from the primary site of tissue destruction. The great difference in the sites of fibrin deposition may depend on the extent and site of activation of the clotting mechanism. DIC likely occurs in the fluid phase of the blood as a consequence of massive fibrin formation while thrombosis results from limited fibrin formation at the interface between blood and vessel wall. Leukocytes may be essential for attaching thrombi to the vessel wall in many places.", "contents": "The intravascular generation of fibrinogen derivatives and the blood vessel wall in venous thrombosis and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Both deep venous thrombosis and DIC are intermediate mechanisms of disease--both are a consequence of the deposition of fibrin-rich material in blood vessels some distance from the primary site of tissue destruction. The great difference in the sites of fibrin deposition may depend on the extent and site of activation of the clotting mechanism. DIC likely occurs in the fluid phase of the blood as a consequence of massive fibrin formation while thrombosis results from limited fibrin formation at the interface between blood and vessel wall. Leukocytes may be essential for attaching thrombi to the vessel wall in many places."}
{"id": "PMID:146279", "title": "[Experiences on preclotting of vascular dacron protheses with and without addition of factor XIII (author's transl)].", "content": "Dacron vascular prostheses were preclotted with and without addition of human fibrin stabilizing factor (factor XIII). In our scanning electron microscopic examinations we found amorphous fibrin achieving a three dimensional net structure in the prostheses after addition of factor XIII.", "contents": "[Experiences on preclotting of vascular dacron protheses with and without addition of factor XIII (author's transl)]. Dacron vascular prostheses were preclotted with and without addition of human fibrin stabilizing factor (factor XIII). In our scanning electron microscopic examinations we found amorphous fibrin achieving a three dimensional net structure in the prostheses after addition of factor XIII."}
{"id": "PMID:146281", "title": "Mixed lymphocyte culture responses in combined immunodeficiency of horses.", "content": "Combined immunodeficiency in horses is a genetic disorder in which there is a defect in the production of committed B and T lymphocytes. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from foals with combined immunodeficiency were examined for their capacity to stimulate and respond in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures. Irradiated cells from combined immunodeficient foals were uniformly capable of stimulating cells from unrelated horses. However, none were able to respond to allogeneic stimulation. Examination of cells from known carrier horses revealed no difference in capacity to stimulate or to respond in mixed lymphocyte culture compared with noncarrier horses.", "contents": "Mixed lymphocyte culture responses in combined immunodeficiency of horses. Combined immunodeficiency in horses is a genetic disorder in which there is a defect in the production of committed B and T lymphocytes. In this study, peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from foals with combined immunodeficiency were examined for their capacity to stimulate and respond in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures. Irradiated cells from combined immunodeficient foals were uniformly capable of stimulating cells from unrelated horses. However, none were able to respond to allogeneic stimulation. Examination of cells from known carrier horses revealed no difference in capacity to stimulate or to respond in mixed lymphocyte culture compared with noncarrier horses."}
{"id": "PMID:146282", "title": "Growth and rejection patterns of murine lymphoma cells antigenically altered following drug treatment in vivo.", "content": "Murine leukemia cells transformed by in vivo treatment with 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) are rejected by histocompatible recipients following inocula of 10(7) cells i.p. Progressive tumor growth or tumor growth and regression was monitored measuring the extent of DNA synthesis in the peritoneal cavity of mice using the [125I]5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine uptake method. In addition, the results were confirmed by cell count and mortality data. Comparable growth rate was found initially in both DTIC and parental lines in histocompatible hosts. Later, mice challenged with parental lines died, whereas hosts inoculated with DTIC-treated sublines rejected the tumor. On the other hand, lethal growth occurred in mice inoculated with DTIC-treated sublines when immunodepressed by cyclophosphamide given before tumor challenge, or by methotrexate given after challenge of a methotrexate-resistant DTIC-treated subline. The similarity between the growth rate of the parental and DTIC-treated lines in histocompatible hosts does not support the hypothesis of impaired \"oncogenic potential\" of such DTIC-treated lines. Furthermore, the growth and rejection pattern of a parental line in H-2-incompatible hosts was similar to that observed for DTIC-treated lines in histocompatible hosts, suggesting that comparable immune mechanisms were involved in both cases.", "contents": "Growth and rejection patterns of murine lymphoma cells antigenically altered following drug treatment in vivo. Murine leukemia cells transformed by in vivo treatment with 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) are rejected by histocompatible recipients following inocula of 10(7) cells i.p. Progressive tumor growth or tumor growth and regression was monitored measuring the extent of DNA synthesis in the peritoneal cavity of mice using the [125I]5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine uptake method. In addition, the results were confirmed by cell count and mortality data. Comparable growth rate was found initially in both DTIC and parental lines in histocompatible hosts. Later, mice challenged with parental lines died, whereas hosts inoculated with DTIC-treated sublines rejected the tumor. On the other hand, lethal growth occurred in mice inoculated with DTIC-treated sublines when immunodepressed by cyclophosphamide given before tumor challenge, or by methotrexate given after challenge of a methotrexate-resistant DTIC-treated subline. The similarity between the growth rate of the parental and DTIC-treated lines in histocompatible hosts does not support the hypothesis of impaired \"oncogenic potential\" of such DTIC-treated lines. Furthermore, the growth and rejection pattern of a parental line in H-2-incompatible hosts was similar to that observed for DTIC-treated lines in histocompatible hosts, suggesting that comparable immune mechanisms were involved in both cases."}
{"id": "PMID:146283", "title": "Complete typing of the HLA region in families. III. Analysis of responses in the primed lymphocyte test (PLT).", "content": "LCA, a rapid and efficient computer method to allocate blastogenic responses to positive and negative clusters, is described. The method involves the selection of a partition level for an ordered array of values, such that the resulting two clusters have minimal \"within-cluster\" variances. Individuals to whom the program assigned the same two HLA-D antigens were MLC-identical (cluster 0) in 50% of the cases. This proportion was lower for HLA-D-identical pairs that typed for Dw4 and/or Dw7, indicating that these antigens are less well defined than the rest. PLTs were less efficient than HTCs in HLA-D typing due to the induction of extra (non-HLA-D determined) responses in the higher cluster.", "contents": "Complete typing of the HLA region in families. III. Analysis of responses in the primed lymphocyte test (PLT). LCA, a rapid and efficient computer method to allocate blastogenic responses to positive and negative clusters, is described. The method involves the selection of a partition level for an ordered array of values, such that the resulting two clusters have minimal \"within-cluster\" variances. Individuals to whom the program assigned the same two HLA-D antigens were MLC-identical (cluster 0) in 50% of the cases. This proportion was lower for HLA-D-identical pairs that typed for Dw4 and/or Dw7, indicating that these antigens are less well defined than the rest. PLTs were less efficient than HTCs in HLA-D typing due to the induction of extra (non-HLA-D determined) responses in the higher cluster."}
{"id": "PMID:146289", "title": "[Double autosomal aberration: trisomy 21 and familial reciprocal translocation t(10;12)(p14;q21)].", "content": "A child with the Down syndrome revealed besides a regular trisomy 21, an enlargment of the short arm of chromosome 10, and the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 12. The proband's mother, who was phenothypically normal woman, appeared to be a carrier of the reciprocal translocation, her karyotype being: 46, XX, rep (10;12) (10qter leads to leads to 10p14; 12q21 leads to 12qter; 12pter leads to 12q21 : 10p14 leads to 10pter). Hence, the proband had double chromosomal aberration 47, XX, +21, rcp (10; 12) (10qter leads to 10p14 : 12q21 leads to leads to 12qter; 12pter leads to 12q21 : 10p14 leads to 10pter) mat. There is no reason to relate hard manifistation of the Down syndrome with the detected translocation. The influence of the mathernal non-devision in the meiosis and the rise of the trisomy 21 is discussed. In the following pregnancies it is advisable to amniocentesis.", "contents": "[Double autosomal aberration: trisomy 21 and familial reciprocal translocation t(10;12)(p14;q21)]. A child with the Down syndrome revealed besides a regular trisomy 21, an enlargment of the short arm of chromosome 10, and the deletion of the long arm of chromosome 12. The proband's mother, who was phenothypically normal woman, appeared to be a carrier of the reciprocal translocation, her karyotype being: 46, XX, rep (10;12) (10qter leads to leads to 10p14; 12q21 leads to 12qter; 12pter leads to 12q21 : 10p14 leads to 10pter). Hence, the proband had double chromosomal aberration 47, XX, +21, rcp (10; 12) (10qter leads to 10p14 : 12q21 leads to leads to 12qter; 12pter leads to 12q21 : 10p14 leads to 10pter) mat. There is no reason to relate hard manifistation of the Down syndrome with the detected translocation. The influence of the mathernal non-devision in the meiosis and the rise of the trisomy 21 is discussed. In the following pregnancies it is advisable to amniocentesis."}
{"id": "PMID:146291", "title": "[Cytochemical study of the different stages in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. IX. The polysaccharides and lipids in the parasites at developmental stages from the cat intestine].", "content": "Amylopectin was detected in all the stages examined. In the oval stages the minute granules of PAS-positive material were seen in the cytoplasm when examined on fresh-frozen sections. In merozoites, amylopectin was more conspicuous with maturation. The residual body of microgametocytes contain large amounts of amylopectin; no polysaccharide was visualized in microgamete bodies. Amylopectin was most abundant in macrogametocytes and zygotes. However, no peripheral position of PAS-positive \"plastic granules\" (wall-forming bodies), so characteristic of other coccidia and revealed by the electron microscopy for T. gondii macrogametocytes, was seen. Acid mucopolysaccharides in the macrogametocyte were detected in the central zone, leaving the periphery of the cell unstained. Very small, if any, amounts of lipids were detected in asexual stages of T. gondii. Unlike, large accumulation of lipid droplets were seen in growing macrogametocytes suggesting the involvement of lipids along with amylopectin in the metabolism of oocysts later discharged from the host body.", "contents": "[Cytochemical study of the different stages in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. IX. The polysaccharides and lipids in the parasites at developmental stages from the cat intestine]. Amylopectin was detected in all the stages examined. In the oval stages the minute granules of PAS-positive material were seen in the cytoplasm when examined on fresh-frozen sections. In merozoites, amylopectin was more conspicuous with maturation. The residual body of microgametocytes contain large amounts of amylopectin; no polysaccharide was visualized in microgamete bodies. Amylopectin was most abundant in macrogametocytes and zygotes. However, no peripheral position of PAS-positive \"plastic granules\" (wall-forming bodies), so characteristic of other coccidia and revealed by the electron microscopy for T. gondii macrogametocytes, was seen. Acid mucopolysaccharides in the macrogametocyte were detected in the central zone, leaving the periphery of the cell unstained. Very small, if any, amounts of lipids were detected in asexual stages of T. gondii. Unlike, large accumulation of lipid droplets were seen in growing macrogametocytes suggesting the involvement of lipids along with amylopectin in the metabolism of oocysts later discharged from the host body."}
{"id": "PMID:146309", "title": "Antisera with Ia specificity selected by lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "Cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) have been used to screen the sera of pregnant women for antibodies specifc for B lymphocytes. The sera have been divided into groups showing Ig specificity: group I (UK 3) had a positive association with HLA-B8 and DW3, and group II (UK 2) with HLA-B7 and DW2. Groups III, IV and X were independent of each other and of HLA-A, B and C locus antigens. Certain sera with B-cell activity showed specific blocking activity in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), and this activity was dependent on the Ia sepcificities and DW specificities of cells used in the MLR. Some sera specifically blocked the responding cells, other the stimulating cells.", "contents": "Antisera with Ia specificity selected by lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) have been used to screen the sera of pregnant women for antibodies specifc for B lymphocytes. The sera have been divided into groups showing Ig specificity: group I (UK 3) had a positive association with HLA-B8 and DW3, and group II (UK 2) with HLA-B7 and DW2. Groups III, IV and X were independent of each other and of HLA-A, B and C locus antigens. Certain sera with B-cell activity showed specific blocking activity in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), and this activity was dependent on the Ia sepcificities and DW specificities of cells used in the MLR. Some sera specifically blocked the responding cells, other the stimulating cells."}
{"id": "PMID:146307", "title": "[Niacin allowance of students of a sports college].", "content": "In 227 students of the Institute for Physical Culture examined in the winter-spring and summer-fall seasons of the year, the passage of N1-methylnicotinamide (MNA) with urine per hour on an empty stomach amounted to 245 +/- 15.9 and 311 +/- 14.6 microgram/hour (the difference according to seasons in significant). These figues point to the dependence of the MNA excretion with uridine on the quantity of the niacin equivalents supplied together with the food. The content of such equivalentsin the rations of students-sprotrsmen (7-9.5 mg per 1000 calories per day) proved insufficient to maintain the MNA passage with urine at a level accepted as a standard allowance of niacin for the organism, i. e. 400-500 microgram/hour. Furthermore, the author shows changes in the niacin allowances of the student's organism, engaged in different kinds of sporting activities and also depending upon the sporting qualification of the examinees the work performed by them, the periods of training, and conditions of their every-day life.", "contents": "[Niacin allowance of students of a sports college]. In 227 students of the Institute for Physical Culture examined in the winter-spring and summer-fall seasons of the year, the passage of N1-methylnicotinamide (MNA) with urine per hour on an empty stomach amounted to 245 +/- 15.9 and 311 +/- 14.6 microgram/hour (the difference according to seasons in significant). These figues point to the dependence of the MNA excretion with uridine on the quantity of the niacin equivalents supplied together with the food. The content of such equivalentsin the rations of students-sprotrsmen (7-9.5 mg per 1000 calories per day) proved insufficient to maintain the MNA passage with urine at a level accepted as a standard allowance of niacin for the organism, i. e. 400-500 microgram/hour. Furthermore, the author shows changes in the niacin allowances of the student's organism, engaged in different kinds of sporting activities and also depending upon the sporting qualification of the examinees the work performed by them, the periods of training, and conditions of their every-day life."}
{"id": "PMID:146312", "title": "[Primary idiopathic myocardiopathies].", "content": "Forty eight cases with primary idiopathic myocardiopathies were diagnosed in clinical conditions for a period of 2 years. Among the patients, being mainly young, at the age of 17-20--hypertrophic myocardiopathies predominated (44 cases), 27 of them were obstructive forms. Modern investigation methods were used in making the diagnosis of the cases, including cardiac probe with angio--and ventriculography, isotope gamma cardiographic, echocard ographic investigations as well as pharmacodynamic follow up of murmur findings with alfa beta blockers. Pseudoinfarction ECG images in young people, presence of systolic murmur of expulsion with p.m. at B. Erb and X-ray data for symmetric or asymmetric hypertrophy of the heart were the indicating sings for the diagnosis. The presence and recording of expulsion murmurs is stressed upon in making the diagnosis of those diseases which after alfa and beta blockers alter their intensity and character, the infarction-like ECG and especially the significance of echocardiography.", "contents": "[Primary idiopathic myocardiopathies]. Forty eight cases with primary idiopathic myocardiopathies were diagnosed in clinical conditions for a period of 2 years. Among the patients, being mainly young, at the age of 17-20--hypertrophic myocardiopathies predominated (44 cases), 27 of them were obstructive forms. Modern investigation methods were used in making the diagnosis of the cases, including cardiac probe with angio--and ventriculography, isotope gamma cardiographic, echocard ographic investigations as well as pharmacodynamic follow up of murmur findings with alfa beta blockers. Pseudoinfarction ECG images in young people, presence of systolic murmur of expulsion with p.m. at B. Erb and X-ray data for symmetric or asymmetric hypertrophy of the heart were the indicating sings for the diagnosis. The presence and recording of expulsion murmurs is stressed upon in making the diagnosis of those diseases which after alfa and beta blockers alter their intensity and character, the infarction-like ECG and especially the significance of echocardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:146319", "title": "[Problems in splenic cysts--a case contribution].", "content": "It is reported on a cyst of the spleen in a twenty-nine-year-old female patient in whom as accidental findings a splenomegaly was established. The diagnosis would be ascertained by means of laparoscopy and laparotomy. The genesis of the cyst remained unclear. The author deals with the problems of the differential diagnosis.", "contents": "[Problems in splenic cysts--a case contribution]. It is reported on a cyst of the spleen in a twenty-nine-year-old female patient in whom as accidental findings a splenomegaly was established. The diagnosis would be ascertained by means of laparoscopy and laparotomy. The genesis of the cyst remained unclear. The author deals with the problems of the differential diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:146320", "title": "[Experimental findings in liver perfusion measurements using an ultransonic Doppler flowmeter].", "content": "1. The ultrasonic doubling method of bloodflow measurement is an experimental easily practicable and very exactly recording measurement arrangement. By this method data of other methods were extended and ensured. 2. Early inquested finding is attested that after inhibition of portal vein bloodflow and after portocaval anastomosis an increased arterial perfusion of liver through a. hepatica is following. Increasing bloodflow of a. hepatica is independent of cardiac output. 3. After diminution of arterial perfusion by occlusion of a. hepatica no increased portal bloodflow is following. 4. It is to suppose an \"intrahepatic regulation of liver bloodflow\". It seems economical that the perfusion part of the a. hepatica with her higher oxygen content is increasing when the general perfusion is decreasing by diminished portal bloodflow or diminished blood pressure. So far it is impossible to interpret whether this accomodation is based on a difficult \"auto-regulation\" or is originated pressure passive from the flow together of two systems are staying under different pressure.", "contents": "[Experimental findings in liver perfusion measurements using an ultransonic Doppler flowmeter]. 1. The ultrasonic doubling method of bloodflow measurement is an experimental easily practicable and very exactly recording measurement arrangement. By this method data of other methods were extended and ensured. 2. Early inquested finding is attested that after inhibition of portal vein bloodflow and after portocaval anastomosis an increased arterial perfusion of liver through a. hepatica is following. Increasing bloodflow of a. hepatica is independent of cardiac output. 3. After diminution of arterial perfusion by occlusion of a. hepatica no increased portal bloodflow is following. 4. It is to suppose an \"intrahepatic regulation of liver bloodflow\". It seems economical that the perfusion part of the a. hepatica with her higher oxygen content is increasing when the general perfusion is decreasing by diminished portal bloodflow or diminished blood pressure. So far it is impossible to interpret whether this accomodation is based on a difficult \"auto-regulation\" or is originated pressure passive from the flow together of two systems are staying under different pressure."}
{"id": "PMID:146321", "title": "[On the value of the magnifying optic of Lent in laparoscopy) (author's transl)].", "content": "103 non selected patients underwent laparoscopy with the photolaparoscope equipped first with Luminaoptic and subsequently with the magnifying optic of Lent (Wolf GmbH, Knittlingen, W-Germany). The results are compared with the histologic findings and among each other. In 83.5% there was a satisfactory correlation between laparoscopy and histological findings, in 16.5% there was none. It was only in 2.9% of all cases that a different diagnosis resulted by means of the magnifying optic. From these results it is concluded that the magnifying optic does not provide a higher effectivity of laparoscopy. Thus the magnifying optic should be preserved for instruction.", "contents": "[On the value of the magnifying optic of Lent in laparoscopy) (author's transl)]. 103 non selected patients underwent laparoscopy with the photolaparoscope equipped first with Luminaoptic and subsequently with the magnifying optic of Lent (Wolf GmbH, Knittlingen, W-Germany). The results are compared with the histologic findings and among each other. In 83.5% there was a satisfactory correlation between laparoscopy and histological findings, in 16.5% there was none. It was only in 2.9% of all cases that a different diagnosis resulted by means of the magnifying optic. From these results it is concluded that the magnifying optic does not provide a higher effectivity of laparoscopy. Thus the magnifying optic should be preserved for instruction."}
{"id": "PMID:146322", "title": "The effect of 1-methoxypropylpropylnitrosamine in Syrian golden hamsters.", "content": "The carcinogenicity of the alpha-dipropylnitrosamine (DPN) methyl-ether, 1-methoxypropylpropylnitrosamine (1-MPPN), was investigated in Syrian hamsters for comparison with the effect of the alpha-DPN acetylester, 1-acetoxypropylpropylnitrosamine (1-APPN). It seemed possible that 1-MPPN, 1-APPN and DPN could form a common intermediate. However, contrary to the effect of 1-APPN, no tumors were found at the injection site after subcutaneous 1-MPPN treatment. The main target organ for 1-MPPN was the respiratory tract (as with DPN) and the lungs were greatly affected. In addition, pharyngeal and forestomach tumors occurred, and these were not observed after DPN administration. The results of 1-MPPN treatment, relative to DPN and 1-APPN, are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of 1-methoxypropylpropylnitrosamine in Syrian golden hamsters. The carcinogenicity of the alpha-dipropylnitrosamine (DPN) methyl-ether, 1-methoxypropylpropylnitrosamine (1-MPPN), was investigated in Syrian hamsters for comparison with the effect of the alpha-DPN acetylester, 1-acetoxypropylpropylnitrosamine (1-APPN). It seemed possible that 1-MPPN, 1-APPN and DPN could form a common intermediate. However, contrary to the effect of 1-APPN, no tumors were found at the injection site after subcutaneous 1-MPPN treatment. The main target organ for 1-MPPN was the respiratory tract (as with DPN) and the lungs were greatly affected. In addition, pharyngeal and forestomach tumors occurred, and these were not observed after DPN administration. The results of 1-MPPN treatment, relative to DPN and 1-APPN, are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146323", "title": "Carcinogenicity of 1-oxopropylpropylnitrosamine (N-nitroso-N-propyl-proprionamide) in Syrian hamsters.", "content": "The effect of 1-oxopropylpropylnitrosamine (1-OPPN) was examined in Syrian hamsters. The subcutaneous (s.c.) LD50 was 308 mg/kg b.w. Animals treated s.c. once with a high dose of 1-OPPN had subcutaneous sarcomas and vaginal papillomas. Weekly s.c. injections for life led to high incidences of sarcomas at the injection site. In addition, 1-OPPN had a systemic effect. Neoplasms developed in the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lungs forestomach, and vagina. The results are discussed in connection with those found with other DPN derivatives substituted in the alpha-position.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of 1-oxopropylpropylnitrosamine (N-nitroso-N-propyl-proprionamide) in Syrian hamsters. The effect of 1-oxopropylpropylnitrosamine (1-OPPN) was examined in Syrian hamsters. The subcutaneous (s.c.) LD50 was 308 mg/kg b.w. Animals treated s.c. once with a high dose of 1-OPPN had subcutaneous sarcomas and vaginal papillomas. Weekly s.c. injections for life led to high incidences of sarcomas at the injection site. In addition, 1-OPPN had a systemic effect. Neoplasms developed in the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, lungs forestomach, and vagina. The results are discussed in connection with those found with other DPN derivatives substituted in the alpha-position."}
{"id": "PMID:146324", "title": "Urinary bladder neoplasms in Syrian hamsters after administration of N-nitroso-N-methyl-N-dodecylamine.", "content": "The biological effect of N-nitroso-N-methyl-N-dodecylamine (NMDA) was examined in Syrian hamsters as part of a comparative study. Data obtained show that after intragastric administration of NMDA, the urinary bladder was the main target organ for the carcinogenic effect. Transitional cell neoplasms developed and a positive dose response relationship was observed. Lung tumors occurred only in female hamsters, whereas males more frequently showed neoplasms of the nasal cavity and digestive tract.", "contents": "Urinary bladder neoplasms in Syrian hamsters after administration of N-nitroso-N-methyl-N-dodecylamine. The biological effect of N-nitroso-N-methyl-N-dodecylamine (NMDA) was examined in Syrian hamsters as part of a comparative study. Data obtained show that after intragastric administration of NMDA, the urinary bladder was the main target organ for the carcinogenic effect. Transitional cell neoplasms developed and a positive dose response relationship was observed. Lung tumors occurred only in female hamsters, whereas males more frequently showed neoplasms of the nasal cavity and digestive tract."}
{"id": "PMID:146325", "title": "Experimental induction of melanotic tumors in syrian golden hamsters by transplacental and topical application of ethylnitrosourea.", "content": "Pregnant Syrian golden hamsters were treated with a single intra-peritoneal injection of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) solution a few hours pre-parturition. Offspring either received no further treatment or from 6 weeks of age, bi-weekly application of ENU solution in acetone for 20 consecutive weeks. Progeny from non, transplacentally treated mothers were also treated topically. Among all treated groups, 8.6% of the animals developed pigmented skin tumors, most of these animals having received the combined treatment. This group also showed a significantly decreased latency period in females compared to males. One of the skin tumors, which was histologically and clinically benign, was transplanted several times and subsequently exhibited malignant features.", "contents": "Experimental induction of melanotic tumors in syrian golden hamsters by transplacental and topical application of ethylnitrosourea. Pregnant Syrian golden hamsters were treated with a single intra-peritoneal injection of ethylnitrosourea (ENU) solution a few hours pre-parturition. Offspring either received no further treatment or from 6 weeks of age, bi-weekly application of ENU solution in acetone for 20 consecutive weeks. Progeny from non, transplacentally treated mothers were also treated topically. Among all treated groups, 8.6% of the animals developed pigmented skin tumors, most of these animals having received the combined treatment. This group also showed a significantly decreased latency period in females compared to males. One of the skin tumors, which was histologically and clinically benign, was transplanted several times and subsequently exhibited malignant features."}
{"id": "PMID:146326", "title": "Adenocarcinomas of the stomach induced in beagle dogs by oral administration of N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine.", "content": "Two 8-month-old and two 4-month-old male beagle dogs received 250 ml of 150 microgram/ml solution of N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG) and 2% Tween 60 mixed with a pellet diet twice a day for 8 months as the same methods used for mongrel dogs in our first report [Juntendo Medical Jouranl 19, 579-583 (1973)]. Gastric carcinomas with distant lymph nodes metastases occurred in three beagle dogs except for one died from anesthesia at the endoscopy. Metastases to the liver were observed in two beagles. In the most long-lived beagles, peritonitis carcinomatosa with ascites and metastases to the liver, lungs, bones, and skin were found. Main gastric tumors were located at the subcardia in two dogs (elevated tumor in dog No. 6, ulcerated tumor in dog No. 8), but in dog No 7 at the angulus (ulcerated tumor). Histologically, carcinomas were composed of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, signet-ring cell carcinoma, tubular adenocarcinoma, and undifferentiated adenocarcinoma. In all of three dogs which developed adenocarcinoma of the stomach, Stewart's criteria were completely satisifed. Using our methods the target organ is limited only to the stomach, without any sarcomatous lesion of the intestines.", "contents": "Adenocarcinomas of the stomach induced in beagle dogs by oral administration of N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Two 8-month-old and two 4-month-old male beagle dogs received 250 ml of 150 microgram/ml solution of N-ethyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (ENNG) and 2% Tween 60 mixed with a pellet diet twice a day for 8 months as the same methods used for mongrel dogs in our first report [Juntendo Medical Jouranl 19, 579-583 (1973)]. Gastric carcinomas with distant lymph nodes metastases occurred in three beagle dogs except for one died from anesthesia at the endoscopy. Metastases to the liver were observed in two beagles. In the most long-lived beagles, peritonitis carcinomatosa with ascites and metastases to the liver, lungs, bones, and skin were found. Main gastric tumors were located at the subcardia in two dogs (elevated tumor in dog No. 6, ulcerated tumor in dog No. 8), but in dog No 7 at the angulus (ulcerated tumor). Histologically, carcinomas were composed of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, signet-ring cell carcinoma, tubular adenocarcinoma, and undifferentiated adenocarcinoma. In all of three dogs which developed adenocarcinoma of the stomach, Stewart's criteria were completely satisifed. Using our methods the target organ is limited only to the stomach, without any sarcomatous lesion of the intestines."}
{"id": "PMID:146327", "title": "The carcinogenic effect of beta-oxidized dipropylnitrosamine in mice. I. Dipropylnitrosamine and methyl-propylnitrosamine.", "content": "Di-n-propylnitrosamine (DPN) and methyl-n-propylnitrosamine (MPN) induced mainly respiratory tract neoplasms in female NMRI mice after subcutaneous administration. The majority of tumors occurred in the nasal cavities, although significant incidences were also found in the larynx, trachea and stem bronchi. Treatment with both substances additionally resulted in vascular neoplasms of the liver, while DPN only caused tumors in the pharynx, esophagus and forestomach.", "contents": "The carcinogenic effect of beta-oxidized dipropylnitrosamine in mice. I. Dipropylnitrosamine and methyl-propylnitrosamine. Di-n-propylnitrosamine (DPN) and methyl-n-propylnitrosamine (MPN) induced mainly respiratory tract neoplasms in female NMRI mice after subcutaneous administration. The majority of tumors occurred in the nasal cavities, although significant incidences were also found in the larynx, trachea and stem bronchi. Treatment with both substances additionally resulted in vascular neoplasms of the liver, while DPN only caused tumors in the pharynx, esophagus and forestomach."}
{"id": "PMID:146329", "title": "Chromosomes of lymph node metastases derived from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells inoculated into rats.", "content": "The inoculation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in irradiated and cortisone-treated rats induced an ascitic tumor and lymph node metastases. Chromosome banding analysis showed that metastatic lymph nodes are composed of Ehrlich tumor cells and normal rat metaphases, derived from reactive host cells.", "contents": "Chromosomes of lymph node metastases derived from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells inoculated into rats. The inoculation of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in irradiated and cortisone-treated rats induced an ascitic tumor and lymph node metastases. Chromosome banding analysis showed that metastatic lymph nodes are composed of Ehrlich tumor cells and normal rat metaphases, derived from reactive host cells."}
{"id": "PMID:146330", "title": "Melanogenesis in genetically determined pigment cell tumors of platyfish and platyfish-swordtail hybrids: correlation between tyrosine activity and degree of malignancy.", "content": "In the genetically determined pigment cell tumors of platyfish and platyfish-swordtail hybrids, the degree of malignancy of pigment cells which have been neoplastically transformed by a tumor gene (Tu) depends on the type and number of certain regulating genes (R). In the present study, the tyrosinase activities in tumors of different degrees of malignancy (black spots, premelanomas, melanomas) have been determined. The results demonstrate a close correlation between the level of tyrosinase activity and the degree of malignancy. Spot patterns consisting of completely differentiated (benign) Tu-transformed cells show no tyrosinase activity. Premelanomas containing a few incompletely differentiated (malignant) Tu-transformed cells in addition to many differentiated ones show moderate tyrosinase activities. Melanomas which contain increasing numbers of incompletely differentiated cells with increasing growth rates show high to extremely high tyrosinase activities. Thus, the tyrosinase levels present in these tumors can be used as an indicator for the degree of differentiation and, thereby, for the degree of malignancy of the neoplastically transformed pigment cells.", "contents": "Melanogenesis in genetically determined pigment cell tumors of platyfish and platyfish-swordtail hybrids: correlation between tyrosine activity and degree of malignancy. In the genetically determined pigment cell tumors of platyfish and platyfish-swordtail hybrids, the degree of malignancy of pigment cells which have been neoplastically transformed by a tumor gene (Tu) depends on the type and number of certain regulating genes (R). In the present study, the tyrosinase activities in tumors of different degrees of malignancy (black spots, premelanomas, melanomas) have been determined. The results demonstrate a close correlation between the level of tyrosinase activity and the degree of malignancy. Spot patterns consisting of completely differentiated (benign) Tu-transformed cells show no tyrosinase activity. Premelanomas containing a few incompletely differentiated (malignant) Tu-transformed cells in addition to many differentiated ones show moderate tyrosinase activities. Melanomas which contain increasing numbers of incompletely differentiated cells with increasing growth rates show high to extremely high tyrosinase activities. Thus, the tyrosinase levels present in these tumors can be used as an indicator for the degree of differentiation and, thereby, for the degree of malignancy of the neoplastically transformed pigment cells."}
{"id": "PMID:146331", "title": "[Combination chemotherapy in patients with disseminated bronchogenic carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "49 patients with disseminated bronchogenic carcinoma (small cell, 16;squamous cell, 17;large cell, 12;adeno, 4) were treated with a combination of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and DTIC. In a randomized series (21 patients) chemotherapy alone was compared to chemotherapy plus heparin. Partial remission was achieved in 8 patients with small cell carcinoma, in 5 patients with large carcinoma and in 2 patients with squamous cell carcinoma. The survival of patients who responded to therapy was greater than the survival of patients who did not respond to therapy. The duration of remission and the survival time was not longer in patients who had additional heparin therapy.", "contents": "[Combination chemotherapy in patients with disseminated bronchogenic carcinoma (author's transl)]. 49 patients with disseminated bronchogenic carcinoma (small cell, 16;squamous cell, 17;large cell, 12;adeno, 4) were treated with a combination of adriamycin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine and DTIC. In a randomized series (21 patients) chemotherapy alone was compared to chemotherapy plus heparin. Partial remission was achieved in 8 patients with small cell carcinoma, in 5 patients with large carcinoma and in 2 patients with squamous cell carcinoma. The survival of patients who responded to therapy was greater than the survival of patients who did not respond to therapy. The duration of remission and the survival time was not longer in patients who had additional heparin therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:146332", "title": "Cystostatic efficacy of DNA-complexes of adriamycin, daunomycin, and actinomycin D. II. Comparative in vivo studies in an Ehrlich-ascites tumor.", "content": "The cytostatic efficacy of the antibiotics adriamycin, daunomycin and actinomycin D and of DNA-complexes of these compounds was compared in an Ehrlich ascites tumor in vivo. Various doses of the individual drugs and their DNA-complexes were injected intraperitoneally into female NMRI mice following 8 days after inoculation of 10(6) Ehrlich ascites cells. Survival analyses of animals demonstrated that by addition of DNA therapeutic indices were improved for adriamycin, daunomycin and actinomycin D, DNA alone had no effect on this tumor. Since earlier biochemical data (Seeber et al., 1977) had shown decreased in vitro cytotoxicity of DNA-bound antibiotics, this increase in therapeutic efficacy is probably due to an altered pharmacological behaviour after complex formation with a prolongation of effective intraperitoneal drug levels and decreased systemic toxicity.", "contents": "Cystostatic efficacy of DNA-complexes of adriamycin, daunomycin, and actinomycin D. II. Comparative in vivo studies in an Ehrlich-ascites tumor. The cytostatic efficacy of the antibiotics adriamycin, daunomycin and actinomycin D and of DNA-complexes of these compounds was compared in an Ehrlich ascites tumor in vivo. Various doses of the individual drugs and their DNA-complexes were injected intraperitoneally into female NMRI mice following 8 days after inoculation of 10(6) Ehrlich ascites cells. Survival analyses of animals demonstrated that by addition of DNA therapeutic indices were improved for adriamycin, daunomycin and actinomycin D, DNA alone had no effect on this tumor. Since earlier biochemical data (Seeber et al., 1977) had shown decreased in vitro cytotoxicity of DNA-bound antibiotics, this increase in therapeutic efficacy is probably due to an altered pharmacological behaviour after complex formation with a prolongation of effective intraperitoneal drug levels and decreased systemic toxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:146333", "title": "Tumor induction by a single subcutaneous injection of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and its derivatives in newborn mice.", "content": "N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), or its derivatives N-hexyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (HNNG) and 1,6-bis(N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidinyl)-n-hexane (HxBNNG) were given to newborn ICR/JCL mice by a single subcutaneous injection in 1% gelatin suspension. In an acute toxicity study, the maximum tolerated dose of MNNG, HNNG or HxBNNG was 62 microgram/g, 555 microgram/g, or 500 microgram/g of body weight, respectively. In a chronic study, a single subcutaneous injection of MNNG to newborn mice at a dose of 62, 31, or 3 microgram/g of body weight induced tumors of the lung and hemangioendotheliomas in both sexes, and tumors of the liver in males. Other pathologic findings, such as deformities of the spine and alopecia of the skin, were frequently observed. The incidences of tumors in each group were clearly dose related. HNNG and HxBNNG were not tumorigenic within the observation period.", "contents": "Tumor induction by a single subcutaneous injection of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine and its derivatives in newborn mice. N-Methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), or its derivatives N-hexyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (HNNG) and 1,6-bis(N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidinyl)-n-hexane (HxBNNG) were given to newborn ICR/JCL mice by a single subcutaneous injection in 1% gelatin suspension. In an acute toxicity study, the maximum tolerated dose of MNNG, HNNG or HxBNNG was 62 microgram/g, 555 microgram/g, or 500 microgram/g of body weight, respectively. In a chronic study, a single subcutaneous injection of MNNG to newborn mice at a dose of 62, 31, or 3 microgram/g of body weight induced tumors of the lung and hemangioendotheliomas in both sexes, and tumors of the liver in males. Other pathologic findings, such as deformities of the spine and alopecia of the skin, were frequently observed. The incidences of tumors in each group were clearly dose related. HNNG and HxBNNG were not tumorigenic within the observation period."}
{"id": "PMID:146334", "title": "Occurrence of volatile N-nitrosamines in animal diets.", "content": "46 samples of commercially available diets for experimental animals have been analysed for their content of volatile N-nitrosamines by use of a nitrosamine-specific detection method (TEA-detector). 80% of all analysed samples were positive for N-nitrosodimethylamine with a maximum content of 79 ppb (microgram/kg) found in one sample. 59% of the samples were positive for N-nitrosopyrrolidine with 26 ppb as highest content. In 3 samples trace quantities (less than 1 ppb) of N-nitrosodiethylamine were found, one sample contained N-nitrosopiperidine (4 ppb).", "contents": "Occurrence of volatile N-nitrosamines in animal diets. 46 samples of commercially available diets for experimental animals have been analysed for their content of volatile N-nitrosamines by use of a nitrosamine-specific detection method (TEA-detector). 80% of all analysed samples were positive for N-nitrosodimethylamine with a maximum content of 79 ppb (microgram/kg) found in one sample. 59% of the samples were positive for N-nitrosopyrrolidine with 26 ppb as highest content. In 3 samples trace quantities (less than 1 ppb) of N-nitrosodiethylamine were found, one sample contained N-nitrosopiperidine (4 ppb)."}
{"id": "PMID:146335", "title": "Detection of induced resistance in short-term-tests. Adriamycin-resistant sarcoma 180.", "content": "By treatment of the sarcoma 180 (ascites) with adriamycin over 30 passages in NMRI mice, an adriamycin-resistant tumor cell line was developed. The resistance could be detected both in animal experiments and in the short-term test. In spite of treatment of the sarcoma 180 with triaziquone over 50 passages, no resistance could be detected against triaziquone either in the in vitro test or in animal experiments. The necessary criterion for a pretherapeutic test of sensitivity or resistance--a good correlation between in vivo and in vitro results--was fulfilled in all experiments carried out.", "contents": "Detection of induced resistance in short-term-tests. Adriamycin-resistant sarcoma 180. By treatment of the sarcoma 180 (ascites) with adriamycin over 30 passages in NMRI mice, an adriamycin-resistant tumor cell line was developed. The resistance could be detected both in animal experiments and in the short-term test. In spite of treatment of the sarcoma 180 with triaziquone over 50 passages, no resistance could be detected against triaziquone either in the in vitro test or in animal experiments. The necessary criterion for a pretherapeutic test of sensitivity or resistance--a good correlation between in vivo and in vitro results--was fulfilled in all experiments carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:146336", "title": "[A comparative clinical and pathological study on the classification and prognostic features of 57 thymomas. II. prognostic features (author's transl)].", "content": "The most important prognostic determinants of the thymomas are the gross findings at operation (equal to the presence or absence of gross invasion of adjacent tissue) and the presence or absence of the thymoma-associated systemic disease, particulary myasthenia gravis. The histologic type of thymoma had no proof value in predicting prognosis with the exception of the so-called atypical thymomas. Thirty-four of 57 patients with thymomas were females and 23 males. The tumors in 40 cases were non-invasive thymomas, and in 17 cases the tumour were invasive of adjacent tissue. 35.1 percent of patients were asymptomatic, the tumours being discovered on roentgenograms done on a routine basis or for an unrelated porpose. 40.3 percent of patients have had a thymoma-associated systemic disease. The most common presenting symptoms were related to myasthenia gravis (26.3%). The 5-year survival rate was 90 percent for non-invasive thymomas without myastenia gravis and 50 percent for invasive thymomas. The 5-year survival rate for patients with myasthenia gravis and encapsulated (non-invasive) thymomas was approximately 60 percent, whereas that for invasive thymomas with myasthenia gravis was 40 percent. The primary form of therapy for all thymomas is the surgical excision. In cases with invasive and/or metastasizing thymomas, postoperative radiation and adjuvanted chemotherapy is indicated, but in most series, the longterm results of this form of therapy are discouraging.", "contents": "[A comparative clinical and pathological study on the classification and prognostic features of 57 thymomas. II. prognostic features (author's transl)]. The most important prognostic determinants of the thymomas are the gross findings at operation (equal to the presence or absence of gross invasion of adjacent tissue) and the presence or absence of the thymoma-associated systemic disease, particulary myasthenia gravis. The histologic type of thymoma had no proof value in predicting prognosis with the exception of the so-called atypical thymomas. Thirty-four of 57 patients with thymomas were females and 23 males. The tumors in 40 cases were non-invasive thymomas, and in 17 cases the tumour were invasive of adjacent tissue. 35.1 percent of patients were asymptomatic, the tumours being discovered on roentgenograms done on a routine basis or for an unrelated porpose. 40.3 percent of patients have had a thymoma-associated systemic disease. The most common presenting symptoms were related to myasthenia gravis (26.3%). The 5-year survival rate was 90 percent for non-invasive thymomas without myastenia gravis and 50 percent for invasive thymomas. The 5-year survival rate for patients with myasthenia gravis and encapsulated (non-invasive) thymomas was approximately 60 percent, whereas that for invasive thymomas with myasthenia gravis was 40 percent. The primary form of therapy for all thymomas is the surgical excision. In cases with invasive and/or metastasizing thymomas, postoperative radiation and adjuvanted chemotherapy is indicated, but in most series, the longterm results of this form of therapy are discouraging."}
{"id": "PMID:146337", "title": "Phagocytosis of monocytes in cancer patients.", "content": "The phagocytic activity of monocytes directed at yeast particles was investigated in patients with untreated malignant tumors and in normal controls. Phagocytic activity was found to be significantly increased in the patients. It could be shown that the increased activity is caused by factors contained in the patient's plasma. These factors are only partly destroyed by heat inactivation, suggesting that both heat labile and heat stabile factors are contributing to the observed enhancing effect on phagocytic activity. The heat labile portion could well be the complement component C5, while the heat stabile portion is so far undefined.", "contents": "Phagocytosis of monocytes in cancer patients. The phagocytic activity of monocytes directed at yeast particles was investigated in patients with untreated malignant tumors and in normal controls. Phagocytic activity was found to be significantly increased in the patients. It could be shown that the increased activity is caused by factors contained in the patient's plasma. These factors are only partly destroyed by heat inactivation, suggesting that both heat labile and heat stabile factors are contributing to the observed enhancing effect on phagocytic activity. The heat labile portion could well be the complement component C5, while the heat stabile portion is so far undefined."}
{"id": "PMID:146338", "title": "Experiments on the carcinogenic effect of ortho-toluol-sulfonamid (OTS).", "content": "Ortho-toluol-sulfonamid was applied to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats in daily doses of 200 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg bodyweight respectively. The maximum dose applied amounted to 17 g/kg. A shortening of the average life expectation was not observed in comparison to the control animals. The incidence of malignant tumors in the animals treated with OTS was identical with the one of the control animals. We did, however, find one animal in the test groups that had a carcinoma of the urinary bladder and seven animals with papillomas of the bladder.", "contents": "Experiments on the carcinogenic effect of ortho-toluol-sulfonamid (OTS). Ortho-toluol-sulfonamid was applied to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats in daily doses of 200 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg bodyweight respectively. The maximum dose applied amounted to 17 g/kg. A shortening of the average life expectation was not observed in comparison to the control animals. The incidence of malignant tumors in the animals treated with OTS was identical with the one of the control animals. We did, however, find one animal in the test groups that had a carcinoma of the urinary bladder and seven animals with papillomas of the bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:146339", "title": "[Control mechanisms of the ribonucleotide reduction in mammalian tissue (author's transl)].", "content": "The ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase (E.C.1.17.4.1) was partially purified from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and regenerating rat liver. The specific activity of the two enzyme preparations did not vary with regard to the reduction of UDP, ADP, CDP and GDP. Similarly the regulation of the enzyme system by deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) is almost identical. Through the application of deoxyribonucleosides (10(-3) or 2 x 10(-3)M) and measurement of the dNTP content it was found in Ehrlich and Yoshida ascites tumours that these control mechanisms are transmissible to whole cells. dATP inhibits the reduction of all four nucleoside diphosphates. dTTP stimulates the reduction of GDP, dCTP that of UDP and dGTP that of ADP.", "contents": "[Control mechanisms of the ribonucleotide reduction in mammalian tissue (author's transl)]. The ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase (E.C.1.17.4.1) was partially purified from Ehrlich ascites carcinoma and regenerating rat liver. The specific activity of the two enzyme preparations did not vary with regard to the reduction of UDP, ADP, CDP and GDP. Similarly the regulation of the enzyme system by deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) is almost identical. Through the application of deoxyribonucleosides (10(-3) or 2 x 10(-3)M) and measurement of the dNTP content it was found in Ehrlich and Yoshida ascites tumours that these control mechanisms are transmissible to whole cells. dATP inhibits the reduction of all four nucleoside diphosphates. dTTP stimulates the reduction of GDP, dCTP that of UDP and dGTP that of ADP."}
{"id": "PMID:146341", "title": "The natural history of nephrogenic adenoma of the urinary bladder.", "content": "The nephrogenic adenoma is a peculiar lesion of the urinary bladder characterized partly by villous and partly by gland-like structures. The two layered surface epithelium consists of an eosinophilic cell layer, which covers a clear cell layer, the latter resting upon a delicate basal layer. The clear cells disappear when approaching the tip of the villi. There exists a 200 micron wide zone of transition between the urinary bladder epithelium and that of the neprogenic adenoma. At the base of the villi there are scattered nodules of gland-like structures lined either by eosinophilic cells or by clear cells. These epithelial cells are derived from the corresponding surface epithelial cells from which they had separated by active downwards growth.", "contents": "The natural history of nephrogenic adenoma of the urinary bladder. The nephrogenic adenoma is a peculiar lesion of the urinary bladder characterized partly by villous and partly by gland-like structures. The two layered surface epithelium consists of an eosinophilic cell layer, which covers a clear cell layer, the latter resting upon a delicate basal layer. The clear cells disappear when approaching the tip of the villi. There exists a 200 micron wide zone of transition between the urinary bladder epithelium and that of the neprogenic adenoma. At the base of the villi there are scattered nodules of gland-like structures lined either by eosinophilic cells or by clear cells. These epithelial cells are derived from the corresponding surface epithelial cells from which they had separated by active downwards growth."}
{"id": "PMID:146342", "title": "[Interaction of p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene with rat liver-chromatin and non-histones (author's transl)].", "content": "The carcinogenic p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene and the non-carcinogenic p-aminoazobenzene were radioactive labelled and applicated to Whistar rats intraperitoneally. A very significant difference in binding tendencies for the two compounds and their metabolites was observed in rat liver tissues, rat liver nuclei and rat liver chromatin. Above all a specific binding affinity of the carcinogen to nuclear non-histone protein was found.", "contents": "[Interaction of p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene with rat liver-chromatin and non-histones (author's transl)]. The carcinogenic p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene and the non-carcinogenic p-aminoazobenzene were radioactive labelled and applicated to Whistar rats intraperitoneally. A very significant difference in binding tendencies for the two compounds and their metabolites was observed in rat liver tissues, rat liver nuclei and rat liver chromatin. Above all a specific binding affinity of the carcinogen to nuclear non-histone protein was found."}
{"id": "PMID:146343", "title": "[Carcinogenic activity of benzyl-nitrosourea (BzNH) in BD-rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Chronic weekly oral and subcutaneous administration of N-Benzyl-N-nitrosourea induced carcinomas of the forestomach and local s.c. sarcomas respectively in BD-rats. This confirms a local carcinogenic effect of the compound. In prenatal experiments in BD-rats no carcinogenic effect of BzNH could be found.", "contents": "[Carcinogenic activity of benzyl-nitrosourea (BzNH) in BD-rats (author's transl)]. Chronic weekly oral and subcutaneous administration of N-Benzyl-N-nitrosourea induced carcinomas of the forestomach and local s.c. sarcomas respectively in BD-rats. This confirms a local carcinogenic effect of the compound. In prenatal experiments in BD-rats no carcinogenic effect of BzNH could be found."}
{"id": "PMID:146344", "title": "Oncogenic properties of transplacentally acting ethyl-nitrosourea in NMRI-mice after antecedent X-irradiation.", "content": "The successive application of X-irradiation and ethylnitrosourea during the fetal period in NMRI-mice results in tumorous as well as in degenerative diseases in offspring. Leukemia and ovarial tumor incidences are increased when compared with animals either treated alone, whilst lung and liver tumors appear at a lower rate. Liver necroses and kidney cysts are further outstanding pathological findings after combined treatment. These results can be parallelled with the known postirradiational proliferative capacities of the affected fetal tissues, and possibly are a sensitive indicator for such radiation induced alterations.", "contents": "Oncogenic properties of transplacentally acting ethyl-nitrosourea in NMRI-mice after antecedent X-irradiation. The successive application of X-irradiation and ethylnitrosourea during the fetal period in NMRI-mice results in tumorous as well as in degenerative diseases in offspring. Leukemia and ovarial tumor incidences are increased when compared with animals either treated alone, whilst lung and liver tumors appear at a lower rate. Liver necroses and kidney cysts are further outstanding pathological findings after combined treatment. These results can be parallelled with the known postirradiational proliferative capacities of the affected fetal tissues, and possibly are a sensitive indicator for such radiation induced alterations."}
{"id": "PMID:146345", "title": "[A comparative clinical and pathological study on the classification and prognostic features of 57 thymomas. I. Microscopy and ultrastructural pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifty-seven thymomas, defined as neoplasms of the epithelial-reticular framework cells of the thymus, were assessed in respect to histologic type, inclusive of there ultrastructural aspects. The median age of the 57 patients was 40.4 years, with a range of 2 1/2--72 years. All neoplasms were located in the anterior mediastinum. The tumours in 40 cases were encapsulated and without invasion of adjacent tissue or implants (equal to non-invasive thymomas). The tumors in 17 cases were invasive of adjacent tissue, particularly mediastinal pleura, pericard and trachea. Six of 57 patients (equal to 10.5%) with thymomas have had a thoracic and supraclavicular lymph node metastasis, and osteolytic metastases in the vertebrae and sternum. Thirty-seven (equal to 64.9%) were so-called lympho-epithelial, 7 (equal to 12.3%) pure epithelial, 4 (equal to 7.0%) atypical (or anaplastic) with granulomatous focuses, 3 (equal to 5.3%) carcinoid and one (equal to 1.8%) seminomatous tumors. One patient have had a thymic cyst as a tumor-like conditions of the thymus, and four patients (equal to 7.0%) have had a thymo-lipoma. The histologic type of thymoma had no proof value in predicting prognosis with the exception of the so-called atypical or anaplastic thymoma. The fine structural aspects of thymomas and the fine structural differential diagnosis of anterior mediastinal tumors are discussed.", "contents": "[A comparative clinical and pathological study on the classification and prognostic features of 57 thymomas. I. Microscopy and ultrastructural pathology (author's transl)]. Fifty-seven thymomas, defined as neoplasms of the epithelial-reticular framework cells of the thymus, were assessed in respect to histologic type, inclusive of there ultrastructural aspects. The median age of the 57 patients was 40.4 years, with a range of 2 1/2--72 years. All neoplasms were located in the anterior mediastinum. The tumours in 40 cases were encapsulated and without invasion of adjacent tissue or implants (equal to non-invasive thymomas). The tumors in 17 cases were invasive of adjacent tissue, particularly mediastinal pleura, pericard and trachea. Six of 57 patients (equal to 10.5%) with thymomas have had a thoracic and supraclavicular lymph node metastasis, and osteolytic metastases in the vertebrae and sternum. Thirty-seven (equal to 64.9%) were so-called lympho-epithelial, 7 (equal to 12.3%) pure epithelial, 4 (equal to 7.0%) atypical (or anaplastic) with granulomatous focuses, 3 (equal to 5.3%) carcinoid and one (equal to 1.8%) seminomatous tumors. One patient have had a thymic cyst as a tumor-like conditions of the thymus, and four patients (equal to 7.0%) have had a thymo-lipoma. The histologic type of thymoma had no proof value in predicting prognosis with the exception of the so-called atypical or anaplastic thymoma. The fine structural aspects of thymomas and the fine structural differential diagnosis of anterior mediastinal tumors are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146346", "title": "[Impairment of the cation transport on Rh-pos. human red cells after incubation with IgG-anti-D (author's transl)].", "content": "Rh-pos. human red cells sensitized with IgG-Anti-D showed at 4 degrees C an intracellular Na+-accumulation, which was amplified by an increase in the Na+-concentration in the incubation medium. This increase of the intracellular Na+-concentration may be due to a passive Na+-influx since the Na+-K+-ATPase system does not work at this temperature. At the optimal reaction-temperature of the enzyme the Na+-K+-ATPase activity of the sensitized Rh-pos. red cells was inhibited proportionally to the anti-D concentration. Both the amplified Na+-influx and the inhibition of the active Na+-transport caused an osmotic hemolysis. The hemoglobin release was significant above the anti-D titer step of 1:512. This mechanism suggests that the intravasular part of the immunohemolysis with Rh incompatibility was generated by an impaired active and passive cation transport following the antigen-antibody reaction. This suggestion is supported by the fact that IgG-Anti-D neither stimulated the complement system nor the intravascular monocyte mediated cell lysis, since the activity of the effector cells is reduced by the surplus of sensitized red cells and the presence of other inhibiting IgG immunoglobulins. The biochemical relationship of the Rh-D-antigen and the Na+-K+ATPase both located on membrane lipoproteins, may be the reason why only the antigen-antibody reaction in the Rh-D system impaired the cation transport. The antigen-antibody reaction of IgM-Anti-A and of the cold agglutinin IgM-Anti-I reacting with glycolipid and with glycoprotein membrane antigens respectively did not impair the cation transport after complement inactivation.", "contents": "[Impairment of the cation transport on Rh-pos. human red cells after incubation with IgG-anti-D (author's transl)]. Rh-pos. human red cells sensitized with IgG-Anti-D showed at 4 degrees C an intracellular Na+-accumulation, which was amplified by an increase in the Na+-concentration in the incubation medium. This increase of the intracellular Na+-concentration may be due to a passive Na+-influx since the Na+-K+-ATPase system does not work at this temperature. At the optimal reaction-temperature of the enzyme the Na+-K+-ATPase activity of the sensitized Rh-pos. red cells was inhibited proportionally to the anti-D concentration. Both the amplified Na+-influx and the inhibition of the active Na+-transport caused an osmotic hemolysis. The hemoglobin release was significant above the anti-D titer step of 1:512. This mechanism suggests that the intravasular part of the immunohemolysis with Rh incompatibility was generated by an impaired active and passive cation transport following the antigen-antibody reaction. This suggestion is supported by the fact that IgG-Anti-D neither stimulated the complement system nor the intravascular monocyte mediated cell lysis, since the activity of the effector cells is reduced by the surplus of sensitized red cells and the presence of other inhibiting IgG immunoglobulins. The biochemical relationship of the Rh-D-antigen and the Na+-K+ATPase both located on membrane lipoproteins, may be the reason why only the antigen-antibody reaction in the Rh-D system impaired the cation transport. The antigen-antibody reaction of IgM-Anti-A and of the cold agglutinin IgM-Anti-I reacting with glycolipid and with glycoprotein membrane antigens respectively did not impair the cation transport after complement inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:146347", "title": "Activation of lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia.", "content": "T lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of normal donors and patients with CLL were isolated by nylon wool filtration or E-rosette separation and tested for functional activities. Unseparated CLL lymphocytes showed a poor response to phytomitogens and to allogeneic cells. Subpopulations enriched in E-RFC showed an increased PHA- and a normal MLC-reactivity; the Con A responses, however, were markedly reduced in all experiments. Subpopulations which were T cell depleted showed no reactivity to all mitogens. Purified T cells from normal donors showed a decreased reactivity to PHA, Con A and PWM. The Con A responses were completely abolished in almost all experiments. These diminished responses could be restored by unseparated cells or by small numbers of syngeneic, mitomycin-treated monocytes. The data suggest that mitogen-induced T lymphocyte stimulation in vitro in general depends on the presence of monocytes.", "contents": "Activation of lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. T lymphocytes from the peripheral blood of normal donors and patients with CLL were isolated by nylon wool filtration or E-rosette separation and tested for functional activities. Unseparated CLL lymphocytes showed a poor response to phytomitogens and to allogeneic cells. Subpopulations enriched in E-RFC showed an increased PHA- and a normal MLC-reactivity; the Con A responses, however, were markedly reduced in all experiments. Subpopulations which were T cell depleted showed no reactivity to all mitogens. Purified T cells from normal donors showed a decreased reactivity to PHA, Con A and PWM. The Con A responses were completely abolished in almost all experiments. These diminished responses could be restored by unseparated cells or by small numbers of syngeneic, mitomycin-treated monocytes. The data suggest that mitogen-induced T lymphocyte stimulation in vitro in general depends on the presence of monocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:146348", "title": "Origins of the first cell. A new model for the spontaneous formation of the first living cell based on a novel approach.", "content": "Whether proteins or nucleic acids were responsible for the emergence of life has been debated for a long time. Taking the observation that families of proteins display a remarkable invariance of their amino acid sequence around critical regions, such as active/binding sites, even though these proteins may represent considerable evolutionary diversity, as the naturally provided evidence of evoluntionary selection of working system, the idea is developed that: 1. Proteins had to have been first informational macromolecules that were necessary and sufficient to lead to the emergence of life; 2. it is impossible for a nucleic acid molecules to have formed, by chance, whose base sequence could yield a biologically active protein. A model is proposed to account for the emergence of the first successful cell according to this approach.", "contents": "Origins of the first cell. A new model for the spontaneous formation of the first living cell based on a novel approach. Whether proteins or nucleic acids were responsible for the emergence of life has been debated for a long time. Taking the observation that families of proteins display a remarkable invariance of their amino acid sequence around critical regions, such as active/binding sites, even though these proteins may represent considerable evolutionary diversity, as the naturally provided evidence of evoluntionary selection of working system, the idea is developed that: 1. Proteins had to have been first informational macromolecules that were necessary and sufficient to lead to the emergence of life; 2. it is impossible for a nucleic acid molecules to have formed, by chance, whose base sequence could yield a biologically active protein. A model is proposed to account for the emergence of the first successful cell according to this approach."}
{"id": "PMID:146349", "title": "Correlation between diagnostic 59Fe2+-absorption and serum ferritin concentration in man.", "content": "A high correlation coefficient r = -0.832 (P r +/- 0 less than 0.0001) was estimated in man for the inverse relationship between the diagnostic 59Fe2+-absorption and the serum ferritin concentration which is very close to the correlation r = -0.88 as described for the relationship between the diagnostic 59Fe2+-absorption and the diffuse cytoplasmic storage iron in the bone marrow macrophages. The increase of the diagnostic 59Fe2+-absorption seems to be an earlier and more sensitive indicator of depleted iron stores whereas the serum ferritin decreases somewhat later during the development of iron deficiency.", "contents": "Correlation between diagnostic 59Fe2+-absorption and serum ferritin concentration in man. A high correlation coefficient r = -0.832 (P r +/- 0 less than 0.0001) was estimated in man for the inverse relationship between the diagnostic 59Fe2+-absorption and the serum ferritin concentration which is very close to the correlation r = -0.88 as described for the relationship between the diagnostic 59Fe2+-absorption and the diffuse cytoplasmic storage iron in the bone marrow macrophages. The increase of the diagnostic 59Fe2+-absorption seems to be an earlier and more sensitive indicator of depleted iron stores whereas the serum ferritin decreases somewhat later during the development of iron deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:146350", "title": "Infectious lymphocytes in mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus.", "content": "During persistent infection of mice with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus approximately 3% of leukocytes were found to contain viral antigen and to produce infectious virus. Morphologically, infected cells were shown not to be lymphoblasts and their numbers were not reduced by removal of mononuclear phagocytes. We conclude that in LCM virus carrier mice true lymphocytes participate in the infectious process.", "contents": "Infectious lymphocytes in mice persistently infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. During persistent infection of mice with the lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM) virus approximately 3% of leukocytes were found to contain viral antigen and to produce infectious virus. Morphologically, infected cells were shown not to be lymphoblasts and their numbers were not reduced by removal of mononuclear phagocytes. We conclude that in LCM virus carrier mice true lymphocytes participate in the infectious process."}
{"id": "PMID:146351", "title": "Anomalous base-stacking of the N1-oxide of AMP.", "content": "The intermolecular association in aqueous solution of the N1-oxide nucleotide analog of adenosine-5'-monophosphate has been investigated by 1H-NMR spectroscopy over the concentration range 0.0006--0.6 M. The concentration profile of individual chemical shifts provides evidence for an unusual stacking pattern compared to that of the natural nucleotide AMP, involving only the imidazole moiety of the adenine base. The different stacking pattern of this nucleotide analog suggests that the exact stacking geometry of natural nucleotides interacting with nucleotide-depending enzymes, is achieved by adjusting to the geometry of the individual receptor molecule.", "contents": "Anomalous base-stacking of the N1-oxide of AMP. The intermolecular association in aqueous solution of the N1-oxide nucleotide analog of adenosine-5'-monophosphate has been investigated by 1H-NMR spectroscopy over the concentration range 0.0006--0.6 M. The concentration profile of individual chemical shifts provides evidence for an unusual stacking pattern compared to that of the natural nucleotide AMP, involving only the imidazole moiety of the adenine base. The different stacking pattern of this nucleotide analog suggests that the exact stacking geometry of natural nucleotides interacting with nucleotide-depending enzymes, is achieved by adjusting to the geometry of the individual receptor molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:146353", "title": "[The influence of mode and intensity of homogenization on the absolute value and stability of oxygen consumption of guinea pig liver homogenates (author's transl)].", "content": "The influence of five different methods of homogenisation (1. The method according to Potter and Elvehjem, 2. A modification of this method called Potter S, 3. The method of Dounce, 4. Homogenisation by hypersonic waves and 5. Coarce-grained homogenisation with the \"Mikrofleischwolf\") on the absolute value and stability of oxygen uptake of guinea pig liver homogenates has been investigated in simultaneous measurements. All homogenates showed a characteristic fall of oxygen uptake during measuring time (3 hours). The modified method according to Potter and Elvehjem called Potter S showed reproducible results without any influence by homogenisation intensity.", "contents": "[The influence of mode and intensity of homogenization on the absolute value and stability of oxygen consumption of guinea pig liver homogenates (author's transl)]. The influence of five different methods of homogenisation (1. The method according to Potter and Elvehjem, 2. A modification of this method called Potter S, 3. The method of Dounce, 4. Homogenisation by hypersonic waves and 5. Coarce-grained homogenisation with the \"Mikrofleischwolf\") on the absolute value and stability of oxygen uptake of guinea pig liver homogenates has been investigated in simultaneous measurements. All homogenates showed a characteristic fall of oxygen uptake during measuring time (3 hours). The modified method according to Potter and Elvehjem called Potter S showed reproducible results without any influence by homogenisation intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:146352", "title": "The quantitative determination of metabolites of 6-mercaptopurine in biological materials. IV. An improved separation method for twentytwo compounds related to purine and 6-thiopurine metabolism using high-pressure liquid cation-exchange chromatography.", "content": "An improved method is described for the separation of 22 compounds normally related to purine and 6-thiopurine metabolism in biological materials using high-pressure liquid cation-exchange chromatography on strongly acidic exchange resin. The column (0.8 X 100 cm) is eluted with 0.4 M ammonium formate, pH 4.6, at a linear flow velocity of 5.2 cm.min--1 at 50 degrees C. The elution volumes of sulphate anions, allopurinol, 6-thioxanthine, adenine, adenosine, and guanosine are demonstrated additionally to further 16 purine and 6-thiopurine compounds.", "contents": "The quantitative determination of metabolites of 6-mercaptopurine in biological materials. IV. An improved separation method for twentytwo compounds related to purine and 6-thiopurine metabolism using high-pressure liquid cation-exchange chromatography. An improved method is described for the separation of 22 compounds normally related to purine and 6-thiopurine metabolism in biological materials using high-pressure liquid cation-exchange chromatography on strongly acidic exchange resin. The column (0.8 X 100 cm) is eluted with 0.4 M ammonium formate, pH 4.6, at a linear flow velocity of 5.2 cm.min--1 at 50 degrees C. The elution volumes of sulphate anions, allopurinol, 6-thioxanthine, adenine, adenosine, and guanosine are demonstrated additionally to further 16 purine and 6-thiopurine compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:146354", "title": "Isolation and characterization of a potassium specific ionophore from Streptococcus faecalis.", "content": "The synthesis of a potassium and rubidium specific ionophore by Streptococcus faecalis has been proved, using bilayer measurements. The characteristics of this substance agree with the ones, published for free mobile carriers, such as valinomycin and the macrotetrolides.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of a potassium specific ionophore from Streptococcus faecalis. The synthesis of a potassium and rubidium specific ionophore by Streptococcus faecalis has been proved, using bilayer measurements. The characteristics of this substance agree with the ones, published for free mobile carriers, such as valinomycin and the macrotetrolides."}
{"id": "PMID:146355", "title": "The quaternary structure of yeast aminopeptidase I. 1. Molecular forms and subunit size.", "content": "The smallest active form of aminopeptidase I (EC 3.4.11.1) from yeast has a molecular weight of 6.4 X 10(5). At neutral pH the active enzyme is in equilibrium with two inactive subfragments (Mr = 3.2 X 10(5) and 1.1 X 10(5)) as well as with higher aggregates (Mr greater than or equal 1.2 X 10(6)). All of these species may be dissociated to give a single type of subunits with a molecular weight of 5.3 X 10(4). It is concluded that the active enzyme is a dodecamer whereas the subfragments correspond to dimeric and hexameric forms.", "contents": "The quaternary structure of yeast aminopeptidase I. 1. Molecular forms and subunit size. The smallest active form of aminopeptidase I (EC 3.4.11.1) from yeast has a molecular weight of 6.4 X 10(5). At neutral pH the active enzyme is in equilibrium with two inactive subfragments (Mr = 3.2 X 10(5) and 1.1 X 10(5)) as well as with higher aggregates (Mr greater than or equal 1.2 X 10(6)). All of these species may be dissociated to give a single type of subunits with a molecular weight of 5.3 X 10(4). It is concluded that the active enzyme is a dodecamer whereas the subfragments correspond to dimeric and hexameric forms."}
{"id": "PMID:146356", "title": "The quaternary structure of yeast aminopeptidase I. 2. Geometric arrangement of subunits.", "content": "Electron micrographs of native aminopeptidase I and of isolated subfragments were taken after negative staining with uranyl formate. From these studies and from the chemical evidence summarized in the preceding paper it is concluded that the active enzyme is a dodecamer possessing pseudo-D3 symmetry with the dimer as the smallest symmetric unit.", "contents": "The quaternary structure of yeast aminopeptidase I. 2. Geometric arrangement of subunits. Electron micrographs of native aminopeptidase I and of isolated subfragments were taken after negative staining with uranyl formate. From these studies and from the chemical evidence summarized in the preceding paper it is concluded that the active enzyme is a dodecamer possessing pseudo-D3 symmetry with the dimer as the smallest symmetric unit."}
{"id": "PMID:146357", "title": "Multiple effects of amobarbital on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase.", "content": "The inhibition of the proliferation of hyperdiploid Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in suspension cultures by amobarbital is coupled to an increased glycolytic activity as shown by lactic acid production and glucose consumption; higher concentrations of amobarbital than 1 mM enhance the ATP/ADP ratio of the total cell. The actual activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase of intact cells is completely inhibited in the presence of 2 mM amobarbital as was shown by the 14CO2 evolution from [114C]pyruvate or the incorporation of 14CO2 into the total lipid fraction of the cells from [U-14C]lactate. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is completely inhibited by 1 mM amobarbital in vitro. The activity of alpha-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase is inhibited by amobarbital, too, as well as shown by measuring the 14CO2 evolution from [1-14C]glutamate with intact cells. It is suggested that the inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the presence of amobarbital is the result of a direct action on the enzyme as well as the consequence of a change in the cellular redox state or its energy charge.", "contents": "Multiple effects of amobarbital on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase. The inhibition of the proliferation of hyperdiploid Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in suspension cultures by amobarbital is coupled to an increased glycolytic activity as shown by lactic acid production and glucose consumption; higher concentrations of amobarbital than 1 mM enhance the ATP/ADP ratio of the total cell. The actual activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase of intact cells is completely inhibited in the presence of 2 mM amobarbital as was shown by the 14CO2 evolution from [114C]pyruvate or the incorporation of 14CO2 into the total lipid fraction of the cells from [U-14C]lactate. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells is completely inhibited by 1 mM amobarbital in vitro. The activity of alpha-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase is inhibited by amobarbital, too, as well as shown by measuring the 14CO2 evolution from [1-14C]glutamate with intact cells. It is suggested that the inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase in the presence of amobarbital is the result of a direct action on the enzyme as well as the consequence of a change in the cellular redox state or its energy charge."}
{"id": "PMID:146358", "title": "Evidence for an 4-ene-3-oxosteroid-5alpha-reductase and delta4-delta5-ketosteroid isomerase activity in extracts of Streptomyces hydrogenans.", "content": "A homogenate of cells of Streptomyces hydrogenans which have been cultivated in the presence of estradiol-17beta, was separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. In the presence of NADH, a few distinct fractions converted about 10% of [3H]toesterone to 5alpha-dihydrotesterone (5alpha-DHT), 5alpha-androstanedione, 4-androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). The metabolites were separated after two consecutive runs on silica gel and propanediol-1,2-impregnated cellulose plates by thin layer chromatography. Identification was achieved by comparison with known steroid samples, specific staining procedures and by crystallization to constant specific radioactivity. The 5alpha-reductase activity responsible for the formation of 5alpha-DHT and 5alpha-androstanedione in vitro required NADH as co-substrate and could only be found after induction of the cells with estradiol-17beta in vivo. Within the same chromatographic fractions, a delta4-delta5-ketosteroid isomerase activity can be detected which catalyzes the reverse reaction from the 4-androstene testosterone to the 5-anthrostene DHEA in vitro.", "contents": "Evidence for an 4-ene-3-oxosteroid-5alpha-reductase and delta4-delta5-ketosteroid isomerase activity in extracts of Streptomyces hydrogenans. A homogenate of cells of Streptomyces hydrogenans which have been cultivated in the presence of estradiol-17beta, was separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-200. In the presence of NADH, a few distinct fractions converted about 10% of [3H]toesterone to 5alpha-dihydrotesterone (5alpha-DHT), 5alpha-androstanedione, 4-androstenedione, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). The metabolites were separated after two consecutive runs on silica gel and propanediol-1,2-impregnated cellulose plates by thin layer chromatography. Identification was achieved by comparison with known steroid samples, specific staining procedures and by crystallization to constant specific radioactivity. The 5alpha-reductase activity responsible for the formation of 5alpha-DHT and 5alpha-androstanedione in vitro required NADH as co-substrate and could only be found after induction of the cells with estradiol-17beta in vivo. Within the same chromatographic fractions, a delta4-delta5-ketosteroid isomerase activity can be detected which catalyzes the reverse reaction from the 4-androstene testosterone to the 5-anthrostene DHEA in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:146359", "title": "Chromophore content of C-phycoerythrin from various Cyanobacteria.", "content": "The molar extinction coefficient for phycoerythrobilin (l a) was calculated by two independent methods. It is different from that of the cleaved chromophore, phycobiliviolin (2). By unfolding with urea or tryptic digestion, the chromophore absorption of C-phycoerythrin (PE) was determined free of any protein influence. The chromophore content of PE from various Cyanobacteria was determined with these data to be either 5 or 6, depending on the organism. This corresponds to a chromophore distribution over phycoerythrin subunits alpha:beta of either 2:3 or 2:4. The phylogenetic significance of varying chromophore content is discussed.", "contents": "Chromophore content of C-phycoerythrin from various Cyanobacteria. The molar extinction coefficient for phycoerythrobilin (l a) was calculated by two independent methods. It is different from that of the cleaved chromophore, phycobiliviolin (2). By unfolding with urea or tryptic digestion, the chromophore absorption of C-phycoerythrin (PE) was determined free of any protein influence. The chromophore content of PE from various Cyanobacteria was determined with these data to be either 5 or 6, depending on the organism. This corresponds to a chromophore distribution over phycoerythrin subunits alpha:beta of either 2:3 or 2:4. The phylogenetic significance of varying chromophore content is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146360", "title": "On the correlation between the amplitude of the electrochromic absorption changes and the number of bulk pigments.", "content": "A correlation between the amplitude of the electrochromic absorption changes measured at 480 nm and 520 nm and the size of the photosynthetic unit is found. Three tobacco mutants which differ with respect to their photosynthetic unit size exhibit decreased amplitudes of the electrochromic absorption changes which parallel the size of the photosynthetic units. Under these conditions the ATP-yield per flash is unaffected by the photosynthetic unit size. From this it is deduced that the correlation between the amplitude of the electrochromic absorption change and the photosynthetic unit size is due to the fact that the number of pigments undergoing an electrochromic bandshift is proportional to the total pigment content. As the influence on the electrochromic effect at 520 nm is too pronounced as to be simply explainable by the variation of the carotenoid content in the different mutants it is inferred that either structural effects leading to a modification of the carotenoid orientation in the mutants or an indirect influence of chlorophyll on the electrochromic bandshift which depend on the number of chlorophyll molecules are responsible.", "contents": "On the correlation between the amplitude of the electrochromic absorption changes and the number of bulk pigments. A correlation between the amplitude of the electrochromic absorption changes measured at 480 nm and 520 nm and the size of the photosynthetic unit is found. Three tobacco mutants which differ with respect to their photosynthetic unit size exhibit decreased amplitudes of the electrochromic absorption changes which parallel the size of the photosynthetic units. Under these conditions the ATP-yield per flash is unaffected by the photosynthetic unit size. From this it is deduced that the correlation between the amplitude of the electrochromic absorption change and the photosynthetic unit size is due to the fact that the number of pigments undergoing an electrochromic bandshift is proportional to the total pigment content. As the influence on the electrochromic effect at 520 nm is too pronounced as to be simply explainable by the variation of the carotenoid content in the different mutants it is inferred that either structural effects leading to a modification of the carotenoid orientation in the mutants or an indirect influence of chlorophyll on the electrochromic bandshift which depend on the number of chlorophyll molecules are responsible."}
{"id": "PMID:146364", "title": "[Plastic surgery in unilateral cleft lip].", "content": "The result of cleft lip operations is judged after the external image, the complet function of circular muscle system and the unfoldable vestibulum oris. The MILLARD-plastic for wide cleft lips and the REICHERT-plastic with the own modification for narrow cleft lips are for the time the optimal methods of operation.", "contents": "[Plastic surgery in unilateral cleft lip]. The result of cleft lip operations is judged after the external image, the complet function of circular muscle system and the unfoldable vestibulum oris. The MILLARD-plastic for wide cleft lips and the REICHERT-plastic with the own modification for narrow cleft lips are for the time the optimal methods of operation."}
{"id": "PMID:146365", "title": "[The ultrastructure of monomorpheous salivary gland adenomas].", "content": "The present observations described the ultrastructure of the epithelial cells in monomorphic Adenomas (Adenolymphoma and tubulary Adenoma). There are evident two epithelial cell types with abortive secretory capacity in the tumour tissue.", "contents": "[The ultrastructure of monomorpheous salivary gland adenomas]. The present observations described the ultrastructure of the epithelial cells in monomorphic Adenomas (Adenolymphoma and tubulary Adenoma). There are evident two epithelial cell types with abortive secretory capacity in the tumour tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:146361", "title": "Protein synthesis and amino acid pools in irradiated yeast cells.", "content": "Protein synthesis after UV- and X-irradiation was investigated in diploid yeast. The incorporation of radioactively labelled lysine and phenylalanine was measured 2.5 and 4 hours after exposure. By varying the specific activity the pool sizes could be estimated. At 2.5 hours there is some increase in pool sizes and a dose-dependent enhancement of protein synthesis. At 4 hours pools are again normal, but the increase of synthetic activity prevails.", "contents": "Protein synthesis and amino acid pools in irradiated yeast cells. Protein synthesis after UV- and X-irradiation was investigated in diploid yeast. The incorporation of radioactively labelled lysine and phenylalanine was measured 2.5 and 4 hours after exposure. By varying the specific activity the pool sizes could be estimated. At 2.5 hours there is some increase in pool sizes and a dose-dependent enhancement of protein synthesis. At 4 hours pools are again normal, but the increase of synthetic activity prevails."}
{"id": "PMID:146366", "title": "[Bacteriological findings in Redon drains in maxillofacial surgery].", "content": "In 58 operations to the jaws, face, and neck, the exudate was withdrawn by Redaon drainage and subsequently examined bacteriologically. The authors report data on the type of causative agent involved and on the level of bacterial contamination, which are related to the process of healing.", "contents": "[Bacteriological findings in Redon drains in maxillofacial surgery]. In 58 operations to the jaws, face, and neck, the exudate was withdrawn by Redaon drainage and subsequently examined bacteriologically. The authors report data on the type of causative agent involved and on the level of bacterial contamination, which are related to the process of healing."}
{"id": "PMID:146367", "title": "[Pair comparison of the jaw development in monozygotic twins].", "content": "Investigations of the development of the dentition and skeletal patterns in 14 pairs of monozygotic twins for approximately 10 years are the basis of a pair comparison. Following the measurements of the plaster casts and the cephalometric radiographs we can state, that in this group of identical twins there are small intra-pair variations.", "contents": "[Pair comparison of the jaw development in monozygotic twins]. Investigations of the development of the dentition and skeletal patterns in 14 pairs of monozygotic twins for approximately 10 years are the basis of a pair comparison. Following the measurements of the plaster casts and the cephalometric radiographs we can state, that in this group of identical twins there are small intra-pair variations."}
{"id": "PMID:146362", "title": "Calcification of a native collagen membrane.", "content": "Spontaneous calcification of a membrane made of native collagen has been investigated. The method permits independent variation of calcium and phosphate concentrations. With increasing phosphate concentration the precipitation calcium-phosphate on the collagen occurs at a conspicuously lower calcium concentration as with a number of other membranes.", "contents": "Calcification of a native collagen membrane. Spontaneous calcification of a membrane made of native collagen has been investigated. The method permits independent variation of calcium and phosphate concentrations. With increasing phosphate concentration the precipitation calcium-phosphate on the collagen occurs at a conspicuously lower calcium concentration as with a number of other membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:146368", "title": "[Microbiological studies on mouth-ringing, cooling and turbine-spray waters].", "content": "Microbiological examinations of mouth-cleaning, cooling, and turbine spray waters from various types of dental units showed different degrees of water contamination. The detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, because of the classification of this organism as a \"problem germ\", indicates the necessity for a more critical analysis of water used in stomatology including the elimination of possible sources of contamination.", "contents": "[Microbiological studies on mouth-ringing, cooling and turbine-spray waters]. Microbiological examinations of mouth-cleaning, cooling, and turbine spray waters from various types of dental units showed different degrees of water contamination. The detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, because of the classification of this organism as a \"problem germ\", indicates the necessity for a more critical analysis of water used in stomatology including the elimination of possible sources of contamination."}
{"id": "PMID:146369", "title": "[Indications for radiographic diagnosis in the deciduous molar region].", "content": "A total of 4106 children aged 2 to 18 were examined roentgenologically, with intraoral roentgenograms of the molar region being made on 148 (3,6%) of them. Analysis of such roentgenograms allows to make conclusions as to the necessity for making roentgen diagnoses on children.", "contents": "[Indications for radiographic diagnosis in the deciduous molar region]. A total of 4106 children aged 2 to 18 were examined roentgenologically, with intraoral roentgenograms of the molar region being made on 148 (3,6%) of them. Analysis of such roentgenograms allows to make conclusions as to the necessity for making roentgen diagnoses on children."}
{"id": "PMID:146371", "title": "[Biological testing of pulp-preserving agents on the pulp of rat molars].", "content": "The effects of calxyl, ZOE, zinc oxide without eugenol, and zinc oxide with an antibacterial substance (glutaraldehyde) were tested on perforated molar pulps of rats. All of the substances tested were found to lead to the same initial reactions (acute inflammation and partial necrosis). Calxyl and ZOE yielded unfavorable results. There was a negligible tendency of the pulp toward hard tissue demarcation. Zinc oxide without eugenol improved the formation by the pulp of secondary tin. - The use of glutaraldehyde resulted in a less pronounced spread of inflammation as well as in the formation of new hard tissue in one half of the cases. Molars of rats are particularly suitable for biologically examining the local toxicity of pulpal protectives and the regeneration of the pulp. The results presented in this paper are discussed from the point of view of pulp-preserving therapy and of avoiding invasion by germs.", "contents": "[Biological testing of pulp-preserving agents on the pulp of rat molars]. The effects of calxyl, ZOE, zinc oxide without eugenol, and zinc oxide with an antibacterial substance (glutaraldehyde) were tested on perforated molar pulps of rats. All of the substances tested were found to lead to the same initial reactions (acute inflammation and partial necrosis). Calxyl and ZOE yielded unfavorable results. There was a negligible tendency of the pulp toward hard tissue demarcation. Zinc oxide without eugenol improved the formation by the pulp of secondary tin. - The use of glutaraldehyde resulted in a less pronounced spread of inflammation as well as in the formation of new hard tissue in one half of the cases. Molars of rats are particularly suitable for biologically examining the local toxicity of pulpal protectives and the regeneration of the pulp. The results presented in this paper are discussed from the point of view of pulp-preserving therapy and of avoiding invasion by germs."}
{"id": "PMID:146372", "title": "[A new method for the determination of tissue sensitivity to dental materials in cell cultures].", "content": "This paper discribes a method that enables a qualitative analysis of the biological effects of stomatological materials upon living cells cultivated in vitro to be made. This method allows to make photographic records, at regular intervals of time, of those cells which are originally in a state of suspension, then start to adhere to the bottom of the vessel used for purposes of cultivation, when they become flat and wider. This method takes of the capability of cytoplasmic membranes to respond to any kind of chemical or physical noxa. Quick-motion pictures taken at regular intervals of time using cin\u00e9 film provide for a quantitative differentiation and determination of the ratio of dilated to nondilated cells, which can be analyzed statistically.", "contents": "[A new method for the determination of tissue sensitivity to dental materials in cell cultures]. This paper discribes a method that enables a qualitative analysis of the biological effects of stomatological materials upon living cells cultivated in vitro to be made. This method allows to make photographic records, at regular intervals of time, of those cells which are originally in a state of suspension, then start to adhere to the bottom of the vessel used for purposes of cultivation, when they become flat and wider. This method takes of the capability of cytoplasmic membranes to respond to any kind of chemical or physical noxa. Quick-motion pictures taken at regular intervals of time using cin\u00e9 film provide for a quantitative differentiation and determination of the ratio of dilated to nondilated cells, which can be analyzed statistically."}
{"id": "PMID:146381", "title": "[Course of pregnancy and labor after prenatal diagnosis of genetic defects and abnormalities].", "content": "138 patients were referred to us to prenatal diagnosis of genetic defects. Only in 120 patients the diagnostic procedures could also be carried out. In 75% the amniocentesis was performed to establish the amnion cell culture and in 22.5% for analysis of alphafetoprotein and for performance of fetography. In 4.2% a genetic indication for interruption was found by the prenatal diagnosis. Among the 61 terminated pregnancies a premature delivery occurred in 13.1%. The operating frequency of delivery was 16.2% and the perinatal mortality was 1.6%.", "contents": "[Course of pregnancy and labor after prenatal diagnosis of genetic defects and abnormalities]. 138 patients were referred to us to prenatal diagnosis of genetic defects. Only in 120 patients the diagnostic procedures could also be carried out. In 75% the amniocentesis was performed to establish the amnion cell culture and in 22.5% for analysis of alphafetoprotein and for performance of fetography. In 4.2% a genetic indication for interruption was found by the prenatal diagnosis. Among the 61 terminated pregnancies a premature delivery occurred in 13.1%. The operating frequency of delivery was 16.2% and the perinatal mortality was 1.6%."}
{"id": "PMID:146383", "title": "[Seasonal dynamics of the abundance of vibrios and related microorganisms in the Don River].", "content": "The density of bacteria of the Vibrio, Aeromonas and Comamonas genera the Don river was subject to seasonal variations. The maximal vibrio concentration was recorded at the water temperature of 22 degrees C, and of Aeromonas and Comamonas--at lower temperature. Unlike Aeromonas, vibrios displayed a reverse dependence of the density on the extent of water contamination.", "contents": "[Seasonal dynamics of the abundance of vibrios and related microorganisms in the Don River]. The density of bacteria of the Vibrio, Aeromonas and Comamonas genera the Don river was subject to seasonal variations. The maximal vibrio concentration was recorded at the water temperature of 22 degrees C, and of Aeromonas and Comamonas--at lower temperature. Unlike Aeromonas, vibrios displayed a reverse dependence of the density on the extent of water contamination."}
{"id": "PMID:146384", "title": "[Functional state of spinal centers in patients with cerebral circulatory disorders according to the results of stimulation electromyography].", "content": "In 53 patients in different periods of brain strokes the authors studied the functional state of spinal centers by means of registration of H-reflex and F-wave of the skeleton muscles. In spite of the stroke character a marked increase of excitation of the spinal centers was observed, it being especially significant in the subacute period of the disease. The increase of H-reflex amplitude was maximal in extremities, contralateral to the focus of the lesion, but it was observed on the lesion side as well. The patients with cerebral coma in the acute stage of the stroke demonstrated a descrease of relation between central and motor responses up to 12--13%, it gradually increased as the coma ceased. The latent period of F-wave on the both extremities was reliably lower than the control indices along the whole period of the study. The authors show the significance of registration in the dynamics of the muscle evoked potentials for topical diagnosis of the cerebral vessel process and for effective control of the administered therapy.", "contents": "[Functional state of spinal centers in patients with cerebral circulatory disorders according to the results of stimulation electromyography]. In 53 patients in different periods of brain strokes the authors studied the functional state of spinal centers by means of registration of H-reflex and F-wave of the skeleton muscles. In spite of the stroke character a marked increase of excitation of the spinal centers was observed, it being especially significant in the subacute period of the disease. The increase of H-reflex amplitude was maximal in extremities, contralateral to the focus of the lesion, but it was observed on the lesion side as well. The patients with cerebral coma in the acute stage of the stroke demonstrated a descrease of relation between central and motor responses up to 12--13%, it gradually increased as the coma ceased. The latent period of F-wave on the both extremities was reliably lower than the control indices along the whole period of the study. The authors show the significance of registration in the dynamics of the muscle evoked potentials for topical diagnosis of the cerebral vessel process and for effective control of the administered therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:146382", "title": "[Adenosine triphosphatase activity in the organs of the crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus, acclimated to sea water of different salinity].", "content": "In crabs acclimated to low salinity, the activity of Na, K-ATPase from the gills increases; the activity also increases in the antennal glands after acclimation of the animals to high salinity. The activity of Na, K-ATPase in the abdominal ganglion and in the heart does not depend on the salinity to which crabs had been acclimated. Changes in the activity of Mg-ATPase in the gills and antennal glands associated with acclimation of crabs to sea water with different salinity correspond to those in the activity of Na, K-ATPase.", "contents": "[Adenosine triphosphatase activity in the organs of the crab Hemigrapsus sanguineus, acclimated to sea water of different salinity]. In crabs acclimated to low salinity, the activity of Na, K-ATPase from the gills increases; the activity also increases in the antennal glands after acclimation of the animals to high salinity. The activity of Na, K-ATPase in the abdominal ganglion and in the heart does not depend on the salinity to which crabs had been acclimated. Changes in the activity of Mg-ATPase in the gills and antennal glands associated with acclimation of crabs to sea water with different salinity correspond to those in the activity of Na, K-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:146387", "title": "Hemoglobinopathies and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in one of the regions of Azerbaijan: mass screening and laboratory investigations.", "content": "Mass screening in the Geok-chai region of Azerbaijan covered 264 persons. 2 families with abnormal hemoglbin were detected. Electrophoresis in PAG and on cellulose acetate films as well as sickling test showed that in 3 out of 9 members of one of the families HbS was detected. 6 out of 8 members of the others family appeared to be HbD-carriers. In 4 members of this family abnormal hemoglobin was found out in combination with G-6-PDH deficiency. No clinical manifestations were found. A number of beta-thalassemia cases were detected in screened children as well as in adults. Hemoglobin oxygen equilibrium curves were studied in patients with heterozygous beta-thalassemia. In case of G-6-PDH deficiency when it is not possible to obtain active enzyme zones on the columns with PAG these zones can be detected when CoCl2 (2 mM) is added into the incubation medium.", "contents": "Hemoglobinopathies and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency in one of the regions of Azerbaijan: mass screening and laboratory investigations. Mass screening in the Geok-chai region of Azerbaijan covered 264 persons. 2 families with abnormal hemoglbin were detected. Electrophoresis in PAG and on cellulose acetate films as well as sickling test showed that in 3 out of 9 members of one of the families HbS was detected. 6 out of 8 members of the others family appeared to be HbD-carriers. In 4 members of this family abnormal hemoglobin was found out in combination with G-6-PDH deficiency. No clinical manifestations were found. A number of beta-thalassemia cases were detected in screened children as well as in adults. Hemoglobin oxygen equilibrium curves were studied in patients with heterozygous beta-thalassemia. In case of G-6-PDH deficiency when it is not possible to obtain active enzyme zones on the columns with PAG these zones can be detected when CoCl2 (2 mM) is added into the incubation medium."}
{"id": "PMID:146391", "title": "Pure red cell aplasia, toxic dermatitis and lymphadenopathy in a patient taking diphenylhydantoin.", "content": "A patient taking diphenylhydantoin for 3 weeks developed a generalized skin rash, lymphadenopathy and pure red cell aplasia. After withdrawal of the pharmacon all symptoms disappeared spontaneously. Skin rash is a well-known complication of diphenylhydantoin treatment as is benign and malignant lymphadenopathy. Pure red cell aplasia associated with diphenylhydantoin medication has been reported in 3 patients. The exact mechanism by which diphenylhydantoin exerts its toxic effects is not known. In this patient the time relation between the ingestion of diphenylhydantoin and the occurrence of the skin rash, lymphadenopathy and pure red cell aplasia is very suggestive of a direct connection.", "contents": "Pure red cell aplasia, toxic dermatitis and lymphadenopathy in a patient taking diphenylhydantoin. A patient taking diphenylhydantoin for 3 weeks developed a generalized skin rash, lymphadenopathy and pure red cell aplasia. After withdrawal of the pharmacon all symptoms disappeared spontaneously. Skin rash is a well-known complication of diphenylhydantoin treatment as is benign and malignant lymphadenopathy. Pure red cell aplasia associated with diphenylhydantoin medication has been reported in 3 patients. The exact mechanism by which diphenylhydantoin exerts its toxic effects is not known. In this patient the time relation between the ingestion of diphenylhydantoin and the occurrence of the skin rash, lymphadenopathy and pure red cell aplasia is very suggestive of a direct connection."}
{"id": "PMID:146392", "title": "Prerequisites for tuboplasty.", "content": "Techniques in measuring tubal patency and interpretation of findings can be misleading. Laparoscopic study of infertile women with suspected, diseased fallopian tubes is always prerequisite to tuboplasty. Observations must be accompanied by intrauterine injection of adequate amounts of dye and gentle tubal manipulations. Determined efforts should be made to eliminate reconstructive operations on nonsalvageable tubes because successful term pregnancies following tuboplasties are related more to the extent of tubal damage than to operative technique or postoperative management.", "contents": "Prerequisites for tuboplasty. Techniques in measuring tubal patency and interpretation of findings can be misleading. Laparoscopic study of infertile women with suspected, diseased fallopian tubes is always prerequisite to tuboplasty. Observations must be accompanied by intrauterine injection of adequate amounts of dye and gentle tubal manipulations. Determined efforts should be made to eliminate reconstructive operations on nonsalvageable tubes because successful term pregnancies following tuboplasties are related more to the extent of tubal damage than to operative technique or postoperative management."}
{"id": "PMID:146393", "title": "Advances in tuboplasty.", "content": "Reconstructive oviductal surgery was performed on 205 private patients with primary and secondary infertility, who were selected from 1075 endoscopic examinations. Each patient underwent an infertility survey which included gamete formation, reception and deposition of gametes, nidation, post-coital, and semen analysis. Only those with tubal abnormalities, not responding to conservative therapy after a minimum period of six months following laparoscopic examination, were selected for tuboplasty. Spiral stents for fimbrioplasty and straight teflon tubing for mid-portion and cornua obstruction were employed. These stents were removed eight weeks post-surgery, under local anesthesia at the office. Of the 205 tuboplasties, 193 patients had sustained patency; 75 conceived; 7 aborted; and 1 had an ectopic pregnancy. Pregnancy occurred between 1 and 26 months after removal of the stents. Complications were very few. The use of Roland spiral teflon stents has resulted in a greater percentage in patency and pregnancy rates, as compared to those without use of stents.", "contents": "Advances in tuboplasty. Reconstructive oviductal surgery was performed on 205 private patients with primary and secondary infertility, who were selected from 1075 endoscopic examinations. Each patient underwent an infertility survey which included gamete formation, reception and deposition of gametes, nidation, post-coital, and semen analysis. Only those with tubal abnormalities, not responding to conservative therapy after a minimum period of six months following laparoscopic examination, were selected for tuboplasty. Spiral stents for fimbrioplasty and straight teflon tubing for mid-portion and cornua obstruction were employed. These stents were removed eight weeks post-surgery, under local anesthesia at the office. Of the 205 tuboplasties, 193 patients had sustained patency; 75 conceived; 7 aborted; and 1 had an ectopic pregnancy. Pregnancy occurred between 1 and 26 months after removal of the stents. Complications were very few. The use of Roland spiral teflon stents has resulted in a greater percentage in patency and pregnancy rates, as compared to those without use of stents."}
{"id": "PMID:146395", "title": "Muscle changes in patients with varicose veins.", "content": "Gastrocnemius muscle specimens from 19 patients with varicose veins without clinical neuropathy were examined with a light microscope after staining fresh-frozen sections with modified Gomori trichrome and after histochemical reactions for NADH diaphorase, ATPases and phosphorylase. Only four muscle specimens from these 19 patients were regarded as completely normal. In five of the patients (26 per cent) a combination of fiber type grouping and small-group atrophy, and in nine patients (47 per cent) fiber type grouping with occasional small angulated fibers were observed. These changes were less frequent in nine biopsies from brain-death control patients (11 per cent). Various forms of abnormalities in the distribution of NADH diaphorase were seen in 13 patients with varicose veins (68 per cent) and in one of the controls (11 per cent). Necrosis and phagocytosis of the muscle fibers were present in three biopsies from patients with varicose veins (16 per cent) and in one of the controls (11 per cent).", "contents": "Muscle changes in patients with varicose veins. Gastrocnemius muscle specimens from 19 patients with varicose veins without clinical neuropathy were examined with a light microscope after staining fresh-frozen sections with modified Gomori trichrome and after histochemical reactions for NADH diaphorase, ATPases and phosphorylase. Only four muscle specimens from these 19 patients were regarded as completely normal. In five of the patients (26 per cent) a combination of fiber type grouping and small-group atrophy, and in nine patients (47 per cent) fiber type grouping with occasional small angulated fibers were observed. These changes were less frequent in nine biopsies from brain-death control patients (11 per cent). Various forms of abnormalities in the distribution of NADH diaphorase were seen in 13 patients with varicose veins (68 per cent) and in one of the controls (11 per cent). Necrosis and phagocytosis of the muscle fibers were present in three biopsies from patients with varicose veins (16 per cent) and in one of the controls (11 per cent)."}
{"id": "PMID:146396", "title": "Enzyme activities of myocardial energy metabolism during prolonged digoxin treatment in rats.", "content": "The effect of prolonged digoxin treatment (1 mg/kg day for 8 days) on the activity levels of some enzymes of energy metabolism (phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase) in rat myocardium was studied. In the control animals receiving the solvent mixture (glycerol:ethanol:water in 1:1:1) a transient decrease in the lactate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase activity levels was observed. In the hearts of digoxin treated rats the level of activity of phosphofructokinase was permanently lowered by the fourth day and the level of activity of citrate synthase permanently increased after the first day of treatment. A transient increase in the activity level of succinate dehydrogenase in the myocardium of digoxin treated animals was seen between days 1 and 6. In this study a permanent decrease in phosphofructokinase and an increase in citrate synthase activity levels in rat heart muscle was noted during prolonged digoxin treatment.", "contents": "Enzyme activities of myocardial energy metabolism during prolonged digoxin treatment in rats. The effect of prolonged digoxin treatment (1 mg/kg day for 8 days) on the activity levels of some enzymes of energy metabolism (phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase, succinate dehydrogenase) in rat myocardium was studied. In the control animals receiving the solvent mixture (glycerol:ethanol:water in 1:1:1) a transient decrease in the lactate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase activity levels was observed. In the hearts of digoxin treated rats the level of activity of phosphofructokinase was permanently lowered by the fourth day and the level of activity of citrate synthase permanently increased after the first day of treatment. A transient increase in the activity level of succinate dehydrogenase in the myocardium of digoxin treated animals was seen between days 1 and 6. In this study a permanent decrease in phosphofructokinase and an increase in citrate synthase activity levels in rat heart muscle was noted during prolonged digoxin treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:146397", "title": "The effect of anions on Mg-ATPase in red blood cells.", "content": "Anions exert an influence on the passive permeability of Na+ and K+ in erythrocytes. THE EFFECT ON Mg-ATPase activity has been studied in human erythrocytes. 40 mM bicarbonate increased the activity as compared to the effect of 40 mM chloride; 20 mM sulphate inhibited it. Salicylate acted first as an activator then as an inhibitor of Mg-ATPase; maximum activity was reached at 60 mM CONCENTRATION. Thiocyanate inhibited saponin-stimulated Mg-ATPase, Ki = 1.85 X 10(-2)M. The probable mechanisms of action of the above anions on Mg-ATPase and possible relation to passive permeability of Na+ and K+ ions are discussed.", "contents": "The effect of anions on Mg-ATPase in red blood cells. Anions exert an influence on the passive permeability of Na+ and K+ in erythrocytes. THE EFFECT ON Mg-ATPase activity has been studied in human erythrocytes. 40 mM bicarbonate increased the activity as compared to the effect of 40 mM chloride; 20 mM sulphate inhibited it. Salicylate acted first as an activator then as an inhibitor of Mg-ATPase; maximum activity was reached at 60 mM CONCENTRATION. Thiocyanate inhibited saponin-stimulated Mg-ATPase, Ki = 1.85 X 10(-2)M. The probable mechanisms of action of the above anions on Mg-ATPase and possible relation to passive permeability of Na+ and K+ ions are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146398", "title": "Prevention of isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by beta-blocking agents in the rat.", "content": "The effect of the beta-blocking agents propranolol and oxprenolol on isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy has been investigated in the rat. To evaluate the degree of inhibition biochemical parameters related to cardiomegaly were measured. When given alone in the dose range used for protection, the beta-blocking agents did not cause any significant change in total myocardial RNA, DNA and protein. Depending on the dose applied, propranolol and oxprenolol prevented partially or totally the cardiomegaly induced by isoproterenol.", "contents": "Prevention of isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy by beta-blocking agents in the rat. The effect of the beta-blocking agents propranolol and oxprenolol on isoproterenol-induced cardiac hypertrophy has been investigated in the rat. To evaluate the degree of inhibition biochemical parameters related to cardiomegaly were measured. When given alone in the dose range used for protection, the beta-blocking agents did not cause any significant change in total myocardial RNA, DNA and protein. Depending on the dose applied, propranolol and oxprenolol prevented partially or totally the cardiomegaly induced by isoproterenol."}
{"id": "PMID:146400", "title": "Thermal denaturation and template activities of reconstituted DNA-histone complexes.", "content": "Reconstituted complexes of DNA with histone were prepared by salt-and-urea step gradient dialysis. The DNA was complexed with histone H1, with the combination of the other four histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, and with whole histones. These DNA-histone complexes were purified by Bio-Gel column chromatography, and the weight ratio of histone-to-DNA was determined in each complex. The thermal denaturation profile and nuclease digestion pattern of DNA-histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 complex were compatible with those of the polynucleosome structure of chromatin. The template activities for transcription were compared in these DNA-histone complexes by separately measuring initiation reaction and chain elongation. The binding of histone H1 to DNA strongly inhibited the initiation, while the binding of the combination of the other four histones to DNA partially inhibited the initiation and chain elongation. The binding characteristics are discussed with regard to the role of histone H1 and the other four histones in chromatin structure and template activity.", "contents": "Thermal denaturation and template activities of reconstituted DNA-histone complexes. Reconstituted complexes of DNA with histone were prepared by salt-and-urea step gradient dialysis. The DNA was complexed with histone H1, with the combination of the other four histones H2A, H2B, H3 and H4, and with whole histones. These DNA-histone complexes were purified by Bio-Gel column chromatography, and the weight ratio of histone-to-DNA was determined in each complex. The thermal denaturation profile and nuclease digestion pattern of DNA-histone H2A, H2B, H3 and H4 complex were compatible with those of the polynucleosome structure of chromatin. The template activities for transcription were compared in these DNA-histone complexes by separately measuring initiation reaction and chain elongation. The binding of histone H1 to DNA strongly inhibited the initiation, while the binding of the combination of the other four histones to DNA partially inhibited the initiation and chain elongation. The binding characteristics are discussed with regard to the role of histone H1 and the other four histones in chromatin structure and template activity."}
{"id": "PMID:146401", "title": "Role of hydrophobic interaction in hapten-antibody binding.", "content": "The precipitation reaction of bovine serum albumin coupled with p-azophenylleucine with homologous antibody was inhibited by several structurally related haptens. The isobutyl group substituent on alpha-carbon atom of the leucine residue contributed more than -5.8 Kcal/mol to the free energy of binding. This value was consistent with the free energy change expected from the transfer of n-butane from an aqueous environment to liquid n-butane. The observed contribution was explained, in terms of the hydrophobic interaction of the isobutyl group with the antigen binding site of the antibody molecule. These results were also compared with other hapten-antibody systems.", "contents": "Role of hydrophobic interaction in hapten-antibody binding. The precipitation reaction of bovine serum albumin coupled with p-azophenylleucine with homologous antibody was inhibited by several structurally related haptens. The isobutyl group substituent on alpha-carbon atom of the leucine residue contributed more than -5.8 Kcal/mol to the free energy of binding. This value was consistent with the free energy change expected from the transfer of n-butane from an aqueous environment to liquid n-butane. The observed contribution was explained, in terms of the hydrophobic interaction of the isobutyl group with the antigen binding site of the antibody molecule. These results were also compared with other hapten-antibody systems."}
{"id": "PMID:146403", "title": "Decreased plasma postheparin lipolytic activity in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Plasma postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) was measured on 50 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Plasma PHLA was significantly decreased in SLE patients. This decrease was most striking in the acute phase of the disease. There was a close relationship between decreased PHLA and immunologic factors indicative of the acute phase of SLE. These immunologic factors included shaggy antinuclear antibody pattern, low serum complement titer, high DNA antibody titer, mixed cryoglobulin and lumpy glomerular pattern by immunofluorescent staining.", "contents": "Decreased plasma postheparin lipolytic activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. Plasma postheparin lipolytic activity (PHLA) was measured on 50 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Plasma PHLA was significantly decreased in SLE patients. This decrease was most striking in the acute phase of the disease. There was a close relationship between decreased PHLA and immunologic factors indicative of the acute phase of SLE. These immunologic factors included shaggy antinuclear antibody pattern, low serum complement titer, high DNA antibody titer, mixed cryoglobulin and lumpy glomerular pattern by immunofluorescent staining."}
{"id": "PMID:146404", "title": "Reactivating effect of levamisole on cell-mediated immunity in gastrointestinal cancer patients.", "content": "Cell-mediated immunity was studied in 23 cases of advanced gastrointestinal cancer. The patients received levamisole at 150 mg/day for three consecutive days each week for four weeks. In cases at the terminal stage of gastrointestinal cancer, the blastformation rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes against phytohemagglutinin (PHA) after the administration of levamisole showed a slight increase, but cases with blastformation rates over 40% increased markedly three or four weeks after the initial administration of levamisole. The peripheral blood lymphocyte count showed little change in these cases.", "contents": "Reactivating effect of levamisole on cell-mediated immunity in gastrointestinal cancer patients. Cell-mediated immunity was studied in 23 cases of advanced gastrointestinal cancer. The patients received levamisole at 150 mg/day for three consecutive days each week for four weeks. In cases at the terminal stage of gastrointestinal cancer, the blastformation rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes against phytohemagglutinin (PHA) after the administration of levamisole showed a slight increase, but cases with blastformation rates over 40% increased markedly three or four weeks after the initial administration of levamisole. The peripheral blood lymphocyte count showed little change in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:146405", "title": "Correlation between postoperative prognosis in gastrointestinal cancer patients and blastformation rate of lymphocytes.", "content": "Gastrointestinal cancer patients were followed up for up to 30 months postoperatively and their clinical status related to a parameter of nonspecific immunity, the blastformation rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes against phytohemagglutinin. By the fourth postoperative week, the blastformation rate had recovered from the effect of the operation. In patients who had undergone curative resection, the postoperative level rose to exceed the preoperative level, whereas whereas in those in whom resection had not been possible, the blastformation rate failed to show this rise by the fourth week, and continued at the decreased immediate postoperative level. Results for long-term follow-up (30 months postoperatively) showed that the blastformation rate continued at high levels (almost all over 40%) in cases of curative resection without recurrence, but remained low (under 40%) in those in which the tumor could not be removed. The 40% level of the blastformation rate test thus correlated well with the prognosis. The blastformation rate, therefore, proved a very good parameter for following the pre-and post-operative clinical course of gastrointestinal cancer patients.", "contents": "Correlation between postoperative prognosis in gastrointestinal cancer patients and blastformation rate of lymphocytes. Gastrointestinal cancer patients were followed up for up to 30 months postoperatively and their clinical status related to a parameter of nonspecific immunity, the blastformation rate of peripheral blood lymphocytes against phytohemagglutinin. By the fourth postoperative week, the blastformation rate had recovered from the effect of the operation. In patients who had undergone curative resection, the postoperative level rose to exceed the preoperative level, whereas whereas in those in whom resection had not been possible, the blastformation rate failed to show this rise by the fourth week, and continued at the decreased immediate postoperative level. Results for long-term follow-up (30 months postoperatively) showed that the blastformation rate continued at high levels (almost all over 40%) in cases of curative resection without recurrence, but remained low (under 40%) in those in which the tumor could not be removed. The 40% level of the blastformation rate test thus correlated well with the prognosis. The blastformation rate, therefore, proved a very good parameter for following the pre-and post-operative clinical course of gastrointestinal cancer patients."}
{"id": "PMID:146406", "title": "Transfer of erythromycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "In the course of an outbreak of enteritis and conjunctivitis, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from newborn infants. Strains cultured at a later phase of the outbreak differed from those found at the beginning in being resistant to several antibiotics, showing resistance to typing phages and releasing phages of the same lysis spectrum (10(9) p.f.u./ml after heating at 56 degrees C for 2 min). Transduction experiments with a strain and its cell-free lysate showed that inducible erythromycin resistance was transferable to strains isolated at the beginning of the outbreak and to laboratory strains. Plasmid origin of resistance was confirmed by (i) high transduction frequency; (ii) transduction to RN981 rec- mutants; (iii) kinetics of transduction; (iv) elimination of resistance. Mixed culture experiments yielded transductants at high frequency with resistance to erythromycin, streptomycin and tetracycline.", "contents": "Transfer of erythromycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. In the course of an outbreak of enteritis and conjunctivitis, Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from newborn infants. Strains cultured at a later phase of the outbreak differed from those found at the beginning in being resistant to several antibiotics, showing resistance to typing phages and releasing phages of the same lysis spectrum (10(9) p.f.u./ml after heating at 56 degrees C for 2 min). Transduction experiments with a strain and its cell-free lysate showed that inducible erythromycin resistance was transferable to strains isolated at the beginning of the outbreak and to laboratory strains. Plasmid origin of resistance was confirmed by (i) high transduction frequency; (ii) transduction to RN981 rec- mutants; (iii) kinetics of transduction; (iv) elimination of resistance. Mixed culture experiments yielded transductants at high frequency with resistance to erythromycin, streptomycin and tetracycline."}
{"id": "PMID:146407", "title": "Thoracic disc protrusion. (Analysis of 8 cases).", "content": "Eight cases of thoracic disc protrusion, observed over a period of four years, are reported. The literature was also reviewed. It is emphasized that in chronic midline disc protrusions a careful laminectomy without removal of the disc can give satisfactory results.", "contents": "Thoracic disc protrusion. (Analysis of 8 cases). Eight cases of thoracic disc protrusion, observed over a period of four years, are reported. The literature was also reviewed. It is emphasized that in chronic midline disc protrusions a careful laminectomy without removal of the disc can give satisfactory results."}
{"id": "PMID:146410", "title": "Effect of calcitonin on different inflammatory models.", "content": "The effect of synthetic salmon calcitonin was studied on adjuvant arthritis, pertussis vaccine edema, tuberculin skin reaction, passive direct Arthus reaction and nystatin edema. The results show that calcitonin inhibits these inflammatory processes.", "contents": "Effect of calcitonin on different inflammatory models. The effect of synthetic salmon calcitonin was studied on adjuvant arthritis, pertussis vaccine edema, tuberculin skin reaction, passive direct Arthus reaction and nystatin edema. The results show that calcitonin inhibits these inflammatory processes."}
{"id": "PMID:146411", "title": "The influence of tryptophan and parachlorophenylalanine on the sexual activity in man.", "content": "The effects on the sexual tone of parachlorophenylalanine, a selective inhibtor of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis, testosterone and placebo were evaluated in patients complaining of migraine-headache and sexual deficiency. The combined treatment with parachlorophenylalanine and testosterone significantly increases the sexual stimulus more than parachlorophenylalanine, testosterone and placebo, when given on their own. Conversely subjects with normal or excessive sexual activity, reported a decrease of sexual tone, during chronic treatment with tryptophan. The hypothesis of an implication of brain 5-HT in the mechanism of psychogenic sexual deficiency and the possibility of a therapeutic approach with drugs able to interfere with 5-HT turnover are discussed.", "contents": "The influence of tryptophan and parachlorophenylalanine on the sexual activity in man. The effects on the sexual tone of parachlorophenylalanine, a selective inhibtor of 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis, testosterone and placebo were evaluated in patients complaining of migraine-headache and sexual deficiency. The combined treatment with parachlorophenylalanine and testosterone significantly increases the sexual stimulus more than parachlorophenylalanine, testosterone and placebo, when given on their own. Conversely subjects with normal or excessive sexual activity, reported a decrease of sexual tone, during chronic treatment with tryptophan. The hypothesis of an implication of brain 5-HT in the mechanism of psychogenic sexual deficiency and the possibility of a therapeutic approach with drugs able to interfere with 5-HT turnover are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146412", "title": "Relationship between tryptophan metabolism and vitamin B6 and nicotinamide in aged subjects.", "content": "The urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites was studied in 20 aged subjects (over 70 years) after oral tryptophan loading (100 mg/kg body weight). All the subjects considered showed an abnormal excretion of metabolites with mean values of 24.67% in men and 25.83% in women in comparison to 6.77% in young controls. Among the metabolites the highest excretion was from kynurenine; moreover kynurenic acid and N-alpha-acetylkynurenine were also excreted in signficantly high amounts. The other metabolites too showed increased values. As the abnormal tryptophan metabolism in aging seemed to be in connection with vitamin B6 and nicotinamide, in a group of 7 aged sugjects the urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites was studied after aminoacid loading with or without simultaneous administration of these two vitamins. The results show that the abnormal excretory pattern is normalized after vitamin administration (from 16.49% to 7.42% total mean metabolite values).", "contents": "Relationship between tryptophan metabolism and vitamin B6 and nicotinamide in aged subjects. The urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites was studied in 20 aged subjects (over 70 years) after oral tryptophan loading (100 mg/kg body weight). All the subjects considered showed an abnormal excretion of metabolites with mean values of 24.67% in men and 25.83% in women in comparison to 6.77% in young controls. Among the metabolites the highest excretion was from kynurenine; moreover kynurenic acid and N-alpha-acetylkynurenine were also excreted in signficantly high amounts. The other metabolites too showed increased values. As the abnormal tryptophan metabolism in aging seemed to be in connection with vitamin B6 and nicotinamide, in a group of 7 aged sugjects the urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites was studied after aminoacid loading with or without simultaneous administration of these two vitamins. The results show that the abnormal excretory pattern is normalized after vitamin administration (from 16.49% to 7.42% total mean metabolite values)."}
{"id": "PMID:146413", "title": "Tryptophan metabolism in relation to amino acid alterations during typhoid fever.", "content": "With the onset of fever in volunteers exposed to virulent Salmonella typhii as part of a vaccine evaluation study, urinary excretion of kynurenine, acetyl-kynurenine and o-amino-hippurate significantly increased by N-methylnicotinamide decreased. Serum tryptophan concentration at that time was 116% of control in contrast to total serum amino acid values at 83% of control. A 3 gram oral tryptophan load given during illness further increased serum tryptophan concentration to 186% of control and enhanced excretion of the aforementioned catabolites. In addition, urinary anthranilate glucuronide, kynurenate and xanthurenate rose significantly; 3-hydroxykynurenine increased only slightly and N-methyl-nicotinamide was unaltered. Thus, though a tryptophan load aids in detection of alterations in tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway as a whole, it also distorts the pattern of metabolites detected, seemingly by causing more kynurenine to be shunted to the mitochondria to be acted upon by kynurenine 3-hydroxylase and kynurenine aminotransferase. In unloaded patients the increased urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites during typhoid fever merely reflect the enhanced flux of amino acids from muscle to liver, akin to that noted in other infections, in excess of that needed for the synthesis of serum proteins or for other metabolic pathways.", "contents": "Tryptophan metabolism in relation to amino acid alterations during typhoid fever. With the onset of fever in volunteers exposed to virulent Salmonella typhii as part of a vaccine evaluation study, urinary excretion of kynurenine, acetyl-kynurenine and o-amino-hippurate significantly increased by N-methylnicotinamide decreased. Serum tryptophan concentration at that time was 116% of control in contrast to total serum amino acid values at 83% of control. A 3 gram oral tryptophan load given during illness further increased serum tryptophan concentration to 186% of control and enhanced excretion of the aforementioned catabolites. In addition, urinary anthranilate glucuronide, kynurenate and xanthurenate rose significantly; 3-hydroxykynurenine increased only slightly and N-methyl-nicotinamide was unaltered. Thus, though a tryptophan load aids in detection of alterations in tryptophan catabolism via the kynurenine pathway as a whole, it also distorts the pattern of metabolites detected, seemingly by causing more kynurenine to be shunted to the mitochondria to be acted upon by kynurenine 3-hydroxylase and kynurenine aminotransferase. In unloaded patients the increased urinary excretion of tryptophan metabolites during typhoid fever merely reflect the enhanced flux of amino acids from muscle to liver, akin to that noted in other infections, in excess of that needed for the synthesis of serum proteins or for other metabolic pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:146414", "title": "Studies on tryptophan metabolism in ethylism.", "content": "The urinary excretion of the metabolites \"via kynurenine\" was studied in a group of patients with chronic alcoholism after a L-tryptophan loading (100 mg/kg body-weight) with or without simultaneous administration of vitamin B6 or nicotinamide or both. In these subjects an abnormal tryptophan metabolism was obtained with excretion total mean values of 9 metabolites of 15.34% against 6.86% in healthy controls. The treatment with vitamin B6 or nicotinamide in 5 patients decreased the total average excretion from 14.41% to 9.47% and to 9.92% respectively without normalizing, however, the excretory pattern produced from the aminoacid loading. The simultaneous administration of these two vitamins in 9 chronic alcoholic men corrected completely the metabolic defect (from 15.34% to 6.55%).", "contents": "Studies on tryptophan metabolism in ethylism. The urinary excretion of the metabolites \"via kynurenine\" was studied in a group of patients with chronic alcoholism after a L-tryptophan loading (100 mg/kg body-weight) with or without simultaneous administration of vitamin B6 or nicotinamide or both. In these subjects an abnormal tryptophan metabolism was obtained with excretion total mean values of 9 metabolites of 15.34% against 6.86% in healthy controls. The treatment with vitamin B6 or nicotinamide in 5 patients decreased the total average excretion from 14.41% to 9.47% and to 9.92% respectively without normalizing, however, the excretory pattern produced from the aminoacid loading. The simultaneous administration of these two vitamins in 9 chronic alcoholic men corrected completely the metabolic defect (from 15.34% to 6.55%)."}
{"id": "PMID:146415", "title": "N1-Methylnicotinamide urinary output in multiple sclerosis affected patients.", "content": "This brief report develops the ideas of some previous works underlying a possible functional disequilibrium of tryptophan metabolism in patients affected by Multiple Sclerosis (M.S.) and in animals with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. So, the urinary excretion of one of the terminal metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan, the N1-Methylnicotinamide has been confronted in M.S. patients and in healthy volunteers, in order to put in evidence a possible alteration of the same in M.S. patients. The A.A. could not find any significant difference of the N1-Methylnicotinamide urinary output between controls and M.S. patients; afterwards they have critically revised this result.", "contents": "N1-Methylnicotinamide urinary output in multiple sclerosis affected patients. This brief report develops the ideas of some previous works underlying a possible functional disequilibrium of tryptophan metabolism in patients affected by Multiple Sclerosis (M.S.) and in animals with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. So, the urinary excretion of one of the terminal metabolites of the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan, the N1-Methylnicotinamide has been confronted in M.S. patients and in healthy volunteers, in order to put in evidence a possible alteration of the same in M.S. patients. The A.A. could not find any significant difference of the N1-Methylnicotinamide urinary output between controls and M.S. patients; afterwards they have critically revised this result."}
{"id": "PMID:146416", "title": "Urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide by normal and phenylketonuric children.", "content": "Excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (N1MPC) was determined before and after an oral load of tryptophan in 9 phenylketonurics on free diet and with severe mental retardation and in 8 normal subject without any drugs. Before loading, excretion of these end metabolites of the serotonin and the kynurenine pathways, respectively, of tryptophan metabolism was only slightly lower in the phenylketonurics. But after loading, excretion of 5-HIAA increased more in the patients than in the controls, the reverse being true for N1MPC. These findings are interpreted as suggesting that function of the kynurenine pathway may be more disturbed in PKU than that of the serotonin one.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide by normal and phenylketonuric children. Excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and N1-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide (N1MPC) was determined before and after an oral load of tryptophan in 9 phenylketonurics on free diet and with severe mental retardation and in 8 normal subject without any drugs. Before loading, excretion of these end metabolites of the serotonin and the kynurenine pathways, respectively, of tryptophan metabolism was only slightly lower in the phenylketonurics. But after loading, excretion of 5-HIAA increased more in the patients than in the controls, the reverse being true for N1MPC. These findings are interpreted as suggesting that function of the kynurenine pathway may be more disturbed in PKU than that of the serotonin one."}
{"id": "PMID:146417", "title": "5-Hydroxytryptamine and pain modulation in man: a clinical pharmacological approach with tryptophan and parachlorophenylalanine.", "content": "Monoamines are involved in the central nervous assimilation and modulation of the pain flow. According to a personal hypothesis, a disorder of this biochemical control (in particular a precariousness of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover), is the basic mechanism of some painful conditions, such as migraine and other essential headaches. Acute (infusion) and chronic (ingestion) administration of tryptophan to migraine-headache sufferers improved the clinical course significantly in respect to placebo. Few patients with untractable pain from disseminated cancer received daily infusion of tryptophan and ingested a few gr of this amnioacid: improvement of pain and reduction of morphine necessity was observed. Parachlorophenylalanine chronic administration in migraine-headache sufferers lowered the pain threshold so far as to provoke (in 20% of cases) spontaneous pains in the trunk, legs and arms. This systemic pain syndrome was promptly reversible by discontinuing the treatment. Spontaneous pain syndrome was not reported by others in the healthy subject; this suggests an apparent vulnerability of 5HT turnover in essential headaches.", "contents": "5-Hydroxytryptamine and pain modulation in man: a clinical pharmacological approach with tryptophan and parachlorophenylalanine. Monoamines are involved in the central nervous assimilation and modulation of the pain flow. According to a personal hypothesis, a disorder of this biochemical control (in particular a precariousness of brain 5-hydroxytryptamine turnover), is the basic mechanism of some painful conditions, such as migraine and other essential headaches. Acute (infusion) and chronic (ingestion) administration of tryptophan to migraine-headache sufferers improved the clinical course significantly in respect to placebo. Few patients with untractable pain from disseminated cancer received daily infusion of tryptophan and ingested a few gr of this amnioacid: improvement of pain and reduction of morphine necessity was observed. Parachlorophenylalanine chronic administration in migraine-headache sufferers lowered the pain threshold so far as to provoke (in 20% of cases) spontaneous pains in the trunk, legs and arms. This systemic pain syndrome was promptly reversible by discontinuing the treatment. Spontaneous pain syndrome was not reported by others in the healthy subject; this suggests an apparent vulnerability of 5HT turnover in essential headaches."}
{"id": "PMID:146418", "title": "Left atrial dimension on the frontal thoracic radiograph: a method for assessing left atrial enlargement.", "content": "Left atrium size on the frontal radiograph was assessed by measuring the distance from the middle of the \"double density\" to the left main bronchus in 148 normal patients and 48 consecutive patients with echocardiographic evidence of left atrial enlargement. The measurement was less than 7.0 cm in 96% of normal patients and greater than 7.0 cm in 90% of patients with left atrial enlargement. This measurement is more easily obtainable than measurements and signs requiring a cardiac series, and is usually readily available for sequential evaluations of left atrial size. It is a less reliable gauge of left atrial size in children.", "contents": "Left atrial dimension on the frontal thoracic radiograph: a method for assessing left atrial enlargement. Left atrium size on the frontal radiograph was assessed by measuring the distance from the middle of the \"double density\" to the left main bronchus in 148 normal patients and 48 consecutive patients with echocardiographic evidence of left atrial enlargement. The measurement was less than 7.0 cm in 96% of normal patients and greater than 7.0 cm in 90% of patients with left atrial enlargement. This measurement is more easily obtainable than measurements and signs requiring a cardiac series, and is usually readily available for sequential evaluations of left atrial size. It is a less reliable gauge of left atrial size in children."}
{"id": "PMID:146419", "title": "Detecting extracranial cerebrovascular disease with noninvasive techniques.", "content": "Although there are many noninvasive screening tests for extracranial cerebrovascular disease, no single procedure has yet emerged as preeminent. Ophthalmodynamometry is simple but often unreliable. Ocular plethysmography is more complicated and requires moderately expensive equipment. Thermography is often unreliable and also requires costly apparatus. Doppler visualization of the carotid bifurcation is still an experimental tool but looks very promising. Of the currently available techniques, the directional Doppler ophthalmic test has proved most useful in the authors' experience.", "contents": "Detecting extracranial cerebrovascular disease with noninvasive techniques. Although there are many noninvasive screening tests for extracranial cerebrovascular disease, no single procedure has yet emerged as preeminent. Ophthalmodynamometry is simple but often unreliable. Ocular plethysmography is more complicated and requires moderately expensive equipment. Thermography is often unreliable and also requires costly apparatus. Doppler visualization of the carotid bifurcation is still an experimental tool but looks very promising. Of the currently available techniques, the directional Doppler ophthalmic test has proved most useful in the authors' experience."}
{"id": "PMID:146420", "title": "When patients 'can't' take the pill.", "content": "Most side effects of oral contraceptives can be attributed to an excess or a deficiency of estrogen or progestin. Knowledge of the relative amounts of estrogen and progestin in the available preparations permits a rational adjustment of dosage if side effects occur. With this information, nearly every woman who wants to use birth control pills can.", "contents": "When patients 'can't' take the pill. Most side effects of oral contraceptives can be attributed to an excess or a deficiency of estrogen or progestin. Knowledge of the relative amounts of estrogen and progestin in the available preparations permits a rational adjustment of dosage if side effects occur. With this information, nearly every woman who wants to use birth control pills can."}
{"id": "PMID:146421", "title": "Arthralgias and arthritis in viral infections.", "content": "Arthritis and arthralgias are common in many viral infections. They are particularly prominent with hepatitis B virus and rubella infection, where they may be the major presenting symptom. \"Lyme arthritis\" is also associated with a virus. Similar symptoms are occasionally seen with adenovirus, Coxsackie and echovirus infection. Joint lesions are due to the deposition of immune complexes and not direct viral infection. While the arthritis is usually transient and self-limited, the physician must consider viral infections as etiologic agents of arthralgias and arthritis.", "contents": "Arthralgias and arthritis in viral infections. Arthritis and arthralgias are common in many viral infections. They are particularly prominent with hepatitis B virus and rubella infection, where they may be the major presenting symptom. \"Lyme arthritis\" is also associated with a virus. Similar symptoms are occasionally seen with adenovirus, Coxsackie and echovirus infection. Joint lesions are due to the deposition of immune complexes and not direct viral infection. While the arthritis is usually transient and self-limited, the physician must consider viral infections as etiologic agents of arthralgias and arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:146423", "title": "Prediction of aortic valvular area and gradient by noninvasive techniques.", "content": "Sixty-two patients with isolated aortic valvular stenosis were analyzed by a series of common noninvasive procedures and by cardiac catheterization. The data from 50 of these were evaluated in a retrospective fashion by multiple regression methods to determine significant objectively obtained predictors of aortic-left ventricular gradient and valvular area. Formulae were derived from these analyses and an additional 12 patients were then studied prospectively to evaluate the validity of the predictive formulae. Forty-three of 50 patients (86 per cent) were correctly identified as to a gradient of greater or less than 50 mm. Hg in the initial group, and all those in the prospectively studied sample were correctly classified. Thiry-five of 43 patients (82 per cent) of those with valve area data in the first application were correctly classified as to valve area or greater or less than 0.8 cm.2, and all patients in the prospectively studied group were appropriately identified as to the same area. The combined application of the observations of calcification of the aortic valve, shudder waves on the anacrotic limb, prolonged time to peak of the percussion wave and alteration of the dicrotic notch of the carotid pulse tracing, left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiogram, and the altered duration of ventricular ejection time were reliable predictors of elevated aortic-left ventricular gradient and decreased aortic valvular size.", "contents": "Prediction of aortic valvular area and gradient by noninvasive techniques. Sixty-two patients with isolated aortic valvular stenosis were analyzed by a series of common noninvasive procedures and by cardiac catheterization. The data from 50 of these were evaluated in a retrospective fashion by multiple regression methods to determine significant objectively obtained predictors of aortic-left ventricular gradient and valvular area. Formulae were derived from these analyses and an additional 12 patients were then studied prospectively to evaluate the validity of the predictive formulae. Forty-three of 50 patients (86 per cent) were correctly identified as to a gradient of greater or less than 50 mm. Hg in the initial group, and all those in the prospectively studied sample were correctly classified. Thiry-five of 43 patients (82 per cent) of those with valve area data in the first application were correctly classified as to valve area or greater or less than 0.8 cm.2, and all patients in the prospectively studied group were appropriately identified as to the same area. The combined application of the observations of calcification of the aortic valve, shudder waves on the anacrotic limb, prolonged time to peak of the percussion wave and alteration of the dicrotic notch of the carotid pulse tracing, left ventricular hypertrophy by electrocardiogram, and the altered duration of ventricular ejection time were reliable predictors of elevated aortic-left ventricular gradient and decreased aortic valvular size."}
{"id": "PMID:146424", "title": "Abnormal right ventricular size and ventricular septal motion after atrial septal defect closure: etiology and functional significance.", "content": "Postoperative echocardiogram often demonstrate persistent right ventricular dilatation and paradoxic ventricular septal motion after repair of an atrial septal defect. To determine the prevalence, causes and significance of these echocardiographic abnormalities, 31 patients were studied with catheterization and echocardiography before and after repair of an atrial septal defect. Before operation, every patient manifested right ventricular dilatation, and all but one had abnormal septal motion. After operation, right ventricular dilatation was noted in 24 (77%) and abnormal septal motion in 21 (68%) patients despite the absence of residual left to right shunting in 30 (97%). These echocardiographic abnormalities could be correlated with age at operation and length of postoperative follow-up study but did not correlate with the degree of preoperative right ventricular enlargement or with shunt size or right ventricular pressure before or after operation. There was no associated functional deficit as demonstrated by the normal maximal oxygen consumption in all 13 patients who underwent treadmill exercise testing 5 to 38 months after operation; these patients included 9 with persistent right ventricular enlargement and abnormal septal motion.", "contents": "Abnormal right ventricular size and ventricular septal motion after atrial septal defect closure: etiology and functional significance. Postoperative echocardiogram often demonstrate persistent right ventricular dilatation and paradoxic ventricular septal motion after repair of an atrial septal defect. To determine the prevalence, causes and significance of these echocardiographic abnormalities, 31 patients were studied with catheterization and echocardiography before and after repair of an atrial septal defect. Before operation, every patient manifested right ventricular dilatation, and all but one had abnormal septal motion. After operation, right ventricular dilatation was noted in 24 (77%) and abnormal septal motion in 21 (68%) patients despite the absence of residual left to right shunting in 30 (97%). These echocardiographic abnormalities could be correlated with age at operation and length of postoperative follow-up study but did not correlate with the degree of preoperative right ventricular enlargement or with shunt size or right ventricular pressure before or after operation. There was no associated functional deficit as demonstrated by the normal maximal oxygen consumption in all 13 patients who underwent treadmill exercise testing 5 to 38 months after operation; these patients included 9 with persistent right ventricular enlargement and abnormal septal motion."}
{"id": "PMID:146425", "title": "The myocardial supply:demand ratio--a critical review.", "content": "Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply, and it is usually entirely or predominantly subendocardial. Animal experiments have shown that relative subendocardial ischemia (a reduced inner:outer flow ratio) can be predicted quite accurately from the ratio of two pressure-time areas:DPTI, the area between diastolic aortic and left ventricular pressures, and SPTI, the area beneath the systolic left ventricular pressure curve. Although the importance of relating supply and demand is obvious, care is needed in applying the results of these animal experiments to man. Recent work has shown that the critical DPTI:SPTI ratio below which subendocardial ischemia occurs is about 0.4 to 0.5 rather than 0.7 to 0.8, as originally reported. On the other hand, the critical ratio may be raised to an unknown extent by myocardial edema or hypertrophy, or by thickened or narrowed coronary arteries. Furthermore, the critical ratio is not independent of absolute coronary diastolic pressure: It is much lower than 0.4 when coronary pressures are high, perhaps because intramyocardial diastolic pressures are much higher than once thought. Further work is required to allow an important physiologic concept to be used in making decisions about patients with heart disease.", "contents": "The myocardial supply:demand ratio--a critical review. Myocardial ischemia occurs when there is an imbalance between myocardial oxygen demand and supply, and it is usually entirely or predominantly subendocardial. Animal experiments have shown that relative subendocardial ischemia (a reduced inner:outer flow ratio) can be predicted quite accurately from the ratio of two pressure-time areas:DPTI, the area between diastolic aortic and left ventricular pressures, and SPTI, the area beneath the systolic left ventricular pressure curve. Although the importance of relating supply and demand is obvious, care is needed in applying the results of these animal experiments to man. Recent work has shown that the critical DPTI:SPTI ratio below which subendocardial ischemia occurs is about 0.4 to 0.5 rather than 0.7 to 0.8, as originally reported. On the other hand, the critical ratio may be raised to an unknown extent by myocardial edema or hypertrophy, or by thickened or narrowed coronary arteries. Furthermore, the critical ratio is not independent of absolute coronary diastolic pressure: It is much lower than 0.4 when coronary pressures are high, perhaps because intramyocardial diastolic pressures are much higher than once thought. Further work is required to allow an important physiologic concept to be used in making decisions about patients with heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:146426", "title": "Examining foster care: a viable solution for placement of handicapped children?", "content": "Foster care for handicapped children has become a frequently used and even more frequently criticized procedure. Traditional methods of foster placement have resulted in a number of negative outcomes, especially for the placed children. Based on a review of some recent innovative foster care programs, this paper has isolated a number of options for the restructuring of the entire foster care delivery system. These options include: rigorous client evaluation, use of selection and training criteria for foster parents, matching of client needs to caregiver abilities in making placement decisions, and ongoing professional support and supervision after placement. Systematic consideration of these issues may help make foster care a more viable solution to the growing problem of home placement for handicapped children.", "contents": "Examining foster care: a viable solution for placement of handicapped children? Foster care for handicapped children has become a frequently used and even more frequently criticized procedure. Traditional methods of foster placement have resulted in a number of negative outcomes, especially for the placed children. Based on a review of some recent innovative foster care programs, this paper has isolated a number of options for the restructuring of the entire foster care delivery system. These options include: rigorous client evaluation, use of selection and training criteria for foster parents, matching of client needs to caregiver abilities in making placement decisions, and ongoing professional support and supervision after placement. Systematic consideration of these issues may help make foster care a more viable solution to the growing problem of home placement for handicapped children."}
{"id": "PMID:146428", "title": "Penicillin-induced immunohemolytic anemia associated with circulating immune complexes.", "content": "Eleven days after administration of multiple penicillin analogs, a 55-year-old female developed a Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia. The patient's erythrocytes were coated with IgG, complement components (C4/C3) and her serum contained elevated 125I-Clq binding activity (a measure of the presence of immune complexes). Her serum, in the presence of fresh complement and penicillin, induced complement sensitization of normal erythrocytes. Immune complex-mediated complement activation and the haptene type of erythrocyte sensitization accounted for accelerated red blood cell destruction in this patient.", "contents": "Penicillin-induced immunohemolytic anemia associated with circulating immune complexes. Eleven days after administration of multiple penicillin analogs, a 55-year-old female developed a Coombs-positive hemolytic anemia. The patient's erythrocytes were coated with IgG, complement components (C4/C3) and her serum contained elevated 125I-Clq binding activity (a measure of the presence of immune complexes). Her serum, in the presence of fresh complement and penicillin, induced complement sensitization of normal erythrocytes. Immune complex-mediated complement activation and the haptene type of erythrocyte sensitization accounted for accelerated red blood cell destruction in this patient."}
{"id": "PMID:146431", "title": "Verbal and nonverbal interaction of mothers with their down's syndrome and nonretarded infants.", "content": "While it appears probable that parental expectancies due to early knowledge of the condition of Down's syndrome in infants affects parent-child interactions, little data are available showing how interactions are affected. In an observational, laboratory-based study, we compared verbal and nonverbal interactions between 10 mothers and their Down's syndrome infants and 10 mothers and their nonretarded infants. Although there was no difference between the groups in mothers' language complexity, mothers of Down's syndrome children spoke at a significantly faster rate. Observational measures of infants showed that Down's syndrome babies smiled and vocalized less, but mothers in the two groups failed to differ significantly on the nonverbal interactional behavior observed. The results were discussed in relation to the conclusions of other investigators who have speculated that language delays in Down's syndrome children may be due in part to differences in the environment provided by caregivers.", "contents": "Verbal and nonverbal interaction of mothers with their down's syndrome and nonretarded infants. While it appears probable that parental expectancies due to early knowledge of the condition of Down's syndrome in infants affects parent-child interactions, little data are available showing how interactions are affected. In an observational, laboratory-based study, we compared verbal and nonverbal interactions between 10 mothers and their Down's syndrome infants and 10 mothers and their nonretarded infants. Although there was no difference between the groups in mothers' language complexity, mothers of Down's syndrome children spoke at a significantly faster rate. Observational measures of infants showed that Down's syndrome babies smiled and vocalized less, but mothers in the two groups failed to differ significantly on the nonverbal interactional behavior observed. The results were discussed in relation to the conclusions of other investigators who have speculated that language delays in Down's syndrome children may be due in part to differences in the environment provided by caregivers."}
{"id": "PMID:146432", "title": "Life span changes in the averaged evoked responses of Down's syndrome and nonretarded persons.", "content": "Visual, auditory, and somatosensory evoked responses were recorded from six age groups of Down's syndrome persons and age and sex-matched nonretarded individuals ranging in age from 5 to 62 years and assigned to groups on the basis of observable signs of development and aging. Results indicated that, regardless of stimulus modality, the amplitude of late wave components was dramatically larger for Down's syndrome than for the nonretarded subjects. Where obvious amplitude reduction occurred with maturation and aging among nonretarded subjects, amplitude changes were generally absent among Down's syndrome subjects. The findings for Down's syndrome persons were discussed in terms of deficits in central inhibition and abnormalities in neuronal excitability to different levels of stimulus intensity.", "contents": "Life span changes in the averaged evoked responses of Down's syndrome and nonretarded persons. Visual, auditory, and somatosensory evoked responses were recorded from six age groups of Down's syndrome persons and age and sex-matched nonretarded individuals ranging in age from 5 to 62 years and assigned to groups on the basis of observable signs of development and aging. Results indicated that, regardless of stimulus modality, the amplitude of late wave components was dramatically larger for Down's syndrome than for the nonretarded subjects. Where obvious amplitude reduction occurred with maturation and aging among nonretarded subjects, amplitude changes were generally absent among Down's syndrome subjects. The findings for Down's syndrome persons were discussed in terms of deficits in central inhibition and abnormalities in neuronal excitability to different levels of stimulus intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:146434", "title": "Screening the environment.", "content": "Use of environmental as well as developmental measures in screening high-risk children is suggested as a solution to some of the problems of EPSDT and similar programs. Defects of present developmental screening instruments are discussed, and recent efforts to refine environmental measurement techniques are reviewed. The need for further research on the impact of environmental variables is stressed.", "contents": "Screening the environment. Use of environmental as well as developmental measures in screening high-risk children is suggested as a solution to some of the problems of EPSDT and similar programs. Defects of present developmental screening instruments are discussed, and recent efforts to refine environmental measurement techniques are reviewed. The need for further research on the impact of environmental variables is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:146435", "title": "EPSDT in practice: what's happening in the field?", "content": "A study of five local program operations in different states around the country indicates that EPSDT is presently ineffective in identifying, referring, and treating children with developmental difficulties. It is suggested that problems in implementation are not merely administrative, and that developmental screening may best be carried out within the context of routine, comprehensive pediatric assessment.", "contents": "EPSDT in practice: what's happening in the field? A study of five local program operations in different states around the country indicates that EPSDT is presently ineffective in identifying, referring, and treating children with developmental difficulties. It is suggested that problems in implementation are not merely administrative, and that developmental screening may best be carried out within the context of routine, comprehensive pediatric assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:146436", "title": "Contractile state of hypertrophied left ventricle in long-standing volume overload.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the contribution of hypertrophy, the length-tension phenomenon, and inotropism to adaptation of the left ventricle (LV) to volume overload of up to 3 yr duration. Overload was produced in dogs by heart block, and contractile state was evaluated with a Walton-Brodie arch. Recording of contractile force (CF) in grams vs. muscle length from the LV indicated that dogs with hypertrophy were functioning at a higher point on the ascending limb of the length-tension curve than normals (76 percent Lmax in hypertrophy vs. 61 percent Lmax in normal). Additionally, in hypertrophy, all points on the length-tension curve above 80 percent Lmax were significantly elevated. None of these changes were seen in dogs in which block was induced on the day of the experiment. When CF was normalized for hypertrophy and expressed as CF/cm2, the length-tension curves were practically superimposable. These data suggest that adaptation was accomplished by hypertrophy, a shift up the length-tension curve without a depression of inotropic state.", "contents": "Contractile state of hypertrophied left ventricle in long-standing volume overload. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the contribution of hypertrophy, the length-tension phenomenon, and inotropism to adaptation of the left ventricle (LV) to volume overload of up to 3 yr duration. Overload was produced in dogs by heart block, and contractile state was evaluated with a Walton-Brodie arch. Recording of contractile force (CF) in grams vs. muscle length from the LV indicated that dogs with hypertrophy were functioning at a higher point on the ascending limb of the length-tension curve than normals (76 percent Lmax in hypertrophy vs. 61 percent Lmax in normal). Additionally, in hypertrophy, all points on the length-tension curve above 80 percent Lmax were significantly elevated. None of these changes were seen in dogs in which block was induced on the day of the experiment. When CF was normalized for hypertrophy and expressed as CF/cm2, the length-tension curves were practically superimposable. These data suggest that adaptation was accomplished by hypertrophy, a shift up the length-tension curve without a depression of inotropic state."}
{"id": "PMID:146437", "title": "Normal and hypertrophic growth of the rat heart: changes in cell dimensions and number.", "content": "The length and width of enzymatically isolated individual rat cardiac myocytes were concurrently measured during normal and stimulated cardiac growth. In normal rats weighing between 75 and 750 g the length and width increased by 64 and 68% while their ratio remained constant (ca. 5.3). The cell volume, calculated on the basis of a cylindrical model, increased almost 5 times. The rates of increase in the volume of an average myocyte and in left ventricular mass were found to be similar, indicating that normal myocardial growth could be explained by hypertrophy of existing myocytes and no proliferation would be required. In cardiomegaly induced by aortic constriction in the adult rat, an increase in cell volume was observed while no significant changes in the length-to-width ratios could be detected. The cell volumes of the hypertrophic hearts corresponded to those observed in hearts of similar weight obtained from larger normal rats and the stimulated cardiac growth could also be explained solely by hypertrophy of existing cells.", "contents": "Normal and hypertrophic growth of the rat heart: changes in cell dimensions and number. The length and width of enzymatically isolated individual rat cardiac myocytes were concurrently measured during normal and stimulated cardiac growth. In normal rats weighing between 75 and 750 g the length and width increased by 64 and 68% while their ratio remained constant (ca. 5.3). The cell volume, calculated on the basis of a cylindrical model, increased almost 5 times. The rates of increase in the volume of an average myocyte and in left ventricular mass were found to be similar, indicating that normal myocardial growth could be explained by hypertrophy of existing myocytes and no proliferation would be required. In cardiomegaly induced by aortic constriction in the adult rat, an increase in cell volume was observed while no significant changes in the length-to-width ratios could be detected. The cell volumes of the hypertrophic hearts corresponded to those observed in hearts of similar weight obtained from larger normal rats and the stimulated cardiac growth could also be explained solely by hypertrophy of existing cells."}
{"id": "PMID:146440", "title": "[Ophthalmologic symptoms of Down's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "After a short description of the general symptoms of Down's syndrome, the ophthalmologic aspects of the disease are discussed. The study is based on the examination of 1047 mongolian children. The various eye-symptoms were present in different frequencies according to sex and type. The results were compared with those in the literature of the last 100 years and identical as well as highly significant divergent values were found.", "contents": "[Ophthalmologic symptoms of Down's syndrome (author's transl)]. After a short description of the general symptoms of Down's syndrome, the ophthalmologic aspects of the disease are discussed. The study is based on the examination of 1047 mongolian children. The various eye-symptoms were present in different frequencies according to sex and type. The results were compared with those in the literature of the last 100 years and identical as well as highly significant divergent values were found."}
{"id": "PMID:146451", "title": "[Erythrocyte membrane proteins].", "content": "Proteins are important constituents of the red blood cell plasma membrane. Several important breakthroughs have occurred in their analysis over the past few years. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis lead to the separation of the major proteins and glycoproteins. Location of most of these proteins -- either on the external, the internal or both surfaces of the membrane -- was determined. The strenght of the binding of the protein to the membrane was established. Hydrophobicity of membrane proteins has so far hindered their purification. However, the major glycoprotein (glycophorin A) was isolated and recently sequenced. The description of several membrane-associated enzyme activities has been followed by some understanding of their specific role in the red blood cell physiology. Abnormalities of glycoproteins, Ca2+-ATPase and of membrane protein phosphorylation have been reported under various conditions: sickle cell disease, hereditary spherocytoses, progressive muscular dystrophy.", "contents": "[Erythrocyte membrane proteins]. Proteins are important constituents of the red blood cell plasma membrane. Several important breakthroughs have occurred in their analysis over the past few years. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis lead to the separation of the major proteins and glycoproteins. Location of most of these proteins -- either on the external, the internal or both surfaces of the membrane -- was determined. The strenght of the binding of the protein to the membrane was established. Hydrophobicity of membrane proteins has so far hindered their purification. However, the major glycoprotein (glycophorin A) was isolated and recently sequenced. The description of several membrane-associated enzyme activities has been followed by some understanding of their specific role in the red blood cell physiology. Abnormalities of glycoproteins, Ca2+-ATPase and of membrane protein phosphorylation have been reported under various conditions: sickle cell disease, hereditary spherocytoses, progressive muscular dystrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:146455", "title": "Physiological response of Neurospora conidia to freezing in the dehydrated, hydrated, or germinated state.", "content": "This study concerned the response to freezing of Neurospora crassa conidia in four different states: air-dry, hydrated in water, hydrated in Vogel medium lacking only sucrose, or hydrated in complete Vogel medium. All hydrated conidia were incubated in one of the above media for various times before freezing and were then washed and frozen in distilled water. Viability was estimated by three techniques, and the agreement among them was good. Hydration of air-dry conidia was found to be very rapid and, once hydrated, the conidia were much more sensitive to rapid freezing than they were before hydration. Rapidly cooled conidia survived freezing to a much higher extent when the warming rate was rapid than when it was slow; slowly cooled conidia showed little or no dependence on the warming rate. This sensitivity to rapid cooling and slow warming was attributed to the effects of intracellular ice. The sensitivity to freezing could be reversed by dehydrating the conidia in vacuo before freezing; thus, it was concluded that the presence or absence of water is the determining factor in the initial sensitivity due to freezing. In water, the sensitivity remained constant from 2 min to 15 days after hydration. Although conidia hydrated in growth medium lacking sucrose remained metabolically inactive, their sensitivity to rapid freezing decreased as a function of time in the medium before freezing. The reason for this decreased sensitivity is not understood. Conidia hydrated in complete growth medium (i.e., containing sucrose) became metabolically active and, after the initial sensitivity associated with hydration, became increasingly more sensitive to freezing as a function of their time in the medium. Drying itself was deleterious to metabolically active conidia, and those that survived dehydration did not exhibit a large absolute increase in resistance to subsequent freezing. The increase in sensitivity to freezing and to drying seems associated with the presence of metabolic activity; however, the precise cause of the sensitization remains obscure.", "contents": "Physiological response of Neurospora conidia to freezing in the dehydrated, hydrated, or germinated state. This study concerned the response to freezing of Neurospora crassa conidia in four different states: air-dry, hydrated in water, hydrated in Vogel medium lacking only sucrose, or hydrated in complete Vogel medium. All hydrated conidia were incubated in one of the above media for various times before freezing and were then washed and frozen in distilled water. Viability was estimated by three techniques, and the agreement among them was good. Hydration of air-dry conidia was found to be very rapid and, once hydrated, the conidia were much more sensitive to rapid freezing than they were before hydration. Rapidly cooled conidia survived freezing to a much higher extent when the warming rate was rapid than when it was slow; slowly cooled conidia showed little or no dependence on the warming rate. This sensitivity to rapid cooling and slow warming was attributed to the effects of intracellular ice. The sensitivity to freezing could be reversed by dehydrating the conidia in vacuo before freezing; thus, it was concluded that the presence or absence of water is the determining factor in the initial sensitivity due to freezing. In water, the sensitivity remained constant from 2 min to 15 days after hydration. Although conidia hydrated in growth medium lacking sucrose remained metabolically inactive, their sensitivity to rapid freezing decreased as a function of time in the medium before freezing. The reason for this decreased sensitivity is not understood. Conidia hydrated in complete growth medium (i.e., containing sucrose) became metabolically active and, after the initial sensitivity associated with hydration, became increasingly more sensitive to freezing as a function of their time in the medium. Drying itself was deleterious to metabolically active conidia, and those that survived dehydration did not exhibit a large absolute increase in resistance to subsequent freezing. The increase in sensitivity to freezing and to drying seems associated with the presence of metabolic activity; however, the precise cause of the sensitization remains obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:146452", "title": "Experimental diabetes and the inner ear. A proposed biologic model.", "content": "Experimental diabetes was induced in 28 healthy chinchillas by the intravenous injection of Streptozotocin. Five chinchillas were used as controls. It was noted that a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight produced a noninsulin-dependent diabetes in adult chinchillas of mean weights of 393 gm. The chinchilla is proposed as a suitable animal model for the study of experimental diabetes because of the many attributes it possesses. A method of producing experimental diabetes is described. A method of anatomical display was utilized that allowed a detailed longitudinal study of the entire cochlear partition without sacrificing the stria vascularis and Reissner's membrane. The study did not yield any new histopathologic data concerning the nature of diabetes in the inner ear. In all likelihood this is, among other things, a factor of the mild severity of diabetes induced and the short duration of this study.", "contents": "Experimental diabetes and the inner ear. A proposed biologic model. Experimental diabetes was induced in 28 healthy chinchillas by the intravenous injection of Streptozotocin. Five chinchillas were used as controls. It was noted that a dose of 60 mg/kg body weight produced a noninsulin-dependent diabetes in adult chinchillas of mean weights of 393 gm. The chinchilla is proposed as a suitable animal model for the study of experimental diabetes because of the many attributes it possesses. A method of producing experimental diabetes is described. A method of anatomical display was utilized that allowed a detailed longitudinal study of the entire cochlear partition without sacrificing the stria vascularis and Reissner's membrane. The study did not yield any new histopathologic data concerning the nature of diabetes in the inner ear. In all likelihood this is, among other things, a factor of the mild severity of diabetes induced and the short duration of this study."}
{"id": "PMID:146456", "title": "[Carcinoid heart disease secondary to a tumor of the small intestine. Apropos of a case with associated tricuspid and pulmonary insufficiency].", "content": "The authors report a case of carcinoid heart disease secondary to a tumour of the small bowel with liver metastases. There were severe lesions of the endocardium on the right side of the heart, with gross pulmonary and tricuspid incompetence. The left side of the heart did not escape but the fibrous plaques were limited to the papillary muscle of the mitral valve, and had no effect upon the haemodynamics. The pathogenesis of the strange cardiac lesion may be partly explained in terms of the toxicity to the endothelium of bradykinin. In spite of the serious nature of the valvular damage is it right to consider surgical correction, bearing in mind the fact that the prognosis of carcinoid syndrome is still very poor despite treatment?", "contents": "[Carcinoid heart disease secondary to a tumor of the small intestine. Apropos of a case with associated tricuspid and pulmonary insufficiency]. The authors report a case of carcinoid heart disease secondary to a tumour of the small bowel with liver metastases. There were severe lesions of the endocardium on the right side of the heart, with gross pulmonary and tricuspid incompetence. The left side of the heart did not escape but the fibrous plaques were limited to the papillary muscle of the mitral valve, and had no effect upon the haemodynamics. The pathogenesis of the strange cardiac lesion may be partly explained in terms of the toxicity to the endothelium of bradykinin. In spite of the serious nature of the valvular damage is it right to consider surgical correction, bearing in mind the fact that the prognosis of carcinoid syndrome is still very poor despite treatment?"}
{"id": "PMID:146453", "title": "Immunologic parameters in Down's syndrome.", "content": "Down's syndrome children are known to have increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. Quantitative or qualitative differences in the various components of the immune system could account for increased susceptibility to infection involving the upper respiratory tract. In an effort to establish certain normal values and to determine if humoral immune abnormalities are associated with the chromosomal anomalies of Down's syndrome, immunoglobulin levels, certain complement component levels, viral antibodies, hepatitis B surface antigen and milk precipitins from a population of inpatients and outpatients were compared with those of age, sex and race matched control populations. It does not appear that the upper respiratory infections are associated with abnormally low levels of immunoglobulins or complement, with the possible exception of IgM. Both the inpatient and outpatient Down's syndrome populations had decreased levels of IgM, indicating a possible relationship with the syndrome itself. In addition, the symptomatology does not seem to be due to IgE mediated atopic sensitivity. Hepatitis B surface antigen was found only in institutionalized Down's syndrome patients, but it did not seem to be related to the other immune components studied.", "contents": "Immunologic parameters in Down's syndrome. Down's syndrome children are known to have increased susceptibility to respiratory infections. Quantitative or qualitative differences in the various components of the immune system could account for increased susceptibility to infection involving the upper respiratory tract. In an effort to establish certain normal values and to determine if humoral immune abnormalities are associated with the chromosomal anomalies of Down's syndrome, immunoglobulin levels, certain complement component levels, viral antibodies, hepatitis B surface antigen and milk precipitins from a population of inpatients and outpatients were compared with those of age, sex and race matched control populations. It does not appear that the upper respiratory infections are associated with abnormally low levels of immunoglobulins or complement, with the possible exception of IgM. Both the inpatient and outpatient Down's syndrome populations had decreased levels of IgM, indicating a possible relationship with the syndrome itself. In addition, the symptomatology does not seem to be due to IgE mediated atopic sensitivity. Hepatitis B surface antigen was found only in institutionalized Down's syndrome patients, but it did not seem to be related to the other immune components studied."}
{"id": "PMID:146470", "title": "[Reabsorbable polyglactin sutures. Clinical and experimental studies (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report polyglactin suture's experience in anterior segment surgery. Absorbable sutures have good tolerance, their disappearing delay is slow enough to allow good scar. Experiment shows that absorption is secondary to hydrolysis without inflammatory or necrotic reaction.", "contents": "[Reabsorbable polyglactin sutures. Clinical and experimental studies (author's transl)]. Authors report polyglactin suture's experience in anterior segment surgery. Absorbable sutures have good tolerance, their disappearing delay is slow enough to allow good scar. Experiment shows that absorption is secondary to hydrolysis without inflammatory or necrotic reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:146471", "title": "[Collateral circulations and new vessels in retinal branch vein occlusions. II. New vessels (author's transl)].", "content": "Two types of anastomotic new vessels develop after retinal branch vein occlusions. In a previous article (Arch. Ophtal. (Paris), 1977, 8-9, pp. 507-522) the useful collateral vessels were described in the re-establishment of a better circulation in the territory of the occluded vein. The second part discusses new vessels: they are dangerous and useless. Their pathogenesis poses the problem of the relationship between hypoxia, ischaemia, revascularisation and vasoproliferation. Their prevention and treatment calls for laser photocoagulation of the ischaemic territory.", "contents": "[Collateral circulations and new vessels in retinal branch vein occlusions. II. New vessels (author's transl)]. Two types of anastomotic new vessels develop after retinal branch vein occlusions. In a previous article (Arch. Ophtal. (Paris), 1977, 8-9, pp. 507-522) the useful collateral vessels were described in the re-establishment of a better circulation in the territory of the occluded vein. The second part discusses new vessels: they are dangerous and useless. Their pathogenesis poses the problem of the relationship between hypoxia, ischaemia, revascularisation and vasoproliferation. Their prevention and treatment calls for laser photocoagulation of the ischaemic territory."}
{"id": "PMID:146472", "title": "[The ceroid-lipofuscinoses: ocular ultrastructure and diagnosis by conjunctival biopsy (author's transl)].", "content": "Histological studies of the eyes of three children affected with ceroid-lipofuscinosis show severe retinal destruction and generalized cellular overloading with ceroid-lipofuscin pigments. Conjunctival biopsies in eight patients distributed among the four different classical phenotypes of the disease demonstrate the diagnostic value of this simple and safe procedure.", "contents": "[The ceroid-lipofuscinoses: ocular ultrastructure and diagnosis by conjunctival biopsy (author's transl)]. Histological studies of the eyes of three children affected with ceroid-lipofuscinosis show severe retinal destruction and generalized cellular overloading with ceroid-lipofuscin pigments. Conjunctival biopsies in eight patients distributed among the four different classical phenotypes of the disease demonstrate the diagnostic value of this simple and safe procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:146473", "title": "[Considerations of malignant ocular tumours in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors undertake a clinico-anatomical study of 27 malignant tumours of the orbit and eye in children seen at the Ophthalmological Clinic in Jassy over the last 12 years. The majority (18 cases) were intra-ocular tumours which were clinically and anatomically retinoblastomas. After presenting the clinical symptoms, drawing attention to the signs of the disease presenting to paediatricians, the treatment is described. This was surgical in all cases followed by radiotherapy according to the case. Analysis of fatal cases and those which survived demonstrate certain degrees of seriousness in clinical, histopathological and therapeutic aspects. It can be appreciated that the long-term prognosis of these cases depends on the early diagnosis and the institution of the correct treatment as well as the anatomopathological form.", "contents": "[Considerations of malignant ocular tumours in children (author's transl)]. The authors undertake a clinico-anatomical study of 27 malignant tumours of the orbit and eye in children seen at the Ophthalmological Clinic in Jassy over the last 12 years. The majority (18 cases) were intra-ocular tumours which were clinically and anatomically retinoblastomas. After presenting the clinical symptoms, drawing attention to the signs of the disease presenting to paediatricians, the treatment is described. This was surgical in all cases followed by radiotherapy according to the case. Analysis of fatal cases and those which survived demonstrate certain degrees of seriousness in clinical, histopathological and therapeutic aspects. It can be appreciated that the long-term prognosis of these cases depends on the early diagnosis and the institution of the correct treatment as well as the anatomopathological form."}
{"id": "PMID:146474", "title": "[Strabismus and pseudostrabismus (author's transl)].", "content": "The method of clinical examination on binocular sensory-motor connection used in the children of less than three years of age for early detection of strabismus, is used in cats. A number of common and Siamese cats were examined under the same conditions. The clinical results lead to the following conclusions: -- Contrary to general opinion, Siamese cats do not show strabismus and their binocular sensory-motor connection is well developed. -- The common cat does not show strabismus but demonstrates an exophoria or latent divergent strabismus. Their binocular sensory connections seem rather rudimentary. Though these studies have been stated categorically they are the result of clinical examination only and not of a mathematical accuracy. The veracity of these methods is confirmed by the findings in children of three years when examined by subjective methods. However, the use of experimental methods would be useful to confirm or to deny these data.", "contents": "[Strabismus and pseudostrabismus (author's transl)]. The method of clinical examination on binocular sensory-motor connection used in the children of less than three years of age for early detection of strabismus, is used in cats. A number of common and Siamese cats were examined under the same conditions. The clinical results lead to the following conclusions: -- Contrary to general opinion, Siamese cats do not show strabismus and their binocular sensory-motor connection is well developed. -- The common cat does not show strabismus but demonstrates an exophoria or latent divergent strabismus. Their binocular sensory connections seem rather rudimentary. Though these studies have been stated categorically they are the result of clinical examination only and not of a mathematical accuracy. The veracity of these methods is confirmed by the findings in children of three years when examined by subjective methods. However, the use of experimental methods would be useful to confirm or to deny these data."}
{"id": "PMID:146475", "title": "[Action of physostigmine on the acetylcholine content of the bovine choroid (author's transl)].", "content": "The measurement of the acetylcholine (ACh) content of 12 choroids influenced by a 1% solution of physostigmine salicylate (10 applications of three drops at three minute intervals) into the conjunctival fornix of one eye demonstrated elevated average values for ACh content (0.87 microgram) compared with those for the control eye (0.75 microgram). The eyes were enucleated one hour after the last application.", "contents": "[Action of physostigmine on the acetylcholine content of the bovine choroid (author's transl)]. The measurement of the acetylcholine (ACh) content of 12 choroids influenced by a 1% solution of physostigmine salicylate (10 applications of three drops at three minute intervals) into the conjunctival fornix of one eye demonstrated elevated average values for ACh content (0.87 microgram) compared with those for the control eye (0.75 microgram). The eyes were enucleated one hour after the last application."}
{"id": "PMID:146479", "title": "Allopurinol associated hypersensitivity reactions: cutaneous and renal manifestations.", "content": "Five patients developed fever, \"toxaemia\", severe skin reactions and eosinophilia, three to six weeks after commencing allopurinol therapy. The presenting feature in these patients was an extensive erythema, progressing to an exfoliative dermatitis, sometimes with oral mucous membrane involvement. One patient developed toxic epidermal necrolysis. The clinical course in two patients was complicated by acute renal failure which necessitated dialysis. The clinical and laboratory features support an acute hypersensitivity mechanism in these allopurinol associated reactions, in agreement with previous studies. Patients with chronic renal failure appear particularly prone to severe, potentially fatal reactions. If these patients need allopurinol, a lower dose than would be normally required should be given.", "contents": "Allopurinol associated hypersensitivity reactions: cutaneous and renal manifestations. Five patients developed fever, \"toxaemia\", severe skin reactions and eosinophilia, three to six weeks after commencing allopurinol therapy. The presenting feature in these patients was an extensive erythema, progressing to an exfoliative dermatitis, sometimes with oral mucous membrane involvement. One patient developed toxic epidermal necrolysis. The clinical course in two patients was complicated by acute renal failure which necessitated dialysis. The clinical and laboratory features support an acute hypersensitivity mechanism in these allopurinol associated reactions, in agreement with previous studies. Patients with chronic renal failure appear particularly prone to severe, potentially fatal reactions. If these patients need allopurinol, a lower dose than would be normally required should be given."}
{"id": "PMID:146480", "title": "[Allergic contact eczema and vitiliginous depigmentations caused by paratertiary butylphenol].", "content": "Allergic contact eczema and vitiliginous depigmentations caused by paratertiary butylphenol. In a case of allergic contact eczemas due to an occupational contact with paratertiary butylphenol, vitiliginous depigmentations appeared after a latency period of several years. Disorders of cellular immune reactions, struma and hepatosis were absent. Paratertiary butylphenol might have been absorbed by the epidermis. It is suggested for prophylactic purposes to declare the components of adhesives in order to avoid occupational contacts with dangerous substances.", "contents": "[Allergic contact eczema and vitiliginous depigmentations caused by paratertiary butylphenol]. Allergic contact eczema and vitiliginous depigmentations caused by paratertiary butylphenol. In a case of allergic contact eczemas due to an occupational contact with paratertiary butylphenol, vitiliginous depigmentations appeared after a latency period of several years. Disorders of cellular immune reactions, struma and hepatosis were absent. Paratertiary butylphenol might have been absorbed by the epidermis. It is suggested for prophylactic purposes to declare the components of adhesives in order to avoid occupational contacts with dangerous substances."}
{"id": "PMID:146481", "title": "Chromium, cobalt and nickel in Swedish cement, detergents, mould and cutting oils.", "content": "The concentrations of chromium, cobalt and nickel in 8 brands of Swedish cement, 19 detergents, 28 unused mould oils and 28 unused cutting fluids were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The total quantity of chromium in cement was 40-115 microgram Cr/g, whereas water-soluble chromium and chromate did not exceed 20 microgram Cr/g. The cobalt concentration was 5-16 microgram Co/g and the nickel concentration 5-59 microgram Ni/g. In detergents the nickel concentration was comparatively higher than that of chromium and cobalt. The highest value observed was 5.7 microgram Ni/g. In mould oils the concentrations were low, never exceeding 1 microgram/g. In cutting fluids the concentrations were low with the exeption of one product which contained 19.4 microgram Ni/g. The clinical implications of the results are discussed and it is pointed out that investigations of used cutting fluids can provide important information concerning possible allergy risks.", "contents": "Chromium, cobalt and nickel in Swedish cement, detergents, mould and cutting oils. The concentrations of chromium, cobalt and nickel in 8 brands of Swedish cement, 19 detergents, 28 unused mould oils and 28 unused cutting fluids were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The total quantity of chromium in cement was 40-115 microgram Cr/g, whereas water-soluble chromium and chromate did not exceed 20 microgram Cr/g. The cobalt concentration was 5-16 microgram Co/g and the nickel concentration 5-59 microgram Ni/g. In detergents the nickel concentration was comparatively higher than that of chromium and cobalt. The highest value observed was 5.7 microgram Ni/g. In mould oils the concentrations were low, never exceeding 1 microgram/g. In cutting fluids the concentrations were low with the exeption of one product which contained 19.4 microgram Ni/g. The clinical implications of the results are discussed and it is pointed out that investigations of used cutting fluids can provide important information concerning possible allergy risks."}
{"id": "PMID:146482", "title": "[Acneiform eruptions in female workers at a cable factory].", "content": "Acne and acneform changes are the most frequent occupational diseases in certain industries. As a rule, an oil acne occurs rather seldom in the cordage industry. However, in the factory at Rijeka, 85% of the occupational dermatoses were oil acnes. Mineral oil used in the treatment of hemp was the main etiologic factor. In the ill female workers of that cordage factory, the microclimate, the needle shaped hemp dust, greasy skin, bad working conditions and had hygiene played an important part.", "contents": "[Acneiform eruptions in female workers at a cable factory]. Acne and acneform changes are the most frequent occupational diseases in certain industries. As a rule, an oil acne occurs rather seldom in the cordage industry. However, in the factory at Rijeka, 85% of the occupational dermatoses were oil acnes. Mineral oil used in the treatment of hemp was the main etiologic factor. In the ill female workers of that cordage factory, the microclimate, the needle shaped hemp dust, greasy skin, bad working conditions and had hygiene played an important part."}
{"id": "PMID:146483", "title": "Cross reactions in occupational contact dermatitis. I. Aromatic amines.", "content": "Cross reactions are described between particular aromatic amines, between phenylenediamine ortho-, meta- and para-isomers and between aromatic amines and related substances. Moreover, the sensitization pattern and some sources of primary sensitivity to aromatic amines are discussed.", "contents": "Cross reactions in occupational contact dermatitis. I. Aromatic amines. Cross reactions are described between particular aromatic amines, between phenylenediamine ortho-, meta- and para-isomers and between aromatic amines and related substances. Moreover, the sensitization pattern and some sources of primary sensitivity to aromatic amines are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146484", "title": "[Development and significance of occupational and iatrogenic contact sensitization in nummular microbial eczema].", "content": "The pathogenesis of the epidermal and cutaneous reactions to a microbic invasion comprises many criteria for the diagnosis of a nummular microbial eczema. Detection of the focus, healing of the eczema after focal sanitation, positive reactions to bacterial antigens, decrease of Igm and IgG, and other parameters represent the cutaneous component of the disease, while the lack of epidermal sensitizations to low-molecular haptenes and the predominantly negative epicutaneous tests constitue the accentuating criteria. The results obtained in 95 patients with nummular microbic eczema show the part played by epidermal alterations in the development of occupational an iatrogenic contact sensitizations. Moreover, these alterations allow to recognize to what extent these dermatoses are due to occupational causes.", "contents": "[Development and significance of occupational and iatrogenic contact sensitization in nummular microbial eczema]. The pathogenesis of the epidermal and cutaneous reactions to a microbic invasion comprises many criteria for the diagnosis of a nummular microbial eczema. Detection of the focus, healing of the eczema after focal sanitation, positive reactions to bacterial antigens, decrease of Igm and IgG, and other parameters represent the cutaneous component of the disease, while the lack of epidermal sensitizations to low-molecular haptenes and the predominantly negative epicutaneous tests constitue the accentuating criteria. The results obtained in 95 patients with nummular microbic eczema show the part played by epidermal alterations in the development of occupational an iatrogenic contact sensitizations. Moreover, these alterations allow to recognize to what extent these dermatoses are due to occupational causes."}
{"id": "PMID:146486", "title": "Nonidentical subunits of human erythrocyte phosphofructokinase.", "content": "Human erythrocyte and muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) were purified completely by improved procedures. SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous buffer system revealed two subunits (R and M) of erythrocyte PFK, the slower one (M) corresponding to the single subunit of muscle PFK. The staining intensity ratio R:M of the two bands of erythrocyte PFK was 2:1 or less. This suggests that native erythrocyte PFK contains multiple isoenzymes with different proportions of R and M, some being lost during purification. Nevertheless, isoelectric focusing showed single peaks of erythrocyte PFK (pI 5.0) and muscle PFK (pI 6.6), perhaps because of aggregation of erythrocyte PFK isoenzymes. Erythrocyte PFK from a patient with muscle PFK deficiency had a pI of 4.6 and could not be precipitated by antiserum against muscle PFK, findings compatible with the putative structure R4.", "contents": "Nonidentical subunits of human erythrocyte phosphofructokinase. Human erythrocyte and muscle phosphofructokinase (PFK) were purified completely by improved procedures. SDS-acrylamide gel electrophoresis in a discontinuous buffer system revealed two subunits (R and M) of erythrocyte PFK, the slower one (M) corresponding to the single subunit of muscle PFK. The staining intensity ratio R:M of the two bands of erythrocyte PFK was 2:1 or less. This suggests that native erythrocyte PFK contains multiple isoenzymes with different proportions of R and M, some being lost during purification. Nevertheless, isoelectric focusing showed single peaks of erythrocyte PFK (pI 5.0) and muscle PFK (pI 6.6), perhaps because of aggregation of erythrocyte PFK isoenzymes. Erythrocyte PFK from a patient with muscle PFK deficiency had a pI of 4.6 and could not be precipitated by antiserum against muscle PFK, findings compatible with the putative structure R4."}
{"id": "PMID:146487", "title": "Cytoplasmic inheritance of chloroplast coupling factor 1 subunits.", "content": "An analysis of interspecific hybrids of Nicotiana spp. in which one of the parents was sensitive to tentoxin showed that this sensitivity was transmitted only through the female parent. Since tentoxin acts by selectively binding to the alpha,beta subunit complex of chloroplast coupling factor 1, the gene(s) specifying either one or both of these subunits is located in the cytoplasm.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic inheritance of chloroplast coupling factor 1 subunits. An analysis of interspecific hybrids of Nicotiana spp. in which one of the parents was sensitive to tentoxin showed that this sensitivity was transmitted only through the female parent. Since tentoxin acts by selectively binding to the alpha,beta subunit complex of chloroplast coupling factor 1, the gene(s) specifying either one or both of these subunits is located in the cytoplasm."}
{"id": "PMID:146488", "title": "The reactivity of the thiol groups of the adenosine triphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum and their location on tryptic fragments of the molecule.", "content": "The ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) from sarcoplasmic reticulum contains 20 thiol groups/115000 daltons, measured by using either N-ethyl[(14)C]maleimide or 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) in sodium dodecyl sulphate. After reduction there were 26 thiol groups, in good agreement with 26.5 residues of cysteic acid found by amino acid analysis. The difference between this and the 20 residues measured before reduction implies the presence of three disulphide residues. The same number of disulphide residues was found by direct measurement. Three to six fewer thiol groups were found in preparations made in the absence of dithiothreitol. The missing residues were accounted for as cysteic acid. The distribution of disulphide bonds and of exposed and buried thiol groups among the tryptic fragments of the molecule was measured after labelling with N-ethyl[(14)C]-maleimide. The disulphides were confined to fragment B (mol.wt. 55000), whereas several thiol groups were present on each of the fragments (A, B, A(1) and A(2)). The kinetics of the reaction of the ATPase with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) showed that four or five of the thiol groups were unreactive in the absence of detergent and that 13 of the remainder reacted with a single first-order rate constant. In the presence of ATP and Ca(2+) the reaction rate of all but two groups of this class was uniformly decreased. In the presence or absence of ATP and Ca(2+) the rate constant for inactivation was close to the rate constant for this class, but was not identical with it. No selective protection of a specific active-site-thiol group was observed. Parallel experiments with sarcoplasmic reticulum gave similar results, except that the reaction rates were a little lower and there were two more buried groups. Solution of ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum in detergent greatly increased the reactivity of all thiol groups. The effects of low concentrations of deoxycholate were reversible. EGTA or low concentrations (0.02mm) of Ca(2+) of Mg(2+) had very little effect on the reactivity.", "contents": "The reactivity of the thiol groups of the adenosine triphosphatase of sarcoplasmic reticulum and their location on tryptic fragments of the molecule. The ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) from sarcoplasmic reticulum contains 20 thiol groups/115000 daltons, measured by using either N-ethyl[(14)C]maleimide or 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) in sodium dodecyl sulphate. After reduction there were 26 thiol groups, in good agreement with 26.5 residues of cysteic acid found by amino acid analysis. The difference between this and the 20 residues measured before reduction implies the presence of three disulphide residues. The same number of disulphide residues was found by direct measurement. Three to six fewer thiol groups were found in preparations made in the absence of dithiothreitol. The missing residues were accounted for as cysteic acid. The distribution of disulphide bonds and of exposed and buried thiol groups among the tryptic fragments of the molecule was measured after labelling with N-ethyl[(14)C]-maleimide. The disulphides were confined to fragment B (mol.wt. 55000), whereas several thiol groups were present on each of the fragments (A, B, A(1) and A(2)). The kinetics of the reaction of the ATPase with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoate) showed that four or five of the thiol groups were unreactive in the absence of detergent and that 13 of the remainder reacted with a single first-order rate constant. In the presence of ATP and Ca(2+) the reaction rate of all but two groups of this class was uniformly decreased. In the presence or absence of ATP and Ca(2+) the rate constant for inactivation was close to the rate constant for this class, but was not identical with it. No selective protection of a specific active-site-thiol group was observed. Parallel experiments with sarcoplasmic reticulum gave similar results, except that the reaction rates were a little lower and there were two more buried groups. Solution of ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum in detergent greatly increased the reactivity of all thiol groups. The effects of low concentrations of deoxycholate were reversible. EGTA or low concentrations (0.02mm) of Ca(2+) of Mg(2+) had very little effect on the reactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:146489", "title": "A simple and rapid method for isolation of reduced carbohydrate fragments from the linkage region of cartilage keratan sulphate.", "content": "The method described is a simple and rapid procedure for isolation in high yield of carbohydrate fragments containing terminal galactosaminitol derived from the polysaccharide-protein linkage region of cartilage keratan sulphate. It is based on the observation that reducing sugars bind tightly to Dowex-1 resin (hydroxide form), whereas reduced analogues (sugar alcohols) do not [H. Yamaguchi, S. Inamura & K. Makino (1976) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 79, 299-303].", "contents": "A simple and rapid method for isolation of reduced carbohydrate fragments from the linkage region of cartilage keratan sulphate. The method described is a simple and rapid procedure for isolation in high yield of carbohydrate fragments containing terminal galactosaminitol derived from the polysaccharide-protein linkage region of cartilage keratan sulphate. It is based on the observation that reducing sugars bind tightly to Dowex-1 resin (hydroxide form), whereas reduced analogues (sugar alcohols) do not [H. Yamaguchi, S. Inamura & K. Makino (1976) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 79, 299-303]."}
{"id": "PMID:146497", "title": "[On the reduction of free fatty acids in skin surface lipids as a criterium for the therapeutic efficacy of antimicrobial acne drugs. Studies on film masks containing ethyl lactate and ethanol (author's transl)].", "content": "Thin-layer chromatographic investigations of the skin surface lipids have been performed on 10 healthy subjects before and after treatment with film masks containing 1% ethyl lactate and 50% ehtanol. From the results obtained it can be assumed that there is a reduction in the fraction of free fatty acids on the skin surface. Clinical studies with the same mask on 23 patients with acne vulgaris over a period of 3 weeks proved that this treatment led to a significant reduction in comedones and inflammatory acne efflorescences. No side effects whatsoever were obtained. This therapy, therefore presents a valuable element in the treatment of acne vulgaris. These investigations show also that a decrease in the free fatty acids of the skin surface lipids points to a favourable therapeutical effect on inflamed and not-inflamed efflorescens of acne vulgaris when testing antimicrobial agents.", "contents": "[On the reduction of free fatty acids in skin surface lipids as a criterium for the therapeutic efficacy of antimicrobial acne drugs. Studies on film masks containing ethyl lactate and ethanol (author's transl)]. Thin-layer chromatographic investigations of the skin surface lipids have been performed on 10 healthy subjects before and after treatment with film masks containing 1% ethyl lactate and 50% ehtanol. From the results obtained it can be assumed that there is a reduction in the fraction of free fatty acids on the skin surface. Clinical studies with the same mask on 23 patients with acne vulgaris over a period of 3 weeks proved that this treatment led to a significant reduction in comedones and inflammatory acne efflorescences. No side effects whatsoever were obtained. This therapy, therefore presents a valuable element in the treatment of acne vulgaris. These investigations show also that a decrease in the free fatty acids of the skin surface lipids points to a favourable therapeutical effect on inflamed and not-inflamed efflorescens of acne vulgaris when testing antimicrobial agents."}
{"id": "PMID:146498", "title": "[Clinico-pharmacological studies on the acne-inducing action of fluocortin butylester (author's transl)].", "content": "The acne-inducing effect of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit) 0.75% was compared with that of hydrocortisone acetate 1.0% and diflucortolone valerate 0.1% in a model established by Plewig and Kligman. The steroid and the cream base uniformly used in all preparations were applied to the backs of 20 volunteers over 4 weeks. Dome-shaped red papules developed in the third week of occlusive treatment, and were counted in an area of 16 cm2 at the maximum of their development and graded according to a scale. The degree of papulation under diflucortolone valerate 0.1% was 2.15+/-0.75. No differences were observed between fluocortin butylester 0.75% (0.2+/-0.42), hydrocortisone acetate and the cream base (0.15+/-0.37).", "contents": "[Clinico-pharmacological studies on the acne-inducing action of fluocortin butylester (author's transl)]. The acne-inducing effect of butyl 6alpha-fluoro-11beta-hydroxy-16alpha-methyl-3,20-dioxo-1,4-pregnadien-21-oate (fluocortin butylester, Vaspit) 0.75% was compared with that of hydrocortisone acetate 1.0% and diflucortolone valerate 0.1% in a model established by Plewig and Kligman. The steroid and the cream base uniformly used in all preparations were applied to the backs of 20 volunteers over 4 weeks. Dome-shaped red papules developed in the third week of occlusive treatment, and were counted in an area of 16 cm2 at the maximum of their development and graded according to a scale. The degree of papulation under diflucortolone valerate 0.1% was 2.15+/-0.75. No differences were observed between fluocortin butylester 0.75% (0.2+/-0.42), hydrocortisone acetate and the cream base (0.15+/-0.37)."}
{"id": "PMID:146499", "title": "[A deep colored antimony compound from dehydroepiandrosterone (3beta-hydroxy-5-androstene-17-one). 79. Steroids and Sterines].", "content": "Heating of dehydroepiandrosterone under nitrogen with a concentrated solution of SbCl3 in C6H5COCl (3 h at 90 degrees C) leads to a dark violet-coloured crystalline product of the composition C38H46Cl7O2Sb2 with antomony in a trivalent state. Treatment with hydrochloric acid yields an antomony-free brown-coloured product of the composition C38H40O2 with a molecular weight of 530 +/- 10%. Upon catalytic hydrogenation, it binds 6 moles of H2, yielding a yellow crystalline material which reacts already at room temperature with dilute SbCl3 to a bluish-violet solution. The structure of the substances in question is discussed.", "contents": "[A deep colored antimony compound from dehydroepiandrosterone (3beta-hydroxy-5-androstene-17-one). 79. Steroids and Sterines]. Heating of dehydroepiandrosterone under nitrogen with a concentrated solution of SbCl3 in C6H5COCl (3 h at 90 degrees C) leads to a dark violet-coloured crystalline product of the composition C38H46Cl7O2Sb2 with antomony in a trivalent state. Treatment with hydrochloric acid yields an antomony-free brown-coloured product of the composition C38H40O2 with a molecular weight of 530 +/- 10%. Upon catalytic hydrogenation, it binds 6 moles of H2, yielding a yellow crystalline material which reacts already at room temperature with dilute SbCl3 to a bluish-violet solution. The structure of the substances in question is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146496", "title": "Pathogenesis of chronic inflammation in experimental ferritin-induced arthritis. IV. Immuno-electron microscopic techniques in the study of articular collagenous tissues.", "content": "The earliest and most severe changes in articular collagenous tissues (ACT) occur within 24 hours of antigen challenge and are associated with and are possibly secondary to maximal immune complex deposition in ACT surfaces. The immuno-electron microscopic (immuno-em) staining characterizes the ferritin as aggregates with antibody and suggests its occurrence and deposition as a preformed immune complex. These data indicate a direct interaction between immune complexes and collagenous matrix which could relate to both antigen persistence and chronicity of the immune response. The changes described in this model have features in common with rheumatoid disease and suggest the potential for similar mechanisms of cartilage degradation.", "contents": "Pathogenesis of chronic inflammation in experimental ferritin-induced arthritis. IV. Immuno-electron microscopic techniques in the study of articular collagenous tissues. The earliest and most severe changes in articular collagenous tissues (ACT) occur within 24 hours of antigen challenge and are associated with and are possibly secondary to maximal immune complex deposition in ACT surfaces. The immuno-electron microscopic (immuno-em) staining characterizes the ferritin as aggregates with antibody and suggests its occurrence and deposition as a preformed immune complex. These data indicate a direct interaction between immune complexes and collagenous matrix which could relate to both antigen persistence and chronicity of the immune response. The changes described in this model have features in common with rheumatoid disease and suggest the potential for similar mechanisms of cartilage degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:146509", "title": "Cohesion of horny cells during comedo formation. An electron microscope study.", "content": "Cohesion between horny cells was studied in experimentally induced comedones, from the rabbit's external ear canal. It occurred in two different ways: initially, by the persistence of desmosones and desmonosmal bodies (fusiform electron dense bodies), which loosely held the horny cells together; later, and to a lesser extent, by tight junctions, which tightly bound the horny cells together. A gradual decrease in the numbers of membrane coating granules was observed.", "contents": "Cohesion of horny cells during comedo formation. An electron microscope study. Cohesion between horny cells was studied in experimentally induced comedones, from the rabbit's external ear canal. It occurred in two different ways: initially, by the persistence of desmosones and desmonosmal bodies (fusiform electron dense bodies), which loosely held the horny cells together; later, and to a lesser extent, by tight junctions, which tightly bound the horny cells together. A gradual decrease in the numbers of membrane coating granules was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:146510", "title": "Pityriasis lichenoides--an immune complex disease.", "content": "Circulating immune complexes have been detected in patients with pityriasis lichenoides during disease activity when IgM and C3 have been observed in dermal vessels on direct immunofluorescence of fresh lesions. This implies that pityriasis lichenoides is an immune complex disorder and that deposited complexes play a part in the pathogenesis of the condition. There is a characteristic pattern of immunofluorescence which may be a diagnostic aid.", "contents": "Pityriasis lichenoides--an immune complex disease. Circulating immune complexes have been detected in patients with pityriasis lichenoides during disease activity when IgM and C3 have been observed in dermal vessels on direct immunofluorescence of fresh lesions. This implies that pityriasis lichenoides is an immune complex disorder and that deposited complexes play a part in the pathogenesis of the condition. There is a characteristic pattern of immunofluorescence which may be a diagnostic aid."}
{"id": "PMID:146511", "title": "Comparison of oral treatment with zinc sulphate and placebo in acne vulgaris.", "content": "In a double-blind study 91 patients with acne vulgaris were treated either with oral zinc sulphate (0.4 g daily) or with a placebo. Forty-eight patients received zince treatment and 43 patients placebo. Significantly better results were demonstrated in favour of zince after 12 weeks.", "contents": "Comparison of oral treatment with zinc sulphate and placebo in acne vulgaris. In a double-blind study 91 patients with acne vulgaris were treated either with oral zinc sulphate (0.4 g daily) or with a placebo. Forty-eight patients received zince treatment and 43 patients placebo. Significantly better results were demonstrated in favour of zince after 12 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:146515", "title": "Gaps in DNA induced by neocarzinostatin bear 3'- and 5'-phosphoryl termini.", "content": "Neocarzionstatin (NCS)-induced strand breakage of DNA generates nonfunctional binding sites for the E. coli DNA polymerase I. Treatment of the NCS-nicked DNA with alkaline phosphatase at 65 degrees C prior to the polymerase reaction results in 60-100-fold stimulation of dTMP incorporation whereas in a control not treated with the drug there is only a 2-fold increase. Sites of strand scission on the NCS-treated DNA bear phosphate at the 3' termini. This conclusion is supported by the kinetics of release of inorganic phosphate from NCS-cut DNA by exonuclease III. Since our earlier work has shown that virtually all the 5' ends of the nicks caused by NCS bear phosphomonoester groupings, the 3'- and 5'- phosphoryl termini could be quantitated using alkaline phosphatase and exonuclease III. Over a wide range of drug levels the amount of inorganic phosphate released by alkaline phosphatase is approximately twice as much as that removed by exonuclease III, indicating the presence of equal amounts of 3'- and 5'- phosphoryl termini. This, taken together with other previously demonstrated effects of NCS on DNA, such as the introduction of nicks not sealable by polynucleotide ligase, the release of thymine, and the formation of a malonaldehyde type compound, suggests that NCS-induced strand breakage involves base release accompanied by opening of the sugar ring with destruction of one or more nucleosides and results in a gap bounded by 3'- and 5'- phosphoryl termini.", "contents": "Gaps in DNA induced by neocarzinostatin bear 3'- and 5'-phosphoryl termini. Neocarzionstatin (NCS)-induced strand breakage of DNA generates nonfunctional binding sites for the E. coli DNA polymerase I. Treatment of the NCS-nicked DNA with alkaline phosphatase at 65 degrees C prior to the polymerase reaction results in 60-100-fold stimulation of dTMP incorporation whereas in a control not treated with the drug there is only a 2-fold increase. Sites of strand scission on the NCS-treated DNA bear phosphate at the 3' termini. This conclusion is supported by the kinetics of release of inorganic phosphate from NCS-cut DNA by exonuclease III. Since our earlier work has shown that virtually all the 5' ends of the nicks caused by NCS bear phosphomonoester groupings, the 3'- and 5'- phosphoryl termini could be quantitated using alkaline phosphatase and exonuclease III. Over a wide range of drug levels the amount of inorganic phosphate released by alkaline phosphatase is approximately twice as much as that removed by exonuclease III, indicating the presence of equal amounts of 3'- and 5'- phosphoryl termini. This, taken together with other previously demonstrated effects of NCS on DNA, such as the introduction of nicks not sealable by polynucleotide ligase, the release of thymine, and the formation of a malonaldehyde type compound, suggests that NCS-induced strand breakage involves base release accompanied by opening of the sugar ring with destruction of one or more nucleosides and results in a gap bounded by 3'- and 5'- phosphoryl termini."}
{"id": "PMID:146516", "title": "Calcium ion-dependent dephosphorylation of the Ca2+-ATPase of human red-cells by ADP.", "content": "In the Ca2+-ATPase of human red cells the rate of dephosphorylation of the phosphoenzyme is increased by ADP, provided Ca2+ is present. This effect suggests that phosphorylation of the Ca2+-ATPase is a reversible process.", "contents": "Calcium ion-dependent dephosphorylation of the Ca2+-ATPase of human red-cells by ADP. In the Ca2+-ATPase of human red cells the rate of dephosphorylation of the phosphoenzyme is increased by ADP, provided Ca2+ is present. This effect suggests that phosphorylation of the Ca2+-ATPase is a reversible process."}
{"id": "PMID:146518", "title": "Is there a plasma membrane-located anion-sensitive ATPase? III. Identity of the erythrocyte enzyme with (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase.", "content": "The characteristics of the anion-sensitive Mg2+-ATPase activity of the rabbit erythrocyte have been studied in a lyophilized ghost preparation. The enzyme appears to be different from the anion-sensitive Mg2+-ATPase activity of other tissues in many parameters, such as optimal pH, effects of various anions, oligomycin sensitivity and effects of Triton X-100. The enzyme is insensitive towards inhibition by irreversibly bound 4,4'-diisothiocyano-dihydrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (H2DIDS). This excludes a relationship between the enzyme and the \"band 3\" protein, which is thought to be involved in the anion exchange over the erythrocyte membrane. From the effects of ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), CaCl2, chlorpromazine and ruthenium red it is concluded that the enzyme activity does not represent a separate entity but is part of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase system of the erythrocyte membrane. A reported stimulatory effect of carbonic anhydrase is attributed to a contamination of the carbonic anhydrase preparation by calcium and/or (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activator protein.", "contents": "Is there a plasma membrane-located anion-sensitive ATPase? III. Identity of the erythrocyte enzyme with (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. The characteristics of the anion-sensitive Mg2+-ATPase activity of the rabbit erythrocyte have been studied in a lyophilized ghost preparation. The enzyme appears to be different from the anion-sensitive Mg2+-ATPase activity of other tissues in many parameters, such as optimal pH, effects of various anions, oligomycin sensitivity and effects of Triton X-100. The enzyme is insensitive towards inhibition by irreversibly bound 4,4'-diisothiocyano-dihydrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (H2DIDS). This excludes a relationship between the enzyme and the \"band 3\" protein, which is thought to be involved in the anion exchange over the erythrocyte membrane. From the effects of ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), CaCl2, chlorpromazine and ruthenium red it is concluded that the enzyme activity does not represent a separate entity but is part of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase system of the erythrocyte membrane. A reported stimulatory effect of carbonic anhydrase is attributed to a contamination of the carbonic anhydrase preparation by calcium and/or (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase activator protein."}
{"id": "PMID:146519", "title": "Inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte proliferative response by phorbol esters.", "content": "The phorbol diester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, a potent cocarcinogen in mice, blocks the induction of DNA synthesis in lymphocytes undergoing the mixed lymphocyte response. At 10(-7) M diester, the induced DNA synthesis is inhibited almost completely (99%). This action of the diester affects some early step in the response which is necessary for the triggering of cell replication; on-going DNA replication is not significantly affected. Phorbol 12,13-diacetate, a less potent analogue in tumor promotion in vivo, is also a less potent inhibitor of the mixed lymphocyte response (75% inhibition at 10(-6) M). Phorbol, the parent alcohol, is not effective in either system. The use of phorbol diesters in the molecular dissection of mixed lymphocyte responses is discussed.", "contents": "Inhibition of the mixed lymphocyte proliferative response by phorbol esters. The phorbol diester, 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate, a potent cocarcinogen in mice, blocks the induction of DNA synthesis in lymphocytes undergoing the mixed lymphocyte response. At 10(-7) M diester, the induced DNA synthesis is inhibited almost completely (99%). This action of the diester affects some early step in the response which is necessary for the triggering of cell replication; on-going DNA replication is not significantly affected. Phorbol 12,13-diacetate, a less potent analogue in tumor promotion in vivo, is also a less potent inhibitor of the mixed lymphocyte response (75% inhibition at 10(-6) M). Phorbol, the parent alcohol, is not effective in either system. The use of phorbol diesters in the molecular dissection of mixed lymphocyte responses is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146521", "title": "[Biochemical mechanisms of muscle contraction regulation].", "content": "This review is the analysis of molecular mechanisms regulating the contraction activity of voluntary muscles. It summarises the data on muscle biochemistry for last decades. Literary and the author's data are devoted to the analysis of the following problems: ionic gradients of skeletal muscles; the energy origin for processes of the contraction initiation; the biochemical basis of electromechanical coupling; the role of a number of biologically active compounds in muscle functioning; regulatory aspects of the energetic supply of a contraction function; the change of muscle properties under the fatigue. The data given make possible to describe a single contraction cycle on the molecular level.", "contents": "[Biochemical mechanisms of muscle contraction regulation]. This review is the analysis of molecular mechanisms regulating the contraction activity of voluntary muscles. It summarises the data on muscle biochemistry for last decades. Literary and the author's data are devoted to the analysis of the following problems: ionic gradients of skeletal muscles; the energy origin for processes of the contraction initiation; the biochemical basis of electromechanical coupling; the role of a number of biologically active compounds in muscle functioning; regulatory aspects of the energetic supply of a contraction function; the change of muscle properties under the fatigue. The data given make possible to describe a single contraction cycle on the molecular level."}
{"id": "PMID:146522", "title": "[Stabilization of Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase by dimethyl sulfoxide under inactivation by urea].", "content": "Hydrophobic agents, e.g. methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone and dioxane were shown to induce irreversible inactivation of Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase beginning with their concentrations of 20 to 35%, whereas dimethyl sulphoxide exerted similar effect only at concentration of 50% and higher. Urea also irreversibly inactivated Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase, beginning with a concentration of about 20%. It was found that, dimethyl sulphoxide contrary to the other hydrophobic agents studied, protected Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase against the inactivating (denaturing) action of urea. The highest stabilizing effect of dimethyl sulphoxide was displayed at concentrations from 20 to 30%.", "contents": "[Stabilization of Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase by dimethyl sulfoxide under inactivation by urea]. Hydrophobic agents, e.g. methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, acetone and dioxane were shown to induce irreversible inactivation of Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase beginning with their concentrations of 20 to 35%, whereas dimethyl sulphoxide exerted similar effect only at concentration of 50% and higher. Urea also irreversibly inactivated Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase, beginning with a concentration of about 20%. It was found that, dimethyl sulphoxide contrary to the other hydrophobic agents studied, protected Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase against the inactivating (denaturing) action of urea. The highest stabilizing effect of dimethyl sulphoxide was displayed at concentrations from 20 to 30%."}
{"id": "PMID:146520", "title": "[Effect of valinomycin on structural and functional transitions in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes].", "content": "Effect of valinomycin (VAL) on ATPase activity and transport of calcium ions in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles has been studied, as well as the diffusion efflux of calcium ions from liposomes of the total fraction of SR lipids. The studies were carried out in the temperature range of 10 divided by 50 degrees. Changes in the structure of SR membranes were checked with a fluorescent probe of 3-metoxibenzantron. It was shown that at the molar ratios 1:7000-1:70 VAL decreases its ATPase activity and active transport of calcium ions in SR at all temperatures. Besides VAL decreases the rapid efflux of calcium ions from SR and the diffusion efflux of calcium ions from liposomes within the temperature range 10 degrees divided by 35 degrees; it increases the rates of these processes at higher temperatures. Simultaneously the broadening of temperature intervals of structural transitions in the SR membranes takes place.", "contents": "[Effect of valinomycin on structural and functional transitions in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes]. Effect of valinomycin (VAL) on ATPase activity and transport of calcium ions in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles has been studied, as well as the diffusion efflux of calcium ions from liposomes of the total fraction of SR lipids. The studies were carried out in the temperature range of 10 divided by 50 degrees. Changes in the structure of SR membranes were checked with a fluorescent probe of 3-metoxibenzantron. It was shown that at the molar ratios 1:7000-1:70 VAL decreases its ATPase activity and active transport of calcium ions in SR at all temperatures. Besides VAL decreases the rapid efflux of calcium ions from SR and the diffusion efflux of calcium ions from liposomes within the temperature range 10 degrees divided by 35 degrees; it increases the rates of these processes at higher temperatures. Simultaneously the broadening of temperature intervals of structural transitions in the SR membranes takes place."}
{"id": "PMID:146523", "title": "[Mg(Ca)-ATPase of arterial muscle cells].", "content": "We could show an ATPase in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of sheep arteria carotis communis and arteria coronaria of cattle which can be stimulated by Ca2+ of Mg2+, respectively. The enzyme has a higher affinity for Ca2+ than for Mg2+. The maximum activity of the Mg(Ca)-ATPase was found at 2-4 mM Ca2+ or Mg2+, respectively. Higher concentrations of these ions inhibit the enzyme. Mn2+, Sr2+ and Co2+ can substitute Ca2+ in splitting of ATP by the ATPase of both fractions of ateria coronaria of cattle. The ions K+ and Na+, variation of temperature and pH and a variety of pharmacological active compounds has the same effect on the ATPase stimulated by Ca2+ or Mg2+. These findings prove that Ca2+ and Mg2+ act at the same site of the ATPase of the mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "[Mg(Ca)-ATPase of arterial muscle cells]. We could show an ATPase in mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of sheep arteria carotis communis and arteria coronaria of cattle which can be stimulated by Ca2+ of Mg2+, respectively. The enzyme has a higher affinity for Ca2+ than for Mg2+. The maximum activity of the Mg(Ca)-ATPase was found at 2-4 mM Ca2+ or Mg2+, respectively. Higher concentrations of these ions inhibit the enzyme. Mn2+, Sr2+ and Co2+ can substitute Ca2+ in splitting of ATP by the ATPase of both fractions of ateria coronaria of cattle. The ions K+ and Na+, variation of temperature and pH and a variety of pharmacological active compounds has the same effect on the ATPase stimulated by Ca2+ or Mg2+. These findings prove that Ca2+ and Mg2+ act at the same site of the ATPase of the mitochondrial and microsomal fraction of vascular smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:146524", "title": "Pharmacological investigations of the cholinergic imbalance hypotheses of movement disorders and psychosis.", "content": "The hypotheses of relative cholinergic underactivity in Huntington's disease, tardive dyskinesia, mania, and schizophrenia were pharmacologically investigated, using physostigmine and choline chloride. Intravenous physostigmine improved the involuntary movements of all of four patients with tardive dyskinesia and three of six patients with Huntington's disease. Physostigmine infusion also decreased manic symptoms in six of nine patients with mania, but had no beneficial effects in three patients with schizophrenia. Precursorloading with choline chloride may increase brain acetylcholine levels and central cholinergic activity. In patients with movement disorders a transient improvement during physostigmine infusion predicted a positive response to a trial of oral choline chloride. One manic patient may have been improved by choline chloride, however choline chloride did not improve symptoms in four of six schizophrenix patients. Chronic treatment with oral choline chloride increases plasma levels of choline during administration and for approximately 48 hr after discontinuation of treatment. A single 5-g dose of choline chloride also transiently raises plasma choline levels. These results with physostigmine support the hypotheses of cholinergic underactivity in Huntington's disease, tardive dyskinesia, and mania. Agents which might chronically increase cholinergic activity such as choline chloride should be further tested in these disorders.", "contents": "Pharmacological investigations of the cholinergic imbalance hypotheses of movement disorders and psychosis. The hypotheses of relative cholinergic underactivity in Huntington's disease, tardive dyskinesia, mania, and schizophrenia were pharmacologically investigated, using physostigmine and choline chloride. Intravenous physostigmine improved the involuntary movements of all of four patients with tardive dyskinesia and three of six patients with Huntington's disease. Physostigmine infusion also decreased manic symptoms in six of nine patients with mania, but had no beneficial effects in three patients with schizophrenia. Precursorloading with choline chloride may increase brain acetylcholine levels and central cholinergic activity. In patients with movement disorders a transient improvement during physostigmine infusion predicted a positive response to a trial of oral choline chloride. One manic patient may have been improved by choline chloride, however choline chloride did not improve symptoms in four of six schizophrenix patients. Chronic treatment with oral choline chloride increases plasma levels of choline during administration and for approximately 48 hr after discontinuation of treatment. A single 5-g dose of choline chloride also transiently raises plasma choline levels. These results with physostigmine support the hypotheses of cholinergic underactivity in Huntington's disease, tardive dyskinesia, and mania. Agents which might chronically increase cholinergic activity such as choline chloride should be further tested in these disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:146525", "title": "The enzymes of the red blood cell plasma membrane.", "content": "Red blood cell plasma membranes contain a number of enzymes: ATPases, anion transport protein, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, protein kinases, adenylate cyclase, acetylcholinesterase. Most of them are tightly bound to the membrane and are present in small amounts. As a result, structural characterization of erythrocyte membrane enzymes has not yet been successful. Functional studies have, however, yielded a great deal of information. ATPases allow active transport of cations (calcium, sodium, potassium). Anion transport protein controls movements of chloride and phosphate ions, and of glucose and water. Among glycolytic enzymes: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is partially bound to the membrane. Protein kinases catalyze the phosphorylation of several membrane proteins, one of which (spectrin) is involved in red blood cell mechanical properties. The physiological role of adenylate cyclase is unknown. Acetylcholinesterase is an ectoenzyme. Calcium-dependent ATPase, adenylate cyclase and phosphorylation of erythrocyte membrane proteins have been found abnormal in various conditions: hereditary spherocytosis, sickle-cell anemia, progressive muscular dystrophies, all of these disorders being associated with a decreased deformability of the erythrocyte.", "contents": "The enzymes of the red blood cell plasma membrane. Red blood cell plasma membranes contain a number of enzymes: ATPases, anion transport protein, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, protein kinases, adenylate cyclase, acetylcholinesterase. Most of them are tightly bound to the membrane and are present in small amounts. As a result, structural characterization of erythrocyte membrane enzymes has not yet been successful. Functional studies have, however, yielded a great deal of information. ATPases allow active transport of cations (calcium, sodium, potassium). Anion transport protein controls movements of chloride and phosphate ions, and of glucose and water. Among glycolytic enzymes: glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase is partially bound to the membrane. Protein kinases catalyze the phosphorylation of several membrane proteins, one of which (spectrin) is involved in red blood cell mechanical properties. The physiological role of adenylate cyclase is unknown. Acetylcholinesterase is an ectoenzyme. Calcium-dependent ATPase, adenylate cyclase and phosphorylation of erythrocyte membrane proteins have been found abnormal in various conditions: hereditary spherocytosis, sickle-cell anemia, progressive muscular dystrophies, all of these disorders being associated with a decreased deformability of the erythrocyte."}
{"id": "PMID:146526", "title": "[Effect of stimulation of the hypothalamic nuclei on the lipid concentration and ATPase activity of the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the rabbit heart].", "content": "Stimulation of the ventro-medial nuclei of the hypothalamus led to reduction in the concentration of phospholipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol in the mitochondria of the rabbit heart. Cholesterol load against this background elevated the concentration of cholesterol and reduced the phospholipid concentration even more. The heart mitochondrial and microsomal activity of Ca2+--ATP-ase was reduced. These data differed from the results recieved in the action of cholesterol alone. The research carried out showed that the action of exogenous cholesterol depended on the mechanisms regulating the lipid metabolism.", "contents": "[Effect of stimulation of the hypothalamic nuclei on the lipid concentration and ATPase activity of the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the rabbit heart]. Stimulation of the ventro-medial nuclei of the hypothalamus led to reduction in the concentration of phospholipids, triglycerides, and cholesterol in the mitochondria of the rabbit heart. Cholesterol load against this background elevated the concentration of cholesterol and reduced the phospholipid concentration even more. The heart mitochondrial and microsomal activity of Ca2+--ATP-ase was reduced. These data differed from the results recieved in the action of cholesterol alone. The research carried out showed that the action of exogenous cholesterol depended on the mechanisms regulating the lipid metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:146527", "title": "[Effect of erythrocytic G2-chalone on the erythrokinetics in mice].", "content": "It was shown that erythrocytic inhibitor (G2-cheilon) acted both on the proliferating and on differentiated cells of the erythroid series of the mouse bone marrow. The effect of cheilon was expressbd as soon as 3 hours after its administration and lasted for from 8 to 48 hours, depending on the extent of cell differentiation. In case of a single cheilon administration, despite significant erythropoiesis disturbances, erythrocyte count determined 8 to 12 days later persists within the control level. Repeated administration of cheilon was accompanied by a fall of the erythrocyte count at later periods of the experiment.", "contents": "[Effect of erythrocytic G2-chalone on the erythrokinetics in mice]. It was shown that erythrocytic inhibitor (G2-cheilon) acted both on the proliferating and on differentiated cells of the erythroid series of the mouse bone marrow. The effect of cheilon was expressbd as soon as 3 hours after its administration and lasted for from 8 to 48 hours, depending on the extent of cell differentiation. In case of a single cheilon administration, despite significant erythropoiesis disturbances, erythrocyte count determined 8 to 12 days later persists within the control level. Repeated administration of cheilon was accompanied by a fall of the erythrocyte count at later periods of the experiment."}
{"id": "PMID:146528", "title": "[Effect of an erythrocytic chalone on the electrophoretic mobility of bone marrow cells in mice].", "content": "Five fractions were isolated with the aid of cell electrophoresis in the phycol density gradient from the bone marrow of mice treated with physiological saline (control) and with erythrocytic chalone (experiment). The absolute and the relative distribution of cells in control and experimental fractions differed: the maximal number of cells in control (up to 78%) was revealed in fractions 3--5, and the minimal (up to 22%)--in fractions 1--2. 25 minutes after the action of erythrocytic cheilon there occurred redistribution of the cell material in all the fractions. The number of cells increased 2.6-fold in fraction 1. Analysis of smear \"myelograms\" from fraction 1 in experiment and control demonstrated that the formed element count in fraction 1 increased on account of the erythrocytic series cells. Among the proliferating erythron cells reduction of electrophoretic mobility proved to be the greatest in proerythroblasts. It is supposed that as a result of interaction between the erythrocytic cheilon and the receptors of the membranes of the proliferating erythron cells there occurred a reduction of their electrical change and changes in the intracellular processes leading to delay of mitoses.", "contents": "[Effect of an erythrocytic chalone on the electrophoretic mobility of bone marrow cells in mice]. Five fractions were isolated with the aid of cell electrophoresis in the phycol density gradient from the bone marrow of mice treated with physiological saline (control) and with erythrocytic chalone (experiment). The absolute and the relative distribution of cells in control and experimental fractions differed: the maximal number of cells in control (up to 78%) was revealed in fractions 3--5, and the minimal (up to 22%)--in fractions 1--2. 25 minutes after the action of erythrocytic cheilon there occurred redistribution of the cell material in all the fractions. The number of cells increased 2.6-fold in fraction 1. Analysis of smear \"myelograms\" from fraction 1 in experiment and control demonstrated that the formed element count in fraction 1 increased on account of the erythrocytic series cells. Among the proliferating erythron cells reduction of electrophoretic mobility proved to be the greatest in proerythroblasts. It is supposed that as a result of interaction between the erythrocytic cheilon and the receptors of the membranes of the proliferating erythron cells there occurred a reduction of their electrical change and changes in the intracellular processes leading to delay of mitoses."}
{"id": "PMID:146531", "title": "Sodium-dependent cardiac glycoside binding: experimental evidence and hypothesis.", "content": "1 The influence of increasing Na+ concentrations on the binding of digitoxin, digoxin and ouabain was examined in a Na+-K+-ATPase preparation of guinea-pig hearts. 2 Two distinct processes seem to be involved in this interaction: one binding process was activated at low Na+ concentrations. The maximum binding capacities were different and the K0.5 values were nearly identical for the cardiac glycosides studied. 3 In contrast, the second binding process was activated at appreciably higher Na+ concentrations, the maximum binding capacities were almost identical and the K0.5 values were different for the cardiac glycosides studied. 4 On the basis of these results attempts are made to explain the well known differences in the myocardial accumulation of cardiac glycosides.", "contents": "Sodium-dependent cardiac glycoside binding: experimental evidence and hypothesis. 1 The influence of increasing Na+ concentrations on the binding of digitoxin, digoxin and ouabain was examined in a Na+-K+-ATPase preparation of guinea-pig hearts. 2 Two distinct processes seem to be involved in this interaction: one binding process was activated at low Na+ concentrations. The maximum binding capacities were different and the K0.5 values were nearly identical for the cardiac glycosides studied. 3 In contrast, the second binding process was activated at appreciably higher Na+ concentrations, the maximum binding capacities were almost identical and the K0.5 values were different for the cardiac glycosides studied. 4 On the basis of these results attempts are made to explain the well known differences in the myocardial accumulation of cardiac glycosides."}
{"id": "PMID:146532", "title": "Perinatal mortality and one-year infant morbidity.", "content": "Perinatal mortality in Southampton and South-west Hampshire Health District fell from 20.8 per 1000 total births in 1970 to 11.3 per 1000 in 1976. This was atributable mainly to a fall in the stillbirth rate, but also to a recent fall in the neonatal death rate in the first week. All infants born in 1975 who had any problems in the perinatal period were followed up for one year. Of the 12 children identified at one year as having a major handicap, eight suffered from problems of prenatal origin, two from problems associated with preterm delivery, and two from other conditions acquired during the perinatal period. As two-thirds of the major handicaps arose from congenital abnormalities, preterm delivery and low birth weight were not the main causes of major handicap.", "contents": "Perinatal mortality and one-year infant morbidity. Perinatal mortality in Southampton and South-west Hampshire Health District fell from 20.8 per 1000 total births in 1970 to 11.3 per 1000 in 1976. This was atributable mainly to a fall in the stillbirth rate, but also to a recent fall in the neonatal death rate in the first week. All infants born in 1975 who had any problems in the perinatal period were followed up for one year. Of the 12 children identified at one year as having a major handicap, eight suffered from problems of prenatal origin, two from problems associated with preterm delivery, and two from other conditions acquired during the perinatal period. As two-thirds of the major handicaps arose from congenital abnormalities, preterm delivery and low birth weight were not the main causes of major handicap."}
{"id": "PMID:146533", "title": "Possible role of antibody specific for a practolol metabolite in the pathogenesis of oculomucocutaneous syndrome.", "content": "The clinical distribution of an antibody to a metabolite of practolol was investigated, particularly in relation to the oculomucocutaneous syndrome. Serum samples were obtained from patients with and without a history of adverse reaction to practolol and two groups of control patients who had never taken the drug. Five patients also participated in a challenge study. The presence of the antibody was found to be related to practolol administration, and antibody activity could be increased by antigenic challenge. The role of this antibody in the pathogenesis of the oculomucocutaneous syndrome remains uncertain. The lesions may be the result of a hitherto unknown type of hypersensitivity response to practolol.", "contents": "Possible role of antibody specific for a practolol metabolite in the pathogenesis of oculomucocutaneous syndrome. The clinical distribution of an antibody to a metabolite of practolol was investigated, particularly in relation to the oculomucocutaneous syndrome. Serum samples were obtained from patients with and without a history of adverse reaction to practolol and two groups of control patients who had never taken the drug. Five patients also participated in a challenge study. The presence of the antibody was found to be related to practolol administration, and antibody activity could be increased by antigenic challenge. The role of this antibody in the pathogenesis of the oculomucocutaneous syndrome remains uncertain. The lesions may be the result of a hitherto unknown type of hypersensitivity response to practolol."}
{"id": "PMID:146538", "title": "Acetylcholinesterase activity in motor nerve fibres in correlation to muscle fibre types in rat.", "content": "Rat muscle nerves were examined histochemically for their activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The corresponding muscles were stained for myofibrillar ATPase and for NADH diaphorase. The nerves to the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and to the medial head of the gastrocnemius (MG) muscle consist of a motor axons of high AChE activity. Both muscles are characterized by the prevalence of type II muscle fibres. On the other hand, the soleus muscle and the quandratus femoris muscle, both mainly composed of type I muscle fibres, are innervated by a motor axons of low AChE activity. Since it is well established that EDL and MG are typical fast-twitch muscles and that the soleus, and probably also the auadratus femoris, is a typical slow-twitch muscle, it is suggested that, in rat, fast muscles are innervated by motor nerve fibres of high AChE activity and slow muscles are innervated by motor axons of low AChE activity.", "contents": "Acetylcholinesterase activity in motor nerve fibres in correlation to muscle fibre types in rat. Rat muscle nerves were examined histochemically for their activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The corresponding muscles were stained for myofibrillar ATPase and for NADH diaphorase. The nerves to the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and to the medial head of the gastrocnemius (MG) muscle consist of a motor axons of high AChE activity. Both muscles are characterized by the prevalence of type II muscle fibres. On the other hand, the soleus muscle and the quandratus femoris muscle, both mainly composed of type I muscle fibres, are innervated by a motor axons of low AChE activity. Since it is well established that EDL and MG are typical fast-twitch muscles and that the soleus, and probably also the auadratus femoris, is a typical slow-twitch muscle, it is suggested that, in rat, fast muscles are innervated by motor nerve fibres of high AChE activity and slow muscles are innervated by motor axons of low AChE activity."}
{"id": "PMID:146540", "title": "[The effect of anesthetics on cardiovascular reactivity to isoprenaline in rats].", "content": "Compared study was performed in rats under chloral or urethanne anaesthesia after venous infusion of isoproterenol. Cardiovascular haemodynamics and capillary regional blood flows of digestive tract showed changes; cardiac output was increased only under chloral anaesthesia; nutritional flows were different according to anaesthesia.", "contents": "[The effect of anesthetics on cardiovascular reactivity to isoprenaline in rats]. Compared study was performed in rats under chloral or urethanne anaesthesia after venous infusion of isoproterenol. Cardiovascular haemodynamics and capillary regional blood flows of digestive tract showed changes; cardiac output was increased only under chloral anaesthesia; nutritional flows were different according to anaesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:146541", "title": "[Experimental endoparasitism of Trypanosoma brucei in Blabera fusca: parasite survival and hemoglobin toxicity].", "content": "Attempts for infestation of the cockroach, Blabera fusca, by Trypanosoma brucei directly inoculated in the insect's haemocoele allowed to prove the obligation of the presence of red cells in the cockroach for the survival of the flagellates, in variable assessment. These free and moving trypanosomes may be studied in the haemolymph by an original in vivo observation technic; they have few pathogenic effect on the insect but remain infectious for mice. Moreover, haemoglobin shows a direct toxic effect in the cockroach, which enlarges by destroying red cells after encapsulation by haemocytes.", "contents": "[Experimental endoparasitism of Trypanosoma brucei in Blabera fusca: parasite survival and hemoglobin toxicity]. Attempts for infestation of the cockroach, Blabera fusca, by Trypanosoma brucei directly inoculated in the insect's haemocoele allowed to prove the obligation of the presence of red cells in the cockroach for the survival of the flagellates, in variable assessment. These free and moving trypanosomes may be studied in the haemolymph by an original in vivo observation technic; they have few pathogenic effect on the insect but remain infectious for mice. Moreover, haemoglobin shows a direct toxic effect in the cockroach, which enlarges by destroying red cells after encapsulation by haemocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:146542", "title": "[Fatty acid composition of testicular and adrenal lipids of rats fed with fresh or thermopolymerized linseed oil].", "content": "Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids presenting an unusual structure were found in testis and adrenal lipids of rats fed thermopolymerized linseed oil: they might be metabolites including at least one trans double bond.", "contents": "[Fatty acid composition of testicular and adrenal lipids of rats fed with fresh or thermopolymerized linseed oil]. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids presenting an unusual structure were found in testis and adrenal lipids of rats fed thermopolymerized linseed oil: they might be metabolites including at least one trans double bond."}
{"id": "PMID:146543", "title": "[The effect of Mn2+ on thyroid iodine metabolism in rats].", "content": "Injection into rats of manganous chloride (2 mg/100 g) showed, after a 24-hr period, a marked depression of thyroidal 131I uptake. There is a decrease in serum T3 and T4 levels and an increase in I- level. These results demonstrate that the action of manganous ions is to block uptake of I- by the thyroid.", "contents": "[The effect of Mn2+ on thyroid iodine metabolism in rats]. Injection into rats of manganous chloride (2 mg/100 g) showed, after a 24-hr period, a marked depression of thyroidal 131I uptake. There is a decrease in serum T3 and T4 levels and an increase in I- level. These results demonstrate that the action of manganous ions is to block uptake of I- by the thyroid."}
{"id": "PMID:146544", "title": "[The effect of dissolved oxygen tension on the energy metabolism of yeasts].", "content": "The specific ATP generation rate in yeasts was examined on the glycolytic pathway and on the respiratory chain as a function of the dissolved oxygen tension of the culture medium. Two different strains were used: Saccharomyces cerevisiae sensitive to the glucose effect and Kluyveromyces fragilis insensitive to the catabolite respression when growing on lactose. The oxidative ATP generation rate followed by these two strains a Michaelis Menten kinetics against the dissolved oxygen concentration. Dissolved oxygen tension only influenced the glycolytic ATP generation rate in Kluyveromyces fragilis. Thus glucose and Pasteur effects are two mutually exclusive regulatory mechanisms of the energy yielding metabolism of the yeasts.", "contents": "[The effect of dissolved oxygen tension on the energy metabolism of yeasts]. The specific ATP generation rate in yeasts was examined on the glycolytic pathway and on the respiratory chain as a function of the dissolved oxygen tension of the culture medium. Two different strains were used: Saccharomyces cerevisiae sensitive to the glucose effect and Kluyveromyces fragilis insensitive to the catabolite respression when growing on lactose. The oxidative ATP generation rate followed by these two strains a Michaelis Menten kinetics against the dissolved oxygen concentration. Dissolved oxygen tension only influenced the glycolytic ATP generation rate in Kluyveromyces fragilis. Thus glucose and Pasteur effects are two mutually exclusive regulatory mechanisms of the energy yielding metabolism of the yeasts."}
{"id": "PMID:146545", "title": "[The occurrence of glucuroconjugated metabolites of safrole in the urine of treated rats].", "content": "The glucuronides of safrole were studied with GC-MS. At least seven compounds were identified, among then isomers of allylcatechol and mono-hydroxysafrol glucuronides. The presence of a glucuronide of hydroxysafrole-2',3' oxide will be especially discussed.", "contents": "[The occurrence of glucuroconjugated metabolites of safrole in the urine of treated rats]. The glucuronides of safrole were studied with GC-MS. At least seven compounds were identified, among then isomers of allylcatechol and mono-hydroxysafrol glucuronides. The presence of a glucuronide of hydroxysafrole-2',3' oxide will be especially discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146546", "title": "[Mutagenicity of the metabolites of the epoxide-diol pathway of safrole and its analogs. Study on Salmonella typhimurium].", "content": "Mutagenicity of the metabolites of the expoxide-diol pathway of safrole and analogues was studied on Ames' strains with Ames' method. Safrole, eugenol, eugenolmethylether, estragol, allylbenzene and 1'-hydroxysafrole, are not mutagen on TA 1535, TA 100 (point mutation) and TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98 (frameshift mutations) without activation system. The corresponding epoxides that we have synthetized, are mutagens and inducers of point mutation in TA 1535 and TA 100. Dose-effect curves show differences between the mutagen efficiencies of these epoxides probably in relation with their electrophilic properties. On the other hand the 2', 3'-dihydro-2',3'-dihydroxisafrole was not mutagen in Ames' test. These results confirm the promutagen character of safrole and analogues and the role of the epoxides as proximate carcinogens.", "contents": "[Mutagenicity of the metabolites of the epoxide-diol pathway of safrole and its analogs. Study on Salmonella typhimurium]. Mutagenicity of the metabolites of the expoxide-diol pathway of safrole and analogues was studied on Ames' strains with Ames' method. Safrole, eugenol, eugenolmethylether, estragol, allylbenzene and 1'-hydroxysafrole, are not mutagen on TA 1535, TA 100 (point mutation) and TA 1537, TA 1538, TA 98 (frameshift mutations) without activation system. The corresponding epoxides that we have synthetized, are mutagens and inducers of point mutation in TA 1535 and TA 100. Dose-effect curves show differences between the mutagen efficiencies of these epoxides probably in relation with their electrophilic properties. On the other hand the 2', 3'-dihydro-2',3'-dihydroxisafrole was not mutagen in Ames' test. These results confirm the promutagen character of safrole and analogues and the role of the epoxides as proximate carcinogens."}
{"id": "PMID:146547", "title": "[Preliminary results on the splanchnico-laryngeal reflex in the cat].", "content": "Electrical stimulation of low threshold splanchnic afferent nerves in lightly anesthetized cat results in phrenic and recurrent laryngeal nerve responses. Both phrenic and recurrent laryngeal inspiratory nerve activities are inhibited, whereas expiratory recurrent nerve activity is triggered and even increased. The significance of this reflex is discussed in relation to laryngeal adductor muscle contractions and the abdominal pressure increase.", "contents": "[Preliminary results on the splanchnico-laryngeal reflex in the cat]. Electrical stimulation of low threshold splanchnic afferent nerves in lightly anesthetized cat results in phrenic and recurrent laryngeal nerve responses. Both phrenic and recurrent laryngeal inspiratory nerve activities are inhibited, whereas expiratory recurrent nerve activity is triggered and even increased. The significance of this reflex is discussed in relation to laryngeal adductor muscle contractions and the abdominal pressure increase."}
{"id": "PMID:146548", "title": "[Evidence of an epididymis factor inhibiting the hypothalamic synthesis of FSH-RH in the rat].", "content": "We have measured, by radioimmunoassay, FSH and LH in the blood plasma and in the hypophysis of castrated male rats, injected with epididymal inhibin; we have also evaluated the FSH and LH releasing activities of their hypothalamus by measuring plasma FSH and LH levels of spayed female rats, treated by hypothalamic extracts of the previous rats. The FSH and LH pituitary levels do not change compared with controls, and it is impossible to know if inhibin acts directly on hypophysis; it is likely that, directly or indirectly, inhibin restrains at the same time the synthesis and the release of FSH. On the contrary, the hypothalamic extracts lose their FSH-RH, but not their LH-RH, activities; then, inhibin operates on hypothalamus by suppressing of the synthesis of FSH-RH.", "contents": "[Evidence of an epididymis factor inhibiting the hypothalamic synthesis of FSH-RH in the rat]. We have measured, by radioimmunoassay, FSH and LH in the blood plasma and in the hypophysis of castrated male rats, injected with epididymal inhibin; we have also evaluated the FSH and LH releasing activities of their hypothalamus by measuring plasma FSH and LH levels of spayed female rats, treated by hypothalamic extracts of the previous rats. The FSH and LH pituitary levels do not change compared with controls, and it is impossible to know if inhibin acts directly on hypophysis; it is likely that, directly or indirectly, inhibin restrains at the same time the synthesis and the release of FSH. On the contrary, the hypothalamic extracts lose their FSH-RH, but not their LH-RH, activities; then, inhibin operates on hypothalamus by suppressing of the synthesis of FSH-RH."}
{"id": "PMID:146549", "title": "[Study of the effect of ethaverine and papaverine on post-ischemic arrhythmias in the awake dog].", "content": "Influence of ethaverine was compared to papaverine on the development of dysrhythmias observed in the unanesthetized dog following coronary ligation. Papaverine generally induced the reappearance of ectopic beats. In most cases, ethaverine induced the normalization of the electrocardiogram. This favourable effect of ethaverine distinguished it from papaverine; however it was moderate, transient and weaker than that of classical antidysrhythmic drugs. According to these results and those of previous experimental data, ethaverine seems to be devoid of \"malignant properties\".", "contents": "[Study of the effect of ethaverine and papaverine on post-ischemic arrhythmias in the awake dog]. Influence of ethaverine was compared to papaverine on the development of dysrhythmias observed in the unanesthetized dog following coronary ligation. Papaverine generally induced the reappearance of ectopic beats. In most cases, ethaverine induced the normalization of the electrocardiogram. This favourable effect of ethaverine distinguished it from papaverine; however it was moderate, transient and weaker than that of classical antidysrhythmic drugs. According to these results and those of previous experimental data, ethaverine seems to be devoid of \"malignant properties\"."}
{"id": "PMID:146550", "title": "[Study of the antihypoxic effect of eburnamonine in acute and recurrent anoxia on the cerebral electric activity in curarized rats. Comparison with vincamine].", "content": "Using venous infusion (0.25 mg/kg min.), l-eburnamonine decreases the electroencephalographic modifications induced by acute asphyxic anoxia in curarized rats. This activity appears when the total dose administrated before the first asphyxia is approximatively 5 mg/kg. In such conditions, its protective activity is precocious and long lasting. In the same experimental conditions, vincamine assumes a protective activity only during a short time. The results are discussed in terms of selectivity of the method used and in terms of cerebral antihypoxic properties of l-eburnamonine.", "contents": "[Study of the antihypoxic effect of eburnamonine in acute and recurrent anoxia on the cerebral electric activity in curarized rats. Comparison with vincamine]. Using venous infusion (0.25 mg/kg min.), l-eburnamonine decreases the electroencephalographic modifications induced by acute asphyxic anoxia in curarized rats. This activity appears when the total dose administrated before the first asphyxia is approximatively 5 mg/kg. In such conditions, its protective activity is precocious and long lasting. In the same experimental conditions, vincamine assumes a protective activity only during a short time. The results are discussed in terms of selectivity of the method used and in terms of cerebral antihypoxic properties of l-eburnamonine."}
{"id": "PMID:146551", "title": "[In vitro effects of aminoglycosides and cephalosporins on rat kidney lysosomes].", "content": "The study of aminoglycoside and cephalosporin antibiotics was performed using a subcellular system in vitro. Lysosomes were purified from rat kidney tissue homogenates by a linear sucrose gradient centrifugation technique. The lysosomal membrane integrity was estimated by measuring the free N-acetyl-beta-D-glycosiminidase activity in the incubation medium. A scale of toxicity was established for eleven aminoglycosides and four cephalosporins.", "contents": "[In vitro effects of aminoglycosides and cephalosporins on rat kidney lysosomes]. The study of aminoglycoside and cephalosporin antibiotics was performed using a subcellular system in vitro. Lysosomes were purified from rat kidney tissue homogenates by a linear sucrose gradient centrifugation technique. The lysosomal membrane integrity was estimated by measuring the free N-acetyl-beta-D-glycosiminidase activity in the incubation medium. A scale of toxicity was established for eleven aminoglycosides and four cephalosporins."}
{"id": "PMID:146552", "title": "[Reduction of glucose embryotoxicity by intra-ovulary injection of insulin].", "content": "The injection of 10 mg glucose and 0.4 U.I. of insulin in the ovulary fluid of 14th day rabbit embryo, produces less anomalies than the injection of the same concentration of glucose alone. This result shows that the insulin receptor is probably present in the 14th day rabbit embryo, before the differentiation of B cells in the pancreas.", "contents": "[Reduction of glucose embryotoxicity by intra-ovulary injection of insulin]. The injection of 10 mg glucose and 0.4 U.I. of insulin in the ovulary fluid of 14th day rabbit embryo, produces less anomalies than the injection of the same concentration of glucose alone. This result shows that the insulin receptor is probably present in the 14th day rabbit embryo, before the differentiation of B cells in the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:146553", "title": "[Current findings on the asymmetric growth of the mullerian tract in female chick embryos].", "content": "Shape and orientation of the mesothelial cells were examined in the mullerian ducts of 8, 13 and 15 day female chick embryos with the scanning electron microscope. The observed evolution in the pattern of these cells likely reflects the mechanical conditions to which these organs are subjected during embryonic development: stretching for the left duct, slackening for the right duct. These observations, together with data concerning growth of these organs, suggest that topographical relationships between cells, which in this system result from mechanical factors, play an important role in controlling cell proliferation.", "contents": "[Current findings on the asymmetric growth of the mullerian tract in female chick embryos]. Shape and orientation of the mesothelial cells were examined in the mullerian ducts of 8, 13 and 15 day female chick embryos with the scanning electron microscope. The observed evolution in the pattern of these cells likely reflects the mechanical conditions to which these organs are subjected during embryonic development: stretching for the left duct, slackening for the right duct. These observations, together with data concerning growth of these organs, suggest that topographical relationships between cells, which in this system result from mechanical factors, play an important role in controlling cell proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:146554", "title": "[Calcium metabolism and mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension: effects of parathormone and exogenous thyrocalcitonin and of variations in dietary calcium and magnesium].", "content": "Physiological doses of parathyroid extract producing normal serum calcium level restore mineralocorticoid hypertension development in parathyroidectomized or thyroparathyroidectomized rats, supplemented with thyroid hormones. On the other hand, increased calcium or magnesium in dietary moderates hypertension development. Those results confirm the participation of parathyroids during mineralocorticoid hypertension.", "contents": "[Calcium metabolism and mineralocorticoid-induced hypertension: effects of parathormone and exogenous thyrocalcitonin and of variations in dietary calcium and magnesium]. Physiological doses of parathyroid extract producing normal serum calcium level restore mineralocorticoid hypertension development in parathyroidectomized or thyroparathyroidectomized rats, supplemented with thyroid hormones. On the other hand, increased calcium or magnesium in dietary moderates hypertension development. Those results confirm the participation of parathyroids during mineralocorticoid hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:146555", "title": "[Study of intestinal motility. Contribution of electromyography].", "content": "The longitudinal and circular deformations of the intestinal wall have been studied simultaneously with the intestinal electrical activity. Tracings were obtained for several weeks by means of a compact device which was implanted on the jejunum in 6 dogs and 4 rabbits. The results showed that the transverse movements of the intestine corresponded to the muscular activity of the circular layer. The longitudinal movements were observed permanently in the rabbit. In the dog they could correspond to a contraction or a relaxation movement. In the two cases, no electrical activity was related to the longitudinal mechanical activity of the intestine.", "contents": "[Study of intestinal motility. Contribution of electromyography]. The longitudinal and circular deformations of the intestinal wall have been studied simultaneously with the intestinal electrical activity. Tracings were obtained for several weeks by means of a compact device which was implanted on the jejunum in 6 dogs and 4 rabbits. The results showed that the transverse movements of the intestine corresponded to the muscular activity of the circular layer. The longitudinal movements were observed permanently in the rabbit. In the dog they could correspond to a contraction or a relaxation movement. In the two cases, no electrical activity was related to the longitudinal mechanical activity of the intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:146556", "title": "Catalase induction in non-proliferating suspensions of Pseudomonas fluorescens (type R.). I. Influence of the buffer.", "content": "The catalasic activity of a non-proliferating suspension of Pseudomonas fluorescens incubated in a buffer shows after six hours, an increase of 100% in presence of phosphates and 30% in presence of Tris. This increase, which consists in a neosynthesis of the enzyme, is in relation with the lysis of a part of the bacterial suspension.", "contents": "Catalase induction in non-proliferating suspensions of Pseudomonas fluorescens (type R.). I. Influence of the buffer. The catalasic activity of a non-proliferating suspension of Pseudomonas fluorescens incubated in a buffer shows after six hours, an increase of 100% in presence of phosphates and 30% in presence of Tris. This increase, which consists in a neosynthesis of the enzyme, is in relation with the lysis of a part of the bacterial suspension."}
{"id": "PMID:146557", "title": "[Variations in the effect of clonidine on arterial pressure in rats in the presence of various anesthetics].", "content": "The central hypotensive agent, clonidine (30 microgram/kg i.v.) has been injected in normotensive rats anesthetized with various agents. This dose of clonidine elicits usually a biphasic blood pressure response, i.e. a transient increase due to peripheral vasoconstriction, followed by a long lasting decrease. This has been observed in the animals anesthetized with pentobarbitone as well as with urethane. The hypotensive effect is abolished during chloralose, ketamine or Alfat\u00e9sine anesthesia. These data emphasize that some anesthetics mays particularly modify the effects of centrally acting cardiovascular drugs.", "contents": "[Variations in the effect of clonidine on arterial pressure in rats in the presence of various anesthetics]. The central hypotensive agent, clonidine (30 microgram/kg i.v.) has been injected in normotensive rats anesthetized with various agents. This dose of clonidine elicits usually a biphasic blood pressure response, i.e. a transient increase due to peripheral vasoconstriction, followed by a long lasting decrease. This has been observed in the animals anesthetized with pentobarbitone as well as with urethane. The hypotensive effect is abolished during chloralose, ketamine or Alfat\u00e9sine anesthesia. These data emphasize that some anesthetics mays particularly modify the effects of centrally acting cardiovascular drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:146558", "title": "[Effect of an ovine pineal gland extract on prolactin release in vitro].", "content": "Defatted ovine pineal powder is submitted to acetic acid extraction followed by chromatographic separation. The extracted material and one of the two separated fractions inhibit the secretion of PRL by pituitary cells in monolayer culture. Both basal and TRH stimulated secretions are reduced.", "contents": "[Effect of an ovine pineal gland extract on prolactin release in vitro]. Defatted ovine pineal powder is submitted to acetic acid extraction followed by chromatographic separation. The extracted material and one of the two separated fractions inhibit the secretion of PRL by pituitary cells in monolayer culture. Both basal and TRH stimulated secretions are reduced."}
{"id": "PMID:146559", "title": "[Epidemiology of C57 black/6M mouse strain: statistical findings in a control population].", "content": "Non-linearity in age specific gompertzian rates regression versus age was observed in actuarial analysis of all causes of death, tumor incidence and tumor/tumor-host index in 503 male and 497 female control C57 Black/6M mice. The overall tumor incidence averaged 66.7% in males and 84.4% in females during a maximum lifespan of 1,300 days. In males as well as in females, time related incidence peaks were identified for lymphocytic lympho-sarcomas, reticulum cell sarcomas, histiocytic type and reticulum cell sarcomas of reticular type.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of C57 black/6M mouse strain: statistical findings in a control population]. Non-linearity in age specific gompertzian rates regression versus age was observed in actuarial analysis of all causes of death, tumor incidence and tumor/tumor-host index in 503 male and 497 female control C57 Black/6M mice. The overall tumor incidence averaged 66.7% in males and 84.4% in females during a maximum lifespan of 1,300 days. In males as well as in females, time related incidence peaks were identified for lymphocytic lympho-sarcomas, reticulum cell sarcomas, histiocytic type and reticulum cell sarcomas of reticular type."}
{"id": "PMID:146560", "title": "[Urinary clearance of dl-isopropylnoradrenaline in the dog].", "content": "In dogs, the urinary clearance of IPNA-3H is very near GFR (ratio CIPNA-3H/GFR = 0,92). This ratio is not modified by cocaine. In our experimental conditions, we observe no tubulary secretion of IPNA-3H.", "contents": "[Urinary clearance of dl-isopropylnoradrenaline in the dog]. In dogs, the urinary clearance of IPNA-3H is very near GFR (ratio CIPNA-3H/GFR = 0,92). This ratio is not modified by cocaine. In our experimental conditions, we observe no tubulary secretion of IPNA-3H."}
{"id": "PMID:146561", "title": "[Hypometabolism in Aotus trivirgatus (Primates, Plathyrhini, Cebidae)].", "content": "The standard metabolism of Aotus trivirgatus (Night monkey, Owl monkey) is 22.5 to 46.2 per cent below Kleiber's prevision curve for mammals, which applies to other cebid monkeys like Saimiri sciureus and Alouatta. However the metabolic rate of Aotus is not reduced to the extent found in two hypometabolic prosimians Perodicticus potto and Nycticebus coucang. The low metabolism in Aotus is associated with a normal body temperature and a thick fur of high insulating power. These results are discussed.", "contents": "[Hypometabolism in Aotus trivirgatus (Primates, Plathyrhini, Cebidae)]. The standard metabolism of Aotus trivirgatus (Night monkey, Owl monkey) is 22.5 to 46.2 per cent below Kleiber's prevision curve for mammals, which applies to other cebid monkeys like Saimiri sciureus and Alouatta. However the metabolic rate of Aotus is not reduced to the extent found in two hypometabolic prosimians Perodicticus potto and Nycticebus coucang. The low metabolism in Aotus is associated with a normal body temperature and a thick fur of high insulating power. These results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146563", "title": "[Audiometry and cytological study of the external hair cells of 4 strains of mice].", "content": "The auditory apparatus of two strains of mices with normal audition is compared to that of two substrains with genetic auditory impairment. Audiometry by auditory evoked potentials at the inferior collicular level indicates complete deafness for one substrain and a 40-48 dB S.P.L. hearing loss at all frequencies for the other. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate hair impairment of the external hair cells and degeneration of the chondriosome for the two deaf substrains.", "contents": "[Audiometry and cytological study of the external hair cells of 4 strains of mice]. The auditory apparatus of two strains of mices with normal audition is compared to that of two substrains with genetic auditory impairment. Audiometry by auditory evoked potentials at the inferior collicular level indicates complete deafness for one substrain and a 40-48 dB S.P.L. hearing loss at all frequencies for the other. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrate hair impairment of the external hair cells and degeneration of the chondriosome for the two deaf substrains."}
{"id": "PMID:146564", "title": "[Mannose transfer in liver microsomes of the eel (Anguilla anguilla)].", "content": "A purified eel liver microsomal fraction catalyses the transfer of mannose, from GDP-mannose, to endogenous lipid and proteins. The mannolipid is identified as a polyprenol-phosphate-mannose and its role is discussed.", "contents": "[Mannose transfer in liver microsomes of the eel (Anguilla anguilla)]. A purified eel liver microsomal fraction catalyses the transfer of mannose, from GDP-mannose, to endogenous lipid and proteins. The mannolipid is identified as a polyprenol-phosphate-mannose and its role is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146567", "title": "Collagen in the normal and hypertrophied human ventricle.", "content": "Estimates of the collagen concentration in human ventricles have been made from measurements of the hydroxyproline concentration. In the normal heart the concentration of collagen was higher in the right ventricle than in the left ventricle. Age had no effect on the ventricular concentration of collagen. Hypertrophy in the absence of a valvar lesion was not associated with an increased concentration of collagen but, owing to the increased size of the ventricle, there was an increase in the estimated total mass of ventricular collagen. The concentration of collagen in the left ventricle of patients with aortic stenosis was higher than normal. Ventricular hypertrophy seems to be accompanied by an increase in the total mass of collagen whatever the cause. Whether the concentration changes or not depends on the proportion in which the mass of collagen increases relative to the mass of muscle cells.", "contents": "Collagen in the normal and hypertrophied human ventricle. Estimates of the collagen concentration in human ventricles have been made from measurements of the hydroxyproline concentration. In the normal heart the concentration of collagen was higher in the right ventricle than in the left ventricle. Age had no effect on the ventricular concentration of collagen. Hypertrophy in the absence of a valvar lesion was not associated with an increased concentration of collagen but, owing to the increased size of the ventricle, there was an increase in the estimated total mass of ventricular collagen. The concentration of collagen in the left ventricle of patients with aortic stenosis was higher than normal. Ventricular hypertrophy seems to be accompanied by an increase in the total mass of collagen whatever the cause. Whether the concentration changes or not depends on the proportion in which the mass of collagen increases relative to the mass of muscle cells."}
{"id": "PMID:146568", "title": "The fine structural localization of acetylcholinesterase in the muscle spindle of the rat.", "content": "Muscle spindles from lumbricalis muscles of the rat were incubated for acetylcholinesterase with a modified thiocholine-method of Lewis and Shute and examined by light ane electron microscopy. All types of motor nerve ending showed heavy deposits of reaction product in the synaptic cleft. The underlying sarcoplasmic reticulum, transverse tubular system, and, when present, the envelope of sole plate nuclei were also stained. In the sensory region, the reaction was negative in the interface between the plasma membranes of the primary sensory terminal and muscle. One of two secondary sensory endings identified showed distinct reaction product in the cleft; the other secondary sensory ending showed no such reaction. Precipitates were present on the sarcolemma of the intrafusal muscle fibers in the polar and adjacent myotube regions, but not at the spindle equator. Extrafusal and intrafusal myelinated gamma-nerve fibers and preterminal motor axons showed staining of the axolemma. Fibers with thick myelin sheaths and preterminal sensory axons were free of acetylcholinesterase activity, as were the unmyelinated nerve fibers.", "contents": "The fine structural localization of acetylcholinesterase in the muscle spindle of the rat. Muscle spindles from lumbricalis muscles of the rat were incubated for acetylcholinesterase with a modified thiocholine-method of Lewis and Shute and examined by light ane electron microscopy. All types of motor nerve ending showed heavy deposits of reaction product in the synaptic cleft. The underlying sarcoplasmic reticulum, transverse tubular system, and, when present, the envelope of sole plate nuclei were also stained. In the sensory region, the reaction was negative in the interface between the plasma membranes of the primary sensory terminal and muscle. One of two secondary sensory endings identified showed distinct reaction product in the cleft; the other secondary sensory ending showed no such reaction. Precipitates were present on the sarcolemma of the intrafusal muscle fibers in the polar and adjacent myotube regions, but not at the spindle equator. Extrafusal and intrafusal myelinated gamma-nerve fibers and preterminal motor axons showed staining of the axolemma. Fibers with thick myelin sheaths and preterminal sensory axons were free of acetylcholinesterase activity, as were the unmyelinated nerve fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:146573", "title": "Adrenal androgens in patients with chronic marked elevation of prolactin.", "content": "It has been postulated, based on data in animals and the fact that the cortisol-adrenal androgen ratio is different before and after adrenarche, that prolactin (Prl) may modulate adrenal androgen secretion. As one way of testing this hypothesis, cortisol, androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) were measured by radioimmunoassay in the sera of thirteen patients with suspected or proven pituitary tumours and marked chronic elevations of serum Prl (range 68-990 ng/ml, mean 198.9 ng/ml). Values for cortisol, A, DHA, and DHAS were not significantly different between the groups of normal controls and patients with elevated Prl concentrations. This is interpreted as negative evidence for the theoretical connection between Prl and adrenal androgen secretion.", "contents": "Adrenal androgens in patients with chronic marked elevation of prolactin. It has been postulated, based on data in animals and the fact that the cortisol-adrenal androgen ratio is different before and after adrenarche, that prolactin (Prl) may modulate adrenal androgen secretion. As one way of testing this hypothesis, cortisol, androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA), and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) were measured by radioimmunoassay in the sera of thirteen patients with suspected or proven pituitary tumours and marked chronic elevations of serum Prl (range 68-990 ng/ml, mean 198.9 ng/ml). Values for cortisol, A, DHA, and DHAS were not significantly different between the groups of normal controls and patients with elevated Prl concentrations. This is interpreted as negative evidence for the theoretical connection between Prl and adrenal androgen secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:146574", "title": "Development of instruments to measure counselees' knowledge of Down syndrome.", "content": "Since approximately 10% of counselees coming to genetics clinics are concerned with Down syndrome, the development of short measures of knowledge of Down syndrome for evaluation could have widespread application. The purpose of this study was to design efficient, self-administered questionnaires of simple vocabulary to measure knowledge and understanding of Down syndrome before and after genetic counseling. Twenty-six previously piloted questions were administered to nurses, graduate students in Medical Genetics, special education teachers, and parents of children with Down syndrome (n = 126). A coefficient alpha of 0.842 indicated strong reliability. The content of the questionnaire was distributed into three categories: genetic knowledge, recurrence risk, and prenatal diagnosis. From the items (1) which had less than 85% correct responses, and (2) which fell into just one of the three categories, 12 questions were selected as a post-test (coefficient alpha of 0.749). Eight additional questions were then extracted (coefficient alpha of 0.56) as a pretest. The pretest predicted 53.3% of the variance of the post-test. The use of these instruments before and after counseling can be an aid in evaluating counseling and in comparing various approaches for effectiveness.", "contents": "Development of instruments to measure counselees' knowledge of Down syndrome. Since approximately 10% of counselees coming to genetics clinics are concerned with Down syndrome, the development of short measures of knowledge of Down syndrome for evaluation could have widespread application. The purpose of this study was to design efficient, self-administered questionnaires of simple vocabulary to measure knowledge and understanding of Down syndrome before and after genetic counseling. Twenty-six previously piloted questions were administered to nurses, graduate students in Medical Genetics, special education teachers, and parents of children with Down syndrome (n = 126). A coefficient alpha of 0.842 indicated strong reliability. The content of the questionnaire was distributed into three categories: genetic knowledge, recurrence risk, and prenatal diagnosis. From the items (1) which had less than 85% correct responses, and (2) which fell into just one of the three categories, 12 questions were selected as a post-test (coefficient alpha of 0.749). Eight additional questions were then extracted (coefficient alpha of 0.56) as a pretest. The pretest predicted 53.3% of the variance of the post-test. The use of these instruments before and after counseling can be an aid in evaluating counseling and in comparing various approaches for effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:146571", "title": "The Charing Cross Hospital Child Development Centre: a description of its work ad an evaluation of its first 385 patients.", "content": "Charing Cross Hospital provides facilities for the study of handicapped children in a normal nursery which forms part of its Child Development Centre. The period of assessment varies from one day to three weeks; the advantages of prolonged assessment are discussed. Parental involvement and support, and the teaching of medical students are emphasized. A study of the Centre's first 385 patients is presented.", "contents": "The Charing Cross Hospital Child Development Centre: a description of its work ad an evaluation of its first 385 patients. Charing Cross Hospital provides facilities for the study of handicapped children in a normal nursery which forms part of its Child Development Centre. The period of assessment varies from one day to three weeks; the advantages of prolonged assessment are discussed. Parental involvement and support, and the teaching of medical students are emphasized. A study of the Centre's first 385 patients is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:146575", "title": "A cytogenetic survey of an institution for the mentally retarded: I. Chromosome abnormalities.", "content": "A cytogenetic survey of 475 patients in an institution for the mentally retarded is reported. The chromosomes of all patients were studied using both a non-banding and a G-banding technique in order to estimate the relative efficiency of the two technique in detecting structural rearrangements of the chromosomes. A total of 57 patients was found to have a chromosome abnormality, including five with a balanced structural rearrangement. The contribution of chromosome aberrations to the etiology of mental retardation is discussed with special emphasis on the contribution of balanced structural rearrangements.", "contents": "A cytogenetic survey of an institution for the mentally retarded: I. Chromosome abnormalities. A cytogenetic survey of 475 patients in an institution for the mentally retarded is reported. The chromosomes of all patients were studied using both a non-banding and a G-banding technique in order to estimate the relative efficiency of the two technique in detecting structural rearrangements of the chromosomes. A total of 57 patients was found to have a chromosome abnormality, including five with a balanced structural rearrangement. The contribution of chromosome aberrations to the etiology of mental retardation is discussed with special emphasis on the contribution of balanced structural rearrangements."}
{"id": "PMID:146576", "title": "Observations of ridge appearances in a normal population and in Down syndrome patients (21-trisomy) using the scanning electron microscope.", "content": "A celluloid plate containing a drop of amyl acetate was pressed to the skin. The impression thus obtained was coated with carbon and gold and observed under the scanning electron microscope. Impressions from the fingers of the normal population showed the crests and furrows of the finger prints clearly. The impressions from the fingers of Down syndrome patients were a mixture of the normal crests and furrows and of hypoplastic crests and furrows.", "contents": "Observations of ridge appearances in a normal population and in Down syndrome patients (21-trisomy) using the scanning electron microscope. A celluloid plate containing a drop of amyl acetate was pressed to the skin. The impression thus obtained was coated with carbon and gold and observed under the scanning electron microscope. Impressions from the fingers of the normal population showed the crests and furrows of the finger prints clearly. The impressions from the fingers of Down syndrome patients were a mixture of the normal crests and furrows and of hypoplastic crests and furrows."}
{"id": "PMID:146581", "title": "Cellular immunity in pregnancy: blast transformation and rosette formation of maternal T and B lymphocytes: A cross-section analysis.", "content": "In vitro tests of cellular immune responses, using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette tests for T and B lymphocytes, were studied in a cross-section analysis of a total of fifty-five patients in six groups (non-pregnant, 2--3 months pregnant, 4--5 months pregnant, 6--7 months pregnant, at parturition and 3 months after parturition). No pregnancy-related changes were found in the numbers of T, B or null cells, nor changes in PHA, PWM or MLC responses, but a significant reversible depression of the PPD response was found in the second half of pregnancy.", "contents": "Cellular immunity in pregnancy: blast transformation and rosette formation of maternal T and B lymphocytes: A cross-section analysis. In vitro tests of cellular immune responses, using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette tests for T and B lymphocytes, were studied in a cross-section analysis of a total of fifty-five patients in six groups (non-pregnant, 2--3 months pregnant, 4--5 months pregnant, 6--7 months pregnant, at parturition and 3 months after parturition). No pregnancy-related changes were found in the numbers of T, B or null cells, nor changes in PHA, PWM or MLC responses, but a significant reversible depression of the PPD response was found in the second half of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:146585", "title": "Occupational contact dermatitis due to croton (Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss var. pictum (Lodd.) Muell. Arg.). Sensitization by plants of the Euphorbiaceae.", "content": "One of today's most decorative and popular ornamental potted plants is Croton. Handling this plant over a period of 6 months produced contact eczema of the hands in a nursery gardener. Patch tests with Croton leaves were positive. Control tests remained negative. Sensitization experiments in guinea pigs with a methanolic extract of the leaves were successful. All results of the study indicate that: -latex of croton produces no primary irritant reaction -latex is able to induce a real contact allergy -contact allergens are constituents of the milky sap. Whether the di- and triesters of phorbol so far isolated as irritant and cocarcinogenic factors from the latex of various Euphorbiaceae species and sensitizers shall be investigated in further experiments.", "contents": "Occupational contact dermatitis due to croton (Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss var. pictum (Lodd.) Muell. Arg.). Sensitization by plants of the Euphorbiaceae. One of today's most decorative and popular ornamental potted plants is Croton. Handling this plant over a period of 6 months produced contact eczema of the hands in a nursery gardener. Patch tests with Croton leaves were positive. Control tests remained negative. Sensitization experiments in guinea pigs with a methanolic extract of the leaves were successful. All results of the study indicate that: -latex of croton produces no primary irritant reaction -latex is able to induce a real contact allergy -contact allergens are constituents of the milky sap. Whether the di- and triesters of phorbol so far isolated as irritant and cocarcinogenic factors from the latex of various Euphorbiaceae species and sensitizers shall be investigated in further experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:146586", "title": "Patch testing with low molecular oligomers of epoxy resins in humans.", "content": "Thirty-four patients sensitive to epoxy resin were patch tested with oligomers of epoxy resin. All reacted when tested with MW 340 oligomer. Twenty-three were tested with MW 624 and MW 908 oligomers and seven with MW 1192 oligomer; none reacted. Eight patients tested with commercial mixtures of epoxy resins with an average MW 1280 and MW 1850 reacted to these resin mixtures which contained the MW 340 oligomer. The MW 340 oligomer seems to be the main ingredient responsible for contact allergy to epoxy resins in humans.", "contents": "Patch testing with low molecular oligomers of epoxy resins in humans. Thirty-four patients sensitive to epoxy resin were patch tested with oligomers of epoxy resin. All reacted when tested with MW 340 oligomer. Twenty-three were tested with MW 624 and MW 908 oligomers and seven with MW 1192 oligomer; none reacted. Eight patients tested with commercial mixtures of epoxy resins with an average MW 1280 and MW 1850 reacted to these resin mixtures which contained the MW 340 oligomer. The MW 340 oligomer seems to be the main ingredient responsible for contact allergy to epoxy resins in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:146587", "title": "Allergic dermatitis due to a triacrylate in ultraviolet cured inks.", "content": "Investigation of a dermatitis incident involving the handling of UV type inks by press minders is described. Patch tests pinpointed one acrylic component of the UV ink (pentaerythritol triacrylate) as the causal sensitizer. Factors influencing the identification and incidence of sensitization to the same chemical in different work situations are discussed as are lessons in terms of prevention under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.", "contents": "Allergic dermatitis due to a triacrylate in ultraviolet cured inks. Investigation of a dermatitis incident involving the handling of UV type inks by press minders is described. Patch tests pinpointed one acrylic component of the UV ink (pentaerythritol triacrylate) as the causal sensitizer. Factors influencing the identification and incidence of sensitization to the same chemical in different work situations are discussed as are lessons in terms of prevention under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974."}
{"id": "PMID:146595", "title": "Low-dose minocycline therapy in tetracycline-recalcitrant acne vulgaris.", "content": "Ninety-one patients with acne vulgaris were selected for a two-part study primarily because the severity of disease suggested that it might be tetracycline-recalcitrant. Of the eighty-eight patients completing the first part of the study, thirty-two were judged to have tetracycline-nonresponsive acne and received 50 mg of minocycline twice daily for the next six to eight weeks. Twenty-five patients completed this second part of the study. Of these twenty-five, twenty-two experienced a 33 percent or greater reduction in the number of lesions. It is concluded that minocycline in a dosage of 50 mg twice daily is a safe and effective antibiotic for those patients with tetracycline-recalcitrant acne vulgaris.", "contents": "Low-dose minocycline therapy in tetracycline-recalcitrant acne vulgaris. Ninety-one patients with acne vulgaris were selected for a two-part study primarily because the severity of disease suggested that it might be tetracycline-recalcitrant. Of the eighty-eight patients completing the first part of the study, thirty-two were judged to have tetracycline-nonresponsive acne and received 50 mg of minocycline twice daily for the next six to eight weeks. Twenty-five patients completed this second part of the study. Of these twenty-five, twenty-two experienced a 33 percent or greater reduction in the number of lesions. It is concluded that minocycline in a dosage of 50 mg twice daily is a safe and effective antibiotic for those patients with tetracycline-recalcitrant acne vulgaris."}
{"id": "PMID:146599", "title": "[Treatment of hypercalcaemic syndrome in tumour patients, especially with mithramycin].", "content": "In 36 patients with neoplastic diseases 72 episodes of hypercalcaemia with serum-calcium levels greater than or equal to 2.75 mmol/l were treated (19 breast carcinoma; 9 bronchial or lung carcinoma; 5 multiple myeloma; 1 each jejunal carcinoid, malignant lymphoma, phaeochromocytoma). Cardinal symptoms were mental, neuromuscular and renal during the hypercalcaemic episodes. Mithramycin is preferred to other methods (infusion of sodium chloride and frusemide, prednisone, sodium-potassium-phosphate infusion) of treating acute or subacute hypercalcaemia. Mithramycin in a single injection of 20-25 microgram/kg body-weight intravenously is usually sufficient to counteract a hypercalcaemic phase for at least 7-10 days, often much longer. There was a highly significant fall in serum-calcium levels from two days onwards after mithramycin injection. Toxic side-effects were minimal and restricted to transitory increase in transaminase levels, initially 5-6 times normal with a maximum on the third day and normalisation on the fifth day after mithramycin administration.", "contents": "[Treatment of hypercalcaemic syndrome in tumour patients, especially with mithramycin]. In 36 patients with neoplastic diseases 72 episodes of hypercalcaemia with serum-calcium levels greater than or equal to 2.75 mmol/l were treated (19 breast carcinoma; 9 bronchial or lung carcinoma; 5 multiple myeloma; 1 each jejunal carcinoid, malignant lymphoma, phaeochromocytoma). Cardinal symptoms were mental, neuromuscular and renal during the hypercalcaemic episodes. Mithramycin is preferred to other methods (infusion of sodium chloride and frusemide, prednisone, sodium-potassium-phosphate infusion) of treating acute or subacute hypercalcaemia. Mithramycin in a single injection of 20-25 microgram/kg body-weight intravenously is usually sufficient to counteract a hypercalcaemic phase for at least 7-10 days, often much longer. There was a highly significant fall in serum-calcium levels from two days onwards after mithramycin injection. Toxic side-effects were minimal and restricted to transitory increase in transaminase levels, initially 5-6 times normal with a maximum on the third day and normalisation on the fifth day after mithramycin administration."}
{"id": "PMID:146600", "title": "Sex differences of plasma cholinesterase in the rat.", "content": "Plasma cholinesterase activity of adult female HAN-Wistar rats was found to be 5.5-fold higher than that of adult male rats kept under constant specified pathogen-free (SPF) conditions up to their 870th day of life.", "contents": "Sex differences of plasma cholinesterase in the rat. Plasma cholinesterase activity of adult female HAN-Wistar rats was found to be 5.5-fold higher than that of adult male rats kept under constant specified pathogen-free (SPF) conditions up to their 870th day of life."}
{"id": "PMID:146601", "title": "Measurement of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone 16alpha-hydroxylase activities by a tritium exchange method.", "content": "A new isotopic method, based upon the stereospecific replacement of a proton (3H) by a hydroxyl group has been developed for the measurement of rat liver testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone 16alpha-hydroxylase activity. Specifically 16-tritiated substrates were prepared by microbiological (Cylindrocarpon radicicola) transformation of the [16-3H]progesterone and [16-3H]pregnenolone. The incubation medium consists of a phosphate buffer (pH7; 150mM), NADPH (0.1 mM), nicotinamide (10mM) and magnesium chloride (4 mM). Tween 80 (1 mg/ml) is used to solubilize saturating concentrations of [16-3H]testosterone (50 micron) or [16-3H]dehydroepiandrosterone (100 micron). The enzymatically released tritium is recovered in the incubation medium as tritiated water which is distilled under reduced pressure and counted by liquid scintillation. The method is easy to perform, very sensitive (50 pmol of 16alpha-hydroxylated metabolites) and is independent of any further metabolism of the 16alpha-hydroxylated products.", "contents": "Measurement of testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone 16alpha-hydroxylase activities by a tritium exchange method. A new isotopic method, based upon the stereospecific replacement of a proton (3H) by a hydroxyl group has been developed for the measurement of rat liver testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone 16alpha-hydroxylase activity. Specifically 16-tritiated substrates were prepared by microbiological (Cylindrocarpon radicicola) transformation of the [16-3H]progesterone and [16-3H]pregnenolone. The incubation medium consists of a phosphate buffer (pH7; 150mM), NADPH (0.1 mM), nicotinamide (10mM) and magnesium chloride (4 mM). Tween 80 (1 mg/ml) is used to solubilize saturating concentrations of [16-3H]testosterone (50 micron) or [16-3H]dehydroepiandrosterone (100 micron). The enzymatically released tritium is recovered in the incubation medium as tritiated water which is distilled under reduced pressure and counted by liquid scintillation. The method is easy to perform, very sensitive (50 pmol of 16alpha-hydroxylated metabolites) and is independent of any further metabolism of the 16alpha-hydroxylated products."}
{"id": "PMID:146602", "title": "Effect of intravesicular monovalent cations on the steady state of the phosphoenzyme of adenosine triphosphatase dependent on sodium and potassium ions in inside-out plasma-membrane vesicles.", "content": "Phosphorylation of the ATPase dependent on Na+ and K+ is promoted through the synergistic action of cations on both sides of the membrane. This phenomenon has been observed in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from sheep-kidney outer medulla which accept ATP from the outside surface (inside-out) and which are tight for sodium ions. In these inside-out vesicles phosphorylating capacity is low even in the presence of 100 mM extravesicular sodium chloride as is turnover of the enzyme. The level of the phosphoenzyme and the transient release of inorganic phosphate from the phosphoenzyme increases several-fold when sodium chloride is allowed to equilibrate over the membrane, 25 mM intravesicular NaCl is necessary to obtain the half-maximum level of the phosphoenzyme. This result shows that intravesicular (= extracellular) low affinity sites are involved in the phosphorylation. Intravesicular potassium ions modify the activating action of Na+ on the phosphorylation by increasing the steady state of the phosphoenzyme at low intravesicular sodium ion concentrations. This suggests that Na+ and K+ compete with each other for the intravesicular cation-binding site.", "contents": "Effect of intravesicular monovalent cations on the steady state of the phosphoenzyme of adenosine triphosphatase dependent on sodium and potassium ions in inside-out plasma-membrane vesicles. Phosphorylation of the ATPase dependent on Na+ and K+ is promoted through the synergistic action of cations on both sides of the membrane. This phenomenon has been observed in plasma membrane vesicles isolated from sheep-kidney outer medulla which accept ATP from the outside surface (inside-out) and which are tight for sodium ions. In these inside-out vesicles phosphorylating capacity is low even in the presence of 100 mM extravesicular sodium chloride as is turnover of the enzyme. The level of the phosphoenzyme and the transient release of inorganic phosphate from the phosphoenzyme increases several-fold when sodium chloride is allowed to equilibrate over the membrane, 25 mM intravesicular NaCl is necessary to obtain the half-maximum level of the phosphoenzyme. This result shows that intravesicular (= extracellular) low affinity sites are involved in the phosphorylation. Intravesicular potassium ions modify the activating action of Na+ on the phosphorylation by increasing the steady state of the phosphoenzyme at low intravesicular sodium ion concentrations. This suggests that Na+ and K+ compete with each other for the intravesicular cation-binding site."}
{"id": "PMID:146607", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in canine marrow graft recipients given cyclophosphamide.", "content": "The cellular immune status of 48 canine chimeras was studied between 15 days and 3 years after a lethal dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) and an allogeneic marrow graft. Marrow graft recipients were given no further immuno-suppressive treatment. Recovery of total white blood cell counts was complete by day 20 after grafting. Peripheral blood lymphocyte counts did not reach the normal range until day 100. Short-term chimeras (less than 100 days postgrafting) showed marked impairment of cell-mediated immunity as indicated by the inability to respond adequately to nonspecific mitogenic (PHA, ConA, PWM) and specific antigenic (allogeneic lymphocytes, PPD) stimulation in vitro. Skin test reactivity to PPD after immunization with BCG was also significantly depressed. Long-term chimeras (more than 100 days postgrafting) had normal in vitro response to mitogens; lymphocyte blastogenesis to specific antigens however remained decreased for prolonged periods postgrafting. The survival time at first set allogeneic skin grafts showed no significant difference between chimeras and normal control dogs. Lymphocyte transformation in response to stimulation with specific antigens may prove a useful parameter for the in vitro evaluation of defects in cellular immune reactivity following allogeneic marrow transplantation.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in canine marrow graft recipients given cyclophosphamide. The cellular immune status of 48 canine chimeras was studied between 15 days and 3 years after a lethal dose of cyclophosphamide (CY) and an allogeneic marrow graft. Marrow graft recipients were given no further immuno-suppressive treatment. Recovery of total white blood cell counts was complete by day 20 after grafting. Peripheral blood lymphocyte counts did not reach the normal range until day 100. Short-term chimeras (less than 100 days postgrafting) showed marked impairment of cell-mediated immunity as indicated by the inability to respond adequately to nonspecific mitogenic (PHA, ConA, PWM) and specific antigenic (allogeneic lymphocytes, PPD) stimulation in vitro. Skin test reactivity to PPD after immunization with BCG was also significantly depressed. Long-term chimeras (more than 100 days postgrafting) had normal in vitro response to mitogens; lymphocyte blastogenesis to specific antigens however remained decreased for prolonged periods postgrafting. The survival time at first set allogeneic skin grafts showed no significant difference between chimeras and normal control dogs. Lymphocyte transformation in response to stimulation with specific antigens may prove a useful parameter for the in vitro evaluation of defects in cellular immune reactivity following allogeneic marrow transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:146610", "title": "Type III (Arthus) allergic reactions and endotoxin toxicity in guinea-pigs.", "content": "Lipoplysaccharide (endotoxin) from E. coli cells produced lethal effects in guinea-pigs. Endotoxin caused no visible dermal change in normal animals, but produced skin reactions characterized by specific Arthus-type (Type III immune hypersensitivity) vascular inflammation in immunized animals. It is concluded that Arthus allergic reactions were evoked by endotoxin, however, endotoxin lethal toxicity appears independent of this process.", "contents": "Type III (Arthus) allergic reactions and endotoxin toxicity in guinea-pigs. Lipoplysaccharide (endotoxin) from E. coli cells produced lethal effects in guinea-pigs. Endotoxin caused no visible dermal change in normal animals, but produced skin reactions characterized by specific Arthus-type (Type III immune hypersensitivity) vascular inflammation in immunized animals. It is concluded that Arthus allergic reactions were evoked by endotoxin, however, endotoxin lethal toxicity appears independent of this process."}
{"id": "PMID:146613", "title": "Evaluation of sequelae of tubal ligation.", "content": "An evaluation was made of 268 patients undergoing elective sterilization with respect to the ensuing development of menorrhagia, pelvic pain, and the need for gynecologic surgery. Preoperative and follow-up postoperative questionnaires of patients undergoing laparoscopic sterilization were compared, and additional data were drawn from clinical records and operative reports to substantiate real changes. A study of the cases puts the incidence of menorrhagia at 6%, pelvic pain at 6%, and necessary subsequent gynecologic surgery at 4%.", "contents": "Evaluation of sequelae of tubal ligation. An evaluation was made of 268 patients undergoing elective sterilization with respect to the ensuing development of menorrhagia, pelvic pain, and the need for gynecologic surgery. Preoperative and follow-up postoperative questionnaires of patients undergoing laparoscopic sterilization were compared, and additional data were drawn from clinical records and operative reports to substantiate real changes. A study of the cases puts the incidence of menorrhagia at 6%, pelvic pain at 6%, and necessary subsequent gynecologic surgery at 4%."}
{"id": "PMID:146611", "title": "[Mechanism of the action of acetylsalicyclic acid on formed element aggregation].", "content": "Acetyl-salicylic acid has been found to inhibit the aggregation of erythrocytes and thrombocytes stimulated by proteolytic enzymes (fibrinolysin and trypsin) and phospholipase A. It hampers their hydrolytic action on phospholipids of the blood cells membranes, prevents deformation of the latter under the effect of aggregating agents and also averts a fall of the ATP-ase activity of the erythrocytes membranes caused by parachlormercury-benzoate.", "contents": "[Mechanism of the action of acetylsalicyclic acid on formed element aggregation]. Acetyl-salicylic acid has been found to inhibit the aggregation of erythrocytes and thrombocytes stimulated by proteolytic enzymes (fibrinolysin and trypsin) and phospholipase A. It hampers their hydrolytic action on phospholipids of the blood cells membranes, prevents deformation of the latter under the effect of aggregating agents and also averts a fall of the ATP-ase activity of the erythrocytes membranes caused by parachlormercury-benzoate."}
{"id": "PMID:146625", "title": "Deficient phagocytic function in Papillon-Lef\u00e8vre syndrome.", "content": "The function of microphages has been studied in vitro in a 5 year-old girl with Papillon-Lef\u00e8vre syndrome. The results showed a weakness in chemotatic activity, a defect of intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus, and an almost normal phagocytosis but decreased intracellular killing of Candida albicans by the microphages.", "contents": "Deficient phagocytic function in Papillon-Lef\u00e8vre syndrome. The function of microphages has been studied in vitro in a 5 year-old girl with Papillon-Lef\u00e8vre syndrome. The results showed a weakness in chemotatic activity, a defect of intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus, and an almost normal phagocytosis but decreased intracellular killing of Candida albicans by the microphages."}
{"id": "PMID:146626", "title": "The effect of recent FDA legislation on contraceptive development and safety.", "content": "By law, medical devices with a potential hazard to health or safety are not subject to the same premarket approval and scientific review processes as drugs. Manufacturers of intrauterine contraceptive devices and new instruments or devices for surgical sterilization will be required to present evidence of their products' effectiveness and safety to a United States Food and drug Administration advisory panel made up of physicians and scientists from outside the agency. Hazards previously experienced with contraceptive devices and requirements for testing new devices are described.", "contents": "The effect of recent FDA legislation on contraceptive development and safety. By law, medical devices with a potential hazard to health or safety are not subject to the same premarket approval and scientific review processes as drugs. Manufacturers of intrauterine contraceptive devices and new instruments or devices for surgical sterilization will be required to present evidence of their products' effectiveness and safety to a United States Food and drug Administration advisory panel made up of physicians and scientists from outside the agency. Hazards previously experienced with contraceptive devices and requirements for testing new devices are described."}
{"id": "PMID:146627", "title": "Complications in laparoscopy.", "content": "The numberous benefits and the minimal but acknowledged risks of laparoscopy are discussed. Factors related to complications include operator experience, instrument and equipment technology, types of procedures, and anesthesia.", "contents": "Complications in laparoscopy. The numberous benefits and the minimal but acknowledged risks of laparoscopy are discussed. Factors related to complications include operator experience, instrument and equipment technology, types of procedures, and anesthesia."}
{"id": "PMID:146628", "title": "The effectiveness of topical antibacterials in acne: a double-blind clinical study.", "content": "In a double-blind study, three groups of patients with mild to moderate acne were treated for eight weeks with topical acne creams containing the antibacterials triclosan or triclosan plus propylene phenoxetol. The formula without antibacterials served as the control. Total-face lesion counts, evaluation of the overall degree of inflammation of the lesions, and patient self-assessment showed the added efficacy of the antibacterials when incorporated into the control.", "contents": "The effectiveness of topical antibacterials in acne: a double-blind clinical study. In a double-blind study, three groups of patients with mild to moderate acne were treated for eight weeks with topical acne creams containing the antibacterials triclosan or triclosan plus propylene phenoxetol. The formula without antibacterials served as the control. Total-face lesion counts, evaluation of the overall degree of inflammation of the lesions, and patient self-assessment showed the added efficacy of the antibacterials when incorporated into the control."}
{"id": "PMID:146652", "title": "Metabolic and genetic control of isoenzyme spectrum of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Three proteins possessing alkaline phosphatase activity were detected in a fraction of periplasmic material of Escherichia coli K-10 and its mutants with constitutive synthesis of alkaline phosphatase. They also showed acid phosphatase, pyrophosphatase and ATPase activities. Through the use of phosphatase-negative mutants it was shown that these proteins were the products of a single structural gene and therefore represented alkaline phosphatase isozymes. The numbers of enzyme isoforms and possibly the spectrum of their phosphohydrolase activities were controlled by exogenous orthophosphate and depended on the integrity of regulator genes for alkaline phosphatase.", "contents": "Metabolic and genetic control of isoenzyme spectrum of alkaline phosphatase in Escherichia coli. Three proteins possessing alkaline phosphatase activity were detected in a fraction of periplasmic material of Escherichia coli K-10 and its mutants with constitutive synthesis of alkaline phosphatase. They also showed acid phosphatase, pyrophosphatase and ATPase activities. Through the use of phosphatase-negative mutants it was shown that these proteins were the products of a single structural gene and therefore represented alkaline phosphatase isozymes. The numbers of enzyme isoforms and possibly the spectrum of their phosphohydrolase activities were controlled by exogenous orthophosphate and depended on the integrity of regulator genes for alkaline phosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:146653", "title": "[The normal pancreas as seen on the computerised tomogram (author's transl)].", "content": "The normal appearances of the pancreas as seen on computerised tomograms (EMI) has been demonstrated in fifty normal patients and correlated with fifteen post mortem studies on patients with a normal pancreas. The problems of optimal demonstration of the pancreas on computerised tomograms and possible sources of error in the interpretation of transverse pancreas tomograms are discussed.", "contents": "[The normal pancreas as seen on the computerised tomogram (author's transl)]. The normal appearances of the pancreas as seen on computerised tomograms (EMI) has been demonstrated in fifty normal patients and correlated with fifteen post mortem studies on patients with a normal pancreas. The problems of optimal demonstration of the pancreas on computerised tomograms and possible sources of error in the interpretation of transverse pancreas tomograms are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146654", "title": "[Computer tomographic and scintigraphic aspects of subdural haematomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Cerebral computer tomography in cases of emergency is undoubtedly superior to conventional neuro-radiological methods. The changes during resorption of intracranial bleeds, which are due to their particular physical properties, can supply valuable diagnostic information, but under particular circumstances they may obscure the diagnosis. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of subdural haematomas may become difficult during the isodense phase. Hyper- and hypo-dense collections of fluid may also be missed unless note is taken of subtile indirect signs and special techniques are used. At the same time, the value of cerebral scintigraphy is emphasised. Valuable information may be expected from early scans (10 to 15 minutes after injection). In this way even shallow, bilateral subdural haematomas can be demomstrated during the acute and sub-acute stage. The degree of uptake depends on the histology of the capsule of the haematoma.", "contents": "[Computer tomographic and scintigraphic aspects of subdural haematomas (author's transl)]. Cerebral computer tomography in cases of emergency is undoubtedly superior to conventional neuro-radiological methods. The changes during resorption of intracranial bleeds, which are due to their particular physical properties, can supply valuable diagnostic information, but under particular circumstances they may obscure the diagnosis. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of subdural haematomas may become difficult during the isodense phase. Hyper- and hypo-dense collections of fluid may also be missed unless note is taken of subtile indirect signs and special techniques are used. At the same time, the value of cerebral scintigraphy is emphasised. Valuable information may be expected from early scans (10 to 15 minutes after injection). In this way even shallow, bilateral subdural haematomas can be demomstrated during the acute and sub-acute stage. The degree of uptake depends on the histology of the capsule of the haematoma."}
{"id": "PMID:146655", "title": "[Angiographic findings in 86 confirmed tumours of the posterior cranial fossa (author's transl)].", "content": "The accuracy of vertebral angiography in the diagnosis of tumours was reviewed on the basis 368 selective angiograms. The greatest accuracy was achieved with space-occupying lesions situated centrally in the cerebellum in the region of the fourth ventricle or in the vermis. However, tumours growing eccentrically, but arising in this region, were occasionally missed. Least reliable is the angiographic diagnosis of tumours is the cerebellar hemispheres. Of these, only about two-thirds could be demonstrated. Only 60% of cerebello-pontine tumours were diagnosed from displacement of various structures, another 10% by the presence of pathological vessels or tumour staining. The classic angiographic picture of pontine tumours is rare. Brain stem tumours are frequently eccentric and may simulate cerebello-pontine angle tumours. The demonstration or exclusion of brain stem involvement can be difficult. In view of the implications for treatment, this should, however, always be attempted.", "contents": "[Angiographic findings in 86 confirmed tumours of the posterior cranial fossa (author's transl)]. The accuracy of vertebral angiography in the diagnosis of tumours was reviewed on the basis 368 selective angiograms. The greatest accuracy was achieved with space-occupying lesions situated centrally in the cerebellum in the region of the fourth ventricle or in the vermis. However, tumours growing eccentrically, but arising in this region, were occasionally missed. Least reliable is the angiographic diagnosis of tumours is the cerebellar hemispheres. Of these, only about two-thirds could be demonstrated. Only 60% of cerebello-pontine tumours were diagnosed from displacement of various structures, another 10% by the presence of pathological vessels or tumour staining. The classic angiographic picture of pontine tumours is rare. Brain stem tumours are frequently eccentric and may simulate cerebello-pontine angle tumours. The demonstration or exclusion of brain stem involvement can be difficult. In view of the implications for treatment, this should, however, always be attempted."}
{"id": "PMID:146656", "title": "[The radiological evaluation of the abnormal thymus and its frequency in myasthenia gravis (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological evaluation of the thymus is discussed and the results of 159 pneumomediastinums are described. Amongst these patients, 28.5% had a persistent thymus, 41.1% showed partial involution of the thymus, 22.5% showed total involution and in 7.9% a thymoma was found. Comparison of patients with myasthenia gravis with a group suffering from autoimmune diseases showed a similar incidence of abnormal thymuses. The value of radiology in assessing the need for thymectomy as a treatment is stressed.", "contents": "[The radiological evaluation of the abnormal thymus and its frequency in myasthenia gravis (author's transl)]. The radiological evaluation of the thymus is discussed and the results of 159 pneumomediastinums are described. Amongst these patients, 28.5% had a persistent thymus, 41.1% showed partial involution of the thymus, 22.5% showed total involution and in 7.9% a thymoma was found. Comparison of patients with myasthenia gravis with a group suffering from autoimmune diseases showed a similar incidence of abnormal thymuses. The value of radiology in assessing the need for thymectomy as a treatment is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:146657", "title": "[Mitral stenosis on conventional radiographs. II. The relationship between pulmonary venous and arterial hypertension, their haemodynamic parameters and calcified mitral valves (author's transl)].", "content": "In the second paper, the relationship between pulmonary venous and arterial hypertension and calcification in the mitral valve is analysed statistically and its patho-physiological significance discussed. In one hundred cases of mitral stenosis the left atrium, as seen on the lateral projection, was always enlarged, but its size was independant of atrial pressure or the pressure gradient across the mitral valve. Apart from pulmonary fibrosis and haemosiderosis, the abnormal findings increased with increasing mean atrial pressure. Pulmonary-arterial mean pressure of more than 30 mmHg was found particularly in the presence of mitral valve calcification (94%). Calcification of the valve is the most important and reliable indicator for evaluating the severity of the stenosis.", "contents": "[Mitral stenosis on conventional radiographs. II. The relationship between pulmonary venous and arterial hypertension, their haemodynamic parameters and calcified mitral valves (author's transl)]. In the second paper, the relationship between pulmonary venous and arterial hypertension and calcification in the mitral valve is analysed statistically and its patho-physiological significance discussed. In one hundred cases of mitral stenosis the left atrium, as seen on the lateral projection, was always enlarged, but its size was independant of atrial pressure or the pressure gradient across the mitral valve. Apart from pulmonary fibrosis and haemosiderosis, the abnormal findings increased with increasing mean atrial pressure. Pulmonary-arterial mean pressure of more than 30 mmHg was found particularly in the presence of mitral valve calcification (94%). Calcification of the valve is the most important and reliable indicator for evaluating the severity of the stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:146658", "title": "[201-Thalium scintigraphy of the myocardium under conditions of rest and exercise (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 201-Thallium myocardial scintigraphy at rest and after stress conditions in 30 patients are discussed. Among those there were 4 patients without cardiac disease, 7 patients with anterior wall scars after transmural infarction, and 19 patients with coronary heart disease and at least one coronary stenosis greater than 75%. The obtained results were compared to findings in coronary angiography and perfusion scintigraphy. The noninvasive method of 201-Thalliumscintigraphy shows a good correlation to the results of invasive investigations when performed at rest and under stress conditions. It enables greater sensivity and specifity in selection of patients with coronary heart disease compared to stress electrocardiography alone.", "contents": "[201-Thalium scintigraphy of the myocardium under conditions of rest and exercise (author's transl)]. The results of 201-Thallium myocardial scintigraphy at rest and after stress conditions in 30 patients are discussed. Among those there were 4 patients without cardiac disease, 7 patients with anterior wall scars after transmural infarction, and 19 patients with coronary heart disease and at least one coronary stenosis greater than 75%. The obtained results were compared to findings in coronary angiography and perfusion scintigraphy. The noninvasive method of 201-Thalliumscintigraphy shows a good correlation to the results of invasive investigations when performed at rest and under stress conditions. It enables greater sensivity and specifity in selection of patients with coronary heart disease compared to stress electrocardiography alone."}
{"id": "PMID:146659", "title": "[Quantitative gated radionuclide cine cardiography. I Technical basis and methods (author's transl)].", "content": "Scintigraphic evaluation of the heart function is performed by means of sequential camera scintigraphy following i.v. injection of a 99mTc albumin bolus. The first tracer passage is registered during 30 seconds. About 10 minutes later--after equilibration of the tracer in the blood pool--volume curves of the left ventricle are recorded from a series of about 500 heart cycles. The principles of a computer program which has been developed for this method are described and discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Quantitative gated radionuclide cine cardiography. I Technical basis and methods (author's transl)]. Scintigraphic evaluation of the heart function is performed by means of sequential camera scintigraphy following i.v. injection of a 99mTc albumin bolus. The first tracer passage is registered during 30 seconds. About 10 minutes later--after equilibration of the tracer in the blood pool--volume curves of the left ventricle are recorded from a series of about 500 heart cycles. The principles of a computer program which has been developed for this method are described and discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:146660", "title": "[The Gianturco method of spiral embolisation of the renal artery (author's transl)].", "content": "Spiral embolisation of a renal artery by the Gianturco method was carried out in eight patients. Our early experience with this technique is described. In seven patients it was possible to occlude arterial flow to the kidney completely, or almost completely. In one patient, faulty technique lead to an avoidable complication resulting in dislocation of the spiral into the femoral artery. The Gianturco method has advantages compared with other embolisation techniques, being simple, rapid, complete and permanent. In addition to its pre-operative and therapeutic use with renal tumours, the method can be used to abolish function in one or both kidneys.", "contents": "[The Gianturco method of spiral embolisation of the renal artery (author's transl)]. Spiral embolisation of a renal artery by the Gianturco method was carried out in eight patients. Our early experience with this technique is described. In seven patients it was possible to occlude arterial flow to the kidney completely, or almost completely. In one patient, faulty technique lead to an avoidable complication resulting in dislocation of the spiral into the femoral artery. The Gianturco method has advantages compared with other embolisation techniques, being simple, rapid, complete and permanent. In addition to its pre-operative and therapeutic use with renal tumours, the method can be used to abolish function in one or both kidneys."}
{"id": "PMID:146661", "title": "Visualization of the areae gastricae in a double contrast examination - dependence on the contrast medium.", "content": "Visualization of the areae gastricae, a criterion of high resolution in the double contrast examination of the stomach, was studied with several barium preparation. Visualization of the areae gastricae varied among different contrast media, some gave excellent visualization while others were regularly inadequate. In general, contrast suspensions prepared from powder in the X-ray department gave better results than commercial suspensions, which retained many gas bubbles. The importance of the contrast medium selection for a high resolution double contrast examination of the stomach is emphasized.", "contents": "Visualization of the areae gastricae in a double contrast examination - dependence on the contrast medium. Visualization of the areae gastricae, a criterion of high resolution in the double contrast examination of the stomach, was studied with several barium preparation. Visualization of the areae gastricae varied among different contrast media, some gave excellent visualization while others were regularly inadequate. In general, contrast suspensions prepared from powder in the X-ray department gave better results than commercial suspensions, which retained many gas bubbles. The importance of the contrast medium selection for a high resolution double contrast examination of the stomach is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:146662", "title": "[Plasmacytoma of the stomach (author's transl)].", "content": "Over a period of two years, enlarged folds in the gastric antrum were found on several occasions, during barium meals, in a 50-year old patient. On gastroscopy and biopsy, the diagnosis of superficial gastritis was made. Six and a half years later the radiological examination, gastroscopy, and biopsy were repeated with suspicion of a malignant tumour. Following histological examination of the resected specimen, the diagnosis of gastric plasmacytoma was made. The features of this rare contition are described and the literature is reviewed.", "contents": "[Plasmacytoma of the stomach (author's transl)]. Over a period of two years, enlarged folds in the gastric antrum were found on several occasions, during barium meals, in a 50-year old patient. On gastroscopy and biopsy, the diagnosis of superficial gastritis was made. Six and a half years later the radiological examination, gastroscopy, and biopsy were repeated with suspicion of a malignant tumour. Following histological examination of the resected specimen, the diagnosis of gastric plasmacytoma was made. The features of this rare contition are described and the literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:146663", "title": "[Cleido-cranial dysplasia--two observations].", "content": "The radiological changes of cleido-cranial dysplasia are described on the basis of two cases. Special attention is paid to the dental and facio-maxillary aspects. The main features are: (1) Supernumerary teeth, persistence of the first dentition, retention of the second dentition. (2) Open fontanelles and sutures and intercalary bones. (3) Hypo- or aplasia of the clavicles. (4) Defects in the vertebral neural arches and (5) dehiscence of the symphysis due to absent or delayed ossification of the pubis and ischium.", "contents": "[Cleido-cranial dysplasia--two observations]. The radiological changes of cleido-cranial dysplasia are described on the basis of two cases. Special attention is paid to the dental and facio-maxillary aspects. The main features are: (1) Supernumerary teeth, persistence of the first dentition, retention of the second dentition. (2) Open fontanelles and sutures and intercalary bones. (3) Hypo- or aplasia of the clavicles. (4) Defects in the vertebral neural arches and (5) dehiscence of the symphysis due to absent or delayed ossification of the pubis and ischium."}
{"id": "PMID:146664", "title": "[Cranial metaphysial dysplasia (Jackson) (author's transl)].", "content": "The typical development of the radiological and clinical features of cranial metaphyseal dysplasia were observed over a period of nine years in one patient. This condition is most commonly confused with metaphyseal dysplasia (Pyle), but differs from the latter in showing pronounced changes in the skull leading to blindness, deafness and facial paralysis as well as club-shaped metaphyses. Cranial metaphyseal dysplasia, particularly in its autosomal recessive form, leads to reduced intelligence and life expectancy of the patients. The diagnosis can usually be made in early childhood.", "contents": "[Cranial metaphysial dysplasia (Jackson) (author's transl)]. The typical development of the radiological and clinical features of cranial metaphyseal dysplasia were observed over a period of nine years in one patient. This condition is most commonly confused with metaphyseal dysplasia (Pyle), but differs from the latter in showing pronounced changes in the skull leading to blindness, deafness and facial paralysis as well as club-shaped metaphyses. Cranial metaphyseal dysplasia, particularly in its autosomal recessive form, leads to reduced intelligence and life expectancy of the patients. The diagnosis can usually be made in early childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:146665", "title": "[Transitory myelofibrosis in a case of diaphyseal dysplasia (Camurati-Engelmann's disease) (author's transl)].", "content": "A Greek child aged 2 with diaphyseal dysplasia developed an anaemia which required transfusion. The liver, spleen and lymph nodes were enlarged, there was pancytopenia and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia. Biopsy provided evidence for myelofibrosis with extramedullary erythropoiesis. He was treated with small doses of corticosteroids and during his third year there was complete regression of the disease without recurrence when treatment was stopped. Disturbances of haematopoiesis in diaphyseal dysplasia has not been reported previously. These unusual findings are of clinical interest and also affect the clinical diagnosis.", "contents": "[Transitory myelofibrosis in a case of diaphyseal dysplasia (Camurati-Engelmann's disease) (author's transl)]. A Greek child aged 2 with diaphyseal dysplasia developed an anaemia which required transfusion. The liver, spleen and lymph nodes were enlarged, there was pancytopenia and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinaemia. Biopsy provided evidence for myelofibrosis with extramedullary erythropoiesis. He was treated with small doses of corticosteroids and during his third year there was complete regression of the disease without recurrence when treatment was stopped. Disturbances of haematopoiesis in diaphyseal dysplasia has not been reported previously. These unusual findings are of clinical interest and also affect the clinical diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:146666", "title": "[Idiopathic osteolysis (Hajdu-Cheney) (author's transl)].", "content": "The well-known clinical and radiological findings of idiopathic osteolysis (Hajdu-Cheney) are described in a 17-year old man. He also had retarded puberty, recurrent dislocation of the patella, dental anomalies and markedly elevated alkaline and acid serum phosphatase. The differential diagnosis of this rare condition and its relationship to other bone dysplasias is discussed.", "contents": "[Idiopathic osteolysis (Hajdu-Cheney) (author's transl)]. The well-known clinical and radiological findings of idiopathic osteolysis (Hajdu-Cheney) are described in a 17-year old man. He also had retarded puberty, recurrent dislocation of the patella, dental anomalies and markedly elevated alkaline and acid serum phosphatase. The differential diagnosis of this rare condition and its relationship to other bone dysplasias is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146667", "title": "[Osteoarthrosis due to syringomyelia and its misinterpretation (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of severe deforming osteoarthrosis due to syringomyelia was observed over a period of 25 years; the changes are illustrated by a series of radiographs. A striking feature of this case, as in others, was the relative lack of symptoms complained of by the patient, when compared with the extensive joint destruction. It is necessary, if there is destruction of the shoulder, elbow or carpal joints, to consider a neuropathic cause and to take a very careful history, which unfortunately was not always done in our patients. Comparative radiographs of the opposite side should always be obtained.", "contents": "[Osteoarthrosis due to syringomyelia and its misinterpretation (author's transl)]. The development of severe deforming osteoarthrosis due to syringomyelia was observed over a period of 25 years; the changes are illustrated by a series of radiographs. A striking feature of this case, as in others, was the relative lack of symptoms complained of by the patient, when compared with the extensive joint destruction. It is necessary, if there is destruction of the shoulder, elbow or carpal joints, to consider a neuropathic cause and to take a very careful history, which unfortunately was not always done in our patients. Comparative radiographs of the opposite side should always be obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:146668", "title": "[Computer tomography for abnormalities of the skull base and orbits: combined use of horizontal and frontal sections (author's transl)].", "content": "The cases of seven patients with different lesions of the base of the skull and the orbits are demonstrated, where CT was performed in horizontal and coronal sections. The results make obvious that only the combination of both planes can provide optimal information in these cases. The existence of a basal or orbital lesion, its size and location, and whether or not it penetrates through the base of the skull, can easily be detected. This is of great help in determining the therapy of choice, i.e. operability or radiation therapy treatment planning.", "contents": "[Computer tomography for abnormalities of the skull base and orbits: combined use of horizontal and frontal sections (author's transl)]. The cases of seven patients with different lesions of the base of the skull and the orbits are demonstrated, where CT was performed in horizontal and coronal sections. The results make obvious that only the combination of both planes can provide optimal information in these cases. The existence of a basal or orbital lesion, its size and location, and whether or not it penetrates through the base of the skull, can easily be detected. This is of great help in determining the therapy of choice, i.e. operability or radiation therapy treatment planning."}
{"id": "PMID:146669", "title": "[New aspects in evaluation of the average-absorbed dose of the parenchyma in mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "Over 2000 measurements have been made on a mammaphantom to ascertain radiation exposure curves for skin and parenchyma. The exposure of the parenchyma is definitely depending on the thickness of the fatlayer above the parenchyma. Until now radiation exposure was calculated under the assumption that the different breast tissues are equally distributed. In doing so exposure was estimated too high (up to a factor 3-especially in fatter breasts). The individual absorbed dose in the parenchyma can be reckoned out by the various figures and tables, which consider technical criteria, different sizes of the breast and two film systems.", "contents": "[New aspects in evaluation of the average-absorbed dose of the parenchyma in mammography (author's transl)]. Over 2000 measurements have been made on a mammaphantom to ascertain radiation exposure curves for skin and parenchyma. The exposure of the parenchyma is definitely depending on the thickness of the fatlayer above the parenchyma. Until now radiation exposure was calculated under the assumption that the different breast tissues are equally distributed. In doing so exposure was estimated too high (up to a factor 3-especially in fatter breasts). The individual absorbed dose in the parenchyma can be reckoned out by the various figures and tables, which consider technical criteria, different sizes of the breast and two film systems."}
{"id": "PMID:146670", "title": "[Radiation exposure of the operator during angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiation exposure to the forehead, hand, sternum and gonads of the operator was measured with a LiF dose meter during 134 angiocardiograms and 56 angiograms of the abdomen and the extremities. Average exposure during angiocardiography to the forehead was 3.2 mrem., to the hand 4.2 mrem. and the gonads and sternum about 0.5 mrem. per examination. During angiography of the abdomen and extremities, exposure was rather higher. The results of these measurements are compared with the findings of other authors and relate to dose-dependant somatic damage.", "contents": "[Radiation exposure of the operator during angiography (author's transl)]. Radiation exposure to the forehead, hand, sternum and gonads of the operator was measured with a LiF dose meter during 134 angiocardiograms and 56 angiograms of the abdomen and the extremities. Average exposure during angiocardiography to the forehead was 3.2 mrem., to the hand 4.2 mrem. and the gonads and sternum about 0.5 mrem. per examination. During angiography of the abdomen and extremities, exposure was rather higher. The results of these measurements are compared with the findings of other authors and relate to dose-dependant somatic damage."}
{"id": "PMID:146675", "title": "[Psychological problems in sexually retarded young girls].", "content": "The difficulty in reference to the psychological factors with somatically retarded juvenile girls is to be examined as to developmental psychology, psychodynamic, organopsychic and specific psycho-pathological criteria. The crisis in adolescence, depressive syndromes, anorexia nervosa and sexual education must also be noted by and brought to the attention of gynecologists. The team work between gynecologist and psychiatrist for children and adolescents should be intensified.", "contents": "[Psychological problems in sexually retarded young girls]. The difficulty in reference to the psychological factors with somatically retarded juvenile girls is to be examined as to developmental psychology, psychodynamic, organopsychic and specific psycho-pathological criteria. The crisis in adolescence, depressive syndromes, anorexia nervosa and sexual education must also be noted by and brought to the attention of gynecologists. The team work between gynecologist and psychiatrist for children and adolescents should be intensified."}
{"id": "PMID:146678", "title": "Bacteriostatic effect of human milk on Escherichia coli: the role of IgA.", "content": "Previous work showed that lactoferrin was involved in the bacteriostatic effect of human milk on E. coli O111. Further experiments on the general nature of this effect have been carried out together with an examination of the role of IgA. Milk samples from different individuals differed in their ability to produce bacteriostasis of three pathogenic serotypes of E. coli. The bacteriostatic effect was stable to heating at 60 degrees for 35 min. As in the case of serum, the bacterial iron transporting compound, enterochelin, abolished the bacteriostatic effect of human milk. IgA was isolated from the milk samples in two forms which appeared to differ in molecular weight. When mixed with lactoferrin, some of these fractions induced bacteriostasis which could be reversed by Fe3+. Since the fractions were devoid of bactericidal activity in the presence of complement it appeared that IgA was involved in the induction of bacteriostasis. It was also concluded that the mechanism of bacteriostasis was identical in serum and milk. These results are discussed in relation to both the protective effect of feeding colostrum and milk and also the resistance of the adult gastrointestinal tract to infection.", "contents": "Bacteriostatic effect of human milk on Escherichia coli: the role of IgA. Previous work showed that lactoferrin was involved in the bacteriostatic effect of human milk on E. coli O111. Further experiments on the general nature of this effect have been carried out together with an examination of the role of IgA. Milk samples from different individuals differed in their ability to produce bacteriostasis of three pathogenic serotypes of E. coli. The bacteriostatic effect was stable to heating at 60 degrees for 35 min. As in the case of serum, the bacterial iron transporting compound, enterochelin, abolished the bacteriostatic effect of human milk. IgA was isolated from the milk samples in two forms which appeared to differ in molecular weight. When mixed with lactoferrin, some of these fractions induced bacteriostasis which could be reversed by Fe3+. Since the fractions were devoid of bactericidal activity in the presence of complement it appeared that IgA was involved in the induction of bacteriostasis. It was also concluded that the mechanism of bacteriostasis was identical in serum and milk. These results are discussed in relation to both the protective effect of feeding colostrum and milk and also the resistance of the adult gastrointestinal tract to infection."}
{"id": "PMID:146683", "title": "Prosthetic materials and wound healing. Critical evaluation of six different materials.", "content": "Six different materials (three mesh and three cloth) commonly used for the repair of abdominal wall hernias were evaluated in 180 rats. Macroscopic, bacteriologic, mechanical and histologic criteria were used to investigate tolerance and resistance of the foreign material. Findings demonstrate the superiority of mesh over cloth materials.", "contents": "Prosthetic materials and wound healing. Critical evaluation of six different materials. Six different materials (three mesh and three cloth) commonly used for the repair of abdominal wall hernias were evaluated in 180 rats. Macroscopic, bacteriologic, mechanical and histologic criteria were used to investigate tolerance and resistance of the foreign material. Findings demonstrate the superiority of mesh over cloth materials."}
{"id": "PMID:146684", "title": "The canine eye: in vitro dissolution of the barriers to aqueous outflow.", "content": "Facility of aqueous outflow and time-dependent changes in its hyaluronidase-sensitive and hyaluronidase-resistant components were evaluated in freshly excised canine eyes by constant pressure quantitative aqueous perfusion. Mean baseline facility of outflow was 0.24 microliter/min/mm Hg. With prolonged perfusion at constant intraocular pressure, facility of outflow was observed to increase almost linearly for at least 3 hr and continued to increase for up to 10 hr, reaching a maximum several times the initially measured facility. Perfusion with pooled dog aqueous humor did not prevent the time-dependent increase in measured facility. Rapid exchange of anterior chamber contents with perfusion solution alone produced an immediate threefold increase in facility, again followed by a gradual time-dependent facility increase. Rapid exchange of anterior chamber contents with hyaluronidase produced an immediate fivefold increase in facility with stabilization of measured facility over 3 hr and subsequent perfusion. The time-dependent changes in measured facility of outflow or \"washout phenomenon\" appeared to result from the gradual dissolution of the hyaluronidase-sensitive component of the barriers to aqueous outflow in the canine eye.", "contents": "The canine eye: in vitro dissolution of the barriers to aqueous outflow. Facility of aqueous outflow and time-dependent changes in its hyaluronidase-sensitive and hyaluronidase-resistant components were evaluated in freshly excised canine eyes by constant pressure quantitative aqueous perfusion. Mean baseline facility of outflow was 0.24 microliter/min/mm Hg. With prolonged perfusion at constant intraocular pressure, facility of outflow was observed to increase almost linearly for at least 3 hr and continued to increase for up to 10 hr, reaching a maximum several times the initially measured facility. Perfusion with pooled dog aqueous humor did not prevent the time-dependent increase in measured facility. Rapid exchange of anterior chamber contents with perfusion solution alone produced an immediate threefold increase in facility, again followed by a gradual time-dependent facility increase. Rapid exchange of anterior chamber contents with hyaluronidase produced an immediate fivefold increase in facility with stabilization of measured facility over 3 hr and subsequent perfusion. The time-dependent changes in measured facility of outflow or \"washout phenomenon\" appeared to result from the gradual dissolution of the hyaluronidase-sensitive component of the barriers to aqueous outflow in the canine eye."}
{"id": "PMID:146682", "title": "Fixed drug eruptions caused by medications: a report from India.", "content": "Fifty-five patients with fixed drug eruption were investigated to determine the drug(s) causing the reaction. History, classic clinical features of well circumscribed erythema, edema and violaceous pigmentation, and the recurrence of the eruptions on the same sites on readministering drug were used as diagnostic criteria. This was confirmed by a provocative test. Sulfonamides and analgesics either alone or in combination were the most common causes of reaction.", "contents": "Fixed drug eruptions caused by medications: a report from India. Fifty-five patients with fixed drug eruption were investigated to determine the drug(s) causing the reaction. History, classic clinical features of well circumscribed erythema, edema and violaceous pigmentation, and the recurrence of the eruptions on the same sites on readministering drug were used as diagnostic criteria. This was confirmed by a provocative test. Sulfonamides and analgesics either alone or in combination were the most common causes of reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:146686", "title": "[Dermatophytoses which may be easily misinterpreted].", "content": "Almost absent inflammtory reaction or unusually deep inflammation can lead to atypical varieties of dermatophytoses. Some of the more common varieties of this kind are briefly portrayed. The importance of mycological examination, both microscopic and cultural, is pointed out.", "contents": "[Dermatophytoses which may be easily misinterpreted]. Almost absent inflammtory reaction or unusually deep inflammation can lead to atypical varieties of dermatophytoses. Some of the more common varieties of this kind are briefly portrayed. The importance of mycological examination, both microscopic and cultural, is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:146687", "title": "[Facultative and obligate pathogenic moulds in skin affections].", "content": "Molds are vegetable microorganisms, which differ from dermatophytes sensitive to griseofulvin, and from yeasts, which do not form aerial mycelium. Most of the molds, phytopathogenic or which live from dead organic substances, are apathogenic to humans. Only a couple of dozen species can parasitize on the skin, usually together with dermatophytes or yeasts. Onychomycoses with molds appear mostly in elderly people, and fungus affections of external auditory passage in seborrheic eczema of the ear. The hair can be infected by Piedraia hortae, resulting in hard black nodules. After the identification of molds on the skin, criticism is necessary, since in more than 95% of the cases they are accidental germs. Several cultures and microscopic tests are necessary to assure the diagnosis. Broad-spectrum antimycotics is the predominant choice for treatment, but also amphotericin B, nystatin and pimaricin.", "contents": "[Facultative and obligate pathogenic moulds in skin affections]. Molds are vegetable microorganisms, which differ from dermatophytes sensitive to griseofulvin, and from yeasts, which do not form aerial mycelium. Most of the molds, phytopathogenic or which live from dead organic substances, are apathogenic to humans. Only a couple of dozen species can parasitize on the skin, usually together with dermatophytes or yeasts. Onychomycoses with molds appear mostly in elderly people, and fungus affections of external auditory passage in seborrheic eczema of the ear. The hair can be infected by Piedraia hortae, resulting in hard black nodules. After the identification of molds on the skin, criticism is necessary, since in more than 95% of the cases they are accidental germs. Several cultures and microscopic tests are necessary to assure the diagnosis. Broad-spectrum antimycotics is the predominant choice for treatment, but also amphotericin B, nystatin and pimaricin."}
{"id": "PMID:146689", "title": "Muscle metabolism and cardiac function of the myopathic hamster following training.", "content": "The effect of 18 wk of treadmill running on skeletal muscle metabolism and myocardial function of normal and myopathic hamsters was examined. BIO 14.6 hamsters could tolerate an exercise intensity of about 18 m/min for 40 min, 5 days/wk. Further increases in speed or number of bouts per day resulted in a falloff in performance. Normal hamsters could tolerate higher speeds and longer exercise bouts. Exercise did not change the severity of lesions of either the heart or skeletal muscle of the myopathic hamsters. A training effect was evidenced by increased succinate dehydrogenase activity in the soleus muscle. Cardiac function was evaluated as contractility measured from left ventricular pressure curves and expressed as (dP/dt)/kP. The results suggested that cardiac contractility was not as severely depressed in the trained BIO 14.6 strain of hamsters as in nontrained controls. However, (dP/dt)/kP was lower in the trained myopathic animals than in normal hamsters. ATP, CP, and glycogen levels were lower in myopathic hamsters with the lowest values occurring in the trained group. These data demonstrate that the BIO 14.6 strain of hamster can tolerate exercise training and that such training may have a positive effect on cardiac function.", "contents": "Muscle metabolism and cardiac function of the myopathic hamster following training. The effect of 18 wk of treadmill running on skeletal muscle metabolism and myocardial function of normal and myopathic hamsters was examined. BIO 14.6 hamsters could tolerate an exercise intensity of about 18 m/min for 40 min, 5 days/wk. Further increases in speed or number of bouts per day resulted in a falloff in performance. Normal hamsters could tolerate higher speeds and longer exercise bouts. Exercise did not change the severity of lesions of either the heart or skeletal muscle of the myopathic hamsters. A training effect was evidenced by increased succinate dehydrogenase activity in the soleus muscle. Cardiac function was evaluated as contractility measured from left ventricular pressure curves and expressed as (dP/dt)/kP. The results suggested that cardiac contractility was not as severely depressed in the trained BIO 14.6 strain of hamsters as in nontrained controls. However, (dP/dt)/kP was lower in the trained myopathic animals than in normal hamsters. ATP, CP, and glycogen levels were lower in myopathic hamsters with the lowest values occurring in the trained group. These data demonstrate that the BIO 14.6 strain of hamster can tolerate exercise training and that such training may have a positive effect on cardiac function."}
{"id": "PMID:146688", "title": "Cytochemical studies on the cuticle and epidermis of Tubifex tubifex M\u00fcll. with special regard to the localization of polysaccharides, heavy metals and the DAB-reactivity.", "content": "The cuticle consits of collagenous fibres and of two types of mucopolysaccharides. The whole cuticle contain PAS-positive polysaccharides, but the acid ones are localized only in the surface zone, both in the epicuticle and in the supracuticular mucoid coat. On the surface-damaged region of the cuticle bacterial infection was observed, those intact mucoid coat may be essential in protection against bacterial infection. Microvilli of the supporting cells play significant role in repairing of cuticular injuries. Acid mucopolysaccharides of the cuticle and epidermis may function as traps for heavy metals, proved by their significant heavy metal content. The cytosol of the epidermal cells possess considerable DAB-reactivity. The enzyme, responsible for the DAB-reaction, may be transported by the microvilli towards the cuticular surface and can play central role in the detoxication of organic foreign compounds.", "contents": "Cytochemical studies on the cuticle and epidermis of Tubifex tubifex M\u00fcll. with special regard to the localization of polysaccharides, heavy metals and the DAB-reactivity. The cuticle consits of collagenous fibres and of two types of mucopolysaccharides. The whole cuticle contain PAS-positive polysaccharides, but the acid ones are localized only in the surface zone, both in the epicuticle and in the supracuticular mucoid coat. On the surface-damaged region of the cuticle bacterial infection was observed, those intact mucoid coat may be essential in protection against bacterial infection. Microvilli of the supporting cells play significant role in repairing of cuticular injuries. Acid mucopolysaccharides of the cuticle and epidermis may function as traps for heavy metals, proved by their significant heavy metal content. The cytosol of the epidermal cells possess considerable DAB-reactivity. The enzyme, responsible for the DAB-reaction, may be transported by the microvilli towards the cuticular surface and can play central role in the detoxication of organic foreign compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:146690", "title": "Contractile function and myofibrillar ATPase activity in the exercise-trained dog heart.", "content": "Myocardial contractility and the enzymatic (ATPase) activity of cardiac contractile proteins were examined after exercise training using the chronically instrumented, unanesthetized dog as an experimental model. Before training, heart rate and the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure development (max dP/dt) were measured at rest and during submaximal exercise. Animals were then subjected to an 8- to 10-wk treadmill running program. Training was verified by the establishment of a 10- to 20-beat/min reduction in heart rate during submaximal exercise. After training max dP/dt was within normal limits at rest, but significantly elevated during submaximal exercise. When max dP/dt was plotted as a function of heart rate, either with the animal standing quietly on the treadmill or during submaximal exercise, a marked elevation in max dP/dt at any given heart rate was observed following training. Myofibrillar protein yield and ATPase activity values were nearly identical in left ventricles from exercise-trained and sedentary control dogs. Although exercise training by treadmill running improved contractile function in the unanesthetized dog myocardium, this response does not appear to involve alterations in myofibrillar ATPase activity.", "contents": "Contractile function and myofibrillar ATPase activity in the exercise-trained dog heart. Myocardial contractility and the enzymatic (ATPase) activity of cardiac contractile proteins were examined after exercise training using the chronically instrumented, unanesthetized dog as an experimental model. Before training, heart rate and the maximum rate of left ventricular pressure development (max dP/dt) were measured at rest and during submaximal exercise. Animals were then subjected to an 8- to 10-wk treadmill running program. Training was verified by the establishment of a 10- to 20-beat/min reduction in heart rate during submaximal exercise. After training max dP/dt was within normal limits at rest, but significantly elevated during submaximal exercise. When max dP/dt was plotted as a function of heart rate, either with the animal standing quietly on the treadmill or during submaximal exercise, a marked elevation in max dP/dt at any given heart rate was observed following training. Myofibrillar protein yield and ATPase activity values were nearly identical in left ventricles from exercise-trained and sedentary control dogs. Although exercise training by treadmill running improved contractile function in the unanesthetized dog myocardium, this response does not appear to involve alterations in myofibrillar ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:146699", "title": "Involvement of inner and outer membrane components in the transport of iron and in colicin B action in Escherichia coli.", "content": "Spheroplasts of Escherichia coli mutants were used to investigate the roles of the inner and outer membranes in the transport of iron. tonA mutants, known to be defective in an outer membrane component of the ferrichrome transport system, regained the ability to transport ferrichrome when converted to spheroplasts. On the other hand, the tonB mutant was unable to transport ferric enterochelin in either whole cells or spheroplasts. This implies that an element of the inner membrane is affected. fep mutants were also unable to transport ferric enterochelin, and fell into two classes, fepA and fepB. Spheroplasts of the former class transported ferric enterochelin, and those of the latter did not. This implies that the fepA mutants are defective in ferric enterochelin transport across the outer membrane, and that fepB mutants probably lack the facility to transport ferric enterochelin across the inner membrane. Colicin B action on fepA mutants was found to differ from that on fepB mutants.", "contents": "Involvement of inner and outer membrane components in the transport of iron and in colicin B action in Escherichia coli. Spheroplasts of Escherichia coli mutants were used to investigate the roles of the inner and outer membranes in the transport of iron. tonA mutants, known to be defective in an outer membrane component of the ferrichrome transport system, regained the ability to transport ferrichrome when converted to spheroplasts. On the other hand, the tonB mutant was unable to transport ferric enterochelin in either whole cells or spheroplasts. This implies that an element of the inner membrane is affected. fep mutants were also unable to transport ferric enterochelin, and fell into two classes, fepA and fepB. Spheroplasts of the former class transported ferric enterochelin, and those of the latter did not. This implies that the fepA mutants are defective in ferric enterochelin transport across the outer membrane, and that fepB mutants probably lack the facility to transport ferric enterochelin across the inner membrane. Colicin B action on fepA mutants was found to differ from that on fepB mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:146700", "title": "Induction and repression of nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Synthesis of wild-type Neurospora crassa assimilatory nitrate reductase is induced in the presence of nitrate ions and repressed in the presence of ammonium ions. Effects of several Neurospora mutations on the regulation of this enzyme are shown: (i) the mutants, nit-1 and nit-3, involving separate lesions, lack reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH)-nitrate reductase activity and at least one of three other activities associated with the wild-type enzyme. The two mutants do not require the presence of nitrate for induction of their aberrant nitrate reductases and are constitutive for their component nitrate reductase activities in the absence of ammonium ions. (ii) An analog of the wild-type enzyme (similar to the nit-1 enzyme) is formed when wild type is grown in a medium in which molybdenum has been replaced by vanadium or tungsten; the resulting enzyme lacks NADPH-nitrate reductase activity. Unlike nit-1, wild type produced this analog only in the presence of nitrate. Contaminating nitrate does not appear to be responsible for the observed mutants' activities. Nitrate reductase is proposed to be autoregulated. (iii) Mutants (am) lacking NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity partially escape ammonium repression of nitrate reductase. The presence of nitrate is required for the enzyme's induction. (iv) A double mutant, nit-1 am-2, proved to be an ideal test system to study the repressive effects of nitrogen-containing metabolites on the induction of nitrate reductase activity. The double mutant does not require nitrate for induction of nitrate reductase, and synthesis of the enzyme is not repressed by the presence of high concentrations of ammonium ions. It is, however, repressed by the presence of any one of six amino acids. Nitrogen metabolites (other than ammonium) appear to be responsible for the mediation of \"ammonium repression.\"", "contents": "Induction and repression of nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa. Synthesis of wild-type Neurospora crassa assimilatory nitrate reductase is induced in the presence of nitrate ions and repressed in the presence of ammonium ions. Effects of several Neurospora mutations on the regulation of this enzyme are shown: (i) the mutants, nit-1 and nit-3, involving separate lesions, lack reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH)-nitrate reductase activity and at least one of three other activities associated with the wild-type enzyme. The two mutants do not require the presence of nitrate for induction of their aberrant nitrate reductases and are constitutive for their component nitrate reductase activities in the absence of ammonium ions. (ii) An analog of the wild-type enzyme (similar to the nit-1 enzyme) is formed when wild type is grown in a medium in which molybdenum has been replaced by vanadium or tungsten; the resulting enzyme lacks NADPH-nitrate reductase activity. Unlike nit-1, wild type produced this analog only in the presence of nitrate. Contaminating nitrate does not appear to be responsible for the observed mutants' activities. Nitrate reductase is proposed to be autoregulated. (iii) Mutants (am) lacking NADPH-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase activity partially escape ammonium repression of nitrate reductase. The presence of nitrate is required for the enzyme's induction. (iv) A double mutant, nit-1 am-2, proved to be an ideal test system to study the repressive effects of nitrogen-containing metabolites on the induction of nitrate reductase activity. The double mutant does not require nitrate for induction of nitrate reductase, and synthesis of the enzyme is not repressed by the presence of high concentrations of ammonium ions. It is, however, repressed by the presence of any one of six amino acids. Nitrogen metabolites (other than ammonium) appear to be responsible for the mediation of \"ammonium repression.\""}
{"id": "PMID:146701", "title": "Mannitol and fructose catabolic pathways of Pseudomonas aeruginosa carbohydrate-negative mutants and pleiotropic effects of certain enzyme deficiencies.", "content": "Mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO were isolated on the basis of their inability to utilize mannitol as sole carbon source for growth. Four linkage groups (I through IV) among these mutant strains were resolved by two-factor crosses using the general transducing phage F116, and the strains appeared to contain point mutations as evidenced by ability to give rise to spontaneous revertants with wild phenotype on mannitol minimal agar. Group I strains were affected only in ability to grow on mannitol; all were deficient in inducible mannitol dehydrogenase activity, and all but one were deficient in inducible mannitol transport activity. Fructokinase was induced in group I strains and in wild-type bacteria during growth in the presence of mannitol but not fructose, indicating the presence of a pathway specific for endogenously generated fructose. Cells grown on fructose contained phosphoenolpyruvate:fructose-1-phosphotransferase activity, and mannitol-grown cells contained a lower level of this activity. Group II mutants were deficient in constitutive phosphoglucoisomerase, failed to grow on mannitol, grew very slowly on glycerol and fructose, but grew normally on glucose and gluconate. Group III strains were deficient in both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities that reside in a single enzyme species. 6-Phosphogluconate appeared to be the inductive effector for this enzyme, which was not required for aerobic growth on glucose or gluconate. A single mannitol-negative mutant in group IV also failed to grow on glycerol and glucose, but no biochemical lesion was identified.", "contents": "Mannitol and fructose catabolic pathways of Pseudomonas aeruginosa carbohydrate-negative mutants and pleiotropic effects of certain enzyme deficiencies. Mutant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO were isolated on the basis of their inability to utilize mannitol as sole carbon source for growth. Four linkage groups (I through IV) among these mutant strains were resolved by two-factor crosses using the general transducing phage F116, and the strains appeared to contain point mutations as evidenced by ability to give rise to spontaneous revertants with wild phenotype on mannitol minimal agar. Group I strains were affected only in ability to grow on mannitol; all were deficient in inducible mannitol dehydrogenase activity, and all but one were deficient in inducible mannitol transport activity. Fructokinase was induced in group I strains and in wild-type bacteria during growth in the presence of mannitol but not fructose, indicating the presence of a pathway specific for endogenously generated fructose. Cells grown on fructose contained phosphoenolpyruvate:fructose-1-phosphotransferase activity, and mannitol-grown cells contained a lower level of this activity. Group II mutants were deficient in constitutive phosphoglucoisomerase, failed to grow on mannitol, grew very slowly on glycerol and fructose, but grew normally on glucose and gluconate. Group III strains were deficient in both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities that reside in a single enzyme species. 6-Phosphogluconate appeared to be the inductive effector for this enzyme, which was not required for aerobic growth on glucose or gluconate. A single mannitol-negative mutant in group IV also failed to grow on glycerol and glucose, but no biochemical lesion was identified."}
{"id": "PMID:146702", "title": "Regulation of isopropylmalate isomerase synthesis in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The capacity to synthetize isopropylmalate isomerase (EC 4.2.1.33) by Neurospora crassa increased during induction in the presence of cycloheximide but was inhibited by proflavine and other inhibitors of RNA synthesis. Turnover of the enzyme once formed appeared negligible, but the message (measured as enzyme-forming capacity) had a half-life of 4 to 8 min. A comparison of the kinetics of induction in the wild type and a newly isolated alpha-isopropylmalate-permeable strain suggested strongly that feedback control by leucine of alpha-isopropylmalate production can adequately serve as the primary physiological regulator of endogenous inducer concentration. Genetic data are presented which implicate the involvement of two unlinked genes, ipm-1 and ipm-2, in determining permeation of alpha-isopropylmalate.", "contents": "Regulation of isopropylmalate isomerase synthesis in Neurospora crassa. The capacity to synthetize isopropylmalate isomerase (EC 4.2.1.33) by Neurospora crassa increased during induction in the presence of cycloheximide but was inhibited by proflavine and other inhibitors of RNA synthesis. Turnover of the enzyme once formed appeared negligible, but the message (measured as enzyme-forming capacity) had a half-life of 4 to 8 min. A comparison of the kinetics of induction in the wild type and a newly isolated alpha-isopropylmalate-permeable strain suggested strongly that feedback control by leucine of alpha-isopropylmalate production can adequately serve as the primary physiological regulator of endogenous inducer concentration. Genetic data are presented which implicate the involvement of two unlinked genes, ipm-1 and ipm-2, in determining permeation of alpha-isopropylmalate."}
{"id": "PMID:146703", "title": "Structural features of normal and complemented forms of the Neurospora isopropylmalate isomerase.", "content": "The isopropylmalate isomerase (EC 4.2.1.33) of Neurospora crassa is a globular protein consisting of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 90,000. The isomerase cannot easily be freed of a contaminating protease which cleaves the enzyme into two major fragments, one of approximately 56,000 and the other 37,000 daltons. This suggests that the folded polypeptide chain may contain some hinge point or loop exposed on the surface which makes it susceptible to proteolytic attack. Most of the isomerase activity extracted from the wild-type strain is in monomer form. However, a small fraction of the activity in crude extracts is found in multimeric aggregates, and the active isomerase extracted from complementing leu-2 heterokaryons consists entirely of dimers  and higher multimers. These observations suggest that, though active as a monomer, a significant fraction of the normal enzyme might be organized in multimeric form within the cell.", "contents": "Structural features of normal and complemented forms of the Neurospora isopropylmalate isomerase. The isopropylmalate isomerase (EC 4.2.1.33) of Neurospora crassa is a globular protein consisting of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of about 90,000. The isomerase cannot easily be freed of a contaminating protease which cleaves the enzyme into two major fragments, one of approximately 56,000 and the other 37,000 daltons. This suggests that the folded polypeptide chain may contain some hinge point or loop exposed on the surface which makes it susceptible to proteolytic attack. Most of the isomerase activity extracted from the wild-type strain is in monomer form. However, a small fraction of the activity in crude extracts is found in multimeric aggregates, and the active isomerase extracted from complementing leu-2 heterokaryons consists entirely of dimers  and higher multimers. These observations suggest that, though active as a monomer, a significant fraction of the normal enzyme might be organized in multimeric form within the cell."}
{"id": "PMID:146704", "title": "Deg phenotype of Escherichia coli lon mutants.", "content": "Deg. one of the Escherichia coli systems for degrading abnormal polypeptides (e.g., nonsense fragments), is also involved in the degradation of some classes of missense proteins. Both missense proteins of beta-galactosidase and temperature-sensitive phage products appear to be degraded by the Deg system. Mutations in the Deg system are indistinguishable from mutations classically called lon or capR; all map near proC, all are mucoid, defective in protein degradation, sensitive to radiomimetic agents, and defective in P1 lysogenization. All are able to propagate temperature-sensitive phage better than lon+ parental strains. Mutations that suppress the radiation sensitivity of these strains (sul) also suppress the P1 lysogenization defect, but do not affect mucoidy or the degradation defect.", "contents": "Deg phenotype of Escherichia coli lon mutants. Deg. one of the Escherichia coli systems for degrading abnormal polypeptides (e.g., nonsense fragments), is also involved in the degradation of some classes of missense proteins. Both missense proteins of beta-galactosidase and temperature-sensitive phage products appear to be degraded by the Deg system. Mutations in the Deg system are indistinguishable from mutations classically called lon or capR; all map near proC, all are mucoid, defective in protein degradation, sensitive to radiomimetic agents, and defective in P1 lysogenization. All are able to propagate temperature-sensitive phage better than lon+ parental strains. Mutations that suppress the radiation sensitivity of these strains (sul) also suppress the P1 lysogenization defect, but do not affect mucoidy or the degradation defect."}
{"id": "PMID:146705", "title": "Identification of an outer membrane protein responsible for the binding of the Fe-enterochelin complex to Escherichia coli cells.", "content": "Escherichia coli incorporates iron as a complex with enterochelin. By using mutants which lack one or the other, or both, of the outer membrane proteins, O-2b and O-3, we have shown that protein O-2b (feuB protein) is responsible for the primary binding of the iron-enterochelin complex to the outer membrane in the process of iron transport.", "contents": "Identification of an outer membrane protein responsible for the binding of the Fe-enterochelin complex to Escherichia coli cells. Escherichia coli incorporates iron as a complex with enterochelin. By using mutants which lack one or the other, or both, of the outer membrane proteins, O-2b and O-3, we have shown that protein O-2b (feuB protein) is responsible for the primary binding of the iron-enterochelin complex to the outer membrane in the process of iron transport."}
{"id": "PMID:146708", "title": "The sulfhydryl groups involved in the active site of myosin B adenosinetriphosphatase. IV. Structure around the Sa thiol group.", "content": "The structure of a tryptic peptide containing one specific sulfhydryl group (Sa), which is responsible for the activation of Mg2+-ATPase of myosin B and is present in the light meromyosin region of the myosin molecule, was studied. The amino acid sequence was deduced to be Thr (or Ser)-Asn-Ala-Ala-Cys-Ala-Ala-Leu-Asp-Lys-Lys. In addition, a space-filling model around Sa was built up by comparing Sa-peptide with the amino acid sequence around Cys 190 of alpha-tropomyosin, and the high reactivity of Sa with N-ethylmaleimide is considered based on this model.", "contents": "The sulfhydryl groups involved in the active site of myosin B adenosinetriphosphatase. IV. Structure around the Sa thiol group. The structure of a tryptic peptide containing one specific sulfhydryl group (Sa), which is responsible for the activation of Mg2+-ATPase of myosin B and is present in the light meromyosin region of the myosin molecule, was studied. The amino acid sequence was deduced to be Thr (or Ser)-Asn-Ala-Ala-Cys-Ala-Ala-Leu-Asp-Lys-Lys. In addition, a space-filling model around Sa was built up by comparing Sa-peptide with the amino acid sequence around Cys 190 of alpha-tropomyosin, and the high reactivity of Sa with N-ethylmaleimide is considered based on this model."}
{"id": "PMID:146709", "title": "Mechanism of activation of human plasminogen by the activator complex, streptokinase-plasmin.", "content": "The object of this investigation was to distinguish between two potential mechanisms of activation of human plasminogen (HPg) to plasmin (HPm) by catalytic levels of the activator complex, streptokinase.plasmin (SK.HPm). One mechanism, which is widely supported, postulates an enzymatic role for SK.HPm in the conversion of molar excesses of plasminogen to plasmin. A more recently described kinetic mechanism involves a direct conversion of HPg to HPm by streptokinase (SK). Here, it is believed that displacement of HPm from SK.HPm by excess HPg is the major source of free HPm in the activation process. The present paper shows that SK is not capable of undergoing rapid exchange from SK.HPm to other HPg or HPm molecules, thus precluding the possibility of direct activation of HPg by SK. Our evidence supports a mechanism involving an enzymatic role for SK.HPm as the major means of converting free HPg to HPm.", "contents": "Mechanism of activation of human plasminogen by the activator complex, streptokinase-plasmin. The object of this investigation was to distinguish between two potential mechanisms of activation of human plasminogen (HPg) to plasmin (HPm) by catalytic levels of the activator complex, streptokinase.plasmin (SK.HPm). One mechanism, which is widely supported, postulates an enzymatic role for SK.HPm in the conversion of molar excesses of plasminogen to plasmin. A more recently described kinetic mechanism involves a direct conversion of HPg to HPm by streptokinase (SK). Here, it is believed that displacement of HPm from SK.HPm by excess HPg is the major source of free HPm in the activation process. The present paper shows that SK is not capable of undergoing rapid exchange from SK.HPm to other HPg or HPm molecules, thus precluding the possibility of direct activation of HPg by SK. Our evidence supports a mechanism involving an enzymatic role for SK.HPm as the major means of converting free HPg to HPm."}
{"id": "PMID:146713", "title": "The A2B2 hybrid isozyme of phosphofructokinase.", "content": "The hybrid isozyme of phosphofructokinase, A2B2, was formed by incubation of rabbit muscle enzyme. A4, and rabbit liver enzyme, B4, in the presence of sodium citrate at neutral pH. The enzyme composition of the resulting mixture of A2B2 and the homoprotomeric forms was identical to that found in rabbit adipose tissue extracts. Hybrid formation, which apparently proceeds by way of dimers, can be blocked by fructose-1,6-P2, fructose-6-P, and high concentrations of MgATP. The A2B2 isozyme was separated from A4 and B4 by ion exchange chromatography. The kinetic regulatory properties of A2B2 were compared with those of A4, B4, and a 1:1 mixture of A4 and B4. ATP inhibition of A2B2 was intermediate between that observed with A4 and B4 and was clearly not identical to a simple summing of the effects of A and B subunits. Similar comparisons were made using other phosphofructokinase inhibitors, citrate, 2,3-P2-glycerate, and P-creatine. In each case the observed inhibition was intermediate between the observed with A4 and B4. The existence in a number of tissues of phosphofructokinase A2B2 provides added diversity to the regulatory mechanisms of glycolysis.", "contents": "The A2B2 hybrid isozyme of phosphofructokinase. The hybrid isozyme of phosphofructokinase, A2B2, was formed by incubation of rabbit muscle enzyme. A4, and rabbit liver enzyme, B4, in the presence of sodium citrate at neutral pH. The enzyme composition of the resulting mixture of A2B2 and the homoprotomeric forms was identical to that found in rabbit adipose tissue extracts. Hybrid formation, which apparently proceeds by way of dimers, can be blocked by fructose-1,6-P2, fructose-6-P, and high concentrations of MgATP. The A2B2 isozyme was separated from A4 and B4 by ion exchange chromatography. The kinetic regulatory properties of A2B2 were compared with those of A4, B4, and a 1:1 mixture of A4 and B4. ATP inhibition of A2B2 was intermediate between that observed with A4 and B4 and was clearly not identical to a simple summing of the effects of A and B subunits. Similar comparisons were made using other phosphofructokinase inhibitors, citrate, 2,3-P2-glycerate, and P-creatine. In each case the observed inhibition was intermediate between the observed with A4 and B4. The existence in a number of tissues of phosphofructokinase A2B2 provides added diversity to the regulatory mechanisms of glycolysis."}
{"id": "PMID:146715", "title": "Induction by nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis of a form of sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase capable of medium phosphate-oxygen exchange in presence of calcium.", "content": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles rendered leaky by exposure to alkaline pH, like intact vesicles, catalyze a rapid Mg2+-dependent exchange of oxygens of medium Pi with water. The exchange with 10 mM Pi is strongly inhibited by 0.15 mM Ca2+. Upon addition and hydrolysis of ITP or ATP, a rapid phosphate-oxygen exchange is observed even with 0.15 mM Ca2+ present and a definite but smaller exchange at 8 mM Ca2+. Oxygen exchange per Pi formed is greater with ITP than with ATP. When no Pi is initially present, the extent of oxygen exchange is increased with time of incubation as Pi is formed. With 18O-labeled Pi present, ATP hydrolysis accelerates 18O loss. The results show that much of the oxygen exchange occurs as a result of reversible binding of medium Pi. Thus the binding and cleavage of ITP or ATP overcomes the Ca2+ inhibition of the medium Pi in equilibrium HOH exchange. Such findings support the concept that the cleavage cycle includes a transient conformational form which can reversibly react with Pi to give a phosphoryl enzyme and resultant oxygen exchange or in a rate-limiting step decay to a form with high Ca2+ and NTP affinity.", "contents": "Induction by nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis of a form of sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase capable of medium phosphate-oxygen exchange in presence of calcium. Sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles rendered leaky by exposure to alkaline pH, like intact vesicles, catalyze a rapid Mg2+-dependent exchange of oxygens of medium Pi with water. The exchange with 10 mM Pi is strongly inhibited by 0.15 mM Ca2+. Upon addition and hydrolysis of ITP or ATP, a rapid phosphate-oxygen exchange is observed even with 0.15 mM Ca2+ present and a definite but smaller exchange at 8 mM Ca2+. Oxygen exchange per Pi formed is greater with ITP than with ATP. When no Pi is initially present, the extent of oxygen exchange is increased with time of incubation as Pi is formed. With 18O-labeled Pi present, ATP hydrolysis accelerates 18O loss. The results show that much of the oxygen exchange occurs as a result of reversible binding of medium Pi. Thus the binding and cleavage of ITP or ATP overcomes the Ca2+ inhibition of the medium Pi in equilibrium HOH exchange. Such findings support the concept that the cleavage cycle includes a transient conformational form which can reversibly react with Pi to give a phosphoryl enzyme and resultant oxygen exchange or in a rate-limiting step decay to a form with high Ca2+ and NTP affinity."}
{"id": "PMID:146719", "title": "The spectrum of intervertebral disc-space infection in children.", "content": "Discitis, intervertebral disc-space infection, and vertebral osteomyelitis form a spectrum of disorders with a probably common bacterial etiology. We studied forty-one children who had symptomatic narrowing of the disc space associated with fever and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and found that the diagnosis of infection in the spine was usually delayed. Technetium 99m polyphosphate bone-scanning proved to be an accurate, rapid, and safe method of establishing an early diagnosis of infection. A positive culture of blood or biopsy material was found in 34 per cent of all the patients (half of the patients for whom cultures were obtained). The clinical and roentgenographic picture that develops is determined both by the virulence and extent of infection and by the resistance and regenerative capacity of the host. Discitis in children is a vertebral osteomyelitis with disc involvement.", "contents": "The spectrum of intervertebral disc-space infection in children. Discitis, intervertebral disc-space infection, and vertebral osteomyelitis form a spectrum of disorders with a probably common bacterial etiology. We studied forty-one children who had symptomatic narrowing of the disc space associated with fever and an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate and found that the diagnosis of infection in the spine was usually delayed. Technetium 99m polyphosphate bone-scanning proved to be an accurate, rapid, and safe method of establishing an early diagnosis of infection. A positive culture of blood or biopsy material was found in 34 per cent of all the patients (half of the patients for whom cultures were obtained). The clinical and roentgenographic picture that develops is determined both by the virulence and extent of infection and by the resistance and regenerative capacity of the host. Discitis in children is a vertebral osteomyelitis with disc involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:146721", "title": "Pathology of centerarians. I. The cardiovascular system and lungs.", "content": "The cardiovascular and lung lesions in 23 centenarians (7 males and 16 females) were examined pathologically. The heart showed varied degrees of hypertrophy, and myocardial fibrosis was present in 15 of the 23 patients. Coronary arteriosclerosis was noted coincidentally. In addition to these findings, amyloid deposition was seen in the hearts of 8 patients. Generalized atherosclerosis of the arterial tree was severe to moderate in all cases. Bronchopneumonia was present in 15 of the 23 patients, and fresh or old thromboembolism in 8. There was a tendency toward emphysema and chronic bronchitis in the structure of the lung. The frequent occurrence of myocardial fibrosis and bronchopneumonia was characteristic in the series. It was significant that cardiac amyloid deposition was noted in these cases.", "contents": "Pathology of centerarians. I. The cardiovascular system and lungs. The cardiovascular and lung lesions in 23 centenarians (7 males and 16 females) were examined pathologically. The heart showed varied degrees of hypertrophy, and myocardial fibrosis was present in 15 of the 23 patients. Coronary arteriosclerosis was noted coincidentally. In addition to these findings, amyloid deposition was seen in the hearts of 8 patients. Generalized atherosclerosis of the arterial tree was severe to moderate in all cases. Bronchopneumonia was present in 15 of the 23 patients, and fresh or old thromboembolism in 8. There was a tendency toward emphysema and chronic bronchitis in the structure of the lung. The frequent occurrence of myocardial fibrosis and bronchopneumonia was characteristic in the series. It was significant that cardiac amyloid deposition was noted in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:146722", "title": "Huntington's disease: improvement with an anticoagulant-psychotherapy regimen.", "content": "A 45-year old women with Huntington's disease (HD) was followed for three years while under an anticoagulant-psychotherapy regimen. The chorea disappeared and the patient improved rather than deteriorating as predicted. All psychotropic drugs were discontinued. This case of reversal of the disease may help to confirm the hypothesis that HD is probably due to circulatory insufficiency in the substantia nigra.", "contents": "Huntington's disease: improvement with an anticoagulant-psychotherapy regimen. A 45-year old women with Huntington's disease (HD) was followed for three years while under an anticoagulant-psychotherapy regimen. The chorea disappeared and the patient improved rather than deteriorating as predicted. All psychotropic drugs were discontinued. This case of reversal of the disease may help to confirm the hypothesis that HD is probably due to circulatory insufficiency in the substantia nigra."}
{"id": "PMID:146725", "title": "Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae: results of surveillance in the United States.", "content": "In September 1976 the Center for Disease Control (Atlanta, Georgia) initiated surveillance for cases of infection due to penicillinase-productin Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States. One hundred ninety-one cases of penicillinase-producing gonococcal infection were confirmed through June 30, 1977. Of 177 cases for which histories of sexual exposure were available, 69 were traced to sexual contact in the Far East, and one was traced to sexual contact in West Africa. Of 181 cases for which clinical information was available, 174 were uncomplicated anogenital infections, but local complications, such as salpingitis, epididymitis, and a Bartholin's gland abscess, were reported. Spectinomycin is the only drug now recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service for treatment of gonorrhea that is effective against uncomplicated infections due to penicillinase-producing gonococci. For these organisms, the distribution of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and spectinomycin was higher than and significantly different from the distribution of MICs for isolates of non-penicillinase-producing gonococci collected in this country. Since surveillance began the incidence of confirmed cases of penicillinase-producing gonococcal infection has decreased from 20.8 cases per month in 1976 to 16.8 cases per month in 1977.", "contents": "Penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae: results of surveillance in the United States. In September 1976 the Center for Disease Control (Atlanta, Georgia) initiated surveillance for cases of infection due to penicillinase-productin Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States. One hundred ninety-one cases of penicillinase-producing gonococcal infection were confirmed through June 30, 1977. Of 177 cases for which histories of sexual exposure were available, 69 were traced to sexual contact in the Far East, and one was traced to sexual contact in West Africa. Of 181 cases for which clinical information was available, 174 were uncomplicated anogenital infections, but local complications, such as salpingitis, epididymitis, and a Bartholin's gland abscess, were reported. Spectinomycin is the only drug now recommended by the U.S. Public Health Service for treatment of gonorrhea that is effective against uncomplicated infections due to penicillinase-producing gonococci. For these organisms, the distribution of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, and spectinomycin was higher than and significantly different from the distribution of MICs for isolates of non-penicillinase-producing gonococci collected in this country. Since surveillance began the incidence of confirmed cases of penicillinase-producing gonococcal infection has decreased from 20.8 cases per month in 1976 to 16.8 cases per month in 1977."}
{"id": "PMID:146726", "title": "A mononuclear cell component in experimental immunological glomerulonephritis.", "content": "An accelerated form of nephrotoxic serum nephritis in the rat was examined. The experimental model consisted of preimmunization of the rat with rabbit IgG 5 days before injection of subnephrotoxic doses of rabbit anti-rat kidney serum. The immunized rats developed proteinuria during the first 24 h, increasing by 48-96 h. The early 24-h proteinuria correlated with a neutrophilic infiltration of glomeruli and with deposition of rat Ig and C. The 48- to 96-h proteinuria was associated with a glomerular infiltration by mononuclear cells and proliferation of intrinsic glomerular cells. Many of the mononuclear cells were morphologically identical to monocytes and macrophages. [3H]thymidine labeling experiments indicated that the mononuclear cells originated from dividing precursors localized outside the kidney. Preimmunized rats given systemic irradiation (the kidney being protected by a shield) showed loss of the mononuclear cell infiltrate and absence of 48- to 96-h proteinuria. We conclude that mononuclear phagocytes can infiltrate the kidney in immunological glomerular disease and might contribute to the functional abnormalities.", "contents": "A mononuclear cell component in experimental immunological glomerulonephritis. An accelerated form of nephrotoxic serum nephritis in the rat was examined. The experimental model consisted of preimmunization of the rat with rabbit IgG 5 days before injection of subnephrotoxic doses of rabbit anti-rat kidney serum. The immunized rats developed proteinuria during the first 24 h, increasing by 48-96 h. The early 24-h proteinuria correlated with a neutrophilic infiltration of glomeruli and with deposition of rat Ig and C. The 48- to 96-h proteinuria was associated with a glomerular infiltration by mononuclear cells and proliferation of intrinsic glomerular cells. Many of the mononuclear cells were morphologically identical to monocytes and macrophages. [3H]thymidine labeling experiments indicated that the mononuclear cells originated from dividing precursors localized outside the kidney. Preimmunized rats given systemic irradiation (the kidney being protected by a shield) showed loss of the mononuclear cell infiltrate and absence of 48- to 96-h proteinuria. We conclude that mononuclear phagocytes can infiltrate the kidney in immunological glomerular disease and might contribute to the functional abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:146727", "title": "A potassium ionophore (Nigericin) inhibits stimulation of human lymphocytes by mitogens.", "content": "Nigericin, an ionophore that exchanges K+ for H+ across most biologic membranes, reversibly inhibited the proliferative response of human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Inhibition occurred at nigericin concentrations of 10(-8) M or greater, and only during the early event of mitogenesis. There was no effect if nigericin was added 24 h or later after the initiation of PHA-stimulated cultures. The effect was not the result of toxicity or impaired mitochondrial respiration. At similar concentrations, nigericin also inhibited lymphocyte responses in mixed lymphocyte cultures and to other mitogens including concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and the calcium ionophore A23187. The findings support the view that one or more transmembranous events, mediated by changes in cation flux and/or membrane potential, are critical in the initial stages of lymphocyte mitogenesis.", "contents": "A potassium ionophore (Nigericin) inhibits stimulation of human lymphocytes by mitogens. Nigericin, an ionophore that exchanges K+ for H+ across most biologic membranes, reversibly inhibited the proliferative response of human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Inhibition occurred at nigericin concentrations of 10(-8) M or greater, and only during the early event of mitogenesis. There was no effect if nigericin was added 24 h or later after the initiation of PHA-stimulated cultures. The effect was not the result of toxicity or impaired mitochondrial respiration. At similar concentrations, nigericin also inhibited lymphocyte responses in mixed lymphocyte cultures and to other mitogens including concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, and the calcium ionophore A23187. The findings support the view that one or more transmembranous events, mediated by changes in cation flux and/or membrane potential, are critical in the initial stages of lymphocyte mitogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:146728", "title": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by allosensitized human T cells.", "content": "Peripheral human T cells, isolated by sheep erythrocyte-rosette formation and density centrifugation, were highly cytotoxic to both Ab-coated autologous lymphocytes and antibody (Ab)-coated chicken erythrocytes when stimulated in mixed lymphocyte culture, but were not lytic when freshly purified, or when unstimulated in 6-day culture. Allosensitized T cells were shown to effect this activity by a specific effector-target cell interaction dependent on Ab, as indicated by: (a) induction of killing by Ab to target cells not lysed in the absence of Ab. (b) inhibition of Ab-dependent killing by aggregated Ig. The mechanism by which allosensitized T cells effect antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is discussed.", "contents": "Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity by allosensitized human T cells. Peripheral human T cells, isolated by sheep erythrocyte-rosette formation and density centrifugation, were highly cytotoxic to both Ab-coated autologous lymphocytes and antibody (Ab)-coated chicken erythrocytes when stimulated in mixed lymphocyte culture, but were not lytic when freshly purified, or when unstimulated in 6-day culture. Allosensitized T cells were shown to effect this activity by a specific effector-target cell interaction dependent on Ab, as indicated by: (a) induction of killing by Ab to target cells not lysed in the absence of Ab. (b) inhibition of Ab-dependent killing by aggregated Ig. The mechanism by which allosensitized T cells effect antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:146729", "title": "The effect of different kinds of animal housing on parameters of collagen metabolism in guinea pigs.", "content": "Parameters of collagen metabolism were investigated in guinea pigs, both untreated and treated with glucocorticoids. One series consisted of animals housed under normal conditions, the others of SPF animals from the same strain. There are marked differences in certain parameters, including the hydroxyproline content and the reaction of the collagen to glucocorticoids.", "contents": "The effect of different kinds of animal housing on parameters of collagen metabolism in guinea pigs. Parameters of collagen metabolism were investigated in guinea pigs, both untreated and treated with glucocorticoids. One series consisted of animals housed under normal conditions, the others of SPF animals from the same strain. There are marked differences in certain parameters, including the hydroxyproline content and the reaction of the collagen to glucocorticoids."}
{"id": "PMID:146730", "title": "Fibrinolytic enzyme in the lining walls of chronic subdural hematoma.", "content": "Active plasmin, available plasmin, and total plasminogen were measured by Enzo-diffusion fibirn plate techniques in 11 cases and level of tissue activator and tissue fibrinolytic activities in another 11 cases with chronic subdural hematoma. The values were too small to be measured in some instances. Anti-plasmin in the hematoma was less than in the blood plasma. The outer membrane contained about three times more tissue activator than the dura mater, although the inner membrane contained none. Increased tissue activator, which exudes from the extremely vascular outer membrane, transforms plasminogen into plasmin in subdural hematoma, so that plasmin breaks down fibrin and fibrinogen and induces continuous hemorrhage.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic enzyme in the lining walls of chronic subdural hematoma. Active plasmin, available plasmin, and total plasminogen were measured by Enzo-diffusion fibirn plate techniques in 11 cases and level of tissue activator and tissue fibrinolytic activities in another 11 cases with chronic subdural hematoma. The values were too small to be measured in some instances. Anti-plasmin in the hematoma was less than in the blood plasma. The outer membrane contained about three times more tissue activator than the dura mater, although the inner membrane contained none. Increased tissue activator, which exudes from the extremely vascular outer membrane, transforms plasminogen into plasmin in subdural hematoma, so that plasmin breaks down fibrin and fibrinogen and induces continuous hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:146731", "title": "Reoperation after lumbar intervertebral disc surgery.", "content": "This retrospective study includes 53 patients who underwent reoperation after failure of lumbar disc surgery to relieve pain. All patients had leg pain before reoperation, which was successful in 28% of cases. Most clinical features, such as persistence or mode of recurrence of pain, radicular quality of pain, positive straight-leg raising, and myelographic root sleeve defects, were not helpful in predicting successful and unsuccessful reoperations. However, a significantly larger percentage of women than men had successful reoperations. Patients who had past or pending compensation claims, who had sensory loss involving more than one dermatome, or who failed to have myelographic dural sac indentations resembling those caused by a herniated disc did poorly with reoperation. A very convincing myelographic defect appears to be needed to justify reoperation at a previously unoperated location. Excision of scar alone or dorsal rhizotomy was of no avail in these cases.", "contents": "Reoperation after lumbar intervertebral disc surgery. This retrospective study includes 53 patients who underwent reoperation after failure of lumbar disc surgery to relieve pain. All patients had leg pain before reoperation, which was successful in 28% of cases. Most clinical features, such as persistence or mode of recurrence of pain, radicular quality of pain, positive straight-leg raising, and myelographic root sleeve defects, were not helpful in predicting successful and unsuccessful reoperations. However, a significantly larger percentage of women than men had successful reoperations. Patients who had past or pending compensation claims, who had sensory loss involving more than one dermatome, or who failed to have myelographic dural sac indentations resembling those caused by a herniated disc did poorly with reoperation. A very convincing myelographic defect appears to be needed to justify reoperation at a previously unoperated location. Excision of scar alone or dorsal rhizotomy was of no avail in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:146732", "title": "Effects of prolonged starvation on cardiac energy metabolism in the rat.", "content": "Experiments were carried out on two series of adult male rats (ad libitum-fed control and starved) for 7 days, at the end of which time components of the glycolytic, citric acid cycle, and associated metabolic pathways in the heart were examined. Levels of myocardial and arterial plasma metabolites in vivo were determined by fluoroenzymatic assays. Activities of enzymes in heart extracts and isolated mitochondria were measured in vitro spectrophotometrically. In starved rats, decreases were observed in heart tissue glucose, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, lactate, alanine, glutamate, and ADP; increases occurred in fructose-6-phosphate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and ATP. Slight to moderate elevations were noted in citric acid cycle metabolites. States of marked hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, and hypocitricemia also developed. Evidence indicates that flux through the glycolytic pathway is diminished in prolonged starvation as a result of PFK inhibition. Elevated ATP and decreased AMP are suggested as possible factors in PFK inhibition; citrate is believed to have little effect. It is also postulated that amino acid utilization in the heart increases and that dependence on lipids as fuels of oxidation decreases. The latter occurs despite the high levels of circulating ketone bodies. There is little indication from a profile of citric acid cycle metabolites and analyses of mitochondrial enzyme activities that regulation of cycle activity is significantly altered.", "contents": "Effects of prolonged starvation on cardiac energy metabolism in the rat. Experiments were carried out on two series of adult male rats (ad libitum-fed control and starved) for 7 days, at the end of which time components of the glycolytic, citric acid cycle, and associated metabolic pathways in the heart were examined. Levels of myocardial and arterial plasma metabolites in vivo were determined by fluoroenzymatic assays. Activities of enzymes in heart extracts and isolated mitochondria were measured in vitro spectrophotometrically. In starved rats, decreases were observed in heart tissue glucose, fructose-1,6-diphosphate, lactate, alanine, glutamate, and ADP; increases occurred in fructose-6-phosphate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, and ATP. Slight to moderate elevations were noted in citric acid cycle metabolites. States of marked hypoglycemia, hyperketonemia, and hypocitricemia also developed. Evidence indicates that flux through the glycolytic pathway is diminished in prolonged starvation as a result of PFK inhibition. Elevated ATP and decreased AMP are suggested as possible factors in PFK inhibition; citrate is believed to have little effect. It is also postulated that amino acid utilization in the heart increases and that dependence on lipids as fuels of oxidation decreases. The latter occurs despite the high levels of circulating ketone bodies. There is little indication from a profile of citric acid cycle metabolites and analyses of mitochondrial enzyme activities that regulation of cycle activity is significantly altered."}
{"id": "PMID:146734", "title": "Modification by previous afferent discharge of the adaptation of frog muscle spindles following an extension.", "content": "1. Extension of a frog muscle spindle evoked a discharge of impulses in its sensory axon. The adaptation of the discharge after the dynamic phase of stretching occurred in two phases. At first the impulse train was almost regular and adapted quickly, but later this gave place to a phase of slower adaptation in which the variability of discharge was much increased. 2. The discharge of action potentials by the muscle spindle depressed the response of the receptor to a subsequent extension. This was true whether they were elicited antidromically by afferent stimulation or orthodromically by longitudinal vibration. This depression had its most marked effect on the first phase of adaptation where it greatly increased the rate of adaptation. The second, slower, phase of adaptation was little influenced. 3. The depression increased with the duration and with the frequency of afferent stimulation. It persisted for about 300 msec. 4. The results show that the properties of the spike generating mechanisms in the muscle spindle are modified by previous discharge and that this modification may influence the overall properties of the receptor. 5. The fact that afferent stimulation has different effects on the two phases of adaptation is consistent with the suggestion that the impulse train evoked by extension is derived from more than one spike generator within the muscle spindle.", "contents": "Modification by previous afferent discharge of the adaptation of frog muscle spindles following an extension. 1. Extension of a frog muscle spindle evoked a discharge of impulses in its sensory axon. The adaptation of the discharge after the dynamic phase of stretching occurred in two phases. At first the impulse train was almost regular and adapted quickly, but later this gave place to a phase of slower adaptation in which the variability of discharge was much increased. 2. The discharge of action potentials by the muscle spindle depressed the response of the receptor to a subsequent extension. This was true whether they were elicited antidromically by afferent stimulation or orthodromically by longitudinal vibration. This depression had its most marked effect on the first phase of adaptation where it greatly increased the rate of adaptation. The second, slower, phase of adaptation was little influenced. 3. The depression increased with the duration and with the frequency of afferent stimulation. It persisted for about 300 msec. 4. The results show that the properties of the spike generating mechanisms in the muscle spindle are modified by previous discharge and that this modification may influence the overall properties of the receptor. 5. The fact that afferent stimulation has different effects on the two phases of adaptation is consistent with the suggestion that the impulse train evoked by extension is derived from more than one spike generator within the muscle spindle."}
{"id": "PMID:146736", "title": "Dental care for handicapped children reexamined: I. Dental training and treatment of the handicapped.", "content": "1) Training experience is closely related to whether or not handicapped children are treated. If practitioners attended a postgraduate pedodontic training program, or received classroom education or clinical training in the treatment of handicapped children, they are much more likely to treat such patients. (Worth noting is the fact that one fourth of the pedodontists treating handicapped children had not received postgraduate pedodontic training and 20-30 percent reported no training on the treatment of such patients at all.) 2) Slightly less than half of the general practitioners and 96 percent of the pedodontists surveyed report that they currently treat the dental problems of handicapped children. 3) Practitioners currently treating handicapped children report treating more such patients during their dental training and are more likely to feel that they received sufficient exposure to these patients during their training. (Twenty percent of the general practitioners and 53 percent of the pedodontists felt they had sufficient exposure.) 4) Dentists treating handicapped children were more likely to report both classroom education and clinical training about the use of multidisciplinary health manpower in the treatment of their patients, and to report using such personnel as consultants in their dental practice.", "contents": "Dental care for handicapped children reexamined: I. Dental training and treatment of the handicapped. 1) Training experience is closely related to whether or not handicapped children are treated. If practitioners attended a postgraduate pedodontic training program, or received classroom education or clinical training in the treatment of handicapped children, they are much more likely to treat such patients. (Worth noting is the fact that one fourth of the pedodontists treating handicapped children had not received postgraduate pedodontic training and 20-30 percent reported no training on the treatment of such patients at all.) 2) Slightly less than half of the general practitioners and 96 percent of the pedodontists surveyed report that they currently treat the dental problems of handicapped children. 3) Practitioners currently treating handicapped children report treating more such patients during their dental training and are more likely to feel that they received sufficient exposure to these patients during their training. (Twenty percent of the general practitioners and 53 percent of the pedodontists felt they had sufficient exposure.) 4) Dentists treating handicapped children were more likely to report both classroom education and clinical training about the use of multidisciplinary health manpower in the treatment of their patients, and to report using such personnel as consultants in their dental practice."}
{"id": "PMID:146737", "title": "Overview of ethical issues in clinical studies.", "content": "Research in human subjects should be conducted only if the rights and welfare of the participants are protected. Prospective study subjects must be given adequate information about all aspects of a study so that they can make a rationally exercised decision about participation; coercive techniques to solicit participants should not be used. Research in humans may be classified in one of three categories: A. Research on treatment of existing conditions; B. Research on preventive measures; and C. Research other than for treatment or prevention. Different concerns and aspects of informed consent assume particular importance in each category. In research on the treatment of existing conditions, untreated or placebo-treated control groups are rarely justified if the condition is irreversible. In research on preventive methods prospective subjects should be informed of the likelihood of receiving an ineffective treatment, if one or more placebo groups are included. A randomized clinical trial is usually the best design for studies of preventive methods. Nonrandomized designs, that are feasible and statistically valid, may be employed in order to avoid depriving some subjects from receiving effective preventive methods. In social or behavioral research, confidentiality of collected information and privacy of the subject are essential considerations.", "contents": "Overview of ethical issues in clinical studies. Research in human subjects should be conducted only if the rights and welfare of the participants are protected. Prospective study subjects must be given adequate information about all aspects of a study so that they can make a rationally exercised decision about participation; coercive techniques to solicit participants should not be used. Research in humans may be classified in one of three categories: A. Research on treatment of existing conditions; B. Research on preventive measures; and C. Research other than for treatment or prevention. Different concerns and aspects of informed consent assume particular importance in each category. In research on the treatment of existing conditions, untreated or placebo-treated control groups are rarely justified if the condition is irreversible. In research on preventive methods prospective subjects should be informed of the likelihood of receiving an ineffective treatment, if one or more placebo groups are included. A randomized clinical trial is usually the best design for studies of preventive methods. Nonrandomized designs, that are feasible and statistically valid, may be employed in order to avoid depriving some subjects from receiving effective preventive methods. In social or behavioral research, confidentiality of collected information and privacy of the subject are essential considerations."}
{"id": "PMID:146738", "title": "Cardenolide analogues. 7. Synthesis and biological activity of some new steroidal guanylhydrazones.", "content": "The synthesis, proof of structure, and biological activity of some new steroidal 17beta-formyl guanylhydrazones are described. The guanylhydrazones of nondigitalis-like steroids inhibited myocardial Na+,K+-ATPase but had only a depressant effect on myocardial contractility. By comparison, the corresponding guanylhydrazone of a digitalis-like steroid gave a positive inotropic effect in concentrations that also inhibited Na+,K+-ATPase. The nondigitalis-like guanylhydrazones also inhibited membrane Mg2+-ATPase and this may infer that the compounds act nonspecifically by membrane stabilization rather than by interaction with stereoselective receptors. Biological activity was determined in the guinea pig.", "contents": "Cardenolide analogues. 7. Synthesis and biological activity of some new steroidal guanylhydrazones. The synthesis, proof of structure, and biological activity of some new steroidal 17beta-formyl guanylhydrazones are described. The guanylhydrazones of nondigitalis-like steroids inhibited myocardial Na+,K+-ATPase but had only a depressant effect on myocardial contractility. By comparison, the corresponding guanylhydrazone of a digitalis-like steroid gave a positive inotropic effect in concentrations that also inhibited Na+,K+-ATPase. The nondigitalis-like guanylhydrazones also inhibited membrane Mg2+-ATPase and this may infer that the compounds act nonspecifically by membrane stabilization rather than by interaction with stereoselective receptors. Biological activity was determined in the guinea pig."}
{"id": "PMID:146740", "title": "Hunter syndrome presenting as macrocephaly and hydrocephalus.", "content": "A 2-year-old boy with macrocephaly, communicating hydrocephalus, and mild hepatosplenomegaly was found to have mild Hunter syndrome (MPS II). Establishment of the latter diagnosis was complicated by the paucity of obvious physical findings because of the patient's young age and his ethnic origin.", "contents": "Hunter syndrome presenting as macrocephaly and hydrocephalus. A 2-year-old boy with macrocephaly, communicating hydrocephalus, and mild hepatosplenomegaly was found to have mild Hunter syndrome (MPS II). Establishment of the latter diagnosis was complicated by the paucity of obvious physical findings because of the patient's young age and his ethnic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:146741", "title": "Partial trisomy 20 (20q13) and partial trisomy 21 (21pter leads to 21q21.3).", "content": "A patient with a double partial trisomy 20 and 21 with mild mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies is presented. Despite trisomy for a substantial portion of chromosome 21, the patient showed only minor stigmata compatible with Down syndrome.", "contents": "Partial trisomy 20 (20q13) and partial trisomy 21 (21pter leads to 21q21.3). A patient with a double partial trisomy 20 and 21 with mild mental retardation and multiple congenital anomalies is presented. Despite trisomy for a substantial portion of chromosome 21, the patient showed only minor stigmata compatible with Down syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:146743", "title": "The ante-natal detection of Down's syndrome: some demographic aspects.", "content": "The numbers of Down's syndrome live births in the area covered by the Sheffield Regional Hospital Board (Trent Regional Health Authority) were estimated using age specific incidence data from a recent detailed Swedish study. The estimated number and proportion of Down's syndrome live births, which could have been detected by prenatal screening of elderly mothers at high risk, fell substantially in recent years. In the maternal age group forty to forty-four the estimated number of Down's syndrome livebirths decreased from thirty-three (24.6 per cent) in 1963 to thirteen (15.7 per cent) in 1973. Over the same period there was a fall in estimated numbers in the thirty-five to thirty-nine age group from twenty-seven (20.2 per cent) to twelve (14.5 per cent). This trend has been due predominantly to a rapid decline in the fertility rates of women aged thirty-five and over. However, projections based on the best available evidence suggest that about 11.4 per cent to 13.8 per cent of all Down's livebirths up to 1991 could be detected by screening all pregnancies in the forty to forty-four age group. A further 11.7 per cent to 14.4 per cent of Down's livebirths could be detected by screening pregnancies in the thirty-five to thirty-nine age group.", "contents": "The ante-natal detection of Down's syndrome: some demographic aspects. The numbers of Down's syndrome live births in the area covered by the Sheffield Regional Hospital Board (Trent Regional Health Authority) were estimated using age specific incidence data from a recent detailed Swedish study. The estimated number and proportion of Down's syndrome live births, which could have been detected by prenatal screening of elderly mothers at high risk, fell substantially in recent years. In the maternal age group forty to forty-four the estimated number of Down's syndrome livebirths decreased from thirty-three (24.6 per cent) in 1963 to thirteen (15.7 per cent) in 1973. Over the same period there was a fall in estimated numbers in the thirty-five to thirty-nine age group from twenty-seven (20.2 per cent) to twelve (14.5 per cent). This trend has been due predominantly to a rapid decline in the fertility rates of women aged thirty-five and over. However, projections based on the best available evidence suggest that about 11.4 per cent to 13.8 per cent of all Down's livebirths up to 1991 could be detected by screening all pregnancies in the forty to forty-four age group. A further 11.7 per cent to 14.4 per cent of Down's livebirths could be detected by screening pregnancies in the thirty-five to thirty-nine age group."}
{"id": "PMID:146744", "title": "Double autosomal trisomy: case report (48, XX, +18, +21) and review of the literature.", "content": "A twelve-months-old female is reported with double trisomy of the autosomes 18 and 21 (48,XX,+18,+21), exhibiting the clinical features of mongolism. The findings of this patient and the data of fourteen previously reported cases with double autosomal trisomy, twelve of them mosaics, may be summarised as follows: The mean birth weight was lower than in the single trisomies D, E, and G. The distribution of the maternal ages at birth of the patients was striking: six mothers were younger than 21 years, seven mothers were older than 34 years. In those patients with prevalence of one of the two extra chromosomes in their karyotypes, the corresponding trisomy syndrome also predominated clinically. In those cases with an equal proportion of both additional chromosomes there were as many patients with clinical predominance of the one as of the other trisomy syndrome. Survival beyond the second half of the first year of life was seen only in those patients who showed the clinical picture of mongolism.", "contents": "Double autosomal trisomy: case report (48, XX, +18, +21) and review of the literature. A twelve-months-old female is reported with double trisomy of the autosomes 18 and 21 (48,XX,+18,+21), exhibiting the clinical features of mongolism. The findings of this patient and the data of fourteen previously reported cases with double autosomal trisomy, twelve of them mosaics, may be summarised as follows: The mean birth weight was lower than in the single trisomies D, E, and G. The distribution of the maternal ages at birth of the patients was striking: six mothers were younger than 21 years, seven mothers were older than 34 years. In those patients with prevalence of one of the two extra chromosomes in their karyotypes, the corresponding trisomy syndrome also predominated clinically. In those cases with an equal proportion of both additional chromosomes there were as many patients with clinical predominance of the one as of the other trisomy syndrome. Survival beyond the second half of the first year of life was seen only in those patients who showed the clinical picture of mongolism."}
{"id": "PMID:146746", "title": "Secondary cytotoxic response in vitro against Moloney lymphoma cells antigenically altered by drug treatment in vivo.", "content": "Cell-mediated cytotoxic response in vitro to a Moloney strain of murine leukemia virus-induced tumor (LSTRA) altered by 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) was investigated with the use of mixed-leukocyte tumor cell cultures (MLTC). As assessed by means of a short-term 51Cr-release assay, minimal or no cytolytic activity was generated in primary MLTC. In contrast, high specific cytotoxic response against the altered tumor was obtained in secondary MLTC. Partial cross reactivity was found between the LSTRA and LSTRA/DTIC tumor lines.", "contents": "Secondary cytotoxic response in vitro against Moloney lymphoma cells antigenically altered by drug treatment in vivo. Cell-mediated cytotoxic response in vitro to a Moloney strain of murine leukemia virus-induced tumor (LSTRA) altered by 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)imidazole-4-carboxamide (DTIC) was investigated with the use of mixed-leukocyte tumor cell cultures (MLTC). As assessed by means of a short-term 51Cr-release assay, minimal or no cytolytic activity was generated in primary MLTC. In contrast, high specific cytotoxic response against the altered tumor was obtained in secondary MLTC. Partial cross reactivity was found between the LSTRA and LSTRA/DTIC tumor lines."}
{"id": "PMID:146747", "title": "Antigens associated with acute leukemia detected in the primed lymphocyte test.", "content": "Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) studies of families with several leukemia patients, all potential bone marrow transplant recipients, demonstrated that cells from acute myelogenous leukemia patients (5 of 5) and acute undifferentiated leukemia patients (1 of 4) in relapse stimulated autologous lymphocytes as well as lymphocytes from siblings known to be identical at the major histocompatibility linkage group. In the patients studied, the blast transformation induced by leukemia cells was not detectable when the patient was in remission. Stimulation by leukemia cells also elicited increased responses of the lymphocytes from normal haploidentical siblings, parents, and unrelated individuals as compared to stimulation by normal allogeneic cells or leukemia cells of patients with leukemia in remission. The primed lymphocyte test (PLT) was used successfully to establish HLA-D identity of the leukemia patients and their respective HLA-identical siblings, despite high percentages of circulatory blasts. Utilizing lymphocytes from normal siblings primed against the leukocytes from an HLA-identical sibling with leukemia, we also presented results of PLT's which suggested that the stimulation induced by leukemia cells in MLC was produced by leukemia-associated antigens.", "contents": "Antigens associated with acute leukemia detected in the primed lymphocyte test. Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) studies of families with several leukemia patients, all potential bone marrow transplant recipients, demonstrated that cells from acute myelogenous leukemia patients (5 of 5) and acute undifferentiated leukemia patients (1 of 4) in relapse stimulated autologous lymphocytes as well as lymphocytes from siblings known to be identical at the major histocompatibility linkage group. In the patients studied, the blast transformation induced by leukemia cells was not detectable when the patient was in remission. Stimulation by leukemia cells also elicited increased responses of the lymphocytes from normal haploidentical siblings, parents, and unrelated individuals as compared to stimulation by normal allogeneic cells or leukemia cells of patients with leukemia in remission. The primed lymphocyte test (PLT) was used successfully to establish HLA-D identity of the leukemia patients and their respective HLA-identical siblings, despite high percentages of circulatory blasts. Utilizing lymphocytes from normal siblings primed against the leukocytes from an HLA-identical sibling with leukemia, we also presented results of PLT's which suggested that the stimulation induced by leukemia cells in MLC was produced by leukemia-associated antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:146748", "title": "Current thoughts on implants in rhinoplasty.", "content": "Since the birth of modern rhinoplastic surgery in the early 20th century, most attention has been directed to the reduction rhinoplasty with ever improving and increasingly sophisticated approaches and techniques. Augmentation procedures, on the other hand, have been used on a far lesser scale. The employment of implants, although used sporadically in the past and often with poor results, now appears to be gaining in popularity as new inert materials are being synthesized and proven safe for medical usage. It is the purpose of this paper to review the synthetic material available for nasal implantation, as well as their place in the rhinologist's armamentarium.", "contents": "Current thoughts on implants in rhinoplasty. Since the birth of modern rhinoplastic surgery in the early 20th century, most attention has been directed to the reduction rhinoplasty with ever improving and increasingly sophisticated approaches and techniques. Augmentation procedures, on the other hand, have been used on a far lesser scale. The employment of implants, although used sporadically in the past and often with poor results, now appears to be gaining in popularity as new inert materials are being synthesized and proven safe for medical usage. It is the purpose of this paper to review the synthetic material available for nasal implantation, as well as their place in the rhinologist's armamentarium."}
{"id": "PMID:146749", "title": "Biosynthesis of 5-(4'5'-dihydroxypentyl) uracil as a nucleoside triphosphate in bacteriophage SP15-infected Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The nucleoside triphosphate of 5-(4',5'-dihydroxypentyl)uracil (DHPU) was detected in the acid-soluble extract from bacteriophage SP15-infected Bacillus subtilis W23. No uracil was found in the DNA of either replicating or mature phage. Labeled thymidine added during phage DNA synthesis was incorporated into phage DNA. The presence of DHPU as a nucleoside triphosphate in the acid-soluble pool and the incorporation of thymidine into phage DNA suggest that both DHPU and thymine are incorporated into SP15 DNA via their nucleoside triphosphates. 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine inhibited biosynthesis of SP15 DNA, and this inhibition was reversed by thymidine, resulting in the synthesis of a DNA containing reduced amounts of fully modified DHPU. It is proposed that 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, or its metabolic product, inhibits a step in the biosynthetic pathway to the nucleoside triphosphate of DHPU.", "contents": "Biosynthesis of 5-(4'5'-dihydroxypentyl) uracil as a nucleoside triphosphate in bacteriophage SP15-infected Bacillus subtilis. The nucleoside triphosphate of 5-(4',5'-dihydroxypentyl)uracil (DHPU) was detected in the acid-soluble extract from bacteriophage SP15-infected Bacillus subtilis W23. No uracil was found in the DNA of either replicating or mature phage. Labeled thymidine added during phage DNA synthesis was incorporated into phage DNA. The presence of DHPU as a nucleoside triphosphate in the acid-soluble pool and the incorporation of thymidine into phage DNA suggest that both DHPU and thymine are incorporated into SP15 DNA via their nucleoside triphosphates. 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine inhibited biosynthesis of SP15 DNA, and this inhibition was reversed by thymidine, resulting in the synthesis of a DNA containing reduced amounts of fully modified DHPU. It is proposed that 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, or its metabolic product, inhibits a step in the biosynthetic pathway to the nucleoside triphosphate of DHPU."}
{"id": "PMID:146753", "title": "Real time observation of the echo source of systolic hump in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with high speed ultrasono-cardiotomography.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to discuss the echo source of systolic hump in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) from a viewpoint of B-mode echocardiography. Cross-sectional images were obtained from 4 patients with HOCM using a Sonolayergraph of Toshiba, SSL-51H. This equipment is characterized by its high speed mechanical sector scanning and wider angle. Recordings were made with ordinary 35 mm camera or Polaroid in conjunction with 8 mm cinecamera. Our data showed that systolic hump in this lesion was not caused by anterior systolic movement of anterior mitral leaflet, but was emanated from the chordae tendineae attached to the anterior or posterior mitral leaflet. In systole, the anterior mitral leaflet moved backward for closure, while the chordae tendineae approached the bulged interventricular septum resulting in the formation of systolic hump.", "contents": "Real time observation of the echo source of systolic hump in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy with high speed ultrasono-cardiotomography. The present study was undertaken to discuss the echo source of systolic hump in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) from a viewpoint of B-mode echocardiography. Cross-sectional images were obtained from 4 patients with HOCM using a Sonolayergraph of Toshiba, SSL-51H. This equipment is characterized by its high speed mechanical sector scanning and wider angle. Recordings were made with ordinary 35 mm camera or Polaroid in conjunction with 8 mm cinecamera. Our data showed that systolic hump in this lesion was not caused by anterior systolic movement of anterior mitral leaflet, but was emanated from the chordae tendineae attached to the anterior or posterior mitral leaflet. In systole, the anterior mitral leaflet moved backward for closure, while the chordae tendineae approached the bulged interventricular septum resulting in the formation of systolic hump."}
{"id": "PMID:146754", "title": "The plain chest film as an unreliable method to determine left ventricular size.", "content": "This case report describes the disparity between the findings of the plain chest film and the echocardiogram in a patient with severe coronary artery disease. Whereas the plain chest film shows a normal cardiothoracic ratio of 50% indicating normal LV size, the echocardiogram shows features characteristic of a dilated cardiomyopathic left ventricle with low amplitude of wall motion and consequently low ejection fractoin. These echocardiographic findings were confirmed at cardiac catheterization and angiography. We propose the use of echo instead of the plain chest film in the evaluation of LV size in the cardiac patient.", "contents": "The plain chest film as an unreliable method to determine left ventricular size. This case report describes the disparity between the findings of the plain chest film and the echocardiogram in a patient with severe coronary artery disease. Whereas the plain chest film shows a normal cardiothoracic ratio of 50% indicating normal LV size, the echocardiogram shows features characteristic of a dilated cardiomyopathic left ventricle with low amplitude of wall motion and consequently low ejection fractoin. These echocardiographic findings were confirmed at cardiac catheterization and angiography. We propose the use of echo instead of the plain chest film in the evaluation of LV size in the cardiac patient."}
{"id": "PMID:146757", "title": "[Effect of fibrinolysin and heparin on the kinetic properties of the thrombocytes and the oxidation-reduction processes in myocardial infarct].", "content": "Complex study of blood platelet adhesion and aggregation, blood coagulation activity and oxidation-reduction processes was conducted in dynamics in 340 patients with myocardial infarction. in 53 of them before and after treatment with fibrinolysin and heparin. It is shown that in patients with myocardial infarction, particularly in the first days of the disease and  with the development of cardiogenic shock and pulmonary edema, the adhesion and aggregation of blood platelets increase with parallel increase in the content of incompletely oxidized products in the blood. A definite parallelism was found between the changes in the kinetic properties of platelets and the oxidoreduction processes. A decrease in the platelet kinetic properties and improvement in the oxidation-reduction processes due to the effect of fibrinolysin and heparin were observed.", "contents": "[Effect of fibrinolysin and heparin on the kinetic properties of the thrombocytes and the oxidation-reduction processes in myocardial infarct]. Complex study of blood platelet adhesion and aggregation, blood coagulation activity and oxidation-reduction processes was conducted in dynamics in 340 patients with myocardial infarction. in 53 of them before and after treatment with fibrinolysin and heparin. It is shown that in patients with myocardial infarction, particularly in the first days of the disease and  with the development of cardiogenic shock and pulmonary edema, the adhesion and aggregation of blood platelets increase with parallel increase in the content of incompletely oxidized products in the blood. A definite parallelism was found between the changes in the kinetic properties of platelets and the oxidoreduction processes. A decrease in the platelet kinetic properties and improvement in the oxidation-reduction processes due to the effect of fibrinolysin and heparin were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:146759", "title": "[Dynamics of left ventricular hypertrophy and function in spontaneous hypertension of rats (author's transl)].", "content": "Left ventricular dynamics and papillary muscle mechanics were examined in 44 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (Okamoto, 9-21 weeks old), in 38 normotensive Wistar Kyoto inbred rats and in 31 control rats. In spite of marked pressure overload, SHR had normal peak systolic wall stress and reduced (21%) diastolic wall stress due to an increased proportion between left ventricular wall thickness and radius. Left ventricular function was normal (isovolumic contractility indices before and after aortic clamping) or augmented (pressure development per gramm of left ventricular weight before and after clamping). Papillary muscle mechanics showed decreases of contraction velocities (isometric and isotonic), whereas shortening and maximum tension development were nearly unaffected. Left ventricular hypertrophy in proportion to pressure overload, the increase in wall thickness/radius ratio and hence the normalisation or decrease of wall stress, provides normal left ventricular function even at extreme pressure overload.", "contents": "[Dynamics of left ventricular hypertrophy and function in spontaneous hypertension of rats (author's transl)]. Left ventricular dynamics and papillary muscle mechanics were examined in 44 spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (Okamoto, 9-21 weeks old), in 38 normotensive Wistar Kyoto inbred rats and in 31 control rats. In spite of marked pressure overload, SHR had normal peak systolic wall stress and reduced (21%) diastolic wall stress due to an increased proportion between left ventricular wall thickness and radius. Left ventricular function was normal (isovolumic contractility indices before and after aortic clamping) or augmented (pressure development per gramm of left ventricular weight before and after clamping). Papillary muscle mechanics showed decreases of contraction velocities (isometric and isotonic), whereas shortening and maximum tension development were nearly unaffected. Left ventricular hypertrophy in proportion to pressure overload, the increase in wall thickness/radius ratio and hence the normalisation or decrease of wall stress, provides normal left ventricular function even at extreme pressure overload."}
{"id": "PMID:146761", "title": "Studies on Tyzzer's disease in rats.", "content": "An outbreak of an epidemic disease occurred in a specified-pathogen-free (SPF) breeding colony of rats. The clinical signs and the post-mortem findings were characteristic for Tyzzer's disease. The causative agent, Bacillus piliformis, was demonstrated microscopically in ileum, liver and myocardium, and transmitted to mice where its pathogenicity appeared to be similar to that of another strain isolated from mice. B. piliformis from spontaneously-infected rats was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence technique. By means of the same technique it was found that the fluorescence antibody titre obtained of the individual sera from spontaneously-infected mice, rats and rabbits was the same, whether the antigen employed was organisms isolated from rats or mice. By testing sera from healthy rats in 3 different colonies by use of immunofluorescence technique, antibodies were found in several sera.", "contents": "Studies on Tyzzer's disease in rats. An outbreak of an epidemic disease occurred in a specified-pathogen-free (SPF) breeding colony of rats. The clinical signs and the post-mortem findings were characteristic for Tyzzer's disease. The causative agent, Bacillus piliformis, was demonstrated microscopically in ileum, liver and myocardium, and transmitted to mice where its pathogenicity appeared to be similar to that of another strain isolated from mice. B. piliformis from spontaneously-infected rats was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence technique. By means of the same technique it was found that the fluorescence antibody titre obtained of the individual sera from spontaneously-infected mice, rats and rabbits was the same, whether the antigen employed was organisms isolated from rats or mice. By testing sera from healthy rats in 3 different colonies by use of immunofluorescence technique, antibodies were found in several sera."}
{"id": "PMID:146762", "title": "Demonstration of antibodies to Bacillus piliformis in SPF colonies and experimental transplacental infection by Bacillus piliformis in mice.", "content": "Antibodies to Bacillus piliformis were demonstrated by the immunofluorescence antibody technique in sera from mice and rabbits from SPF breeding colonies. Mice in various stages of pregnancy were experimentally infected with Bacillus piliformis and killed 2 to 3 days later. The organism was demonstrated in the uterus, foetal membranes and in the liver of the foetuses. Infection was not limited to any particular stage of pregnancy.", "contents": "Demonstration of antibodies to Bacillus piliformis in SPF colonies and experimental transplacental infection by Bacillus piliformis in mice. Antibodies to Bacillus piliformis were demonstrated by the immunofluorescence antibody technique in sera from mice and rabbits from SPF breeding colonies. Mice in various stages of pregnancy were experimentally infected with Bacillus piliformis and killed 2 to 3 days later. The organism was demonstrated in the uterus, foetal membranes and in the liver of the foetuses. Infection was not limited to any particular stage of pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:146763", "title": "The effect of continued hypoxia on rat pulmonary arterial circulation. An ultrastructural study.", "content": "Hypoxia is known to cause pulmonary hypertension with an increase in arterial muscle-both hypertrophy of the medial coat of the normally muscular arteries and development of new muscle more peripherally than is normal--and a decrease in the number of small arteries. The present study descirbes the ultrastructural features of these changes. Pulmonary arteries less than 100 microgram. in diameter after distension and including alveolar capillaries and the muscular arter at the hilum were examined after exposure to 380 torr for between 1 and 52 days. The earliest change, detected from day 2, is the appearance of new muscle in the nonmuscular regions of artery. The position of the new muscle internal to the single elastic lamina and immediately subjacent to endothelium distinguished it from normal muscle. Ultrastructural examination shows not an \"extension\" of muscle along a pathway, but differentiation to form new muscle, by preexisting cells--by the pericyte in the nonmuscular arteries and by the intermediate cell in the partially muscular. The veins are spared. Endothelial cells also change significantly from day 3. In the normally nonmuscular regions of artery and in the alveolar capillaries, they are thickened. In the nonmuscular regions of artery, although the endothelial cells appear edematous, the number of Weibel-Palade bodies is increased and new muscle appears subjacent. Elsewhere the Weibel-Palade bodies show normal distribution. The extreme narrowing of the lumen caused by thickened endothelial cells and by encroachment of new muscle as well as the finding of capillaries that are no longer patent doubtless explain the reduction in small peripheral areteries.", "contents": "The effect of continued hypoxia on rat pulmonary arterial circulation. An ultrastructural study. Hypoxia is known to cause pulmonary hypertension with an increase in arterial muscle-both hypertrophy of the medial coat of the normally muscular arteries and development of new muscle more peripherally than is normal--and a decrease in the number of small arteries. The present study descirbes the ultrastructural features of these changes. Pulmonary arteries less than 100 microgram. in diameter after distension and including alveolar capillaries and the muscular arter at the hilum were examined after exposure to 380 torr for between 1 and 52 days. The earliest change, detected from day 2, is the appearance of new muscle in the nonmuscular regions of artery. The position of the new muscle internal to the single elastic lamina and immediately subjacent to endothelium distinguished it from normal muscle. Ultrastructural examination shows not an \"extension\" of muscle along a pathway, but differentiation to form new muscle, by preexisting cells--by the pericyte in the nonmuscular arteries and by the intermediate cell in the partially muscular. The veins are spared. Endothelial cells also change significantly from day 3. In the normally nonmuscular regions of artery and in the alveolar capillaries, they are thickened. In the nonmuscular regions of artery, although the endothelial cells appear edematous, the number of Weibel-Palade bodies is increased and new muscle appears subjacent. Elsewhere the Weibel-Palade bodies show normal distribution. The extreme narrowing of the lumen caused by thickened endothelial cells and by encroachment of new muscle as well as the finding of capillaries that are no longer patent doubtless explain the reduction in small peripheral areteries."}
{"id": "PMID:146766", "title": "Deficient cell-mediated immunity in head and neck cancer patients secondary to autologous suppressive immune cells.", "content": "Fifty-four patients with epidermoid head and neck cancer were studied with routine and modified mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) techniques to quantify and characterize their cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Of these, 67% demonstrated deficient CMI in MLC. Employing G-10 column filtration to remove adherent cells selectively, the authors found that 56% of these deficient individuals demonstrated significantly increased lymphocyte responsiveness in MLC. Returning the adherent cells to the cultures usually recaptured the suppressive effect of these adherent cells. Cell marker analyses reveal that the macrophage is the most likely candidate for this suppressive cell. Therapeutic measures which address this paradoxically suppressive cell could be of benefit in enhancing CMI and gaining tumor control.", "contents": "Deficient cell-mediated immunity in head and neck cancer patients secondary to autologous suppressive immune cells. Fifty-four patients with epidermoid head and neck cancer were studied with routine and modified mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) techniques to quantify and characterize their cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Of these, 67% demonstrated deficient CMI in MLC. Employing G-10 column filtration to remove adherent cells selectively, the authors found that 56% of these deficient individuals demonstrated significantly increased lymphocyte responsiveness in MLC. Returning the adherent cells to the cultures usually recaptured the suppressive effect of these adherent cells. Cell marker analyses reveal that the macrophage is the most likely candidate for this suppressive cell. Therapeutic measures which address this paradoxically suppressive cell could be of benefit in enhancing CMI and gaining tumor control."}
{"id": "PMID:146819", "title": "Mapping of the resistance genes of the R plasmid NR1.", "content": "The drug resistance genes on the r-determinants component of the composite R plasmid NR1 were mapped on the EcoRI restriction endonuclease fragments of the R plasmid by cloning the fragments using the plasmid RSF2124 as a vector. The sulfonamide (Su) and streptomycin/spectinomycin (Sm/Sp) resistance genes are located on EcoRI fragment G of NR1. The expression of resistance to mercuric ions (Mer) requires both EcoRI fragment H and I of NR1. The expression of chloramphenicol (Cm) and fusidic acid (Fus) resistance requires EcoRI fragments A and J of NR1. The kan fragment of the related R plasmid R6-5 can substitute for Eco RI fragment J of NR1 in the expression of Cm and Fus resistance. The structural genes for Cm and Fus resistance appear to be a part of an operon whose expression is controlled by the same promoter.", "contents": "Mapping of the resistance genes of the R plasmid NR1. The drug resistance genes on the r-determinants component of the composite R plasmid NR1 were mapped on the EcoRI restriction endonuclease fragments of the R plasmid by cloning the fragments using the plasmid RSF2124 as a vector. The sulfonamide (Su) and streptomycin/spectinomycin (Sm/Sp) resistance genes are located on EcoRI fragment G of NR1. The expression of resistance to mercuric ions (Mer) requires both EcoRI fragment H and I of NR1. The expression of chloramphenicol (Cm) and fusidic acid (Fus) resistance requires EcoRI fragments A and J of NR1. The kan fragment of the related R plasmid R6-5 can substitute for Eco RI fragment J of NR1 in the expression of Cm and Fus resistance. The structural genes for Cm and Fus resistance appear to be a part of an operon whose expression is controlled by the same promoter."}
{"id": "PMID:146823", "title": "The role of glutathione in renal cortical tissue. Effects of diamide on Na+ and GSSG levels, amino acid transport and Na+-K+-ATPase activity.", "content": "The effects of diamide were studied in rat kidney cortical tissue. It was found that diamide increased oxidized glutathione levels and inhibited Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Consistent with this finding was the observation that diamide compromised the sodium gradients maintained in renal cortical slices. Amino acid transport studies with ouabain or a sodium-free buffer indicated that diamide interferes with both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent transport systems. These results indicate that diamide has a number of different effects on renal cortical tissue and emphasize the important role of glutathione in maintaining control of a number of key metabolic pathways.", "contents": "The role of glutathione in renal cortical tissue. Effects of diamide on Na+ and GSSG levels, amino acid transport and Na+-K+-ATPase activity. The effects of diamide were studied in rat kidney cortical tissue. It was found that diamide increased oxidized glutathione levels and inhibited Na+-K+-ATPase activity. Consistent with this finding was the observation that diamide compromised the sodium gradients maintained in renal cortical slices. Amino acid transport studies with ouabain or a sodium-free buffer indicated that diamide interferes with both Na+-dependent and Na+-independent transport systems. These results indicate that diamide has a number of different effects on renal cortical tissue and emphasize the important role of glutathione in maintaining control of a number of key metabolic pathways."}
{"id": "PMID:146824", "title": "Purification and properties of adenosine triphosphatase solubilized from beef heart mitochondria by chloroform.", "content": "Soluble, oligomycin-insensitive ATPase released from beef heart mitchondria by chloroform extraction can be further purified by Sepharose 6B gel filtration. This purification increases enzyme activity 4--5 times (100-130U/mg). According to specific activity, high purity and ability to reconstitute oligomycin-sensitive complex, isolated ATPase is quite comparable with enzyme preparations isolated by other methods.", "contents": "Purification and properties of adenosine triphosphatase solubilized from beef heart mitochondria by chloroform. Soluble, oligomycin-insensitive ATPase released from beef heart mitchondria by chloroform extraction can be further purified by Sepharose 6B gel filtration. This purification increases enzyme activity 4--5 times (100-130U/mg). According to specific activity, high purity and ability to reconstitute oligomycin-sensitive complex, isolated ATPase is quite comparable with enzyme preparations isolated by other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:146826", "title": "[On the diagnostic efficiency of the body-coordination-test for children (KTK) (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnostic efficiency of KTK was examined by evaluation of catamneses of children who mostly during their first year of life underwent neurosurgical treatment for subdural effusions. In addition, the influence of intelligence, side of hemispheric lesion, equivocal neurological signs and physical impairment, body height and weight as well as foot preference on the performance of motor tasks was examined. The results suggest sufficient practical advantages of KTK for the detection of brain damage in children.", "contents": "[On the diagnostic efficiency of the body-coordination-test for children (KTK) (author's transl)]. The diagnostic efficiency of KTK was examined by evaluation of catamneses of children who mostly during their first year of life underwent neurosurgical treatment for subdural effusions. In addition, the influence of intelligence, side of hemispheric lesion, equivocal neurological signs and physical impairment, body height and weight as well as foot preference on the performance of motor tasks was examined. The results suggest sufficient practical advantages of KTK for the detection of brain damage in children."}
{"id": "PMID:146828", "title": "Comparison of amino acid sequence of troponin I from different striated muscles.", "content": "The sequence of troponin I from fast and slow skeletal and cardiac muscle shows strong homology in the region which binds to actin and is responsible for inhibition of the actomyosin AT Pase. More differences are found in the N-terminal region which binds to troponin C.", "contents": "Comparison of amino acid sequence of troponin I from different striated muscles. The sequence of troponin I from fast and slow skeletal and cardiac muscle shows strong homology in the region which binds to actin and is responsible for inhibition of the actomyosin AT Pase. More differences are found in the N-terminal region which binds to troponin C."}
{"id": "PMID:146832", "title": "Platelet uptake of serotonin and dopamine in Huntington disease.", "content": "We investigated kinetic and pharmacologic properties of the uptake of serotonin and dopamine by blood platelets from patients with Huntington disease and from persons at high genetic risk of developing Huntington disease. Uptake proved normal.", "contents": "Platelet uptake of serotonin and dopamine in Huntington disease. We investigated kinetic and pharmacologic properties of the uptake of serotonin and dopamine by blood platelets from patients with Huntington disease and from persons at high genetic risk of developing Huntington disease. Uptake proved normal."}
{"id": "PMID:146844", "title": "In vitro sensitivity of transplantable leukemias to endogenous granuloid (GCE, GI-2) and lymphoid (T4, T4-1) inhibitors of proliferation.", "content": "The effect on cell proliferation of crude granulocyte and thymocyte extracts (GCE, T4) and of their target-specific fractions (GI-2, T4-1) was studied in cultures with transplantable subacute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia (ML, LL). In the dose rage studied (1-500 microgram/ml) each factor reduced 3H-TdR incorporation into acid-insoluble DNA of bone marrow, thymus and spleen cells with ML or LL as a function of the dose, approximately linearly. Normal bone marrow proved to be less sensitive to GCE than the ML one: according to parallel line bioassay by a factor of mu = 0.56. The reactivity of LL spleen and thymus is also higher to medium T4-1 concentrations (50-200 microgram/ml) than that of normal lymphoid populations. T4-1 inhibits 3H-TdR incorporation into the DNA of LL spleen cells submaximally in 90': this effect lasts for greater than 7 hours. Because of its more homogeneous cell composition and higher sensitivity, subacute myeloid leukemia is more suitable for screening endogenous granuloid inhibitors than are homologous normal cell cultures.", "contents": "In vitro sensitivity of transplantable leukemias to endogenous granuloid (GCE, GI-2) and lymphoid (T4, T4-1) inhibitors of proliferation. The effect on cell proliferation of crude granulocyte and thymocyte extracts (GCE, T4) and of their target-specific fractions (GI-2, T4-1) was studied in cultures with transplantable subacute myeloid and lymphoid leukemia (ML, LL). In the dose rage studied (1-500 microgram/ml) each factor reduced 3H-TdR incorporation into acid-insoluble DNA of bone marrow, thymus and spleen cells with ML or LL as a function of the dose, approximately linearly. Normal bone marrow proved to be less sensitive to GCE than the ML one: according to parallel line bioassay by a factor of mu = 0.56. The reactivity of LL spleen and thymus is also higher to medium T4-1 concentrations (50-200 microgram/ml) than that of normal lymphoid populations. T4-1 inhibits 3H-TdR incorporation into the DNA of LL spleen cells submaximally in 90': this effect lasts for greater than 7 hours. Because of its more homogeneous cell composition and higher sensitivity, subacute myeloid leukemia is more suitable for screening endogenous granuloid inhibitors than are homologous normal cell cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:146866", "title": "Antenatal diagnosis: a new dimension in genetic counseling.", "content": "Antenatal diagnosis has now been accepted as an important aspect of primary care medicine, and counseling patients as to the indications for amniocentesis has become routine. The principal indications are maternal age over 35 years of risk of recurrence of Down syndrome or a neural tube abnormality. Recurrence of sex-linked disorders or of inborn errors of metabolism and presence of balanced chromosomal translocations in parents are less frequent indications. Amniocentesis for cytogenetic analysis and determination of alpha-fetoprotein levels is best performed between 14 and 18 weeks of pregnancy. The scope and limitations of the procedure and its complications should be carefully explained to the parents, as should the risk of the detectable genetic disorder compared with the risk of the diagnostic procedure. On the basis of this information, the parents can make an informed decision for or against amniocentesis.", "contents": "Antenatal diagnosis: a new dimension in genetic counseling. Antenatal diagnosis has now been accepted as an important aspect of primary care medicine, and counseling patients as to the indications for amniocentesis has become routine. The principal indications are maternal age over 35 years of risk of recurrence of Down syndrome or a neural tube abnormality. Recurrence of sex-linked disorders or of inborn errors of metabolism and presence of balanced chromosomal translocations in parents are less frequent indications. Amniocentesis for cytogenetic analysis and determination of alpha-fetoprotein levels is best performed between 14 and 18 weeks of pregnancy. The scope and limitations of the procedure and its complications should be carefully explained to the parents, as should the risk of the detectable genetic disorder compared with the risk of the diagnostic procedure. On the basis of this information, the parents can make an informed decision for or against amniocentesis."}
{"id": "PMID:146867", "title": "Clinical cytogenetics: part 1.", "content": "This paper is an introduction to the cytogenetic biology of man. It deals with the role of chromosome abnormalities in prenatal death, malformation syndromes, mental retardation, malformation/mental retardation syndromes, abnormalities of sex determination, sex differentiation and sexual function, cancer, and certain genetic disorders in which chromosome abnormalities are seen commonly. Down syndrome is discussed as an important and common example of a malformation/mental retardation syndrome.", "contents": "Clinical cytogenetics: part 1. This paper is an introduction to the cytogenetic biology of man. It deals with the role of chromosome abnormalities in prenatal death, malformation syndromes, mental retardation, malformation/mental retardation syndromes, abnormalities of sex determination, sex differentiation and sexual function, cancer, and certain genetic disorders in which chromosome abnormalities are seen commonly. Down syndrome is discussed as an important and common example of a malformation/mental retardation syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:146868", "title": "Comparison of therapeutic efficacy of doxycycline, chlortetracycline and lincomycin-spectinomycin on E. coli infection of young chickens.", "content": "Three replicate trials were conducted with broiler male chicks to test the therapeutic efficacy of doxycycline, chlortetracycline and lincomycin-spectinomycin in water against an artifically induced Escherichia coli infection. Mortality, lesion scores (heart, liver and air sac), and performance data were the criteria in evaluating therapeutic efficacy of these drugs. Results indicated the therapeutic efficacy of doxycycline was greater than chlortetracycline and lincomycin-spectinomycin.", "contents": "Comparison of therapeutic efficacy of doxycycline, chlortetracycline and lincomycin-spectinomycin on E. coli infection of young chickens. Three replicate trials were conducted with broiler male chicks to test the therapeutic efficacy of doxycycline, chlortetracycline and lincomycin-spectinomycin in water against an artifically induced Escherichia coli infection. Mortality, lesion scores (heart, liver and air sac), and performance data were the criteria in evaluating therapeutic efficacy of these drugs. Results indicated the therapeutic efficacy of doxycycline was greater than chlortetracycline and lincomycin-spectinomycin."}
{"id": "PMID:146879", "title": "Cytoplasmic inheritance of rutamycin resistance in mouse fibroblasts.", "content": "Mouse fibroblasts resistant to the drug rutamycin were isolated by selectively introducing BrdUrd into the mitochondrial genome of a line of mouse fibroblasts (clone 1 D) lacking a cytoplasmic thymidine kinase enzyme. The ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase; EC 3.6.1.3) activity of mitochondria isolated from these cells was resistant to rutamycin. The rutamycin-resistant mutants were enucleated with cytochalasin B and fused with mouse A 9 cells resistant to 8-azaguanine and sensitive to rutamycin. Cytoplasmic hybrids, or cybrids, were selected as cells resistant to rutamycin and 8-azaguanine, and appeared at a high frequency. Other fusions between rutamycin-resistant nucleated cells and A 9 produced colonies at a much lower frequency. Finally, fusions between enucleated clone 1 D cells and A 9 cells produced no rutamycin-resistant colonies. These results indicate that rutamycin resistance is a cytoplasmically inherited characteristic in this cell line.", "contents": "Cytoplasmic inheritance of rutamycin resistance in mouse fibroblasts. Mouse fibroblasts resistant to the drug rutamycin were isolated by selectively introducing BrdUrd into the mitochondrial genome of a line of mouse fibroblasts (clone 1 D) lacking a cytoplasmic thymidine kinase enzyme. The ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase; EC 3.6.1.3) activity of mitochondria isolated from these cells was resistant to rutamycin. The rutamycin-resistant mutants were enucleated with cytochalasin B and fused with mouse A 9 cells resistant to 8-azaguanine and sensitive to rutamycin. Cytoplasmic hybrids, or cybrids, were selected as cells resistant to rutamycin and 8-azaguanine, and appeared at a high frequency. Other fusions between rutamycin-resistant nucleated cells and A 9 produced colonies at a much lower frequency. Finally, fusions between enucleated clone 1 D cells and A 9 cells produced no rutamycin-resistant colonies. These results indicate that rutamycin resistance is a cytoplasmically inherited characteristic in this cell line."}
{"id": "PMID:146880", "title": "An enzymatic defect in the obese (ob/ob) mouse: loss of thyroid-induced sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase.", "content": "Genetically obese (ob/ob) mice, mice that became obese after treatment with gold thioglucose, and lean animals were studied in the euthyroid state, after induction of hypothyroidism, and after treatment with triiodothyronine. The activity of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.99.5] was reduced in the livers from hypothyroid animals and was increased by treatment with triiodothyronine in all groups. The activity of the ouabain-suppressible sodium- and potassium-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase; EC 3.6.1.3) was increased by triiodothyronine and reduced by hypothyroidism in the lean and gold thioglucose-treated obese animals. In the obese (ob/ob) mice, on the other hand, treatment with triiodothyronine did not increase the activity of this enzyme, which remained at the level found in hypothyroid animals. This enzymatic activity was reduced in both liver and kidney. Adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing); EC 4.6.1.1] activity in liver membranes, however, was similar in all three groups of mice. This enzyme complex was activated by glucagon and was unaffected by treatment with thyroid hormones. The lack of a thyroid-dependent ouabain-suppressible (Na(+) + K(+))-ATPase in the tissues of the obese (ob/ob) mouse could explain most, if not all, of the abnormalities that have been described in this animal.", "contents": "An enzymatic defect in the obese (ob/ob) mouse: loss of thyroid-induced sodium- and potassium-dependent adenosinetriphosphatase. Genetically obese (ob/ob) mice, mice that became obese after treatment with gold thioglucose, and lean animals were studied in the euthyroid state, after induction of hypothyroidism, and after treatment with triiodothyronine. The activity of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (sn-glycerol-3-phosphate:(acceptor) oxidoreductase; EC 1.1.99.5] was reduced in the livers from hypothyroid animals and was increased by treatment with triiodothyronine in all groups. The activity of the ouabain-suppressible sodium- and potassium-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase; EC 3.6.1.3) was increased by triiodothyronine and reduced by hypothyroidism in the lean and gold thioglucose-treated obese animals. In the obese (ob/ob) mice, on the other hand, treatment with triiodothyronine did not increase the activity of this enzyme, which remained at the level found in hypothyroid animals. This enzymatic activity was reduced in both liver and kidney. Adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing); EC 4.6.1.1] activity in liver membranes, however, was similar in all three groups of mice. This enzyme complex was activated by glucagon and was unaffected by treatment with thyroid hormones. The lack of a thyroid-dependent ouabain-suppressible (Na(+) + K(+))-ATPase in the tissues of the obese (ob/ob) mouse could explain most, if not all, of the abnormalities that have been described in this animal."}
{"id": "PMID:146881", "title": "Repair of major cranio-orbital defects with an elastomer-coated mesh and autogenous bone paste.", "content": "We present a method for repairing defects in the craniofacial region in which an elastomer-coated mesh is used as a template with bone paste. The method was developed by animal experimentation first, and then successfully used in the maxillofacial and mandibular regions. We have used this method to repair 16 craniofacial defects with satisfactory results, and complications have been kept to a minimum.", "contents": "Repair of major cranio-orbital defects with an elastomer-coated mesh and autogenous bone paste. We present a method for repairing defects in the craniofacial region in which an elastomer-coated mesh is used as a template with bone paste. The method was developed by animal experimentation first, and then successfully used in the maxillofacial and mandibular regions. We have used this method to repair 16 craniofacial defects with satisfactory results, and complications have been kept to a minimum."}
{"id": "PMID:146882", "title": "An experimental neurovascular island skin flap for the study of the delay phenomenon.", "content": "We present an experimental neurovascular island skin flap. It is a consistent, reproducible model which produces a definite pattern of surviving skin flap area versus skin flap necrosis. There is a constant, anatomically definable nerve and vascular supply to the flap. This model permits independent experimental manipulation of the neural, arterial, and venous supply to the skin. It is useful, therefore, for the study of the vascular mechanisms of the skin microcirculation. We also demonstrated that increased flap survival can be produced by a delay involving denervation alone (leaving the vascular supply intact) or by devascularization alone (leaving the nerve supply intact). We conclude that both the adrenergic denervation and the ischemia contribute to the production of the delay phenomenon. We suggest that sustained vasodilation--vascular smooth muscle relaxation--is the vascular mechanism that accounts for the delay phenomenon.", "contents": "An experimental neurovascular island skin flap for the study of the delay phenomenon. We present an experimental neurovascular island skin flap. It is a consistent, reproducible model which produces a definite pattern of surviving skin flap area versus skin flap necrosis. There is a constant, anatomically definable nerve and vascular supply to the flap. This model permits independent experimental manipulation of the neural, arterial, and venous supply to the skin. It is useful, therefore, for the study of the vascular mechanisms of the skin microcirculation. We also demonstrated that increased flap survival can be produced by a delay involving denervation alone (leaving the vascular supply intact) or by devascularization alone (leaving the nerve supply intact). We conclude that both the adrenergic denervation and the ischemia contribute to the production of the delay phenomenon. We suggest that sustained vasodilation--vascular smooth muscle relaxation--is the vascular mechanism that accounts for the delay phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:146883", "title": "The effects of the perfusion of various solutions on the no-reflow phenomenon in experimental free flaps.", "content": "The effects of solution perfusion in the free epigastric flap of the rabbit, after normothermic ischemic periods of 8 hours or 12 hours, have been examined by operative microscopic and histological methods. A smaller group of animals was also studied in which the perfusion was done before the ischemic insult. An ischemia-related obstruction to the peripheral blood flow occurred in the absence of stagnant ischemic blood in this model. Although the 3 perfusion fluids studied were shown to penetrate to all levels of a flap after such an ischemic period, none of them had a beneficial effect on skin survival. However, the solution containing mannitol did have a protective effect on fat survival. Analogies between these experimental findings and the clinical situation are made, and the importance of the early diagnosis and treatment of ischemia in a flap is emphasized.", "contents": "The effects of the perfusion of various solutions on the no-reflow phenomenon in experimental free flaps. The effects of solution perfusion in the free epigastric flap of the rabbit, after normothermic ischemic periods of 8 hours or 12 hours, have been examined by operative microscopic and histological methods. A smaller group of animals was also studied in which the perfusion was done before the ischemic insult. An ischemia-related obstruction to the peripheral blood flow occurred in the absence of stagnant ischemic blood in this model. Although the 3 perfusion fluids studied were shown to penetrate to all levels of a flap after such an ischemic period, none of them had a beneficial effect on skin survival. However, the solution containing mannitol did have a protective effect on fat survival. Analogies between these experimental findings and the clinical situation are made, and the importance of the early diagnosis and treatment of ischemia in a flap is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:146886", "title": "[Osteosynthesis by adherent plates. An experimental physical study].", "content": "The creation of ridges of the deep surface of plates used for osteosynthesis increases their adherence to bone. By increasing the coefficient of friction between the plate and the bone, the stresses taken by the screws can be diminished by a third. The procedures diminishes by the same amount the risk of stripping or loosening of screws and thus the risk of pseudarthrosis. Experimental study has been made by measurement with the aid of an elliptometer and modifications in the state of polarization of a Lawer beam under the influence of shearing strains. The strains were those imposed on screws in Araldite fixing a plate whose inferior surface was smooth on one end and ridged on the other. The ridges should not be such as to prevent the later removal of the plate. Screws should be applied for preference with a dynamometric screwdriver because the stress relief is maximal with a tightening force of 12 inch pounds.", "contents": "[Osteosynthesis by adherent plates. An experimental physical study]. The creation of ridges of the deep surface of plates used for osteosynthesis increases their adherence to bone. By increasing the coefficient of friction between the plate and the bone, the stresses taken by the screws can be diminished by a third. The procedures diminishes by the same amount the risk of stripping or loosening of screws and thus the risk of pseudarthrosis. Experimental study has been made by measurement with the aid of an elliptometer and modifications in the state of polarization of a Lawer beam under the influence of shearing strains. The strains were those imposed on screws in Araldite fixing a plate whose inferior surface was smooth on one end and ridged on the other. The ridges should not be such as to prevent the later removal of the plate. Screws should be applied for preference with a dynamometric screwdriver because the stress relief is maximal with a tightening force of 12 inch pounds."}
{"id": "PMID:146887", "title": "[Intertrochanteric osteotomies. A critical study of the clinical radiologic evaluation].", "content": "The authors describe the technique that they have used in approximately 500 intertrochanteric osteotomies of the femur. The technique was satisfactory in the production of bony union but in ten per cent of cases there were errors of correction of 5 degrees or more. An analysis of errors related to the radiological technique used showed that a number of conditions (flexion, abduction) modify the angles of inclination and anteversion. A number of instances of degenerative arthritis had been incorrectly attributed to increased coxa valga. An analysis is made of the difficulties encountered when correction is required in two planes, especially when there is fixed flexion or significant anteversion. Some suggestions are made concerning improvements in technique.", "contents": "[Intertrochanteric osteotomies. A critical study of the clinical radiologic evaluation]. The authors describe the technique that they have used in approximately 500 intertrochanteric osteotomies of the femur. The technique was satisfactory in the production of bony union but in ten per cent of cases there were errors of correction of 5 degrees or more. An analysis of errors related to the radiological technique used showed that a number of conditions (flexion, abduction) modify the angles of inclination and anteversion. A number of instances of degenerative arthritis had been incorrectly attributed to increased coxa valga. An analysis is made of the difficulties encountered when correction is required in two planes, especially when there is fixed flexion or significant anteversion. Some suggestions are made concerning improvements in technique."}
{"id": "PMID:146888", "title": "[Failures and limitations of the Papineau technic. A report of 54 cases].", "content": "The authors have treated 41 cases by Papineau's technique. There were 19 cases of osteitis, and 35 septic non-unions (9 in the femur, 16 in the tibia and 10 in other sites). Twenty-four cases healed, the average follow-up being one year. The causes of failure were analysed. Some are related to the technique itself - sepsis and fractures at the sites of graft removal, inadequate quantities of cancellous bon, long delay in bone union and skin problems particularly in the leg. The indications for this technique are compared with those of other techniques. It is concluded that it is a useful technique; only two patients required amputation.", "contents": "[Failures and limitations of the Papineau technic. A report of 54 cases]. The authors have treated 41 cases by Papineau's technique. There were 19 cases of osteitis, and 35 septic non-unions (9 in the femur, 16 in the tibia and 10 in other sites). Twenty-four cases healed, the average follow-up being one year. The causes of failure were analysed. Some are related to the technique itself - sepsis and fractures at the sites of graft removal, inadequate quantities of cancellous bon, long delay in bone union and skin problems particularly in the leg. The indications for this technique are compared with those of other techniques. It is concluded that it is a useful technique; only two patients required amputation."}
{"id": "PMID:146889", "title": "[Attitude of the paralytic supination of the forearm in children. Surgical treatment in 19 cases].", "content": "Nineteen cases of paralytic supination contracture have been surgically treated in children and teenagers. Three successive stages are described - 1) reducible deformity 2) contractures of soft tissues and 3) skeletal deformities. Surgical treatment aimed to improve the patient cosmetically and functionally. Ideally, the condition should be corrected early, during the first stage. The results of the Zancolli procedure of section of the interosseous membrane and rerouteing of the biceps in 11 cases were all satisfactory. Osteotomy of one or both bones could be used in association in cases with fixed deformity.", "contents": "[Attitude of the paralytic supination of the forearm in children. Surgical treatment in 19 cases]. Nineteen cases of paralytic supination contracture have been surgically treated in children and teenagers. Three successive stages are described - 1) reducible deformity 2) contractures of soft tissues and 3) skeletal deformities. Surgical treatment aimed to improve the patient cosmetically and functionally. Ideally, the condition should be corrected early, during the first stage. The results of the Zancolli procedure of section of the interosseous membrane and rerouteing of the biceps in 11 cases were all satisfactory. Osteotomy of one or both bones could be used in association in cases with fixed deformity."}
{"id": "PMID:146896", "title": "[Long-distance swimming competitions for the physically handicapped (author's transl)].", "content": "Long-distance swimming competitions for the physically handicapped constitute a new measure in sports for the disabled. Such competitions can only be carried out after intensive training as a result of which predictions can be made for sports for the elderly practised for health reasons. Also, younger disabled people with different severely restricted physical functions, e.g., the paraplegics and the thalidomide disabled, are able to take part in these competitions and possibly even to swim against the non-disabled if they are fitted with the appropriate aids. The effects of endurance training are presented on the basis of many years of experiences with a supra-regional swimming group. The possible consequences for leisure time sports in clubs and organisations are discussed. The results and interim times of the two Cologne swimming festivals are documented in detail and analysed to determine performance pre-requisites. The relationship between general sports and sports for the disabled is reviewed and studied in view of a possible social integration.", "contents": "[Long-distance swimming competitions for the physically handicapped (author's transl)]. Long-distance swimming competitions for the physically handicapped constitute a new measure in sports for the disabled. Such competitions can only be carried out after intensive training as a result of which predictions can be made for sports for the elderly practised for health reasons. Also, younger disabled people with different severely restricted physical functions, e.g., the paraplegics and the thalidomide disabled, are able to take part in these competitions and possibly even to swim against the non-disabled if they are fitted with the appropriate aids. The effects of endurance training are presented on the basis of many years of experiences with a supra-regional swimming group. The possible consequences for leisure time sports in clubs and organisations are discussed. The results and interim times of the two Cologne swimming festivals are documented in detail and analysed to determine performance pre-requisites. The relationship between general sports and sports for the disabled is reviewed and studied in view of a possible social integration."}
{"id": "PMID:146897", "title": "[Some considerations on sports in workshops for the disabled (author's transl)].", "content": "Sports and play can constitute useful components in the production-free programmes of workshops for the disabled. As a result of a survey carried out in 1976 with the help of a questionnaire statements can be made on the sports situation of 150 workshops catering for 19 450 disabled people, i.e., two thirds of the workshop places currently available. Approximately 60% of the disabled do not have the opportunity of participating in sporting activities: 28% have one sports lesson per week, 9% two and 2% three. Table tennis and ball games are the most frequently mentioned. This applies also for the leisure time sports of the disabled. - As there is only a small number of appropriate facilities belonging to the workshops it is recommended that those of neighbouring schools and clubs be used. Sports lessons are usually given by special teachers' assistants with an additional qualification, as there are only a few physical education instructors with a particular knowledge of sports for the disabled. As an interim solution group leaders could be trained as sport supervisors.", "contents": "[Some considerations on sports in workshops for the disabled (author's transl)]. Sports and play can constitute useful components in the production-free programmes of workshops for the disabled. As a result of a survey carried out in 1976 with the help of a questionnaire statements can be made on the sports situation of 150 workshops catering for 19 450 disabled people, i.e., two thirds of the workshop places currently available. Approximately 60% of the disabled do not have the opportunity of participating in sporting activities: 28% have one sports lesson per week, 9% two and 2% three. Table tennis and ball games are the most frequently mentioned. This applies also for the leisure time sports of the disabled. - As there is only a small number of appropriate facilities belonging to the workshops it is recommended that those of neighbouring schools and clubs be used. Sports lessons are usually given by special teachers' assistants with an additional qualification, as there are only a few physical education instructors with a particular knowledge of sports for the disabled. As an interim solution group leaders could be trained as sport supervisors."}
{"id": "PMID:146898", "title": "[Training of supervisors for sports for the disabled (author's transl)].", "content": "There are only a few qualified supervisors for sports for the mentally handicapped although they are greatly needed. The Deutsche Caritasverband (association of German catholic welfare organisations) has now developed a training programme for sports supervisors which follows the training regulations of the Deutsche Sportbund (a German sports association). It is intended for all interested in working with the disabled. The whole training course consists of 180 hours. It is devided into a basic and an advanced course, each lasting one week of 75 study hours. Between these two courses the attendants are obliged to study at home and to observe and work with groups of disabled for at least 30 hours. The studies mainly focus on the two subjects \"sports for the physically handicapped\" and \"sports for the mentally handicapped\" and lead to the sports supervisors certificates A or F of the Deutsche Behindertensportverband (a German association for sports for the disabled).", "contents": "[Training of supervisors for sports for the disabled (author's transl)]. There are only a few qualified supervisors for sports for the mentally handicapped although they are greatly needed. The Deutsche Caritasverband (association of German catholic welfare organisations) has now developed a training programme for sports supervisors which follows the training regulations of the Deutsche Sportbund (a German sports association). It is intended for all interested in working with the disabled. The whole training course consists of 180 hours. It is devided into a basic and an advanced course, each lasting one week of 75 study hours. Between these two courses the attendants are obliged to study at home and to observe and work with groups of disabled for at least 30 hours. The studies mainly focus on the two subjects \"sports for the physically handicapped\" and \"sports for the mentally handicapped\" and lead to the sports supervisors certificates A or F of the Deutsche Behindertensportverband (a German association for sports for the disabled)."}
{"id": "PMID:146899", "title": "[Priorities of rehabilitation - yesterday, today and tomorrow (author's transl)].", "content": "During the last ten years of the Deutsche Vereinigung has made especially important socio-political topics - which are presented in detail in this article - the subjects of its congresses and working conferences. In particular, through the re-organisation of its council the Deutsche Vereinigung has provided the organisations for the disabled, the social security agencies, the representatives of the facilities and the occupational groups a forum for expert's discussions. Today's problems of a restricted number of vocational training places and the structural changes of the labour market have most afflicted the disabled. A solution can only be found within the framework of overall societal considerations which should take into account the question of the possibilities and limits of rationalisation and, in accordance with foreign models, the extension of the special labour market for the disabled. Integration and participation also means involvement in the gross national product.", "contents": "[Priorities of rehabilitation - yesterday, today and tomorrow (author's transl)]. During the last ten years of the Deutsche Vereinigung has made especially important socio-political topics - which are presented in detail in this article - the subjects of its congresses and working conferences. In particular, through the re-organisation of its council the Deutsche Vereinigung has provided the organisations for the disabled, the social security agencies, the representatives of the facilities and the occupational groups a forum for expert's discussions. Today's problems of a restricted number of vocational training places and the structural changes of the labour market have most afflicted the disabled. A solution can only be found within the framework of overall societal considerations which should take into account the question of the possibilities and limits of rationalisation and, in accordance with foreign models, the extension of the special labour market for the disabled. Integration and participation also means involvement in the gross national product."}
{"id": "PMID:146903", "title": "Studies on the epidemiology of Dictyocaulus filaria infection in Blackface sheep on a low-ground Scottish farm.", "content": "The excretion of Dictyocaulus filaria larvae in the faeces of Blackface sheep on a heavily stocked lowland farm in south east Scotland, showed considerable individual, week to week and year to year variation. Patent infections were first observed in lambs in May or June but the heaviest and most prevalent infections occurred in the autumn. Infection levels were generally low but infections tended to be prolonged and reinfection occurred following anthelmintic treatment until the late autumn or winter. Only a few very light, short-lived, patent infections were observed in yearlings or adult ewes. Pasture sampling and the use of tracer animals showed that the numbers of infective larvae on the pasture were minimal during the summer months but reached a low peak in the autumn.", "contents": "Studies on the epidemiology of Dictyocaulus filaria infection in Blackface sheep on a low-ground Scottish farm. The excretion of Dictyocaulus filaria larvae in the faeces of Blackface sheep on a heavily stocked lowland farm in south east Scotland, showed considerable individual, week to week and year to year variation. Patent infections were first observed in lambs in May or June but the heaviest and most prevalent infections occurred in the autumn. Infection levels were generally low but infections tended to be prolonged and reinfection occurred following anthelmintic treatment until the late autumn or winter. Only a few very light, short-lived, patent infections were observed in yearlings or adult ewes. Pasture sampling and the use of tracer animals showed that the numbers of infective larvae on the pasture were minimal during the summer months but reached a low peak in the autumn."}
{"id": "PMID:146904", "title": "The relative susceptibility of Soay and Blackface sheep to natural infection with Dictyocaulus filaria.", "content": "Simultaneous studies by faecal larval counts on a mixed flock of Blackface and Soay ewes, yearlings and lambs suggested that the Soay animals were less able to develop resistance to Dictyocaulus filaria. This susceptibility resulted in a greater proportion of the Soay ewes developing heavy burdens of these lung worms, and in a greater proportion of the yearlings and ewes excreting D filaria larvae in their faeces.", "contents": "The relative susceptibility of Soay and Blackface sheep to natural infection with Dictyocaulus filaria. Simultaneous studies by faecal larval counts on a mixed flock of Blackface and Soay ewes, yearlings and lambs suggested that the Soay animals were less able to develop resistance to Dictyocaulus filaria. This susceptibility resulted in a greater proportion of the Soay ewes developing heavy burdens of these lung worms, and in a greater proportion of the yearlings and ewes excreting D filaria larvae in their faeces."}
{"id": "PMID:146912", "title": "Increased stimulatory capacity of spleen cells from adult thymectomized mice in mixed lymphocyte reactions.", "content": "Conflicting results have been reported concerning the effect of adult thymectomy (A-Tx) on the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) response. Our purpose was to test the reverse question, namely the effect of A-Tx on the stimulatory capacity of mouse lymphocytes carrying allelic disparities at the Mls and the H-2 loci. Spleen cells from A-Tx CBA donors were found to be significantly more stimulating than cells from normal donors. That A-Tx could eliminate suppressor T cells involved in MLR regulation or in preventing back stimulation is not likely according to our data. An increment in expression or in accessibility of Mls or H-2 antigenic determinants induced by A-Tx is no more likely, since a smilar increase in lymphocyte proliferation was observed in syngeneic cultures. The most probable explanation remains that A-Tx discloses a strongly stimulatory subpopulation, perhaps acting in part nonspecifically. The hypothesis of an enrichment in B cells versus a loss of T cells is not compatible with our findings, since B-cell-enriched fractions from various origins never attained the stimulating ability disclosed by A-Tx cells. Moreover, the cell involved is theta-positive, although slightly nylon-wool-adherent, and thus shares several properties with immature T cells involved in auto-rosette formation.", "contents": "Increased stimulatory capacity of spleen cells from adult thymectomized mice in mixed lymphocyte reactions. Conflicting results have been reported concerning the effect of adult thymectomy (A-Tx) on the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) response. Our purpose was to test the reverse question, namely the effect of A-Tx on the stimulatory capacity of mouse lymphocytes carrying allelic disparities at the Mls and the H-2 loci. Spleen cells from A-Tx CBA donors were found to be significantly more stimulating than cells from normal donors. That A-Tx could eliminate suppressor T cells involved in MLR regulation or in preventing back stimulation is not likely according to our data. An increment in expression or in accessibility of Mls or H-2 antigenic determinants induced by A-Tx is no more likely, since a smilar increase in lymphocyte proliferation was observed in syngeneic cultures. The most probable explanation remains that A-Tx discloses a strongly stimulatory subpopulation, perhaps acting in part nonspecifically. The hypothesis of an enrichment in B cells versus a loss of T cells is not compatible with our findings, since B-cell-enriched fractions from various origins never attained the stimulating ability disclosed by A-Tx cells. Moreover, the cell involved is theta-positive, although slightly nylon-wool-adherent, and thus shares several properties with immature T cells involved in auto-rosette formation."}
{"id": "PMID:146913", "title": "Prognosis of chronic obstructive lung disease in relation to radiology and electrocardiogram.", "content": "Survival in relation to radiological and electrocardiographical changes was examined in a retrospective study of 228 hospital patients aged 40-69 years with a FEV1 of 1.5 1 or less, and a FEV1 of 70% or less of the vital capacity due to chronic obstructive lung disease. The only radiological changes which influenced survival after 4 years were enlarged heart and pronounced dilatation of the pulmonary artery. Thirty-eight percent of the patients with normal ECG but with pronounced dilatation of the pulmonary artery were alive after 4 years. In patients with normal ECG and normal or moderate dilatation of the pulmonary artery about 80% had survived after 4 years. There was only 18% survival after 4 years in patients with abnormal ECG and pronounced dilatation of the pulmonary artery and/or with enlarged heart, and only 6% in patients from age group 60-69. In patients with abnormal ECG without enlarged heart and without pronounced dilatation of the pulmonary artery 50-63% had survived after 4 years. Pulmonary hyperinflation was not important for survival during the first 4 years.", "contents": "Prognosis of chronic obstructive lung disease in relation to radiology and electrocardiogram. Survival in relation to radiological and electrocardiographical changes was examined in a retrospective study of 228 hospital patients aged 40-69 years with a FEV1 of 1.5 1 or less, and a FEV1 of 70% or less of the vital capacity due to chronic obstructive lung disease. The only radiological changes which influenced survival after 4 years were enlarged heart and pronounced dilatation of the pulmonary artery. Thirty-eight percent of the patients with normal ECG but with pronounced dilatation of the pulmonary artery were alive after 4 years. In patients with normal ECG and normal or moderate dilatation of the pulmonary artery about 80% had survived after 4 years. There was only 18% survival after 4 years in patients with abnormal ECG and pronounced dilatation of the pulmonary artery and/or with enlarged heart, and only 6% in patients from age group 60-69. In patients with abnormal ECG without enlarged heart and without pronounced dilatation of the pulmonary artery 50-63% had survived after 4 years. Pulmonary hyperinflation was not important for survival during the first 4 years."}
{"id": "PMID:146914", "title": "Systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial infarction in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.", "content": "Left ventricular function was evaluated prospectively during 1 year in a controlled clinical study of 73 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. The control group comprised 68 patients matched for age and sex and with no evidence of airways obstruction. Left ventricular hypertrophy was found in 52% and systemic hypertension in 58% of patients in the study group compared with 6% and 15% respectively in the controls. Left ventricular hypertrophy was diagnosed in 70% of patients with chronic bronchitis and in 19% of those with chronic emphysema. Systemic hypertension was observed in 45% of the bronchitic type patients and in 81% of those with emphysema. The incidence of myocardial infarction in the study group was not lower than in the controls. The high frequency of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease can probably be related to a similar high frequency of systemic hypertension. Hypertension per se does not explain left ventricular hypertrophy in all patients with chronic bronchitis, but hypoxemia and acidosis seem to be of pathogenetic importance in these cases.", "contents": "Systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial infarction in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Left ventricular function was evaluated prospectively during 1 year in a controlled clinical study of 73 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. The control group comprised 68 patients matched for age and sex and with no evidence of airways obstruction. Left ventricular hypertrophy was found in 52% and systemic hypertension in 58% of patients in the study group compared with 6% and 15% respectively in the controls. Left ventricular hypertrophy was diagnosed in 70% of patients with chronic bronchitis and in 19% of those with chronic emphysema. Systemic hypertension was observed in 45% of the bronchitic type patients and in 81% of those with emphysema. The incidence of myocardial infarction in the study group was not lower than in the controls. The high frequency of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease can probably be related to a similar high frequency of systemic hypertension. Hypertension per se does not explain left ventricular hypertrophy in all patients with chronic bronchitis, but hypoxemia and acidosis seem to be of pathogenetic importance in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:146916", "title": "The aromatic ethylamide derivative of retinoic acid in the treatment of acne vulgaris.", "content": "A clinical trial on the aromatic ethylamide derivative of retinoic acid (Ro. 11-1430) applied topically was carried out for 10 weeks on 50 ambulatory patients suffering from various degrees of acne vulgaris. This clinical trial assessed the efficacy and side reactions of Ro. 11-1430 in the treatment of acne vulgaris, especially when used in the tropics. A comparison was made between the results obtained in this trial and those in another trial using topical retinoic acid. Analysis made in terms of efficacy, drug tolerance, patients' complaints and duration of treatment for achieving obvious alleviation of symptoms shows that Ro. 11-1430, with the exception of side reactions due to the drugs applied, was inferior to retinoic acid. Relapses as well as remissions often occurred during the period of maintenance therapy. Like retinoic acid, Ro. 11-1430 has a palliative effect only and not a curative one.", "contents": "The aromatic ethylamide derivative of retinoic acid in the treatment of acne vulgaris. A clinical trial on the aromatic ethylamide derivative of retinoic acid (Ro. 11-1430) applied topically was carried out for 10 weeks on 50 ambulatory patients suffering from various degrees of acne vulgaris. This clinical trial assessed the efficacy and side reactions of Ro. 11-1430 in the treatment of acne vulgaris, especially when used in the tropics. A comparison was made between the results obtained in this trial and those in another trial using topical retinoic acid. Analysis made in terms of efficacy, drug tolerance, patients' complaints and duration of treatment for achieving obvious alleviation of symptoms shows that Ro. 11-1430, with the exception of side reactions due to the drugs applied, was inferior to retinoic acid. Relapses as well as remissions often occurred during the period of maintenance therapy. Like retinoic acid, Ro. 11-1430 has a palliative effect only and not a curative one."}
{"id": "PMID:146919", "title": "Huntington's chorea in the Cape coloured community of South Africa.", "content": "Huntington's chorea is a grave genetic neurological disorder which appears to be a more serious problem in South Africa than has generally been recognized. The minimum prevalence of the disease in the Cape Coloured is 3,5/100 000 of the population. Sixteen per cent of patients were younger than 20 years at the time of onset of the disease. This is among the highest incidence of juvenile Huntington's chorea in the world. The gene for Huntington's chorea has been in South Africa for 300 years. It was first introduced into this country from Holland in the middle of the 17th century and then later from England in the middle and end of the 19th century. The number of affected individuals appears to be on the increase in South Africa. Unfortunately, at present, no methods are available for effective control of this disorder.", "contents": "Huntington's chorea in the Cape coloured community of South Africa. Huntington's chorea is a grave genetic neurological disorder which appears to be a more serious problem in South Africa than has generally been recognized. The minimum prevalence of the disease in the Cape Coloured is 3,5/100 000 of the population. Sixteen per cent of patients were younger than 20 years at the time of onset of the disease. This is among the highest incidence of juvenile Huntington's chorea in the world. The gene for Huntington's chorea has been in South Africa for 300 years. It was first introduced into this country from Holland in the middle of the 17th century and then later from England in the middle and end of the 19th century. The number of affected individuals appears to be on the increase in South Africa. Unfortunately, at present, no methods are available for effective control of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:146923", "title": "Is there a significant gene dose effect in the primed lymphocyte test?", "content": "Pig lymphocytes typed for products of the MHC were primed in vitro against allogeneic lymphocytes. When rechallenged with a panel of different cells, specific 'typing' responses were distinguishable which were not obscured by high non-specific responses or by a restimulator gene dose effect. A gene additive effect was observed in both primary MLR and in the primed lymphocyte test (PLT).", "contents": "Is there a significant gene dose effect in the primed lymphocyte test? Pig lymphocytes typed for products of the MHC were primed in vitro against allogeneic lymphocytes. When rechallenged with a panel of different cells, specific 'typing' responses were distinguishable which were not obscured by high non-specific responses or by a restimulator gene dose effect. A gene additive effect was observed in both primary MLR and in the primed lymphocyte test (PLT)."}
{"id": "PMID:146924", "title": "Correlation between magnitude of MLC and kidney graft survival in intrafamilial transplantation.", "content": "The role of HLA-A and-B and HLA-D compatibility was analyzed in 63 recipients of intrafamilial kidney grafts. At 1 year post-transplantation the survival of grafts from HLA-A and-B compatible donors was 89% and that of grafts from HLA-A and/or-B incompatible donors 77%. Recipents with a Relative Response (RR) in MLC of less than 20% towards their donors, indicating HLA-D compatibility, had a 4-year graft survival of 100%. After 1 year the graft survival of this group was statistically different (p less 0-01) from the 63% graft survival of recipients with an RR greater than 60%. An RR greater than 60% indicates HLA-D incompatibility between recipient and donor. For patients with RR less than 60% the 2-year graft survival was 46%. This was lower than that of patients with RR less than 20% (P less than 0.001) and that of patients with an RR of 20--60% (P less than 0.01). The recipients with an RR of 20--60%, indicating slight HLA-D incompatibility with their donors, had a 2-year graft survival of 88%. We concluded that graft survival was correlated to the magnitude of MLC response between recipients and donors in such a way that a high MLC response indicating HLA-D incompatibility was associated with a high frequency of graft rejection while a low MLC response was associated with graft survival. HLA-D compatibility correlated with an excellent outcome in five cases in spite of HLA-A and-B incompatibility.", "contents": "Correlation between magnitude of MLC and kidney graft survival in intrafamilial transplantation. The role of HLA-A and-B and HLA-D compatibility was analyzed in 63 recipients of intrafamilial kidney grafts. At 1 year post-transplantation the survival of grafts from HLA-A and-B compatible donors was 89% and that of grafts from HLA-A and/or-B incompatible donors 77%. Recipents with a Relative Response (RR) in MLC of less than 20% towards their donors, indicating HLA-D compatibility, had a 4-year graft survival of 100%. After 1 year the graft survival of this group was statistically different (p less 0-01) from the 63% graft survival of recipients with an RR greater than 60%. An RR greater than 60% indicates HLA-D incompatibility between recipient and donor. For patients with RR less than 60% the 2-year graft survival was 46%. This was lower than that of patients with RR less than 20% (P less than 0.001) and that of patients with an RR of 20--60% (P less than 0.01). The recipients with an RR of 20--60%, indicating slight HLA-D incompatibility with their donors, had a 2-year graft survival of 88%. We concluded that graft survival was correlated to the magnitude of MLC response between recipients and donors in such a way that a high MLC response indicating HLA-D incompatibility was associated with a high frequency of graft rejection while a low MLC response was associated with graft survival. HLA-D compatibility correlated with an excellent outcome in five cases in spite of HLA-A and-B incompatibility."}
{"id": "PMID:146925", "title": "On the HLA-B,D map distance.", "content": "HLA--A,--B,--C and--d typing and intra-familial MLC studies in 21 couples and their 91 children revealed three B, D recombinants in 165 informative haplotypes. This corresponds to a B,D map distance of 1.8 centiMorgans, which is somewhat higher than previous estimates based on intra-familial MLC chessboard experiments. All three recombinants are maternal.", "contents": "On the HLA-B,D map distance. HLA--A,--B,--C and--d typing and intra-familial MLC studies in 21 couples and their 91 children revealed three B, D recombinants in 165 informative haplotypes. This corresponds to a B,D map distance of 1.8 centiMorgans, which is somewhat higher than previous estimates based on intra-familial MLC chessboard experiments. All three recombinants are maternal."}
{"id": "PMID:146928", "title": "[Study on hematological toxicity in irradiation and ICRF 159 combination treatment during experimentation on animals with particular consideration of long-term effects (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiments on animals are utilized for the control of hematological toxicity in sound NMRI mice during and after fractionated ICRF 159 therapy, fractionated whole-body irradiation and a combination of both. In the course of the 32-day therapeutic phase, and also during the total follow-up period lasting 196 days, continual determination of leukocytes and thrombocytes was performed. Leukocyte and thrombocyte depression is related to radiation effects during the phase of therapy and subsequently. In the later period of follow-up, however, hematological toxicity developed by ICRF 159 is higher than that produced by irradiation. Early and late effects of the preparation must be distinguished therefore. The thrombocytopenic effect is altogether less pronounced than the leukocytopenic effect. Here, too, the thrombocytopenic action of ICRF 159 appears in the course of the late phase only, but then more distinctly. The present results are discussed and compared to hitherto existing observations from animal experimentation and from clinical findings described in literature.", "contents": "[Study on hematological toxicity in irradiation and ICRF 159 combination treatment during experimentation on animals with particular consideration of long-term effects (author's transl)]. Experiments on animals are utilized for the control of hematological toxicity in sound NMRI mice during and after fractionated ICRF 159 therapy, fractionated whole-body irradiation and a combination of both. In the course of the 32-day therapeutic phase, and also during the total follow-up period lasting 196 days, continual determination of leukocytes and thrombocytes was performed. Leukocyte and thrombocyte depression is related to radiation effects during the phase of therapy and subsequently. In the later period of follow-up, however, hematological toxicity developed by ICRF 159 is higher than that produced by irradiation. Early and late effects of the preparation must be distinguished therefore. The thrombocytopenic effect is altogether less pronounced than the leukocytopenic effect. Here, too, the thrombocytopenic action of ICRF 159 appears in the course of the late phase only, but then more distinctly. The present results are discussed and compared to hitherto existing observations from animal experimentation and from clinical findings described in literature."}
{"id": "PMID:146930", "title": "[ATPase activity and processes of calcium transport in membranes of sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscles with E-avitaminotic dystrophy].", "content": "Peculiarities of functioning of the sarcoplasmic reticulum muscles membranes with E-avitaminotic distrophy were studied. It was determined that the level of ATP-dependent consumption of Ca2+, value of the Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activity and an amount of the intermediate phosphorylated product forming in the reaction of ATP hydrolysis decrease. The rate of this product formation in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the distrophic muscles is inhibited as compared to normalcy. Elimination of Ca2+ into calcium-free medium from the vesicular membranes of the reticulum preliminarily loaded with Ca2+ occurs more rapidly under dystrophy than in normalcy. The data obtained evidence for a disturbance of mechanism of Ca2+ active transport and for an increase in the membrane permeability for Ca2+ in the membranes of the dystrophic muscles sarcoplasmic reticulum. A problem is considered on a dependence of the skeletal muscles observed in the reticulum under dystrophy of the functional changes on the membrane structure, in particular on their lipid composition.", "contents": "[ATPase activity and processes of calcium transport in membranes of sarcoplasmic reticulum of skeletal muscles with E-avitaminotic dystrophy]. Peculiarities of functioning of the sarcoplasmic reticulum muscles membranes with E-avitaminotic distrophy were studied. It was determined that the level of ATP-dependent consumption of Ca2+, value of the Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase activity and an amount of the intermediate phosphorylated product forming in the reaction of ATP hydrolysis decrease. The rate of this product formation in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the distrophic muscles is inhibited as compared to normalcy. Elimination of Ca2+ into calcium-free medium from the vesicular membranes of the reticulum preliminarily loaded with Ca2+ occurs more rapidly under dystrophy than in normalcy. The data obtained evidence for a disturbance of mechanism of Ca2+ active transport and for an increase in the membrane permeability for Ca2+ in the membranes of the dystrophic muscles sarcoplasmic reticulum. A problem is considered on a dependence of the skeletal muscles observed in the reticulum under dystrophy of the functional changes on the membrane structure, in particular on their lipid composition."}
{"id": "PMID:146945", "title": "A human tubular array plasma cell.", "content": "A human plasma cell is described which is distinct with both the light and electron microscope. With indirect immunofluorescence its cytoplasm is immunoglobulin-associated and the ultrastructure is characterized by tubular arrays of endoplasmic reticulum similar to those described in a number of diseases. Hypotheses regarding these tubular structures are reviewed.", "contents": "A human tubular array plasma cell. A human plasma cell is described which is distinct with both the light and electron microscope. With indirect immunofluorescence its cytoplasm is immunoglobulin-associated and the ultrastructure is characterized by tubular arrays of endoplasmic reticulum similar to those described in a number of diseases. Hypotheses regarding these tubular structures are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:146947", "title": "Ultrastructure of the liver in a case of childhood cystinosis.", "content": "Ultrastructural findings in the liver in a case of childhood cystinosis are reported. Crystalline structures were found mainly in Kupffer cells. The presence of dark cells, with or without crystals, was the most striking feature observed. Such cells have already been noted within the kidney on one occasion when it was shown that the dark substance was L-cystine (Spear et al., 1971). In this case identical dark material was also found extracellularly. The data shows that free cystine can fill cell cytoplasm and extracellular spaces and the possibility that cystine overproduction may take place in the hyaloplasm should be considered. Extracellular location of cystine in the tubules might account for an increase in epithelial permeability and thus for the Fanconi syndrome.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of the liver in a case of childhood cystinosis. Ultrastructural findings in the liver in a case of childhood cystinosis are reported. Crystalline structures were found mainly in Kupffer cells. The presence of dark cells, with or without crystals, was the most striking feature observed. Such cells have already been noted within the kidney on one occasion when it was shown that the dark substance was L-cystine (Spear et al., 1971). In this case identical dark material was also found extracellularly. The data shows that free cystine can fill cell cytoplasm and extracellular spaces and the possibility that cystine overproduction may take place in the hyaloplasm should be considered. Extracellular location of cystine in the tubules might account for an increase in epithelial permeability and thus for the Fanconi syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:146950", "title": "Heterotopic striated muscle on the surface of the brain.", "content": "Heterotopic tissue, identified by both light and electron microscopy as cardiac muscle, was detected at autopsy on the surface of the right superior temporal gyrus of a 73-year old female patient. The cells of the heterotopic tissue were interconnected by intercalated discs and the fibres contained regularly cross-striated, contracted, or relaxed myofibrils indicating a continuing contractile activity until the time of death.", "contents": "Heterotopic striated muscle on the surface of the brain. Heterotopic tissue, identified by both light and electron microscopy as cardiac muscle, was detected at autopsy on the surface of the right superior temporal gyrus of a 73-year old female patient. The cells of the heterotopic tissue were interconnected by intercalated discs and the fibres contained regularly cross-striated, contracted, or relaxed myofibrils indicating a continuing contractile activity until the time of death."}
{"id": "PMID:146951", "title": "Partial purification of epidermal G2 chalone.", "content": "A partial purification of epidermal G2 chalone from crude epidermal cell extracts from hairless mice is described. The procedure involved the sequential use of ammonium sulphate precipitation, affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Mitosis-inhibiting activity at each stage in the purification was tested in an in vitro assay system employing human epidermoid carcinoma cells in exponential growth phase and Colcemid (Ciba) for arresting mitoses. This assay system is much more rapid and convenient than conventional in vivo systems. By the procedure described, a 10,000-fold material purification of the active component has been obtained. This corresponds to a 3,000-fold purification measured by protein content, and a 300-fold increase in mitosis-inhibiting activity per unit we;ght. The active component is acidic, contains sugar residues and has gel chromatographic properties characteristic of a substance with molecular weight of approximately 20,000. On SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, however, three weak bands were found. The active component is resistant to trypsin and protease and stable between pH 6.0 and 8.5. It is easily inactivated at pH values below 6.0. At the present stage of purification, several components other than the active one still remain in our material and further purification steps must be eventually employed.", "contents": "Partial purification of epidermal G2 chalone. A partial purification of epidermal G2 chalone from crude epidermal cell extracts from hairless mice is described. The procedure involved the sequential use of ammonium sulphate precipitation, affinity chromatography and gel filtration. Mitosis-inhibiting activity at each stage in the purification was tested in an in vitro assay system employing human epidermoid carcinoma cells in exponential growth phase and Colcemid (Ciba) for arresting mitoses. This assay system is much more rapid and convenient than conventional in vivo systems. By the procedure described, a 10,000-fold material purification of the active component has been obtained. This corresponds to a 3,000-fold purification measured by protein content, and a 300-fold increase in mitosis-inhibiting activity per unit we;ght. The active component is acidic, contains sugar residues and has gel chromatographic properties characteristic of a substance with molecular weight of approximately 20,000. On SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, however, three weak bands were found. The active component is resistant to trypsin and protease and stable between pH 6.0 and 8.5. It is easily inactivated at pH values below 6.0. At the present stage of purification, several components other than the active one still remain in our material and further purification steps must be eventually employed."}
{"id": "PMID:146970", "title": "[The place of laparoscopy in the investigation of infertility (author's transl)].", "content": "An assessment of the value of hysterosalpingography (HSG) and laparoscopy was made on the basis of a comparison of the respective findings obtained during routine investigation of 105 women attending the Infertility Clinic. The results of the two procedures concurred in 76% of the women; in the remaining cases, apparently normal findings on HSG had to be rectified on the basis of laparoscopic investigation and vice versa. The divergent results are discussed in detail. In particular, intramural obstruction of the tubes diagnosed on HSG often appears to be merely functional and the presence or absence of adhesions in the region of the tubes must be viewed with reservation. HSG and laparoscopy should be considered complementary, not rival procedures.", "contents": "[The place of laparoscopy in the investigation of infertility (author's transl)]. An assessment of the value of hysterosalpingography (HSG) and laparoscopy was made on the basis of a comparison of the respective findings obtained during routine investigation of 105 women attending the Infertility Clinic. The results of the two procedures concurred in 76% of the women; in the remaining cases, apparently normal findings on HSG had to be rectified on the basis of laparoscopic investigation and vice versa. The divergent results are discussed in detail. In particular, intramural obstruction of the tubes diagnosed on HSG often appears to be merely functional and the presence or absence of adhesions in the region of the tubes must be viewed with reservation. HSG and laparoscopy should be considered complementary, not rival procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:146967", "title": "[Mechanisms of the antilipemic action of niacin].", "content": "In tests conducted with albino rats the influence of nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, hydrocortisone and their combinations on a number of factor characterizing directly or indirectly the state of the lipid metabolism in the liver was investigated. It is suggested that hormonal mediation (preliminary stimulation of the suprarenals) may play a significant part in the realization of hypolipemic activity of niacin, its concrete mechanism being oxidation of the lipids, controlled by corticosteroids.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of the antilipemic action of niacin]. In tests conducted with albino rats the influence of nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, hydrocortisone and their combinations on a number of factor characterizing directly or indirectly the state of the lipid metabolism in the liver was investigated. It is suggested that hormonal mediation (preliminary stimulation of the suprarenals) may play a significant part in the realization of hypolipemic activity of niacin, its concrete mechanism being oxidation of the lipids, controlled by corticosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:146981", "title": "[The post mortem alterations of myofibrilar proteins and adenosintriphosphatase activities of the skeletal muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "Immediately after the death of rabbits and at different times within 48 hours, we took out a part of the psoas muscle, from which we made myofibrilar preparations. The carcasses providing the muscle samples were held at two different temperatures. One group was held for 48 hours at 25 degrees C, imitating room temperature. The other group was held for 12 hours at 25 C degrees and at 25 C degrees and 12 hours at 10 C degrees, imitating daily temperature changes. Each myofibrilar sample was subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition we determined the Ca++ activated and the EGTA inhibited ATPase specific activity of the myofibrils. We found that within 48 hours the myofibrilar proteins were subjected to some characteristic proteolytic changes, which were dependant on the environmental temperature. The most interesting change was found in carcasses held constantly at 25 C degrees for 48 hours, where the EGTA inhibited ATPase activity was increased to about seven times its initial value, reflecting impairment of the troponin complex.", "contents": "[The post mortem alterations of myofibrilar proteins and adenosintriphosphatase activities of the skeletal muscles (author's transl)]. Immediately after the death of rabbits and at different times within 48 hours, we took out a part of the psoas muscle, from which we made myofibrilar preparations. The carcasses providing the muscle samples were held at two different temperatures. One group was held for 48 hours at 25 degrees C, imitating room temperature. The other group was held for 12 hours at 25 C degrees and at 25 C degrees and 12 hours at 10 C degrees, imitating daily temperature changes. Each myofibrilar sample was subjected to SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In addition we determined the Ca++ activated and the EGTA inhibited ATPase specific activity of the myofibrils. We found that within 48 hours the myofibrilar proteins were subjected to some characteristic proteolytic changes, which were dependant on the environmental temperature. The most interesting change was found in carcasses held constantly at 25 C degrees for 48 hours, where the EGTA inhibited ATPase activity was increased to about seven times its initial value, reflecting impairment of the troponin complex."}
{"id": "PMID:146988", "title": "[Significance of laparoscopy in decisions on the preventive therapy of various ovarian tumors in girls].", "content": "Of 125 laparoscopies, carried out in the Clinic of Surgical Gynaecology in the years 1972 to 1974, 12 referred to girls aged from 15 to 18 years (9,6%). As a consequence of the mentioned diagnostic-therapeutic procedure 6 girls (50%) avoided laparotomy. Laparoscopy is an excellent technique to establish diagnosis in cases of ovarian tumours especially in the developmental age.", "contents": "[Significance of laparoscopy in decisions on the preventive therapy of various ovarian tumors in girls]. Of 125 laparoscopies, carried out in the Clinic of Surgical Gynaecology in the years 1972 to 1974, 12 referred to girls aged from 15 to 18 years (9,6%). As a consequence of the mentioned diagnostic-therapeutic procedure 6 girls (50%) avoided laparotomy. Laparoscopy is an excellent technique to establish diagnosis in cases of ovarian tumours especially in the developmental age."}
{"id": "PMID:146990", "title": "[Detection of pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae in seawater].", "content": "As a result of investigations carried out in the littoral sea waters (a total of 114 sea water samples were analyzed) there were isolated 226 strains of salmonellae referred to 9 serological types, this constituting 35% of the positive samples. As revealed, salmonella distribution in sea water depended on the site of outflow of sewage, and also on the unfavourable influence of rivers inflowing to the littoral part of the sea.", "contents": "[Detection of pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae in seawater]. As a result of investigations carried out in the littoral sea waters (a total of 114 sea water samples were analyzed) there were isolated 226 strains of salmonellae referred to 9 serological types, this constituting 35% of the positive samples. As revealed, salmonella distribution in sea water depended on the site of outflow of sewage, and also on the unfavourable influence of rivers inflowing to the littoral part of the sea."}
{"id": "PMID:146992", "title": "[Study of the circulation of Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus in Turkmenistan].", "content": "Final results of the virological and serological investigations of the circulation of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus in the Turkmenian SSR carried out in 1968-1976 are presented in this report. In the examination of 2294 blood serum samples of human beings complement binding antibodies against the Crimean hemorrhagic fever were revealed in 0.4% of cases. It was revealed that five species of ixodes ticks could he infected with this virus; for the first time its strains were also isolated from the Hyalomma dromedarii ticks. Isolation of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus from ticks and determination of the precipitating antibodies against this virus in agricultural animals--from 6.2 to 11.1%--in all the regions of the republic pointed out that the natural nidi zones were widespread at the territory of the Turkmenian SSR, and that it was necessary to carry out further study of the given focus.", "contents": "[Study of the circulation of Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus in Turkmenistan]. Final results of the virological and serological investigations of the circulation of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus in the Turkmenian SSR carried out in 1968-1976 are presented in this report. In the examination of 2294 blood serum samples of human beings complement binding antibodies against the Crimean hemorrhagic fever were revealed in 0.4% of cases. It was revealed that five species of ixodes ticks could he infected with this virus; for the first time its strains were also isolated from the Hyalomma dromedarii ticks. Isolation of the Crimean hemorrhagic fever virus from ticks and determination of the precipitating antibodies against this virus in agricultural animals--from 6.2 to 11.1%--in all the regions of the republic pointed out that the natural nidi zones were widespread at the territory of the Turkmenian SSR, and that it was necessary to carry out further study of the given focus."}
{"id": "PMID:146993", "title": "[Alkaline phosphatase and ATPase activity in the walls of the cerebral vessels in hypertension and arteriosclerosis with disorders of the cerebral circulation].", "content": "In hypertensive disease and atherosclerosis without acute disorders of cerebral circulation it was established that in the cerebral vessel walls there was a high activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosintriphosphtase. In the symmetrical areas of the subcortical nodes differences in the activity of these enzymes were insignificant and not valid. In vessel walls, located in the peripheral zone of the apoplectic hemorrhage and in the adjacent brain tissue the activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosintriphosphatase drops. The existence of a high activity of enzymes in the vessel walls on the early stages of hemorrhages gives ground to the authors to claim that in the peripheral zone of an extensive hemorrhage a drop in the enzyme activity appears in the process of a development of a stroke.", "contents": "[Alkaline phosphatase and ATPase activity in the walls of the cerebral vessels in hypertension and arteriosclerosis with disorders of the cerebral circulation]. In hypertensive disease and atherosclerosis without acute disorders of cerebral circulation it was established that in the cerebral vessel walls there was a high activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosintriphosphtase. In the symmetrical areas of the subcortical nodes differences in the activity of these enzymes were insignificant and not valid. In vessel walls, located in the peripheral zone of the apoplectic hemorrhage and in the adjacent brain tissue the activity of alkaline phosphatase and adenosintriphosphatase drops. The existence of a high activity of enzymes in the vessel walls on the early stages of hemorrhages gives ground to the authors to claim that in the peripheral zone of an extensive hemorrhage a drop in the enzyme activity appears in the process of a development of a stroke."}
{"id": "PMID:146994", "title": "A simple uroflowmeter for routine use.", "content": "A simple uroflowmeter has been constructed which, according to the experience gathered so far, can be used satisfactorily for the urodynamic examination of the lower urinary tract.", "contents": "A simple uroflowmeter for routine use. A simple uroflowmeter has been constructed which, according to the experience gathered so far, can be used satisfactorily for the urodynamic examination of the lower urinary tract."}
{"id": "PMID:146989", "title": "[Action of acetylcholine on the adenosine triphosphatase activity of the brain synaptosomes of the suslik, Citellus erythrogenus].", "content": "In experiments in vitro at 37 and 17 degrees C, studies have been made of the effect of ACh upon the activity of Mg- and Na,K-ATPase of brain synaptosomes of the ground squirrel in summer animals and during winter hibernation. ACh (6 mM) decreases the activity of ATPases by 23-33% at 37 degrees C. During winter hibernation, the inhibitory effect of ACh is increased resulting in lower values of residual ATPase activity after the effect of ACh as compared with those obtained in summer period.", "contents": "[Action of acetylcholine on the adenosine triphosphatase activity of the brain synaptosomes of the suslik, Citellus erythrogenus]. In experiments in vitro at 37 and 17 degrees C, studies have been made of the effect of ACh upon the activity of Mg- and Na,K-ATPase of brain synaptosomes of the ground squirrel in summer animals and during winter hibernation. ACh (6 mM) decreases the activity of ATPases by 23-33% at 37 degrees C. During winter hibernation, the inhibitory effect of ACh is increased resulting in lower values of residual ATPase activity after the effect of ACh as compared with those obtained in summer period."}
{"id": "PMID:147000", "title": "Mucopolysaccharide heterogeneity of the reptilian kidney basement membranes.", "content": "The kidney basement membranes of fifteen different reptiles from marine, terrestrial, desert, amphibious and fresh-water habitats have been analysed for their mucopolysaccharide contents histochemically, employing well-known and recent techniques. Capsular and tubular basement membranes possess only neutral mucopolysaccharides; on the other hand glomerular basement membrane possesses both neutral and acidic (sialic acid) mucopolysaccharides. The concentration of different mucopolysaccharides seems to be dependent on the type of habitat. Their possible physiological significance in the kidney function is discussed in great details.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharide heterogeneity of the reptilian kidney basement membranes. The kidney basement membranes of fifteen different reptiles from marine, terrestrial, desert, amphibious and fresh-water habitats have been analysed for their mucopolysaccharide contents histochemically, employing well-known and recent techniques. Capsular and tubular basement membranes possess only neutral mucopolysaccharides; on the other hand glomerular basement membrane possesses both neutral and acidic (sialic acid) mucopolysaccharides. The concentration of different mucopolysaccharides seems to be dependent on the type of habitat. Their possible physiological significance in the kidney function is discussed in great details."}
{"id": "PMID:147001", "title": "Cytochemical localization of adenosine triphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase in the synapases of rat's cerebral cortex.", "content": "Ultrastructural distribution of adenosine triphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase in synapses of rat's cerebral cortex was studied. Adenosine triphosphatase activity in some synaptic vesicles and mitochondria, on pre- and postsynaptic membranes, as well as in the postsynaptic thickening was established. The reaction specificity was proved by means of some controls: various concentrations of ouabain, NaF, NiCl2, cysteine, substrate free medium and non-specific substrates - cocarboxylase and beta-glycerophosphate. At the thiamine pyrophatase reaction, the enzyme positive product was found on the membrane of some clear synaptic vesicles, on the singl sacs of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the axon terminal, and bouton cell membrane. Substrate free medium, addition of cystein and substitution of orininal substrate with adenosine triphosphate and beta-glycerophosphate as controls were used. The fine structure localization of both enzymes in synaptic structures suggests their important role in the synaptic function.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of adenosine triphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase in the synapases of rat's cerebral cortex. Ultrastructural distribution of adenosine triphosphatase and thiamine pyrophosphatase in synapses of rat's cerebral cortex was studied. Adenosine triphosphatase activity in some synaptic vesicles and mitochondria, on pre- and postsynaptic membranes, as well as in the postsynaptic thickening was established. The reaction specificity was proved by means of some controls: various concentrations of ouabain, NaF, NiCl2, cysteine, substrate free medium and non-specific substrates - cocarboxylase and beta-glycerophosphate. At the thiamine pyrophatase reaction, the enzyme positive product was found on the membrane of some clear synaptic vesicles, on the singl sacs of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in the axon terminal, and bouton cell membrane. Substrate free medium, addition of cystein and substitution of orininal substrate with adenosine triphosphate and beta-glycerophosphate as controls were used. The fine structure localization of both enzymes in synaptic structures suggests their important role in the synaptic function."}
{"id": "PMID:147002", "title": "Depression of spasticity by alpha-adrenergic blockade.", "content": "In spastic patients the alpha-adrenergic blocking drug thymoxamine (Opilon Forte) was found capable of depressing most propioceptive reflex parameters within 1 min after intravenous administration. The action seems to be of CNS origin, probably exerted as a depression of spindle stretch sensitivity through descending alpha-adrenergic bulbospinal pathways, but an additional action on the mechanism of presynaptic inhibition is likely. With oral administration, the drug is also capable of depressing distressing clonus, and it is concluded that it deserves further testing as a spasmolytic.", "contents": "Depression of spasticity by alpha-adrenergic blockade. In spastic patients the alpha-adrenergic blocking drug thymoxamine (Opilon Forte) was found capable of depressing most propioceptive reflex parameters within 1 min after intravenous administration. The action seems to be of CNS origin, probably exerted as a depression of spindle stretch sensitivity through descending alpha-adrenergic bulbospinal pathways, but an additional action on the mechanism of presynaptic inhibition is likely. With oral administration, the drug is also capable of depressing distressing clonus, and it is concluded that it deserves further testing as a spasmolytic."}
{"id": "PMID:147004", "title": "An electromic differential pressure flowmeter and a resistance meter for continuous measurement of vascular resistance.", "content": "An electronic differential pressure flowmeter for mean blood flow measuring and its use in a resistance meter for continuous recording of vascular resistance is described. The flowmeter allows accurate and linear registration also in the small flow range (less than 10 ml/min), thus appropriate for use in small experimental animals.", "contents": "An electromic differential pressure flowmeter and a resistance meter for continuous measurement of vascular resistance. An electronic differential pressure flowmeter for mean blood flow measuring and its use in a resistance meter for continuous recording of vascular resistance is described. The flowmeter allows accurate and linear registration also in the small flow range (less than 10 ml/min), thus appropriate for use in small experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:147005", "title": "Congenital aortic stenosis. A retrospective study on 32 operated patients.", "content": "The magnitude of the peak systolic pressure gradient (PSPG) over the aortic valve was often determining factor when deciding for or against operation of the congenital aortic stenosis. The impression that PSPG alone was an inadequate parameter for assessment of the degree of stenosis was supported by the present retrospective analysis of 32 patients operated upon for this anomaly. A gradient of 75 mmHg or more indicates a tight stenosis but a lower value does not exclude a pronounced constriction of the orifice, any more than does absence of symptoms or signs of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) on the ECG. It is probably not only the size of the stenotic orifice that determines the prognosis in aortic stenosis but also other factors, e.g. function of the left ventricular myocardium. A hypothesis was put forward by one of us (M. V.) that the location of the valvular ostium, central or peripheral, can be of importance and that turbulence-induced vibrations of the left ventricular wall may depress the myocardium. Differences in the pathoanatomy of the stenotic aortic valves did not explain the poor correlation between e.g. symptoms or LVH and PSPG or the size of the remaining orifice in the present study.", "contents": "Congenital aortic stenosis. A retrospective study on 32 operated patients. The magnitude of the peak systolic pressure gradient (PSPG) over the aortic valve was often determining factor when deciding for or against operation of the congenital aortic stenosis. The impression that PSPG alone was an inadequate parameter for assessment of the degree of stenosis was supported by the present retrospective analysis of 32 patients operated upon for this anomaly. A gradient of 75 mmHg or more indicates a tight stenosis but a lower value does not exclude a pronounced constriction of the orifice, any more than does absence of symptoms or signs of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) on the ECG. It is probably not only the size of the stenotic orifice that determines the prognosis in aortic stenosis but also other factors, e.g. function of the left ventricular myocardium. A hypothesis was put forward by one of us (M. V.) that the location of the valvular ostium, central or peripheral, can be of importance and that turbulence-induced vibrations of the left ventricular wall may depress the myocardium. Differences in the pathoanatomy of the stenotic aortic valves did not explain the poor correlation between e.g. symptoms or LVH and PSPG or the size of the remaining orifice in the present study."}
{"id": "PMID:147009", "title": "Some psychological effects of physical disability.", "content": "It has long been recognized that people who become severely disabled go through two stages (denial, mourning) before adjusting to their disability. Negative aspects of these stages, such as dependence and hostility, are viewed as logical outcomes within a society that perpetuates an ideology of normality, where disability is perceived as evidence of negative status. The prerequisites of self-acceptance are examined together with their implications for rehabilitation and re-entrance into the community.", "contents": "Some psychological effects of physical disability. It has long been recognized that people who become severely disabled go through two stages (denial, mourning) before adjusting to their disability. Negative aspects of these stages, such as dependence and hostility, are viewed as logical outcomes within a society that perpetuates an ideology of normality, where disability is perceived as evidence of negative status. The prerequisites of self-acceptance are examined together with their implications for rehabilitation and re-entrance into the community."}
{"id": "PMID:147010", "title": "Assessing the driving potential of the handicapped.", "content": "Proper and early assessment of the handicapped person's potential for driving a vehicle depends upon an understanding of the factors involved in a driver evaluation. The driver evaluation factors discussed in this paper are: driving aids and their application; the handicapped driver's physical, perceptive, and cognitive capabilities; and the psychosocial characteristics that influence a client's ability and need for driving.", "contents": "Assessing the driving potential of the handicapped. Proper and early assessment of the handicapped person's potential for driving a vehicle depends upon an understanding of the factors involved in a driver evaluation. The driver evaluation factors discussed in this paper are: driving aids and their application; the handicapped driver's physical, perceptive, and cognitive capabilities; and the psychosocial characteristics that influence a client's ability and need for driving."}
{"id": "PMID:147011", "title": "[Secretory immunoglobulin A].", "content": "Secretory IgA is the prevailung immunoglobulin on the mucous membranes of different tissues. It is a polymer immunoglobulin and in comparison to the serum IgA the secretory IgA has a additional polypeptide chain, the secretory component. The secretory IgA is synthesized locally in the mucosa. Secretory IgA is a very important factor in the immune defence of the mucous membranes. Secretory antibodies are regulated independently from serum antibodies. They show a virus neutralizing effect and activities against bacteria and lifeless noxa. The mechanism is not yet clear. It is possible, that the reaction of the secretory IgA with the antigen prevents settlement of microorganisms on the mucous membranes. The clinical importance of secretory IgA is undoubted especially the deference of the mucosa in cases of a virus infection.", "contents": "[Secretory immunoglobulin A]. Secretory IgA is the prevailung immunoglobulin on the mucous membranes of different tissues. It is a polymer immunoglobulin and in comparison to the serum IgA the secretory IgA has a additional polypeptide chain, the secretory component. The secretory IgA is synthesized locally in the mucosa. Secretory IgA is a very important factor in the immune defence of the mucous membranes. Secretory antibodies are regulated independently from serum antibodies. They show a virus neutralizing effect and activities against bacteria and lifeless noxa. The mechanism is not yet clear. It is possible, that the reaction of the secretory IgA with the antigen prevents settlement of microorganisms on the mucous membranes. The clinical importance of secretory IgA is undoubted especially the deference of the mucosa in cases of a virus infection."}
{"id": "PMID:147012", "title": "[Quantitative immunochemical determination of human secretory IgA].", "content": "Secretory IgA from human colostrum was fragmented by mercaptoethanol. The heavy chain fraction was prepared by means of gel chromatography on Sephadex G 100 in 1 N acetic acid. After immunization of rabbits with this heavy chain fraction the resulting antiserum contained antibodies specific for the alpha-chain and antibodies against the secretory component. These antibodies were separated by means of immunosorption. The antibodies against the secretory component precipitate free secretory component as well as bound secretory component. The antiserum is suitable for quantitative determination of secretory IgA, but free secretory component reacts too. Also secretory IgM may react, because secretory IgM contains up to 70% secretory component.", "contents": "[Quantitative immunochemical determination of human secretory IgA]. Secretory IgA from human colostrum was fragmented by mercaptoethanol. The heavy chain fraction was prepared by means of gel chromatography on Sephadex G 100 in 1 N acetic acid. After immunization of rabbits with this heavy chain fraction the resulting antiserum contained antibodies specific for the alpha-chain and antibodies against the secretory component. These antibodies were separated by means of immunosorption. The antibodies against the secretory component precipitate free secretory component as well as bound secretory component. The antiserum is suitable for quantitative determination of secretory IgA, but free secretory component reacts too. Also secretory IgM may react, because secretory IgM contains up to 70% secretory component."}
{"id": "PMID:147013", "title": "[Skin tests in the diagnostic of allergic alveolitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Cutaneous tests used in the diagnostic of allergic alveolitis are reviewed. The results indicate, that cutaneous tests are useful only bird breeders lung. Usually there is dual reaction: 1st type I and 2nd type III. The basic immunologic mechanismus of the skin test results and thereby of the diseases are discussed.", "contents": "[Skin tests in the diagnostic of allergic alveolitis (author's transl)]. Cutaneous tests used in the diagnostic of allergic alveolitis are reviewed. The results indicate, that cutaneous tests are useful only bird breeders lung. Usually there is dual reaction: 1st type I and 2nd type III. The basic immunologic mechanismus of the skin test results and thereby of the diseases are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:147014", "title": "[Lymphocyte transformation test in the diagnosis of occupational allergy (author's transl)].", "content": "In 139 persons occupationally exposed to compounds of chromium, formaldehyde and p-phenylenediamine lymphocytic transformation test (ltt) was performed to detect a delayed-type hypersensitivity. In patients suffering from either contact dermatitis or allergic respiratory diseases the findings of ltt were concordant only in about one third of the cases in comparison to patch testing, intracutaneous test, nasal provocation or inhalation test.", "contents": "[Lymphocyte transformation test in the diagnosis of occupational allergy (author's transl)]. In 139 persons occupationally exposed to compounds of chromium, formaldehyde and p-phenylenediamine lymphocytic transformation test (ltt) was performed to detect a delayed-type hypersensitivity. In patients suffering from either contact dermatitis or allergic respiratory diseases the findings of ltt were concordant only in about one third of the cases in comparison to patch testing, intracutaneous test, nasal provocation or inhalation test."}
{"id": "PMID:147015", "title": "Differential binding activity of EA receptor bearing human lymphocyte subpopulations.", "content": "Two types of EA rosettes were studied in rheumatoid arthritis patients and control subjects. Heterologous (rabbit) and homologous (anti-D) antibody sensitized human red blood cells (EAr and EAh, respectively) were used for examining the EA binding capacity of human lymphocytes. Both control and rheumatoid arthritis blood samples yielded significantly lower EArRFC levels as compared to the percentage of EArRFCs, the difference being even more expressed with control lymphocytes. No difference, however, was observed in the case of tonsillar lymphocytes, as equal rosette levels were reached in both systems used. Introduction of immunosuppressive therapy resulted in a temporary dissociation of the two rosette values EAr and EAh binding lymphocytes were differently affected by aggregated human IgG, only the latter ones being inhibited, contrasting with the equal inhibitory action of purified Fc fragments. Reducing the density of anti-D antibodies on the surface of erythrocytes, the EAh rosette count dropped to the level of EAr RFCs. The data suggest an activity-depending Fc receptor distribution resulting in different binding capacity for more or less sensitized indicator RBCs.", "contents": "Differential binding activity of EA receptor bearing human lymphocyte subpopulations. Two types of EA rosettes were studied in rheumatoid arthritis patients and control subjects. Heterologous (rabbit) and homologous (anti-D) antibody sensitized human red blood cells (EAr and EAh, respectively) were used for examining the EA binding capacity of human lymphocytes. Both control and rheumatoid arthritis blood samples yielded significantly lower EArRFC levels as compared to the percentage of EArRFCs, the difference being even more expressed with control lymphocytes. No difference, however, was observed in the case of tonsillar lymphocytes, as equal rosette levels were reached in both systems used. Introduction of immunosuppressive therapy resulted in a temporary dissociation of the two rosette values EAr and EAh binding lymphocytes were differently affected by aggregated human IgG, only the latter ones being inhibited, contrasting with the equal inhibitory action of purified Fc fragments. Reducing the density of anti-D antibodies on the surface of erythrocytes, the EAh rosette count dropped to the level of EAr RFCs. The data suggest an activity-depending Fc receptor distribution resulting in different binding capacity for more or less sensitized indicator RBCs."}
{"id": "PMID:147016", "title": "[Clinical and immunological effect of washing powder enzymes on workers and users (author's transl)].", "content": "For 141 workers in the washing powder industry in Maribor (Group A) and 68 workers of vegetables' shops to determine the risk of sensitization for house-wives handling enzymes detergents (Group B) as a control group the results of diagnostic investigations as well as analyses of protective measures to proteolytic enzymes are contrasted. Within the Group A eight subgroups according to exposition to proteolytic enzymes powder are evaluated. Especially elucited are the results of skin testing (Scratch-tets with Maxatase, Alcalase and culture extract from B. subtilis) and with proteolytic enzymes powder, the lung function tests (vitalogram, spirogram, pneumometer-test diffusion-test and sometimes the blood gas tests), cytological examinations of nasal mucosa and simultaneously taking a blood sample for determination of concentration of total serum IgE and precipitins to enzymes extracts.", "contents": "[Clinical and immunological effect of washing powder enzymes on workers and users (author's transl)]. For 141 workers in the washing powder industry in Maribor (Group A) and 68 workers of vegetables' shops to determine the risk of sensitization for house-wives handling enzymes detergents (Group B) as a control group the results of diagnostic investigations as well as analyses of protective measures to proteolytic enzymes are contrasted. Within the Group A eight subgroups according to exposition to proteolytic enzymes powder are evaluated. Especially elucited are the results of skin testing (Scratch-tets with Maxatase, Alcalase and culture extract from B. subtilis) and with proteolytic enzymes powder, the lung function tests (vitalogram, spirogram, pneumometer-test diffusion-test and sometimes the blood gas tests), cytological examinations of nasal mucosa and simultaneously taking a blood sample for determination of concentration of total serum IgE and precipitins to enzymes extracts."}
{"id": "PMID:147017", "title": "Local specific immunity in infants with spastic bronchitis and bronchopneumonia.", "content": "In 27 infants with spastic bronchitis and in 23 infants with bronchopneumonia the values of IgA, IgG and IgM in bronchial secretion were determined by single radial immunodiffusion method. In both group A and B the frequencies of IgA and IgG were statistical significant. The IgM frequency was significant only in group A. The mean values of IgA and IgG were considerably higher in relation to mean IgM values. The presence of IgA and IgG was found in the first bronchial secretion sample in all investigated infants. The presence of IgM in bronchial secretion was found in high percentage. However, the presence of IgM was found in ten investigated infants only in second bronchial secretion sample. It was concluded that for estimation of real state of specific local immunity on bronchial mucosa it is necessary to determine the immunglobulin values twice and that at three days interval. In this study the local immunoglobulin deficiency was found in none case.", "contents": "Local specific immunity in infants with spastic bronchitis and bronchopneumonia. In 27 infants with spastic bronchitis and in 23 infants with bronchopneumonia the values of IgA, IgG and IgM in bronchial secretion were determined by single radial immunodiffusion method. In both group A and B the frequencies of IgA and IgG were statistical significant. The IgM frequency was significant only in group A. The mean values of IgA and IgG were considerably higher in relation to mean IgM values. The presence of IgA and IgG was found in the first bronchial secretion sample in all investigated infants. The presence of IgM in bronchial secretion was found in high percentage. However, the presence of IgM was found in ten investigated infants only in second bronchial secretion sample. It was concluded that for estimation of real state of specific local immunity on bronchial mucosa it is necessary to determine the immunglobulin values twice and that at three days interval. In this study the local immunoglobulin deficiency was found in none case."}
{"id": "PMID:147018", "title": "[Age dependence of adjuvant arthritis in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The age dependence of elicitation of adjuvant arthritis in three different strains of rats is recorded. In contrast to the existing literature an adjuvant disease can be elicited already in animals of 13 to 15 days of age, where significant, obvious genetical differences exist between the used strains with regard to age dependence of the occurence of arthritis. From the results is to conclude, that in all investigations on adjuvant arthritis merely genetically identic animals are to be used, and the possibility of strain dependent differences in the assessment of the results are to be considered.", "contents": "[Age dependence of adjuvant arthritis in rats (author's transl)]. The age dependence of elicitation of adjuvant arthritis in three different strains of rats is recorded. In contrast to the existing literature an adjuvant disease can be elicited already in animals of 13 to 15 days of age, where significant, obvious genetical differences exist between the used strains with regard to age dependence of the occurence of arthritis. From the results is to conclude, that in all investigations on adjuvant arthritis merely genetically identic animals are to be used, and the possibility of strain dependent differences in the assessment of the results are to be considered."}
{"id": "PMID:147019", "title": "The advances of hyposensibilisation therapy in bronchial asthma patients allergic to house dust antigen.", "content": "The hyposensibilisation therapy was realized in a population of 72 adult asthma patients allergic to house dust, feathers and molds. In this number 52 patients were treated by aqueous extracts of allergens produced by Pasteur Institute in Paris (20 patients by house dust extract only) and 20 patients by D. pteronyssinus tyrosine adsorbate (Migen Bencard). The very good and good results of hyposensibilisation were observed in 67.3% of cases receiving the aqueous extracts of allergens and in 80% of cases treated by Migen. Side effects of such form of therapy were not observed. The extract of house dust mite emulsified in tyrosine is, in the authors opinion, expecially successful in the treatment of atopic asthma patients sensibilized to inhalant allergens.", "contents": "The advances of hyposensibilisation therapy in bronchial asthma patients allergic to house dust antigen. The hyposensibilisation therapy was realized in a population of 72 adult asthma patients allergic to house dust, feathers and molds. In this number 52 patients were treated by aqueous extracts of allergens produced by Pasteur Institute in Paris (20 patients by house dust extract only) and 20 patients by D. pteronyssinus tyrosine adsorbate (Migen Bencard). The very good and good results of hyposensibilisation were observed in 67.3% of cases receiving the aqueous extracts of allergens and in 80% of cases treated by Migen. Side effects of such form of therapy were not observed. The extract of house dust mite emulsified in tyrosine is, in the authors opinion, expecially successful in the treatment of atopic asthma patients sensibilized to inhalant allergens."}
{"id": "PMID:147020", "title": "Comparative study of social and psychological analyses in asthmatic, rheumatic and diabetic children.", "content": "The authors have analysed clinically, biochemically, immunologically, psychologically and socially three groups of children with chronic diseases using special perforated cards with 49 data for each illness. All data have registered in special passport for each child. 278 children with bronchial asthma were medically, socially and psychologically compared to 27 rheumatic and 19 diabetic children. All statistical calculations showed significantly higher disturbances in asthmatic and diabetic children than in rheumatics.", "contents": "Comparative study of social and psychological analyses in asthmatic, rheumatic and diabetic children. The authors have analysed clinically, biochemically, immunologically, psychologically and socially three groups of children with chronic diseases using special perforated cards with 49 data for each illness. All data have registered in special passport for each child. 278 children with bronchial asthma were medically, socially and psychologically compared to 27 rheumatic and 19 diabetic children. All statistical calculations showed significantly higher disturbances in asthmatic and diabetic children than in rheumatics."}
{"id": "PMID:147021", "title": "[Immune responses and blood group genetics in patients with asthma bronchiale (author's transl)].", "content": "The combination of MN(Hp 2-2) blood group is more frequent in bronchial asthma patients than in the normal population. The highest changes of blood serum proteinogramm were observed within the first week after anti-typhus-paratyphus-tetanus vaccination in persons with haptoglobulin of 2-2 type, especially in combination with NN and MN blood groups of MN system. The most intense increase of antibody titer to typhoid bacillus was observed in a month after the vaccination in persons with 2-2 type of haptoglobin.", "contents": "[Immune responses and blood group genetics in patients with asthma bronchiale (author's transl)]. The combination of MN(Hp 2-2) blood group is more frequent in bronchial asthma patients than in the normal population. The highest changes of blood serum proteinogramm were observed within the first week after anti-typhus-paratyphus-tetanus vaccination in persons with haptoglobulin of 2-2 type, especially in combination with NN and MN blood groups of MN system. The most intense increase of antibody titer to typhoid bacillus was observed in a month after the vaccination in persons with 2-2 type of haptoglobin."}
{"id": "PMID:147022", "title": "Fluorochemical resin complexes for use in solvent repellent hand creams.", "content": "A fluorochemical (FC)-resin complex has been developed for use in protective hand creams. Hand creams incorporating this new technology effectively repel solvents and resist their penetration into the skin. The in vitro studies conducted to determine the efficacy of the formulated FC-resin complex include solvent penetration through treated filter paper, solvent repellency on treated pigskin, and penetration of radio tagged sodium lauryl sulfate through treated hairless mouse skin. In vivo studies demonstrate that this new technology does aid in reducing irritation caused by solvent contact.", "contents": "Fluorochemical resin complexes for use in solvent repellent hand creams. A fluorochemical (FC)-resin complex has been developed for use in protective hand creams. Hand creams incorporating this new technology effectively repel solvents and resist their penetration into the skin. The in vitro studies conducted to determine the efficacy of the formulated FC-resin complex include solvent penetration through treated filter paper, solvent repellency on treated pigskin, and penetration of radio tagged sodium lauryl sulfate through treated hairless mouse skin. In vivo studies demonstrate that this new technology does aid in reducing irritation caused by solvent contact."}
{"id": "PMID:147023", "title": "Thromboembolism in mitral porcine valve recipients.", "content": "A low incidence rate of thromboembolism has been reported in mitral porcine valve recipients. In contrast, 5 of 22 single mitral porcine valve recipients (23 percent) followed up in our clinic for a mean of 16 months had thromboembolic events. All patients but one were receiving long-term anticoagulant therapy. One thromboembolic event resulted in death, three in permanent neurologic deficits and one in a peripheral arterial occlusion. All five patients with emboli had atrial fibrillation and left atrial enlargement. Three had thromboembolic events before porcine heart valve implantation. In addition, five mitral porcine valve recipients who were not receiving anticoagulant therapy were examined at autopsy. Thrombus was identified in the left atrium in three patients, at the tissue-valve interface (sewing ring) in two, on the porcine valve cusps in one and in the right atrium in one. Factors influencing thrombus formation such as left atrial enlargement, atrial fibrillation and a prosthetic device are present after mitral porcine valve implantation and are indications for long-term anticoagulation therapy.", "contents": "Thromboembolism in mitral porcine valve recipients. A low incidence rate of thromboembolism has been reported in mitral porcine valve recipients. In contrast, 5 of 22 single mitral porcine valve recipients (23 percent) followed up in our clinic for a mean of 16 months had thromboembolic events. All patients but one were receiving long-term anticoagulant therapy. One thromboembolic event resulted in death, three in permanent neurologic deficits and one in a peripheral arterial occlusion. All five patients with emboli had atrial fibrillation and left atrial enlargement. Three had thromboembolic events before porcine heart valve implantation. In addition, five mitral porcine valve recipients who were not receiving anticoagulant therapy were examined at autopsy. Thrombus was identified in the left atrium in three patients, at the tissue-valve interface (sewing ring) in two, on the porcine valve cusps in one and in the right atrium in one. Factors influencing thrombus formation such as left atrial enlargement, atrial fibrillation and a prosthetic device are present after mitral porcine valve implantation and are indications for long-term anticoagulation therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:147025", "title": "Skin lesions in viral hepatitis: histologic and immunofluorescent findings.", "content": "A variety of skin rashes are knowned to occur as a part of the serum sickness-like prodrome of acute viral hepatitis which is thought to be due to immune complex deposition. We report the histologic and immunofluorescent findings in the skin and the seroloigc abnormalities in a patient with both erythematous maculopapular and purpuric rashes. We found circulating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hypocomplementemia and cultaneous vasculitis associated with deposition of immunoglobulin and complement in the skin. We could not demonstrate intradermal deposition of HBsAg, but the findings are consistent with the immune complex hypothesis.", "contents": "Skin lesions in viral hepatitis: histologic and immunofluorescent findings. A variety of skin rashes are knowned to occur as a part of the serum sickness-like prodrome of acute viral hepatitis which is thought to be due to immune complex deposition. We report the histologic and immunofluorescent findings in the skin and the seroloigc abnormalities in a patient with both erythematous maculopapular and purpuric rashes. We found circulating hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), hypocomplementemia and cultaneous vasculitis associated with deposition of immunoglobulin and complement in the skin. We could not demonstrate intradermal deposition of HBsAg, but the findings are consistent with the immune complex hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:147026", "title": "The role of lactogenic hormones in the pregnant woman and the fetus.", "content": "Evaluation of the roles of prolactin and placental lactogen in pregnancy in primates has revealed mammotropic, fetal osmoregulatory, metabolic, and steroidogenic roles, which appear to protect the uterine contents during late pregnancy and prepare the fetus for the changes in nutrition at the time of delivery.", "contents": "The role of lactogenic hormones in the pregnant woman and the fetus. Evaluation of the roles of prolactin and placental lactogen in pregnancy in primates has revealed mammotropic, fetal osmoregulatory, metabolic, and steroidogenic roles, which appear to protect the uterine contents during late pregnancy and prepare the fetus for the changes in nutrition at the time of delivery."}
{"id": "PMID:147027", "title": "The effect of systemic infusions of dehydroisoandrosterone on the distribution of uterine blood flow in ovine pregnancy.", "content": "The effects of systemic infusions of dehydroisoandrosterone (6 mg.) on endogenous estrogen production and subsequent changes in regional blood flows and cardiac output were studied in six pregnant ewes at 105 to 128 days of gestation. Blood flows were measured with radionuclide-labeled microspheres. Plasma estrone concentrations increased from (mean +/- S.E.M.*) 27 +/- 2 to 117 +/- 13 pg. per mililiter, while estrodiol rose from 34 +/- 5 to 72 +/- 5 pg. per mililiter (p less than 0.05). Associated increases in blood flow occurred in endometrium, myometrium, and unimplanted uterine caruncles, while blood flow to the placental cotyledons  was not significiantly changed. Perfusion was also increased in the Fallopian tubes, mammary gland, cervix, and vagina, the greatest fractional increase in blood flow occurring in the latter two, 387 and 456 per cent (p less than 0.005), respectively.", "contents": "The effect of systemic infusions of dehydroisoandrosterone on the distribution of uterine blood flow in ovine pregnancy. The effects of systemic infusions of dehydroisoandrosterone (6 mg.) on endogenous estrogen production and subsequent changes in regional blood flows and cardiac output were studied in six pregnant ewes at 105 to 128 days of gestation. Blood flows were measured with radionuclide-labeled microspheres. Plasma estrone concentrations increased from (mean +/- S.E.M.*) 27 +/- 2 to 117 +/- 13 pg. per mililiter, while estrodiol rose from 34 +/- 5 to 72 +/- 5 pg. per mililiter (p less than 0.05). Associated increases in blood flow occurred in endometrium, myometrium, and unimplanted uterine caruncles, while blood flow to the placental cotyledons  was not significiantly changed. Perfusion was also increased in the Fallopian tubes, mammary gland, cervix, and vagina, the greatest fractional increase in blood flow occurring in the latter two, 387 and 456 per cent (p less than 0.005), respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:147028", "title": "Ethinyl estradiol administration and plasma steroid concentrations in ovariectomized women.", "content": "The effect of ethinyl estradiol treatment on the plasma levels of cortisol, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, delta4-androstenedione, and estrone was studied in eight women. All the subjects had undergone ovariectomy and hysterectomy at least one year prior to this study. The systemic concentration of cortisol and the binding of cortisol were significantly increased, paralleling the increased transcortin concentration due to ethinyl estradiol treatment. Corticosterone concentration was also significantly increased after three days of estrogen administration and this level continued to be higher than normal as long as patients were treated with estrogens, but there was no change in the plasma concentration of deoxycorticosterone. The plasma levels of progesterone testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, delat4-androstenedione and estrone or the ratio of estrone to delta4-androstenedione did not change with ethinyl estradiol treatment. These observations suggest that the administered estrogen increased the transcortin concentration and had only a limited effect on adrenocortical steroidogenesis.", "contents": "Ethinyl estradiol administration and plasma steroid concentrations in ovariectomized women. The effect of ethinyl estradiol treatment on the plasma levels of cortisol, corticosterone, deoxycorticosterone, progesterone, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, delta4-androstenedione, and estrone was studied in eight women. All the subjects had undergone ovariectomy and hysterectomy at least one year prior to this study. The systemic concentration of cortisol and the binding of cortisol were significantly increased, paralleling the increased transcortin concentration due to ethinyl estradiol treatment. Corticosterone concentration was also significantly increased after three days of estrogen administration and this level continued to be higher than normal as long as patients were treated with estrogens, but there was no change in the plasma concentration of deoxycorticosterone. The plasma levels of progesterone testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, delat4-androstenedione and estrone or the ratio of estrone to delta4-androstenedione did not change with ethinyl estradiol treatment. These observations suggest that the administered estrogen increased the transcortin concentration and had only a limited effect on adrenocortical steroidogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:147030", "title": "Insulin effects on monovalent cation transport and Na-K-ATPase activity.", "content": "The effects of insulin on monovalent cation transport and on Na-K-ATPase activity from intact cells, tissue homogenates, and purified enzyme of the avian salt gland were studied. Monovalent cation active transport, measured by ouabain-inhibitable 86Rb+ uptake, was significantly increased (21.9 +/- 7.3% SE) in tissue slices exposed to insulin (100 mU/ml) for 15 min. A small but significant (12.2 +/- 1.9%) increase in Na-K-ATPase activity was similarly observed after salt gland tissue slices were exposed to insulin. This increase in enzymatic activity did not occur when broken-cell homogenates were exposed to insulin. Purified preparations of Na-K-ATPase showed no insulin enhancement of activity either in the presence of optimal or less than fully activating Na+ and ATP concentrations. Na-K-ATPase activity was the same in detergent-activated homogenates of both control and insulin-treated slices, consistent with insulin activation of existing enzyme sites. These data support the hypothesis that at least part of the increase in monovalent cation active transport produced by insulin is related to enhanced Na-K-ATPase activity and indicate that the latter phenomenon is dependent on some components or properties of the intact cell.", "contents": "Insulin effects on monovalent cation transport and Na-K-ATPase activity. The effects of insulin on monovalent cation transport and on Na-K-ATPase activity from intact cells, tissue homogenates, and purified enzyme of the avian salt gland were studied. Monovalent cation active transport, measured by ouabain-inhibitable 86Rb+ uptake, was significantly increased (21.9 +/- 7.3% SE) in tissue slices exposed to insulin (100 mU/ml) for 15 min. A small but significant (12.2 +/- 1.9%) increase in Na-K-ATPase activity was similarly observed after salt gland tissue slices were exposed to insulin. This increase in enzymatic activity did not occur when broken-cell homogenates were exposed to insulin. Purified preparations of Na-K-ATPase showed no insulin enhancement of activity either in the presence of optimal or less than fully activating Na+ and ATP concentrations. Na-K-ATPase activity was the same in detergent-activated homogenates of both control and insulin-treated slices, consistent with insulin activation of existing enzyme sites. These data support the hypothesis that at least part of the increase in monovalent cation active transport produced by insulin is related to enhanced Na-K-ATPase activity and indicate that the latter phenomenon is dependent on some components or properties of the intact cell."}
{"id": "PMID:147031", "title": "Evidence of 5-HT participation in vagal inhibitory pathway to opossum LES.", "content": "Studies were performed in anesthetized opossums to investigate the nature of vagal-stimulated sphincter relaxation, which is resistant to antagonism by a combination of hexamethonium and atropine. The sphincter pressures were measured with water-filled and continuously perfused catheters anchored in the lower esophageal sphincter. Neither increase in the doses of hexamethonium and atropine nor addition of diphenhydramine further modified the vagal response. However, administration of 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine in the presence of hexamethonium and atropine abolished vagally stimulated sphincter relaxation. In animals pretreated with parachlorophenylalanine, addition of atropine and hexamethonium also abolished vagally stimulated sphincter relaxation. In the experiments in which lower esophageal sphincter relaxation on vagal stimulation was abolished, the local stimulation of intramural neurons still produced normal lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. These studies suggest that 5-hydroxytryptamine may participate in the vagal inhibitory pathway to the lower esophageal sphincter.", "contents": "Evidence of 5-HT participation in vagal inhibitory pathway to opossum LES. Studies were performed in anesthetized opossums to investigate the nature of vagal-stimulated sphincter relaxation, which is resistant to antagonism by a combination of hexamethonium and atropine. The sphincter pressures were measured with water-filled and continuously perfused catheters anchored in the lower esophageal sphincter. Neither increase in the doses of hexamethonium and atropine nor addition of diphenhydramine further modified the vagal response. However, administration of 5-methoxydimethyltryptamine in the presence of hexamethonium and atropine abolished vagally stimulated sphincter relaxation. In animals pretreated with parachlorophenylalanine, addition of atropine and hexamethonium also abolished vagally stimulated sphincter relaxation. In the experiments in which lower esophageal sphincter relaxation on vagal stimulation was abolished, the local stimulation of intramural neurons still produced normal lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. These studies suggest that 5-hydroxytryptamine may participate in the vagal inhibitory pathway to the lower esophageal sphincter."}
{"id": "PMID:147032", "title": "Normal cardiac myosin ATPase and mechanics in pressure overload with digitalis treatment.", "content": "Cardiac muscle myosin ATPase activity is depressed and contractile function impaired when the heart is subjected to a chronic pressure overload. Administering digitalis in the presence of chronic pressure overload significantly attenuates the decline in mechanical function. The current study sought to determine if the cardiac muscle myosin ATPase activity of cats treated with digitalis in the presence of pressure overload remains normal in parallel with the mechanical function. Four groups of cats were studied: normal controls (C), animals with pressure-overload hypertrophy with or without failure (HF), normal cats that received treatment with digitalis (D), and animals that received digitalis prior to and together with pressure overload (DHF). Compared to C, the maximum myosin ATPase activity of HF was significantly (P less than 0.05) depressed, but the maximum ATPase activity of D and DHF was not altered significantly (P greater than 0.05) from C. In parallel with the enzyme maximum activity, the papillary muscle isometric rate of force development was significantly (P less than 0.005) depressed in HF compared to C; D and DHF were not significantly (P greater than 0.05) different from C. It is concluded that the depression of myosin ATPase observed in HF is not present when digitalis is administered concomitant with the pressure overload.", "contents": "Normal cardiac myosin ATPase and mechanics in pressure overload with digitalis treatment. Cardiac muscle myosin ATPase activity is depressed and contractile function impaired when the heart is subjected to a chronic pressure overload. Administering digitalis in the presence of chronic pressure overload significantly attenuates the decline in mechanical function. The current study sought to determine if the cardiac muscle myosin ATPase activity of cats treated with digitalis in the presence of pressure overload remains normal in parallel with the mechanical function. Four groups of cats were studied: normal controls (C), animals with pressure-overload hypertrophy with or without failure (HF), normal cats that received treatment with digitalis (D), and animals that received digitalis prior to and together with pressure overload (DHF). Compared to C, the maximum myosin ATPase activity of HF was significantly (P less than 0.05) depressed, but the maximum ATPase activity of D and DHF was not altered significantly (P greater than 0.05) from C. In parallel with the enzyme maximum activity, the papillary muscle isometric rate of force development was significantly (P less than 0.005) depressed in HF compared to C; D and DHF were not significantly (P greater than 0.05) different from C. It is concluded that the depression of myosin ATPase observed in HF is not present when digitalis is administered concomitant with the pressure overload."}
{"id": "PMID:147033", "title": "Sodium valproate in Huntington's disease.", "content": "The authors assessed the effect of sodium valproate, which is thought to elevate brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels, in the treatment of Huntington's disease by an objective ultrasound method in three patients with Huntington's disease. Despite plasma levels ranging from 47.0 to 140.8 microgram/ml (mean, 104.7), sodium valproate had no beneficial effect on involuntary movements. The authors stress the importance of activation to achieve a standard level of arousal in the assessment of involuntary movements.", "contents": "Sodium valproate in Huntington's disease. The authors assessed the effect of sodium valproate, which is thought to elevate brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels, in the treatment of Huntington's disease by an objective ultrasound method in three patients with Huntington's disease. Despite plasma levels ranging from 47.0 to 140.8 microgram/ml (mean, 104.7), sodium valproate had no beneficial effect on involuntary movements. The authors stress the importance of activation to achieve a standard level of arousal in the assessment of involuntary movements."}
{"id": "PMID:147038", "title": "An \"in vitro\" system for the study of rat spermatogonial proliferative control.", "content": "The effect of a \"testicular extract\" on spermatogonial proliferation in adult rats is comparatively studied both \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\". Both in irradiated rats injected with \"testicular extract\" as in testicular fragments from irradiated rats incubated in culture medium, addition of \"testicular extract\" elicits an inhibition in thymidine-H3 uptake by type A spermatogonia. This is not the case for non irradiated rats or incubation of testicular samples from non irradiated animals after addition of \"testicular extract\". The \"in vitro\" system for assay of the spermatogonial chalone is used to analyze the general characteristics of this mitotic inhibitor.", "contents": "An \"in vitro\" system for the study of rat spermatogonial proliferative control. The effect of a \"testicular extract\" on spermatogonial proliferation in adult rats is comparatively studied both \"in vivo\" and \"in vitro\". Both in irradiated rats injected with \"testicular extract\" as in testicular fragments from irradiated rats incubated in culture medium, addition of \"testicular extract\" elicits an inhibition in thymidine-H3 uptake by type A spermatogonia. This is not the case for non irradiated rats or incubation of testicular samples from non irradiated animals after addition of \"testicular extract\". The \"in vitro\" system for assay of the spermatogonial chalone is used to analyze the general characteristics of this mitotic inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:147041", "title": "Microculture method for mixed lymphocyte cultures in the horse.", "content": "A miniaturized method for the mixed lymphocyte culture test in the horse is described. The test is performed in either round- or flat-bottom microtitration tissue culture plates. Concentrations of responsing and stimulating cells are varied, depening on the experiment. Significant discrimination between isogeneic and allogenic mixtures is possible after 120 hours' culture when cells are labeled ([3H]thymidine) for the last 16 to 18 hours of the test.", "contents": "Microculture method for mixed lymphocyte cultures in the horse. A miniaturized method for the mixed lymphocyte culture test in the horse is described. The test is performed in either round- or flat-bottom microtitration tissue culture plates. Concentrations of responsing and stimulating cells are varied, depening on the experiment. Significant discrimination between isogeneic and allogenic mixtures is possible after 120 hours' culture when cells are labeled ([3H]thymidine) for the last 16 to 18 hours of the test."}
{"id": "PMID:147042", "title": "Down's syndrome: a ten-year group study.", "content": "Thirty individuals with the clinical diagnosis of Down's syndrome received ophthalmologic examination periodically over 10 years at a state school for exceptional children. External examination, retinoscopy, anterior segment evaluation, ophthalmoscopy, and tonometry were usually done. The ages at present range from 10 to 50 years. The sex ratio was 80% male and 20% female. Three subjects died during the course of the study. The most frequent ocular anomalies were oblique fissures, refractive error, blepharoconjunctivitis, epicanthus, and Brushfield's spots. All of these occurred in 50% or more of the subjects.", "contents": "Down's syndrome: a ten-year group study. Thirty individuals with the clinical diagnosis of Down's syndrome received ophthalmologic examination periodically over 10 years at a state school for exceptional children. External examination, retinoscopy, anterior segment evaluation, ophthalmoscopy, and tonometry were usually done. The ages at present range from 10 to 50 years. The sex ratio was 80% male and 20% female. Three subjects died during the course of the study. The most frequent ocular anomalies were oblique fissures, refractive error, blepharoconjunctivitis, epicanthus, and Brushfield's spots. All of these occurred in 50% or more of the subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:147039", "title": "A new nerve stimulator for monitoring neuromuscular blockade and performing nerve blocks.", "content": "A new stimulator is described with characteristics designed to take advantage of recent knowledge of the pharmacology of neuromuscular relaxants and events involved in normal neuromuscular transmission. The stimulator has proven as useful in performance of peripheral nerve blocks as in monitoring neuromuscular blockade.", "contents": "A new nerve stimulator for monitoring neuromuscular blockade and performing nerve blocks. A new stimulator is described with characteristics designed to take advantage of recent knowledge of the pharmacology of neuromuscular relaxants and events involved in normal neuromuscular transmission. The stimulator has proven as useful in performance of peripheral nerve blocks as in monitoring neuromuscular blockade."}
{"id": "PMID:147043", "title": "[The evaluation of auditive incapacity, handicaps and disability: principles, definition, and general formula of evaluation (author's transl)].", "content": "After having defined auditive incapacity, handicaps and disability, the authors will show that the scales which join these to auditive loss in dB follow a general biological law. From this law, it is possible to define a theorical scale for each of these cases which could serve as a comparison with the actual scales.", "contents": "[The evaluation of auditive incapacity, handicaps and disability: principles, definition, and general formula of evaluation (author's transl)]. After having defined auditive incapacity, handicaps and disability, the authors will show that the scales which join these to auditive loss in dB follow a general biological law. From this law, it is possible to define a theorical scale for each of these cases which could serve as a comparison with the actual scales."}
{"id": "PMID:147044", "title": "A new concept of the aetiology and surgical repair of paraumbilical and epigastric hernias.", "content": "The aetiological factors concerned in the production of paraumbilical and epigastric hernias have been reviewed along structural--functional lines. A positive relation between the aponeurotic pattern and herniation was demonstrable at operation in 25 patients with paraumbilical or epigastric hernias. The effect of abdominal distension, obesity, and straining are discussed. A new type of surgical repair planned on this basis is described. The preliminary results obtained with this technique are reported, with a discussion of other previously described types of surgery.", "contents": "A new concept of the aetiology and surgical repair of paraumbilical and epigastric hernias. The aetiological factors concerned in the production of paraumbilical and epigastric hernias have been reviewed along structural--functional lines. A positive relation between the aponeurotic pattern and herniation was demonstrable at operation in 25 patients with paraumbilical or epigastric hernias. The effect of abdominal distension, obesity, and straining are discussed. A new type of surgical repair planned on this basis is described. The preliminary results obtained with this technique are reported, with a discussion of other previously described types of surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:147046", "title": "Down syndrome, paternal age, maternal age and birth order.", "content": "Recent cytogenetic evidence has shown that trisomy 21 can arise, perphaps even in substantial proportion, from paternal nondisjunction. The statistical association between Down syndrome incidence and maternal age, paternal age and birth order has been studied in a sample of over 4000 cases. The size of this sample made it possible to control for the effect of maternal age by single years of age during the search for a paternal age effect and vice versa, and the importance of such stringent control is emphasized. The maternal age association was confirmed with an extremely high degree of statistical significance while no independent effect of paternal age was found; indeed, the rates at paternal ages over 45 years appear to be nearly constant. After adjusting for the effects of parental age, a significant inverse association of birth order with incidence was noted. It also appears that the incidence among very young mothers may be high: for maternal ages 15 years and less the rates seem to be equivalent to those found at 30 or 35 years. In order to help answer the question of whether the maternal age association is the result of increasing rates of nondisjunction or of some other mechanism (for example, an age related defect in a spontaneous abortion screening mechanism), the proportion of cases due to maternal and paternal nondisjunction at different parental ages must be determined.", "contents": "Down syndrome, paternal age, maternal age and birth order. Recent cytogenetic evidence has shown that trisomy 21 can arise, perphaps even in substantial proportion, from paternal nondisjunction. The statistical association between Down syndrome incidence and maternal age, paternal age and birth order has been studied in a sample of over 4000 cases. The size of this sample made it possible to control for the effect of maternal age by single years of age during the search for a paternal age effect and vice versa, and the importance of such stringent control is emphasized. The maternal age association was confirmed with an extremely high degree of statistical significance while no independent effect of paternal age was found; indeed, the rates at paternal ages over 45 years appear to be nearly constant. After adjusting for the effects of parental age, a significant inverse association of birth order with incidence was noted. It also appears that the incidence among very young mothers may be high: for maternal ages 15 years and less the rates seem to be equivalent to those found at 30 or 35 years. In order to help answer the question of whether the maternal age association is the result of increasing rates of nondisjunction or of some other mechanism (for example, an age related defect in a spontaneous abortion screening mechanism), the proportion of cases due to maternal and paternal nondisjunction at different parental ages must be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:147047", "title": "[Streptoverticillium griseoviridum n. sp., a producer of the candidin-amphotericin B group, antifungal heptaene nonaromatic antibiotic 0185].", "content": "An actinomyceteous strain LIA-0185 producing a heptaenic non-aromatic antibiotic of the candidin type was isolated from a soil sample taken in the Georgian SSR under the programme of screening antifungal antibiotics. The taxonomic study of the strain showed that it belonged to the series of viridoflavum and had the following main taxonomic features: the sporophores in the whorls, straight, remote: the aerial mycelium from yellow to dark-olive-grey; the substrate mycelium olive; the soluble pigment absent; the melanine pigment was produced on the peptone medium; the culture formed H2S; assimilated glucose, mannose, inozide and to a lesser extent fructose; did not assimilate arabinose, xylose, sucrose, lactose, ramnose and raffinose. The strain inhibited the growth of yeast and fungi, grampositive bacteria and actinomycetes and produced a complex of non-aromatic heptaenic antibiotics. The actinomycete differed from the other whorl cultures. It was classified as a new species Sv. griseoviridum sp. nov. The antibiotic complex was a mixture of 2 components, i. e. I and II present approximately in equal amounts. Component II was analogous to candidin. Component I was a new original substance.", "contents": "[Streptoverticillium griseoviridum n. sp., a producer of the candidin-amphotericin B group, antifungal heptaene nonaromatic antibiotic 0185]. An actinomyceteous strain LIA-0185 producing a heptaenic non-aromatic antibiotic of the candidin type was isolated from a soil sample taken in the Georgian SSR under the programme of screening antifungal antibiotics. The taxonomic study of the strain showed that it belonged to the series of viridoflavum and had the following main taxonomic features: the sporophores in the whorls, straight, remote: the aerial mycelium from yellow to dark-olive-grey; the substrate mycelium olive; the soluble pigment absent; the melanine pigment was produced on the peptone medium; the culture formed H2S; assimilated glucose, mannose, inozide and to a lesser extent fructose; did not assimilate arabinose, xylose, sucrose, lactose, ramnose and raffinose. The strain inhibited the growth of yeast and fungi, grampositive bacteria and actinomycetes and produced a complex of non-aromatic heptaenic antibiotics. The actinomycete differed from the other whorl cultures. It was classified as a new species Sv. griseoviridum sp. nov. The antibiotic complex was a mixture of 2 components, i. e. I and II present approximately in equal amounts. Component II was analogous to candidin. Component I was a new original substance."}
{"id": "PMID:147048", "title": "Percutaneous cervical cordotomy.", "content": "Cordotomy should be reserved for patients with intractable pain resistant to conservative treatment that is not of a dysaesthetic type. The high cervical percutaneous technique permits exploitation of the principles of stereotactic surgery, especially physiological localization of the lesion site. The induction by 100 Hz stimulation of a warm or cool tingling in some portion of the contralateral half of the body without muscle tetanization ensures location within the spinothalamic tract while attention to the somatotopographic organization of the responses permits a certain degree of tailoring of the extent of analgesia to the patient's needs. During 264 consecutive procedures the spinothalamic tract was successfully located in 99% with a 0.3% incidence of significant persistent paresis.", "contents": "Percutaneous cervical cordotomy. Cordotomy should be reserved for patients with intractable pain resistant to conservative treatment that is not of a dysaesthetic type. The high cervical percutaneous technique permits exploitation of the principles of stereotactic surgery, especially physiological localization of the lesion site. The induction by 100 Hz stimulation of a warm or cool tingling in some portion of the contralateral half of the body without muscle tetanization ensures location within the spinothalamic tract while attention to the somatotopographic organization of the responses permits a certain degree of tailoring of the extent of analgesia to the patient's needs. During 264 consecutive procedures the spinothalamic tract was successfully located in 99% with a 0.3% incidence of significant persistent paresis."}
{"id": "PMID:147049", "title": "Percutaneous radiofrequency facet denervation.", "content": "Percutaneous RF facet denervation is a valid, low-risk means of treating 'mechanical' pain syndromes in previously unoperated patients with back and/or leg pain. In the series of 126 patients, reported long-term overall success was 42%. With improved technique and patient selection, success rate has increased to 67%. This procedure appears to be increasing in clinical value as a more conservative means of treating certain back pain problems, thus avoiding definitive surgery.", "contents": "Percutaneous radiofrequency facet denervation. Percutaneous RF facet denervation is a valid, low-risk means of treating 'mechanical' pain syndromes in previously unoperated patients with back and/or leg pain. In the series of 126 patients, reported long-term overall success was 42%. With improved technique and patient selection, success rate has increased to 67%. This procedure appears to be increasing in clinical value as a more conservative means of treating certain back pain problems, thus avoiding definitive surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:147050", "title": "Percutaneous radiofrequency lumbar rhizolysis (rhizotomy).", "content": "Low-back pain may arise from degenerative changes in the posterior joints of the lumbar spine. These joints are innervated by a branch of the posterior primary ramus, which follows an antomically constant course. Pain impulses from these joints can be interrupted by coagulating the nerve with a radiofrequency wave, the probe having been placed in the area of the nerve percutaneously. Percutaneous lumbar rhizolysis was carried out under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis in 82 patients, most of whom had multiple level rhizolysis, Rhizolysis was successful in 67% of patients with mechanical low-back pain without evidence of disc herniation and nerve-root compression or psychogenic pain, who had not previously undergone an operation for relief of the pain.", "contents": "Percutaneous radiofrequency lumbar rhizolysis (rhizotomy). Low-back pain may arise from degenerative changes in the posterior joints of the lumbar spine. These joints are innervated by a branch of the posterior primary ramus, which follows an antomically constant course. Pain impulses from these joints can be interrupted by coagulating the nerve with a radiofrequency wave, the probe having been placed in the area of the nerve percutaneously. Percutaneous lumbar rhizolysis was carried out under local anesthesia on an outpatient basis in 82 patients, most of whom had multiple level rhizolysis, Rhizolysis was successful in 67% of patients with mechanical low-back pain without evidence of disc herniation and nerve-root compression or psychogenic pain, who had not previously undergone an operation for relief of the pain."}
{"id": "PMID:147054", "title": "Ultraviolet phototherapy and photochemotherapy of acne vulgaris.", "content": "The therapeutic value of various ultraviolet treatments was assessed in patients with moderately severe papulopustular acne. The results did not verify the common belief that ultraviolet radiation is highly beneficial. In no instance was the comedo count appreciably reduced. Modest improvement was observed with sunburn rays (UV-B) and slightly more with the combination of long ultraviolet radiation (UV-A) and UV-B. UV-A alone had the least effect. Photosensitization with coal tar and UV-A greatly aggravated acne and was notably comedogenic. Photosensitization with methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) applied topically was neither harmful nor helpful.", "contents": "Ultraviolet phototherapy and photochemotherapy of acne vulgaris. The therapeutic value of various ultraviolet treatments was assessed in patients with moderately severe papulopustular acne. The results did not verify the common belief that ultraviolet radiation is highly beneficial. In no instance was the comedo count appreciably reduced. Modest improvement was observed with sunburn rays (UV-B) and slightly more with the combination of long ultraviolet radiation (UV-A) and UV-B. UV-A alone had the least effect. Photosensitization with coal tar and UV-A greatly aggravated acne and was notably comedogenic. Photosensitization with methoxsalen (8-methoxypsoralen) applied topically was neither harmful nor helpful."}
{"id": "PMID:147055", "title": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with follicular mucinosis.", "content": "Follicular mucinosis is described to our knowledge for the first time in angiolymphoid hyperplasia. In general, follicular mucinosis may be regarded as a peculiar, nonspecific histological reaction pattern in follicular epithelium that may occur on its own or in association with other pathological processes, particularly lymphomas. The unusual and characteristic features of angiolymphoid hyperplasia revealed by electron microscopy are irregular vessels lined by atypical endothelial cells with convoluted nuclei and large cytoplasmic vacuoles.", "contents": "Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with follicular mucinosis. Follicular mucinosis is described to our knowledge for the first time in angiolymphoid hyperplasia. In general, follicular mucinosis may be regarded as a peculiar, nonspecific histological reaction pattern in follicular epithelium that may occur on its own or in association with other pathological processes, particularly lymphomas. The unusual and characteristic features of angiolymphoid hyperplasia revealed by electron microscopy are irregular vessels lined by atypical endothelial cells with convoluted nuclei and large cytoplasmic vacuoles."}
{"id": "PMID:147056", "title": "Woolly hair nevus. Two case reports and a discussion of unruly hair forms.", "content": "Woolly hair is very curly hair that is characteristically unruly and will not form naturally into locks. Woolly hair nevus first appears when the scalp hair begins to grow. It is seen as a patch of unruly, very curly hair, arising in a field of otherwise unremarkable scalp hair. Woolly hair can also be seen as a hereditary trait involving the entire scalp and in acquired forms. It may be distinguished from two other types of unruly hair, pili torti and spun glass hair.", "contents": "Woolly hair nevus. Two case reports and a discussion of unruly hair forms. Woolly hair is very curly hair that is characteristically unruly and will not form naturally into locks. Woolly hair nevus first appears when the scalp hair begins to grow. It is seen as a patch of unruly, very curly hair, arising in a field of otherwise unremarkable scalp hair. Woolly hair can also be seen as a hereditary trait involving the entire scalp and in acquired forms. It may be distinguished from two other types of unruly hair, pili torti and spun glass hair."}
{"id": "PMID:147057", "title": "Erythrokeratodermia variabilis. A family study.", "content": "Erythrokeratodermia variabilis is a rare genodermatosis; American authors have reported only four previous cases. It had been a problem to obtain a large pedigree for clinical investigation. We studied a family with 12 involved members in five generations. Symmetrically distributed migratory patches and scaling plaques are characteristic and were found to involute with a combination of keratolytic agents and topical steroids. Exacerbations of these patches and plaques were noted in our female patients during such high estrogen states as pregnancy or oral contraceptive usage.", "contents": "Erythrokeratodermia variabilis. A family study. Erythrokeratodermia variabilis is a rare genodermatosis; American authors have reported only four previous cases. It had been a problem to obtain a large pedigree for clinical investigation. We studied a family with 12 involved members in five generations. Symmetrically distributed migratory patches and scaling plaques are characteristic and were found to involute with a combination of keratolytic agents and topical steroids. Exacerbations of these patches and plaques were noted in our female patients during such high estrogen states as pregnancy or oral contraceptive usage."}
{"id": "PMID:147060", "title": "Treatment of pneumatosis cystoides coli by oxygen inhalation.", "content": "Endotracheal intubation and intermittent positive pressure ventilation were used to overcome the difficulties of oxygen therapy for pneumatosis cystoides coli in a 9-year-old child with Down's syndrome and a congenital heart defect. As compared to previously reported cases, a shorter duration of treatment and a lower arterial oxygen tension proved successful.", "contents": "Treatment of pneumatosis cystoides coli by oxygen inhalation. Endotracheal intubation and intermittent positive pressure ventilation were used to overcome the difficulties of oxygen therapy for pneumatosis cystoides coli in a 9-year-old child with Down's syndrome and a congenital heart defect. As compared to previously reported cases, a shorter duration of treatment and a lower arterial oxygen tension proved successful."}
{"id": "PMID:147062", "title": "Vasopressin: route of administration and effects on canine hepatic and superior mesenteric arterial blood flows.", "content": "BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH THE CANINE HEPATIC (HBF) AND SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERIES (MBF) WERE MEASURED WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETERS, DURING INFUSIONS OF VASOPRESSIN, BY THREE ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION: 1) intra-hepatic-arterially (IHA), 2) intra-portal-venously (IPV) and 3) intra-systemic-venously (IV). Mean control HBF was 148 +/- 17 (S.E.) ml min(-1); MBF was 243 +/- 27 ml min(-1); aortic pressure (AP) was 126 +/- 3 mm Hg; portal venous pressure (PVP) was 8.8 +/- 1.0 mm Hg. Infusions of vasopressin, at a rate of 5 x 10(-3) units kg(-1) min(-1), IHA, reduced HBF significantly (p < .001) to 121 +/- 21 ml min(-1), within one minute. Flow returned to control, despite continued drug infusion; and at the end of the fifth minute of infusion, the value (134 +/- 21 ml min(-1)) was not significantly (p > .05) different from control. During the same infusion, MBF fell to 129 +/- 28 ml min(-1) (p < .001), by the sixth minute of the infusion and remained at this level for the duration of the infusion. AP increased to 137 +/- 13 mm Hg, by the sixth minute of the infusion and was sustained at this level for the duration of the infusion. PVP decreased to 7.0 +/- 1.0 mm Hg, by the tenth minute of the infusion. The responses to IPV vasopressin were indistinguishable from those following IHA vasopressin, with the exception that HBF was reduced to only 147 +/- 22 ml min(-1) (from a preinfusion control of 160 +/- 23 ml min(-1)), at one minute. HBF returned to control, despite continuation of the infusion. IV vasopressin, at the same concentration, caused no change in HBF throughout the ten minute infusion. These observations indicate that the canine hepatic arterial circulation responds to vasopressin with vasoconstriction characterized by autoregulatory escape. By any of the three routes of administration, vasopressin causes a significant and sustained reduction in blood flow through the superior mesenteric artery. Autoregulatory escape, from vasopressin-induced mesenteric arterial constriction, is not observed. Based on these observations, significant changes in mesenteric arterial blood flow can be anticipated without associated significant changes in hepatic arterial blood flow, regardless of the route of administration of vasopressin.", "contents": "Vasopressin: route of administration and effects on canine hepatic and superior mesenteric arterial blood flows. BLOOD FLOWS THROUGH THE CANINE HEPATIC (HBF) AND SUPERIOR MESENTERIC ARTERIES (MBF) WERE MEASURED WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC FLOWMETERS, DURING INFUSIONS OF VASOPRESSIN, BY THREE ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION: 1) intra-hepatic-arterially (IHA), 2) intra-portal-venously (IPV) and 3) intra-systemic-venously (IV). Mean control HBF was 148 +/- 17 (S.E.) ml min(-1); MBF was 243 +/- 27 ml min(-1); aortic pressure (AP) was 126 +/- 3 mm Hg; portal venous pressure (PVP) was 8.8 +/- 1.0 mm Hg. Infusions of vasopressin, at a rate of 5 x 10(-3) units kg(-1) min(-1), IHA, reduced HBF significantly (p < .001) to 121 +/- 21 ml min(-1), within one minute. Flow returned to control, despite continued drug infusion; and at the end of the fifth minute of infusion, the value (134 +/- 21 ml min(-1)) was not significantly (p > .05) different from control. During the same infusion, MBF fell to 129 +/- 28 ml min(-1) (p < .001), by the sixth minute of the infusion and remained at this level for the duration of the infusion. AP increased to 137 +/- 13 mm Hg, by the sixth minute of the infusion and was sustained at this level for the duration of the infusion. PVP decreased to 7.0 +/- 1.0 mm Hg, by the tenth minute of the infusion. The responses to IPV vasopressin were indistinguishable from those following IHA vasopressin, with the exception that HBF was reduced to only 147 +/- 22 ml min(-1) (from a preinfusion control of 160 +/- 23 ml min(-1)), at one minute. HBF returned to control, despite continuation of the infusion. IV vasopressin, at the same concentration, caused no change in HBF throughout the ten minute infusion. These observations indicate that the canine hepatic arterial circulation responds to vasopressin with vasoconstriction characterized by autoregulatory escape. By any of the three routes of administration, vasopressin causes a significant and sustained reduction in blood flow through the superior mesenteric artery. Autoregulatory escape, from vasopressin-induced mesenteric arterial constriction, is not observed. Based on these observations, significant changes in mesenteric arterial blood flow can be anticipated without associated significant changes in hepatic arterial blood flow, regardless of the route of administration of vasopressin."}
{"id": "PMID:147063", "title": "Late failure in vein grafts: mediating factors in subendothelial fibromuscular hyperplasia.", "content": "Late failure of autologous vein grafts often results from excessive subendothelial fibromuscular hyperplasia. Varying factors have been implicated in this process, but the exact etiology remains unclear. In this study, three groups of animals were studied which had sections of common carotid artery replaced with autologous vein grafts. Group I had simple replacement, while Groups II and III had grafts supported by either tightly woven or loose mesh dacron prostheses. Thrombosis occurred only in the unsupported grafts. Unsupported grafts also had more subendothelial proliferation when compared to the loose mesh group. The combined thickness of the intima-media correlated inversely with the number of vasa present within the vein graft wall, i.e. significantly more vascularization was found in the mesh supported group when compared to the other groups. Grafts supported with the tightly woven prosthesis were relatively impervious to the ingrowth of vasa vasora. The data suggest that persistent distension of the graft wall by intra-arterial pressure influences the degree of subendothelial fibromuscular hyperplasia and may be interrelated to revascularization of the graft wall per se.", "contents": "Late failure in vein grafts: mediating factors in subendothelial fibromuscular hyperplasia. Late failure of autologous vein grafts often results from excessive subendothelial fibromuscular hyperplasia. Varying factors have been implicated in this process, but the exact etiology remains unclear. In this study, three groups of animals were studied which had sections of common carotid artery replaced with autologous vein grafts. Group I had simple replacement, while Groups II and III had grafts supported by either tightly woven or loose mesh dacron prostheses. Thrombosis occurred only in the unsupported grafts. Unsupported grafts also had more subendothelial proliferation when compared to the loose mesh group. The combined thickness of the intima-media correlated inversely with the number of vasa present within the vein graft wall, i.e. significantly more vascularization was found in the mesh supported group when compared to the other groups. Grafts supported with the tightly woven prosthesis were relatively impervious to the ingrowth of vasa vasora. The data suggest that persistent distension of the graft wall by intra-arterial pressure influences the degree of subendothelial fibromuscular hyperplasia and may be interrelated to revascularization of the graft wall per se."}
{"id": "PMID:147061", "title": "A new personal monitoring device for the detection of beta-propiolactone and other alkylating agents.", "content": "A personal monitoring badge has been developed for the detection of the direct-acting, alkylating carcinogen beta-propiolactone at atmospheric concentrations as low as 6 ppb for 24-hour and 0.6 ppm for 0.25-hour exposure. The method employs the trapping reagent p-nitrobenzyl pyridine (p-NBP) absorbed on a cellulose thin-layer chromatography (TLC) strip. Deoxyguanosine can be used in place of p-NBP, but its lower limit of detection is 60 ppb for 24-hour exposure. The authors also obtained positive results with the carcinogens bis (chloromethyl) ether, chloromethyl methyl ether, diepoxybutane, dimethylcarbamoyl chloride, ethyleneimine, and glycidaldehyde. In practice, the TLC strip is positioned in a filmbadge holder. The TLC strip monitoring badges are easy to prepare; they should encounter no resistance of personnel to their use since they are not cumbersome. Monitoring at the end of an exposure is simple and requires no expensive equipment or specialized personnel.", "contents": "A new personal monitoring device for the detection of beta-propiolactone and other alkylating agents. A personal monitoring badge has been developed for the detection of the direct-acting, alkylating carcinogen beta-propiolactone at atmospheric concentrations as low as 6 ppb for 24-hour and 0.6 ppm for 0.25-hour exposure. The method employs the trapping reagent p-nitrobenzyl pyridine (p-NBP) absorbed on a cellulose thin-layer chromatography (TLC) strip. Deoxyguanosine can be used in place of p-NBP, but its lower limit of detection is 60 ppb for 24-hour exposure. The authors also obtained positive results with the carcinogens bis (chloromethyl) ether, chloromethyl methyl ether, diepoxybutane, dimethylcarbamoyl chloride, ethyleneimine, and glycidaldehyde. In practice, the TLC strip is positioned in a filmbadge holder. The TLC strip monitoring badges are easy to prepare; they should encounter no resistance of personnel to their use since they are not cumbersome. Monitoring at the end of an exposure is simple and requires no expensive equipment or specialized personnel."}
{"id": "PMID:147066", "title": "Vascular disease in infective endocarditis. Report of immune-mediated events in skin and brain.", "content": "A patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis, who had a prosthetic mitral valve, exhibited hypocomplementemia, mixed (IgG, IgM) cryoglobulinemia, and widespread dermal vasculitis with IgM deposited at the dermoepidermal junction. Postmortem findings included immune-complex glomerulonephritis and deposits of IgG in the choroid plexus. These findings are consistent with a generalized vasculitis, which may be mediated by circulating immune complexes; basement membrane localization of immune complexes to the skin and choroid plexus appears not to be specific for systemic lupus erythematosus, as has been previously thought, but may represent the general phenomenon of immune-mediated pathogenesis.", "contents": "Vascular disease in infective endocarditis. Report of immune-mediated events in skin and brain. A patient with subacute bacterial endocarditis, who had a prosthetic mitral valve, exhibited hypocomplementemia, mixed (IgG, IgM) cryoglobulinemia, and widespread dermal vasculitis with IgM deposited at the dermoepidermal junction. Postmortem findings included immune-complex glomerulonephritis and deposits of IgG in the choroid plexus. These findings are consistent with a generalized vasculitis, which may be mediated by circulating immune complexes; basement membrane localization of immune complexes to the skin and choroid plexus appears not to be specific for systemic lupus erythematosus, as has been previously thought, but may represent the general phenomenon of immune-mediated pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:147067", "title": "[The value of myocardial mass determination in the evaluation of left ventricular functional value in chronic mitral insufficiency. Apropos of 44 cases].", "content": "The functional value of the left ventricle in chronic mitral incompetence, determined as a function of haemodynamic and angiocardiographic indices, has now become a difficult factor to determine because of the multiplicity of indices which exist, and because of disagreement about the pathological values which are often a function of the valvular pathology in the particular case. Moreover, the importance of myocardial hypertrophy is rarely taken into account. The ratio systolic work/myocardial mass (WS/WM) which lies between no limits in the normal subject (0.81+/-0.03 gm.g-1) has allowed us to classify 44 patients with chronic mitral incompetence into three groups: groupe I (WS/V(M) greater than 0.87 gm.g-1), characterised by an increase in WS proportionally superior to that of V(M) (hyperfunctional); group II (0.87 gm.g-1 larger than or equal to WS/V(M) larger than or equal to 0.75 gm-1), characterised by a parallel increase of mass and WS (isofunctional); group III (WS/V(M) less than 0.75 gm.g-1) in which the increase in mass is proportionally greater than the variation in WS (hypofunctional). A comparison between the selectivity of this relationship and that of other indices, which contain large areas of overlap between the various groups of patients, lead us to hope for a prognostic index which will take account of the myocardial mass and of the pump action of the left ventricle.", "contents": "[The value of myocardial mass determination in the evaluation of left ventricular functional value in chronic mitral insufficiency. Apropos of 44 cases]. The functional value of the left ventricle in chronic mitral incompetence, determined as a function of haemodynamic and angiocardiographic indices, has now become a difficult factor to determine because of the multiplicity of indices which exist, and because of disagreement about the pathological values which are often a function of the valvular pathology in the particular case. Moreover, the importance of myocardial hypertrophy is rarely taken into account. The ratio systolic work/myocardial mass (WS/WM) which lies between no limits in the normal subject (0.81+/-0.03 gm.g-1) has allowed us to classify 44 patients with chronic mitral incompetence into three groups: groupe I (WS/V(M) greater than 0.87 gm.g-1), characterised by an increase in WS proportionally superior to that of V(M) (hyperfunctional); group II (0.87 gm.g-1 larger than or equal to WS/V(M) larger than or equal to 0.75 gm-1), characterised by a parallel increase of mass and WS (isofunctional); group III (WS/V(M) less than 0.75 gm.g-1) in which the increase in mass is proportionally greater than the variation in WS (hypofunctional). A comparison between the selectivity of this relationship and that of other indices, which contain large areas of overlap between the various groups of patients, lead us to hope for a prognostic index which will take account of the myocardial mass and of the pump action of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:147068", "title": "[Arrhythmias following closure of atrial septal defects. Apropos of 300 cases].", "content": "In a series of 300 cases whose atrial septal defects were closed (268 with ostium secundum, 27 with ostium primum, and 5 cases with both), arrhythmias were found in 60%. These were usually slow supraventricular arrhythmias caused by substitution (51%), and less commonly rapid supraventricular arrhythmias (27%), extra-systoles (16%), disorders of atrio-ventricular conduction of second and third degree and disorders of the auricle (6%). Conduction disorders were significantly more common (p less than 0.001) after closure of ostium primum (37%) than after closure of an ostium secundum (4.5%). Arrhythmias are most common during the first week (56%), and are usually of the slow type, and during the three succeeding weeks are markedly less frequent (31%) with a higher proportion (p less than 0.001) of the rapid type. No one anatomical type of ASD was complicated with arrhythmia more than the others. The slow type of arrhythmias occurred in the high ASDs, and the fast type especially amongst elderly patients. Longterm follow-up showed arrhythmias in 28% of patients with an ostium secundum defect. The factors influencing arrhythmias were age, cardiac enlargement, and the mean pulmonary arterial pressure. Arrhythmias were just as common in cases with a small shunt.", "contents": "[Arrhythmias following closure of atrial septal defects. Apropos of 300 cases]. In a series of 300 cases whose atrial septal defects were closed (268 with ostium secundum, 27 with ostium primum, and 5 cases with both), arrhythmias were found in 60%. These were usually slow supraventricular arrhythmias caused by substitution (51%), and less commonly rapid supraventricular arrhythmias (27%), extra-systoles (16%), disorders of atrio-ventricular conduction of second and third degree and disorders of the auricle (6%). Conduction disorders were significantly more common (p less than 0.001) after closure of ostium primum (37%) than after closure of an ostium secundum (4.5%). Arrhythmias are most common during the first week (56%), and are usually of the slow type, and during the three succeeding weeks are markedly less frequent (31%) with a higher proportion (p less than 0.001) of the rapid type. No one anatomical type of ASD was complicated with arrhythmia more than the others. The slow type of arrhythmias occurred in the high ASDs, and the fast type especially amongst elderly patients. Longterm follow-up showed arrhythmias in 28% of patients with an ostium secundum defect. The factors influencing arrhythmias were age, cardiac enlargement, and the mean pulmonary arterial pressure. Arrhythmias were just as common in cases with a small shunt."}
{"id": "PMID:147069", "title": "Hepatic blood flow measurement.", "content": "Although many experimental studies have been made to determine the total hepatic blood flow in steady circulatory states, very few have been done in unsteady states of either circulatory overload or underload. In this experiment, a comparison is made between total hepatic blood flow measured by the single injection of indocyanine green and the electromagnetic flow methods in the dog, in which circulatory overload was induced by dextran 40 infusion. While there was close correlation between the values obtained by the two methods in normal dogs, following dextran infusion the indirect indocyanine green method overestimated hepatic blood flow by 40% to 60%, using the electromagnetic method as a comparison standard. The reason for this discrepancy is not elucidated by these studies.", "contents": "Hepatic blood flow measurement. Although many experimental studies have been made to determine the total hepatic blood flow in steady circulatory states, very few have been done in unsteady states of either circulatory overload or underload. In this experiment, a comparison is made between total hepatic blood flow measured by the single injection of indocyanine green and the electromagnetic flow methods in the dog, in which circulatory overload was induced by dextran 40 infusion. While there was close correlation between the values obtained by the two methods in normal dogs, following dextran infusion the indirect indocyanine green method overestimated hepatic blood flow by 40% to 60%, using the electromagnetic method as a comparison standard. The reason for this discrepancy is not elucidated by these studies."}
{"id": "PMID:147070", "title": "Muscle and subcutaneous oxygen tension. Measurements by mass spectrometry after sympathectomy.", "content": "Utilizing the mass spectrometer, tissue oxygen tension (TPO2) in the resting state was measured in the extremities of ten dogs before and after lumbar sympathectomy. Although there was considerable variation between individual dogs, significant changes in tissue oxygenation were not consistently obtained in the group as a whole, althouth femoral arterial blood flow increased in all animals. Using TPO2 changes to estimate perfusion, no significant increase in nutritive flow could be demonstrated.", "contents": "Muscle and subcutaneous oxygen tension. Measurements by mass spectrometry after sympathectomy. Utilizing the mass spectrometer, tissue oxygen tension (TPO2) in the resting state was measured in the extremities of ten dogs before and after lumbar sympathectomy. Although there was considerable variation between individual dogs, significant changes in tissue oxygenation were not consistently obtained in the group as a whole, althouth femoral arterial blood flow increased in all animals. Using TPO2 changes to estimate perfusion, no significant increase in nutritive flow could be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:147071", "title": "[New method of abdominal wall incision in autopsy].", "content": "The incision of the anterior abdominal wall proposed by the author is begun (after dissection of thoracic tissues on the median line) from processus xyphoideus sterni and led toward left regio iliacae (on the straight line or first on the left regio hypogastricae to its middle, then on liniae pararectalis) approximately till the middle of ligamentum Pouparti. Then from the lower end of this incision a transversal incision of superpubica is made at an angle, about 4--6 cm above simphysis ossium pubis, in adults 15--20 cm long. This incision provides a wide access to the organs of the small pelvis, demonstration of their changes on the spot, goes aside from median wounds or scars, and permits to penetrate from the transversal incision along the subcutaneous cellular tissue to the organs and tissues of regio subpubica.", "contents": "[New method of abdominal wall incision in autopsy]. The incision of the anterior abdominal wall proposed by the author is begun (after dissection of thoracic tissues on the median line) from processus xyphoideus sterni and led toward left regio iliacae (on the straight line or first on the left regio hypogastricae to its middle, then on liniae pararectalis) approximately till the middle of ligamentum Pouparti. Then from the lower end of this incision a transversal incision of superpubica is made at an angle, about 4--6 cm above simphysis ossium pubis, in adults 15--20 cm long. This incision provides a wide access to the organs of the small pelvis, demonstration of their changes on the spot, goes aside from median wounds or scars, and permits to penetrate from the transversal incision along the subcutaneous cellular tissue to the organs and tissues of regio subpubica."}
{"id": "PMID:147073", "title": "Fibrinolytic properties of some optic nerve vessels.", "content": "The fibrinolytic activity of posterior ciliary arteries (PCA), dural vessels (DV), central retinal vessels (CRV), and pial plexus (PP) in 18 human eyes was studied by the fibrin-slide technique and PAS staining. Acitvity was measured on the basis of the minimal incubation time at which lysis appeared. A constant pattern of fibrinolytic activity was found. The PCA were the most active, followed by DV, CRV, and PP. With consideration of the assumed antithrombotic role of fibrinolysis, the results suggest that PCA are better protected against occlusion than CRV.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic properties of some optic nerve vessels. The fibrinolytic activity of posterior ciliary arteries (PCA), dural vessels (DV), central retinal vessels (CRV), and pial plexus (PP) in 18 human eyes was studied by the fibrin-slide technique and PAS staining. Acitvity was measured on the basis of the minimal incubation time at which lysis appeared. A constant pattern of fibrinolytic activity was found. The PCA were the most active, followed by DV, CRV, and PP. With consideration of the assumed antithrombotic role of fibrinolysis, the results suggest that PCA are better protected against occlusion than CRV."}
{"id": "PMID:147074", "title": "The history of avian medicine in the United States. IV. Some milestones in American research of poultry parasites.", "content": "Most of the major contributions of Americans to knowledge of poultry parasites have been made in the last 100 years. Factors responsible for this tardiness differed somewhat according to the disease. The first parasitic diseases to receive attention were usually those with distinctive characteristics as well as serious consequences, such as \"gapes\" and lousiness. Since helminths could usually be readily observed, whereas protozoa could be observed only by persons skilled in microscopy, disorders attributable to the former usually received attention earlier than did protozoan diseases. The control of ectoparasites, before the use of modern insecticides, became vastly simplified as mechanical incubators and brooders replaced the hen, and as the birds were provided with better housing. The major contributions of Americans to our understanding of parasitic diseases of poultry are detailed for five disorders attributable to helminths, and two attributable to protozoa. The latter are histomoniasis of turkeys and coccidiosis of chickens. No attempt has been made to evaluate the impact of contemporary research.", "contents": "The history of avian medicine in the United States. IV. Some milestones in American research of poultry parasites. Most of the major contributions of Americans to knowledge of poultry parasites have been made in the last 100 years. Factors responsible for this tardiness differed somewhat according to the disease. The first parasitic diseases to receive attention were usually those with distinctive characteristics as well as serious consequences, such as \"gapes\" and lousiness. Since helminths could usually be readily observed, whereas protozoa could be observed only by persons skilled in microscopy, disorders attributable to the former usually received attention earlier than did protozoan diseases. The control of ectoparasites, before the use of modern insecticides, became vastly simplified as mechanical incubators and brooders replaced the hen, and as the birds were provided with better housing. The major contributions of Americans to our understanding of parasitic diseases of poultry are detailed for five disorders attributable to helminths, and two attributable to protozoa. The latter are histomoniasis of turkeys and coccidiosis of chickens. No attempt has been made to evaluate the impact of contemporary research."}
{"id": "PMID:147076", "title": "Tryptophan and the control of plasma glucose concentrations in the rat.", "content": "1. Injection of L-tryptophan (750 mg/kg body wt.) led to pronounced hypoglycaemia in fed and 48 h-starved rats. 2. The hypoglycaemic effect is blocked by pretreament with p-chlorophenylalanine, compound MK-486 [Carbidopa: L-alpha-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-alpha-hydrazinopropionic acid monohydrate] or methysergide, and potentiated by pargyline. 3. 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan is more potent and induces a more rapid hypoglycaemia than does tryptophan. Other tryptophan metabolites were not associated with hypoglycaemia. 4. Adrenalectomy increases, and acute experimental diabetes strongly decreases, the sensitivity of rats to tryptophan induction of hypoglycaemia. Diabetic animals were also insensitive to 5-hydroxytryptophan. 5. Metabolite concentration changes in the livers from tryptophan-treated 48h-starved and diabetic animals were consistent with a rapid inhibition of gluconeogenesis. This did not correlate with the hypoglycaemic response. 6. Tryptophan treatment was associated with a significant increase in the plasma [beta-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio; there were no changes in the plasma concentrations of urea, triacyglycerol, non-esterified fatty acids and glycerol. 7. These observations suggest that the hypoglycaemic action of tryptophan is mediated through formation of intracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine, and is unrelated to the inhibition of gluconeogenesis. It is unlikely that this increased synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine involves directly either the adrenal glands or the central nervous system.", "contents": "Tryptophan and the control of plasma glucose concentrations in the rat. 1. Injection of L-tryptophan (750 mg/kg body wt.) led to pronounced hypoglycaemia in fed and 48 h-starved rats. 2. The hypoglycaemic effect is blocked by pretreament with p-chlorophenylalanine, compound MK-486 [Carbidopa: L-alpha-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)-alpha-hydrazinopropionic acid monohydrate] or methysergide, and potentiated by pargyline. 3. 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan is more potent and induces a more rapid hypoglycaemia than does tryptophan. Other tryptophan metabolites were not associated with hypoglycaemia. 4. Adrenalectomy increases, and acute experimental diabetes strongly decreases, the sensitivity of rats to tryptophan induction of hypoglycaemia. Diabetic animals were also insensitive to 5-hydroxytryptophan. 5. Metabolite concentration changes in the livers from tryptophan-treated 48h-starved and diabetic animals were consistent with a rapid inhibition of gluconeogenesis. This did not correlate with the hypoglycaemic response. 6. Tryptophan treatment was associated with a significant increase in the plasma [beta-hydroxybutyrate]/[acetoacetate] ratio; there were no changes in the plasma concentrations of urea, triacyglycerol, non-esterified fatty acids and glycerol. 7. These observations suggest that the hypoglycaemic action of tryptophan is mediated through formation of intracellular 5-hydroxytryptamine, and is unrelated to the inhibition of gluconeogenesis. It is unlikely that this increased synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine involves directly either the adrenal glands or the central nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:147077", "title": "Cardiac-muscle hypertrophy. Differentiation and growth of the heart cell during development.", "content": "An experimental model for the study of the control of tissue growth by cell proliferation (hyperplasia) and cell enlargement (hypertropht) is proposed. The model is constructed on the basis of the fact that, when DNA replication and cell proliferation cease in cardiac muscle during neonatal development, subsequent growth of the ventricular tissue is due to cell enlargement. The time period during development when this change in growth pattern occurs is documented with the cessation of DNA replication and the synthesis and accumulation of myosin as biochemical parameters. It is suggested that adrenergic innervation of the heart may be the physiological signal that changes the growth pattern of the muscle from hyperplasia to hypertrophy.", "contents": "Cardiac-muscle hypertrophy. Differentiation and growth of the heart cell during development. An experimental model for the study of the control of tissue growth by cell proliferation (hyperplasia) and cell enlargement (hypertropht) is proposed. The model is constructed on the basis of the fact that, when DNA replication and cell proliferation cease in cardiac muscle during neonatal development, subsequent growth of the ventricular tissue is due to cell enlargement. The time period during development when this change in growth pattern occurs is documented with the cessation of DNA replication and the synthesis and accumulation of myosin as biochemical parameters. It is suggested that adrenergic innervation of the heart may be the physiological signal that changes the growth pattern of the muscle from hyperplasia to hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:147078", "title": "A simple and rapid method for the reversible removal of lipids from a membrane-bound enzyme.", "content": "A simple, rapid and reproducible method for the reversible removal of lipids from a membrane-bound enzyme is described. Essentially, a membrane preparation containing (Na+ + K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase was extracted with the non-ionic detergent Lubrol WX in the presence of glycerol, and partial separation of protein from lipid was achieved with the use of only two centrifugations. About 74% of the endogenous phospholipid and 79% of the cholesterol were removed, concomitant with a virtually complete loss of ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase activity, but with retention of 60-100% of the K+-dependent phosphatase activity. The addition of pure phosphatidylserine re-activated the enzyme to more than 80% of the initial activity, and up to 30% of the protein was recovered. Excess of phosphatidylserine could be washed off the enzyme to give a stable 'reconstituted' preparation. The effects of variation in the experimental conditions were examined, and the results are discussed with respect to the possibility of adapting the method to the study of other lipid-dependent enzymes bound to membranes.", "contents": "A simple and rapid method for the reversible removal of lipids from a membrane-bound enzyme. A simple, rapid and reproducible method for the reversible removal of lipids from a membrane-bound enzyme is described. Essentially, a membrane preparation containing (Na+ + K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase was extracted with the non-ionic detergent Lubrol WX in the presence of glycerol, and partial separation of protein from lipid was achieved with the use of only two centrifugations. About 74% of the endogenous phospholipid and 79% of the cholesterol were removed, concomitant with a virtually complete loss of ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase activity, but with retention of 60-100% of the K+-dependent phosphatase activity. The addition of pure phosphatidylserine re-activated the enzyme to more than 80% of the initial activity, and up to 30% of the protein was recovered. Excess of phosphatidylserine could be washed off the enzyme to give a stable 'reconstituted' preparation. The effects of variation in the experimental conditions were examined, and the results are discussed with respect to the possibility of adapting the method to the study of other lipid-dependent enzymes bound to membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:147079", "title": "Ouabain binding to phospholipid-dependent adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "The role of phospholipid in the binding of ouabain to the (Na+ + K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase was studied. Enzyme preparations obtained from rabbit kidney were treated with Lubrol WX to remove the phospholipid component essential for ATPase activity. Reconstituted enzyme samples were prepared by the addition of phosphatidylserine and sedimentation of an enzymically active lipid-protein complex. The binding of ouabain to both kinds of preparations was measured under equilibrium conditions with the use of 3H-labelled ouabain and initial ouabain concentrations in the range 0.01-1 micrometer. The main findings were: (i) (Mg2+ + Pi) promoted binding of significant quantities of ouabain only to the reconstituted enzyme; (ii) the absence of added Na+, (Mg2+ + ATP) similarly promoted binding only to the reconstituted samples; (iii) the addition of Na+ in the presence of (Mg2+ + ATP) increased the amount of ouabain bound to the reconstituted enzyme when the ouabain concentration was below about 0.1 micrometer, but it had no effect when the ouabain concentration was about 1 micrometer; (iv) (Mg2+ + ATP) induced ouabain binding to the depleted enzyme only when Na+ was also added; (v) the amount of ouabain bound to both depleted and reconstituted enzymes was the same in the presence of (Mg2+ + ATP + Na+); (vi) the reconstituted enzyme appeared to have a greater affinity for Na+ than did the depleted enzyme.", "contents": "Ouabain binding to phospholipid-dependent adenosine triphosphatase. The role of phospholipid in the binding of ouabain to the (Na+ + K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase was studied. Enzyme preparations obtained from rabbit kidney were treated with Lubrol WX to remove the phospholipid component essential for ATPase activity. Reconstituted enzyme samples were prepared by the addition of phosphatidylserine and sedimentation of an enzymically active lipid-protein complex. The binding of ouabain to both kinds of preparations was measured under equilibrium conditions with the use of 3H-labelled ouabain and initial ouabain concentrations in the range 0.01-1 micrometer. The main findings were: (i) (Mg2+ + Pi) promoted binding of significant quantities of ouabain only to the reconstituted enzyme; (ii) the absence of added Na+, (Mg2+ + ATP) similarly promoted binding only to the reconstituted samples; (iii) the addition of Na+ in the presence of (Mg2+ + ATP) increased the amount of ouabain bound to the reconstituted enzyme when the ouabain concentration was below about 0.1 micrometer, but it had no effect when the ouabain concentration was about 1 micrometer; (iv) (Mg2+ + ATP) induced ouabain binding to the depleted enzyme only when Na+ was also added; (v) the amount of ouabain bound to both depleted and reconstituted enzymes was the same in the presence of (Mg2+ + ATP + Na+); (vi) the reconstituted enzyme appeared to have a greater affinity for Na+ than did the depleted enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:147080", "title": "Thermal denaturation of Micrococcus lysodeikticus adenosine triphosphatase. Influence of temperature on the circular dichroism, fluroescence and enzymic activity of the protein.", "content": "The soluble ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) from Micrococcus lysodeikticus underwent a major unfolding transition when solutions of the enzyme at pH 7.5 were heated. The midpoint occurred at 46 degrees C when monitored by changes in enzymic activity and intrinsic fluorescence, and at 49 degrees C when monitored by circular dichroism. The products of thermal denaturation retained much secondary structure, and no evidence of subunit dissociation was detected after cooling at 20 degrees C. The thermal transition was irreversible, and thiol groups were not involved in the irreversibility. The presence of ATP, adenylyl imidodiphosphate, CaCl2 or higher concentrations of ATPase conferred stability against thermal denaturation, but did not prevent the irreversibility one denaturation had taken place. In the presence of guanidinium chloride, thermal denaturation occurred at lower temperatures. The midpoints of the transition were 45 degrees C in 0.25 M-, 38 degrees C in 0.5 M-and 30 degrees C in 0.75 M-denaturant. In the highest concentration of guanidinium chloride a similar unfolding transition induced by cooling was observed. Its midpoint was 9 degrees C, and the temperature of maximum stability of the protein was 20 degrees C. The discontinuities occurring the the Arrhenius plots of the activity of this enzyme had no counterpart in variations in the far-u.v. circular dichroism or intrinsic fluorescence of the protein at the same temperature.", "contents": "Thermal denaturation of Micrococcus lysodeikticus adenosine triphosphatase. Influence of temperature on the circular dichroism, fluroescence and enzymic activity of the protein. The soluble ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) from Micrococcus lysodeikticus underwent a major unfolding transition when solutions of the enzyme at pH 7.5 were heated. The midpoint occurred at 46 degrees C when monitored by changes in enzymic activity and intrinsic fluorescence, and at 49 degrees C when monitored by circular dichroism. The products of thermal denaturation retained much secondary structure, and no evidence of subunit dissociation was detected after cooling at 20 degrees C. The thermal transition was irreversible, and thiol groups were not involved in the irreversibility. The presence of ATP, adenylyl imidodiphosphate, CaCl2 or higher concentrations of ATPase conferred stability against thermal denaturation, but did not prevent the irreversibility one denaturation had taken place. In the presence of guanidinium chloride, thermal denaturation occurred at lower temperatures. The midpoints of the transition were 45 degrees C in 0.25 M-, 38 degrees C in 0.5 M-and 30 degrees C in 0.75 M-denaturant. In the highest concentration of guanidinium chloride a similar unfolding transition induced by cooling was observed. Its midpoint was 9 degrees C, and the temperature of maximum stability of the protein was 20 degrees C. The discontinuities occurring the the Arrhenius plots of the activity of this enzyme had no counterpart in variations in the far-u.v. circular dichroism or intrinsic fluorescence of the protein at the same temperature."}
{"id": "PMID:147081", "title": "The subunit structure of the arom multienzyme complex of Neurospora crassa. Evidence from peptide 'maps' for the identity of the subunits.", "content": "Evidence was obtained, from polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of urea and from peptide 'mapping' of specifically labelled cysteine-and methionine-containing peptides, that the two subunits of the arom multienzyme complex of Neurospora crassa are chemically very similar and possibly identical.", "contents": "The subunit structure of the arom multienzyme complex of Neurospora crassa. Evidence from peptide 'maps' for the identity of the subunits. Evidence was obtained, from polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in the presence of urea and from peptide 'mapping' of specifically labelled cysteine-and methionine-containing peptides, that the two subunits of the arom multienzyme complex of Neurospora crassa are chemically very similar and possibly identical."}
{"id": "PMID:147092", "title": "Immunogenetical aspects of multiple sclerosis with special regard to the HLA-histocompatibility system.", "content": "In the HLA complex it is evident that some antigens occur rather frequently, while others are rare. A statistically significant increase or decrease of any of these antigens in a given number of patients suffering from the same disease therefore suggests an association between such a disease and the HLA-system. In this study the Author compared the HLA antigen frequencies of 1.000 M.S. patients and 1.000 healthy controls, tissue typed during the same time period by the identical antiserum-set.", "contents": "Immunogenetical aspects of multiple sclerosis with special regard to the HLA-histocompatibility system. In the HLA complex it is evident that some antigens occur rather frequently, while others are rare. A statistically significant increase or decrease of any of these antigens in a given number of patients suffering from the same disease therefore suggests an association between such a disease and the HLA-system. In this study the Author compared the HLA antigen frequencies of 1.000 M.S. patients and 1.000 healthy controls, tissue typed during the same time period by the identical antiserum-set."}
{"id": "PMID:147093", "title": "HLA typing on Italian multiple sclerosis population.", "content": "Considerable evidence suggests the existence of significant differences of HLA distribution between M.S. patients and normal healthy subjects of the same population. In the present work we investigate whether the antigen DW2 may be a better marker for M.S. than the specificities at the loci A and B by means of in vitro one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures.", "contents": "HLA typing on Italian multiple sclerosis population. Considerable evidence suggests the existence of significant differences of HLA distribution between M.S. patients and normal healthy subjects of the same population. In the present work we investigate whether the antigen DW2 may be a better marker for M.S. than the specificities at the loci A and B by means of in vitro one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:147094", "title": "Application of teem-test for investigations of cellular immune phenomena in multiple sclerosis.", "content": "Some evidence is presented for usableness of tanned erythrocytes in electrophoretic mobility (TEEM)-test. Two possibilities of application of TEEM-test for immunological investigation in multiple sclerosis are discussed: detection of lymphocyte sensitization against a soluble antigen (3 M KCl extracted) derived from a normal brain and measurement of mixed lymphocyte reactin (MLR) after a short-time lymphocyte culture. Results show some connection between autosensitization (TEEM-test using normal tissue antigen) and predisposition (TEEM-MLR-test).", "contents": "Application of teem-test for investigations of cellular immune phenomena in multiple sclerosis. Some evidence is presented for usableness of tanned erythrocytes in electrophoretic mobility (TEEM)-test. Two possibilities of application of TEEM-test for immunological investigation in multiple sclerosis are discussed: detection of lymphocyte sensitization against a soluble antigen (3 M KCl extracted) derived from a normal brain and measurement of mixed lymphocyte reactin (MLR) after a short-time lymphocyte culture. Results show some connection between autosensitization (TEEM-test using normal tissue antigen) and predisposition (TEEM-MLR-test)."}
{"id": "PMID:147098", "title": "Changes in the pulmonary arteries of the rat during recovery from hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.", "content": "Pulmonary hypertension has been induced in rats by 2 weeks' exposure to hypoxia, equivalent to an altitude of approximately 5500 m, in a hypobaric chamber. The rats were removed from the chamber and allowed to recover for up to 8 weeks at atmospheric pressure. Precise quantitative microscopic techniques after injection of the pulmonary artery have been used to estimate the regression in the pulmonary artery of the structural changes associated with pulmonary hypertension. During recovery the degree of muscularization of the pulmonary arteries decreases by disappearance of muscle cells from the small arteries and a drop in arterial wall thickness of larger vessels. These changes do not seem to reflect pulmonary artery pressure directly, since right ventricular hypertrophy regresses at a faster rate. In hypertensive rats there is a \"loss\" of small arteries in the alveolar region and little filling of precapillary vessels. On recovery, some of the vessels fill, suggesting that encroachment on the lumen by muscle and endothelial cells has lessened. Even after 8 weeks' recovery, however, some arteries do not return, suggesting they have completely disappeared and that regions are left with relatively little perfusion. This reduction of vascular reserve presents without there being right ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "Changes in the pulmonary arteries of the rat during recovery from hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension has been induced in rats by 2 weeks' exposure to hypoxia, equivalent to an altitude of approximately 5500 m, in a hypobaric chamber. The rats were removed from the chamber and allowed to recover for up to 8 weeks at atmospheric pressure. Precise quantitative microscopic techniques after injection of the pulmonary artery have been used to estimate the regression in the pulmonary artery of the structural changes associated with pulmonary hypertension. During recovery the degree of muscularization of the pulmonary arteries decreases by disappearance of muscle cells from the small arteries and a drop in arterial wall thickness of larger vessels. These changes do not seem to reflect pulmonary artery pressure directly, since right ventricular hypertrophy regresses at a faster rate. In hypertensive rats there is a \"loss\" of small arteries in the alveolar region and little filling of precapillary vessels. On recovery, some of the vessels fill, suggesting that encroachment on the lumen by muscle and endothelial cells has lessened. Even after 8 weeks' recovery, however, some arteries do not return, suggesting they have completely disappeared and that regions are left with relatively little perfusion. This reduction of vascular reserve presents without there being right ventricular hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:147099", "title": "Enhancement of comedogenic substances by ultraviolet radiation.", "content": "Ultraviolet radiation enhanced the capacity of human sebum, sulphur, cocoa butter, squalene, and coal tar to produce comedones in the external ear canals of rabbits. An enhancement of the comedogenicity of coal tar and squalene was similarly demonstrated in man. We conjecture that in occasional patients sunbathing may aggravate acne by augmenting the comedogenicity of sebum.", "contents": "Enhancement of comedogenic substances by ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet radiation enhanced the capacity of human sebum, sulphur, cocoa butter, squalene, and coal tar to produce comedones in the external ear canals of rabbits. An enhancement of the comedogenicity of coal tar and squalene was similarly demonstrated in man. We conjecture that in occasional patients sunbathing may aggravate acne by augmenting the comedogenicity of sebum."}
{"id": "PMID:147100", "title": "The S\u00e9zary syndrome lymphoid cell: abnormal surface properties and mitogen responsiveness.", "content": "The peripheral blood lymphoid cells of five patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome (SS) were examined with respect to their surface membrane characteristics and their response to mitogens. These cells showed markedly defective mitogenic responses to a broad dose range of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A, and a rabbit antihuman lymphocyte antiserum (ATS), when compared with normal human lymphocytes. SS lymphoid cells (three patients studied) also displayed diminished or nearly absent capacity to form rosettes with unsensitized sheep erythrocytes (E-rosettes), and lacked surface immunoglobulin determinants. Despite their poor mitogenic response to ATS, they were as susceptible as normal lymphocytes to ATS-induced, complement mediated cytotoxicity. By comparison with lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, however, SS lymphoid cells showed decreased susceptibility to leukoagglutination by PHA. By way of contrast, three patients with mycosis fungoides having normal-appearing peripheral blood lymphocytes showed normal lymphocyte responses to mitogens, as well as normal proportions of E-rosette forming and surface immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes. These studies demonstrate that the SS lymphoid cell may, in some cases, lack surface properties and mitogen response characteristics of both B- and T-lymphocytes.", "contents": "The S\u00e9zary syndrome lymphoid cell: abnormal surface properties and mitogen responsiveness. The peripheral blood lymphoid cells of five patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome (SS) were examined with respect to their surface membrane characteristics and their response to mitogens. These cells showed markedly defective mitogenic responses to a broad dose range of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A, and a rabbit antihuman lymphocyte antiserum (ATS), when compared with normal human lymphocytes. SS lymphoid cells (three patients studied) also displayed diminished or nearly absent capacity to form rosettes with unsensitized sheep erythrocytes (E-rosettes), and lacked surface immunoglobulin determinants. Despite their poor mitogenic response to ATS, they were as susceptible as normal lymphocytes to ATS-induced, complement mediated cytotoxicity. By comparison with lymphocytes from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, however, SS lymphoid cells showed decreased susceptibility to leukoagglutination by PHA. By way of contrast, three patients with mycosis fungoides having normal-appearing peripheral blood lymphocytes showed normal lymphocyte responses to mitogens, as well as normal proportions of E-rosette forming and surface immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes. These studies demonstrate that the SS lymphoid cell may, in some cases, lack surface properties and mitogen response characteristics of both B- and T-lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:147103", "title": "Binding of ATP and of 1,N6-ethenoadensone triphosphate to rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase.", "content": "The binding of 1,N6-ethenoadenosine triphosphate (eATP) to rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase has been studied by fluorescence and circular dichroism, and compared with that of its counterpart, ATP. Muscle phosphofructokinase binds 11.3 +/- 1.2 mol of epsilonATP per tetramer with an average dissociation constant of 60 micrometer. This is in aggreement with the report of 3 ATP binding sites per phosphofructokinase protomer (Kemp & Krebs, 1967). The binding of epsilonATP is relatively homogeneous in comparison with the biphasic binding of ATP. Saturating concentrations of ATP, GTP, and ADP displace about 80% of the bound epsilonATP from the enzyme, whereas FruP2 and AMP displace only 27%. Citrate, on the other hand, enhances the affinity of phosphofructokinase for epsilonATP. The effects of the binding of ATP and epsilonATP on the conformation of enzyme have also been compared. Binding of ATP results in increases in both the lcoal rigidity and the ellipicity of the tryptophanyl side chains, whereas binding of epsilonATP causes a slight decrease in the local rigidity and has virtually no effect on the ellipticity.", "contents": "Binding of ATP and of 1,N6-ethenoadensone triphosphate to rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase. The binding of 1,N6-ethenoadenosine triphosphate (eATP) to rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase has been studied by fluorescence and circular dichroism, and compared with that of its counterpart, ATP. Muscle phosphofructokinase binds 11.3 +/- 1.2 mol of epsilonATP per tetramer with an average dissociation constant of 60 micrometer. This is in aggreement with the report of 3 ATP binding sites per phosphofructokinase protomer (Kemp & Krebs, 1967). The binding of epsilonATP is relatively homogeneous in comparison with the biphasic binding of ATP. Saturating concentrations of ATP, GTP, and ADP displace about 80% of the bound epsilonATP from the enzyme, whereas FruP2 and AMP displace only 27%. Citrate, on the other hand, enhances the affinity of phosphofructokinase for epsilonATP. The effects of the binding of ATP and epsilonATP on the conformation of enzyme have also been compared. Binding of ATP results in increases in both the lcoal rigidity and the ellipicity of the tryptophanyl side chains, whereas binding of epsilonATP causes a slight decrease in the local rigidity and has virtually no effect on the ellipticity."}
{"id": "PMID:147105", "title": "Studies on the ATPase complex from beef-heart mitochondria. I. Isolation and characterization of an oligomycin-sensitive and an olgiomycin-insensitive ATPase complex from beef-heart mitochondria.", "content": "1. A new method for the isolation of the oliogomycin-sensitive ATPase from beef-heart mitochondria is described. 2. A Triton-soluble ATPase complex was isolated as a by-product of the standard procedure, or as the main product when the submitochondrial  particles were pretreated with 1% Triton. The ATPase activity of this complex is sensitive neither to oligomycin nor to dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. 3. The ATPase activity of the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex is nearly completely dependent on added phospholipids. The highest activation was found with asolectin. 4. The oligomycin-sensitive complex can be integrated into phospholipid vesicles resulting in an ATP- and Mg2+-dependent energization of the vesicles as monitored with the fluorescent dye 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine. 5. Aurovertin-binding studies based on fluorescence measurement reveal the presence of 1.5 mumol aurovertin-binding sites per g protein for the oligomycin-sensitive complex and about 2.2 mumol for the oligomycin-insensitive complex. 6. The preparation of the oligomycin-sensitive complex contains at least 6--7 polypeptides in addition to those derived from F1. One of these polypeptides, with an apparent molecular weight of 31 000, is virtually absent from the oligomycin-insensitive complex. 7. Some of these polypeptides have been identified and isolated.", "contents": "Studies on the ATPase complex from beef-heart mitochondria. I. Isolation and characterization of an oligomycin-sensitive and an olgiomycin-insensitive ATPase complex from beef-heart mitochondria. 1. A new method for the isolation of the oliogomycin-sensitive ATPase from beef-heart mitochondria is described. 2. A Triton-soluble ATPase complex was isolated as a by-product of the standard procedure, or as the main product when the submitochondrial  particles were pretreated with 1% Triton. The ATPase activity of this complex is sensitive neither to oligomycin nor to dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. 3. The ATPase activity of the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex is nearly completely dependent on added phospholipids. The highest activation was found with asolectin. 4. The oligomycin-sensitive complex can be integrated into phospholipid vesicles resulting in an ATP- and Mg2+-dependent energization of the vesicles as monitored with the fluorescent dye 9-amino-6-chloro-2-methoxyacridine. 5. Aurovertin-binding studies based on fluorescence measurement reveal the presence of 1.5 mumol aurovertin-binding sites per g protein for the oligomycin-sensitive complex and about 2.2 mumol for the oligomycin-insensitive complex. 6. The preparation of the oligomycin-sensitive complex contains at least 6--7 polypeptides in addition to those derived from F1. One of these polypeptides, with an apparent molecular weight of 31 000, is virtually absent from the oligomycin-insensitive complex. 7. Some of these polypeptides have been identified and isolated."}
{"id": "PMID:147106", "title": "Effects of neocarzinostatin on mammalian nuclei: release of nucleosomes.", "content": "When Chinese hamster cell nuclei (Line CHO) were reacted with neocarzinostatin and its DNA was analyzed on non-denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis, a series of bands with a multiplicity of 175 base pairs was obtained. A similar result was also obtained when the DNA samples were electrophoresed under denaturing gels. Our results suggest that the linker DNA between nucleosomes is the susceptible site to the drug and that neocarzinostatin can be used to study the chromatin structure.", "contents": "Effects of neocarzinostatin on mammalian nuclei: release of nucleosomes. When Chinese hamster cell nuclei (Line CHO) were reacted with neocarzinostatin and its DNA was analyzed on non-denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis, a series of bands with a multiplicity of 175 base pairs was obtained. A similar result was also obtained when the DNA samples were electrophoresed under denaturing gels. Our results suggest that the linker DNA between nucleosomes is the susceptible site to the drug and that neocarzinostatin can be used to study the chromatin structure."}
{"id": "PMID:147107", "title": "Sodium and potassium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of mammalian brain. Interactions of magnesium ions with the phosphatase site.", "content": "Kinetic parameters are reported for Mg2+, Na+ and K+ as activators of the p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity associated with (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (ATP-phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) of beef brain. In each case the phosphatase reaction is activated at low concentrations of the cation and inhibited by higher concentrations. The concentrations of cation that produced half-maximal activation and half-maximal inhibition are increased as the concentration of either of the other two cations is increased. These second ligand effects are all saturable functions. The apparent binding constant that characterizes the effect on activation is closely similar to that acting upon the inhibitory phase in each case.", "contents": "Sodium and potassium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of mammalian brain. Interactions of magnesium ions with the phosphatase site. Kinetic parameters are reported for Mg2+, Na+ and K+ as activators of the p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity associated with (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (ATP-phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) of beef brain. In each case the phosphatase reaction is activated at low concentrations of the cation and inhibited by higher concentrations. The concentrations of cation that produced half-maximal activation and half-maximal inhibition are increased as the concentration of either of the other two cations is increased. These second ligand effects are all saturable functions. The apparent binding constant that characterizes the effect on activation is closely similar to that acting upon the inhibitory phase in each case."}
{"id": "PMID:147108", "title": "A dynein ATPase inhibitor isolated from a commercial ATP preparation.", "content": "Preparations of ATP from equine muscle contained an inhibitor of dynein Mg2+-activated ATPase. The inhibitory material was separated from the ATP by molecular sieve filtration. The several molecular species of dynein extracted from three different axonemal sources were all inhibited; myosin ATPase was not. With increasing amounts of inhibitor the inhibition did not go to completion but reached a plateau when the rate had been reduced to 1/5 the uninhibited rate. A plot of 1/[S] against 1/v at several inhibitor concentrations yielded parallel lines. There was little inhibition of dynein ATPase when Mg2+ was replaced by Ca2+. The inhibitor appeared slightly smaller in molecular size than ATP, had anionic character, and was not adsorbed to charcoal.", "contents": "A dynein ATPase inhibitor isolated from a commercial ATP preparation. Preparations of ATP from equine muscle contained an inhibitor of dynein Mg2+-activated ATPase. The inhibitory material was separated from the ATP by molecular sieve filtration. The several molecular species of dynein extracted from three different axonemal sources were all inhibited; myosin ATPase was not. With increasing amounts of inhibitor the inhibition did not go to completion but reached a plateau when the rate had been reduced to 1/5 the uninhibited rate. A plot of 1/[S] against 1/v at several inhibitor concentrations yielded parallel lines. There was little inhibition of dynein ATPase when Mg2+ was replaced by Ca2+. The inhibitor appeared slightly smaller in molecular size than ATP, had anionic character, and was not adsorbed to charcoal."}
{"id": "PMID:147109", "title": "Increase of protein synthesis in cell-free system prepared from hypertrophied rat heart during L-triiodothyronine treatment.", "content": "During development of rat heart hypertrophy induced by repeated injections of triiodothyronine (T3), cell-free protein synthesis activities of heart post-ribosomal supernatant and of heart polysomes have been measured separately. This was done by complementation respectively with polysomes and post-ribosomal supernatants of adult and newborn rat heart, and of rabbit reticulocytes. In the presence of polysomes of either rat heart or reticulocytes, protein synthesis activity of the supernatant was maximum between the 3rd and the 8th day of treatment. Protein synthesis in the presence of polysomes from triiodothyronine treated rat hearts and of supernatants of both origins was maximum between the 11th and the 15th day.", "contents": "Increase of protein synthesis in cell-free system prepared from hypertrophied rat heart during L-triiodothyronine treatment. During development of rat heart hypertrophy induced by repeated injections of triiodothyronine (T3), cell-free protein synthesis activities of heart post-ribosomal supernatant and of heart polysomes have been measured separately. This was done by complementation respectively with polysomes and post-ribosomal supernatants of adult and newborn rat heart, and of rabbit reticulocytes. In the presence of polysomes of either rat heart or reticulocytes, protein synthesis activity of the supernatant was maximum between the 3rd and the 8th day of treatment. Protein synthesis in the presence of polysomes from triiodothyronine treated rat hearts and of supernatants of both origins was maximum between the 11th and the 15th day."}
{"id": "PMID:147110", "title": "Several classes of binding sites for metals and nucleotides on yeast mitochondrial oligomycin sensitive ATPase.", "content": "The binding properties of Mg2+, Mn2+ and Co2+ to yeast mitochondrial oligomycin sensitive ATPase complex are studied, as reflected by their catalytic effect (hydrolysis of ATP or pNPP, a pseudo substrate) or by a physical parameter (atomic absorption, electron paramagnetic reasonance of Mn2+, enhanced fluorescence of chelating chlorotetracyclin). At least two classes of sites with very different affinities respectively around 10(-5) M and 10(-4) M are demonstrated: high affinity sites for cations which participate in pNPP hydrolysis and can bind ADP or ATP, although they have a poor efficiency for ATP hydrolysis, and low affinity sites for cations which participate efficiently in both pNPP and ATP hydrolysis. The possibility that the tight site class has itself two sub-classes is also discussed.", "contents": "Several classes of binding sites for metals and nucleotides on yeast mitochondrial oligomycin sensitive ATPase. The binding properties of Mg2+, Mn2+ and Co2+ to yeast mitochondrial oligomycin sensitive ATPase complex are studied, as reflected by their catalytic effect (hydrolysis of ATP or pNPP, a pseudo substrate) or by a physical parameter (atomic absorption, electron paramagnetic reasonance of Mn2+, enhanced fluorescence of chelating chlorotetracyclin). At least two classes of sites with very different affinities respectively around 10(-5) M and 10(-4) M are demonstrated: high affinity sites for cations which participate in pNPP hydrolysis and can bind ADP or ATP, although they have a poor efficiency for ATP hydrolysis, and low affinity sites for cations which participate efficiently in both pNPP and ATP hydrolysis. The possibility that the tight site class has itself two sub-classes is also discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:147114", "title": "[Relationship between cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and suppressors blocking activation of DNA synthesis in mixed lymphocyte cultures].", "content": "Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and suppressors induced by immunization in the H-2 system and inhibiting DNA synthesis activation in mixed lymphocyte culture were studied in parallel. Unlike CTL, suppressors did not adhere specifically to the target cell monolayer, they were not inactivated by anti-theta serum plus complement, and their action was not specific: they inhibited the DNA synthesis activation stimulated by any stimulant cells, as well as by phytohemagglutinin and concanavaline A. CTL and suppressors proved to represent different effector cell populations which could be separated from one another.", "contents": "[Relationship between cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and suppressors blocking activation of DNA synthesis in mixed lymphocyte cultures]. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) and suppressors induced by immunization in the H-2 system and inhibiting DNA synthesis activation in mixed lymphocyte culture were studied in parallel. Unlike CTL, suppressors did not adhere specifically to the target cell monolayer, they were not inactivated by anti-theta serum plus complement, and their action was not specific: they inhibited the DNA synthesis activation stimulated by any stimulant cells, as well as by phytohemagglutinin and concanavaline A. CTL and suppressors proved to represent different effector cell populations which could be separated from one another."}
{"id": "PMID:147115", "title": "[Stationary populations of genetically different homonuclear strains of human cells].", "content": "Morphological and cytophysiological indices of cells and cellular populations were studied during this stationary phase. In difference from normal cell strains which displayed a definite complex of ontogenetic changes, cells of the strains with chromosomal and gene mutations showed individual differences apparently caused by disturbed differentiation and by expression of features characteristic of malignant cells.", "contents": "[Stationary populations of genetically different homonuclear strains of human cells]. Morphological and cytophysiological indices of cells and cellular populations were studied during this stationary phase. In difference from normal cell strains which displayed a definite complex of ontogenetic changes, cells of the strains with chromosomal and gene mutations showed individual differences apparently caused by disturbed differentiation and by expression of features characteristic of malignant cells."}
{"id": "PMID:147116", "title": "Fast-acting plasmin inhibitor in human plasma.", "content": "The fast-acting and physiologically most important inhibitor of plasmin in human plasma is a recently discovered and purified alpha 2-glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 65,000-70,000 daltons occurring at a concentration of 1 muM. The inhibitor rapidly forms a completely inactive 1:1 stoichometric complex with plasmin through reaction with the B chain (light chain) of the enzyme, which contains the active center. It also reacts with trypsin and very slowly with urokinase and with some other enzymes in purified systems, but its role in vivo as an inhibitor of proteases other than plasmin seems negligible. Antiplasmin is the only plasma protein that can inhibit the fibrinolysis associated with transformed or malignant cells. The plasmin-antiplasmin complex contains neoantigenic structures not present in the parent molecules that may form the basis of immunochemical methods for detecting activation of the fibrinolvtic system in blood.", "contents": "Fast-acting plasmin inhibitor in human plasma. The fast-acting and physiologically most important inhibitor of plasmin in human plasma is a recently discovered and purified alpha 2-glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 65,000-70,000 daltons occurring at a concentration of 1 muM. The inhibitor rapidly forms a completely inactive 1:1 stoichometric complex with plasmin through reaction with the B chain (light chain) of the enzyme, which contains the active center. It also reacts with trypsin and very slowly with urokinase and with some other enzymes in purified systems, but its role in vivo as an inhibitor of proteases other than plasmin seems negligible. Antiplasmin is the only plasma protein that can inhibit the fibrinolysis associated with transformed or malignant cells. The plasmin-antiplasmin complex contains neoantigenic structures not present in the parent molecules that may form the basis of immunochemical methods for detecting activation of the fibrinolvtic system in blood."}
{"id": "PMID:147117", "title": "Potassium-induced relaxation as an indicator of Na+-K+ ATPase activity in vascular smooth muscle.", "content": "Helical strips of rat tail artery were observed to relax in response to potassium after contraction induced by 10(-7) g/ml norepinephrine in potassium-free solution. After several minutes of relaxation, the strips showed an abrupt redevelopment of tension. The amplitude of the potassium-induced relaxation was employed as an index of the activity of the electrogenic sodium-potassium pump and hence of the Na+-K+ ATPase. This assumption seemed justified because the observed amplitude of potassium-induced relaxation paralleled known effects of the following variables on Na+-K+ ATPase: (1) intracellular sodium concentration; (2) ouabain administration; (3) magnesium; (4) temperature, and (5) potassium concentration. The relaxation that occurred in response to potassium is suggested to be due to an enhanced Na+-K+ ATPase resulting in increased electrogenic transport of sodium and potassium and, consequently, hyperpolarization. We propose that potassium-induced relaxation of rat tail artery may be used as a functional indicator of Na+-K+ ATPase activity in vascular smooth muscle.", "contents": "Potassium-induced relaxation as an indicator of Na+-K+ ATPase activity in vascular smooth muscle. Helical strips of rat tail artery were observed to relax in response to potassium after contraction induced by 10(-7) g/ml norepinephrine in potassium-free solution. After several minutes of relaxation, the strips showed an abrupt redevelopment of tension. The amplitude of the potassium-induced relaxation was employed as an index of the activity of the electrogenic sodium-potassium pump and hence of the Na+-K+ ATPase. This assumption seemed justified because the observed amplitude of potassium-induced relaxation paralleled known effects of the following variables on Na+-K+ ATPase: (1) intracellular sodium concentration; (2) ouabain administration; (3) magnesium; (4) temperature, and (5) potassium concentration. The relaxation that occurred in response to potassium is suggested to be due to an enhanced Na+-K+ ATPase resulting in increased electrogenic transport of sodium and potassium and, consequently, hyperpolarization. We propose that potassium-induced relaxation of rat tail artery may be used as a functional indicator of Na+-K+ ATPase activity in vascular smooth muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:147119", "title": "Human leucocyte antigens and mixed lymphocyte reaction in severe pre-eclampsia.", "content": "Human leucocyte antigens (HLA) and mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) were studied in 38 women with severe pre-eclampsia and their husbands. Thirty-nine women with normal pregnancies and their husbands served as controls. Thirty-three of the control women were matched for age and parity with members of the study group. Infants were studied when possible. HLA compatibility was increased in the pre-eclamptic group compared with matched controls and with theoretical estimates for possible matings. The one-way MLR at delivery showed diminished response of maternal to paternal and cord cells in pre-eclamptic women. This reduced maternal reactivity in women with pre-eclampsia may have a role in the illness, and paternal/maternal histocompatibility may be a feature of the severe form.", "contents": "Human leucocyte antigens and mixed lymphocyte reaction in severe pre-eclampsia. Human leucocyte antigens (HLA) and mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) were studied in 38 women with severe pre-eclampsia and their husbands. Thirty-nine women with normal pregnancies and their husbands served as controls. Thirty-three of the control women were matched for age and parity with members of the study group. Infants were studied when possible. HLA compatibility was increased in the pre-eclamptic group compared with matched controls and with theoretical estimates for possible matings. The one-way MLR at delivery showed diminished response of maternal to paternal and cord cells in pre-eclamptic women. This reduced maternal reactivity in women with pre-eclampsia may have a role in the illness, and paternal/maternal histocompatibility may be a feature of the severe form."}
{"id": "PMID:147125", "title": "Organismic states and their effect on recovery from neurosurgery: a new perspective with implications for a general theory.", "content": "The authors examine and review current research on recovery of function following brain damage. Emphasis is placed upon the physiological and neurochemical states of the organism prior to neurosurgery and their influences on behavioral recovery of function. It is proposed that the consequences of a given neurosurgical procedure depend not only on its neuroanatomical locus but also on the organismic state of the brain substrate at the time of such a procedure. The brain substrate can be modified prior to a given manipulation, resulting in an alternation of the effects of the manipulation. The implications of this new perspective for both basic research and clinical medicine are discussed.", "contents": "Organismic states and their effect on recovery from neurosurgery: a new perspective with implications for a general theory. The authors examine and review current research on recovery of function following brain damage. Emphasis is placed upon the physiological and neurochemical states of the organism prior to neurosurgery and their influences on behavioral recovery of function. It is proposed that the consequences of a given neurosurgical procedure depend not only on its neuroanatomical locus but also on the organismic state of the brain substrate at the time of such a procedure. The brain substrate can be modified prior to a given manipulation, resulting in an alternation of the effects of the manipulation. The implications of this new perspective for both basic research and clinical medicine are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:147128", "title": "Hypertension, hypokalemia, hyporeninemia and severe target organ damage.", "content": "A 51-year-old woman with a 20-year history of severe hypertension and target organ damage had nondiuretic hypokalemia, kaluresis, suppressed plasma renin activity and elevated urinary excretion of aldosterone. Renal arteriography demonstrated unilateral renal artery stenosis secondary to fibromuscular hyperplasia. Blood pressure responded only minimally to almost all antihypertensive agents. Spironolactone, 300 to 400 mg/d, produced distinct improvement in blood pressure, which was maintained for 13 months.", "contents": "Hypertension, hypokalemia, hyporeninemia and severe target organ damage. A 51-year-old woman with a 20-year history of severe hypertension and target organ damage had nondiuretic hypokalemia, kaluresis, suppressed plasma renin activity and elevated urinary excretion of aldosterone. Renal arteriography demonstrated unilateral renal artery stenosis secondary to fibromuscular hyperplasia. Blood pressure responded only minimally to almost all antihypertensive agents. Spironolactone, 300 to 400 mg/d, produced distinct improvement in blood pressure, which was maintained for 13 months."}
{"id": "PMID:147130", "title": "S\u00e9zary's syndrome and generalized plane xanthoma.", "content": "The first case of S\u00e9zary's syndrome associated with generalized plane xanthoma is reported, thereby extending the association of lymphoreticular proliferative disorders with plane xanthomatosis. The association of S\u00e9zary's syndrome with plane xanthomatosis may be an in vivo example of defective cell regulation involving the major cellular components of the immune response.", "contents": "S\u00e9zary's syndrome and generalized plane xanthoma. The first case of S\u00e9zary's syndrome associated with generalized plane xanthoma is reported, thereby extending the association of lymphoreticular proliferative disorders with plane xanthomatosis. The association of S\u00e9zary's syndrome with plane xanthomatosis may be an in vivo example of defective cell regulation involving the major cellular components of the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:147131", "title": "Phase II trial of streptozotocin, mitomycin-C and 5-fluorouracil (SMF) in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer.", "content": "Ten of 23 patients with advanced measureable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas achieved an objective response after treatment with a regimen consisting of streptozotocin, mitomycin-C and 5-fluorouracil (SMF). The median duration of response is in excess of 7 months and responding patients have lived significantly longer than patients with progressive disease (7.5 + months vs. 3 months). The SMF regimen was adequately tolerated. Principal toxicities included myelosuppression, which was generally mild, nausea and vomiting. There was reversible nephrotoxicity in the form of proteinuria in 30% of patients and persistent axotemia in 9% of patients.", "contents": "Phase II trial of streptozotocin, mitomycin-C and 5-fluorouracil (SMF) in the treatment of advanced pancreatic cancer. Ten of 23 patients with advanced measureable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas achieved an objective response after treatment with a regimen consisting of streptozotocin, mitomycin-C and 5-fluorouracil (SMF). The median duration of response is in excess of 7 months and responding patients have lived significantly longer than patients with progressive disease (7.5 + months vs. 3 months). The SMF regimen was adequately tolerated. Principal toxicities included myelosuppression, which was generally mild, nausea and vomiting. There was reversible nephrotoxicity in the form of proteinuria in 30% of patients and persistent axotemia in 9% of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:147132", "title": "Acquired platelet dysfunction following mithramycin therapy.", "content": "The administration of mithramycin to patients with testicular tumors has been accompanied by a hemorrhagic diasthesis, often in the absence of thrombocytopenia. Bleeding time, platelet aggregation, platelet adenine nucleotide levels, and coagulation factor assays were studied in three patients receiving mithramycin for embryonal testicular carcinomas. These studies demonstrated a drug dependent, reversible hemorrhagic diathesis associated with (1) prolongation of bleeding time, (2) decreased platelet aggregation responses to ADP, collagen, and epinephrine, and (3) depleted platelet stores of ADP in the absence of thrombocytopenia. These abnormalities were temporally correlated with the onset of mucocutaneous bleeding in all patients.", "contents": "Acquired platelet dysfunction following mithramycin therapy. The administration of mithramycin to patients with testicular tumors has been accompanied by a hemorrhagic diasthesis, often in the absence of thrombocytopenia. Bleeding time, platelet aggregation, platelet adenine nucleotide levels, and coagulation factor assays were studied in three patients receiving mithramycin for embryonal testicular carcinomas. These studies demonstrated a drug dependent, reversible hemorrhagic diathesis associated with (1) prolongation of bleeding time, (2) decreased platelet aggregation responses to ADP, collagen, and epinephrine, and (3) depleted platelet stores of ADP in the absence of thrombocytopenia. These abnormalities were temporally correlated with the onset of mucocutaneous bleeding in all patients."}
{"id": "PMID:147134", "title": "Chalone inhibition of granulocyte colony growth in agar: kinetic quantitation by capillary tube scanning.", "content": "Mouse bone marrow cells were seeded into capillary tubes containing agar with colony stimulating factor. The development of myelomonocytic clusters and colonies was followed by daily tube scanning using their light scattering properties. Three kinetic scanning parameters were determined and the significance of different threshold settings was evaluated; viz. the number of signals, the mean signal height and the signal integrals. The inhibitory effect of two extracts with known granulocyte chalone activity which had been prepared from human peripheral leukocytes and rat bone marrow cells, was followed with the scanning method. A continuous reduction of clusters and colony formation and their growth throughout the incubation period was observed which suggested a sustained retardation of proliferation of both the stem cells committed for myelomonopoiesis and their progeny.", "contents": "Chalone inhibition of granulocyte colony growth in agar: kinetic quantitation by capillary tube scanning. Mouse bone marrow cells were seeded into capillary tubes containing agar with colony stimulating factor. The development of myelomonocytic clusters and colonies was followed by daily tube scanning using their light scattering properties. Three kinetic scanning parameters were determined and the significance of different threshold settings was evaluated; viz. the number of signals, the mean signal height and the signal integrals. The inhibitory effect of two extracts with known granulocyte chalone activity which had been prepared from human peripheral leukocytes and rat bone marrow cells, was followed with the scanning method. A continuous reduction of clusters and colony formation and their growth throughout the incubation period was observed which suggested a sustained retardation of proliferation of both the stem cells committed for myelomonopoiesis and their progeny."}
{"id": "PMID:147141", "title": "An electron microscopic and enzyme histochemical study of the boundary zone between the white and red pulp of the human spleen.", "content": "Three parts were distinguished by electron microscopy and by enzyme histochemistry at the boundary zone between the white and red pulp of the human spleen. The first was the inner layer of the perifollicular region, composed of medium-sized lymphocytes with abundant free ribosomes in their cytoplasm. A small number of reticulum cells intervened among these lymphocytes. This inner layer was considered to correspond to the \"Follikelaussenzone\" (Strasser). The second was the outer layer of the perifollicular region, composed of a meshwork of reticulum cells with reticular fibers, and sheathed and non-sheathed arteries. Small and medium-sized lymphocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, and a small number of plasma cells were observed in the mesh spaces. This outer layer was considered to correspond to the \"marginal zone\" (Snook). At the outermost part of this layer, the venous sinus appeared. There was no distinct border between this layer and the red pulp. The third was the neighboring region of the periarterial lymphoid sheath, showeing similar structure and cellular components to the outer layer of the perifollicular region. It was characteristic feature for the lymphocytes and some of the reticulum cells of this region to have a strong activity for alkaline phosphatase reaction, while the lymphocytes of the outer layer showed only a weak activity. Adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase activities were demonstrated on the lymphocytes of these three parts of the boundary zone as well as the lymph follicle. Different activities for these enzyme reactions may indicate the functional properties of the B-cell system.", "contents": "An electron microscopic and enzyme histochemical study of the boundary zone between the white and red pulp of the human spleen. Three parts were distinguished by electron microscopy and by enzyme histochemistry at the boundary zone between the white and red pulp of the human spleen. The first was the inner layer of the perifollicular region, composed of medium-sized lymphocytes with abundant free ribosomes in their cytoplasm. A small number of reticulum cells intervened among these lymphocytes. This inner layer was considered to correspond to the \"Follikelaussenzone\" (Strasser). The second was the outer layer of the perifollicular region, composed of a meshwork of reticulum cells with reticular fibers, and sheathed and non-sheathed arteries. Small and medium-sized lymphocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, platelets, and a small number of plasma cells were observed in the mesh spaces. This outer layer was considered to correspond to the \"marginal zone\" (Snook). At the outermost part of this layer, the venous sinus appeared. There was no distinct border between this layer and the red pulp. The third was the neighboring region of the periarterial lymphoid sheath, showeing similar structure and cellular components to the outer layer of the perifollicular region. It was characteristic feature for the lymphocytes and some of the reticulum cells of this region to have a strong activity for alkaline phosphatase reaction, while the lymphocytes of the outer layer showed only a weak activity. Adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase activities were demonstrated on the lymphocytes of these three parts of the boundary zone as well as the lymph follicle. Different activities for these enzyme reactions may indicate the functional properties of the B-cell system."}
{"id": "PMID:147146", "title": "Absent tricuspid valve with aortic atresia in mixed levocardia (atria situs solitus, L-loop). A hitherto undescribed entity.", "content": "Clinical, angiographic and pathologic features are described in a 36-hour-old male infant with mixed (discordant) levocardia, aortic valve atresia, absent tricuspid (left atrioventricular) valve and resultant massive cardiomegaly. This is the first reported case of this type of complex in a heart with discordant chambers. A possible embryologic explanation is offered for the concomitant presence of semilunar valve atresia and absence of the tricuspid valve.", "contents": "Absent tricuspid valve with aortic atresia in mixed levocardia (atria situs solitus, L-loop). A hitherto undescribed entity. Clinical, angiographic and pathologic features are described in a 36-hour-old male infant with mixed (discordant) levocardia, aortic valve atresia, absent tricuspid (left atrioventricular) valve and resultant massive cardiomegaly. This is the first reported case of this type of complex in a heart with discordant chambers. A possible embryologic explanation is offered for the concomitant presence of semilunar valve atresia and absence of the tricuspid valve."}
{"id": "PMID:147143", "title": "Profile: Invalid Children's Aid Association.", "content": "The Invalid Children's Aid Association is a well-established charity, with its roots in the last century, now taking its place among modern forward-looking voluntary organizations working for children. The Association's aims have remained the same; namely that the handicapped child, seen in the context of the family, should have the best possible chance in life. Methods of achieving these aims have varied, according to need, and state provision, and the Association has always been willing to experiment to find the best ways of meeting problems: it presents a continual challenge to workers and supporters.", "contents": "Profile: Invalid Children's Aid Association. The Invalid Children's Aid Association is a well-established charity, with its roots in the last century, now taking its place among modern forward-looking voluntary organizations working for children. The Association's aims have remained the same; namely that the handicapped child, seen in the context of the family, should have the best possible chance in life. Methods of achieving these aims have varied, according to need, and state provision, and the Association has always been willing to experiment to find the best ways of meeting problems: it presents a continual challenge to workers and supporters."}
{"id": "PMID:147149", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of personality factors in chronic low back pain.", "content": "The differentiation between primary versus secondary gains is useful for an understanding of the management of chronic low back pain. Primary gain is defined as the direct reduction of pain and emotional distress. Secondary gain is defined as the reduction of anticipatory pain-fear through the avoidance of the occasions of rearousal of pain. This differentiation helps to clarify the diagnosis as well as the treatment of back pain. A person's fear of pain is considered to be the central psychological factor that interferes with successful treatment of chronic low back pain. Research provides insight into how the person both internally and externally protects against pain-fear. The Hysterical Conversion Scale on the MMPI is interpreted to be a measurement of the current level of pain-fear rather than a statement about the physical versus psychological nature of the pain. The reduction of pain-fear is shown to explain the behavior of hysterical conversion patients. Treatment suggestions are made that focus on reducing the patient's fear of pain. These include: considerations for when to operate; a recommendation to give the patient accurate expectations about the pain he/she will experience during treatment; and a specialized pain counselor in hospitals and clinics in order to help manage the level of pain-fear among low back patients.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of personality factors in chronic low back pain. The differentiation between primary versus secondary gains is useful for an understanding of the management of chronic low back pain. Primary gain is defined as the direct reduction of pain and emotional distress. Secondary gain is defined as the reduction of anticipatory pain-fear through the avoidance of the occasions of rearousal of pain. This differentiation helps to clarify the diagnosis as well as the treatment of back pain. A person's fear of pain is considered to be the central psychological factor that interferes with successful treatment of chronic low back pain. Research provides insight into how the person both internally and externally protects against pain-fear. The Hysterical Conversion Scale on the MMPI is interpreted to be a measurement of the current level of pain-fear rather than a statement about the physical versus psychological nature of the pain. The reduction of pain-fear is shown to explain the behavior of hysterical conversion patients. Treatment suggestions are made that focus on reducing the patient's fear of pain. These include: considerations for when to operate; a recommendation to give the patient accurate expectations about the pain he/she will experience during treatment; and a specialized pain counselor in hospitals and clinics in order to help manage the level of pain-fear among low back patients."}
{"id": "PMID:147150", "title": "Cervical osteoid osteoma: a cause of chronic upper back pain.", "content": "A case of an osteoid osteoma occurring in the cervical spine and presenting as scapular and arm pain has been described. Correct diagnosis was delayed for 2 years. Plain radiographs may fail to demonstrate a lesion in the spine. Radiographic evaluation, when osteoid osteoma is a possibility, should include bone scanning. If the bone scan is abnormal, tomography of the area is indicated. If the diagnosis is still unclear, selective angiography may reveal the tumor blush typical of osteoid osteoma. In certain instances, a myelogram may be helpful to establish whether there is encroachment on the spinal canal or nerve root.", "contents": "Cervical osteoid osteoma: a cause of chronic upper back pain. A case of an osteoid osteoma occurring in the cervical spine and presenting as scapular and arm pain has been described. Correct diagnosis was delayed for 2 years. Plain radiographs may fail to demonstrate a lesion in the spine. Radiographic evaluation, when osteoid osteoma is a possibility, should include bone scanning. If the bone scan is abnormal, tomography of the area is indicated. If the diagnosis is still unclear, selective angiography may reveal the tumor blush typical of osteoid osteoma. In certain instances, a myelogram may be helpful to establish whether there is encroachment on the spinal canal or nerve root."}
{"id": "PMID:147152", "title": "Voluntary strengths of male adults with acute low back syndromes.", "content": "Hand forces exerted in 120 different combinations of foot positions, hand positions, and force directions were measured in a group of 15 male adults with acute low-back syndromes. The performances of these patients were contrasted with those of 29 healthy male adults who had been tested earlier. The major findings were: acute back syndrome patients, sometimes even including those with very severe pain, have considerable physical ability in many of the situations examined, often fully comparable to that of healthy subjects; generally, either patients were unable even to assume a given position, or else their performances were close to normal in all exercises in each position; the positions which a significant number of patients could not assume were those involving substantial trunk twisting, or combinations of bending and twisting.", "contents": "Voluntary strengths of male adults with acute low back syndromes. Hand forces exerted in 120 different combinations of foot positions, hand positions, and force directions were measured in a group of 15 male adults with acute low-back syndromes. The performances of these patients were contrasted with those of 29 healthy male adults who had been tested earlier. The major findings were: acute back syndrome patients, sometimes even including those with very severe pain, have considerable physical ability in many of the situations examined, often fully comparable to that of healthy subjects; generally, either patients were unable even to assume a given position, or else their performances were close to normal in all exercises in each position; the positions which a significant number of patients could not assume were those involving substantial trunk twisting, or combinations of bending and twisting."}
{"id": "PMID:147159", "title": "Allergic contact dermatitis due to N,N-dimethyl-para-phenylenediamine in bacteriology technicians.", "content": "Three cases of allergic contact dermatitis due to N,N-dimethyl-para-phenylenediamine in a bacteriology laboratory are presented. This chemical, a dye closely related to the common contact allergen para-phenylenediamine, is used in laboratories to screen bacterial culture plates for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The three patients had strongly positive patch test reactions to N,N-dimethyl-para-phenylenediamine, but had negative reactions to para-phenylenediamine. A brief discussion of allergic contact cross-sensitization among compounds with the para-aminophenyl grouping is presented.", "contents": "Allergic contact dermatitis due to N,N-dimethyl-para-phenylenediamine in bacteriology technicians. Three cases of allergic contact dermatitis due to N,N-dimethyl-para-phenylenediamine in a bacteriology laboratory are presented. This chemical, a dye closely related to the common contact allergen para-phenylenediamine, is used in laboratories to screen bacterial culture plates for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The three patients had strongly positive patch test reactions to N,N-dimethyl-para-phenylenediamine, but had negative reactions to para-phenylenediamine. A brief discussion of allergic contact cross-sensitization among compounds with the para-aminophenyl grouping is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:147160", "title": "Atopic dermatitis and Ritter's disease: differential diagnosis by means of total and specific serum IgE.", "content": "Atopic dermatitis and Ritter's disease in infants and children frequently present diagnostic as well as therapeutic problems. Both conditions are characterized by generalized exfoliative dermatitis, and are prone to recurrent infections with Staphylococcus. However, in Ritter's disease, it has been shown that these are specifically coagulase-positive Staphylococcus phage Group 2 organisms. This combination of exfoliative dermatitis, with lysis and separation of the skin, associated with infection has been aptly named the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. An unusual case is reported herein of a nine year old boy who had a condition clinically resembling Ritter's disease since birth, but with enormously elevated total and specific serum IgE levels characteristic of atopic dermatitis and not seen in Ritter's disease.", "contents": "Atopic dermatitis and Ritter's disease: differential diagnosis by means of total and specific serum IgE. Atopic dermatitis and Ritter's disease in infants and children frequently present diagnostic as well as therapeutic problems. Both conditions are characterized by generalized exfoliative dermatitis, and are prone to recurrent infections with Staphylococcus. However, in Ritter's disease, it has been shown that these are specifically coagulase-positive Staphylococcus phage Group 2 organisms. This combination of exfoliative dermatitis, with lysis and separation of the skin, associated with infection has been aptly named the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. An unusual case is reported herein of a nine year old boy who had a condition clinically resembling Ritter's disease since birth, but with enormously elevated total and specific serum IgE levels characteristic of atopic dermatitis and not seen in Ritter's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:147162", "title": "The noninvasive cardiac evaluation of long-distance runners.", "content": "Twelve long-distance runners were evaluated by physical examination, electrocardiogram, vectorcardiogram, chest x-ray film, and echocardiogram; and the results were compared to the findings in 12 normal control subjects. The athletes showed a significantly higher frequency of gallop rhythms with a third or fourth heart sound. Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic abnormalities consisting of right or left ventricular hypertrophy, bradycardia, and alterations in the ST-T wave were also present in the runners. Echocardiographic examination of the athletes revealed increased wall thickness, left ventricular muscular mass, diastolic volume, and ventricular function. It is essential that the physician who examines athletes be aware of the spectrum of apparently abnormal findings in this group. Echocardiographic studies should prove useful in establishing the presence or absence of some forms of cardiac disease in athletes.", "contents": "The noninvasive cardiac evaluation of long-distance runners. Twelve long-distance runners were evaluated by physical examination, electrocardiogram, vectorcardiogram, chest x-ray film, and echocardiogram; and the results were compared to the findings in 12 normal control subjects. The athletes showed a significantly higher frequency of gallop rhythms with a third or fourth heart sound. Electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic abnormalities consisting of right or left ventricular hypertrophy, bradycardia, and alterations in the ST-T wave were also present in the runners. Echocardiographic examination of the athletes revealed increased wall thickness, left ventricular muscular mass, diastolic volume, and ventricular function. It is essential that the physician who examines athletes be aware of the spectrum of apparently abnormal findings in this group. Echocardiographic studies should prove useful in establishing the presence or absence of some forms of cardiac disease in athletes."}
{"id": "PMID:147168", "title": "[Ergo-therapy as a dermatological rehabilitation measure in eczematics--aim and first clinical experiences (author's transl)].", "content": "A new kind of clinical rehabilitation therapy of chronic eczematous patients is reported. It consists of a standardized, work-like activity of the hands increasing in time and intensity. This ergotherapy is coordinated with the clinical treatment. Until now our experiences have shown that the clinical healing as well as the functional reconstruction of the horny layer (alkali resistance, permeability) are not delayed by the work-like skin stress. The instruction and guidance concerning cleaning and skin protective measures are of particular importance. The observation of the course of 77 subjects suggests a positive influence on patients suffering from degenerative eczema whereas the results in patients with multiple allergies do not confirm previous expectations.", "contents": "[Ergo-therapy as a dermatological rehabilitation measure in eczematics--aim and first clinical experiences (author's transl)]. A new kind of clinical rehabilitation therapy of chronic eczematous patients is reported. It consists of a standardized, work-like activity of the hands increasing in time and intensity. This ergotherapy is coordinated with the clinical treatment. Until now our experiences have shown that the clinical healing as well as the functional reconstruction of the horny layer (alkali resistance, permeability) are not delayed by the work-like skin stress. The instruction and guidance concerning cleaning and skin protective measures are of particular importance. The observation of the course of 77 subjects suggests a positive influence on patients suffering from degenerative eczema whereas the results in patients with multiple allergies do not confirm previous expectations."}
{"id": "PMID:147169", "title": "[Skin lesions in metal working (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of inspections of several workshops, of examinations of patients with skin lesions, and of skin tests made with different cutting fluids have been compiled in a survey of the factors that may enhance the development of skin lesions in metal working. Some recommendations how to reduce the relatively small number of skin lesions which may however accumulate, are made and directed to the manufacturers of these cutting liquids, their users, and the individual worker.", "contents": "[Skin lesions in metal working (author's transl)]. The results of inspections of several workshops, of examinations of patients with skin lesions, and of skin tests made with different cutting fluids have been compiled in a survey of the factors that may enhance the development of skin lesions in metal working. Some recommendations how to reduce the relatively small number of skin lesions which may however accumulate, are made and directed to the manufacturers of these cutting liquids, their users, and the individual worker."}
{"id": "PMID:147171", "title": "[Contact acne: a typical civilizational dermatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Contact acne of occupational or extra-occupational origin bears witness to the increasing risk of injury to the human skin caused by man-made chemical noxae. The premonitory function exercised by the dermatologist when man's environment is contaminated by new dermal pathogens or generally dangerous toxicants is particularly well exemplified by the experience gained with chloroaryl acneigens. Pollution of man's occupational or social milieu by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is first manifested by characteristic changes in the skin, which then may or may not be followed secondarily by systemic symptoms of TCDD poisoning. A comprehensive account is given of the chemical, toxicological, experimental-dermatological and clinical aspects of TCDD poisoning and chloroaryl contact acne in general; contact acnes due to oils and tars are also described in some detail, and, in conclusion, the non-occupational varieties of contact acne are discussed.", "contents": "[Contact acne: a typical civilizational dermatosis (author's transl)]. Contact acne of occupational or extra-occupational origin bears witness to the increasing risk of injury to the human skin caused by man-made chemical noxae. The premonitory function exercised by the dermatologist when man's environment is contaminated by new dermal pathogens or generally dangerous toxicants is particularly well exemplified by the experience gained with chloroaryl acneigens. Pollution of man's occupational or social milieu by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is first manifested by characteristic changes in the skin, which then may or may not be followed secondarily by systemic symptoms of TCDD poisoning. A comprehensive account is given of the chemical, toxicological, experimental-dermatological and clinical aspects of TCDD poisoning and chloroaryl contact acne in general; contact acnes due to oils and tars are also described in some detail, and, in conclusion, the non-occupational varieties of contact acne are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:147173", "title": "Urinary dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate excretion in women with idiopathic hirsutism.", "content": "Urinary dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) concentration was measured as DHA in 100 non-obese females with idiopathic hirsutism, while, at the same time, a similar number of normal males and normal females, of comparable age group and with normal body weight, were also included in this study. The method applied involved hydrolysis of DHA-sulphate conjugate after boiling the urine samples, followed by ether extraction of the free steroid, evaporation of ether, Girard T separation of ketones from non-ketones, paper chromatographic separation of DHAS from 6beta-hydroxy-3,5-cycloandrostan-17-one and, finally DHAS was estimated spectrophotometrically after Zimmermann reaction. For comparison, 30 urine samples were estimated by a g.l.c. procedure and good agreement was found with the spectrophotometric method. It was necessary to purify DHAS by paper chromatography before Zimmerman reaction was carried out as, in the same 30 urine samples, DHAS was consistently being overestimated. Urinary DHAS (mg/24 h) in normal males gave a mean of: 2.5+/-0.94 (SD), range: 0.35+/-4.8; in normal females, mean: 1.3+/-0.57 (SD), range: 0.28-2.6; in hirsute females, mean: 2.1+/-1.5 (SD), range: 0.65-9.7. Of these hirsute females, 26 were above the range found in normal women and mean values were higher than those from the same number of normal females of comparable age group; this was found to be significant (P less than 0.0005). These results indicate that urinary DHAS (as DHA) estimation in women with idiopathic hirsutism is clinically useful and could be applied as an index of androgen status in these women.", "contents": "Urinary dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate excretion in women with idiopathic hirsutism. Urinary dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHAS) concentration was measured as DHA in 100 non-obese females with idiopathic hirsutism, while, at the same time, a similar number of normal males and normal females, of comparable age group and with normal body weight, were also included in this study. The method applied involved hydrolysis of DHA-sulphate conjugate after boiling the urine samples, followed by ether extraction of the free steroid, evaporation of ether, Girard T separation of ketones from non-ketones, paper chromatographic separation of DHAS from 6beta-hydroxy-3,5-cycloandrostan-17-one and, finally DHAS was estimated spectrophotometrically after Zimmermann reaction. For comparison, 30 urine samples were estimated by a g.l.c. procedure and good agreement was found with the spectrophotometric method. It was necessary to purify DHAS by paper chromatography before Zimmerman reaction was carried out as, in the same 30 urine samples, DHAS was consistently being overestimated. Urinary DHAS (mg/24 h) in normal males gave a mean of: 2.5+/-0.94 (SD), range: 0.35+/-4.8; in normal females, mean: 1.3+/-0.57 (SD), range: 0.28-2.6; in hirsute females, mean: 2.1+/-1.5 (SD), range: 0.65-9.7. Of these hirsute females, 26 were above the range found in normal women and mean values were higher than those from the same number of normal females of comparable age group; this was found to be significant (P less than 0.0005). These results indicate that urinary DHAS (as DHA) estimation in women with idiopathic hirsutism is clinically useful and could be applied as an index of androgen status in these women."}
{"id": "PMID:147174", "title": "The intra-abdominal inspection and biopsy of lymph nodes during peritoneoscopy.", "content": "The inspection and biopsy of lymph nodes during peritoneoscopy is demonstrated, particularly with reference to the supra-gastric region. The procedure involves no problems or risks and may give diagnostic hints concerning specific problems such as Hodgkin's disease, metastasis, Crohn's disease.", "contents": "The intra-abdominal inspection and biopsy of lymph nodes during peritoneoscopy. The inspection and biopsy of lymph nodes during peritoneoscopy is demonstrated, particularly with reference to the supra-gastric region. The procedure involves no problems or risks and may give diagnostic hints concerning specific problems such as Hodgkin's disease, metastasis, Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:147175", "title": "Clones of cytotoxic lymphocytes in culture: the difference in specificity between stimulated and nonstimulated cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "content": "The specificity of individual clones of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) which develop upon stimulation by semi-allogeneic cells, have been examined and compared with the specificity of CL clones which develop spontaneously when normal spleen cells are cultured without stimulator cells. It was found that the specificity of stimulated clones was different from the specificity of 'spontaneous' clones. Specifically stimulated clones from CBA cells cultured with (CBA x DBA)F1 stimulator cells, did not discriminate between the H2dP815 and H2dDBA splenic blast, and lysed both targets. In contrast, spontaneous CL clones from cultures of CBA or (CBA x DBA)F1 spleen cells were found to lyse either P815 or DBA blast, but not both. The results indicated that the spontaneous CL clones were not a representative sample of the the total pool of CL.", "contents": "Clones of cytotoxic lymphocytes in culture: the difference in specificity between stimulated and nonstimulated cytotoxic lymphocytes. The specificity of individual clones of cytotoxic lymphocytes (CL) which develop upon stimulation by semi-allogeneic cells, have been examined and compared with the specificity of CL clones which develop spontaneously when normal spleen cells are cultured without stimulator cells. It was found that the specificity of stimulated clones was different from the specificity of 'spontaneous' clones. Specifically stimulated clones from CBA cells cultured with (CBA x DBA)F1 stimulator cells, did not discriminate between the H2dP815 and H2dDBA splenic blast, and lysed both targets. In contrast, spontaneous CL clones from cultures of CBA or (CBA x DBA)F1 spleen cells were found to lyse either P815 or DBA blast, but not both. The results indicated that the spontaneous CL clones were not a representative sample of the the total pool of CL."}
{"id": "PMID:147176", "title": "Effects of serotonin antagonists on digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmias.", "content": "The present study was performed to determine whether pharmacological blockade of serotonin receptors would counteract digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmias. The effect of the serotonin receptor blocking drugs, methysergide, cinansersin, and cyproheptadine on ventricular arrhythmias produced by ouabain was studied in anesthetized dogs. Each of the three serotonin receptor blocking drugs given as a bolus i.v. injection of 1.5--3.0 mg/kg produced an antiarrhythmic effect. In addition, methysergide administered in the above doses to cats intoxicated with deslanoside, restored an abnormal ventricular arrhythmia to either sinus or junctional rhythm. Methysergide, administered to cats intoxicated with deslanoside but pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine, exerted an antiarrhythmic effect in less than half of the animals tested. These data indicate that serotonin antagonists are effective in counteracting digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmias and support the notion that a serotonergic mechanism may be mediating the arrhythmogenic effect of digitalis.", "contents": "Effects of serotonin antagonists on digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmias. The present study was performed to determine whether pharmacological blockade of serotonin receptors would counteract digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmias. The effect of the serotonin receptor blocking drugs, methysergide, cinansersin, and cyproheptadine on ventricular arrhythmias produced by ouabain was studied in anesthetized dogs. Each of the three serotonin receptor blocking drugs given as a bolus i.v. injection of 1.5--3.0 mg/kg produced an antiarrhythmic effect. In addition, methysergide administered in the above doses to cats intoxicated with deslanoside, restored an abnormal ventricular arrhythmia to either sinus or junctional rhythm. Methysergide, administered to cats intoxicated with deslanoside but pretreated with p-chlorophenylalanine, exerted an antiarrhythmic effect in less than half of the animals tested. These data indicate that serotonin antagonists are effective in counteracting digitalis-induced ventricular arrhythmias and support the notion that a serotonergic mechanism may be mediating the arrhythmogenic effect of digitalis."}
{"id": "PMID:147177", "title": "Proteolysis in dystrophic hamster diaphragm and abdominal muscle.", "content": "Proteolysis, as measured by tyrosine release, was estimated in abdominal and diaphragm muscle of hamsters. There did not appear to be a difference between dystrophic and control hamsters.", "contents": "Proteolysis in dystrophic hamster diaphragm and abdominal muscle. Proteolysis, as measured by tyrosine release, was estimated in abdominal and diaphragm muscle of hamsters. There did not appear to be a difference between dystrophic and control hamsters."}
{"id": "PMID:147178", "title": "Evidence for a correlation between the latency of an early component of auditory evoked potentials and the brain levels of serotonin in albino rats.", "content": "Changes in brain serotonin levels are correlated with the latency of an early component of auditory evoked potentials (EAEP) in rats. In fact 5-hidroxytryptophan provokes an increase both in serotonin brain synthesis and in the latency of EAEP. On the other hand, PCPA provokes an opposite effect.", "contents": "Evidence for a correlation between the latency of an early component of auditory evoked potentials and the brain levels of serotonin in albino rats. Changes in brain serotonin levels are correlated with the latency of an early component of auditory evoked potentials (EAEP) in rats. In fact 5-hidroxytryptophan provokes an increase both in serotonin brain synthesis and in the latency of EAEP. On the other hand, PCPA provokes an opposite effect."}
{"id": "PMID:147185", "title": "Individual variability and correlation of the in vitro tests in tolerant rats.", "content": "Cytotoxicity of lymphocytes, mixed lymphocyte cultures, stimulation with PHA, suppressive activity of cells in vitro and efficacy of the adoptive transfer of cells in vivo were simultaneously investigated in rats bearing tolerated skin allografts. Cells from animals which did not react in MLC were simultaneously hyporeactive when stimulated with PHA. On the other hand, cytotoxicity of lymphocytes did not correlate with their ability to respond to specific antigens in MLC. None of the in vitro tests correlated with the efficacy of the adoptively transferred syngeneic lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Individual variability and correlation of the in vitro tests in tolerant rats. Cytotoxicity of lymphocytes, mixed lymphocyte cultures, stimulation with PHA, suppressive activity of cells in vitro and efficacy of the adoptive transfer of cells in vivo were simultaneously investigated in rats bearing tolerated skin allografts. Cells from animals which did not react in MLC were simultaneously hyporeactive when stimulated with PHA. On the other hand, cytotoxicity of lymphocytes did not correlate with their ability to respond to specific antigens in MLC. None of the in vitro tests correlated with the efficacy of the adoptively transferred syngeneic lymphoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:147186", "title": "Human lymphoid cells release a lymphocyte-attaching and stimulating product.", "content": "In 4-h cultures human lymphoid cells release into culture supernatants substances capable of stimulating the proliferation of lymphocytes different at HLA system from cells which released the stimulating substances. Culture supernatant components responsible for stimulation are attached to lymphocytes allogeneic to their producers and on incubation with them can be removed from culture supernatants.", "contents": "Human lymphoid cells release a lymphocyte-attaching and stimulating product. In 4-h cultures human lymphoid cells release into culture supernatants substances capable of stimulating the proliferation of lymphocytes different at HLA system from cells which released the stimulating substances. Culture supernatant components responsible for stimulation are attached to lymphocytes allogeneic to their producers and on incubation with them can be removed from culture supernatants."}
{"id": "PMID:147192", "title": "Retrospective assessment of thymoxamine (Opilon) in treatment of M\u00e9ni\u00e8res disease.", "content": "A retrospective study of 305 patients treated with thymoxamine (Opilon) for M\u00e9ni\u00e8res disease is described. Thymoxamine controlled symptoms in 78.7% of patients and the time to maximum improvement ranged from six weeks to three months. Seven patients suffered side-effects.", "contents": "Retrospective assessment of thymoxamine (Opilon) in treatment of M\u00e9ni\u00e8res disease. A retrospective study of 305 patients treated with thymoxamine (Opilon) for M\u00e9ni\u00e8res disease is described. Thymoxamine controlled symptoms in 78.7% of patients and the time to maximum improvement ranged from six weeks to three months. Seven patients suffered side-effects."}
{"id": "PMID:147195", "title": "Glycolysis mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Mutants have been isolated in S. cerevisiae with the phenotype of growth on pyruvate but not on glucose, or growth on rich medium with pyruvate but inhibition by glucose. Screening of mutagenized cultures was either without an enrichment step, or after enrichment using the antibiotic netropsin (Young et al. 1976) or inositol starvation (Henry, Donahue and Culbertson 1975). One class of mutants lacked pyruvate kinase (pyk), another class had all the enzymes of glycolysis, and one mutant lacked phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi, Maitra 1971). Partial reversion of pyruvate kinase mutants on rich medium containing glucose gave double mutants now also lacking hexokinase (hxk), phosphofructokinase (fk), or several enzymes of glycolysis (gcr). In diploids the mutations were recessive. pyk, pgi, pfk, and gcr segregated 2:2 from their wild-type alleles. PYK hxk, PYK pfk, and PYK gcr segregrants grew on glucose.", "contents": "Glycolysis mutants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutants have been isolated in S. cerevisiae with the phenotype of growth on pyruvate but not on glucose, or growth on rich medium with pyruvate but inhibition by glucose. Screening of mutagenized cultures was either without an enrichment step, or after enrichment using the antibiotic netropsin (Young et al. 1976) or inositol starvation (Henry, Donahue and Culbertson 1975). One class of mutants lacked pyruvate kinase (pyk), another class had all the enzymes of glycolysis, and one mutant lacked phosphoglucose isomerase (pgi, Maitra 1971). Partial reversion of pyruvate kinase mutants on rich medium containing glucose gave double mutants now also lacking hexokinase (hxk), phosphofructokinase (fk), or several enzymes of glycolysis (gcr). In diploids the mutations were recessive. pyk, pgi, pfk, and gcr segregated 2:2 from their wild-type alleles. PYK hxk, PYK pfk, and PYK gcr segregrants grew on glucose."}
{"id": "PMID:147196", "title": "Relieving pain with nerve blocks.", "content": "Pain syndromes in elderly patients are seldom psychogenic or due merely to \"old age.\" Careful differential diagnosis is important, as judicious use of nerve blocks as adjunctive therapy often can relieve pain and restore activity. In the acute phase of shoulder pain, intrabursal injection of local anesthetic and steroid inhibits the inflammatory process. In the later stages, suprascapular nerve block relieves pain and interrupts afferent pain pathways. The occipital pain and headache of cervical arthritis also often respond to injection of 2 to 3 ml of long-acting anesthetic into the greater and lesser occipital nerves at the sites where they pierce the trapezius. Minor causalgia, shoulder-arm syndrome, or chronic traumatic edema may follow either forearm fracture or inflammation around the shoulder joint. Five stellate ganglion blocks with 1% lidocaine on alternate days, followed by 3 to 4 months of active and passive exercise, is the most effective treatment. This regimen usually produces a fully functional extremity. In degenerative disk disease, osteoarthritis, and metastatic disease, the cause of back pain is essentially the same--edema and inflammation of nerve roots at the intervertebral foramina. Injection of local anesthetic and steroid into the epidural space usually reduces swelling and inflammation. Patients are evaluated in 2 weeks and reblocked if improvement has plateaued. Pain relief most often is prompt and persists for an indefinite period.", "contents": "Relieving pain with nerve blocks. Pain syndromes in elderly patients are seldom psychogenic or due merely to \"old age.\" Careful differential diagnosis is important, as judicious use of nerve blocks as adjunctive therapy often can relieve pain and restore activity. In the acute phase of shoulder pain, intrabursal injection of local anesthetic and steroid inhibits the inflammatory process. In the later stages, suprascapular nerve block relieves pain and interrupts afferent pain pathways. The occipital pain and headache of cervical arthritis also often respond to injection of 2 to 3 ml of long-acting anesthetic into the greater and lesser occipital nerves at the sites where they pierce the trapezius. Minor causalgia, shoulder-arm syndrome, or chronic traumatic edema may follow either forearm fracture or inflammation around the shoulder joint. Five stellate ganglion blocks with 1% lidocaine on alternate days, followed by 3 to 4 months of active and passive exercise, is the most effective treatment. This regimen usually produces a fully functional extremity. In degenerative disk disease, osteoarthritis, and metastatic disease, the cause of back pain is essentially the same--edema and inflammation of nerve roots at the intervertebral foramina. Injection of local anesthetic and steroid into the epidural space usually reduces swelling and inflammation. Patients are evaluated in 2 weeks and reblocked if improvement has plateaued. Pain relief most often is prompt and persists for an indefinite period."}
{"id": "PMID:147201", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of peptic ulcer of the oesophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "In the two years 1974--1976, the radiographic diagnosis of peptic ulcer of the oesophagus was made in 14 patients. All these patients showed oesphagogastric reflux at fluoroscopy, 13 had an axial hiatus hernia. The ulcer lay at the oesophagogastric junction in 13 patients, in one patient it was located 5 cm. above the cardia. Endoscopy was performed in 11 patients and confirmed the X-ray diagnosis. The authors believe the best technique for this purpose to be \"hypotonic oesophogography\" and that this is essential for the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant ulcers.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of peptic ulcer of the oesophagus (author's transl)]. In the two years 1974--1976, the radiographic diagnosis of peptic ulcer of the oesophagus was made in 14 patients. All these patients showed oesphagogastric reflux at fluoroscopy, 13 had an axial hiatus hernia. The ulcer lay at the oesophagogastric junction in 13 patients, in one patient it was located 5 cm. above the cardia. Endoscopy was performed in 11 patients and confirmed the X-ray diagnosis. The authors believe the best technique for this purpose to be \"hypotonic oesophogography\" and that this is essential for the differential diagnosis between benign and malignant ulcers."}
{"id": "PMID:147202", "title": "[Intramural pseudo-diverticulosis of the oesophagus (author's transl)].", "content": "A 58-year old patient with intramural pseudo-diverticulosis of the oesophagus was observed for three and a half years. The case is described and illustrated. The pathogenesis of the disease is discussed with reference to the literature. The radiological appearances permit a definite diagnosis. The oesophagus had a stricture at the level of the bifurcation of the trachea, but in addition there were multiple intramural, sharply demarkated mucosal herniations measuring 3 x 1 mm. These could be verified endoscopically. Histologically, non-specific oesophagitis was found.", "contents": "[Intramural pseudo-diverticulosis of the oesophagus (author's transl)]. A 58-year old patient with intramural pseudo-diverticulosis of the oesophagus was observed for three and a half years. The case is described and illustrated. The pathogenesis of the disease is discussed with reference to the literature. The radiological appearances permit a definite diagnosis. The oesophagus had a stricture at the level of the bifurcation of the trachea, but in addition there were multiple intramural, sharply demarkated mucosal herniations measuring 3 x 1 mm. These could be verified endoscopically. Histologically, non-specific oesophagitis was found."}
{"id": "PMID:147203", "title": "[Transhepatic occlusion of bleeding oesophageal varices in cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The transhepatic method for occluding bleeding oesophageal varices described by Lunderquist and Vang has been carried out in eight patients. The technique, success rate and complications are discussed. In two patients attempt at thrombosis was unsuccessful. One patient suffered a fatal complication. Recurrent bleeding occurred from four days to four months. Bearing in mind the efficiency of the method, its risk, compared with other palliative measures, is acceptable.", "contents": "[Transhepatic occlusion of bleeding oesophageal varices in cirrhosis of the liver (author's transl)]. The transhepatic method for occluding bleeding oesophageal varices described by Lunderquist and Vang has been carried out in eight patients. The technique, success rate and complications are discussed. In two patients attempt at thrombosis was unsuccessful. One patient suffered a fatal complication. Recurrent bleeding occurred from four days to four months. Bearing in mind the efficiency of the method, its risk, compared with other palliative measures, is acceptable."}
{"id": "PMID:147204", "title": "[Cine radiography and manometry after Nissen fundoplication (author's transl)].", "content": "Following Nissen fundoplication, there is incomplete correlation between the radiological appearances and the patients' subjective symptoms. Radiology is nevertheless an important method of examination after operation. Conventional barium examination with fluoroscopy readily demonstrates the anatomical changes. Dynamic changes, such as oesophageal reflux or delayed contrast passage, are also demonstrated by cine radiography.", "contents": "[Cine radiography and manometry after Nissen fundoplication (author's transl)]. Following Nissen fundoplication, there is incomplete correlation between the radiological appearances and the patients' subjective symptoms. Radiology is nevertheless an important method of examination after operation. Conventional barium examination with fluoroscopy readily demonstrates the anatomical changes. Dynamic changes, such as oesophageal reflux or delayed contrast passage, are also demonstrated by cine radiography."}
{"id": "PMID:147205", "title": "[Preoperative and postoperative stomach evacuation studies via methods of nuclear medicine and methods of roentgen cineradiography (author's transl)].", "content": "A combination of roentgen cineradiography and functional scintigraphy of stomach evacuation, taken with a gamma camera, was used for assessing the success of organ-conservative surgery of ulcers (selective proximal phagotomy with or without pyloroplasty). This confirmed earlier results to the effect that surgical failure is not indicated with any measure of certainty by any individual roentgenologic symptom. However, the evacuation function is closely correlated with the pattern of clinical and subjective complaints. In most of the cases, rapid postoperative stomach evacuation results in freedom from complaints. Pyloric stenosis and retention point to the failure of the operation via the negatively effected subjective feeling of well-being. Hence, special importance must be attached to functional scintigraphy with regard to meaningful studies of the course and postoperative condition of the patient.", "contents": "[Preoperative and postoperative stomach evacuation studies via methods of nuclear medicine and methods of roentgen cineradiography (author's transl)]. A combination of roentgen cineradiography and functional scintigraphy of stomach evacuation, taken with a gamma camera, was used for assessing the success of organ-conservative surgery of ulcers (selective proximal phagotomy with or without pyloroplasty). This confirmed earlier results to the effect that surgical failure is not indicated with any measure of certainty by any individual roentgenologic symptom. However, the evacuation function is closely correlated with the pattern of clinical and subjective complaints. In most of the cases, rapid postoperative stomach evacuation results in freedom from complaints. Pyloric stenosis and retention point to the failure of the operation via the negatively effected subjective feeling of well-being. Hence, special importance must be attached to functional scintigraphy with regard to meaningful studies of the course and postoperative condition of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:147206", "title": "[Multiple cavernous haemangiomas of the colon (author's transl)].", "content": "Extensive involvement of the colon with cavernous haemangioma is described in a 26-year old man. Clinically the disease manifests itself by recurrent rectal bleeding and abdominal distension, leading to his admission. Double contrast examination of the colon showed involvement of the ascending, transverse and descending colon, the sigmoid and the rectum. Arteriography demonstrated vascular tumours in the territory of the jejunal artery, the left colic artery and the superior rectal artery. This is a rare condition which has been described only 53 times in the literature (1, 3, 5, 7). The diagnostic value of double contrast examination of the colon and of selective angiography for differential diagnosis is stressed.", "contents": "[Multiple cavernous haemangiomas of the colon (author's transl)]. Extensive involvement of the colon with cavernous haemangioma is described in a 26-year old man. Clinically the disease manifests itself by recurrent rectal bleeding and abdominal distension, leading to his admission. Double contrast examination of the colon showed involvement of the ascending, transverse and descending colon, the sigmoid and the rectum. Arteriography demonstrated vascular tumours in the territory of the jejunal artery, the left colic artery and the superior rectal artery. This is a rare condition which has been described only 53 times in the literature (1, 3, 5, 7). The diagnostic value of double contrast examination of the colon and of selective angiography for differential diagnosis is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:147207", "title": "Pharmacocholangiography.", "content": "The effect of ouabain and atropine on bile flow and bile iodine concentration in intravenous cholangiography was investigated in 4 cholecystectomized dogs (20 experiments) with complete bile diversion under general anesthesia and compared to the effect of sodium taurocholate. Iodipamide was administered intravenously with an initial priming dose of 50 mg per kg followed by a constant infusion of 2 mg per min per kg. Ouabain in stepwise increasing infusion rates, .0625 to .25 microgram per min per kg, had no significant effect. Atropine infusion rates from 1 to 8 microgram per min kg increased the bile iodine concentration up to 19% but already a 14% increase with a 5% reduction in bile flow was found with the smallest atropine dose. The lowest taurocholate infusion rate resulted in the highest bile iodine concentration and lowest bile flow. It is suggested that atropine premedication and low bile salt plasma levels might improve the opacification of the biliary tree particularly in hepatic dysfunction by reducing selectively specific fractions of the basal bile flow.", "contents": "Pharmacocholangiography. The effect of ouabain and atropine on bile flow and bile iodine concentration in intravenous cholangiography was investigated in 4 cholecystectomized dogs (20 experiments) with complete bile diversion under general anesthesia and compared to the effect of sodium taurocholate. Iodipamide was administered intravenously with an initial priming dose of 50 mg per kg followed by a constant infusion of 2 mg per min per kg. Ouabain in stepwise increasing infusion rates, .0625 to .25 microgram per min per kg, had no significant effect. Atropine infusion rates from 1 to 8 microgram per min kg increased the bile iodine concentration up to 19% but already a 14% increase with a 5% reduction in bile flow was found with the smallest atropine dose. The lowest taurocholate infusion rate resulted in the highest bile iodine concentration and lowest bile flow. It is suggested that atropine premedication and low bile salt plasma levels might improve the opacification of the biliary tree particularly in hepatic dysfunction by reducing selectively specific fractions of the basal bile flow."}
{"id": "PMID:147208", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of choledochal cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological features of congenital choledochal cysts are discussed with reference to three cases seen by the authors. The diagnostic problems are mentioned, and use of scintigraphy and ultrasound tomography at an early stage is recommended in order to define more clearly the indications for invasive radiological methods.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of choledochal cysts (author's transl)]. The radiological features of congenital choledochal cysts are discussed with reference to three cases seen by the authors. The diagnostic problems are mentioned, and use of scintigraphy and ultrasound tomography at an early stage is recommended in order to define more clearly the indications for invasive radiological methods."}
{"id": "PMID:147209", "title": "[Radiological and sonographic investigation of pancreatic pseudocysts (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on a retrospective study of 14 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts, the ultrasonic evaluation of the pancreas is discussed and correlated to the conventional radiologic, endoscopic and angiographic examinations. The pancreatic sonography, as a non-invasive examination, is the method of choice for pancreatic screening and is recommended whenever a pancreatic pseudocyst is suspected.", "contents": "[Radiological and sonographic investigation of pancreatic pseudocysts (author's transl)]. Based on a retrospective study of 14 patients with pancreatic pseudocysts, the ultrasonic evaluation of the pancreas is discussed and correlated to the conventional radiologic, endoscopic and angiographic examinations. The pancreatic sonography, as a non-invasive examination, is the method of choice for pancreatic screening and is recommended whenever a pancreatic pseudocyst is suspected."}
{"id": "PMID:147210", "title": "[Retrograde pancreatic phlebography with simultaneous balloon occlusion of portal and arterial flow. An experimental study (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility of demonstrating the venous system of the entire pancreas by retrograde portal contrast injection with simultaneous balloon occlusion of the portal vein, coeliac axis and superior mesenteric artery was investigated in 12 dogs. In seven cases good filling of the larger pancreatic veins was obtained. Portal and arterial pressure relationships altered considerably during various experimental conditions. A rise in serum transaminases was observed only once when there was thrombosis of the portal vein and branches of the hepatic veins. Apart from this, there was no rise in transaminases or alphaamylase. Histologically there were only minor changes in the liver after total occlusion of 40 minutes, the occlusion having been performed over periods of six minutes with two to five minutes of flow alternating. The application of this method to man is discussed.", "contents": "[Retrograde pancreatic phlebography with simultaneous balloon occlusion of portal and arterial flow. An experimental study (author's transl)]. The possibility of demonstrating the venous system of the entire pancreas by retrograde portal contrast injection with simultaneous balloon occlusion of the portal vein, coeliac axis and superior mesenteric artery was investigated in 12 dogs. In seven cases good filling of the larger pancreatic veins was obtained. Portal and arterial pressure relationships altered considerably during various experimental conditions. A rise in serum transaminases was observed only once when there was thrombosis of the portal vein and branches of the hepatic veins. Apart from this, there was no rise in transaminases or alphaamylase. Histologically there were only minor changes in the liver after total occlusion of 40 minutes, the occlusion having been performed over periods of six minutes with two to five minutes of flow alternating. The application of this method to man is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:147211", "title": "[The diagnosis of venous malformation of the orbits (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the frequency, clinical features and methods of diagnosis of venous malformations of the orbits based on their own experience and on the relevant literature. Special attention is paid to plain film diagnosis and angiographic methods of investigation. Orbital phlebography is the most suitable method for demonstrating cavernous haemangiomas and orbital varices and for demonstrating the anatomy of the supplying vessels. For this, special apparatus and skills are necessary in order to obtain adequate, or optimal, phlebograms. The radiological features of venous malformation are described and a selection of typical phlebographic findings are illustrated. An attempt is made to evaluate other forms of examination. Possible aetiological factors in the development of venous malformation in the head and neck region are discussed.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of venous malformation of the orbits (author's transl)]. The authors describe the frequency, clinical features and methods of diagnosis of venous malformations of the orbits based on their own experience and on the relevant literature. Special attention is paid to plain film diagnosis and angiographic methods of investigation. Orbital phlebography is the most suitable method for demonstrating cavernous haemangiomas and orbital varices and for demonstrating the anatomy of the supplying vessels. For this, special apparatus and skills are necessary in order to obtain adequate, or optimal, phlebograms. The radiological features of venous malformation are described and a selection of typical phlebographic findings are illustrated. An attempt is made to evaluate other forms of examination. Possible aetiological factors in the development of venous malformation in the head and neck region are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:147212", "title": "The influence of localization, size and shape of the simulated intraorbital tumors on orbital veins.", "content": "The extent of changes in orbital veins depends primarily on the size of the space-occupying lesion. Large tumors, irrespective of their position, produced change in the orbital vein, but among small tumors only the superior and medial tumors produce slight changes in the orbital vein. Localization of the tumor is also an important factor. The superior tumors are characterized by the angle between the 2nd 3rd SOV segments not exceeding 100 degrees and by the quadrangle surface of 419 mm2 in average. The inferior tumors elicit slight changes in SOV.  The medial tumors cause an increase of the angle between the 2nd and 3rd SOV segments above 130 degrees and the surface area of SOV quanrangle up to 550 mm2. The most characteristic feature of the intraconic tumors is the normal X point position. Shape of the tumor plays a minor role in producing changes in orbital veins.", "contents": "The influence of localization, size and shape of the simulated intraorbital tumors on orbital veins. The extent of changes in orbital veins depends primarily on the size of the space-occupying lesion. Large tumors, irrespective of their position, produced change in the orbital vein, but among small tumors only the superior and medial tumors produce slight changes in the orbital vein. Localization of the tumor is also an important factor. The superior tumors are characterized by the angle between the 2nd 3rd SOV segments not exceeding 100 degrees and by the quadrangle surface of 419 mm2 in average. The inferior tumors elicit slight changes in SOV.  The medial tumors cause an increase of the angle between the 2nd and 3rd SOV segments above 130 degrees and the surface area of SOV quanrangle up to 550 mm2. The most characteristic feature of the intraconic tumors is the normal X point position. Shape of the tumor plays a minor role in producing changes in orbital veins."}
{"id": "PMID:147213", "title": "[Venous angiomas of the brain (author's transl)].", "content": "In three patients with cerebral ictal attacks, a diagnosis of a cerebral venous angioma was made, based on angiography, the symptoms and the clinical findings. All vascular malformations lay in the rostral cerebrum. In two patients, dilated medullary veins converge towards the origin of a dysplastic draining vein (type I), in the third case the medullary veins terminated in two veins of medium calibre which lead into a large venous drainage system (type II). In two of the three cases, there was calcification, one of these in a subeppendymal mass (? old haematoma). There was scintigraphic evidence of local disturbance of the bloodbrain barrier of Venous angiomas. The brain must be differentiated from other lesions, such as vascular gliomas and metastases.", "contents": "[Venous angiomas of the brain (author's transl)]. In three patients with cerebral ictal attacks, a diagnosis of a cerebral venous angioma was made, based on angiography, the symptoms and the clinical findings. All vascular malformations lay in the rostral cerebrum. In two patients, dilated medullary veins converge towards the origin of a dysplastic draining vein (type I), in the third case the medullary veins terminated in two veins of medium calibre which lead into a large venous drainage system (type II). In two of the three cases, there was calcification, one of these in a subeppendymal mass (? old haematoma). There was scintigraphic evidence of local disturbance of the bloodbrain barrier of Venous angiomas. The brain must be differentiated from other lesions, such as vascular gliomas and metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:147214", "title": "[A new and simple method for determining the position of the venous angle on the lateral angiogram (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a new and very simple method for the localisation of the venous angle on the lateral view of carotid angiography: the venous angle projects exactly on the midpoint of a line between the endobregma and the base of the external auditory meatus.", "contents": "[A new and simple method for determining the position of the venous angle on the lateral angiogram (author's transl)]. The authors describe a new and very simple method for the localisation of the venous angle on the lateral view of carotid angiography: the venous angle projects exactly on the midpoint of a line between the endobregma and the base of the external auditory meatus."}
{"id": "PMID:147215", "title": "[Lumbar myelography: coincidence of disc prolapse and intradural tumour (author's transl)].", "content": "In about one of every hundred patients with lumbar disc prolapse, one may expect to find a co-existant spinal tumour which may be the sole, or partial, cause of the symptoms. Lumbar myelography must therefore be performed in such a manner that the upper lumbar region, and if necessary the lower thoracic region, is adequately demonstrated.", "contents": "[Lumbar myelography: coincidence of disc prolapse and intradural tumour (author's transl)]. In about one of every hundred patients with lumbar disc prolapse, one may expect to find a co-existant spinal tumour which may be the sole, or partial, cause of the symptoms. Lumbar myelography must therefore be performed in such a manner that the upper lumbar region, and if necessary the lower thoracic region, is adequately demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:147216", "title": "[Results of quantitative radionucleid investigations in acute testicular disease (author's transl)].", "content": "All publications dealing with tortion of the testis stress the difficulty of diagnosis and the frequency of errors. This has suggested to us the need to develop a radio-isotope testiculogram corresponding to the radioisotope nephrogram used for renal functional diagnosis. The substance for the timeactivity curve is 99mTc pertechnitate which is taken up by the tubular epithelium of the testis and epididymis. A scan at 20 minutes proved highly diagnostic and produced a small amount of radiation only. Six quantitative parameters described the shape of the curve. These have been determined for the normal and related to age and point of measurement. It is then possible to differentiate partial and total tortion from acute epididymoorchitis. It is no longer necessary to subject every patient with acute testicular disease to surgery. With partial tortion, a conservative operation with fixation of the testis can be recommended instead of semicastration.", "contents": "[Results of quantitative radionucleid investigations in acute testicular disease (author's transl)]. All publications dealing with tortion of the testis stress the difficulty of diagnosis and the frequency of errors. This has suggested to us the need to develop a radio-isotope testiculogram corresponding to the radioisotope nephrogram used for renal functional diagnosis. The substance for the timeactivity curve is 99mTc pertechnitate which is taken up by the tubular epithelium of the testis and epididymis. A scan at 20 minutes proved highly diagnostic and produced a small amount of radiation only. Six quantitative parameters described the shape of the curve. These have been determined for the normal and related to age and point of measurement. It is then possible to differentiate partial and total tortion from acute epididymoorchitis. It is no longer necessary to subject every patient with acute testicular disease to surgery. With partial tortion, a conservative operation with fixation of the testis can be recommended instead of semicastration."}
{"id": "PMID:147217", "title": "[A rare cause of female sterility (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with inadequate descent of the ovaries is described; the tubes were abnormally long, as was demonstrated by hysterosalpingography. Various types of similar congenital abnormalities are discussed and their frequency indicated. The developmental background, clinical and radiological features and possibility of treatment are dealt with briefly.", "contents": "[A rare cause of female sterility (author's transl)]. A patient with inadequate descent of the ovaries is described; the tubes were abnormally long, as was demonstrated by hysterosalpingography. Various types of similar congenital abnormalities are discussed and their frequency indicated. The developmental background, clinical and radiological features and possibility of treatment are dealt with briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:147218", "title": "[Lymphographic investigations of oedema of the extremities following reconstructive vascular surgery in the femoro-popliteal territory (author's transl)].", "content": "In 37 patients, oedema of the legs was observed following successful femoro-popliteal surgery; lymphangiograms were performed between the third and ninth post-operative days and the intact lymph vessels at the knee and at the groin were counted. In 27 patients there was partial to total disruption of the lymphatic vessels. There was a clear correlation between the degree of swelling of the leg and thigh with the number of not divided lymphatic vessels at the knee and groin. In the presence of more than three intact lymph vessels, swelling amounted to only 1 to 2 cm., whereas if all lymph vessels had been divided, swelling amounted to 7 cm. Extensive soft tissue trauma and repeat surgery resulted in a greater reduction in intact lymph vessels and correspondingly more oedema than was found with more conservative surgery and after initial operations. The pre-operative condition of the arteries, the presence of venous disease and the postoperative blood-flow in the leg had no influence on postoperative oedema. In order to avoid post-operative lymphoedema, it is necessary to preserve the lymphatics during surgery. Marked oedema requires treatment consisting of compression bandages and medicaments.", "contents": "[Lymphographic investigations of oedema of the extremities following reconstructive vascular surgery in the femoro-popliteal territory (author's transl)]. In 37 patients, oedema of the legs was observed following successful femoro-popliteal surgery; lymphangiograms were performed between the third and ninth post-operative days and the intact lymph vessels at the knee and at the groin were counted. In 27 patients there was partial to total disruption of the lymphatic vessels. There was a clear correlation between the degree of swelling of the leg and thigh with the number of not divided lymphatic vessels at the knee and groin. In the presence of more than three intact lymph vessels, swelling amounted to only 1 to 2 cm., whereas if all lymph vessels had been divided, swelling amounted to 7 cm. Extensive soft tissue trauma and repeat surgery resulted in a greater reduction in intact lymph vessels and correspondingly more oedema than was found with more conservative surgery and after initial operations. The pre-operative condition of the arteries, the presence of venous disease and the postoperative blood-flow in the leg had no influence on postoperative oedema. In order to avoid post-operative lymphoedema, it is necessary to preserve the lymphatics during surgery. Marked oedema requires treatment consisting of compression bandages and medicaments."}
{"id": "PMID:147219", "title": "[New development in mammographic technique: Grid mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "Reduced scatter through antiscatter grids and improved filmscreen combinations produce definite improvement in image quality with large breasts, as well as a reduction in radiation dose. The problems of soft tissue grid technique are discussed and a new apparatus for this purpose is described. New and improved recording systems, which reduce radiation dose, are analysed and a comparison is made between the quality of grid mammograms and conventional techniques using industrial film.", "contents": "[New development in mammographic technique: Grid mammography (author's transl)]. Reduced scatter through antiscatter grids and improved filmscreen combinations produce definite improvement in image quality with large breasts, as well as a reduction in radiation dose. The problems of soft tissue grid technique are discussed and a new apparatus for this purpose is described. New and improved recording systems, which reduce radiation dose, are analysed and a comparison is made between the quality of grid mammograms and conventional techniques using industrial film."}
{"id": "PMID:147220", "title": "[The use of computers and computer tomography in radiotherapy planning (author's transl)].", "content": "Two examples are used to show how, by means of computer tomography and computers, organ images can be reconstructed; this enhances diagnostic information and helps the clinician in radiotherapy planning. The outlines of tumours or organs which can be obtained serve as the basis for achieving optimal irradiation.", "contents": "[The use of computers and computer tomography in radiotherapy planning (author's transl)]. Two examples are used to show how, by means of computer tomography and computers, organ images can be reconstructed; this enhances diagnostic information and helps the clinician in radiotherapy planning. The outlines of tumours or organs which can be obtained serve as the basis for achieving optimal irradiation."}
{"id": "PMID:147228", "title": "[Malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and their early diagnosis].", "content": "Malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract belong to the main causes of death. The overall 5-years-survival rate is low. Systematic investigations of early gastric cancer and polyps of the colon revealed that asymptomatic carcinomas are detectable and have a definite chance for curative treatment. Mass survey of the population by means of endoscopic or radiological procedures are impossible due to high financial expense. Therefore, other diagnostic tools have to be inaugurated. Besides a maximum diagnostic effort in each individual with gastrointestinal complaints, high risk groups with a significantly increased incidence rate of malignant tumor development have been established. Thorough observation of those persons is necessary as are simple, inexpensive and practicable methods for screening examinations.", "contents": "[Malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract and their early diagnosis]. Malignant tumors of the gastrointestinal tract belong to the main causes of death. The overall 5-years-survival rate is low. Systematic investigations of early gastric cancer and polyps of the colon revealed that asymptomatic carcinomas are detectable and have a definite chance for curative treatment. Mass survey of the population by means of endoscopic or radiological procedures are impossible due to high financial expense. Therefore, other diagnostic tools have to be inaugurated. Besides a maximum diagnostic effort in each individual with gastrointestinal complaints, high risk groups with a significantly increased incidence rate of malignant tumor development have been established. Thorough observation of those persons is necessary as are simple, inexpensive and practicable methods for screening examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:147231", "title": "Glucagon and insulin relationships in genetically diabetic (db/db) and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.", "content": "An inappropriate molar ratio of circulating insulin to glucagon is frequently associated with the metabolic alterations accompanying diabetes mellitus. Plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) levels were determined and the IRG:IRI ratio calculated at various intervals in overt diabetes in genetically diabetic (db/db) and in streptozotocin-treated mice. Plasma IRI levels in genetic mutants are elevated at nine weeks of age, but are comparable to values found in lean littermates by 21 weeks. The presence of a prevailing hyperglucagonemia is established for the first time in the intact db/db mice. Streptozotocin diabetics are found to have characteristically low plasma IRI and high plasma IRG values. The hormonal imbalance present in these two experimental animal models is accentuated when the data are expressed as the IRG:IRI ratio, which is seen to increase with the progression of diabetes.", "contents": "Glucagon and insulin relationships in genetically diabetic (db/db) and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. An inappropriate molar ratio of circulating insulin to glucagon is frequently associated with the metabolic alterations accompanying diabetes mellitus. Plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) levels were determined and the IRG:IRI ratio calculated at various intervals in overt diabetes in genetically diabetic (db/db) and in streptozotocin-treated mice. Plasma IRI levels in genetic mutants are elevated at nine weeks of age, but are comparable to values found in lean littermates by 21 weeks. The presence of a prevailing hyperglucagonemia is established for the first time in the intact db/db mice. Streptozotocin diabetics are found to have characteristically low plasma IRI and high plasma IRG values. The hormonal imbalance present in these two experimental animal models is accentuated when the data are expressed as the IRG:IRI ratio, which is seen to increase with the progression of diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:147232", "title": "Primary prevention of child abuse: focus on the special child.", "content": "The authors review the literature on child abuse and present evidence demonstrating that children who are born prematurely or who are sickly or handicapped are at high risk for child abuse. The authors describe ways to identify such children and suggest a number of primary prevention techniques that can reduce parental stress and help prevent child abuse. The techniques include day-care programs for handicapped children, mothers' social clubs, and lay health visitors to give support and impart proper maternal attitudes.", "contents": "Primary prevention of child abuse: focus on the special child. The authors review the literature on child abuse and present evidence demonstrating that children who are born prematurely or who are sickly or handicapped are at high risk for child abuse. The authors describe ways to identify such children and suggest a number of primary prevention techniques that can reduce parental stress and help prevent child abuse. The techniques include day-care programs for handicapped children, mothers' social clubs, and lay health visitors to give support and impart proper maternal attitudes."}
{"id": "PMID:147233", "title": "Immune complex mediated diseases.", "content": "Immune complexes formed in the circulation are believed to be the principal pathogenetic agents in certain human diseases, notably in various forms of glomerulonephritis and arteritis. Criteria for the recognition of immune complex deposits in tissue are discussed and recently developed sensitive methods that detect circulating immune complexes are reviewed. In addition, the evidence implicating certain antigens and causative agents in human immune complex mediated glomerulonephritis and arteritis is evaluated.", "contents": "Immune complex mediated diseases. Immune complexes formed in the circulation are believed to be the principal pathogenetic agents in certain human diseases, notably in various forms of glomerulonephritis and arteritis. Criteria for the recognition of immune complex deposits in tissue are discussed and recently developed sensitive methods that detect circulating immune complexes are reviewed. In addition, the evidence implicating certain antigens and causative agents in human immune complex mediated glomerulonephritis and arteritis is evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:147234", "title": "Reexamination of paternal age effect in Down's syndrome.", "content": "Paternal age distribution for 1279 cases of Down's syndrome born in 1952--1968 was compared with the corresponding distribution for the general population, corrected for the maternal age as well as for the year of birth of the patients. Although there was no difference in the mean paternal age, the two distributions differed significantly, largely due to the excess of fathers aged 55 years and over and to the deficit of those aged 40--44 years in the patients born to mothers aged 30 years and over. The overall pattern of the relative incidence of Down's syndrome with advancing paternal age, with maternal age controlled, seems consistent with the hypothesis proposed by Stene et al. (1977). It increased from 0.8 for fathers aged 20--24 years slowly up to 1.2 for those aged 45--49 years, though with an intermediate drop to 0.8 at the age of 40--44 years, and then sharply to 2.4 for those aged 55 years and over. This rising pattern of the relative incidence with paternal age was essentially the same for the patients born in 1952--1960 and for those born in 1961--1968, although the slope was less steep in the latter than in the former group.", "contents": "Reexamination of paternal age effect in Down's syndrome. Paternal age distribution for 1279 cases of Down's syndrome born in 1952--1968 was compared with the corresponding distribution for the general population, corrected for the maternal age as well as for the year of birth of the patients. Although there was no difference in the mean paternal age, the two distributions differed significantly, largely due to the excess of fathers aged 55 years and over and to the deficit of those aged 40--44 years in the patients born to mothers aged 30 years and over. The overall pattern of the relative incidence of Down's syndrome with advancing paternal age, with maternal age controlled, seems consistent with the hypothesis proposed by Stene et al. (1977). It increased from 0.8 for fathers aged 20--24 years slowly up to 1.2 for those aged 45--49 years, though with an intermediate drop to 0.8 at the age of 40--44 years, and then sharply to 2.4 for those aged 55 years and over. This rising pattern of the relative incidence with paternal age was essentially the same for the patients born in 1952--1960 and for those born in 1961--1968, although the slope was less steep in the latter than in the former group."}
{"id": "PMID:147235", "title": "Familial translocation t(lp--;21q+) associated with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Familial occurrence of 1/21 translocation in connection with trisomy 21 was described. The possibilities of inheritance of further chromosome rearrangements arising during the gametogenesis of persons with this translocation were considered.", "contents": "Familial translocation t(lp--;21q+) associated with Down's syndrome. Familial occurrence of 1/21 translocation in connection with trisomy 21 was described. The possibilities of inheritance of further chromosome rearrangements arising during the gametogenesis of persons with this translocation were considered."}
{"id": "PMID:147245", "title": "How cheap is a life?", "content": "The oweners of capital in the United States have successfully transferred most of the costs of industrial casualties onto the working class and the public at large. This has been accomplished by the creation of the privately owened workers' compensation insurance system and the corporate-dominated safety establishment. This \"compensation-safety establishment\" has been able to take over most of the federal apparatus created by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Nevertheless, workers and unions and their allies have begun to challenge the establishment's hegemony over job health and safety policy for the first time in seventy years.", "contents": "How cheap is a life? The oweners of capital in the United States have successfully transferred most of the costs of industrial casualties onto the working class and the public at large. This has been accomplished by the creation of the privately owened workers' compensation insurance system and the corporate-dominated safety establishment. This \"compensation-safety establishment\" has been able to take over most of the federal apparatus created by the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. Nevertheless, workers and unions and their allies have begun to challenge the establishment's hegemony over job health and safety policy for the first time in seventy years."}
{"id": "PMID:147246", "title": "Serum complement profile in human leprosy and its comparison with immune complex diseases.", "content": "In the present study we have estimated the serum levels of early, middle, and distal complement components, e.g., Clq, C3, C4, C5, C8, and C9 along with C1-inactivator and CH50 in patients with tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy and have compared these results with the levels in healthy subjects as well as with levels in patients with other immune complex diseases. We have also analyzed the cryoglobulins present in the sera of these patients; they consisted of either a single or mixed IgG, IgA, IgM or fibrinogen in most instances. The component C3 was found in only one sample. It appears that unlike lupus nephritis, in which complement is activated by direct path in which complement is activated by direct path in about 30% to 50% of leprosy patients, significant C3 complement consumption takes place primarily via the alternate pathway and is probably initiated by the aggregated immunoglobulins represented in cryoprecipitates. This is further supported by the study of serum factor B and its breakdown product (Ba) in these patients. The question of the role of the middle and distal complement components, such as C5, C8 and C9, during total hemolytic complement and C3 consumption in leprosy remains unanswered.", "contents": "Serum complement profile in human leprosy and its comparison with immune complex diseases. In the present study we have estimated the serum levels of early, middle, and distal complement components, e.g., Clq, C3, C4, C5, C8, and C9 along with C1-inactivator and CH50 in patients with tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy and have compared these results with the levels in healthy subjects as well as with levels in patients with other immune complex diseases. We have also analyzed the cryoglobulins present in the sera of these patients; they consisted of either a single or mixed IgG, IgA, IgM or fibrinogen in most instances. The component C3 was found in only one sample. It appears that unlike lupus nephritis, in which complement is activated by direct path in which complement is activated by direct path in about 30% to 50% of leprosy patients, significant C3 complement consumption takes place primarily via the alternate pathway and is probably initiated by the aggregated immunoglobulins represented in cryoprecipitates. This is further supported by the study of serum factor B and its breakdown product (Ba) in these patients. The question of the role of the middle and distal complement components, such as C5, C8 and C9, during total hemolytic complement and C3 consumption in leprosy remains unanswered."}
{"id": "PMID:147252", "title": "[Perioral dermatitis--an allergic disease?].", "content": "Perioral dermatitis was diagnosed in 329 patients. Sparing a thin white strip round the red border of the lips erythemas with papules and pseudopustules are arising around the mouth, on nose, eyes, chin, forehead, cheeks and the lateral parts of the neck. The duration of the infection ranged from two weeks up to three years. In many patients the following allergens were detected by patch testing: cosmetics, dental pastes, washing powders, chloric water, mohair, synthetics, and flowers. In 80 patients demodex was discovered. Its role in the pathogenesis of perioral dermatitis is doubtful. Biopsis were taken from 10 patients. Treatment with liquid nitrogen gives good results while antibiotics and corticosteroids are of little effect.", "contents": "[Perioral dermatitis--an allergic disease?]. Perioral dermatitis was diagnosed in 329 patients. Sparing a thin white strip round the red border of the lips erythemas with papules and pseudopustules are arising around the mouth, on nose, eyes, chin, forehead, cheeks and the lateral parts of the neck. The duration of the infection ranged from two weeks up to three years. In many patients the following allergens were detected by patch testing: cosmetics, dental pastes, washing powders, chloric water, mohair, synthetics, and flowers. In 80 patients demodex was discovered. Its role in the pathogenesis of perioral dermatitis is doubtful. Biopsis were taken from 10 patients. Treatment with liquid nitrogen gives good results while antibiotics and corticosteroids are of little effect."}
{"id": "PMID:147248", "title": "Saturation kinetics of iocetamic acid: Evaluation of indirect pharmacokinetic techniques and comparison with iopanoic acid.", "content": "The biliary excretion of two oral cholecystographic contrast agents, iocetamic acid and iopanoic acid, were compared during low and high taurocholate infusion rates. The pharmacokinetics of these compounds after intravenous infusion were studied in bile-fistula dogs using both indirect and direct pharmacokinetic techniques. The indirect multiple infusion technique, corrected for urinary excretion, provides a reliable estimate of the maximum biliary excretion rates of either contrast agent without necessitating the sampling of biliary output. The results indicate that taurocholate facilitates the biliary excretion of both agents. At both taurocholate infusion rates studied, the maximum biliary excretion rate of iocetamic acid is greater than that of iopanoic acid.", "contents": "Saturation kinetics of iocetamic acid: Evaluation of indirect pharmacokinetic techniques and comparison with iopanoic acid. The biliary excretion of two oral cholecystographic contrast agents, iocetamic acid and iopanoic acid, were compared during low and high taurocholate infusion rates. The pharmacokinetics of these compounds after intravenous infusion were studied in bile-fistula dogs using both indirect and direct pharmacokinetic techniques. The indirect multiple infusion technique, corrected for urinary excretion, provides a reliable estimate of the maximum biliary excretion rates of either contrast agent without necessitating the sampling of biliary output. The results indicate that taurocholate facilitates the biliary excretion of both agents. At both taurocholate infusion rates studied, the maximum biliary excretion rate of iocetamic acid is greater than that of iopanoic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:147250", "title": "Abscisic acid studied by fluorescent techniques.", "content": "Crude analytical abscisic acid (ABA) exhibited fluorescence (lambdaex 340, lambdaem 425 nm). The results demonstrated a relationship between fluorescence response and ABA concentration, in the range of 0.04-0.38 microgram/ml. Chromatographic purification increased the emission signal, and oxidation induced by adding a sulphuric acid: ethanol (1:1) mixture also increased and displaced it (lambdaex 450, lambdaem 495 nm). Using these properties, a fluorimetric method for identification and evaluation of ABA, had been developed, and used for inhibitor recognition in P. pinea seed coats.", "contents": "Abscisic acid studied by fluorescent techniques. Crude analytical abscisic acid (ABA) exhibited fluorescence (lambdaex 340, lambdaem 425 nm). The results demonstrated a relationship between fluorescence response and ABA concentration, in the range of 0.04-0.38 microgram/ml. Chromatographic purification increased the emission signal, and oxidation induced by adding a sulphuric acid: ethanol (1:1) mixture also increased and displaced it (lambdaex 450, lambdaem 495 nm). Using these properties, a fluorimetric method for identification and evaluation of ABA, had been developed, and used for inhibitor recognition in P. pinea seed coats."}
{"id": "PMID:147255", "title": "Post-mortem changes in human central nervous tissue and the effects on quantitation of nucleic acids and enzymes.", "content": "A study of post-mortem changes in human central nervous tissue has shown that within 100 h of death, no significant change occurs in the amount of nerve cell DNA and nucleolar RNA nor in some membrane-associated enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase, NADH and NADPH diaphorase, and cytochrome oxidase. Low molecular weight RNA species, probably transfer and messenger RNA are quickly lost, but there is little alteration in ribosomal RNA content. Cytoplasmic enzymes show variable changes; phosphofructokinase activity is rapidly decreased; hexokinase is unaltered but lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase initially show increases in activity which subsequently decline. Oxygen uptake diminishes quickly. These findings indicate that mechanical alterations in cell structure, following death, render organelles physiologically ineffective long before any significant changes in certain constituent biochemicals are detected. This report emphasizes the great importance necessary in the selection of appropriately time matched post-mortem tissues if accurate comparative studies of many of the cells constituents are to be made.", "contents": "Post-mortem changes in human central nervous tissue and the effects on quantitation of nucleic acids and enzymes. A study of post-mortem changes in human central nervous tissue has shown that within 100 h of death, no significant change occurs in the amount of nerve cell DNA and nucleolar RNA nor in some membrane-associated enzymes such as succinate dehydrogenase, NADH and NADPH diaphorase, and cytochrome oxidase. Low molecular weight RNA species, probably transfer and messenger RNA are quickly lost, but there is little alteration in ribosomal RNA content. Cytoplasmic enzymes show variable changes; phosphofructokinase activity is rapidly decreased; hexokinase is unaltered but lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate kinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase initially show increases in activity which subsequently decline. Oxygen uptake diminishes quickly. These findings indicate that mechanical alterations in cell structure, following death, render organelles physiologically ineffective long before any significant changes in certain constituent biochemicals are detected. This report emphasizes the great importance necessary in the selection of appropriately time matched post-mortem tissues if accurate comparative studies of many of the cells constituents are to be made."}
{"id": "PMID:147256", "title": "Adenosine triphosphatase distribution in mammary tissue.", "content": "Lactating mammary tissue from farm animals and small mammals was perfusion-fixed, prior to histochemical procedures, in an effort to localize the ouabain-sensitive Na+/K+-stimulated ATPase enzyme with the use of specific inhibitors. Histochemical evidence suggests that the Na+/K+-stimulated ATPase is located predominantly on the cytoplasmic side of the plasmalemma in myoepithelial and secretory cells of the alveolus and in epithelial cells of the ducts. Enzyme is not present on the apical plasmalemma of the secretory or duct cells. This substantiates the previous suggestions of localization of the sodium pumps on lateral and basal surface in lactating mammary secretory cells and duct cells.", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphatase distribution in mammary tissue. Lactating mammary tissue from farm animals and small mammals was perfusion-fixed, prior to histochemical procedures, in an effort to localize the ouabain-sensitive Na+/K+-stimulated ATPase enzyme with the use of specific inhibitors. Histochemical evidence suggests that the Na+/K+-stimulated ATPase is located predominantly on the cytoplasmic side of the plasmalemma in myoepithelial and secretory cells of the alveolus and in epithelial cells of the ducts. Enzyme is not present on the apical plasmalemma of the secretory or duct cells. This substantiates the previous suggestions of localization of the sodium pumps on lateral and basal surface in lactating mammary secretory cells and duct cells."}
{"id": "PMID:147257", "title": "Enzyme histochemistry of basal ganglia in the septally cannulated rat.", "content": "Stereotaxic septal cannulation in one hemisphere of the rat results in displacement of the ipsilateral basal ganglion along its rostrocaudal axis. In an attempt to elucidate any metabolic changes in the ganglion due to possible alteration in its vascular supply in the displaced position, enzyme histochemical studies were undertaken on the forebrain of septally cannulated rats. A survey of hydrolases (acid and alkaline phosphatases, ATPase, cholinesterase and non-specific esterases), dehydrogenases (succinate and lactate) and diaphorases (NADH- and NADPH- tetrazolium reductases) revealed no difference in activity between the ganglia of the two sides. Cortical activity appeared to be enhanced with a rostral shift of the ganglion and decreased with a caudal shift. In the light of available histoenzymatic data on ischaemic brain damages, the present results rule out the existence of any major metabolic difference between the two basal ganglia. This underlines the extraordinary degree of functional plasticity of subcortical nuclear masses, despite considerable physical displacement.", "contents": "Enzyme histochemistry of basal ganglia in the septally cannulated rat. Stereotaxic septal cannulation in one hemisphere of the rat results in displacement of the ipsilateral basal ganglion along its rostrocaudal axis. In an attempt to elucidate any metabolic changes in the ganglion due to possible alteration in its vascular supply in the displaced position, enzyme histochemical studies were undertaken on the forebrain of septally cannulated rats. A survey of hydrolases (acid and alkaline phosphatases, ATPase, cholinesterase and non-specific esterases), dehydrogenases (succinate and lactate) and diaphorases (NADH- and NADPH- tetrazolium reductases) revealed no difference in activity between the ganglia of the two sides. Cortical activity appeared to be enhanced with a rostral shift of the ganglion and decreased with a caudal shift. In the light of available histoenzymatic data on ischaemic brain damages, the present results rule out the existence of any major metabolic difference between the two basal ganglia. This underlines the extraordinary degree of functional plasticity of subcortical nuclear masses, despite considerable physical displacement."}
{"id": "PMID:147258", "title": "Histoenzymatic characterization of sub-types of type I fibres in fast muscles of rats.", "content": "The histochemical activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), myofibrillar Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were studied in serial sections of rat vastus lateralis (red) (RVL), gastrocnemius and diaphragm muscles. Three main fibre-types were distinguished. The \"Type I\" fibres of RVL and gastrocnemius muscles fell into two distinct groups: one category--\"Type IA\" showed very low ATPase activity. The second category of \"Type IB\" fibres displayed moderate ATPase reaction. The \"Type IA\" fibres were divisible into two sub-groups when tested for SDH reaction. \"Type IA1\" fibres possessed a homogenous distribution of diformazan granules throughout the fibre: \"Type IA2\" fibres displayed characteristic \"moth-eaten\" pattern of diformazan localization. The diaphragm muscle did not show either \"Type IB\" or \"Type IA2\" varieties. The great majority of TypeI fibres were sub-type IA1 in the three fast muscles studied. It is also demonstrated here that an inherent heterogeneity exists between Type I filores of diaphragm and leg muscles in regard to alpha-GPD localization. This histochemical data emphasizes the fact that subdivision of TypeI striated muscle fibres of mammalian animals into two sub-types is only approximate and that a further subcategorization is possible.", "contents": "Histoenzymatic characterization of sub-types of type I fibres in fast muscles of rats. The histochemical activities of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH), myofibrillar Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) and alpha glycerophosphate dehydrogenase were studied in serial sections of rat vastus lateralis (red) (RVL), gastrocnemius and diaphragm muscles. Three main fibre-types were distinguished. The \"Type I\" fibres of RVL and gastrocnemius muscles fell into two distinct groups: one category--\"Type IA\" showed very low ATPase activity. The second category of \"Type IB\" fibres displayed moderate ATPase reaction. The \"Type IA\" fibres were divisible into two sub-groups when tested for SDH reaction. \"Type IA1\" fibres possessed a homogenous distribution of diformazan granules throughout the fibre: \"Type IA2\" fibres displayed characteristic \"moth-eaten\" pattern of diformazan localization. The diaphragm muscle did not show either \"Type IB\" or \"Type IA2\" varieties. The great majority of TypeI fibres were sub-type IA1 in the three fast muscles studied. It is also demonstrated here that an inherent heterogeneity exists between Type I filores of diaphragm and leg muscles in regard to alpha-GPD localization. This histochemical data emphasizes the fact that subdivision of TypeI striated muscle fibres of mammalian animals into two sub-types is only approximate and that a further subcategorization is possible."}
{"id": "PMID:147260", "title": "Rat locomotory muscle fiber activity during trotting and galloping.", "content": "This study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that the trot-gallop transition in running guadrupeds occurs when active cross-sectional areas of muscles or fiber populations within muscles, reach some critical point as animals increase speed within trotting. Rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used as experimental animals, and glycogen depletion was used to estimate patterns or fiber activity. Our results indicate that 1) the contribution to power output by the front limb muscles was less than that of the hind limb muscles during trotting and galloping; 2) the active cross-sectional area of plantaris muscles peaked immediately prior to the transition in gait; 3) the ankle plantar flexor group of muscles as a whole did not attain a maximum active cross-sectional area during fast trotting; and 4) no major discontinuities in whole muscle or fiber type glycogen depletion rates occurred across the gait change. Although these findings do not prove the hypothesis, they support the concept that the trop-gallop transition follows the attainment of peak active muscle cross-sectional areas as animals increase trotting speed.", "contents": "Rat locomotory muscle fiber activity during trotting and galloping. This study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that the trot-gallop transition in running guadrupeds occurs when active cross-sectional areas of muscles or fiber populations within muscles, reach some critical point as animals increase speed within trotting. Rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used as experimental animals, and glycogen depletion was used to estimate patterns or fiber activity. Our results indicate that 1) the contribution to power output by the front limb muscles was less than that of the hind limb muscles during trotting and galloping; 2) the active cross-sectional area of plantaris muscles peaked immediately prior to the transition in gait; 3) the ankle plantar flexor group of muscles as a whole did not attain a maximum active cross-sectional area during fast trotting; and 4) no major discontinuities in whole muscle or fiber type glycogen depletion rates occurred across the gait change. Although these findings do not prove the hypothesis, they support the concept that the trop-gallop transition follows the attainment of peak active muscle cross-sectional areas as animals increase trotting speed."}
{"id": "PMID:147261", "title": "Free autografting of entire limb muscles in the cat: histochemistry and biochemistry.", "content": "Fifty extensor digitorium longus muscles of 25 cats were autografted, 33 with and 17 without prior denervation. After 50 days, no significant differences were observed between predenervated and nonpredenervated autografts. Autografted muscles weighed 48% of the weight of control muscles. Few original muscle fibers survived and within 2 wk autografts contained regenerating muscle fibers. The mean cross-sectional area of muscle fibers in the autografts reached 125% of the value for control nontransplanted muscles. The mean percentage of fibers classified high oxidative in autografted muscles was 67% of values for control muscles. SDH activity of autografted muscle homogenates reached 55% of control values. Up to 60 days after surgery autografts had only fast-twitch fibers. At 170 days autografts remained 95% fast twitch in composition. Revascularization began within 4 days, but the capillary to fiber ratio of long term autografts reached only 60% of control values. Although fiber hypertrophy suggests that cats use autografted muscles, lower than control succinate dehydrogenase activity may result from altered recruitment.", "contents": "Free autografting of entire limb muscles in the cat: histochemistry and biochemistry. Fifty extensor digitorium longus muscles of 25 cats were autografted, 33 with and 17 without prior denervation. After 50 days, no significant differences were observed between predenervated and nonpredenervated autografts. Autografted muscles weighed 48% of the weight of control muscles. Few original muscle fibers survived and within 2 wk autografts contained regenerating muscle fibers. The mean cross-sectional area of muscle fibers in the autografts reached 125% of the value for control nontransplanted muscles. The mean percentage of fibers classified high oxidative in autografted muscles was 67% of values for control muscles. SDH activity of autografted muscle homogenates reached 55% of control values. Up to 60 days after surgery autografts had only fast-twitch fibers. At 170 days autografts remained 95% fast twitch in composition. Revascularization began within 4 days, but the capillary to fiber ratio of long term autografts reached only 60% of control values. Although fiber hypertrophy suggests that cats use autografted muscles, lower than control succinate dehydrogenase activity may result from altered recruitment."}
{"id": "PMID:147268", "title": "Tetrabenazine in the treatment of Huntington's chorea and other hyperkinetic movement disorders.", "content": "Tetrabenazine (Nitoman, Roche) is a synthetic benzoquinolizine derivative which resembles reserpine pharmacologically and depletes dopamine and other monoamines in the central nervous system. Considerable evidence has now been accumulated regarding the physiologic equilibrium which exists between dopamine and acetylcholine in the human striatum and it appears that dopamine excess or dopaminergic receptor supersensitivity are mechanisms operating in hyperkinetic disorders like Huntington's Chorea. The treatment of hyperkinetic disorders by dopamine depleting agents, like tetrabenazine or reserpine, or by dopamine blocking agents, like Haloperidol and Pimozide, has not been tried for more than a decade. We report here our own observations in 15 patients with various hyperkinetic disorders treated with tetrabenazine in doses up to 200 mgm. daily for periods up to 12 months.", "contents": "Tetrabenazine in the treatment of Huntington's chorea and other hyperkinetic movement disorders. Tetrabenazine (Nitoman, Roche) is a synthetic benzoquinolizine derivative which resembles reserpine pharmacologically and depletes dopamine and other monoamines in the central nervous system. Considerable evidence has now been accumulated regarding the physiologic equilibrium which exists between dopamine and acetylcholine in the human striatum and it appears that dopamine excess or dopaminergic receptor supersensitivity are mechanisms operating in hyperkinetic disorders like Huntington's Chorea. The treatment of hyperkinetic disorders by dopamine depleting agents, like tetrabenazine or reserpine, or by dopamine blocking agents, like Haloperidol and Pimozide, has not been tried for more than a decade. We report here our own observations in 15 patients with various hyperkinetic disorders treated with tetrabenazine in doses up to 200 mgm. daily for periods up to 12 months."}
{"id": "PMID:147269", "title": "Anniversary reactions presenting as physical complaints.", "content": "The literature concerning anniversary reactions is reviewed. Five cases seen by various medical specialists for physical complaints, and subsequently referred for psychiatric evaluation are presented. Each case was felt to represent an anniversary reaction. The necessity of considering the possibility of an anniversary reaction, when the genesis of a complaint is unclear, is emphasized.", "contents": "Anniversary reactions presenting as physical complaints. The literature concerning anniversary reactions is reviewed. Five cases seen by various medical specialists for physical complaints, and subsequently referred for psychiatric evaluation are presented. Each case was felt to represent an anniversary reaction. The necessity of considering the possibility of an anniversary reaction, when the genesis of a complaint is unclear, is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:147270", "title": "The functional characteristics conserved in tropomyosins.", "content": "1. Tropomyosin, one of the regulatory proteins in muscle contraction, was prepared from chickens, rabbits, frogs, shrimps, and shellfish, and conserved characteristics were studied using an enzymological technique. 2. All tropomyosins tested, irrespective of their sources, were found to have the ability to mediate the inhibitory activity of rabbit troponin toward rabbit Mg2+-activated actomyosin ATPase (Mg2+-ATPase) activity in the absence of Ca2+ ions. 3. The effect of tropomyosin on the Mg2+-ATPase activity in the presence of Ca2+ ions varied, depending on the source, and this variation appeared to reflect the evolutionary course of this protein. 4. Tropomyosin from shellfish adductor muscle had the ability to bind to rabbit skeletal muscle troponin and actin. This ability is also considered to be a basic characteristic of tropomyosin which has been conserved during evolution.", "contents": "The functional characteristics conserved in tropomyosins. 1. Tropomyosin, one of the regulatory proteins in muscle contraction, was prepared from chickens, rabbits, frogs, shrimps, and shellfish, and conserved characteristics were studied using an enzymological technique. 2. All tropomyosins tested, irrespective of their sources, were found to have the ability to mediate the inhibitory activity of rabbit troponin toward rabbit Mg2+-activated actomyosin ATPase (Mg2+-ATPase) activity in the absence of Ca2+ ions. 3. The effect of tropomyosin on the Mg2+-ATPase activity in the presence of Ca2+ ions varied, depending on the source, and this variation appeared to reflect the evolutionary course of this protein. 4. Tropomyosin from shellfish adductor muscle had the ability to bind to rabbit skeletal muscle troponin and actin. This ability is also considered to be a basic characteristic of tropomyosin which has been conserved during evolution."}
{"id": "PMID:147271", "title": "Hydrolysis of aryl beta-maltotriosides by sweet potato beta-amylase and soybean beta-amylase.", "content": "Sweet potato beta-amylase [EC 3.2.1.2, alpha 1,4-D-glucan maltohydrolase]-catalyzed hydrolyses of aryl beta-maltotriosides with substituents, NO2-, Cl-, and Br- at the o-, m-, and p-positions in the phenyl ring were studied at pH 4.8 and 25 degrees C. The hydrolyses of a few of the maltotriosides by soybean beta-amylase [EC 3.2.1.2, alpha-1,4-D-glucan maltohydrolase] were also studied at pH 5.4 and 25 degrees C. It was found that the aryl beta-maltotriosides were preferentially hydrolyzed into maltose and aryl beta-D-glucosides by both beta-amylases. The Michaelis constant Km and the molecular activity ko were determined for the hydrolyses of these maltotriosides and compared with those of maltotriose and maltotetraose. Aryl beta-maltotriosides were more rapidly hydrolyzed than maltotriose by a factor of 30--80, and more slowly hydrolyzed than maltotetraose by a factor of 10--30, depending on the kinds of substituents. The rapid hydrolysis of aryl beta-maltotrioside as compared with maltotriose may be due to the interaction of an aryl group with the subsite of beta-amylase. This is in contrast with glucoamylase [EC 3.2.1.3, alpha-1,4-D-glucan glucohydrolase] of Rhizopus niveus-catalyzed hydrolysis of phenyl beta-maltoside, whose phenyl group does not interact so much with the subsite of the enzyme.", "contents": "Hydrolysis of aryl beta-maltotriosides by sweet potato beta-amylase and soybean beta-amylase. Sweet potato beta-amylase [EC 3.2.1.2, alpha 1,4-D-glucan maltohydrolase]-catalyzed hydrolyses of aryl beta-maltotriosides with substituents, NO2-, Cl-, and Br- at the o-, m-, and p-positions in the phenyl ring were studied at pH 4.8 and 25 degrees C. The hydrolyses of a few of the maltotriosides by soybean beta-amylase [EC 3.2.1.2, alpha-1,4-D-glucan maltohydrolase] were also studied at pH 5.4 and 25 degrees C. It was found that the aryl beta-maltotriosides were preferentially hydrolyzed into maltose and aryl beta-D-glucosides by both beta-amylases. The Michaelis constant Km and the molecular activity ko were determined for the hydrolyses of these maltotriosides and compared with those of maltotriose and maltotetraose. Aryl beta-maltotriosides were more rapidly hydrolyzed than maltotriose by a factor of 30--80, and more slowly hydrolyzed than maltotetraose by a factor of 10--30, depending on the kinds of substituents. The rapid hydrolysis of aryl beta-maltotrioside as compared with maltotriose may be due to the interaction of an aryl group with the subsite of beta-amylase. This is in contrast with glucoamylase [EC 3.2.1.3, alpha-1,4-D-glucan glucohydrolase] of Rhizopus niveus-catalyzed hydrolysis of phenyl beta-maltoside, whose phenyl group does not interact so much with the subsite of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:147272", "title": "Adenosine triphosphatase from rat liver mitochondria. Crystallization and x-ray diffraction studies of the F1-component of the enzyme.", "content": "The homogeneous rat liver F1-ATPase preparation of Catterall and Pedersen (Catterall, W.A., and Pedersen, P.L. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 4987-4994) has been crystallized from a solution containing phosphate and ATP by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Most of the resultant crystals are cubes of approximately 0.3 to 0.6 mm per side. X-ray precession photographs show that the crystals are rhombohedral, space group R32 (D37 NO155) with hexagonal cell dimensions a = 148 A, c = 368 A. The molecular weight of the asymmetric unit of the crystals is 190,000 or about half the molecular weight (384,000) of the rat liver enzyme indicating that the crystallographic 2-fold axes of symmetry coincide with a molecular symmetry axis. The crystals diffract to at least 3.5 A and therefore this is the first report of an ATPase preparation in which crystals suitable for x-ray analysis have been obtained.", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphatase from rat liver mitochondria. Crystallization and x-ray diffraction studies of the F1-component of the enzyme. The homogeneous rat liver F1-ATPase preparation of Catterall and Pedersen (Catterall, W.A., and Pedersen, P.L. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 4987-4994) has been crystallized from a solution containing phosphate and ATP by precipitation with ammonium sulfate. Most of the resultant crystals are cubes of approximately 0.3 to 0.6 mm per side. X-ray precession photographs show that the crystals are rhombohedral, space group R32 (D37 NO155) with hexagonal cell dimensions a = 148 A, c = 368 A. The molecular weight of the asymmetric unit of the crystals is 190,000 or about half the molecular weight (384,000) of the rat liver enzyme indicating that the crystallographic 2-fold axes of symmetry coincide with a molecular symmetry axis. The crystals diffract to at least 3.5 A and therefore this is the first report of an ATPase preparation in which crystals suitable for x-ray analysis have been obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:147274", "title": "Regulation, purification, and properties of xanthine dehydrogenase in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.37) is the first enzyme in the degradative pathway by which fungi convert purines to ammonia. In vivo, the activity is induced 6-fold by growth in uric acid. Hypoxanthine, xanthine, adenine, or guanine also induce enzyme activity but to a lesser degree. Immunoelectrophoresis using monospecific antibodies prepared against Neurospora crassa xanthine dehydrogenase shows that the induced increase in enzyme activity results from increased numbers of xanthine dehydrogenase molecules, presumably arising from de novo enzyme synthesis. Xanthine dehydrogenase has been purified to homogeneity by conventional methods followed by immunoabsorption to monospecific antibodies coupled to Sepharose 6B. Electrophoresis of purified xanthine dehydrogenase reveals a single protein band which also exhibits enzyme activity. The average specific activity of purified enzyme is 140 nmol of isoxanthopterine produced/min/mg. Xanthine dehydrogenase activity is substrate-inhibited by xanthine (0.14 mM), hypoxanthine (0.3 mM), and pterine (10 micron), is only slightly affected by metal binding agents such as KCN (6 mM), but is strongly inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents such as p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (2 micron). The molecular weight of xanthine dehydrogenase is 357,000 as calculated from a sedimentation coefficient of 11.8 S and a Stokes radius of 6.37 nm. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of the enzyme reveals a single protein band having a molecular weight of 155,000. So the xanthine dehydrogenase protein appears to be a dimer. In contrast to xanthine dehydrogenases from animal sources which typically possess as prosthetic groups 2 FAD molecules, 2 molybdenum atoms, 8 atoms of iron, and 8 acid-labile sulfides, the Neurospora enzyme contains 2 FAD molecules, 1 molybdenum atom, 12 atoms of iron, and 14 eq of labile sulfide/molecule. The absorption spectrum of the enzyme shows maxima between 400 and 500 nm typical of a non-heme iron-containing flavoprotein.", "contents": "Regulation, purification, and properties of xanthine dehydrogenase in Neurospora crassa. Xanthine dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.37) is the first enzyme in the degradative pathway by which fungi convert purines to ammonia. In vivo, the activity is induced 6-fold by growth in uric acid. Hypoxanthine, xanthine, adenine, or guanine also induce enzyme activity but to a lesser degree. Immunoelectrophoresis using monospecific antibodies prepared against Neurospora crassa xanthine dehydrogenase shows that the induced increase in enzyme activity results from increased numbers of xanthine dehydrogenase molecules, presumably arising from de novo enzyme synthesis. Xanthine dehydrogenase has been purified to homogeneity by conventional methods followed by immunoabsorption to monospecific antibodies coupled to Sepharose 6B. Electrophoresis of purified xanthine dehydrogenase reveals a single protein band which also exhibits enzyme activity. The average specific activity of purified enzyme is 140 nmol of isoxanthopterine produced/min/mg. Xanthine dehydrogenase activity is substrate-inhibited by xanthine (0.14 mM), hypoxanthine (0.3 mM), and pterine (10 micron), is only slightly affected by metal binding agents such as KCN (6 mM), but is strongly inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents such as p-hydroxymercuribenzoate (2 micron). The molecular weight of xanthine dehydrogenase is 357,000 as calculated from a sedimentation coefficient of 11.8 S and a Stokes radius of 6.37 nm. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of the enzyme reveals a single protein band having a molecular weight of 155,000. So the xanthine dehydrogenase protein appears to be a dimer. In contrast to xanthine dehydrogenases from animal sources which typically possess as prosthetic groups 2 FAD molecules, 2 molybdenum atoms, 8 atoms of iron, and 8 acid-labile sulfides, the Neurospora enzyme contains 2 FAD molecules, 1 molybdenum atom, 12 atoms of iron, and 14 eq of labile sulfide/molecule. The absorption spectrum of the enzyme shows maxima between 400 and 500 nm typical of a non-heme iron-containing flavoprotein."}
{"id": "PMID:147276", "title": "Neurocranial reconstruction using an elastomer-coated cloth mesh and bone grafting.", "content": "The purpose of this report is to present out 5-year experience in reconstructing large bony defects in the cranial vault of 16 patients. The method employs an alloplastic implant device made of elastomer-coated cloth mesh, used in conjunction with bone grafting [D. L. Leake and M. Habal, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 10, 555 (1976)]. The cranial defects ranged in size from 6 X 6 cm to 15 X 17 cm. The defects were in the frontal, temporoparietal, and occipital regions. Particularly challenging was the frontal-orbital region involving the superciliary ridges. The alloplastic implant provides controlled contour of the bone graft material while providing strength and stability during healing. The implant has adequate but not complete ridigity, allowing adaptability inthe operating room. The elastomer used is a polyetherurethane. Any biocompatible cloth mesh can be used, but Dacron [poly(ethylene terephthalate)] was chosen because of its extensive implant history. Contrasted with reconstruction using only bone, where as many as half of the cases had uneveness and were found to be anesthetically unsatisfactory, the technique described here has resulted in aesthetically excellent results and an intact neurocranium in the 16 patients studied thus far.", "contents": "Neurocranial reconstruction using an elastomer-coated cloth mesh and bone grafting. The purpose of this report is to present out 5-year experience in reconstructing large bony defects in the cranial vault of 16 patients. The method employs an alloplastic implant device made of elastomer-coated cloth mesh, used in conjunction with bone grafting [D. L. Leake and M. Habal, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 10, 555 (1976)]. The cranial defects ranged in size from 6 X 6 cm to 15 X 17 cm. The defects were in the frontal, temporoparietal, and occipital regions. Particularly challenging was the frontal-orbital region involving the superciliary ridges. The alloplastic implant provides controlled contour of the bone graft material while providing strength and stability during healing. The implant has adequate but not complete ridigity, allowing adaptability inthe operating room. The elastomer used is a polyetherurethane. Any biocompatible cloth mesh can be used, but Dacron [poly(ethylene terephthalate)] was chosen because of its extensive implant history. Contrasted with reconstruction using only bone, where as many as half of the cases had uneveness and were found to be anesthetically unsatisfactory, the technique described here has resulted in aesthetically excellent results and an intact neurocranium in the 16 patients studied thus far."}
{"id": "PMID:147295", "title": "Splenic suppressor cells and cell-mediated cytotoxicity in murine schistosomiasis.", "content": "An impairment of the capacity to generate alloantigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was observed in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) established with spleen cells from mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. This impairment, which was observed as early as the eighth week of infection, could be abrogated by the fractionation of spleen cell suspensions by the carbonyl iron/magnet method prior to the establishment of MLC. Cocultivation of normal spleen cells with increasing numbers of splenocytes from S. mansoni-infected syngeneic mice resulted in a dosage-dependent suppression of CTL generation. This \"infectious suppression\" was not sensitive to antiserum against mouse thymic lymphocyte antigen (MTLA). The present studies suggest the role of a macrophage rather than a T cell as the suppressor cell in this model of cell-mediated immunity in schistosome-infected mice.", "contents": "Splenic suppressor cells and cell-mediated cytotoxicity in murine schistosomiasis. An impairment of the capacity to generate alloantigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was observed in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) established with spleen cells from mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni. This impairment, which was observed as early as the eighth week of infection, could be abrogated by the fractionation of spleen cell suspensions by the carbonyl iron/magnet method prior to the establishment of MLC. Cocultivation of normal spleen cells with increasing numbers of splenocytes from S. mansoni-infected syngeneic mice resulted in a dosage-dependent suppression of CTL generation. This \"infectious suppression\" was not sensitive to antiserum against mouse thymic lymphocyte antigen (MTLA). The present studies suggest the role of a macrophage rather than a T cell as the suppressor cell in this model of cell-mediated immunity in schistosome-infected mice."}
{"id": "PMID:147296", "title": "Activation of human B lymphocytes. V. Kinetics and mechanisms of suppression of plaque-forming cell responses by concanavalin A-generated suppressor cells.", "content": "The kinetics and mechanisms of suppression of the PWM-induced PFC response of human PB lymphocytes by Con A-activated suppressor cells were investigated. It was necessary that Con A suppressor cells be present early in the process of activation of human B cells toward antibody syntheses, but maximal suppression of the PFC response occurred later in the culture period. In addition, Con A-activated cells, although suppressing the PFC response to PWM greater that 90% of control, did not significantly suppress the blastogenic response to PWM after 3 or 5 days in culture. On the contrary, after 3 days in culture, background tritiated thymidine incorporation as well as tritiated thymidine incorporation to PWM stimulation was increased when Con A suppressor cells are added to fresh autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. This increased blastogenic response after three days most likely represented an autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) or Con A suppressor cells against fresh autologous non-T cells. The induction of autoreactive cells may be one of several modes of suppression of PFC responses by Con A activated suppressor cells.", "contents": "Activation of human B lymphocytes. V. Kinetics and mechanisms of suppression of plaque-forming cell responses by concanavalin A-generated suppressor cells. The kinetics and mechanisms of suppression of the PWM-induced PFC response of human PB lymphocytes by Con A-activated suppressor cells were investigated. It was necessary that Con A suppressor cells be present early in the process of activation of human B cells toward antibody syntheses, but maximal suppression of the PFC response occurred later in the culture period. In addition, Con A-activated cells, although suppressing the PFC response to PWM greater that 90% of control, did not significantly suppress the blastogenic response to PWM after 3 or 5 days in culture. On the contrary, after 3 days in culture, background tritiated thymidine incorporation as well as tritiated thymidine incorporation to PWM stimulation was increased when Con A suppressor cells are added to fresh autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. This increased blastogenic response after three days most likely represented an autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) or Con A suppressor cells against fresh autologous non-T cells. The induction of autoreactive cells may be one of several modes of suppression of PFC responses by Con A activated suppressor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:147281", "title": "[Physiopathogenesis of idiopathic hairy virilism. II. Sources and mechanisms of the increase of production of androgens in idiopathic hairy virilism].", "content": "The rise in the secretion of androgens appears in many cases (50 per cent of cases) of primary idiopathic hairy virilism to be mixed or exclusively ovarian which in turn excludes the adrenal (less than 10 per cent of cases) in the production of androstenedione and testosterone. The part that the adrenals play in hyperandrogenization seems to be the result of enzymic partial blocks which are more or less compensated for. Thus about half of cases of idiopathic hairy virilism are of mixed origin, although the role of the ovary is by and large predominant for testosterone, whether the ovaries are or are not macroscopically polycystic. Both overproduction of androgens and/or overproduction of oestrogens by the ovaries can be responsible for overfunctioning of the adrenals in an androgenic manner because of enzymic dysfunction. In some cases the reverse can be demonstrated but then the functional pathology is more obscure.", "contents": "[Physiopathogenesis of idiopathic hairy virilism. II. Sources and mechanisms of the increase of production of androgens in idiopathic hairy virilism]. The rise in the secretion of androgens appears in many cases (50 per cent of cases) of primary idiopathic hairy virilism to be mixed or exclusively ovarian which in turn excludes the adrenal (less than 10 per cent of cases) in the production of androstenedione and testosterone. The part that the adrenals play in hyperandrogenization seems to be the result of enzymic partial blocks which are more or less compensated for. Thus about half of cases of idiopathic hairy virilism are of mixed origin, although the role of the ovary is by and large predominant for testosterone, whether the ovaries are or are not macroscopically polycystic. Both overproduction of androgens and/or overproduction of oestrogens by the ovaries can be responsible for overfunctioning of the adrenals in an androgenic manner because of enzymic dysfunction. In some cases the reverse can be demonstrated but then the functional pathology is more obscure."}
{"id": "PMID:147298", "title": "Interpretation of 51Cr-release data: a kinetic analysis.", "content": "An analysis of 51Cr-release data from cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays, plotted in the form of effector cell dilution curves, is analyzed in detail in terms of a saturation kinetics model for effector-target interaction. The effect of nonimmune (bystander) cells in the effector population is particularly examined. The theoretical development of the saturation model predicts that, at low concentrations of target cells, increasing proportions of bystander cells should broaden the range of effector cell concentration required to achieve a given increment of target cell lysis, but that at high target cell concentration this effect should disappear. Experimental validation of this prediction is presented.", "contents": "Interpretation of 51Cr-release data: a kinetic analysis. An analysis of 51Cr-release data from cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays, plotted in the form of effector cell dilution curves, is analyzed in detail in terms of a saturation kinetics model for effector-target interaction. The effect of nonimmune (bystander) cells in the effector population is particularly examined. The theoretical development of the saturation model predicts that, at low concentrations of target cells, increasing proportions of bystander cells should broaden the range of effector cell concentration required to achieve a given increment of target cell lysis, but that at high target cell concentration this effect should disappear. Experimental validation of this prediction is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:147300", "title": "Emergence of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin and correlation of resistance with bacteriophage type.", "content": "A total of 623 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were tested for sensitivity to antibiotics by the disk diffusion method and were bacteriophage typed. The emergence of isolates resistant to gentamicin was noted. Eighteen percent of the isolates from patients on surgical services were resistant to gentamicin; 83% of these resistant strains were phage type 95. Five percent of the isolates from patients on services other than surgical were resistant to gentamicin, and 61% of these gentamicin-resistant strains were phage type 94, 96. Physicians are urged to be aware of the possible emergence of such strains with epidemic potential.", "contents": "Emergence of clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus resistant to gentamicin and correlation of resistance with bacteriophage type. A total of 623 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were tested for sensitivity to antibiotics by the disk diffusion method and were bacteriophage typed. The emergence of isolates resistant to gentamicin was noted. Eighteen percent of the isolates from patients on surgical services were resistant to gentamicin; 83% of these resistant strains were phage type 95. Five percent of the isolates from patients on services other than surgical were resistant to gentamicin, and 61% of these gentamicin-resistant strains were phage type 94, 96. Physicians are urged to be aware of the possible emergence of such strains with epidemic potential."}
{"id": "PMID:147301", "title": "Transplantation tolerance in adult rats using total lymphoid irradiation: permanent survival of skin, heart, and marrow allografts.", "content": "Lewis rats given total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) accepted bone marrow allografts from AgB-incompatible donors. The chimeras showed no clinical signs of graft-versus-host disease. Skin allografts from the marrow donor strain survived for more than 150 days on the chimeras. However, third-party skin grafts were rejected promptly. Although heart allografts survived more than 300 days in Lewis recipients given TLI and bone marrow allografts, detectable levels of chimerism were not required for permanent survival.", "contents": "Transplantation tolerance in adult rats using total lymphoid irradiation: permanent survival of skin, heart, and marrow allografts. Lewis rats given total lymphoid irradiation (TLI) accepted bone marrow allografts from AgB-incompatible donors. The chimeras showed no clinical signs of graft-versus-host disease. Skin allografts from the marrow donor strain survived for more than 150 days on the chimeras. However, third-party skin grafts were rejected promptly. Although heart allografts survived more than 300 days in Lewis recipients given TLI and bone marrow allografts, detectable levels of chimerism were not required for permanent survival."}
{"id": "PMID:147322", "title": "Human muscle afferent responses to tendon taps. I. Characteristics of the waveform recorded with transcutaneous electrodes.", "content": "Responses of muscle afferent nerve fibres to tendon taps of digital muscles in the human can be recorded with surface electrodes attached to the skin over the nerve at the wrist. Using an effectively monopolar recording method, a considerable improvement in signal amplitude is achieved with simultaneous reduction in mechanical artefacts using differential amplification techniques. The characteristics of the afferent waveform (latency and duration) are discussed in relation to the applied stimulus. The contribution to the afferent response from receptors other than in the muscle have been shown to be minimal. Afferent fibres from primary muscle spindle endings are thought to be the major contributors to the afferent waveforms recorded by this technique.", "contents": "Human muscle afferent responses to tendon taps. I. Characteristics of the waveform recorded with transcutaneous electrodes. Responses of muscle afferent nerve fibres to tendon taps of digital muscles in the human can be recorded with surface electrodes attached to the skin over the nerve at the wrist. Using an effectively monopolar recording method, a considerable improvement in signal amplitude is achieved with simultaneous reduction in mechanical artefacts using differential amplification techniques. The characteristics of the afferent waveform (latency and duration) are discussed in relation to the applied stimulus. The contribution to the afferent response from receptors other than in the muscle have been shown to be minimal. Afferent fibres from primary muscle spindle endings are thought to be the major contributors to the afferent waveforms recorded by this technique."}
{"id": "PMID:147323", "title": "Human muscle afferent responses to tendon taps. 2. Effects of variations in fusimotor bias.", "content": "The effect of varying the fusimotor bias on the muscle spindle responses to light tendon taps has been studied in normal human volunteers using surface electrodes at the wrist for recording whole nerve activity. Reinforcement manoeuvres were found to increase the sensitivity of the afferent responses to the mechanical stimulus. Such sensitisation was found to be exhibited more commonly as a decrease in the latency of the peak of the afferent waveform than as an increase in amplitude. Increase in amplitude of the response was seen in cases where the subject was well relaxed and the test muscle quiescent. A change in furimotor drive was also achieved by asking the subjects to close their eyes voluntarily during the test, thus depriving themselves of the visual feedback. The results under these conditions were found to be variable, though showing considerable changes from control recordings. The effect of reinforcement manoeuvres may perhaps result in increasing the dynamic fusimotor drive. Such an effect may be simulated on occluding the blood supply to the test muscle since ischaemia produces an immediate rise in the rate of afferent discharge. The method of recording is suggested as a convenient technique for clinical use.", "contents": "Human muscle afferent responses to tendon taps. 2. Effects of variations in fusimotor bias. The effect of varying the fusimotor bias on the muscle spindle responses to light tendon taps has been studied in normal human volunteers using surface electrodes at the wrist for recording whole nerve activity. Reinforcement manoeuvres were found to increase the sensitivity of the afferent responses to the mechanical stimulus. Such sensitisation was found to be exhibited more commonly as a decrease in the latency of the peak of the afferent waveform than as an increase in amplitude. Increase in amplitude of the response was seen in cases where the subject was well relaxed and the test muscle quiescent. A change in furimotor drive was also achieved by asking the subjects to close their eyes voluntarily during the test, thus depriving themselves of the visual feedback. The results under these conditions were found to be variable, though showing considerable changes from control recordings. The effect of reinforcement manoeuvres may perhaps result in increasing the dynamic fusimotor drive. Such an effect may be simulated on occluding the blood supply to the test muscle since ischaemia produces an immediate rise in the rate of afferent discharge. The method of recording is suggested as a convenient technique for clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:147327", "title": "Gastroschisis: no myth.", "content": "The question has been raised whether omphalocele and gastroschisis are fundamentally different pathologic entities, or whether they are only different manifestations of the same underlying cause. After studying the family history of 37 patients with omphalocele and 14 patients with gastroschisis, it seems probable that hereditary factors contribute to the origin of omphaloceles. Such factors were not shown in patients with gastroschisis. Therefore genetic evaluation and counseling is advocated for the parents of a child with omphalocele.", "contents": "Gastroschisis: no myth. The question has been raised whether omphalocele and gastroschisis are fundamentally different pathologic entities, or whether they are only different manifestations of the same underlying cause. After studying the family history of 37 patients with omphalocele and 14 patients with gastroschisis, it seems probable that hereditary factors contribute to the origin of omphaloceles. Such factors were not shown in patients with gastroschisis. Therefore genetic evaluation and counseling is advocated for the parents of a child with omphalocele."}
{"id": "PMID:147324", "title": "Ultrastructural localization of immune complexes (IgG and C3) at the end-plate in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Rats immunized with purified torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) plus adjuvants developed chronic experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) after day 28. Forelimb muscles from EAMG rats 29 to 103 days after immunization and from control animals were used for the ultrastructural localization of IgG and C3. IgG was demonstrated with rabbit anti-rat IgG followed by treatment with peroxidase-labeled staphylococcal protein A; and C3 with peroxidase-labeled rabbit anti-rat C3, or with unlabeled rabbit anti-rat C3 followed by peroxidase-labeled protein A. In EAMG rats both IgG and C3 were localized on the terminal expansions of the junctional folds, where AChR is known to be located, and on detached, degenerated parts of the folds in the synaptic space. Background staining was negligible. The findings provide unambiguous evidence for a destructive autoimmune reaction involving the postsynaptic membrane in EAMG, implicate the complement system in this reaction and show that detachment of the tips of the junctional folds is one way by which immune complexes, and AChR, are eliminated from the postsynaptic membrane. The immuno-electron microscopic findings in chronic EAMG closely resemble those described in human myasthenia gravis.", "contents": "Ultrastructural localization of immune complexes (IgG and C3) at the end-plate in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Rats immunized with purified torpedo acetylcholine receptor (AChR) plus adjuvants developed chronic experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) after day 28. Forelimb muscles from EAMG rats 29 to 103 days after immunization and from control animals were used for the ultrastructural localization of IgG and C3. IgG was demonstrated with rabbit anti-rat IgG followed by treatment with peroxidase-labeled staphylococcal protein A; and C3 with peroxidase-labeled rabbit anti-rat C3, or with unlabeled rabbit anti-rat C3 followed by peroxidase-labeled protein A. In EAMG rats both IgG and C3 were localized on the terminal expansions of the junctional folds, where AChR is known to be located, and on detached, degenerated parts of the folds in the synaptic space. Background staining was negligible. The findings provide unambiguous evidence for a destructive autoimmune reaction involving the postsynaptic membrane in EAMG, implicate the complement system in this reaction and show that detachment of the tips of the junctional folds is one way by which immune complexes, and AChR, are eliminated from the postsynaptic membrane. The immuno-electron microscopic findings in chronic EAMG closely resemble those described in human myasthenia gravis."}
{"id": "PMID:147336", "title": "Personality organization as an aspect of back pain in a medical setting.", "content": "The MMPI profiles of 74 low back pain patients who had previously been classified as \"functional,\"\"organic,\" or \"mixed\" were sorted into six profile groups. The six profile groups were those used by Pichot, Perse, Lekous, Dureau, Perez, and Rychewaert (1972); denial, \"conversion V\" without defensiveness, \"conversion V\" with defensiveness, depressed/anxious, psychotic and normal. Results indicate that all six profile types are well represented in the low back pain group. Evidence is also presented which shows that each of the pathological MMPI profile types examined across \"functional,\" \"organic,\" and \"mixed\" classification is significantly more elevated than a normal profile group on two scales (Lb, DOR) designed to measure functional aspects of pain. Pathological MMPI profile groups did not differ significantly from each other on the \"functional\" pain scales. The data presented in this study point to the relationship of various forms of psychopathology with \"functional pain.\" The findings of this study would not support a homogeneous \"pain personality\" for low back pain patients. However, combined \"conversion V\" profiles accounted for 58% of the \"functional\" group, 45% of the \"mixed\" group and 35% of the \"organic\" group.", "contents": "Personality organization as an aspect of back pain in a medical setting. The MMPI profiles of 74 low back pain patients who had previously been classified as \"functional,\"\"organic,\" or \"mixed\" were sorted into six profile groups. The six profile groups were those used by Pichot, Perse, Lekous, Dureau, Perez, and Rychewaert (1972); denial, \"conversion V\" without defensiveness, \"conversion V\" with defensiveness, depressed/anxious, psychotic and normal. Results indicate that all six profile types are well represented in the low back pain group. Evidence is also presented which shows that each of the pathological MMPI profile types examined across \"functional,\" \"organic,\" and \"mixed\" classification is significantly more elevated than a normal profile group on two scales (Lb, DOR) designed to measure functional aspects of pain. Pathological MMPI profile groups did not differ significantly from each other on the \"functional\" pain scales. The data presented in this study point to the relationship of various forms of psychopathology with \"functional pain.\" The findings of this study would not support a homogeneous \"pain personality\" for low back pain patients. However, combined \"conversion V\" profiles accounted for 58% of the \"functional\" group, 45% of the \"mixed\" group and 35% of the \"organic\" group."}
{"id": "PMID:147337", "title": "Effects of carbamazepine on muscle spindle discharges.", "content": "Spinal and alpha-chloralose anesthetized cats were prepared for single unit recording from fibers originating in deefferented spindles of the triceps surae muscles. Carbamazepine (CBZ), 200 and 300 mg/kg, suspended in 1% methylcellulose in saline was administered i.p. and plasma concentrations were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Stretch induced by a 500 g weight drop was used to evaluate spontaneous, static stretch, and poststretch spindle activity, while stretch induced by stimulation of the antagonist muscle group was used to evaluate a phasic stretch response. Preparations were monitored from 15 minutes before to 90 minutes after drug administration. CBZ produced a concentration-dependent depression of most aspects of spindle activity at concentrations ranging from approximately 9 to 45 microgram/ml. Activity during the poststretch period exhibited the greatest sensitivity to CBZ depression, spontaneous and static stretch activity exhibited intermediate sensitivity and phasic responses were relatively insensitive. No difference between Ia and II sensory endings were observed. Spindle depression was evident at concentrations which had no effect on axonal conduction velocity. The possible influence of this peripheral activity of CBZ is discussed with regard to neurotoxicity and use in the treatment of various neuropathological states.", "contents": "Effects of carbamazepine on muscle spindle discharges. Spinal and alpha-chloralose anesthetized cats were prepared for single unit recording from fibers originating in deefferented spindles of the triceps surae muscles. Carbamazepine (CBZ), 200 and 300 mg/kg, suspended in 1% methylcellulose in saline was administered i.p. and plasma concentrations were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Stretch induced by a 500 g weight drop was used to evaluate spontaneous, static stretch, and poststretch spindle activity, while stretch induced by stimulation of the antagonist muscle group was used to evaluate a phasic stretch response. Preparations were monitored from 15 minutes before to 90 minutes after drug administration. CBZ produced a concentration-dependent depression of most aspects of spindle activity at concentrations ranging from approximately 9 to 45 microgram/ml. Activity during the poststretch period exhibited the greatest sensitivity to CBZ depression, spontaneous and static stretch activity exhibited intermediate sensitivity and phasic responses were relatively insensitive. No difference between Ia and II sensory endings were observed. Spindle depression was evident at concentrations which had no effect on axonal conduction velocity. The possible influence of this peripheral activity of CBZ is discussed with regard to neurotoxicity and use in the treatment of various neuropathological states."}
{"id": "PMID:147338", "title": "Renal tubular transport of saccharin.", "content": "These experiments were designed to examine the mechanisms involved in the renal excretion of the non-nutritive sweetener, saccharin. Renal transport of saccharin in female rats was quantitatively evaluated using renal cortical slices in vitro and renal clearances in vivo. Renal cortical slices actively accumulated saccharin. Accumulation was oxygen dependent, saturable and reduced in the presence of metabolic inhibitors (2,4-dinitrophenol and sodium azide) and other organic anions 1p-aminohippurate (PAH) and probenecid]. Furthermore, addition of acetate or lactate to the medium stimulated saccharin uptake whereas reducing potassium concentration in the medium significantly decreased saccharin accumulation. Addition of saccharin to medium containing PAH and N-methylnicotinamide produced a dose-related depression of PAH accumulation. Although N-methylnicotinamide accumulation also was reduced, the depression was not dose-related. The saccharin/inulin clearance ratio of 3.76 indicates that saccharin, like PAH, undergoes tubular secretion. These findings suggest that the primary route of renal elimination of saccharin is active tubular secretion. It is also suggested that saccharin and PAH may share a common transport system.", "contents": "Renal tubular transport of saccharin. These experiments were designed to examine the mechanisms involved in the renal excretion of the non-nutritive sweetener, saccharin. Renal transport of saccharin in female rats was quantitatively evaluated using renal cortical slices in vitro and renal clearances in vivo. Renal cortical slices actively accumulated saccharin. Accumulation was oxygen dependent, saturable and reduced in the presence of metabolic inhibitors (2,4-dinitrophenol and sodium azide) and other organic anions 1p-aminohippurate (PAH) and probenecid]. Furthermore, addition of acetate or lactate to the medium stimulated saccharin uptake whereas reducing potassium concentration in the medium significantly decreased saccharin accumulation. Addition of saccharin to medium containing PAH and N-methylnicotinamide produced a dose-related depression of PAH accumulation. Although N-methylnicotinamide accumulation also was reduced, the depression was not dose-related. The saccharin/inulin clearance ratio of 3.76 indicates that saccharin, like PAH, undergoes tubular secretion. These findings suggest that the primary route of renal elimination of saccharin is active tubular secretion. It is also suggested that saccharin and PAH may share a common transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:147339", "title": "Identification of intrafusal muscle fibres activated by single fusimotor axons and injected with fluorescent dye in cat tenuissimus spindles.", "content": "1. Intrafusal muscle fibres of cat tenuissimus spindles have been injected with the fluorescent dye Procion Yellow and identified histologically after recording their changes in membrane potential during 1/sec stimulation of single static or dynamic gamma axons. 2. Thirteen intrafusal muscle fibres innervated by static gamma axons were identified as eight bag2 and five chain fibres. The fact that none proved to be a bag1 fibre is not regarded as significant, for reasons given in the Discussion. 3. In one spindle Procion Yellow was injected into two intrafusal muscle fibres activated by the same static gamma axon; they were identified as a bag2 and a chain fibre. 4. Nine intrafusal muscle fibres innervated by dynamic gamma axons were identified as seven bag1 fibres, one bag2 fibre, and one long chain fibre. 5. In one spindle two bag fibres were injected, one activated by a dynamic gamma axon, the other by a static gamma axon; the former proved to be a bag1 fibre, the latter a bag2 fibre. 6. Stimulation of static gamma axons elicited junctional potentials in seven bag2 fibres and one damaged chain fibre, and action potentials in one bag2 and four chain fibres. In the whole sample of impaled intrafusal muscle fibres (identified and unidentified) activated by static axons, junctional potentials were recorded from twenty-three (62.2%), and action potentials from fourteen (37.8%). Stimulation of dynamic gamma axons always elicited junctional potentials. 7. In a number of instances it was possible to examine the ultrastructure of motor endings belonging to the stimulated gamma axon. The myoneural junctions of trail endings supplied by static gamma axons to bag2 and chain fibres were both smooth and folded; the deepest and most regular folding occurred on chain fibres. The terminals of p2 plates supplied to bag1 fibres by dynamic gamma axons had smooth myoneural junctions.", "contents": "Identification of intrafusal muscle fibres activated by single fusimotor axons and injected with fluorescent dye in cat tenuissimus spindles. 1. Intrafusal muscle fibres of cat tenuissimus spindles have been injected with the fluorescent dye Procion Yellow and identified histologically after recording their changes in membrane potential during 1/sec stimulation of single static or dynamic gamma axons. 2. Thirteen intrafusal muscle fibres innervated by static gamma axons were identified as eight bag2 and five chain fibres. The fact that none proved to be a bag1 fibre is not regarded as significant, for reasons given in the Discussion. 3. In one spindle Procion Yellow was injected into two intrafusal muscle fibres activated by the same static gamma axon; they were identified as a bag2 and a chain fibre. 4. Nine intrafusal muscle fibres innervated by dynamic gamma axons were identified as seven bag1 fibres, one bag2 fibre, and one long chain fibre. 5. In one spindle two bag fibres were injected, one activated by a dynamic gamma axon, the other by a static gamma axon; the former proved to be a bag1 fibre, the latter a bag2 fibre. 6. Stimulation of static gamma axons elicited junctional potentials in seven bag2 fibres and one damaged chain fibre, and action potentials in one bag2 and four chain fibres. In the whole sample of impaled intrafusal muscle fibres (identified and unidentified) activated by static axons, junctional potentials were recorded from twenty-three (62.2%), and action potentials from fourteen (37.8%). Stimulation of dynamic gamma axons always elicited junctional potentials. 7. In a number of instances it was possible to examine the ultrastructure of motor endings belonging to the stimulated gamma axon. The myoneural junctions of trail endings supplied by static gamma axons to bag2 and chain fibres were both smooth and folded; the deepest and most regular folding occurred on chain fibres. The terminals of p2 plates supplied to bag1 fibres by dynamic gamma axons had smooth myoneural junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:147344", "title": "Validation and aplication of an interval factor in estimating age at onset of Huntington's disease.", "content": "The time interval between the first appearance of signs in the transmitting parent and the birth of the subsequently affected child has been shown by Brackenridge and Telscher (1975) to influence the age at onset of Huntington's disease. The cirticism by Burke (1976) that the interval factor offers no predictive advantage over parental onset age is refuted. The advantage of small sibship sizes in familial correlation studies is noted and an equation to estimate onset age is derived to control for ascertainment bias. The interval factor is shown to surpass parental onset age as a determinant of offspring onset age. When applied to Queensland material, reasonable agreement is obtained between predicted and reported onset ages. Evidence for the desirability for parents at risk who intend to have families to plan them early is discussed.", "contents": "Validation and aplication of an interval factor in estimating age at onset of Huntington's disease. The time interval between the first appearance of signs in the transmitting parent and the birth of the subsequently affected child has been shown by Brackenridge and Telscher (1975) to influence the age at onset of Huntington's disease. The cirticism by Burke (1976) that the interval factor offers no predictive advantage over parental onset age is refuted. The advantage of small sibship sizes in familial correlation studies is noted and an equation to estimate onset age is derived to control for ascertainment bias. The interval factor is shown to surpass parental onset age as a determinant of offspring onset age. When applied to Queensland material, reasonable agreement is obtained between predicted and reported onset ages. Evidence for the desirability for parents at risk who intend to have families to plan them early is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:147345", "title": "Down syndrome and recent demographic trends in Manitoba.", "content": "Two hundred and thirty-three children born in Manitoba with Down syndrome between 1965 and 1974 were ascertained and the maternal ages obtained. Mean maternal age was found to have declined in this period both for all livebirths and to a greater extent for Down syndrome children. Though the proportion of mothers of Down syndrome infants with a maternal age of less than 35 years remained the same, the proportion of mothers aged 35 to 39 years increased and the age specific incidence of Down syndrome became significantly greater for women in this age group. Reduction in the proportion of Down syndrome births to women over 40 years and the increased incidence of Down syndrome in children of women aged 35 to 39 years has important consequences for the planning of amniocentesis programmes.", "contents": "Down syndrome and recent demographic trends in Manitoba. Two hundred and thirty-three children born in Manitoba with Down syndrome between 1965 and 1974 were ascertained and the maternal ages obtained. Mean maternal age was found to have declined in this period both for all livebirths and to a greater extent for Down syndrome children. Though the proportion of mothers of Down syndrome infants with a maternal age of less than 35 years remained the same, the proportion of mothers aged 35 to 39 years increased and the age specific incidence of Down syndrome became significantly greater for women in this age group. Reduction in the proportion of Down syndrome births to women over 40 years and the increased incidence of Down syndrome in children of women aged 35 to 39 years has important consequences for the planning of amniocentesis programmes."}
{"id": "PMID:147348", "title": "Comparison of the stimulating capacity of human leukemia T-cell, null cell, and B-cell lines in mixed lymphoma culture.", "content": "One-way mixed lymphocyte reactions between lymphocytes from normal human donors and mitomycin C-treated cells from human leukemia T-cell, null cell, and B-cell lines were investigated. An Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative Japanese Burkitt's lymphoma line and two EBV-positive normal lymphoid cell lines were studied in parallei. Normal lymphocytes were stimulated significantly by the cultured null cells and B-cells, but only slightly by the cultured T-cells. The stimulatory capacity of these two leukemia cell lines was approximately equal to that of the lymphoma and normal B-cell lines. The results suggest that not only leukemia B-cells but also leukemia null cells have stimulatory determinants in mixed lymphocyte culture.", "contents": "Comparison of the stimulating capacity of human leukemia T-cell, null cell, and B-cell lines in mixed lymphoma culture. One-way mixed lymphocyte reactions between lymphocytes from normal human donors and mitomycin C-treated cells from human leukemia T-cell, null cell, and B-cell lines were investigated. An Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-negative Japanese Burkitt's lymphoma line and two EBV-positive normal lymphoid cell lines were studied in parallei. Normal lymphocytes were stimulated significantly by the cultured null cells and B-cells, but only slightly by the cultured T-cells. The stimulatory capacity of these two leukemia cell lines was approximately equal to that of the lymphoma and normal B-cell lines. The results suggest that not only leukemia B-cells but also leukemia null cells have stimulatory determinants in mixed lymphocyte culture."}
{"id": "PMID:147349", "title": "Inhibitory characteristics of lead chloride in sodium- and potassium- dependent adenosinetriphosphatase preparations derived from kidney, brain, and heart of several species.", "content": "Inhibition of adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) by lead chloride (PbCl2) was studied in microsomal fractions or tissue homogenates of kidney, brain, and heart of several species, including humans. The concentration of PbCl2 causing 50% inhibition (I50) of Na+ + K+ ATPase activity varied from 8 X 10(-6) to 8 X 10(-5) M, depending on the species and organ of origin of the enzyme. The enzyme preparations derived from various parts of the kidney showed no differential sensitivity to PbCl2. These differences in sensitivity to lead were not related to specific activity of the enzyme or to the protein content of the preparations studied. Mg2+ ATPase, which contaminated the enzyme preparations to a variable degree, was 10--100 times more resistant to PbCl2 than was Na+ + K+-activated ATPase. The following more detailed studies were performed on the dog brain and/or kidney enzyme. The inhibition of microsomal Na+ + K+ ATPase was characterized by reversible kinetics. The inhibitory effect was antagonized by Na+, increased by Mg2+, and not altered by K+. ATP alone, or together with Mg2+, antagonized the inhibition. Disodium edetate prevented or reversed the inhibition. These inhibitory characteristics suggest that Pb2+ inhibits Na+ + K+ ATPase at the Na+-dependent phosphorylation site, and that ATP chelates Pb2+ in competition with Mg2+. Combining Pb2+ with ATP may not only result in a reduction of ATPase activity but also cause a relative ATP deficiency if lead is present in sufficiently high concentration.", "contents": "Inhibitory characteristics of lead chloride in sodium- and potassium- dependent adenosinetriphosphatase preparations derived from kidney, brain, and heart of several species. Inhibition of adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) by lead chloride (PbCl2) was studied in microsomal fractions or tissue homogenates of kidney, brain, and heart of several species, including humans. The concentration of PbCl2 causing 50% inhibition (I50) of Na+ + K+ ATPase activity varied from 8 X 10(-6) to 8 X 10(-5) M, depending on the species and organ of origin of the enzyme. The enzyme preparations derived from various parts of the kidney showed no differential sensitivity to PbCl2. These differences in sensitivity to lead were not related to specific activity of the enzyme or to the protein content of the preparations studied. Mg2+ ATPase, which contaminated the enzyme preparations to a variable degree, was 10--100 times more resistant to PbCl2 than was Na+ + K+-activated ATPase. The following more detailed studies were performed on the dog brain and/or kidney enzyme. The inhibition of microsomal Na+ + K+ ATPase was characterized by reversible kinetics. The inhibitory effect was antagonized by Na+, increased by Mg2+, and not altered by K+. ATP alone, or together with Mg2+, antagonized the inhibition. Disodium edetate prevented or reversed the inhibition. These inhibitory characteristics suggest that Pb2+ inhibits Na+ + K+ ATPase at the Na+-dependent phosphorylation site, and that ATP chelates Pb2+ in competition with Mg2+. Combining Pb2+ with ATP may not only result in a reduction of ATPase activity but also cause a relative ATP deficiency if lead is present in sufficiently high concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:147350", "title": "Micturition urodynamic flow studies in children.", "content": "Voiding abnormalities are encountered frequently in pediatric patients. Symptoms of daytime incontinence, frequency and nocturnal enuresis in any combination may indicate underlying neurophysiologic detrusor imbalance. Incomplete evaluation of these symptoms can result in inappropriate medical therapy or even ineffective operations. Within the preceding 7 months 34 children with hard-core voiding abnormalities were evaluated with urodynamic techniques. Several categories of abnormal voiding patterns were identified, including the hyperactive external sphincter, uninhibited pediatric neurogenic bladder, detrusor hyperreflexia secondary to chronic cystitis, hyperactive external sphincter with hypotonic bladder and the hyperactive external sphincter with detrusor irritability. All patients received specific pharmacotherapy based on presenting signs and symptoms, and voiding pattern abnormality. Of the 24 patients who have been treated in this manner and were evaluated 83.5% have had complete remission of symptoms while on therapy, the remainder being improved but still having occasional symptoms. The technique and data demonstrate that children with hard-core voiding abnormalities can achieve rehabilitation with urodynamic assessment.", "contents": "Micturition urodynamic flow studies in children. Voiding abnormalities are encountered frequently in pediatric patients. Symptoms of daytime incontinence, frequency and nocturnal enuresis in any combination may indicate underlying neurophysiologic detrusor imbalance. Incomplete evaluation of these symptoms can result in inappropriate medical therapy or even ineffective operations. Within the preceding 7 months 34 children with hard-core voiding abnormalities were evaluated with urodynamic techniques. Several categories of abnormal voiding patterns were identified, including the hyperactive external sphincter, uninhibited pediatric neurogenic bladder, detrusor hyperreflexia secondary to chronic cystitis, hyperactive external sphincter with hypotonic bladder and the hyperactive external sphincter with detrusor irritability. All patients received specific pharmacotherapy based on presenting signs and symptoms, and voiding pattern abnormality. Of the 24 patients who have been treated in this manner and were evaluated 83.5% have had complete remission of symptoms while on therapy, the remainder being improved but still having occasional symptoms. The technique and data demonstrate that children with hard-core voiding abnormalities can achieve rehabilitation with urodynamic assessment."}
{"id": "PMID:147351", "title": "Elaeophorosis in sika deer in Texas.", "content": "Elaeophora schneideri was found in sika deer (Cervus nippon) from several areas in Texas. The parasite produced unilateral tumorous masses on the head and/or feet. This is the first report of E. schneideri in Texas.", "contents": "Elaeophorosis in sika deer in Texas. Elaeophora schneideri was found in sika deer (Cervus nippon) from several areas in Texas. The parasite produced unilateral tumorous masses on the head and/or feet. This is the first report of E. schneideri in Texas."}
{"id": "PMID:147356", "title": "[Evaluation of the echocardiographic parameters in definite electrocardiographic types of left ventricular hypertrophy].", "content": "Echocardiography parameters (thickness of the myocardium during the diastole, the mass of the left ventricular myocardium and its diastolic size) were compared with ECG types reflecting different combinations of signs of hypertrophy of the left ventricle (isolated increase in left ventricular voltage--type B, isolated change in the end part of the ventricular complex in the corresponding leads--type C, and combination of both signs on ECG \"typical\" of left ventricular hypertrophy--type D). The study was conducted on groups of patients with hypertensive disease and aorto-mitral valvular disease. Calculation of the statistically significant difference revealed an increase in the thickness of the myocardium during the diastole and in the mass of the myocardium of the left ventricle in type B and particularly in type D ECG, and a noticeable increase in the diastolic size of the left ventricle in ECG of type C and of type D in particular. This regularity confirms the conception that in increase in left ventricular voltage hypertrophy proper of the heart muscle develops in conjunction with an increase in the mass of the left ventricular myocardium mainly due to an increase in its thickness, while with changes in the end part of the ventricular complex an increase in the diastolic size of the left ventricle is revealed. The regularity is clearly detected both in hypertensive disease and in aorto-mitral valvular disease.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the echocardiographic parameters in definite electrocardiographic types of left ventricular hypertrophy]. Echocardiography parameters (thickness of the myocardium during the diastole, the mass of the left ventricular myocardium and its diastolic size) were compared with ECG types reflecting different combinations of signs of hypertrophy of the left ventricle (isolated increase in left ventricular voltage--type B, isolated change in the end part of the ventricular complex in the corresponding leads--type C, and combination of both signs on ECG \"typical\" of left ventricular hypertrophy--type D). The study was conducted on groups of patients with hypertensive disease and aorto-mitral valvular disease. Calculation of the statistically significant difference revealed an increase in the thickness of the myocardium during the diastole and in the mass of the myocardium of the left ventricle in type B and particularly in type D ECG, and a noticeable increase in the diastolic size of the left ventricle in ECG of type C and of type D in particular. This regularity confirms the conception that in increase in left ventricular voltage hypertrophy proper of the heart muscle develops in conjunction with an increase in the mass of the left ventricular myocardium mainly due to an increase in its thickness, while with changes in the end part of the ventricular complex an increase in the diastolic size of the left ventricle is revealed. The regularity is clearly detected both in hypertensive disease and in aorto-mitral valvular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:147357", "title": "[Hemodynamics and cardiac electrical activity in ventricular myocardial hypertrophy].", "content": "Comparison of the electrocardiographic characteristics of hypertrophy of the ventricular myocardium with the hemodynamic indices of systemic and pulmonary circulation and the indices of intracardiac hemodynamics provides testimony to the significance of the hemodynamic factor in the genesis of the electrophysiological changes. With due account for the role of the morphologic factor, these data allow the essence of myocardial hypertrophy to be placed in the electrophysiologic, hemodynamic, and morphologic category.", "contents": "[Hemodynamics and cardiac electrical activity in ventricular myocardial hypertrophy]. Comparison of the electrocardiographic characteristics of hypertrophy of the ventricular myocardium with the hemodynamic indices of systemic and pulmonary circulation and the indices of intracardiac hemodynamics provides testimony to the significance of the hemodynamic factor in the genesis of the electrophysiological changes. With due account for the role of the morphologic factor, these data allow the essence of myocardial hypertrophy to be placed in the electrophysiologic, hemodynamic, and morphologic category."}
{"id": "PMID:147358", "title": "[Use of the ordinal properties of ECG wave amplitides in the diagnosis of ventricular myocardial hypertrophy].", "content": "SIgns based on the ordinal properties of the amplitudes of ECG waves, i.e. those using information on their relative values, are of high diagnostic value in the recognition of hypertrophy of the ventricular myocardium. A simple algorithm for the diagnosis of hypertrophy of the ventricular myocardium may be formulated by means of such signs, which will be close in precision to the data issued by a highly experienced specialist.", "contents": "[Use of the ordinal properties of ECG wave amplitides in the diagnosis of ventricular myocardial hypertrophy]. SIgns based on the ordinal properties of the amplitudes of ECG waves, i.e. those using information on their relative values, are of high diagnostic value in the recognition of hypertrophy of the ventricular myocardium. A simple algorithm for the diagnosis of hypertrophy of the ventricular myocardium may be formulated by means of such signs, which will be close in precision to the data issued by a highly experienced specialist."}
{"id": "PMID:147367", "title": "Dental health education for the mentally and physically handicapped.", "content": "Dental disease is one of the most common health problems of Americans. It is one of the many health problems that handicapped children have in common with their non-handicapped peers. Research indicates that handicapped children have significantly more decayed and missing teeth than non-handicapped students. Methods of improving the dental health of handicapped children were explored. These methods included teacher education, development of special instruments, development of a directory of dentists who would treat the handicapped, and the role that parents should play in the dental health program. The plight of dental health care in the handicapped will continue unabated until health educators become more active in health education for all segments of the school population.", "contents": "Dental health education for the mentally and physically handicapped. Dental disease is one of the most common health problems of Americans. It is one of the many health problems that handicapped children have in common with their non-handicapped peers. Research indicates that handicapped children have significantly more decayed and missing teeth than non-handicapped students. Methods of improving the dental health of handicapped children were explored. These methods included teacher education, development of special instruments, development of a directory of dentists who would treat the handicapped, and the role that parents should play in the dental health program. The plight of dental health care in the handicapped will continue unabated until health educators become more active in health education for all segments of the school population."}
{"id": "PMID:147368", "title": "Uses and abuses of the ITPA.", "content": "This paper describes the circumstances leading to the development of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) and discusses the malpractices in administration, scoring, and interpretation of the test. Certain relevant research endeavors are summarized and evaluated. These include (1) equivalence of the experimental and research editions, (2) outcomes and pitfalls of factor analysis, (3) the relationship of ITPA scores tothose of the WISC and Stanford-Binet, (4) ethnic differences shown on the ITPA, (5) differences among groups of atypical children, and (6) ITPA correlates of reading disabilities. A critique is presented regarding the misuse of the ITPA with subjects beyond the range of the norms and possible uses of the test in areas for which it was not originally intended. Emphasis is placed on the major use of the test as being a clinical indicator in determining differential abilities and disabilities (intraindividual differences) among cognitive, perceptual, and memory functions in young children.", "contents": "Uses and abuses of the ITPA. This paper describes the circumstances leading to the development of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) and discusses the malpractices in administration, scoring, and interpretation of the test. Certain relevant research endeavors are summarized and evaluated. These include (1) equivalence of the experimental and research editions, (2) outcomes and pitfalls of factor analysis, (3) the relationship of ITPA scores tothose of the WISC and Stanford-Binet, (4) ethnic differences shown on the ITPA, (5) differences among groups of atypical children, and (6) ITPA correlates of reading disabilities. A critique is presented regarding the misuse of the ITPA with subjects beyond the range of the norms and possible uses of the test in areas for which it was not originally intended. Emphasis is placed on the major use of the test as being a clinical indicator in determining differential abilities and disabilities (intraindividual differences) among cognitive, perceptual, and memory functions in young children."}
{"id": "PMID:147371", "title": "[Blastogenic response in vitro of lymphocyte acne vulgaris].", "content": "32 patients with different degrees of acne and 10 healthy controls were studied. On every one of them the test for lymphocytic transformation was performed looking for the range of blastogenic response, using PHA and CA. The positive findings with CA related to those obtained in normal subject would support the hypotesis that the cellular immunity as a response to CA antigens would be different in each patient according to the host local conditions.", "contents": "[Blastogenic response in vitro of lymphocyte acne vulgaris]. 32 patients with different degrees of acne and 10 healthy controls were studied. On every one of them the test for lymphocytic transformation was performed looking for the range of blastogenic response, using PHA and CA. The positive findings with CA related to those obtained in normal subject would support the hypotesis that the cellular immunity as a response to CA antigens would be different in each patient according to the host local conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:147373", "title": "[Laparoscopic findings in chronic hepatic porphyria (author's transl)].", "content": "The incidence and significance of gray patches on the hepatic surface found at laparoscopy was investigated in 50 patients with chronic hepatic porphyria. The color change was found in 38 patients; in 28 patients well defined gray dots were found. The incidence is not related to the degree of the metabolic disturbance. The gray patches contained 3-9 times more porphyrine than adjacent normally colored areas. Gray color and histological changes do coincide.", "contents": "[Laparoscopic findings in chronic hepatic porphyria (author's transl)]. The incidence and significance of gray patches on the hepatic surface found at laparoscopy was investigated in 50 patients with chronic hepatic porphyria. The color change was found in 38 patients; in 28 patients well defined gray dots were found. The incidence is not related to the degree of the metabolic disturbance. The gray patches contained 3-9 times more porphyrine than adjacent normally colored areas. Gray color and histological changes do coincide."}
{"id": "PMID:147374", "title": "[Rupture of postoperative adhesions and hemorrhage--a rare complication of peritoneoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "A case report is given of a patient, who had been operated upon because of gall stones before; the gall bladder had not been removed. At a later date peritoneoscopy was planned and gas insufflated into the abdominal cavity in the usual manner; the patient did not complain about anything particular during peritoneoscopy. However adhesions apparently having formed after the earlier operation between the spleen and the abdominal wall did rupture during this procedure leading to a continously oozing hemorrhage from the spleen. At surgery 3 1 of blood were found in the abdominal cavity and splenectomy became unavoidable. This case report is given in order to draw attention to this sort of complication of peritoneoscopy.", "contents": "[Rupture of postoperative adhesions and hemorrhage--a rare complication of peritoneoscopy (author's transl)]. A case report is given of a patient, who had been operated upon because of gall stones before; the gall bladder had not been removed. At a later date peritoneoscopy was planned and gas insufflated into the abdominal cavity in the usual manner; the patient did not complain about anything particular during peritoneoscopy. However adhesions apparently having formed after the earlier operation between the spleen and the abdominal wall did rupture during this procedure leading to a continously oozing hemorrhage from the spleen. At surgery 3 1 of blood were found in the abdominal cavity and splenectomy became unavoidable. This case report is given in order to draw attention to this sort of complication of peritoneoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:147375", "title": "[Photographic documentation of peritoneoscopic findings with the polaroid camera (author's transl)].", "content": "Photographic documentation of peritoneoscopic findings is technically well developped, relatively easy to perform, and should be used, as a routine procedure. There are different methods available. The polaroid method is the method of choice, when a paper copy with adequate technical quality is needed at once; this is especially useful for the pathologist, who may evaluate polaroid copies along with bioptic material. The surgeon as well may preoperatively get some visual information if emergency surgery is to be done. The endoscopist is responsible for the quality of the picture himself; a photo laboratory is not needed. Own results and technical procedures are demonstrated.", "contents": "[Photographic documentation of peritoneoscopic findings with the polaroid camera (author's transl)]. Photographic documentation of peritoneoscopic findings is technically well developped, relatively easy to perform, and should be used, as a routine procedure. There are different methods available. The polaroid method is the method of choice, when a paper copy with adequate technical quality is needed at once; this is especially useful for the pathologist, who may evaluate polaroid copies along with bioptic material. The surgeon as well may preoperatively get some visual information if emergency surgery is to be done. The endoscopist is responsible for the quality of the picture himself; a photo laboratory is not needed. Own results and technical procedures are demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:147380", "title": "[Use of colored samples in the detection of occupational exposure to allergic effects of chromium and nickel compounds].", "content": "By using a coloured sample with diphenylcarbazide, chromium content in raw materials and industrial intermediate products was determined. At the same time chromium content was determined quantitatively by atomic absorption. The method was said to be simple and easy to be done in any industrial physician's conditions. The sample's sensitivity was said to be 1:100 000. Results of the determinations indicated that protective leather gloves contained considerable content of chromium, and chromium-free machine oils and lubricants were polluted with chromium's minute quantities as the oils and lubrications were being used. It was stated that coloured samples aiming at the detection of chromium, cobalt and nickel should be routinely used in preventive activity of industrial physicians.", "contents": "[Use of colored samples in the detection of occupational exposure to allergic effects of chromium and nickel compounds]. By using a coloured sample with diphenylcarbazide, chromium content in raw materials and industrial intermediate products was determined. At the same time chromium content was determined quantitatively by atomic absorption. The method was said to be simple and easy to be done in any industrial physician's conditions. The sample's sensitivity was said to be 1:100 000. Results of the determinations indicated that protective leather gloves contained considerable content of chromium, and chromium-free machine oils and lubricants were polluted with chromium's minute quantities as the oils and lubrications were being used. It was stated that coloured samples aiming at the detection of chromium, cobalt and nickel should be routinely used in preventive activity of industrial physicians."}
{"id": "PMID:147382", "title": "[Unloaded shortening velocity of the myocardium as an index of contractility (author's transl)].", "content": "An experimental study attempts to clarify the reasons for a fashionable over- or underestimation of the unloaded shortening velocity of the myocardium (Vmax) as an index of \"contractility\" in international cardiological literature. Long-term investigations on the isolated myocardial preparation as well as on the heart in situ support our own position: 1. Vmax of the myocardium is, without doubt, a value of greater relevance in muscle physiology independent of the interpretation related to the fundamental processes. 2. Vmax cannot be exclusively regarded as a function of the rate of cross-bridge movements, but is influenced by the Ca2+-concentration and consequently by the conditions of electromechanical coupling. 3. Vmax is not a reliable measure for myocardial power capacity under all conditions as this value on the one hand and the developed tension on the other are influenced to different degrees. 4. If the amount of contractile material per cross sectional unit is changed (changed relation of fibrils/mitochondria), Vmax can give better indications on the contractile elementary process than the developed tension. 5. Increased content of connective tissue and scars influence both the developed tension and Vmax. 6. A reduction in Vmax under long-term increased hemodynamic loading of the heart is not to be considered a priori as an expression of cellular damage.", "contents": "[Unloaded shortening velocity of the myocardium as an index of contractility (author's transl)]. An experimental study attempts to clarify the reasons for a fashionable over- or underestimation of the unloaded shortening velocity of the myocardium (Vmax) as an index of \"contractility\" in international cardiological literature. Long-term investigations on the isolated myocardial preparation as well as on the heart in situ support our own position: 1. Vmax of the myocardium is, without doubt, a value of greater relevance in muscle physiology independent of the interpretation related to the fundamental processes. 2. Vmax cannot be exclusively regarded as a function of the rate of cross-bridge movements, but is influenced by the Ca2+-concentration and consequently by the conditions of electromechanical coupling. 3. Vmax is not a reliable measure for myocardial power capacity under all conditions as this value on the one hand and the developed tension on the other are influenced to different degrees. 4. If the amount of contractile material per cross sectional unit is changed (changed relation of fibrils/mitochondria), Vmax can give better indications on the contractile elementary process than the developed tension. 5. Increased content of connective tissue and scars influence both the developed tension and Vmax. 6. A reduction in Vmax under long-term increased hemodynamic loading of the heart is not to be considered a priori as an expression of cellular damage."}
{"id": "PMID:147408", "title": "The three dimensional architecture of the seminal vesical mucosa.", "content": "A comparative study of the histological presentation of the seminal vesical mucosa is made insisting on the necessity for a better knowledge of its tridimensional architecture. The use of the scanning electron microscope is completed by a three dimensional model of the mucosa in order to assure an accurate understanding of the histology.", "contents": "The three dimensional architecture of the seminal vesical mucosa. A comparative study of the histological presentation of the seminal vesical mucosa is made insisting on the necessity for a better knowledge of its tridimensional architecture. The use of the scanning electron microscope is completed by a three dimensional model of the mucosa in order to assure an accurate understanding of the histology."}
{"id": "PMID:147410", "title": "Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. Xth Note. Biological evolution of the emonctory subsystem and stereotype in invertebrates.", "content": "The paper points out the importance of homeostasis as the most general system of the organism (Ist order system) and the 2nd order subsystem which composes it, discussing the relations between them and the biological evolution of the emonctory subsystem in protists and invertebrates. The emonctory structures, functions and stereotype and their component parts are studied in protists, spongia, coelenterata and coelomata: lower worms, annelids, their hyponeurian descendents (arthropods, molluses) and epineurian descedents echinoderms and protochordates (Stomochordata, Tunicata, Cephalochordata). The structure, functions and stereotypes of protonephridia and metanephridia and of substitutive (vicarious) emonctory organs (nephrocytes and peritoneal cells) are studied in coelomatic invertebrates. Their evolution appears to be directioned to localize within the limits of the emonctory subsystem. During their evolution, some nephridial functions are performed by the vicarious emonctory organs. The evolution of the subsystem in invertebrates appears to be based on stable characters and their relationships with variable features.", "contents": "Relationships between specialized cells, capillaries and intermediary cytofibrillary elements. Xth Note. Biological evolution of the emonctory subsystem and stereotype in invertebrates. The paper points out the importance of homeostasis as the most general system of the organism (Ist order system) and the 2nd order subsystem which composes it, discussing the relations between them and the biological evolution of the emonctory subsystem in protists and invertebrates. The emonctory structures, functions and stereotype and their component parts are studied in protists, spongia, coelenterata and coelomata: lower worms, annelids, their hyponeurian descendents (arthropods, molluses) and epineurian descedents echinoderms and protochordates (Stomochordata, Tunicata, Cephalochordata). The structure, functions and stereotypes of protonephridia and metanephridia and of substitutive (vicarious) emonctory organs (nephrocytes and peritoneal cells) are studied in coelomatic invertebrates. Their evolution appears to be directioned to localize within the limits of the emonctory subsystem. During their evolution, some nephridial functions are performed by the vicarious emonctory organs. The evolution of the subsystem in invertebrates appears to be based on stable characters and their relationships with variable features."}
{"id": "PMID:147409", "title": "Skeletal alterations induced by chloramphenicol in chick embryo.", "content": "The experiment was carried out on 200 Rock hen eggs. Three doses of chloramphenicol, 5 mg/egg, 2.5 mg/egg, and 0.5 mg/egg were administered. At the end of the incubation time the surviving enbryos were processed according to Dawson's method. The differences between some bones from the experimental lot and those from the controls as well as malformations and survivals were studied. The results confirm the teratogenic action, the inhibitory effect on skeletal development and the lethal effect of chloramphenicol. These effects are explained by the interrelation between chloramphenicol and the mesenchymal cell.", "contents": "Skeletal alterations induced by chloramphenicol in chick embryo. The experiment was carried out on 200 Rock hen eggs. Three doses of chloramphenicol, 5 mg/egg, 2.5 mg/egg, and 0.5 mg/egg were administered. At the end of the incubation time the surviving enbryos were processed according to Dawson's method. The differences between some bones from the experimental lot and those from the controls as well as malformations and survivals were studied. The results confirm the teratogenic action, the inhibitory effect on skeletal development and the lethal effect of chloramphenicol. These effects are explained by the interrelation between chloramphenicol and the mesenchymal cell."}
{"id": "PMID:147417", "title": "Effects of the epoxide hydrase inhibitor, 1,1,1-trichloropropane-2,3-oxide on the genetic activity of aflatoxin B1 metabolites in in vitro activation test systems.", "content": "The epoxide hydrase inhibitor 1,1,1-trichloroprophane-2,3-oxide (TCPO) was genetically active to cells of S. cerevisiae and conidia of N. crassa. This genetic activity could be eliminated or reduced to near spontaneous levels in the presence of the S-9 fraction of hamster liver homogenate. The addition of TCPO to an in vitro activation system containing aflatoxin B1 resulted in an increase in the genetic activity of aflatoxin B1, and this increase was dependent on the dose of TCPO. These results are discussed in relation to the possible metabolism of the promutagen aflatoxin B1.", "contents": "Effects of the epoxide hydrase inhibitor, 1,1,1-trichloropropane-2,3-oxide on the genetic activity of aflatoxin B1 metabolites in in vitro activation test systems. The epoxide hydrase inhibitor 1,1,1-trichloroprophane-2,3-oxide (TCPO) was genetically active to cells of S. cerevisiae and conidia of N. crassa. This genetic activity could be eliminated or reduced to near spontaneous levels in the presence of the S-9 fraction of hamster liver homogenate. The addition of TCPO to an in vitro activation system containing aflatoxin B1 resulted in an increase in the genetic activity of aflatoxin B1, and this increase was dependent on the dose of TCPO. These results are discussed in relation to the possible metabolism of the promutagen aflatoxin B1."}
{"id": "PMID:147411", "title": "Cytochemical demonstration of folic acid in normal and leukemic granulocytes.", "content": "By means of an original cytochemical method, folic acid was demonstrated \"in situ\" in peripheral white blood cells in acute and chronic granulocytic leukemia. In control blood smears folic acid-relevant granules were found predominantly in the nuclei of neutrophils and basophils. Eosinophils were found positive for folic acid reaction both in nuclei and cytoplasm. In leukemic undifferentiated cells, less marked in acute than in chronic granulocytic leukemia, the cytoplasms contained a great quantity of folate. Nuclei were fewer or nonreactive. Therefore the cytochemical localization may be related to the degree of the white cells differentiation.", "contents": "Cytochemical demonstration of folic acid in normal and leukemic granulocytes. By means of an original cytochemical method, folic acid was demonstrated \"in situ\" in peripheral white blood cells in acute and chronic granulocytic leukemia. In control blood smears folic acid-relevant granules were found predominantly in the nuclei of neutrophils and basophils. Eosinophils were found positive for folic acid reaction both in nuclei and cytoplasm. In leukemic undifferentiated cells, less marked in acute than in chronic granulocytic leukemia, the cytoplasms contained a great quantity of folate. Nuclei were fewer or nonreactive. Therefore the cytochemical localization may be related to the degree of the white cells differentiation."}
{"id": "PMID:147414", "title": "Dynamics of regeneration in skeletal muscle following localized heat injury.", "content": "Local heat applied to rat skeletal muscle determines sudden and brutal necrosis followed by a process of regeneration which develops in a continuous and discontinuous mode. The complex cytohistological and histochemical modifications have been simultaneously followed up. Results may be summarized as follows: during the first 6 to 70 hours after heat application, a morphologica disorganization occurs at the level of both muscle fibers and muscle intertice. Protein reactions are very low or negative within this interval of time. After 10 days, at the site of the injury there appear regenerative elements: young muscle cells, mononucleated cells (myoblasts) and polynucleated myotubes (sarcoblasts). At the level of these formations and of muscular buds in the regenerating zones the histochemical reactions turn positive. Af 35 days after injury the damaged muscle fibres are reconstructed and the intensity of histochemical reactions equals that in the control. Results are indicative of the unity between reactivity of the morphologicall organized cell structure and that of the protein substrate.", "contents": "Dynamics of regeneration in skeletal muscle following localized heat injury. Local heat applied to rat skeletal muscle determines sudden and brutal necrosis followed by a process of regeneration which develops in a continuous and discontinuous mode. The complex cytohistological and histochemical modifications have been simultaneously followed up. Results may be summarized as follows: during the first 6 to 70 hours after heat application, a morphologica disorganization occurs at the level of both muscle fibers and muscle intertice. Protein reactions are very low or negative within this interval of time. After 10 days, at the site of the injury there appear regenerative elements: young muscle cells, mononucleated cells (myoblasts) and polynucleated myotubes (sarcoblasts). At the level of these formations and of muscular buds in the regenerating zones the histochemical reactions turn positive. Af 35 days after injury the damaged muscle fibres are reconstructed and the intensity of histochemical reactions equals that in the control. Results are indicative of the unity between reactivity of the morphologicall organized cell structure and that of the protein substrate."}
{"id": "PMID:147415", "title": "Experimental aerogenic pulmonary berylliosis in rabbits.", "content": "The dynamics of pulmonary changes produced by a prolonged daily administration of 1 g per cent solution of BeSO4 in aerosols was pursued by current histopathological methods in periodically sacrificed rabbits. A progressive constitution of beryliosic granulomas involving intralobular and interlobular areas was observed. The epithelioids and giant cells were present in variable proportions. Concomitantly, a cellular thickening of alveolar walls and perivascular cuffs was noted, as well as an intercellular reticulin fibrillogenesis. The intratracheal three-fold administration of a 0.3 g per cent solution of BeSO4 induced a more rapid formation of berylliosic nodules with the same characters. The relation between the cell accumulation and reticulin fibrillogenesis was morphometrically analysed and statistically verified as pertinent correlated phenomena.", "contents": "Experimental aerogenic pulmonary berylliosis in rabbits. The dynamics of pulmonary changes produced by a prolonged daily administration of 1 g per cent solution of BeSO4 in aerosols was pursued by current histopathological methods in periodically sacrificed rabbits. A progressive constitution of beryliosic granulomas involving intralobular and interlobular areas was observed. The epithelioids and giant cells were present in variable proportions. Concomitantly, a cellular thickening of alveolar walls and perivascular cuffs was noted, as well as an intercellular reticulin fibrillogenesis. The intratracheal three-fold administration of a 0.3 g per cent solution of BeSO4 induced a more rapid formation of berylliosic nodules with the same characters. The relation between the cell accumulation and reticulin fibrillogenesis was morphometrically analysed and statistically verified as pertinent correlated phenomena."}
{"id": "PMID:147413", "title": "Immunomorphological reactivity of the intrapulmonary lymphoid tissue.", "content": "Young albino rats were repeatedly stimulated by a pulverized suspension of living pneumococci and others by intramuscular injection of killed microbes emulsified in complete Freund adjuvant. The bronchus associated lymphoid nodules increase in size and number; the proximal nodules contain one more follicle with germinal centers formed of pyroninophilic lymphoblasts and plasma cells at the periphery. The follicular organization and the pyronine - plasma cells differentiation point out the ability of these nodules to elaborate a local immune response to antigenic stimulation.", "contents": "Immunomorphological reactivity of the intrapulmonary lymphoid tissue. Young albino rats were repeatedly stimulated by a pulverized suspension of living pneumococci and others by intramuscular injection of killed microbes emulsified in complete Freund adjuvant. The bronchus associated lymphoid nodules increase in size and number; the proximal nodules contain one more follicle with germinal centers formed of pyroninophilic lymphoblasts and plasma cells at the periphery. The follicular organization and the pyronine - plasma cells differentiation point out the ability of these nodules to elaborate a local immune response to antigenic stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:147419", "title": "New directions in the evaluation and education of handicapped children.", "content": "The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, which went into effect last October, ensures the right of handicapped children to free appropriate public education. State and local education agencies are required to identify, evaluate and provide services for all disabled children. This multibilliondollar program will guarantee special education resources for up to 12 per cent of American children. A role for physicians in the program is implied rather than defined in the law. Their involvement will vary somewhat from state to state, but will at a minimum involve counseling parents whose children are under evaluation. The law assumes a sophistication of diagnostic ability and curriculum design that does not yet exist, and therefore places a special burden upon physicians to deal effectively with patients now, while developing better training programs and assessment tools, and makes essential the enhancement of the communication between doctors and educators.", "contents": "New directions in the evaluation and education of handicapped children. The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, which went into effect last October, ensures the right of handicapped children to free appropriate public education. State and local education agencies are required to identify, evaluate and provide services for all disabled children. This multibilliondollar program will guarantee special education resources for up to 12 per cent of American children. A role for physicians in the program is implied rather than defined in the law. Their involvement will vary somewhat from state to state, but will at a minimum involve counseling parents whose children are under evaluation. The law assumes a sophistication of diagnostic ability and curriculum design that does not yet exist, and therefore places a special burden upon physicians to deal effectively with patients now, while developing better training programs and assessment tools, and makes essential the enhancement of the communication between doctors and educators."}
{"id": "PMID:147420", "title": "Association of the B-cell alloantigen DRw4 with rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "Previous testing of patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed that one HLA-D type, Dw4, occurred more frequently than in normal controls. B-cell alloantigens closely related to HLA-D can now be identified by a simple serologic procedure. Using this test, I studied 80 white patients with erosive, rheumatoid-factor-positive rheumatoid arthritis. The B-cell alloantigen HLA-DRw4 occurred in 70 per cent of 54 patients, as compared to 28 per cent of the 68 normal controls (P less than 10(-5)). Both groups were also tested for the HLA-A, B and C antigens and for HLA-D. HLA-Dw4 occurred in 54 per cent of the patients and 16 per cent of the controls (P less than 10(-5)). Small differences observed in several of the HLA-A and B antigens were not statistically significant. The results indicate that rheumatoid arthritis in whites is associated with genes of the HLA-D region and that immunogenetic factors linked to HLA have a role in its pathogenesis.", "contents": "Association of the B-cell alloantigen DRw4 with rheumatoid arthritis. Previous testing of patients with rheumatoid arthritis showed that one HLA-D type, Dw4, occurred more frequently than in normal controls. B-cell alloantigens closely related to HLA-D can now be identified by a simple serologic procedure. Using this test, I studied 80 white patients with erosive, rheumatoid-factor-positive rheumatoid arthritis. The B-cell alloantigen HLA-DRw4 occurred in 70 per cent of 54 patients, as compared to 28 per cent of the 68 normal controls (P less than 10(-5)). Both groups were also tested for the HLA-A, B and C antigens and for HLA-D. HLA-Dw4 occurred in 54 per cent of the patients and 16 per cent of the controls (P less than 10(-5)). Small differences observed in several of the HLA-A and B antigens were not statistically significant. The results indicate that rheumatoid arthritis in whites is associated with genes of the HLA-D region and that immunogenetic factors linked to HLA have a role in its pathogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:147436", "title": "Affective and sensory dimensions of back pain.", "content": "Pain words used to communicate suffering were analyzed to identify specific dimensions of back pain. The words were obtained from a group of 131 patients suffering from back pain who described their discomfort on a standardized 87-item pain questionnaire. The results indicate that words descriptive of back pain are not associated in completely random ways. When patients complain of back pain, their report falls into 7 distinguishable patterns. The major pattern accounts for 38% of the variance and refers almost entirely to emotional discomfort. The second pattern accounts for 9% of the variance and is a mixed emotional and sensory factor. The remaining 5 patterns account for 29% of the variance and constitute an entirely sensory class of factors.", "contents": "Affective and sensory dimensions of back pain. Pain words used to communicate suffering were analyzed to identify specific dimensions of back pain. The words were obtained from a group of 131 patients suffering from back pain who described their discomfort on a standardized 87-item pain questionnaire. The results indicate that words descriptive of back pain are not associated in completely random ways. When patients complain of back pain, their report falls into 7 distinguishable patterns. The major pattern accounts for 38% of the variance and refers almost entirely to emotional discomfort. The second pattern accounts for 9% of the variance and is a mixed emotional and sensory factor. The remaining 5 patterns account for 29% of the variance and constitute an entirely sensory class of factors."}
{"id": "PMID:147437", "title": "Multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pain: long-term follow-up of low-back pain patients.", "content": "Thirty-six patients with low-back pain who had been treated in our multidisciplinary pain center returned for 80-week follow-up evaluations by the staff pscyhologist, physiatrist and physical therapist. Statistically significant gains were maintained in the reduction of prescription analgesics and on 4 measures of physical functioning: (a) long-sittimg-to-toe; (b) straight-leg-raise; (c) knee-to-chest; and (d) overall exercise performance. Despite verbal reports of continuing pain, most patients claimed they were coping much better with it, and they displayed a marked reduction in their utilization of medical resources for further pain treatment. These long-term results suggest that a multidisciplinary approach can offer an effective means of treating chronic low-back pain.", "contents": "Multidisciplinary treatment of chronic pain: long-term follow-up of low-back pain patients. Thirty-six patients with low-back pain who had been treated in our multidisciplinary pain center returned for 80-week follow-up evaluations by the staff pscyhologist, physiatrist and physical therapist. Statistically significant gains were maintained in the reduction of prescription analgesics and on 4 measures of physical functioning: (a) long-sittimg-to-toe; (b) straight-leg-raise; (c) knee-to-chest; and (d) overall exercise performance. Despite verbal reports of continuing pain, most patients claimed they were coping much better with it, and they displayed a marked reduction in their utilization of medical resources for further pain treatment. These long-term results suggest that a multidisciplinary approach can offer an effective means of treating chronic low-back pain."}
{"id": "PMID:147448", "title": "[Calcified aseptic abscess due to Dracunculus medinensis (author's transl)].", "content": "A sterile abcess of the forearm caused by Dracunculus medinensis is described. Histologically, lysed and partially calcified worms and larvae were found one month after the outset of the swelling, giving a mottled aspect radiologically.", "contents": "[Calcified aseptic abscess due to Dracunculus medinensis (author's transl)]. A sterile abcess of the forearm caused by Dracunculus medinensis is described. Histologically, lysed and partially calcified worms and larvae were found one month after the outset of the swelling, giving a mottled aspect radiologically."}
{"id": "PMID:147449", "title": "Production of DNA bifilarly substituted with bromodeoxyuridine in the first round of synthesis: branch migration during isolation of cellular DNA.", "content": "Incubation of human lymphoid cells with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for short periods produces three classes of DNA containing analog: DNAHL (hybrid DNA, density approximately equal to 1.75 g/cm3), DNAint (intermediate density DNA, density approximately equal to 1.71 g/cm3), and DNAHH (DNA with both strands containing analog, density approximately equal to 1.80 g/cm3). Preparations of DNAint yield DNAHH after extensive shearing and/or treatment with single strand specific endonuclease. Cross-linking of pulse-labeled (BrdUrd + 3HdT) DNA in cells by treatment with trioxsalen and near UV light before lysis prevents the appearance of DNAHH.Cross-linking after lysis has little effect. A large fraction of DNAHH is obtained after incubation of cells with caffeine. Extraction of DNA at high salt concentration or cross-linking with trioxsalen and near UV light drastically reduced the amount of DNAHH obtained from caffeine-treated cells. We conclude that most DNAHH arises from in vitro branch migration in isolated DNA growing points.", "contents": "Production of DNA bifilarly substituted with bromodeoxyuridine in the first round of synthesis: branch migration during isolation of cellular DNA. Incubation of human lymphoid cells with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdUrd) for short periods produces three classes of DNA containing analog: DNAHL (hybrid DNA, density approximately equal to 1.75 g/cm3), DNAint (intermediate density DNA, density approximately equal to 1.71 g/cm3), and DNAHH (DNA with both strands containing analog, density approximately equal to 1.80 g/cm3). Preparations of DNAint yield DNAHH after extensive shearing and/or treatment with single strand specific endonuclease. Cross-linking of pulse-labeled (BrdUrd + 3HdT) DNA in cells by treatment with trioxsalen and near UV light before lysis prevents the appearance of DNAHH.Cross-linking after lysis has little effect. A large fraction of DNAHH is obtained after incubation of cells with caffeine. Extraction of DNA at high salt concentration or cross-linking with trioxsalen and near UV light drastically reduced the amount of DNAHH obtained from caffeine-treated cells. We conclude that most DNAHH arises from in vitro branch migration in isolated DNA growing points."}
{"id": "PMID:147452", "title": "Case report: primary actinomycosis of external oblique muscle.", "content": "A 67-year-old man had actinomycosis with primary involvement of the abdominal wall, which is rare. His chief complaint was an enlarging, hard, nontender mass in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. The mass had been present for two weeks and measured 11 X 8 cm. An x-ray film of the chest, barium studies of the gastrointestinal tract, and an intravenous pyelogram showed no abnormalities. Excisional biopsy was performed, and the findings were consistent with Actinomyces israelii infection. There was no evidence of underlying bowel disease or break in continuity of the mucous membrane. The patient responded well to a three-month course of penicillin therapy.", "contents": "Case report: primary actinomycosis of external oblique muscle. A 67-year-old man had actinomycosis with primary involvement of the abdominal wall, which is rare. His chief complaint was an enlarging, hard, nontender mass in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. The mass had been present for two weeks and measured 11 X 8 cm. An x-ray film of the chest, barium studies of the gastrointestinal tract, and an intravenous pyelogram showed no abnormalities. Excisional biopsy was performed, and the findings were consistent with Actinomyces israelii infection. There was no evidence of underlying bowel disease or break in continuity of the mucous membrane. The patient responded well to a three-month course of penicillin therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:147453", "title": "Roundworm granuloma of the anterior abdominal wall.", "content": "A case of migration of a gravid female roundworm into the peritoneal cavity is reported. The presenting feature, a lump in the anterior abdominal wall, has not previously been documented. Fertilized ova of the worm were found in miliary peritoneal granulomata, and showed development up to the eight-cell stage.", "contents": "Roundworm granuloma of the anterior abdominal wall. A case of migration of a gravid female roundworm into the peritoneal cavity is reported. The presenting feature, a lump in the anterior abdominal wall, has not previously been documented. Fertilized ova of the worm were found in miliary peritoneal granulomata, and showed development up to the eight-cell stage."}
{"id": "PMID:147456", "title": "[Incidence of glycosuria among the population of different age groups living in Andizhan and in the Andizhan district].", "content": "A total of 10330 persons, residents of the town of Andizhan (5292 persons) and of the rural districts of the Andizhan region (5038 persons) were examined for glucosuria; it was revealed in 306 persons (2.9%), somewhat more frequently in the urban than in the rural residents (3.1 and 2.8%, respectively); glucosuria was more incident in women than in men (3.3 and 2.4%, respectively); it was more frequently encountered in persons of older age groups than in young individuals (0.6--2.8% in persons aged under 30 years, and in 5.1--6.3% in persons aged from 30 to 70 years and older). Diabetic glycemic curves were found in 122 of 306 persons with glucosuria (39.8%); these curves were suspicious for diabetes mellitus in 63 persons (20.5%). Only in one of 149 persons (0.67%) of the control group without glucosuria was a diabetic curve revealed. The incidence of diabetic glycemic curves increased in persons with glucosuria with the advance of age (13.3% at the age of 10--19 years, and 68.4% at the age of 70 years and older). The authors recommend mass examination of the population for glucosuria by means of the glucose tolerance test for a more complete and timely diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. This is particularly expedient in case of persons of older age groups.", "contents": "[Incidence of glycosuria among the population of different age groups living in Andizhan and in the Andizhan district]. A total of 10330 persons, residents of the town of Andizhan (5292 persons) and of the rural districts of the Andizhan region (5038 persons) were examined for glucosuria; it was revealed in 306 persons (2.9%), somewhat more frequently in the urban than in the rural residents (3.1 and 2.8%, respectively); glucosuria was more incident in women than in men (3.3 and 2.4%, respectively); it was more frequently encountered in persons of older age groups than in young individuals (0.6--2.8% in persons aged under 30 years, and in 5.1--6.3% in persons aged from 30 to 70 years and older). Diabetic glycemic curves were found in 122 of 306 persons with glucosuria (39.8%); these curves were suspicious for diabetes mellitus in 63 persons (20.5%). Only in one of 149 persons (0.67%) of the control group without glucosuria was a diabetic curve revealed. The incidence of diabetic glycemic curves increased in persons with glucosuria with the advance of age (13.3% at the age of 10--19 years, and 68.4% at the age of 70 years and older). The authors recommend mass examination of the population for glucosuria by means of the glucose tolerance test for a more complete and timely diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. This is particularly expedient in case of persons of older age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:147465", "title": "Cytotoxicity of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine: requirement for reduced folate cofactors and antagonism by methotrexate.", "content": "Protein in vitro inhibition of thymidylate synthase (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.45) by 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate requires 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The cytoxicity of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine towards cultured L1210 mouse leukemia cells is reduced when intracellular reduced folates are depleted, either by limiting the source in media or by inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase with methotrexate. Likewise, the intracellular amount of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate covalently bound to thymidylate synthase in L1210 cells treated with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine is greatly diminished when cells are depleted of folate cofactors. The folate requirement for optimal growth of L1210 cells is lower than that required for maximal cytotoxicity of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine. These findings provide a biochemical rationale that may be useful in designing clinical protocols that use 5-fluorinated uracil analogs.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine: requirement for reduced folate cofactors and antagonism by methotrexate. Protein in vitro inhibition of thymidylate synthase (5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate:dUMP C-methyltransferase, EC 2.1.1.45) by 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate requires 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate. The cytoxicity of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine towards cultured L1210 mouse leukemia cells is reduced when intracellular reduced folates are depleted, either by limiting the source in media or by inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase with methotrexate. Likewise, the intracellular amount of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridylate covalently bound to thymidylate synthase in L1210 cells treated with 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine is greatly diminished when cells are depleted of folate cofactors. The folate requirement for optimal growth of L1210 cells is lower than that required for maximal cytotoxicity of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine. These findings provide a biochemical rationale that may be useful in designing clinical protocols that use 5-fluorinated uracil analogs."}
{"id": "PMID:147464", "title": "Biochemistry of actomyosin-dependent cell motility (a review).", "content": "Actins and myosins similar to the major proteins of muscle are the major molecular components of intricate mechanochemical systems that perform numerous vital motility and structural functions in all eukaryotic cells. In this article, after a brief summary of the morphological distribution and ultrastructure of actin, myosin, and interrelated proteins of nonmuscle cells, our present knowledge of their biochemistry is critically appraised from the perspective that understanding complex cellular processes depends ultimately on the identification, purification, and biochemical characterization of the proteins involved. Although few conclusions are reached, possible molecular mechanisms for cellular regulation of actin polymerization, filament association, actomyosin ATPase activity, and mechanochemical coupling are discussed and a number of potentially fruitful directions for further research are suggested. These include comparative biochemical investigations and the study of the interaction of heterologous proteins, but particular emphasis is given to the need for quantitative studies at the molecular level of motility proteins purified from a single cellular source.", "contents": "Biochemistry of actomyosin-dependent cell motility (a review). Actins and myosins similar to the major proteins of muscle are the major molecular components of intricate mechanochemical systems that perform numerous vital motility and structural functions in all eukaryotic cells. In this article, after a brief summary of the morphological distribution and ultrastructure of actin, myosin, and interrelated proteins of nonmuscle cells, our present knowledge of their biochemistry is critically appraised from the perspective that understanding complex cellular processes depends ultimately on the identification, purification, and biochemical characterization of the proteins involved. Although few conclusions are reached, possible molecular mechanisms for cellular regulation of actin polymerization, filament association, actomyosin ATPase activity, and mechanochemical coupling are discussed and a number of potentially fruitful directions for further research are suggested. These include comparative biochemical investigations and the study of the interaction of heterologous proteins, but particular emphasis is given to the need for quantitative studies at the molecular level of motility proteins purified from a single cellular source."}
{"id": "PMID:147467", "title": "Postnatal changes in the DNA content of mouse cerebral hemispheres.", "content": "Changes in the wet weight of the cerebral hemispheres and in their DNA content and concentration were studied in CBA mice (non-SPF, Velaz, Prague) aged from 1 to 270 days. It was found that hemisphere wet weight rose by 350% between the 1st and 14th day and by a further 11% between the 14th and 180th day. In the next three months it remained stable. The total DNA content rose by 30% between the 1st and 2nd day and by 45% between the 1st and 10th day; changes between the 10th and 180th day were non-significant, but a decrease of 16% occurred by the 270th day. Between the 1st and 2nd day the DNA concentration did not alter, or rose non-significantly (+20%). Towards the end of the 2nd postnatal week it fell exponentially (-75%). Changes in the DNA content and concentration indicate that the rate of cell proliferation in mouse cerebral hemispheres is highest on the first two days after birth, while the general chemical composition of the hemisphere develops fastest between the 2nd and 14th day. The constancy of the DNA content between the 10th and 180th day implies that cell division in the hemispheres of adolescent and adult mice primarily reflects renewal of the non-neuronal cell population.", "contents": "Postnatal changes in the DNA content of mouse cerebral hemispheres. Changes in the wet weight of the cerebral hemispheres and in their DNA content and concentration were studied in CBA mice (non-SPF, Velaz, Prague) aged from 1 to 270 days. It was found that hemisphere wet weight rose by 350% between the 1st and 14th day and by a further 11% between the 14th and 180th day. In the next three months it remained stable. The total DNA content rose by 30% between the 1st and 2nd day and by 45% between the 1st and 10th day; changes between the 10th and 180th day were non-significant, but a decrease of 16% occurred by the 270th day. Between the 1st and 2nd day the DNA concentration did not alter, or rose non-significantly (+20%). Towards the end of the 2nd postnatal week it fell exponentially (-75%). Changes in the DNA content and concentration indicate that the rate of cell proliferation in mouse cerebral hemispheres is highest on the first two days after birth, while the general chemical composition of the hemisphere develops fastest between the 2nd and 14th day. The constancy of the DNA content between the 10th and 180th day implies that cell division in the hemispheres of adolescent and adult mice primarily reflects renewal of the non-neuronal cell population."}
{"id": "PMID:147468", "title": "Age-dependence of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in rat liver and its inducibility after barbital and phenylbutazone pretreatment.", "content": "SDH activity in liver homogenates increases threetimes from one day before to one day after birth. The plateau till the 13th day of life is followed by a minimum on the 15th day of life, thereafter the increase leads to a maximum on the 120th day. The influence of phenylbutazone and barbital on body and liver weight as well as on hepatic SDH activity was investigated in different age groups. Both drugs were administered in three single daily doses, phenylbutazone additionally 31 days long. Hepatic SDH activity based on liver wet weight or liver protein did not change in any of the experimental groups. But as a consequence of increased liver body weight ratio (mostly non-significant), hepatic activity per gram body weight exhibited a tendency to higher values.", "contents": "Age-dependence of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) in rat liver and its inducibility after barbital and phenylbutazone pretreatment. SDH activity in liver homogenates increases threetimes from one day before to one day after birth. The plateau till the 13th day of life is followed by a minimum on the 15th day of life, thereafter the increase leads to a maximum on the 120th day. The influence of phenylbutazone and barbital on body and liver weight as well as on hepatic SDH activity was investigated in different age groups. Both drugs were administered in three single daily doses, phenylbutazone additionally 31 days long. Hepatic SDH activity based on liver wet weight or liver protein did not change in any of the experimental groups. But as a consequence of increased liver body weight ratio (mostly non-significant), hepatic activity per gram body weight exhibited a tendency to higher values."}
{"id": "PMID:147469", "title": "Activation of epileptic electrographic phenomena in the human EEG by nasal air flow.", "content": "The activating effect of deep oral breathing (with the nose closed) and nasal hyperventilation (with mouth closed) was examined in 62 patients with three different kinds of epileptic EEG abnormalities: unilateral localized temporal (fronto-temporal, occipito-temporal) abnormalities - group F, bilateral episodic theta-delta abnormalities - group TH, and bilaterally synchronous spike and wave abnormalities - group SW. Nasal hyperventilation was much more effective in group F and TH. Its effect was already significant 30-60 seconds after the start of deep breathing. In the group SW there were no statistically significant differences between the effects of nasal and oral hyperventilation. Unilateral nasal hyperventilation (the other nasal cavity being closed by tamponade) demonstrated a more pronounced activating effect on ipsilateral localized temporal EEG abnormalities. These effects of deep nasal breathing can hardly be explained by metabolic-vascular mechanisms, which probably are involved in the course of oral hyperventilation. On the other hand they are in agreement with animal experiments demonstrating that the mechanical stimulus of nasal air flow operates as a synchronizing impulse for certain rhinencephalic structures.", "contents": "Activation of epileptic electrographic phenomena in the human EEG by nasal air flow. The activating effect of deep oral breathing (with the nose closed) and nasal hyperventilation (with mouth closed) was examined in 62 patients with three different kinds of epileptic EEG abnormalities: unilateral localized temporal (fronto-temporal, occipito-temporal) abnormalities - group F, bilateral episodic theta-delta abnormalities - group TH, and bilaterally synchronous spike and wave abnormalities - group SW. Nasal hyperventilation was much more effective in group F and TH. Its effect was already significant 30-60 seconds after the start of deep breathing. In the group SW there were no statistically significant differences between the effects of nasal and oral hyperventilation. Unilateral nasal hyperventilation (the other nasal cavity being closed by tamponade) demonstrated a more pronounced activating effect on ipsilateral localized temporal EEG abnormalities. These effects of deep nasal breathing can hardly be explained by metabolic-vascular mechanisms, which probably are involved in the course of oral hyperventilation. On the other hand they are in agreement with animal experiments demonstrating that the mechanical stimulus of nasal air flow operates as a synchronizing impulse for certain rhinencephalic structures."}
{"id": "PMID:147470", "title": "Stimulation of the thalamus and its effect on electrographic manifestations of the brain in unrestrained rats.", "content": "The thalamus was electrically stimulated in unrestrained rats with implanted cortical and subcortical electrodes. Single pulses often triggered rhythmic cortical activity identical with the 8--9/sec spike episodes which occur spontaneously in rats in the walking state. In rhythmic stimulation of the thalamus, self-sustained 3/sec spike-wave paroxysmal activity, with partial clonic jerks, was observed. Specific and non-specific thalamic nuclei participated in the production of these activities.", "contents": "Stimulation of the thalamus and its effect on electrographic manifestations of the brain in unrestrained rats. The thalamus was electrically stimulated in unrestrained rats with implanted cortical and subcortical electrodes. Single pulses often triggered rhythmic cortical activity identical with the 8--9/sec spike episodes which occur spontaneously in rats in the walking state. In rhythmic stimulation of the thalamus, self-sustained 3/sec spike-wave paroxysmal activity, with partial clonic jerks, was observed. Specific and non-specific thalamic nuclei participated in the production of these activities."}
{"id": "PMID:147471", "title": "Stimulation of the hippocampus and its effect on electrographic manifestations of the brain in unrestrained rats.", "content": "The dorsal hippocampus was electrically stimulated in unanaesthetized, unrestrained rats with a cobalt-gelatin rod in their cortex. The significance of the hippocampus in the elicitation of both physiological spontaneous rhythmic activity (episodic activity of 8--9/sec frequency bound, in rats, to a state of quiet wakefulness, and \"sleep spindles\") and pathological rhythmic activity of the self-sustained after-discharge (SSAD) type was determined from the aspect of the EEG and behavioural characteristics. 1. Single electrical pulses (0.1 msec, 1--10 V, 0.3/sec) elicited an evoked potential bilaterally in the somatosensory cortex. Elicitation of rhythmic after-activity (of the type of episodes or sleep spindles) was observed only in some cases in which an adequately strong stimulus was used. 2. Repeated series of rhythmic electrical stimuli following each other at short intervals (2--3 min) led to the formation of SSAD in about one third of the cases and at all stimulation frequencies (3-15/sec), although low frequencies (3--4/sec) were the least effective. The character of the SSAD and simultaneous behavioural phenomena differed fundamentally from those evoked by electrical stimulation of the thalamus (Chocholov\u00e1 et al. 1977). The development of paroxysmal after-activity was signalled by responses of a more or less distinct \"recruiting\" character during stimulation. On the basis of a comparison of electrographic and behavioural manifestations after electrical stimulation of the thalamus and hippocampus, the possibility of both thalamic and extrathalamic projection from the hippocampus to the cortical region is considered.", "contents": "Stimulation of the hippocampus and its effect on electrographic manifestations of the brain in unrestrained rats. The dorsal hippocampus was electrically stimulated in unanaesthetized, unrestrained rats with a cobalt-gelatin rod in their cortex. The significance of the hippocampus in the elicitation of both physiological spontaneous rhythmic activity (episodic activity of 8--9/sec frequency bound, in rats, to a state of quiet wakefulness, and \"sleep spindles\") and pathological rhythmic activity of the self-sustained after-discharge (SSAD) type was determined from the aspect of the EEG and behavioural characteristics. 1. Single electrical pulses (0.1 msec, 1--10 V, 0.3/sec) elicited an evoked potential bilaterally in the somatosensory cortex. Elicitation of rhythmic after-activity (of the type of episodes or sleep spindles) was observed only in some cases in which an adequately strong stimulus was used. 2. Repeated series of rhythmic electrical stimuli following each other at short intervals (2--3 min) led to the formation of SSAD in about one third of the cases and at all stimulation frequencies (3-15/sec), although low frequencies (3--4/sec) were the least effective. The character of the SSAD and simultaneous behavioural phenomena differed fundamentally from those evoked by electrical stimulation of the thalamus (Chocholov\u00e1 et al. 1977). The development of paroxysmal after-activity was signalled by responses of a more or less distinct \"recruiting\" character during stimulation. On the basis of a comparison of electrographic and behavioural manifestations after electrical stimulation of the thalamus and hippocampus, the possibility of both thalamic and extrathalamic projection from the hippocampus to the cortical region is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:147472", "title": "The development of oxidative enzymes in rat liver mitochondria.", "content": "During early postnatal development there was an increase in the specific activity of a number of oxidative enzymes localized on the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane. The succinic oxidase complex of the inner mitochondrial membrane, whose activity in 1-day-old rats was 50% of the value in adult animals, attained the maximum on about the 10th day after birth. Activity of the choline and the proline oxidase complex, both of which are also localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane, was minimal in 1-day-old rats and went on rising after the 10th day. Rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity, which is localized on the outer mitochondrial membrane, remained stable up to the 10th day, and rose between the 10th and the 90th day. Developmental changes in monoaminooxidase activity, which is likewise localized on the outer mitochondrial membrane, followed a similar course to the choline and proline oxidase complexes. The amount of cytochromes a+alpha3 and cytochrome b in isolated mitochondria did not alter during development. The protein spectrum of the mitochondrial particles, determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate, likewise displayed no marked changes during postnatal development. The above findings show that the metabolic functions of the mitochondria mature during development and that changes in the different enzymes have their own characteristic time course.", "contents": "The development of oxidative enzymes in rat liver mitochondria. During early postnatal development there was an increase in the specific activity of a number of oxidative enzymes localized on the outer and inner mitochondrial membrane. The succinic oxidase complex of the inner mitochondrial membrane, whose activity in 1-day-old rats was 50% of the value in adult animals, attained the maximum on about the 10th day after birth. Activity of the choline and the proline oxidase complex, both of which are also localized in the inner mitochondrial membrane, was minimal in 1-day-old rats and went on rising after the 10th day. Rotenone-insensitive NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity, which is localized on the outer mitochondrial membrane, remained stable up to the 10th day, and rose between the 10th and the 90th day. Developmental changes in monoaminooxidase activity, which is likewise localized on the outer mitochondrial membrane, followed a similar course to the choline and proline oxidase complexes. The amount of cytochromes a+alpha3 and cytochrome b in isolated mitochondria did not alter during development. The protein spectrum of the mitochondrial particles, determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate, likewise displayed no marked changes during postnatal development. The above findings show that the metabolic functions of the mitochondria mature during development and that changes in the different enzymes have their own characteristic time course."}
{"id": "PMID:147473", "title": "Glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase activity in some organs of ruminants and monogastric animals.", "content": "A comparative study of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH 1.4.1.2) and glutamine synthetase (GS 6.3.1.2.) activity in liver, kidney and spleen homogenates from cattle, sheep, pigs and chickens showed that chicken liver contained on an average 3.5%, pig liver 8.3% and bovine liver 45.6% of the glutamate dehydrogenase activity present in sheep liver. Relatively low trace activity was found in the spleen and kidneys, except for the renal cortex of cattle (32% of activity in the liver). GS activity was the highest in chicken liver; in pigs it amounted to 33.40%, in cattle to 24.2% and in sheep to 19.7% of this activity. No marked interspecies differences were found in the values in the kidneys and spleen. It can be concluded from the results that the relatively high GLDH activity in the liver of ruminants compared with pigs and chicken is associated with the greater ability of ruminants to utilize ammonia. The higher GS activity and lower GLDH activity in chicken liver can be attributed to higher uric acid synthesis from ammonia via glutamine and purine bases and the lower ability of birds to utilize ammonia for protein synthesis. The presence of alanine dehydrogenase was not demonstrated in chicken liver, where the maximum oxidation of NADH after the addition to pyruvate and ammonia substrate was found.", "contents": "Glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamine synthetase activity in some organs of ruminants and monogastric animals. A comparative study of glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH 1.4.1.2) and glutamine synthetase (GS 6.3.1.2.) activity in liver, kidney and spleen homogenates from cattle, sheep, pigs and chickens showed that chicken liver contained on an average 3.5%, pig liver 8.3% and bovine liver 45.6% of the glutamate dehydrogenase activity present in sheep liver. Relatively low trace activity was found in the spleen and kidneys, except for the renal cortex of cattle (32% of activity in the liver). GS activity was the highest in chicken liver; in pigs it amounted to 33.40%, in cattle to 24.2% and in sheep to 19.7% of this activity. No marked interspecies differences were found in the values in the kidneys and spleen. It can be concluded from the results that the relatively high GLDH activity in the liver of ruminants compared with pigs and chicken is associated with the greater ability of ruminants to utilize ammonia. The higher GS activity and lower GLDH activity in chicken liver can be attributed to higher uric acid synthesis from ammonia via glutamine and purine bases and the lower ability of birds to utilize ammonia for protein synthesis. The presence of alanine dehydrogenase was not demonstrated in chicken liver, where the maximum oxidation of NADH after the addition to pyruvate and ammonia substrate was found."}
{"id": "PMID:147474", "title": "Blood pressure and water and electrolyte intake and excretion in rats (Brattleboro strain) after unilateral nephrectomy.", "content": "Using Brattleboro rats with and without hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI, non-DI), blood pressure, water intake and the excretion of water, sodium, potassium and osmotically active substances were measured in intact individuals and in animals subjected to unilateral nephrectomy at the age of 23 or 80 days. The development of blood pressure (BP) changes, determined in unilaterally nephrectomized animals at the age of 4--6 months, depended on the age at which the kidney was removed. After nephrectomy at the age of 25 days, hypertension developed only in DI females given 0.6% NaCl solution to drink. The BP of those which drank water was unaffected. Unilateral nephrectomy at the age of 80 days produced a slight BP increase in females irrespective of whether they drank water or 0.6% NaCl, but in males only if they drank 0.6% NaCl solution. No hypertension was observed in intact animals. No relationship was found between water intake and the blood pressure level. The BP increase in water-drinking females uninephrectomized at 80 days was accompanied by a raised urine flow and raised excretion of osmotically active substances. Sodium losses in DI animals were greater than in non-DI animals and the urinary sodium concentration, in maximum dehydration, attained minimum values in DI and maximum values in non-DI animals. Unilateral nephrectomy at 25 days increased sodium losses in all the animals except non-DI females, but when performed at 80 days, only in DI males. No relationship between these results and BP changes was found. The possible relationship of the extrarenal consequences of absence of vasopressin to the development of experimental hypertension are discussed.", "contents": "Blood pressure and water and electrolyte intake and excretion in rats (Brattleboro strain) after unilateral nephrectomy. Using Brattleboro rats with and without hereditary diabetes insipidus (DI, non-DI), blood pressure, water intake and the excretion of water, sodium, potassium and osmotically active substances were measured in intact individuals and in animals subjected to unilateral nephrectomy at the age of 23 or 80 days. The development of blood pressure (BP) changes, determined in unilaterally nephrectomized animals at the age of 4--6 months, depended on the age at which the kidney was removed. After nephrectomy at the age of 25 days, hypertension developed only in DI females given 0.6% NaCl solution to drink. The BP of those which drank water was unaffected. Unilateral nephrectomy at the age of 80 days produced a slight BP increase in females irrespective of whether they drank water or 0.6% NaCl, but in males only if they drank 0.6% NaCl solution. No hypertension was observed in intact animals. No relationship was found between water intake and the blood pressure level. The BP increase in water-drinking females uninephrectomized at 80 days was accompanied by a raised urine flow and raised excretion of osmotically active substances. Sodium losses in DI animals were greater than in non-DI animals and the urinary sodium concentration, in maximum dehydration, attained minimum values in DI and maximum values in non-DI animals. Unilateral nephrectomy at 25 days increased sodium losses in all the animals except non-DI females, but when performed at 80 days, only in DI males. No relationship between these results and BP changes was found. The possible relationship of the extrarenal consequences of absence of vasopressin to the development of experimental hypertension are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:147475", "title": "Formiminoglutamate excretion in rat urine after whole body irradiation, histidine administration, starvation and stress.", "content": "Formiminoglutamate (FIGLU) urinary excretion was studied in rats subjected to whole body 60Co irradiation with doses of 450, 650 and 850 R. During the first post-irradiation days, FIGLU excretion doubled after both lower doses. From day 3, 450 R led to a decrease, whereas 650 and 850 R were followed by a still enhanced FIGLU excretion. No correlation to the radiation dose was found. A daily intraperitoneal administration of histidine in a dose of 200 mg/kg led to a constant 5-fold increase of FIGLU output and to more distinct differences in post-irradiation FIGLU excretion. Two days starvation or ACTH administration, followed by doubled urinary total 17-hydroxycorticoids, did not interfere with FIGLU excretion.", "contents": "Formiminoglutamate excretion in rat urine after whole body irradiation, histidine administration, starvation and stress. Formiminoglutamate (FIGLU) urinary excretion was studied in rats subjected to whole body 60Co irradiation with doses of 450, 650 and 850 R. During the first post-irradiation days, FIGLU excretion doubled after both lower doses. From day 3, 450 R led to a decrease, whereas 650 and 850 R were followed by a still enhanced FIGLU excretion. No correlation to the radiation dose was found. A daily intraperitoneal administration of histidine in a dose of 200 mg/kg led to a constant 5-fold increase of FIGLU output and to more distinct differences in post-irradiation FIGLU excretion. Two days starvation or ACTH administration, followed by doubled urinary total 17-hydroxycorticoids, did not interfere with FIGLU excretion."}
{"id": "PMID:147491", "title": "[Treatment of traumatic sections of the Achilles tendon].", "content": "The author maintains that the atrophy of the sural triceps muscle, the retraction of the Achille tendon and the osteoporosis of the calcaneum and of the tarsian bones, occurring after the traumatic sectioning of the Achille tendon, are the results of an inadequate treatment. The cause of these sequellae is the immobilization of the foot in an equinus position, which relaxes the sural triceps and as a result of the lack of mechanical traction factor, leads to local circulatory disturbances followed by a modification in the structure of the bone and of the muscle. On the basis of this pathophysiological concept the author has excluded post-operative immobilization in the equinus position, and in fact any type of immobilization, recommending in contrast a mobilization of the foot from the very first days after the suture of the tendon. The clinical results obtained confirm the value of the hypothesis.", "contents": "[Treatment of traumatic sections of the Achilles tendon]. The author maintains that the atrophy of the sural triceps muscle, the retraction of the Achille tendon and the osteoporosis of the calcaneum and of the tarsian bones, occurring after the traumatic sectioning of the Achille tendon, are the results of an inadequate treatment. The cause of these sequellae is the immobilization of the foot in an equinus position, which relaxes the sural triceps and as a result of the lack of mechanical traction factor, leads to local circulatory disturbances followed by a modification in the structure of the bone and of the muscle. On the basis of this pathophysiological concept the author has excluded post-operative immobilization in the equinus position, and in fact any type of immobilization, recommending in contrast a mobilization of the foot from the very first days after the suture of the tendon. The clinical results obtained confirm the value of the hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:147490", "title": "[Surgery of hiatal hernias].", "content": "On the basis of a study performed in 141 cases of hiatal hernia that have been hospitalized in the clinic a series of clinico-therapeutical considerations are made, with surgical implications. The most frequently encountered type of hiatal hernia was that occurring through sliding. Very frequently there are morbid associations (in over 60% of the cases) and this indicates the necessity for a complex study of the patients and a careful selection of the predominant affection. Only 81 of the patients that have been examined - that is 57% - had surgical indications. Two types of interventions have been associated: the correction of the diaphragmatic hiatus was always associated with an intervention in view of avoiding the repetition of the gastroesophagian reflux. Good and very good post-operative results have been obtained in 78% of the interventions and mediocre results in 22% of the operated patients.", "contents": "[Surgery of hiatal hernias]. On the basis of a study performed in 141 cases of hiatal hernia that have been hospitalized in the clinic a series of clinico-therapeutical considerations are made, with surgical implications. The most frequently encountered type of hiatal hernia was that occurring through sliding. Very frequently there are morbid associations (in over 60% of the cases) and this indicates the necessity for a complex study of the patients and a careful selection of the predominant affection. Only 81 of the patients that have been examined - that is 57% - had surgical indications. Two types of interventions have been associated: the correction of the diaphragmatic hiatus was always associated with an intervention in view of avoiding the repetition of the gastroesophagian reflux. Good and very good post-operative results have been obtained in 78% of the interventions and mediocre results in 22% of the operated patients."}
{"id": "PMID:147492", "title": "[Necessary technic. Double ligation of the duodenal stump without plugging].", "content": "Gastrectomy with ulcer exclusion, associated to double ligature of the duodenal stump without infundation is a technique easy to perform in ulcers with difficult duodenum. This technique was successfully applied in 34 patients with sub-bulbar chronic duodenal ulcers (with norm- or hypoacidity), complicated by penetrating bilio-pancreatic callous lesions (one case of pancreatic fistula was recorded, that was treated with X-ray therapy). In another 10 patients with complicated ulcers (perforations - 5 cases, bleeding  associated with perforation - 2 cases) the authors used the same technique. Two deaths were recorded: through generalized peritonitis in one case and through duodenal fistula, melena and peritonitis in another case.", "contents": "[Necessary technic. Double ligation of the duodenal stump without plugging]. Gastrectomy with ulcer exclusion, associated to double ligature of the duodenal stump without infundation is a technique easy to perform in ulcers with difficult duodenum. This technique was successfully applied in 34 patients with sub-bulbar chronic duodenal ulcers (with norm- or hypoacidity), complicated by penetrating bilio-pancreatic callous lesions (one case of pancreatic fistula was recorded, that was treated with X-ray therapy). In another 10 patients with complicated ulcers (perforations - 5 cases, bleeding  associated with perforation - 2 cases) the authors used the same technique. Two deaths were recorded: through generalized peritonitis in one case and through duodenal fistula, melena and peritonitis in another case."}
{"id": "PMID:147494", "title": "[Flexible metallic intramedullary nail, an ideal osteosynthesis material for femoral fractions].", "content": "The authors have used modified Ender nails for the treatment of femural fractures. Nails of different sizes are used in different arrangements, depending on the site of the lesion. Thus, for fractures of the femural neck 3 metallic nails, with a diameter of 4 mm are used, introduced through the internal supra-condylian aspect in paralel arcs; two nails, 5 mm in diameter, are introduced in the same way for the correction of the fractures involving the trochanterian massif; for fractures sited under the trochanterian massif (diaphysis, supracondylian, and supra- and inter-condylian), 5 mm diameter nails are used, placed on the internal and external aspects of the condyl in metalic arcs. This type of intervention was demonstrated to be stable, rapid, non-haemorrhagic and with low risk of shock. Supported walking is started in the first week after surgery--in cases with fractures of the trochanterian massif and of the diaphysis--provided these are stable fractures, in the first month when unstable fractures occur at the same level, and after 3--4 months in cases of fractures of the cervical neck. The authors' experience in the treatment of 250 cases is presented.", "contents": "[Flexible metallic intramedullary nail, an ideal osteosynthesis material for femoral fractions]. The authors have used modified Ender nails for the treatment of femural fractures. Nails of different sizes are used in different arrangements, depending on the site of the lesion. Thus, for fractures of the femural neck 3 metallic nails, with a diameter of 4 mm are used, introduced through the internal supra-condylian aspect in paralel arcs; two nails, 5 mm in diameter, are introduced in the same way for the correction of the fractures involving the trochanterian massif; for fractures sited under the trochanterian massif (diaphysis, supracondylian, and supra- and inter-condylian), 5 mm diameter nails are used, placed on the internal and external aspects of the condyl in metalic arcs. This type of intervention was demonstrated to be stable, rapid, non-haemorrhagic and with low risk of shock. Supported walking is started in the first week after surgery--in cases with fractures of the trochanterian massif and of the diaphysis--provided these are stable fractures, in the first month when unstable fractures occur at the same level, and after 3--4 months in cases of fractures of the cervical neck. The authors' experience in the treatment of 250 cases is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:147495", "title": "[Ultrasonic nephrotomography in the differential diagnosis of renal tumors].", "content": "Renal ultrasonography was performed in 40 patients. Complex exploration was carried out in 12 patients with renal tumours, such as: urography, renal scintigrams, renal arteriography, ultrasonography and cavography. Laminography was proved to be an useful method in the positive and differential diagnosis of renal tumours, especially of cystic ones. Informations provided by this technique are not absolute, and these are some possibilities for errors which operate both ways: omission of malignancies or affirmation of malignancy when the lesion is benign. The method should be considered as complementary in the field of renal investigations and will be interpreted in the general context.", "contents": "[Ultrasonic nephrotomography in the differential diagnosis of renal tumors]. Renal ultrasonography was performed in 40 patients. Complex exploration was carried out in 12 patients with renal tumours, such as: urography, renal scintigrams, renal arteriography, ultrasonography and cavography. Laminography was proved to be an useful method in the positive and differential diagnosis of renal tumours, especially of cystic ones. Informations provided by this technique are not absolute, and these are some possibilities for errors which operate both ways: omission of malignancies or affirmation of malignancy when the lesion is benign. The method should be considered as complementary in the field of renal investigations and will be interpreted in the general context."}
{"id": "PMID:147496", "title": "[Spontaneous sigmoido-vesical fistula].", "content": "The colo-vesical fistula, most frequently of diverticular origin, usually occurs at a later age, when the diverticular disease is complicated by local and peri-sigmoidal processes. A characteristic of this disturbance is the fact that, although the causal affection is colical, the manifestation, at least initially, is mostly at the level of the urinary bladder, under the form of repeated bouts of cystitis of an apparently undetermined origin. Such manifestations should prompt, besides exploration of the urinary apparatus, also an exploration of the colon. The exclusively surgical treatment should be applied as early as possible after the identification of the fistular lesion, in view of preventing more severe local complications and ascendent urinary infections.", "contents": "[Spontaneous sigmoido-vesical fistula]. The colo-vesical fistula, most frequently of diverticular origin, usually occurs at a later age, when the diverticular disease is complicated by local and peri-sigmoidal processes. A characteristic of this disturbance is the fact that, although the causal affection is colical, the manifestation, at least initially, is mostly at the level of the urinary bladder, under the form of repeated bouts of cystitis of an apparently undetermined origin. Such manifestations should prompt, besides exploration of the urinary apparatus, also an exploration of the colon. The exclusively surgical treatment should be applied as early as possible after the identification of the fistular lesion, in view of preventing more severe local complications and ascendent urinary infections."}
{"id": "PMID:147497", "title": "[Osteoma of abdominal scars].", "content": "The authors make a review of etiopathogenic theories and of therapeutic possibilities on the basis of a personal observation of a case with osteoma that developed on the site of a supra-ombilical scar ofter gastrectomy for ulcer.", "contents": "[Osteoma of abdominal scars]. The authors make a review of etiopathogenic theories and of therapeutic possibilities on the basis of a personal observation of a case with osteoma that developed on the site of a supra-ombilical scar ofter gastrectomy for ulcer."}
{"id": "PMID:147504", "title": "Measurement of air flow in the maxillary sinus by hot-film technique.", "content": "A method of hot-film-anemometry was developed to investigate the velocity of air flow in the maxillary sinus which has hitherto not been detected by other methods. The hot-film-probe can registrate the slow but rapidly changing air flow dependent on the respiratory cycles. This study was performed during sinuscopy. The average of measurement values by quiet respiration was found in the sinus of 8 cm/sec during a velocity in the nose of 5 m/sec. The respiratory fluctuations in the nose induce a movement stream of circulation in the sinus. When inspiration changes to expiration there was still a flow but at a lower degree. No flow in the sinus could be observed between respiratory cycles. After sniffing the velocity peak rises to higher values. The air flow in the sinus depends on the patency of the ostium. In case of a reduced air flow we can distinguish between a partially open ostia and an obstructed one. The measurement demonstrates an injector-effect beside the influence of pressure difference and diffusion on the ventilation of the sinus.", "contents": "Measurement of air flow in the maxillary sinus by hot-film technique. A method of hot-film-anemometry was developed to investigate the velocity of air flow in the maxillary sinus which has hitherto not been detected by other methods. The hot-film-probe can registrate the slow but rapidly changing air flow dependent on the respiratory cycles. This study was performed during sinuscopy. The average of measurement values by quiet respiration was found in the sinus of 8 cm/sec during a velocity in the nose of 5 m/sec. The respiratory fluctuations in the nose induce a movement stream of circulation in the sinus. When inspiration changes to expiration there was still a flow but at a lower degree. No flow in the sinus could be observed between respiratory cycles. After sniffing the velocity peak rises to higher values. The air flow in the sinus depends on the patency of the ostium. In case of a reduced air flow we can distinguish between a partially open ostia and an obstructed one. The measurement demonstrates an injector-effect beside the influence of pressure difference and diffusion on the ventilation of the sinus."}
{"id": "PMID:147498", "title": "[Intrapancreatic foreign body].", "content": "A case is presented, of a patient in whom a foreign body (metallic pin) was imbedded in the body of the pancreas, by penetrating from the level of D3. The case underwent surgery with good results.", "contents": "[Intrapancreatic foreign body]. A case is presented, of a patient in whom a foreign body (metallic pin) was imbedded in the body of the pancreas, by penetrating from the level of D3. The case underwent surgery with good results."}
{"id": "PMID:147506", "title": "[Nondiscal sciatica without organic lesion].", "content": "Among 1 800 patients operated on for hernia of the disc, 2% were completely negative on surgical exploration. Since a psychiatric aetiology might be involved, these patients were again given physical examination, clinical psychiatric examination and a personality test (minimult). This psychometric examination yelded pathological results in 68% of these patients. A comparison with two control groups operated on for hernia of the disc permitted a distinction of statistically significant differences. The results are compared with similar studies by other authors on patients with lumbalgia and dorsalgia. A practical approach is defined.", "contents": "[Nondiscal sciatica without organic lesion]. Among 1 800 patients operated on for hernia of the disc, 2% were completely negative on surgical exploration. Since a psychiatric aetiology might be involved, these patients were again given physical examination, clinical psychiatric examination and a personality test (minimult). This psychometric examination yelded pathological results in 68% of these patients. A comparison with two control groups operated on for hernia of the disc permitted a distinction of statistically significant differences. The results are compared with similar studies by other authors on patients with lumbalgia and dorsalgia. A practical approach is defined."}
{"id": "PMID:147510", "title": "[Acute interstitial nephritis with oliguric renal failure following phenylbutazone medication].", "content": "Acute oliguric renal failure due to acute interstitial nephritis developed in a patient after treatment with phenylbutazone. The histological, immuno-histological and serological features in this case are compatible with the involvement of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction in the pathogenesis of this drug-induced interstitial nephritis. Other side effects of phenylbutazone on the kidney and the water and electrolyte metabolism are discussed.", "contents": "[Acute interstitial nephritis with oliguric renal failure following phenylbutazone medication]. Acute oliguric renal failure due to acute interstitial nephritis developed in a patient after treatment with phenylbutazone. The histological, immuno-histological and serological features in this case are compatible with the involvement of a delayed hypersensitivity reaction in the pathogenesis of this drug-induced interstitial nephritis. Other side effects of phenylbutazone on the kidney and the water and electrolyte metabolism are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:147520", "title": "Onychomycosis caused by Aspergillus terreus.", "content": "Four cases of onychomycosis caused by Aspergillus terreus are presented. The clinical characteristics consisted of spotted and striated leuconychia, dark spots and fragility of the nails. The mycology is described, and is shown that A. terreus has an inhibitory effect on the growth of dermatophytes and Scopulariopis brevicaulis. Topical treatment with 1% Pimafucin in a mixture of 60% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 40% water as well as 9% aqueous solution of sodium benzoate were both effective. The literature concerning onychomycosis caused by A. terreus is summarized.", "contents": "Onychomycosis caused by Aspergillus terreus. Four cases of onychomycosis caused by Aspergillus terreus are presented. The clinical characteristics consisted of spotted and striated leuconychia, dark spots and fragility of the nails. The mycology is described, and is shown that A. terreus has an inhibitory effect on the growth of dermatophytes and Scopulariopis brevicaulis. Topical treatment with 1% Pimafucin in a mixture of 60% dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and 40% water as well as 9% aqueous solution of sodium benzoate were both effective. The literature concerning onychomycosis caused by A. terreus is summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:147521", "title": "Trichophytosis by double infection of Trichophyton schoenleinii and Trichophyton violaceum.", "content": "Chronic generalized trichophytosis in a 44-year-old female is reported. The disease began when she was 15 and gradually spread from the scalp. Surviving hairs on the scalp and eyebrows showed an endothrix invasion. Enlargement and fistulization of the cervical and axillary lymph nodes were also present. Trichophyton schoenleinii was cultured from the scalp while Trichophyton violaceum was isolated from the body skin, the nail and lymph nodes. Griseofulvin produced significant improvement with occasional relapses. The possible role of the basic cell-mediated immune defect, as revealed by the decreased number of the T and B cells, is discussed.", "contents": "Trichophytosis by double infection of Trichophyton schoenleinii and Trichophyton violaceum. Chronic generalized trichophytosis in a 44-year-old female is reported. The disease began when she was 15 and gradually spread from the scalp. Surviving hairs on the scalp and eyebrows showed an endothrix invasion. Enlargement and fistulization of the cervical and axillary lymph nodes were also present. Trichophyton schoenleinii was cultured from the scalp while Trichophyton violaceum was isolated from the body skin, the nail and lymph nodes. Griseofulvin produced significant improvement with occasional relapses. The possible role of the basic cell-mediated immune defect, as revealed by the decreased number of the T and B cells, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:147527", "title": "Effect of amphotericin B on the incorporation of neocarzinostatin into human gastric cancerous tissues.", "content": "AmB/NCS combination therapy against cancer was evaluated. Seven gastric cancer and 2 gastric polyp cases were treated in this manner and in addition 2 gastric cancer patients were treated with NCS alone, to serve as the control. AmB dissolved in glucose solution was administered intravenously as was NCS, which was given at the onset of gastric surgery. Lesion tissues and healthy tissues were collected from each patient and the NCS titers measured by bioassay. It was shown in the majority of the gastric cancer cases that the NCS levels in the lesion tissues were substantially higher than in the surrounding normal tissues, whereas in the gastric polyp and the gastric cancer patients who received NCS alone, no significant differences were found between the tissues.", "contents": "Effect of amphotericin B on the incorporation of neocarzinostatin into human gastric cancerous tissues. AmB/NCS combination therapy against cancer was evaluated. Seven gastric cancer and 2 gastric polyp cases were treated in this manner and in addition 2 gastric cancer patients were treated with NCS alone, to serve as the control. AmB dissolved in glucose solution was administered intravenously as was NCS, which was given at the onset of gastric surgery. Lesion tissues and healthy tissues were collected from each patient and the NCS titers measured by bioassay. It was shown in the majority of the gastric cancer cases that the NCS levels in the lesion tissues were substantially higher than in the surrounding normal tissues, whereas in the gastric polyp and the gastric cancer patients who received NCS alone, no significant differences were found between the tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:147530", "title": "Antibodies to donor B lymphocytes and mixed lymphocyte culture blocking in cadaveric renal transplantation.", "content": "In 33 renal allograft recipient-donor pairs, B and T lymphocyte complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatches and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) blocking experiments were performed and the results were correlated with graft outcome. MLC blocking particularly in the unidirectional culture against donor-stimulating cells, was highly correlated with the presence of complement-dependent cytotoxicity antibodies against donor B lymphocytes. Grafts in both MLC blocking and B lymphocyte crossmatch-positive groups fared equally as well as those without positive tests. No difference in graft outcome was noted when the presence or absence of MLC blocking was examined in relationship to positive or negative B lymphocyte complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatching.", "contents": "Antibodies to donor B lymphocytes and mixed lymphocyte culture blocking in cadaveric renal transplantation. In 33 renal allograft recipient-donor pairs, B and T lymphocyte complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatches and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) blocking experiments were performed and the results were correlated with graft outcome. MLC blocking particularly in the unidirectional culture against donor-stimulating cells, was highly correlated with the presence of complement-dependent cytotoxicity antibodies against donor B lymphocytes. Grafts in both MLC blocking and B lymphocyte crossmatch-positive groups fared equally as well as those without positive tests. No difference in graft outcome was noted when the presence or absence of MLC blocking was examined in relationship to positive or negative B lymphocyte complement-dependent cytotoxicity crossmatching."}
{"id": "PMID:147531", "title": "Viability of T lymphocytes survived in frozen-thawed human bone marrow.", "content": "To know immunocompetence of cryopreserved human bone marrow, an optimal condition for cryopreservation of hemopoietic stem cells was determined on the basis of in vitro colony formation. Viability or immune function of frozen-thawed bone marrow lymphocytes was evaluated by spontaneous rosette formation and sheep red blood cells and mixed lymphocyte culture activity. It was demonstrated that the thawed marrow cells could form E rosettes and respond to alloantigens in mixed lymphocyte culture equally or more than those before freezing. Stimulating activity of cryopreserved marrow cells in mixed lymphocyte culture was not altered through a freeze-thawing process. These observations suggest that bone marrow lymphocytes may survive without losing their immunocompetence after freezing as well as hemopoietic stem cells.", "contents": "Viability of T lymphocytes survived in frozen-thawed human bone marrow. To know immunocompetence of cryopreserved human bone marrow, an optimal condition for cryopreservation of hemopoietic stem cells was determined on the basis of in vitro colony formation. Viability or immune function of frozen-thawed bone marrow lymphocytes was evaluated by spontaneous rosette formation and sheep red blood cells and mixed lymphocyte culture activity. It was demonstrated that the thawed marrow cells could form E rosettes and respond to alloantigens in mixed lymphocyte culture equally or more than those before freezing. Stimulating activity of cryopreserved marrow cells in mixed lymphocyte culture was not altered through a freeze-thawing process. These observations suggest that bone marrow lymphocytes may survive without losing their immunocompetence after freezing as well as hemopoietic stem cells."}
{"id": "PMID:147537", "title": "Endomyocardial fibrosis in Chandigarh area, India. A study of nine autopsies.", "content": "The clinical and autopsy data of nine cases of endomyocardial fibrosis encountered over a period of 11 years are presented. These account for nearly 24% of primary cardiomyopathies and 0.8% of cardiac diseases seen at autopsy. There were four cases with biventricular endomyocardial fibrosis, three with a predominantly left and two with a predominantly right ventricular affection. There was no correlation between the clinical data and the autopsy pattern of endomyocardial fibrosis; all of them presented as congestive cardiac failure.", "contents": "Endomyocardial fibrosis in Chandigarh area, India. A study of nine autopsies. The clinical and autopsy data of nine cases of endomyocardial fibrosis encountered over a period of 11 years are presented. These account for nearly 24% of primary cardiomyopathies and 0.8% of cardiac diseases seen at autopsy. There were four cases with biventricular endomyocardial fibrosis, three with a predominantly left and two with a predominantly right ventricular affection. There was no correlation between the clinical data and the autopsy pattern of endomyocardial fibrosis; all of them presented as congestive cardiac failure."}
{"id": "PMID:147540", "title": "Flow rate versus bladder volume. An alternative way of presenting some features of the micturition of healthy males.", "content": "By transforming uroflowmetrograms from curves of flow rate versus time into curves of flow rate versus instantaneous bladder volume, additional information about the variation of the flow rate during voiding is obtained. These curves show that, within a certain volume range, the maximum flow rate is more or less independent of the voided volume. A second volume-independent parameter is the maximum contraction velocity, which can be calculated from the flow rate and the instantaneous bladder volume. This parameter is presumably a measure of the physiological maximum contraction velocity of the detrusor muscle.", "contents": "Flow rate versus bladder volume. An alternative way of presenting some features of the micturition of healthy males. By transforming uroflowmetrograms from curves of flow rate versus time into curves of flow rate versus instantaneous bladder volume, additional information about the variation of the flow rate during voiding is obtained. These curves show that, within a certain volume range, the maximum flow rate is more or less independent of the voided volume. A second volume-independent parameter is the maximum contraction velocity, which can be calculated from the flow rate and the instantaneous bladder volume. This parameter is presumably a measure of the physiological maximum contraction velocity of the detrusor muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:147541", "title": "Urodynamic equipment for screening and office use: CO2 cystometry.", "content": "A newly available compact urodynamic set-up is presented herein, consisting of a 2-channel CO2 pressure recording unit with flow registration. Flow, bladder and rectal pressure recording are considered the minimal requirements for obtaining sufficient information on functional changes of the lower urinary tract.", "contents": "Urodynamic equipment for screening and office use: CO2 cystometry. A newly available compact urodynamic set-up is presented herein, consisting of a 2-channel CO2 pressure recording unit with flow registration. Flow, bladder and rectal pressure recording are considered the minimal requirements for obtaining sufficient information on functional changes of the lower urinary tract."}
{"id": "PMID:147549", "title": "[Risk and complications in peritoneoscopy].", "content": "The work is based upon the authors' 10 years' experience with more than 1500 examinations. 87 of them were combined with target biopsy of visceral organs and 5--with target cholecystocholangiography. Peritoneoscopy is not free of complications. Being a surgical procedure, it requires a special surgical skill.", "contents": "[Risk and complications in peritoneoscopy]. The work is based upon the authors' 10 years' experience with more than 1500 examinations. 87 of them were combined with target biopsy of visceral organs and 5--with target cholecystocholangiography. Peritoneoscopy is not free of complications. Being a surgical procedure, it requires a special surgical skill."}
{"id": "PMID:147550", "title": "An economic appraisal of helminth parasites in sheep.", "content": "The economic effects of the common helminth parasites of sheep are described and the current methods of prophylaxis adopted by sheep farmers in the United Kingdom reviewed. More efficient prophylactic programmes are outlined and the economic benefit accruing from two programmes designed to control fascioliasis and parasitic gastroenteritis are presented in detail.", "contents": "An economic appraisal of helminth parasites in sheep. The economic effects of the common helminth parasites of sheep are described and the current methods of prophylaxis adopted by sheep farmers in the United Kingdom reviewed. More efficient prophylactic programmes are outlined and the economic benefit accruing from two programmes designed to control fascioliasis and parasitic gastroenteritis are presented in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:147557", "title": "[Immunosuppressive activity of several drugs and their effect on antibody formation in pullorum disease].", "content": "Furazolidon given alone or in combination with chloramphenicol, with spectinomycin, with gentamycin or with sodium arsenilate as well as chlorpyrazine, applied alone, suppress the clinical manifestation of pullorum disease in birds both in the experimental and in the spontaneous outbreak of the disease. These medicinal drugs lower the production of agglutinins in birds--mostly the combination furazolidon+chloramphenicol, followed by furazolidon+sodium arsenilate. The same combinations do not prove essentially effective in influencing the development of the morphologic lesions and do not fully exempt the body from the causative agent of pullorum disease.", "contents": "[Immunosuppressive activity of several drugs and their effect on antibody formation in pullorum disease]. Furazolidon given alone or in combination with chloramphenicol, with spectinomycin, with gentamycin or with sodium arsenilate as well as chlorpyrazine, applied alone, suppress the clinical manifestation of pullorum disease in birds both in the experimental and in the spontaneous outbreak of the disease. These medicinal drugs lower the production of agglutinins in birds--mostly the combination furazolidon+chloramphenicol, followed by furazolidon+sodium arsenilate. The same combinations do not prove essentially effective in influencing the development of the morphologic lesions and do not fully exempt the body from the causative agent of pullorum disease."}
{"id": "PMID:147558", "title": "[Fibromatosis of the thyroid gland region. An electron-microscopic and enzyme-histochemical study (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of aggressive fibromatosis of the thyroid gland region were studied by histological, immunhistological and electron-microscopic methods. Contractile cells can be found in all tissue preparations using human serum containing antibodies to smooth muscle, especially in the periphery of the tumor. These cells have the characteristics of myofibroblasts by electron microscopy. The central areas of the tumor are composed of hyalin thickened bundles of collagen fibres with few cellular elements. The myofibroblast is thus considered to be the characteristic cell type of the tumor, and the pathogenesis and histogenesis of the lesion are discussed.", "contents": "[Fibromatosis of the thyroid gland region. An electron-microscopic and enzyme-histochemical study (author's transl)]. Two cases of aggressive fibromatosis of the thyroid gland region were studied by histological, immunhistological and electron-microscopic methods. Contractile cells can be found in all tissue preparations using human serum containing antibodies to smooth muscle, especially in the periphery of the tumor. These cells have the characteristics of myofibroblasts by electron microscopy. The central areas of the tumor are composed of hyalin thickened bundles of collagen fibres with few cellular elements. The myofibroblast is thus considered to be the characteristic cell type of the tumor, and the pathogenesis and histogenesis of the lesion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:147559", "title": "The endocrine pancreas in chronic pancreatitis. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies.", "content": "The endocrine pancreatic tissue from patients with severe primary chronic pancreatitis (n=6). secondary chronic pancreatitis due to duct obstruction by carcinoma (n=6) and non-diabetic, non-pancreatitic controls (n=4) was studied qualitatively and quantitatively using specific immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Grouping of variously sized islets in the sclerotic tissue (sclerosis islets), islet neoformation by ductuloinsular proliferation, and intrainsular fibrosis were the main qualitative findings. Immunocytochemical quantitation of the distribution of insulin (B), glucagon (A), somatostatin (D) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) producing cells revealed a significant relative increase in the number of A cells and a decrease in the number of B cells of the sclerosis islets in primary chronic pancreatitis ((B-44.1+/-9.3%:A-38.3+/-2.4%:D-8.6+/-5.1%:PP-4.6+/-4.1%) as well as in secondary chronic pancreatitis B-38.0+/-14.3%:A-38.4+/-19.0%:D-9.1+/-5.8%:PP-14.5+/-23.4%) compared with controls (B-71.1+/-8.1%:A-24.3+/-5.5%:D-8.0+/-2.8%:PP-0.5+/-0.4%). The number of PP cells was significantly increased in primary chronic pancreatitis only. It is suggested that scarring of the exocrine pancreas affects islet composition, probably by impairment of the local circulation and of glucose diffusion, thus leading to reduction of the number and glucose sensitivity of B cells. The hyperplasia of A and PP cells appears to be a secondary phenomenon due to the loss of B cells.", "contents": "The endocrine pancreas in chronic pancreatitis. Immunocytochemical and ultrastructural studies. The endocrine pancreatic tissue from patients with severe primary chronic pancreatitis (n=6). secondary chronic pancreatitis due to duct obstruction by carcinoma (n=6) and non-diabetic, non-pancreatitic controls (n=4) was studied qualitatively and quantitatively using specific immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. Grouping of variously sized islets in the sclerotic tissue (sclerosis islets), islet neoformation by ductuloinsular proliferation, and intrainsular fibrosis were the main qualitative findings. Immunocytochemical quantitation of the distribution of insulin (B), glucagon (A), somatostatin (D) and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) producing cells revealed a significant relative increase in the number of A cells and a decrease in the number of B cells of the sclerosis islets in primary chronic pancreatitis ((B-44.1+/-9.3%:A-38.3+/-2.4%:D-8.6+/-5.1%:PP-4.6+/-4.1%) as well as in secondary chronic pancreatitis B-38.0+/-14.3%:A-38.4+/-19.0%:D-9.1+/-5.8%:PP-14.5+/-23.4%) compared with controls (B-71.1+/-8.1%:A-24.3+/-5.5%:D-8.0+/-2.8%:PP-0.5+/-0.4%). The number of PP cells was significantly increased in primary chronic pancreatitis only. It is suggested that scarring of the exocrine pancreas affects islet composition, probably by impairment of the local circulation and of glucose diffusion, thus leading to reduction of the number and glucose sensitivity of B cells. The hyperplasia of A and PP cells appears to be a secondary phenomenon due to the loss of B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:147560", "title": "A case of heterotopic pancreas in lymph node.", "content": "A case of pancreatic heterotopia in a lymph node is described. Small pieces of pancreatic tissue were found incidentally in four lymph nodes located around the common hepatic artery in a 65-year-old man. Both exo- and endocrine elements of the pancreas, together with ductal structures were found to constitute the heterotopic tissue. No authentic case of heterotopic pancreas in lymph nodes has been previously reported in the literature.", "contents": "A case of heterotopic pancreas in lymph node. A case of pancreatic heterotopia in a lymph node is described. Small pieces of pancreatic tissue were found incidentally in four lymph nodes located around the common hepatic artery in a 65-year-old man. Both exo- and endocrine elements of the pancreas, together with ductal structures were found to constitute the heterotopic tissue. No authentic case of heterotopic pancreas in lymph nodes has been previously reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:147561", "title": "Three-dimensional morphology of the liver in cirrhosis and related disorders.", "content": "Cirrhotic livers of different types were subjected to three-dimensional graphic reconstruction of nodules, interstitial septa and blood vessels from serial histologic sections. It was found that in all cases adjacent cirrhotic nodules were connected to one another so as to form a nodular network, in spite of their apparent separation in histologic sections. The nodules were linked in the form of chains with abundant anastomoses, and the network was 'conjugate' with the intrahepatic vascular tree, as revealed by its close relationship to blood vessels. A parenchymal network of the same type was also found in livers with subacute or chronic hepatitis, suggesting that this type of structure was common to cirrhosis and its precursor lesions and represents the geometrical configuration of hepatic parenchyma surviving zonal hepatic necrosis. A Re-examination of chronic liver disease in terms of its structural framework provided a new viewpoint from which to analyse the morphogenetic problems of these disorders.", "contents": "Three-dimensional morphology of the liver in cirrhosis and related disorders. Cirrhotic livers of different types were subjected to three-dimensional graphic reconstruction of nodules, interstitial septa and blood vessels from serial histologic sections. It was found that in all cases adjacent cirrhotic nodules were connected to one another so as to form a nodular network, in spite of their apparent separation in histologic sections. The nodules were linked in the form of chains with abundant anastomoses, and the network was 'conjugate' with the intrahepatic vascular tree, as revealed by its close relationship to blood vessels. A parenchymal network of the same type was also found in livers with subacute or chronic hepatitis, suggesting that this type of structure was common to cirrhosis and its precursor lesions and represents the geometrical configuration of hepatic parenchyma surviving zonal hepatic necrosis. A Re-examination of chronic liver disease in terms of its structural framework provided a new viewpoint from which to analyse the morphogenetic problems of these disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:147562", "title": "Lack of evidence of chalone activity in used medium and extract of JB-1 tumor cells in vitro. A flow cytometry study.", "content": "In cell-free mouse ascites fluid from the JB-1 ascites tumor in the plateau phase of growth low-molecular chalone substances have been found which reversibly and specifically arrest JB-1 cells in the G1 and G2 phase of the cell cycle. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chalones were involved in the regulation of in vitro growth of JB-1 tumor cells. Used medium and cell extract from confluent, stationary JB-1 cell cultures were investigated for proliferation-inhibitory properties. JB-1 cells from stationary cultures were explanted in test cultures and the traverse of cells through the S phase was investigated by means of flow cytometry (FCM). Inhibition--expressed as a delay of the traverse of cells through the S phase--was not observed when a surplus of used medium, concentrated and fractionated used medium or concentrated and fractionated cell extract from JB-1 cells in vitro was added to test cultures. On the contrary, used medium and concentrated and fractionated used medium stimulated growth. Thus, no involvement of chalones in the growth regulation of JB-1 tumor cells in vitro was detected.", "contents": "Lack of evidence of chalone activity in used medium and extract of JB-1 tumor cells in vitro. A flow cytometry study. In cell-free mouse ascites fluid from the JB-1 ascites tumor in the plateau phase of growth low-molecular chalone substances have been found which reversibly and specifically arrest JB-1 cells in the G1 and G2 phase of the cell cycle. The aim of this study was to investigate whether chalones were involved in the regulation of in vitro growth of JB-1 tumor cells. Used medium and cell extract from confluent, stationary JB-1 cell cultures were investigated for proliferation-inhibitory properties. JB-1 cells from stationary cultures were explanted in test cultures and the traverse of cells through the S phase was investigated by means of flow cytometry (FCM). Inhibition--expressed as a delay of the traverse of cells through the S phase--was not observed when a surplus of used medium, concentrated and fractionated used medium or concentrated and fractionated cell extract from JB-1 cells in vitro was added to test cultures. On the contrary, used medium and concentrated and fractionated used medium stimulated growth. Thus, no involvement of chalones in the growth regulation of JB-1 tumor cells in vitro was detected."}
{"id": "PMID:147568", "title": "[Sex hormone balance in prostate cancer].", "content": "In cancer of the prostatic gland of stage II--III in males, 50--60 years, a reduced gonadial endocrine function is observed, that is manifested in a considerably reduced excretion of testosterone and estrogen. Because of the different rate of reduction in the testosterone and estrogen excretion in patients 50--69 years of age, one may observe the state of relative and in 70--80 years old patients--absolute hyperandrogenization of the organism, which is likely to be an unfavorable factor, taking into account the property of testosterone metabolites (dihydrotestosterone in particular) to enhance proliferative processes in the prostatic gland.", "contents": "[Sex hormone balance in prostate cancer]. In cancer of the prostatic gland of stage II--III in males, 50--60 years, a reduced gonadial endocrine function is observed, that is manifested in a considerably reduced excretion of testosterone and estrogen. Because of the different rate of reduction in the testosterone and estrogen excretion in patients 50--69 years of age, one may observe the state of relative and in 70--80 years old patients--absolute hyperandrogenization of the organism, which is likely to be an unfavorable factor, taking into account the property of testosterone metabolites (dihydrotestosterone in particular) to enhance proliferative processes in the prostatic gland."}
{"id": "PMID:147569", "title": "An experimental model of analgesic-induced renal damage--some effects of p-aminophenol on rat kidney mitochondria.", "content": "1. p-Aminophenol, a known nephrotoxin, has been studied as a model for phenacetin-induced renal damage. 2. Respiration, oxidative phosphorylation and ATPase activity were inhibited in mitochondria isolated from the kidneys of treated rats; this could not be reversed by the addition of exogenous loosely bound cofactors and bovine serum albumin to the assay medium. 3. After treatment the mitochondrial levels of sodium and calcium were increased, potassium decreased and magnesium unaltered. 4. Mitochondria isolated from treated rats showed ultrastructural damage. 5. The results are interpreted to indicate that renal tubular cell mitochondrial injury is important in triggering cortical analgesic renal damage.", "contents": "An experimental model of analgesic-induced renal damage--some effects of p-aminophenol on rat kidney mitochondria. 1. p-Aminophenol, a known nephrotoxin, has been studied as a model for phenacetin-induced renal damage. 2. Respiration, oxidative phosphorylation and ATPase activity were inhibited in mitochondria isolated from the kidneys of treated rats; this could not be reversed by the addition of exogenous loosely bound cofactors and bovine serum albumin to the assay medium. 3. After treatment the mitochondrial levels of sodium and calcium were increased, potassium decreased and magnesium unaltered. 4. Mitochondria isolated from treated rats showed ultrastructural damage. 5. The results are interpreted to indicate that renal tubular cell mitochondrial injury is important in triggering cortical analgesic renal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:147570", "title": "Histological and histochemical pattern of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test in patients with sarcoidosis.", "content": "Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is a non-specific stimulant of blastogenic transformation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes in vitro. This material has been used for detection of a reduced lymphoblastic transformation in vitro and, as a skin test, for providing information in the evaluation of cellular immunodeficiency in man (BLAESE et al. 1973). As in sarcoidosis the immunological features are \"depression of delayed-type hypersensitivity suggesting T-cell anergy and raised serum immunoglobulins suggesting B-cell overactivity\", the authors used PHA skin test in comparison with patients with tuberculosis and M. Hodgkin. PHA positive reactions recorded at 72 hrs. were in 95% for sarcoidosis, 90% for tuberculosis and 5% for M. Hodgkin. But the histological and histochemical investigation of cutaneous biopsies demonstrated three significant differences at 72 hrs. in untreated patients with sarcoidosis compared to the material of tuberculosis patients: formation of lymphatic pseudo-follicles, an increased number of arteriovenous anastomoses and appearance of C-mucopolysaccharide (a histochemical marker of connective tissue in sarcoidosis). There were in sarcoidosis, unlike tuberculosis, blast cells, plasmocytes and a number of lymphocytes at 72 hrs. It is difficult for the authors to explain the different behaviour of the PHA skin test in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. The appearance of the C-mucopolysaccharide might be a result of the raised serum level of IgM in patients with sarcoidosis.", "contents": "Histological and histochemical pattern of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) skin test in patients with sarcoidosis. Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) is a non-specific stimulant of blastogenic transformation and proliferation of T-lymphocytes in vitro. This material has been used for detection of a reduced lymphoblastic transformation in vitro and, as a skin test, for providing information in the evaluation of cellular immunodeficiency in man (BLAESE et al. 1973). As in sarcoidosis the immunological features are \"depression of delayed-type hypersensitivity suggesting T-cell anergy and raised serum immunoglobulins suggesting B-cell overactivity\", the authors used PHA skin test in comparison with patients with tuberculosis and M. Hodgkin. PHA positive reactions recorded at 72 hrs. were in 95% for sarcoidosis, 90% for tuberculosis and 5% for M. Hodgkin. But the histological and histochemical investigation of cutaneous biopsies demonstrated three significant differences at 72 hrs. in untreated patients with sarcoidosis compared to the material of tuberculosis patients: formation of lymphatic pseudo-follicles, an increased number of arteriovenous anastomoses and appearance of C-mucopolysaccharide (a histochemical marker of connective tissue in sarcoidosis). There were in sarcoidosis, unlike tuberculosis, blast cells, plasmocytes and a number of lymphocytes at 72 hrs. It is difficult for the authors to explain the different behaviour of the PHA skin test in sarcoidosis and tuberculosis. The appearance of the C-mucopolysaccharide might be a result of the raised serum level of IgM in patients with sarcoidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:147582", "title": "[Effect of a decrease in the concentration of serotonin in the brain on elaboration and preservation of defensive conditioned reflexes].", "content": "Injection of a total dose of 1200 mg/kg of parachlorphenylalanine to mice leads to a 75% drop in the serotonin (5-OT) content in the brain with a subsequent return to the initial level in seven days. The processes of elaboration and reproduction of conditioned defensive active and \"passive\" avoidance reflexes were studied against the background of reduced 5-OT content. It has been assumed that the observed disturbances in elaboration are linked to the increased fear emotion when the mice are placed in new surroundings. Disturbances in retention of the \"passive\" avoidance conditioned reflex are in fact disturbances of its reproduction. A conclusion has been drawn that a drop in the 5-OT content in the brain does not prevent the formation and fixation of defensive temporary connections.", "contents": "[Effect of a decrease in the concentration of serotonin in the brain on elaboration and preservation of defensive conditioned reflexes]. Injection of a total dose of 1200 mg/kg of parachlorphenylalanine to mice leads to a 75% drop in the serotonin (5-OT) content in the brain with a subsequent return to the initial level in seven days. The processes of elaboration and reproduction of conditioned defensive active and \"passive\" avoidance reflexes were studied against the background of reduced 5-OT content. It has been assumed that the observed disturbances in elaboration are linked to the increased fear emotion when the mice are placed in new surroundings. Disturbances in retention of the \"passive\" avoidance conditioned reflex are in fact disturbances of its reproduction. A conclusion has been drawn that a drop in the 5-OT content in the brain does not prevent the formation and fixation of defensive temporary connections."}
{"id": "PMID:147595", "title": "[Microelement metabolism in patients with hereditary extrapyramidal diseases].", "content": "The author studied 40 patients with hereditary extrapyramidal diseases, including 8 cases with Hallerworden-Spatz disease, 13--with Hutchingtons chorea and 23 with torsion dystonia. For control purposes 20 normals were studied as well. The studies were aimed at determining the iron, manganese and zinc content in the blood plasma in the diurnal urine by means of an atom-absorbtional spectrophotometry on the apparatus \"Perkin--Elmer-503\" with the use of black lead flasks. These parameters were correlated with the clinical syndrome, severity of the condition and its duration. In order to detect the possible intercorrelations between the trace elements the method of a correlational level with determination of Spearman's coefficient was used.", "contents": "[Microelement metabolism in patients with hereditary extrapyramidal diseases]. The author studied 40 patients with hereditary extrapyramidal diseases, including 8 cases with Hallerworden-Spatz disease, 13--with Hutchingtons chorea and 23 with torsion dystonia. For control purposes 20 normals were studied as well. The studies were aimed at determining the iron, manganese and zinc content in the blood plasma in the diurnal urine by means of an atom-absorbtional spectrophotometry on the apparatus \"Perkin--Elmer-503\" with the use of black lead flasks. These parameters were correlated with the clinical syndrome, severity of the condition and its duration. In order to detect the possible intercorrelations between the trace elements the method of a correlational level with determination of Spearman's coefficient was used."}
{"id": "PMID:147596", "title": "Electromagnetic blood flow measurement during extended deep femoral angioplasty.", "content": "Electromagnetic flow measurements have been made on 53 patients undergoing extended deep femoral angioplasty. Flow measurements were made on the common femoral artery before reconstruction, after reconstruction and following an intra-arterial injection of papaverine. Flow measurements were correlated with the clinical outcome of the operation. The follow-up period varied between 6 and 30 months. There was no significant difference in follow-up period between the success and failure groups. The operation produced a significant increase in volume flow in both the success and the failure group. Flow velocities before and after reconstruction were, however, significantly higher in the success group. The results indicate that flow velocity measurement is preferable to volume flow measurement in assessing the long-term success of extended deep femoral angioplasty. A flow velocity of less than 5 cm per second achieved after reconstruction is likely to lead to failure; more than 10 cm per second indicates the likelihood of success.", "contents": "Electromagnetic blood flow measurement during extended deep femoral angioplasty. Electromagnetic flow measurements have been made on 53 patients undergoing extended deep femoral angioplasty. Flow measurements were made on the common femoral artery before reconstruction, after reconstruction and following an intra-arterial injection of papaverine. Flow measurements were correlated with the clinical outcome of the operation. The follow-up period varied between 6 and 30 months. There was no significant difference in follow-up period between the success and failure groups. The operation produced a significant increase in volume flow in both the success and the failure group. Flow velocities before and after reconstruction were, however, significantly higher in the success group. The results indicate that flow velocity measurement is preferable to volume flow measurement in assessing the long-term success of extended deep femoral angioplasty. A flow velocity of less than 5 cm per second achieved after reconstruction is likely to lead to failure; more than 10 cm per second indicates the likelihood of success."}
{"id": "PMID:147597", "title": "Heterotopic bone formation in upper midline abdominal incisions.", "content": "Five cases of heterotopic bone formation in upper abdominal incisions within one year are presented. The patients were male, with a mean age of 52 years. The bone formation was diagnosed by palpation and X-ray and in 3 cases verified by operation and histology. The condition is said to be very rare.", "contents": "Heterotopic bone formation in upper midline abdominal incisions. Five cases of heterotopic bone formation in upper abdominal incisions within one year are presented. The patients were male, with a mean age of 52 years. The bone formation was diagnosed by palpation and X-ray and in 3 cases verified by operation and histology. The condition is said to be very rare."}
{"id": "PMID:147600", "title": "Bipolar cautery for laparoscopic sterilization.", "content": "Laparoscopic sterilization with a bipolar electrode was performed in 62 patients. The sterilization failed in one patient and was questionable in another. The effectiveness was assessed by hysterosalpingography (HSG) in 51 patients. No complications due to laparoscopy occurred. The method is considered to be advantageous because of the low risk of complications. The effectiveness of the method seems to be acceptable.", "contents": "Bipolar cautery for laparoscopic sterilization. Laparoscopic sterilization with a bipolar electrode was performed in 62 patients. The sterilization failed in one patient and was questionable in another. The effectiveness was assessed by hysterosalpingography (HSG) in 51 patients. No complications due to laparoscopy occurred. The method is considered to be advantageous because of the low risk of complications. The effectiveness of the method seems to be acceptable."}
{"id": "PMID:147601", "title": "Scanning electron microscopic observations of a mucopolysaccharide coating on human corneal endothelium.", "content": "Scanning electron microscopic observations of human corneal endothelium revealed a binding of ruthenium red-osmium tetroxide to a material on the inner surface of the endothelial cells on the cornea and the trabecular meshwork. The coating material was partially digested by proteolytic enzymes.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopic observations of a mucopolysaccharide coating on human corneal endothelium. Scanning electron microscopic observations of human corneal endothelium revealed a binding of ruthenium red-osmium tetroxide to a material on the inner surface of the endothelial cells on the cornea and the trabecular meshwork. The coating material was partially digested by proteolytic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:147604", "title": "The immunological relationship between filtrable agent, Salmonella and murine leukosis.", "content": "Salmonella typhimurium was invariably isolated from our J strain murine leukosis. Immunization of D103 mice with either inactivated Salmonella typhimurium or the cell-free extract of leukosis inhibited the transplantation of leukosis. The adoptive immunization of D103 mice with spleen cells of Strong A mice immunized with either Salmonella or the cell-free extract of leukosis inhibited the transplantation of leukosis. The addition of either Salmonella or the cell-free extract of leukosis inhibited the migration of macrophages of leukosis spleen in tissue culture. Strong A mice is non-susceptible to J strain leukosis. However, inoculation of neonatal Strong A mice with the cell-free extract of leukosis produced a susceptibility to the transplantation of leukosis. These results suggest that both a filtrable agent and Salmonella typhimurium are present in cells of this leukosis and might be etiologically related to the leukosis.", "contents": "The immunological relationship between filtrable agent, Salmonella and murine leukosis. Salmonella typhimurium was invariably isolated from our J strain murine leukosis. Immunization of D103 mice with either inactivated Salmonella typhimurium or the cell-free extract of leukosis inhibited the transplantation of leukosis. The adoptive immunization of D103 mice with spleen cells of Strong A mice immunized with either Salmonella or the cell-free extract of leukosis inhibited the transplantation of leukosis. The addition of either Salmonella or the cell-free extract of leukosis inhibited the migration of macrophages of leukosis spleen in tissue culture. Strong A mice is non-susceptible to J strain leukosis. However, inoculation of neonatal Strong A mice with the cell-free extract of leukosis produced a susceptibility to the transplantation of leukosis. These results suggest that both a filtrable agent and Salmonella typhimurium are present in cells of this leukosis and might be etiologically related to the leukosis."}
{"id": "PMID:147602", "title": "Actomyosin ATPase activity of human laryngeal muscles.", "content": "The muscles from seven human larynxes removed by laryngectomy have been examined for actomyosin ATPase by histochemical methods. The various muscles contained a mixture of ATPase low (type I) and ATPase high (type II) muscle fibres. The thyreoarytenoid muscle had the highest proportion of type II fibres (65%) and the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle had the highest proportion of type I fibres (67%). The other laryngeal muscles had intermediate valves. All human laryngeal muscles had a higher percetage of type I fibres than the corresponding muscles in animals so far examined, a finding which may be related to the development of speech.", "contents": "Actomyosin ATPase activity of human laryngeal muscles. The muscles from seven human larynxes removed by laryngectomy have been examined for actomyosin ATPase by histochemical methods. The various muscles contained a mixture of ATPase low (type I) and ATPase high (type II) muscle fibres. The thyreoarytenoid muscle had the highest proportion of type II fibres (65%) and the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle had the highest proportion of type I fibres (67%). The other laryngeal muscles had intermediate valves. All human laryngeal muscles had a higher percetage of type I fibres than the corresponding muscles in animals so far examined, a finding which may be related to the development of speech."}
{"id": "PMID:147605", "title": "Use of the halo-pelvic apparatus for treatment of fracture-dislocations of the thoracic and lumbar spines accompanied by paraplegia.", "content": "Twenty-five cases of paraplegia due to fracture-dislocations of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were treated using the halo-pelvic apparatus. Thirteen of them only needed the apparatus, two underwent laminectomy, and ten had posterior spinal fusion in addition. The advantages of this method are that gentle reduction can be achieved without severe complications, and that posterior spinal fusion can be performed with this apparatus on, thus enabling an early start to the subsequent exercise program and minimal absence from work.", "contents": "Use of the halo-pelvic apparatus for treatment of fracture-dislocations of the thoracic and lumbar spines accompanied by paraplegia. Twenty-five cases of paraplegia due to fracture-dislocations of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae were treated using the halo-pelvic apparatus. Thirteen of them only needed the apparatus, two underwent laminectomy, and ten had posterior spinal fusion in addition. The advantages of this method are that gentle reduction can be achieved without severe complications, and that posterior spinal fusion can be performed with this apparatus on, thus enabling an early start to the subsequent exercise program and minimal absence from work."}
{"id": "PMID:147606", "title": "Surgical treatment of gastric cancer with special reference to lymph node removal.", "content": "Factors influencing the prognosis in gastric cancer treated by curative resection include lymph node metastasis and the extent of invasion of the gastric wall. Lymph node metastasis can be removed surgically, but the extent of invasion is not amenable to external measures. Of these two factors, the extent of wall invasion has the greatest influence on prognosis in cases undergoing curative resection. With lymph node removal of equal extent the prognosis worsens in proportion to the depth of invasion. Further, lymph node metastasis increases with increasing depth of invasion. Metastasis was seen in Group 2 and 3 nodes in more than 60% of cancer with invasion beyond the Tunica muscularis propria (pm), indicating that wide lymph node removal is essential in cancers with deep invasion of the wall. The effects of extended radical operation on the host as illustrated by the indices of total serum protein and albumin levels were no different from those of less extensive resections. It was confirmed that extensive radical resection did not delay postoperative recovery.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of gastric cancer with special reference to lymph node removal. Factors influencing the prognosis in gastric cancer treated by curative resection include lymph node metastasis and the extent of invasion of the gastric wall. Lymph node metastasis can be removed surgically, but the extent of invasion is not amenable to external measures. Of these two factors, the extent of wall invasion has the greatest influence on prognosis in cases undergoing curative resection. With lymph node removal of equal extent the prognosis worsens in proportion to the depth of invasion. Further, lymph node metastasis increases with increasing depth of invasion. Metastasis was seen in Group 2 and 3 nodes in more than 60% of cancer with invasion beyond the Tunica muscularis propria (pm), indicating that wide lymph node removal is essential in cancers with deep invasion of the wall. The effects of extended radical operation on the host as illustrated by the indices of total serum protein and albumin levels were no different from those of less extensive resections. It was confirmed that extensive radical resection did not delay postoperative recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:147607", "title": "A new nail-plate for treatment of fracture of the neck of the femur.", "content": "Operative treatment of fractures of the neck and trochanter of the femur does not always produce a satisfactory result. This is usually due to biomechanical problems with the available internal fixation methods. We studied the anatomy of the neck of the femur by roentgenograms and sectional specimens from 70 cadavers. In addition, various nail-plates were subjected to buckling tests and, by simultaneously attaching a strain-gauge, stress distribution was calculated. The results of these preliminary studies were then used to design a new nail-plate better than those available at present. Testing of this new nail-plate confirmed that it had a strength equal to that of the Holt nail-plate (the strongest of the available nail-plates).", "contents": "A new nail-plate for treatment of fracture of the neck of the femur. Operative treatment of fractures of the neck and trochanter of the femur does not always produce a satisfactory result. This is usually due to biomechanical problems with the available internal fixation methods. We studied the anatomy of the neck of the femur by roentgenograms and sectional specimens from 70 cadavers. In addition, various nail-plates were subjected to buckling tests and, by simultaneously attaching a strain-gauge, stress distribution was calculated. The results of these preliminary studies were then used to design a new nail-plate better than those available at present. Testing of this new nail-plate confirmed that it had a strength equal to that of the Holt nail-plate (the strongest of the available nail-plates)."}
{"id": "PMID:147608", "title": "Adenomatoid tumor of the uterus: report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A case of uterine adenomatoid tumor in a 47-year-old female was studied with both light and electron microscopes. The tumor was circumscribed, 2.5 cm in diameter, and located in the posterior wall of the uterus. In light microscopy, tumor cells showing \"signet-ring\" appearance arranged in cords or tubules. Hyaluronidase-sensitive acid mucopolysaccharide was present in the cells and luminal surfaces. Mucicarmine stain was negative and periodic acid-Schiff reaction was faintly positive. In electron microscopy, the tumor showed basal laminae, well-developed desmosomes and numerous microvilli. Intercellular spaces were present between adjacent cells. Small intercellular spaces were separated from the large lumens by desmosomes and tight junctions, while large spaces communicated with the tubular lumens. Forty-four reported cases of adenomatoid tumor in females were briefly reviewed.", "contents": "Adenomatoid tumor of the uterus: report of a case and review of the literature. A case of uterine adenomatoid tumor in a 47-year-old female was studied with both light and electron microscopes. The tumor was circumscribed, 2.5 cm in diameter, and located in the posterior wall of the uterus. In light microscopy, tumor cells showing \"signet-ring\" appearance arranged in cords or tubules. Hyaluronidase-sensitive acid mucopolysaccharide was present in the cells and luminal surfaces. Mucicarmine stain was negative and periodic acid-Schiff reaction was faintly positive. In electron microscopy, the tumor showed basal laminae, well-developed desmosomes and numerous microvilli. Intercellular spaces were present between adjacent cells. Small intercellular spaces were separated from the large lumens by desmosomes and tight junctions, while large spaces communicated with the tubular lumens. Forty-four reported cases of adenomatoid tumor in females were briefly reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:147613", "title": "[Spontaneous transformation in LTT of patients with atopic dermatitis and other allergic skin diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Increased spontaneous transformation rates have been repeatedly found in the LTT of patients with neurodermits or other diseases. We were interested in the question, if they are to induce artificially. On 37 voluntary persons the LTT was performed before, 24, 48 hours and 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after an intracutaneous injection of 0,1 ml of Candidin. On 19 test persons a statistically significant and on further 4 a distinct increase of spontaneous transformed cells in the LTT was to record compared with the culture before the injection of the antigen. This phenomenon was only to detect on low levels of spontaneous transformation (to 3%) in the initial culture. The importance of this observation is discussed in regard to immunological processes in the organism during an antigen exposition as well as to its relation with the evaluation of the LTT.", "contents": "[Spontaneous transformation in LTT of patients with atopic dermatitis and other allergic skin diseases (author's transl)]. Increased spontaneous transformation rates have been repeatedly found in the LTT of patients with neurodermits or other diseases. We were interested in the question, if they are to induce artificially. On 37 voluntary persons the LTT was performed before, 24, 48 hours and 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after an intracutaneous injection of 0,1 ml of Candidin. On 19 test persons a statistically significant and on further 4 a distinct increase of spontaneous transformed cells in the LTT was to record compared with the culture before the injection of the antigen. This phenomenon was only to detect on low levels of spontaneous transformation (to 3%) in the initial culture. The importance of this observation is discussed in regard to immunological processes in the organism during an antigen exposition as well as to its relation with the evaluation of the LTT."}
{"id": "PMID:147614", "title": "Specific and non-specific skin test reactions with animal dander extract.", "content": "Intradermal skin tests have been performed in atopic patients with allergenic extracts of different animal danders at uniform concentration. A high incidence of positive test was recorded which could not be related to the clinical histories, especially with the allergens of horse, cow and dog dander (NR). Better correlation was observed with guinea pig and cat allergens (R). The incidence of NR reactions was highest in the house dust allergy group of patients; with the exception of horse dander allergen, the frequency of R reactions was more pronounced in the grass pollen group. It is suggested that both allergen-specific and non-allergen-specific mechanisms may contribute to positive wheal and flare reactions.", "contents": "Specific and non-specific skin test reactions with animal dander extract. Intradermal skin tests have been performed in atopic patients with allergenic extracts of different animal danders at uniform concentration. A high incidence of positive test was recorded which could not be related to the clinical histories, especially with the allergens of horse, cow and dog dander (NR). Better correlation was observed with guinea pig and cat allergens (R). The incidence of NR reactions was highest in the house dust allergy group of patients; with the exception of horse dander allergen, the frequency of R reactions was more pronounced in the grass pollen group. It is suggested that both allergen-specific and non-allergen-specific mechanisms may contribute to positive wheal and flare reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:147615", "title": "[The kinetics of the humoral and secretory IgA-production at the beginning of an acute respiratory disease (A.R.D.) in infants (author's transl)].", "content": "On three consecutive days at the beginning of an acute respiratory disease (A.R.D.) we analysed the concentration of IgA in the serum and in the aspirate of the nasopharyngeal region (N.P.A.) of 13 infants from the age of 3 up to 21 months (average age: 7.4 months). We found, that the absolute concentration as well as the dynamics of the changes of the concentration were higher in the N.P.A. than in the serum. The differences found are statistically significant. On the basis of these pathophysiological facts a screening-method could be developed for the early diagnosis of acute virus diseases of the upper respiratory passages.", "contents": "[The kinetics of the humoral and secretory IgA-production at the beginning of an acute respiratory disease (A.R.D.) in infants (author's transl)]. On three consecutive days at the beginning of an acute respiratory disease (A.R.D.) we analysed the concentration of IgA in the serum and in the aspirate of the nasopharyngeal region (N.P.A.) of 13 infants from the age of 3 up to 21 months (average age: 7.4 months). We found, that the absolute concentration as well as the dynamics of the changes of the concentration were higher in the N.P.A. than in the serum. The differences found are statistically significant. On the basis of these pathophysiological facts a screening-method could be developed for the early diagnosis of acute virus diseases of the upper respiratory passages."}
{"id": "PMID:147616", "title": "Clinical signifcans of longitudinal determination of immunoglobulin values in infants with acut respiratory diseases.", "content": "The immunoglobulin values (IgM, IgA, IgG) were determined longitudinally in 73 infant with acute obstructive bronchitis; with acute obstructive bronchitis associated with bronchopneumonia; with bronchopneumonia. The immunoglobulin values were determined by single radial immunodiffusion method. The comparison of time of clinical recovery and x-ray clearing on the one hand and the normalisation of immunoglobulin values on the other hand was done too. It was found that the high immunoglobulin values were maintained  after the clinical recovery and x-ray clearing the longest period of time in infants with acut obstructive bronchitis. In infants with acute obstructive bronchitis associated with bronchopneumonia the high immunoglobulin values were maintained very long but they were normalised on the 34-30th day of clinical recovery and x-ray clearing. In infants with bronchopneumonia the high immunoglobulin values were maintain considerably shorter and they were normalised on the 6th day after the clinical recovery. Whit regard to different time of normalisation of immunoglobulin values in infants with acute obstructive bronchitis associated with bronchopneumonia it was concluded that the longitudinal determination of immunoglobulin values has clinical significance since it can be found which of these two diseases is dominant.", "contents": "Clinical signifcans of longitudinal determination of immunoglobulin values in infants with acut respiratory diseases. The immunoglobulin values (IgM, IgA, IgG) were determined longitudinally in 73 infant with acute obstructive bronchitis; with acute obstructive bronchitis associated with bronchopneumonia; with bronchopneumonia. The immunoglobulin values were determined by single radial immunodiffusion method. The comparison of time of clinical recovery and x-ray clearing on the one hand and the normalisation of immunoglobulin values on the other hand was done too. It was found that the high immunoglobulin values were maintained  after the clinical recovery and x-ray clearing the longest period of time in infants with acut obstructive bronchitis. In infants with acute obstructive bronchitis associated with bronchopneumonia the high immunoglobulin values were maintained very long but they were normalised on the 34-30th day of clinical recovery and x-ray clearing. In infants with bronchopneumonia the high immunoglobulin values were maintain considerably shorter and they were normalised on the 6th day after the clinical recovery. Whit regard to different time of normalisation of immunoglobulin values in infants with acute obstructive bronchitis associated with bronchopneumonia it was concluded that the longitudinal determination of immunoglobulin values has clinical significance since it can be found which of these two diseases is dominant."}
{"id": "PMID:147617", "title": "Trend of IgD values during the hyposensitization in children suffering from bronchial asthma.", "content": "In 50 children, aged from 3 to 14 years, with bronchial asthma the IgD values were determined before and during the hyposensitization. The estimation of IgD values was made with method of single radial immunodiffusion, using Partigen plates - Behringwerke products. The IgD values were determined in seven serum samples in each investigated child. In 7 cases (14%) IgD was not found before hyposensitization. From 43 cases (86%) in whom the IgD value was found 34 (79%) had IgD values under 50% from the standard value and only 9 cases (21%) had the values over 50%. During the hyposenitization it came to changes in distribution of IgD values and only in 11 cases (29%) it came to real increase of IgD values. All investigated children had positive \"skin-sensitive\" reaction during the hyposensitization. On the base of the results obtained it could not be drawn a conclusion on relation between the IgD values and the effect of hyposensitization.", "contents": "Trend of IgD values during the hyposensitization in children suffering from bronchial asthma. In 50 children, aged from 3 to 14 years, with bronchial asthma the IgD values were determined before and during the hyposensitization. The estimation of IgD values was made with method of single radial immunodiffusion, using Partigen plates - Behringwerke products. The IgD values were determined in seven serum samples in each investigated child. In 7 cases (14%) IgD was not found before hyposensitization. From 43 cases (86%) in whom the IgD value was found 34 (79%) had IgD values under 50% from the standard value and only 9 cases (21%) had the values over 50%. During the hyposenitization it came to changes in distribution of IgD values and only in 11 cases (29%) it came to real increase of IgD values. All investigated children had positive \"skin-sensitive\" reaction during the hyposensitization. On the base of the results obtained it could not be drawn a conclusion on relation between the IgD values and the effect of hyposensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:147618", "title": "Lymph node activating factor from mixed cultures of allogeneic lymphoid cells: effect on the lymph nodes of euthymic and athymic mice.", "content": "The action of \"lymph node activating factor\" (present in supernatants from 4hr cultures of allogeneic lymphocytes) on the lymph nodes of athymic nu/nu mice, nu/+ hybrids and euthymic BALB/c mice was studied. An increase in lymph node weight, cellularity and changes in lymph node morphology, i.e. an increase of the dense lymphatic tissue of the cortex and paracortex and appearance of follicles with light centers, were found in all mice. Lymphocyte activation evaluated by the presence of lymphocytes with RNA synthesizing nucleoli occurred only in nu/nu mice and nu/+ hybrids. Marked changes in lymph node morphology found in nu/nu homozygotes suggest relation of the lymph node activating factor to mediators acting directly on B cells.", "contents": "Lymph node activating factor from mixed cultures of allogeneic lymphoid cells: effect on the lymph nodes of euthymic and athymic mice. The action of \"lymph node activating factor\" (present in supernatants from 4hr cultures of allogeneic lymphocytes) on the lymph nodes of athymic nu/nu mice, nu/+ hybrids and euthymic BALB/c mice was studied. An increase in lymph node weight, cellularity and changes in lymph node morphology, i.e. an increase of the dense lymphatic tissue of the cortex and paracortex and appearance of follicles with light centers, were found in all mice. Lymphocyte activation evaluated by the presence of lymphocytes with RNA synthesizing nucleoli occurred only in nu/nu mice and nu/+ hybrids. Marked changes in lymph node morphology found in nu/nu homozygotes suggest relation of the lymph node activating factor to mediators acting directly on B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:147619", "title": "[The effect of chloroquine diphosphate upon tissue mast cells in rat's skin (author's transl)].", "content": "The number and morphological changes of the mast cells were studied in the skin of three groups white rats. The first group was treated subcutaneously with 5 mg/kg body weight chloroquine diphosphate for twenty days, the second group was treated with saline; the third group was not treated at all. An absolute increase of the number of mast cells in the animals treated with chloroquine diphosphate was established. It was assumed the increase of the mast cells is connected with the activation of the histidine-decarboxylase and the rise of the histamine level in the site of chloroquine diphosphate application.", "contents": "[The effect of chloroquine diphosphate upon tissue mast cells in rat's skin (author's transl)]. The number and morphological changes of the mast cells were studied in the skin of three groups white rats. The first group was treated subcutaneously with 5 mg/kg body weight chloroquine diphosphate for twenty days, the second group was treated with saline; the third group was not treated at all. An absolute increase of the number of mast cells in the animals treated with chloroquine diphosphate was established. It was assumed the increase of the mast cells is connected with the activation of the histidine-decarboxylase and the rise of the histamine level in the site of chloroquine diphosphate application."}
{"id": "PMID:147620", "title": "[Studies on the influence of immune complexes on the in-vitro-migration of human blood-granulocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "A high concentration of precipiated immune complexes inhibits the in vitro migration of human polymorphnuclear leucocytes. On the other side a low concentration of insoluble antigen-antibody complexes as well as soluble immune complexes were found to stimulate the migration. The immune complexes act indirectly on the migration of neutrophils by a nonspecific release of mediators from neutrophils. Since immune complexes may influence the migration of granulocytes, it is important in leucocyte migration tests used for evaluation of cellular immunity to avoid the presence of immune complexes.", "contents": "[Studies on the influence of immune complexes on the in-vitro-migration of human blood-granulocytes (author's transl)]. A high concentration of precipiated immune complexes inhibits the in vitro migration of human polymorphnuclear leucocytes. On the other side a low concentration of insoluble antigen-antibody complexes as well as soluble immune complexes were found to stimulate the migration. The immune complexes act indirectly on the migration of neutrophils by a nonspecific release of mediators from neutrophils. Since immune complexes may influence the migration of granulocytes, it is important in leucocyte migration tests used for evaluation of cellular immunity to avoid the presence of immune complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:147621", "title": "Experimental investigations in guinea pigs on the recognition of the allergic eczematous reaction: A comparison of the macrophage migration inhibition test with the patch test.", "content": "1. The patch test as an in vivo test has disadvantages. It is our impression that biologically false reactions occur in approximately 5%. 2. The MIT as an in vitro test is very time consuming, but safe for the patient. It is supposed to give up to 20% false reactions. 3. In 76 and 72% of 156 guinea pigs sensitized with potassium bichromate and sulfasol respectively, both the test methods gave results in agreement. 4. Sensitization by potassium bichromate estimated by patch test only was 30%, and by MIT only also 30%, but the two test methods disagreed in 24%. 5. Sensitization by sulfasol evaluated in the patch test only was 36%, and in the MIT only 48% but the two test methods disagreed in 28%. 6. The differences between the results of the two test methods are not satistically significant and their failure rate does not provide absolutely sure results, but we believe that the patch test is preferrable in recognition of contact allergy because it is in vivo and probably has a lower failure rate in comparison with the MIT in the human.", "contents": "Experimental investigations in guinea pigs on the recognition of the allergic eczematous reaction: A comparison of the macrophage migration inhibition test with the patch test. 1. The patch test as an in vivo test has disadvantages. It is our impression that biologically false reactions occur in approximately 5%. 2. The MIT as an in vitro test is very time consuming, but safe for the patient. It is supposed to give up to 20% false reactions. 3. In 76 and 72% of 156 guinea pigs sensitized with potassium bichromate and sulfasol respectively, both the test methods gave results in agreement. 4. Sensitization by potassium bichromate estimated by patch test only was 30%, and by MIT only also 30%, but the two test methods disagreed in 24%. 5. Sensitization by sulfasol evaluated in the patch test only was 36%, and in the MIT only 48% but the two test methods disagreed in 28%. 6. The differences between the results of the two test methods are not satistically significant and their failure rate does not provide absolutely sure results, but we believe that the patch test is preferrable in recognition of contact allergy because it is in vivo and probably has a lower failure rate in comparison with the MIT in the human."}
{"id": "PMID:147623", "title": "Erythrocyte membrane Na+ and K+ activated adenosine triphosphatase in protein-calorie malnutrition.", "content": "Total, ouabain insensitive and ouabain sensitive Na+ and K+ adenosine triphosphatase activity in the erythrocyte membrane of protein-calorie malnourished children with marasmus and kwashiorkor was compared with the enzyme activity in apparently healthy children (normals). Na+ and K+ contents of erythrocyte and plasma were also determined in these patients. Specific activity (units per milligram of membrane protein) of ouabain sensitive Na+ and K+ adenosine triphosphatase was significantly higher in erythrocyte membrane preparations from children with kwashiorkor but not from children with marasmus. After 4 to 5 weeks of treatment with diets sufficient in protein and calories the specific activity of the enzyme was lower as compared to that on admission. Erythrocyte and plasma Na+ content (microgram/10(6) cells and microgram per milliliter of plasma) in children with kwashiorkor were not different from those in normal children, however, there was reduction in K+ content of erythrocytes and plasma of these children. After treatment, erythrocyte Na+ and K+ and plasma K+ in children with kwashiorkor increased significantly. In marasmic children erythrocyte Na+ was higher as compared to normal but there were no differences in K+ content of either eyrthrocytes or plasma in these children.", "contents": "Erythrocyte membrane Na+ and K+ activated adenosine triphosphatase in protein-calorie malnutrition. Total, ouabain insensitive and ouabain sensitive Na+ and K+ adenosine triphosphatase activity in the erythrocyte membrane of protein-calorie malnourished children with marasmus and kwashiorkor was compared with the enzyme activity in apparently healthy children (normals). Na+ and K+ contents of erythrocyte and plasma were also determined in these patients. Specific activity (units per milligram of membrane protein) of ouabain sensitive Na+ and K+ adenosine triphosphatase was significantly higher in erythrocyte membrane preparations from children with kwashiorkor but not from children with marasmus. After 4 to 5 weeks of treatment with diets sufficient in protein and calories the specific activity of the enzyme was lower as compared to that on admission. Erythrocyte and plasma Na+ content (microgram/10(6) cells and microgram per milliliter of plasma) in children with kwashiorkor were not different from those in normal children, however, there was reduction in K+ content of erythrocytes and plasma of these children. After treatment, erythrocyte Na+ and K+ and plasma K+ in children with kwashiorkor increased significantly. In marasmic children erythrocyte Na+ was higher as compared to normal but there were no differences in K+ content of either eyrthrocytes or plasma in these children."}
{"id": "PMID:147624", "title": "\"Mitral stenosis\" secondary to combined \"massive\" mitral anular calcific deposits and small, hypertrophied left ventricles. Hemodynamic documentation in four patients.", "content": "Certain observations are described in four elderly women with massive mitral anular calcific deposits, small thick-walled left ventricles and diastolic gradients between pulmonary artery wedge position (or left atrium) and left ventricle. All four patients had some degree of obstruction to left ventricular outflow. Examination at necropsy (two patients) or at operation (one patient) disclosed only focal fibrous thickening of the mitral leaflets without commissural or chordal fusion. By auscultation, none had mitral opening snaps, only two had loud first heart sounds and only one had a mitral diastolic rumble. Hemodynamic documentation of a diastolic gradient between pulmonary artery wedge position (or left atrium) and left ventricle in the presence of massive mitral anular calcific deposits and in the absence of diffuse disease of the mitral leaflets has not been demonstrated previously. The diastolic gradients are considered to result from the combination of the large mitral anular calcific deposits and the small, thick-walled, noncompliant left ventricles.", "contents": "\"Mitral stenosis\" secondary to combined \"massive\" mitral anular calcific deposits and small, hypertrophied left ventricles. Hemodynamic documentation in four patients. Certain observations are described in four elderly women with massive mitral anular calcific deposits, small thick-walled left ventricles and diastolic gradients between pulmonary artery wedge position (or left atrium) and left ventricle. All four patients had some degree of obstruction to left ventricular outflow. Examination at necropsy (two patients) or at operation (one patient) disclosed only focal fibrous thickening of the mitral leaflets without commissural or chordal fusion. By auscultation, none had mitral opening snaps, only two had loud first heart sounds and only one had a mitral diastolic rumble. Hemodynamic documentation of a diastolic gradient between pulmonary artery wedge position (or left atrium) and left ventricle in the presence of massive mitral anular calcific deposits and in the absence of diffuse disease of the mitral leaflets has not been demonstrated previously. The diastolic gradients are considered to result from the combination of the large mitral anular calcific deposits and the small, thick-walled, noncompliant left ventricles."}
{"id": "PMID:147626", "title": "An etiological survey of the severely retarded Hertfordshire children who were born between January 1, 1965 and December 31, 1967.", "content": "An etiological survey is presented of all suveryl retarded children living in Hertfordshire, at home and in residential care, born between January 1, 1965, and December 31, 1967. One hundred and forty-six children (87 boys and 59 girls) were ascertained, out of a total population of 46,960, with a prevalence of 1 in 320 or 3.1 per 1,000. Approximately 1/3 (47) had the Down syndrome, 1 per 1,000 population. It was possible to establish a diagnosis in a further 45 cases, which included 1 additional case of autosomal chromosome abnormality and 7 each of autosomal dominant, recessive and X-linked conditions; 17 were associated with presumed multifactorial etiological factors; in 6 the condition was thought to have been caused by an environmental agent. It was not possible to establish a cause in the remaining 54 cases. Recurrence risks of severe mental retardation in cases where it is possible to establish a definite diagnosis are discussed and the potential value, for genetic counseling purposes, of a categorizing such patients into broad symptomatological groups, is suggested.", "contents": "An etiological survey of the severely retarded Hertfordshire children who were born between January 1, 1965 and December 31, 1967. An etiological survey is presented of all suveryl retarded children living in Hertfordshire, at home and in residential care, born between January 1, 1965, and December 31, 1967. One hundred and forty-six children (87 boys and 59 girls) were ascertained, out of a total population of 46,960, with a prevalence of 1 in 320 or 3.1 per 1,000. Approximately 1/3 (47) had the Down syndrome, 1 per 1,000 population. It was possible to establish a diagnosis in a further 45 cases, which included 1 additional case of autosomal chromosome abnormality and 7 each of autosomal dominant, recessive and X-linked conditions; 17 were associated with presumed multifactorial etiological factors; in 6 the condition was thought to have been caused by an environmental agent. It was not possible to establish a cause in the remaining 54 cases. Recurrence risks of severe mental retardation in cases where it is possible to establish a definite diagnosis are discussed and the potential value, for genetic counseling purposes, of a categorizing such patients into broad symptomatological groups, is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:147627", "title": "MA changes in institutionalized Down's syndrome persons: a semi-longitudinal approach.", "content": "A semi-longitudinal approach was employed in this partial replication of a larger study of MA changes in institutionalized retarded persons (Fisher & Zeaman, 1970). Curves were fitted to MA data for a Down's syndrome group and a group of retarded subjects matched on the basis of initial Ma and CA. The findings generally replicated those of the earlier study. Specifically, the results of a multiple regression/correlation analysis indicated that the two curves were similar in shape, but differed with respect to height.", "contents": "MA changes in institutionalized Down's syndrome persons: a semi-longitudinal approach. A semi-longitudinal approach was employed in this partial replication of a larger study of MA changes in institutionalized retarded persons (Fisher & Zeaman, 1970). Curves were fitted to MA data for a Down's syndrome group and a group of retarded subjects matched on the basis of initial Ma and CA. The findings generally replicated those of the earlier study. Specifically, the results of a multiple regression/correlation analysis indicated that the two curves were similar in shape, but differed with respect to height."}
{"id": "PMID:147628", "title": "Underestimating the educability of Down's syndrome children: examination of methodological problems in recent literature.", "content": "For many years, the educational capabilities of Down's syndrome persons have been underestimated because a large number of studies purporting to give an accurate picture of Down's syndrome persons' developmental capabilities have had serious methodological flaws. A close examination of that literature, coupled with a look at findings from two current early education projects for Down's syndrome children, revealed that psychometrically defined educability is far more common in Down's syndrome persons than a cursory review of the literature would lead to believe.", "contents": "Underestimating the educability of Down's syndrome children: examination of methodological problems in recent literature. For many years, the educational capabilities of Down's syndrome persons have been underestimated because a large number of studies purporting to give an accurate picture of Down's syndrome persons' developmental capabilities have had serious methodological flaws. A close examination of that literature, coupled with a look at findings from two current early education projects for Down's syndrome children, revealed that psychometrically defined educability is far more common in Down's syndrome persons than a cursory review of the literature would lead to believe."}
{"id": "PMID:147625", "title": "Evaluation of spectinomycin and gentamicin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with resistant urinary tract infections.", "content": "Spectinomycin hydrochloride 140 mg/kg/day and gentamicin 3 mg/kg/day were evaluated in the treatment of 50 hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections. Seven patients (28%) in the spectinomycin group had positive urine cultures after 72 hours of therapy due to initial resistance of the organism (5 isolates) or development of resistance to spectinomycin (2 isolates). Response to gentamicin therapy was uniformly satisfactory. Complications of spectinomycin therapy included pain and induration at the injection site (11 patients) and elevated serum creatinine values (2 patients). Ototoxicity was noted in three patients given gentamicin. Peak serum concentrations of spectinomycin (range 55-157 microgram/ml) and gentamicin (range 2.8--8.5 microgram/ml) showed marked interpatient variation. Spectinomycin appears to be of limited value in the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacilli.", "contents": "Evaluation of spectinomycin and gentamicin in the treatment of hospitalized patients with resistant urinary tract infections. Spectinomycin hydrochloride 140 mg/kg/day and gentamicin 3 mg/kg/day were evaluated in the treatment of 50 hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections. Seven patients (28%) in the spectinomycin group had positive urine cultures after 72 hours of therapy due to initial resistance of the organism (5 isolates) or development of resistance to spectinomycin (2 isolates). Response to gentamicin therapy was uniformly satisfactory. Complications of spectinomycin therapy included pain and induration at the injection site (11 patients) and elevated serum creatinine values (2 patients). Ototoxicity was noted in three patients given gentamicin. Peak serum concentrations of spectinomycin (range 55-157 microgram/ml) and gentamicin (range 2.8--8.5 microgram/ml) showed marked interpatient variation. Spectinomycin appears to be of limited value in the treatment of urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacilli."}
{"id": "PMID:147629", "title": "Fostering the object construct: large-scale intervention with handicapped infants.", "content": "Parents provided their developmentally delayed infants with sequential experiences intended to foster the development of the object construct. The participants were enrolled in a multidisciplinary early intervention program serving a wide spectrum of impaired infants from a large, rural geographic area. In comparison with infants who were not exposed to object-construct intervention, infants who received training performed moderately but significantly higher on Scale I of the Uzgiris-Hung Ordinal Scales of Psychological Development.", "contents": "Fostering the object construct: large-scale intervention with handicapped infants. Parents provided their developmentally delayed infants with sequential experiences intended to foster the development of the object construct. The participants were enrolled in a multidisciplinary early intervention program serving a wide spectrum of impaired infants from a large, rural geographic area. In comparison with infants who were not exposed to object-construct intervention, infants who received training performed moderately but significantly higher on Scale I of the Uzgiris-Hung Ordinal Scales of Psychological Development."}
{"id": "PMID:147633", "title": "Randomized trial of emergency mesocaval and portacaval shunts for bleeding esophageal varices.", "content": "A randomized trial of emergency portacaval or mesocaval shunting was conducted in twenty-four cirrhotic patients bleeding from esophageal varices. The group of eleven patients having mesocaval shunts was comparable to the group having portacaval shunts in age distribution, sex, and preoperative physical condition. Postoperative fatality rates were 46% after portacaval shunting and 73% after mesocaval shunting. Results favor portacaval shunts for the emergency control of bleeding varices in the spectrum of patients seen in an urban hospital.", "contents": "Randomized trial of emergency mesocaval and portacaval shunts for bleeding esophageal varices. A randomized trial of emergency portacaval or mesocaval shunting was conducted in twenty-four cirrhotic patients bleeding from esophageal varices. The group of eleven patients having mesocaval shunts was comparable to the group having portacaval shunts in age distribution, sex, and preoperative physical condition. Postoperative fatality rates were 46% after portacaval shunting and 73% after mesocaval shunting. Results favor portacaval shunts for the emergency control of bleeding varices in the spectrum of patients seen in an urban hospital."}
{"id": "PMID:147635", "title": "[The fine structure of the epithelium of the main outlets from the liver and pancreas of the domestic chicken (author's transl)].", "content": "Light- and electronmicroscopic and some histochemical investigations on the major excretory ducts of pancreas and liver was carried out on 24 adult chicken. The epithelium of both ducts was shown to include: cells with apical secretory granules, non-differenciated duct cells, ciliated cells and migrating cells. In addition the epithelium of the pancreatic ducts included goblet cells. The distal plasmalemm and the microvilli are covered with surfacecoat, which like the secretory granules produces precipitate with PA-silver. This area of the cell also shows a strong reaction to M++ and Ca++ activated ATPase.", "contents": "[The fine structure of the epithelium of the main outlets from the liver and pancreas of the domestic chicken (author's transl)]. Light- and electronmicroscopic and some histochemical investigations on the major excretory ducts of pancreas and liver was carried out on 24 adult chicken. The epithelium of both ducts was shown to include: cells with apical secretory granules, non-differenciated duct cells, ciliated cells and migrating cells. In addition the epithelium of the pancreatic ducts included goblet cells. The distal plasmalemm and the microvilli are covered with surfacecoat, which like the secretory granules produces precipitate with PA-silver. This area of the cell also shows a strong reaction to M++ and Ca++ activated ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:147636", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on the formation of myoflilaments and myofibrils in the human embryonic and adult hypertrophied heart.", "content": "The myofibrillogenesis in the human embryonic heart is described. The synthesis of thin filaments, which are the first to appear, takes place in close proximity to smooth surfaced SR tubules. Z-band material is closely related to the thin filaments and appears first as irregularly distributed patches in the filamenteous mass. Further cellular differentiation includes an organization of the thin filaments/Z-band material. The synthesis of thick filaments, which follows that of the thin filaments, takes place in ribosome rich areas of the cell. They are rapidly incorporated into the strings of organized thin filaments/Z-band material. The periodic binding sites on both kinds of filaments are believed to play an important role in the precise ordering of the filaments. The formation of myofilaments in the adult hypertrophied human heart is also described. The similarities between this process and that observed in the embryonic heart are striking, and we believe it to be the same process.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on the formation of myoflilaments and myofibrils in the human embryonic and adult hypertrophied heart. The myofibrillogenesis in the human embryonic heart is described. The synthesis of thin filaments, which are the first to appear, takes place in close proximity to smooth surfaced SR tubules. Z-band material is closely related to the thin filaments and appears first as irregularly distributed patches in the filamenteous mass. Further cellular differentiation includes an organization of the thin filaments/Z-band material. The synthesis of thick filaments, which follows that of the thin filaments, takes place in ribosome rich areas of the cell. They are rapidly incorporated into the strings of organized thin filaments/Z-band material. The periodic binding sites on both kinds of filaments are believed to play an important role in the precise ordering of the filaments. The formation of myofilaments in the adult hypertrophied human heart is also described. The similarities between this process and that observed in the embryonic heart are striking, and we believe it to be the same process."}
{"id": "PMID:147637", "title": "Myelinated nerve fiber supply and muscle spindles in the respiratory muscles of cat: quantitative study.", "content": "The present study was undertaken to provide quantitative data on the myelinated fibers of the phrenic and intercostal nerves and the number of spindles in the main respiratory muscles of the cat. The myelinated component of the phrenic and intercostal nerves was studied in the cat. Histograms of sequency distributions as a function of nerve fiber diameter were established for normal nerves. Certain nerves were then examined 35 to 40 days after excision of the dorsal spinal ganglia. The muscle spindles of the corresponding muscles were counted and localized, and, on the basis of several morphological criteria, were classified with those usually described in the interosseous muscles. The study of the nerves, as that of the spindles, demonstrates clear differences of proprioceptive innervation among the respirator muscles. The lateral part of the diaphragm and the Triangularis sterni have practically no spindles. The external muscles of the first thoracic spaces are very rich in spindles. Respiratory muscles can be ranged in an almost continuous manner between  these two extremes.", "contents": "Myelinated nerve fiber supply and muscle spindles in the respiratory muscles of cat: quantitative study. The present study was undertaken to provide quantitative data on the myelinated fibers of the phrenic and intercostal nerves and the number of spindles in the main respiratory muscles of the cat. The myelinated component of the phrenic and intercostal nerves was studied in the cat. Histograms of sequency distributions as a function of nerve fiber diameter were established for normal nerves. Certain nerves were then examined 35 to 40 days after excision of the dorsal spinal ganglia. The muscle spindles of the corresponding muscles were counted and localized, and, on the basis of several morphological criteria, were classified with those usually described in the interosseous muscles. The study of the nerves, as that of the spindles, demonstrates clear differences of proprioceptive innervation among the respirator muscles. The lateral part of the diaphragm and the Triangularis sterni have practically no spindles. The external muscles of the first thoracic spaces are very rich in spindles. Respiratory muscles can be ranged in an almost continuous manner between  these two extremes."}
{"id": "PMID:147638", "title": "Rapid isolation of chloride cells from pinfish gill.", "content": "Enriched fractions of chloride cells with good ultrastructural integrity have been obtained from gill filaments of the euyhaline teleost, Lagodon rhomboides. The branchial epithelium from seawater-adapted fish was dissociated by gentle mechanical means in a Ca++, Mg++-free balanced salt solution. Density gradient centrifugation of the mixed cell suspensions through a Ficoll gradient yielded a fraction containing between 50 and 70% chloride cells. This fraction showed a 3- to 4-fold enrichment over comparable gill homogenate values for sodium plus potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase, (Na+, K+ ATPase), an enzyme concentrated in chloride cells. Isolation of chloride cells from fish adapted to one-third seawater was less successful, due to the smaller size and reduced number of these cells, although fractions with at least a 2-fold enrichment of the enzyme were obtained. These results continue to support the belief that chloride cells are responsible for osmoregulatory activity associated with the branchial epithelium of teleosts and that this vital function is mediated through the activity of the transport associated enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase, the specific activity of which increases with osmotic stress.", "contents": "Rapid isolation of chloride cells from pinfish gill. Enriched fractions of chloride cells with good ultrastructural integrity have been obtained from gill filaments of the euyhaline teleost, Lagodon rhomboides. The branchial epithelium from seawater-adapted fish was dissociated by gentle mechanical means in a Ca++, Mg++-free balanced salt solution. Density gradient centrifugation of the mixed cell suspensions through a Ficoll gradient yielded a fraction containing between 50 and 70% chloride cells. This fraction showed a 3- to 4-fold enrichment over comparable gill homogenate values for sodium plus potassium-activated adenosinetriphosphatase, (Na+, K+ ATPase), an enzyme concentrated in chloride cells. Isolation of chloride cells from fish adapted to one-third seawater was less successful, due to the smaller size and reduced number of these cells, although fractions with at least a 2-fold enrichment of the enzyme were obtained. These results continue to support the belief that chloride cells are responsible for osmoregulatory activity associated with the branchial epithelium of teleosts and that this vital function is mediated through the activity of the transport associated enzyme, Na+, K+-ATPase, the specific activity of which increases with osmotic stress."}
{"id": "PMID:147639", "title": "Gas embolism death after laparoscopy delayed by \"trapping\" in portal circulation.", "content": "A young woman died suddenly about 1 hour after instillation of CO2 for diagnostic larparoscopy. Post-mortem x-rays revealed large volumes of gas in the portal system, the heart, and the brain. In addition, autopsy revealed gas bubbles in the coronary arteries, pulmonary hemorrhage and edema, and a probe-patent foramen ovale. We postulated the \"trapping\" of gas in the portal circulation and affirmed this by experiments in 6 dogs. We further postulate the delayed and intermittent release of this gas and of platelet aggregates into the systemic circulation would occur in volumes which would be insufficient to produce hemodynamic signs yet sufficient to produce serious pulmonary insult.", "contents": "Gas embolism death after laparoscopy delayed by \"trapping\" in portal circulation. A young woman died suddenly about 1 hour after instillation of CO2 for diagnostic larparoscopy. Post-mortem x-rays revealed large volumes of gas in the portal system, the heart, and the brain. In addition, autopsy revealed gas bubbles in the coronary arteries, pulmonary hemorrhage and edema, and a probe-patent foramen ovale. We postulated the \"trapping\" of gas in the portal circulation and affirmed this by experiments in 6 dogs. We further postulate the delayed and intermittent release of this gas and of platelet aggregates into the systemic circulation would occur in volumes which would be insufficient to produce hemodynamic signs yet sufficient to produce serious pulmonary insult."}
{"id": "PMID:147645", "title": "[New species of the genus Nocardia and its antibiotic properties].", "content": "A culture of a new species of Nocardia, i.e. N. indigoensis producing an antibiotic close to celicomycins was isolated from a soil sample of Kazakhstan plated on the selective medium with kanamycin. By a number of chemical properties and biological activity the antibiotic differed from celicomycins. Probably it is a new natural substance.", "contents": "[New species of the genus Nocardia and its antibiotic properties]. A culture of a new species of Nocardia, i.e. N. indigoensis producing an antibiotic close to celicomycins was isolated from a soil sample of Kazakhstan plated on the selective medium with kanamycin. By a number of chemical properties and biological activity the antibiotic differed from celicomycins. Probably it is a new natural substance."}
{"id": "PMID:147646", "title": "Haemangioma with coagulopathy: sustained response to prednisone.", "content": "Two cases of giant haemangioma with thrombocytopenia are described. A satisfactory and sustained response to prednisone was achieved in respect of both coagulation abnormalities and tumour size. It is proposed that prednisone is effective by enhancement of thrombosis and reduction of fibrinolysis within the tumour, thus promoting a natural form of resolution. It is suggested that prednisone therapy should be first-choice treatment of complicated haemangiomas.", "contents": "Haemangioma with coagulopathy: sustained response to prednisone. Two cases of giant haemangioma with thrombocytopenia are described. A satisfactory and sustained response to prednisone was achieved in respect of both coagulation abnormalities and tumour size. It is proposed that prednisone is effective by enhancement of thrombosis and reduction of fibrinolysis within the tumour, thus promoting a natural form of resolution. It is suggested that prednisone therapy should be first-choice treatment of complicated haemangiomas."}
{"id": "PMID:147648", "title": "Experience with dacron graft arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis access.", "content": "The technique, hemodynamics, and results of a new, more successful Filamentous Velour Dacron graft dialysis fistula between brachial artery and axillary vein are described. Hemodialysis has been successfully instituted in 15/16 patients. One graft was removed for infection and one for overlying skin erosion. There have been five episodes of thrombosis, all with successful restoration to function. After a median nine-month follow-up, nine of 16 grafts have been complication-free and 13 of 16 remain functional or functioned until the time of death. Hemodynamic studies revealed that with high flows (even 1900 cc/min), there was no evidence of cardiac failure or peripheral \"steal\". One patient with low flow (less than 300 cc/min) had transient distal ischemic symptoms and another with similar flow later developed arterial occlusion distal to the fistula after suffering a myocardial infarction. With increased attention to technical details observed in this early experience, it appears that greater than 80% of these grafts should provide long-term dialysis access for this difficult patient population.", "contents": "Experience with dacron graft arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis access. The technique, hemodynamics, and results of a new, more successful Filamentous Velour Dacron graft dialysis fistula between brachial artery and axillary vein are described. Hemodialysis has been successfully instituted in 15/16 patients. One graft was removed for infection and one for overlying skin erosion. There have been five episodes of thrombosis, all with successful restoration to function. After a median nine-month follow-up, nine of 16 grafts have been complication-free and 13 of 16 remain functional or functioned until the time of death. Hemodynamic studies revealed that with high flows (even 1900 cc/min), there was no evidence of cardiac failure or peripheral \"steal\". One patient with low flow (less than 300 cc/min) had transient distal ischemic symptoms and another with similar flow later developed arterial occlusion distal to the fistula after suffering a myocardial infarction. With increased attention to technical details observed in this early experience, it appears that greater than 80% of these grafts should provide long-term dialysis access for this difficult patient population."}
{"id": "PMID:147649", "title": "The trousers-shaped baffle for use in the Mustard operation.", "content": "The trousers-shaped baffle has been found very useful in intraatrial correction of transposition of the great arteries. Reasons are given to explain the particular form of the patch, and details of the operative technique are described.", "contents": "The trousers-shaped baffle for use in the Mustard operation. The trousers-shaped baffle has been found very useful in intraatrial correction of transposition of the great arteries. Reasons are given to explain the particular form of the patch, and details of the operative technique are described."}
{"id": "PMID:147650", "title": "Intermuscular abdominal implantation of permanent pacemakers in infants and children.", "content": "Pacemaker implantation in infants and young children presents technical problems because of the relatively large size of the units. Various implantation sites have been employed to avoid the problems of unsightliness, migration, skin necrosis with infection, and patient discomfort. We are presenting a new technique which obviates these difficulties. The pacemaker generator is located in a space developed between the muscles and fascia of the abdominal wall. This site will accept even the largest of demand pacemakers with cosmetically acceptable results.", "contents": "Intermuscular abdominal implantation of permanent pacemakers in infants and children. Pacemaker implantation in infants and young children presents technical problems because of the relatively large size of the units. Various implantation sites have been employed to avoid the problems of unsightliness, migration, skin necrosis with infection, and patient discomfort. We are presenting a new technique which obviates these difficulties. The pacemaker generator is located in a space developed between the muscles and fascia of the abdominal wall. This site will accept even the largest of demand pacemakers with cosmetically acceptable results."}
{"id": "PMID:147651", "title": "Vena cava interruption after pulmonary embolectomy.", "content": "Interruption of the inferior vena cava for thromboembolism is occasionally apppropriate following either pulmonary embolectomy or other cardiac operation performed through a median sternotomy. Experience has shown that simple extension of the sternotomy incision to the umbilicus is a quick and practical means of obtaining good exposure for caval interruption.", "contents": "Vena cava interruption after pulmonary embolectomy. Interruption of the inferior vena cava for thromboembolism is occasionally apppropriate following either pulmonary embolectomy or other cardiac operation performed through a median sternotomy. Experience has shown that simple extension of the sternotomy incision to the umbilicus is a quick and practical means of obtaining good exposure for caval interruption."}
{"id": "PMID:147652", "title": "A new prosthesis for reconstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract.", "content": "A new left ventricular outflow tract prosthesis is described. It consists of a tightly woven Dacron graft with one end modified by being wrapped around a thin perforated stainless steel tube to form a rigid left ventricular insertion port and the other end anastomosed to a Hancock xenograft valved conduit for suture to the arterial system. The prosthesis is simple in design and flexible enough to permit anastomosis to any portion of the abdominal aorta. In addition, since the entire blood conduit consists of a porous woven arterial graft and a tissue valve, anticoagulants are not required. The prosthesis has been successfully employed in a 7-year-old boy who had undergone two previous open-heart operations for resection of a subaortic ring but who had persistent evidence of severe residual stenosis. We believe this conduit has advantages over present commercially available units.", "contents": "A new prosthesis for reconstruction of the left ventricular outflow tract. A new left ventricular outflow tract prosthesis is described. It consists of a tightly woven Dacron graft with one end modified by being wrapped around a thin perforated stainless steel tube to form a rigid left ventricular insertion port and the other end anastomosed to a Hancock xenograft valved conduit for suture to the arterial system. The prosthesis is simple in design and flexible enough to permit anastomosis to any portion of the abdominal aorta. In addition, since the entire blood conduit consists of a porous woven arterial graft and a tissue valve, anticoagulants are not required. The prosthesis has been successfully employed in a 7-year-old boy who had undergone two previous open-heart operations for resection of a subaortic ring but who had persistent evidence of severe residual stenosis. We believe this conduit has advantages over present commercially available units."}
{"id": "PMID:147654", "title": "Valve placement in the ventricular apex for complicated left ventricular outflow obstruction.", "content": "Successful correction of severe valvular calcific aortic stenosis is described in which a stented porcine aortic heterograft was placed in the ventricular apex. Creation of a double outlet is a valid alternative approach to relieve left ventricular hypertension, and indication for such a procedure may be encountered unexpectedly. Intramyocardial placement of a durable tissue valve provides a simple and effective option for the cardiac surgeon.", "contents": "Valve placement in the ventricular apex for complicated left ventricular outflow obstruction. Successful correction of severe valvular calcific aortic stenosis is described in which a stented porcine aortic heterograft was placed in the ventricular apex. Creation of a double outlet is a valid alternative approach to relieve left ventricular hypertension, and indication for such a procedure may be encountered unexpectedly. Intramyocardial placement of a durable tissue valve provides a simple and effective option for the cardiac surgeon."}
{"id": "PMID:147655", "title": "[Total replacement of the ascending aorta with reimplantation of the coronary arteries. Technic and indications].", "content": "Our experience with nine total replacement of the ascending aorta with reimplantation of the coronary arteries has led us to advocate this as the technique of choice for curative treatment of ascending aortic aneurysms when these involve the sinus of Valsalva, and of acute dissecting aneurysms of the aorta when the tear in the intima is situated in the ascending portion. An endo-aneurysmal approach simplifies the operation and considerably reduces the blood loss during surgery.", "contents": "[Total replacement of the ascending aorta with reimplantation of the coronary arteries. Technic and indications]. Our experience with nine total replacement of the ascending aorta with reimplantation of the coronary arteries has led us to advocate this as the technique of choice for curative treatment of ascending aortic aneurysms when these involve the sinus of Valsalva, and of acute dissecting aneurysms of the aorta when the tear in the intima is situated in the ascending portion. An endo-aneurysmal approach simplifies the operation and considerably reduces the blood loss during surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:147656", "title": "[Prolactin and thyrotropin after stimulation by thyrotropin releasing hormone a study under long-term administration of oral contraceptives (author's transl)].", "content": "The longtime application of oral contraceptives is assumed to elevate serum prolactin levels under non-stimulated conditions. We therefore examined whether oral contraceptives also will augment prolactin secretion after stimulation, e.g. by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). After TRH stimulation the time sequence of secretion both of prolactin (HPRL) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was determined. Three groups of women were tested in a non-randomized study: group 1 without any hormonal medication (= controls), group 2 taking an oral contraceptives containing cyproterone acetate, group 3 using an oral contraceptive containing d-norgestrel. HPRL secretion was similar in all three groups, the same held true for TSH. A possible correlation between the secretion of HPRL and TSH was examined in the control group. No such correlation was found. The secretion patterns of both hormones also were different. In addition, the basic levels of both HPRL and TSH did not seem to influence the response after stimulation.", "contents": "[Prolactin and thyrotropin after stimulation by thyrotropin releasing hormone a study under long-term administration of oral contraceptives (author's transl)]. The longtime application of oral contraceptives is assumed to elevate serum prolactin levels under non-stimulated conditions. We therefore examined whether oral contraceptives also will augment prolactin secretion after stimulation, e.g. by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH). After TRH stimulation the time sequence of secretion both of prolactin (HPRL) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) was determined. Three groups of women were tested in a non-randomized study: group 1 without any hormonal medication (= controls), group 2 taking an oral contraceptives containing cyproterone acetate, group 3 using an oral contraceptive containing d-norgestrel. HPRL secretion was similar in all three groups, the same held true for TSH. A possible correlation between the secretion of HPRL and TSH was examined in the control group. No such correlation was found. The secretion patterns of both hormones also were different. In addition, the basic levels of both HPRL and TSH did not seem to influence the response after stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:147657", "title": "[Clinical and biochemical studies in three pregnancies with placental sulphatase deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "Three pregnancies (two I. parae and one II. para) with abnormally low urinary estrogen excretion of less than 5 mg estrogens per day have been investigated in this study. After intravenous injection of 100 mg DHA-S to the mothers no increase of estrogen production was observed. The level of human placental lactogen, was found within normal range. Ultrasonographic measurement of fetal size and monitoring of the fetal heart rate have demonstrated fetal benefit. At the end of pregnancy the cervix of both did not dilate after infusion of Syntocinon. Healthy male infants were delivered by Caesarean sections in both cases. The II. para, however, developed spontaneous labour and delivery at term. Clinical and laboratory tests have indicated the possibility of rare placental sulphatase deficiency. After delivery the placental steroid sulphatase activity was measured as the rate of hydrolysis of (6,7-3H) oestrone-sulphate or (4-14C) dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate during in vitro incubation with the homogenate or the microsomal fraction from the pathological placentae. In all three cases the specific activity of 3-sulphatase was considerably (more than 80%) decreased when compared to three normal placentas, whereas the activity of the other enzymes (17beta-hydroxysteroidoxidoreductase, delta4/5-isomerase, aromatizing enzyme system) was found within the normal range.", "contents": "[Clinical and biochemical studies in three pregnancies with placental sulphatase deficiency (author's transl)]. Three pregnancies (two I. parae and one II. para) with abnormally low urinary estrogen excretion of less than 5 mg estrogens per day have been investigated in this study. After intravenous injection of 100 mg DHA-S to the mothers no increase of estrogen production was observed. The level of human placental lactogen, was found within normal range. Ultrasonographic measurement of fetal size and monitoring of the fetal heart rate have demonstrated fetal benefit. At the end of pregnancy the cervix of both did not dilate after infusion of Syntocinon. Healthy male infants were delivered by Caesarean sections in both cases. The II. para, however, developed spontaneous labour and delivery at term. Clinical and laboratory tests have indicated the possibility of rare placental sulphatase deficiency. After delivery the placental steroid sulphatase activity was measured as the rate of hydrolysis of (6,7-3H) oestrone-sulphate or (4-14C) dehydroepiandrosterone-sulphate during in vitro incubation with the homogenate or the microsomal fraction from the pathological placentae. In all three cases the specific activity of 3-sulphatase was considerably (more than 80%) decreased when compared to three normal placentas, whereas the activity of the other enzymes (17beta-hydroxysteroidoxidoreductase, delta4/5-isomerase, aromatizing enzyme system) was found within the normal range."}
{"id": "PMID:147658", "title": "Treatment of necrotizing fasciitis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "Postoperative necrotizing fasciitis with septicemia caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis was documented by cultures of the blood and wound biopsy specimen. Therapy consisted of surgical debridement, topical application of mafenide acetate dressings, and parenteral administration of cefazolin sodium. The combination effectively reversed the progression of infection and necrosis.", "contents": "Treatment of necrotizing fasciitis caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Postoperative necrotizing fasciitis with septicemia caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis was documented by cultures of the blood and wound biopsy specimen. Therapy consisted of surgical debridement, topical application of mafenide acetate dressings, and parenteral administration of cefazolin sodium. The combination effectively reversed the progression of infection and necrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:147659", "title": "Persisting structural abnormalities in liver, kidney, and muscle tissues following hemorrhagic shock.", "content": "Hemorrhagic shock-induced abnormalities of liver, kidney, and muscle morphology were studied sequentially for eight days following shock and resuscitation in rabbits. The findings revealed marked structural changes, some of which became more pronounced between one and three days after shock and all of which persisted for at least three days. All of the tissue changes reverted to near normal by eight days. The specific findings included hepatic sinusoidal compression with cellular swelling and vacuolization one day after shock; renal vacuolization and swelling of proximal tubular convolutions, culminating in widespread cellular damage three days after shock; and separation of myofibrils and disruption of the band pattern in muscle tissue. These findings demonstrated the prolongation of the morphological abnormalities induced by shock, previously observed only in the acute phase, and the capacity for structural repair by the tissues after reversible hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "Persisting structural abnormalities in liver, kidney, and muscle tissues following hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock-induced abnormalities of liver, kidney, and muscle morphology were studied sequentially for eight days following shock and resuscitation in rabbits. The findings revealed marked structural changes, some of which became more pronounced between one and three days after shock and all of which persisted for at least three days. All of the tissue changes reverted to near normal by eight days. The specific findings included hepatic sinusoidal compression with cellular swelling and vacuolization one day after shock; renal vacuolization and swelling of proximal tubular convolutions, culminating in widespread cellular damage three days after shock; and separation of myofibrils and disruption of the band pattern in muscle tissue. These findings demonstrated the prolongation of the morphological abnormalities induced by shock, previously observed only in the acute phase, and the capacity for structural repair by the tissues after reversible hemorrhagic shock."}
{"id": "PMID:147660", "title": "Multiple aneurysms in dacron velour graft.", "content": "Fomation of an aneurysm in a Dacron graft is a rare complication. It usually occurs within two years from operation. Most cases take the form of a generalized dilation. Multiple saccular aneurysms developed in a patient with a Dacron velour graft. The cause of the complication is not always clear, but multiple defects in the construction of the Dacron graft seemed the most likely cause in this case.", "contents": "Multiple aneurysms in dacron velour graft. Fomation of an aneurysm in a Dacron graft is a rare complication. It usually occurs within two years from operation. Most cases take the form of a generalized dilation. Multiple saccular aneurysms developed in a patient with a Dacron velour graft. The cause of the complication is not always clear, but multiple defects in the construction of the Dacron graft seemed the most likely cause in this case."}
{"id": "PMID:147661", "title": "Common bile duct obstruction associated with a dacron H-graft portacaval shunt.", "content": "An unusual patient had ascending cholangitis secondary to common bile duct obstruction by stones and a Dacron graft previously utilized in the performance of an H-graft portacaval shunt. Erosion of this foreign body into the common bile duct appeared to be secondary to bacterial contamination of the graft and direct contact of the foreign material with the biliary tree.", "contents": "Common bile duct obstruction associated with a dacron H-graft portacaval shunt. An unusual patient had ascending cholangitis secondary to common bile duct obstruction by stones and a Dacron graft previously utilized in the performance of an H-graft portacaval shunt. Erosion of this foreign body into the common bile duct appeared to be secondary to bacterial contamination of the graft and direct contact of the foreign material with the biliary tree."}
{"id": "PMID:147662", "title": "The carbohydrates of influenza virus. II. Gas chromatographic analysis of glycopeptides derived from viral glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides.", "content": "Two carbohydrate fractions can be obtained from egg-grown influenza virus after Pronase digestion followed by gel chromatography. One fraction contains glycopeptides (MW ca. 2000--2600) which represent the carbohydrate side chains of the viral glycoproteins. The constituent sugars of this material are fucose, galactose, glucosamine, and mannose, and their position within the side chain has been partially elucidated by methylation studies. The other fraction (MW greatest than 6000) appears to be mucopolysaccharide and is composed of fucose, galactose, glucose, galactosamine, and glucosamine.", "contents": "The carbohydrates of influenza virus. II. Gas chromatographic analysis of glycopeptides derived from viral glycoproteins and mucopolysaccharides. Two carbohydrate fractions can be obtained from egg-grown influenza virus after Pronase digestion followed by gel chromatography. One fraction contains glycopeptides (MW ca. 2000--2600) which represent the carbohydrate side chains of the viral glycoproteins. The constituent sugars of this material are fucose, galactose, glucosamine, and mannose, and their position within the side chain has been partially elucidated by methylation studies. The other fraction (MW greatest than 6000) appears to be mucopolysaccharide and is composed of fucose, galactose, glucose, galactosamine, and glucosamine."}
{"id": "PMID:147664", "title": "[Vitreo-corneal adhesions. A clinico-anatomical and ultrastructural study (author's transl].", "content": "Study of six cases of vitreous touch syndrom with histopathology of five buttoms of k\u00e9ratoplasty. Light and electron-microscopy demonstrate many alterations of Descemet's membrane, which is thickened, devided in sheets. In one specimen there was a retrocorneal fibrous membrane and \"fibroblast like cells\". These findings support the mechanism of endothelial fibrous metaplasia as the origin of the retrocorneal fibrous membrane during vitreous touch syndrom.", "contents": "[Vitreo-corneal adhesions. A clinico-anatomical and ultrastructural study (author's transl]. Study of six cases of vitreous touch syndrom with histopathology of five buttoms of k\u00e9ratoplasty. Light and electron-microscopy demonstrate many alterations of Descemet's membrane, which is thickened, devided in sheets. In one specimen there was a retrocorneal fibrous membrane and \"fibroblast like cells\". These findings support the mechanism of endothelial fibrous metaplasia as the origin of the retrocorneal fibrous membrane during vitreous touch syndrom."}
{"id": "PMID:147665", "title": "[Treatment of alternating squints: method of localisation by prismatic hypercorrection and with penalisation (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of the results of treatment of 50 cases of alternating squint by prismatic hypercorrection with penalisation. The authors have considered the decrease in the deviation, the creation of binocular vision and the durability of the effects after one year. These results equally take into account the age at which the squint appeared.", "contents": "[Treatment of alternating squints: method of localisation by prismatic hypercorrection and with penalisation (author's transl)]. An analysis of the results of treatment of 50 cases of alternating squint by prismatic hypercorrection with penalisation. The authors have considered the decrease in the deviation, the creation of binocular vision and the durability of the effects after one year. These results equally take into account the age at which the squint appeared."}
{"id": "PMID:147666", "title": "[The lashes. Physiology, structure, pathology (author's transl)].", "content": "In spite of the similarity between hairs and eyelashes the later shows several physiological and anatomical particularities. We performed an ultrastructural study of eyelashes and reviewed their pathology.", "contents": "[The lashes. Physiology, structure, pathology (author's transl)]. In spite of the similarity between hairs and eyelashes the later shows several physiological and anatomical particularities. We performed an ultrastructural study of eyelashes and reviewed their pathology."}
{"id": "PMID:147667", "title": "[Aetiological aspects of uveitis (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of the probable aetiology of 222 cases of uveitis. In order of frequency the aetiology was: infectious focis 31%, rheumatism 28%, tuberculosis 7.6%, streptococci 4%, viral 3.6%, rickettsia 1.3%, syphilis, brucellosis in 0.5%. In 22.1% of cases the aetiology was not established. In young subjects the majority consisted of bacterial and viral infections particularly streptococcal. In adults the most frequent aetiology was rheumatic and in the elderly foci of infection.", "contents": "[Aetiological aspects of uveitis (author's transl)]. An analysis of the probable aetiology of 222 cases of uveitis. In order of frequency the aetiology was: infectious focis 31%, rheumatism 28%, tuberculosis 7.6%, streptococci 4%, viral 3.6%, rickettsia 1.3%, syphilis, brucellosis in 0.5%. In 22.1% of cases the aetiology was not established. In young subjects the majority consisted of bacterial and viral infections particularly streptococcal. In adults the most frequent aetiology was rheumatic and in the elderly foci of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:147668", "title": "[Fran\u00e7ois syndrome: two observations (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of \"Francois Syndrome\" were observed at the C.H.U. in Rabat. All the signs defined by Francois himself were found in these two cases which also demonstrated certain aspects which raised the aetiopathpological problem of the condition (the hereditary of embryopathic theory).", "contents": "[Fran\u00e7ois syndrome: two observations (author's transl)]. Two cases of \"Francois Syndrome\" were observed at the C.H.U. in Rabat. All the signs defined by Francois himself were found in these two cases which also demonstrated certain aspects which raised the aetiopathpological problem of the condition (the hereditary of embryopathic theory)."}
{"id": "PMID:147675", "title": "Osmotic adaptation to rigid contact lenses.", "content": "Using a precision thermocouple hygrometer, requiring just 5 microliters of sample, the tear osmotic pressures of 6 subjects were monitored throughout their adaptation to rigid contact lenses. Relative to the prefitting baselines established for each previous to this study, these subjects showed a range of hypotonic shifts on initially receiving their lenses, but this imbalance was rectified by the end of the first wearing week and a new relatively hypertonic level of tear osmotic pressure was commonly established. This new baseline was reflected in the pre-insertion samples of several of the subjects as well once adaptation was advanced.", "contents": "Osmotic adaptation to rigid contact lenses. Using a precision thermocouple hygrometer, requiring just 5 microliters of sample, the tear osmotic pressures of 6 subjects were monitored throughout their adaptation to rigid contact lenses. Relative to the prefitting baselines established for each previous to this study, these subjects showed a range of hypotonic shifts on initially receiving their lenses, but this imbalance was rectified by the end of the first wearing week and a new relatively hypertonic level of tear osmotic pressure was commonly established. This new baseline was reflected in the pre-insertion samples of several of the subjects as well once adaptation was advanced."}
{"id": "PMID:147676", "title": "[The action of instilled physostigmine on the acetylcholine content of the bovine retina].", "content": "Kymographic measurements of acetylcholine (ACh) in bovine retinal tissue carried out on guinea-pig ileum do not indicate a significant elevated concentration of ACh in the eye instilled with physostingmine salicylate (1% aqueous solution, 10 applications of three drops at intervals of 3 minutes). The eyes were enucleated one hour after the last application.", "contents": "[The action of instilled physostigmine on the acetylcholine content of the bovine retina]. Kymographic measurements of acetylcholine (ACh) in bovine retinal tissue carried out on guinea-pig ileum do not indicate a significant elevated concentration of ACh in the eye instilled with physostingmine salicylate (1% aqueous solution, 10 applications of three drops at intervals of 3 minutes). The eyes were enucleated one hour after the last application."}
{"id": "PMID:147690", "title": "Effect of some Pteridine compounds on the Na+ + K+)-ATPase and on the cardiac glycoside receptor of human heart).", "content": "Pteridine compounds are known to block Na+-reabsorption and K+-secretion in epithelial cells (salivary duct of the rat), which actively transport Na+ and K+ against an electrochemical gradient. Furthermore, there have been reports on antagonistic effects of these substances in digitalis induced arrhythmias. Therefore the actions of triamterene (Jatropur, Dyrenium), the sulfuric acid ester and the methylether of p-hydroxytriamterene (OH-triamterene) and OH-triamterene on specific [3H] g-strophanthin (ouabain) binding and Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity of isolated human cardiac cell membranes were investigated.  Triamterene, the sulfuric acid ester and the methylether of OH-triamterene inhibit (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity only at very high concentrations (10(-5)--10(-4) M). OH-Triamterene does not inhibit this enzyme at concentrations lower than 10(-3) M. The specific binding of [3H] g-strophanthin to human cardiac cell membranes is inhibited half maximally at relatively high concentrations, too (10(-5)--10(-4) M). These results are rather indicative of unspecific effects due to membrane sites of action other than the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase or the cardiac glycoside receptor.", "contents": "Effect of some Pteridine compounds on the Na+ + K+)-ATPase and on the cardiac glycoside receptor of human heart). Pteridine compounds are known to block Na+-reabsorption and K+-secretion in epithelial cells (salivary duct of the rat), which actively transport Na+ and K+ against an electrochemical gradient. Furthermore, there have been reports on antagonistic effects of these substances in digitalis induced arrhythmias. Therefore the actions of triamterene (Jatropur, Dyrenium), the sulfuric acid ester and the methylether of p-hydroxytriamterene (OH-triamterene) and OH-triamterene on specific [3H] g-strophanthin (ouabain) binding and Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity of isolated human cardiac cell membranes were investigated.  Triamterene, the sulfuric acid ester and the methylether of OH-triamterene inhibit (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity only at very high concentrations (10(-5)--10(-4) M). OH-Triamterene does not inhibit this enzyme at concentrations lower than 10(-3) M. The specific binding of [3H] g-strophanthin to human cardiac cell membranes is inhibited half maximally at relatively high concentrations, too (10(-5)--10(-4) M). These results are rather indicative of unspecific effects due to membrane sites of action other than the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase or the cardiac glycoside receptor."}
{"id": "PMID:147697", "title": "Electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy in left bundle-branch block.", "content": "In order to determine whether the electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy apply in the presence of left bundle-branch block we studied 79 cases of intermittent left bundle-branch block and compared the QRS voltage and axis before and after its onset. Cases of incomplete left bundle-branch block were excluded. There was a statistically significant correlation between pre- and post-left bundle-branch block values of R or S wave voltage in leads I, V1, V2, V5, and V6, the Sokolow index (R V5 or V6 + S V1), and the QRS axis. There was a statistically significant reduction in R wave voltage in leads I, V5, and V6, an increase in S wave voltage in V1 and V2, and leftward shift of QRS axis, but the Sokolow index remained unchanged, after the onset of left bundle-branch block. The Sokolow criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy apply satisfactorily even in the presence of left bundle-branch block, though specificity is low, but QRS axis is unhelpful.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy in left bundle-branch block. In order to determine whether the electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy apply in the presence of left bundle-branch block we studied 79 cases of intermittent left bundle-branch block and compared the QRS voltage and axis before and after its onset. Cases of incomplete left bundle-branch block were excluded. There was a statistically significant correlation between pre- and post-left bundle-branch block values of R or S wave voltage in leads I, V1, V2, V5, and V6, the Sokolow index (R V5 or V6 + S V1), and the QRS axis. There was a statistically significant reduction in R wave voltage in leads I, V5, and V6, an increase in S wave voltage in V1 and V2, and leftward shift of QRS axis, but the Sokolow index remained unchanged, after the onset of left bundle-branch block. The Sokolow criteria for left ventricular hypertrophy apply satisfactorily even in the presence of left bundle-branch block, though specificity is low, but QRS axis is unhelpful."}
{"id": "PMID:147698", "title": "Pressure-volume relationships in the lung during laparoscopy.", "content": "Pressure-volume relationships for the total respiratory system and for the lung were recorded in anaesthetized and paralysed patients, during deflation from an airway pressure of 3 kPa to FRC at a rate of 2 litre min-1. Pleural pressure was estimated by means of an oesophageal balloon. A group of nine female patients (mean age 32.7 yr) about to undergo laparoscopy were each studied in four successive states: supine, 15 degrees head down tilt, tilt and lithotomy position, and again in this position after abdominal inflation with nitrous oxide to a pressure of 0.8(-1) kPa. Compliance values were calculated from the curves. Mean total compliance was increased significantly by moving to the lithotomy position, and reduced markedly after inflation of the abdomen, because of a large reduction in thoracic compliance. Mean lung compliance was unaltered, except for a slight but statistically significant increase on moving from the supine to the Trendelenburg position. Measurement of FRC by helium dilution in a group of seven patients showed that abdominal inflation caused a mean decrease of 19%. Airway closure manoeuvres were carried out using a helium bolus technique from FRC in five patients, but closing volume could be measured in only one patient, in the supine position. The absence of an inflexion in the slope of the pressure-volume curves for the other patients supported this negative finding.", "contents": "Pressure-volume relationships in the lung during laparoscopy. Pressure-volume relationships for the total respiratory system and for the lung were recorded in anaesthetized and paralysed patients, during deflation from an airway pressure of 3 kPa to FRC at a rate of 2 litre min-1. Pleural pressure was estimated by means of an oesophageal balloon. A group of nine female patients (mean age 32.7 yr) about to undergo laparoscopy were each studied in four successive states: supine, 15 degrees head down tilt, tilt and lithotomy position, and again in this position after abdominal inflation with nitrous oxide to a pressure of 0.8(-1) kPa. Compliance values were calculated from the curves. Mean total compliance was increased significantly by moving to the lithotomy position, and reduced markedly after inflation of the abdomen, because of a large reduction in thoracic compliance. Mean lung compliance was unaltered, except for a slight but statistically significant increase on moving from the supine to the Trendelenburg position. Measurement of FRC by helium dilution in a group of seven patients showed that abdominal inflation caused a mean decrease of 19%. Airway closure manoeuvres were carried out using a helium bolus technique from FRC in five patients, but closing volume could be measured in only one patient, in the supine position. The absence of an inflexion in the slope of the pressure-volume curves for the other patients supported this negative finding."}
{"id": "PMID:147699", "title": "HLA C and D antigens associated with psoriasis.", "content": "The frequency of two newly defined HLA antigens, HLA CT7 and DMA, was found to be greatly increased in patients with psoriasis. These two antigens and those previously found to be associated with the disease, B13, BW16 and BW17, frequently occurred together. The disease may be primarily associated with HLA DMA, or with the HLA haplotypes CT7--B13/W16/W17--DMA.", "contents": "HLA C and D antigens associated with psoriasis. The frequency of two newly defined HLA antigens, HLA CT7 and DMA, was found to be greatly increased in patients with psoriasis. These two antigens and those previously found to be associated with the disease, B13, BW16 and BW17, frequently occurred together. The disease may be primarily associated with HLA DMA, or with the HLA haplotypes CT7--B13/W16/W17--DMA."}
{"id": "PMID:147700", "title": "Occupational allergic contact dermatitis due to leatherleaf fern Arachniodes adiantiformis (Forst) Tindale.", "content": "Leatherleaf fern has been imported from the United States, Honduras and Puerto Rico to the Federal Republic of Germany since 1966 and cultivated in Germany since 1970/71. It is slowly displacing the floral arrangements with asparagus used until now as filler and background material. This change is due primarily to its better keeping quality. Continuous contact with the leatherleaf fern induced an allergic contact dermatitis of the palms and fingers in a female florist. Patch tests with the leaf revealed the allergic origin of the dermatitis. Five fractions of a chromatographically separated extract of the fern were tested on sensitized guinea-pigs and on the patient. Only the first fraction gave a positive patch test response. By further separation colourless crystals of the contact allergen could be obtained. Elucidation of the structure is in progress. The sensitizer could only be detected during sporogenesis of the fern, that means when sporecapsules are present on the surface of the leaves.", "contents": "Occupational allergic contact dermatitis due to leatherleaf fern Arachniodes adiantiformis (Forst) Tindale. Leatherleaf fern has been imported from the United States, Honduras and Puerto Rico to the Federal Republic of Germany since 1966 and cultivated in Germany since 1970/71. It is slowly displacing the floral arrangements with asparagus used until now as filler and background material. This change is due primarily to its better keeping quality. Continuous contact with the leatherleaf fern induced an allergic contact dermatitis of the palms and fingers in a female florist. Patch tests with the leaf revealed the allergic origin of the dermatitis. Five fractions of a chromatographically separated extract of the fern were tested on sensitized guinea-pigs and on the patient. Only the first fraction gave a positive patch test response. By further separation colourless crystals of the contact allergen could be obtained. Elucidation of the structure is in progress. The sensitizer could only be detected during sporogenesis of the fern, that means when sporecapsules are present on the surface of the leaves."}
{"id": "PMID:147703", "title": "Evidence for a catalytic function of the coupling factor 1 protein reconstituted with chloroplast thylakoid membranes.", "content": "The effects of tentoxin on the ATPase activities of coupling factor 1 proteins (CF1) and photophosphorylation with isolated chloroplasts and chloroplasts reconstituted with coupling factor proteins have been examined. 1. The calcium-dependent ATPase activities of coupling factors isolated from spinach, lettuce and Nicotiana otophora are completely inhibited by tentoxin. The ATPase activities of coupling factors isolated from Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana knightiana are not affected by tentoxin. 2. Phenazine methosulfate-catalyzed cyclic photophosphorylation with chloroplasts isolated from spinach, lettuce and N. otophora is completely inhibited by tentoxin, whereas chloroplasts isolated from N. knightiana and N. tabacum are relatively insensitive to tentoxin. 3. Spinach chloroplasts, partially depleted in CF1, can be reconstituted with coupling factors isolated from a wide variety of plants including lettuce, radish, N. tabacum, N. knightiana and N. otophora. 4. Spinach chloroplasts reconstituted with spinach, lettuce and N. otophora CF1 retain their sensitivity to tentoxin; however, when reconstituted with N. knightiana and N. tabacum coupling factor proteins, a significant fraction of the reconstituted rate remains tentoxin insensitive. These data are interpreted as evidence that coupling factors that reconstitute with spinach thylakoid membranes have both a catalytic and structural function.", "contents": "Evidence for a catalytic function of the coupling factor 1 protein reconstituted with chloroplast thylakoid membranes. The effects of tentoxin on the ATPase activities of coupling factor 1 proteins (CF1) and photophosphorylation with isolated chloroplasts and chloroplasts reconstituted with coupling factor proteins have been examined. 1. The calcium-dependent ATPase activities of coupling factors isolated from spinach, lettuce and Nicotiana otophora are completely inhibited by tentoxin. The ATPase activities of coupling factors isolated from Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana knightiana are not affected by tentoxin. 2. Phenazine methosulfate-catalyzed cyclic photophosphorylation with chloroplasts isolated from spinach, lettuce and N. otophora is completely inhibited by tentoxin, whereas chloroplasts isolated from N. knightiana and N. tabacum are relatively insensitive to tentoxin. 3. Spinach chloroplasts, partially depleted in CF1, can be reconstituted with coupling factors isolated from a wide variety of plants including lettuce, radish, N. tabacum, N. knightiana and N. otophora. 4. Spinach chloroplasts reconstituted with spinach, lettuce and N. otophora CF1 retain their sensitivity to tentoxin; however, when reconstituted with N. knightiana and N. tabacum coupling factor proteins, a significant fraction of the reconstituted rate remains tentoxin insensitive. These data are interpreted as evidence that coupling factors that reconstitute with spinach thylakoid membranes have both a catalytic and structural function."}
{"id": "PMID:147704", "title": "The initial stages of photophosphorylation. Studies using excitation by saturating, short flashes of light.", "content": "1. Photophosphorylation was studied in spinach chloroplasts on illumination, from the dark state, with saturating short (\"single turnover\") flashes of light. 2. At rapid flash rates (100 Hz), phosphorylation began within the first five flashes. The ATPase inhibitor protein appeared to be displaced from its inhibitory site on the ATPase also within five flashes, as deduced from the flash-induced ATPase activity. 3. At slower flash rates, or if the rate of electron transfer were reduced with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU), phosphorylation began only after a larger number (50--60) of flashes. The displacement of the ATPase inhibitior protein was similarly delayed. 4. Partial displacement of the inhibitor protein from its inhibitory site on the ATPase (by pretreatment with dithioerythritol) allowed phosphorylation to proceed without a perceptible lag, even in the presence of DCMU. It was concluded that the ATPase inhibitor protein must be displaced on the ATPase before phosphorylation can begin, and that this process is energy dependent. 5. During the flash regime used, release of inhibitor from its inhibitory site seemed to be governed largely by the membrane potential. The light-induced pH gradient seemed to have little effect under these conditions. Our results are not compatible with a direct conformational interaction between the electron transfer chain and the ATPase causing displacement of the inhibitor. 6. The maximal rate of photophosphorylation induced by less than 200 flashes was 0.12--0.15 mol ATP made/mol ATPase per flash. This rate seemed to be limited not be the supply of energy to the ATPase molecules, nor by the maximal turnover capacity of the ATP synthesising system, but by the number of ATPase molecules which were active in synthesis, i.e., which lacked the inhibitor protein. 7. The bound nucleotides of the coupling ATPase exchanged with added nucleotides during single turnover flashes. At high flash rates, exchange began within 5 flashes. The average amount of nucleotide exchanged per flash over 100 flashes was about one tenth the amount of ATP synthesised in each flash. 8. It is concluded that, during phosphorylation, a steady state level of active coupling ATPases is set up. The energy-dependent displacement of the inhibitor protein, and its (energy-independent) relaxation back on to the inhibitory site are the two opposing factors involved in this steady state.", "contents": "The initial stages of photophosphorylation. Studies using excitation by saturating, short flashes of light. 1. Photophosphorylation was studied in spinach chloroplasts on illumination, from the dark state, with saturating short (\"single turnover\") flashes of light. 2. At rapid flash rates (100 Hz), phosphorylation began within the first five flashes. The ATPase inhibitor protein appeared to be displaced from its inhibitory site on the ATPase also within five flashes, as deduced from the flash-induced ATPase activity. 3. At slower flash rates, or if the rate of electron transfer were reduced with 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethyl urea (DCMU), phosphorylation began only after a larger number (50--60) of flashes. The displacement of the ATPase inhibitior protein was similarly delayed. 4. Partial displacement of the inhibitor protein from its inhibitory site on the ATPase (by pretreatment with dithioerythritol) allowed phosphorylation to proceed without a perceptible lag, even in the presence of DCMU. It was concluded that the ATPase inhibitor protein must be displaced on the ATPase before phosphorylation can begin, and that this process is energy dependent. 5. During the flash regime used, release of inhibitor from its inhibitory site seemed to be governed largely by the membrane potential. The light-induced pH gradient seemed to have little effect under these conditions. Our results are not compatible with a direct conformational interaction between the electron transfer chain and the ATPase causing displacement of the inhibitor. 6. The maximal rate of photophosphorylation induced by less than 200 flashes was 0.12--0.15 mol ATP made/mol ATPase per flash. This rate seemed to be limited not be the supply of energy to the ATPase molecules, nor by the maximal turnover capacity of the ATP synthesising system, but by the number of ATPase molecules which were active in synthesis, i.e., which lacked the inhibitor protein. 7. The bound nucleotides of the coupling ATPase exchanged with added nucleotides during single turnover flashes. At high flash rates, exchange began within 5 flashes. The average amount of nucleotide exchanged per flash over 100 flashes was about one tenth the amount of ATP synthesised in each flash. 8. It is concluded that, during phosphorylation, a steady state level of active coupling ATPases is set up. The energy-dependent displacement of the inhibitor protein, and its (energy-independent) relaxation back on to the inhibitory site are the two opposing factors involved in this steady state."}
{"id": "PMID:147705", "title": "Membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of canine brain, heart and kidney. Tissue-dependent differences in kinetic properties and the influence of purification procedures.", "content": "Effects of commonly used purification procedures on the yield and specific activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (Mg2+-dependent, Na+ + K+-activated ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3), the turnover number of the enzyme, and the kinetic parameters for the ATP-dependent ouabain-enzyme interaction were compared in canine brain, heart and kidney. Kinetic parameters were estimated using a graphical analysis of non-steady state kinetics. The protein recovery and the degree of increase in specific activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and the ratio between (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities during the successive treatments with deoxycholate, sodium iodide and glycerol were dependent on the source of the enzyme. A method which yields highly active (Na+ + K+)-ATPase preparations from the cardiac tissue was not suitable for obtaining highly active enzyme preparations from other tissues. Apparent turnover numbers of the brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase preparations were not significantly affected by the sodium iodide treatment, but markedly decreased by deoxycholate or glycerol treatments. Similar glycerol treatment, however, failed to affect the apparent turnover number of cardiac enzymes preparations. Cerebral and cardiac enzyme preparations obtained by deoxycholate, sodium iodide and glycerol treatments had lower affinity for ouabain than renal enzyme preparations, primarily due to higher dissociation rate constants for the ouabain.enzyme complex. This tissue-dependent difference in ouabain sensitivity seems to be an artifact of the purification procedure, since less purified cerebral or cardiac preparations had lower dissociation rate constants. Changes in apparent association rate constants were minimal during the purfication procedure. These results indicate that the presentyl used purification procedures may alter the properties of membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and affect the interaction between cardiac glycosides and the enzyme. The effect of a given treatment depends on the source of the enzyme. For the in vitro studies involving purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase preparations, the influence of the methods used to obtain the enzyme preparation should be carefully evaluated.", "contents": "Membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of canine brain, heart and kidney. Tissue-dependent differences in kinetic properties and the influence of purification procedures. Effects of commonly used purification procedures on the yield and specific activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (Mg2+-dependent, Na+ + K+-activated ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3), the turnover number of the enzyme, and the kinetic parameters for the ATP-dependent ouabain-enzyme interaction were compared in canine brain, heart and kidney. Kinetic parameters were estimated using a graphical analysis of non-steady state kinetics. The protein recovery and the degree of increase in specific activity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and the ratio between (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities during the successive treatments with deoxycholate, sodium iodide and glycerol were dependent on the source of the enzyme. A method which yields highly active (Na+ + K+)-ATPase preparations from the cardiac tissue was not suitable for obtaining highly active enzyme preparations from other tissues. Apparent turnover numbers of the brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase preparations were not significantly affected by the sodium iodide treatment, but markedly decreased by deoxycholate or glycerol treatments. Similar glycerol treatment, however, failed to affect the apparent turnover number of cardiac enzymes preparations. Cerebral and cardiac enzyme preparations obtained by deoxycholate, sodium iodide and glycerol treatments had lower affinity for ouabain than renal enzyme preparations, primarily due to higher dissociation rate constants for the ouabain.enzyme complex. This tissue-dependent difference in ouabain sensitivity seems to be an artifact of the purification procedure, since less purified cerebral or cardiac preparations had lower dissociation rate constants. Changes in apparent association rate constants were minimal during the purfication procedure. These results indicate that the presentyl used purification procedures may alter the properties of membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and affect the interaction between cardiac glycosides and the enzyme. The effect of a given treatment depends on the source of the enzyme. For the in vitro studies involving purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase preparations, the influence of the methods used to obtain the enzyme preparation should be carefully evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:147706", "title": "Role of negatively charged phospholipids in highly purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from rabbit kidney outer medulla studies on (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase, XXXIX.", "content": "1. The requirement for specific polar head groups of phospholipids for activity of purified (Na+ + K+)ATPase from rabbit kidney outer medulla has been investigated. 2. Comparison of content and composition of phospholipids in microsomes and the purified enzyme indicates that purification leads to an increase in the phospholipid/protein ratio and in phosphatidylserine content. 3. The purified preparation contains 267 molecules phospholipid per molecule (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, viz. 95 phosphatidylcholine, 74 phosphatidylethanolamine, 48 spingomyelin, 35 phosphatidylserine and 15 phosphatidylinositol. 4. Complete conversion of phosphatidylserine into phosphatidylethanolamine by the enzyme phosphatidylserine decarboxylase has no effect on the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity of the purified preparation. 5. Complete hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol by a phospholipase C from Staphylococcus aureus, which is specific for this phospholipid, has no effect on the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. 6. Hydrolysis of 95% of the phosphatidylcholine and 60--70% of the spingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine by another phospholipase C (Clostridium welchii) lowers the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity by about 20%. 7. Combination of the phospholipid-converting enzymes has the same effect as can be calculated from the effects of the enzymes separately. Only complete conversion of both phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol results in a loss of 44% of the (NA+ + K+)-ATPase activity and 36% of the potassium 4-nitrophenylphosphatase activity. 8. These experiments indicate that there is no absolute requirement for one of the polar head groups, although in the absence of negative charges the activity is lower than in their presence.", "contents": "Role of negatively charged phospholipids in highly purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from rabbit kidney outer medulla studies on (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase, XXXIX. 1. The requirement for specific polar head groups of phospholipids for activity of purified (Na+ + K+)ATPase from rabbit kidney outer medulla has been investigated. 2. Comparison of content and composition of phospholipids in microsomes and the purified enzyme indicates that purification leads to an increase in the phospholipid/protein ratio and in phosphatidylserine content. 3. The purified preparation contains 267 molecules phospholipid per molecule (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, viz. 95 phosphatidylcholine, 74 phosphatidylethanolamine, 48 spingomyelin, 35 phosphatidylserine and 15 phosphatidylinositol. 4. Complete conversion of phosphatidylserine into phosphatidylethanolamine by the enzyme phosphatidylserine decarboxylase has no effect on the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity of the purified preparation. 5. Complete hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol by a phospholipase C from Staphylococcus aureus, which is specific for this phospholipid, has no effect on the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. 6. Hydrolysis of 95% of the phosphatidylcholine and 60--70% of the spingomyelin and phosphatidylethanolamine by another phospholipase C (Clostridium welchii) lowers the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity by about 20%. 7. Combination of the phospholipid-converting enzymes has the same effect as can be calculated from the effects of the enzymes separately. Only complete conversion of both phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylinositol results in a loss of 44% of the (NA+ + K+)-ATPase activity and 36% of the potassium 4-nitrophenylphosphatase activity. 8. These experiments indicate that there is no absolute requirement for one of the polar head groups, although in the absence of negative charges the activity is lower than in their presence."}
{"id": "PMID:147707", "title": "Phosphatidylinositol as the endogenous activator of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in microsomes of rabbit kidney.", "content": "Incubation of rabbit kidney microsomes with pig pancreatic phospholipase A2 produced residual membrane preparations with very low (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. The activity could be restored by recombination with lipid vesicles of negatively-charged glycerophospholipids. Vesicles of pure phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were virtually inactive in this respect, but could reactivate in the presence of cholate. Incubation of the microsomes with a combination of phospholipase C (Bacillus cereus) and spingomyelinase C (Staphylococcus aureus) resulted in 90--95% release of the phospholipids. The residual membrane contained only phosphatidylinositol and still showed 50--100% of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity.", "contents": "Phosphatidylinositol as the endogenous activator of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in microsomes of rabbit kidney. Incubation of rabbit kidney microsomes with pig pancreatic phospholipase A2 produced residual membrane preparations with very low (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity. The activity could be restored by recombination with lipid vesicles of negatively-charged glycerophospholipids. Vesicles of pure phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine were virtually inactive in this respect, but could reactivate in the presence of cholate. Incubation of the microsomes with a combination of phospholipase C (Bacillus cereus) and spingomyelinase C (Staphylococcus aureus) resulted in 90--95% release of the phospholipids. The residual membrane contained only phosphatidylinositol and still showed 50--100% of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:147708", "title": "Purification from brain of an intrinsic membrane protein fraction enriched in (Na+ + K+)-ATPase.", "content": "A microsomal fraction from canine brain gray matter has been extracted with the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate to partially purify the membrane-bound (Na+ + K+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. Phospholipid, glycolipid, and a family of other glycoproteins are also enriched by the procedure; it is proposed that the product is an intrinsic membrane protein fraction. 6--8-fold purification of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase is obtained without solubilizing the enzyme and without irreversibly altering its turnover number. Final specific activities are 350--400 mumol of ATP hydrolyzed/h per mg protein. The stimulation and reversible inactivation of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by dodecyl sulfate were examined for information relevant to the mechanism of action of the detergent.", "contents": "Purification from brain of an intrinsic membrane protein fraction enriched in (Na+ + K+)-ATPase. A microsomal fraction from canine brain gray matter has been extracted with the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate to partially purify the membrane-bound (Na+ + K+)-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. Phospholipid, glycolipid, and a family of other glycoproteins are also enriched by the procedure; it is proposed that the product is an intrinsic membrane protein fraction. 6--8-fold purification of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase is obtained without solubilizing the enzyme and without irreversibly altering its turnover number. Final specific activities are 350--400 mumol of ATP hydrolyzed/h per mg protein. The stimulation and reversible inactivation of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by dodecyl sulfate were examined for information relevant to the mechanism of action of the detergent."}
{"id": "PMID:147709", "title": "Is hexokinase present in the basal lateral membranes of rat kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells?", "content": "The possible presence of hexokinase in basal lateral membranes from rat kidney proximal tubules was investigated. Basal lateral membranes were obtained from homogenates of rat kidney cortex by differential centrifugation and free flow electrophoresis. They were further purified by density gradient centrifugation. Hexokinase activity was measured as the phosphorylation of D-[U14C]glucose. Throughout the purification of the membranes, the specific activity of hexokinase decreased while that of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase increased. Hexokinase activity in all fractions could be quantitatively accounted for in terms of cytosolic and mitochondrial enzyme contributions. It is concluded that there is no hexokinase activity in basal lateral membranes from rat kidney.", "contents": "Is hexokinase present in the basal lateral membranes of rat kidney proximal tubular epithelial cells? The possible presence of hexokinase in basal lateral membranes from rat kidney proximal tubules was investigated. Basal lateral membranes were obtained from homogenates of rat kidney cortex by differential centrifugation and free flow electrophoresis. They were further purified by density gradient centrifugation. Hexokinase activity was measured as the phosphorylation of D-[U14C]glucose. Throughout the purification of the membranes, the specific activity of hexokinase decreased while that of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase increased. Hexokinase activity in all fractions could be quantitatively accounted for in terms of cytosolic and mitochondrial enzyme contributions. It is concluded that there is no hexokinase activity in basal lateral membranes from rat kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:147711", "title": "The turnover of lactate dehydrogenase in skeletal muscle of the mouse. Influence of fibre type and exercise regimen.", "content": "1. The influence of fibre-type and an exercise regimen on the turnover characteristics of proteins in mouse skeletal muscle has been studied. 2. Exercise induced a weight increase in most individual muscles and a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity which was more marked in white muscle than red. The coincident decrease in M-subunit activity was more noticeable in fast-twitch muscles than in slow-twitch types. 3. Exercise caused a considerable and consistent increase in the rate of degradation of total soluble proteins in individual muscles, with turnover being higher in muscles with a high red fibre content. 4. The response of lactate dehydrogenase to exercise varied considerably between individual muscles as indicated by the comparative rate constants for synthesis and degradation. In general, degradation was greater in muscle with a high slow-twitch or red fibre content. 5. Overall, a considerable redistribution of protein resources was observed during this physiological perturbation (exercise) with the main emphasis away from the pool of total soluble protein towards the myofibrillar constituents. Highly individualistic responses in relation to rates of synthesis and degradation were observed for the specific protein, lactate dehydrogenase, in the separate muscle of this animal.", "contents": "The turnover of lactate dehydrogenase in skeletal muscle of the mouse. Influence of fibre type and exercise regimen. 1. The influence of fibre-type and an exercise regimen on the turnover characteristics of proteins in mouse skeletal muscle has been studied. 2. Exercise induced a weight increase in most individual muscles and a decrease in lactate dehydrogenase activity which was more marked in white muscle than red. The coincident decrease in M-subunit activity was more noticeable in fast-twitch muscles than in slow-twitch types. 3. Exercise caused a considerable and consistent increase in the rate of degradation of total soluble proteins in individual muscles, with turnover being higher in muscles with a high red fibre content. 4. The response of lactate dehydrogenase to exercise varied considerably between individual muscles as indicated by the comparative rate constants for synthesis and degradation. In general, degradation was greater in muscle with a high slow-twitch or red fibre content. 5. Overall, a considerable redistribution of protein resources was observed during this physiological perturbation (exercise) with the main emphasis away from the pool of total soluble protein towards the myofibrillar constituents. Highly individualistic responses in relation to rates of synthesis and degradation were observed for the specific protein, lactate dehydrogenase, in the separate muscle of this animal."}
{"id": "PMID:147712", "title": "Comparison of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase proteins from normal and dystrophic chicken sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The involvement of membrane protein in dystrophic chicken fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum alterations has been examined. A purified preparation of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase protein from dystrophic fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum was found to have a reduced calcium-sensitive ATPase activity and phosphoenzyme level, in agreement with alterations found in dystrophic chicken fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. An amino acid analysis of the ATPase preparations showed no difference in the normal and dystrophic (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. The (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase was investigated further by isoelectric focusing and proteolytic digestion of the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. Neither of these methods indicated any alteration in the composition of the dystrophic (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. We have concluded that the alterations observed in dystrophic fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum are not due to increased amounts of non-(Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase protein, and that the normal and dystrophic (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase protein are not detectably different.", "contents": "Comparison of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase proteins from normal and dystrophic chicken sarcoplasmic reticulum. The involvement of membrane protein in dystrophic chicken fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum alterations has been examined. A purified preparation of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase protein from dystrophic fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum was found to have a reduced calcium-sensitive ATPase activity and phosphoenzyme level, in agreement with alterations found in dystrophic chicken fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. An amino acid analysis of the ATPase preparations showed no difference in the normal and dystrophic (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. The (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase was investigated further by isoelectric focusing and proteolytic digestion of the fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. Neither of these methods indicated any alteration in the composition of the dystrophic (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. We have concluded that the alterations observed in dystrophic fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum are not due to increased amounts of non-(Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase protein, and that the normal and dystrophic (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase protein are not detectably different."}
{"id": "PMID:147713", "title": "The regulation of the decay of nitrate reductase. Evidence for the existence of at least two mechanisms of decay.", "content": "There seem to be at least two different mechanisms of decay of nitrate reductase in Neurospora in vivo: one which is very sensitive to EDTA and cycloheximide, decreases with mycelial age and is not increased by an increase in temperature from 27 to 37 degrees C, the other which is relatively insensitive to EDTA and cycloheximide, increases with the age of the mycelium and with the above temperature shift.", "contents": "The regulation of the decay of nitrate reductase. Evidence for the existence of at least two mechanisms of decay. There seem to be at least two different mechanisms of decay of nitrate reductase in Neurospora in vivo: one which is very sensitive to EDTA and cycloheximide, decreases with mycelial age and is not increased by an increase in temperature from 27 to 37 degrees C, the other which is relatively insensitive to EDTA and cycloheximide, increases with the age of the mycelium and with the above temperature shift."}
{"id": "PMID:147714", "title": "Demonstration in vitro of two intracellular inactivators of nitrate reductase from Neurospora.", "content": "Two different inactivators of nitrate reductase have been found in cell free preparations of Neurospora. The first (Inactivator I) is very active at pH 9, is inhibited by disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA) and is present in all mycelia incubated under all conditions tested; the second (Inactivator II) is very active at pH 5, is repressed by ammonia or by a metabolic product of ammonia and derepressed by nitrogen starvation, cannot be derepressed by nitrogen starvation in strain nit-2, in which a number of \"ammonia-represible\" enzymes are permanently repressed, and is sensitive to phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride. Crude extracts of mycelia contain inhibitor(s) of both inactivators.", "contents": "Demonstration in vitro of two intracellular inactivators of nitrate reductase from Neurospora. Two different inactivators of nitrate reductase have been found in cell free preparations of Neurospora. The first (Inactivator I) is very active at pH 9, is inhibited by disodium ethylene diamine tetraacetate (EDTA) and is present in all mycelia incubated under all conditions tested; the second (Inactivator II) is very active at pH 5, is repressed by ammonia or by a metabolic product of ammonia and derepressed by nitrogen starvation, cannot be derepressed by nitrogen starvation in strain nit-2, in which a number of \"ammonia-represible\" enzymes are permanently repressed, and is sensitive to phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride. Crude extracts of mycelia contain inhibitor(s) of both inactivators."}
{"id": "PMID:147715", "title": "Kinetics of the oxidation of Rhus vernicifera stellacyanin by the Co(EDTA)-- ion.", "content": "A kinetic study of the oxidation of the copper(I) form of the blue copper protein stellacyanin (St(I) by Co(EDTA)-- has been performed. Observed rate constants approach a saturation limit with increasing [Co(EDTA)--] at pH 7, consistent with a mechanism involving rapid pre-equilibrium oxidant-protein complex formation followed by rate-limiting intramolecular Cu(I) to Co(III) electron transfer: Co(EDTA)-- + St(i Qp in equilibrium Co(EDTA)-- ---St(I) Co(EDTA)-- ---St(I) k2 leads to Co(EDTA)2-- ---St(II) (Qp = 149 M--1, k2 = 0.169 sec--1; 25.1 degrees, pH 7.0 mu 0.5 M (phosphate)). Activation parameters based on k2 (deltaH not equal to = 1.8 kcal/mol, deltaS not equal to = --56 cal/mol-deg) indicate that the electron transfer process is substantially nondiabatic, in marked contrast with results obtained for Co(phen) 3 3+ as the oxidant. Linear kobsd VS. [Co(EDTA)--] plots are reported for the Co(EDTA)-- oxidation of cuprous stellacyanin at pH 10 (k = 8.9 M--1 sec--1; 25.0, pH 10, mu 0.5 M (carbonate); DELTaH not equal to 11.3 kcal/mol, deltaS not equal to = -16 cal/mol-deg) and at pH 7 in the presence of excess EDTA (k = 21.2 M--1 sec--1; 25.1 degree, pH 7.0, mu 0.5 M (phosphate), [EDTA] tot = 5 X 10(--4) M; deltaH not equal to = 5.9 kcal/mol, delta S not equal to = --33 cal/mol-deg). It is concluded that Co(EDTA)-- adopts an electron transfer mechanism similar to that preferred by Co(phen)33+ under conditions where the oxidant is prevented from binding strongly to reduced stellacyanin.", "contents": "Kinetics of the oxidation of Rhus vernicifera stellacyanin by the Co(EDTA)-- ion. A kinetic study of the oxidation of the copper(I) form of the blue copper protein stellacyanin (St(I) by Co(EDTA)-- has been performed. Observed rate constants approach a saturation limit with increasing [Co(EDTA)--] at pH 7, consistent with a mechanism involving rapid pre-equilibrium oxidant-protein complex formation followed by rate-limiting intramolecular Cu(I) to Co(III) electron transfer: Co(EDTA)-- + St(i Qp in equilibrium Co(EDTA)-- ---St(I) Co(EDTA)-- ---St(I) k2 leads to Co(EDTA)2-- ---St(II) (Qp = 149 M--1, k2 = 0.169 sec--1; 25.1 degrees, pH 7.0 mu 0.5 M (phosphate)). Activation parameters based on k2 (deltaH not equal to = 1.8 kcal/mol, deltaS not equal to = --56 cal/mol-deg) indicate that the electron transfer process is substantially nondiabatic, in marked contrast with results obtained for Co(phen) 3 3+ as the oxidant. Linear kobsd VS. [Co(EDTA)--] plots are reported for the Co(EDTA)-- oxidation of cuprous stellacyanin at pH 10 (k = 8.9 M--1 sec--1; 25.0, pH 10, mu 0.5 M (carbonate); DELTaH not equal to 11.3 kcal/mol, deltaS not equal to = -16 cal/mol-deg) and at pH 7 in the presence of excess EDTA (k = 21.2 M--1 sec--1; 25.1 degree, pH 7.0, mu 0.5 M (phosphate), [EDTA] tot = 5 X 10(--4) M; deltaH not equal to = 5.9 kcal/mol, delta S not equal to = --33 cal/mol-deg). It is concluded that Co(EDTA)-- adopts an electron transfer mechanism similar to that preferred by Co(phen)33+ under conditions where the oxidant is prevented from binding strongly to reduced stellacyanin."}
{"id": "PMID:147718", "title": "Plasma amino acid levels in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "Concentrations of plasma amino acids in nine patients with Huntington's chorea and nine control patients were studied while diet and drug therapy were controlled. Significantly low values for threonine, alanine, isoleucine,  leucine, lysine and histidine were found in the Huntington's chorea patients. However, since different investigators have failed to establish a consistent pattern of abnormality, it is considered that the findings are probably due to non-specific factors.", "contents": "Plasma amino acid levels in Huntington's chorea. Concentrations of plasma amino acids in nine patients with Huntington's chorea and nine control patients were studied while diet and drug therapy were controlled. Significantly low values for threonine, alanine, isoleucine,  leucine, lysine and histidine were found in the Huntington's chorea patients. However, since different investigators have failed to establish a consistent pattern of abnormality, it is considered that the findings are probably due to non-specific factors."}
{"id": "PMID:147719", "title": "Evaluation of the thrombogenic potential of three types of arterial graft studied in an artificial circulation.", "content": "The thrombogenic potential of woven Dacron, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) and gluteraldehyde-treated human femoral artery (HFA) grafts was evaluated using an artificial circulation. The differences in the platelet parameters (platelet count, adhesion and aggregation) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) appearances before and after perfusion were used as indices of thrombogenicity. Platelet counts fell significantly with woven Dacron, moderately with HFA and no fall was observed with Gore-Tex. Platelet aggregation was unaffected by any graft, but platelet retention was significantly marked in woven dacron. SEM studies revealed minimal adherence of platelets to Gore-Tex and HFA endothelium, but marked adherences to woven Dacron, accompanied by morphological changes of the adhered platelets. In an artificial circulation, of the three types of arterial graft, woven Dacron has the greatest influence on platelet function, indicating significant thrombogenicity, whereas HFA is intermediate in its effect and Gore-Tex appears to have the lowest thrombogenic potential.", "contents": "Evaluation of the thrombogenic potential of three types of arterial graft studied in an artificial circulation. The thrombogenic potential of woven Dacron, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex) and gluteraldehyde-treated human femoral artery (HFA) grafts was evaluated using an artificial circulation. The differences in the platelet parameters (platelet count, adhesion and aggregation) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) appearances before and after perfusion were used as indices of thrombogenicity. Platelet counts fell significantly with woven Dacron, moderately with HFA and no fall was observed with Gore-Tex. Platelet aggregation was unaffected by any graft, but platelet retention was significantly marked in woven dacron. SEM studies revealed minimal adherence of platelets to Gore-Tex and HFA endothelium, but marked adherences to woven Dacron, accompanied by morphological changes of the adhered platelets. In an artificial circulation, of the three types of arterial graft, woven Dacron has the greatest influence on platelet function, indicating significant thrombogenicity, whereas HFA is intermediate in its effect and Gore-Tex appears to have the lowest thrombogenic potential."}
{"id": "PMID:147727", "title": "The use of peritoneoscopy in the detection of liver metastases.", "content": "Peritoneoscopy was carried out in 352 cancer patients with clinical suspicion of liver involvement in most cases. Principally because of patient discomfort, adequate liver biopsy was obtained in only 66% of 240 patients who underwent peritoneoscopy under local anesthesia while, under general anesthesia, biopsies could be taken in 90% of 112 patients. When the liver was macroscopically free of disease, the yield of positive peritoneoscopy was minimal regardless of the number of blind deep biopsies. Peritoneoscopy provided histologic demonstration of hepatic invasion in a total of 55 patients. Seven false-negative examinations out of 19 negative peritoneoscopies (36%) were identified by subsequent laparotomy or autopsy within 2 months. These preliminary data, although difficult to interpret in terms of accuracy of the method, point to the possible contributions of peritoneoscopy in detecting liver metastases.", "contents": "The use of peritoneoscopy in the detection of liver metastases. Peritoneoscopy was carried out in 352 cancer patients with clinical suspicion of liver involvement in most cases. Principally because of patient discomfort, adequate liver biopsy was obtained in only 66% of 240 patients who underwent peritoneoscopy under local anesthesia while, under general anesthesia, biopsies could be taken in 90% of 112 patients. When the liver was macroscopically free of disease, the yield of positive peritoneoscopy was minimal regardless of the number of blind deep biopsies. Peritoneoscopy provided histologic demonstration of hepatic invasion in a total of 55 patients. Seven false-negative examinations out of 19 negative peritoneoscopies (36%) were identified by subsequent laparotomy or autopsy within 2 months. These preliminary data, although difficult to interpret in terms of accuracy of the method, point to the possible contributions of peritoneoscopy in detecting liver metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:147729", "title": "Drug-induced changes in DNA fluorescence intensity detected by flow microfluorometry and their implications for analysis of DNA content distributions.", "content": "Chicken erythrocytes, which contain less DNA than mammalian diploid cells, were used as an internal standard to control instrumental and staining variables during flow microfluorometric analysis. With the DNA stain, mithramycin, and with an EPICS II flow microfluorometer, ratios between the modal G1 fluorescence of experimental cells and that of chicken erythrocytes were determined. The results indicate that unperturbed cell populations of L1210 and HeLa cells in vitro and L1210 ascites cells in vivo have relatively stable fluorescence ratios, although there is a significant difference between the ratios of one L1210 cell line in vitro and another in vivo. In contrast, L1210 ascites treated in vivo with different schedules of cyclophosphamide and Adriamycin showed wide fluctuations in the fluorescence intensity ratios for 96 hr after treatment. Also, differences in the fluorescence ratios were observed between less advanced and more advanced L1210 ascites after treatment with the same schedule. These effects indicate an alteration in DNA staining with mithramycin, brought about by drug treatment that could seriously affect the interpretation of DNA histogram data. Nevertheless, changes in mithramycin staining may prove to be a very important probe to detect persistent drug effects.", "contents": "Drug-induced changes in DNA fluorescence intensity detected by flow microfluorometry and their implications for analysis of DNA content distributions. Chicken erythrocytes, which contain less DNA than mammalian diploid cells, were used as an internal standard to control instrumental and staining variables during flow microfluorometric analysis. With the DNA stain, mithramycin, and with an EPICS II flow microfluorometer, ratios between the modal G1 fluorescence of experimental cells and that of chicken erythrocytes were determined. The results indicate that unperturbed cell populations of L1210 and HeLa cells in vitro and L1210 ascites cells in vivo have relatively stable fluorescence ratios, although there is a significant difference between the ratios of one L1210 cell line in vitro and another in vivo. In contrast, L1210 ascites treated in vivo with different schedules of cyclophosphamide and Adriamycin showed wide fluctuations in the fluorescence intensity ratios for 96 hr after treatment. Also, differences in the fluorescence ratios were observed between less advanced and more advanced L1210 ascites after treatment with the same schedule. These effects indicate an alteration in DNA staining with mithramycin, brought about by drug treatment that could seriously affect the interpretation of DNA histogram data. Nevertheless, changes in mithramycin staining may prove to be a very important probe to detect persistent drug effects."}
{"id": "PMID:147730", "title": "Biological and biochemical properties of the 2-hydroxyl metabolites of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea.", "content": "The lethal and bone marrow toxicity and antitumor activity of the cis- and trans-2-hydroxylated metabolites of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) have been correlated with their relative in vitro alkylating and carbamoylating activities. Both the isomers have considerably greater alkylating activity and shorter chemical half-lives than the parent compound and on a molar basis have greater antitumor activity against i.p. L1210 leukemia. However, in terms of molar doses resulting in the death of 10% of normal mice, the cis- and trans-2 isomers were 2- and 3-fold more toxic than was CCNU in normal mice. In comparing the antitumor activity produced by a maximum nonlethal dose for each compound, we found that the trans isomer had activity identical to that of CCNU (413 and 410% increased life span compared to control), and the cis isomer had considerably less (152%). Like chlorozotocin, both isomers possess low carbamoylating activity and increased water solubility, two features that have been considered possible contributors to the bone marrow-sparing character of chlorozotocin. However, in the murine model the human bone marrow colony formation (CFU-C) assay neither hydroxylated metabolite of CCNU was associated with reduced myelotoxicity.", "contents": "Biological and biochemical properties of the 2-hydroxyl metabolites of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea. The lethal and bone marrow toxicity and antitumor activity of the cis- and trans-2-hydroxylated metabolites of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) have been correlated with their relative in vitro alkylating and carbamoylating activities. Both the isomers have considerably greater alkylating activity and shorter chemical half-lives than the parent compound and on a molar basis have greater antitumor activity against i.p. L1210 leukemia. However, in terms of molar doses resulting in the death of 10% of normal mice, the cis- and trans-2 isomers were 2- and 3-fold more toxic than was CCNU in normal mice. In comparing the antitumor activity produced by a maximum nonlethal dose for each compound, we found that the trans isomer had activity identical to that of CCNU (413 and 410% increased life span compared to control), and the cis isomer had considerably less (152%). Like chlorozotocin, both isomers possess low carbamoylating activity and increased water solubility, two features that have been considered possible contributors to the bone marrow-sparing character of chlorozotocin. However, in the murine model the human bone marrow colony formation (CFU-C) assay neither hydroxylated metabolite of CCNU was associated with reduced myelotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:147732", "title": "Activation of suppressor cells by syngeneic tumor transplants in mice.", "content": "Spleen cells from mice with syngeneic tumor transplants are hyporesponsive in mixed-lymphocyte culture. The hyporesponsiveness is due to the activation of suppressor cells. Spleen from tumor-bearing mice, treated with mitomycin and added to normal mixed lymphocyte culture (with responding cells syngeneic to the added cells), inhibits proliferation of the responding cells. Suppressor activity in the spleen cells can be detected as early as 5 days after s.c. transplantation of P-815 mastocytoma into DBA/2 mice. Tumor cells placed in cell-impermeable i.p. diffusion chambers can also activate splenic suppressor cells. Suppressor cells can be activated in syngeneic mice by (DBA/2) P-815 cells, by (C3H) L25-cells, or by recent (C57BL/6) methylcholanthrene-induced tumors. The latter tumors retain their ability to activate suppressor cells after passaging in syngeneic mice. Only one tumor, induced with methylcholanthrene in DBA/2 mice, failed to activate suppressor cells. Suppressor activity in the spleen cells from mice with 20-day s.c. tumor transplants is not reduced after removal of glass-adherent cells. Suppressor activity is significantly decreased after removal of thymus-derived cells with anti-theta treatment and complement.", "contents": "Activation of suppressor cells by syngeneic tumor transplants in mice. Spleen cells from mice with syngeneic tumor transplants are hyporesponsive in mixed-lymphocyte culture. The hyporesponsiveness is due to the activation of suppressor cells. Spleen from tumor-bearing mice, treated with mitomycin and added to normal mixed lymphocyte culture (with responding cells syngeneic to the added cells), inhibits proliferation of the responding cells. Suppressor activity in the spleen cells can be detected as early as 5 days after s.c. transplantation of P-815 mastocytoma into DBA/2 mice. Tumor cells placed in cell-impermeable i.p. diffusion chambers can also activate splenic suppressor cells. Suppressor cells can be activated in syngeneic mice by (DBA/2) P-815 cells, by (C3H) L25-cells, or by recent (C57BL/6) methylcholanthrene-induced tumors. The latter tumors retain their ability to activate suppressor cells after passaging in syngeneic mice. Only one tumor, induced with methylcholanthrene in DBA/2 mice, failed to activate suppressor cells. Suppressor activity in the spleen cells from mice with 20-day s.c. tumor transplants is not reduced after removal of glass-adherent cells. Suppressor activity is significantly decreased after removal of thymus-derived cells with anti-theta treatment and complement."}
{"id": "PMID:147733", "title": "Experimental right ventricular hypertrophy and failure in swine.", "content": "Following pulmonary arterial constriction, 22 pigs developed right ventricular failure and 10 right ventricular hypertrophy. Comparing results with those obtained in 21 normal pigs (no pulmonary artery constriction), it was found the right ventricular peak systolic and end-diastolic pressures, cardiac output, and right ventricular weight distinguished hypertrophied and failing hearts from normal ones. Cardiac output was lower in failing hearts than in hypertrophied hearts and was the only variable which significantly differentiated between these two groups. Left ventricular pressures and left ventricular and right ventricular dP/dtmax, and maximum [(dP/dt)/P] did not distinguish failing from hypertrophied hearts. Left ventricular pressure, maximum [(dP/dt)/P] and left ventricular and right ventricular dP/dtmax were not significantly different in the three groups.", "contents": "Experimental right ventricular hypertrophy and failure in swine. Following pulmonary arterial constriction, 22 pigs developed right ventricular failure and 10 right ventricular hypertrophy. Comparing results with those obtained in 21 normal pigs (no pulmonary artery constriction), it was found the right ventricular peak systolic and end-diastolic pressures, cardiac output, and right ventricular weight distinguished hypertrophied and failing hearts from normal ones. Cardiac output was lower in failing hearts than in hypertrophied hearts and was the only variable which significantly differentiated between these two groups. Left ventricular pressures and left ventricular and right ventricular dP/dtmax, and maximum [(dP/dt)/P] did not distinguish failing from hypertrophied hearts. Left ventricular pressure, maximum [(dP/dt)/P] and left ventricular and right ventricular dP/dtmax were not significantly different in the three groups."}
{"id": "PMID:147734", "title": "Non-invasive electromagnetic measurement of the peripheral pulsatile blood flow: experimental study and clinical applications.", "content": "The non-invasive electromagnetic blood flowmeter described in this paper allows us to measure pulsatile flow through a limb. The limb is placed in a magnetic field and the blood flow rate induces electromagnetic forces which are detected at the skin surface with ECG electrodes (Faraday's law). A special computer technique is necessary to isolate the signal from artefacts (local ECG, BCG, EMG). In vitro calibration is performed using a circulatory model and in vivo using mongrel dogs. Its validity is assessed by comparing the results with the responses obtained from the invasive electromagnetic flowmeter. Sources of error in the measurement such as blood composition (Na+, K+), haematocrit (45% to 29%), and venous flow are reported here. The results indicate that the method is reliable, easy to utilise and offers a unique non-invasive way of measuring true pulsatile blood flow rate in humans. Various clinical applications are discussed for possible use of the device.", "contents": "Non-invasive electromagnetic measurement of the peripheral pulsatile blood flow: experimental study and clinical applications. The non-invasive electromagnetic blood flowmeter described in this paper allows us to measure pulsatile flow through a limb. The limb is placed in a magnetic field and the blood flow rate induces electromagnetic forces which are detected at the skin surface with ECG electrodes (Faraday's law). A special computer technique is necessary to isolate the signal from artefacts (local ECG, BCG, EMG). In vitro calibration is performed using a circulatory model and in vivo using mongrel dogs. Its validity is assessed by comparing the results with the responses obtained from the invasive electromagnetic flowmeter. Sources of error in the measurement such as blood composition (Na+, K+), haematocrit (45% to 29%), and venous flow are reported here. The results indicate that the method is reliable, easy to utilise and offers a unique non-invasive way of measuring true pulsatile blood flow rate in humans. Various clinical applications are discussed for possible use of the device."}
{"id": "PMID:147757", "title": "Prediction of multivessel disease after inferior myocardial infarction.", "content": "We correlated clinical parameters with angiographic findings in 108 men with a previous isolated inferior myocardial infarction, to determine if these parameters could predict accurately which patients had multivessel disease. Of 71 men in angina class 2-3, 42 had three vessel disease versus only seven of the 37 who were either asymptomatic or angina class 1 (P less than 0.001). Multivessel disease was present in 35 of the 36 who had anterior ST-T abnormalities at rest (P less than 0.001) and 16 of the 17 with cardiomegaly. Among men 55 years and older, the incidence of multivessel disease was 94% compared to 70% in men less than 55 (P less than 0.03). We conclude that functional angina class, age, and the presence of resting anterior ST and T abnormalities are highly predictive of associated left system disease in survivors of inferior infarction.", "contents": "Prediction of multivessel disease after inferior myocardial infarction. We correlated clinical parameters with angiographic findings in 108 men with a previous isolated inferior myocardial infarction, to determine if these parameters could predict accurately which patients had multivessel disease. Of 71 men in angina class 2-3, 42 had three vessel disease versus only seven of the 37 who were either asymptomatic or angina class 1 (P less than 0.001). Multivessel disease was present in 35 of the 36 who had anterior ST-T abnormalities at rest (P less than 0.001) and 16 of the 17 with cardiomegaly. Among men 55 years and older, the incidence of multivessel disease was 94% compared to 70% in men less than 55 (P less than 0.03). We conclude that functional angina class, age, and the presence of resting anterior ST and T abnormalities are highly predictive of associated left system disease in survivors of inferior infarction."}
{"id": "PMID:147758", "title": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "Echocardiograms were obtained on 27 adults with electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) to determine how echocardiograms might best identify LVH. Both the left ventricular (LV) posterior wall thickness and interventricular septal thickness were found by echocardiography to be increased (greater than or equal to 12 mm) in only 13 of 27 patients (48%) with LVH. The LV was dilated (greater than or equal to 58 mm) in the absence of posterior wall thickening in 9 of 27 patients (33%). The LV mass, estimated from standardly measured dimensions, was increased (greater than 200 g) in 21 of 27 patients (78%) and when measurements were made by the Penn method, mas was increased in all patients. These observations indicate that the echocardiographic estimation of LV mass is a more sensitive indicator of LVH than LV posterior wall and septal thickness. Since LVH is defined as an increased mass of LV muscle, these observations are consistent with this fundamental definition of left ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "Echocardiographic diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy. Echocardiograms were obtained on 27 adults with electrocardiographic criteria of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) to determine how echocardiograms might best identify LVH. Both the left ventricular (LV) posterior wall thickness and interventricular septal thickness were found by echocardiography to be increased (greater than or equal to 12 mm) in only 13 of 27 patients (48%) with LVH. The LV was dilated (greater than or equal to 58 mm) in the absence of posterior wall thickening in 9 of 27 patients (33%). The LV mass, estimated from standardly measured dimensions, was increased (greater than 200 g) in 21 of 27 patients (78%) and when measurements were made by the Penn method, mas was increased in all patients. These observations indicate that the echocardiographic estimation of LV mass is a more sensitive indicator of LVH than LV posterior wall and septal thickness. Since LVH is defined as an increased mass of LV muscle, these observations are consistent with this fundamental definition of left ventricular hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:147759", "title": "Endocrine studies in male pseudohermaphroditism in childhood and adolescence.", "content": "The clinical and endocrine features of fifty cases of male pseudohermaphroditism and XY karyotype aged from 6 months to 20 years have been studied. Thirty-two subjects were pre-pubertal and eighteen, of whom ten developed gynaecomastia, were pubertal. A definite aetiology was established in 12%. 4% had deficient testosterone biosynthesis and 8% mixed gonadal dysgenesis. In the remaining 88% an aetiology of androgen unresponsiveness at the target areas is suggested. Hormonal investigations in these subjects showed that before puberty basal plasma testosterone and oestradiol were slightly but significantly elevated, whereas testosterone response to stimulation with human chorionic gonadotrophin was significantly diminished. In the pubertal subjects basal plasma testosterone, oestradiol, serum binding capacity of testosterone-oestradiol binding globulin and basal plasma LH were significantly elevated. These hormonal features in pubertal or post-pubertal male pseudohermaphrodites appear to be characteristic of androgen unresponsiveness. The presence in addition of elevated basal plasma testosterone and oestradiol in the pre-pubertal subjects suggest that some of these findings may be presented from early childhood.", "contents": "Endocrine studies in male pseudohermaphroditism in childhood and adolescence. The clinical and endocrine features of fifty cases of male pseudohermaphroditism and XY karyotype aged from 6 months to 20 years have been studied. Thirty-two subjects were pre-pubertal and eighteen, of whom ten developed gynaecomastia, were pubertal. A definite aetiology was established in 12%. 4% had deficient testosterone biosynthesis and 8% mixed gonadal dysgenesis. In the remaining 88% an aetiology of androgen unresponsiveness at the target areas is suggested. Hormonal investigations in these subjects showed that before puberty basal plasma testosterone and oestradiol were slightly but significantly elevated, whereas testosterone response to stimulation with human chorionic gonadotrophin was significantly diminished. In the pubertal subjects basal plasma testosterone, oestradiol, serum binding capacity of testosterone-oestradiol binding globulin and basal plasma LH were significantly elevated. These hormonal features in pubertal or post-pubertal male pseudohermaphrodites appear to be characteristic of androgen unresponsiveness. The presence in addition of elevated basal plasma testosterone and oestradiol in the pre-pubertal subjects suggest that some of these findings may be presented from early childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:147760", "title": "Sanfilippo A syndrome in the fetus.", "content": "A family is reported in which Sanfilippo A syndrome affected three siblings: the proband and twin premature infants. The feasibility of intrauterine diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) Type IIIA, was demonstrated by the excessive accumulation of 35SO4-mucopolysaccharides in fibroblasts cultured from amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis Cross-correction studies and enzymatic analysis of cultured skin fibroblasts from the proband and the infants revealed the absence of the MPS IIIA correction factor, heparan sulfate sulfatase. However, when the premature infants expired shortly after birth, no central nervous system histopathology or ultrastructural abnormalities were found. From these observations it would appear the the third trimester fetus with MPS type IIIA has little CNS involvement.", "contents": "Sanfilippo A syndrome in the fetus. A family is reported in which Sanfilippo A syndrome affected three siblings: the proband and twin premature infants. The feasibility of intrauterine diagnosis of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) Type IIIA, was demonstrated by the excessive accumulation of 35SO4-mucopolysaccharides in fibroblasts cultured from amniotic fluid obtained by amniocentesis Cross-correction studies and enzymatic analysis of cultured skin fibroblasts from the proband and the infants revealed the absence of the MPS IIIA correction factor, heparan sulfate sulfatase. However, when the premature infants expired shortly after birth, no central nervous system histopathology or ultrastructural abnormalities were found. From these observations it would appear the the third trimester fetus with MPS type IIIA has little CNS involvement."}
{"id": "PMID:147761", "title": "Evidence of both anti-GBM and immune complex mediated pathogenesis in the initial phase of Goodpasture's syndrome.", "content": "A 19 year old women presented with pulmonary hemorrhage, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and antiglomerular basement membrane antibody in her serum. In the initial phase of the disease a double layered linear deposit of IgG was seen on the glomerular capillary basement membrane together with a finely granular or focal and lumpy single layer deposit of C3 and numerous small subepithelial electron dense deposits. These findings are suggestive of the simultaneous occurrence of anti-GBM and immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Evidence of both anti-GBM and immune complex mediated pathogenesis in the initial phase of Goodpasture's syndrome. A 19 year old women presented with pulmonary hemorrhage, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and antiglomerular basement membrane antibody in her serum. In the initial phase of the disease a double layered linear deposit of IgG was seen on the glomerular capillary basement membrane together with a finely granular or focal and lumpy single layer deposit of C3 and numerous small subepithelial electron dense deposits. These findings are suggestive of the simultaneous occurrence of anti-GBM and immune complex glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:147764", "title": "Structural determinants of disease and their contribution to clinical and scientific progress.", "content": "The recognition of structural correlates with disease provided a release from the Hippocratic humors which dominated the approach to medicine for more than a thousand years. During recent decades an increasingly reductionist approach to structure has enabled such correlations to extent from those easily visible to the naked eye to those who resolution requires sophisticated electron microscopy. Although recognition of clinical--pathological correlations has evident advantages, there are instances, such as diabetes mellitus, where such recognition appeared to lull investigators into believing that the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the disease had been found. Moreover, the recognition of a structural abnormality, such as the extra chromosome in Down syndrome, may sometimes have delayed rather than accelerated research on metabolic aspects of the disease. The advances in medical understanding that have proceeded from a correlation of structure with function have enabled diseases to be investigated at different levels. This has led to a more sophisticated redefinition of the meaning of clinical--pathological correlations and to the surprising finding that immense structural variability can be tolerated by the human organism without its function being recognizably perturbed. Indeed, some molecular variations of structure lead to a distinct biological advantage under singular environmental conditions. Finally, where molecular structure is known in its most intimate detail, the distinction between structure and function becomes less easy to discern.", "contents": "Structural determinants of disease and their contribution to clinical and scientific progress. The recognition of structural correlates with disease provided a release from the Hippocratic humors which dominated the approach to medicine for more than a thousand years. During recent decades an increasingly reductionist approach to structure has enabled such correlations to extent from those easily visible to the naked eye to those who resolution requires sophisticated electron microscopy. Although recognition of clinical--pathological correlations has evident advantages, there are instances, such as diabetes mellitus, where such recognition appeared to lull investigators into believing that the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the disease had been found. Moreover, the recognition of a structural abnormality, such as the extra chromosome in Down syndrome, may sometimes have delayed rather than accelerated research on metabolic aspects of the disease. The advances in medical understanding that have proceeded from a correlation of structure with function have enabled diseases to be investigated at different levels. This has led to a more sophisticated redefinition of the meaning of clinical--pathological correlations and to the surprising finding that immense structural variability can be tolerated by the human organism without its function being recognizably perturbed. Indeed, some molecular variations of structure lead to a distinct biological advantage under singular environmental conditions. Finally, where molecular structure is known in its most intimate detail, the distinction between structure and function becomes less easy to discern."}
{"id": "PMID:147765", "title": "Human parturition.", "content": "The roles of fetal adrenal hormones, of maternal oestrogen and progesterone concentrations, and of uterine prostaglandin synthesis are considered in relation to the onset of human labour. Evidence that the fetal adrenal may be involved in the onset of labour is discussed with particular reference to both cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate. Towards the end of pregnancy circulating concentrations of both unconjugated and conjugated oestrogens increase, and evidence for the presence of arylsulphatase (EC 3.1.6.1) in various intrauterine tissues suggests that the conjugates are potentially active. The rise in oestrogens and a concomitant drop in progesterone during the last few weeks of pregnancy may play a facilitatory role in the onset of labour. The changes in steroid concentrations are considered in relation to the promotion of prostaglandin synthesis leading to labour. Concentrations of prostaglandins in amniotic fluid show only minor changes before the onset of labour compared to those found with the onset of and during labour. Evidence for a local control of prostaglandin synthesis within the uterus is presented.", "contents": "Human parturition. The roles of fetal adrenal hormones, of maternal oestrogen and progesterone concentrations, and of uterine prostaglandin synthesis are considered in relation to the onset of human labour. Evidence that the fetal adrenal may be involved in the onset of labour is discussed with particular reference to both cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate. Towards the end of pregnancy circulating concentrations of both unconjugated and conjugated oestrogens increase, and evidence for the presence of arylsulphatase (EC 3.1.6.1) in various intrauterine tissues suggests that the conjugates are potentially active. The rise in oestrogens and a concomitant drop in progesterone during the last few weeks of pregnancy may play a facilitatory role in the onset of labour. The changes in steroid concentrations are considered in relation to the promotion of prostaglandin synthesis leading to labour. Concentrations of prostaglandins in amniotic fluid show only minor changes before the onset of labour compared to those found with the onset of and during labour. Evidence for a local control of prostaglandin synthesis within the uterus is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:147766", "title": "[Serum IgE in skin diseases of children (author's transl)].", "content": "Using the paper-radioimmunosorbens test (PRIST) normal values were obtained from 200 non-allergic children. The IgE level was aged-dependent, in part with significant differences between various age groups. These normal values were compared with those in children with seborrhoeic dermitis, constitutional neurodermatitis, parasitoses, urticaria, Quincke oedema, Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura, pityriasis rosea, multiform exudative erythema, erythema nodosum and infantile papular acrodermatitis. Half-life of IgE in neonates was 16.2 hours.", "contents": "[Serum IgE in skin diseases of children (author's transl)]. Using the paper-radioimmunosorbens test (PRIST) normal values were obtained from 200 non-allergic children. The IgE level was aged-dependent, in part with significant differences between various age groups. These normal values were compared with those in children with seborrhoeic dermitis, constitutional neurodermatitis, parasitoses, urticaria, Quincke oedema, Sch\u00f6nlein-Henoch purpura, pityriasis rosea, multiform exudative erythema, erythema nodosum and infantile papular acrodermatitis. Half-life of IgE in neonates was 16.2 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:147778", "title": "Luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome: a subtle cause of infertility.", "content": "A clinical description of luteinized unruptured follicles is presented. This abnormality in ovulation is characterized by normal endocrinologic presumptive signs of ovulation: biphasic basal body temperature curves, secretory endometrium, and laboratory evidence of progesterone production by elevated urinary pregnanediol or plasma progesterone levels. In a group of 102 such infertile women, laparoscopy performed 3 to 5 days after apparent ovulation revealed the absence of a corpus hemorrhagicum in 30 women, and the absence of a sigma on a corpus hemorrhagicum in an additional 32 women. These findings were evidence that a follicle had not ruptured and an ovum had not escaped. Of 28 patients undergoing follicular stimulation with clomiphene citrate or human menopausal gonadotropin after this diagnosis, 15 conceived.", "contents": "Luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome: a subtle cause of infertility. A clinical description of luteinized unruptured follicles is presented. This abnormality in ovulation is characterized by normal endocrinologic presumptive signs of ovulation: biphasic basal body temperature curves, secretory endometrium, and laboratory evidence of progesterone production by elevated urinary pregnanediol or plasma progesterone levels. In a group of 102 such infertile women, laparoscopy performed 3 to 5 days after apparent ovulation revealed the absence of a corpus hemorrhagicum in 30 women, and the absence of a sigma on a corpus hemorrhagicum in an additional 32 women. These findings were evidence that a follicle had not ruptured and an ovum had not escaped. Of 28 patients undergoing follicular stimulation with clomiphene citrate or human menopausal gonadotropin after this diagnosis, 15 conceived."}
{"id": "PMID:147782", "title": "Progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia.", "content": "Progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia is a rare disorder of keratinization manifested by hyperkeratotic plaques on an erythematous base. Familial cases have not been reported. The following is, to our knowledge, the first report of a case from America, as well as the first involving a black child.", "contents": "Progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia. Progressive symmetric erythrokeratodermia is a rare disorder of keratinization manifested by hyperkeratotic plaques on an erythematous base. Familial cases have not been reported. The following is, to our knowledge, the first report of a case from America, as well as the first involving a black child."}
{"id": "PMID:147786", "title": "Induction of abortion by intrauterine administration of prostaglandin via laparoscopy with concurrent sterilization.", "content": "This is a preliminary report of a method of inducing abortion at 12 to 15 weeks' gestation, a period when none ot the currently available methods are wholly satisfactory. The authors investigated both prostaglandin F2ALpha (PGF2alpha) and 15-methyl PGF2alpha injected intramyometrially and intraamniotically under laparoscopic visualization prior to sterlization as a means of inducing abortion. They conclude that the results from this small series (13 patients) indicate that this is a practicable method for abortion combined with sterilization for patients at 10 to 15 weeks' gestation and recommend that further comparative studies be undertaken.", "contents": "Induction of abortion by intrauterine administration of prostaglandin via laparoscopy with concurrent sterilization. This is a preliminary report of a method of inducing abortion at 12 to 15 weeks' gestation, a period when none ot the currently available methods are wholly satisfactory. The authors investigated both prostaglandin F2ALpha (PGF2alpha) and 15-methyl PGF2alpha injected intramyometrially and intraamniotically under laparoscopic visualization prior to sterlization as a means of inducing abortion. They conclude that the results from this small series (13 patients) indicate that this is a practicable method for abortion combined with sterilization for patients at 10 to 15 weeks' gestation and recommend that further comparative studies be undertaken."}
{"id": "PMID:147787", "title": "Laparoscopic sterilization after \"spontaneous\" abortion.", "content": "One hundred eighty-nine patients were evaluated to assess the safety of laparoscopic sterilization after completion of a \"spontaneous\" abortion by curettage. Some of the \"spontaneous\" abortions had probably been illegally initiated outside the hospital and were septic. The laparoscopic sterilization procedures used tubal rings to achieve tubal occlusion. They were performed 4 to 48 hours after completion of the abortion. Patients were discharged from the hospital on the day the procedure was performed. Surgical difficulties and complications associated with the laparoscopy were infrequent. Undergoing a curettage prior to sterilization with tubal rings by laparoscopy did not appear to result in increased rates of complications.", "contents": "Laparoscopic sterilization after \"spontaneous\" abortion. One hundred eighty-nine patients were evaluated to assess the safety of laparoscopic sterilization after completion of a \"spontaneous\" abortion by curettage. Some of the \"spontaneous\" abortions had probably been illegally initiated outside the hospital and were septic. The laparoscopic sterilization procedures used tubal rings to achieve tubal occlusion. They were performed 4 to 48 hours after completion of the abortion. Patients were discharged from the hospital on the day the procedure was performed. Surgical difficulties and complications associated with the laparoscopy were infrequent. Undergoing a curettage prior to sterilization with tubal rings by laparoscopy did not appear to result in increased rates of complications."}
{"id": "PMID:147793", "title": "[A preliminary study on parietal stress decay in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to determine equatorial and radial stresses at various depths of left ventricular wall, left ventricular pressures and echocardiographic dimensions were elaborated using the formula proposed by Timoshenko. Patients with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) have minor end-diastolic and end-systolic decay of radial and equatorial stresses, compared to patients with eccentric LVH. The total stress affecting left ventricular wall is significantly minor in telediastole than in telesystole.", "contents": "[A preliminary study on parietal stress decay in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (author's transl)]. In order to determine equatorial and radial stresses at various depths of left ventricular wall, left ventricular pressures and echocardiographic dimensions were elaborated using the formula proposed by Timoshenko. Patients with concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) have minor end-diastolic and end-systolic decay of radial and equatorial stresses, compared to patients with eccentric LVH. The total stress affecting left ventricular wall is significantly minor in telediastole than in telesystole."}
{"id": "PMID:147794", "title": "[Masked depressions in obstetrics and gynaecology (author's transl)].", "content": "The development of psychosomatic symptoms can not exclusively by explained by fear and rejection of fear. We showed in another paper that other emotions but fear can lead to functionae symptoms in obstetrics and gynaecology. The recognition of depressions and masked depressions as the basis for many psychosomatic symptoms in gynaecology can open therapeutic possibilities for many cases which were refractory to treatment. The prescription of antidepressant medication often results in rapid relief of the symptoms. Psychotherapy for the discovery and for restructuring becomes possible in many cases after a successful course of anti-depressant medication.", "contents": "[Masked depressions in obstetrics and gynaecology (author's transl)]. The development of psychosomatic symptoms can not exclusively by explained by fear and rejection of fear. We showed in another paper that other emotions but fear can lead to functionae symptoms in obstetrics and gynaecology. The recognition of depressions and masked depressions as the basis for many psychosomatic symptoms in gynaecology can open therapeutic possibilities for many cases which were refractory to treatment. The prescription of antidepressant medication often results in rapid relief of the symptoms. Psychotherapy for the discovery and for restructuring becomes possible in many cases after a successful course of anti-depressant medication."}
{"id": "PMID:147796", "title": "Genetic and physiological characteristics of a slow-growing circadian clock mutant of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "A circadian clock mutant of Neurospora crassa with a period length of about 25.8 hours (4 hr longer than wild type) has been isolated after mutagenesis of the band strain. This mutant, called frq-5, segregates as a single nuclear gene, maps near the centromere on linkage group III, and is unlinked to four previously described clock mutants clustered on linkage group VII R (Feldman and Hoyle 1973, 1976). frq-5 differs from the other clock mutants in at least two other respects: (1) it is recessive in heterokaryons, and (2) it grows at about 60% the rate of the parent band strain on both minimal and complete media. Double mutants between frq-5 and each of the other clock mutants show additivity of period length--two long period mutants produce a double mutant whose period length is longer than either of the two single mutants, while a long and a short period double mutant has an intermediate period length. Although slow growth and long periodicity of frq-5 have segregated together among more than 300 progeny, slow growth per se is not responsible for the long period, since all the double mutants have the slow growth characteristic of frq-5, but have period lengths both shorter and longer than wild type.", "contents": "Genetic and physiological characteristics of a slow-growing circadian clock mutant of Neurospora crassa. A circadian clock mutant of Neurospora crassa with a period length of about 25.8 hours (4 hr longer than wild type) has been isolated after mutagenesis of the band strain. This mutant, called frq-5, segregates as a single nuclear gene, maps near the centromere on linkage group III, and is unlinked to four previously described clock mutants clustered on linkage group VII R (Feldman and Hoyle 1973, 1976). frq-5 differs from the other clock mutants in at least two other respects: (1) it is recessive in heterokaryons, and (2) it grows at about 60% the rate of the parent band strain on both minimal and complete media. Double mutants between frq-5 and each of the other clock mutants show additivity of period length--two long period mutants produce a double mutant whose period length is longer than either of the two single mutants, while a long and a short period double mutant has an intermediate period length. Although slow growth and long periodicity of frq-5 have segregated together among more than 300 progeny, slow growth per se is not responsible for the long period, since all the double mutants have the slow growth characteristic of frq-5, but have period lengths both shorter and longer than wild type."}
{"id": "PMID:147797", "title": "[Dosage effect of the cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) gene in the erythrocytes of Down's syndrome patients].", "content": "The activity of cytoplasmic superoxydase (SOD-1) was studied in erthrocytes of 17 patients affected with Down's syndrome (trisomy 21) and in 26 healthy persons. A 1.56-fold increase of the enzyme activity was observed in the group of patients as compared with the control group. This could be explained as the dosage effect of the corresponding gene located in the chromosome 21.", "contents": "[Dosage effect of the cytoplasmic superoxide dismutase (SOD-1) gene in the erythrocytes of Down's syndrome patients]. The activity of cytoplasmic superoxydase (SOD-1) was studied in erthrocytes of 17 patients affected with Down's syndrome (trisomy 21) and in 26 healthy persons. A 1.56-fold increase of the enzyme activity was observed in the group of patients as compared with the control group. This could be explained as the dosage effect of the corresponding gene located in the chromosome 21."}
{"id": "PMID:147798", "title": "[Geno- and phenotypic distribution by the ABO and Rhesus systems in the population of Minsk].", "content": "The distribution of blood groups of the ABO system is different in the rhesus-positive and rhesus-negative subpopulations. An increasing frequency of the phenotype A2 in the rhesus-negative subpopulation is observed. The calculation of the gene frequency reveals a deficiency of genes A1 and O, and the increasing frequency of genes A2 and B in the rhesus-negative part of the population. On the whole for the inhabitants of Minsk the ratio of the phenotypes A2/A1 differs significantly from the corresponding index for the republic as a whole, which is the evidence of a significant migration of the population in the capital of Byelorussia. The observed correlative dependences in the distribution of the genes of ABO system and of the rhesus system permit to recommend the accomplishment of a scientific search between the hereditary pathology and the susceptibility to different diseases and blood groups taking into consideration the rhesus appurtenance of the populations studied.", "contents": "[Geno- and phenotypic distribution by the ABO and Rhesus systems in the population of Minsk]. The distribution of blood groups of the ABO system is different in the rhesus-positive and rhesus-negative subpopulations. An increasing frequency of the phenotype A2 in the rhesus-negative subpopulation is observed. The calculation of the gene frequency reveals a deficiency of genes A1 and O, and the increasing frequency of genes A2 and B in the rhesus-negative part of the population. On the whole for the inhabitants of Minsk the ratio of the phenotypes A2/A1 differs significantly from the corresponding index for the republic as a whole, which is the evidence of a significant migration of the population in the capital of Byelorussia. The observed correlative dependences in the distribution of the genes of ABO system and of the rhesus system permit to recommend the accomplishment of a scientific search between the hereditary pathology and the susceptibility to different diseases and blood groups taking into consideration the rhesus appurtenance of the populations studied."}
{"id": "PMID:147811", "title": "Degradation of human fibrinogen by plasmin: isolation and partial characterization of an early degradation product.", "content": "The incubation of human fibrinogen with plasmin gives rise to an early degradation product with a molecular weight of 63,000, calculated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate (PAGE-SDS); this product is resistant to the action of the plasmin for short incubation times and represents 1 +/- 0.2% of the original quantity of fibrinogen. The fragment was isolated from the incubated mixture by gel filtration and has a no-identity reaction with fibrinogen fragment D against fibrinogen fragments D antiserum. The reduction gives rise to three polypeptidic chains with molecular weights of 36,000, 17,000 and 10,000 (calculated by PAGE-SDS). Study of the carbohydrate content of these polypeptidic chains from the reduced 63,000 MW fragment indicates that there is only one electrophoretic region which contains periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive material. As the 63,000 MW fragment has a reaction against fibrinogen fragment D antiserum and also contains PAS positive material, according to Pepper and co-workers, it can be taken to arise from the HOOC-terminal region of fibrinogen.", "contents": "Degradation of human fibrinogen by plasmin: isolation and partial characterization of an early degradation product. The incubation of human fibrinogen with plasmin gives rise to an early degradation product with a molecular weight of 63,000, calculated by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate (PAGE-SDS); this product is resistant to the action of the plasmin for short incubation times and represents 1 +/- 0.2% of the original quantity of fibrinogen. The fragment was isolated from the incubated mixture by gel filtration and has a no-identity reaction with fibrinogen fragment D against fibrinogen fragments D antiserum. The reduction gives rise to three polypeptidic chains with molecular weights of 36,000, 17,000 and 10,000 (calculated by PAGE-SDS). Study of the carbohydrate content of these polypeptidic chains from the reduced 63,000 MW fragment indicates that there is only one electrophoretic region which contains periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) positive material. As the 63,000 MW fragment has a reaction against fibrinogen fragment D antiserum and also contains PAS positive material, according to Pepper and co-workers, it can be taken to arise from the HOOC-terminal region of fibrinogen."}
{"id": "PMID:147812", "title": "Experimental defibrination and bothropase: a study on the fibrinolytic mechanism in vivo.", "content": "Fibrinogen was depleted in dogs injected with a single dose of bothropase even if pretreatment followed by a continuous infusion of antifibrinolytic drugs was performed during defibrination. The activation of the fibrinolytic system as a secondary effect of the defibrination syndrome induced by bothropase injection was blocked completely by aprotinin (Trasylol) but not by EACA. Plasmin activity in spite of the inhibition of plasminogen activator suggests that, either an excess of activator is released in circulation or a plasmin-antiplasmin complex is dissociated by the circulating fibrin, according to the hypothesis of Ambrus and Markus [1], and Back et al. [4] for the mechanism of fibrinolysis in vivo. An experimental model is suggested for the study of the fibrinolytic mechanism in vivo, by the association of defibrinating agents, antivenom and antifibrinolytic drugs.", "contents": "Experimental defibrination and bothropase: a study on the fibrinolytic mechanism in vivo. Fibrinogen was depleted in dogs injected with a single dose of bothropase even if pretreatment followed by a continuous infusion of antifibrinolytic drugs was performed during defibrination. The activation of the fibrinolytic system as a secondary effect of the defibrination syndrome induced by bothropase injection was blocked completely by aprotinin (Trasylol) but not by EACA. Plasmin activity in spite of the inhibition of plasminogen activator suggests that, either an excess of activator is released in circulation or a plasmin-antiplasmin complex is dissociated by the circulating fibrin, according to the hypothesis of Ambrus and Markus [1], and Back et al. [4] for the mechanism of fibrinolysis in vivo. An experimental model is suggested for the study of the fibrinolytic mechanism in vivo, by the association of defibrinating agents, antivenom and antifibrinolytic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:147813", "title": "[Fibrous dysplasia of the skull--a radiological, computer tomographic and scintigraphic study (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia (Jaff\u00e9-Lichtenstein) of the skull can generally be made by plain films, occasionally supplemented by tomography. The differential diagnosis from sclerosing meningiomas in the anterior fossa can usually be made by cranial computer tomography. Cerebral scintigraphy does not play an important part in the differentiation from a meningioma. Total body scintigraphy, on the other hand, is useful, particularly in distinguishing between monostotic and polyostotic bone conditions. Invasive neurological methods, such as cerebral angiography, are in our opinion unnecessary unless there are definite clinical focal cerebral symptoms in the presence of a normal computer tomogram.", "contents": "[Fibrous dysplasia of the skull--a radiological, computer tomographic and scintigraphic study (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of fibrous dysplasia (Jaff\u00e9-Lichtenstein) of the skull can generally be made by plain films, occasionally supplemented by tomography. The differential diagnosis from sclerosing meningiomas in the anterior fossa can usually be made by cranial computer tomography. Cerebral scintigraphy does not play an important part in the differentiation from a meningioma. Total body scintigraphy, on the other hand, is useful, particularly in distinguishing between monostotic and polyostotic bone conditions. Invasive neurological methods, such as cerebral angiography, are in our opinion unnecessary unless there are definite clinical focal cerebral symptoms in the presence of a normal computer tomogram."}
{"id": "PMID:147814", "title": "A new finding in bone scintigram 3 cases of defect findings.", "content": "Three cases in which accumulation in the lesion was less than that in the normal area by bone scintigraphy using 99m TC pyrophosphate or methylenediphosphate were reported.", "contents": "A new finding in bone scintigram 3 cases of defect findings. Three cases in which accumulation in the lesion was less than that in the normal area by bone scintigraphy using 99m TC pyrophosphate or methylenediphosphate were reported."}
{"id": "PMID:147815", "title": "Anatomy and radiology of a bone island.", "content": "Anatomoradiological study, on an amputation specimen for osteosarcoma from a 13 year old girl, of a bone island in the distal femoral epiphysis. It consists of a mature bone core caused by localized remodeling of the spongeous trabeculae, old but still slightly active, clearly different from a bone infarct, a tumoral or infectious process. Discussed the interest of a precise radiological study for making the diagnosis (particularly xerography), the risks of error involved in scintigraphy and the utility of a block excision if a biopsy is performed.", "contents": "Anatomy and radiology of a bone island. Anatomoradiological study, on an amputation specimen for osteosarcoma from a 13 year old girl, of a bone island in the distal femoral epiphysis. It consists of a mature bone core caused by localized remodeling of the spongeous trabeculae, old but still slightly active, clearly different from a bone infarct, a tumoral or infectious process. Discussed the interest of a precise radiological study for making the diagnosis (particularly xerography), the risks of error involved in scintigraphy and the utility of a block excision if a biopsy is performed."}
{"id": "PMID:147816", "title": "[Band-like osteoporosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Atrophy of the skeleton due to inactivity may have two types of radiological change: diffuse decalcification and band-like porosis in the zones involved by previous growth. The type of decalcification is evidently determined by the vascular anatomy of the bones. This results in localised differences which are independent of age, the type of trauma or the duration of immobilisation.", "contents": "[Band-like osteoporosis (author's transl)]. Atrophy of the skeleton due to inactivity may have two types of radiological change: diffuse decalcification and band-like porosis in the zones involved by previous growth. The type of decalcification is evidently determined by the vascular anatomy of the bones. This results in localised differences which are independent of age, the type of trauma or the duration of immobilisation."}
{"id": "PMID:147817", "title": "[Intradiploic leptomeningeal bone cysts (author's transl)].", "content": "A temporo-occipital lepromeningeal cyst was observed in a 70-year old man; it presented as a translucency with serpigenous outline and a sclerotic margin. There was intra- and extra-cranial bulging of the calvarium. The extremely long latent period was unusual, since the original injury had occurred at the age of four years and the probable first clinical symptoms (giddiness) had manifested themselves at the age of 65 years. Since the correct diagnosis had been made at the age of 70, there was a 66 year interval. Vertebral angiography confirmed the intracranial expansion. From the history, clinical findings and extensive radiological investigations, an epidermoid or an intradiploic leptomeningeal cyst was considered in the differential diagnosis. At surgery the latter was confirmed.", "contents": "[Intradiploic leptomeningeal bone cysts (author's transl)]. A temporo-occipital lepromeningeal cyst was observed in a 70-year old man; it presented as a translucency with serpigenous outline and a sclerotic margin. There was intra- and extra-cranial bulging of the calvarium. The extremely long latent period was unusual, since the original injury had occurred at the age of four years and the probable first clinical symptoms (giddiness) had manifested themselves at the age of 65 years. Since the correct diagnosis had been made at the age of 70, there was a 66 year interval. Vertebral angiography confirmed the intracranial expansion. From the history, clinical findings and extensive radiological investigations, an epidermoid or an intradiploic leptomeningeal cyst was considered in the differential diagnosis. At surgery the latter was confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:147818", "title": "A variation of scimitar syndrome.", "content": "Variations of the scimitar syndrome have been reported previously, the most common being the absence of systemic arterial supply to the right lung and varying degrees of lung hypoplasia. Anomalous scimitar-like veins draining the entire right lung and connecting normally to the left atrium have been reported. The case presented is unique in that there is marked hypoplasia of the right bronchial tree and a large bronchogenic pulmonary cyst without dextroposition of the heart and anomalous systemic arterial supply to the right lung.", "contents": "A variation of scimitar syndrome. Variations of the scimitar syndrome have been reported previously, the most common being the absence of systemic arterial supply to the right lung and varying degrees of lung hypoplasia. Anomalous scimitar-like veins draining the entire right lung and connecting normally to the left atrium have been reported. The case presented is unique in that there is marked hypoplasia of the right bronchial tree and a large bronchogenic pulmonary cyst without dextroposition of the heart and anomalous systemic arterial supply to the right lung."}
{"id": "PMID:147819", "title": "[The investigation of the renal veins in the nephrotic syndrome in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "The problems in the radiological investigation of adults with the nephrotic syndrome are illustrated by three patients. In one it was due to spontaneous thrombosis of the cava, in the second there was renal vein thrombosis from self-administered overdose and the third patient had glomerulonephritis without renal vein thrombosis. In view of the therapeutic implications, radiological investigation of the renal veins is essential and should be carried out in every patient with the nephrotic syndrome.", "contents": "[The investigation of the renal veins in the nephrotic syndrome in adults (author's transl)]. The problems in the radiological investigation of adults with the nephrotic syndrome are illustrated by three patients. In one it was due to spontaneous thrombosis of the cava, in the second there was renal vein thrombosis from self-administered overdose and the third patient had glomerulonephritis without renal vein thrombosis. In view of the therapeutic implications, radiological investigation of the renal veins is essential and should be carried out in every patient with the nephrotic syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:147820", "title": "[Morphological changes following arterial catheter embolisation of the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "Arterial catheter embolisation of the kidney is used as a form of treatment for uncontrollable haematuria due to inoperable tumours of the kidney or bladder; it can also be used as a preoperative measure for operable renal tumours in order to make surgery easier. Time-related morphological examinations are not yet available in the literature. The histological changes in the tumour-containing kidney are described in four patients at two, six, twelve and thirteen days after Histo-acryl embolisation. After embolisation there are wedge-shaped anaemic infarcts and extensive necrosis in tumour and normal kidney with leukocytic demarkation and reabsorption of cellular inflammatory material. Complete necrosis of the tumour was not found. There is therefore not complete destruction of the tumour as a result of arterial catheter embolisation, even when the veins are thrombosed by tumour.", "contents": "[Morphological changes following arterial catheter embolisation of the kidney (author's transl)]. Arterial catheter embolisation of the kidney is used as a form of treatment for uncontrollable haematuria due to inoperable tumours of the kidney or bladder; it can also be used as a preoperative measure for operable renal tumours in order to make surgery easier. Time-related morphological examinations are not yet available in the literature. The histological changes in the tumour-containing kidney are described in four patients at two, six, twelve and thirteen days after Histo-acryl embolisation. After embolisation there are wedge-shaped anaemic infarcts and extensive necrosis in tumour and normal kidney with leukocytic demarkation and reabsorption of cellular inflammatory material. Complete necrosis of the tumour was not found. There is therefore not complete destruction of the tumour as a result of arterial catheter embolisation, even when the veins are thrombosed by tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:147821", "title": "[Concentration of antibiotics in long term embolized kidneys (author's transl)].", "content": "In 7 dogs renal arterial embolization was performed using Seldinger technique and inflatable Swan Ganz balloon catheter by injection of methyl methacrylate/butyl 2 cyano acrylat. Six months later tissue concentration of cefazolin was measured in the embolized and kontralateral kidneys and in serum two hours after a short infusion of 1 g of Cefazolin. The concentrations in serum and homogenized kidney tissue were determined by means of the agar well diffusion method. Angiography studies showed no vessels in the embolized kidneys. Histologically there was total atrophy of the tissue especially the tubular system. The mean tissue level of Cefazolin in the embolized kidney was 70% of serum. The tissue concentration was always above 10 microgram/g. This concentration is high enough to inhibit nearly all strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella and a large part of Proteus mirabilis, whereas nearly all gram-positive bacteria are inhibit at a lower concentration. Value and necessity of antibiotic therapy in embolized kidney cancer is discussed.", "contents": "[Concentration of antibiotics in long term embolized kidneys (author's transl)]. In 7 dogs renal arterial embolization was performed using Seldinger technique and inflatable Swan Ganz balloon catheter by injection of methyl methacrylate/butyl 2 cyano acrylat. Six months later tissue concentration of cefazolin was measured in the embolized and kontralateral kidneys and in serum two hours after a short infusion of 1 g of Cefazolin. The concentrations in serum and homogenized kidney tissue were determined by means of the agar well diffusion method. Angiography studies showed no vessels in the embolized kidneys. Histologically there was total atrophy of the tissue especially the tubular system. The mean tissue level of Cefazolin in the embolized kidney was 70% of serum. The tissue concentration was always above 10 microgram/g. This concentration is high enough to inhibit nearly all strains of E. coli, Klebsiella, Salmonella, Shigella and a large part of Proteus mirabilis, whereas nearly all gram-positive bacteria are inhibit at a lower concentration. Value and necessity of antibiotic therapy in embolized kidney cancer is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:147822", "title": "[The jet phenomenon in the bladder (author's transl)].", "content": "The jet phenomenon seen during entry of urine into the bladder is illustrated by the urograms of a number of patients. Its diagnostic significance is discussed. Experimental models and theoretical considerations have shown that the jet is determined by the kinetic impulse; for a 1:10 mixture of contrastmedium and water, the jet is visible at all jet diameters and jet speeds at the orifice provided flow at the centre of the jet has fallen to about 0.073 m/s. Transferring these findings to man, and bearing in mind the functional and anatomical peculiarities and pressure differences between the lower ureter and the bladder, it becomes apparent that this phenomen can be produced under physiological conditions.", "contents": "[The jet phenomenon in the bladder (author's transl)]. The jet phenomenon seen during entry of urine into the bladder is illustrated by the urograms of a number of patients. Its diagnostic significance is discussed. Experimental models and theoretical considerations have shown that the jet is determined by the kinetic impulse; for a 1:10 mixture of contrastmedium and water, the jet is visible at all jet diameters and jet speeds at the orifice provided flow at the centre of the jet has fallen to about 0.073 m/s. Transferring these findings to man, and bearing in mind the functional and anatomical peculiarities and pressure differences between the lower ureter and the bladder, it becomes apparent that this phenomen can be produced under physiological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:147823", "title": "[Phaeochromocytomas in neurofibromatosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Neurofibromas and phaeochromocytomas derive ultimately from ectodermal tissue. It is therefore not surprising that there is an increase in the incidence of phaeochromocytomas in Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. When investigating hypertension in patients with neurofibromatosis one must therefore consider the possibility of a phaeochromocytoma as well as vascular involvement by neurofibromatosis. Two patients with neurofibromatosis and phaeochromocytomas are described.", "contents": "[Phaeochromocytomas in neurofibromatosis (author's transl)]. Neurofibromas and phaeochromocytomas derive ultimately from ectodermal tissue. It is therefore not surprising that there is an increase in the incidence of phaeochromocytomas in Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis. When investigating hypertension in patients with neurofibromatosis one must therefore consider the possibility of a phaeochromocytoma as well as vascular involvement by neurofibromatosis. Two patients with neurofibromatosis and phaeochromocytomas are described."}
{"id": "PMID:147824", "title": "[Exogenous allergic alveolitis during childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Four children aged 31/2 to 13 years, who developed allergic alveolitis as a result of antigenic exposure in a domestic situation are described. The clinical symptoms consisted of gradual onset of increasing dyspnoea, chronic cough and weight loss. Lung function tests showed characteristic reduction in vital and diffusion capacity. Serologically, antibodies against animal antigens were demonstrated in all patients. Radiologically there were pronounced reticular changes in both lungs affecting mostly the middle and lower zones. Occasionally there were miliary and sometimes confluent shadows. In differential diagnosis, virus infections, pneumocystis carinii, fungus infections, dermatomyositis, sarcoidosis and tuberculosis had to be considered. Apart from a short course of steroid treatment, it is necessary to make certain that the children are no longer exposed to the causal antigen. Under these conditions the prognosis is good, but otherwise the disease, as in adults who are continuously exposed to the antigen, results in pulmonary fibrosis.", "contents": "[Exogenous allergic alveolitis during childhood (author's transl)]. Four children aged 31/2 to 13 years, who developed allergic alveolitis as a result of antigenic exposure in a domestic situation are described. The clinical symptoms consisted of gradual onset of increasing dyspnoea, chronic cough and weight loss. Lung function tests showed characteristic reduction in vital and diffusion capacity. Serologically, antibodies against animal antigens were demonstrated in all patients. Radiologically there were pronounced reticular changes in both lungs affecting mostly the middle and lower zones. Occasionally there were miliary and sometimes confluent shadows. In differential diagnosis, virus infections, pneumocystis carinii, fungus infections, dermatomyositis, sarcoidosis and tuberculosis had to be considered. Apart from a short course of steroid treatment, it is necessary to make certain that the children are no longer exposed to the causal antigen. Under these conditions the prognosis is good, but otherwise the disease, as in adults who are continuously exposed to the antigen, results in pulmonary fibrosis."}
{"id": "PMID:147825", "title": "[Disseminated branching pulmonary ossification combined with heterotopic bone formation in the muscles (author's transl)].", "content": "Idiopathic disseminated pulmonary ossification is a rarely recognised condition in which small pieces of marrow containing bone are found in the interstitial tissues of the lungs. The case reported here is unique in showing combination with myositis ossificans circumscripta. The extent of the lung changes was also unusual. The clinical, radiological and histological findings are compared.", "contents": "[Disseminated branching pulmonary ossification combined with heterotopic bone formation in the muscles (author's transl)]. Idiopathic disseminated pulmonary ossification is a rarely recognised condition in which small pieces of marrow containing bone are found in the interstitial tissues of the lungs. The case reported here is unique in showing combination with myositis ossificans circumscripta. The extent of the lung changes was also unusual. The clinical, radiological and histological findings are compared."}
{"id": "PMID:147826", "title": "[Contrast extravasation from the pelvicalycine system during infusion pyelography (author's transl)].", "content": "Rupture of the pelvicalycine systems is occasionally observed during infusion pyelograms. Twenty such cases are reported. The usual cause was the presence of stones in the ureter leading to urinary tract obstruction and acute pressure rise in the pelvicalycine system. The anatomical and physiological basis for the rupture is outlined. Subsequently our own cases are described. In 13 patients rupture occurred without previous renal abnormality; in these there was always spontaneous healing once the obstruction had been removed. In five patients rupture occurred in a previously damaged kidney; the changes at the point of rupture and the subsequent possible complications are described. Two cases should be mentioned in detail; in these, rupture persisted and lead to the development of a retroperitoneal pseudocyst. Only one similar case is reported in the literature since 1966.", "contents": "[Contrast extravasation from the pelvicalycine system during infusion pyelography (author's transl)]. Rupture of the pelvicalycine systems is occasionally observed during infusion pyelograms. Twenty such cases are reported. The usual cause was the presence of stones in the ureter leading to urinary tract obstruction and acute pressure rise in the pelvicalycine system. The anatomical and physiological basis for the rupture is outlined. Subsequently our own cases are described. In 13 patients rupture occurred without previous renal abnormality; in these there was always spontaneous healing once the obstruction had been removed. In five patients rupture occurred in a previously damaged kidney; the changes at the point of rupture and the subsequent possible complications are described. Two cases should be mentioned in detail; in these, rupture persisted and lead to the development of a retroperitoneal pseudocyst. Only one similar case is reported in the literature since 1966."}
{"id": "PMID:147827", "title": "[An evaluation of the risks of pulmonary scintigraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "Scintipulmography is a method for testing cardiopulmonary function in diagnosis and control. Standardized X-ray examinations are preferable from a radio-hygienic view. In perfusion scintigraphy microspheres are better for examining terminal vessels and are of lower risk. Short-lived radionuclides, e.g., 99mTc or 113mIn, should be used as markers. Recent physiologic findings indicate injection by bolus during the middle phase of inspiration while the patient holds his breath. General and individual risks and the diagnostic advantages of this method are discussed. Normally, the advantages outweigh the risks, as demonstrated in a case of artificial pulmonary embolism. For high-risk patients, however, inhalation scintigraphy should be made available as a standard radiologic method.", "contents": "[An evaluation of the risks of pulmonary scintigraphy (author's transl)]. Scintipulmography is a method for testing cardiopulmonary function in diagnosis and control. Standardized X-ray examinations are preferable from a radio-hygienic view. In perfusion scintigraphy microspheres are better for examining terminal vessels and are of lower risk. Short-lived radionuclides, e.g., 99mTc or 113mIn, should be used as markers. Recent physiologic findings indicate injection by bolus during the middle phase of inspiration while the patient holds his breath. General and individual risks and the diagnostic advantages of this method are discussed. Normally, the advantages outweigh the risks, as demonstrated in a case of artificial pulmonary embolism. For high-risk patients, however, inhalation scintigraphy should be made available as a standard radiologic method."}
{"id": "PMID:147828", "title": "[A new method for direct measurement of the aortofemoral pressuregradient in connection with translumbar aortography (author's transl)].", "content": "A new method to measure simultaneously and directly the aorto-femoral pressure-gradient is described. The study can be performed in connection with translumbar aortography. In addition of being easy to perform the following advantages can be obtained by using this method: 1. Additional angiographic projections are unnecessary. 2. Informations regarding the absolute value of the aortofemoro pressure-gradient at rest and after maximal vasodilatation is obtained.", "contents": "[A new method for direct measurement of the aortofemoral pressuregradient in connection with translumbar aortography (author's transl)]. A new method to measure simultaneously and directly the aorto-femoral pressure-gradient is described. The study can be performed in connection with translumbar aortography. In addition of being easy to perform the following advantages can be obtained by using this method: 1. Additional angiographic projections are unnecessary. 2. Informations regarding the absolute value of the aortofemoro pressure-gradient at rest and after maximal vasodilatation is obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:147829", "title": "[Intravenous arteriography with xerography: a non-invasive method for the demonstration of peripheral vessels (author's transl)].", "content": "Acceptable arteriograms of the extremities can be obtained by rapid manual injection of contrast into a cubital vein, using a xeroradiographic technique. The indications and value of the method have been demonstrated in 62 examinations. The new technique constitutes a non-invasive arteriographic method suitable for demonstrating limited vascular lesions in the extremities.", "contents": "[Intravenous arteriography with xerography: a non-invasive method for the demonstration of peripheral vessels (author's transl)]. Acceptable arteriograms of the extremities can be obtained by rapid manual injection of contrast into a cubital vein, using a xeroradiographic technique. The indications and value of the method have been demonstrated in 62 examinations. The new technique constitutes a non-invasive arteriographic method suitable for demonstrating limited vascular lesions in the extremities."}
{"id": "PMID:147830", "title": "[Arteriography in old age--an assessment of the risks and technique (author's transl)].", "content": "Of 1,263 arteriograms performed over a period of two and a half years, there were 166 patients aged 70 years or more. The indications, angiographic findings and results have been examined retrospectively. In seven patients only was it impossible to carry out the examination because of advanced vascular disease in the pelvis. Most examinations could be performed as planned. In three patients there were minor complications without consequence. In one patient the external iliac artery was occluded following catheter angiography, but this was disobliterated during a subsequent operation which would have been carried out in case. The severity of vascular calcification as seen on plain films gives no indication regarding the difficulties during catheterisation. If aortography by catheter is impossible, we demonstrate the aorta retrogradely by a counter-current technique, using the Hettler instrument. The Hettler technique does not increase the risk and has certain advantages for the examination of older patients.", "contents": "[Arteriography in old age--an assessment of the risks and technique (author's transl)]. Of 1,263 arteriograms performed over a period of two and a half years, there were 166 patients aged 70 years or more. The indications, angiographic findings and results have been examined retrospectively. In seven patients only was it impossible to carry out the examination because of advanced vascular disease in the pelvis. Most examinations could be performed as planned. In three patients there were minor complications without consequence. In one patient the external iliac artery was occluded following catheter angiography, but this was disobliterated during a subsequent operation which would have been carried out in case. The severity of vascular calcification as seen on plain films gives no indication regarding the difficulties during catheterisation. If aortography by catheter is impossible, we demonstrate the aorta retrogradely by a counter-current technique, using the Hettler instrument. The Hettler technique does not increase the risk and has certain advantages for the examination of older patients."}
{"id": "PMID:147831", "title": "[The post-traumatic arteriovenous symptom complex (author's transl)].", "content": "The post-traumatic arteriovenous symptom complex is an atypical manifestation of saccular arterial and arteriovenous aneurysms. Prominent in this condition is venous obstruction accompanied by abnormal arterial flow. Treatment for this condition is unsatisfactory, and the complex consists of a trio of venous and arterial obstruction and resistance to therapy. The complex can be recognised by a typical pulse form and the diagnosis can be confirmed by angiography of the affected limb.", "contents": "[The post-traumatic arteriovenous symptom complex (author's transl)]. The post-traumatic arteriovenous symptom complex is an atypical manifestation of saccular arterial and arteriovenous aneurysms. Prominent in this condition is venous obstruction accompanied by abnormal arterial flow. Treatment for this condition is unsatisfactory, and the complex consists of a trio of venous and arterial obstruction and resistance to therapy. The complex can be recognised by a typical pulse form and the diagnosis can be confirmed by angiography of the affected limb."}
{"id": "PMID:147832", "title": "[Radiological studies of the anatomy of the vena semicircularis and the Giacomini vein (author's transl)].", "content": "The course and variations of the vena semicircularis and Giacomini veins has been studied. It appears that, despite the large variations encountered, three major types can be identified.", "contents": "[Radiological studies of the anatomy of the vena semicircularis and the Giacomini vein (author's transl)]. The course and variations of the vena semicircularis and Giacomini veins has been studied. It appears that, despite the large variations encountered, three major types can be identified."}
{"id": "PMID:147833", "title": "[The use of metrizamide for peripheral angiography. A comparative investigation (author's transl)].", "content": "In peripheral arteriography in 20 patients the non-ionic contrast medium metrizamide (amipaque) and the ionic megluminamidotrizoat (angiografin) was injection. Following amipaque no pain reactions were observed but angiografin caused severe pain in 11 patients and light pain in 3 patients. The diagnostic information of the two contrast media was the same.", "contents": "[The use of metrizamide for peripheral angiography. A comparative investigation (author's transl)]. In peripheral arteriography in 20 patients the non-ionic contrast medium metrizamide (amipaque) and the ionic megluminamidotrizoat (angiografin) was injection. Following amipaque no pain reactions were observed but angiografin caused severe pain in 11 patients and light pain in 3 patients. The diagnostic information of the two contrast media was the same."}
{"id": "PMID:147834", "title": "[Thoracic myelography with water-soluble contrast medium (metrizamide) (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of water-soluble contrast media for the thoracic myelography has become possible with the introduction of Metrizamide (Amipaque). A modification of the technique used with oily contrast media results in excellent demonstration of detail of intraspinal structures and of pathological changes. The medium is well tolerated and does not cause irritation of the spinal cord; the results must be regarded as excellent.", "contents": "[Thoracic myelography with water-soluble contrast medium (metrizamide) (author's transl)]. The use of water-soluble contrast media for the thoracic myelography has become possible with the introduction of Metrizamide (Amipaque). A modification of the technique used with oily contrast media results in excellent demonstration of detail of intraspinal structures and of pathological changes. The medium is well tolerated and does not cause irritation of the spinal cord; the results must be regarded as excellent."}
{"id": "PMID:147835", "title": "[Selective spinal arteriography in vertebral and paravertebral disease processes (author's transl)].", "content": "Selective arteriography was performed on 15 patients with vertebral and paravertebral diseases. This procedure is particularly justified if the bone changes are of possible vascular origin, if the presence of arterial involvement by neoplasm is to be determined, or if one wishes to judge the extent of intraspinal or paravertebral spread of a spinal tumour. Up to a point, angiography may indicate the histology and malignancy of a mass. In the diagnosis of vertebral and paravertebral disease, selective spinal arteriography would come into competition with computed tomography. Either procedure should only be used if conventional methods are incapable of solving the diagnostic problem.", "contents": "[Selective spinal arteriography in vertebral and paravertebral disease processes (author's transl)]. Selective arteriography was performed on 15 patients with vertebral and paravertebral diseases. This procedure is particularly justified if the bone changes are of possible vascular origin, if the presence of arterial involvement by neoplasm is to be determined, or if one wishes to judge the extent of intraspinal or paravertebral spread of a spinal tumour. Up to a point, angiography may indicate the histology and malignancy of a mass. In the diagnosis of vertebral and paravertebral disease, selective spinal arteriography would come into competition with computed tomography. Either procedure should only be used if conventional methods are incapable of solving the diagnostic problem."}
{"id": "PMID:147836", "title": "[Standard report forms in radiological diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Standard report forms have been designed for excretion urography, gastro-intestinal examinations, cholecystography, myelography, trauma and surgical emergencies; the findings, which are printed on the form, are marked and the conclusion is then written by hand. If used for a limited number of examinations with recurring problems, these report forms results in a considerable reduction in effort and simplifies routine diagnosis.", "contents": "[Standard report forms in radiological diagnosis (author's transl)]. Standard report forms have been designed for excretion urography, gastro-intestinal examinations, cholecystography, myelography, trauma and surgical emergencies; the findings, which are printed on the form, are marked and the conclusion is then written by hand. If used for a limited number of examinations with recurring problems, these report forms results in a considerable reduction in effort and simplifies routine diagnosis."}
{"id": "PMID:147838", "title": "Rare-earth and calcium tungstate intensifying screens, a comparative study of relative speed, radiation doses and resolving power.", "content": "Using calcium tungstate (CaWO4) and rare-earth intensitying screens, their relative speeds were compared in exposures of a pelvis phantom, and radiation doses were measured at several kilovoltages. Using a slit pattern, the resolving power was assessed by a modified contrast-frequency response and by direct viewing of the radiographs. In the comparison of the rare-earth and CaWO4 screens the following differences were found: (1) A great reduction in the radiation dose can be achieved by the use of the fast screen types, yet at the cost of some loss of resolving power; (2) the film contrast can be improved by a reduction in the kilovoltage without an increase in the radiation dose; (3) the short exposure times and the characteristic course of the dose curve necessitate an adjustment of the phototimer or a change of the control unit; and (4) with the slower screen type tested, the resolving power can be improved without increasing the radiation dose.", "contents": "Rare-earth and calcium tungstate intensifying screens, a comparative study of relative speed, radiation doses and resolving power. Using calcium tungstate (CaWO4) and rare-earth intensitying screens, their relative speeds were compared in exposures of a pelvis phantom, and radiation doses were measured at several kilovoltages. Using a slit pattern, the resolving power was assessed by a modified contrast-frequency response and by direct viewing of the radiographs. In the comparison of the rare-earth and CaWO4 screens the following differences were found: (1) A great reduction in the radiation dose can be achieved by the use of the fast screen types, yet at the cost of some loss of resolving power; (2) the film contrast can be improved by a reduction in the kilovoltage without an increase in the radiation dose; (3) the short exposure times and the characteristic course of the dose curve necessitate an adjustment of the phototimer or a change of the control unit; and (4) with the slower screen type tested, the resolving power can be improved without increasing the radiation dose."}
{"id": "PMID:147845", "title": "[Diaphragmatic metastases in ovarian neoplasms].", "content": "Laparoscopic examination is of considerable importance for the prognosis of ovarian carcinoma, especially the detection of metastases in the diaphragm and other abdominal areas. 65 patients with ovarian carcinoma underwent laparoscopy; in 31 cases metastases in various abdominal areas were found, in 25 cases also the diaphragm was involved. This high incidence seems to be remarkable.", "contents": "[Diaphragmatic metastases in ovarian neoplasms]. Laparoscopic examination is of considerable importance for the prognosis of ovarian carcinoma, especially the detection of metastases in the diaphragm and other abdominal areas. 65 patients with ovarian carcinoma underwent laparoscopy; in 31 cases metastases in various abdominal areas were found, in 25 cases also the diaphragm was involved. This high incidence seems to be remarkable."}
{"id": "PMID:147846", "title": "[Tryptophan metabolism and oligophrenia (author's transl)].", "content": "After dealing with the biochemistry of tryptophan metabolism the most important results obtained in humans are presented. Special emphasis is given to the hereditary defects of tryptophan metabolism associated with mental retardation and convulsions due to lack of pyridoxine. The author's findings demonstrate the existence of a hereditary disturbance of the tryptophan metabolism via kynurenine in a certain part of oligophrenic patients. This metabolic defect can be controlled by high doses of vitamin B6. Furthermore investigations conducted with a view to interpreting these results are discussed, especially the determination of kynureninase activity, serotonin blood levels and pyridine nucleotide synthesis.", "contents": "[Tryptophan metabolism and oligophrenia (author's transl)]. After dealing with the biochemistry of tryptophan metabolism the most important results obtained in humans are presented. Special emphasis is given to the hereditary defects of tryptophan metabolism associated with mental retardation and convulsions due to lack of pyridoxine. The author's findings demonstrate the existence of a hereditary disturbance of the tryptophan metabolism via kynurenine in a certain part of oligophrenic patients. This metabolic defect can be controlled by high doses of vitamin B6. Furthermore investigations conducted with a view to interpreting these results are discussed, especially the determination of kynureninase activity, serotonin blood levels and pyridine nucleotide synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:147849", "title": "Compliance with 504 regulations need not require costly renovation.", "content": "By June 3, 1980, all hospitals receiving federal funds must have completed plans to make facilities accessible to the handicapped. In many instances, doing so will require hospitals to renovate existing facilities. However, through careful interpretation of the law and creative planning, hospitals can avoid making expensive, unnecessary building modifications.", "contents": "Compliance with 504 regulations need not require costly renovation. By June 3, 1980, all hospitals receiving federal funds must have completed plans to make facilities accessible to the handicapped. In many instances, doing so will require hospitals to renovate existing facilities. However, through careful interpretation of the law and creative planning, hospitals can avoid making expensive, unnecessary building modifications."}
{"id": "PMID:147850", "title": "Rehab Act calls for new approach to interviewing job applicants.", "content": "Compliance with regulations implementing section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act will require hospitals to revise hiring practices. Personnel administrators will need to examine employment screening and selection devices, especially, to ensure that they do not discriminate against handicapped applicants.", "contents": "Rehab Act calls for new approach to interviewing job applicants. Compliance with regulations implementing section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act will require hospitals to revise hiring practices. Personnel administrators will need to examine employment screening and selection devices, especially, to ensure that they do not discriminate against handicapped applicants."}
{"id": "PMID:147851", "title": "Dietary enhancement of CNS neurotransmitters.", "content": "Feeding choline, a precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, has been shown experimentally to increase brain acetylcholine release and enhance cholinergic function A subsequent trial of oral choline ameliorated symptoms in patients with tardive dyskinesia, which has been linked to cholinergic dysfunction. The findings suggest a role for dietary precursors in treating diseases associated with neurotransmitter abnormality.", "contents": "Dietary enhancement of CNS neurotransmitters. Feeding choline, a precursor of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, has been shown experimentally to increase brain acetylcholine release and enhance cholinergic function A subsequent trial of oral choline ameliorated symptoms in patients with tardive dyskinesia, which has been linked to cholinergic dysfunction. The findings suggest a role for dietary precursors in treating diseases associated with neurotransmitter abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:147852", "title": "Kinetics of 21-trisomic lymphocytes. I. In vitro response of 21-trisomic lymphocytes to PHA.", "content": "Data presented here on the quantitative 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA, after PHA mitogenic stimulation, show that 21-trisomic lymphocytes are low-responders to PHA compared with the normal-diploid ones. Their responsiveness seems to decrease with the donor's age. Auto-radiographic studies clearly demonstrate that the fraction of labeled cells at the 72nd h of incubation is significantly smaller in the 21-trisomic lymphocyte population. The comparison of labeling indexes at different times of incubation (24, 48, 72 h) also indicate, in the same population, a slower increment of the portion of DNA-synthesizing cells. Discussing these data in the light of other's observations and recent progress in the knowledge of factors and mechanisms involved in the lymphocyte response to lectin mitogenic stimulus, it is suggested that differential distribution of T- and B- and/or T-cell subpopulations and a retarded cell induction time to proliferate may be two important factors negatively influencing the responsiveness of 21-trisomic lymphocyte population.", "contents": "Kinetics of 21-trisomic lymphocytes. I. In vitro response of 21-trisomic lymphocytes to PHA. Data presented here on the quantitative 3H-thymidine incorporation into DNA, after PHA mitogenic stimulation, show that 21-trisomic lymphocytes are low-responders to PHA compared with the normal-diploid ones. Their responsiveness seems to decrease with the donor's age. Auto-radiographic studies clearly demonstrate that the fraction of labeled cells at the 72nd h of incubation is significantly smaller in the 21-trisomic lymphocyte population. The comparison of labeling indexes at different times of incubation (24, 48, 72 h) also indicate, in the same population, a slower increment of the portion of DNA-synthesizing cells. Discussing these data in the light of other's observations and recent progress in the knowledge of factors and mechanisms involved in the lymphocyte response to lectin mitogenic stimulus, it is suggested that differential distribution of T- and B- and/or T-cell subpopulations and a retarded cell induction time to proliferate may be two important factors negatively influencing the responsiveness of 21-trisomic lymphocyte population."}
{"id": "PMID:147853", "title": "Evidence for the inheritance of silver-stained nucleolus organizer regions.", "content": "The inheritance of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) was investigated by examining the degree of silver-staining in individual acrocentric chromosomes in two successive generations. The study was undertaken in six Down's syndrome children and their respective parents. Quinacrine fluorescent polymorphisms were used to identify individual acrocentrics and to determine which of the child's acrocentrics were informative as to parental homologue of origin. Of the 66 acrocentrics in the six children, 31 were informative. The correlation between the degree of silver=staining in the child's chromosomes and the respective parental chromosomes of origin was highly significant (P less than 0.001), with a correlation coefficient of 0.90. The results suggest that the degree of Ag-AS staining is characteristic for a particular chromosome and that this characteristic is an inherited property.", "contents": "Evidence for the inheritance of silver-stained nucleolus organizer regions. The inheritance of nucleolus organizer regions (NORs) was investigated by examining the degree of silver-staining in individual acrocentric chromosomes in two successive generations. The study was undertaken in six Down's syndrome children and their respective parents. Quinacrine fluorescent polymorphisms were used to identify individual acrocentrics and to determine which of the child's acrocentrics were informative as to parental homologue of origin. Of the 66 acrocentrics in the six children, 31 were informative. The correlation between the degree of silver=staining in the child's chromosomes and the respective parental chromosomes of origin was highly significant (P less than 0.001), with a correlation coefficient of 0.90. The results suggest that the degree of Ag-AS staining is characteristic for a particular chromosome and that this characteristic is an inherited property."}
{"id": "PMID:147854", "title": "Regulation of lymphocyte proliferation by soluble products released by stimulated human lymphocytes.", "content": "Human lymphocytes pulsed with phytothaemagglutinin (PHA) release mitogenic factors and other lymphokines upon subsequent incubation in fresh medium. Such active supernatants (SUPs) were assayed for their capacity to modify the DNA synthetic response of human lymphocytes exposed to various mitogenic stimuli. Both non-fractionated peripheral lymphocytes and preparations of fractionated T cells were stimulated by active SUPs to DNA synthesis. In contrast, active SUPs reduced the responses of lymphocytes to allogeneic cells, PPD tuberculin and PHA. These reductions were most evident at the end of the culture periods. The results suggest that soluble products released by stimulated lymphocytes activate suppressor lymphocytes which inhibit proliferative responses of lymphocytes.", "contents": "Regulation of lymphocyte proliferation by soluble products released by stimulated human lymphocytes. Human lymphocytes pulsed with phytothaemagglutinin (PHA) release mitogenic factors and other lymphokines upon subsequent incubation in fresh medium. Such active supernatants (SUPs) were assayed for their capacity to modify the DNA synthetic response of human lymphocytes exposed to various mitogenic stimuli. Both non-fractionated peripheral lymphocytes and preparations of fractionated T cells were stimulated by active SUPs to DNA synthesis. In contrast, active SUPs reduced the responses of lymphocytes to allogeneic cells, PPD tuberculin and PHA. These reductions were most evident at the end of the culture periods. The results suggest that soluble products released by stimulated lymphocytes activate suppressor lymphocytes which inhibit proliferative responses of lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:147855", "title": "Behaviour of sheep-immunoglobulin-bearing and non-immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes isolated by nylon wool columns.", "content": "The technique of separating lymphocytes on nylon wool columns has been applied to sheep lymphocytes obtained from efferent lymph. The non-immunoglobulin-bearing (sIg-) lymphocytes which pass through the column were MLR-reactive, responsive only to T cell mitogens, and migrated in vivo like T lymphocytes described in rodents. Immunoglobulin-bearing (sIg+) lymphocytes were MLR-non-reactive, responsive to lipopolysaccharide and migrated in vivo like B lymphocytes in rodents. It is considered that the majority of sIg- lymphocytes obtained in this way are T lymphocytes and the majority of sIg+ lymphocytes are B lymphocytes.", "contents": "Behaviour of sheep-immunoglobulin-bearing and non-immunoglobulin-bearing lymphocytes isolated by nylon wool columns. The technique of separating lymphocytes on nylon wool columns has been applied to sheep lymphocytes obtained from efferent lymph. The non-immunoglobulin-bearing (sIg-) lymphocytes which pass through the column were MLR-reactive, responsive only to T cell mitogens, and migrated in vivo like T lymphocytes described in rodents. Immunoglobulin-bearing (sIg+) lymphocytes were MLR-non-reactive, responsive to lipopolysaccharide and migrated in vivo like B lymphocytes in rodents. It is considered that the majority of sIg- lymphocytes obtained in this way are T lymphocytes and the majority of sIg+ lymphocytes are B lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:147857", "title": "Urethral tube graft in dogs: prosthesis of dacron lined silicone.", "content": "Silicone urethral prostheses lined with dacron velour were used for urethral replacement in eight mongrel dogs. In five of these prostheses the silicone was lined on the outside, and in three on the inside and outside. Seven dogs survived, one of which is still under observation at 10 months. Findings of excretory urography at the time of sacrifice were normal. In four cases urethrography showed significant flow around as well as through the prosthesis. In all instances study of urethral histologic sections showed complete encasement of the prosthesis by regenerated epithelium. A dacron lined silicone prosthesis can thus serve as an effective total urethral replacement in animals and may be used clinically in the future.", "contents": "Urethral tube graft in dogs: prosthesis of dacron lined silicone. Silicone urethral prostheses lined with dacron velour were used for urethral replacement in eight mongrel dogs. In five of these prostheses the silicone was lined on the outside, and in three on the inside and outside. Seven dogs survived, one of which is still under observation at 10 months. Findings of excretory urography at the time of sacrifice were normal. In four cases urethrography showed significant flow around as well as through the prosthesis. In all instances study of urethral histologic sections showed complete encasement of the prosthesis by regenerated epithelium. A dacron lined silicone prosthesis can thus serve as an effective total urethral replacement in animals and may be used clinically in the future."}
{"id": "PMID:147859", "title": "[Occupational dermatitis due to a yellow quinophthalone dye (solvent yellow 33: C.I. 47 000)].", "content": "An occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by a yellow quinophthalone dye which is used for colored smokes in detonators was the reason for further studies of this case of allergy. Solvent Yellow 33 (German: Rauchgelb) belongs to the groups of quinaldine dyes which are produced by condensing quinaldine and phthalic anhydride. The dye itself is a mixture of 67% unsubstituted quinophthalone and 33% 6-methylquinophthalone (Colour Index 47 000). Quinophthalone derivatives are widespread in technology and industry and are used as yellow dyes in food (pudding), plastics (PVC), textile goods (nylon) and cosmetics (lipsticks, make-up). Cases of contact sensitization due to quinophthalone dyes are seldom recognized. Sensitizing experiments in guinea pigs were unsuccessful. Therefore Solvent Yellow 33 must be considered a weak sensitizer.", "contents": "[Occupational dermatitis due to a yellow quinophthalone dye (solvent yellow 33: C.I. 47 000)]. An occupational allergic contact dermatitis caused by a yellow quinophthalone dye which is used for colored smokes in detonators was the reason for further studies of this case of allergy. Solvent Yellow 33 (German: Rauchgelb) belongs to the groups of quinaldine dyes which are produced by condensing quinaldine and phthalic anhydride. The dye itself is a mixture of 67% unsubstituted quinophthalone and 33% 6-methylquinophthalone (Colour Index 47 000). Quinophthalone derivatives are widespread in technology and industry and are used as yellow dyes in food (pudding), plastics (PVC), textile goods (nylon) and cosmetics (lipsticks, make-up). Cases of contact sensitization due to quinophthalone dyes are seldom recognized. Sensitizing experiments in guinea pigs were unsuccessful. Therefore Solvent Yellow 33 must be considered a weak sensitizer."}
{"id": "PMID:147860", "title": "Histochemical definition of muscle fibre types in the trunk musculature of a teleost fish (cod, Gadus morhua, L.).", "content": "Cryostat sections incubated for myofibrillar ATPase, SDH, LDH, and alpha-GPDH as well as p-phenylene-diamine stained semithin sections were used to define muscle fibre types in the trunk musculature of the cod (Gadus morhua, L.). Three zones (superficial, intermediate, deep) containing different muscle fibre types are present within both epaxial and hypaxial parts of each myomere subjacent to the lateral line. Atypical relations concerning myofibrillar ATPase activity probably reflects instability of myosin during storage of frozen tissue. The histochemical reaction does not distinguish between myofibrillar and mitochondrial ATPase in cod muscle. Based on ATPase and SDH activities, seven different histochemical profiles of muscle fibres can be identified in trunk musculature of this teleost fish. Attempts to homologize these fibre types with those in cyclostomes or those in higher animals proved futile. The higher number of histochemically defined muscle fibre types in cod might be explained by developmental processes and an admixture of immature fibres throughout life.", "contents": "Histochemical definition of muscle fibre types in the trunk musculature of a teleost fish (cod, Gadus morhua, L.). Cryostat sections incubated for myofibrillar ATPase, SDH, LDH, and alpha-GPDH as well as p-phenylene-diamine stained semithin sections were used to define muscle fibre types in the trunk musculature of the cod (Gadus morhua, L.). Three zones (superficial, intermediate, deep) containing different muscle fibre types are present within both epaxial and hypaxial parts of each myomere subjacent to the lateral line. Atypical relations concerning myofibrillar ATPase activity probably reflects instability of myosin during storage of frozen tissue. The histochemical reaction does not distinguish between myofibrillar and mitochondrial ATPase in cod muscle. Based on ATPase and SDH activities, seven different histochemical profiles of muscle fibres can be identified in trunk musculature of this teleost fish. Attempts to homologize these fibre types with those in cyclostomes or those in higher animals proved futile. The higher number of histochemically defined muscle fibre types in cod might be explained by developmental processes and an admixture of immature fibres throughout life."}
{"id": "PMID:147861", "title": "\"Red\" fibres of pigeon pectoralis major muscle are \"type II red\".", "content": "On the basis of the histochemical activity of succinic dehydrogenase, only two fibre-types are distinguished in pigeon pectoralis major muscle. These are narrow \"Red\" and broad \"White\". The histochemical activity of myofibrillar ATPase was studied in these two distinct fibre-types. Both fibre-types showed high activity for the ATPase. \"Red\" fibres of pigeon pectoralis were not alkali-labile, at incubation pH 9.4, as were the \"Type I\" fibres of both avian and mammalian muscles. Again unlike \"Type I\" fibres, the \"Red\" fibres of pigeon pectoralis lacked the characteristic activation of acid-preincubated ATPase reaction. Pigeon pectoralis \"Red\" fibres are known to possess some characteristics of fast-twitch fibres (e.g. high fat, considerable phosphorylase, fibrillenstruktur myofibrillar arrangement, focal \"en plaque\" pattern of nerve endings). It is emphasized, therefore, that the pigeon pectoralis \"Red\" fibres are not equivalent to \"Type I or slow-twitch\", muscle fibres, but they are possibly \"fast-twitch fatigue resistent or Type II Red\" muscle fibres.", "contents": "\"Red\" fibres of pigeon pectoralis major muscle are \"type II red\". On the basis of the histochemical activity of succinic dehydrogenase, only two fibre-types are distinguished in pigeon pectoralis major muscle. These are narrow \"Red\" and broad \"White\". The histochemical activity of myofibrillar ATPase was studied in these two distinct fibre-types. Both fibre-types showed high activity for the ATPase. \"Red\" fibres of pigeon pectoralis were not alkali-labile, at incubation pH 9.4, as were the \"Type I\" fibres of both avian and mammalian muscles. Again unlike \"Type I\" fibres, the \"Red\" fibres of pigeon pectoralis lacked the characteristic activation of acid-preincubated ATPase reaction. Pigeon pectoralis \"Red\" fibres are known to possess some characteristics of fast-twitch fibres (e.g. high fat, considerable phosphorylase, fibrillenstruktur myofibrillar arrangement, focal \"en plaque\" pattern of nerve endings). It is emphasized, therefore, that the pigeon pectoralis \"Red\" fibres are not equivalent to \"Type I or slow-twitch\", muscle fibres, but they are possibly \"fast-twitch fatigue resistent or Type II Red\" muscle fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:147864", "title": "Cyanide- and hydroxamate-resistant respiration in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Strain inl-89601 of Neurospora crassa respires exclusively by means of the mitochondrial cytochrome chain. The respiration of this strain is entirely inhibited by cyanide or antimycin A, the classical inhibitors of cytochrome chain respiration. When this strain was grown in the presence of chloramphenicol, however, two additional terminal oxidases were detected. One of these oxidases is inhibited by substituted hydroxamic acids and has been described previously. The second oxidase was not inhibited by cyanide or hydroxamic acid but was inhibited by azide in the presence of both cyanide and hydroxamic acid. This azide-sensitive respiration was due to a single respiratory pathway with a Ki for azide of 200 micrometer. A small amount of azide-sensitive respiration was detected in mitochondrial fractions obtained from chloramphenicol-treated cells, and it is likely that the azide-sensitive oxidase is localized in the mitochondrion. The determinants for the azide-sensitive and hydroxamate-sensitive oxidases segregate in a Mendelian manner in crosses and are either unlinked or not closely linked to each other.", "contents": "Cyanide- and hydroxamate-resistant respiration in Neurospora crassa. Strain inl-89601 of Neurospora crassa respires exclusively by means of the mitochondrial cytochrome chain. The respiration of this strain is entirely inhibited by cyanide or antimycin A, the classical inhibitors of cytochrome chain respiration. When this strain was grown in the presence of chloramphenicol, however, two additional terminal oxidases were detected. One of these oxidases is inhibited by substituted hydroxamic acids and has been described previously. The second oxidase was not inhibited by cyanide or hydroxamic acid but was inhibited by azide in the presence of both cyanide and hydroxamic acid. This azide-sensitive respiration was due to a single respiratory pathway with a Ki for azide of 200 micrometer. A small amount of azide-sensitive respiration was detected in mitochondrial fractions obtained from chloramphenicol-treated cells, and it is likely that the azide-sensitive oxidase is localized in the mitochondrion. The determinants for the azide-sensitive and hydroxamate-sensitive oxidases segregate in a Mendelian manner in crosses and are either unlinked or not closely linked to each other."}
{"id": "PMID:147865", "title": "Biological characteristics of a type I restriction-modification system in Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Two restriction-modification systems, S1 and S2, are present in Staphylococcus aureus RN450 (S. Iordanescu and M. Surdeanu, J. Gen. Microbiol., 96:277-281, 1976). System S2 affects phage multiplication after both infection and transfection. Unmodified plasmid and chromosomal DNAs are also not expressed following transduction and transformation into a restrictive host. Restricted phages are, however, capable of conferring phage-mediated competence, although the state of competence does not affect the restriction-modification system. The restricting activity of system S2 is inactivated by heat treatment of the cells. An enzymatic activity that restricts unmodified phage DNA in the presence of ATP, Mg2+, and S-adenosylmethionine was recovered from cell-free extracts of a strain RN450 derivative.", "contents": "Biological characteristics of a type I restriction-modification system in Staphylococcus aureus. Two restriction-modification systems, S1 and S2, are present in Staphylococcus aureus RN450 (S. Iordanescu and M. Surdeanu, J. Gen. Microbiol., 96:277-281, 1976). System S2 affects phage multiplication after both infection and transfection. Unmodified plasmid and chromosomal DNAs are also not expressed following transduction and transformation into a restrictive host. Restricted phages are, however, capable of conferring phage-mediated competence, although the state of competence does not affect the restriction-modification system. The restricting activity of system S2 is inactivated by heat treatment of the cells. An enzymatic activity that restricts unmodified phage DNA in the presence of ATP, Mg2+, and S-adenosylmethionine was recovered from cell-free extracts of a strain RN450 derivative."}
{"id": "PMID:147866", "title": "Effect of myosin DTNB light chain on the actin-myosin interaction in the presence of ATP.", "content": "The influence of the DTNB light chain of myosin on its enzymatic activities was examined by studying the superprecipitation of actomyosin and the actin-activated ATPase of heavy meromyosin (HMM) [EC 3.6.1.3]. Although the Ca2+-, Mg2+-, and EDTA-ATPase activities of control and DTNB myosin were practically the same, the superprecipitation of actomyosin prepared from actin and DTNB myosin occurred more slowly than that of control myosin. The apparent binding constant obtained from double-reciprocal plots of actin-activated ATPase of DTNB HMM was lower than that of control HMM. Recombination of DTNB myosin and HMM with DTNB light chains restored the original properties of myosin and HMM. The removal of DTNB light chain from myosin had no effect on the formation of the rigor complex between actin and myosin. These results suggest that the DTNB light chain participates in the interaction of myosin with actin in the presence of ATP.", "contents": "Effect of myosin DTNB light chain on the actin-myosin interaction in the presence of ATP. The influence of the DTNB light chain of myosin on its enzymatic activities was examined by studying the superprecipitation of actomyosin and the actin-activated ATPase of heavy meromyosin (HMM) [EC 3.6.1.3]. Although the Ca2+-, Mg2+-, and EDTA-ATPase activities of control and DTNB myosin were practically the same, the superprecipitation of actomyosin prepared from actin and DTNB myosin occurred more slowly than that of control myosin. The apparent binding constant obtained from double-reciprocal plots of actin-activated ATPase of DTNB HMM was lower than that of control HMM. Recombination of DTNB myosin and HMM with DTNB light chains restored the original properties of myosin and HMM. The removal of DTNB light chain from myosin had no effect on the formation of the rigor complex between actin and myosin. These results suggest that the DTNB light chain participates in the interaction of myosin with actin in the presence of ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:147867", "title": "The identification of sulphatides in human erythrocyte membrane and their relation to sodium-potassium dependent adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Sulphatides (ceramide galactose-3-sulphate) were isolated from human erythrocyte membranes. The amount obtained was 3.3 mg from 6.7 kg of wet cells, or 1.5 X 10(-9) mol per g dry cells. The polar part was shown to be galactose-3-sulphate by chromatographic analysis, infrared spectrometry, and mass spectrometry after solvolytic desulphation. The ceramide part consisted of three major molecular species, sphingosine-palmitic acid, sphingosine-2-hydroxypalmitic acid, and phytosphingosine-2-hydroxypalmitic acid, as shown by thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry of galactosylceramides after desulphation, and gas chromatography of components after hydrolysis. The composition differed from other human erythrocyte sphingolipids. Although the amount of sulphatides is very low for erythrocyte, the ratio of sulphatide concentration and Na+-K+-ATPase activity [EC 3.6.1.3] is similar to the situation found for several animal tissues with an increased level of Na+ transport. This finding is discussed in relation to a recent model of sulphatide function in a transport unit for Na+ and K+ (cofactor site model).", "contents": "The identification of sulphatides in human erythrocyte membrane and their relation to sodium-potassium dependent adenosine triphosphatase. Sulphatides (ceramide galactose-3-sulphate) were isolated from human erythrocyte membranes. The amount obtained was 3.3 mg from 6.7 kg of wet cells, or 1.5 X 10(-9) mol per g dry cells. The polar part was shown to be galactose-3-sulphate by chromatographic analysis, infrared spectrometry, and mass spectrometry after solvolytic desulphation. The ceramide part consisted of three major molecular species, sphingosine-palmitic acid, sphingosine-2-hydroxypalmitic acid, and phytosphingosine-2-hydroxypalmitic acid, as shown by thin-layer chromatography, mass spectrometry of galactosylceramides after desulphation, and gas chromatography of components after hydrolysis. The composition differed from other human erythrocyte sphingolipids. Although the amount of sulphatides is very low for erythrocyte, the ratio of sulphatide concentration and Na+-K+-ATPase activity [EC 3.6.1.3] is similar to the situation found for several animal tissues with an increased level of Na+ transport. This finding is discussed in relation to a recent model of sulphatide function in a transport unit for Na+ and K+ (cofactor site model)."}
{"id": "PMID:147868", "title": "Adenosine triphosphatase activity and \"thick filament\" formation of chicken gizzard myosin in low salt media.", "content": "The ATPase activity of chicken gizzard myosin was studied by varying the KCl concentration in the reaction medium. The following was thus found: (a) A sharp depression of the activity occurred when the KCl concentration was reduced to less than 0.3 M, showing the minimum activity around 0.15 M KCl. (b) The activity depression was removed by addition of urea or bay papain-digestion, but not by addition of p-chloromercuribenzoate. (c) In the KCl concentration where the activity depression occurred, the ATPase reaction proceeded in two distinct phases; the activity was relatively high in the early phase of the reaction and declined into the later phase where the steady state reaction took place. (d) In the KCl concentrations higher than that particular concentration or in the presence of urea, the ATPase reaction proceeded in one phase. (e) The temperature dependence of the ATPase activity in the early phase was of an ordinary magnitude being approximately equal to that of the ATPase activity in 0.6 M KCl. In contrast, the temperature dependence of the activity in the later phase was unusually small. Gizzard myosin in various concentrations of KCl was also examined by measuring the turbidity and the light-scattering intensity, and by observation under an electron microscope. The following was thus found: (a) In the KCl concentration where the activity depression occurred, there was a stagnation in the turbidity decrease as the KCl concentration was gradually increased and also the formation of \"thick filaments,\" each of which was approximately 0.6-0.9 micron in length and 20-30 nm in diameter with no central \"bare zone.\" (b) Addition of ATP induced dissociation of the thick filaments, and the dissociation occurred during the early phase of the ATPaseeaction. (c) Moreover, the temperature dependence of the ATP-induced dissociation rate was approximately equal to that of the ATPase activity in the early phase. On the basis of the findings mentioned above, it is concluded that the activity depression results from the ATP-induced dissociation of myosin filaments. Moreover, since high concentrations of KCl or urea also caused dissociation of myosin filaments and yet did not produce the activity depression, it was strongly suggested that gizzard myosin in the ATP-dissociated form must be different from that in the urea- or KCl-dissociated form, probably in the physical state of some myosin aggregates which were not detectable by the physical methods we used. As a side-observation, gizzard myosin filaments formed in the presence of ADP were found to be unusually long (longer than 2 micron), and they looked very similar to the particular filaments of skeletal myosin that were reported, by Moos, to be formed in the absence of the C protein.", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphatase activity and \"thick filament\" formation of chicken gizzard myosin in low salt media. The ATPase activity of chicken gizzard myosin was studied by varying the KCl concentration in the reaction medium. The following was thus found: (a) A sharp depression of the activity occurred when the KCl concentration was reduced to less than 0.3 M, showing the minimum activity around 0.15 M KCl. (b) The activity depression was removed by addition of urea or bay papain-digestion, but not by addition of p-chloromercuribenzoate. (c) In the KCl concentration where the activity depression occurred, the ATPase reaction proceeded in two distinct phases; the activity was relatively high in the early phase of the reaction and declined into the later phase where the steady state reaction took place. (d) In the KCl concentrations higher than that particular concentration or in the presence of urea, the ATPase reaction proceeded in one phase. (e) The temperature dependence of the ATPase activity in the early phase was of an ordinary magnitude being approximately equal to that of the ATPase activity in 0.6 M KCl. In contrast, the temperature dependence of the activity in the later phase was unusually small. Gizzard myosin in various concentrations of KCl was also examined by measuring the turbidity and the light-scattering intensity, and by observation under an electron microscope. The following was thus found: (a) In the KCl concentration where the activity depression occurred, there was a stagnation in the turbidity decrease as the KCl concentration was gradually increased and also the formation of \"thick filaments,\" each of which was approximately 0.6-0.9 micron in length and 20-30 nm in diameter with no central \"bare zone.\" (b) Addition of ATP induced dissociation of the thick filaments, and the dissociation occurred during the early phase of the ATPaseeaction. (c) Moreover, the temperature dependence of the ATP-induced dissociation rate was approximately equal to that of the ATPase activity in the early phase. On the basis of the findings mentioned above, it is concluded that the activity depression results from the ATP-induced dissociation of myosin filaments. Moreover, since high concentrations of KCl or urea also caused dissociation of myosin filaments and yet did not produce the activity depression, it was strongly suggested that gizzard myosin in the ATP-dissociated form must be different from that in the urea- or KCl-dissociated form, probably in the physical state of some myosin aggregates which were not detectable by the physical methods we used. As a side-observation, gizzard myosin filaments formed in the presence of ADP were found to be unusually long (longer than 2 micron), and they looked very similar to the particular filaments of skeletal myosin that were reported, by Moos, to be formed in the absence of the C protein."}
{"id": "PMID:147870", "title": "Isolation and composition of the subunits of spinach chloroplast coupling factor protein.", "content": "A more convenient method for preparing large amounts of spinach chloroplast coupling factor is described, in which centrifugation of the EDTA-extracted chloroplasts is replaced by batchwise adsorption on DEAE-cellulose followed by filtration through Miracloth. Methods have been developed to purify the subunits from coupling factor dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate, involving hydroxylapatite chromatography followed by gel filtration with the detergent still present. The amino acid composition of the subunits purified by these methods was determined, with some differences noted in values for cysteine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and methionine compared to previously published values. The stoichiometry of the subunits was estimated as 2:2:1:1:2 from their relative adsorption of dye after gel electrophoresis, compared to dye adsorbed by known amounts of the purified subunits. Estimates of subunit stoichiometry are rounded off to nearest whole numbers; actual preparations of coupling factor usually show less than complete amounts of the two smallest subunits.", "contents": "Isolation and composition of the subunits of spinach chloroplast coupling factor protein. A more convenient method for preparing large amounts of spinach chloroplast coupling factor is described, in which centrifugation of the EDTA-extracted chloroplasts is replaced by batchwise adsorption on DEAE-cellulose followed by filtration through Miracloth. Methods have been developed to purify the subunits from coupling factor dissociated by sodium dodecyl sulfate, involving hydroxylapatite chromatography followed by gel filtration with the detergent still present. The amino acid composition of the subunits purified by these methods was determined, with some differences noted in values for cysteine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and methionine compared to previously published values. The stoichiometry of the subunits was estimated as 2:2:1:1:2 from their relative adsorption of dye after gel electrophoresis, compared to dye adsorbed by known amounts of the purified subunits. Estimates of subunit stoichiometry are rounded off to nearest whole numbers; actual preparations of coupling factor usually show less than complete amounts of the two smallest subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:147871", "title": "The epsilon subunit of Escherichia coli coupling factor 1 is required for its binding to the cytoplasmic membrane.", "content": "The coupling factor, F1-ATPase of Escherichia coli (ECF1) contains five different subunits, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon. Properties of delta-deficient ECF1 have previously been described. F1-ATPase containing only the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits was prepared from E. coli by passage of delta-deficient ECF1 through an affinity column containing immobilized antibodies to the epsilon subunit. The delta, epsilon-deficient enzyme has normal ATPase activity but cannot bind to ECF1-depleted membrane vesicles. Both the delta and epsilon subunits are required for the binding of delta, epsilon-deficient ECF1 to membranes and the restoration of oxidative phosphorylation. Either delta or epsilon will bind to the deficient enzyme to form a four-subunit complex. Neither four-subunit enzyme binds to depleted membranes. The epsilon subunit, does, however, slightly improve the binding affinity between delta and delta-deficient enzyme suggesting a possible interaction between the two subunits. Neither subunit binds to trypsin-treated ECF1, which contains only the alpha and beta subunits. A role for gamma in the binding of epsilon to F1 is suggested. epsilon does not bind to ECF1-depleted membranes. Therefore, the in vitro reconstitution of depleted membranes requires an initial complex formation between epsilon and the rest of ECF1 prior to membrane attachment. Reconstitution experiments indicate that only one epsilon is required per functional ECF1 molecule.", "contents": "The epsilon subunit of Escherichia coli coupling factor 1 is required for its binding to the cytoplasmic membrane. The coupling factor, F1-ATPase of Escherichia coli (ECF1) contains five different subunits, alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon. Properties of delta-deficient ECF1 have previously been described. F1-ATPase containing only the alpha, beta, and gamma subunits was prepared from E. coli by passage of delta-deficient ECF1 through an affinity column containing immobilized antibodies to the epsilon subunit. The delta, epsilon-deficient enzyme has normal ATPase activity but cannot bind to ECF1-depleted membrane vesicles. Both the delta and epsilon subunits are required for the binding of delta, epsilon-deficient ECF1 to membranes and the restoration of oxidative phosphorylation. Either delta or epsilon will bind to the deficient enzyme to form a four-subunit complex. Neither four-subunit enzyme binds to depleted membranes. The epsilon subunit, does, however, slightly improve the binding affinity between delta and delta-deficient enzyme suggesting a possible interaction between the two subunits. Neither subunit binds to trypsin-treated ECF1, which contains only the alpha and beta subunits. A role for gamma in the binding of epsilon to F1 is suggested. epsilon does not bind to ECF1-depleted membranes. Therefore, the in vitro reconstitution of depleted membranes requires an initial complex formation between epsilon and the rest of ECF1 prior to membrane attachment. Reconstitution experiments indicate that only one epsilon is required per functional ECF1 molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:147873", "title": "Purification of the rep protein of Escherichia coli. An ATPase which separates duplex DNA strands in advance of replication.", "content": "The product of the rep gene of Escherichia coli catalytically separates phiX174 duplex DNA strands in advance of their replication, utilizing ATP in the process (Scott, J. F., Eisenberg, S., Bertsch, L. L., and Kornberg, A. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 74, 193-197). The enzyme has now been purified to near-homogeneity. Relatively large quantities were obtained from ColE1-plasmid-containing cells in which the enzyme level was 7 to 10 times above wild type. The assay for rep protein was based on its essential role, with phage-induced cistron A protein, in enzymatic synthesis of phage phiX174 (+) strands, using duplex circular DNA as template. The protein exhibits a molecular weight of 65,000 under denaturing and reducing conditions. The turnover number of the enzyme is approximately 6800 ATP molecules/min in strand separation as measured by extent of replication, or in an uncoupled reaction using single-stranded DNA effector.", "contents": "Purification of the rep protein of Escherichia coli. An ATPase which separates duplex DNA strands in advance of replication. The product of the rep gene of Escherichia coli catalytically separates phiX174 duplex DNA strands in advance of their replication, utilizing ATP in the process (Scott, J. F., Eisenberg, S., Bertsch, L. L., and Kornberg, A. (1977) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 74, 193-197). The enzyme has now been purified to near-homogeneity. Relatively large quantities were obtained from ColE1-plasmid-containing cells in which the enzyme level was 7 to 10 times above wild type. The assay for rep protein was based on its essential role, with phage-induced cistron A protein, in enzymatic synthesis of phage phiX174 (+) strands, using duplex circular DNA as template. The protein exhibits a molecular weight of 65,000 under denaturing and reducing conditions. The turnover number of the enzyme is approximately 6800 ATP molecules/min in strand separation as measured by extent of replication, or in an uncoupled reaction using single-stranded DNA effector."}
{"id": "PMID:147874", "title": "ATP utilization by rep protein in the catalytic separation of DNA strands at a replicating fork.", "content": "Hydrolysis of ATP by rep protein proceeds in the presence of a single-stranded region of DNA 4 residues long, but the true effector for rep ATPase appears to be a replicating fork rather than a random coil. At or near a fork in duplex DNA, rep ATPase action is different from what it is on DNA lacking secondary structure (single-stranded): (i) Km for ATP is lower, (ii) specificity is for ATP and dATP with no action on other nucleoside triphosphates, (iii) sensitivity to certain ATP analogs is reduced, (iv) presence of a DNA-nicking enzyme (e.g. cistron A protein induced by phiX174) is required, and (v) Escherichia coli DNA binding protein facilitates rather than inhibits. During the separation of strands accompanying replication, 2 molecules of nucleoside triphosphate (ATP or dATP) are hydrolyzed for every nucleotide polymerized. Utilization of ATP by rep protein may provide energy for catalytic strand separation at a fork in advance of replication.", "contents": "ATP utilization by rep protein in the catalytic separation of DNA strands at a replicating fork. Hydrolysis of ATP by rep protein proceeds in the presence of a single-stranded region of DNA 4 residues long, but the true effector for rep ATPase appears to be a replicating fork rather than a random coil. At or near a fork in duplex DNA, rep ATPase action is different from what it is on DNA lacking secondary structure (single-stranded): (i) Km for ATP is lower, (ii) specificity is for ATP and dATP with no action on other nucleoside triphosphates, (iii) sensitivity to certain ATP analogs is reduced, (iv) presence of a DNA-nicking enzyme (e.g. cistron A protein induced by phiX174) is required, and (v) Escherichia coli DNA binding protein facilitates rather than inhibits. During the separation of strands accompanying replication, 2 molecules of nucleoside triphosphate (ATP or dATP) are hydrolyzed for every nucleotide polymerized. Utilization of ATP by rep protein may provide energy for catalytic strand separation at a fork in advance of replication."}
{"id": "PMID:147880", "title": "Thymidylate synthetase and dihydrofolic acid reductase in the stimulated human lymphocyte.", "content": "The phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human lymphocytes demonstrated trace or no activity (dihydro) folate acid reductase using three methods including a radioassay, but demonstrated ample activity of thymidylate synthetase. This was true regardless of the day of harvest, (first through seventh) of the stimulated lymphocyte. The lymphocyte extracts revealed no inhibitor to the reductase enzyme when these extracts were added before the liver extracts to the assay system. When methotrexate (MTX) was added to the culture media of the lymphocytes, there was, as expected, an increase in the synthetase activity, but the expected rise in  the reductase activity did not occur, it remained nil. On the other hand, MTX did influence the incorporation of nucleosides by the stimulated lymphocytes in a fashion similar to its action on the incorporation of the same nucleosides by other cells.", "contents": "Thymidylate synthetase and dihydrofolic acid reductase in the stimulated human lymphocyte. The phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated human lymphocytes demonstrated trace or no activity (dihydro) folate acid reductase using three methods including a radioassay, but demonstrated ample activity of thymidylate synthetase. This was true regardless of the day of harvest, (first through seventh) of the stimulated lymphocyte. The lymphocyte extracts revealed no inhibitor to the reductase enzyme when these extracts were added before the liver extracts to the assay system. When methotrexate (MTX) was added to the culture media of the lymphocytes, there was, as expected, an increase in the synthetase activity, but the expected rise in  the reductase activity did not occur, it remained nil. On the other hand, MTX did influence the incorporation of nucleosides by the stimulated lymphocytes in a fashion similar to its action on the incorporation of the same nucleosides by other cells."}
{"id": "PMID:147885", "title": "A suppressor T cell of the mixed lymphocyte reaction specific for the HLA-D region in man.", "content": "The mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) is the proliferative response of one individual's lymphocytes cultured in the presence of another individual's lymphocytes. In man, the MLR is elicited by cell surface antigens coded for by the HLA-D gene locus. This locus is among a cluster of genes which are located on the sixth chromosome and which include genes coding for the major histocompatibility antigens HLA-A, B, and C as well as HLA-D. If the stimulator cell possesses D locus antigens not present in the responder, the lymphocytes of the latter will undergo blast transformation resulting in DNA synthesis which can be measured. A vigorous response in the MLR to allogeneic cells is the rule among healthy individuals. We describe studies of a 23-yr-old man whose lymphocytes respond normally to mitogens and soluble antigens but fail to respond to allogeneic cells in the MLR. His medical history is unremarkable except that he received thymic irradiation as an infant. HLA typing revealed that he is homozygous for HLA-A2, B12, and Cw5 as well as for the D locus antigen Dw4. When his lymphocytes were added to the responder lymphocytes of other persons homozygous for the same HLA antigens, their responses to allogeneic cells but not mitogens were suppressed by 50-95%. Their responses to a soluble antigen, tetanus toxoid, were suppressed to a lesser degree. These inhibitory effects were mediated by a relatively radioresistant thymus-derived (T) lymphocyte. Further studies of the requirements for MLR suppression revealed that only persons heterozygous or homozygous for the Dw4 antigen were inhibited by the suppressor T cell. This effect was not altered by differences in the HLA-A, B, or C antigens between the suppressor and responder. It is concluded that genes in or near the HLA-D locus code not only for antigens (primarily on bone marrow-derived (B) cells), that elicit the MLR, but also for structures on T cells, or possibly macrophages, which are recognized by MLR suppressor T cells.", "contents": "A suppressor T cell of the mixed lymphocyte reaction specific for the HLA-D region in man. The mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) is the proliferative response of one individual's lymphocytes cultured in the presence of another individual's lymphocytes. In man, the MLR is elicited by cell surface antigens coded for by the HLA-D gene locus. This locus is among a cluster of genes which are located on the sixth chromosome and which include genes coding for the major histocompatibility antigens HLA-A, B, and C as well as HLA-D. If the stimulator cell possesses D locus antigens not present in the responder, the lymphocytes of the latter will undergo blast transformation resulting in DNA synthesis which can be measured. A vigorous response in the MLR to allogeneic cells is the rule among healthy individuals. We describe studies of a 23-yr-old man whose lymphocytes respond normally to mitogens and soluble antigens but fail to respond to allogeneic cells in the MLR. His medical history is unremarkable except that he received thymic irradiation as an infant. HLA typing revealed that he is homozygous for HLA-A2, B12, and Cw5 as well as for the D locus antigen Dw4. When his lymphocytes were added to the responder lymphocytes of other persons homozygous for the same HLA antigens, their responses to allogeneic cells but not mitogens were suppressed by 50-95%. Their responses to a soluble antigen, tetanus toxoid, were suppressed to a lesser degree. These inhibitory effects were mediated by a relatively radioresistant thymus-derived (T) lymphocyte. Further studies of the requirements for MLR suppression revealed that only persons heterozygous or homozygous for the Dw4 antigen were inhibited by the suppressor T cell. This effect was not altered by differences in the HLA-A, B, or C antigens between the suppressor and responder. It is concluded that genes in or near the HLA-D locus code not only for antigens (primarily on bone marrow-derived (B) cells), that elicit the MLR, but also for structures on T cells, or possibly macrophages, which are recognized by MLR suppressor T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:147884", "title": "Effect of aminonucleoside nephrosis on immune complex localization in autologous immune complex nephropathy in rats.", "content": "The effect of increased capillary permeability on glomerular immune complex localization was studied in rats immunized with proximal tubular antigen (Fx1A) to induce autologous immune complex nephropathy (AICN). AICN rats were made proteinuric by injection or unilateral renal perfusion with aminonucleoside of puromycin (PA) before developing subepithelial complex deposits. Control AICN kidneys developed diffuse granular deposits of IgG and Fx1A on the subepithelial surface of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) at 3 wk by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, and deposits increased in subsequent weekly biopsies. In contrast, PA-nephrotic AICN kidneys developed few or no GBM deposits and a significant increase in mesangial localization of IgG and Fx1A during the period of PA-induced proteinuria. These alterations in complex localization were documented both in rats with PA nephrosis and in unilaterally PA-nephrotic kidneys compared with contralateral controls in the same animals, thus excluding any effect of PA on the immunopathogenetic mechanism in AICN as an explanation for these findings. The absence of GBM deposits closely correlated with reduced staining for polyanionic glomerular sialoprotein in proteinuric kidneys, since PA-perfused kidneys studied 2 wk after resolution of proteinuria demonstrated return of normal staining for sialoprotein and development of subepithelial complex deposits similar to those in contralateral control kidneys. These studies demonstrate that properties of the glomerulus itself play an important role in determining the site of complex deposition in experimental AICN and suggest that electrophysical characteristics of the glomerular capillary wall may influence complex localization on the GBM.", "contents": "Effect of aminonucleoside nephrosis on immune complex localization in autologous immune complex nephropathy in rats. The effect of increased capillary permeability on glomerular immune complex localization was studied in rats immunized with proximal tubular antigen (Fx1A) to induce autologous immune complex nephropathy (AICN). AICN rats were made proteinuric by injection or unilateral renal perfusion with aminonucleoside of puromycin (PA) before developing subepithelial complex deposits. Control AICN kidneys developed diffuse granular deposits of IgG and Fx1A on the subepithelial surface of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM) at 3 wk by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, and deposits increased in subsequent weekly biopsies. In contrast, PA-nephrotic AICN kidneys developed few or no GBM deposits and a significant increase in mesangial localization of IgG and Fx1A during the period of PA-induced proteinuria. These alterations in complex localization were documented both in rats with PA nephrosis and in unilaterally PA-nephrotic kidneys compared with contralateral controls in the same animals, thus excluding any effect of PA on the immunopathogenetic mechanism in AICN as an explanation for these findings. The absence of GBM deposits closely correlated with reduced staining for polyanionic glomerular sialoprotein in proteinuric kidneys, since PA-perfused kidneys studied 2 wk after resolution of proteinuria demonstrated return of normal staining for sialoprotein and development of subepithelial complex deposits similar to those in contralateral control kidneys. These studies demonstrate that properties of the glomerulus itself play an important role in determining the site of complex deposition in experimental AICN and suggest that electrophysical characteristics of the glomerular capillary wall may influence complex localization on the GBM."}
{"id": "PMID:147886", "title": "The use of the low back and the dorsal scales in the identification of functional low back patients.", "content": "Scores from the Low Back (Lb) and the Dorsal (DOR) scales of 20 patients with functional low back pain, 20 patients with functional gastrointestinal pain, and 20 psychoneurotic patients were compared. Among the various proposed cut-off scores, the Lb score of 11 yielded the highest rate (75%) of correct identification of Low Back patients and a hit rate similar to those reported in previous studies. However, it was noted that this 75% hit rate did not achieve statistical significance. Furthermore, the data indicated that neither the Lb nor the DOR scales could differentiate the Low Back patients from other psychosomatic and psychiatric patients and suggested that these two scales should be used with extreme caution by clinicians.", "contents": "The use of the low back and the dorsal scales in the identification of functional low back patients. Scores from the Low Back (Lb) and the Dorsal (DOR) scales of 20 patients with functional low back pain, 20 patients with functional gastrointestinal pain, and 20 psychoneurotic patients were compared. Among the various proposed cut-off scores, the Lb score of 11 yielded the highest rate (75%) of correct identification of Low Back patients and a hit rate similar to those reported in previous studies. However, it was noted that this 75% hit rate did not achieve statistical significance. Furthermore, the data indicated that neither the Lb nor the DOR scales could differentiate the Low Back patients from other psychosomatic and psychiatric patients and suggested that these two scales should be used with extreme caution by clinicians."}
{"id": "PMID:147887", "title": "Personality characteristics of physically impaired adolescents.", "content": "Investigated MMPI profile differences between disabled and nondisabled (normals). Comparison of mean raw scores on the MMPI was made by t-tests. A preliminary analysis that compared adolescents with congenital versus traumatic impairment yielded only one significant finding: Scale O (Si) (p is less than .05) for females with congenital impairment. Subsequently, after the congenital and traumatic groups for each sex were combined, t-tests were computed on mean raw scores of the MMPI for each scale between the disabled and nondisabled adolescent groups. The profile patterns of the disabled groups for both sexes were similar; however, the male disabled adolescents had significantly higher scores on Scales 1, 2, 5, 8 and 9, while the disabled female adolescents had significantly higher scores on Scales F, 1, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Inspection of the profiles revealed minimal sex differences among the disabled groups. It was suggested that the common factor of moderate to severe chronic physical impairment may serve to reduce normative sex differences in personality development at least as reflected by the MMPI.", "contents": "Personality characteristics of physically impaired adolescents. Investigated MMPI profile differences between disabled and nondisabled (normals). Comparison of mean raw scores on the MMPI was made by t-tests. A preliminary analysis that compared adolescents with congenital versus traumatic impairment yielded only one significant finding: Scale O (Si) (p is less than .05) for females with congenital impairment. Subsequently, after the congenital and traumatic groups for each sex were combined, t-tests were computed on mean raw scores of the MMPI for each scale between the disabled and nondisabled adolescent groups. The profile patterns of the disabled groups for both sexes were similar; however, the male disabled adolescents had significantly higher scores on Scales 1, 2, 5, 8 and 9, while the disabled female adolescents had significantly higher scores on Scales F, 1, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Inspection of the profiles revealed minimal sex differences among the disabled groups. It was suggested that the common factor of moderate to severe chronic physical impairment may serve to reduce normative sex differences in personality development at least as reflected by the MMPI."}
{"id": "PMID:147903", "title": "Kinetics of CTL induction by concanavalin A.", "content": "Induction of maximal CTL activity was achieved within 12 hr of exposure to Con A in vitro in various mouse lymphoid cell populations. These included spleen cells from normal unsensitized mice, spleen cells from mice previously immunized with alloantigen, and mouse spleen cells exposed to alloantigen in long-term mixed leukocyte culture (LTMLC). Although induction of maximal incorporation of tritiated thymidine was accomplished within this same period in the cells obtained from LTMLC, a much longer period of Con A exposure (greater than 24 hr) was required for freshly prepared spleen cells from normal or previously immunized mice. These findings indicate that the increased tritiated thymidine uptake induced in freshly prepared spleen cells on continued exposure to Con A beyond 12 hr is not associated with the development of cytolytic activity, and that it probably represents stimulation of subpopulations no longer present in the LTMLC population where positive selection for cells responsive to cellular alloantigens has taken place.", "contents": "Kinetics of CTL induction by concanavalin A. Induction of maximal CTL activity was achieved within 12 hr of exposure to Con A in vitro in various mouse lymphoid cell populations. These included spleen cells from normal unsensitized mice, spleen cells from mice previously immunized with alloantigen, and mouse spleen cells exposed to alloantigen in long-term mixed leukocyte culture (LTMLC). Although induction of maximal incorporation of tritiated thymidine was accomplished within this same period in the cells obtained from LTMLC, a much longer period of Con A exposure (greater than 24 hr) was required for freshly prepared spleen cells from normal or previously immunized mice. These findings indicate that the increased tritiated thymidine uptake induced in freshly prepared spleen cells on continued exposure to Con A beyond 12 hr is not associated with the development of cytolytic activity, and that it probably represents stimulation of subpopulations no longer present in the LTMLC population where positive selection for cells responsive to cellular alloantigens has taken place."}
{"id": "PMID:147904", "title": "Separation of helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. III. Positive and negative effects of mixed lymphocyte reaction-activated T cells.", "content": "Using a Ficoll velocity sedimentation gradient, we provide evidence to show that stimulatory and inhibitory activities induced in mixed lymphocyte culture belong to two distinct subpopulations of T cells. Slow- to medium-sedimenting, nonproliferating cells enhance the humoral response of normal cells to SRBC whereas fast-sedimenting cells inhibit that response. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are found in the same fractions as suppressor cells but appear to be differentiable from the latter in terms of maturation kinetics and specificity.", "contents": "Separation of helper and suppressor T lymphocytes. III. Positive and negative effects of mixed lymphocyte reaction-activated T cells. Using a Ficoll velocity sedimentation gradient, we provide evidence to show that stimulatory and inhibitory activities induced in mixed lymphocyte culture belong to two distinct subpopulations of T cells. Slow- to medium-sedimenting, nonproliferating cells enhance the humoral response of normal cells to SRBC whereas fast-sedimenting cells inhibit that response. Cytotoxic lymphocytes are found in the same fractions as suppressor cells but appear to be differentiable from the latter in terms of maturation kinetics and specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:147905", "title": "Effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on thymic epithelial cells and T lymphocyte differentiation.", "content": "Dietary vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency in young Lewis rats results in a reduction of T lymphocyte numbers and defects of cellular immunocompetence. In vitro studies of thymic epithelial (TE) cells, responsible for inducing T lymphocyte differentiation, revealed that maintenance on a vitamin B6 deficient diet for 2 weeks resulted in a severe defect in TE cell function. When the deficient animals were returned to a normal diet, TE cell function was restored. Exposure of lymphoid precursors from neonatally thymectomized or vitamin B6-deficient donors to normal TE monolayers resulted in their conversion to functional T lymphocytes, as measured by their response in MLR and to mitogens. However, TE monolayers from vitamin B6-deficient animals were unable to effect such a maturation of T lymphocytes. Therefore, it is suggested that the defect in cellular immunocompetence following this dietary deficiency is due, at least in part, to the inability of TE cells to effect the differentiation of T lymphocyte precursors to functional T lymphocytes. The dietary deficiency does not, however, impair lymphoid precursors, which can be stimulated to further differentiation by exposure to normal TE cell monolayers.", "contents": "Effects of vitamin B6 deficiency on thymic epithelial cells and T lymphocyte differentiation. Dietary vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) deficiency in young Lewis rats results in a reduction of T lymphocyte numbers and defects of cellular immunocompetence. In vitro studies of thymic epithelial (TE) cells, responsible for inducing T lymphocyte differentiation, revealed that maintenance on a vitamin B6 deficient diet for 2 weeks resulted in a severe defect in TE cell function. When the deficient animals were returned to a normal diet, TE cell function was restored. Exposure of lymphoid precursors from neonatally thymectomized or vitamin B6-deficient donors to normal TE monolayers resulted in their conversion to functional T lymphocytes, as measured by their response in MLR and to mitogens. However, TE monolayers from vitamin B6-deficient animals were unable to effect such a maturation of T lymphocytes. Therefore, it is suggested that the defect in cellular immunocompetence following this dietary deficiency is due, at least in part, to the inability of TE cells to effect the differentiation of T lymphocyte precursors to functional T lymphocytes. The dietary deficiency does not, however, impair lymphoid precursors, which can be stimulated to further differentiation by exposure to normal TE cell monolayers."}
{"id": "PMID:147907", "title": "Isolation and characterization of naturally occurring subclasses of human peripheral blood T cells with regulatory functions.", "content": "By utilizing naturally occurring autoimmune antibodies from patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, we have isolated and functionally characterized two unique subpopulations of T cells. JRA+ T cells, i.e., those identified by sera from these patients, react poorly in response to allogeneic cells, respond to Con A but not PHA, and do not help in the synthesis and secretion of Ig by B cells. In contrast, JRA- T cells, i.e., those not identified by sera from these patients, respond very well to allogeneic cells, proliferate well in response to PHA but not Con A, and more interestingly, can greatly enhance the secretion of Ig by B cells.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of naturally occurring subclasses of human peripheral blood T cells with regulatory functions. By utilizing naturally occurring autoimmune antibodies from patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, we have isolated and functionally characterized two unique subpopulations of T cells. JRA+ T cells, i.e., those identified by sera from these patients, react poorly in response to allogeneic cells, respond to Con A but not PHA, and do not help in the synthesis and secretion of Ig by B cells. In contrast, JRA- T cells, i.e., those not identified by sera from these patients, respond very well to allogeneic cells, proliferate well in response to PHA but not Con A, and more interestingly, can greatly enhance the secretion of Ig by B cells."}
{"id": "PMID:147908", "title": "Two functionally distinct subpopulations of human T cells that collaborate in the generation of cytotoxic cells responsible for cell-mediated lympholysis.", "content": "A human thymus-dependent differentiation antigen, TH2 was defined by a rabbit anti-human T cell serum absorbed with autologous B lymphoblasts and leukemic cells bearing T cell markers from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Anti-TH2 reacted specifically with thymus-derived lymphoid cells and exhibited two distinct profiles of reactivity with normal peripheral T cells as detected by indirect immunofluorescence on a FACS I. Isolation of strongly reactive, TH2+, from weakly reactive, TH2- T cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting revealed that the TH2+ subset contained most of the killer activity in cell-mediated lympholysis (CML), but had a diminished response in MLC and a suboptimal or negligible proliferative response to soluble antigens (mumps, PPD, tetanus toxoid). In contrast, the TH2- subset contained markedly less killer activity but amplified cytotoxicity by TH2+ cells and exhibited a proliferative response to both alloantigen and soluble antigens that was often significantly greater than the response by unseparated T cells. The relevance of these findings to previously described human T cell subsets and to functional subpopulations of murine T cells is discussed.", "contents": "Two functionally distinct subpopulations of human T cells that collaborate in the generation of cytotoxic cells responsible for cell-mediated lympholysis. A human thymus-dependent differentiation antigen, TH2 was defined by a rabbit anti-human T cell serum absorbed with autologous B lymphoblasts and leukemic cells bearing T cell markers from a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Anti-TH2 reacted specifically with thymus-derived lymphoid cells and exhibited two distinct profiles of reactivity with normal peripheral T cells as detected by indirect immunofluorescence on a FACS I. Isolation of strongly reactive, TH2+, from weakly reactive, TH2- T cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorting revealed that the TH2+ subset contained most of the killer activity in cell-mediated lympholysis (CML), but had a diminished response in MLC and a suboptimal or negligible proliferative response to soluble antigens (mumps, PPD, tetanus toxoid). In contrast, the TH2- subset contained markedly less killer activity but amplified cytotoxicity by TH2+ cells and exhibited a proliferative response to both alloantigen and soluble antigens that was often significantly greater than the response by unseparated T cells. The relevance of these findings to previously described human T cell subsets and to functional subpopulations of murine T cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:147911", "title": "Surface markers and mitogen response of cells harvested from cutaneous infiltrates in mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome.", "content": "It was the purpose of this study to characterize the proliferating cells in skin lesion of S\u00e9zary's syndrome and of mycosis fungoides by means of their surface markers and their response to Phytohemagglutinine mitogen stimulation. Viable infiltrating cells were freed from skin biopsy specimens by means of a disaggregating homogenizer and the cells yielded were tested with heterologius polyvalent anti-human Ig and with anti-human T-cell globulin, as well as for spontaneous rosette formation with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and for their response to stimulation with Phytohemagglutinine. Most of the infiltrating cells in skin lesions of mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome lack receptors for anti-human Ig but form spontaneous rosettes with SRBC and have receptors for anti-T-cell globulin, indicating the T-lymphocyte nature of the infiltrating cells; however, their response to Phytohemagglutinine is weak. The results indicate the atypical, presumably neoplastic, nature of T-lymphocytes proliferating in skin lesions of mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome.", "contents": "Surface markers and mitogen response of cells harvested from cutaneous infiltrates in mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome. It was the purpose of this study to characterize the proliferating cells in skin lesion of S\u00e9zary's syndrome and of mycosis fungoides by means of their surface markers and their response to Phytohemagglutinine mitogen stimulation. Viable infiltrating cells were freed from skin biopsy specimens by means of a disaggregating homogenizer and the cells yielded were tested with heterologius polyvalent anti-human Ig and with anti-human T-cell globulin, as well as for spontaneous rosette formation with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and for their response to stimulation with Phytohemagglutinine. Most of the infiltrating cells in skin lesions of mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome lack receptors for anti-human Ig but form spontaneous rosettes with SRBC and have receptors for anti-T-cell globulin, indicating the T-lymphocyte nature of the infiltrating cells; however, their response to Phytohemagglutinine is weak. The results indicate the atypical, presumably neoplastic, nature of T-lymphocytes proliferating in skin lesions of mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:147913", "title": "Interference of gestagens and androgens with rat uterine oestrogen receptors.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of some gestagens and calusterone on the binding of oestradiol-17beta to its specific uterine receptors has been investigated in intact rats. Progesterone, medrogestone, clogestone, medroxyprogesterone acetate and calusterone reduce the specific oestradiol-receptor interaction in vitro; this effect is dose-dependent and does not differ significantly from one drug to the other. A more relevant decrease in the amount of oestradiol-17beta bound to specific receptors has been observed with calusterone. Progesterone, clogestone, medrogestone, medroxyprogesterone acetate and calusterone given orally induce a marked decrease (between 30 and 70% depending on the dose) in the binding capacity of oestradiol-17beta to specific uterine receptors in vivo. Results from a Scatchard plot analysis suggest that the interference with the binding of oestradiol-17beta caused by both progestogens and calusterone is due to a non-competitive interaction.", "contents": "Interference of gestagens and androgens with rat uterine oestrogen receptors. The inhibitory effect of some gestagens and calusterone on the binding of oestradiol-17beta to its specific uterine receptors has been investigated in intact rats. Progesterone, medrogestone, clogestone, medroxyprogesterone acetate and calusterone reduce the specific oestradiol-receptor interaction in vitro; this effect is dose-dependent and does not differ significantly from one drug to the other. A more relevant decrease in the amount of oestradiol-17beta bound to specific receptors has been observed with calusterone. Progesterone, clogestone, medrogestone, medroxyprogesterone acetate and calusterone given orally induce a marked decrease (between 30 and 70% depending on the dose) in the binding capacity of oestradiol-17beta to specific uterine receptors in vivo. Results from a Scatchard plot analysis suggest that the interference with the binding of oestradiol-17beta caused by both progestogens and calusterone is due to a non-competitive interaction."}
{"id": "PMID:147929", "title": "Regulation of glucose, fructose and sucrose catabolism in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata.", "content": "Regulation of glucose, fructose and sucrose catabolism was studied in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata grown under phototrophic conditions. The sequence of preference for the utilization of the sugar substrates was fructose, glucose, sucrose. The presence of a preferred substrate did not completely suppress the utilization of the less preferred. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme of glucose and sucrose catabolism, exhibited sigmoidal substrate saturation curves and was inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate, whereas 1-phosphofructokinase, the key enzyme of fructose catabolism, exhibited hyperbolic substrate saturation curves and was not inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate. Since phosphoenolpyruvate is a common intermediate of glucose, fructose and sucrose catabolism, the control of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase may be responsible for the preferential utilization of fructose.", "contents": "Regulation of glucose, fructose and sucrose catabolism in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata. Regulation of glucose, fructose and sucrose catabolism was studied in Rhodopseudomonas capsulata grown under phototrophic conditions. The sequence of preference for the utilization of the sugar substrates was fructose, glucose, sucrose. The presence of a preferred substrate did not completely suppress the utilization of the less preferred. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme of glucose and sucrose catabolism, exhibited sigmoidal substrate saturation curves and was inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate, whereas 1-phosphofructokinase, the key enzyme of fructose catabolism, exhibited hyperbolic substrate saturation curves and was not inhibited by phosphoenolpyruvate. Since phosphoenolpyruvate is a common intermediate of glucose, fructose and sucrose catabolism, the control of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase may be responsible for the preferential utilization of fructose."}
{"id": "PMID:147931", "title": "Congenital aneurysmal dilatation of the left auricle demonstrated by sequential cardiac blood-pool scintiscanning.", "content": "Congenital aneurysmal dilatation of the left auricle is a rare condition often associated with cardiac arrhythmias and systemic emboli. The diagnosis is made often by surgical exploration or presurgically by contrast angiography. A case is reported in which the dilated left auricle did not fill during contrast angiography but was demonstrated by sequential cardiac blood-pool scintiscanning.", "contents": "Congenital aneurysmal dilatation of the left auricle demonstrated by sequential cardiac blood-pool scintiscanning. Congenital aneurysmal dilatation of the left auricle is a rare condition often associated with cardiac arrhythmias and systemic emboli. The diagnosis is made often by surgical exploration or presurgically by contrast angiography. A case is reported in which the dilated left auricle did not fill during contrast angiography but was demonstrated by sequential cardiac blood-pool scintiscanning."}
{"id": "PMID:147932", "title": "Hormonal changes in girls with precocious adrenarche: a possible role for estradiol or prolactin.", "content": "Serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone, DHA sulfate, estradiol, and prolactin in 20 girls with precocious adrenarche were compared with those of healthy girls of varying age and degrees of breast and sex hair development. Production of adrenal androgens, as reflected by serum DHA and DHA-sulfate concentrations, was significantly increased in PA above that in age-matched control subjects. Surprisingly, in spite of their lack of breast growth, the patients with PA also had serum estradiol levels that were higher than in the prepubertal girls and similar to those found in girls with both breast and pubic hair development. Serum prolactin concentrations in the patients with PA were not increased over those of the age-matched (less than 8 years) prepubertal girls. In the older prepubertal ( greater than 8 years) and early pubertal girls serum prolactin levels were lower. The finding of increased estradiol levels suggests that precocious adrenarche is not a distinct endocrine entity, but merely represents a variant of early adolescence in which estrogen secretion is sufficient to influence adrenal 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity with a resultant rise in DHA production, but not sufficient to produce clinically apparent breast changes. The data do not support a similar role for prolactin.", "contents": "Hormonal changes in girls with precocious adrenarche: a possible role for estradiol or prolactin. Serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone, DHA sulfate, estradiol, and prolactin in 20 girls with precocious adrenarche were compared with those of healthy girls of varying age and degrees of breast and sex hair development. Production of adrenal androgens, as reflected by serum DHA and DHA-sulfate concentrations, was significantly increased in PA above that in age-matched control subjects. Surprisingly, in spite of their lack of breast growth, the patients with PA also had serum estradiol levels that were higher than in the prepubertal girls and similar to those found in girls with both breast and pubic hair development. Serum prolactin concentrations in the patients with PA were not increased over those of the age-matched (less than 8 years) prepubertal girls. In the older prepubertal ( greater than 8 years) and early pubertal girls serum prolactin levels were lower. The finding of increased estradiol levels suggests that precocious adrenarche is not a distinct endocrine entity, but merely represents a variant of early adolescence in which estrogen secretion is sufficient to influence adrenal 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity with a resultant rise in DHA production, but not sufficient to produce clinically apparent breast changes. The data do not support a similar role for prolactin."}
{"id": "PMID:147936", "title": "GLC determination of floxuridine in plasma using a thermionic nitrogen detector.", "content": "A specific GLC method was developed for the determination of floxuridine in plasma using the thermionic nitrogen detector. The method involves the isolation of the compound and internal standard from plasma on a strong anion-exchange column at pH 10, followed by elution with 0.3 M acetic acid in methanol. The eluate is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and permethylated with potassium tert-butoxide and methyl iodide. The permethylated compounds are reextracted from the reaction mixture with cyclohexane-methylene dichloride (9:1). The organic solution is evaporated to dryness, the residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate, and an aliquot is analyzed by GLC on a 3% OV-17 column. The extraction recovery from spiked plasma was 93.2 +/- 2.1% (SD), whereas linearity for the overall procedure was in the 0-1-microgram/ml range. The detection limit of the thermionic nitrogen detector was 50 ng/ml. The within-run and within days precision (CV) were 4.0 and 6.2%, respectively, at 300 ng/ml.", "contents": "GLC determination of floxuridine in plasma using a thermionic nitrogen detector. A specific GLC method was developed for the determination of floxuridine in plasma using the thermionic nitrogen detector. The method involves the isolation of the compound and internal standard from plasma on a strong anion-exchange column at pH 10, followed by elution with 0.3 M acetic acid in methanol. The eluate is evaporated to dryness, and the residue is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and permethylated with potassium tert-butoxide and methyl iodide. The permethylated compounds are reextracted from the reaction mixture with cyclohexane-methylene dichloride (9:1). The organic solution is evaporated to dryness, the residue is dissolved in ethyl acetate, and an aliquot is analyzed by GLC on a 3% OV-17 column. The extraction recovery from spiked plasma was 93.2 +/- 2.1% (SD), whereas linearity for the overall procedure was in the 0-1-microgram/ml range. The detection limit of the thermionic nitrogen detector was 50 ng/ml. The within-run and within days precision (CV) were 4.0 and 6.2%, respectively, at 300 ng/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:147938", "title": "Repression of glial RNA transcription during the development of 6-aminonic-otinamide (6-AN)-induced acute gliopathy.", "content": "Administration of 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) to rats leads to an opposite effect on the rate at which [3H]UMP is incorporated in vitro into nuclear cerebral neuronal and glial RNA. The inhibition of glial RNA synthesis is temporarily accompanied by both a reduction of the number of RNA initiation sites on glial chromatin and a reduction of [3H]acetate uptake into glial chromatin-bound histones mainly as regards the fraction H2B, H3 and H4. The slight stimulation of neuronal RNA synthesis 6 hours after 6-AN seemed to be caused exclusively by a less steric restriction of neuronal chromatin, whereas the more pronounced stimulation at 24 hours may be related to both a higher activity and/or amount of endogenous neuronal RNA polymerases and an increase in the total number of RNA initiation sites present on the neuronal chromatin. The increase in the total number of neuronal RNA initiation sites is closely parallel with a higher degree of acetylation of neuronal chromatin-bound histone fractions. The 6-AN-induced variations of glial and neuronal in vitro RNA synthesis are discussed in correlation with the neurotoxic action of 6-AN in vivo.", "contents": "Repression of glial RNA transcription during the development of 6-aminonic-otinamide (6-AN)-induced acute gliopathy. Administration of 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) to rats leads to an opposite effect on the rate at which [3H]UMP is incorporated in vitro into nuclear cerebral neuronal and glial RNA. The inhibition of glial RNA synthesis is temporarily accompanied by both a reduction of the number of RNA initiation sites on glial chromatin and a reduction of [3H]acetate uptake into glial chromatin-bound histones mainly as regards the fraction H2B, H3 and H4. The slight stimulation of neuronal RNA synthesis 6 hours after 6-AN seemed to be caused exclusively by a less steric restriction of neuronal chromatin, whereas the more pronounced stimulation at 24 hours may be related to both a higher activity and/or amount of endogenous neuronal RNA polymerases and an increase in the total number of RNA initiation sites present on the neuronal chromatin. The increase in the total number of neuronal RNA initiation sites is closely parallel with a higher degree of acetylation of neuronal chromatin-bound histone fractions. The 6-AN-induced variations of glial and neuronal in vitro RNA synthesis are discussed in correlation with the neurotoxic action of 6-AN in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:147940", "title": "Regulatory enzymes of carbohydrate and energy metabolism in the rabbit blastocyst.", "content": "The activities of phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, citrate synthase and creatine kinase were determined in blastocysts from rabbits at 144 h post coitum and in similar blastocysts cultured for 24 h with or without oestradiol-17beta (1 microgrm/ml). There was a significant increase in all the enzymes during the 24-h culture period but oestradiol had no effect.", "contents": "Regulatory enzymes of carbohydrate and energy metabolism in the rabbit blastocyst. The activities of phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase, citrate synthase and creatine kinase were determined in blastocysts from rabbits at 144 h post coitum and in similar blastocysts cultured for 24 h with or without oestradiol-17beta (1 microgrm/ml). There was a significant increase in all the enzymes during the 24-h culture period but oestradiol had no effect."}
{"id": "PMID:147941", "title": "Immune complex vasculitis as a cause of ascites and pleural effusions in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "A patient is described with systemic lupus erythematosus and large painless ascites and pleural effusions. Pleural and peritoneal fluid complement levels were depressed, and DNA binding was elevated in the presence of normal serum values. Immunoglobulin and complement deposits were demonstrated in vessels of the pleura, peritoneum, and skin, along with histologic evidence of vasculitis. The relation of the ascites and pleural effusions to the presence of widespread vasculitis and local immune complex formation is discussed. These complications responded poorly to corticosteroid therapy but slowly resolved following the addition of an immunosuppressive agent.", "contents": "Immune complex vasculitis as a cause of ascites and pleural effusions in systemic lupus erythematosus. A patient is described with systemic lupus erythematosus and large painless ascites and pleural effusions. Pleural and peritoneal fluid complement levels were depressed, and DNA binding was elevated in the presence of normal serum values. Immunoglobulin and complement deposits were demonstrated in vessels of the pleura, peritoneum, and skin, along with histologic evidence of vasculitis. The relation of the ascites and pleural effusions to the presence of widespread vasculitis and local immune complex formation is discussed. These complications responded poorly to corticosteroid therapy but slowly resolved following the addition of an immunosuppressive agent."}
{"id": "PMID:147942", "title": "Acute massive pulmonary hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Acute massive pulmonary hemorrhage is described as part of the clinical picture of SLE. Seven patients had sudden onset of high fever, dyspnea, tachycardia, and cough with blood-tinged sputum that within hours progressed to massive hemoptysis and death. There were no vasculitis or other inflammatory lung changes found at autopsy. Only one of the seven reported cases survived when treated with 2 g of intravenous hydrocortisone daily. The mechanism of this pulmonary bleeding is unknown but seems to be an immune complex mediated phenomenon.", "contents": "Acute massive pulmonary hemorrhage in systemic lupus erythematosus. Acute massive pulmonary hemorrhage is described as part of the clinical picture of SLE. Seven patients had sudden onset of high fever, dyspnea, tachycardia, and cough with blood-tinged sputum that within hours progressed to massive hemoptysis and death. There were no vasculitis or other inflammatory lung changes found at autopsy. Only one of the seven reported cases survived when treated with 2 g of intravenous hydrocortisone daily. The mechanism of this pulmonary bleeding is unknown but seems to be an immune complex mediated phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:147948", "title": "In vitro induction of cell-mediated immunity to murine leukemia cells. III. Effect of methanol extraction residue fraction of BCG on the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes against leukemia.", "content": "Effects of the methanol extraction residue (MER) fraction of tubercle bacilli (BCG) on the generation of cytotoxic lymphoid cells were studied in vitro with the use of unidirectional mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell cultures. These cultures consisted of splenocytes of lymph node cells from normal donor C57BL/6, BALB/c, and strain A mice and mitomycin C-inactivated leukemia cells of both syngeneic and allogeneic origin. Addition of small amounts of MER (0.2-5 microgram/ml) to the cultures potentiated appreciably the elicitation of cytotoxic reactivity (as measured by the 51Cr-release assay) of the sensitized cells, whereas higher quantities (10-40 microgram/ml) had a strong suppressive effect. MER also induced some cytotoxic capacity in normal murine and human lymphoid cells not exposed to specific tumor cell stimulation. The stimulatory and suppressive effects were noted only when MER was present during the initial 24-48 hours of the 6-day culture. With the nylon wool fractionation technique, it was apparent that MER affected primarily the nonadherent cell population. MER could also prevent the generation of nonspecific suppressor cells by splenocytes maintained for 3-6 days in tissue culture.", "contents": "In vitro induction of cell-mediated immunity to murine leukemia cells. III. Effect of methanol extraction residue fraction of BCG on the generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes against leukemia. Effects of the methanol extraction residue (MER) fraction of tubercle bacilli (BCG) on the generation of cytotoxic lymphoid cells were studied in vitro with the use of unidirectional mixed lymphocyte-tumor cell cultures. These cultures consisted of splenocytes of lymph node cells from normal donor C57BL/6, BALB/c, and strain A mice and mitomycin C-inactivated leukemia cells of both syngeneic and allogeneic origin. Addition of small amounts of MER (0.2-5 microgram/ml) to the cultures potentiated appreciably the elicitation of cytotoxic reactivity (as measured by the 51Cr-release assay) of the sensitized cells, whereas higher quantities (10-40 microgram/ml) had a strong suppressive effect. MER also induced some cytotoxic capacity in normal murine and human lymphoid cells not exposed to specific tumor cell stimulation. The stimulatory and suppressive effects were noted only when MER was present during the initial 24-48 hours of the 6-day culture. With the nylon wool fractionation technique, it was apparent that MER affected primarily the nonadherent cell population. MER could also prevent the generation of nonspecific suppressor cells by splenocytes maintained for 3-6 days in tissue culture."}
{"id": "PMID:147949", "title": "The treatment of dracontiasis with thiabendazole.", "content": "400 cases of dracunculosis were treated with Thiabendazole and the results reported. Thiabendazole appears to be highly effective and its pleasant taste and lack of adverse effects account for its acceptability by the patients. The drug is cheap and can be recommended even for poor patients. The adverse reactions are minimal and do not necessitate stoppage of therapy. We conclude the Mintezol is highly efficacious and should prove a useful weapon against Guinea worm disease.", "contents": "The treatment of dracontiasis with thiabendazole. 400 cases of dracunculosis were treated with Thiabendazole and the results reported. Thiabendazole appears to be highly effective and its pleasant taste and lack of adverse effects account for its acceptability by the patients. The drug is cheap and can be recommended even for poor patients. The adverse reactions are minimal and do not necessitate stoppage of therapy. We conclude the Mintezol is highly efficacious and should prove a useful weapon against Guinea worm disease."}
{"id": "PMID:147955", "title": "Morphologic and biochemical studies on the experimental chronic ischemic myocardium with the Ameroid constrictor.", "content": "1. Morphologic as well as biochemical alterations in chronic ischemic myocardial tissue without infarction were studied in dogs utilizing the Ameroid constrictor. 2. Serum creatine kinase activity elevated at around three weeks after placing the Ameroid constrictor around the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery suggestive of myocardial tissue injury followed by the initial activation caused by surgery. 3. Subendocardial proliferation of connective tissue was observed in about 60% of the experiments, but the middle and the subepicardial muscles were morphologically intact. 4. The marked increase in glycogen particles was observed in the subendocardial muscle cells in most of the experiments, and mild features of myocardial cellular necrosis were found in approximately 60% of the experiments. 5. ATPase activities of the structural proteins as well as sarcoplasmic reticulum in the ischemic myocardium shoed relatively higher values than those in the non-ischemic myocardium. However, no substructural changes were observed in SDS gel electrophoresis in both the fractions. 6. The alterations in the chronic myocardial ischemia are supposed to be essentially the same as those in myocardial necrosis followed by acute coronary occlusion.", "contents": "Morphologic and biochemical studies on the experimental chronic ischemic myocardium with the Ameroid constrictor. 1. Morphologic as well as biochemical alterations in chronic ischemic myocardial tissue without infarction were studied in dogs utilizing the Ameroid constrictor. 2. Serum creatine kinase activity elevated at around three weeks after placing the Ameroid constrictor around the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery suggestive of myocardial tissue injury followed by the initial activation caused by surgery. 3. Subendocardial proliferation of connective tissue was observed in about 60% of the experiments, but the middle and the subepicardial muscles were morphologically intact. 4. The marked increase in glycogen particles was observed in the subendocardial muscle cells in most of the experiments, and mild features of myocardial cellular necrosis were found in approximately 60% of the experiments. 5. ATPase activities of the structural proteins as well as sarcoplasmic reticulum in the ischemic myocardium shoed relatively higher values than those in the non-ischemic myocardium. However, no substructural changes were observed in SDS gel electrophoresis in both the fractions. 6. The alterations in the chronic myocardial ischemia are supposed to be essentially the same as those in myocardial necrosis followed by acute coronary occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:147959", "title": "Immune complex disease. VII. Experimental mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis produced by chronic immunization with thyroglobulin.", "content": "Immunohistologic and electron microscipic studies were performed on the kidneys of rabbits given daily intravenous injections of porcine thyroglobulin in amounts adjusted to the immune response of the individual rabbits. Glomerular lesions were restricted to the mesangium, were characterized by varying degrees of proliferation of mesangial cells and increase of mesangial matrix, and were accompanied by accumulations of rabbit immunoglobulins, C3, and porcine thyroglobulin. Electron-dense deposits were localized to the mesangium and the adjacent subendothelial space. Less than 10 per cent of the animals with mesangila lesions developed obvious impairment of glomerular function. Thyroglobulin-containing immune complexes were found to be rapidly removed from the mesangium, so that overloading of the mesangium and consequent accumulation of complexes in the adjacent capillary loops could not occur. Thus, the results provide further evidence that when immune complex deposition is restricted to the mesangium, relatively little interference with glomerular function results. This situation is paralleled in man by the lesions of subclinical lupus nephritis, chance proteinuria and hematuria, and the early lesions of Berger's disease.", "contents": "Immune complex disease. VII. Experimental mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis produced by chronic immunization with thyroglobulin. Immunohistologic and electron microscipic studies were performed on the kidneys of rabbits given daily intravenous injections of porcine thyroglobulin in amounts adjusted to the immune response of the individual rabbits. Glomerular lesions were restricted to the mesangium, were characterized by varying degrees of proliferation of mesangial cells and increase of mesangial matrix, and were accompanied by accumulations of rabbit immunoglobulins, C3, and porcine thyroglobulin. Electron-dense deposits were localized to the mesangium and the adjacent subendothelial space. Less than 10 per cent of the animals with mesangila lesions developed obvious impairment of glomerular function. Thyroglobulin-containing immune complexes were found to be rapidly removed from the mesangium, so that overloading of the mesangium and consequent accumulation of complexes in the adjacent capillary loops could not occur. Thus, the results provide further evidence that when immune complex deposition is restricted to the mesangium, relatively little interference with glomerular function results. This situation is paralleled in man by the lesions of subclinical lupus nephritis, chance proteinuria and hematuria, and the early lesions of Berger's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:147960", "title": "Experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens. IV. Investigations into the pathogenesis of the model.", "content": "Heterologous immune complex glomerulonephritis can be induced in various strains of rats by one injection of heterologous antibody directed against antigens present in the brush border of the proximal. Although it is generally believed that an immune complex glomerulonephritis is caused by the deposition of soluble immune complexes from the circulation in the glomerular basement membrane, there are reasons for doubting whether this mechanism is also operating in the type of experimental glomerulonephritis presented here. In a study using injections of extra antibody and extra antigen to influence the formation and deposition of immune complexes, it is demonstrated that this type of glomerulonephritis is induced in a state of antibody excess. The theory that only immune complexes formed in antigen excess can deposit in the glomerular basement membrane, warrants the assumption that in our model a different pathogenetic mechanism is operating. The hypothesis is put forward that in the heterologous immune complex glomerulonephritis free antibody crosses the glomerular basement membrane to combine with the antigen. This antigen either crosses the glomerular basement membrane separately or is already present as an integral part of this structure.", "contents": "Experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens. IV. Investigations into the pathogenesis of the model. Heterologous immune complex glomerulonephritis can be induced in various strains of rats by one injection of heterologous antibody directed against antigens present in the brush border of the proximal. Although it is generally believed that an immune complex glomerulonephritis is caused by the deposition of soluble immune complexes from the circulation in the glomerular basement membrane, there are reasons for doubting whether this mechanism is also operating in the type of experimental glomerulonephritis presented here. In a study using injections of extra antibody and extra antigen to influence the formation and deposition of immune complexes, it is demonstrated that this type of glomerulonephritis is induced in a state of antibody excess. The theory that only immune complexes formed in antigen excess can deposit in the glomerular basement membrane, warrants the assumption that in our model a different pathogenetic mechanism is operating. The hypothesis is put forward that in the heterologous immune complex glomerulonephritis free antibody crosses the glomerular basement membrane to combine with the antigen. This antigen either crosses the glomerular basement membrane separately or is already present as an integral part of this structure."}
{"id": "PMID:147961", "title": "Experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens. V. Fixed glomerular antigens in the pathogenesis of heterologous immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "content": "In heterologous immune complex glomerulonephritis glomerular deposition of immune complexes occurs immediately after an injection with heterologous antibody directed against antigen, derived from the brush border of the tubules. The injected antibody is thought to combine with circulating Fx1A antigen to form immune complexes which subsequently are deposited in the glomeruli. However, perfusion of rat kidneys in absence of this antigen likewise resulted in prompt localization of immune complexes along the glomerular basement membrane. Further, Fx1A antigen was shown to be present in the capillary wall, especially in the filtration slits and on the cell membrane of epithelial cells. From these findings it was concluded that in this model of glomerulonephritis the deposited immune complexes are formed locally instead of being deposited from the circulation. This concept of \"fixed antigen\" may also be relevant to the pathogenesis of other forms of experimental glomerulonephritis and probably also for human glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Experimental glomerulonephritis in the rat induced by antibodies directed against tubular antigens. V. Fixed glomerular antigens in the pathogenesis of heterologous immune complex glomerulonephritis. In heterologous immune complex glomerulonephritis glomerular deposition of immune complexes occurs immediately after an injection with heterologous antibody directed against antigen, derived from the brush border of the tubules. The injected antibody is thought to combine with circulating Fx1A antigen to form immune complexes which subsequently are deposited in the glomeruli. However, perfusion of rat kidneys in absence of this antigen likewise resulted in prompt localization of immune complexes along the glomerular basement membrane. Further, Fx1A antigen was shown to be present in the capillary wall, especially in the filtration slits and on the cell membrane of epithelial cells. From these findings it was concluded that in this model of glomerulonephritis the deposited immune complexes are formed locally instead of being deposited from the circulation. This concept of \"fixed antigen\" may also be relevant to the pathogenesis of other forms of experimental glomerulonephritis and probably also for human glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:147962", "title": "Absolute morphometric study of myocardial hypertrophy in experimental hypertension. I. Determination of myocyte size.", "content": "A method for determining the mean absolute volume of a specific population of cells within a tissue is described and applied to the measurement of endocardial and epicardial myocytes in the left ventricle of normal and hypertensive rats. The technique, based on nuclear counts per unit area in tissue slices of different known thicknesses, measures the mean cell volume per nucleus independent of previously unknown nuclear dimensions and systematic counting errors. Duplicate determinations, demonstrating reproducibility, were made in mutually perpendicular longitudinal and transverse sections of the myocardium. Combining these light microscopic measurements with electron microscopic data enabled the evaluation of the mean diameter and length of the cylindrical myocyte nuclei showing those in the epicardial cells to be significantly longer than the nuclei in endocardial cells. It was estimated that 2 to 4 per cent of ventricular myocytes are binucleate. After 1 to 4 weeks of hypertension, induced by constriction of the left renal artery, endocardial myocytes were enlarged 21 per cent, from 10,370 +/- 410 to 12,520 +/- 490 cu. micrometer., while epicardial myocytes showed a 37 per cent hypertrophy, from 12,600 +/- 1,600 to 17,300 +/- 1,100 cu. micrometer. The availability of a reliable determination of cell volume will make possible the interpretation of much biochemical, functional, and morphometric data at the whole cell level.", "contents": "Absolute morphometric study of myocardial hypertrophy in experimental hypertension. I. Determination of myocyte size. A method for determining the mean absolute volume of a specific population of cells within a tissue is described and applied to the measurement of endocardial and epicardial myocytes in the left ventricle of normal and hypertensive rats. The technique, based on nuclear counts per unit area in tissue slices of different known thicknesses, measures the mean cell volume per nucleus independent of previously unknown nuclear dimensions and systematic counting errors. Duplicate determinations, demonstrating reproducibility, were made in mutually perpendicular longitudinal and transverse sections of the myocardium. Combining these light microscopic measurements with electron microscopic data enabled the evaluation of the mean diameter and length of the cylindrical myocyte nuclei showing those in the epicardial cells to be significantly longer than the nuclei in endocardial cells. It was estimated that 2 to 4 per cent of ventricular myocytes are binucleate. After 1 to 4 weeks of hypertension, induced by constriction of the left renal artery, endocardial myocytes were enlarged 21 per cent, from 10,370 +/- 410 to 12,520 +/- 490 cu. micrometer., while epicardial myocytes showed a 37 per cent hypertrophy, from 12,600 +/- 1,600 to 17,300 +/- 1,100 cu. micrometer. The availability of a reliable determination of cell volume will make possible the interpretation of much biochemical, functional, and morphometric data at the whole cell level."}
{"id": "PMID:147963", "title": "Absolute morphometric study of myocardial hypertrophy in experimental hypertension. II. Ultrastructure of myocytes and interstitium.", "content": "The left ventricular myocardium of normal and hypertensive rats has been characterized morphometrically in the endocardial and epicardial zones. Compared to the epicardial regions, the normal endocardial regions contain 30 per cent more myocytes, 27 per cent less interstitial space, 48 per cent less capillary volume, 17 per cent less capillary surface, and the same capillary length per unit tissue volume. In terms of both the relative and absolute volumes and surface areas of their organelles, the cytoplasmic composition of normal endocardial and epicardial myocytes is nearly identical. After 14 weeks of hypertension, induced by constriction of the left renal artery, left ventricular weight is increased by 30 per cent, wall thickness by 42 per cent. The number of myocytes and the total length of capillaries remain constant. The epicardial region enlarged 37 per cent with proportional increases of myocyte and interstitial volumes. In contrast, the endocardial enlargement was only 26 per cent, comprised of 21 per cent hypertrophy of myocytes and a 55 per cent increase in interstitial components. Expansion of capillary lumina accounted for much of the interstitial enlargement throughout the myocardium. Hypertrophy of myocytes is 76 per cent greater in the epicardial region and is accompanied by a reduced mitochondria to myofibril ratio and disproportionately large increases (2- to 3-fold) in both smooth endoplasmic reticulum and T-system volume and surface area. On a cellular basis the absolute morphometric characteristics of myocytes from hypertensive rats are significantly different from normal, and significant differences occur between the inner and outer layers of the myocardium for practically every cytoplasmic component.", "contents": "Absolute morphometric study of myocardial hypertrophy in experimental hypertension. II. Ultrastructure of myocytes and interstitium. The left ventricular myocardium of normal and hypertensive rats has been characterized morphometrically in the endocardial and epicardial zones. Compared to the epicardial regions, the normal endocardial regions contain 30 per cent more myocytes, 27 per cent less interstitial space, 48 per cent less capillary volume, 17 per cent less capillary surface, and the same capillary length per unit tissue volume. In terms of both the relative and absolute volumes and surface areas of their organelles, the cytoplasmic composition of normal endocardial and epicardial myocytes is nearly identical. After 14 weeks of hypertension, induced by constriction of the left renal artery, left ventricular weight is increased by 30 per cent, wall thickness by 42 per cent. The number of myocytes and the total length of capillaries remain constant. The epicardial region enlarged 37 per cent with proportional increases of myocyte and interstitial volumes. In contrast, the endocardial enlargement was only 26 per cent, comprised of 21 per cent hypertrophy of myocytes and a 55 per cent increase in interstitial components. Expansion of capillary lumina accounted for much of the interstitial enlargement throughout the myocardium. Hypertrophy of myocytes is 76 per cent greater in the epicardial region and is accompanied by a reduced mitochondria to myofibril ratio and disproportionately large increases (2- to 3-fold) in both smooth endoplasmic reticulum and T-system volume and surface area. On a cellular basis the absolute morphometric characteristics of myocytes from hypertensive rats are significantly different from normal, and significant differences occur between the inner and outer layers of the myocardium for practically every cytoplasmic component."}
{"id": "PMID:147968", "title": "Cardiac hypothermia evaluated by ultrastructural studies in man.", "content": "Transmural left ventricular biopsies from 13 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass were studied. The hypertrophic myocardium was protected by deep hypothermia (15 degrees C.) during ischemic arrest for a maximal period of 96 minutes. Biopsies were taken at the start of bypass, at the end of aortic cross-clamping, and after 20 minutes of reperfusion. The structure of the mitochondria remained normal, whereas cellular alterations in the form of widened intercalated discs, interstitial and intracellular edema, myelin figures, and slight myofibrillar lysis were observed in all stages. As no clear correlation between these structural injuries and aortic cross-clamping time was seen, they are a result of cardiac hypertrophy rather than intraoperative ischemia.", "contents": "Cardiac hypothermia evaluated by ultrastructural studies in man. Transmural left ventricular biopsies from 13 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass were studied. The hypertrophic myocardium was protected by deep hypothermia (15 degrees C.) during ischemic arrest for a maximal period of 96 minutes. Biopsies were taken at the start of bypass, at the end of aortic cross-clamping, and after 20 minutes of reperfusion. The structure of the mitochondria remained normal, whereas cellular alterations in the form of widened intercalated discs, interstitial and intracellular edema, myelin figures, and slight myofibrillar lysis were observed in all stages. As no clear correlation between these structural injuries and aortic cross-clamping time was seen, they are a result of cardiac hypertrophy rather than intraoperative ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:147982", "title": "Serotoninergic activation and inhibition: effects on carbohydrate tolerance and plasma insulin and glucagon.", "content": "Glucose and arginine infusion tests were performed on 12 healthy volunteers (8 males, 4 females) before and after serotoninergic activation [oral administration of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP-) for 6 days] and serotoninergic inhibition (oral treatment with D,L-p-chloropenylalanine for 6 days). 5-HTP treatment markedly increased urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion, increased the mild hyperglycemic effect of arginine infusion, and lowered the glucose disposal rate constant. The adverse effect of serotoninergic activation on glucose tolerance is not sufficiently explained by the observed changes in insulin and glucagon secretion during the fasting state and after intravenous glucose and arginine infusions. Serotoninergic inhibition did not affect the carbohydrate tolerance of normal individuals. The results of this work supports the idea that excessive indoleamine production is probably the main cause for carbohydrate intolerance in carcinoid tumors.", "contents": "Serotoninergic activation and inhibition: effects on carbohydrate tolerance and plasma insulin and glucagon. Glucose and arginine infusion tests were performed on 12 healthy volunteers (8 males, 4 females) before and after serotoninergic activation [oral administration of L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP-) for 6 days] and serotoninergic inhibition (oral treatment with D,L-p-chloropenylalanine for 6 days). 5-HTP treatment markedly increased urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid excretion, increased the mild hyperglycemic effect of arginine infusion, and lowered the glucose disposal rate constant. The adverse effect of serotoninergic activation on glucose tolerance is not sufficiently explained by the observed changes in insulin and glucagon secretion during the fasting state and after intravenous glucose and arginine infusions. Serotoninergic inhibition did not affect the carbohydrate tolerance of normal individuals. The results of this work supports the idea that excessive indoleamine production is probably the main cause for carbohydrate intolerance in carcinoid tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:148001", "title": "Isolation of subunits from trypsin-cleaved sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Controlled tryptic digestion of purified rat skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-adenosine triphosphate yields two products designated Fragments 3a and 3b with molecular weights of 65,000 and 56,000 respectively. The isolation of these products in high yield should facilitate exploration of the molecular characteristics of this adenosine triphosphatase. A simple, rapid method for accomplishing this isolation was developed which provides a high yield and utilizes mild conditions. The fragments obtained by this method were used to determine the phospholipid and sulfhydryl contents of Fragments 3a and 3b. In addition, information was obtained on the orientation of these adenosine triphosphatase components in the enzyme lipoprotein complex.", "contents": "Isolation of subunits from trypsin-cleaved sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ transport adenosine triphosphatase. Controlled tryptic digestion of purified rat skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-adenosine triphosphate yields two products designated Fragments 3a and 3b with molecular weights of 65,000 and 56,000 respectively. The isolation of these products in high yield should facilitate exploration of the molecular characteristics of this adenosine triphosphatase. A simple, rapid method for accomplishing this isolation was developed which provides a high yield and utilizes mild conditions. The fragments obtained by this method were used to determine the phospholipid and sulfhydryl contents of Fragments 3a and 3b. In addition, information was obtained on the orientation of these adenosine triphosphatase components in the enzyme lipoprotein complex."}
{"id": "PMID:148004", "title": "[Polymorphous Juvenile Acne (author's transl)].", "content": "Many factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of acne, the most important of them lie in the sebaceous follicle, in disturbances of the cornification of the follicular channels and in the bacterial flora of the hair follicles. The latter consists of a yeast (pityrosporon ovale), coagulase-negative aerobic staphylococci and propionibacterium acnes. P. acnes is found in the depth of the follicle. It is of particular importance for the pathogenesis because it produces a lipase which releases fatty acids which stimulate the formation of comedones. Many questions are still unanswered. Presently, treatment consists of administration of estrogens or combination preparations of estrogen and progesterone (only recommended for women), of vitamin A acid and antibiotics. Tetracycline and its derivatives have proved particularly valuable for this purpose.", "contents": "[Polymorphous Juvenile Acne (author's transl)]. Many factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of acne, the most important of them lie in the sebaceous follicle, in disturbances of the cornification of the follicular channels and in the bacterial flora of the hair follicles. The latter consists of a yeast (pityrosporon ovale), coagulase-negative aerobic staphylococci and propionibacterium acnes. P. acnes is found in the depth of the follicle. It is of particular importance for the pathogenesis because it produces a lipase which releases fatty acids which stimulate the formation of comedones. Many questions are still unanswered. Presently, treatment consists of administration of estrogens or combination preparations of estrogen and progesterone (only recommended for women), of vitamin A acid and antibiotics. Tetracycline and its derivatives have proved particularly valuable for this purpose."}
{"id": "PMID:148002", "title": "Differential diagnosis of inflammatory processes of the face.", "content": "We have discussed some aspects of differential diagnosis of inflammatory processes of the facial skin. The disorders mentioned include: eczematous processes, rosacea-like dermatitis, steroid rosacea, acne, especially the diagnosis and therapy of cystic acne, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, viral infection (Heck's disease) and circumscribed scleroderma versus systemic sclerosis and hemiatrophy of the face. Our own findings reveal that the cytocinetics in the psoriatic lesion differ fundamentally from other epidermal inflammatory processes, especially as the DNS synthesis time is prolonged. And so we consider psoriasis to be an inborn fault in the metabolism of epidermal and other cells, which is only provoked by secondary influences (drugs, allergic reactions, local traumas). To our surprise cytocinetics in atopic dermatitis do not significantly differ in the dermal infiltrate from subacute allergic contact dermatitis. Pigmentation of the face also suggests the possibility of mercury intoxication.", "contents": "Differential diagnosis of inflammatory processes of the face. We have discussed some aspects of differential diagnosis of inflammatory processes of the facial skin. The disorders mentioned include: eczematous processes, rosacea-like dermatitis, steroid rosacea, acne, especially the diagnosis and therapy of cystic acne, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, viral infection (Heck's disease) and circumscribed scleroderma versus systemic sclerosis and hemiatrophy of the face. Our own findings reveal that the cytocinetics in the psoriatic lesion differ fundamentally from other epidermal inflammatory processes, especially as the DNS synthesis time is prolonged. And so we consider psoriasis to be an inborn fault in the metabolism of epidermal and other cells, which is only provoked by secondary influences (drugs, allergic reactions, local traumas). To our surprise cytocinetics in atopic dermatitis do not significantly differ in the dermal infiltrate from subacute allergic contact dermatitis. Pigmentation of the face also suggests the possibility of mercury intoxication."}
{"id": "PMID:148010", "title": "Quantitative histochemical studies of the hypothalamus. Control point enzymes following androgen sterilization.", "content": "Three control point enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were measured by quantitative histochemical methods in individual hypothalamic nuclei of adult neonatally androgenized female rats. HK activity was significantly increased in anterior hypothalamic nuclei: medial preoptic, lateral preoptic, and suprachiasmatic. PK was significantly elevated in the lateral preoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus and also in the medial mamillary nucleus and median eminence. No significant changes occurred in PFK activity.", "contents": "Quantitative histochemical studies of the hypothalamus. Control point enzymes following androgen sterilization. Three control point enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, hexokinase (HK), phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were measured by quantitative histochemical methods in individual hypothalamic nuclei of adult neonatally androgenized female rats. HK activity was significantly increased in anterior hypothalamic nuclei: medial preoptic, lateral preoptic, and suprachiasmatic. PK was significantly elevated in the lateral preoptic and suprachiasmatic nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus and also in the medial mamillary nucleus and median eminence. No significant changes occurred in PFK activity."}
{"id": "PMID:148020", "title": "[Arteriovenous aneurysm of the left internal thoracic artery with hypertrophy of the left upper limb (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report on a 5 years old boy suffering from a congenital arteriovenous fistula of the left internal thoracic artery. At the age of 9 months hypertrophy of the left arm combined with dilated veins in this area developed. Diagnosis was made by clinical examination together with a density in the left upper chest on x-ray and was confirmed by phlebography and thoracic aortography. A dilatation of the left heart, which was marked at the age of 9 months vanished in childhood without any therapy. The child was operated successfully.", "contents": "[Arteriovenous aneurysm of the left internal thoracic artery with hypertrophy of the left upper limb (author's transl)]. Case report on a 5 years old boy suffering from a congenital arteriovenous fistula of the left internal thoracic artery. At the age of 9 months hypertrophy of the left arm combined with dilated veins in this area developed. Diagnosis was made by clinical examination together with a density in the left upper chest on x-ray and was confirmed by phlebography and thoracic aortography. A dilatation of the left heart, which was marked at the age of 9 months vanished in childhood without any therapy. The child was operated successfully."}
{"id": "PMID:148021", "title": "[Experimental study of the factors influencing the multiplication and numbers of bream dactylogyrids].", "content": "Experiments conducted have shown that water temperature can affect dactylogyrids in two ways. From one hand, the direct influence stimulates the development and reproduction of the parasites that results in the increase of their abundance. From the other hand, the indirect effect can take place. The rise in the temperature increases the general resistence of the fish organism and favours the formation of immunological reaction to hyperinfection that causes the further fall in the parasite abundance. Thus, the seasonal dynamics of the abundance of dactylogyrids depends on the complex interaction of these two factors.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the factors influencing the multiplication and numbers of bream dactylogyrids]. Experiments conducted have shown that water temperature can affect dactylogyrids in two ways. From one hand, the direct influence stimulates the development and reproduction of the parasites that results in the increase of their abundance. From the other hand, the indirect effect can take place. The rise in the temperature increases the general resistence of the fish organism and favours the formation of immunological reaction to hyperinfection that causes the further fall in the parasite abundance. Thus, the seasonal dynamics of the abundance of dactylogyrids depends on the complex interaction of these two factors."}
{"id": "PMID:148023", "title": "[2 new species of nematodes of the family Dolichodoridae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from the soil around cotton roots].", "content": "The description and figures of two new species of nematodes of the genus Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913 are given. T. variannus sp. n. is characterized by an asymmetrical position and variation of the width of cuticular rings in the trophic, genital and caudal parts of the body. It differs from T. irregularis Wu, 1969 in the shape of the stylet and tail and in the number and width of the tail rings. T. chirchikensis sp. n. differs from allied species by the protrusion of the cuticle into the body around the vulva, length of the ovary, structure of the head capsule, stylet and tail and by the ratio between the tail length and body width of the anus.", "contents": "[2 new species of nematodes of the family Dolichodoridae (Nematoda: Tylenchida) from the soil around cotton roots]. The description and figures of two new species of nematodes of the genus Tylenchorhynchus Cobb, 1913 are given. T. variannus sp. n. is characterized by an asymmetrical position and variation of the width of cuticular rings in the trophic, genital and caudal parts of the body. It differs from T. irregularis Wu, 1969 in the shape of the stylet and tail and in the number and width of the tail rings. T. chirchikensis sp. n. differs from allied species by the protrusion of the cuticle into the body around the vulva, length of the ovary, structure of the head capsule, stylet and tail and by the ratio between the tail length and body width of the anus."}
{"id": "PMID:148024", "title": "[Ecological and faunistic analysis of fish parasites in the Murgab River basin (Pamirs)].", "content": "The parasite fauna of fishes of the Murgab river basin (the Bartang, Murgab, Oksu rivers and Lake Sarez) was first investigated. 44 species of helminths, protozoans and crustaceans were recorded from the above area. The ecological analysis of parasite fauna of Schizothorax intermedius, Schizopygopsis stoliczkai and Nemachilus stoliczkai was conducted and the factors affecting its distribution in different parts of the basin and in different species of hosts were established. The data were obtained on the peculiarities of parasitological processes in water bodies investigated.", "contents": "[Ecological and faunistic analysis of fish parasites in the Murgab River basin (Pamirs)]. The parasite fauna of fishes of the Murgab river basin (the Bartang, Murgab, Oksu rivers and Lake Sarez) was first investigated. 44 species of helminths, protozoans and crustaceans were recorded from the above area. The ecological analysis of parasite fauna of Schizothorax intermedius, Schizopygopsis stoliczkai and Nemachilus stoliczkai was conducted and the factors affecting its distribution in different parts of the basin and in different species of hosts were established. The data were obtained on the peculiarities of parasitological processes in water bodies investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:148028", "title": "Imperforate anus and colon calcification in association with the prune belly syndrome.", "content": "Two patients with the prune belly syndrome demonstrated colon calcifications and anorectal malformations. Bladder outlet obstruction was present in both cases. Calcifications were also found in the renal collecting system and bladder of one patient. No fistula was demonstrated between the genitourinary tract and bowel in either infant at autopsy. The calcification in the colon and urinary tract is probably secondary to stasis.", "contents": "Imperforate anus and colon calcification in association with the prune belly syndrome. Two patients with the prune belly syndrome demonstrated colon calcifications and anorectal malformations. Bladder outlet obstruction was present in both cases. Calcifications were also found in the renal collecting system and bladder of one patient. No fistula was demonstrated between the genitourinary tract and bowel in either infant at autopsy. The calcification in the colon and urinary tract is probably secondary to stasis."}
{"id": "PMID:148025", "title": "[New species of mosquito, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) gutzevichi sp. n. from Central Asia (Culiadae)].", "content": "A new species of mosquitoes. A. gutzevichi, is described. According to its structural peculiarities the species belongs to A. caspius group. According to the taxonomic characters (Gutzevich, Monchadsky, Stakelberg, 1970) larvae and females of the mosquito are close to A. mariae but differ from the latter in many morphological and ecological features. By the structure of hypopigium males belong to the group of the species A. mariae and A. pulchritarsis but differ from the former in smaller basal warts and approximated lobes of IXth tergite and from the latter in the square shape of phallosome, approximated lobes and in the absence of the thorn on the basal wart. Larvae of A. gutzevichi differ from all palaearctic species of Aedes in the size of siphon, its pubescence and pigmentation of hind valve of the stigmal plate.", "contents": "[New species of mosquito, Aedes (Ochlerotatus) gutzevichi sp. n. from Central Asia (Culiadae)]. A new species of mosquitoes. A. gutzevichi, is described. According to its structural peculiarities the species belongs to A. caspius group. According to the taxonomic characters (Gutzevich, Monchadsky, Stakelberg, 1970) larvae and females of the mosquito are close to A. mariae but differ from the latter in many morphological and ecological features. By the structure of hypopigium males belong to the group of the species A. mariae and A. pulchritarsis but differ from the former in smaller basal warts and approximated lobes of IXth tergite and from the latter in the square shape of phallosome, approximated lobes and in the absence of the thorn on the basal wart. Larvae of A. gutzevichi differ from all palaearctic species of Aedes in the size of siphon, its pubescence and pigmentation of hind valve of the stigmal plate."}
{"id": "PMID:148030", "title": "Familial nonobstructive cardiomyopathy with endocardial fibroelastosis beyond infancy.", "content": "A 10-year-old boy with congestive heart failure died in five months in spite of comprehensive medical treatment. Autopsy showed patchy areas of endocardial fibroelastosis of the left ventricle. The sister of this patient had followed a similar course at 13 years of age with death within six months of the onset of congestive failure. Her postmortem examination also showed endocardial fibroelastosis. The clinical presentation of familial endocardial fibroelastosis in the preteen and teenage years is a rare event. Probably the endocardial fibroelastosis was secondary to a familial nonobstructive cardiomyopathy.", "contents": "Familial nonobstructive cardiomyopathy with endocardial fibroelastosis beyond infancy. A 10-year-old boy with congestive heart failure died in five months in spite of comprehensive medical treatment. Autopsy showed patchy areas of endocardial fibroelastosis of the left ventricle. The sister of this patient had followed a similar course at 13 years of age with death within six months of the onset of congestive failure. Her postmortem examination also showed endocardial fibroelastosis. The clinical presentation of familial endocardial fibroelastosis in the preteen and teenage years is a rare event. Probably the endocardial fibroelastosis was secondary to a familial nonobstructive cardiomyopathy."}
{"id": "PMID:148026", "title": "[Development cycle of cattle sarcosporidia].", "content": "To establish the circulation of bovine sarcosporidia among wild animals of Uzbekistan foxes and young wolves were fed with bovine hearts and oesophaguses containing cysts of Sarkocystis bovicanis (= S. fusiformis). These animals were proved to be the final hosts of this species in nature. The prepatent period of S. bovicanis was found to be 7-8 and 7-9 days in foxes and young wolves, respectively and the patent one 33 and 28-34 days, respectively.", "contents": "[Development cycle of cattle sarcosporidia]. To establish the circulation of bovine sarcosporidia among wild animals of Uzbekistan foxes and young wolves were fed with bovine hearts and oesophaguses containing cysts of Sarkocystis bovicanis (= S. fusiformis). These animals were proved to be the final hosts of this species in nature. The prepatent period of S. bovicanis was found to be 7-8 and 7-9 days in foxes and young wolves, respectively and the patent one 33 and 28-34 days, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:148033", "title": "[The rheumatism of acne conglobata (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report a case of painful joint, para-articular and muscular involvement accompanying acne conglobata. Fifteen other cases of rheumatism associated with this very special type of acne have been reported. The patients affected are young men suffering from acne conglobata (severe form of acne characterised by its ulcerating course and the possibility of its being accompanied by systemic manifestations), who suddenly develop fever, an altered general state and assymetrical arthralgia involving mainly the large joints, accompanied by signs of muscular involvement. The course is one of spontaneous recovery, relapses being possible. This falls within the context of the group of rheumatic disorders associated with the signs of an inflammatory skin disease.", "contents": "[The rheumatism of acne conglobata (author's transl)]. The authors report a case of painful joint, para-articular and muscular involvement accompanying acne conglobata. Fifteen other cases of rheumatism associated with this very special type of acne have been reported. The patients affected are young men suffering from acne conglobata (severe form of acne characterised by its ulcerating course and the possibility of its being accompanied by systemic manifestations), who suddenly develop fever, an altered general state and assymetrical arthralgia involving mainly the large joints, accompanied by signs of muscular involvement. The course is one of spontaneous recovery, relapses being possible. This falls within the context of the group of rheumatic disorders associated with the signs of an inflammatory skin disease."}
{"id": "PMID:148034", "title": "[Low back pain of dorse-lumbar origin: surgical treatment of post\u00e9rlor articular capsule excision (author's transl)].", "content": "Low back pain may be of dorso-lumbar spinal origin. Pain is transmitted via the posterior branches of the D11, D12, and L1 spinal nerves. The existence in the patient with lumbago of an area of localised pain along the iliac crest, of subcutaneous tenderness or pain in the buttock and of pain over the dorso-lumbar joints is indicative of the diagnosis. Local infiltration at the site of dorso-lumbar tenderness often causes the low back pain to disappear, often temporarily. Since the posterior branches of the spinal nerves are struck down to the capsules of the inter-apophyseal joints, it was felt that excision of these capsules would reproduce, in a permanent manner, the effects of these infiltrations. On the basis of initial results these are grounds for hope relief for certain cases of unexplained lumbar pain or of the sequellae of low lumbar surgery.", "contents": "[Low back pain of dorse-lumbar origin: surgical treatment of post\u00e9rlor articular capsule excision (author's transl)]. Low back pain may be of dorso-lumbar spinal origin. Pain is transmitted via the posterior branches of the D11, D12, and L1 spinal nerves. The existence in the patient with lumbago of an area of localised pain along the iliac crest, of subcutaneous tenderness or pain in the buttock and of pain over the dorso-lumbar joints is indicative of the diagnosis. Local infiltration at the site of dorso-lumbar tenderness often causes the low back pain to disappear, often temporarily. Since the posterior branches of the spinal nerves are struck down to the capsules of the inter-apophyseal joints, it was felt that excision of these capsules would reproduce, in a permanent manner, the effects of these infiltrations. On the basis of initial results these are grounds for hope relief for certain cases of unexplained lumbar pain or of the sequellae of low lumbar surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:148036", "title": "5'-Halogeno-2',3'-cyclic sulphite isomers in the preparation of 5'-halogeno nucleosides. Synthesis of 5'-deoxyuridine and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine.", "content": "When uridine (Ia) is reacted with thionyl chloride in hexamethylphosphoric triamide a mixture of isomeric 5'-chloro-2',3'-sulphites is formed, which can be separated to individual epimers IIa and IIIa, in 45% and 15% yields, respectively. Analogously, crystalline epimers IIb (37%) and IIIb (17%) can be obtained from 5-fluorouridine (Ib). Both isomers IIa, IIIa (or IIb, IIIb) afford a single 5'-chloro derivative IVa (or IVb, respectively) if treated with 0.1N sodium methoxide. From the mixture of sulphites IIa and IIIa (or IIb and IIIb) crystalline 5'-chlorouridine IVa is formed in 84.5% yield, calculated per starting uridine Ia (or crystalline 5'-chloro-5-fluorouridine IVb, 85.5% per starting 5-fluorouridine Ib, respectively). On reduction of 5'-chlorouridine IVa with tributyltin hydride 5'-deoxyuridine (Va) is formed in 79% yield. During the reduction of 5'-chloro-5-fluoro derivative IVb to 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (Vb, 57%) a partial reductive elimination of 5-fluorine takes place under formation of 5'-deoxyuridine (Va, 9%).", "contents": "5'-Halogeno-2',3'-cyclic sulphite isomers in the preparation of 5'-halogeno nucleosides. Synthesis of 5'-deoxyuridine and 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine. When uridine (Ia) is reacted with thionyl chloride in hexamethylphosphoric triamide a mixture of isomeric 5'-chloro-2',3'-sulphites is formed, which can be separated to individual epimers IIa and IIIa, in 45% and 15% yields, respectively. Analogously, crystalline epimers IIb (37%) and IIIb (17%) can be obtained from 5-fluorouridine (Ib). Both isomers IIa, IIIa (or IIb, IIIb) afford a single 5'-chloro derivative IVa (or IVb, respectively) if treated with 0.1N sodium methoxide. From the mixture of sulphites IIa and IIIa (or IIb and IIIb) crystalline 5'-chlorouridine IVa is formed in 84.5% yield, calculated per starting uridine Ia (or crystalline 5'-chloro-5-fluorouridine IVb, 85.5% per starting 5-fluorouridine Ib, respectively). On reduction of 5'-chlorouridine IVa with tributyltin hydride 5'-deoxyuridine (Va) is formed in 79% yield. During the reduction of 5'-chloro-5-fluoro derivative IVb to 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (Vb, 57%) a partial reductive elimination of 5-fluorine takes place under formation of 5'-deoxyuridine (Va, 9%)."}
{"id": "PMID:148040", "title": "Brain serotonin and epileptic seizures in mice: a pharmacological and biochemical study.", "content": "5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) reduced the intensity of both audiogenic and pentylenetrazol seizures. p-Chlorophenylalanine reduced audiogenic seizure (AGS) susceptibility but failed to change the pentylenetetrazol seizure (PTS). Drugs blocking brain serotonin (5-HT) receptors suppressed AGS but caused no clear effects upon PTS. Pentylenetetraziol-induced shock increased brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5hiaa) concentrations and decreased 5-HT levels. Single audiogenic shock decreased the acumulation of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the brains of mice pretreated with 5-HTP. On the other hand PTS increased the accumulation of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the brains of mice pretreated with 5-HTP. It is suggested that AGS decrease brain 5-HT turnover whilst PTS cause an opposite effect.", "contents": "Brain serotonin and epileptic seizures in mice: a pharmacological and biochemical study. 5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) reduced the intensity of both audiogenic and pentylenetrazol seizures. p-Chlorophenylalanine reduced audiogenic seizure (AGS) susceptibility but failed to change the pentylenetetrazol seizure (PTS). Drugs blocking brain serotonin (5-HT) receptors suppressed AGS but caused no clear effects upon PTS. Pentylenetetraziol-induced shock increased brain 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5hiaa) concentrations and decreased 5-HT levels. Single audiogenic shock decreased the acumulation of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the brains of mice pretreated with 5-HTP. On the other hand PTS increased the accumulation of 5-HT and 5-HIAA in the brains of mice pretreated with 5-HTP. It is suggested that AGS decrease brain 5-HT turnover whilst PTS cause an opposite effect."}
{"id": "PMID:148045", "title": "[Action of O,N'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (O,N'-DDD) on adrenal cortical ATPase].", "content": "The action of the inhibitor of the adrenal gland function of dogs--o,n'-DDD--on ATP-ases was studied experimentally. In a concentration of 0.2--1.0 mM o,n'-DDD inhibited the Na+, K+. Mg2+-ATP-ases of the homogenate, and also the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the dog adrenal cortex. The effect of the inhibitor became intensified with the temperature elevation. An inhibition of ATP-ases in the homogenate and the microsomal fraction was noted as a result of a single feeding of o,n'-DDD to dogs (50 mg per 1 kg of body weight). A double o,n'-DDD feeding caused activation of the enzymes in the homogenate and the mitochondrial fraction.", "contents": "[Action of O,N'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (O,N'-DDD) on adrenal cortical ATPase]. The action of the inhibitor of the adrenal gland function of dogs--o,n'-DDD--on ATP-ases was studied experimentally. In a concentration of 0.2--1.0 mM o,n'-DDD inhibited the Na+, K+. Mg2+-ATP-ases of the homogenate, and also the mitochondrial and microsomal fractions of the dog adrenal cortex. The effect of the inhibitor became intensified with the temperature elevation. An inhibition of ATP-ases in the homogenate and the microsomal fraction was noted as a result of a single feeding of o,n'-DDD to dogs (50 mg per 1 kg of body weight). A double o,n'-DDD feeding caused activation of the enzymes in the homogenate and the mitochondrial fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:148049", "title": "Human bronchus-mediated mutagenesis of mammalian cells by carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons.", "content": "Cultured human bronchial explants activated benzo[alpha]pyrene (BzaP) into electrophilic metabolites that bind to DNA in bronchial epithelial cells. Promutagenic and mutagenic metabolites of BzaP were also released into the culture medium. An increase in mutation frequency for ouabain resistance was found in Chinese hamster V-79 cells when they were cocultivated with bronchial explants in the presence of BzaP. The proximate carcinogenic form of BzaP, the 7,8-diol [(+/-)-r7,t8-dihyroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene], was 5-fold more potent as a promutagen than the parent compound. Neither BzaP nor the 7,8-diol increased the mutation frequency in V-79 cells when they were cultured without bronchial explants. The mutation frequency was directly related to the binding levels of BzaP to bronchial DNA and the concentratin of either BzaP or the 7,8-diol in the medium.", "contents": "Human bronchus-mediated mutagenesis of mammalian cells by carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Cultured human bronchial explants activated benzo[alpha]pyrene (BzaP) into electrophilic metabolites that bind to DNA in bronchial epithelial cells. Promutagenic and mutagenic metabolites of BzaP were also released into the culture medium. An increase in mutation frequency for ouabain resistance was found in Chinese hamster V-79 cells when they were cocultivated with bronchial explants in the presence of BzaP. The proximate carcinogenic form of BzaP, the 7,8-diol [(+/-)-r7,t8-dihyroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene], was 5-fold more potent as a promutagen than the parent compound. Neither BzaP nor the 7,8-diol increased the mutation frequency in V-79 cells when they were cultured without bronchial explants. The mutation frequency was directly related to the binding levels of BzaP to bronchial DNA and the concentratin of either BzaP or the 7,8-diol in the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:148053", "title": "Effect of ovarectomy of females and oestrogen administration to males during the neonatal critical period on salt intake in adulthood in rats.", "content": "The effect of interference in the neonatal critical period on water and salt solution (3% NaCl) intake by adult rats given a free choice of these fluids was studied. Consumption was expressed per animal, per 100 g body weight and as the NaCl concentration in the total daily fluid intake volume [NaCl]I. Newborn female rats were ovarectomized or sham-ovarectomized. Ovarectomy markedly reduces consumption and  [NaCl]I in adulthood and brought these values close to the values in normal males. Newborn male rats were injected with 1 mg oestradiol propionate dissolved in oil or just with oil. Oestradiol propionate severely inhibited growth, but produced no changes in fluid intake per animal. The [NaCl]I values were likewise unaltered, but owing to the lower body weight comsumption values per 100 g b.w. were higher in rats given oestradiol propionate than in those given oil. The relationship of the given growth changes to the regulation of salt intake and to hypothalamic function and its sexual correlates is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of ovarectomy of females and oestrogen administration to males during the neonatal critical period on salt intake in adulthood in rats. The effect of interference in the neonatal critical period on water and salt solution (3% NaCl) intake by adult rats given a free choice of these fluids was studied. Consumption was expressed per animal, per 100 g body weight and as the NaCl concentration in the total daily fluid intake volume [NaCl]I. Newborn female rats were ovarectomized or sham-ovarectomized. Ovarectomy markedly reduces consumption and  [NaCl]I in adulthood and brought these values close to the values in normal males. Newborn male rats were injected with 1 mg oestradiol propionate dissolved in oil or just with oil. Oestradiol propionate severely inhibited growth, but produced no changes in fluid intake per animal. The [NaCl]I values were likewise unaltered, but owing to the lower body weight comsumption values per 100 g b.w. were higher in rats given oestradiol propionate than in those given oil. The relationship of the given growth changes to the regulation of salt intake and to hypothalamic function and its sexual correlates is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148054", "title": "Triggering of discharges from an epileptogenic focus in the rat by stimulation of the contralateral hemisphere. an ontogenetic study.", "content": "Fifty-two male albino rats aged 7, 9, 12 and 18 days and adult, immobilized with d-turbocurarine, were studied. Discharges were triggered from a penicillin focus with electrical pulses of double the threshold intensity needed to evoke an interhemispheric response (IHR). Developmental changes in the IHR and in spontaneous interictal discharges did not differ from the results described in earlier studies. Practically no discharges could be triggered in 7-day old animals (only a few at a very low stimulation frequency). In the other age groups, discharges were triggered at two optimal frequencies, of which the lower one rose from 0.1 to 0.6 c/s during development, while the higher one was relatively stable (about 1 c/s). With higher frequency triggering, marked signs of fatigue of the focus (intermittent triggering, loss of the main negative wave) appeared, especially in young animals. The averaged shape of triggered discharges was similar in 9- and 12-day-old rats. It consisted of a first IHR positivity which triggered the first positive wave of the focal discharge, followed by a high negative wave. In the 18-day-old and adult group, both initial positive waves merged to form a single wave. The duration of the individual waves of the triggered discharge was not significantly shorter than the duration of the corresponding waves of spontaneous discharge.", "contents": "Triggering of discharges from an epileptogenic focus in the rat by stimulation of the contralateral hemisphere. an ontogenetic study. Fifty-two male albino rats aged 7, 9, 12 and 18 days and adult, immobilized with d-turbocurarine, were studied. Discharges were triggered from a penicillin focus with electrical pulses of double the threshold intensity needed to evoke an interhemispheric response (IHR). Developmental changes in the IHR and in spontaneous interictal discharges did not differ from the results described in earlier studies. Practically no discharges could be triggered in 7-day old animals (only a few at a very low stimulation frequency). In the other age groups, discharges were triggered at two optimal frequencies, of which the lower one rose from 0.1 to 0.6 c/s during development, while the higher one was relatively stable (about 1 c/s). With higher frequency triggering, marked signs of fatigue of the focus (intermittent triggering, loss of the main negative wave) appeared, especially in young animals. The averaged shape of triggered discharges was similar in 9- and 12-day-old rats. It consisted of a first IHR positivity which triggered the first positive wave of the focal discharge, followed by a high negative wave. In the 18-day-old and adult group, both initial positive waves merged to form a single wave. The duration of the individual waves of the triggered discharge was not significantly shorter than the duration of the corresponding waves of spontaneous discharge."}
{"id": "PMID:148055", "title": "Capillary filtration during postischaemic hyperaemia in human limbs.", "content": "The rate of capillary filtration after 5 minutes' ischaemia of the lower limbs was studied in man by the venous occlusive plethysmography method. The measured values were 3 times lower on an average than the control values. Comparison of the plethysmographic curves with isotope recordings after the intravenous administration of In-113m shows that volume changes induced by venous occlusion during reactive hyperaemia take place mainly intravascularly and do not allow any conclusions to be drawn on changes in blood-tissue fluid shifts.", "contents": "Capillary filtration during postischaemic hyperaemia in human limbs. The rate of capillary filtration after 5 minutes' ischaemia of the lower limbs was studied in man by the venous occlusive plethysmography method. The measured values were 3 times lower on an average than the control values. Comparison of the plethysmographic curves with isotope recordings after the intravenous administration of In-113m shows that volume changes induced by venous occlusion during reactive hyperaemia take place mainly intravascularly and do not allow any conclusions to be drawn on changes in blood-tissue fluid shifts."}
{"id": "PMID:148056", "title": "Long systems of the dorsolateral fascicle: influence of afferentation from the splanchnic region.", "content": "The influence of afferentation from the splanchnic region on the activity of long systems in the dorsolateral fascicle (DLF) was studied in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Ascending axons (the dorsal spinocerebellar tract, DSCT and the spinocervical tract, SCT) did not respond to splanchnic stimuli. Conditioning from the splanchnic region modified their activity; the effect (mainly inhibitory) was strongest in the case of exteroceptive channels. The reaction of long propriospinal neurones depended on whether they belonged to ascending or descending pathways. No responses to splanchic stimuli were observed in the axons of ascending (proprioceptive, exteroceptive) units and conditioning from the splanchnic region only modified their activity. In decending axons, synaptic discharges with a long latent period (over 20 msec) were generated. The interaction of inputs from the visceral and somatosensory regions resulted in reciprocal inhibition of the tested activity. In axons descending from suprasegmental areas, splanchnic afferentation generated synaptic discharges with a time course comparable to spino-bulbo-spinal activity. Interaction with the responses from somatic nerves resulted inhibition of the tested activity. The results confirmed that the splanchnic region participates in modifying and evoking activity in the long DLF systems.", "contents": "Long systems of the dorsolateral fascicle: influence of afferentation from the splanchnic region. The influence of afferentation from the splanchnic region on the activity of long systems in the dorsolateral fascicle (DLF) was studied in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Ascending axons (the dorsal spinocerebellar tract, DSCT and the spinocervical tract, SCT) did not respond to splanchnic stimuli. Conditioning from the splanchnic region modified their activity; the effect (mainly inhibitory) was strongest in the case of exteroceptive channels. The reaction of long propriospinal neurones depended on whether they belonged to ascending or descending pathways. No responses to splanchic stimuli were observed in the axons of ascending (proprioceptive, exteroceptive) units and conditioning from the splanchnic region only modified their activity. In decending axons, synaptic discharges with a long latent period (over 20 msec) were generated. The interaction of inputs from the visceral and somatosensory regions resulted in reciprocal inhibition of the tested activity. In axons descending from suprasegmental areas, splanchnic afferentation generated synaptic discharges with a time course comparable to spino-bulbo-spinal activity. Interaction with the responses from somatic nerves resulted inhibition of the tested activity. The results confirmed that the splanchnic region participates in modifying and evoking activity in the long DLF systems."}
{"id": "PMID:148057", "title": "Induction of lipid synthesis in mammary organ cultures from mature virgin and pregnant goats.", "content": "The hormones needed to induce lipogenesis in mammary organ cultures from mature virgin and pregnant goats were studied. In tissues from both mature virgin goats and goats at week 10 of pregnancy, cultivated in Waymouth medium without hormones, the rate of the incorporation of (1-(14C))-acetate into the lipids was low and decreased throughout culture. In the presence of insulin, the rate of acetate incorporation was maintained at a higher level. Cortisol acted synergistically with insulin, to produce a rate of lipid synthesis higher than that using insulin alone. The further addition of prolactin had little effect on the incorporation of acetate into the lipids of mammary explants from mature virgin goats, but markedly stimulated it in tissue from animals at weeks 9--10 of pregnancy. The maximum increase in the rate of lipid synthesis was achieved in the presence of 0.5 microgram prolactin/ml, whereas with growth hormone 50 microgram/ml was needed for the maximum effect. The initial rate of acetate incorporation into mammary explants from goats at weeks 13 and 18 of pregnancy was high. It was not stimulated by the hormones during culture, however, and decreased more rapidly in the absence of hormones than in their presence. The rate of acetate incorporation into the lipids was in agreement with the histological evaluation of the secretory response of the mammary explants after cultivation. The secretory response to prolactin and the rate of the incorporation of acetate into the lipids were highest in goats at weeks 9--10 of pregnancy while in tissues from goats at weeks 13 and 18 were not stimulated and decreased during culture.", "contents": "Induction of lipid synthesis in mammary organ cultures from mature virgin and pregnant goats. The hormones needed to induce lipogenesis in mammary organ cultures from mature virgin and pregnant goats were studied. In tissues from both mature virgin goats and goats at week 10 of pregnancy, cultivated in Waymouth medium without hormones, the rate of the incorporation of (1-(14C))-acetate into the lipids was low and decreased throughout culture. In the presence of insulin, the rate of acetate incorporation was maintained at a higher level. Cortisol acted synergistically with insulin, to produce a rate of lipid synthesis higher than that using insulin alone. The further addition of prolactin had little effect on the incorporation of acetate into the lipids of mammary explants from mature virgin goats, but markedly stimulated it in tissue from animals at weeks 9--10 of pregnancy. The maximum increase in the rate of lipid synthesis was achieved in the presence of 0.5 microgram prolactin/ml, whereas with growth hormone 50 microgram/ml was needed for the maximum effect. The initial rate of acetate incorporation into mammary explants from goats at weeks 13 and 18 of pregnancy was high. It was not stimulated by the hormones during culture, however, and decreased more rapidly in the absence of hormones than in their presence. The rate of acetate incorporation into the lipids was in agreement with the histological evaluation of the secretory response of the mammary explants after cultivation. The secretory response to prolactin and the rate of the incorporation of acetate into the lipids were highest in goats at weeks 9--10 of pregnancy while in tissues from goats at weeks 13 and 18 were not stimulated and decreased during culture."}
{"id": "PMID:148058", "title": "Metabolic vasodilatation in skeletal muscle and the problem of the direct or indirect action of oxygen on resistant blood vessels.", "content": "1. Vasodilatation induced by venous blood infusion and reactive hyperaemia following the reduction of perfusion pressure for different lengths of time (1 to 128 sec) were studied in the haemodynamically isolated and denervated vascular bed of the dog gracilis muscle. The two local regulatory situations differed chiefly in respect to the oxygen concentration in the precapillary part of the blood bed (51.4% and 97.6% respectively) and in the size of the blood flow (100% and 48.5% of the resting value). 2. The interval between the time when venous blood entered the resistant precapillary vessels and the onset of the local regulatory response was 25.1 +/- 1.9 seconds. In prolongation of the duration of reduced perfusion pressure, the continuous increase in the maximum reactive hyperaemia value was interrupted, on reducing it for 16-32 seconds, by a significant (P less than 0.001) abrupt increase in this value. 3. We conclude from the good agreement of these two time values that: 1. reduction of the blood oxygen concentration to 51.4% does not directly affect the smooth muscle cells in the wall of resistant vessels; 2. an interval of 25.1 +/- 1.9 sec (16-32 seconds) is needed for interference with the metabolism of skeletal muscle to attain a critical value and for the relevant chemical signal to produce a dilatation response in the arterioles.", "contents": "Metabolic vasodilatation in skeletal muscle and the problem of the direct or indirect action of oxygen on resistant blood vessels. 1. Vasodilatation induced by venous blood infusion and reactive hyperaemia following the reduction of perfusion pressure for different lengths of time (1 to 128 sec) were studied in the haemodynamically isolated and denervated vascular bed of the dog gracilis muscle. The two local regulatory situations differed chiefly in respect to the oxygen concentration in the precapillary part of the blood bed (51.4% and 97.6% respectively) and in the size of the blood flow (100% and 48.5% of the resting value). 2. The interval between the time when venous blood entered the resistant precapillary vessels and the onset of the local regulatory response was 25.1 +/- 1.9 seconds. In prolongation of the duration of reduced perfusion pressure, the continuous increase in the maximum reactive hyperaemia value was interrupted, on reducing it for 16-32 seconds, by a significant (P less than 0.001) abrupt increase in this value. 3. We conclude from the good agreement of these two time values that: 1. reduction of the blood oxygen concentration to 51.4% does not directly affect the smooth muscle cells in the wall of resistant vessels; 2. an interval of 25.1 +/- 1.9 sec (16-32 seconds) is needed for interference with the metabolism of skeletal muscle to attain a critical value and for the relevant chemical signal to produce a dilatation response in the arterioles."}
{"id": "PMID:148059", "title": "Incorporation of 14C-thymidine into liver and brain DNA of protein-deficient rats.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of a protein-free diet on 14C-thymidine incorporation into rat liver DNA in vivo and found, after 2-3 weeks, a marked decrease in uptake of the radioactive base into the liver DNA, followed by a decrease in the proportion of DNA in liver cell homogenates. The total nuclear count/mg liver tissue displayed an increase during protein depletion, except for the 5th week, when a decrease was recorded. The incorporation of 14C thymidine into the brain DNA likewise displayed no great differences, although a significant drop was observed during the 2nd to 4th week of depletion. In the 5th week we recorded an increase in uptake of the radioactive base by brain DNA, exceeding the incorporation values in the controls.", "contents": "Incorporation of 14C-thymidine into liver and brain DNA of protein-deficient rats. The authors studied the effect of a protein-free diet on 14C-thymidine incorporation into rat liver DNA in vivo and found, after 2-3 weeks, a marked decrease in uptake of the radioactive base into the liver DNA, followed by a decrease in the proportion of DNA in liver cell homogenates. The total nuclear count/mg liver tissue displayed an increase during protein depletion, except for the 5th week, when a decrease was recorded. The incorporation of 14C thymidine into the brain DNA likewise displayed no great differences, although a significant drop was observed during the 2nd to 4th week of depletion. In the 5th week we recorded an increase in uptake of the radioactive base by brain DNA, exceeding the incorporation values in the controls."}
{"id": "PMID:148060", "title": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos supraspinal control.", "content": "Changes in spontaneous motility were studied in 11- to 19-day-old chick embryos after acute and chronic decapitation. Chronic decapitation was performed on the 2nd day of incubation, at stage 11--14. Up to the 15th day, acute decapitation merely reduced the frequency of spontaneous movements. In 17-day embryos it was followed by typical spinal shock, with transient complete disappearance of spontaneous movements of the embryo. The duration of spontaneous motor depression was proportional to the age of the embryo. After the 15th day of incubation, spinal decentralization changed continuous to discontinuous motor activity, with spontaneous paroxysms of high amplitude movements followed by long intervals of motor rest. Chronic decapitation was manifested, from the 15th day of incubation, in significant reduction of spontaneous movement frequency and again in discontinuous motility. A microscopic anatomical analysis of the spinal cord of decapitated embryos showed defects of the tracts in the lateral and ventromedial area of the cord and degenerative injury of the motoneurones in the ventral horns. Supraspinal control thus does not begin to act effectively on the spontaneous motility of chick embryos until about the 15th day of incubation. Supraspinal factors modulate both the frequency and the rhythm of spontaneous movements and are evidently also indispensable for normal morphological development of the spinal cord motor apparatus of chick embryos.", "contents": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos supraspinal control. Changes in spontaneous motility were studied in 11- to 19-day-old chick embryos after acute and chronic decapitation. Chronic decapitation was performed on the 2nd day of incubation, at stage 11--14. Up to the 15th day, acute decapitation merely reduced the frequency of spontaneous movements. In 17-day embryos it was followed by typical spinal shock, with transient complete disappearance of spontaneous movements of the embryo. The duration of spontaneous motor depression was proportional to the age of the embryo. After the 15th day of incubation, spinal decentralization changed continuous to discontinuous motor activity, with spontaneous paroxysms of high amplitude movements followed by long intervals of motor rest. Chronic decapitation was manifested, from the 15th day of incubation, in significant reduction of spontaneous movement frequency and again in discontinuous motility. A microscopic anatomical analysis of the spinal cord of decapitated embryos showed defects of the tracts in the lateral and ventromedial area of the cord and degenerative injury of the motoneurones in the ventral horns. Supraspinal control thus does not begin to act effectively on the spontaneous motility of chick embryos until about the 15th day of incubation. Supraspinal factors modulate both the frequency and the rhythm of spontaneous movements and are evidently also indispensable for normal morphological development of the spinal cord motor apparatus of chick embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:148061", "title": "Fatty acid synthesis in vitro in the liver and adipose tissue of rats of various ages.", "content": "In white male Wistar rats aged 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 32 months, receiving a standard laboratory diet (25 cal% proteins, 22 cal% fat and 53 cal% glycides) we assessed the total amount of fatty acids in the carcass and in vitro lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissue by the means of glucose-14C(U). The amount of body fat increased with age; the highest rate of increase in the percentage of body fat occurs 2 to 4 months after birth. Incorporation of 14C of glucose into total liver lipids attains maximum values in the group of rats age 2 to 4 months. By the age of 6 months lipogenesis decreased to a level observed in all the remaining age groups. In adipose tissue, the incorporation of 14C into total lipids decreased between the age of 2 to 4 months, a further decrease was observed around the age of 6 months. No appreciable changes were noted in any of the older age groups.", "contents": "Fatty acid synthesis in vitro in the liver and adipose tissue of rats of various ages. In white male Wistar rats aged 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 32 months, receiving a standard laboratory diet (25 cal% proteins, 22 cal% fat and 53 cal% glycides) we assessed the total amount of fatty acids in the carcass and in vitro lipogenesis in liver and adipose tissue by the means of glucose-14C(U). The amount of body fat increased with age; the highest rate of increase in the percentage of body fat occurs 2 to 4 months after birth. Incorporation of 14C of glucose into total liver lipids attains maximum values in the group of rats age 2 to 4 months. By the age of 6 months lipogenesis decreased to a level observed in all the remaining age groups. In adipose tissue, the incorporation of 14C into total lipids decreased between the age of 2 to 4 months, a further decrease was observed around the age of 6 months. No appreciable changes were noted in any of the older age groups."}
{"id": "PMID:148066", "title": "Effect of p-chlorophenylalnine on the loss and maintenance of tolerance to ethanol.", "content": "Rats were rendered tolerant to the motor-impairing effects of ethanol by daily oral administration. Subsequently, ethanol was withdrawn and the effect of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) on tolerance loss was examined. In two separate studies it was demonstrated that p-CPA, in a dosage regimen that produces extensive depletion of brain serotonin (5-HT), accelerated tolerance loss. These experiments suggest that at least part of p-CPA's inhibitory effect on net tolerance development to ethanol can be accounted for by its accelerating effect on tolerance loss; however, an inhibitory effect on tolerance acquisition cannot be excluded. On the other hand, once tolerance was established, p-CPA did not affect the maintenance of tolerance to ethanol.", "contents": "Effect of p-chlorophenylalnine on the loss and maintenance of tolerance to ethanol. Rats were rendered tolerant to the motor-impairing effects of ethanol by daily oral administration. Subsequently, ethanol was withdrawn and the effect of p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) on tolerance loss was examined. In two separate studies it was demonstrated that p-CPA, in a dosage regimen that produces extensive depletion of brain serotonin (5-HT), accelerated tolerance loss. These experiments suggest that at least part of p-CPA's inhibitory effect on net tolerance development to ethanol can be accounted for by its accelerating effect on tolerance loss; however, an inhibitory effect on tolerance acquisition cannot be excluded. On the other hand, once tolerance was established, p-CPA did not affect the maintenance of tolerance to ethanol."}
{"id": "PMID:148068", "title": "Abnormal intestinal motility in gastroschisis.", "content": "The authors describe abnormal intestinal motility with a very slow transit time in eight children with gastroschisis. Other abnormal findings include malrotation, dilatation, and fixation of the loops of the bowel.", "contents": "Abnormal intestinal motility in gastroschisis. The authors describe abnormal intestinal motility with a very slow transit time in eight children with gastroschisis. Other abnormal findings include malrotation, dilatation, and fixation of the loops of the bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:148085", "title": "[Fractures of long bones in Paget's disease treated by plating (author's transl)].", "content": "The author advocates the fixation by plating of the fractures and curves of long bones in Paget's disease. This method is described as easy and three cases of fractures of the femur are described. The biomechanical problems of pagetic bone are analysed. It is concluded that straightening of the curves and fracture fixation must be performed simultaneously. Therefore the plates must be long enough for bridging the pathological area of the bone. Later on the plate should be left in place for prevention of further increase of the curves.", "contents": "[Fractures of long bones in Paget's disease treated by plating (author's transl)]. The author advocates the fixation by plating of the fractures and curves of long bones in Paget's disease. This method is described as easy and three cases of fractures of the femur are described. The biomechanical problems of pagetic bone are analysed. It is concluded that straightening of the curves and fracture fixation must be performed simultaneously. Therefore the plates must be long enough for bridging the pathological area of the bone. Later on the plate should be left in place for prevention of further increase of the curves."}
{"id": "PMID:148088", "title": "[Aneurysm due to an exostosis of the upper end of the tibia (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a case of aneurysm of the popliteal artery which developed in the vicinity of a solitary bony exostosis. In a review of the literature they found 33 other cases, in the majority of which the aneurysm was a false aneurysm. Diagnosis was made by arteriography. The results of treatment were good unless complications such as thrombosis or emboli were already present. In the authors' case, resection of the exostosis and arterial grafts were performed with a good end result.", "contents": "[Aneurysm due to an exostosis of the upper end of the tibia (author's transl)]. The authors describe a case of aneurysm of the popliteal artery which developed in the vicinity of a solitary bony exostosis. In a review of the literature they found 33 other cases, in the majority of which the aneurysm was a false aneurysm. Diagnosis was made by arteriography. The results of treatment were good unless complications such as thrombosis or emboli were already present. In the authors' case, resection of the exostosis and arterial grafts were performed with a good end result."}
{"id": "PMID:148091", "title": "[Simultaneous bilateral avulsion of the quadriceps and Achilles tendons in 1 limb and of the patellar tendon in the other in a hyperparathyroid patient on chronic hemodialysis].", "content": "A case of simultaneous rupture of three tendons is reported in a patient who had suffered a bilateral nephrectomy six years earlier and was on chronic haemodialysis. The quadriceps tendon and the patellar tendon were repaired surgically. The rupture of the tendo Achillis was left untreated. Six days later a parathyroidectomy was performed; nine months later recovery was excellent. A review of the literature has been made. The role of hyperparathyroidism in the strength of the bone-tendon junction is discussed.", "contents": "[Simultaneous bilateral avulsion of the quadriceps and Achilles tendons in 1 limb and of the patellar tendon in the other in a hyperparathyroid patient on chronic hemodialysis]. A case of simultaneous rupture of three tendons is reported in a patient who had suffered a bilateral nephrectomy six years earlier and was on chronic haemodialysis. The quadriceps tendon and the patellar tendon were repaired surgically. The rupture of the tendo Achillis was left untreated. Six days later a parathyroidectomy was performed; nine months later recovery was excellent. A review of the literature has been made. The role of hyperparathyroidism in the strength of the bone-tendon junction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148095", "title": "Alpha-hydroxylation in the metabolism of N-nitrosopiperidine by rat liver microsomes: formation of 5-hydroxypentanal.", "content": "Metabolism of n-nitrosopiperidine by a purified microsomal preparation from rat liver was shown to yield 5-hydroxypentanal. This is the predicted product for a pathway involving an initial oxidation of the nitrosamine at the carbon atom alpha to the nitroso group.", "contents": "Alpha-hydroxylation in the metabolism of N-nitrosopiperidine by rat liver microsomes: formation of 5-hydroxypentanal. Metabolism of n-nitrosopiperidine by a purified microsomal preparation from rat liver was shown to yield 5-hydroxypentanal. This is the predicted product for a pathway involving an initial oxidation of the nitrosamine at the carbon atom alpha to the nitroso group."}
{"id": "PMID:148099", "title": "ATP-ase activity of purified human normal T- and B-lymphocytes.", "content": "In 15 healthy individuals the ATP-ase activity of circulating B-lymphocytes was found to be significantly higher than of T-lymphocytes. Two different methods were used for the purification of B- and T-lymphocytes and the result was independent of which one of these methods was used. The demonstration of different ATP-ase activities of unstimulated B- and T-lymphocytes corresponds well with previously published histochemical findings in lymphatic tissues examined for ATP-ase activity. It is concluded from the present study that because of overlapping values determination of the lymphocyte ATP-ase activity cannot serve as a single marker for the B- and T-cell nature of human lymphocytes, but demonstration of an unusual high ATP-ase activity in unstimulated lymphocytes will serve as additional identification of these as belonging to the B-lymphocyte population.", "contents": "ATP-ase activity of purified human normal T- and B-lymphocytes. In 15 healthy individuals the ATP-ase activity of circulating B-lymphocytes was found to be significantly higher than of T-lymphocytes. Two different methods were used for the purification of B- and T-lymphocytes and the result was independent of which one of these methods was used. The demonstration of different ATP-ase activities of unstimulated B- and T-lymphocytes corresponds well with previously published histochemical findings in lymphatic tissues examined for ATP-ase activity. It is concluded from the present study that because of overlapping values determination of the lymphocyte ATP-ase activity cannot serve as a single marker for the B- and T-cell nature of human lymphocytes, but demonstration of an unusual high ATP-ase activity in unstimulated lymphocytes will serve as additional identification of these as belonging to the B-lymphocyte population."}
{"id": "PMID:148106", "title": "Lumbosacral arachnoiditis.", "content": "One hundred patients with lumbosacral adhesive arachnoiditis documented either directly at surgery or by unequivocal myelography served as the basis for this report on the pathologic process. Nomenclature for this disease, involving radiculitis, arachnoiditis, and adhesive arachnoiditis, is proposed. The entity appears not to be rare, as previously thought, but common in patients with severe back and/or leg pain and functional incapacitation due to the failed back surgery syndrome. While true incidence and relationship to a combination of causal factors remains to be accurately documented, the importance of Pantopaque in contributing to this disease process appears to be quite significant.", "contents": "Lumbosacral arachnoiditis. One hundred patients with lumbosacral adhesive arachnoiditis documented either directly at surgery or by unequivocal myelography served as the basis for this report on the pathologic process. Nomenclature for this disease, involving radiculitis, arachnoiditis, and adhesive arachnoiditis, is proposed. The entity appears not to be rare, as previously thought, but common in patients with severe back and/or leg pain and functional incapacitation due to the failed back surgery syndrome. While true incidence and relationship to a combination of causal factors remains to be accurately documented, the importance of Pantopaque in contributing to this disease process appears to be quite significant."}
{"id": "PMID:148107", "title": "1972 Survey of disabled and nondisabled adults: chronic disease, injury, and work disability.", "content": "The Social Security Administration 1972 Survey of Disabled and Nondisabled Adults showed that an estimated 15.6 million adults aged 20--64, or 15 percent of the total noninstitutionalized population of those ages, were disabled as a result of some chronic condition or impairment. Yet more than three times as many persons (51.8 million) reported that they suffered from one or more chronic health conditions. The diseases reported most frequently by the adult population of working age were cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders, each with prevalence rates of 200 persons per 1,000 population. The prevalence rate for neurological disorders was only 7 persons per 1,000; their disabling potential, however, was much greater than that for the diseases with the highest prevalence rates: 80 percent of those suffering from neurological disorders were also currently disabled. For almost every disease group, older persons were more likely to suffer from a chronic condition or impairment and more likely to be disabled as a result. Women were more likely than men to report a chronic disease or impairment and more likely to be severely disabled as a result. White persons were somehwat more likely than blacks and members of other races to report one or more chronic conditions but less likely to be disabled as a result and even less likely to be severely disabled. Among the nondisabled, less than one-tenth reported a condition caused by accident or injury but close to one-fourth of the disabled reported a disease or impairment of accidental origin.", "contents": "1972 Survey of disabled and nondisabled adults: chronic disease, injury, and work disability. The Social Security Administration 1972 Survey of Disabled and Nondisabled Adults showed that an estimated 15.6 million adults aged 20--64, or 15 percent of the total noninstitutionalized population of those ages, were disabled as a result of some chronic condition or impairment. Yet more than three times as many persons (51.8 million) reported that they suffered from one or more chronic health conditions. The diseases reported most frequently by the adult population of working age were cardiovascular and musculoskeletal disorders, each with prevalence rates of 200 persons per 1,000 population. The prevalence rate for neurological disorders was only 7 persons per 1,000; their disabling potential, however, was much greater than that for the diseases with the highest prevalence rates: 80 percent of those suffering from neurological disorders were also currently disabled. For almost every disease group, older persons were more likely to suffer from a chronic condition or impairment and more likely to be disabled as a result. Women were more likely than men to report a chronic disease or impairment and more likely to be severely disabled as a result. White persons were somehwat more likely than blacks and members of other races to report one or more chronic conditions but less likely to be disabled as a result and even less likely to be severely disabled. Among the nondisabled, less than one-tenth reported a condition caused by accident or injury but close to one-fourth of the disabled reported a disease or impairment of accidental origin."}
{"id": "PMID:148108", "title": "Laser surgery in gynecology.", "content": "More experience and time are required to determine the advantages of laser surgery in gynecology. For precision surgery through the colposcope, the carbon dioxide laser beam appears to be useful in the control of neoplastic lesions of the vaginal mucosa and possibly of the cervix uteri. Tumor volume reduction through laser vaporization, especially when a recurrent tumor is attached to the bony pelvis, is an outstanding advantage. Adhesiolysis during myomectomy and reconstructive surgery of the fallopian tubes might be facilitated by the laser beam. Laser surgery on the vulva, both colposcopically directed and grossly with the CO2 laser scalpel, might prove to be important for the treatment of various lesions. Detailed technical knowledge, rigid safety precautions, and judicious clinical considerations are essential for competent laser surgery.", "contents": "Laser surgery in gynecology. More experience and time are required to determine the advantages of laser surgery in gynecology. For precision surgery through the colposcope, the carbon dioxide laser beam appears to be useful in the control of neoplastic lesions of the vaginal mucosa and possibly of the cervix uteri. Tumor volume reduction through laser vaporization, especially when a recurrent tumor is attached to the bony pelvis, is an outstanding advantage. Adhesiolysis during myomectomy and reconstructive surgery of the fallopian tubes might be facilitated by the laser beam. Laser surgery on the vulva, both colposcopically directed and grossly with the CO2 laser scalpel, might prove to be important for the treatment of various lesions. Detailed technical knowledge, rigid safety precautions, and judicious clinical considerations are essential for competent laser surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:148109", "title": "Criteria for evaluation of new arterial prostheses by comparing vein with dacron femoropopliteal bypasses.", "content": "Significant initial and long term salvage can be achieved with popliteal arterial bypasses using either autogenous saphenous vein or woven Dacron. Long term experience with these materials show that they should serve as standards for the comparison of newer materials. Autogenous vein femoropopliteal bypasses result in higher average initial and long term graft function than do Dacron femoropopliteal grafts. However, depending upon the anatomic area, the superiority of vein grafts is not always apparent. Arterial prosthetic materials must be carefully evaluated in regard to initial and long term function. Before general use of recently developed arterial substitutes is recommended, their function must be shown to be superior to that of well known arterial prostheses.", "contents": "Criteria for evaluation of new arterial prostheses by comparing vein with dacron femoropopliteal bypasses. Significant initial and long term salvage can be achieved with popliteal arterial bypasses using either autogenous saphenous vein or woven Dacron. Long term experience with these materials show that they should serve as standards for the comparison of newer materials. Autogenous vein femoropopliteal bypasses result in higher average initial and long term graft function than do Dacron femoropopliteal grafts. However, depending upon the anatomic area, the superiority of vein grafts is not always apparent. Arterial prosthetic materials must be carefully evaluated in regard to initial and long term function. Before general use of recently developed arterial substitutes is recommended, their function must be shown to be superior to that of well known arterial prostheses."}
{"id": "PMID:148116", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of an early plasmin degradation product of human fibrinogen, \"fragment A\", and its clinical application.", "content": "Upon the plasmin digestion of human fibrinogen, an early cleavage product, which has been designated as fragment A, was isolated, and to study the action of plasmin in the circulation, radioimmunoassay for fragment A was carried out. This assay used rabbit immune serum obtained by injection of fragment A mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant, and fragment A was labeled with 125I using the Chloramin-T method. In 20 normal healthy donors its serum level was 3.57 +/- 1.62 microgram/ml (mean +/- SD), and it was increased significantly in certain diseases, such as acute leukemias, cardiovascular disorders, malignancies, renal failure, systemic lupus erythematosus and sepsis.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of an early plasmin degradation product of human fibrinogen, \"fragment A\", and its clinical application. Upon the plasmin digestion of human fibrinogen, an early cleavage product, which has been designated as fragment A, was isolated, and to study the action of plasmin in the circulation, radioimmunoassay for fragment A was carried out. This assay used rabbit immune serum obtained by injection of fragment A mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant, and fragment A was labeled with 125I using the Chloramin-T method. In 20 normal healthy donors its serum level was 3.57 +/- 1.62 microgram/ml (mean +/- SD), and it was increased significantly in certain diseases, such as acute leukemias, cardiovascular disorders, malignancies, renal failure, systemic lupus erythematosus and sepsis."}
{"id": "PMID:148118", "title": "Biochemical changes noted during intermittent administration of streptokinase.", "content": "An intermittent dosage scheme of streptokinase (standard initial dose 600,000 units SK infused over 30 min and repeated injections of 250,000 units SK at 24 hr intervals) was applied during 4 days in 9 patients with chronic obliterative arterial disease and in 8 patients with venous occlusion. Each dose of streptokinase produced an immediate fall in plasminogen to 17% (SEM 5.1) of the initial value, the level then rose to 50% (SEM 5.4) within 24 hr. Lowered levels of antiplasmin and fibrinogen (both less than 40% of the initial values) were maintained. This safe level of fibrinogen was maintained despite brief but high peaks of plasmin activity after each injection of SK. A parallel increase of the thrombin time and the fibrin (ogen) degradation products was obtained following each infusion. No bleeding was observed. The relative therapeutic effect of intermittent infusions of streptokinase has still to be compared with the continuous administration of streptokinase in controlled clinical trials.", "contents": "Biochemical changes noted during intermittent administration of streptokinase. An intermittent dosage scheme of streptokinase (standard initial dose 600,000 units SK infused over 30 min and repeated injections of 250,000 units SK at 24 hr intervals) was applied during 4 days in 9 patients with chronic obliterative arterial disease and in 8 patients with venous occlusion. Each dose of streptokinase produced an immediate fall in plasminogen to 17% (SEM 5.1) of the initial value, the level then rose to 50% (SEM 5.4) within 24 hr. Lowered levels of antiplasmin and fibrinogen (both less than 40% of the initial values) were maintained. This safe level of fibrinogen was maintained despite brief but high peaks of plasmin activity after each injection of SK. A parallel increase of the thrombin time and the fibrin (ogen) degradation products was obtained following each infusion. No bleeding was observed. The relative therapeutic effect of intermittent infusions of streptokinase has still to be compared with the continuous administration of streptokinase in controlled clinical trials."}
{"id": "PMID:148123", "title": "Dexamethasone suppressibility of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one) in normal men.", "content": "9 AM and overnight dexamethasone suppression tests were performed in normal adult subjects and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) levels were radioimmunoassayed. The results were as follows: 1) In the 9 AM test, plasma DHA was suppressed to the lowest level at the time between 4 hours and 6 hours after dexamethasone; 2) 2 mg (overnight test) or 3 mg (9AM test) of dexamethasone induced the maximum DHA suppression; 3) after dexamethasone administration in both the tests, plasma DHA was not suppressed below 30% of the basal level, nor below 2 ng/ml; and 4) there was no significant difference in dexamethasone suppressibility of plasma DHA between 9 AM test and overnight test.", "contents": "Dexamethasone suppressibility of plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one) in normal men. 9 AM and overnight dexamethasone suppression tests were performed in normal adult subjects and plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) levels were radioimmunoassayed. The results were as follows: 1) In the 9 AM test, plasma DHA was suppressed to the lowest level at the time between 4 hours and 6 hours after dexamethasone; 2) 2 mg (overnight test) or 3 mg (9AM test) of dexamethasone induced the maximum DHA suppression; 3) after dexamethasone administration in both the tests, plasma DHA was not suppressed below 30% of the basal level, nor below 2 ng/ml; and 4) there was no significant difference in dexamethasone suppressibility of plasma DHA between 9 AM test and overnight test."}
{"id": "PMID:148129", "title": "Liver and immune responses. IV. Characteristics of the liver cell-lymphocyte interaction.", "content": "Rat liver cells prepared by collagenase treatment and separated by density gradient centrifugation with Ficoll-Hypaque solution (specific gravity 1.120), containing only hepatocytes (80%) and Kupffer cells (20%), were found to stimulate strongly Ag-B-incompatible lumphocytes without 2-mercaptoethanol in culture. The same liver cells could also stimulate Ag-B-compatible lymphocytes in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. A positive response was only seen when the liver cell numbers were 1 approximately 2% of the responding lymphocytes. Viable liver cells inhibited the reaction in a two-way culture.", "contents": "Liver and immune responses. IV. Characteristics of the liver cell-lymphocyte interaction. Rat liver cells prepared by collagenase treatment and separated by density gradient centrifugation with Ficoll-Hypaque solution (specific gravity 1.120), containing only hepatocytes (80%) and Kupffer cells (20%), were found to stimulate strongly Ag-B-incompatible lumphocytes without 2-mercaptoethanol in culture. The same liver cells could also stimulate Ag-B-compatible lymphocytes in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. A positive response was only seen when the liver cell numbers were 1 approximately 2% of the responding lymphocytes. Viable liver cells inhibited the reaction in a two-way culture."}
{"id": "PMID:148124", "title": "Metabolic profiles of canine cerebrovascular tree: a histochemical study.", "content": "Intriguing questions have recently been raised regarding the applicability of direct observations of the pial microcirculation to the behavior of the total cerebral microcirculation. Operating under the assumption that arteriolar tone and, thus, cerebrovascular resistance is, to some extent, directly related to the intrinsic energy metabolism of the arteriolar wall, a comparative histochemical analysis of cerebral microvessels, both pial and parenchymal, was undertaken. Reactions were chosen on the bases of representation of substrate and of enzymes of glycolysis, the hexose monophosphate shunt, beta-oxidation of fat, Krebs cycle, cytochrome system and ATP hydrolysis. Three metabolically distinct segments of the cerebral microvasculature were delineated with the pial vessels showing strong capacities for glycolysis, beta-oxidation of fats and utilization of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt. Microvessels of the gray matter have a qualitatively similar metabolic profile but the capacities of each pathway are lower when compared to pial arterioles. Arterioles of the white matter demonstrate the weakest energy-yielding capacities.", "contents": "Metabolic profiles of canine cerebrovascular tree: a histochemical study. Intriguing questions have recently been raised regarding the applicability of direct observations of the pial microcirculation to the behavior of the total cerebral microcirculation. Operating under the assumption that arteriolar tone and, thus, cerebrovascular resistance is, to some extent, directly related to the intrinsic energy metabolism of the arteriolar wall, a comparative histochemical analysis of cerebral microvessels, both pial and parenchymal, was undertaken. Reactions were chosen on the bases of representation of substrate and of enzymes of glycolysis, the hexose monophosphate shunt, beta-oxidation of fat, Krebs cycle, cytochrome system and ATP hydrolysis. Three metabolically distinct segments of the cerebral microvasculature were delineated with the pial vessels showing strong capacities for glycolysis, beta-oxidation of fats and utilization of glucose through the hexose monophosphate shunt. Microvessels of the gray matter have a qualitatively similar metabolic profile but the capacities of each pathway are lower when compared to pial arterioles. Arterioles of the white matter demonstrate the weakest energy-yielding capacities."}
{"id": "PMID:148149", "title": "Topological analysis of the morphogenesis of liver cirrhosis.", "content": "Cirrhotic and precirrhotic livers consist of three-dimensional parenchymal networks. Topological analysis has been carried out using the total connectivity number p1 on the livers from 6 autopsy cases of chronic liver diseases of different types. The total p1 amounts to 6,100,000 in chronic hepatitis of periportal type and 6,350,000 in portal cirrhosis, but to only 100,000 in posthepatitic cirrhosis of coarse-nodular type. In view of the similarity of values for p1 in chronic hepatitis and portal cirrhosis, the former is considered to give rise to the latter by continuous change in structure or through \"piecemeal\" progression of the periportal lesion. Development of posthepatitic cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis is possible only through a substantial reduction in p1, which is brought about by parenchymal necrosis sufficient in extent to cause multiple disconnection of the network.", "contents": "Topological analysis of the morphogenesis of liver cirrhosis. Cirrhotic and precirrhotic livers consist of three-dimensional parenchymal networks. Topological analysis has been carried out using the total connectivity number p1 on the livers from 6 autopsy cases of chronic liver diseases of different types. The total p1 amounts to 6,100,000 in chronic hepatitis of periportal type and 6,350,000 in portal cirrhosis, but to only 100,000 in posthepatitic cirrhosis of coarse-nodular type. In view of the similarity of values for p1 in chronic hepatitis and portal cirrhosis, the former is considered to give rise to the latter by continuous change in structure or through \"piecemeal\" progression of the periportal lesion. Development of posthepatitic cirrhosis from chronic hepatitis is possible only through a substantial reduction in p1, which is brought about by parenchymal necrosis sufficient in extent to cause multiple disconnection of the network."}
{"id": "PMID:148150", "title": "Immunoglobulins and secretory component in endometrium and cervix. Influence of inflammation and carcinoma.", "content": "The synthesis of immunoglobulins and secretory component in the cervix and the endometrium was studied by tissue culture and immunofluorescence. Out of the 75 cervical biopsies studied, 17 were epidermoid carcinomas, 8 were carcinomas in situ and 23 tissues had inflammatory or metaplastic lesions. A total of 49 samples from endometrium were studied, out of which 22 were in the proliferative phase, 17 were in the secretory phase and 4 were carcinomas. In the cervical tissues without lesions, there were very few plasmacytes, the synthesis of immunoglobulins was low and in 66% of the tissues the synthesis of IgG was equal to or higher than that of IgA. With local modifications, the IgG synthesis was even more preponderant and was very important in epidermoid carcinomas which were infiltrated with numerous IgG plasmacytes. Secretory component was synthesized by almost all the tissues except the epidermoid carcinomas. The endometrium did not synthesize immunoglobulins; secretory component was synthesized only by endometrial tissue in the secretory phase and by 2 of the 4 carcinomas studied. It seems that in the cervix and the endometrium there is no relationship between the production of secretory component and the presence of IgA plasmacytes which probably localise as a result of other influences. The conditions in which the local secretory immunological system would react preferentially remain to be determined.", "contents": "Immunoglobulins and secretory component in endometrium and cervix. Influence of inflammation and carcinoma. The synthesis of immunoglobulins and secretory component in the cervix and the endometrium was studied by tissue culture and immunofluorescence. Out of the 75 cervical biopsies studied, 17 were epidermoid carcinomas, 8 were carcinomas in situ and 23 tissues had inflammatory or metaplastic lesions. A total of 49 samples from endometrium were studied, out of which 22 were in the proliferative phase, 17 were in the secretory phase and 4 were carcinomas. In the cervical tissues without lesions, there were very few plasmacytes, the synthesis of immunoglobulins was low and in 66% of the tissues the synthesis of IgG was equal to or higher than that of IgA. With local modifications, the IgG synthesis was even more preponderant and was very important in epidermoid carcinomas which were infiltrated with numerous IgG plasmacytes. Secretory component was synthesized by almost all the tissues except the epidermoid carcinomas. The endometrium did not synthesize immunoglobulins; secretory component was synthesized only by endometrial tissue in the secretory phase and by 2 of the 4 carcinomas studied. It seems that in the cervix and the endometrium there is no relationship between the production of secretory component and the presence of IgA plasmacytes which probably localise as a result of other influences. The conditions in which the local secretory immunological system would react preferentially remain to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:148151", "title": "Vascular lesions in testes associated with male infertility in Cameroon. Possible relationship to parasitic disease.", "content": "Testicular biopsies in 40 of 41 infertile males with severe oligospermia in Cameroon presented massive subendothelial \"fibrinoid\" deposits in the small and medium sized vessels. Fibrinogen, complement and IgM were demonstrated in these deposits by immunofluorescence. Evidence strongly suggestive of parasitic testicular involvement was also observed in 2 cases. It is postulated that the \"fibrinoid\" deposits are the result of repeated formation and deposition of circulating immune complexes by reaction of antibodies with antigens. These antigens could be of various origins and in the cases described here they could be derived from living or dying parasites in the region. The accumulation and incorporation of the \"fibrinoid\" deposits may lead to vascular stenosis resulting in chronic ischaemia, tubular atrophy and fibrosis, and finally oligospermia.", "contents": "Vascular lesions in testes associated with male infertility in Cameroon. Possible relationship to parasitic disease. Testicular biopsies in 40 of 41 infertile males with severe oligospermia in Cameroon presented massive subendothelial \"fibrinoid\" deposits in the small and medium sized vessels. Fibrinogen, complement and IgM were demonstrated in these deposits by immunofluorescence. Evidence strongly suggestive of parasitic testicular involvement was also observed in 2 cases. It is postulated that the \"fibrinoid\" deposits are the result of repeated formation and deposition of circulating immune complexes by reaction of antibodies with antigens. These antigens could be of various origins and in the cases described here they could be derived from living or dying parasites in the region. The accumulation and incorporation of the \"fibrinoid\" deposits may lead to vascular stenosis resulting in chronic ischaemia, tubular atrophy and fibrosis, and finally oligospermia."}
{"id": "PMID:148152", "title": "Scanning electron microscope studies of rabbit aortic endothelium in areas of haemodynamic stress during induction of fatty streaks.", "content": "Young male rabbits were fed a diet containing 0.2% cholesterol for 4, 6, 12 and 20 weeks. At death the aortas of each animal were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the size of the atherosclerotic lesions surrounding the aortic ostia was measured by planimetry. Under SEM the early fatty lesions appeared as small discrete swelling of the endothelial cells. These cells were often larger than normal endothelial cells and their cell boundaries stained poorly with silver salts. Large confluent lesions were observed distal to the aortic ostia both 12 and 20 weeks after commencement of the diet but were still found to be endothelialized. No lesions however were observed immediately proximal to the entrance of an aortic branch. Haemodynamic forces, such as a high shear force, were presumably responsible for the localisation of these lesions.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscope studies of rabbit aortic endothelium in areas of haemodynamic stress during induction of fatty streaks. Young male rabbits were fed a diet containing 0.2% cholesterol for 4, 6, 12 and 20 weeks. At death the aortas of each animal were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the size of the atherosclerotic lesions surrounding the aortic ostia was measured by planimetry. Under SEM the early fatty lesions appeared as small discrete swelling of the endothelial cells. These cells were often larger than normal endothelial cells and their cell boundaries stained poorly with silver salts. Large confluent lesions were observed distal to the aortic ostia both 12 and 20 weeks after commencement of the diet but were still found to be endothelialized. No lesions however were observed immediately proximal to the entrance of an aortic branch. Haemodynamic forces, such as a high shear force, were presumably responsible for the localisation of these lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:148153", "title": "Citrullinemia.", "content": "The pathological findings in two cases of neonatal citrullinemia are reported. One patient survived for eight months with treatment using alpha keto-analogues of essential amino acids. The untreated patient expired at eight days of age. Necropsy findings in these two cases are compared. The major histopathological changes were present in the brain and liver. They were much less prominent in the treated patient. Changes in a section of rib from the untreated patient were consistent with growth arrest and suggest than damage may occur in utero in neonatal citrullinemia.", "contents": "Citrullinemia. The pathological findings in two cases of neonatal citrullinemia are reported. One patient survived for eight months with treatment using alpha keto-analogues of essential amino acids. The untreated patient expired at eight days of age. Necropsy findings in these two cases are compared. The major histopathological changes were present in the brain and liver. They were much less prominent in the treated patient. Changes in a section of rib from the untreated patient were consistent with growth arrest and suggest than damage may occur in utero in neonatal citrullinemia."}
{"id": "PMID:148155", "title": "Antibody formation and transient immune complex glomerulopathy in A-strain mice with C1300 neuroblastoma tumors.", "content": "One to three-month-old A-strain mice, inoculated subcutaneously with 2 x 10(6) viable syngeneic C1300 neuroblastoma cells (clone NB9R) developed a palpable tumor within 9-12 days and died within 28-30 days. A transient glomerulopathy developed after 16-24 days. Despite a normal histologic appearance, the nephropathy was clearly demonstrated by electron microscopy and was classified as a focal mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis. Deposits of host 7S-G immunoglobulins and C3 complement fragments were detected in these same kidneys by immunofluorescence. Radioimmunoprecipitin determinations on sera obtained from mice at different intervals from tumor cell inoculation, revealed that untreated mice contained circulating antibodies capable of reacting with 125I-labeled gp69-71 glycoprotein from Gross murine leukemia virus (MuLV). Antibodies to p30 MuLV antigen and to crude membrane antigen (s) (CMA) solubilized from NB9R cells were found in sera only after tumor cell inoculation. Circulating immune complexes formed by host 7S-G immunoglobulins were clearly detected from day 16 to 22. Antibodies eluted from kidneys with nephropathy were shown to react with NB9R cells in vitro and to react specifically with CMA and the p30 MuLV antigen.", "contents": "Antibody formation and transient immune complex glomerulopathy in A-strain mice with C1300 neuroblastoma tumors. One to three-month-old A-strain mice, inoculated subcutaneously with 2 x 10(6) viable syngeneic C1300 neuroblastoma cells (clone NB9R) developed a palpable tumor within 9-12 days and died within 28-30 days. A transient glomerulopathy developed after 16-24 days. Despite a normal histologic appearance, the nephropathy was clearly demonstrated by electron microscopy and was classified as a focal mesangiopathic glomerulonephritis. Deposits of host 7S-G immunoglobulins and C3 complement fragments were detected in these same kidneys by immunofluorescence. Radioimmunoprecipitin determinations on sera obtained from mice at different intervals from tumor cell inoculation, revealed that untreated mice contained circulating antibodies capable of reacting with 125I-labeled gp69-71 glycoprotein from Gross murine leukemia virus (MuLV). Antibodies to p30 MuLV antigen and to crude membrane antigen (s) (CMA) solubilized from NB9R cells were found in sera only after tumor cell inoculation. Circulating immune complexes formed by host 7S-G immunoglobulins were clearly detected from day 16 to 22. Antibodies eluted from kidneys with nephropathy were shown to react with NB9R cells in vitro and to react specifically with CMA and the p30 MuLV antigen."}
{"id": "PMID:148161", "title": "[Clinical evaluation of the complex diagnosis of ovarian tumors].", "content": "For earlier recognition of ovarian tumors the complex diagnosis for ovarian tumors was estimated clinically. The conception is supported concerning females that should be classified as ovarian cancer high-risk groups. A system is elaborated for active identification of patients with ovarian tumors, using the complex diagnosis, the latter in vast majority of cases enables the difficulties of the differential diagnostics to be overcome; also the indications to and sequence of application of the recommended methods of investigation are formulated, some practical recommendation are given. The system of active and early establishment of the diagnosis is to recognize, at mass prophylactic examinations, females showing high-risk factor, the former also includes their dispensarization, hospitalization and examination, using the complex of accessory methods of investigation. All this enabled in 4% clinically unsuspected ovarian tumors to be detected, 2 per cent of them being in early stages.", "contents": "[Clinical evaluation of the complex diagnosis of ovarian tumors]. For earlier recognition of ovarian tumors the complex diagnosis for ovarian tumors was estimated clinically. The conception is supported concerning females that should be classified as ovarian cancer high-risk groups. A system is elaborated for active identification of patients with ovarian tumors, using the complex diagnosis, the latter in vast majority of cases enables the difficulties of the differential diagnostics to be overcome; also the indications to and sequence of application of the recommended methods of investigation are formulated, some practical recommendation are given. The system of active and early establishment of the diagnosis is to recognize, at mass prophylactic examinations, females showing high-risk factor, the former also includes their dispensarization, hospitalization and examination, using the complex of accessory methods of investigation. All this enabled in 4% clinically unsuspected ovarian tumors to be detected, 2 per cent of them being in early stages."}
{"id": "PMID:148168", "title": "[Effectivity of murein preparations in the phage inhibition test--effect of Ca++ions and EDTA].", "content": "The inactivating efficacy for the typing phages 54, 83A, and 187 of the peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus aureus is decreased by increasing the Ca++-content of the medium; the irreversible inhibition of phage 187 becomes reversible. The percentage of its inhibition is proportional to the Ca++-content of the medium. Minute amounts of phage 187 bound irreversibly under Ca++-deprivation can be loosened by addition of Ca++-ions. Addition of EDTA up to the equivalence concentration of Ca++ present in the medium has no influence. Addition of EDTA up to the tenfold equivalence causes a significant increase of the inactivating efficacy of the peptidoglycan.", "contents": "[Effectivity of murein preparations in the phage inhibition test--effect of Ca++ions and EDTA]. The inactivating efficacy for the typing phages 54, 83A, and 187 of the peptidoglycan of Staphylococcus aureus is decreased by increasing the Ca++-content of the medium; the irreversible inhibition of phage 187 becomes reversible. The percentage of its inhibition is proportional to the Ca++-content of the medium. Minute amounts of phage 187 bound irreversibly under Ca++-deprivation can be loosened by addition of Ca++-ions. Addition of EDTA up to the equivalence concentration of Ca++ present in the medium has no influence. Addition of EDTA up to the tenfold equivalence causes a significant increase of the inactivating efficacy of the peptidoglycan."}
{"id": "PMID:148190", "title": "[Oedema of the leg--a rare case of artefact? (author's transl)].", "content": "For malignering a venous oedema of the leg can be artificially manipulated. Two cases of this kind are reported.", "contents": "[Oedema of the leg--a rare case of artefact? (author's transl)]. For malignering a venous oedema of the leg can be artificially manipulated. Two cases of this kind are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:148191", "title": "[Late complications after dacron-grafts (author's transl)].", "content": "In a series of 850 reconstructive operations for chronic occlusive arterial disease we found 17 anastomotic aneurysms and 6 infections over a period of 8 to 10 years after the operation. In case of vascular infection the excision of the graft is urgent, \"extraanatomic\" reconstruction can prevent loss of limb and live.", "contents": "[Late complications after dacron-grafts (author's transl)]. In a series of 850 reconstructive operations for chronic occlusive arterial disease we found 17 anastomotic aneurysms and 6 infections over a period of 8 to 10 years after the operation. In case of vascular infection the excision of the graft is urgent, \"extraanatomic\" reconstruction can prevent loss of limb and live."}
{"id": "PMID:148196", "title": "Chalone-like inhibition of Ehrlich ascites cell proliferation in vitro by an ultrafiltrate obtained from the ascitic fluid.", "content": "An aqueous ultrafiltrate (10 000-50 000 dalton) prepared from the cell-free ascitic fluid of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) in the plateau phase of growth (12-16 days after transplantation) was investigated with regard to its inhibitory effects on the proliferation of EAT cells in a 24-hr suspension culture. The following results were obtained: (1) The in vitro proliferation of cells obtained from the plateau phase of in vivo growth was reversibly inhibited. (2) The dose-response curves show a plateau with a maximum inhibition of about 50%, which suggests that not all cells can be affected. (3) Young cells (4-6 days after transplantation) were not inhibited. (4) Preincubation of plateau phase cells in the culture medium before treatment abolishes the inhibitory effect of the ultrafiltrate. This effect of preincubation is dependent on time and serum concentration. It provides the possibility to differentiate between true \"chalone-like\" and cytotoxic effects. (5) the inhibitory properties of the ultrafiltrate are destroyed by heating or trypsin treatment. (6) Extracts prepared in the same way from ascitic fluid of mice bearing lymphocytic leukemia L1210 do not inhibit the proliferation of EAT cells. Corresponding extracts from ascitic fluid of mice bearing myelocytic leukemia YM were found to be inhibitory; however, the inhibitory effect was also found on preincubated cells and is therefore considered to be due to an unspecific cytotoxicity. In conclusion, evidence was obtained for a factor from the ascitic fluid of mice bearing EAT, which prevents EAT cells from entering the proliferating state.", "contents": "Chalone-like inhibition of Ehrlich ascites cell proliferation in vitro by an ultrafiltrate obtained from the ascitic fluid. An aqueous ultrafiltrate (10 000-50 000 dalton) prepared from the cell-free ascitic fluid of mice bearing Ehrlich ascites tumour (EAT) in the plateau phase of growth (12-16 days after transplantation) was investigated with regard to its inhibitory effects on the proliferation of EAT cells in a 24-hr suspension culture. The following results were obtained: (1) The in vitro proliferation of cells obtained from the plateau phase of in vivo growth was reversibly inhibited. (2) The dose-response curves show a plateau with a maximum inhibition of about 50%, which suggests that not all cells can be affected. (3) Young cells (4-6 days after transplantation) were not inhibited. (4) Preincubation of plateau phase cells in the culture medium before treatment abolishes the inhibitory effect of the ultrafiltrate. This effect of preincubation is dependent on time and serum concentration. It provides the possibility to differentiate between true \"chalone-like\" and cytotoxic effects. (5) the inhibitory properties of the ultrafiltrate are destroyed by heating or trypsin treatment. (6) Extracts prepared in the same way from ascitic fluid of mice bearing lymphocytic leukemia L1210 do not inhibit the proliferation of EAT cells. Corresponding extracts from ascitic fluid of mice bearing myelocytic leukemia YM were found to be inhibitory; however, the inhibitory effect was also found on preincubated cells and is therefore considered to be due to an unspecific cytotoxicity. In conclusion, evidence was obtained for a factor from the ascitic fluid of mice bearing EAT, which prevents EAT cells from entering the proliferating state."}
{"id": "PMID:148197", "title": "Binding of MgATP to yeast phosphofructokinase.", "content": "Binding of MgATP to yeast phosphofructokinase was investigated by the gel filtration equilibrium dialysis technique. Per subunit of yeast phosphofructokinase two molecules of MgATP are bound in the absence of fructose-6-phosphate, one to a high-affinity and one to a low-affinity site. The experimental data were compared with a kinetic model of yeast phosphofructokinase as described by Freyer et al. [3].", "contents": "Binding of MgATP to yeast phosphofructokinase. Binding of MgATP to yeast phosphofructokinase was investigated by the gel filtration equilibrium dialysis technique. Per subunit of yeast phosphofructokinase two molecules of MgATP are bound in the absence of fructose-6-phosphate, one to a high-affinity and one to a low-affinity site. The experimental data were compared with a kinetic model of yeast phosphofructokinase as described by Freyer et al. [3]."}
{"id": "PMID:148199", "title": "Thyroid function tests in adults with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Thyroid status was studied in 24 patients above the age of 40 years with Down's syndrome. Three patients had thyroid function tests indicating hypothyroidism. Eight patients had thyroid autoantibodies in serum and 8 patients had a higher than normal level of thyroid stimulating hormone in serum. None of the patients had figures indicating thyrotoxicosis. None of the patients showed any of the clinical signs usually seen in patients with hypothyroidism. It is concluded that biochemical tests indicating hypothyroidism are much more often seen in patients with Down's syndrome than in normal subjects and that thyroid status should be assessed in old patients with this disease.", "contents": "Thyroid function tests in adults with Down's syndrome. Thyroid status was studied in 24 patients above the age of 40 years with Down's syndrome. Three patients had thyroid function tests indicating hypothyroidism. Eight patients had thyroid autoantibodies in serum and 8 patients had a higher than normal level of thyroid stimulating hormone in serum. None of the patients had figures indicating thyrotoxicosis. None of the patients showed any of the clinical signs usually seen in patients with hypothyroidism. It is concluded that biochemical tests indicating hypothyroidism are much more often seen in patients with Down's syndrome than in normal subjects and that thyroid status should be assessed in old patients with this disease."}
{"id": "PMID:148200", "title": "Proprioceptive afferent fibers in the cranial nerves III, IV and VI.", "content": "The purpose of the present works was to clarify whether the cranial nerves III, IV and VI carry proprioceptive afferent fibres from the extrinsic ocular muscles. In sheep the picture is now clear. The cranial nerves III, IV and VI carry many large proprioceptive fibres (12-16 micrometer) to the central nervous system. These nerves also contain many small fibres of the y-range (2-6 micrometer) which innervate the intrafusal muscle fibres in the spindles. In man the picture is still vague: most of the spindles are not typical, the large proprioceptive fibres (12-16 micrometer) and the small y-fibres (2-6 micrometer) are very few in the cranial nerves III, IV and VI. It is to be concluded that in sheep the cranial nerves III, IV and VI are not purely motor nerves to the extrinsic ocular muscles, but they also carry many of the large fibres of the proprioceptive function. In man, such large fibres are not found and the pathway of proprioceptive afferents from the orbital muscles is still not certain.", "contents": "Proprioceptive afferent fibers in the cranial nerves III, IV and VI. The purpose of the present works was to clarify whether the cranial nerves III, IV and VI carry proprioceptive afferent fibres from the extrinsic ocular muscles. In sheep the picture is now clear. The cranial nerves III, IV and VI carry many large proprioceptive fibres (12-16 micrometer) to the central nervous system. These nerves also contain many small fibres of the y-range (2-6 micrometer) which innervate the intrafusal muscle fibres in the spindles. In man the picture is still vague: most of the spindles are not typical, the large proprioceptive fibres (12-16 micrometer) and the small y-fibres (2-6 micrometer) are very few in the cranial nerves III, IV and VI. It is to be concluded that in sheep the cranial nerves III, IV and VI are not purely motor nerves to the extrinsic ocular muscles, but they also carry many of the large fibres of the proprioceptive function. In man, such large fibres are not found and the pathway of proprioceptive afferents from the orbital muscles is still not certain."}
{"id": "PMID:148201", "title": "Alzheimer's disease: distribution of protein on sucrose density gradient centrifugation.", "content": "Material has been examined from eighteen brains, postmortem and from 3 cortical biopsies. The case were classified on clinical and morphological criteria and include cases of dementia and of nonneurological disease. Fractions were isolated from homogenates of neocortex and caudate nucleus by means of discontinuous sucorse density gradient centrifugation. The fractions were analysed for protein content. The mean protein content of fraction 1, at the interphase between 0.32 M and 0.8 M sucrose, from the cortex of the 6 Alzheimer cases was reduced. (P less than 0.005) by 25%. This deficit in protein content represents less than 5% of the total tissue protein. There were no significant differences in the protein content between other fractions from the control and Alzheimer cases.", "contents": "Alzheimer's disease: distribution of protein on sucrose density gradient centrifugation. Material has been examined from eighteen brains, postmortem and from 3 cortical biopsies. The case were classified on clinical and morphological criteria and include cases of dementia and of nonneurological disease. Fractions were isolated from homogenates of neocortex and caudate nucleus by means of discontinuous sucorse density gradient centrifugation. The fractions were analysed for protein content. The mean protein content of fraction 1, at the interphase between 0.32 M and 0.8 M sucrose, from the cortex of the 6 Alzheimer cases was reduced. (P less than 0.005) by 25%. This deficit in protein content represents less than 5% of the total tissue protein. There were no significant differences in the protein content between other fractions from the control and Alzheimer cases."}
{"id": "PMID:148203", "title": "Histochemical studies on the distribution of adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase amongst the constituents of the thoracic ganglia and the associated nerve of Periplaneta americana.", "content": "The present study deals with the distribution of adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase in the various constituents of thoracic ganglia and associated nerve of Periplaneta americana. The localization of both the enzymes in the thoracic ganglia is identical. The neural lamella is devoid of any activity for both the enzymes. The ganglion cells are intensely positive at their borders. The neuronal cell surface and/or glial cell processes which envelope the neurons show intense activity for these enzymes. Adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase are present around \"giant fibres\" and small axons. The activity appears to confine itself in the sheaths. The cytoplasm and the nuclei of the neurons are devoid of enzymatic activity, whereas the nucleoli are slightly active. The nerves are positive for both the enzymes. The role of these enzymes at different sites has also been discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical studies on the distribution of adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase amongst the constituents of the thoracic ganglia and the associated nerve of Periplaneta americana. The present study deals with the distribution of adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase in the various constituents of thoracic ganglia and associated nerve of Periplaneta americana. The localization of both the enzymes in the thoracic ganglia is identical. The neural lamella is devoid of any activity for both the enzymes. The ganglion cells are intensely positive at their borders. The neuronal cell surface and/or glial cell processes which envelope the neurons show intense activity for these enzymes. Adenosine triphosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase are present around \"giant fibres\" and small axons. The activity appears to confine itself in the sheaths. The cytoplasm and the nuclei of the neurons are devoid of enzymatic activity, whereas the nucleoli are slightly active. The nerves are positive for both the enzymes. The role of these enzymes at different sites has also been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148208", "title": "Inferior myocardial infarction as a cause of asymmetric septal hypertrophy. An echocardiographic study.", "content": "The diastolic thickness of the septum and posterior left ventricular wall were measured with M mode echocardiography in 68 patients 2 or more months after a single transmural myocardial infarction. In 42 patients with inferior wall infarction, the septal thickness of 12.4 +/- 0.6 mm (mean +/- standard error of the mean) was larger than the mean measurement in 26 patients with anterior wall infarction (9.6 +/- 0.6 mm, P less than 0.01). Twenty-five of these 42 patients (59 percent) had increased septal thickness (greater than 11 mm), including 12 (48 percent) who had hypertension and 11 (26 percent) who had decreased posterior wall thickness. The ratio of septal to posterior wall thickness was greater in the patients with inferior infarction than in those with anterior infarction (1.36 +/- 0.06 versus 0.89 +/- 0.06, P less than 0.001). This ratio exceeded 1.3 in 22 patients with an inferior infarction (52 percent) but was increased in only 1 patient with an anterior infarction. Hypertension did not predict the presence or absence of an abnormal ratio. Increased septal thickness on echocardiography may occur after interior infarction and result in an abnormal septal to posterior wall thickness ratio that meets current echocardiographic criteria for asymmetric septal hypertrophy.", "contents": "Inferior myocardial infarction as a cause of asymmetric septal hypertrophy. An echocardiographic study. The diastolic thickness of the septum and posterior left ventricular wall were measured with M mode echocardiography in 68 patients 2 or more months after a single transmural myocardial infarction. In 42 patients with inferior wall infarction, the septal thickness of 12.4 +/- 0.6 mm (mean +/- standard error of the mean) was larger than the mean measurement in 26 patients with anterior wall infarction (9.6 +/- 0.6 mm, P less than 0.01). Twenty-five of these 42 patients (59 percent) had increased septal thickness (greater than 11 mm), including 12 (48 percent) who had hypertension and 11 (26 percent) who had decreased posterior wall thickness. The ratio of septal to posterior wall thickness was greater in the patients with inferior infarction than in those with anterior infarction (1.36 +/- 0.06 versus 0.89 +/- 0.06, P less than 0.001). This ratio exceeded 1.3 in 22 patients with an inferior infarction (52 percent) but was increased in only 1 patient with an anterior infarction. Hypertension did not predict the presence or absence of an abnormal ratio. Increased septal thickness on echocardiography may occur after interior infarction and result in an abnormal septal to posterior wall thickness ratio that meets current echocardiographic criteria for asymmetric septal hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:148209", "title": "Exercise testing for detection of myocardial ischemia in patients with abnormal electrocardiograms at rest.", "content": "This review consists of two parts: (1) discussion of the electrophysiologic mechanisms that are believed to produce ventricular repolarization changes during the electrocardiographic stress test, and (2) clinical assessment of the electrocardiographic changes with stress in patients with an abnormal electrocardiogram at rest. In the first part, the mechanisms of S-T segment elevation, S-T segment depression, T wave changes and linked S-T and T wave changes are reviewed. In the second part, all electrocardiographic abnormalities at rest are grouped into four categories: (1) changes that mask the manifestations of ischemia, (2) changes that stimulate or exaggerate the manifestations of ischemia, (3) changes that have no important effect on the manifestations of ischemia, and (4) changes that reproduce the patterns of acute myocardial infarction after an apparent healing. The reported studies of electrocardiographic stress testing in patients who have abnormal electrocardiogram at rest are summarized.", "contents": "Exercise testing for detection of myocardial ischemia in patients with abnormal electrocardiograms at rest. This review consists of two parts: (1) discussion of the electrophysiologic mechanisms that are believed to produce ventricular repolarization changes during the electrocardiographic stress test, and (2) clinical assessment of the electrocardiographic changes with stress in patients with an abnormal electrocardiogram at rest. In the first part, the mechanisms of S-T segment elevation, S-T segment depression, T wave changes and linked S-T and T wave changes are reviewed. In the second part, all electrocardiographic abnormalities at rest are grouped into four categories: (1) changes that mask the manifestations of ischemia, (2) changes that stimulate or exaggerate the manifestations of ischemia, (3) changes that have no important effect on the manifestations of ischemia, and (4) changes that reproduce the patterns of acute myocardial infarction after an apparent healing. The reported studies of electrocardiographic stress testing in patients who have abnormal electrocardiogram at rest are summarized."}
{"id": "PMID:148214", "title": "Thermistor use to monitor urine flow rates in dogs.", "content": "The small size of a new thermistor flowmeter  facilitated implantation in ureters in anesthetized dogs. It consisted of a self-heating thermistor bead which was suspended centrally within an open catheter and dissipated heat as a function of fluid velocity. A continuous record of instantaneous flow rate was obtained, since the flowmeter catheter maintained a constant cross-sectional area around the thermistor bead. A continuous record of volume output was obtained simultaneously with an additional measurement technique. Spurt volumes of urine delivered in concert with ureter peristalsis were directly correlated to peak flow rates delineated by the flowmeter.", "contents": "Thermistor use to monitor urine flow rates in dogs. The small size of a new thermistor flowmeter  facilitated implantation in ureters in anesthetized dogs. It consisted of a self-heating thermistor bead which was suspended centrally within an open catheter and dissipated heat as a function of fluid velocity. A continuous record of instantaneous flow rate was obtained, since the flowmeter catheter maintained a constant cross-sectional area around the thermistor bead. A continuous record of volume output was obtained simultaneously with an additional measurement technique. Spurt volumes of urine delivered in concert with ureter peristalsis were directly correlated to peak flow rates delineated by the flowmeter."}
{"id": "PMID:148215", "title": "A reproducible model of moderate to severe concentric left ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "A reproducible model for the production of moderate to severe concentric left ventricular hypertrophy has been developed in this laboratory. Coarctation-banding of the ascending aorta was performed successfully in 10 puppies. There were no late deaths related to aortic rupture, and in the dogs surviving for 1 yr no evidence of congestive heart failure was present. A second operative procedure was performed in seven dogs for chronic instrumentation, and all survived. Severe supravalvular aortic stenosis with a marked peak systolic pressure gradient was noted in each dog. Postmortem examination revealed a substantial increase in left ventricular mass and in the ratio of left ventricular to body weight.", "contents": "A reproducible model of moderate to severe concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. A reproducible model for the production of moderate to severe concentric left ventricular hypertrophy has been developed in this laboratory. Coarctation-banding of the ascending aorta was performed successfully in 10 puppies. There were no late deaths related to aortic rupture, and in the dogs surviving for 1 yr no evidence of congestive heart failure was present. A second operative procedure was performed in seven dogs for chronic instrumentation, and all survived. Severe supravalvular aortic stenosis with a marked peak systolic pressure gradient was noted in each dog. Postmortem examination revealed a substantial increase in left ventricular mass and in the ratio of left ventricular to body weight."}
{"id": "PMID:148217", "title": "Vascular trauma secondary to diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: laparoscopy.", "content": "Diagnostic and therapeutic laparoscopy are safe procedures that only rarely cause significant morbidity. However, major abdominal arterial and venous injury may occur, requiring prompt recognition and laparotomy. Direct compression will control major hemorrhage until resuscitation is complete. Vascular repair utilizing principles of proximal and distal control, good exposure, appropriate anticoagulation, and lateral suture technic should result in restoration of normal blood flow without significant sequelae.", "contents": "Vascular trauma secondary to diagnostic and therapeutic procedures: laparoscopy. Diagnostic and therapeutic laparoscopy are safe procedures that only rarely cause significant morbidity. However, major abdominal arterial and venous injury may occur, requiring prompt recognition and laparotomy. Direct compression will control major hemorrhage until resuscitation is complete. Vascular repair utilizing principles of proximal and distal control, good exposure, appropriate anticoagulation, and lateral suture technic should result in restoration of normal blood flow without significant sequelae."}
{"id": "PMID:148227", "title": "Prognosis of adequately treated hypertensive patients.", "content": "Adequate antihypertensive therapy will lower blood pressure to normotensive or near normotensive levels in 80-85% of patients. Long-term treatment results in a marked decrease in strokes and stroke recurrence, heart failure, renal failure, and progression to accelerated hypertension. The effects of long-term therapy on the occurrence of coronary artery disease are unclear.", "contents": "Prognosis of adequately treated hypertensive patients. Adequate antihypertensive therapy will lower blood pressure to normotensive or near normotensive levels in 80-85% of patients. Long-term treatment results in a marked decrease in strokes and stroke recurrence, heart failure, renal failure, and progression to accelerated hypertension. The effects of long-term therapy on the occurrence of coronary artery disease are unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:148228", "title": "Severe mitral regurgitation with a normal-sized left atrium.", "content": "The syndrome of severe mitral regurgitation with a normal-sized left atrium may or may not be associated with pulmonary hypertension and prominent left atrial V waves. To explain these pressure alterations by a single pressure-volume relationship is probably not adequate. It would appear that, whatever the clinical circumstances, normal pulmonary vascular pressures cannot exclude the diagnosis of mitral regurgitation.", "contents": "Severe mitral regurgitation with a normal-sized left atrium. The syndrome of severe mitral regurgitation with a normal-sized left atrium may or may not be associated with pulmonary hypertension and prominent left atrial V waves. To explain these pressure alterations by a single pressure-volume relationship is probably not adequate. It would appear that, whatever the clinical circumstances, normal pulmonary vascular pressures cannot exclude the diagnosis of mitral regurgitation."}
{"id": "PMID:148230", "title": "Parenteral immunization of pigs against infection with Treponema hyodysenteriae.", "content": "Six intravenous injections of formalin-inactivated Treponema hyodysenteriae were given to 8 specific-pathogen-free pigs at 6-day intervals. The 8 vaccinated and 8 control pigs were challenged intragastrically with pure cultures of T hyodysenteriae 7 and 8 days after the last intravenous injection. Clinical signs of swine dysentery were observed in all 8 control pigs, but was observed in only 1 of the immunized pigs. Three control pigs died. These findings suggest that parenteral immunization with T hyodysenteriae provided a marked degree of protection against subsequent intragastric challenge exposure with the homologous isolate of T hyodysenteriae.", "contents": "Parenteral immunization of pigs against infection with Treponema hyodysenteriae. Six intravenous injections of formalin-inactivated Treponema hyodysenteriae were given to 8 specific-pathogen-free pigs at 6-day intervals. The 8 vaccinated and 8 control pigs were challenged intragastrically with pure cultures of T hyodysenteriae 7 and 8 days after the last intravenous injection. Clinical signs of swine dysentery were observed in all 8 control pigs, but was observed in only 1 of the immunized pigs. Three control pigs died. These findings suggest that parenteral immunization with T hyodysenteriae provided a marked degree of protection against subsequent intragastric challenge exposure with the homologous isolate of T hyodysenteriae."}
{"id": "PMID:148231", "title": "Norepinephrine stores in the hypertrophied bovine heart.", "content": "Influence of hypertrophy on the cardiac stores of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine in different chambers of the heart were studied in calves with experimental left or right ventricular enlargement. In the control calves, concentration of NE was markedly higher in the atrial than in the ventricles, the left atrial body had a lower concentration than the right atrial body. The same was true of the left ventricular tissue compared to the right ventricular tissue. Marked depression of the cardiac NE concentration was observed in all chambers in the groups with right and left ventricular enlargement. The magnitude of changes was roughly related to the severity of the stenosis. Depletions in the concentration of NE were not noticed in the operated nonresponsive calves. By contrast, epinephrine was in small concentrations in control calves, amounting on the average to less than 10% of the amount of NE concentration in the same cardiac tissues. However, alterations in cardiac epinephrine values were not observed in the cardiac tissues obtained from animals with cardiac hypertrophy.", "contents": "Norepinephrine stores in the hypertrophied bovine heart. Influence of hypertrophy on the cardiac stores of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine in different chambers of the heart were studied in calves with experimental left or right ventricular enlargement. In the control calves, concentration of NE was markedly higher in the atrial than in the ventricles, the left atrial body had a lower concentration than the right atrial body. The same was true of the left ventricular tissue compared to the right ventricular tissue. Marked depression of the cardiac NE concentration was observed in all chambers in the groups with right and left ventricular enlargement. The magnitude of changes was roughly related to the severity of the stenosis. Depletions in the concentration of NE were not noticed in the operated nonresponsive calves. By contrast, epinephrine was in small concentrations in control calves, amounting on the average to less than 10% of the amount of NE concentration in the same cardiac tissues. However, alterations in cardiac epinephrine values were not observed in the cardiac tissues obtained from animals with cardiac hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:148235", "title": "[Comparison of plasma testosterone (T), androstenedione (A) and dhea variations after m\u00e9topirone in 10 normal and 12 hirsute women (author's transl)].", "content": "Plasma testosterone; androstenedione and DHA were measured by radio-immunoassay before (J1) under (J2) and 24-hour after (J3) oral metyrapone (4,5 g) in 10 normal and 12 hirsute women. Although individual values were dispersed, hirsute women, as a group, had significantly higher values at each time for each steroid. Hirsute women with normal basal T had normal T and A values for J1, J2, J3; while these with elevated basal T had elevated T and A value for all samples. Plasma DHEA was elevated in the two groups, before, under and after m\u00e9topirone.", "contents": "[Comparison of plasma testosterone (T), androstenedione (A) and dhea variations after m\u00e9topirone in 10 normal and 12 hirsute women (author's transl)]. Plasma testosterone; androstenedione and DHA were measured by radio-immunoassay before (J1) under (J2) and 24-hour after (J3) oral metyrapone (4,5 g) in 10 normal and 12 hirsute women. Although individual values were dispersed, hirsute women, as a group, had significantly higher values at each time for each steroid. Hirsute women with normal basal T had normal T and A values for J1, J2, J3; while these with elevated basal T had elevated T and A value for all samples. Plasma DHEA was elevated in the two groups, before, under and after m\u00e9topirone."}
{"id": "PMID:148239", "title": "The S\u00e9zary syndrome. A case with fetal-type glycogen and lymphocytic lymphoma.", "content": "A patient had S\u00e9zary syndrome and lymphocytic lymphoma. Cytoplasmic inclusions within the S\u00e9zary cells were demonstrated by histochemistry and electron microscopy to be composed of fetal-type glycogen. Results of tests for the presence of virus were negative. It is suggested that the S\u00e9zary cell represents a reversion of metabolic systems to more youthful types. Previously reported differences in diastase reactivity of the PAS-positive cytoplasmic inclusions are probably based on whether the glycogen is in fetal or mature configuration.", "contents": "The S\u00e9zary syndrome. A case with fetal-type glycogen and lymphocytic lymphoma. A patient had S\u00e9zary syndrome and lymphocytic lymphoma. Cytoplasmic inclusions within the S\u00e9zary cells were demonstrated by histochemistry and electron microscopy to be composed of fetal-type glycogen. Results of tests for the presence of virus were negative. It is suggested that the S\u00e9zary cell represents a reversion of metabolic systems to more youthful types. Previously reported differences in diastase reactivity of the PAS-positive cytoplasmic inclusions are probably based on whether the glycogen is in fetal or mature configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:148244", "title": "Variation of chemical composition with age in human femoral head cartilage.", "content": "The chemical composition of intact femoral head cartilage was investigated with age. Full-depth cartilage showed a decrease in water content and an increase in keratan sulphate and noncollagenous material with age. When analyzed through the depth of the cartilage, keratan sulphate was shown to appear first in the deep zones and later in the surface, while water content was lost mainly in the deep zones. On a dry weight basis collagen content decreased with age. This was not a real loss but was due to a change in the proportions of other materials, mainly in the deep zones.", "contents": "Variation of chemical composition with age in human femoral head cartilage. The chemical composition of intact femoral head cartilage was investigated with age. Full-depth cartilage showed a decrease in water content and an increase in keratan sulphate and noncollagenous material with age. When analyzed through the depth of the cartilage, keratan sulphate was shown to appear first in the deep zones and later in the surface, while water content was lost mainly in the deep zones. On a dry weight basis collagen content decreased with age. This was not a real loss but was due to a change in the proportions of other materials, mainly in the deep zones."}
{"id": "PMID:148245", "title": "Mesoatrial shunt: a new treatment for the Budd-Chiari syndrome.", "content": "A patient is presented with the Budd-Chiari Syndrome. Because of a thrombosed inferior vena cava, none of the standard portal-systemic shunts could be utilized for decompression of the engorged liver. A new shunt constructed by interposing a Dacron graft between the superior mesenteric vein and the right atrium was performed. Portal pressure was reduced by the shunt from 30 cm of H2O to 10 cm of H2O. Patency has been confirmed post-operatively by catheterization and with angiography. The patient is asymptomatic with normal liver function tests nine months following the procedure. A surgical approach is outlined for symptomatic patients with the Budd-Chairi Syndrom.", "contents": "Mesoatrial shunt: a new treatment for the Budd-Chiari syndrome. A patient is presented with the Budd-Chiari Syndrome. Because of a thrombosed inferior vena cava, none of the standard portal-systemic shunts could be utilized for decompression of the engorged liver. A new shunt constructed by interposing a Dacron graft between the superior mesenteric vein and the right atrium was performed. Portal pressure was reduced by the shunt from 30 cm of H2O to 10 cm of H2O. Patency has been confirmed post-operatively by catheterization and with angiography. The patient is asymptomatic with normal liver function tests nine months following the procedure. A surgical approach is outlined for symptomatic patients with the Budd-Chairi Syndrom."}
{"id": "PMID:148246", "title": "Vasoative intestinal peptide and the watery diarrhea syndrome.", "content": "A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for the detection of vasoactive intestinal peptide has been used to study patients with the watery diarrhea syndrome. In eleven patients the syndrome was associated with tumors, and plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide were elevated. VIP levels returned towards normal in five treated patients coincident with amelioration of symptoms. Normal values were obtained in patinets with chronic pancreatitis, sprue, medullary carcinoma, Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome and laxative abuse. In six other patients with indistinguishable syndrome and no findings of tumor at laparotomy and autopsy, vasoactive intestinal peptide levels were normal. The results suggest that VIP may be the causative agent in patients with the watery diarrhea syndrome and tumors, but that an indistinguishable syndrome exists for which VIP is not the cause.", "contents": "Vasoative intestinal peptide and the watery diarrhea syndrome. A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay for the detection of vasoactive intestinal peptide has been used to study patients with the watery diarrhea syndrome. In eleven patients the syndrome was associated with tumors, and plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide were elevated. VIP levels returned towards normal in five treated patients coincident with amelioration of symptoms. Normal values were obtained in patinets with chronic pancreatitis, sprue, medullary carcinoma, Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome and laxative abuse. In six other patients with indistinguishable syndrome and no findings of tumor at laparotomy and autopsy, vasoactive intestinal peptide levels were normal. The results suggest that VIP may be the causative agent in patients with the watery diarrhea syndrome and tumors, but that an indistinguishable syndrome exists for which VIP is not the cause."}
{"id": "PMID:148247", "title": "Surgical treatment of annuloaortic estasia: experience in 7 consecutive patients.", "content": "Seven patients with annuloaortic ectasia were treated according to the method described by Bentall and De Bono. A Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve in a composite graft was the prosthesis of choice and was used in all patients except 1, who received a Starr-Edwards valve. Profound topical cooling without selective coronary perfusion was applied in 5 patients for myocardial preservation during aortic occlusion. The was 1 operative death and 1 late death, the latter from cerebral thromboembolism. Five survivors have been followed from 1 year 5 months to 2 years 10 months with an average follow-up of 2 years. Excellent results were obtained in all survivors, their physical capabilities putting them in Class I of the New York Heart Association Functional Classification. Postoperative aortograms showed no signs of kinking or compression of vascular prostheses nor abnormalities of prosthetic calves. A modified technique to secure graft fixation is discussed.", "contents": "Surgical treatment of annuloaortic estasia: experience in 7 consecutive patients. Seven patients with annuloaortic ectasia were treated according to the method described by Bentall and De Bono. A Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley valve in a composite graft was the prosthesis of choice and was used in all patients except 1, who received a Starr-Edwards valve. Profound topical cooling without selective coronary perfusion was applied in 5 patients for myocardial preservation during aortic occlusion. The was 1 operative death and 1 late death, the latter from cerebral thromboembolism. Five survivors have been followed from 1 year 5 months to 2 years 10 months with an average follow-up of 2 years. Excellent results were obtained in all survivors, their physical capabilities putting them in Class I of the New York Heart Association Functional Classification. Postoperative aortograms showed no signs of kinking or compression of vascular prostheses nor abnormalities of prosthetic calves. A modified technique to secure graft fixation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148248", "title": "Concepts and practices in surgery for total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.", "content": "In the last ten years there have been extensive refinements in the surgical approach to total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). This communication reviews determinants of hosptal mortality and controversies in surgical management. As examples of current experience with repair of TAPVC, recent results at the University of Alabama and a combined analysis of hospital mortality for Alabama, Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston, and Green Lane Hospital are reported. From July, 1974, to July 1977, the Alabama hospital mortality among the 17 infants with supracardiac, cardiac, and infracardiac TAPVC was 12% (2 infants).", "contents": "Concepts and practices in surgery for total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. In the last ten years there have been extensive refinements in the surgical approach to total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC). This communication reviews determinants of hosptal mortality and controversies in surgical management. As examples of current experience with repair of TAPVC, recent results at the University of Alabama and a combined analysis of hospital mortality for Alabama, Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston, and Green Lane Hospital are reported. From July, 1974, to July 1977, the Alabama hospital mortality among the 17 infants with supracardiac, cardiac, and infracardiac TAPVC was 12% (2 infants)."}
{"id": "PMID:148249", "title": "Echocardiographic detection of cardiac involvement in patients with chronic renal failure.", "content": "Echocardiography was performed in 50 patients in chronic renal failure with symptoms suggestive of possible cardiac involvement. Pericardial effusions were detected in 33 and pericardial thickening in 22. In five patients solid material, probably fibrinous, was seen adherent to the parietal or visceral pericardium. The left ventricle was dilated in 18 patients and showed definitely impaired contractility in 16. The left ventricular (LV) posterior wall was abnormally thick in 19 patients. In two, the ventricular septum was more than 1.3 times as thick as the LV posterior wall. Other echocardiographic findings included calcification in the mitral annulus region, mitral valve vegetations, and thickened chordae tendineae. Echocardiography has proved to be of great help in the assessment of symptomatic patients with chronic renal failure not only in diagnosing the presence and extent of pericardial effusion and thickening, but also in detecting impaired myocardial contractility, calcification in the posterior mitral annulus region, and vegetations of bacterial endocarditis.", "contents": "Echocardiographic detection of cardiac involvement in patients with chronic renal failure. Echocardiography was performed in 50 patients in chronic renal failure with symptoms suggestive of possible cardiac involvement. Pericardial effusions were detected in 33 and pericardial thickening in 22. In five patients solid material, probably fibrinous, was seen adherent to the parietal or visceral pericardium. The left ventricle was dilated in 18 patients and showed definitely impaired contractility in 16. The left ventricular (LV) posterior wall was abnormally thick in 19 patients. In two, the ventricular septum was more than 1.3 times as thick as the LV posterior wall. Other echocardiographic findings included calcification in the mitral annulus region, mitral valve vegetations, and thickened chordae tendineae. Echocardiography has proved to be of great help in the assessment of symptomatic patients with chronic renal failure not only in diagnosing the presence and extent of pericardial effusion and thickening, but also in detecting impaired myocardial contractility, calcification in the posterior mitral annulus region, and vegetations of bacterial endocarditis."}
{"id": "PMID:148250", "title": "Skin lesions treated with azathioprine and prednisone. Comparison of nontransplant patients and renal transplant recipients.", "content": "Cutaneous complications were studied in 120 patients who received azathioprine and prednisone for six months to ten years. Questionnaire, chart review, and physical examination were used to assess skin infections, rash, verrucae, herpes zoster, tumors, condylomata acuminata, hair loss, and color changes. One hundred patients with renal allografts were compared with 20 nontransplant patients with systemic disease. Dermatologic problems were more frequent in transplant recipients (P less than .02) than in nontransplant patients. Verrucae were more frequent in transplant recipients (P less than .001). There was no significant increase in the total number of skin manifestations with increasing length of therapy, although warts and herpes zoster increased with time. This study suggests that the increase in the total number of skin lesions noted in previous studies of renal transplant recipients is not as prevalent in nontransplant patients who receive azathioprine and prednisone, due primarily to fewer verrucae in nontransplant patients.", "contents": "Skin lesions treated with azathioprine and prednisone. Comparison of nontransplant patients and renal transplant recipients. Cutaneous complications were studied in 120 patients who received azathioprine and prednisone for six months to ten years. Questionnaire, chart review, and physical examination were used to assess skin infections, rash, verrucae, herpes zoster, tumors, condylomata acuminata, hair loss, and color changes. One hundred patients with renal allografts were compared with 20 nontransplant patients with systemic disease. Dermatologic problems were more frequent in transplant recipients (P less than .02) than in nontransplant patients. Verrucae were more frequent in transplant recipients (P less than .001). There was no significant increase in the total number of skin manifestations with increasing length of therapy, although warts and herpes zoster increased with time. This study suggests that the increase in the total number of skin lesions noted in previous studies of renal transplant recipients is not as prevalent in nontransplant patients who receive azathioprine and prednisone, due primarily to fewer verrucae in nontransplant patients."}
{"id": "PMID:148251", "title": "Ultrastructural study of microcyclic macroconidiation in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Heat-shock of macroconidia of Neurospora crassa at 46 degrees C followed by shift-down to 25 degrees C determines premature conidiogenesis. The nuclei and cytoplasmof heat-treated, swollen conidia contain spots of a dense material especially concentrated around the nucleolus in short time treated ones. In the first proconidium apically budding on the enlarged tip of the premature conidiophore, small vesicles are later seen lining the initially simple septum separating the proconidial units into conidia. The doubling of this interconidial septum is surface viewn as a thick annulus. Disarticulation of the conidial untis intervenes along a septal furrow of electroluscent material. Interconidial continuity through the septal proes is transiently insured by a connective which is ruptured for final liberation of the conidia.", "contents": "Ultrastructural study of microcyclic macroconidiation in Neurospora crassa. Heat-shock of macroconidia of Neurospora crassa at 46 degrees C followed by shift-down to 25 degrees C determines premature conidiogenesis. The nuclei and cytoplasmof heat-treated, swollen conidia contain spots of a dense material especially concentrated around the nucleolus in short time treated ones. In the first proconidium apically budding on the enlarged tip of the premature conidiophore, small vesicles are later seen lining the initially simple septum separating the proconidial units into conidia. The doubling of this interconidial septum is surface viewn as a thick annulus. Disarticulation of the conidial untis intervenes along a septal furrow of electroluscent material. Interconidial continuity through the septal proes is transiently insured by a connective which is ruptured for final liberation of the conidia."}
{"id": "PMID:148252", "title": "Energy cost of ambulation in health and disability: a literature review.", "content": "The literature concerning ambulation of normal and disabled persons--amputees, hemiplegics, and paraplegics--is reviewed. Also reviewed are studies of the energy cost of ambulating with assistive devices and of wheelchair locomotion. According to an average of the results available from the literature, a normal expenditure (Ee) of 0.063 kcal/min/kg and 0.00764 kcal/meter/kg. The disabled person walks more slowly, to avoid incurring an increase in Ec/minute. The more disabled the person, the more determinants of gait lost; thus, the more slowly he walks and the less efficient he becomes in terms of Ee/kcal/unit distance. The importance of a common terminology when measuring the energy cost of ambulation and the need to allow subjects to walk at their own most comfortable walking speed are stressed.", "contents": "Energy cost of ambulation in health and disability: a literature review. The literature concerning ambulation of normal and disabled persons--amputees, hemiplegics, and paraplegics--is reviewed. Also reviewed are studies of the energy cost of ambulating with assistive devices and of wheelchair locomotion. According to an average of the results available from the literature, a normal expenditure (Ee) of 0.063 kcal/min/kg and 0.00764 kcal/meter/kg. The disabled person walks more slowly, to avoid incurring an increase in Ec/minute. The more disabled the person, the more determinants of gait lost; thus, the more slowly he walks and the less efficient he becomes in terms of Ee/kcal/unit distance. The importance of a common terminology when measuring the energy cost of ambulation and the need to allow subjects to walk at their own most comfortable walking speed are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:148253", "title": "Ultrasonic evaluation of ventral hernias disguised as intra-abcominal neoplasms.", "content": "Most cases of ventral hernias are easily diagnosed by palpation, but palpation is a subjective examination that may be difficult or even misleading, especially in obese patients. In cases of diagnostic uncertainty, ultrasonic examinations offer an objective means of distinguishing between a mass in the abdominal wall and one actually deep to the peritoneum. In addition, if such a mass is detected, these studies provide information that can characterize its physical nature.", "contents": "Ultrasonic evaluation of ventral hernias disguised as intra-abcominal neoplasms. Most cases of ventral hernias are easily diagnosed by palpation, but palpation is a subjective examination that may be difficult or even misleading, especially in obese patients. In cases of diagnostic uncertainty, ultrasonic examinations offer an objective means of distinguishing between a mass in the abdominal wall and one actually deep to the peritoneum. In addition, if such a mass is detected, these studies provide information that can characterize its physical nature."}
{"id": "PMID:148254", "title": "Protective effects of adenosine triphosphate administration in burns.", "content": "The effects of intramuscular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) administration after thermal skin injury on the ATP content and morphology of the liver and heart were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The results showed that exogenous ATP injected during the early post-burn period could restore the ATP content of the liver and heart to near normal values and modify the burn-related morphological alterations in the liver.", "contents": "Protective effects of adenosine triphosphate administration in burns. The effects of intramuscular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) administration after thermal skin injury on the ATP content and morphology of the liver and heart were studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The results showed that exogenous ATP injected during the early post-burn period could restore the ATP content of the liver and heart to near normal values and modify the burn-related morphological alterations in the liver."}
{"id": "PMID:148257", "title": "[Electron-microscopic histochemistry of phosphohydrolases in the normal mucosa and in the cells of human gastric adenocarcinoma].", "content": "Electron-histochemical study of phosphohydrolases (ATPase, acid and alkaline phosphatases) in cells of the normal gastric mucosa, duodenal mucosa and gastric adenocarcinoma of man was carried out. In cancer cells retaining to a certain extent the ultrastructural features of the chief cells, parietal cells of enterocytes, the distribution of the product of reaction for ATPase and acid phosphatase in nucleoli, endoplasmic reticulum membranes, intracellular cannaliculi, plasmalemma, mitochondria, the distribution of the product of reaction for ATPase and acid phosphatase in nucleoli, tural features of enterocytes, no activity of alkaline phosphatase could be demonstrated in membranes of the villi of the striated border. Alongside with the retention or disappearance of electron-histochemical features, some of them may be enhanced. Thus, the activity of acid phosphatase was increased in lysosomes of cancer cells (of the type of chief cells). So, in cancer cells of adenocarcinoma the structure-functional rearrangement going in different directions is observed in addition to the process of simplification and unification.", "contents": "[Electron-microscopic histochemistry of phosphohydrolases in the normal mucosa and in the cells of human gastric adenocarcinoma]. Electron-histochemical study of phosphohydrolases (ATPase, acid and alkaline phosphatases) in cells of the normal gastric mucosa, duodenal mucosa and gastric adenocarcinoma of man was carried out. In cancer cells retaining to a certain extent the ultrastructural features of the chief cells, parietal cells of enterocytes, the distribution of the product of reaction for ATPase and acid phosphatase in nucleoli, endoplasmic reticulum membranes, intracellular cannaliculi, plasmalemma, mitochondria, the distribution of the product of reaction for ATPase and acid phosphatase in nucleoli, tural features of enterocytes, no activity of alkaline phosphatase could be demonstrated in membranes of the villi of the striated border. Alongside with the retention or disappearance of electron-histochemical features, some of them may be enhanced. Thus, the activity of acid phosphatase was increased in lysosomes of cancer cells (of the type of chief cells). So, in cancer cells of adenocarcinoma the structure-functional rearrangement going in different directions is observed in addition to the process of simplification and unification."}
{"id": "PMID:148258", "title": "[Comparative characteristics of arteriosclerosis of the aorta, subclavian, iliac and femoral arteries in the populations of Riga and Samarkand].", "content": "Visual-planimetric evaluation of atherosclerosis of the aorta, subclavian, iliac, and femoral arteries in men of 50--64 who had died in Riga and Samarkand was carried out. The values characterizing the extent and severity of atherosclerosis of these arteries in the indigenous and non-indigenous population of these cities were calculated. Differences in the morphological features and course of atherosclerosis of arteries of the extremities in relation to the place of residence were established. No significant differences in the development of atherosclerotic changes of arteries of the extremities between indigenous and non-indigenous residents of Riga were found. The indigenous residents of Samarkand had low values of the area of atherosclerotic changes of the blood vessels of the extremities as well as low frequency of stenoses and obliterating lesions as compared with the non-indigenous residents. The observed differences indicate the importance of climatic-geographical and genetic factors and national-environmental features of the way of life in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic diseases of the extremities.", "contents": "[Comparative characteristics of arteriosclerosis of the aorta, subclavian, iliac and femoral arteries in the populations of Riga and Samarkand]. Visual-planimetric evaluation of atherosclerosis of the aorta, subclavian, iliac, and femoral arteries in men of 50--64 who had died in Riga and Samarkand was carried out. The values characterizing the extent and severity of atherosclerosis of these arteries in the indigenous and non-indigenous population of these cities were calculated. Differences in the morphological features and course of atherosclerosis of arteries of the extremities in relation to the place of residence were established. No significant differences in the development of atherosclerotic changes of arteries of the extremities between indigenous and non-indigenous residents of Riga were found. The indigenous residents of Samarkand had low values of the area of atherosclerotic changes of the blood vessels of the extremities as well as low frequency of stenoses and obliterating lesions as compared with the non-indigenous residents. The observed differences indicate the importance of climatic-geographical and genetic factors and national-environmental features of the way of life in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic diseases of the extremities."}
{"id": "PMID:148259", "title": "[Tissue-specific regulation of proliferative processes in the tissues normally and in pathology: on the problem of chalones].", "content": "The paper discusses the author's own and literary data on the role of chalones (tissue-specific inhibitors of proliferative processes) in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis normally and pathologically. It is suggested that chalones be used both as regulators of cell multiplication and as markers of histogenesis.", "contents": "[Tissue-specific regulation of proliferative processes in the tissues normally and in pathology: on the problem of chalones]. The paper discusses the author's own and literary data on the role of chalones (tissue-specific inhibitors of proliferative processes) in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis normally and pathologically. It is suggested that chalones be used both as regulators of cell multiplication and as markers of histogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:148271", "title": "The functional unit of calcium-plus-magnesium-ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase from sarcoplasmic reticulum. The aggregational state of the deoxycholate-solubilized protein in an enzymically active form.", "content": "Vesicles consisting of (Ca(2+)+Mg(2+))-dependent ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase), and lipid were prepared from sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit skeletal muscle. As with non-ionic detergents [le Maire, M\u00f8ller & Tanford (1976) Biochemistry15, 2336-2342] the (Ca(2+)+Mg(2+))-dependent ATPase after solubilization by deoxycholate showed a pronounced tendency to form oligomers in gel-chromatographic experiments, when eluted in the presence of deoxycholate and phosphatidylcholine. To evaluate the functional significance of oligomer formation the properties of enzymically active preparations of ATPase, solubilized by deoxycholate, were studied. Such preparations were obtained at a protein concentration of 2.5mg/ml in the presence of a high salt concentration (0.4m-KCl) and sucrose (0.3m) in the solubilization medium. Analytical ultracentrifugation of solubilized ATPase showed one protein boundary moving at the same rate as gel-chromatographically prepared monomeric ATPase (s(20,w)=6.0S). From simultaneous measurements of the diffusion coefficient an apparent molecular weight of 133000 was calculated, consistent with solubilization of ATPase in predominantly monomeric form. The enzymic activity of deoxycholate-solubilized ATPase when measured directly in the solubilization medium at optimal Ca(2+) and MgATP concentrations was about 35-50% of that of vesicular ATPase. The dependence of enzymic activity on MgATP concentration indicated that the solubilized ATPase retained high-affinity binding of MgATP, but the presence of high concentrations of the nucleotide did not stimulate activity further, in contrast with that of vesicular ATPase. The dependence of enzymic activity on the free Ca(2+) concentration was essentially the same for both solubilized and vesicular forms, indicating that interaction of ATPase with more than one molecule of Ca(2+) is required for enzyme activity. Solubilized enzyme at 20 degrees C was phosphorylated to about the same degree as vesicular ATPase. It is concluded that the catalytic activity of monomeric ATPase retains most of the features of vesicular ATPase and that extensive oligomer formation in gel-chromatographic experiments in the presence of deoxycholate probably reflects processes taking place during inactivation and delipidation of the protein.", "contents": "The functional unit of calcium-plus-magnesium-ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase from sarcoplasmic reticulum. The aggregational state of the deoxycholate-solubilized protein in an enzymically active form. Vesicles consisting of (Ca(2+)+Mg(2+))-dependent ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase), and lipid were prepared from sarcoplasmic reticulum of rabbit skeletal muscle. As with non-ionic detergents [le Maire, M\u00f8ller & Tanford (1976) Biochemistry15, 2336-2342] the (Ca(2+)+Mg(2+))-dependent ATPase after solubilization by deoxycholate showed a pronounced tendency to form oligomers in gel-chromatographic experiments, when eluted in the presence of deoxycholate and phosphatidylcholine. To evaluate the functional significance of oligomer formation the properties of enzymically active preparations of ATPase, solubilized by deoxycholate, were studied. Such preparations were obtained at a protein concentration of 2.5mg/ml in the presence of a high salt concentration (0.4m-KCl) and sucrose (0.3m) in the solubilization medium. Analytical ultracentrifugation of solubilized ATPase showed one protein boundary moving at the same rate as gel-chromatographically prepared monomeric ATPase (s(20,w)=6.0S). From simultaneous measurements of the diffusion coefficient an apparent molecular weight of 133000 was calculated, consistent with solubilization of ATPase in predominantly monomeric form. The enzymic activity of deoxycholate-solubilized ATPase when measured directly in the solubilization medium at optimal Ca(2+) and MgATP concentrations was about 35-50% of that of vesicular ATPase. The dependence of enzymic activity on MgATP concentration indicated that the solubilized ATPase retained high-affinity binding of MgATP, but the presence of high concentrations of the nucleotide did not stimulate activity further, in contrast with that of vesicular ATPase. The dependence of enzymic activity on the free Ca(2+) concentration was essentially the same for both solubilized and vesicular forms, indicating that interaction of ATPase with more than one molecule of Ca(2+) is required for enzyme activity. Solubilized enzyme at 20 degrees C was phosphorylated to about the same degree as vesicular ATPase. It is concluded that the catalytic activity of monomeric ATPase retains most of the features of vesicular ATPase and that extensive oligomer formation in gel-chromatographic experiments in the presence of deoxycholate probably reflects processes taking place during inactivation and delipidation of the protein."}
{"id": "PMID:148272", "title": "Gliding edge dislocations in proteins as a mechanism for active ion transport.", "content": "A mechanism for the translocation of ions across biological membranes is proposed in which transconformational changes occur in the membrane-bound ion pump. In particular, it is suggested that such conformational changes are effected by means of the propagation of crystal defects in the form of edge-dislocation glide.", "contents": "Gliding edge dislocations in proteins as a mechanism for active ion transport. A mechanism for the translocation of ions across biological membranes is proposed in which transconformational changes occur in the membrane-bound ion pump. In particular, it is suggested that such conformational changes are effected by means of the propagation of crystal defects in the form of edge-dislocation glide."}
{"id": "PMID:148273", "title": "Comparison of alpha-methylphenylalanine and p-chlorophenylalanine as inducers of chronic hyperphenylalaninaemia in developing rats.", "content": "alpha-Methylphenylalanine is a very weak competitive inhibitor of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase in vitro but a potent suppressor in vivo. The loss of the hepatic activity (the renal one is unaffected) becomes maximal (70-75% decrease; cf. control) 18h after the administration (per 10g body wt.) of 24 mumol of alpha-methylphenylalanine with or without 52 mumol of phenylalanine. Chronic suppression of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase was obtained by injections of alpha-methylphenylalanine plus phenylalanine to suckling rats, and by their addition to the diet after weaning. A series of comparisons of the effects of this treatment, and one with p-chlorophenylalanine, was then carried out. In both cases there was a rise (1.3-2-fold) in phenylalanine-pyruvate amino-transferase activity (but no change in four other enzyme activities) in the liver; in brain there was a rise in phosphoserine phosphatase activity, but the total activity and subcellular distribution of nine enzymes revealed no other abnormalities in cerebral development. Striking increases in the concentration of plasma phenylalanine during 26 of the 31 experimental days (with a transient fall at 18-22 days) were maintained by treatment with both analogues plus phenylalanine. However, p-chlorophenylalanine-treated animals had a 30-60% mortality rate and 27-52% decrease in body weight. Developing rats treated with alpha-methylphenylalanine, showing no growth deficit or signs of toxicity (e.g. cataracts), appear to be a more suitable model for the human disease of phenylketonuria. Their phenylalanine concentrations exhibited at least 20-40-fold increase during 50% of each of the first 18 days of life, and 30-fold after weaning.", "contents": "Comparison of alpha-methylphenylalanine and p-chlorophenylalanine as inducers of chronic hyperphenylalaninaemia in developing rats. alpha-Methylphenylalanine is a very weak competitive inhibitor of rat liver phenylalanine hydroxylase in vitro but a potent suppressor in vivo. The loss of the hepatic activity (the renal one is unaffected) becomes maximal (70-75% decrease; cf. control) 18h after the administration (per 10g body wt.) of 24 mumol of alpha-methylphenylalanine with or without 52 mumol of phenylalanine. Chronic suppression of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylase was obtained by injections of alpha-methylphenylalanine plus phenylalanine to suckling rats, and by their addition to the diet after weaning. A series of comparisons of the effects of this treatment, and one with p-chlorophenylalanine, was then carried out. In both cases there was a rise (1.3-2-fold) in phenylalanine-pyruvate amino-transferase activity (but no change in four other enzyme activities) in the liver; in brain there was a rise in phosphoserine phosphatase activity, but the total activity and subcellular distribution of nine enzymes revealed no other abnormalities in cerebral development. Striking increases in the concentration of plasma phenylalanine during 26 of the 31 experimental days (with a transient fall at 18-22 days) were maintained by treatment with both analogues plus phenylalanine. However, p-chlorophenylalanine-treated animals had a 30-60% mortality rate and 27-52% decrease in body weight. Developing rats treated with alpha-methylphenylalanine, showing no growth deficit or signs of toxicity (e.g. cataracts), appear to be a more suitable model for the human disease of phenylketonuria. Their phenylalanine concentrations exhibited at least 20-40-fold increase during 50% of each of the first 18 days of life, and 30-fold after weaning."}
{"id": "PMID:148274", "title": "Citreoviridin, a specific inhibitor of the mitochondiral adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "1. Citreoviridin was a potent inhibitor of the soluble mitochondrial ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) similar to the closely related aurovertins B and D. 2. Citreoviridin inhibited the following mitochondrial energy-linked reactions also: ADP-stimulated respiration in whole mitochondria from ox heart and rat liver; ATP-driven reduction of NAD+ by succinate; ATP-driven NAD transhydrogenase and ATPase from ox heart submitochondrial particles. 3. The dissociation constant (KD) calculated by a simple law-of-mass-action treatment for the citreoviridin--ATPase complex was 0.5--4.2micron for ox-heart mitochondrial preparations and 0.15micron for rat liver mitochondria. 4. Monoacetylation of citreoviridin decreased its inhibitory potency (KD=2--25micron, ox heart; KD=0.7micron, rat liver). Diacetylation greatly decreased the inhibitory potency (KD=60--215micron, ox heart). 5. Hydrogenation of citreoviridin monoacetate diminished its inhibitory potency considerably. 6. No significant enhancement of fluorescence was observed when citreoviridin interacted with the mitochondrial ATPase.", "contents": "Citreoviridin, a specific inhibitor of the mitochondiral adenosine triphosphatase. 1. Citreoviridin was a potent inhibitor of the soluble mitochondrial ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) similar to the closely related aurovertins B and D. 2. Citreoviridin inhibited the following mitochondrial energy-linked reactions also: ADP-stimulated respiration in whole mitochondria from ox heart and rat liver; ATP-driven reduction of NAD+ by succinate; ATP-driven NAD transhydrogenase and ATPase from ox heart submitochondrial particles. 3. The dissociation constant (KD) calculated by a simple law-of-mass-action treatment for the citreoviridin--ATPase complex was 0.5--4.2micron for ox-heart mitochondrial preparations and 0.15micron for rat liver mitochondria. 4. Monoacetylation of citreoviridin decreased its inhibitory potency (KD=2--25micron, ox heart; KD=0.7micron, rat liver). Diacetylation greatly decreased the inhibitory potency (KD=60--215micron, ox heart). 5. Hydrogenation of citreoviridin monoacetate diminished its inhibitory potency considerably. 6. No significant enhancement of fluorescence was observed when citreoviridin interacted with the mitochondrial ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:148275", "title": "Genetic complementation between two mutant unc alleles (unc A401 and unc D409) affecting the Fl portion of the magnesium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli K12.", "content": "A new mutant strain of Escherichia coli in which phosphorylation is uncoupled from electron transport was isolated. A genetic-complementation analysis, using partial diploid strains, showed that the new mutant allele, uncD409, is in a gene distinct from the other previously identified genes uncA, uncB and uncC. A strain carrying the uncd409 allele has no Mg2+ ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity and is therefore phenotypically similar to strains carrying the uncA401 mutant allele. Complementation between the uncA401 and the uncD409 alleles occurred, as indicated by growth of partial diploid strains on succinate and their growth yields on limiting concentrations of glucose. Complementation was confirmed by using membranes prepared from the above partial diploids. Such membranes were found to have Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity, ATP-dependent transhydrogenase activity ADP-induced atebrin-fluorescence quenching and low but significant amounts of oxidative phosphorylation.", "contents": "Genetic complementation between two mutant unc alleles (unc A401 and unc D409) affecting the Fl portion of the magnesium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli K12. A new mutant strain of Escherichia coli in which phosphorylation is uncoupled from electron transport was isolated. A genetic-complementation analysis, using partial diploid strains, showed that the new mutant allele, uncD409, is in a gene distinct from the other previously identified genes uncA, uncB and uncC. A strain carrying the uncd409 allele has no Mg2+ ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity and is therefore phenotypically similar to strains carrying the uncA401 mutant allele. Complementation between the uncA401 and the uncD409 alleles occurred, as indicated by growth of partial diploid strains on succinate and their growth yields on limiting concentrations of glucose. Complementation was confirmed by using membranes prepared from the above partial diploids. Such membranes were found to have Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activity, ATP-dependent transhydrogenase activity ADP-induced atebrin-fluorescence quenching and low but significant amounts of oxidative phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:148276", "title": "Preparation and characterization of frog muscle myosin subfragment 1 and actin.", "content": "The preparation, structural and steady-state kinetic characteristics of contractile proteins from the leg muscle of frogs Rana temporaria and Rana pipiens are described. Actin and myosin from the two frog species are indistinguishable. The proteins have structural and steady-state kinetic properties similar to those from rabbit fast-twitch skeletal muscle. Chymotrypsin digestion of frog myosin or myofibrils in the presence of EDTA yields subfragment 1, which is separated by chromatography into two components that are distinguished by their alkali light-chain content.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of frog muscle myosin subfragment 1 and actin. The preparation, structural and steady-state kinetic characteristics of contractile proteins from the leg muscle of frogs Rana temporaria and Rana pipiens are described. Actin and myosin from the two frog species are indistinguishable. The proteins have structural and steady-state kinetic properties similar to those from rabbit fast-twitch skeletal muscle. Chymotrypsin digestion of frog myosin or myofibrils in the presence of EDTA yields subfragment 1, which is separated by chromatography into two components that are distinguished by their alkali light-chain content."}
{"id": "PMID:148277", "title": "Reaction mechanism of the magnesium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of frog muscle myosin and subfragment 1.", "content": "The Mg2+-dependent ATPase (adenosine 5'-triphosphatase) mechanism of myosin and subfragment 1 prepared from frog leg muscle was investigated by transient kinetic technique. The results show that in general terms the mechanism is similar to that of the rabbit skeletal-muscle myosin ATPase. During subfragment-1 ATPase activity at 0-5 degrees C pH 7.0 and I0.15, the predominant component of the steady-state intermediate is a subfragment-1-products complex (E.ADP.Pi). Binary subfragment-1-ATP (E.ATP) and subfragment-1-ADP (E.ADP) complexes are the other main components of the steady-state intermediate, the relative concentrations of the three components E.ATP, E.ADP.Pi and E.ADP being 5.5:92.5:2.0 respectively. The frog myosin ATPase mechanism is distinguished from that of the rabbit at 0-5 degrees C by the low steady-state concentrations of E.ATP and E.ADP relative to that of E.ADP.Pi and can be described by: E + ATP k' + 1 in equilibrium k' - 1 E.ATP k' + 2 in equilibrium k' - 2 E.ADP.Pi k' + 3 in equilibrium k' - 3 E.ADP + Pi k' + 4 in equilibrium k' - 4 E + ADP. In the above conditions successive forward rate constants have values: k' + 1, 1.1 X 10(5)M-1.S-1; k' + 2 greater than 5s-1; k' + 3, 0.011 s-1; k' + 4, 0.5 s-1; k'-1 is probably less than 0.006s-1. The observed second-order rate constants of the association of actin to subfragment 1 and of ATP-induced dissociation of the actin-subfragment-1 complex are 5.5 X 10(4) M-1.S-1 and 7.4 X 10(5) M-1.S-1 respectively at 2-5 degrees C and pH 7.0. The physiological implications of these results are discussed.", "contents": "Reaction mechanism of the magnesium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase of frog muscle myosin and subfragment 1. The Mg2+-dependent ATPase (adenosine 5'-triphosphatase) mechanism of myosin and subfragment 1 prepared from frog leg muscle was investigated by transient kinetic technique. The results show that in general terms the mechanism is similar to that of the rabbit skeletal-muscle myosin ATPase. During subfragment-1 ATPase activity at 0-5 degrees C pH 7.0 and I0.15, the predominant component of the steady-state intermediate is a subfragment-1-products complex (E.ADP.Pi). Binary subfragment-1-ATP (E.ATP) and subfragment-1-ADP (E.ADP) complexes are the other main components of the steady-state intermediate, the relative concentrations of the three components E.ATP, E.ADP.Pi and E.ADP being 5.5:92.5:2.0 respectively. The frog myosin ATPase mechanism is distinguished from that of the rabbit at 0-5 degrees C by the low steady-state concentrations of E.ATP and E.ADP relative to that of E.ADP.Pi and can be described by: E + ATP k' + 1 in equilibrium k' - 1 E.ATP k' + 2 in equilibrium k' - 2 E.ADP.Pi k' + 3 in equilibrium k' - 3 E.ADP + Pi k' + 4 in equilibrium k' - 4 E + ADP. In the above conditions successive forward rate constants have values: k' + 1, 1.1 X 10(5)M-1.S-1; k' + 2 greater than 5s-1; k' + 3, 0.011 s-1; k' + 4, 0.5 s-1; k'-1 is probably less than 0.006s-1. The observed second-order rate constants of the association of actin to subfragment 1 and of ATP-induced dissociation of the actin-subfragment-1 complex are 5.5 X 10(4) M-1.S-1 and 7.4 X 10(5) M-1.S-1 respectively at 2-5 degrees C and pH 7.0. The physiological implications of these results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148279", "title": "Heterogeneity in the composition and aggregation patterns of coronary intima acid mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans).", "content": "The thickened intima of human coronary arteries included acid mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) with a large variety of patterns of composition and aggregation. This heterogeneity, detectable with histochemical methods, was related in our material to age, branching anatomical pattern, size of vessel, collateral or terminal character of the vessel, bifurcations, intimal histology, internal elastic membrane alterations, as well as to the onset of fatty streaks, gelatinous plaques and incorporated microthrombi.", "contents": "Heterogeneity in the composition and aggregation patterns of coronary intima acid mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans). The thickened intima of human coronary arteries included acid mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans) with a large variety of patterns of composition and aggregation. This heterogeneity, detectable with histochemical methods, was related in our material to age, branching anatomical pattern, size of vessel, collateral or terminal character of the vessel, bifurcations, intimal histology, internal elastic membrane alterations, as well as to the onset of fatty streaks, gelatinous plaques and incorporated microthrombi."}
{"id": "PMID:148290", "title": "Menstrual patterns after laparoscopic sterilization using a spring-loaded clip.", "content": "Details of the menstrual cycles in 504 women were recorded before laparoscopic sterilization with a spring-loaded clip and at six months and one year after the procedure. The operation did not affect the length of the menstrual cycle or duration of menstrual flow, nor the patient's assessment of the amount of blood losss or the incidence of dysmenorrhoea. The previous method of contraception was significantly related to subsequent menstrual patterns.", "contents": "Menstrual patterns after laparoscopic sterilization using a spring-loaded clip. Details of the menstrual cycles in 504 women were recorded before laparoscopic sterilization with a spring-loaded clip and at six months and one year after the procedure. The operation did not affect the length of the menstrual cycle or duration of menstrual flow, nor the patient's assessment of the amount of blood losss or the incidence of dysmenorrhoea. The previous method of contraception was significantly related to subsequent menstrual patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:148292", "title": "Studies of (Na+ + K+)-sensitive ATPase activity in pig lymphocytes. Effects of concanavalin A.", "content": "(Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity is demonstrated in plasma membranes from pig mesenteric lymph nodes. After dodecyl sulfate treatment plasma membranes have an 18-fold higher (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity, while their ouabain-insensitive Mg2+-ATPase is markedly lowered. A solubilized (Na+ +K+)-ATPase fraction, obtained by Lubrol WX treatment of the membranes, has very high specific activity (21 mumol Pi/h per mg protein). Concanavalin A has no effect on these partially purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, while inhibits (40%) this activity in less purified fractions which still contain Mg2+-ATPase activity.", "contents": "Studies of (Na+ + K+)-sensitive ATPase activity in pig lymphocytes. Effects of concanavalin A. (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity is demonstrated in plasma membranes from pig mesenteric lymph nodes. After dodecyl sulfate treatment plasma membranes have an 18-fold higher (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity, while their ouabain-insensitive Mg2+-ATPase is markedly lowered. A solubilized (Na+ +K+)-ATPase fraction, obtained by Lubrol WX treatment of the membranes, has very high specific activity (21 mumol Pi/h per mg protein). Concanavalin A has no effect on these partially purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase, while inhibits (40%) this activity in less purified fractions which still contain Mg2+-ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:148293", "title": "Reversible shift between two states of Ca2+-ATPase in human erythrocytes mediated by Ca2+ and a membrane-bound activator.", "content": "The (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) from human erythrocytes occurred in two different states, A-state and B-state, depending on the membrane preparation. The A-state showed low maximum activity (V) and the Ca2+ activation was characterized by a Hill coefficient, nH, of about 1 and a Michaelis constant, KCa, about 30 micron. The B-state showed high V, a nH above 1, which indicates positive cooperativity of Ca2+ activation, and KCa of about 1 micron. With varying ATP concentrations, both the A-state and B-state showed negative cooperativity and slightly different values of Km. The B-state was shifted to A-state when the membranes were exposed to low Ca2+ concentration. The shift reached 50% at approx. 0.5 micron Ca2+. At the low Ca2+ concentrations an activator was released from the membranes. The A-state was shifted to the B-state when the membranes were exposed to Ca2+ in the presence of the activator. The shift reached 50% at about 30 micron Ca2+. The recovery of high V was time dependent and lasted several minutes. Increasing concentrations of Ca2+ and activator accelerated the recovery. It is suggested that the A-state and the B-state correspond to enzyme free of activator and enzyme associated with activator, respectively. Furthermore, the two states may respresent a resting and an active state, respectively, of the calcium pump.", "contents": "Reversible shift between two states of Ca2+-ATPase in human erythrocytes mediated by Ca2+ and a membrane-bound activator. The (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-dependent ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) from human erythrocytes occurred in two different states, A-state and B-state, depending on the membrane preparation. The A-state showed low maximum activity (V) and the Ca2+ activation was characterized by a Hill coefficient, nH, of about 1 and a Michaelis constant, KCa, about 30 micron. The B-state showed high V, a nH above 1, which indicates positive cooperativity of Ca2+ activation, and KCa of about 1 micron. With varying ATP concentrations, both the A-state and B-state showed negative cooperativity and slightly different values of Km. The B-state was shifted to A-state when the membranes were exposed to low Ca2+ concentration. The shift reached 50% at approx. 0.5 micron Ca2+. At the low Ca2+ concentrations an activator was released from the membranes. The A-state was shifted to the B-state when the membranes were exposed to Ca2+ in the presence of the activator. The shift reached 50% at about 30 micron Ca2+. The recovery of high V was time dependent and lasted several minutes. Increasing concentrations of Ca2+ and activator accelerated the recovery. It is suggested that the A-state and the B-state correspond to enzyme free of activator and enzyme associated with activator, respectively. Furthermore, the two states may respresent a resting and an active state, respectively, of the calcium pump."}
{"id": "PMID:148294", "title": "Dynamic light scattering characterization of the detergent-free, delipidated (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "Dynamic light scattering studies have been conducted on the delipidated and detergent-removed (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase protein assemblies. Specific characterization of the state of aggregation and the extent of conformation change upon delipidation and detergent removal has been made. The results show that the prominent species are dimers and tetramers of very globular nature, with axial ratios of less than 2 : 1. The hydrodynamic radii of the dimers and the tetramers are, respectively, 57.5 A and 74.5 A. The globular nature of these observed entities differ from the delipidated ATPase proteins recently obtained (LeMaire, M., Jorgensen, K.E., Roigaard-Petersen, H. and Moller, J.V. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5805--5812. Present results suggest that upon the removal of detergents from the lipid-free ATPase protein assembly, only a rather limited degree of aggregation takes place. Such a condition is consistent with models of the membrane protein system which has limited regions of hydrophobic contact. Oligomeric assemblies with aqueous channels is a possible active Ca2+ transport model consistent with results of the present data, as well as the data from several other recent studies.", "contents": "Dynamic light scattering characterization of the detergent-free, delipidated (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum. Dynamic light scattering studies have been conducted on the delipidated and detergent-removed (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase protein assemblies. Specific characterization of the state of aggregation and the extent of conformation change upon delipidation and detergent removal has been made. The results show that the prominent species are dimers and tetramers of very globular nature, with axial ratios of less than 2 : 1. The hydrodynamic radii of the dimers and the tetramers are, respectively, 57.5 A and 74.5 A. The globular nature of these observed entities differ from the delipidated ATPase proteins recently obtained (LeMaire, M., Jorgensen, K.E., Roigaard-Petersen, H. and Moller, J.V. (1976) Biochemistry 15, 5805--5812. Present results suggest that upon the removal of detergents from the lipid-free ATPase protein assembly, only a rather limited degree of aggregation takes place. Such a condition is consistent with models of the membrane protein system which has limited regions of hydrophobic contact. Oligomeric assemblies with aqueous channels is a possible active Ca2+ transport model consistent with results of the present data, as well as the data from several other recent studies."}
{"id": "PMID:148295", "title": "Reversible superprecipitation and bundle formation of plasmodium actomyosin.", "content": "Synthetic actomyosin from plasmodium was found to undergo reversible superprecipitation upon addition of ATP. According to electronmicroscopic investigation upon clearing, short myosin filaments of about 0.2 micron in length appeared predominantly coexisting with actin filaments, and after superprecipitation, bundles of actin filaments were formed where short myosin filaments or myosin molecules were bound to the side of the bundle, making a whisk-like structure. The turbidity and the ATPase activity of actomyosin were measured at various ATP concentrations clamped by using an ATP-regenerating system. The turbidity was high below 1 . 10(-6) M ATP, corresponding to the state of superprecipitation, and with increasing ATP concentration it dropped in the range of 1 . 10(-6)--1 . 10(-5) M ATP. On the other hand, the ATPase activity was low below 1 . 10(-6) M ATP and increased above 1 . 10(-5) M after the turbidity dropped. Characteristic features of superprecipitation of plasmodium actomyosin observed here were discussed in relation to the mechanism of motility in vivo.", "contents": "Reversible superprecipitation and bundle formation of plasmodium actomyosin. Synthetic actomyosin from plasmodium was found to undergo reversible superprecipitation upon addition of ATP. According to electronmicroscopic investigation upon clearing, short myosin filaments of about 0.2 micron in length appeared predominantly coexisting with actin filaments, and after superprecipitation, bundles of actin filaments were formed where short myosin filaments or myosin molecules were bound to the side of the bundle, making a whisk-like structure. The turbidity and the ATPase activity of actomyosin were measured at various ATP concentrations clamped by using an ATP-regenerating system. The turbidity was high below 1 . 10(-6) M ATP, corresponding to the state of superprecipitation, and with increasing ATP concentration it dropped in the range of 1 . 10(-6)--1 . 10(-5) M ATP. On the other hand, the ATPase activity was low below 1 . 10(-6) M ATP and increased above 1 . 10(-5) M after the turbidity dropped. Characteristic features of superprecipitation of plasmodium actomyosin observed here were discussed in relation to the mechanism of motility in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:148296", "title": "[Phase transitions of model and biological membranes. II. Temperature-dependent structural reorganization of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes].", "content": "Temperature-dependent structural transitions of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, Ca2+-activated ATPase from membranes and liposomes formed from total membrane lipids were studied by fluorescent probes such as 3-metoxybenzantron and dimetylaminochalkon. It was found that sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes undergo the structural transitions at 10, 17--18, 30, 41--43 and 49 degrees C; lipids at 14--15, 30 degrees C and ATPase at 47--49 degrees C. The data obtained here indicate that transitions at 10, 17--18 and 30 degrees C in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes are associated with a melt of lipids, while the transitions at 41--43 and 49 degrees C apparently reflect changes in conformation of membrane proteins.", "contents": "[Phase transitions of model and biological membranes. II. Temperature-dependent structural reorganization of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes]. Temperature-dependent structural transitions of sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, Ca2+-activated ATPase from membranes and liposomes formed from total membrane lipids were studied by fluorescent probes such as 3-metoxybenzantron and dimetylaminochalkon. It was found that sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes undergo the structural transitions at 10, 17--18, 30, 41--43 and 49 degrees C; lipids at 14--15, 30 degrees C and ATPase at 47--49 degrees C. The data obtained here indicate that transitions at 10, 17--18 and 30 degrees C in sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes are associated with a melt of lipids, while the transitions at 41--43 and 49 degrees C apparently reflect changes in conformation of membrane proteins."}
{"id": "PMID:148297", "title": "[Thermodynamic muscle cycles].", "content": "On the basis of the analysis of muscle thermodynamic cycles in terms of the concept of non-equilibrium accumulator of energy some conclusions can be made concerning the character of temperature--entropy relationships. If the redistribution phase proceeds with an essential increase of entropy, the muscle contraction cycle proves to be more advantageous energetically at negative absolute temperatures. If the entropy in this phase gets considerably lower it is more advantageous to realize the cycle in the range of positive absolute temperatures. The non-linearity of ATPase activity which has the maximum in the intermediate phases of contraction leads to the \"Maxwell quasidemon\" effect and to an increase of overall efficiency.", "contents": "[Thermodynamic muscle cycles]. On the basis of the analysis of muscle thermodynamic cycles in terms of the concept of non-equilibrium accumulator of energy some conclusions can be made concerning the character of temperature--entropy relationships. If the redistribution phase proceeds with an essential increase of entropy, the muscle contraction cycle proves to be more advantageous energetically at negative absolute temperatures. If the entropy in this phase gets considerably lower it is more advantageous to realize the cycle in the range of positive absolute temperatures. The non-linearity of ATPase activity which has the maximum in the intermediate phases of contraction leads to the \"Maxwell quasidemon\" effect and to an increase of overall efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:148300", "title": "[The effect of membrane-bound calcium on the activity of adenosine triphosphatase from erythrocytes and erythrocyte permeability for monovalent cations].", "content": "The activities of Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase and Na+, K+-ATPase and the permeability of reconstituted human erythrocytes for Na and K ions were measured, using Ca2+-EGTA, Ca2+ATP and Ca2+-sodium citrate buffers. It was found that the increase in the Ca2+/chelate ratio caused stimulation of Ca2+, Mg2+- and Na+, K+-Atpases and an increase in the rate constants of ouabain--dependent 42K+ influx and 22Na+ efflux from the erythrocytes. The use of the Ca2+-sodium citrate system as a calcium buffer did not change the parameters of the functional state of erythrocyte membranes. The data obtained are discussed in terms of a possible role of calcium ions, which are bound to the inner surface of the erythrocyte membrane, in the regulation of the systems of active and passive transport of cations.", "contents": "[The effect of membrane-bound calcium on the activity of adenosine triphosphatase from erythrocytes and erythrocyte permeability for monovalent cations]. The activities of Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase and Na+, K+-ATPase and the permeability of reconstituted human erythrocytes for Na and K ions were measured, using Ca2+-EGTA, Ca2+ATP and Ca2+-sodium citrate buffers. It was found that the increase in the Ca2+/chelate ratio caused stimulation of Ca2+, Mg2+- and Na+, K+-Atpases and an increase in the rate constants of ouabain--dependent 42K+ influx and 22Na+ efflux from the erythrocytes. The use of the Ca2+-sodium citrate system as a calcium buffer did not change the parameters of the functional state of erythrocyte membranes. The data obtained are discussed in terms of a possible role of calcium ions, which are bound to the inner surface of the erythrocyte membrane, in the regulation of the systems of active and passive transport of cations."}
{"id": "PMID:148301", "title": "Study of a kindred with partial deficiency of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-DPGM) and compensated hemolysis.", "content": "A kindred with partial deficiency of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-DPGM) was studied. The propositus presented with indirect hyperbilirubinemia, normal hemoglobin (15.8 g/dl), and elevated reticulocyte count (4.6%). The red cell 51Cr survival was decreased (tau1/2 16 days). Incubated osmotic fragility was normal; autohemolysis was increased and corrected with glucose and ATP. The P50 was 18.5 mm Hg (normal 25.5 +/- 3), but the stability, electrophoresis, and fingerprinting of hemoglobin were normal. The concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) was reduced to 43% of normal. Red cell 2,3-DPGM was decreased to 59% of normal; 2,3-DPG phosphatase was similarly decreased. All red cell glycolytic and hexose monophosphate shunt enzymes, glycolytic intermediates other than 2,3-DPG, and glucose consumption and lactate production were normal. Five family members showed similar hematologic findings. The deficiency appears to be secondary to decreased enzyme synthesis and to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in this family. Partial deficiency of 2,3-DPGM should now be considered in the differential diagnosis of compensated hemolysis associated with increased oxygen affinity.", "contents": "Study of a kindred with partial deficiency of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-DPGM) and compensated hemolysis. A kindred with partial deficiency of red cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase (2,3-DPGM) was studied. The propositus presented with indirect hyperbilirubinemia, normal hemoglobin (15.8 g/dl), and elevated reticulocyte count (4.6%). The red cell 51Cr survival was decreased (tau1/2 16 days). Incubated osmotic fragility was normal; autohemolysis was increased and corrected with glucose and ATP. The P50 was 18.5 mm Hg (normal 25.5 +/- 3), but the stability, electrophoresis, and fingerprinting of hemoglobin were normal. The concentration of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) was reduced to 43% of normal. Red cell 2,3-DPGM was decreased to 59% of normal; 2,3-DPG phosphatase was similarly decreased. All red cell glycolytic and hexose monophosphate shunt enzymes, glycolytic intermediates other than 2,3-DPG, and glucose consumption and lactate production were normal. Five family members showed similar hematologic findings. The deficiency appears to be secondary to decreased enzyme synthesis and to be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait in this family. Partial deficiency of 2,3-DPGM should now be considered in the differential diagnosis of compensated hemolysis associated with increased oxygen affinity."}
{"id": "PMID:148306", "title": "Regional brain atrophy and reductions in glutamate release and uptake after intrastriatal kainic acid.", "content": "1 Neurochemical changes and tissue weights were measured following intrastriatal injection of 2.5 microgram of kainic acid in 2 microliter of 0.9% w/v NaCl solution (saline) in the rat. 2 After kainic acid the striatum and neocortex on the injected side showed a progressive reduction in weight, the neocortex showing the greatest absolute weight loss and the striatum the greatest percentage change. 3 Large (80-90%) reduction in choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activities in the striatum occurred within 2-4 days of the injection and persisted at least 10 weeks. At 10 weeks CAT and GAD activities were unaltered in the neocortex. 4 The absolute content of dopamine in the striatum was not different from control 5 days after the injection of kainic acid but was reduced at 2 and 10 weeks. At 2 weeks the concentration (microgram/g wet weight) of dopamine also was reduced but at 10 weeks it was near normal due to atrophy of the striatum. 5 The high affinity glutamate uptake into a crude synaptosomal preparation of the striatum was reduced by 64% 5 days after kainic acid and still reduced by 67% at 10 weeks. 6 The efflux of glutamate from slices of the striatum in the presence of 52 mM K+ was reduced by approximately 75% 5 days and 15 weeks after kainic acid. 7 In vitro kainic acid (10(-4) M) neither altered the high affinity uptake of radiolabelled glutamate into a homogenate of the striatum, nor released endogenous glutamate from slices of striatum.", "contents": "Regional brain atrophy and reductions in glutamate release and uptake after intrastriatal kainic acid. 1 Neurochemical changes and tissue weights were measured following intrastriatal injection of 2.5 microgram of kainic acid in 2 microliter of 0.9% w/v NaCl solution (saline) in the rat. 2 After kainic acid the striatum and neocortex on the injected side showed a progressive reduction in weight, the neocortex showing the greatest absolute weight loss and the striatum the greatest percentage change. 3 Large (80-90%) reduction in choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activities in the striatum occurred within 2-4 days of the injection and persisted at least 10 weeks. At 10 weeks CAT and GAD activities were unaltered in the neocortex. 4 The absolute content of dopamine in the striatum was not different from control 5 days after the injection of kainic acid but was reduced at 2 and 10 weeks. At 2 weeks the concentration (microgram/g wet weight) of dopamine also was reduced but at 10 weeks it was near normal due to atrophy of the striatum. 5 The high affinity glutamate uptake into a crude synaptosomal preparation of the striatum was reduced by 64% 5 days after kainic acid and still reduced by 67% at 10 weeks. 6 The efflux of glutamate from slices of the striatum in the presence of 52 mM K+ was reduced by approximately 75% 5 days and 15 weeks after kainic acid. 7 In vitro kainic acid (10(-4) M) neither altered the high affinity uptake of radiolabelled glutamate into a homogenate of the striatum, nor released endogenous glutamate from slices of striatum."}
{"id": "PMID:148316", "title": "Whorl-like degeneration of corneal epithelium a clinico-pathologic study.", "content": "A case of epithelial corneal degeneration that was first seen as a pigmented plaque but changed to a whrol-like pattern and then partially regressed is described. The pathologic abnormality was an intra-cellular inclusion of lipid in the basal cells and of lipid and mucopolysaccharide in the wing and superficial cells. No duplication of basement membrane or thickening of Bowman's layer was present. It is suggested that despite different origins the pathologic entity in this case, in Fabry's disease and in chloroquine keratopathy is similar. The whorled pattern is due to a sliding of the corneal epithelial cells as they rise from the basal cells to the surface, much as a cyclonic flow forms about an atmospheric low in the southern hemisphere.", "contents": "Whorl-like degeneration of corneal epithelium a clinico-pathologic study. A case of epithelial corneal degeneration that was first seen as a pigmented plaque but changed to a whrol-like pattern and then partially regressed is described. The pathologic abnormality was an intra-cellular inclusion of lipid in the basal cells and of lipid and mucopolysaccharide in the wing and superficial cells. No duplication of basement membrane or thickening of Bowman's layer was present. It is suggested that despite different origins the pathologic entity in this case, in Fabry's disease and in chloroquine keratopathy is similar. The whorled pattern is due to a sliding of the corneal epithelial cells as they rise from the basal cells to the surface, much as a cyclonic flow forms about an atmospheric low in the southern hemisphere."}
{"id": "PMID:148317", "title": "An experimental model of acute immune-complex uveitis.", "content": "We developed an experimental model of anterior uveitis by injecting ovalbumin or bovine serum albumin into the anterior chamber of sensitized rabbits. All the eyes showed leakage of serum proteins into the aqueous humor within 30 min. and developed uveitis within 24 hrs. which lasted at least a week. On histological examination, large numbers of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes and only occasional mononuclear cells were seen in the iris, the ciliary body and the irido-corneal angle. Immunohistological examination revealed 7s gamma globulin in the walls of blood vessels, in the interstitium and inside the PMN leucocytes. Contact radiographs of eyes challenged repeatedly showed extensive neovascularization of the iris and ciliary body.", "contents": "An experimental model of acute immune-complex uveitis. We developed an experimental model of anterior uveitis by injecting ovalbumin or bovine serum albumin into the anterior chamber of sensitized rabbits. All the eyes showed leakage of serum proteins into the aqueous humor within 30 min. and developed uveitis within 24 hrs. which lasted at least a week. On histological examination, large numbers of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leucocytes and only occasional mononuclear cells were seen in the iris, the ciliary body and the irido-corneal angle. Immunohistological examination revealed 7s gamma globulin in the walls of blood vessels, in the interstitium and inside the PMN leucocytes. Contact radiographs of eyes challenged repeatedly showed extensive neovascularization of the iris and ciliary body."}
{"id": "PMID:148318", "title": "Effects of ethylene on the metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae.", "content": "Supply of exogenous ethylene to lactate-grown yeast initially accelerated the rate of ethanol production from glucose, but later reduced the rate, with the overall effect being to reduce the total ethanol production. The rate of ethanol production by ethylene-treated yeast was not changed by removal of metabolic carbon dioxide. However, if CO2 was allowed to build up in the absence of applied ethylene, the ethanol production decreased. Ethylene increased the activities of a number of pentose phosphate and glycolytic pathway enzymes. The largest increase in activity was observed for phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), regulatory enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. After an initial stimulation, glucose (and also 3-O-methyl glucose) uptake was reduced by ethylene. Ethylene appears to inhibit non-competitively the glucose transport system.", "contents": "Effects of ethylene on the metabolism of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Supply of exogenous ethylene to lactate-grown yeast initially accelerated the rate of ethanol production from glucose, but later reduced the rate, with the overall effect being to reduce the total ethanol production. The rate of ethanol production by ethylene-treated yeast was not changed by removal of metabolic carbon dioxide. However, if CO2 was allowed to build up in the absence of applied ethylene, the ethanol production decreased. Ethylene increased the activities of a number of pentose phosphate and glycolytic pathway enzymes. The largest increase in activity was observed for phosphofructokinase (EC 2.7.1.11), regulatory enzyme of the glycolytic pathway. After an initial stimulation, glucose (and also 3-O-methyl glucose) uptake was reduced by ethylene. Ethylene appears to inhibit non-competitively the glucose transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:148314", "title": "Miniature end-plate potentials in the frog muscle spindle.", "content": "Spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) were recorded from the intrafusal muscle fibers in the muscle spindles isolated from the frog sartorius and semitendinosus muscles by means of microelectrode (intracellularly) and across a vaseline gap made transversely on the intrafusal bundle (extracellularly). The latter method was available to record simultaneously the m.e.p.p.s and the afferent terminal activities, of which the latter was easily distinguishable from the former by concomitant occurrence with the axonal responses. Simple type spindles in the sartorius muscle have a restricted end-plate region along the intrafusal bundle on either side of the capsule, while complex type spindles in the semitendinosus muscle are innervated by plural regions which are found on both sides of the capsule in most preparations. Application of 2X hypertonic Ringer's solutions with NaCl or sucrose induced an increase in the rate of the m.e.p.p.s preceding a decrease in the rate of afferent discharges from the spindle.", "contents": "Miniature end-plate potentials in the frog muscle spindle. Spontaneous miniature end-plate potentials (m.e.p.p.s) were recorded from the intrafusal muscle fibers in the muscle spindles isolated from the frog sartorius and semitendinosus muscles by means of microelectrode (intracellularly) and across a vaseline gap made transversely on the intrafusal bundle (extracellularly). The latter method was available to record simultaneously the m.e.p.p.s and the afferent terminal activities, of which the latter was easily distinguishable from the former by concomitant occurrence with the axonal responses. Simple type spindles in the sartorius muscle have a restricted end-plate region along the intrafusal bundle on either side of the capsule, while complex type spindles in the semitendinosus muscle are innervated by plural regions which are found on both sides of the capsule in most preparations. Application of 2X hypertonic Ringer's solutions with NaCl or sucrose induced an increase in the rate of the m.e.p.p.s preceding a decrease in the rate of afferent discharges from the spindle."}
{"id": "PMID:148319", "title": "Emerging treatments: replacement therapy with choline or lecithin in neurological diseases.", "content": "This review evaluates the theoretical background and experimental data behind a new development: the replacement therapy of deficient central cholinergic systems with the dietary precursors choline or lecithin. Cholinergic deficiency states are possibly present in five neurological entities: Huntington's chorea, Tardive Dyskinesia, Gilles de la Tourette's disease, Friedreich's ataxia and pre-senile dementia. Preliminary data from various laboratories, including our own, in each of these disorders indicate that some clinical improvement can occasionally be seen, and that this approach deserves  further investigation.", "contents": "Emerging treatments: replacement therapy with choline or lecithin in neurological diseases. This review evaluates the theoretical background and experimental data behind a new development: the replacement therapy of deficient central cholinergic systems with the dietary precursors choline or lecithin. Cholinergic deficiency states are possibly present in five neurological entities: Huntington's chorea, Tardive Dyskinesia, Gilles de la Tourette's disease, Friedreich's ataxia and pre-senile dementia. Preliminary data from various laboratories, including our own, in each of these disorders indicate that some clinical improvement can occasionally be seen, and that this approach deserves  further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:148321", "title": "Streptozotocin in advanced small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: an ineffective nonmyelosuppressive agent.", "content": "Thirteen patients with advanced small cell bronchogenic carcinoma (SCBC) received at least three weekly cycles of iv streptozotocin (STZ). There were no objective responses. Four patients progressed by the third week of therapy and an additional eight by the fourth week. Toxicity was acceptable especially in view of the extensive prior therapy. STZ is unlikely to be of benefit in combination chemotherapy regiments for SCBC.", "contents": "Streptozotocin in advanced small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: an ineffective nonmyelosuppressive agent. Thirteen patients with advanced small cell bronchogenic carcinoma (SCBC) received at least three weekly cycles of iv streptozotocin (STZ). There were no objective responses. Four patients progressed by the third week of therapy and an additional eight by the fourth week. Toxicity was acceptable especially in view of the extensive prior therapy. STZ is unlikely to be of benefit in combination chemotherapy regiments for SCBC."}
{"id": "PMID:148322", "title": "Myocardial collagen, the effects of right ventricular hypertrophy and its involution induced by changes in atmospheric pressure.", "content": "Right ventricular hypertrophy induced by hypobaric conditions was accompanied by an increased collagen mass. Left ventricular collagen was unaffected. Right ventricular mass remained unchanged after involution of right ventricular hypertrophy on return to normobaric conditions. Dietary restriction limited the size and collagen mass of both ventricles.", "contents": "Myocardial collagen, the effects of right ventricular hypertrophy and its involution induced by changes in atmospheric pressure. Right ventricular hypertrophy induced by hypobaric conditions was accompanied by an increased collagen mass. Left ventricular collagen was unaffected. Right ventricular mass remained unchanged after involution of right ventricular hypertrophy on return to normobaric conditions. Dietary restriction limited the size and collagen mass of both ventricles."}
{"id": "PMID:148323", "title": "Ultrastructural, cyto- and biochemical observations during turnover of plasma membrane in duck salt gland.", "content": "The mechanism of plasma membrane turnover was investigated using the duckling salt gland as a model system. Feeding fresh water to salt-stressed ducklings results in a decrease in the Na, K-ATPase in salt gland to non-stressed levels in about 7 days, as measured by ATP hydrolysis and 3H-ouabain binding. Electron micrographs reveal that this is accompanied by a decrease in plasma membrane infoldings on the basal and lateral borders of gland secretory cells. Simultaneously there is an increase in filamentous material and a rise in acid phosphatase and peptidase activities in these cells. Cytochemistry shows that the acid phosphatase activity is mostly associated with the basal or basolateral regions of secretory cells. These ovservations could indicate that the removal of plasma membrane components is accomplished by internalization and digestion within the secretory cells.", "contents": "Ultrastructural, cyto- and biochemical observations during turnover of plasma membrane in duck salt gland. The mechanism of plasma membrane turnover was investigated using the duckling salt gland as a model system. Feeding fresh water to salt-stressed ducklings results in a decrease in the Na, K-ATPase in salt gland to non-stressed levels in about 7 days, as measured by ATP hydrolysis and 3H-ouabain binding. Electron micrographs reveal that this is accompanied by a decrease in plasma membrane infoldings on the basal and lateral borders of gland secretory cells. Simultaneously there is an increase in filamentous material and a rise in acid phosphatase and peptidase activities in these cells. Cytochemistry shows that the acid phosphatase activity is mostly associated with the basal or basolateral regions of secretory cells. These ovservations could indicate that the removal of plasma membrane components is accomplished by internalization and digestion within the secretory cells."}
{"id": "PMID:148325", "title": "Eelectrocardiographic correlates of ultrasonically increased septal, left ventricular posterior wall and left ventricular internal dimensions.", "content": "The electrocardiograms (ECG) of 64 subjects who exhibited an echocardiographically demonstrable increase in thickness of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall (Group 1, 22 patients), isolated left ventricular internal dimension (Group 2,26 patients), combined wall thickness and chamber diameter (Group 3, 2 patients), and septal thickness, (Group 4, asymmetric septal hypertrophy, 14 patients) were reviewed in order to determine sensitivity of ECG criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) proposed in 1949 by Sokolow and Lyon (13), in 1968 by Romhilt and Estes (14), and in 1973 the New York Heart Association (15). Relative sensitivity of the three methods was as follows: Total group, NYHA (77%) greater than Sokolow and Lyon (67%) greater than Romhilt and Estes (58%); Group 1, NYHA (91%) greater than Sokolow and Lyon (73%) greater than Romhilt and Estes (54%); Group 2, NYHA and Sokolow and Lyon (65%) greater than Romhilt and Estes (61%); Group 4, NYHA (79%) greater than Sokolow and Lyon (64%) greater than Romhilt and Estes (57%). We conclude that 1)ECG criteria of the NYHA for the diagnosis of LVH correlate best with an increase of ultrasonically determined septal, left ventricular posterior wall or left ventricular internal dimensions when compared with voltage criteria of Sokolow and Lyon and the point score system of Romhilt and Estes; and 2) isolated increase of left ventricular internal dimension, in the absence of thickened septum or posterior left ventricular wall, frequently results in ECG criteria compatible with the diagnosis of LVH.", "contents": "Eelectrocardiographic correlates of ultrasonically increased septal, left ventricular posterior wall and left ventricular internal dimensions. The electrocardiograms (ECG) of 64 subjects who exhibited an echocardiographically demonstrable increase in thickness of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall (Group 1, 22 patients), isolated left ventricular internal dimension (Group 2,26 patients), combined wall thickness and chamber diameter (Group 3, 2 patients), and septal thickness, (Group 4, asymmetric septal hypertrophy, 14 patients) were reviewed in order to determine sensitivity of ECG criteria for the diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) proposed in 1949 by Sokolow and Lyon (13), in 1968 by Romhilt and Estes (14), and in 1973 the New York Heart Association (15). Relative sensitivity of the three methods was as follows: Total group, NYHA (77%) greater than Sokolow and Lyon (67%) greater than Romhilt and Estes (58%); Group 1, NYHA (91%) greater than Sokolow and Lyon (73%) greater than Romhilt and Estes (54%); Group 2, NYHA and Sokolow and Lyon (65%) greater than Romhilt and Estes (61%); Group 4, NYHA (79%) greater than Sokolow and Lyon (64%) greater than Romhilt and Estes (57%). We conclude that 1)ECG criteria of the NYHA for the diagnosis of LVH correlate best with an increase of ultrasonically determined septal, left ventricular posterior wall or left ventricular internal dimensions when compared with voltage criteria of Sokolow and Lyon and the point score system of Romhilt and Estes; and 2) isolated increase of left ventricular internal dimension, in the absence of thickened septum or posterior left ventricular wall, frequently results in ECG criteria compatible with the diagnosis of LVH."}
{"id": "PMID:148330", "title": "[Rate of structural renaturation of curare-like polypeptide from cobra venom].", "content": "After breakage of their four disulfide bonds, snake curare-like toxins recover spontaneously their native conformation at different rates depending on the number of residues in the sequence.", "contents": "[Rate of structural renaturation of curare-like polypeptide from cobra venom]. After breakage of their four disulfide bonds, snake curare-like toxins recover spontaneously their native conformation at different rates depending on the number of residues in the sequence."}
{"id": "PMID:148331", "title": "[Histochemical characterization of the tonic fibers in the flexor carpi radialis muscle of frogs (Rana temporaria, L.)].", "content": "In the flexor carpi radialis muscle of the Frog, extra-fusal muscular fibres with histochemical characteristics of tonic fibres were identified by reactions for enzyme activities, especially for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase. This evidence suggests no difference between the sexes in the organization of this muscle, in spite of a strongly marked sexual dimorphism.", "contents": "[Histochemical characterization of the tonic fibers in the flexor carpi radialis muscle of frogs (Rana temporaria, L.)]. In the flexor carpi radialis muscle of the Frog, extra-fusal muscular fibres with histochemical characteristics of tonic fibres were identified by reactions for enzyme activities, especially for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase. This evidence suggests no difference between the sexes in the organization of this muscle, in spite of a strongly marked sexual dimorphism."}
{"id": "PMID:148334", "title": "Influence of endotoxin on myocardial calcium transport and the effect of augmented venous return.", "content": "The influence of endotoxin shock and of experimentally increased venous return during endotoxin shock on myocardial vesicular calcium uptake and calcium stimulated ATPase activity was investigated. Vesicular calcium uptake was depressed (p less than 0.01) from 0.9 mumoles/mg protein/min to 0.3 mumoles/mg/min after 5 hr of endotoxin shock. Control ATPase did not differ between endocardial surface and epicardial surface. This was accompanied by a depressed (p less than 0.01) ATPase activity from 1.2 mumoles Pi/mg/min at the endocardial surface, and to 0.9 mumoles Pi/mg/min at the epicardial surface. A femoral arteriovenous shunt was used to increase venous return by 313 +/- 71 ml/min (approximately 17 ml/kg) during the shock period. Vesicles from AV shunted animals after endotoxin were capable of normal calcium uptake and normal ATPase activity. Results suggest that myocardial depression during endotoxin shock is more severe on the endocardial surface and is caused by depressed vesicular calcium uptake secondary to depressed ATPase activity. Furthermore, this depression may be avoided by maintenance of an adequate venous return.", "contents": "Influence of endotoxin on myocardial calcium transport and the effect of augmented venous return. The influence of endotoxin shock and of experimentally increased venous return during endotoxin shock on myocardial vesicular calcium uptake and calcium stimulated ATPase activity was investigated. Vesicular calcium uptake was depressed (p less than 0.01) from 0.9 mumoles/mg protein/min to 0.3 mumoles/mg/min after 5 hr of endotoxin shock. Control ATPase did not differ between endocardial surface and epicardial surface. This was accompanied by a depressed (p less than 0.01) ATPase activity from 1.2 mumoles Pi/mg/min at the endocardial surface, and to 0.9 mumoles Pi/mg/min at the epicardial surface. A femoral arteriovenous shunt was used to increase venous return by 313 +/- 71 ml/min (approximately 17 ml/kg) during the shock period. Vesicles from AV shunted animals after endotoxin were capable of normal calcium uptake and normal ATPase activity. Results suggest that myocardial depression during endotoxin shock is more severe on the endocardial surface and is caused by depressed vesicular calcium uptake secondary to depressed ATPase activity. Furthermore, this depression may be avoided by maintenance of an adequate venous return."}
{"id": "PMID:148335", "title": "Diastolic left ventricular pressure-volume and stress-strain relations in patients with valvular aortic stenosis and left ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "Left ventricular (LV) chamber and myocardial stiffness were determined in 17 patients, four subjects with normal LV function and 13 subjects with valvular aortic stenosis and concentric myocardial hypertrophy, using simultaneous catheter micromanometry and LV cineangiography. Pressure (P), volume (V), and wall thickness (h) were measured. Variability in both chamber and myocardial stiffness parameters was found with five of the aortic stenosis patients (Group 1, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure = 15 +/- 2 (SEM) mm Hg) exhibiting normal values for end-diastolic dP/dV and dP/dV/V, for chamber stiffness constants (a,a') derived from P-V and normalized P-V relations, respectively, for end-diastolic myocardial elastic stiffness (ES or EE, where S = spherical model and E = ellipsoidal model) at the midwall of the minor axis circumference, and for the myocardial stiffness constants (KS or KE) of the circumferential stress-strain relation. Eight other patients with aortic stenosis (Group II, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure = 20 +/- 3 (SEM) mm Hg) exhibited significant increases in end-diastolic dP/dV,dP/dV/V,ES and EE and a tendency for increase in the chamber stiffness constants (a,a') and myocardial stiffness constants (KS, KE). These observations suggest that concentric increase in muscle mass (increase in wall thickness/minor axis radius ratio and wall volume/chamber volume ratio) is an important determinant of elevated mid- and late diastolic pressures in patients with valvular aortic stenosis, while concurrently mitigating increases in both systolic and diastolic wall stress. In some patients with aortic stenosis, however, diastolic filling pressures are elevated more severely, not only as a result of concentric hypertrophy, but also in response to augmented muscle stiffness. Reversibility of increased ventricular diastolic stiffness and elevated filling pressures was documented as concentric hypertrophy regressed post-aortic valve replacement in one patient, suggesting that fibrosis is not invariably the cause of enhanced myocardial stiffness in this secondary and compensatory form of hypertrophy.", "contents": "Diastolic left ventricular pressure-volume and stress-strain relations in patients with valvular aortic stenosis and left ventricular hypertrophy. Left ventricular (LV) chamber and myocardial stiffness were determined in 17 patients, four subjects with normal LV function and 13 subjects with valvular aortic stenosis and concentric myocardial hypertrophy, using simultaneous catheter micromanometry and LV cineangiography. Pressure (P), volume (V), and wall thickness (h) were measured. Variability in both chamber and myocardial stiffness parameters was found with five of the aortic stenosis patients (Group 1, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure = 15 +/- 2 (SEM) mm Hg) exhibiting normal values for end-diastolic dP/dV and dP/dV/V, for chamber stiffness constants (a,a') derived from P-V and normalized P-V relations, respectively, for end-diastolic myocardial elastic stiffness (ES or EE, where S = spherical model and E = ellipsoidal model) at the midwall of the minor axis circumference, and for the myocardial stiffness constants (KS or KE) of the circumferential stress-strain relation. Eight other patients with aortic stenosis (Group II, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure = 20 +/- 3 (SEM) mm Hg) exhibited significant increases in end-diastolic dP/dV,dP/dV/V,ES and EE and a tendency for increase in the chamber stiffness constants (a,a') and myocardial stiffness constants (KS, KE). These observations suggest that concentric increase in muscle mass (increase in wall thickness/minor axis radius ratio and wall volume/chamber volume ratio) is an important determinant of elevated mid- and late diastolic pressures in patients with valvular aortic stenosis, while concurrently mitigating increases in both systolic and diastolic wall stress. In some patients with aortic stenosis, however, diastolic filling pressures are elevated more severely, not only as a result of concentric hypertrophy, but also in response to augmented muscle stiffness. Reversibility of increased ventricular diastolic stiffness and elevated filling pressures was documented as concentric hypertrophy regressed post-aortic valve replacement in one patient, suggesting that fibrosis is not invariably the cause of enhanced myocardial stiffness in this secondary and compensatory form of hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:148332", "title": "The Croydon workshop for parents of pre-school mentally handicapped children.", "content": "A multidisciplinary team of professionals met the parents of 25 pre-school handicapped children for a series of evening meetings to discuss how professionals and parents can help the development of the child. The workshop was exceptionally well-attended by parents who received practical advice from both the professionals and other parents. Multidisciplinary parents workshops appear to be an effective community service for the parents of handicapped children.", "contents": "The Croydon workshop for parents of pre-school mentally handicapped children. A multidisciplinary team of professionals met the parents of 25 pre-school handicapped children for a series of evening meetings to discuss how professionals and parents can help the development of the child. The workshop was exceptionally well-attended by parents who received practical advice from both the professionals and other parents. Multidisciplinary parents workshops appear to be an effective community service for the parents of handicapped children."}
{"id": "PMID:148333", "title": "Family life with a handicapped child: the parents speak.", "content": "This paper summarizes the main points made in 60 interviews with parents of handicapped children living in one City. Its aim is to provide information from the consumers of the professional services which may have relevance for future planning.", "contents": "Family life with a handicapped child: the parents speak. This paper summarizes the main points made in 60 interviews with parents of handicapped children living in one City. Its aim is to provide information from the consumers of the professional services which may have relevance for future planning."}
{"id": "PMID:148336", "title": "Phospholipid composition of Down's syndrome and normal platelets.", "content": "1. Total and individual phospholipids were quantitated in platelets isolated from normal and Down's syndrome (D.S.) subjects. Phospholipids were extracted from isolated platelets, separated by thin layer chromatography and quantitated by measurement of fluorescence of the compounds using a thin layer chromatogram scanner. The total amount of phospholipid was similar in D.S. and control subjects. The amount and percent composition of phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidgl inositol, phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin was also similar in D.S. and normal platelets. 2. The studies were undertaken to determine if the decrease in Na+/K+ AtPase activity observed in D.S. platelets was associated with alteration in phospholipid composition. The present report would indicate that no major differences in phospholipid composition are present in D.S. platelets that would account for the observed decrease in Na+/K+ AtPase activity.", "contents": "Phospholipid composition of Down's syndrome and normal platelets. 1. Total and individual phospholipids were quantitated in platelets isolated from normal and Down's syndrome (D.S.) subjects. Phospholipids were extracted from isolated platelets, separated by thin layer chromatography and quantitated by measurement of fluorescence of the compounds using a thin layer chromatogram scanner. The total amount of phospholipid was similar in D.S. and control subjects. The amount and percent composition of phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidgl inositol, phosphatidyl choline and sphingomyelin was also similar in D.S. and normal platelets. 2. The studies were undertaken to determine if the decrease in Na+/K+ AtPase activity observed in D.S. platelets was associated with alteration in phospholipid composition. The present report would indicate that no major differences in phospholipid composition are present in D.S. platelets that would account for the observed decrease in Na+/K+ AtPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:148337", "title": "Effects of macromolecular compounds on human leukocyte beta-galactosidase activity.", "content": "The enzyme properties of leukocyte beta-galactosidase and the effects of macromolecular compounds on its activity were studied in detail. It was demonstrated that various macromolecular compounds markedly influence the activity of beta-galactosidase. These phenomena should be taken into account when considering the biochemical abnormalities of tissues of patients with mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses.", "contents": "Effects of macromolecular compounds on human leukocyte beta-galactosidase activity. The enzyme properties of leukocyte beta-galactosidase and the effects of macromolecular compounds on its activity were studied in detail. It was demonstrated that various macromolecular compounds markedly influence the activity of beta-galactosidase. These phenomena should be taken into account when considering the biochemical abnormalities of tissues of patients with mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses."}
{"id": "PMID:148342", "title": "The antibody response of institutionalized Down's syndrome patients to seven microbial antigens.", "content": "An earlier cross-sectional study had revealed that institutionalized Down's syndrome (DS) patients possessed much lower titres of hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) than did their non-Down's (ND) counterparts. In an attempt to determine whether DS patients were generally deficient in humoral antibody response, the inmates of an institution for the mentally retarded (110 DS, seventy-eight ND) were immunized with tetanus, diphtheria (toxoids), influenza A, influenza B (inactivated vaccines), measles, mumps and rubella (attenuated vaccines), and tested for their antibody responses. The DS and ND groups did not respond differently to any of the seven antigens. Furthermore, there was no general relationship between the anti-HBs titres of inmates and their capacity to respond to the defined antigenic stimulus of any of the seven antigens. From these results it is apparent that a general humoral deficit in the DS group cannot explain their tendency to possess much lower anti-HBs titres than their ND counterparts upon becoming infected with the hepatitis B virus. When the antibody status and responses to immunization of the inmates who possessed anti-HBs were compared with those who had chronic HBsAg antigenaemia, there was no significant difference between the groups.", "contents": "The antibody response of institutionalized Down's syndrome patients to seven microbial antigens. An earlier cross-sectional study had revealed that institutionalized Down's syndrome (DS) patients possessed much lower titres of hepatitis B surface antibodies (anti-HBs) than did their non-Down's (ND) counterparts. In an attempt to determine whether DS patients were generally deficient in humoral antibody response, the inmates of an institution for the mentally retarded (110 DS, seventy-eight ND) were immunized with tetanus, diphtheria (toxoids), influenza A, influenza B (inactivated vaccines), measles, mumps and rubella (attenuated vaccines), and tested for their antibody responses. The DS and ND groups did not respond differently to any of the seven antigens. Furthermore, there was no general relationship between the anti-HBs titres of inmates and their capacity to respond to the defined antigenic stimulus of any of the seven antigens. From these results it is apparent that a general humoral deficit in the DS group cannot explain their tendency to possess much lower anti-HBs titres than their ND counterparts upon becoming infected with the hepatitis B virus. When the antibody status and responses to immunization of the inmates who possessed anti-HBs were compared with those who had chronic HBsAg antigenaemia, there was no significant difference between the groups."}
{"id": "PMID:148344", "title": "Phase I studies on chlorozotocin.", "content": "A phase I investigation of chlorozotocin, a new-water soluble chloroethylnitrosourea, was undertaken to define its pharmacologic effects in man. Forty-three patients received single intravenous doses ranging from 5 to 175 mg/m2 every 6 wk. No signs of toxicity were observed at doses of under 120 mg/m2, but thrombocytopenia occurred at higher doses. The thrombocytopenic nadir appeared to be dose-dependent and occurred 4 wk after treatment. Platelet transfusions were required in 2 patients who had previously received intensive chemotherapy. No significant leukopenia occurred. A mild reversible and delayed elevation of hepatic transaminases was found in 25% of courses of 120 mg/m2 or more. No renal toxicity was observed and gastrointestinal toxicity was mild. Investigation of clinical pharmacology revealed a rapid triphasic plasma clearance with initial t1/2S of 3, 15, and 30 min. The concentration of N-nitroso intact drug at 1 hr was 10% of the initial peak level. Renal excretion accounted for half of the dose. No significant concentration of N-nitroso intact or radiolabeled drug was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of 2 patients in whom it was examined. There were objective signs of therapeutic activity in 5 patients, 3 of whom had melanoma. Based on these studies, the recommended dose for phase II investigation of chlorozotocin is 120 mg/m2 every 6 wk.", "contents": "Phase I studies on chlorozotocin. A phase I investigation of chlorozotocin, a new-water soluble chloroethylnitrosourea, was undertaken to define its pharmacologic effects in man. Forty-three patients received single intravenous doses ranging from 5 to 175 mg/m2 every 6 wk. No signs of toxicity were observed at doses of under 120 mg/m2, but thrombocytopenia occurred at higher doses. The thrombocytopenic nadir appeared to be dose-dependent and occurred 4 wk after treatment. Platelet transfusions were required in 2 patients who had previously received intensive chemotherapy. No significant leukopenia occurred. A mild reversible and delayed elevation of hepatic transaminases was found in 25% of courses of 120 mg/m2 or more. No renal toxicity was observed and gastrointestinal toxicity was mild. Investigation of clinical pharmacology revealed a rapid triphasic plasma clearance with initial t1/2S of 3, 15, and 30 min. The concentration of N-nitroso intact drug at 1 hr was 10% of the initial peak level. Renal excretion accounted for half of the dose. No significant concentration of N-nitroso intact or radiolabeled drug was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of 2 patients in whom it was examined. There were objective signs of therapeutic activity in 5 patients, 3 of whom had melanoma. Based on these studies, the recommended dose for phase II investigation of chlorozotocin is 120 mg/m2 every 6 wk."}
{"id": "PMID:148349", "title": "Acneform lesions in Becker's nevus.", "content": "Three cases of Becker's nevus are described in which acneform lesions were confined strictly within the limits of the hyperpigmentation. The combined phenomenon has not been reported previously, and we conceive it to be either a rare variant of the anomaly or a still rarer coincidence of Becker's nevus and nevus comedonicus.", "contents": "Acneform lesions in Becker's nevus. Three cases of Becker's nevus are described in which acneform lesions were confined strictly within the limits of the hyperpigmentation. The combined phenomenon has not been reported previously, and we conceive it to be either a rare variant of the anomaly or a still rarer coincidence of Becker's nevus and nevus comedonicus."}
{"id": "PMID:148350", "title": "Adverse effects from topical steroids.", "content": "The introduction of topical corticosteroids greatly expanded the practitioner's dermatologic armamentarium and at the same time augmented the list of local and systemic iatrogenic diseases with which he must deal. A recent review of the literature was undertaken to determine the adverse effects seen with topically administered corticosteroids. These were found to be arbitrarily assignable to eight categories: pilosebaceous, atrophic, therapeutic, immunologic, cosmetic, endocrinologic, oculonasal, and allergic. A brief discussion of the individual entities seen in each category as well as the etiology, when known, and treatment, if any, are included in this discussion.", "contents": "Adverse effects from topical steroids. The introduction of topical corticosteroids greatly expanded the practitioner's dermatologic armamentarium and at the same time augmented the list of local and systemic iatrogenic diseases with which he must deal. A recent review of the literature was undertaken to determine the adverse effects seen with topically administered corticosteroids. These were found to be arbitrarily assignable to eight categories: pilosebaceous, atrophic, therapeutic, immunologic, cosmetic, endocrinologic, oculonasal, and allergic. A brief discussion of the individual entities seen in each category as well as the etiology, when known, and treatment, if any, are included in this discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:148351", "title": "Structural chromosome abnormalities in Down syndrome: a study of two families.", "content": "Two families were ascertained through a proband with Down syndrome and a structural rearrangement involving two chromosomes 21. It is suggested that in one patient the chromosome is an isochromosome formed by misdivision of the centromere of a maternal telocentric chromosome 21 and that in the other a Robertsonian translocation involving chromosome 21 was inherited from the mother, who is a 46,XX/46,XX, -21,+t(21q21q) mosaic. The origin of the mosaicism is discussed and considered to be likely to be the result of breakage and reunion at the chromatid, rather than the chromosome, level.", "contents": "Structural chromosome abnormalities in Down syndrome: a study of two families. Two families were ascertained through a proband with Down syndrome and a structural rearrangement involving two chromosomes 21. It is suggested that in one patient the chromosome is an isochromosome formed by misdivision of the centromere of a maternal telocentric chromosome 21 and that in the other a Robertsonian translocation involving chromosome 21 was inherited from the mother, who is a 46,XX/46,XX, -21,+t(21q21q) mosaic. The origin of the mosaicism is discussed and considered to be likely to be the result of breakage and reunion at the chromatid, rather than the chromosome, level."}
{"id": "PMID:148352", "title": "The origin of the extra chromosome 21 in Down syndrome. Studies of fluorescent variants and satelite association in 26 informative families.", "content": "Studies of fluorescence and other chromosomal variants were informative in 26 out of 72 families. Maternal  nondisjunction was found in 19 and paternal in 7 cases. Satellite association studies of these parents and 94 controls from the same age group showed a highly significant increase in the satellite association index (AI) for chromosome 21 in the parents where the nondisjunctional event had taken place. The AI was also higher for chromosome 14. In addition, the parents who produced the normal gametes had significantly higher AI's for some acrocentrics than the controls. Exogenous factors increasing satellite association cannot be ruled out. The number of 21-21 association was significantly increased in the parents with nondisjunction in meiosis 1. The results indicate that satellite association may play a role in the etiology of Down syndrome.", "contents": "The origin of the extra chromosome 21 in Down syndrome. Studies of fluorescent variants and satelite association in 26 informative families. Studies of fluorescence and other chromosomal variants were informative in 26 out of 72 families. Maternal  nondisjunction was found in 19 and paternal in 7 cases. Satellite association studies of these parents and 94 controls from the same age group showed a highly significant increase in the satellite association index (AI) for chromosome 21 in the parents where the nondisjunctional event had taken place. The AI was also higher for chromosome 14. In addition, the parents who produced the normal gametes had significantly higher AI's for some acrocentrics than the controls. Exogenous factors increasing satellite association cannot be ruled out. The number of 21-21 association was significantly increased in the parents with nondisjunction in meiosis 1. The results indicate that satellite association may play a role in the etiology of Down syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:148362", "title": "Radiological findings in atrial septal defect in the middle-aged.", "content": "This study comprises 83 patients who underwent surgery for atrial septal defect of secundum type (ASD II) after 40 yr of age. A follow-up study was performed on average 74 mth after surgery. Before surgery enlarged heart volume was found in 72% of the patients. Increased pulmonary vascularity was the most characteristic finding (96%), followed by enlarged central hilar vessels. The heart volumes showed best correlation with the right ventricular systolic pressure, whereas correlation with the shunt ratio was much poorer. After surgery the mean heart volume was reduced by 22% in patients who were without a residual shunt. In only one of these the volume was increased. The pulmonary vascularity remained increased in 30% after surgery. In patients with a residual shunt, the frequency of still enlarged or increased heart volume, and increased pulmonary vascularity, was considerably large than in patients with completely closed ASD.", "contents": "Radiological findings in atrial septal defect in the middle-aged. This study comprises 83 patients who underwent surgery for atrial septal defect of secundum type (ASD II) after 40 yr of age. A follow-up study was performed on average 74 mth after surgery. Before surgery enlarged heart volume was found in 72% of the patients. Increased pulmonary vascularity was the most characteristic finding (96%), followed by enlarged central hilar vessels. The heart volumes showed best correlation with the right ventricular systolic pressure, whereas correlation with the shunt ratio was much poorer. After surgery the mean heart volume was reduced by 22% in patients who were without a residual shunt. In only one of these the volume was increased. The pulmonary vascularity remained increased in 30% after surgery. In patients with a residual shunt, the frequency of still enlarged or increased heart volume, and increased pulmonary vascularity, was considerably large than in patients with completely closed ASD."}
{"id": "PMID:148363", "title": "The effects of isoproterenol on taurine concentration in the rat heart.", "content": "Administration of the beta-agonist isoproterenol to rats caused a sharp increase in the influx rate of taurine into the heart, but had no effect on the rate of biosynthesis of taurine in the heart. Influx rates of other amino acids were also stimulated, the distribution ratios, (dpm/g heart)/(dpm/ml plasma), of beta-amino acids being 3--4 times higher than alpha-amino acids. The doses of isoproterenol employed induced cardiac hypertrophy, but the stimulation of taurine influx appeared to be an independent phenomenon, in that near maximum stimulation of influx was achieved prior to stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity. Reserpine treatment also produced stimulation of taurine influx with no effect on biosynthesis. These results indicate a close connection between increased sympathomimetic activity and increased influx of amino acids.", "contents": "The effects of isoproterenol on taurine concentration in the rat heart. Administration of the beta-agonist isoproterenol to rats caused a sharp increase in the influx rate of taurine into the heart, but had no effect on the rate of biosynthesis of taurine in the heart. Influx rates of other amino acids were also stimulated, the distribution ratios, (dpm/g heart)/(dpm/ml plasma), of beta-amino acids being 3--4 times higher than alpha-amino acids. The doses of isoproterenol employed induced cardiac hypertrophy, but the stimulation of taurine influx appeared to be an independent phenomenon, in that near maximum stimulation of influx was achieved prior to stimulation of ornithine decarboxylase activity. Reserpine treatment also produced stimulation of taurine influx with no effect on biosynthesis. These results indicate a close connection between increased sympathomimetic activity and increased influx of amino acids."}
{"id": "PMID:148364", "title": "Studies of the hemopoietic microenvironments: effects of acid mucopolysaccharides and dextran sulphate on erythroid and granuloid differentiation in vitro.", "content": "The effects of acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) on in vitro erythrocytic and granulocytic colony formation of murine bone marrow cells have been studied. High concentrations of chondroitin sulphate A, B and C and heparitin sulphate partly or completely inhibited the response of CFU-E to erythropoietin stimulation whereas addition of heparin, hyalyronic acid and keratan sulphate II in concentrations up to 100 microgram/ml did not elicit an inhibition of erythrocytic colony formation. The granulocytic colony formation was not significantly affected by AMPS-addition under these circumstances. Low concentrations of chondroitin sulphate A and B evoked a stimulatory effect on the CFU-E number. The synthetic polyanion dextran sulphate did not affect the erythrocytic and granulocytic colony formation. It is concluded that AMPS can affect the in vitro erythrocytic proliferation and differentiation in concentrations which do not affect the granulocytic maturation. Since stromal cells, i.e. macrophages and reticular cells, in bone marrow in vivo have the ability to produce and remove AMPS in the extravascular matrix we postulate that stomal cells may be involved in the regulation of erythroid progenitor cell maturation.", "contents": "Studies of the hemopoietic microenvironments: effects of acid mucopolysaccharides and dextran sulphate on erythroid and granuloid differentiation in vitro. The effects of acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) on in vitro erythrocytic and granulocytic colony formation of murine bone marrow cells have been studied. High concentrations of chondroitin sulphate A, B and C and heparitin sulphate partly or completely inhibited the response of CFU-E to erythropoietin stimulation whereas addition of heparin, hyalyronic acid and keratan sulphate II in concentrations up to 100 microgram/ml did not elicit an inhibition of erythrocytic colony formation. The granulocytic colony formation was not significantly affected by AMPS-addition under these circumstances. Low concentrations of chondroitin sulphate A and B evoked a stimulatory effect on the CFU-E number. The synthetic polyanion dextran sulphate did not affect the erythrocytic and granulocytic colony formation. It is concluded that AMPS can affect the in vitro erythrocytic proliferation and differentiation in concentrations which do not affect the granulocytic maturation. Since stromal cells, i.e. macrophages and reticular cells, in bone marrow in vivo have the ability to produce and remove AMPS in the extravascular matrix we postulate that stomal cells may be involved in the regulation of erythroid progenitor cell maturation."}
{"id": "PMID:148365", "title": "Colony stimulating factor (CSF) in human mixed lymphocyte cultures: effect on human and mouse progenitor cells.", "content": "Supernatants from human two-way MLC, poor and rich in monocytes, were tested for their ability to induce colony growth of human and mouse progenitor cells in semi solid agar. Colony stimulating factor (CSF), with activity in both systems, indicated that allogenic lymphocytes require monocytes to produce CSF. Whereas human marrow showed an early kinetics of production, the liberation of CSF active on mouse marrow cells exhibited a delayed kinetics. These results, combined with other evidence, suggest that human lymphocytes produce two different factors.", "contents": "Colony stimulating factor (CSF) in human mixed lymphocyte cultures: effect on human and mouse progenitor cells. Supernatants from human two-way MLC, poor and rich in monocytes, were tested for their ability to induce colony growth of human and mouse progenitor cells in semi solid agar. Colony stimulating factor (CSF), with activity in both systems, indicated that allogenic lymphocytes require monocytes to produce CSF. Whereas human marrow showed an early kinetics of production, the liberation of CSF active on mouse marrow cells exhibited a delayed kinetics. These results, combined with other evidence, suggest that human lymphocytes produce two different factors."}
{"id": "PMID:148366", "title": "Some observations on the efferent innervation of rat soleus muscle spindles.", "content": "In the small segmental tail muscles of the rat beta fibres provide exclusively the dynamic fusimotor control, while gamma fibres provide exclusively the static fusimor control. The present experiments were made to investigate the fusimotor innervation of spindles in a large muscle of the rat, the soleus, and thus to determine the occurrence and significance of beta innervation in this muscle. Our results have revealed no case of beta innervation in the rat soleus. As a consequence of our experimental method, however, we would not claim that beta innervation does not exist in the soleus, only that it must play an insignificant role relative to that seen in the tail segmental muscles. Investigations of the fusimotor innervation of eight spindles were sufficiently complete to warrant detailed illustration. The number of gamma fibres ranged from two to four. In every case the slowest conducting gamma fibre was dynamic. However, the conduction velocity spectra for the static and dynamic gamma fibres to rat soleus overlap to such an extent that it is impossible to use conduction velocity as the sole guide to functional gamma fibre classification. The pooled results from the eight spindles fully investigated provide a ratio of static to dynamic gamma fibres of approximately 1:1. Other evidence discussed in the paper suggests that in the muscle nerve the ratio is considerably higher. These differences are reconciled if the dynamic gamma fibres branch more profusely and innervate more spindles than do the static gamma fibres.", "contents": "Some observations on the efferent innervation of rat soleus muscle spindles. In the small segmental tail muscles of the rat beta fibres provide exclusively the dynamic fusimotor control, while gamma fibres provide exclusively the static fusimor control. The present experiments were made to investigate the fusimotor innervation of spindles in a large muscle of the rat, the soleus, and thus to determine the occurrence and significance of beta innervation in this muscle. Our results have revealed no case of beta innervation in the rat soleus. As a consequence of our experimental method, however, we would not claim that beta innervation does not exist in the soleus, only that it must play an insignificant role relative to that seen in the tail segmental muscles. Investigations of the fusimotor innervation of eight spindles were sufficiently complete to warrant detailed illustration. The number of gamma fibres ranged from two to four. In every case the slowest conducting gamma fibre was dynamic. However, the conduction velocity spectra for the static and dynamic gamma fibres to rat soleus overlap to such an extent that it is impossible to use conduction velocity as the sole guide to functional gamma fibre classification. The pooled results from the eight spindles fully investigated provide a ratio of static to dynamic gamma fibres of approximately 1:1. Other evidence discussed in the paper suggests that in the muscle nerve the ratio is considerably higher. These differences are reconciled if the dynamic gamma fibres branch more profusely and innervate more spindles than do the static gamma fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:148368", "title": "Increased cell membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ induced by thyroid hormone in rat skeletal muscle.", "content": "Thyroid hormone (T3) increased Na+ dependent respiration accompanied by an increase in NaK-ATPase activity. Administration of T3 increased intracellular K+ concentration and Na/K ratio in thyroidectomized rats, and the Na+ efflux rate constant incubated in oxygenized Na+, K+-Ringers in euthyroid rats. However, the magnitude of the changes in intracellular K+ concentration was modest or invisible in comparison to the changes in QO2(t) and NaK-ATPase activity. The Na+ and K+ efflux rate constants in K+-free +ouabain Ringers were increased by T3 in both thyroidectomized and euthyroid rats. Thus, thyroid hormone stimulates not only Na pump but also the permeability of cell membrane to Na+ and K+. The both effects might contribute to the thyroid thermogenesis.", "contents": "Increased cell membrane permeability to Na+ and K+ induced by thyroid hormone in rat skeletal muscle. Thyroid hormone (T3) increased Na+ dependent respiration accompanied by an increase in NaK-ATPase activity. Administration of T3 increased intracellular K+ concentration and Na/K ratio in thyroidectomized rats, and the Na+ efflux rate constant incubated in oxygenized Na+, K+-Ringers in euthyroid rats. However, the magnitude of the changes in intracellular K+ concentration was modest or invisible in comparison to the changes in QO2(t) and NaK-ATPase activity. The Na+ and K+ efflux rate constants in K+-free +ouabain Ringers were increased by T3 in both thyroidectomized and euthyroid rats. Thus, thyroid hormone stimulates not only Na pump but also the permeability of cell membrane to Na+ and K+. The both effects might contribute to the thyroid thermogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:148372", "title": "Salpingostomy by microsurgery.", "content": "Salpingostomy for hydrosalpinx was carried out using a microsurgical technique. The postoperative patency rate was over 90%. Among the 41 patients followed for more than 1 year, 29% have had one or more intrauterine pregnancies and 27% have had live births. The ectopic gestation rate was 12%. All of the tubal gestations occurred in the 1st postoperative year whereas 60% of the intrauterine pregnancies occurred after the 1st year, suggesting a degree of restoration in the mucosa and the musculature of the oviduct with the re-establishment of patency and the passage of time.", "contents": "Salpingostomy by microsurgery. Salpingostomy for hydrosalpinx was carried out using a microsurgical technique. The postoperative patency rate was over 90%. Among the 41 patients followed for more than 1 year, 29% have had one or more intrauterine pregnancies and 27% have had live births. The ectopic gestation rate was 12%. All of the tubal gestations occurred in the 1st postoperative year whereas 60% of the intrauterine pregnancies occurred after the 1st year, suggesting a degree of restoration in the mucosa and the musculature of the oviduct with the re-establishment of patency and the passage of time."}
{"id": "PMID:148373", "title": "Effect of prolactin on the glycolytic metabolism of spermatozoa from infertile subjects.", "content": "The effect of prolactin on the glycolytic metabolism of spermatozoa from married infertile men whose semen had spermatozoal concentrations of less than 40 million/ml was studied. In a respirometry system, spermatozoa were incubated with L-U-14C-glucose as substrate. Glucose utilization and production of 14C-lactate by the spermatozoa in the presence of 100 ng of ovine prolactin were greater than in the absence of the hormone. The production of pyruvate was 2.5 times less than the production of lactate wehn spermatozoa were incubated in the absence of prolactin and 1.6 times less in the presence of prolactin. These results indicate that, in spite of having an increased glycolytic metabolism, spermatozoa from oligospermic men are are able to show additional glucose utilization in the presence of prolactin.", "contents": "Effect of prolactin on the glycolytic metabolism of spermatozoa from infertile subjects. The effect of prolactin on the glycolytic metabolism of spermatozoa from married infertile men whose semen had spermatozoal concentrations of less than 40 million/ml was studied. In a respirometry system, spermatozoa were incubated with L-U-14C-glucose as substrate. Glucose utilization and production of 14C-lactate by the spermatozoa in the presence of 100 ng of ovine prolactin were greater than in the absence of the hormone. The production of pyruvate was 2.5 times less than the production of lactate wehn spermatozoa were incubated in the absence of prolactin and 1.6 times less in the presence of prolactin. These results indicate that, in spite of having an increased glycolytic metabolism, spermatozoa from oligospermic men are are able to show additional glucose utilization in the presence of prolactin."}
{"id": "PMID:148381", "title": "Renal hypertrophy in experimental diabetes: a comparison to compensatory hypertrophy.", "content": "The kidney growth seen after the induction of experimental diabetes in rats has been compared to the compensatory renal growth after one-sided nephrectomy. After five days the kidney weight had increased from 650 +/- 15 mg in a group of controls to 778 +/- 21 mg in diabetic rats, and 764 +/- 17 mg in unilaterally nephrectomised rats. The increased weight was in both groups reflected in an increased DNA content and increased RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios. In a group of rats made diabetic and nephrectomised at the same time, kidney weight increased to 953 +/- 22 mg after five days. When rats were unilaterally nephrectomised after 20 days of untreated diabetes, compensatory growth was much more pronounced than in non-diabetic rats, kidney weight rising from 780 +/- 21 to 1144 +/- 39 mg in five days. Similarly, in rats with established compensatory renal hypertrophy, diabetes induced a very rapid growth of the remaining kidney (1226 +/- 46 mg after five days).", "contents": "Renal hypertrophy in experimental diabetes: a comparison to compensatory hypertrophy. The kidney growth seen after the induction of experimental diabetes in rats has been compared to the compensatory renal growth after one-sided nephrectomy. After five days the kidney weight had increased from 650 +/- 15 mg in a group of controls to 778 +/- 21 mg in diabetic rats, and 764 +/- 17 mg in unilaterally nephrectomised rats. The increased weight was in both groups reflected in an increased DNA content and increased RNA/DNA and protein/DNA ratios. In a group of rats made diabetic and nephrectomised at the same time, kidney weight increased to 953 +/- 22 mg after five days. When rats were unilaterally nephrectomised after 20 days of untreated diabetes, compensatory growth was much more pronounced than in non-diabetic rats, kidney weight rising from 780 +/- 21 to 1144 +/- 39 mg in five days. Similarly, in rats with established compensatory renal hypertrophy, diabetes induced a very rapid growth of the remaining kidney (1226 +/- 46 mg after five days)."}
{"id": "PMID:148382", "title": "Immune responses of diabetic animals. Comparison of genetically obese and streptozotocin-diabetic mice.", "content": "The blastogenic responses of lymphocytes from chemically-induced (streptozotocin) and genetically-diabetic C57B1/6J (ob/ob) obese mice were assessed using mixed-lymphocyte cultures (MLC) and mitogens selective for thymus-derived (T cell) and bone marrow-derived (B cell) lymphocytes. Splenic lymphocytes from obese and normal C57B1/6 mice exhibited similar responses to the nonspecific T and B cell mitogens, Concanavalin A (Con A) and E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. A small (25%) depression of the blastogenic response in MLC was observed for lymphocytes from obese mice. The generation of cytotoxic T cells in vitro in response to trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNP)-modified syngeneic spleen cells was the same for normal and obese mice. In contrast, splenic lymphocytes from 7-14 day streptozotocin-diabetic mice had lower (56-60%) proliferative responses in MLC. The generation of cytotoxic effector cells in vitro was lower for spleen cells for spleen cells from 22-day streptozotocin mice, although blastogenic responses in MLC were not depressed. The insulin-deficient streptozotocin mice appear to have a depression of some thymus-derived cell functions that may be associated with streptozotocin rather than the diabetic state. Direct immunosuppressive effects of streptozotocin are indicated by the marked decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen.", "contents": "Immune responses of diabetic animals. Comparison of genetically obese and streptozotocin-diabetic mice. The blastogenic responses of lymphocytes from chemically-induced (streptozotocin) and genetically-diabetic C57B1/6J (ob/ob) obese mice were assessed using mixed-lymphocyte cultures (MLC) and mitogens selective for thymus-derived (T cell) and bone marrow-derived (B cell) lymphocytes. Splenic lymphocytes from obese and normal C57B1/6 mice exhibited similar responses to the nonspecific T and B cell mitogens, Concanavalin A (Con A) and E. coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS), respectively. A small (25%) depression of the blastogenic response in MLC was observed for lymphocytes from obese mice. The generation of cytotoxic T cells in vitro in response to trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNP)-modified syngeneic spleen cells was the same for normal and obese mice. In contrast, splenic lymphocytes from 7-14 day streptozotocin-diabetic mice had lower (56-60%) proliferative responses in MLC. The generation of cytotoxic effector cells in vitro was lower for spleen cells for spleen cells from 22-day streptozotocin mice, although blastogenic responses in MLC were not depressed. The insulin-deficient streptozotocin mice appear to have a depression of some thymus-derived cell functions that may be associated with streptozotocin rather than the diabetic state. Direct immunosuppressive effects of streptozotocin are indicated by the marked decrease in the number of lymphocytes in the thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen."}
{"id": "PMID:148383", "title": "[Comparison between vectocardiogram and echocardiogram in the diagnosis of left atrial enlargement (author's transl)].", "content": "The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of atrial enlargement on P wave abnormalities in \"primary\" (mitral stenosis) and \"secondary\" (left ventricular involvement) forms of left atrial overload. Echocardiograms and Frank Vectorcardiograms were obtained from 42 subjects, including 12 patients with mitral stenosis (group I A), 4 with mitral insufficiency (group I B), and 26 with left ventricular disease. Good correlations were founded between left atrial dimension and the following vectorcardiographic criteria: magnitude of the positive P vector in lead Z, sum of the positive P wave in leads X and Z, P positive duration/PR segment ratio in lead Z. No specific difference has been found in the vectorcardiographic abnormalities of the \"primary\" and \"secondary\" left atrial enlargement. Separate analysis revealed that P wave duration or amplitude changes can be proposed in group I A as specific and sensible criteria of left atrial enlargement. In contrast, the same criteria are highly unspecific when applied to the patients with left ventricular disease, because they can reflect the influence of other variables (left atrial pressure, intra-atrial conduction defects). Comparison of our results with those of other studies of P wave analysis did not demonstrate the superiority of the vectorcardiogram over the conventional electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of left atrial enlargement.", "contents": "[Comparison between vectocardiogram and echocardiogram in the diagnosis of left atrial enlargement (author's transl)]. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of atrial enlargement on P wave abnormalities in \"primary\" (mitral stenosis) and \"secondary\" (left ventricular involvement) forms of left atrial overload. Echocardiograms and Frank Vectorcardiograms were obtained from 42 subjects, including 12 patients with mitral stenosis (group I A), 4 with mitral insufficiency (group I B), and 26 with left ventricular disease. Good correlations were founded between left atrial dimension and the following vectorcardiographic criteria: magnitude of the positive P vector in lead Z, sum of the positive P wave in leads X and Z, P positive duration/PR segment ratio in lead Z. No specific difference has been found in the vectorcardiographic abnormalities of the \"primary\" and \"secondary\" left atrial enlargement. Separate analysis revealed that P wave duration or amplitude changes can be proposed in group I A as specific and sensible criteria of left atrial enlargement. In contrast, the same criteria are highly unspecific when applied to the patients with left ventricular disease, because they can reflect the influence of other variables (left atrial pressure, intra-atrial conduction defects). Comparison of our results with those of other studies of P wave analysis did not demonstrate the superiority of the vectorcardiogram over the conventional electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of left atrial enlargement."}
{"id": "PMID:148385", "title": "Effects of chlorpromazine hydrochloride and its metabolites on Mg2+- and Na+,K+-ATPase activities of canalicular-enriched rat liver plasma membranes.", "content": "Recent experiments in primates indicate that the phenothiazine drug chlorpromazine hydrochloride inhibits both bile salt-dependent and -independent bile flow in a predictable fashion. Because a significant fraction of bile salt-independent bile flow is postulated to depend upon the activity of a canalicular membrane Na+,K+-ATPase, we have examined the effects chlorpromazine hydrochloride and its metabolites on the ATPase activities of canalicular-enriched rat liver plasma membranes. Chlorpromazine inhibited the activities of both Mg2+- and Na+,K+-ATPases with a linear dose-response relationship between 10 and 100 micronM. The inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase was pH dependent, showing a maximal inhibition at pH 7.8. Over the pH range 7.0 to 8.2, the inhibition was significantly reduced with the addition of glutathione and was augmented under experimental conditions (ultraviolet irradiation and peroxidase-H2O2) that promote the formation of the chlorpromazine semiquinone free radical. The 7-hydroxychlorpromazine metabolite was as active an inhibitor as the parent drug; however, two sulfoxide metabolites, chlorpromazine sulfoxide and 7-hydroxychlorpromazine sulfoxide, were less effective inhibitors of Na+, K+-ATPase. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that chlorpromazine cholestasis may be a result of a direct toxic effect on the ATPase activities of hepatic canalicular membranes. Our results further suggest that if chlorpromazine cholestasis occurs through an interaction with canalicular membrane ATPases, the degree of cholestasis may well be influenced by the extent of the conversion of the drug to its more active (free radical) or minimally active (sulfoxide) metabolites and by the local environment (pH and glutathione concentration) of the canalicular membrane.", "contents": "Effects of chlorpromazine hydrochloride and its metabolites on Mg2+- and Na+,K+-ATPase activities of canalicular-enriched rat liver plasma membranes. Recent experiments in primates indicate that the phenothiazine drug chlorpromazine hydrochloride inhibits both bile salt-dependent and -independent bile flow in a predictable fashion. Because a significant fraction of bile salt-independent bile flow is postulated to depend upon the activity of a canalicular membrane Na+,K+-ATPase, we have examined the effects chlorpromazine hydrochloride and its metabolites on the ATPase activities of canalicular-enriched rat liver plasma membranes. Chlorpromazine inhibited the activities of both Mg2+- and Na+,K+-ATPases with a linear dose-response relationship between 10 and 100 micronM. The inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase was pH dependent, showing a maximal inhibition at pH 7.8. Over the pH range 7.0 to 8.2, the inhibition was significantly reduced with the addition of glutathione and was augmented under experimental conditions (ultraviolet irradiation and peroxidase-H2O2) that promote the formation of the chlorpromazine semiquinone free radical. The 7-hydroxychlorpromazine metabolite was as active an inhibitor as the parent drug; however, two sulfoxide metabolites, chlorpromazine sulfoxide and 7-hydroxychlorpromazine sulfoxide, were less effective inhibitors of Na+, K+-ATPase. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that chlorpromazine cholestasis may be a result of a direct toxic effect on the ATPase activities of hepatic canalicular membranes. Our results further suggest that if chlorpromazine cholestasis occurs through an interaction with canalicular membrane ATPases, the degree of cholestasis may well be influenced by the extent of the conversion of the drug to its more active (free radical) or minimally active (sulfoxide) metabolites and by the local environment (pH and glutathione concentration) of the canalicular membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:148388", "title": "[Experience with the tupla-clip for tubal sterilization by laparoscopy (author's transl)].", "content": "For the last 18 months a plastic clip made of polyoxymethylene was used for tubal sterilization by laparoscopy. The clip was used in 140 cases. This report reviews 106 cases. One pregnancy occurred early in this series. There were no other complications. The advantages of the method are the short operating time and the elimination of intra-abdominal damage by heat. Reversibility of the method has not yet been assessed.", "contents": "[Experience with the tupla-clip for tubal sterilization by laparoscopy (author's transl)]. For the last 18 months a plastic clip made of polyoxymethylene was used for tubal sterilization by laparoscopy. The clip was used in 140 cases. This report reviews 106 cases. One pregnancy occurred early in this series. There were no other complications. The advantages of the method are the short operating time and the elimination of intra-abdominal damage by heat. Reversibility of the method has not yet been assessed."}
{"id": "PMID:148389", "title": "[Report of a case of primary abdominal pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of primary abdominal pregnancy is described. The diagnosis was suspected by laparoscopy and confirmed by the laparotomy in the same operative session. The microscopic examination corroborated the diagnosis. The patient was discharged in good condition on the 12. post-operative day.", "contents": "[Report of a case of primary abdominal pregnancy (author's transl)]. A case of primary abdominal pregnancy is described. The diagnosis was suspected by laparoscopy and confirmed by the laparotomy in the same operative session. The microscopic examination corroborated the diagnosis. The patient was discharged in good condition on the 12. post-operative day."}
{"id": "PMID:148390", "title": "Nuclear mutation increases streptomycin and spectinomycin sensitivity in Chlamydomonas.", "content": "A spontaneously arising nuclear mutation, ss-1, has been identified in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that decreases both streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance levels about 10-fold after its introduction into all wild-type, streptomycin-resistant and spectinomycin-resistant strains examined. The mutations for resistance map to nuclear and uniparentally inherited (chloroplast) loci. In contrast, no modification of erythromycin resistance was detected after introducing ss-1 into wild-type strains or into strains carrying nuclear or uniparentally inherited erythromycin-resistance mutations. We suggest that ss-1 affects the small subunit of the chloroplast ribosome because others have shown that streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance in C. reinhardtii are associated with this subunit, whereas erythromycin resistance is associated with the large subunit. ss-1 shows no linkage with the nuclear locus for streptomycin resistance.", "contents": "Nuclear mutation increases streptomycin and spectinomycin sensitivity in Chlamydomonas. A spontaneously arising nuclear mutation, ss-1, has been identified in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii that decreases both streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance levels about 10-fold after its introduction into all wild-type, streptomycin-resistant and spectinomycin-resistant strains examined. The mutations for resistance map to nuclear and uniparentally inherited (chloroplast) loci. In contrast, no modification of erythromycin resistance was detected after introducing ss-1 into wild-type strains or into strains carrying nuclear or uniparentally inherited erythromycin-resistance mutations. We suggest that ss-1 affects the small subunit of the chloroplast ribosome because others have shown that streptomycin and spectinomycin resistance in C. reinhardtii are associated with this subunit, whereas erythromycin resistance is associated with the large subunit. ss-1 shows no linkage with the nuclear locus for streptomycin resistance."}
{"id": "PMID:148391", "title": "Reconditioning aging muscles.", "content": "Weakness or stiffness of key posture muscles can cause much of the disability seen in elderly patients. Too much tension and too little exercise greatly increase the natural loss of muscular fitness with age. A systematic program of exercise, stressing relaxation and stretching of tight muscles and strenghthening of weak muscles, can improve physical fitness. The program must be tailored to the patient, starting with relaxation and gentle limbering exercises and proceeding ultimately to vigorous muscle-stretching exercises. Muscle aches and pain from tension and muscle imbalance are to be expected. Relaxation relieves tension pain, and strengthening weak muscles and stretching tight muscles will correct muscle imbalance. To prevent acute muscle spasm, the patient should avoid excessive exertion and increase exercise intensity gradually.", "contents": "Reconditioning aging muscles. Weakness or stiffness of key posture muscles can cause much of the disability seen in elderly patients. Too much tension and too little exercise greatly increase the natural loss of muscular fitness with age. A systematic program of exercise, stressing relaxation and stretching of tight muscles and strenghthening of weak muscles, can improve physical fitness. The program must be tailored to the patient, starting with relaxation and gentle limbering exercises and proceeding ultimately to vigorous muscle-stretching exercises. Muscle aches and pain from tension and muscle imbalance are to be expected. Relaxation relieves tension pain, and strengthening weak muscles and stretching tight muscles will correct muscle imbalance. To prevent acute muscle spasm, the patient should avoid excessive exertion and increase exercise intensity gradually."}
{"id": "PMID:148396", "title": "[The value of radiographic examinations of the thorax in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)].", "content": "The degree of pulmonary congestion seen on chest radiographs taken in the intensive care unit was compared with the end-diastolic pulmonary artery pressure in 65 patients with recent transmural myocardial infarcts without cardiogenic shock. There was good correlation between the radiographic appearances and the end-diatrolic pulmonary artery pressure, so that the severity of left heart insufficiency could be diagnosed radiologically at an early stage. Errors were due to the time interval which must pass before the radiographic appearances approximate the haemodynamic changes. This resulted in a diagnostic \"phase lag\" (following a rise in end-diastolic pulmonary artery pressure) or in a post-therapeutic \"phase lag\" (after a fall in end-diastolic pulmonary artery pressure). Repeated examinations allow one to recognize changes in the haemodynamics. One should pay particular attention to the features of pulmonary venous and pulmonary arterial hy", "contents": "[The value of radiographic examinations of the thorax in acute myocardial infarction (author's transl)]. The degree of pulmonary congestion seen on chest radiographs taken in the intensive care unit was compared with the end-diastolic pulmonary artery pressure in 65 patients with recent transmural myocardial infarcts without cardiogenic shock. There was good correlation between the radiographic appearances and the end-diatrolic pulmonary artery pressure, so that the severity of left heart insufficiency could be diagnosed radiologically at an early stage. Errors were due to the time interval which must pass before the radiographic appearances approximate the haemodynamic changes. This resulted in a diagnostic \"phase lag\" (following a rise in end-diastolic pulmonary artery pressure) or in a post-therapeutic \"phase lag\" (after a fall in end-diastolic pulmonary artery pressure). Repeated examinations allow one to recognize changes in the haemodynamics. One should pay particular attention to the features of pulmonary venous and pulmonary arterial hy"}
{"id": "PMID:148397", "title": "[Coronary flow measurements with cine densitometry. II. Quantitative determinations of flow velocities and flow volumes through severe coronary stenoses during rest (author's transl)].", "content": "The normal flow values through healthy or moderately narrowed coronary arteries, which had been determined by a new method of cine radiography, together with a computer, were published in this Journal in 1976. In the present paper we report the results of further studies of flow velocity and flow volume through high-grade coronary artery stenosis of severity III and III--IV. Compared with the results obtained on normal and mildly stenosed arteries, measurements at rest through severely stenosed coronaries showed an almost constant flow. The first results on aorto-coronary vein graft measurement are described.", "contents": "[Coronary flow measurements with cine densitometry. II. Quantitative determinations of flow velocities and flow volumes through severe coronary stenoses during rest (author's transl)]. The normal flow values through healthy or moderately narrowed coronary arteries, which had been determined by a new method of cine radiography, together with a computer, were published in this Journal in 1976. In the present paper we report the results of further studies of flow velocity and flow volume through high-grade coronary artery stenosis of severity III and III--IV. Compared with the results obtained on normal and mildly stenosed arteries, measurements at rest through severely stenosed coronaries showed an almost constant flow. The first results on aorto-coronary vein graft measurement are described."}
{"id": "PMID:148398", "title": "[The diagnostic value of kymography in aortic isthmus stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of kymography was studied in 133 patients in whom a coarctation had been demonstrated angiographically, operatively or pathologically; its value was compared with conventional radiographic examinations. The difference in pulsation between the pib notching, dilatation of the ascending aorta and increased size of the left ventricle on plain films make it possible to diagnose an haemodynamically significant coarctation without any invasive methods. In 124 haemodynamically significant coarctations (93%), the kymogram showed increased pulsation of the dilated left subclavian artery. In nine haemodynamically insignificant or mild coarctations (7%), this sign was absent. Since the radiographic signs are to some extent reversible, it is possible to evaluate the results of surgery by plain chest films and the kymogram.", "contents": "[The diagnostic value of kymography in aortic isthmus stenosis (author's transl)]. The value of kymography was studied in 133 patients in whom a coarctation had been demonstrated angiographically, operatively or pathologically; its value was compared with conventional radiographic examinations. The difference in pulsation between the pib notching, dilatation of the ascending aorta and increased size of the left ventricle on plain films make it possible to diagnose an haemodynamically significant coarctation without any invasive methods. In 124 haemodynamically significant coarctations (93%), the kymogram showed increased pulsation of the dilated left subclavian artery. In nine haemodynamically insignificant or mild coarctations (7%), this sign was absent. Since the radiographic signs are to some extent reversible, it is possible to evaluate the results of surgery by plain chest films and the kymogram."}
{"id": "PMID:148399", "title": "[The cest radiograph in Wegener's granuloma (author's transl)].", "content": "Wegener's granuloma belongs to the so-called collagenoses. It is characterized by focal vasculitis, necrotising granulomatous processes in the upper air passages and lung, as well as focal glomerulitis with swelling of the capsule and the formation of granulomatous glomerular lesions. In order of frequency the lungs, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, kidneys, joints, skin, eyes, ears, the heart and nerve tissue may be involved. Recently, Wolf and Fischbach (1976) reported six cases of Wegener's granuloma in this Journal, with radiological and pathological changes in the lungs. Typical changes which may be found radiographically are illustrated in the present paper based on four histologically confirmed cases of this relatively rare condition.", "contents": "[The cest radiograph in Wegener's granuloma (author's transl)]. Wegener's granuloma belongs to the so-called collagenoses. It is characterized by focal vasculitis, necrotising granulomatous processes in the upper air passages and lung, as well as focal glomerulitis with swelling of the capsule and the formation of granulomatous glomerular lesions. In order of frequency the lungs, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, kidneys, joints, skin, eyes, ears, the heart and nerve tissue may be involved. Recently, Wolf and Fischbach (1976) reported six cases of Wegener's granuloma in this Journal, with radiological and pathological changes in the lungs. Typical changes which may be found radiographically are illustrated in the present paper based on four histologically confirmed cases of this relatively rare condition."}
{"id": "PMID:148400", "title": "[Unilateral hilar enlargement in sarcoidosis--case report and review of the literature (author's transl)].", "content": "Case report on unilateral hilar enlargement in sarcoidosis is given and the literature is reviewed. The diagnostic kriteria of angiography in these cases is discussed. Key words: Sarcoidosis, unilateral hilar enlargement, bronchialarteriography, lung szintigramm.", "contents": "[Unilateral hilar enlargement in sarcoidosis--case report and review of the literature (author's transl)]. Case report on unilateral hilar enlargement in sarcoidosis is given and the literature is reviewed. The diagnostic kriteria of angiography in these cases is discussed. Key words: Sarcoidosis, unilateral hilar enlargement, bronchialarteriography, lung szintigramm."}
{"id": "PMID:148401", "title": "[Bronchial arteries in interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (author's transl)].", "content": "6 autopsy lungs with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis were subjected to comparative angiographical and morphological investigations of bronchial arteries. During the final stage of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, bronchial arteries were increased in number, and so were their anastomoses with pulmonary arteries. Extensive formation of broncho-pulmoary anastomosis as well as proliferation and formation of new bronchial arteries, is associated with interstitial chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the lung. The findings explain functional interconnections between the vessels of the systemic and the pulmonary circulations by direct artery-to-artery anastomoses, with a negative influence on pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "[Bronchial arteries in interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (author's transl)]. 6 autopsy lungs with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis were subjected to comparative angiographical and morphological investigations of bronchial arteries. During the final stage of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, bronchial arteries were increased in number, and so were their anastomoses with pulmonary arteries. Extensive formation of broncho-pulmoary anastomosis as well as proliferation and formation of new bronchial arteries, is associated with interstitial chronic inflammation and fibrosis in the lung. The findings explain functional interconnections between the vessels of the systemic and the pulmonary circulations by direct artery-to-artery anastomoses, with a negative influence on pulmonary hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:148402", "title": "[Angiographic findings in a new method of vascular anastomosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The first angiographic findings with a new method of end-to-end anastomosis of small arteries are reported. The other-wise difficult anastomosis of small vessels is accomplished by the use of scew-ended flanges. So far the method has been used successfully on 15 dogs; there were no post-operative stenoses or other complications.", "contents": "[Angiographic findings in a new method of vascular anastomosis (author's transl)]. The first angiographic findings with a new method of end-to-end anastomosis of small arteries are reported. The other-wise difficult anastomosis of small vessels is accomplished by the use of scew-ended flanges. So far the method has been used successfully on 15 dogs; there were no post-operative stenoses or other complications."}
{"id": "PMID:148403", "title": "[Therapeutic embolisation of visceral arteries. Animal experiments, early clinical experience and introduction of a new embolising material (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to compare the effectiveness and suitability of the most commonly used embolising materials--autologous blood clot, either pure or modified by epsilon-amino-caproic acid, gelatin, or fibrin foam--a series of experiments was carried out using the renal arteries of rabbits. Our own experience and the information in the literature indicate that there is at present no optimal and lasting material for embolisation. A new radioopaque for am consisting of a silicone elastomer has been found to be superior to all other materials, without any evidence of complication arising from it. Contrary to present views, it has been shown that the effect of embolisation is best demonstrated scintigraphically; angiography immediately after embolisation does not provide the necessary informatin (spasm, further thrombosis). The results of animal experiments and toxicity studies indicated that the substance can be used as suitable embolising material in patients, provided the indications are strictly controlled.", "contents": "[Therapeutic embolisation of visceral arteries. Animal experiments, early clinical experience and introduction of a new embolising material (author's transl)]. In order to compare the effectiveness and suitability of the most commonly used embolising materials--autologous blood clot, either pure or modified by epsilon-amino-caproic acid, gelatin, or fibrin foam--a series of experiments was carried out using the renal arteries of rabbits. Our own experience and the information in the literature indicate that there is at present no optimal and lasting material for embolisation. A new radioopaque for am consisting of a silicone elastomer has been found to be superior to all other materials, without any evidence of complication arising from it. Contrary to present views, it has been shown that the effect of embolisation is best demonstrated scintigraphically; angiography immediately after embolisation does not provide the necessary informatin (spasm, further thrombosis). The results of animal experiments and toxicity studies indicated that the substance can be used as suitable embolising material in patients, provided the indications are strictly controlled."}
{"id": "PMID:148405", "title": "[Results of percutaneous transhepatic portography (author's transl)].", "content": "The technique, indications, contraindications and complications of percutaneous transhepatic portography based on the experience of 300 cases are described. The advantage of this method is discussed and compared with transjugular and transumbilical portography.", "contents": "[Results of percutaneous transhepatic portography (author's transl)]. The technique, indications, contraindications and complications of percutaneous transhepatic portography based on the experience of 300 cases are described. The advantage of this method is discussed and compared with transjugular and transumbilical portography."}
{"id": "PMID:148404", "title": "[Changes in liver haemodynamics after mesenterico-caval dacron prosthesis anastomosis (\"H-shunt\") in portal hypertension (author's transl)].", "content": "In fourteen patients with portal hypertension and bleeding from oesophageal varices, mesentericocaval anastomoses using a dacron-velour prosthesis (\"H-shunt\") were carried out. Evaluation of the haemodynamics showed: 1. Comparison of 13 pre- and post-operative angiograms showed an haemodynamicically effective shunt in 12 and a stenosed shunt in one. 2. The aim of relieving the portal circulation while maintaining antegrade portal flow was achieved in six patients. 3. In six patients, the portal vein was not seen in a splenic or mesenteric portogram despite an open shunt. Functionally, this corresponds to a porto-caval anastomosis. 4. Pressure reduction in the portal circulation can be so marked as to obtain retrograde portal flow from the hepatic artery. 5. If the portal blood flow through the liver disappears, the hepatic artery may obtain additional flow from the superior mesenteric artery (reversed flow in the gastroduodenal artery). 6. Increased arterial flow to the liver is made possible by a reduction in intrahepatic resistance. The role of collaterals, either arterio-portal shunts or shunts between the sinusoids, is discussed. 7. The hepato-fugal collateral circulation was reversed in twelve patients.", "contents": "[Changes in liver haemodynamics after mesenterico-caval dacron prosthesis anastomosis (\"H-shunt\") in portal hypertension (author's transl)]. In fourteen patients with portal hypertension and bleeding from oesophageal varices, mesentericocaval anastomoses using a dacron-velour prosthesis (\"H-shunt\") were carried out. Evaluation of the haemodynamics showed: 1. Comparison of 13 pre- and post-operative angiograms showed an haemodynamicically effective shunt in 12 and a stenosed shunt in one. 2. The aim of relieving the portal circulation while maintaining antegrade portal flow was achieved in six patients. 3. In six patients, the portal vein was not seen in a splenic or mesenteric portogram despite an open shunt. Functionally, this corresponds to a porto-caval anastomosis. 4. Pressure reduction in the portal circulation can be so marked as to obtain retrograde portal flow from the hepatic artery. 5. If the portal blood flow through the liver disappears, the hepatic artery may obtain additional flow from the superior mesenteric artery (reversed flow in the gastroduodenal artery). 6. Increased arterial flow to the liver is made possible by a reduction in intrahepatic resistance. The role of collaterals, either arterio-portal shunts or shunts between the sinusoids, is discussed. 7. The hepato-fugal collateral circulation was reversed in twelve patients."}
{"id": "PMID:148406", "title": "Percutaneous transhepatic drainage catheter: a valuable therapeutic aid in obstructive jaundice.", "content": "Percutaneous decompression of the biliary system is a useful and well established procedure which can be carried out with negligible risk and may be of great benefit to the patient. The main indications are pre-operative decompression and primarily decompression of patients with inoperable obstructive neoplastic disease. In order to provide drainage, the catheter should be advanced under fluoroscopic control into one of the major radicles ore preferably into the distal common duct beyond the point of obstruction. This ideal internal drainage into the duodenum was accomplished in the reported patient with sclerosing cholangitis who was markedly improved by this procedure.", "contents": "Percutaneous transhepatic drainage catheter: a valuable therapeutic aid in obstructive jaundice. Percutaneous decompression of the biliary system is a useful and well established procedure which can be carried out with negligible risk and may be of great benefit to the patient. The main indications are pre-operative decompression and primarily decompression of patients with inoperable obstructive neoplastic disease. In order to provide drainage, the catheter should be advanced under fluoroscopic control into one of the major radicles ore preferably into the distal common duct beyond the point of obstruction. This ideal internal drainage into the duodenum was accomplished in the reported patient with sclerosing cholangitis who was markedly improved by this procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:148407", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of hydatid cysts of the liver (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological features of cystic and alveolar echinococcal disease of the liver is described, based on 17 patients. Conventional radiographs, liver ultrasound and liver angiography are described.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of hydatid cysts of the liver (author's transl)]. The radiological features of cystic and alveolar echinococcal disease of the liver is described, based on 17 patients. Conventional radiographs, liver ultrasound and liver angiography are described."}
{"id": "PMID:148408", "title": "[Hepatobiliary sequential-scintigraphy--progress in the evaluation of postcholecystectomy complains (author's transl)].", "content": "The hepatobiliary sequential-scintigraphy is a nuclear diagnostic procedure useful in assessing the function of liver and biliary system. 40 patients with and 20 patients without complains following cholecystectomy were examined. The value of this method in establishing biliary causes for such complains is demonstrated by typical cases. Simplicity and safety in application as well as diagnostic sensitivity should place the method in the first place evaluating postcholecystectomy complains. Succeeding indirect and direct radiologic techniques then may be used systematically with benefit for the patient and physician. Results indicate, that the procedure will be essential as well in evaluation as in analysis of nature and frequency of such complains by its superior presentation of intrahepatic bilestasis and functional mechanisms of the biliary system including the sphincter of Oddi.", "contents": "[Hepatobiliary sequential-scintigraphy--progress in the evaluation of postcholecystectomy complains (author's transl)]. The hepatobiliary sequential-scintigraphy is a nuclear diagnostic procedure useful in assessing the function of liver and biliary system. 40 patients with and 20 patients without complains following cholecystectomy were examined. The value of this method in establishing biliary causes for such complains is demonstrated by typical cases. Simplicity and safety in application as well as diagnostic sensitivity should place the method in the first place evaluating postcholecystectomy complains. Succeeding indirect and direct radiologic techniques then may be used systematically with benefit for the patient and physician. Results indicate, that the procedure will be essential as well in evaluation as in analysis of nature and frequency of such complains by its superior presentation of intrahepatic bilestasis and functional mechanisms of the biliary system including the sphincter of Oddi."}
{"id": "PMID:148409", "title": "[Erroneous diagnoses in the retrograde demonstration of the biliary and pancreatic ducts. Results of a prospective study involving 197 examinations (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography were evaluated in a prospective study of 126 patients in respect of diagnostic accuracy, as compared with surgery and clinical follow-up. The diagnosis was incorrect in 11 patients; in seven it failed to differentiate between acute and chronic pancreatitis. The discrepancies in the other four patients are described in detail, particularly with reference to prepapillary filling defects. The indications, advantages and limitations of ERCP are discussed.", "contents": "[Erroneous diagnoses in the retrograde demonstration of the biliary and pancreatic ducts. Results of a prospective study involving 197 examinations (author's transl)]. The results of endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography were evaluated in a prospective study of 126 patients in respect of diagnostic accuracy, as compared with surgery and clinical follow-up. The diagnosis was incorrect in 11 patients; in seven it failed to differentiate between acute and chronic pancreatitis. The discrepancies in the other four patients are described in detail, particularly with reference to prepapillary filling defects. The indications, advantages and limitations of ERCP are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148410", "title": "Atypical pancreatic pseudocysts.", "content": "The authors present three cases of atypical pancreatic pseudocysts, occurring in the course of chronic pancreatitis: intrasplenic pseudocyst, pseudocyst in the hilus of spleen and bleeding into the pseudocyst of the tail of pancreas. Such cysts are extremely difficult, or even impossible to be recognized by conventional clinical and radiological methods. Located in the parenchyma or in the hilus of spleen, they are formed by means of fistulization along the lienorenal ligament. In every case when the chronic pancreatitis coexists with the splenic cyst, the intrasplenic localization of the pancreatic speudocyst should be taken into consideration. The cyst in the hilus of spleen may imitate intraperitoneal mass and its relation with the pancreas may be recorded angiographically only. Angiography is also the basic diagnostic method in the haemorrhage into the pseudocyst. Bleeding into the pseudocyst has a form of vascular blush appearing during arteriography. The blush increases its intensity and persists after an examination. Early diagnosis in atypical pseudocyst is vital for the patient's fate.", "contents": "Atypical pancreatic pseudocysts. The authors present three cases of atypical pancreatic pseudocysts, occurring in the course of chronic pancreatitis: intrasplenic pseudocyst, pseudocyst in the hilus of spleen and bleeding into the pseudocyst of the tail of pancreas. Such cysts are extremely difficult, or even impossible to be recognized by conventional clinical and radiological methods. Located in the parenchyma or in the hilus of spleen, they are formed by means of fistulization along the lienorenal ligament. In every case when the chronic pancreatitis coexists with the splenic cyst, the intrasplenic localization of the pancreatic speudocyst should be taken into consideration. The cyst in the hilus of spleen may imitate intraperitoneal mass and its relation with the pancreas may be recorded angiographically only. Angiography is also the basic diagnostic method in the haemorrhage into the pseudocyst. Bleeding into the pseudocyst has a form of vascular blush appearing during arteriography. The blush increases its intensity and persists after an examination. Early diagnosis in atypical pseudocyst is vital for the patient's fate."}
{"id": "PMID:148411", "title": "[The use of computer tomography in individual treatment planning (author's transl)].", "content": "Computer tomography provides the possibility of individual treatment planning. For this purpose it is necessary to obtain the matrix of linear absorption coefficient for the type of radiation used during radiotherapy. In this paper it is shown that it is necessary to obtain a cross section of the patient using rays of two different qualities. From these results and previous measurements on phantoms it is possible to calculate the density and effective atomic number. It is also shown that the most significant information is obtained from the density matrix, if ultra hard X-rays are used for radiation therapy; With this density matrix it is possible in a simple manner to take account of inhomogeneities within individual patients.", "contents": "[The use of computer tomography in individual treatment planning (author's transl)]. Computer tomography provides the possibility of individual treatment planning. For this purpose it is necessary to obtain the matrix of linear absorption coefficient for the type of radiation used during radiotherapy. In this paper it is shown that it is necessary to obtain a cross section of the patient using rays of two different qualities. From these results and previous measurements on phantoms it is possible to calculate the density and effective atomic number. It is also shown that the most significant information is obtained from the density matrix, if ultra hard X-rays are used for radiation therapy; With this density matrix it is possible in a simple manner to take account of inhomogeneities within individual patients."}
{"id": "PMID:148412", "title": "Sequential trials with new rare-earth intensifying screens.", "content": "Sequential analysis of idential radiographs with calcium tungstate (CaWO4) and rare-earth intensifying screens was performed in four test situations. Most preferences in the direction of rare-earth screens were due to motion unsharpness with CaWO4 screens. Better contrast was found with rare-earth screens in one test situation in spite of low kVp exposures. Assessment of the quality of the radiographs in practical situations gave results which differed to a certain extent from what might be expected from the technical assessment of the properties of the screens.", "contents": "Sequential trials with new rare-earth intensifying screens. Sequential analysis of idential radiographs with calcium tungstate (CaWO4) and rare-earth intensifying screens was performed in four test situations. Most preferences in the direction of rare-earth screens were due to motion unsharpness with CaWO4 screens. Better contrast was found with rare-earth screens in one test situation in spite of low kVp exposures. Assessment of the quality of the radiographs in practical situations gave results which differed to a certain extent from what might be expected from the technical assessment of the properties of the screens."}
{"id": "PMID:148413", "title": "[New aspects concerning exposure factors during direct geometrical X-ray magnification (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper is concerned with the use of rare-earth intensifying screens in order to overcome some of the exposure problems during magnification techniques using very small focal spots. Theoretical experiments and tests with biological objects indicate that the use of high intensifying screens under these circumstances is acceptable and useful. A comparison has been carried out between the results of conventional techniques without magnification and magnification techniques using very small focal spots and rare-earth intensifying screens.", "contents": "[New aspects concerning exposure factors during direct geometrical X-ray magnification (author's transl)]. The paper is concerned with the use of rare-earth intensifying screens in order to overcome some of the exposure problems during magnification techniques using very small focal spots. Theoretical experiments and tests with biological objects indicate that the use of high intensifying screens under these circumstances is acceptable and useful. A comparison has been carried out between the results of conventional techniques without magnification and magnification techniques using very small focal spots and rare-earth intensifying screens."}
{"id": "PMID:148414", "title": "The future of non-invasive medical imaging.", "content": "A variety of new non-invasive imaging techniques are now at the physicians' disposal for patients' management. However, the place of each new imaging modality within the general diagnostic armamentarium is far from established. Not only comparative assessments of these are needed but also pre-defined strategies for use are required for an intelligent approach to a difficult medical problem. The increasing cost of medicine and the decreasing resources available for development enhance the necessity for such an approach. This paper offers an initial solution to the problem.", "contents": "The future of non-invasive medical imaging. A variety of new non-invasive imaging techniques are now at the physicians' disposal for patients' management. However, the place of each new imaging modality within the general diagnostic armamentarium is far from established. Not only comparative assessments of these are needed but also pre-defined strategies for use are required for an intelligent approach to a difficult medical problem. The increasing cost of medicine and the decreasing resources available for development enhance the necessity for such an approach. This paper offers an initial solution to the problem."}
{"id": "PMID:148422", "title": "[Spieghel's hernia and its treatment].", "content": "It is reported about 12 patients with hernias through the spigelian fascia, among them one case with a rare bilateral hernia. The cause of these hernias are congenital or acquired gaps in the fascia transversalis medial to the linea semilunaris. Mostly they are discovered below the umbilicus in the height of the linea semicircularis, lateral to the rectussheath and medial to the spigelian line. All clinical details are shown in a table (Tab. 1). There is referred about localisation, sex, age, complications before operation (e.g. incarceration), complaints of the patients and operative findings. The results correspond to those of other authors. Seldom a spigelian hernia is noticed in children. To diagnose a spigelian hernia it is very important to think of it, for the symptoms are often not very characteristically and the clinical findings misleading. At times only operation reveals the real diagnosis. The operation is often simple and remaining complaints are very seldom; we didnt see any. Sometimes the operative finding requires an extensive laparotomia and bowel resection. If one finds the abdominal wall intact, one should open the abdomen in every case.", "contents": "[Spieghel's hernia and its treatment]. It is reported about 12 patients with hernias through the spigelian fascia, among them one case with a rare bilateral hernia. The cause of these hernias are congenital or acquired gaps in the fascia transversalis medial to the linea semilunaris. Mostly they are discovered below the umbilicus in the height of the linea semicircularis, lateral to the rectussheath and medial to the spigelian line. All clinical details are shown in a table (Tab. 1). There is referred about localisation, sex, age, complications before operation (e.g. incarceration), complaints of the patients and operative findings. The results correspond to those of other authors. Seldom a spigelian hernia is noticed in children. To diagnose a spigelian hernia it is very important to think of it, for the symptoms are often not very characteristically and the clinical findings misleading. At times only operation reveals the real diagnosis. The operation is often simple and remaining complaints are very seldom; we didnt see any. Sometimes the operative finding requires an extensive laparotomia and bowel resection. If one finds the abdominal wall intact, one should open the abdomen in every case."}
{"id": "PMID:148423", "title": "[Neurophysiological activation and behavior during mental achievement. Comparative studies in healthy, minimally brain damage and mongoloid children].", "content": "A comparison of normal, mildly brain-injuried and mongoloid children. For psychophysiological investigations in  young or mentally disturbed children a new methodical approach was developped. In children with minor nervous dysfunction (aged 6--8;3 years) and mongoloid children (5;6--11 years) as well as in younger and older normal children (3;9--5;5 resp. 5;6--7;6 years) the changes of EEG basic rhythm, heart rate and behaviour during defined mental work were observed. Each group consisted of 18 children. The physiological data were analyzed by computer. The main results are summarized in the following points: 1) The request of mental activity with increasing task difficulty causes increasing neurophysiological and behavioural activation up to an optimal value at the highest degree of individual efficiency. 2) Overstrain leads to a deterioration of activation and consecutively to a loss of motivation, especially in the handicapped children. 3) Alpha waves of the EEG can be unterstood as an index of selective stimulus inhibition or \"concentration\". In the normal children the amount of alpha waves during mental work was very significantly higher than in both the groups of the handicapped children. 4) Further differences in EEG, heart rate and behaviour between the 4 groups support the understanding of the psychic features in Down's syndrome and in the syndrome of minor nervous dysfunction at a physiological level.", "contents": "[Neurophysiological activation and behavior during mental achievement. Comparative studies in healthy, minimally brain damage and mongoloid children]. A comparison of normal, mildly brain-injuried and mongoloid children. For psychophysiological investigations in  young or mentally disturbed children a new methodical approach was developped. In children with minor nervous dysfunction (aged 6--8;3 years) and mongoloid children (5;6--11 years) as well as in younger and older normal children (3;9--5;5 resp. 5;6--7;6 years) the changes of EEG basic rhythm, heart rate and behaviour during defined mental work were observed. Each group consisted of 18 children. The physiological data were analyzed by computer. The main results are summarized in the following points: 1) The request of mental activity with increasing task difficulty causes increasing neurophysiological and behavioural activation up to an optimal value at the highest degree of individual efficiency. 2) Overstrain leads to a deterioration of activation and consecutively to a loss of motivation, especially in the handicapped children. 3) Alpha waves of the EEG can be unterstood as an index of selective stimulus inhibition or \"concentration\". In the normal children the amount of alpha waves during mental work was very significantly higher than in both the groups of the handicapped children. 4) Further differences in EEG, heart rate and behaviour between the 4 groups support the understanding of the psychic features in Down's syndrome and in the syndrome of minor nervous dysfunction at a physiological level."}
{"id": "PMID:148425", "title": "[Importance of gynecological laparoscopy in diseases of the sigmoid in the aging].", "content": "During the last six years we have performed laparoscopy in 80 women older than 60 years of age. In 22 of these, the barium enema showed pathological colonic conditions (mostly diverticulosis or diverticulitis). Despite these findings laparoscopy was used as an additional and reliable diagnostic aid to exclude concomitant gynecological diseases. Of these 22 women, 16 had normal internal genital organs so that exploratory laparotomy could be avoided. In view of the high postoperative mortality in this age group this is regarded as a considerable advantage. In three women an additional gynecological disease requiring laparotomy was found. In two cases laparoscopic diagnosis was impossible because of extensive adhesions. In one patient the radiological diagnosis of diverticulitis was revised by laparoscopy which showed carcinoma of the sigmoid.", "contents": "[Importance of gynecological laparoscopy in diseases of the sigmoid in the aging]. During the last six years we have performed laparoscopy in 80 women older than 60 years of age. In 22 of these, the barium enema showed pathological colonic conditions (mostly diverticulosis or diverticulitis). Despite these findings laparoscopy was used as an additional and reliable diagnostic aid to exclude concomitant gynecological diseases. Of these 22 women, 16 had normal internal genital organs so that exploratory laparotomy could be avoided. In view of the high postoperative mortality in this age group this is regarded as a considerable advantage. In three women an additional gynecological disease requiring laparotomy was found. In two cases laparoscopic diagnosis was impossible because of extensive adhesions. In one patient the radiological diagnosis of diverticulitis was revised by laparoscopy which showed carcinoma of the sigmoid."}
{"id": "PMID:148426", "title": "Insulin responsiveness of isolated perfused livers from rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes.", "content": "The ability of insulin to inhibit efflux of potassium (K) and amino acid nitrogen (AAN) from perfused livers of normal and insulin deficient rats was studied. Two groups of rats with different degrees of insulin deficiency were produced by injecting varying amounts of streptozotocin. One group, classified as being moderately diabetic (MD), had fasting plasma glucose levels between 235--425 mg%, while the other group, whose plasma glucose levels greater than 425 mg%, were considered to have severe diabetes (SD). Two other groups of rats were food restricted in order to attain body weights comparable to the two groups of diabetic rats, and livers from these animals were used for control perfusions. The results indicated that the ability of insulin to suppress efflux of K and AAN from perfused livers of rats with MD was comparable to that seen in control perfusions. On the other hand, insulin could not suppress the efflux of either K or AAN from perfused livers of rats with SD. These results indicate that normal hepatic responsiveness to insulin can be lost secondary to the production of insulin deficiency.", "contents": "Insulin responsiveness of isolated perfused livers from rats with streptozotocin induced diabetes. The ability of insulin to inhibit efflux of potassium (K) and amino acid nitrogen (AAN) from perfused livers of normal and insulin deficient rats was studied. Two groups of rats with different degrees of insulin deficiency were produced by injecting varying amounts of streptozotocin. One group, classified as being moderately diabetic (MD), had fasting plasma glucose levels between 235--425 mg%, while the other group, whose plasma glucose levels greater than 425 mg%, were considered to have severe diabetes (SD). Two other groups of rats were food restricted in order to attain body weights comparable to the two groups of diabetic rats, and livers from these animals were used for control perfusions. The results indicated that the ability of insulin to suppress efflux of K and AAN from perfused livers of rats with MD was comparable to that seen in control perfusions. On the other hand, insulin could not suppress the efflux of either K or AAN from perfused livers of rats with SD. These results indicate that normal hepatic responsiveness to insulin can be lost secondary to the production of insulin deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:148427", "title": "Enzymatic studies of liver cells obtained by fine needle biopsy from mice with the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome (genesymbol ob).", "content": "In an enzymatic study of livers from obese hyperglycemic mice (obob) and their lean litter mates, microdissected freeze-dried fine needle biopsies were used. Carbohydrate, fatty acid and ketone body metabolism was examined through assays of phosphofructokinase (PFK), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOADH) and D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH). At 2 months of age the obob-mice showed a significant increase in PFK activity as compared to their lean litter mates. No such difference was found for the activity of HOADH and HBDH. An early increase in the initial glycolysis in the livers of obob-mice might thus be one of the factors responsible for the accelerated synthesis of lipids resulting in the fatty livers of the adult obob-mice. The present results corroborate previous studies indicating no major derangement in the fatty acid and ketone body metabolism in the livers of obob-mice. In a methodological evaluation of the technique for tissue sampling and preparation, freeze-dried fine-needle punctates showed significantly higher enzyme activities of PFK and HOADH than freeze-dried liver sections or crude homogenates. Freeze-drying of fine needle biopsies appears to be a technique with good preservation of the enzyme activity. This is of significance for future metabolic studies also in humans.", "contents": "Enzymatic studies of liver cells obtained by fine needle biopsy from mice with the obese-hyperglycemic syndrome (genesymbol ob). In an enzymatic study of livers from obese hyperglycemic mice (obob) and their lean litter mates, microdissected freeze-dried fine needle biopsies were used. Carbohydrate, fatty acid and ketone body metabolism was examined through assays of phosphofructokinase (PFK), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HOADH) and D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (HBDH). At 2 months of age the obob-mice showed a significant increase in PFK activity as compared to their lean litter mates. No such difference was found for the activity of HOADH and HBDH. An early increase in the initial glycolysis in the livers of obob-mice might thus be one of the factors responsible for the accelerated synthesis of lipids resulting in the fatty livers of the adult obob-mice. The present results corroborate previous studies indicating no major derangement in the fatty acid and ketone body metabolism in the livers of obob-mice. In a methodological evaluation of the technique for tissue sampling and preparation, freeze-dried fine-needle punctates showed significantly higher enzyme activities of PFK and HOADH than freeze-dried liver sections or crude homogenates. Freeze-drying of fine needle biopsies appears to be a technique with good preservation of the enzyme activity. This is of significance for future metabolic studies also in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:148435", "title": "Acne treated with a tropical tetracycline preparation: results of a one-year multi-group study.", "content": "One hundred five patients were treated effectively with topically applied tetracycline in an ethanol-water solution with n-decyl methyl sulfoxide, and observed for a year. Comedones and cystic lesions were least responsive to topical tetracycline. Side effects, which were minor, included yellow staining of facial skin and stinging after application. Two patients, one with juvenile diabetes and one with congenital nephritis, successfully used the preparation without adverse effects.", "contents": "Acne treated with a tropical tetracycline preparation: results of a one-year multi-group study. One hundred five patients were treated effectively with topically applied tetracycline in an ethanol-water solution with n-decyl methyl sulfoxide, and observed for a year. Comedones and cystic lesions were least responsive to topical tetracycline. Side effects, which were minor, included yellow staining of facial skin and stinging after application. Two patients, one with juvenile diabetes and one with congenital nephritis, successfully used the preparation without adverse effects."}
{"id": "PMID:148436", "title": "Comparative effectiveness of benzoyl peroxide and tretinoin in acne vulgaris.", "content": "A controlled, randomized clinical study comparing different commercially available benzoly peroxide gels and tretinoin cream was undertaken by four investigators using similar protocols and case report forms. Results were based on lesion-count reduction over an 8-week period. No significant difference in reduction of total acne lesions was detected between the benzoyl peroxide gels and tretinoin cream. However, benzoyl peroxide was significantly better (P less than .02) in reduction of papules and as good as tretinoin in reduction of comedones. Results of this study suggest that excessive drying and peeling are not essential in the reduction of acne lesions.", "contents": "Comparative effectiveness of benzoyl peroxide and tretinoin in acne vulgaris. A controlled, randomized clinical study comparing different commercially available benzoly peroxide gels and tretinoin cream was undertaken by four investigators using similar protocols and case report forms. Results were based on lesion-count reduction over an 8-week period. No significant difference in reduction of total acne lesions was detected between the benzoyl peroxide gels and tretinoin cream. However, benzoyl peroxide was significantly better (P less than .02) in reduction of papules and as good as tretinoin in reduction of comedones. Results of this study suggest that excessive drying and peeling are not essential in the reduction of acne lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:148437", "title": "Reproductive behaviours of Japanese parents of children with mongolism.", "content": "The reproductive activity of Japanese mothers of mongoloid children decreases significantly after the birth of such a child, in comparison with mothers of normal children matched on the basis of maternal age. This decline of reproduction is observed more clearly among younger mothers whose fertility is thought still high.", "contents": "Reproductive behaviours of Japanese parents of children with mongolism. The reproductive activity of Japanese mothers of mongoloid children decreases significantly after the birth of such a child, in comparison with mothers of normal children matched on the basis of maternal age. This decline of reproduction is observed more clearly among younger mothers whose fertility is thought still high."}
{"id": "PMID:148438", "title": "[Hyperkeratotic vegetating form of mycosis fungoides. A case report].", "content": "A patient with hyperkeratotic and vegetating mycosis fungoides is reported. The immunologic investigations reveal a well preserved immunologic response. The clinical manifestations are considered as an hyperergic reaction of a sentizied organism.", "contents": "[Hyperkeratotic vegetating form of mycosis fungoides. A case report]. A patient with hyperkeratotic and vegetating mycosis fungoides is reported. The immunologic investigations reveal a well preserved immunologic response. The clinical manifestations are considered as an hyperergic reaction of a sentizied organism."}
{"id": "PMID:148443", "title": "Comparison of red and white muscles by cytophotometry of their muscle fibre populations.", "content": "Samples from two red muscles (vastus intermedius and vastus medialis) and two white muscles (biceps femoris and gluteus medius) were taken from four pigs. Serial transverse sections were reacted for ATPase and NADH oxidative activity. Sections were mapped with a projection microscope so that the staining intensity of individual fibres for the two reactions could be measured with a simple microscope photometer. Transmission values at 600 nm were converted to units of 0-10 for the range from darkest to lightest staining fibres on each section to cancel variation in staining intensity between sections. The aim of the study was to use simple cytophotometry instead of subjective judgement in the categorization of different histochemical types of muscle fibres. Cytophotometry enabled clear resolution of the major fibre types (types I and II using the ATPase reaction), partial resolution of more variable characteristics (NADH oxidative activity in type I and II fibres) and no resolution of subtle subtypes (IA and IB with the NADH oxidative reaction). However, between the major fibre types, cytophotometry revealed variable numbers of fibres with transitional characteristics. There were more of these fibres in red muscles. With sections reacted for ATPase, transmission values for low magnification fields containing 100 to 200 fibres were correlated (r = -0.91) with the ratio of type I:II fibres.", "contents": "Comparison of red and white muscles by cytophotometry of their muscle fibre populations. Samples from two red muscles (vastus intermedius and vastus medialis) and two white muscles (biceps femoris and gluteus medius) were taken from four pigs. Serial transverse sections were reacted for ATPase and NADH oxidative activity. Sections were mapped with a projection microscope so that the staining intensity of individual fibres for the two reactions could be measured with a simple microscope photometer. Transmission values at 600 nm were converted to units of 0-10 for the range from darkest to lightest staining fibres on each section to cancel variation in staining intensity between sections. The aim of the study was to use simple cytophotometry instead of subjective judgement in the categorization of different histochemical types of muscle fibres. Cytophotometry enabled clear resolution of the major fibre types (types I and II using the ATPase reaction), partial resolution of more variable characteristics (NADH oxidative activity in type I and II fibres) and no resolution of subtle subtypes (IA and IB with the NADH oxidative reaction). However, between the major fibre types, cytophotometry revealed variable numbers of fibres with transitional characteristics. There were more of these fibres in red muscles. With sections reacted for ATPase, transmission values for low magnification fields containing 100 to 200 fibres were correlated (r = -0.91) with the ratio of type I:II fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:148444", "title": "Use of an extracardiac conduit in the repair of supravalvular pulmonic stenosis in a dog.", "content": "Congenital supravalvular pulmonic stenosis was diagnosed in a dog. A pulmonary artery-to-pulmonary artery anastomosis of a Dacron arterial conduit restored continuity of blood flow around the obstruction in the main pulmonary artery. By the 6th day after surgery, right ventricular systolic pressure averaged 85 mm of Hg, a decrease of 90 mm from the preoperative value. Angiocardiography confirmed the patency of the conduit. At examination 6 months after surgery, the dog was clinically normal.", "contents": "Use of an extracardiac conduit in the repair of supravalvular pulmonic stenosis in a dog. Congenital supravalvular pulmonic stenosis was diagnosed in a dog. A pulmonary artery-to-pulmonary artery anastomosis of a Dacron arterial conduit restored continuity of blood flow around the obstruction in the main pulmonary artery. By the 6th day after surgery, right ventricular systolic pressure averaged 85 mm of Hg, a decrease of 90 mm from the preoperative value. Angiocardiography confirmed the patency of the conduit. At examination 6 months after surgery, the dog was clinically normal."}
{"id": "PMID:148445", "title": "The teratogenic effects of 5-fluoro-2-desoxyuridine (F.U.D.R.) on the Wistar rat fetus with particular reference to cleft palate.", "content": "The teratogenic effects of 5-fluoro-2-desoxyuridine on Wistar rat fetuses were studied macroscopically, microscopically and ultrastructurally. In no case did palatal shelf elevation occur, and a palatal shelf elevating force could not be demonstrated in freshly-removed fetuses. The shelves, like the connective tissues generally, showed clear evidence of depressed mucopolysaccharide synthesis. The shelves eventually ossified in the vertical position, and in some cases their free edges fused with the lateral wall of the oral cavity (palato-oral fusion). The results were consistent with the mucopolysaccharide-turgor hypothesis advanced by the author in a previous paper to account for normal shelf elevation. Phocomelia, brain and limb bud haemorrhages, gross subcutaneous oedema, hyperextension of the cranial base, fused vertebrae, detached epithelia, bizarre brain abnormalities (including some remarkable attempts at neural reconstitution) and growth and ossification of the mandible in the virtual absence of Meckel's cartilages were also noted in these fetuses.", "contents": "The teratogenic effects of 5-fluoro-2-desoxyuridine (F.U.D.R.) on the Wistar rat fetus with particular reference to cleft palate. The teratogenic effects of 5-fluoro-2-desoxyuridine on Wistar rat fetuses were studied macroscopically, microscopically and ultrastructurally. In no case did palatal shelf elevation occur, and a palatal shelf elevating force could not be demonstrated in freshly-removed fetuses. The shelves, like the connective tissues generally, showed clear evidence of depressed mucopolysaccharide synthesis. The shelves eventually ossified in the vertical position, and in some cases their free edges fused with the lateral wall of the oral cavity (palato-oral fusion). The results were consistent with the mucopolysaccharide-turgor hypothesis advanced by the author in a previous paper to account for normal shelf elevation. Phocomelia, brain and limb bud haemorrhages, gross subcutaneous oedema, hyperextension of the cranial base, fused vertebrae, detached epithelia, bizarre brain abnormalities (including some remarkable attempts at neural reconstitution) and growth and ossification of the mandible in the virtual absence of Meckel's cartilages were also noted in these fetuses."}
{"id": "PMID:148446", "title": "Teaching foster grandparents to train severely handicapped persons.", "content": "Five foster grandparents were taught training skills for use in their daily interactions with severely handicapped persons in an institution. Following baseline, specific teaching procedures consisting of teacher instructions, prompts, modelling, and praise were implemented. The grandparents' frequency of training three skill areas increased as the specific teaching was implemented in multiple-baseline format. The total amount of training continued as teacher instructions, prompts, and modelling were terminated and praise continued, although the grandparents spent their training time emphasizing only two of the three skill areas. Teacher presence was gradually reduced over an 11-week period, with no decrease in grandparents' frequency of training. Four of the foster grandchildren, all profoundly retarded and multiply handicapped, demonstrated progress throughout the study. Results were discussed in light of the available contributions of foster grandparents in institutional settings and maintenance of staff training.", "contents": "Teaching foster grandparents to train severely handicapped persons. Five foster grandparents were taught training skills for use in their daily interactions with severely handicapped persons in an institution. Following baseline, specific teaching procedures consisting of teacher instructions, prompts, modelling, and praise were implemented. The grandparents' frequency of training three skill areas increased as the specific teaching was implemented in multiple-baseline format. The total amount of training continued as teacher instructions, prompts, and modelling were terminated and praise continued, although the grandparents spent their training time emphasizing only two of the three skill areas. Teacher presence was gradually reduced over an 11-week period, with no decrease in grandparents' frequency of training. Four of the foster grandchildren, all profoundly retarded and multiply handicapped, demonstrated progress throughout the study. Results were discussed in light of the available contributions of foster grandparents in institutional settings and maintenance of staff training."}
{"id": "PMID:148458", "title": "Escherichia coli mutants deficient in deoxyuridine triphosphatase.", "content": "Mutants deficient in deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase) were identified by enzyme assays of randomly chosen heavily mutagenized clones. Five mutants of independent origin were obtained. One mutant produced a thermolabile enzyme, and it was presumed to have a mutation in the structural gene for dUTPase, designated dut. The most deficient mutant had the following associated phenotypes: less than 1% of parental dUTPase activity, prolonged generation time, increased sensitivity to 5'-fluorodeoxyuridine, increased rate of spontaneous mutation, increased rate of recombination (hyper-Rec), an inhibition of growth in the presence of 2 mM uracil, and a decreased ability to support the growth of phage P1 (but not T4 or lambda). This mutation also appeared to be incompatible with pyrE mutations. A revertant selected by its faster growth had regained dUTPase activity and lost its hyper-Rec phenotype. Many of the properties of the dut mutants are compatible with their presumed increased incorporation of uracil into DNA and the subsequent transient breakage of the DNA by excision repair.", "contents": "Escherichia coli mutants deficient in deoxyuridine triphosphatase. Mutants deficient in deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase) were identified by enzyme assays of randomly chosen heavily mutagenized clones. Five mutants of independent origin were obtained. One mutant produced a thermolabile enzyme, and it was presumed to have a mutation in the structural gene for dUTPase, designated dut. The most deficient mutant had the following associated phenotypes: less than 1% of parental dUTPase activity, prolonged generation time, increased sensitivity to 5'-fluorodeoxyuridine, increased rate of spontaneous mutation, increased rate of recombination (hyper-Rec), an inhibition of growth in the presence of 2 mM uracil, and a decreased ability to support the growth of phage P1 (but not T4 or lambda). This mutation also appeared to be incompatible with pyrE mutations. A revertant selected by its faster growth had regained dUTPase activity and lost its hyper-Rec phenotype. Many of the properties of the dut mutants are compatible with their presumed increased incorporation of uracil into DNA and the subsequent transient breakage of the DNA by excision repair."}
{"id": "PMID:148459", "title": "Isolation of Escherichia coli mutants with an adenosine triphosphatase insensitive to aurovertin.", "content": "Energy-transducing adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) from Escherichia coli is inhibited by aurovertin. Aurovertin-resistant mutants were generated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of E. coli AN180, whose growth on a nonfermentable carbon source was blocked by aurovertin. The ATPase activity of cell extracts from 15 different mutants (designated MA1, MA2, MA3, etc.) was found to be at least 20 times less sensitive to aurovertin than that from the parent strain. The aurovertin-resistant mutants did not show cross-resistance towards a number of ATPase inhibitors including azide, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, quercetin, 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzofurazan, and N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline. Aurovertin inhibited the energization brought about by addition of ATP to E. coli AN180 membrane vesicles; it was without effect on MA1 and MA2 membrane vesicles energized by ATP. The mutation in MA1, like other mutations of the ATPase complex, maps in the unc region of the bacterial chromosome.", "contents": "Isolation of Escherichia coli mutants with an adenosine triphosphatase insensitive to aurovertin. Energy-transducing adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) from Escherichia coli is inhibited by aurovertin. Aurovertin-resistant mutants were generated by nitrosoguanidine mutagenesis of E. coli AN180, whose growth on a nonfermentable carbon source was blocked by aurovertin. The ATPase activity of cell extracts from 15 different mutants (designated MA1, MA2, MA3, etc.) was found to be at least 20 times less sensitive to aurovertin than that from the parent strain. The aurovertin-resistant mutants did not show cross-resistance towards a number of ATPase inhibitors including azide, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, quercetin, 7-chloro-4-nitrobenzofurazan, and N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline. Aurovertin inhibited the energization brought about by addition of ATP to E. coli AN180 membrane vesicles; it was without effect on MA1 and MA2 membrane vesicles energized by ATP. The mutation in MA1, like other mutations of the ATPase complex, maps in the unc region of the bacterial chromosome."}
{"id": "PMID:148460", "title": "Pathway of succinate and propionate formation in Bacteroides fragilis.", "content": "Cell suspensions of Bacteroides fragilis were allowed to ferment glucose and lactate labeled with (14)C in different positions. The fermentation products, propionate and acetate, were isolated, and the distribution of radioactivity was determined. An analysis of key enzymes of possible pathways was also made. The results of the labeling experiments showed that: (i) B. fragilis ferments glucose via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway; and (ii) there was a randomization of carbons 1, 2, and 6 of glucose during conversion to propionate, which is in accordance with propionate formation via fumarate and succinate. The enzymes 6-phosphofrucktokinase (pyrophosphate-dependent), fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarate reductase, and methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase could be demonstrated in cell extracts. Their presence supported the labeling results and suggested that propionate is formed from succinate via succinyl-, methylmalonyl-, and propionyl-coenzyme A. From the results it also is clear that CO(2) is necessary for growth because it is needed for the formation of C4 acids. There was also a randomization of carbons 1, 2, and 6 of glucose during conversion to acetate, which indicated that pyruvate kinase played a minor role in pyruvate formation from phosphoenolpyruvate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, oxaloacetate decarboxylase, and malic enzyme (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent) were present in cell extracts of B. fragilis, and the results of the labeling experiments agreed with pyruvate synthesis via oxaloacetate and malate if these acids are in equilibrium with fumarate. The conversion of [2-(14)C]- and [3-(14)C]lactate to acetate was not associated with a randomization of radioactivity.", "contents": "Pathway of succinate and propionate formation in Bacteroides fragilis. Cell suspensions of Bacteroides fragilis were allowed to ferment glucose and lactate labeled with (14)C in different positions. The fermentation products, propionate and acetate, were isolated, and the distribution of radioactivity was determined. An analysis of key enzymes of possible pathways was also made. The results of the labeling experiments showed that: (i) B. fragilis ferments glucose via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway; and (ii) there was a randomization of carbons 1, 2, and 6 of glucose during conversion to propionate, which is in accordance with propionate formation via fumarate and succinate. The enzymes 6-phosphofrucktokinase (pyrophosphate-dependent), fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, malate dehydrogenase, fumarate reductase, and methylmalonyl-coenzyme A mutase could be demonstrated in cell extracts. Their presence supported the labeling results and suggested that propionate is formed from succinate via succinyl-, methylmalonyl-, and propionyl-coenzyme A. From the results it also is clear that CO(2) is necessary for growth because it is needed for the formation of C4 acids. There was also a randomization of carbons 1, 2, and 6 of glucose during conversion to acetate, which indicated that pyruvate kinase played a minor role in pyruvate formation from phosphoenolpyruvate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, oxaloacetate decarboxylase, and malic enzyme (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent) were present in cell extracts of B. fragilis, and the results of the labeling experiments agreed with pyruvate synthesis via oxaloacetate and malate if these acids are in equilibrium with fumarate. The conversion of [2-(14)C]- and [3-(14)C]lactate to acetate was not associated with a randomization of radioactivity."}
{"id": "PMID:148461", "title": "Rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase. Modification of molecular and regulatory kinetic properties with the affinity label 5'-p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl adenosine.", "content": "The affinity label 5'-p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl adenosine modifies rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase to the extent of one group/subunit. Modification appears to occur at a binding site specific for AMP, cyclic AMP, and ADP, i.e. those adenine nucleotides which are activators under conditions where regulatory kinetic behavior is obtained. The consequences of the modification are consistent with the model proposed previously for correlation between the pK of specific ionizable groups, regulatory kinetic behavior, ligand binding, and the reversible cold inactivation of the enzyme (Frieden, C., Gilbert. H. R., and Bock, P. E. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 5644-5647). Thus, the modification shifts the apparent pK of the essential ionizable groups from 6.9 to 6.4 at 25 degrees C, with the result that regulatory kinetic behavior at pH 6.9 and 25 degrees C is lost. Furthermore, the apparent affinity of a site (other than the active site) for ATP, as measured by ATP-dependent quenching of intrinsic protein fluorescence at pH 6.9 and 25 degrees C, is decreased by the modification. Regulatory kinetic behavior for both substrates is obtained with the modified enzyme at a lower pH, consistent with the downward shift in the pK of the ionizable groups, but sensitivity to cAMP activation is abolished by the modification. The loss of regulatory kinetic behavior upon modification of sulfhydryl groups does not appear to be the same as that due to modification by the affinity label.", "contents": "Rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase. Modification of molecular and regulatory kinetic properties with the affinity label 5'-p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl adenosine. The affinity label 5'-p-(fluorosulfonyl)benzoyl adenosine modifies rabbit muscle phosphofructokinase to the extent of one group/subunit. Modification appears to occur at a binding site specific for AMP, cyclic AMP, and ADP, i.e. those adenine nucleotides which are activators under conditions where regulatory kinetic behavior is obtained. The consequences of the modification are consistent with the model proposed previously for correlation between the pK of specific ionizable groups, regulatory kinetic behavior, ligand binding, and the reversible cold inactivation of the enzyme (Frieden, C., Gilbert. H. R., and Bock, P. E. (1976) J. Biol. Chem. 251, 5644-5647). Thus, the modification shifts the apparent pK of the essential ionizable groups from 6.9 to 6.4 at 25 degrees C, with the result that regulatory kinetic behavior at pH 6.9 and 25 degrees C is lost. Furthermore, the apparent affinity of a site (other than the active site) for ATP, as measured by ATP-dependent quenching of intrinsic protein fluorescence at pH 6.9 and 25 degrees C, is decreased by the modification. Regulatory kinetic behavior for both substrates is obtained with the modified enzyme at a lower pH, consistent with the downward shift in the pK of the ionizable groups, but sensitivity to cAMP activation is abolished by the modification. The loss of regulatory kinetic behavior upon modification of sulfhydryl groups does not appear to be the same as that due to modification by the affinity label."}
{"id": "PMID:148462", "title": "Heart phosphofructokinase. Allosteric kinetics following affinity labeling modification of the enzyme by 8-[m-(m-fluorosulfonylbenzamido) benzylthio] adenine.", "content": "An adenine analog 8-[m-(m-fluorosulfonylbenzamido)benzylthio]adenine (FSB-adenine) reacts covalently with sheep heart phosphofructokinase. Under conditions optimal for allosteric kinetics the modified enzyme is less sensitive to inhibition by ATP and insensitive to activation by AMP, cyclic AMP, and ADP. The concentration of fructose-6-P necessary for half-maximal activity is markedly decreased, while the cooperativity to the same substrate is not changed under the same conditions. The modified enzyme is more stable at pH 6.5 when compared with the native enzyme. Changes in the allosteric kinetics of the enzyme are proportional to the extent of modification reaching maximal effect when 3.2 mol of the reagent were bound/mol of tetrameric enzyme. Affinity labeling of the enzyme by the adenine derivative does not affect significantly the catalytic site. This is evidenced by the demonstration that under assay conditions optimal for Michaelian kinetics neither the Km for ATP nor for fructose-6-P is significantly changed following chemical modification. Maximal activity of the modified enzyme was 60% of the native enzyme. ADP gives the best protection, while AMP gives less protection against modification by the reagent. ATP slows the rate of the reaction and causes a slight decrease in maximum binding of the reagent to the enzyme. Modification of the enzyme caused a marked reduction of AMP and ADP binding. The evidence indicates that the modified site is a nucleotide mono- and diphosphate activation site.", "contents": "Heart phosphofructokinase. Allosteric kinetics following affinity labeling modification of the enzyme by 8-[m-(m-fluorosulfonylbenzamido) benzylthio] adenine. An adenine analog 8-[m-(m-fluorosulfonylbenzamido)benzylthio]adenine (FSB-adenine) reacts covalently with sheep heart phosphofructokinase. Under conditions optimal for allosteric kinetics the modified enzyme is less sensitive to inhibition by ATP and insensitive to activation by AMP, cyclic AMP, and ADP. The concentration of fructose-6-P necessary for half-maximal activity is markedly decreased, while the cooperativity to the same substrate is not changed under the same conditions. The modified enzyme is more stable at pH 6.5 when compared with the native enzyme. Changes in the allosteric kinetics of the enzyme are proportional to the extent of modification reaching maximal effect when 3.2 mol of the reagent were bound/mol of tetrameric enzyme. Affinity labeling of the enzyme by the adenine derivative does not affect significantly the catalytic site. This is evidenced by the demonstration that under assay conditions optimal for Michaelian kinetics neither the Km for ATP nor for fructose-6-P is significantly changed following chemical modification. Maximal activity of the modified enzyme was 60% of the native enzyme. ADP gives the best protection, while AMP gives less protection against modification by the reagent. ATP slows the rate of the reaction and causes a slight decrease in maximum binding of the reagent to the enzyme. Modification of the enzyme caused a marked reduction of AMP and ADP binding. The evidence indicates that the modified site is a nucleotide mono- and diphosphate activation site."}
{"id": "PMID:148463", "title": "Human plasma carboxypeptidase N. Isolation and characterization.", "content": "Human plasma carboxypeptidase N has been purified 2,600-fold from pooled, outdated plasma in a 30% yield. Isolation was accomplished by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and on a p-aminobenzoyl-L-arginine-Sepharose 6B affinity column. Carbohydrate accounts for 17% of the weight calculated from its amino acid and carbohydrate composition. The enzyme appears to consist of three subunits of Mr = 83,000, 55,000, and 49,000 and contains a significant amount of bound zinc. Purified enzyme preparations are very sensitive to proteolytic degradation but are stable for at least 3 months at 4 degrees.", "contents": "Human plasma carboxypeptidase N. Isolation and characterization. Human plasma carboxypeptidase N has been purified 2,600-fold from pooled, outdated plasma in a 30% yield. Isolation was accomplished by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and on a p-aminobenzoyl-L-arginine-Sepharose 6B affinity column. Carbohydrate accounts for 17% of the weight calculated from its amino acid and carbohydrate composition. The enzyme appears to consist of three subunits of Mr = 83,000, 55,000, and 49,000 and contains a significant amount of bound zinc. Purified enzyme preparations are very sensitive to proteolytic degradation but are stable for at least 3 months at 4 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:148464", "title": "Filamin-actin interaction. Dissociation of binding from gelation by Ca2+-activated proteolysis.", "content": "Chicken gizzard filamin has been digested with purified Ca2+-activated protease. The subunits of (Mr = 250,000) of the protein are cleaved asymmetrically into two fragments, heavy merofilamin, Mr = 240,000, and light merofilamin, Mr = 9,500. Digestion is complete at substrate to enzyme ratios of 100:1 and requires Ca2+ concentrations in excess of 0.3 mM. Heavy merofilamin binds to F-actin as evidenced by cosedimentation with F-actin, by direct observation under the electron microscope, and by its ability to inhibit actin activation of heavy meromyosin ATPase. Heavy merofilamin does not form a gel when mixed with actin, except at very low concentrations of KCl. Thus, actin binding and gelation are separable activities of filamin. We speculate that Ca2+-stimulated proteolysis may play a role in the regulation of actin-filamin interactions.", "contents": "Filamin-actin interaction. Dissociation of binding from gelation by Ca2+-activated proteolysis. Chicken gizzard filamin has been digested with purified Ca2+-activated protease. The subunits of (Mr = 250,000) of the protein are cleaved asymmetrically into two fragments, heavy merofilamin, Mr = 240,000, and light merofilamin, Mr = 9,500. Digestion is complete at substrate to enzyme ratios of 100:1 and requires Ca2+ concentrations in excess of 0.3 mM. Heavy merofilamin binds to F-actin as evidenced by cosedimentation with F-actin, by direct observation under the electron microscope, and by its ability to inhibit actin activation of heavy meromyosin ATPase. Heavy merofilamin does not form a gel when mixed with actin, except at very low concentrations of KCl. Thus, actin binding and gelation are separable activities of filamin. We speculate that Ca2+-stimulated proteolysis may play a role in the regulation of actin-filamin interactions."}
{"id": "PMID:148465", "title": "Activation of the rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte membrane \"Na+, K+\"-ATPase by chemotactic factor.", "content": "Addition of the synthetic chemotactic factor, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylala-nine (F-Met-Leu-Phe) to medium containing magnesium, sodium, and potassium results in a doubling of the \"Na+, K+\"-ATPase activity of the plasma membrane fraction from polymophonuclear leukocytes (PMN). This activation is sensitive to ouabain inhibition and is dose dependent, maximal activity occuring at 10(-9)MF-Met-Leu-Phe. Equivalent activation was observed with the nonformylated derivative Met-Leu-Phe at 10(-9)M. The dipeptide, carbobenzoxy-methionylphenylalanine, which acts as an antagonist for F-Met-Leu-Phe, prevents the stimulation of the \"Na+, K+\"-ATPase by F-Met-Leu-Phe.", "contents": "Activation of the rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocyte membrane \"Na+, K+\"-ATPase by chemotactic factor. Addition of the synthetic chemotactic factor, formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylala-nine (F-Met-Leu-Phe) to medium containing magnesium, sodium, and potassium results in a doubling of the \"Na+, K+\"-ATPase activity of the plasma membrane fraction from polymophonuclear leukocytes (PMN). This activation is sensitive to ouabain inhibition and is dose dependent, maximal activity occuring at 10(-9)MF-Met-Leu-Phe. Equivalent activation was observed with the nonformylated derivative Met-Leu-Phe at 10(-9)M. The dipeptide, carbobenzoxy-methionylphenylalanine, which acts as an antagonist for F-Met-Leu-Phe, prevents the stimulation of the \"Na+, K+\"-ATPase by F-Met-Leu-Phe."}
{"id": "PMID:148466", "title": "Further characterization of HeLa S3 plasma membrane ghosts.", "content": "A plasma membrane fraction of HeLa S3 cells, consisting of ghosts, is characterized more fully. A simple procedure is described which permits light and electron microscope study of the plasma membrane fraction through the entire depth of the final product pellet and through large areas parallel to the surface. Contamination by nuclei is 0.14%, too little for DNA detection by the diphenylamine reaction. Contamination by rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes is small, a single ghost containing about 3% of the RNA in a single cell. Mitochondria were not encountered. Electron microscopy also shows (a) small vesicles associated with the outer surface of the ghosts, and (b) a filamentous web at the inner face of the ghost membrane. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel analysis shows that of the many Coomassie Blue-stained bands two were prominent. One, 43,000 daltons, co-migrated with purified rabbit muscle actin and constituted about 7.5% of the plasma membrane protein. The other major band, 34,000 daltons, was concentrated in the plasma membrane fraction. Two major glycoproteins detected by autoradiography of [14C]fucose-labeled glycoproteins on the gels, had apparent molecular weights of 35,000 daltons and 32,000 daltons. These major bands did not stain with Coomassie Blue. There were many other minor glycoprotein bands in the 200,000- to 80,000-dalton range. Ouabain-sensitive, Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the ghost fraction is purified 9.1 (+/- 2.2) times over the homogenate; recover of the activity is 12.0 (+/- 3.8%) of the homogenate. Enrichment and recovery of fucosylglycoprotein parallel those for ouabain-sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Fucosyl glycoprotein is recovered more than the enzyme activity in a smooth membrane vesicle fraction probably containing the bulk of plasma membrane not recovered as ghosts.", "contents": "Further characterization of HeLa S3 plasma membrane ghosts. A plasma membrane fraction of HeLa S3 cells, consisting of ghosts, is characterized more fully. A simple procedure is described which permits light and electron microscope study of the plasma membrane fraction through the entire depth of the final product pellet and through large areas parallel to the surface. Contamination by nuclei is 0.14%, too little for DNA detection by the diphenylamine reaction. Contamination by rough endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes is small, a single ghost containing about 3% of the RNA in a single cell. Mitochondria were not encountered. Electron microscopy also shows (a) small vesicles associated with the outer surface of the ghosts, and (b) a filamentous web at the inner face of the ghost membrane. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel analysis shows that of the many Coomassie Blue-stained bands two were prominent. One, 43,000 daltons, co-migrated with purified rabbit muscle actin and constituted about 7.5% of the plasma membrane protein. The other major band, 34,000 daltons, was concentrated in the plasma membrane fraction. Two major glycoproteins detected by autoradiography of [14C]fucose-labeled glycoproteins on the gels, had apparent molecular weights of 35,000 daltons and 32,000 daltons. These major bands did not stain with Coomassie Blue. There were many other minor glycoprotein bands in the 200,000- to 80,000-dalton range. Ouabain-sensitive, Na+, K+-adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of the ghost fraction is purified 9.1 (+/- 2.2) times over the homogenate; recover of the activity is 12.0 (+/- 3.8%) of the homogenate. Enrichment and recovery of fucosylglycoprotein parallel those for ouabain-sensitive Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Fucosyl glycoprotein is recovered more than the enzyme activity in a smooth membrane vesicle fraction probably containing the bulk of plasma membrane not recovered as ghosts."}
{"id": "PMID:148469", "title": "Degenerative changes in masseter muscle following injection of lidocaine: a histochemical study.", "content": "Changes in succinic dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, and phosphorylase activities occurred in masseter muscle by 15 minutes following injection of 2% lidocaine. Abolishment of phosphorylase activity suggested an effect on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Increased staining for succinic dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase activities suggested damage to mitochondria and myofibrils, respectively. Leucine aminopeptidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities appeared in macrophages.", "contents": "Degenerative changes in masseter muscle following injection of lidocaine: a histochemical study. Changes in succinic dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, and phosphorylase activities occurred in masseter muscle by 15 minutes following injection of 2% lidocaine. Abolishment of phosphorylase activity suggested an effect on the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Increased staining for succinic dehydrogenase and adenosine triphosphatase activities suggested damage to mitochondria and myofibrils, respectively. Leucine aminopeptidase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities appeared in macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:148479", "title": "Patterns of activation and inhibition of fibrinolysis in the normal skin of rat, guinea pig, and rabbit.", "content": "The distribution and intensity of fibrinolytic activity and of inhibitors of fibrinolysis in the normal skin of the rat, guinea pig and rabbit were studied with histochemical techniques. Rat skin exhibited the highest overall fibrinolytic activity and rabbit skin the lowest, with guinea-pig intermediate. The distribution of fibrinolytic areas differed in the different species. The fibrinolytic activity was caused by an activator of plasminogen related to the blood vessels or in some instances (mainly in the rabbit) to the epidermis. The ability to inhibit plasmin was highest in guinea pig skin and lowest in rat skin, with rabbit skin intermediate. In all 3 species the inhibition was related chiefly to the muscular layer. Epidermis was an additional source of inhibition.", "contents": "Patterns of activation and inhibition of fibrinolysis in the normal skin of rat, guinea pig, and rabbit. The distribution and intensity of fibrinolytic activity and of inhibitors of fibrinolysis in the normal skin of the rat, guinea pig and rabbit were studied with histochemical techniques. Rat skin exhibited the highest overall fibrinolytic activity and rabbit skin the lowest, with guinea-pig intermediate. The distribution of fibrinolytic areas differed in the different species. The fibrinolytic activity was caused by an activator of plasminogen related to the blood vessels or in some instances (mainly in the rabbit) to the epidermis. The ability to inhibit plasmin was highest in guinea pig skin and lowest in rat skin, with rabbit skin intermediate. In all 3 species the inhibition was related chiefly to the muscular layer. Epidermis was an additional source of inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:148480", "title": "Skin surface glycerol levels in acne vulgaris.", "content": "Free glycerol would be expected from biochemical considerations to be an end product of lipolysis of sebum triglycerides. Glycerol was measured in skin surface washings of acne vulgaris patients, in acne vulgaris patients treated for at least 3 mo with oral tetracycline and in control subjects. Surface glycerol in untreated acne subjects was significantly less than that expected theoretically, whereas the amounts of such glycerol in treated acne patients and in control subjects closely approached the theoretically expected values. It is suggested that glycerol may be an in vivo substrate for Propionibacterium acnes.", "contents": "Skin surface glycerol levels in acne vulgaris. Free glycerol would be expected from biochemical considerations to be an end product of lipolysis of sebum triglycerides. Glycerol was measured in skin surface washings of acne vulgaris patients, in acne vulgaris patients treated for at least 3 mo with oral tetracycline and in control subjects. Surface glycerol in untreated acne subjects was significantly less than that expected theoretically, whereas the amounts of such glycerol in treated acne patients and in control subjects closely approached the theoretically expected values. It is suggested that glycerol may be an in vivo substrate for Propionibacterium acnes."}
{"id": "PMID:148485", "title": "Carbonic anhydrase (acetazolamide-sensitive esterase) activity in the blood, gill and kidney of the thermally acclimated rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri.", "content": "1. Gill, kidney and blood levels of acetazolamide-sensitive esterase (carbonic anhydrase) activity were estimated at acclimation temperature and at a common temperature (25 degrees C) in rainbow trout acclimated to 2, 10 and 18 degrees C. Plasma levels of sodium, potassium and chloride were also examined for possible acclimatory variations. 2. Plasma sodium and chloride levels, and the sodium:chloride ratio were unaffected by thermal acclimation; potassium concentrations were significantly elevated at 18 degrees C. 3. Significant, but modest changes in renal and branchial carbonic anhydrase activity were observed under physiologically realistic incubation temperature conditions. Blood carbonic anhydrase activity was sharply elevated at higher acclimation temperatures. 4. The data are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that carbonic anhydrase in this relatively stenothermal freshwater salmonid, through its intimate association with the coupled HCO-3/CL- and H+ +NH+4/Na+ exchange systems may provide for relatively thermostable basal rates of sodium and chloride uptake from the medium and recovery from urine. The renal, and more notably the branchial (Na+/K+)-stimulated ATPase systems, and erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase may then serve primarily as high-temperature amplifiers of sodium and chloride recruitment respectively.", "contents": "Carbonic anhydrase (acetazolamide-sensitive esterase) activity in the blood, gill and kidney of the thermally acclimated rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. 1. Gill, kidney and blood levels of acetazolamide-sensitive esterase (carbonic anhydrase) activity were estimated at acclimation temperature and at a common temperature (25 degrees C) in rainbow trout acclimated to 2, 10 and 18 degrees C. Plasma levels of sodium, potassium and chloride were also examined for possible acclimatory variations. 2. Plasma sodium and chloride levels, and the sodium:chloride ratio were unaffected by thermal acclimation; potassium concentrations were significantly elevated at 18 degrees C. 3. Significant, but modest changes in renal and branchial carbonic anhydrase activity were observed under physiologically realistic incubation temperature conditions. Blood carbonic anhydrase activity was sharply elevated at higher acclimation temperatures. 4. The data are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that carbonic anhydrase in this relatively stenothermal freshwater salmonid, through its intimate association with the coupled HCO-3/CL- and H+ +NH+4/Na+ exchange systems may provide for relatively thermostable basal rates of sodium and chloride uptake from the medium and recovery from urine. The renal, and more notably the branchial (Na+/K+)-stimulated ATPase systems, and erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase may then serve primarily as high-temperature amplifiers of sodium and chloride recruitment respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:148486", "title": "Suppression of the mixed lymphocyte reaction in man by a soluble T-cell factor. Specificity of the factor for both responder and stimulator.", "content": "J.H., an HLA-Dw2 homozygous multiparous woman, fails to respond to her husband, W.H. (HLA Dw1,-) in the unidirectional mixed lymphocyte reaction. T cells from J.H. were previously shown to suppress the responses of Dw2-positive cells but not Dw2-negative cells to W.H. We now report that a soluble factor released into the supernate of the mixed lymphocyte reaction by J.H. T cells, mediates this suppression. Like the cell from which it is derived, the factor is highly specific for HLA Dw2 in the responder cell and partially specific for the stimulatory alloantigen.", "contents": "Suppression of the mixed lymphocyte reaction in man by a soluble T-cell factor. Specificity of the factor for both responder and stimulator. J.H., an HLA-Dw2 homozygous multiparous woman, fails to respond to her husband, W.H. (HLA Dw1,-) in the unidirectional mixed lymphocyte reaction. T cells from J.H. were previously shown to suppress the responses of Dw2-positive cells but not Dw2-negative cells to W.H. We now report that a soluble factor released into the supernate of the mixed lymphocyte reaction by J.H. T cells, mediates this suppression. Like the cell from which it is derived, the factor is highly specific for HLA Dw2 in the responder cell and partially specific for the stimulatory alloantigen."}
{"id": "PMID:148487", "title": "T-lymphocyte response to H-2 mutants. I. Proliferation is dependent on Ly 1+2+ cells.", "content": "We have determined the Ly phenotype of the T lymphocytes which proliferate in response to mutant H-2K and H-2D alloantigens in primary mixed lymphocyte culture. Responder T cells proliferating in reciprocal cultures of H-2d(KdDd) and H-2da(KdDda) lymphocytes were typed Ly 2+ through selective depletion with specific alloantiserum plus complement. Further, B6-Ly 1a lymphocytes proliferating in response to B6-H-2ba and B6-H-2bf stimulators were typed as Ly 1+2+ through similar analysis. These results are discussed with regard to their impact on views of lymphocyte differentiation and factors determining the identity of alloreactive lymphocytes.", "contents": "T-lymphocyte response to H-2 mutants. I. Proliferation is dependent on Ly 1+2+ cells. We have determined the Ly phenotype of the T lymphocytes which proliferate in response to mutant H-2K and H-2D alloantigens in primary mixed lymphocyte culture. Responder T cells proliferating in reciprocal cultures of H-2d(KdDd) and H-2da(KdDda) lymphocytes were typed Ly 2+ through selective depletion with specific alloantiserum plus complement. Further, B6-Ly 1a lymphocytes proliferating in response to B6-H-2ba and B6-H-2bf stimulators were typed as Ly 1+2+ through similar analysis. These results are discussed with regard to their impact on views of lymphocyte differentiation and factors determining the identity of alloreactive lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:148488", "title": "Kidney transplants in mice. An analysis of the immune status of mice bearing long-term, H-2 incompatible transplants.", "content": "Kidney transplants between strains of mice which are incompatible at either the K or the D end of the H-2 complex usually function for prolonged periods supporting the lives of nephrectomized recipients. This occurs with no recipient treatment. With multiple H-2 and non-H-2 determined incompatibilities, transplants may be rejected but more slowly than skin grafts. In the strain combination studied most extensively in these experiments (B10.D2 to B6AF(1)) in which the incompatibility was confined to the K end of the H-2 region, about 70 percent of recipients survived for many weeks with normal blood urea nitrogen levels. Skin grafts between untreated members of these strains were rejected promptly (mean survival time of 13.5 +/- 1.1 days) as were kidney transplants to recipients of prior skin grafts. Donor strain skin grafts to recipients of kidney transplants after kidney transplantation enjoyed greatly prolonged survival whereas skin grafts from a third party (A.SW) were rejected normally. If kidney tissue was transferred in the form of free grafts without primary vascular union, it was rejected promptly leaving its recipient highly immunized. Cellular and humoral immunity to donor antigens declined over the first few weeks after transplantation, and the spleens of long-term recipients contained no \"killer cells.\" Recipient lymphoid cells could mount active graft versus host reactions to donor strain antigens on transfer to neonatal mice. Nevertheless, they were distinctly less able to respond specifically by the production of killer cells to donor strain antigens after sensitization in vitro. No evidence that this defect was associated with the presence of suppressor cells was forthcoming from several types of in vivo and in vitro tests.", "contents": "Kidney transplants in mice. An analysis of the immune status of mice bearing long-term, H-2 incompatible transplants. Kidney transplants between strains of mice which are incompatible at either the K or the D end of the H-2 complex usually function for prolonged periods supporting the lives of nephrectomized recipients. This occurs with no recipient treatment. With multiple H-2 and non-H-2 determined incompatibilities, transplants may be rejected but more slowly than skin grafts. In the strain combination studied most extensively in these experiments (B10.D2 to B6AF(1)) in which the incompatibility was confined to the K end of the H-2 region, about 70 percent of recipients survived for many weeks with normal blood urea nitrogen levels. Skin grafts between untreated members of these strains were rejected promptly (mean survival time of 13.5 +/- 1.1 days) as were kidney transplants to recipients of prior skin grafts. Donor strain skin grafts to recipients of kidney transplants after kidney transplantation enjoyed greatly prolonged survival whereas skin grafts from a third party (A.SW) were rejected normally. If kidney tissue was transferred in the form of free grafts without primary vascular union, it was rejected promptly leaving its recipient highly immunized. Cellular and humoral immunity to donor antigens declined over the first few weeks after transplantation, and the spleens of long-term recipients contained no \"killer cells.\" Recipient lymphoid cells could mount active graft versus host reactions to donor strain antigens on transfer to neonatal mice. Nevertheless, they were distinctly less able to respond specifically by the production of killer cells to donor strain antigens after sensitization in vitro. No evidence that this defect was associated with the presence of suppressor cells was forthcoming from several types of in vivo and in vitro tests."}
{"id": "PMID:148495", "title": "Postnatal differentiation and growth of skeletal muscle fibres in normal and undernourished rats. A histochemical and morphometric study.", "content": "The postnatal differentiation and growth patterns of the different histochemical muscle fibre types were studied at frequent age intervals in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of normal rats and animals subjected to pre- and postnatal protein-calorie undernutrition. Three stepwise changes were seen in the fibre type composition of the EDL muscle during maturation. In newborn normal rats 2 histochemically and morphometrically distinct fibre populations occurred: small foetal type (type F) fibres or myotubes (about 90%), with the staining characteristics of the so-called type 2C fibres, and larger type 1 fibres (10%). At 5 days of age the percentage of type F fibres had dropped to 50 simultaneously with the emergence of a new population (40%) of type 2B fibres, intermediate in cross-sectional area between the remaining type F fibres and type 1 fibres. Between 15 and 20 days the small type F fibres practically disappeared with the emergence of a corresponding percentage (40%) of type 2A fibres, smaller than both type 1 and type 2B fibres; Between 20 and 60 days the percentage of type 1 rose from 10 to almost 30, type 2B fibres correspondingly diminishing in number but growing at a faster rate than either type 1 or type 2A fibres. In the undernourished rats the histochemical differentiation was retarded at birth, all fibres or myotubes being of the foetal type; However, large type 1 and type 2B fibres were seen at the age of 5 days and the histochemical maturation proceeded almost normally at later stages. On the other hand, at all ages there was a proportional reduction in the cross-sectional area of all fibre types, amounting to about 50% at 180 dyas, and not fully restituted by nutritional rehabilitation. These observations suggest that type F (type 2C) fibres are the undifferentiated precursors of all mature muscle fibres, their stepwise histochemical transformation raising the question of maturational differences in the different types of motoneurones.", "contents": "Postnatal differentiation and growth of skeletal muscle fibres in normal and undernourished rats. A histochemical and morphometric study. The postnatal differentiation and growth patterns of the different histochemical muscle fibre types were studied at frequent age intervals in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of normal rats and animals subjected to pre- and postnatal protein-calorie undernutrition. Three stepwise changes were seen in the fibre type composition of the EDL muscle during maturation. In newborn normal rats 2 histochemically and morphometrically distinct fibre populations occurred: small foetal type (type F) fibres or myotubes (about 90%), with the staining characteristics of the so-called type 2C fibres, and larger type 1 fibres (10%). At 5 days of age the percentage of type F fibres had dropped to 50 simultaneously with the emergence of a new population (40%) of type 2B fibres, intermediate in cross-sectional area between the remaining type F fibres and type 1 fibres. Between 15 and 20 days the small type F fibres practically disappeared with the emergence of a corresponding percentage (40%) of type 2A fibres, smaller than both type 1 and type 2B fibres; Between 20 and 60 days the percentage of type 1 rose from 10 to almost 30, type 2B fibres correspondingly diminishing in number but growing at a faster rate than either type 1 or type 2A fibres. In the undernourished rats the histochemical differentiation was retarded at birth, all fibres or myotubes being of the foetal type; However, large type 1 and type 2B fibres were seen at the age of 5 days and the histochemical maturation proceeded almost normally at later stages. On the other hand, at all ages there was a proportional reduction in the cross-sectional area of all fibre types, amounting to about 50% at 180 dyas, and not fully restituted by nutritional rehabilitation. These observations suggest that type F (type 2C) fibres are the undifferentiated precursors of all mature muscle fibres, their stepwise histochemical transformation raising the question of maturational differences in the different types of motoneurones."}
{"id": "PMID:148496", "title": "Frequency-response analysis of vestibular-induced neck reflex in cat. II. Functional significance of cervical afferents and polysynaptic descending pathways.", "content": "1. Three major inputs to cervical motoneurons were analyzed with frequency-response methods in decerebrate and unanesthetized cats: the afferent system including the gamma-loop, the vestibulospinal tract, and some polysynaptic tract that transmits vestibular influences in the vestibulocollic reflex. 2. The dorsal roots C1-C4 were cut in order to open the feedback loop through the gamma-fiber spindle-afferent system. No effects were observed on the gain and the phase lag of motor-unit response. However, the DC components of the response were consistently decreased by deafferentation both in motor-unit and compound EMG responses. Firing of muscle spindle afferents was modulated during oscillation of the turntable. The majority of responses of spindle afferents was in phase with the simultaneously recorded extrafusal motor activity. These results indicate the existence of alpha-gamma coactivation in the vestibulocollic reflex. 3. Intracellular recording from cervical motoneurons showed that monosynaptic EPSP's were induced by dorsal root stimulation. By far the larger EPSP's, however, were observed with latencies of 10-15 ms, showing the existence of more powerful polysynaptic routes. It is postulated that the cervical afferent system controls the gain of the reflex by changing the number of motor units participating in the vestibulocollic reflex through some polysynaptic pathways, and that the afferent system scarcely changes, the gain or phase lag of individual motor units through a short stretch reflex loop. 4. The medial vestibulospinal tract in the MLF was interrupted, but no effects were detected on the dynamic characteristics of the frequency response. This shows the existence of other effective descending pathways which function as an integrator. 5. Remarkable phase advances were induced by intravenous infusion of Nembutal. This suggests that the Nembutal decreased the activity of the polysynaptic pathways and that the neural integrator, composed of polysynaptic networks, was prevented from fulfilling its ordinary function.", "contents": "Frequency-response analysis of vestibular-induced neck reflex in cat. II. Functional significance of cervical afferents and polysynaptic descending pathways. 1. Three major inputs to cervical motoneurons were analyzed with frequency-response methods in decerebrate and unanesthetized cats: the afferent system including the gamma-loop, the vestibulospinal tract, and some polysynaptic tract that transmits vestibular influences in the vestibulocollic reflex. 2. The dorsal roots C1-C4 were cut in order to open the feedback loop through the gamma-fiber spindle-afferent system. No effects were observed on the gain and the phase lag of motor-unit response. However, the DC components of the response were consistently decreased by deafferentation both in motor-unit and compound EMG responses. Firing of muscle spindle afferents was modulated during oscillation of the turntable. The majority of responses of spindle afferents was in phase with the simultaneously recorded extrafusal motor activity. These results indicate the existence of alpha-gamma coactivation in the vestibulocollic reflex. 3. Intracellular recording from cervical motoneurons showed that monosynaptic EPSP's were induced by dorsal root stimulation. By far the larger EPSP's, however, were observed with latencies of 10-15 ms, showing the existence of more powerful polysynaptic routes. It is postulated that the cervical afferent system controls the gain of the reflex by changing the number of motor units participating in the vestibulocollic reflex through some polysynaptic pathways, and that the afferent system scarcely changes, the gain or phase lag of individual motor units through a short stretch reflex loop. 4. The medial vestibulospinal tract in the MLF was interrupted, but no effects were detected on the dynamic characteristics of the frequency response. This shows the existence of other effective descending pathways which function as an integrator. 5. Remarkable phase advances were induced by intravenous infusion of Nembutal. This suggests that the Nembutal decreased the activity of the polysynaptic pathways and that the neural integrator, composed of polysynaptic networks, was prevented from fulfilling its ordinary function."}
{"id": "PMID:148497", "title": "Odontogenic keratocysts: a clinical and histological study with special reference to enzyme histochemistry.", "content": "Of a total of 1,420 odontogenic cysts, 52 (3.3%) were diagnosed as odontogenic keratocysts. Clinical and histological findings in these 52 cysts are reported. Frozen sections of 26 of the keratocysts were incubated to show the following enzyme activities: NADH2- and NADPH2-diaphorase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase and ATPase. Furthermore, keratinization was studied with the rhodamine B method and lipids with the oil red O, the OTAN and the acid hematein methods. Sections from epidermis, oral mucosa, radicular cysts, residual cysts and follicular cysts served as reference material. The oxidative enzymes showed strong activity in the keratocyst epithelium which contrasted with weak activity in the reference cysts. Acid phosphatase activity was weak in all epithelia except that in keratocysts, which displayed a marked activity. In the fibrous capsule of the keratocyst a high activity of leucine aminopeptidase was recorded. This high activity contrasted with a weak activity in the reference material. The significance of the histochemical results in relation to the aggressive behavior of the keratocyst is discussed.", "contents": "Odontogenic keratocysts: a clinical and histological study with special reference to enzyme histochemistry. Of a total of 1,420 odontogenic cysts, 52 (3.3%) were diagnosed as odontogenic keratocysts. Clinical and histological findings in these 52 cysts are reported. Frozen sections of 26 of the keratocysts were incubated to show the following enzyme activities: NADH2- and NADPH2-diaphorase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase, leucine aminopeptidase and ATPase. Furthermore, keratinization was studied with the rhodamine B method and lipids with the oil red O, the OTAN and the acid hematein methods. Sections from epidermis, oral mucosa, radicular cysts, residual cysts and follicular cysts served as reference material. The oxidative enzymes showed strong activity in the keratocyst epithelium which contrasted with weak activity in the reference cysts. Acid phosphatase activity was weak in all epithelia except that in keratocysts, which displayed a marked activity. In the fibrous capsule of the keratocyst a high activity of leucine aminopeptidase was recorded. This high activity contrasted with a weak activity in the reference material. The significance of the histochemical results in relation to the aggressive behavior of the keratocyst is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148508", "title": "Muscle spindle responses in man to changes in load during accurate position maintenance.", "content": "1. Single unit and multi-unit recordings of muscle spindle activity were made from the peroneal nerves of human subjects. While the subjects attempted to maintain a constant ankle joint position, an external load on the receptor-bearing muscle was altered unexpectedly. 2. The spindle discharge produced by a sudden increase in load was of similar strength when the receptor-bearing muscle was relaxed as when it was contracting at the moment of the impact. A motor response at a latency consistent with a spinal reflex mechanism occurred only when the muscle was contracting. It is concluded that the potentiation of the reflex mechanism during contraction was not due primarily to a fusimotor action. 3. Sudden decrease in load produced a pause in spindle discharge followed by a pause in on-going e.m.g. activity at a latency consistent with spinal reflex mechanisms. 4. Slow changes in load produced parallel changes in e.m.g. and spindle discharge. It is suggested that the voluntary effort involved in maintaining joint position in the face of gradually changing loads results in corticospinal activity adjusted in strength to the opposing torque and operating on alpha and gamma motoneurones in parallel.", "contents": "Muscle spindle responses in man to changes in load during accurate position maintenance. 1. Single unit and multi-unit recordings of muscle spindle activity were made from the peroneal nerves of human subjects. While the subjects attempted to maintain a constant ankle joint position, an external load on the receptor-bearing muscle was altered unexpectedly. 2. The spindle discharge produced by a sudden increase in load was of similar strength when the receptor-bearing muscle was relaxed as when it was contracting at the moment of the impact. A motor response at a latency consistent with a spinal reflex mechanism occurred only when the muscle was contracting. It is concluded that the potentiation of the reflex mechanism during contraction was not due primarily to a fusimotor action. 3. Sudden decrease in load produced a pause in spindle discharge followed by a pause in on-going e.m.g. activity at a latency consistent with spinal reflex mechanisms. 4. Slow changes in load produced parallel changes in e.m.g. and spindle discharge. It is suggested that the voluntary effort involved in maintaining joint position in the face of gradually changing loads results in corticospinal activity adjusted in strength to the opposing torque and operating on alpha and gamma motoneurones in parallel."}
{"id": "PMID:148510", "title": "Autogenetic reflex action on to gamma motoneurones by stretch of triceps surae in the decerebrated cat.", "content": "1. Tonically firing gamma motoneurones of known conduction velocity (total eighty-seven, range 15-43 m/sec) have been isolated in peripheral muscular nerves to triceps surae. Their responses to stretch of triceps surae have been studied in decerebrated cats. A small amplitude, quick stretch and release was used to provide a selective stimulus for primary endings of muscle spindles. 2. To check the selectivity, recordings were made from 135 afferents from triceps surae under conditions closely similar to the reflex experiments. The threshold of all but a few primary endings of muscle spindles law below 50 micrometer whereas threshold was above 50 micrometer for the majority of secondary endings and tendon organs. A 20 micrometer stretch excited approximately half the primary endings but only one of thirty-six secondaries and no tendon organs responded to such a small stretch. Nine group III afferents were also studied but none responded to stretch. 3. Stretch of up to 50 micrometer excited twenty-three and inhibited eleven gamma motoneurones while thirty-three remained unaffected. A further twenty showed mixed responses, being inhibited initially before being excited at longer latency. Thresholds for reflex responses of gamma motoneurones frequently occurred below 20 mum and responses were close to maximal for stretch of 50 micrometer. 4. Excitation always had a lower threshold to stretch than did inhibition for those gamma motoneurones showing mixed responses and was the more potent of the two effects. 5. Excitation to stretch had central delays, to the incoming group Ia volley, ranging from 5 to 14 msec while similarly calculated delays for excitation of alpha motoneurones ranged from 0.6 to 3.0 msec. Central delays of the gamma inhibitory responses lay in an intermediate range of 1.7-7.0 msec. 6. The long central delays of excitation of gamma motoneurones in response to stretch do not reflect transmission in supraspinal pathways since the reflex persisted following spinal section. 7. Excitation of gamma motoneurones was weak in comparison with that of tonically firing alpha motoneurones recorded in the same preparations and it was always necessary to sum a number of responses in order to reveal an effect...", "contents": "Autogenetic reflex action on to gamma motoneurones by stretch of triceps surae in the decerebrated cat. 1. Tonically firing gamma motoneurones of known conduction velocity (total eighty-seven, range 15-43 m/sec) have been isolated in peripheral muscular nerves to triceps surae. Their responses to stretch of triceps surae have been studied in decerebrated cats. A small amplitude, quick stretch and release was used to provide a selective stimulus for primary endings of muscle spindles. 2. To check the selectivity, recordings were made from 135 afferents from triceps surae under conditions closely similar to the reflex experiments. The threshold of all but a few primary endings of muscle spindles law below 50 micrometer whereas threshold was above 50 micrometer for the majority of secondary endings and tendon organs. A 20 micrometer stretch excited approximately half the primary endings but only one of thirty-six secondaries and no tendon organs responded to such a small stretch. Nine group III afferents were also studied but none responded to stretch. 3. Stretch of up to 50 micrometer excited twenty-three and inhibited eleven gamma motoneurones while thirty-three remained unaffected. A further twenty showed mixed responses, being inhibited initially before being excited at longer latency. Thresholds for reflex responses of gamma motoneurones frequently occurred below 20 mum and responses were close to maximal for stretch of 50 micrometer. 4. Excitation always had a lower threshold to stretch than did inhibition for those gamma motoneurones showing mixed responses and was the more potent of the two effects. 5. Excitation to stretch had central delays, to the incoming group Ia volley, ranging from 5 to 14 msec while similarly calculated delays for excitation of alpha motoneurones ranged from 0.6 to 3.0 msec. Central delays of the gamma inhibitory responses lay in an intermediate range of 1.7-7.0 msec. 6. The long central delays of excitation of gamma motoneurones in response to stretch do not reflect transmission in supraspinal pathways since the reflex persisted following spinal section. 7. Excitation of gamma motoneurones was weak in comparison with that of tonically firing alpha motoneurones recorded in the same preparations and it was always necessary to sum a number of responses in order to reveal an effect..."}
{"id": "PMID:148511", "title": "Muscle spindle activity in man during shortening and lengthening contractions.", "content": "1. The responses of forty-one muscle spindle endings, mostly in tibialis anterior, were studied in human subjects during voluntary movements of the ankle joint performed at various speeds against different external loads. 2. During slow shortening contractions, the discharge rates of spindle endings in the contracting muscle accelerated after the appearance of the first e.m.g. potentials but before sufficient force had been generated to move the limb. With some endings, the discharge rate decreased during the shortening movement while the e.m.g. activity was increasing, but it always remained higher than before the onset of contraction. If the speed of the movement was increased fewer spindle discharges were seen during muscle shortening. If the shortening contraction was opposed by an external load, so that greater effort was required to perform the same movement, more discharges were seen and the discharge pattern became less modulated by the change in muscle length. 3. These findings indicate that during shortening contractions the fusimotor system is activated together with the skeletomotor system. However, the fusimotor drive is generally insufficient to maintain a significant spindle discharge unless movement is slow or the muscle is shortening against an external load. 4. During lengthening contractions the spindle responses were greater than to passive stretch of similar amplitude and velocity, suggesting heightened fusimotor outflow. 5. During shortening and lengthening contractions small iregularities in the speed of movement occurred commonly. Unintended acceleration of a shortening  movement caused a pause in spindle firing, and unintended acceleration of a lengthening movement caused an increased discharge from spindle endings. These spindle responses were associated with corresponding alterations in the discharge pattern of the voluntarily activated motor units at latencies consistent with the operation of spinal reflex mechanisms. 6. It is suggested that a functional role for the fusimotor activation during slow shortening contractions is to provide spindle endings with a background discharge so that they can detect irregularities in the movement and initiate the appropriate reflex correction.", "contents": "Muscle spindle activity in man during shortening and lengthening contractions. 1. The responses of forty-one muscle spindle endings, mostly in tibialis anterior, were studied in human subjects during voluntary movements of the ankle joint performed at various speeds against different external loads. 2. During slow shortening contractions, the discharge rates of spindle endings in the contracting muscle accelerated after the appearance of the first e.m.g. potentials but before sufficient force had been generated to move the limb. With some endings, the discharge rate decreased during the shortening movement while the e.m.g. activity was increasing, but it always remained higher than before the onset of contraction. If the speed of the movement was increased fewer spindle discharges were seen during muscle shortening. If the shortening contraction was opposed by an external load, so that greater effort was required to perform the same movement, more discharges were seen and the discharge pattern became less modulated by the change in muscle length. 3. These findings indicate that during shortening contractions the fusimotor system is activated together with the skeletomotor system. However, the fusimotor drive is generally insufficient to maintain a significant spindle discharge unless movement is slow or the muscle is shortening against an external load. 4. During lengthening contractions the spindle responses were greater than to passive stretch of similar amplitude and velocity, suggesting heightened fusimotor outflow. 5. During shortening and lengthening contractions small iregularities in the speed of movement occurred commonly. Unintended acceleration of a shortening  movement caused a pause in spindle firing, and unintended acceleration of a lengthening movement caused an increased discharge from spindle endings. These spindle responses were associated with corresponding alterations in the discharge pattern of the voluntarily activated motor units at latencies consistent with the operation of spinal reflex mechanisms. 6. It is suggested that a functional role for the fusimotor activation during slow shortening contractions is to provide spindle endings with a background discharge so that they can detect irregularities in the movement and initiate the appropriate reflex correction."}
{"id": "PMID:148516", "title": "Lack of functional immunoregulatory cells in a patient with mycosis fungoides and circulating S\u00e9zary cells.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained at various intervals from normal individuals and from a patient with mycosis fungoides (MF) were cultured with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 3 days to activate suppressor cells. After being cultured, the PHA-treated cells were irradiated, washed, and then transferred to fresh medium with PHA. The PHA responsiveness of the cells from normal individuals was suppressed approximately 90% by autologous or normal allogeneic lymphocytes activated for 3 days with PHA, whereas the cells activated for 3 days with PHA from the patient with MF lacked the capacity to inhibit the mitogenic response of autologous or allogeneic lymphocytes. These data suggest that this patient lacked suppressor T-cells that have a specificity for helper T-cells.", "contents": "Lack of functional immunoregulatory cells in a patient with mycosis fungoides and circulating S\u00e9zary cells. Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained at various intervals from normal individuals and from a patient with mycosis fungoides (MF) were cultured with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) for 3 days to activate suppressor cells. After being cultured, the PHA-treated cells were irradiated, washed, and then transferred to fresh medium with PHA. The PHA responsiveness of the cells from normal individuals was suppressed approximately 90% by autologous or normal allogeneic lymphocytes activated for 3 days with PHA, whereas the cells activated for 3 days with PHA from the patient with MF lacked the capacity to inhibit the mitogenic response of autologous or allogeneic lymphocytes. These data suggest that this patient lacked suppressor T-cells that have a specificity for helper T-cells."}
{"id": "PMID:148520", "title": "Effect of 2-nicotinamidethyl nitrate (SG 75) on coronary circulation.", "content": "The effect of a new chemical agent, SG 75, on coronary blood flow of anesthetized dogs has been examined. Intravenous administrations of this agent in a dose of 10 microgram/Kg or over caused a significant increase in blood flow of non-constricted coronary artery. Percent increases in flow were 40 (10 microgram/Kg), 95 (50 microgram/Kg), 145 (100 microgram/Kg), and 195 (250 microgram/Kg). The increases were significantly larger than those caused by the same doses of diltiazem, verapamil, nitroglycerin, isosolbide dinitrate, and papaverine. The durations of the increase in flow were 12 (10 microgram/Kg), 23 (50 microgram/Kg), 28 (100 microgram/Kg), and 46 min (250 microgram/Kg), and they were longer than those caused by diltiazem and verapamil. A slight reduction in left ventricular tension and an increase in aortic blood flow were also observed following the administrations of SG 75 in a dose of over 50 microgram/Kg. A decrease in heart rate was produced with a dose of over 500 microgram/Kg. However, PQ interval of electrocardiogram became shorter. Intravenous administrations of SG 75 in doses of 50 and 150 microgram/Kg caused an increase in blood flow of the constricted coronary artery, while nitroglycerin (10 and 30 microgram/Kg) and nifedipine (1 and 3 microgram/Kg) reduced it. The results indicate that SG 75 is a potent and long-acting coronary vasodilating agent and it causes an increase in blood flow of constricted as well as non-constricted coronary artery.", "contents": "Effect of 2-nicotinamidethyl nitrate (SG 75) on coronary circulation. The effect of a new chemical agent, SG 75, on coronary blood flow of anesthetized dogs has been examined. Intravenous administrations of this agent in a dose of 10 microgram/Kg or over caused a significant increase in blood flow of non-constricted coronary artery. Percent increases in flow were 40 (10 microgram/Kg), 95 (50 microgram/Kg), 145 (100 microgram/Kg), and 195 (250 microgram/Kg). The increases were significantly larger than those caused by the same doses of diltiazem, verapamil, nitroglycerin, isosolbide dinitrate, and papaverine. The durations of the increase in flow were 12 (10 microgram/Kg), 23 (50 microgram/Kg), 28 (100 microgram/Kg), and 46 min (250 microgram/Kg), and they were longer than those caused by diltiazem and verapamil. A slight reduction in left ventricular tension and an increase in aortic blood flow were also observed following the administrations of SG 75 in a dose of over 50 microgram/Kg. A decrease in heart rate was produced with a dose of over 500 microgram/Kg. However, PQ interval of electrocardiogram became shorter. Intravenous administrations of SG 75 in doses of 50 and 150 microgram/Kg caused an increase in blood flow of the constricted coronary artery, while nitroglycerin (10 and 30 microgram/Kg) and nifedipine (1 and 3 microgram/Kg) reduced it. The results indicate that SG 75 is a potent and long-acting coronary vasodilating agent and it causes an increase in blood flow of constricted as well as non-constricted coronary artery."}
{"id": "PMID:148521", "title": "Maximum tolerable afterload and afterload reserve for the evaluation of ventricular performance.", "content": "The concept of a maximum tolerable afterload and an afterload reserve was proposed for evaluating ventricular function. A maximum tolerable afterload was defined as the systolic ventricular pressure during gradual proximal arterial obstruction, at the point where a distal arterial pressure or flow began to fall. An afterload reserve was defined as the difference between a maximum tolerable afterload and a basal afterload. By using right heart bypass preparations in dogs, a maximum tolerable afterload and an afterload reserve were compared with the ventricular function curve. An improved ventricular function curve was always associated with a greater maximum tolerable afterload and a greater afterload reserve, whereas a depressed function curve with a smaller maximum tolerable afterload and a smaller afterload reserve.", "contents": "Maximum tolerable afterload and afterload reserve for the evaluation of ventricular performance. The concept of a maximum tolerable afterload and an afterload reserve was proposed for evaluating ventricular function. A maximum tolerable afterload was defined as the systolic ventricular pressure during gradual proximal arterial obstruction, at the point where a distal arterial pressure or flow began to fall. An afterload reserve was defined as the difference between a maximum tolerable afterload and a basal afterload. By using right heart bypass preparations in dogs, a maximum tolerable afterload and an afterload reserve were compared with the ventricular function curve. An improved ventricular function curve was always associated with a greater maximum tolerable afterload and a greater afterload reserve, whereas a depressed function curve with a smaller maximum tolerable afterload and a smaller afterload reserve."}
{"id": "PMID:148543", "title": "The sexual needs of the handicapped.", "content": "One of the basic needs of life to the handicapped, as well as to all individuals, is the understanding of one's own sexuality. Sex education can help handicapped individuals in finding sexual satisfaction and may foster self-responsibility, maturity and positive actions toward other rehabilitation goals. Traditionally, the teachings of sexuality to handicapped persons have run into objections resulting from society's negative attitude toward the handicapped and parental apprehension regarding the decision-making skills of their children in relation to acceptable and unacceptable sexual behaviors. However, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 has provided a way for parents and health professionals to put pressure on local, state and federal programs to allocate funds for the development of a sound sex education program. As professionals in health education it is our challenge and responsibility to see that the sexual needs of the handicapped are not forgotten.", "contents": "The sexual needs of the handicapped. One of the basic needs of life to the handicapped, as well as to all individuals, is the understanding of one's own sexuality. Sex education can help handicapped individuals in finding sexual satisfaction and may foster self-responsibility, maturity and positive actions toward other rehabilitation goals. Traditionally, the teachings of sexuality to handicapped persons have run into objections resulting from society's negative attitude toward the handicapped and parental apprehension regarding the decision-making skills of their children in relation to acceptable and unacceptable sexual behaviors. However, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 has provided a way for parents and health professionals to put pressure on local, state and federal programs to allocate funds for the development of a sound sex education program. As professionals in health education it is our challenge and responsibility to see that the sexual needs of the handicapped are not forgotten."}
{"id": "PMID:148544", "title": "Chemically evoked hypothermia in the mouse: towards a method for investigating thermodynamic parameters of aging and death in mammals.", "content": "Any thermodynamic study of aging and death in laboratory mammals is dependent on techniques which would allow for the chronic manipulation of the core body temperature of these organisms. Accordingly, the hypothermic response after parenteral administration of chlorpromazine, L-dopa, reserpine, and p-chlorophenylalanine was investigated in the mouse. Mice injected at 24 hour intervals with chlorpromazine exhibited a diminished response (tolerance) with repeated administration. The degree of induced hypothermia and resistance to tolerance was greater in male mice than in femal mice. L-dopa was unable to potentiate chlorpromazine hypothermia but did evoke a non-adapting hypothermic response when administered alone. Reserpine also evoked a non-adapting hypothermia. Further, animals treated with small doses of reserpine exhibited an increasing response with repeated injections. p-Chlorophenylalanine induced hypothermay that became intermittent with successive administration. The results presented here indicate that both reserpine and L-dopa would be of value as hypothermic agents in long term investigations.", "contents": "Chemically evoked hypothermia in the mouse: towards a method for investigating thermodynamic parameters of aging and death in mammals. Any thermodynamic study of aging and death in laboratory mammals is dependent on techniques which would allow for the chronic manipulation of the core body temperature of these organisms. Accordingly, the hypothermic response after parenteral administration of chlorpromazine, L-dopa, reserpine, and p-chlorophenylalanine was investigated in the mouse. Mice injected at 24 hour intervals with chlorpromazine exhibited a diminished response (tolerance) with repeated administration. The degree of induced hypothermia and resistance to tolerance was greater in male mice than in femal mice. L-dopa was unable to potentiate chlorpromazine hypothermia but did evoke a non-adapting hypothermic response when administered alone. Reserpine also evoked a non-adapting hypothermia. Further, animals treated with small doses of reserpine exhibited an increasing response with repeated injections. p-Chlorophenylalanine induced hypothermay that became intermittent with successive administration. The results presented here indicate that both reserpine and L-dopa would be of value as hypothermic agents in long term investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:148545", "title": "[The origin of malignant tumors of the upper-airways, the digestion tract and the ear. Organ-resistance and organ-disposition (organotrophy) by the origin of malignant primary tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Carcinomas of the nose, the trachea, the mouth, the esophagus and the middle ear are rarely observed. Those of the larynx and of the bronchial system are more often found. The reason for this cannot be related to differing contacts with carcinogenic substances. The differences in frequence ar dependent on the varied resistance and disposition of the organs involved (Organotrophy, Histotropy). This is comparable to the incidence of epithelial and mesenchymal tumors. The tissues do not only vary in their structure. The differences are found in 1. the velocity of cell regeneration, 2. the ability to repair nucleic acids, 3. the concentration of tissue specific proteins (chalones) inhibiting cell proliferation and tumor growth, 4. the increase of metabolism before and during cancerization, 5. the unspecific mesenchymal reaction, 6. the immunologic response against tumor cells, 7. the reactions on radiotherapy, 8. the affinity of tissue to chemical carcinogenic substances.", "contents": "[The origin of malignant tumors of the upper-airways, the digestion tract and the ear. Organ-resistance and organ-disposition (organotrophy) by the origin of malignant primary tumors (author's transl)]. Carcinomas of the nose, the trachea, the mouth, the esophagus and the middle ear are rarely observed. Those of the larynx and of the bronchial system are more often found. The reason for this cannot be related to differing contacts with carcinogenic substances. The differences in frequence ar dependent on the varied resistance and disposition of the organs involved (Organotrophy, Histotropy). This is comparable to the incidence of epithelial and mesenchymal tumors. The tissues do not only vary in their structure. The differences are found in 1. the velocity of cell regeneration, 2. the ability to repair nucleic acids, 3. the concentration of tissue specific proteins (chalones) inhibiting cell proliferation and tumor growth, 4. the increase of metabolism before and during cancerization, 5. the unspecific mesenchymal reaction, 6. the immunologic response against tumor cells, 7. the reactions on radiotherapy, 8. the affinity of tissue to chemical carcinogenic substances."}
{"id": "PMID:148542", "title": "[Enzyme deficiencies of blood cells in bone marrow insufficiency (author's transl].", "content": "Numerous enzyme defects-deficiency of pyruvate kinase, phosphofructo-kinase, glocosephosphate isomerase, adenylate kinase, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase and glutathione reductase--in red blood cells have been described to be connected with dyserythropoietic or refractory anemias and panmyelopathies of different origin. These enzyme deficiencies also have been demonstrated in red cells of patients with acute leukemia. Most likely the enzyme deficiencies are acquired and are not important for the origin of anemia or bone marrow insufficiency. Partial derepression of fetal genes, qualitative and quantitative perturbations of genetic expression, and posttranslational variations of the enzyme protein by low molecular factors from plasma, erythrocytes or leukemic cells have been discussed as a reason of enzyme deficiency. The decrease of glutathione reductase deficiency is dependent of FAD deficiency.", "contents": "[Enzyme deficiencies of blood cells in bone marrow insufficiency (author's transl]. Numerous enzyme defects-deficiency of pyruvate kinase, phosphofructo-kinase, glocosephosphate isomerase, adenylate kinase, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate mutase and glutathione reductase--in red blood cells have been described to be connected with dyserythropoietic or refractory anemias and panmyelopathies of different origin. These enzyme deficiencies also have been demonstrated in red cells of patients with acute leukemia. Most likely the enzyme deficiencies are acquired and are not important for the origin of anemia or bone marrow insufficiency. Partial derepression of fetal genes, qualitative and quantitative perturbations of genetic expression, and posttranslational variations of the enzyme protein by low molecular factors from plasma, erythrocytes or leukemic cells have been discussed as a reason of enzyme deficiency. The decrease of glutathione reductase deficiency is dependent of FAD deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:148551", "title": "[Molecular nitrogen fixation in eutrophic Beloye Ozero].", "content": "The rate of production and mineralization of organic matter and the rate of fixation of molecular nitrogen were assayed in th eutrophic lake Beloye (near Moscow) at the end of summer stagnation (1976). The content of hydrogen sulphide reached 6.8 mg per litre which resulted in a change of the ecological environment in the lake. The fixation of molecular nitrogen in water layers was characterized by three maxima: 5.0 mcg N per litre per 4 hours (surface); 4.2 mcg N per litre per 4 hours (metalimnion) and 2.8 mcg N per litre per 4 hours (at bottom). The fixation of nitrogen in the trophogenous layer involved mainly the blue-green alga Anabaena. In the sulphide zone, molecular nitrogen was fixed by butyric and sulphate-reducing bacteria.", "contents": "[Molecular nitrogen fixation in eutrophic Beloye Ozero]. The rate of production and mineralization of organic matter and the rate of fixation of molecular nitrogen were assayed in th eutrophic lake Beloye (near Moscow) at the end of summer stagnation (1976). The content of hydrogen sulphide reached 6.8 mg per litre which resulted in a change of the ecological environment in the lake. The fixation of molecular nitrogen in water layers was characterized by three maxima: 5.0 mcg N per litre per 4 hours (surface); 4.2 mcg N per litre per 4 hours (metalimnion) and 2.8 mcg N per litre per 4 hours (at bottom). The fixation of nitrogen in the trophogenous layer involved mainly the blue-green alga Anabaena. In the sulphide zone, molecular nitrogen was fixed by butyric and sulphate-reducing bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:148590", "title": "Brain Tumor Study Group: a survey of current activities.", "content": "Improvement in the treatment of patients harboring malignant glioma will probably be seen as small incremental changes as new modalities of treatment are proposed, tested, and substantiated. Uncontrolled phase II studies may provide hints of efficacy. However, the results must be substantiated in carefully controlled phase III evaluations. The Brain Tumor Study Group of the National Cancer Institute has demonstrated that mithramycin is not effective in the treatment of malignant glioma and the overall median survivorship experience is no different than the 23 weeks found in historic controls. Radiotherapy can bring about a meaningful increase in survival as can 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. The combination appears to produce more long-term survivors than either treatment above. Methyl-1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea does not appear to be additive to radiotherapy but is more effective than no therapy at all. Studies of the oncolytic effect of corticosteroids in contradistinction to their cerebral edema controlling effects are being done and will provide meaningful data on this important symptomatolytic therapy.", "contents": "Brain Tumor Study Group: a survey of current activities. Improvement in the treatment of patients harboring malignant glioma will probably be seen as small incremental changes as new modalities of treatment are proposed, tested, and substantiated. Uncontrolled phase II studies may provide hints of efficacy. However, the results must be substantiated in carefully controlled phase III evaluations. The Brain Tumor Study Group of the National Cancer Institute has demonstrated that mithramycin is not effective in the treatment of malignant glioma and the overall median survivorship experience is no different than the 23 weeks found in historic controls. Radiotherapy can bring about a meaningful increase in survival as can 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea. The combination appears to produce more long-term survivors than either treatment above. Methyl-1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-(4-methylcyclohexyl)-1-nitrosourea does not appear to be additive to radiotherapy but is more effective than no therapy at all. Studies of the oncolytic effect of corticosteroids in contradistinction to their cerebral edema controlling effects are being done and will provide meaningful data on this important symptomatolytic therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:148591", "title": "Effect of diazepam on the gamma motor system indicated by the responses of the muscle spindle of the triceps surae muscle of the decerebrate cat to the muscle stretch.", "content": "The experiments were performed on 37 intercollicularly decerebrate cats. The triceps surae muscle was subjected to trapezoidal stretches of 10 mm/s or 2 mm/s over a length of 14 mm. The reflex arc was left partially or fully intact. The effect of diazepam given intravenously on the discharge frequencies of group Ia afferent fibres from muscle spindles in the belly of the triceps surae muscle was studied. Diazepam depressed both the dynamic and the static gamma motor responses. When gamma motor fibres were selectively blocked by procaine a parallel shift of the tension-extension curve was observed. From comparison of the effect of procaine and diazepam on the phasic and static responses of the muscle spindle it was concluded that directly after the injection of diazepam the gamma motor activity was completely abolished at a dose as low as 0.1 mg/kg whereas the alpha motor system was only partly depressed even at higher doses. Differences in the effect of diazepam on the dynamic and static gamma system respectively, could not be found.", "contents": "Effect of diazepam on the gamma motor system indicated by the responses of the muscle spindle of the triceps surae muscle of the decerebrate cat to the muscle stretch. The experiments were performed on 37 intercollicularly decerebrate cats. The triceps surae muscle was subjected to trapezoidal stretches of 10 mm/s or 2 mm/s over a length of 14 mm. The reflex arc was left partially or fully intact. The effect of diazepam given intravenously on the discharge frequencies of group Ia afferent fibres from muscle spindles in the belly of the triceps surae muscle was studied. Diazepam depressed both the dynamic and the static gamma motor responses. When gamma motor fibres were selectively blocked by procaine a parallel shift of the tension-extension curve was observed. From comparison of the effect of procaine and diazepam on the phasic and static responses of the muscle spindle it was concluded that directly after the injection of diazepam the gamma motor activity was completely abolished at a dose as low as 0.1 mg/kg whereas the alpha motor system was only partly depressed even at higher doses. Differences in the effect of diazepam on the dynamic and static gamma system respectively, could not be found."}
{"id": "PMID:148595", "title": "[Responses to the spindles of \"fast\" and \"slow\" muscles to mechanical stimulation in the presence of hypokinesia].", "content": "The activity of muscle spindles was investigated in fast (extensor digitorum longus) and \"slow\" (soleus) muscles of the cat hind limb 2-5 weeks after immobilization. The spontaneous activity of spindles in both muscles remained unchanged. The background activity, the frequency of dynamic and static phases of stretching in primary as well as in secondary endings was much higher in immobilized muscle than in control. This increase in spindle activity was more pronounced in the \"slow\" muscle.", "contents": "[Responses to the spindles of \"fast\" and \"slow\" muscles to mechanical stimulation in the presence of hypokinesia]. The activity of muscle spindles was investigated in fast (extensor digitorum longus) and \"slow\" (soleus) muscles of the cat hind limb 2-5 weeks after immobilization. The spontaneous activity of spindles in both muscles remained unchanged. The background activity, the frequency of dynamic and static phases of stretching in primary as well as in secondary endings was much higher in immobilized muscle than in control. This increase in spindle activity was more pronounced in the \"slow\" muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:148599", "title": "Effect of oral contraceptives on plasma androgenic steroids and their precursors.", "content": "Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), its sulfate ester (DHEAS), and androstenedione (A2), delta5-pregnenolone (delta5-P), and 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone were measured in women using estrogen-containing oral contraceptives and in female controls of similar age. All three androgenic steroids and their two C21 precursors were reduced in the oral contraceptive users compared with the controls. It is concluded that oral contraceptives cause a decrease in plasma DHEA, DHEAS, and A2, one possible mechanism for which is the inhibition of delta5-P synthesis from cholesterol.", "contents": "Effect of oral contraceptives on plasma androgenic steroids and their precursors. Plasma dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), its sulfate ester (DHEAS), and androstenedione (A2), delta5-pregnenolone (delta5-P), and 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone were measured in women using estrogen-containing oral contraceptives and in female controls of similar age. All three androgenic steroids and their two C21 precursors were reduced in the oral contraceptive users compared with the controls. It is concluded that oral contraceptives cause a decrease in plasma DHEA, DHEAS, and A2, one possible mechanism for which is the inhibition of delta5-P synthesis from cholesterol."}
{"id": "PMID:148600", "title": "Uterine suspension through the laparoscope.", "content": "We present a series of 20 patients who underwent uterine suspension performed through a laparoscope, as part of conservative treatment for infertility and pelvic pain. The operative technique is easily mastered by a skilled laparoscopist who is prepared to deal with intra- or postoperative complications. Avulsion of the round ligament was the most serious complication experienced. Operating time was brief, and the hospital stay was short.", "contents": "Uterine suspension through the laparoscope. We present a series of 20 patients who underwent uterine suspension performed through a laparoscope, as part of conservative treatment for infertility and pelvic pain. The operative technique is easily mastered by a skilled laparoscopist who is prepared to deal with intra- or postoperative complications. Avulsion of the round ligament was the most serious complication experienced. Operating time was brief, and the hospital stay was short."}
{"id": "PMID:148623", "title": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. IV. Helminths in sheep on irrigated pasture on the Transvall Highveld.", "content": "The seasonal incidence of helminth infestation in sheep on newly established irrigated pastures was determined by the slaughter of pairs of tracer lambs exposed for periods of approximately 33 days from October 1968--July 1970 and of sets of 3 lambs from March 1971--May 1973. It took several months for the infestation to become established on the pasture, but thereafter, of the various species present; Haemonchus contortus was most prevalent. In general, peak burdens of this species were recovered from January--May or June, while marked inhibition of larval development was evident from April--August. Ostertagia circumcinta usually occurred in increased numbers from April--October, and larval development was inhibited during July and August. Although the sizes of the burdens varied considerably from year to year, Trichostrongylus spp. were present mainly from April--August. Oesophagostomum columbianum, although present in the lambs slaughtered during the first 5 months of the survey, virtually disappeared until May 1971. After this it reappeared in small numbers in nearly all the sheep, reaching peak burdens during April and May 1972, and May 1973. Moniezia expansa were generally recovered from the lambs slaughtered from November--May.", "contents": "Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. IV. Helminths in sheep on irrigated pasture on the Transvall Highveld. The seasonal incidence of helminth infestation in sheep on newly established irrigated pastures was determined by the slaughter of pairs of tracer lambs exposed for periods of approximately 33 days from October 1968--July 1970 and of sets of 3 lambs from March 1971--May 1973. It took several months for the infestation to become established on the pasture, but thereafter, of the various species present; Haemonchus contortus was most prevalent. In general, peak burdens of this species were recovered from January--May or June, while marked inhibition of larval development was evident from April--August. Ostertagia circumcinta usually occurred in increased numbers from April--October, and larval development was inhibited during July and August. Although the sizes of the burdens varied considerably from year to year, Trichostrongylus spp. were present mainly from April--August. Oesophagostomum columbianum, although present in the lambs slaughtered during the first 5 months of the survey, virtually disappeared until May 1971. After this it reappeared in small numbers in nearly all the sheep, reaching peak burdens during April and May 1972, and May 1973. Moniezia expansa were generally recovered from the lambs slaughtered from November--May."}
{"id": "PMID:148630", "title": "Fungal diseases in Shiraz.", "content": "In 122 patients with fungal diseases studied over a six month period, sixty were seen with dermatophyte infections. Tinea pedis, cruris and ungruium occurred mainly in adult males attending the private hospital and tinea corporis and capitis children attending the University Hospital. The organisms found were Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. schonleinii, T. tonsurans, Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum canis. Infections with Candida albicans occurred both in the urban and rural population and included case of familial chronic muco-cutaneous candidiasis. Pityriasis versicolor was the commonest fungal disease seen.", "contents": "Fungal diseases in Shiraz. In 122 patients with fungal diseases studied over a six month period, sixty were seen with dermatophyte infections. Tinea pedis, cruris and ungruium occurred mainly in adult males attending the private hospital and tinea corporis and capitis children attending the University Hospital. The organisms found were Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, T. schonleinii, T. tonsurans, Epidermophyton floccosum and Microsporum canis. Infections with Candida albicans occurred both in the urban and rural population and included case of familial chronic muco-cutaneous candidiasis. Pityriasis versicolor was the commonest fungal disease seen."}
{"id": "PMID:148639", "title": "Initiation of adenovirus DNA replication does not occur via a hairpin mechanism.", "content": "Models have been proposed suggesting that initiation of adenovirus DNA replication might occur via a hairpin mechanism. A consequence of the models is a covalent linkage of progeny and parental DNA in newly completed molecules. Analysis of mature molecules from KB cells infected with adenovirus type 5 indicates that, if a hairpin mechanism is involved, the length of the hairpin must be shorter than 50 basepairs long. Recent nucleotide sequence analysis of the termini of adenovirus type 5 DNA (P.H. Steenbergh et al. (1977) Nucl. Acids Res. 4, 4371-4389) has shown that a hairpin of this size does not exist and that therefore a hairpin mechanism is unlikely.", "contents": "Initiation of adenovirus DNA replication does not occur via a hairpin mechanism. Models have been proposed suggesting that initiation of adenovirus DNA replication might occur via a hairpin mechanism. A consequence of the models is a covalent linkage of progeny and parental DNA in newly completed molecules. Analysis of mature molecules from KB cells infected with adenovirus type 5 indicates that, if a hairpin mechanism is involved, the length of the hairpin must be shorter than 50 basepairs long. Recent nucleotide sequence analysis of the termini of adenovirus type 5 DNA (P.H. Steenbergh et al. (1977) Nucl. Acids Res. 4, 4371-4389) has shown that a hairpin of this size does not exist and that therefore a hairpin mechanism is unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:148650", "title": "Molecular alteration in a Neurospora crassa morphological mutant and its phenocopy.", "content": "A procedure using ion exchange chromatography has been developed to detect alterations in a polysaccharide produced by Neurospora crassa. The polysaccharide, isolated from medium that has supported the growth of a culture, is highly responsive to the 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone assay, indicating a high hexosamine content. The substance elaborated by wild-type N. crassa can be fractionated into two components that appear by rechromatography to be closely related. When isolated from mutants of the peak (pk) locus, the corresponding polysaccharide cannot be resolved into two components. Instead, a single component is consistently found. This variant chromatographic pattern cosegregates with morphological effects of the pk allele after crosses with the wild type. The polysaccharide isolated from a wild-type culture that has been induced by sorbose to phenocopy the hyphal characteristics of pk mutants elutes from the ion exchange column in a manner similar to the corresponding polysaccharide from the pk mutants.", "contents": "Molecular alteration in a Neurospora crassa morphological mutant and its phenocopy. A procedure using ion exchange chromatography has been developed to detect alterations in a polysaccharide produced by Neurospora crassa. The polysaccharide, isolated from medium that has supported the growth of a culture, is highly responsive to the 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydrazone assay, indicating a high hexosamine content. The substance elaborated by wild-type N. crassa can be fractionated into two components that appear by rechromatography to be closely related. When isolated from mutants of the peak (pk) locus, the corresponding polysaccharide cannot be resolved into two components. Instead, a single component is consistently found. This variant chromatographic pattern cosegregates with morphological effects of the pk allele after crosses with the wild type. The polysaccharide isolated from a wild-type culture that has been induced by sorbose to phenocopy the hyphal characteristics of pk mutants elutes from the ion exchange column in a manner similar to the corresponding polysaccharide from the pk mutants."}
{"id": "PMID:148652", "title": "Calcium exchange and calcium-related effects in normal and sickle cell anemia erythrocytes.", "content": "There is an exchangeable calcium pool in both normal and sickle cell erythrocytes, comprising about 10-15% of the total cellular calcium. Sickle cells show increased calcium as compared to normal cells in the oxygenated state. Specific differences between sickle and normal cells which may be associated with this fact are an increased rate of calcium exchange in sickle cells at low external calcium, an increased \"leak\" of calcium into sickle cells (i.e., phosphate independent exchange), and a pattern of magnesium loss in sickle cells which is consistent with a Mg-Ca exchange diffusion resulting in the increased intracellular calcium in these cells. The exchangeable calcium in sickle cells is more labile, almost all of it being available for re-exchange out of the cell over a short-time-course experiment. Analyses of flexibility and osmotic fragility of sickle cells are consistent with expected effects of increased intracellular calcium.", "contents": "Calcium exchange and calcium-related effects in normal and sickle cell anemia erythrocytes. There is an exchangeable calcium pool in both normal and sickle cell erythrocytes, comprising about 10-15% of the total cellular calcium. Sickle cells show increased calcium as compared to normal cells in the oxygenated state. Specific differences between sickle and normal cells which may be associated with this fact are an increased rate of calcium exchange in sickle cells at low external calcium, an increased \"leak\" of calcium into sickle cells (i.e., phosphate independent exchange), and a pattern of magnesium loss in sickle cells which is consistent with a Mg-Ca exchange diffusion resulting in the increased intracellular calcium in these cells. The exchangeable calcium in sickle cells is more labile, almost all of it being available for re-exchange out of the cell over a short-time-course experiment. Analyses of flexibility and osmotic fragility of sickle cells are consistent with expected effects of increased intracellular calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:148651", "title": "Degradation of basic protein in myelin by neutral proteases secreted by stimulated macrophages: a possible mechanism of inflammatory demyelination.", "content": "In inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, myelin destruction occurs in the vicinity of infiltrating mononuclear cells. The observations that myelin can be altered prior to phagocytosis and in areas not contiguous with inflammatory cells suggests a common mechanism for the initial stages of demyelination. Because stimulated macrophages secrete several neutral proteases, including plasminogen activator, we have investigated the possibility that myelinolysis could be mediated directly or indirectly by these enzymes. Isolated myelin was incubated with conditioned media from cultures of thioglycollate-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages in the presence and absence of plasminogen. Myelin appeared to be vulnerable to attack by at least two proteolytic activities secreted by the macrophages, a plasminogen-dependent and a plasminogen-independent activity; of the major proteins in myelin, the basic protein was most susceptible. The direct myelinolytic activity of macrophage-conditioned media was abolished by EDTA, and the plasminogen-dependent hydrolysis was abolished by p-nitrophenylguanidinobenzoate, an inhibitor of plasminogen activator and plasmin. These results suggest that the plasminogen activator released by the stimulated macrophages generated plasmin which hydrolyzed basic protein in intact myelin. This interpretation was confirmed by the observation that urokinase, a plasminogen activator, in the presence of plasminogen brought about marked degradation of basic protein in myelin. We propose that the release of neutral proteases by stimulated macrophages involved in cell-mediated reactions, and its amplification by the plasminogen-plasmin system, may play a significant role in the demyelination observed in several inflammatory demyelinating diseases.", "contents": "Degradation of basic protein in myelin by neutral proteases secreted by stimulated macrophages: a possible mechanism of inflammatory demyelination. In inflammatory demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis, myelin destruction occurs in the vicinity of infiltrating mononuclear cells. The observations that myelin can be altered prior to phagocytosis and in areas not contiguous with inflammatory cells suggests a common mechanism for the initial stages of demyelination. Because stimulated macrophages secrete several neutral proteases, including plasminogen activator, we have investigated the possibility that myelinolysis could be mediated directly or indirectly by these enzymes. Isolated myelin was incubated with conditioned media from cultures of thioglycollate-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages in the presence and absence of plasminogen. Myelin appeared to be vulnerable to attack by at least two proteolytic activities secreted by the macrophages, a plasminogen-dependent and a plasminogen-independent activity; of the major proteins in myelin, the basic protein was most susceptible. The direct myelinolytic activity of macrophage-conditioned media was abolished by EDTA, and the plasminogen-dependent hydrolysis was abolished by p-nitrophenylguanidinobenzoate, an inhibitor of plasminogen activator and plasmin. These results suggest that the plasminogen activator released by the stimulated macrophages generated plasmin which hydrolyzed basic protein in intact myelin. This interpretation was confirmed by the observation that urokinase, a plasminogen activator, in the presence of plasminogen brought about marked degradation of basic protein in myelin. We propose that the release of neutral proteases by stimulated macrophages involved in cell-mediated reactions, and its amplification by the plasminogen-plasmin system, may play a significant role in the demyelination observed in several inflammatory demyelinating diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:148656", "title": "Open field activity and avoidance behavior following serotonin depletion: a comparison of the effects of parachlorophenylalanine and electrolytic midbrain raphe lesions.", "content": "Three experiments were performed in order to compare the behavioral effects of electrolytic destruction of the dorsal and median mesencephalic raphe nuclei (MR lesion) and parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA; 300 mg/kg, IP) administration. Forebrain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was measured in all animals following completion of behavioral testing. In the first experiment open field behavior (one 50 min session) and two-way (shuttle) conditioned avoidance acquisition (50 massed trials) were examined 68-72 hr after vehicle or pCPA administration in rats which had received control operations or MR lesions two weeks earlier. Only the MR lesion and the MR lesion + pCPA groups evidenced increased open field activity and facilitated two-way avoidance learning. Although the reduction in forebrain 5-HT of the pCPA group (85%) was greater than in the MR lesion group (55%), the pCPA treated animals did not differ from the control group. In the second experiment animals were tested in the open field 24, 48 or 72 hr after pCPA treatment to determine its effects on activity level as a function of the time after injections. No differences between the vehicle and pCPA groups, however, were found. In the third experiment, the effects of pCPA (72 hr postinjection) on the acquisition of an unsignalled one-way avoidance response was examined. MR lesion rats tested in the same apparatus and with the same procedure repeatedly have been shown to be impaired in this task. The pCPA and vehicle animals, however, did not differ. Reduction in 5-HT following electrolytic MR lesions and pCPA administration, thus, produce different behavioral effects. MR lesions, but not pCPA treatment, result in (1) increased activity in a novel environment, (2) facilitated two-way conditioned avoidance learning, and (3) impaired acquisition of an unsignalled one-way avoidance response. These data support earlier studies suggesting that the behavioral effects of electrolytic MR lesions are not due primarily to their disruption of ascending 5-HT pathways. The role of 5-HT in avoidance conditioning and the regulation of activity level, furthermore, remains to be elucidated.", "contents": "Open field activity and avoidance behavior following serotonin depletion: a comparison of the effects of parachlorophenylalanine and electrolytic midbrain raphe lesions. Three experiments were performed in order to compare the behavioral effects of electrolytic destruction of the dorsal and median mesencephalic raphe nuclei (MR lesion) and parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA; 300 mg/kg, IP) administration. Forebrain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was measured in all animals following completion of behavioral testing. In the first experiment open field behavior (one 50 min session) and two-way (shuttle) conditioned avoidance acquisition (50 massed trials) were examined 68-72 hr after vehicle or pCPA administration in rats which had received control operations or MR lesions two weeks earlier. Only the MR lesion and the MR lesion + pCPA groups evidenced increased open field activity and facilitated two-way avoidance learning. Although the reduction in forebrain 5-HT of the pCPA group (85%) was greater than in the MR lesion group (55%), the pCPA treated animals did not differ from the control group. In the second experiment animals were tested in the open field 24, 48 or 72 hr after pCPA treatment to determine its effects on activity level as a function of the time after injections. No differences between the vehicle and pCPA groups, however, were found. In the third experiment, the effects of pCPA (72 hr postinjection) on the acquisition of an unsignalled one-way avoidance response was examined. MR lesion rats tested in the same apparatus and with the same procedure repeatedly have been shown to be impaired in this task. The pCPA and vehicle animals, however, did not differ. Reduction in 5-HT following electrolytic MR lesions and pCPA administration, thus, produce different behavioral effects. MR lesions, but not pCPA treatment, result in (1) increased activity in a novel environment, (2) facilitated two-way conditioned avoidance learning, and (3) impaired acquisition of an unsignalled one-way avoidance response. These data support earlier studies suggesting that the behavioral effects of electrolytic MR lesions are not due primarily to their disruption of ascending 5-HT pathways. The role of 5-HT in avoidance conditioning and the regulation of activity level, furthermore, remains to be elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:148657", "title": "para-Chloro-D, L-phenylalanine induced filicidal behavior in the female rat.", "content": "The administration of para-chloro-D, L-phenylalanine (PCPA) produces a high incidence of aggressive (filicidal) behavior in pre-, postpartum, and nulliparious rodents. PCPA inhibits brain tryptophan 5-monooxygenase and can produce a reduction in whole brain serotonin. Apparently PCPA mediates the release of a natural latent aggressive tendency which is potentiated by the interference in, or reduction of, a suppressing system governed by serotonin. Latency of attack, intensity phases, and characteristics of the filicidal behavior were found to vary inversely with brain serotonin content, and be reversed or eliminated by replacement of serotonin i.e., via 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin's immediate precursor. Although aggressive tendencies were in evidence prior to filicide, filicide became evident once the apparently minimal whole brain level of serotonin reached ca 0.10 microgram/g. Neither the parturition process nor severe food deprivation are strong causative factors in the precipitation of filicidal behavior. Since not all animals become filicidal, other behavioral and/or biological variables must be involved in the mediation of this aggressive phenomenon.", "contents": "para-Chloro-D, L-phenylalanine induced filicidal behavior in the female rat. The administration of para-chloro-D, L-phenylalanine (PCPA) produces a high incidence of aggressive (filicidal) behavior in pre-, postpartum, and nulliparious rodents. PCPA inhibits brain tryptophan 5-monooxygenase and can produce a reduction in whole brain serotonin. Apparently PCPA mediates the release of a natural latent aggressive tendency which is potentiated by the interference in, or reduction of, a suppressing system governed by serotonin. Latency of attack, intensity phases, and characteristics of the filicidal behavior were found to vary inversely with brain serotonin content, and be reversed or eliminated by replacement of serotonin i.e., via 5-hydroxytryptophan, serotonin's immediate precursor. Although aggressive tendencies were in evidence prior to filicide, filicide became evident once the apparently minimal whole brain level of serotonin reached ca 0.10 microgram/g. Neither the parturition process nor severe food deprivation are strong causative factors in the precipitation of filicidal behavior. Since not all animals become filicidal, other behavioral and/or biological variables must be involved in the mediation of this aggressive phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:148658", "title": "Anticonvulsive effect of p-chlorophenylalanine in mice on a low magnesium diet.", "content": "We have reported previously that para-chlorophenylalanine prevented seizure manifestations in an inbred strain of mice genetically predisposed to audiogenic seizures. We now find that this protective effect is not limited to a particular inbred strain of susceptible animals but can be demonstrated in Swiss-Webster and CF No.1 strains which were not originally subject to audiogenic seizures but in which we have induced audiosusceptibility through maintenance on a low magnesium diet.", "contents": "Anticonvulsive effect of p-chlorophenylalanine in mice on a low magnesium diet. We have reported previously that para-chlorophenylalanine prevented seizure manifestations in an inbred strain of mice genetically predisposed to audiogenic seizures. We now find that this protective effect is not limited to a particular inbred strain of susceptible animals but can be demonstrated in Swiss-Webster and CF No.1 strains which were not originally subject to audiogenic seizures but in which we have induced audiosusceptibility through maintenance on a low magnesium diet."}
{"id": "PMID:148665", "title": "Stimulation of rat prolactin secretion by indolealkylamine hallucinogens.", "content": "The hallucinogenic indoleamine drugs N,N-dimethyltryptamine (N,N-DMT), psilocybin, bufotenin, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and N-methyltryptamine, increased rat plasma prolactin (PRL) levels. The increase in plasma PRL produced by N,N-DMT, psilocybin, and bufotenin was inhibited by methysergide, a serotonin receptor blocker. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, significantly potentiated the increase in PRL produced by N,N-DMT, and psilocybin. Parachloroamphetamine, a relatively selective toxin for serotonin neurons, also stimulated the increase in PRL produced by N,N-DMT. These results suggest that the indole hallucinogens stimulate PRL secretion by a serotonergic agonist mechanism. Bufotenin has been reported to pass the blood-brain barrier poorly, but of the indoles studied it had the most potent effect on PRL secretion. This raises the possibility that the serotonin receptors which promote PRL secretion may be outside the blood-brain barrier or that the central 5-HT receptors which mediate PRL secretion may be especially responsive to bufotenin.", "contents": "Stimulation of rat prolactin secretion by indolealkylamine hallucinogens. The hallucinogenic indoleamine drugs N,N-dimethyltryptamine (N,N-DMT), psilocybin, bufotenin, 5-methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine, and N-methyltryptamine, increased rat plasma prolactin (PRL) levels. The increase in plasma PRL produced by N,N-DMT, psilocybin, and bufotenin was inhibited by methysergide, a serotonin receptor blocker. Parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, significantly potentiated the increase in PRL produced by N,N-DMT, and psilocybin. Parachloroamphetamine, a relatively selective toxin for serotonin neurons, also stimulated the increase in PRL produced by N,N-DMT. These results suggest that the indole hallucinogens stimulate PRL secretion by a serotonergic agonist mechanism. Bufotenin has been reported to pass the blood-brain barrier poorly, but of the indoles studied it had the most potent effect on PRL secretion. This raises the possibility that the serotonin receptors which promote PRL secretion may be outside the blood-brain barrier or that the central 5-HT receptors which mediate PRL secretion may be especially responsive to bufotenin."}
{"id": "PMID:148667", "title": "Incidence na dprevalence of Down's syndrome in the city of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo (Brazil, 1972.", "content": "An incidence rate of 1.66 was determined for Down's syndrome by a check of hospital birth records in the city of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto for the year 1972, based on the premise that most births in the population residing in the urban area of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto occur in hospitals. The prevalence rate was estimated as being 25.2. A search for affected individuals born before 1972 was carried out by physical examination of all persons receiving medical care or educational and social assistance from several city institutions. The prevalence value must be considered as an underestimate since the methods used allowed only for the detection of cases which were getting some kind of assistance.", "contents": "Incidence na dprevalence of Down's syndrome in the city of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo (Brazil, 1972. An incidence rate of 1.66 was determined for Down's syndrome by a check of hospital birth records in the city of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto for the year 1972, based on the premise that most births in the population residing in the urban area of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto occur in hospitals. The prevalence rate was estimated as being 25.2. A search for affected individuals born before 1972 was carried out by physical examination of all persons receiving medical care or educational and social assistance from several city institutions. The prevalence value must be considered as an underestimate since the methods used allowed only for the detection of cases which were getting some kind of assistance."}
{"id": "PMID:148702", "title": "[Fractures of limbs with associated craniocerebral injuries].", "content": "The authors have studied 37 cases of severe head injury with fractures of the limbs in Vienna. In 11 cases there was also a lesion of the trunk. The results of treatment are analysed. The authors conclude that early internal fixation of fractures is beneficial and leads to a lowered mortality by diminishing the number of secondary cerebral complications.", "contents": "[Fractures of limbs with associated craniocerebral injuries]. The authors have studied 37 cases of severe head injury with fractures of the limbs in Vienna. In 11 cases there was also a lesion of the trunk. The results of treatment are analysed. The authors conclude that early internal fixation of fractures is beneficial and leads to a lowered mortality by diminishing the number of secondary cerebral complications."}
{"id": "PMID:148703", "title": "[Cephalic prostheses in femoral neck fractures: Comparison of immediate complications and late functional results of Moore's prosthesis and sealed prosthesis].", "content": "In this study the authors compared the mortality of fractures of the neck of the femur treated by femoral prostheses with early walking compared with trochanteric fractures treated by a nail plate and non-weight bearing activity for 2 to 3 months. The mortality in the two series (about 20 per cent) was the same. The authors then compared two series of fractures of the femoral neck, one treated by Moore's prosthesis without cement and the other by an alternative type of femoral prosthesis with cement. They conclude that the mortality was the same in the two groups but that the cemented prosthesis had better functionnal results. Long-term tolerance of the acetabulum was the same in the two types of prosthesis. Total hip replacement is very rarely indicated in recent fractures of the femoral neck.", "contents": "[Cephalic prostheses in femoral neck fractures: Comparison of immediate complications and late functional results of Moore's prosthesis and sealed prosthesis]. In this study the authors compared the mortality of fractures of the neck of the femur treated by femoral prostheses with early walking compared with trochanteric fractures treated by a nail plate and non-weight bearing activity for 2 to 3 months. The mortality in the two series (about 20 per cent) was the same. The authors then compared two series of fractures of the femoral neck, one treated by Moore's prosthesis without cement and the other by an alternative type of femoral prosthesis with cement. They conclude that the mortality was the same in the two groups but that the cemented prosthesis had better functionnal results. Long-term tolerance of the acetabulum was the same in the two types of prosthesis. Total hip replacement is very rarely indicated in recent fractures of the femoral neck."}
{"id": "PMID:148704", "title": "[Fatigue fractures: apropos of 8 cases].", "content": "Eight cases of fatigue fracture were observed by the authors. In two patients, they presented in metatarsal bones; others were in the lower end of the tibia, in the shaft of the fibula, in the patella, at the upper end of the fibula, in the shaft to the tibia and in the neck of the femur. The main features of these fractues, which occurred in previously intact bones, are reviewed. The role of previous muscle imbalance, or metabolic disturbance, (by age or in pregnancy) is discussed. Good results were obtained by simple immobilization. Surgery may be indicated in the two situations: 1. To eliminate the possibility of a bone tumour by biopsy and, 2. For internal fixation in special sites such as the femoral neck to avoid coxa vara or when healing is very slow, as occurs particularly in the femoral shaft.", "contents": "[Fatigue fractures: apropos of 8 cases]. Eight cases of fatigue fracture were observed by the authors. In two patients, they presented in metatarsal bones; others were in the lower end of the tibia, in the shaft of the fibula, in the patella, at the upper end of the fibula, in the shaft to the tibia and in the neck of the femur. The main features of these fractues, which occurred in previously intact bones, are reviewed. The role of previous muscle imbalance, or metabolic disturbance, (by age or in pregnancy) is discussed. Good results were obtained by simple immobilization. Surgery may be indicated in the two situations: 1. To eliminate the possibility of a bone tumour by biopsy and, 2. For internal fixation in special sites such as the femoral neck to avoid coxa vara or when healing is very slow, as occurs particularly in the femoral shaft."}
{"id": "PMID:148714", "title": "[The social and medical situation of people suffering from multiple sclerosis--considerations on the basis of an epidemiologic field study (author's transl)].", "content": "Within the framework of an epidemiologic field study conducted in South Niedersachsen a standardised questionnaire was used to obtain data on the social and medical situation of persons with multiple sclerosis. Of the 195 people with multiple sclerosis questioned in that area in 1976 answers were received from 178 (91%). The mean age was 46 years, the average history of disease 15 years. Family status and social position corresponded to social average. A social downfall as a result of the disease was not found to have taken place. Approximately 50% who had been employed prior to the disease (N = 147) had given up their jobs at the time of the survey. The monthly net income was found to be average. Of the studied persons 42% were living in their own houses or flats. A lower percentage, compared to the general public, was living in lodgings (58% instead of 65,7%). The majority (56%) was living in flats suitable for the disabled. 13% of the surveyed persons lived alone, 5% in homes. Social care was found to be very poor in comparison with medical treatment. The introduction of compulsory notification for this disease was advocated by 83% of the people questioned.", "contents": "[The social and medical situation of people suffering from multiple sclerosis--considerations on the basis of an epidemiologic field study (author's transl)]. Within the framework of an epidemiologic field study conducted in South Niedersachsen a standardised questionnaire was used to obtain data on the social and medical situation of persons with multiple sclerosis. Of the 195 people with multiple sclerosis questioned in that area in 1976 answers were received from 178 (91%). The mean age was 46 years, the average history of disease 15 years. Family status and social position corresponded to social average. A social downfall as a result of the disease was not found to have taken place. Approximately 50% who had been employed prior to the disease (N = 147) had given up their jobs at the time of the survey. The monthly net income was found to be average. Of the studied persons 42% were living in their own houses or flats. A lower percentage, compared to the general public, was living in lodgings (58% instead of 65,7%). The majority (56%) was living in flats suitable for the disabled. 13% of the surveyed persons lived alone, 5% in homes. Social care was found to be very poor in comparison with medical treatment. The introduction of compulsory notification for this disease was advocated by 83% of the people questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:148715", "title": "[Reactions vis-a-vis the disabled. Critical comments on G. H. Neumann's article: prejudices and negative attitudes towards the disabled--their origin and methods of elimination from the viewpoint: of behavioural science and biology (author's transl)].", "content": "Neumann's opinion that prejudices towards the disabled are decisively determined by inborn reactions, i.e., the reaction towards outsiders and the fear reaction towards strangers, is put to question. Ethological and ethnological research results demonstrate that the studies of human and animal behaviour towards the \"disabled\" are still in an elementary stage and that hitherto available results only permit the conclusion that animals as well as human beings display a very complex and differentiated behaviour vis-a-vis the disabled. In connection with human beings this complexity is seen as evidence of the outstanding significance of societal factors--in their broadest sense--for the formation of prejudices towards the disabled. The necessity of a goal-oriented elimination of these prejudices is stressed. Furthermore, attention is drawn to terminological problems and the difficulties or comparisons between human beings and animals.", "contents": "[Reactions vis-a-vis the disabled. Critical comments on G. H. Neumann's article: prejudices and negative attitudes towards the disabled--their origin and methods of elimination from the viewpoint: of behavioural science and biology (author's transl)]. Neumann's opinion that prejudices towards the disabled are decisively determined by inborn reactions, i.e., the reaction towards outsiders and the fear reaction towards strangers, is put to question. Ethological and ethnological research results demonstrate that the studies of human and animal behaviour towards the \"disabled\" are still in an elementary stage and that hitherto available results only permit the conclusion that animals as well as human beings display a very complex and differentiated behaviour vis-a-vis the disabled. In connection with human beings this complexity is seen as evidence of the outstanding significance of societal factors--in their broadest sense--for the formation of prejudices towards the disabled. The necessity of a goal-oriented elimination of these prejudices is stressed. Furthermore, attention is drawn to terminological problems and the difficulties or comparisons between human beings and animals."}
{"id": "PMID:148708", "title": "[The treatment of septic non-union of femoral shaft fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe their views of management of septic non-union in fractures of the femoral shaft. Since 1967 they have used the same procedures: 1. Surgical clearance of debris in the region of the fracture focus and from sinuses. This clearance must be complete but not too extensive. 2. Closure of the wound with suction drainage or continuous irrigation with antibiotics. 3. Immobilization of the fracture by external fixation. 4. Secondary cancellous bone grafting, in most cases by grafts placed on the medial aspect of the bone. Twenty-eight cases were treated in this way and 27 united. The results are analysed with special reference to residual sinuses, shortening, knee stiffness and functional rehabilitation.", "contents": "[The treatment of septic non-union of femoral shaft fractures (author's transl)]. The authors describe their views of management of septic non-union in fractures of the femoral shaft. Since 1967 they have used the same procedures: 1. Surgical clearance of debris in the region of the fracture focus and from sinuses. This clearance must be complete but not too extensive. 2. Closure of the wound with suction drainage or continuous irrigation with antibiotics. 3. Immobilization of the fracture by external fixation. 4. Secondary cancellous bone grafting, in most cases by grafts placed on the medial aspect of the bone. Twenty-eight cases were treated in this way and 27 united. The results are analysed with special reference to residual sinuses, shortening, knee stiffness and functional rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:148716", "title": "[Prejudices and negative attitudes towards the disabled: critical comments on the controversial statements of R. Zimmermann and H. J. Kagelmann (author's transl)].", "content": "In an article published in this journal (pp. 101-106, 1977) I stated that prejudices towards the disabled cannot only be attributed to societal factors and stressed that the world-wide existence of these negative attitudes can be explained by two biological pre-dispositions, i.e., the inclination to a specific reaction towoards outsiders and the fear reaction towards strangers. Zimmermann and Kagelmann criticise this opinion. They are convinced that these negative attitudes are almost exclusively caused by societal conditions. In this article I reply to their viewpoints and demonstrate that it is not contradictory, as my critics say, that we observe, on the one hand, the widespread existence of a specific reaction towards outsiders, and on the other hand, the occurence of social help amongst animals and human beings. These two attitudes are only antagonistic components of social behavior. The problem of the applicability of animal research results to human behaviour is studied. Zimmermann and Kagelmann's statement that ethologists do not want to see the dangers inherent in the theory of inborn dispositions is vigorously repudiated. It is demonstrated that \"inborn\" does not mean that this behavioural disposition is determined by fate, since genetic pre-dispositions, too, can be influenced by environmental factors such as education.", "contents": "[Prejudices and negative attitudes towards the disabled: critical comments on the controversial statements of R. Zimmermann and H. J. Kagelmann (author's transl)]. In an article published in this journal (pp. 101-106, 1977) I stated that prejudices towards the disabled cannot only be attributed to societal factors and stressed that the world-wide existence of these negative attitudes can be explained by two biological pre-dispositions, i.e., the inclination to a specific reaction towoards outsiders and the fear reaction towards strangers. Zimmermann and Kagelmann criticise this opinion. They are convinced that these negative attitudes are almost exclusively caused by societal conditions. In this article I reply to their viewpoints and demonstrate that it is not contradictory, as my critics say, that we observe, on the one hand, the widespread existence of a specific reaction towards outsiders, and on the other hand, the occurence of social help amongst animals and human beings. These two attitudes are only antagonistic components of social behavior. The problem of the applicability of animal research results to human behaviour is studied. Zimmermann and Kagelmann's statement that ethologists do not want to see the dangers inherent in the theory of inborn dispositions is vigorously repudiated. It is demonstrated that \"inborn\" does not mean that this behavioural disposition is determined by fate, since genetic pre-dispositions, too, can be influenced by environmental factors such as education."}
{"id": "PMID:148717", "title": "[Integration of the physically handicapped into a regular school (author's transl)].", "content": "Owing to manifold changes in the external conditions of the Freiherr-vom-Stein-Schule and the rehabilitation centre \"Lichtenau\" as well as the shift of emphasis in society's attitudes vis-a-vis the disabled, it seemed necessary to prepare a further report on the experiences gained with this school experiment in Hessisch-Lichtenau. A short survey of the school's personnel and facilities as well as the organisational structure of the co-operation between these two institutions is followed by a detailed description of the underlying paedagogical conception and the tasks resulting from it. Despite existing limitations and numerous difficulties it can be said that this school experiment has yielded positive results. This is evidenced by the impressive number of physically handicapped people who have left this school with a qualifying examination and are now--as far as it is known--in gainful employment. These figures and the public education efforts carried out by the rehabilitation centre have given rise to the setting up of similar facilities. The article closes with a report on a training programme developed on behalf of the Hessen Minister of Cultural Affairs, which is intended to provide all student teachers working at general schools a basic knowledge in special education.", "contents": "[Integration of the physically handicapped into a regular school (author's transl)]. Owing to manifold changes in the external conditions of the Freiherr-vom-Stein-Schule and the rehabilitation centre \"Lichtenau\" as well as the shift of emphasis in society's attitudes vis-a-vis the disabled, it seemed necessary to prepare a further report on the experiences gained with this school experiment in Hessisch-Lichtenau. A short survey of the school's personnel and facilities as well as the organisational structure of the co-operation between these two institutions is followed by a detailed description of the underlying paedagogical conception and the tasks resulting from it. Despite existing limitations and numerous difficulties it can be said that this school experiment has yielded positive results. This is evidenced by the impressive number of physically handicapped people who have left this school with a qualifying examination and are now--as far as it is known--in gainful employment. These figures and the public education efforts carried out by the rehabilitation centre have given rise to the setting up of similar facilities. The article closes with a report on a training programme developed on behalf of the Hessen Minister of Cultural Affairs, which is intended to provide all student teachers working at general schools a basic knowledge in special education."}
{"id": "PMID:148720", "title": "Calcium and sodium transport processes in patients with cystic fibrosis 2. Mg2+- dependent, Ca2+ ATPase activity in fibroblast membrane preparations from cystic fibrosis patients and controls.", "content": "Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-ATPase activity was determined in membrane preparations of fibroblasts grown from skin biopsies of cystic fibrosis patients and age-matched controls. This enzyme was stimulated by increasing free calcium concentrations with an apparent Kdiss for calcium of approximately 45 micron. Although there was a great deal of variation in Ca2+-ATPase activity observed between individual strains, there was a significant decrease in the maximal activation of the Ca2+-ATPase in membrane preparations of fibroblasts obtained from cystic fibrosis patients compared to the controls (P less than 0.05). This observation indicates that decreased Ca2+-ATPase activity is a generalized phenomenon in cystic fibrosis found in more than one cell-type. This decrease in Ca2+-ATPase activity may have a number of implications that may explain some of the manifestations of the disease.", "contents": "Calcium and sodium transport processes in patients with cystic fibrosis 2. Mg2+- dependent, Ca2+ ATPase activity in fibroblast membrane preparations from cystic fibrosis patients and controls. Mg2+-dependent Ca2+-ATPase activity was determined in membrane preparations of fibroblasts grown from skin biopsies of cystic fibrosis patients and age-matched controls. This enzyme was stimulated by increasing free calcium concentrations with an apparent Kdiss for calcium of approximately 45 micron. Although there was a great deal of variation in Ca2+-ATPase activity observed between individual strains, there was a significant decrease in the maximal activation of the Ca2+-ATPase in membrane preparations of fibroblasts obtained from cystic fibrosis patients compared to the controls (P less than 0.05). This observation indicates that decreased Ca2+-ATPase activity is a generalized phenomenon in cystic fibrosis found in more than one cell-type. This decrease in Ca2+-ATPase activity may have a number of implications that may explain some of the manifestations of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:148725", "title": "[Ttoal hip arthroplasty after arthrodesis (desarthrodesis)].", "content": "A report is given on 24 cases of desarthrodesis of the hip long after arthrodesis, in one case after 73 years, the patient being a woman of 84, and in several cases after 40 years. In all cases the results were satisfactory and recovery was excellent despite the long duration of the arthrodesis. Desarthrodesis is therefore a valuable operation which may be indicated in cases where position is poor or lumbalgia inhibits the function.", "contents": "[Ttoal hip arthroplasty after arthrodesis (desarthrodesis)]. A report is given on 24 cases of desarthrodesis of the hip long after arthrodesis, in one case after 73 years, the patient being a woman of 84, and in several cases after 40 years. In all cases the results were satisfactory and recovery was excellent despite the long duration of the arthrodesis. Desarthrodesis is therefore a valuable operation which may be indicated in cases where position is poor or lumbalgia inhibits the function."}
{"id": "PMID:148726", "title": "Calcium transport and adenosine triphosphatase activities of erythrocyte membranes in congenital spherocytosis.", "content": "Calcium transport from red cells was measured in seventeen patients with congenital or hereditary spherocytosis (HS). The efflux remained at a lower level in resealed ghost cells of patients than in normal cells both in the presence and absence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). We studied the activities of Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase, ouabain-sensitive Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-(spectrin-)ATPase in cell membranes prepared by washing the cells with hypotonic medium. The mean +/-SD Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase/Mg2+-ATPase of HS patients was 3.34 +/- 1.06, and 2.81 +/- 0.42 in control subjects. Na+,K+-ATPase/Mg2+-ATPase was 2.38 +/- 0.38 in HS cells compared to 2.01 +/- 0.41 in normal cells. Ca2+-ATPase/Mg2+-ATPase of HS membranes was 0.57 +/- 0.18 and the control value 0.43 +/- 0.08. These data indicate calcium retention in the erythrocytes of HS patients in spite of increases in Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity in the majority of patients.", "contents": "Calcium transport and adenosine triphosphatase activities of erythrocyte membranes in congenital spherocytosis. Calcium transport from red cells was measured in seventeen patients with congenital or hereditary spherocytosis (HS). The efflux remained at a lower level in resealed ghost cells of patients than in normal cells both in the presence and absence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). We studied the activities of Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase, ouabain-sensitive Na+,K+-ATPase, Mg2+-ATPase and Ca2+-(spectrin-)ATPase in cell membranes prepared by washing the cells with hypotonic medium. The mean +/-SD Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase/Mg2+-ATPase of HS patients was 3.34 +/- 1.06, and 2.81 +/- 0.42 in control subjects. Na+,K+-ATPase/Mg2+-ATPase was 2.38 +/- 0.38 in HS cells compared to 2.01 +/- 0.41 in normal cells. Ca2+-ATPase/Mg2+-ATPase of HS membranes was 0.57 +/- 0.18 and the control value 0.43 +/- 0.08. These data indicate calcium retention in the erythrocytes of HS patients in spite of increases in Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase activity in the majority of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:148727", "title": "The influence of different sodium loads on renin release in hypertensive and normotensive states of chronic renal failure.", "content": "The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of different sodium loads on renin release in the hypertensive and normotensive state of chronic renal failure. Blood pressure (BP), plasma renin concentration (PRC) and exchangeable sodium (NaE) were measured in eighteen patients with advanced chronic renal failure, nine hypertensives and nine normotensives, and in seven normal subjects (a) 6 days after a fixed sodium intake of 10 mmol/day, and (b) 6 days after a fixed sodium intake of 150 mmol/day. Mean NaE was 14-19% higher in the hypertensives compared with the normotensives and values of NaE correlated significantly to values of mean BP. No significant differences were present in PRC between the groups of patients and controls on either of the sodium regimens and no correlation was found between BP and PRC. However, average decreases of PRC in the hypertensives on high sodium intake, 33-34%, were significantly lower than the corresponding values of 69-71% in the normotensive patients and controls, respectively. Furthermore, the percentage changes of PRC on high sodium intake correlated significantly to mean BP as well as to NaE. These results suggest that renin release is relatively unresponsive to different sodium intakes in hypertension following chronic renal failure. This alteration in renin release may contribute to the maintenance of hypertension in chronic renal failure, PRC being \"inappropriately' increased in relationship to the sodium excess.", "contents": "The influence of different sodium loads on renin release in hypertensive and normotensive states of chronic renal failure. The purpose of the present study was to examine the influence of different sodium loads on renin release in the hypertensive and normotensive state of chronic renal failure. Blood pressure (BP), plasma renin concentration (PRC) and exchangeable sodium (NaE) were measured in eighteen patients with advanced chronic renal failure, nine hypertensives and nine normotensives, and in seven normal subjects (a) 6 days after a fixed sodium intake of 10 mmol/day, and (b) 6 days after a fixed sodium intake of 150 mmol/day. Mean NaE was 14-19% higher in the hypertensives compared with the normotensives and values of NaE correlated significantly to values of mean BP. No significant differences were present in PRC between the groups of patients and controls on either of the sodium regimens and no correlation was found between BP and PRC. However, average decreases of PRC in the hypertensives on high sodium intake, 33-34%, were significantly lower than the corresponding values of 69-71% in the normotensive patients and controls, respectively. Furthermore, the percentage changes of PRC on high sodium intake correlated significantly to mean BP as well as to NaE. These results suggest that renin release is relatively unresponsive to different sodium intakes in hypertension following chronic renal failure. This alteration in renin release may contribute to the maintenance of hypertension in chronic renal failure, PRC being \"inappropriately' increased in relationship to the sodium excess."}
{"id": "PMID:148728", "title": "Reversible changes in cytolytic T lymphocyte function induced by hyperthermia.", "content": "The ability of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated in vitro in mixed leucocyte cultures (MLC) to \"repair\" functional damage induced by moderate hyperthermia has been investigated. Repair of CTL function was assessed in a split dose system in which MLC cells were exposed to a total of 20 min at 43 degrees C delivered either as a single treatment or as two 10 min fractions separated by an interval at 37 degrees C. Significant repair was observed within 15 min at 37 degrees C in the split-dose protocol and maximum repair (corresponding to a 30-100-fold increase in lytic activity) was seen after 1.5-2 h. Repair was both temperature and energy dependent and was apparently related to a reversible lesion in the cytolytic mechanism itself. The effect of a number of metabolic inhibitors (and other agents) on repair was determined, but the precise nature of the heat-induced lesion could not be identified.", "contents": "Reversible changes in cytolytic T lymphocyte function induced by hyperthermia. The ability of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated in vitro in mixed leucocyte cultures (MLC) to \"repair\" functional damage induced by moderate hyperthermia has been investigated. Repair of CTL function was assessed in a split dose system in which MLC cells were exposed to a total of 20 min at 43 degrees C delivered either as a single treatment or as two 10 min fractions separated by an interval at 37 degrees C. Significant repair was observed within 15 min at 37 degrees C in the split-dose protocol and maximum repair (corresponding to a 30-100-fold increase in lytic activity) was seen after 1.5-2 h. Repair was both temperature and energy dependent and was apparently related to a reversible lesion in the cytolytic mechanism itself. The effect of a number of metabolic inhibitors (and other agents) on repair was determined, but the precise nature of the heat-induced lesion could not be identified."}
{"id": "PMID:148729", "title": "Role of the thymus in generation of lymphocyte functions. III. Further studies of the alloreactivity of lymphocytes developing in mouse thymus organ cultures.", "content": "Thymuses of 14-day-old mouse embryos could be maintained in organ culture, using serum-free medium, with generation of lymphocytes that showed strong proliferative reactivity to allogeneic spleen cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). Such organ culture derived thymocytes also developed cytotoxic activity against target cells carrying the alloantigens of the stimulating spleen cells in the MLC. The generated cytotoxic activity was, however, proportionately lower than that seen with thymocytes of young mice. A time course study showed that cells with apparent reactivity to both allogeneic spleen cells and to the mitogen Concanavalin A (Con A) first appeared in the thymus organ cultures on day 8-9.", "contents": "Role of the thymus in generation of lymphocyte functions. III. Further studies of the alloreactivity of lymphocytes developing in mouse thymus organ cultures. Thymuses of 14-day-old mouse embryos could be maintained in organ culture, using serum-free medium, with generation of lymphocytes that showed strong proliferative reactivity to allogeneic spleen cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). Such organ culture derived thymocytes also developed cytotoxic activity against target cells carrying the alloantigens of the stimulating spleen cells in the MLC. The generated cytotoxic activity was, however, proportionately lower than that seen with thymocytes of young mice. A time course study showed that cells with apparent reactivity to both allogeneic spleen cells and to the mitogen Concanavalin A (Con A) first appeared in the thymus organ cultures on day 8-9."}
{"id": "PMID:148751", "title": "[Results of operative treatment of artial septal defect in the adult (author's transl)].", "content": "55 of 59 patients with artial septal defect, who had been operated in adult age, were examined postoperatively. The mean time interval from the operation was 43,8 months. Two patients had died immediately after the operation; there were no late deaths. The majority of the reexamined subjects was free of symptoms, in no case was there congestive heart failure. Persistence of postoperative symptoms increased with increasing age at the time of operation, but only up to the fourth decade of life. In 26 cases hemodynamics were examined. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was normal at rest and during a slight ergometric load. In 5 patients there was moderate pulmonary hypertension. In 8 subjects there was minimal, in one patient moderate increase of pulmonary vascular resistance. Heartsize in chest roentgenogramm was increased in about 25% of cases, in more than 50% the pulmonary vessels were accentuated. Irregularities of cardiac rhythm were not more frequent postoperatively, than they had been prior to surgery. However, surgery was followed by a marked decrease of right axis deviation and of EKG signs of right ventricular hypertrophy. Pulmonary function studies revealed a slight decrease of vital capacity and of maximal breathing capacity. These results are favourable compaired to medically treated groups of patients as described in the literature. It is concluded, that even in later adult age the atrial septal defect as a rule is an indication for surgery.", "contents": "[Results of operative treatment of artial septal defect in the adult (author's transl)]. 55 of 59 patients with artial septal defect, who had been operated in adult age, were examined postoperatively. The mean time interval from the operation was 43,8 months. Two patients had died immediately after the operation; there were no late deaths. The majority of the reexamined subjects was free of symptoms, in no case was there congestive heart failure. Persistence of postoperative symptoms increased with increasing age at the time of operation, but only up to the fourth decade of life. In 26 cases hemodynamics were examined. Mean pulmonary arterial pressure was normal at rest and during a slight ergometric load. In 5 patients there was moderate pulmonary hypertension. In 8 subjects there was minimal, in one patient moderate increase of pulmonary vascular resistance. Heartsize in chest roentgenogramm was increased in about 25% of cases, in more than 50% the pulmonary vessels were accentuated. Irregularities of cardiac rhythm were not more frequent postoperatively, than they had been prior to surgery. However, surgery was followed by a marked decrease of right axis deviation and of EKG signs of right ventricular hypertrophy. Pulmonary function studies revealed a slight decrease of vital capacity and of maximal breathing capacity. These results are favourable compaired to medically treated groups of patients as described in the literature. It is concluded, that even in later adult age the atrial septal defect as a rule is an indication for surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:148753", "title": "Clioquinol toxicity in the dog.", "content": "A number of instances have been reported in the scientific literature in which acute intoxication with halogenated oxyquinolines has led in some species to convlusions, often followed by death. The toxicity of repeated doses of clioquinol has been investigated extensively in the dog. The clinical syndrome induced in this species is characterized by anorexia, weight loss, extremem muscle weakness and emaciation. In some animals surviving this impairment of condition for several weeks, neuropathy of the central nervous system, but not of the peripheral nerves ensued. It is suggested that these toxicological manifestations are less dependent on the dose-level than on the degree of absorption. Some suggestions regarding the aetiology of the lesions are made.", "contents": "Clioquinol toxicity in the dog. A number of instances have been reported in the scientific literature in which acute intoxication with halogenated oxyquinolines has led in some species to convlusions, often followed by death. The toxicity of repeated doses of clioquinol has been investigated extensively in the dog. The clinical syndrome induced in this species is characterized by anorexia, weight loss, extremem muscle weakness and emaciation. In some animals surviving this impairment of condition for several weeks, neuropathy of the central nervous system, but not of the peripheral nerves ensued. It is suggested that these toxicological manifestations are less dependent on the dose-level than on the degree of absorption. Some suggestions regarding the aetiology of the lesions are made."}
{"id": "PMID:148754", "title": "[The problem of documentation in pedodontics].", "content": "The efficiency of paedodontics increases with the number of children involved in regular dental supervision. This requires complete and reliable information about the individual factors, especially dental development, at any consultation (whether mass examination or treatment). The current methods of documentation are often inadequate to this purpose. For this reason, the author presents a method of documentation by means of key-word cards that essentially meets the demands to be made on a treatment chart.", "contents": "[The problem of documentation in pedodontics]. The efficiency of paedodontics increases with the number of children involved in regular dental supervision. This requires complete and reliable information about the individual factors, especially dental development, at any consultation (whether mass examination or treatment). The current methods of documentation are often inadequate to this purpose. For this reason, the author presents a method of documentation by means of key-word cards that essentially meets the demands to be made on a treatment chart."}
{"id": "PMID:148755", "title": "[The use of the dental hygienist in the field of health education in pedodontics].", "content": "On the basis of legal regulations, the author discusses the use of the dental nurse specialized in dental and oral hygiene in paedodontics which is mainly supported by three pillars: dental and oral hygiene, fluoride application, and nutrition counselling. The effective use takes place in kindergartens and schools, special and rehabilitation centres, and depends upon good co-operation with the District Commission for Health Education on the one side, and the National Education Authorities on the other side.", "contents": "[The use of the dental hygienist in the field of health education in pedodontics]. On the basis of legal regulations, the author discusses the use of the dental nurse specialized in dental and oral hygiene in paedodontics which is mainly supported by three pillars: dental and oral hygiene, fluoride application, and nutrition counselling. The effective use takes place in kindergartens and schools, special and rehabilitation centres, and depends upon good co-operation with the District Commission for Health Education on the one side, and the National Education Authorities on the other side."}
{"id": "PMID:148757", "title": "Suicide attributed to work.", "content": "Workers' compensation laws provide death benefits for the survivors of those who commit suicide as a result of a work-incurred physical or psychological injury. A study of claims resulting from suicidal acts reveals that included in the indicted work conditions were sudden changes in organization, conflict of loyalties resulting from work change, reactions to pain and suffering following a physical work injury, and the economic and status deprivation resulting from disability and unemployment. Those treating subjects whose jobs were the sources of stress failed to recognize their patients' desperation and urged them to stay at their jobs.", "contents": "Suicide attributed to work. Workers' compensation laws provide death benefits for the survivors of those who commit suicide as a result of a work-incurred physical or psychological injury. A study of claims resulting from suicidal acts reveals that included in the indicted work conditions were sudden changes in organization, conflict of loyalties resulting from work change, reactions to pain and suffering following a physical work injury, and the economic and status deprivation resulting from disability and unemployment. Those treating subjects whose jobs were the sources of stress failed to recognize their patients' desperation and urged them to stay at their jobs."}
{"id": "PMID:148758", "title": "[Anion-sensitive ATPase of the rat heart mitochondria].", "content": "The properties of anion-sensitive ATPase of rat heart mitochondria were studied. Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and Na2SO3 stimualted ATPase activity by 69, 41 and 110%, respectively. Azide, tiocinate and perchlorate inhibited bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase. Bivalent cations increased ATPase activity in such a sequence: Zn2+ greater than or equal to Cd2+ greater than or equal to Co2+ greater than or equal to Mg2+ greater than or equal to Mn2+ greater than Ni2+. In the presence of bicarbonate and sulfite. ATPase activity was maximally stimulated with magnesium. Ni2+ and Ca2+-ions inhibited Mg2+-dependent activity of bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase. AMP uninhibited ATPase activity. The 4 mM concentration of ADP inhibited activity of HCO-3-ATPase. Activity of ATPases decreased at lower temperatures. The properties of anion-sensitive ATPase of rat heart mitochondria and that of HCO-2-ATPase of other cells are discussed.", "contents": "[Anion-sensitive ATPase of the rat heart mitochondria]. The properties of anion-sensitive ATPase of rat heart mitochondria were studied. Na2CO3, NaHCO3 and Na2SO3 stimualted ATPase activity by 69, 41 and 110%, respectively. Azide, tiocinate and perchlorate inhibited bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase. Bivalent cations increased ATPase activity in such a sequence: Zn2+ greater than or equal to Cd2+ greater than or equal to Co2+ greater than or equal to Mg2+ greater than or equal to Mn2+ greater than Ni2+. In the presence of bicarbonate and sulfite. ATPase activity was maximally stimulated with magnesium. Ni2+ and Ca2+-ions inhibited Mg2+-dependent activity of bicarbonate-stimulated ATPase. AMP uninhibited ATPase activity. The 4 mM concentration of ADP inhibited activity of HCO-3-ATPase. Activity of ATPases decreased at lower temperatures. The properties of anion-sensitive ATPase of rat heart mitochondria and that of HCO-2-ATPase of other cells are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148759", "title": "[Cytochemical study of various stages of life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. 10. Phosphatases in the parasites during developmental stages in cat's intestines].", "content": "Several methods of acid and alkaline phosphatese and ATPase detection using both natural and artificial substrates were applied to the intestinal stages of Toxoplasma gondii with negative results to reveal enzymatic activity in all the stages except the microgametocyte. Possible explanation of this unexpected phenomenon is discussed taking into account host-parasite relationships with intestinal stages of Toxoplasma and with coccidia in general.", "contents": "[Cytochemical study of various stages of life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii. 10. Phosphatases in the parasites during developmental stages in cat's intestines]. Several methods of acid and alkaline phosphatese and ATPase detection using both natural and artificial substrates were applied to the intestinal stages of Toxoplasma gondii with negative results to reveal enzymatic activity in all the stages except the microgametocyte. Possible explanation of this unexpected phenomenon is discussed taking into account host-parasite relationships with intestinal stages of Toxoplasma and with coccidia in general."}
{"id": "PMID:148766", "title": "[Restoration of the abdominal wall in generalized defects by an autoplasty method].", "content": "The clinical experience with surgical reconstruction of the abdominal wall in vast defects in 172 cases of big and giant postoperative hernias by means of modified autoplasty methods with the formation of the doubling with a deep superposition of aponeurotic-muscular grafts is presented. Good results allow the author to recommend the described autoplasty methods to the use in surgical practice.", "contents": "[Restoration of the abdominal wall in generalized defects by an autoplasty method]. The clinical experience with surgical reconstruction of the abdominal wall in vast defects in 172 cases of big and giant postoperative hernias by means of modified autoplasty methods with the formation of the doubling with a deep superposition of aponeurotic-muscular grafts is presented. Good results allow the author to recommend the described autoplasty methods to the use in surgical practice."}
{"id": "PMID:148774", "title": "Jejunal endocrine tumor composed of somatostatin and gastrin cells and associated with duodenal ulcer disease.", "content": "A case of malignant endocrine tumour of the jejunum, associated with severe duodenal ulcer is described. The tumour and a local metastasis were examined by immunohistochemistry and found to contain abundant somatostatin-immunoreactive cells together with less numerous cells displaying gastrin immunoreactivity. This is to our knowledge the first case of intestinal somatostatinoma. The presence of gastrin cells in the tumour may explain the ulcer diathesis.", "contents": "Jejunal endocrine tumor composed of somatostatin and gastrin cells and associated with duodenal ulcer disease. A case of malignant endocrine tumour of the jejunum, associated with severe duodenal ulcer is described. The tumour and a local metastasis were examined by immunohistochemistry and found to contain abundant somatostatin-immunoreactive cells together with less numerous cells displaying gastrin immunoreactivity. This is to our knowledge the first case of intestinal somatostatinoma. The presence of gastrin cells in the tumour may explain the ulcer diathesis."}
{"id": "PMID:148776", "title": "Myopathy associated with chronic alcohol drinking. Histological and electrophysiological study.", "content": "Muscles of the lower legs of rats given 25% ethanol in water ad libitum for up to 9.5 months were studied using histological, histochemical and electrophysiological techniques. Ethyl alcohol was substituted for about 20% of the total calorific input of the animals. The observations were compared with the structure of the gastrocnemius muscle of five alcoholics with clinical neuropathy. Fibrillation potentials and angulated atrophic fibers were observed in the muscles of animals on alcohol for 9.5 months. No fiber type grouping was present. There was also phagocytosis of the muscle fibers and changes in their internal structure, as reflected by the distribution of NADH-diaphorase. The observed muscle changes in the alcoholics and those in the experimental animals on alcohol differed mainly quantitatively, the only exception being the presence of fiber type grouping in the biopsies from the alcoholics.", "contents": "Myopathy associated with chronic alcohol drinking. Histological and electrophysiological study. Muscles of the lower legs of rats given 25% ethanol in water ad libitum for up to 9.5 months were studied using histological, histochemical and electrophysiological techniques. Ethyl alcohol was substituted for about 20% of the total calorific input of the animals. The observations were compared with the structure of the gastrocnemius muscle of five alcoholics with clinical neuropathy. Fibrillation potentials and angulated atrophic fibers were observed in the muscles of animals on alcohol for 9.5 months. No fiber type grouping was present. There was also phagocytosis of the muscle fibers and changes in their internal structure, as reflected by the distribution of NADH-diaphorase. The observed muscle changes in the alcoholics and those in the experimental animals on alcohol differed mainly quantitatively, the only exception being the presence of fiber type grouping in the biopsies from the alcoholics."}
{"id": "PMID:148777", "title": "Extracellular growth hormone deposits in pituitary adenoma.", "content": "Ultrastrucutral examination of 184 pituitary adenomas demonstrated the presence of extracellular accumulations of electron dense material in 3 out of 64 cases with acromegaly. Fibrillary structures were seen in larger deposits of such material. This material was only observed in biopsies fixed directly with osmium tetroxide; initial fixation with glutaraldehyde did not retain the material and left empty spaces. Positive immuno-histochemical reaction with specific antibodies demonstrated that the extracellular material contained growth hormone (GH). The presence of this extracellular material could not be related to the age or sex of the patient nor to the duration of symptoms, size of the tumor, presence of diabetes mellitus, or concomitant secretion of prolactin. The pericapillary fibrous sheath was heavily thickened in the patient with the longest duration of symptoms, intermediate in thickness in the second and normal in the third.", "contents": "Extracellular growth hormone deposits in pituitary adenoma. Ultrastrucutral examination of 184 pituitary adenomas demonstrated the presence of extracellular accumulations of electron dense material in 3 out of 64 cases with acromegaly. Fibrillary structures were seen in larger deposits of such material. This material was only observed in biopsies fixed directly with osmium tetroxide; initial fixation with glutaraldehyde did not retain the material and left empty spaces. Positive immuno-histochemical reaction with specific antibodies demonstrated that the extracellular material contained growth hormone (GH). The presence of this extracellular material could not be related to the age or sex of the patient nor to the duration of symptoms, size of the tumor, presence of diabetes mellitus, or concomitant secretion of prolactin. The pericapillary fibrous sheath was heavily thickened in the patient with the longest duration of symptoms, intermediate in thickness in the second and normal in the third."}
{"id": "PMID:148778", "title": "Identification of soluble fibrinogen fibrin monomer complexes by non-enzymatic polymerisation in the tissue.", "content": "In states of plasmic hypercoagulability and consumption coagulopathy ethanol favours the non-enzymatic polymerization of circulating soluble fibrinogen fibrin monomer complexes (FFMC) in vitro. The ethanol-gelation test of Godal and Abildgaard makes use of this phenomenon, called paracoagulation. The present studies show that it is also possible to visualize soluble FFMC by means of ethanol-gelation. In the electron microscope, FFMC, polymerized non-enzymatically by ethanol in the spleen, are characterized by plump or slender mycelioid fibrillar precipitates that show a uniform rhythmic transverse striation, a period-coincidental filamentary arrangement and an average periodicity of 23 nm. The ultrastructure demonstrates these ethanol-induced filaments to be in vitro-polymerized fibrin monomer derivatives. Paracoagulation with ethanol allows the identification of soluble FFMC in the tissue prior to the formation of highly polymerized fibrin-rich microthrombi, the established equivalents of the DIC-syndrome. The electron microscope studies also show the existence of a second type of fibrillary structure in the tissue polymerized by ethanol. This second type lacks the characteristic periodicity of fibrin and the period-coincidental arrangement of the filamentary structures, but is characterized by closely packed or chain-like aligned, irregularly sized spherical bodies. There is some evidence that these spherical bodies in vitro represent non-enzymatically polymerized complexes of fibrin monomers and fibrin degradation products (FDP), the equivalent of a limited local or generalized fibrinolysis in vivo.", "contents": "Identification of soluble fibrinogen fibrin monomer complexes by non-enzymatic polymerisation in the tissue. In states of plasmic hypercoagulability and consumption coagulopathy ethanol favours the non-enzymatic polymerization of circulating soluble fibrinogen fibrin monomer complexes (FFMC) in vitro. The ethanol-gelation test of Godal and Abildgaard makes use of this phenomenon, called paracoagulation. The present studies show that it is also possible to visualize soluble FFMC by means of ethanol-gelation. In the electron microscope, FFMC, polymerized non-enzymatically by ethanol in the spleen, are characterized by plump or slender mycelioid fibrillar precipitates that show a uniform rhythmic transverse striation, a period-coincidental filamentary arrangement and an average periodicity of 23 nm. The ultrastructure demonstrates these ethanol-induced filaments to be in vitro-polymerized fibrin monomer derivatives. Paracoagulation with ethanol allows the identification of soluble FFMC in the tissue prior to the formation of highly polymerized fibrin-rich microthrombi, the established equivalents of the DIC-syndrome. The electron microscope studies also show the existence of a second type of fibrillary structure in the tissue polymerized by ethanol. This second type lacks the characteristic periodicity of fibrin and the period-coincidental arrangement of the filamentary structures, but is characterized by closely packed or chain-like aligned, irregularly sized spherical bodies. There is some evidence that these spherical bodies in vitro represent non-enzymatically polymerized complexes of fibrin monomers and fibrin degradation products (FDP), the equivalent of a limited local or generalized fibrinolysis in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:148792", "title": "[Echocardiographic changes in a defect of the interatrial septum].", "content": "The echocardiographic changes in 43 patients with defects of the interrauricular septum, confirmed by catherization were studied. In 42 out of 43 (98%) cases considerably enlarged dimensions of the right ventricle and right auricle were found. Paradoxical movement of the interventricular septum was found in 39 out of 43 (91%) cases. The paradoxical movement of the interventricular septum is characterized by a considerable amplitude towards the right venticle. The tricupid valve shows an increased amplitude of opening (CE), enlarged A wave, accelerated speed of opening (OE segment), accelerated speed of backward movement in early diastole (EG segment) and decelerated closing (AC segment). The enlarged dimensions of the right ventricle, the paradoxical movements of interventricular septum and the changes of the tricupid valve are a characteristic EchoC-triad, never absent in the hemodynamically significant volume loading of right ventricle, originating from the left-right shunt at an auricle level.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic changes in a defect of the interatrial septum]. The echocardiographic changes in 43 patients with defects of the interrauricular septum, confirmed by catherization were studied. In 42 out of 43 (98%) cases considerably enlarged dimensions of the right ventricle and right auricle were found. Paradoxical movement of the interventricular septum was found in 39 out of 43 (91%) cases. The paradoxical movement of the interventricular septum is characterized by a considerable amplitude towards the right venticle. The tricupid valve shows an increased amplitude of opening (CE), enlarged A wave, accelerated speed of opening (OE segment), accelerated speed of backward movement in early diastole (EG segment) and decelerated closing (AC segment). The enlarged dimensions of the right ventricle, the paradoxical movements of interventricular septum and the changes of the tricupid valve are a characteristic EchoC-triad, never absent in the hemodynamically significant volume loading of right ventricle, originating from the left-right shunt at an auricle level."}
{"id": "PMID:148793", "title": "[Comparative laparoscopic, bioptic and clinical enzymological studies in liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases].", "content": "The activity of GOT, GPT, APh, liver APh, gamma GTP, AAP and serum cholinesterase were determined in 80 patients with chronic liver diseases, diagnosed clinically, laparoscopically and by liver biopsy. Out of the patients with liver cirrhosis (51), those with portal cirrhosis (40) have a considerably higher activity of gamma GTP, intestinal APh than the patients with postecrotic cirrhosis (11). Cholinesterase activity is markedly lower in patients with cirrhosis and ascites than in the patients without ascites. With the histological data about the activity gamma GTP and GOT are considerably higher without activity. Examinations were carried out also upon patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis (4), chronic persisting hepatitis (9), liver cancer (12) and liver steatosis (4). The data revealed that the majority of the enzymes are with a higher sensitivity (especially gamma GTP, GOT, liver APh, cholinesterase) but with more restricted diagnostic and differential-diagnostic potentialities in view of the great dispersion of the enzyme activities with the separate liver diseases.", "contents": "[Comparative laparoscopic, bioptic and clinical enzymological studies in liver cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases]. The activity of GOT, GPT, APh, liver APh, gamma GTP, AAP and serum cholinesterase were determined in 80 patients with chronic liver diseases, diagnosed clinically, laparoscopically and by liver biopsy. Out of the patients with liver cirrhosis (51), those with portal cirrhosis (40) have a considerably higher activity of gamma GTP, intestinal APh than the patients with postecrotic cirrhosis (11). Cholinesterase activity is markedly lower in patients with cirrhosis and ascites than in the patients without ascites. With the histological data about the activity gamma GTP and GOT are considerably higher without activity. Examinations were carried out also upon patients with chronic aggressive hepatitis (4), chronic persisting hepatitis (9), liver cancer (12) and liver steatosis (4). The data revealed that the majority of the enzymes are with a higher sensitivity (especially gamma GTP, GOT, liver APh, cholinesterase) but with more restricted diagnostic and differential-diagnostic potentialities in view of the great dispersion of the enzyme activities with the separate liver diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:148797", "title": "[Contribution to the treatment of acute haematogenous anc chronic secondary osteomyelitis in children (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility of utilizing antistaphylococcal vaccine and local phage lysate for complex therapy of chronic and acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in children is demonstrated on three clinical cases. The study reassurmes good experience with this therapy in adult patients with chronic osteomyelitis. The results obtained so far in children suggest that the application of antistaphylococcal vaccine and of local phage lysate positively influences the course of the osteomyelitic disease and reduces the number of relpases. In order to specify and intensify the clinical effect of the above mentioned preparations, this method is being employed in other cases of chronic and acute haematogenous osteomyelitis.", "contents": "[Contribution to the treatment of acute haematogenous anc chronic secondary osteomyelitis in children (author's transl)]. The possibility of utilizing antistaphylococcal vaccine and local phage lysate for complex therapy of chronic and acute haematogenous osteomyelitis in children is demonstrated on three clinical cases. The study reassurmes good experience with this therapy in adult patients with chronic osteomyelitis. The results obtained so far in children suggest that the application of antistaphylococcal vaccine and of local phage lysate positively influences the course of the osteomyelitic disease and reduces the number of relpases. In order to specify and intensify the clinical effect of the above mentioned preparations, this method is being employed in other cases of chronic and acute haematogenous osteomyelitis."}
{"id": "PMID:148823", "title": "[Electron microscopical findings of the myocardium in Fallot's disease and of the ventricular septal defects (author's transl)].", "content": "Ultrastructural quantitative and qualitative investigations of the myocardium of 7 children with Fallot's disease and 3 children with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) have shown bizarre nuclei and a slight increase in the myofibril share of the volume (Fallot's disease: 51.22%; VSD: 56.85%). This may be interpreted as a sign of a cellular hypertrophy. The mitochondria have a proportion of 35.07% and 33.75%, respectively. The glycogen content is relatively high. The lipofuscin bodies originate mainly from mitochondria having a percentage of 1.43 and 1.67, respectively. Particular signs of a lesion could not be observed. From the ultrastructural findings on the morphology of heart muscle cells it can be deduced that operations of vitia may be safely carried out.", "contents": "[Electron microscopical findings of the myocardium in Fallot's disease and of the ventricular septal defects (author's transl)]. Ultrastructural quantitative and qualitative investigations of the myocardium of 7 children with Fallot's disease and 3 children with a ventricular septal defect (VSD) have shown bizarre nuclei and a slight increase in the myofibril share of the volume (Fallot's disease: 51.22%; VSD: 56.85%). This may be interpreted as a sign of a cellular hypertrophy. The mitochondria have a proportion of 35.07% and 33.75%, respectively. The glycogen content is relatively high. The lipofuscin bodies originate mainly from mitochondria having a percentage of 1.43 and 1.67, respectively. Particular signs of a lesion could not be observed. From the ultrastructural findings on the morphology of heart muscle cells it can be deduced that operations of vitia may be safely carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:148824", "title": "[Results following ovarian cyst puncture using laparoscopy].", "content": "154 aspirations of ovary cysts by laparoscopy are reported. 16% of cysts have relapsed  after 1 till 7 years. Cytologic investigation and investigation of tissue of cysts are recommended. The advantages of aspiration by laparoscopy over the vaginal blind aspiration are discussed.", "contents": "[Results following ovarian cyst puncture using laparoscopy]. 154 aspirations of ovary cysts by laparoscopy are reported. 16% of cysts have relapsed  after 1 till 7 years. Cytologic investigation and investigation of tissue of cysts are recommended. The advantages of aspiration by laparoscopy over the vaginal blind aspiration are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148828", "title": "[Metabolic disorders in Huntington's chorea].", "content": "The results of biochemical studies conducted in 42 patients with Huntington's chorea are presented. The authors marked the decrease of tolerance to glucose, the increase of cholesterol concentration in the blood serum in some patients. Uric acid concentration in the blood serum and its excretion with urine were decreased in all examined patients. Ceruloplasmic activity in the patients' blood did not differ from the normal level. Cuprum concentration in the blood serum and the patients' urine was within the normal fluctuations.", "contents": "[Metabolic disorders in Huntington's chorea]. The results of biochemical studies conducted in 42 patients with Huntington's chorea are presented. The authors marked the decrease of tolerance to glucose, the increase of cholesterol concentration in the blood serum in some patients. Uric acid concentration in the blood serum and its excretion with urine were decreased in all examined patients. Ceruloplasmic activity in the patients' blood did not differ from the normal level. Cuprum concentration in the blood serum and the patients' urine was within the normal fluctuations."}
{"id": "PMID:148829", "title": "[Effect of heliogeophysical factors on the course of epilepsy].", "content": "A statistical analysis of 1499 admissions of epileptic patients to a hospital for the period of 1957--1969 taking into account the 11-year sun circle was conducted. A significant dependence of a course of epilepsy on massiveness of heliogeophysical factors (the Volph numbers, square of sun-spots and geomagnetic pole). At the periods of maximal sun activity a number of patients with initial diagnosis of epilepsy significantly increases (182 cases were studied for the period of 1968--1970). Establishing a relationship between occurrence or exaggeration of epilepsy and days of zero sun activity a reliable confirmation of \"outstripping or lag\" reaction was obtained.", "contents": "[Effect of heliogeophysical factors on the course of epilepsy]. A statistical analysis of 1499 admissions of epileptic patients to a hospital for the period of 1957--1969 taking into account the 11-year sun circle was conducted. A significant dependence of a course of epilepsy on massiveness of heliogeophysical factors (the Volph numbers, square of sun-spots and geomagnetic pole). At the periods of maximal sun activity a number of patients with initial diagnosis of epilepsy significantly increases (182 cases were studied for the period of 1968--1970). Establishing a relationship between occurrence or exaggeration of epilepsy and days of zero sun activity a reliable confirmation of \"outstripping or lag\" reaction was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:148830", "title": "High dose methotrexate in acute lymphocytic leukemia in childhood.", "content": "Gonadal and other types of leukemic \"sanctuaries\" are probably the main causes of hematological relapse in the treatment of acute leukemia. The introduction of high-dose Methotrexate (HDM) in a consolidation phase is based on theoretical considerations and the use of HDM in malignant tumors. Three courses of Methotrexate, 500 mg/sq.m. at 3-weekly intervals, has been used as part of a consolidation therapy in Norway during the last two years to 59 children with ALL and one with AML. One child died following HDM. Postmortem examination showed that she was not in complete remission at the time. Among 154 courses of HDM in the 60 patients were eight severe reactions, including six cases of allergic-toxic skin reactions. Two patients developed a Stevens-Johnson's like syndrome. Stomatitis was common in those with toxic reactions. The risk of HDM in patients who are not in complete remission is stressed and the use of rescue therapy with two doses of Leukovorin instead of one is recommended. Forty of forty-two children in 1st complete remission have been in sustained primary remission for 4 to 28 months. Two of these 40 children died after about a year from infections. Only two patients so far have relapsed.", "contents": "High dose methotrexate in acute lymphocytic leukemia in childhood. Gonadal and other types of leukemic \"sanctuaries\" are probably the main causes of hematological relapse in the treatment of acute leukemia. The introduction of high-dose Methotrexate (HDM) in a consolidation phase is based on theoretical considerations and the use of HDM in malignant tumors. Three courses of Methotrexate, 500 mg/sq.m. at 3-weekly intervals, has been used as part of a consolidation therapy in Norway during the last two years to 59 children with ALL and one with AML. One child died following HDM. Postmortem examination showed that she was not in complete remission at the time. Among 154 courses of HDM in the 60 patients were eight severe reactions, including six cases of allergic-toxic skin reactions. Two patients developed a Stevens-Johnson's like syndrome. Stomatitis was common in those with toxic reactions. The risk of HDM in patients who are not in complete remission is stressed and the use of rescue therapy with two doses of Leukovorin instead of one is recommended. Forty of forty-two children in 1st complete remission have been in sustained primary remission for 4 to 28 months. Two of these 40 children died after about a year from infections. Only two patients so far have relapsed."}
{"id": "PMID:148832", "title": "Swelling and replicative DNA synthesis of detergent-treated mouse ascites sarcoma cells.", "content": "Previous investigation showed that mouse ascites sarcoma cells permeabilized with appropriate concentrations of detergents (Triton X-100, Nonidet P-40 and Brij 58) had high replicative DNA synthesis in the presence of the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, ATP, Mg2+ and proper ionic environment. The present study showed the optimum detergent concentration for DNA synthesis coincided closely with the minimum detergent concentration for inducing cell swelling. Phase contrast microscopy and electron microscopy of Triton-permeabilized cells showed the characteristic swollen cytoplasms and nucleus. Autoradiographic study showed that the DNA synthesis in permeable cells was confined to the nucleus. Cell viability and [3H] deoxythymidine uptake were impaired at much lower concentrations of Triton X-100 than the optimum concentration for in vitro DNA synthesis. In Triton-permeabilized cells, the minimum Triton concentration that produced cell swelling also seemed to produce high repliative DNA synthesis, which reflects the in vivo state of DNA synthesis.", "contents": "Swelling and replicative DNA synthesis of detergent-treated mouse ascites sarcoma cells. Previous investigation showed that mouse ascites sarcoma cells permeabilized with appropriate concentrations of detergents (Triton X-100, Nonidet P-40 and Brij 58) had high replicative DNA synthesis in the presence of the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, ATP, Mg2+ and proper ionic environment. The present study showed the optimum detergent concentration for DNA synthesis coincided closely with the minimum detergent concentration for inducing cell swelling. Phase contrast microscopy and electron microscopy of Triton-permeabilized cells showed the characteristic swollen cytoplasms and nucleus. Autoradiographic study showed that the DNA synthesis in permeable cells was confined to the nucleus. Cell viability and [3H] deoxythymidine uptake were impaired at much lower concentrations of Triton X-100 than the optimum concentration for in vitro DNA synthesis. In Triton-permeabilized cells, the minimum Triton concentration that produced cell swelling also seemed to produce high repliative DNA synthesis, which reflects the in vivo state of DNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:148827", "title": "[Effect of noradrenaline on transport adenosine triphosphatase in the cerebral synaptosomes of Citellus erythrogenus susliks].", "content": "The effect of noradrenalin (0.5 mM) on the activity of Na, K-ATPase and Mg-ATPase has been investigated in active and hibernating ground squirrels. ATPase activities were determined in vitro at 37 and 17 degrees. The inhibitory effect of noradrenalin was found on Na, K-ATPase in non-hibernating summer animals. It was most significant at the beginning of summer, i. e. at the period of highest physiological activity of animals, and lowered to the end of summer. No significant influence of noradrenalin on the activity of Mg-ATPase was found. In hibernating ground squirrels, noradrenalin inhibited Na, K-ATPase and activated Mg-ATPase of synaptosomes incubated at 37 degrees, but produced no effect at 17 degrees, i.e. at the temperature closer to that during hibernation.", "contents": "[Effect of noradrenaline on transport adenosine triphosphatase in the cerebral synaptosomes of Citellus erythrogenus susliks]. The effect of noradrenalin (0.5 mM) on the activity of Na, K-ATPase and Mg-ATPase has been investigated in active and hibernating ground squirrels. ATPase activities were determined in vitro at 37 and 17 degrees. The inhibitory effect of noradrenalin was found on Na, K-ATPase in non-hibernating summer animals. It was most significant at the beginning of summer, i. e. at the period of highest physiological activity of animals, and lowered to the end of summer. No significant influence of noradrenalin on the activity of Mg-ATPase was found. In hibernating ground squirrels, noradrenalin inhibited Na, K-ATPase and activated Mg-ATPase of synaptosomes incubated at 37 degrees, but produced no effect at 17 degrees, i.e. at the temperature closer to that during hibernation."}
{"id": "PMID:148833", "title": "Cerebral aterial spasm. I. Adrenergic mechanism in experimental cerebral vasospasm.", "content": "This study demonstrates that an adrenergic mechanism plays an important role in producing the delayed cerebral vasospasm which follows subarachnoid hemorrhage. Results were as follows: 1. Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was produced by injection of fresh arterial blood into the cisterna magna in cats. The cerebral vasospasm was shown angiographically to be biphasic in nature: immediate constriction lasting 1 h and marked prolonged spasm occurring between the 3rd and 5th day after SAH. The amount of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity decreased over a period of 24 h both within the wall of the basilar artery and in the locus ceruleus and then gradually increased, reaching a maximum on the 3rd day after SAH. 2. Topical application of spasmogenic substances (NA and blood) produced a marked constriction of the hypersensitive basilar artery on the 3rd day after SAH. 3. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection into the cisterna magna produced prolonged vasocilatation. The dilated vessel responded with mild transient constriction after the topical application of NA or fresh blood. DBH activity and NA concentration in the vessels, locus ceruleus and medial hypothalamus decreased markedly on the 3rd day after the cisternal injection of 6-OHDA. 4. Various spasmogenic substances (i.e. serotonin, NA, prostaglandins and methemoglobin) were measured in a mixture of equal volume of CSF and blood in cats. ONly the serotonin in the mixed fluid produced vasoconstriction. Spasmogenic substances decreased markedly in the mixed fluid incubated for 3 days at 37 degrees C, and none of these substances apart from methemoglobin was present in a concentration sufficient to produce constriction of vessels. 5. These results suggest that early spasm is induced by serotonin around the arteries of the cranial base, and delayed spasm might be caused by hyperreaction of cerebral vessels to spasmogenic substances such as methemoglobin, during the accumulation of excess NA in the cerebral vessel wall.", "contents": "Cerebral aterial spasm. I. Adrenergic mechanism in experimental cerebral vasospasm. This study demonstrates that an adrenergic mechanism plays an important role in producing the delayed cerebral vasospasm which follows subarachnoid hemorrhage. Results were as follows: 1. Experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was produced by injection of fresh arterial blood into the cisterna magna in cats. The cerebral vasospasm was shown angiographically to be biphasic in nature: immediate constriction lasting 1 h and marked prolonged spasm occurring between the 3rd and 5th day after SAH. The amount of noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) activity decreased over a period of 24 h both within the wall of the basilar artery and in the locus ceruleus and then gradually increased, reaching a maximum on the 3rd day after SAH. 2. Topical application of spasmogenic substances (NA and blood) produced a marked constriction of the hypersensitive basilar artery on the 3rd day after SAH. 3. 6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injection into the cisterna magna produced prolonged vasocilatation. The dilated vessel responded with mild transient constriction after the topical application of NA or fresh blood. DBH activity and NA concentration in the vessels, locus ceruleus and medial hypothalamus decreased markedly on the 3rd day after the cisternal injection of 6-OHDA. 4. Various spasmogenic substances (i.e. serotonin, NA, prostaglandins and methemoglobin) were measured in a mixture of equal volume of CSF and blood in cats. ONly the serotonin in the mixed fluid produced vasoconstriction. Spasmogenic substances decreased markedly in the mixed fluid incubated for 3 days at 37 degrees C, and none of these substances apart from methemoglobin was present in a concentration sufficient to produce constriction of vessels. 5. These results suggest that early spasm is induced by serotonin around the arteries of the cranial base, and delayed spasm might be caused by hyperreaction of cerebral vessels to spasmogenic substances such as methemoglobin, during the accumulation of excess NA in the cerebral vessel wall."}
{"id": "PMID:148834", "title": "Effect of myocardial ischemia and nitroglycerin on systolic time intervals in the segmental myocardium.", "content": "Effects of ischemia and nitroglycerin on systolic time intervals in the segmental myocardial length were studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Two strain-gauges were sutured on the surface of the left ventricular wall; one was in the central area perfused by the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) and the other was in the area perfused by the left anterior descending coronary artery. LCX was partially occluded with a screw type constrictor to the degree at which reactive hyperemia after the transient total coronary occlusion almost disappeared. After the hemodynamics stabilized nitroglycerin (20 microgram/kg) was injected into the femoral vein. In the ischemic area, contraction time was shortened and precontraction time was prolonged in association with an elongation of end-systolic and early systolic segment-length, respectively. The systolic time intervals in the ischemic segment were improved as a result of the recovery in the segment-length toward the control. The results suggest the usefulness of analyzing the segmental myocardial systolic time intervals for verifying the asynchronous contraction of the ventricle and the favourable effects of nitroglycerin on segmental myocardial function in the ischemic area.", "contents": "Effect of myocardial ischemia and nitroglycerin on systolic time intervals in the segmental myocardium. Effects of ischemia and nitroglycerin on systolic time intervals in the segmental myocardial length were studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Two strain-gauges were sutured on the surface of the left ventricular wall; one was in the central area perfused by the left circumflex coronary artery (LCX) and the other was in the area perfused by the left anterior descending coronary artery. LCX was partially occluded with a screw type constrictor to the degree at which reactive hyperemia after the transient total coronary occlusion almost disappeared. After the hemodynamics stabilized nitroglycerin (20 microgram/kg) was injected into the femoral vein. In the ischemic area, contraction time was shortened and precontraction time was prolonged in association with an elongation of end-systolic and early systolic segment-length, respectively. The systolic time intervals in the ischemic segment were improved as a result of the recovery in the segment-length toward the control. The results suggest the usefulness of analyzing the segmental myocardial systolic time intervals for verifying the asynchronous contraction of the ventricle and the favourable effects of nitroglycerin on segmental myocardial function in the ischemic area."}
{"id": "PMID:148835", "title": "A case of giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver complicated by intravascular coagulopathy.", "content": "A case of liver hemangioma complicated by intravascular coagulopathy is presented because of the rarity of the association. Hemangioma of the liver was suspected by palpation of the liver tumor, scintigraphy and x-ray examination, and confirmed by selective hepatic arteriography in combination with exploratory laparotomy. Intravascular coagulopathy was established by demonstrating secondary fibrinolysis and consumption of platelets and coagulation factors. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to micro-angiopathic hemolytic anemia was also present. The clinical course of the clotting abnormalities was basically a chronic one with an occasional acute or subacute defibrination process associated with further enlargement of the hepatic tumor. These provide sufficient evidence that the intravascular coagulopathy was closely related with the hemangioma in the liver. Neither ligation of a presumed nutritional artery of the hemangioma nor radiation therapy caused any demonstrable reduction in the tumor size.", "contents": "A case of giant cavernous hemangioma of the liver complicated by intravascular coagulopathy. A case of liver hemangioma complicated by intravascular coagulopathy is presented because of the rarity of the association. Hemangioma of the liver was suspected by palpation of the liver tumor, scintigraphy and x-ray examination, and confirmed by selective hepatic arteriography in combination with exploratory laparotomy. Intravascular coagulopathy was established by demonstrating secondary fibrinolysis and consumption of platelets and coagulation factors. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia due to micro-angiopathic hemolytic anemia was also present. The clinical course of the clotting abnormalities was basically a chronic one with an occasional acute or subacute defibrination process associated with further enlargement of the hepatic tumor. These provide sufficient evidence that the intravascular coagulopathy was closely related with the hemangioma in the liver. Neither ligation of a presumed nutritional artery of the hemangioma nor radiation therapy caused any demonstrable reduction in the tumor size."}
{"id": "PMID:148831", "title": "Influence of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) on the ATPase activity in the rat heart.", "content": "Influence of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) on the ATPase activity in the rat heart. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 185--187. The influence of dialysable fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) on the ATPase activity was studied. It was found that FDP augment the Mg(2+)-- dependent ATPase and slightly decrease the (Na+--K+) dependent ATPase in the rat heart. It is concluded that biological activity of examined peptides depend on other mechanisms than the direct effect on ATPase in the heart.", "contents": "Influence of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) on the ATPase activity in the rat heart. Influence of fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) on the ATPase activity in the rat heart. Acta Physiol. Pol., 1978, 29 (2): 185--187. The influence of dialysable fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) on the ATPase activity was studied. It was found that FDP augment the Mg(2+)-- dependent ATPase and slightly decrease the (Na+--K+) dependent ATPase in the rat heart. It is concluded that biological activity of examined peptides depend on other mechanisms than the direct effect on ATPase in the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:148836", "title": "Farber's disease (disseminated lipogranulomatosis): the first case reported in Japan.", "content": "We report the first case in Japan, i.e., the first case among oriental subject of Farber's disease. This is a rare disorder of lipid metabolism in infancy subsequent to a genetically-determined defect in ceramide degradation. Main features are characterized clinically by hoarseness, joint swelling, subcutaneous nodules and retarded psychomotor development. Lipid analysis and pathological investigation on the material obtained from a subcutaneous nodule confirmed clearly the presence of ceramide and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies characteristic for Farber's disease. In this case, we experienced also corneal opacity and striking abnormalities in electroencephalogram, which have apparently not been noticed in the 17 cases hitherto reported.", "contents": "Farber's disease (disseminated lipogranulomatosis): the first case reported in Japan. We report the first case in Japan, i.e., the first case among oriental subject of Farber's disease. This is a rare disorder of lipid metabolism in infancy subsequent to a genetically-determined defect in ceramide degradation. Main features are characterized clinically by hoarseness, joint swelling, subcutaneous nodules and retarded psychomotor development. Lipid analysis and pathological investigation on the material obtained from a subcutaneous nodule confirmed clearly the presence of ceramide and intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies characteristic for Farber's disease. In this case, we experienced also corneal opacity and striking abnormalities in electroencephalogram, which have apparently not been noticed in the 17 cases hitherto reported."}
{"id": "PMID:148837", "title": "Coagulation factor deficiency apparently related to the Fitzgerald trait: the first cases in Japan.", "content": "A blood coagulation deficiency was found at the contact phase in identical Japanese female twins. Of the four possible factors involved, Factor XI or XII can be ruled out according to cross-correction studies. The problem factor was probably not Fletcher factor, because the abnormal partial thromboplastin time was not significantly shortened by increasing the incubation period of plasma with kaolin. The deficiency is most likely due to the lack of Fitzgerald factor.", "contents": "Coagulation factor deficiency apparently related to the Fitzgerald trait: the first cases in Japan. A blood coagulation deficiency was found at the contact phase in identical Japanese female twins. Of the four possible factors involved, Factor XI or XII can be ruled out according to cross-correction studies. The problem factor was probably not Fletcher factor, because the abnormal partial thromboplastin time was not significantly shortened by increasing the incubation period of plasma with kaolin. The deficiency is most likely due to the lack of Fitzgerald factor."}
{"id": "PMID:148838", "title": "Significance of a terminal R wave in lead V1 of the electrocardiogram.", "content": "A terminal r wave in Lead V1 lower than 0.6 mV. was studied in the ECGs of four groups: (1) 104 healthy children, (2) 207 healthy young adults, (3) 171 patients with no autopsy evidence of a cardiopulmonary disease, and (4) 1,078 autopsy patients with a cardiopulmonary disease. Cases with a complete right bundle branch block were excluded. A terminal r wave occurred in 2.9 per cent healthy children, 1.4 per cent of healthy young adults, 0.6 per cent of patients without and in 5.9 per cent of patients with autopsy evidence of a cardiopulmonary disease. The occurrence of a terminal r wave was most common in pulmonary patients (10 per cent). But it was also found in patients with an anterior or a posterior myocardial infarction and in some cases of left ventricular hypertrophy. In the autopsy series RVH occurred in 57 per cent of patients with a Qr pattern, in 30 per cent of patients with a terminal r wave higher than the initial one, and in none of the patients with a terminal r wave lower than the initial one. It is concluded that the height of the terminal r wave has clinical significance. A terminal r wave higher than the initial one in Lead V1 is associated with a cardiopulmonary disease in subjects over 30 years of age, while an r wave lower than the initial one seems to be an innocent finding.", "contents": "Significance of a terminal R wave in lead V1 of the electrocardiogram. A terminal r wave in Lead V1 lower than 0.6 mV. was studied in the ECGs of four groups: (1) 104 healthy children, (2) 207 healthy young adults, (3) 171 patients with no autopsy evidence of a cardiopulmonary disease, and (4) 1,078 autopsy patients with a cardiopulmonary disease. Cases with a complete right bundle branch block were excluded. A terminal r wave occurred in 2.9 per cent healthy children, 1.4 per cent of healthy young adults, 0.6 per cent of patients without and in 5.9 per cent of patients with autopsy evidence of a cardiopulmonary disease. The occurrence of a terminal r wave was most common in pulmonary patients (10 per cent). But it was also found in patients with an anterior or a posterior myocardial infarction and in some cases of left ventricular hypertrophy. In the autopsy series RVH occurred in 57 per cent of patients with a Qr pattern, in 30 per cent of patients with a terminal r wave higher than the initial one, and in none of the patients with a terminal r wave lower than the initial one. It is concluded that the height of the terminal r wave has clinical significance. A terminal r wave higher than the initial one in Lead V1 is associated with a cardiopulmonary disease in subjects over 30 years of age, while an r wave lower than the initial one seems to be an innocent finding."}
{"id": "PMID:148839", "title": "Hereditary atrial septal defect. Update of a large kindred.", "content": "A large pedigree wherein members are predisposed to atrial septal defect (ASD) and associated cardiovascular anomalies has been studied. There were ten direct line relatives with ASD verified by cardiac catheterization and/or surgery and in one case by reliable medical history. The pedigree shows vertical transmission of ASD through four generations. Estimates of the genetic segregation ratio were near 50%, indicating that predisposition to ASD among family members was due to a deleterious autosomal dominant gene. Family members have also manifested other congenital heart anomalies, consistent with pleiotropic effects of the putative gene. Electrocardiograms in six ASD patients revealed an absence of prolonged P-R interval. In the light of prior studies showing prolonged P-R interval in familial ASD, we suggest the existence of at least two distinct hereditary varieties of ASD, one with and one without a prolonged P-R interval.", "contents": "Hereditary atrial septal defect. Update of a large kindred. A large pedigree wherein members are predisposed to atrial septal defect (ASD) and associated cardiovascular anomalies has been studied. There were ten direct line relatives with ASD verified by cardiac catheterization and/or surgery and in one case by reliable medical history. The pedigree shows vertical transmission of ASD through four generations. Estimates of the genetic segregation ratio were near 50%, indicating that predisposition to ASD among family members was due to a deleterious autosomal dominant gene. Family members have also manifested other congenital heart anomalies, consistent with pleiotropic effects of the putative gene. Electrocardiograms in six ASD patients revealed an absence of prolonged P-R interval. In the light of prior studies showing prolonged P-R interval in familial ASD, we suggest the existence of at least two distinct hereditary varieties of ASD, one with and one without a prolonged P-R interval."}
{"id": "PMID:148840", "title": "Effects of cannabinoids on synaptic membrane enzymes. I. In vitro studies on synaptic membranes isolated from rat brain.", "content": "The understanding of the effects of cannabinoids in human subjects has been obscured by a lack of knowledge about how the various active principles from marijuana act at the cellular level in the brain. For this reason the present study was undertaken to determine the effects of cannabinoids on the enzymes associated with the synaptic membranes. Electron micrographic analysis was performed to determine the purity of synaptic membrane preparations from rat brain, and subsequently such preparations were subjected to additions of ethanol, Tween-80, 80% glycerol, and either delta-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-delta-tetrahydrocannabinol, or cannabinol. Both sodium and potassium activated ATPase (Na, K-ATPase), and Mg-ATPase were measured as the micrometer orthophosphate (P) released per minute per microgram membrane protein and these specific activities of the enzymes expressed as absolute values and as the percentage depression brought about by the cannabinoids. The ATPase spcific activities are taken from the rate curve over a 30-min incubation time. Additionally, synaptic membrane acetylcholineesterase specific activity was measured by continuous rate enzyme assay. While as low as 10 M delta-tetrahydrocannabinol showed appreciable decrements in both the membrane-bound ATPases, the other cannabinoids did not show such a great depression in enzyme activity. The specific activity of acetylcholinesterase, which is weakly bound to the membrane, showed only slight or no changes in activity with the various cannabinoids. It was additionally shown that the cannabinoids, delta-tetrahydrocannabinol in particular, bound to the synaptic membranes almost irreversibly in the in vitro system, and that the vehicle for dissolving the cannabinoids, while used as background control values when calculating the percentage decrements in enzyme specific activity, did vary the effects on the ATPase enzymes in particular. These data are discussed in relation to psychotomimetic activity of the cannabinoids.", "contents": "Effects of cannabinoids on synaptic membrane enzymes. I. In vitro studies on synaptic membranes isolated from rat brain. The understanding of the effects of cannabinoids in human subjects has been obscured by a lack of knowledge about how the various active principles from marijuana act at the cellular level in the brain. For this reason the present study was undertaken to determine the effects of cannabinoids on the enzymes associated with the synaptic membranes. Electron micrographic analysis was performed to determine the purity of synaptic membrane preparations from rat brain, and subsequently such preparations were subjected to additions of ethanol, Tween-80, 80% glycerol, and either delta-tetrahydrocannabinol, 11-hydroxy-delta-tetrahydrocannabinol, or cannabinol. Both sodium and potassium activated ATPase (Na, K-ATPase), and Mg-ATPase were measured as the micrometer orthophosphate (P) released per minute per microgram membrane protein and these specific activities of the enzymes expressed as absolute values and as the percentage depression brought about by the cannabinoids. The ATPase spcific activities are taken from the rate curve over a 30-min incubation time. Additionally, synaptic membrane acetylcholineesterase specific activity was measured by continuous rate enzyme assay. While as low as 10 M delta-tetrahydrocannabinol showed appreciable decrements in both the membrane-bound ATPases, the other cannabinoids did not show such a great depression in enzyme activity. The specific activity of acetylcholinesterase, which is weakly bound to the membrane, showed only slight or no changes in activity with the various cannabinoids. It was additionally shown that the cannabinoids, delta-tetrahydrocannabinol in particular, bound to the synaptic membranes almost irreversibly in the in vitro system, and that the vehicle for dissolving the cannabinoids, while used as background control values when calculating the percentage decrements in enzyme specific activity, did vary the effects on the ATPase enzymes in particular. These data are discussed in relation to psychotomimetic activity of the cannabinoids."}
{"id": "PMID:148842", "title": "Immune complex glomerulonephritis in sicca syndrome.", "content": "In three patients with the sicca syndrome (Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome), who were followed for one to seven years, glomerulonephritis developed. None of these patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. All of these patients had circulating immune complexes as detected by the Clq binding assay. Glomerular histology by light and electron microscopy revealed changes compatible with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in two of the patients and membranous glomerulonephritis in the third. All patients showed rapid improvement in renal function following moderate doses of corticosteroids. In addition, the treatment decreased the level of circulating immune complexes in two patients who were followed for a sufficient period of time.", "contents": "Immune complex glomerulonephritis in sicca syndrome. In three patients with the sicca syndrome (Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome), who were followed for one to seven years, glomerulonephritis developed. None of these patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus. All of these patients had circulating immune complexes as detected by the Clq binding assay. Glomerular histology by light and electron microscopy revealed changes compatible with membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in two of the patients and membranous glomerulonephritis in the third. All patients showed rapid improvement in renal function following moderate doses of corticosteroids. In addition, the treatment decreased the level of circulating immune complexes in two patients who were followed for a sufficient period of time."}
{"id": "PMID:148843", "title": "Pulmonary vascular changes in scleroderma.", "content": "To determine the incidence and significance of pulmonary vascular changes in scleroderma, all necropsy reports of patients with scleroderma who died at the Massachusetts General Hospital were analyzed and correlated with clinical data. The records of 30 such patients were available. Fourteen had moderate or marked abnormalities in the pulmonary arterial tree. Nine of these 14 patients had predominantly respiratory symptoms. The arterial changes consisted pathologically of intimal and medial hyperplasia affecting pulmonary arteries of all sizes. Of the eight patients with the most severe pathologic changes in the pulmonary arteries, five had slight or no interstitial fibrosis. Three of these five patients had rapidly progressive respiratory failure and severe pulmonary hypertension leading to death. Such cases form a distinct clinicopathologic entity of malignant pulmonary hypertension in scleroderma, comparable to the better recognized entity of malignant renal hypertension in scleroderma.", "contents": "Pulmonary vascular changes in scleroderma. To determine the incidence and significance of pulmonary vascular changes in scleroderma, all necropsy reports of patients with scleroderma who died at the Massachusetts General Hospital were analyzed and correlated with clinical data. The records of 30 such patients were available. Fourteen had moderate or marked abnormalities in the pulmonary arterial tree. Nine of these 14 patients had predominantly respiratory symptoms. The arterial changes consisted pathologically of intimal and medial hyperplasia affecting pulmonary arteries of all sizes. Of the eight patients with the most severe pathologic changes in the pulmonary arteries, five had slight or no interstitial fibrosis. Three of these five patients had rapidly progressive respiratory failure and severe pulmonary hypertension leading to death. Such cases form a distinct clinicopathologic entity of malignant pulmonary hypertension in scleroderma, comparable to the better recognized entity of malignant renal hypertension in scleroderma."}
{"id": "PMID:148844", "title": "Down's syndrome and leukemia: mechanism of additional chromosomal abnormalities.", "content": "There is an increased incidence of acute leukemia in patients with Down's syndrome patients have a trisomy-21 chromosomal pattern, and chromosomal abnormalities can be seen in acute leukemia. It is possible that the increased incidence of acute leukemia in Down's syndrome persons may be due in part to their chromosomal abnormalities. Such abnormalities, some appearing in a stepwise clonal evolution, were found in five Down's syndrome patients, four with acute leukemia and one with abnormal regulation of leukopoiesis. Morphological abnormal chromosomes were also found in three patients. These chromosomal abnormalities are similar to those seen in non-Down's syndrome leukemic patients. There is suggestive evidence for clonal evolution hypothesis of luekemogenesis in non-Down's syndrome patients. The abnormal chromosomal pattern reported in our Down's syndrome patients could be the result of nondisjunction in mitosis, and leukemia may be the phenotypical expression of this nondisjunction.", "contents": "Down's syndrome and leukemia: mechanism of additional chromosomal abnormalities. There is an increased incidence of acute leukemia in patients with Down's syndrome patients have a trisomy-21 chromosomal pattern, and chromosomal abnormalities can be seen in acute leukemia. It is possible that the increased incidence of acute leukemia in Down's syndrome persons may be due in part to their chromosomal abnormalities. Such abnormalities, some appearing in a stepwise clonal evolution, were found in five Down's syndrome patients, four with acute leukemia and one with abnormal regulation of leukopoiesis. Morphological abnormal chromosomes were also found in three patients. These chromosomal abnormalities are similar to those seen in non-Down's syndrome leukemic patients. There is suggestive evidence for clonal evolution hypothesis of luekemogenesis in non-Down's syndrome patients. The abnormal chromosomal pattern reported in our Down's syndrome patients could be the result of nondisjunction in mitosis, and leukemia may be the phenotypical expression of this nondisjunction."}
{"id": "PMID:148845", "title": "Etiological differences in patterns of psycholinguistic development of children of IQ 30 to 60.", "content": "We compared the psycholinguistic abilities of 131 mentally retarded children (IQs 30 to 60) of different etiological classifications (Down's syndrome, biologically brain damaged, environmentally caused retardation, unknown cause) and characterized each etiology according to the different patterns of psycholinguistic skills exhibited by the children. Level of skills was determined by the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, which was administered to each subject. Down's syndrome children exhibited significantly lower verbal-auditory skills than visual-motor skills. The environmentally caused retardation group showed no significant differences in development of psycholinguistic channels. Down's syndrome children had significantly lower verbal-auditory abilities than did the other etiological groups of severely retarded children. Etiological differences in the visual-motor channel were less marked.", "contents": "Etiological differences in patterns of psycholinguistic development of children of IQ 30 to 60. We compared the psycholinguistic abilities of 131 mentally retarded children (IQs 30 to 60) of different etiological classifications (Down's syndrome, biologically brain damaged, environmentally caused retardation, unknown cause) and characterized each etiology according to the different patterns of psycholinguistic skills exhibited by the children. Level of skills was determined by the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, which was administered to each subject. Down's syndrome children exhibited significantly lower verbal-auditory skills than visual-motor skills. The environmentally caused retardation group showed no significant differences in development of psycholinguistic channels. Down's syndrome children had significantly lower verbal-auditory abilities than did the other etiological groups of severely retarded children. Etiological differences in the visual-motor channel were less marked."}
{"id": "PMID:148846", "title": "Furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy in turkeys. Association with a relative alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency.", "content": "A naturally occurring cardiomyopathy (round heart disease) which is potentiated by inbreeding and a cardiomyopathy produced by furazolidone, a nitrofuran derivative, were studied for an associated alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in two flocks of turkeys (one inbred for round heart disease and a commercial flock). At 4 weeks of age, the furazolidone-fed birds of both flocks demonstrated a marked increase in mortality and cardiac dilatation associated with disordered hepatic metabolism when compared with controls. Although PAS-positive, diastase-resistant globules were observed in the livers of both strains of turkeys fed furazolidone, these globules were present in lysosomes and not in the rough endoplasmic reticulum as in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. The control inbred birds with round heart disease did not demonstrate histologic or biochemical evidence of an alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. It is proposed that furazolidone in the turkey produces primary hepatic damage that is reflected in lowered total serum proteins, including trypsin inhibitory capacity, and that the alterations produced by furazolidone are superimposed on round heart disease in the inbred flock.", "contents": "Furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy in turkeys. Association with a relative alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. A naturally occurring cardiomyopathy (round heart disease) which is potentiated by inbreeding and a cardiomyopathy produced by furazolidone, a nitrofuran derivative, were studied for an associated alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in two flocks of turkeys (one inbred for round heart disease and a commercial flock). At 4 weeks of age, the furazolidone-fed birds of both flocks demonstrated a marked increase in mortality and cardiac dilatation associated with disordered hepatic metabolism when compared with controls. Although PAS-positive, diastase-resistant globules were observed in the livers of both strains of turkeys fed furazolidone, these globules were present in lysosomes and not in the rough endoplasmic reticulum as in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. The control inbred birds with round heart disease did not demonstrate histologic or biochemical evidence of an alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. It is proposed that furazolidone in the turkey produces primary hepatic damage that is reflected in lowered total serum proteins, including trypsin inhibitory capacity, and that the alterations produced by furazolidone are superimposed on round heart disease in the inbred flock."}
{"id": "PMID:148847", "title": "Amyloid tumor. A clinicopathologic study of four cases.", "content": "Four examples of amyloid tumors were studied to determine whether there was an association with myelomatosis. Three patients had follow-up examinations of 12 years, 9 years, and 2 1/2 years, respectively. A local recurrence developed in one patient and a second lesion developed in this patient and in one other who also had a transient monoclonal 7S globulin peak. In spite of these findings, none of our patients developed myelomatosis. A study of the scanty literature on amyloid tumors reveals that only patients with lesions of the lung and urinary bladder have had long-term follow-up. They have invariably remained free of disease. Several reports of bone lesions have inferred that amyloid tumors occurring here signify solitary myeloma despite a lack of follow-up confirmation. Our longest surviving patient developed two bone lesions over a 12-year period without developing myelomatosis. Our findings lead us to conclude that there is little evidence to regard the presence of an amyloid tumor at any site as a manifestation of solitary myeloma or myelomatosis.", "contents": "Amyloid tumor. A clinicopathologic study of four cases. Four examples of amyloid tumors were studied to determine whether there was an association with myelomatosis. Three patients had follow-up examinations of 12 years, 9 years, and 2 1/2 years, respectively. A local recurrence developed in one patient and a second lesion developed in this patient and in one other who also had a transient monoclonal 7S globulin peak. In spite of these findings, none of our patients developed myelomatosis. A study of the scanty literature on amyloid tumors reveals that only patients with lesions of the lung and urinary bladder have had long-term follow-up. They have invariably remained free of disease. Several reports of bone lesions have inferred that amyloid tumors occurring here signify solitary myeloma despite a lack of follow-up confirmation. Our longest surviving patient developed two bone lesions over a 12-year period without developing myelomatosis. Our findings lead us to conclude that there is little evidence to regard the presence of an amyloid tumor at any site as a manifestation of solitary myeloma or myelomatosis."}
{"id": "PMID:148853", "title": "Course of denervation atrophy in type I and type II fibres of rat extensor digitorum longus muscle.", "content": "In the denervated extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat type I and type II muscle fibres were differentiated histochemically and their course of atrophy was studied. Until 42 days after denervation type I and type II fibres could be identified by means of the myofibrillar ATPase reaction. Up to that time an exclusive atrophy of type II fibres was found. Type I fibres, the smallest of the normal muscle, did not change their diameters and therefore represented the largest fibres 42 days after denervation. Type II fibres of the \"white\" muscle portion, in which the larger IIB fibres are predominant, showed a higher rate of atrophy than those of the \"red\" muscle portion, in which the smaller IIA fibres are predominant: by 42 days the diameters of all type II fibres had gone down to equal values. Combined with a further progress of atrophy at later stages, there was a dedifferentiation of the histochemical properties, and the type I fibres exhibited atrophy as well. 120 days after denervation all muscle fibres were found to be highly atrophied.", "contents": "Course of denervation atrophy in type I and type II fibres of rat extensor digitorum longus muscle. In the denervated extensor digitorum longus muscle of the rat type I and type II muscle fibres were differentiated histochemically and their course of atrophy was studied. Until 42 days after denervation type I and type II fibres could be identified by means of the myofibrillar ATPase reaction. Up to that time an exclusive atrophy of type II fibres was found. Type I fibres, the smallest of the normal muscle, did not change their diameters and therefore represented the largest fibres 42 days after denervation. Type II fibres of the \"white\" muscle portion, in which the larger IIB fibres are predominant, showed a higher rate of atrophy than those of the \"red\" muscle portion, in which the smaller IIA fibres are predominant: by 42 days the diameters of all type II fibres had gone down to equal values. Combined with a further progress of atrophy at later stages, there was a dedifferentiation of the histochemical properties, and the type I fibres exhibited atrophy as well. 120 days after denervation all muscle fibres were found to be highly atrophied."}
{"id": "PMID:148856", "title": "[Congenital brain arteriovenous shunt. cardiological aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "An infant with a congenital brain arteriovenous shunt and secondary aneurism of Galen vein is related. Abnormal electrocardiogram without physical signs of primary cardiopathy is observed. Complete description of the case is done and the problems originated from a cardiological point of view are discussed.", "contents": "[Congenital brain arteriovenous shunt. cardiological aspects (author's transl)]. An infant with a congenital brain arteriovenous shunt and secondary aneurism of Galen vein is related. Abnormal electrocardiogram without physical signs of primary cardiopathy is observed. Complete description of the case is done and the problems originated from a cardiological point of view are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148858", "title": "[Chloracne due to tetrachloro-2,3,7,8-dibenzo-p-dioxin in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Several cases of chloric acne have been observed in children after the accidental Seveso TCDD intoxication. The lesions consist in an inflammatory hyperkeratotic erythema of exposed areas, with numerous horny cysts, sometimes associated with granuloma annulare aspects of the hands. All lesions have the same histological pattern and atrophoderma vermiculata is often their ultimate evolution. These cases are similar to the epidemic follicular keratosis observed in 1946 around B\u00e2le in Switzerland; thus the clinical and genetic evolution of these patients may be foreseen.", "contents": "[Chloracne due to tetrachloro-2,3,7,8-dibenzo-p-dioxin in children (author's transl)]. Several cases of chloric acne have been observed in children after the accidental Seveso TCDD intoxication. The lesions consist in an inflammatory hyperkeratotic erythema of exposed areas, with numerous horny cysts, sometimes associated with granuloma annulare aspects of the hands. All lesions have the same histological pattern and atrophoderma vermiculata is often their ultimate evolution. These cases are similar to the epidemic follicular keratosis observed in 1946 around B\u00e2le in Switzerland; thus the clinical and genetic evolution of these patients may be foreseen."}
{"id": "PMID:148855", "title": "[Burns in children: 10-year experience of the Pediatric Surgical Service of Tours (apropos of 850 cases)].", "content": "The records of 850 children hospitalized during a 10 years period (1965--1975) in the surgical pediatric unit shows: --A greater frequency of male over female children in all age groups of the study (64.4 p. 100). --A predominance of the 1--3 year age group over the other age group (46.3 p. 100). --A greater frequency of male over female children in all age groups of the scaldings were predominant (55.9. 100), flameburns (11.7 p. 100). Most burn accidents occurred at meal-time and during week-end and holidays. According to the burned area was as follows: 5 p. 100 = 214 cases; 5 a 10 p. 100 = 340 cases; 10 a 25 p. 100 = 142 cases; exceeding 15 p. 100 = 102 cases. 283 children had suffered some complications. Infection was most prevalent. The frequency of gastro-intestinal was lessened by continuous feeding and systematic sulpiride prescription (12 gastro-intestinal hemorragie). Of the 26 fatalities (2.7 p. 100 of hospitalized children) infection was listed as the cause of death for 14 cases. For 10 of them no cause was definitevely elicited. All (26 children) were burned over 25 p. 100, 15 area exceeding 40 p. 100. Mean of hospitalisation times was 30.8 days (63.6 days for burns exceeding 25 p. 100 area). Result in 392 children followed up burns shows high disability: 11.2 p. 100 functional disabilities and 27.7 p. 100 esthetic disabilities which are being treated by plastic surgery.", "contents": "[Burns in children: 10-year experience of the Pediatric Surgical Service of Tours (apropos of 850 cases)]. The records of 850 children hospitalized during a 10 years period (1965--1975) in the surgical pediatric unit shows: --A greater frequency of male over female children in all age groups of the study (64.4 p. 100). --A predominance of the 1--3 year age group over the other age group (46.3 p. 100). --A greater frequency of male over female children in all age groups of the scaldings were predominant (55.9. 100), flameburns (11.7 p. 100). Most burn accidents occurred at meal-time and during week-end and holidays. According to the burned area was as follows: 5 p. 100 = 214 cases; 5 a 10 p. 100 = 340 cases; 10 a 25 p. 100 = 142 cases; exceeding 15 p. 100 = 102 cases. 283 children had suffered some complications. Infection was most prevalent. The frequency of gastro-intestinal was lessened by continuous feeding and systematic sulpiride prescription (12 gastro-intestinal hemorragie). Of the 26 fatalities (2.7 p. 100 of hospitalized children) infection was listed as the cause of death for 14 cases. For 10 of them no cause was definitevely elicited. All (26 children) were burned over 25 p. 100, 15 area exceeding 40 p. 100. Mean of hospitalisation times was 30.8 days (63.6 days for burns exceeding 25 p. 100 area). Result in 392 children followed up burns shows high disability: 11.2 p. 100 functional disabilities and 27.7 p. 100 esthetic disabilities which are being treated by plastic surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:148867", "title": "On data and methods in investigations on parental-age effects. Comments on a paper by J. D. Erickson.", "content": "An analysis of the NIS data used by Erickson (1977) has revealed that this data contains too few Down's syndrome cases with older fathers. Thus the data is less suited for an investigation of a possible paternal age effect. In addition, the statistical tests used by Erickson have low power, so that they are unable to detect a moderate paternal-age effect. Our analysis has demonstrated that discussions on paternal-age effects and similar problems should be based on high-quality data. The investigation is better based on a small high-quality material than on a large one with serious underascertainment. In the latter case one has to be extremely careful because the missing observations nearly always have common characteristics which may cause serious bias of relevant kinds.", "contents": "On data and methods in investigations on parental-age effects. Comments on a paper by J. D. Erickson. An analysis of the NIS data used by Erickson (1977) has revealed that this data contains too few Down's syndrome cases with older fathers. Thus the data is less suited for an investigation of a possible paternal age effect. In addition, the statistical tests used by Erickson have low power, so that they are unable to detect a moderate paternal-age effect. Our analysis has demonstrated that discussions on paternal-age effects and similar problems should be based on high-quality data. The investigation is better based on a small high-quality material than on a large one with serious underascertainment. In the latter case one has to be extremely careful because the missing observations nearly always have common characteristics which may cause serious bias of relevant kinds."}
{"id": "PMID:148871", "title": "Spontaneous hematoma of the abdominal wall.", "content": "In the differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen, the possibility should be considered of a hematoma in the anterior abdominal wall, especially if the patient is a woman of advanced age with abdominal scars, with a chronic cough and on anticoagulant treatment. Cystography is valuable as a supplementary method of examination.", "contents": "Spontaneous hematoma of the abdominal wall. In the differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen, the possibility should be considered of a hematoma in the anterior abdominal wall, especially if the patient is a woman of advanced age with abdominal scars, with a chronic cough and on anticoagulant treatment. Cystography is valuable as a supplementary method of examination."}
{"id": "PMID:148866", "title": "A comparative study of bacteriophage, serological and enzymic typing of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The presently accepted method for marking individual strains of Staphylococcus aureus for epidemiological investigation is bacteriophage typing. However, phage typing is not a stable marker and many strains cannot be successfully typed. Serological typing is not readily available and preparation of sera is difficult. The aminopeptidase profile method described by Krawezyk and Huber was used to mark strains of S. aureus. Profiles were constructed diagramming the percent hydrolysis of 22 beta-naphthylamide substrates by 15 isolates of S. aureus. The aminopeptidase profiles (APP) were thought to be more complete in marking individual strains of S. aureus when compared to bacteriophage and serological typing. Thusly, this method has applicability in the clinical laboratory for epidemiological investigation of S. aureus.", "contents": "A comparative study of bacteriophage, serological and enzymic typing of Staphylococcus aureus. The presently accepted method for marking individual strains of Staphylococcus aureus for epidemiological investigation is bacteriophage typing. However, phage typing is not a stable marker and many strains cannot be successfully typed. Serological typing is not readily available and preparation of sera is difficult. The aminopeptidase profile method described by Krawezyk and Huber was used to mark strains of S. aureus. Profiles were constructed diagramming the percent hydrolysis of 22 beta-naphthylamide substrates by 15 isolates of S. aureus. The aminopeptidase profiles (APP) were thought to be more complete in marking individual strains of S. aureus when compared to bacteriophage and serological typing. Thusly, this method has applicability in the clinical laboratory for epidemiological investigation of S. aureus."}
{"id": "PMID:148872", "title": "[Porphyrinsynthesis of Propionibacterium acnes in acne and seborrhea (author's transl)].", "content": "The porphyrin productions of P a.-strains, isolated on the one hand from inlfammatory acne lesions, on the other hand from sebaceous follicle filaments from 10 persons each were compared quantitatively and qualitatively, after the appropriate material had been pooled, With respect to the acne strains one could observe a somewhat increased porphyrin production as well as the discharging of a precentually greater portion of porphyrins to the surrounding material. When separated by TLC the acne material showed a more intense coproporphyrin band.", "contents": "[Porphyrinsynthesis of Propionibacterium acnes in acne and seborrhea (author's transl)]. The porphyrin productions of P a.-strains, isolated on the one hand from inlfammatory acne lesions, on the other hand from sebaceous follicle filaments from 10 persons each were compared quantitatively and qualitatively, after the appropriate material had been pooled, With respect to the acne strains one could observe a somewhat increased porphyrin production as well as the discharging of a precentually greater portion of porphyrins to the surrounding material. When separated by TLC the acne material showed a more intense coproporphyrin band."}
{"id": "PMID:148873", "title": "Photoallergic dermatitis from 8-methoxypsoralen.", "content": "A 36 year old woman with psoriasis vulgaris developed generalized photoallergic dermatitis to 8-methoxypsoralen after 16 uneventful treatments with 8-methoxypsoralen und UVA (PUVA). The diagnosis of photoallergy was confirmed by re-exposure to oral 8-methoxypsoralen and total body UVA irradiation; phototests using topical and oral 8-methoxypsoralen with a high intensity monochromator or with a new high intensity light apparatus for the delivery of UVA; and histological studies. Photoallergy occurred only with UVA, but not with UVB or UVC. There was no photoallergy following trimethylpsoralen.", "contents": "Photoallergic dermatitis from 8-methoxypsoralen. A 36 year old woman with psoriasis vulgaris developed generalized photoallergic dermatitis to 8-methoxypsoralen after 16 uneventful treatments with 8-methoxypsoralen und UVA (PUVA). The diagnosis of photoallergy was confirmed by re-exposure to oral 8-methoxypsoralen and total body UVA irradiation; phototests using topical and oral 8-methoxypsoralen with a high intensity monochromator or with a new high intensity light apparatus for the delivery of UVA; and histological studies. Photoallergy occurred only with UVA, but not with UVB or UVC. There was no photoallergy following trimethylpsoralen."}
{"id": "PMID:148874", "title": "A comparison between propranolol and hypothermia in preventing ischemic contracture of the left ventricle (stone heart).", "content": "Ischemic contracture of the left ventricle (\"stone heart\") was studied utilizing a previously described stone heart model. Our studies suggest that beta-adrenergic blockade is not quantitatively as important as hypothermia in protecting ischemic myocardium. On the basis of reduced fibrillatory activity and a slight protective effect shown by electron microscopy, it would appear that combining propranolol with hypothermia may be superior to either used singly.", "contents": "A comparison between propranolol and hypothermia in preventing ischemic contracture of the left ventricle (stone heart). Ischemic contracture of the left ventricle (\"stone heart\") was studied utilizing a previously described stone heart model. Our studies suggest that beta-adrenergic blockade is not quantitatively as important as hypothermia in protecting ischemic myocardium. On the basis of reduced fibrillatory activity and a slight protective effect shown by electron microscopy, it would appear that combining propranolol with hypothermia may be superior to either used singly."}
{"id": "PMID:148875", "title": "True aneurysm of the main pulmonary artery: surgical correction.", "content": "A 23-year-old man who underwent surgical correction of a true pulmonary artery aneurysm is presented. Pathological features and the different surgical alternatives for treatment of this lesion are discussed.", "contents": "True aneurysm of the main pulmonary artery: surgical correction. A 23-year-old man who underwent surgical correction of a true pulmonary artery aneurysm is presented. Pathological features and the different surgical alternatives for treatment of this lesion are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148876", "title": "Therapy of androgenetic sympatomatology with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol.", "content": "The effectiveness of therapy with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol was studied in 103 women. Acne and seborrhea responded best with 91.7 and 93.3% respectively, including complete and partial therapeutic success. For hirsutism complete remission and partial improvement were found in 75.3% of the treated women. Under therapy, body weight did not change in 51.9%, while 24.7% of the patients gained weight and 23.4% lost weight. The cycle length remained normal after therapy in 35.8%. Normalization or improvement was found in 54.7%. In 6.3% no improvement was noted after therapy and in 3.2% cycle irregularity developed in women with previous undisturbed pattern. According to BBT, improvement of the functional capacity of the reproductive system was found in 32.9% of the patients. Only 3% of the women studied demonstrated a deterioration. The 17-ketosteroid excretion was diminished in 35.3% after therapy and remained unchanged in 64.7%. The therapeutic regimen used for the study was well tolerated and good cycle control was obtained.", "contents": "Therapy of androgenetic sympatomatology with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol. The effectiveness of therapy with cyproterone acetate and ethinyl estradiol was studied in 103 women. Acne and seborrhea responded best with 91.7 and 93.3% respectively, including complete and partial therapeutic success. For hirsutism complete remission and partial improvement were found in 75.3% of the treated women. Under therapy, body weight did not change in 51.9%, while 24.7% of the patients gained weight and 23.4% lost weight. The cycle length remained normal after therapy in 35.8%. Normalization or improvement was found in 54.7%. In 6.3% no improvement was noted after therapy and in 3.2% cycle irregularity developed in women with previous undisturbed pattern. According to BBT, improvement of the functional capacity of the reproductive system was found in 32.9% of the patients. Only 3% of the women studied demonstrated a deterioration. The 17-ketosteroid excretion was diminished in 35.3% after therapy and remained unchanged in 64.7%. The therapeutic regimen used for the study was well tolerated and good cycle control was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:148877", "title": "[The induction of new bone formation after transplantation (author's transl)].", "content": "Bone induction by implantation of decalcified bone is described by many authors. This statement was proffed by implantation of decalcified pig bone in the abdominal wall muscle of rats. An enchondral osteogenesis was found following the implantation in a time intervall of 12 weeks according to the results of many other authors.", "contents": "[The induction of new bone formation after transplantation (author's transl)]. Bone induction by implantation of decalcified bone is described by many authors. This statement was proffed by implantation of decalcified pig bone in the abdominal wall muscle of rats. An enchondral osteogenesis was found following the implantation in a time intervall of 12 weeks according to the results of many other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:148878", "title": "Doppler ultrasound flow detector used in temporal artery biopsy.", "content": "A doppler ultrasound flow detector can be helpful in performing a temporal artery biopsy. The anatomical location of the arteries can be traced on each side of the patient's head during the preoperative stage, and the flow pattern can be compared with the findings on simple palpation. Selection of a vessel for biopsy may thus be influenced. The detector can also be used under sterile conditions to locate the artery when the injection of local anesthesia has made palpation more difficult, thereby facilitating dissection of an adequate specimen.", "contents": "Doppler ultrasound flow detector used in temporal artery biopsy. A doppler ultrasound flow detector can be helpful in performing a temporal artery biopsy. The anatomical location of the arteries can be traced on each side of the patient's head during the preoperative stage, and the flow pattern can be compared with the findings on simple palpation. Selection of a vessel for biopsy may thus be influenced. The detector can also be used under sterile conditions to locate the artery when the injection of local anesthesia has made palpation more difficult, thereby facilitating dissection of an adequate specimen."}
{"id": "PMID:148879", "title": "Thymoxamine test. Differentiating angle-closure glaucoma form open-angle glaucoma with narrow angles.", "content": "To help differentiate mild angle-closure glaucoma from open-angle glaucoma in patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and angles so narrow that the structures cannot be seen adequately, we used a thymoxamine hydrochloride eyedrop that induces miosis and tends to widen the angle. Thymoxamine does not contract the ciliary muscle and does not alter the IOP or facility of outflow in open-angle glaucoma, but it can relieve angle-closure glaucoma. A test with thymoxamine was performed in 26 patients because of this differential diagnostic dilemma. When gonioscopic, tonometric, and tonographic findings appeared to indicate a diagnosis of angle-closure glaucoma, a peripheral iridectomy was done. Subsequent (one to 27 months) observations have substantiated that testing with thymoxamine is a helpful aid in this differential diagnosis, and merits more widespread evaluation.", "contents": "Thymoxamine test. Differentiating angle-closure glaucoma form open-angle glaucoma with narrow angles. To help differentiate mild angle-closure glaucoma from open-angle glaucoma in patients with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and angles so narrow that the structures cannot be seen adequately, we used a thymoxamine hydrochloride eyedrop that induces miosis and tends to widen the angle. Thymoxamine does not contract the ciliary muscle and does not alter the IOP or facility of outflow in open-angle glaucoma, but it can relieve angle-closure glaucoma. A test with thymoxamine was performed in 26 patients because of this differential diagnostic dilemma. When gonioscopic, tonometric, and tonographic findings appeared to indicate a diagnosis of angle-closure glaucoma, a peripheral iridectomy was done. Subsequent (one to 27 months) observations have substantiated that testing with thymoxamine is a helpful aid in this differential diagnosis, and merits more widespread evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:148880", "title": "Pathology of the Lens in Down's syndrome.", "content": "A pathological study of the lenses of 21 patients with Down's syndrome disclosed no distinctive abnormalities of the lens capsule, as had been reported previously. Five patients, 15 years of age or older, had focal cortical changes consistent with the characteristic flake-like opacities seen in patients with Down's syndrome after the first decade of life. Three patients with more extensive, visually significant lens opacities showed nonspecific cataractous changes. No abnormalities other than pathological artifacts were seen in the lenses of patients younger than 15 years of age.", "contents": "Pathology of the Lens in Down's syndrome. A pathological study of the lenses of 21 patients with Down's syndrome disclosed no distinctive abnormalities of the lens capsule, as had been reported previously. Five patients, 15 years of age or older, had focal cortical changes consistent with the characteristic flake-like opacities seen in patients with Down's syndrome after the first decade of life. Three patients with more extensive, visually significant lens opacities showed nonspecific cataractous changes. No abnormalities other than pathological artifacts were seen in the lenses of patients younger than 15 years of age."}
{"id": "PMID:148881", "title": "The pulp. A big issue about a little tissue.", "content": "Difficulties in correlating pulp symptomology with available histopathological and biochemical data have hampered understanding of pulp reaction to stimuli. Some of the less well known biochemical cell and tissue regulatory systems are appraised. Pathways whereby such systems could be implicated in pulp function are suggested.", "contents": "The pulp. A big issue about a little tissue. Difficulties in correlating pulp symptomology with available histopathological and biochemical data have hampered understanding of pulp reaction to stimuli. Some of the less well known biochemical cell and tissue regulatory systems are appraised. Pathways whereby such systems could be implicated in pulp function are suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:148883", "title": "Laparoscopic examination of the reproductive tracts of gilts using a special crate.", "content": "A crate for restraining gilts for routine laparoscopic examination of the reproductive tract is described, together with the techniques employed in anaesthesia and laparoscopy. The procedure is efficient, allowing two operators to examine 4-5 gilts per hour.", "contents": "Laparoscopic examination of the reproductive tracts of gilts using a special crate. A crate for restraining gilts for routine laparoscopic examination of the reproductive tract is described, together with the techniques employed in anaesthesia and laparoscopy. The procedure is efficient, allowing two operators to examine 4-5 gilts per hour."}
{"id": "PMID:148888", "title": "Troponin-like proteins from muscles of the scallop, Aequipecten irradians.", "content": "Ca2+ regulation of molluscan actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase is known to be associated with the myosin molecule. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, however, also suggests the possible presence of troponin, a thin-filament-linked Ca2+-regulatory complex. In the present study, scallop troponin and tropomyosin were prepared and complexed with rabbit actin; the resulting synthetic thin filaments form a Ca2+-dependent actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase with Ca2+-insensitive rabbit myosin, indicating that the troponin in scallops is potentially functional. Scallop troponin I was isolated and mixed with chicken troponin C and troponin T, forming a functional hybrid troponin complex, indicating that scallop and vertebrate troponins may act by a common mechanism. Densitometry of sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels reveals that in synthetic thin filaments there are larger amounts of troponin than are present in native thin filaments. Amounts present in the intact muscle were not determined.", "contents": "Troponin-like proteins from muscles of the scallop, Aequipecten irradians. Ca2+ regulation of molluscan actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase is known to be associated with the myosin molecule. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, however, also suggests the possible presence of troponin, a thin-filament-linked Ca2+-regulatory complex. In the present study, scallop troponin and tropomyosin were prepared and complexed with rabbit actin; the resulting synthetic thin filaments form a Ca2+-dependent actomyosin adenosine triphosphatase with Ca2+-insensitive rabbit myosin, indicating that the troponin in scallops is potentially functional. Scallop troponin I was isolated and mixed with chicken troponin C and troponin T, forming a functional hybrid troponin complex, indicating that scallop and vertebrate troponins may act by a common mechanism. Densitometry of sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gels reveals that in synthetic thin filaments there are larger amounts of troponin than are present in native thin filaments. Amounts present in the intact muscle were not determined."}
{"id": "PMID:148887", "title": "Tolerance to ischemia of hypertrophied human hearts during valve replacement.", "content": "This study evaluates the tolerance to ischemia during induced cardiac arrest in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. In all patients cardiac standstill was of 45 minutes duration. Biopsies for electron microscopic study were taken from the left ventricle before induction of arrest, at the end of the ischemic period and 20 minutes after coronary perfusion had been reestablished. Structural ischemic damage was more pronounced in patients with severe hypertrophy and structural reconstitution was delayed. Degenerative changes of the myocardial cells, although observed frequency, apparently did not influence the tolerance to ischemia. It is concluded from this study that patients with severe hypertrophy represent a high-risk group in cardiac surgery because of their reduced tolerance to induced myocardial ischemia during cardiopulmonary bypass.", "contents": "Tolerance to ischemia of hypertrophied human hearts during valve replacement. This study evaluates the tolerance to ischemia during induced cardiac arrest in patients undergoing aortic valve replacement. In all patients cardiac standstill was of 45 minutes duration. Biopsies for electron microscopic study were taken from the left ventricle before induction of arrest, at the end of the ischemic period and 20 minutes after coronary perfusion had been reestablished. Structural ischemic damage was more pronounced in patients with severe hypertrophy and structural reconstitution was delayed. Degenerative changes of the myocardial cells, although observed frequency, apparently did not influence the tolerance to ischemia. It is concluded from this study that patients with severe hypertrophy represent a high-risk group in cardiac surgery because of their reduced tolerance to induced myocardial ischemia during cardiopulmonary bypass."}
{"id": "PMID:148886", "title": "The cardiomyopathy of the Syrian hamster (strain BIO 8262)--hypertrophic or dystrophic?", "content": "Chemical as well as cytophotometric studies were carried out on myocardium of cardiomyopathic hamsters of strain BIO 8262 and of healthy control hamsters of strain CLAC. Our interest was to find out whether the cardiomyopathic hamsters suffer from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or not. The heart muscle mass was only slightly increased in the older cardiomyopathic hamsters when compared with the controls. This increase was accompanied by an elevated content of total DNS, RNS and protein. Furthermore, the number of hyperdiploid heart muscle cells was slightly increased in the older diseased animals. However, all these changes were of minor degree. Thus, a distinct hypertrophying process in the myocardium of the cardiomyopathic hamsters can be excluded. On the other hand, the connective tissue components (polysaccharides and collagen) were distinctly increased in the hearts of older cardiomyopathic hamsters. This is in accordance with morphological investigations, in which replacement of necrotic myocardium by fibrosis could be detected.", "contents": "The cardiomyopathy of the Syrian hamster (strain BIO 8262)--hypertrophic or dystrophic? Chemical as well as cytophotometric studies were carried out on myocardium of cardiomyopathic hamsters of strain BIO 8262 and of healthy control hamsters of strain CLAC. Our interest was to find out whether the cardiomyopathic hamsters suffer from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy or not. The heart muscle mass was only slightly increased in the older cardiomyopathic hamsters when compared with the controls. This increase was accompanied by an elevated content of total DNS, RNS and protein. Furthermore, the number of hyperdiploid heart muscle cells was slightly increased in the older diseased animals. However, all these changes were of minor degree. Thus, a distinct hypertrophying process in the myocardium of the cardiomyopathic hamsters can be excluded. On the other hand, the connective tissue components (polysaccharides and collagen) were distinctly increased in the hearts of older cardiomyopathic hamsters. This is in accordance with morphological investigations, in which replacement of necrotic myocardium by fibrosis could be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:148897", "title": "Effect of dopamine on airways conductance in normals and extrinsic asthmatics.", "content": "1 Specific conductance was measured before and after infused and/or inhaled dopamine in nine normal subjects and twelve patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma. 2 There was no significant change in conductance in either group. 3 The alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist thymoxamine infused in combination with dopamine had no significant effect on conductance in three asthmatics. 4 It is concluded that dopamine has no acute effect on airways resistance and that specific dopamine receptors are unlikely to exist in human airways.", "contents": "Effect of dopamine on airways conductance in normals and extrinsic asthmatics. 1 Specific conductance was measured before and after infused and/or inhaled dopamine in nine normal subjects and twelve patients with extrinsic bronchial asthma. 2 There was no significant change in conductance in either group. 3 The alpha-adrenergic receptor antagonist thymoxamine infused in combination with dopamine had no significant effect on conductance in three asthmatics. 4 It is concluded that dopamine has no acute effect on airways resistance and that specific dopamine receptors are unlikely to exist in human airways."}
{"id": "PMID:148898", "title": "Skin problems associated with multifunctional acrylic monomers in ultraviolet curing inks.", "content": "Fifteen cases of contact dermatitis and three of irritant contact conjunctivitis due to multifunctional acrylic monomers in printing inks are described. Seven with dermatitis were sensitized to pentaerythritol triacrylate but evidenced no cross-reactivity to methyl methacrylate. The other eight cases of dermatitis were irritant. Pentaerythritol triacrylate has been shown experimentally to be a cutaneous sensitizer for guinea-pigs and man. Multi-functional acrylates should be handled with minimal skin contact, to avoid cutaneous problems.", "contents": "Skin problems associated with multifunctional acrylic monomers in ultraviolet curing inks. Fifteen cases of contact dermatitis and three of irritant contact conjunctivitis due to multifunctional acrylic monomers in printing inks are described. Seven with dermatitis were sensitized to pentaerythritol triacrylate but evidenced no cross-reactivity to methyl methacrylate. The other eight cases of dermatitis were irritant. Pentaerythritol triacrylate has been shown experimentally to be a cutaneous sensitizer for guinea-pigs and man. Multi-functional acrylates should be handled with minimal skin contact, to avoid cutaneous problems."}
{"id": "PMID:148899", "title": "Percutaneous absorption of phenol and methyl alcohol in Magenta Paint B.P.C.", "content": "Estimations of phenol and methyl alcohol in the urine of 16 infants with seborrhoeic eczema treated with Magenta (Castellani's) Paint B.P.C. were made to determine the degree of absorption. Phenol was detected in four cases and methyl alcohol in none.", "contents": "Percutaneous absorption of phenol and methyl alcohol in Magenta Paint B.P.C. Estimations of phenol and methyl alcohol in the urine of 16 infants with seborrhoeic eczema treated with Magenta (Castellani's) Paint B.P.C. were made to determine the degree of absorption. Phenol was detected in four cases and methyl alcohol in none."}
{"id": "PMID:148900", "title": "Skin reactions caused by vitamin K in patients with liver disease.", "content": "Vitamin K and its analogues are frequently used in treatment of the hypoprothrombinaemia found in disease of the liver, biliary tract and small intestine. Most cases of cutaneous toxicity to vitamin K have been described in the French literature, but only two cases from Britain. This paper reports six patients with chronic liver disease who developed cutaneous reactions around the site of injection of vitamin K, and the results of investigations to futher understanding of the pathogenesis of the rash.", "contents": "Skin reactions caused by vitamin K in patients with liver disease. Vitamin K and its analogues are frequently used in treatment of the hypoprothrombinaemia found in disease of the liver, biliary tract and small intestine. Most cases of cutaneous toxicity to vitamin K have been described in the French literature, but only two cases from Britain. This paper reports six patients with chronic liver disease who developed cutaneous reactions around the site of injection of vitamin K, and the results of investigations to futher understanding of the pathogenesis of the rash."}
{"id": "PMID:148902", "title": "Fibrinolytic activity in utero and bleeding complications with intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Increased menstrual loss and irregular uterine bleeding are major drawbacks to acceptibility of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs). Fibrinolytic activity around IUCDs removed from 80 women was measured by embedding the device immediately after removal in a plasminogen-rich fibrin plate. In fifteen of the women an endometrial biopsy was also taken at the time of removal of the IUCD. In women who had the IUCDs removed because of bleeding a much higher fibrinolytic activity was found than in women not complaining of excessive bleeding. The fibrinolytic activity was shown to be due to plasminogen activator and not plasmin. The findings suggest that the excessive menstrual bleeding which occurs with the IUCD may be due to enhancement of fibrinolytic activity in the endometrium which can be modified by fibrinolytic inhibitors such as epsilon aminocaproic acid.", "contents": "Fibrinolytic activity in utero and bleeding complications with intrauterine contraceptive devices. Increased menstrual loss and irregular uterine bleeding are major drawbacks to acceptibility of intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs). Fibrinolytic activity around IUCDs removed from 80 women was measured by embedding the device immediately after removal in a plasminogen-rich fibrin plate. In fifteen of the women an endometrial biopsy was also taken at the time of removal of the IUCD. In women who had the IUCDs removed because of bleeding a much higher fibrinolytic activity was found than in women not complaining of excessive bleeding. The fibrinolytic activity was shown to be due to plasminogen activator and not plasmin. The findings suggest that the excessive menstrual bleeding which occurs with the IUCD may be due to enhancement of fibrinolytic activity in the endometrium which can be modified by fibrinolytic inhibitors such as epsilon aminocaproic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:148904", "title": "A survey of 100 patients who had laparoscopic ventrosuspensions.", "content": "The technique for and results of 100 laparoscopic ventrosuspensions are described; patients were followed for an average of 40 months and in all but 11 the uterus was anteverted at the end of the follow-up period. The presenting symptoms of dyspareunia, dysmenorrhoea or sacral backache were almost always improved as a result of the operation.", "contents": "A survey of 100 patients who had laparoscopic ventrosuspensions. The technique for and results of 100 laparoscopic ventrosuspensions are described; patients were followed for an average of 40 months and in all but 11 the uterus was anteverted at the end of the follow-up period. The presenting symptoms of dyspareunia, dysmenorrhoea or sacral backache were almost always improved as a result of the operation."}
{"id": "PMID:148905", "title": "Ferric enterobactin transport system in Escherichia coli K-12. Extraction, assay, and specificity of the outer membrane receptor.", "content": "An outer membrane preparation from cells of Escherichia coli K-12 grown in low iron medium was found to retain ferric enterobactin binding activity following solubilization in a Tris-HCl, Na2EDTA buffer containing Triton X-100. Activity was measured by means of a DEAE-cellulose column which separated free and receptor bound ferric enterobactin. The binding activity was greatly reduced in preparations obtained from cells grown in iron rich media or from cells of a colicin B resistant mutant grown in either high or low iron media. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis enabled correlation of this lack of activity to a single band missing in the outer membrane profile of the colicin B mutant. Evidence was obtained for in vitro competition between ferric enterobactin and colicin B for the extracted receptor. The binding specificity of the extracted receptor was examined by competition between ferric enterobactin and several iron chelates including a carbocyclic analogue of enterobactin, cis-1,5,9-tris(2,3-dihydroxybenzamido)cyclododecane. The ferric form of the latter compound supported growth of siderophore auxotrophs, apparently without hydrolysis to dihydroxybenzoic acid and resynthesis into enterobactin. These data may require revision of the accepted mechanism of enterobactin mediated iron utilization.", "contents": "Ferric enterobactin transport system in Escherichia coli K-12. Extraction, assay, and specificity of the outer membrane receptor. An outer membrane preparation from cells of Escherichia coli K-12 grown in low iron medium was found to retain ferric enterobactin binding activity following solubilization in a Tris-HCl, Na2EDTA buffer containing Triton X-100. Activity was measured by means of a DEAE-cellulose column which separated free and receptor bound ferric enterobactin. The binding activity was greatly reduced in preparations obtained from cells grown in iron rich media or from cells of a colicin B resistant mutant grown in either high or low iron media. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis enabled correlation of this lack of activity to a single band missing in the outer membrane profile of the colicin B mutant. Evidence was obtained for in vitro competition between ferric enterobactin and colicin B for the extracted receptor. The binding specificity of the extracted receptor was examined by competition between ferric enterobactin and several iron chelates including a carbocyclic analogue of enterobactin, cis-1,5,9-tris(2,3-dihydroxybenzamido)cyclododecane. The ferric form of the latter compound supported growth of siderophore auxotrophs, apparently without hydrolysis to dihydroxybenzoic acid and resynthesis into enterobactin. These data may require revision of the accepted mechanism of enterobactin mediated iron utilization."}
{"id": "PMID:148909", "title": "Specific labelling of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase of Escherichia coli with 8-azido-ATP and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan.", "content": "1. 8-Azido-ATP is a substrate for Escherichia coli (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase (E. coli F1). 2. Illumination of E. coli F1 in the presence of 8-azido-ATP causes inhibition of ATPase activity. The presence of ATP during illumination prevents inhibition. 3. 8-Azido-ATP and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NbfCl) bind predominantly to the alpha subunit of the enzyme, but also significantly to the beta subunit. 4. The alpha subunit of E. coli F1 seems to have some properties that in other F1-ATPases are associated with the beta subunit.", "contents": "Specific labelling of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase of Escherichia coli with 8-azido-ATP and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan. 1. 8-Azido-ATP is a substrate for Escherichia coli (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase (E. coli F1). 2. Illumination of E. coli F1 in the presence of 8-azido-ATP causes inhibition of ATPase activity. The presence of ATP during illumination prevents inhibition. 3. 8-Azido-ATP and 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan (NbfCl) bind predominantly to the alpha subunit of the enzyme, but also significantly to the beta subunit. 4. The alpha subunit of E. coli F1 seems to have some properties that in other F1-ATPases are associated with the beta subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:148910", "title": "Membrane ATPase of Bacillus subtilis. I. Purification and properties.", "content": "The membrane ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of Bacillus subtilis can be solubilized by a shock-wash process. Two procedures for purifying the solubilized enzyme are reported. A protease inhibitor, phenylmethane sulfonylfluoride, was introduced in the solubilization and purification step. The resultant ATPase purified by density gradient centrifugation has a molecular weight of 315 000, an s20,w of 13,4 and an amino acid composition very similar to bacterial ATPases already studied. After exposure to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), or 8 M urea or SDS-urea, the purified ATPase can be dissociated in two non-identical subunits of molecular weights 59 000 (alpha) and 57 000 (beta) with different charges. Kinetic studies showed that Ca2+ or Zn2+ are required for ATPase activity, although Mg2+ was uneffective. At optimal Ca2+ concentration, the Mg2+ has an inhibitory effect. The Km for ATP is 1.3 mM. Inhibitors of the oxydative phosphorylation, of the mitochondrial ATPase and of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase are studied.", "contents": "Membrane ATPase of Bacillus subtilis. I. Purification and properties. The membrane ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) of Bacillus subtilis can be solubilized by a shock-wash process. Two procedures for purifying the solubilized enzyme are reported. A protease inhibitor, phenylmethane sulfonylfluoride, was introduced in the solubilization and purification step. The resultant ATPase purified by density gradient centrifugation has a molecular weight of 315 000, an s20,w of 13,4 and an amino acid composition very similar to bacterial ATPases already studied. After exposure to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), or 8 M urea or SDS-urea, the purified ATPase can be dissociated in two non-identical subunits of molecular weights 59 000 (alpha) and 57 000 (beta) with different charges. Kinetic studies showed that Ca2+ or Zn2+ are required for ATPase activity, although Mg2+ was uneffective. At optimal Ca2+ concentration, the Mg2+ has an inhibitory effect. The Km for ATP is 1.3 mM. Inhibitors of the oxydative phosphorylation, of the mitochondrial ATPase and of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:148912", "title": "The ATPase activity of subfragment-1 from the hypertrophied heart.", "content": "Myosin and subfragment-1 were prepared from rabbit hearts hypertrophied secondary to pulmonary artery constriction. The Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase activity was reduced while the potassium/EDTA-stimulated ATPase activity was unchanged in both the myosin and subfragment 1 (S-1) from hypertrophied hearts. When hypertrophy myosin was mixed with an equal quantity of control myosin, the ATPase activity of the mixed protein fell halfway between control and hypertrophy values. Similar results were obtained with control and hypertrophy S-1. The actin-stimulated ATPase activity of hypertrophy S-1 was slightly depressed but unlike hypertrophy myosin this depression was not significant when compared to normal S-1. This suggests that papain cleavage may have removed part of the conformational difference that exists between control and hypertrophy myosins.", "contents": "The ATPase activity of subfragment-1 from the hypertrophied heart. Myosin and subfragment-1 were prepared from rabbit hearts hypertrophied secondary to pulmonary artery constriction. The Ca2+ -stimulated ATPase activity was reduced while the potassium/EDTA-stimulated ATPase activity was unchanged in both the myosin and subfragment 1 (S-1) from hypertrophied hearts. When hypertrophy myosin was mixed with an equal quantity of control myosin, the ATPase activity of the mixed protein fell halfway between control and hypertrophy values. Similar results were obtained with control and hypertrophy S-1. The actin-stimulated ATPase activity of hypertrophy S-1 was slightly depressed but unlike hypertrophy myosin this depression was not significant when compared to normal S-1. This suggests that papain cleavage may have removed part of the conformational difference that exists between control and hypertrophy myosins."}
{"id": "PMID:148913", "title": "Purification and characterization of quinate (shikimate) dehydrogenase, an enzyme in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The bifunctional enzyme quinate (shikimate) dehydrogenase (quinate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.24), which catalyzes the first reaction in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa, has been purified to homogeneity. The enzyme is a monomer of 41000 daltons with an s20,w = 2.94 S. However, electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions revealed three protein species, which have both quinate and shikimate dehydrogenase activities. The enzyme, with a single binding site for both substrates, has a Km of 0.37 mM for quinate and of 1.18 mM for shikimate, although the V is about 3-fold higher with shikimate. Essential sulphydryl groups which were not localized in the active site were detected. Thermal stability of the enzyme was greatly enhanced by low concentrations of quinate, shikimate, NADH, or by high ionic strength.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of quinate (shikimate) dehydrogenase, an enzyme in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa. The bifunctional enzyme quinate (shikimate) dehydrogenase (quinate: NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.24), which catalyzes the first reaction in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa, has been purified to homogeneity. The enzyme is a monomer of 41000 daltons with an s20,w = 2.94 S. However, electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions revealed three protein species, which have both quinate and shikimate dehydrogenase activities. The enzyme, with a single binding site for both substrates, has a Km of 0.37 mM for quinate and of 1.18 mM for shikimate, although the V is about 3-fold higher with shikimate. Essential sulphydryl groups which were not localized in the active site were detected. Thermal stability of the enzyme was greatly enhanced by low concentrations of quinate, shikimate, NADH, or by high ionic strength."}
{"id": "PMID:148915", "title": "Glycogen synthesis in the fungus Neurospora crassa.", "content": "An enzymic activity, obtained from Neurospora crassa, catalyzing the incorporation of [14C]glucose from ADP-[14C]glucose into a glucan of the glycogen type, is described. The properties of the ADPglucose : glycogen glucosyltransferase as compared with those of the already known UDP glucose : glycogen glucosyltransferase were studied. The radioactive products obtained with UDP-14C]glucose or ADP-[14C]glucose released all the radioactivity as maltose after alpha or beta amylase treatment. Glucose 6-phosphate stimulated the synthetase when UDP-[14C]glucose was the substrate but the stimulation was much greater with ADP-[14C]glucose as glucosyl donor. Glucose 6-phosphate plus EGTA gave maximal stimulation. The system was completely dependent &on the presence of a 'primer' of the alpha 1 leads to 4 glucan type.", "contents": "Glycogen synthesis in the fungus Neurospora crassa. An enzymic activity, obtained from Neurospora crassa, catalyzing the incorporation of [14C]glucose from ADP-[14C]glucose into a glucan of the glycogen type, is described. The properties of the ADPglucose : glycogen glucosyltransferase as compared with those of the already known UDP glucose : glycogen glucosyltransferase were studied. The radioactive products obtained with UDP-14C]glucose or ADP-[14C]glucose released all the radioactivity as maltose after alpha or beta amylase treatment. Glucose 6-phosphate stimulated the synthetase when UDP-[14C]glucose was the substrate but the stimulation was much greater with ADP-[14C]glucose as glucosyl donor. Glucose 6-phosphate plus EGTA gave maximal stimulation. The system was completely dependent &on the presence of a 'primer' of the alpha 1 leads to 4 glucan type."}
{"id": "PMID:148917", "title": "[The dependence of the effects of calcium ions on enzymatic hydrolysis of phospholipids on the physical state of the substrate].", "content": "The role of calcium ions in the phospholipid hydrolysis by phospholipase D was studied. It was shown that the enzyme does not split egg lecithine in the absence of Ca2+. In the presence of Ca2+ the reaction occurs via different routes, depending on the type of initiation of the reaction. The optimal concentrations of Ca2+ necessary for activation of phospholipase D are different in the systems activated by various treatments (organic solvents, detergents and solid adsorbents). Optimal concentrations of Ca2+ for the hydrolysis and methanolysis catalyzed by phospholipase D are also different. It was found that the need for Ca2+ and their optimal concentrations are determined by the state of phospholipids at the substrate phase. The data suggest that the enzymatic hydrolysis may occur in the absence of Ca2+. Thus, Ca2+-induced activation is merely an alternative pathway of catalytically active conformation of lypolytic enzymes.", "contents": "[The dependence of the effects of calcium ions on enzymatic hydrolysis of phospholipids on the physical state of the substrate]. The role of calcium ions in the phospholipid hydrolysis by phospholipase D was studied. It was shown that the enzyme does not split egg lecithine in the absence of Ca2+. In the presence of Ca2+ the reaction occurs via different routes, depending on the type of initiation of the reaction. The optimal concentrations of Ca2+ necessary for activation of phospholipase D are different in the systems activated by various treatments (organic solvents, detergents and solid adsorbents). Optimal concentrations of Ca2+ for the hydrolysis and methanolysis catalyzed by phospholipase D are also different. It was found that the need for Ca2+ and their optimal concentrations are determined by the state of phospholipids at the substrate phase. The data suggest that the enzymatic hydrolysis may occur in the absence of Ca2+. Thus, Ca2+-induced activation is merely an alternative pathway of catalytically active conformation of lypolytic enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:148918", "title": "[The method of Hill's coefficient calculation for the region of inhibition of an enzyme by excess of the substrate. Inhibition of phosphofructokinase by excess of ATP].", "content": "The new method for Hill's coefficient (nH) calculation in the region of substrate concentrations where the latter acts as an inhibitor has been developed. The method does not need preliminary determination of maximum value of enzyme reaction rate (V) for ascending branch of the plot of enzyme reaction rate versus substrate concentration and allows to avoid over-estimation of value of nH when the magnitude of optimal reaction rate is less than value of V. The literature data for inhibition of phosphofructokinase by excess of ATP are used for illustration of applicability of the suggested method of Hill's coefficient calculation.", "contents": "[The method of Hill's coefficient calculation for the region of inhibition of an enzyme by excess of the substrate. Inhibition of phosphofructokinase by excess of ATP]. The new method for Hill's coefficient (nH) calculation in the region of substrate concentrations where the latter acts as an inhibitor has been developed. The method does not need preliminary determination of maximum value of enzyme reaction rate (V) for ascending branch of the plot of enzyme reaction rate versus substrate concentration and allows to avoid over-estimation of value of nH when the magnitude of optimal reaction rate is less than value of V. The literature data for inhibition of phosphofructokinase by excess of ATP are used for illustration of applicability of the suggested method of Hill's coefficient calculation."}
{"id": "PMID:148919", "title": "[Purification and some properties of skeletal muscle sarcolemma Ca2+-ATPase].", "content": "Ca2+-ATPase of skeletal muscle sarcolemma has been isolated and purified. It is prepared from salt extract of sarcolemma by ammonium sulfate fractionation and further purified by gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The purity of preparations was evaluated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. It has been shown that Ca2+-ATPase possesses the same mobility as skeletal muscle myosin under gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B and the same mobility as myosin heavy chains in sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Membrane protein binds to rabbit skeletal muscle actin, and this complex dissociates by ATP. Interaction with actin does not change Ca2+- or Mg2+-stimulated ATPase activity. Enzyme has only one pH optimum at 7,0-7,6. Membrane protein is highly specified to calcium--ATPase activity in the presence of Mn2+ is 10% and in the presence of Sr2+, Mg2+ or Co2+ are 3-5% of the activity in the presence of Ca2+. Other nucleoside triphosphate (UTP and ITP) are hydrolyzed at lower rates than is ATP.", "contents": "[Purification and some properties of skeletal muscle sarcolemma Ca2+-ATPase]. Ca2+-ATPase of skeletal muscle sarcolemma has been isolated and purified. It is prepared from salt extract of sarcolemma by ammonium sulfate fractionation and further purified by gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B. The purity of preparations was evaluated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate. It has been shown that Ca2+-ATPase possesses the same mobility as skeletal muscle myosin under gel chromatography on Sepharose 4B and the same mobility as myosin heavy chains in sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Membrane protein binds to rabbit skeletal muscle actin, and this complex dissociates by ATP. Interaction with actin does not change Ca2+- or Mg2+-stimulated ATPase activity. Enzyme has only one pH optimum at 7,0-7,6. Membrane protein is highly specified to calcium--ATPase activity in the presence of Mn2+ is 10% and in the presence of Sr2+, Mg2+ or Co2+ are 3-5% of the activity in the presence of Ca2+. Other nucleoside triphosphate (UTP and ITP) are hydrolyzed at lower rates than is ATP."}
{"id": "PMID:148920", "title": "[ATP regeneration in the outer segments of frog photoreceptors].", "content": "The outer segments of retinal photoreceptors of the frog Rana temporaria were found to possess the adenylate kinase and creatine phosphokinase activities. It was shown that the activities found are not due to contaminations by the fragments of inner photoreceptor segments and pigment epithelium processes which are in direct contact with outer segments. The absolute value of the ATP resynthesis rate exceeds the rate of its hydrolysis. It is concluded that ATP synthesis in the creatine phosphokinase and adenylate kinase reactions is one of the pathways of ATP regeneration in vivo.", "contents": "[ATP regeneration in the outer segments of frog photoreceptors]. The outer segments of retinal photoreceptors of the frog Rana temporaria were found to possess the adenylate kinase and creatine phosphokinase activities. It was shown that the activities found are not due to contaminations by the fragments of inner photoreceptor segments and pigment epithelium processes which are in direct contact with outer segments. The absolute value of the ATP resynthesis rate exceeds the rate of its hydrolysis. It is concluded that ATP synthesis in the creatine phosphokinase and adenylate kinase reactions is one of the pathways of ATP regeneration in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:148922", "title": "[Substrate specificity of soluble mitochondrial ATPase].", "content": "The parameters of the hydrolysis of ATP and several analogs by soluble mitochondrial ATPase were determined. Vmax of the reaction decreases within the range: 2'-desoxy-ATP greater than ATP greater than etheno-ATP greater than GTP greater than 3'-O-methylATP greater than UTP. ATP, 2'-desoxypATP, 3'O-methyl-ATP, GTP, and etheno-ATP are hydrolysed by soluble mitochondrial ATPase with close Km(app) values. CTP is not hydrolysed by the enzyme and does not inhibit the ATPase reaction at a concentration of 10(-2) M. Nucleoside triphosphate derivatives with an \"open\" ribose cycle 9-[1',5'-dihydroxy-4-(S)-hydroxymethyl-3'-oxapent-2' (R)-yl]adenyl-5'-triphosphate, and 1-[1',5'-dihydroxy-4'-(S)-hydroxymethyl-3'-oxapent-2'(R)-yl[cytosine-5'-triphosphate are effective inhibitors of ATPase (Ki approximately 5.10(-5)M). Mitochondrial ATPase binds the ATP analogs that have hydrocarbon radicals-(CH2)2-, -(CH2)3-, and (CH2)4- instead of the ribose residues: 9-(2'hydroxyethyl)adenyl-2'-triphosphate, 9-(3'-hydroxypropyl)-adenine-3'-triphosphate, and 9-(4'-hydroxybutyl)adenine-4'-triphosphyl)adenine-4'-triphosphate were not hydrolysed by the enzyme, although they inbibit the ATPase reaction (Ki 2.10(-4)M). 9-(2'-hydroxyethyl)adenine-2'-triphosphate is hydrolysed by ATPase eight times more slowly than ATP. It is suggested that the hydrolysis of the substrates of mitochondrial ATPase is- preceded by the binding of the substrates in a tense conformation in the active site of the enzyme.", "contents": "[Substrate specificity of soluble mitochondrial ATPase]. The parameters of the hydrolysis of ATP and several analogs by soluble mitochondrial ATPase were determined. Vmax of the reaction decreases within the range: 2'-desoxy-ATP greater than ATP greater than etheno-ATP greater than GTP greater than 3'-O-methylATP greater than UTP. ATP, 2'-desoxypATP, 3'O-methyl-ATP, GTP, and etheno-ATP are hydrolysed by soluble mitochondrial ATPase with close Km(app) values. CTP is not hydrolysed by the enzyme and does not inhibit the ATPase reaction at a concentration of 10(-2) M. Nucleoside triphosphate derivatives with an \"open\" ribose cycle 9-[1',5'-dihydroxy-4-(S)-hydroxymethyl-3'-oxapent-2' (R)-yl]adenyl-5'-triphosphate, and 1-[1',5'-dihydroxy-4'-(S)-hydroxymethyl-3'-oxapent-2'(R)-yl[cytosine-5'-triphosphate are effective inhibitors of ATPase (Ki approximately 5.10(-5)M). Mitochondrial ATPase binds the ATP analogs that have hydrocarbon radicals-(CH2)2-, -(CH2)3-, and (CH2)4- instead of the ribose residues: 9-(2'hydroxyethyl)adenyl-2'-triphosphate, 9-(3'-hydroxypropyl)-adenine-3'-triphosphate, and 9-(4'-hydroxybutyl)adenine-4'-triphosphyl)adenine-4'-triphosphate were not hydrolysed by the enzyme, although they inbibit the ATPase reaction (Ki 2.10(-4)M). 9-(2'-hydroxyethyl)adenine-2'-triphosphate is hydrolysed by ATPase eight times more slowly than ATP. It is suggested that the hydrolysis of the substrates of mitochondrial ATPase is- preceded by the binding of the substrates in a tense conformation in the active site of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:148923", "title": "[Mimosa pudica adenosine triphosphatase].", "content": "The morphological structure (pulvinus P1, P2 and P3) directly involved in the seismonastic movements of the Mimosa pudica leaf have been used to isolate: 1) \"soluble\" ATPase, loosely bound to pulvinus structures; 2) Ca, Mg-dependent ATPase, which is tightly bound to pulvinus structures and is extracted by a saline solution of high ionic strength, used to isolate actomyosin from muscles and non-muscle motile cells; 3) ATPase bound to the pulvinus membrane structures, which is solubilized by the detergents, e. g. Triton X-100 and Tween-80, and is similar to membrane ATPase. Physico-chemical and kinetic studies of the APSases have shown that Ca,Mg-ATPase is similar to the ATPases from muscle and non-muscle motile cells in a number of characteristics, e. g. solubility in saline solution of high ionic strength, aggregability in a solution of lower ionic strength, activation by bivalent metal ions, pH-optimum, specificity for substrates, etc. The protein composition of the ATPases has been determined by gel-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The molecular weight of purified Ca,Mg-ATPase from Mimosa pudica pulvinus is found to be 139 000. The role of ATPases in seismonastic movements of the Mimosa pudica leaf is discussed.", "contents": "[Mimosa pudica adenosine triphosphatase]. The morphological structure (pulvinus P1, P2 and P3) directly involved in the seismonastic movements of the Mimosa pudica leaf have been used to isolate: 1) \"soluble\" ATPase, loosely bound to pulvinus structures; 2) Ca, Mg-dependent ATPase, which is tightly bound to pulvinus structures and is extracted by a saline solution of high ionic strength, used to isolate actomyosin from muscles and non-muscle motile cells; 3) ATPase bound to the pulvinus membrane structures, which is solubilized by the detergents, e. g. Triton X-100 and Tween-80, and is similar to membrane ATPase. Physico-chemical and kinetic studies of the APSases have shown that Ca,Mg-ATPase is similar to the ATPases from muscle and non-muscle motile cells in a number of characteristics, e. g. solubility in saline solution of high ionic strength, aggregability in a solution of lower ionic strength, activation by bivalent metal ions, pH-optimum, specificity for substrates, etc. The protein composition of the ATPases has been determined by gel-electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel. The molecular weight of purified Ca,Mg-ATPase from Mimosa pudica pulvinus is found to be 139 000. The role of ATPases in seismonastic movements of the Mimosa pudica leaf is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148924", "title": "[Administration of immobilized firefly luciferase for quantitative estimation of ATP and enzymes synthesizing and destroying ATP].", "content": "A possibility of using immobilized Luciola mingrelica luciferase for quantitative test of ATP and ATP synthetizing and degrading enzymes activities is demonstrated. A kinetic scheme is given, and experimental conditions for using L. mingrelica luciferin-luciferase system for kinetic enzyme analysis are determined.", "contents": "[Administration of immobilized firefly luciferase for quantitative estimation of ATP and enzymes synthesizing and destroying ATP]. A possibility of using immobilized Luciola mingrelica luciferase for quantitative test of ATP and ATP synthetizing and degrading enzymes activities is demonstrated. A kinetic scheme is given, and experimental conditions for using L. mingrelica luciferin-luciferase system for kinetic enzyme analysis are determined."}
{"id": "PMID:148925", "title": "[Properties and localization of Mg- and Ca-ATpase activities in wheat embryo cell nuclei].", "content": "The isolated nuclei of wheat embryo possess the ATPase activity. The addition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ significantly increases the activities of nuclear ATPases, whereas Hg2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+ inhibit the activity. The activating effect of Mg2+ is enhanced by an addition of Na and K ions. The activity of wheat embryo nuclear Mg-ATPase is higher than its Ca-ATPase activity; both ATPases also differ in their pH optima. Separation of total nuclear protein according to the solubility of its individual protein components in wheat and strong salt solutions, using the detergents, as well as ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis do not result in separation of Mg-activated and Ca-activated ATPases, although their levels of activities and ratios change in the course of fractionation. The Mg- and Ca-ATPase activities of the wheat embryo nuclei were found in the nuclear fraction of albumin, in nonhistone proteins and nuclear membranes. In the albumin nuclear fraction and subfractions of non-histone proteins the higher level of activity is observed in Ca-ATPase, whereas in the nuclei and soluble fractions of residual proteins in Mg-ATPase.", "contents": "[Properties and localization of Mg- and Ca-ATpase activities in wheat embryo cell nuclei]. The isolated nuclei of wheat embryo possess the ATPase activity. The addition of Mg2+ and Ca2+ significantly increases the activities of nuclear ATPases, whereas Hg2+, Cu2+ and Mn2+ inhibit the activity. The activating effect of Mg2+ is enhanced by an addition of Na and K ions. The activity of wheat embryo nuclear Mg-ATPase is higher than its Ca-ATPase activity; both ATPases also differ in their pH optima. Separation of total nuclear protein according to the solubility of its individual protein components in wheat and strong salt solutions, using the detergents, as well as ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis do not result in separation of Mg-activated and Ca-activated ATPases, although their levels of activities and ratios change in the course of fractionation. The Mg- and Ca-ATPase activities of the wheat embryo nuclei were found in the nuclear fraction of albumin, in nonhistone proteins and nuclear membranes. In the albumin nuclear fraction and subfractions of non-histone proteins the higher level of activity is observed in Ca-ATPase, whereas in the nuclei and soluble fractions of residual proteins in Mg-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:148926", "title": "[Isolation and properties of CF1 ATPase chloroplasts with changed submolecular structure].", "content": "An isolation procedure is worked out and properties are studied of CF1 ATPase from chloroplasts with changed submolecular structure. The enzyme, isolated by chlorophorm treatment, produced Ca-dependent ATPase activity in water solution. As compared with the enzyme isolated by well known Lien and Racker method, the enzyme preparation obtained is slightly activated by heating, is not activated by trypsin and has a lesser ability to recover ATP synthesis in EDTA-treated chloroplasts. Purification on DEAE-Sephadex produced the enzyme preparation free of delta-subunit. Chlorophorm treatment is suggested to change submolecular protein structure, in particular, loosening of the link of delta-subunit with other enzyme subunits. The data obtained suggest that delta-subunit participates in the binding of CF1 ATPase with chloroplast membrane.", "contents": "[Isolation and properties of CF1 ATPase chloroplasts with changed submolecular structure]. An isolation procedure is worked out and properties are studied of CF1 ATPase from chloroplasts with changed submolecular structure. The enzyme, isolated by chlorophorm treatment, produced Ca-dependent ATPase activity in water solution. As compared with the enzyme isolated by well known Lien and Racker method, the enzyme preparation obtained is slightly activated by heating, is not activated by trypsin and has a lesser ability to recover ATP synthesis in EDTA-treated chloroplasts. Purification on DEAE-Sephadex produced the enzyme preparation free of delta-subunit. Chlorophorm treatment is suggested to change submolecular protein structure, in particular, loosening of the link of delta-subunit with other enzyme subunits. The data obtained suggest that delta-subunit participates in the binding of CF1 ATPase with chloroplast membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:148927", "title": "[Effects of anticonvulsive substances on Na,K-ATPase from the synaptic membranes of animal brain].", "content": "The distribution pattern of marker enzymes (Na, K-ATPase, acetylcholinesterase) in three fractions of synaptic membranes (SM) of rat brain were studied. The effects of three anticonvulsive agents on Na, K-ATPase from the total fraction of rat brain SM and purified membrane preparation from ox brain were estimated by different methods. Under optimal conditions (Na/K = 5) diphenylhydantoin (DPH) at a concentration of 0,1 mM activates Na, K-ATPase from the total SM fraction only in the absence of ouabain, whereas carbamazepine and pyrroxane taken at the same concentrations have no effect on Na, K-ATPase, irrespective of the type of the enzyme assay. DPH seems to compete with ouabain. Under non-optimal ionic conditions (Na/K = 250) all the anticonvulsive substances studied inhibit Na, K-ATPase of the total SM fraction. The mixture of hydrophobic agents (propylene glycol and ethanol) used to dissolve carbamazepine inhibits Na, K-ATPase from the total SM fraction only under non-optimal conditions. The inhibiting effect of the anticonvulsive substances under study on Na, K-ATPase from the purified membrane preparations is maximal at the concentration of 10(-6) M; at higher concentrations the effect is less pronounced.", "contents": "[Effects of anticonvulsive substances on Na,K-ATPase from the synaptic membranes of animal brain]. The distribution pattern of marker enzymes (Na, K-ATPase, acetylcholinesterase) in three fractions of synaptic membranes (SM) of rat brain were studied. The effects of three anticonvulsive agents on Na, K-ATPase from the total fraction of rat brain SM and purified membrane preparation from ox brain were estimated by different methods. Under optimal conditions (Na/K = 5) diphenylhydantoin (DPH) at a concentration of 0,1 mM activates Na, K-ATPase from the total SM fraction only in the absence of ouabain, whereas carbamazepine and pyrroxane taken at the same concentrations have no effect on Na, K-ATPase, irrespective of the type of the enzyme assay. DPH seems to compete with ouabain. Under non-optimal ionic conditions (Na/K = 250) all the anticonvulsive substances studied inhibit Na, K-ATPase of the total SM fraction. The mixture of hydrophobic agents (propylene glycol and ethanol) used to dissolve carbamazepine inhibits Na, K-ATPase from the total SM fraction only under non-optimal conditions. The inhibiting effect of the anticonvulsive substances under study on Na, K-ATPase from the purified membrane preparations is maximal at the concentration of 10(-6) M; at higher concentrations the effect is less pronounced."}
{"id": "PMID:148930", "title": "[Analysis of changes in the structural state of chromatin in Down's disease].", "content": "Dependence of optic density (lambda = 260 nm) of human lymphocyte nuclear chromatin on temperature under normal conditions and in Down's disease was studied. The low temperature (t approximately 70 degrees C) absorption maximum, absent in the nuclei of lymphocytes in patients with Down's disease, was characteristic of the lymphocyte nuclei of healthy donors. Analysis of the mentioned correlation for individual regions of the nucleus demonstrated the presence of at least two types of regions, i.e. with and without the low temperature absorption maximum. There were more regions of the latter type in Down's disease in comparison with the normal.", "contents": "[Analysis of changes in the structural state of chromatin in Down's disease]. Dependence of optic density (lambda = 260 nm) of human lymphocyte nuclear chromatin on temperature under normal conditions and in Down's disease was studied. The low temperature (t approximately 70 degrees C) absorption maximum, absent in the nuclei of lymphocytes in patients with Down's disease, was characteristic of the lymphocyte nuclei of healthy donors. Analysis of the mentioned correlation for individual regions of the nucleus demonstrated the presence of at least two types of regions, i.e. with and without the low temperature absorption maximum. There were more regions of the latter type in Down's disease in comparison with the normal."}
{"id": "PMID:148931", "title": "[Participation of Na, K-ATPase in the mechanism of isotonic fluid absorption by the epithelium of the frog gallbladder].", "content": "In experiments on the isolated frog gallbladders it was shown that addition of ouabain (1.10(-4) M) or noradrenaline 3.10(-6) M) into the incubation Ringer solution from the serous surface of the gallbladder and also replacement of K+ in the solution for the equivalent quantity of Na+ ions caused a reduction of the absorption of isotonic fluid by the epithelium and a fall of the Na,K-ATPase activity in its cells. Noradrenaline also cased a reduction of Mg-ATPase activity. A significant positive correlation was found between the transport rate of the isotonic fluid by the epithelium and the Na,K-ATPase activity in its cells.", "contents": "[Participation of Na, K-ATPase in the mechanism of isotonic fluid absorption by the epithelium of the frog gallbladder]. In experiments on the isolated frog gallbladders it was shown that addition of ouabain (1.10(-4) M) or noradrenaline 3.10(-6) M) into the incubation Ringer solution from the serous surface of the gallbladder and also replacement of K+ in the solution for the equivalent quantity of Na+ ions caused a reduction of the absorption of isotonic fluid by the epithelium and a fall of the Na,K-ATPase activity in its cells. Noradrenaline also cased a reduction of Mg-ATPase activity. A significant positive correlation was found between the transport rate of the isotonic fluid by the epithelium and the Na,K-ATPase activity in its cells."}
{"id": "PMID:148932", "title": "Electrocardiography: the electrical axis.", "content": "The term \"electrical axis of the heart\" as conventionally used refers to the mean frontal-plane axis of the QRS complex. It is defined as the angle between the mean QRS vector and lead I and can be determined to the nearest 15 degrees by simple inspection of the frontal-plane leads. The axis is related to age and body build and deviates significantly from normal in various disease states. There are two common causes of abnormal LAD and several common causes of abnormal RAD.", "contents": "Electrocardiography: the electrical axis. The term \"electrical axis of the heart\" as conventionally used refers to the mean frontal-plane axis of the QRS complex. It is defined as the angle between the mean QRS vector and lead I and can be determined to the nearest 15 degrees by simple inspection of the frontal-plane leads. The axis is related to age and body build and deviates significantly from normal in various disease states. There are two common causes of abnormal LAD and several common causes of abnormal RAD."}
{"id": "PMID:148933", "title": "[3H]-Ouabain binding to peripheral organs of cats: effect of ethanol.", "content": "1 The specific [3H]-ouabain binding to microsomal fractions derived from cat heart, liver, spleen, and kidney increased significantly following chronic administration of ethanol. 2 Since ouabain binds exclusively to cell membrane (Na+ + K+)-adenosine triphosphatase ((Na+ + K+)-ATPase), these results provide evidence for an increase in number of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase macromolecules during chronic alcoholism. 3 The importance of the increase in number of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase molecules in the adaptive increase in ethanol metabolism and cardiac myopathy in chronic alcoholism is discussed.", "contents": "[3H]-Ouabain binding to peripheral organs of cats: effect of ethanol. 1 The specific [3H]-ouabain binding to microsomal fractions derived from cat heart, liver, spleen, and kidney increased significantly following chronic administration of ethanol. 2 Since ouabain binds exclusively to cell membrane (Na+ + K+)-adenosine triphosphatase ((Na+ + K+)-ATPase), these results provide evidence for an increase in number of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase macromolecules during chronic alcoholism. 3 The importance of the increase in number of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase molecules in the adaptive increase in ethanol metabolism and cardiac myopathy in chronic alcoholism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148936", "title": "High incidence of a concentration-dependent skin reaction in children treated with phenytoin.", "content": "A particularly high incidence of rash was seen in children with epilepsy treated with phenytoin. Ten children with untreated epilepsy were therefore included in a prospective study and given either 3 (group 1) or 6 (group 2) mg of phenytoin/kg body weight/day for five days followed by 6 mg/kg body weight/day for both groups. Four of the five children in group 2 compared with only one of the five in group 1 developed a rash seven to 12 days after the start of treatment. Patients with rashes had significantly higher plasma phenytoin concentrations. Whenever the phenytoin concentration was higher than 14 micromol/l on day 5 a rash occurred. These findings indicate that the generalised skin reaction is caused by a high body burden of phenytoin, which results from either a high load of the drug or a low clearance rate.", "contents": "High incidence of a concentration-dependent skin reaction in children treated with phenytoin. A particularly high incidence of rash was seen in children with epilepsy treated with phenytoin. Ten children with untreated epilepsy were therefore included in a prospective study and given either 3 (group 1) or 6 (group 2) mg of phenytoin/kg body weight/day for five days followed by 6 mg/kg body weight/day for both groups. Four of the five children in group 2 compared with only one of the five in group 1 developed a rash seven to 12 days after the start of treatment. Patients with rashes had significantly higher plasma phenytoin concentrations. Whenever the phenytoin concentration was higher than 14 micromol/l on day 5 a rash occurred. These findings indicate that the generalised skin reaction is caused by a high body burden of phenytoin, which results from either a high load of the drug or a low clearance rate."}
{"id": "PMID:148939", "title": "New approach to organ transplantation based on the fetal allograft.", "content": "A new approach to organ transplantation that may be particularly applicable to kidney transplantation is suggested by analogy with the immunological mechanism responsible for the survival of the fetal allograft. The method concerns identifying donor-recipient tissue compatibility by use of the two-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), in which reacting cells from patients awaiting transplants are primed with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and stored. When a donor becomes available, these PHA-primed cells may then be tested against donor lymphocytes, possibly giving a result within 36 hours. Immunosuppressive agents occurring naturally in pregnancy, such as alpha-fetoprotein and chorionic gonadotrophin, may eventually replace standard immunosuppressive treatment with potentially toxic regimens in transplant recipients. If the results of the two-way MLR using PHA-primed cells are shown to be comparable to those of the standard two-way MLR graft survival may be successful in 80% of cases.", "contents": "New approach to organ transplantation based on the fetal allograft. A new approach to organ transplantation that may be particularly applicable to kidney transplantation is suggested by analogy with the immunological mechanism responsible for the survival of the fetal allograft. The method concerns identifying donor-recipient tissue compatibility by use of the two-way mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), in which reacting cells from patients awaiting transplants are primed with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and stored. When a donor becomes available, these PHA-primed cells may then be tested against donor lymphocytes, possibly giving a result within 36 hours. Immunosuppressive agents occurring naturally in pregnancy, such as alpha-fetoprotein and chorionic gonadotrophin, may eventually replace standard immunosuppressive treatment with potentially toxic regimens in transplant recipients. If the results of the two-way MLR using PHA-primed cells are shown to be comparable to those of the standard two-way MLR graft survival may be successful in 80% of cases."}
{"id": "PMID:148944", "title": "[Influence of L.5-hydroxytryptophan (L.5-HTP) on the development of chick embryo].", "content": "L.5-hydroxytryptophan (L.5-HTP) injections provoke, in the chick embryo, some malformations of the nervous system, when treated at 24 hours of incubation. The same treatement after 48 hours of incubation does not lead to malformations, but to a reduction in size which is as much obvious as the embryos are treated at a later stage. It seems that there could be some relation between the serotonin metabolism and the growth hormon secretion.", "contents": "[Influence of L.5-hydroxytryptophan (L.5-HTP) on the development of chick embryo]. L.5-hydroxytryptophan (L.5-HTP) injections provoke, in the chick embryo, some malformations of the nervous system, when treated at 24 hours of incubation. The same treatement after 48 hours of incubation does not lead to malformations, but to a reduction in size which is as much obvious as the embryos are treated at a later stage. It seems that there could be some relation between the serotonin metabolism and the growth hormon secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:148945", "title": "[In vivo regulation by calcium of thyroid metabolism of iodine in rats].", "content": "In vivo experiments using a calcium deficient or a normal diet, proved that calcium enhance iodine entry and concentration into the thyroid gland of the rat and the intra-thyroidal T4 pool, T4 level in serum was also increased. Peripheral metabolism of T4, serum TSH levels and pituitary TSH contents were unaffected. Calcium has a local regulatory function on the thyroid gland.", "contents": "[In vivo regulation by calcium of thyroid metabolism of iodine in rats]. In vivo experiments using a calcium deficient or a normal diet, proved that calcium enhance iodine entry and concentration into the thyroid gland of the rat and the intra-thyroidal T4 pool, T4 level in serum was also increased. Peripheral metabolism of T4, serum TSH levels and pituitary TSH contents were unaffected. Calcium has a local regulatory function on the thyroid gland."}
{"id": "PMID:148946", "title": "[In vitro liberation of lymphocytic factors inhibiting migration of human leukocytes induced by gold, cadmium and mercury chlorides].", "content": "The presence of 300 microgram gold and cadmium and 10 microgram mercury chloride per millitre of survival medium, during the process of T.I.M.L., results in the release by human lymphocytes of soluble factors which inhibit migration of leucocytes (L.I.F. and M.I.F.). This stimulation of cellular immunity suggests that the anti-infectious therapeutic effect of gold and mercury inorganic salts results from activation of the histiocytary system, through the release of these lymphokins.", "contents": "[In vitro liberation of lymphocytic factors inhibiting migration of human leukocytes induced by gold, cadmium and mercury chlorides]. The presence of 300 microgram gold and cadmium and 10 microgram mercury chloride per millitre of survival medium, during the process of T.I.M.L., results in the release by human lymphocytes of soluble factors which inhibit migration of leucocytes (L.I.F. and M.I.F.). This stimulation of cellular immunity suggests that the anti-infectious therapeutic effect of gold and mercury inorganic salts results from activation of the histiocytary system, through the release of these lymphokins."}
{"id": "PMID:148947", "title": "[Reticular activation by splanchnic afferents: its influence on visual projections at the level of the cerebral cortex in cats].", "content": "In an previous work, we have shown a strong increase of visual evoked potentials of the medial lateral gyrus by splanchnic stimulation. This present study demonstrates that this effect is due to the activation of the substantia reticularis. Actually, we observed: 1) an increase of the reticular visual potential by splanchnic stimulus in convergent zone; 2) an increase of the visual evoked potential in the primary cortical area by stimulation of this reticular formation. These results show the existence of a functional pathway including the splanchnic nerve, the reticular formation and the visual cortex.", "contents": "[Reticular activation by splanchnic afferents: its influence on visual projections at the level of the cerebral cortex in cats]. In an previous work, we have shown a strong increase of visual evoked potentials of the medial lateral gyrus by splanchnic stimulation. This present study demonstrates that this effect is due to the activation of the substantia reticularis. Actually, we observed: 1) an increase of the reticular visual potential by splanchnic stimulus in convergent zone; 2) an increase of the visual evoked potential in the primary cortical area by stimulation of this reticular formation. These results show the existence of a functional pathway including the splanchnic nerve, the reticular formation and the visual cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:148948", "title": "[Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on the immune response in guinea pigs. I. Mode of enhancement of the anamnestic response and development of delayted hypersensitivity after treatment with Corynebacterium parvum].", "content": "The effect of Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvuum) on the immune response of the guinea pig to ovalbumin varies with the protocol of immunization. The marked effect of C. parvum on the anamnestic response in the rabbit has been confirmed in the guinea pig when immunization is carried out intradermally with a mixture of C. parvum and ovalbumin. When C. parvum is given intravenously or subcutaneously or intradermally but separately from the antigen, this effect is not observed. Whatever the route of injection guinea pigs treated with C. parvum show skin reactions of delayed type hypersensitivity at the site of an intradermal booster when the latter is given at least 27 days after primary immunization.", "contents": "[Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on the immune response in guinea pigs. I. Mode of enhancement of the anamnestic response and development of delayted hypersensitivity after treatment with Corynebacterium parvum]. The effect of Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvuum) on the immune response of the guinea pig to ovalbumin varies with the protocol of immunization. The marked effect of C. parvum on the anamnestic response in the rabbit has been confirmed in the guinea pig when immunization is carried out intradermally with a mixture of C. parvum and ovalbumin. When C. parvum is given intravenously or subcutaneously or intradermally but separately from the antigen, this effect is not observed. Whatever the route of injection guinea pigs treated with C. parvum show skin reactions of delayed type hypersensitivity at the site of an intradermal booster when the latter is given at least 27 days after primary immunization."}
{"id": "PMID:148949", "title": "[Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on the immune response in guinea pigs. II. Passive transfer of enhanced anamnestic response and delayed hypersensitivity observed after treatment with Corynebacterium parvum].", "content": "After intradermal immunization with a mixture of Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) and ovalbumin guinea pigs show a markedly increased anamnestic response to an intradermal booster of ovalbumin as compared to controls treated with ovalbumin only. At the same time a reaction of delayed type hypersensitivity is observed in the treated animals, but not in controls. The enhanced anamnestic response as well as the posivitive skin reaction were transferred to strain 2 histocompatible guinea pigs by peripheral blood leukocytes as well as by peritoneal exudate cells. Passive transfer was not obtained after prior irradiation of donor animals.", "contents": "[Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on the immune response in guinea pigs. II. Passive transfer of enhanced anamnestic response and delayed hypersensitivity observed after treatment with Corynebacterium parvum]. After intradermal immunization with a mixture of Corynebacterium parvum (C. parvum) and ovalbumin guinea pigs show a markedly increased anamnestic response to an intradermal booster of ovalbumin as compared to controls treated with ovalbumin only. At the same time a reaction of delayed type hypersensitivity is observed in the treated animals, but not in controls. The enhanced anamnestic response as well as the posivitive skin reaction were transferred to strain 2 histocompatible guinea pigs by peripheral blood leukocytes as well as by peritoneal exudate cells. Passive transfer was not obtained after prior irradiation of donor animals."}
{"id": "PMID:148950", "title": "[Radioimmunologic determination of the thyrotropin releasing hormone].", "content": "We describe the preliminary steps for a radio-immunoassay of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH). Rabbit antiserum at dilution 1 : 10 000 is used with radioiodinated TRH (125I). We are able to assay from 5 to 1 000 pg unlabeled TRH with an intraassay reporducibility varying from 7 to 4 % and the lowest detectable amount in this system is 10 pg TRH. TRH mean and standard deviation in normal subjects are 136,9 and 25,3 pg/ml.", "contents": "[Radioimmunologic determination of the thyrotropin releasing hormone]. We describe the preliminary steps for a radio-immunoassay of Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH). Rabbit antiserum at dilution 1 : 10 000 is used with radioiodinated TRH (125I). We are able to assay from 5 to 1 000 pg unlabeled TRH with an intraassay reporducibility varying from 7 to 4 % and the lowest detectable amount in this system is 10 pg TRH. TRH mean and standard deviation in normal subjects are 136,9 and 25,3 pg/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:148951", "title": "[Hydroxocobalamin treatment of hypercyanemia and hypercyanuria following sciatic nerve compression in rabbits].", "content": "Compression of sciatic nerve of rabbits with an inoxidizable clip increases free and combinated cyanides levels both in blood and urine in days following the operation. A treatment with hydroxocobalamin decreases them significantly.", "contents": "[Hydroxocobalamin treatment of hypercyanemia and hypercyanuria following sciatic nerve compression in rabbits]. Compression of sciatic nerve of rabbits with an inoxidizable clip increases free and combinated cyanides levels both in blood and urine in days following the operation. A treatment with hydroxocobalamin decreases them significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:148952", "title": "[Effect of guanidine dderivatives on choline acetylase and acetylcholinesterase of the rabbit brain].", "content": "The effects of 14 guanidino compounds on the activity of rabbit brain choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and acetylcholine esterase (ACE) have been studied, comparatively with that of pentylentetrazol. No guanidino compound examined nor pentylentetrazol had an effect on CAT activity. 4 of them showed a moderate inhibitory effect on ACE, of the same order of magnitude as that of pentylentetrazol, but significantly lower than that of the specific inhibitors eserine and mytelase.", "contents": "[Effect of guanidine dderivatives on choline acetylase and acetylcholinesterase of the rabbit brain]. The effects of 14 guanidino compounds on the activity of rabbit brain choline acetyltransferase (CAT) and acetylcholine esterase (ACE) have been studied, comparatively with that of pentylentetrazol. No guanidino compound examined nor pentylentetrazol had an effect on CAT activity. 4 of them showed a moderate inhibitory effect on ACE, of the same order of magnitude as that of pentylentetrazol, but significantly lower than that of the specific inhibitors eserine and mytelase."}
{"id": "PMID:148953", "title": "[Sexual cycle period and resistance of mice to acute experimental hypoxia].", "content": "Variations of survival to an acute hypoxia (nitrogen) were studied, in 200 females, OF1, SPF mice, 72 days old, in groups of 10, at different periods of their estrus cycle, which were evidenced by vaginal smears. In mice which were in diestrus since 3-4 following days, the hypoxic survival (27.27%) was statistically less than in mice which were in estrus (58.00 %) or at the beginning of the diestrus (53.85 %).", "contents": "[Sexual cycle period and resistance of mice to acute experimental hypoxia]. Variations of survival to an acute hypoxia (nitrogen) were studied, in 200 females, OF1, SPF mice, 72 days old, in groups of 10, at different periods of their estrus cycle, which were evidenced by vaginal smears. In mice which were in diestrus since 3-4 following days, the hypoxic survival (27.27%) was statistically less than in mice which were in estrus (58.00 %) or at the beginning of the diestrus (53.85 %)."}
{"id": "PMID:148954", "title": "[Action of dicrotophos on the development in vitro of the tibia of chick embryo].", "content": "Comparison between Chicken embryos tibias cultured  on standard  medium and on added dicrotophos medium shows that the organophosphate lead to a great growth and weight decrease. Co-treatment with nicotinamide significantly reduces the teratogenic effects. These above results points to a direct sensibility of long bones to that poison.", "contents": "[Action of dicrotophos on the development in vitro of the tibia of chick embryo]. Comparison between Chicken embryos tibias cultured  on standard  medium and on added dicrotophos medium shows that the organophosphate lead to a great growth and weight decrease. Co-treatment with nicotinamide significantly reduces the teratogenic effects. These above results points to a direct sensibility of long bones to that poison."}
{"id": "PMID:148955", "title": "[Effect of energy restriction during late pregnancy on plasma insulin, blood glucose, blood urea and blood free amino acids in pregnant and suckling sheep].", "content": "The experiment was carried out in autumn using 27 Limousine ewes during pregnancy and lactation. Some blood essential and non-essential free amino acids increase during late pregnany. Blood glucose, blood urea and blood free threonine, valine and glycine increase after parturition. Reducing the energy supply of the ration during late pregnancy results in a decrease of plasma insulin and blood free tyrosine, phenylalanine and alanine.", "contents": "[Effect of energy restriction during late pregnancy on plasma insulin, blood glucose, blood urea and blood free amino acids in pregnant and suckling sheep]. The experiment was carried out in autumn using 27 Limousine ewes during pregnancy and lactation. Some blood essential and non-essential free amino acids increase during late pregnany. Blood glucose, blood urea and blood free threonine, valine and glycine increase after parturition. Reducing the energy supply of the ration during late pregnancy results in a decrease of plasma insulin and blood free tyrosine, phenylalanine and alanine."}
{"id": "PMID:148956", "title": "[Absence of 5 alpha-reductase in plasma membranes of the hypothalamus in male rats].", "content": "No 5alpha-reductase activity was found in plasmic membranes from male rats hypothalami. Contrary to all expectation, it was found that 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which was synthetized in microsomes or nuclei, was accumulated in plasmic membranes. The significance of this fact is at the moment unknown.", "contents": "[Absence of 5 alpha-reductase in plasma membranes of the hypothalamus in male rats]. No 5alpha-reductase activity was found in plasmic membranes from male rats hypothalami. Contrary to all expectation, it was found that 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which was synthetized in microsomes or nuclei, was accumulated in plasmic membranes. The significance of this fact is at the moment unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:148957", "title": "[Hoffmann's reflex evoked on the soleus muscle and motor neural conduction velocity of the tibial nerve].", "content": "H reflex on the soleus muscle and motor tibial nerve conduction velocity are used to study peripheral nervous system maturation in 68 healthy children, from birth to 4 years of age. Proximal an distal conduction velocities develop in a parallel and approximately exponential way but proximal conduction velocities remain always faster. The latencies slightly decrease during the first 18 months of life and then increase very slowly.", "contents": "[Hoffmann's reflex evoked on the soleus muscle and motor neural conduction velocity of the tibial nerve]. H reflex on the soleus muscle and motor tibial nerve conduction velocity are used to study peripheral nervous system maturation in 68 healthy children, from birth to 4 years of age. Proximal an distal conduction velocities develop in a parallel and approximately exponential way but proximal conduction velocities remain always faster. The latencies slightly decrease during the first 18 months of life and then increase very slowly."}
{"id": "PMID:148958", "title": "[Cardiac arrhythmia in dogs under the action of adrenaline and difluorodichloromethane (FC 12)].", "content": "Inhalation of gas mixtures containing different concentrations of FC 12 by anesthetized and normally oxygenated dogs produces blood levels of FC 12 which are stable and proportional to the rate of FC 12 in the mixture. From the arterial concentration of 40 microgram/ml FC 12 (5 % FC 12 mixture) and over, FC 12 alone causes effects proportional to doses: arterial pressure decrease with tachycardia. At high rates of FC 12 tachypnoea and slight morphological alterations of the electrocardiogram can be recorded. Arhythmia never occurs under the action of FC 12 alone even at maximum arterial concentration reached here : 230 microgram/ml (40 % FC 12 mixture). Recorded disturbances are always reversible. The intravenous perfusion of epinephrine alone evokes the appearance of premature contractions at the only dose of 5 microgram/kg/mn. The presence of FC 12 in blood conjoined with epinephrine induces the inhibition of the hypertensive action of epinephrine at high concentration and lowers the arhythmogenic threshold. The dog is clearly more sensitive than the rabbit to the arhythmogenic action of epinephrine and FC 12. The required rates of epinephrine and FC 12 validate the hypothesis of cardiac sensitization by FC 12 to the arhythmogenic action of circulating adrenaline to explain the cases of sudden \"sniffing\" deaths in man.", "contents": "[Cardiac arrhythmia in dogs under the action of adrenaline and difluorodichloromethane (FC 12)]. Inhalation of gas mixtures containing different concentrations of FC 12 by anesthetized and normally oxygenated dogs produces blood levels of FC 12 which are stable and proportional to the rate of FC 12 in the mixture. From the arterial concentration of 40 microgram/ml FC 12 (5 % FC 12 mixture) and over, FC 12 alone causes effects proportional to doses: arterial pressure decrease with tachycardia. At high rates of FC 12 tachypnoea and slight morphological alterations of the electrocardiogram can be recorded. Arhythmia never occurs under the action of FC 12 alone even at maximum arterial concentration reached here : 230 microgram/ml (40 % FC 12 mixture). Recorded disturbances are always reversible. The intravenous perfusion of epinephrine alone evokes the appearance of premature contractions at the only dose of 5 microgram/kg/mn. The presence of FC 12 in blood conjoined with epinephrine induces the inhibition of the hypertensive action of epinephrine at high concentration and lowers the arhythmogenic threshold. The dog is clearly more sensitive than the rabbit to the arhythmogenic action of epinephrine and FC 12. The required rates of epinephrine and FC 12 validate the hypothesis of cardiac sensitization by FC 12 to the arhythmogenic action of circulating adrenaline to explain the cases of sudden \"sniffing\" deaths in man."}
{"id": "PMID:148959", "title": "[Effects of tritoqualine on hepatic and blood levels of histamine after partial hepatectomy in rats].", "content": "Looked as a specific inhibitor of histidin-decarboxylase, tritoqualine has been injected subcutaneously to Wistar rats immediately after partial hepatectomy and, then, once in 24 hours until 72 hours. It has thus provoked : an unexpected, but transient rise (reaching its apex 3 hours after the operation) of the hepatic and blood histamin concentrations ; then, the expected decrease (more durable and greatest at 48 hours) of the same concentrations. Therefore, an effect of tritoqualine on the liver regeneration might be expected, whether histamin plays some part in this phenomenon.", "contents": "[Effects of tritoqualine on hepatic and blood levels of histamine after partial hepatectomy in rats]. Looked as a specific inhibitor of histidin-decarboxylase, tritoqualine has been injected subcutaneously to Wistar rats immediately after partial hepatectomy and, then, once in 24 hours until 72 hours. It has thus provoked : an unexpected, but transient rise (reaching its apex 3 hours after the operation) of the hepatic and blood histamin concentrations ; then, the expected decrease (more durable and greatest at 48 hours) of the same concentrations. Therefore, an effect of tritoqualine on the liver regeneration might be expected, whether histamin plays some part in this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:148960", "title": "[Effects of aminoguanidine sulfate on hepatic and blood levels of histamine after partial hepatectomy in rats].", "content": "Known as a specific inhibitor of histaminase, amino-guanidin sulfate has been administered subcutaneously to Wistar rats immediately after partial hepatectomy, then once in 16 hours until 80 hours. It has thus provoked: an initial rise of the hepatic and blood rates of histamin, which is transient and reaches its apex 6 hours after the operation; then, a new rise of these rates, which lasts and even is, in percentage, maximum at 72 hours. Therefore, amino-guanidin sulfate is available to estimate the influence of the endogenous histamin upon liver regeneration.", "contents": "[Effects of aminoguanidine sulfate on hepatic and blood levels of histamine after partial hepatectomy in rats]. Known as a specific inhibitor of histaminase, amino-guanidin sulfate has been administered subcutaneously to Wistar rats immediately after partial hepatectomy, then once in 16 hours until 80 hours. It has thus provoked: an initial rise of the hepatic and blood rates of histamin, which is transient and reaches its apex 6 hours after the operation; then, a new rise of these rates, which lasts and even is, in percentage, maximum at 72 hours. Therefore, amino-guanidin sulfate is available to estimate the influence of the endogenous histamin upon liver regeneration."}
{"id": "PMID:148961", "title": "[Kinetics of I-131 fibrinogen in cancer patients: pharmacological approach].", "content": "The results obtained in a previous study using 131I fibrinogen in cancerous patients suggested a local intravascular clotting precess. In order to elucidate the mechanism of fibrinogen kinetic abnormalities different drugs, including heparin, prednisone, ticlopidin, aspirin and indomethacin were administered in 68 patients and their effects evaluated by change in the 311I fibrinogen disappearance rate. The results suggest that these drugs may counteract with the early stages of coagulation (kinin-forming system, factor XII) and that abnormal 131I fibrinogen kinetic in cancer would be a non specific phenomenon.", "contents": "[Kinetics of I-131 fibrinogen in cancer patients: pharmacological approach]. The results obtained in a previous study using 131I fibrinogen in cancerous patients suggested a local intravascular clotting precess. In order to elucidate the mechanism of fibrinogen kinetic abnormalities different drugs, including heparin, prednisone, ticlopidin, aspirin and indomethacin were administered in 68 patients and their effects evaluated by change in the 311I fibrinogen disappearance rate. The results suggest that these drugs may counteract with the early stages of coagulation (kinin-forming system, factor XII) and that abnormal 131I fibrinogen kinetic in cancer would be a non specific phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:148962", "title": "[Histochemical study of the subcommissural organ in chickens during development].", "content": "Some histochemical and particularly histoenzymological tests are performed on the subcommissural organ of chick embryos. A secretory activity appears about the 7th day. In 10 days old embryos and new hatched chicken the enzyme activities are of rather low intensity. Compared with the 10 days embryos, the newborn show some increase, but compared with the adult birds the activities remain weak. However the acid phosphatase activity is higher in the subcommissural organ than in the ependyma even in 10 days embryos.", "contents": "[Histochemical study of the subcommissural organ in chickens during development]. Some histochemical and particularly histoenzymological tests are performed on the subcommissural organ of chick embryos. A secretory activity appears about the 7th day. In 10 days old embryos and new hatched chicken the enzyme activities are of rather low intensity. Compared with the 10 days embryos, the newborn show some increase, but compared with the adult birds the activities remain weak. However the acid phosphatase activity is higher in the subcommissural organ than in the ependyma even in 10 days embryos."}
{"id": "PMID:148963", "title": "[Influence of horizontal immersion on urinary excretion of catecholamines].", "content": "Normal man submitted to thermoneutral water immersion in horizontal position presents an increase in diuresis, natriuresis and creatininuria. Noradrenalinuria and adrenalinuria are reduced, indicating a decrease in orthosympathetic activity.", "contents": "[Influence of horizontal immersion on urinary excretion of catecholamines]. Normal man submitted to thermoneutral water immersion in horizontal position presents an increase in diuresis, natriuresis and creatininuria. Noradrenalinuria and adrenalinuria are reduced, indicating a decrease in orthosympathetic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:148964", "title": "[Influence of sauna baths on urinary excretion of catecholamines].", "content": "The urinary excretion of noradrenaline, adrenaline and creatinine has been studied in 22 normal young men during a sauna bath (20 minutes). The radio noradrenalinuria/creatinine is specifically increased, indicating a stimulation of the orthosympathetic system (19.6 ng.mg-1 +/- 7.9 in basal state; 30.5 +/- 15.7 in sauna bath).", "contents": "[Influence of sauna baths on urinary excretion of catecholamines]. The urinary excretion of noradrenaline, adrenaline and creatinine has been studied in 22 normal young men during a sauna bath (20 minutes). The radio noradrenalinuria/creatinine is specifically increased, indicating a stimulation of the orthosympathetic system (19.6 ng.mg-1 +/- 7.9 in basal state; 30.5 +/- 15.7 in sauna bath)."}
{"id": "PMID:148966", "title": "Radioimmunoassay for the detection and quantitation of 5-fluorodexoyuridine.", "content": "A sensitive radioimmunoassay for 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate has been developed by using antibody induced in rabbits, [3H]FdUrd, and a separation technique with nitrocellulose filters. Antibody specificity was characterized by using compounds chemically related to FdUrd and comparing their effectiveness for displacing [3H]FdUrd from the antibody-combining site. Drug levels in serum samples from patients receiving FdUrd chemotherapy were easily and rapidly determined, and the serum disappearance of the drug was followed by this method. FdUrd was also detected and quantified in urine samples. According to the antiserum used, as little as 1 to 10 pmol FdUrd were measurable.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay for the detection and quantitation of 5-fluorodexoyuridine. A sensitive radioimmunoassay for 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FdUrd) and 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate has been developed by using antibody induced in rabbits, [3H]FdUrd, and a separation technique with nitrocellulose filters. Antibody specificity was characterized by using compounds chemically related to FdUrd and comparing their effectiveness for displacing [3H]FdUrd from the antibody-combining site. Drug levels in serum samples from patients receiving FdUrd chemotherapy were easily and rapidly determined, and the serum disappearance of the drug was followed by this method. FdUrd was also detected and quantified in urine samples. According to the antiserum used, as little as 1 to 10 pmol FdUrd were measurable."}
{"id": "PMID:148967", "title": "Effect of actinomycin D and neoarsphenamine on tumor control and skin tolerance in the rat.", "content": "Actinomycin D and neoarsphenamine were tested for their ability to produce therapeutically favorable radiosensitization in the WAG/Rij rat. Acute and late skin reactions and control of the BA1112 rhabdomyosarcoma were examined in drug-treated and untreated animals irradiated in single- and five-fraction schedules. Actinomycin D was found to protect skin and tumors when added 15 minutes before irradiation. Actinomycin D added 2 hours before irradiation in a five-fraction trial produced slight tumor sensitization accompanied by slight skin protection. Neoarsphenamine produced significant tumor sensitization without skin sensitization in one of the single-fraction trials, but had no effect in the five-fraction trials.", "contents": "Effect of actinomycin D and neoarsphenamine on tumor control and skin tolerance in the rat. Actinomycin D and neoarsphenamine were tested for their ability to produce therapeutically favorable radiosensitization in the WAG/Rij rat. Acute and late skin reactions and control of the BA1112 rhabdomyosarcoma were examined in drug-treated and untreated animals irradiated in single- and five-fraction schedules. Actinomycin D was found to protect skin and tumors when added 15 minutes before irradiation. Actinomycin D added 2 hours before irradiation in a five-fraction trial produced slight tumor sensitization accompanied by slight skin protection. Neoarsphenamine produced significant tumor sensitization without skin sensitization in one of the single-fraction trials, but had no effect in the five-fraction trials."}
{"id": "PMID:148969", "title": "Endogenous thymic factors regulating cell proliferation and analysis of their mechanism of action.", "content": "Endogenous factors inhibiting the proliferation of T-lymphocytes were investigated which may function as modulators of T-lymphocyte production within the thymus. An extract from calf thymus (T4) enriched in lymphocyte chalone arrests rat thymocytes at the G1 leads to S boundary and in the S phase of the cell cycle in short-term cultures. It also inhibits the proliferative response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA-P in a time-dependent manner, as well as the spontaneous proliferation of in vitro cultured human chronic leukaemic lymphoblasts. This crude extract contains two active moities which can be isolated by molecular filtration on Sephadex G-75 column. A species non-specific, cell line selectivity inhibitory effect is characteristic of the high molecular weight fraction (mol. wt. greater than 40,000). This activity is resistant to moderate heat treatment and trypsin but is sensitive to mild alkaline hydrolysis and to RNase A digestion. About ten protein components and a toluidine blue positive substance can be detected by analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The active inhibitor, a proposed protein-RNA complex, might be identical with the chalone. The low molecular weight, non-dialysable factor (T4-4) inhibits [3H]thymidine incorporation into acid insoluble DNA in a cell non-specific manner. A possible relationship between the two activities is discussed.", "contents": "Endogenous thymic factors regulating cell proliferation and analysis of their mechanism of action. Endogenous factors inhibiting the proliferation of T-lymphocytes were investigated which may function as modulators of T-lymphocyte production within the thymus. An extract from calf thymus (T4) enriched in lymphocyte chalone arrests rat thymocytes at the G1 leads to S boundary and in the S phase of the cell cycle in short-term cultures. It also inhibits the proliferative response of human peripheral blood lymphocytes to PHA-P in a time-dependent manner, as well as the spontaneous proliferation of in vitro cultured human chronic leukaemic lymphoblasts. This crude extract contains two active moities which can be isolated by molecular filtration on Sephadex G-75 column. A species non-specific, cell line selectivity inhibitory effect is characteristic of the high molecular weight fraction (mol. wt. greater than 40,000). This activity is resistant to moderate heat treatment and trypsin but is sensitive to mild alkaline hydrolysis and to RNase A digestion. About ten protein components and a toluidine blue positive substance can be detected by analytical polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The active inhibitor, a proposed protein-RNA complex, might be identical with the chalone. The low molecular weight, non-dialysable factor (T4-4) inhibits [3H]thymidine incorporation into acid insoluble DNA in a cell non-specific manner. A possible relationship between the two activities is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148970", "title": "Tormogen cell and receptor-lymph space in insect olfactory sensilla. Fine structure and histochemical properties in Calliphora.", "content": "(1) The basiconic sensilla on the antennae of Calliphora resemble other insect epidermal sensilla; one or several bipolar sense cells are surrounded by three non-neural cells. (2) The apical cell membrane of the tormogen cell (one of the three accessory cells) forms microvilli coated internally with particles. (3) In the (extracellular) outer receptor-lymph space hyaluronic acid can be demonstrated histochemically. (4) Demonstration of non-specific alkaline phosphatase, Mg2+-activated ATPase, and the presence of mitochondria in the apical part of the tormogen cell suggest active transport processes through these cells into the outer receptor-lymph space.", "contents": "Tormogen cell and receptor-lymph space in insect olfactory sensilla. Fine structure and histochemical properties in Calliphora. (1) The basiconic sensilla on the antennae of Calliphora resemble other insect epidermal sensilla; one or several bipolar sense cells are surrounded by three non-neural cells. (2) The apical cell membrane of the tormogen cell (one of the three accessory cells) forms microvilli coated internally with particles. (3) In the (extracellular) outer receptor-lymph space hyaluronic acid can be demonstrated histochemically. (4) Demonstration of non-specific alkaline phosphatase, Mg2+-activated ATPase, and the presence of mitochondria in the apical part of the tormogen cell suggest active transport processes through these cells into the outer receptor-lymph space."}
{"id": "PMID:148971", "title": "Delayed flow-through cytoplasm of newly synthesized Balbiani ring 75S RNA.", "content": "With a nonaqeous microdissection technique, the cytoplasm of Chironomus salivary gland cells can be separated into concentric zones situated at increasing distances from the nuclear envelope. This dissection technique is used here to investigate the cytoplasmic distribution of 75S RNA of Balbiani ring origin. The Balbiani ring 75S RNA has properties of a messenger RNA coding for secretory proteins. After a pulse of RNA precursor to the living animal, labeled Balbiani ring 75S RNA is found mainly in the cytoplasm located closer to the nuclear envelope, with smaller amounts toward the periphery of the cell. This gradient, initially very steep, lasts for a least 2 days, but less than 6 days. Experiments with 5-fluorouridine indicate that the formation of the gradient does not depend upon simultaneous export of ribosomal subunits. After a pretreatment of the animals with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, however, newly synthesized 75S RNA distributes evenly in the cytoplasm-that is, this treatment prevents the formation of the 75S RNA gradient. The gradient in salivary glands of normally cultured animals is therefore likely to be the result of diffusion restriction of the labeled 75S RNA. Thus the 75S RNA located closer to the nuclear envelope is the most recently exported 75S RNA. An explanation of these results is the the 75S RNA associates with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum early or immediately after nuclear release. This association should occur in the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus and may occur either as single particles and/or as parts of polysomes.", "contents": "Delayed flow-through cytoplasm of newly synthesized Balbiani ring 75S RNA. With a nonaqeous microdissection technique, the cytoplasm of Chironomus salivary gland cells can be separated into concentric zones situated at increasing distances from the nuclear envelope. This dissection technique is used here to investigate the cytoplasmic distribution of 75S RNA of Balbiani ring origin. The Balbiani ring 75S RNA has properties of a messenger RNA coding for secretory proteins. After a pulse of RNA precursor to the living animal, labeled Balbiani ring 75S RNA is found mainly in the cytoplasm located closer to the nuclear envelope, with smaller amounts toward the periphery of the cell. This gradient, initially very steep, lasts for a least 2 days, but less than 6 days. Experiments with 5-fluorouridine indicate that the formation of the gradient does not depend upon simultaneous export of ribosomal subunits. After a pretreatment of the animals with the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide, however, newly synthesized 75S RNA distributes evenly in the cytoplasm-that is, this treatment prevents the formation of the 75S RNA gradient. The gradient in salivary glands of normally cultured animals is therefore likely to be the result of diffusion restriction of the labeled 75S RNA. Thus the 75S RNA located closer to the nuclear envelope is the most recently exported 75S RNA. An explanation of these results is the the 75S RNA associates with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum early or immediately after nuclear release. This association should occur in the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus and may occur either as single particles and/or as parts of polysomes."}
{"id": "PMID:148980", "title": "Hydrolase activities in the rat aorta. I. Effects of diabetes mellitus and insulin treatment.", "content": "Vascular disease in diabetics could arise in part from altered vessel wall catebolism. Specific activities of hydrolases in aortic smooth muscle cells from rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were measured. Enyzmes included: neutral alpha-glucosidase, alpha-mannosidase, and lysosomal N-acetyl beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, cathepsin C, acid alpha-glucosidase, and acid cholesteryl esterase. After 4,8, and 11 weeks of diabetes, activities of all enzymes studied were decreased significantly in diabetic vessels, decreases ranging from 15% for cathepsin C to 62% for alpha-mannosidase. After 3 weeks of diabetes, insulin treatment for 1 week restored enzyme levels to normal. After 7 weeks of diabetes, 1 week of insulin treatment did not restore enzyme levels fully to normal (acid cholesteryl esterase was unchanged); 4 weeks of insulin did. Acid phosphatase and N-acetyl beta-glucosaminidase activities were reduced markedly in histochemical studies of diabetic aortas at all time periods and were restored by insulin treatment. Alloxan-induced diabetes gave results similar to those with streptozotocin. Significant decreases of aortic hydrolase activities, including those of lysosomes, occur in experimental diabetes mellitus and could contribute to accumulation of substrates in vascular smooth muscle cells.", "contents": "Hydrolase activities in the rat aorta. I. Effects of diabetes mellitus and insulin treatment. Vascular disease in diabetics could arise in part from altered vessel wall catebolism. Specific activities of hydrolases in aortic smooth muscle cells from rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were measured. Enyzmes included: neutral alpha-glucosidase, alpha-mannosidase, and lysosomal N-acetyl beta-glucosaminidase, beta-galactosidase, cathepsin C, acid alpha-glucosidase, and acid cholesteryl esterase. After 4,8, and 11 weeks of diabetes, activities of all enzymes studied were decreased significantly in diabetic vessels, decreases ranging from 15% for cathepsin C to 62% for alpha-mannosidase. After 3 weeks of diabetes, insulin treatment for 1 week restored enzyme levels to normal. After 7 weeks of diabetes, 1 week of insulin treatment did not restore enzyme levels fully to normal (acid cholesteryl esterase was unchanged); 4 weeks of insulin did. Acid phosphatase and N-acetyl beta-glucosaminidase activities were reduced markedly in histochemical studies of diabetic aortas at all time periods and were restored by insulin treatment. Alloxan-induced diabetes gave results similar to those with streptozotocin. Significant decreases of aortic hydrolase activities, including those of lysosomes, occur in experimental diabetes mellitus and could contribute to accumulation of substrates in vascular smooth muscle cells."}
{"id": "PMID:148981", "title": "Coronary blood flow in experimental canine left ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "To determine whether left ventricular hypertrophy [LVH] altered total and regional coronary blood flow, we inflated a balloon around the ascending aorta of nine dogs; six acute and six sham-operated dogs were controls. After 6 weeks, all dogs were studied with an open chest under anesthesia; the balloons were deflated. There was moderate LVH as shown by increased left ventricular weight and fiber diameter. At rest there were no major differences of coronary flow or resistance per gram of muscle. With maximal coronary vasodilation due to adenosine or carbochrome, mean coronary vascular resistance was 84% higher in LVH than in normal hearts; with isoproterenol, resistance was 54% higher in LVH. These changes were similar in right and left ventricles. Minimal coronary resistance at end diastole also was higher in LVH--64% and 94% for the two sets of vasodilators, respectively. There were no significant differences in capillary or large vessel proportional volumes in LVH and control dogs, but arterial capacity could not be estimated. The raised minimal coronary resistance suggests the possibility that, with stress, coronary flow, especially to subendocardial muscle, might be inappropriate and perhaps cause ischemic damage. However, the changes noted might have been due to coronary arterial responses to raised coronary pressures rather than to hypertrophy itself.", "contents": "Coronary blood flow in experimental canine left ventricular hypertrophy. To determine whether left ventricular hypertrophy [LVH] altered total and regional coronary blood flow, we inflated a balloon around the ascending aorta of nine dogs; six acute and six sham-operated dogs were controls. After 6 weeks, all dogs were studied with an open chest under anesthesia; the balloons were deflated. There was moderate LVH as shown by increased left ventricular weight and fiber diameter. At rest there were no major differences of coronary flow or resistance per gram of muscle. With maximal coronary vasodilation due to adenosine or carbochrome, mean coronary vascular resistance was 84% higher in LVH than in normal hearts; with isoproterenol, resistance was 54% higher in LVH. These changes were similar in right and left ventricles. Minimal coronary resistance at end diastole also was higher in LVH--64% and 94% for the two sets of vasodilators, respectively. There were no significant differences in capillary or large vessel proportional volumes in LVH and control dogs, but arterial capacity could not be estimated. The raised minimal coronary resistance suggests the possibility that, with stress, coronary flow, especially to subendocardial muscle, might be inappropriate and perhaps cause ischemic damage. However, the changes noted might have been due to coronary arterial responses to raised coronary pressures rather than to hypertrophy itself."}
{"id": "PMID:148977", "title": "An approach to the evaluation of early intervention projects with mothers of severely handicapped children: the attitude dimension.", "content": "This paper describes a research investigation currently being carried out into the changing attitudes of mothers of severely handicapped pre-school children. A summary is made of the most frequently cited emotional reactions following the birth of a handicapped child and this is followed by a detailed description of a Maternal Attitudes Battery designed to obtain quantitative measures of relevent maternal attitudes. This is presented within the framework of an evaluation model specifically chosen to investigate the effectiveness of the Honeylands Home Intervention Project.", "contents": "An approach to the evaluation of early intervention projects with mothers of severely handicapped children: the attitude dimension. This paper describes a research investigation currently being carried out into the changing attitudes of mothers of severely handicapped pre-school children. A summary is made of the most frequently cited emotional reactions following the birth of a handicapped child and this is followed by a detailed description of a Maternal Attitudes Battery designed to obtain quantitative measures of relevent maternal attitudes. This is presented within the framework of an evaluation model specifically chosen to investigate the effectiveness of the Honeylands Home Intervention Project."}
{"id": "PMID:148978", "title": "Identification of severe mental handicap.", "content": "Parents of 212 severely educationally handicapped children ESN(S) were asked about the circumstances of the identification of their child's handicap. Findings for the group as a whole were similar to those quoted in other studies but varied significantly according to the clinical group of the child. The 'no specific pathology' group gives cause for most concern: identification of these children occurs later, and is further delayed from the time that parents become anxious, than it is for children in other groups. Since 'no specific pathology' children may benefit as much or perhaps more from early intervention as do children in the more easily identifiable groups, attention should be paid to means of recognition and of giving appropriate help and support to their parents.", "contents": "Identification of severe mental handicap. Parents of 212 severely educationally handicapped children ESN(S) were asked about the circumstances of the identification of their child's handicap. Findings for the group as a whole were similar to those quoted in other studies but varied significantly according to the clinical group of the child. The 'no specific pathology' group gives cause for most concern: identification of these children occurs later, and is further delayed from the time that parents become anxious, than it is for children in other groups. Since 'no specific pathology' children may benefit as much or perhaps more from early intervention as do children in the more easily identifiable groups, attention should be paid to means of recognition and of giving appropriate help and support to their parents."}
{"id": "PMID:148983", "title": "Trisomy 12p syndrome. Evaluation of a family with a t(12;21) (p12.1;p11) translocation with unbalanced offspring.", "content": "Two brothers (Nos. 1 and 3), with physical and mental retardation and many other clinical characteristics in common, were both trisomic for 12p(ter leads to 12.1) and monosomic for 21p. Their mother (No. 5), the maternal grandmother (No. 7), aunt (No. 8), and a first-cousin (No. 9) were balanced translocation carriers, 46 rep (12;21) (p12.1;p11). Another cousin (No. 10) had Down syndrome: he had two normal 21 chromosomes in addition to both translocation chromosomes. A sister (No. 2), who died at the age of 1 year without being karyotyped, had several phenotypical features in common with her brothers. Our two cases of trisomy 12p (ter leads to 12.1) were compared with eight cases of trisomy 12p described earlier, and the following common characteristics were found: severe mental and physical retardation; flat and round, broad face with prominent cheeks; flat and broad nasal bridge with short nose; anteverted nostrils and large philtrum; broad and prominent lower lip; low-set or slanting ears, poorly formed with folded helix, prominent antihelix and deep concha; short neck; short sternum; \"spade\"-shaped fingers, the fifth being short; bilateral genu valgum; bilateral pes planus and talus valgus; increased space between the first and second toes; generalized hypotonia; and certain dermatoglyphic characteristics. An elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured in four cases.", "contents": "Trisomy 12p syndrome. Evaluation of a family with a t(12;21) (p12.1;p11) translocation with unbalanced offspring. Two brothers (Nos. 1 and 3), with physical and mental retardation and many other clinical characteristics in common, were both trisomic for 12p(ter leads to 12.1) and monosomic for 21p. Their mother (No. 5), the maternal grandmother (No. 7), aunt (No. 8), and a first-cousin (No. 9) were balanced translocation carriers, 46 rep (12;21) (p12.1;p11). Another cousin (No. 10) had Down syndrome: he had two normal 21 chromosomes in addition to both translocation chromosomes. A sister (No. 2), who died at the age of 1 year without being karyotyped, had several phenotypical features in common with her brothers. Our two cases of trisomy 12p (ter leads to 12.1) were compared with eight cases of trisomy 12p described earlier, and the following common characteristics were found: severe mental and physical retardation; flat and round, broad face with prominent cheeks; flat and broad nasal bridge with short nose; anteverted nostrils and large philtrum; broad and prominent lower lip; low-set or slanting ears, poorly formed with folded helix, prominent antihelix and deep concha; short neck; short sternum; \"spade\"-shaped fingers, the fifth being short; bilateral genu valgum; bilateral pes planus and talus valgus; increased space between the first and second toes; generalized hypotonia; and certain dermatoglyphic characteristics. An elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was measured in four cases."}
{"id": "PMID:148984", "title": "Erythrokeratodermia variabilis in a Jewish Kurdish family.", "content": "A Jewish family, originating from Kurdistan and presenting erythrokeratodermia variabilis in three consecutive generations, is described. The major features were the variable age of onset (from early infancy to 6 years) and the distinctive cutaneous lesions with demarcated erythematous hyperkeratotic plaques with irregular borders. The affected members had mild to severe expressions of the disease. The skin lesions were not influenced by puberty, pregnancy or old age. None of the patients had lesions of the palms and soles or abnormal neurological signs.", "contents": "Erythrokeratodermia variabilis in a Jewish Kurdish family. A Jewish family, originating from Kurdistan and presenting erythrokeratodermia variabilis in three consecutive generations, is described. The major features were the variable age of onset (from early infancy to 6 years) and the distinctive cutaneous lesions with demarcated erythematous hyperkeratotic plaques with irregular borders. The affected members had mild to severe expressions of the disease. The skin lesions were not influenced by puberty, pregnancy or old age. None of the patients had lesions of the palms and soles or abnormal neurological signs."}
{"id": "PMID:148985", "title": "Evidence for the presence of a receptor for IgM on the pathological cells of S\u00e9zary's syndrome.", "content": "It has been demonstrated that in two patients with T-cell S\u00e9zary syndrome the pathological cells express a receptor for EA(IgM) when cultured in a medium with foetal calf or autologous serum. A study of the time-course of this rosette formation revealed that a large proportion, but not all, of E-rosetting cells progressively expressed this receptor. In agreement with previous reports by others on the normal T-cell population bearing the IgM receptor, incubation at 37 degrees C in the presence of serum was shown to be a necessary condition. The implications of this pathological subpopulation of T-cells are discussed.", "contents": "Evidence for the presence of a receptor for IgM on the pathological cells of S\u00e9zary's syndrome. It has been demonstrated that in two patients with T-cell S\u00e9zary syndrome the pathological cells express a receptor for EA(IgM) when cultured in a medium with foetal calf or autologous serum. A study of the time-course of this rosette formation revealed that a large proportion, but not all, of E-rosetting cells progressively expressed this receptor. In agreement with previous reports by others on the normal T-cell population bearing the IgM receptor, incubation at 37 degrees C in the presence of serum was shown to be a necessary condition. The implications of this pathological subpopulation of T-cells are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:148990", "title": "Congenital leukaemia and the neonatal myeloproliferative disorders associated with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Congenital leukaemia is a rare disease with approximately 100 cases reported in the literature. It is most often diagnosed as acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). Leukaemic skin nodules and hepatosplenomegaly are the most frequent clinical findings noted. The laboratory manifestations include a markedly elevated white count with a large percentage of blasts, and a bone marrow aspirate that is cellular with a monotonous population of immature cells. Neonatal leukaemoid and leucoerythroblastic reactions may cause diagnostic confusion. In particular, the neonate with Down's syndrome can manifest either AML or a profound transient myeloproliferative syndrome that is clinically and haematologically indistinguishable from congenital AML. In contrast to congenital leukaemia, however, this myeloproliferative syndrome is transient and resolves spontaneously without anti-leukaemia therapy. On the other hand, untreated congenital leukaemia is a fatal disease. For this reason it is important to establish early diagnosis of congenital leukaemia and institute therapy. Treatment programmes should be modelled after established childhood programmes for acute lymphocytic leukaemia and acute myelogenous leukaemia.", "contents": "Congenital leukaemia and the neonatal myeloproliferative disorders associated with Down's syndrome. Congenital leukaemia is a rare disease with approximately 100 cases reported in the literature. It is most often diagnosed as acute myelogenous leukaemia (AML). Leukaemic skin nodules and hepatosplenomegaly are the most frequent clinical findings noted. The laboratory manifestations include a markedly elevated white count with a large percentage of blasts, and a bone marrow aspirate that is cellular with a monotonous population of immature cells. Neonatal leukaemoid and leucoerythroblastic reactions may cause diagnostic confusion. In particular, the neonate with Down's syndrome can manifest either AML or a profound transient myeloproliferative syndrome that is clinically and haematologically indistinguishable from congenital AML. In contrast to congenital leukaemia, however, this myeloproliferative syndrome is transient and resolves spontaneously without anti-leukaemia therapy. On the other hand, untreated congenital leukaemia is a fatal disease. For this reason it is important to establish early diagnosis of congenital leukaemia and institute therapy. Treatment programmes should be modelled after established childhood programmes for acute lymphocytic leukaemia and acute myelogenous leukaemia."}
{"id": "PMID:148995", "title": "The sensitizing capacity of Compositae plants. I. Occupational contact dermatitis from Arnica longifolia Eaton.", "content": "Three patients with occupational contact dermatitis due to Arnica longifolia Eaton and Arnica montana L. are reported. During cultivation, harvesting of the flower heads, chemical investigation of the sesquiterpene lactone constituents and preparation of therapeutic tinctures, they had frequent contact with the plant materials. Patch tests with the two sesquiterpene lactones carabron and helenalin, isolated during investigation from A. longifolia Eaton, were positive in all three patients, though the second patient had never shown visible allergic reactions of the skin. Sensitization experiments with carabron in five guinea pigs were successful. The investigation results revealed that carabron, helenalin and the acetyl derivative of helenalin must be considered as the sensitizers of A. longifolia, and helenalin acetate and properly arnifolin as sensitizers of A. montana. Studies on cross reactivity in the sensitized animals with six related sesquiterpene lactones showed that only those compounds gave a positive test response which contain an alpha-methylene gamma-lactone group. Cross reactions were obtained with a crude extract of Chrysanthemum indicum L. The case reports supported by the patch test and investigation results demonstrate that persons handling a new drug from the Compositae family run a risk of developing an allergy after intensive contact with the plant and its constituents.", "contents": "The sensitizing capacity of Compositae plants. I. Occupational contact dermatitis from Arnica longifolia Eaton. Three patients with occupational contact dermatitis due to Arnica longifolia Eaton and Arnica montana L. are reported. During cultivation, harvesting of the flower heads, chemical investigation of the sesquiterpene lactone constituents and preparation of therapeutic tinctures, they had frequent contact with the plant materials. Patch tests with the two sesquiterpene lactones carabron and helenalin, isolated during investigation from A. longifolia Eaton, were positive in all three patients, though the second patient had never shown visible allergic reactions of the skin. Sensitization experiments with carabron in five guinea pigs were successful. The investigation results revealed that carabron, helenalin and the acetyl derivative of helenalin must be considered as the sensitizers of A. longifolia, and helenalin acetate and properly arnifolin as sensitizers of A. montana. Studies on cross reactivity in the sensitized animals with six related sesquiterpene lactones showed that only those compounds gave a positive test response which contain an alpha-methylene gamma-lactone group. Cross reactions were obtained with a crude extract of Chrysanthemum indicum L. The case reports supported by the patch test and investigation results demonstrate that persons handling a new drug from the Compositae family run a risk of developing an allergy after intensive contact with the plant and its constituents."}
{"id": "PMID:148996", "title": "Gut eczema in slaughterhouse workers.", "content": "In Danish bacon factories workers eviscerating and cleansing gut casings commonly develop a vesicular eczema starting in the finger webs, from where it spreads to the sides of the fingers. The eruption is called \"gut eczema\" or \"fat eczema\" by the workers. It is self-limiting, lasts for 1--2 weeks, and can recur at intervals of months or years. The etiology is unknown. Prick tests with extracts of ascaris and several organs of the pigs were negative.", "contents": "Gut eczema in slaughterhouse workers. In Danish bacon factories workers eviscerating and cleansing gut casings commonly develop a vesicular eczema starting in the finger webs, from where it spreads to the sides of the fingers. The eruption is called \"gut eczema\" or \"fat eczema\" by the workers. It is self-limiting, lasts for 1--2 weeks, and can recur at intervals of months or years. The etiology is unknown. Prick tests with extracts of ascaris and several organs of the pigs were negative."}
{"id": "PMID:148991", "title": "Repair of acromioclavicular separation using a dacron prosthesis graft.", "content": "Twenty patients were treated for acute acromioclavicular separation using a Dacron vascular prosthesis and followed for an average period of 13.1 months. None demonstrated loss of motion, or muscle weakness. All resumed their prior level of athletic activity. Satisfactory results were obtained in 18 patients. Residual deformity was the primary reason for an unsatisfactory rating. Recurrence of deformity can be minimized by technical skill and perfection of the surgical reduction.", "contents": "Repair of acromioclavicular separation using a dacron prosthesis graft. Twenty patients were treated for acute acromioclavicular separation using a Dacron vascular prosthesis and followed for an average period of 13.1 months. None demonstrated loss of motion, or muscle weakness. All resumed their prior level of athletic activity. Satisfactory results were obtained in 18 patients. Residual deformity was the primary reason for an unsatisfactory rating. Recurrence of deformity can be minimized by technical skill and perfection of the surgical reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:149002", "title": "Aortic atresia with normal left ventricle and intact ventricular septum.", "content": "We report a case of aortic atresia with biventricular hypertrophy and death due to cardiac insufficiency (at 5 1/2 days of age). In the necropsy a normally sized left ventricle was observed, with endocardiac fibroelastosis, anomalous mitral arcade, intact interventricular septum and atresia of the aortic valve. The ascending aorta was moderately hypoplasic; there was a foramen ovale and persistent ductus arteriosus. We believe that this is the first case that has been reported of this anomaly occurring with a normal left ventricle and intact ventricular septum.", "contents": "Aortic atresia with normal left ventricle and intact ventricular septum. We report a case of aortic atresia with biventricular hypertrophy and death due to cardiac insufficiency (at 5 1/2 days of age). In the necropsy a normally sized left ventricle was observed, with endocardiac fibroelastosis, anomalous mitral arcade, intact interventricular septum and atresia of the aortic valve. The ascending aorta was moderately hypoplasic; there was a foramen ovale and persistent ductus arteriosus. We believe that this is the first case that has been reported of this anomaly occurring with a normal left ventricle and intact ventricular septum."}
{"id": "PMID:149004", "title": "Tissue-puncher and loop-ligation--new aids for surgical-therapeutic pelviscopy (laparoscopy) = endoscopic intraabdominal surgery.", "content": "The optimal development of the pelviscopic instruments for diagnostic purposes provides us with the start in the field of surgical therapeutic pelviscopy. Newly developed instruments: Loop ligation-applicator, Tissue-Puncher (morcellation-forceps), Aqua-Purator and the new CO2-PNEUS-AUTOMATIC (S = security) have enabled us to replace some of the prior operations requiring classic gynecologic laparotomy with surgical-therapeutic pelviscopy: Ovarectomy, adnectomy, myomectomy, cystectomy, resection of the tube-pregnancy. After more than 2,200 smaller surgical interventions were performed successfully since 1973 via pelviscopy with the hemostasis aided by 100 degrees C destructive heat (Endocoagulatory, Crocodile-Forceps and Point-Coagulator) more than 50 ovarectomies etc, could be performed in 1977 via pelviscopy without intra- or postoperative complications.", "contents": "Tissue-puncher and loop-ligation--new aids for surgical-therapeutic pelviscopy (laparoscopy) = endoscopic intraabdominal surgery. The optimal development of the pelviscopic instruments for diagnostic purposes provides us with the start in the field of surgical therapeutic pelviscopy. Newly developed instruments: Loop ligation-applicator, Tissue-Puncher (morcellation-forceps), Aqua-Purator and the new CO2-PNEUS-AUTOMATIC (S = security) have enabled us to replace some of the prior operations requiring classic gynecologic laparotomy with surgical-therapeutic pelviscopy: Ovarectomy, adnectomy, myomectomy, cystectomy, resection of the tube-pregnancy. After more than 2,200 smaller surgical interventions were performed successfully since 1973 via pelviscopy with the hemostasis aided by 100 degrees C destructive heat (Endocoagulatory, Crocodile-Forceps and Point-Coagulator) more than 50 ovarectomies etc, could be performed in 1977 via pelviscopy without intra- or postoperative complications."}
{"id": "PMID:149005", "title": "Rapid development of malignant metastases in the abdominal wall after laparoscopy.", "content": "The authors describe a case of developing local tumor metastases after laparoscopy. In the second week after laparoscopy metastases developed at the place of the penetration of the pneu-needle and the trocar by the mediation of ascites containing malignant cell groups. This form of metastatisation seems to be extremely rare.", "contents": "Rapid development of malignant metastases in the abdominal wall after laparoscopy. The authors describe a case of developing local tumor metastases after laparoscopy. In the second week after laparoscopy metastases developed at the place of the penetration of the pneu-needle and the trocar by the mediation of ascites containing malignant cell groups. This form of metastatisation seems to be extremely rare."}
{"id": "PMID:149007", "title": "Blastogenic factor: its role in the mixed leukocyte culture reaction.", "content": "The MLC-CML reaction depends on cooperation between different subsets of T lymphocytes in which soluble mediators may play a critical role. Evidence is presented that cell-free supernatants from mixed cultures, containing blastogenic factor (BF) activity can, together with solubilized membrane preparations, induce a primary cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) reaction of the same order of magnitude as intact allogeneic stimulating cells. Furthermore, BF alone can induce secondary mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and CML reactions very efficiently. The results described suggest that BF is produced in response to activation by LD determinants, probably by helper T cells, and that the target of BF is the cytotoxic lymphocyte. It would appear that regulation of CML activity may be mediated by BF, and exhaustion of the mediator may be responsible for the decline of cell proliferation and effector function in the MLC reaction.", "contents": "Blastogenic factor: its role in the mixed leukocyte culture reaction. The MLC-CML reaction depends on cooperation between different subsets of T lymphocytes in which soluble mediators may play a critical role. Evidence is presented that cell-free supernatants from mixed cultures, containing blastogenic factor (BF) activity can, together with solubilized membrane preparations, induce a primary cell-mediated lympholysis (CML) reaction of the same order of magnitude as intact allogeneic stimulating cells. Furthermore, BF alone can induce secondary mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) and CML reactions very efficiently. The results described suggest that BF is produced in response to activation by LD determinants, probably by helper T cells, and that the target of BF is the cytotoxic lymphocyte. It would appear that regulation of CML activity may be mediated by BF, and exhaustion of the mediator may be responsible for the decline of cell proliferation and effector function in the MLC reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:149009", "title": "Regulation of the mixed leukocyte culture reaction by suppressor cells.", "content": "Regulation of the mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) reaction by suppressor cells raised and tested in MLC has been evaluated. The experiments described suggest that suppressors are distinct from cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), both in terms of conditions optimal for their activation, as well as through demonstration of efficient suppression in the total absence of cytotoxic activity. Suppressor cells inhibit the activation of the precursors of CTL, and may also prevent the production of the lymphokine blastogenic factor; they do not appear to interfere with the reaction of primed cells. It is suggested that suppressor cells may regulate the MLC reaction by preventing recruitment of fresh competent cells, and by limiting the duration of the reaction of cells already activated.", "contents": "Regulation of the mixed leukocyte culture reaction by suppressor cells. Regulation of the mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) reaction by suppressor cells raised and tested in MLC has been evaluated. The experiments described suggest that suppressors are distinct from cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), both in terms of conditions optimal for their activation, as well as through demonstration of efficient suppression in the total absence of cytotoxic activity. Suppressor cells inhibit the activation of the precursors of CTL, and may also prevent the production of the lymphokine blastogenic factor; they do not appear to interfere with the reaction of primed cells. It is suggested that suppressor cells may regulate the MLC reaction by preventing recruitment of fresh competent cells, and by limiting the duration of the reaction of cells already activated."}
{"id": "PMID:149010", "title": "Prednisolone-3, 20-bisguanylhydrazone: Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition and positive inotropic action.", "content": "The relationship between two known actions of prednisolone-3, 20-bisguanylhydrazone (PBGH); Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition and positive inotropic effects, was investigated. In electrically driven left atrial preparations of guinea pig heart, the positive inotropic action of PBGH was not affected by beta-adrenergic or histamine antagonists. Pretreatment of animals with reserpine also failed to influence the positive inotropic action of PBGH. Inotropic concentrations of PBGH inhibited Na+, K+-ATPase and the ATP-dependent binding of (3/)-ouabain to Na+, K+- ATPase preparations in vitro. Additionally, ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake, an estimate of sodium pump activity was inhibited when sodium-loaded ventricular slices were obtained from Langendorff preparations at the peak inotropic response to PBGH. Guinea pig heart was highly sensitive to PBGH to the positive inotropic action, the inhibition of Na+, K+ -ATPase and (3H)-ouabain binding, whereas rat, rabbit and dog heart were markedly less sensitive. These findings suggest that the mechanism of the positive inotropic action of PBGH resembles that of ouabain and probably involves Na+, K+ -ATPase inhibition, although the mode of interaction of these steroids with Na+, K+ -ATPase may be different.", "contents": "Prednisolone-3, 20-bisguanylhydrazone: Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition and positive inotropic action. The relationship between two known actions of prednisolone-3, 20-bisguanylhydrazone (PBGH); Na+, K+-ATPase inhibition and positive inotropic effects, was investigated. In electrically driven left atrial preparations of guinea pig heart, the positive inotropic action of PBGH was not affected by beta-adrenergic or histamine antagonists. Pretreatment of animals with reserpine also failed to influence the positive inotropic action of PBGH. Inotropic concentrations of PBGH inhibited Na+, K+-ATPase and the ATP-dependent binding of (3/)-ouabain to Na+, K+- ATPase preparations in vitro. Additionally, ouabain-sensitive 86Rb uptake, an estimate of sodium pump activity was inhibited when sodium-loaded ventricular slices were obtained from Langendorff preparations at the peak inotropic response to PBGH. Guinea pig heart was highly sensitive to PBGH to the positive inotropic action, the inhibition of Na+, K+ -ATPase and (3H)-ouabain binding, whereas rat, rabbit and dog heart were markedly less sensitive. These findings suggest that the mechanism of the positive inotropic action of PBGH resembles that of ouabain and probably involves Na+, K+ -ATPase inhibition, although the mode of interaction of these steroids with Na+, K+ -ATPase may be different."}
{"id": "PMID:149011", "title": "Increased plasma prolactin levels induced in rats by d-fenfluramine: relation to central serotonergic stimulation.", "content": "d-Fenfluramine (7.5 and 10 mg/kg i.p.) and quipazine (10 and 20 mg/kg i.p.) increased plasma prolactin levels in male rats. Metergoline (3 mg/kg p.o.) or p-chlorophenylalanine (100 mg/kg X 3, orally) pretreatment markedly blocked the prolactin-releasing effect of both d-fenfluramine and quipazine. This result suggests that the effect of these drugs on prolactin secretion could be mediated through a serotonergic mechanism. Brain serotonin may thus exert a stimulatory role on prolactin secretion in rats.", "contents": "Increased plasma prolactin levels induced in rats by d-fenfluramine: relation to central serotonergic stimulation. d-Fenfluramine (7.5 and 10 mg/kg i.p.) and quipazine (10 and 20 mg/kg i.p.) increased plasma prolactin levels in male rats. Metergoline (3 mg/kg p.o.) or p-chlorophenylalanine (100 mg/kg X 3, orally) pretreatment markedly blocked the prolactin-releasing effect of both d-fenfluramine and quipazine. This result suggests that the effect of these drugs on prolactin secretion could be mediated through a serotonergic mechanism. Brain serotonin may thus exert a stimulatory role on prolactin secretion in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:149015", "title": "35S-sulphate incorporation into myelin sulphated mucopolysaccharides during rat brain development.", "content": "Rat brain myelin acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) incorporate 15%, 8%, 5.5% and 4% of total associated 35S-sulphate, 14, 21, 30 and 75 days after birth, respectively. The course of 35S-sulphate incorporation into total rat brain mucopolysaccharides, as well in those from myelin, had a similar feature with peak on the 2nd week and a significant decrease on the 3rd and 4th week postnatally.", "contents": "35S-sulphate incorporation into myelin sulphated mucopolysaccharides during rat brain development. Rat brain myelin acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS) incorporate 15%, 8%, 5.5% and 4% of total associated 35S-sulphate, 14, 21, 30 and 75 days after birth, respectively. The course of 35S-sulphate incorporation into total rat brain mucopolysaccharides, as well in those from myelin, had a similar feature with peak on the 2nd week and a significant decrease on the 3rd and 4th week postnatally."}
{"id": "PMID:149016", "title": "Down syndrome - transferrin parallels plasma iron changes.", "content": "The transferrin level was studied in patients with simple trisomy 21 and with Robertsonian unbalanced translocations 21/22 and 21/14. In all these groups of patients, known to have significantly lowered plasma iron levels, the transferrin levels were found to be decreased with respect to the control group.", "contents": "Down syndrome - transferrin parallels plasma iron changes. The transferrin level was studied in patients with simple trisomy 21 and with Robertsonian unbalanced translocations 21/22 and 21/14. In all these groups of patients, known to have significantly lowered plasma iron levels, the transferrin levels were found to be decreased with respect to the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:149017", "title": "HCO-3-ATPase activity distribution in rat liver cell fractions prepared by zonal centrifugation.", "content": "Plasma membrane sheets prepared by zonal centrifugation of a premicrosomal pellet obtained from a rat liver homogenate are devoid of HCO-3-ATPase activity. Since the microsomal fraction is also lacking in this ATPase activity, it can be concluded that the HCO-3-ATPase is not involved in the secretion of HCO-3 into bile.", "contents": "HCO-3-ATPase activity distribution in rat liver cell fractions prepared by zonal centrifugation. Plasma membrane sheets prepared by zonal centrifugation of a premicrosomal pellet obtained from a rat liver homogenate are devoid of HCO-3-ATPase activity. Since the microsomal fraction is also lacking in this ATPase activity, it can be concluded that the HCO-3-ATPase is not involved in the secretion of HCO-3 into bile."}
{"id": "PMID:149018", "title": "Effect of ethylene glycol on transcription of Neurospora crassa conidial genome.", "content": "Ethylene glycol (EG) was found not to alter DNA sequences in Neurospora crassa conidia, though it is believed to be mutagenic in nature. Molecular hybridization revealed 20% increase in whole RNA transcripts in EG-treated conidia, which indicates that while untreated conidia increase RNA synthesis by 2.35fold, treated conidia are inhibited and undergo only a 1.2fold increase. Thus there is an inhibition in potential RNA synthesis, though some RNA synthesis goes on in presence of ethylene glycol.", "contents": "Effect of ethylene glycol on transcription of Neurospora crassa conidial genome. Ethylene glycol (EG) was found not to alter DNA sequences in Neurospora crassa conidia, though it is believed to be mutagenic in nature. Molecular hybridization revealed 20% increase in whole RNA transcripts in EG-treated conidia, which indicates that while untreated conidia increase RNA synthesis by 2.35fold, treated conidia are inhibited and undergo only a 1.2fold increase. Thus there is an inhibition in potential RNA synthesis, though some RNA synthesis goes on in presence of ethylene glycol."}
{"id": "PMID:149019", "title": "Effect of chronic alloxan diabetes and insulin administration on intestinal brush border enzymes.", "content": "Brush border sucrase and lactase activities are significantly elevated in alloxan-induced chronic diabetes and are restored to control levels after insulin treatment. Alkaline phosphatase and Mg-ATPase levels remain unchanged in diabetes, compared to a control group. Insulin treatment alone to control animals also led to enhanced activities of these enzymes.", "contents": "Effect of chronic alloxan diabetes and insulin administration on intestinal brush border enzymes. Brush border sucrase and lactase activities are significantly elevated in alloxan-induced chronic diabetes and are restored to control levels after insulin treatment. Alkaline phosphatase and Mg-ATPase levels remain unchanged in diabetes, compared to a control group. Insulin treatment alone to control animals also led to enhanced activities of these enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:149020", "title": "Histochemical characterization of the red fibres in pigeon pectoralis muscle.", "content": "Red fibres of the pigeon pectoralis muscle showed high ATPase reaction at pH 9.4. Veronal-acetate pretreatment completely inhibited the ATPase reaction in these red fibres but not in type I fibres of the gastrocnemius. The former are type II red muscle fibres and hence are unlike type I red, the so-called slow-twitch muscle fibres.", "contents": "Histochemical characterization of the red fibres in pigeon pectoralis muscle. Red fibres of the pigeon pectoralis muscle showed high ATPase reaction at pH 9.4. Veronal-acetate pretreatment completely inhibited the ATPase reaction in these red fibres but not in type I fibres of the gastrocnemius. The former are type II red muscle fibres and hence are unlike type I red, the so-called slow-twitch muscle fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:149021", "title": "[Metabolic indices in the connective tissue in experimental hyper- and hypovitaminosis K].", "content": "In experiments on rats the content of acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS), collagen and elastin in a variety of the connective tissue--in the aorta of rats with hyper- and hypovitaminosis K was studied. In hypervitaminosis K no changes in the aortic wall were revealed. Hypovitaminosis produced by a special ration and pelentan was attended by a fall in the levels of AMPS and collagen. The elastin content reamained unchanged.", "contents": "[Metabolic indices in the connective tissue in experimental hyper- and hypovitaminosis K]. In experiments on rats the content of acid mucopolysaccharides (AMPS), collagen and elastin in a variety of the connective tissue--in the aorta of rats with hyper- and hypovitaminosis K was studied. In hypervitaminosis K no changes in the aortic wall were revealed. Hypovitaminosis produced by a special ration and pelentan was attended by a fall in the levels of AMPS and collagen. The elastin content reamained unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:149023", "title": "[Characteristics of the toxicological action of carbophos against a background of polychloropinene].", "content": "Tests conducted with rabbits brought evidence that carbophos priming per os (1/25DL50 for 45 days) reduces the oxyhemoglobin dissociation rate, increases the ascorbic acid concentration in the blood and brain, of copper in the blood, brain and kidneys. Priming with a mixture of carbophos and polychloropinene (in a summary dose of 1/25DL50) was attended by a decline in the oxyhemoglobin, rising a concentration of ascorbic acid in the blood, of manganese in the kidneys and iron in the muscles. Changes in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation rate and ascorbic acid concentration were more significant after introduction of a mixture of pesticides.", "contents": "[Characteristics of the toxicological action of carbophos against a background of polychloropinene]. Tests conducted with rabbits brought evidence that carbophos priming per os (1/25DL50 for 45 days) reduces the oxyhemoglobin dissociation rate, increases the ascorbic acid concentration in the blood and brain, of copper in the blood, brain and kidneys. Priming with a mixture of carbophos and polychloropinene (in a summary dose of 1/25DL50) was attended by a decline in the oxyhemoglobin, rising a concentration of ascorbic acid in the blood, of manganese in the kidneys and iron in the muscles. Changes in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation rate and ascorbic acid concentration were more significant after introduction of a mixture of pesticides."}
{"id": "PMID:149022", "title": "[Pharmacological properties of Adonis sibir and A. vernalis growing in Bashkiria].", "content": "Animal tests have evidenced that Adonis sibir, whose glucoside composition is close to that of Adonis vernalis, exerts cardiotonic, diuretic and sedative action. The activity of Adonis sibir, growing in Bashkiria, meets requirements of the State Pharmacopea X for Adonis vernalis. By comparison with the latter Adonis Sibir. displays more pronounced sedative properties, is less cumulative, is absorbed at a slower rate on its enteral introduction and produces a greater slowing down of the cardiac rhythm.", "contents": "[Pharmacological properties of Adonis sibir and A. vernalis growing in Bashkiria]. Animal tests have evidenced that Adonis sibir, whose glucoside composition is close to that of Adonis vernalis, exerts cardiotonic, diuretic and sedative action. The activity of Adonis sibir, growing in Bashkiria, meets requirements of the State Pharmacopea X for Adonis vernalis. By comparison with the latter Adonis Sibir. displays more pronounced sedative properties, is less cumulative, is absorbed at a slower rate on its enteral introduction and produces a greater slowing down of the cardiac rhythm."}
{"id": "PMID:149029", "title": "Suppression of allosensitization in vitro by cells from tolerant rats.", "content": "Lymph node cells from AVN rats tolerant to Lew antigens after neonatal induction of tolerance, which did not react in the mixed lymphocyte culture and cytotoxicity assays, were tested for the presence of suppressor cells. Sensitization of lymphocytes from normal rats was inhibited by the addition of lymph node cells from these tolerant rats. The mixed lymphocyte culture reaction of lymph node cells from normal AVN rats with the irradiated Lew cells was inhibited when lymphocytes from tolerant rats were added. In contrast, the cytotoxicity of immune lymphocytes was not inhibited by the addition of lymph node cells from tolerant rats. Neither did a 24-h or 48-h co-cultivation of immune lymph node cells with lymphocytes from tolerant AVN rats suppress the cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Suppression of allosensitization in vitro by cells from tolerant rats. Lymph node cells from AVN rats tolerant to Lew antigens after neonatal induction of tolerance, which did not react in the mixed lymphocyte culture and cytotoxicity assays, were tested for the presence of suppressor cells. Sensitization of lymphocytes from normal rats was inhibited by the addition of lymph node cells from these tolerant rats. The mixed lymphocyte culture reaction of lymph node cells from normal AVN rats with the irradiated Lew cells was inhibited when lymphocytes from tolerant rats were added. In contrast, the cytotoxicity of immune lymphocytes was not inhibited by the addition of lymph node cells from tolerant rats. Neither did a 24-h or 48-h co-cultivation of immune lymph node cells with lymphocytes from tolerant AVN rats suppress the cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:149035", "title": "Reduction of sebaceous secretion in hyperseborrheic skin by a synthetic steroid: promestriene.", "content": "Using the 'ground glass method', the forehead seborrheic index of 72 patients was determined before and during local treatment with promestriene 1% in a o/w base. In hyperseborrheic patients a significant decrease of the seborrheic index was obtained from the 3rd week of treatment and maintained for all its duration, while in normoseborrheics no change was observed under the same conditions. It may be concluded that promestriene reduces the sebum secretion but only in hyperseborrheic patients.", "contents": "Reduction of sebaceous secretion in hyperseborrheic skin by a synthetic steroid: promestriene. Using the 'ground glass method', the forehead seborrheic index of 72 patients was determined before and during local treatment with promestriene 1% in a o/w base. In hyperseborrheic patients a significant decrease of the seborrheic index was obtained from the 3rd week of treatment and maintained for all its duration, while in normoseborrheics no change was observed under the same conditions. It may be concluded that promestriene reduces the sebum secretion but only in hyperseborrheic patients."}
{"id": "PMID:149046", "title": "Methods for determination of plasmin, antiplasmin and plasminogen by means of substrate S-2251.", "content": "The chromogenic substrate S-2251 (H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA), a selective and sensitive substrate for plasmin activity, has made it possible to develop simple and reproducible methods for the determination of antiplasmin and plasminogen in human plasma. These methods have been optimized and studied in detail and found to be very specific for the respective factors.", "contents": "Methods for determination of plasmin, antiplasmin and plasminogen by means of substrate S-2251. The chromogenic substrate S-2251 (H-D-Val-Leu-Lys-pNA), a selective and sensitive substrate for plasmin activity, has made it possible to develop simple and reproducible methods for the determination of antiplasmin and plasminogen in human plasma. These methods have been optimized and studied in detail and found to be very specific for the respective factors."}
{"id": "PMID:149047", "title": "Determination of fast-acting plasmin inhibitor (alpha2-antiplasmin) in plasma from patients with tendency to thrombosis and increased fibrinolysis.", "content": "The physiologically important alpha2-antiplasmin has been measured by aid of a chromogenic tripepetide substrate. Low values in patients' plasmas are found in situations with increased fibrinolysis such as streptokinase therapy and liver cirrhosis, whereas high values are found postoperatively, postpartum and after an acute thrombosis.", "contents": "Determination of fast-acting plasmin inhibitor (alpha2-antiplasmin) in plasma from patients with tendency to thrombosis and increased fibrinolysis. The physiologically important alpha2-antiplasmin has been measured by aid of a chromogenic tripepetide substrate. Low values in patients' plasmas are found in situations with increased fibrinolysis such as streptokinase therapy and liver cirrhosis, whereas high values are found postoperatively, postpartum and after an acute thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:149048", "title": "Assay with chromogenic substrates of in vivo activated proteases.", "content": "The proteolytic enzymes of the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems as well as others such as kallikrein, activated under pathological conditions can be determined directly, without manipulations of the plasmas, with the synthetic chromogenic substrates. With these substrates it is possible to follow the protease activity in disseminated intravascular coagulation, during thrombolysis and under other conditions. The lack of absolute substrate specificity makes it imposssible to identify the activated proteases.", "contents": "Assay with chromogenic substrates of in vivo activated proteases. The proteolytic enzymes of the coagulation and fibrinolysis systems as well as others such as kallikrein, activated under pathological conditions can be determined directly, without manipulations of the plasmas, with the synthetic chromogenic substrates. With these substrates it is possible to follow the protease activity in disseminated intravascular coagulation, during thrombolysis and under other conditions. The lack of absolute substrate specificity makes it imposssible to identify the activated proteases."}
{"id": "PMID:149049", "title": "Studies on assays for plasma prekallikrein and for the monitoring of coumarol therapy.", "content": "Chromogenic substrates were used to assay prekallikrein, prothrombin and factor X. Plasma prekallikrein was contact activated and allowed the splitting of HD-Pro-Phe-Arg-PNA which has affinity for plasma kallikrein. Prothrombin was assayed in various ways (immunologically, after activation with Ecarin or in a less specific way). Determination of factor X is considered as a possible specific method in the monitoring of coumarol therapy.", "contents": "Studies on assays for plasma prekallikrein and for the monitoring of coumarol therapy. Chromogenic substrates were used to assay prekallikrein, prothrombin and factor X. Plasma prekallikrein was contact activated and allowed the splitting of HD-Pro-Phe-Arg-PNA which has affinity for plasma kallikrein. Prothrombin was assayed in various ways (immunologically, after activation with Ecarin or in a less specific way). Determination of factor X is considered as a possible specific method in the monitoring of coumarol therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:149051", "title": "Sensitivity and specificity of plasma serine protease chromogenic substrates.", "content": "Rates of hydrolysis of the newly developed peptide chromogenic substrates S-2160, S-2238, S-2222 and S-2251 and Chromozym TH were tested against highly purified preparations of human plasmin, bovine trypsin, human alpha-thrombin, and bovine factor Xa. S-2160, S-2238, and chromozym TH are sensitive to thrombin, Chromozym TH and S-2238 exhibiting a substantially greater sensitivity than S-2160. All three substrates are insensitive to factor Xa but hydrolyzed to varying degrees by plasmin and trypsin. In contrast, S-2222 is sensitive to factor Xa and insensitive to thrombin. S-2251 is relatively plasmin-specific. In addition, the substrate Chromozym PK was evaluated and found to be relatively specific for plasma kallikrein. Clinically useful assays for antithrombin III and heparin using S-2222 as the substrate and factor Xa as the enzyme, plasma plasminogen and plasmin inhibitors using S-2251 as the substrate, and plasma prekallikrein and kallikrein inhibitors using Chromozym PK as the substrate have been developed.", "contents": "Sensitivity and specificity of plasma serine protease chromogenic substrates. Rates of hydrolysis of the newly developed peptide chromogenic substrates S-2160, S-2238, S-2222 and S-2251 and Chromozym TH were tested against highly purified preparations of human plasmin, bovine trypsin, human alpha-thrombin, and bovine factor Xa. S-2160, S-2238, and chromozym TH are sensitive to thrombin, Chromozym TH and S-2238 exhibiting a substantially greater sensitivity than S-2160. All three substrates are insensitive to factor Xa but hydrolyzed to varying degrees by plasmin and trypsin. In contrast, S-2222 is sensitive to factor Xa and insensitive to thrombin. S-2251 is relatively plasmin-specific. In addition, the substrate Chromozym PK was evaluated and found to be relatively specific for plasma kallikrein. Clinically useful assays for antithrombin III and heparin using S-2222 as the substrate and factor Xa as the enzyme, plasma plasminogen and plasmin inhibitors using S-2251 as the substrate, and plasma prekallikrein and kallikrein inhibitors using Chromozym PK as the substrate have been developed."}
{"id": "PMID:149053", "title": "The family as a system in hospital-based social work.", "content": "Caring for disabled family members at home can create stress that may exacerbate existing dysfunctions in the family. By changing the orientation of hospital-based social work from \"disabled family member as burden\" to \"family unit as an ongoing system,\" the authors have succeeded in helping dysfunctional, disunited families become functional family systems.", "contents": "The family as a system in hospital-based social work. Caring for disabled family members at home can create stress that may exacerbate existing dysfunctions in the family. By changing the orientation of hospital-based social work from \"disabled family member as burden\" to \"family unit as an ongoing system,\" the authors have succeeded in helping dysfunctional, disunited families become functional family systems."}
{"id": "PMID:149054", "title": "Biochemical activity and morphology of the Golgi apparatus in alloxan diabetic rats.", "content": "In Golgi-enriched membrane fraction isolated from alloxan diabetic rat liver, the protein content is lower but the protein composition is similar to normal. The specific activity of galactosyl transferase in this membrane fraction is higher than normal, but the total activity of the enzyme in the whole liver is normal. Great dispersion is found among the individual values. Differences in the specific activities of some other marker enzymes were also found in the Golgi-enriched membrane fraction. The morphology of the Golgi complex examined in either thin sections of Golgi-enriched fraction or ultra-thin sections of livers appears normal. A slight reduction of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is observed. The results obtained are discussed in comparison with those obtained for streptozotocin diabetic rat liver.", "contents": "Biochemical activity and morphology of the Golgi apparatus in alloxan diabetic rats. In Golgi-enriched membrane fraction isolated from alloxan diabetic rat liver, the protein content is lower but the protein composition is similar to normal. The specific activity of galactosyl transferase in this membrane fraction is higher than normal, but the total activity of the enzyme in the whole liver is normal. Great dispersion is found among the individual values. Differences in the specific activities of some other marker enzymes were also found in the Golgi-enriched membrane fraction. The morphology of the Golgi complex examined in either thin sections of Golgi-enriched fraction or ultra-thin sections of livers appears normal. A slight reduction of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is observed. The results obtained are discussed in comparison with those obtained for streptozotocin diabetic rat liver."}
{"id": "PMID:149056", "title": "[Osteoid osteoma. (Plain films, angiography and scintigraphy in fifty patients) (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of osteoid osteomas was considered in relation to a series of 50 histologically verified cases. In twenty, angiography had been performed and scintigraphy was carried out seven times. Various problems in the diagnosis of osteoid osteomas in relation to their localisation within bone (cortical, medullary, sub-periosteal, subarticular) and within the skeleton (near the hip, in the hand or foot, in the spine and in flat bones) are discussed.", "contents": "[Osteoid osteoma. (Plain films, angiography and scintigraphy in fifty patients) (author's transl)]. The radiological diagnosis and differential diagnosis of osteoid osteomas was considered in relation to a series of 50 histologically verified cases. In twenty, angiography had been performed and scintigraphy was carried out seven times. Various problems in the diagnosis of osteoid osteomas in relation to their localisation within bone (cortical, medullary, sub-periosteal, subarticular) and within the skeleton (near the hip, in the hand or foot, in the spine and in flat bones) are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149057", "title": "[Fibrous cortical defects (author's transl)].", "content": "During a period of two and a half years, twelve fibrous cortical defects were discovered as incidental findings. With the exception of two cases, the radiological findings remained unchanged during the period of observation. One large defect extending into the diaphysis was submitted to surgery and verified histologically. The characteristic radiological appearances and the differential diagnosis from similar looking benign and malignant bone abnormalities are discussed and compared with the findings of other authors.", "contents": "[Fibrous cortical defects (author's transl)]. During a period of two and a half years, twelve fibrous cortical defects were discovered as incidental findings. With the exception of two cases, the radiological findings remained unchanged during the period of observation. One large defect extending into the diaphysis was submitted to surgery and verified histologically. The characteristic radiological appearances and the differential diagnosis from similar looking benign and malignant bone abnormalities are discussed and compared with the findings of other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:149058", "title": "[The early radiological findings of idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head in adults (author's transl)].", "content": "Idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head in adults occurs in about 2 to 3% of all cases of degenerative hip disease. Advanced necrosis with collapse of the head offers a difficult therapeutic problem in younger patients. Early radiological diagnosis is therefore important. The typical, early radiological findings were studied in a hundred patients with idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head. They consist of an area of sclerosis at the junction of the head and neck, with a periosteal response on the inferior margin of the neck. The relationship of these changes with mechanical stress and defective blood supply is discussed. Signs of more advanced necrosis are band-like sclerosis at the point of demarkation and sub-chondral decalcification of the femoral head. Recognition of the early radiological features improves the chances of successful treatment, particularly in the lower age group.", "contents": "[The early radiological findings of idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head in adults (author's transl)]. Idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head in adults occurs in about 2 to 3% of all cases of degenerative hip disease. Advanced necrosis with collapse of the head offers a difficult therapeutic problem in younger patients. Early radiological diagnosis is therefore important. The typical, early radiological findings were studied in a hundred patients with idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head. They consist of an area of sclerosis at the junction of the head and neck, with a periosteal response on the inferior margin of the neck. The relationship of these changes with mechanical stress and defective blood supply is discussed. Signs of more advanced necrosis are band-like sclerosis at the point of demarkation and sub-chondral decalcification of the femoral head. Recognition of the early radiological features improves the chances of successful treatment, particularly in the lower age group."}
{"id": "PMID:149059", "title": "[Two cases of infantile cortical hyperostosis (monostotic form) (author's transl)].", "content": "Two cases of infantile cortical hyperostosis, both of the monostotic form, are described. In the first patient the right clavicle was involved; the disease may have been present from birth, but resulted in the infant's admission at the age of six weeks. The second patient was a 7-month old infant who developed the disease after an upper respiratory tract infection. There were only minor changes in the left clavicle. Both cases regressed almost completely within six months. The discussion deals with the largely unsolved problems concerning infantile cortical hyperostosis.", "contents": "[Two cases of infantile cortical hyperostosis (monostotic form) (author's transl)]. Two cases of infantile cortical hyperostosis, both of the monostotic form, are described. In the first patient the right clavicle was involved; the disease may have been present from birth, but resulted in the infant's admission at the age of six weeks. The second patient was a 7-month old infant who developed the disease after an upper respiratory tract infection. There were only minor changes in the left clavicle. Both cases regressed almost completely within six months. The discussion deals with the largely unsolved problems concerning infantile cortical hyperostosis."}
{"id": "PMID:149060", "title": "[Radiological findings in Larsen's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical and radiological findings of Larsen's syndrome are illustrated by one case and the differential diagnosis is discussed. The condition is characterised by multiple congenital subluxations, particularly of the knees; there is a characteristic facial appearance and deformities of the fingers and feet, as well as a number of less constant features. The literature is shown in a table.", "contents": "[Radiological findings in Larsen's syndrome (author's transl)]. The clinical and radiological findings of Larsen's syndrome are illustrated by one case and the differential diagnosis is discussed. The condition is characterised by multiple congenital subluxations, particularly of the knees; there is a characteristic facial appearance and deformities of the fingers and feet, as well as a number of less constant features. The literature is shown in a table."}
{"id": "PMID:149055", "title": "The roles of corneal mucopolysaccharides and water contents in post-mortem corneal clouding.", "content": "The quantitative changes in mucopolysaccharides (MPS) and water contents in post-mortem rabbit corneas were studied. On the basis of the results, the post-mortem periods were classified into 4 stages. The first stage was during the first day after death when the MPS and the corneal water contents were observed to have maintained their initial values and the cornea was \"clear\". The second was 1 to 3 days after death when the MPS remained at approximately their initial value, whereas the water contents were very pronounced. In this second stage the cornea was \"a little clear\" or \"cloudy\". The third was 3 to 6 days after death when the MPS were found to have decreased gradually, but the water contents maintained their high level. The cornea in this third stage was \"cloudy\" or \"very cloudy\". The fourth was 6 or more days after death when the two parameters were found to have decreased significantly, and the cornea was \"very cloudy\".", "contents": "The roles of corneal mucopolysaccharides and water contents in post-mortem corneal clouding. The quantitative changes in mucopolysaccharides (MPS) and water contents in post-mortem rabbit corneas were studied. On the basis of the results, the post-mortem periods were classified into 4 stages. The first stage was during the first day after death when the MPS and the corneal water contents were observed to have maintained their initial values and the cornea was \"clear\". The second was 1 to 3 days after death when the MPS remained at approximately their initial value, whereas the water contents were very pronounced. In this second stage the cornea was \"a little clear\" or \"cloudy\". The third was 3 to 6 days after death when the MPS were found to have decreased gradually, but the water contents maintained their high level. The cornea in this third stage was \"cloudy\" or \"very cloudy\". The fourth was 6 or more days after death when the two parameters were found to have decreased significantly, and the cornea was \"very cloudy\"."}
{"id": "PMID:149061", "title": "[Acropathia ulcero-mutilans non familiaris (Bureau-Barri\u00e8re). (Case report with special reference to the x-ray findings) (author's transl)].", "content": "Four cases of non-familiar acropathia ulcero-mutilans (Bureau-Barriere) are described. In all cases there was a history of alcoholism, abnormal liver function, painless foot ulcers and polyneuritis. The radiological changes were confined to the lower extremities. There were osteolytic changes in the metatarsal heads and the bases of the proximal phalanges, particularly of the great toes; in addition, there was general demineralisation of the bones of the feet. One case was remarkable in that the tarsal bones and the proximal protions of the metatarsals were also involved. A variety of bone deformities were observed, and there were pathological fractures as well as subluxation and dislocation. The differential diagnosis between familial and non-familial acro-osteolysis, and of some other bone abnormalities is discussed. A multifactorial pathogenesis of the disease is suggested.", "contents": "[Acropathia ulcero-mutilans non familiaris (Bureau-Barri\u00e8re). (Case report with special reference to the x-ray findings) (author's transl)]. Four cases of non-familiar acropathia ulcero-mutilans (Bureau-Barriere) are described. In all cases there was a history of alcoholism, abnormal liver function, painless foot ulcers and polyneuritis. The radiological changes were confined to the lower extremities. There were osteolytic changes in the metatarsal heads and the bases of the proximal phalanges, particularly of the great toes; in addition, there was general demineralisation of the bones of the feet. One case was remarkable in that the tarsal bones and the proximal protions of the metatarsals were also involved. A variety of bone deformities were observed, and there were pathological fractures as well as subluxation and dislocation. The differential diagnosis between familial and non-familial acro-osteolysis, and of some other bone abnormalities is discussed. A multifactorial pathogenesis of the disease is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:149062", "title": "[The value of visual judgements of the calcium content of the skeleton (author's transl)].", "content": "The mineral content in 113 forearm bones were evaluated visually and compared with the results of measurements of the cortex and of iodine 125 photon absorption measurements. There was a significant correlation between measurements of cortical width and direct measurements of mineral content. In general, visual grading into four groups was reasonably accurate, but in individual cases there were considerable errors. Of 11 cases with a mineral loss of more than 30%, only one was regarded as normal. A particular difficulty in the visual evaluation was the great physiological variation of mineral content related to age and sex; this must be taken into account.", "contents": "[The value of visual judgements of the calcium content of the skeleton (author's transl)]. The mineral content in 113 forearm bones were evaluated visually and compared with the results of measurements of the cortex and of iodine 125 photon absorption measurements. There was a significant correlation between measurements of cortical width and direct measurements of mineral content. In general, visual grading into four groups was reasonably accurate, but in individual cases there were considerable errors. Of 11 cases with a mineral loss of more than 30%, only one was regarded as normal. A particular difficulty in the visual evaluation was the great physiological variation of mineral content related to age and sex; this must be taken into account."}
{"id": "PMID:149063", "title": "[Errors in the radiological diagnosis of injuries of the cervical spine (author's transl)].", "content": "The frequency of fractures of the cervical spine has increased with the rise in traffic accidents, but the radiological diagnosis of fractures at the initial examination remains unsatisfactory. A false negative diagnosis in the accident department was made in 25 out of 86 patients (29%) by a surgeon and in 12 patients (14%) by a radiologist. Poor radiographic quality was an important source of error, particularly for the diffult fractures in the cranial and caudal parts of the cervical spine. Half the fractures of the arch of the atlas and of the odontoid were missed initially. There was also difficulty in diagnosing fractures of the articular processes, evulsion fractures of the vertebrae and unilateral subluxation. Since the late results of missed vertebral fractures may be fatal, it is necessary to make more use of those signs which may indicate a fracture. Widening of the pre-vertebral soft tissues was seen in 33 out of 100 patients and an increased distance between articular facets on the A. P. projection in 19 out of 100 patients. Angled A. P. projections are useful for the diagnosis of fractures of articular facets in bed-ridden patients. Fractures in the lower cervical spine are well seen on oblique supine views. In larger accident departments, tomography and immediate radiological consultation should be available.", "contents": "[Errors in the radiological diagnosis of injuries of the cervical spine (author's transl)]. The frequency of fractures of the cervical spine has increased with the rise in traffic accidents, but the radiological diagnosis of fractures at the initial examination remains unsatisfactory. A false negative diagnosis in the accident department was made in 25 out of 86 patients (29%) by a surgeon and in 12 patients (14%) by a radiologist. Poor radiographic quality was an important source of error, particularly for the diffult fractures in the cranial and caudal parts of the cervical spine. Half the fractures of the arch of the atlas and of the odontoid were missed initially. There was also difficulty in diagnosing fractures of the articular processes, evulsion fractures of the vertebrae and unilateral subluxation. Since the late results of missed vertebral fractures may be fatal, it is necessary to make more use of those signs which may indicate a fracture. Widening of the pre-vertebral soft tissues was seen in 33 out of 100 patients and an increased distance between articular facets on the A. P. projection in 19 out of 100 patients. Angled A. P. projections are useful for the diagnosis of fractures of articular facets in bed-ridden patients. Fractures in the lower cervical spine are well seen on oblique supine views. In larger accident departments, tomography and immediate radiological consultation should be available."}
{"id": "PMID:149064", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of indirect rupture of the diaphragm (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological morphology of indirect rupture of the diaphragm is described; this may be followed by transdiaphragmatic prolapse of viscera, possibly complicated by strangulation or incarceration. The differential diagnosis is discussed with reference to fifteen cases seen by the author(s).", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of indirect rupture of the diaphragm (author's transl)]. The radiological morphology of indirect rupture of the diaphragm is described; this may be followed by transdiaphragmatic prolapse of viscera, possibly complicated by strangulation or incarceration. The differential diagnosis is discussed with reference to fifteen cases seen by the author(s)."}
{"id": "PMID:149065", "title": "[Specific oesophagitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Tuberculous oesophagitis is a very rare finding; of all organs, involvement of the oesophagus is the least likely. Autopsies on tuberculous patients show an incidence of 0.14%. According to Wexels, only 125 cases have been described in the world literature up to 1954. In general, tuberculous oesophagitis can be included in the differential diagnosis of dysphagia only if this symptom is associated with tuberculosis of an organ, or miliary tuberculosis.", "contents": "[Specific oesophagitis (author's transl)]. Tuberculous oesophagitis is a very rare finding; of all organs, involvement of the oesophagus is the least likely. Autopsies on tuberculous patients show an incidence of 0.14%. According to Wexels, only 125 cases have been described in the world literature up to 1954. In general, tuberculous oesophagitis can be included in the differential diagnosis of dysphagia only if this symptom is associated with tuberculosis of an organ, or miliary tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:149066", "title": "[Angiographic examinations of the stomach following Billroth II resections with special reference to the gastro-jejunostomy (author's transl)].", "content": "The arterial blood supply of the anastomosis in 6 stomach resected dogs (Billroth II) is examined by common angiographic technique in vivo, microangiography, and microscopy. In all animals there are at the site of the gastrojejunostomy bizarre tortuous vessels which cross the anastomosis. These arteries have a diameter between 50 to 2000 mu. They are newly formed vessels which cannot be demonstrated by common coeliaco- and mesentericography in animal experiments or in patients.", "contents": "[Angiographic examinations of the stomach following Billroth II resections with special reference to the gastro-jejunostomy (author's transl)]. The arterial blood supply of the anastomosis in 6 stomach resected dogs (Billroth II) is examined by common angiographic technique in vivo, microangiography, and microscopy. In all animals there are at the site of the gastrojejunostomy bizarre tortuous vessels which cross the anastomosis. These arteries have a diameter between 50 to 2000 mu. They are newly formed vessels which cannot be demonstrated by common coeliaco- and mesentericography in animal experiments or in patients."}
{"id": "PMID:149067", "title": "[Radiologic visualization of the normal duodenal minor papilla (author's transl)].", "content": "The anatomical knowledge that the normal duodenal minor papilla is a rather flat protrusion situated on the anterior wall of the descending duodenum, means that double contrast hypotonic duodenography in the Prone position is the method of choice to visualize it. By using this technique the normal duodenal minor papilla can most frequently be demonstrated.", "contents": "[Radiologic visualization of the normal duodenal minor papilla (author's transl)]. The anatomical knowledge that the normal duodenal minor papilla is a rather flat protrusion situated on the anterior wall of the descending duodenum, means that double contrast hypotonic duodenography in the Prone position is the method of choice to visualize it. By using this technique the normal duodenal minor papilla can most frequently be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:149068", "title": "[The diagnosis of bleeding small bowel tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "Problems concerning the radiological diagnosis of bleeding, malignant, small bowel tumours are discussed with reference to two cases. The need for early selective visceral angiography is stressed; the significance of contrast pooling is pointed out and the value of recognising the tumour in arriving at a diagnosis and prognosis is discussed. In the presence of negative angiographic findings the small bowel enema has proved a very valuable method of examination. The vascular leiomyosarcomas of the small bowel are best demonstrated angiographically, whereas the avascular adenocarcinomas are best shown by small bowel enema.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of bleeding small bowel tumours (author's transl)]. Problems concerning the radiological diagnosis of bleeding, malignant, small bowel tumours are discussed with reference to two cases. The need for early selective visceral angiography is stressed; the significance of contrast pooling is pointed out and the value of recognising the tumour in arriving at a diagnosis and prognosis is discussed. In the presence of negative angiographic findings the small bowel enema has proved a very valuable method of examination. The vascular leiomyosarcomas of the small bowel are best demonstrated angiographically, whereas the avascular adenocarcinomas are best shown by small bowel enema."}
{"id": "PMID:149069", "title": "[Endoscopy and radiological investigations of the stomach and duodenum. Alternative or complementary procedures? (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of radiological and endoscopic examination in 1,030 patients were compared. In one third of cases there was some discrepancy relating to a significant diagnostic finding (malignant process, peptic ulcer, polyp, stenosis or deformity, abnormal folds, diverticula or normal findings). In analysing false negative and false positive radiological diagnoses, the patients were divided into two groups (with or without a double contrast technique). Conventional radiography proved ten to 38% less reliable than the double contrast technique for a variety of reasons. In view of the high diagnostic accuracy of modern radiological investigations of the stomach and duodenum, endoscopy and biopsy are recommended as complementary procedures. In addition to the high degree of accuracy of radiological methods for various pathological processes, endoscopy places considerable demands during investigation of the upper intestinal tract. At present radiology is used 19 times as frequently as endoscopy, suggesting that there might have to be a tenfold increase in the capacity of pathological departments if endoscopy is used more frequently.", "contents": "[Endoscopy and radiological investigations of the stomach and duodenum. Alternative or complementary procedures? (author's transl)]. The results of radiological and endoscopic examination in 1,030 patients were compared. In one third of cases there was some discrepancy relating to a significant diagnostic finding (malignant process, peptic ulcer, polyp, stenosis or deformity, abnormal folds, diverticula or normal findings). In analysing false negative and false positive radiological diagnoses, the patients were divided into two groups (with or without a double contrast technique). Conventional radiography proved ten to 38% less reliable than the double contrast technique for a variety of reasons. In view of the high diagnostic accuracy of modern radiological investigations of the stomach and duodenum, endoscopy and biopsy are recommended as complementary procedures. In addition to the high degree of accuracy of radiological methods for various pathological processes, endoscopy places considerable demands during investigation of the upper intestinal tract. At present radiology is used 19 times as frequently as endoscopy, suggesting that there might have to be a tenfold increase in the capacity of pathological departments if endoscopy is used more frequently."}
{"id": "PMID:149070", "title": "[Quantitative functional analysis of the left ventricle in coronary heart disease: an evaluation of current methods. I description of basic methods and definition of normal range (author's transl)].", "content": "The present work consists of an evaluation of quantitative laevocardiographic methods of analysis in coronary heart disease. An attempt has been made to find a correlation between the laevocardiographic results and the extent of coronary artery disease, heart size on a conventional chest X-ray with left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. In the first part, basic methods are described, particularly the laevocardiographic area-length-method of Dodge. The accuracy of the procedure and its statistical methods are discussed in detail.", "contents": "[Quantitative functional analysis of the left ventricle in coronary heart disease: an evaluation of current methods. I description of basic methods and definition of normal range (author's transl)]. The present work consists of an evaluation of quantitative laevocardiographic methods of analysis in coronary heart disease. An attempt has been made to find a correlation between the laevocardiographic results and the extent of coronary artery disease, heart size on a conventional chest X-ray with left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. In the first part, basic methods are described, particularly the laevocardiographic area-length-method of Dodge. The accuracy of the procedure and its statistical methods are discussed in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:149071", "title": "[Complications due to migration of a Kirschner wire from the clavicle (author's transl)].", "content": "The complications due to migration of a Kirschner wire from the clavicle are described. The major complication of a vascular and pulmonary kind were found in five cases. Migration of the wire into major vessels (aorta, subclavian artery) were seen twice and in three cases, the wire entered the lung. Removal of the wire from the aorta had a fatal result. Before removing displaced fixation wires, accurate localisation is necessary, if necessary using angiography in order to plan the subsequent operation. To avoid migration of the wire, one end should be bent to form a walking-stick shape, and the arm should be immobilised.", "contents": "[Complications due to migration of a Kirschner wire from the clavicle (author's transl)]. The complications due to migration of a Kirschner wire from the clavicle are described. The major complication of a vascular and pulmonary kind were found in five cases. Migration of the wire into major vessels (aorta, subclavian artery) were seen twice and in three cases, the wire entered the lung. Removal of the wire from the aorta had a fatal result. Before removing displaced fixation wires, accurate localisation is necessary, if necessary using angiography in order to plan the subsequent operation. To avoid migration of the wire, one end should be bent to form a walking-stick shape, and the arm should be immobilised."}
{"id": "PMID:149072", "title": "[Angiographic demonstration of varices in the renal pelvis and the upper ureter (author's transl].", "content": "Two patients are described in whom varices in the renal pelves and upper ureters had been demonstrated angiographically. In the patients the varices were due to compression of the renal veins by the superior mesenteric artery. Renal vein varices should be considered as a cause of undiagnosed haematuria and, where necessary, phlebography should be carried out.", "contents": "[Angiographic demonstration of varices in the renal pelvis and the upper ureter (author's transl]. Two patients are described in whom varices in the renal pelves and upper ureters had been demonstrated angiographically. In the patients the varices were due to compression of the renal veins by the superior mesenteric artery. Renal vein varices should be considered as a cause of undiagnosed haematuria and, where necessary, phlebography should be carried out."}
{"id": "PMID:149073", "title": "[A new substance for the therapeutic embolisation of renal tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "We report on a radio opaque substance for the embolization of kidney tumours which consists of amino acids mixed up with a contrast medium. It is relatively easy to be injected and can be well directed because of its radio-opacity. Past and recent histological examinations of embolized pig kidneys show that this material provides a durable closure of the vessels and that there is no essential tendency of intravasal dissolution. It is therefore also suitable for palliative embolizations. The first results in clinical trial have proved to be encouraging.", "contents": "[A new substance for the therapeutic embolisation of renal tumours (author's transl)]. We report on a radio opaque substance for the embolization of kidney tumours which consists of amino acids mixed up with a contrast medium. It is relatively easy to be injected and can be well directed because of its radio-opacity. Past and recent histological examinations of embolized pig kidneys show that this material provides a durable closure of the vessels and that there is no essential tendency of intravasal dissolution. It is therefore also suitable for palliative embolizations. The first results in clinical trial have proved to be encouraging."}
{"id": "PMID:149074", "title": "[Venographic and laboratory investigation of pheochromocytoma (author's transl].", "content": "Twenty-eight patients with the clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma were studied by adrenal venography and catecholamine determination in selective venous blood sampling. Results of this technique are correlated to pathologic findings. 87% of the existing pheochromocytomas were correctly identified. In cases with corresponding venographic and laboratory results correct preoperative tumor localization was established in 97%. False interpretations are discussed in relation to the phlebographic findings and the assay of the catecholamines.", "contents": "[Venographic and laboratory investigation of pheochromocytoma (author's transl]. Twenty-eight patients with the clinical diagnosis of pheochromocytoma were studied by adrenal venography and catecholamine determination in selective venous blood sampling. Results of this technique are correlated to pathologic findings. 87% of the existing pheochromocytomas were correctly identified. In cases with corresponding venographic and laboratory results correct preoperative tumor localization was established in 97%. False interpretations are discussed in relation to the phlebographic findings and the assay of the catecholamines."}
{"id": "PMID:149075", "title": "[The value of ultra-sound examinations for tumours and hyperplasia of the adrenals (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of ultrasound examination of the adrenals in 76 patients are described. In ten patients, tumours were found and in five there was bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenals due to Cushing's syndrome; these were confirmed at operation or by autopsy or angiography. Two false positive and two false negative findings were corrected at operation. In 57 patients negative findings were confirmed by the subsequent clinical course. An accuracy of 88% in positive and 97% in negative findings is related to the composition of the clinical material and the size of the tumours. The value of sonography is compared with other methods of localisation.", "contents": "[The value of ultra-sound examinations for tumours and hyperplasia of the adrenals (author's transl)]. The results of ultrasound examination of the adrenals in 76 patients are described. In ten patients, tumours were found and in five there was bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenals due to Cushing's syndrome; these were confirmed at operation or by autopsy or angiography. Two false positive and two false negative findings were corrected at operation. In 57 patients negative findings were confirmed by the subsequent clinical course. An accuracy of 88% in positive and 97% in negative findings is related to the composition of the clinical material and the size of the tumours. The value of sonography is compared with other methods of localisation."}
{"id": "PMID:149076", "title": "[Thermoluminescent dosimetry for radiation exposure of the breast during film and xeromammography (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements of radiation exposure of the breast during various mammographic procedures were carried out with LiF dosimeters. Using non-screen film (Kodak Definix Medical) at 30 kv., average skin dose in 105 patients was 10.1 R per exposure. During xeroradiography (45 kv.) skin dose was about 25% of this and for a film-screen system (Mammoray RP 3/MR 50 at 30 kv.) only 7% of this value. Skin dose (at constant potential) rises almost exponentially with increasing tissue thickness. The age of the patient and the type of tissue in the breast has a significant effect on the radiation dose. From the measurements, an average dose per exposure was calculated for the entire breast and for the glandular tissue. This gave a result of 1.6 rd (16 mGy) and 1.0 rd (10 mGy).", "contents": "[Thermoluminescent dosimetry for radiation exposure of the breast during film and xeromammography (author's transl)]. Measurements of radiation exposure of the breast during various mammographic procedures were carried out with LiF dosimeters. Using non-screen film (Kodak Definix Medical) at 30 kv., average skin dose in 105 patients was 10.1 R per exposure. During xeroradiography (45 kv.) skin dose was about 25% of this and for a film-screen system (Mammoray RP 3/MR 50 at 30 kv.) only 7% of this value. Skin dose (at constant potential) rises almost exponentially with increasing tissue thickness. The age of the patient and the type of tissue in the breast has a significant effect on the radiation dose. From the measurements, an average dose per exposure was calculated for the entire breast and for the glandular tissue. This gave a result of 1.6 rd (16 mGy) and 1.0 rd (10 mGy)."}
{"id": "PMID:149077", "title": "[Risk estimation for thyroid cancer induced by diagnostic radiation doses (authors transl)].", "content": "Cancer of the thyroid has been detected as a late consequence of irradiation mainly for benign diseases. A survey of data from several investigators shows a strong correlation between incidence and thyroid dose. The result of a risk estimation for irradiated children assuming a linear non-threshold dose response is 60 cancers per 10(6) per rem in 20 years following irradiation. There is no evidence that adults will be much less sensitive. Radiation risks for the thyroid should be considered in nuclear medicine, because the diagnostic use of radioiodine leads to organ doses which are comparably high.", "contents": "[Risk estimation for thyroid cancer induced by diagnostic radiation doses (authors transl)]. Cancer of the thyroid has been detected as a late consequence of irradiation mainly for benign diseases. A survey of data from several investigators shows a strong correlation between incidence and thyroid dose. The result of a risk estimation for irradiated children assuming a linear non-threshold dose response is 60 cancers per 10(6) per rem in 20 years following irradiation. There is no evidence that adults will be much less sensitive. Radiation risks for the thyroid should be considered in nuclear medicine, because the diagnostic use of radioiodine leads to organ doses which are comparably high."}
{"id": "PMID:149087", "title": "Non-random centromere division: a mechanism of non-disjunction causing aneuploidy?", "content": "Early centromere separation was investigated in 12 normal children, 14 patients with Down's syndrome and in 12 patients of children with autosomal trisomies. A significantly non-random centromere division of chromosomes was found in each of the cases. A higher frequency of early separated G chromosomes was observed in Down's syndrome. In 2 mothers of trisomy-18 patients, the early division of chromosomes 18, generally seen in normal individuals, could not be demonstrated. The possible assoication between altered sequence of centromere disision and non-disjunction needs further confirmation.", "contents": "Non-random centromere division: a mechanism of non-disjunction causing aneuploidy? Early centromere separation was investigated in 12 normal children, 14 patients with Down's syndrome and in 12 patients of children with autosomal trisomies. A significantly non-random centromere division of chromosomes was found in each of the cases. A higher frequency of early separated G chromosomes was observed in Down's syndrome. In 2 mothers of trisomy-18 patients, the early division of chromosomes 18, generally seen in normal individuals, could not be demonstrated. The possible assoication between altered sequence of centromere disision and non-disjunction needs further confirmation."}
{"id": "PMID:149088", "title": "Factors affecting the stimulating capacity of mitogen-transformed, glutaraldehyde-treated mouse spleen cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "content": "Mouse spleen cells transformed by certain mitogens and subsequently fixed with glutaraldehyde can be utilized as stimulators in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. In addition to bacterial lipopolysaccharide which has been shown previously to be effective, we have found the other B cell mitogens, dextran sulfate and Concanavalin A-Sepharose, to be functional. The ability of the treated cells to activate allogeneic cells in MLR depends upon the concentration of glutaraldehyde and the type of tissue culture medium utilized.", "contents": "Factors affecting the stimulating capacity of mitogen-transformed, glutaraldehyde-treated mouse spleen cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Mouse spleen cells transformed by certain mitogens and subsequently fixed with glutaraldehyde can be utilized as stimulators in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. In addition to bacterial lipopolysaccharide which has been shown previously to be effective, we have found the other B cell mitogens, dextran sulfate and Concanavalin A-Sepharose, to be functional. The ability of the treated cells to activate allogeneic cells in MLR depends upon the concentration of glutaraldehyde and the type of tissue culture medium utilized."}
{"id": "PMID:149090", "title": "Cell-mediated immunity in measles using the leucocyte migration test.", "content": "The cell-mediated immune response was investigated in 21 children with acute measles and in 8 healthy children using the intradermal Heaf and leucocyte migration tests. Tuberculin and purified protein derivative were used as antigens. Whereas all the children with measles were anergic in the in vivo test, two groups of children, i.e. 'reactors' and 'non-reactors' could be delinerated with the in vitro test. The mechanisms responsible for the anergy are discussed.", "contents": "Cell-mediated immunity in measles using the leucocyte migration test. The cell-mediated immune response was investigated in 21 children with acute measles and in 8 healthy children using the intradermal Heaf and leucocyte migration tests. Tuberculin and purified protein derivative were used as antigens. Whereas all the children with measles were anergic in the in vivo test, two groups of children, i.e. 'reactors' and 'non-reactors' could be delinerated with the in vitro test. The mechanisms responsible for the anergy are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149091", "title": "Anticomplementary properties of plasmin-treated human G immunoglobulin and its components.", "content": "Plasmin-treated human gamma-globulin, isolated plasmin residual portion (PRG), Fab and Fc fragments were tested for anticomplementary properties. The plasmin digest had very low anticomplementary activity while some of its components were anticomplementary, the latter probably due to alterations resulting from the isolation procedures employed. The highest activity was found in the isolated Fc fragment, no activity being detected in the isolated Fab fragment. Various mixtures of the isolated components were also tested, the results indicating that the increase in anticomplementary activity of the PRG and the Fc fragment was markedly lower when the Fab fragment was present.", "contents": "Anticomplementary properties of plasmin-treated human G immunoglobulin and its components. Plasmin-treated human gamma-globulin, isolated plasmin residual portion (PRG), Fab and Fc fragments were tested for anticomplementary properties. The plasmin digest had very low anticomplementary activity while some of its components were anticomplementary, the latter probably due to alterations resulting from the isolation procedures employed. The highest activity was found in the isolated Fc fragment, no activity being detected in the isolated Fab fragment. Various mixtures of the isolated components were also tested, the results indicating that the increase in anticomplementary activity of the PRG and the Fc fragment was markedly lower when the Fab fragment was present."}
{"id": "PMID:149094", "title": "[Dandruff (pityriasis simplex capillitii)].", "content": "In this review of new studies about dandruff, methods for clinical (subjective) evaluation and quantitative (objective) appraisal of dandruff are described. Current concepts about histopathology, cytology, biochemistry and etiopathogenesis of this common condition of the scalp are detailed.", "contents": "[Dandruff (pityriasis simplex capillitii)]. In this review of new studies about dandruff, methods for clinical (subjective) evaluation and quantitative (objective) appraisal of dandruff are described. Current concepts about histopathology, cytology, biochemistry and etiopathogenesis of this common condition of the scalp are detailed."}
{"id": "PMID:149095", "title": "[Gold therapy in psoriasis arthropathica].", "content": "For two patients with psoriasis arthropathica therapy with gold salts was started. In both cases a serious psoriasis pustulosa occurred after the first injection together with a leucemic reaction. The mechanism of gold side effects is discussed on the basis of the literature and these cases. The value of the therapy of the psoriatic arthropathie with gold is questioned.", "contents": "[Gold therapy in psoriasis arthropathica]. For two patients with psoriasis arthropathica therapy with gold salts was started. In both cases a serious psoriasis pustulosa occurred after the first injection together with a leucemic reaction. The mechanism of gold side effects is discussed on the basis of the literature and these cases. The value of the therapy of the psoriatic arthropathie with gold is questioned."}
{"id": "PMID:149096", "title": "[Roentgen therapy of dermatoses: indications and hazards].", "content": "Indications for radiotherapy of benign dermatoses have decreased markedly during the past decades. The remaining indications are reviewed. Side effects of ionizing radiation therapy are discussed in detail, with special emphasis on radiodermatitis and radiation cancer of the skin, mutagenic and genetic effects of x rays, and induction of carcinogenesis of interanl organs. Thyroid cancer is used as an example to discuss modern theories of radiocarcinogenesis and risk coefficients of various organ systems. Guide lines for radiotherapy of benign dermatoses are proposed.", "contents": "[Roentgen therapy of dermatoses: indications and hazards]. Indications for radiotherapy of benign dermatoses have decreased markedly during the past decades. The remaining indications are reviewed. Side effects of ionizing radiation therapy are discussed in detail, with special emphasis on radiodermatitis and radiation cancer of the skin, mutagenic and genetic effects of x rays, and induction of carcinogenesis of interanl organs. Thyroid cancer is used as an example to discuss modern theories of radiocarcinogenesis and risk coefficients of various organ systems. Guide lines for radiotherapy of benign dermatoses are proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:149100", "title": "Hearing handicap scores and categories for subjects with normal and impaired hearing sensitivity.", "content": "The hearing handicap scale, a commonly used self-assessment measure, was administered to 50 subjects with normal hearing and hearing impairment. These subjects were then divided into three groups based on pure tone test results so that the range of hearing handicap scale scores could be determined for different hearing sensitivities. Subjects in one group of 20 exhibited hearing sensitivity of 10 dB hearing threshold level or better. A second group of 10 subjects had hearing sensitivity of 11--25 dB hearing threshold level. The third group of 20 subjects had sensitivity poorer than 25 dB hearing threshold level. Percentage scores for the subjects with the most sensitive hearing clustered from 0 to 20% with a mean score of 7.8%. The intermediate group had a mean score of 25.6%. Scores for the hearing-impaired group clustered between 40 and 70% with a mean score of 54%. Score variability was about twice as great in the two groups with poorer sensitivity. It is suggested that hearing handicap performance may be classified into one of four categories, ranging from no handicap to severe handicap.", "contents": "Hearing handicap scores and categories for subjects with normal and impaired hearing sensitivity. The hearing handicap scale, a commonly used self-assessment measure, was administered to 50 subjects with normal hearing and hearing impairment. These subjects were then divided into three groups based on pure tone test results so that the range of hearing handicap scale scores could be determined for different hearing sensitivities. Subjects in one group of 20 exhibited hearing sensitivity of 10 dB hearing threshold level or better. A second group of 10 subjects had hearing sensitivity of 11--25 dB hearing threshold level. The third group of 20 subjects had sensitivity poorer than 25 dB hearing threshold level. Percentage scores for the subjects with the most sensitive hearing clustered from 0 to 20% with a mean score of 7.8%. The intermediate group had a mean score of 25.6%. Scores for the hearing-impaired group clustered between 40 and 70% with a mean score of 54%. Score variability was about twice as great in the two groups with poorer sensitivity. It is suggested that hearing handicap performance may be classified into one of four categories, ranging from no handicap to severe handicap."}
{"id": "PMID:149106", "title": "Defect in biosynthesis of the linkage unit between peptidoglycan and teichoic acid in a bacteriophage-resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "The biosynthesis of the linkage region between peptidoglycan and the ribitol teichoic acid was investigated in the bacteriophage-resistant, teichoic acid-less mutant Staphylococcus aureus 52A5 (Chatterjee et al., J. Bacteriol. 100:846--853, 1969). Membrane preparations of this strain were found to be incapable of forming the first intermediate of the biosynthetic pathway, namely, the transfer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) from UDP-GlcNAc to the acceptor molecule, which presumbably is undecaprenol phosphate (R. Bracha and L. Glaser, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 72:1091--1098, 1976). The addition of heat-inactivated membrane preparations of S. aureus 52A2 (which normally has ribitol teichoic acid) that had been preincubated with UDP-GlcNAc to membranes of strain 52A5 enabled the synthesis of teichoic acid. These data suggest that the mutational defect in the teichoic acid-less organism is in the synthesis of the first compound of the linkage unit, and this is apparently the reason for its absence in the cell walls.", "contents": "Defect in biosynthesis of the linkage unit between peptidoglycan and teichoic acid in a bacteriophage-resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus. The biosynthesis of the linkage region between peptidoglycan and the ribitol teichoic acid was investigated in the bacteriophage-resistant, teichoic acid-less mutant Staphylococcus aureus 52A5 (Chatterjee et al., J. Bacteriol. 100:846--853, 1969). Membrane preparations of this strain were found to be incapable of forming the first intermediate of the biosynthetic pathway, namely, the transfer of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc) from UDP-GlcNAc to the acceptor molecule, which presumbably is undecaprenol phosphate (R. Bracha and L. Glaser, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 72:1091--1098, 1976). The addition of heat-inactivated membrane preparations of S. aureus 52A2 (which normally has ribitol teichoic acid) that had been preincubated with UDP-GlcNAc to membranes of strain 52A5 enabled the synthesis of teichoic acid. These data suggest that the mutational defect in the teichoic acid-less organism is in the synthesis of the first compound of the linkage unit, and this is apparently the reason for its absence in the cell walls."}
{"id": "PMID:149107", "title": "Carbodiimide-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli: suppression of resistance to dicyclohexylcarbodiimide by growth on glucose or glycerol.", "content": "We have previously reported on the isolation of a mutant strain of Escherichia coli, RF-7, that has a dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)-resistant, membrane-associated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity (R. H. Fillingame, J. Bacteriol. 124:870--883, 1975). We report here that the DCCD resistance of the ATPase of this mutant varies significantly, depending upon the carbon source used for growth. When strain RF-7 was grown aerobically on either glycerol or glucose or anaerobically on glucose rather than on a combination of succinate, acetate, and malate, ATPase activity was more sensitive to inhibition by DCCD because the carbodiimide-reactive proteolipid reacted more readily with DCCD.", "contents": "Carbodiimide-resistant mutant of Escherichia coli: suppression of resistance to dicyclohexylcarbodiimide by growth on glucose or glycerol. We have previously reported on the isolation of a mutant strain of Escherichia coli, RF-7, that has a dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)-resistant, membrane-associated adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity (R. H. Fillingame, J. Bacteriol. 124:870--883, 1975). We report here that the DCCD resistance of the ATPase of this mutant varies significantly, depending upon the carbon source used for growth. When strain RF-7 was grown aerobically on either glycerol or glucose or anaerobically on glucose rather than on a combination of succinate, acetate, and malate, ATPase activity was more sensitive to inhibition by DCCD because the carbodiimide-reactive proteolipid reacted more readily with DCCD."}
{"id": "PMID:149108", "title": "Energy transduction in Escherichia coli: new mutation affecting the Fo portion of the ATP synthetase complex.", "content": "A mutation affecting the intrinsic membrane portion (BFo) of the ATP synthetase complex is described. The phenotype is different from previously reported BFo mutants. This mutation results in the ability of membranes lacking the extrinsic membrane portion (BF1) of the ATP synthetase complex to maintain a transmembrane pH gradient. Unlike other BFo mutants, this strain, NR71, is capable of utilizing ATP hydrolysis for the formation of a transmembrane pH gradient.", "contents": "Energy transduction in Escherichia coli: new mutation affecting the Fo portion of the ATP synthetase complex. A mutation affecting the intrinsic membrane portion (BFo) of the ATP synthetase complex is described. The phenotype is different from previously reported BFo mutants. This mutation results in the ability of membranes lacking the extrinsic membrane portion (BF1) of the ATP synthetase complex to maintain a transmembrane pH gradient. Unlike other BFo mutants, this strain, NR71, is capable of utilizing ATP hydrolysis for the formation of a transmembrane pH gradient."}
{"id": "PMID:149109", "title": "Transient regulation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli upon shift-up of growth temperature.", "content": "Synthesis of total cellular proteins of Escherichia coli was studied upon transfer of a log-phase culture from 30 (or 37) to 42 degrees C. Cells were pulse-labeled with [3H]leucine, and the labeled proteins were analyzed by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The rates of synthesis of at least five protein chains were found to increase markedly (5- to 10-fold) within 5 min after temperature shift-up and gradually decrease to the new steady-state levels, in contrast to the majority of proteins which gradually increase to the steady-state levels (about 1.5-fold the rate at 30 degrees C). Temperature shift-down did not cause any appreciable changes in the pattern of protein synthesis as detected by the present method. Among the proteins greatly affected by the temperature shift-up were those with apparent molecular weights fo 87,000 (87K), 76K, 73K, 64K, and 61K. Two of them (64K and 61K) were found to be precipitated with specific antiserum against proteins that had previously been shown to have an adenosine triphosphatase activity. The bearings of these findings on bacterial adaptation to variation in growth temperature are discussed.", "contents": "Transient regulation of protein synthesis in Escherichia coli upon shift-up of growth temperature. Synthesis of total cellular proteins of Escherichia coli was studied upon transfer of a log-phase culture from 30 (or 37) to 42 degrees C. Cells were pulse-labeled with [3H]leucine, and the labeled proteins were analyzed by gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The rates of synthesis of at least five protein chains were found to increase markedly (5- to 10-fold) within 5 min after temperature shift-up and gradually decrease to the new steady-state levels, in contrast to the majority of proteins which gradually increase to the steady-state levels (about 1.5-fold the rate at 30 degrees C). Temperature shift-down did not cause any appreciable changes in the pattern of protein synthesis as detected by the present method. Among the proteins greatly affected by the temperature shift-up were those with apparent molecular weights fo 87,000 (87K), 76K, 73K, 64K, and 61K. Two of them (64K and 61K) were found to be precipitated with specific antiserum against proteins that had previously been shown to have an adenosine triphosphatase activity. The bearings of these findings on bacterial adaptation to variation in growth temperature are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149110", "title": "Construction and characterization of amplifiable multicopy DNA cloning vehicles derived from the P15A cryptic miniplasmid.", "content": "Construction and characterization of a class of multicopy plasmid cloning vehicles containing the replication system of miniplasmid P15A are described. The constructed plasmids have cleavage sites within antibiotic resistance genes for a variety of commonly employed site-specific endonucleases, permitting convenient use of the insertional inactivation procedure for the selection of clones that contain hybrid DNA molecules. Although the constructed plasmids showed DNA sequence homology with the ColE1 plasmid within the replication region, were amplifiable by chloramphenicol or spectinomycin, required DNA polymerase I for replication, and shared other replication properties with ColE1, they were nevertheless compatible with ColE1. P15A-derived plasmids were not self-transmissible and were mobilized poorly by Hfr strains; however, mobilization was complemented by the presence of a ColE1 plasmid within the same cell.", "contents": "Construction and characterization of amplifiable multicopy DNA cloning vehicles derived from the P15A cryptic miniplasmid. Construction and characterization of a class of multicopy plasmid cloning vehicles containing the replication system of miniplasmid P15A are described. The constructed plasmids have cleavage sites within antibiotic resistance genes for a variety of commonly employed site-specific endonucleases, permitting convenient use of the insertional inactivation procedure for the selection of clones that contain hybrid DNA molecules. Although the constructed plasmids showed DNA sequence homology with the ColE1 plasmid within the replication region, were amplifiable by chloramphenicol or spectinomycin, required DNA polymerase I for replication, and shared other replication properties with ColE1, they were nevertheless compatible with ColE1. P15A-derived plasmids were not self-transmissible and were mobilized poorly by Hfr strains; however, mobilization was complemented by the presence of a ColE1 plasmid within the same cell."}
{"id": "PMID:149111", "title": "Does cycloheximide-induced loss of phosphate uptake activity in Neurospora crassa reflect rapid turnover?", "content": "Addition of cycloheximide to Neurospora crassa germlings growing in liquid medium caused an exponential loss of phosphate uptake activity (half-life, ca. 2 h). No loss of activity resulted when germlings were resuspended, at the time of cycloheximide addition, in medium of a substantially lower phosphate concentration. It is concluded that the phosphate uptake systems are not subject to rapid turnover.", "contents": "Does cycloheximide-induced loss of phosphate uptake activity in Neurospora crassa reflect rapid turnover? Addition of cycloheximide to Neurospora crassa germlings growing in liquid medium caused an exponential loss of phosphate uptake activity (half-life, ca. 2 h). No loss of activity resulted when germlings were resuspended, at the time of cycloheximide addition, in medium of a substantially lower phosphate concentration. It is concluded that the phosphate uptake systems are not subject to rapid turnover."}
{"id": "PMID:149112", "title": "Mu-induced polarity in the unc operon of Escherichia coli.", "content": "Mutant strains of Escherichia coli were isolated in which mutator (Mu) phage was inserted into various unc genes. Partial diploid strains were prepared from each of the Mu-induced unc mutants by using F-plasmids carrying mutations in one of the known unc genes (uncA, uncB, uncC, or uncD). The partial diploid strains and the corresponding segregant strains were examined for their ability to grow on succinate. The aerobic growth yields on limiting concentrations of glucose were also determined. Magnesium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activities, ATP-dependent transhydrogenase activities, and Atebrin fluorescence quenching activities were determined by using membrane preparations from each strain. Genetic complementation was assessed from the results obtained, and it was concluded that the four unc genes examined are part of a single transcriptional unit and that they are transcribed in the order uncBADC.", "contents": "Mu-induced polarity in the unc operon of Escherichia coli. Mutant strains of Escherichia coli were isolated in which mutator (Mu) phage was inserted into various unc genes. Partial diploid strains were prepared from each of the Mu-induced unc mutants by using F-plasmids carrying mutations in one of the known unc genes (uncA, uncB, uncC, or uncD). The partial diploid strains and the corresponding segregant strains were examined for their ability to grow on succinate. The aerobic growth yields on limiting concentrations of glucose were also determined. Magnesium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase activities, ATP-dependent transhydrogenase activities, and Atebrin fluorescence quenching activities were determined by using membrane preparations from each strain. Genetic complementation was assessed from the results obtained, and it was concluded that the four unc genes examined are part of a single transcriptional unit and that they are transcribed in the order uncBADC."}
{"id": "PMID:149113", "title": "Biochemical and genetic study of D-glucitol transport and catabolism in Bacillus subtilis.", "content": "The catabolic pathway of D-glucitol (sorbitol) in Bacillus subtilis Marburg 168M is characterized. It includes (i) a transport step catalyzed by a D-glucitol permease which is affected by the gutA mutations, (ii) an oxidation step of the intracellular D-glucitol catalyzed by a D-glucitol dehydrogenase, generating intracellular fructose, affected by gutB mutations, and (iii) phosphorylation of the intracellular fructose either at the C1 site or at the C6 site as described previously (A. Delobbe et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 66:485-491, 1976; A. Delobbe et al., EUR. J. Biochem. 51:503-510, 1975). Additional data are given concerning the phosphorylation of fructose by a fructokinase (fructose ATP 6-phosphotransferase), which is affected by the fruC mutation. The isolation of regulatory mutants affected in gutR that synthesize constitutively both the permease and the dehydrogenase indicates the existence of a D-glucitol operon in B. subtilis. Unlike the wild-type strain, these mutants are able to utilize D-xylitol as sole carbon source.", "contents": "Biochemical and genetic study of D-glucitol transport and catabolism in Bacillus subtilis. The catabolic pathway of D-glucitol (sorbitol) in Bacillus subtilis Marburg 168M is characterized. It includes (i) a transport step catalyzed by a D-glucitol permease which is affected by the gutA mutations, (ii) an oxidation step of the intracellular D-glucitol catalyzed by a D-glucitol dehydrogenase, generating intracellular fructose, affected by gutB mutations, and (iii) phosphorylation of the intracellular fructose either at the C1 site or at the C6 site as described previously (A. Delobbe et al., Eur. J. Biochem., 66:485-491, 1976; A. Delobbe et al., EUR. J. Biochem. 51:503-510, 1975). Additional data are given concerning the phosphorylation of fructose by a fructokinase (fructose ATP 6-phosphotransferase), which is affected by the fruC mutation. The isolation of regulatory mutants affected in gutR that synthesize constitutively both the permease and the dehydrogenase indicates the existence of a D-glucitol operon in B. subtilis. Unlike the wild-type strain, these mutants are able to utilize D-xylitol as sole carbon source."}
{"id": "PMID:149114", "title": "Electron transport phosphorylation coupled to fumarate reduction by H2- and Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity in extracts of the rumen anaerobe Vibrio succinogenes.", "content": "Vibrio succinogenes, an anaerobic bacterium, obtains its energy for growth from H2 or formate oxidation coupled to the reduction of fumarate to succinate. Membrane preparations have been obtained from this organism that catalyze the synthesis of ATP during H2 oxidation coupled to fumarate reduction. Esterification of orthophosphate is dependent on electron transfer, as evidenced by the requirement for both H2 and fumarate. Phosphorylation is also dependent on ADP and is destroyed by boiling the membrane preparations. H2 utilized for fumarate reduction and succinate formed are stoichiometric. The phosphorylation is markedly uncoupled by pentachlorophenol and gramicidin, but to a lesser extent by dinitrophenol and methyl viologen. 2-n-Heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide causes severe inhibition of H2 oxidation as well as phosphorylation, but oligomycin or antimycin A has no demonstrable effect. Among several electron acceptors tested, significant phosphorylation is observed only with fumarate. A Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity is present in both the membrane and soluble protein fractions. Highest activity is obtained with ATP as the substrate, and considerably less activity is obtained with other nucleoside triphosphates. The possibility that phosphorylation during \"fumarate respiration\" may play an important physiological role in the growth of many anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria is discussed.", "contents": "Electron transport phosphorylation coupled to fumarate reduction by H2- and Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity in extracts of the rumen anaerobe Vibrio succinogenes. Vibrio succinogenes, an anaerobic bacterium, obtains its energy for growth from H2 or formate oxidation coupled to the reduction of fumarate to succinate. Membrane preparations have been obtained from this organism that catalyze the synthesis of ATP during H2 oxidation coupled to fumarate reduction. Esterification of orthophosphate is dependent on electron transfer, as evidenced by the requirement for both H2 and fumarate. Phosphorylation is also dependent on ADP and is destroyed by boiling the membrane preparations. H2 utilized for fumarate reduction and succinate formed are stoichiometric. The phosphorylation is markedly uncoupled by pentachlorophenol and gramicidin, but to a lesser extent by dinitrophenol and methyl viologen. 2-n-Heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide causes severe inhibition of H2 oxidation as well as phosphorylation, but oligomycin or antimycin A has no demonstrable effect. Among several electron acceptors tested, significant phosphorylation is observed only with fumarate. A Mg2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity is present in both the membrane and soluble protein fractions. Highest activity is obtained with ATP as the substrate, and considerably less activity is obtained with other nucleoside triphosphates. The possibility that phosphorylation during \"fumarate respiration\" may play an important physiological role in the growth of many anaerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacteria is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149115", "title": "Calcium sensitivity of mantle muscle of squid.", "content": "Ca2+-sensitivity of squid muscle proteins was studied by competition tests between squid actin and carp myosin on squid myosin B and by cross combination tests between squid myosin and actin and between carp myosin and squid thin filament fraction. The results suggest that the regulatory system of the squid mantle muscle is actin-linked as in skeletal muscle rather than myosin-linked. This view is supported by the presence of troponin-like components on SDS-disc electrophoresis of squid thin filament fraction.", "contents": "Calcium sensitivity of mantle muscle of squid. Ca2+-sensitivity of squid muscle proteins was studied by competition tests between squid actin and carp myosin on squid myosin B and by cross combination tests between squid myosin and actin and between carp myosin and squid thin filament fraction. The results suggest that the regulatory system of the squid mantle muscle is actin-linked as in skeletal muscle rather than myosin-linked. This view is supported by the presence of troponin-like components on SDS-disc electrophoresis of squid thin filament fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:149116", "title": "Observation of steady streamings in a solution of Mg-ATP and acto-heavy meromyosin from rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "Steady streaming of the solution was observed for more than one and a half hours in a circular slit between two concentric cylinders where rabbit skeletal F-actin was fixed on to the wall of the slit and heavy meromyosin was in the Mg-ATP solution in the slit. The streaming only appeared when the actomyosin-ATPase activity was present in the system.", "contents": "Observation of steady streamings in a solution of Mg-ATP and acto-heavy meromyosin from rabbit skeletal muscle. Steady streaming of the solution was observed for more than one and a half hours in a circular slit between two concentric cylinders where rabbit skeletal F-actin was fixed on to the wall of the slit and heavy meromyosin was in the Mg-ATP solution in the slit. The streaming only appeared when the actomyosin-ATPase activity was present in the system."}
{"id": "PMID:149117", "title": "Preparative study on the isolation of single sarcomeres from rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "Single sarcomeres were prepared from fresh rabbit myofibrils by digestion with a calcium-activated factor (CAF). The rabbit single sarcomere has functional properties quite similar to those of single sarcomeres obtained from chicken muscle by a usual method. Thus it was found that the single sarcomeres obtained by CAF digestion were useful as a muscle model, though they were not completely intact.", "contents": "Preparative study on the isolation of single sarcomeres from rabbit skeletal muscle. Single sarcomeres were prepared from fresh rabbit myofibrils by digestion with a calcium-activated factor (CAF). The rabbit single sarcomere has functional properties quite similar to those of single sarcomeres obtained from chicken muscle by a usual method. Thus it was found that the single sarcomeres obtained by CAF digestion were useful as a muscle model, though they were not completely intact."}
{"id": "PMID:149119", "title": "Properties of membrane adenosine triphosphatase of the obligately anaerobic bacterium Veillonella alcalescens.", "content": "Some properties of membrane ATPase activity in Veillonella alcalescens were examined. Mg2+ is required for the activity of the enzyme, and Ca2+ also activates the enzyme to some degree. Of the nucleotide triphosphates, GTP and ITP were hydrolyzed to a lesser extent than ATP. The apparent Km for ATP hydrolysis was 0.25 to 0.63 mM. ADP inhibited the enzyme and the kinetic data of its inhibition showed that the presence of ADP resulted in positive cooperativity. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by DCCD, azide, fusidic acid and the antibody to purified soluble ATPase from the thermophilic bacterium PS3. Oligomycin, dinitrophenol, and ouabain showed no significant effect.", "contents": "Properties of membrane adenosine triphosphatase of the obligately anaerobic bacterium Veillonella alcalescens. Some properties of membrane ATPase activity in Veillonella alcalescens were examined. Mg2+ is required for the activity of the enzyme, and Ca2+ also activates the enzyme to some degree. Of the nucleotide triphosphates, GTP and ITP were hydrolyzed to a lesser extent than ATP. The apparent Km for ATP hydrolysis was 0.25 to 0.63 mM. ADP inhibited the enzyme and the kinetic data of its inhibition showed that the presence of ADP resulted in positive cooperativity. The enzyme activity was strongly inhibited by DCCD, azide, fusidic acid and the antibody to purified soluble ATPase from the thermophilic bacterium PS3. Oligomycin, dinitrophenol, and ouabain showed no significant effect."}
{"id": "PMID:149122", "title": "Preparation of a myosin-extracted \"ghost\" myofibril Sephadex conjugate column and its application to the separation of myosin subfragment-1 giving and not giving the initial burst of phosphate.", "content": "A \"ghost\" myofibril (myosin-extracted myofibril) Sephadex conjugate which specifically binds myosin, HMM and S-1 in the absence of Mg-ATP or Mg-PP can be prepared in a few days by conjugating \"ghost\" myofibrils to Sephadex beads. Binding ability is retained for over a month. It is used, therefore, for actin-affinity chromatography of myosin and its active fragments. It is under debate whether the two heads of the myosin molecule are functionally identical. Recently several reports have indicated that S-1 could be separated into two kinds of S-1, one giving the initial burst of phosphate and the other not, by assuming a difference in the affinity of the two kinds of S-1 to F-actin. Attempts are reported here to obtain these two components of S-1 separately by using the \"ghost\" myofibril Sephadex conjugate column. The method of S-1 separation reported by Shibata-Sekiya and Tonomura ((1976) J. Biochem, 80, 1371-1380), which used S-1 treated with CMB, was applied to the \"ghost\" myofibril Sephadex conjugate column. This resulted in the successful separation of S-1 modified with CMB giving no initial burst of phosphate and unmodified S-1 giving the initial burst of phosphate. A separation method based essentially on the principle employed by Taniguichi and Tawada ((1976) J. Biochem. 80, 853-860) gave an unsuccessful result.", "contents": "Preparation of a myosin-extracted \"ghost\" myofibril Sephadex conjugate column and its application to the separation of myosin subfragment-1 giving and not giving the initial burst of phosphate. A \"ghost\" myofibril (myosin-extracted myofibril) Sephadex conjugate which specifically binds myosin, HMM and S-1 in the absence of Mg-ATP or Mg-PP can be prepared in a few days by conjugating \"ghost\" myofibrils to Sephadex beads. Binding ability is retained for over a month. It is used, therefore, for actin-affinity chromatography of myosin and its active fragments. It is under debate whether the two heads of the myosin molecule are functionally identical. Recently several reports have indicated that S-1 could be separated into two kinds of S-1, one giving the initial burst of phosphate and the other not, by assuming a difference in the affinity of the two kinds of S-1 to F-actin. Attempts are reported here to obtain these two components of S-1 separately by using the \"ghost\" myofibril Sephadex conjugate column. The method of S-1 separation reported by Shibata-Sekiya and Tonomura ((1976) J. Biochem, 80, 1371-1380), which used S-1 treated with CMB, was applied to the \"ghost\" myofibril Sephadex conjugate column. This resulted in the successful separation of S-1 modified with CMB giving no initial burst of phosphate and unmodified S-1 giving the initial burst of phosphate. A separation method based essentially on the principle employed by Taniguichi and Tawada ((1976) J. Biochem. 80, 853-860) gave an unsuccessful result."}
{"id": "PMID:149123", "title": "Effects of tryptic digestion on the enzymatic activites of chicken gizzard myosin.", "content": "Tryptic digestion of gizzard myosin resulted in the degradation of the 20K light chain (G1) to its 17K fragment, which could not be phosphorylated. The rapid loss of Ca2+-dependent activation of actomyosin ATPase activity accompanied the degradation of G1. Increase in the Ca2+-ATPase activity and decrease in the EDTA-ATPase activity of myosin accompanied the degradation of myosin heavy chain, but not the cleavage of G1.", "contents": "Effects of tryptic digestion on the enzymatic activites of chicken gizzard myosin. Tryptic digestion of gizzard myosin resulted in the degradation of the 20K light chain (G1) to its 17K fragment, which could not be phosphorylated. The rapid loss of Ca2+-dependent activation of actomyosin ATPase activity accompanied the degradation of G1. Increase in the Ca2+-ATPase activity and decrease in the EDTA-ATPase activity of myosin accompanied the degradation of myosin heavy chain, but not the cleavage of G1."}
{"id": "PMID:149124", "title": "Myosin-like protein and actin-like protein from Escherichia coli K12 C600.", "content": "Myosin-like protein was obtained from E. coli by extraction with a sucrose solution and by precipitation with rabbit skeletal actin. The preparation of E. coli myosin-like protein looked very similar, in the sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoretic pattern, to that of rabbit skeletal myosin. The myosin-like protein was able to reversibly bind to rabbit actin. It had the activities of EDTA-, Ca-, and Mg-ATPases. The product in the EDTA-ATPase reaction catalyzed by the myosin-like protein was identified as ADP by ion exchange chromatography. The Mg-ATPase activity of E. coli myosin-like protein was activated by either rabbit actin or E. coli actin-like protein though the activation was much stronger by the latter. However, the myosin-like protein did not exhibit superprecipitation either with rabbit actin or with E. coli actin-like protein. Actin-like protein was also obtained from E. coli by essentially the same procedures as those described for preparation of rabbit skeletal actin. E. coli actin-like protein was capable of activating Mg-ATPase of rabbit myosin, and also of superprecipitation with rabbit myosin. Extraction from both the whole cells and the membrane fraction of E. coli strongly suggested that the myosin-like protein and the actin-like protein are both localized in the membrane fraction rather than in the cytoplasmic fraction.", "contents": "Myosin-like protein and actin-like protein from Escherichia coli K12 C600. Myosin-like protein was obtained from E. coli by extraction with a sucrose solution and by precipitation with rabbit skeletal actin. The preparation of E. coli myosin-like protein looked very similar, in the sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoretic pattern, to that of rabbit skeletal myosin. The myosin-like protein was able to reversibly bind to rabbit actin. It had the activities of EDTA-, Ca-, and Mg-ATPases. The product in the EDTA-ATPase reaction catalyzed by the myosin-like protein was identified as ADP by ion exchange chromatography. The Mg-ATPase activity of E. coli myosin-like protein was activated by either rabbit actin or E. coli actin-like protein though the activation was much stronger by the latter. However, the myosin-like protein did not exhibit superprecipitation either with rabbit actin or with E. coli actin-like protein. Actin-like protein was also obtained from E. coli by essentially the same procedures as those described for preparation of rabbit skeletal actin. E. coli actin-like protein was capable of activating Mg-ATPase of rabbit myosin, and also of superprecipitation with rabbit myosin. Extraction from both the whole cells and the membrane fraction of E. coli strongly suggested that the myosin-like protein and the actin-like protein are both localized in the membrane fraction rather than in the cytoplasmic fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:149126", "title": "Nuclear mutations conferring oligomycin resistance in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Mutants of Neurospora crassa have been isolated that are highly resistant to inhibition by oligomycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase activity. Dixon plots (Dixon, M., and Webb, E.C. (1964) Enzymes, 2nd Ed, pp. 328-330, Academic Press, New York) of oligomycin inhibition curves of the parent strain and the resistant mutants are linear, indicating that oligomycin interacts at a single site within the ATPase complex. The Ki values obtained from the mutants vary from 150 to 900 times greater than the Ki obtained for the parent strain. The parent strain and the oligomycin-resistant mutants are also inhibited by bathophenanthroline, a lipophilic chelating agent that inhibits F1 ATPase activity. Dixon plots of bathophenanthroline inhibition curves are also linear and Ki values obtained are all approximately equal. Crosses of the oligomycin-resistant mutants to the oligomycin-sensitive parent strain show a mendelian segregation of the resistance characteristic. These data show that mutations leading to oligomycin resistance in Neurospora are due to alterations in nuclear genes.", "contents": "Nuclear mutations conferring oligomycin resistance in Neurospora crassa. Mutants of Neurospora crassa have been isolated that are highly resistant to inhibition by oligomycin, an inhibitor of mitochondrial ATPase activity. Dixon plots (Dixon, M., and Webb, E.C. (1964) Enzymes, 2nd Ed, pp. 328-330, Academic Press, New York) of oligomycin inhibition curves of the parent strain and the resistant mutants are linear, indicating that oligomycin interacts at a single site within the ATPase complex. The Ki values obtained from the mutants vary from 150 to 900 times greater than the Ki obtained for the parent strain. The parent strain and the oligomycin-resistant mutants are also inhibited by bathophenanthroline, a lipophilic chelating agent that inhibits F1 ATPase activity. Dixon plots of bathophenanthroline inhibition curves are also linear and Ki values obtained are all approximately equal. Crosses of the oligomycin-resistant mutants to the oligomycin-sensitive parent strain show a mendelian segregation of the resistance characteristic. These data show that mutations leading to oligomycin resistance in Neurospora are due to alterations in nuclear genes."}
{"id": "PMID:149127", "title": "Kinetic studies on bacterial plasma membrane ATPase (F1). Nucleotide-induced long term inactivation of ATP hydrolyzing activity is linked to the formation of multiple \"tight\" enzyme nucleotide complexes.", "content": "ADP and the ATP analogs Nb-S6ITP (6-[(3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl)thio]-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine 5'-triphosphate) and AMP-P(NH)P (adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate) interact with soluble plasma membrane ATPase (F1) from Micrococcus species in two ways: (i) at short incubation times, these inhibitors exhibit the kinetics of competitive inhibition, (ii) at long incubation times, these inhibitors induce an inactivation of the ATPase which can be reversed only in the case of AMP-P(NH)P. Kinetic treatment of the long term inactivation by ADP or Nb-S6ITP reveals a pseudo-first order process via the formation of an enzyme-inhibitor complex for which a Km analogous constant is obtained that is identical with the corresponding Ki value of the competitive inhibition. The long term inactivation by ADP and Nb-S6ITP involves the successive \"tight\" binding of 6 +/- 1 nucleotides/F1 molecule. One additional ADP molecule/F1 complex which is also \"tightly\" bound has no effect on the ATPase activity. The long term inactivation by ADP and Nb-S6ITP is inhibited at higher inhibitor concentrations according to a kinetics analogous to a substrate excess inhibition. Evidence is presented indicating that the mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by F1 and the long term inactivation by ADP or Nb-S6ITP are related processes. The mechanism of long term inactivation by AMP-P(NH)P appears to be different from that of ADP or Nb-S6ITP.", "contents": "Kinetic studies on bacterial plasma membrane ATPase (F1). Nucleotide-induced long term inactivation of ATP hydrolyzing activity is linked to the formation of multiple \"tight\" enzyme nucleotide complexes. ADP and the ATP analogs Nb-S6ITP (6-[(3-carboxy-4-nitrophenyl)thio]-9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurine 5'-triphosphate) and AMP-P(NH)P (adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate) interact with soluble plasma membrane ATPase (F1) from Micrococcus species in two ways: (i) at short incubation times, these inhibitors exhibit the kinetics of competitive inhibition, (ii) at long incubation times, these inhibitors induce an inactivation of the ATPase which can be reversed only in the case of AMP-P(NH)P. Kinetic treatment of the long term inactivation by ADP or Nb-S6ITP reveals a pseudo-first order process via the formation of an enzyme-inhibitor complex for which a Km analogous constant is obtained that is identical with the corresponding Ki value of the competitive inhibition. The long term inactivation by ADP and Nb-S6ITP involves the successive \"tight\" binding of 6 +/- 1 nucleotides/F1 molecule. One additional ADP molecule/F1 complex which is also \"tightly\" bound has no effect on the ATPase activity. The long term inactivation by ADP and Nb-S6ITP is inhibited at higher inhibitor concentrations according to a kinetics analogous to a substrate excess inhibition. Evidence is presented indicating that the mechanism of ATP hydrolysis by F1 and the long term inactivation by ADP or Nb-S6ITP are related processes. The mechanism of long term inactivation by AMP-P(NH)P appears to be different from that of ADP or Nb-S6ITP."}
{"id": "PMID:149128", "title": "Phosphofructokinases from Escherichia coli. Purification and characterization of the nonallosteric isozyme.", "content": "The main phosphofructokinase of Escherichia coli (PFK I) is an extensively studied allosteric enzyme specified by the pfkA gene. A nonallosteric phosphofructokinase was reported (Fraenkel, D.G., Kotlarz, D., and Bluc, H. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4865-4866) in strains carrying the pfkB1 mutation, a suppressor of pfkA mutants, and very low levels of this enzyme have also been detected in strains not carrying the suppressor (i.e. pfkB+). The nonallosteric protein has now been prepared pure from three strains, one carrying pfkB1 and pfkA+, one carrying pfkB1 and completely deleted for pfkA, and one carrying pfkB+ and also deleted for pfkA. It is apparently the same enzyme (PFK II) in all three strains, which shows that pfkB1 is a mutation affecting the amount of a normally minor isozyme. PFK II is a tetramer of slightly larger subunit molecular weight than PFK I (36,000 and 34,000, respectively). No immunological cross-reactivity was detected between PFK II and PFK I. Unlike PFK I, PFK II does not show cooperative interactions with fructose-6-P, inhibition by P-enolpyruvate, or activation by ADP. Also unlike PFK I, PFK II is somewhat sensitive to inhibition by fructose-1,6-P2 and can use tagatose-6-P as substrate. Both enzymes can perform the reverse reaction, fructose-6-P + ATP from fructose-1,6-P2 + ADP in vitro, but not in vivo. The normal function of PFK II is not known.", "contents": "Phosphofructokinases from Escherichia coli. Purification and characterization of the nonallosteric isozyme. The main phosphofructokinase of Escherichia coli (PFK I) is an extensively studied allosteric enzyme specified by the pfkA gene. A nonallosteric phosphofructokinase was reported (Fraenkel, D.G., Kotlarz, D., and Bluc, H. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 4865-4866) in strains carrying the pfkB1 mutation, a suppressor of pfkA mutants, and very low levels of this enzyme have also been detected in strains not carrying the suppressor (i.e. pfkB+). The nonallosteric protein has now been prepared pure from three strains, one carrying pfkB1 and pfkA+, one carrying pfkB1 and completely deleted for pfkA, and one carrying pfkB+ and also deleted for pfkA. It is apparently the same enzyme (PFK II) in all three strains, which shows that pfkB1 is a mutation affecting the amount of a normally minor isozyme. PFK II is a tetramer of slightly larger subunit molecular weight than PFK I (36,000 and 34,000, respectively). No immunological cross-reactivity was detected between PFK II and PFK I. Unlike PFK I, PFK II does not show cooperative interactions with fructose-6-P, inhibition by P-enolpyruvate, or activation by ADP. Also unlike PFK I, PFK II is somewhat sensitive to inhibition by fructose-1,6-P2 and can use tagatose-6-P as substrate. Both enzymes can perform the reverse reaction, fructose-6-P + ATP from fructose-1,6-P2 + ADP in vitro, but not in vivo. The normal function of PFK II is not known."}
{"id": "PMID:149131", "title": "Purification and characterization of 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase, an enzyme in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "3-Dehydroshikimate dehydratase catalyzes the third reaction in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa and is encoded in the qa-4 gene of the qa gene cluster. As part of continuing genetic and biochemical studies concerning the organization and regulation of this gene cluster, 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase has been purified and characterized biochemically. The enzyme was purified 1650-fold using the following techniques: 1) (NH4)2SO4 fractionation; 2) ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose; 3) gel filtration on Sephadex G-100; 4) ion exchange chromatography on Cellex QAE (quaternary aminoethyl); and 5) hydroxylapatite chromatography. 3-Dehydroshikimate dehydratase is a monomer with a molecular weight of about 37,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 3.27 S. It has a Km value of 5.9 X 10(-4) and an average isoelectric point of 4.92. The purified enzyme is extremely sensitive to thermal denaturation but can be significantly stabilized by Mg2+ ions. The purified enzyme also exhibits maximal catalytic activity only when assayed in the presence of certain divalent cations, e.g. magnesium. The NH2-terminal residue of 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase is proline, and its alpha-amino group is unblocked.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase, an enzyme in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa. 3-Dehydroshikimate dehydratase catalyzes the third reaction in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway of Neurospora crassa and is encoded in the qa-4 gene of the qa gene cluster. As part of continuing genetic and biochemical studies concerning the organization and regulation of this gene cluster, 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase has been purified and characterized biochemically. The enzyme was purified 1650-fold using the following techniques: 1) (NH4)2SO4 fractionation; 2) ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-cellulose; 3) gel filtration on Sephadex G-100; 4) ion exchange chromatography on Cellex QAE (quaternary aminoethyl); and 5) hydroxylapatite chromatography. 3-Dehydroshikimate dehydratase is a monomer with a molecular weight of about 37,000 and a sedimentation coefficient of 3.27 S. It has a Km value of 5.9 X 10(-4) and an average isoelectric point of 4.92. The purified enzyme is extremely sensitive to thermal denaturation but can be significantly stabilized by Mg2+ ions. The purified enzyme also exhibits maximal catalytic activity only when assayed in the presence of certain divalent cations, e.g. magnesium. The NH2-terminal residue of 3-dehydroshikimate dehydratase is proline, and its alpha-amino group is unblocked."}
{"id": "PMID:149133", "title": "Purification of the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activator from human erythrocytes. Its membership in the class of Ca2+-binding modulator proteins.", "content": "The activator of the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase of erythrocyte membranes was purified 13,000-fold to homogeneity from human erythrocytes. The protein gave a single band upon electrophoresis both with and without detergent, and upon isoelectric focusing. This protein was compared with Ca2+-binding modulator proteins from bovine brain and rat testis. All three proteins were homogeneous and co-migrated on electrophoresis both in the presence of detergent and without detergent at pH values on both sides of the isoelectric point of the protein. The amino acid compositions of the three proteins were nearly indistinguishable, and all three proteins contained 1 residue of the unusual amino acid, trimethyllysine. All three were also indistinguishable as measured by their ability to further stimulate the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase of human erythrocyte membranes. Thus, we conclude that they represent functionally the same protein. Upon storage of all three proteins, a second band was detectable by detergent gel electrophoresis; the biochemical activity and the behavior on nondetergent gels were not changed. The presence of this second band is probably responsible for previous reports of differences between the rat testis and bovine brain modulator protein. The possibility is discussed that this protein is a general intracellular Ca2+ receptor, which mediates the activities of Ca2+ as an intracellular messenger.", "contents": "Purification of the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase activator from human erythrocytes. Its membership in the class of Ca2+-binding modulator proteins. The activator of the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase of erythrocyte membranes was purified 13,000-fold to homogeneity from human erythrocytes. The protein gave a single band upon electrophoresis both with and without detergent, and upon isoelectric focusing. This protein was compared with Ca2+-binding modulator proteins from bovine brain and rat testis. All three proteins were homogeneous and co-migrated on electrophoresis both in the presence of detergent and without detergent at pH values on both sides of the isoelectric point of the protein. The amino acid compositions of the three proteins were nearly indistinguishable, and all three proteins contained 1 residue of the unusual amino acid, trimethyllysine. All three were also indistinguishable as measured by their ability to further stimulate the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase of human erythrocyte membranes. Thus, we conclude that they represent functionally the same protein. Upon storage of all three proteins, a second band was detectable by detergent gel electrophoresis; the biochemical activity and the behavior on nondetergent gels were not changed. The presence of this second band is probably responsible for previous reports of differences between the rat testis and bovine brain modulator protein. The possibility is discussed that this protein is a general intracellular Ca2+ receptor, which mediates the activities of Ca2+ as an intracellular messenger."}
{"id": "PMID:149136", "title": "Characterization of a second myosin from Acanthamoeba castellanii.", "content": "We purified a 400,000 molecular weight myosin, myosin-II, from Acanthamoeba castellanii. The sequence of ion exchange chromatography, actomyosin precipitation, actin extraction, and gel permeation chromatography yields per 100 g of cells about 11 mg of myosin-II which is 90 to 96% pure. ATPase activity is highest in the presence of Ca2+, but the enzyme is also active in EDTA provided high concentrations of K+ are present. The molecule consists of two 175,000 molecular weight heavy chains, one or two 17,500 molecular weight light chains, and two 16,500 molecular weight light chains. Myosin-II is rich in acidic residues and contains about 32 residues of cysteine/mol. The sedimentation coefficient is 5.9 S. Intrinsic viscosity is 126 cc/g. By equilibrium ultracentrifugation, the molecular weight averages depended upon the initial loading concentration in a way that suggested a 400,000 molecular weight species is in equilibrium with a 200,000 molecular weight species. By electron microscopy the molecule was seen to have two globular heads at one end of a tail 90 nm long. In KCl solutions of less than 0.25 M, the myosin-II tails self-associate to form the backbone of very small (6.6 x 205 nm) bipolar filaments with central bare zones 97 nm long. Myosin-II binds to actin filaments, forming periodic arrowhead-shaped complexes, but its Mg2+ ATPase activity is activated only 50% or less by actin. When radioactive myosin-II is incubated up to 90 min in unlabeled Acanthamoeba homogenates, it is not degraded into smaller fragments, such as the 190,000 molecular weight myosin-I. Our observations and the detailed enzymatic data presented by Maruta and Korn ((1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 6501-6509) argue that the smaller Acanthamoeba myosin-I (Pollard, T. D., and Korn, E. D. (1973) J. Biol. Chem, 248, 4682-2690) does not arise by fragmentation of myosin-II in the homogenate or extract.", "contents": "Characterization of a second myosin from Acanthamoeba castellanii. We purified a 400,000 molecular weight myosin, myosin-II, from Acanthamoeba castellanii. The sequence of ion exchange chromatography, actomyosin precipitation, actin extraction, and gel permeation chromatography yields per 100 g of cells about 11 mg of myosin-II which is 90 to 96% pure. ATPase activity is highest in the presence of Ca2+, but the enzyme is also active in EDTA provided high concentrations of K+ are present. The molecule consists of two 175,000 molecular weight heavy chains, one or two 17,500 molecular weight light chains, and two 16,500 molecular weight light chains. Myosin-II is rich in acidic residues and contains about 32 residues of cysteine/mol. The sedimentation coefficient is 5.9 S. Intrinsic viscosity is 126 cc/g. By equilibrium ultracentrifugation, the molecular weight averages depended upon the initial loading concentration in a way that suggested a 400,000 molecular weight species is in equilibrium with a 200,000 molecular weight species. By electron microscopy the molecule was seen to have two globular heads at one end of a tail 90 nm long. In KCl solutions of less than 0.25 M, the myosin-II tails self-associate to form the backbone of very small (6.6 x 205 nm) bipolar filaments with central bare zones 97 nm long. Myosin-II binds to actin filaments, forming periodic arrowhead-shaped complexes, but its Mg2+ ATPase activity is activated only 50% or less by actin. When radioactive myosin-II is incubated up to 90 min in unlabeled Acanthamoeba homogenates, it is not degraded into smaller fragments, such as the 190,000 molecular weight myosin-I. Our observations and the detailed enzymatic data presented by Maruta and Korn ((1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 6501-6509) argue that the smaller Acanthamoeba myosin-I (Pollard, T. D., and Korn, E. D. (1973) J. Biol. Chem, 248, 4682-2690) does not arise by fragmentation of myosin-II in the homogenate or extract."}
{"id": "PMID:149137", "title": "Effect of phosphate esters, nucleotides and nucleosides on 5'-nucleotidase of cultured mouse macrophages.", "content": "Mouse peritoneal macrophages elicited by intraperitoneal injection of sodium caseinate exhibit low levels of ecto-5'-nucleotidase (E. C. 3.1.3.5) activity in contrast to macrophages obtained by peritoneal lavage. When elicited cells were cultured under standard conditions in the presence of serum, a 2.5-fold increase in 5'-nucleotidase activity was observed over a period of 48 hours. Addition of adenosine monophosphate to the culture medium led to an augmented (5-fold) increase in the specific activity (per unit cell protein) as well as an absolute increase (per culture plate) of 5'-nucleotidase. Other adenosine-containing compounds also had stimulatory effects. The levels of this enzyme thus appear to be regulated by the extracellular levels of adenosine nucleotides. The product of the enzymatic reaction--adenosine--when added to the medium exhibited a toxic effect on these cells--as did adenosine monophosphate. However, the former substance did not augment the increase in enzyme activity during culture. The toxic effect could be suppressed when the cells were cultured in the presence of uridine 5'-monophosphate. The latter substance also depressed the stimulation of enzyme activity due to AMP.", "contents": "Effect of phosphate esters, nucleotides and nucleosides on 5'-nucleotidase of cultured mouse macrophages. Mouse peritoneal macrophages elicited by intraperitoneal injection of sodium caseinate exhibit low levels of ecto-5'-nucleotidase (E. C. 3.1.3.5) activity in contrast to macrophages obtained by peritoneal lavage. When elicited cells were cultured under standard conditions in the presence of serum, a 2.5-fold increase in 5'-nucleotidase activity was observed over a period of 48 hours. Addition of adenosine monophosphate to the culture medium led to an augmented (5-fold) increase in the specific activity (per unit cell protein) as well as an absolute increase (per culture plate) of 5'-nucleotidase. Other adenosine-containing compounds also had stimulatory effects. The levels of this enzyme thus appear to be regulated by the extracellular levels of adenosine nucleotides. The product of the enzymatic reaction--adenosine--when added to the medium exhibited a toxic effect on these cells--as did adenosine monophosphate. However, the former substance did not augment the increase in enzyme activity during culture. The toxic effect could be suppressed when the cells were cultured in the presence of uridine 5'-monophosphate. The latter substance also depressed the stimulation of enzyme activity due to AMP."}
{"id": "PMID:149138", "title": "[Urine steroid profiles of hirsute women (author's transl)].", "content": "Steroid profiles of women suffering from idiopathic hirsutism show in more than 50% of the cases of 10--100 fold increase in the excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) compared with normal values. The excretion of DHEA was reduced much more than that of other 17-ketosteroids if the adrenals (NNR) were suppressed by dexamethasone (DXM). Within one week they reached values at the compound noise level of the gas chromatograms. If the ovaries were stimulated with human chorionic gonadotropin during continued suppression of the NNR with DXM no increase of DHEA could be detected.", "contents": "[Urine steroid profiles of hirsute women (author's transl)]. Steroid profiles of women suffering from idiopathic hirsutism show in more than 50% of the cases of 10--100 fold increase in the excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) compared with normal values. The excretion of DHEA was reduced much more than that of other 17-ketosteroids if the adrenals (NNR) were suppressed by dexamethasone (DXM). Within one week they reached values at the compound noise level of the gas chromatograms. If the ovaries were stimulated with human chorionic gonadotropin during continued suppression of the NNR with DXM no increase of DHEA could be detected."}
{"id": "PMID:149139", "title": "Separation of androsterone from epiandrosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone from its 3-hydroxy epimer by thin-layer chromatography.", "content": "The application of thin-layer chromatography to the separation of 13 steroids, including androstanes, 4-androstenes and 5-androstenes, using silica gel and 1,2-propanediol-impregnated cellulose is described. After group-wise separation of various C19 steroids on silica gel, the 3-hydroxy epimers of 5alpha-androstanes and 5-androstenes can be separated by thin-layer chromatography on impregnated cellulose plates. The chromatographic procedure is rapid and makes the prior formation of steroid derivatives unnecessary.", "contents": "Separation of androsterone from epiandrosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone from its 3-hydroxy epimer by thin-layer chromatography. The application of thin-layer chromatography to the separation of 13 steroids, including androstanes, 4-androstenes and 5-androstenes, using silica gel and 1,2-propanediol-impregnated cellulose is described. After group-wise separation of various C19 steroids on silica gel, the 3-hydroxy epimers of 5alpha-androstanes and 5-androstenes can be separated by thin-layer chromatography on impregnated cellulose plates. The chromatographic procedure is rapid and makes the prior formation of steroid derivatives unnecessary."}
{"id": "PMID:149140", "title": "Impaired cell-mediated immunity in Hodgkin's disease mediated by suppressor lymphocytes and monocytes.", "content": "In Hodgkin's disease a possible mechanism for impaired cellular immunity is cell-mediated suppression, defined as the inhibitory interaction between suppressor cells and effector lymphocytes. To test for the presence of suppressor cells in peripheral blood, we have modified the standard, one-way mixed lymphocyte culture by adding mitomycin C-treated mononuclear cells from the responder. Suppression, expressed as a percent of the base-line mixed lymphocyte culture in which these extra cells are not present, results in a reduction of thymidine incorporated in the modified culture (i.e., 100% suppression = no net thymidine incorporation; 0% suppression = identical thymidine incorporation in both the modified and baseline culture). Suppression was found to be significantly increased in patients with both active Hodgkin's disease (78+/-4.6%) and remission Hodgkin's disease (58+/-9.3%) compared to normal individuals (21+/-6.9%) (mean+/-SE). The degree and frequency of suppression were not influenced by disease stage or prior therapy. Cell purification techniques revealed (in 10 patients studied) the suppressor cell to be a monocyte in 6, and a thymus-derived lymphocyte in 4. Possible genetic restriction of the suppressor cell interaction was indicated by a failure of suppressor cells to alter the response of lymphocytes from unrelated individuals, but suppression was obtained with lymphocytes from a histocompatible sibling. Although mononuclear cells from normal individuals suppress less frequently than cells from patients with Hodgkin's disease, normals may demonstrate suppression comparable to that observed in Hodgkin's patients. This finding suggests that suppression is a normal immunoregulatory mechanism which is altered in Hodgkin's disease.", "contents": "Impaired cell-mediated immunity in Hodgkin's disease mediated by suppressor lymphocytes and monocytes. In Hodgkin's disease a possible mechanism for impaired cellular immunity is cell-mediated suppression, defined as the inhibitory interaction between suppressor cells and effector lymphocytes. To test for the presence of suppressor cells in peripheral blood, we have modified the standard, one-way mixed lymphocyte culture by adding mitomycin C-treated mononuclear cells from the responder. Suppression, expressed as a percent of the base-line mixed lymphocyte culture in which these extra cells are not present, results in a reduction of thymidine incorporated in the modified culture (i.e., 100% suppression = no net thymidine incorporation; 0% suppression = identical thymidine incorporation in both the modified and baseline culture). Suppression was found to be significantly increased in patients with both active Hodgkin's disease (78+/-4.6%) and remission Hodgkin's disease (58+/-9.3%) compared to normal individuals (21+/-6.9%) (mean+/-SE). The degree and frequency of suppression were not influenced by disease stage or prior therapy. Cell purification techniques revealed (in 10 patients studied) the suppressor cell to be a monocyte in 6, and a thymus-derived lymphocyte in 4. Possible genetic restriction of the suppressor cell interaction was indicated by a failure of suppressor cells to alter the response of lymphocytes from unrelated individuals, but suppression was obtained with lymphocytes from a histocompatible sibling. Although mononuclear cells from normal individuals suppress less frequently than cells from patients with Hodgkin's disease, normals may demonstrate suppression comparable to that observed in Hodgkin's patients. This finding suggests that suppression is a normal immunoregulatory mechanism which is altered in Hodgkin's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:149141", "title": "Effect of aminoglutethimide on blood pressure and steroid secretion in patients with low renin essential hypertension.", "content": "An inhibitor of adrenal steroid biosynthesis, aminoglutethimide, was administered to seven patients with low renin essential hypertension, and the antihypertensive action of the drug was compared with its effects on adrenal steroid production. In all patients aldosterone concentrations in plasma and urine were within normal limits before the study. Mean arterial pressure was reduced from a pretreatment value of 117+/-2 (mean+/-SE) mm Hg to 108+/-3 mm Hg after 4 days of aminoglutethimide therapy and further to 99+/-3 mm Hg when drug administration was stopped (usually 21 days). Body weight was also reduced from 81.6+/-7.2 kg in the control period to 80.6+/-7.0 kg after 4 days of drug treatment and to 80.1+/-6.7 kg at the termination of therapy. Plasma renin activity was not significantly increased after 4 days of treatment but had risen to the normal range by the termination of aminoglutethimide therapy. Mean plasma concentrations of deoxycorticosterone and cortisol were unchanged during aminoglutethimide treatment whereas those of 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and 11-deoxycortisol were increased as compared to pretreatment values. In contrast, aminoglutethimide treatment reduced mean plasma aldosterone concentrations to about 30% of control values. Excretion rates of 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 16-oxo-androstenediol, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids, and the secretion rate of 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone were not significantly altered by aminoglutethimide treatment whereas the excretion rate of aldosterone was reduced from 3.62+/-0.5 (mean+/-SE) in the control period to 0.9+/-0.2 mug/24 h after 4 days and to 1.1+/-0.3 mug/24 h at the termination of aminoglutethimide treatment. The gradual lowering of blood pressure and body weight during aminoglutethimide therapy is consistent with the view that the antihypertensive effect of the drug is mediated through a reduction in the patients' extracellular fluid volume, probably secondary to the persistent decrease in aldosterone production. The observation that chronic administration of aminoglutethimide lowered blood pressure in these patients and elevated their plasma renin activity to the normal range without decreasing production of the adrenal steroids, deoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, and 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, makes it unlikely that these steroids are responsible either for the decreased renin or the elevated blood pressure in patients with low renin essential hypertension.", "contents": "Effect of aminoglutethimide on blood pressure and steroid secretion in patients with low renin essential hypertension. An inhibitor of adrenal steroid biosynthesis, aminoglutethimide, was administered to seven patients with low renin essential hypertension, and the antihypertensive action of the drug was compared with its effects on adrenal steroid production. In all patients aldosterone concentrations in plasma and urine were within normal limits before the study. Mean arterial pressure was reduced from a pretreatment value of 117+/-2 (mean+/-SE) mm Hg to 108+/-3 mm Hg after 4 days of aminoglutethimide therapy and further to 99+/-3 mm Hg when drug administration was stopped (usually 21 days). Body weight was also reduced from 81.6+/-7.2 kg in the control period to 80.6+/-7.0 kg after 4 days of drug treatment and to 80.1+/-6.7 kg at the termination of therapy. Plasma renin activity was not significantly increased after 4 days of treatment but had risen to the normal range by the termination of aminoglutethimide therapy. Mean plasma concentrations of deoxycorticosterone and cortisol were unchanged during aminoglutethimide treatment whereas those of 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, progesterone, 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, and 11-deoxycortisol were increased as compared to pretreatment values. In contrast, aminoglutethimide treatment reduced mean plasma aldosterone concentrations to about 30% of control values. Excretion rates of 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, 16-oxo-androstenediol, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and 17-ketosteroids, and the secretion rate of 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone were not significantly altered by aminoglutethimide treatment whereas the excretion rate of aldosterone was reduced from 3.62+/-0.5 (mean+/-SE) in the control period to 0.9+/-0.2 mug/24 h after 4 days and to 1.1+/-0.3 mug/24 h at the termination of aminoglutethimide treatment. The gradual lowering of blood pressure and body weight during aminoglutethimide therapy is consistent with the view that the antihypertensive effect of the drug is mediated through a reduction in the patients' extracellular fluid volume, probably secondary to the persistent decrease in aldosterone production. The observation that chronic administration of aminoglutethimide lowered blood pressure in these patients and elevated their plasma renin activity to the normal range without decreasing production of the adrenal steroids, deoxycorticosterone, 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone, and 16beta-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone, makes it unlikely that these steroids are responsible either for the decreased renin or the elevated blood pressure in patients with low renin essential hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:149142", "title": "Systolic anterior motion of the tricuspid valve in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.", "content": "A 37 year man with combined subpulmonic and subaortic idiopathic hypertrophic stenosis proved by cardiac catheterization had typical echocardiographic findings of idiopathic hypertropic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) and systolic anterior motion of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve. This motion of the tricuspid valve may relate to the subpulmonic infundibular gradient in the same way that the systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet relates to the subaortic left ventricular gradient in patients with IHSS.", "contents": "Systolic anterior motion of the tricuspid valve in idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. A 37 year man with combined subpulmonic and subaortic idiopathic hypertrophic stenosis proved by cardiac catheterization had typical echocardiographic findings of idiopathic hypertropic subaortic stenosis (IHSS) and systolic anterior motion of the anterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve. This motion of the tricuspid valve may relate to the subpulmonic infundibular gradient in the same way that the systolic anterior motion of the anterior mitral leaflet relates to the subaortic left ventricular gradient in patients with IHSS."}
{"id": "PMID:149143", "title": "Echocardiographic and clinical correlations in systemic hyper-tension.", "content": "Echocardiographic measurements in 47 asymptomatic hypertensive patients were correlated with duration and severity of blood pressure elevation and with optic fundoscopic findings. These observations were also compared with electrocardiographic and chest roentgenographic measurements. Echo left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT) correlated best with duration of known hypertension. For 22 recent hypertensive patients the LVWT mean was .9 +/- .3 cm whereas mean LVWT for 25 patients hypertensive for five or more years was 1.3 +/- .2, (p less than or equal to .01). More severe initial diastolic pressure and the presence of hypertensive fundi also correlated with increased wall thickness. Increased left atrial diameter (greater than or equal to 2 cm m2) was observed primarily in the presence of longstanding disease. ECG and cardiothoracic ratio by xray did not correlate highly with the echo abnormalities. These observations suggest that echocardiography may be a sensitive and early means of recognizing cardiac changes in hypertensive patients.", "contents": "Echocardiographic and clinical correlations in systemic hyper-tension. Echocardiographic measurements in 47 asymptomatic hypertensive patients were correlated with duration and severity of blood pressure elevation and with optic fundoscopic findings. These observations were also compared with electrocardiographic and chest roentgenographic measurements. Echo left ventricular wall thickness (LVWT) correlated best with duration of known hypertension. For 22 recent hypertensive patients the LVWT mean was .9 +/- .3 cm whereas mean LVWT for 25 patients hypertensive for five or more years was 1.3 +/- .2, (p less than or equal to .01). More severe initial diastolic pressure and the presence of hypertensive fundi also correlated with increased wall thickness. Increased left atrial diameter (greater than or equal to 2 cm m2) was observed primarily in the presence of longstanding disease. ECG and cardiothoracic ratio by xray did not correlate highly with the echo abnormalities. These observations suggest that echocardiography may be a sensitive and early means of recognizing cardiac changes in hypertensive patients."}
{"id": "PMID:149159", "title": "[Enzymatic ocular hypertension: a statistical study (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have carried out a statistical study on two large groups of patients operated on for cataract and in whom the enzyme alph-chymotrypsin has been used, and the occurrence of ocular hypertension has been examined. One group, which contained 1,003 operations most of which were under the microscope using a firm closure technique, was compared with another group of 324 cases operated under the same conditions but without using the enzyme. In all cases the intraocular pressure was measured 24-48 hours after the operation. The rise in pressure, the rapidity of its development were studied together with its duration and the concentration of the enzyme. In addition these findings were compared with another group of 2,334 eyes operated on several years previously with standard techniques using a less hermetic wound suture, without a microscope, with alpha-chymotrypsin, but whose tensions were controlled from the third week. The results show conclusively that there is a greater frequency of the occurrence of raised intra-ocular pressure when the enzyme is used (40,3%) than when it is not used (25,3%). This ocular hypertension persists in all cases to the end of three weeks. The time of the appearance of the hypertension, the numbers affected and the duration of the intraocular pressure were not significantly meaningful in the statistical analysis.", "contents": "[Enzymatic ocular hypertension: a statistical study (author's transl)]. The authors have carried out a statistical study on two large groups of patients operated on for cataract and in whom the enzyme alph-chymotrypsin has been used, and the occurrence of ocular hypertension has been examined. One group, which contained 1,003 operations most of which were under the microscope using a firm closure technique, was compared with another group of 324 cases operated under the same conditions but without using the enzyme. In all cases the intraocular pressure was measured 24-48 hours after the operation. The rise in pressure, the rapidity of its development were studied together with its duration and the concentration of the enzyme. In addition these findings were compared with another group of 2,334 eyes operated on several years previously with standard techniques using a less hermetic wound suture, without a microscope, with alpha-chymotrypsin, but whose tensions were controlled from the third week. The results show conclusively that there is a greater frequency of the occurrence of raised intra-ocular pressure when the enzyme is used (40,3%) than when it is not used (25,3%). This ocular hypertension persists in all cases to the end of three weeks. The time of the appearance of the hypertension, the numbers affected and the duration of the intraocular pressure were not significantly meaningful in the statistical analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:149160", "title": "[The frequency of alterations of the lipid and hydrocarbon levels in retinal detachment].", "content": "The biological lipid levels and hyperglycaemia measured in patients of varying ages with retinal detachment have shown that:--in 59.7% there is a hyperlipaemia or hyperlipoproteinaemia. This is more usually a hyperpre-beta-lipoproteinaemia (37.1%);--in 32% a disturbance of lipid metabolism was associated with a disturbance of glucose metabolism: diabetes or a pre-diabetic state;--49% of patients affected with hyperlipidaemia present with a clinical vascular condition;--42% of all the patients present with a clinical vascular condition. The numbers are considerable and they show the frequency of atherogenic factors in retinal detachment.", "contents": "[The frequency of alterations of the lipid and hydrocarbon levels in retinal detachment]. The biological lipid levels and hyperglycaemia measured in patients of varying ages with retinal detachment have shown that:--in 59.7% there is a hyperlipaemia or hyperlipoproteinaemia. This is more usually a hyperpre-beta-lipoproteinaemia (37.1%);--in 32% a disturbance of lipid metabolism was associated with a disturbance of glucose metabolism: diabetes or a pre-diabetic state;--49% of patients affected with hyperlipidaemia present with a clinical vascular condition;--42% of all the patients present with a clinical vascular condition. The numbers are considerable and they show the frequency of atherogenic factors in retinal detachment."}
{"id": "PMID:149170", "title": "Teaching self-hypnosis to patients with chronic pain.", "content": "For the past twenty years hypnotherapy and self-hypnosis have been utilized as valid tools for the successful management of severe protracted pain. Control often has been achieved in cases where other modalities of pain management had been inadequate. Hypnosis properly applied can bring some degree of improvement to 90 percent of patients. More remarkable degree of pain relief is achievable in the 25 percent of patients who have high hypnotic \"talent,\" and with very limited expenditure of time and effort. The author discusses basic theories of pain, pain-control pain-control and hypnosis, and he clarifies the effects of physiological, biochemical, and psychological variables which can affect the procedures and the results. Presentation of a clinical case with quoted excerpts of verbalization serves to illustrate the most important points.", "contents": "Teaching self-hypnosis to patients with chronic pain. For the past twenty years hypnotherapy and self-hypnosis have been utilized as valid tools for the successful management of severe protracted pain. Control often has been achieved in cases where other modalities of pain management had been inadequate. Hypnosis properly applied can bring some degree of improvement to 90 percent of patients. More remarkable degree of pain relief is achievable in the 25 percent of patients who have high hypnotic \"talent,\" and with very limited expenditure of time and effort. The author discusses basic theories of pain, pain-control pain-control and hypnosis, and he clarifies the effects of physiological, biochemical, and psychological variables which can affect the procedures and the results. Presentation of a clinical case with quoted excerpts of verbalization serves to illustrate the most important points."}
{"id": "PMID:149172", "title": "Progressive changes in cytotoxic potential during mixed lymphocyte culture.", "content": "In a previous study it was shown that at least one round of DNA synthesis is required for initial expression of cytotoxic function in mouse lymphocytes responding to alloantigen in vitro. In the experiments reported here we ask whether subsequent rounds of cell division are required simply for clonal expansion of this initial level of cytotoxic function within the population, or whether the amount of cytotoxicity per cytotoxic cell is altered during subsequent rounds of cell division. The amount of cytotoxicity per unit number of cells at various stages of culture was compared with the frequency of cytotoxic cells as estimated principally by effector-target cell conjugates. Our results strongly suggest that the amount of cytotoxicity per cell (cytotoxic potential) is not a static property of cytotoxic cells, but can be modulated up or down during the course of a reaction.", "contents": "Progressive changes in cytotoxic potential during mixed lymphocyte culture. In a previous study it was shown that at least one round of DNA synthesis is required for initial expression of cytotoxic function in mouse lymphocytes responding to alloantigen in vitro. In the experiments reported here we ask whether subsequent rounds of cell division are required simply for clonal expansion of this initial level of cytotoxic function within the population, or whether the amount of cytotoxicity per cytotoxic cell is altered during subsequent rounds of cell division. The amount of cytotoxicity per unit number of cells at various stages of culture was compared with the frequency of cytotoxic cells as estimated principally by effector-target cell conjugates. Our results strongly suggest that the amount of cytotoxicity per cell (cytotoxic potential) is not a static property of cytotoxic cells, but can be modulated up or down during the course of a reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:149173", "title": "Activation of human B lymphocytes. IX. Modulation of antibody production by products of activated macrophages.", "content": "Human monocytes, after in vitro activation by mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) supernatants produce a monokine (MK) that enhances the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated human B lymphocytes. Technical conditions and kinetics of MK production were established. Irradiation of monocytes (5000 rads) does not abolish MK production but heat-killed cells are unable to release the factor. Highly T cell-depleted monocyte populations still produced the PFC-enhancing factor. The same MK has an inconsistent enhancing effect on the PFC responses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM)-stimulated B cells. Other macrophage activators such as LPS, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and latex particles failed to induce consistently the liberation of the PFC-enhancing MK. The target cell for the MK activity on PWM-stimulated B cells appears to be the B lymphocyte itself. These studies demonstrate that soluble monocyte products can have substantial modulatory effects on human B cell function.", "contents": "Activation of human B lymphocytes. IX. Modulation of antibody production by products of activated macrophages. Human monocytes, after in vitro activation by mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) supernatants produce a monokine (MK) that enhances the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response of pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-stimulated human B lymphocytes. Technical conditions and kinetics of MK production were established. Irradiation of monocytes (5000 rads) does not abolish MK production but heat-killed cells are unable to release the factor. Highly T cell-depleted monocyte populations still produced the PFC-enhancing factor. The same MK has an inconsistent enhancing effect on the PFC responses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and nocardia water-soluble mitogen (NWSM)-stimulated B cells. Other macrophage activators such as LPS, phytohemagglutinin (PHA), and latex particles failed to induce consistently the liberation of the PFC-enhancing MK. The target cell for the MK activity on PWM-stimulated B cells appears to be the B lymphocyte itself. These studies demonstrate that soluble monocyte products can have substantial modulatory effects on human B cell function."}
{"id": "PMID:149174", "title": "Effects of costimulator on immune responses in vitro.", "content": "We recently described a factor, costimulator, that is required for the concanavalin A-induced proliferation of CBA mouse thymocytes in vitro (see Reference 1). Using the costimulator dependence of mouse thymocytes as an assay, we have now determined that spleen cells from congenitally athymic (nude) BALB/c mice do not produce costimulator in response to Con A,  and spleen cells depleted of Thy 1-positive cells do not respond to it in the presence of Con A. Thus, costimulator both requires thymus-derived (Thy 1+ lymphocytes for its production and has an effect on this type of cell. (However, the costimulator-producing and responsive cells may be different.) Purified costimulator preparations are a source of the required second component for the stimulation of adult, CBA/J thymic lymphocytes by PHA, normally a poor mitogen for these cells. They also enhance the level of DNA synthesis in a mixed leukocyte reaction, and the specific generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes to allogeneic tumor cells in vitro. Costimulator is not H-2 restricted in its effects, and it is produced in mixed leukocyte reactions. Finally, it has been possible to grow normal, primary thymic lymphocytes in culture for about 20 days by adding partially purified costimulator to the cultures.", "contents": "Effects of costimulator on immune responses in vitro. We recently described a factor, costimulator, that is required for the concanavalin A-induced proliferation of CBA mouse thymocytes in vitro (see Reference 1). Using the costimulator dependence of mouse thymocytes as an assay, we have now determined that spleen cells from congenitally athymic (nude) BALB/c mice do not produce costimulator in response to Con A,  and spleen cells depleted of Thy 1-positive cells do not respond to it in the presence of Con A. Thus, costimulator both requires thymus-derived (Thy 1+ lymphocytes for its production and has an effect on this type of cell. (However, the costimulator-producing and responsive cells may be different.) Purified costimulator preparations are a source of the required second component for the stimulation of adult, CBA/J thymic lymphocytes by PHA, normally a poor mitogen for these cells. They also enhance the level of DNA synthesis in a mixed leukocyte reaction, and the specific generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes to allogeneic tumor cells in vitro. Costimulator is not H-2 restricted in its effects, and it is produced in mixed leukocyte reactions. Finally, it has been possible to grow normal, primary thymic lymphocytes in culture for about 20 days by adding partially purified costimulator to the cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:149177", "title": "Renal handling of lysozyme in experimental Fanconi syndrome.", "content": "The relationship between lysozyme and sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubule was studied in the experimental Fanconi syndrome. Female, anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously with maleic acid (an inhibitor of sodium transport) neutralized with sodium hydroxide in doses of either 2 or 8 mmol/kg. Clearance studies were performed immediately afterward, and plasma and urine were analyzed for inulin, pH, sodium, glucose, and lysozyme. Two hours after the maleic acid injection, renal cortical tissue was removed and homogenized. Specific activity of Na-K-ATPase was assayed in the light microsomal fraction. The results showed that both concentrations of maleic acid caused significant increases in urinary volume, glucose excretion, and pH. There were significantly correlated decreases in TNafract and TLyfract. The slope of the regression line (TLyfract = 1.03 TNafract - 5.82; r = 0.92) approximated unity. Renal cortical Na-K-ATPase activity was significantly decreased by 25% in the animals receiving 2 mmol maleic acid and 43% in the animals receiving 8 mmol. The evidence suggests that lysozyme reabsorption in the proximal tubule might be mediated directly or indirectly by active tubular transport of sodium, a process that is related to the Na-K-ATPase transport system.", "contents": "Renal handling of lysozyme in experimental Fanconi syndrome. The relationship between lysozyme and sodium reabsorption by the kidney tubule was studied in the experimental Fanconi syndrome. Female, anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously with maleic acid (an inhibitor of sodium transport) neutralized with sodium hydroxide in doses of either 2 or 8 mmol/kg. Clearance studies were performed immediately afterward, and plasma and urine were analyzed for inulin, pH, sodium, glucose, and lysozyme. Two hours after the maleic acid injection, renal cortical tissue was removed and homogenized. Specific activity of Na-K-ATPase was assayed in the light microsomal fraction. The results showed that both concentrations of maleic acid caused significant increases in urinary volume, glucose excretion, and pH. There were significantly correlated decreases in TNafract and TLyfract. The slope of the regression line (TLyfract = 1.03 TNafract - 5.82; r = 0.92) approximated unity. Renal cortical Na-K-ATPase activity was significantly decreased by 25% in the animals receiving 2 mmol maleic acid and 43% in the animals receiving 8 mmol. The evidence suggests that lysozyme reabsorption in the proximal tubule might be mediated directly or indirectly by active tubular transport of sodium, a process that is related to the Na-K-ATPase transport system."}
{"id": "PMID:149178", "title": "Hypertrophy or dilatation? A vectorial analysis of echocardiographically determined left ventricular enlargement.", "content": "Echocardiograms (ECHO) and Frank vectorcardiograms (VCGs) were obtained in three groups of patients: Group I (n = 16), concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) with increased interventricular septal (IVS) and left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) thickness in the presence of a normal left ventricular internal dimension (LVID); Group II (n = 17), left ventricular dilatation (LVD) with an enlarged LVID, normal IVS and LVPW thickness, and Group III (n = 22), no catheterization evidence of heart disease with normal IVS, LVPW and LVID. VCGs were analyzed with respect to magnitude of the QRS maximal deflection vector (MDV) and +/- 10 msec QRS vectors, horizontal plane (HP) maximal posterior force, time of HP MDV inscription, distal and proximal HP loop areas and HP loop configuration utlizing criteria of Varriale et al. The results indicate that: 1) HP QRS vector magnitude cannot reliably differentiate concentric LVH from isolated LVD and 2) proximal-distal loop area relationships and pattern of the HP QRS loop, when reviewed together, are superior to other criteria for distinguishing whether ECHO determined LVH or LVD is the primary correlate of an enlarged left ventricle.", "contents": "Hypertrophy or dilatation? A vectorial analysis of echocardiographically determined left ventricular enlargement. Echocardiograms (ECHO) and Frank vectorcardiograms (VCGs) were obtained in three groups of patients: Group I (n = 16), concentric left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) with increased interventricular septal (IVS) and left ventricular posterior wall (LVPW) thickness in the presence of a normal left ventricular internal dimension (LVID); Group II (n = 17), left ventricular dilatation (LVD) with an enlarged LVID, normal IVS and LVPW thickness, and Group III (n = 22), no catheterization evidence of heart disease with normal IVS, LVPW and LVID. VCGs were analyzed with respect to magnitude of the QRS maximal deflection vector (MDV) and +/- 10 msec QRS vectors, horizontal plane (HP) maximal posterior force, time of HP MDV inscription, distal and proximal HP loop areas and HP loop configuration utlizing criteria of Varriale et al. The results indicate that: 1) HP QRS vector magnitude cannot reliably differentiate concentric LVH from isolated LVD and 2) proximal-distal loop area relationships and pattern of the HP QRS loop, when reviewed together, are superior to other criteria for distinguishing whether ECHO determined LVH or LVD is the primary correlate of an enlarged left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:149179", "title": "Anterior QRS loop in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.", "content": "Frank vectorcardiograms (VCGs) were reviewed in 45 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 26 with obstruction and 19 without obstruction. Twelve of the 19 patients without obstruction and five of the 26 patients with obstruction were found to have predominantly anterior QRS loops. Fourteen patients had a large left anterior QRS loop with increased anterior and leftward force; the posterior and terminal rightward force were within the normal range, and the T loops were displaced posteriorly and to the right opposite to the QRS loop. Asymmetric septal and apical hypertrophy were noted echocardiographically and/or angiographically. Increased electrical force from the asymmetric hypertrophy of the septal and apical area is proposed to explain this large left anterior loop. Three patients had a QRS loop located anteriorly and to the right with electrocardiograms (ECGs) resembling those of posterolateral myocardial infarction or right ventricular hypertrophy. These finding suggest that (1) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be another cause of an anterior QRS loop; (2) the recognition of the large left anterior loop in the VCG in patients with a left ventricular hypertrophy pattern in the ECG is helpful in the diagnosis of HCM, especially the nonobstructive form; and (3) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction or right ventricular hypertrophy.", "contents": "Anterior QRS loop in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Frank vectorcardiograms (VCGs) were reviewed in 45 patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), 26 with obstruction and 19 without obstruction. Twelve of the 19 patients without obstruction and five of the 26 patients with obstruction were found to have predominantly anterior QRS loops. Fourteen patients had a large left anterior QRS loop with increased anterior and leftward force; the posterior and terminal rightward force were within the normal range, and the T loops were displaced posteriorly and to the right opposite to the QRS loop. Asymmetric septal and apical hypertrophy were noted echocardiographically and/or angiographically. Increased electrical force from the asymmetric hypertrophy of the septal and apical area is proposed to explain this large left anterior loop. Three patients had a QRS loop located anteriorly and to the right with electrocardiograms (ECGs) resembling those of posterolateral myocardial infarction or right ventricular hypertrophy. These finding suggest that (1) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may be another cause of an anterior QRS loop; (2) the recognition of the large left anterior loop in the VCG in patients with a left ventricular hypertrophy pattern in the ECG is helpful in the diagnosis of HCM, especially the nonobstructive form; and (3) hypertrophic cardiomyopathy should be considered in the differential diagnosis of myocardial infarction or right ventricular hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:149180", "title": "Vectorcardiographic criteria of high posterior infarction: differentiation from normal subjects, right ventricular hypertrophy and primary myocardial disease.", "content": "In order to differentiate the vectorcardiogram (VCG) in high posterior infarction (HPI) from VCGs of normal subjects, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and primary myocardial disease (PMD), the following criteria were presented; cases satisfying the criteria could be diagnosed as high posterior infarction. In cases with posterior component/anterior component (P/L) less than 1.0 (Group A); (1)--45 degrees vector/ab less than or equal to 0.25, (2) the maximal T vector in the horizontal plane greater than or equal to + 20 degrees, (3) I (inferior component)/L (left component) less than 1.0 and (4) no anterior convexity of the afferent limb of the left sagittal QRS loop. In cases with P/A greater than or equal to 1.0 (Group B);--45 degrees vector/ab less than or equal to 0.2, (2) the maximal T vector in the horizontal plane greater than or equal to + 20 degrees, (3) I/L less than 1.0 and (4) no anterior convexity of the affernt limb of the left sagittal QRS loop. Only one false negative case in HPI was found and only seven false positive cases in normal subjects, RVH and PMD. A correct diagnosis can be made with 97.4% accuracy. These criteria for differentiation were tested by reexamining the cases with selective coronary arteriography. Five cases satisfied the criteria of this method. Complete obstruction of the circumflex coronary artery was found in four of these cases, and severe stenosis (greater than or equal to 90%) in one case. Akinesis or hypokinesis of the posterobasal segment in the left ventricle was also observed in all five cases.", "contents": "Vectorcardiographic criteria of high posterior infarction: differentiation from normal subjects, right ventricular hypertrophy and primary myocardial disease. In order to differentiate the vectorcardiogram (VCG) in high posterior infarction (HPI) from VCGs of normal subjects, right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and primary myocardial disease (PMD), the following criteria were presented; cases satisfying the criteria could be diagnosed as high posterior infarction. In cases with posterior component/anterior component (P/L) less than 1.0 (Group A); (1)--45 degrees vector/ab less than or equal to 0.25, (2) the maximal T vector in the horizontal plane greater than or equal to + 20 degrees, (3) I (inferior component)/L (left component) less than 1.0 and (4) no anterior convexity of the afferent limb of the left sagittal QRS loop. In cases with P/A greater than or equal to 1.0 (Group B);--45 degrees vector/ab less than or equal to 0.2, (2) the maximal T vector in the horizontal plane greater than or equal to + 20 degrees, (3) I/L less than 1.0 and (4) no anterior convexity of the affernt limb of the left sagittal QRS loop. Only one false negative case in HPI was found and only seven false positive cases in normal subjects, RVH and PMD. A correct diagnosis can be made with 97.4% accuracy. These criteria for differentiation were tested by reexamining the cases with selective coronary arteriography. Five cases satisfied the criteria of this method. Complete obstruction of the circumflex coronary artery was found in four of these cases, and severe stenosis (greater than or equal to 90%) in one case. Akinesis or hypokinesis of the posterobasal segment in the left ventricle was also observed in all five cases."}
{"id": "PMID:149182", "title": "Isometric force development, isotonic shortening, and elasticity measurements from Ca2+-activated ventricular muscle of the guinea pig.", "content": "Isometric tension and isotonic shortening were measured at constant levels of calcium activation of varying magnitude in mechanically disrupted EGTA-treated ventricular bundles from guinea pigs. The results were as follows: (a) The effect of creatine phosphate (CP) on peak tension and rate of shortening saturated at a CP concentration more than 10 mM; below that level tension was increased and shortening velocity decreased. We interpreted this to mean that CP above 10 mM was sufficient to buffer MgATP(2-) intracellularly. (b) The activated bundles exhibited an exponential stress-strain relationship and the series elastic properties did not vary appreciably with degree of activation or creatine phosphate level. (c) At a muscle length 20 percent beyond just taut, peak tension increased with Ca(2+) concentration over the range slightly below 10(-6) to slightly above 10(-4)M. (d) By releasing the muscle length-active tension curves were constructed. Force declined to 20 percent peak tension with a decrease in muscle length (after the recoil) of only 11 percent at 10(-4)M Ca(2+) and 6 percent at 4x10(-6)M Ca(2+). (e) The rate of shortening after a release was greater at lower loads. At identical loads (relative to maximum force at a given Ca(2+) level), velocity at a given time after the release was less at lower Ca(2+) concentrations; at 10 M(-5), velocity was 72 percent of that at 10(-4)M, and at 4x10(-6)M, active shortening was usually delayed and was 40 percent of the velocity at 10(-4) M. Thus, under the conditions of these experiments, both velocity and peak tension depend on the level of Ca(2+) activation over a similar range of Ca(2+) concentration.", "contents": "Isometric force development, isotonic shortening, and elasticity measurements from Ca2+-activated ventricular muscle of the guinea pig. Isometric tension and isotonic shortening were measured at constant levels of calcium activation of varying magnitude in mechanically disrupted EGTA-treated ventricular bundles from guinea pigs. The results were as follows: (a) The effect of creatine phosphate (CP) on peak tension and rate of shortening saturated at a CP concentration more than 10 mM; below that level tension was increased and shortening velocity decreased. We interpreted this to mean that CP above 10 mM was sufficient to buffer MgATP(2-) intracellularly. (b) The activated bundles exhibited an exponential stress-strain relationship and the series elastic properties did not vary appreciably with degree of activation or creatine phosphate level. (c) At a muscle length 20 percent beyond just taut, peak tension increased with Ca(2+) concentration over the range slightly below 10(-6) to slightly above 10(-4)M. (d) By releasing the muscle length-active tension curves were constructed. Force declined to 20 percent peak tension with a decrease in muscle length (after the recoil) of only 11 percent at 10(-4)M Ca(2+) and 6 percent at 4x10(-6)M Ca(2+). (e) The rate of shortening after a release was greater at lower loads. At identical loads (relative to maximum force at a given Ca(2+) level), velocity at a given time after the release was less at lower Ca(2+) concentrations; at 10 M(-5), velocity was 72 percent of that at 10(-4)M, and at 4x10(-6)M, active shortening was usually delayed and was 40 percent of the velocity at 10(-4) M. Thus, under the conditions of these experiments, both velocity and peak tension depend on the level of Ca(2+) activation over a similar range of Ca(2+) concentration."}
{"id": "PMID:149183", "title": "Exteroceptive vibration-induced finger flexion reflex in man.", "content": "A tonic finger flexion reflex, induced by mechanical vibration (100 Hz) of the fingers, was studied in 20 healthy subjects. The outcome of nerve blocking experiments indicated that the reflex is mainly exteroceptive, distinct from the tonic vibration reflex of muscle spindle origin. Mechanoreceptors with fast conducting nerve fibres in the distal phalanx seem to constitute the major afferent source. We suggest that afferent signals from such receptors by a feedback mechanism can influence the motor performance of the exploring fingers.", "contents": "Exteroceptive vibration-induced finger flexion reflex in man. A tonic finger flexion reflex, induced by mechanical vibration (100 Hz) of the fingers, was studied in 20 healthy subjects. The outcome of nerve blocking experiments indicated that the reflex is mainly exteroceptive, distinct from the tonic vibration reflex of muscle spindle origin. Mechanoreceptors with fast conducting nerve fibres in the distal phalanx seem to constitute the major afferent source. We suggest that afferent signals from such receptors by a feedback mechanism can influence the motor performance of the exploring fingers."}
{"id": "PMID:149184", "title": "Histochemical changes in fast and slow muscles of nutritionally dystrophic rabbits.", "content": "Rabbits were rendered dystrophic by feeding them a diet deficient in vitamin E and their fast-twitch EDL and slow-twitch SOL muscles were examined histochemically. The soleus muscle of control rabbits consisted largely of type I fibres with occasional areas of scattered type II fibres. In the nutritionally dystrophic rabbits type II fibres were consistently found homogeneously distributed throughout the entire muscle and in increased proportion. A very similar pattern was observed in the solei of rabbits following sciatic nerve section. The normal EDL contained three fibre types (I, IIoxidative and IIglycolytic). Vitamin E deficiency appeared to be associated with a shift towards an increase in the proportion of IIglycolytic fibres at the expense of IIoxidative. In denervation as well as vitamin E deficiency the type I fibres of the EDL appeared to be spared. A small number of the E-deficient rabbits exhibited degenerative changes in their sciatic and sural nerves. When animals were both denervated and E-deprived the resulting muscle changes were very much more severe than in the case of either challenge in isolation. We suggest that although some of the signs of vitamin E deficiency resemble those of a neural defect there is, in addition, a direct myopathic effect.", "contents": "Histochemical changes in fast and slow muscles of nutritionally dystrophic rabbits. Rabbits were rendered dystrophic by feeding them a diet deficient in vitamin E and their fast-twitch EDL and slow-twitch SOL muscles were examined histochemically. The soleus muscle of control rabbits consisted largely of type I fibres with occasional areas of scattered type II fibres. In the nutritionally dystrophic rabbits type II fibres were consistently found homogeneously distributed throughout the entire muscle and in increased proportion. A very similar pattern was observed in the solei of rabbits following sciatic nerve section. The normal EDL contained three fibre types (I, IIoxidative and IIglycolytic). Vitamin E deficiency appeared to be associated with a shift towards an increase in the proportion of IIglycolytic fibres at the expense of IIoxidative. In denervation as well as vitamin E deficiency the type I fibres of the EDL appeared to be spared. A small number of the E-deficient rabbits exhibited degenerative changes in their sciatic and sural nerves. When animals were both denervated and E-deprived the resulting muscle changes were very much more severe than in the case of either challenge in isolation. We suggest that although some of the signs of vitamin E deficiency resemble those of a neural defect there is, in addition, a direct myopathic effect."}
{"id": "PMID:149186", "title": "Localization of fibrinolytic activity and inhibition of plasmin in the spinal cord of rat, guinea pig, and rabbit.", "content": "Fibrinolytic activity (caused by a plasminogen activator) in the spinal cord was highest in the rat, lowest in the rabbit, and intermediate in the guinea pig; In all species the activity was highest in relation to the pia mater. The central spinal canal was active in the rat and the rabbit, but mostly inactive in the guinea pig. Foci of activity were more numerous in the gray matter than in the white matter corresponding to the greater vascularity of the former. In all species ability to inhibit plasmin was related mainly to the gray matter, with an additional area related to the dura mater. The high fibrinolytic activity of the spinal leptomeninges may play a role in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic processes related to the spinal cord.", "contents": "Localization of fibrinolytic activity and inhibition of plasmin in the spinal cord of rat, guinea pig, and rabbit. Fibrinolytic activity (caused by a plasminogen activator) in the spinal cord was highest in the rat, lowest in the rabbit, and intermediate in the guinea pig; In all species the activity was highest in relation to the pia mater. The central spinal canal was active in the rat and the rabbit, but mostly inactive in the guinea pig. Foci of activity were more numerous in the gray matter than in the white matter corresponding to the greater vascularity of the former. In all species ability to inhibit plasmin was related mainly to the gray matter, with an additional area related to the dura mater. The high fibrinolytic activity of the spinal leptomeninges may play a role in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic processes related to the spinal cord."}
{"id": "PMID:149188", "title": "Observations on the infectivity of parasitic third-stage larvae of Uncinaria lucasi Stiles 1901 (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) of Northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus Linn., on St. Paul Island, Alaska.", "content": "Twelve fur seal pups, which had not nursed their mothers, were used in an infectivity experiment. Pups were exposed to parasitic 3rd-stage larvae of Uncinaria lucasi from belly tissues of fur seal bulls, bachelors, and pregnant cows, to determine maturation capability of the larvae. Hookworms were not recovered from the intestines of 3 pups receiving larvae from belly blubber of bulls, 6 pups receiving larvae from belly blubber of bachelors, and 1 nonexposed pup. Maturation of hookworms did occur in 2 pups exposed to larvae from a mixture of belly blubber, mammary tissue, and milk of pregnant cows. Parasitic 3rd-stage hookworm larvae from belly tissues of pregnant and \"non-pregnant\" fur seal cows averaged 938.1 and 802.1 micron long, and 34.1 and 31.5 micron wide, respectively; however, larvae from belly tissues of a fur seal bull, bachelors, 2-year-old males, male and female yearlings and pups, and Steller Sea Lion subadults averaged 640.5-732.0 micron long and 20.9-24.9 micron wide.", "contents": "Observations on the infectivity of parasitic third-stage larvae of Uncinaria lucasi Stiles 1901 (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) of Northern fur seals, Callorhinus ursinus Linn., on St. Paul Island, Alaska. Twelve fur seal pups, which had not nursed their mothers, were used in an infectivity experiment. Pups were exposed to parasitic 3rd-stage larvae of Uncinaria lucasi from belly tissues of fur seal bulls, bachelors, and pregnant cows, to determine maturation capability of the larvae. Hookworms were not recovered from the intestines of 3 pups receiving larvae from belly blubber of bulls, 6 pups receiving larvae from belly blubber of bachelors, and 1 nonexposed pup. Maturation of hookworms did occur in 2 pups exposed to larvae from a mixture of belly blubber, mammary tissue, and milk of pregnant cows. Parasitic 3rd-stage hookworm larvae from belly tissues of pregnant and \"non-pregnant\" fur seal cows averaged 938.1 and 802.1 micron long, and 34.1 and 31.5 micron wide, respectively; however, larvae from belly tissues of a fur seal bull, bachelors, 2-year-old males, male and female yearlings and pups, and Steller Sea Lion subadults averaged 640.5-732.0 micron long and 20.9-24.9 micron wide."}
{"id": "PMID:149201", "title": "Pediatric residents and young handicapped children: curriculum evaluation.", "content": "The systematic evaluation of a curriculum designed to improve the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and clinical judgment of pediatric residents with regard to young handicapped children and their families is described. Residents were assigned to experimental and control groups, and changes were analyzed across several dimensions. The results revealed a number of significant changes due to the implementation of the curriculum. In particular, knowledge of various aspects of handicapping conditions increased as did the tendency to characterize the behavior of handicapped children in a positive manner. In addition, an experimental design is presented that is uniquely compatible with scheduling factors during residency training.", "contents": "Pediatric residents and young handicapped children: curriculum evaluation. The systematic evaluation of a curriculum designed to improve the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and clinical judgment of pediatric residents with regard to young handicapped children and their families is described. Residents were assigned to experimental and control groups, and changes were analyzed across several dimensions. The results revealed a number of significant changes due to the implementation of the curriculum. In particular, knowledge of various aspects of handicapping conditions increased as did the tendency to characterize the behavior of handicapped children in a positive manner. In addition, an experimental design is presented that is uniquely compatible with scheduling factors during residency training."}
{"id": "PMID:149202", "title": "Karyological and electron-microscopic studies in myocardial cells of primates after experimentally induced cardiac hypertrophy.", "content": "Precocious polyploidization in hypertrophic hearts of infants with congenital malformation can be reproduced banding the ascending aorta of young rhesus monkeys. Electron micrographs show hypoxic changes, signs of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis as well as degenerative changes comparable to human hearts. Enforced polyploidization of cor pulmonale is found in rhesus exposed to coal quartz dust for 48 months. The pig heart, containing disturbed mitoses, serves as a model for incomplete mitoses. During evolution they became the rule for the myocardial cells of primates.", "contents": "Karyological and electron-microscopic studies in myocardial cells of primates after experimentally induced cardiac hypertrophy. Precocious polyploidization in hypertrophic hearts of infants with congenital malformation can be reproduced banding the ascending aorta of young rhesus monkeys. Electron micrographs show hypoxic changes, signs of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis as well as degenerative changes comparable to human hearts. Enforced polyploidization of cor pulmonale is found in rhesus exposed to coal quartz dust for 48 months. The pig heart, containing disturbed mitoses, serves as a model for incomplete mitoses. During evolution they became the rule for the myocardial cells of primates."}
{"id": "PMID:149203", "title": "An epidemiology of physical conditions of destitutes (beggars) in Lagos.", "content": "This paper attempts to classify the destitutes (beggars) in Lagos by their physical handicaps (deformities) in order to provide necessary baseline data in planning for their effective rehabilitation. The study was carried out on 183 destitutes in Gbagada camp in Lagos. 121 (66.1%) destitutes had physical handicaps. The limbs were the most frequently affected parts (55.1%) followed by eyes (45.4%). About a third of those disabled had congenital deformities which were not treated in any hospital and another third acquired their disability through illness (e.g. common preventable communicable diseases). 105 (86.8%) of the disabled could benefit from training for vocational employment. The need for a free medical sevice and rehabilitation of the disabled destitutes in Lagos is highlighted.", "contents": "An epidemiology of physical conditions of destitutes (beggars) in Lagos. This paper attempts to classify the destitutes (beggars) in Lagos by their physical handicaps (deformities) in order to provide necessary baseline data in planning for their effective rehabilitation. The study was carried out on 183 destitutes in Gbagada camp in Lagos. 121 (66.1%) destitutes had physical handicaps. The limbs were the most frequently affected parts (55.1%) followed by eyes (45.4%). About a third of those disabled had congenital deformities which were not treated in any hospital and another third acquired their disability through illness (e.g. common preventable communicable diseases). 105 (86.8%) of the disabled could benefit from training for vocational employment. The need for a free medical sevice and rehabilitation of the disabled destitutes in Lagos is highlighted."}
{"id": "PMID:149204", "title": "The influence of etiology on the surgical management and prognosis of the massively dilated ureter in children.", "content": "The massively dilated ureter is a major therapeutic challenge that faces the pediatric urologist. In those instances when more conservative measures, such as control of infection or correction of the primary pathology, have failed or are likely to fail surgical treatment must be directed to the massively dilated ureter itself. The goals of reconstructive procedures are the elimination of residual urine, effective ureteral peristalsis, and efficient and/or urgent urinary drainage. We encountered these clinical settings in 244 children with 366 massively dilated ureters from 1965 through 1974. The underlying pathologic processes included primary megaureter, refluxing megaureter, posterior urethral valves, ureteral duplication with upper role ectopic ureterocele or lower pole refluxing megaureter, simple ureterocele, ureterovesical junction obstruction, neurogenic vesical dysfunction, prune belly syndrome and acquired (iatrogenic) megaureter. The results of several reconstructive techniques are reviewed according to the excretory urogram, cystogram, renal function studies and the presence or absence of urinary infection. Analysis of the results with respect to the underlying pathologic entity responsible for the massively dilated ureter indicates that the etiology is a crucial factor in determining whether surgical treatment should be recommended and the type of surgical treatment that will most likely be successful.", "contents": "The influence of etiology on the surgical management and prognosis of the massively dilated ureter in children. The massively dilated ureter is a major therapeutic challenge that faces the pediatric urologist. In those instances when more conservative measures, such as control of infection or correction of the primary pathology, have failed or are likely to fail surgical treatment must be directed to the massively dilated ureter itself. The goals of reconstructive procedures are the elimination of residual urine, effective ureteral peristalsis, and efficient and/or urgent urinary drainage. We encountered these clinical settings in 244 children with 366 massively dilated ureters from 1965 through 1974. The underlying pathologic processes included primary megaureter, refluxing megaureter, posterior urethral valves, ureteral duplication with upper role ectopic ureterocele or lower pole refluxing megaureter, simple ureterocele, ureterovesical junction obstruction, neurogenic vesical dysfunction, prune belly syndrome and acquired (iatrogenic) megaureter. The results of several reconstructive techniques are reviewed according to the excretory urogram, cystogram, renal function studies and the presence or absence of urinary infection. Analysis of the results with respect to the underlying pathologic entity responsible for the massively dilated ureter indicates that the etiology is a crucial factor in determining whether surgical treatment should be recommended and the type of surgical treatment that will most likely be successful."}
{"id": "PMID:149212", "title": "Curves of the achondroplastic spine: a new hypothesis.", "content": "The profile of the achondroplastic dwarf reflects abnormalities in the shape of the spine, particularly in the lumbosacral area. We hypothesize that these abnormalities and the resultant symptoms are secondary and avoidable rather than heritable and inevitable. Because the heads of achondroplastic children are enlarged (n = 50), loading of the vertical spine is increased. Unusually lax ligaments and misshapen vertebrae predispose the spine to yielding under vertical stress. Children and adults uniformly have hip flexion contractures (n 105); these are hypothesized to be the result of uncorrected lumbosacral lordosis. The volume of the spinal canal, reduced by the spinal stenosis of achondroplasia, is decreased additionally by lordosis; some neurologic deficits of achondroplasia are caused by this abnormal curvature. This hypothesis bears practically on treating this common form of dwarfism.", "contents": "Curves of the achondroplastic spine: a new hypothesis. The profile of the achondroplastic dwarf reflects abnormalities in the shape of the spine, particularly in the lumbosacral area. We hypothesize that these abnormalities and the resultant symptoms are secondary and avoidable rather than heritable and inevitable. Because the heads of achondroplastic children are enlarged (n = 50), loading of the vertical spine is increased. Unusually lax ligaments and misshapen vertebrae predispose the spine to yielding under vertical stress. Children and adults uniformly have hip flexion contractures (n 105); these are hypothesized to be the result of uncorrected lumbosacral lordosis. The volume of the spinal canal, reduced by the spinal stenosis of achondroplasia, is decreased additionally by lordosis; some neurologic deficits of achondroplasia are caused by this abnormal curvature. This hypothesis bears practically on treating this common form of dwarfism."}
{"id": "PMID:149220", "title": "Response to experimental coarctation of the aorta and pulmonic stenosis in the fetal lamb.", "content": "The following conditions were surgically created in fetal lambs at the gestational ages of 80 to 90 days: (1) preductal coarctation, (2) postductal coarctation, (3) pulmonic stenosis, and (4) constriction of the ductus arteriosus. Studies performed at the time of delivery showed the following: Preductal coarctation and postductal coarctation often are associated with a dilated ductus arteriosus that remains patent. Pulmonic stenosis often results in prestenotic and poststenotic dilatation that may include the ductus arteriosus. The fetal ventricles become hypertrophied in response to the increased pressure work imposed by the distal stenoses.", "contents": "Response to experimental coarctation of the aorta and pulmonic stenosis in the fetal lamb. The following conditions were surgically created in fetal lambs at the gestational ages of 80 to 90 days: (1) preductal coarctation, (2) postductal coarctation, (3) pulmonic stenosis, and (4) constriction of the ductus arteriosus. Studies performed at the time of delivery showed the following: Preductal coarctation and postductal coarctation often are associated with a dilated ductus arteriosus that remains patent. Pulmonic stenosis often results in prestenotic and poststenotic dilatation that may include the ductus arteriosus. The fetal ventricles become hypertrophied in response to the increased pressure work imposed by the distal stenoses."}
{"id": "PMID:149221", "title": "Recovery from myocardial failure after aortic valve replacement.", "content": "Left ventricular hypertrophy and function were studied in 27 consecutive patients with chronic aortic valve disease before and 6.4 +/- 2.2 (S.D.) months after aortic valve replacement with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses. Four patients were excluded because of postoperative paravalvular regurgitation. Five patients had aortic stenosis (AS), seven patients AS plus insufficiency (AS-AI), and 11 patients aortic insufficiency (AI). Left ventricular muscle mass (LVMI), ejection fraction (EF), mean circumferential fiber shortening rate (VCF), mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER), and peak systolic wall stress (PSWS) were determined angiographically. LVMI fell significantly after corrective surgery, whereas EF, VCF, and MNSER increased. PSWS decreased after the operation. Comparison of stress ventriculograms before and after surgery in six patients with predominant AS (isoproterenol infusion, 0.3 microgram per kilogram of body weight per minute) showed an increase of EF, VCF, and MNSER and a decrease of PSWS. We conclude that hypertrophy in chronic aortic valve disease regresses after aortic valve replacement, and thereby depressed cardiac function and reserve recover.", "contents": "Recovery from myocardial failure after aortic valve replacement. Left ventricular hypertrophy and function were studied in 27 consecutive patients with chronic aortic valve disease before and 6.4 +/- 2.2 (S.D.) months after aortic valve replacement with Bj\u00f6rk-Shiley prostheses. Four patients were excluded because of postoperative paravalvular regurgitation. Five patients had aortic stenosis (AS), seven patients AS plus insufficiency (AS-AI), and 11 patients aortic insufficiency (AI). Left ventricular muscle mass (LVMI), ejection fraction (EF), mean circumferential fiber shortening rate (VCF), mean normalized systolic ejection rate (MNSER), and peak systolic wall stress (PSWS) were determined angiographically. LVMI fell significantly after corrective surgery, whereas EF, VCF, and MNSER increased. PSWS decreased after the operation. Comparison of stress ventriculograms before and after surgery in six patients with predominant AS (isoproterenol infusion, 0.3 microgram per kilogram of body weight per minute) showed an increase of EF, VCF, and MNSER and a decrease of PSWS. We conclude that hypertrophy in chronic aortic valve disease regresses after aortic valve replacement, and thereby depressed cardiac function and reserve recover."}
{"id": "PMID:149222", "title": "Anomalous left coronary arter from pulmonary trunk. Long-term follow-up after ligation.", "content": "Long-term follow-up (10 to 13 years) of four patients with anomalous left coronary artery who underwent ligation of the anomalous left coronary artery is presented. Two were operated upon in infancy and the other two at 6 and 7 years of age, respectively. Postoperatively, each is asymptomatic and doing well clinically. The cardiac size on roentgenogram of the chest returned toward normal in each. Abnormalities persist on the electrocardiogram. On treadmill exercise, the electrocardiogram of the two operated upon in infancy showed an abnormal result, whereas the two patients operated upon later in childhood had no electrocardiographic abnormalities.", "contents": "Anomalous left coronary arter from pulmonary trunk. Long-term follow-up after ligation. Long-term follow-up (10 to 13 years) of four patients with anomalous left coronary artery who underwent ligation of the anomalous left coronary artery is presented. Two were operated upon in infancy and the other two at 6 and 7 years of age, respectively. Postoperatively, each is asymptomatic and doing well clinically. The cardiac size on roentgenogram of the chest returned toward normal in each. Abnormalities persist on the electrocardiogram. On treadmill exercise, the electrocardiogram of the two operated upon in infancy showed an abnormal result, whereas the two patients operated upon later in childhood had no electrocardiographic abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:149225", "title": "Evaluation of a mental health educational project in Burma.", "content": "In attempting to evaluate a brief course on care of the mentally ill given to health personnel in Burma, experience suggested: (a) that post-course questionnaires asking participants to rate usefulness of the educational experience are useless in evaluation; (b) Assessments of clinical knowledge before and after the course were useful in guiding the teachers and assessing improvement in knowledge; (c) Data on treatment prescriptions given to patients by health personnel before and after the course might be a simple and inexpensive way of assessing impact on health care. Direct measurement of changes in attitudes and improvement of skills in health personnel and of the clinical outcome of patients they treat cannot be done economically and efficiently.", "contents": "Evaluation of a mental health educational project in Burma. In attempting to evaluate a brief course on care of the mentally ill given to health personnel in Burma, experience suggested: (a) that post-course questionnaires asking participants to rate usefulness of the educational experience are useless in evaluation; (b) Assessments of clinical knowledge before and after the course were useful in guiding the teachers and assessing improvement in knowledge; (c) Data on treatment prescriptions given to patients by health personnel before and after the course might be a simple and inexpensive way of assessing impact on health care. Direct measurement of changes in attitudes and improvement of skills in health personnel and of the clinical outcome of patients they treat cannot be done economically and efficiently."}
{"id": "PMID:149226", "title": "Energy coupling in liver mitochondria from dystrophic mice: differential sensitivity of oxidative phosphorylation and Ca2+ uptake to K+.", "content": "Studies were carried out to examine oxidative phosphorylation, cation uptake, and electrokinetic properties of liver mitochondria from genetically dystrophic mice in comparison with those from livers of littermate controls. While no differences were seen with respect to the rates of substrate oxidation, ADP/oxygen ratio, and RCl and cytochrome content, the mitochondria from the dystropic group were characterized by an elevated basal ATPase activity in the presence of NaCl. Additionally, these mitochondria were highly sensitive to high concentrations of exogenously added K+ that, besides stimulating state 4 respiration, caused uncoupling in the mitochondria. These mitochondria accumulated Ca2+ at a higher rate, and unlike the controls, Ca2+ uptake was not sensitive to exogenously added K+. It was also observed that the net negative charge on mitochondria decreased significantly in the dystrophic state. It is thus apparent that muscular dystrophy manifests itself also in terms of alteration in the membrane properties of liver mitochondria.", "contents": "Energy coupling in liver mitochondria from dystrophic mice: differential sensitivity of oxidative phosphorylation and Ca2+ uptake to K+. Studies were carried out to examine oxidative phosphorylation, cation uptake, and electrokinetic properties of liver mitochondria from genetically dystrophic mice in comparison with those from livers of littermate controls. While no differences were seen with respect to the rates of substrate oxidation, ADP/oxygen ratio, and RCl and cytochrome content, the mitochondria from the dystropic group were characterized by an elevated basal ATPase activity in the presence of NaCl. Additionally, these mitochondria were highly sensitive to high concentrations of exogenously added K+ that, besides stimulating state 4 respiration, caused uncoupling in the mitochondria. These mitochondria accumulated Ca2+ at a higher rate, and unlike the controls, Ca2+ uptake was not sensitive to exogenously added K+. It was also observed that the net negative charge on mitochondria decreased significantly in the dystrophic state. It is thus apparent that muscular dystrophy manifests itself also in terms of alteration in the membrane properties of liver mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:149227", "title": "[Manganese concentration by microorganisms inhabiting the soils of a manganese biogeochemical province in Georgia].", "content": "The concentrating of manganese by microorganisms was studied with bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi inhabiting soils of the manganese biogeochemical province of the Georgian Republic with different content of this element (from 1045 to 296 000 mg/kg of dry weight). The amount (from 4.0 X 10(-3) to 10 per cent per dry substance) and character of manganese accumulation by microorganisms were found to depend on the content of this element in the growth medium, the taxonomic position of microorganisms, and their adaptation to geochemical conditions.", "contents": "[Manganese concentration by microorganisms inhabiting the soils of a manganese biogeochemical province in Georgia]. The concentrating of manganese by microorganisms was studied with bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi inhabiting soils of the manganese biogeochemical province of the Georgian Republic with different content of this element (from 1045 to 296 000 mg/kg of dry weight). The amount (from 4.0 X 10(-3) to 10 per cent per dry substance) and character of manganese accumulation by microorganisms were found to depend on the content of this element in the growth medium, the taxonomic position of microorganisms, and their adaptation to geochemical conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:149263", "title": "The role of trauma in disc protrusion.", "content": "An analysis of the carefully taken histories of 68 patients whose disc lesion was verified at operation showed that 72% of them gave a history of trauma at the onset of backache. The forces involved varied from very great to minimal and 28% had no history of trauma at all. Therefore it is concluded that trauma may be a precipitating but not a primary factor. It is suggested that the primary factor is a painless nuclear herniation into the inner layers of the annulus, which are painless because they have no innervation. Trauma causes the nucleus to rupture into or through the outer five or so innervated layers, precipitating pain and symptoms.", "contents": "The role of trauma in disc protrusion. An analysis of the carefully taken histories of 68 patients whose disc lesion was verified at operation showed that 72% of them gave a history of trauma at the onset of backache. The forces involved varied from very great to minimal and 28% had no history of trauma at all. Therefore it is concluded that trauma may be a precipitating but not a primary factor. It is suggested that the primary factor is a painless nuclear herniation into the inner layers of the annulus, which are painless because they have no innervation. Trauma causes the nucleus to rupture into or through the outer five or so innervated layers, precipitating pain and symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:149290", "title": "Growth of children with Down's syndrome: birth to age 3 years.", "content": "A sample of 90 children with Down's syndrome were measured for recumbent length and weight from birth to age 36 months at the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston. At birth, means for both length and weight were reduced by about 0.5 SDs from the control group means. By 36 months, mean recumbent length was greater than 2 SDs below that for the control group, while the mean for weight was reduced by about 1.5 SDs from the control group mean. Growth velocity for both length and weight was most deficient within the first two years of life. About 30% of the sample demonstrated excess weight for length relations by 36 months. Children with moderate or severe heart disease were significantly smaller than those without or with mild cardiac problems at all times after birth. Measurements of a subsample of children at 4, 5, and 6 years of age suggested that growth velocity after 3 years of age may be within the range of normal. Assessment of growth of the child with Down's syndrome may be carried out with reference to charts plotting tenth to 90th percentiles based on these data.", "contents": "Growth of children with Down's syndrome: birth to age 3 years. A sample of 90 children with Down's syndrome were measured for recumbent length and weight from birth to age 36 months at the Children's Hospital Medical Center in Boston. At birth, means for both length and weight were reduced by about 0.5 SDs from the control group means. By 36 months, mean recumbent length was greater than 2 SDs below that for the control group, while the mean for weight was reduced by about 1.5 SDs from the control group mean. Growth velocity for both length and weight was most deficient within the first two years of life. About 30% of the sample demonstrated excess weight for length relations by 36 months. Children with moderate or severe heart disease were significantly smaller than those without or with mild cardiac problems at all times after birth. Measurements of a subsample of children at 4, 5, and 6 years of age suggested that growth velocity after 3 years of age may be within the range of normal. Assessment of growth of the child with Down's syndrome may be carried out with reference to charts plotting tenth to 90th percentiles based on these data."}
{"id": "PMID:149291", "title": "Acute pericarditis associated with hepatitis B infection.", "content": "Patients infected with hepatitis B have demonstrated a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations other than hepatitis. Immune complex formation has been proposed as a possible mechanism for such varied disease presentations. The present report describes a case in which acute pericarditis is associated with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive disease. Speculations are made relating the pericardial changes to the formation of immune complexes following hepatitis B virus infection.", "contents": "Acute pericarditis associated with hepatitis B infection. Patients infected with hepatitis B have demonstrated a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations other than hepatitis. Immune complex formation has been proposed as a possible mechanism for such varied disease presentations. The present report describes a case in which acute pericarditis is associated with hepatitis B surface antigen-positive disease. Speculations are made relating the pericardial changes to the formation of immune complexes following hepatitis B virus infection."}
{"id": "PMID:149298", "title": "The effect of graded immersion on heart volume, central venous pressure, pulmonary blood distribution, and heart rate in man.", "content": "The present experiments have been conducted to study the immediate effects of graded immersion on the central circulation. When taking heart volume as an indicator, it was found that immersion to the diaphragm of a standing subject produces the same changes as assumption of the supine posture. Heart volume increases by approximately 130 ml. When the water level is raised to the neck, an extra pressure corresponding to a water column extending from the diaphragm to the surface of the water of approximately 25 cm H2O forces blood into the thorax. The heart becomes distended by an additional 120 ml. Correspondingly the central venous pressure at the height of the right atrium increases from 2.5 to 12.8 mm HG when the water level rises from the diaphragm to the neck. The greater filling of the pulmonary circulation is accompanied by a decrease in vital capacity and visualized by scintigrams. The preferential increase in blood volume of the apical regions is striking. When raising the water level from the symphysis to the xiphoid heart rate falls by about 15%.", "contents": "The effect of graded immersion on heart volume, central venous pressure, pulmonary blood distribution, and heart rate in man. The present experiments have been conducted to study the immediate effects of graded immersion on the central circulation. When taking heart volume as an indicator, it was found that immersion to the diaphragm of a standing subject produces the same changes as assumption of the supine posture. Heart volume increases by approximately 130 ml. When the water level is raised to the neck, an extra pressure corresponding to a water column extending from the diaphragm to the surface of the water of approximately 25 cm H2O forces blood into the thorax. The heart becomes distended by an additional 120 ml. Correspondingly the central venous pressure at the height of the right atrium increases from 2.5 to 12.8 mm HG when the water level rises from the diaphragm to the neck. The greater filling of the pulmonary circulation is accompanied by a decrease in vital capacity and visualized by scintigrams. The preferential increase in blood volume of the apical regions is striking. When raising the water level from the symphysis to the xiphoid heart rate falls by about 15%."}
{"id": "PMID:149299", "title": "Time course of cardiac distension with rapid immersion in a thermo-neutral bath.", "content": "13 subjects standing in a narrow upright tank were exposed to rapid water immersion up to the neck. The tank was filled from an elevated reservoir in less than 4 s. In 8 subjects heart size was measured by Roentgen-cinematography combined with video tape recording. Planimetry of the diastolic postero-anterior area of the heart showed an average increase in heart size of 30% within 6 s. In 5 subjects central venous pressure and the height of hydrostatic pressure in the tank were recorded. The two pressures rose and fell simultaneously without delay when the hydrostatic pressure exceeded the level of the diaphragm. Rapid immersion caused a fall in heart rate of approximately 20%. The findings speak in favor of the concept that the right heart does not constitute a resistance and that the pulmonary circulation and the systemic capacitance vessels form a functional unit.", "contents": "Time course of cardiac distension with rapid immersion in a thermo-neutral bath. 13 subjects standing in a narrow upright tank were exposed to rapid water immersion up to the neck. The tank was filled from an elevated reservoir in less than 4 s. In 8 subjects heart size was measured by Roentgen-cinematography combined with video tape recording. Planimetry of the diastolic postero-anterior area of the heart showed an average increase in heart size of 30% within 6 s. In 5 subjects central venous pressure and the height of hydrostatic pressure in the tank were recorded. The two pressures rose and fell simultaneously without delay when the hydrostatic pressure exceeded the level of the diaphragm. Rapid immersion caused a fall in heart rate of approximately 20%. The findings speak in favor of the concept that the right heart does not constitute a resistance and that the pulmonary circulation and the systemic capacitance vessels form a functional unit."}
{"id": "PMID:149300", "title": "[S\u00e9zary's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The syndrome described in 1938 by S\u00e9zary and Bouvrain is characterized by a possibly hyperpigmented erythroderma with oedema and infiltration of the skin, palmo-plantar keratoderma, diffuse alopecia and large lymphadenopathies. The cutaneous histopathology frequently shows a dermal mononuclear infiltrate with, sometimes, epidermal microabcesses. But none of these signs is actually specific for the S\u00e9zary syndrom, the only criteria of which is the presence of circulating S\u00e9zary cells with their folded, cerebriform nucleus demonstrated by electron microscopy. The Sezary cell is to date clearly identified as a T lymphocyte but membrane markers and Tcell fonction studies could elicite abnormal and poor reactive T cell. In order to assert the S\u00e9zary Syndrome it is stated by the authors that the erythroderma must be associated with more than 10% of S\u00e9zary cells in peripheral blood. This feature is needed to differentiate the S\u00e9zary syndrome from the erythrodermic form of mycosis fondo\u00efdes in which the abnormal T cell proliferation is mainly located in the skin. The relationship with the T cell chronic lymphatic leukemia and the main treatments of the Sezary syndrome are discussed.", "contents": "[S\u00e9zary's syndrome (author's transl)]. The syndrome described in 1938 by S\u00e9zary and Bouvrain is characterized by a possibly hyperpigmented erythroderma with oedema and infiltration of the skin, palmo-plantar keratoderma, diffuse alopecia and large lymphadenopathies. The cutaneous histopathology frequently shows a dermal mononuclear infiltrate with, sometimes, epidermal microabcesses. But none of these signs is actually specific for the S\u00e9zary syndrom, the only criteria of which is the presence of circulating S\u00e9zary cells with their folded, cerebriform nucleus demonstrated by electron microscopy. The Sezary cell is to date clearly identified as a T lymphocyte but membrane markers and Tcell fonction studies could elicite abnormal and poor reactive T cell. In order to assert the S\u00e9zary Syndrome it is stated by the authors that the erythroderma must be associated with more than 10% of S\u00e9zary cells in peripheral blood. This feature is needed to differentiate the S\u00e9zary syndrome from the erythrodermic form of mycosis fondo\u00efdes in which the abnormal T cell proliferation is mainly located in the skin. The relationship with the T cell chronic lymphatic leukemia and the main treatments of the Sezary syndrome are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149308", "title": "Liver cell-mediated mutagenesis of mammalian cells by liver carcinogens.", "content": "A cell-mediated mutagenesis assay using primary cultures of rat liver cells and V79 Chinese hamster cells has been developed. Liver carcinogens and their structural analogues were studied. Mutations in the V79 cells were characterized by resistance to ouabain. Cocultivation of the liver cells and V79 cells in the presence of the carcinogens N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, and aflatoxin B1 caused the induction of ouabain-resistant mutants of V79 cells. In the absence of liver cells, the carcinogens did not induce ouabain resistance. The analogues N-nitrosomethyl-tert-butylamine and aflatoxin G2 were not mutagenic. The carcinogens exhibited a dose-dependent enhancement of mutation frequency. The mutation frequency also increased with increasing numbers of liver cells seeded. It is suggested that such an experimental system may be useful for screening for chemical carcinogens.", "contents": "Liver cell-mediated mutagenesis of mammalian cells by liver carcinogens. A cell-mediated mutagenesis assay using primary cultures of rat liver cells and V79 Chinese hamster cells has been developed. Liver carcinogens and their structural analogues were studied. Mutations in the V79 cells were characterized by resistance to ouabain. Cocultivation of the liver cells and V79 cells in the presence of the carcinogens N-nitrosodimethylamine, N-nitrosodiethylamine, and aflatoxin B1 caused the induction of ouabain-resistant mutants of V79 cells. In the absence of liver cells, the carcinogens did not induce ouabain resistance. The analogues N-nitrosomethyl-tert-butylamine and aflatoxin G2 were not mutagenic. The carcinogens exhibited a dose-dependent enhancement of mutation frequency. The mutation frequency also increased with increasing numbers of liver cells seeded. It is suggested that such an experimental system may be useful for screening for chemical carcinogens."}
{"id": "PMID:149312", "title": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos. The spinal and supraspinal component of the inhibitory effect of glycine and GABA.", "content": "Development of the effect of glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA] on spontaneous motility was studied in 11- to 19-day-old chick embryos under normal conditions and after acute and chronic decapitation. Chronic decapitation was performed on the 2nd day of incubation. Glycine (100 mg/kg egg weight) and GABA (103 mg/kg egg weight) (applied onto the shell membrane) demonstrably inhibited spontaneous motility only from the 15th day of incubation, the inhibitory effect increasing with the embryo's age. When administered together in half doses, glycine and GABA completely inhibited spontaneous motility for the first time in 19-day-old embryos. Neither amino acid influenced depression of motility immediately after decapitation, but 24 and 48 hours after, in 17- and 19-day-old embryos, they had a paradoxical effect, i.e. they transiently activated motor activity and even caused motor paroxysms. After chronic decapitation, both glycine and GABA again had a mild, protracted inhibitory effect. A comparison of spontaneous motility in normal and chronically decapitated embryos showed that the role of supraspinal factors in spinal motor output increases significantly with development of the chick embryo from the 15th day of incubation and that inhibition of these supraspinal factors plays the decisive role in the effect of glycine and GABA.", "contents": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos. The spinal and supraspinal component of the inhibitory effect of glycine and GABA. Development of the effect of glycine and gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA] on spontaneous motility was studied in 11- to 19-day-old chick embryos under normal conditions and after acute and chronic decapitation. Chronic decapitation was performed on the 2nd day of incubation. Glycine (100 mg/kg egg weight) and GABA (103 mg/kg egg weight) (applied onto the shell membrane) demonstrably inhibited spontaneous motility only from the 15th day of incubation, the inhibitory effect increasing with the embryo's age. When administered together in half doses, glycine and GABA completely inhibited spontaneous motility for the first time in 19-day-old embryos. Neither amino acid influenced depression of motility immediately after decapitation, but 24 and 48 hours after, in 17- and 19-day-old embryos, they had a paradoxical effect, i.e. they transiently activated motor activity and even caused motor paroxysms. After chronic decapitation, both glycine and GABA again had a mild, protracted inhibitory effect. A comparison of spontaneous motility in normal and chronically decapitated embryos showed that the role of supraspinal factors in spinal motor output increases significantly with development of the chick embryo from the 15th day of incubation and that inhibition of these supraspinal factors plays the decisive role in the effect of glycine and GABA."}
{"id": "PMID:149313", "title": "On the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of potasium ions on amino acid incorporation into rat cerebral cortex proteins in vivo.", "content": "Earlier results on potassium ion inhibition of amino acid incorporation into the brain proteins in vivo (spreading cortical depression) led to the hypothesis that inhibition of protein synthesis is based on ATP deficiency. In the present study we tested various aspects of the aminocylation of tRNA, an ATP-dependent process, during spreading cortical depression produced by the topical application of 25% KCl. On using a 7-min interval between the subcutaneous injection of L-[U-14C] leucine and killing the rat, incorporation into the tRNA fraction was found to be reduced by 25%. Total amino acid radioactivity in the soluble fraction was unaltered. The acceptor capacity of tRNA, measured in vitro, and the proportion of non-acylated tRNA in vivo were likewise unchanged.", "contents": "On the mechanism of the inhibitory effect of potasium ions on amino acid incorporation into rat cerebral cortex proteins in vivo. Earlier results on potassium ion inhibition of amino acid incorporation into the brain proteins in vivo (spreading cortical depression) led to the hypothesis that inhibition of protein synthesis is based on ATP deficiency. In the present study we tested various aspects of the aminocylation of tRNA, an ATP-dependent process, during spreading cortical depression produced by the topical application of 25% KCl. On using a 7-min interval between the subcutaneous injection of L-[U-14C] leucine and killing the rat, incorporation into the tRNA fraction was found to be reduced by 25%. Total amino acid radioactivity in the soluble fraction was unaltered. The acceptor capacity of tRNA, measured in vitro, and the proportion of non-acylated tRNA in vivo were likewise unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:149314", "title": "Effect of oxygen tension on norepinephrine-induced respiration in brown adipose tissue.", "content": "In brown adipose tissue fragments from 10-day-old rats or adult hamsters and in cells isolated from 10-day-old rats, norepinephrine (NE) activated oxygen consumption by 300-400%. NE-induced respiration was stable for 60-120 min and was inhibited by reduction of the oxygen concentration in the medium much more than respiration induced by the addition of respiratory substrates.", "contents": "Effect of oxygen tension on norepinephrine-induced respiration in brown adipose tissue. In brown adipose tissue fragments from 10-day-old rats or adult hamsters and in cells isolated from 10-day-old rats, norepinephrine (NE) activated oxygen consumption by 300-400%. NE-induced respiration was stable for 60-120 min and was inhibited by reduction of the oxygen concentration in the medium much more than respiration induced by the addition of respiratory substrates."}
{"id": "PMID:149315", "title": "Changes in the potassium ion concentration in the extracellular space of rat cerebral cortex during the arousal reaction.", "content": "The integrative activity of K+ ions in the CNS was studied in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Changes in the potassium ion concentration in the extracellular space ([K+]e) of the cerebral cortex were studied by means of ion-selective K+ microelectrodes introduced into the brain with an implanted micro-drive allowing measurement in the immobilized animal. EEG desynchronizations evoked by various arousal stimuli or of spontaneous origin were accompanied by a small, but definitely measurable and reliably reproducible [K+]e increment. In arousal reactions evoked by nociceptive stimuli and ammonia fumes, [K+]e rose from a resting value of 3 mM by a mean 0.31 +/- 0.04 mM and 0.61 +/- 0.15 mM respectively. The mean duration of the increase was 37 and 305 sec and the mean duration of corresponding EEG desynchronization 47 and 48 sec; the amplitude of the [K+]e change lagged 15 and 39 sec behind maximum EEG desynchronization. Periodic spontaneous desynchronizations lasting 123 sec, which were evidently associated with the sleep cycle and were accompanied by a [K+]e increment of 0.4 +/- 0.04 mM, occurred in two rats. Repeated nociceptive stimuli led to the elaboration of a conditioned arousal reaction manifested in a [K+]e increment prior to their application. [K+]e changes in arousal reactions were found to be a more sensitive index of the general activity of the neuronal population than DC potential changes.", "contents": "Changes in the potassium ion concentration in the extracellular space of rat cerebral cortex during the arousal reaction. The integrative activity of K+ ions in the CNS was studied in urethane-anaesthetized rats. Changes in the potassium ion concentration in the extracellular space ([K+]e) of the cerebral cortex were studied by means of ion-selective K+ microelectrodes introduced into the brain with an implanted micro-drive allowing measurement in the immobilized animal. EEG desynchronizations evoked by various arousal stimuli or of spontaneous origin were accompanied by a small, but definitely measurable and reliably reproducible [K+]e increment. In arousal reactions evoked by nociceptive stimuli and ammonia fumes, [K+]e rose from a resting value of 3 mM by a mean 0.31 +/- 0.04 mM and 0.61 +/- 0.15 mM respectively. The mean duration of the increase was 37 and 305 sec and the mean duration of corresponding EEG desynchronization 47 and 48 sec; the amplitude of the [K+]e change lagged 15 and 39 sec behind maximum EEG desynchronization. Periodic spontaneous desynchronizations lasting 123 sec, which were evidently associated with the sleep cycle and were accompanied by a [K+]e increment of 0.4 +/- 0.04 mM, occurred in two rats. Repeated nociceptive stimuli led to the elaboration of a conditioned arousal reaction manifested in a [K+]e increment prior to their application. [K+]e changes in arousal reactions were found to be a more sensitive index of the general activity of the neuronal population than DC potential changes."}
{"id": "PMID:149316", "title": "Circulating endothelial cells as a sign of vessel wall lesions.", "content": "A new method of endothelaemia estimation was used to investigate the production of vessel wall lesions by various drugs in rats. Increased endothelaemia was observed after endotoxin, activation of the blood contract system, hyaluronidase, streptokinase, anoxia and vasoactive drugs.", "contents": "Circulating endothelial cells as a sign of vessel wall lesions. A new method of endothelaemia estimation was used to investigate the production of vessel wall lesions by various drugs in rats. Increased endothelaemia was observed after endotoxin, activation of the blood contract system, hyaluronidase, streptokinase, anoxia and vasoactive drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:149317", "title": "Effect of infrequent feeding and increased physical activity on cholesterol kinetics in the rat.", "content": "The authors studied the effect of chronic physical exercise (running in a rotating drum at 850 m/hour, 5 times a week for 16 weeks) on the size of the cholesterol body pools and on cholesterol kinetics in adult male Wistar rats fed on a standard diet either ad libitum or 2 hours daily [33 weeks]. These data were obtained by mathematical analysis of the curve expressing the correlation of specific plasma cholesterol activity to time after a single dose of cholesterol-4-14C. Chronic physical stress and infrequent feeding, as separate experimental stimuli, both caused cholesterol to shift from the blood plasma at a higher rate and reduced the size of one or both cholesterol body pools (with quick or slow turnover, pools A and B). Physical exercise also reduced fractional cholesterol turnover in pool A. When the two stimuli were combined, i.e. in infrequently fed and chronically stressed rats, the rate of the cholesterol shift from the blood plasma slowed down, the total and irreversible shift of cholesterol from pool A diminished and the production rate in this pool also fell.", "contents": "Effect of infrequent feeding and increased physical activity on cholesterol kinetics in the rat. The authors studied the effect of chronic physical exercise (running in a rotating drum at 850 m/hour, 5 times a week for 16 weeks) on the size of the cholesterol body pools and on cholesterol kinetics in adult male Wistar rats fed on a standard diet either ad libitum or 2 hours daily [33 weeks]. These data were obtained by mathematical analysis of the curve expressing the correlation of specific plasma cholesterol activity to time after a single dose of cholesterol-4-14C. Chronic physical stress and infrequent feeding, as separate experimental stimuli, both caused cholesterol to shift from the blood plasma at a higher rate and reduced the size of one or both cholesterol body pools (with quick or slow turnover, pools A and B). Physical exercise also reduced fractional cholesterol turnover in pool A. When the two stimuli were combined, i.e. in infrequently fed and chronically stressed rats, the rate of the cholesterol shift from the blood plasma slowed down, the total and irreversible shift of cholesterol from pool A diminished and the production rate in this pool also fell."}
{"id": "PMID:149318", "title": "Site on inhibition of the spino-bulbo-spinal reflex on stimulation of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum.", "content": "The effect of stimulation of the anterior lobe (AL) of the cerebellum on spinobulbo-spinal (SBS) reflex activity evoked by somatic and splanchnic afferentation was studied in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Unit activity synchronous with the SBS component of the efferent discharge was observed at the level of motoneurons, descending axons of the dorsolateral and ventral funiculi and neurones of the reticular formation (RF). Conditioning stimulation of the AL inhibited this unit activity. Reticular formation units influenced from the AL had direct contact with segmental structures; these results showed that disappearance of the SBS reflex during AL conditioning is associated with the depressant effect of the cerebellar cortex on the reticular formation.", "contents": "Site on inhibition of the spino-bulbo-spinal reflex on stimulation of the anterior lobe of the cerebellum. The effect of stimulation of the anterior lobe (AL) of the cerebellum on spinobulbo-spinal (SBS) reflex activity evoked by somatic and splanchnic afferentation was studied in chloralose-anaesthetized cats. Unit activity synchronous with the SBS component of the efferent discharge was observed at the level of motoneurons, descending axons of the dorsolateral and ventral funiculi and neurones of the reticular formation (RF). Conditioning stimulation of the AL inhibited this unit activity. Reticular formation units influenced from the AL had direct contact with segmental structures; these results showed that disappearance of the SBS reflex during AL conditioning is associated with the depressant effect of the cerebellar cortex on the reticular formation."}
{"id": "PMID:149319", "title": "Insulin tolerance in rats.", "content": "Insulin tolerance was studied in young (8- to 10-week-old) Wistar rats: a) after the administration of mounting doses of long-acting insulin (10, 40, 160 and 320 units/kg bw.) to animals fed ad libitum on two different diets); b) after the administration of long-acting insulin (1 and 5 units/kg b.w.) to animals which had fasted for different lengths of time. In rats fed ad libitum on the two diets, graded doses of insulin induced (except for the smallest dose) hypoglycaemia of roughly the same intensity, but varying in duration in correlation to the dose. The administration of insulin to fasting rats showed differences in insulin tolerance which were correlated to the duration of the fast. A significant decrease in insulin tolerance was already found after 6 hours. During the given testing period (72 hours), the lowest insulin tolerance was found after a 12 hours' fast and the highest after 48 hours. Insulin tolerance after 24 and 72 hours' fasting was approximately the same; it was higher than after 12 hours, but lower than after 48 hours. The initial blood sugar level (before administering insulin) was not in any way correlated to insulin tolerance determined at various intervals during fasting.", "contents": "Insulin tolerance in rats. Insulin tolerance was studied in young (8- to 10-week-old) Wistar rats: a) after the administration of mounting doses of long-acting insulin (10, 40, 160 and 320 units/kg bw.) to animals fed ad libitum on two different diets); b) after the administration of long-acting insulin (1 and 5 units/kg b.w.) to animals which had fasted for different lengths of time. In rats fed ad libitum on the two diets, graded doses of insulin induced (except for the smallest dose) hypoglycaemia of roughly the same intensity, but varying in duration in correlation to the dose. The administration of insulin to fasting rats showed differences in insulin tolerance which were correlated to the duration of the fast. A significant decrease in insulin tolerance was already found after 6 hours. During the given testing period (72 hours), the lowest insulin tolerance was found after a 12 hours' fast and the highest after 48 hours. Insulin tolerance after 24 and 72 hours' fasting was approximately the same; it was higher than after 12 hours, but lower than after 48 hours. The initial blood sugar level (before administering insulin) was not in any way correlated to insulin tolerance determined at various intervals during fasting."}
{"id": "PMID:149320", "title": "Effect of glucocorticoids and stress on 14C-thymidine incorporation into DNA and on mitosis in regenerating rat liver.", "content": "Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (65 mg/kg body weight), Zn-ACTH (40 U/kg) and the intraperitoneal injection of Celite (200 mg/kg) decrease the incorporation of 14C-thymidine into the DNA of regenerating rat liver by about 60%. This decrease is not followed by a corresponding inhibition of cell division. The agents applied at the end of G1 phase or in the S phase of the cell cycle probably change thymidine metabolism and the observed decrease of thymidine incorporation does not represent true inhibition of DNA synthesis. The experiment with regenerating liver slices has shown that this disproportion is partly caused by decreased 14C-thymidine transport into the cells.", "contents": "Effect of glucocorticoids and stress on 14C-thymidine incorporation into DNA and on mitosis in regenerating rat liver. Hydrocortisone sodium succinate (65 mg/kg body weight), Zn-ACTH (40 U/kg) and the intraperitoneal injection of Celite (200 mg/kg) decrease the incorporation of 14C-thymidine into the DNA of regenerating rat liver by about 60%. This decrease is not followed by a corresponding inhibition of cell division. The agents applied at the end of G1 phase or in the S phase of the cell cycle probably change thymidine metabolism and the observed decrease of thymidine incorporation does not represent true inhibition of DNA synthesis. The experiment with regenerating liver slices has shown that this disproportion is partly caused by decreased 14C-thymidine transport into the cells."}
{"id": "PMID:149321", "title": "Na-G-penicillin penetration into rat cerebral cortex and formation of an epileptic focus.", "content": "Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Na-G-penicillin was applied to the intact dura of 11 rats and the cortical layers were determined to which this epileptogenic substance must penetrate for electrophysiologically demonstrable focal activity to be induced. In 10 animals labelled penicillin was demonstrated in cortical layers I--III and in one animal in layers I and II. This concurs with the results obtained in 12 other animals in which activity was recorded from three depths of the cerebral cortex with semimicroelectrodes.", "contents": "Na-G-penicillin penetration into rat cerebral cortex and formation of an epileptic focus. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled Na-G-penicillin was applied to the intact dura of 11 rats and the cortical layers were determined to which this epileptogenic substance must penetrate for electrophysiologically demonstrable focal activity to be induced. In 10 animals labelled penicillin was demonstrated in cortical layers I--III and in one animal in layers I and II. This concurs with the results obtained in 12 other animals in which activity was recorded from three depths of the cerebral cortex with semimicroelectrodes."}
{"id": "PMID:149322", "title": "Operational amplifier with adjustable frequency response.", "content": "The authors describe an operational amplifier with an adjustable frequency response and its use in membrane physiology, using the voltage clamp and current clamp method. The amplifier eliminates feedback poles causing oscillation. It consists of a follower with a high input resistance in the form of a tube and of an actual amplifier with an adjustable frequency response allowing the abolition of clicks by one pole and of oscillation by two poles in the 500 Hz divided by infinity range. Further properties of the amplifier: a long-term voltage drift of 1 mv, a temperature voltage drift of 0.5 mv/degrees K, input resistance greater than 1 GOhm, amplification greater than 80 dB, output +/- 12 v, 25 ma, noise, measured from the width of the oscilloscope track in the presence of a ray of normal brightness, not exceeding 50 muv in the 0-250 kHz band, f1 = 1 MHz. A short report on the amplifier was published a few years ago (Gul\u00edsek and Hencek 1973).", "contents": "Operational amplifier with adjustable frequency response. The authors describe an operational amplifier with an adjustable frequency response and its use in membrane physiology, using the voltage clamp and current clamp method. The amplifier eliminates feedback poles causing oscillation. It consists of a follower with a high input resistance in the form of a tube and of an actual amplifier with an adjustable frequency response allowing the abolition of clicks by one pole and of oscillation by two poles in the 500 Hz divided by infinity range. Further properties of the amplifier: a long-term voltage drift of 1 mv, a temperature voltage drift of 0.5 mv/degrees K, input resistance greater than 1 GOhm, amplification greater than 80 dB, output +/- 12 v, 25 ma, noise, measured from the width of the oscilloscope track in the presence of a ray of normal brightness, not exceeding 50 muv in the 0-250 kHz band, f1 = 1 MHz. A short report on the amplifier was published a few years ago (Gul\u00edsek and Hencek 1973)."}
{"id": "PMID:149325", "title": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos. The spinal and supraspinal component of strychnine and picrotoxin activation.", "content": "Activation of spontaneous motility produced by the systemic administration of strychnine (1 mg/kg egg weight) and picrotoxin (1 mg/kg egg weight) was studied in 13- and 17-day-old chick embryos. In both cases the effect was studied in normal embryos, in embryos decapitated 1, 24 and 48 hours previously and in embryos decapitated on the 2nd day of incubation at stage 11-13 according to Hamburger and Hamilton (1951). At 13 days, both substances had the same short-term activating effect on the controls and all the decapitated embryos. This result is evaluated as further evidence of non-participation of the supraspinal component in the spontaneous motility of chick embryos before the 15th day of incubation. In 17-day-old decapitated embryos, strychnine and picrotoxin activation of spontaneous motility was significantly smaller than in the controls. From a comparison of activation by strychnine and picrotoxin in normal and chronically decapitated embryos it was deduced that a spinal and a supraspinal component participated in their effect. The activating effect of strychnine and picrotoxin in 17-day-old embryos was found to be mediated largely by supraspinal factors.", "contents": "Development of spontaneous motility in chick embryos. The spinal and supraspinal component of strychnine and picrotoxin activation. Activation of spontaneous motility produced by the systemic administration of strychnine (1 mg/kg egg weight) and picrotoxin (1 mg/kg egg weight) was studied in 13- and 17-day-old chick embryos. In both cases the effect was studied in normal embryos, in embryos decapitated 1, 24 and 48 hours previously and in embryos decapitated on the 2nd day of incubation at stage 11-13 according to Hamburger and Hamilton (1951). At 13 days, both substances had the same short-term activating effect on the controls and all the decapitated embryos. This result is evaluated as further evidence of non-participation of the supraspinal component in the spontaneous motility of chick embryos before the 15th day of incubation. In 17-day-old decapitated embryos, strychnine and picrotoxin activation of spontaneous motility was significantly smaller than in the controls. From a comparison of activation by strychnine and picrotoxin in normal and chronically decapitated embryos it was deduced that a spinal and a supraspinal component participated in their effect. The activating effect of strychnine and picrotoxin in 17-day-old embryos was found to be mediated largely by supraspinal factors."}
{"id": "PMID:149326", "title": "A new chin implant for microgenia.", "content": "We describe our experiences with a new silicone bag-gel chin implant, developed in two phases over a 4-year period. Fifty patients received the Phase I implant, and such complications as internal and external soft tissue erosion, indentation, slippage, asymmetry, infection, andd late bone resorption (two cases) were seen. Subsequently 28 patients received the Phase II implant, and have been followed up to one year. So far, the only complication has been asymmetry in one case.", "contents": "A new chin implant for microgenia. We describe our experiences with a new silicone bag-gel chin implant, developed in two phases over a 4-year period. Fifty patients received the Phase I implant, and such complications as internal and external soft tissue erosion, indentation, slippage, asymmetry, infection, andd late bone resorption (two cases) were seen. Subsequently 28 patients received the Phase II implant, and have been followed up to one year. So far, the only complication has been asymmetry in one case."}
{"id": "PMID:149335", "title": "Soft tissue xeroradiography.", "content": "Xeroradiography of soft tissue lesions, both malignant and benign, has been performed on 121 patients, 79 of whom having also undergone conventional film radiography. In 72 cases (59%), the diagnosis was proved by surgery and histological examination. Xeroradiography was found to be more effective in representing soft tissues than film radiography in 63 cases (80%) and equally effective in 16 cases (20%). Film radiography has never given a better representation of soft structures. The main xeroradiographic aspects of soft tissue lesions are reviewed. A diagnosis of the nature of the lesions on the basis of the extraosseous xeroradiographic picture is deemed possible only for lipomas. In the remaining cases, xeroradiography may offer useful information as regards size, shape and anatomic relationships of lesions but does not allow univocal diagnosis of their nature. Advantages and drawbacks of this technique are discussed, with emphasis on radiation dosage. It is assumed that xeroradiography may prove to be a helpful second-line examination in patients with soft tissue masses or swelling. It may also offer a simple method for follow-up in tumors of soft tissues having undergone conservative treatment.", "contents": "Soft tissue xeroradiography. Xeroradiography of soft tissue lesions, both malignant and benign, has been performed on 121 patients, 79 of whom having also undergone conventional film radiography. In 72 cases (59%), the diagnosis was proved by surgery and histological examination. Xeroradiography was found to be more effective in representing soft tissues than film radiography in 63 cases (80%) and equally effective in 16 cases (20%). Film radiography has never given a better representation of soft structures. The main xeroradiographic aspects of soft tissue lesions are reviewed. A diagnosis of the nature of the lesions on the basis of the extraosseous xeroradiographic picture is deemed possible only for lipomas. In the remaining cases, xeroradiography may offer useful information as regards size, shape and anatomic relationships of lesions but does not allow univocal diagnosis of their nature. Advantages and drawbacks of this technique are discussed, with emphasis on radiation dosage. It is assumed that xeroradiography may prove to be a helpful second-line examination in patients with soft tissue masses or swelling. It may also offer a simple method for follow-up in tumors of soft tissues having undergone conservative treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:149336", "title": "A new device to support handicapped patients during venography or myelography.", "content": "The authors describe a seating device which holds the patient in position when the x-ray table is tilted and permits non-weight-bearing venograms to be obtained in handicapped as well as normal patients. Simultaneous bilateral venography reduces the study time considerably. The device is also helpful in lumbar myelography in paraplegics.", "contents": "A new device to support handicapped patients during venography or myelography. The authors describe a seating device which holds the patient in position when the x-ray table is tilted and permits non-weight-bearing venograms to be obtained in handicapped as well as normal patients. Simultaneous bilateral venography reduces the study time considerably. The device is also helpful in lumbar myelography in paraplegics."}
{"id": "PMID:149337", "title": "Use of an alternating pressure pad to reduce patient back pain during neuroangiography.", "content": "The authors describe a method of reducing patient back pain during neuroangiography. An alternating pressure pad cushions the body with constantly moving air.", "contents": "Use of an alternating pressure pad to reduce patient back pain during neuroangiography. The authors describe a method of reducing patient back pain during neuroangiography. An alternating pressure pad cushions the body with constantly moving air."}
{"id": "PMID:149351", "title": "[Reflex factors that modify the effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on ovulation and reproduction in rats (author's transl)].", "content": "The appearance of reflex ovulation in rats under the influence of the copulation, has been studied. Evaluation of insemination, fecundation, number of embryos, ovarian cycle and ovulation in several groups of rats treated with doses of p-CPA (300 mg/Kg, i.p.), have been made. The application of p-CPA 48 hours before the estrus phase, inhibits the ovulation. This increases significantly through copulation. Reproduction is totally inhibited by p-CPA in animals under copulation conditions during 24 hours of the estrus phase. The inhibition is desappears if placed under copulation conditions during a full cycle. Inseminated rats had a 33% decrease in number of embryos with respect to the control group. The application op-CPA 24 hours before the estrus phase does not produce any inhibition effect. The decrease observed in the number of embryos is non-significant. When p-CPA is applied, instead, 48 hours before the estrus phase, there is total inhibition of the reproductive conduct.", "contents": "[Reflex factors that modify the effect of p-chlorophenylalanine on ovulation and reproduction in rats (author's transl)]. The appearance of reflex ovulation in rats under the influence of the copulation, has been studied. Evaluation of insemination, fecundation, number of embryos, ovarian cycle and ovulation in several groups of rats treated with doses of p-CPA (300 mg/Kg, i.p.), have been made. The application of p-CPA 48 hours before the estrus phase, inhibits the ovulation. This increases significantly through copulation. Reproduction is totally inhibited by p-CPA in animals under copulation conditions during 24 hours of the estrus phase. The inhibition is desappears if placed under copulation conditions during a full cycle. Inseminated rats had a 33% decrease in number of embryos with respect to the control group. The application op-CPA 24 hours before the estrus phase does not produce any inhibition effect. The decrease observed in the number of embryos is non-significant. When p-CPA is applied, instead, 48 hours before the estrus phase, there is total inhibition of the reproductive conduct."}
{"id": "PMID:149349", "title": "[Myoclonic type of Huntington's chorea (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report the case of an 8 year-old boy who, when he was 2 1/2 years old, suffered from spasmodic mouth twitches. At the age of four, various other symptoms appeared: psychomotor backwardness, frequent fails and a photomyoclonic response on electroencephalogram. At the age of 5 1/2, noticeable difficulties appeared in walking with a broad-based gait, hypotonia, and intentional trembling associated with hypokinesia and dysarthria. When he was six, the first convulsive seizure appeared, then myoclonies which became continuous. The child gradually became bedridden. The family history tends to show these disorders can be linked with a Huntington chorea affecting six generations. This case is very similar to that previously described by the authors, in an 8 year-old girl where an anatomic examination revealed the existence of lesions characteristic of Huntington's disease associated with lesions of the cerebellum. The authors, on the basis of the data provided by the literature, discuss the myoclonic and cerebellous aspect of this infantile form. Lacking anatomic evidence, they stress the interest of the biochemical disturbances affecting the cerebral monoamines noted in this observation.", "contents": "[Myoclonic type of Huntington's chorea (author's transl)]. The authors report the case of an 8 year-old boy who, when he was 2 1/2 years old, suffered from spasmodic mouth twitches. At the age of four, various other symptoms appeared: psychomotor backwardness, frequent fails and a photomyoclonic response on electroencephalogram. At the age of 5 1/2, noticeable difficulties appeared in walking with a broad-based gait, hypotonia, and intentional trembling associated with hypokinesia and dysarthria. When he was six, the first convulsive seizure appeared, then myoclonies which became continuous. The child gradually became bedridden. The family history tends to show these disorders can be linked with a Huntington chorea affecting six generations. This case is very similar to that previously described by the authors, in an 8 year-old girl where an anatomic examination revealed the existence of lesions characteristic of Huntington's disease associated with lesions of the cerebellum. The authors, on the basis of the data provided by the literature, discuss the myoclonic and cerebellous aspect of this infantile form. Lacking anatomic evidence, they stress the interest of the biochemical disturbances affecting the cerebral monoamines noted in this observation."}
{"id": "PMID:149361", "title": "Effect of in vivo exposure to allogeneic cells upon subsequent in vitro T cell responses and upon allograft rejection.", "content": "The effect of intravenous injection of 10(6) BALB/c spleen cells into C57B1/6J recipients was assayed by both mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) of recipient lymphocytes, and by grafting donor (BALB/c) thyroids into recipient mice. It was observed that a single intravenous injection produced depression of proliferative and cytotoxic T cell responses in MLC of spleen, lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes of the recipients. This effect was specific for the sensitizing genotype (MLC of recipient and third-party CBA/H lymphocytes was unaffected), and persisted for several days after sensitization. The pattern of this diminished response suggested that the effect was due to a combination of recruitment of reactive lymphocytes from peripheral lymphoid populations, and the generation of alloantigen (H-2?)-specific suppressor T cells in the spleen. In contrast to these findings in vitro, a similar sensitization led only to accelerated rejection of thyroid allografts in vivo.", "contents": "Effect of in vivo exposure to allogeneic cells upon subsequent in vitro T cell responses and upon allograft rejection. The effect of intravenous injection of 10(6) BALB/c spleen cells into C57B1/6J recipients was assayed by both mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) of recipient lymphocytes, and by grafting donor (BALB/c) thyroids into recipient mice. It was observed that a single intravenous injection produced depression of proliferative and cytotoxic T cell responses in MLC of spleen, lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes of the recipients. This effect was specific for the sensitizing genotype (MLC of recipient and third-party CBA/H lymphocytes was unaffected), and persisted for several days after sensitization. The pattern of this diminished response suggested that the effect was due to a combination of recruitment of reactive lymphocytes from peripheral lymphoid populations, and the generation of alloantigen (H-2?)-specific suppressor T cells in the spleen. In contrast to these findings in vitro, a similar sensitization led only to accelerated rejection of thyroid allografts in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:149362", "title": "Stimulating capacity of human lymphoid cell subpopulations in mixed lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "The content and yield or B cells, T cells and monocytes were investigated in cell fractions separated from human peripheral blood by various techniques. These cell fractions, which were highly enriched for either B cells, T cells or monocytes, were tested for their capacity to stimulate allogenic peripheral blood mononuclear cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). B cells were found to be strongly stimulatory. Monocytes stimulated strongly at low stimulator/responder cell ratios, while less stimulation was observed using larger amounts of cells. T cells were demonstrated to stimulate weakly, if at all.", "contents": "Stimulating capacity of human lymphoid cell subpopulations in mixed lymphocyte cultures. The content and yield or B cells, T cells and monocytes were investigated in cell fractions separated from human peripheral blood by various techniques. These cell fractions, which were highly enriched for either B cells, T cells or monocytes, were tested for their capacity to stimulate allogenic peripheral blood mononuclear cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC). B cells were found to be strongly stimulatory. Monocytes stimulated strongly at low stimulator/responder cell ratios, while less stimulation was observed using larger amounts of cells. T cells were demonstrated to stimulate weakly, if at all."}
{"id": "PMID:149363", "title": "Rhinophyma and angiosarcoma of the nose. A case report.", "content": "A case is presented in which angiosarcoma of the nose was found in a patient with rhinophyma. To the best of our knowledge, this constellation has not previously been reported.", "contents": "Rhinophyma and angiosarcoma of the nose. A case report. A case is presented in which angiosarcoma of the nose was found in a patient with rhinophyma. To the best of our knowledge, this constellation has not previously been reported."}
{"id": "PMID:149359", "title": "Histochemical study of the process of intimal histolysis.", "content": "Intimal histolysis begins, histochemically, with the removal of sulfate esters of acid mucopolysaccharides and of sialic acid of glycoproteins. The disappearance of the steric hindrance exerted by these acid groups if followed by the degradation of the ground substance and fibres. Certain particular aspects of this degradation are presented.", "contents": "Histochemical study of the process of intimal histolysis. Intimal histolysis begins, histochemically, with the removal of sulfate esters of acid mucopolysaccharides and of sialic acid of glycoproteins. The disappearance of the steric hindrance exerted by these acid groups if followed by the degradation of the ground substance and fibres. Certain particular aspects of this degradation are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:149368", "title": "Symptoms and signs of degenerative back disease in concrete reinforcement workers.", "content": "Concrete reinforcement work causes great static loads on the back from the prolonged adoption of bent-double work postures during the tying of steel rods and from substantial dynamic loads during the lifting and pulling of rods from the stack. Subjective manifestations and objective signs of \"degenerative back disease\" are common in active reinforcement workers. An age- and sex-adjusted comparison of the findings was, however, possible only with one other occupational group, computer technicians, who also often work in awkward positions. A history of sciatica and pain during forward bending in a clinical examination were significantly more common in reinforcement workers than in computer technicians. This finding suggests an effect of reinforcement work on the back, but definite conclusions require further study.", "contents": "Symptoms and signs of degenerative back disease in concrete reinforcement workers. Concrete reinforcement work causes great static loads on the back from the prolonged adoption of bent-double work postures during the tying of steel rods and from substantial dynamic loads during the lifting and pulling of rods from the stack. Subjective manifestations and objective signs of \"degenerative back disease\" are common in active reinforcement workers. An age- and sex-adjusted comparison of the findings was, however, possible only with one other occupational group, computer technicians, who also often work in awkward positions. A history of sciatica and pain during forward bending in a clinical examination were significantly more common in reinforcement workers than in computer technicians. This finding suggests an effect of reinforcement work on the back, but definite conclusions require further study."}
{"id": "PMID:149369", "title": "Is pump stimulation associated with positive inotropy of the heart?", "content": "A purified sodium and potassium dependent adenosinetriphosphatase isolated from cat heart was not stimulated by any concentration of ouabain that produced positive inotropy of cat papilliary muscle. Only inhibition of enzyme activity was observed. Concentrations of ouabain used ranged from 3.3 x 10(-10) molar to 5 x 10(-7) molar and produced an increased force of contraction without any evidence of toxicity. The results are inconsistent with a concept that stimulation of sodium pump activity is associated with positive inotropy.", "contents": "Is pump stimulation associated with positive inotropy of the heart? A purified sodium and potassium dependent adenosinetriphosphatase isolated from cat heart was not stimulated by any concentration of ouabain that produced positive inotropy of cat papilliary muscle. Only inhibition of enzyme activity was observed. Concentrations of ouabain used ranged from 3.3 x 10(-10) molar to 5 x 10(-7) molar and produced an increased force of contraction without any evidence of toxicity. The results are inconsistent with a concept that stimulation of sodium pump activity is associated with positive inotropy."}
{"id": "PMID:149372", "title": "Compensation for work-related injuries and rehabilitation of patients with chronic pain.", "content": "A group of 61 patients with problems of chronic pain were managed though a rehabilitation program based on the principles of operant conditioning. Of these patients, 35 were receiving compensation for work-related accidents, and 26 were receiving no financial compensation for their chronic pain. Of the patients not receiving compensation, 69% (18) made significant increases in their functional performances, while only 43% (15) of the compensation group made similar increases.", "contents": "Compensation for work-related injuries and rehabilitation of patients with chronic pain. A group of 61 patients with problems of chronic pain were managed though a rehabilitation program based on the principles of operant conditioning. Of these patients, 35 were receiving compensation for work-related accidents, and 26 were receiving no financial compensation for their chronic pain. Of the patients not receiving compensation, 69% (18) made significant increases in their functional performances, while only 43% (15) of the compensation group made similar increases."}
{"id": "PMID:149373", "title": "Electrocardiographic changes in scrub typhus patients.", "content": "Ninety-eight cases of scrub typhus were examined electrocardiographically. Various findings beyond the normal range were as follows: In the febrile stage, sinus arrhythmia with some beats below 60 per minute, flat or low T waves in the left precordial leads, sinus tachycardia, ST segment elevation of 4-l mm in V2, prominent u waves measuring 1 mm or more in amplitude, tall and peaked T waves in V2-4, incomplete right bundle branch block, T wave inversion in V3-4, first degree A-V block, Q-Tc interval prolongation, notched T waves in V3, AV junctional escapes, prominent Ta waves or depression of PR segments in V2, and right axis deviation; in the convalescent stage, sinus arrhythmia with some beats below 60 per minute, prominent u waves measuring 1 mm or more in amplitude, tall and peaked T waves in V2-4, flat or low T waves in the left precordial leads, incomplete right bundle branch block, sinus tachycardia, first degree A-V block, Q-Tc interval prolongation, T wave inversion in V3-4, ST segment elevation of 4 mm in amplitude in V2, ventricular premature contractions, atrial premature contractions, and right axis deviation. In comparison with the electrocardiographic findings in 101 asymptomatic normal subjects, flat T waves in the precordial leads, tall and peaked T waves in V2-4 in both acute and convalescent stages, and sinus arrhythmia with some beats  below 60 per minute in the convalescent stage were more frequent in cases. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were present most commonly in the acute illness, and our findings support the impression that, with few exceptions, prompt treatment of scrub typhus with antibiotics prevents the serious cardiac complications seen prior to the antibiotic era.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic changes in scrub typhus patients. Ninety-eight cases of scrub typhus were examined electrocardiographically. Various findings beyond the normal range were as follows: In the febrile stage, sinus arrhythmia with some beats below 60 per minute, flat or low T waves in the left precordial leads, sinus tachycardia, ST segment elevation of 4-l mm in V2, prominent u waves measuring 1 mm or more in amplitude, tall and peaked T waves in V2-4, incomplete right bundle branch block, T wave inversion in V3-4, first degree A-V block, Q-Tc interval prolongation, notched T waves in V3, AV junctional escapes, prominent Ta waves or depression of PR segments in V2, and right axis deviation; in the convalescent stage, sinus arrhythmia with some beats below 60 per minute, prominent u waves measuring 1 mm or more in amplitude, tall and peaked T waves in V2-4, flat or low T waves in the left precordial leads, incomplete right bundle branch block, sinus tachycardia, first degree A-V block, Q-Tc interval prolongation, T wave inversion in V3-4, ST segment elevation of 4 mm in amplitude in V2, ventricular premature contractions, atrial premature contractions, and right axis deviation. In comparison with the electrocardiographic findings in 101 asymptomatic normal subjects, flat T waves in the precordial leads, tall and peaked T waves in V2-4 in both acute and convalescent stages, and sinus arrhythmia with some beats  below 60 per minute in the convalescent stage were more frequent in cases. Electrocardiographic abnormalities were present most commonly in the acute illness, and our findings support the impression that, with few exceptions, prompt treatment of scrub typhus with antibiotics prevents the serious cardiac complications seen prior to the antibiotic era."}
{"id": "PMID:149383", "title": "Treatment of hepatic metastases with a combination of hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy and external radiotherapy.", "content": "Systemic chemotherapy has given good results when compared with that of patients who received no chemotherapy. When resection was performed, the results are slightly better. The group of patients who underwent combined therapy, using infusion chemotherapy, radiation and systemic chemotherapy, had the best results. It appears that infusion chemotherapy and radiotherapy can improve the palliation available for patients with metastases in the liver from carcinoma of the colon and rectum and warrants further investigation.", "contents": "Treatment of hepatic metastases with a combination of hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy and external radiotherapy. Systemic chemotherapy has given good results when compared with that of patients who received no chemotherapy. When resection was performed, the results are slightly better. The group of patients who underwent combined therapy, using infusion chemotherapy, radiation and systemic chemotherapy, had the best results. It appears that infusion chemotherapy and radiotherapy can improve the palliation available for patients with metastases in the liver from carcinoma of the colon and rectum and warrants further investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:149384", "title": "Tissue culture preservation and intramuscular transplantation of pancreatic islets.", "content": "Pancreatic tissue from neonatal rats was cultured for 6 days and then transplanted into isologous animals made diabetic with streptozotocin. The cultured pancreatic tissue was implanted either into the peritoneal cavity or into muscle pockets and showed survival by functional and morphological studies for longer than 40 weeks. Pancreatic tissue from a patient subjected to subtotal pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis was maintained in culture for 7 days, with evidence for insulin release into medium, sterility, and histological viability of islets. Autotransplantation of this tissue into muscle pockets of the forearm was tolerated well. Glucose tolerance improved following transplantation, but evidence for function of the graft (insulin, C-peptide) remains inconclusive, 4 months after transplantation.", "contents": "Tissue culture preservation and intramuscular transplantation of pancreatic islets. Pancreatic tissue from neonatal rats was cultured for 6 days and then transplanted into isologous animals made diabetic with streptozotocin. The cultured pancreatic tissue was implanted either into the peritoneal cavity or into muscle pockets and showed survival by functional and morphological studies for longer than 40 weeks. Pancreatic tissue from a patient subjected to subtotal pancreatectomy for chronic pancreatitis was maintained in culture for 7 days, with evidence for insulin release into medium, sterility, and histological viability of islets. Autotransplantation of this tissue into muscle pockets of the forearm was tolerated well. Glucose tolerance improved following transplantation, but evidence for function of the graft (insulin, C-peptide) remains inconclusive, 4 months after transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:149391", "title": "Anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta associated with aortopulmonary window.", "content": "A rare case of anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta associated with an aortopulmonary window and severe pulmonary hypertension in a 13-year-old girl is reported. The window was closed using a Dacron patch and the continuity between the anomalous vessel and the main pulmonary artery was restored with a tubular Dacron graft. After operation the pulmonary pressure dropped to about one-half of the systemic pressure, and equal perfusion and ventilation of both lungs was demonstrated. Although early recognition and surgical treatment of this condition are mandatory to prevent the onset of irreversible pulmonary vascular disease, the presence of severe pulmonary hypertension did not contraindicate surgical correction in our patient.", "contents": "Anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta associated with aortopulmonary window. A rare case of anomalous origin of the right pulmonary artery from the ascending aorta associated with an aortopulmonary window and severe pulmonary hypertension in a 13-year-old girl is reported. The window was closed using a Dacron patch and the continuity between the anomalous vessel and the main pulmonary artery was restored with a tubular Dacron graft. After operation the pulmonary pressure dropped to about one-half of the systemic pressure, and equal perfusion and ventilation of both lungs was demonstrated. Although early recognition and surgical treatment of this condition are mandatory to prevent the onset of irreversible pulmonary vascular disease, the presence of severe pulmonary hypertension did not contraindicate surgical correction in our patient."}
{"id": "PMID:149401", "title": "Products of dehydroepiandrosterone metabolism by human mammary tumors and their influence on estradiol receptor binding.", "content": "The high concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone and its 3beta-sulfate in the blood are potential preocursors for further metabolism by normal and tumorous human mammary tissue. In vitro metabolism of 7n-3H- and 1,2,6,7(n)-3H-dehydroepiandrosterone by fifteen mammary tumors was examined. Some 10--50% of the radioactivity recovered was in the form of 7-oxygenated derivatives: the major metabolite being 7alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone accompanied by lesser amounts of the 7beta-epimer. 5-Androstene-3beta,17beta-diol was formed in all but one case. Evidence showed that the high yield of 7alpha-hydroxy derivative resulted from direct action of a 7alpha-hydroxylase capable of using both dehydroepiandrosterone and 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol as substrates. Although 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol competed with estradiol-17beta for the estrogen receptor, this property was considerably reduced as a consequence of the introduction of a 7alpha-hydroxyl or 16alpha-hydroxyl group. Dehydroepiandrosterone, which competed less effectively for the estrogen receptor site, showed almost no affinity for the site upon the introduction of a 7alhpa-hydrocyl group. A regulatory role for the 7alpha-hydroxylase is outlined.", "contents": "Products of dehydroepiandrosterone metabolism by human mammary tumors and their influence on estradiol receptor binding. The high concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone and its 3beta-sulfate in the blood are potential preocursors for further metabolism by normal and tumorous human mammary tissue. In vitro metabolism of 7n-3H- and 1,2,6,7(n)-3H-dehydroepiandrosterone by fifteen mammary tumors was examined. Some 10--50% of the radioactivity recovered was in the form of 7-oxygenated derivatives: the major metabolite being 7alpha-hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone accompanied by lesser amounts of the 7beta-epimer. 5-Androstene-3beta,17beta-diol was formed in all but one case. Evidence showed that the high yield of 7alpha-hydroxy derivative resulted from direct action of a 7alpha-hydroxylase capable of using both dehydroepiandrosterone and 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol as substrates. Although 5-androstene-3beta,17beta-diol competed with estradiol-17beta for the estrogen receptor, this property was considerably reduced as a consequence of the introduction of a 7alpha-hydroxyl or 16alpha-hydroxyl group. Dehydroepiandrosterone, which competed less effectively for the estrogen receptor site, showed almost no affinity for the site upon the introduction of a 7alhpa-hydrocyl group. A regulatory role for the 7alpha-hydroxylase is outlined."}
{"id": "PMID:149402", "title": "[Influence of detergents and inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase and Mg2+ATPase on erythrocyte membrane SH-groups].", "content": "The article deals with the influence of sodium dodensylsulfate, lubrol and also of inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities by N-ethyl malemid on the form of curves of erythrocyte membranes amperometric titration by Ag+. It is shown that changes in a conformational structure of proteins membranes under the influence of detergents results in the transformation of SH-group of type I to SH-groups of type II. A 70% fall of Na+,K+-ATPase activity has the same result. So, the form of the curves for titration of erythrocyte membranes sulphydryl groups may serve as an indicator to the morpholocial and functional state of the membranes protein part.", "contents": "[Influence of detergents and inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase and Mg2+ATPase on erythrocyte membrane SH-groups]. The article deals with the influence of sodium dodensylsulfate, lubrol and also of inhibition of Na+,K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities by N-ethyl malemid on the form of curves of erythrocyte membranes amperometric titration by Ag+. It is shown that changes in a conformational structure of proteins membranes under the influence of detergents results in the transformation of SH-group of type I to SH-groups of type II. A 70% fall of Na+,K+-ATPase activity has the same result. So, the form of the curves for titration of erythrocyte membranes sulphydryl groups may serve as an indicator to the morpholocial and functional state of the membranes protein part."}
{"id": "PMID:149403", "title": "[Effect of muscular relaxants and anesthetic fluothane on activity of Ca2+-dependent ATPase of skeletal muscle sarcolemma].", "content": "Ca2+-ATPase of rats and rabbits skeletal muscle sarcolemma was studied as affected by relaxants: tubocurarine, myorelaxin and dioxonium, and by anesthetic fluothane in experiments in vitro and in vivo with lung artificial ventilation during curarization. The musclular relaxant, myorelaxin and anesthetic fluothane both in the experiments in vitro and in vivo inhibited the activity of the enzyme, dioxonium under these conditions caused no significant changes. Tubocurarin in vitro activated the enzyme and in vivo, vice versa, induced inhibition of the enzymic activity. The latter evidences for a many-sided character of the tubocurarine metabolic effect in the living organism. Combination of tubocurarine with fluothane had a less pronounced inhibitory effect on the activity of Ca2+-ATPase than the components used separately.", "contents": "[Effect of muscular relaxants and anesthetic fluothane on activity of Ca2+-dependent ATPase of skeletal muscle sarcolemma]. Ca2+-ATPase of rats and rabbits skeletal muscle sarcolemma was studied as affected by relaxants: tubocurarine, myorelaxin and dioxonium, and by anesthetic fluothane in experiments in vitro and in vivo with lung artificial ventilation during curarization. The musclular relaxant, myorelaxin and anesthetic fluothane both in the experiments in vitro and in vivo inhibited the activity of the enzyme, dioxonium under these conditions caused no significant changes. Tubocurarin in vitro activated the enzyme and in vivo, vice versa, induced inhibition of the enzymic activity. The latter evidences for a many-sided character of the tubocurarine metabolic effect in the living organism. Combination of tubocurarine with fluothane had a less pronounced inhibitory effect on the activity of Ca2+-ATPase than the components used separately."}
{"id": "PMID:149404", "title": "[ATPase activity in neuronal and glial enriched fractions of cerebral cortex in normal conditions and with hyperoxia].", "content": "The ATP-hydrolyzing activity was studied without addition of the exogenic cations and in the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ in myelin of rat brain cortex fractions enriched with neurons and glia. In the variant without addition of the exogenic cations the fraction enriched with neurons possesses the highest specific activity of ATPase and the myelin fraction possesses the lowest one. Addition of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, triton X-100 activates ATPase in the nerve tissue cell fractions, ouabain inhibits the Mg2+, Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Action of oxygen under high pressure changes the percentage of transport ATPases distribution in neuropile and decreases the share of Na+, K+-ATPase sensitive to ouabain in myelin of the nerve tissue fractions enriched with neurons and glia.", "contents": "[ATPase activity in neuronal and glial enriched fractions of cerebral cortex in normal conditions and with hyperoxia]. The ATP-hydrolyzing activity was studied without addition of the exogenic cations and in the presence of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ in myelin of rat brain cortex fractions enriched with neurons and glia. In the variant without addition of the exogenic cations the fraction enriched with neurons possesses the highest specific activity of ATPase and the myelin fraction possesses the lowest one. Addition of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, triton X-100 activates ATPase in the nerve tissue cell fractions, ouabain inhibits the Mg2+, Na+, K+-ATPase activity. Action of oxygen under high pressure changes the percentage of transport ATPases distribution in neuropile and decreases the share of Na+, K+-ATPase sensitive to ouabain in myelin of the nerve tissue fractions enriched with neurons and glia."}
{"id": "PMID:149409", "title": "Long-term ureteral replacement prosthesis.", "content": "A silicone rubber tube with bonded Dacron felt cuffs have been implanted in dogs as a ureteral replacement prosthesis. A one-way valve has also been developed to prevent reflux so the prosthesis may be put into the bladder. The prosthesis has been implanted for periods up to nine months. Although there are some problems associated with the prosthesis, most animals have maintained a normal serum creatinine, sterile urine, and a normal excretory urogram.", "contents": "Long-term ureteral replacement prosthesis. A silicone rubber tube with bonded Dacron felt cuffs have been implanted in dogs as a ureteral replacement prosthesis. A one-way valve has also been developed to prevent reflux so the prosthesis may be put into the bladder. The prosthesis has been implanted for periods up to nine months. Although there are some problems associated with the prosthesis, most animals have maintained a normal serum creatinine, sterile urine, and a normal excretory urogram."}
{"id": "PMID:149405", "title": "[Nicotinamide inhibition of 2-14C acetate incorporation into free fatty acids and lipids of rat tissues].", "content": "The synthesis of fatty acids and lipids in the rat tissues is inhibited to a considerable extent during fasting and is activated when feeding highly carobhydrate ration to rats after fasting. Nicotinamide (50 mg/100 g of weight) causes a decrease in intensity of 14C incorporation into free fatty acids and lipids of blood, liver, epididimal and perienal fatty tissues. The degree of nicotinamide inhibition of fatty acids and lipids sythesis is in direct dependence on lipogenesis intensity.", "contents": "[Nicotinamide inhibition of 2-14C acetate incorporation into free fatty acids and lipids of rat tissues]. The synthesis of fatty acids and lipids in the rat tissues is inhibited to a considerable extent during fasting and is activated when feeding highly carobhydrate ration to rats after fasting. Nicotinamide (50 mg/100 g of weight) causes a decrease in intensity of 14C incorporation into free fatty acids and lipids of blood, liver, epididimal and perienal fatty tissues. The degree of nicotinamide inhibition of fatty acids and lipids sythesis is in direct dependence on lipogenesis intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:149411", "title": "The efficacy of in-feed medication with fenbendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, with particular reference to inhibited larvae.", "content": "Anthelmintic activity of fenbendazole in a feed formulation was tested against nematode parasites of sheep. Dose rates ranging from 1.4 mg per kg for four days to 0.4 mg per kg for 14 days removed 98 to 100 per cent of the total gastrointestinal worm burden, including large numbers of inhibited fourth stage larvae of Ostertagia circumcincta. One hundred per cent effectiveness against adult Dictyocaulus filaria was also recorded.", "contents": "The efficacy of in-feed medication with fenbendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep, with particular reference to inhibited larvae. Anthelmintic activity of fenbendazole in a feed formulation was tested against nematode parasites of sheep. Dose rates ranging from 1.4 mg per kg for four days to 0.4 mg per kg for 14 days removed 98 to 100 per cent of the total gastrointestinal worm burden, including large numbers of inhibited fourth stage larvae of Ostertagia circumcincta. One hundred per cent effectiveness against adult Dictyocaulus filaria was also recorded."}
{"id": "PMID:149412", "title": "Cytomegalic adrenal hypoplasia with pituitary cytomegaly.", "content": "A case of cytomegalic congenital adrenal hypoplasia (C.C.A.H.) is reported with similar cytomegalic changes in the hypophysis. In this case the pituitary gland was small as were the thyroid and testes. The various groups of patients with C.A.H. are presented. Associated pituitary cytomegaly does not appear to have been previously described, and this association between the adrenal and pituitary changes is discussed. It is suggested that the adrenal cytomegaly is the result of overstimulation by the pituitary and the similar change in the latter may be the result of overstimulation of a hypoplastic organ.", "contents": "Cytomegalic adrenal hypoplasia with pituitary cytomegaly. A case of cytomegalic congenital adrenal hypoplasia (C.C.A.H.) is reported with similar cytomegalic changes in the hypophysis. In this case the pituitary gland was small as were the thyroid and testes. The various groups of patients with C.A.H. are presented. Associated pituitary cytomegaly does not appear to have been previously described, and this association between the adrenal and pituitary changes is discussed. It is suggested that the adrenal cytomegaly is the result of overstimulation by the pituitary and the similar change in the latter may be the result of overstimulation of a hypoplastic organ."}
{"id": "PMID:149413", "title": "The bivalence of juxtaglomerular cells in the maturing rat kidney. A comparative study of secretory and contractile potential.", "content": "A comparative immunofluorescence and light microscopical study of the three cell types of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (pure muscle cells, pure granular cells and mixed cells) was performed on the growing and maturing kidney of the rat. Mixed cells, containing contractile protein and secretory granules, are detectable on the first postnatal day in about one third of the JGAs. From the third week, the number of bivalent cells increases, while the proportion of pure muscle or pure granular cells decreases. Morphological and functional maturation, achieved by 3 to 4 weeks, is associated with increasing numbers of bivalent cells and a shift in the main site of renin production from the inner to the outer cortical zone. The divergent internal structure of JGA cell types expresses the range of varied differentiation expressed by one cell line. Pure muscle or granular cells are at the extremes of the range and mixed cells take up an intermediate position.", "contents": "The bivalence of juxtaglomerular cells in the maturing rat kidney. A comparative study of secretory and contractile potential. A comparative immunofluorescence and light microscopical study of the three cell types of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (pure muscle cells, pure granular cells and mixed cells) was performed on the growing and maturing kidney of the rat. Mixed cells, containing contractile protein and secretory granules, are detectable on the first postnatal day in about one third of the JGAs. From the third week, the number of bivalent cells increases, while the proportion of pure muscle or pure granular cells decreases. Morphological and functional maturation, achieved by 3 to 4 weeks, is associated with increasing numbers of bivalent cells and a shift in the main site of renin production from the inner to the outer cortical zone. The divergent internal structure of JGA cell types expresses the range of varied differentiation expressed by one cell line. Pure muscle or granular cells are at the extremes of the range and mixed cells take up an intermediate position."}
{"id": "PMID:149414", "title": "[An osseus tumor in the skull of a precolumbian indian from Peru (author's transl)].", "content": "A walnut-sized, stalked, osseus tumor in the region of the protuberantia occipitalis externa of the skull of a precolumbian indian from Peru is described. Radiological and histological examinations grouped this neoplasm with the fibro-osseus tumors. Cytologically, it is one of the rarely seen nearly compact forms of the large, mostly spongy osteomas of the skull roof.", "contents": "[An osseus tumor in the skull of a precolumbian indian from Peru (author's transl)]. A walnut-sized, stalked, osseus tumor in the region of the protuberantia occipitalis externa of the skull of a precolumbian indian from Peru is described. Radiological and histological examinations grouped this neoplasm with the fibro-osseus tumors. Cytologically, it is one of the rarely seen nearly compact forms of the large, mostly spongy osteomas of the skull roof."}
{"id": "PMID:149415", "title": "Schwannian origin of neurinoma. Electron-microscopic examinations of 10 cases (author's transl).", "content": "In benign tumours of the nerve sheath, the neurinoma clearly originates from the Schwann's cell. This can be said, because there are neurinoma cells with the typical tendency to cytoplasmic processes out of which peculiar myelin sheaths are built; these peculiar myelin sheaths wrap themselves around parts of their own neurinoma cell.", "contents": "Schwannian origin of neurinoma. Electron-microscopic examinations of 10 cases (author's transl). In benign tumours of the nerve sheath, the neurinoma clearly originates from the Schwann's cell. This can be said, because there are neurinoma cells with the typical tendency to cytoplasmic processes out of which peculiar myelin sheaths are built; these peculiar myelin sheaths wrap themselves around parts of their own neurinoma cell."}
{"id": "PMID:149416", "title": "[Aortic amyloidosis in adult life (author's transl)].", "content": "Aortic amyloid deposits were found in 53% of adult subjects (mean age 47.5 years). They appeared to be localized mainly in the mediaintimal border zone and the internal third of the aortic media, and were not usually related to atherosclerotic lesions. The thoracic aorta was more extensively and frequently involved than the abdominal. It was concluded that aortic amyloidosis: 1. is progressive in its extent and distribution 2. does not seem to be related to atherosclerosis 3. should not be considered to be a form of senile amyloidosis, but rather a peculiar microfocal amyloidosis of the aorta.", "contents": "[Aortic amyloidosis in adult life (author's transl)]. Aortic amyloid deposits were found in 53% of adult subjects (mean age 47.5 years). They appeared to be localized mainly in the mediaintimal border zone and the internal third of the aortic media, and were not usually related to atherosclerotic lesions. The thoracic aorta was more extensively and frequently involved than the abdominal. It was concluded that aortic amyloidosis: 1. is progressive in its extent and distribution 2. does not seem to be related to atherosclerosis 3. should not be considered to be a form of senile amyloidosis, but rather a peculiar microfocal amyloidosis of the aorta."}
{"id": "PMID:149417", "title": "Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma.", "content": "Clinicopathologic study of five cases of soft tissue tumors revealed distinct differences from skeletal Ewing's sarcoma in preferential localisation and mean age. The cases examined here are similar to cases described earlier as \"extraskeletal Ewing's sarcomas\". They show light- and electronmicroscopical features analogous to skeletal Ewing's sarcoma. The term extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma appears to be appropriate for this type of soft tissue tumor.", "contents": "Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma. Clinicopathologic study of five cases of soft tissue tumors revealed distinct differences from skeletal Ewing's sarcoma in preferential localisation and mean age. The cases examined here are similar to cases described earlier as \"extraskeletal Ewing's sarcomas\". They show light- and electronmicroscopical features analogous to skeletal Ewing's sarcoma. The term extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma appears to be appropriate for this type of soft tissue tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:149418", "title": "Epidermal chalones and squamous cell carcinomas. The growth inhibitory effects of aqueous epidermal extracts (G1 and G2 chalones) on the epidermis and on a transplantable keratinizing carcinoman in nude mice.", "content": "Balb/c/nu nude mice that had been transplanted with a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma were injected i.p. with different doses of epidermal chalone, and control animals were injected with saline. The labelling indices (H3TdR) and the mitotic rate (stathmokinetic method with vinblastine sulphate) were determined. In the untreated animals, both the labelling index and the mitotic rate of the tumor were considerably higher than in the epidermis, and the rate of cell birth was almost twice that of the epidermis. Higher doses of chalone were needed to reduce the labelling index for the tumour than for the epidermis, and there was generally a less pronounced dose/response relationship in the tumours than in the epidermis. The same was true of the mitotic rate but here the results were not as obvious as for the labelling index.  A possible explanation of the results may be that the tumour cells are less sensitive than epidermal cells to the injected chalones, or that reduced vascularization of the transplanted tumour may lead to reduced access of chalone, or that tumour necrosis may pay a role. However, it is evident that the tumour cells react less than the epidermis to both the G1 and the G2 chalone, and thus the findings of this study do not provide any evidence against the theory that epidermoid transplanted tumours are less sensitive to epidermal chalones than normal tissue of the same histogenetic origin.", "contents": "Epidermal chalones and squamous cell carcinomas. The growth inhibitory effects of aqueous epidermal extracts (G1 and G2 chalones) on the epidermis and on a transplantable keratinizing carcinoman in nude mice. Balb/c/nu nude mice that had been transplanted with a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma were injected i.p. with different doses of epidermal chalone, and control animals were injected with saline. The labelling indices (H3TdR) and the mitotic rate (stathmokinetic method with vinblastine sulphate) were determined. In the untreated animals, both the labelling index and the mitotic rate of the tumor were considerably higher than in the epidermis, and the rate of cell birth was almost twice that of the epidermis. Higher doses of chalone were needed to reduce the labelling index for the tumour than for the epidermis, and there was generally a less pronounced dose/response relationship in the tumours than in the epidermis. The same was true of the mitotic rate but here the results were not as obvious as for the labelling index.  A possible explanation of the results may be that the tumour cells are less sensitive than epidermal cells to the injected chalones, or that reduced vascularization of the transplanted tumour may lead to reduced access of chalone, or that tumour necrosis may pay a role. However, it is evident that the tumour cells react less than the epidermis to both the G1 and the G2 chalone, and thus the findings of this study do not provide any evidence against the theory that epidermoid transplanted tumours are less sensitive to epidermal chalones than normal tissue of the same histogenetic origin."}
{"id": "PMID:149421", "title": "[Comparative study of the changes in the ATPase activity of actomyosin and in the activity of skeletal muscle glycolytic enzymes in the early postnatal period of development].", "content": "ATPase activity of actomyosin and activity of glycogenolytic enzymes were distinctly increased during postnatal period of development. Direct correlation was observed between the actomyosin ATPase and phosphofructokinase, phosphohexoisomerase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and \"bound\" fraction of aldolase. Kinetic patterns of phosphofructokinase (Km and Hill's coefficient) were not altered at the postnatal period. Formation of complexes between the contractile proteins and glycolytic enzymes appears to be important in development of contractile function.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the changes in the ATPase activity of actomyosin and in the activity of skeletal muscle glycolytic enzymes in the early postnatal period of development]. ATPase activity of actomyosin and activity of glycogenolytic enzymes were distinctly increased during postnatal period of development. Direct correlation was observed between the actomyosin ATPase and phosphofructokinase, phosphohexoisomerase, enolase, pyruvate kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and \"bound\" fraction of aldolase. Kinetic patterns of phosphofructokinase (Km and Hill's coefficient) were not altered at the postnatal period. Formation of complexes between the contractile proteins and glycolytic enzymes appears to be important in development of contractile function."}
{"id": "PMID:149422", "title": "[Importance of the fibrinogen-heparin complex in the fibrinolytic activity of the blood euglobulin fraction after the intravenous administration of thrombin or plasmin].", "content": "Intravenous administration of plasmin as distinct from thrombin inhibited or did not provide a secretion of endogenous heparin into circulation. In these conditions non-enzymatic fibrinolysis was not observed both in fraction of euglobulins and in fibrinogen-heparin complex, isolated from euglobulins, due to insufficiency of heparin. Exogenous heparin, injected into circulation or added to corresponding fractions, enabled to produce the active heparin complexes. About 70% of total fibrinolytic activity was due to fibrinogen-heparin complex in euglobulin fraction of blood plasma, isolated from blood of animals intravenously administered with thrombin.", "contents": "[Importance of the fibrinogen-heparin complex in the fibrinolytic activity of the blood euglobulin fraction after the intravenous administration of thrombin or plasmin]. Intravenous administration of plasmin as distinct from thrombin inhibited or did not provide a secretion of endogenous heparin into circulation. In these conditions non-enzymatic fibrinolysis was not observed both in fraction of euglobulins and in fibrinogen-heparin complex, isolated from euglobulins, due to insufficiency of heparin. Exogenous heparin, injected into circulation or added to corresponding fractions, enabled to produce the active heparin complexes. About 70% of total fibrinolytic activity was due to fibrinogen-heparin complex in euglobulin fraction of blood plasma, isolated from blood of animals intravenously administered with thrombin."}
{"id": "PMID:149423", "title": "[Metabolism of myocardial poly A+-containing mRNA normally and in compensatory cardiac hyperfunction].", "content": "Two fractions of mRNA--polyA+ and polyA- containing mRNA--were found in rat heart muscle by affinity chromatography using polyU cellulose. These fractions constituted 30% and 70% of total mRNA, respectively. The ratio of polyA+/polyA- mRNA was not altered in myocardium under heart hyperfunction and in physiological ageing. Duration of life of polyA+ containing mRNA was 4 hrs in normal heart. A; the beginning of myocardium hyperfunction the period of mRNA life was decreased down to 2-3 hrs; this pattern of mRNA life alteration did not differ from control one in prolonged heart hypertrophy within 6 months. The rate of polyA+ containing mRNA synthesis was increased by 70% at the early steps of heart hyperfunction as compared with normal state; it decreased below the normal state in long-term hypertrophy of myocardium. In development of heart hyperfunction acceleration of polyA+ containing mRNA synthesis was more distinct than an increase in rRNA synthesis.", "contents": "[Metabolism of myocardial poly A+-containing mRNA normally and in compensatory cardiac hyperfunction]. Two fractions of mRNA--polyA+ and polyA- containing mRNA--were found in rat heart muscle by affinity chromatography using polyU cellulose. These fractions constituted 30% and 70% of total mRNA, respectively. The ratio of polyA+/polyA- mRNA was not altered in myocardium under heart hyperfunction and in physiological ageing. Duration of life of polyA+ containing mRNA was 4 hrs in normal heart. A; the beginning of myocardium hyperfunction the period of mRNA life was decreased down to 2-3 hrs; this pattern of mRNA life alteration did not differ from control one in prolonged heart hypertrophy within 6 months. The rate of polyA+ containing mRNA synthesis was increased by 70% at the early steps of heart hyperfunction as compared with normal state; it decreased below the normal state in long-term hypertrophy of myocardium. In development of heart hyperfunction acceleration of polyA+ containing mRNA synthesis was more distinct than an increase in rRNA synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:149424", "title": "[Phosphofructokinase activity of the plague bacterium].", "content": "Synthesis of phosphofructokinase was decreased in pestilential microbe if cultivation temperature was increased from 28 degrees to 37 degrees. Aeration of cultural fluid effected slightly on the enzyme production. Glucose, added to cultural fluid, decreased synthesis of phosphofructokinase in virulent strain and increased it in avirulent one. Phosphofructokinase activity from pestilential microbe was inhibited by ATP, citrate, 3-phosphoglycerate, by Ca2+ and Mn2+. AMP and lesser ADP reduced the effect of ATP and citrate on the enzyme, but when ATP was maintained in reaction mixture at non-inhibitory concentration these substances decreased phosphofructokinase activity.", "contents": "[Phosphofructokinase activity of the plague bacterium]. Synthesis of phosphofructokinase was decreased in pestilential microbe if cultivation temperature was increased from 28 degrees to 37 degrees. Aeration of cultural fluid effected slightly on the enzyme production. Glucose, added to cultural fluid, decreased synthesis of phosphofructokinase in virulent strain and increased it in avirulent one. Phosphofructokinase activity from pestilential microbe was inhibited by ATP, citrate, 3-phosphoglycerate, by Ca2+ and Mn2+. AMP and lesser ADP reduced the effect of ATP and citrate on the enzyme, but when ATP was maintained in reaction mixture at non-inhibitory concentration these substances decreased phosphofructokinase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:149425", "title": "[Liver metabolism during massive hemorrhage and subsequent blood transfusion].", "content": "Content of lactate, pyruvate as well as activity of hexokinase, phosphorylases, ATPase and transaminases were studied in dog and rat liver tissues under conditions of acute profuse hemorrhage and after its complete compensation by autogenic, isogenic blood and by sodium chloride 0.9% solution. Distinct inhibition of the hexokinase activity in the hemorrhage led to impairment of glucose utilization in liver tissue and to development of hyperglycemia. Alterations in arterial blood pressure correlated with the activity of tissue enzymes. Tissue metabolism was improved after compensation of blood losses by adequate amounts of blood at early period of hemorrhagic shock.", "contents": "[Liver metabolism during massive hemorrhage and subsequent blood transfusion]. Content of lactate, pyruvate as well as activity of hexokinase, phosphorylases, ATPase and transaminases were studied in dog and rat liver tissues under conditions of acute profuse hemorrhage and after its complete compensation by autogenic, isogenic blood and by sodium chloride 0.9% solution. Distinct inhibition of the hexokinase activity in the hemorrhage led to impairment of glucose utilization in liver tissue and to development of hyperglycemia. Alterations in arterial blood pressure correlated with the activity of tissue enzymes. Tissue metabolism was improved after compensation of blood losses by adequate amounts of blood at early period of hemorrhagic shock."}
{"id": "PMID:149426", "title": "[Mechanisms of interaction of vitamins B1 and PP during absorption in rat intestine].", "content": "Interrelation between vitamins B1 and PP during absorption in rat intestinum tenue depended on the quantitative ratio of vitamins in luminal contents. Large doses of one of vitamins decreased absorption of physiologic doses of another drug affecting vitamin metabolism in intestinal wall. Excess of nicotinic acid (40-10(-3)M) inhibited thiamine pyrophosphatase activity in intestinal mucosa if thiamine was used at concentration 3-1-10(-6) M). Use of low amount of 14C-nicotinic acid (40-10(-6) M) caused an occurrence of 14C-nicotinamide in intestinal mucosa; content of nicotinamide was distinctly decreased, when 14C-nicotinic acid was administered simultaneously with 3-1-10(-3) M thiamine. tat the same time, thiamine did not effect on 14C-nicotinic acid accumulation in segments of rat intestinum tenue in vitro.", "contents": "[Mechanisms of interaction of vitamins B1 and PP during absorption in rat intestine]. Interrelation between vitamins B1 and PP during absorption in rat intestinum tenue depended on the quantitative ratio of vitamins in luminal contents. Large doses of one of vitamins decreased absorption of physiologic doses of another drug affecting vitamin metabolism in intestinal wall. Excess of nicotinic acid (40-10(-3)M) inhibited thiamine pyrophosphatase activity in intestinal mucosa if thiamine was used at concentration 3-1-10(-6) M). Use of low amount of 14C-nicotinic acid (40-10(-6) M) caused an occurrence of 14C-nicotinamide in intestinal mucosa; content of nicotinamide was distinctly decreased, when 14C-nicotinic acid was administered simultaneously with 3-1-10(-3) M thiamine. tat the same time, thiamine did not effect on 14C-nicotinic acid accumulation in segments of rat intestinum tenue in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:149431", "title": "[Endoscopic studies in determining the stage of lung cancer].", "content": "An associated simultaneous mediastino- and laparoscopy allows the detection of lung cancer metastases in lymph nodes of the anterior mediastinum and liver and thereby the precise determination of the tumor process stage. The procedure is tolerated by patients well. 100 examinations showed metastases in mediastinal lymph nodes in 27 cases, in the liver- in 7. No complications were noted. Metastases were most frequently found in patients with undifferentiated lung cancer. Hepatic scanning by means of radioactive gold was performed in 30 patients. Laparoscopic data correlated well with scannographic findings.", "contents": "[Endoscopic studies in determining the stage of lung cancer]. An associated simultaneous mediastino- and laparoscopy allows the detection of lung cancer metastases in lymph nodes of the anterior mediastinum and liver and thereby the precise determination of the tumor process stage. The procedure is tolerated by patients well. 100 examinations showed metastases in mediastinal lymph nodes in 27 cases, in the liver- in 7. No complications were noted. Metastases were most frequently found in patients with undifferentiated lung cancer. Hepatic scanning by means of radioactive gold was performed in 30 patients. Laparoscopic data correlated well with scannographic findings."}
{"id": "PMID:149427", "title": "[State of the glycolytic system in the hypertrophied heart].", "content": "A turnover of glycogen was distinctly increased in hypertrophic rat heart within 2 months after coarctation of aorta; this was corroborated by increased 4.5-fold incorporation of 14C-glucose into glycogen and by removing of label from glycogen in heart perfusion using Langendorf preparation. Due to stationary activation of glycolysis secretion of lactate from isolated hypertrophic heart was twice more than that from intact one in aerobic contitions. Activities of glycolytic enzymes, extracted from intact and hypertrophic heart muscles in optimal conditions of incubation, were approximately of the same value; this suggests the distinct potential activity of glycolytic system in myocardium in vivo. Decrease in oxygen utilization is apparently the reason of glycolytic system activation in development of heart hypertrophy.", "contents": "[State of the glycolytic system in the hypertrophied heart]. A turnover of glycogen was distinctly increased in hypertrophic rat heart within 2 months after coarctation of aorta; this was corroborated by increased 4.5-fold incorporation of 14C-glucose into glycogen and by removing of label from glycogen in heart perfusion using Langendorf preparation. Due to stationary activation of glycolysis secretion of lactate from isolated hypertrophic heart was twice more than that from intact one in aerobic contitions. Activities of glycolytic enzymes, extracted from intact and hypertrophic heart muscles in optimal conditions of incubation, were approximately of the same value; this suggests the distinct potential activity of glycolytic system in myocardium in vivo. Decrease in oxygen utilization is apparently the reason of glycolytic system activation in development of heart hypertrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:149433", "title": "[Effect of vitamins PP and B1 on pentosephosphate pathway enzymatic activity in the kidneys of adrenalectomized rats].", "content": "The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), transketolase (EC 1.1.1.44), transketolase (EC 1.1.1.49), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 2.2.1.1.) and also the thiaminediphosphate (TDP) content were investigated on the 8th day after adrenalectomy. With compensated sodium dysbalance the removal of suprarenals is shown not to change the activity of dehydrogenases, but it does lower the transketolase activity and the TDP level. A seven-fold administration to adrenalectomized animals of nicotinic acid, thiamine or a simple injection of nicotinamide normalize the transketolase activity through raising the TDP level. The fact of the reduced transketolase activity in the kidneys in hypocorticotism being due to deficiency of the co-enzyme is also proved by the presence of the TDP-effect in vitro.", "contents": "[Effect of vitamins PP and B1 on pentosephosphate pathway enzymatic activity in the kidneys of adrenalectomized rats]. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.44), transketolase (EC 1.1.1.44), transketolase (EC 1.1.1.49), 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC 2.2.1.1.) and also the thiaminediphosphate (TDP) content were investigated on the 8th day after adrenalectomy. With compensated sodium dysbalance the removal of suprarenals is shown not to change the activity of dehydrogenases, but it does lower the transketolase activity and the TDP level. A seven-fold administration to adrenalectomized animals of nicotinic acid, thiamine or a simple injection of nicotinamide normalize the transketolase activity through raising the TDP level. The fact of the reduced transketolase activity in the kidneys in hypocorticotism being due to deficiency of the co-enzyme is also proved by the presence of the TDP-effect in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:149438", "title": "[Endo-osseous isotope therapy of malignant skeletal disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The intravenous application of 89-strontium for the relief of pain in 43 patients with breast cancer, bronchogenic cancer, carcinoma of the prostate, hypernephroma and lymphoma with generalized bone metastases is reported. A remarkable clinical improvement was achieved in 33 (76.7%) patients. In four patients a transient analgesic effect was observed. In six cases no response could be achieved. The therapeutic effect usually was long-lasting. At the same time, an increase of alkaline phosphatase was observed, which was interpreted as an indication for the stimulation of osteoblasts and osteoid peripheral zones owing to beta-emission of the radioisotope in the affected areas. There was a significant correlation between the concentration of 85Sr in the bone scan and the therapeutic result of 89Sr-therapy. The indication for such therapy and possible late adverse effects of bone-seeking isotopes are discussed.", "contents": "[Endo-osseous isotope therapy of malignant skeletal disease (author's transl)]. The intravenous application of 89-strontium for the relief of pain in 43 patients with breast cancer, bronchogenic cancer, carcinoma of the prostate, hypernephroma and lymphoma with generalized bone metastases is reported. A remarkable clinical improvement was achieved in 33 (76.7%) patients. In four patients a transient analgesic effect was observed. In six cases no response could be achieved. The therapeutic effect usually was long-lasting. At the same time, an increase of alkaline phosphatase was observed, which was interpreted as an indication for the stimulation of osteoblasts and osteoid peripheral zones owing to beta-emission of the radioisotope in the affected areas. There was a significant correlation between the concentration of 85Sr in the bone scan and the therapeutic result of 89Sr-therapy. The indication for such therapy and possible late adverse effects of bone-seeking isotopes are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149439", "title": "In vivo DNA repair after N-methyl-N-nitrosourea administration to rats of different ages.", "content": "DNA repair time-course was studied after injury by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in rat liver cells of animals of different ages and in fetuses using hydroxyurea (HU) as inhibitor of scheduled DNA synthesis. DNA repair was a rapid phenomenon, more so in young adults than in newborns, and was not detectable in fetuses. A correlation seems to exist among organ sensitivity to carcinogen, age of animal and DNA repair.", "contents": "In vivo DNA repair after N-methyl-N-nitrosourea administration to rats of different ages. DNA repair time-course was studied after injury by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) in rat liver cells of animals of different ages and in fetuses using hydroxyurea (HU) as inhibitor of scheduled DNA synthesis. DNA repair was a rapid phenomenon, more so in young adults than in newborns, and was not detectable in fetuses. A correlation seems to exist among organ sensitivity to carcinogen, age of animal and DNA repair."}
{"id": "PMID:149440", "title": "[On the occurrence of so-called clear cells in salivary gland tumors. Ultrastructure and differential diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Clear cell tumors of the salivary glands are monomorphic clear cell adenomas, clear cell carcinomas, clear cell variants of acinic cell and mucoepidermoid tumours, sebaceous cell tumors, salivary duct carcinomas and pleomorphic adenomas with clear cell sectors. At the light microscopical level the descriptive term of the clear cell comprises cell types of different origin and functional importance which can be differentiated by cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The following cell types were analysed precisely: indifferent duct cells (small formation of organelles, desmosomes), storing striated duct cells (glycogen granules, multiple mitochondrias, basal labyrinth), myoepithelial cells (myofilaments, pinocytosis vesicles, lipofuscin granules, hemidesmosomes), goblet cells (mucous vacuoles, basal endoplasmatic reticulum), sebaceous cells (lipid droplets, microvilli, desmosomes) and clear acinic cells (electron pale secretory granules, small mitochondrias, small golgi apparatus). Clear cell tumor types of the salivary gland region which primarely do not derive from the salivary gland tissue must also be included in the differential diagnoses. These are metastases of hypernephroid renal carcinomas, paragangliomas, glomus tumors of Masson, granular cell tumor and alveolar soft-part sarcomas.", "contents": "[On the occurrence of so-called clear cells in salivary gland tumors. Ultrastructure and differential diagnosis (author's transl)]. Clear cell tumors of the salivary glands are monomorphic clear cell adenomas, clear cell carcinomas, clear cell variants of acinic cell and mucoepidermoid tumours, sebaceous cell tumors, salivary duct carcinomas and pleomorphic adenomas with clear cell sectors. At the light microscopical level the descriptive term of the clear cell comprises cell types of different origin and functional importance which can be differentiated by cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The following cell types were analysed precisely: indifferent duct cells (small formation of organelles, desmosomes), storing striated duct cells (glycogen granules, multiple mitochondrias, basal labyrinth), myoepithelial cells (myofilaments, pinocytosis vesicles, lipofuscin granules, hemidesmosomes), goblet cells (mucous vacuoles, basal endoplasmatic reticulum), sebaceous cells (lipid droplets, microvilli, desmosomes) and clear acinic cells (electron pale secretory granules, small mitochondrias, small golgi apparatus). Clear cell tumor types of the salivary gland region which primarely do not derive from the salivary gland tissue must also be included in the differential diagnoses. These are metastases of hypernephroid renal carcinomas, paragangliomas, glomus tumors of Masson, granular cell tumor and alveolar soft-part sarcomas."}
{"id": "PMID:149441", "title": "Induction of gastric tumors in BD-VI rats by single application of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).", "content": "The oral acute LD50 of N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in a 10% aqueous solution of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) amounted to approximately 90 mg/kg. After single oral application of 50 mg/kg (group I), 75 mg/kg (group II) and 100 mg/kg (group III) of MNNG in a 10% aqueous solution of DMSO, generalized papillomatoses of the forestomach were found in all BD-VI rats after a test period of 500 days. Squamous cell carcinomas could be detected in 7/24 (21%) rats in group I, in 12/26 (46%) in group II and in 7/23 (30%) in group III). Benign adenomatous dysplasia of the glandular stomach was diagnosed in 2 rats (8%) of group I, in 1 animal (4%) of group II and in 12 rats (52%) of group III. Adenocarcinomas of the glandular stomach were induced in 1 animal (4%) of both group I and II and in 8 rats (35%) of group III. 20--30% of the animals treated with MNNG also showed degenerative cystic alterations in the liver with bile-duct proliferation.", "contents": "Induction of gastric tumors in BD-VI rats by single application of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). The oral acute LD50 of N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in a 10% aqueous solution of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) amounted to approximately 90 mg/kg. After single oral application of 50 mg/kg (group I), 75 mg/kg (group II) and 100 mg/kg (group III) of MNNG in a 10% aqueous solution of DMSO, generalized papillomatoses of the forestomach were found in all BD-VI rats after a test period of 500 days. Squamous cell carcinomas could be detected in 7/24 (21%) rats in group I, in 12/26 (46%) in group II and in 7/23 (30%) in group III). Benign adenomatous dysplasia of the glandular stomach was diagnosed in 2 rats (8%) of group I, in 1 animal (4%) of group II and in 12 rats (52%) of group III. Adenocarcinomas of the glandular stomach were induced in 1 animal (4%) of both group I and II and in 8 rats (35%) of group III. 20--30% of the animals treated with MNNG also showed degenerative cystic alterations in the liver with bile-duct proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:149443", "title": "Ultrastructural studies on hydantoin induced lymphomas in mice.", "content": "Ultrastructural studies were done on cells from original tumors and from short time cultures of mouse thymic lymphomas experimentally induced by chronic exposure to diphenyl-hydantoin. The tumors appeared in mouse strains with low (C57Bl) and high (SJL/J) susceptibility to spontaneous lymphoma development and were not observed in a resistant strain (C3Hf). Thymic lymphoma development was usually preceded by increasing lymphoreticular atrophy followed by progressive reticulohistiocytic hyperplasia, and subsequently spread to other tissues. Morphologically the tumor was characterized as a lymphoblastic lymphoma. Abnormal cell changes in the original tumors and cultured cells, and the presence of murine C-type particles in the cultured cells but not in the original tumors, are discussed in relation with the disturbance of immune system and the lymphoma enhancement produced by diphenyl-hydantoin.", "contents": "Ultrastructural studies on hydantoin induced lymphomas in mice. Ultrastructural studies were done on cells from original tumors and from short time cultures of mouse thymic lymphomas experimentally induced by chronic exposure to diphenyl-hydantoin. The tumors appeared in mouse strains with low (C57Bl) and high (SJL/J) susceptibility to spontaneous lymphoma development and were not observed in a resistant strain (C3Hf). Thymic lymphoma development was usually preceded by increasing lymphoreticular atrophy followed by progressive reticulohistiocytic hyperplasia, and subsequently spread to other tissues. Morphologically the tumor was characterized as a lymphoblastic lymphoma. Abnormal cell changes in the original tumors and cultured cells, and the presence of murine C-type particles in the cultured cells but not in the original tumors, are discussed in relation with the disturbance of immune system and the lymphoma enhancement produced by diphenyl-hydantoin."}
{"id": "PMID:149445", "title": "Carcinogenicity of acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine after subcutaneous, intravenous and intrarectal applications in rats.", "content": "In comparison to the known carcinogenic properties of Acetoxymethyl-Methyl-Nitrosamine (AMMN) after oral or intraperitoneal application the dimethylnitrosamine derivative was tested by subcutaneous, intravenous and intrarectal route in male Sprague-Dawley or Wistar rats. AMMN proved to be primarily a locally acting carcinogen. However, a second mode of action is indicated by systemic carcinogenic properties found after i.v. and s.c. applications. The lung and heart, and to a less extent the kidney and earduct were found as target organs of distant carcinogenic response.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine after subcutaneous, intravenous and intrarectal applications in rats. In comparison to the known carcinogenic properties of Acetoxymethyl-Methyl-Nitrosamine (AMMN) after oral or intraperitoneal application the dimethylnitrosamine derivative was tested by subcutaneous, intravenous and intrarectal route in male Sprague-Dawley or Wistar rats. AMMN proved to be primarily a locally acting carcinogen. However, a second mode of action is indicated by systemic carcinogenic properties found after i.v. and s.c. applications. The lung and heart, and to a less extent the kidney and earduct were found as target organs of distant carcinogenic response."}
{"id": "PMID:149446", "title": "On the distributive patterns of ATPase activity and its functional significance in retinae of certain birds.", "content": "The present study incorporates the details of distribution of adenosine triphosphatase amongst the various constituents of retinae of Passer, Psittacula, Streptopelia and Athene. The outer segments in all the cases are intensely positive for the enzyme. This is the part where the light strikes first and initiates the visual processes. The nuclear layers are also positive for the enzyme activity. It is interesting to note that inner plexiform layers show clear-out demarcations of various sub-synaptic layers in all the birds except Psittacula. The ganglion cells and optic nerve fibres are also positive for the enzyme.", "contents": "On the distributive patterns of ATPase activity and its functional significance in retinae of certain birds. The present study incorporates the details of distribution of adenosine triphosphatase amongst the various constituents of retinae of Passer, Psittacula, Streptopelia and Athene. The outer segments in all the cases are intensely positive for the enzyme. This is the part where the light strikes first and initiates the visual processes. The nuclear layers are also positive for the enzyme activity. It is interesting to note that inner plexiform layers show clear-out demarcations of various sub-synaptic layers in all the birds except Psittacula. The ganglion cells and optic nerve fibres are also positive for the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:149448", "title": "Nonthermal effects of millimeter microwaves on yeast growth.", "content": "Weak microwave irradiation of aqueous yeast cultures was found to affect their growth rate in a frequency-selective manner. Depending on frequency (near 42 GHz), both increases and decreases of the growth rate were observed. The resonance bandwidths are of the order of 0.01 GHz. Simple thermal effects can be excluded. These findings support theoretical predictions of coherent molecular oscillations activating metabolic processes.", "contents": "Nonthermal effects of millimeter microwaves on yeast growth. Weak microwave irradiation of aqueous yeast cultures was found to affect their growth rate in a frequency-selective manner. Depending on frequency (near 42 GHz), both increases and decreases of the growth rate were observed. The resonance bandwidths are of the order of 0.01 GHz. Simple thermal effects can be excluded. These findings support theoretical predictions of coherent molecular oscillations activating metabolic processes."}
{"id": "PMID:149449", "title": "Electromagnetically induced fluid streaming as a possible mechanism of the biomagnetic orientation of organisms.", "content": "The results show that both the direction and the intensity of the geomagnetic field can be sensed within the chamber of a Zeiss Cytopherometer. This suggests that electromagnetically induced fluid streaming might play a role in the perception of the geomagnetic field by organisms, although it is not clear at present in which organ the perception occurs. A basic requirement for such an organ would be an anisotropy of cells or cellular structures. The nervous system with its parallel axons, or specific cells associated with the nervous system, could thus be possible locations of the sensitivity towards magnetic fields.", "contents": "Electromagnetically induced fluid streaming as a possible mechanism of the biomagnetic orientation of organisms. The results show that both the direction and the intensity of the geomagnetic field can be sensed within the chamber of a Zeiss Cytopherometer. This suggests that electromagnetically induced fluid streaming might play a role in the perception of the geomagnetic field by organisms, although it is not clear at present in which organ the perception occurs. A basic requirement for such an organ would be an anisotropy of cells or cellular structures. The nervous system with its parallel axons, or specific cells associated with the nervous system, could thus be possible locations of the sensitivity towards magnetic fields."}
{"id": "PMID:149450", "title": "[Investigation of crystalline structures in fats of animals by x-ray scattering (author's transl)].", "content": "Fat-praeparates of cow and pork have been investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering methods. Dependent on the temperature these fats show distinct X-ray interference patterns in the small-angle region. Hence complete phasediagrams of the fats in the temperature region between -20 degrees C and 55 degrees C could be estimated. Using the intensity distribution of the X-ray scattering the electron-density distribution along one direction of the ground-cells of the fat crystals were calculated.", "contents": "[Investigation of crystalline structures in fats of animals by x-ray scattering (author's transl)]. Fat-praeparates of cow and pork have been investigated by small-angle X-ray scattering methods. Dependent on the temperature these fats show distinct X-ray interference patterns in the small-angle region. Hence complete phasediagrams of the fats in the temperature region between -20 degrees C and 55 degrees C could be estimated. Using the intensity distribution of the X-ray scattering the electron-density distribution along one direction of the ground-cells of the fat crystals were calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:149451", "title": "Inhibition of Mg, Ca-ATPase from E. coli by ruthenium red.", "content": "The membrane-bound, solubilized, and trypsin-treated forms of Mg, Ca-ATPase from E. coli are inhibited by ruthenium red [RR]. The inhibition is noncompetitive and is reduced at higher substrate concentrations. n-Butanol-extracted ATPase is not inhibited by ruthenium red and is not activated by KCl.", "contents": "Inhibition of Mg, Ca-ATPase from E. coli by ruthenium red. The membrane-bound, solubilized, and trypsin-treated forms of Mg, Ca-ATPase from E. coli are inhibited by ruthenium red [RR]. The inhibition is noncompetitive and is reduced at higher substrate concentrations. n-Butanol-extracted ATPase is not inhibited by ruthenium red and is not activated by KCl."}
{"id": "PMID:149452", "title": "Effect of cortisone on aspartate and alanine aminotransferases in a desert lizard.", "content": "1. Liver and serum aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (GPT) activities were measured in a hibernating desert lizard, Uromastix hardwickii. The levels of both enzymes were found to be lower in hibernation than during the active period, particularly in the liver. 2. After intramuscular injection of 2 mg of cortisone acetate there was a rapid rise in the levels of these enzymes with a peak of 18 hours (GOT) and 12 hours (GPT). 3. The response of both enzymes to cortisone was much greater during the active period than during hibernation. 4. GOT showed a much more rapid and greater response to cortisone than GPT. This is in contrast to the response of rat liver where GPT is more responsive to this hormone. 5. These studies indicate that the transferase enzymes of this lizard differ from those of the rat in their sensitivity and time of response to cortisone.", "contents": "Effect of cortisone on aspartate and alanine aminotransferases in a desert lizard. 1. Liver and serum aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) and alanine aminotransferase (GPT) activities were measured in a hibernating desert lizard, Uromastix hardwickii. The levels of both enzymes were found to be lower in hibernation than during the active period, particularly in the liver. 2. After intramuscular injection of 2 mg of cortisone acetate there was a rapid rise in the levels of these enzymes with a peak of 18 hours (GOT) and 12 hours (GPT). 3. The response of both enzymes to cortisone was much greater during the active period than during hibernation. 4. GOT showed a much more rapid and greater response to cortisone than GPT. This is in contrast to the response of rat liver where GPT is more responsive to this hormone. 5. These studies indicate that the transferase enzymes of this lizard differ from those of the rat in their sensitivity and time of response to cortisone."}
{"id": "PMID:149453", "title": "Psoralen photosensitization of L 1210 leukaemia cells: an approach to a new combined therapy.", "content": "Psoralen photosensitization of L 1210 cells has a strong effect on DNA and RNA syntheses and this result appears connected with the psoralen photobinding to DNA. Protein synthesis is less sensitive and its inhibition seems due to a different photochemical interaction, very likely to the psoralen photobinding to RNA. A combined therapy using cyclophosphamide and L 1210 cells psoralen-photoinactivated was performed after the leukaemia transplant, showing a significant decrease in mortality, even in comparison with the simple treatment with the alkilating drug.", "contents": "Psoralen photosensitization of L 1210 leukaemia cells: an approach to a new combined therapy. Psoralen photosensitization of L 1210 cells has a strong effect on DNA and RNA syntheses and this result appears connected with the psoralen photobinding to DNA. Protein synthesis is less sensitive and its inhibition seems due to a different photochemical interaction, very likely to the psoralen photobinding to RNA. A combined therapy using cyclophosphamide and L 1210 cells psoralen-photoinactivated was performed after the leukaemia transplant, showing a significant decrease in mortality, even in comparison with the simple treatment with the alkilating drug."}
{"id": "PMID:149454", "title": "Cesium determination in physiological fluids and tissues by field desorption mass spectrometry.", "content": "Quantitative ultratrace analysis (10 nmol to 10 mumol/l) of cesium in biological samples such as human body fluids and animal tissues is performed without any prior purification or concentration steps. The normal level of cesium ions in heart cells was determined. After poisoning these cells with high concentrations of the alkali cation much higher levels were found inside the cells then had been suggested previously. It is demonstrated that field desorption mass spectrometry is a unique tool for the qualitative and quantitative investigations of metal cations in biological material.", "contents": "Cesium determination in physiological fluids and tissues by field desorption mass spectrometry. Quantitative ultratrace analysis (10 nmol to 10 mumol/l) of cesium in biological samples such as human body fluids and animal tissues is performed without any prior purification or concentration steps. The normal level of cesium ions in heart cells was determined. After poisoning these cells with high concentrations of the alkali cation much higher levels were found inside the cells then had been suggested previously. It is demonstrated that field desorption mass spectrometry is a unique tool for the qualitative and quantitative investigations of metal cations in biological material."}
{"id": "PMID:149455", "title": "Determination of the electron density profile of the nerve myelin membrane in different states taking paracrystalline lattice distortions into account.", "content": "Recent investigations point to the presence of paracrystalline lattice disorder in the nerve myelin in the swollen, fixed and to some extent also in the native state. This leads to the distortion of the Q-function of the membrane stack and the Q0-function of the unit cell, which can be experimentally isolated through swelling. Representing the distance statistics between neighbouring membranes and the electron density distribution of the single membrane with Gaussian functions, the Q-function can be expressed analytically as a convolution polynomial of the electron density, its mirror image and the distance statistics functions. Fitting this model Q-function to the experimental Q-function obtained by the inverse Fourier transformation of the scattered intensity, one can determine the optimal parameters of the electron density distribution and the distance statistics functions. The elimination of the distance fluctuations between neighbouring membranes permits the calculation of the undistorted Q-function or the Q0-function. The Fourier Analytical Deconvolution of the undistorted Q0-function enables a unique determination of the double membrane profile, thus a unique phase determination.", "contents": "Determination of the electron density profile of the nerve myelin membrane in different states taking paracrystalline lattice distortions into account. Recent investigations point to the presence of paracrystalline lattice disorder in the nerve myelin in the swollen, fixed and to some extent also in the native state. This leads to the distortion of the Q-function of the membrane stack and the Q0-function of the unit cell, which can be experimentally isolated through swelling. Representing the distance statistics between neighbouring membranes and the electron density distribution of the single membrane with Gaussian functions, the Q-function can be expressed analytically as a convolution polynomial of the electron density, its mirror image and the distance statistics functions. Fitting this model Q-function to the experimental Q-function obtained by the inverse Fourier transformation of the scattered intensity, one can determine the optimal parameters of the electron density distribution and the distance statistics functions. The elimination of the distance fluctuations between neighbouring membranes permits the calculation of the undistorted Q-function or the Q0-function. The Fourier Analytical Deconvolution of the undistorted Q0-function enables a unique determination of the double membrane profile, thus a unique phase determination."}
{"id": "PMID:149456", "title": "[Radiation-induced aggregation of proteins: binding of amino acids to myoglobin (author's transl)].", "content": "When myoglobin is irradiated in the presence of amino acids, the most radiation-reactive species, like the aromatic and sulfur-containing amino acids, will bind preferentially to the protein. The radiation-induced binding is strongly dependent on the concentration of protein and amino acid. Subsequent to irradiation of myoglobin in the presence of radioactively labelled tryptophan followed by tryptic hydrolysis, only a single radioactive spot was detected on the fingerprint. The binding of amino acids is thus not randomly distributed over the protein molecule but occurs at specific reactive sites.", "contents": "[Radiation-induced aggregation of proteins: binding of amino acids to myoglobin (author's transl)]. When myoglobin is irradiated in the presence of amino acids, the most radiation-reactive species, like the aromatic and sulfur-containing amino acids, will bind preferentially to the protein. The radiation-induced binding is strongly dependent on the concentration of protein and amino acid. Subsequent to irradiation of myoglobin in the presence of radioactively labelled tryptophan followed by tryptic hydrolysis, only a single radioactive spot was detected on the fingerprint. The binding of amino acids is thus not randomly distributed over the protein molecule but occurs at specific reactive sites."}
{"id": "PMID:149457", "title": "ATP dependent uptake of zinc by human erythrocyte ghosts.", "content": "The energy dependence of Zn2+ accumulation by human erythrocytes was studied by preparing resealed ghosts loaded with ATP or AMP. Uptake of Zn2+ was followed by radioactivity or atomic absorption spectroscopy measurements. Zn2+ taken up is not adsorbed by the membrane but transported into the ghosts. Ghosts containing ATP took up more Zn2+ than those containing AMP. The effect is not specific for ATP, however, GTP and CTP showing the same increased uptake. Zn2+ uptake by ATP ghosts can be further drastically enhanced by addition of Cu2+. Therefore, in spite of the enhancement of Zn2+ uptake by ATP, Zn2+ seems to be accumulated by a passive mechanism even when the ghosts contain ATP. The accumulation is probably brought about by binding of Zn2+ to substances inside the ghosts.", "contents": "ATP dependent uptake of zinc by human erythrocyte ghosts. The energy dependence of Zn2+ accumulation by human erythrocytes was studied by preparing resealed ghosts loaded with ATP or AMP. Uptake of Zn2+ was followed by radioactivity or atomic absorption spectroscopy measurements. Zn2+ taken up is not adsorbed by the membrane but transported into the ghosts. Ghosts containing ATP took up more Zn2+ than those containing AMP. The effect is not specific for ATP, however, GTP and CTP showing the same increased uptake. Zn2+ uptake by ATP ghosts can be further drastically enhanced by addition of Cu2+. Therefore, in spite of the enhancement of Zn2+ uptake by ATP, Zn2+ seems to be accumulated by a passive mechanism even when the ghosts contain ATP. The accumulation is probably brought about by binding of Zn2+ to substances inside the ghosts."}
{"id": "PMID:149458", "title": "Isopycnic equilibrium of mouse liver [131I]albumin digesting particles in sucrose gradients.", "content": "The isopycnic equilibrium of [131J]albumin digesting particles from mouse liver homogenates occurs, in a sucrose gradient, at a density 1.25, and it does not change with time after albumin injection (5 to 300 minutes).", "contents": "Isopycnic equilibrium of mouse liver [131I]albumin digesting particles in sucrose gradients. The isopycnic equilibrium of [131J]albumin digesting particles from mouse liver homogenates occurs, in a sucrose gradient, at a density 1.25, and it does not change with time after albumin injection (5 to 300 minutes)."}
{"id": "PMID:149459", "title": "[Studies on the specific effects of serum and cytoplasm of the liver on the [3H]TTP-incorporation of isolated liver nuclei (author's transl)].", "content": "Previous authors have described that liver cytoplasm and serum from partially hepatectomized rats stimulate the DNA synthesis of isolated nuclei of liver cells. The aim of our investigation was to prove whether such stimulating effects are part of a specific regulation of growth. The sera and the cytoplasm supernatant 105000 x g) were isolated at several intervals after partial hepatectomy and laparotomy and were tested on isolated nuclei of liver cells from adult rats partially hepatectomized 20 hours before. The supernatants isolated at 8 and 16 hours after both partial hepatectomy and laparotomy have a significant stimulatory effect on the [3H]TTP-uptake by nuclei. The presence of serum (10%) causes a general elevation (75%) of the [3H]TTP-uptake by isolated nuclei. The sera isolated 4 to 12 hours after operation from both partially hepatectomized and laparotomized rats have an additional stimulatory effect on the [3H]TTP-uptake synthes of nuclei. In no case did the sera and liver cytoplasm of partially hepatectomized rats have a significantly different and therefore \"specific\" effect on the nuclear DNA synthesis. Additional experiments showed that frozen and thawed nuclei of liver cells respond only to the nutritive power but not to the stimulatory effects of the sera. Thus, thawed nuclei cannot be used for growth investigations.", "contents": "[Studies on the specific effects of serum and cytoplasm of the liver on the [3H]TTP-incorporation of isolated liver nuclei (author's transl)]. Previous authors have described that liver cytoplasm and serum from partially hepatectomized rats stimulate the DNA synthesis of isolated nuclei of liver cells. The aim of our investigation was to prove whether such stimulating effects are part of a specific regulation of growth. The sera and the cytoplasm supernatant 105000 x g) were isolated at several intervals after partial hepatectomy and laparotomy and were tested on isolated nuclei of liver cells from adult rats partially hepatectomized 20 hours before. The supernatants isolated at 8 and 16 hours after both partial hepatectomy and laparotomy have a significant stimulatory effect on the [3H]TTP-uptake by nuclei. The presence of serum (10%) causes a general elevation (75%) of the [3H]TTP-uptake by isolated nuclei. The sera isolated 4 to 12 hours after operation from both partially hepatectomized and laparotomized rats have an additional stimulatory effect on the [3H]TTP-uptake synthes of nuclei. In no case did the sera and liver cytoplasm of partially hepatectomized rats have a significantly different and therefore \"specific\" effect on the nuclear DNA synthesis. Additional experiments showed that frozen and thawed nuclei of liver cells respond only to the nutritive power but not to the stimulatory effects of the sera. Thus, thawed nuclei cannot be used for growth investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:149460", "title": "Further evidence for period lengthening effect of Li+ on circadian rhythms.", "content": "The period length of the activity rhythm of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae is increased by a LiCl solution of 100 mol m-3 offered as drinking water by about 1%.", "contents": "Further evidence for period lengthening effect of Li+ on circadian rhythms. The period length of the activity rhythm of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae is increased by a LiCl solution of 100 mol m-3 offered as drinking water by about 1%."}
{"id": "PMID:149461", "title": "Differentiation of Rhizobium japonicum, I. enzymatic comparison of nitrogenase repressed and derepressed free living cells and of bacteroids.", "content": "Derepressed free living cells of Rhizobium japonicum strain 61-A-101 with leucine as single nitrogen source develop a maximum nitrogenase activity of 180 nmol C2H4.mg protein -1.H-1 in liquid culture under 2% 2% O2 in the gas phase. Only 10% of this activity is found with no oxygen in the gas phase during a 90 min incubation period. The maximum activity under 2% oxygen in the gas phase is unaffected by addition of 1-100 mM NH+4 and by addition of low concentrations of glutamine (0.36-1.44 mM). Specific activities of alanine dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.4.1.1.) asparatate aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.1.) and, with much lower activities, of GOGAT (E.C. 1.4.1.13) in nitrogenase active free living cells are more similar to bacteroids than to nitrogenase repressed free living cells from liquid culture. The activities in nitrogenase repressed cells were about 50% lower. Glutamine synthetase (E.C. 6.3.1.2.) activity in bacteroids and in nitrogenase active cells were also similar, but only about 25-30% of that found in nitrogenase repressed Rhizobium japonicum cells.", "contents": "Differentiation of Rhizobium japonicum, I. enzymatic comparison of nitrogenase repressed and derepressed free living cells and of bacteroids. Derepressed free living cells of Rhizobium japonicum strain 61-A-101 with leucine as single nitrogen source develop a maximum nitrogenase activity of 180 nmol C2H4.mg protein -1.H-1 in liquid culture under 2% 2% O2 in the gas phase. Only 10% of this activity is found with no oxygen in the gas phase during a 90 min incubation period. The maximum activity under 2% oxygen in the gas phase is unaffected by addition of 1-100 mM NH+4 and by addition of low concentrations of glutamine (0.36-1.44 mM). Specific activities of alanine dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.4.1.1.) asparatate aminotransferase (E.C. 2.6.1.1.) and, with much lower activities, of GOGAT (E.C. 1.4.1.13) in nitrogenase active free living cells are more similar to bacteroids than to nitrogenase repressed free living cells from liquid culture. The activities in nitrogenase repressed cells were about 50% lower. Glutamine synthetase (E.C. 6.3.1.2.) activity in bacteroids and in nitrogenase active cells were also similar, but only about 25-30% of that found in nitrogenase repressed Rhizobium japonicum cells."}
{"id": "PMID:149462", "title": "Effects of Ecdysterone and the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene on protein, RNA and DNA synthesis in wing discs of Calliphora vicina.", "content": "The protein, RNA and DNA content of wing discs increase exponentially during the last larval instar. Biosynthesis of protein, RNA and DNA was studied by injecting labelled precursors into larvae or white prepupae and measuring the incorporation in the wing discs dissected out after an appropriate time. Protein synthesis is stimulated by ecdysterone, methoprene has no effect. Biosynthesis of rRNA is increased in wing discs of white prepupae after ecdysterone or methoprene injection. Methoprene inhibits the synthesis of mRNA, while ecdysterone has no clear-cut effect within the limits of our method (gel electrophoretic analysis). Ecdysterone and methoprene have no detectable influence on incorporation of thymidine into DNA, but the incorporation label from uridine into DNA is diminished; this effect may be due to changes in the precursor pool.", "contents": "Effects of Ecdysterone and the juvenile hormone analogue methoprene on protein, RNA and DNA synthesis in wing discs of Calliphora vicina. The protein, RNA and DNA content of wing discs increase exponentially during the last larval instar. Biosynthesis of protein, RNA and DNA was studied by injecting labelled precursors into larvae or white prepupae and measuring the incorporation in the wing discs dissected out after an appropriate time. Protein synthesis is stimulated by ecdysterone, methoprene has no effect. Biosynthesis of rRNA is increased in wing discs of white prepupae after ecdysterone or methoprene injection. Methoprene inhibits the synthesis of mRNA, while ecdysterone has no clear-cut effect within the limits of our method (gel electrophoretic analysis). Ecdysterone and methoprene have no detectable influence on incorporation of thymidine into DNA, but the incorporation label from uridine into DNA is diminished; this effect may be due to changes in the precursor pool."}
{"id": "PMID:149463", "title": "13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of fungal melanins.", "content": "The 13C resonance spectra of fungal melanins from Aspergillus niger, Eurotium echinolatum, and Stachybotrys chartarum are reported. The spectra were taken in 5% W/W solution of the substances in 0.1 N NaOD in D2O using the Fourier-transform-technique. The spectra and possible assignments of the bands are discussed. The similarities of these spectra to those of soil humic acids are unexpectedly small.", "contents": "13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of fungal melanins. The 13C resonance spectra of fungal melanins from Aspergillus niger, Eurotium echinolatum, and Stachybotrys chartarum are reported. The spectra were taken in 5% W/W solution of the substances in 0.1 N NaOD in D2O using the Fourier-transform-technique. The spectra and possible assignments of the bands are discussed. The similarities of these spectra to those of soil humic acids are unexpectedly small."}
{"id": "PMID:149477", "title": "[Role of various diseases of the upper respiratory tract in the epidemiological process of streptococcal infections].", "content": "Investigations conducted with the use of a specially elaborated method revealed a specific association of some (15--24%) of diseases diagnosed clinically as \"acute respiratory affection\" (ARA) with streptococcus infection. This was also confirmed by detection of an epidemiological association of ARA with scarlet fever revealed in some child collective bodies. The data obtained pointed to the definite role played by such diseases in the epidemic process in streptococcus infections.", "contents": "[Role of various diseases of the upper respiratory tract in the epidemiological process of streptococcal infections]. Investigations conducted with the use of a specially elaborated method revealed a specific association of some (15--24%) of diseases diagnosed clinically as \"acute respiratory affection\" (ARA) with streptococcus infection. This was also confirmed by detection of an epidemiological association of ARA with scarlet fever revealed in some child collective bodies. The data obtained pointed to the definite role played by such diseases in the epidemic process in streptococcus infections."}
{"id": "PMID:149478", "title": "[Exploration of natural foci of tularemia and plague in Armenia using the serological examination of bird droppings and excrements of predatory mammals].", "content": "Forty strains of tularemia and 619 of plague microbes were isolated in 1974 in bacteriological examination of natural plague and tularemia foci from a great number of small mammals and their ectoparasites. At the same time in serological examination (in the antibody neutralization test) of bird pellets, 52 mummified cadavers, and 34 excretion samples of mammalian beasts of prey collected in Armenia (its central and North-Western part) in 1973 the antigen of tularemia microbe was revealed in 73, 8, and 3, and of plagye--in 42, 5, and 1 cases, respectively. In one of the sites examined the number of positive findings failed to exceed 10--17%, this indicating a low intensity of the epizootic in the majority of the places. Judging by the mean titres of the serological test, which varied from 1:12 to 1:1428 in examination for tularemia and from 1:12 to 1428 in examination for plague, it was possible to detect both epizootics coursing during the examination, and those which occurred several monts ago. Tularemia and plague foci were not infrequently present at the same territories, and these diseases could involve the same individual animals of Microtus arvalis (Pall.). The data obtained pointed to the greater effectiveness of examination of bird's pellets and excretions of mammalian beasts of prey for the reconnaisance investigation of the natural foci of plague and tularemia in comparison with the bacteriological methods applied usually.", "contents": "[Exploration of natural foci of tularemia and plague in Armenia using the serological examination of bird droppings and excrements of predatory mammals]. Forty strains of tularemia and 619 of plague microbes were isolated in 1974 in bacteriological examination of natural plague and tularemia foci from a great number of small mammals and their ectoparasites. At the same time in serological examination (in the antibody neutralization test) of bird pellets, 52 mummified cadavers, and 34 excretion samples of mammalian beasts of prey collected in Armenia (its central and North-Western part) in 1973 the antigen of tularemia microbe was revealed in 73, 8, and 3, and of plagye--in 42, 5, and 1 cases, respectively. In one of the sites examined the number of positive findings failed to exceed 10--17%, this indicating a low intensity of the epizootic in the majority of the places. Judging by the mean titres of the serological test, which varied from 1:12 to 1:1428 in examination for tularemia and from 1:12 to 1428 in examination for plague, it was possible to detect both epizootics coursing during the examination, and those which occurred several monts ago. Tularemia and plague foci were not infrequently present at the same territories, and these diseases could involve the same individual animals of Microtus arvalis (Pall.). The data obtained pointed to the greater effectiveness of examination of bird's pellets and excretions of mammalian beasts of prey for the reconnaisance investigation of the natural foci of plague and tularemia in comparison with the bacteriological methods applied usually."}
{"id": "PMID:149479", "title": "[Prevention of toxoplasmoses].", "content": "Prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis consists of a complex of general medical and veterinary measures. Of importance is detection of latent forms of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and their timely treatment. Thorough clinical and immunological examination of persons with prolonged diseases of obscure etiology is necessary. Suggestions are given for dispensary observation of persons who sustained the disease and had positive immunological reactions for toxoplasmosis. Materials on prophylaxis of hemotransfusion transmission of the infection are presented for the first time. A number of recommendations concerns measures of general organization and also planned prophylactic examination with the use of immunological methods of some groups of population with increased risk of infection.", "contents": "[Prevention of toxoplasmoses]. Prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis consists of a complex of general medical and veterinary measures. Of importance is detection of latent forms of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and their timely treatment. Thorough clinical and immunological examination of persons with prolonged diseases of obscure etiology is necessary. Suggestions are given for dispensary observation of persons who sustained the disease and had positive immunological reactions for toxoplasmosis. Materials on prophylaxis of hemotransfusion transmission of the infection are presented for the first time. A number of recommendations concerns measures of general organization and also planned prophylactic examination with the use of immunological methods of some groups of population with increased risk of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:149484", "title": "[Evaluation of the results of animal studies with a scheme of serologic reactions according to a table of standards].", "content": "The authors suggest a method of processing of the data of examination of the animals in the system of serological reactions for the purpose of diagnosis of epizootic situations in the natural plague foci. Positive results are recorded in a table in the form of a grid whose cells correspond to all possible variants of the two reaction titres. The table is divided into 6 sections into which the results differing by the correlation and the absolute reaction titres (the standard grid) are placed. The frequency of reactions is determined by the grid sections in the regions in which the character of the epizootic development in nature was studied by bacteriological examination of the animals. The diagnostic scale is drawn by the results of such standard observations. The trial of the suggested method was carried out in the regions of plague epizootics among the Rhombomys optimus Licht. in the Lowland Kara-Kum; it was possible to differentiate the signs of epizootic situations there in greater detail than by the methods suggested earlier.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the results of animal studies with a scheme of serologic reactions according to a table of standards]. The authors suggest a method of processing of the data of examination of the animals in the system of serological reactions for the purpose of diagnosis of epizootic situations in the natural plague foci. Positive results are recorded in a table in the form of a grid whose cells correspond to all possible variants of the two reaction titres. The table is divided into 6 sections into which the results differing by the correlation and the absolute reaction titres (the standard grid) are placed. The frequency of reactions is determined by the grid sections in the regions in which the character of the epizootic development in nature was studied by bacteriological examination of the animals. The diagnostic scale is drawn by the results of such standard observations. The trial of the suggested method was carried out in the regions of plague epizootics among the Rhombomys optimus Licht. in the Lowland Kara-Kum; it was possible to differentiate the signs of epizootic situations there in greater detail than by the methods suggested earlier."}
{"id": "PMID:149485", "title": "[Data on a study of the nature of secondary immunodeficient states. I. An immunophysiological analysis of the mechanisms of allergic reaction suppression in experimental lesion of the structures of the dorsal hippocampus].", "content": "Experiments on rabbits demonstrated that local electrocoagulation of the dorsal hyppocampus portions by means of the implanted electrodes caused reduction of the complementary and lysozyme activity of the blood serum, inhibited the development of Arthus' skin allergic-reaction, decreased the intensity of systemic anaphylaxis to the blood serum antigens, this being accompanied by a relative fall of the precipitating antibodies titres and a reduction of the vagus response of the heart to adrenaline.", "contents": "[Data on a study of the nature of secondary immunodeficient states. I. An immunophysiological analysis of the mechanisms of allergic reaction suppression in experimental lesion of the structures of the dorsal hippocampus]. Experiments on rabbits demonstrated that local electrocoagulation of the dorsal hyppocampus portions by means of the implanted electrodes caused reduction of the complementary and lysozyme activity of the blood serum, inhibited the development of Arthus' skin allergic-reaction, decreased the intensity of systemic anaphylaxis to the blood serum antigens, this being accompanied by a relative fall of the precipitating antibodies titres and a reduction of the vagus response of the heart to adrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:149486", "title": "[Comparative study of the immunoglobulin content in persons from leptospirosis foci in different geographical zones of the RSFSR].", "content": "The authors carried out a comparative study of the content of serum immunoglobulins in persons from the leptospirosis foci of various geographical zones of the RSFSR: European part--the Centre (Moscow and Ryazan regions), the South (Checheno-Ingush ASSR and Krasnodar Territory), and Western Siberia (Altai territory), Leptospira of serological group Pomona, Grippotyphosa, and Hbedomadis served as the causative agents of the diseases. It appeared that the annual course of the climatic factors acted equally (inhibitory action) on the immuno-globulin metabolism in the residents of temperate and southern zones of the RSFSR at the warm period of the year (May-September), and in the Western Siberia- in winter. However, irrespective of the time of the year, the level of immunoglobulins G and A was greater in the residents of Western Siberia than in the native population of the European part. There proved to be no correlation between the levels of leptospirosis seropositivity in the foci of infection under study and the serum immunoglobulins in local residents of various geographical zones.", "contents": "[Comparative study of the immunoglobulin content in persons from leptospirosis foci in different geographical zones of the RSFSR]. The authors carried out a comparative study of the content of serum immunoglobulins in persons from the leptospirosis foci of various geographical zones of the RSFSR: European part--the Centre (Moscow and Ryazan regions), the South (Checheno-Ingush ASSR and Krasnodar Territory), and Western Siberia (Altai territory), Leptospira of serological group Pomona, Grippotyphosa, and Hbedomadis served as the causative agents of the diseases. It appeared that the annual course of the climatic factors acted equally (inhibitory action) on the immuno-globulin metabolism in the residents of temperate and southern zones of the RSFSR at the warm period of the year (May-September), and in the Western Siberia- in winter. However, irrespective of the time of the year, the level of immunoglobulins G and A was greater in the residents of Western Siberia than in the native population of the European part. There proved to be no correlation between the levels of leptospirosis seropositivity in the foci of infection under study and the serum immunoglobulins in local residents of various geographical zones."}
{"id": "PMID:149487", "title": "[Patterns in the change in the number of carriers and epizootic activity in a floodplain local natural focus of tularemia in Voronezh Province].", "content": "Prolonged study of the population of Arvicola terrestris L. in connection with tularemia epizootic among these animals showed this animal to serve as the principal carrier of tularemia infection in the Povorinsk natural focus. Epizootics proved to originate with a definite threshold count of Arvicola terrestris L.; this threshold constituted about 30% of the trapped animals. Dynamics of the epizootic activity was characterized by alterations of cycles of various duration, coursing by waves, with 2--3-year periods. Reduction of the epizootic intensity coursed during a decade in 2 waves with 3-year periods, and during a 7-year period--in one 3-year wave. During the epizootics with the character of a 2-year wave the population of the principal carrier diminished, and with a 3-year wave the count of Arvicola terrestris L. decreased during the first year, and began to increase during the second year, despite the persistence of the epizootic. Detection of regularities attending the changes in the population of the principal carrier of the infection and its connection with the epizootics permitted to make long-period prognoses of the epizootic activity and to plan antiepidemic measures in the focus.", "contents": "[Patterns in the change in the number of carriers and epizootic activity in a floodplain local natural focus of tularemia in Voronezh Province]. Prolonged study of the population of Arvicola terrestris L. in connection with tularemia epizootic among these animals showed this animal to serve as the principal carrier of tularemia infection in the Povorinsk natural focus. Epizootics proved to originate with a definite threshold count of Arvicola terrestris L.; this threshold constituted about 30% of the trapped animals. Dynamics of the epizootic activity was characterized by alterations of cycles of various duration, coursing by waves, with 2--3-year periods. Reduction of the epizootic intensity coursed during a decade in 2 waves with 3-year periods, and during a 7-year period--in one 3-year wave. During the epizootics with the character of a 2-year wave the population of the principal carrier diminished, and with a 3-year wave the count of Arvicola terrestris L. decreased during the first year, and began to increase during the second year, despite the persistence of the epizootic. Detection of regularities attending the changes in the population of the principal carrier of the infection and its connection with the epizootics permitted to make long-period prognoses of the epizootic activity and to plan antiepidemic measures in the focus."}
{"id": "PMID:149489", "title": "[Study data on ornithosis infection in the Azerbaijan SSR].", "content": "Data are presented on the study of epizootology and epidemiology of ornithosis. There were revealed natural foci of ornithosis in the Kyzyl-Agach preserve, at the Sary-Su lakes and at the Glinyany island; these foci were dihostal and polyhostal, as well as conjointed (ornithosis, arboviruses, Q-fever, Asian tick-borne typhus, leptospirosis). Anthropurgic foci were found in 12 populated localities, semi-wild dove serving as the main component. Fowl was found to be infected in 12 poultry-farms; occupational ornithosis was present among the bird-rearers. Immunological structure of the population in respect to ornithosis was studied. Patients with various diagnoses showed positive serological reactions retrospectively; there were 155 cases of ornithosis among them.", "contents": "[Study data on ornithosis infection in the Azerbaijan SSR]. Data are presented on the study of epizootology and epidemiology of ornithosis. There were revealed natural foci of ornithosis in the Kyzyl-Agach preserve, at the Sary-Su lakes and at the Glinyany island; these foci were dihostal and polyhostal, as well as conjointed (ornithosis, arboviruses, Q-fever, Asian tick-borne typhus, leptospirosis). Anthropurgic foci were found in 12 populated localities, semi-wild dove serving as the main component. Fowl was found to be infected in 12 poultry-farms; occupational ornithosis was present among the bird-rearers. Immunological structure of the population in respect to ornithosis was studied. Patients with various diagnoses showed positive serological reactions retrospectively; there were 155 cases of ornithosis among them."}
{"id": "PMID:149490", "title": "Adverse reactions with methyldopa--a decade's reports.", "content": "During 1966-75 the Swedish Adverse Drug Reaction Committee received some 300 reports of reactions to methyldopa. As the Swedish rules for reporting adverse reactions emphasize the importance of severe and unexpected reactions, the relative incidence of various adverse effects differs greatly from what would be found in an intensive study. The three most commonly reported reactions are fever, hemolysis and hepatic effects. Two-thirds of these patients were women. The median age of the groups differed, from 57 years (hepatic effects) to 69 years (hemolysis). The clinical picture of the different reactions was consistent, in the main, with what has been described previously. Between 70 and 85% of the patients in these groups were admitted to hospital because of the adverse reaction.", "contents": "Adverse reactions with methyldopa--a decade's reports. During 1966-75 the Swedish Adverse Drug Reaction Committee received some 300 reports of reactions to methyldopa. As the Swedish rules for reporting adverse reactions emphasize the importance of severe and unexpected reactions, the relative incidence of various adverse effects differs greatly from what would be found in an intensive study. The three most commonly reported reactions are fever, hemolysis and hepatic effects. Two-thirds of these patients were women. The median age of the groups differed, from 57 years (hepatic effects) to 69 years (hemolysis). The clinical picture of the different reactions was consistent, in the main, with what has been described previously. Between 70 and 85% of the patients in these groups were admitted to hospital because of the adverse reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:149491", "title": "ECG aberrations, latent coronary heart disease and cardiopulmonary fitness in various age groups of Norwegian cross-country skiers.", "content": "To assess the prevalence of possible, latent coronary heart disease (CHD) among physically active men, 149 elite cross-country skiers in three age groups (26-33, 43-50 and 58-64 years) were invited for an examination which included clinical examination, Vitalogram, resting ECG, and a near maximal bicycle test. Of the invited men, 122 participated, i.e. 81.8%. The following findings were made: Normal clinical findings in all except 2, low resting heart rate, lung function parameters of about normal mean; voltage signs of left ventricular hypertrophy in resting ECG in 61/122, incomplete right bundle branch block in 14/122, codable Q waves (Minnesota Code, MC) in 5/87 from the highest age groups, ischaemic exercise ECG changes of MC 4.1 or 4.2 types in 11/87 vs. 1/35 in the two oldest vs. the youngest age group. Physical performance was very high in all age groups, but regular training did not seem to inhibit the normal age-dependent decline in physical performance. The resting and exercise ECG data in the two oldest age groups did not differ favourably from similar data obtained in sedentary men of the same age from approximately the same geophraphic area. Thus, it is possible that regular strenuous exercise and training may not protect against the development of CHD. The implications of such a view are briefly discussed.", "contents": "ECG aberrations, latent coronary heart disease and cardiopulmonary fitness in various age groups of Norwegian cross-country skiers. To assess the prevalence of possible, latent coronary heart disease (CHD) among physically active men, 149 elite cross-country skiers in three age groups (26-33, 43-50 and 58-64 years) were invited for an examination which included clinical examination, Vitalogram, resting ECG, and a near maximal bicycle test. Of the invited men, 122 participated, i.e. 81.8%. The following findings were made: Normal clinical findings in all except 2, low resting heart rate, lung function parameters of about normal mean; voltage signs of left ventricular hypertrophy in resting ECG in 61/122, incomplete right bundle branch block in 14/122, codable Q waves (Minnesota Code, MC) in 5/87 from the highest age groups, ischaemic exercise ECG changes of MC 4.1 or 4.2 types in 11/87 vs. 1/35 in the two oldest vs. the youngest age group. Physical performance was very high in all age groups, but regular training did not seem to inhibit the normal age-dependent decline in physical performance. The resting and exercise ECG data in the two oldest age groups did not differ favourably from similar data obtained in sedentary men of the same age from approximately the same geophraphic area. Thus, it is possible that regular strenuous exercise and training may not protect against the development of CHD. The implications of such a view are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149492", "title": "The immunopharmacologic and anti-inflammatory properties of RMI 9563 with special reference to its effect on the complement system.", "content": "The immunopharmacology of RMI 9563 - bis[3-(diethylamino)propyl]fluoranthene-3,9-dicarboxylate dihydrochloride--has been described. The compound, when given parenterally, inhibited several cell-mediated immune responses (EAE, tuberculin skin reaction, adjuvant arthritis) in rats, enhanced IgM and IgG antibody-producing cells in mice, and displayed anti-inflammatory activity in several models (carrageenan paw edema, adjuvant arthritis, direct passive Arthus reaction--a model of inflammation that is immunologically induced and complement-dependent). RMI 9563 suppressed the activation of complement in vitro by the selective inhibition of C1 esterase.", "contents": "The immunopharmacologic and anti-inflammatory properties of RMI 9563 with special reference to its effect on the complement system. The immunopharmacology of RMI 9563 - bis[3-(diethylamino)propyl]fluoranthene-3,9-dicarboxylate dihydrochloride--has been described. The compound, when given parenterally, inhibited several cell-mediated immune responses (EAE, tuberculin skin reaction, adjuvant arthritis) in rats, enhanced IgM and IgG antibody-producing cells in mice, and displayed anti-inflammatory activity in several models (carrageenan paw edema, adjuvant arthritis, direct passive Arthus reaction--a model of inflammation that is immunologically induced and complement-dependent). RMI 9563 suppressed the activation of complement in vitro by the selective inhibition of C1 esterase."}
{"id": "PMID:149494", "title": "\"Malignant\" hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: identification of a subgroup of families with unusually frequent premature death.", "content": "Eight families were identified in which premature cardiac death due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy occurred with unusual frequency. A total of 69 first degree relatives in the eight families were studied; 41 relatives had evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 31 (75 per cent) died of their heart disease. Eighteen of these 31 patients were less than 25 years of age at the time of death. Death was sudden and unexpected in 23 of the 31 patients; in 15 of these 23 patients sudden death was the initial manifestation of cardiac disease. The remaining eight patients (seven were from two families) died after a chronic cardiac illness characterized by congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation or thromboembolic events. Hence, premature cardiac death occurs frequently in certain families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Such deaths are usually sudden, often occur in previously asymptomatic subjects and are common in children and young adults. These findings suggest that some families may manifest an unusually virulent expression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Although this study cannot establish the precise prevalence with which \"malignant\" hypertrophic cardiomyopathy occurs, such families appear to be uncommon.", "contents": "\"Malignant\" hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: identification of a subgroup of families with unusually frequent premature death. Eight families were identified in which premature cardiac death due to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy occurred with unusual frequency. A total of 69 first degree relatives in the eight families were studied; 41 relatives had evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and 31 (75 per cent) died of their heart disease. Eighteen of these 31 patients were less than 25 years of age at the time of death. Death was sudden and unexpected in 23 of the 31 patients; in 15 of these 23 patients sudden death was the initial manifestation of cardiac disease. The remaining eight patients (seven were from two families) died after a chronic cardiac illness characterized by congestive heart failure, atrial fibrillation or thromboembolic events. Hence, premature cardiac death occurs frequently in certain families with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Such deaths are usually sudden, often occur in previously asymptomatic subjects and are common in children and young adults. These findings suggest that some families may manifest an unusually virulent expression of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Although this study cannot establish the precise prevalence with which \"malignant\" hypertrophic cardiomyopathy occurs, such families appear to be uncommon."}
{"id": "PMID:149497", "title": "Primary intimal fibroplasia in a child with Down's syndrome.", "content": "A 14-year-old girl known to have trisomy 21 and who came to us with weight loss followed by hypertension proved to have diffuse arterial dysplasia involving the intimal layer (primary intimal fibroplasia). This is a rare cause of elevated blood pressure in children and has not been previously reported in a child with Down's syndrome. Unusual features of this case also include the widespread distribution of the lesions limited to the large muscular distributing arteries, the rapidly progressive course, and the predominance of abdominal signs and symptoms.", "contents": "Primary intimal fibroplasia in a child with Down's syndrome. A 14-year-old girl known to have trisomy 21 and who came to us with weight loss followed by hypertension proved to have diffuse arterial dysplasia involving the intimal layer (primary intimal fibroplasia). This is a rare cause of elevated blood pressure in children and has not been previously reported in a child with Down's syndrome. Unusual features of this case also include the widespread distribution of the lesions limited to the large muscular distributing arteries, the rapidly progressive course, and the predominance of abdominal signs and symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:149498", "title": "Endocrinology in preadolescents and adolescents. I. Hormonal changes during normal puberty.", "content": "Hormonal changes during puberty have been well described: rise of gonadotropins followed by the rise of gonadal secretions at ages 10 to 16 years. The most striking new data are in fact concerning events that occur before puberty, first during the first months of life, second at age 7 years. The first event consists of a rise of gonadal steroids, which gives a hormonal impring that might be important for the future of the child. The second event concerns the prepubertal maturation of the androgenic zone of the adrenal cortex and the increasing secretion with age of the adrenal androgens. The mechanism of onset of both events is poorly explained. What causes the rise of gonadal steroids during infancy is unknown. Which pituitary factor, in addition to ACTH, stimulates the corticoadrenal androgenic zone, and which mechanism regulates its secretion remain unknown.", "contents": "Endocrinology in preadolescents and adolescents. I. Hormonal changes during normal puberty. Hormonal changes during puberty have been well described: rise of gonadotropins followed by the rise of gonadal secretions at ages 10 to 16 years. The most striking new data are in fact concerning events that occur before puberty, first during the first months of life, second at age 7 years. The first event consists of a rise of gonadal steroids, which gives a hormonal impring that might be important for the future of the child. The second event concerns the prepubertal maturation of the androgenic zone of the adrenal cortex and the increasing secretion with age of the adrenal androgens. The mechanism of onset of both events is poorly explained. What causes the rise of gonadal steroids during infancy is unknown. Which pituitary factor, in addition to ACTH, stimulates the corticoadrenal androgenic zone, and which mechanism regulates its secretion remain unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:149501", "title": "Laparoscopic Falope Ring sterilization. Two years of experience.", "content": "The most commonly utilized method of tubal sterilization via laparoscopy currently is electrocautery. Because this procedure has led to disastrous consequences in a small percentage of cases, a method of nonelectric sterilization has been sought by several investigators. The Falope-Ring sterilization technique was introduced in 1973 and a preliminary report appeared in 1974. The procedure was begun at Michael Reese Hospital in 1975 and over a 2 year period 241 cases were accumulated. The procedure was found to be a relatively simple operative technique which required decreased operating time and less pneumoperitoneum at laparoscopy. It was also found to be easily teachable. It was found to be free of immediate disastrous complications and, in a rather early evaluation, it was found to be effective. There are clear indications that this technique is a viable alternative to female tubal electrocautery.", "contents": "Laparoscopic Falope Ring sterilization. Two years of experience. The most commonly utilized method of tubal sterilization via laparoscopy currently is electrocautery. Because this procedure has led to disastrous consequences in a small percentage of cases, a method of nonelectric sterilization has been sought by several investigators. The Falope-Ring sterilization technique was introduced in 1973 and a preliminary report appeared in 1974. The procedure was begun at Michael Reese Hospital in 1975 and over a 2 year period 241 cases were accumulated. The procedure was found to be a relatively simple operative technique which required decreased operating time and less pneumoperitoneum at laparoscopy. It was also found to be easily teachable. It was found to be free of immediate disastrous complications and, in a rather early evaluation, it was found to be effective. There are clear indications that this technique is a viable alternative to female tubal electrocautery."}
{"id": "PMID:149502", "title": "Androgen, estrogen, and progesterone by a lipid cell tumor of theovary.", "content": "In a 64-year-old woman with a virilizing lipid-cell tumor of the left ovary, serum progesterons, androgens, estrogens, and cortisol levels in the peripheral and ovarian veins were measured. Although virilization was the only symptom of hormone production by the tumor in this patient, endocrine studies showed that several steroids were secreted by this neoplasm. Of the steroids measured, androstenedione was the principal secretory product. Pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone were also secreted, but in quantities which were one third to one sixth the amount of androstenedione. The tumor's pattern of hormone secretion was similar to patterns of steroid production by ovarian stromal cells found in previously reported in vitro studies. This case and a review of the literature demonstrate that androstenedione appears to be the predominant secretory product of lipid cell tumors, whereas testosterone is the predominant secretory product of hilus cell tumors.", "contents": "Androgen, estrogen, and progesterone by a lipid cell tumor of theovary. In a 64-year-old woman with a virilizing lipid-cell tumor of the left ovary, serum progesterons, androgens, estrogens, and cortisol levels in the peripheral and ovarian veins were measured. Although virilization was the only symptom of hormone production by the tumor in this patient, endocrine studies showed that several steroids were secreted by this neoplasm. Of the steroids measured, androstenedione was the principal secretory product. Pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and testosterone were also secreted, but in quantities which were one third to one sixth the amount of androstenedione. The tumor's pattern of hormone secretion was similar to patterns of steroid production by ovarian stromal cells found in previously reported in vitro studies. This case and a review of the literature demonstrate that androstenedione appears to be the predominant secretory product of lipid cell tumors, whereas testosterone is the predominant secretory product of hilus cell tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:149503", "title": "Minilaparotomy tubal sterilization.", "content": "Two hundred and twenty-six minilaparotomy Pomeroy tubal ligations performed between January, 1976, and July, 1977, are compared to 226 laparoscopic tubal sterilization operations. Operating time, length of hospital stay, and complications were similar for the two groups. Postoperative discomfort was greater in the minilaparotomy group but did not significantly increase the duration of hospitalization and was effectively relieved with oral administration of medication for pain. It is the author's belief that the minilaparotomy procedure provides the best current method of tubal sterilization in the patient who is not massively obese. The slight increase in postoperative discomfort is a small price to pay for freedom from the rare major complications of visceral, vascular, and thermal injuries. In addition the author recently has decreased the postoperative discomfort experienced by carefully expressing the room air from the peritoneal cavity just prior to tying the peritoneal suture.", "contents": "Minilaparotomy tubal sterilization. Two hundred and twenty-six minilaparotomy Pomeroy tubal ligations performed between January, 1976, and July, 1977, are compared to 226 laparoscopic tubal sterilization operations. Operating time, length of hospital stay, and complications were similar for the two groups. Postoperative discomfort was greater in the minilaparotomy group but did not significantly increase the duration of hospitalization and was effectively relieved with oral administration of medication for pain. It is the author's belief that the minilaparotomy procedure provides the best current method of tubal sterilization in the patient who is not massively obese. The slight increase in postoperative discomfort is a small price to pay for freedom from the rare major complications of visceral, vascular, and thermal injuries. In addition the author recently has decreased the postoperative discomfort experienced by carefully expressing the room air from the peritoneal cavity just prior to tying the peritoneal suture."}
{"id": "PMID:149499", "title": "Adverse reactions to co-trimoxazole in hospitalized medical patients.", "content": "Of 29,524 hospitalized medical patients monitored in a drug surveillance program, 649 (2.2%) received the fixed dose combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, co-trimoxazole. Adverse effects of this drug occurred in 8% of recipients, the most frequent being skin rashes which occurred in 23 patients (3.5%) and upper gastrointestinal upsets which occurred in 22 (3.4%). Reactions frequently occurred within 72 hours of starting the drug and promptly resolved on stopping it. No patient experienced severe or life-threatening adverse effects. Adverse effects were unrelated to age, weight, duration of hospitalization or presenting blood urea nitrogen concentration, but were significantly commoner in female recipients.", "contents": "Adverse reactions to co-trimoxazole in hospitalized medical patients. Of 29,524 hospitalized medical patients monitored in a drug surveillance program, 649 (2.2%) received the fixed dose combination of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, co-trimoxazole. Adverse effects of this drug occurred in 8% of recipients, the most frequent being skin rashes which occurred in 23 patients (3.5%) and upper gastrointestinal upsets which occurred in 22 (3.4%). Reactions frequently occurred within 72 hours of starting the drug and promptly resolved on stopping it. No patient experienced severe or life-threatening adverse effects. Adverse effects were unrelated to age, weight, duration of hospitalization or presenting blood urea nitrogen concentration, but were significantly commoner in female recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:149506", "title": "Irradiation-induced polyglandular neoplasia of the head and neck.", "content": "Eighteen patients are presented with twenty-one tumors of the head and neck, which include ten salivary gland tumors and eight parathyroid adenomas. Eight of the patients also had thyroid neoplasms. All patients had a history of prior irradiation to the head and neck. Seventy per cent of the salivary gland tumors and 37 per cent of the thyroid tumors were malignant. Recommendations are made for detection and treatment.", "contents": "Irradiation-induced polyglandular neoplasia of the head and neck. Eighteen patients are presented with twenty-one tumors of the head and neck, which include ten salivary gland tumors and eight parathyroid adenomas. Eight of the patients also had thyroid neoplasms. All patients had a history of prior irradiation to the head and neck. Seventy per cent of the salivary gland tumors and 37 per cent of the thyroid tumors were malignant. Recommendations are made for detection and treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:149508", "title": "[Necessity to control endexpiratory CO2-concentration during laparoscopic sterilisation under general anaesthesia with controlled ventilation (author's transl)].", "content": "During laparoscopy and intraabdominal insufflation of CO2 cardio-respiratory accidents following increased PaCO2 are possible. The continuous measurement of endexpiratory CO2-concentration by infrared absorption spectrometry is a simple method for controlling the level of ventilation. Respiratory acidosis under controlled artificial ventilation during laparoscopy can thus be avoided.", "contents": "[Necessity to control endexpiratory CO2-concentration during laparoscopic sterilisation under general anaesthesia with controlled ventilation (author's transl)]. During laparoscopy and intraabdominal insufflation of CO2 cardio-respiratory accidents following increased PaCO2 are possible. The continuous measurement of endexpiratory CO2-concentration by infrared absorption spectrometry is a simple method for controlling the level of ventilation. Respiratory acidosis under controlled artificial ventilation during laparoscopy can thus be avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:149511", "title": "The lipid-protein interaction in the membrane-bound Na+, K+-ATPase: a spin label study.", "content": "The interrelated temperature induced structural changes in the protein and lipid fractions of the Na+, K+-ATPase preparations were studied. A spin-labelled analog of ATP (ATP) was used, where the paramagnetic fragment was attached to the 2' (3')-OH ribose group. It is shown that the rotational mobility of ATP changes with the temperature in a discontinuous way. This correlates with the behaviour of the enzymatic activity of Na+, K+-ATPase and with the state of lipids in the enzyme preparations, both being characterized by a break in the 20-23 degrees C temperature region. When the Mn2+ ions were substituted by Mn2+ a strong magnetic dipolar interaction between the spin label in ATP and the Mn2+ ion was observed, which proves that the complex E-ATP--Mn2+ is formed before the hydrolysis of ATP. The structural changes which occur near 20 degrees C were also observed in the neighbourhood of the SH-groups modified by spin label X, an analog of maleimide. The structural changes observed support the idea that the protein-lipid interactions in the Na+, K+-ATPase provide the relaxation of the system from the unstable state during hydrolysis of ATP and cation transport.", "contents": "The lipid-protein interaction in the membrane-bound Na+, K+-ATPase: a spin label study. The interrelated temperature induced structural changes in the protein and lipid fractions of the Na+, K+-ATPase preparations were studied. A spin-labelled analog of ATP (ATP) was used, where the paramagnetic fragment was attached to the 2' (3')-OH ribose group. It is shown that the rotational mobility of ATP changes with the temperature in a discontinuous way. This correlates with the behaviour of the enzymatic activity of Na+, K+-ATPase and with the state of lipids in the enzyme preparations, both being characterized by a break in the 20-23 degrees C temperature region. When the Mn2+ ions were substituted by Mn2+ a strong magnetic dipolar interaction between the spin label in ATP and the Mn2+ ion was observed, which proves that the complex E-ATP--Mn2+ is formed before the hydrolysis of ATP. The structural changes which occur near 20 degrees C were also observed in the neighbourhood of the SH-groups modified by spin label X, an analog of maleimide. The structural changes observed support the idea that the protein-lipid interactions in the Na+, K+-ATPase provide the relaxation of the system from the unstable state during hydrolysis of ATP and cation transport."}
{"id": "PMID:149512", "title": "Regression of a T-cell lymphoma after administration of antithymocyte globulin.", "content": "A patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome developed a diffuse undifferentiated lymphoma of T-cell origin. After becoming resistant to multiple chemotherapeutic agents, the patient was treated with antithymocyte globulin. A 75% reduction in adenopathy and complete resolution of skin erythema was observed during an 8-day period. In addition the percent of circulating T cells and the ability of those cells to respond to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were reduced after antithymocyte globulin therapy. The patient died of an intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to profound thrombocytopenia. The study suggests that tumor lysis may be achieved by passive antibody therapy in certain advanced lymphomas.", "contents": "Regression of a T-cell lymphoma after administration of antithymocyte globulin. A patient with S\u00e9zary syndrome developed a diffuse undifferentiated lymphoma of T-cell origin. After becoming resistant to multiple chemotherapeutic agents, the patient was treated with antithymocyte globulin. A 75% reduction in adenopathy and complete resolution of skin erythema was observed during an 8-day period. In addition the percent of circulating T cells and the ability of those cells to respond to phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A were reduced after antithymocyte globulin therapy. The patient died of an intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to profound thrombocytopenia. The study suggests that tumor lysis may be achieved by passive antibody therapy in certain advanced lymphomas."}
{"id": "PMID:149513", "title": "Studies of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum from human skeletal muscle.", "content": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles were isolated from muscle biopsies of 4 normal volunteers, a patient with McArdle disease (before and during contracture), and a patient with normokalemic periodic paralysis. Fractions were analyzed for purity by electron microscopy and biochemical analysis of specific marker enzymes. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent calcium ion uptake was measured kinetically by the absorbence changes of murexide, a metallochromic indicator of ionized Ca++ concentrations, in the absence of oxalate or other calcium-complexing anions. In these experiments, time resolution of the Ca++ transport rate was limited by the manual mixing of reagents, which occurred in 1 to 3 seconds. In 1 case the \"true\" initial velocity of Ca++ uptake was measured by rapid mixing of ATP in a stopped-flow apparatus and by following the change in absorbence of murexide in a storage oscilloscope. In SR from normal human muscle the ATP-dependent Ca++ uptake was 3.5 nmoles per second per milligram of protein for the first 5 seconds after ATP mixing. Fast kinetic experiments showed that Ca++ uptake proceeded linearly for the first 500 msec at a rate of 9 nmoles per second per milligram of protein (at 25 degrees C) and then progressively declined to reach steady-state levels in 40 to 50 seconds. No abnormality of Ca++ transport was found in SR vesicles from the patient with McArdle disease and the patient with normokalemic periodic paralysis.", "contents": "Studies of fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum from human skeletal muscle. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) vesicles were isolated from muscle biopsies of 4 normal volunteers, a patient with McArdle disease (before and during contracture), and a patient with normokalemic periodic paralysis. Fractions were analyzed for purity by electron microscopy and biochemical analysis of specific marker enzymes. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent calcium ion uptake was measured kinetically by the absorbence changes of murexide, a metallochromic indicator of ionized Ca++ concentrations, in the absence of oxalate or other calcium-complexing anions. In these experiments, time resolution of the Ca++ transport rate was limited by the manual mixing of reagents, which occurred in 1 to 3 seconds. In 1 case the \"true\" initial velocity of Ca++ uptake was measured by rapid mixing of ATP in a stopped-flow apparatus and by following the change in absorbence of murexide in a storage oscilloscope. In SR from normal human muscle the ATP-dependent Ca++ uptake was 3.5 nmoles per second per milligram of protein for the first 5 seconds after ATP mixing. Fast kinetic experiments showed that Ca++ uptake proceeded linearly for the first 500 msec at a rate of 9 nmoles per second per milligram of protein (at 25 degrees C) and then progressively declined to reach steady-state levels in 40 to 50 seconds. No abnormality of Ca++ transport was found in SR vesicles from the patient with McArdle disease and the patient with normokalemic periodic paralysis."}
{"id": "PMID:149514", "title": "Effect of N'-methylnicotinamide on the renal accumulation and reabsorption of gentamicin in rats.", "content": "N'-methylnicotinamide, a substrate of the organic base transport system, reduced renal accumulation of [(14)C]gentamicin in rats by 15% and increased clearance by 25%, suggesting that gentamicin is not secreted by this mechanism.", "contents": "Effect of N'-methylnicotinamide on the renal accumulation and reabsorption of gentamicin in rats. N'-methylnicotinamide, a substrate of the organic base transport system, reduced renal accumulation of [(14)C]gentamicin in rats by 15% and increased clearance by 25%, suggesting that gentamicin is not secreted by this mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:149521", "title": "[Hypertensive cardiopathy. Study of cardiac performance].", "content": "Twenty-two hypertensive patients with normal coronary arteriograms underwent a complete study of left ventricular performance. The patients were classified into three groups according to the findings on X-ray and ECG investigation: group I--ECG normal, X-ray normal (6 cases); group II--ECG showed left atrial hypertrophy, X-ray normal (7 cases); group III-ECG showed left ventricular hypertrophy, X-ray showed cardiac dilatation (9 cases). The results of this study were as follows:--cardiac ouptut was lowered in groups II and III;--end-diastolic volume was lowered in group II and raised in group III;--LVEDP was raised in groups II and III;--V max and VEC max were lower in groups II and III than in group I;--left ventricular compliance was diminished in groups I and II. Myocardial rigidity of the left ventricle was similar in the three groups. Hypertensive heart disease is therefore characterised by early changes in compliance of the left ventricle. These are associated with geometrical changes in the ventricle: disturbance of the volume/mass ratio of the left ventricle. These findings have therapeutic implications for the importance of beta-blockers.", "contents": "[Hypertensive cardiopathy. Study of cardiac performance]. Twenty-two hypertensive patients with normal coronary arteriograms underwent a complete study of left ventricular performance. The patients were classified into three groups according to the findings on X-ray and ECG investigation: group I--ECG normal, X-ray normal (6 cases); group II--ECG showed left atrial hypertrophy, X-ray normal (7 cases); group III-ECG showed left ventricular hypertrophy, X-ray showed cardiac dilatation (9 cases). The results of this study were as follows:--cardiac ouptut was lowered in groups II and III;--end-diastolic volume was lowered in group II and raised in group III;--LVEDP was raised in groups II and III;--V max and VEC max were lower in groups II and III than in group I;--left ventricular compliance was diminished in groups I and II. Myocardial rigidity of the left ventricle was similar in the three groups. Hypertensive heart disease is therefore characterised by early changes in compliance of the left ventricle. These are associated with geometrical changes in the ventricle: disturbance of the volume/mass ratio of the left ventricle. These findings have therapeutic implications for the importance of beta-blockers."}
{"id": "PMID:149522", "title": "[The myocardiopathies of glycogenosis].", "content": "Thirty-three patients with glycogen abnormalities and myocardial disease were studied. 27 of them has type II glycogen disorders (Pompe's disease, with an intralysozymal deficit of acid maltase) and 6 with type III glycogen disorders Forbes disease, with a deficit in amylo-1-6-glucosidase). The picture of a type II abnormality in the infant is very standard: early onset, often neonatally; the association with asystole and muscular hypotonia and a characteristics clinical picture; invariable cardiomegaly and typical ECG findings (short PR interval, high voltage complexes). Death occurs before one year of age, treatment has limited effect, and attention is centred on the early discovery of heterozygotes and of diagnosis antenatally. The possibility of an obstructive type (4 out of 24) and a type with endocardial fibroelastosis (3 out of 24) must be emphasised. In the late onset myopathic form of type II disorder (3 cases), involvement of the myocardium is always found, but is of secondary importance in determining the clinical picture and natural history. The same can be said of type III disorders in which, despite the infrequency of asystole or significant cardiomegaly, a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which may be obstructive can lead to sudden death in infancy (2 cases out of 6).", "contents": "[The myocardiopathies of glycogenosis]. Thirty-three patients with glycogen abnormalities and myocardial disease were studied. 27 of them has type II glycogen disorders (Pompe's disease, with an intralysozymal deficit of acid maltase) and 6 with type III glycogen disorders Forbes disease, with a deficit in amylo-1-6-glucosidase). The picture of a type II abnormality in the infant is very standard: early onset, often neonatally; the association with asystole and muscular hypotonia and a characteristics clinical picture; invariable cardiomegaly and typical ECG findings (short PR interval, high voltage complexes). Death occurs before one year of age, treatment has limited effect, and attention is centred on the early discovery of heterozygotes and of diagnosis antenatally. The possibility of an obstructive type (4 out of 24) and a type with endocardial fibroelastosis (3 out of 24) must be emphasised. In the late onset myopathic form of type II disorder (3 cases), involvement of the myocardium is always found, but is of secondary importance in determining the clinical picture and natural history. The same can be said of type III disorders in which, despite the infrequency of asystole or significant cardiomegaly, a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy which may be obstructive can lead to sudden death in infancy (2 cases out of 6)."}
{"id": "PMID:149523", "title": "[The mutual transmission of Staphylococcus aureus between humans and cattle and the environmental adaptation of hemolysin and fibrinolysin formation].", "content": "In an ecological investigation in 20 dairy herds of cattle we compared the characteristics of strains isolated from nasal swabs of milkers, from the udder of cows and from cases of mastitis in cows. In 7 herds we found definite strains in the nasal flora of the milkers and in the udder-flora of the cows which only differ in the formation of hemolysin and of fibrinolysin. In the other checked characteristics strains from man and strains from cattle show identical patterns. In 5 herds these strains correspond to the host-specific variety hominis, in 2 herds to the hostspecific--variety bovis. These results refer to an environmental adaptation of the phenotypically detectable formation of hemolysins and fibrinolysin. From the ecological point of view an exchange of strains between man and cattle is likely. The origin of strains which can not be alloted to one ot the known host-specific varieties can be explained by an environmental adaptation. Besides the facts that strains of the host-specific variety bovis occur only very rarely in man and that strains of the host-specific variety hominis occur occasionally in cattle the clinical significance of the reported results has to be clarified by further investigations.", "contents": "[The mutual transmission of Staphylococcus aureus between humans and cattle and the environmental adaptation of hemolysin and fibrinolysin formation]. In an ecological investigation in 20 dairy herds of cattle we compared the characteristics of strains isolated from nasal swabs of milkers, from the udder of cows and from cases of mastitis in cows. In 7 herds we found definite strains in the nasal flora of the milkers and in the udder-flora of the cows which only differ in the formation of hemolysin and of fibrinolysin. In the other checked characteristics strains from man and strains from cattle show identical patterns. In 5 herds these strains correspond to the host-specific variety hominis, in 2 herds to the hostspecific--variety bovis. These results refer to an environmental adaptation of the phenotypically detectable formation of hemolysins and fibrinolysin. From the ecological point of view an exchange of strains between man and cattle is likely. The origin of strains which can not be alloted to one ot the known host-specific varieties can be explained by an environmental adaptation. Besides the facts that strains of the host-specific variety bovis occur only very rarely in man and that strains of the host-specific variety hominis occur occasionally in cattle the clinical significance of the reported results has to be clarified by further investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:149524", "title": "Cardiomyopathy produced by cigarette smoke. Ultrastructural observations in guinea pigs.", "content": "Guinea pigs were restrained in a smoking machine and were exposed to the smoke of eight cigarettes a day, five days a week for 12 to 15 weeks. One group of animals inhaled filtered smoke from which most of the tar and nicotine had been removed. Heart weight of the smoking animals was found to be significantly increased in both the filtered and unfiltered groups. Toxic changes were evident in myocardial mitochondria that were associated with edema, increased lipid and enhanced autophagolysosomal activity. The observed cardiomyopathy is probably caused by carbon monoxide and resembles the changes of chronic intermittent hypoxia.", "contents": "Cardiomyopathy produced by cigarette smoke. Ultrastructural observations in guinea pigs. Guinea pigs were restrained in a smoking machine and were exposed to the smoke of eight cigarettes a day, five days a week for 12 to 15 weeks. One group of animals inhaled filtered smoke from which most of the tar and nicotine had been removed. Heart weight of the smoking animals was found to be significantly increased in both the filtered and unfiltered groups. Toxic changes were evident in myocardial mitochondria that were associated with edema, increased lipid and enhanced autophagolysosomal activity. The observed cardiomyopathy is probably caused by carbon monoxide and resembles the changes of chronic intermittent hypoxia."}
{"id": "PMID:149525", "title": "Psychological adjustment to physical disability: trends in theories.", "content": "Explanations of psychological reactions to physical disability have recently tended to ascribe maladjustment to environmental rather than to personal causes. Historically, common-sense theories were first replaced by metalistic doctrines. These, in turn, were later supplemented by theories that integrated mentalism with environmentalism and by approaches that recognized only environmental causes of behavior. Each theory makes a unique contribution to rehabilitation. Consequently, unification rather than elimination should be the goal of future theoretical development.", "contents": "Psychological adjustment to physical disability: trends in theories. Explanations of psychological reactions to physical disability have recently tended to ascribe maladjustment to environmental rather than to personal causes. Historically, common-sense theories were first replaced by metalistic doctrines. These, in turn, were later supplemented by theories that integrated mentalism with environmentalism and by approaches that recognized only environmental causes of behavior. Each theory makes a unique contribution to rehabilitation. Consequently, unification rather than elimination should be the goal of future theoretical development."}
{"id": "PMID:149526", "title": "Lyssavirus infection of muscle spindles and motor end plates in striated muscle of hamsters.", "content": "Immunofluorescent, light, and electron microscopy were used to document lyssavirus infection of muscle spindles and motor end plates. Virus particles were seen in the narrow intercellular space between sensory nerve endings and intrafusal muscle fibers; they were also observed budding from intracellular and plasma membranes of the latter. Involvement of motor nerves and motor end plates could only be demonstrated by electron microscopy. In nature, rabies virus invasion of the peripheral nervous system must involve centripetal spread across these junctions.", "contents": "Lyssavirus infection of muscle spindles and motor end plates in striated muscle of hamsters. Immunofluorescent, light, and electron microscopy were used to document lyssavirus infection of muscle spindles and motor end plates. Virus particles were seen in the narrow intercellular space between sensory nerve endings and intrafusal muscle fibers; they were also observed budding from intracellular and plasma membranes of the latter. Involvement of motor nerves and motor end plates could only be demonstrated by electron microscopy. In nature, rabies virus invasion of the peripheral nervous system must involve centripetal spread across these junctions."}
{"id": "PMID:149529", "title": "Autoreactivity between lymphocytes and thymus cells in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Thymus cell preparations from four of five myasthenia gravis patients with thymic hyperplasia and from one additional patient with thymic involution stimulated autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. No autostimulation was observed in two patients with thymoma. Autostimulation as associated with an increase in the fraction of B lymphocytes in the thymus.", "contents": "Autoreactivity between lymphocytes and thymus cells in myasthenia gravis. Thymus cell preparations from four of five myasthenia gravis patients with thymic hyperplasia and from one additional patient with thymic involution stimulated autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. No autostimulation was observed in two patients with thymoma. Autostimulation as associated with an increase in the fraction of B lymphocytes in the thymus."}
{"id": "PMID:149530", "title": "Seizures of axial structures. Presumptive evidence for brain stem origin.", "content": "Scattered reports, both clinical and experimental, have been accumulating in the past 20 years indicating that true seizures may, indeed, originate from the brain stem and its immediate connections. Four cases are reported that give further strong presumptive evidence that this is so. All the seizures were confined to axial structures (face, tongue, palate, pharynx, diaphragm, and abdomen), and in one case each seizure had an identical \"Jacksonian march.\" The phenomena were documented by 16-mm motion pictures, brain stem signs, and electroencephalography. The EEG consisted of periods of burst activity followed by relative interictal electrocerebral silence.", "contents": "Seizures of axial structures. Presumptive evidence for brain stem origin. Scattered reports, both clinical and experimental, have been accumulating in the past 20 years indicating that true seizures may, indeed, originate from the brain stem and its immediate connections. Four cases are reported that give further strong presumptive evidence that this is so. All the seizures were confined to axial structures (face, tongue, palate, pharynx, diaphragm, and abdomen), and in one case each seizure had an identical \"Jacksonian march.\" The phenomena were documented by 16-mm motion pictures, brain stem signs, and electroencephalography. The EEG consisted of periods of burst activity followed by relative interictal electrocerebral silence."}
{"id": "PMID:149532", "title": "Long chain fatty acid inhibition of sodium plus potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase from rat heart.", "content": "Long chain fatty acids were found to inhibit (Na+ + K+)-ATPase prepared from rat heart. Unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were more inhibitory than saturated fatty acids with myristic acid being the most inhibitory saturated fatty acid tested and linoleic the most inhibitory unsaturated fatty acid. As an example of fatty acid modification of the enzyme, inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by oleate was examined. When compared to ouabain, inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by oleate was found to be similar in that both were dependent on K+ concentration, but, in contrast to the almost instantaneous inhibition by ouabain, oleate inhibition was a slow process requiring over 20 min incubation at 37 degrees to produce maximum inhibition. Inhibition of rat heart (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by oleate was found to be readily reversible by washout. In the presence of albumin an oleate/albumin molar ratio greater than 7.5 was required for inhibition to occur. The activity of rat heart (Na+ + K+)-ATPase had a temperature optimum above 40 degrees and a discontinuous Arrhenius' plot with a transition temperature of 25 degrees. In the presence of oleate, however, the enzyme's optimum temperature decreased to below 40 degrees, the activation energy of the reaction at temperatures below 25 degrees was lowered from 24.7 kcal/mol to 12.6 kcal/mol and the enzyme had a linear Arrhenius' plot. The possibility of in vivo inhibition of cardiac (Na+ + K+)-ATPase under conditions of elevated fatty acids is discussed.", "contents": "Long chain fatty acid inhibition of sodium plus potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase from rat heart. Long chain fatty acids were found to inhibit (Na+ + K+)-ATPase prepared from rat heart. Unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids were more inhibitory than saturated fatty acids with myristic acid being the most inhibitory saturated fatty acid tested and linoleic the most inhibitory unsaturated fatty acid. As an example of fatty acid modification of the enzyme, inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by oleate was examined. When compared to ouabain, inhibition of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by oleate was found to be similar in that both were dependent on K+ concentration, but, in contrast to the almost instantaneous inhibition by ouabain, oleate inhibition was a slow process requiring over 20 min incubation at 37 degrees to produce maximum inhibition. Inhibition of rat heart (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by oleate was found to be readily reversible by washout. In the presence of albumin an oleate/albumin molar ratio greater than 7.5 was required for inhibition to occur. The activity of rat heart (Na+ + K+)-ATPase had a temperature optimum above 40 degrees and a discontinuous Arrhenius' plot with a transition temperature of 25 degrees. In the presence of oleate, however, the enzyme's optimum temperature decreased to below 40 degrees, the activation energy of the reaction at temperatures below 25 degrees was lowered from 24.7 kcal/mol to 12.6 kcal/mol and the enzyme had a linear Arrhenius' plot. The possibility of in vivo inhibition of cardiac (Na+ + K+)-ATPase under conditions of elevated fatty acids is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149528", "title": "[Alteration of the ATP-ase Mg++ and Mg++ Na+ K+ activities of the central nervous system of Periplaneta americana L. after sonification. (author's transl].", "content": "A prolonged ultrasonic homogenization of a Periplaneta americana L. suspension of ganglia in a buffer solution pH 7,6 when compared with a Potter Elvehjem homogenization shows a marked reduction of Mg++ and (Mg++ + Na+ + K+) ATPase activities. Mg++ ATPase was not modified while the (Mg++ + Na+ + K+) ATPase was completely inhibited after 30 second ultrasonic homogenization. This probably results from an enzyme structure alteration caused by the ultrasonic treatment.", "contents": "[Alteration of the ATP-ase Mg++ and Mg++ Na+ K+ activities of the central nervous system of Periplaneta americana L. after sonification. (author's transl]. A prolonged ultrasonic homogenization of a Periplaneta americana L. suspension of ganglia in a buffer solution pH 7,6 when compared with a Potter Elvehjem homogenization shows a marked reduction of Mg++ and (Mg++ + Na+ + K+) ATPase activities. Mg++ ATPase was not modified while the (Mg++ + Na+ + K+) ATPase was completely inhibited after 30 second ultrasonic homogenization. This probably results from an enzyme structure alteration caused by the ultrasonic treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:149533", "title": "Hereditary C2 deficiency associated with immune complex disease.", "content": "A patient presenting with a syndrome probably due to immune complex deposition was investigated and found to possess an inherited C2 complement deficiency. Family studies indicated that the deficiency was transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. HLA typing for the HLA-A and HLA-B specificities and HLA-D specificities indicated a close linkage between the HLA and C2 genes, as has been described elsewhere. The HLA-A and B locus specificities HLA-AW25 and HLA-B18 were coded for by each of the two chromosomes carrying the C2(0) gene. However, the two chromosomes differed at the HLA-D locus, as one coded for HLA-DW2 whilst the other did not. This case, therefore, provides a unique haplotype and may be of importance in mapping the C2(0) locus, as it suggests that the gene order on chromosome 6 is HLA-D, C2(0), HLA-B, HLA-A. Extensive complement component assays indicated that utilization of complement in the patient was occurring via the alternate complement pathway. It is suggested that, as a result of the C2 deficiency, infections with viruses and other agents could lead to an immune complex disease due to an impaired capacity to effectively eliminate circulating complexes.", "contents": "Hereditary C2 deficiency associated with immune complex disease. A patient presenting with a syndrome probably due to immune complex deposition was investigated and found to possess an inherited C2 complement deficiency. Family studies indicated that the deficiency was transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. HLA typing for the HLA-A and HLA-B specificities and HLA-D specificities indicated a close linkage between the HLA and C2 genes, as has been described elsewhere. The HLA-A and B locus specificities HLA-AW25 and HLA-B18 were coded for by each of the two chromosomes carrying the C2(0) gene. However, the two chromosomes differed at the HLA-D locus, as one coded for HLA-DW2 whilst the other did not. This case, therefore, provides a unique haplotype and may be of importance in mapping the C2(0) locus, as it suggests that the gene order on chromosome 6 is HLA-D, C2(0), HLA-B, HLA-A. Extensive complement component assays indicated that utilization of complement in the patient was occurring via the alternate complement pathway. It is suggested that, as a result of the C2 deficiency, infections with viruses and other agents could lead to an immune complex disease due to an impaired capacity to effectively eliminate circulating complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:149534", "title": "Chronic low back pain: evaluation and therapy.", "content": "Chronic low back pain is a common complaint afflicting a large percentage of the population. More interest is required in solving this problem, which is of large economic proportions. This paper reports some procedures by which this may be achieved.", "contents": "Chronic low back pain: evaluation and therapy. Chronic low back pain is a common complaint afflicting a large percentage of the population. More interest is required in solving this problem, which is of large economic proportions. This paper reports some procedures by which this may be achieved."}
{"id": "PMID:149536", "title": "Swine kidney worm disease in Cuba (Stephanurus dentatus Diesing, 1839).", "content": "The results of a two-year study on swine stephanuriasis in Cuba indicate the high economic importance of this parasitosis in view of its pattern of local distribution and pathological changes occurring during the endogeneous phase of its life cycle. Under the present conditions of pig breeding in Cuba, it appears to be most economic to base control measures on a strict observance of general zoohygienic rules and on several specific measures suggested in the paper. The administration of expensive drugs is uneconomic because none of them is universally effective in any phase of the life cycle of S. dentatus. It is suggested to direct research work to suitable preventive measures and the choice of drugs to be administered during the most critical period in the spread of infection covering the time from birth to weaning.", "contents": "Swine kidney worm disease in Cuba (Stephanurus dentatus Diesing, 1839). The results of a two-year study on swine stephanuriasis in Cuba indicate the high economic importance of this parasitosis in view of its pattern of local distribution and pathological changes occurring during the endogeneous phase of its life cycle. Under the present conditions of pig breeding in Cuba, it appears to be most economic to base control measures on a strict observance of general zoohygienic rules and on several specific measures suggested in the paper. The administration of expensive drugs is uneconomic because none of them is universally effective in any phase of the life cycle of S. dentatus. It is suggested to direct research work to suitable preventive measures and the choice of drugs to be administered during the most critical period in the spread of infection covering the time from birth to weaning."}
{"id": "PMID:149537", "title": "A calcium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase in plasma membrane from rat liver. Demonstration that the adenosine triphosphate analogues adenosine 5'-[betagamma-imido]triphosphate and adenosine 5'-[betagamma-methylene]-triphosphate are substrates for the enzyme.", "content": "An ATP pyrophosphohydrolase in a rat liver plasma-membrane subfraction was studied with respect to specific Ca2+ activation of the beta-phosphate bond hydrolysis. ATP and, in addition, adenosine 5'-[betagamma-imido]triphosphate and adenosine 5'-[betagamma-methlylene]triphosphate were substrates for Ca2+-stimulated enzymic hydrolysis of the beta-phosphate bond. A 15-fold activation was observed by raising the free Ca2+ concentration from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M. Mg2+ had little effect. Solubilization in 1% deoxycholate and partial purification on a sucrose density gradient resulted in a 5-fold increase in specific activity with unaltered Ca2+-stimulation pattern. The possible importance of the enzyme in Ca2+ transport is discussed.", "contents": "A calcium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase in plasma membrane from rat liver. Demonstration that the adenosine triphosphate analogues adenosine 5'-[betagamma-imido]triphosphate and adenosine 5'-[betagamma-methylene]-triphosphate are substrates for the enzyme. An ATP pyrophosphohydrolase in a rat liver plasma-membrane subfraction was studied with respect to specific Ca2+ activation of the beta-phosphate bond hydrolysis. ATP and, in addition, adenosine 5'-[betagamma-imido]triphosphate and adenosine 5'-[betagamma-methlylene]triphosphate were substrates for Ca2+-stimulated enzymic hydrolysis of the beta-phosphate bond. A 15-fold activation was observed by raising the free Ca2+ concentration from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M. Mg2+ had little effect. Solubilization in 1% deoxycholate and partial purification on a sucrose density gradient resulted in a 5-fold increase in specific activity with unaltered Ca2+-stimulation pattern. The possible importance of the enzyme in Ca2+ transport is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149538", "title": "The properties of adenosine triphosphatase from exponential and synchronous cultures of Alcaligenes eutrophus H16.", "content": "The properties of Alcaligenes eutrophus ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) were investigated by using subcellular fractions prepared from cells growing in exponential and synchronous cultures. Both the soluble and membrane-bound forms of the ATPase were inhibited non-competitively (K(i) 142mum) by Nbf-Cl (4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan), whereas only the membrane-bound enzyme was inhibited (non-competitive; K(i) 750mum) by NN'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide. Neither the activity of the ATPase nor its sensitivity to these two inhibitors varied during exponential growth. However, marked variations in ATPase activity were observed during synchronous growth, which were characterized by maxima at approx. 0.4 and 0.9 of a cell cycle and minima at approx. 0.1 and 0.6 of a cycle. Sensitivity to Nbf-Cl and NN'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide also varied during the cell cycle; maximum inhibition by the former occurred at approx. 0.4 and 0.9 of a cell cycle, whereas maximum inhibition by the latter was located at approx. 0.1 and 0.6 of a cell cycle. Proton conductance by whole cells was also periodic during the cell cycle, the lowest rates occurring at approx. 0.15 and 0.55 of a cycle and the highest rates at approx. 0.4 and 0.9 of a cycle, but -->H(+)/O quotients for the oxidation of endogenous substrates remained relatively constant and indicated the presence of four proton-translocating respiratory segments throughout the cell cycle. These results are discussed in terms of ATPase and respiratory-chain structure and function during the cell cycle of Alcaligenes eutrophus.", "contents": "The properties of adenosine triphosphatase from exponential and synchronous cultures of Alcaligenes eutrophus H16. The properties of Alcaligenes eutrophus ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) were investigated by using subcellular fractions prepared from cells growing in exponential and synchronous cultures. Both the soluble and membrane-bound forms of the ATPase were inhibited non-competitively (K(i) 142mum) by Nbf-Cl (4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan), whereas only the membrane-bound enzyme was inhibited (non-competitive; K(i) 750mum) by NN'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide. Neither the activity of the ATPase nor its sensitivity to these two inhibitors varied during exponential growth. However, marked variations in ATPase activity were observed during synchronous growth, which were characterized by maxima at approx. 0.4 and 0.9 of a cell cycle and minima at approx. 0.1 and 0.6 of a cycle. Sensitivity to Nbf-Cl and NN'-dicyclohexylcarbodi-imide also varied during the cell cycle; maximum inhibition by the former occurred at approx. 0.4 and 0.9 of a cell cycle, whereas maximum inhibition by the latter was located at approx. 0.1 and 0.6 of a cell cycle. Proton conductance by whole cells was also periodic during the cell cycle, the lowest rates occurring at approx. 0.15 and 0.55 of a cycle and the highest rates at approx. 0.4 and 0.9 of a cycle, but -->H(+)/O quotients for the oxidation of endogenous substrates remained relatively constant and indicated the presence of four proton-translocating respiratory segments throughout the cell cycle. These results are discussed in terms of ATPase and respiratory-chain structure and function during the cell cycle of Alcaligenes eutrophus."}
{"id": "PMID:149553", "title": "A new mouthpiece for the Wright peak flow meter.", "content": "When tested against artificially produced peak flows, the Wright peak flow meter is found to be an accurate instrument. A factor contributing to the variation seen when the meter is in clinical use in the design of the mouthpiece. This paper reports the results obtained using a new mouthpiece designed specifically to reduce this variation.", "contents": "A new mouthpiece for the Wright peak flow meter. When tested against artificially produced peak flows, the Wright peak flow meter is found to be an accurate instrument. A factor contributing to the variation seen when the meter is in clinical use in the design of the mouthpiece. This paper reports the results obtained using a new mouthpiece designed specifically to reduce this variation."}
{"id": "PMID:149555", "title": "Inhibition of plasmin by antithrombin-heparin complex. II. During thrombolytic therapy in man.", "content": "The role of antithrombin as an inhibitor of plasmin in the presence and absence of heparin was studied during thrombolytic therapy in 12 patients with vascular occlusive disease. The extent of plasmin-antithrombin-(heparin) complex formation was studied by intravenous injection of iodine-labelled antithrombin (5-20 muCi) and quantitation of the amount of antithrombin bound to plasmin. In the absence of heparin, less than 0.8% of the labelled antithrombin was recovered in the plasmin-antithrombin complex but between 1.2 and 4.8% following injection of 5000 iu of heparin. Thus only between 3 and 11% of the in vivo formed plasmin is neutralized by antithrombin-heparin complex. Repeated activation of the fibrinolytic system resulted in a shortening of the plasma radioactivity half-life of labelled antithrombin from 2.45 to 2.03 d in the absence of heparin (three patients), and from 3.13 to 2.35 d following heparin administration (two patients). This increased turnover does not result in a decrease of the plasma antithrombin level.", "contents": "Inhibition of plasmin by antithrombin-heparin complex. II. During thrombolytic therapy in man. The role of antithrombin as an inhibitor of plasmin in the presence and absence of heparin was studied during thrombolytic therapy in 12 patients with vascular occlusive disease. The extent of plasmin-antithrombin-(heparin) complex formation was studied by intravenous injection of iodine-labelled antithrombin (5-20 muCi) and quantitation of the amount of antithrombin bound to plasmin. In the absence of heparin, less than 0.8% of the labelled antithrombin was recovered in the plasmin-antithrombin complex but between 1.2 and 4.8% following injection of 5000 iu of heparin. Thus only between 3 and 11% of the in vivo formed plasmin is neutralized by antithrombin-heparin complex. Repeated activation of the fibrinolytic system resulted in a shortening of the plasma radioactivity half-life of labelled antithrombin from 2.45 to 2.03 d in the absence of heparin (three patients), and from 3.13 to 2.35 d following heparin administration (two patients). This increased turnover does not result in a decrease of the plasma antithrombin level."}
{"id": "PMID:149556", "title": "Ultrastructural identification of acid complex carbohydrate in cytoplasmic granules of normal and leukaemic human monocytes.", "content": "Complex carbohydrate in granules of monocytes was compared with that in granules of neutrophils by ultrastructural cytochemical methods. The acid mucosubstance in granules of both cell types stained with dialysed iron after brief fixation with dilute glutaraldehyde, but that in monocyte granules differed in failing to stain after stronger fixation. Approximately 10% granules in normal blood monocytes stained with this method, whereas more than 90% of granules in leukaemic monocytes from two of seven patients with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia stained intensely. This difference presumably results from unmasking of acid groups in immature granules or increased synthesis of granule mucosubstance in some leukaemic monocytes. Granules of monocytes differed further from those of neutrophils in failing after either type of fixation to stain with a high iron diamine technique for for demonstration of sulphated mucosubstance. The absence of high iron diamine staining could reflect a lack of sulphate esters in monocyte granule mucosubstance, masking of the sulphate groups by other components, or extraction of the sulphated mucosubstance during specimen processing.", "contents": "Ultrastructural identification of acid complex carbohydrate in cytoplasmic granules of normal and leukaemic human monocytes. Complex carbohydrate in granules of monocytes was compared with that in granules of neutrophils by ultrastructural cytochemical methods. The acid mucosubstance in granules of both cell types stained with dialysed iron after brief fixation with dilute glutaraldehyde, but that in monocyte granules differed in failing to stain after stronger fixation. Approximately 10% granules in normal blood monocytes stained with this method, whereas more than 90% of granules in leukaemic monocytes from two of seven patients with acute myelomonocytic leukaemia stained intensely. This difference presumably results from unmasking of acid groups in immature granules or increased synthesis of granule mucosubstance in some leukaemic monocytes. Granules of monocytes differed further from those of neutrophils in failing after either type of fixation to stain with a high iron diamine technique for for demonstration of sulphated mucosubstance. The absence of high iron diamine staining could reflect a lack of sulphate esters in monocyte granule mucosubstance, masking of the sulphate groups by other components, or extraction of the sulphated mucosubstance during specimen processing."}
{"id": "PMID:149558", "title": "The effect of sodium on inorganic phosphate- and p-nitrophenyl phosphate-facilitated ouabain binding to (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase.", "content": "The effect of the hydrolysis product Pi and the artificial substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-nitrophenyl-P) on ouabain binding to (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase was investigated. The hypothesis that (Mg2+ + p-nitrophenyl-P)-supported ouabain binding might be due to Pi release and thus (Mg2+ + Pi)-supported could not be confirmed. The enzyme . ouabain complexes obtained with different substrates were characterized according to their dissociation rates after removal of the ligands facilitating binding. The character of the enzyme . ouabain complex is determined primarily by the monovalent ion present during ouabain binding, but, qualitatively at least, it is immaterial whether binding was obtained with p-nitrophenyl phosphate or Pi. The presence or absence of Na+ during binding has a special influence upon the character of the enzyme . ouabian complex. Without Na+ and in the presence of Tris ions the complex obtained with (Mg2+ + Pi) and that obtained with (Mg2+ + p-nitrophenyl-P) behaved in a nearly identical manner, both exhibiting a slow decay. High Na+ concentration diminished the level of Pi-supported ouabain binding, having almost no effect on p-nitrophenyl phosphate-supported binding. Both enzyme . ouabain complexes, however, now resembled the form obtained with (Na+ + ATP), as judged from their dissociation rates and the K+ sensitivity of their decay. The complexes obtained at a high Na+ concentration underwent a very fast decay which could be slowed considerably after adding a low concentration of K+ to the resuspension medium. The most stable enzyme . ouabain complex was obtained in the presence of Tris ions only, irrespective of whether p-nitrophenyl phosphate of Pi facilitated complex formation. The presence of K+ gave rise to a complex whose dissociation rate was intermediate between those of the complexes obtained in the presence of Tris and a high Na+ concentration. It is proposed that the different ouabain dissociation rates reflect different reactive states of the enzyme. The resemblance between the observations obtained in phosphorylation and ouabain binding experiments is pointed out.", "contents": "The effect of sodium on inorganic phosphate- and p-nitrophenyl phosphate-facilitated ouabain binding to (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase. The effect of the hydrolysis product Pi and the artificial substrate p-nitrophenyl phosphate (p-nitrophenyl-P) on ouabain binding to (Na+ + K+)-activated ATPase was investigated. The hypothesis that (Mg2+ + p-nitrophenyl-P)-supported ouabain binding might be due to Pi release and thus (Mg2+ + Pi)-supported could not be confirmed. The enzyme . ouabain complexes obtained with different substrates were characterized according to their dissociation rates after removal of the ligands facilitating binding. The character of the enzyme . ouabain complex is determined primarily by the monovalent ion present during ouabain binding, but, qualitatively at least, it is immaterial whether binding was obtained with p-nitrophenyl phosphate or Pi. The presence or absence of Na+ during binding has a special influence upon the character of the enzyme . ouabian complex. Without Na+ and in the presence of Tris ions the complex obtained with (Mg2+ + Pi) and that obtained with (Mg2+ + p-nitrophenyl-P) behaved in a nearly identical manner, both exhibiting a slow decay. High Na+ concentration diminished the level of Pi-supported ouabain binding, having almost no effect on p-nitrophenyl phosphate-supported binding. Both enzyme . ouabain complexes, however, now resembled the form obtained with (Na+ + ATP), as judged from their dissociation rates and the K+ sensitivity of their decay. The complexes obtained at a high Na+ concentration underwent a very fast decay which could be slowed considerably after adding a low concentration of K+ to the resuspension medium. The most stable enzyme . ouabain complex was obtained in the presence of Tris ions only, irrespective of whether p-nitrophenyl phosphate of Pi facilitated complex formation. The presence of K+ gave rise to a complex whose dissociation rate was intermediate between those of the complexes obtained in the presence of Tris and a high Na+ concentration. It is proposed that the different ouabain dissociation rates reflect different reactive states of the enzyme. The resemblance between the observations obtained in phosphorylation and ouabain binding experiments is pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:149559", "title": "Stability of messenger RNA for nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "A method has been developed to study the synthesis and decay of the messenger RNA for nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa. Glutamine prevents the synthesis of the mRNA which appears to have a half-life of approximately 8.5 min.", "contents": "Stability of messenger RNA for nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa. A method has been developed to study the synthesis and decay of the messenger RNA for nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa. Glutamine prevents the synthesis of the mRNA which appears to have a half-life of approximately 8.5 min."}
{"id": "PMID:149560", "title": "The effect of mechanical stretching of the myosin rod component (fragment LMMMM S-2) on the ATPase activity of myosin.", "content": "The binding of myosin to nylon fiber gives immobilized myosin with a considerable ATPase activity. Treatment of immobilized enzyme with papain results in the entire ATPase activity (known to be concentrated in myosin heads, (fragment HMM S-1)) being replaced from the fiber into the solution; this means that myosin is chemically bound to the fiber via its rod part (fragment LMM+HMM S-2). When nylon fiber is mechanically stretched, the ATPase activity of myosin attached to it sharply decreases; after relaxation of the fiber the enzymatic activity returns to the initial level. The detailed study of this phenomenon has shown that reversible inactivation of myosin upon fiber stretching is not the result of an altered microenvironment of the enzyme. The discovered regulatory effect is ascribed to deformation of myosin molecules induced by support stretching. Thus deformation of the myosin tail (not indispensable for ATPase since its cleaving-off does not alter the enzymatic activity) leads to decrease in the ATPase activity of the enzyme. The possible role of the above phenomenon in the mechanism of muscle contraction is discussed.", "contents": "The effect of mechanical stretching of the myosin rod component (fragment LMMMM S-2) on the ATPase activity of myosin. The binding of myosin to nylon fiber gives immobilized myosin with a considerable ATPase activity. Treatment of immobilized enzyme with papain results in the entire ATPase activity (known to be concentrated in myosin heads, (fragment HMM S-1)) being replaced from the fiber into the solution; this means that myosin is chemically bound to the fiber via its rod part (fragment LMM+HMM S-2). When nylon fiber is mechanically stretched, the ATPase activity of myosin attached to it sharply decreases; after relaxation of the fiber the enzymatic activity returns to the initial level. The detailed study of this phenomenon has shown that reversible inactivation of myosin upon fiber stretching is not the result of an altered microenvironment of the enzyme. The discovered regulatory effect is ascribed to deformation of myosin molecules induced by support stretching. Thus deformation of the myosin tail (not indispensable for ATPase since its cleaving-off does not alter the enzymatic activity) leads to decrease in the ATPase activity of the enzyme. The possible role of the above phenomenon in the mechanism of muscle contraction is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149561", "title": "Purification and characterization of epsilon-N-trimethyllysine L-amino oxidase from Neurospora crassa.", "content": "epsilon-N-Trimethyllysine L-amino oxidase from Neurospora crassa has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. A 1500-fold purification was obtained by centrifugation and successive column chromatography on ion-exchange and gel filtration supports. The enzyme has an estimated molecular weight of 160 000. It transforms epsilon-N-trimethyllysine into alpha-keto, epsilon-N-trimethylhexanoic acid by oxidative deamination. Kinetic studies of this new enzyme are reported and its probable physiological role is discussed.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of epsilon-N-trimethyllysine L-amino oxidase from Neurospora crassa. epsilon-N-Trimethyllysine L-amino oxidase from Neurospora crassa has been purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. A 1500-fold purification was obtained by centrifugation and successive column chromatography on ion-exchange and gel filtration supports. The enzyme has an estimated molecular weight of 160 000. It transforms epsilon-N-trimethyllysine into alpha-keto, epsilon-N-trimethylhexanoic acid by oxidative deamination. Kinetic studies of this new enzyme are reported and its probable physiological role is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149562", "title": "Inhibition of gill (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by a purinedisulfide analog of adenosine triphosphate.", "content": "The effect of the adenosine triphosphate analog, 6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl imidodiphosphate), (sIMP-PNP)2, was tested on the ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) and the ouabain-insensitive Mg2+ - ATPase in microsomes prepared from gill tissue of sea water-adapted rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. The (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was completely inhibited by low concentrations of (sIMP-PNP)2 (6 micrometer) but the Mg2+ - ATPase was unaffected by the inhibitor at concentrations as high as 28 micrometer, supporting the suggestion that the two activities represent separate enzymes. The specificity of inactivation could be demonstrated both at a physiological temperature (13 degrees C) and at 37 degrees C. The rates of inactivation were similar at both temperatures. Inactivation of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by (sIMP-PNP)2 was reversed by dithiothreitol, suggesting that the inhibitor forms a mixed disulfide with sulfhydryl groups on the enzyme. The inability of substrate (either ATP or its analog, adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate) to protect against inactivation suggests that (sIMP-PNP)2 is reacting with sulfhydryl groups which are not associated with the active site.", "contents": "Inhibition of gill (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) by a purinedisulfide analog of adenosine triphosphate. The effect of the adenosine triphosphate analog, 6,6'-dithiobis(inosinyl imidodiphosphate), (sIMP-PNP)2, was tested on the ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) and the ouabain-insensitive Mg2+ - ATPase in microsomes prepared from gill tissue of sea water-adapted rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. The (Na+ + K+)-ATPase was completely inhibited by low concentrations of (sIMP-PNP)2 (6 micrometer) but the Mg2+ - ATPase was unaffected by the inhibitor at concentrations as high as 28 micrometer, supporting the suggestion that the two activities represent separate enzymes. The specificity of inactivation could be demonstrated both at a physiological temperature (13 degrees C) and at 37 degrees C. The rates of inactivation were similar at both temperatures. Inactivation of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase by (sIMP-PNP)2 was reversed by dithiothreitol, suggesting that the inhibitor forms a mixed disulfide with sulfhydryl groups on the enzyme. The inability of substrate (either ATP or its analog, adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate) to protect against inactivation suggests that (sIMP-PNP)2 is reacting with sulfhydryl groups which are not associated with the active site."}
{"id": "PMID:149563", "title": "Hormone action at the membrane level. VIII. Adrenergic receptors in rat heart and adipocytes and their modulation by thyroxine.", "content": "The regulation of adrenergic receptors in rat heart was measured in rats made hyperthyroid by injection with thyroxine and made hypothyroid by addition of propylthiouracil to the drinking water. Hyperthyroid rats display cardiac hypertrophy and a decrease in epididymal fat pad weight. The maximal beta-receptor level of ventricular membranes, as determined by (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol binding, was increased 60% by thyroxine treatment and decreased about 30% by propylthiouracil treatment. The affinity of the beta receptor was unchanged after thyroxine or propylthiouracil treatment. The maximal activity of the isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) varied with thyroid state in a manner parallel to the increase in beta-adrenergic binding sites. Thyroxine treatment also increases by 2-fold the beta receptors in isolated rat fat cells. Propylthiouracil treatment lowered the level of alpha receptors in heart by 30% as measured by [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding, but increased the affinity about 2.5-fold. The highest level of alpha receptors was seen in control hearts. These studies indicate that thyroxine may control the turnover of beta-adrenergic receptors in heart and fat cells and regulate physiological responses in these tissues via a hormone-hormone interplay system. Thyroxine treatment reduced the activity of the membrane-bound Mg2+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) and 5'-mononucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) but appears to increase the activity of the (Na+ + K+)ATPase (EC 3.6.1.4).", "contents": "Hormone action at the membrane level. VIII. Adrenergic receptors in rat heart and adipocytes and their modulation by thyroxine. The regulation of adrenergic receptors in rat heart was measured in rats made hyperthyroid by injection with thyroxine and made hypothyroid by addition of propylthiouracil to the drinking water. Hyperthyroid rats display cardiac hypertrophy and a decrease in epididymal fat pad weight. The maximal beta-receptor level of ventricular membranes, as determined by (-)-[3H]dihydroalprenolol binding, was increased 60% by thyroxine treatment and decreased about 30% by propylthiouracil treatment. The affinity of the beta receptor was unchanged after thyroxine or propylthiouracil treatment. The maximal activity of the isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) varied with thyroid state in a manner parallel to the increase in beta-adrenergic binding sites. Thyroxine treatment also increases by 2-fold the beta receptors in isolated rat fat cells. Propylthiouracil treatment lowered the level of alpha receptors in heart by 30% as measured by [3H]dihydroergocryptine binding, but increased the affinity about 2.5-fold. The highest level of alpha receptors was seen in control hearts. These studies indicate that thyroxine may control the turnover of beta-adrenergic receptors in heart and fat cells and regulate physiological responses in these tissues via a hormone-hormone interplay system. Thyroxine treatment reduced the activity of the membrane-bound Mg2+-ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) and 5'-mononucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.5) but appears to increase the activity of the (Na+ + K+)ATPase (EC 3.6.1.4)."}
{"id": "PMID:149564", "title": "Purification and characterization of myosin from bovine retina.", "content": "Myosin has been isolated from bovine retinae and characterised by its ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity, its mobility in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels and by electron microscopy. The purified myosin shows high ATPase activity in the presence of EDTA or Ca2+ and a low activity in the presence of Mg2+. The Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity is stimulated by rabbit skeletal muscle actin. The presumptive retinal myosin possesses a major component which has a mobility in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis similar to that of the heavy chain of bovine skeletal muscle myosin. Electron microscopy showed retinal myosin to form bipolar filaments in 0.1 M KCl. It is concluded that the retina possesses a protein with enzymic and structural properties similar to those of muscle myosin.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of myosin from bovine retina. Myosin has been isolated from bovine retinae and characterised by its ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity, its mobility in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gels and by electron microscopy. The purified myosin shows high ATPase activity in the presence of EDTA or Ca2+ and a low activity in the presence of Mg2+. The Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity is stimulated by rabbit skeletal muscle actin. The presumptive retinal myosin possesses a major component which has a mobility in sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis similar to that of the heavy chain of bovine skeletal muscle myosin. Electron microscopy showed retinal myosin to form bipolar filaments in 0.1 M KCl. It is concluded that the retina possesses a protein with enzymic and structural properties similar to those of muscle myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:149566", "title": "[Changes in ATPase activity of dog kidney nuclear membrane under the effect of polyenic antibiotics].", "content": "Effect of amphotericin B and nistatin on ATPase activity of dog kidney nuclear membranes is studied in vivo and in vitro. Long-term intravenous injections of the antibiotics do not change the ATPase activity of kidney nuclear membranes. However, short-term injections of polyenic antibiotics have some effect on ATPase activity on nuclear membranes: amphotericin B, considerably activates the enzyme . In vitro incubation of isolated dog kidney nuclei with amphotericin and nistatin at concentrations of 1 and 10 mcg/ml does not affect the activity of nuclear membrane ATPase, while increased concentrations of polyenic antibiotics, (up to 200 mcg/ml) results in a slight inhibition of the enzyme activity. The role of the data obtained for solving molecular basis of the toxic effect of polyenic antibiotics.", "contents": "[Changes in ATPase activity of dog kidney nuclear membrane under the effect of polyenic antibiotics]. Effect of amphotericin B and nistatin on ATPase activity of dog kidney nuclear membranes is studied in vivo and in vitro. Long-term intravenous injections of the antibiotics do not change the ATPase activity of kidney nuclear membranes. However, short-term injections of polyenic antibiotics have some effect on ATPase activity on nuclear membranes: amphotericin B, considerably activates the enzyme . In vitro incubation of isolated dog kidney nuclei with amphotericin and nistatin at concentrations of 1 and 10 mcg/ml does not affect the activity of nuclear membrane ATPase, while increased concentrations of polyenic antibiotics, (up to 200 mcg/ml) results in a slight inhibition of the enzyme activity. The role of the data obtained for solving molecular basis of the toxic effect of polyenic antibiotics."}
{"id": "PMID:149567", "title": "[Effect of SH-reagents on ATPase systems of rabbit skeletal muscle nuclei].", "content": "The influence of sulfhydryl reagents on ATPase systems of rabbit sceletal muscles nuclei was studied. It is found that p-ChMB at low concentration similarly inhibits both Mg2+- and Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPases. p-ChMB at higher concentrations inhibits completely Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase, while Mg2+- ATPase--only by 60%. N-EM is lesser specific inhibitor of SH-groups, than p-ChMB. The degree of nuclear ATPases inhibition by N-EM is practically identical. Using inhibitory analysis, two hypes of skeletal muscles nuclei SH-groups are found: easily reacting with N-EM, and those reacting with N-EM at more high concentrations, which are essential for ATPase ATP-hydrolysing activity. ATP defends Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase, but not the Mg2+-ATPase from N-EM inhibitory action. Cysteine completely eliminates the inhibitory effect of p-ChMB on Mg2+-ATPase but only 40% on MG2+, Ca2+-ATPase. Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase of nuclei is more sensitive to the sulfhydryl venoms action than Mg2+-ATPase.", "contents": "[Effect of SH-reagents on ATPase systems of rabbit skeletal muscle nuclei]. The influence of sulfhydryl reagents on ATPase systems of rabbit sceletal muscles nuclei was studied. It is found that p-ChMB at low concentration similarly inhibits both Mg2+- and Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPases. p-ChMB at higher concentrations inhibits completely Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase, while Mg2+- ATPase--only by 60%. N-EM is lesser specific inhibitor of SH-groups, than p-ChMB. The degree of nuclear ATPases inhibition by N-EM is practically identical. Using inhibitory analysis, two hypes of skeletal muscles nuclei SH-groups are found: easily reacting with N-EM, and those reacting with N-EM at more high concentrations, which are essential for ATPase ATP-hydrolysing activity. ATP defends Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase, but not the Mg2+-ATPase from N-EM inhibitory action. Cysteine completely eliminates the inhibitory effect of p-ChMB on Mg2+-ATPase but only 40% on MG2+, Ca2+-ATPase. Mg2+, Ca2+-ATPase of nuclei is more sensitive to the sulfhydryl venoms action than Mg2+-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:149568", "title": "[Purification and characterization of epidermal G2- and G1-chalones].", "content": "Highly purified epidermal G1- and G2-chalones from rat skin inhibit the entering of epidermocytes to S and M phases of cell cycle respectively. Their biological activity is characterized by tissue-specificity and not by species-specificity. Both of them are tissue-specific glycoproteins as for their antigenic properties. Molecular weight of G1-chlone is 21 000, G2-chalone--34 000, isoelectric point (pH) 5.55 and 5.85 respectively. G2-chalone is the fastest as compared to G1-chalone in 5% acrylamide gel electrophoresis, pH 8.3. When injected in rabbits, G2-chalone produced monospecific antibodies which have no cross-reactivity with G1-chalone. The amino acid composition of both chalones and immunofluorescent localization of G2-chalone in epidermal tisues are given.", "contents": "[Purification and characterization of epidermal G2- and G1-chalones]. Highly purified epidermal G1- and G2-chalones from rat skin inhibit the entering of epidermocytes to S and M phases of cell cycle respectively. Their biological activity is characterized by tissue-specificity and not by species-specificity. Both of them are tissue-specific glycoproteins as for their antigenic properties. Molecular weight of G1-chlone is 21 000, G2-chalone--34 000, isoelectric point (pH) 5.55 and 5.85 respectively. G2-chalone is the fastest as compared to G1-chalone in 5% acrylamide gel electrophoresis, pH 8.3. When injected in rabbits, G2-chalone produced monospecific antibodies which have no cross-reactivity with G1-chalone. The amino acid composition of both chalones and immunofluorescent localization of G2-chalone in epidermal tisues are given."}
{"id": "PMID:149572", "title": "[Effect of para-chlorophenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan on the caudate nucleus in cats].", "content": "In unrestrained cats parachlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, increased the thresholds of the contraversive reaction and arrest reaction accompanied by spindle-waves in the sensory-motor cortex in the stimulation of the rostro-ventral areas of the caudate nucleus. The reactions evoked from the dorso-medial areas of the head and the body of the nucleus changed differently. On the contrary, 5-hydroxytryptophane, serotonin precursor, increased most of the indices of the caudate activity independently of the site of stimulation. It is suggested that the serotoninergic mechanisms (antagonistic to the dophaminergic system) existing in the ventral part of the caudate nucleus may trigger some caudate functions.", "contents": "[Effect of para-chlorophenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan on the caudate nucleus in cats]. In unrestrained cats parachlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of serotonin synthesis, increased the thresholds of the contraversive reaction and arrest reaction accompanied by spindle-waves in the sensory-motor cortex in the stimulation of the rostro-ventral areas of the caudate nucleus. The reactions evoked from the dorso-medial areas of the head and the body of the nucleus changed differently. On the contrary, 5-hydroxytryptophane, serotonin precursor, increased most of the indices of the caudate activity independently of the site of stimulation. It is suggested that the serotoninergic mechanisms (antagonistic to the dophaminergic system) existing in the ventral part of the caudate nucleus may trigger some caudate functions."}
{"id": "PMID:149573", "title": "[Change in the activity of epidermal chalones during skin reaction to the effect of a carcinogen and epilation].", "content": "The biological activity of an epidermal G2-chalone extracted from the rat back skin was found to decrease 1 to 2 days after the treatment with methylnitrosourea (a carcinogen), and one day after the epilation. Results of quantitative recording and morphological analysis of the skin serving as the source of chalones, pointed to different mechanisms which underlay this effect.", "contents": "[Change in the activity of epidermal chalones during skin reaction to the effect of a carcinogen and epilation]. The biological activity of an epidermal G2-chalone extracted from the rat back skin was found to decrease 1 to 2 days after the treatment with methylnitrosourea (a carcinogen), and one day after the epilation. Results of quantitative recording and morphological analysis of the skin serving as the source of chalones, pointed to different mechanisms which underlay this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:149574", "title": "[Effect of blockers of serotonin and noradrenaline synthesis on learning with emotionally different reinforcement in rats].", "content": "The effect of inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine synthesis in the brain on learning was investigated in rats with emotionally different reinforcement. Parachlorphenylalanine (320 mg/kg) was shown to inhibit learning with food reinforcement, but facilitated learning with pain reinforcement. Disulfiram (100 mg/kg) inhibited learning with pain reinforcement considerably, but failed to influence learning with food reinforcement. Alpha-methyl-m-thyrosine inhibited both forms of learning. These new facts are in line with our previous data on mediating role of the brain monoaminergic systems between emotions and memory.", "contents": "[Effect of blockers of serotonin and noradrenaline synthesis on learning with emotionally different reinforcement in rats]. The effect of inhibitor of serotonin and norepinephrine synthesis in the brain on learning was investigated in rats with emotionally different reinforcement. Parachlorphenylalanine (320 mg/kg) was shown to inhibit learning with food reinforcement, but facilitated learning with pain reinforcement. Disulfiram (100 mg/kg) inhibited learning with pain reinforcement considerably, but failed to influence learning with food reinforcement. Alpha-methyl-m-thyrosine inhibited both forms of learning. These new facts are in line with our previous data on mediating role of the brain monoaminergic systems between emotions and memory."}
{"id": "PMID:149575", "title": "[Role of membrane-bound calcium in changes in the ATPase activity, permeability and structural state of human erythrocyte membranes].", "content": "A study was conducted on the reconstituted erythrocytes obtained by the method of fast reversible hemolysis. The concentration of free Ca2+ ions in the reconstituted erythrocytes was supported by Ca-EGTA and Ca-nitrate buffers. Oubain-uninhibited ATPase component with a high affinity for Ca2+ (K0.5=4 micron) and alteration of passive and active K+-permeability in the region of free Ca2+ concentration up to 10 micron could be determined only when the content of membrane-bound Ca+ varied. Depletion of the inner side of the membrane of reconstituted erythrocyte is accompanied by alteration of hydrophobic character of the hydrocarbon region of the membrane. It is suggested that Ca+-induced alterations in the structure of the erythrocyte membrane may be a direct cause of the alterations in ATPase activity with a high Ca2+ affinity and permeability for univalent cations.", "contents": "[Role of membrane-bound calcium in changes in the ATPase activity, permeability and structural state of human erythrocyte membranes]. A study was conducted on the reconstituted erythrocytes obtained by the method of fast reversible hemolysis. The concentration of free Ca2+ ions in the reconstituted erythrocytes was supported by Ca-EGTA and Ca-nitrate buffers. Oubain-uninhibited ATPase component with a high affinity for Ca2+ (K0.5=4 micron) and alteration of passive and active K+-permeability in the region of free Ca2+ concentration up to 10 micron could be determined only when the content of membrane-bound Ca+ varied. Depletion of the inner side of the membrane of reconstituted erythrocyte is accompanied by alteration of hydrophobic character of the hydrocarbon region of the membrane. It is suggested that Ca+-induced alterations in the structure of the erythrocyte membrane may be a direct cause of the alterations in ATPase activity with a high Ca2+ affinity and permeability for univalent cations."}
{"id": "PMID:149576", "title": "[Quantitative histoenzymologic characteristics of the submaxillary salivary glands of white rats during an ovarian cycle].", "content": "Ovarian cycle in albino rats was applied to ascertain the problem of the relationship between the salivary and endocrine glands, and also of the extent of participation of individual components of the salivary glands with different functional orientation in the endocrine regulation of individual components of the salivary glands. The content of protein, mucopolysaccharides, DNA, and RNA, the activity of NAD- and NADP-diaphorase, alkaline phosphatase, malate and isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-leucine-aminopeptidase was studied. Cytospectrophotometric analysis showed that synchronous changes in the activity of the enzymes under study occurred in all the portions of the salivary glands, depending on the ovarian cycle phases. Of the four successive phases of the cycle the greatest activity of the enzymes and of the protein and mucopolysaccharide content was noted during the proestrus and metaestrus. Different metabolic processes were observed in the salivary ducts in comparison with other parts of the gland; this was apparently connected with peculiarities of the secretion and hormone production.", "contents": "[Quantitative histoenzymologic characteristics of the submaxillary salivary glands of white rats during an ovarian cycle]. Ovarian cycle in albino rats was applied to ascertain the problem of the relationship between the salivary and endocrine glands, and also of the extent of participation of individual components of the salivary glands with different functional orientation in the endocrine regulation of individual components of the salivary glands. The content of protein, mucopolysaccharides, DNA, and RNA, the activity of NAD- and NADP-diaphorase, alkaline phosphatase, malate and isocitrate dehydrogenase, alpha-leucine-aminopeptidase was studied. Cytospectrophotometric analysis showed that synchronous changes in the activity of the enzymes under study occurred in all the portions of the salivary glands, depending on the ovarian cycle phases. Of the four successive phases of the cycle the greatest activity of the enzymes and of the protein and mucopolysaccharide content was noted during the proestrus and metaestrus. Different metabolic processes were observed in the salivary ducts in comparison with other parts of the gland; this was apparently connected with peculiarities of the secretion and hormone production."}
{"id": "PMID:149577", "title": "Molecular weight and some chemical properties of the granulocytic chalone.", "content": "Granulocytic Chalone (GCh) has been highly purified from culture medium conditioned by human peripheral leukocytes. Purification was performed by column chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and G-10, rechromatography on G-10, preparative paper chromatography and thin-layer-chromatography. The inhibitory activity and specificity of GCh was monitored by agar colony formation and 3H-thymidine incorporation into bone marrow and thymic cells. The gelchromatographic behavior of GCh is discussed in detail with regard to its molecular weight. The results obtained indicate that GCh may be a small (MW 500--600), acidic and highly polar peptide containing aspartic and glutamic acid among others. The N-terminal aminogroup seems to be blocked.", "contents": "Molecular weight and some chemical properties of the granulocytic chalone. Granulocytic Chalone (GCh) has been highly purified from culture medium conditioned by human peripheral leukocytes. Purification was performed by column chromatography on Sephadex G-25 and G-10, rechromatography on G-10, preparative paper chromatography and thin-layer-chromatography. The inhibitory activity and specificity of GCh was monitored by agar colony formation and 3H-thymidine incorporation into bone marrow and thymic cells. The gelchromatographic behavior of GCh is discussed in detail with regard to its molecular weight. The results obtained indicate that GCh may be a small (MW 500--600), acidic and highly polar peptide containing aspartic and glutamic acid among others. The N-terminal aminogroup seems to be blocked."}
{"id": "PMID:149578", "title": "Vein surgery during defibrinogenation.", "content": "The effect of defibrinogenation on thrombosis after thrombectomy and on the patency of Dacron femoral vein grafts has been studied in dogs. In all experiments the defibrinogenation significantly reduced thrombosis. Bleeding from suture lines and through the Dacron prostheses was not increased.", "contents": "Vein surgery during defibrinogenation. The effect of defibrinogenation on thrombosis after thrombectomy and on the patency of Dacron femoral vein grafts has been studied in dogs. In all experiments the defibrinogenation significantly reduced thrombosis. Bleeding from suture lines and through the Dacron prostheses was not increased."}
{"id": "PMID:149580", "title": "Response to transient disturbances during intentional forearm flexion in man.", "content": "Steps of torque were applied to the human forearm during intentional flexion movements with peak velocities of 40-500 degrees/sec and during ballistically initiated flexion movements. The question asked was whether or not the motor ouput to both agonist and antagonist muscles is independent of sensory input data or is accessible and influenced by these inputs. The data obtained demonstrate unequivocally that the applied perturbation affects the motor output, irrespective of the speed of the movement. The time of onset of the reflex changes in motor output and their maxima are related to the movement's parameters. Data are presented which indicate that the source for the reflex changes observed are the muscle spindles.", "contents": "Response to transient disturbances during intentional forearm flexion in man. Steps of torque were applied to the human forearm during intentional flexion movements with peak velocities of 40-500 degrees/sec and during ballistically initiated flexion movements. The question asked was whether or not the motor ouput to both agonist and antagonist muscles is independent of sensory input data or is accessible and influenced by these inputs. The data obtained demonstrate unequivocally that the applied perturbation affects the motor output, irrespective of the speed of the movement. The time of onset of the reflex changes in motor output and their maxima are related to the movement's parameters. Data are presented which indicate that the source for the reflex changes observed are the muscle spindles."}
{"id": "PMID:149581", "title": "Blockage of depolarization-induced mitogenesis in CNS neurons by 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine.", "content": "Experiments designed to provide further evidence, at the basic metabolic level, that true mitogenesis and mitotic activity are being induced in CNS neurons in response to sustained ionic depolarization were conducted. The ability of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR), a well-studied inhibitor of normal mitogenesis in naturally proliferating cells, to block induction of DNA synthesis (and subsequent nuclear division) in culture-matured neurons depolarized with ouabain was ascertained, as well as the ability of exogenously supplied thymidine to permit effective bypass of such blockage. Observations of the sequence of intracellular morphological changes induced by ouabain were also made, along with a determination of the alterations in this sequence introduced by FUdR. The results indicate that ouabain mediated depolarization rapidly induces and/or activates the key mitogenic enzyme thymidylate synthetase in the mitotically quiescent neurons, along with all other mitogenesis-specific enzymes required for DNA synthesis and nuclear division. A probable mechanism by which such mitogenic induction may proceed is elaborated. The early morphological changes observed correlate well with the early time-sequence of mitogenic metabolic events, while development of the later changes appears to be dependent upon the progress of mitogenesis activity. The results support the possibility that CNS neurons of adult origin may also be induced to initiate normal mitogenesis by appropriately imposed depolarization treatments.", "contents": "Blockage of depolarization-induced mitogenesis in CNS neurons by 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine. Experiments designed to provide further evidence, at the basic metabolic level, that true mitogenesis and mitotic activity are being induced in CNS neurons in response to sustained ionic depolarization were conducted. The ability of 5-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (FUdR), a well-studied inhibitor of normal mitogenesis in naturally proliferating cells, to block induction of DNA synthesis (and subsequent nuclear division) in culture-matured neurons depolarized with ouabain was ascertained, as well as the ability of exogenously supplied thymidine to permit effective bypass of such blockage. Observations of the sequence of intracellular morphological changes induced by ouabain were also made, along with a determination of the alterations in this sequence introduced by FUdR. The results indicate that ouabain mediated depolarization rapidly induces and/or activates the key mitogenic enzyme thymidylate synthetase in the mitotically quiescent neurons, along with all other mitogenesis-specific enzymes required for DNA synthesis and nuclear division. A probable mechanism by which such mitogenic induction may proceed is elaborated. The early morphological changes observed correlate well with the early time-sequence of mitogenic metabolic events, while development of the later changes appears to be dependent upon the progress of mitogenesis activity. The results support the possibility that CNS neurons of adult origin may also be induced to initiate normal mitogenesis by appropriately imposed depolarization treatments."}
{"id": "PMID:149584", "title": "Effect of dichloromethylene diphosphonate on morphology, enzyme activity, and ash content of bones of thyroparathyroidectomized rats.", "content": "Dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) was given at doses of 4 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg daily for 7 days to adult thyroparathyroidectomized rats fed a low calcium diet. Primary metaphyseal trabeculae in Cl2MDP-treated rats were more numerous and longer than in controls. The light and electron microscopic appearance of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts were unaltered by Cl2MDP. Bone alkaline phosphatase was significantly elevated in rats given Cl2MDP but adenosine triphosphatase activity was unchanged. Bone fat-free weight, fat-free minus ash weight, and bone calcium and phosphorus concentration were reduced significantly in rats given 10 mg/kg Cl2MDP compared to controls. Bone magnesium concentration was significantly elevated in rats given 10 mg/kg Cl2MDP. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentration were lower in Cl2MDP-treated rats. These results suggest that Cl2MDP is capable of altering bone remodeling, enzyme activity and mineral content, without significantly altering bone cell morphology, independent of the effects of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and dietary calcium.", "contents": "Effect of dichloromethylene diphosphonate on morphology, enzyme activity, and ash content of bones of thyroparathyroidectomized rats. Dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) was given at doses of 4 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg daily for 7 days to adult thyroparathyroidectomized rats fed a low calcium diet. Primary metaphyseal trabeculae in Cl2MDP-treated rats were more numerous and longer than in controls. The light and electron microscopic appearance of osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts were unaltered by Cl2MDP. Bone alkaline phosphatase was significantly elevated in rats given Cl2MDP but adenosine triphosphatase activity was unchanged. Bone fat-free weight, fat-free minus ash weight, and bone calcium and phosphorus concentration were reduced significantly in rats given 10 mg/kg Cl2MDP compared to controls. Bone magnesium concentration was significantly elevated in rats given 10 mg/kg Cl2MDP. Serum calcium and phosphorus concentration were lower in Cl2MDP-treated rats. These results suggest that Cl2MDP is capable of altering bone remodeling, enzyme activity and mineral content, without significantly altering bone cell morphology, independent of the effects of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and dietary calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:149585", "title": "Neurospora endoexonuclease and its inactive (precursor?) form.", "content": "Two nuclease activities which were shown previously to copurify from extracts of log-phase Neurospora mycleia, a single-strand specific endonuclease activity (with DNA and RNA), and a strand nonspecific exonuclease activity (with DNA only) have been found to be associated with a single polypeptide. The enzyme has therefore been classified as an endoexonuclease. In logphase extracts, about 75% of this enzyme was found to exist in an inactive form which was activated in vitro either by endogenous phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride sensitive proteinase(s) or by exogenous trypsin. The inactive form of endoexonuclease has been purified 45-fold in 15% yield free of the active enzyme. On electrophoresis in 6 M urea--polyacrylamide gels, it migrated at a much slower rate than the active enzyme, indicating that it is a less acidic and(or) larger protein than the active nuclease. The strong adsorption of this inactive enzyme on octyl-Sepharose suggests that the protein may have a relatively large hydrophobic domain. The protein may be a precursor of the active enzyme (a pronuclease) or a strong complex of enzyme with a proteinaceous inhibitor that is not dissociated in 6 M urea or during a variety of chromatographic procedures.", "contents": "Neurospora endoexonuclease and its inactive (precursor?) form. Two nuclease activities which were shown previously to copurify from extracts of log-phase Neurospora mycleia, a single-strand specific endonuclease activity (with DNA and RNA), and a strand nonspecific exonuclease activity (with DNA only) have been found to be associated with a single polypeptide. The enzyme has therefore been classified as an endoexonuclease. In logphase extracts, about 75% of this enzyme was found to exist in an inactive form which was activated in vitro either by endogenous phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride sensitive proteinase(s) or by exogenous trypsin. The inactive form of endoexonuclease has been purified 45-fold in 15% yield free of the active enzyme. On electrophoresis in 6 M urea--polyacrylamide gels, it migrated at a much slower rate than the active enzyme, indicating that it is a less acidic and(or) larger protein than the active nuclease. The strong adsorption of this inactive enzyme on octyl-Sepharose suggests that the protein may have a relatively large hydrophobic domain. The protein may be a precursor of the active enzyme (a pronuclease) or a strong complex of enzyme with a proteinaceous inhibitor that is not dissociated in 6 M urea or during a variety of chromatographic procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:149586", "title": "Assembly of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Synthesis of calsequestrin and the Ca2+ + Mg2+ -adenosine triphosphatase on membrane-bound polyribosomes.", "content": "Membrane-bound and free polyribosomes were isolated from skeletal muscle of neonatal rats and messages were translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate treated with Ca2+ -dependent nuclease to reduce endogenous messenger translation. Newly synthesized calsequestrin and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) sere isolated by antibody precipitation, followed by separation of the precipitates in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Radioactivity in calsequestrin and the ATPase  were counted in gel slices. Calsewuestrin and the ATPase were both found to be synthesized on membrane-bound polyribosomes. Since calsequestrin is a glycoprotein, localized in Golgi regions in early stages of muscle cell differentiation, it is probable that its synthesis follows the pathway for synthesis of secreted proteins except that its destination is the luminal space of a cellular organelle. The disposition of the ATPase during synthesis is, as yet, unknown.", "contents": "Assembly of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Synthesis of calsequestrin and the Ca2+ + Mg2+ -adenosine triphosphatase on membrane-bound polyribosomes. Membrane-bound and free polyribosomes were isolated from skeletal muscle of neonatal rats and messages were translated in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate treated with Ca2+ -dependent nuclease to reduce endogenous messenger translation. Newly synthesized calsequestrin and adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) sere isolated by antibody precipitation, followed by separation of the precipitates in SDS-polyacrylamide gels. Radioactivity in calsequestrin and the ATPase  were counted in gel slices. Calsewuestrin and the ATPase were both found to be synthesized on membrane-bound polyribosomes. Since calsequestrin is a glycoprotein, localized in Golgi regions in early stages of muscle cell differentiation, it is probable that its synthesis follows the pathway for synthesis of secreted proteins except that its destination is the luminal space of a cellular organelle. The disposition of the ATPase during synthesis is, as yet, unknown."}
{"id": "PMID:149587", "title": "Binding of the Ca2+,Mg2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli to phospholipid vesicles.", "content": "Incubation of the Ca2+,Mg2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli with phospholipid vesicles resulted in binding of the enzyme to the lipid. Binding was observed with vesicles of soybean phospholipid (asolectin), phosphatidyglycerol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and cardiolpin. Binding was not affected by alterations in pH in the range of pH 6.5 to 8.5, by ionic strength, or by the presence of Mg2+. Loss of the delta subunit from the enzyme had no effect on binding. However, removal of the delta and epsilon subunits by treatment of the enzyme with trypsin prevented binding to phospholipid. This treatment also removed a small portion (less than 2000 daltons) of the alpha subunit. It is concluded that the ATPase of E. coli binds to phospholipid vesicles mainly by nonpolar interactions through the alpha and (or) epilson subunits of the enzyme.", "contents": "Binding of the Ca2+,Mg2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli to phospholipid vesicles. Incubation of the Ca2+,Mg2+-activated adenosine triphosphatase of Escherichia coli with phospholipid vesicles resulted in binding of the enzyme to the lipid. Binding was observed with vesicles of soybean phospholipid (asolectin), phosphatidyglycerol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylcholine, and cardiolpin. Binding was not affected by alterations in pH in the range of pH 6.5 to 8.5, by ionic strength, or by the presence of Mg2+. Loss of the delta subunit from the enzyme had no effect on binding. However, removal of the delta and epsilon subunits by treatment of the enzyme with trypsin prevented binding to phospholipid. This treatment also removed a small portion (less than 2000 daltons) of the alpha subunit. It is concluded that the ATPase of E. coli binds to phospholipid vesicles mainly by nonpolar interactions through the alpha and (or) epilson subunits of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:149588", "title": "Lymphocyte transformation in patients with staged mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome.", "content": "Lymphocyte transformation was studied in patients with mycosis fungoides and the S\u00e9zary syndrome with particular reference to the stage of disease. Phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis was normal in stage II, became depressed in stage III and was greatly reduced in stage IV disease. Similar abnormalities were found in patients with the S\u00e9zary syndrome once the proportion of abnormal cells in the peripheral blood exceeded 10%. It is concluded that stag III mycosis fungoides is probably a critical period in determining dissemination of the disease.", "contents": "Lymphocyte transformation in patients with staged mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary syndrome. Lymphocyte transformation was studied in patients with mycosis fungoides and the S\u00e9zary syndrome with particular reference to the stage of disease. Phytohemagglutinin-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis was normal in stage II, became depressed in stage III and was greatly reduced in stage IV disease. Similar abnormalities were found in patients with the S\u00e9zary syndrome once the proportion of abnormal cells in the peripheral blood exceeded 10%. It is concluded that stag III mycosis fungoides is probably a critical period in determining dissemination of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:149589", "title": "Comparison of biochemical and biological effects of four nitrosoureas with differing carbamoylating activities.", "content": "Four chloroethylnitrosoureas with differing degrees of carbamoylating activity were compared for their effects on incorporation of radioactive precursors into macromolecules. The comparisons were made with concentrations that, for each drug, produced a defined biological effect, either an 0.5-log or a 2-log reduction in cloning efficiency from a 1-hr drug exposure. Dose-dependent inhibition of incorporation of labeled precursors into nucleic acids and proteins was observed during the 1-hr drug exposure with either of the two strongly carbamoylating nitrosoureas, 1-3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-u-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea; the most extensive inhibition involved incorporation into DNA. No inhibitions were observed during exposure to a weakly carbamoylating nitrosourea (chlorozotocin) or during exposure to 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, a compound the carbamoylating activity of which is not agreed upon. By 4 hr after removal of 1-3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea or 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea from the extracellular medium, the cells had partially recovered from the earlier inhibition of radioactive thymidine incorporation. This recovery was, however, dependent upon an undefined factor present in serum. The inhibitions that were observed during the 1-hr drug exposure are clearly not essential to the cytotoxic effect of chloroethylnitrosoureas since no inhibitions occurred with two of the four compounds studied.", "contents": "Comparison of biochemical and biological effects of four nitrosoureas with differing carbamoylating activities. Four chloroethylnitrosoureas with differing degrees of carbamoylating activity were compared for their effects on incorporation of radioactive precursors into macromolecules. The comparisons were made with concentrations that, for each drug, produced a defined biological effect, either an 0.5-log or a 2-log reduction in cloning efficiency from a 1-hr drug exposure. Dose-dependent inhibition of incorporation of labeled precursors into nucleic acids and proteins was observed during the 1-hr drug exposure with either of the two strongly carbamoylating nitrosoureas, 1-3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-u-nitrosourea and 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea; the most extensive inhibition involved incorporation into DNA. No inhibitions were observed during exposure to a weakly carbamoylating nitrosourea (chlorozotocin) or during exposure to 1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, a compound the carbamoylating activity of which is not agreed upon. By 4 hr after removal of 1-3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea or 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea from the extracellular medium, the cells had partially recovered from the earlier inhibition of radioactive thymidine incorporation. This recovery was, however, dependent upon an undefined factor present in serum. The inhibitions that were observed during the 1-hr drug exposure are clearly not essential to the cytotoxic effect of chloroethylnitrosoureas since no inhibitions occurred with two of the four compounds studied."}
{"id": "PMID:149590", "title": "Susceptibilities of normal and malignant human lung cells in culture to the cytocidal action of antitumor agents.", "content": "Cultured normal and malignant human lung cells were examined for their different sensitivities to the cytocidal action of nine antitumor and three non-antitumor agents. The malignant cells were killed preferentially at lower concentrations and in a shorter time with each antitumor agent, Adriamycin, neocarzinostatin, bleomycin, actinomycin D, mitomycin C, carboquone, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, 5-fluorouracil, and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. Among these, Adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil, and 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine exhibited a higher differential lethal action on the malignant cells than did the other antitumor agents. The two cell lines exhibited little difference in cytolytic sensitivity to non-antitumor cytotoxic agents such as amphotericin B, G-strophanthin, and alph-amanitin.", "contents": "Susceptibilities of normal and malignant human lung cells in culture to the cytocidal action of antitumor agents. Cultured normal and malignant human lung cells were examined for their different sensitivities to the cytocidal action of nine antitumor and three non-antitumor agents. The malignant cells were killed preferentially at lower concentrations and in a shorter time with each antitumor agent, Adriamycin, neocarzinostatin, bleomycin, actinomycin D, mitomycin C, carboquone, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine, 5-fluorouracil, and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. Among these, Adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil, and 5-fluoro-deoxyuridine exhibited a higher differential lethal action on the malignant cells than did the other antitumor agents. The two cell lines exhibited little difference in cytolytic sensitivity to non-antitumor cytotoxic agents such as amphotericin B, G-strophanthin, and alph-amanitin."}
{"id": "PMID:149595", "title": "Alteration of nucleolar dispersion in prophase by 5-FUdR treatment.", "content": "The action of 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) used as an inhibitor of RNA synthesis on the nucleolar evolution during mitosis, has been studied in meristematic cells. Under FUdR treatment the nucleolar dispersion appears as a continuous process, but generally it is not completed and nucleolar remnants remain throughout the whole mitosis. The nucleolar material which was dispersed is transported by the mitotic chromosomes, and in telophase contributed to the formation of the new nucleolus. The non-dispersed part persisted in the cytoplasm during telophase, coexisting with both the prenucleolar bodies and the new nucleolus which was being formed. Our results suggest the necessity of some kind of RNA synthesis, preferentially blocked by FUdR, for nucleolar dispersion to take place.", "contents": "Alteration of nucleolar dispersion in prophase by 5-FUdR treatment. The action of 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) used as an inhibitor of RNA synthesis on the nucleolar evolution during mitosis, has been studied in meristematic cells. Under FUdR treatment the nucleolar dispersion appears as a continuous process, but generally it is not completed and nucleolar remnants remain throughout the whole mitosis. The nucleolar material which was dispersed is transported by the mitotic chromosomes, and in telophase contributed to the formation of the new nucleolus. The non-dispersed part persisted in the cytoplasm during telophase, coexisting with both the prenucleolar bodies and the new nucleolus which was being formed. Our results suggest the necessity of some kind of RNA synthesis, preferentially blocked by FUdR, for nucleolar dispersion to take place."}
{"id": "PMID:149613", "title": "[New data on serotonin control of sexual receptivity in the rat].", "content": "Serotonin was shown to be involved in the mechanisms whereby olfactory bulbs controlled sexual receptivity between 18 and 19 hrs. on prooestrus in 4-day cyclic female rats.", "contents": "[New data on serotonin control of sexual receptivity in the rat]. Serotonin was shown to be involved in the mechanisms whereby olfactory bulbs controlled sexual receptivity between 18 and 19 hrs. on prooestrus in 4-day cyclic female rats."}
{"id": "PMID:149614", "title": "[Production of prostaglandins in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) between allograft donors and recipients].", "content": "A prostaglandin-like activity, as evaluated by a bio-assay using the fundus of Rat stomach, has been demonstrated in supernatants of lymphocyte cultures. This activity undergoes a striking increase in supernatants of mixed cultures of allograft donor and recipient cells, when compared with control supernatants of donor or recipient cells cultured alone. This phenomenon is observed after 24 hrs. of culture. It disappears if the supernatant is dialyzed. Little or no increase in prostaglandin-like activity is found in supernatants of primary mixed lymphocyte cultures (without previous allograft), at lest in the first two days of culture.", "contents": "[Production of prostaglandins in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) between allograft donors and recipients]. A prostaglandin-like activity, as evaluated by a bio-assay using the fundus of Rat stomach, has been demonstrated in supernatants of lymphocyte cultures. This activity undergoes a striking increase in supernatants of mixed cultures of allograft donor and recipient cells, when compared with control supernatants of donor or recipient cells cultured alone. This phenomenon is observed after 24 hrs. of culture. It disappears if the supernatant is dialyzed. Little or no increase in prostaglandin-like activity is found in supernatants of primary mixed lymphocyte cultures (without previous allograft), at lest in the first two days of culture."}
{"id": "PMID:149615", "title": "An approach to the planning and evaluation of a parental involvement course.", "content": "This paper reports the organization, content and evaluation of a parental involvement course. The course was designed to fulfill the expressed needs of parents whose children attended a local authority day ESN(S) school. The course was directed by Educational Psychologists working closely with the staff from the special school. One particular method of collecting data on the effectiveness of such a course is illustrated and discussed.", "contents": "An approach to the planning and evaluation of a parental involvement course. This paper reports the organization, content and evaluation of a parental involvement course. The course was designed to fulfill the expressed needs of parents whose children attended a local authority day ESN(S) school. The course was directed by Educational Psychologists working closely with the staff from the special school. One particular method of collecting data on the effectiveness of such a course is illustrated and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149620", "title": "Extraction and analysis of coffee bean allergens.", "content": "Workers in the coffee industry can develop occupational allergic disease upon exposure to dust associated with coffee manufacturing. Since controversy exists as to the source or chemical nature of these allergens, the mouse model of reaginic antibody production was used to assess the potential sources of allergens in samples obtained from a local coffee manufacturing plant. Mice were immunized with extracts of coffee dust and beans and the resulting reaginic antibody response determined by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction. Cross-reacting allergens were detected in samples of coffee dust, cleaner can debris and green coffee beans, but not in chaff or roasted coffee beans. None of the allergens detected in coffee samples cross-reacted with extract of castor beans, although these extracts contained the potent castor bean allergen. Green coffee bean allergens partially purified by gel filtration were heterogeneous with respect to molecular size, although quite similar in their reactivity with reaginic antiserum. These results suggest that the green coffee bean is the major source of allergen in coffee manufacturing plants. This allergen is heterogeneous with respect to size and heat lability, and is immunochemically different from the castor bean allergen.", "contents": "Extraction and analysis of coffee bean allergens. Workers in the coffee industry can develop occupational allergic disease upon exposure to dust associated with coffee manufacturing. Since controversy exists as to the source or chemical nature of these allergens, the mouse model of reaginic antibody production was used to assess the potential sources of allergens in samples obtained from a local coffee manufacturing plant. Mice were immunized with extracts of coffee dust and beans and the resulting reaginic antibody response determined by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction. Cross-reacting allergens were detected in samples of coffee dust, cleaner can debris and green coffee beans, but not in chaff or roasted coffee beans. None of the allergens detected in coffee samples cross-reacted with extract of castor beans, although these extracts contained the potent castor bean allergen. Green coffee bean allergens partially purified by gel filtration were heterogeneous with respect to molecular size, although quite similar in their reactivity with reaginic antiserum. These results suggest that the green coffee bean is the major source of allergen in coffee manufacturing plants. This allergen is heterogeneous with respect to size and heat lability, and is immunochemically different from the castor bean allergen."}
{"id": "PMID:149617", "title": "Families with handicapped children--who helps whom and how?", "content": "So much has been written about handicapped children and their families that one hesitates to add to this, but, equally, relatively little seems to have been discussed about all the various professions who are together concerned with helping these children and their families and how this can best be achieved. Secondly, it seems even more important that the caring professions should be aware of what these families feel about \"the help\" which they are given--only by knowing this can we all learn how to work more effectively together.", "contents": "Families with handicapped children--who helps whom and how? So much has been written about handicapped children and their families that one hesitates to add to this, but, equally, relatively little seems to have been discussed about all the various professions who are together concerned with helping these children and their families and how this can best be achieved. Secondly, it seems even more important that the caring professions should be aware of what these families feel about \"the help\" which they are given--only by knowing this can we all learn how to work more effectively together."}
{"id": "PMID:149616", "title": "Sensory deprivation in young children.", "content": "The importance of the role of intentional movement and active exploration in the development of a child's knowledge concerning his body, his movement and his surrounding is recognized. Senoristasis is defined and the concept applied to deprivation studies with animal and human subjects. It is suggested that the principle can be used to explain behavioural patterns found in two groups of children who may suffer from sensory deprivation; namely those who live in environments which provide insufficient stimulation and those who lack the necessary mobility to explore the environment in which they live. The importance in a young child's development of a rich sensory environment and opportunities for exploration are stressed.", "contents": "Sensory deprivation in young children. The importance of the role of intentional movement and active exploration in the development of a child's knowledge concerning his body, his movement and his surrounding is recognized. Senoristasis is defined and the concept applied to deprivation studies with animal and human subjects. It is suggested that the principle can be used to explain behavioural patterns found in two groups of children who may suffer from sensory deprivation; namely those who live in environments which provide insufficient stimulation and those who lack the necessary mobility to explore the environment in which they live. The importance in a young child's development of a rich sensory environment and opportunities for exploration are stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:149618", "title": "Observations of young normal and handicapped children.", "content": "An observational study was made of 1-2-year-old children, and of mentally handicapped children functioning at a similar level, to determine the extent to which they involved themselves in play with toys and other objects and the extent to which their day was \"empty\". Observations of normal children were made in their homes and in day nurseries; observations of mentally handicapped children were made at home, in day care centres (special schools) and in the schools and wards of subnormality hospitals. In no setting were children interacting with adults for more than 20% of their non-routine time. These findings seem to justify concern over independent play with toys and other objects. The handicapped children in all settings had \"emptier\" days than the normal children, this being accounted for by greater amounts of inattentive handling of objects and self-stimulation and lesser amounts of social interaction and attentive play. However, attentive play scores for the handicapped children varied markedly with setting. In appropriate circumstances, there can be as much spontaneous contact with objects in handicapped children as in normal children at a similar development level. Despite current concern over the effects of day care on the development of very young children, normal children in day nurseries did not differ from normal children at home, either in attentive play scores or in the proportion of nonroutine time spent interacting with adults.", "contents": "Observations of young normal and handicapped children. An observational study was made of 1-2-year-old children, and of mentally handicapped children functioning at a similar level, to determine the extent to which they involved themselves in play with toys and other objects and the extent to which their day was \"empty\". Observations of normal children were made in their homes and in day nurseries; observations of mentally handicapped children were made at home, in day care centres (special schools) and in the schools and wards of subnormality hospitals. In no setting were children interacting with adults for more than 20% of their non-routine time. These findings seem to justify concern over independent play with toys and other objects. The handicapped children in all settings had \"emptier\" days than the normal children, this being accounted for by greater amounts of inattentive handling of objects and self-stimulation and lesser amounts of social interaction and attentive play. However, attentive play scores for the handicapped children varied markedly with setting. In appropriate circumstances, there can be as much spontaneous contact with objects in handicapped children as in normal children at a similar development level. Despite current concern over the effects of day care on the development of very young children, normal children in day nurseries did not differ from normal children at home, either in attentive play scores or in the proportion of nonroutine time spent interacting with adults."}
{"id": "PMID:149622", "title": "The effects of kwashiorkor serum on lymphocyte transformation in vitro.", "content": "The serum from twelve children with kwashiorkor was deficient in its ability to support lymphocyte transformation in vitro, whereas lymphocytes from these children responded to phytohaemagglutinin and al-ogeneic lymphocytes in a relatively normal manner when cultured in normal serum. This serum abnormality improved with therapy and could not be clearly correlated with the degree of malnutrition, the presence or absence of infection or other laboratory manifestations of kwashiorkor. These observations indicate that defective cellular immune reactions in kwashiorkor may be symptomatic of a lack of some humoral factor and do not necessarily reflect an intrinsic cellular defect.", "contents": "The effects of kwashiorkor serum on lymphocyte transformation in vitro. The serum from twelve children with kwashiorkor was deficient in its ability to support lymphocyte transformation in vitro, whereas lymphocytes from these children responded to phytohaemagglutinin and al-ogeneic lymphocytes in a relatively normal manner when cultured in normal serum. This serum abnormality improved with therapy and could not be clearly correlated with the degree of malnutrition, the presence or absence of infection or other laboratory manifestations of kwashiorkor. These observations indicate that defective cellular immune reactions in kwashiorkor may be symptomatic of a lack of some humoral factor and do not necessarily reflect an intrinsic cellular defect."}
{"id": "PMID:149623", "title": "Changes in immunological activity of rat lymphoid organs during pregnancy.", "content": "Immune reactivity in lymhoid organs of rats during the last week of syngeneic (Lewis: L x L) or allogeneic (females Lewis x males Wistar: L x W) pregnancy was compared with that found in non-pregnant animals. The thymus weight was slightly reduced and the response of thymic lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A was slightly, but not significantly, elevated in pregnant rats. By contrast, the response of lymphoid cells from spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes to the mitogens was reduced in rats during advanced pregnancy. The immune response of lymphocytes from pregnant L x W rats to allogenic (Brown-Norway: BN) or semiallogeneic (W) irradiated cells was tested by the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) assay. The MLC response of para-aortic lymph nodes towards the unrelated BN cells was elevated over that of non-pregnant rats on day 15 of pregnancy. No significant enhancement was observed at the same time in the MLC response of mesenteric lymph nodes. On day 20 of pregnancy, a reduced MLC response towards BN cells was found in the mesenteric and para-aortic lymph nodes. On day 15 of pregnancy, the MLC response of mesenteric and, more markedly, that of para-aortic lymph nodes to paternal (W) cells was enhanced, as compared to that of non-pregnant rats. On day 20 of pregnancy, the response of mesenteric lymph nodes was suppressed, while the response of para-aortic lymph nodes was similar to that found in non-pregnant rats. Since the latter lymph nodes are the most directly exposed to antigenic stimulation from the uterus, it seems unlikely that the suppression in response to T-cell mitogens observed in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes during pregnancy accounts for the survival of the foetus. It seems more plausible that local factors in the vicinity of the uterus protect the foetus from being rejected.", "contents": "Changes in immunological activity of rat lymphoid organs during pregnancy. Immune reactivity in lymhoid organs of rats during the last week of syngeneic (Lewis: L x L) or allogeneic (females Lewis x males Wistar: L x W) pregnancy was compared with that found in non-pregnant animals. The thymus weight was slightly reduced and the response of thymic lymphocytes to phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A was slightly, but not significantly, elevated in pregnant rats. By contrast, the response of lymphoid cells from spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes to the mitogens was reduced in rats during advanced pregnancy. The immune response of lymphocytes from pregnant L x W rats to allogenic (Brown-Norway: BN) or semiallogeneic (W) irradiated cells was tested by the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) assay. The MLC response of para-aortic lymph nodes towards the unrelated BN cells was elevated over that of non-pregnant rats on day 15 of pregnancy. No significant enhancement was observed at the same time in the MLC response of mesenteric lymph nodes. On day 20 of pregnancy, a reduced MLC response towards BN cells was found in the mesenteric and para-aortic lymph nodes. On day 15 of pregnancy, the MLC response of mesenteric and, more markedly, that of para-aortic lymph nodes to paternal (W) cells was enhanced, as compared to that of non-pregnant rats. On day 20 of pregnancy, the response of mesenteric lymph nodes was suppressed, while the response of para-aortic lymph nodes was similar to that found in non-pregnant rats. Since the latter lymph nodes are the most directly exposed to antigenic stimulation from the uterus, it seems unlikely that the suppression in response to T-cell mitogens observed in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes during pregnancy accounts for the survival of the foetus. It seems more plausible that local factors in the vicinity of the uterus protect the foetus from being rejected."}
{"id": "PMID:149629", "title": "Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to isophorone diamine (IPD) used as an epoxy resin hardener.", "content": "Three patients employed in the manufacture of plastic tennis rackets developed allergic contact dermatitis to isophorone diamine (IPD), an epoxy resin hardener, and concomitantly to epoxy resin. Patch tests were positive to IPD at 1, 2 and 5% in olive oil and to IPD at 1, 2 and 5% in ethanol. Investigations were conducted in control subjects to confirm the allergic nature of reactions. A review of the literature about IPD and related compounds is presented.", "contents": "Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to isophorone diamine (IPD) used as an epoxy resin hardener. Three patients employed in the manufacture of plastic tennis rackets developed allergic contact dermatitis to isophorone diamine (IPD), an epoxy resin hardener, and concomitantly to epoxy resin. Patch tests were positive to IPD at 1, 2 and 5% in olive oil and to IPD at 1, 2 and 5% in ethanol. Investigations were conducted in control subjects to confirm the allergic nature of reactions. A review of the literature about IPD and related compounds is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:149635", "title": "Alantolactone sensitivity in chrysanthemum contact dermatitis.", "content": "A case of occupational chrysanthemum contact dermatitis is reported. Patch tests showed the patient to be sensitized to Chrysanthemum morifolium (Chr M) leaves, flowers, and stems (alcoholic extracts) and to alantolactone. An attempt at desensitization appears to have been successful. Gas chromatography indicated the presence of alantolactone in all the various parts of Chr M, mostly in the flowers. The \"maximization test\" succeeded in sensitizing guinea pigs to alantolactone.", "contents": "Alantolactone sensitivity in chrysanthemum contact dermatitis. A case of occupational chrysanthemum contact dermatitis is reported. Patch tests showed the patient to be sensitized to Chrysanthemum morifolium (Chr M) leaves, flowers, and stems (alcoholic extracts) and to alantolactone. An attempt at desensitization appears to have been successful. Gas chromatography indicated the presence of alantolactone in all the various parts of Chr M, mostly in the flowers. The \"maximization test\" succeeded in sensitizing guinea pigs to alantolactone."}
{"id": "PMID:149637", "title": "Occupational dermatitis from DNFB with cross sensitivity to DNCB.", "content": "A case of occupational dermatitis in a research biochemist provoked by the Sanger reagent (DNFB), used to mark the terminal amino acid of polypeptides and proteins, has been studied. The patient showed cross sensitivity to DNCB.", "contents": "Occupational dermatitis from DNFB with cross sensitivity to DNCB. A case of occupational dermatitis in a research biochemist provoked by the Sanger reagent (DNFB), used to mark the terminal amino acid of polypeptides and proteins, has been studied. The patient showed cross sensitivity to DNCB."}
{"id": "PMID:149638", "title": "Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to virginiamycin, an antibiotic used as a food additive for pigs and poultry.", "content": "A warehouseman aged 31 working in a pharmaceutical factory got an occupational contact dermatitis to virginiamycin (factor M), an antibiotic used as a food additive for pigs and poultry. A review is made of contact dermatitis to virginiamycin and to pristinamycin.", "contents": "Occupational allergic contact dermatitis to virginiamycin, an antibiotic used as a food additive for pigs and poultry. A warehouseman aged 31 working in a pharmaceutical factory got an occupational contact dermatitis to virginiamycin (factor M), an antibiotic used as a food additive for pigs and poultry. A review is made of contact dermatitis to virginiamycin and to pristinamycin."}
{"id": "PMID:149645", "title": "The effect of chondrocyte growth factor on membrane transport by articular chondrocytes in monolayer culture.", "content": "Chondrocyte growth factor (CGF), a contaminant of pituitary glycoprotein hormones, stimulates growth of cultured lapine articular chondrocytes while depressing SO4-proteoglycan synthesis. To study its effect on membrane transport, NIH-bTSH and two other preparations with comparable CGF activity were employed. In early log phase (36 hr) cultures CGF (64 microgram/ml) did not alter thymidine (dThd) uptake during the first 5 min. By 15 min however, TCA-precipitable dThd was 4-fold greater than in controls while the TCA-soluble fraction remained the same. CGF increased deoxy-glucose (DG) uptake in 36-hr old cultures. At 66 hr, CGF reduced DG transport. The transport of cycloleucine (CL) and aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) was reduced by CGF in 36 and 66-hr old cultures. There was a dose dependency between CGF concentration, the lowered uptake of DG, CL and AIB, and cell protein content. The effect of CGF on DG transport and dThd incorporation into DNA was not immediate but required prior exposure of the cells to CGF. CGF did not alter DG transport in rabbit or mouse fibrocytes or Chang liver cells. This and the reported finding that pituitary fibroblast growth factor (FGF), increases amino acid transport in other cells suggests that the biological specificity of CGF may not be identical to that of FGF.", "contents": "The effect of chondrocyte growth factor on membrane transport by articular chondrocytes in monolayer culture. Chondrocyte growth factor (CGF), a contaminant of pituitary glycoprotein hormones, stimulates growth of cultured lapine articular chondrocytes while depressing SO4-proteoglycan synthesis. To study its effect on membrane transport, NIH-bTSH and two other preparations with comparable CGF activity were employed. In early log phase (36 hr) cultures CGF (64 microgram/ml) did not alter thymidine (dThd) uptake during the first 5 min. By 15 min however, TCA-precipitable dThd was 4-fold greater than in controls while the TCA-soluble fraction remained the same. CGF increased deoxy-glucose (DG) uptake in 36-hr old cultures. At 66 hr, CGF reduced DG transport. The transport of cycloleucine (CL) and aminoisobutyric acid (AIB) was reduced by CGF in 36 and 66-hr old cultures. There was a dose dependency between CGF concentration, the lowered uptake of DG, CL and AIB, and cell protein content. The effect of CGF on DG transport and dThd incorporation into DNA was not immediate but required prior exposure of the cells to CGF. CGF did not alter DG transport in rabbit or mouse fibrocytes or Chang liver cells. This and the reported finding that pituitary fibroblast growth factor (FGF), increases amino acid transport in other cells suggests that the biological specificity of CGF may not be identical to that of FGF."}
{"id": "PMID:149646", "title": "The multicomposite structure of tendon.", "content": "A revised morphological model for the crimp structure of tendon is presented. The 300-500 mu diameter tendons of the mature rat tail are comprised of from one to more than ten substructures, called fascicles, of 80-320 mu diameter. Fascicles each possess a \"crimp structure\" demonstrable in the polarizing microscope and neighboring fascicles within a tendon usually exhibit crimp registry. The fascicle itself is shown to be a cylindrical array of planar-zig-zag crimped 500-5000 A diameter collagen fibrils. The approximate cylindrical symmetry of the fascicle is domonstrated by SEM not equal to and polarizing optical microscopy. A method of replacing native water with other liquids of refractive index near to that of collagen is utilized to reduce or eliminate light diffusion and therby greatly improve OM observations. Small bunches of collagen fibrils removed from the tendon are shown to exhibit the simple planar zig-zag morphology described in previous literature. The planar crimping of collagen fibrils and their assemblage into cylindrically symmetric fascicles is verified by small angle X-ray diffraction.", "contents": "The multicomposite structure of tendon. A revised morphological model for the crimp structure of tendon is presented. The 300-500 mu diameter tendons of the mature rat tail are comprised of from one to more than ten substructures, called fascicles, of 80-320 mu diameter. Fascicles each possess a \"crimp structure\" demonstrable in the polarizing microscope and neighboring fascicles within a tendon usually exhibit crimp registry. The fascicle itself is shown to be a cylindrical array of planar-zig-zag crimped 500-5000 A diameter collagen fibrils. The approximate cylindrical symmetry of the fascicle is domonstrated by SEM not equal to and polarizing optical microscopy. A method of replacing native water with other liquids of refractive index near to that of collagen is utilized to reduce or eliminate light diffusion and therby greatly improve OM observations. Small bunches of collagen fibrils removed from the tendon are shown to exhibit the simple planar zig-zag morphology described in previous literature. The planar crimping of collagen fibrils and their assemblage into cylindrically symmetric fascicles is verified by small angle X-ray diffraction."}
{"id": "PMID:149647", "title": "Ultrastructural deformation of collagen.", "content": "Ultrastructure deformation studies of reconstituted and native rat tail tendon collagen revealed that deformation occurs primarily in the non-staining and presumably non-polar proline rich regions for all ages examined. At low deformation (tension and compression) the deformation occurs somewhat more between the a2 and b1 and b2 and c2 bands than within the rest of the d period. At moderate elongations (greater than 40%), the deformation becomes localized between the c2 and d bands, with subfibrils on the order of 3-15 nm being drawn across the openings between the c2 and d bands. At high elongations (100% or greater) d period splitting occur on a regular basis between the c2 and d bands, along with a retraction of the 64 nm repeat period into 60 nm segments. It is in this deformation region that the effects of molecular slip and the apparent association of the acid mucopolysaccharides can be noted. These results suggest that crosslinking, if increasing as a function of age, does not affect the deformation characteristics of the individual fibrils and that changes with age in mechanical properties should be sought in changes in the fibril size and their interaction with the surrounding matrix.", "contents": "Ultrastructural deformation of collagen. Ultrastructure deformation studies of reconstituted and native rat tail tendon collagen revealed that deformation occurs primarily in the non-staining and presumably non-polar proline rich regions for all ages examined. At low deformation (tension and compression) the deformation occurs somewhat more between the a2 and b1 and b2 and c2 bands than within the rest of the d period. At moderate elongations (greater than 40%), the deformation becomes localized between the c2 and d bands, with subfibrils on the order of 3-15 nm being drawn across the openings between the c2 and d bands. At high elongations (100% or greater) d period splitting occur on a regular basis between the c2 and d bands, along with a retraction of the 64 nm repeat period into 60 nm segments. It is in this deformation region that the effects of molecular slip and the apparent association of the acid mucopolysaccharides can be noted. These results suggest that crosslinking, if increasing as a function of age, does not affect the deformation characteristics of the individual fibrils and that changes with age in mechanical properties should be sought in changes in the fibril size and their interaction with the surrounding matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:149648", "title": "Simultaneous morphological and stress-strain studies of the fibrous components in wet heart valve leaflet tissue.", "content": "Simultaneous morphological and stress-strain studies have been carried out on heart valve leaflet tissue maintained in its unaltered functional condition. A microtensile tissue testing device is described which inserts directly into the stage of an optical microscope fitted with a Nomarski interference contrast facility. Glutaraldehyde fixation of tissue subjected to different levels of loading reveals that the current stressed state of the collagen fibers is \"frozen\" in by crosslinking process, and as a consequence marked alterations in the preserved tissue properties are produced. This is shown to be relevant to the preparation of the glutaraldehyde treated heterograft heart valve. The mechanical roles of the collagen and elastin components are investigated and a \"complementation\" mechanism is postulated whereby the widely different mechanical properties of the two types of fibers are combined in a non-competing manner to produce a diversity of composite tissue characteristics.", "contents": "Simultaneous morphological and stress-strain studies of the fibrous components in wet heart valve leaflet tissue. Simultaneous morphological and stress-strain studies have been carried out on heart valve leaflet tissue maintained in its unaltered functional condition. A microtensile tissue testing device is described which inserts directly into the stage of an optical microscope fitted with a Nomarski interference contrast facility. Glutaraldehyde fixation of tissue subjected to different levels of loading reveals that the current stressed state of the collagen fibers is \"frozen\" in by crosslinking process, and as a consequence marked alterations in the preserved tissue properties are produced. This is shown to be relevant to the preparation of the glutaraldehyde treated heterograft heart valve. The mechanical roles of the collagen and elastin components are investigated and a \"complementation\" mechanism is postulated whereby the widely different mechanical properties of the two types of fibers are combined in a non-competing manner to produce a diversity of composite tissue characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:149649", "title": "The determination of small amounts of collagen hydroxylysyl glycosides.", "content": "Glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine (GlcGalHyl) and galactosylhydroxylysine (GalHyl) in alkaline hydrolysates of insoluble collagens were separated on 130 x 0.6 cm and 45 x 0.6 cm columns of Chromobeads A resin (Technicon) and simultaneous analyses with ninhydrin and orcinol-H2SO4 were performed. Ninhydrin, which is the standard reagent in existing methods, gave erroneously high results with both columns due to overlapping, resistant peptides. A rapid and more accurate procedure employing the smaller column, the orcinol-H2SO4 reagent and a new internal standard was developed. The losses of the glycosides in alkaline hydrolysis, especially in the presence of collagen peptides, were much larger than had been reported previously. A shorter alkaline hydrolysis following digestion of the collagen with papain was effective and allowed more reliable corrections to be made. Purging with nitrogen reduced the losses further. Mature bovine skin collagen contained less GlcGalHyl than embryonic skin collagen whereas the differences in GalHyl were insignificant.", "contents": "The determination of small amounts of collagen hydroxylysyl glycosides. Glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine (GlcGalHyl) and galactosylhydroxylysine (GalHyl) in alkaline hydrolysates of insoluble collagens were separated on 130 x 0.6 cm and 45 x 0.6 cm columns of Chromobeads A resin (Technicon) and simultaneous analyses with ninhydrin and orcinol-H2SO4 were performed. Ninhydrin, which is the standard reagent in existing methods, gave erroneously high results with both columns due to overlapping, resistant peptides. A rapid and more accurate procedure employing the smaller column, the orcinol-H2SO4 reagent and a new internal standard was developed. The losses of the glycosides in alkaline hydrolysis, especially in the presence of collagen peptides, were much larger than had been reported previously. A shorter alkaline hydrolysis following digestion of the collagen with papain was effective and allowed more reliable corrections to be made. Purging with nitrogen reduced the losses further. Mature bovine skin collagen contained less GlcGalHyl than embryonic skin collagen whereas the differences in GalHyl were insignificant."}
{"id": "PMID:149650", "title": "Evidence for increased protease activity secreted from cultured fibroblasts from patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum.", "content": "Abnormal polyanion metabolism in cultured fibroblasts from patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) was studied by incubating normal and PXE fibroblasts in culture medium containing 35SO4 for 96 hr and measuring differences in secreted 35SO4-labelled proteoglycans (35S-PG). PXE medium contained less high molecular weight (MW) 35S-PG and more low MW 35S-labelled molecules than normal medium. Addition of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), a serine protease inhibitor, to the media after the 96 hr incubation resulted in no change in the MW distribution of 35SO4-labelled molecules in normal media. However, DFP treated PXE medium contained significantly more high MW 35S-PG than either untreated PXE medium or DFP treated normal medium. High MW 35S-PG was isolated from PXE fibroblast culture medium and incubated with serum free medium from either normal or PXE fibroblast cultures. There was significantly more degradation of this 35S-PG to low MW 35S-labelled molecules by PXE medium than by normal medium. 32P-DFP, which binds to the active site of serine proteases, was added to serum free medium from normal and PXE cultures. The specific radioactivity of PXE medium was 4 times greater than that of normal medium. These lines of evidence are consistent with the hypothesis that a biochemical defect in cultured PXE fibroblasts is the increased secretion of a serine protease that can degrade sulfated proteoglycans.", "contents": "Evidence for increased protease activity secreted from cultured fibroblasts from patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Abnormal polyanion metabolism in cultured fibroblasts from patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) was studied by incubating normal and PXE fibroblasts in culture medium containing 35SO4 for 96 hr and measuring differences in secreted 35SO4-labelled proteoglycans (35S-PG). PXE medium contained less high molecular weight (MW) 35S-PG and more low MW 35S-labelled molecules than normal medium. Addition of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP), a serine protease inhibitor, to the media after the 96 hr incubation resulted in no change in the MW distribution of 35SO4-labelled molecules in normal media. However, DFP treated PXE medium contained significantly more high MW 35S-PG than either untreated PXE medium or DFP treated normal medium. High MW 35S-PG was isolated from PXE fibroblast culture medium and incubated with serum free medium from either normal or PXE fibroblast cultures. There was significantly more degradation of this 35S-PG to low MW 35S-labelled molecules by PXE medium than by normal medium. 32P-DFP, which binds to the active site of serine proteases, was added to serum free medium from normal and PXE cultures. The specific radioactivity of PXE medium was 4 times greater than that of normal medium. These lines of evidence are consistent with the hypothesis that a biochemical defect in cultured PXE fibroblasts is the increased secretion of a serine protease that can degrade sulfated proteoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:149653", "title": "Chromosomal polymorphism in Equus hemionus.", "content": "The first cytogenetic studies of the Turkmenian kulan, Equus hemionus kulan, are reported, and a polymorphism in diploid chromosome number is described. Chromosome fusion is apparently involved in the alterations of the karyotype of E. hemionus kulan (2n = 55, 54) when compared to the karyotype of the onager, E. hemionus onager (2n = 56). Additionally, the rearrangement involved has been identified in animals unrelated through captive breeding; inheritance of the fusion chromosomes has also been observed.", "contents": "Chromosomal polymorphism in Equus hemionus. The first cytogenetic studies of the Turkmenian kulan, Equus hemionus kulan, are reported, and a polymorphism in diploid chromosome number is described. Chromosome fusion is apparently involved in the alterations of the karyotype of E. hemionus kulan (2n = 55, 54) when compared to the karyotype of the onager, E. hemionus onager (2n = 56). Additionally, the rearrangement involved has been identified in animals unrelated through captive breeding; inheritance of the fusion chromosomes has also been observed."}
{"id": "PMID:149656", "title": "Immunohistochemical changes of somatostatin cells in the pancreatic islets of rats after streptozotocin administration.", "content": "By the enzyme-labeled antibody method, cells containing somatostatin (SRIF) as well as insulin or glucagon were identified in pancreatic islets of the rat. SRIF antiserum was raised in rabbits followin immunization with synthetic SRIF coupled with human serum alpha-globulin and did not cross-react with hypothalamic, pituitary or gastrointestinal hormones using our immunoassay method. In the control rats, SRIF-containing cells were scattered in the periphery of the islets in close proximity to the outer glucagon containing cells. These latter cells were distributed in the outermost periphery of the islets. Insulin-containing cells were located in the central portion of the islets and dominantly occupied most of the islet. In the streptozotocin-diabetic rat, SRIF-containing cells were significantly increased in number whereas insulin-containing cells were markedly reduced. It is suggested from these findings that the number as well as the distribution of SRIF-, insulin- and glucagon-containing cells was important to the physiological and pathophysiological functioning of the islet.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical changes of somatostatin cells in the pancreatic islets of rats after streptozotocin administration. By the enzyme-labeled antibody method, cells containing somatostatin (SRIF) as well as insulin or glucagon were identified in pancreatic islets of the rat. SRIF antiserum was raised in rabbits followin immunization with synthetic SRIF coupled with human serum alpha-globulin and did not cross-react with hypothalamic, pituitary or gastrointestinal hormones using our immunoassay method. In the control rats, SRIF-containing cells were scattered in the periphery of the islets in close proximity to the outer glucagon containing cells. These latter cells were distributed in the outermost periphery of the islets. Insulin-containing cells were located in the central portion of the islets and dominantly occupied most of the islet. In the streptozotocin-diabetic rat, SRIF-containing cells were significantly increased in number whereas insulin-containing cells were markedly reduced. It is suggested from these findings that the number as well as the distribution of SRIF-, insulin- and glucagon-containing cells was important to the physiological and pathophysiological functioning of the islet."}
{"id": "PMID:149657", "title": "On the kinetics of the reaction between human antiplasmin and a low-molecular-weight form of plasmin.", "content": "The reaction between antiplasmin (A) and a low-molecular-weight form of plasmin (P) proceeds in at least two steps: a fast reversible second-order reaction followed by a slower irreversible first-order transition, and may be represented by: P +A k1 in equilibrium k-1 PA k2 leads to PA'. The low-Mr plasmin, which is obtained by limited elastase digestion, is composed of an intact B chain and a small A chain lacking the lysine-binding sites. The k1 of the reaction is (6.5 +/- 0.5) x 10(5) M-1 s-1 which is 30--60 times smaller than that for normal plasmin and antiplasmin. The dissociation constant of the first step is 1.9 x 10(-9) M which is 10 times higher than for normal plasmin and antiplasmin. The rate constant of the second step is (4.2 +/- 0.2) x 10(-3) s-1 for both normal and low-Mr plasmin. Low Mr plasmin which has substrate bound to its active site does not react or reacts only very slowly with antiplasmin. The reaction rate, however, is only slightly influenced by 6-aminohexanoic acid in concentrations up to 1 mM which decrease the reaction rate of normal plasmin approximately 50-fold. The findings further indicate that the lysine-binding site(s) of plasmin are of great importance for the rate of its reaction with antiplasmin.", "contents": "On the kinetics of the reaction between human antiplasmin and a low-molecular-weight form of plasmin. The reaction between antiplasmin (A) and a low-molecular-weight form of plasmin (P) proceeds in at least two steps: a fast reversible second-order reaction followed by a slower irreversible first-order transition, and may be represented by: P +A k1 in equilibrium k-1 PA k2 leads to PA'. The low-Mr plasmin, which is obtained by limited elastase digestion, is composed of an intact B chain and a small A chain lacking the lysine-binding sites. The k1 of the reaction is (6.5 +/- 0.5) x 10(5) M-1 s-1 which is 30--60 times smaller than that for normal plasmin and antiplasmin. The dissociation constant of the first step is 1.9 x 10(-9) M which is 10 times higher than for normal plasmin and antiplasmin. The rate constant of the second step is (4.2 +/- 0.2) x 10(-3) s-1 for both normal and low-Mr plasmin. Low Mr plasmin which has substrate bound to its active site does not react or reacts only very slowly with antiplasmin. The reaction rate, however, is only slightly influenced by 6-aminohexanoic acid in concentrations up to 1 mM which decrease the reaction rate of normal plasmin approximately 50-fold. The findings further indicate that the lysine-binding site(s) of plasmin are of great importance for the rate of its reaction with antiplasmin."}
{"id": "PMID:149658", "title": "Polyamine-induced actin polymerization.", "content": "Muscle actin has been found to polymerize reversibly upon addition of low concentrations of polyamines. This polymerization, studied by centrifugation, has shown a linear relationship between the actin polymerization yield and the chain length of the polyamine. Among the biological polyamines tested, spermidine and spermine are the most efficient. The polymerization of actin can also be induced by the corresponding mono or diguanidine derivatives of these polyamines but monoamines or amino acids are inactive at the same concentration. The transformation of actin from a globular to a fibrous from upon addition of spermidine is also demonstrated by the changes in the near-ultraviolet circular dichoroic spectrum of this protein. Moreover, the polyamine-induced F -actin exhibits the same properties as the salt-induced F -actin: it strongly activates the Mg2+ -ATPase of myosin, its specific viscosity is enhanced to the same extent and electron micrographs show homogeneous thin filaments.", "contents": "Polyamine-induced actin polymerization. Muscle actin has been found to polymerize reversibly upon addition of low concentrations of polyamines. This polymerization, studied by centrifugation, has shown a linear relationship between the actin polymerization yield and the chain length of the polyamine. Among the biological polyamines tested, spermidine and spermine are the most efficient. The polymerization of actin can also be induced by the corresponding mono or diguanidine derivatives of these polyamines but monoamines or amino acids are inactive at the same concentration. The transformation of actin from a globular to a fibrous from upon addition of spermidine is also demonstrated by the changes in the near-ultraviolet circular dichoroic spectrum of this protein. Moreover, the polyamine-induced F -actin exhibits the same properties as the salt-induced F -actin: it strongly activates the Mg2+ -ATPase of myosin, its specific viscosity is enhanced to the same extent and electron micrographs show homogeneous thin filaments."}
{"id": "PMID:149659", "title": "Reaction mechanism of non-allosteric phosphofructokinase.", "content": "The reaction mechanism of the non-allosteric phosphofructokinase from Lactobacillus plantarum was investigated by initial-rate bisubstrate kinetics and product inhibition kinetics adn by the measurement of equilibrium isotope exchange in the presence of various substrate and product concentrations. The reaction mechanism is clearly sequential. The product inhibition and equilibrium isotope-exchange patterns are consistent with an ordered bi-bi reaction sequence with fructose 6-phosphate as the leading substrate and ADP as the first product released from the enzyme.", "contents": "Reaction mechanism of non-allosteric phosphofructokinase. The reaction mechanism of the non-allosteric phosphofructokinase from Lactobacillus plantarum was investigated by initial-rate bisubstrate kinetics and product inhibition kinetics adn by the measurement of equilibrium isotope exchange in the presence of various substrate and product concentrations. The reaction mechanism is clearly sequential. The product inhibition and equilibrium isotope-exchange patterns are consistent with an ordered bi-bi reaction sequence with fructose 6-phosphate as the leading substrate and ADP as the first product released from the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:149660", "title": "8-Azido-adenosine 5'-triphosphate as a photoaffinity label for bacterial F1 ATPase.", "content": "1. 8-Azido-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (n83ATP) is a suitable photoaffinity label for F1 ATPase from Micrococcus luteus. The nucleotide is a substrate in the presence of bivalent cations and inhibits the enzyme irreversibly upon irradiation with ultraviolet light above 300 nm. 2. More than 80% of the label is covalently bound to the beta subunits in the presence of bivalent cations. Labeling and inactivation is decreased by protection with ADP, ATP or adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate. To a much smaller degree the alpha subunits also become labeled. 3. n83AMP does not specifically bind to the beta subunits upon irradiation. Like n83ATP and n83ADP, it also labels the alpha subunits to a small extent. 4. The F1 ATPase is inactivated after a single beta subunit per F1 complex has become labeled. A cooperativity of the beta subunits carrying nucleotide binding sites is suggested.", "contents": "8-Azido-adenosine 5'-triphosphate as a photoaffinity label for bacterial F1 ATPase. 1. 8-Azido-adenosine 5'-triphosphate (n83ATP) is a suitable photoaffinity label for F1 ATPase from Micrococcus luteus. The nucleotide is a substrate in the presence of bivalent cations and inhibits the enzyme irreversibly upon irradiation with ultraviolet light above 300 nm. 2. More than 80% of the label is covalently bound to the beta subunits in the presence of bivalent cations. Labeling and inactivation is decreased by protection with ADP, ATP or adenyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate. To a much smaller degree the alpha subunits also become labeled. 3. n83AMP does not specifically bind to the beta subunits upon irradiation. Like n83ATP and n83ADP, it also labels the alpha subunits to a small extent. 4. The F1 ATPase is inactivated after a single beta subunit per F1 complex has become labeled. A cooperativity of the beta subunits carrying nucleotide binding sites is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:149661", "title": "Initial events of light-dependent ATP synthesis in spinach subchloroplast particles.", "content": "The kinetics of 32Pi incorporation into adenine nucleotides by subchloroplast particles in the light is studied with a continuous flow apparatus allowing measurements between 3 and 200 ms. After a short lag time from 1 to 3 ms ATP synthesis proceeds with a constant rate. During the first few milliseconds a faster labelling of ADP is detected. This labelling of ADP reaches a constant level up to 1 molecule ADP labelled per molecule of coupling factor present. The labelling pattern in ATP indicates that the labelled ADP does not equilibrate with free ADP. The addition of 32Pi to a phosphorylating system during the light phase (32Pi pulse) exhibits unchanged kinetic characteristics for labelling of ATP and ADP. These results indicate a phosphorylation of AMP to ADP being an intermediate step in photophosphorylation. In experiments carried out in the dark no label is found in ATP within the time analysed. However the labelling of ADP occurs in the same way as in the light.", "contents": "Initial events of light-dependent ATP synthesis in spinach subchloroplast particles. The kinetics of 32Pi incorporation into adenine nucleotides by subchloroplast particles in the light is studied with a continuous flow apparatus allowing measurements between 3 and 200 ms. After a short lag time from 1 to 3 ms ATP synthesis proceeds with a constant rate. During the first few milliseconds a faster labelling of ADP is detected. This labelling of ADP reaches a constant level up to 1 molecule ADP labelled per molecule of coupling factor present. The labelling pattern in ATP indicates that the labelled ADP does not equilibrate with free ADP. The addition of 32Pi to a phosphorylating system during the light phase (32Pi pulse) exhibits unchanged kinetic characteristics for labelling of ATP and ADP. These results indicate a phosphorylation of AMP to ADP being an intermediate step in photophosphorylation. In experiments carried out in the dark no label is found in ATP within the time analysed. However the labelling of ADP occurs in the same way as in the light."}
{"id": "PMID:149662", "title": "The dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein of rat liver mitochondria as a product of the mitochondrial protein synthesis.", "content": "A product of mitochondrial protein synthesis in rat liver mitochondria, characterized by a low molecular weight (Mr is less than 10000) and an unusually high hydrophobicity, has been identified as the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein and as a peptide of the hydrophobic sector of the mitochondrial ATPase complex. The purified protein still possesses the ability of bind dicyclohexylcarbodiimide.", "contents": "The dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein of rat liver mitochondria as a product of the mitochondrial protein synthesis. A product of mitochondrial protein synthesis in rat liver mitochondria, characterized by a low molecular weight (Mr is less than 10000) and an unusually high hydrophobicity, has been identified as the dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-binding protein and as a peptide of the hydrophobic sector of the mitochondrial ATPase complex. The purified protein still possesses the ability of bind dicyclohexylcarbodiimide."}
{"id": "PMID:149665", "title": "Evaluation of chamber and myocardial compliance in pressure overload hypertrophy.", "content": "The effect of pressure overload hypertrophy on isolated myocardial muscle preparations remains controversial. Moreover, the ultimate effect on the diastolic function of the left ventricle in the pressure overload states of man and the relative changes in chamber and myocardial stiffness remain incompletely studied. We review here the methods as well as results of dynamic diastolic stiffness analysis in 18 patients with valvular aortic stenosis and 5 normal subjects based upon the pressure-volume and circumferential stress-strain relations obtained by simultaneous left ventricular micromanometry and high-speed cineangiography. In addition, complementary analysis of dynamic diastolic stiffness findings in chronically instrumented animals, before and after the induction of hypertrophy, are reviewed. Increased diastolic intracavitary pressures during concentric hypertrophy were found to be attributable to both increased muscle mass as well as enhanced myocardial stiffness. However, both chamber and myocardial stiffness changes during hypertrophy were quite variable with some patients (and 2 of 6 dogs) showing no enhancement of stiffness parameters. In the chronically instrumented animals where dynamic, instantaneous stiffness changes and strain rates are more readily studied than in man, viscous (velocity dependent) effects were noted to be enhanced during hypertrophy. It is postulated that variable increases in diastolic stiffness during concentric hypertrophy in the intact heart results from varying degrees of myofiber architectural distortion and/or inconstant collagen content, and further correlative studies of morphology and mechanical function are needed.", "contents": "Evaluation of chamber and myocardial compliance in pressure overload hypertrophy. The effect of pressure overload hypertrophy on isolated myocardial muscle preparations remains controversial. Moreover, the ultimate effect on the diastolic function of the left ventricle in the pressure overload states of man and the relative changes in chamber and myocardial stiffness remain incompletely studied. We review here the methods as well as results of dynamic diastolic stiffness analysis in 18 patients with valvular aortic stenosis and 5 normal subjects based upon the pressure-volume and circumferential stress-strain relations obtained by simultaneous left ventricular micromanometry and high-speed cineangiography. In addition, complementary analysis of dynamic diastolic stiffness findings in chronically instrumented animals, before and after the induction of hypertrophy, are reviewed. Increased diastolic intracavitary pressures during concentric hypertrophy were found to be attributable to both increased muscle mass as well as enhanced myocardial stiffness. However, both chamber and myocardial stiffness changes during hypertrophy were quite variable with some patients (and 2 of 6 dogs) showing no enhancement of stiffness parameters. In the chronically instrumented animals where dynamic, instantaneous stiffness changes and strain rates are more readily studied than in man, viscous (velocity dependent) effects were noted to be enhanced during hypertrophy. It is postulated that variable increases in diastolic stiffness during concentric hypertrophy in the intact heart results from varying degrees of myofiber architectural distortion and/or inconstant collagen content, and further correlative studies of morphology and mechanical function are needed."}
{"id": "PMID:149666", "title": "Relaxation in heart muscle: some morphological and biochemical considerations.", "content": "In striated muscle the transition from the active to the resting state requires a reduction in the cytosolic concentration of ionized calcium (Ca2+), achieved by a rapid sequestration into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the return of some Ca2+ to the extracellular phase. Morphologically the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is heterogeneous. Specialized regions occur whenever the limiting membranes of the SR approach those of the plasmalemma. These specializations include a narrowed lumen, relative to that found in non-specialized parts of the SR, the presence of electron-dense 'feet' extending into the junctional gap separating the facing membranes of the plasmalemma and the SR, and the occurrence of intraluminal densities. These specializations can assume a variety of configurations, some of which appear to be species specific. The accumulation of Ca2+ by the SR, is a rapid process and the required energy is derived from the hydrolysis of ATP via a Ca2+-activated ATPase in the limiting membranes of the SR. Impaired relaxation in heart muscle can result either from an inadequate supply of ATP, Ca2+-overload, failure of the Ca2+-activated ATPase enzyme, leakage of Ca2+ from the SR, or the failure of the cell to return Ca2+ back into the extracellular phase. Evidence will be presented to show that the rise in resting tension that is caused by an inadequate supply of oxygen involves a mobilization of Ca2+ from the internal stores, and insufficient ATP to drive the ATPase enzyme in the SR, rather than a malfunction of the enzyme. Likewise ouabain-induced contractures have been found to be associated with diminished tissue stores of ATP, the rise in tissue Ca2+ occurring as a late phenomenon.", "contents": "Relaxation in heart muscle: some morphological and biochemical considerations. In striated muscle the transition from the active to the resting state requires a reduction in the cytosolic concentration of ionized calcium (Ca2+), achieved by a rapid sequestration into the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the return of some Ca2+ to the extracellular phase. Morphologically the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is heterogeneous. Specialized regions occur whenever the limiting membranes of the SR approach those of the plasmalemma. These specializations include a narrowed lumen, relative to that found in non-specialized parts of the SR, the presence of electron-dense 'feet' extending into the junctional gap separating the facing membranes of the plasmalemma and the SR, and the occurrence of intraluminal densities. These specializations can assume a variety of configurations, some of which appear to be species specific. The accumulation of Ca2+ by the SR, is a rapid process and the required energy is derived from the hydrolysis of ATP via a Ca2+-activated ATPase in the limiting membranes of the SR. Impaired relaxation in heart muscle can result either from an inadequate supply of ATP, Ca2+-overload, failure of the Ca2+-activated ATPase enzyme, leakage of Ca2+ from the SR, or the failure of the cell to return Ca2+ back into the extracellular phase. Evidence will be presented to show that the rise in resting tension that is caused by an inadequate supply of oxygen involves a mobilization of Ca2+ from the internal stores, and insufficient ATP to drive the ATPase enzyme in the SR, rather than a malfunction of the enzyme. Likewise ouabain-induced contractures have been found to be associated with diminished tissue stores of ATP, the rise in tissue Ca2+ occurring as a late phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:149664", "title": "Incidence and prognosis of rheumatic carditis in a Belgian hospital. A 10-yr review (1965-1974).", "content": "106 cases of first attack of acute rheumatic fever were recorded during a decade (ending in 1974) in a Brussels pediatric clinic. 56 patients were Belgian and 50 were children of immigrants. The incidence of acute carditis was 23% among the former, 46% among the latter (P less than or equal to 0.01), and 34% among the whole group. The frequency of residual heart disease after a 3-yr antistreptococcal prophylaxis fell to 20% among the whole group. The difference in morbidity observed between Belgian children and children of immigrants calls for a prospective epidemiological study.", "contents": "Incidence and prognosis of rheumatic carditis in a Belgian hospital. A 10-yr review (1965-1974). 106 cases of first attack of acute rheumatic fever were recorded during a decade (ending in 1974) in a Brussels pediatric clinic. 56 patients were Belgian and 50 were children of immigrants. The incidence of acute carditis was 23% among the former, 46% among the latter (P less than or equal to 0.01), and 34% among the whole group. The frequency of residual heart disease after a 3-yr antistreptococcal prophylaxis fell to 20% among the whole group. The difference in morbidity observed between Belgian children and children of immigrants calls for a prospective epidemiological study."}
{"id": "PMID:149670", "title": "Effect of d-amphetamine on tryptophan and other aromatic amino acids in brain.", "content": "The investigation examined the mechanism of the increase in brain tryptophan concentration of rats treated with d-amphetamine. Certain well recognised influences upon brain tryptophan have been excluded as responsible. Thus, the effect is not associated with changes in the plasma concentrations of NEFA or free tryptophan. It is probably not due to a tryptophan-specific mechanism, because amphetamine increases the ratio of brain/plasma concentrations not only of tryptophan but also of tyrosine and phenylalanine. The concentration ratios for liver/plasma also rose, as did the liver tryptophan concentration, but these changes were less striking than for brain. Both alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking drugs opposed the changes in brain, but in different ways. Thus, after treatment of rats with phentolamine, amphetamine decreased the plasma concentrations of the three aromatic amino acids; however, as the brain concentrations were little altered, the brain/plasma concentration ratios rose. Propranolol (and the dopamine blocker pimozide) opposed the increases of the ratios, so that the brain concentrations again altered little. The increased brain/plasma ratios resulting from the administration of amphetamine were associated with hyperthermia. Propranolol, pimozide and the diabetogenic drug streptozotocin opposed the changes in both plasma and brain; phentolamine affected neither. Despite the increase in brain tryptophan caused by amphetamine this drug had relatively little concurrent effect on 5HT synthesis. Experiments with adrenergic blockers suggest that the small rise of plasma insulin after the injection of amphetamine into rats did not cause the brain changes; these are probably a consequence of hyperthermia. The findings with streptozotocin suggest that the hyperthermic effect of amphetamine is manifested only in states of normal insulin secretion.", "contents": "Effect of d-amphetamine on tryptophan and other aromatic amino acids in brain. The investigation examined the mechanism of the increase in brain tryptophan concentration of rats treated with d-amphetamine. Certain well recognised influences upon brain tryptophan have been excluded as responsible. Thus, the effect is not associated with changes in the plasma concentrations of NEFA or free tryptophan. It is probably not due to a tryptophan-specific mechanism, because amphetamine increases the ratio of brain/plasma concentrations not only of tryptophan but also of tyrosine and phenylalanine. The concentration ratios for liver/plasma also rose, as did the liver tryptophan concentration, but these changes were less striking than for brain. Both alpha- and beta-adrenergic blocking drugs opposed the changes in brain, but in different ways. Thus, after treatment of rats with phentolamine, amphetamine decreased the plasma concentrations of the three aromatic amino acids; however, as the brain concentrations were little altered, the brain/plasma concentration ratios rose. Propranolol (and the dopamine blocker pimozide) opposed the increases of the ratios, so that the brain concentrations again altered little. The increased brain/plasma ratios resulting from the administration of amphetamine were associated with hyperthermia. Propranolol, pimozide and the diabetogenic drug streptozotocin opposed the changes in both plasma and brain; phentolamine affected neither. Despite the increase in brain tryptophan caused by amphetamine this drug had relatively little concurrent effect on 5HT synthesis. Experiments with adrenergic blockers suggest that the small rise of plasma insulin after the injection of amphetamine into rats did not cause the brain changes; these are probably a consequence of hyperthermia. The findings with streptozotocin suggest that the hyperthermic effect of amphetamine is manifested only in states of normal insulin secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:149671", "title": "Lack of interaction of spironolactone with ouabain guinea pig isolated heart muscle preparations.", "content": "The effect of spironolactone on ouabain action was studied in experiments on guinea pig isolated heart muscle preparations. There was no effect of spironolactone on the ouabain-induced positive inotropic or toxic effects in isolated papillary muscles. This was accompanied by a lack of spironolactone effect on myocardial ouabain uptake. Only rather high spironolactone concentrations (1 X 10(-4) M) led to a reduced cardiac ouabain uptake (about 10%). The subcellular distribution pattern of ouabain, however, remained unchanged under these conditions. Studies on ouabain binding to a cardiac NaK-ATPase supported the conclusion that a direct interaction of spironolactone and cardiac glycosides at the myocardium could be ruled out.", "contents": "Lack of interaction of spironolactone with ouabain guinea pig isolated heart muscle preparations. The effect of spironolactone on ouabain action was studied in experiments on guinea pig isolated heart muscle preparations. There was no effect of spironolactone on the ouabain-induced positive inotropic or toxic effects in isolated papillary muscles. This was accompanied by a lack of spironolactone effect on myocardial ouabain uptake. Only rather high spironolactone concentrations (1 X 10(-4) M) led to a reduced cardiac ouabain uptake (about 10%). The subcellular distribution pattern of ouabain, however, remained unchanged under these conditions. Studies on ouabain binding to a cardiac NaK-ATPase supported the conclusion that a direct interaction of spironolactone and cardiac glycosides at the myocardium could be ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:149679", "title": "[The effect of concomitant administration of dehydroepiandrosterone with progesterone on decidual growth in the rat (author's transl)].", "content": "Studies were made on the effect of concomitant administration of dehydroepiandrosterone acetate (DHA-Ac) with progesterone on decidual growth in the rat. Virgin female rats of Wistar strain weighing about 250 g were used. Daily vaginal smears were recorded and, during the time of vaginal cornification, the animals were made pseudopregnant by tapping the uterine cervix. Day 1 of the pseudopregnancy was designated as the day that the vaginal smears contained primarily leucocytes. On day 4 of the pseudopregnancy, each animal was laparotomized midventrally, and bilateral ovariectomy and scratching of the uterine endometrium were performed. Progesterone, alone or in combination with DHA-Ac, was injected from day 4 of the pseudopregnancy (immediately after ovariectomy) through day 8. On day 9 of the pseudopregnancy all animals were killed. The weights of the uterus, and the deciduoma-inducing score, etc, were estimated. Massive deciduomata weighing 2768 +/- 84 mg per uterus were induced in intact pseudopregnant rats. Treatment with 2 mg progesterone evoked maximal responses of only 754 +/- 101 mg. The concomitant administration of 20 mg DHA-Ac with 2 mg progesterone reproduced the decidual weight observed in intact rats, but 2.5 mg or 5 mg DHA-Ac in combination with 2 mg progesterone was only slightly effective. The weights of the uterus, the deciduoma-inducing score, the histological findings, and the effects of the DHA-Ac were discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of concomitant administration of dehydroepiandrosterone with progesterone on decidual growth in the rat (author's transl)]. Studies were made on the effect of concomitant administration of dehydroepiandrosterone acetate (DHA-Ac) with progesterone on decidual growth in the rat. Virgin female rats of Wistar strain weighing about 250 g were used. Daily vaginal smears were recorded and, during the time of vaginal cornification, the animals were made pseudopregnant by tapping the uterine cervix. Day 1 of the pseudopregnancy was designated as the day that the vaginal smears contained primarily leucocytes. On day 4 of the pseudopregnancy, each animal was laparotomized midventrally, and bilateral ovariectomy and scratching of the uterine endometrium were performed. Progesterone, alone or in combination with DHA-Ac, was injected from day 4 of the pseudopregnancy (immediately after ovariectomy) through day 8. On day 9 of the pseudopregnancy all animals were killed. The weights of the uterus, and the deciduoma-inducing score, etc, were estimated. Massive deciduomata weighing 2768 +/- 84 mg per uterus were induced in intact pseudopregnant rats. Treatment with 2 mg progesterone evoked maximal responses of only 754 +/- 101 mg. The concomitant administration of 20 mg DHA-Ac with 2 mg progesterone reproduced the decidual weight observed in intact rats, but 2.5 mg or 5 mg DHA-Ac in combination with 2 mg progesterone was only slightly effective. The weights of the uterus, the deciduoma-inducing score, the histological findings, and the effects of the DHA-Ac were discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149680", "title": "[The determination of plasma and urinary estetrol (E4) for assessing fetal and neonatal prognosis (author's transl)].", "content": "As estetrol (E4) is believed to be the steroid most likely to wholly dependent on fetal origin, we developed a radiommunoassay for unconjugated and conjugated E4 (E4-U and E4-G) and investigated plasma and urinary levels serially throughout the second half of pregnancy to establish their validity by means of monitoring or screening tests to assess fetal well-being. E4 exhibits a remarkable increase during the latter half of pregnancy. At term, the mean E4-U level in maternal peripheral plasma was 0.67 +/- 0.33 ng/ml, a five fold increase from that at 28 weeks; E4-G was 4.57 +/- 2.84 ng/ml, showing a four fold increase; and E4-G levels in maternal urine were 1.68 +/- 0.96 mg/day, showing a three fold increase from that at 28 weeks. E4-U and E4-G levels showed no diurnal change. The coefficient of the correlation between plasma E4-U and E4-G was 0.699, which is satisfactory, but no correlation was found between urinary and plasma E4 levels. A significant correlation was shown between maternal and umbilical E4-U (r=0.820) and E4-G (r=0.608). No relationships between E4 levels and birth weight were detected. Pre-eclampsia, Rh-isoimmunization and diabetes mellitus are common complications of pregnancy which may cause latent fetal distress. Prenatal fetal assessment was performed by serial daily evaluations of these E4 values. In pre-eclampsia resulting in a small full term baby, E4 levels were mostly below normal mean values or failed to show an increased pattern. In addition, the E4 levels decreased in one case of neonatal death. In Rh-isoimmunization, plasma E4-G levels were lower in the group affected severely by the hemolytic desease. In a patient with diabetes mellitus delivered of a healthy baby, E4 levels were within the range of a normal pregnancy. In order to evaluate fetal and placental reserve capacities as well as feto-placental function, the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHA-S) loading test was performed by loading selected subjects with 50 mg of DHA-S, then serially measuring the E4 in the maternal plasma and urine. Intravenous infusion of 50 mg of DHA-S was completed in 60 minutes. A rapid and sharp increase of plasma E4 was observed, reaching maximal concentrations at 120 minutes in normal pregnancies. However, urinary levels showed patterns similar to those reported for estriol (E3). In some abnormal pregnancies, no increased or delayed patterns were observed in plasma E4-G levels, while the serial levels remained within the normal range. This possibly suggests that in these pregnancies, fetal functions had been inhibited or had reached their limit. It is concluded that the simultaneous determinations of serial E4 levels accompanied by the DHA-S loading test may be of value in assessing fetal well-being and reserve capacity and may therefore improve fetal and neonatal prognosis in abnormal pregnancies.", "contents": "[The determination of plasma and urinary estetrol (E4) for assessing fetal and neonatal prognosis (author's transl)]. As estetrol (E4) is believed to be the steroid most likely to wholly dependent on fetal origin, we developed a radiommunoassay for unconjugated and conjugated E4 (E4-U and E4-G) and investigated plasma and urinary levels serially throughout the second half of pregnancy to establish their validity by means of monitoring or screening tests to assess fetal well-being. E4 exhibits a remarkable increase during the latter half of pregnancy. At term, the mean E4-U level in maternal peripheral plasma was 0.67 +/- 0.33 ng/ml, a five fold increase from that at 28 weeks; E4-G was 4.57 +/- 2.84 ng/ml, showing a four fold increase; and E4-G levels in maternal urine were 1.68 +/- 0.96 mg/day, showing a three fold increase from that at 28 weeks. E4-U and E4-G levels showed no diurnal change. The coefficient of the correlation between plasma E4-U and E4-G was 0.699, which is satisfactory, but no correlation was found between urinary and plasma E4 levels. A significant correlation was shown between maternal and umbilical E4-U (r=0.820) and E4-G (r=0.608). No relationships between E4 levels and birth weight were detected. Pre-eclampsia, Rh-isoimmunization and diabetes mellitus are common complications of pregnancy which may cause latent fetal distress. Prenatal fetal assessment was performed by serial daily evaluations of these E4 values. In pre-eclampsia resulting in a small full term baby, E4 levels were mostly below normal mean values or failed to show an increased pattern. In addition, the E4 levels decreased in one case of neonatal death. In Rh-isoimmunization, plasma E4-G levels were lower in the group affected severely by the hemolytic desease. In a patient with diabetes mellitus delivered of a healthy baby, E4 levels were within the range of a normal pregnancy. In order to evaluate fetal and placental reserve capacities as well as feto-placental function, the dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHA-S) loading test was performed by loading selected subjects with 50 mg of DHA-S, then serially measuring the E4 in the maternal plasma and urine. Intravenous infusion of 50 mg of DHA-S was completed in 60 minutes. A rapid and sharp increase of plasma E4 was observed, reaching maximal concentrations at 120 minutes in normal pregnancies. However, urinary levels showed patterns similar to those reported for estriol (E3). In some abnormal pregnancies, no increased or delayed patterns were observed in plasma E4-G levels, while the serial levels remained within the normal range. This possibly suggests that in these pregnancies, fetal functions had been inhibited or had reached their limit. It is concluded that the simultaneous determinations of serial E4 levels accompanied by the DHA-S loading test may be of value in assessing fetal well-being and reserve capacity and may therefore improve fetal and neonatal prognosis in abnormal pregnancies."}
{"id": "PMID:149684", "title": "Effect of Propionibacterium acnes or BCG on enzyme activities in spleen lymphocytes of Donryu strain rats.", "content": "Immunopotentiated rats, which were injected with Propionibacterium acnes or BCG, had the 50% survival twice as long as those in untreated controls after intravenous inoculation of Sato lung carcinoma (SLC) cells. The amount of labeled tumor cells in the lung of the adjuvant-treated rats decreased significantly in the first 20 hr after intravenous injection of 51Cr-labeled tumor cells compared to that of control animals. The elevated activities of ATPase and acid phosphatase in the whole nucleated spleen cells as well as spleen lymphocytes separated by Ficoll-Conray gradient were also demonstrated in adjuvant-treated groups. These data suggested that the elevation of ATPase and acid phosphatase activities in nucleated spleen cells as well as spleen lymphocytes has an important role for the suppression of tumor growth in adjuvant-treated rats.", "contents": "Effect of Propionibacterium acnes or BCG on enzyme activities in spleen lymphocytes of Donryu strain rats. Immunopotentiated rats, which were injected with Propionibacterium acnes or BCG, had the 50% survival twice as long as those in untreated controls after intravenous inoculation of Sato lung carcinoma (SLC) cells. The amount of labeled tumor cells in the lung of the adjuvant-treated rats decreased significantly in the first 20 hr after intravenous injection of 51Cr-labeled tumor cells compared to that of control animals. The elevated activities of ATPase and acid phosphatase in the whole nucleated spleen cells as well as spleen lymphocytes separated by Ficoll-Conray gradient were also demonstrated in adjuvant-treated groups. These data suggested that the elevation of ATPase and acid phosphatase activities in nucleated spleen cells as well as spleen lymphocytes has an important role for the suppression of tumor growth in adjuvant-treated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:149685", "title": "DNA repair in human leukemic leucocytes treated with neocarzinostatin.", "content": "Neocarzinostatin, an antineoplastic agent which is effective against human leukemia, induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in human leukemic leucocytes. This indicated the existence of repair process against at least a part of DNA damage caused by the agent. The extent of unscheduled DNA synthesis increased in parallel with the concentration of Neocarzinostatin up to 5 microgram/ml, followed by a decline at more than 5 microgram/ml. Leucocytes from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia had higher repair synthesis after Neocarzinostatin treatment compared to those from patients with acute leukemia. The amount of repair synthesis correlated well with the proportion of immature leucocytes among chronic myelogenous leukemia samples, but such correlation was not found among acute leukemia samples.", "contents": "DNA repair in human leukemic leucocytes treated with neocarzinostatin. Neocarzinostatin, an antineoplastic agent which is effective against human leukemia, induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in human leukemic leucocytes. This indicated the existence of repair process against at least a part of DNA damage caused by the agent. The extent of unscheduled DNA synthesis increased in parallel with the concentration of Neocarzinostatin up to 5 microgram/ml, followed by a decline at more than 5 microgram/ml. Leucocytes from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia had higher repair synthesis after Neocarzinostatin treatment compared to those from patients with acute leukemia. The amount of repair synthesis correlated well with the proportion of immature leucocytes among chronic myelogenous leukemia samples, but such correlation was not found among acute leukemia samples."}
{"id": "PMID:149686", "title": "Mixed lymphocyte--tumor cell culture reaction in cancer patients.", "content": "To measure immunological reactivity or recognition of tumor antigens, mixed lymphocyte--tumor cell culture reaction (MLTR) was studied using a micromethod. The peripheral lymphocytes of cancer patients were mixed in vitro with autochthonous tumor cells that had been irradiated with 60Co at a dose of 6,000 rad just before use. The lymphocyte blastogenic response was estimated by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in the acid-insoluble fraction and expressed as counts per minute. The stimulation index equal to or greater than 2.0 was arbitrarily expressed as positive blastogenic response in the present experiment. Positive blastogenic responses to autochthonous tumor cells were observed in 10 of 34 patients with various solid tumors. The intensity of blastogenic response to tumor cells was correlated with that of the non-specific responses to PHA (r=0.4732, P less than 0.01). These results indicated that non-self tumor-associated antigens, which could induce in vitro blastogenic response of autologous lymphocytes, were present in some part of human tumors.", "contents": "Mixed lymphocyte--tumor cell culture reaction in cancer patients. To measure immunological reactivity or recognition of tumor antigens, mixed lymphocyte--tumor cell culture reaction (MLTR) was studied using a micromethod. The peripheral lymphocytes of cancer patients were mixed in vitro with autochthonous tumor cells that had been irradiated with 60Co at a dose of 6,000 rad just before use. The lymphocyte blastogenic response was estimated by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine in the acid-insoluble fraction and expressed as counts per minute. The stimulation index equal to or greater than 2.0 was arbitrarily expressed as positive blastogenic response in the present experiment. Positive blastogenic responses to autochthonous tumor cells were observed in 10 of 34 patients with various solid tumors. The intensity of blastogenic response to tumor cells was correlated with that of the non-specific responses to PHA (r=0.4732, P less than 0.01). These results indicated that non-self tumor-associated antigens, which could induce in vitro blastogenic response of autologous lymphocytes, were present in some part of human tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:149687", "title": "Laparoscopic cholangiography in the diagnosis of cholestasis: experience with 103 cases.", "content": "The results of 103 laparoscopic cholangiographies performed in patients with cholestasis are reported and the technique used is described. Minimal or no secondary effects were noted. A correct diagnosis was reached in 92 cases, 53 of which presented cholestasis of an extrahepatic nature and 39 of intrahepatic origin. In the latter group, the technique made exploratory laparotomy unnecessary. The procedure allows a roentgenologic examination of the biliary system, a direct evaluation of the liver and gallbladder and, if necessary, a liver biopsy.", "contents": "Laparoscopic cholangiography in the diagnosis of cholestasis: experience with 103 cases. The results of 103 laparoscopic cholangiographies performed in patients with cholestasis are reported and the technique used is described. Minimal or no secondary effects were noted. A correct diagnosis was reached in 92 cases, 53 of which presented cholestasis of an extrahepatic nature and 39 of intrahepatic origin. In the latter group, the technique made exploratory laparotomy unnecessary. The procedure allows a roentgenologic examination of the biliary system, a direct evaluation of the liver and gallbladder and, if necessary, a liver biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:149691", "title": "[Prenatal diagnosis in pregnancies at advanced maternal age (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 113 prenatal diagnoses in pregnancies at advanced maternal age (mothers older than 37 years) 7 aberrant fetal karyotypes were found (6.2%). Detailed reports of one case of trisomy 21, 18 and 13 each, as well as of XXY-, XYY- and XXX gonosomal constitution respectively are presented in the following. The frequency and severity of chromosome aberrations occurring in fetuses from elder women are discussed with respect to data from the literature. It seems that this group bears a higher risk for chromosomally abnormal offspring than has been suggested before.", "contents": "[Prenatal diagnosis in pregnancies at advanced maternal age (author's transl)]. Among 113 prenatal diagnoses in pregnancies at advanced maternal age (mothers older than 37 years) 7 aberrant fetal karyotypes were found (6.2%). Detailed reports of one case of trisomy 21, 18 and 13 each, as well as of XXY-, XYY- and XXX gonosomal constitution respectively are presented in the following. The frequency and severity of chromosome aberrations occurring in fetuses from elder women are discussed with respect to data from the literature. It seems that this group bears a higher risk for chromosomally abnormal offspring than has been suggested before."}
{"id": "PMID:149694", "title": "An apparent connection between histidine, recombination, and repair in Neurospora.", "content": "Two mutants of Neurospora crassa, uvs-3 and mei-3, share four properties--UV sensitivity, inhibition by histidine, meiotic blockage when homozygous, and increased duplication instability (due to mitotic crossing over, to deletions or to both). The present paper shows that a third nonallelic mutant, uvs-6, exhibits the same four properties.--Also, the instability of duplications in the absence of any UV-sensitive mutant is increased by the presence of histidine in the growth medium.", "contents": "An apparent connection between histidine, recombination, and repair in Neurospora. Two mutants of Neurospora crassa, uvs-3 and mei-3, share four properties--UV sensitivity, inhibition by histidine, meiotic blockage when homozygous, and increased duplication instability (due to mitotic crossing over, to deletions or to both). The present paper shows that a third nonallelic mutant, uvs-6, exhibits the same four properties.--Also, the instability of duplications in the absence of any UV-sensitive mutant is increased by the presence of histidine in the growth medium."}
{"id": "PMID:149695", "title": "[Medico-genetic study of the population of the Samarkand region. II. Population-genetic description of 4 kishlaks of the Urgut district].", "content": "This report is a second one in a series of works devoted to the medico-genetical screening of Uzbekistan populations. The paper comprises the results of the analysis of the populational structure of one of the village councils (soviets) of the Urgut District of the Samarkand Region. The main parameters of the population studied were as follows: total number 1529 persons, the average number of inhabitants of one village--328. The proportion of the inhabitants studied--56%, the average number of persons per family--5.22; the average period between subsequent generations--30-35 years, the gametic index--0.8, the inbreeding coefficient inferred from pedigrees--0.018899--0.00781, Fst = 0.03577, the average genetic distanse according to Edwards--0.0231-0.0671. The distribution of Mendelian markers (ABO, Rh, Hp and Ptc) was studied. The observed ratio between a high degree of inbreeding and a relatively low extent of isolation of populations permits to explain satisfactorily the distribution and frequencies of hereditary pathology in the Urgut District of the Samarkand Region pointed out in the previous report.", "contents": "[Medico-genetic study of the population of the Samarkand region. II. Population-genetic description of 4 kishlaks of the Urgut district]. This report is a second one in a series of works devoted to the medico-genetical screening of Uzbekistan populations. The paper comprises the results of the analysis of the populational structure of one of the village councils (soviets) of the Urgut District of the Samarkand Region. The main parameters of the population studied were as follows: total number 1529 persons, the average number of inhabitants of one village--328. The proportion of the inhabitants studied--56%, the average number of persons per family--5.22; the average period between subsequent generations--30-35 years, the gametic index--0.8, the inbreeding coefficient inferred from pedigrees--0.018899--0.00781, Fst = 0.03577, the average genetic distanse according to Edwards--0.0231-0.0671. The distribution of Mendelian markers (ABO, Rh, Hp and Ptc) was studied. The observed ratio between a high degree of inbreeding and a relatively low extent of isolation of populations permits to explain satisfactorily the distribution and frequencies of hereditary pathology in the Urgut District of the Samarkand Region pointed out in the previous report."}
{"id": "PMID:149692", "title": "[Abdominal laparoscopy, experience in 1,400 cases studied].", "content": "Laparoscopy is a simple and sure method of diagnosis for the gastroenterologist. Laparascopy does not oppose exploratory laparatomy and can often substitute it advantageously. In fact it causes less morbility and mortality, less discomfort to the patient, requires only local anesthesia, permits leaving the hospital within 4 hours, and when done by an experienced and able person provides data of great usefulness in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. A laparoscopy can confirm or refute various doubtful clinical diagnoses. It is hoped that the thecnic demonstrated and seen through the laparoscopy will lead to a greater use of this valuable diagnostic examination.", "contents": "[Abdominal laparoscopy, experience in 1,400 cases studied]. Laparoscopy is a simple and sure method of diagnosis for the gastroenterologist. Laparascopy does not oppose exploratory laparatomy and can often substitute it advantageously. In fact it causes less morbility and mortality, less discomfort to the patient, requires only local anesthesia, permits leaving the hospital within 4 hours, and when done by an experienced and able person provides data of great usefulness in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. A laparoscopy can confirm or refute various doubtful clinical diagnoses. It is hoped that the thecnic demonstrated and seen through the laparoscopy will lead to a greater use of this valuable diagnostic examination."}
{"id": "PMID:149693", "title": "[Diagnosis of acute abdomen by means of laparoscopy (experience in 6,400 cases)].", "content": "A study of 6,400 cases of Emergency Laparascopy (E.L.) was made in the Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda de Habana, Cuba. The objective of the E.L. is to provide a diagnosis when other methods have been unable to do so. The most frequent diseases found were: gynecological problems, acute appendicities, and acute cholecystopathies. The E.L. is of great usefulness as in many cases an exact diagnosis is possible thus avoiding unnecessary surgery. The reliability of the method is good, permitting an exact diagnosis in 98% of the cases. In all the authors' cases the diagnosis was confirmed by either surgery or the evolution of the disease. The authors recommend the creation of emergency laparascopy services in which all the resources would be centralized: sufficient medical staff to ensure 24-hour service, specialized technicians, and the necessary material. They add that even though in their country it is of little importance, their experience leads to the conclusion that this type of organization is medically profitable.", "contents": "[Diagnosis of acute abdomen by means of laparoscopy (experience in 6,400 cases)]. A study of 6,400 cases of Emergency Laparascopy (E.L.) was made in the Instituto de Gastroenterolog\u00eda de Habana, Cuba. The objective of the E.L. is to provide a diagnosis when other methods have been unable to do so. The most frequent diseases found were: gynecological problems, acute appendicities, and acute cholecystopathies. The E.L. is of great usefulness as in many cases an exact diagnosis is possible thus avoiding unnecessary surgery. The reliability of the method is good, permitting an exact diagnosis in 98% of the cases. In all the authors' cases the diagnosis was confirmed by either surgery or the evolution of the disease. The authors recommend the creation of emergency laparascopy services in which all the resources would be centralized: sufficient medical staff to ensure 24-hour service, specialized technicians, and the necessary material. They add that even though in their country it is of little importance, their experience leads to the conclusion that this type of organization is medically profitable."}
{"id": "PMID:149714", "title": "The effect of various dietary restricted regimes on some immunological parameters of mice.", "content": "To test the effect of dietary protein restriction on mitogenesis and the mixed leukocyte reaction in the mouse immune system two protocols were followed: 1) a 4% protein diet ad libitum and 2) a standard diet of 24% protein fed only on alternate days, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday (intermittent feeding). The effect of dietary restriction was tested on weanling animals, placed on the dietary regimes for 1 and 6 month periods and adult animals (17 months of age) for 6 months of restriction. The results indicate that dietary restriction has a profoundly suppressive effect on mitogenesis and MLC1 during the first months of growth (i.e. weanling animals tested after 1 month of restriction). After 6 months of continued restriction suppression was no longer observed in the weanling animals. The 17 month old animals placed on restricted dietary regimes for 6 months showed results similar to the control group. The intermittently fed animals present a more complex picture. Initial suppression of the responses, observed in weanling animals after 1 month of restriction gave way to responses which are significantly higher than control levels after 6 months of dietary restriction. The results are discussed in terms of a general model of immunological stress.", "contents": "The effect of various dietary restricted regimes on some immunological parameters of mice. To test the effect of dietary protein restriction on mitogenesis and the mixed leukocyte reaction in the mouse immune system two protocols were followed: 1) a 4% protein diet ad libitum and 2) a standard diet of 24% protein fed only on alternate days, Monday, Wednesday, and Friday (intermittent feeding). The effect of dietary restriction was tested on weanling animals, placed on the dietary regimes for 1 and 6 month periods and adult animals (17 months of age) for 6 months of restriction. The results indicate that dietary restriction has a profoundly suppressive effect on mitogenesis and MLC1 during the first months of growth (i.e. weanling animals tested after 1 month of restriction). After 6 months of continued restriction suppression was no longer observed in the weanling animals. The 17 month old animals placed on restricted dietary regimes for 6 months showed results similar to the control group. The intermittently fed animals present a more complex picture. Initial suppression of the responses, observed in weanling animals after 1 month of restriction gave way to responses which are significantly higher than control levels after 6 months of dietary restriction. The results are discussed in terms of a general model of immunological stress."}
{"id": "PMID:149717", "title": "Experimental spongy degeneration of the white matter induced by 6-aminonicotinamide intoxication.", "content": "Spongy state and degeneration of the white matter in the 6-aminonicotinamide intoxicated rats were studied neuropathologically and electromicroscopically. Young albino rats, four weeks of age, received 0.1% of 6-aminonicotinamide solution intraperitoneally as a single dose of 10 mg/Kg of body weight. Four hours after the administration, paralysis of the hind limbs occurred in the rats. Neuropathological investigations revealed a characteristic spongy and degenerative change of white matter as well as gray matter of the central nervous system. Corpus callosum, cerebellar cortex, and optic nerves showed edematous and spongy degeneration in the early stage of the experiment. Ultrastructural changes of myelin sheath were initially seen in the vicinity of severely damaged oligodendrocytes. The vacuoles in the myelin, i.e. intramyelinic vacuoles, were formed by splitting between the innermost myelin lamellae and axon. Axons remained usually unchanged in the early stage. The pathogenesis of ultrastructural changes of the white matter in the 6-aminonicotinamide intoxication was discussed.", "contents": "Experimental spongy degeneration of the white matter induced by 6-aminonicotinamide intoxication. Spongy state and degeneration of the white matter in the 6-aminonicotinamide intoxicated rats were studied neuropathologically and electromicroscopically. Young albino rats, four weeks of age, received 0.1% of 6-aminonicotinamide solution intraperitoneally as a single dose of 10 mg/Kg of body weight. Four hours after the administration, paralysis of the hind limbs occurred in the rats. Neuropathological investigations revealed a characteristic spongy and degenerative change of white matter as well as gray matter of the central nervous system. Corpus callosum, cerebellar cortex, and optic nerves showed edematous and spongy degeneration in the early stage of the experiment. Ultrastructural changes of myelin sheath were initially seen in the vicinity of severely damaged oligodendrocytes. The vacuoles in the myelin, i.e. intramyelinic vacuoles, were formed by splitting between the innermost myelin lamellae and axon. Axons remained usually unchanged in the early stage. The pathogenesis of ultrastructural changes of the white matter in the 6-aminonicotinamide intoxication was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149718", "title": "[The pulmonary ligament (pulmo-diaphragmatic ligament) (author's transl)].", "content": "The paper considers the appearances of the contour of the diaphragm and of the normal irregularities of the diaphragm. The hitherto existing opinion of ill defined or tented diaphragmatic outlines always being the result of pleurodiaphragmatic implications in inflammatory or fibrotic processes in the basis of the lung needs to be corrected: In a great number of p.a. chest roentgenograms of healthy persons a more or less obvious ill definition or tenting of the medial part of the diaphragma can be found, caused by a variation of the pulmonary ligament characterized by its connection with the diaphragmatic pleura. Ill definition and tenting of the diaphragmatic outline caused by this variation of the pulmonary ligament are called physiological alterations, contrary to similar pathological (e.g. adhesive) ones. Only if this anatomical variation exists a pulmonary ligament can be roentgenologically visualized directly.", "contents": "[The pulmonary ligament (pulmo-diaphragmatic ligament) (author's transl)]. The paper considers the appearances of the contour of the diaphragm and of the normal irregularities of the diaphragm. The hitherto existing opinion of ill defined or tented diaphragmatic outlines always being the result of pleurodiaphragmatic implications in inflammatory or fibrotic processes in the basis of the lung needs to be corrected: In a great number of p.a. chest roentgenograms of healthy persons a more or less obvious ill definition or tenting of the medial part of the diaphragma can be found, caused by a variation of the pulmonary ligament characterized by its connection with the diaphragmatic pleura. Ill definition and tenting of the diaphragmatic outline caused by this variation of the pulmonary ligament are called physiological alterations, contrary to similar pathological (e.g. adhesive) ones. Only if this anatomical variation exists a pulmonary ligament can be roentgenologically visualized directly."}
{"id": "PMID:149719", "title": "[A comparison of various mammographic techniques using freshly amputated breasts (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to compare the performance of various mammographic techniques, xeroradiograms were obtained of sixteen freshly amputated breasts using tungsten and molybdenum rotating anodes. A film without screens (Kodak Definix Medical) and a film-screen system (screens: MR50, film Mammoray RP 3 PE FW) were employed. Exposures during xeroradiography were varied in that, when using the tungsten tube, a 2.5 mm. aluminium filter was added to the 0.5 mm. aluminium filtration inherent in the tube; when using the molybdenum tube, there was a choice between 0.03 mm. Mo. and 0.5 mm. aluminium filtration. The xeroradiograms obtained with the molydenum tube and molybdenum filter were of good quality, as were those obtained with this type of tube and nonscreen film. In view of the carcinogenetic risk of mammography, it is open to discussion whether one should aim at optimal film quality, since improved quality is associated with a higher radiation dose to the breast, or whether one should be satisfied with \"adequate\" quality. In our series the quality produced by the film-screen combination was, in general, acceptable. Compared with all other procedures, this system produces the lowest radiation dose of any mammographic technique. For this reason further improvements in technique, such as automatic exosure devices, film-screen packs suitable for routine use and improved quality of image are of practical interest.", "contents": "[A comparison of various mammographic techniques using freshly amputated breasts (author's transl)]. In order to compare the performance of various mammographic techniques, xeroradiograms were obtained of sixteen freshly amputated breasts using tungsten and molybdenum rotating anodes. A film without screens (Kodak Definix Medical) and a film-screen system (screens: MR50, film Mammoray RP 3 PE FW) were employed. Exposures during xeroradiography were varied in that, when using the tungsten tube, a 2.5 mm. aluminium filter was added to the 0.5 mm. aluminium filtration inherent in the tube; when using the molybdenum tube, there was a choice between 0.03 mm. Mo. and 0.5 mm. aluminium filtration. The xeroradiograms obtained with the molydenum tube and molybdenum filter were of good quality, as were those obtained with this type of tube and nonscreen film. In view of the carcinogenetic risk of mammography, it is open to discussion whether one should aim at optimal film quality, since improved quality is associated with a higher radiation dose to the breast, or whether one should be satisfied with \"adequate\" quality. In our series the quality produced by the film-screen combination was, in general, acceptable. Compared with all other procedures, this system produces the lowest radiation dose of any mammographic technique. For this reason further improvements in technique, such as automatic exosure devices, film-screen packs suitable for routine use and improved quality of image are of practical interest."}
{"id": "PMID:149720", "title": "[Reduction of radiation dose during film mammography using a new film-screen combination. Inital report (author's transl)].", "content": "The first results of using a new film screen combination are reported; it consists of an industrial film and a fine grain screen. Film quality approximates that of conventional industrial film, but radiation dose is only 27.5%. The reduced film costs compensate for the greater complexity.", "contents": "[Reduction of radiation dose during film mammography using a new film-screen combination. Inital report (author's transl)]. The first results of using a new film screen combination are reported; it consists of an industrial film and a fine grain screen. Film quality approximates that of conventional industrial film, but radiation dose is only 27.5%. The reduced film costs compensate for the greater complexity."}
{"id": "PMID:149722", "title": "[Dose reduction during radiological examination using high intensity rare earth screens or increased kV (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a procedure which resembles actual practice, it has been shown that an increase in kV. results in a reduction of radiation dose similar to that obtained by using the new high intensity rare earth screens while maintaining similar detail. In practical terms this means that there is only limited usefulness for the new rare earth screens. An exception to this is the screen which reduces dose while producing similar, or better, detail than a standard screen. We could demonstrate this for the film-screen combination Trimax alpha4XD.", "contents": "[Dose reduction during radiological examination using high intensity rare earth screens or increased kV (author's transl)]. Using a procedure which resembles actual practice, it has been shown that an increase in kV. results in a reduction of radiation dose similar to that obtained by using the new high intensity rare earth screens while maintaining similar detail. In practical terms this means that there is only limited usefulness for the new rare earth screens. An exception to this is the screen which reduces dose while producing similar, or better, detail than a standard screen. We could demonstrate this for the film-screen combination Trimax alpha4XD."}
{"id": "PMID:149723", "title": "[Developments in ionography (author's transl)].", "content": "Common aspects and differences of xeroradiography and ionography are reviewed briefly. Tendencies connected with latent image formation in ionography, and the development of electrostatic latent images are set out. Apart from gaseous absorbers, liquid or solid absorbers may be employed for latent image formation. A sensitivity increase in gaseous inography may be achieved by charge amplification, although with reduced resolution. As an alternative to aerosol and liquid development methods based on the distortion of deformable layers are described. A procedure yielding multiple copies with different image characteristics (edge contrast) via copies of the latent image is outlined. Finally possible closed ionography systems are mentioned which are necessary for real time imaging.", "contents": "[Developments in ionography (author's transl)]. Common aspects and differences of xeroradiography and ionography are reviewed briefly. Tendencies connected with latent image formation in ionography, and the development of electrostatic latent images are set out. Apart from gaseous absorbers, liquid or solid absorbers may be employed for latent image formation. A sensitivity increase in gaseous inography may be achieved by charge amplification, although with reduced resolution. As an alternative to aerosol and liquid development methods based on the distortion of deformable layers are described. A procedure yielding multiple copies with different image characteristics (edge contrast) via copies of the latent image is outlined. Finally possible closed ionography systems are mentioned which are necessary for real time imaging."}
{"id": "PMID:149727", "title": "[Serial observations on pulmonary emboli/infarcts with computerised tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "Fourteen patients with pulmonary emboli/infarcts were observed for at least three months by means of computerised tomography. In the acute phase all patients showed minimal changes radiologically, which were not diagnostic of pulmonary emboli; at the same time, computerised tomograms showed definite changes in attenuation in the pulmonary parenchyma and of blood vessels and pleura. A relatively constant and diagnostically valuable sign appears to be a triangular area of attenuation which indicates the presence of an infarct. Serial observations are valuable where there is a clinical suspicion of pulmonary emboli. It is possible to observe regression of the thrombus (due to recanalisation or thrombolysis) and to evaluate the effects of treatment.", "contents": "[Serial observations on pulmonary emboli/infarcts with computerised tomography (author's transl)]. Fourteen patients with pulmonary emboli/infarcts were observed for at least three months by means of computerised tomography. In the acute phase all patients showed minimal changes radiologically, which were not diagnostic of pulmonary emboli; at the same time, computerised tomograms showed definite changes in attenuation in the pulmonary parenchyma and of blood vessels and pleura. A relatively constant and diagnostically valuable sign appears to be a triangular area of attenuation which indicates the presence of an infarct. Serial observations are valuable where there is a clinical suspicion of pulmonary emboli. It is possible to observe regression of the thrombus (due to recanalisation or thrombolysis) and to evaluate the effects of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:149732", "title": "[Functional scintigraphy during contraction of the left ventricle. II. Evaluation of background correction (author's transl)].", "content": "During evaluation of cardiac function using 99mTc human serum albumen (functional scintigraphy during contraction of the left ventricle), it is necessary to take account of the background radiation which is derived from the lungs and great vessels overlying the heart. Only after correction of the background radiation is it possible to evaluate the severity of various types of cardiac insufficiency; this can be obtained by integrating the impulse during systole and subtracting this from the impulse rate over the left ventricle during a complete cardiac cycle. Apart from the background correction derived from the systolic-diastolic variation, it is necessary to obtain adequate resolution by examining 100 frames per second, an adequate picture matrix (4-K) in order to obtain adequate spacial resolution and accurate measurements of systole and diastole. The latter should be obtained not from the E.C.G., but directly from the volume curve of the left ventricle as determined by the isotope method.", "contents": "[Functional scintigraphy during contraction of the left ventricle. II. Evaluation of background correction (author's transl)]. During evaluation of cardiac function using 99mTc human serum albumen (functional scintigraphy during contraction of the left ventricle), it is necessary to take account of the background radiation which is derived from the lungs and great vessels overlying the heart. Only after correction of the background radiation is it possible to evaluate the severity of various types of cardiac insufficiency; this can be obtained by integrating the impulse during systole and subtracting this from the impulse rate over the left ventricle during a complete cardiac cycle. Apart from the background correction derived from the systolic-diastolic variation, it is necessary to obtain adequate resolution by examining 100 frames per second, an adequate picture matrix (4-K) in order to obtain adequate spacial resolution and accurate measurements of systole and diastole. The latter should be obtained not from the E.C.G., but directly from the volume curve of the left ventricle as determined by the isotope method."}
{"id": "PMID:149733", "title": "[The accuracy of 201 thalium scintigraphy of the heart under conditions of stress (author's transl)].", "content": "The results of 201 thalliumszintigraphy under stress condition in patients with coronary heart disease with or without myocardial scars have not been uniform. We could show that pathologic stress szintigrams were only found in patients with a singular stenosis in one branch of the left coronary artery. In all those cases who had similar stenosis in both branches of the left coronary artery the stress szintigram appeared to be unchanged or normal. Therefore an unchanged stress szintigram allows no conclusion on the condition of the coronary arteries. A normal stress szintigram can be found as well in patients with normal coronary arteries as in patients with severe coronary heart disease. The examination of 201 thallium szintigrams under stress conditions therefore needs some critical evaluation.", "contents": "[The accuracy of 201 thalium scintigraphy of the heart under conditions of stress (author's transl)]. The results of 201 thalliumszintigraphy under stress condition in patients with coronary heart disease with or without myocardial scars have not been uniform. We could show that pathologic stress szintigrams were only found in patients with a singular stenosis in one branch of the left coronary artery. In all those cases who had similar stenosis in both branches of the left coronary artery the stress szintigram appeared to be unchanged or normal. Therefore an unchanged stress szintigram allows no conclusion on the condition of the coronary arteries. A normal stress szintigram can be found as well in patients with normal coronary arteries as in patients with severe coronary heart disease. The examination of 201 thallium szintigrams under stress conditions therefore needs some critical evaluation."}
{"id": "PMID:149734", "title": "[Sympathetic arthritis. A contribution to plasma cell osteomyelitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Sympathetic arthritis is a sterile, non-pyogenic complication due to adjacent bone disease, particularly chronic inflammatory osteomyelitis. Radiologically it is manifested as an arthrosis or serous arthritis (painful effusion), or as a chronic destructive arthitis. In the latter case, there is a lymphatic and plasma cell synovitis which may persist, clinically and radiologically, for a period of months or years before definite radiological signs of a chronic osteomyelitis become apparent. Observations of patients with plasma cell osteomyelitis and chronic destructive sympathetic arthritis indicate a special set of findings due to plasma cell osteomyelitis: metadiaphyseal ossifying periostitis, extreme demineralisation of the adjacent epiphysis with spotty focal sclerosis of the spongiosa and a chronic arthritis.", "contents": "[Sympathetic arthritis. A contribution to plasma cell osteomyelitis (author's transl)]. Sympathetic arthritis is a sterile, non-pyogenic complication due to adjacent bone disease, particularly chronic inflammatory osteomyelitis. Radiologically it is manifested as an arthrosis or serous arthritis (painful effusion), or as a chronic destructive arthitis. In the latter case, there is a lymphatic and plasma cell synovitis which may persist, clinically and radiologically, for a period of months or years before definite radiological signs of a chronic osteomyelitis become apparent. Observations of patients with plasma cell osteomyelitis and chronic destructive sympathetic arthritis indicate a special set of findings due to plasma cell osteomyelitis: metadiaphyseal ossifying periostitis, extreme demineralisation of the adjacent epiphysis with spotty focal sclerosis of the spongiosa and a chronic arthritis."}
{"id": "PMID:149735", "title": "[The radiological findings of caisson-induced bone infarcts. The relationship between acute arthralgia and bone infarcts (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological features, such as calcification in long bones due to infarcts, resulting from Caisson disease are described by the author on the basis of an extensive experience. The similar localisation of acute \"arthralgia\" and bone infarcts make it appear probable that the infarcts play a primary role in the production of \"osteo-articular\" pain. The author stresses the advisability of examining the adjacent portions of the tibia and femur at the initial pre-employment examination, since bone infarcts can be caused by a variety of conditions other than work in Caissons.", "contents": "[The radiological findings of caisson-induced bone infarcts. The relationship between acute arthralgia and bone infarcts (author's transl)]. The radiological features, such as calcification in long bones due to infarcts, resulting from Caisson disease are described by the author on the basis of an extensive experience. The similar localisation of acute \"arthralgia\" and bone infarcts make it appear probable that the infarcts play a primary role in the production of \"osteo-articular\" pain. The author stresses the advisability of examining the adjacent portions of the tibia and femur at the initial pre-employment examination, since bone infarcts can be caused by a variety of conditions other than work in Caissons."}
{"id": "PMID:149736", "title": "[A correlative retrospective study of the histological findings and arthrograms in degenerative disease of the meniscus (author's transl)].", "content": "The ability to diagnose degenerative changes of the menisci by means of arthrograms was studied retrospectively by correlating the histological and operative findings and arthrographic appearances in 45 cases. It was shown that degenerative changes, as indicated histologically, could be diagnosed by arthrography, but that the arthrogram gave no certain indication of its severity. On the other hand, it appears that fairly severe changes must be present before they become radiologically visible. In negative cases the presence of degenerative changes in bone and cartilage may indicate meniscus degeneration. Problems in the diagnosis of cartilage abnormalities in the arthrogram are discussed.", "contents": "[A correlative retrospective study of the histological findings and arthrograms in degenerative disease of the meniscus (author's transl)]. The ability to diagnose degenerative changes of the menisci by means of arthrograms was studied retrospectively by correlating the histological and operative findings and arthrographic appearances in 45 cases. It was shown that degenerative changes, as indicated histologically, could be diagnosed by arthrography, but that the arthrogram gave no certain indication of its severity. On the other hand, it appears that fairly severe changes must be present before they become radiologically visible. In negative cases the presence of degenerative changes in bone and cartilage may indicate meniscus degeneration. Problems in the diagnosis of cartilage abnormalities in the arthrogram are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149737", "title": "[The value of lateral views of the cervical spine in the diagnosis of chronic cervical myelopathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Factors in the production of chronic cervical myelopathy are considered to be developmental narrowing of the cervical spinal canal and the development of osteochondrotic changes. Lateral view of the cervical spine are a valuable survey method to be used before employing more invasive techniques. In four out of five patients with chronic cervical myelopathy, the quotient of lateral spinal to vertebral diameter was less than 0.8. In a control group this was found in only one out of four patients. Conversely, a quotient below 0.8 in men and 0.9 in women is associated with chronic cervical myelopathy or chronic cervical root damage in half these subjects.", "contents": "[The value of lateral views of the cervical spine in the diagnosis of chronic cervical myelopathy (author's transl)]. Factors in the production of chronic cervical myelopathy are considered to be developmental narrowing of the cervical spinal canal and the development of osteochondrotic changes. Lateral view of the cervical spine are a valuable survey method to be used before employing more invasive techniques. In four out of five patients with chronic cervical myelopathy, the quotient of lateral spinal to vertebral diameter was less than 0.8. In a control group this was found in only one out of four patients. Conversely, a quotient below 0.8 in men and 0.9 in women is associated with chronic cervical myelopathy or chronic cervical root damage in half these subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:149738", "title": "Anterior intervertebral disc herniations (report of six cases).", "content": "Six new patients with anterior intervetebral disc herniations are reported. This is probably one of the most common causes of back pain in children. Excessive sport activity and osteoporosis are probably two main causes of anterior intervertebral disc herniations. Anterior intervertebral disc herniation is a severe complication of prolonged, mild trauma.", "contents": "Anterior intervertebral disc herniations (report of six cases). Six new patients with anterior intervetebral disc herniations are reported. This is probably one of the most common causes of back pain in children. Excessive sport activity and osteoporosis are probably two main causes of anterior intervertebral disc herniations. Anterior intervertebral disc herniation is a severe complication of prolonged, mild trauma."}
{"id": "PMID:149739", "title": "[Pseudo-achnodroplasia in two brothers (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe two brothers with pseudo-achondroplasia. The literature is reviewed and the clinical and radiological features and differential diagnosis are discussed.", "contents": "[Pseudo-achnodroplasia in two brothers (author's transl)]. The authors describe two brothers with pseudo-achondroplasia. The literature is reviewed and the clinical and radiological features and differential diagnosis are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149740", "title": "[Ulnar aplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "Aplasia of the ulna is a rare malformation of the forearm. A woman patient with such malformation was presented in our clinic on the occasion of a banal dream. In addition to ulnar aplasia, her entire ulnolateral hand was missing. This findings is compared with the relatively few cases described in literature, reporting on the forms of ulnar aplasia observed so far and their additional local malformation. Assumptions regarding the possible origin of such malformations are mentioned, the combined malformations in other body regions as mentioned in literature are described, and brief reference is made to methods of treatment.", "contents": "[Ulnar aplasia (author's transl)]. Aplasia of the ulna is a rare malformation of the forearm. A woman patient with such malformation was presented in our clinic on the occasion of a banal dream. In addition to ulnar aplasia, her entire ulnolateral hand was missing. This findings is compared with the relatively few cases described in literature, reporting on the forms of ulnar aplasia observed so far and their additional local malformation. Assumptions regarding the possible origin of such malformations are mentioned, the combined malformations in other body regions as mentioned in literature are described, and brief reference is made to methods of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:149741", "title": "[Bone mineral estimation (Hydroxyl apatite equivalent) by direct measurement of photo absorption in the upper extremity (phalanges, radius and ulna) (author's transl)].", "content": "The x-ray source of the apparatus developed by the authors for bone mineral estimations consists of a small anode tube with a silver anode. The value of the procedure has been tested by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The in vitro measurements were carried out on a bone reference system consisting of a model bone (Reiss) as well as on a macerated tibia embedded in a resin (Heuck). The results were compared with the values obtained by Rassow. It has been shown that the artificial resin is of only limited value as a connective tissue equivalent. The method of mineral estimation using phalanges is described and its reproducibility was tested on 17 parameters. The absorption coefficient of the spongiosa proved to be particularly critical. Finally, measurements, using the forearm, by Cameron's method are discussed briefly.", "contents": "[Bone mineral estimation (Hydroxyl apatite equivalent) by direct measurement of photo absorption in the upper extremity (phalanges, radius and ulna) (author's transl)]. The x-ray source of the apparatus developed by the authors for bone mineral estimations consists of a small anode tube with a silver anode. The value of the procedure has been tested by in vitro and in vivo experiments. The in vitro measurements were carried out on a bone reference system consisting of a model bone (Reiss) as well as on a macerated tibia embedded in a resin (Heuck). The results were compared with the values obtained by Rassow. It has been shown that the artificial resin is of only limited value as a connective tissue equivalent. The method of mineral estimation using phalanges is described and its reproducibility was tested on 17 parameters. The absorption coefficient of the spongiosa proved to be particularly critical. Finally, measurements, using the forearm, by Cameron's method are discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:149742", "title": "[Bone density measurements by computer tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "The suitability of the E.M.I. mark I computer scanner for carrying out bone densitometry has been tested, using the forearm. Within the region of interest there was an almost linear relationship between CT densities and the concentration of the bone equivalent substance K2HPO4. By means of a special computer programme, the spongiosa and cortex of both forearm bones could be analysed quantitatively. The reproducibility of the results (coefficient of variation 5%) was similar to that of other procedures in current use. The advantage of the method lies in the fact that it is possible to estimate the spongiosa and cortex separately. Investigations on patients with normal bones have shown that senile demineralisation affects the cortex most severely. On the other hand, in renal osteopathies of chronically dialysed patients, demineralisation in the forearm predominantly involves the spongiosa.", "contents": "[Bone density measurements by computer tomography (author's transl)]. The suitability of the E.M.I. mark I computer scanner for carrying out bone densitometry has been tested, using the forearm. Within the region of interest there was an almost linear relationship between CT densities and the concentration of the bone equivalent substance K2HPO4. By means of a special computer programme, the spongiosa and cortex of both forearm bones could be analysed quantitatively. The reproducibility of the results (coefficient of variation 5%) was similar to that of other procedures in current use. The advantage of the method lies in the fact that it is possible to estimate the spongiosa and cortex separately. Investigations on patients with normal bones have shown that senile demineralisation affects the cortex most severely. On the other hand, in renal osteopathies of chronically dialysed patients, demineralisation in the forearm predominantly involves the spongiosa."}
{"id": "PMID:149743", "title": "[The diagnosis of annular pancreas (author's transl)].", "content": "Annular pancreas is a rare congenital malformation of the gut; frequently it becomes manifest in adult life. The clinical picture and radiological appearances are dominated by stenosis of the duodenum. The only method for diagnosing annular pancreas up to the present was the barium meal. Its diagnostic accuracy, however, is limited. A knowledge of the characteristic radiological appearances is helpful unless other abnormalities confuse the interpretation. E.R.C.P. is an important advance in diagnosis. The diagnosis of annular pancreas can be made by demonstrating an accessory duct system. The literature is reviewed.", "contents": "[The diagnosis of annular pancreas (author's transl)]. Annular pancreas is a rare congenital malformation of the gut; frequently it becomes manifest in adult life. The clinical picture and radiological appearances are dominated by stenosis of the duodenum. The only method for diagnosing annular pancreas up to the present was the barium meal. Its diagnostic accuracy, however, is limited. A knowledge of the characteristic radiological appearances is helpful unless other abnormalities confuse the interpretation. E.R.C.P. is an important advance in diagnosis. The diagnosis of annular pancreas can be made by demonstrating an accessory duct system. The literature is reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:149744", "title": "[Duodenal stenosis in chronic relapsing pancreatitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Duodenal stenosis in chronic relapsing pancreatitis occurs in 20% of our patients. In 21 of our cases, the stenosis was always in the descending portion of the duodenum, and in two-thirds it caused an obstruction. The stenosis is always concentric with destruction of the mucosal pattern, widening of the neighbouring folds, irregular contours, and, possibly, straightening of the medial margin of the duodenum. There may be widening of the duodenal loop and frequently the duodenal loop is dilated. The causes for these appearances vary, but a peri-pancreatitis or duodenitis are most frequent. There is no close relationship with the severity of the pancreatitis. Our findings are compared with the small number of reports to be found in the literature.", "contents": "[Duodenal stenosis in chronic relapsing pancreatitis (author's transl)]. Duodenal stenosis in chronic relapsing pancreatitis occurs in 20% of our patients. In 21 of our cases, the stenosis was always in the descending portion of the duodenum, and in two-thirds it caused an obstruction. The stenosis is always concentric with destruction of the mucosal pattern, widening of the neighbouring folds, irregular contours, and, possibly, straightening of the medial margin of the duodenum. There may be widening of the duodenal loop and frequently the duodenal loop is dilated. The causes for these appearances vary, but a peri-pancreatitis or duodenitis are most frequent. There is no close relationship with the severity of the pancreatitis. Our findings are compared with the small number of reports to be found in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:149745", "title": "[Rare arterial variations during upper abdominal and pancreatic angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Selected cases showing rare variations of the arteries of the upper abdomen indicate how difficult the exact identification of individual vessels can be. In the presence of such variations, which usually involve several vessels, it is essential to find and demonstrate all vessels in the upper abdomen. Vessels which are not seen easily must also be specially searched for. In the presence of anomalous vessels, angiography may prevent the surgeon from ligating the incorrect arteries during operation on the pancreas, the liver, stomach, spleen or colon.", "contents": "[Rare arterial variations during upper abdominal and pancreatic angiography (author's transl)]. Selected cases showing rare variations of the arteries of the upper abdomen indicate how difficult the exact identification of individual vessels can be. In the presence of such variations, which usually involve several vessels, it is essential to find and demonstrate all vessels in the upper abdomen. Vessels which are not seen easily must also be specially searched for. In the presence of anomalous vessels, angiography may prevent the surgeon from ligating the incorrect arteries during operation on the pancreas, the liver, stomach, spleen or colon."}
{"id": "PMID:149746", "title": "[Ultrasound diagnosis of mural infiltration of the intestinal tract (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastro-intestinal mural infiltration can be diagnosed by ultra sound from a typical pattern of echos. This consists of a strong central echo surrounded by a circular structureless margin which indicates thickening of the gut wall. In the present paper, the significance of this appearance is discussed with particular reference to the differential diagnosis. The phenomenon is an important diagnostic criterion where there is suspicion of the presence of malignancy as a result of radiological or endoscopic examination. This is particularly important in cases where the suspicion of malignancy cannot be confirmed by biopsy and histology. It is to be expected that the routine use of ultra sound, and paying attention to the above phenomenon, will lead to further diagnostic measures in difficult diagnostic cases, such as intensive radiological examination or endoscopy with biopsy. This will lead to more rapid and more economical diagnoses.", "contents": "[Ultrasound diagnosis of mural infiltration of the intestinal tract (author's transl)]. Gastro-intestinal mural infiltration can be diagnosed by ultra sound from a typical pattern of echos. This consists of a strong central echo surrounded by a circular structureless margin which indicates thickening of the gut wall. In the present paper, the significance of this appearance is discussed with particular reference to the differential diagnosis. The phenomenon is an important diagnostic criterion where there is suspicion of the presence of malignancy as a result of radiological or endoscopic examination. This is particularly important in cases where the suspicion of malignancy cannot be confirmed by biopsy and histology. It is to be expected that the routine use of ultra sound, and paying attention to the above phenomenon, will lead to further diagnostic measures in difficult diagnostic cases, such as intensive radiological examination or endoscopy with biopsy. This will lead to more rapid and more economical diagnoses."}
{"id": "PMID:149747", "title": "[Nephrosonography during pregnancy (author's transl)].", "content": "In a consecutive series of 128 pregnant patients with sound kidneys the physiological changes of the renal cavity during gravidity with regard to primiparae and multiparae as well as to the stage of pregnancy have been investigated ultrasonographically. We found a dilatation of the renal cavity based on mechanical as well as on hormonal factors with the ultrasonographic picture of obstruction. The aim of this study is to identify border-line conditions in order to avoid false positive findings and to distinguish pathological stages from physiological changes. The ultrasonography represents an excellent technique to recognize macromorphologic changes of the kidney during pregnancy.", "contents": "[Nephrosonography during pregnancy (author's transl)]. In a consecutive series of 128 pregnant patients with sound kidneys the physiological changes of the renal cavity during gravidity with regard to primiparae and multiparae as well as to the stage of pregnancy have been investigated ultrasonographically. We found a dilatation of the renal cavity based on mechanical as well as on hormonal factors with the ultrasonographic picture of obstruction. The aim of this study is to identify border-line conditions in order to avoid false positive findings and to distinguish pathological stages from physiological changes. The ultrasonography represents an excellent technique to recognize macromorphologic changes of the kidney during pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:149748", "title": "[Extragenital gonococcal infections. A review].", "content": "In many cases gonorrhea is overlooked and not treated due to an unusual course of the disease. The longer this infection exists the greater is the danger of dissemination of the  gonococci. Gonorrhea, if not diagnosed, may cause a series of local and general clinical manifestations, such as: the dermatitis-arthritis syndrome whose pathogenesis is not yet completely clarified: the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome which is often seen in females with chronic gonococcal adnexitis;gonococcal pharyngitis which nowadays occurs more often due to less conventional sexual practices of contemporary society; gonococcal conjunctivitis which represents the best known extragenital gonococcosis. This paper deals with the clinical manifestations and their treatment.", "contents": "[Extragenital gonococcal infections. A review]. In many cases gonorrhea is overlooked and not treated due to an unusual course of the disease. The longer this infection exists the greater is the danger of dissemination of the  gonococci. Gonorrhea, if not diagnosed, may cause a series of local and general clinical manifestations, such as: the dermatitis-arthritis syndrome whose pathogenesis is not yet completely clarified: the Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome which is often seen in females with chronic gonococcal adnexitis;gonococcal pharyngitis which nowadays occurs more often due to less conventional sexual practices of contemporary society; gonococcal conjunctivitis which represents the best known extragenital gonococcosis. This paper deals with the clinical manifestations and their treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:149749", "title": "[The pathogenesis of psoriasis. Autoradiographic in vitro studies on cell proliferation in psoriasis vulgaris and other normal and hyperproliferative states of epidermal and dermal human cells].", "content": "In the epidermal cells of patients suffering from psoriasis we found a significant prolongation of DNA-synthesis time (ts) in uninvolved skin, very early lesions, and fully developed plaques. In uninvolved psoriatic skin ts in addition increased significantly within 6 hours after stripping of the horny layer. In normal epidermis and in other states of epidermal inflammation and hyperproliferation (akanthosis by petrolatum, toxic dermatitis, chronic allergic ekzema, neurodermitis, allergic patch test reaction) a comparable prolongation of ts was not ascertainable. This prolongation is most distinct in the early lesions and proceeds the development of hyperproliferation and akanthosis. A dermal infiltrate with increased proliferative activity seems to be a stimulus, in the sense of a Koebner-phenomenon. The abnormal psoriatic epidermis, with disturbed DNA-synthesis, reacts to this infiltrate as well as to other irritants not with a limited hyperproliferation but with the development of psoriatic plaque.", "contents": "[The pathogenesis of psoriasis. Autoradiographic in vitro studies on cell proliferation in psoriasis vulgaris and other normal and hyperproliferative states of epidermal and dermal human cells]. In the epidermal cells of patients suffering from psoriasis we found a significant prolongation of DNA-synthesis time (ts) in uninvolved skin, very early lesions, and fully developed plaques. In uninvolved psoriatic skin ts in addition increased significantly within 6 hours after stripping of the horny layer. In normal epidermis and in other states of epidermal inflammation and hyperproliferation (akanthosis by petrolatum, toxic dermatitis, chronic allergic ekzema, neurodermitis, allergic patch test reaction) a comparable prolongation of ts was not ascertainable. This prolongation is most distinct in the early lesions and proceeds the development of hyperproliferation and akanthosis. A dermal infiltrate with increased proliferative activity seems to be a stimulus, in the sense of a Koebner-phenomenon. The abnormal psoriatic epidermis, with disturbed DNA-synthesis, reacts to this infiltrate as well as to other irritants not with a limited hyperproliferation but with the development of psoriatic plaque."}
{"id": "PMID:149750", "title": "[Staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis].", "content": "Staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis is a well defined disease and can be ideally reproduced in a mouse model. It is due to the action of a staphylococcal exotoxin (exfoliatin) which is produced by phage group2 staphylococci. Exfoliatin acts on a hitherto unknown target site which is likely to be located in the cell membrane of keratinocytes of the subgranular layer. Sensitivity to exfoliatin is common to only few mammals and appears to be genetically determined. Exfoliatin leads to loss of intercellular adherence resulting in acantholysis; cellular morphology and function remains unimpaired. The action of exfoliatin on the epidermis is not influenced by serum factors nor by the mesenchyme. It is also not age dependent although adult humans as well as adult mice do not develop systemic disease. This is due to suppression of growth of staphylococci and rapid renal excretion of exfoliatin in the mature, immunologically competent organism.", "contents": "[Staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis]. Staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis is a well defined disease and can be ideally reproduced in a mouse model. It is due to the action of a staphylococcal exotoxin (exfoliatin) which is produced by phage group2 staphylococci. Exfoliatin acts on a hitherto unknown target site which is likely to be located in the cell membrane of keratinocytes of the subgranular layer. Sensitivity to exfoliatin is common to only few mammals and appears to be genetically determined. Exfoliatin leads to loss of intercellular adherence resulting in acantholysis; cellular morphology and function remains unimpaired. The action of exfoliatin on the epidermis is not influenced by serum factors nor by the mesenchyme. It is also not age dependent although adult humans as well as adult mice do not develop systemic disease. This is due to suppression of growth of staphylococci and rapid renal excretion of exfoliatin in the mature, immunologically competent organism."}
{"id": "PMID:149754", "title": "Silver stain reveals nucleolus organizer regions on a satellited Yq chromosome.", "content": "Chromosomes from a patient with a satellited Yq were stained with a silver procedure that differentially stains nucleolus organizer regions. The Yqs stained heavily in all cells examined, indicating the presence of ribosomal cistrons at this region. The Yqs also entered into satellite associations with the D and G group chromosomes at a frequency greater than would be expected through chance.", "contents": "Silver stain reveals nucleolus organizer regions on a satellited Yq chromosome. Chromosomes from a patient with a satellited Yq were stained with a silver procedure that differentially stains nucleolus organizer regions. The Yqs stained heavily in all cells examined, indicating the presence of ribosomal cistrons at this region. The Yqs also entered into satellite associations with the D and G group chromosomes at a frequency greater than would be expected through chance."}
{"id": "PMID:149755", "title": "Trisomy 9p and unusual translocation mongolism in siblings due to different 3:1 segregations of maternal translocation rcp(9;21)(p11;q11).", "content": "Two sisters are described, each with a specific retardation syndrome due to a balanced reciprocal translocation 9p;21q in the mother. As a result of different 3:1 segregations, one of them has a trisomy 9p with all typical features; the other one reveals a typical Down's syndrome having an unusual translocation karyotype.", "contents": "Trisomy 9p and unusual translocation mongolism in siblings due to different 3:1 segregations of maternal translocation rcp(9;21)(p11;q11). Two sisters are described, each with a specific retardation syndrome due to a balanced reciprocal translocation 9p;21q in the mother. As a result of different 3:1 segregations, one of them has a trisomy 9p with all typical features; the other one reveals a typical Down's syndrome having an unusual translocation karyotype."}
{"id": "PMID:149756", "title": "The occurrence of a ring 18, an accessory bisatellited fragment, and trisomy 21 within one sibship.", "content": "A family is presented in which there were three different chromosome abnormalities in the children although the parents were cytogenetically normal. The proband had the karyotype 46,XX, r(18) (p11q23), a phenotypically normal brother was 47,XY,+mar, and another brother was a typical case of Down's syndrome, karyotype 47,XY,+21. There is nothing in the parents' history that provides grounds for a hypothesis to explain the coincidence of the abnormalities.", "contents": "The occurrence of a ring 18, an accessory bisatellited fragment, and trisomy 21 within one sibship. A family is presented in which there were three different chromosome abnormalities in the children although the parents were cytogenetically normal. The proband had the karyotype 46,XX, r(18) (p11q23), a phenotypically normal brother was 47,XY,+mar, and another brother was a typical case of Down's syndrome, karyotype 47,XY,+21. There is nothing in the parents' history that provides grounds for a hypothesis to explain the coincidence of the abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:149757", "title": "Replication of chromosomal DNA in cultured abnormal human cells.", "content": "The replication of chromosomal DNA in a series of abnormal human cell cultures has been studied by means of DNA-fiber autoradiography. In lymphocytes with trisomy 21, in fibroblasts of 45,X;47,XXX;49,XXXXY; and 49,XXXXX chromosomal constitution, and in fibroblasts from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum (De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome), the rate of DNA replication does not differ from that in normal cells, varying in a single fork from 0.2 to 1.0 micrometer/min with a mean of about 0.6 micrometer/min. In fibroblasts with trisomy 7 the rate of DNA replication is greater, varying from 0.3 to 1.2 micrometer/min with a mean of about 0.8 micrometer/min. The sizes of replication units in all cells examined are from 80 to 500 micrometer with a mean of about 200-300 micrometer.", "contents": "Replication of chromosomal DNA in cultured abnormal human cells. The replication of chromosomal DNA in a series of abnormal human cell cultures has been studied by means of DNA-fiber autoradiography. In lymphocytes with trisomy 21, in fibroblasts of 45,X;47,XXX;49,XXXXY; and 49,XXXXX chromosomal constitution, and in fibroblasts from a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum (De Sanctis-Cacchione syndrome), the rate of DNA replication does not differ from that in normal cells, varying in a single fork from 0.2 to 1.0 micrometer/min with a mean of about 0.6 micrometer/min. In fibroblasts with trisomy 7 the rate of DNA replication is greater, varying from 0.3 to 1.2 micrometer/min with a mean of about 0.8 micrometer/min. The sizes of replication units in all cells examined are from 80 to 500 micrometer with a mean of about 200-300 micrometer."}
{"id": "PMID:149758", "title": "Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by a nonspecific factor produced by the Burkitt lymphoma-derived lymphoblast cell line.", "content": "The DAUDI lymphoblast cell line derived from a patient with Burkitt lymphoma was obtained from two different sources. One of these (DAUDI-I) produced a factor that inhibited lymphocyte proliferation in both human and mouse regardless of the stimulator, i.e. allogeneic lymphocytes or mitogens. Glutaraldehyde treatment eliminated production of the factor and demonstrated that DAUDI-I was capable of stimulating normal lymphocytes in MLR. A second DAUDI cell line (DAUDI-S) did not produce the inhibitory factor and was capable of MLR stimulation.", "contents": "Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation by a nonspecific factor produced by the Burkitt lymphoma-derived lymphoblast cell line. The DAUDI lymphoblast cell line derived from a patient with Burkitt lymphoma was obtained from two different sources. One of these (DAUDI-I) produced a factor that inhibited lymphocyte proliferation in both human and mouse regardless of the stimulator, i.e. allogeneic lymphocytes or mitogens. Glutaraldehyde treatment eliminated production of the factor and demonstrated that DAUDI-I was capable of stimulating normal lymphocytes in MLR. A second DAUDI cell line (DAUDI-S) did not produce the inhibitory factor and was capable of MLR stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:149768", "title": "Siderophore production by Vibrio cholerae.", "content": "Vibrio cholerae produces a phenolate-type siderophore that stimulates growth of the organism in low-iron medium. This compound is similar, but not identical, to enterochelin, the siderophore produced by Salmonella and Escherichia coli.", "contents": "Siderophore production by Vibrio cholerae. Vibrio cholerae produces a phenolate-type siderophore that stimulates growth of the organism in low-iron medium. This compound is similar, but not identical, to enterochelin, the siderophore produced by Salmonella and Escherichia coli."}
{"id": "PMID:149769", "title": "Immune response to persistent mycobacterial infection in mice.", "content": "Mycobacterium marinum has been recommended as a possible model of M. leprae for use in laboratory studies of antileprosy immunity. M. marinum introduced into the footpads of normal mice underwent a steady decline in viability, with less than 1% survival after a 30-day period. Small numbers of viable bacilli were recovered from the footpads of these mice up to 12 months later. Similarly, mice infected with M. simiae exhibited bacterial populations that persisted for up to 18 months with little change in viability. Injection of M. simiae into the footpads was followed by an extensive redistribution of the organisms in the tissues. Eventally, bacterial counts for footpads and draining lymph nodes stabilized, with small numbers of bacilli still present in the footpads 18 months later. Persistent growth, with little sign of any immune response, was also observed in mice infected with several strains of M. avium, as well as with one strain of M. intracellulare. Other strains of M. intracellulare, as well as M. vaccae and M. nonchromogenicum, failed to establish persistent infections in normal mice, regardless of whether they were introduced by an intravenous or subcutaneous (footpad) route. The relevance of these findings is discussed in relation to antileprosy immunity in experimental animals and in humans.", "contents": "Immune response to persistent mycobacterial infection in mice. Mycobacterium marinum has been recommended as a possible model of M. leprae for use in laboratory studies of antileprosy immunity. M. marinum introduced into the footpads of normal mice underwent a steady decline in viability, with less than 1% survival after a 30-day period. Small numbers of viable bacilli were recovered from the footpads of these mice up to 12 months later. Similarly, mice infected with M. simiae exhibited bacterial populations that persisted for up to 18 months with little change in viability. Injection of M. simiae into the footpads was followed by an extensive redistribution of the organisms in the tissues. Eventally, bacterial counts for footpads and draining lymph nodes stabilized, with small numbers of bacilli still present in the footpads 18 months later. Persistent growth, with little sign of any immune response, was also observed in mice infected with several strains of M. avium, as well as with one strain of M. intracellulare. Other strains of M. intracellulare, as well as M. vaccae and M. nonchromogenicum, failed to establish persistent infections in normal mice, regardless of whether they were introduced by an intravenous or subcutaneous (footpad) route. The relevance of these findings is discussed in relation to antileprosy immunity in experimental animals and in humans."}
{"id": "PMID:149770", "title": "In vitro radiosensitivity of human T and B lymphocytes evaluated using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette formation tests.", "content": "The influence of irradiation upon human lymphocytes was studied using lymphocyte transformation tests and formation of E and HEAC rosettes. Irradiation was given in vitro using doses between 0 and 50,000 rad. It was shown that blast transformation after stimulation with T-cell stimulating agents (as PHA, PWM, Con.A and PPD) was suppressed by irradiation. The effect of irradiation upon T lymphocytes was also shown in different kinds of MLC experiments. Both the effect of irradiation upon rosetts formation and the influence of irradiation upon already formed rosettes were analyzed. The ability of lymphocytes to form E rosettes was affected after irradiation with 500 rad: there were fewer E rosettes with 3 SRBCs, decrease in total number of E rosettes and more null cells, with no depression of the number of HEAC rosettes formed. Already formed E and HEAC rosettes were totally unaffected of irradiation, and this radioresistance was also observed for 18-hour-old rosettes. The ability to form spontaneous E rosettes was decreased after irradiation of the lymphocytes with 100 rad; increasing doses did not cause further depression, and already formed spontaneous E rosettes were radioresistant. The mechanisms involved in E-rosette formation thus seem to be radiosensitive.", "contents": "In vitro radiosensitivity of human T and B lymphocytes evaluated using lymphocyte transformation tests and rosette formation tests. The influence of irradiation upon human lymphocytes was studied using lymphocyte transformation tests and formation of E and HEAC rosettes. Irradiation was given in vitro using doses between 0 and 50,000 rad. It was shown that blast transformation after stimulation with T-cell stimulating agents (as PHA, PWM, Con.A and PPD) was suppressed by irradiation. The effect of irradiation upon T lymphocytes was also shown in different kinds of MLC experiments. Both the effect of irradiation upon rosetts formation and the influence of irradiation upon already formed rosettes were analyzed. The ability of lymphocytes to form E rosettes was affected after irradiation with 500 rad: there were fewer E rosettes with 3 SRBCs, decrease in total number of E rosettes and more null cells, with no depression of the number of HEAC rosettes formed. Already formed E and HEAC rosettes were totally unaffected of irradiation, and this radioresistance was also observed for 18-hour-old rosettes. The ability to form spontaneous E rosettes was decreased after irradiation of the lymphocytes with 100 rad; increasing doses did not cause further depression, and already formed spontaneous E rosettes were radioresistant. The mechanisms involved in E-rosette formation thus seem to be radiosensitive."}
{"id": "PMID:149771", "title": "Risk factors of breast cancer in Burma.", "content": "A hospital-based case-control study of breast cancer was undertaken in Rangoon. The age-standardized incidence rate, 25.1 per 100,000 woman-years and the shape of the age-incidence curve show that Rangoon women have an intermediate level of breast cancer risk compared to women of other countries in the world. The analysis is based on 193 cases and 400 controls. Breast cancer risk was found to be directly related to educational attainment. There was an increased risk associated with early menarche and late menopause. The most striking finding was the strong inverse relationship between risk and parity; women who had six or more children have only one-third the breast cancer risk of married women who had less than four children. This association is not confounded by case-control differences in age at birth of first child. The association of breast cancer risk with age at first birth was not striking; only women with a first birth after age 30 were at increased risk. Breast cancer risk was unrelated to lactation. Overall, the epidemiology of breast cancer in Burma is similar to that in most other countries. However, the possibility of an unusual relationship of risk to parity and age at first parturition warrants further exploration.", "contents": "Risk factors of breast cancer in Burma. A hospital-based case-control study of breast cancer was undertaken in Rangoon. The age-standardized incidence rate, 25.1 per 100,000 woman-years and the shape of the age-incidence curve show that Rangoon women have an intermediate level of breast cancer risk compared to women of other countries in the world. The analysis is based on 193 cases and 400 controls. Breast cancer risk was found to be directly related to educational attainment. There was an increased risk associated with early menarche and late menopause. The most striking finding was the strong inverse relationship between risk and parity; women who had six or more children have only one-third the breast cancer risk of married women who had less than four children. This association is not confounded by case-control differences in age at birth of first child. The association of breast cancer risk with age at first birth was not striking; only women with a first birth after age 30 were at increased risk. Breast cancer risk was unrelated to lactation. Overall, the epidemiology of breast cancer in Burma is similar to that in most other countries. However, the possibility of an unusual relationship of risk to parity and age at first parturition warrants further exploration."}
{"id": "PMID:149772", "title": "An analysis of conditions allowing Corynebacterium parvum to cause either augmentation or inhibition of natural killer cell activity against tumor cells in mice.", "content": "We have analyzed the impact of in vivo administration of Corynebacterium parvum on the mouse immune system against murine tumors, using the natural cytotoxic ability against tumors of normal mouse lymphoid cells as a baseline. A striking difference was found depending on the route of administration. Intravenous inoculation of bacteria would result in a significant decrease or sometimes complete abolition of natural cytotoxicity toward tumor cells of the spleen cells of treated mice. On the other hand, the intraperitoneal route of administration resulted in a dramatic increase in cytolytic ability of the peritoneal exudate cells. Both routes of treatment had the most significant impacts on  the local cell population (IV = spleen, IP = peritoneal exudate cells) with only minor effects on other cell populations. Analysis of the spleen cell population from IV-treated mice did also demonstrate a significant reduction in the T lymphocyte function, but in contrast to the natural cytotoxicity this could be corrected for by the removal of suppressor cells of an adherent nature. The lytic cells induced in the peritoneal exudate by the Corynebacterium parvum bacteria were all found to be natural killer, NK, cells with no significant activity found amongst macrophages using short-term cytolytic assays.", "contents": "An analysis of conditions allowing Corynebacterium parvum to cause either augmentation or inhibition of natural killer cell activity against tumor cells in mice. We have analyzed the impact of in vivo administration of Corynebacterium parvum on the mouse immune system against murine tumors, using the natural cytotoxic ability against tumors of normal mouse lymphoid cells as a baseline. A striking difference was found depending on the route of administration. Intravenous inoculation of bacteria would result in a significant decrease or sometimes complete abolition of natural cytotoxicity toward tumor cells of the spleen cells of treated mice. On the other hand, the intraperitoneal route of administration resulted in a dramatic increase in cytolytic ability of the peritoneal exudate cells. Both routes of treatment had the most significant impacts on  the local cell population (IV = spleen, IP = peritoneal exudate cells) with only minor effects on other cell populations. Analysis of the spleen cell population from IV-treated mice did also demonstrate a significant reduction in the T lymphocyte function, but in contrast to the natural cytotoxicity this could be corrected for by the removal of suppressor cells of an adherent nature. The lytic cells induced in the peritoneal exudate by the Corynebacterium parvum bacteria were all found to be natural killer, NK, cells with no significant activity found amongst macrophages using short-term cytolytic assays."}
{"id": "PMID:149773", "title": "Pulmonary fibrinolytic activity: development of a sensitive radiochromatographic assay.", "content": "Pulmonary fibrinolytic activity was determined by a column assay which uses antibovine fibrinogen antibody covalently bound to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B and 125I-labeled fibrinogen immunologically bound to the antibody. Fibrinogen-degrading enzyme (plasmin) was passed through the immobilized substrate; the released 1252I-labeled fragments were counted in a gamma-scintillation counter. A positive correlation was found between enzyme concentration and release of fibrinogen degradation products. The assay was sensitive, reproducible and particularly useful for measuring low enzyme activity in dilute bronchopulmonary lavage fluids.", "contents": "Pulmonary fibrinolytic activity: development of a sensitive radiochromatographic assay. Pulmonary fibrinolytic activity was determined by a column assay which uses antibovine fibrinogen antibody covalently bound to cyanogen bromide-activated Sepharose 4B and 125I-labeled fibrinogen immunologically bound to the antibody. Fibrinogen-degrading enzyme (plasmin) was passed through the immobilized substrate; the released 1252I-labeled fragments were counted in a gamma-scintillation counter. A positive correlation was found between enzyme concentration and release of fibrinogen degradation products. The assay was sensitive, reproducible and particularly useful for measuring low enzyme activity in dilute bronchopulmonary lavage fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:149776", "title": "Mechanics of the human diaphragm during voluntary contraction: statics.", "content": "We related diaphragm electromyographic activity (Edi) to transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) in man during graded inspiratory efforts. Estimates of rib cage and abdominal volume displacements were based on their anteroposterior (AP) diameter changes. The diaphragm was assumed to contract isometrically when subjects performed inspiratory efforts against a closed airway at specified abdominothoracic configurations, increasing Edi and Pdi while holding lung volume and rib case and abdominal AP diameters constant. The relationship between Pdi and Edi depends primarily on abdominothoracic configuration rather than lung volume. For  equal increments in lung volume, the Pdi developed at constant Edi is four to eight times more sensitive to changes in abdominal than in rib cage AP diameter. We demonstrate an isofunctional state of the diaphragm at different lung volumes, when increases in lung volume and rib cage AP diameter are compensated for by slight decreases in abdominal AP diameter, resulting in a constant relationship between Edi and Pdi. We conclude that diaphragm shortening is reflected more directly in abdominal displacement than in lung volume change.", "contents": "Mechanics of the human diaphragm during voluntary contraction: statics. We related diaphragm electromyographic activity (Edi) to transdiaphragmatic pressure (Pdi) in man during graded inspiratory efforts. Estimates of rib cage and abdominal volume displacements were based on their anteroposterior (AP) diameter changes. The diaphragm was assumed to contract isometrically when subjects performed inspiratory efforts against a closed airway at specified abdominothoracic configurations, increasing Edi and Pdi while holding lung volume and rib case and abdominal AP diameters constant. The relationship between Pdi and Edi depends primarily on abdominothoracic configuration rather than lung volume. For  equal increments in lung volume, the Pdi developed at constant Edi is four to eight times more sensitive to changes in abdominal than in rib cage AP diameter. We demonstrate an isofunctional state of the diaphragm at different lung volumes, when increases in lung volume and rib cage AP diameter are compensated for by slight decreases in abdominal AP diameter, resulting in a constant relationship between Edi and Pdi. We conclude that diaphragm shortening is reflected more directly in abdominal displacement than in lung volume change."}
{"id": "PMID:149774", "title": "Papillary muscle rupture following nonpenetrating chest trauma: report of a case with hemodynamic and serial echocardiographic findings and successful surgical treatment.", "content": "The pre- and postoperative echocardiographic features of a patient with severe mitral incompetence due to rupture of a papillary muscle following nonpenetrating chest trauma are presented. The mitral valve echocardiogram showed chaotic diastolic flutter suggestive of a ruptured papillary muscle or ruptured chordae tendineae. The preoperative ultrasound recording of the left ventricle revealed left ventricular enlargement and excessive motion of the interventricular septum. The echocardiogram taken 7 weeks after mitral valve replacement showed considerable regression of the left ventricular enlargement.", "contents": "Papillary muscle rupture following nonpenetrating chest trauma: report of a case with hemodynamic and serial echocardiographic findings and successful surgical treatment. The pre- and postoperative echocardiographic features of a patient with severe mitral incompetence due to rupture of a papillary muscle following nonpenetrating chest trauma are presented. The mitral valve echocardiogram showed chaotic diastolic flutter suggestive of a ruptured papillary muscle or ruptured chordae tendineae. The preoperative ultrasound recording of the left ventricle revealed left ventricular enlargement and excessive motion of the interventricular septum. The echocardiogram taken 7 weeks after mitral valve replacement showed considerable regression of the left ventricular enlargement."}
{"id": "PMID:149777", "title": "Cardiac hypertrophy in response to dynamic conditioning in female athletes.", "content": "Ten female field hockey players were studied to determine if prolonged dynamic conditioning results in an increased left ventricular internal dimension at end diastole (LVIDD) and if this increase correlates with maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). At peak season, echocardiograms were obtained and VO2max determined during maximal treadmill exercise. VO2max, LVIDD index (LVIDD/body surface area (BSA)), and ventricular septal and posterior wall thickness were compared to agematched nonathletic women. Mean LVIDD index was significantly greater in athletes than in controls: 29.3 +/- 0.9 mm/m2 vs. 26.3 +/- 0.6, P less than 0.005. Echocardiographic wall measurements did not differ significantly in the two groups. Mean VO2max for the athletes was significantly greater than controls: 51.7 +/- 4.0 ml O2.kg-1.min-1 vs. 41.2 +/- 2.1, P less than 0.001. VO2max correlated significantly with LVIDD index; r = 0.92, P less than 0.001. Female athletes show an increased LVIDD in response to dynamic conditioning similar to that seen in male athletes. The proficiency of athletic performance as measured by VO2max may be related to the heart's ability to increase LVIDD since there is a high correlation between VO2max and LVIDD index.", "contents": "Cardiac hypertrophy in response to dynamic conditioning in female athletes. Ten female field hockey players were studied to determine if prolonged dynamic conditioning results in an increased left ventricular internal dimension at end diastole (LVIDD) and if this increase correlates with maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). At peak season, echocardiograms were obtained and VO2max determined during maximal treadmill exercise. VO2max, LVIDD index (LVIDD/body surface area (BSA)), and ventricular septal and posterior wall thickness were compared to agematched nonathletic women. Mean LVIDD index was significantly greater in athletes than in controls: 29.3 +/- 0.9 mm/m2 vs. 26.3 +/- 0.6, P less than 0.005. Echocardiographic wall measurements did not differ significantly in the two groups. Mean VO2max for the athletes was significantly greater than controls: 51.7 +/- 4.0 ml O2.kg-1.min-1 vs. 41.2 +/- 2.1, P less than 0.001. VO2max correlated significantly with LVIDD index; r = 0.92, P less than 0.001. Female athletes show an increased LVIDD in response to dynamic conditioning similar to that seen in male athletes. The proficiency of athletic performance as measured by VO2max may be related to the heart's ability to increase LVIDD since there is a high correlation between VO2max and LVIDD index."}
{"id": "PMID:149778", "title": "Cellular adaptations of the ventilatory muscles to a chronic increased respiratory load.", "content": "It is not known whether cellular adaptations of the ventilatory muscles are induced by increased respiratory loads. A chronic respiratory load was produced in rats by tracheal banding. Five weeks after the imposition of this increased load, biochemical and histochemical analyses were performed on the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The oxidative capacity, as indicated by succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, increased 38% in the diaphragm. The capacity for beta-oxidation fatty acids, as indicated by 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) activity, increased 29%. The glycolytic capacity, as indicated by phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity, did not change. Similar enzymatic adaptations were observed in the intercostal muscles. The proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers, as indicated by the myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) stain, increased in the diaphragm, but not in the intercostal muscles. Thus, these ventilatory muscles responded with an increase in their oxidative capacity, and the diaphragm reponded with an increase in the proportion of muscle fibers having the myofibriller ATPase staining characteristic of slow-twich fibers. We conclude that cellular adaptations are induced in the ventilatory muscles by chronic increased respiratory loads.", "contents": "Cellular adaptations of the ventilatory muscles to a chronic increased respiratory load. It is not known whether cellular adaptations of the ventilatory muscles are induced by increased respiratory loads. A chronic respiratory load was produced in rats by tracheal banding. Five weeks after the imposition of this increased load, biochemical and histochemical analyses were performed on the diaphragm and intercostal muscles. The oxidative capacity, as indicated by succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity, increased 38% in the diaphragm. The capacity for beta-oxidation fatty acids, as indicated by 3-hydroxy-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (HADH) activity, increased 29%. The glycolytic capacity, as indicated by phosphofructokinase (PFK) activity, did not change. Similar enzymatic adaptations were observed in the intercostal muscles. The proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibers, as indicated by the myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) stain, increased in the diaphragm, but not in the intercostal muscles. Thus, these ventilatory muscles responded with an increase in their oxidative capacity, and the diaphragm reponded with an increase in the proportion of muscle fibers having the myofibriller ATPase staining characteristic of slow-twich fibers. We conclude that cellular adaptations are induced in the ventilatory muscles by chronic increased respiratory loads."}
{"id": "PMID:149779", "title": "Developmental pattern of muscle fiber types in human ventilatory muscles.", "content": "Premature infants tolerate respiratory loads poorly. This may reflect incomplete development of the ventilatory muscles (VM) causing poor resistance to fatigue. To study the developmental pattern of human VM, 31 postmortem specimens of diaphragm and intercostal muscles were obtained. Individual muscle fibers were classified as type I (slow-twitch, high-oxidative) or type II (fast-twich, low-oxidative) using histochemical staining methods for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (M-ATPase) (pH 10.30) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) tetrazolium reductase. In the diaphragm, premature infants (less than 37 wk gestation) had only 9.7 +/- 1.3% type I fibers, full-term newborns 25.0 +/- 1.1%, and older subjects (greater than 2 yr of age) 54.9 +/- 1.3%. There was no further increase after 8 mo postpartum. In the intercostal muscles, premature infants had only 19.0 +/- 4.8% type I fibers, full-term newborns 45.7 +/- 1.3%, and older subjects 65.2 +/- 2.6%. There was no further increase after 2 mo postpartum. These findings suggest the ventilatory muscles of newborn infants are more susceptible to fatigue than those of older subjects. This may contribute significantly to respiratory problems in the neonate.", "contents": "Developmental pattern of muscle fiber types in human ventilatory muscles. Premature infants tolerate respiratory loads poorly. This may reflect incomplete development of the ventilatory muscles (VM) causing poor resistance to fatigue. To study the developmental pattern of human VM, 31 postmortem specimens of diaphragm and intercostal muscles were obtained. Individual muscle fibers were classified as type I (slow-twitch, high-oxidative) or type II (fast-twich, low-oxidative) using histochemical staining methods for myofibrillar adenosine triphosphatase (M-ATPase) (pH 10.30) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) tetrazolium reductase. In the diaphragm, premature infants (less than 37 wk gestation) had only 9.7 +/- 1.3% type I fibers, full-term newborns 25.0 +/- 1.1%, and older subjects (greater than 2 yr of age) 54.9 +/- 1.3%. There was no further increase after 8 mo postpartum. In the intercostal muscles, premature infants had only 19.0 +/- 4.8% type I fibers, full-term newborns 45.7 +/- 1.3%, and older subjects 65.2 +/- 2.6%. There was no further increase after 2 mo postpartum. These findings suggest the ventilatory muscles of newborn infants are more susceptible to fatigue than those of older subjects. This may contribute significantly to respiratory problems in the neonate."}
{"id": "PMID:149780", "title": "Spectinomycin modification. IV. 7-deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin.", "content": "7-Deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin (7) has been prepared and its structure firmly established by proton magnetic resonance and high resolution mass spectrometry. This spectinomycin analog is devoid of antibiotic activity.", "contents": "Spectinomycin modification. IV. 7-deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin. 7-Deoxy-4(R)-dihydrospectinomycin (7) has been prepared and its structure firmly established by proton magnetic resonance and high resolution mass spectrometry. This spectinomycin analog is devoid of antibiotic activity."}
{"id": "PMID:149781", "title": "Evaluation of succinyl neocarzinostatin in vivo.", "content": "The toxicity of the bis-succinyl derivative of the protein antibiotic, neocarzinostatin, was compared with the parent compound, neocarzinostatin (NCS), in rats. The derivative was found to be about two to five fold more active than NCS in vivo. The antitumor activity in rats bearing eleven distinct Yoshida hepatoma ascitic cell lines was tested under four possible combinations with regard to sites of drug and tumor cell administration. The results indicate that the antitumor spectrum of the derivative had changed slightly. Antitumor activity in mice was also tested with L1210 and P388 lymphatic leukemia, and with B16 melanocarcinoma. When the effect of the derivative was compared with parental NCS at the molecular level with respect to the inhibition of DNA synthesis in vitro, the specific activities of the two were found to be almost identical. These results were interpreted to indicate that the succinyl derivative of NCS was more stable to inactivation and proteolytic break-down in vivo than NCS as observed previously in in vitro studies.", "contents": "Evaluation of succinyl neocarzinostatin in vivo. The toxicity of the bis-succinyl derivative of the protein antibiotic, neocarzinostatin, was compared with the parent compound, neocarzinostatin (NCS), in rats. The derivative was found to be about two to five fold more active than NCS in vivo. The antitumor activity in rats bearing eleven distinct Yoshida hepatoma ascitic cell lines was tested under four possible combinations with regard to sites of drug and tumor cell administration. The results indicate that the antitumor spectrum of the derivative had changed slightly. Antitumor activity in mice was also tested with L1210 and P388 lymphatic leukemia, and with B16 melanocarcinoma. When the effect of the derivative was compared with parental NCS at the molecular level with respect to the inhibition of DNA synthesis in vitro, the specific activities of the two were found to be almost identical. These results were interpreted to indicate that the succinyl derivative of NCS was more stable to inactivation and proteolytic break-down in vivo than NCS as observed previously in in vitro studies."}
{"id": "PMID:149789", "title": "The effects of storage of sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments on the Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase.", "content": "The effects of K+ and Na+ on the Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments (SRF) were investigated at 1 mM ATP. There was an alteration of the sensitivity of the ATPase to the monovalent cations during storage of the SRF preparation. The Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase of freshly prepared SRF was slightly activated by 5-10 mM K+ and Na+. Mg2+-ATPase was inhibited by both the monovalent cations to the same extent, and this response to the ions was independent of the freshness of the preparations. After storage of SRF, however, the Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase was markedly activated by higher concentrations of K+ and Na+ (0.2-0.3 M). K+ and Na+ reduced the Ca uptake at the steady state in freshly prepared SRF, but did not affect pre-steady state uptake. In the presence of oxalate, the rate of Ca accumulation both in fresh and stored preparations was activated by 0.1-0.2 M K+ and Na+. The Ca2+, mg2+-ATPase with oxalate, so-called \"extra ATPase,\" showed the same response to the ions as did the activity without oxalate during storage.", "contents": "The effects of storage of sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments on the Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase. The effects of K+ and Na+ on the Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum fragments (SRF) were investigated at 1 mM ATP. There was an alteration of the sensitivity of the ATPase to the monovalent cations during storage of the SRF preparation. The Ca2+, Mg2+-ATPase of freshly prepared SRF was slightly activated by 5-10 mM K+ and Na+. Mg2+-ATPase was inhibited by both the monovalent cations to the same extent, and this response to the ions was independent of the freshness of the preparations. After storage of SRF, however, the Ca2+,Mg2+-ATPase was markedly activated by higher concentrations of K+ and Na+ (0.2-0.3 M). K+ and Na+ reduced the Ca uptake at the steady state in freshly prepared SRF, but did not affect pre-steady state uptake. In the presence of oxalate, the rate of Ca accumulation both in fresh and stored preparations was activated by 0.1-0.2 M K+ and Na+. The Ca2+, mg2+-ATPase with oxalate, so-called \"extra ATPase,\" showed the same response to the ions as did the activity without oxalate during storage."}
{"id": "PMID:149790", "title": "Effect of light and oxygen on neocarzinostatin stability and DNA-cleaving activity.", "content": "The in vitro DNA-cleaving activity of neocarzinostatin, a protein antibiotic, is strongly but reversibly inhibited by anaerobiosis. Half-maximal activity is seen in the presence of 0.25 mM O2. The stability of neocarzinostatin, as demonstrated by its ability to cleave DNA, is significantly reduced in light. Inactivation by light is complete and irreversible.", "contents": "Effect of light and oxygen on neocarzinostatin stability and DNA-cleaving activity. The in vitro DNA-cleaving activity of neocarzinostatin, a protein antibiotic, is strongly but reversibly inhibited by anaerobiosis. Half-maximal activity is seen in the presence of 0.25 mM O2. The stability of neocarzinostatin, as demonstrated by its ability to cleave DNA, is significantly reduced in light. Inactivation by light is complete and irreversible."}
{"id": "PMID:149791", "title": "The mode of inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by efrapeptin (A23871). Evidence for an alternating site mechanism for ATP synthesis.", "content": "Results are presented that confirm and extend earlier findings that efrapeptin is a potent inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. Binding of efrapeptin is shown to be reversible, and a dissociation constant for the enzyme-inhibitor complex is estimated to be 10(-8) M under conditions for either ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Fifty per cent inhibition of the ATP hydrolysis activity of submitochondrial particles is obtained at a ratio of 0.56 mol of inhibitor/mol of enzyme. Studies of efrapeptin binding under pseudo-first order conditions show that the onset of inhibition is first order with respect to efrapeptin. Combined with the inhibition titer, these results indicate that there is one inhibitor binding site per molecule of enzyme. Steady state velocity studies using a substrate regenerating system show that efrapeptin is competitive with both ADP and phosphate during ATP synthesis. However, during ATP hydrolysis, a distinctly different mode of inhibition is indicated with respect to ATP. Data are presented which suggest that ATP promotes the binding of efrapeptin to the enzyme. Indications that efrapeptin is a catalytic site inhibitor make these results difficult to reconcile with a simple mechanistic scheme involving a single independnet catalytic site for ATP synthesis and hydrolysis. Our results are discussed in terms of support for catalytic cooperativity between adjacent subunits as recently proposed by Kayalar et al. (Kayalar, C., Rosing, J., and Boyer, P. D. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 2486-2491).", "contents": "The mode of inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation by efrapeptin (A23871). Evidence for an alternating site mechanism for ATP synthesis. Results are presented that confirm and extend earlier findings that efrapeptin is a potent inhibitor of oxidative phosphorylation. Binding of efrapeptin is shown to be reversible, and a dissociation constant for the enzyme-inhibitor complex is estimated to be 10(-8) M under conditions for either ATP synthesis or hydrolysis. Fifty per cent inhibition of the ATP hydrolysis activity of submitochondrial particles is obtained at a ratio of 0.56 mol of inhibitor/mol of enzyme. Studies of efrapeptin binding under pseudo-first order conditions show that the onset of inhibition is first order with respect to efrapeptin. Combined with the inhibition titer, these results indicate that there is one inhibitor binding site per molecule of enzyme. Steady state velocity studies using a substrate regenerating system show that efrapeptin is competitive with both ADP and phosphate during ATP synthesis. However, during ATP hydrolysis, a distinctly different mode of inhibition is indicated with respect to ATP. Data are presented which suggest that ATP promotes the binding of efrapeptin to the enzyme. Indications that efrapeptin is a catalytic site inhibitor make these results difficult to reconcile with a simple mechanistic scheme involving a single independnet catalytic site for ATP synthesis and hydrolysis. Our results are discussed in terms of support for catalytic cooperativity between adjacent subunits as recently proposed by Kayalar et al. (Kayalar, C., Rosing, J., and Boyer, P. D. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 2486-2491)."}
{"id": "PMID:149792", "title": "An ATP stimulation of T4 DNA polymerase mediated via T4 gene 44/62 and 45 proteins. The requirement for ATP hydrolysis.", "content": "An in vitro replication system reconstituted from six purified T4 bacteriophage proteins, each of which is essential for T4 DNA replication in vivo, requires ATP. Because of the complexity of the complete system, we examine in this report the involvement of ATP in two subsystems of the overall DNA synthesis reaction. One subsystem consists of the T4 DNA polymerase (gene 43 protein) and its \"accessory proteins,\" the gene 44/62 and 45 products. An even simpler subsystem consists of the gene 44/62 and 45 proteins alone, which together have a DNA-dependent ATPase activity. The combination of the 44/62 and 45 proteins hydrolyze ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate in the presence of DNA. These essential accessory proteins have been previously shown to increase T4 DNA polymerase activity on primed, single-stranded DNA templates. In this report we use nucleotide analogues to demonstrate that this polymerase stimulation requires hydrolysis of the beta,gamma-phosphate bond of ATP. However, our data suggest that the mechanism of accessory protein stimulation is such that less than 1 ATP molecule need be hydrolyzed per 10 deoxyribonucleotides incorporated by the DNA polymerase into DNA.", "contents": "An ATP stimulation of T4 DNA polymerase mediated via T4 gene 44/62 and 45 proteins. The requirement for ATP hydrolysis. An in vitro replication system reconstituted from six purified T4 bacteriophage proteins, each of which is essential for T4 DNA replication in vivo, requires ATP. Because of the complexity of the complete system, we examine in this report the involvement of ATP in two subsystems of the overall DNA synthesis reaction. One subsystem consists of the T4 DNA polymerase (gene 43 protein) and its \"accessory proteins,\" the gene 44/62 and 45 products. An even simpler subsystem consists of the gene 44/62 and 45 proteins alone, which together have a DNA-dependent ATPase activity. The combination of the 44/62 and 45 proteins hydrolyze ATP to ADP and inorganic phosphate in the presence of DNA. These essential accessory proteins have been previously shown to increase T4 DNA polymerase activity on primed, single-stranded DNA templates. In this report we use nucleotide analogues to demonstrate that this polymerase stimulation requires hydrolysis of the beta,gamma-phosphate bond of ATP. However, our data suggest that the mechanism of accessory protein stimulation is such that less than 1 ATP molecule need be hydrolyzed per 10 deoxyribonucleotides incorporated by the DNA polymerase into DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:149795", "title": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. VI. Limited tryptic digestion of the citraconylated protein and sequences of tryptic peptides.", "content": "Hydrolysis with trypsin of citraconyl-carboxy-methyl-beta-galactosidase was carried out under limiting conditions. No Asp-Arg-X sequences were cleaved and many large peptides were produced. Butanol extraction from dilute acid proved very useful for separating the more hydrophobic fragments. Peptides were purified and sequenced. From this digest and two earlier preparations, all 80 theoretically possible tryptic fragments have been isolated and their structures determined.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of beta-galactosidase. VI. Limited tryptic digestion of the citraconylated protein and sequences of tryptic peptides. Hydrolysis with trypsin of citraconyl-carboxy-methyl-beta-galactosidase was carried out under limiting conditions. No Asp-Arg-X sequences were cleaved and many large peptides were produced. Butanol extraction from dilute acid proved very useful for separating the more hydrophobic fragments. Peptides were purified and sequenced. From this digest and two earlier preparations, all 80 theoretically possible tryptic fragments have been isolated and their structures determined."}
{"id": "PMID:149796", "title": "Flagellar elongation and shortening in Chlamydomonas. IV. Effects of flagellar detachment, regeneration, and resorption on the induction of flagellar protein synthesis.", "content": "Synthesis of new proteins is required to regenerate full length Chlamydomonas flagella after deflagellation. Using gametes, which have a low basal level of protein synthesis, it has been possible to label and detect the synthesis of many flagellar proteins in whole cells. The deflagellation-induced synthesis of the tubulins, dyneins, the flagellar membrane protein, and at least 20 other proteins which co-migrate with proteins in isolated axonemes, can be detected in gamete cytoplasm, and the times of initiation and termination of synthesis for each of the proteins can be studied. The nature of the signal that stimulates the cell to initiate flagellar protein synthesis is unknown. Flagellar regeneration and accompanying pool depletion are not necessary for either the onset or termination of flagellar protein synthesis, because colchicine, which blocks flagellar regeneration, does not change the pattern of proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm after deflagellation or the timing of their synthesis. Moreover, flagellar protein synthesis is stimulated after cells are chemically induced to resorb their flagella, indicating that the act of deflagellation itself is not necessary to stimulate synthesis. Methods were defined for inducing the cells to resorb their flagella by removing Ca++ from the medium and raising the concentration of K+ or Na+. The resorption was reversible and the flagellar components that were resorbed could be re-utilized to assemble flagella in the absence of protein synthesis. This new technique is used in this report to study the control of synthesis and assembly of flagella.", "contents": "Flagellar elongation and shortening in Chlamydomonas. IV. Effects of flagellar detachment, regeneration, and resorption on the induction of flagellar protein synthesis. Synthesis of new proteins is required to regenerate full length Chlamydomonas flagella after deflagellation. Using gametes, which have a low basal level of protein synthesis, it has been possible to label and detect the synthesis of many flagellar proteins in whole cells. The deflagellation-induced synthesis of the tubulins, dyneins, the flagellar membrane protein, and at least 20 other proteins which co-migrate with proteins in isolated axonemes, can be detected in gamete cytoplasm, and the times of initiation and termination of synthesis for each of the proteins can be studied. The nature of the signal that stimulates the cell to initiate flagellar protein synthesis is unknown. Flagellar regeneration and accompanying pool depletion are not necessary for either the onset or termination of flagellar protein synthesis, because colchicine, which blocks flagellar regeneration, does not change the pattern of proteins synthesized in the cytoplasm after deflagellation or the timing of their synthesis. Moreover, flagellar protein synthesis is stimulated after cells are chemically induced to resorb their flagella, indicating that the act of deflagellation itself is not necessary to stimulate synthesis. Methods were defined for inducing the cells to resorb their flagella by removing Ca++ from the medium and raising the concentration of K+ or Na+. The resorption was reversible and the flagellar components that were resorbed could be re-utilized to assemble flagella in the absence of protein synthesis. This new technique is used in this report to study the control of synthesis and assembly of flagella."}
{"id": "PMID:149797", "title": "Ouabain binding during plasma membrane biogenesis in duck salt gland.", "content": "The conditions necessary for optimal ouabain binding in the avian salt gland were examined. Binding was enhanced by ATP and Mg2+ and was decreased by K+, but was unaffected by added Na+. Both maximal binding and complete inhibition of Na, K-ATPase activity were obtained at 1 X 10(-6) M ouabain. Half maximal binding and half maximal inhibition of Na, K-ATPase activity were obtained at 1.7 X 10(-7) M ouabain. Ouabain binding increased in parallel with increasing specific activity of the Na, K-ATPase duringsalt-induced salt gland specialization. The ratio of Na, K-ATPase activity to ouabain-binding sites remained constant during the salt stress as well as after removal of the salt diet. Autoradiography indicated binding to partially and fully differentiated secretory cells of the salt gland. The ouabain binding assay appeared to be a more useful indicator of membrane amplification than Na, K-ATPase activity since it is rapid, essentially irreversible, less sensitive to tissue fixatives, and quantitatively measured the number of enzyme molecules.", "contents": "Ouabain binding during plasma membrane biogenesis in duck salt gland. The conditions necessary for optimal ouabain binding in the avian salt gland were examined. Binding was enhanced by ATP and Mg2+ and was decreased by K+, but was unaffected by added Na+. Both maximal binding and complete inhibition of Na, K-ATPase activity were obtained at 1 X 10(-6) M ouabain. Half maximal binding and half maximal inhibition of Na, K-ATPase activity were obtained at 1.7 X 10(-7) M ouabain. Ouabain binding increased in parallel with increasing specific activity of the Na, K-ATPase duringsalt-induced salt gland specialization. The ratio of Na, K-ATPase activity to ouabain-binding sites remained constant during the salt stress as well as after removal of the salt diet. Autoradiography indicated binding to partially and fully differentiated secretory cells of the salt gland. The ouabain binding assay appeared to be a more useful indicator of membrane amplification than Na, K-ATPase activity since it is rapid, essentially irreversible, less sensitive to tissue fixatives, and quantitatively measured the number of enzyme molecules."}
{"id": "PMID:149798", "title": "BHK21 myosin: isolation, biochemical characterization and intracellular localization.", "content": "Myosin has been isolated from baby hamster kidney cells (BHK21/C13) in high yield and characterized biochemically and immunologically. The subunit composition consists of 2 heavy chains, approximately 200,000 Daltons each, and 2 classes of light chains of approximately 16,000 and 20,000 Daltons. The myosin exhibits ATPase activity in the presence of K+-EDTA or Ca2+ but very little activity with Mg2+-ATP. The Mg2+-ATPase activity is stimulated only about 2-fold by skeletal actin, but a much larger activation is obtained in the presence of a protein kinase isolated from chicken gizzard. The increase in actin activation is accompained by the phosphorylation of the 20,000-Dalton light chain. BHK21 myosin is insoluble at low ionic strength and forms typical biopolar thick filaments. A specific antiserum generated against this protein forms a single precipitin line with the antigen but does not crossreact with either skeletal or smooth muscle myosin. The antiserum also specifically stains stress fibres in BHK21 cells as shown by indirect immunofluorescence.", "contents": "BHK21 myosin: isolation, biochemical characterization and intracellular localization. Myosin has been isolated from baby hamster kidney cells (BHK21/C13) in high yield and characterized biochemically and immunologically. The subunit composition consists of 2 heavy chains, approximately 200,000 Daltons each, and 2 classes of light chains of approximately 16,000 and 20,000 Daltons. The myosin exhibits ATPase activity in the presence of K+-EDTA or Ca2+ but very little activity with Mg2+-ATP. The Mg2+-ATPase activity is stimulated only about 2-fold by skeletal actin, but a much larger activation is obtained in the presence of a protein kinase isolated from chicken gizzard. The increase in actin activation is accompained by the phosphorylation of the 20,000-Dalton light chain. BHK21 myosin is insoluble at low ionic strength and forms typical biopolar thick filaments. A specific antiserum generated against this protein forms a single precipitin line with the antigen but does not crossreact with either skeletal or smooth muscle myosin. The antiserum also specifically stains stress fibres in BHK21 cells as shown by indirect immunofluorescence."}
{"id": "PMID:149799", "title": "Monovalent cation transport in irreversibly sickled cells.", "content": "Using discontinuous density gradients of Stractan II, we have separated sickle cell blood into discrete subpopulations of reticulocytes, mature discoid cells, and irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs). We have measured active and passive fluxes of monovalent cations in mature discoid cells, ISCs, and normal control cells, also separated upon density gradients. These measurements revealed a decreased active cation transport in ISC-rich populations. However, parallel measurements of Na, K-ATPase activity showed normal ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity in ISCs. Passive permeability to external Rb was also normal in ISCs. The observation of depressed pump activity in intact ISCs, contrasted with normal ATPase activity in ISC membranes, suggests the presence of factors in the intact cell which inhibit the active transport of Na and K in ISCs.", "contents": "Monovalent cation transport in irreversibly sickled cells. Using discontinuous density gradients of Stractan II, we have separated sickle cell blood into discrete subpopulations of reticulocytes, mature discoid cells, and irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs). We have measured active and passive fluxes of monovalent cations in mature discoid cells, ISCs, and normal control cells, also separated upon density gradients. These measurements revealed a decreased active cation transport in ISC-rich populations. However, parallel measurements of Na, K-ATPase activity showed normal ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity in ISCs. Passive permeability to external Rb was also normal in ISCs. The observation of depressed pump activity in intact ISCs, contrasted with normal ATPase activity in ISC membranes, suggests the presence of factors in the intact cell which inhibit the active transport of Na and K in ISCs."}
{"id": "PMID:149800", "title": "Myocardial blood flow distribution in concentric left ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "Regional myocardial blood flow during both control conditions and ischemia-induced vasodilatation was studied in eight chronically instrumented awake dogs. Seven of these animals had coarctation-banding of the ascending aorta performed at 6 wk of age, and the other dog had congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis. The mean left ventricular weight for the group was 157+/-7.6 g, and the left ventricular body weight ratio was 8.76+/-0.47 g/kg. None of the animals exhibited signs of congestive heart failure. During the control state, the mean left ventricular systolic pressure was 249+/-12 mm Hg and the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 11.5+/-0.5 mm Hg. The aortic diastolic pressure was 74+/-6 mm Hg. Mean left circumflex coronary artery blood flow was 71+/-6 cm(3)/min. In the animals with coarctation-banding, 52+/-6% of the flow occurred during systole. In the dog with congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis, 5% of the coronary flow was systolic. Mean transmural blood flow during resting conditions was 0.97+/-0.08 cm(3)/min per g, and the ratio of endocardial to epicardial flow (endo/epi) was 0.88+/-0.07. During reactive hyperemia, the mean transmural blood flow increased to 3.5+/-0.30 cm(3)/min per g; however, the endo/epi decreased to 0.52+/-0.06.THESE STUDIES DOCUMENT A DIFFERENCE IN TRANSMURAL BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN THE NORMAL AND THE HYPERTROPHIED LEFT VENTRICLE: during resting conditions, in the normal ventricle, the highest flow occurs in the endocardial layer, whereas in the hypertrophied ventricle, the highest flow is in the middle layers with the endocardial flow less than the epicardial flow. During ischemia-induced vasodilatation, the abnormal endo/epi becomes accentuated markedly. These data demonstrate that, in situations requiring high flow, the endocardial layer of a heart with marked concentric left ventricular hypertrophy may not be perfused adequately.", "contents": "Myocardial blood flow distribution in concentric left ventricular hypertrophy. Regional myocardial blood flow during both control conditions and ischemia-induced vasodilatation was studied in eight chronically instrumented awake dogs. Seven of these animals had coarctation-banding of the ascending aorta performed at 6 wk of age, and the other dog had congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis. The mean left ventricular weight for the group was 157+/-7.6 g, and the left ventricular body weight ratio was 8.76+/-0.47 g/kg. None of the animals exhibited signs of congestive heart failure. During the control state, the mean left ventricular systolic pressure was 249+/-12 mm Hg and the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 11.5+/-0.5 mm Hg. The aortic diastolic pressure was 74+/-6 mm Hg. Mean left circumflex coronary artery blood flow was 71+/-6 cm(3)/min. In the animals with coarctation-banding, 52+/-6% of the flow occurred during systole. In the dog with congenital subvalvular aortic stenosis, 5% of the coronary flow was systolic. Mean transmural blood flow during resting conditions was 0.97+/-0.08 cm(3)/min per g, and the ratio of endocardial to epicardial flow (endo/epi) was 0.88+/-0.07. During reactive hyperemia, the mean transmural blood flow increased to 3.5+/-0.30 cm(3)/min per g; however, the endo/epi decreased to 0.52+/-0.06.THESE STUDIES DOCUMENT A DIFFERENCE IN TRANSMURAL BLOOD FLOW DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN THE NORMAL AND THE HYPERTROPHIED LEFT VENTRICLE: during resting conditions, in the normal ventricle, the highest flow occurs in the endocardial layer, whereas in the hypertrophied ventricle, the highest flow is in the middle layers with the endocardial flow less than the epicardial flow. During ischemia-induced vasodilatation, the abnormal endo/epi becomes accentuated markedly. These data demonstrate that, in situations requiring high flow, the endocardial layer of a heart with marked concentric left ventricular hypertrophy may not be perfused adequately."}
{"id": "PMID:149801", "title": "Sonographic findings in gastroschisis.", "content": "The antenatal sonographic appearance of gastroschisis is described. The findings consist of numerous extra-abdominal \"cystic masses\" respresenting loops of fluid-filled bowel eviscerated through the abdominal defect. This patient also had associated polyhydramnios, possibly on the basis of a functional bowel abnormality.", "contents": "Sonographic findings in gastroschisis. The antenatal sonographic appearance of gastroschisis is described. The findings consist of numerous extra-abdominal \"cystic masses\" respresenting loops of fluid-filled bowel eviscerated through the abdominal defect. This patient also had associated polyhydramnios, possibly on the basis of a functional bowel abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:149803", "title": "Evaluation of the adverse effects of long-term hyposensitization.", "content": "This study was undertaken to determine if long-term hyposensitization causes late sequelae, particularly those reflecting aberrant immunologic responses. Atopic individuals receiving five or more years of hyposensitization with allergenic extracts showed no increased autoimmune, collagen vascular, or lymphoproliferative disease. In addition, chronic hyposensitization did not have adverse effects on immunologic reactivity as assessed by a number of immune parameters. Particularly noteworthy was the absence of immune complexes in the serum of patients undergoing long-term hyposensitization. This study represents the first systematic investigation of potential adverse effects of long-term hyposensitization.", "contents": "Evaluation of the adverse effects of long-term hyposensitization. This study was undertaken to determine if long-term hyposensitization causes late sequelae, particularly those reflecting aberrant immunologic responses. Atopic individuals receiving five or more years of hyposensitization with allergenic extracts showed no increased autoimmune, collagen vascular, or lymphoproliferative disease. In addition, chronic hyposensitization did not have adverse effects on immunologic reactivity as assessed by a number of immune parameters. Particularly noteworthy was the absence of immune complexes in the serum of patients undergoing long-term hyposensitization. This study represents the first systematic investigation of potential adverse effects of long-term hyposensitization."}
{"id": "PMID:149804", "title": "Bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine and methacholine in asthmatic children after inhalation of SCH 1000 and chlorpheniramine maleate.", "content": "Nine asthmatic patients with a mean age of 14 yr received bronchial challenges with histamine and methacholine. The challenges were repeated after inhalation of 80 microgram of SCH 1000 (ipratropium bromide) and 5 mg of chlorpheniramine maleate. The provocation doses which produced a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and the slopes of the dose-response curves were analyzed. SCH 1000 prevented methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction and chlorpheniramine prevented methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction. There was no significant change in the dose-response curve of histamine after SCH 1000 or in the dose-response curve of methacholine after chlorpheniramine. The findings indicate that the mechanisms and receptor sites involved in bronchial provocation by histamine and methacholine are distinctly different. The histamine response is unlikely to be vagally mediated because histamine-induced bronchoconstriction was not prevented by SCH 1000. Both SCH 1000 and chlorpheniramine caused significant bronchodilatation, suggesting the presence of both histamine- and vagal-dependent bronchomotor tone.", "contents": "Bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine and methacholine in asthmatic children after inhalation of SCH 1000 and chlorpheniramine maleate. Nine asthmatic patients with a mean age of 14 yr received bronchial challenges with histamine and methacholine. The challenges were repeated after inhalation of 80 microgram of SCH 1000 (ipratropium bromide) and 5 mg of chlorpheniramine maleate. The provocation doses which produced a 20% fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and the slopes of the dose-response curves were analyzed. SCH 1000 prevented methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction and chlorpheniramine prevented methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction. There was no significant change in the dose-response curve of histamine after SCH 1000 or in the dose-response curve of methacholine after chlorpheniramine. The findings indicate that the mechanisms and receptor sites involved in bronchial provocation by histamine and methacholine are distinctly different. The histamine response is unlikely to be vagally mediated because histamine-induced bronchoconstriction was not prevented by SCH 1000. Both SCH 1000 and chlorpheniramine caused significant bronchodilatation, suggesting the presence of both histamine- and vagal-dependent bronchomotor tone."}
{"id": "PMID:149806", "title": "[Dominant cystoid macular dystrophy (author's transl)].", "content": "Dominant cystoid macular dystrophy (D.C.M.D.) is characterized by a macular dystrophy but at the same time by a pigmentary dystrophy of the retinal periphery. Ultimately D.C.M.D. resembles an atypical pigmentary dystrophy, in some cases that of a pericentral retinitis pigmentosa. In an early stage the results of the EOG and darkadaptation curve reflect the process at the level of the peripheral retina, while only in a late stage we may expect some diffuse ERG pathology. D.C.M.D. might be classified as a tapetoretinal dystrophy and in particular as a form of retinitis pigmentosa with an atypical visual disturbance and an atypical fundus appearance (Leber, 1871). In doing so attention is paid to the fact that D.C.M.D. is more than a macular dystrophy. The denomination of the disease as D.C.M.D. reflects the most important features at a relatively young age.", "contents": "[Dominant cystoid macular dystrophy (author's transl)]. Dominant cystoid macular dystrophy (D.C.M.D.) is characterized by a macular dystrophy but at the same time by a pigmentary dystrophy of the retinal periphery. Ultimately D.C.M.D. resembles an atypical pigmentary dystrophy, in some cases that of a pericentral retinitis pigmentosa. In an early stage the results of the EOG and darkadaptation curve reflect the process at the level of the peripheral retina, while only in a late stage we may expect some diffuse ERG pathology. D.C.M.D. might be classified as a tapetoretinal dystrophy and in particular as a form of retinitis pigmentosa with an atypical visual disturbance and an atypical fundus appearance (Leber, 1871). In doing so attention is paid to the fact that D.C.M.D. is more than a macular dystrophy. The denomination of the disease as D.C.M.D. reflects the most important features at a relatively young age."}
{"id": "PMID:149807", "title": "[Acute keratoconus--an ultrastructural study (author's transl)].", "content": "The corneal oedema of acute keratoconus is related to a break in endothelial-Descemetic continuity. This break was confirmed by optical and electron microscopical study of an anatomical section taken during a perforating keratoplasty; the methods of repair were studied five months after the incident. The corneal endothelium had almost totally recoversed the surfaces of the detached Descemet's membrane and the posterior surface of the bare corneal stroma. Electron microscopic study tended to indicate that the endothelial repair occurred more by cellular extension rather than mitosis (very flat cells) and showed that the inter-cellular connecting systems (focal tight junctions) were not regular, or even absent altogether, which explained the clinical finding of persistant corneal oedema. The endothelial cells secrete a Descemet neo-membrane over all their area which is more or less complete. They revover an original scarred stroma of fibrocytes of the posterior stroma.", "contents": "[Acute keratoconus--an ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. The corneal oedema of acute keratoconus is related to a break in endothelial-Descemetic continuity. This break was confirmed by optical and electron microscopical study of an anatomical section taken during a perforating keratoplasty; the methods of repair were studied five months after the incident. The corneal endothelium had almost totally recoversed the surfaces of the detached Descemet's membrane and the posterior surface of the bare corneal stroma. Electron microscopic study tended to indicate that the endothelial repair occurred more by cellular extension rather than mitosis (very flat cells) and showed that the inter-cellular connecting systems (focal tight junctions) were not regular, or even absent altogether, which explained the clinical finding of persistant corneal oedema. The endothelial cells secrete a Descemet neo-membrane over all their area which is more or less complete. They revover an original scarred stroma of fibrocytes of the posterior stroma."}
{"id": "PMID:149808", "title": "[Retinal artery occlusions following carotid angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe a case of retinal artery occlusion; succeeding to a carotid angiography. The ethiology could be a manifestation of an embolic phenomenas. The case is discussed in the light of simular and others reports of ocular complication following this procedure in the literature. Its appears that carotid artery disease was a precipitating factor in the ocular complication. It looks like a complication of injection of the contrast dye in some cases secondary to allergic, toxic or physical phenomenas.", "contents": "[Retinal artery occlusions following carotid angiography (author's transl)]. The authors describe a case of retinal artery occlusion; succeeding to a carotid angiography. The ethiology could be a manifestation of an embolic phenomenas. The case is discussed in the light of simular and others reports of ocular complication following this procedure in the literature. Its appears that carotid artery disease was a precipitating factor in the ocular complication. It looks like a complication of injection of the contrast dye in some cases secondary to allergic, toxic or physical phenomenas."}
{"id": "PMID:149809", "title": "[Glioma of the chiasm (author's transl)].", "content": "The diagnosis of glioma of the chiasm is based on the following factors: occurrence in infancy, association with Von Recklinghausen's disease, progressive and slow loss of vision in both eyes, bilateral optic atrophy, unilateral temporal defect or asymmetrical bitemporal hemianopia, exophthalmos, slow course,  omega-deformation of the sella turcica, enlargement of one or both optic foramina, postitive computerized axial tomography. Surgery is contraindicated. Radiotherapy may be applied, but its efficacy is still discussed.", "contents": "[Glioma of the chiasm (author's transl)]. The diagnosis of glioma of the chiasm is based on the following factors: occurrence in infancy, association with Von Recklinghausen's disease, progressive and slow loss of vision in both eyes, bilateral optic atrophy, unilateral temporal defect or asymmetrical bitemporal hemianopia, exophthalmos, slow course,  omega-deformation of the sella turcica, enlargement of one or both optic foramina, postitive computerized axial tomography. Surgery is contraindicated. Radiotherapy may be applied, but its efficacy is still discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149810", "title": "[Light and electron microscopy in one case of herpes zoster keratitis (author's transl)].", "content": "One case of herpes zoster keratitis studied after corneal graft is described. Light and electron microscopy investigations show severe pathological changes under the coneal epithelium: Bowman's layer disruption, superficial stromal alterations, sub-epithelial phagocyte proliferation with lipid and mucopolysaccharid vacuolar deposits, abnormal vascularization of the posterior stroma. The authors stress on this interesting ultrastructural study because of very rare cases of the same disease reported in the literature.", "contents": "[Light and electron microscopy in one case of herpes zoster keratitis (author's transl)]. One case of herpes zoster keratitis studied after corneal graft is described. Light and electron microscopy investigations show severe pathological changes under the coneal epithelium: Bowman's layer disruption, superficial stromal alterations, sub-epithelial phagocyte proliferation with lipid and mucopolysaccharid vacuolar deposits, abnormal vascularization of the posterior stroma. The authors stress on this interesting ultrastructural study because of very rare cases of the same disease reported in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:149811", "title": "[Contusion and permeability of the hemato-aqueous barrier to fluorescein. Effect of a pretreatment by local indometacine (author's transl].", "content": "An experimental study, by angiography of the anterior segment of rabbit's eye, estimates the permeability of the hemato-aqueous barrier, using fluorescein. A trauma of the eye (contusion) leads to a rapid and significant increase in this permeability. However, local pretreatment, using an ophthalmic solution of 0,33% indometacine, almost completely stabilizes the hemato-aqueous barrier, even for elements as diffusible as fluorescein. These results suggest that application of a similar preparation to the human eye could be useful in the treatment of ocular contusions, chemical burns and angle-closure glaucoma. But the best perspective could be the application of the indometacine solution to the eye, before an operation, to reduce the sideeffects of surgery relative to the surgical break of the hemato-aqueous barrier.", "contents": "[Contusion and permeability of the hemato-aqueous barrier to fluorescein. Effect of a pretreatment by local indometacine (author's transl]. An experimental study, by angiography of the anterior segment of rabbit's eye, estimates the permeability of the hemato-aqueous barrier, using fluorescein. A trauma of the eye (contusion) leads to a rapid and significant increase in this permeability. However, local pretreatment, using an ophthalmic solution of 0,33% indometacine, almost completely stabilizes the hemato-aqueous barrier, even for elements as diffusible as fluorescein. These results suggest that application of a similar preparation to the human eye could be useful in the treatment of ocular contusions, chemical burns and angle-closure glaucoma. But the best perspective could be the application of the indometacine solution to the eye, before an operation, to reduce the sideeffects of surgery relative to the surgical break of the hemato-aqueous barrier."}
{"id": "PMID:149812", "title": "[Optic disc new vessels (author's transl)].", "content": "Fluorescein angiography gives a classification of optic neovascularization separating early injected from late injected new vessels. This classification has been described in France by Mireille Bonnet. It comes from a hemodynamic and probably from a metabolic reality, and has a great deal to do with prognosis and laser treatment. With regard to the blood supply of the optic nerve head, most of the optic disc new-vessels are probably coming from the vascular plexus which surrounds the lamina cibrosa, and which is itself coming from the uveal circulation. The angiographic of optics-disc new-vessels are very likely explained by a hemodynamic condition which may present a very important variation according to the pathological needs of the retinal metabolism.", "contents": "[Optic disc new vessels (author's transl)]. Fluorescein angiography gives a classification of optic neovascularization separating early injected from late injected new vessels. This classification has been described in France by Mireille Bonnet. It comes from a hemodynamic and probably from a metabolic reality, and has a great deal to do with prognosis and laser treatment. With regard to the blood supply of the optic nerve head, most of the optic disc new-vessels are probably coming from the vascular plexus which surrounds the lamina cibrosa, and which is itself coming from the uveal circulation. The angiographic of optics-disc new-vessels are very likely explained by a hemodynamic condition which may present a very important variation according to the pathological needs of the retinal metabolism."}
{"id": "PMID:149813", "title": "[The new surgery of functional esotropias (Faden operation and classical technics) (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper is the second part of a work devoted to the surgery of functional esotropias. The Authors bring a systematic study of fundamental motor impairments, and their particular management. Sucessively they consider the length, the alterations of contractible properties and the visco elastic changes of ocular muscles. Then they point out the partical means to reveal those troubles by clinical examination, electro-oculography, study of eye position during anesthesia and muscular traction test. They underline the advantages, limits and drawbacks of Fadenoperation. Theorically and practically, a too posterior scleral fastening is dangerous. To avoid some complications of Cupper's original technic, they use a personal procedure: the muscle slapping, which seems to give good results. Finally, they analyze central disorders. The electrooculographic recordings prove that motor troubles  are certainly related with primitive visual impairments. They note that the frequent surgical cure means the muscle operations have a binding effect of proprioceptive nature on the central motor disorders.", "contents": "[The new surgery of functional esotropias (Faden operation and classical technics) (author's transl)]. This paper is the second part of a work devoted to the surgery of functional esotropias. The Authors bring a systematic study of fundamental motor impairments, and their particular management. Sucessively they consider the length, the alterations of contractible properties and the visco elastic changes of ocular muscles. Then they point out the partical means to reveal those troubles by clinical examination, electro-oculography, study of eye position during anesthesia and muscular traction test. They underline the advantages, limits and drawbacks of Fadenoperation. Theorically and practically, a too posterior scleral fastening is dangerous. To avoid some complications of Cupper's original technic, they use a personal procedure: the muscle slapping, which seems to give good results. Finally, they analyze central disorders. The electrooculographic recordings prove that motor troubles  are certainly related with primitive visual impairments. They note that the frequent surgical cure means the muscle operations have a binding effect of proprioceptive nature on the central motor disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:149816", "title": "Cell types involved in cytotoxicity induced by heated cells and inhibition of this cytotoxicity by anti-human B cell sera.", "content": "We have studied the induction of cytotoxic activity in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by heated allogeneic cells. By separating T and B cells from the responder and stimulator cell populations we found that cytotoxic cells are generated in responder T cell populations by both T and the B stimulator cells. Rabbit antisera to a membrane glycoprotein complex (33,000 and 27,000 m.w. by SDS-gel electrophoresis) isolated from a human B cell line were utilized to explore further the nature of the effector cells in this type of cytotoxicity. This antiserum, present during the 6-day-culture period, blocked generation of cytotoxic effector cells. Depletion of cells bearing the B cell antigen from the responder cell population by anti-B cell serum and complement (C) eliminated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, heated cell-induced cytotoxicity was blocked by simply pretreating the responder or the stimulator cell populations with anti-B cell serum in the absence of C. Apparently the human lymphocyte that functions as the effector cell in heated cell-induced cytotoxicity bears the Ia-like antigen that might be important in triggering this type of cytotoxicity.", "contents": "Cell types involved in cytotoxicity induced by heated cells and inhibition of this cytotoxicity by anti-human B cell sera. We have studied the induction of cytotoxic activity in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by heated allogeneic cells. By separating T and B cells from the responder and stimulator cell populations we found that cytotoxic cells are generated in responder T cell populations by both T and the B stimulator cells. Rabbit antisera to a membrane glycoprotein complex (33,000 and 27,000 m.w. by SDS-gel electrophoresis) isolated from a human B cell line were utilized to explore further the nature of the effector cells in this type of cytotoxicity. This antiserum, present during the 6-day-culture period, blocked generation of cytotoxic effector cells. Depletion of cells bearing the B cell antigen from the responder cell population by anti-B cell serum and complement (C) eliminated cytotoxicity. Furthermore, heated cell-induced cytotoxicity was blocked by simply pretreating the responder or the stimulator cell populations with anti-B cell serum in the absence of C. Apparently the human lymphocyte that functions as the effector cell in heated cell-induced cytotoxicity bears the Ia-like antigen that might be important in triggering this type of cytotoxicity."}
{"id": "PMID:149817", "title": "The expression of Ia antigens on immunocompetent cells in the guinea pig. III. Functional selection of Ia-negative T cells by in vitro culture.", "content": "In the present study we examined the expression of I-region-associated (Ia) antigens by guinea pig T lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with antigen-pulsed macrophages. Treatment of lymph node (LNL) or peritoneal exudate (PEL) T cells taken directly from immune animals with anti-Ia serum and complement (C) dramatically reduced their proliferative response to antigen-pulsed macrophages when determined on the 4th day of culture. In contrast, the response of immune T cells that had been selected by culture for a week with antigen-pulsed macrophages and restimulated in a second culture was not affected by anti-Ia and C treatment. This same result occurred with selected LNL or PEL that were initially treated before the selection culture with either normal serum or anti-Ia serum and C. LNL became resistant to anti-Ia serum and C treatment by 3 days of culture whereas antigen-specific PEL were still sensitive at that time. These results indicate that in an immune animal two antigen-specific T cell subpopulations are generated based on their sensitivity to anti-Ia serum and C treatment, but that only the resistant population is selected by in vitro culture. In addition, we demonstrated that the Ig-negative T cell population can only be activated by histocompatible antigen-pulsed macrophages.", "contents": "The expression of Ia antigens on immunocompetent cells in the guinea pig. III. Functional selection of Ia-negative T cells by in vitro culture. In the present study we examined the expression of I-region-associated (Ia) antigens by guinea pig T lymphocytes stimulated in vitro with antigen-pulsed macrophages. Treatment of lymph node (LNL) or peritoneal exudate (PEL) T cells taken directly from immune animals with anti-Ia serum and complement (C) dramatically reduced their proliferative response to antigen-pulsed macrophages when determined on the 4th day of culture. In contrast, the response of immune T cells that had been selected by culture for a week with antigen-pulsed macrophages and restimulated in a second culture was not affected by anti-Ia and C treatment. This same result occurred with selected LNL or PEL that were initially treated before the selection culture with either normal serum or anti-Ia serum and C. LNL became resistant to anti-Ia serum and C treatment by 3 days of culture whereas antigen-specific PEL were still sensitive at that time. These results indicate that in an immune animal two antigen-specific T cell subpopulations are generated based on their sensitivity to anti-Ia serum and C treatment, but that only the resistant population is selected by in vitro culture. In addition, we demonstrated that the Ig-negative T cell population can only be activated by histocompatible antigen-pulsed macrophages."}
{"id": "PMID:149818", "title": "Cytotoxicity of human peripheral lymphocytes in cell-mediated lympholysis; antibody-dependent cell-mediated lympholysis and natural cytotoxicity assays after mixed lymphocyte culture.", "content": "Lymphocytes that have been purified by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation lose antibody-dependent and natural cytotoxic activities upon culture in tissue culture medium supplemented with human plasma. However, stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes in the mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) appears to enhance killer (K) and natural killer (NK) activities in addition to generating cytotoxic T ymphocytes. Enhancement of NK and antibody dependent activities appears to correlate with cell division as measured by 3H-thymidine uptake. However, elimination of dividing cells in the MLC by addition of 5-bromodeoxyuridine has no effect on NK and K cells activities. Since this treatment abolishes cell-mediated lympholysis mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, it is a useful probe for determining the relative activities of NK, K, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte effector cells after lymphocyte stimulation.", "contents": "Cytotoxicity of human peripheral lymphocytes in cell-mediated lympholysis; antibody-dependent cell-mediated lympholysis and natural cytotoxicity assays after mixed lymphocyte culture. Lymphocytes that have been purified by Ficoll-Hypaque centrifugation lose antibody-dependent and natural cytotoxic activities upon culture in tissue culture medium supplemented with human plasma. However, stimulation of peripheral lymphocytes in the mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) appears to enhance killer (K) and natural killer (NK) activities in addition to generating cytotoxic T ymphocytes. Enhancement of NK and antibody dependent activities appears to correlate with cell division as measured by 3H-thymidine uptake. However, elimination of dividing cells in the MLC by addition of 5-bromodeoxyuridine has no effect on NK and K cells activities. Since this treatment abolishes cell-mediated lympholysis mediated by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, it is a useful probe for determining the relative activities of NK, K, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte effector cells after lymphocyte stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:149819", "title": "The mixed lymphocyte response in whole blood: technical aspects.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to standardize the response of lymphocytes in whole blood in mixed culture with allogeneic lymphocytes. The following conditions were found suitable: (1) A culture period of 6-8 days. (2) The ratio of stimulator to responder lymphocytes should be 4-8, but may vary from one batch of stimulator cells to another. (3) Tests may be performed in culture tubes with 50-100 microliter blood in a total volume of 2 ml (macrotechnique) or in microplates with 10 microliter of blood in a volume of 0.2 ml (microtechnique). (4) Serum supplement is not required. (5) Results should be expressed as counts/min (cpm) per a given number of responder lymphocytes. Stimulation indices are less reliable.", "contents": "The mixed lymphocyte response in whole blood: technical aspects. Experiments were conducted to standardize the response of lymphocytes in whole blood in mixed culture with allogeneic lymphocytes. The following conditions were found suitable: (1) A culture period of 6-8 days. (2) The ratio of stimulator to responder lymphocytes should be 4-8, but may vary from one batch of stimulator cells to another. (3) Tests may be performed in culture tubes with 50-100 microliter blood in a total volume of 2 ml (macrotechnique) or in microplates with 10 microliter of blood in a volume of 0.2 ml (microtechnique). (4) Serum supplement is not required. (5) Results should be expressed as counts/min (cpm) per a given number of responder lymphocytes. Stimulation indices are less reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:149820", "title": "Primed lymphocyte testing in pigs: conditions for the generation of primed cells and their response characteristics.", "content": "Pig peripheral blood lymphocytes, typed for LD antigens by negative reactions to homozygous cells in primary MLRs and for SD antigens by complement-mediated lymphocytotoxicity, were sensitised in vitro against X-irradiated lymphocytes. These \"primed\" cells were rechallenged with lymphocytes possessing a range of LD and SD phenotypes and were found to respond by rapid proliferation specifically to LD antigens of the type expressed by the original stimulating cell, but not to SD antigens. Third party LD antigens, not expressed by the original sensitising cell, or by the responder, caused a significant proliferation, but primed cells could be rendered operationally monospecific by reducing the number of responding cells until the third party reaction became negligible. Conditions for the generation and testing of these primed pig cells are described here.", "contents": "Primed lymphocyte testing in pigs: conditions for the generation of primed cells and their response characteristics. Pig peripheral blood lymphocytes, typed for LD antigens by negative reactions to homozygous cells in primary MLRs and for SD antigens by complement-mediated lymphocytotoxicity, were sensitised in vitro against X-irradiated lymphocytes. These \"primed\" cells were rechallenged with lymphocytes possessing a range of LD and SD phenotypes and were found to respond by rapid proliferation specifically to LD antigens of the type expressed by the original stimulating cell, but not to SD antigens. Third party LD antigens, not expressed by the original sensitising cell, or by the responder, caused a significant proliferation, but primed cells could be rendered operationally monospecific by reducing the number of responding cells until the third party reaction became negligible. Conditions for the generation and testing of these primed pig cells are described here."}
{"id": "PMID:149839", "title": "Ionic basis of the receptor potential in primary endings of mammalian muscle spindles.", "content": "The effect of changing the ionic composition of bathing fluid on the receptor potential of primary endings has been examined in isolated mammalian spindles whose capsule was removed in the sensory region. After impulse activity is blocked by tetrodotoxin, ramp-and-hold stretch evokes a characteristic pattern of potential change consisting of a greater dynamic depolarization during the ramp phase and a smaller static depolarization during the hold phase. After a high-velocity ramp there is a transient post-dynamic undershoot to below the static level. On release from hold stretch, the potential shows a postrelease undershoot relative to base line. The depolarization produced by stretch is rapidly decreased by the removal of Na+ and Ca2+. Addition of normal Ca2+ partly restores the response. Stretch appears to increase the conductance to Na+ and Ca2+ in the sensory terminals. The postdynamic undershoot is diminished by raising external K+ and blocked by tetraethylammonium (TEA). It apparently results from a voltage-dependent potassium conductance. The postrelease undershoot is decreased by raising external K+, but is not blocked by TEA. It is presumably caused by a relative increase in potassium conductance on release. Substitution of isethionate for Cl- or the addition of ouabain does not alter the postdynamic and postrelease undershoots.", "contents": "Ionic basis of the receptor potential in primary endings of mammalian muscle spindles. The effect of changing the ionic composition of bathing fluid on the receptor potential of primary endings has been examined in isolated mammalian spindles whose capsule was removed in the sensory region. After impulse activity is blocked by tetrodotoxin, ramp-and-hold stretch evokes a characteristic pattern of potential change consisting of a greater dynamic depolarization during the ramp phase and a smaller static depolarization during the hold phase. After a high-velocity ramp there is a transient post-dynamic undershoot to below the static level. On release from hold stretch, the potential shows a postrelease undershoot relative to base line. The depolarization produced by stretch is rapidly decreased by the removal of Na+ and Ca2+. Addition of normal Ca2+ partly restores the response. Stretch appears to increase the conductance to Na+ and Ca2+ in the sensory terminals. The postdynamic undershoot is diminished by raising external K+ and blocked by tetraethylammonium (TEA). It apparently results from a voltage-dependent potassium conductance. The postrelease undershoot is decreased by raising external K+, but is not blocked by TEA. It is presumably caused by a relative increase in potassium conductance on release. Substitution of isethionate for Cl- or the addition of ouabain does not alter the postdynamic and postrelease undershoots."}
{"id": "PMID:149840", "title": "Risks of manifestation of Huntington chorea.", "content": "A methodology allowing the estimate of risks heterozygosity and manifestation of Huntington's chorea (HC) within preestablished periods for individuals of any age was developed. For this, the procedure was the following: 1. The variables which could influence the distribution of age frequencies were studied. 2. The error due to the exclusion of the heterozygotes dying before the manifestation of the disease from the distribution of Wendt et al. (1959) of affected persons was corrected separately for each sex. 3. The frequency of non-affected heterozygotes in each age group was calculated separately for each sex, from the corrected distribution. From those data estimates of the following parameters could be reached: a) the probability of heterozygosity for consultants of any age; b) the risks of manifestation for the gene in a given individual within a determined period, taking into account his probability of heterozygosity and survival. 4. The risks of manifestation were tabulated for making easier their use in concrete cases. Simplified tables with approximate risks are also presented for the more common cases in genetic counseling. 5. The methodology presented allows a discrimination between the probability of heterozygostiy and the risk of manifestation. This makes possible the estimate of risks of becoming affected, taking into account not only the age of the consultant at the moment, but also the period of time starting with the consultation, to which the risk applies. This is essential for adequate genetic counseling.", "contents": "Risks of manifestation of Huntington chorea. A methodology allowing the estimate of risks heterozygosity and manifestation of Huntington's chorea (HC) within preestablished periods for individuals of any age was developed. For this, the procedure was the following: 1. The variables which could influence the distribution of age frequencies were studied. 2. The error due to the exclusion of the heterozygotes dying before the manifestation of the disease from the distribution of Wendt et al. (1959) of affected persons was corrected separately for each sex. 3. The frequency of non-affected heterozygotes in each age group was calculated separately for each sex, from the corrected distribution. From those data estimates of the following parameters could be reached: a) the probability of heterozygosity for consultants of any age; b) the risks of manifestation for the gene in a given individual within a determined period, taking into account his probability of heterozygosity and survival. 4. The risks of manifestation were tabulated for making easier their use in concrete cases. Simplified tables with approximate risks are also presented for the more common cases in genetic counseling. 5. The methodology presented allows a discrimination between the probability of heterozygostiy and the risk of manifestation. This makes possible the estimate of risks of becoming affected, taking into account not only the age of the consultant at the moment, but also the period of time starting with the consultation, to which the risk applies. This is essential for adequate genetic counseling."}
{"id": "PMID:149841", "title": "Protein composition of cockroach muscles: identification of candidate recognition macromolecules.", "content": "The protein composition of each of the coxal depressor muscles from the leg of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, was analyzed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proteins from each muscle were fractionated according to their extractability in Ringer's solution, 1% Triton X-100 and 1% SDS. The gel protein patterns of the fractionated muscles revealed some biochemical differences that could be correlated with mechanical and ultrastructural differences observed among the muscles. In addition, proteins were detected that were considered to be candidate recognition macromolecules that are responsible for the intercellular recognition process that enables regenerating motor neurons to specifically recognize and make stable, functional connections only with the muscles to which they were originally connected. The major evidence for this identification of candidate recognition macromolecules was that their presence in the muscle could best be correlated with innervation by an identified motor neuron. In addition, these proteins remain present in denervated muscles for at least as long as it takes for the original innervation pattern to be reformed by the regenerating motor neurons.", "contents": "Protein composition of cockroach muscles: identification of candidate recognition macromolecules. The protein composition of each of the coxal depressor muscles from the leg of the cockroach, Periplaneta americana, was analyzed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The proteins from each muscle were fractionated according to their extractability in Ringer's solution, 1% Triton X-100 and 1% SDS. The gel protein patterns of the fractionated muscles revealed some biochemical differences that could be correlated with mechanical and ultrastructural differences observed among the muscles. In addition, proteins were detected that were considered to be candidate recognition macromolecules that are responsible for the intercellular recognition process that enables regenerating motor neurons to specifically recognize and make stable, functional connections only with the muscles to which they were originally connected. The major evidence for this identification of candidate recognition macromolecules was that their presence in the muscle could best be correlated with innervation by an identified motor neuron. In addition, these proteins remain present in denervated muscles for at least as long as it takes for the original innervation pattern to be reformed by the regenerating motor neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:149843", "title": "Immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage simulating Goodpasture syndrome.", "content": "Two female children whose clinical presentations and renal light-microscopic findings were consistent with Goodpasture syndrome are described. Immunopathologic studies demonstrated granular deposition of immunoglobulins and complement, suggesting that the renal disease was mediated by circulating immune complexes and not by anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody. Anti-GBM antibody was absent in both patients. These patients represent the first report in children of idiopathic nephritis due to immune complexes with associated pulmonary hemorrhage. The findings raise some doubt as to the accuracy of previous reports of Goodpasture syndrome in children, and also demonstrate the diagnostic and therapeutic importance of evaluation the renal immunopathology in the child with nephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage.", "contents": "Immune-complex-mediated glomerulonephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage simulating Goodpasture syndrome. Two female children whose clinical presentations and renal light-microscopic findings were consistent with Goodpasture syndrome are described. Immunopathologic studies demonstrated granular deposition of immunoglobulins and complement, suggesting that the renal disease was mediated by circulating immune complexes and not by anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody. Anti-GBM antibody was absent in both patients. These patients represent the first report in children of idiopathic nephritis due to immune complexes with associated pulmonary hemorrhage. The findings raise some doubt as to the accuracy of previous reports of Goodpasture syndrome in children, and also demonstrate the diagnostic and therapeutic importance of evaluation the renal immunopathology in the child with nephritis and pulmonary hemorrhage."}
{"id": "PMID:149844", "title": "A critical assessment of fluid requirements in gastroschisis.", "content": "This report critically evaluates the fluid requirements of 30 infants with gastroschisis. Fluid requirements were unrelated to gestational age, birth weight, or type of repair. Twenty-five percent of the fluid was colloid needed to restore intravascular volume and oncotic pressure, the balance consisting of Ringer's lactate solution. These data support the conclusion that the fluid requirements of the newborn with gastroschisis are significantly increased over those of the normal neonate. This is a reflection of antenatal peritonitis, third space fluid shifts and loss of water and electrolytes during transport to the pediatric surgical center. Recognition of these needs and appropriate replacement should reduce the perioperative morbidity and mortality in these seriously ill neonates.", "contents": "A critical assessment of fluid requirements in gastroschisis. This report critically evaluates the fluid requirements of 30 infants with gastroschisis. Fluid requirements were unrelated to gestational age, birth weight, or type of repair. Twenty-five percent of the fluid was colloid needed to restore intravascular volume and oncotic pressure, the balance consisting of Ringer's lactate solution. These data support the conclusion that the fluid requirements of the newborn with gastroschisis are significantly increased over those of the normal neonate. This is a reflection of antenatal peritonitis, third space fluid shifts and loss of water and electrolytes during transport to the pediatric surgical center. Recognition of these needs and appropriate replacement should reduce the perioperative morbidity and mortality in these seriously ill neonates."}
{"id": "PMID:149845", "title": "Laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of malfunctioning ventriculo-peritoneal shunts in children.", "content": "Abdominal complications following ventriculo-peritoneal shunting for hydrocephalus are not uncommon. One of the complications that has heretofore required abandonment of the peritoneal shunt has been entrapment or encystation of the peritoneal limb of the catheter system. Four infants have been identified with malfunction of the peritoneal limb of the system by characteristic physical findings of increasing head size and dissection of fluid along the shunt track. Abdominal radiographs in multiple views revealed the tip of the peritoneal catheter to be fixed in position in each patient and sonography aided in identification of encysted catheters. These infants underwent six laparoscopic procedures to define the cause of shunt malfunction and to reposition the catheter. Cerebrospinal fluid cysts were encountered in three infants and entrapment by the falciform ligament in the fourth. All catheters were easily repositioned within the abdominal cavity with laparoscopy forceps and three of the infants presently have normally functioning shunt systems.", "contents": "Laparoscopy in the diagnosis and treatment of malfunctioning ventriculo-peritoneal shunts in children. Abdominal complications following ventriculo-peritoneal shunting for hydrocephalus are not uncommon. One of the complications that has heretofore required abandonment of the peritoneal shunt has been entrapment or encystation of the peritoneal limb of the catheter system. Four infants have been identified with malfunction of the peritoneal limb of the system by characteristic physical findings of increasing head size and dissection of fluid along the shunt track. Abdominal radiographs in multiple views revealed the tip of the peritoneal catheter to be fixed in position in each patient and sonography aided in identification of encysted catheters. These infants underwent six laparoscopic procedures to define the cause of shunt malfunction and to reposition the catheter. Cerebrospinal fluid cysts were encountered in three infants and entrapment by the falciform ligament in the fourth. All catheters were easily repositioned within the abdominal cavity with laparoscopy forceps and three of the infants presently have normally functioning shunt systems."}
{"id": "PMID:149860", "title": "The projection of jaw elevator muscle spindle afferents to fifth nerve motoneurones in the cat.", "content": "1. By spike-triggered averaging of intracellular synaptic noise it has been shown in pentobarbitone anaesthetized cats that jaw elevator muscle spindle afferents with their cell bodies in the mid-brain have a relatively weak monosynaptic projection to masseter and temporalis motoneurones. 2. Extending the spike-triggered averaging method to recording extracellular excitatory field potentials it has been shown that virtually all the spindles do project monosynaptically to the motoneurone pool. It is concluded that the general weakness of the projection is due to its restriction to a small proportion of the motoneurones, possibly those concerned most with tonic postural functions. 3. The shape of individual intracellular e.p.s.p.s together with the spatial distribution of extracellular excitatory potential fields provide some evidence for a dentrically weighted distribution of the synapses. 4. Evidence is presented that both primary- and secondary-type spindle afferents project monosynaptically, the secondary effects being some 71% of the strength of the primary ones.", "contents": "The projection of jaw elevator muscle spindle afferents to fifth nerve motoneurones in the cat. 1. By spike-triggered averaging of intracellular synaptic noise it has been shown in pentobarbitone anaesthetized cats that jaw elevator muscle spindle afferents with their cell bodies in the mid-brain have a relatively weak monosynaptic projection to masseter and temporalis motoneurones. 2. Extending the spike-triggered averaging method to recording extracellular excitatory field potentials it has been shown that virtually all the spindles do project monosynaptically to the motoneurone pool. It is concluded that the general weakness of the projection is due to its restriction to a small proportion of the motoneurones, possibly those concerned most with tonic postural functions. 3. The shape of individual intracellular e.p.s.p.s together with the spatial distribution of extracellular excitatory potential fields provide some evidence for a dentrically weighted distribution of the synapses. 4. Evidence is presented that both primary- and secondary-type spindle afferents project monosynaptically, the secondary effects being some 71% of the strength of the primary ones."}
{"id": "PMID:149864", "title": "An objective in vitro study of ageing in the skin of patients with Down's syndrome.", "content": "The most sensitive mechanical index of issue ageing has previously been proved to be \"limit strain\". In a pilot study the skin from five patients with Down's Syndrome has shown no significant difference from the results found in normal individuals. It can therefore be concluded that there is no evidence for premature ageing in Down's Syndrome.", "contents": "An objective in vitro study of ageing in the skin of patients with Down's syndrome. The most sensitive mechanical index of issue ageing has previously been proved to be \"limit strain\". In a pilot study the skin from five patients with Down's Syndrome has shown no significant difference from the results found in normal individuals. It can therefore be concluded that there is no evidence for premature ageing in Down's Syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:149875", "title": "[Myocardial infarct in Cheboksary: its incidence and mortality].", "content": "The results of a 3-year epidemiological study of the population according to the standard program of the myocardial infarction register elaborated by WHO (1970) are discussed. The data on the morbidity and mortality in myocardial infarction and acute coronary insufficiency among the population ranging in age from 20 to 64 years are shown. The study was conducted according to the standard program employing common criteria for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and acute coronary insufficiency.", "contents": "[Myocardial infarct in Cheboksary: its incidence and mortality]. The results of a 3-year epidemiological study of the population according to the standard program of the myocardial infarction register elaborated by WHO (1970) are discussed. The data on the morbidity and mortality in myocardial infarction and acute coronary insufficiency among the population ranging in age from 20 to 64 years are shown. The study was conducted according to the standard program employing common criteria for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction and acute coronary insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:149876", "title": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of aortic subvalvular stenosis].", "content": "Seventeen patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were examined by the M-method of echocardiography with the \"Ekoline 20-A\" apparatus. In all patients the interventricular septum was hypertrophied asymmetrically within limits of 15-22 mm, 17 mm on the average. The ratio of the thickness of the interventricular septum and that of the left-ventricular posterior wall amounted to 1.4-1.9, 1.6 on the average. The amplitude of movements of the interventricular septum did not exceed 3 mm and the degree of its systolic thickening ranged between 0 and 28%, being 13% on the average. In 16 patients there was anomalous systolic movement of the anterior mitral cusp to the front taking up an average of 56% of the time of the left-ventricular systole. The rate of early diastolic closure of the anterior mitral cusp was diminished from 37 to 58 mm/sec. Midsystolic closure of the aortic valve coinciding with maximum systolic murmur was noted in 9 patients. The left atrium was enlarged in 5 patients, one of whom developed atrial fibrillation. Intensification of symptoms of left-ventricular obstruction in amyl nitrite inhalation and in the first postextrasystole complex was noted. Treatment with propranolol in a dose of 60-120 mg for 3 to 9 months caused no changes in the echocardiogram.", "contents": "[Echocardiographic diagnosis of aortic subvalvular stenosis]. Seventeen patients with idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis were examined by the M-method of echocardiography with the \"Ekoline 20-A\" apparatus. In all patients the interventricular septum was hypertrophied asymmetrically within limits of 15-22 mm, 17 mm on the average. The ratio of the thickness of the interventricular septum and that of the left-ventricular posterior wall amounted to 1.4-1.9, 1.6 on the average. The amplitude of movements of the interventricular septum did not exceed 3 mm and the degree of its systolic thickening ranged between 0 and 28%, being 13% on the average. In 16 patients there was anomalous systolic movement of the anterior mitral cusp to the front taking up an average of 56% of the time of the left-ventricular systole. The rate of early diastolic closure of the anterior mitral cusp was diminished from 37 to 58 mm/sec. Midsystolic closure of the aortic valve coinciding with maximum systolic murmur was noted in 9 patients. The left atrium was enlarged in 5 patients, one of whom developed atrial fibrillation. Intensification of symptoms of left-ventricular obstruction in amyl nitrite inhalation and in the first postextrasystole complex was noted. Treatment with propranolol in a dose of 60-120 mg for 3 to 9 months caused no changes in the echocardiogram."}
{"id": "PMID:149879", "title": "[Congenital ectropion of the upper eyelids due to an anomaly of the eyelids in down's syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "A 5-months-old female baby with Down's Syndrome developed an intermittent spastic ectropion of the upper eyelids. The reasons for this are thought to be the flaccidity of the connective tissue, which is typical in Down's Syndrome, and a little anomaly of the eyelids, the tarsus was too short horizontally and very weak and the upper eyelids were somewhat larger than normal and elongated. Suturing Bangerter's lid-sheets on the upper eyelids for 15 days resulted in a scarring of the tarsus with the lax connective tissue of the upper eyelids. The ectropion disappeared and did not recur.", "contents": "[Congenital ectropion of the upper eyelids due to an anomaly of the eyelids in down's syndrome (author's transl)]. A 5-months-old female baby with Down's Syndrome developed an intermittent spastic ectropion of the upper eyelids. The reasons for this are thought to be the flaccidity of the connective tissue, which is typical in Down's Syndrome, and a little anomaly of the eyelids, the tarsus was too short horizontally and very weak and the upper eyelids were somewhat larger than normal and elongated. Suturing Bangerter's lid-sheets on the upper eyelids for 15 days resulted in a scarring of the tarsus with the lax connective tissue of the upper eyelids. The ectropion disappeared and did not recur."}
{"id": "PMID:149881", "title": "Pathological changes in mice infected with tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti.", "content": "Long-term studies in mice experimentally infected with the tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti have revealed disseminated lesions in the liver, lung, kidney, epididymis, and testicle.", "contents": "Pathological changes in mice infected with tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti. Long-term studies in mice experimentally infected with the tetrathyridia of Mesocestoides corti have revealed disseminated lesions in the liver, lung, kidney, epididymis, and testicle."}
{"id": "PMID:149882", "title": "Attempted transmission of Entamoeba coli to specified-pathogen-free rodents.", "content": "An attempt was made to establish whether human Entamoeba coli was transmissible from man to laboratory rodents. Cysts from 15 samples of human and 4 of primate stool were passaged into specified-pathogen free guinea-pigs, rats and mice. In only 1 instance were cysts established in mice and, eventually, in rats.", "contents": "Attempted transmission of Entamoeba coli to specified-pathogen-free rodents. An attempt was made to establish whether human Entamoeba coli was transmissible from man to laboratory rodents. Cysts from 15 samples of human and 4 of primate stool were passaged into specified-pathogen free guinea-pigs, rats and mice. In only 1 instance were cysts established in mice and, eventually, in rats."}
{"id": "PMID:149885", "title": "Ageing of Neurospora crassa. VII. Accumulation of fluorescent pigment (lipofuscin) and inhibition of the accumulation by nordihydroguairetic acid.", "content": "Continuous administration of the antioxidant nordihydroguairetic acid to clones of the natural-death nutant or wild-type Neurospora crassa growing on 5-fluorotryptophan not only alleviates the time-dependent deterioration of growth rate (senescence), but also inhibits the accumulation of a fluorescent pigment (lipofuscin), an end-product of lipid peroxidation. In the three model system of ageing in N. crassa that we have examined, it is now clear that massive accumulation of lipofuscin begins shortly before or concident with the period of senescence. By this and other criteria, the youngest cells in time of origin appear to be most senescent. Thus the degree of senscence appears to be a function of physiological rather than chronological age and, more specifically, is probably a function of the number of nuclear mitotic divisions. Normal, non-senescent, wild-type, clones also accumulate lipofuscin; but, unlike clones undergoing senscence, accumulate very low concentrations which are independent of subclonal age. Apparently, clones of wild type can tolerate a low level of lipid peroxidation without undergoing senescence; but even a low level is inimical since culture with nordihydroguaiaretic acid not only enhances their growth rate, but also inhibits the accumulation of lipofuscin.", "contents": "Ageing of Neurospora crassa. VII. Accumulation of fluorescent pigment (lipofuscin) and inhibition of the accumulation by nordihydroguairetic acid. Continuous administration of the antioxidant nordihydroguairetic acid to clones of the natural-death nutant or wild-type Neurospora crassa growing on 5-fluorotryptophan not only alleviates the time-dependent deterioration of growth rate (senescence), but also inhibits the accumulation of a fluorescent pigment (lipofuscin), an end-product of lipid peroxidation. In the three model system of ageing in N. crassa that we have examined, it is now clear that massive accumulation of lipofuscin begins shortly before or concident with the period of senescence. By this and other criteria, the youngest cells in time of origin appear to be most senescent. Thus the degree of senscence appears to be a function of physiological rather than chronological age and, more specifically, is probably a function of the number of nuclear mitotic divisions. Normal, non-senescent, wild-type, clones also accumulate lipofuscin; but, unlike clones undergoing senscence, accumulate very low concentrations which are independent of subclonal age. Apparently, clones of wild type can tolerate a low level of lipid peroxidation without undergoing senescence; but even a low level is inimical since culture with nordihydroguaiaretic acid not only enhances their growth rate, but also inhibits the accumulation of lipofuscin."}
{"id": "PMID:149891", "title": "[Sulfate reduction and the water-soluble organic substances in a flooded petroleum bed].", "content": "The paper presents the analytical data for the hydrochemical and microbiological composition of the water in a stratum undergoing changes as a result of artificial flooding. The highest accumulation of biogenic H2S and the carbon of dissolved organic substance was found in diluted bed waters with mineralization of 17.17 g/litre. The composition of the bitumen carbon of dissolved organic substances changed with dilution of the stratum brine. The data thus obtained suggest the existence of an indirect relationship; oxidized dissolved organic substance--the rate of sulphate reduction. The nature of organic substance appearing in the petroleum stratum is discussed.", "contents": "[Sulfate reduction and the water-soluble organic substances in a flooded petroleum bed]. The paper presents the analytical data for the hydrochemical and microbiological composition of the water in a stratum undergoing changes as a result of artificial flooding. The highest accumulation of biogenic H2S and the carbon of dissolved organic substance was found in diluted bed waters with mineralization of 17.17 g/litre. The composition of the bitumen carbon of dissolved organic substances changed with dilution of the stratum brine. The data thus obtained suggest the existence of an indirect relationship; oxidized dissolved organic substance--the rate of sulphate reduction. The nature of organic substance appearing in the petroleum stratum is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149910", "title": "Nuclear suppressors of the [poky] cytoplasmic mutant in Neurospora crassa. III. Effects on other cytoplasmic mutants and on mitochondrial ribosome assembly in [poky].", "content": "We have previously isolated six non-allelic, nuclear mutations (sui loci) that partially suppress the growth, respiratory and cytochrome abnormalities of the extranuclear [poky] mutant. A comparison of the mitochondrial ribosome profiles of suppressed and unsuppressed [poky] strains revealed that five of the six suppressors alleviate at least partially the deficiency of mitochondrial small ribosomal subunits that is associated with the [poky] genotype. Six independently isolated Group 1 extranuclear mutants, namely [exn-1], [exn-2], [exn-4-a1, [stp-b1], [SG-1] and [SG-3-A1, which have growth and cytochrome phenotypes similar to [poky] also were found to be deficient in small subunits of mitochondrial ribosomes. Using cytochrome aa3 and b production as a criterion for mitochondrial protein synthesis, it could be shown that the nuclear su I suppressors of [poky] also suppress the other six Group I extranuclear mutants. However, differences in the efficiencies of suppression by suI suppressors suggest that at least some of Group I extrachromosomal mutants are not simply re-isolates of [poky], but represent distinct extranuclear mutations.", "contents": "Nuclear suppressors of the [poky] cytoplasmic mutant in Neurospora crassa. III. Effects on other cytoplasmic mutants and on mitochondrial ribosome assembly in [poky]. We have previously isolated six non-allelic, nuclear mutations (sui loci) that partially suppress the growth, respiratory and cytochrome abnormalities of the extranuclear [poky] mutant. A comparison of the mitochondrial ribosome profiles of suppressed and unsuppressed [poky] strains revealed that five of the six suppressors alleviate at least partially the deficiency of mitochondrial small ribosomal subunits that is associated with the [poky] genotype. Six independently isolated Group 1 extranuclear mutants, namely [exn-1], [exn-2], [exn-4-a1, [stp-b1], [SG-1] and [SG-3-A1, which have growth and cytochrome phenotypes similar to [poky] also were found to be deficient in small subunits of mitochondrial ribosomes. Using cytochrome aa3 and b production as a criterion for mitochondrial protein synthesis, it could be shown that the nuclear su I suppressors of [poky] also suppress the other six Group I extranuclear mutants. However, differences in the efficiencies of suppression by suI suppressors suggest that at least some of Group I extrachromosomal mutants are not simply re-isolates of [poky], but represent distinct extranuclear mutations."}
{"id": "PMID:149923", "title": "Characterization of ultraviolet light-induced ouabain-resistant mutations in Chinese hamster cells.", "content": "Ouabain-resistant mutations in Chinese hamster cells have been quantitatively characterized. The mutation frequencies were found to be induced curvilinearly with treatments of increasing doses of ultraviolet light (UV). For the range of UV doses tested (5--20 J/m(2)), the observed frequency, Y, as a function of UV dose X, follows a curvilinear function, Y = (-28 + 13.37 X--1.52X(2) + 0.08X(3)) . 10(-6). The frequencies of UV-induced mutations were directly correlated with cell survival, indicating a similar causal relationship between cell killing and mutation induction. Under the same experimental conditions, X-rays induced 6--thioguanine-, but not ouabain-, resistant mutations. UV-induced ouabain-resistant (ouar) mutants exhibit a selection disadvantage. Their phenotypic expressions are modifiable by various agents. Wild type and 16 ouar mutants were compared with respect to their sensitivity to ouabain inhibition of 86Rb uptake by whole cells. All the ouar mutants assayed are less sensitive to the drug than are wild-type cells. In the absence of ouabain, the Na+--K+--ATPase activities can be significantly higher or lower than that of the wild-type cells.", "contents": "Characterization of ultraviolet light-induced ouabain-resistant mutations in Chinese hamster cells. Ouabain-resistant mutations in Chinese hamster cells have been quantitatively characterized. The mutation frequencies were found to be induced curvilinearly with treatments of increasing doses of ultraviolet light (UV). For the range of UV doses tested (5--20 J/m(2)), the observed frequency, Y, as a function of UV dose X, follows a curvilinear function, Y = (-28 + 13.37 X--1.52X(2) + 0.08X(3)) . 10(-6). The frequencies of UV-induced mutations were directly correlated with cell survival, indicating a similar causal relationship between cell killing and mutation induction. Under the same experimental conditions, X-rays induced 6--thioguanine-, but not ouabain-, resistant mutations. UV-induced ouabain-resistant (ouar) mutants exhibit a selection disadvantage. Their phenotypic expressions are modifiable by various agents. Wild type and 16 ouar mutants were compared with respect to their sensitivity to ouabain inhibition of 86Rb uptake by whole cells. All the ouar mutants assayed are less sensitive to the drug than are wild-type cells. In the absence of ouabain, the Na+--K+--ATPase activities can be significantly higher or lower than that of the wild-type cells."}
{"id": "PMID:149924", "title": "Use of the spot, plate and suspension test systems for the detection of the mutagenicity of environmental agents and chemical carcinogens in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "N23 and N24, selected from hundreds of ad-3 mutants, have been used as testers for the spot, plate and suspension tests in Neurospora crassa. These two testers are highly sensitive to mutagens and are revertible by a specific group of chemicals. N23 can be reverted from an adenine-dependence to adenine-independence by agents which cause base-pair substitutions whereas N24 can be reverted by frameshift mutagens. Studies described here show that spot, plate and suspension tests using testers N23 and N24 are satisfactory substitutes for the ad-3 forward-mutation system for screening the mutagenic activity of environmental agents and chemical carcinogens in N. crassa.", "contents": "Use of the spot, plate and suspension test systems for the detection of the mutagenicity of environmental agents and chemical carcinogens in Neurospora crassa. N23 and N24, selected from hundreds of ad-3 mutants, have been used as testers for the spot, plate and suspension tests in Neurospora crassa. These two testers are highly sensitive to mutagens and are revertible by a specific group of chemicals. N23 can be reverted from an adenine-dependence to adenine-independence by agents which cause base-pair substitutions whereas N24 can be reverted by frameshift mutagens. Studies described here show that spot, plate and suspension tests using testers N23 and N24 are satisfactory substitutes for the ad-3 forward-mutation system for screening the mutagenic activity of environmental agents and chemical carcinogens in N. crassa."}
{"id": "PMID:149927", "title": "[Spontaneous activity of the passive muscle spindles of the cat triceps surae].", "content": "In a slack deeferented m. triceps surae about 45% of 400 stretch receptors under study have a spontaneous discharge. The following facts indicated that some intrafusal fibres in the slack muscles are presumably in the prestretch state: 1) the isotonic contraction of the muscle diminished or abolished the spontaneous discharge; 2) at the beginning of the stretch of the slack muscle the initial slowing in the discharge frequency of the unit sometimes appeared; this slowing did not depend on the type of unit and occured in a unit among many others in the same preparation and under the same conditions of experiment; 3) the dynamic thresholds of spontaneously discharging units were lower than that of units without spontaneous discharge. It is suggested that a static stretch occurs in some muscle spindles, if the distance between two points of big fibres insertion on extrafusal fibres or tendon fascicules is longer than the length of intrafusal fibres. The initial slowing at the beginning of stretch is presumably due to viscous damping forces which must be higher in more viscous extrafusal fibres in comparison to that of intrafusal fibres.", "contents": "[Spontaneous activity of the passive muscle spindles of the cat triceps surae]. In a slack deeferented m. triceps surae about 45% of 400 stretch receptors under study have a spontaneous discharge. The following facts indicated that some intrafusal fibres in the slack muscles are presumably in the prestretch state: 1) the isotonic contraction of the muscle diminished or abolished the spontaneous discharge; 2) at the beginning of the stretch of the slack muscle the initial slowing in the discharge frequency of the unit sometimes appeared; this slowing did not depend on the type of unit and occured in a unit among many others in the same preparation and under the same conditions of experiment; 3) the dynamic thresholds of spontaneously discharging units were lower than that of units without spontaneous discharge. It is suggested that a static stretch occurs in some muscle spindles, if the distance between two points of big fibres insertion on extrafusal fibres or tendon fascicules is longer than the length of intrafusal fibres. The initial slowing at the beginning of stretch is presumably due to viscous damping forces which must be higher in more viscous extrafusal fibres in comparison to that of intrafusal fibres."}
{"id": "PMID:149928", "title": "Isoquinoline alkaloids. Inhibitory actions on cation-dependent ATP-phosphohydrolases.", "content": "Representatives of eleven different classes of isoquinoline alkaloids inhibit Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase in rat brain microsomal preparations. In most cases the Na+, K+-ATPase is more sensitive than Mg2+-ATPase to inhibition by the alkaloids. The classes of alkaloids can be ranked according to potency of inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase. Protoberberines are most effective, followed in decreasing order by benzophenanthridines, benzylisoquinolines, aporphines, tetrahydroprotoberberines, pavines, protopines, isoquinolines, tetrahydrobenzylisoquinolines, morphinanes, and tetrahydroisoquinolines. As specific representatives of each of the first four classes of alkaloids, berberine, sanguinarine, papaveroline and 1,2,10,11-tetrahydroxyaporphine, respectively, prove most valuable in kinetic studies because they exhibit the greatest inhibitory action on brain Na+, K+-ATPase. Kinetic analyses plotted in double reciprocal form reveal that berberine and 1,2,10,11-tetrahydroxyaporphine are simple linear competitive inhibitors with respect to ATP, whereas sanguinarine and papaveroline are simple linear noncompetitive inhibitors. These four representative alkaloids exhibit non-linear competitive inhibition with respect to Na+-activation. Additionally, these alkaloids significantly inhibit rat brain microsomal K+-activated pNPPase. The results demonstrate that certain members of several classes of isoquinoline alkaloids markedly affect various cation-dependent phosphohydrolases in vitro.", "contents": "Isoquinoline alkaloids. Inhibitory actions on cation-dependent ATP-phosphohydrolases. Representatives of eleven different classes of isoquinoline alkaloids inhibit Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase in rat brain microsomal preparations. In most cases the Na+, K+-ATPase is more sensitive than Mg2+-ATPase to inhibition by the alkaloids. The classes of alkaloids can be ranked according to potency of inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase. Protoberberines are most effective, followed in decreasing order by benzophenanthridines, benzylisoquinolines, aporphines, tetrahydroprotoberberines, pavines, protopines, isoquinolines, tetrahydrobenzylisoquinolines, morphinanes, and tetrahydroisoquinolines. As specific representatives of each of the first four classes of alkaloids, berberine, sanguinarine, papaveroline and 1,2,10,11-tetrahydroxyaporphine, respectively, prove most valuable in kinetic studies because they exhibit the greatest inhibitory action on brain Na+, K+-ATPase. Kinetic analyses plotted in double reciprocal form reveal that berberine and 1,2,10,11-tetrahydroxyaporphine are simple linear competitive inhibitors with respect to ATP, whereas sanguinarine and papaveroline are simple linear noncompetitive inhibitors. These four representative alkaloids exhibit non-linear competitive inhibition with respect to Na+-activation. Additionally, these alkaloids significantly inhibit rat brain microsomal K+-activated pNPPase. The results demonstrate that certain members of several classes of isoquinoline alkaloids markedly affect various cation-dependent phosphohydrolases in vitro."}
{"id": "PMID:149937", "title": "[Phenology of sandflies of the genus Sergentomyia in the Karshi Steppe (Phlebotominae)].", "content": "Phenological observations on sand flies of the genus Sergentomyia inhabiting the burrows of Rhombomys opimus from the Karshinskaya steppe were carried out for many years. The emergence of two mass generations of S. arpaklensis and S. grekovi was noted for the spring-summer period. In S. arpaklensis from oasis the appearance of the first individuals was noted mostly often in the II--III decade of May, the first peak of abundance--in the II--III decade of June and the second peak of abundance--early in August. In S. grekovi the appearance of the first individuals was observed at the end of April--the very beginning of May, the first peak of abundance--in the second half of May and the second peak--in the first half of September. During July--August the abundance of S. grekovi is rather low. Throughout the desert areas southward from oasis all phenological phenomena take place in both species ten days earlier than in oasis. S. arpaklensis is characterised by its very high abundance in oasis and in foothill loes plain, sharp fluctuations in the abundance both in seasons and years and by the prevalence of females over males during the active flight.", "contents": "[Phenology of sandflies of the genus Sergentomyia in the Karshi Steppe (Phlebotominae)]. Phenological observations on sand flies of the genus Sergentomyia inhabiting the burrows of Rhombomys opimus from the Karshinskaya steppe were carried out for many years. The emergence of two mass generations of S. arpaklensis and S. grekovi was noted for the spring-summer period. In S. arpaklensis from oasis the appearance of the first individuals was noted mostly often in the II--III decade of May, the first peak of abundance--in the II--III decade of June and the second peak of abundance--early in August. In S. grekovi the appearance of the first individuals was observed at the end of April--the very beginning of May, the first peak of abundance--in the second half of May and the second peak--in the first half of September. During July--August the abundance of S. grekovi is rather low. Throughout the desert areas southward from oasis all phenological phenomena take place in both species ten days earlier than in oasis. S. arpaklensis is characterised by its very high abundance in oasis and in foothill loes plain, sharp fluctuations in the abundance both in seasons and years and by the prevalence of females over males during the active flight."}
{"id": "PMID:149938", "title": "[Ostracod, Eucypris infiata, the intermediate host of avian cestodes in the biocenosis of Lake Tengiz].", "content": "In the biocoenosis of the Lake Tengiz (Central Kazakhstan) Eucypris inflata (0.3--11%) was found to be spontaneously infected with the larvae of cestodes-hymenolepidids (6 species) and dilepidids (1 species). The nesting flamingos and moulting grebes from the same water body were also infected to a great extent with these cestodes. Figures and morphological description of cysticercoids (7 species) and skolex of mature cestodes of Parabiglandatrium phoenicopteri are given.", "contents": "[Ostracod, Eucypris infiata, the intermediate host of avian cestodes in the biocenosis of Lake Tengiz]. In the biocoenosis of the Lake Tengiz (Central Kazakhstan) Eucypris inflata (0.3--11%) was found to be spontaneously infected with the larvae of cestodes-hymenolepidids (6 species) and dilepidids (1 species). The nesting flamingos and moulting grebes from the same water body were also infected to a great extent with these cestodes. Figures and morphological description of cysticercoids (7 species) and skolex of mature cestodes of Parabiglandatrium phoenicopteri are given."}
{"id": "PMID:149940", "title": "Laser beam - induced injury of aortae of arteriosclerotic and nonarteriosclerotic rats.", "content": "The abdominal aortae of non-arteriosclerotic (virgin) and arteriosclerotic (breeder) Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by laparotomy and a microscopically discreet locus within the inner media was subjected to non-thermal injury by a pulsed ruby laser beam (300 joules/cm2). Animals were killed every two days for 8 days. The non-arteriosclerotic rats manifested increased mesenchymal cell activity at the site  of injury followed by intimal ground substance accumulation populated by mesenchymal cells and culminating with medial scarring with extensive loss of elastic lamellae. The arterioscelrotic aortae displayed no medial mesenchymal cell reaction but immediately below the lesion site there was active differentiation of intimal mesenchymal cells into cartilaginous cells and eventual transformation of both the intima and media into large C-shaped bars of cartilaginous tissue. It is believed that laser beam injury accelerated the differentiation of the already disturbed mesenchymal cells of the arteriosclerotic animals in the direction of mature cartilage to strengthen a weakened aortic wall.", "contents": "Laser beam - induced injury of aortae of arteriosclerotic and nonarteriosclerotic rats. The abdominal aortae of non-arteriosclerotic (virgin) and arteriosclerotic (breeder) Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed by laparotomy and a microscopically discreet locus within the inner media was subjected to non-thermal injury by a pulsed ruby laser beam (300 joules/cm2). Animals were killed every two days for 8 days. The non-arteriosclerotic rats manifested increased mesenchymal cell activity at the site  of injury followed by intimal ground substance accumulation populated by mesenchymal cells and culminating with medial scarring with extensive loss of elastic lamellae. The arterioscelrotic aortae displayed no medial mesenchymal cell reaction but immediately below the lesion site there was active differentiation of intimal mesenchymal cells into cartilaginous cells and eventual transformation of both the intima and media into large C-shaped bars of cartilaginous tissue. It is believed that laser beam injury accelerated the differentiation of the already disturbed mesenchymal cells of the arteriosclerotic animals in the direction of mature cartilage to strengthen a weakened aortic wall."}
{"id": "PMID:149941", "title": "[Proteolytic breakdown of human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor by plasmin (author's transl)].", "content": "Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor was isolated from human plasma and submitted to proteolytic degradation by plasmin. A split product of low molecular weight (18 000 daltons) is obtained by gel filtration or solubilisation in perchloric acid. This fragment reacts with an anti-inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor immune serum and migrates as beta1 globulins. Its specific activity against trypsin (after absorption of residual plasmin on sepharose lysine) was estimated to be 900 mU1/mg. Thus one molecule of fragment can inhibit one molecule of trypsin. As well with native protein as with its fragment, complexes formed with trypsin can be dissociated by urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate. This fragment is similar to the small molecular weight inhibitors obtained directly by solubilisation in perchloric acid from serum, urine and bronchial secretions.", "contents": "[Proteolytic breakdown of human inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor by plasmin (author's transl)]. Inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor was isolated from human plasma and submitted to proteolytic degradation by plasmin. A split product of low molecular weight (18 000 daltons) is obtained by gel filtration or solubilisation in perchloric acid. This fragment reacts with an anti-inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor immune serum and migrates as beta1 globulins. Its specific activity against trypsin (after absorption of residual plasmin on sepharose lysine) was estimated to be 900 mU1/mg. Thus one molecule of fragment can inhibit one molecule of trypsin. As well with native protein as with its fragment, complexes formed with trypsin can be dissociated by urea or sodium dodecyl sulfate. This fragment is similar to the small molecular weight inhibitors obtained directly by solubilisation in perchloric acid from serum, urine and bronchial secretions."}
{"id": "PMID:149939", "title": "[Change in the autogeny of a Leningrad population of Culex pipiens molestus (Culicidae)].", "content": "Eight year observations on the autogeny of C. p. molestus have shown that the per cent of autogenous females decreased from 87% (1968) to 25.6% (1976). The population of C. p. molestus from basement apartments of Leningrad can be expected to receive a replenishment from free-living C. pipiens.", "contents": "[Change in the autogeny of a Leningrad population of Culex pipiens molestus (Culicidae)]. Eight year observations on the autogeny of C. p. molestus have shown that the per cent of autogenous females decreased from 87% (1968) to 25.6% (1976). The population of C. p. molestus from basement apartments of Leningrad can be expected to receive a replenishment from free-living C. pipiens."}
{"id": "PMID:149950", "title": "Management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia using serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations.", "content": "Simultaneous serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) were compared with urinary 17-ketosteroid (17-KS) and pregnanetriol (PT) excretion during therapy in 18 prepubertal patients with the 21-hydroxylase deficiency form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Patients were classified into those in good, poor, or questionable control on the basis of clinical examination, skeletal age, and 17-KS and PT excretion. During therapy, use of serum steroid concentrations was found to be nearly as accurate in judging adequacy of control as use of urine steroid concentrations. Of 34 evaluations, a definite assessment of adequacy of control could be arrived at 25 times using urinary values and 22 times using both serum DHEA-S and 17-OHP concentrations. DHEA-S concentration responded sluggishly when treatment was not adequate, being greater than 100 microgram/dl only in patients significantly undertreated. It was never elevated in well-controlled patients. Mid-afternoon 17-OHP concentrations were less than 200 ng/dl in well-controlled patients but readily escaped suppression and could not be used to differentiate poor from borderline control or from temporary noncompliance. Therefore, an increases DHEA-S concentration indicated poor control and a suppressed 17-OHP concentration indicated good control. The combination of normal DHEA-S level with elevated 17-OHP level, however, did not permit exact evaluation of the degree of control. Of significance is that not all patients with CAH present with an elevated DHEA-S concentration, and only in those in whom an elevated level has been documented can DHEA-S level be used as an index of control during therapy.", "contents": "Management of congenital adrenal hyperplasia using serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate and 17-hydroxyprogesterone concentrations. Simultaneous serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) were compared with urinary 17-ketosteroid (17-KS) and pregnanetriol (PT) excretion during therapy in 18 prepubertal patients with the 21-hydroxylase deficiency form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). Patients were classified into those in good, poor, or questionable control on the basis of clinical examination, skeletal age, and 17-KS and PT excretion. During therapy, use of serum steroid concentrations was found to be nearly as accurate in judging adequacy of control as use of urine steroid concentrations. Of 34 evaluations, a definite assessment of adequacy of control could be arrived at 25 times using urinary values and 22 times using both serum DHEA-S and 17-OHP concentrations. DHEA-S concentration responded sluggishly when treatment was not adequate, being greater than 100 microgram/dl only in patients significantly undertreated. It was never elevated in well-controlled patients. Mid-afternoon 17-OHP concentrations were less than 200 ng/dl in well-controlled patients but readily escaped suppression and could not be used to differentiate poor from borderline control or from temporary noncompliance. Therefore, an increases DHEA-S concentration indicated poor control and a suppressed 17-OHP concentration indicated good control. The combination of normal DHEA-S level with elevated 17-OHP level, however, did not permit exact evaluation of the degree of control. Of significance is that not all patients with CAH present with an elevated DHEA-S concentration, and only in those in whom an elevated level has been documented can DHEA-S level be used as an index of control during therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:149953", "title": "A look at mainstreaming in light of children's attitudes toward the handicapped.", "content": "Mainstreaming is a legislative reality, yet there is still a question as to whether non-handicapped students are prepared for it. In the present study 131 grade school students were each asked to select from the Personal Attribute Inventory for Children 15 adjectives which best fit three groups of handicapped children as well as normal children. The groups were described in a hierarchical fashion: \"normal children\" were rated most favorably, then \"physically handicapped children,\" \"learning disabled children,\" and \"emotionally disturbed children.\".", "contents": "A look at mainstreaming in light of children's attitudes toward the handicapped. Mainstreaming is a legislative reality, yet there is still a question as to whether non-handicapped students are prepared for it. In the present study 131 grade school students were each asked to select from the Personal Attribute Inventory for Children 15 adjectives which best fit three groups of handicapped children as well as normal children. The groups were described in a hierarchical fashion: \"normal children\" were rated most favorably, then \"physically handicapped children,\" \"learning disabled children,\" and \"emotionally disturbed children.\"."}
{"id": "PMID:149956", "title": "[Direct examination in immunofluorescence of temporal artery sections. Value and limitations (author's transl)].", "content": "Although invariably seen with immunofluorescence in Giant Cell Temporal Arteritis, deposits of immunoglobulins and complement in the wall of the temporal arteries is nevertheless not specific to his condition. The results of the preliminary study reported here would seem to indicate that this phenomenon is related to the dysimmune state. A simple investigation, temporal artery biopsy with examination in immunofluorescence may be used to provide evidence for a diagnosis of circulating immune complex disease, the type of which can be defined only by the clinicopathological and biological context. Thus the practical value of temporal artery biopsy goes far beyong giant cell arteritis only.", "contents": "[Direct examination in immunofluorescence of temporal artery sections. Value and limitations (author's transl)]. Although invariably seen with immunofluorescence in Giant Cell Temporal Arteritis, deposits of immunoglobulins and complement in the wall of the temporal arteries is nevertheless not specific to his condition. The results of the preliminary study reported here would seem to indicate that this phenomenon is related to the dysimmune state. A simple investigation, temporal artery biopsy with examination in immunofluorescence may be used to provide evidence for a diagnosis of circulating immune complex disease, the type of which can be defined only by the clinicopathological and biological context. Thus the practical value of temporal artery biopsy goes far beyong giant cell arteritis only."}
{"id": "PMID:149966", "title": "Mimics of coronary heart disease.", "content": "Numerous disorders can mimic chronic coronary disease either clinically or electrocardiographically. Particularly noteworthy are Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, asymmetric septal hypertrophy, floppy mitral valve syndrome, angina pectoris with normal coronary arteries, hyperventilation syndrome, neurogenic T wave abnormalities, vasoregulatory abnormality, cervicoprecordial angina, hyperkalemia or hypokalemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and left anterior fascicular block.", "contents": "Mimics of coronary heart disease. Numerous disorders can mimic chronic coronary disease either clinically or electrocardiographically. Particularly noteworthy are Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, asymmetric septal hypertrophy, floppy mitral valve syndrome, angina pectoris with normal coronary arteries, hyperventilation syndrome, neurogenic T wave abnormalities, vasoregulatory abnormality, cervicoprecordial angina, hyperkalemia or hypokalemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, and left anterior fascicular block."}
{"id": "PMID:149967", "title": "Echocardiography in a district general hospital.", "content": "A referral service for echocardiography was established in a district general hospital. One hundred and three patients were studied and the benefits to defined groups of referrals were evaluated. It is concluded that the introduction of echocardiography into this setting is of advantage to many patients with cardiac disease and should therefore be encouraged.", "contents": "Echocardiography in a district general hospital. A referral service for echocardiography was established in a district general hospital. One hundred and three patients were studied and the benefits to defined groups of referrals were evaluated. It is concluded that the introduction of echocardiography into this setting is of advantage to many patients with cardiac disease and should therefore be encouraged."}
{"id": "PMID:149968", "title": "[Comparative study of a vagolytic and a beta 2 sympathomimetic drug on the respiratory function of the asthmatic patient].", "content": "The authors compared the effects of a synthetic vagolytic drug, the SCH 1000, and a beta2 sympathicomimetic one (Fenoterol) in two groups of control children (n = 11) and two groups of asthmatic children (n = 23). They studied the following parameters, flow volumes curves, steady state lung diffusing capacity and the blood gases. No difference of efficiency was found between the two types of bronchodilators although the graphic modification of flow volumes curves was different after Fenoterol and after SCH 1000. The modifications consisted in a great improvement in instantaneous flow, a decrease in diffusion capacity and an increase of the Pa O2 significant in the group of asthmatic children after Fenoterol.", "contents": "[Comparative study of a vagolytic and a beta 2 sympathomimetic drug on the respiratory function of the asthmatic patient]. The authors compared the effects of a synthetic vagolytic drug, the SCH 1000, and a beta2 sympathicomimetic one (Fenoterol) in two groups of control children (n = 11) and two groups of asthmatic children (n = 23). They studied the following parameters, flow volumes curves, steady state lung diffusing capacity and the blood gases. No difference of efficiency was found between the two types of bronchodilators although the graphic modification of flow volumes curves was different after Fenoterol and after SCH 1000. The modifications consisted in a great improvement in instantaneous flow, a decrease in diffusion capacity and an increase of the Pa O2 significant in the group of asthmatic children after Fenoterol."}
{"id": "PMID:149984", "title": "Two fragments from fibrinolysin digests of ovine prolactin: characterization and recombination to generate full immunoreactivity.", "content": "The action of fibrinolysin (plasmin; EC 3.4.21.7) on ovine prolactin has been investigated. It was found that the enzyme selectively cleaves the bond between Met-53 and Ala-54. The two fragments, PRL-(1-53) and PRL-(54-199), have been purified and characterized. A recombinant molecule has been obtained by noncovalent interaction of PRL-(1-53) and PRL-(54-199). The recombined protein behaves nearly identically to the parent hormone in circular dichroism spectra and exclusion chromatography. The recombinant possesses full immunoreactivity, as revealed by gel double-diffusion and complement fixation. However, the recombined protein exhibits low prolactin activity in the pigeon crop-sac test.", "contents": "Two fragments from fibrinolysin digests of ovine prolactin: characterization and recombination to generate full immunoreactivity. The action of fibrinolysin (plasmin; EC 3.4.21.7) on ovine prolactin has been investigated. It was found that the enzyme selectively cleaves the bond between Met-53 and Ala-54. The two fragments, PRL-(1-53) and PRL-(54-199), have been purified and characterized. A recombinant molecule has been obtained by noncovalent interaction of PRL-(1-53) and PRL-(54-199). The recombined protein behaves nearly identically to the parent hormone in circular dichroism spectra and exclusion chromatography. The recombinant possesses full immunoreactivity, as revealed by gel double-diffusion and complement fixation. However, the recombined protein exhibits low prolactin activity in the pigeon crop-sac test."}
{"id": "PMID:149985", "title": "Nerve growth factor potentiates actomyosin adenosinetriphosphatase.", "content": "The nerve growth factor protein (NGF) favors polymerization of brain actin and induces its organization to form paracrystalline structures that activate myosin ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) to an extent greater than actin alone. Binding studies show that the initial 1:1 stoichiometry of NGF-G-actin complexes decreases to 1:7-10 when polymerization is ended and paracrystalline structures are formed. The ratio becomes even lower when heavy meromyosin is added in the absence of ATP, suggesting that heavy meromyosin displaces NGF bound to actin microfilaments. This conclusion is supported by the finding that when heavy meromyosin is added to NGF-microfilament complexes, under conditions for \"decorating\" microfilaments, the usual paracrystalline structure of the complexes disappears. The NGF-mediated organization of actin and activation of myosin ATPase is visualized as a self-regulatory and self-propagating mechanism, because progressive displacement of the growth factor induced by heavy meromyosin binding to F actin as ATP consumption proceeds renders an increasingly higher amount of NGF free for new interactions. These findings are discussed in the light of the mechanism of action of NGF in the target cells.", "contents": "Nerve growth factor potentiates actomyosin adenosinetriphosphatase. The nerve growth factor protein (NGF) favors polymerization of brain actin and induces its organization to form paracrystalline structures that activate myosin ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) to an extent greater than actin alone. Binding studies show that the initial 1:1 stoichiometry of NGF-G-actin complexes decreases to 1:7-10 when polymerization is ended and paracrystalline structures are formed. The ratio becomes even lower when heavy meromyosin is added in the absence of ATP, suggesting that heavy meromyosin displaces NGF bound to actin microfilaments. This conclusion is supported by the finding that when heavy meromyosin is added to NGF-microfilament complexes, under conditions for \"decorating\" microfilaments, the usual paracrystalline structure of the complexes disappears. The NGF-mediated organization of actin and activation of myosin ATPase is visualized as a self-regulatory and self-propagating mechanism, because progressive displacement of the growth factor induced by heavy meromyosin binding to F actin as ATP consumption proceeds renders an increasingly higher amount of NGF free for new interactions. These findings are discussed in the light of the mechanism of action of NGF in the target cells."}
{"id": "PMID:149986", "title": "Potent inhibition of dynein adenosinetriphosphatase and of the motility of cilia and sperm flagella by vanadate.", "content": "The motility of demembranated sea urchin sperm flagella and that of embryo cilia reactivated with 0.1 mM ATP are completely inhibited by 4 micron and 0.5 micron vanadium(V) [V(V), in vanadate], respectively. The Mg2+-activated ATPase activity (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3)of the latent form of dynein 1 is inhibited 50% by 0.5-1 micron V(V), while the Ca2+-activated ATPase activity is much less sensitive. The inhibition of flagellar beat frequency and of dynein 1 ATPase activity by V(V) appears not to be competitive with ATP. In agreement with other reports, the inhibition of (Na,K)-ATPase by V(V) shows a slow onset in the presence of ATP and is relatively rapid in its absence. With dynein, however, the inhibition occurs at a rapid rate whether or not ATP is present. Catechol at a concentration of 1 mM reverses the V(V) inhibition of reactivated sperm motility, dynein ATPase, and (Na, K)-ATPase. Myosin and actomyosin ATPases show no inhibition by concentrations of V(V) up to 500 micron. The inhibition by V(V) provides a possible technique for distinguishing between the actions of dynein and myosin in different forms of cell motility.", "contents": "Potent inhibition of dynein adenosinetriphosphatase and of the motility of cilia and sperm flagella by vanadate. The motility of demembranated sea urchin sperm flagella and that of embryo cilia reactivated with 0.1 mM ATP are completely inhibited by 4 micron and 0.5 micron vanadium(V) [V(V), in vanadate], respectively. The Mg2+-activated ATPase activity (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3)of the latent form of dynein 1 is inhibited 50% by 0.5-1 micron V(V), while the Ca2+-activated ATPase activity is much less sensitive. The inhibition of flagellar beat frequency and of dynein 1 ATPase activity by V(V) appears not to be competitive with ATP. In agreement with other reports, the inhibition of (Na,K)-ATPase by V(V) shows a slow onset in the presence of ATP and is relatively rapid in its absence. With dynein, however, the inhibition occurs at a rapid rate whether or not ATP is present. Catechol at a concentration of 1 mM reverses the V(V) inhibition of reactivated sperm motility, dynein ATPase, and (Na, K)-ATPase. Myosin and actomyosin ATPases show no inhibition by concentrations of V(V) up to 500 micron. The inhibition by V(V) provides a possible technique for distinguishing between the actions of dynein and myosin in different forms of cell motility."}
{"id": "PMID:149988", "title": "Drug interactions with brain biogenic amines and the effects of amphetamine isomers on locomotor activity.", "content": "Administration of single IP doses of 1.0 or 4.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine evoked an increase in mouse spontaneous motor activity (SMA); in contrast, 1.0 mg/kg of l-amphetamine had no significant effect, while 4.0 mg/kg caused a decreased SMA. Pretreatment with aMT or pargyline had little effect on the actions of the l-isomer, but reduced the magnitude and duration of the stimulatory effect of d-amphetamine. Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine had little effect on the actions of d-amphetamine but completely abolished the depressant actions of the l-isomer. Reserpine pretreatment markedly reduced basal SMA levels; such pretreatment caused both d- and l-amphetamine to act as stimulants of SMA.", "contents": "Drug interactions with brain biogenic amines and the effects of amphetamine isomers on locomotor activity. Administration of single IP doses of 1.0 or 4.0 mg/kg of d-amphetamine evoked an increase in mouse spontaneous motor activity (SMA); in contrast, 1.0 mg/kg of l-amphetamine had no significant effect, while 4.0 mg/kg caused a decreased SMA. Pretreatment with aMT or pargyline had little effect on the actions of the l-isomer, but reduced the magnitude and duration of the stimulatory effect of d-amphetamine. Pretreatment with p-chlorophenylalanine had little effect on the actions of d-amphetamine but completely abolished the depressant actions of the l-isomer. Reserpine pretreatment markedly reduced basal SMA levels; such pretreatment caused both d- and l-amphetamine to act as stimulants of SMA."}
{"id": "PMID:149989", "title": "An analysis of dorsal and median raphe self-stimulation: effects of parachlorophenylalanine.", "content": "The role of serotonergic systems in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of rats was investigated. Intragastric administration of 400 mg/kg of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) depressed ICSS rates in the group with dorsal raphe electrode placements over a similar time course to the depletion of brain serotonin which results from treatment with PCPA. An intrasessional analysis of these behavioral changes on the fourth day after PCPA revealed that dorsal raphe ICSS was depressed over both halves of the 2 hr test session, whereas a significant depression in median raphe ICSS occurred only in the last hr of the session. The data from these studies suggest that brain serotonin systems contribute to the phenomenon of brain-stimulation reward in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. The involvement of multiple neurochemical substrates of brain stimulation reward is discussed.", "contents": "An analysis of dorsal and median raphe self-stimulation: effects of parachlorophenylalanine. The role of serotonergic systems in intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) of the dorsal and median raphe nuclei of rats was investigated. Intragastric administration of 400 mg/kg of parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA) depressed ICSS rates in the group with dorsal raphe electrode placements over a similar time course to the depletion of brain serotonin which results from treatment with PCPA. An intrasessional analysis of these behavioral changes on the fourth day after PCPA revealed that dorsal raphe ICSS was depressed over both halves of the 2 hr test session, whereas a significant depression in median raphe ICSS occurred only in the last hr of the session. The data from these studies suggest that brain serotonin systems contribute to the phenomenon of brain-stimulation reward in the dorsal and median raphe nuclei. The involvement of multiple neurochemical substrates of brain stimulation reward is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:149995", "title": "Applications and limitations of quantitative sacroiliac joint scintigraphy.", "content": "Evaluation of sacroiliac joint pathology by quantitative analysis of radionuclide bone scanning has been advocated as a useful technique. We have examined this technique in 61 patients and controls. The procedure was useful in detecting early sacroiliitis but was of limited value in patients with advanced sacroiliac joint findings radiographically. False positive values were found in patients with metabolic bone disease or structural abnormalities in the low back. Normative data must be determined for each laboratory.", "contents": "Applications and limitations of quantitative sacroiliac joint scintigraphy. Evaluation of sacroiliac joint pathology by quantitative analysis of radionuclide bone scanning has been advocated as a useful technique. We have examined this technique in 61 patients and controls. The procedure was useful in detecting early sacroiliitis but was of limited value in patients with advanced sacroiliac joint findings radiographically. False positive values were found in patients with metabolic bone disease or structural abnormalities in the low back. Normative data must be determined for each laboratory."}
{"id": "PMID:150011", "title": "Lesions in the cat spinal cord following local injections of 6-aminonicotinamide.", "content": "Lesions were made in the spinal cord of cats by means of local injections of 6-aminonicotinamide. The concentration needed to induce primary demyelination also caused extensive axonal death. In the early stages following injection there was evidence of astrocyte and oligodendrocyte destruction and with longer survival times most of the surviving demyelinated axons were remyelinated by Schwann cells. This experimental system indicates that Schwann cell remyelination of central axons follows astrocyte destruction, but it was not considered a suitable model system for the study of cellular relationships in remyelination because of the extensive concomitant axonal damage.", "contents": "Lesions in the cat spinal cord following local injections of 6-aminonicotinamide. Lesions were made in the spinal cord of cats by means of local injections of 6-aminonicotinamide. The concentration needed to induce primary demyelination also caused extensive axonal death. In the early stages following injection there was evidence of astrocyte and oligodendrocyte destruction and with longer survival times most of the surviving demyelinated axons were remyelinated by Schwann cells. This experimental system indicates that Schwann cell remyelination of central axons follows astrocyte destruction, but it was not considered a suitable model system for the study of cellular relationships in remyelination because of the extensive concomitant axonal damage."}
{"id": "PMID:150017", "title": "[Study of a population carrying HLA B27 antigen compared with a population without B27, in the detection of ankylosing spondylitis].", "content": "Comparative study of 2 groups matched for age and sex, 39 subjects with B 27 and 40 subjects without B 27, chosen at random from blood donors, leads to the conclusion that the former complain of chronic low back pain and joint manifestations, and show a reduction in the range of movement of the lumbar spine, significantly more frequently than the latter. While radiological abnormalities of the sacro-iliac joints considered individually do not permit separation of those bearing the antigen from the controle, grouping them together shows that there are more cases of stage III sacro-ilitis among those with B 27. In all, 5 cases of spondylitis defined according to the New York criteria were found in this way in the group with B 27, 12.8 per cent as against 3 per cent in the controls. From these results, the incidence of rheumatic spondylitis can be estimated as between 0.8 and 1.7 per cent.", "contents": "[Study of a population carrying HLA B27 antigen compared with a population without B27, in the detection of ankylosing spondylitis]. Comparative study of 2 groups matched for age and sex, 39 subjects with B 27 and 40 subjects without B 27, chosen at random from blood donors, leads to the conclusion that the former complain of chronic low back pain and joint manifestations, and show a reduction in the range of movement of the lumbar spine, significantly more frequently than the latter. While radiological abnormalities of the sacro-iliac joints considered individually do not permit separation of those bearing the antigen from the controle, grouping them together shows that there are more cases of stage III sacro-ilitis among those with B 27. In all, 5 cases of spondylitis defined according to the New York criteria were found in this way in the group with B 27, 12.8 per cent as against 3 per cent in the controls. From these results, the incidence of rheumatic spondylitis can be estimated as between 0.8 and 1.7 per cent."}
{"id": "PMID:150015", "title": "Recent concepts on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis.", "content": "The evidence implicating an immune pathogenesis of the lesions of rheumatoid arthritis is presented under four headings: clinical, histopathological, serological and experimental. This leads to the conclusion that the disease occurs in two phases, an initial phase associated with the presence of an exogenous initiating agent and a chronic, apparently self-prepetuating phase maintained by the presence of an autoanitgen. The microbial nature of the initiating agent is considered and it is concluded that present evidence does not exclude the possibility that no single agent is responsible.", "contents": "Recent concepts on the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. The evidence implicating an immune pathogenesis of the lesions of rheumatoid arthritis is presented under four headings: clinical, histopathological, serological and experimental. This leads to the conclusion that the disease occurs in two phases, an initial phase associated with the presence of an exogenous initiating agent and a chronic, apparently self-prepetuating phase maintained by the presence of an autoanitgen. The microbial nature of the initiating agent is considered and it is concluded that present evidence does not exclude the possibility that no single agent is responsible."}
{"id": "PMID:150020", "title": "The generation, detection and characterization of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in vitro.", "content": "This paper describes the generation, detection and characterization of cytotoxic t lymphocyte activity in vitro and the application of this assay system to various immunological problems.", "contents": "The generation, detection and characterization of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity in vitro. This paper describes the generation, detection and characterization of cytotoxic t lymphocyte activity in vitro and the application of this assay system to various immunological problems."}
{"id": "PMID:150021", "title": "Human lymphocyte subpopulations involved in MLC and CML.", "content": "Lymphocyte subpopulations from human peripheral blood were tested for their capacity to stimulate allogenic cells in MLC and for their ability to develop into cytotoxic cells in cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). By various cell separation experiments lymphocyte suspensions were depleted or enriched with respect to Fc receptor-bearing cells (detected as EA-RFC) and Ig-bearing cells. It was concluded that Fc receptor-bearing cells and Ig-bearing cells belong to different subpopulations. Furthermore, about 30% of the Fc receptor-bearing cells had T cell characteristics. The MLC stimulatory capacity was mainly confined to the Ig-bearing lymphocytes, and the Fc receptor-bearing cells and T cells exerted very little stimulation. Removal of Fc receptor-bearing cells strongly decreased the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes in CML. However, removal of Fc receptor bearing cells after MLC activation no longer affected cytotoxicity in CML. The activity in antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity was strongly decreased when Fc receptor-bearing cells were removed either before or after MLC activation. It was concluded that the cytotoxic precursor cells in CML bear an Fc receptor, which is either lost or blocked during MLC activation.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte subpopulations involved in MLC and CML. Lymphocyte subpopulations from human peripheral blood were tested for their capacity to stimulate allogenic cells in MLC and for their ability to develop into cytotoxic cells in cell-mediated lympholysis (CML). By various cell separation experiments lymphocyte suspensions were depleted or enriched with respect to Fc receptor-bearing cells (detected as EA-RFC) and Ig-bearing cells. It was concluded that Fc receptor-bearing cells and Ig-bearing cells belong to different subpopulations. Furthermore, about 30% of the Fc receptor-bearing cells had T cell characteristics. The MLC stimulatory capacity was mainly confined to the Ig-bearing lymphocytes, and the Fc receptor-bearing cells and T cells exerted very little stimulation. Removal of Fc receptor-bearing cells strongly decreased the development of cytotoxic lymphocytes in CML. However, removal of Fc receptor bearing cells after MLC activation no longer affected cytotoxicity in CML. The activity in antibody-dependent lymphocytotoxicity was strongly decreased when Fc receptor-bearing cells were removed either before or after MLC activation. It was concluded that the cytotoxic precursor cells in CML bear an Fc receptor, which is either lost or blocked during MLC activation."}
{"id": "PMID:150022", "title": "In vitro reactivity of human lymphocytes after cryopreservation using a programmed cooling device.", "content": "In this article a technique is described for the cryopreservation of human lymphocytes employing a programmed cooling device. A preset temperature curve was used which compensated for the heat exchange during crystallization. The influence of this method of lymphocyte preservation on a variety of the in vitro functions of these cells was evaluated by means such as the lymphocyte transformation test, CML and investigations for lymphocyte membrane markers. All the lymphocyte functions that were tested were found to be retained in full.", "contents": "In vitro reactivity of human lymphocytes after cryopreservation using a programmed cooling device. In this article a technique is described for the cryopreservation of human lymphocytes employing a programmed cooling device. A preset temperature curve was used which compensated for the heat exchange during crystallization. The influence of this method of lymphocyte preservation on a variety of the in vitro functions of these cells was evaluated by means such as the lymphocyte transformation test, CML and investigations for lymphocyte membrane markers. All the lymphocyte functions that were tested were found to be retained in full."}
{"id": "PMID:150018", "title": "Urinary 17-ketosteroid fractions in young patients with breast cancer.", "content": "The main fractions of 17-ketosteroids were estimated in 30 young women (under 40 years) with breast cancer and 20 controls of the same age. The determination of the fractionated ketosteroids was made by thin layer chromatography on silicagel. The mean levels of etiocholanolone, androsterone, total ketosteroids and the sum of the fractions of 17-ketosteroids were significantly decreased in patients with breast cancer in comparison with the controls. No significant differences between the mean levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and 11-oxygenated-17-ketosteroids were noted in these groups.", "contents": "Urinary 17-ketosteroid fractions in young patients with breast cancer. The main fractions of 17-ketosteroids were estimated in 30 young women (under 40 years) with breast cancer and 20 controls of the same age. The determination of the fractionated ketosteroids was made by thin layer chromatography on silicagel. The mean levels of etiocholanolone, androsterone, total ketosteroids and the sum of the fractions of 17-ketosteroids were significantly decreased in patients with breast cancer in comparison with the controls. No significant differences between the mean levels of dehydroepiandrosterone and 11-oxygenated-17-ketosteroids were noted in these groups."}
{"id": "PMID:150024", "title": "Serum lipids, lipoproteins and musculoskeletal disorders among 50- and 60-year-old men. An epidemiologic study.", "content": "Several recent reports have indicated a relationship between hyperlipoproteinaemias and migratory polyarthritis and musculoskeletal disorders of unknown etiology. These studies were uncontrolled and the study populations were small. In the study presented here, 787 60-year-old men and 226 50-year-old men--all randomly selected from the general population--were examined by questionnaire regarding the presence of joint symptoms, backache, pain in the legs and consumption of analgetics. Serum lipoprotein phenotype, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined. No consistent relationship between symptoms or analgetics consumption and serum lipid levels or serum lipoprotein patterns was found. An association between musculoskeletal disorders and and hyperlipoproteinaemias or high serum lipid levels within the range of this study seems unlikely.", "contents": "Serum lipids, lipoproteins and musculoskeletal disorders among 50- and 60-year-old men. An epidemiologic study. Several recent reports have indicated a relationship between hyperlipoproteinaemias and migratory polyarthritis and musculoskeletal disorders of unknown etiology. These studies were uncontrolled and the study populations were small. In the study presented here, 787 60-year-old men and 226 50-year-old men--all randomly selected from the general population--were examined by questionnaire regarding the presence of joint symptoms, backache, pain in the legs and consumption of analgetics. Serum lipoprotein phenotype, serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined. No consistent relationship between symptoms or analgetics consumption and serum lipid levels or serum lipoprotein patterns was found. An association between musculoskeletal disorders and and hyperlipoproteinaemias or high serum lipid levels within the range of this study seems unlikely."}
{"id": "PMID:150026", "title": "Work and disability at the age of 30 years. A sociomedical study of a birth-cohort from Bergen. II. Frequency of disability.", "content": "An attempt is made here to quantify occupational disability at the age of 30 years. The term disability is used in a broader sense than defined in the National Insurance Scheme, and covers all permanent occupational disability irrespective of cause. Disability is evaluated in terms of earned income and in accordance with the definition used under the National Insurance Scheme. The study is based on a cohort of 1570 persons, all live births in 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen. Relevant information on earned incomes and on disability pensions was extracted from the files of the National Insurance Institution for 1331 persons of the cohort residing in Norway on 1st June 1971. Among the 30-year-old men residing in Norway the frequency of disability irrespective of cause was 3.1%, whereas the proportion receiving disability pension was 1.8%. The difference of 1.3% is explained mainly by the fact that alcoholism in itself is not accepted as grounds for a disability pension. Of the women, 88.3% were married. Among these, 0.7% were receiving disability pension. Of the unmarried women in the cohort, 20% (10 persons) were found to be disabled, irrespective of cause. They were all receiving disability pension.", "contents": "Work and disability at the age of 30 years. A sociomedical study of a birth-cohort from Bergen. II. Frequency of disability. An attempt is made here to quantify occupational disability at the age of 30 years. The term disability is used in a broader sense than defined in the National Insurance Scheme, and covers all permanent occupational disability irrespective of cause. Disability is evaluated in terms of earned income and in accordance with the definition used under the National Insurance Scheme. The study is based on a cohort of 1570 persons, all live births in 1940 of mothers then residing in Bergen. Relevant information on earned incomes and on disability pensions was extracted from the files of the National Insurance Institution for 1331 persons of the cohort residing in Norway on 1st June 1971. Among the 30-year-old men residing in Norway the frequency of disability irrespective of cause was 3.1%, whereas the proportion receiving disability pension was 1.8%. The difference of 1.3% is explained mainly by the fact that alcoholism in itself is not accepted as grounds for a disability pension. Of the women, 88.3% were married. Among these, 0.7% were receiving disability pension. Of the unmarried women in the cohort, 20% (10 persons) were found to be disabled, irrespective of cause. They were all receiving disability pension."}
{"id": "PMID:150027", "title": "[Multifocal fibrosclerosis. 3 cases with skeletal and nervous system involvement].", "content": "Three cases of multifocal fibrosclerosis are reported. In the first case the clinical symptoms were diabetes insipidus associated with nodular pulmonary infiltrates and a retroperitoneal mass. In the second case, respiratory failure together with nodular pulmonary infiltrates dominated the picture. The third case was characterized principally by neurological symptoms and paraparesia secondary to the compression of the spinal cord by an intra-rachidial growth. In cases 1 and 3, X-ray studies of the skeleton showed a very peculiar involvement of bone shafts. Anatomical studies either by repeated biopsies or at autopsy showed that in all three cases the disease was characterized by disseminated fibrosclerosis. In the first two cases the involvement was most marked in the retroperitoneum, mediastinum, lungs and bones; in the third case the involvement was demonstrated in the intra-rachidial lumbar region, retroperitoneum and in bones. In the first case there was also involvement of the base of the cranium, which was responsible for the clinical symptoms of diabetes insipidus. In this case repeated biopsies and immunological studies suggested that disseminated fibrosclerosis might be related to Weber-Christian's disease.", "contents": "[Multifocal fibrosclerosis. 3 cases with skeletal and nervous system involvement]. Three cases of multifocal fibrosclerosis are reported. In the first case the clinical symptoms were diabetes insipidus associated with nodular pulmonary infiltrates and a retroperitoneal mass. In the second case, respiratory failure together with nodular pulmonary infiltrates dominated the picture. The third case was characterized principally by neurological symptoms and paraparesia secondary to the compression of the spinal cord by an intra-rachidial growth. In cases 1 and 3, X-ray studies of the skeleton showed a very peculiar involvement of bone shafts. Anatomical studies either by repeated biopsies or at autopsy showed that in all three cases the disease was characterized by disseminated fibrosclerosis. In the first two cases the involvement was most marked in the retroperitoneum, mediastinum, lungs and bones; in the third case the involvement was demonstrated in the intra-rachidial lumbar region, retroperitoneum and in bones. In the first case there was also involvement of the base of the cranium, which was responsible for the clinical symptoms of diabetes insipidus. In this case repeated biopsies and immunological studies suggested that disseminated fibrosclerosis might be related to Weber-Christian's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:150028", "title": "[New substances in oncologic therapy].", "content": "After presentation of several important methodological problems in the development of new cytostatic agents, the newer substances adriamycin, the nitroso-urea derivatives, ICDT, diaminodichloro-cisplatinum, VP 16-213 and tamoxifen are briefly discussed with regard to their pharmacology and activity spectra. In this context adriamycin, diaminochloro-cisplatinum and VP 16-213 may be considered break-throughs in the field of therapeutic oncology. Finally, several newer drugs still in phase I studies are mentioned.", "contents": "[New substances in oncologic therapy]. After presentation of several important methodological problems in the development of new cytostatic agents, the newer substances adriamycin, the nitroso-urea derivatives, ICDT, diaminodichloro-cisplatinum, VP 16-213 and tamoxifen are briefly discussed with regard to their pharmacology and activity spectra. In this context adriamycin, diaminochloro-cisplatinum and VP 16-213 may be considered break-throughs in the field of therapeutic oncology. Finally, several newer drugs still in phase I studies are mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:150029", "title": "[Hodgkin's disease: classification, staging, therapy].", "content": "Our present knowledge of Hodgkin's disease is briefly reviewed and the prognostic importance of histologic subtype and stage is demonstrated. Today's staging methods and the indications for laparoscopy and laparotomy with splenectomy are discussed. The indications and results of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are summarized. Roughly half the patients in stages III B, IV A and IV B survive 5 to 10 years after diagnosis without evidence of disease.", "contents": "[Hodgkin's disease: classification, staging, therapy]. Our present knowledge of Hodgkin's disease is briefly reviewed and the prognostic importance of histologic subtype and stage is demonstrated. Today's staging methods and the indications for laparoscopy and laparotomy with splenectomy are discussed. The indications and results of radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy are summarized. Roughly half the patients in stages III B, IV A and IV B survive 5 to 10 years after diagnosis without evidence of disease."}
{"id": "PMID:150053", "title": "Torsion of the spleen and associated 'prune belly syndrome'. A case report and review of the literature.", "content": "Splenic torsion as a complication of wandering spleen is rare. We report the clinical findings, diagnostic problems and treatment of a 1-year-old Coloured child (with classic 'prune belly syndrome') in whom the spleen had undergone torsion, thus simulating an intra-abdominal abscess. The postoperative course was uneventful.", "contents": "Torsion of the spleen and associated 'prune belly syndrome'. A case report and review of the literature. Splenic torsion as a complication of wandering spleen is rare. We report the clinical findings, diagnostic problems and treatment of a 1-year-old Coloured child (with classic 'prune belly syndrome') in whom the spleen had undergone torsion, thus simulating an intra-abdominal abscess. The postoperative course was uneventful."}
{"id": "PMID:150062", "title": "Frequency of Down syndrome in livebirths by single-year maternal age interval: results of a Massachusetts study.", "content": "An analysis of rates of intra-state Down syndrome livebirths to Massachusetts residents by single-year maternal age interval in 1958-1965 inclusive was carried out. A gradual increase of rate of the Down syndrome occurred from age 20 to about age 31, and a steeper increase thereafter. Different regression equations were derived in the 20-31 and the 33-45 age group. The regression equations were ln y = 0.04515 x -1.45759 for those age 20-31 and ln y = 0.24302x-7.57870, for those age 33-45, where y = rate per 1,000 and x = maternal age. The regression-derived rates are slightly lower than those reported in similar analyses of data from Sweden and New York State, but they are not markedly discrepant.", "contents": "Frequency of Down syndrome in livebirths by single-year maternal age interval: results of a Massachusetts study. An analysis of rates of intra-state Down syndrome livebirths to Massachusetts residents by single-year maternal age interval in 1958-1965 inclusive was carried out. A gradual increase of rate of the Down syndrome occurred from age 20 to about age 31, and a steeper increase thereafter. Different regression equations were derived in the 20-31 and the 33-45 age group. The regression equations were ln y = 0.04515 x -1.45759 for those age 20-31 and ln y = 0.24302x-7.57870, for those age 33-45, where y = rate per 1,000 and x = maternal age. The regression-derived rates are slightly lower than those reported in similar analyses of data from Sweden and New York State, but they are not markedly discrepant."}
{"id": "PMID:150063", "title": "Ultrastructural observations on FUdR-induced cell death and subsequent elimination of cell debris.", "content": "Twelve-day mouse embryos were treated with fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) and sacrificed at various time intervals after treatment. The neuroepithelial cells were then examined to determine by electron microscopy the primary site of action of the drug. About two hours after treatment mitotic activity ceased and a number of cells were found with a normal interphase nucleus, but with a cytoplasm in which the ribosomes had lost their normal polysomal configuration and were dispersed as single ribosomes. At about the same time cells were seen with an accumulation of chromatin at the nuclear membrane and the segregation of chromatin masses within the somewhat denser karyoplasm. Concurrent with the nuclear changes was the appearance of a condensed cytosome containing monoribosomes. The condensation of the nucleus and cytoplasm was followed by fragmentation of the cell into membrane bound bodies. Since condensed cells always contained monodispersed ribosomes, it seems likely that the dispersal of the ribosomes is the first morphological sign of the action of FUdR. Since about half of the neuroepithelial population underwent cell degeneration, the second goal of this experiment was to study the fate of the dying cells. Some fragments from condensed cells were found within apparently normal neuroepithelial cells, indicating phagocytosis. In addition macrophages were seen containing phagosomes from fragmented cells. Most of the fragments, however, remained free and were not immediately phagocytosed. These unphagocytosed fragments lysed and became ghosts, thereby giving the neureopithlium a vacuolated appearance. Hence, cellular debris was eliminated partially by neuroepithelial cells, partially by macrophages and to a great extent by lysis.", "contents": "Ultrastructural observations on FUdR-induced cell death and subsequent elimination of cell debris. Twelve-day mouse embryos were treated with fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) and sacrificed at various time intervals after treatment. The neuroepithelial cells were then examined to determine by electron microscopy the primary site of action of the drug. About two hours after treatment mitotic activity ceased and a number of cells were found with a normal interphase nucleus, but with a cytoplasm in which the ribosomes had lost their normal polysomal configuration and were dispersed as single ribosomes. At about the same time cells were seen with an accumulation of chromatin at the nuclear membrane and the segregation of chromatin masses within the somewhat denser karyoplasm. Concurrent with the nuclear changes was the appearance of a condensed cytosome containing monoribosomes. The condensation of the nucleus and cytoplasm was followed by fragmentation of the cell into membrane bound bodies. Since condensed cells always contained monodispersed ribosomes, it seems likely that the dispersal of the ribosomes is the first morphological sign of the action of FUdR. Since about half of the neuroepithelial population underwent cell degeneration, the second goal of this experiment was to study the fate of the dying cells. Some fragments from condensed cells were found within apparently normal neuroepithelial cells, indicating phagocytosis. In addition macrophages were seen containing phagosomes from fragmented cells. Most of the fragments, however, remained free and were not immediately phagocytosed. These unphagocytosed fragments lysed and became ghosts, thereby giving the neureopithlium a vacuolated appearance. Hence, cellular debris was eliminated partially by neuroepithelial cells, partially by macrophages and to a great extent by lysis."}
{"id": "PMID:150066", "title": "[Replacement of the thoracic aorta by sealed dacron prostheses (author's transl)].", "content": "Dacron prostheses for replacement of the thoracic aorta were sealed with bioadhesive following the Viennese method. Native human fibrinogen was brought to coagulation by adding thrombin. Factor XIII was also added in order to accelerate polymerisation and to reinforce fibrin formation in the presence of thrombin and CaCl2, thus producing a stable thrombus. In order to avoid local fibrinolysis a fast but short-acting as well as a slow but longer-acting antifibrinolytic agent was added. This method was applied in twenty patients. The prostheses remained completely impermeable to blood after resuming circulation in spite of full heparinization. No post-operative haemorrhages from the prostheses were observed.", "contents": "[Replacement of the thoracic aorta by sealed dacron prostheses (author's transl)]. Dacron prostheses for replacement of the thoracic aorta were sealed with bioadhesive following the Viennese method. Native human fibrinogen was brought to coagulation by adding thrombin. Factor XIII was also added in order to accelerate polymerisation and to reinforce fibrin formation in the presence of thrombin and CaCl2, thus producing a stable thrombus. In order to avoid local fibrinolysis a fast but short-acting as well as a slow but longer-acting antifibrinolytic agent was added. This method was applied in twenty patients. The prostheses remained completely impermeable to blood after resuming circulation in spite of full heparinization. No post-operative haemorrhages from the prostheses were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:150067", "title": "[The protective effect of magnesium-aspartate-procaine cardioplegia on the hypertrophied left ventricle of the mini-pig (author's transl)].", "content": "After induction of left ventricular hypertrophy by supravalvar constriction of the ascending aorta in mini pigs (ATP and lactate) were measured under different cardioplegic conditions. In normothermia and plain anoxic arrest ATP decrease and lactate increase were significantly slower in hypertrophied myocardium compared to normal myocardium. Injection cardioplegia using magnesium-aspartate-procaine at 37 degrees C did not influence the ATP decrease and lactate increase in the hypertrophied ventricle, whereas in the normal heart it showed some protection according to these parameters. Optimal ATP preservation and the lowest lactate increase rate were achieved in left ventricular hypertrophy by combined application of magnesium-aspartate-procaine and hypothermia of 25 degrees C. We conclude that normothermic injection cardioplegia has no protective effect on the hypertrophied left ventricle, whereas additional hypothermia can improve magnesium-aspartate-procaine cardioplegia significantly.", "contents": "[The protective effect of magnesium-aspartate-procaine cardioplegia on the hypertrophied left ventricle of the mini-pig (author's transl)]. After induction of left ventricular hypertrophy by supravalvar constriction of the ascending aorta in mini pigs (ATP and lactate) were measured under different cardioplegic conditions. In normothermia and plain anoxic arrest ATP decrease and lactate increase were significantly slower in hypertrophied myocardium compared to normal myocardium. Injection cardioplegia using magnesium-aspartate-procaine at 37 degrees C did not influence the ATP decrease and lactate increase in the hypertrophied ventricle, whereas in the normal heart it showed some protection according to these parameters. Optimal ATP preservation and the lowest lactate increase rate were achieved in left ventricular hypertrophy by combined application of magnesium-aspartate-procaine and hypothermia of 25 degrees C. We conclude that normothermic injection cardioplegia has no protective effect on the hypertrophied left ventricle, whereas additional hypothermia can improve magnesium-aspartate-procaine cardioplegia significantly."}
{"id": "PMID:150068", "title": "[Experimental inflammation after subchronic treatment with Nabam in the rat].", "content": "Inflammatory response to turpentine-induced granuloma components was studied in rats receiving 100 ppm Nabam (N,N'--ethylene--bis)dithiocarbamate) disodium) with food for one month. Results of nutritional, clinical and histopathological studies showed no modification. However, administration of Nabam modified the amounts of various mucopolysaccharides, which are important components of the inflammatory response; the amounts of total mucopolysaccharides, glucuronic acid mucopolysaccharides and sialic acid mucopolysaccharides were obviously lowered in treated animals, a symptom of impairment of the inflammatory response. When most classical means of investigation provide only little information, this test could allow toxicologists and nutritionists to evaluate the organisms reactivity to insidious toxic aggression.", "contents": "[Experimental inflammation after subchronic treatment with Nabam in the rat]. Inflammatory response to turpentine-induced granuloma components was studied in rats receiving 100 ppm Nabam (N,N'--ethylene--bis)dithiocarbamate) disodium) with food for one month. Results of nutritional, clinical and histopathological studies showed no modification. However, administration of Nabam modified the amounts of various mucopolysaccharides, which are important components of the inflammatory response; the amounts of total mucopolysaccharides, glucuronic acid mucopolysaccharides and sialic acid mucopolysaccharides were obviously lowered in treated animals, a symptom of impairment of the inflammatory response. When most classical means of investigation provide only little information, this test could allow toxicologists and nutritionists to evaluate the organisms reactivity to insidious toxic aggression."}
{"id": "PMID:150070", "title": "Isolation fo 15alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone from human pregnancy urine.", "content": "15alpha-Hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone and 15alpha-hydroxypregnenolone were isolated from hydrolyzed extracts of human late pregnancy urine and identified by means of the isotope dilution technique. In two separate determinations the excretion rate of 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone was found to be 1.7 and 3.2 microgram per day while that of 15alpha-hydroxypregnenolone was 1.7 and 2.9 microgram per day. It is postulated that 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone might serve as a precursor of 15alpha-hydroxylated estrogens already isolated from late pregnancy urine. Similarly, 15alpha-hydroxypregnenolone might be an endogenous precursor of 15alpha-hydroxyprogesterone.", "contents": "Isolation fo 15alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone from human pregnancy urine. 15alpha-Hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone and 15alpha-hydroxypregnenolone were isolated from hydrolyzed extracts of human late pregnancy urine and identified by means of the isotope dilution technique. In two separate determinations the excretion rate of 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone was found to be 1.7 and 3.2 microgram per day while that of 15alpha-hydroxypregnenolone was 1.7 and 2.9 microgram per day. It is postulated that 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone might serve as a precursor of 15alpha-hydroxylated estrogens already isolated from late pregnancy urine. Similarly, 15alpha-hydroxypregnenolone might be an endogenous precursor of 15alpha-hydroxyprogesterone."}
{"id": "PMID:150071", "title": "Formation of 15alpha-hydroxyestriol and 15alpha-hydroxyestradiol from C19 15alpha-hydroxylated precursors in human pregnancy.", "content": "A mixture of 3H-15alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione and 14C-15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone was injected intravenously into two subjects in the third trimester of pregnancy and, in a second study, directly into two fetuses in utero during transfusion for erythroblastosis fetalis. The urine was collected for 4-5 days and steroid conjugates in the urine were hydrolyzed into sulfate and glucosiduronate fractions. From the glucosiduronate fraction 15alpha-hydroxyestriol, 15alpha-hydroxyestradiol, 15alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione and 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone were isolated. No metabolites were identified in the sulfate fraction of the urine. A marked difference was observed in the metabolism of 15alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione and 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone which is dependent on the route of administration of the substrates. Both substrates were converted to 15alpha-hydroxyestriol and 15alpha-hydroxyestradiol, and the 3H/14C ratios and percentage conversions suggest that 15alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione seems to be a better precursor of the urinary 15alpha-hydroxylated estrogens than 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone. The 3H/14C ratios also suggest that 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone was converted to 15alpha-hydroxyestriol via 15alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione, and that the formation of 15alpha-hydroxyestradiol from 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone via 15alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione is a pathway of minor importance. Finally, 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone was recovered from the urine only when the precursors were injected into the maternal circulation. Also, an unknown metabolite containing only 14C was detected in the glucosiduronate fraction of the urine of each subject.", "contents": "Formation of 15alpha-hydroxyestriol and 15alpha-hydroxyestradiol from C19 15alpha-hydroxylated precursors in human pregnancy. A mixture of 3H-15alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione and 14C-15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone was injected intravenously into two subjects in the third trimester of pregnancy and, in a second study, directly into two fetuses in utero during transfusion for erythroblastosis fetalis. The urine was collected for 4-5 days and steroid conjugates in the urine were hydrolyzed into sulfate and glucosiduronate fractions. From the glucosiduronate fraction 15alpha-hydroxyestriol, 15alpha-hydroxyestradiol, 15alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione and 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone were isolated. No metabolites were identified in the sulfate fraction of the urine. A marked difference was observed in the metabolism of 15alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione and 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone which is dependent on the route of administration of the substrates. Both substrates were converted to 15alpha-hydroxyestriol and 15alpha-hydroxyestradiol, and the 3H/14C ratios and percentage conversions suggest that 15alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione seems to be a better precursor of the urinary 15alpha-hydroxylated estrogens than 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone. The 3H/14C ratios also suggest that 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone was converted to 15alpha-hydroxyestriol via 15alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione, and that the formation of 15alpha-hydroxyestradiol from 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone via 15alpha-hydroxyandrostenedione is a pathway of minor importance. Finally, 15alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone was recovered from the urine only when the precursors were injected into the maternal circulation. Also, an unknown metabolite containing only 14C was detected in the glucosiduronate fraction of the urine of each subject."}
{"id": "PMID:150072", "title": "[Possibilities and aims of the cooperation between pedodontics and orthodontics].", "content": "The author indicates some ways that might be practicable for the true co-operation of paedodontics with orthodontics. Such a co-operation is precious above all during advanced education in dentistry, and a suggestion is given for the contents of the training in both specialties. Furthermore, an attempt is made to fix mutual engagements that might serve deliberate co-operation and enable more paedodontists to treat orthodontic cases.", "contents": "[Possibilities and aims of the cooperation between pedodontics and orthodontics]. The author indicates some ways that might be practicable for the true co-operation of paedodontics with orthodontics. Such a co-operation is precious above all during advanced education in dentistry, and a suggestion is given for the contents of the training in both specialties. Furthermore, an attempt is made to fix mutual engagements that might serve deliberate co-operation and enable more paedodontists to treat orthodontic cases."}
{"id": "PMID:150079", "title": "Presensitization of potential kidney recipients detected by cell kinetic studies in the pooled mixed lymphocyte reaction.", "content": "An accelerated response in the pooled mixed lymphocyte reaction (PMLR) and/or the existence of cytotoxic antibodies indicates presensitization of potential kidney recipients. The absence of cytotoxic antibodies does not exclude presensitization, which can be demonstrated by a premature response in the PMLR. However, transfusions may also lead to impaired proliferation. In some patients, blood transfusions induce blocking activities. The possible mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed. Measuring the immune response by cell kinetic studies with the PMLR gives further information on the immune state of potential kidney recipients.", "contents": "Presensitization of potential kidney recipients detected by cell kinetic studies in the pooled mixed lymphocyte reaction. An accelerated response in the pooled mixed lymphocyte reaction (PMLR) and/or the existence of cytotoxic antibodies indicates presensitization of potential kidney recipients. The absence of cytotoxic antibodies does not exclude presensitization, which can be demonstrated by a premature response in the PMLR. However, transfusions may also lead to impaired proliferation. In some patients, blood transfusions induce blocking activities. The possible mechanisms of this phenomenon are discussed. Measuring the immune response by cell kinetic studies with the PMLR gives further information on the immune state of potential kidney recipients."}
{"id": "PMID:150082", "title": "Donor-specific preformed B-lymphocyte antibodies and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) blocking in cadaver renal allograft recipients.", "content": "B- and T-lymphocyte CDC crossmatches and MLC blocking experiments were performed for 33 cadaver renal allograft donor-recipient pairs. Unidirectional MLC blocking was highly correlated with a positive B-cell crossmatch. Grafts in both the MLC blocking and B-cell crossmatch positive groups fared equally as well as those without positive tests. No difference in graft outcome was noted when the presence or absence of MLC blocking was examined in relationship to B-cell crossmatch results.", "contents": "Donor-specific preformed B-lymphocyte antibodies and mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) blocking in cadaver renal allograft recipients. B- and T-lymphocyte CDC crossmatches and MLC blocking experiments were performed for 33 cadaver renal allograft donor-recipient pairs. Unidirectional MLC blocking was highly correlated with a positive B-cell crossmatch. Grafts in both the MLC blocking and B-cell crossmatch positive groups fared equally as well as those without positive tests. No difference in graft outcome was noted when the presence or absence of MLC blocking was examined in relationship to B-cell crossmatch results."}
{"id": "PMID:150086", "title": "Some non-infective diseases endemic in the West Indies.", "content": "The West Indies, and associated parts of the Caribbean area, are extremely diverse and afford interesting examples for the study of geographical medicine. Short accounts are given of some conditions whose aetiologies have been relatively recently clarified, including vomiting sickness of Jamaica, veno-occlusive disease of Jamaica, blackfat pulmonary fibrosis of Guyana, and epidemic acute glomerulonephritis of Trinidad. The aetiology of tropical sprue, which is common in Puerto Rico and absent from Jamaica remains to be explained although a hypothesis has been put forward. Further work is needed to establish the geographical distribution of idiopathic cardiomegaly and the spinal neuropathies and associated syndromes of retrobulbar neuritis and sensorineural deafness before their aetiologies can be understood.", "contents": "Some non-infective diseases endemic in the West Indies. The West Indies, and associated parts of the Caribbean area, are extremely diverse and afford interesting examples for the study of geographical medicine. Short accounts are given of some conditions whose aetiologies have been relatively recently clarified, including vomiting sickness of Jamaica, veno-occlusive disease of Jamaica, blackfat pulmonary fibrosis of Guyana, and epidemic acute glomerulonephritis of Trinidad. The aetiology of tropical sprue, which is common in Puerto Rico and absent from Jamaica remains to be explained although a hypothesis has been put forward. Further work is needed to establish the geographical distribution of idiopathic cardiomegaly and the spinal neuropathies and associated syndromes of retrobulbar neuritis and sensorineural deafness before their aetiologies can be understood."}
{"id": "PMID:150089", "title": "Open renal biopsy technique: results in 202 patients.", "content": "Two hundred five cases of open renal biopsy using a muscle-splitting technique have been performed over the past seven years. Eighty-seven per cent were done under local anesthesia. Tissue for routine histology, immunofluorescence staining and electromicroscopy were obtained in all cases. Morbidity was low, and there were no deaths attributed to the procedure.", "contents": "Open renal biopsy technique: results in 202 patients. Two hundred five cases of open renal biopsy using a muscle-splitting technique have been performed over the past seven years. Eighty-seven per cent were done under local anesthesia. Tissue for routine histology, immunofluorescence staining and electromicroscopy were obtained in all cases. Morbidity was low, and there were no deaths attributed to the procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:150103", "title": "The eosinophilic fibrohistiocytic lesion of the bone marrow. A mastocellular lesion in bone disease.", "content": "Seven patients are described, six with severe osteoporosis and the seventh with osteogenesis imperfecta with moderate osteoporosis. The iliac bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens of all seven showed peculiar infiltrates consisting of elongated mast cells, eosinophils, plasma cells, and varying numbers of lymphocytes. Only one patient exhibited signs of allergy with urticaria pigmentosa; the other six patients had no abnormalities that could be related to a known mast cell disease. The lesions described here are the same as those described in five patients by Rywlin as \"eosinophilic fibrohistiocytic lesion in the bone marrow\". However, in our methacrylate sections the fibrohistiocytes are shown to be mast cells. Although a relationship with drug hypersensitivity is disputed, the presence of the mast cells and eosinophils suggests an allergic condition.", "contents": "The eosinophilic fibrohistiocytic lesion of the bone marrow. A mastocellular lesion in bone disease. Seven patients are described, six with severe osteoporosis and the seventh with osteogenesis imperfecta with moderate osteoporosis. The iliac bone marrow trephine biopsy specimens of all seven showed peculiar infiltrates consisting of elongated mast cells, eosinophils, plasma cells, and varying numbers of lymphocytes. Only one patient exhibited signs of allergy with urticaria pigmentosa; the other six patients had no abnormalities that could be related to a known mast cell disease. The lesions described here are the same as those described in five patients by Rywlin as \"eosinophilic fibrohistiocytic lesion in the bone marrow\". However, in our methacrylate sections the fibrohistiocytes are shown to be mast cells. Although a relationship with drug hypersensitivity is disputed, the presence of the mast cells and eosinophils suggests an allergic condition."}
{"id": "PMID:150104", "title": "Endocrine cells of the colon in Hirschsprung's and control children.", "content": "The large intestine resected from 6 Hirschsprung's patients and surgical colonic biopsies from 6 control children were examined with light and electron microscopy. The presence and the relative distribution of various endocrine cell types in both groups of mucosa were determined. In light microscope studies endocrine cell data were expressed as number of cells per unit area of mucosa using a quantitative method after argentaffin and Grimelius's argyrophilic techniques and an immunoperoxidase reaction with glucagon and somatostatin (SRIF) antisera. The results indicate that endocrine cells are apparently not involved in Hirschsprung's disease, since their number and frequency did not differ significantly between the ganglionic and aganglionic segments of Hirschsprung's patients nor between the latter and control children. Glucagon immunoreactive cells were, on the average, 5-6 times and 7-9 times more numerous that SRIF cells in the rectum and the sigmoid, respectively. Ultrastructurally, five endocrine cell types could be distinguished. The fifth type, probably a transition type, apparently disappears in adults.", "contents": "Endocrine cells of the colon in Hirschsprung's and control children. The large intestine resected from 6 Hirschsprung's patients and surgical colonic biopsies from 6 control children were examined with light and electron microscopy. The presence and the relative distribution of various endocrine cell types in both groups of mucosa were determined. In light microscope studies endocrine cell data were expressed as number of cells per unit area of mucosa using a quantitative method after argentaffin and Grimelius's argyrophilic techniques and an immunoperoxidase reaction with glucagon and somatostatin (SRIF) antisera. The results indicate that endocrine cells are apparently not involved in Hirschsprung's disease, since their number and frequency did not differ significantly between the ganglionic and aganglionic segments of Hirschsprung's patients nor between the latter and control children. Glucagon immunoreactive cells were, on the average, 5-6 times and 7-9 times more numerous that SRIF cells in the rectum and the sigmoid, respectively. Ultrastructurally, five endocrine cell types could be distinguished. The fifth type, probably a transition type, apparently disappears in adults."}
{"id": "PMID:150105", "title": "An unusual case of phospholipidosis.", "content": "We present the results of a structural, histochemical and lipid-chromatographic study of tissues obtained at postmortem from an unusual case of phospholipidosis. A previous biopsy of the appendix and liver (Elleder et al., 1975a) had revealed a predominance of phosphoglyceride storage, principally of lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) postmortem material showed that this lipid was stored exclusively in central neurons. In the spleen and the lymph node, however, sphingomyelin (SP) was shown, histochemically and chromatographically, to be the main lipid stored. Total sphingomyelinase (SPase) activity in the appendix was reduced to about 50% of normal. Neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) and a conspicuous discrepancy between the degree of distension of some neurons and their lipid content deserve special mention. The case is contrasted with classical sphingomyelinosis; the complexity of the Niemann-Pick group of diseases is discussed as an indication of the difficulties of classification of any atypical case.", "contents": "An unusual case of phospholipidosis. We present the results of a structural, histochemical and lipid-chromatographic study of tissues obtained at postmortem from an unusual case of phospholipidosis. A previous biopsy of the appendix and liver (Elleder et al., 1975a) had revealed a predominance of phosphoglyceride storage, principally of lysobisphosphatidic acid (LBPA) postmortem material showed that this lipid was stored exclusively in central neurons. In the spleen and the lymph node, however, sphingomyelin (SP) was shown, histochemically and chromatographically, to be the main lipid stored. Total sphingomyelinase (SPase) activity in the appendix was reduced to about 50% of normal. Neuroaxonal dystrophy (NAD) and a conspicuous discrepancy between the degree of distension of some neurons and their lipid content deserve special mention. The case is contrasted with classical sphingomyelinosis; the complexity of the Niemann-Pick group of diseases is discussed as an indication of the difficulties of classification of any atypical case."}
{"id": "PMID:150106", "title": "Occlusive phlebitis, a diagnostic feature in Riedel's thyroiditis.", "content": "Five cases of Riedel's invasive fibrous thyroiditis are presented. Clinically and histopathologically all cases fulfilled the criteria for this lesion. In both small and large veins there were inflammatory changes and obliteration of the lumen, followed by sclerosis. These changes were found in each operative specimen, and seemed to be a diagnostic feature of invasive fibrous thyroiditis. We consider this change to be an occlusive phlebitis, and have noted that it occurs in association with multifocal fibrosclerosis. Three stages can be recognised: infiltrative, occlusive and sclerotic. In other thyroid lesions such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis of the Quervain type and adenomatous goitre these peculiar changes in the veins were not found.", "contents": "Occlusive phlebitis, a diagnostic feature in Riedel's thyroiditis. Five cases of Riedel's invasive fibrous thyroiditis are presented. Clinically and histopathologically all cases fulfilled the criteria for this lesion. In both small and large veins there were inflammatory changes and obliteration of the lumen, followed by sclerosis. These changes were found in each operative specimen, and seemed to be a diagnostic feature of invasive fibrous thyroiditis. We consider this change to be an occlusive phlebitis, and have noted that it occurs in association with multifocal fibrosclerosis. Three stages can be recognised: infiltrative, occlusive and sclerotic. In other thyroid lesions such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis, granulomatous thyroiditis of the Quervain type and adenomatous goitre these peculiar changes in the veins were not found."}
{"id": "PMID:150107", "title": "Lipomatous lesions of the uterus.", "content": "Four lipomatous lesions of the uterus are reported and the available literature from 1965 to 1976 is reviewed. It is suggested that these lesions result from metamorphosis of uterine smooth muscle which can proceed to form localised or diffuse mature adipose tissue in a leiomyoma or in the myometrium. Three terms are suggested for the nomenclature of the various morphological types of lipomatous lesions of the uterus: diffuse lipomatosis in a leiomyoma, circumscribed lipomatosis in a leiomyoma and uterine lipoma.", "contents": "Lipomatous lesions of the uterus. Four lipomatous lesions of the uterus are reported and the available literature from 1965 to 1976 is reviewed. It is suggested that these lesions result from metamorphosis of uterine smooth muscle which can proceed to form localised or diffuse mature adipose tissue in a leiomyoma or in the myometrium. Three terms are suggested for the nomenclature of the various morphological types of lipomatous lesions of the uterus: diffuse lipomatosis in a leiomyoma, circumscribed lipomatosis in a leiomyoma and uterine lipoma."}
{"id": "PMID:150108", "title": "Morphological investigations on axonal swellings and spheroids in various human diseases.", "content": "Axonal swellings and spheroids in various human diseases were studied by light and electron microscopy. 4 cases of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, 2 of degenerative diseases, 2 brain tumors and 3 of cerebrovascular disease were examined. Ultrastructurally most spheroids in infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy consisted of interconnected tubules, stacked membranotubular profiles, alternating layered membranes and accumulations of neurofilaments. Combinations of these four constituents were seen only in infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. \"Torpedos\" (fusiform swelling of the axon of a Purkinje cell) consisted exclusively of neurofilaments. Spheroids in case 6 (mental retardation) and 7 (atypical teratoma) consisted of interwoven skeins of neurofilaments and grouped mitochondria. Spheroids in case 8 (demyelination) and 9 (cerebrovascular disease) consisted of packed complex bodies and mitochondria. Spheroids in cases 10 and 11 (cerebrovascular disease) consisted of degenerating organelles only. The morphological differences between cases 9, 10 and 11 probably depends on the severity and timing of the cerebral injury. Most spheroids show similar histological and histochemical properties, but ultrastructural study may give some clue to the origin of the bodies.", "contents": "Morphological investigations on axonal swellings and spheroids in various human diseases. Axonal swellings and spheroids in various human diseases were studied by light and electron microscopy. 4 cases of infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, 2 of degenerative diseases, 2 brain tumors and 3 of cerebrovascular disease were examined. Ultrastructurally most spheroids in infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy consisted of interconnected tubules, stacked membranotubular profiles, alternating layered membranes and accumulations of neurofilaments. Combinations of these four constituents were seen only in infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. \"Torpedos\" (fusiform swelling of the axon of a Purkinje cell) consisted exclusively of neurofilaments. Spheroids in case 6 (mental retardation) and 7 (atypical teratoma) consisted of interwoven skeins of neurofilaments and grouped mitochondria. Spheroids in case 8 (demyelination) and 9 (cerebrovascular disease) consisted of packed complex bodies and mitochondria. Spheroids in cases 10 and 11 (cerebrovascular disease) consisted of degenerating organelles only. The morphological differences between cases 9, 10 and 11 probably depends on the severity and timing of the cerebral injury. Most spheroids show similar histological and histochemical properties, but ultrastructural study may give some clue to the origin of the bodies."}
{"id": "PMID:150110", "title": "Immunohistochemical studies on human gastric mucosa. Procedures for routine demonstration of gastric proteins by immunoenzyme techniques.", "content": "Two different fixatives were applied to human gastric mucosa for the study of antigenic marker substances. The first consists of 96% ethanol and 1% acetic acid (EA method), the second of 4% formaldehyde, 0.5% picric acid and 0.25% glutaraldehyde (FPG method). Samples of resected gastric specimens were fixed, dehydrated and cleared in benzene and embedded in paraplast. The morphology of gastric tissue was well preserved by both methods and permitted the simultaneous application of classical staining procedures and the immunoenzyme peroxidase technique for the demonstration of antigenic substances. The following marker substances could be demonstrated: Pepsinogen I and II group, surface epithelial antigen, parietal cell antigen, chief cell antigen, antral mucous cell antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, goblet cell antigen and common site antigen of leucocytes. Various factors responsible for nonspecific reactions, such as endogeneous peroxidase activity and protein interactions were studied. The latter were circumvented by the use of highly purified antibodies or immunoglobulin fractions. The EA method proved to be the method of choice for future routine application of combined classical histology and immunoenzyme histology in gastric and intestinal diseases.", "contents": "Immunohistochemical studies on human gastric mucosa. Procedures for routine demonstration of gastric proteins by immunoenzyme techniques. Two different fixatives were applied to human gastric mucosa for the study of antigenic marker substances. The first consists of 96% ethanol and 1% acetic acid (EA method), the second of 4% formaldehyde, 0.5% picric acid and 0.25% glutaraldehyde (FPG method). Samples of resected gastric specimens were fixed, dehydrated and cleared in benzene and embedded in paraplast. The morphology of gastric tissue was well preserved by both methods and permitted the simultaneous application of classical staining procedures and the immunoenzyme peroxidase technique for the demonstration of antigenic substances. The following marker substances could be demonstrated: Pepsinogen I and II group, surface epithelial antigen, parietal cell antigen, chief cell antigen, antral mucous cell antigen, carcinoembryonic antigen, goblet cell antigen and common site antigen of leucocytes. Various factors responsible for nonspecific reactions, such as endogeneous peroxidase activity and protein interactions were studied. The latter were circumvented by the use of highly purified antibodies or immunoglobulin fractions. The EA method proved to be the method of choice for future routine application of combined classical histology and immunoenzyme histology in gastric and intestinal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:150111", "title": "Correlation of electron microscopic and secretory response of human parathyroid adenomas with different calcium concentrations in organ culture.", "content": "Twelve parathyroid chief cell adenomas from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were incubated in a tissue culture system in the presence of different calcium concentrations and for various time periods. The endocrine response of the tissue was examined electron microscopically and radioimmunologically. After incubation in a medium of low calcium concentration the parathyroid adenomas showed ultrastructural signs of stimulation with proliferation of the hormone-synthesizing organelles. The development of the ultrastructural response could first be observed after four hours and increased up to several days. Radioimmunologically, an increase of the hormone secretion could be demonstrated. Converse results were obtained after incubation of the tumor tissue under suppressive culture conditions. To check for de-novo synthesis of the hormone released the tissue was incubated in a 75Se-methionine-containing medium. This resulted in radioactivity of the secreted parathyroid hormone, indicating de novo synthesis in our culture system. The biological potency of the released hormone was demonstrated by comparison of the PTH out of the medium with the international human MRC standard using two different radioassays.", "contents": "Correlation of electron microscopic and secretory response of human parathyroid adenomas with different calcium concentrations in organ culture. Twelve parathyroid chief cell adenomas from patients with primary hyperparathyroidism were incubated in a tissue culture system in the presence of different calcium concentrations and for various time periods. The endocrine response of the tissue was examined electron microscopically and radioimmunologically. After incubation in a medium of low calcium concentration the parathyroid adenomas showed ultrastructural signs of stimulation with proliferation of the hormone-synthesizing organelles. The development of the ultrastructural response could first be observed after four hours and increased up to several days. Radioimmunologically, an increase of the hormone secretion could be demonstrated. Converse results were obtained after incubation of the tumor tissue under suppressive culture conditions. To check for de-novo synthesis of the hormone released the tissue was incubated in a 75Se-methionine-containing medium. This resulted in radioactivity of the secreted parathyroid hormone, indicating de novo synthesis in our culture system. The biological potency of the released hormone was demonstrated by comparison of the PTH out of the medium with the international human MRC standard using two different radioassays."}
{"id": "PMID:150112", "title": "Role of fibrinolysis in development of hyaline membrane disease in newborn rabbits.", "content": "The role of fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of hyaline membrane disease was studied in newborn rabbits at 28- or 29-day gestation. Hyaline membrane was recognized in the lungs of rabbits that were exposed to intrauterine hypoxia and received trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexane carboxylic acid (t-AMCHA), a plasmin inhibitor found to cause a marked decrease in the fibrinolytic activity of lung extracts. In the newborn rabbits subjected to intrauterine hypoxia alone, surface activity of lung extracts was reduced, but hyaline membrane was not seen. By immunofluorescent examination the hyaline membrane was found to be rich in fibrinogen and its derivatives. Electron microscopic examination revealed that they contained various amounts of cellular debris, bundles of fibrils and electron-dense, finely granular deposits and polymerized fibrin with 230 A periodicity. Disintegration of pulmonary epithelial cells was also seen. These findings indicate that diminished fibrinolytic activity of lung tissue contributes to intra-alveolar accumulation of fibrinogen, fibrin and their degradation products, thereby bringing about morphological and physiological disintegration of the terminal airways.", "contents": "Role of fibrinolysis in development of hyaline membrane disease in newborn rabbits. The role of fibrinolysis in the pathogenesis of hyaline membrane disease was studied in newborn rabbits at 28- or 29-day gestation. Hyaline membrane was recognized in the lungs of rabbits that were exposed to intrauterine hypoxia and received trans-4-aminomethylcyclohexane carboxylic acid (t-AMCHA), a plasmin inhibitor found to cause a marked decrease in the fibrinolytic activity of lung extracts. In the newborn rabbits subjected to intrauterine hypoxia alone, surface activity of lung extracts was reduced, but hyaline membrane was not seen. By immunofluorescent examination the hyaline membrane was found to be rich in fibrinogen and its derivatives. Electron microscopic examination revealed that they contained various amounts of cellular debris, bundles of fibrils and electron-dense, finely granular deposits and polymerized fibrin with 230 A periodicity. Disintegration of pulmonary epithelial cells was also seen. These findings indicate that diminished fibrinolytic activity of lung tissue contributes to intra-alveolar accumulation of fibrinogen, fibrin and their degradation products, thereby bringing about morphological and physiological disintegration of the terminal airways."}
{"id": "PMID:150113", "title": "Fetal supradiaphragmatic accessory liver lobe. Report of a case and review of the literature.", "content": "A right thoracic accessory liver lobe with a normal diaphragm is reported in a stillborn fetus. A review of the literature reveals seven cases affecting adult patients.", "contents": "Fetal supradiaphragmatic accessory liver lobe. Report of a case and review of the literature. A right thoracic accessory liver lobe with a normal diaphragm is reported in a stillborn fetus. A review of the literature reveals seven cases affecting adult patients."}
{"id": "PMID:150114", "title": "Von Hippel-Lindau's Disease, syringomyelia and multiple endocrine tumors: a complex neuroendocrinopathy.", "content": "A patient presenting with von Hippel-Lindau's disease, syringomyelia, bilateral pheochromocytoma and a multihormonal pancreatic tumor is described. We suggest that this syndrome results from a complex neuroendocrine disorder.", "contents": "Von Hippel-Lindau's Disease, syringomyelia and multiple endocrine tumors: a complex neuroendocrinopathy. A patient presenting with von Hippel-Lindau's disease, syringomyelia, bilateral pheochromocytoma and a multihormonal pancreatic tumor is described. We suggest that this syndrome results from a complex neuroendocrine disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:150116", "title": "Giant cell tumor of bone. Fine structural localization of alkaline phosphatase.", "content": "The fine structural localization of nonspecific alkaline phosphatase was elucidated in two giant cell tumors of bone using lead as capturing ion and beta-glycerophosphate as substrate in the incubation solution. Lead phosphate precipitate--indicating presence of alkaline phosphatase--was demonstrated on the plasma membranes, and the membranes bordering vesicles and vacuoles of presumed endocytotic nature, in giant cells and type 1 stromal cells (fibroblast-like cells). The findings support the view that stromal cells type I and giant cells are histogenetically related.", "contents": "Giant cell tumor of bone. Fine structural localization of alkaline phosphatase. The fine structural localization of nonspecific alkaline phosphatase was elucidated in two giant cell tumors of bone using lead as capturing ion and beta-glycerophosphate as substrate in the incubation solution. Lead phosphate precipitate--indicating presence of alkaline phosphatase--was demonstrated on the plasma membranes, and the membranes bordering vesicles and vacuoles of presumed endocytotic nature, in giant cells and type 1 stromal cells (fibroblast-like cells). The findings support the view that stromal cells type I and giant cells are histogenetically related."}
{"id": "PMID:150118", "title": "Simultaneous occurrence of perimembranous glomerulonephritis and glomerular amyloidosis.", "content": "The results of electron microscopic examination of renal biopsies from 3 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with penicillamine are presented. All 3 patients developed a nephrotic syndrome upon discontinuation of penicillamine therapy. When viewed with the electron microscope, segmental forms of perimembranous glomerulonephritis (Stages I-II of Ehrenreich and Churg) and glomerular renal amyloidosis Grade I-III were observed. In all three cases the nephrotic syndrome was considered to be due to the simultaneous occurrence of the two disease processes. In 2 cases perimembranous glomerulonephritis with immuno-complex-deposits was assumed to be the dominant factor in the causation of the disease, in the other case amyloidosis was the principle abnormality.", "contents": "Simultaneous occurrence of perimembranous glomerulonephritis and glomerular amyloidosis. The results of electron microscopic examination of renal biopsies from 3 patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with penicillamine are presented. All 3 patients developed a nephrotic syndrome upon discontinuation of penicillamine therapy. When viewed with the electron microscope, segmental forms of perimembranous glomerulonephritis (Stages I-II of Ehrenreich and Churg) and glomerular renal amyloidosis Grade I-III were observed. In all three cases the nephrotic syndrome was considered to be due to the simultaneous occurrence of the two disease processes. In 2 cases perimembranous glomerulonephritis with immuno-complex-deposits was assumed to be the dominant factor in the causation of the disease, in the other case amyloidosis was the principle abnormality."}
{"id": "PMID:150119", "title": "Combined immune deficiency syndromes with primary T-cell defect and partial B-cell reactive hyperactivity. Immunological and morphological analysis of two unusual cases.", "content": "Two cases of combined immunodeficiency with lymphopenia, thymic dysplasia, and defective immunoglobulin production are reported. Both show selective hypo-gammaglobulinemia (IgG and IgA respectively) and selective hyper-gammaglobulinemia (both IgE, IgA, and IgM respectively). The cases are classified, by correlation of clinical and histopathological data as a variant of Fireman's disease.", "contents": "Combined immune deficiency syndromes with primary T-cell defect and partial B-cell reactive hyperactivity. Immunological and morphological analysis of two unusual cases. Two cases of combined immunodeficiency with lymphopenia, thymic dysplasia, and defective immunoglobulin production are reported. Both show selective hypo-gammaglobulinemia (IgG and IgA respectively) and selective hyper-gammaglobulinemia (both IgE, IgA, and IgM respectively). The cases are classified, by correlation of clinical and histopathological data as a variant of Fireman's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:150120", "title": "Immunoglobulin and complement deposits in the lungs of New Zealand Black/White mice.", "content": "Forty-four New Zealand Black/White (NZB/W) F1 hybrid mice were studied for evidence of immune complex deposition in the lungs and kidneys. Positive immunofluorescence was seen in the lungs of 27 mice. The pattern of lung fluorescence was granular in association with capillary walls in 16 mice and intracellular in 12. The incidence of granular fluorescence was increased with age and was seen in 80% of the lungs of mice over 13 months old. There was a correlation between capillary wall fluorescence in the lungs and the kidneys (P less than 0.001) and between lung cellular fluorescence and renal mesangial fluorescence (P less than 0.001). The role of immune complex deposition in human pulmonary disease is discussed.", "contents": "Immunoglobulin and complement deposits in the lungs of New Zealand Black/White mice. Forty-four New Zealand Black/White (NZB/W) F1 hybrid mice were studied for evidence of immune complex deposition in the lungs and kidneys. Positive immunofluorescence was seen in the lungs of 27 mice. The pattern of lung fluorescence was granular in association with capillary walls in 16 mice and intracellular in 12. The incidence of granular fluorescence was increased with age and was seen in 80% of the lungs of mice over 13 months old. There was a correlation between capillary wall fluorescence in the lungs and the kidneys (P less than 0.001) and between lung cellular fluorescence and renal mesangial fluorescence (P less than 0.001). The role of immune complex deposition in human pulmonary disease is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:150121", "title": "Hyaline cartilage changes in diastrophic dwarfism.", "content": "Hyaline cartilage of the talus of a diastrophic dwarf was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy before and after proteoglycan extraction or digestion, glycogen digestion, and enzyme marking. The nuclei of the chondrocytes were as a rule large and round and the cytoplasm contained large vacuoles. Best's carmine stained the cytoplasm of most cells red; after diastase digestion the cytoplasm remained unstained. This suggested that the cells contained glycogen. This observation was complimented by the ultrastructural demonstration of large amounts of glycogen. Cell scars were frequent. The shape and state of activity of the cells as well as the development of intracytoplasmic organelles showed great variability. The matrix showed many areas of degeneration and a general dearth of sulphated acid mucopolysaccharides. A lacey pattern of unmasked collagen fibers was frequently seen. Collagen fibers showed a great variability in diameter and often appeared frayed when examined by electron microscopy. These observations suggest an enzymatic deficiency in chondrocyte mucopolysaccharide and glucose metabolism. The techniques we used when added to biochemical studies should prove useful in the investigation of human dwarfism.", "contents": "Hyaline cartilage changes in diastrophic dwarfism. Hyaline cartilage of the talus of a diastrophic dwarf was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy before and after proteoglycan extraction or digestion, glycogen digestion, and enzyme marking. The nuclei of the chondrocytes were as a rule large and round and the cytoplasm contained large vacuoles. Best's carmine stained the cytoplasm of most cells red; after diastase digestion the cytoplasm remained unstained. This suggested that the cells contained glycogen. This observation was complimented by the ultrastructural demonstration of large amounts of glycogen. Cell scars were frequent. The shape and state of activity of the cells as well as the development of intracytoplasmic organelles showed great variability. The matrix showed many areas of degeneration and a general dearth of sulphated acid mucopolysaccharides. A lacey pattern of unmasked collagen fibers was frequently seen. Collagen fibers showed a great variability in diameter and often appeared frayed when examined by electron microscopy. These observations suggest an enzymatic deficiency in chondrocyte mucopolysaccharide and glucose metabolism. The techniques we used when added to biochemical studies should prove useful in the investigation of human dwarfism."}
{"id": "PMID:150122", "title": "Incorporation of 3H-proline into hyaline articular cartilage. An autoradiographic study in rats with and without adjuvant-induced arthritis.", "content": "The incorporation of 3H-proline into the hyaline articular cartilage of rats with and without adjuvant-induced arthritis was investigated 1 h after the intravenous injection of radioactive proline. In the control animals, silver grains were present predominantly over the chondrocytes at all times; on the 28th day the intensity of labeling was notably reduced. In the animals with adjuvant disease reduced radioactivity was observed in the cartilage of the arthritic joints from the 14th experimental day onwards. At all times, however, silver grains occurred over the chondrocytes, including those in the pannus-covered cartilage and in cartilage sequesters. It is concluded from the investigations that the arthritic process accompanying the development of pannus reduces collagen synthesis and that the pannus tissue ingrows vital cartilage.", "contents": "Incorporation of 3H-proline into hyaline articular cartilage. An autoradiographic study in rats with and without adjuvant-induced arthritis. The incorporation of 3H-proline into the hyaline articular cartilage of rats with and without adjuvant-induced arthritis was investigated 1 h after the intravenous injection of radioactive proline. In the control animals, silver grains were present predominantly over the chondrocytes at all times; on the 28th day the intensity of labeling was notably reduced. In the animals with adjuvant disease reduced radioactivity was observed in the cartilage of the arthritic joints from the 14th experimental day onwards. At all times, however, silver grains occurred over the chondrocytes, including those in the pannus-covered cartilage and in cartilage sequesters. It is concluded from the investigations that the arthritic process accompanying the development of pannus reduces collagen synthesis and that the pannus tissue ingrows vital cartilage."}
{"id": "PMID:150125", "title": "[Malignant neoplasms among ethnic groups in the Kazakh SSR].", "content": "The author has analysed the incidence of 40 nosological forms of malignant neoplasms among 4 conventionally selected ethnic groups of the Kazakh USSR population, the latter was found to differ from other ethnic groups by a rather high incidence of esophageal cancer. Also, malignant tumors of the stomach, liver, and biliary tract, the lung and bones are not infrequently observed amont the Kazakh population. The representatives of other nationalities inhabiting the Kazakh republic most often develop along with lung and gastric cancer also malignant tumors of the lip, bowel, uranary bladder, skin, mammary gland and female genitalia.", "contents": "[Malignant neoplasms among ethnic groups in the Kazakh SSR]. The author has analysed the incidence of 40 nosological forms of malignant neoplasms among 4 conventionally selected ethnic groups of the Kazakh USSR population, the latter was found to differ from other ethnic groups by a rather high incidence of esophageal cancer. Also, malignant tumors of the stomach, liver, and biliary tract, the lung and bones are not infrequently observed amont the Kazakh population. The representatives of other nationalities inhabiting the Kazakh republic most often develop along with lung and gastric cancer also malignant tumors of the lip, bowel, uranary bladder, skin, mammary gland and female genitalia."}
{"id": "PMID:150126", "title": "[Characteristics of cancer epidemiology in the Kirghiz SSR].", "content": "The oncological service in the Kirgiz republic is characterized, and some data on cancer morbidity there are reported. The oncological network of the republic covers 52 medical treatment establishments, including one oncological institute. The oncological beds provision makes 2.7 per 10 000 population. The regional features of the distribution of malignant diseases in that part of the country are conditioned by natural, ethnic and economic factors.", "contents": "[Characteristics of cancer epidemiology in the Kirghiz SSR]. The oncological service in the Kirgiz republic is characterized, and some data on cancer morbidity there are reported. The oncological network of the republic covers 52 medical treatment establishments, including one oncological institute. The oncological beds provision makes 2.7 per 10 000 population. The regional features of the distribution of malignant diseases in that part of the country are conditioned by natural, ethnic and economic factors."}
{"id": "PMID:150128", "title": "[Comprehensive prophylactic examinations of women for the detection of early forms of breast cancer].", "content": "Under examination were 2699 females over 30 years of age having no complaints of the mammary gland induration. The following diagnostic tests were used: 1) clinical; 2) thermography of mammary glands; 3) mammography in two projections. Breast cancer was revealed in 12 females (in 4.4 per 1,000 persons under examination). The clinical method solely revealed mammary gland cancer in 0.14%, thermography--in 0.28%, mammography-in 0.57%. A two-step examination, when persons suspected of breast pathology being preliminary identified, enabled the recognition of breast cancer in 2.97% (29.7 per 1,000 examined subjects). 41.6 per cent of the detected tumors proved to be lobar carcinoma in situ, 33 per cent--microfoci of scirrhous and solid cancer. The conclusion is drawn on somewhat limited opportunities of thermography as a screening method due to very frequent pseudopositive diagnoses.", "contents": "[Comprehensive prophylactic examinations of women for the detection of early forms of breast cancer]. Under examination were 2699 females over 30 years of age having no complaints of the mammary gland induration. The following diagnostic tests were used: 1) clinical; 2) thermography of mammary glands; 3) mammography in two projections. Breast cancer was revealed in 12 females (in 4.4 per 1,000 persons under examination). The clinical method solely revealed mammary gland cancer in 0.14%, thermography--in 0.28%, mammography-in 0.57%. A two-step examination, when persons suspected of breast pathology being preliminary identified, enabled the recognition of breast cancer in 2.97% (29.7 per 1,000 examined subjects). 41.6 per cent of the detected tumors proved to be lobar carcinoma in situ, 33 per cent--microfoci of scirrhous and solid cancer. The conclusion is drawn on somewhat limited opportunities of thermography as a screening method due to very frequent pseudopositive diagnoses."}
{"id": "PMID:150129", "title": "[Ways to improve the early detection of bladder cancer patients (based on Grodno Province data)].", "content": "The authors present an analysis of the data on 281 primarily recognized patients with cancer of the urinary bladder in Grodno Province 1968--1974. Among all these patients 49.5% were recognized 1 year and longer following the initial clinical manifestations of the disease. In every fifth case there was a far-advanced process. The causes of late recognition are as follows: underestimation of a tainsiet hematuria by patients, and in a number of cases the absence of oncological vigilance among general practitioners in the treatment of patients showing hematuria. To improve the early diagnosis of the bladder cancer, it is suggested to differentiate cancer high-risk groups. This contingent should be periodically examined by a specialist with prophylactic purposes. Moreover, an attention is paid to the necessity of a detailed urological examination of all persons with hematuria, or who showed it previously.", "contents": "[Ways to improve the early detection of bladder cancer patients (based on Grodno Province data)]. The authors present an analysis of the data on 281 primarily recognized patients with cancer of the urinary bladder in Grodno Province 1968--1974. Among all these patients 49.5% were recognized 1 year and longer following the initial clinical manifestations of the disease. In every fifth case there was a far-advanced process. The causes of late recognition are as follows: underestimation of a tainsiet hematuria by patients, and in a number of cases the absence of oncological vigilance among general practitioners in the treatment of patients showing hematuria. To improve the early diagnosis of the bladder cancer, it is suggested to differentiate cancer high-risk groups. This contingent should be periodically examined by a specialist with prophylactic purposes. Moreover, an attention is paid to the necessity of a detailed urological examination of all persons with hematuria, or who showed it previously."}
{"id": "PMID:150130", "title": "[Sex hormone excretion in stomach cancer patients].", "content": "Study on the balance of sex hormones in 43 males and 45 females with gastric cancer indicated the presence of some deviations from normal level of androgens and estrogens excretion in gastric cancer patients. The character and intensity of the deviations observed were dependent on patients' sex and stage of the disease. In males the leading factor in sex hormones excretion disorders is a regular decrease both of 17-KS and estrogens, and only in stage UV hyperestrogenization phenomena are observed on account of active estrogens being predominant over androsterone. In females relative hyperestrogenization was observed already in stage III on acount of androsterone decrease, while in stage IV--due to reduction of total 17-KS in normal level of total enstrogens.", "contents": "[Sex hormone excretion in stomach cancer patients]. Study on the balance of sex hormones in 43 males and 45 females with gastric cancer indicated the presence of some deviations from normal level of androgens and estrogens excretion in gastric cancer patients. The character and intensity of the deviations observed were dependent on patients' sex and stage of the disease. In males the leading factor in sex hormones excretion disorders is a regular decrease both of 17-KS and estrogens, and only in stage UV hyperestrogenization phenomena are observed on account of active estrogens being predominant over androsterone. In females relative hyperestrogenization was observed already in stage III on acount of androsterone decrease, while in stage IV--due to reduction of total 17-KS in normal level of total enstrogens."}
{"id": "PMID:150131", "title": "[Malignant tumors in the relatives of stomach cancer patients].", "content": "The author has studied the predisposition to gastric cancer in familiar probands of russian nationality suffering cancer of the stomach. An analysis of the gastric-cancer incidence among the groups of individuals of different degree of kinship of male and female probands indicates their various predisposition only to cancer of the stomach. Most frequently the affection was noted in the blood relations of female probands  (mothers, sisters, and daughters). In this group familial gastric cancer was 5.2 times as frequent as the expected value. Familial gastric cancer among the male blood relations of these probands was no more frequent than among the whole population of russian nationality. Males and females--the blood relations of male probands were affected by gastric cancer approximately twice as frequently as the control subjects. The investigation conducted has shown that distant relations (2d and 3d degree of kinship) of all probands were affected by this kind of cancer at the average population level. Also, all kin groups did not show any high risk for other cancer forms.", "contents": "[Malignant tumors in the relatives of stomach cancer patients]. The author has studied the predisposition to gastric cancer in familiar probands of russian nationality suffering cancer of the stomach. An analysis of the gastric-cancer incidence among the groups of individuals of different degree of kinship of male and female probands indicates their various predisposition only to cancer of the stomach. Most frequently the affection was noted in the blood relations of female probands  (mothers, sisters, and daughters). In this group familial gastric cancer was 5.2 times as frequent as the expected value. Familial gastric cancer among the male blood relations of these probands was no more frequent than among the whole population of russian nationality. Males and females--the blood relations of male probands were affected by gastric cancer approximately twice as frequently as the control subjects. The investigation conducted has shown that distant relations (2d and 3d degree of kinship) of all probands were affected by this kind of cancer at the average population level. Also, all kin groups did not show any high risk for other cancer forms."}
{"id": "PMID:150132", "title": "[Laparoscopy in the diagnosis of diseases of the internal female genitalia].", "content": "Cysts were found in 13, ovaries cancer in 53 and uterus myomatosus in 7 females out of 3000 patients with laparoscopy performed. A detailed description is presented in the paper of the laparoscopic changes of the organs in the abdominal cavity, particularly the changes in ovaries and uterus. Only in 33 per cent, changes in the internal genitals of the patients were found on the base of the clinical, laboratory and instrumental examinations whereas with the aid of laparoscopy--in 90 per cent. Carcinosis of peritoneum is most frequently due to ovary cancer whereas liver metastases in 39.71 per cent--due to gastric cancer, and 27.15 per cent--to ovary cancer and relatively rarely--to cancer in the rest of the organs.", "contents": "[Laparoscopy in the diagnosis of diseases of the internal female genitalia]. Cysts were found in 13, ovaries cancer in 53 and uterus myomatosus in 7 females out of 3000 patients with laparoscopy performed. A detailed description is presented in the paper of the laparoscopic changes of the organs in the abdominal cavity, particularly the changes in ovaries and uterus. Only in 33 per cent, changes in the internal genitals of the patients were found on the base of the clinical, laboratory and instrumental examinations whereas with the aid of laparoscopy--in 90 per cent. Carcinosis of peritoneum is most frequently due to ovary cancer whereas liver metastases in 39.71 per cent--due to gastric cancer, and 27.15 per cent--to ovary cancer and relatively rarely--to cancer in the rest of the organs."}
{"id": "PMID:150142", "title": "[Comparative studies on Bi-Nerisona cream (diflucortolone valerinate + chlorquinaldol) and on a combination preparation (betamethasone valerinate + gentamicin + tolnaftate + clioquinol) in a double-blind trial].", "content": "Bi-Nerisone cream and a control preparation, also in the form of a cream, have been clinically tested on 343 patients by means of a double blind study. Equilvalent results were obtained without registering any significant statistical differences, a finding, however, proving to be of great importance as Bi-Nerisone only contains two active substances (Diflucortolone valerat + Chlorquinaldol), whereas the control preparation contains a total of four (Betamethasone valerate + Gentamycin + Tolnaftate + Clioquinol).", "contents": "[Comparative studies on Bi-Nerisona cream (diflucortolone valerinate + chlorquinaldol) and on a combination preparation (betamethasone valerinate + gentamicin + tolnaftate + clioquinol) in a double-blind trial]. Bi-Nerisone cream and a control preparation, also in the form of a cream, have been clinically tested on 343 patients by means of a double blind study. Equilvalent results were obtained without registering any significant statistical differences, a finding, however, proving to be of great importance as Bi-Nerisone only contains two active substances (Diflucortolone valerat + Chlorquinaldol), whereas the control preparation contains a total of four (Betamethasone valerate + Gentamycin + Tolnaftate + Clioquinol)."}
{"id": "PMID:150143", "title": "[Standard epicutaneous testing: 5-year results and their effects on future examinations].", "content": "1385 patients were subjected to patch tests in the last years. The most important contact allergens in these seris were found to be rubber, nickel, chromate. Compositions of patch tests series varies with regard to the individual substances included: allergens with low sensitizing potency (methol, resorcin, methylsalicylate (!), hexachlorophene, iodochlorhydrooxychinoline) are gradually replaced by others of more recent importance, e.g. mercury (Merfen). Some allergens give better results when tested in higher concentration (balsams of peru, parabens, colophony and wool fat alcohols). Our findings correspond widely with the recommendations of the ICDRG (International Contact Dermatitis Research Group). Therapeutic possibilities are limited; topical application of corticosteroids may be taken as routine regimen. Bufexamac (Parfenac) has been proposed for this purpose, recently. Protective creams (like ion exchange ointments) are of limited use due to the necessity of repeated application.", "contents": "[Standard epicutaneous testing: 5-year results and their effects on future examinations]. 1385 patients were subjected to patch tests in the last years. The most important contact allergens in these seris were found to be rubber, nickel, chromate. Compositions of patch tests series varies with regard to the individual substances included: allergens with low sensitizing potency (methol, resorcin, methylsalicylate (!), hexachlorophene, iodochlorhydrooxychinoline) are gradually replaced by others of more recent importance, e.g. mercury (Merfen). Some allergens give better results when tested in higher concentration (balsams of peru, parabens, colophony and wool fat alcohols). Our findings correspond widely with the recommendations of the ICDRG (International Contact Dermatitis Research Group). Therapeutic possibilities are limited; topical application of corticosteroids may be taken as routine regimen. Bufexamac (Parfenac) has been proposed for this purpose, recently. Protective creams (like ion exchange ointments) are of limited use due to the necessity of repeated application."}
{"id": "PMID:150144", "title": "Effect of human immunoglobulin preparations on Fc rosette formation between anti-D-coated erythrocytes and lymphocytes.", "content": "Human immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations were tested for their inhibitory effect on Fc rosette formation between anti-D-coated human erythrocytes and lymphocytes, as compared to their complement activating capacity. Both of the two biological activities ascribed to the sites in the Fc portion of the IgG molecules were found to be reduced in the pepsin-treated, as well as in the S-sulfonated Ig preparations, as compared to the activities of the normal human Ig preparation. In the plasmin-treated Ig preparation, which was found to be composed of three major components: plasmin-Fab, plasmin-Fc and plasmin-resistant IgG, the activity of inhibiting the Fc rosette formation was well retained, in contrast to its low complement activating capacity.", "contents": "Effect of human immunoglobulin preparations on Fc rosette formation between anti-D-coated erythrocytes and lymphocytes. Human immunoglobulin (Ig) preparations were tested for their inhibitory effect on Fc rosette formation between anti-D-coated human erythrocytes and lymphocytes, as compared to their complement activating capacity. Both of the two biological activities ascribed to the sites in the Fc portion of the IgG molecules were found to be reduced in the pepsin-treated, as well as in the S-sulfonated Ig preparations, as compared to the activities of the normal human Ig preparation. In the plasmin-treated Ig preparation, which was found to be composed of three major components: plasmin-Fab, plasmin-Fc and plasmin-resistant IgG, the activity of inhibiting the Fc rosette formation was well retained, in contrast to its low complement activating capacity."}
{"id": "PMID:150145", "title": "Hemoglobins in single chick erythrocytes as determined by a differential elution procedure.", "content": "The switch from embryonic to adult hemoglobin (Hb) has been studied in vivo by a correlated cytological and electrophoretic analysis of circulating red blood cells from early, purely embryonic-Hb stages to purely adult-Hb stages including the adult chicken. It has been discovered, by using an acid buffer treatment that selectively elutes adult but not embryonic Hb from intact red blood cells, that embryonic and adult Hbs occur together in single cells, and that the switch occurs simultaneously in all cells. These results together with knowledge of the chick erythroid cell dynamics and ontogenetic titers indicate that the initiation of adult Hb synthesis occurs in the circulation in cells previously committed only to embryonic Hb synthesis.", "contents": "Hemoglobins in single chick erythrocytes as determined by a differential elution procedure. The switch from embryonic to adult hemoglobin (Hb) has been studied in vivo by a correlated cytological and electrophoretic analysis of circulating red blood cells from early, purely embryonic-Hb stages to purely adult-Hb stages including the adult chicken. It has been discovered, by using an acid buffer treatment that selectively elutes adult but not embryonic Hb from intact red blood cells, that embryonic and adult Hbs occur together in single cells, and that the switch occurs simultaneously in all cells. These results together with knowledge of the chick erythroid cell dynamics and ontogenetic titers indicate that the initiation of adult Hb synthesis occurs in the circulation in cells previously committed only to embryonic Hb synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:150146", "title": "[Trace elements in several organs and mechanical properties of collagen under the influence of D-penicillamin (author's transl)].", "content": "The content of trace elements in several organs of rats under the influence of D-penicillamine (D-PA) was investigated by the neutronactivation-analysis. It could be shown an diminution of Cu, and Co under D-PA-treatment, the content of Fe, Mn, Rb and Zn was not influenced. The investigated organs didn't show any submicroscopic alterations under D-PA. On isolated collagen fibrils of tail tendon was seen a significantly diminuition of E-moduls. In accordance with Siegel the principal effect of D-PA is thought to block the synthesis of functional groups from Schiff-base crosslink precursors but not to inhibit lysyloxidase by loss of Cu-ions of connective tissue. The thermostability of D-PA influenced fibrils is changed in stretched state only and will be due to the lack of crosslink Schiff-bases; where as the shrinking point of not stretched fibrils shows only aging dependent changes.", "contents": "[Trace elements in several organs and mechanical properties of collagen under the influence of D-penicillamin (author's transl)]. The content of trace elements in several organs of rats under the influence of D-penicillamine (D-PA) was investigated by the neutronactivation-analysis. It could be shown an diminution of Cu, and Co under D-PA-treatment, the content of Fe, Mn, Rb and Zn was not influenced. The investigated organs didn't show any submicroscopic alterations under D-PA. On isolated collagen fibrils of tail tendon was seen a significantly diminuition of E-moduls. In accordance with Siegel the principal effect of D-PA is thought to block the synthesis of functional groups from Schiff-base crosslink precursors but not to inhibit lysyloxidase by loss of Cu-ions of connective tissue. The thermostability of D-PA influenced fibrils is changed in stretched state only and will be due to the lack of crosslink Schiff-bases; where as the shrinking point of not stretched fibrils shows only aging dependent changes."}
{"id": "PMID:150147", "title": "Messenger ribonucleoprotein particles from plant cell cultures.", "content": "Messenger ribonucleoprotein particles were isolated from the polysomes of logarithmically growing plant cell cultures, pulse-labeled with [3H] adenosine for 30 min. More than 80% of the labeled RNP was present in particles sedimenting between 80 S and 30 S on sucrose density gradients, but was not associated with ribosomal subunits. The size distribution differs from those reported for polysomal mRNP particles to date. After fixation with glutaraldehyde the labeled RNP particles had a buoyant density of 1.38 g/cm3 in CsCl gradients. Radioactively labeled RNA extracted from the RNP particles showed a heterodisperse size distribution and contained poly (A) stretches as determined by affinity chromatography and ribonuclease digestion experiments.", "contents": "Messenger ribonucleoprotein particles from plant cell cultures. Messenger ribonucleoprotein particles were isolated from the polysomes of logarithmically growing plant cell cultures, pulse-labeled with [3H] adenosine for 30 min. More than 80% of the labeled RNP was present in particles sedimenting between 80 S and 30 S on sucrose density gradients, but was not associated with ribosomal subunits. The size distribution differs from those reported for polysomal mRNP particles to date. After fixation with glutaraldehyde the labeled RNP particles had a buoyant density of 1.38 g/cm3 in CsCl gradients. Radioactively labeled RNA extracted from the RNP particles showed a heterodisperse size distribution and contained poly (A) stretches as determined by affinity chromatography and ribonuclease digestion experiments."}
{"id": "PMID:150148", "title": "Effect of lipid modification on fusion of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.", "content": "Freeze fracture technique ascertains that sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles fuse during anisodiametric dehydration which leads to the formation of sheetlike structure of a mean extension of 5000 A. Modification of the membrane lipids by phospholipase A2 digestion or the incorporation of deoxycholate facilitates the coalescence of the vesicles, while it is completely prevented by lipid removal. Membrane fusion during anisodiametric dehydration is considered as resulting from the close contact of highly curved edges from which the membrane proteins have been excluded.", "contents": "Effect of lipid modification on fusion of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Freeze fracture technique ascertains that sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles fuse during anisodiametric dehydration which leads to the formation of sheetlike structure of a mean extension of 5000 A. Modification of the membrane lipids by phospholipase A2 digestion or the incorporation of deoxycholate facilitates the coalescence of the vesicles, while it is completely prevented by lipid removal. Membrane fusion during anisodiametric dehydration is considered as resulting from the close contact of highly curved edges from which the membrane proteins have been excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:150149", "title": "2'-Chloro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide-4'-isothiocyanate--a new cestodicidal agent [1].", "content": "2'-Chloro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide-4'-isothiocyanate (4) has been synthesized as the structural analogue of yomesan (1) and was found to be active against experimental dwarf tapeworm Hymenolepis nana infection in rats at an oral dose of 7.5 mg/kg.", "contents": "2'-Chloro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide-4'-isothiocyanate--a new cestodicidal agent [1]. 2'-Chloro-1-hydroxy-2-naphthanilide-4'-isothiocyanate (4) has been synthesized as the structural analogue of yomesan (1) and was found to be active against experimental dwarf tapeworm Hymenolepis nana infection in rats at an oral dose of 7.5 mg/kg."}
{"id": "PMID:150157", "title": "[The effect of locally applied Grisaldone or choline salicylate gel on bone healing after tooth extraction in animal experiments].", "content": "Comparative histological and experimental animal studies of the effects upon bone wound healing of topically applied choline salicylate gel and Grisaldon showed that Grisaldon tends to hinder the course of reparation of bone, whereas choline salicylate gel has no appreciable influence upon the time course of wound healing. This essential difference is considered to be due predominantly to the exactly opposite behavior shown by the two pharmaceutical preparations in regard to their solubility in water. The difficultly watersoluble Grisaldon tends to exert a longer-drawn-out irritant effect upon the tissue and can be detected in alveoli even after twenty-eight days from administration thereof. By contrast, choline salicylate gel, which is known to be readily soluble in water, will be eliminated already after two days from administration thereof.", "contents": "[The effect of locally applied Grisaldone or choline salicylate gel on bone healing after tooth extraction in animal experiments]. Comparative histological and experimental animal studies of the effects upon bone wound healing of topically applied choline salicylate gel and Grisaldon showed that Grisaldon tends to hinder the course of reparation of bone, whereas choline salicylate gel has no appreciable influence upon the time course of wound healing. This essential difference is considered to be due predominantly to the exactly opposite behavior shown by the two pharmaceutical preparations in regard to their solubility in water. The difficultly watersoluble Grisaldon tends to exert a longer-drawn-out irritant effect upon the tissue and can be detected in alveoli even after twenty-eight days from administration thereof. By contrast, choline salicylate gel, which is known to be readily soluble in water, will be eliminated already after two days from administration thereof."}
{"id": "PMID:150158", "title": "[The effect of bite lowering after extractions on the mobility of front teeth].", "content": "The author, after pointing out the importance of supporting zones and height of bite to normal occlusion, discusses the possible consequences to front teeth of bite lowering subsequent to extractions. It is possible to show that there is a causal relationship between extractions of molars and loosening of front teeth. For early occlusal contacts, grinding-in treatment is recommended where the supporting structure is still intact and prosthetic treatment, after loss of the supporting structure.", "contents": "[The effect of bite lowering after extractions on the mobility of front teeth]. The author, after pointing out the importance of supporting zones and height of bite to normal occlusion, discusses the possible consequences to front teeth of bite lowering subsequent to extractions. It is possible to show that there is a causal relationship between extractions of molars and loosening of front teeth. For early occlusal contacts, grinding-in treatment is recommended where the supporting structure is still intact and prosthetic treatment, after loss of the supporting structure."}
{"id": "PMID:150159", "title": "[The value of human-genetic studies for the evaluation of the etiology of malocclusions and bite irregularities].", "content": "Researches in which entire families as well as twins are subjected to careful examinations are rapidly assuming considerable importance within the framework of studies made to investigate the causes of irregular dentural characteristics. The author emphasizes the need for making genetic examinations of orthodontic patients, the results of which can be used to find the most favorable method of therapy. The author, on the basis of observations made on monozygotic and dizygotic twins, presents a number of data on the behavior of dental, dental arcade, and cephalometric dimensions as well as some dysgnathic characteristics. Special attention is given to twins with congenital cheiloschisis, gnathoschisis, and palatoschisis, and it is possible to show that the role played by hereditary factors in the etiology of such maldevelopments is not inconsiderable.", "contents": "[The value of human-genetic studies for the evaluation of the etiology of malocclusions and bite irregularities]. Researches in which entire families as well as twins are subjected to careful examinations are rapidly assuming considerable importance within the framework of studies made to investigate the causes of irregular dentural characteristics. The author emphasizes the need for making genetic examinations of orthodontic patients, the results of which can be used to find the most favorable method of therapy. The author, on the basis of observations made on monozygotic and dizygotic twins, presents a number of data on the behavior of dental, dental arcade, and cephalometric dimensions as well as some dysgnathic characteristics. Special attention is given to twins with congenital cheiloschisis, gnathoschisis, and palatoschisis, and it is possible to show that the role played by hereditary factors in the etiology of such maldevelopments is not inconsiderable."}
{"id": "PMID:150160", "title": "[The choice of a surgical method for the correction of sagittal over and under development of the mandible].", "content": "The experience gathered in the correction of sagittal mandibular over- and under-development allows to make the following conclusions:--In the choice of osteotomy it is necessary that careful consideration be given not only to the proportions of the body and ramus of the mandible, but also to the angular interrelationships of mandibular bones.--Osteotomies in the body of the mandible are indicated especially in those cases where it is only necessary for parallel shifts to be made in the sagittal plane.--Osteotomies performed in the region of the angle of the mandible and the ramus of the mandible (Obwegeser-Dal Pont) enable both longitudinal compensation or adjustment in the sagitta. plane and correction of transverse deformities and unfavorable angular relationships.--In the case of backward and forward displacement of the lower jaw it is essential that the position of the chin be considered already in the stage of planning the surgical operation. Suitable corrections can be made in the course of one surgical intervention.--Preliminary orthodontic treatment, because of the creation of optimum conditions of occlusion, will in many cases provide most favorable prerequisites of a surgical intervention.", "contents": "[The choice of a surgical method for the correction of sagittal over and under development of the mandible]. The experience gathered in the correction of sagittal mandibular over- and under-development allows to make the following conclusions:--In the choice of osteotomy it is necessary that careful consideration be given not only to the proportions of the body and ramus of the mandible, but also to the angular interrelationships of mandibular bones.--Osteotomies in the body of the mandible are indicated especially in those cases where it is only necessary for parallel shifts to be made in the sagittal plane.--Osteotomies performed in the region of the angle of the mandible and the ramus of the mandible (Obwegeser-Dal Pont) enable both longitudinal compensation or adjustment in the sagitta. plane and correction of transverse deformities and unfavorable angular relationships.--In the case of backward and forward displacement of the lower jaw it is essential that the position of the chin be considered already in the stage of planning the surgical operation. Suitable corrections can be made in the course of one surgical intervention.--Preliminary orthodontic treatment, because of the creation of optimum conditions of occlusion, will in many cases provide most favorable prerequisites of a surgical intervention."}
{"id": "PMID:150161", "title": "[Modifications of the height of the palate by orthodontic therapy].", "content": "The height of palate was determined on 400 and on 70 subjects treated orthodontically through the use of removable appliances and by extraction therapy, respectively. Initial and final patterns were used for measurements. A measuring method developed by the authors is described. In the majority of cases, decreases in the height of palate could not be observed, which is in contrast with data reported in the literature. There were only slight differences between the two groups of subjects included in this study. The height of palate was found to change independently of the degree of jaw widening.", "contents": "[Modifications of the height of the palate by orthodontic therapy]. The height of palate was determined on 400 and on 70 subjects treated orthodontically through the use of removable appliances and by extraction therapy, respectively. Initial and final patterns were used for measurements. A measuring method developed by the authors is described. In the majority of cases, decreases in the height of palate could not be observed, which is in contrast with data reported in the literature. There were only slight differences between the two groups of subjects included in this study. The height of palate was found to change independently of the degree of jaw widening."}
{"id": "PMID:150163", "title": "[Use of a computerized problem-oriented record in special ambulatory periodontal treatment].", "content": "Starting from the development trends of the modern out-patient treatment it is required to clearly out-line the objective functions of special out-patient care in the periodontology. Of course, the represented function call for more comprehensive data acquisition in regard of the individual patient. As a model we have worked out a computer-aided problem-oriented record for periodontal care which, in a ring hybrid study, is now being tested by 14 different public health institutions of the GDR. Our problem-oriented record comprises the following parts: a) Patient-machine communication for anamnesis b) Computer-oriented medical record c) Automated synoptic presentation of problem epicrisis d) Centralized data-pool.", "contents": "[Use of a computerized problem-oriented record in special ambulatory periodontal treatment]. Starting from the development trends of the modern out-patient treatment it is required to clearly out-line the objective functions of special out-patient care in the periodontology. Of course, the represented function call for more comprehensive data acquisition in regard of the individual patient. As a model we have worked out a computer-aided problem-oriented record for periodontal care which, in a ring hybrid study, is now being tested by 14 different public health institutions of the GDR. Our problem-oriented record comprises the following parts: a) Patient-machine communication for anamnesis b) Computer-oriented medical record c) Automated synoptic presentation of problem epicrisis d) Centralized data-pool."}
{"id": "PMID:150164", "title": "[The load carrying capacity of the teeth of the human jaw].", "content": "Three different methods of measurement are used to objectify the maximum load-carrying capacity of individual pairs of teeth. For these, use is made of a mechanical, electric, and elastooptic measuring instrument. The measurement results obtained using the mechanical and electric instruments are largely identical. They are in the neighborhood of 20 kgf and 50 kgf for incisors and molars, respectively, of male subjects. The results obtained for female test subjects were lower by an average of 10 kgf. The mechanical and electric measuring instruments may be used for the examination of a larger number of test subjects as well as under pathological conditions.", "contents": "[The load carrying capacity of the teeth of the human jaw]. Three different methods of measurement are used to objectify the maximum load-carrying capacity of individual pairs of teeth. For these, use is made of a mechanical, electric, and elastooptic measuring instrument. The measurement results obtained using the mechanical and electric instruments are largely identical. They are in the neighborhood of 20 kgf and 50 kgf for incisors and molars, respectively, of male subjects. The results obtained for female test subjects were lower by an average of 10 kgf. The mechanical and electric measuring instruments may be used for the examination of a larger number of test subjects as well as under pathological conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:150165", "title": "[Secretion pressure of human submandibular gland (author's transl)].", "content": "The secretion pressure as well as the resistance of Glandula submandibularis towards retrograde instillation of water are determined electromanometrically. The results are compared with such measurements carried out by the same method in the parotid gland. The pressure behaviour of the submandibular gland corresponds with some quantitative differences to the behaviour of the parotid gland. The differences show the generally lower secretion power of submandibular gland. However there are no differences in the resistance against a retrograde instillation of water between submandibular and parotid gland. The connections of the observed and calculated parameters and clinical patterns are discussed.", "contents": "[Secretion pressure of human submandibular gland (author's transl)]. The secretion pressure as well as the resistance of Glandula submandibularis towards retrograde instillation of water are determined electromanometrically. The results are compared with such measurements carried out by the same method in the parotid gland. The pressure behaviour of the submandibular gland corresponds with some quantitative differences to the behaviour of the parotid gland. The differences show the generally lower secretion power of submandibular gland. However there are no differences in the resistance against a retrograde instillation of water between submandibular and parotid gland. The connections of the observed and calculated parameters and clinical patterns are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:150166", "title": "[Leukoplakia simplex or metaplastic keratosis of the mouth mucosa?].", "content": "Leukoplakia simplex lesions affecting the oral mucous membrane of cheeks and the floor of the mouth were characterized from the clinical, histological, electron-microscopical and stereological point of view. An integration of the various observations suggested that a combination of atrophic and metaplastic processes give rise to this type of leukoplakia-lesion which imitates epidermal structures and, therefore, could be defined as a metaplastic keratosis. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are formulated which might be responsible for and cause this type of oral mucous membrane lesion.", "contents": "[Leukoplakia simplex or metaplastic keratosis of the mouth mucosa?]. Leukoplakia simplex lesions affecting the oral mucous membrane of cheeks and the floor of the mouth were characterized from the clinical, histological, electron-microscopical and stereological point of view. An integration of the various observations suggested that a combination of atrophic and metaplastic processes give rise to this type of leukoplakia-lesion which imitates epidermal structures and, therefore, could be defined as a metaplastic keratosis. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are formulated which might be responsible for and cause this type of oral mucous membrane lesion."}
{"id": "PMID:150167", "title": "[The cup osteosynthesis, a stable osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures with metal cups and bone cement (Kallokryl K)].", "content": "The author describes a method for the stable osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures, for which five different steel-cups are fabricated. The cup is filled with fresh mixed cold-curing polymethylmethacrylate and pressed to the fragments. After polymerisation the stable osteosynthesis is arised. The complete healing of the bone in 40 cases demonstrated the successful clinical use.", "contents": "[The cup osteosynthesis, a stable osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures with metal cups and bone cement (Kallokryl K)]. The author describes a method for the stable osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures, for which five different steel-cups are fabricated. The cup is filled with fresh mixed cold-curing polymethylmethacrylate and pressed to the fragments. After polymerisation the stable osteosynthesis is arised. The complete healing of the bone in 40 cases demonstrated the successful clinical use."}
{"id": "PMID:150181", "title": "[Diploid and aneuploid human cell lines from autopsy material in long term cultures. Investigations of growth behaviour and karyotype (author's transl)].", "content": "Experiences with the development and characterization of cell lines obtained from human autopsy material, mainly of peripartal deceased children with multiple malformations, are reported. On 7 diploid and 4 aneuploid fibroblast-like cell lines (2 cases of trisomy G, 2 cases of trisomy E) investigations of the whole life span in vitro, on the growth behaviour and morphology as well as karyotype analyses in the early, middle and late phases of cultivation were carried out. All cell lines showed a definite limited life span, their doubling potential being on the average greater than 30 +/- 5. Compared with results from literature, these values had been found to be between those of cells of embryonic and adult origin and are possibly dependent on the age of the donor. No morphologic signs or changes of cell kinetic parameters were found which might point to a spontaneous cell alteration. The karyotype determined in the early culture phase was stable until the natural end of the cell lines. The results may serve as an evidence for the stability of all investigated parameters and for a reproducible growth behaviour in diploid and aneuploid cell lines developed from human autopsy material, a prerequisite to sue them as an in vitro model for further investigations.", "contents": "[Diploid and aneuploid human cell lines from autopsy material in long term cultures. Investigations of growth behaviour and karyotype (author's transl)]. Experiences with the development and characterization of cell lines obtained from human autopsy material, mainly of peripartal deceased children with multiple malformations, are reported. On 7 diploid and 4 aneuploid fibroblast-like cell lines (2 cases of trisomy G, 2 cases of trisomy E) investigations of the whole life span in vitro, on the growth behaviour and morphology as well as karyotype analyses in the early, middle and late phases of cultivation were carried out. All cell lines showed a definite limited life span, their doubling potential being on the average greater than 30 +/- 5. Compared with results from literature, these values had been found to be between those of cells of embryonic and adult origin and are possibly dependent on the age of the donor. No morphologic signs or changes of cell kinetic parameters were found which might point to a spontaneous cell alteration. The karyotype determined in the early culture phase was stable until the natural end of the cell lines. The results may serve as an evidence for the stability of all investigated parameters and for a reproducible growth behaviour in diploid and aneuploid cell lines developed from human autopsy material, a prerequisite to sue them as an in vitro model for further investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:150182", "title": "[Sensitivity to the differential dose of erythromycin and oleandomycin of various holarctic strains of tularemia microbe isolated in the Kazakh SSR].", "content": "The presence of strains of holarctic race of tuleremia microbe, both sensitive and resistant to the differential doses of erythromycine and oleandomycine was revealed at the territoryn of Kazakh SSR. The existence of such strains does not permit to differentiate them into geographical races by the sensitivity to erythromycine and oleandomycine.", "contents": "[Sensitivity to the differential dose of erythromycin and oleandomycin of various holarctic strains of tularemia microbe isolated in the Kazakh SSR]. The presence of strains of holarctic race of tuleremia microbe, both sensitive and resistant to the differential doses of erythromycine and oleandomycine was revealed at the territoryn of Kazakh SSR. The existence of such strains does not permit to differentiate them into geographical races by the sensitivity to erythromycine and oleandomycine."}
{"id": "PMID:150186", "title": "Conditions of transformation by DNA of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The DNA uptake and transformation of inositol-requiring recipient Neurospora strains were investigated. Exponentially growing cultures can accumulate 5-10 fold quantities of donor DNA than older ones. The rate of DNA uptake depends on the physiological state of the recipient cell, and on the molecular weight of donor DNA. The exocellular DNase activity of the recipient culture may influence the DNA uptake and the transformation process. \"Young\" inositol-requiring Neurospora crassa cultures can be transformed by wild type DNA reproducibly, but with low efficiency.", "contents": "Conditions of transformation by DNA of Neurospora crassa. The DNA uptake and transformation of inositol-requiring recipient Neurospora strains were investigated. Exponentially growing cultures can accumulate 5-10 fold quantities of donor DNA than older ones. The rate of DNA uptake depends on the physiological state of the recipient cell, and on the molecular weight of donor DNA. The exocellular DNase activity of the recipient culture may influence the DNA uptake and the transformation process. \"Young\" inositol-requiring Neurospora crassa cultures can be transformed by wild type DNA reproducibly, but with low efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:150187", "title": "Investigations on myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase from the wild type and the inositol-dependent mutant of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The inositol-dependent mutant of Neurospora crassa lacks inositol-1-phosphate synthetase activity. This defect can be revorted by the addition of high-molecular DNA isolated from the wild type. To elucidate the biochemical background of inositol dependence, inositol-1-phosphate synthetase was studied. A method has been developed fro the isolation of the enzyme from the wild type strain in 10 mg scale by salt fractionation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme is 4750 U/mg protein and its purity has increased about 100-fold. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that, in addition to the main enzymatically active band, several accompanying proteins occur in very small amount. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 225,000 daltons. Probably it consists of four subunits, two with a molecular weight of 64,000 daltons and another two of 50,000 daltons. An enzymatically inactive protein has been isolated from the mutant with the same procedure as that of the enzyme; it migrated at gel electrophoreis similarly to the enzyme. It may be supposed that the isolated protein is the defective enzyme molecule.", "contents": "Investigations on myo-inositol-1-phosphate synthase from the wild type and the inositol-dependent mutant of Neurospora crassa. The inositol-dependent mutant of Neurospora crassa lacks inositol-1-phosphate synthetase activity. This defect can be revorted by the addition of high-molecular DNA isolated from the wild type. To elucidate the biochemical background of inositol dependence, inositol-1-phosphate synthetase was studied. A method has been developed fro the isolation of the enzyme from the wild type strain in 10 mg scale by salt fractionation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. The specific activity of the purified enzyme is 4750 U/mg protein and its purity has increased about 100-fold. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that, in addition to the main enzymatically active band, several accompanying proteins occur in very small amount. The molecular weight of the enzyme is 225,000 daltons. Probably it consists of four subunits, two with a molecular weight of 64,000 daltons and another two of 50,000 daltons. An enzymatically inactive protein has been isolated from the mutant with the same procedure as that of the enzyme; it migrated at gel electrophoreis similarly to the enzyme. It may be supposed that the isolated protein is the defective enzyme molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:150188", "title": "LH-RH testing in men with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Males with Down's syndrome frequently present incomplete sexual development and are presumed to be sterile. The intent of this study is to clarify the aetiology of diminished sexual function in men with trisomy 21. Single dose LH-RH stimulation tests were performed in 6 men with Down's syndrome. Compared to a control group of 6 mentally retarded, institutionalized males, the subjects with Down's syndrome had markedly elevated basal FSH and slightly elevated basal LH concentrations. The FSH response to LH-RH stimulation was notably increased in the Down's syndrome group, while the LH response showed a lesser increase. Testosterone concentrations were found to be comparable in the two groups. The results are consistent with the clinical assumption that males with Down's syndrome have decreased spermatogenesis and infertility and that their Leydig cell function is less affected.", "contents": "LH-RH testing in men with Down's syndrome. Males with Down's syndrome frequently present incomplete sexual development and are presumed to be sterile. The intent of this study is to clarify the aetiology of diminished sexual function in men with trisomy 21. Single dose LH-RH stimulation tests were performed in 6 men with Down's syndrome. Compared to a control group of 6 mentally retarded, institutionalized males, the subjects with Down's syndrome had markedly elevated basal FSH and slightly elevated basal LH concentrations. The FSH response to LH-RH stimulation was notably increased in the Down's syndrome group, while the LH response showed a lesser increase. Testosterone concentrations were found to be comparable in the two groups. The results are consistent with the clinical assumption that males with Down's syndrome have decreased spermatogenesis and infertility and that their Leydig cell function is less affected."}
{"id": "PMID:150189", "title": "[Electronmicroscopic-histochemical demonstration of acid mucopolysaccharides using cationic ferrocenyl compounds (author's transl)].", "content": "Long-chain ammonium compounds with ferrocenyl groups were synthesized and used for the light (sudanophilia) and electron microscopic (electron dense staining by the iron of the ferrocenyl group) localisation of acid mucopolysaccharides. At least 5 of the 39 prepared ammonium salts produce a very good contrast. Cetyl-ferrocenylmethyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride has been found to be the best blocking agent and stain for acid polysaccharides.", "contents": "[Electronmicroscopic-histochemical demonstration of acid mucopolysaccharides using cationic ferrocenyl compounds (author's transl)]. Long-chain ammonium compounds with ferrocenyl groups were synthesized and used for the light (sudanophilia) and electron microscopic (electron dense staining by the iron of the ferrocenyl group) localisation of acid mucopolysaccharides. At least 5 of the 39 prepared ammonium salts produce a very good contrast. Cetyl-ferrocenylmethyl-dimethyl ammonium chloride has been found to be the best blocking agent and stain for acid polysaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:150190", "title": "Glycoproteins and polyanions in the synapses of rat and mouse central nervous system.", "content": "In the present work, it is investigated the location and characteristics of receptors for Con A in synapses of rat and mouse central nervous system. Negatives charges of synaptic surface are also studied. It is observed the presence of glycoproteins on synaptosomal plasma membrane. Presence of negatives charges homogenously distributed all over the synaptosome surface is also notice. These negative charges are revealed by Colloidal Iron, FeOH++cation and cationized Ferritin. Enzymatic extraction experiments suggest that presence of sulphated mucopolysaccharides.", "contents": "Glycoproteins and polyanions in the synapses of rat and mouse central nervous system. In the present work, it is investigated the location and characteristics of receptors for Con A in synapses of rat and mouse central nervous system. Negatives charges of synaptic surface are also studied. It is observed the presence of glycoproteins on synaptosomal plasma membrane. Presence of negatives charges homogenously distributed all over the synaptosome surface is also notice. These negative charges are revealed by Colloidal Iron, FeOH++cation and cationized Ferritin. Enzymatic extraction experiments suggest that presence of sulphated mucopolysaccharides."}
{"id": "PMID:150191", "title": "Proprioceptive innervation of the external cremaster muscle of some domestic mammals.", "content": "The proprioceptive innervation of the external cremaster muscle of some domestic animals was studied. Muscle spindles and tendon organs with their well-known features were found, but this finding was uncommon and unexpected in the investigated animals. For this reason, we believe that there is no relationship between the presence of these proprioceptors and the cremasteric reflex.", "contents": "Proprioceptive innervation of the external cremaster muscle of some domestic mammals. The proprioceptive innervation of the external cremaster muscle of some domestic animals was studied. Muscle spindles and tendon organs with their well-known features were found, but this finding was uncommon and unexpected in the investigated animals. For this reason, we believe that there is no relationship between the presence of these proprioceptors and the cremasteric reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:150194", "title": "A variant form of median defect syndrome. Syndrome of combined congenital defects involving the supraumbilical abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium, and heart.", "content": "An autopsy case with the syndrome of combined congenital defects involving the supraumbilical abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium, and heart is reported. In this case, abnormal arterial plexus including anastomosis of the left coronary artery and the left internal mammary artery is recognized at the hernial pericardial wall, in addition to the already reported anomaly complex, i.e. diastasis recti abdominis with pericardial hernia, ventral defect of the diaphragm, partial defect of the sternum, and tetralogy of Fallot. It is suggested that this newly revealed vascular anomaly also comes within a specific syndrome of combined congenital defects.", "contents": "A variant form of median defect syndrome. Syndrome of combined congenital defects involving the supraumbilical abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium, and heart. An autopsy case with the syndrome of combined congenital defects involving the supraumbilical abdominal wall, sternum, diaphragm, pericardium, and heart is reported. In this case, abnormal arterial plexus including anastomosis of the left coronary artery and the left internal mammary artery is recognized at the hernial pericardial wall, in addition to the already reported anomaly complex, i.e. diastasis recti abdominis with pericardial hernia, ventral defect of the diaphragm, partial defect of the sternum, and tetralogy of Fallot. It is suggested that this newly revealed vascular anomaly also comes within a specific syndrome of combined congenital defects."}
{"id": "PMID:150195", "title": "Histochemical fiber composition of lumbar back muscles in the cat.", "content": "A histochemical analysis has been performed of the activity of myofibrillar ATPase, NADH2tetrazolium-reductase, succinic dehydrogenase and phosphorylase and of the content of fat and glycogen in the muscles of the cat's lumbar back region. The correlation between the fiber composition and the previously studied contraction properties of the muscles was analyzed. All muscles contain fibers with a low activity (type I) and such with a high activity (type II) of myofibrillar ATPase following preincubation at pH 9.4. Type II fibers showed either a low (type II A) or an intermediate (type II B) reaction when stained for ATPase, preincubation at pH 4.6. Type I fibers have a high, II A an intermediate-high and II B fibers a low activity of oxidative enzymes. The longissimus, iliocostalis and sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis muscles are characterized by high percentages of type II B fibers and low proportions of type I and type II A fibers. The central region of the longissimus which is connected to a well developed intermuscular septum is composed of a high proportion of type I fibers. The multifidi, interspinales and intertransversarii mediales muscles have higher proportions of type I and type II A fibers than the other muscles in the region.", "contents": "Histochemical fiber composition of lumbar back muscles in the cat. A histochemical analysis has been performed of the activity of myofibrillar ATPase, NADH2tetrazolium-reductase, succinic dehydrogenase and phosphorylase and of the content of fat and glycogen in the muscles of the cat's lumbar back region. The correlation between the fiber composition and the previously studied contraction properties of the muscles was analyzed. All muscles contain fibers with a low activity (type I) and such with a high activity (type II) of myofibrillar ATPase following preincubation at pH 9.4. Type II fibers showed either a low (type II A) or an intermediate (type II B) reaction when stained for ATPase, preincubation at pH 4.6. Type I fibers have a high, II A an intermediate-high and II B fibers a low activity of oxidative enzymes. The longissimus, iliocostalis and sacrocaudalis dorsalis lateralis muscles are characterized by high percentages of type II B fibers and low proportions of type I and type II A fibers. The central region of the longissimus which is connected to a well developed intermuscular septum is composed of a high proportion of type I fibers. The multifidi, interspinales and intertransversarii mediales muscles have higher proportions of type I and type II A fibers than the other muscles in the region."}
{"id": "PMID:150196", "title": "Skeletal muscle fibre types, enzyme activities and physical performance in young males and females.", "content": "Differences in skeletal muscle characteristics, metabolic profiles and functional performance between males and females were investigated using young (15--24 yrs) male and female twins as subjects. The comparison included such variables as anthropometry, muscle strength, mechanical power, maximum oxygen uptake, electrical activation of muscle, muscle fibre composition (m. vastus lateralis), and activities of several skeletal muscle enzymes. The results disclosed the following primary differences between males and females: In the various functional tests the performance of females was from 61.1 to 84.6% of that in males; distribution of slow twitch fibres in m. vastus lateralis of the females (49.1 +/- 7.7%) was lower (p less than .05) than that of the males (55.9 +/- 11.9); activities of enzymes Ca2+ stimulated ATPase, CPK, phosphorylase and LDH1a leads to py were higher (p less than .05--0.1) in the males, whereas the distribution pattern of LDH-1 isozyme was higher (p less than .05) in the females. A pronounced difference between the two groups was a almost 100% longer rise time of isometric force in females. It is concluded that the males as compared to the females demonstrate higher aerobic and strength performance capacity, more efficient neuromotoric output during contraction, more slow twitch muscle fibres and more pronounced contractile and glycolytic profiles in the skeletal muscles.", "contents": "Skeletal muscle fibre types, enzyme activities and physical performance in young males and females. Differences in skeletal muscle characteristics, metabolic profiles and functional performance between males and females were investigated using young (15--24 yrs) male and female twins as subjects. The comparison included such variables as anthropometry, muscle strength, mechanical power, maximum oxygen uptake, electrical activation of muscle, muscle fibre composition (m. vastus lateralis), and activities of several skeletal muscle enzymes. The results disclosed the following primary differences between males and females: In the various functional tests the performance of females was from 61.1 to 84.6% of that in males; distribution of slow twitch fibres in m. vastus lateralis of the females (49.1 +/- 7.7%) was lower (p less than .05) than that of the males (55.9 +/- 11.9); activities of enzymes Ca2+ stimulated ATPase, CPK, phosphorylase and LDH1a leads to py were higher (p less than .05--0.1) in the males, whereas the distribution pattern of LDH-1 isozyme was higher (p less than .05) in the females. A pronounced difference between the two groups was a almost 100% longer rise time of isometric force in females. It is concluded that the males as compared to the females demonstrate higher aerobic and strength performance capacity, more efficient neuromotoric output during contraction, more slow twitch muscle fibres and more pronounced contractile and glycolytic profiles in the skeletal muscles."}
{"id": "PMID:150197", "title": "Histological development of stapes footplate in human embryos.", "content": "Normal development of the human stapes footplate was investigated in serial sections by light microscopy. Materials were obtained from 35 Japanese embryos from the 6th to 32nd week of embryonal age. Eighteen embryos up to 16 weeks of age (3.5mm to 105mm in crown-rump length) were examined, focusing particularly on the lamina stapedialis of the otic capsule. The present study showed that primordial formation of the lamina stapedialis appeared in 16mm embryo and that the lamina was completely formed and fused to the base of the annular stapes in a 35mm embryo. In a 50mm embryo, the adult form of stapes was found with a rim and annular ligament. The results, therefore, seemed to essentially agree with the theory of dual origin and development of the footplate proposed by Cauldwell and Anson, and teratogenic agents might affect any stage of the process producing anomalies, including congenital footplate fixation, congenital absence of the oval window and calcification of the annular ligament.", "contents": "Histological development of stapes footplate in human embryos. Normal development of the human stapes footplate was investigated in serial sections by light microscopy. Materials were obtained from 35 Japanese embryos from the 6th to 32nd week of embryonal age. Eighteen embryos up to 16 weeks of age (3.5mm to 105mm in crown-rump length) were examined, focusing particularly on the lamina stapedialis of the otic capsule. The present study showed that primordial formation of the lamina stapedialis appeared in 16mm embryo and that the lamina was completely formed and fused to the base of the annular stapes in a 35mm embryo. In a 50mm embryo, the adult form of stapes was found with a rim and annular ligament. The results, therefore, seemed to essentially agree with the theory of dual origin and development of the footplate proposed by Cauldwell and Anson, and teratogenic agents might affect any stage of the process producing anomalies, including congenital footplate fixation, congenital absence of the oval window and calcification of the annular ligament."}
{"id": "PMID:150198", "title": "Studies on N, N'-dimethylnitrosourea-induced brain tumors in rats--especially, on microtumors.", "content": "The incidences, distribution and histopathological findings of N, N'-dimethylnitrosourea (DMNU)-induced brain microtumors in Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Subcutaneous injections of DMNU in young adult rats one a week resulted in the induction of 122 gliomas in 38 animals with an incidence of 69% after a time lapse of between 157 and 246 days from the first injection. Of these tumors, 66 were classified as microtumors (diameter less than about 1 mm) by detailed light microscopy observation of serial sections. The microtumors were of 3 types: 55 oligodendrogliomas, 8 astrocytomas and 3 mixed gliomas. As the tumors became larger in size, anaplasia appeared, especially in the central part of the tumors. The microtumors developed randomly throughout the brain. It was concluded that, in adult rat brains, the target cells of DMNU were well differentiated glial cells which had already migrated from the matrix layer.", "contents": "Studies on N, N'-dimethylnitrosourea-induced brain tumors in rats--especially, on microtumors. The incidences, distribution and histopathological findings of N, N'-dimethylnitrosourea (DMNU)-induced brain microtumors in Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Subcutaneous injections of DMNU in young adult rats one a week resulted in the induction of 122 gliomas in 38 animals with an incidence of 69% after a time lapse of between 157 and 246 days from the first injection. Of these tumors, 66 were classified as microtumors (diameter less than about 1 mm) by detailed light microscopy observation of serial sections. The microtumors were of 3 types: 55 oligodendrogliomas, 8 astrocytomas and 3 mixed gliomas. As the tumors became larger in size, anaplasia appeared, especially in the central part of the tumors. The microtumors developed randomly throughout the brain. It was concluded that, in adult rat brains, the target cells of DMNU were well differentiated glial cells which had already migrated from the matrix layer."}
{"id": "PMID:150199", "title": "A correlative study on urinary cytology and FDP with cystoscopy and pathology in the urinary bladder cancers.", "content": "In view of comparatively-high incidence of papillary, well or moderately-well differentiated, transitional cell carcinomas in urology, and of frequent recurrence of carcinomas after appropriate procedures, we have undertaken the correlative study on urinary cytology with cystoscopy, pathology and the amount of fibrinogen and degradation products of fibrinogen and fibrin (FDP). Cytopathologically, 191 cases were confirmed histologically for cancers out of 442 cases studied cytologically; among these 442 classes IV and V were found in 136 cases, and 99 of 136 cases (72.8%) had cancers. Admittedly, we were unable to suspect tumors cytologically in 24.5% of the cases. As to histological gradings and cytology, 48.7% of classes I and II in well differentiated were found against 52.9% and 57.1% of classes IV and V in moderately-well and poorly differentiated carcinomas, respectively. Urinary FDP assay was quite promising; out of 19 cases with both positive cytology and FDP, 18 (94.7% had carcinomas histologically, whereas 12 of 56 cases (21.4%) with both negative cytology and FDP bore cancers. Subsequently, several proposals for improving the diagnostic accuracy were discussed. We concluded the importance of accumulating more cases by combining several diagnostic procedures, especially among well and moderately-well differentiated carcinomas.", "contents": "A correlative study on urinary cytology and FDP with cystoscopy and pathology in the urinary bladder cancers. In view of comparatively-high incidence of papillary, well or moderately-well differentiated, transitional cell carcinomas in urology, and of frequent recurrence of carcinomas after appropriate procedures, we have undertaken the correlative study on urinary cytology with cystoscopy, pathology and the amount of fibrinogen and degradation products of fibrinogen and fibrin (FDP). Cytopathologically, 191 cases were confirmed histologically for cancers out of 442 cases studied cytologically; among these 442 classes IV and V were found in 136 cases, and 99 of 136 cases (72.8%) had cancers. Admittedly, we were unable to suspect tumors cytologically in 24.5% of the cases. As to histological gradings and cytology, 48.7% of classes I and II in well differentiated were found against 52.9% and 57.1% of classes IV and V in moderately-well and poorly differentiated carcinomas, respectively. Urinary FDP assay was quite promising; out of 19 cases with both positive cytology and FDP, 18 (94.7% had carcinomas histologically, whereas 12 of 56 cases (21.4%) with both negative cytology and FDP bore cancers. Subsequently, several proposals for improving the diagnostic accuracy were discussed. We concluded the importance of accumulating more cases by combining several diagnostic procedures, especially among well and moderately-well differentiated carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:150200", "title": "A study of endotoxemia in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. I. Clinical study.", "content": "Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and LPS antibody in the blood were studied in 61 cases of ulcerative colitis (U.C.) by radioimmunoassay. Lysozyme (LZM) concentration was also studied by the turbidimetric method. As a result, it was found that the blood LPS value as well as serum LZM concentration reflects the clinical observations. The case of endotoxemia in the active phase group showed a positive correlation between the LPS value and LZM concentration. LPS antibody which could not be detected in many cases of the active phase, had a high titer in cases of remission with a long history of the disease. These results would suggest that in U.C. with damaged intestinal mucosal barrier, LPS originating from intestinal flora enters into the blood and aggravates the disease and further that this invading LPS releases LZM into the blood. The same studies were performed on 7 cases of Crohn's disease and the same result was obtained.", "contents": "A study of endotoxemia in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. I. Clinical study. Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) and LPS antibody in the blood were studied in 61 cases of ulcerative colitis (U.C.) by radioimmunoassay. Lysozyme (LZM) concentration was also studied by the turbidimetric method. As a result, it was found that the blood LPS value as well as serum LZM concentration reflects the clinical observations. The case of endotoxemia in the active phase group showed a positive correlation between the LPS value and LZM concentration. LPS antibody which could not be detected in many cases of the active phase, had a high titer in cases of remission with a long history of the disease. These results would suggest that in U.C. with damaged intestinal mucosal barrier, LPS originating from intestinal flora enters into the blood and aggravates the disease and further that this invading LPS releases LZM into the blood. The same studies were performed on 7 cases of Crohn's disease and the same result was obtained."}
{"id": "PMID:150201", "title": "Endotoxin receptor site. I. Binding of endotoxin to platelets.", "content": "Binding of bacterial endotoxin to platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes was examined by using diffusion dialysis. Platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes were fractionated from normal human blood and the binding of endotoxin (LPS: Lipopolysaccharide of E. coli) to each cell fraction was measured at 4 degrees C and the binding efficiency was expressed as a binding index (%d4degreesC +/- SD). The binding index for each cell fraction was as follows; 10.2 +/- 1.6 for platelets, 1.0 +/- 0.9 for erythrocytes, 4.3 +/- 1.6 for lymphocytes and 10.0 +/- 1.5 for granulocytes (n = 11) respectively. Since a platelet possesses a small cell surface area compared with other cells, it was clear that the endotoxin bound preferentially to platelets in vitro. The binding mechanism to the platelet cell surface was suggested to be direct binding of endotoxin to the receptor on platelet cell membrane rather than through an immunologically activated mechanism.", "contents": "Endotoxin receptor site. I. Binding of endotoxin to platelets. Binding of bacterial endotoxin to platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes was examined by using diffusion dialysis. Platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes were fractionated from normal human blood and the binding of endotoxin (LPS: Lipopolysaccharide of E. coli) to each cell fraction was measured at 4 degrees C and the binding efficiency was expressed as a binding index (%d4degreesC +/- SD). The binding index for each cell fraction was as follows; 10.2 +/- 1.6 for platelets, 1.0 +/- 0.9 for erythrocytes, 4.3 +/- 1.6 for lymphocytes and 10.0 +/- 1.5 for granulocytes (n = 11) respectively. Since a platelet possesses a small cell surface area compared with other cells, it was clear that the endotoxin bound preferentially to platelets in vitro. The binding mechanism to the platelet cell surface was suggested to be direct binding of endotoxin to the receptor on platelet cell membrane rather than through an immunologically activated mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:150202", "title": "Correlation of systolic time interval with abnormal myocardial contraction by coronary occlusion in anesthetized open-chest dogs.", "content": "The correlation between the systolic time interval and abnormal contraction in ischemic myocardium was studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. A strain-gauge was sutured on the surface of the left ventricular wall perfused by the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) for measuring segment-length. The left ventricular stroke volume decreased progressively after occlusion of LAD. The left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was progressively shortened in close correlation with the elongation of segment-length at the onset of isometric relaxation in 20 seconds after LAD occlusion when early systolic myocardial contraction and isometric contraction time (ICT) were not affected. ICT was gradually prolonged and closely related with the lengthening of the early systolic segment-length, while LVET recovered toward the control level in spite of further decrease in stroke volume. A close relationship was observed between ICT/LVET and stroke volume (gamma = 0.76, P less than 0.01). The results suggested the possibility that LVET was normalized even when the left ventricular function was impaired, and ICT/LVET ratio was the most sensitive index of LV dysfunction.", "contents": "Correlation of systolic time interval with abnormal myocardial contraction by coronary occlusion in anesthetized open-chest dogs. The correlation between the systolic time interval and abnormal contraction in ischemic myocardium was studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. A strain-gauge was sutured on the surface of the left ventricular wall perfused by the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) for measuring segment-length. The left ventricular stroke volume decreased progressively after occlusion of LAD. The left ventricular ejection time (LVET) was progressively shortened in close correlation with the elongation of segment-length at the onset of isometric relaxation in 20 seconds after LAD occlusion when early systolic myocardial contraction and isometric contraction time (ICT) were not affected. ICT was gradually prolonged and closely related with the lengthening of the early systolic segment-length, while LVET recovered toward the control level in spite of further decrease in stroke volume. A close relationship was observed between ICT/LVET and stroke volume (gamma = 0.76, P less than 0.01). The results suggested the possibility that LVET was normalized even when the left ventricular function was impaired, and ICT/LVET ratio was the most sensitive index of LV dysfunction."}
{"id": "PMID:150203", "title": "Effect of ultrasonic treatment on the organs of experimental animals. III. Enzyme-histochemical examination of the prolonged effect.", "content": "The protracted effect of ultrasound treatment on the parenchymatous organs of rats has been studied histochemically at 1 to 10-day intervals. As a result of the altered redox conditions it is the oxidative enzymes in the first place that react to ultrasound treatment and their normalization takes a long time. Exposure decreased the activity of lysosomal enzymes and in the cell membrane the alkaline phosphatase and ATP-ase too. The activity of hydrolases returned to normal parallel with the normalization of the microscopic structure.", "contents": "Effect of ultrasonic treatment on the organs of experimental animals. III. Enzyme-histochemical examination of the prolonged effect. The protracted effect of ultrasound treatment on the parenchymatous organs of rats has been studied histochemically at 1 to 10-day intervals. As a result of the altered redox conditions it is the oxidative enzymes in the first place that react to ultrasound treatment and their normalization takes a long time. Exposure decreased the activity of lysosomal enzymes and in the cell membrane the alkaline phosphatase and ATP-ase too. The activity of hydrolases returned to normal parallel with the normalization of the microscopic structure."}
{"id": "PMID:150211", "title": "Anterior pathway for transdiaphragmatic extension of pneumomediastinum.", "content": "It is classically taught that mediastinal air enters the abdomen posteriorly by dissection along vascular sheaths. Present studies in infants, children, and young adults demonstrate dissection of extrapleural air to the subdiaphragmatic extraperitoneal space between the sternocostal origins of the diaphragm. The presence of extrapleural air above and extraperitoneal air below the diaphragm clearly defines the anterior diaphragmatic attachments, producing a characteristic radiographic sign. Recognition of this sign permits precise localization of air collections above and below the diaphragm, implying subdiaphragmatic extension of extraalveolar air rather than retroperitoneal perforation of a hollow viscus. Since collections of both extrapleural and intrapleural air may collect in a subpulmonic location, the ability to distinguish one from another has definite implications regarding chest tube placement.", "contents": "Anterior pathway for transdiaphragmatic extension of pneumomediastinum. It is classically taught that mediastinal air enters the abdomen posteriorly by dissection along vascular sheaths. Present studies in infants, children, and young adults demonstrate dissection of extrapleural air to the subdiaphragmatic extraperitoneal space between the sternocostal origins of the diaphragm. The presence of extrapleural air above and extraperitoneal air below the diaphragm clearly defines the anterior diaphragmatic attachments, producing a characteristic radiographic sign. Recognition of this sign permits precise localization of air collections above and below the diaphragm, implying subdiaphragmatic extension of extraalveolar air rather than retroperitoneal perforation of a hollow viscus. Since collections of both extrapleural and intrapleural air may collect in a subpulmonic location, the ability to distinguish one from another has definite implications regarding chest tube placement."}
{"id": "PMID:150212", "title": "CT detection of infected synthetic grafts: preliminary report of a new sign.", "content": "The diagnosis of infected synthetic grafts is difficult using traditional radiographic techniques. In four cases, computed tomography demonstrated small pockets of gas in the clot around the grafts, a distinctive finding for an infected prosthesis. Further experience is required to determine whether this will prove to be a reliable diagnostic sign. The gas collections in infected grafts differ from normal gas in their multiplicity and occurrence more than 10 days after surgery.", "contents": "CT detection of infected synthetic grafts: preliminary report of a new sign. The diagnosis of infected synthetic grafts is difficult using traditional radiographic techniques. In four cases, computed tomography demonstrated small pockets of gas in the clot around the grafts, a distinctive finding for an infected prosthesis. Further experience is required to determine whether this will prove to be a reliable diagnostic sign. The gas collections in infected grafts differ from normal gas in their multiplicity and occurrence more than 10 days after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:150213", "title": "An evaluation of biological methods in house-dust allergen research.", "content": "Methods in house dust analysis pertaining to particle identification, to extraction and identification of mites, other arthropods, fungi, bacteria and algae are evaluated. As far as possible, quantitative data are given to compare the extractive efficiency of the different methods.", "contents": "An evaluation of biological methods in house-dust allergen research. Methods in house dust analysis pertaining to particle identification, to extraction and identification of mites, other arthropods, fungi, bacteria and algae are evaluated. As far as possible, quantitative data are given to compare the extractive efficiency of the different methods."}
{"id": "PMID:150215", "title": "[Problems of the effectiveness of antihuman lymphocyte globulin corresponding to its in vitro-effect (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical application of antihuman lymphocyte globulin (AHLG) as an immune suppressive drug rises problems concerning a possibly different sensitivity of various subpopulations of immune competent cells. Peripheral lymphocytes of healthy blood donors were studied in vitro. Using AHLG in concentrations between 1:10 and 1:1000 we were able to demonstrate that AHLG works cytotoxically in high doses, has no effect in low doses and partly contrary effect in median doses on cultivated lymphocytes stimulated with different mitogens, on the spontaneous rosette formation and on the unspecific release of migration inhibition factor (leucocyte migration inhibition test). For clinical use it should be claimed out that a sufficient high dose therapy is necessary to obtain a desirable immunosuppression. A possibly changed relation between the lymphoid subpopulation under treatment should be assessed by in vitro testing.", "contents": "[Problems of the effectiveness of antihuman lymphocyte globulin corresponding to its in vitro-effect (author's transl)]. The clinical application of antihuman lymphocyte globulin (AHLG) as an immune suppressive drug rises problems concerning a possibly different sensitivity of various subpopulations of immune competent cells. Peripheral lymphocytes of healthy blood donors were studied in vitro. Using AHLG in concentrations between 1:10 and 1:1000 we were able to demonstrate that AHLG works cytotoxically in high doses, has no effect in low doses and partly contrary effect in median doses on cultivated lymphocytes stimulated with different mitogens, on the spontaneous rosette formation and on the unspecific release of migration inhibition factor (leucocyte migration inhibition test). For clinical use it should be claimed out that a sufficient high dose therapy is necessary to obtain a desirable immunosuppression. A possibly changed relation between the lymphoid subpopulation under treatment should be assessed by in vitro testing."}
{"id": "PMID:150216", "title": "Demonstration of non-capsulated Haemophilus influenzae in the tissues of the respiratory tract in atopic and non-atopic subjects by means of an immunofluroescence technique.", "content": "The use of an immunofluorescence method for demonstration of non-capsulated H. influenzae colonization and penetration in the tissues of the respiratory tract seems to be a useful and convenient laboratory method. However, in in the tissues of the lower respiratory tract H. influenzae in our materials could not be demonstrated.", "contents": "Demonstration of non-capsulated Haemophilus influenzae in the tissues of the respiratory tract in atopic and non-atopic subjects by means of an immunofluroescence technique. The use of an immunofluorescence method for demonstration of non-capsulated H. influenzae colonization and penetration in the tissues of the respiratory tract seems to be a useful and convenient laboratory method. However, in in the tissues of the lower respiratory tract H. influenzae in our materials could not be demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:150217", "title": "[Halothane-induced impairment of the function of guinea-pig immunocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "By the help of animal experiments at guinea-pigs, experimentally sensitized with potassium bichromate, is proved at the living biological model, that halothane results in a temporary blocking of the immunological function of the lymphocytes for the time of seven to ten days.", "contents": "[Halothane-induced impairment of the function of guinea-pig immunocytes (author's transl)]. By the help of animal experiments at guinea-pigs, experimentally sensitized with potassium bichromate, is proved at the living biological model, that halothane results in a temporary blocking of the immunological function of the lymphocytes for the time of seven to ten days."}
{"id": "PMID:150218", "title": "Atopy to dander from domestic animals.", "content": "Atopy to dander from domestic animals occurs rather frequently in atopic patients, especially danders from the cat, guinea-pig, horse, rabbit, and golden hamster. There is no clear sex difference. The age group in which the phenomenon is found most frequently is from 21 to 30 years. As in hay-fever patients during the season, we found a double-peaked frequency curve for the blood eosinophilia. Animal-dander atopy was diagnosed particularly in patients with asthma and/or with atopic eczema. The strength of skin reactions to a series of three tenfold dilutions of standardized test extracts appears to be a good index for the origin of clinical symptoms after contact with the relevant animals.", "contents": "Atopy to dander from domestic animals. Atopy to dander from domestic animals occurs rather frequently in atopic patients, especially danders from the cat, guinea-pig, horse, rabbit, and golden hamster. There is no clear sex difference. The age group in which the phenomenon is found most frequently is from 21 to 30 years. As in hay-fever patients during the season, we found a double-peaked frequency curve for the blood eosinophilia. Animal-dander atopy was diagnosed particularly in patients with asthma and/or with atopic eczema. The strength of skin reactions to a series of three tenfold dilutions of standardized test extracts appears to be a good index for the origin of clinical symptoms after contact with the relevant animals."}
{"id": "PMID:150223", "title": "Left ventricular function in exercise-induced hypertrophy in dogs.", "content": "Indexes of left ventricular function and diastolic compliance were studied in 10 awake exercise-trained greyhounds with left ventricular hypertrophy. Mean left ventricular to body weight ratio and mean myocardial cell diameter were significantly greater than in normal dogs (8.73 +/- 2.7 [standard error of the mean] versus 4.63 +/- 0.24 g/kg, P less than 0.01; and 18.3 +/- 0.67 versus 12.5 +/- 0.71 mu, P less than 0.01, respectively). In awake resting animals, 7 to 50 days after implantation of a high fidelity micromanometer and sonomicrometer crystals, left ventricular contractility indexes were similar to those measured previously in normal dogs (maximal derivative of left ventricular pressure [dP/dt] 3,800 +/- 250 versus 3,810 +/- 330 mm Hg/sec, difference not significant; and mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening 1.54 +/- 0.12 versus 1.43 +/- 0.12 sec-1, difference not significant). During volume loading sufficient to produce a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of 20 mm Hg, changes in contractility indexes were similar to those in normal dogs; however, heart rate increased significantly (74 percent, P less than 0.005) in the trained greyhounds but not in normal dogs. Left ventricular diastolic stiffness did not differ from normal (51.6 +/- 3.0 versus 45.9 +/- 5.9 mm Hg/cm, P less than 0.01). These findings suggest that left ventricular function in exercise-induced left ventricular hypertrophy is substantially normal.", "contents": "Left ventricular function in exercise-induced hypertrophy in dogs. Indexes of left ventricular function and diastolic compliance were studied in 10 awake exercise-trained greyhounds with left ventricular hypertrophy. Mean left ventricular to body weight ratio and mean myocardial cell diameter were significantly greater than in normal dogs (8.73 +/- 2.7 [standard error of the mean] versus 4.63 +/- 0.24 g/kg, P less than 0.01; and 18.3 +/- 0.67 versus 12.5 +/- 0.71 mu, P less than 0.01, respectively). In awake resting animals, 7 to 50 days after implantation of a high fidelity micromanometer and sonomicrometer crystals, left ventricular contractility indexes were similar to those measured previously in normal dogs (maximal derivative of left ventricular pressure [dP/dt] 3,800 +/- 250 versus 3,810 +/- 330 mm Hg/sec, difference not significant; and mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening 1.54 +/- 0.12 versus 1.43 +/- 0.12 sec-1, difference not significant). During volume loading sufficient to produce a left ventricular end-diastolic pressure of 20 mm Hg, changes in contractility indexes were similar to those in normal dogs; however, heart rate increased significantly (74 percent, P less than 0.005) in the trained greyhounds but not in normal dogs. Left ventricular diastolic stiffness did not differ from normal (51.6 +/- 3.0 versus 45.9 +/- 5.9 mm Hg/cm, P less than 0.01). These findings suggest that left ventricular function in exercise-induced left ventricular hypertrophy is substantially normal."}
{"id": "PMID:150227", "title": "Rosette-formation with mouse erythrocytes: VI. T, B, and third population lymphoid cells in mycosis fungoides and effect of leukopheresis.", "content": "Peripheral blood from 16 patients with mycosis fungoides and two patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome was examined for T, B, and third-population (K) cells, using a battery of surface markers. T lymphocytes as determined by spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes and third-population cells as determined by the Ripley rosette test were present in normal proportions. Surprisingly, B lymphocytes, as determined by surface immunoglobulin and receptors for mouse erythrocytes, were either lacking or were present in low proportions in some patients. Normal proportions were present in others. Repeat studies of two of three patients lacking B lymphocytes, following treatment, revealed normal or low proportions of B cells. Two patients with mycosis fungoides had increased proportions of \"null\" cells. Study of lymphoid cell subpopulations before and after leukopheresis in a single patient demonstrated a decrease in T cell proportions associated with a concomitant increase in the proportions of \"null\" cells following this therapy.", "contents": "Rosette-formation with mouse erythrocytes: VI. T, B, and third population lymphoid cells in mycosis fungoides and effect of leukopheresis. Peripheral blood from 16 patients with mycosis fungoides and two patients with S\u00e9zary syndrome was examined for T, B, and third-population (K) cells, using a battery of surface markers. T lymphocytes as determined by spontaneous rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes and third-population cells as determined by the Ripley rosette test were present in normal proportions. Surprisingly, B lymphocytes, as determined by surface immunoglobulin and receptors for mouse erythrocytes, were either lacking or were present in low proportions in some patients. Normal proportions were present in others. Repeat studies of two of three patients lacking B lymphocytes, following treatment, revealed normal or low proportions of B cells. Two patients with mycosis fungoides had increased proportions of \"null\" cells. Study of lymphoid cell subpopulations before and after leukopheresis in a single patient demonstrated a decrease in T cell proportions associated with a concomitant increase in the proportions of \"null\" cells following this therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:150228", "title": "Drug therapy reviews: drug therapy of status epilepticus.", "content": "Drug treatment of status epilepticus is reviewed. Tonic-clonic, focal motor, complex partial and absence status epilepticus are discussed. In managing tonic-clonic status epilepticus one should: (1) maintain vital functions at all times, (2) identify and treat precipitating factors and (3) administer an intravenous loading dose of phenytoin sodium or phenobarbital sodium. Careful use of i.v. diazepam sometimes helps to achieve these objectives. Intravenous phenytoin sodium and phenobarbital sodium provide definitive, long-term control of tonic-clonic seizures but must be administered slowly and require time to reach peak brain concentrations. Intravenous diazepam appears to enter and exit from the brain rapidly and may control seizures while therapeutic brain concentrations of long-acting drugs are being achieved. Phenytoin, phenobarbital and diazepam should not be administered intramuscularly in treating status epilepticus. Treatment of focal motor and complex partial status epilepticus is similar to that of tonic-clonic status epilepticus, but i.v. diazepam is required less frequently and loading doses of phenytoin and phenobarbital sometimes can be given more slowly. Status epilepticus of the absence type is managed with i.v. acetazolamide sodium or diazepam. Paraldehyde, muscle relaxants, general anesthesia and lidocaine may be tried when conventional therapies fail.", "contents": "Drug therapy reviews: drug therapy of status epilepticus. Drug treatment of status epilepticus is reviewed. Tonic-clonic, focal motor, complex partial and absence status epilepticus are discussed. In managing tonic-clonic status epilepticus one should: (1) maintain vital functions at all times, (2) identify and treat precipitating factors and (3) administer an intravenous loading dose of phenytoin sodium or phenobarbital sodium. Careful use of i.v. diazepam sometimes helps to achieve these objectives. Intravenous phenytoin sodium and phenobarbital sodium provide definitive, long-term control of tonic-clonic seizures but must be administered slowly and require time to reach peak brain concentrations. Intravenous diazepam appears to enter and exit from the brain rapidly and may control seizures while therapeutic brain concentrations of long-acting drugs are being achieved. Phenytoin, phenobarbital and diazepam should not be administered intramuscularly in treating status epilepticus. Treatment of focal motor and complex partial status epilepticus is similar to that of tonic-clonic status epilepticus, but i.v. diazepam is required less frequently and loading doses of phenytoin and phenobarbital sometimes can be given more slowly. Status epilepticus of the absence type is managed with i.v. acetazolamide sodium or diazepam. Paraldehyde, muscle relaxants, general anesthesia and lidocaine may be tried when conventional therapies fail."}
{"id": "PMID:150229", "title": "Abnormal serum immunoglobulin levels in Down's syndrome patients.", "content": "Serum immunoglobulin levels were measured in 20 patients with Down's syndrome and 16 mentally retarded cerebral palsy control patients. Significant elevation of IgG and IgD levels were found in the Down's syndrome as compared with the control patients. Serum IgD level in Down's syndrome individuals significantly decreased with increasing age. Serum IgA level was significantly elevated in older Down's syndrome patients but showed no change in younger Down's syndrome patients. Serum IgM and IgE levels were slightly elevated in Down's syndrome patients, but these differences were not significant. The elevated immunoglobulin levels in Down's syndrome individuals seem to be a response to increased frequency of infection.", "contents": "Abnormal serum immunoglobulin levels in Down's syndrome patients. Serum immunoglobulin levels were measured in 20 patients with Down's syndrome and 16 mentally retarded cerebral palsy control patients. Significant elevation of IgG and IgD levels were found in the Down's syndrome as compared with the control patients. Serum IgD level in Down's syndrome individuals significantly decreased with increasing age. Serum IgA level was significantly elevated in older Down's syndrome patients but showed no change in younger Down's syndrome patients. Serum IgM and IgE levels were slightly elevated in Down's syndrome patients, but these differences were not significant. The elevated immunoglobulin levels in Down's syndrome individuals seem to be a response to increased frequency of infection."}
{"id": "PMID:150230", "title": "Multihandicapped children's preferences for pure tones and speech stimuli as a method of assessing auditory capabilities.", "content": "Residual hearing capabilities of nine severely and profoundly retarded multihandicapped deaf-blind children were determined with an operant procedure that allowed the children to respond by making a selection between two alternative responses. One response option resulted in the presentation of auditory reinforcement (pure tones and speech stimuli of various frequencies); the other option resulted in no reinforcement. Levels of the sound intensity were varied systematically to obtain a \"threshold\" for selective responding. Each of the severely damaged \"untestable\" children made numerous meaningful responses throughout the testing sessions, thereby revealing the levels of intensity that could be heard and those that were not high enough to elicit preferential responding. The children responded comparably in conditions employing pure tones and speech. The responses of most of the children were comparable across frequency conditions, although some of the children's records show selective responding at lower levels of intensity for certain frequencies than for others. We also found that varying the level of intensity of the stimuli not only affected the children's selective behavior, but also their time on task measures and their individual patterns of responding.", "contents": "Multihandicapped children's preferences for pure tones and speech stimuli as a method of assessing auditory capabilities. Residual hearing capabilities of nine severely and profoundly retarded multihandicapped deaf-blind children were determined with an operant procedure that allowed the children to respond by making a selection between two alternative responses. One response option resulted in the presentation of auditory reinforcement (pure tones and speech stimuli of various frequencies); the other option resulted in no reinforcement. Levels of the sound intensity were varied systematically to obtain a \"threshold\" for selective responding. Each of the severely damaged \"untestable\" children made numerous meaningful responses throughout the testing sessions, thereby revealing the levels of intensity that could be heard and those that were not high enough to elicit preferential responding. The children responded comparably in conditions employing pure tones and speech. The responses of most of the children were comparable across frequency conditions, although some of the children's records show selective responding at lower levels of intensity for certain frequencies than for others. We also found that varying the level of intensity of the stimuli not only affected the children's selective behavior, but also their time on task measures and their individual patterns of responding."}
{"id": "PMID:150231", "title": "Sensory reinforcement and contingency awareness of profoundly retarded children.", "content": "In two experiments, three of four profoundly retarded and physically handicapped children with MAs below 7 months demonstrated instrumental learning of a manipulatory response that produced either illumination or music. Discrimination of response-dependent from response-independent stimulation was demonstrated by the three subjects. Further, changes in two categories of collateral behavior, vacalizing and smiling, seemed to reflect recognition of changes in stimulus conditions. Results indicated that profoundly retarded children share with normally developing infants and children the capacity to be reinforced by sensory stimulation and to discriminate contingent from noncontingent events.", "contents": "Sensory reinforcement and contingency awareness of profoundly retarded children. In two experiments, three of four profoundly retarded and physically handicapped children with MAs below 7 months demonstrated instrumental learning of a manipulatory response that produced either illumination or music. Discrimination of response-dependent from response-independent stimulation was demonstrated by the three subjects. Further, changes in two categories of collateral behavior, vacalizing and smiling, seemed to reflect recognition of changes in stimulus conditions. Results indicated that profoundly retarded children share with normally developing infants and children the capacity to be reinforced by sensory stimulation and to discriminate contingent from noncontingent events."}
{"id": "PMID:150233", "title": "A light microscopic study of ground substance changes in alkali-burned corneas.", "content": "Retrocorneal fibrous membranes occurred in 100% of 33 rabbit eyes burned with 4N sodium hydroxide. All membranes exhibited markedly positive colloidal iron/Alcian blue ground substance staining relative to unburned sections of the same corneas and to normal controls. Retrocorneal fibrous membranes also gradually acquired PAS reactivity greater than either unburned sections of the same corneas or uninjured eyes. Colloidal iron/Alcian blue reactivity of retrocorneal fibrous membranes was similar to that which developed in the alkali-induced stromal scars. One histologic section revealed retrocorneal membranogenesis by stromal components that had penetrated a small alkali-induced break in Descemet's membrane.", "contents": "A light microscopic study of ground substance changes in alkali-burned corneas. Retrocorneal fibrous membranes occurred in 100% of 33 rabbit eyes burned with 4N sodium hydroxide. All membranes exhibited markedly positive colloidal iron/Alcian blue ground substance staining relative to unburned sections of the same corneas and to normal controls. Retrocorneal fibrous membranes also gradually acquired PAS reactivity greater than either unburned sections of the same corneas or uninjured eyes. Colloidal iron/Alcian blue reactivity of retrocorneal fibrous membranes was similar to that which developed in the alkali-induced stromal scars. One histologic section revealed retrocorneal membranogenesis by stromal components that had penetrated a small alkali-induced break in Descemet's membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:150234", "title": "Clearance and production of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate in female baboons.", "content": "Serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (D) are greater and those of D sulfate (DS) are lower in female baboons than in women, suggesting interspecies differences in relative production and catabolism of these steroids. To examine this possibility, the metabolic clearance rate (MCR), interconversion (rho), and production of D and DS were determined in five adult female baboons by constant intravenous infusion of [3H]DS and [14C]D. MCR-D (mean +/- SE) was greater (407 +/- 72.8 1/day; 23.1 +/- 3.4 1/day.kg, P less than 0.01) than MCR-DS (44 +/- 5.7 1/day; 2.5 +/- 0.3 1/day.kg). rho-D leads to DS (mean % +/- SE) was greater (45.4 +/- 3.0, P less than 0.001) than rhoDS leads to D (3.8 +/- 0.6), indicating that the equilibrium favors DS formation. Calculated D production and secretion rates were similar (4.5 and 4.4 microgram/min, respectively), whereas DS production (4.1 microgram/min) was twice its secretion rate (2.1 microgram/min). The large difference between MCR-D and MCR-DS resembles that in human beings. However, when clearance is expressed per kilogram body weight, MCR-D is similar to that in man, but MCR-DS is approximately 15-fold greater in the baboon. It is concluded that compared to values in human beings, the greater MCR-DS in baboons maintains the lower serum DS concentration, whereas the higher serum D levels probably result from the relatively greater secretion rate of D baboons.", "contents": "Clearance and production of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate in female baboons. Serum concentrations of dehydroepiandrosterone (D) are greater and those of D sulfate (DS) are lower in female baboons than in women, suggesting interspecies differences in relative production and catabolism of these steroids. To examine this possibility, the metabolic clearance rate (MCR), interconversion (rho), and production of D and DS were determined in five adult female baboons by constant intravenous infusion of [3H]DS and [14C]D. MCR-D (mean +/- SE) was greater (407 +/- 72.8 1/day; 23.1 +/- 3.4 1/day.kg, P less than 0.01) than MCR-DS (44 +/- 5.7 1/day; 2.5 +/- 0.3 1/day.kg). rho-D leads to DS (mean % +/- SE) was greater (45.4 +/- 3.0, P less than 0.001) than rhoDS leads to D (3.8 +/- 0.6), indicating that the equilibrium favors DS formation. Calculated D production and secretion rates were similar (4.5 and 4.4 microgram/min, respectively), whereas DS production (4.1 microgram/min) was twice its secretion rate (2.1 microgram/min). The large difference between MCR-D and MCR-DS resembles that in human beings. However, when clearance is expressed per kilogram body weight, MCR-D is similar to that in man, but MCR-DS is approximately 15-fold greater in the baboon. It is concluded that compared to values in human beings, the greater MCR-DS in baboons maintains the lower serum DS concentration, whereas the higher serum D levels probably result from the relatively greater secretion rate of D baboons."}
{"id": "PMID:150235", "title": "Contribution of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate to estradiol in baboon pregnancy.", "content": "The metabolic clearance rates (MCR), conversion ratios (C), interconversion (rho), production rates (PR), secretion rates (SR), and relative contributions of maternal dehydroepiandrosterone (D) and D-sulfate (DS) to serum estradiol (E2) were determined in five pregnant baboons (Papio papio; 154-167 days gestation, term = 184 days) by constant intravenous infusion of [3H]DS and [14C]D. MCR-D (mean +/- SE) was greater (39.2 +/- 3.3 1/day.kg, P less than 0.001) than MCR-DS (3.1 +/- 0.3 1/day.kg). Because C-D leads to DS (5.460 +/- 0.461) exceeded (P less than 0.001) C-DS leads to (0.006 +/- 0.001), rho-DS leads to DS was greater (42.5% +/- 3.0%, P less than 0.001) than rho-DS leads to D (7.8 +/- 1.0%). C-D leads to E2 was greater (0.256 +/- 0.040) than C-DS leads to E2 (0.002 +/- 0.000). Using these values and serum levels of D (2.46 microgram/100 ml) and DS (18.9 microgram/100 ml) reported previously, SR and PR of D and DS were calculated. Of the total D produced (11.5 microgram/min), 98% was secreted, whereas only 32% of DS produced (7.1 microgram/min) was due to secretion. Using the serum D and DS levels and their conversion to E2, it was calculated that 89.7% of serum E2 was formed directly from D, 4.4% from D via DS, 1.8% from DS directly, and 4.1% from DS via D. It is concluded that, in spite of the low serum D level resulting from a high MCR, the large SR-D and more efficient conversion of D to E2 makes D, and not DS, the major circulating estrogen precursor in late baboon pregnancy.", "contents": "Contribution of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate to estradiol in baboon pregnancy. The metabolic clearance rates (MCR), conversion ratios (C), interconversion (rho), production rates (PR), secretion rates (SR), and relative contributions of maternal dehydroepiandrosterone (D) and D-sulfate (DS) to serum estradiol (E2) were determined in five pregnant baboons (Papio papio; 154-167 days gestation, term = 184 days) by constant intravenous infusion of [3H]DS and [14C]D. MCR-D (mean +/- SE) was greater (39.2 +/- 3.3 1/day.kg, P less than 0.001) than MCR-DS (3.1 +/- 0.3 1/day.kg). Because C-D leads to DS (5.460 +/- 0.461) exceeded (P less than 0.001) C-DS leads to (0.006 +/- 0.001), rho-DS leads to DS was greater (42.5% +/- 3.0%, P less than 0.001) than rho-DS leads to D (7.8 +/- 1.0%). C-D leads to E2 was greater (0.256 +/- 0.040) than C-DS leads to E2 (0.002 +/- 0.000). Using these values and serum levels of D (2.46 microgram/100 ml) and DS (18.9 microgram/100 ml) reported previously, SR and PR of D and DS were calculated. Of the total D produced (11.5 microgram/min), 98% was secreted, whereas only 32% of DS produced (7.1 microgram/min) was due to secretion. Using the serum D and DS levels and their conversion to E2, it was calculated that 89.7% of serum E2 was formed directly from D, 4.4% from D via DS, 1.8% from DS directly, and 4.1% from DS via D. It is concluded that, in spite of the low serum D level resulting from a high MCR, the large SR-D and more efficient conversion of D to E2 makes D, and not DS, the major circulating estrogen precursor in late baboon pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:150239", "title": "Normal and 6-aminonicotinamide impaired development of capillarization in occipital cortex of rat.", "content": "During different embryonic and postnatal stages, 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) was administered to Wistar albino rats. The capillarization of the occipital cortex has been examined morphometrically. A 6-AN-vulnerable stage of prenatal development was found, which lasted to the 19th prenatal day and which only partly corresponds to the so-called 'critical stage' of capillary sprouting (Kapillarsprossung). Capillary sprouting was not impaired by 6-AN during postnatal stages. Impairment of capillarization by 6-AN might be the result of glial lesion. The importance of glia for capillarization is discussed.", "contents": "Normal and 6-aminonicotinamide impaired development of capillarization in occipital cortex of rat. During different embryonic and postnatal stages, 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) was administered to Wistar albino rats. The capillarization of the occipital cortex has been examined morphometrically. A 6-AN-vulnerable stage of prenatal development was found, which lasted to the 19th prenatal day and which only partly corresponds to the so-called 'critical stage' of capillary sprouting (Kapillarsprossung). Capillary sprouting was not impaired by 6-AN during postnatal stages. Impairment of capillarization by 6-AN might be the result of glial lesion. The importance of glia for capillarization is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:150240", "title": "[Effect of synthetic progestogens on endometrial cancer. Cytochemical criteria].", "content": "1) Well-differentiated carcinomas of the endometrium contain acid mucins with carboxyl or, more rarely, sulphated radicals. The latter are found in certain hypersecretory papillary tumours. 2) The neoplastic cells are surrounded by a border rich in acid muco-substances, including sialic acid. This pericellular film is unaffected by progestogens. 3) With progestogen therapy, there is a marked increase in the secretion of muco-substances in sensitive malignant cells. There is also more glycogen in the cytoplasm. No qualitative change in secretion may be demonstrated. 4) The intracytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen and mucopolysaccharide material is inversely proportional to the mitiotic index.", "contents": "[Effect of synthetic progestogens on endometrial cancer. Cytochemical criteria]. 1) Well-differentiated carcinomas of the endometrium contain acid mucins with carboxyl or, more rarely, sulphated radicals. The latter are found in certain hypersecretory papillary tumours. 2) The neoplastic cells are surrounded by a border rich in acid muco-substances, including sialic acid. This pericellular film is unaffected by progestogens. 3) With progestogen therapy, there is a marked increase in the secretion of muco-substances in sensitive malignant cells. There is also more glycogen in the cytoplasm. No qualitative change in secretion may be demonstrated. 4) The intracytoplasmic accumulation of glycogen and mucopolysaccharide material is inversely proportional to the mitiotic index."}
{"id": "PMID:150241", "title": "Anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole against adult Dictyocaulus viviparus in experimentally infected calves.", "content": "Anthelmintic activity of albendazole against adult Dictyocaulus viviparus was evaluated in a controlled experiment. Calves were raised nematode-free to approximately 8 weeks of age and were each given 4,000 infective 3rd-stage larvae. Twenty calves with patent parasitisms were allotted to 2 groups of 10 calves each. Calves in group 1 were used as nonmedicated controls, and calves in group 2 were given albendazole in paste formulation at the dosage concentration of 7.5 mg/kg of body weight on the 30th day after administration of infective larvae. At necropsy, nonmedicated control calves had a total of 308 adult D viviparus, whereas the albendazole-treated calves had 11, for an average efficacy of 96.4%. These reductions were statistically highly significant (P less than 0.01). At necropsy, none of the treated calves was passing 1st-stage C viviparus larvae in their feces, whereas control calves were passing an average of 46 larvae/10 g of feces.", "contents": "Anthelmintic efficacy of albendazole against adult Dictyocaulus viviparus in experimentally infected calves. Anthelmintic activity of albendazole against adult Dictyocaulus viviparus was evaluated in a controlled experiment. Calves were raised nematode-free to approximately 8 weeks of age and were each given 4,000 infective 3rd-stage larvae. Twenty calves with patent parasitisms were allotted to 2 groups of 10 calves each. Calves in group 1 were used as nonmedicated controls, and calves in group 2 were given albendazole in paste formulation at the dosage concentration of 7.5 mg/kg of body weight on the 30th day after administration of infective larvae. At necropsy, nonmedicated control calves had a total of 308 adult D viviparus, whereas the albendazole-treated calves had 11, for an average efficacy of 96.4%. These reductions were statistically highly significant (P less than 0.01). At necropsy, none of the treated calves was passing 1st-stage C viviparus larvae in their feces, whereas control calves were passing an average of 46 larvae/10 g of feces."}
{"id": "PMID:150245", "title": "The anatomic basis for glaucoma.", "content": "The greatest bulk of aqueous passes through a sieve-like trabecular wall to reach Schlemm's canal. The vacuoles of the endothelial lining of the trabecular wall are pressure-dependent one-way valves, adapted morphologically to provide for adequate aqueous transfer. Resistance to aqueous outflow seems to be most concentrated in the juxtacanalicular tissue which is also the site of the greatest mucopolysaccharide concentration and phagocytic activity. Normal intraocular pressure may be maintained through a balance between hydrophilic polymerized MPS and hydrophobic depolymerized MPS. It may be effected also by a phagocyte-induced, self-cleaning biologic filter mechanism of the trabecular wall. The use of electron microscopy and improved biochemical techniques have led recently to a greater understanding of the anatomy of the structures concerned with the outflow of aqueous from the anterior chamber. Despite these advances, no clear-cut differences between normal and glaucomatous eyes have emerged thus far. However, the future should bring more knolwedge as the stimulus of conflicting theories leads to progress.", "contents": "The anatomic basis for glaucoma. The greatest bulk of aqueous passes through a sieve-like trabecular wall to reach Schlemm's canal. The vacuoles of the endothelial lining of the trabecular wall are pressure-dependent one-way valves, adapted morphologically to provide for adequate aqueous transfer. Resistance to aqueous outflow seems to be most concentrated in the juxtacanalicular tissue which is also the site of the greatest mucopolysaccharide concentration and phagocytic activity. Normal intraocular pressure may be maintained through a balance between hydrophilic polymerized MPS and hydrophobic depolymerized MPS. It may be effected also by a phagocyte-induced, self-cleaning biologic filter mechanism of the trabecular wall. The use of electron microscopy and improved biochemical techniques have led recently to a greater understanding of the anatomy of the structures concerned with the outflow of aqueous from the anterior chamber. Despite these advances, no clear-cut differences between normal and glaucomatous eyes have emerged thus far. However, the future should bring more knolwedge as the stimulus of conflicting theories leads to progress."}
{"id": "PMID:150246", "title": "[Professional eczema of trawlermen by contact with bryozoaires in the \"baie de scine\" (first French cases 1975-1977) (author's transl)].", "content": "Since 1972 in the \"Baie de Seine\" trawlermen have been affected with a particular eczema of hands and forearms. It is caused by repeated contact with a bryozoaire, Alcyonidium gelatinosum and patch-tests are positive. A survey of 120 trawlermen in Le Havre has shown 13 cases.", "contents": "[Professional eczema of trawlermen by contact with bryozoaires in the \"baie de scine\" (first French cases 1975-1977) (author's transl)]. Since 1972 in the \"Baie de Seine\" trawlermen have been affected with a particular eczema of hands and forearms. It is caused by repeated contact with a bryozoaire, Alcyonidium gelatinosum and patch-tests are positive. A survey of 120 trawlermen in Le Havre has shown 13 cases."}
{"id": "PMID:150247", "title": "[Epidemiology of contact dermatitis in Marseilles (author's transl)].", "content": "Five hundred subjects were patch-tested on the one hand with 25 allergens standard group and on the other hand with selected allergens depending on the occupation and history of each patient. They systematic standard series are responsible for 79 p. 100 of contact allergens. Among them the most frequent sensitizers observed include potassium dichromate, nickel sulfate, cobalt chloride, paraphenylenediamine, propylene-glycol, triethanolamine, balsam of Peru. The selected allergens stand for 21 p. 100 of our cases. These results are compared with those of other countries. The main sensitizers are involved in every case. However a few discrepancies are to be noted: turpentine and mercury do not occupy with us a foremost rank, whereas prophylene-glycol and triethanolamine which, according to our statistics, stand fourth and seventh, are not mentioned elsewhere. Differents factors can partly account for these variations: industrial products are submitted to local influence, as it occurs with turpentine for instance, environmental factors play an important part too and, above all, local industries. Nevertheless, this study brings into relief two facts:--the interesting use of systematic standard series, constantly updated, since they are responsible for 79 p. 100 of contact allergens;--the incidence of each patient's history and occupation on the choice of selected allergens, thanks to which we can put into relief less usual causes, though they should not been overlooked, since they stand for 21 p. 100 of the allergens so far listed.", "contents": "[Epidemiology of contact dermatitis in Marseilles (author's transl)]. Five hundred subjects were patch-tested on the one hand with 25 allergens standard group and on the other hand with selected allergens depending on the occupation and history of each patient. They systematic standard series are responsible for 79 p. 100 of contact allergens. Among them the most frequent sensitizers observed include potassium dichromate, nickel sulfate, cobalt chloride, paraphenylenediamine, propylene-glycol, triethanolamine, balsam of Peru. The selected allergens stand for 21 p. 100 of our cases. These results are compared with those of other countries. The main sensitizers are involved in every case. However a few discrepancies are to be noted: turpentine and mercury do not occupy with us a foremost rank, whereas prophylene-glycol and triethanolamine which, according to our statistics, stand fourth and seventh, are not mentioned elsewhere. Differents factors can partly account for these variations: industrial products are submitted to local influence, as it occurs with turpentine for instance, environmental factors play an important part too and, above all, local industries. Nevertheless, this study brings into relief two facts:--the interesting use of systematic standard series, constantly updated, since they are responsible for 79 p. 100 of contact allergens;--the incidence of each patient's history and occupation on the choice of selected allergens, thanks to which we can put into relief less usual causes, though they should not been overlooked, since they stand for 21 p. 100 of the allergens so far listed."}
{"id": "PMID:150244", "title": "Incidences of simple and transferable drug resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from various foods: identification of a R plasmid in S. saint-paul.", "content": "A study of 1,043 strains of E. coli and 22 strains of Salmonella isolated from various foods in eastern France between the dates of June 1974 and December 1976 showed that 164 (15.6%) of E. coli and nine Salmonella were resistant to one or several drugs. Only 18 of the 83 resistant E. coli strains were able to transfer their resistance to tetracycline and some other drug resistance to E. coli K12 in vitro. A conjugative R plasmid has been identified by transfer experiments, incompatibility testing and agarose gel electrophoresis in a strain of multiresistant S. saint-paul.", "contents": "Incidences of simple and transferable drug resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from various foods: identification of a R plasmid in S. saint-paul. A study of 1,043 strains of E. coli and 22 strains of Salmonella isolated from various foods in eastern France between the dates of June 1974 and December 1976 showed that 164 (15.6%) of E. coli and nine Salmonella were resistant to one or several drugs. Only 18 of the 83 resistant E. coli strains were able to transfer their resistance to tetracycline and some other drug resistance to E. coli K12 in vitro. A conjugative R plasmid has been identified by transfer experiments, incompatibility testing and agarose gel electrophoresis in a strain of multiresistant S. saint-paul."}
{"id": "PMID:150248", "title": "Nephron function and perinatal homeostasis.", "content": "A) The proximal nephron and perinatal regulation of extracellular volume. 1. The glomerular capillary permeability coefficient (Kf) changes mainly because of an increasing capillary hydraulic conductance (Lp) within the autoregulatory range of renal perfusion pressure. 2. Proximal tubule hydrostatic hydraulic conductance and response to transmural protein concentration gradients is high during perinatal adaptation. 3. Proximal tubule paracellular shunt pathways are more important for absorption during differentiation than at maturity. 4. Basolateral membrane area of the single epithelial segment (10(-6) micron2 mm-1) increases and the typical basal labyrinth architecture develops. 5. The activity of the transport enzyme Na-K-ATPase increases in parallel to the basolateral membrane area to result in a constant number of enzyme sites during normal ontogeny. B) The distal nephron and perinatal regulation of extracellular osmotic activity. 6. Inner medullary urea content increases at osmotic equilibrium between interstitium and collecting duct. 7. The loop of Henle gradually dilutes the isotonic luminal fluid in the course of perinatal differentiation. 8. The thick ascending segment of the loop of Henle differentiates its anisotonic transport by increasing the Na-Chloride transport at constant hydraulic conductivity. 9. Ultrastructure and N-A-K-ATPase activity of the diluting segment (TAL) change greatly during ontogeny. 10. The centrifugal pattern of renal maturation from the juxtamedullary towards the superficial cortical layers leads to an intracortical profile of structure and function.", "contents": "Nephron function and perinatal homeostasis. A) The proximal nephron and perinatal regulation of extracellular volume. 1. The glomerular capillary permeability coefficient (Kf) changes mainly because of an increasing capillary hydraulic conductance (Lp) within the autoregulatory range of renal perfusion pressure. 2. Proximal tubule hydrostatic hydraulic conductance and response to transmural protein concentration gradients is high during perinatal adaptation. 3. Proximal tubule paracellular shunt pathways are more important for absorption during differentiation than at maturity. 4. Basolateral membrane area of the single epithelial segment (10(-6) micron2 mm-1) increases and the typical basal labyrinth architecture develops. 5. The activity of the transport enzyme Na-K-ATPase increases in parallel to the basolateral membrane area to result in a constant number of enzyme sites during normal ontogeny. B) The distal nephron and perinatal regulation of extracellular osmotic activity. 6. Inner medullary urea content increases at osmotic equilibrium between interstitium and collecting duct. 7. The loop of Henle gradually dilutes the isotonic luminal fluid in the course of perinatal differentiation. 8. The thick ascending segment of the loop of Henle differentiates its anisotonic transport by increasing the Na-Chloride transport at constant hydraulic conductivity. 9. Ultrastructure and N-A-K-ATPase activity of the diluting segment (TAL) change greatly during ontogeny. 10. The centrifugal pattern of renal maturation from the juxtamedullary towards the superficial cortical layers leads to an intracortical profile of structure and function."}
{"id": "PMID:150249", "title": "Segmental epidural analgesia and postpartum sequelae.", "content": "The incidence of the postpartum sequelae of headache, backache, pain in the legs and difficulties in micturiton, was studied in 219 normal vaginal deliveries. 135 of the parturients received continuous segmental epidural analgesia at the level of Th 10--12 for pain relief during the first stage of labour. The remaining 84 parturients served as controls. The results showed that segmental epidural analgesia did not increase the occurrence of postpartum sequelae either in primiparous or in multiparous parturients.", "contents": "Segmental epidural analgesia and postpartum sequelae. The incidence of the postpartum sequelae of headache, backache, pain in the legs and difficulties in micturiton, was studied in 219 normal vaginal deliveries. 135 of the parturients received continuous segmental epidural analgesia at the level of Th 10--12 for pain relief during the first stage of labour. The remaining 84 parturients served as controls. The results showed that segmental epidural analgesia did not increase the occurrence of postpartum sequelae either in primiparous or in multiparous parturients."}
{"id": "PMID:150253", "title": "Huntington disease associated with Alzheimer disease.", "content": "The clinicopathological study of a case of Huntington disease with early severe dementia is presented. The pathological findings were those of Huntington disease (atrophy with neuronal loss and astrocytosis in the neostriatum) and Alzheimer disease (neuronal loss with numerous senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the neocortex). Ultrastructural study of neurofibrillary tangles showed that they were composed of twisted tubules similar to those found in Alzheimer disease.", "contents": "Huntington disease associated with Alzheimer disease. The clinicopathological study of a case of Huntington disease with early severe dementia is presented. The pathological findings were those of Huntington disease (atrophy with neuronal loss and astrocytosis in the neostriatum) and Alzheimer disease (neuronal loss with numerous senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the neocortex). Ultrastructural study of neurofibrillary tangles showed that they were composed of twisted tubules similar to those found in Alzheimer disease."}
{"id": "PMID:150250", "title": "[Immunochemical characterization of alpha-amylases in wheat seeds at different ontogenical steps (author's transl)].", "content": "Protein extracts of wheat seeds taken at an early stage of development, at maturation and after seven days of germination were investigated by using immunochemical techniques with immune sera prepared against alpha-amylases purified from developing seeds and alpha-amylases purified from germinated seeds. After immunochemical analyses carried out in agarose gel, alpha-amylase characterization was performed by using beta-limit dextrin followed by iodine staining. Detection of three antigenic alpha-amylases separated by agarose immunoelectrophoretic analysis at pH 8.6 and called I, II, III from the anode to the cathode, as well as an antigenical relationship between the anodic enzymes I and II were confirmed. Three constituents in I and four in II were further distinguished by using long duration electrophoresis in agarose gel. The immune sera reacted with all of these constituents. Thus with these immune sera a quantitative determination of all anodic alpha-amylase proteins can be attempted as quantitation of two antigens. During this identification consitutents with a apparent activity on beta-limit dextrin but delivering incomplete unstained substrate were detected. These constituents found in developing seeds have electrophoretic mobility close to that of constituents I but differ antigenically from alpha-amylases I and II. Combination of rocket-line-immunoelectrophoresis and alpha-amylase characterization reaction on precipitin bands was developed for comparing amounts of each of three alpha-amylase antigens in different seed extracts. The use of this technique for quantitating at the same time two antigen groups having a certain cross reactivity is discussed. Preliminary results of quantitative study on each of these antigen in developing, mature and germinating seeds are reported.", "contents": "[Immunochemical characterization of alpha-amylases in wheat seeds at different ontogenical steps (author's transl)]. Protein extracts of wheat seeds taken at an early stage of development, at maturation and after seven days of germination were investigated by using immunochemical techniques with immune sera prepared against alpha-amylases purified from developing seeds and alpha-amylases purified from germinated seeds. After immunochemical analyses carried out in agarose gel, alpha-amylase characterization was performed by using beta-limit dextrin followed by iodine staining. Detection of three antigenic alpha-amylases separated by agarose immunoelectrophoretic analysis at pH 8.6 and called I, II, III from the anode to the cathode, as well as an antigenical relationship between the anodic enzymes I and II were confirmed. Three constituents in I and four in II were further distinguished by using long duration electrophoresis in agarose gel. The immune sera reacted with all of these constituents. Thus with these immune sera a quantitative determination of all anodic alpha-amylase proteins can be attempted as quantitation of two antigens. During this identification consitutents with a apparent activity on beta-limit dextrin but delivering incomplete unstained substrate were detected. These constituents found in developing seeds have electrophoretic mobility close to that of constituents I but differ antigenically from alpha-amylases I and II. Combination of rocket-line-immunoelectrophoresis and alpha-amylase characterization reaction on precipitin bands was developed for comparing amounts of each of three alpha-amylase antigens in different seed extracts. The use of this technique for quantitating at the same time two antigen groups having a certain cross reactivity is discussed. Preliminary results of quantitative study on each of these antigen in developing, mature and germinating seeds are reported."}
{"id": "PMID:150252", "title": "Renal deposition of soluble immune complexes in hamsters bearing an SV40-induced tumour.", "content": "Histologic and immunofluorescence studies of the kidneys of hamster bearing a tumour induced by injection of SV40-transformed cells show a proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with the presence of immune complex deposits along the glomerular basement membrane and in the mesangium. The intensity of the deposit is dependent of the size of the tumour. The presence of SV40-induced antigens was identified in the complexes by a heterologous immune serum. Immunoglobulins eluted from kidneys were shown to react with SV40 antigens by immunoprecipitation with TSV5CL2 cell extracts and by fluorescence on CV1 infected cells.", "contents": "Renal deposition of soluble immune complexes in hamsters bearing an SV40-induced tumour. Histologic and immunofluorescence studies of the kidneys of hamster bearing a tumour induced by injection of SV40-transformed cells show a proliferative glomerulonephritis associated with the presence of immune complex deposits along the glomerular basement membrane and in the mesangium. The intensity of the deposit is dependent of the size of the tumour. The presence of SV40-induced antigens was identified in the complexes by a heterologous immune serum. Immunoglobulins eluted from kidneys were shown to react with SV40 antigens by immunoprecipitation with TSV5CL2 cell extracts and by fluorescence on CV1 infected cells."}
{"id": "PMID:150256", "title": "Streptomycin and Spectinomycin resistance mediated by plasmids.", "content": "Resistance to tetracycline (Tc), chloramphenicol (Cm), streptomycin (Sm), and sulfanilamide (Sa) was surveyed in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Shigella strains. Among the Sm Sa-resistant strains, the frequency of nonconjugative r (Sm Sa) plasmids was much higher than that of conjugative R plasmids encoding double resistance. The biochemical mechanism of Sm resistance mediated by the conjugative plasmids R(Tc Cm Sm Sa) and R(Cm Sm Sa) and about half the numbers of conjugative R(Tc Sm Sa) and R(Sm Sa) plasmids tested were found to be due to adenylylation of the drug. The remaining conjugative R(Tc Sm Sa) and R(Sm Sa) plasmids and all nonconjugative (Sm Sa) plasmids tested inactivated Sm by phosphorylation.", "contents": "Streptomycin and Spectinomycin resistance mediated by plasmids. Resistance to tetracycline (Tc), chloramphenicol (Cm), streptomycin (Sm), and sulfanilamide (Sa) was surveyed in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Shigella strains. Among the Sm Sa-resistant strains, the frequency of nonconjugative r (Sm Sa) plasmids was much higher than that of conjugative R plasmids encoding double resistance. The biochemical mechanism of Sm resistance mediated by the conjugative plasmids R(Tc Cm Sm Sa) and R(Cm Sm Sa) and about half the numbers of conjugative R(Tc Sm Sa) and R(Sm Sa) plasmids tested were found to be due to adenylylation of the drug. The remaining conjugative R(Tc Sm Sa) and R(Sm Sa) plasmids and all nonconjugative (Sm Sa) plasmids tested inactivated Sm by phosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:150259", "title": "Congenital poikiloderma with features of hereditary acrokeratotic poikiloderma.", "content": "An adolescent boy with a bizarre progressive poikiloderma had episodic acral blistering and the development of palmar and plantar keratosis suggestive of hereditary acrokeratotic poikiloderma. Growth and development had been normal. Vesicobullous lesions were said to be present at birth and during early infancy. No family members were similarly affected. Results of laboratory studies were normal. Histological sections of skin demonstrated epidermal atrophy in some areas, increased epidermal melanin fibrosis of the papillary dermis, and modest capillary proliferation.", "contents": "Congenital poikiloderma with features of hereditary acrokeratotic poikiloderma. An adolescent boy with a bizarre progressive poikiloderma had episodic acral blistering and the development of palmar and plantar keratosis suggestive of hereditary acrokeratotic poikiloderma. Growth and development had been normal. Vesicobullous lesions were said to be present at birth and during early infancy. No family members were similarly affected. Results of laboratory studies were normal. Histological sections of skin demonstrated epidermal atrophy in some areas, increased epidermal melanin fibrosis of the papillary dermis, and modest capillary proliferation."}
{"id": "PMID:150262", "title": "[Amniocentesis in a woman with trisomy 21 and a fetus with normal karyotype but with abnormalities].", "content": "The limitation of amniocentesis is emphasised by a mother with trisomy 21 who had a baby with a normal karyotype but with malformations. The question is posed whether half the infants of women with trisomy 21 are normal and half have a trisomy. With more observations it may become apparent that there are an excess of children without the trisomy.", "contents": "[Amniocentesis in a woman with trisomy 21 and a fetus with normal karyotype but with abnormalities]. The limitation of amniocentesis is emphasised by a mother with trisomy 21 who had a baby with a normal karyotype but with malformations. The question is posed whether half the infants of women with trisomy 21 are normal and half have a trisomy. With more observations it may become apparent that there are an excess of children without the trisomy."}
{"id": "PMID:150263", "title": "Effects of laparoscopy on mesenteric blood flow.", "content": "The increased intraperitoneal pressures that accompany laparoscopic examinations produce significant hemodynamic alterations. Studies of the effects of such pressures on mesenteric blood flow in laboratory animals with normal and compromised superior mesenteric artery blood flow lead us to conclude that laparoscopy in patients with suspected compromised intestinal blood flow should be undertaken with great caution. Since major alterations in blood flow did not occur at intraperitoneal pressures less than 20 mm Hg, intraperitoneal pressures during laparoscopy should be maintained below this level and for as brief a period of time as possible when this procedure is used in patients with suspected intestinal ischemia.", "contents": "Effects of laparoscopy on mesenteric blood flow. The increased intraperitoneal pressures that accompany laparoscopic examinations produce significant hemodynamic alterations. Studies of the effects of such pressures on mesenteric blood flow in laboratory animals with normal and compromised superior mesenteric artery blood flow lead us to conclude that laparoscopy in patients with suspected compromised intestinal blood flow should be undertaken with great caution. Since major alterations in blood flow did not occur at intraperitoneal pressures less than 20 mm Hg, intraperitoneal pressures during laparoscopy should be maintained below this level and for as brief a period of time as possible when this procedure is used in patients with suspected intestinal ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:150264", "title": "Renal artery-cholecystoduodenal fistula. A late complication of dacron patch angioplasty for renal artery stenosis.", "content": "A fistula formed between a false aneurysm of the renal artery, gallbladder, and duodenum after Dacron patch angioplasty for renal artery stenosis and led to massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The patient was successfully treated by renal artery ligation, nephrectomy, cholecystectomy, and closure of the duodenal fistula.", "contents": "Renal artery-cholecystoduodenal fistula. A late complication of dacron patch angioplasty for renal artery stenosis. A fistula formed between a false aneurysm of the renal artery, gallbladder, and duodenum after Dacron patch angioplasty for renal artery stenosis and led to massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The patient was successfully treated by renal artery ligation, nephrectomy, cholecystectomy, and closure of the duodenal fistula."}
{"id": "PMID:150265", "title": "Hypersensitivity reactions to food colours with special reference to the natural colour annatto extract (butter colour).", "content": "It is well known that synthetic food colours especially some azo dyes can provoke hypersensitivity reactions such as urticaria, angioneurotic oedema, and astma (Micha\u00eblsson and Juhlin, 1973, Granholt and Thune, 1975). Natural food colours are scarcely investigated with respect to potential allergic properties. Annatto extract, a commonly used food colour in edible fats e.g. butter, has been tested in patients. Among 61 consecutive patients suffereing from chornic urticaria and/or angioneurotic oedema 56 patients were orally provoked by annatto extract during elimination diet. Challenge was performed with a dose equivalent to the amount used in 25 grammes of butter. Twentysix per cent of the patients reacted to this colour 4 hours (SD: 2,6) after intake. Similar challenges with synthetic dyes showed the following results: Tartrazine 11%, Sunset Yellow FCF 17%, Food Red 17 16%, Amaranth 9%, Ponceau 4 R 15%, Erythrosine 12% and Brillant Blue FCF 14%. The present study indicates that natural food colours may induce hypersensitivity reactions as frequent as synthetic dyes.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity reactions to food colours with special reference to the natural colour annatto extract (butter colour). It is well known that synthetic food colours especially some azo dyes can provoke hypersensitivity reactions such as urticaria, angioneurotic oedema, and astma (Micha\u00eblsson and Juhlin, 1973, Granholt and Thune, 1975). Natural food colours are scarcely investigated with respect to potential allergic properties. Annatto extract, a commonly used food colour in edible fats e.g. butter, has been tested in patients. Among 61 consecutive patients suffereing from chornic urticaria and/or angioneurotic oedema 56 patients were orally provoked by annatto extract during elimination diet. Challenge was performed with a dose equivalent to the amount used in 25 grammes of butter. Twentysix per cent of the patients reacted to this colour 4 hours (SD: 2,6) after intake. Similar challenges with synthetic dyes showed the following results: Tartrazine 11%, Sunset Yellow FCF 17%, Food Red 17 16%, Amaranth 9%, Ponceau 4 R 15%, Erythrosine 12% and Brillant Blue FCF 14%. The present study indicates that natural food colours may induce hypersensitivity reactions as frequent as synthetic dyes."}
{"id": "PMID:150268", "title": "Immunological aspects of gestation in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii.", "content": "Sensitization to male histocompatibility antigens and repeated pregnancy to the same male were found to have little effect on fertility or length of gestation in the tammar wallaby, M. eugenii. However, in some sensitized females a long interval occurred between removal of pouch young and the next birth. In addition to studies on fertility, the immunological response of female tammars to their mate has been examined by one-way mixed leucocyte culture (MLC) carried out at the beginning and end of one breeding season. In virgin females, examined at the beginning of the breeding season, the MLC response to the prospective mate peaked on day 6. In contrast, by the end of the season, MLC responses were much lower and peaked earlier, on day 3 to day 5.", "contents": "Immunological aspects of gestation in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii. Sensitization to male histocompatibility antigens and repeated pregnancy to the same male were found to have little effect on fertility or length of gestation in the tammar wallaby, M. eugenii. However, in some sensitized females a long interval occurred between removal of pouch young and the next birth. In addition to studies on fertility, the immunological response of female tammars to their mate has been examined by one-way mixed leucocyte culture (MLC) carried out at the beginning and end of one breeding season. In virgin females, examined at the beginning of the breeding season, the MLC response to the prospective mate peaked on day 6. In contrast, by the end of the season, MLC responses were much lower and peaked earlier, on day 3 to day 5."}
{"id": "PMID:150269", "title": "Chronic cough and haemoptysis due to a nematode, \"Syngamus laryngeus\".", "content": "A case of bronchial infection with Syngamus laryngeus (Gapeworm) in a 42-year-old woman is described. Following presentation with chronic cough, haemoptysis and weight loss, a pair of worms was removed at bronchoscopy, with resolution of symptoms.", "contents": "Chronic cough and haemoptysis due to a nematode, \"Syngamus laryngeus\". A case of bronchial infection with Syngamus laryngeus (Gapeworm) in a 42-year-old woman is described. Following presentation with chronic cough, haemoptysis and weight loss, a pair of worms was removed at bronchoscopy, with resolution of symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:150270", "title": "Nitrogen regulation of amino acid catabolism in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Neurospora crassa can utilize numerous compounds including certain amino acids as a sole nitrogen source. Mutants of the nit-2 locus, a regulatory gene which is postulated to mediate nitrogen catabolite repression, are deficient in the ability to utilize several amino acids as well as other nitrogen sources used by wild type. Various enzymes involved in amino acid catabolism were found to be regulated in distinct ways. Arginase, ornithine transaminase, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase are all inducible enzymes but are not subject to nitrogen catabolite repression. By contrast, proline oxidase and the amino acid transport system(s) are controlled by nitrogen repression and their synthesis is increased markedly when nitrogen source is limiting. Unlike wild type, the nit-2 mutant cannot derepress amino acid transport, although proline oxidase is regulated in a normal fashion.", "contents": "Nitrogen regulation of amino acid catabolism in Neurospora crassa. Neurospora crassa can utilize numerous compounds including certain amino acids as a sole nitrogen source. Mutants of the nit-2 locus, a regulatory gene which is postulated to mediate nitrogen catabolite repression, are deficient in the ability to utilize several amino acids as well as other nitrogen sources used by wild type. Various enzymes involved in amino acid catabolism were found to be regulated in distinct ways. Arginase, ornithine transaminase, and pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase are all inducible enzymes but are not subject to nitrogen catabolite repression. By contrast, proline oxidase and the amino acid transport system(s) are controlled by nitrogen repression and their synthesis is increased markedly when nitrogen source is limiting. Unlike wild type, the nit-2 mutant cannot derepress amino acid transport, although proline oxidase is regulated in a normal fashion."}
{"id": "PMID:150280", "title": "Fire and explosion hazards in operating theatres.", "content": "A high degree of safety from fires and explosions exists in operating theatres in the U.K. and this is reflected in the extremely low number of fatal and non-fatal accidents which occur. This has been achieved by safety precautions which in some respects have been over-careful and overexpensive. Antistatic precautions applied to the breathing circuit seem to have been the crucial factor in achieving this level of safety.", "contents": "Fire and explosion hazards in operating theatres. A high degree of safety from fires and explosions exists in operating theatres in the U.K. and this is reflected in the extremely low number of fatal and non-fatal accidents which occur. This has been achieved by safety precautions which in some respects have been over-careful and overexpensive. Antistatic precautions applied to the breathing circuit seem to have been the crucial factor in achieving this level of safety."}
{"id": "PMID:150281", "title": "'Fiddler's neck'.", "content": "'Fiddler's neck' is a condition affecting violin and viola players. Although well known to musicians it is not well recognized by dermatologists. Clinically the lesions usually consist of a localized area of lichenification of the left side of the neck--just below the angle of the jaw. Pigmentation, erythema and inflammatory papules or pustules are frequently present, while severe inflammatory induration, cyst formation and scarring occur in more severely affected subjects. The aetiology of the skin changes is probably due to a combination of factors; friction giving rise to lichenification, while local pressure, shearing stress and occlusion may play a part in producing the acne-like changes and cyst formation. In addition, poor hygiene may predispose to local sepsis.", "contents": "'Fiddler's neck'. 'Fiddler's neck' is a condition affecting violin and viola players. Although well known to musicians it is not well recognized by dermatologists. Clinically the lesions usually consist of a localized area of lichenification of the left side of the neck--just below the angle of the jaw. Pigmentation, erythema and inflammatory papules or pustules are frequently present, while severe inflammatory induration, cyst formation and scarring occur in more severely affected subjects. The aetiology of the skin changes is probably due to a combination of factors; friction giving rise to lichenification, while local pressure, shearing stress and occlusion may play a part in producing the acne-like changes and cyst formation. In addition, poor hygiene may predispose to local sepsis."}
{"id": "PMID:150283", "title": "Immunoelectronmicroscopic examination of early lesions in histamine induced immune complex vasculitis in man.", "content": "In 4 cases of allergic vasculitis circulating immune complexes (IC) were demonstrated. Spontaneous and histamine induced vascular changes were studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. The early events in IC vasculitis were investigated at the ultrastructural level by immunoelectronmicroscopy using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase multistep technique. Our findings support the concept that human IC vasculitis is triggered by the deposition of circulating IC in the walls of postcapillary venules between endothelial cells, pericytes and the layers of the basal lamina. Tissue destruction is only secondary due to local complement activation and the release of lysosomal enzymes from chemotactically attracted leukocytes.", "contents": "Immunoelectronmicroscopic examination of early lesions in histamine induced immune complex vasculitis in man. In 4 cases of allergic vasculitis circulating immune complexes (IC) were demonstrated. Spontaneous and histamine induced vascular changes were studied by immunofluorescence microscopy. The early events in IC vasculitis were investigated at the ultrastructural level by immunoelectronmicroscopy using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase multistep technique. Our findings support the concept that human IC vasculitis is triggered by the deposition of circulating IC in the walls of postcapillary venules between endothelial cells, pericytes and the layers of the basal lamina. Tissue destruction is only secondary due to local complement activation and the release of lysosomal enzymes from chemotactically attracted leukocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:150284", "title": "Cellular immunity to P. acnes in the normal population and patients with acne vulgaris.", "content": "Patients with varying degrees of acne, acne-free adult controls and samples of cord blood were investigated for cell mediated immunity to P. acnes using a leukocyte migration inhibition test. Despite the fact that the mean migration index tended to decrease with acne severity, only the patients with severe acne showed cell-mediated immunity. It is suggested that when cellular immunity arises it is a late event which may contribute to inflammation but is probably not a factor in its initiation.", "contents": "Cellular immunity to P. acnes in the normal population and patients with acne vulgaris. Patients with varying degrees of acne, acne-free adult controls and samples of cord blood were investigated for cell mediated immunity to P. acnes using a leukocyte migration inhibition test. Despite the fact that the mean migration index tended to decrease with acne severity, only the patients with severe acne showed cell-mediated immunity. It is suggested that when cellular immunity arises it is a late event which may contribute to inflammation but is probably not a factor in its initiation."}
{"id": "PMID:150285", "title": "Erythroderma, an unusual manifestation of B cell lymphoma.", "content": "A case is described in which the initial manifestation of a malignant lymphoma was an erythematous skin rash over the face, scalp and trunk. Immunological surface marker analysis showed the malignant cells to be of B lymphocyte origin with a homogeneous secretion of IgM-K. Repeated skin and lymph node biopsies and finally post mortem documented the progression of the lymphoma from that of a mixed lymphocytic-histiocytic type with a nodular pattern of growth to a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma with frequently bizarre cells. The theory of ecotaxis or homing of lymphocytes to the skin and other non-lymphoid organs of the body is discussed in an attempt to explain the occurrence of cutaneous involvement as a primary manifestation of lymphoma.", "contents": "Erythroderma, an unusual manifestation of B cell lymphoma. A case is described in which the initial manifestation of a malignant lymphoma was an erythematous skin rash over the face, scalp and trunk. Immunological surface marker analysis showed the malignant cells to be of B lymphocyte origin with a homogeneous secretion of IgM-K. Repeated skin and lymph node biopsies and finally post mortem documented the progression of the lymphoma from that of a mixed lymphocytic-histiocytic type with a nodular pattern of growth to a diffuse histiocytic lymphoma with frequently bizarre cells. The theory of ecotaxis or homing of lymphocytes to the skin and other non-lymphoid organs of the body is discussed in an attempt to explain the occurrence of cutaneous involvement as a primary manifestation of lymphoma."}
{"id": "PMID:150286", "title": "Activation of heavy meromyosin adenosine triphosphatase by various states of actin.", "content": "F-actin monomer (F-monomer) is formed upon the addition of neutral salt to G-actin. Since F-monomer has a digestibility similar to that of F-actin and much lower than that of G-actin, it has been proposed that F-monomer has a conformation different from that of G-actin and similar to the conformation of the subunits in F-actin. To examine whether F-monomer will enhance the magnesium-activated myosin adenosine triphosphatase (Mg2+-ATPase) as much as F-actin, the ability of partially polymerized actin populations at equilibrium to activate the Mg2+-ATPase of heavy meromyosin was investigated. Correlations were made between ATPase activities and the polymerization state of actin as determined by measurements of viscosity and digestibility. No significant activation of the heavy meromyosin ATPase was observed under conditions where G-actin or mixtures of G-actin and F-monomer were present. As polymer formation occurred at higher actin concentrations, or with increased KCl concentrations, substantial activation characteristic of F-actin was observed. The data suggest that F-monomer may undergo a further conformational change as it forms nuclei or joins onto polymers. Alternatively, the site of actin which activates the myosin ATPase may involve the crevice between two adjacent actin subunits.", "contents": "Activation of heavy meromyosin adenosine triphosphatase by various states of actin. F-actin monomer (F-monomer) is formed upon the addition of neutral salt to G-actin. Since F-monomer has a digestibility similar to that of F-actin and much lower than that of G-actin, it has been proposed that F-monomer has a conformation different from that of G-actin and similar to the conformation of the subunits in F-actin. To examine whether F-monomer will enhance the magnesium-activated myosin adenosine triphosphatase (Mg2+-ATPase) as much as F-actin, the ability of partially polymerized actin populations at equilibrium to activate the Mg2+-ATPase of heavy meromyosin was investigated. Correlations were made between ATPase activities and the polymerization state of actin as determined by measurements of viscosity and digestibility. No significant activation of the heavy meromyosin ATPase was observed under conditions where G-actin or mixtures of G-actin and F-monomer were present. As polymer formation occurred at higher actin concentrations, or with increased KCl concentrations, substantial activation characteristic of F-actin was observed. The data suggest that F-monomer may undergo a further conformational change as it forms nuclei or joins onto polymers. Alternatively, the site of actin which activates the myosin ATPase may involve the crevice between two adjacent actin subunits."}
{"id": "PMID:150287", "title": "Phosphate transport in yeast mitochondria: purification and characterization of a mitoribosomal synthesis dependent proteolipid showing a high affinity for phosphate.", "content": "It is possible to obtain from yeast mitochondria a proteolipid able to bind phosphate, by two different procedures. One of them, generally used for lipid extraction, leads to the preparation of a more active crude proteolipid. This crude proteolipid has been purified by various chromatographic procedures and the active fraction, in phosphate binding, is always associated with cardiolipin. Its molecular weight seems to be close to 10000. The phosphate binding shows ligand saturation behavior and is inhibited by arsenate and N-ethylmaleimide; succinate is noninhibitory. This protein seems to be dependent on the mitoribosomal synthesis since it is not present in mitochrondria of mutant \"petite colonie\" and its amount largely decreases in mitochondria from yeast grown in the presence of chloramphenicol. It is possible to extract a proteolipid from the oligomycin sensitive ATPase, showing the same activity and properties. The hypothesis that this proteolipid acts as a part of the Pi carrier and constitutes the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex is discussed.", "contents": "Phosphate transport in yeast mitochondria: purification and characterization of a mitoribosomal synthesis dependent proteolipid showing a high affinity for phosphate. It is possible to obtain from yeast mitochondria a proteolipid able to bind phosphate, by two different procedures. One of them, generally used for lipid extraction, leads to the preparation of a more active crude proteolipid. This crude proteolipid has been purified by various chromatographic procedures and the active fraction, in phosphate binding, is always associated with cardiolipin. Its molecular weight seems to be close to 10000. The phosphate binding shows ligand saturation behavior and is inhibited by arsenate and N-ethylmaleimide; succinate is noninhibitory. This protein seems to be dependent on the mitoribosomal synthesis since it is not present in mitochrondria of mutant \"petite colonie\" and its amount largely decreases in mitochondria from yeast grown in the presence of chloramphenicol. It is possible to extract a proteolipid from the oligomycin sensitive ATPase, showing the same activity and properties. The hypothesis that this proteolipid acts as a part of the Pi carrier and constitutes the oligomycin-sensitive ATPase complex is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:150288", "title": "Two classes of site for ATP in the Ca2+-ATPase from human red cell membranes.", "content": "(1) The response of the Ca2+-ATPase activity from human red cell membranes to ATP concentrations can be represented by the sum of two Michaelis-like curves: one with a Km of 2.5 micrometer and the other with a Km of 145 micrometer. (2) The maximum Ca2+-ATPase activity elicited by occupation of the site with lower Km represents about 10% of the activity attainable at non-limiting ATP concentrations. (3) 30--50% of the Ca2+-ATPase activity with lower Km remains in the absence of Mg2+ . Mg2+ increases V and the maximum effect of Ca2+, having no effect on the apparent affinities for ATP and Ca2+. (4) The large increase in Ca2+-ATPase activity which results from the occupation of the site with higher Km only takes place when Mg2+ is present. (5) Results are compatible with the idea that the Ca2+-ATPase from human red cell membranes has two classes of site for ATP binding, both of which are occupied when the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP at maximum rate. (6) The properties of the high affinity site suggest that this is the catalytic site of the Ca2+-ATPase. It is proposed that binding of ATP at the low affinity site regulates the turnover of the system.", "contents": "Two classes of site for ATP in the Ca2+-ATPase from human red cell membranes. (1) The response of the Ca2+-ATPase activity from human red cell membranes to ATP concentrations can be represented by the sum of two Michaelis-like curves: one with a Km of 2.5 micrometer and the other with a Km of 145 micrometer. (2) The maximum Ca2+-ATPase activity elicited by occupation of the site with lower Km represents about 10% of the activity attainable at non-limiting ATP concentrations. (3) 30--50% of the Ca2+-ATPase activity with lower Km remains in the absence of Mg2+ . Mg2+ increases V and the maximum effect of Ca2+, having no effect on the apparent affinities for ATP and Ca2+. (4) The large increase in Ca2+-ATPase activity which results from the occupation of the site with higher Km only takes place when Mg2+ is present. (5) Results are compatible with the idea that the Ca2+-ATPase from human red cell membranes has two classes of site for ATP binding, both of which are occupied when the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP at maximum rate. (6) The properties of the high affinity site suggest that this is the catalytic site of the Ca2+-ATPase. It is proposed that binding of ATP at the low affinity site regulates the turnover of the system."}
{"id": "PMID:150289", "title": "The presence of two (Na+ + K+)-ATPase inhibitors in equine muscle ATP: vanadate nad a dithioerythritol-dependent inhibitor.", "content": "A potent inhibitor of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity was purified from Sigma equine muscle ATP by cation- and anion-exchange chromatography. The isolated inhibitor was identified by atomic absorption spectroscopy and proton resonance spectroscopy to be an inorganic vanadate. The isolated vanadate and a solution of V2O5 inhibit sarcolemma (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with an I50 of 1 micrometer in the presence of 1 mM ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 145 mM NaCl, 6mM MgCl2, 15 mM KCl and 2 mM synthetic ATP. The potency of the isolated vanadate is increased by free Mg2+. The inhibition is half maximally reversed by 250 micrometer epinephrine. Equine muscle ATP was also found to contain a second (Na+ + K+)-ATPase inhibitor which depends on the sulfhydryl-reducing agent dithioerythritol for inhibition. This unknown inhibitor does not depend on free Mg2+ and is half maximally reversed by 2 micrometer epinephrine. Prolonged storage or freeze-thawing of enzyme preparations decreases the susceptibility of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase to this inhibitor. The adrenergic blocking agents, propranolol and phentolamine, do not block the catecholamine reactivation. The inhibitors in equine muscle ATP also inhibit highly purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from shark rectal gland and eel electroplax. The inhibitors in equine muscle ATP have no effect on the other sarcolemmal ATPases, Mg2+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase.", "contents": "The presence of two (Na+ + K+)-ATPase inhibitors in equine muscle ATP: vanadate nad a dithioerythritol-dependent inhibitor. A potent inhibitor of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity was purified from Sigma equine muscle ATP by cation- and anion-exchange chromatography. The isolated inhibitor was identified by atomic absorption spectroscopy and proton resonance spectroscopy to be an inorganic vanadate. The isolated vanadate and a solution of V2O5 inhibit sarcolemma (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with an I50 of 1 micrometer in the presence of 1 mM ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 145 mM NaCl, 6mM MgCl2, 15 mM KCl and 2 mM synthetic ATP. The potency of the isolated vanadate is increased by free Mg2+. The inhibition is half maximally reversed by 250 micrometer epinephrine. Equine muscle ATP was also found to contain a second (Na+ + K+)-ATPase inhibitor which depends on the sulfhydryl-reducing agent dithioerythritol for inhibition. This unknown inhibitor does not depend on free Mg2+ and is half maximally reversed by 2 micrometer epinephrine. Prolonged storage or freeze-thawing of enzyme preparations decreases the susceptibility of the (Na+ + K+)-ATPase to this inhibitor. The adrenergic blocking agents, propranolol and phentolamine, do not block the catecholamine reactivation. The inhibitors in equine muscle ATP also inhibit highly purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from shark rectal gland and eel electroplax. The inhibitors in equine muscle ATP have no effect on the other sarcolemmal ATPases, Mg2+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase and (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:150290", "title": "The effects of deoxycholate and trypsin on the cross-linking of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins.", "content": "Dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate) has been used to cross-link sarcoplasmic reticulum microsome proteins. Although the 100,000 dalton calcium stimulated ATPase and the 60,000 dalton calcium-binding protein calsequestrin were readily cross-linked to form homopolymers, no heteropolymer formation between these two proteins were detected. The 90,000 dalton protein A1 which is always observed in our preparations appeared to preferrentially form dimers on cross-linking. When calsequestrin was solubilized using 0.1 mg deoxycholate/mg protein, this protein was not cross-linked even at dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) concentrations ten times those used to cross-link this protein in the intact membrane. In a similar manner the deoxycholate-solubilized ATPase (0.5 mg deoxycholate/mg protein) was not cross-linked by dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate). These results suggest that the state of aggregation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins may be modified when solubilized in detergents such as deoxycholate. When the 100,000 dalton ATPase polypeptide was cleaved with trypsin to two fragments with molecular weights of approximately 55,000, these could be readily cross-linked. The fragments were capable of forming polymers with either other 55,000 dalton fragments or with the 100,000 dalton ATPase. The 29,000 and 22,000 dalton fragments, produced by further tryptic cleavage of the 55,000 dalton fragments, were not cross-linked at dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate) concentrations which readily cross-linked the 55,000 dalton fragments. Thus tryptic cleavage of the ATPase to fragments smaller than 55,000 dalton altered associations made by the ATPase in the membrane.", "contents": "The effects of deoxycholate and trypsin on the cross-linking of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins. Dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate) has been used to cross-link sarcoplasmic reticulum microsome proteins. Although the 100,000 dalton calcium stimulated ATPase and the 60,000 dalton calcium-binding protein calsequestrin were readily cross-linked to form homopolymers, no heteropolymer formation between these two proteins were detected. The 90,000 dalton protein A1 which is always observed in our preparations appeared to preferrentially form dimers on cross-linking. When calsequestrin was solubilized using 0.1 mg deoxycholate/mg protein, this protein was not cross-linked even at dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) concentrations ten times those used to cross-link this protein in the intact membrane. In a similar manner the deoxycholate-solubilized ATPase (0.5 mg deoxycholate/mg protein) was not cross-linked by dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate). These results suggest that the state of aggregation of the sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins may be modified when solubilized in detergents such as deoxycholate. When the 100,000 dalton ATPase polypeptide was cleaved with trypsin to two fragments with molecular weights of approximately 55,000, these could be readily cross-linked. The fragments were capable of forming polymers with either other 55,000 dalton fragments or with the 100,000 dalton ATPase. The 29,000 and 22,000 dalton fragments, produced by further tryptic cleavage of the 55,000 dalton fragments, were not cross-linked at dithiobis (succinimidyl propionate) concentrations which readily cross-linked the 55,000 dalton fragments. Thus tryptic cleavage of the ATPase to fragments smaller than 55,000 dalton altered associations made by the ATPase in the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:150291", "title": "Light chains of chicken embryonic gizzard myosin.", "content": "1. Myosin from gizzards of 15-day-old chicken embryos was highly purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation in the presence of ATP and MgCl2, ultra-centrifugation and Sepharose 4B chromatography. 2. The myosin composed of heavy and three light chains as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of the light chains were 23,000 (L23), 20,000 (L20), and 17,000 (L17), respectively. The amount of L23 light chain decreased and disappeared, and the L17 light chain increased steadily in the course of development. The amount of L20 light chain did not change. 3. ATPase activity of the embryonic myosin was essentially the same as that of adult myosin. The change in the light chain pattern in the course of development did not correlate to the ATPase activity. 4. Antigenicity of the heavy chains in the embryonic myosin was the same as that of the adult heavy chains. However, antibodies to light chains were not detected in the antibodies to either the embryonic or adult myosins.", "contents": "Light chains of chicken embryonic gizzard myosin. 1. Myosin from gizzards of 15-day-old chicken embryos was highly purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation in the presence of ATP and MgCl2, ultra-centrifugation and Sepharose 4B chromatography. 2. The myosin composed of heavy and three light chains as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. The molecular weights of the light chains were 23,000 (L23), 20,000 (L20), and 17,000 (L17), respectively. The amount of L23 light chain decreased and disappeared, and the L17 light chain increased steadily in the course of development. The amount of L20 light chain did not change. 3. ATPase activity of the embryonic myosin was essentially the same as that of adult myosin. The change in the light chain pattern in the course of development did not correlate to the ATPase activity. 4. Antigenicity of the heavy chains in the embryonic myosin was the same as that of the adult heavy chains. However, antibodies to light chains were not detected in the antibodies to either the embryonic or adult myosins."}
{"id": "PMID:150293", "title": "Perinatal changes in glycolytic function in response to hypoxia in the incubated or perfused rat heart.", "content": "Glycolysis was assessed in the rat heart during the perinatal period: in the fetus of 16.5 days postcoitum (dpc) and 21.5 dpc (term = 22 dpc) and in the newborn of 1 day postpartum (dpp) and 7 dpp. Glucose uptake, lactate production and glucose incorporation into glycogen were much higher in the fetal than in the newborn heart. Measurements were made of tissue contents of high energy phosphate compounds, lactate and hexose phosphates. Unchanged contents of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate during hypoxia in spite of an increased flux through the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) suggest that PFK has a regulatory role in the glycolysis as early as 16.5 dpc. The isolated fetal heart was more resistant to hypoxia than the newborn heart: glucose uptake and lactate production were much higher and high energy phosphate compounds and glycogen were better maintained in the fetal heart.", "contents": "Perinatal changes in glycolytic function in response to hypoxia in the incubated or perfused rat heart. Glycolysis was assessed in the rat heart during the perinatal period: in the fetus of 16.5 days postcoitum (dpc) and 21.5 dpc (term = 22 dpc) and in the newborn of 1 day postpartum (dpp) and 7 dpp. Glucose uptake, lactate production and glucose incorporation into glycogen were much higher in the fetal than in the newborn heart. Measurements were made of tissue contents of high energy phosphate compounds, lactate and hexose phosphates. Unchanged contents of glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-6-phosphate during hypoxia in spite of an increased flux through the enzyme phosphofructokinase (PFK) suggest that PFK has a regulatory role in the glycolysis as early as 16.5 dpc. The isolated fetal heart was more resistant to hypoxia than the newborn heart: glucose uptake and lactate production were much higher and high energy phosphate compounds and glycogen were better maintained in the fetal heart."}
{"id": "PMID:150294", "title": "[Several properties of the Ca-pump of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum in hypercholesteremia].", "content": "Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fragments from the skeletal muscles of rabbit with marked atherosclerosis possessed decreased Ca2+-accumulating capacity. Lowering of transport efficiency, namely reduction of the Ca/ATP ratio from 1.9--normal value--to 0.9 during the experiment at 26 degrees C was accompanied by activation of Ca-ATPase and simultaneously of the rate of Ca2+ outflux from the SR. Arrhenius plots of Ca-ATPase temperature dependence characterized under normal conditions by a break at 20--21 degrees C was linearized under hypercholesterolemia. At the same time there was a rise (from 0.03 under normal conditions to 0.15 in atherosclerosis) of cholesterol/protein ratio in the SR membrane preparations. Activation energy for Ca-ATPase crude membranes under normal conditions was equal to 15.6 and 28.7 kcal/mol above and below the break point respectively; this value for Ca-ATPase of membranes with increased cholesterol level was 19 kcal/mol for all the temperatures investigated.", "contents": "[Several properties of the Ca-pump of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum in hypercholesteremia]. Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fragments from the skeletal muscles of rabbit with marked atherosclerosis possessed decreased Ca2+-accumulating capacity. Lowering of transport efficiency, namely reduction of the Ca/ATP ratio from 1.9--normal value--to 0.9 during the experiment at 26 degrees C was accompanied by activation of Ca-ATPase and simultaneously of the rate of Ca2+ outflux from the SR. Arrhenius plots of Ca-ATPase temperature dependence characterized under normal conditions by a break at 20--21 degrees C was linearized under hypercholesterolemia. At the same time there was a rise (from 0.03 under normal conditions to 0.15 in atherosclerosis) of cholesterol/protein ratio in the SR membrane preparations. Activation energy for Ca-ATPase crude membranes under normal conditions was equal to 15.6 and 28.7 kcal/mol above and below the break point respectively; this value for Ca-ATPase of membranes with increased cholesterol level was 19 kcal/mol for all the temperatures investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:150295", "title": "[Ultracytochemical study of ATP-ase activity in mucosal parietal cells and in the cells of human adenocarcinoma of the stomach].", "content": "Ultracytochemical investigation of ATP-ase activity was carried out in parietal cells of the mucosa and in cancer cells of human stomach carcinoma possessing a similar ultrastructure. In parietal cells the reaction product of ATP-ase was observed on the membranes of microvilli of intracellular canaliculi, on the membranes delineating the lateral intercellular space, on the basal plasmolemma and in the nucleoli. The reaction product was absent on the membranes of tubuvesicles and on the apical surface of the plasmalemma. In cancer cells the reaction product was found on the membranes of the microvilli of the intracellular canaliculi, basal plasmolemma and in the nucleoli. Comparative examination of ATP-ase activity in these cells implies that at least the part of the mechanism of hydrochloric acid secretion which is involved in the transfer of H+ and Cl- is retained in cancer cells. A steady decrease in hydrochlorid acid secretion observed in the stomach mucosa in cancer as well as in the tumour itself seems to be associated with other mechanisms.", "contents": "[Ultracytochemical study of ATP-ase activity in mucosal parietal cells and in the cells of human adenocarcinoma of the stomach]. Ultracytochemical investigation of ATP-ase activity was carried out in parietal cells of the mucosa and in cancer cells of human stomach carcinoma possessing a similar ultrastructure. In parietal cells the reaction product of ATP-ase was observed on the membranes of microvilli of intracellular canaliculi, on the membranes delineating the lateral intercellular space, on the basal plasmolemma and in the nucleoli. The reaction product was absent on the membranes of tubuvesicles and on the apical surface of the plasmalemma. In cancer cells the reaction product was found on the membranes of the microvilli of the intracellular canaliculi, basal plasmolemma and in the nucleoli. Comparative examination of ATP-ase activity in these cells implies that at least the part of the mechanism of hydrochloric acid secretion which is involved in the transfer of H+ and Cl- is retained in cancer cells. A steady decrease in hydrochlorid acid secretion observed in the stomach mucosa in cancer as well as in the tumour itself seems to be associated with other mechanisms."}
{"id": "PMID:150305", "title": "Cross-Canada survey of susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates to six antimicrobial agents.", "content": "The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) of penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, spectinomycin and sulfadiazine were determined for 732 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae collected in 1973-74. Comparison of the results of this survey with data from other Canadian studies showed that the percentage of isolates resistant to tetracycline had not changed since 1966, but that the percentage of erythromycin-resistant isolates had decreased. After an initial increase in 1966 the percentage of penicillin-resistant isolates stabilized. Spectinomycin-resistant isolates were not found. Positive correlations were observed between the MICs of the antibiotics tested; the highest positive correlations were between penicillin and ampicillin and between penicillin and tetracycline. A positive correlation was also noted between penicillin resistance and increasing spectinomycin MICs. Finally, a significant seasonal variation in MICs was found, the trend being towards increasing MICs during the summer.", "contents": "Cross-Canada survey of susceptibility of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates to six antimicrobial agents. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC's) of penicillin, ampicillin, tetracycline, erythromycin, spectinomycin and sulfadiazine were determined for 732 isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae collected in 1973-74. Comparison of the results of this survey with data from other Canadian studies showed that the percentage of isolates resistant to tetracycline had not changed since 1966, but that the percentage of erythromycin-resistant isolates had decreased. After an initial increase in 1966 the percentage of penicillin-resistant isolates stabilized. Spectinomycin-resistant isolates were not found. Positive correlations were observed between the MICs of the antibiotics tested; the highest positive correlations were between penicillin and ampicillin and between penicillin and tetracycline. A positive correlation was also noted between penicillin resistance and increasing spectinomycin MICs. Finally, a significant seasonal variation in MICs was found, the trend being towards increasing MICs during the summer."}
{"id": "PMID:150306", "title": "Infantile histiocytosis X.", "content": "Skin biopsies and a lymphnode of three children with infantile Histiocytosis-X (Letter-Siwe Disease) were studied with enzymehistochemical and sheep-erythrocyte rosetting techniques. The majority of cells making up the infiltrates of skin and lymphnode showed rather weak acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase activity but considerable leucyl-beta-naphtylamidase activity. Sheep-erythrocyte rosetting techniques performed on frozen sections indicated the presence of receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG, but no receptors for C3 could be demonstrated. Cells with the same enzymehistochemical characteristics could be found in thymus-dependent areas of normal spleen, of normal and reactive lymphnodes and in thymic medulla but not in B-cell areas or thymic cortex. It is suggested that Histiocytosis-X cells belong to the Mononuclear Phagocyte System and that they are related to or identical with cells normally present in the thymus dependent areas of the lymphoid tissue involved with the functioning of cell-mediated immunity.", "contents": "Infantile histiocytosis X. Skin biopsies and a lymphnode of three children with infantile Histiocytosis-X (Letter-Siwe Disease) were studied with enzymehistochemical and sheep-erythrocyte rosetting techniques. The majority of cells making up the infiltrates of skin and lymphnode showed rather weak acid phosphatase and nonspecific esterase activity but considerable leucyl-beta-naphtylamidase activity. Sheep-erythrocyte rosetting techniques performed on frozen sections indicated the presence of receptors for the Fc fragment of IgG, but no receptors for C3 could be demonstrated. Cells with the same enzymehistochemical characteristics could be found in thymus-dependent areas of normal spleen, of normal and reactive lymphnodes and in thymic medulla but not in B-cell areas or thymic cortex. It is suggested that Histiocytosis-X cells belong to the Mononuclear Phagocyte System and that they are related to or identical with cells normally present in the thymus dependent areas of the lymphoid tissue involved with the functioning of cell-mediated immunity."}
{"id": "PMID:150307", "title": "beta(1 leads to 3) Glucan-mediated augmentation of alloreactive murine cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in vivo.", "content": "Five different beta(1 leads to 3) glucans were tested for immune adjuvant activity on the in vivo induction of alloreactive murine cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). The beta(1 leads to 3) glucans, lentinan, pachyman, pachymaran, and two differently substitute hydroxyethylated pachymans strongly enhanced the in vivo generation of alloreactive CTL. The augmenting effect of i.p.-administered beta(1 leads to 3) glucans exhibited a clear dose-response relationship and was strictly dependent on the injection schedule used. Injection of high doses of beta(1 leads to 3) glucans as well as the injection during the late phase of the immune response markedly suppressed the magnitude of the lytic CTL activity induced. When the optimal conditions for enhanced CTL responses were chosen, the augmented CTL activity within spleen cells and mesenteric lymph node cells persisted for more than 25 days. Since beta(1 leads to 3) glucans are chemically defined substances without obvious toxic side effects, they may be of potential use to augment in vivo antigen-specific T-cell responses.", "contents": "beta(1 leads to 3) Glucan-mediated augmentation of alloreactive murine cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in vivo. Five different beta(1 leads to 3) glucans were tested for immune adjuvant activity on the in vivo induction of alloreactive murine cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL). The beta(1 leads to 3) glucans, lentinan, pachyman, pachymaran, and two differently substitute hydroxyethylated pachymans strongly enhanced the in vivo generation of alloreactive CTL. The augmenting effect of i.p.-administered beta(1 leads to 3) glucans exhibited a clear dose-response relationship and was strictly dependent on the injection schedule used. Injection of high doses of beta(1 leads to 3) glucans as well as the injection during the late phase of the immune response markedly suppressed the magnitude of the lytic CTL activity induced. When the optimal conditions for enhanced CTL responses were chosen, the augmented CTL activity within spleen cells and mesenteric lymph node cells persisted for more than 25 days. Since beta(1 leads to 3) glucans are chemically defined substances without obvious toxic side effects, they may be of potential use to augment in vivo antigen-specific T-cell responses."}
{"id": "PMID:150308", "title": "Effect of intermittent high altitude hypoxia on the synthesis of collagenous and non-collagenous proteins of the right and left ventricular myocardium.", "content": "The incorporation of 14C-proline into collagenous and non-collagenous proteins of the right and left ventricular myocardium was investigated in rats exposed to intermittent high altitude hypoxia. Experimental results have shown that even in control animals significant differences exist in the concentration and synthesis of individual protein fractions between the right and left ventricular myocardium. Long-term exposure to intermittent high altitude hypoxia induced a significantly increased concentration of collagenous and non-collagenous proteins in both ventricles. The incorporation of 14C-proline was not affected at this period (ie period of stabilised hypertrophy) in either of the fractions studied.", "contents": "Effect of intermittent high altitude hypoxia on the synthesis of collagenous and non-collagenous proteins of the right and left ventricular myocardium. The incorporation of 14C-proline into collagenous and non-collagenous proteins of the right and left ventricular myocardium was investigated in rats exposed to intermittent high altitude hypoxia. Experimental results have shown that even in control animals significant differences exist in the concentration and synthesis of individual protein fractions between the right and left ventricular myocardium. Long-term exposure to intermittent high altitude hypoxia induced a significantly increased concentration of collagenous and non-collagenous proteins in both ventricles. The incorporation of 14C-proline was not affected at this period (ie period of stabilised hypertrophy) in either of the fractions studied."}
{"id": "PMID:150319", "title": "High erythrocyte membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in kwashiorkor, in vivo reversal by diuretic.", "content": "Specific activity (mumol Pi released/h/mg membrane protein) of ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase has been shown to be higher in erythrocytes from children suffering from kwashiorkor, compared to that in normal children. Twenty four hours after treatment of these children with a diuretic, there was reduction in their body weights due to loss of oedema fluid. Ouabain sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of the erythrocyte membrane was inhibited by about 40% and this was associated with gain of 1.8 mequivalents Na+ per litre of erythrocytes. The results suggest that high ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase could be one of the mechanisms operative in erythrocytes to prevent accumulation of Na+ in kwashiorkor.", "contents": "High erythrocyte membrane (Na+ + K+)-ATPase in kwashiorkor, in vivo reversal by diuretic. Specific activity (mumol Pi released/h/mg membrane protein) of ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase has been shown to be higher in erythrocytes from children suffering from kwashiorkor, compared to that in normal children. Twenty four hours after treatment of these children with a diuretic, there was reduction in their body weights due to loss of oedema fluid. Ouabain sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase of the erythrocyte membrane was inhibited by about 40% and this was associated with gain of 1.8 mequivalents Na+ per litre of erythrocytes. The results suggest that high ouabain-sensitive (Na+ + K+)-ATPase could be one of the mechanisms operative in erythrocytes to prevent accumulation of Na+ in kwashiorkor."}
{"id": "PMID:150320", "title": "Effect of oral aspirin on \"ecto-ATPase\" activity of washed human platelets.", "content": "Aspirin is a potent inhibitor of the platelet release reaction and the accompanying second phase of platelet aggregation. The platelet release reaction is an active, energy-dependent process which appears to require ATP. Eight men ingested 0.32 gm of aspirin daily for 7 days. Although the second phase of 1.7 micron ADP-induced platelet aggregation was absent after aspirin ingestion, the \"ecto-ATPase\" activities of washed human platelet suspensions were not significantly different before and after ingestion of aspirin. This suggests that the effect of aspirin on the second phase of platelet aggregation is not mediated through inhibition of \"ecto-ATPase\".", "contents": "Effect of oral aspirin on \"ecto-ATPase\" activity of washed human platelets. Aspirin is a potent inhibitor of the platelet release reaction and the accompanying second phase of platelet aggregation. The platelet release reaction is an active, energy-dependent process which appears to require ATP. Eight men ingested 0.32 gm of aspirin daily for 7 days. Although the second phase of 1.7 micron ADP-induced platelet aggregation was absent after aspirin ingestion, the \"ecto-ATPase\" activities of washed human platelet suspensions were not significantly different before and after ingestion of aspirin. This suggests that the effect of aspirin on the second phase of platelet aggregation is not mediated through inhibition of \"ecto-ATPase\"."}
{"id": "PMID:150322", "title": "The clinical interpretation of electrocardiogram in hypertensive children and adolescents.", "content": "The validity and usefulness of the ECG criteria of left heart hypertrophy according to Sokolow and Lyon were tested in 54 hypertensive children and adolescents. Among them, there were 9 children with secondary hypertension of known origin, and 45 adolescents with labile juvenile hypertension due to hyperkinetic heart activity. Only in 21 (38%) patients were present positive ECG criteria of hypertrophy. In view of the fact that between 8 and 16 years of age the R and S voltage in left precordial leads in normal adolescents exceeds the voltage limits of these criteria in adults, the validity of criteria is discussed. It is postulated that the investigated criteria lose their validity in the given age group because of the age differences in the ECG patterns. An ECG diagnosis of cardiac hypertrophy can be made only when more than two positive criteria are present together with a clinical evidence of enlarged heart. If only one or two voltage criteria are present, it is advisable to interpret this as an ECG manifestation of left heart systolic overload and to use it only as auxiliary sign for further follow-up of the patient.", "contents": "The clinical interpretation of electrocardiogram in hypertensive children and adolescents. The validity and usefulness of the ECG criteria of left heart hypertrophy according to Sokolow and Lyon were tested in 54 hypertensive children and adolescents. Among them, there were 9 children with secondary hypertension of known origin, and 45 adolescents with labile juvenile hypertension due to hyperkinetic heart activity. Only in 21 (38%) patients were present positive ECG criteria of hypertrophy. In view of the fact that between 8 and 16 years of age the R and S voltage in left precordial leads in normal adolescents exceeds the voltage limits of these criteria in adults, the validity of criteria is discussed. It is postulated that the investigated criteria lose their validity in the given age group because of the age differences in the ECG patterns. An ECG diagnosis of cardiac hypertrophy can be made only when more than two positive criteria are present together with a clinical evidence of enlarged heart. If only one or two voltage criteria are present, it is advisable to interpret this as an ECG manifestation of left heart systolic overload and to use it only as auxiliary sign for further follow-up of the patient."}
{"id": "PMID:150330", "title": "Mucopolysaccharidosis II (Hunter disease) with corneal opacities. Report on two patients at the extremes of a wide clinical spectrum.", "content": "Clinically visible corneal opacities were observed in a patient with an extremely severe form of mucopolysaccharidosis II. In a second patient with an unusually mild form of mucopolysaccharidosis II, discrete corneal opacities were detected by slit-lamp examination. Thus clear corneae can no longer be regarded as a hallmark of mucopolysaccharidosis II.", "contents": "Mucopolysaccharidosis II (Hunter disease) with corneal opacities. Report on two patients at the extremes of a wide clinical spectrum. Clinically visible corneal opacities were observed in a patient with an extremely severe form of mucopolysaccharidosis II. In a second patient with an unusually mild form of mucopolysaccharidosis II, discrete corneal opacities were detected by slit-lamp examination. Thus clear corneae can no longer be regarded as a hallmark of mucopolysaccharidosis II."}
{"id": "PMID:150332", "title": "Pharmacology of Huntington's chorea. Personal experience.", "content": "Dipropylacetic acid (DPA), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), physostigmine, CB 154 and butyrophenones were administered to 26 patients affected by Huntington's chorea. The evaluation of the pharmacologic activity of the different drugs was determined by means of some clinical parameters and motor performance tests. Butyrophenones succeeded to ameliorate the hyperkinesias and the motor dexterity, CB 154 provoked a worsening of the motor signs of the disorder, while DPA, GABA and physostigmine did not modify the clinical pattern. The relationship between these results and the Hungtington's chorea physiopathology is discussed and a hypersensitivity of DA receptors is suggested.", "contents": "Pharmacology of Huntington's chorea. Personal experience. Dipropylacetic acid (DPA), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), physostigmine, CB 154 and butyrophenones were administered to 26 patients affected by Huntington's chorea. The evaluation of the pharmacologic activity of the different drugs was determined by means of some clinical parameters and motor performance tests. Butyrophenones succeeded to ameliorate the hyperkinesias and the motor dexterity, CB 154 provoked a worsening of the motor signs of the disorder, while DPA, GABA and physostigmine did not modify the clinical pattern. The relationship between these results and the Hungtington's chorea physiopathology is discussed and a hypersensitivity of DA receptors is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:150333", "title": "Neonatally induced transplantation tolerance: in vitro evidence supporting a clonal inactivation mechanism.", "content": "Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) tests on the cells of mice made fully tolerant to allogeneic tissues in neonatal life showed an absence of specific antigen-reactive cells. Similary, no cells cytotoxic in a chromium release test could be detected. The absence of reactivity in the tolerant populations could not be accounted for by either suppressor cell activity or serum blocking factors. By contrast, mice in which partial tolerance had been deliberately or inadvertently induced often possessed detectable numbers of MLC-reactive cells and, after grafting, their sera inhibited the MLC reactivity of normal cells. These results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of self tolerance.", "contents": "Neonatally induced transplantation tolerance: in vitro evidence supporting a clonal inactivation mechanism. Mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) tests on the cells of mice made fully tolerant to allogeneic tissues in neonatal life showed an absence of specific antigen-reactive cells. Similary, no cells cytotoxic in a chromium release test could be detected. The absence of reactivity in the tolerant populations could not be accounted for by either suppressor cell activity or serum blocking factors. By contrast, mice in which partial tolerance had been deliberately or inadvertently induced often possessed detectable numbers of MLC-reactive cells and, after grafting, their sera inhibited the MLC reactivity of normal cells. These results are discussed in terms of possible mechanisms of self tolerance."}
{"id": "PMID:150334", "title": "Immobilisation stress-induced antinociception in rats: possible role of serotonin and prostaglandins.", "content": "Immobilisation of rats for 1, 2 and 4 h induced duration-related antinociception. Antinociception induced by 4 h immobilisation was significantly inhibited after pretreatment by drugs known to inhibit synthesis of serotonin, induce degeneration of serotonergic neurones and inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. The results indicate that immobilisation stress induces autoanalgesia, which may be dependent on the availability of endogenous serotonin and prostaglandins in rat brain.", "contents": "Immobilisation stress-induced antinociception in rats: possible role of serotonin and prostaglandins. Immobilisation of rats for 1, 2 and 4 h induced duration-related antinociception. Antinociception induced by 4 h immobilisation was significantly inhibited after pretreatment by drugs known to inhibit synthesis of serotonin, induce degeneration of serotonergic neurones and inhibit prostaglandin synthesis. The results indicate that immobilisation stress induces autoanalgesia, which may be dependent on the availability of endogenous serotonin and prostaglandins in rat brain."}
{"id": "PMID:150336", "title": "Modelling of hypertrophic heart potentiation with reference to morphological measurements.", "content": "Potentiation of heart muscle stripes of the right ventricle was investigated in normal rats (NT-group) and in rats stressed by swimming (HT-group). The mean fibre diameter runs to 26 micrometer in HT-group and 16 micrometer in NT-group. The difference was significantly high, as well as that of relative heart weights. The potentiation by paired pulse stimulation was more marked in HT-group than in NT-group. The interval-strength-relationships increase with prolongation of the driving interval. Potentiation is greater in loaded rats than in normal rats. A mathematical model for Ca++-storage in sarcoplasmic reticulum is introduced. Decrease of basic-filling of Ca++-store is modelled to HT-group with support of morphological measurements and is discussed as reason for improved properties of potentiation of HT-group.", "contents": "Modelling of hypertrophic heart potentiation with reference to morphological measurements. Potentiation of heart muscle stripes of the right ventricle was investigated in normal rats (NT-group) and in rats stressed by swimming (HT-group). The mean fibre diameter runs to 26 micrometer in HT-group and 16 micrometer in NT-group. The difference was significantly high, as well as that of relative heart weights. The potentiation by paired pulse stimulation was more marked in HT-group than in NT-group. The interval-strength-relationships increase with prolongation of the driving interval. Potentiation is greater in loaded rats than in normal rats. A mathematical model for Ca++-storage in sarcoplasmic reticulum is introduced. Decrease of basic-filling of Ca++-store is modelled to HT-group with support of morphological measurements and is discussed as reason for improved properties of potentiation of HT-group."}
{"id": "PMID:150339", "title": "[Muscle relaxation and muscle spindle adaptation].", "content": "In experiments on deefferented m. triceps surae of the cats, the unequal correlation between speed of muscle relaxation during interval from 2.5 to 40 sec after the beginning of static stretch and the rate of adaptation of three functionally different groups of muscle spindles, was revealed. The dependence of the adaptation of muscle spindle endings on relaxation of both extra-and intrafusal muscle fibers, is discussed.", "contents": "[Muscle relaxation and muscle spindle adaptation]. In experiments on deefferented m. triceps surae of the cats, the unequal correlation between speed of muscle relaxation during interval from 2.5 to 40 sec after the beginning of static stretch and the rate of adaptation of three functionally different groups of muscle spindles, was revealed. The dependence of the adaptation of muscle spindle endings on relaxation of both extra-and intrafusal muscle fibers, is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:150340", "title": "[Participation of muscle spindles in the mechanism of peripheral inhibition].", "content": "A relaxed deefferented muscle of an anesthetized cat has spindles with long-lasting impulse activity. The receptors with spontaneous activity are more sensitive to an alteration in the muscle condition than inactive ones. Stimulation of the muscle nerve entails inhibition of discharges not only in the spindles of a contracting muscle but in spontaneously active receptors of the synergic muscles which do not actively contract. The conditions for inhibition of spontaneous activity of the synergic muscles' receptors arise during natural locomotion in rats. The mechanism of peripheral inhibition in motor coordination seems to have an unspecific character and maintains the aiming of motor command at a small number of executive units in the course of the control.", "contents": "[Participation of muscle spindles in the mechanism of peripheral inhibition]. A relaxed deefferented muscle of an anesthetized cat has spindles with long-lasting impulse activity. The receptors with spontaneous activity are more sensitive to an alteration in the muscle condition than inactive ones. Stimulation of the muscle nerve entails inhibition of discharges not only in the spindles of a contracting muscle but in spontaneously active receptors of the synergic muscles which do not actively contract. The conditions for inhibition of spontaneous activity of the synergic muscles' receptors arise during natural locomotion in rats. The mechanism of peripheral inhibition in motor coordination seems to have an unspecific character and maintains the aiming of motor command at a small number of executive units in the course of the control."}
{"id": "PMID:150341", "title": "[Functional state of muscle receptors in experimental hypocalcemia].", "content": "Removal of the parathyroid glands induced hypocalcemia in cats and sharply increased the spontaneous and the evoked activities of primary and secondary endings of muscle spindles. I. v. administration of calcium chloride diminished the firing rate in control and experimental animals both in the dynamic and the static phases of stretching. The increased activity of muscle spindles seems to be of major importance for the development of motor disturbances during the parathyroid insufficiency.", "contents": "[Functional state of muscle receptors in experimental hypocalcemia]. Removal of the parathyroid glands induced hypocalcemia in cats and sharply increased the spontaneous and the evoked activities of primary and secondary endings of muscle spindles. I. v. administration of calcium chloride diminished the firing rate in control and experimental animals both in the dynamic and the static phases of stretching. The increased activity of muscle spindles seems to be of major importance for the development of motor disturbances during the parathyroid insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:150343", "title": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity in patients with mycosis fungoides.", "content": "Cell-mediated immune reactivity was studied in 23 patients with mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome by a semi-quantitative 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensibilization test and the reaction to intracutaneous microbial antigens. Anergy to DNCB was observed in 8 patients, 5 had a markedly depressed DNCB score, 6 showed negative reactions to the microbial antigens. A defect in antigen recognition is suggested.", "contents": "Delayed-type hypersensitivity in patients with mycosis fungoides. Cell-mediated immune reactivity was studied in 23 patients with mycosis fungoides and S\u00e9zary's syndrome by a semi-quantitative 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) sensibilization test and the reaction to intracutaneous microbial antigens. Anergy to DNCB was observed in 8 patients, 5 had a markedly depressed DNCB score, 6 showed negative reactions to the microbial antigens. A defect in antigen recognition is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:150344", "title": "Eruptions. Possible involvement of carrier contained in cutaneous tissues.", "content": "In some types of drug eruptions, a positive blastoid transformation is frequently seen in peripheral lymphocytes when they are stimulated in vitro with the causative drug in the presence of autologous serum. In these cases, a soluble fraction prepared from guinea pig skin can replace the autologous serum in inducing the lymphocyte fransformation, whereas either the mitochondrial or microsomal fraction of guinea pig skin instead of the autologous serum is less effective. Moreover, in fixed drug eruption, the addition of soluble skin material fractionated by gel filtration with Sephadex G-100 (FrD1) is as effective as the autologous sera in inducing lymphocyte transformation. These results suggest that the soluble fraction of skin is related to the pathogenesis of fixed and exanthematic drug eruptions as a carrier substance of drugs.", "contents": "Eruptions. Possible involvement of carrier contained in cutaneous tissues. In some types of drug eruptions, a positive blastoid transformation is frequently seen in peripheral lymphocytes when they are stimulated in vitro with the causative drug in the presence of autologous serum. In these cases, a soluble fraction prepared from guinea pig skin can replace the autologous serum in inducing the lymphocyte fransformation, whereas either the mitochondrial or microsomal fraction of guinea pig skin instead of the autologous serum is less effective. Moreover, in fixed drug eruption, the addition of soluble skin material fractionated by gel filtration with Sephadex G-100 (FrD1) is as effective as the autologous sera in inducing lymphocyte transformation. These results suggest that the soluble fraction of skin is related to the pathogenesis of fixed and exanthematic drug eruptions as a carrier substance of drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:150345", "title": "Leukocyte motility in acne conglobata.", "content": "Leukocytes derived from the peripheral blood of 10 patients with acne conglobata demonstrated enhanced chemotactic and random migratory activities in comparison with leukocytes from 10 healthy subjects. This enhancement is most probably secondary to the state of chronic infection and inflammation. These findings probably rule out a defect in leukocyte motility as a cause of the severity of the lesions in acne conglobata.", "contents": "Leukocyte motility in acne conglobata. Leukocytes derived from the peripheral blood of 10 patients with acne conglobata demonstrated enhanced chemotactic and random migratory activities in comparison with leukocytes from 10 healthy subjects. This enhancement is most probably secondary to the state of chronic infection and inflammation. These findings probably rule out a defect in leukocyte motility as a cause of the severity of the lesions in acne conglobata."}
{"id": "PMID:150347", "title": "[Histopathology of lymphomes (author's transl)].", "content": "This histologic classification is based upon the arrangement and cytologic composition of the infiltrate. We separate diseases with intraepidermal exocytosis from diseases without intraepidermal exocytosis. In the first group, mycosis fungoides is the most important: the infiltrate is often polymorphous, but sometimes it consists of histiocytes and lymphocytes. Varying number of S\u00e9zary cells are present. The Woringer-Kolopp syndrome and histiocytosis X are included in this group as well. The second group comprises many neoplastic diseases: mycosis fungoides without Pautrier microabscesses, so-called 'reticulosis', 'Crosti's reticulosis', leukemia and lymph node lymphoma. Difficulties may arise in the differential diagnosis between these various diseases with well-differentiated lymphocytes and without intraepidermal exocytosis. These diseases must also be differentiated from the non-malignant lymphocytic infiltrates found in lupus erythematosus, lymphocytoma cutis and Jessner's lymphocytic infiltration of the skin.", "contents": "[Histopathology of lymphomes (author's transl)]. This histologic classification is based upon the arrangement and cytologic composition of the infiltrate. We separate diseases with intraepidermal exocytosis from diseases without intraepidermal exocytosis. In the first group, mycosis fungoides is the most important: the infiltrate is often polymorphous, but sometimes it consists of histiocytes and lymphocytes. Varying number of S\u00e9zary cells are present. The Woringer-Kolopp syndrome and histiocytosis X are included in this group as well. The second group comprises many neoplastic diseases: mycosis fungoides without Pautrier microabscesses, so-called 'reticulosis', 'Crosti's reticulosis', leukemia and lymph node lymphoma. Difficulties may arise in the differential diagnosis between these various diseases with well-differentiated lymphocytes and without intraepidermal exocytosis. These diseases must also be differentiated from the non-malignant lymphocytic infiltrates found in lupus erythematosus, lymphocytoma cutis and Jessner's lymphocytic infiltration of the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:150348", "title": "[Immunocytological study of cutaneous malignant lymphomas. Classification (author's transl)].", "content": "The malignant cutaneous lymphomas come into the category of hematodermias but can equally be considered as an abnormality of the immune system. Having described the methods used in the immunocytological investigation of 21 lymphomas and 3 pseudolymphomas, the authors expound their classification of malignant cutaneous lymphomas before stating the results obtained in immunocytological studies in each of the groups. They show how formal separation between epidermtropic malignant cutaneous lymphomas and non-epidermotropic malignant cutaneous lymphomas can be confirmed by immunocytological and ultrastructural facts.", "contents": "[Immunocytological study of cutaneous malignant lymphomas. Classification (author's transl)]. The malignant cutaneous lymphomas come into the category of hematodermias but can equally be considered as an abnormality of the immune system. Having described the methods used in the immunocytological investigation of 21 lymphomas and 3 pseudolymphomas, the authors expound their classification of malignant cutaneous lymphomas before stating the results obtained in immunocytological studies in each of the groups. They show how formal separation between epidermtropic malignant cutaneous lymphomas and non-epidermotropic malignant cutaneous lymphomas can be confirmed by immunocytological and ultrastructural facts."}
{"id": "PMID:150349", "title": "Patterns of cutaneous lymphomas. Histological, enzyme cytochemical, and immunological typing of lymphoreticular proliferations in the skin.", "content": "During recent years there has been much progress in interpreting the histo- and cytomorphology of lymphoreticular proliferations by means of enzyme cytochemical (cell typing by hydrolytic enzymes) and immunological (B- and T-cell differentiation using surface markers and functional tests) methods. Applying these methods in skin biopsies from 101 patients clinically suspected of having cutaneous lymphomas, patterns of lymphoreticular infiltrations in the skin have been elaborated. Based primarily on the 'Kiel' classification, low-grade and high-grade malignant lymphomas, pseudolymphomas and 'histiocytic lymphomas' can be differentiated in the skin; however, there still remain some hitherto unclassifiable lymphoreticular proliferations. In the low-grade malignant lymphomas of the skin, mycosis fungoides, S\u00e9zary's syndrome and Pagetoid reticulosis histologically display a pattern which is typical for T-cell infiltrations in the skin, whereas most of the 'malignant reticuloses', including immunocytoma, show a B-cell pattern. Erythrocyte antibody complement rosette fixation on cryostat sections is positive only in cutaneous pseudolymphomas whereas no fixation is seen in malignant B-cell lymphomas of the skin.", "contents": "Patterns of cutaneous lymphomas. Histological, enzyme cytochemical, and immunological typing of lymphoreticular proliferations in the skin. During recent years there has been much progress in interpreting the histo- and cytomorphology of lymphoreticular proliferations by means of enzyme cytochemical (cell typing by hydrolytic enzymes) and immunological (B- and T-cell differentiation using surface markers and functional tests) methods. Applying these methods in skin biopsies from 101 patients clinically suspected of having cutaneous lymphomas, patterns of lymphoreticular infiltrations in the skin have been elaborated. Based primarily on the 'Kiel' classification, low-grade and high-grade malignant lymphomas, pseudolymphomas and 'histiocytic lymphomas' can be differentiated in the skin; however, there still remain some hitherto unclassifiable lymphoreticular proliferations. In the low-grade malignant lymphomas of the skin, mycosis fungoides, S\u00e9zary's syndrome and Pagetoid reticulosis histologically display a pattern which is typical for T-cell infiltrations in the skin, whereas most of the 'malignant reticuloses', including immunocytoma, show a B-cell pattern. Erythrocyte antibody complement rosette fixation on cryostat sections is positive only in cutaneous pseudolymphomas whereas no fixation is seen in malignant B-cell lymphomas of the skin."}
{"id": "PMID:150350", "title": "[Acne vulgaris: results of food allergen tests and a controlled elimination diet (author's transl)].", "content": "120 patients with acne vulgaris had to undergo an intracutaneous allergen test with 23 of the most important food allergens. The skin test results of 83 patients (69.2%) were negative, only 9 (7.4%) showed a distinct immediate reaction on four or more food extracts. Almonds showed the most positive reactions (11.6%), then malt (10%), cheese, mustard, red pepper (8.3% each), and wheaten flour (7.5%). Thereupon the patients were instructed to either keep no diet at all, or to follow an acne diet, or a special elimination diet based on the results of the skin test. Moreover, all the patients had to undergo the same mild acne local therapy. After 3 months treatment (with monthly controls) 45 patients could be evaluated. No statistical difference was found within the three groups with regard to the success of treatment. Diet prescriptions for acne vulgaris are generally not very significant, although they are possibly useful in individual cases.", "contents": "[Acne vulgaris: results of food allergen tests and a controlled elimination diet (author's transl)]. 120 patients with acne vulgaris had to undergo an intracutaneous allergen test with 23 of the most important food allergens. The skin test results of 83 patients (69.2%) were negative, only 9 (7.4%) showed a distinct immediate reaction on four or more food extracts. Almonds showed the most positive reactions (11.6%), then malt (10%), cheese, mustard, red pepper (8.3% each), and wheaten flour (7.5%). Thereupon the patients were instructed to either keep no diet at all, or to follow an acne diet, or a special elimination diet based on the results of the skin test. Moreover, all the patients had to undergo the same mild acne local therapy. After 3 months treatment (with monthly controls) 45 patients could be evaluated. No statistical difference was found within the three groups with regard to the success of treatment. Diet prescriptions for acne vulgaris are generally not very significant, although they are possibly useful in individual cases."}
{"id": "PMID:150351", "title": "[Therapeutic effect and effect on the pituitary adrenal functions of fluocortine-butylester in eczema during childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "A new topical corticosteroid: fluocortin-butylester, was employed in 11 eczematous children (atopic and seborrhoeic dermatitis), with a good clinical result. These topical applications involve no significant risk of interference with the pituitary-adrenal function.", "contents": "[Therapeutic effect and effect on the pituitary adrenal functions of fluocortine-butylester in eczema during childhood (author's transl)]. A new topical corticosteroid: fluocortin-butylester, was employed in 11 eczematous children (atopic and seborrhoeic dermatitis), with a good clinical result. These topical applications involve no significant risk of interference with the pituitary-adrenal function."}
{"id": "PMID:150358", "title": "[External cephalic version in the management of breech presentation near to term (author's transl)].", "content": "External cephalic version was tried in 58 from 146 cases of breech presentation after the 36th week of gestation and was successful in 55 per cent. The incidence of breech delivery was reduced from 5.3 to 4.2 per cent. With increasing weeks of gestation there was no rise in the failure rate. External version was more successful in multiparas than in primigravidas and in patients with high or low weight than in patients with normal weight and a thick muscular abdominal wall. The most frequent causes of failed versions were a thick muscular abdominal wall, extended legs and an already fixed breech in the pelvic inlet. 76 per cent of the deliveries took place within 10 days after the attempt of version. The weight of the newborns was except one over 2500 g, the average weight after successful version was 3250 g and after failed version 2930 g. Different severe fetal complications were seen after failed version but none when the attempt had been successful. On account of our own examinations and a critical analysis of the literature we came to the result that external cephalic version near to term should only be done after careful taken indication with a very precautioned technique, a thorough obstetrical examination, hospitalization and delivery shortly after.", "contents": "[External cephalic version in the management of breech presentation near to term (author's transl)]. External cephalic version was tried in 58 from 146 cases of breech presentation after the 36th week of gestation and was successful in 55 per cent. The incidence of breech delivery was reduced from 5.3 to 4.2 per cent. With increasing weeks of gestation there was no rise in the failure rate. External version was more successful in multiparas than in primigravidas and in patients with high or low weight than in patients with normal weight and a thick muscular abdominal wall. The most frequent causes of failed versions were a thick muscular abdominal wall, extended legs and an already fixed breech in the pelvic inlet. 76 per cent of the deliveries took place within 10 days after the attempt of version. The weight of the newborns was except one over 2500 g, the average weight after successful version was 3250 g and after failed version 2930 g. Different severe fetal complications were seen after failed version but none when the attempt had been successful. On account of our own examinations and a critical analysis of the literature we came to the result that external cephalic version near to term should only be done after careful taken indication with a very precautioned technique, a thorough obstetrical examination, hospitalization and delivery shortly after."}
{"id": "PMID:150359", "title": "[Medico-genetic study of the population of Uzbekistan. III. Phenotypical assortativity as a factor in population structure (using palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and vitiligo as examples)].", "content": "The article comprises the examples of homophenogamic marriages between persons with a rare hereditary dominant character, hand-palm and foot-sole hyperkeratosis, leading to the increase of inbreeding intensity in the population. On the contrary, homophenogamic marriages between persons with vitiligo, a considerably more widespread character, lead to the decrease of the degree of inbreeding in a population, since they take place between partners coming from different districts of the region.", "contents": "[Medico-genetic study of the population of Uzbekistan. III. Phenotypical assortativity as a factor in population structure (using palmoplantar hyperkeratosis and vitiligo as examples)]. The article comprises the examples of homophenogamic marriages between persons with a rare hereditary dominant character, hand-palm and foot-sole hyperkeratosis, leading to the increase of inbreeding intensity in the population. On the contrary, homophenogamic marriages between persons with vitiligo, a considerably more widespread character, lead to the decrease of the degree of inbreeding in a population, since they take place between partners coming from different districts of the region."}
{"id": "PMID:150360", "title": "[Medico-genetic study of the population of Uzbekistan. IV. Medico-genetic description of the population of 4 villages of the Urgut district of the Samarkand region].", "content": "The data about the incidence of hereditary diseases and those with genetic predispositions which received after subtotal medico-genetical examination of the inhabitants of 4 villages in the Urgut district of the Samarkand province are presented. 848 inhabitants (348 adults and 464 children aged 7--16 years) are examined. The nosological profile of the morbidity and spectrum of the Mendelian diseases in the population is evaluated. The integrative estimate of load of the detrimental (non-lethal) genes is about 0.166 per individual.", "contents": "[Medico-genetic study of the population of Uzbekistan. IV. Medico-genetic description of the population of 4 villages of the Urgut district of the Samarkand region]. The data about the incidence of hereditary diseases and those with genetic predispositions which received after subtotal medico-genetical examination of the inhabitants of 4 villages in the Urgut district of the Samarkand province are presented. 848 inhabitants (348 adults and 464 children aged 7--16 years) are examined. The nosological profile of the morbidity and spectrum of the Mendelian diseases in the population is evaluated. The integrative estimate of load of the detrimental (non-lethal) genes is about 0.166 per individual."}
{"id": "PMID:150361", "title": "A developmental assessment chart for non-institutionalized Down syndrome children.", "content": "This prospective study was undertaken to present a test form utilizing the same test items as the Denver Developmental Screening Test in categories of personal-social, fine motor-adaptive, language, and gross motor attainment comparing the performance of an individual Down Syndrome child with that of similar children on whom the items were standardized. A developmental assessment chart was constructed based on 96 consecutive home-reared Down syndrome children (2 months to 8 years). This chart can be easily administered and the developmental status of a particular Down syndrome child evaluated.", "contents": "A developmental assessment chart for non-institutionalized Down syndrome children. This prospective study was undertaken to present a test form utilizing the same test items as the Denver Developmental Screening Test in categories of personal-social, fine motor-adaptive, language, and gross motor attainment comparing the performance of an individual Down Syndrome child with that of similar children on whom the items were standardized. A developmental assessment chart was constructed based on 96 consecutive home-reared Down syndrome children (2 months to 8 years). This chart can be easily administered and the developmental status of a particular Down syndrome child evaluated."}
{"id": "PMID:150362", "title": "Immune status in Crohn's disease. 2. Originally unimpaired primary cell mediated immunity in vitro.", "content": "One-way mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) were performed with peripheral blood lymphocytes of 21 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) not receiving salizylazosulphapyridine, steroids or azathioprine, seven patients with inflammatory bowel disease other than CD and ulcerative colitis, and 46 age- and sex-matched normal control subjects. The group of CD patients consisted of 11 patients with newly diagnosed, short-standing and so far untreated CD (group CD 1) and 10 patients previously treated with drugs and with mostly long-standing CD (group CD 2). Results showed that the MLC responsiveness was similar in all Crohn's disease groups, normal subjects and diseased controls. While there was no correlation between MLC responsiveness and either disease activity or disease duration when compared singly, those CD 2 patients who had highly active and/or very long-standing disease did exhibit a depressed MLC responsiveness as compared with that of normal subjects (p less than 0.001), CD 1 patients who had both inactive and short-standing disease (P less than 0.05), and diseased controls (0.1 greater than or equal to P greater than 0.05). The stimulatory capacity did not differ significantly between the CD groups and normal subjects or diseased controls; the latter, however, stimulated poorly compared with normal subjects (P less than 0.05). In accordance, an inverse relationship between the magnitude of the stimulatory capacity and the disease activity was found in the CD patients as a whole. These data suggest that there is no depression of the in vitro primary cell mediated immune response as a predisposing factor for CD or as an early event associated with the pathogenesis of CD.", "contents": "Immune status in Crohn's disease. 2. Originally unimpaired primary cell mediated immunity in vitro. One-way mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) were performed with peripheral blood lymphocytes of 21 patients with Crohn's disease (CD) not receiving salizylazosulphapyridine, steroids or azathioprine, seven patients with inflammatory bowel disease other than CD and ulcerative colitis, and 46 age- and sex-matched normal control subjects. The group of CD patients consisted of 11 patients with newly diagnosed, short-standing and so far untreated CD (group CD 1) and 10 patients previously treated with drugs and with mostly long-standing CD (group CD 2). Results showed that the MLC responsiveness was similar in all Crohn's disease groups, normal subjects and diseased controls. While there was no correlation between MLC responsiveness and either disease activity or disease duration when compared singly, those CD 2 patients who had highly active and/or very long-standing disease did exhibit a depressed MLC responsiveness as compared with that of normal subjects (p less than 0.001), CD 1 patients who had both inactive and short-standing disease (P less than 0.05), and diseased controls (0.1 greater than or equal to P greater than 0.05). The stimulatory capacity did not differ significantly between the CD groups and normal subjects or diseased controls; the latter, however, stimulated poorly compared with normal subjects (P less than 0.05). In accordance, an inverse relationship between the magnitude of the stimulatory capacity and the disease activity was found in the CD patients as a whole. These data suggest that there is no depression of the in vitro primary cell mediated immune response as a predisposing factor for CD or as an early event associated with the pathogenesis of CD."}
{"id": "PMID:150363", "title": "Value of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and management of pancreatic carcinoma.", "content": "Our experience with laparoscopy in the diagnosis and staging of 23 cases of pancreatic cancer is reported. This endoscopic procedure has proved useful in the diagnosis of the disease, in the assessment of operability, and in the retrieval of material for histological and cytological confirmation of pancreatic cancer. An infra-gastric laparoscopic method for inspection of the body and tail of the pancreas is described and the technique may allow the earlier detection of neoplasms in this region.", "contents": "Value of laparoscopy in the diagnosis and management of pancreatic carcinoma. Our experience with laparoscopy in the diagnosis and staging of 23 cases of pancreatic cancer is reported. This endoscopic procedure has proved useful in the diagnosis of the disease, in the assessment of operability, and in the retrieval of material for histological and cytological confirmation of pancreatic cancer. An infra-gastric laparoscopic method for inspection of the body and tail of the pancreas is described and the technique may allow the earlier detection of neoplasms in this region."}
{"id": "PMID:150364", "title": "Effect of colchicine and vinblastine on rat intestinal water transport and Na-K-ATPase activity.", "content": "The hypothesis that colchicine and vinblastine, which are commonly used for therapeutic purposes and known to cause diarrhoea, decrease intestinal water transport by inhibition of Na-K-ATPase activity was tested in rats. Net fluid transport by jejunal segments was measured four hours after intraperitoneal injection of either 0.15 M NaCl (0.5 ml/100 g), colchicine (0.5 mg/100 g b.w.), or vinblastine (1.0 mg/100 g b.w.). Colchicine and vinblastine decreased net fluid transport: 3.0 +/- 0.9 (SE) and 4.6 +/- 0.4 (SE) respectively, as compared to that transported by segments from rats injected with 0.15 M NaCl, 8.6 +/- 0.7 (SE) g fluid/hour/g. Methylprednisolone (3.0 mg/100 g b.w.) abolished the inhibitory effect of cholchicine and vinblastine on fluid transport. Colchicine and vinblastine were found to decrease significantly mucosal Na-K-ATPase activity, 18.2 +/- 4.9 (SE); 25.2 +/- 2.4 (SE) respectively, as compared to that measured in rats injected with saline 40.6 +/- 3.4 (SE) mumol/mg protein/hour. Pretreatment with methylprednisolone prevented the decrease in enzyme activity observed in rats injected with colchicine and vinblastine. The degree of inhibition in intestinal Na-K-ATPase activity was similar to that observed in fluid transport following colchicine and vinblastine. It is thus suggested that colchicine-induced inhibition of water transport is caused by inhibition of Na-K-ATPase activity, an effect which can be prevented by pretreatment with methyl-prednisolone.", "contents": "Effect of colchicine and vinblastine on rat intestinal water transport and Na-K-ATPase activity. The hypothesis that colchicine and vinblastine, which are commonly used for therapeutic purposes and known to cause diarrhoea, decrease intestinal water transport by inhibition of Na-K-ATPase activity was tested in rats. Net fluid transport by jejunal segments was measured four hours after intraperitoneal injection of either 0.15 M NaCl (0.5 ml/100 g), colchicine (0.5 mg/100 g b.w.), or vinblastine (1.0 mg/100 g b.w.). Colchicine and vinblastine decreased net fluid transport: 3.0 +/- 0.9 (SE) and 4.6 +/- 0.4 (SE) respectively, as compared to that transported by segments from rats injected with 0.15 M NaCl, 8.6 +/- 0.7 (SE) g fluid/hour/g. Methylprednisolone (3.0 mg/100 g b.w.) abolished the inhibitory effect of cholchicine and vinblastine on fluid transport. Colchicine and vinblastine were found to decrease significantly mucosal Na-K-ATPase activity, 18.2 +/- 4.9 (SE); 25.2 +/- 2.4 (SE) respectively, as compared to that measured in rats injected with saline 40.6 +/- 3.4 (SE) mumol/mg protein/hour. Pretreatment with methylprednisolone prevented the decrease in enzyme activity observed in rats injected with colchicine and vinblastine. The degree of inhibition in intestinal Na-K-ATPase activity was similar to that observed in fluid transport following colchicine and vinblastine. It is thus suggested that colchicine-induced inhibition of water transport is caused by inhibition of Na-K-ATPase activity, an effect which can be prevented by pretreatment with methyl-prednisolone."}
{"id": "PMID:150365", "title": "[Meningioma of the tentorium cerebelli: computer tomographic and angiographic aspects (author's transl)].", "content": "The relationship of a meningioma to the tentorium is of great significance for the choice of treatment. In order to evaluate the role of computer tomography and angiography for elucidating this problem, 21 cases were examined (all had angiograms, 13 had computer tomography). In most cases the tumour was attached to the tentorium. In 18 patients it was possible to compare the results of radiology with operative findings. It was found that computer tomography and angiography are complementary; indirect involvement of the tentorium by tumour passing through the tentorial hiatus can nearly always be demonstrated by computer tomography, whereas demonstration of direct involvement is best achieved by selective or super selective angiography. Extension of tumour to both sides of the tentorium is accomplished most easily by computer tomography or angiography, if the meningioma is in the mid-line.", "contents": "[Meningioma of the tentorium cerebelli: computer tomographic and angiographic aspects (author's transl)]. The relationship of a meningioma to the tentorium is of great significance for the choice of treatment. In order to evaluate the role of computer tomography and angiography for elucidating this problem, 21 cases were examined (all had angiograms, 13 had computer tomography). In most cases the tumour was attached to the tentorium. In 18 patients it was possible to compare the results of radiology with operative findings. It was found that computer tomography and angiography are complementary; indirect involvement of the tentorium by tumour passing through the tentorial hiatus can nearly always be demonstrated by computer tomography, whereas demonstration of direct involvement is best achieved by selective or super selective angiography. Extension of tumour to both sides of the tentorium is accomplished most easily by computer tomography or angiography, if the meningioma is in the mid-line."}
{"id": "PMID:150366", "title": "[Frontal and half axial projection for cranial computer tomography (author's transl)].", "content": "The introduction of second generation computer tomographic apparatus has made it possible to obtain frontal and half axial projections. This is particularly important for lesions at the skull base, the ventricular system, the tentorium, the scalp and the epicranium. The appropriate positions are described in detail.", "contents": "[Frontal and half axial projection for cranial computer tomography (author's transl)]. The introduction of second generation computer tomographic apparatus has made it possible to obtain frontal and half axial projections. This is particularly important for lesions at the skull base, the ventricular system, the tentorium, the scalp and the epicranium. The appropriate positions are described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:150367", "title": "[A comparison of various diagnostic methods in 491 cerebral tumours (gamma encephalography, cerebral angiography, pneumo-, electro-, echoenecephalograph and plain films) (author's transl)].", "content": "Isotope and neuroradiological methods were evaluated in the diagnosis of 491 surgically confirmed cerebral tumours seen between 1966 and 1973 (July). They were analysed in terms of region, type and size. The accuracy of various techniques was investigared and their value when used in isolation and in combination with other methods was calculated.", "contents": "[A comparison of various diagnostic methods in 491 cerebral tumours (gamma encephalography, cerebral angiography, pneumo-, electro-, echoenecephalograph and plain films) (author's transl)]. Isotope and neuroradiological methods were evaluated in the diagnosis of 491 surgically confirmed cerebral tumours seen between 1966 and 1973 (July). They were analysed in terms of region, type and size. The accuracy of various techniques was investigared and their value when used in isolation and in combination with other methods was calculated."}
{"id": "PMID:150368", "title": "[Combined deformity of the brain and cerebral vessels (congenital hydrocephalus) in a 3-year-old child: dandy-walker syndrome, arteria primitiva trigemina and haemangioma (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 3-year-old child, a rare combination of a Dandy-Walker syndrome, a primitive trigeminal artery and a facial haemangioma was found. These multiple dysplasias originate from different germinal layers and result from disturbances of different periods of gestation.", "contents": "[Combined deformity of the brain and cerebral vessels (congenital hydrocephalus) in a 3-year-old child: dandy-walker syndrome, arteria primitiva trigemina and haemangioma (author's transl)]. In a 3-year-old child, a rare combination of a Dandy-Walker syndrome, a primitive trigeminal artery and a facial haemangioma was found. These multiple dysplasias originate from different germinal layers and result from disturbances of different periods of gestation."}
{"id": "PMID:150369", "title": "[Radiation to the orbits during computer tomography with the emi scanner ct 1010 (author's transl)].", "content": "Radiation dose to the lens during examinations with the EMI scanner CT 1010 depends on the region examined, on the angle of swing, duration of scan and the plane of the examination. In the most common position (horizontal, 180 degrees and 60 seconds) lens dose during examination of the orbit is about 900 mR., and for examination of the skull about 300 mR. Longer durations of scan and greater swings may increase the dose to the lens to 9 R. Even in the most unfavourable cases, the dose to the lens is less than would be obtained from skull tomography and skull angiography in two planes. Nevertheless, axial computer tomography used under certain conditions, and particularly when repeated, will have to be considered as a possible cause of damage to the lens.", "contents": "[Radiation to the orbits during computer tomography with the emi scanner ct 1010 (author's transl)]. Radiation dose to the lens during examinations with the EMI scanner CT 1010 depends on the region examined, on the angle of swing, duration of scan and the plane of the examination. In the most common position (horizontal, 180 degrees and 60 seconds) lens dose during examination of the orbit is about 900 mR., and for examination of the skull about 300 mR. Longer durations of scan and greater swings may increase the dose to the lens to 9 R. Even in the most unfavourable cases, the dose to the lens is less than would be obtained from skull tomography and skull angiography in two planes. Nevertheless, axial computer tomography used under certain conditions, and particularly when repeated, will have to be considered as a possible cause of damage to the lens."}
{"id": "PMID:150370", "title": "[Radiological-densitographic examinations of the skull injuries of the pharoah Seqenenre (author's trasl)].", "content": "Skull radiographs of the pharaoh Seqenenre-Ta'a II with special densitographic techniques have shown that he survived a perforating skull injury. The technique is described and its use in medical history and archaeology is discussed.", "contents": "[Radiological-densitographic examinations of the skull injuries of the pharoah Seqenenre (author's trasl)]. Skull radiographs of the pharaoh Seqenenre-Ta'a II with special densitographic techniques have shown that he survived a perforating skull injury. The technique is described and its use in medical history and archaeology is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:150371", "title": "[Tomographic findings in C.S.F. fistulae (author's transl)].", "content": "The majority of C.S.F. fistulae are of traumatic origin and in order to avoid the threat of meningitis, they require operative closure. For the demonstration of the fronto-basal defects, multi-dimensional tomograms in various planes have proved very valuable. In 28 patients examined in the Radiological University Clinic (M\u00fcnster), defects were most common in the cribriform plate. In addition to a break in its contour, one can find displacement of fragments, step formation, opacification of the adjacent nose or sinuses or intracranial air. 88% of defects could be localised in this way. The tomograms were not helpful in two very small fronto-basal fractures.", "contents": "[Tomographic findings in C.S.F. fistulae (author's transl)]. The majority of C.S.F. fistulae are of traumatic origin and in order to avoid the threat of meningitis, they require operative closure. For the demonstration of the fronto-basal defects, multi-dimensional tomograms in various planes have proved very valuable. In 28 patients examined in the Radiological University Clinic (M\u00fcnster), defects were most common in the cribriform plate. In addition to a break in its contour, one can find displacement of fragments, step formation, opacification of the adjacent nose or sinuses or intracranial air. 88% of defects could be localised in this way. The tomograms were not helpful in two very small fronto-basal fractures."}
{"id": "PMID:150372", "title": "[Xerosialography (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors performed xerosialography on 41 patients with various diseases of the salivary glands. In 38 patients this provided positive information. Each of eight submandibular sialograms was abnormal; of the 33 parotid examinations, three benign salivary tumours could not be demonstrated radiologically. Xeroradiography is a useful method for the examination of the major salivary glands. It is superior to the traditional film method.", "contents": "[Xerosialography (author's transl)]. The authors performed xerosialography on 41 patients with various diseases of the salivary glands. In 38 patients this provided positive information. Each of eight submandibular sialograms was abnormal; of the 33 parotid examinations, three benign salivary tumours could not be demonstrated radiologically. Xeroradiography is a useful method for the examination of the major salivary glands. It is superior to the traditional film method."}
{"id": "PMID:150373", "title": "[Quantitative functional analysis of the left ventricle in coronary heart disease. An evaluation of current methods. II. Correlation of results. Global and regional contractility parameters (author's transl)].", "content": "In the first part of the present paper, the basic methods for quantitative angiocardiography are described. In the second part, a variety of results are tabulated and discussed, derived from selective coronary arteriography, laevocardiography, left ventricular pressure measurements and heart size as seen on conventional chest X-rays. Various correlations have been derived from these. It was not possible to find an quantitative relationship between coronary sclerosis and myocardial function. The reason for this depends on the fact that the parameters derived from laevocardiography represent integrated global function. The significance of regional contractility is stressed.", "contents": "[Quantitative functional analysis of the left ventricle in coronary heart disease. An evaluation of current methods. II. Correlation of results. Global and regional contractility parameters (author's transl)]. In the first part of the present paper, the basic methods for quantitative angiocardiography are described. In the second part, a variety of results are tabulated and discussed, derived from selective coronary arteriography, laevocardiography, left ventricular pressure measurements and heart size as seen on conventional chest X-rays. Various correlations have been derived from these. It was not possible to find an quantitative relationship between coronary sclerosis and myocardial function. The reason for this depends on the fact that the parameters derived from laevocardiography represent integrated global function. The significance of regional contractility is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:150374", "title": "[The early urogram in experimental acute stenosis of a renal artery (author's transl)].", "content": "1. Renal excretion as seen in the urogram does not parallel changes in blood flow. The significance of the early urogram as a test of function is therefore very limited. 2. Following acute stenosis of one renal artery, there is simultaneous excretion by both kidneys until flow is reduced to 60%; exretion is delayed, with values of 0.5 to 7.5 minutes, following reduction to 30 to 60% of the original; there is no excretion below 30%. 3. Unilateral delay in excretion occurs at about the level of \"critical occlusion pressure\". 4. Delayed excretion is observed at the level of the so-called \"critical stenosis\" of the renal artery. A reduction of flow above 20% follows a reduction of the artery in excess of 66%, corresponding with a reduction of the lumen of more than 90%. 5. These findings indicate that delayed excretion in the early urogram is to be expected only as a result of severe stenosis of the renal artery and represents a late feature of renal vascular disease.", "contents": "[The early urogram in experimental acute stenosis of a renal artery (author's transl)]. 1. Renal excretion as seen in the urogram does not parallel changes in blood flow. The significance of the early urogram as a test of function is therefore very limited. 2. Following acute stenosis of one renal artery, there is simultaneous excretion by both kidneys until flow is reduced to 60%; exretion is delayed, with values of 0.5 to 7.5 minutes, following reduction to 30 to 60% of the original; there is no excretion below 30%. 3. Unilateral delay in excretion occurs at about the level of \"critical occlusion pressure\". 4. Delayed excretion is observed at the level of the so-called \"critical stenosis\" of the renal artery. A reduction of flow above 20% follows a reduction of the artery in excess of 66%, corresponding with a reduction of the lumen of more than 90%. 5. These findings indicate that delayed excretion in the early urogram is to be expected only as a result of severe stenosis of the renal artery and represents a late feature of renal vascular disease."}
{"id": "PMID:150375", "title": "[Percutaneous nephro-pyelostomy applications and results (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of percutaneous nephro-pyelostomy with a fine needle is described after 90 examination in 70 patients. Fine needle pyelography is used for antegrade demonstration of suspected ureteric obstruction when there is no renal excretion. Percutaneous nephro-pyelostomy can be used to assess the recovery of renal function after decompression, as well as for pressure measurements pre-operatively before carrying out plastic operations (Whitaker). Percutaneous nephropyelostomy offers the possibility of temporary or permanent urinary diversion in the presence of obstruction. In our own experience, the percutaneous method has almost totally replaced operative nephrostomy whenever supravesical drainage is necessary. In addition, it can be used for treating fistulas, antegrade splinting of the ureter or percutaneous removal of stones. Complications of renal puncture consisted of two small perirenal haematomas and two patients with short-lived haematuria, as well as one case of septicaemia with rapid recovery.", "contents": "[Percutaneous nephro-pyelostomy applications and results (author's transl)]. The use of percutaneous nephro-pyelostomy with a fine needle is described after 90 examination in 70 patients. Fine needle pyelography is used for antegrade demonstration of suspected ureteric obstruction when there is no renal excretion. Percutaneous nephro-pyelostomy can be used to assess the recovery of renal function after decompression, as well as for pressure measurements pre-operatively before carrying out plastic operations (Whitaker). Percutaneous nephropyelostomy offers the possibility of temporary or permanent urinary diversion in the presence of obstruction. In our own experience, the percutaneous method has almost totally replaced operative nephrostomy whenever supravesical drainage is necessary. In addition, it can be used for treating fistulas, antegrade splinting of the ureter or percutaneous removal of stones. Complications of renal puncture consisted of two small perirenal haematomas and two patients with short-lived haematuria, as well as one case of septicaemia with rapid recovery."}
{"id": "PMID:150376", "title": "The phlebographic diagnosis of phaeochromocytomas.", "content": "The diagnosis of phaeochromocytomas is based on the clinical features and on the hormone findings in the peripheral blood. Localisation, however, depends on radiological methods. Pneumoperitoneum was abandoned, because of its low accuracy, in favour of arteriography; lately, suprarenal phlebography has been available for the localisation of phaeochromocytomas. Our experience in nine patients with operatively confirmed phaeochromocytomas is described. Together with venous sampling from the caval system and the suprarenal veins for catecholamine estimations, it was possible to localise all tumours correctly. One tumour lying in the sympathetic chain in the thorax was correctly localised by hormone estimation. Our experience suggests that suprarenal phlebography represents a reliable method for localising phaeochromocytomas which carries a low risk and is to be preferred to arteriography.", "contents": "The phlebographic diagnosis of phaeochromocytomas. The diagnosis of phaeochromocytomas is based on the clinical features and on the hormone findings in the peripheral blood. Localisation, however, depends on radiological methods. Pneumoperitoneum was abandoned, because of its low accuracy, in favour of arteriography; lately, suprarenal phlebography has been available for the localisation of phaeochromocytomas. Our experience in nine patients with operatively confirmed phaeochromocytomas is described. Together with venous sampling from the caval system and the suprarenal veins for catecholamine estimations, it was possible to localise all tumours correctly. One tumour lying in the sympathetic chain in the thorax was correctly localised by hormone estimation. Our experience suggests that suprarenal phlebography represents a reliable method for localising phaeochromocytomas which carries a low risk and is to be preferred to arteriography."}
{"id": "PMID:150377", "title": "[New radiological aspects of tuberose sclerosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Amongst the various lesions of tuberose sclerosis, involvement of the kidneys is of particular importance and has special significance in determining the prognosis. Radiological investigations are important for diagnosing the presence and extent of these lesions, for observing their progress and for deciding the appropriate time for treatment. It is difficult to determine whether the tumours are benign or malignant. The value of renal angiography with electronic harmonisation is stressed.", "contents": "[New radiological aspects of tuberose sclerosis (author's transl)]. Amongst the various lesions of tuberose sclerosis, involvement of the kidneys is of particular importance and has special significance in determining the prognosis. Radiological investigations are important for diagnosing the presence and extent of these lesions, for observing their progress and for deciding the appropriate time for treatment. It is difficult to determine whether the tumours are benign or malignant. The value of renal angiography with electronic harmonisation is stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:150378", "title": "[The sonographic-radiological diagnosis of abdominal abscesses (author's transl)].", "content": "The sonographic-radiological diagnosis of abdominal abscesses is discussed; these are divided into intraparenchymal, extra-parenchymal-intraperitoneal and extraparenchymal-extraperitoneal lesions. The results of grey scle sonography are most informative and are correlated with the radiological and scintigraphic findings in 25 patients. In addition to the advantages of economy and of a non-invasive method, ultrasound permits aimed fine-needle aspiration of pathological abdominal processes such as abscesses.", "contents": "[The sonographic-radiological diagnosis of abdominal abscesses (author's transl)]. The sonographic-radiological diagnosis of abdominal abscesses is discussed; these are divided into intraparenchymal, extra-parenchymal-intraperitoneal and extraparenchymal-extraperitoneal lesions. The results of grey scle sonography are most informative and are correlated with the radiological and scintigraphic findings in 25 patients. In addition to the advantages of economy and of a non-invasive method, ultrasound permits aimed fine-needle aspiration of pathological abdominal processes such as abscesses."}
{"id": "PMID:150379", "title": "The accuracy of tc-scan in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal metastases of malignant testicular tumours.", "content": "Based on the investigations carried out on 18 patients with testicular tumours, the results of CT-scanning are compared with the findings of conventional radiological examination and with lymphography in particular. At the actual state of technical evolution, the study reveals that CT-scanning does not possess sufficient spatial resolution to permit the diagnosis of very small lymph node metastases and all the more of a specific diagnosis of these metastases. Nevertheless, it remains a fact that CT-scanning obviously is a preferable method with respect to the visualisation of the exact extent and size of large involvements and the effects upon the surrounding tissues. CT-scanning is proposed as the screening-procedure with regard to patients suffering from testiscarcinoma, and allows, in a great number of cases, to make more invasive techniques superfluous.", "contents": "The accuracy of tc-scan in the diagnosis of retroperitoneal metastases of malignant testicular tumours. Based on the investigations carried out on 18 patients with testicular tumours, the results of CT-scanning are compared with the findings of conventional radiological examination and with lymphography in particular. At the actual state of technical evolution, the study reveals that CT-scanning does not possess sufficient spatial resolution to permit the diagnosis of very small lymph node metastases and all the more of a specific diagnosis of these metastases. Nevertheless, it remains a fact that CT-scanning obviously is a preferable method with respect to the visualisation of the exact extent and size of large involvements and the effects upon the surrounding tissues. CT-scanning is proposed as the screening-procedure with regard to patients suffering from testiscarcinoma, and allows, in a great number of cases, to make more invasive techniques superfluous."}
{"id": "PMID:150380", "title": "[The radiographic density of plastic materials (author's transl)].", "content": "The relative radiographic densities of the basic ingredients and commercially available plastic materials were studied with the help of a water phantom. Surprisingly, the relative radiographic density showed a wide spectrum from 0.25 to 7.0, as is shown in an extensive table. Particles with a relative radiographic density of greater than 4.0 can be identified over the lumbar spine. Particles with a density of less than 0.5 as well as greater than 1.5 can be seen in the soft tissues of the hand at 50 kv. All known plastics have higher radiographic transparency than the barium sulphate suspensions used for gastro-intestina examinations.", "contents": "[The radiographic density of plastic materials (author's transl)]. The relative radiographic densities of the basic ingredients and commercially available plastic materials were studied with the help of a water phantom. Surprisingly, the relative radiographic density showed a wide spectrum from 0.25 to 7.0, as is shown in an extensive table. Particles with a relative radiographic density of greater than 4.0 can be identified over the lumbar spine. Particles with a density of less than 0.5 as well as greater than 1.5 can be seen in the soft tissues of the hand at 50 kv. All known plastics have higher radiographic transparency than the barium sulphate suspensions used for gastro-intestina examinations."}
{"id": "PMID:150389", "title": "Screening for granulopoiesis inhibitors (chalones) by different assays.", "content": "The suitability of various granulocyte chalone sources was examined; for this purpose rat ascites fluid and the conditioned media of ascites and bone marrow cells were fractionated by ultrafiltration and Sephadex gel filtration. To evaluate different assay systems, the ability of the fractions to inhibit the growth of granulocytic and T-lymphocytic colonies in agar capillaries, as well as to inhibit the uptake of [3H]thymidine in bone-marrow cells, T- and B-lymphocytes, was tested and compared. Three granulocyte colony inhibiting fractions were obtained that contained apparent chalone activities, but showed different elution parameters with molecular weights well below 10 000. Comparison of the test systems revealed that the granulocyte colony assay may detect inhibitors different from those found by the [3H]thymidine bone-marrow assay; the validity of the latter test is seriously questioned, however. The need for precisely defined assays to screen for the apparently various inhibitors is emphasized by these studies.", "contents": "Screening for granulopoiesis inhibitors (chalones) by different assays. The suitability of various granulocyte chalone sources was examined; for this purpose rat ascites fluid and the conditioned media of ascites and bone marrow cells were fractionated by ultrafiltration and Sephadex gel filtration. To evaluate different assay systems, the ability of the fractions to inhibit the growth of granulocytic and T-lymphocytic colonies in agar capillaries, as well as to inhibit the uptake of [3H]thymidine in bone-marrow cells, T- and B-lymphocytes, was tested and compared. Three granulocyte colony inhibiting fractions were obtained that contained apparent chalone activities, but showed different elution parameters with molecular weights well below 10 000. Comparison of the test systems revealed that the granulocyte colony assay may detect inhibitors different from those found by the [3H]thymidine bone-marrow assay; the validity of the latter test is seriously questioned, however. The need for precisely defined assays to screen for the apparently various inhibitors is emphasized by these studies."}
{"id": "PMID:150399", "title": "[Immediate type allergy to insulin (author's transl)].", "content": "Allergic reactions of the immediate type to insulin are known since its introduction of the treatment of diabetes mellitus. After the development of the chromatographically purified insulins they are to be found significantly reduced, though still particular cases are observed. The simultaneous occurrence of insulin allergy and insulin resistance seems to be not too rare. The immediate type allergy to insulin is mostly released by the presence of IgE-antibodies. Another but not at all rare allergic reaction is the Arthus phenomenon, released by IgG-antibodies. For diagnosis of these allergic states intradermal skin tests with various insulins are used. Also specific IgE-antibodies are to be measured radioimmunologically lately. There is a strong correlation between the outcome of the allergic reactions and the definite degree of the specific IgE-antibodies. Low levels of specific IgE are found in insulin treated diabetics without any visible allergic reactions to insulin. This fact proves that the hormone, though being a clean insulin of a very high degree, is the antigen itself. Not only immunologic mechanism, but also other exogenic influences cause allergic reactions of the immediate type to insulin.", "contents": "[Immediate type allergy to insulin (author's transl)]. Allergic reactions of the immediate type to insulin are known since its introduction of the treatment of diabetes mellitus. After the development of the chromatographically purified insulins they are to be found significantly reduced, though still particular cases are observed. The simultaneous occurrence of insulin allergy and insulin resistance seems to be not too rare. The immediate type allergy to insulin is mostly released by the presence of IgE-antibodies. Another but not at all rare allergic reaction is the Arthus phenomenon, released by IgG-antibodies. For diagnosis of these allergic states intradermal skin tests with various insulins are used. Also specific IgE-antibodies are to be measured radioimmunologically lately. There is a strong correlation between the outcome of the allergic reactions and the definite degree of the specific IgE-antibodies. Low levels of specific IgE are found in insulin treated diabetics without any visible allergic reactions to insulin. This fact proves that the hormone, though being a clean insulin of a very high degree, is the antigen itself. Not only immunologic mechanism, but also other exogenic influences cause allergic reactions of the immediate type to insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:150401", "title": "Identification and characterization of guinea-pig antibodies that contrasensitize in mice.", "content": "Immunological enhancement is a form of active immunoregulation in which humoral antibodies suppress primary sensitization or block reaction in sensitized animals. In mouse serum the antibodies that suppress sensitization in mice (allogeneic enhancement) are predominantly 7Sgamma1 and those that block reaction 7Sgamma2 globulins. But little is known about the identity of xenogeneic enhancing antibodies, e.g. guinea-pig antibodies that can suppress sensitization in mice. We have studied these here as specifically effective against induction of tuberculin-typed delayed hypersensitivity to chicken conalbumin antigen. Guinea-pigs required prolonged and intense immunization with conalbumin to produce readily measurable titres of such antibodies. Their capacity to suppress mouse sensitization was antigenically specific. Of the three major classes of antibodies separated from the immunosuppressive guinea-pig antisera, the IgG2 globulins were the most effective. These antibodies lost immunosuppressiveness if digested to either F(ab.)2 or Fab fragments that retained antigen-binding capacities. Thus, we provide here an example of xenogeneic antibody-mediated contrasensitization, show that only intact antibody molecules are effective, and demonstrate that immunosuppressiveness is concentrated in different immunoglobulin classes for xeno- and allogeneically used antisera.", "contents": "Identification and characterization of guinea-pig antibodies that contrasensitize in mice. Immunological enhancement is a form of active immunoregulation in which humoral antibodies suppress primary sensitization or block reaction in sensitized animals. In mouse serum the antibodies that suppress sensitization in mice (allogeneic enhancement) are predominantly 7Sgamma1 and those that block reaction 7Sgamma2 globulins. But little is known about the identity of xenogeneic enhancing antibodies, e.g. guinea-pig antibodies that can suppress sensitization in mice. We have studied these here as specifically effective against induction of tuberculin-typed delayed hypersensitivity to chicken conalbumin antigen. Guinea-pigs required prolonged and intense immunization with conalbumin to produce readily measurable titres of such antibodies. Their capacity to suppress mouse sensitization was antigenically specific. Of the three major classes of antibodies separated from the immunosuppressive guinea-pig antisera, the IgG2 globulins were the most effective. These antibodies lost immunosuppressiveness if digested to either F(ab.)2 or Fab fragments that retained antigen-binding capacities. Thus, we provide here an example of xenogeneic antibody-mediated contrasensitization, show that only intact antibody molecules are effective, and demonstrate that immunosuppressiveness is concentrated in different immunoglobulin classes for xeno- and allogeneically used antisera."}
{"id": "PMID:150404", "title": "Two small lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood. II. Functional characterization in vitro.", "content": "Two small lymphocyte subpopulations from human peripheral blood were produced by rosette sedimentation procedures, and tested for in vitro functions by stimulation with mitogens, PPD and allogeneic lymphocytes, and for effector capacities in ADCC. The non-T, non-Fc subpopulation had previously been found to be a SmIg+ fraction which did not aquire new surface markers during unstimulated culture, did not respond to mitogens, PPD or allogeneic cells but were potent MLC stimulators. In addition, they were poor ADCC effector cells. The non-T, non-B ('Null') cells, which showed varying surface marker profiles from donor to donor, were able to respond to mitogens and PPD, but were weak MLC responders. Potent ADCC effector capacity was, however, found to be exhibited by this subpopulation.", "contents": "Two small lymphocyte subpopulations in human peripheral blood. II. Functional characterization in vitro. Two small lymphocyte subpopulations from human peripheral blood were produced by rosette sedimentation procedures, and tested for in vitro functions by stimulation with mitogens, PPD and allogeneic lymphocytes, and for effector capacities in ADCC. The non-T, non-Fc subpopulation had previously been found to be a SmIg+ fraction which did not aquire new surface markers during unstimulated culture, did not respond to mitogens, PPD or allogeneic cells but were potent MLC stimulators. In addition, they were poor ADCC effector cells. The non-T, non-B ('Null') cells, which showed varying surface marker profiles from donor to donor, were able to respond to mitogens and PPD, but were weak MLC responders. Potent ADCC effector capacity was, however, found to be exhibited by this subpopulation."}
{"id": "PMID:150405", "title": "Close association of human mixed lymphocyte culture antigen, Ia-like antigen and Fc receptor.", "content": "The effects of aggregated human IgG, human anti-Ia-like antibody, and anti-beta2-microglobulin on mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) were studied. Aggregated human IgG inhibited both stimulatory and responding activities in MLC. When Fc-receptor-bearing cells were removed from responding cells, the inhibitory activity of aggregated IgG was markedly reduced. The result suggested that the inhibition of MLC by aggregated IgG is primarily based on the blocking of Fc-receptor-bearing cells contained in the stimulator cells. In addition, the removal of Fc-receptor-bearing cells from stimulatory cells resulted in the loss of MLC response. Anti-Ia-like antibodies contained in anti-HLA sera and B-cell-specific human alloantisera also inhibited stimulatory activities in MLC. Rabbit antiserum against human beta2-microglobulin showed inhibitions of both stimulatory and responding activities. These results suggested the close association of human MLC stimulator site with Fc receptor and Ia-like antigen and also some relation of beta2-microglobulin with MLC reaction.", "contents": "Close association of human mixed lymphocyte culture antigen, Ia-like antigen and Fc receptor. The effects of aggregated human IgG, human anti-Ia-like antibody, and anti-beta2-microglobulin on mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) were studied. Aggregated human IgG inhibited both stimulatory and responding activities in MLC. When Fc-receptor-bearing cells were removed from responding cells, the inhibitory activity of aggregated IgG was markedly reduced. The result suggested that the inhibition of MLC by aggregated IgG is primarily based on the blocking of Fc-receptor-bearing cells contained in the stimulator cells. In addition, the removal of Fc-receptor-bearing cells from stimulatory cells resulted in the loss of MLC response. Anti-Ia-like antibodies contained in anti-HLA sera and B-cell-specific human alloantisera also inhibited stimulatory activities in MLC. Rabbit antiserum against human beta2-microglobulin showed inhibitions of both stimulatory and responding activities. These results suggested the close association of human MLC stimulator site with Fc receptor and Ia-like antigen and also some relation of beta2-microglobulin with MLC reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:150406", "title": "Does smoking kill workers or working kill smokers? OR The mutual relationship between smoking, occupation, and respiratory disease.", "content": "Evidence accumulated since 1964 appears to show that occupation, not cigarette smoking, may be the primary cause of lung disease, especially of cancer and chronic obstructive disease. Comparisons of groups of individuals who smoke more with those who smoke less actually serve to contrast groups with a high proportion of blue-collar workers exposed to toxic fumes and a low proportion of professionals, managers, and proprietors with groups having lower proportions of blue-collar workers and higher proportions of professionals, managers, and proprietors. Thus, many diseases associated with smoking actually may be of occupational origin. Indeed, more than a dozen recent investigations of lung cancer epidemics among industrial workers have failed to find smoking to be a major cause (in some, not even a contributing cause). This evidence is strengthened further by shifts in the incidence of lung cancer that follow in time shifts in industrial employment patterns. Yet a worker's past smoking habits seem to play a key role in decreasing compensation awards for injuries that actually may be due to occupational exposure rather than personal habits. Thus, the relationship between smoking, occupation, and disease needs serious clarification. Smoking appears to have been used to divert attention away from the effects of occupational and environmental exposures to toxic substances.", "contents": "Does smoking kill workers or working kill smokers? OR The mutual relationship between smoking, occupation, and respiratory disease. Evidence accumulated since 1964 appears to show that occupation, not cigarette smoking, may be the primary cause of lung disease, especially of cancer and chronic obstructive disease. Comparisons of groups of individuals who smoke more with those who smoke less actually serve to contrast groups with a high proportion of blue-collar workers exposed to toxic fumes and a low proportion of professionals, managers, and proprietors with groups having lower proportions of blue-collar workers and higher proportions of professionals, managers, and proprietors. Thus, many diseases associated with smoking actually may be of occupational origin. Indeed, more than a dozen recent investigations of lung cancer epidemics among industrial workers have failed to find smoking to be a major cause (in some, not even a contributing cause). This evidence is strengthened further by shifts in the incidence of lung cancer that follow in time shifts in industrial employment patterns. Yet a worker's past smoking habits seem to play a key role in decreasing compensation awards for injuries that actually may be due to occupational exposure rather than personal habits. Thus, the relationship between smoking, occupation, and disease needs serious clarification. Smoking appears to have been used to divert attention away from the effects of occupational and environmental exposures to toxic substances."}
{"id": "PMID:150409", "title": "The prevalence and severity of major disabling conditions--a reappraisal of the government social survey on the handicapped and impaired in Great Britain.", "content": "This paper re-examines the data gathered for the Government Social Survey on the Handicapped and Impaired in Great Britain. The underlying cause of disablement is considered in conjunction with severity and prevalence. When these are taken together a picture emerges in which stroke, arthritis, and circulatory disorders are the most frequent cause of severe disability in the community. An attempt is also made to examine the way in which the survey might be biased by the non-inclusion of those in institutions.", "contents": "The prevalence and severity of major disabling conditions--a reappraisal of the government social survey on the handicapped and impaired in Great Britain. This paper re-examines the data gathered for the Government Social Survey on the Handicapped and Impaired in Great Britain. The underlying cause of disablement is considered in conjunction with severity and prevalence. When these are taken together a picture emerges in which stroke, arthritis, and circulatory disorders are the most frequent cause of severe disability in the community. An attempt is also made to examine the way in which the survey might be biased by the non-inclusion of those in institutions."}
{"id": "PMID:150408", "title": "Cutaneous manifestation of internal malignancies (II): the sign of Leser-Tr\u00e9lat.", "content": "Leser-Tr\u00e9lat Sign refers to a sudden showering of seborrheic keratoses and its possible relationship to internal malignancy.", "contents": "Cutaneous manifestation of internal malignancies (II): the sign of Leser-Tr\u00e9lat. Leser-Tr\u00e9lat Sign refers to a sudden showering of seborrheic keratoses and its possible relationship to internal malignancy."}
{"id": "PMID:150412", "title": "Presence of an actin-like protein in mycelium of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Addition of ATP, CaCl2, and KCl to supernatants prepared from mycelia of Snowflake (strain 507), a morphological mutant of Neurospora crassa, results in the formation of filaments 70 nm in diameter. The \"decorated\" appearance of these filaments after incubation with heavy meromyosin from rabbits suggests they are actin-like.", "contents": "Presence of an actin-like protein in mycelium of Neurospora crassa. Addition of ATP, CaCl2, and KCl to supernatants prepared from mycelia of Snowflake (strain 507), a morphological mutant of Neurospora crassa, results in the formation of filaments 70 nm in diameter. The \"decorated\" appearance of these filaments after incubation with heavy meromyosin from rabbits suggests they are actin-like."}
{"id": "PMID:150413", "title": "Huntington's Chorea and dimethylaminoethanol (deanol).", "content": "Huntington's Chorea has multiple neurologic and psychiatric manifestations, and its treatment has been the subject of much debate. It appears that no single agent is effective for all patients with Chorea. Furthermore, different biochemical substances may be lacking in various Huntington's patients, i.e., gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in some, or a deficiency of acetylcholine (ACH) receptors in others. We approach this disease as a possible \"spectrum illness,\" characterized by a relative deficiency of one substance, or a relative excess of another. If patients do not respond to one family of drugs, they may still benefit from  a trial with another drug group.", "contents": "Huntington's Chorea and dimethylaminoethanol (deanol). Huntington's Chorea has multiple neurologic and psychiatric manifestations, and its treatment has been the subject of much debate. It appears that no single agent is effective for all patients with Chorea. Furthermore, different biochemical substances may be lacking in various Huntington's patients, i.e., gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in some, or a deficiency of acetylcholine (ACH) receptors in others. We approach this disease as a possible \"spectrum illness,\" characterized by a relative deficiency of one substance, or a relative excess of another. If patients do not respond to one family of drugs, they may still benefit from  a trial with another drug group."}
{"id": "PMID:150414", "title": "Albuminated dacron protheses as improved blood vessel substitutes.", "content": "An improved vascular graft was achieved by treating knitted Dacron prostheses with cross-linked albumin. Eight segments, each six centimeters in length, were coated and implanted in the canine thoracic aorta for periods ranging from 24 hours to six months. The results were compared with the eight untreated grafts implanted for similar periods as control experiments. Albumin coating resulted in a faster healing : cells appeared earlier and collagen development was greater. The most beneficial effect of that treatment was the reduction in embolization, as shown by the considerable decrease in kidney damage.", "contents": "Albuminated dacron protheses as improved blood vessel substitutes. An improved vascular graft was achieved by treating knitted Dacron prostheses with cross-linked albumin. Eight segments, each six centimeters in length, were coated and implanted in the canine thoracic aorta for periods ranging from 24 hours to six months. The results were compared with the eight untreated grafts implanted for similar periods as control experiments. Albumin coating resulted in a faster healing : cells appeared earlier and collagen development was greater. The most beneficial effect of that treatment was the reduction in embolization, as shown by the considerable decrease in kidney damage."}
{"id": "PMID:150415", "title": "The effect of lithium and potassium on the transient state kinetics of the (Ca + Mg)-ATPase of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "KCl or LiCl, when added in 100 mM concentrations to cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum incubated at 17 degrees C with 5 micron [gamma-32P]ATP, 1 mM MgCl2, and 9.1 micron M Ca2+, increased the apparent phosphorylation rate constant from 14.5 s-1 to 23.8 s-1 (100 mM LiCl) or to 44.1 s-1 (100 mM KCl). These same monovalent cations also increased the apparent rate constant for the hydrolysis of the phosphorylated sarcoplasmic reticulum from 0.51 s-1 to 1.12 s-1 (100 mM LiCl) or to 1.71 s-1 (100 mM KCl). Although there was a small burst in Pi production, rate constant of 0.97 s-1, when 100 mM KCl was added, the burst when LiCl or no monovalent cation was added was either nonexistent or so small as to make its detection unreliable. KCl thus appears to induce an intermediate which is either nonexistent when omitted or in such low concentration as not to be readily detected.", "contents": "The effect of lithium and potassium on the transient state kinetics of the (Ca + Mg)-ATPase of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum. KCl or LiCl, when added in 100 mM concentrations to cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum incubated at 17 degrees C with 5 micron [gamma-32P]ATP, 1 mM MgCl2, and 9.1 micron M Ca2+, increased the apparent phosphorylation rate constant from 14.5 s-1 to 23.8 s-1 (100 mM LiCl) or to 44.1 s-1 (100 mM KCl). These same monovalent cations also increased the apparent rate constant for the hydrolysis of the phosphorylated sarcoplasmic reticulum from 0.51 s-1 to 1.12 s-1 (100 mM LiCl) or to 1.71 s-1 (100 mM KCl). Although there was a small burst in Pi production, rate constant of 0.97 s-1, when 100 mM KCl was added, the burst when LiCl or no monovalent cation was added was either nonexistent or so small as to make its detection unreliable. KCl thus appears to induce an intermediate which is either nonexistent when omitted or in such low concentration as not to be readily detected."}
{"id": "PMID:150416", "title": "Identification of a tyrosine residue at a nucleotide binding site in the beta subunit of the mitochondrial ATPase with p-fluorosulfonyl[14C]-benzoyl-5'-adenosine.", "content": "The mitochondrial F1-ATPase is irreversibly inactivated by the adenine nucleotide analogue, p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl-5'-adenosine. This inactivation is partly prevented by the presence of bound adenine nucleotides. Inactivations of the ATPase with p-fluorosulfonyl[14C]benzoyl-5'-adenosine were most efficiently accomplished with the nucleotide-free enzyme at pH 7.0, in a buffer containing 20% glycerol. Under these conditions, 4.2 g atoms of 14C are incorporated per 350,000 g of enzyme when the ATPase is inactivated by 90% by its reaction with 2 mM p-fluorosulfonyl[14C]benzoyl-5'-adenosine. Isolation of the component polypeptide chains of the labeled ATPase showed that all of the radioactivity was associated with the two largest subunits. The isolated alpha subunit contained 0.45 g atom of 14C/mol and the isolated beta subunit contained 0.88 g atom of 14C/mol. Hence, the inactivation can be correlated with the incorporation of 14C into the beta subunit. This suggests that the hydrolytic site of the enzyme resides on this subunit. The majority of the radioactivity in a tryptic digest of labeled beta subunit is contained ina tryptic peptide that has the following amino acid sequence: Ile-Met-Asp-Pro-Asn-Ile-Val-Gly-Ser-Glu-His-Tyr-Asp-Val-Ala-Arg, where Tyr is the radioactive derivative of the tyrosine residue that was sulfonylated during the inactivation.", "contents": "Identification of a tyrosine residue at a nucleotide binding site in the beta subunit of the mitochondrial ATPase with p-fluorosulfonyl[14C]-benzoyl-5'-adenosine. The mitochondrial F1-ATPase is irreversibly inactivated by the adenine nucleotide analogue, p-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl-5'-adenosine. This inactivation is partly prevented by the presence of bound adenine nucleotides. Inactivations of the ATPase with p-fluorosulfonyl[14C]benzoyl-5'-adenosine were most efficiently accomplished with the nucleotide-free enzyme at pH 7.0, in a buffer containing 20% glycerol. Under these conditions, 4.2 g atoms of 14C are incorporated per 350,000 g of enzyme when the ATPase is inactivated by 90% by its reaction with 2 mM p-fluorosulfonyl[14C]benzoyl-5'-adenosine. Isolation of the component polypeptide chains of the labeled ATPase showed that all of the radioactivity was associated with the two largest subunits. The isolated alpha subunit contained 0.45 g atom of 14C/mol and the isolated beta subunit contained 0.88 g atom of 14C/mol. Hence, the inactivation can be correlated with the incorporation of 14C into the beta subunit. This suggests that the hydrolytic site of the enzyme resides on this subunit. The majority of the radioactivity in a tryptic digest of labeled beta subunit is contained ina tryptic peptide that has the following amino acid sequence: Ile-Met-Asp-Pro-Asn-Ile-Val-Gly-Ser-Glu-His-Tyr-Asp-Val-Ala-Arg, where Tyr is the radioactive derivative of the tyrosine residue that was sulfonylated during the inactivation."}
{"id": "PMID:150417", "title": "Membrane cooperative enzymes. High molecular specificity for blocking action of thyroxine on triiodothyronine effect in rat erythrocyte and Escherichia coli systems.", "content": "The molecular specificity for the blocking action of thyroxine on the triiodothyronine effect in the cooperativity of membrane-bound rat erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and Escherichia coli Ca2+-ATPase was analyzed. Changes in the values of n (Hill coefficient) were obtained at strict physiological levels of these hormones. The structural requirements of the thyroid hormones to modify the membrane-bound systems were studied using various analogues of these hormones. In the erythrocyte system, a very high molecular specificity for triiodothyronine and thyroxine actions was found. The L-alanine side is essential to carry out both the allosteric desensitization and the blocking effects. The blocking ability of thyroxine is characterized by the presence of iodine in the 5' position. The bacterial system presented only specificity for the triiodothyronine allosteric desensitization. A system of membrane-bound enzymes for the study of the actions of thyroid hormones, is presented here.", "contents": "Membrane cooperative enzymes. High molecular specificity for blocking action of thyroxine on triiodothyronine effect in rat erythrocyte and Escherichia coli systems. The molecular specificity for the blocking action of thyroxine on the triiodothyronine effect in the cooperativity of membrane-bound rat erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase and Escherichia coli Ca2+-ATPase was analyzed. Changes in the values of n (Hill coefficient) were obtained at strict physiological levels of these hormones. The structural requirements of the thyroid hormones to modify the membrane-bound systems were studied using various analogues of these hormones. In the erythrocyte system, a very high molecular specificity for triiodothyronine and thyroxine actions was found. The L-alanine side is essential to carry out both the allosteric desensitization and the blocking effects. The blocking ability of thyroxine is characterized by the presence of iodine in the 5' position. The bacterial system presented only specificity for the triiodothyronine allosteric desensitization. A system of membrane-bound enzymes for the study of the actions of thyroid hormones, is presented here."}
{"id": "PMID:150418", "title": "The isolated heavy chain of an Acanthamoeba myosin contains full enzymatic activity.", "content": "Acanthamoeba myosin IB is a single-headed enzyme containing one heavy chain of 125,000 daltons, one light chain of 27,000 daltons, and one light chain of 14,000 daltons. The 125,000- and 27,000-dalton polypeptides are consistently found in a molar ratio of 1:1. The content of the 14,000-dalton peptide is usually only 0.1 to 0.2, and always less than 0.5, relative to the other two chains and might be a contaminant or a degradation product of one of the other chains. The specific activities of the Ca2+-ATPase, (K+, EDTA)-ATPase, and (after phosphorylation of its heavy chain by a specific kinase) actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase of Acanthamoeba myosin IB are similar to those of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. After treatment of the enzyme with 2 M LiCl, the 125,000-dalton heavy chain of Acanthamoeba myosin Ib can be obtained, by chromatography on Sephadex G-200, essentially free of the 14,000-dalton peptide and more than 90% free of the 27,000-dalton peptide. This isolated heavy chain has the same specific ATPase activities as the original enzyme. Therefore, the heavy chain of Acanthamoeba myosin IB contains the ATPase catalytic site, the actin-binding site, and the phosphorylation site and is fully active enzymatically in the absence of light chains.", "contents": "The isolated heavy chain of an Acanthamoeba myosin contains full enzymatic activity. Acanthamoeba myosin IB is a single-headed enzyme containing one heavy chain of 125,000 daltons, one light chain of 27,000 daltons, and one light chain of 14,000 daltons. The 125,000- and 27,000-dalton polypeptides are consistently found in a molar ratio of 1:1. The content of the 14,000-dalton peptide is usually only 0.1 to 0.2, and always less than 0.5, relative to the other two chains and might be a contaminant or a degradation product of one of the other chains. The specific activities of the Ca2+-ATPase, (K+, EDTA)-ATPase, and (after phosphorylation of its heavy chain by a specific kinase) actin-activated Mg2+-ATPase of Acanthamoeba myosin IB are similar to those of rabbit skeletal muscle myosin. After treatment of the enzyme with 2 M LiCl, the 125,000-dalton heavy chain of Acanthamoeba myosin Ib can be obtained, by chromatography on Sephadex G-200, essentially free of the 14,000-dalton peptide and more than 90% free of the 27,000-dalton peptide. This isolated heavy chain has the same specific ATPase activities as the original enzyme. Therefore, the heavy chain of Acanthamoeba myosin IB contains the ATPase catalytic site, the actin-binding site, and the phosphorylation site and is fully active enzymatically in the absence of light chains."}
{"id": "PMID:150419", "title": "Structure of alpha-polymer from in vitro and in vivo highly cross-linked human fibrin.", "content": "Peptides derived from plasmic and cyanogen bromide (CNBr) cleavage of highly cross-linked fibrin were isolated and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, amino acid analyses, cyanoethylation, and NH2-terminal analyses. Extended plasmic digestions of human fibrin containing four epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links per molecule produced a peptide of alpha-chain origin (Mr congruent to 21,000) which was comprised of a small donor peptide cross-linked to the acceptor site peptide from the middle of the alpha-chain. CNBr cleavage of highly cross-linked in vitro fibrin or of fibrin from a spontaneously formed in vivo arterial embolus produced about three cross-linked species of molecular weights 30,000 to 40,000, each of which contained the largest CNBr fragment (Mr = 29,000) from the alpha-chain. The predominant cross-link-containing CNBr fragments derived their donor group from the near COOH-terminal region of the alpha-chain as judged by difference amino acid compositions and NH2-terminal analyses. Additionally, cross-linked fragments of molecular weights 68,000 to 70,000 which appeared to contain two acceptor site peptides (Mr = 29,000) were detected in minor amounts in the CNBr digests of fibrin formed from whole plasma or from purified, plasminogen-free fibrinogen. No larger polymeric cross-linked CNBr fragment was generated from any of the highly cross-linked fibrin preparations examined. A model for the predominant mode of alpha-chain polymerization is proposed.", "contents": "Structure of alpha-polymer from in vitro and in vivo highly cross-linked human fibrin. Peptides derived from plasmic and cyanogen bromide (CNBr) cleavage of highly cross-linked fibrin were isolated and characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, amino acid analyses, cyanoethylation, and NH2-terminal analyses. Extended plasmic digestions of human fibrin containing four epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links per molecule produced a peptide of alpha-chain origin (Mr congruent to 21,000) which was comprised of a small donor peptide cross-linked to the acceptor site peptide from the middle of the alpha-chain. CNBr cleavage of highly cross-linked in vitro fibrin or of fibrin from a spontaneously formed in vivo arterial embolus produced about three cross-linked species of molecular weights 30,000 to 40,000, each of which contained the largest CNBr fragment (Mr = 29,000) from the alpha-chain. The predominant cross-link-containing CNBr fragments derived their donor group from the near COOH-terminal region of the alpha-chain as judged by difference amino acid compositions and NH2-terminal analyses. Additionally, cross-linked fragments of molecular weights 68,000 to 70,000 which appeared to contain two acceptor site peptides (Mr = 29,000) were detected in minor amounts in the CNBr digests of fibrin formed from whole plasma or from purified, plasminogen-free fibrinogen. No larger polymeric cross-linked CNBr fragment was generated from any of the highly cross-linked fibrin preparations examined. A model for the predominant mode of alpha-chain polymerization is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:150420", "title": "Endothelial cell culture on dacron fabrics of different configurations.", "content": "The growth of tissue-cultured aortic endothelial cells from the calf using 12 different configurations of Dacron polyester (U.S. Catheter and Instrument Co.) as substrates was studied. Scanning electron microscopy showed maximum cell coverage on tightly knit configurations, whereas loose knits and velours did not support cell growth.", "contents": "Endothelial cell culture on dacron fabrics of different configurations. The growth of tissue-cultured aortic endothelial cells from the calf using 12 different configurations of Dacron polyester (U.S. Catheter and Instrument Co.) as substrates was studied. Scanning electron microscopy showed maximum cell coverage on tightly knit configurations, whereas loose knits and velours did not support cell growth."}
{"id": "PMID:150421", "title": "Cervical-spine instability in children with Down syndrome (trisomy 21).", "content": "Eighty-five children with Down syndrome, between sixteen months and eighteen years old, were evaluated for instability of the cervical spine at the atlanto-axial joint. The mean atlas-odontoid process interval was three millimeters in flexion and two millimeters in extension. Ten patients (12 per cent) exhibited abnormal intervals (4.5 millimeters or more) during either flexion or extension. The configuration of the odontoid process was considered normal in eighty patients and abnormal in another five patients (6 per cent). The correlation between the thickness of the interval and the degree of ligament laxity was statistically significant, as was the correlation between ligament laxity and age. Of the ten patients with an increased atlas-odontoid process interval, neurological deficit (hyperreflexia and clonus) developed in only one after a one-year follow-up.", "contents": "Cervical-spine instability in children with Down syndrome (trisomy 21). Eighty-five children with Down syndrome, between sixteen months and eighteen years old, were evaluated for instability of the cervical spine at the atlanto-axial joint. The mean atlas-odontoid process interval was three millimeters in flexion and two millimeters in extension. Ten patients (12 per cent) exhibited abnormal intervals (4.5 millimeters or more) during either flexion or extension. The configuration of the odontoid process was considered normal in eighty patients and abnormal in another five patients (6 per cent). The correlation between the thickness of the interval and the degree of ligament laxity was statistically significant, as was the correlation between ligament laxity and age. Of the ten patients with an increased atlas-odontoid process interval, neurological deficit (hyperreflexia and clonus) developed in only one after a one-year follow-up."}
{"id": "PMID:150425", "title": "Cation-induced attachment of ciliary dynein cross-bridges.", "content": "Isolated, demembranated Unio gill cilia that have been activated and fixed for thin-section electron microscopy in the presence of 2 mM MgSO4 have 87% of their outer dynein arms attached to an adjacent B subfiber. The distribution of attached arms is uniform with respect to doublet position in the cilium. When both 0.1 mM ATP and Mg++ are added to the activation and fixation solutions, the frequency of bridged arms is reduced to 48%. At the same time, the distribution of the attached arms appears to have been systematically modified with respect to doublet position and the active bend plane. Those doublet pairs positioned in the bend plane where interdoublet sliding is minimal retain a greater number of bridged arms than those doublet pairs positioned outside the bend plane where sliding is maximal. These observations imply a functional coupling of the Mg++-induced bridging of the dynein arms and the subsequent binding and hydrolysis of ATP that results in a force-generating cross-bridge cycle.", "contents": "Cation-induced attachment of ciliary dynein cross-bridges. Isolated, demembranated Unio gill cilia that have been activated and fixed for thin-section electron microscopy in the presence of 2 mM MgSO4 have 87% of their outer dynein arms attached to an adjacent B subfiber. The distribution of attached arms is uniform with respect to doublet position in the cilium. When both 0.1 mM ATP and Mg++ are added to the activation and fixation solutions, the frequency of bridged arms is reduced to 48%. At the same time, the distribution of the attached arms appears to have been systematically modified with respect to doublet position and the active bend plane. Those doublet pairs positioned in the bend plane where interdoublet sliding is minimal retain a greater number of bridged arms than those doublet pairs positioned outside the bend plane where sliding is maximal. These observations imply a functional coupling of the Mg++-induced bridging of the dynein arms and the subsequent binding and hydrolysis of ATP that results in a force-generating cross-bridge cycle."}
{"id": "PMID:150423", "title": "Successful replacement of the interventricular septum following excision of a large intramural fibroma.", "content": "Successful removal of tumours of the heart involving the ventricular septum is uncommon. Review shows that of thirty endocardial fibromata reported, only six involved the septum. We wish to report another case, in which a large endocardial fibroma had replaced the ventricula septum and was removed, necessitating the reconstruction of this septum.", "contents": "Successful replacement of the interventricular septum following excision of a large intramural fibroma. Successful removal of tumours of the heart involving the ventricular septum is uncommon. Review shows that of thirty endocardial fibromata reported, only six involved the septum. We wish to report another case, in which a large endocardial fibroma had replaced the ventricula septum and was removed, necessitating the reconstruction of this septum."}
{"id": "PMID:150426", "title": "Synthesis of plasmalemmal glycoproteins in intestinal epithelial cells. Separation of Golgi membranes from villus and crypt cell surface membranes; glycosyltransferase activity of surface membrane.", "content": "The relationship between Golgi and cell surface membranes of intestinal cells was studied. These membranes were isolated from intestinal crypt cells and villus cells. The villus cell membranes consisted of microvillus membrane, a Golgi-rich fraction, and two membrane fractions interpreted as representing lateral-basal membranes. The villus cell microvillus membrane was purified by previously published techniques while the other membranes were obtained from isolated cells by differential centrifugation and density gradient velocity sedimentation. The two membrane fractions obtained from villus cells and considered to be lateral-basal membranes were enriched for Na+,K+-ATPase activity, but one also showed enrichment in glycosyltransferase activity. The Golgi membrane fraction was enriched for glycosyltransferase activity and had low to absent Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Adenylate cyclase activity was present in all membrane fractions except the microvillus membrane but co-purified with Golgi rather than lateral-basal membranes. Electron microscopy showed that the Golgi fraction consisted of variably sized vesicles and cisternalike structures. The two lateral-basal membrane fractions showed only vesicles of smaller, more uniform size. After 125I labeling of isolated intact cells, radioactivity was found associated with the lateral-basal and microvillus membrane fractions and not with the Golgi fraction. Antibody prepared against lateral-basal membrane fractions reacted with the surface membrane of isolated villus cells. The membrane fractions from isolated crypt cells demonstrated that all had high glycosyltransferase activity. The data show that glycosyltransferase activity, in addition to its Golgi location, may be a significant property of the lateral-basal portion of the intestinal villus cell plasma membrane. Data obtained with crypt cells support earlier data and show that the crypt cell surface membrane possesses glycosyltransferase activity.", "contents": "Synthesis of plasmalemmal glycoproteins in intestinal epithelial cells. Separation of Golgi membranes from villus and crypt cell surface membranes; glycosyltransferase activity of surface membrane. The relationship between Golgi and cell surface membranes of intestinal cells was studied. These membranes were isolated from intestinal crypt cells and villus cells. The villus cell membranes consisted of microvillus membrane, a Golgi-rich fraction, and two membrane fractions interpreted as representing lateral-basal membranes. The villus cell microvillus membrane was purified by previously published techniques while the other membranes were obtained from isolated cells by differential centrifugation and density gradient velocity sedimentation. The two membrane fractions obtained from villus cells and considered to be lateral-basal membranes were enriched for Na+,K+-ATPase activity, but one also showed enrichment in glycosyltransferase activity. The Golgi membrane fraction was enriched for glycosyltransferase activity and had low to absent Na+,K+-ATPase activity. Adenylate cyclase activity was present in all membrane fractions except the microvillus membrane but co-purified with Golgi rather than lateral-basal membranes. Electron microscopy showed that the Golgi fraction consisted of variably sized vesicles and cisternalike structures. The two lateral-basal membrane fractions showed only vesicles of smaller, more uniform size. After 125I labeling of isolated intact cells, radioactivity was found associated with the lateral-basal and microvillus membrane fractions and not with the Golgi fraction. Antibody prepared against lateral-basal membrane fractions reacted with the surface membrane of isolated villus cells. The membrane fractions from isolated crypt cells demonstrated that all had high glycosyltransferase activity. The data show that glycosyltransferase activity, in addition to its Golgi location, may be a significant property of the lateral-basal portion of the intestinal villus cell plasma membrane. Data obtained with crypt cells support earlier data and show that the crypt cell surface membrane possesses glycosyltransferase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:150427", "title": "Myosins of secretory tissues.", "content": "Myosin has been purified from the principal pancreatic islet of catfish, hog salivary gland, and hog pituitary. Use of the protease inhibitor Trasylol (FBA Pharmaceuticals, New York) was essential in the isolation of pituitary myosin. Secretory tissue myosins were very similar to smooth muscle myosin, having a heavy chain of 200,000 daltons and light chains of 14,000 and 19,000 daltons. Salivary gland myosin cross-reacted with antibodies directed toward both smooth muscle myosin and fibroblast myosin, but not with antiskeletal muscel myosin serum. The specific myosin ATPase activity measured in 0.6 M KCl was present. Tissues associated with secretion of hormone granules contained substantial amounts of this ATPase, rat pancreatic islets having 4.5 times that of rat liver. Activation of low ionic strength myosin ATPase by actin could not be demonstrated despite adequate binding of the myosin to muscle actin and elution by MgATP. The myosins were located primarily in the cytoplasm as determined by cell fractionation and were quite soluble in buffers of low ionic strength.", "contents": "Myosins of secretory tissues. Myosin has been purified from the principal pancreatic islet of catfish, hog salivary gland, and hog pituitary. Use of the protease inhibitor Trasylol (FBA Pharmaceuticals, New York) was essential in the isolation of pituitary myosin. Secretory tissue myosins were very similar to smooth muscle myosin, having a heavy chain of 200,000 daltons and light chains of 14,000 and 19,000 daltons. Salivary gland myosin cross-reacted with antibodies directed toward both smooth muscle myosin and fibroblast myosin, but not with antiskeletal muscel myosin serum. The specific myosin ATPase activity measured in 0.6 M KCl was present. Tissues associated with secretion of hormone granules contained substantial amounts of this ATPase, rat pancreatic islets having 4.5 times that of rat liver. Activation of low ionic strength myosin ATPase by actin could not be demonstrated despite adequate binding of the myosin to muscle actin and elution by MgATP. The myosins were located primarily in the cytoplasm as determined by cell fractionation and were quite soluble in buffers of low ionic strength."}
{"id": "PMID:150422", "title": "Successful correlation of type C complete atrio-ventricular (A-V) canal in infancy.", "content": "Herein, a successful repair of Type C complete A-V canal in infancy is reported. With a better understanding of anatomy as well as improved perioperative care it appears the primary repair is more reasonable approach than the high risk palliative operation (pulmonary artery banding), when surgery is required in such disease.", "contents": "Successful correlation of type C complete atrio-ventricular (A-V) canal in infancy. Herein, a successful repair of Type C complete A-V canal in infancy is reported. With a better understanding of anatomy as well as improved perioperative care it appears the primary repair is more reasonable approach than the high risk palliative operation (pulmonary artery banding), when surgery is required in such disease."}
{"id": "PMID:150429", "title": "Seborrheic keratosis: an acantholytic variant.", "content": "Two elderly women with seborrheic keratoses on the abdomen are reported on because of the peculiar histologic appearance characterized by prominent acantholysis. Although the basic histologic architecture was a papillomatous acanthoma corresponding to that of seborrheic keratosis, the upper portion of the lesions showed extensive acantholytic changes and dyskeratotic cells. Differentiation from seborrheic keratosis with focal acantholytic dyskeratosis, warty dyskeratoma, keratosis senilis and acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma could be made on the basis of clinical as well as histological features. Although the histogenesis is uncertain, it seems logical to propose that this is a rare variant of irritated seborrheic keratosis.", "contents": "Seborrheic keratosis: an acantholytic variant. Two elderly women with seborrheic keratoses on the abdomen are reported on because of the peculiar histologic appearance characterized by prominent acantholysis. Although the basic histologic architecture was a papillomatous acanthoma corresponding to that of seborrheic keratosis, the upper portion of the lesions showed extensive acantholytic changes and dyskeratotic cells. Differentiation from seborrheic keratosis with focal acantholytic dyskeratosis, warty dyskeratoma, keratosis senilis and acantholytic squamous cell carcinoma could be made on the basis of clinical as well as histological features. Although the histogenesis is uncertain, it seems logical to propose that this is a rare variant of irritated seborrheic keratosis."}
{"id": "PMID:150433", "title": "Studies on calcium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase in the albino rabbit dental pulp. Its subcellular distribution and properties.", "content": "The subcellular distribution of calcium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase in the albino rabbit dental pulp was studied. The purity of the microsomal fraction was examined by measuring the marker enzymes and by electron microscopic observation. Some properties of calcium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase were investigated.", "contents": "Studies on calcium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase in the albino rabbit dental pulp. Its subcellular distribution and properties. The subcellular distribution of calcium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase in the albino rabbit dental pulp was studied. The purity of the microsomal fraction was examined by measuring the marker enzymes and by electron microscopic observation. Some properties of calcium-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase were investigated."}
{"id": "PMID:150435", "title": "Organ weights in nonagenarians.", "content": "The main organs in a series of 39 nonagenarians were weighed at autopsy. The weights varied widely from subject to subject. Compared with average weights in younger subjects, the brains, livers, spleens, kidneys and lungs weighed less than usual in the majority of nonagenarians examined. However, the hearts often were heavier than normal and many of them were hypertrophied.", "contents": "Organ weights in nonagenarians. The main organs in a series of 39 nonagenarians were weighed at autopsy. The weights varied widely from subject to subject. Compared with average weights in younger subjects, the brains, livers, spleens, kidneys and lungs weighed less than usual in the majority of nonagenarians examined. However, the hearts often were heavier than normal and many of them were hypertrophied."}
{"id": "PMID:150439", "title": "Reproduction in mice treated with crufomate: effects of dermal treatments on female mice and on their progeny.", "content": "Dermal treatments with crufomate 100 or 50 mg/kg or crufomate vehicle 100 mg/kg were applied to mice either on days 35 and 21 before mating or on days 70, 56, 35, and 21 before mating. Two, but not four dermal treatments, with both doses of crufomate reduced the mating reponse and conception rate in mice. The mice either did not produce a litter or the litter died before the age of 7 days. Four treatments with crufomate 100 mg/kg, but not with 50 mg/kg, reduced the weaning weight of progeny weaned at the age of 21 days. The vehicle had no effects on reproduction and increased the weights at maturity of female and male progeny of mice given two and four treatments, respectively.", "contents": "Reproduction in mice treated with crufomate: effects of dermal treatments on female mice and on their progeny. Dermal treatments with crufomate 100 or 50 mg/kg or crufomate vehicle 100 mg/kg were applied to mice either on days 35 and 21 before mating or on days 70, 56, 35, and 21 before mating. Two, but not four dermal treatments, with both doses of crufomate reduced the mating reponse and conception rate in mice. The mice either did not produce a litter or the litter died before the age of 7 days. Four treatments with crufomate 100 mg/kg, but not with 50 mg/kg, reduced the weaning weight of progeny weaned at the age of 21 days. The vehicle had no effects on reproduction and increased the weights at maturity of female and male progeny of mice given two and four treatments, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:150446", "title": "Acomparative histochemical mapping of ATPase and 5-nucleotidase in the medulla oblongata, spinal cord and cerebellum of mouse.", "content": "In the present contribution a comparative study of histochemical mapping of the distribution of adenosine triphosphatase and 5-nucleotidase in the hind brain of mouse has been made. There are many similarities and dissimilarities between the distribution of these two enzymes in various nuclei, tracts and fiber bundles. The noteworthy differences are as follows:--1. The AP, NDNV, NI, NNH, NOAD, NOAM, NOI NPC, TS and SG are very intensely positive for ATPase whereas, in 5-NUC study none of these nuclei demonstrates intensity of such degree. 2. Nucleus ambiguus is intensely positive for ATPase and is completely negative for 5-NUC. 3. The nucleus n. facialis is intensely positive for ATPase and is moderately positive for 5-NUC. 4. NC, GN, PN, PCI and TC are completely negative for 5-NUC. In ATPase preparations only GN is negative and the rest of the areas demonstrate intensity of various degrees. Along with these differences, similarities in the intensity of both enzymes in various nuclei, tracts and fibrous bundles also exist. An attempt has been made to correlate all the aforesaid differences and similarities in the distribution of these two enzymes with the functional nature of the various areas of hind brain of mouse.", "contents": "Acomparative histochemical mapping of ATPase and 5-nucleotidase in the medulla oblongata, spinal cord and cerebellum of mouse. In the present contribution a comparative study of histochemical mapping of the distribution of adenosine triphosphatase and 5-nucleotidase in the hind brain of mouse has been made. There are many similarities and dissimilarities between the distribution of these two enzymes in various nuclei, tracts and fiber bundles. The noteworthy differences are as follows:--1. The AP, NDNV, NI, NNH, NOAD, NOAM, NOI NPC, TS and SG are very intensely positive for ATPase whereas, in 5-NUC study none of these nuclei demonstrates intensity of such degree. 2. Nucleus ambiguus is intensely positive for ATPase and is completely negative for 5-NUC. 3. The nucleus n. facialis is intensely positive for ATPase and is moderately positive for 5-NUC. 4. NC, GN, PN, PCI and TC are completely negative for 5-NUC. In ATPase preparations only GN is negative and the rest of the areas demonstrate intensity of various degrees. Along with these differences, similarities in the intensity of both enzymes in various nuclei, tracts and fibrous bundles also exist. An attempt has been made to correlate all the aforesaid differences and similarities in the distribution of these two enzymes with the functional nature of the various areas of hind brain of mouse."}
{"id": "PMID:150448", "title": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity against virus-infected target cells in humans. II. Interferon induction and activation of natural killer cells.", "content": "The mechanisms by which human lymphocytes lyse virus-infected allogeneic fibroblast cultures were analyzed with particular consideration of the role of anti-viral antibodies and interferon. Human cells infected with viruses were able to induce high levels of interferon upon contact with human lymphocytes. Interferon, whether produced by lymphocytes after direct infection with virus or induced upon exposure of lymphocytes to virus-infected fibroblasts, appeared to be responsible for enhancing the cytotoxic efficiency of the natural killer cell against the infected target. Activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes occurred as early as 6 hr after addition of interferon and increased up to 24 hr. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (Ab-CMC) could be easily induced by sensitization of infected target cells with antiviral antibodies and could be detected at 4 hr from the beginning of the cytotoxic test, before the effect of interferon on the natural killer cell was evident. However, the antibody-dependent effector cell was inactive after 4 hr of incubation. F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit anti-human IgG completely inhibited Ab-CMC but did not at all affect the spontaneous cytotoxic activity of the effector cells against virus-infected target.", "contents": "Cell-mediated cytotoxicity against virus-infected target cells in humans. II. Interferon induction and activation of natural killer cells. The mechanisms by which human lymphocytes lyse virus-infected allogeneic fibroblast cultures were analyzed with particular consideration of the role of anti-viral antibodies and interferon. Human cells infected with viruses were able to induce high levels of interferon upon contact with human lymphocytes. Interferon, whether produced by lymphocytes after direct infection with virus or induced upon exposure of lymphocytes to virus-infected fibroblasts, appeared to be responsible for enhancing the cytotoxic efficiency of the natural killer cell against the infected target. Activation of cytotoxic lymphocytes occurred as early as 6 hr after addition of interferon and increased up to 24 hr. Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (Ab-CMC) could be easily induced by sensitization of infected target cells with antiviral antibodies and could be detected at 4 hr from the beginning of the cytotoxic test, before the effect of interferon on the natural killer cell was evident. However, the antibody-dependent effector cell was inactive after 4 hr of incubation. F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit anti-human IgG completely inhibited Ab-CMC but did not at all affect the spontaneous cytotoxic activity of the effector cells against virus-infected target."}
{"id": "PMID:150449", "title": "Human lymphocyte responses are enhanced by culture at 40 degrees C.", "content": "In vitro responses of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were found to be markedly enhanced by culture at 40 degrees C rather than at the conventional temperature of 37 degrees C. We studied proliferative responses of lymphocytes by activation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and allogeneic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and found enhancement of DNA synthesis at the higher temperature. Cytotoxic T cell responses to allogeneic cells were also enhanced when MLC was done at 40 degrees C. These enhanced immune responses appear to be due in part to increased numbers of participating cells. If in vitro lymphocyte responses correlate with in vivo responses, then fever associated with infection or tumor may be beneficial whereas that associated with autoimmune disorders may have a detrimental effect.", "contents": "Human lymphocyte responses are enhanced by culture at 40 degrees C. In vitro responses of human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were found to be markedly enhanced by culture at 40 degrees C rather than at the conventional temperature of 37 degrees C. We studied proliferative responses of lymphocytes by activation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) concanavalin A (Con A), pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and allogeneic lymphocytes in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and found enhancement of DNA synthesis at the higher temperature. Cytotoxic T cell responses to allogeneic cells were also enhanced when MLC was done at 40 degrees C. These enhanced immune responses appear to be due in part to increased numbers of participating cells. If in vitro lymphocyte responses correlate with in vivo responses, then fever associated with infection or tumor may be beneficial whereas that associated with autoimmune disorders may have a detrimental effect."}
{"id": "PMID:150450", "title": "Depletion of monocytes from human peripheral blood leucocytes by passage through sephadex G-10 columns.", "content": "Passage of human peripheral blood leucocytes through Sephadex G-10 columns results in a complete depletion of monocytes. Microscopic examination and ingestion of latex particles failed to reveal any monocytes in the column-passed cells. The study of surface markers shows a slight enrichment of T-cells and a decrease of B-cells that is more pronounced in the IgG- and IgA-bearing lymphocytes. No changes were seen in the Fc receptor-positive cells. Con A-induced activation was significantly affected. Pokeweed mitogen activation was reduced 50% at optimal doses of mitogen whereas the response was unaffected at suboptimal doses. Mixed leucocyte reactions (MLR) were greatly depressed when monocytes were removed from either the responder or the stimulator cells, indicating an important role of monocytes both in the elicitation of the response and as auxiliary cells in the mixed leucocyte culture.", "contents": "Depletion of monocytes from human peripheral blood leucocytes by passage through sephadex G-10 columns. Passage of human peripheral blood leucocytes through Sephadex G-10 columns results in a complete depletion of monocytes. Microscopic examination and ingestion of latex particles failed to reveal any monocytes in the column-passed cells. The study of surface markers shows a slight enrichment of T-cells and a decrease of B-cells that is more pronounced in the IgG- and IgA-bearing lymphocytes. No changes were seen in the Fc receptor-positive cells. Con A-induced activation was significantly affected. Pokeweed mitogen activation was reduced 50% at optimal doses of mitogen whereas the response was unaffected at suboptimal doses. Mixed leucocyte reactions (MLR) were greatly depressed when monocytes were removed from either the responder or the stimulator cells, indicating an important role of monocytes both in the elicitation of the response and as auxiliary cells in the mixed leucocyte culture."}
{"id": "PMID:150452", "title": "Mediating systems in inflammatory disease.", "content": "This article reviews the mediation systems participating or potentially participating in inflammatory disease, especially in immunologic injury of the glomerulus. Mediator systems are separated into 3 mechanisms: the first involves complement and neutrophils; the second involves systems unrelated to neutrophils and complement components from C3 to C9; and the third involves blood monocytes. Major emphasis is given to an analysis of factors that potentially participate in the second mechanism. These include humoral factors such as the coagulation system and Hageman factor systems and cellular factor such as platelets or cells resident in the glomerulus. Studies on a role of vasoactive amines are presented. The importance of separating neutrophil-dependent and -independent mechanisms in these studies is emphasized. A review of current knowledge of the biochemical mechanisms involved in the Hageman factor system is presented because of the potential role of these components in the development of inflammation.", "contents": "Mediating systems in inflammatory disease. This article reviews the mediation systems participating or potentially participating in inflammatory disease, especially in immunologic injury of the glomerulus. Mediator systems are separated into 3 mechanisms: the first involves complement and neutrophils; the second involves systems unrelated to neutrophils and complement components from C3 to C9; and the third involves blood monocytes. Major emphasis is given to an analysis of factors that potentially participate in the second mechanism. These include humoral factors such as the coagulation system and Hageman factor systems and cellular factor such as platelets or cells resident in the glomerulus. Studies on a role of vasoactive amines are presented. The importance of separating neutrophil-dependent and -independent mechanisms in these studies is emphasized. A review of current knowledge of the biochemical mechanisms involved in the Hageman factor system is presented because of the potential role of these components in the development of inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:150453", "title": "Cryoglobulins in acute experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "content": "The relationship between cold-insoluble complexes, or cryoglobulins, and renal disease was studied in rabbits with acute serum sickness produced with BSA. The onset of serum creatinine elevation correlated well with the appearance of cryoglobulins. The average interval between the appearance of cryoglobulins and the elevation in serum creatinine was 0.87 day. In no animal did creatinine elevation precede cryoglobulinemia, even though immune complexes were detectable much earlier by other methods. The level of cryoglobulin correlated significantly with the level of serum creatinine (r = 0.71, p less than 0.01). Cryoglobulins may be of immunopathologic significance in acute experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "contents": "Cryoglobulins in acute experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis. The relationship between cold-insoluble complexes, or cryoglobulins, and renal disease was studied in rabbits with acute serum sickness produced with BSA. The onset of serum creatinine elevation correlated well with the appearance of cryoglobulins. The average interval between the appearance of cryoglobulins and the elevation in serum creatinine was 0.87 day. In no animal did creatinine elevation precede cryoglobulinemia, even though immune complexes were detectable much earlier by other methods. The level of cryoglobulin correlated significantly with the level of serum creatinine (r = 0.71, p less than 0.01). Cryoglobulins may be of immunopathologic significance in acute experimental immune complex glomerulonephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:150455", "title": "Patterns of abnormal histochemical fibre type differentitation in human muscle biopsies.", "content": "The histochemical profile of individual human skeletal muscle fibres was analysed by correlating mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activity and that of myofibrillar ATPase at pH 9.5 and after pre-incubation at pH 4.3 and pH 4.6. In normal control muscle, only a small percentage of fibres did not conform to one or other of the normal variants of Type I and Type II fibres. In biopsies from early cases of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, the denervated fibre populations contained many abnormal Type I and Type II fibres, including \"IIc\" fibres, but the basic distinction between Type I and Type II was preserved. However, in infantile spinal muscular atrophy patients aged two years and over, this distinction was progressively lost, leading to the total dedifferentiation of the atrophied fibres. In the Kugelberg-Welander form of spinal muscular atrophy, many of the constituent fibres of re-innervated groups displayed normal or near-normal histochemical profiles, but chronically denervated fibres became totally dedifferentiated. In Duchenne dystrophy, the spectrum of histochemical types appeared to be more continuous due to the emergence of fibres with properties intermediate between those of the normal variants, but the basic distinction between Type I and Type II fibres was preserved in the majority of cases. The percentage of severely abnormal fibres was higher in Type II than Type I and probably contributed to the observed decrease in the overall proportion of Type II fibres. Although very small atrophied fibres were observed in biopsies from cases of Becker and Duchenne dystrophy, these did not show the total dedifferentiation seen in the chronically denervated fibres in cases of spinal muscular atrophy.", "contents": "Patterns of abnormal histochemical fibre type differentitation in human muscle biopsies. The histochemical profile of individual human skeletal muscle fibres was analysed by correlating mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activity and that of myofibrillar ATPase at pH 9.5 and after pre-incubation at pH 4.3 and pH 4.6. In normal control muscle, only a small percentage of fibres did not conform to one or other of the normal variants of Type I and Type II fibres. In biopsies from early cases of Werdnig-Hoffmann disease, the denervated fibre populations contained many abnormal Type I and Type II fibres, including \"IIc\" fibres, but the basic distinction between Type I and Type II was preserved. However, in infantile spinal muscular atrophy patients aged two years and over, this distinction was progressively lost, leading to the total dedifferentiation of the atrophied fibres. In the Kugelberg-Welander form of spinal muscular atrophy, many of the constituent fibres of re-innervated groups displayed normal or near-normal histochemical profiles, but chronically denervated fibres became totally dedifferentiated. In Duchenne dystrophy, the spectrum of histochemical types appeared to be more continuous due to the emergence of fibres with properties intermediate between those of the normal variants, but the basic distinction between Type I and Type II fibres was preserved in the majority of cases. The percentage of severely abnormal fibres was higher in Type II than Type I and probably contributed to the observed decrease in the overall proportion of Type II fibres. Although very small atrophied fibres were observed in biopsies from cases of Becker and Duchenne dystrophy, these did not show the total dedifferentiation seen in the chronically denervated fibres in cases of spinal muscular atrophy."}
{"id": "PMID:150456", "title": "Neuropathic form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Report of 3 cases with complete necropsy, including the first reported case of agenesis of muscle spindles.", "content": "In 3 infants with arthrogryposis multiplex congenital (AMC) complete necropsy, including removal of the entire spinal cord, was performed. Histologically, spinal type (neurogenic) atrophy of skeletal muscles in conjunction with spinal motor neurone depletion, unaccompanied by noticeable gliosis, were the most preminent features common to all cases. In addition to these, one infant (Case 1) showed total absence of muscle spindles as evident from the examination of several hundred step-serial paraffin sections covering 11 different levels in 36 samples taken from a wide range of skeletal muscles of both upper and lower extremities. This is believed to be the first published case of agenesis of muscle spindles.", "contents": "Neuropathic form of arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Report of 3 cases with complete necropsy, including the first reported case of agenesis of muscle spindles. In 3 infants with arthrogryposis multiplex congenital (AMC) complete necropsy, including removal of the entire spinal cord, was performed. Histologically, spinal type (neurogenic) atrophy of skeletal muscles in conjunction with spinal motor neurone depletion, unaccompanied by noticeable gliosis, were the most preminent features common to all cases. In addition to these, one infant (Case 1) showed total absence of muscle spindles as evident from the examination of several hundred step-serial paraffin sections covering 11 different levels in 36 samples taken from a wide range of skeletal muscles of both upper and lower extremities. This is believed to be the first published case of agenesis of muscle spindles."}
{"id": "PMID:150459", "title": "Prophylaxis of the laminectomy membrane. An experimental study in dogs.", "content": "Sixty laminectomies were performed in dogs to investigate the prevention of the laminectomy membrane and its side effects. These operations were distributed in six groups of 10, one was a control group, and in the others the bone defect was protected with different materials (Oxicel, Silastic, Dacron, methyl methacrylate, and Kiel bone graft). After a survival of 2 months, suboccipital myelography was performed, immediately after which the animals were sacrificed and the operated spinal slice obtained. The different radiographic densities of the tissues of each slice were calculated and the diverse histological nature identified by hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff, Masson's trichrome, and Gomori's reticulin strains. Only the acrylic plastic and the Kiel bone graft prevented expansion of the scar tissue inside the spinal canal and adhesions between the dura and the cicatrical overlying muscles. Therefore, the authors suggest that a solid barrier is necessary to effectively prevent the so-called \"laminectomy membrane.\"", "contents": "Prophylaxis of the laminectomy membrane. An experimental study in dogs. Sixty laminectomies were performed in dogs to investigate the prevention of the laminectomy membrane and its side effects. These operations were distributed in six groups of 10, one was a control group, and in the others the bone defect was protected with different materials (Oxicel, Silastic, Dacron, methyl methacrylate, and Kiel bone graft). After a survival of 2 months, suboccipital myelography was performed, immediately after which the animals were sacrificed and the operated spinal slice obtained. The different radiographic densities of the tissues of each slice were calculated and the diverse histological nature identified by hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff, Masson's trichrome, and Gomori's reticulin strains. Only the acrylic plastic and the Kiel bone graft prevented expansion of the scar tissue inside the spinal canal and adhesions between the dura and the cicatrical overlying muscles. Therefore, the authors suggest that a solid barrier is necessary to effectively prevent the so-called \"laminectomy membrane.\""}
{"id": "PMID:150460", "title": "A composite general anesthesia technique using ketamine for pediatric outpatients.", "content": "A study of 43 pediatric oral surgery patients was conducted in a clinical environment. The anesthetic regimen of a minimum dose of ketamine hydrochloride, nitrous oxide-oxygen, and a local anesthetic was tested for recovery time and degree of acceptance by parents and patients. With this regimen, the average recovery time from completion of the procedure was 30 minutes. The combination of these drugs provided a rapid, smooth induction, additional time while the ketamine-induced anesthesia was dissipating, no major complications, and good acceptance by parents and patients.", "contents": "A composite general anesthesia technique using ketamine for pediatric outpatients. A study of 43 pediatric oral surgery patients was conducted in a clinical environment. The anesthetic regimen of a minimum dose of ketamine hydrochloride, nitrous oxide-oxygen, and a local anesthetic was tested for recovery time and degree of acceptance by parents and patients. With this regimen, the average recovery time from completion of the procedure was 30 minutes. The combination of these drugs provided a rapid, smooth induction, additional time while the ketamine-induced anesthesia was dissipating, no major complications, and good acceptance by parents and patients."}
{"id": "PMID:150457", "title": "Chronic immune complex disease: behavioral and immunological correlates.", "content": "Using a fear avoidance paradigm, behavioral effects were seen in Sprague-Dawley rats in which chronic immune complex disease was induced. These effects were related to changes in urine protein that developed during the course of the experiment. Experimental animals also had glomerular deposits of rat gamma globulin and BSA as determined by immunofluorescence; C3 deposits were observed in half of these animals. BSA and/or rat gamma-globulin, but not C3, was seen in the choroid plexus of half of the experimental animals. This is the first study to report behavioral changes associated with the induction of chronic immune complex disease in experimental animals.", "contents": "Chronic immune complex disease: behavioral and immunological correlates. Using a fear avoidance paradigm, behavioral effects were seen in Sprague-Dawley rats in which chronic immune complex disease was induced. These effects were related to changes in urine protein that developed during the course of the experiment. Experimental animals also had glomerular deposits of rat gamma globulin and BSA as determined by immunofluorescence; C3 deposits were observed in half of these animals. BSA and/or rat gamma-globulin, but not C3, was seen in the choroid plexus of half of the experimental animals. This is the first study to report behavioral changes associated with the induction of chronic immune complex disease in experimental animals."}
{"id": "PMID:150461", "title": "Essential fatty acid deficiency in infants receiving parenteral nutrition.", "content": "The clinical and biochemical features of essential fatty acid deficiency are described in an infant with gastroschisis who required long-term (6 mo) parenteral nutrition. The deficiency responded to therapy with Intralipid, topical sunflower oil, and breast milk. In a prospective study of three infants with gastroschisis, biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency developed in each during the first week of lipid-free parenteral nutrition; clinical signs of the deficiency were absent. The biochemical features were progressive in the one patient followed for 19 days, and were associated with a decrease in weight gain. Both the deficiency and weight gain were corrected by Intralipid. Biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency did not develop in three other gastroschisis infants who were given prophylactic Intralipid (two patients) or topical sunflower oil (one patient). We conclude that all infants on parenteral nutrition should receive a source of linoleic acid to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency.", "contents": "Essential fatty acid deficiency in infants receiving parenteral nutrition. The clinical and biochemical features of essential fatty acid deficiency are described in an infant with gastroschisis who required long-term (6 mo) parenteral nutrition. The deficiency responded to therapy with Intralipid, topical sunflower oil, and breast milk. In a prospective study of three infants with gastroschisis, biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency developed in each during the first week of lipid-free parenteral nutrition; clinical signs of the deficiency were absent. The biochemical features were progressive in the one patient followed for 19 days, and were associated with a decrease in weight gain. Both the deficiency and weight gain were corrected by Intralipid. Biochemical essential fatty acid deficiency did not develop in three other gastroschisis infants who were given prophylactic Intralipid (two patients) or topical sunflower oil (one patient). We conclude that all infants on parenteral nutrition should receive a source of linoleic acid to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:150462", "title": "Congenital duodenal atresia associated with a separate duodenal diaphragm.", "content": "A case of a complete duodenal diaphragm associated with a separate duodenal atresia is described. This association has not been previously reported.", "contents": "Congenital duodenal atresia associated with a separate duodenal diaphragm. A case of a complete duodenal diaphragm associated with a separate duodenal atresia is described. This association has not been previously reported."}
{"id": "PMID:150469", "title": "[Effect of thyrocalcitonin on the functions of the intact and hypertrophied myocardium].", "content": "Examination of 20 individuals without any pathological conditions of the cardiovascular system and 8 patients with myocardial hypertrophy has shown that the hypocalciemic hormone of the thyroid gland thyrocalcitonin has a certain negative inotropic effect and does not possess chrono- and dromotropic affects. The mechanism of the cardiac effect of thyrocalcitonin is evidently due to its effect on the metabolism of calcium and its transportation in the myocardial structures.", "contents": "[Effect of thyrocalcitonin on the functions of the intact and hypertrophied myocardium]. Examination of 20 individuals without any pathological conditions of the cardiovascular system and 8 patients with myocardial hypertrophy has shown that the hypocalciemic hormone of the thyroid gland thyrocalcitonin has a certain negative inotropic effect and does not possess chrono- and dromotropic affects. The mechanism of the cardiac effect of thyrocalcitonin is evidently due to its effect on the metabolism of calcium and its transportation in the myocardial structures."}
{"id": "PMID:150472", "title": "Thiamine deficiency encephalopathy in a specific-pathogen-free cat colony.", "content": "Thiamine deficiency encephalopathy occurred in a specific-pathogen-free cat colony where the diet consisted exclusively of commercially canned diet. This product was described by the manufacturer as a complete diet for cats. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the demonstration of bilaterally symmetrical hemorrhage and microvascular fibrinoid necrosis in the brain and low erythrocyte transketolase levels. Treatment of clinically ill cats with vitamin B complex was followed by recovery within 24 hours.", "contents": "Thiamine deficiency encephalopathy in a specific-pathogen-free cat colony. Thiamine deficiency encephalopathy occurred in a specific-pathogen-free cat colony where the diet consisted exclusively of commercially canned diet. This product was described by the manufacturer as a complete diet for cats. The clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the demonstration of bilaterally symmetrical hemorrhage and microvascular fibrinoid necrosis in the brain and low erythrocyte transketolase levels. Treatment of clinically ill cats with vitamin B complex was followed by recovery within 24 hours."}
{"id": "PMID:150475", "title": "Laboratory medicine. Series on clinical testing. 2. Fractionation of urinary ketosteroids. Procedure and clinical significance.", "content": "Ketosteroids, the excretory metabolities of adrenal and gonadal steroids, can be analyzed individually in urine by a simple extraction procedure followed by separation and quantitation by the use of gas/liquid chromatography. The ketosteroids quantitatively detected by the technique are androsterone, etiocholanolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, 11-hydroxyandrosterone, 11-hydroxyetiocholanolone, 11-ketandrosterone, and 11-ketoetiocholanolone. Other steroid metabolities detected are pregnanediol, pregnanetriol, delta5-pregnenetriol, and 11-ketopregnanetriol. In comparison with concentrations of these steroids observed in urine specimens collected from healthy individuals, abnormal results occur in specimens from patients with testicular disease, Cushing's syndrome, adrenal hyperplasia, and several types of female hirsutism. Characteristic profiles for each of these diseases are presented.", "contents": "Laboratory medicine. Series on clinical testing. 2. Fractionation of urinary ketosteroids. Procedure and clinical significance. Ketosteroids, the excretory metabolities of adrenal and gonadal steroids, can be analyzed individually in urine by a simple extraction procedure followed by separation and quantitation by the use of gas/liquid chromatography. The ketosteroids quantitatively detected by the technique are androsterone, etiocholanolone, dehydroepiandrosterone, 11-hydroxyandrosterone, 11-hydroxyetiocholanolone, 11-ketandrosterone, and 11-ketoetiocholanolone. Other steroid metabolities detected are pregnanediol, pregnanetriol, delta5-pregnenetriol, and 11-ketopregnanetriol. In comparison with concentrations of these steroids observed in urine specimens collected from healthy individuals, abnormal results occur in specimens from patients with testicular disease, Cushing's syndrome, adrenal hyperplasia, and several types of female hirsutism. Characteristic profiles for each of these diseases are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:150478", "title": "Paying for medical care: the burden on the disabled. The relationship between the distribution of income and the distributions of medical services and payments.", "content": "The study measures the economic vulnerability of disabled persons whose impaired health interfered with their earning ability. This population segment, about one sixth of the total population, represents the extreme both in terms of sensitivity to health problems and losses in economic power. The major findings are given in a nutshell. 1) Inadequate income did not bar the disabled individuals from contact with the medical care system except in the case of the weakest among the weak, the aging women without husbands. This finding suggests that the restraining effect of income can become strong enough to overcome the concern with ill-health, although the inhibiting effect of economic constraints weakens when the concerns with health problems intensifies. (2) Once contact with the health care system had been extablished, there was no evidence to suggest that lack of means to pay for medical services had restricted the quantity of services rendered to the disabled, although inability to pay might have affected the setting in which care was provided. 3) The needed medical care was obtained at a considerable financial sacrifice. As Table 6 shows, the level of direct out-of-pocket payments imposed a heavy burden on low and moderate income households, and this burden eased gradually as household income-levels increased.", "contents": "Paying for medical care: the burden on the disabled. The relationship between the distribution of income and the distributions of medical services and payments. The study measures the economic vulnerability of disabled persons whose impaired health interfered with their earning ability. This population segment, about one sixth of the total population, represents the extreme both in terms of sensitivity to health problems and losses in economic power. The major findings are given in a nutshell. 1) Inadequate income did not bar the disabled individuals from contact with the medical care system except in the case of the weakest among the weak, the aging women without husbands. This finding suggests that the restraining effect of income can become strong enough to overcome the concern with ill-health, although the inhibiting effect of economic constraints weakens when the concerns with health problems intensifies. (2) Once contact with the health care system had been extablished, there was no evidence to suggest that lack of means to pay for medical services had restricted the quantity of services rendered to the disabled, although inability to pay might have affected the setting in which care was provided. 3) The needed medical care was obtained at a considerable financial sacrifice. As Table 6 shows, the level of direct out-of-pocket payments imposed a heavy burden on low and moderate income households, and this burden eased gradually as household income-levels increased."}
{"id": "PMID:150487", "title": "Levamisole: lack of immunopotentiation in a controlled trial.", "content": "The immunopotentiating effect of levamisole was assessed in a double-blind trial in two comparable groups of patients with Down's syndrome, with which the immunodeficiency and susceptibility to infection are known to be associated. One group was given levamisole continuously and at the same dose for 16 weeks, and the other group was given placebo tablets. A checklist was designed to record the type, frequency, and duration of all infections which occurred in the patients, and delayed type hypersensitivity responses to various antigens were measured. There were no differences between the two groups in body weight, number of intercurrent infections, duration of illness, nor was there any change in degree of depression or cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity. These findings, taken with claims of success in some patients and failure in others, suggest that levamisole is not a general immunopotentiating agent, although it may have a specific site (or sites) of action on the immune system. If levamisole is to be used more selectively, this action needs to be characterized.", "contents": "Levamisole: lack of immunopotentiation in a controlled trial. The immunopotentiating effect of levamisole was assessed in a double-blind trial in two comparable groups of patients with Down's syndrome, with which the immunodeficiency and susceptibility to infection are known to be associated. One group was given levamisole continuously and at the same dose for 16 weeks, and the other group was given placebo tablets. A checklist was designed to record the type, frequency, and duration of all infections which occurred in the patients, and delayed type hypersensitivity responses to various antigens were measured. There were no differences between the two groups in body weight, number of intercurrent infections, duration of illness, nor was there any change in degree of depression or cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity. These findings, taken with claims of success in some patients and failure in others, suggest that levamisole is not a general immunopotentiating agent, although it may have a specific site (or sites) of action on the immune system. If levamisole is to be used more selectively, this action needs to be characterized."}
{"id": "PMID:150488", "title": "Myocardial infarction in the Kathmandu Valley: relation to two ethnic groups.", "content": "The incidence of 57 cases of acute cardiac infaraction in two major ethnic groups living in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, under similar cultural and socioeconomic conditions is reported. Although there was no statistically significant difference in the age distribution in the two groups, a higher incidence of cardiac infarction was found in the Indo-Aryan ethnic group.", "contents": "Myocardial infarction in the Kathmandu Valley: relation to two ethnic groups. The incidence of 57 cases of acute cardiac infaraction in two major ethnic groups living in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, under similar cultural and socioeconomic conditions is reported. Although there was no statistically significant difference in the age distribution in the two groups, a higher incidence of cardiac infarction was found in the Indo-Aryan ethnic group."}
{"id": "PMID:150489", "title": "Nonsystemic treatment of metastatic tumors of the liver--a review.", "content": "Hepatic metastasis is usually quite resistant to conventional systemic chemotherapy. Nonsystemic treatment of metastatic tumors of the liver include surgical resection; infusion of chemotherapeutic agent(s), either via hepatic artery or portal vein; ligation of hepatic artery; radiotherapy; and other more investigative approaches (isolation perfusion, cryosurgery, liver transplantation, etc). The relative applicability, results, and limitations of each of these therapeutic modalities are reviewed.", "contents": "Nonsystemic treatment of metastatic tumors of the liver--a review. Hepatic metastasis is usually quite resistant to conventional systemic chemotherapy. Nonsystemic treatment of metastatic tumors of the liver include surgical resection; infusion of chemotherapeutic agent(s), either via hepatic artery or portal vein; ligation of hepatic artery; radiotherapy; and other more investigative approaches (isolation perfusion, cryosurgery, liver transplantation, etc). The relative applicability, results, and limitations of each of these therapeutic modalities are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:150486", "title": "In vitro comparison of six commercially available thermodilution cardiac output systems.", "content": "Six commercially available thermodilution cardiac output catheter-and-computer systems were evaluated over a variety of simulated clinical conditions using a fixed-output pulsatile-flow pumping unit. Simultaneous testing was performed at pumping rates of 60, 80, and 120 beats per minute and over an output range of 1.57 liters/min to 14.11 liters/min under normothermic, hyperthermic, and hypothermic conditions. Precision within each thermodilution system, as measured by the standard deviation (S.D.) of serial determinations, was acceptable with an overall S.D. range between 0.015 and 0.588 liters/min. When averaged over all experimental situations, the mean percent deviation of five or ten serial measurements was within 10 percent of the known pump output for all systems and maintained a fairly constant relationship above or below the pump output. In this in vitro test, iced injectate did not consistently improve precision or accuracy above that obtained with room-temperature injectate. Features other than performance should also be considered when selecting a particular unit to fulfill a clinical or research need.", "contents": "In vitro comparison of six commercially available thermodilution cardiac output systems. Six commercially available thermodilution cardiac output catheter-and-computer systems were evaluated over a variety of simulated clinical conditions using a fixed-output pulsatile-flow pumping unit. Simultaneous testing was performed at pumping rates of 60, 80, and 120 beats per minute and over an output range of 1.57 liters/min to 14.11 liters/min under normothermic, hyperthermic, and hypothermic conditions. Precision within each thermodilution system, as measured by the standard deviation (S.D.) of serial determinations, was acceptable with an overall S.D. range between 0.015 and 0.588 liters/min. When averaged over all experimental situations, the mean percent deviation of five or ten serial measurements was within 10 percent of the known pump output for all systems and maintained a fairly constant relationship above or below the pump output. In this in vitro test, iced injectate did not consistently improve precision or accuracy above that obtained with room-temperature injectate. Features other than performance should also be considered when selecting a particular unit to fulfill a clinical or research need."}
{"id": "PMID:150536", "title": "In vivo transfer of the ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to Escherichia coli.", "content": "The Ti-plasmids are naturally self-transmissible from their normal host Agrobacterium to E. coli. They are however unable to stably establish themselves as a replicon in E. coli. It is nevertheless possible to study the Ti-plasmids in E. coli with the help of Ti::RP4 cointegrate plasmids that transfer and maintain themselves very efficiently in E. coli. An E. coli harbouring such a Ti::RP4 plasmid is unable to catabolize octopine and unable to induce crown-gall tumours on plants.", "contents": "In vivo transfer of the ti-plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to Escherichia coli. The Ti-plasmids are naturally self-transmissible from their normal host Agrobacterium to E. coli. They are however unable to stably establish themselves as a replicon in E. coli. It is nevertheless possible to study the Ti-plasmids in E. coli with the help of Ti::RP4 cointegrate plasmids that transfer and maintain themselves very efficiently in E. coli. An E. coli harbouring such a Ti::RP4 plasmid is unable to catabolize octopine and unable to induce crown-gall tumours on plants."}
{"id": "PMID:150545", "title": "Inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by tetrahydronorharmane in vivo.", "content": "Injection of tetrahydronorharmane (THN) elicited a dose-dependent increase of the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and a fall of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the rat brain whereas noradrenaline and dopamine levels remained unchanged. The effect on indoles was shortlasting which may be explained by the short half life of THN or its metabolization to 6-OH-THN. The 5-HT depleting action of parachloro-N-methylamphetamine (CMA) was used to study uptake inhibition in vivo. The results support the notion that THN acts as an inhibitor of the reuptake of 5-HT in vivo. Further evidence for this hypothesis was obtained by intraventricular injection of radiolabelled 5-HT. The disappearance of (3H)-5-HT from brain tissue was reduced by THN. Thus, THN may exert its central 5-HT-like effects in pharmacological experiments by preventing 5-HT from being removed from the synaptic cleft.", "contents": "Inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake by tetrahydronorharmane in vivo. Injection of tetrahydronorharmane (THN) elicited a dose-dependent increase of the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and a fall of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the rat brain whereas noradrenaline and dopamine levels remained unchanged. The effect on indoles was shortlasting which may be explained by the short half life of THN or its metabolization to 6-OH-THN. The 5-HT depleting action of parachloro-N-methylamphetamine (CMA) was used to study uptake inhibition in vivo. The results support the notion that THN acts as an inhibitor of the reuptake of 5-HT in vivo. Further evidence for this hypothesis was obtained by intraventricular injection of radiolabelled 5-HT. The disappearance of (3H)-5-HT from brain tissue was reduced by THN. Thus, THN may exert its central 5-HT-like effects in pharmacological experiments by preventing 5-HT from being removed from the synaptic cleft."}
{"id": "PMID:150549", "title": "Serotonergic stimulation of pituitary-adrenal activity in the mouse.", "content": "Female CF1 mice were given L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), quipazine, or  6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-beta-carboline (6-MeO-THBC) in conjunction with various serotonergic drugs to determine if the pituitary-adrenal stimulation produced by the former compounds is serotonergically mediated. Corticosterone (CS) responses to 5-HTP were uninfluenced by pretreatment with a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), but were significantly potentiated by a serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (Lilly 110140), attenuated by two 5-HT receptor blockers, cyproheptadine and methergoline, and almost completely abolished by 2 extracerebral aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors, MK 486 and a low dose of Ro 4-4602. It was also established that L-tryptophan could stimulate pituitary-adrenal activity in animals pretreated with the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor pargyline. Serotonergic drugs were generally not as effective in modulating the responses to quipazine and 6-MeO-THBC. It is concluded that (1) 5-HTP stimulates pituitary-adrenal activity in mice by being converted to 5-HT and acting on 1 or more groups of serotonergic receptors; (2) these receptors are located either in an area of the brain outside of the blood-brain barrier such as the median eminence or in a peripheral tissue(s); (3) tryptophan-derived 5-HT can stimulate these receptors, but only if allowed to accumulate by inhibiting its catabolism; and (4) it is not yet clear whether pituitary-adrenal responses to quipazine and 6-MeO-THBC are mediated by a serotonergic mechanism.", "contents": "Serotonergic stimulation of pituitary-adrenal activity in the mouse. Female CF1 mice were given L-5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), quipazine, or  6-methoxy-1,2,3,4-beta-carboline (6-MeO-THBC) in conjunction with various serotonergic drugs to determine if the pituitary-adrenal stimulation produced by the former compounds is serotonergically mediated. Corticosterone (CS) responses to 5-HTP were uninfluenced by pretreatment with a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), but were significantly potentiated by a serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor (Lilly 110140), attenuated by two 5-HT receptor blockers, cyproheptadine and methergoline, and almost completely abolished by 2 extracerebral aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase inhibitors, MK 486 and a low dose of Ro 4-4602. It was also established that L-tryptophan could stimulate pituitary-adrenal activity in animals pretreated with the monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor pargyline. Serotonergic drugs were generally not as effective in modulating the responses to quipazine and 6-MeO-THBC. It is concluded that (1) 5-HTP stimulates pituitary-adrenal activity in mice by being converted to 5-HT and acting on 1 or more groups of serotonergic receptors; (2) these receptors are located either in an area of the brain outside of the blood-brain barrier such as the median eminence or in a peripheral tissue(s); (3) tryptophan-derived 5-HT can stimulate these receptors, but only if allowed to accumulate by inhibiting its catabolism; and (4) it is not yet clear whether pituitary-adrenal responses to quipazine and 6-MeO-THBC are mediated by a serotonergic mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:150551", "title": "Huntington disease: normal lipid composition of purified neuronal perikarya and whole cortex.", "content": "This is the first report of the lipid composition of human neurons. Neuronoal perikarya were isolated from frozen samples of the cerebral cortex of persons with Huntington disease and two normal controls. These were analyzed for total lipid, individual lipids, and gangliosides. No differences were detected between diseased and normal cells. In addition, gray matter samples from the same patients, and one additional patient and control sample, were analyzed and found not to differ. Thus the ultrastructural abnormalities seen in cortical biopsies are not reflected in the concentration of the major lipid classes.", "contents": "Huntington disease: normal lipid composition of purified neuronal perikarya and whole cortex. This is the first report of the lipid composition of human neurons. Neuronoal perikarya were isolated from frozen samples of the cerebral cortex of persons with Huntington disease and two normal controls. These were analyzed for total lipid, individual lipids, and gangliosides. No differences were detected between diseased and normal cells. In addition, gray matter samples from the same patients, and one additional patient and control sample, were analyzed and found not to differ. Thus the ultrastructural abnormalities seen in cortical biopsies are not reflected in the concentration of the major lipid classes."}
{"id": "PMID:150548", "title": "[Cholinergizing treatment in hyperkinesis].", "content": "Hyperkineses are a clinical and pathogenetic counter-part of parkinsonism (MP). Their underlying cause is increased activity of the dopaminergic system or insufficiency of the cholinergic system. Treatment inhibiting the dopaminergic system, similarly as anticholinergic treatment is of little effectiveness in MP. A trial of substitutive treatment was undertaken activating the cholinergic system with a precursor of acetylcholine (dimethyl-amino-ethanol-deanol--Bimanol) with simultaneous inhibition of cholinesterase with prostigmin. The results of this treatment were compared with previously applied antidopaminergic treatment (Haloperidol) and with the effects of L-dopa. This treatment was given to 11 patients with Huntington's chorea (ChH), 4 with faciolingual dyskinesis (DFL), 3 with torticollis spasmodicus (TS), 3 with maladie des tics (MT) and 8 with dyskinesia following treatment with L-dopa (MP). Cholinergizing treatment gave better results than antidopaminergic treatment in TS and ChH, and worse in MT. In dyskinesia following L-dopa cholinergizing treatment gave also no effects reported by others. Differences in the results of cholinergizing and antidopaminergic treatment may indicate non-homogenous pathological mechanism of these hyperkineses. Cholinergizing treatment in hyperkineses is based on a similar principle as L-dopa treatment in MP and this approach seems to be proper but more effective preparations should be sought for.", "contents": "[Cholinergizing treatment in hyperkinesis]. Hyperkineses are a clinical and pathogenetic counter-part of parkinsonism (MP). Their underlying cause is increased activity of the dopaminergic system or insufficiency of the cholinergic system. Treatment inhibiting the dopaminergic system, similarly as anticholinergic treatment is of little effectiveness in MP. A trial of substitutive treatment was undertaken activating the cholinergic system with a precursor of acetylcholine (dimethyl-amino-ethanol-deanol--Bimanol) with simultaneous inhibition of cholinesterase with prostigmin. The results of this treatment were compared with previously applied antidopaminergic treatment (Haloperidol) and with the effects of L-dopa. This treatment was given to 11 patients with Huntington's chorea (ChH), 4 with faciolingual dyskinesis (DFL), 3 with torticollis spasmodicus (TS), 3 with maladie des tics (MT) and 8 with dyskinesia following treatment with L-dopa (MP). Cholinergizing treatment gave better results than antidopaminergic treatment in TS and ChH, and worse in MT. In dyskinesia following L-dopa cholinergizing treatment gave also no effects reported by others. Differences in the results of cholinergizing and antidopaminergic treatment may indicate non-homogenous pathological mechanism of these hyperkineses. Cholinergizing treatment in hyperkineses is based on a similar principle as L-dopa treatment in MP and this approach seems to be proper but more effective preparations should be sought for."}
{"id": "PMID:150554", "title": "[Dynamic geometry of the left ventricle. Relaxation and elasticity indices].", "content": "A study was made of 34 patients with valve defects or arterial hypertension and a haemodynamic picture of left ventricle pressure or volume load. Echocardiography and haemodynamic investigated-established the size and mass of the left ventricle and also enabled its indices of contractility, relaxation and distensibility to be determined. The series was divided in accordance with the dynamic geometry of the left ventricle. In concentric hypertrophy, telediastolic rigidity increased in proportion to ventricular thickness and mass. In eccentric forms and ventricular dilatation, diastolic distensibility was reduced in cases with a high filling pressure. The relaxation values bore no relationship to distensibility and telediastolic compliance. The relaxation rate in protodiastole diminishes in proportion to functional depression of the left ventricle.", "contents": "[Dynamic geometry of the left ventricle. Relaxation and elasticity indices]. A study was made of 34 patients with valve defects or arterial hypertension and a haemodynamic picture of left ventricle pressure or volume load. Echocardiography and haemodynamic investigated-established the size and mass of the left ventricle and also enabled its indices of contractility, relaxation and distensibility to be determined. The series was divided in accordance with the dynamic geometry of the left ventricle. In concentric hypertrophy, telediastolic rigidity increased in proportion to ventricular thickness and mass. In eccentric forms and ventricular dilatation, diastolic distensibility was reduced in cases with a high filling pressure. The relaxation values bore no relationship to distensibility and telediastolic compliance. The relaxation rate in protodiastole diminishes in proportion to functional depression of the left ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:150556", "title": "A simple device for double Falope-Ring application.", "content": "A simple principle of interrupting the complete approximation of the operating slide to the thumb ring was utilized to apply the Falope-Ring to each fallopian tube with one introduction of the Falope-Ring applicator already loaded with two rings, thus eliminating the process of withdrawal, reloading, and reinsertion. This procedure has been performed with the use of a simple device on 46 patients with good success. It seems to be technically easy and shortens the operating time by avoiding the possibility of fogging the optics during the process of withdrawing the scope for reloading.", "contents": "A simple device for double Falope-Ring application. A simple principle of interrupting the complete approximation of the operating slide to the thumb ring was utilized to apply the Falope-Ring to each fallopian tube with one introduction of the Falope-Ring applicator already loaded with two rings, thus eliminating the process of withdrawal, reloading, and reinsertion. This procedure has been performed with the use of a simple device on 46 patients with good success. It seems to be technically easy and shortens the operating time by avoiding the possibility of fogging the optics during the process of withdrawing the scope for reloading."}
{"id": "PMID:150552", "title": "[Penile plastic induration].", "content": "Plastic induration is briefly described and its similarity to Dupuytren's disease is discussed in an attempt to detect a common origin. Results obtained in histochemical investigation of this question appear to suggest that changes in the polysaccharide components of the fundamental substances of the connective tissue are involved.", "contents": "[Penile plastic induration]. Plastic induration is briefly described and its similarity to Dupuytren's disease is discussed in an attempt to detect a common origin. Results obtained in histochemical investigation of this question appear to suggest that changes in the polysaccharide components of the fundamental substances of the connective tissue are involved."}
{"id": "PMID:150557", "title": "The steroid profile of a virilizing ovarian tumor.", "content": "A case report of a 25-year-old female with a sex cord stromal virilizing ovarian tumor is presented. The pathway of ovarian steroid secretion in this tumor is elucidated with the dominant elements being pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone. The tumor primarily made testosterone (T) with lesser elevations of androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Expert pathologic opinions differed whether this neoplasm was a Sertoli-Leydig tumor or a virilizing granulosa tumor; therefore, it was probably a gynandroblastoma. A unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed and the patient promptly resumed normal ovarian function with ovulation.", "contents": "The steroid profile of a virilizing ovarian tumor. A case report of a 25-year-old female with a sex cord stromal virilizing ovarian tumor is presented. The pathway of ovarian steroid secretion in this tumor is elucidated with the dominant elements being pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione, and testosterone. The tumor primarily made testosterone (T) with lesser elevations of androstenedione (A), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Expert pathologic opinions differed whether this neoplasm was a Sertoli-Leydig tumor or a virilizing granulosa tumor; therefore, it was probably a gynandroblastoma. A unilateral salpingo-oophorectomy was performed and the patient promptly resumed normal ovarian function with ovulation."}
{"id": "PMID:150558", "title": "Laparoscopic sterilization with therapeutic abortion versus sterilization or abortion alone.", "content": "Records of 606 therapeutic abortions performed by suction curettage, 693 interval laparoscopic sterilizations, and 442 combined procedures were analyzed and compared. The following conclusions were obtained: 1) Abortion alone and abortion with laparoscopic sterilization are similar in rates of postoperative morbidity (4.3 and 7%, respectively) and early complications (3.3 and 2.9%, respectively). 2) The risks in laparoscopic sterilization alone are significantly lower for postoperative morbidity (2.2%) and early complications (0.9%) than for abortion alone or for the combined procedure.", "contents": "Laparoscopic sterilization with therapeutic abortion versus sterilization or abortion alone. Records of 606 therapeutic abortions performed by suction curettage, 693 interval laparoscopic sterilizations, and 442 combined procedures were analyzed and compared. The following conclusions were obtained: 1) Abortion alone and abortion with laparoscopic sterilization are similar in rates of postoperative morbidity (4.3 and 7%, respectively) and early complications (3.3 and 2.9%, respectively). 2) The risks in laparoscopic sterilization alone are significantly lower for postoperative morbidity (2.2%) and early complications (0.9%) than for abortion alone or for the combined procedure."}
{"id": "PMID:150559", "title": "Congenital X-linked adrenal hypoplasia.", "content": "Fetal adrenal hypoplasia should be considered in pregnant patients with family histories of the condition and/or following observation of drastically reduced maternal estriol excretion. Antepartum diagnosis is important in the clinical management of these infants since deteriorating adrenal function frequently follows an asymptomatic period during the early neonatal life. Antepartum and neonatal diagnostic studies can identify fetal adrenal hypoplasia.", "contents": "Congenital X-linked adrenal hypoplasia. Fetal adrenal hypoplasia should be considered in pregnant patients with family histories of the condition and/or following observation of drastically reduced maternal estriol excretion. Antepartum diagnosis is important in the clinical management of these infants since deteriorating adrenal function frequently follows an asymptomatic period during the early neonatal life. Antepartum and neonatal diagnostic studies can identify fetal adrenal hypoplasia."}
{"id": "PMID:150585", "title": "Trisomy 21 in one of twin fetuses.", "content": "Both the detection of twins and the successful execution of a double amniocentesis pose significant technical problems in prenatal diagnosis. A case is reported in which one of twins fetuses had trisomy 21 and the other was chromosomally normal. Following counseling, the family chose to continue the pregnancy. At term, the mother was delivered of a healthy infant and a severely macerated fetus with stigmata suggestive of Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Trisomy 21 in one of twin fetuses. Both the detection of twins and the successful execution of a double amniocentesis pose significant technical problems in prenatal diagnosis. A case is reported in which one of twins fetuses had trisomy 21 and the other was chromosomally normal. Following counseling, the family chose to continue the pregnancy. At term, the mother was delivered of a healthy infant and a severely macerated fetus with stigmata suggestive of Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:150593", "title": "Gastro-cutaneous fistula following anterior gastropexy.", "content": "Two patients are described who developed a gastric fistula to the anterior abdominal wall following anterior gastropexy. Both fistulae closed spontaneously without any specific treatment. It is suggested that the fixation of the stomach to the anterior abdominal wall allows the fistula to discharge externally thus preventing peritoneal contamination with its serious consequences.", "contents": "Gastro-cutaneous fistula following anterior gastropexy. Two patients are described who developed a gastric fistula to the anterior abdominal wall following anterior gastropexy. Both fistulae closed spontaneously without any specific treatment. It is suggested that the fixation of the stomach to the anterior abdominal wall allows the fistula to discharge externally thus preventing peritoneal contamination with its serious consequences."}
{"id": "PMID:150596", "title": "Alternate reasons for atherogenesis in uremia.", "content": "The key to symptomatology in uremia is nitrogen retention leading to amidination and transmidination of a variety of substrates. The product of this activity is a series of guanidino acids which are methyl receptors converting S-adenosylmethionine to adenosine and homocysteine. Adenosine is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme ATPase and, in this way, contributes to the anemia, the bleeding diathesis and the CNS symptoms of uremia. Homocysteine is an inhibitor of pyridoxal phosphate-induced reactions and contributes to the angiitis and thromboembolism so unexpectedly encountered in chronic uremia.", "contents": "Alternate reasons for atherogenesis in uremia. The key to symptomatology in uremia is nitrogen retention leading to amidination and transmidination of a variety of substrates. The product of this activity is a series of guanidino acids which are methyl receptors converting S-adenosylmethionine to adenosine and homocysteine. Adenosine is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme ATPase and, in this way, contributes to the anemia, the bleeding diathesis and the CNS symptoms of uremia. Homocysteine is an inhibitor of pyridoxal phosphate-induced reactions and contributes to the angiitis and thromboembolism so unexpectedly encountered in chronic uremia."}
{"id": "PMID:150594", "title": "[Monolayer culture of pancreatic beta cells of newborn rats: Insulin secretion in vitro and attempt at beta-cell transplantation in experimental diabetes].", "content": "Partially purified beta cell monolayer cultures were prepared from the pancrease of neonatal Wistar rats by dissociating the cells with a trypsin-collagenase solution. The cultures were grown in medium 199 containing a 10% fetal calf serum and 100 or 300 mg/100 ml glucose. Insulin release from the primary cultures during 12 days was 15 to 20 microunit/culture/day when the cells were grown in the medium containing 300 mg/100 ml glucose. When glucose concentration in the medium was decreased from 300 to 100 mg/ml insulin release fell to 2--5 microunit/culture/day. Theophylline stimulated insulin release in a short-time experiment. Transplantation of a 6--8-day culture in diabetic rats reduced the blood glucose concentration for 1 to 2 days.", "contents": "[Monolayer culture of pancreatic beta cells of newborn rats: Insulin secretion in vitro and attempt at beta-cell transplantation in experimental diabetes]. Partially purified beta cell monolayer cultures were prepared from the pancrease of neonatal Wistar rats by dissociating the cells with a trypsin-collagenase solution. The cultures were grown in medium 199 containing a 10% fetal calf serum and 100 or 300 mg/100 ml glucose. Insulin release from the primary cultures during 12 days was 15 to 20 microunit/culture/day when the cells were grown in the medium containing 300 mg/100 ml glucose. When glucose concentration in the medium was decreased from 300 to 100 mg/ml insulin release fell to 2--5 microunit/culture/day. Theophylline stimulated insulin release in a short-time experiment. Transplantation of a 6--8-day culture in diabetic rats reduced the blood glucose concentration for 1 to 2 days."}
{"id": "PMID:150598", "title": "An in vitro study of how much methylprednisolone is needed to produce immunosuppression.", "content": "An in vitro assay system (MLR-LMC) was used to study the optimal time-concentration characteristics of methylprednisolone as an immunosuppressive drug. Our data suggest that low doses of methylprednisolone (less than 40 mg) most probably contribute little to immunosuppressive therapy and that high doses (15 to 30 mg/kg) are most probably excessive. Clinical trials are necessary to establish the validity of these conclusions and to establish the optimal dose schedule for the administration of steroids to patients undergoing renal transplantation.", "contents": "An in vitro study of how much methylprednisolone is needed to produce immunosuppression. An in vitro assay system (MLR-LMC) was used to study the optimal time-concentration characteristics of methylprednisolone as an immunosuppressive drug. Our data suggest that low doses of methylprednisolone (less than 40 mg) most probably contribute little to immunosuppressive therapy and that high doses (15 to 30 mg/kg) are most probably excessive. Clinical trials are necessary to establish the validity of these conclusions and to establish the optimal dose schedule for the administration of steroids to patients undergoing renal transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:150599", "title": "Molecular structure of membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The molecular architecture of membrane vesicles prepared from Escherichia coli ML 308-225 has been studied by using crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and a reference pattern of 52 discrete immunoprecipitates has been established. Progressive immunoadsorption experiments conducted with untreated control vesicles and with physically disrupted vesicles demonstrate that the membrane-associated immunogens fall into two categories: (i) those immunogens typified by ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) and NADH dehydrogenase [NADH: (acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.3] whose expression is minimal unless the vesicles are disrupted; and (ii) immunogens such as Braun's lipoprotein that are expressed to similar extents in untreated and in disrupted vesicles. A mathematical relationship between the peak area subtended by an immunoprecipitate in the crossed immuno-electrophoresis system and the quantity of vesicles used in the adsorption process has been derived. This relationship allows quantitation of the degree to which specific membrane immunogens partition between exposed and unexposed surfaces of the vesicle membrane. The results demonstrate conclusively that >95% of the membrane in the vesicle preparations is in the form of sealed sacculi with the same polarity as the intact cell. Moreover, the findings provide a strong indication that dislocation of immunogens from the inner to the outer surface of the membrane during vesicle preparation does not occur to an extent exceeding 11%.", "contents": "Molecular structure of membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli. The molecular architecture of membrane vesicles prepared from Escherichia coli ML 308-225 has been studied by using crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and a reference pattern of 52 discrete immunoprecipitates has been established. Progressive immunoadsorption experiments conducted with untreated control vesicles and with physically disrupted vesicles demonstrate that the membrane-associated immunogens fall into two categories: (i) those immunogens typified by ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) and NADH dehydrogenase [NADH: (acceptor) oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.3] whose expression is minimal unless the vesicles are disrupted; and (ii) immunogens such as Braun's lipoprotein that are expressed to similar extents in untreated and in disrupted vesicles. A mathematical relationship between the peak area subtended by an immunoprecipitate in the crossed immuno-electrophoresis system and the quantity of vesicles used in the adsorption process has been derived. This relationship allows quantitation of the degree to which specific membrane immunogens partition between exposed and unexposed surfaces of the vesicle membrane. The results demonstrate conclusively that >95% of the membrane in the vesicle preparations is in the form of sealed sacculi with the same polarity as the intact cell. Moreover, the findings provide a strong indication that dislocation of immunogens from the inner to the outer surface of the membrane during vesicle preparation does not occur to an extent exceeding 11%."}
{"id": "PMID:150600", "title": "Relationship between somatic mutation and neoplastic transformation.", "content": "Somatic mutation and neoplastic transformation of diploid Syrian hamster embryo cells were examined concomitantly. Mutations induced by benzo[a]pyrene and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were quantitated at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and Na(+)/K(+) ATPase loci and compared to phenotypic transformations measured by changes in cellular morphology and colony formation in agar. Both cellular transformations had characteristics distinct from the somatic mutations observed at the two loci. Morphological transformation was observed after a time comparable to that of somatic mutation but at a frequency that was 25- to 540-fold higher. Transformants capable of colony formation in agar were detected at a frequency of 10(-5)-10(-6), but not until 32-75 population doublings after carcinogen treatment. Although this frequency of transformation is comparable to that of somatic mutation, the detection time required is much longer than the optimal expression time of conventionally studied somatic mutations. Neoplastic transformation of hamster embryo cells has been described as a multistep, progressive process. Various phenotypic transformations of cells after carcinogen treatment may represent different stages in this progressive transformation. The results are discussed in this context and the role of mutagenesis in the transition between various stages is considered. Neoplastic transformation may be initiated by a mutational change, but it cannot be described completely by a single gene mutational event involving a dominant, codominant, or X-linked recessive locus. Neoplastic transformation induced by chemical carcinogens is more complex than a single gene mutational process. Thus, this comparative study does not give experimental support to predictions of the carcinogenic potential of chemicals based on a simple extrapolation of the results obtained from conventional somatic mutation assays.", "contents": "Relationship between somatic mutation and neoplastic transformation. Somatic mutation and neoplastic transformation of diploid Syrian hamster embryo cells were examined concomitantly. Mutations induced by benzo[a]pyrene and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine were quantitated at the hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase and Na(+)/K(+) ATPase loci and compared to phenotypic transformations measured by changes in cellular morphology and colony formation in agar. Both cellular transformations had characteristics distinct from the somatic mutations observed at the two loci. Morphological transformation was observed after a time comparable to that of somatic mutation but at a frequency that was 25- to 540-fold higher. Transformants capable of colony formation in agar were detected at a frequency of 10(-5)-10(-6), but not until 32-75 population doublings after carcinogen treatment. Although this frequency of transformation is comparable to that of somatic mutation, the detection time required is much longer than the optimal expression time of conventionally studied somatic mutations. Neoplastic transformation of hamster embryo cells has been described as a multistep, progressive process. Various phenotypic transformations of cells after carcinogen treatment may represent different stages in this progressive transformation. The results are discussed in this context and the role of mutagenesis in the transition between various stages is considered. Neoplastic transformation may be initiated by a mutational change, but it cannot be described completely by a single gene mutational event involving a dominant, codominant, or X-linked recessive locus. Neoplastic transformation induced by chemical carcinogens is more complex than a single gene mutational process. Thus, this comparative study does not give experimental support to predictions of the carcinogenic potential of chemicals based on a simple extrapolation of the results obtained from conventional somatic mutation assays."}
{"id": "PMID:150601", "title": "Induction of ouabain-resistant mutations in C3H 10T1/2 mouse cells by ultraviolet light.", "content": "Ouabain-resistant mutants were induced in C3H mouse embryo 10T1/2 fibroblasts by exposure to ultraviolet light, thus making available an in vitro system for studying mutagenesis and oncogenic transformation in parallel. 86Rb uptake studies showed that biochemical mutants at the plasma membrane Na+,K+ transport ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) locus were being selected for in this system. The optimal expression time for the mutants was found to depend on the dose of ultraviolet light, as was the induced mutation frequency. The ratio of transformation to mutation frequencies was found to be on the order of 10 for four different doses, suggesting that the target size in the cellular genome for transformation may be approximately 10 times the size of the Na+,K+ ATPase gene. We propose that both transformation and mutation induction can now be quantitatively studied in this single system.", "contents": "Induction of ouabain-resistant mutations in C3H 10T1/2 mouse cells by ultraviolet light. Ouabain-resistant mutants were induced in C3H mouse embryo 10T1/2 fibroblasts by exposure to ultraviolet light, thus making available an in vitro system for studying mutagenesis and oncogenic transformation in parallel. 86Rb uptake studies showed that biochemical mutants at the plasma membrane Na+,K+ transport ATPase (EC 3.6.1.3) locus were being selected for in this system. The optimal expression time for the mutants was found to depend on the dose of ultraviolet light, as was the induced mutation frequency. The ratio of transformation to mutation frequencies was found to be on the order of 10 for four different doses, suggesting that the target size in the cellular genome for transformation may be approximately 10 times the size of the Na+,K+ ATPase gene. We propose that both transformation and mutation induction can now be quantitatively studied in this single system."}
{"id": "PMID:150602", "title": "Failure of autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions between T and non-T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.", "content": "Normal human T cells proliferate vigorously when stimulated with autologous non-T cells. This autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) between T and non-T cells was defective in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In contrast, T cells and non-T cells from active SLE patients behaved normally as responding and stimulating cells, respectively, in the allogeneic MLR. The etiology of the impaired autologous MLR was further examined by studying the functional capacity of subsets of stimulating or responding cells. B cells, L cells, and monocytes from active SLE patients failed to stimulate autologous T cells but these cells effectively stimulated allogeneic T cells. Fc(IgG)+ T cells from active patients were unable to respond in both the autologous and allogeneic MLR; their Fc(IgG)-T cells responded well in the allogeneic but not in the autologous MLR. The Fc(IgG)+ T cells, but not the Fc(IgG)- T cells, from inactive SLE patients also failed to respond in the both autologous and allogeneic MLR. These studies indicate that patients with SLE have functionally defective Fc(IgG)+ T cells and a defective autologous MLR, both of which may contribute to impaired regulation of immune functions.", "contents": "Failure of autologous mixed lymphocyte reactions between T and non-T cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Normal human T cells proliferate vigorously when stimulated with autologous non-T cells. This autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) between T and non-T cells was defective in patients with active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In contrast, T cells and non-T cells from active SLE patients behaved normally as responding and stimulating cells, respectively, in the allogeneic MLR. The etiology of the impaired autologous MLR was further examined by studying the functional capacity of subsets of stimulating or responding cells. B cells, L cells, and monocytes from active SLE patients failed to stimulate autologous T cells but these cells effectively stimulated allogeneic T cells. Fc(IgG)+ T cells from active patients were unable to respond in both the autologous and allogeneic MLR; their Fc(IgG)-T cells responded well in the allogeneic but not in the autologous MLR. The Fc(IgG)+ T cells, but not the Fc(IgG)- T cells, from inactive SLE patients also failed to respond in the both autologous and allogeneic MLR. These studies indicate that patients with SLE have functionally defective Fc(IgG)+ T cells and a defective autologous MLR, both of which may contribute to impaired regulation of immune functions."}
{"id": "PMID:150608", "title": "A comparison of two developmental instruments in evaluating children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Twenty-one children with Down's syndrome were given both the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Gesell Developmental Schedules. Mental and motor developmental lags measured on the Bayley Scale were found to be significantly larger than comparable lags measured on the Gesell Schedules. Further, developmental lags for the mental and motor portions of the Bayley were not significantly different. For the Gesell, however, mental lag was significantly larger than motor lag. Finally, mental and motor lags increased with chronologic age on the Bayley, but only mental lag increased with age on the Gesell. These discrepancies indicate that for this population of infants the Bayley and the Gesell are not interchangeable assessments because they do not yield the same developmental patterns.", "contents": "A comparison of two developmental instruments in evaluating children with Down's syndrome. Twenty-one children with Down's syndrome were given both the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Gesell Developmental Schedules. Mental and motor developmental lags measured on the Bayley Scale were found to be significantly larger than comparable lags measured on the Gesell Schedules. Further, developmental lags for the mental and motor portions of the Bayley were not significantly different. For the Gesell, however, mental lag was significantly larger than motor lag. Finally, mental and motor lags increased with chronologic age on the Bayley, but only mental lag increased with age on the Gesell. These discrepancies indicate that for this population of infants the Bayley and the Gesell are not interchangeable assessments because they do not yield the same developmental patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:150609", "title": "Inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase by Hg++ ions.", "content": "1. Maximum heart mitochondrial ATPase activity is displayed in the presence of an ATP/Mg++ ratio of 0.6--1.2. Under these conditions, mercury ions inhibit ATPase activity of both the mitochondria and the isolated enzyme. In both cases, inhibition occurs within concentration limits of 1--1.5X10(-4) M. 2. The inhibitory effect of free Hg++ ions can be abolished by converting them to a complex with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA]. 3. The inhibitory effect of Hg++ ions on mitochondrial ATPase can be attributed to their nonspecific action on functional groups of the active centre or to breakdown of the quaternary structure of the protein molecule of the enzyme.", "contents": "Inhibition of mitochondrial ATPase by Hg++ ions. 1. Maximum heart mitochondrial ATPase activity is displayed in the presence of an ATP/Mg++ ratio of 0.6--1.2. Under these conditions, mercury ions inhibit ATPase activity of both the mitochondria and the isolated enzyme. In both cases, inhibition occurs within concentration limits of 1--1.5X10(-4) M. 2. The inhibitory effect of free Hg++ ions can be abolished by converting them to a complex with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA]. 3. The inhibitory effect of Hg++ ions on mitochondrial ATPase can be attributed to their nonspecific action on functional groups of the active centre or to breakdown of the quaternary structure of the protein molecule of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:150611", "title": "Comparison of life span of erythrocytes in some inbred strains of mouse using 14C-labelled glycine.", "content": "The erythrocyte life span in four inbred strains of mice--C57BL/10ScSnPh, B10.LP, BALB/c and CBA/JPh--was determined by means of erythrocyte labelling with 14C-glycine. Experimental data [decrease of 14C-activity of washed erythrocytes], corrected for blood loss, reincorporation of the label and delay in label incorporation during the initial period, were treated by a novel mathematical procedure based on the death probability function of the form: mu [t] = a + btlambda. The mean erythrocyte life span calculated using this function was, in the given sequence of strains, 42.1 +/- 0.6, 41.3 +/- 1.2, 39.3 +/- 0.9 and 38.6 +/- 0.6 days respectively. The rate of \"random\" destruction of erythrocytes was 1.20, 1.31, 0.70 and 0.63% of the total number of erythrocytes per day and a \"mean potential\" erthrocyte life span was found to be 58.9, 59.9, 46.2 and 44.5 days respectively. All the given parameters have similar numerical values in related strains and are apparently genetically conditioned. The erythrocyte life span determined simultaneously using DF32P labelling in the C57BL/10ScSnPh strain was 47.4 +/- 1.0 days. The implications of the results yielded by these two techniques is discussed.", "contents": "Comparison of life span of erythrocytes in some inbred strains of mouse using 14C-labelled glycine. The erythrocyte life span in four inbred strains of mice--C57BL/10ScSnPh, B10.LP, BALB/c and CBA/JPh--was determined by means of erythrocyte labelling with 14C-glycine. Experimental data [decrease of 14C-activity of washed erythrocytes], corrected for blood loss, reincorporation of the label and delay in label incorporation during the initial period, were treated by a novel mathematical procedure based on the death probability function of the form: mu [t] = a + btlambda. The mean erythrocyte life span calculated using this function was, in the given sequence of strains, 42.1 +/- 0.6, 41.3 +/- 1.2, 39.3 +/- 0.9 and 38.6 +/- 0.6 days respectively. The rate of \"random\" destruction of erythrocytes was 1.20, 1.31, 0.70 and 0.63% of the total number of erythrocytes per day and a \"mean potential\" erthrocyte life span was found to be 58.9, 59.9, 46.2 and 44.5 days respectively. All the given parameters have similar numerical values in related strains and are apparently genetically conditioned. The erythrocyte life span determined simultaneously using DF32P labelling in the C57BL/10ScSnPh strain was 47.4 +/- 1.0 days. The implications of the results yielded by these two techniques is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:150612", "title": "Effect of Trisetum flavescens P.B. on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in rats. Experimental evidence for the principle actively affecting phospho-calcium homeostasis.", "content": "After reviewing the literature on the vitamin D3-like activity of certain plants [Solanum malacoxylon, Cestrum diurnum and Trisetum flavescens], the authors present results of experiments in which dried Trisetum flavescens was administered perorally to rats. The addition of 2.5% dried Trisetum flavescens to the standard laboratory diet caused a drop in blood phosphate levels and a simultaneous marked increase in the calcium and phosphorus content of bones of the experimental animals. The mechanism of the action of Trisetum flavescens on phosphocalcium metabolism is discussed.", "contents": "Effect of Trisetum flavescens P.B. on calcium and phosphorus metabolism in rats. Experimental evidence for the principle actively affecting phospho-calcium homeostasis. After reviewing the literature on the vitamin D3-like activity of certain plants [Solanum malacoxylon, Cestrum diurnum and Trisetum flavescens], the authors present results of experiments in which dried Trisetum flavescens was administered perorally to rats. The addition of 2.5% dried Trisetum flavescens to the standard laboratory diet caused a drop in blood phosphate levels and a simultaneous marked increase in the calcium and phosphorus content of bones of the experimental animals. The mechanism of the action of Trisetum flavescens on phosphocalcium metabolism is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:150615", "title": "Papulosquamous diseases.", "content": "The papulosquamous diseases have certain common morphologic appearances which may at times lead to confusion in diagnosis. They do not have any common etiologic factor. The most common diseases in this category are psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, lichen planus, pityriasis rosea, and secondary syphilis. Exfoliative erythroderma is included here since it rarely may be a complication of a pre-existing papulosquamous disease such as psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and lichen planus.", "contents": "Papulosquamous diseases. The papulosquamous diseases have certain common morphologic appearances which may at times lead to confusion in diagnosis. They do not have any common etiologic factor. The most common diseases in this category are psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, lichen planus, pityriasis rosea, and secondary syphilis. Exfoliative erythroderma is included here since it rarely may be a complication of a pre-existing papulosquamous disease such as psoriasis, seborrheic dermatitis, and lichen planus."}
{"id": "PMID:150616", "title": "Drug eruptions.", "content": "Although any drug may cause any dermatitis, it is possible to categorize a relatively few types of dermatitis and a relatively small number of drugs in such a way as to afford a practical approach to a sometimes confusing problem. These problems are generally clinical ones not requiring laboratory work and an experienced clinician will probably be able to manage most of these cases without extensive consultations.", "contents": "Drug eruptions. Although any drug may cause any dermatitis, it is possible to categorize a relatively few types of dermatitis and a relatively small number of drugs in such a way as to afford a practical approach to a sometimes confusing problem. These problems are generally clinical ones not requiring laboratory work and an experienced clinician will probably be able to manage most of these cases without extensive consultations."}
{"id": "PMID:150619", "title": "Chest pain in the nontraumatized patient.", "content": "The radiologist plays an important role in the examination of nontraumatized patients with chest pain presenting in the emergency room. In some instances, a diagnosis can be made on the basis of the initial radiograph. In others, consultation with the referring physician may either make the diagnosis or indicate a need for additional view or other imaging procedures. In this discussion, medical conditions associated with various radiographic appearances of the chest have been considered. We have not attempted to be encyclopedic, but have confined ourselves to the more common or distinctiive radiographic findings. Obviously, chest pain can occur from many other causes including primary disease in the neck, abdomen, and skeletal system.", "contents": "Chest pain in the nontraumatized patient. The radiologist plays an important role in the examination of nontraumatized patients with chest pain presenting in the emergency room. In some instances, a diagnosis can be made on the basis of the initial radiograph. In others, consultation with the referring physician may either make the diagnosis or indicate a need for additional view or other imaging procedures. In this discussion, medical conditions associated with various radiographic appearances of the chest have been considered. We have not attempted to be encyclopedic, but have confined ourselves to the more common or distinctiive radiographic findings. Obviously, chest pain can occur from many other causes including primary disease in the neck, abdomen, and skeletal system."}
{"id": "PMID:150620", "title": "The use of echocardiography for quantitative evaluation of left ventricular function.", "content": "Echocardiography is a valuable technique for the diagnosis and serial follow-up of patients with impaired cardiac function. It is subject to certain limitations due to the assumptions inherent in deriving ventricular volume from a one-dimensional measurement and must be interpreted with caution in cases of suspected regional abnormalities of contraction. Given these caveats, echocardiography is valuable in the quantitative assessment of cardiac size and the level of compensation in patients with primary myocardial disease, valvular heart disease, and left ventricular hypertrophy. It can detect abnormal contraction in some patients with ischemic heart disease and provides an accurate method to serially follow changes produced as a result of drug or surgical therapy. Finally, two-dimensional techniques promise to provide a new perspective on the evaluation of patients with regional wall motion abnormalities.", "contents": "The use of echocardiography for quantitative evaluation of left ventricular function. Echocardiography is a valuable technique for the diagnosis and serial follow-up of patients with impaired cardiac function. It is subject to certain limitations due to the assumptions inherent in deriving ventricular volume from a one-dimensional measurement and must be interpreted with caution in cases of suspected regional abnormalities of contraction. Given these caveats, echocardiography is valuable in the quantitative assessment of cardiac size and the level of compensation in patients with primary myocardial disease, valvular heart disease, and left ventricular hypertrophy. It can detect abnormal contraction in some patients with ischemic heart disease and provides an accurate method to serially follow changes produced as a result of drug or surgical therapy. Finally, two-dimensional techniques promise to provide a new perspective on the evaluation of patients with regional wall motion abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:150621", "title": "Echocardiographic evaluation of the mitral valve.", "content": "In its developing years and during the esthetically unappealing polaroid era, echocardiography was employed, in parallel, with invasive studies. Its worth was being scrutinized; it had to be tested and verified. Although the technology continues to advance, with real-time imaging still to be refined, single-element M-mode echo, displayed as a strip chart recorder, should be allowed to stand on its own and to replace invasive studies in most patients with valve disease. More can be learned about valve function, and as much about ventricular function, from the echo than from catheterization and angiography.", "contents": "Echocardiographic evaluation of the mitral valve. In its developing years and during the esthetically unappealing polaroid era, echocardiography was employed, in parallel, with invasive studies. Its worth was being scrutinized; it had to be tested and verified. Although the technology continues to advance, with real-time imaging still to be refined, single-element M-mode echo, displayed as a strip chart recorder, should be allowed to stand on its own and to replace invasive studies in most patients with valve disease. More can be learned about valve function, and as much about ventricular function, from the echo than from catheterization and angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:150625", "title": "[Causes of death in road traffic injuries. A comparison between 1970 and 1976 (author's transl)].", "content": "Despite an increase in road traffic, the number of those injured in the Canton of Geneva decreased by 37 p. 100 in 1976 compared with 1970, but the number of deaths in the Hospital was the same. The death rate has therefore increased. The authors have studied the reason for this increased rate in relation to age, sex and cause of death. The number of deaths from cardio-pulmonary insufficiency had decreased but the number resulting from infection had increased dramatically. The severity of lesions was measured using the Injury Severity Score of Baker. There was a close relation between the I.S.S. and mortality. This study has led to the establishment of a more accurate prognosis.", "contents": "[Causes of death in road traffic injuries. A comparison between 1970 and 1976 (author's transl)]. Despite an increase in road traffic, the number of those injured in the Canton of Geneva decreased by 37 p. 100 in 1976 compared with 1970, but the number of deaths in the Hospital was the same. The death rate has therefore increased. The authors have studied the reason for this increased rate in relation to age, sex and cause of death. The number of deaths from cardio-pulmonary insufficiency had decreased but the number resulting from infection had increased dramatically. The severity of lesions was measured using the Injury Severity Score of Baker. There was a close relation between the I.S.S. and mortality. This study has led to the establishment of a more accurate prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:150624", "title": "[Desmoid fibroma of the limbs (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have treated nineteen cases of desmoid fibroma of the limbs of which two were intraosseous. The severity of the lesion was greater when sited proximally in the limbs. In many patients, the tumours grew slowly and gave little incapacity. A large number of recurrences were found after surgical excision. The treatment, however, must be based on surgical excision which should be as extensive as possible. Radiotherapy should only be used after the tumour has recurred several times. In view of reports of spontaneous healing, hormone therapy was tried but no conclusions could be drawn from these trials.", "contents": "[Desmoid fibroma of the limbs (author's transl)]. The authors have treated nineteen cases of desmoid fibroma of the limbs of which two were intraosseous. The severity of the lesion was greater when sited proximally in the limbs. In many patients, the tumours grew slowly and gave little incapacity. A large number of recurrences were found after surgical excision. The treatment, however, must be based on surgical excision which should be as extensive as possible. Radiotherapy should only be used after the tumour has recurred several times. In view of reports of spontaneous healing, hormone therapy was tried but no conclusions could be drawn from these trials."}
{"id": "PMID:150626", "title": "[Traumatic dislocation of the knee treated by early surgical repair (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have treated twelve traumatic dislocations of the knee. Three were treated conservatively with one satisfactory result. Nine were treated by early surgical repair with seven satisfactory results. The technique of ligamentous repair is described. The authors emphasise the frequency and severity of associated vessel and nerve damage. They found acute lesions of the popliteal artery in five cases, three of which had to be operated upon immediately with arterial suture or graft. In one case, ischaemia appeared four days after dislocation and the thrombosed artery was repaired by a venous graft. In one case a lesion of the lateral popliteal nerve which did not recover was treated by palliative surgery. In one case, secondary skin necrosis was treated by skin flap transplantation using micro-surgical technique with a satisfactory result. It is concluded that ligamentous and vascular repairs should be undertaken at the same procedure after arteriography.", "contents": "[Traumatic dislocation of the knee treated by early surgical repair (author's transl)]. The authors have treated twelve traumatic dislocations of the knee. Three were treated conservatively with one satisfactory result. Nine were treated by early surgical repair with seven satisfactory results. The technique of ligamentous repair is described. The authors emphasise the frequency and severity of associated vessel and nerve damage. They found acute lesions of the popliteal artery in five cases, three of which had to be operated upon immediately with arterial suture or graft. In one case, ischaemia appeared four days after dislocation and the thrombosed artery was repaired by a venous graft. In one case a lesion of the lateral popliteal nerve which did not recover was treated by palliative surgery. In one case, secondary skin necrosis was treated by skin flap transplantation using micro-surgical technique with a satisfactory result. It is concluded that ligamentous and vascular repairs should be undertaken at the same procedure after arteriography."}
{"id": "PMID:150627", "title": "The surgical treatment of fractures of the upper end of the humerus by blind pinning (author's transl).", "content": "During a period of five years, the authors have treated 250 fractures of the upper end of the humerus. Fifty-one were treated by blind pinning. Six to eight Kirschner wires are passed up to the head of the humerus under X-ray control through a hole made on the posterior aspect of the lower end of the humerus just above the olecranon fossa. The functional results were satisfactory in 70% of cases. The indications for pinning were for severely displaced fractures, comminuted fractures, either impacted or not, or slipping of the upper humeral epiphysis. The results were less satisfactory in cases with an elevated greater tuberosity. The technique cannot be applied to fracture-dislocations.", "contents": "The surgical treatment of fractures of the upper end of the humerus by blind pinning (author's transl). During a period of five years, the authors have treated 250 fractures of the upper end of the humerus. Fifty-one were treated by blind pinning. Six to eight Kirschner wires are passed up to the head of the humerus under X-ray control through a hole made on the posterior aspect of the lower end of the humerus just above the olecranon fossa. The functional results were satisfactory in 70% of cases. The indications for pinning were for severely displaced fractures, comminuted fractures, either impacted or not, or slipping of the upper humeral epiphysis. The results were less satisfactory in cases with an elevated greater tuberosity. The technique cannot be applied to fracture-dislocations."}
{"id": "PMID:150628", "title": "[Treatment problems in old and recent rupture of the lateral knee ligament].", "content": "The authors have treated 31 fresh ruptures of the lateral ligament and 104 cases of chronic instability of the lateral side of the knee. In recent ruptures the results obtained after surgical repair were not as gratifying as those obtained after injuries of the medial ligament. The cases operated upon were tears of the lateral ligament associated with ruptures of one or both cruciate ligaments. The frequency of rupture of the popliteus tendon is emphasized. The authors recommend, when necessary, a double surgical approach both laterally and posteriorly and plaster cast immobilization for more than 6 weeks. Tendon transfer in recent lesions have been done when suture of a cruciate ligament was impossible. The results of several procedures for chronic instability were analysed; transposition of the patellar ligament, transposition of the head of the fibula, or tightening of the lateral structures of the knee (capsule, ligament, popliteus tendon). Associated lesions of the cruciate ligament were treated by tendon transfer. Poor results were obtained in those presenting with fixed varus deformities. The authors conclude that such deformities should be corrected by osteotomy.", "contents": "[Treatment problems in old and recent rupture of the lateral knee ligament]. The authors have treated 31 fresh ruptures of the lateral ligament and 104 cases of chronic instability of the lateral side of the knee. In recent ruptures the results obtained after surgical repair were not as gratifying as those obtained after injuries of the medial ligament. The cases operated upon were tears of the lateral ligament associated with ruptures of one or both cruciate ligaments. The frequency of rupture of the popliteus tendon is emphasized. The authors recommend, when necessary, a double surgical approach both laterally and posteriorly and plaster cast immobilization for more than 6 weeks. Tendon transfer in recent lesions have been done when suture of a cruciate ligament was impossible. The results of several procedures for chronic instability were analysed; transposition of the patellar ligament, transposition of the head of the fibula, or tightening of the lateral structures of the knee (capsule, ligament, popliteus tendon). Associated lesions of the cruciate ligament were treated by tendon transfer. Poor results were obtained in those presenting with fixed varus deformities. The authors conclude that such deformities should be corrected by osteotomy."}
{"id": "PMID:150634", "title": "Effects of pre and perinatal malnutrition on muscle fibres from fast and slow rat muscles.", "content": "Pre and perinatal malnutrition of rats was effected by means of limiting the mothers' food intake by 50% during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring were sacrificed at 36 weeks of age and the anterior tibialis (ANTIB) and soleus (SOL) muscles were prepared for histochemical demonstration of Type I, IIA and IIB muslce fibre types using myosin ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase activity. Muscle weights and mean muscle fibre area determinations showed greater decreases in ANTIB than SOL, SOL muscle fibre areas being relatively unaffected by the undernutrition regimen. The proportions present of the muscle fibre types differed in ANTIB and to a small extent on SOL. In the former muscle, some decreases in area in certain of the fibres were associated with increases in the percentages present, showing a tendency to maintain the physiological cross-sectional area of the muscle.", "contents": "Effects of pre and perinatal malnutrition on muscle fibres from fast and slow rat muscles. Pre and perinatal malnutrition of rats was effected by means of limiting the mothers' food intake by 50% during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring were sacrificed at 36 weeks of age and the anterior tibialis (ANTIB) and soleus (SOL) muscles were prepared for histochemical demonstration of Type I, IIA and IIB muslce fibre types using myosin ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase activity. Muscle weights and mean muscle fibre area determinations showed greater decreases in ANTIB than SOL, SOL muscle fibre areas being relatively unaffected by the undernutrition regimen. The proportions present of the muscle fibre types differed in ANTIB and to a small extent on SOL. In the former muscle, some decreases in area in certain of the fibres were associated with increases in the percentages present, showing a tendency to maintain the physiological cross-sectional area of the muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:150639", "title": "Correlation between mixed lymphocyte culture in compatibility and cadaver kidney graft rejection.", "content": "One-way mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity of recipient lymphocytes against the donor lymphocytes was measured in 11 recipients of cadaver kidneys. Peripheral blood was drawn from donors and recipients before the transplantation and lymphocytes isolated and frozen down for later typing. In one experiment, the lymphocytes from 11 recipient-donor pairs were thawed and the reactivity of the lymphocytes of the recipient towards the irradiated lymphocytes of the donor was estimated. Two unrelated controls were included, and the results were expressed as stabilized relative response taking into account both variations in responder- and stimulator capability of the lymphocytes. Four patients with a high relative response (above 50) had rejection episodes during the first month of transplantation in contrast to seven patients with a low relative response, who had no rejection episodes during the first month (p = 0.003). At six months, three of the four high responders had lost their graft compared to two of the seven low responders.", "contents": "Correlation between mixed lymphocyte culture in compatibility and cadaver kidney graft rejection. One-way mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity of recipient lymphocytes against the donor lymphocytes was measured in 11 recipients of cadaver kidneys. Peripheral blood was drawn from donors and recipients before the transplantation and lymphocytes isolated and frozen down for later typing. In one experiment, the lymphocytes from 11 recipient-donor pairs were thawed and the reactivity of the lymphocytes of the recipient towards the irradiated lymphocytes of the donor was estimated. Two unrelated controls were included, and the results were expressed as stabilized relative response taking into account both variations in responder- and stimulator capability of the lymphocytes. Four patients with a high relative response (above 50) had rejection episodes during the first month of transplantation in contrast to seven patients with a low relative response, who had no rejection episodes during the first month (p = 0.003). At six months, three of the four high responders had lost their graft compared to two of the seven low responders."}
{"id": "PMID:150643", "title": "Inhibition of bone formation during space flight.", "content": "Parameters of bone formation and resorption were measured in rats orbited for 19.5 days aboard the Soviet Cosmos 782 biological satellite. The most striking effects were on bone formation. During flight, rats formed significantly less periosteal bone than did control rats on the ground. An arrest line at both the periosteum and the endosteum of flight animals suggest that a complete cessation of bone growth occurred. During a 26-day postflight period, the defect in bone formation was corrected. No significant changes in bone resorption were observed.", "contents": "Inhibition of bone formation during space flight. Parameters of bone formation and resorption were measured in rats orbited for 19.5 days aboard the Soviet Cosmos 782 biological satellite. The most striking effects were on bone formation. During flight, rats formed significantly less periosteal bone than did control rats on the ground. An arrest line at both the periosteum and the endosteum of flight animals suggest that a complete cessation of bone growth occurred. During a 26-day postflight period, the defect in bone formation was corrected. No significant changes in bone resorption were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:150645", "title": "Two and a half years of acupuncture in Alabama.", "content": "From the data presented it appears that acupuncture helped in more than 50% of the patients by either completely or partially controlling pain from certain disorders. Patients helped by acupuncture received 8.55 treatments on the average, while patients not helped by acupuncture only received 4.75 treatments. There is difference between the male and female patients as to the response to acupuncture. However, we noticed that the younger the patient and the shorter the duration of their of problems, the better the response. Patients who had not had surgery to treat the pain syndrome responded better than those who had had previous surgery. Patients with backache who had previously had laminectomy showed better response to acupuncture than patients who had had spinal fusion. It appears that good general health plays an important role in favorable response to acupuncture treatment. Acupuncture may be a valuable extension of a conventional pain clinic and an alternative in patients who are desperate to obtain relief from pain which they failed to obtain from other methods.", "contents": "Two and a half years of acupuncture in Alabama. From the data presented it appears that acupuncture helped in more than 50% of the patients by either completely or partially controlling pain from certain disorders. Patients helped by acupuncture received 8.55 treatments on the average, while patients not helped by acupuncture only received 4.75 treatments. There is difference between the male and female patients as to the response to acupuncture. However, we noticed that the younger the patient and the shorter the duration of their of problems, the better the response. Patients who had not had surgery to treat the pain syndrome responded better than those who had had previous surgery. Patients with backache who had previously had laminectomy showed better response to acupuncture than patients who had had spinal fusion. It appears that good general health plays an important role in favorable response to acupuncture treatment. Acupuncture may be a valuable extension of a conventional pain clinic and an alternative in patients who are desperate to obtain relief from pain which they failed to obtain from other methods."}
{"id": "PMID:150651", "title": "Double loop mass closure technique for abdominal incisions.", "content": "The technique of double loop mass closure of vertical abdominal incisions converts a vertical incision into a physiologic incision by converting distracting muscular stress into an opposing force. Use of the closure in a small series of high risk patients has demonstrated it to allow closure of vertical incisions with subsequent wound healing without hernia, dehiscence or invasive wound infection.", "contents": "Double loop mass closure technique for abdominal incisions. The technique of double loop mass closure of vertical abdominal incisions converts a vertical incision into a physiologic incision by converting distracting muscular stress into an opposing force. Use of the closure in a small series of high risk patients has demonstrated it to allow closure of vertical incisions with subsequent wound healing without hernia, dehiscence or invasive wound infection."}
{"id": "PMID:150652", "title": "Transcatheter arterial embolization of a traumatic lumbar artery false aneurysm.", "content": "The case of a false aneurysm of a lumbar artery secondary to penetrating trauma is presented. Problems of diagnosis are outlined, emphasizing the value of ultrasound, computerized tomography, and angiography. The early use of angiography is strongly advocated in cases of suspected post-traumatic bleeding. The use and value of therapeutic transcatheter embolization is discussed.", "contents": "Transcatheter arterial embolization of a traumatic lumbar artery false aneurysm. The case of a false aneurysm of a lumbar artery secondary to penetrating trauma is presented. Problems of diagnosis are outlined, emphasizing the value of ultrasound, computerized tomography, and angiography. The early use of angiography is strongly advocated in cases of suspected post-traumatic bleeding. The use and value of therapeutic transcatheter embolization is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:150661", "title": "Lymphoid cell interactions in allograft immunity. Failure of hamsters to generate suppressor cells upon specific immunization.", "content": "The alloantigenic reactivity of hamster spleen cells from unsensitized animals was analyzed in vitro. When compared with normal MHA cells, MHA anti-CB spleen cells responded better or to the same degree in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) during the first 3 days after alloantigenic exposure. However, by day 5 postsensitization there was a signigicant reduction in spleen cell MLR activity, which returned to normal or even an exaggerated response 7 days following immunization. We examined the possibility that the reduction in MLR responsiveness 5 days following immunization might be attributable to the generation splenic suppressor cells. Irradiated spleen cells from unsensitized and from MHA anti-CB donors were cocultured with normal responder MHA lymph node cells stimulated by (MHA x CB)F1 hybrid lymph node cells in MLR. No regulatory effect of either cell population was seen, indicating that even hamster spleen cells from alloimmune donors fail to suppress the mitotic response of normal lymph node cells to allogeneic targets.", "contents": "Lymphoid cell interactions in allograft immunity. Failure of hamsters to generate suppressor cells upon specific immunization. The alloantigenic reactivity of hamster spleen cells from unsensitized animals was analyzed in vitro. When compared with normal MHA cells, MHA anti-CB spleen cells responded better or to the same degree in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) during the first 3 days after alloantigenic exposure. However, by day 5 postsensitization there was a signigicant reduction in spleen cell MLR activity, which returned to normal or even an exaggerated response 7 days following immunization. We examined the possibility that the reduction in MLR responsiveness 5 days following immunization might be attributable to the generation splenic suppressor cells. Irradiated spleen cells from unsensitized and from MHA anti-CB donors were cocultured with normal responder MHA lymph node cells stimulated by (MHA x CB)F1 hybrid lymph node cells in MLR. No regulatory effect of either cell population was seen, indicating that even hamster spleen cells from alloimmune donors fail to suppress the mitotic response of normal lymph node cells to allogeneic targets."}
{"id": "PMID:150665", "title": "[Effect of adrenaline on the ATPase activity of suslik brain synaptosomes].", "content": "Action of adrenaline on ATPase activity of ground squirrel synaptosomes in vitro at 37 degrees and 17 degrees C was studied. It has been shown in experiments in vitro at 37 degrees C that adrenaline in a concentration of 5.10(-4) M influenced Mg and Na, K-ATPase of the synaptosomes in ground squirrel brain. The inhibition (42-72%) of Na, K-ATPase in the synaptosomes of the brain was seen during hibernation and in summer. The inhibition of Mg-ATPase (50%) was observed only in summer. The effect of adrenaline on the activity of Na, K-ATPase of synaptosome was seen in vitro as well as at 17 degrees (a 50% inhibition). It was shown that adrenaline in vitro at a concentration of 5.10(-4) M inhibited ATPases more than noradrenaline.", "contents": "[Effect of adrenaline on the ATPase activity of suslik brain synaptosomes]. Action of adrenaline on ATPase activity of ground squirrel synaptosomes in vitro at 37 degrees and 17 degrees C was studied. It has been shown in experiments in vitro at 37 degrees C that adrenaline in a concentration of 5.10(-4) M influenced Mg and Na, K-ATPase of the synaptosomes in ground squirrel brain. The inhibition (42-72%) of Na, K-ATPase in the synaptosomes of the brain was seen during hibernation and in summer. The inhibition of Mg-ATPase (50%) was observed only in summer. The effect of adrenaline on the activity of Na, K-ATPase of synaptosome was seen in vitro as well as at 17 degrees (a 50% inhibition). It was shown that adrenaline in vitro at a concentration of 5.10(-4) M inhibited ATPases more than noradrenaline."}
{"id": "PMID:150666", "title": "[Several types of mitochondrial ultrastructure in animal cell mitochondria and their relationship to energy production].", "content": "Using the mitochondrial suspension of rabit's hepatocytes the interconnection between the ultrastructural reorganization and the power of mitochondria has been studied. Several steady states of these organelles were revealed corresponding to the rest, norm and to the excitement, all being characterized by definite ultrastructural and power-production parameters. It was shown that these physiological states of mitochondria were common to the intact cells. On the basis of the idea on the discrete physiological states of mitochondria, cases of a so-called \"variety\" of these methods of approach to the study of the interrelation between the structure and function of mitochondria may be used as well for the analysis of some pathological changes of these organelles.", "contents": "[Several types of mitochondrial ultrastructure in animal cell mitochondria and their relationship to energy production]. Using the mitochondrial suspension of rabit's hepatocytes the interconnection between the ultrastructural reorganization and the power of mitochondria has been studied. Several steady states of these organelles were revealed corresponding to the rest, norm and to the excitement, all being characterized by definite ultrastructural and power-production parameters. It was shown that these physiological states of mitochondria were common to the intact cells. On the basis of the idea on the discrete physiological states of mitochondria, cases of a so-called \"variety\" of these methods of approach to the study of the interrelation between the structure and function of mitochondria may be used as well for the analysis of some pathological changes of these organelles."}
{"id": "PMID:150667", "title": "[Effect of rat liver chalones on liver cell proliferation at different times after partial hepatectomy].", "content": "The action of rat's liver ethanol extract (72--81 per cent saturation) on cell proliferation of this organ at various periods after a partial hepatectomy has been studied. The most sensitive periods of the action of G1- and G2-chalone were, resp., the time of cell transformation, and the middle of the premitotic period of cell cycle. The action of G2-chalone used is organ-specific, since the drug decreased the mitotic activity of both hepatocytes and stromal cells. At the same time, the proliferation of ear, tongue and small bowel epithelial cells remained unchanged.", "contents": "[Effect of rat liver chalones on liver cell proliferation at different times after partial hepatectomy]. The action of rat's liver ethanol extract (72--81 per cent saturation) on cell proliferation of this organ at various periods after a partial hepatectomy has been studied. The most sensitive periods of the action of G1- and G2-chalone were, resp., the time of cell transformation, and the middle of the premitotic period of cell cycle. The action of G2-chalone used is organ-specific, since the drug decreased the mitotic activity of both hepatocytes and stromal cells. At the same time, the proliferation of ear, tongue and small bowel epithelial cells remained unchanged."}
{"id": "PMID:150668", "title": "[Age peculiarities of actomyosin enzymic properties in embryogenesis].", "content": "Age changes in the subunits composition were comparatively studied for protein, ATPase activity, sensitivity to Ca2+ in low concentrations and alkaline activation of ATPase of natural actomyosin of skeletal muscles and myocardium in cattle feti. A rise in values in the process of the mentioned parameters development is established for actomyosin of skeletal muscles. The rise is especially considerable by the end of embryonic development. Correspondingly the myocardium actomyosin possesses a lower ATPase activity and higher sensitivity to Ca2+ in low concentrations. The ATPase activity rises moderately with development.", "contents": "[Age peculiarities of actomyosin enzymic properties in embryogenesis]. Age changes in the subunits composition were comparatively studied for protein, ATPase activity, sensitivity to Ca2+ in low concentrations and alkaline activation of ATPase of natural actomyosin of skeletal muscles and myocardium in cattle feti. A rise in values in the process of the mentioned parameters development is established for actomyosin of skeletal muscles. The rise is especially considerable by the end of embryonic development. Correspondingly the myocardium actomyosin possesses a lower ATPase activity and higher sensitivity to Ca2+ in low concentrations. The ATPase activity rises moderately with development."}
{"id": "PMID:150669", "title": "[Plasmin in human blood plasma].", "content": "Formation of plasmin was studied when treating the human diluted blood plasma with kaolin in acid medium. The activity of the formed enzyme was determined quantitatively from the splitting of protamin sulphate, fibrin and fibrinogen. Dependence of plasminogen activation on time of plasma incubation with kaolin and on temperature as well as the effect of proteinases inhibitors on the plasmin activity are studied.", "contents": "[Plasmin in human blood plasma]. Formation of plasmin was studied when treating the human diluted blood plasma with kaolin in acid medium. The activity of the formed enzyme was determined quantitatively from the splitting of protamin sulphate, fibrin and fibrinogen. Dependence of plasminogen activation on time of plasma incubation with kaolin and on temperature as well as the effect of proteinases inhibitors on the plasmin activity are studied."}
{"id": "PMID:150685", "title": "Coronary intimal sclerosis in Morquio's syndrome.", "content": "Mitral valve, coronary arteries, cartilage, and liver were studied by light and electron microscopy in a 15 year old boy with Morquio's syndrome, a genetic mucopolysaccharidosis, in which a deficiency of lysosomal hexosamine sulfatase is associated with accumulations of keratan sulfate in various organs. Coronary artery intimal sclerosis was a prominent feature of this disorder. Ultrastructural examination revealed numerous intimal smooth muscle cells containing storage vacuoles consistent with lysosomes. This was associated with marked interstitial deposition of collagen, elastin, and basement membrane material. Recent studies of human and experimental atherosclerosis have demonstrated the accumulation of cholesterol within vascular smooth muscle cell lysosomes. Intralysosomal accumulation of substrates other than cholesterol is also associated with vascular intimal sclerosis in genetic lysosomal disorders such as Fabry's disease and Hurler's syndrome. Lysosomal storage of undegraded substrate may be an important pathogenetic mechanism in the development of sclerotic vascular lesions.", "contents": "Coronary intimal sclerosis in Morquio's syndrome. Mitral valve, coronary arteries, cartilage, and liver were studied by light and electron microscopy in a 15 year old boy with Morquio's syndrome, a genetic mucopolysaccharidosis, in which a deficiency of lysosomal hexosamine sulfatase is associated with accumulations of keratan sulfate in various organs. Coronary artery intimal sclerosis was a prominent feature of this disorder. Ultrastructural examination revealed numerous intimal smooth muscle cells containing storage vacuoles consistent with lysosomes. This was associated with marked interstitial deposition of collagen, elastin, and basement membrane material. Recent studies of human and experimental atherosclerosis have demonstrated the accumulation of cholesterol within vascular smooth muscle cell lysosomes. Intralysosomal accumulation of substrates other than cholesterol is also associated with vascular intimal sclerosis in genetic lysosomal disorders such as Fabry's disease and Hurler's syndrome. Lysosomal storage of undegraded substrate may be an important pathogenetic mechanism in the development of sclerotic vascular lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:150687", "title": "Ultrastructure of gastric leiomyosarcoma.", "content": "Samples of gastric leiomyosarcomas from two male patients (69 years and 57 years of age) were studied by electron microscopy. The tumour cells contained abundant 50--90 A thick microfilaments and microtubules. Another cell type, regarded as immature leiomyosarcoma cell, contained numerous profiles of granular endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and a well developed Golgi apparatus. There were intercellular junctions of zonula adherens-type between adjacent tumour cells. It was concluded that electron microscopy offers a valuable aid in the diagnosis of gastric neoplasms of smooth muscle origin.", "contents": "Ultrastructure of gastric leiomyosarcoma. Samples of gastric leiomyosarcomas from two male patients (69 years and 57 years of age) were studied by electron microscopy. The tumour cells contained abundant 50--90 A thick microfilaments and microtubules. Another cell type, regarded as immature leiomyosarcoma cell, contained numerous profiles of granular endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosomes and a well developed Golgi apparatus. There were intercellular junctions of zonula adherens-type between adjacent tumour cells. It was concluded that electron microscopy offers a valuable aid in the diagnosis of gastric neoplasms of smooth muscle origin."}
{"id": "PMID:150689", "title": "[Neurofibroma and Perineurial cell. Electron microscopic examinations of 9 neurofibromas (author's transl)].", "content": "In neurofibromas type I (plexiform) and type II (diffuse) the Schwann cell is the predominant cell in the neoplastic proliferation. Electron microscopic investigation of a neurofibroma with structures resembling tactile corpuscles (type III) revealed neoplastic proliferation of perineurial in stead of Schwann cells. The tactile-like (pseudo-Meissnerian) corpuscles (corpuscles neurofibromateux) are formed by neoplastic perineurial cells. These cells have a tendency to wrap themselves around longitudinal structures, such as collagen fibres or axons, and to come into direct contact with the latter. The close relationship between the axon and the neoplastic perineurial cell, analogous to that between axon and Schwann cell, points to a neuroectodermal origin origin of the perineurial cell. The electron microscopic appearances suggest that either the Schwann cell or the perineurial cell is the essential neoplastic component of neurofibromas, the fibroblastic proliferation being a secondary phenomenon.", "contents": "[Neurofibroma and Perineurial cell. Electron microscopic examinations of 9 neurofibromas (author's transl)]. In neurofibromas type I (plexiform) and type II (diffuse) the Schwann cell is the predominant cell in the neoplastic proliferation. Electron microscopic investigation of a neurofibroma with structures resembling tactile corpuscles (type III) revealed neoplastic proliferation of perineurial in stead of Schwann cells. The tactile-like (pseudo-Meissnerian) corpuscles (corpuscles neurofibromateux) are formed by neoplastic perineurial cells. These cells have a tendency to wrap themselves around longitudinal structures, such as collagen fibres or axons, and to come into direct contact with the latter. The close relationship between the axon and the neoplastic perineurial cell, analogous to that between axon and Schwann cell, points to a neuroectodermal origin origin of the perineurial cell. The electron microscopic appearances suggest that either the Schwann cell or the perineurial cell is the essential neoplastic component of neurofibromas, the fibroblastic proliferation being a secondary phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:150691", "title": "Study of light-, electron- and immunofluorescence microscopy of urinary sediment in amyloidosis.", "content": "Urinary sediment of 11 patients with amyloidosis and 12 without (with proteinuria or in good health) have been sutdied by different morphological techniques. By light microscopy, an amyloid-related substance was occasionally demonstrated both in patients with amyloidosis and in control subjects. Immunofluorescence (IF) showed substance A (amyloid component) to be present in some cases of amyloidosis and in controls. On electron-microscopy, fibrils with characteristic appearance of amyloid substance were found in some cases of amyloidosis (4 out of 11), but were also found in controls. It therefore seems difficult to establish the diagnosis of amyloidosis by microscopic studies of the urinary sediment.", "contents": "Study of light-, electron- and immunofluorescence microscopy of urinary sediment in amyloidosis. Urinary sediment of 11 patients with amyloidosis and 12 without (with proteinuria or in good health) have been sutdied by different morphological techniques. By light microscopy, an amyloid-related substance was occasionally demonstrated both in patients with amyloidosis and in control subjects. Immunofluorescence (IF) showed substance A (amyloid component) to be present in some cases of amyloidosis and in controls. On electron-microscopy, fibrils with characteristic appearance of amyloid substance were found in some cases of amyloidosis (4 out of 11), but were also found in controls. It therefore seems difficult to establish the diagnosis of amyloidosis by microscopic studies of the urinary sediment."}
{"id": "PMID:150692", "title": "Correlations between the morphological and clinical findings in a patient recovering from secondary generalised amyloidosis with renal involvement. Light- and electron microscopic investigations on serial biopsies.", "content": "We report light- and electron microscopic findings in glomerular amyloidosis (secondary amyloidosis), which occurred after recurrent empyema of the pleura. After healing of the empyema, the clinical symptoms disappeared, over a period of eight years. During the acute stage of the disease (grade II-III amyloidosis) when the nephrotic syndrome was present, amyloid deposits were seen in the mesangium and on both sides of the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries. Furthermore, denuded basement membrane areas showing the passage of amyloid into the urinary space, and invaginations of the podocyte by straightened amyloid fibrils were found. After clinical recovery (except for a trace of proteinuria), the renal amyloidosis had electronmicroscopically transformed from an active into an inactive or resting form, while the amount of amyloid present was almost the same. In the areas of amyloid deposits, reparative changes were observed, espcially in the area of the mesangial cells and of the podocytes. The podocytes were separated from the persisting amyloid deposits by newly formed basement membrane material.", "contents": "Correlations between the morphological and clinical findings in a patient recovering from secondary generalised amyloidosis with renal involvement. Light- and electron microscopic investigations on serial biopsies. We report light- and electron microscopic findings in glomerular amyloidosis (secondary amyloidosis), which occurred after recurrent empyema of the pleura. After healing of the empyema, the clinical symptoms disappeared, over a period of eight years. During the acute stage of the disease (grade II-III amyloidosis) when the nephrotic syndrome was present, amyloid deposits were seen in the mesangium and on both sides of the basement membrane of the glomerular capillaries. Furthermore, denuded basement membrane areas showing the passage of amyloid into the urinary space, and invaginations of the podocyte by straightened amyloid fibrils were found. After clinical recovery (except for a trace of proteinuria), the renal amyloidosis had electronmicroscopically transformed from an active into an inactive or resting form, while the amount of amyloid present was almost the same. In the areas of amyloid deposits, reparative changes were observed, espcially in the area of the mesangial cells and of the podocytes. The podocytes were separated from the persisting amyloid deposits by newly formed basement membrane material."}
{"id": "PMID:150693", "title": "Investigations on the cause of the nephrotic syndrome in renal amyloidosis. A discussion of electron microscopic findings.", "content": "Systematic electron microscopic investigation of glomeruli of 35 patients with renal amyloidosis (grade I-III), among them 26 with nephrotic syndrome, reveals the following: 1. The extent of the area of basement membrane denuded of its epithelial covering is correlated significantly with the reduction of plasma protein concentration at the time of renal biopsy. 2. In amyloid free regions of the glomerular capillary loops, the foot processes of the epithelial cells remain intact despite the presence of the nephrotic syndrome. From these findings we conclude that the high glomerular protein losses in amyloidosis occur in areas of the basement membrane which are penetrated by amyloid and denuded of their epithelial covering. With increasing number of these lesions per unit area, the permeability of the capillary network for protein increases to a degree which is significantly correlated with the reduced plasma protein concentration at the time of biopsy.", "contents": "Investigations on the cause of the nephrotic syndrome in renal amyloidosis. A discussion of electron microscopic findings. Systematic electron microscopic investigation of glomeruli of 35 patients with renal amyloidosis (grade I-III), among them 26 with nephrotic syndrome, reveals the following: 1. The extent of the area of basement membrane denuded of its epithelial covering is correlated significantly with the reduction of plasma protein concentration at the time of renal biopsy. 2. In amyloid free regions of the glomerular capillary loops, the foot processes of the epithelial cells remain intact despite the presence of the nephrotic syndrome. From these findings we conclude that the high glomerular protein losses in amyloidosis occur in areas of the basement membrane which are penetrated by amyloid and denuded of their epithelial covering. With increasing number of these lesions per unit area, the permeability of the capillary network for protein increases to a degree which is significantly correlated with the reduced plasma protein concentration at the time of biopsy."}
{"id": "PMID:150696", "title": "Fine structure of multiple neonatal haemangioendothelioma of the liver.", "content": "This paper discusses the fine structure of multiple haemangioendothelioma of the liver. There have been no previous reports of electron microscopic studies of this tumour, which was found to be composed of young capillaries continuous in type and varying in calibre. The capillaries were lined by actively proliferating, immature endothelial cells with pericytes forming an integral part of the tumour. Their morphological characteristics indicated intensive protein production. The authors suggest that the active pericytes play a role in the production of reticular fibres of the tumour. Following corticosteroid therapy, regression of tumour nodules occurred in this case in the interval between surgery and autopsy. This was confirmed by histological studies. The results seem to support the hypothesis that actively proliferating, young endothelial cells show an increased sensitivity to corticosteroids.", "contents": "Fine structure of multiple neonatal haemangioendothelioma of the liver. This paper discusses the fine structure of multiple haemangioendothelioma of the liver. There have been no previous reports of electron microscopic studies of this tumour, which was found to be composed of young capillaries continuous in type and varying in calibre. The capillaries were lined by actively proliferating, immature endothelial cells with pericytes forming an integral part of the tumour. Their morphological characteristics indicated intensive protein production. The authors suggest that the active pericytes play a role in the production of reticular fibres of the tumour. Following corticosteroid therapy, regression of tumour nodules occurred in this case in the interval between surgery and autopsy. This was confirmed by histological studies. The results seem to support the hypothesis that actively proliferating, young endothelial cells show an increased sensitivity to corticosteroids."}
{"id": "PMID:150697", "title": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in systemic sclerosis of childhood.", "content": "The renal lesions of a 5-year-old girl with progressive systemic sclerosis are described. The nephropathy was clinically characterised by moderate proteinuria, microscopic hematuria and transient hypertension. Light microscopy showed membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis of segmental character. On electron microscopy intramesangial, subendothelial and extramembranous glomerular deposits were observed. By immunofluorescence miscrosocpy deposit of IgG, Clq, C4, C3, C5, C8 and C9  in a predominantly subendothelial location were found in all glomeruli. Vascular lesions were of minor degree. Histological and immunohistological findings are compatible with an immune complex disease.", "contents": "Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis in systemic sclerosis of childhood. The renal lesions of a 5-year-old girl with progressive systemic sclerosis are described. The nephropathy was clinically characterised by moderate proteinuria, microscopic hematuria and transient hypertension. Light microscopy showed membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis of segmental character. On electron microscopy intramesangial, subendothelial and extramembranous glomerular deposits were observed. By immunofluorescence miscrosocpy deposit of IgG, Clq, C4, C3, C5, C8 and C9  in a predominantly subendothelial location were found in all glomeruli. Vascular lesions were of minor degree. Histological and immunohistological findings are compatible with an immune complex disease."}
{"id": "PMID:150700", "title": "[Changes in the activity of monoamine oxidase, adenylate cyclase and adenosine triphosphatase in liver cells during the process of hepatocarcinogenesis].", "content": "Activity of specific mitochondrial enzymes was studied in rat liver during 2-acetylamine fluorene or diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocancerogenesis. The results of enzymatic activities studied correlated with morphological changes in cancerogenesis. Alterations in activity of monoamine oxidase, adenylate cyclase and adenosine triphosphatase depended on the step of cancerogenesis. Activity of adenylate cyclase in cell membranes decreased gradually during the impairment. Change in activity of the enzymes, observed at the step of enhanced liver cell proliferation, proceeded at further steps of cancerogenesis. The data obtained suggest that alterations in activity of mitochondrial enzymes are related to modified metabolism observed in the impaired cells.", "contents": "[Changes in the activity of monoamine oxidase, adenylate cyclase and adenosine triphosphatase in liver cells during the process of hepatocarcinogenesis]. Activity of specific mitochondrial enzymes was studied in rat liver during 2-acetylamine fluorene or diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocancerogenesis. The results of enzymatic activities studied correlated with morphological changes in cancerogenesis. Alterations in activity of monoamine oxidase, adenylate cyclase and adenosine triphosphatase depended on the step of cancerogenesis. Activity of adenylate cyclase in cell membranes decreased gradually during the impairment. Change in activity of the enzymes, observed at the step of enhanced liver cell proliferation, proceeded at further steps of cancerogenesis. The data obtained suggest that alterations in activity of mitochondrial enzymes are related to modified metabolism observed in the impaired cells."}
{"id": "PMID:150701", "title": "[Effect of phosphatidylserine on formation and lysis of fibrin].", "content": "Phosphatidyl serine inhibited non-enzymatic step of fibrin formation (selfassociation of monomeric fibrin). But phosphatidyl serine did not affect the factor XIII activity, the rate of fibrin clot retraction and its tolerance to plasmin. Activity of plasmin was not altered in presence of phosphatidyl serine but influence of slowly acting antiplasmin on plasmin was slightly limited by the lipoid. Due to this phenomenon phosphatidyl serine caused the activation of fibrinolysis in native system (blood plasma). The data obtained support the earlier advanced assumptions on inhibition of thrombin-fibrinogene reaction by phosphatidyl serine.", "contents": "[Effect of phosphatidylserine on formation and lysis of fibrin]. Phosphatidyl serine inhibited non-enzymatic step of fibrin formation (selfassociation of monomeric fibrin). But phosphatidyl serine did not affect the factor XIII activity, the rate of fibrin clot retraction and its tolerance to plasmin. Activity of plasmin was not altered in presence of phosphatidyl serine but influence of slowly acting antiplasmin on plasmin was slightly limited by the lipoid. Due to this phenomenon phosphatidyl serine caused the activation of fibrinolysis in native system (blood plasma). The data obtained support the earlier advanced assumptions on inhibition of thrombin-fibrinogene reaction by phosphatidyl serine."}
{"id": "PMID:150702", "title": "[Concentration and composition of cerebral gangliosides in Down's disease].", "content": "Content and composition of gangliosides were studied in brain white and grey substances of patients with mongolism. Content of gangliosides, which are typical components of plasmatic membranes of nervous cells, was decreased in brain grey substance of the patients as compared with control group, whereas content of the lipids was increased in white substance. Differentiation of neurones appears to be inhibited in mongolism. Content of disialoganglioside GDIa exceeded the content of other gangliosides in brain white and grey substances in normal state; content of GMI, GTI, GDIb was also increased. Composition of gangliosides from brain of the patients with not distinctly altered as compared with that of children of control group.", "contents": "[Concentration and composition of cerebral gangliosides in Down's disease]. Content and composition of gangliosides were studied in brain white and grey substances of patients with mongolism. Content of gangliosides, which are typical components of plasmatic membranes of nervous cells, was decreased in brain grey substance of the patients as compared with control group, whereas content of the lipids was increased in white substance. Differentiation of neurones appears to be inhibited in mongolism. Content of disialoganglioside GDIa exceeded the content of other gangliosides in brain white and grey substances in normal state; content of GMI, GTI, GDIb was also increased. Composition of gangliosides from brain of the patients with not distinctly altered as compared with that of children of control group."}
{"id": "PMID:150707", "title": "[Bronchial adenoma with uncommon growth (author's transl)].", "content": "Report on a bronchial adenoma in the right lobus inferior pulmonalis (autopsy: histological bronchial adenoma from carcinoid type) of uncommon size and with growth till now not described. The tumor was diagnosed clinically and histologically 4 years before death of the patient, but was not operated. The tumor has continuously infiltrated the left atrium cordis via a vena pulmonalis. This case is stressing the decisive importance of the early diagnosis of bronchial adenoma.", "contents": "[Bronchial adenoma with uncommon growth (author's transl)]. Report on a bronchial adenoma in the right lobus inferior pulmonalis (autopsy: histological bronchial adenoma from carcinoid type) of uncommon size and with growth till now not described. The tumor was diagnosed clinically and histologically 4 years before death of the patient, but was not operated. The tumor has continuously infiltrated the left atrium cordis via a vena pulmonalis. This case is stressing the decisive importance of the early diagnosis of bronchial adenoma."}
{"id": "PMID:150710", "title": "[Atrial septal defect in the aged (author's transl)].", "content": "The natural history of congenital heart disease in older patients will become increasingly difficult to delineate, since many of uncomplicated defects were repaired early in life. Therefore the frequency of clinical and hemodynamic progress in non-operated patients with atrial septal defects seems to be of great interest. We are able to compare 27 patients aged more than 60 years with a group between 40 and 59 years. In 80 out of 103 patients totally, the clinical findings could be completed with catheterization data. The progress of deterioration with age in spite of intensive medical care could be demonstrated by mostly statistical significant signs of greater right-ventricular overload in the Ecg, cardiac arrhythmias--usually atrial fibrillation--changes in the X-ray findings and increasing pulmonary hypertension.", "contents": "[Atrial septal defect in the aged (author's transl)]. The natural history of congenital heart disease in older patients will become increasingly difficult to delineate, since many of uncomplicated defects were repaired early in life. Therefore the frequency of clinical and hemodynamic progress in non-operated patients with atrial septal defects seems to be of great interest. We are able to compare 27 patients aged more than 60 years with a group between 40 and 59 years. In 80 out of 103 patients totally, the clinical findings could be completed with catheterization data. The progress of deterioration with age in spite of intensive medical care could be demonstrated by mostly statistical significant signs of greater right-ventricular overload in the Ecg, cardiac arrhythmias--usually atrial fibrillation--changes in the X-ray findings and increasing pulmonary hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:150715", "title": "[Determining the average posteruptive age of teeth from the results of cross-sectional studies (author's transl)].", "content": "If results of cross-sectional studies must be used as a basis for setting up models of development of caries in permanent teeth, then the average rather than individual posteruptive age of teeth has to be resorted to. Data available for this purpose had been obtained from a total of 54,000 children living in two G.D.R. cities, namely, Plauen and Karl-Marx-Stadt, as well as from two surveys made in 1959 and 1971, respectively. Calculation of the average posteruptive age of teeth assumes good knowledge of the distribution of dates of eruption in a population. Of the three types of distribution considered, namely, normal, lognormal, and log-logistic distribution, the log-logistic model proved to be superior to others because of better adaptation to the data available. The method of calculating the posteruptive age of teeth is described and illustrated by use of a number of examples. Since one of the two surveys (namely that which was made in Karl-Marx-Stadt in 1971) was made after twelve years' drinking water fluoridation, it was possible to study the effect of fluoridation upon the eruptive behavior of permanent teeth. The results of this study confirmed those obtained during previous investigations.", "contents": "[Determining the average posteruptive age of teeth from the results of cross-sectional studies (author's transl)]. If results of cross-sectional studies must be used as a basis for setting up models of development of caries in permanent teeth, then the average rather than individual posteruptive age of teeth has to be resorted to. Data available for this purpose had been obtained from a total of 54,000 children living in two G.D.R. cities, namely, Plauen and Karl-Marx-Stadt, as well as from two surveys made in 1959 and 1971, respectively. Calculation of the average posteruptive age of teeth assumes good knowledge of the distribution of dates of eruption in a population. Of the three types of distribution considered, namely, normal, lognormal, and log-logistic distribution, the log-logistic model proved to be superior to others because of better adaptation to the data available. The method of calculating the posteruptive age of teeth is described and illustrated by use of a number of examples. Since one of the two surveys (namely that which was made in Karl-Marx-Stadt in 1971) was made after twelve years' drinking water fluoridation, it was possible to study the effect of fluoridation upon the eruptive behavior of permanent teeth. The results of this study confirmed those obtained during previous investigations."}
{"id": "PMID:150713", "title": "Reconstructive procedures in the management of occlusive arterial disease.", "content": "The various currently applicable reconstructive procedures in the management of occlusive arterial disease have been presented along with specific techniques and observations as to proper utilization of them clinically.", "contents": "Reconstructive procedures in the management of occlusive arterial disease. The various currently applicable reconstructive procedures in the management of occlusive arterial disease have been presented along with specific techniques and observations as to proper utilization of them clinically."}
{"id": "PMID:150716", "title": "[Polarization-optical examinations of fissure contents (author's transl)].", "content": "The fissure contents of human premolars and molars were examined by a polarization-optical method, and the results obtained were compared with those achieved by light microscopy. A striking feature in this connection was the predominant isotropy of orange-colored fissure contents, which is not consistent with previous polarization-optical results obtained for the dental cuticle. Fissure contents usually showed smaller-area changes in color than did the dental enamels. Fissure contents transparent in thin ground sections were usually characterized by anisotropy. Polarization-optically, orange-colored contents of particularly narrow and deep fissures showed a different behavior than the whitishyellow, materia-alba-like superficial fissure contents, which suggests differences in crystallization structure.", "contents": "[Polarization-optical examinations of fissure contents (author's transl)]. The fissure contents of human premolars and molars were examined by a polarization-optical method, and the results obtained were compared with those achieved by light microscopy. A striking feature in this connection was the predominant isotropy of orange-colored fissure contents, which is not consistent with previous polarization-optical results obtained for the dental cuticle. Fissure contents usually showed smaller-area changes in color than did the dental enamels. Fissure contents transparent in thin ground sections were usually characterized by anisotropy. Polarization-optically, orange-colored contents of particularly narrow and deep fissures showed a different behavior than the whitishyellow, materia-alba-like superficial fissure contents, which suggests differences in crystallization structure."}
{"id": "PMID:150718", "title": "[Results of surgical treatment of benign and malignant parotid tumors (author's transl)].", "content": "Of the total of 241 parotid tumors surgically treated between 1956 and 1975 at the Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Karl Marx University at Leipzig, 190 were of benign and 51, of malignant character. Patients of advanced age showed preferential development of parotid tumors. In more than ninety percent of the cases, the results of sialography were in agreement with surgical results. Surgical removal of the entire parotid gland was performed with the exception of those cases where the tumor showed good encapsulation and was confirmed to the pars superficialis of the parotid gland. Three cases of complete, permanent facial palsy resulted from surgical treatment of 190 cases of benign parotid tumors. The prognosis of malignant parotid tumors is extremely bad, and it is characterized by a proportion of successful surgical operations of only 26.5 percent.", "contents": "[Results of surgical treatment of benign and malignant parotid tumors (author's transl)]. Of the total of 241 parotid tumors surgically treated between 1956 and 1975 at the Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Karl Marx University at Leipzig, 190 were of benign and 51, of malignant character. Patients of advanced age showed preferential development of parotid tumors. In more than ninety percent of the cases, the results of sialography were in agreement with surgical results. Surgical removal of the entire parotid gland was performed with the exception of those cases where the tumor showed good encapsulation and was confirmed to the pars superficialis of the parotid gland. Three cases of complete, permanent facial palsy resulted from surgical treatment of 190 cases of benign parotid tumors. The prognosis of malignant parotid tumors is extremely bad, and it is characterized by a proportion of successful surgical operations of only 26.5 percent."}
{"id": "PMID:150770", "title": "[Immunostaging (author's transl)].", "content": "This survey covers the problems of immunologic monitoring of patients and the spectrum of methods of diagnosing various types of immunopathological reactions.", "contents": "[Immunostaging (author's transl)]. This survey covers the problems of immunologic monitoring of patients and the spectrum of methods of diagnosing various types of immunopathological reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:150771", "title": "[The use of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and its clinical aspects].", "content": "11,8% (354 patients) of 3000 laparoscopies were performed because of suspected ectopic pregnancy (E.P.). In 23,4% of the diagnostic laparoscopy the diagnosis was confirmed. The rate of E.P. without bleeding was 11,8%. Laparoscopy is considered to be the method of choice to diagnose as well as to exclude E.P.", "contents": "[The use of laparoscopy in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy and its clinical aspects]. 11,8% (354 patients) of 3000 laparoscopies were performed because of suspected ectopic pregnancy (E.P.). In 23,4% of the diagnostic laparoscopy the diagnosis was confirmed. The rate of E.P. without bleeding was 11,8%. Laparoscopy is considered to be the method of choice to diagnose as well as to exclude E.P."}
{"id": "PMID:150777", "title": "The effect of X-irradiation on the sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) activity in the epithelium of the rat lens. A histochemical and biochemical study.", "content": "The epithelial Na-K-ATPase activity of the rat lens was studied after X-irradiation at intervals of three to ninety days. The enzyme was demonstrated histochemically by light microscopy and it was measured biochemically by a fluorometric method. Neither histochemical nor biochemical changes of Na-K-ATPase content of the lens epithelium were observed during the development of cataract. In whole-mount preparations the enzyme activity was localized in the cell membranes. However, one month after radiation a few peripheral cells had in addition a precipitated over the whole cell. The unaltered Na-K-ATPase content in the epithelium suggests that the hydration of the lens after X-irradiation is primarily caused by changes in the passive permeability properties of the cell membranes and not by a decreased capacity of the activity cation pump.", "contents": "The effect of X-irradiation on the sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase (Na-K-ATPase) activity in the epithelium of the rat lens. A histochemical and biochemical study. The epithelial Na-K-ATPase activity of the rat lens was studied after X-irradiation at intervals of three to ninety days. The enzyme was demonstrated histochemically by light microscopy and it was measured biochemically by a fluorometric method. Neither histochemical nor biochemical changes of Na-K-ATPase content of the lens epithelium were observed during the development of cataract. In whole-mount preparations the enzyme activity was localized in the cell membranes. However, one month after radiation a few peripheral cells had in addition a precipitated over the whole cell. The unaltered Na-K-ATPase content in the epithelium suggests that the hydration of the lens after X-irradiation is primarily caused by changes in the passive permeability properties of the cell membranes and not by a decreased capacity of the activity cation pump."}
{"id": "PMID:150778", "title": "Purification and characterization of an anti-inflammatory factor (AIF) from bovine serum.", "content": "An anti-inflammatory factor (AIF) was highly purified from normal bovine serum. The purified AIF was a polysaccharide which was formed from a low molecular substance Pro-AIF by macromolecularization. AIF showed potent inhibitory activities against carrageenin induced edema in rats and PMN-leucocyte chemotaxis. It showed no inhibition in cutaneous reaction with serotonin, bradykinin or a mediator releaser compound 48/80. No inhibition was also observed in thermally induced pain, reversed passive Arthus reaction and adjuvant polyarthritis in rats. With these results, the role of AIF in inflammation was discussed.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of an anti-inflammatory factor (AIF) from bovine serum. An anti-inflammatory factor (AIF) was highly purified from normal bovine serum. The purified AIF was a polysaccharide which was formed from a low molecular substance Pro-AIF by macromolecularization. AIF showed potent inhibitory activities against carrageenin induced edema in rats and PMN-leucocyte chemotaxis. It showed no inhibition in cutaneous reaction with serotonin, bradykinin or a mediator releaser compound 48/80. No inhibition was also observed in thermally induced pain, reversed passive Arthus reaction and adjuvant polyarthritis in rats. With these results, the role of AIF in inflammation was discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:150779", "title": "Effect of ACP (pyridoxine-2-oxoglutarate) on CCl4 intoxication and in streptozotocin-induced ketosis in rat.", "content": "The protective effect of pyridoxine-2-oxoglutarate (ACP) was studied on CCl4-intoxicated rats. A sensitive improvement of hepatic conditions was shown in ACP-treated rats as compared with untreated ones and rats treated with 2-oxoglutarate and pyridoxine. Serum GOT, GPT, OCT activities, composition of serum proteins, liver mitochondria respiratory control index and liver microsomes oxidizing activity were tested. The antiketotic properties of ACP were also demonstrated in Streptozotocin treated rats.", "contents": "Effect of ACP (pyridoxine-2-oxoglutarate) on CCl4 intoxication and in streptozotocin-induced ketosis in rat. The protective effect of pyridoxine-2-oxoglutarate (ACP) was studied on CCl4-intoxicated rats. A sensitive improvement of hepatic conditions was shown in ACP-treated rats as compared with untreated ones and rats treated with 2-oxoglutarate and pyridoxine. Serum GOT, GPT, OCT activities, composition of serum proteins, liver mitochondria respiratory control index and liver microsomes oxidizing activity were tested. The antiketotic properties of ACP were also demonstrated in Streptozotocin treated rats."}
{"id": "PMID:150780", "title": "[Use of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity skin test and in vitro assays of lymphocyte function to tumour associated antigen in patients with lung cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Twenty one patients with lung cancer and twelve patients with unspecified lung disease were evaluated by means of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity skin tests with tumour associated antigen. Nine of these patients with lung cancer and seven healthy persons were evaluated by in vitro assays of lymphocyte function to tumour associated antigen (TAA) from \"Cancerotest Dessau\". We did not find a statistically significant lymphocyte transformation to the testing concentration of TAA. For the same patients with lung cancer and controls we found statistically significant results of the mean lymphocyte transformation to phytohemagglutinin. It has been shown that the delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity skin tests demonstrated \"false positive\" reactions to TAA. It is possible that this is an expression of the irritative effects of TAA. It is estimated that the application of the antigens in this form presented and in this chosen examination conditions, does not allow for definite diagnostic assessment to be expected.", "contents": "[Use of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity skin test and in vitro assays of lymphocyte function to tumour associated antigen in patients with lung cancer (author's transl)]. Twenty one patients with lung cancer and twelve patients with unspecified lung disease were evaluated by means of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity skin tests with tumour associated antigen. Nine of these patients with lung cancer and seven healthy persons were evaluated by in vitro assays of lymphocyte function to tumour associated antigen (TAA) from \"Cancerotest Dessau\". We did not find a statistically significant lymphocyte transformation to the testing concentration of TAA. For the same patients with lung cancer and controls we found statistically significant results of the mean lymphocyte transformation to phytohemagglutinin. It has been shown that the delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity skin tests demonstrated \"false positive\" reactions to TAA. It is possible that this is an expression of the irritative effects of TAA. It is estimated that the application of the antigens in this form presented and in this chosen examination conditions, does not allow for definite diagnostic assessment to be expected."}
{"id": "PMID:150781", "title": "[Possibilities of differentiated stimulation of B- and T-cells (author's transl)].", "content": "With the aid of the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) using different T and B cell mitogens it is possible functionally to examine and differentiate various subpopulations of lymphocytes in man. Normal values of clinically healthy persons were evaluated. The T cell type reactive to Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) has been found most frequently in the blood (mean transformation rate 79%), less frequently in the spleen and very seldom in the thymus. In 3 patients with infectious mononucleosis a B lymphocyte subpopulation stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was demonstrable in their peripheral blood, being nearly absent in normal persons, but clearly evident in the spleen of splenectomized patients and of 57 Bl-mice. Peripheral leucocytes of healthy persons, however, were able to be transformed into either blast cells by anti-isiotypic immunoglobulin sera or plasma-cell-like cells, while chronic lymphocytic leucamia lymphocytes of several patients reacted in a different way--may be, because of a different degree of insufficiency of these cells. For clinical use it should be possible by means of the LTT to evaluate changes in T and B cell transformation caused by disease or by treatment. This could be useful for differential therapy.", "contents": "[Possibilities of differentiated stimulation of B- and T-cells (author's transl)]. With the aid of the lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) using different T and B cell mitogens it is possible functionally to examine and differentiate various subpopulations of lymphocytes in man. Normal values of clinically healthy persons were evaluated. The T cell type reactive to Phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) has been found most frequently in the blood (mean transformation rate 79%), less frequently in the spleen and very seldom in the thymus. In 3 patients with infectious mononucleosis a B lymphocyte subpopulation stimulated by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was demonstrable in their peripheral blood, being nearly absent in normal persons, but clearly evident in the spleen of splenectomized patients and of 57 Bl-mice. Peripheral leucocytes of healthy persons, however, were able to be transformed into either blast cells by anti-isiotypic immunoglobulin sera or plasma-cell-like cells, while chronic lymphocytic leucamia lymphocytes of several patients reacted in a different way--may be, because of a different degree of insufficiency of these cells. For clinical use it should be possible by means of the LTT to evaluate changes in T and B cell transformation caused by disease or by treatment. This could be useful for differential therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:150782", "title": "[Serum antigammaglobulin antibodies in patients with cancer of the uterine cervix (author's transl)].", "content": "Agar immunoprecipitation with homologous and heterologous IgG aggregates and hemagglutination with sensitized sheep red blood cells showed that high percentage of patients with cancer of the uterine cervix have antigammaglobulin antibodies in their blood serum. In order to confirm the Ig type of the studied antibodies, sera of cancer patients were fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G200 by pH = 4.0. The positive hemagglutination and precipitation activities of the first gel filtration peaks (comprising the 19 S macroglobulin) as the lack of such activity after treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol confirmed the antibodies to be of IgM type.", "contents": "[Serum antigammaglobulin antibodies in patients with cancer of the uterine cervix (author's transl)]. Agar immunoprecipitation with homologous and heterologous IgG aggregates and hemagglutination with sensitized sheep red blood cells showed that high percentage of patients with cancer of the uterine cervix have antigammaglobulin antibodies in their blood serum. In order to confirm the Ig type of the studied antibodies, sera of cancer patients were fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G200 by pH = 4.0. The positive hemagglutination and precipitation activities of the first gel filtration peaks (comprising the 19 S macroglobulin) as the lack of such activity after treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol confirmed the antibodies to be of IgM type."}
{"id": "PMID:150783", "title": "[Decrease of the immunodefence by halothane (author's transl)].", "content": "From thirty-two operated patients, narcotized with halothane, the PHA-stimulated rates of blastic transformation of cultivated lymphocytes were determined before and after the surgical operation. There was demonstrated a decrease of ability of the stimulation during 6--7 days. The maximum of this reaction was reached after 48 hours. We suppose that doses of halothane are inducing a decrease of immunodefence.", "contents": "[Decrease of the immunodefence by halothane (author's transl)]. From thirty-two operated patients, narcotized with halothane, the PHA-stimulated rates of blastic transformation of cultivated lymphocytes were determined before and after the surgical operation. There was demonstrated a decrease of ability of the stimulation during 6--7 days. The maximum of this reaction was reached after 48 hours. We suppose that doses of halothane are inducing a decrease of immunodefence."}
{"id": "PMID:150784", "title": "The influence of the non-specific desensitization on the formazan activity of granulocytes in children with an infectious form of the bronchial asthma.", "content": "The authors applied a bacterial vaccine subcutaneously and pernasally in 42 children with infectious allergic, bronchial asthma. After having applied the vaccine for 6 weeks there has been found a distinct improvement of all values of the N. B. T. reduction test, in particular after subcutaneous injections. The authors attribute these results to a recovery or to a decrease of the activity of inflammation foci.", "contents": "The influence of the non-specific desensitization on the formazan activity of granulocytes in children with an infectious form of the bronchial asthma. The authors applied a bacterial vaccine subcutaneously and pernasally in 42 children with infectious allergic, bronchial asthma. After having applied the vaccine for 6 weeks there has been found a distinct improvement of all values of the N. B. T. reduction test, in particular after subcutaneous injections. The authors attribute these results to a recovery or to a decrease of the activity of inflammation foci."}
{"id": "PMID:150785", "title": "Risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction.", "content": "One hundred patients admitted to the hospital with acute myocardial infarction who lived 10 days and agreed to enroll were studied. Data from the history, hospital course and a 24 hour Holter electrocardiographic recording were related to cardiac mortality in the 6 months after enrollment. Fifteen cardiac deaths occurred during this period; 12 of these were sudden. The univariates with the strongest association with mortality were (in descending order): blood urea nitrogen level, serum creatinine level, serum uric acid level, enlarged heart 2 weeks after infarction, ventricular tachycardia 2 weeks after infarction, peak creatine kinase level and left ventricular failure in the coronary care unit. The odds of dying if one of these factors was present rather than absent ranged from 3.6 to 11.5. Groups with two or these univariates had up to 20 times the odds of dying in 6 months. A period of greately enhanced risk for cardiac death persists for about 6 months after acute myocardial infarction. Relatively simple clinical variables can identify the groups at highest and lowest risk. This information is useful for designing management strategies.", "contents": "Risk stratification after acute myocardial infarction. One hundred patients admitted to the hospital with acute myocardial infarction who lived 10 days and agreed to enroll were studied. Data from the history, hospital course and a 24 hour Holter electrocardiographic recording were related to cardiac mortality in the 6 months after enrollment. Fifteen cardiac deaths occurred during this period; 12 of these were sudden. The univariates with the strongest association with mortality were (in descending order): blood urea nitrogen level, serum creatinine level, serum uric acid level, enlarged heart 2 weeks after infarction, ventricular tachycardia 2 weeks after infarction, peak creatine kinase level and left ventricular failure in the coronary care unit. The odds of dying if one of these factors was present rather than absent ranged from 3.6 to 11.5. Groups with two or these univariates had up to 20 times the odds of dying in 6 months. A period of greately enhanced risk for cardiac death persists for about 6 months after acute myocardial infarction. Relatively simple clinical variables can identify the groups at highest and lowest risk. This information is useful for designing management strategies."}
{"id": "PMID:150786", "title": "Clinicopathologic analysis of cardiac dysfunction in 52 patients with sickle cell anemia.", "content": "Clinical studies have long suggested the presence of a specific cardiomyopathy in sickle cell anemia secondary to intracoronary thrombosis and subsequent infarction. Fifty-two autopsy patients were studied (48 with SS hemoglobin, 4 with S-C or S-Thal hemoglobin) to ascertain the range of cardiac pathologic abnormalities associated with this disease. The average age was 17 years (range 1 month to 48 years). Renal failure and infection were the most common causes of death; the former was a more common cause in adults than in children. Right and left ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation were the most common abnormal pathologic findings. No evidence of recent or remote myocardial infarction, coronary thrombosis or arteritis was noted in any patient. Eight patients who were studied with postmortem coronary arteriograms exhibited markedly increased coronary arterial caliber with no evidence of atherosclerosis. Seventeen of the 52 patients studied had clinical evidence of congestive heart failure before death. Of these 17 patients, 7 had moderate to severe left ventricular hypertrophy associated with chronic renal failure and hypertension, 2 had right ventricular hypertrophy with organized pulmonary thrombosis, 2 had rheumatic mitral valve disease and 2 died during the second trimester of pregnancy. Two of the 17 patients thought to have pulmonary edema before death in fact had aspiration pneumonia and hemorrhagic pneumonitis, respectively. The data suggest that cardiac dysfunction in sickle cell anemia can usually be explained by the adverse effect of coexisting disease on the diminished cardiac reserve of chronic anemia. The data do not support the concept of a specific \"sickle cell cardiomyopathy\".", "contents": "Clinicopathologic analysis of cardiac dysfunction in 52 patients with sickle cell anemia. Clinical studies have long suggested the presence of a specific cardiomyopathy in sickle cell anemia secondary to intracoronary thrombosis and subsequent infarction. Fifty-two autopsy patients were studied (48 with SS hemoglobin, 4 with S-C or S-Thal hemoglobin) to ascertain the range of cardiac pathologic abnormalities associated with this disease. The average age was 17 years (range 1 month to 48 years). Renal failure and infection were the most common causes of death; the former was a more common cause in adults than in children. Right and left ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation were the most common abnormal pathologic findings. No evidence of recent or remote myocardial infarction, coronary thrombosis or arteritis was noted in any patient. Eight patients who were studied with postmortem coronary arteriograms exhibited markedly increased coronary arterial caliber with no evidence of atherosclerosis. Seventeen of the 52 patients studied had clinical evidence of congestive heart failure before death. Of these 17 patients, 7 had moderate to severe left ventricular hypertrophy associated with chronic renal failure and hypertension, 2 had right ventricular hypertrophy with organized pulmonary thrombosis, 2 had rheumatic mitral valve disease and 2 died during the second trimester of pregnancy. Two of the 17 patients thought to have pulmonary edema before death in fact had aspiration pneumonia and hemorrhagic pneumonitis, respectively. The data suggest that cardiac dysfunction in sickle cell anemia can usually be explained by the adverse effect of coexisting disease on the diminished cardiac reserve of chronic anemia. The data do not support the concept of a specific \"sickle cell cardiomyopathy\"."}
{"id": "PMID:150787", "title": "Shunt flow and pulmonary hemodynamics during labor and delivery in the Eisenmenger syndrome.", "content": "The Eisenmenger syndrome carries a high mortality rate in a women during delivery and the immediate postpartum period. It has been suggested that marked changes in shunt flow and pulmonary hemodynamics may be responsible. These functions were studied under various physiologic and pharmacologic conditions during labor and delivery in a patient with the Eisenmenger syndrome. Uterine contractions were associated with a decrease in the ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow (Qp/Qs) from 1.58 to 1.05. The Qp/Qs ratio also decreased (to 0.83) when forceps were applied during uterine contractions. Epidural anesthesia, oxytocin and the supine position did not adversely affect pulmonary hemodynamics or shunt flow. On the basis of these results, if pregnancy cannot be terminated in a patient with the Eisenmenger syndrome, it is recommended that the patient be given high concentration of oxygen and epidural anesthesia and that serial arterial blood gas determinations be performed to detect changes in shunt flow.", "contents": "Shunt flow and pulmonary hemodynamics during labor and delivery in the Eisenmenger syndrome. The Eisenmenger syndrome carries a high mortality rate in a women during delivery and the immediate postpartum period. It has been suggested that marked changes in shunt flow and pulmonary hemodynamics may be responsible. These functions were studied under various physiologic and pharmacologic conditions during labor and delivery in a patient with the Eisenmenger syndrome. Uterine contractions were associated with a decrease in the ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow (Qp/Qs) from 1.58 to 1.05. The Qp/Qs ratio also decreased (to 0.83) when forceps were applied during uterine contractions. Epidural anesthesia, oxytocin and the supine position did not adversely affect pulmonary hemodynamics or shunt flow. On the basis of these results, if pregnancy cannot be terminated in a patient with the Eisenmenger syndrome, it is recommended that the patient be given high concentration of oxygen and epidural anesthesia and that serial arterial blood gas determinations be performed to detect changes in shunt flow."}
{"id": "PMID:150790", "title": "A pyridoxine-dependent behavioral disorder unmasked by isoniazid.", "content": "A 3-year-old girl had behavioral deterioration, with hyperkinesis, irritability, and sleeping difficulties after the therapeutic administration of isoniazid. The administration of pharmacologic doses of pyridoxine hydrochloride led to a disappearance of symptoms. After discontinuing isoniazid therapy a similar pattern of behavior was noted that was controlled by pyridoxine. A placebo had no effect, but niacinamide was as effective as pyridoxine. Periodic withdrawal of pyridoxine was associated with return of the hyperkinesis. The level of pyridoxal in the blood was normal during the periods of relapse. Metabolic studies suggested a block in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. The patient has been followed for six years and has required pharmacologic doses of pyridoxine to control her behavior.", "contents": "A pyridoxine-dependent behavioral disorder unmasked by isoniazid. A 3-year-old girl had behavioral deterioration, with hyperkinesis, irritability, and sleeping difficulties after the therapeutic administration of isoniazid. The administration of pharmacologic doses of pyridoxine hydrochloride led to a disappearance of symptoms. After discontinuing isoniazid therapy a similar pattern of behavior was noted that was controlled by pyridoxine. A placebo had no effect, but niacinamide was as effective as pyridoxine. Periodic withdrawal of pyridoxine was associated with return of the hyperkinesis. The level of pyridoxal in the blood was normal during the periods of relapse. Metabolic studies suggested a block in the kynurenine pathway of tryptophan metabolism. The patient has been followed for six years and has required pharmacologic doses of pyridoxine to control her behavior."}
{"id": "PMID:150791", "title": "Preadolescent and adolescent endocrinology: physiology and physiopathology. II. Hormonal changes during abnormal pubertal development.", "content": "Based on the knowledge of the physiology of regulation of gonadotropins and gonadal steroids, basal levels of these hormones might be indicative of the etiologic factors of abnormal pubertal development. In addition, stimulatory tests may help in the diagnosis of such conditions. It is interesting that the pubertal maturation of the adrenal cortex is independent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The role of the adrenal cortex for the pubertal development remains questionable: adrenal androgens are low in isosexual precocious puberty, low in delayed adolescence, and normal in hyper- or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The importance of this role is doubled in congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. When the disease is untreated, although adrenal androgens in excess advance bone age and hypothalamic maturation, girls remain prepubertal. When the therapeutic control is good, normal puberty occurs. The action of the adrenal androgens on growth and puberty remains to be determined.", "contents": "Preadolescent and adolescent endocrinology: physiology and physiopathology. II. Hormonal changes during abnormal pubertal development. Based on the knowledge of the physiology of regulation of gonadotropins and gonadal steroids, basal levels of these hormones might be indicative of the etiologic factors of abnormal pubertal development. In addition, stimulatory tests may help in the diagnosis of such conditions. It is interesting that the pubertal maturation of the adrenal cortex is independent of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The role of the adrenal cortex for the pubertal development remains questionable: adrenal androgens are low in isosexual precocious puberty, low in delayed adolescence, and normal in hyper- or hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The importance of this role is doubled in congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. When the disease is untreated, although adrenal androgens in excess advance bone age and hypothalamic maturation, girls remain prepubertal. When the therapeutic control is good, normal puberty occurs. The action of the adrenal androgens on growth and puberty remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:150793", "title": "The spontaneous occurrence of progressive synergistic bacterial gangrene on the abdominal wall.", "content": "Two cases of the spontaneous occurrence of progressive synergistic bacterial gangrene are described. The ability of disease to progress after the initiating bacterial agents are eradicated is commented on.", "contents": "The spontaneous occurrence of progressive synergistic bacterial gangrene on the abdominal wall. Two cases of the spontaneous occurrence of progressive synergistic bacterial gangrene are described. The ability of disease to progress after the initiating bacterial agents are eradicated is commented on."}
{"id": "PMID:150795", "title": "Panniculectomy and abdominoplasty.", "content": "The series involved 123 patients who had 126 excisions of the abdominal wall. In 84 patients, a large pannus of fatty tissue and skin was excised to expedite the approach to intra-abdominal disease or the repair of hernias. In 39 patients, the operation was an abdominoplasty done to improve the appearance of the abdomen or to excise relaxed or redundant tissues. Complications were minimal. The experience suggests that the surgeon should consider and utilize techniques to improve the general function and appearance of the abdominal wall and yet not compromise the treatment of the patient's major problem.", "contents": "Panniculectomy and abdominoplasty. The series involved 123 patients who had 126 excisions of the abdominal wall. In 84 patients, a large pannus of fatty tissue and skin was excised to expedite the approach to intra-abdominal disease or the repair of hernias. In 39 patients, the operation was an abdominoplasty done to improve the appearance of the abdomen or to excise relaxed or redundant tissues. Complications were minimal. The experience suggests that the surgeon should consider and utilize techniques to improve the general function and appearance of the abdominal wall and yet not compromise the treatment of the patient's major problem."}
{"id": "PMID:150796", "title": "Importance of bicarbonate in bile salt independent fraction of bile flow.", "content": "The bile salt independent fraction (BSIF) of canalicular bile flow from the isolated rat liver perfused with bicarbonate-free perfusate is 50% of that from the liver perfused with bicarbonate-containing perfusate. HCO3-excretion is nearly eliminated and Na+ and Cl- excretion is reduced 50%. Replacement of HCO3- into perfusate increased bile flow by 0.3 microliter/g.min without changing bile acid excretion rate. 5.5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) produced a similar effect. DMO was passively distributed between bile and plasma. The data indicate that a bicarbonate transport mechanism is responsible for production of up to 50% of the BSIF. Another weak acid, N-5[5-(2-methoxyethoxy)-2-pyrimidinyl]sulfamoylbenzene (glymidine), was rapidly excreted into bile and increased bile flow by over 2.0 microliter/g.min. Glymidine is probably excreted by an independent organic anion transport mechanism, and any effect on the bicarbonate transport mechanism is obscured. Canaliculus-enriched hepatocyte membrane fractions contained no HCO3-stimulated ATPase activity. Either this enzyme is unimportant in hepatocyte bicarbonate transport or transport occurs across membranes other than the bile canalicular membrane.", "contents": "Importance of bicarbonate in bile salt independent fraction of bile flow. The bile salt independent fraction (BSIF) of canalicular bile flow from the isolated rat liver perfused with bicarbonate-free perfusate is 50% of that from the liver perfused with bicarbonate-containing perfusate. HCO3-excretion is nearly eliminated and Na+ and Cl- excretion is reduced 50%. Replacement of HCO3- into perfusate increased bile flow by 0.3 microliter/g.min without changing bile acid excretion rate. 5.5-Dimethyl-2,4-oxazolidinedione (DMO) produced a similar effect. DMO was passively distributed between bile and plasma. The data indicate that a bicarbonate transport mechanism is responsible for production of up to 50% of the BSIF. Another weak acid, N-5[5-(2-methoxyethoxy)-2-pyrimidinyl]sulfamoylbenzene (glymidine), was rapidly excreted into bile and increased bile flow by over 2.0 microliter/g.min. Glymidine is probably excreted by an independent organic anion transport mechanism, and any effect on the bicarbonate transport mechanism is obscured. Canaliculus-enriched hepatocyte membrane fractions contained no HCO3-stimulated ATPase activity. Either this enzyme is unimportant in hepatocyte bicarbonate transport or transport occurs across membranes other than the bile canalicular membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:150797", "title": "Insulin binding and glucose metabolism in adipocytes of streptozotocin-diabetic rats.", "content": "To investigate the mechanism of the cellular insulin insensitivity of diabetic rats, insulin binding, glucose transport, and glucose oxidation were studied in adipocytes from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Increased insulin binding was found in cells from diabetic rats, and this was due to an increased number of insulin receptors rather than a change in receptor affinity. Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation was decreased in adipocytes from diabetic rats when the data are expressed in absolute terms or as percent increased above basal. Although the absolute rate of basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport was decreased in adipocytes from diabetic rats, the percent increase above basal of insulin-stimulated glucose transport was not decreased. In conclusion, although the cellular insulin insensitivity exists in adipocytes from diabetic rats, the number of insulin receptors was increased, coupling between insulin receptors and the glucose transport system is intact in adipocytes from diabetic rats, and a defect in intracellular glucose metabolism rather than glucose transport plays a major role in the insulin insensitivity of adipocytes from diabetic rats.", "contents": "Insulin binding and glucose metabolism in adipocytes of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. To investigate the mechanism of the cellular insulin insensitivity of diabetic rats, insulin binding, glucose transport, and glucose oxidation were studied in adipocytes from streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Increased insulin binding was found in cells from diabetic rats, and this was due to an increased number of insulin receptors rather than a change in receptor affinity. Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation was decreased in adipocytes from diabetic rats when the data are expressed in absolute terms or as percent increased above basal. Although the absolute rate of basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport was decreased in adipocytes from diabetic rats, the percent increase above basal of insulin-stimulated glucose transport was not decreased. In conclusion, although the cellular insulin insensitivity exists in adipocytes from diabetic rats, the number of insulin receptors was increased, coupling between insulin receptors and the glucose transport system is intact in adipocytes from diabetic rats, and a defect in intracellular glucose metabolism rather than glucose transport plays a major role in the insulin insensitivity of adipocytes from diabetic rats."}
{"id": "PMID:150798", "title": "Glucocorticoids and regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in rat brown adipose tissue.", "content": "Studied were performed to examine the factors that might regulate phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity in rat brown adipose tissue (BAT) and to determine the role played by glucocorticoids in regulating this enzyme. Comparison was made to white adipose tissue (WAT) where PEPCK activity is known to be glucocorticoid regulated. PEPCK activity in BAT did not respond to adrenalectomy or dexamethasone, whereas WAT activity was increased and decreased, respectively, by these maneuvers. Three conditions were found in which BAT PEPCK activity was stimulated: 1) fasting, 2) feeding a high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet, and 3) during the neonatal period. In each case glucocorticoid treatment prevented the stimulation in PEPCK activity and restored the enzyme to base-line levels. In conditions 1 and 2, enzyme activity was also stimulated in WAT, but in contradistinction to BAT, glucocorticoid administration reduced activity to low levels significantly below base-line activity. Two conditions were found which suppressed PEPCK activity in BAT: exposure to a cold environment and feeding a high-protein/low-fat diet. WAT PEPCK was unaltered by exposure to cold. Thus, differences in PEPCK regulation between BAT and WAT were demonstrated, and the response to glucocorticoids was unique in BAT.", "contents": "Glucocorticoids and regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity in rat brown adipose tissue. Studied were performed to examine the factors that might regulate phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity in rat brown adipose tissue (BAT) and to determine the role played by glucocorticoids in regulating this enzyme. Comparison was made to white adipose tissue (WAT) where PEPCK activity is known to be glucocorticoid regulated. PEPCK activity in BAT did not respond to adrenalectomy or dexamethasone, whereas WAT activity was increased and decreased, respectively, by these maneuvers. Three conditions were found in which BAT PEPCK activity was stimulated: 1) fasting, 2) feeding a high-fat/low-carbohydrate diet, and 3) during the neonatal period. In each case glucocorticoid treatment prevented the stimulation in PEPCK activity and restored the enzyme to base-line levels. In conditions 1 and 2, enzyme activity was also stimulated in WAT, but in contradistinction to BAT, glucocorticoid administration reduced activity to low levels significantly below base-line activity. Two conditions were found which suppressed PEPCK activity in BAT: exposure to a cold environment and feeding a high-protein/low-fat diet. WAT PEPCK was unaltered by exposure to cold. Thus, differences in PEPCK regulation between BAT and WAT were demonstrated, and the response to glucocorticoids was unique in BAT."}
{"id": "PMID:150799", "title": "Endotoxin and myocardial failure: role of the myofibril and venous return.", "content": "The effects of gramnegative endotoxin-induced myocardial failure in the pentobarbital-anesthetized dog were examined by monitoring its influence on cardiac myofibrillar ATPase activity. Myofibrils were isolated from endo- and epicardial portions of the left ventricular wall. ATPase activities were determined in animals treated with 4 mg/kg endotoxin and monitored 5 h, in animals monitored for 5 h without endotoxin (controls), and in animals implanted with a unilateral femoral shunt and given endotoxin. No differences were seen in the activities between the endo- and epicardial portions of any preparation. Activity was significantly depressed in endotoxemic animals. Increasing venous return by 313 +/- 71 ml/min significantly increased coronary flow by reducing coronary vascular resistance and prevented any observed depression of myofibrillar ATPase activity. In in vitro studies, adding endotoxin directly to a myofibril preparation did not modify normal activity. It appears that the mechanical and myofibrillar dysfunctions are due to the action of endotoxin at sites not associated with the actomyosin ATPase, but may be due to the production of an intermediary agent in concert with a decreased venous return.", "contents": "Endotoxin and myocardial failure: role of the myofibril and venous return. The effects of gramnegative endotoxin-induced myocardial failure in the pentobarbital-anesthetized dog were examined by monitoring its influence on cardiac myofibrillar ATPase activity. Myofibrils were isolated from endo- and epicardial portions of the left ventricular wall. ATPase activities were determined in animals treated with 4 mg/kg endotoxin and monitored 5 h, in animals monitored for 5 h without endotoxin (controls), and in animals implanted with a unilateral femoral shunt and given endotoxin. No differences were seen in the activities between the endo- and epicardial portions of any preparation. Activity was significantly depressed in endotoxemic animals. Increasing venous return by 313 +/- 71 ml/min significantly increased coronary flow by reducing coronary vascular resistance and prevented any observed depression of myofibrillar ATPase activity. In in vitro studies, adding endotoxin directly to a myofibril preparation did not modify normal activity. It appears that the mechanical and myofibrillar dysfunctions are due to the action of endotoxin at sites not associated with the actomyosin ATPase, but may be due to the production of an intermediary agent in concert with a decreased venous return."}
{"id": "PMID:150800", "title": "Ventricular morphology and pumping ability of exercised spontaneously hypertensive rats.", "content": "Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and two strains of normotensive Wistar rats were subjected to a 5 day/wk swimming program to determine whether the heart of the SHR could respond to an additional stimulus to cardiac growth. Swimming was tolerated well by all rats. Although body weight of the exercised groups was not significantly reduced, both the right and left ventricular weights of all exercised groups were increased. Left ventricular circumference and chamber volume were increased without a change in free wall thickness in all exercised groups. Ventricular performance was assessed by peak cardiac output and stroke volume attained during rapid intravenous volume loading, both before and after autonomic inhibition. After combined cholinergic and beta-adrenergic inhibition, all exercised rats had slower heart rates and higher peak stroke volume than respectively sedentary controls. Thus, exercised SHR had the same alterations in cardiac mass and performance as exercised normotensive rats. Despite the initial presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, the SHR responded appropriately to an additional stimulus for adaptive cardiac growth.", "contents": "Ventricular morphology and pumping ability of exercised spontaneously hypertensive rats. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and two strains of normotensive Wistar rats were subjected to a 5 day/wk swimming program to determine whether the heart of the SHR could respond to an additional stimulus to cardiac growth. Swimming was tolerated well by all rats. Although body weight of the exercised groups was not significantly reduced, both the right and left ventricular weights of all exercised groups were increased. Left ventricular circumference and chamber volume were increased without a change in free wall thickness in all exercised groups. Ventricular performance was assessed by peak cardiac output and stroke volume attained during rapid intravenous volume loading, both before and after autonomic inhibition. After combined cholinergic and beta-adrenergic inhibition, all exercised rats had slower heart rates and higher peak stroke volume than respectively sedentary controls. Thus, exercised SHR had the same alterations in cardiac mass and performance as exercised normotensive rats. Despite the initial presence of left ventricular hypertrophy, the SHR responded appropriately to an additional stimulus for adaptive cardiac growth."}
{"id": "PMID:150801", "title": "Nonreversed valve-stripped vein graft.", "content": "A technic using nonreversed saphenous vein for arterial graft after eversion valvectomy is described. The nonreversed vein graft can be used advantageously in femoropopliteal, composite, aortopopliteal, tibial, small artery aneurysmal, and aortorenal arterial grafts.", "contents": "Nonreversed valve-stripped vein graft. A technic using nonreversed saphenous vein for arterial graft after eversion valvectomy is described. The nonreversed vein graft can be used advantageously in femoropopliteal, composite, aortopopliteal, tibial, small artery aneurysmal, and aortorenal arterial grafts."}
{"id": "PMID:150804", "title": "Comparative clinical pharmacokinetics of tubocurarine, gallamine, alcuronium and pancuronium.", "content": "Data about plasma concentration, renal and biliary elimination of tubocurarine, gallamine, alcuronium and pancuronium are taken from the literature for synoptical pharmacokinetic analysis. All plasma concentration curves can be described by triexponential functions according to an open three-compartment pharmacokinetic model in line, the elements of which are an application and measuring compartment, a pharmacologically specific compartment and a non-specific one. The corresponding results for all drugs represent the same range and there is no substantial basis for a further differentiation of clinically significant drug specific characteristics, neither regarding the time course of neuromuscular blockade nor the excretory or metabolic disposition. Thus no particular advantage or disadvantage of any drug can be stated from the kinetic or metabolic point of view and especially none seems to have a striking advantage in patients with impaired renal function. Drug specific peculiarities are more likely to be found in the field of side effects.", "contents": "Comparative clinical pharmacokinetics of tubocurarine, gallamine, alcuronium and pancuronium. Data about plasma concentration, renal and biliary elimination of tubocurarine, gallamine, alcuronium and pancuronium are taken from the literature for synoptical pharmacokinetic analysis. All plasma concentration curves can be described by triexponential functions according to an open three-compartment pharmacokinetic model in line, the elements of which are an application and measuring compartment, a pharmacologically specific compartment and a non-specific one. The corresponding results for all drugs represent the same range and there is no substantial basis for a further differentiation of clinically significant drug specific characteristics, neither regarding the time course of neuromuscular blockade nor the excretory or metabolic disposition. Thus no particular advantage or disadvantage of any drug can be stated from the kinetic or metabolic point of view and especially none seems to have a striking advantage in patients with impaired renal function. Drug specific peculiarities are more likely to be found in the field of side effects."}
{"id": "PMID:150805", "title": "Kinetics of intercompartmental disposition and excretion of tubocurarine, gallamine, alcuronium and pancuronium in patients with normal and impaired renal function.", "content": "Pharmacokinetic data of tubocurarine, gallamine, alcuronium and pancuronium in patients with normal and without renal function are taken from the literature. They are adapted to an open three compartment pharmacokinetic model, and the proportional intercompartmental distribution is calculated as a function of time from 1 min to 8 h. All drugs show similar kinetic properties: During the first 10 min rapid disappearance from compartment 1 results in saturation of compartment 2. Maximum saturation of compartment 3 is achieved after 1 to 2 h followed by a gradual disappearance of the relaxants from the whole system. 20-25% of the dose undergo sequestration apart from intercompartment equilibrium. In normal individuals sequestration is observed after 2 to 3 h whereas in anuric patients it is already demonstrated during the first hour. Intercompartmental redistribution is the basic principle governing the pharmacodynamic profile of all of the four drugs if given in clinical dosage.", "contents": "Kinetics of intercompartmental disposition and excretion of tubocurarine, gallamine, alcuronium and pancuronium in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Pharmacokinetic data of tubocurarine, gallamine, alcuronium and pancuronium in patients with normal and without renal function are taken from the literature. They are adapted to an open three compartment pharmacokinetic model, and the proportional intercompartmental distribution is calculated as a function of time from 1 min to 8 h. All drugs show similar kinetic properties: During the first 10 min rapid disappearance from compartment 1 results in saturation of compartment 2. Maximum saturation of compartment 3 is achieved after 1 to 2 h followed by a gradual disappearance of the relaxants from the whole system. 20-25% of the dose undergo sequestration apart from intercompartment equilibrium. In normal individuals sequestration is observed after 2 to 3 h whereas in anuric patients it is already demonstrated during the first hour. Intercompartmental redistribution is the basic principle governing the pharmacodynamic profile of all of the four drugs if given in clinical dosage."}
{"id": "PMID:150806", "title": "[On the connections between the rami communicantes of the sympathicus and the rami posteriores of the loin nerves (author's transl)].", "content": "The existence of anastomoses between the Rami communicantes of the Truncus sympathicus and the Rami posteriores of the loin nerve in man has been confirmed macroscopically and microscopically in 50% of the cases. This is followed by a discussion of the causality of pains in the loin region.", "contents": "[On the connections between the rami communicantes of the sympathicus and the rami posteriores of the loin nerves (author's transl)]. The existence of anastomoses between the Rami communicantes of the Truncus sympathicus and the Rami posteriores of the loin nerve in man has been confirmed macroscopically and microscopically in 50% of the cases. This is followed by a discussion of the causality of pains in the loin region."}
{"id": "PMID:150807", "title": "Increased survival with new techniques in treatment of gastroschisis.", "content": "Since the opening of the Neonatology Unit, we have become the referral center for our area for problems in the newborn. In the past three years, we have treated five full-term and two premature infants with gastroschisis. There was one death in a premature infant. With an aggressive therapeutic approach and a new surgical technique, we have achieved an overall survival rate of greater than 85%. Primary closure was possible in three patients, with the remaining four being trreated in two stages. A modification of the Schuster silastic bag closure was first accomplished in those patients treated in two stages. Definitive surgical correction was completed within eight days of birgh in all seven patients. No ventral hernias or wound infections occurred using the new technique. Careful preoperative transport and management, judicious anesthesia, antibiotics, ventilatory support, and parenteral hyperalimentation when necessary, have all contributed to our increased survival rate and decreased morbidity.", "contents": "Increased survival with new techniques in treatment of gastroschisis. Since the opening of the Neonatology Unit, we have become the referral center for our area for problems in the newborn. In the past three years, we have treated five full-term and two premature infants with gastroschisis. There was one death in a premature infant. With an aggressive therapeutic approach and a new surgical technique, we have achieved an overall survival rate of greater than 85%. Primary closure was possible in three patients, with the remaining four being trreated in two stages. A modification of the Schuster silastic bag closure was first accomplished in those patients treated in two stages. Definitive surgical correction was completed within eight days of birgh in all seven patients. No ventral hernias or wound infections occurred using the new technique. Careful preoperative transport and management, judicious anesthesia, antibiotics, ventilatory support, and parenteral hyperalimentation when necessary, have all contributed to our increased survival rate and decreased morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:150808", "title": "[Some atypical forms of eczema in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Among 466 children under the age of 12 years who presented with eczema in a 5-year period, 68 p. 100 were atopic. 136 had various atypical signs of atopy. 44 suffered from pityriasis alba of sufficient intensity to justify referral for this reason; 10 had the typical features of seborrhoeic dermatitis of infants. 27 suffered from \"forefoot\" eczema (\"juvenile plantar dermatosis\"). The course and characteristics of this condition are discussed and compared with the series recently described in the West of Scotland. Our cases were exactly similar except for an aggravation in the summer months and the fact that our cases responded poorly to topical corticosteroids alone though improved with coal tar. Atopy and contact sensitivity to shoe materials are rare in both groups. We feel that this may be classified as \"frictional\" dermatitis and agree with our Scottish colleagues that the introduction of nylon socks during the last ten years may be important.", "contents": "[Some atypical forms of eczema in children (author's transl)]. Among 466 children under the age of 12 years who presented with eczema in a 5-year period, 68 p. 100 were atopic. 136 had various atypical signs of atopy. 44 suffered from pityriasis alba of sufficient intensity to justify referral for this reason; 10 had the typical features of seborrhoeic dermatitis of infants. 27 suffered from \"forefoot\" eczema (\"juvenile plantar dermatosis\"). The course and characteristics of this condition are discussed and compared with the series recently described in the West of Scotland. Our cases were exactly similar except for an aggravation in the summer months and the fact that our cases responded poorly to topical corticosteroids alone though improved with coal tar. Atopy and contact sensitivity to shoe materials are rare in both groups. We feel that this may be classified as \"frictional\" dermatitis and agree with our Scottish colleagues that the introduction of nylon socks during the last ten years may be important."}
{"id": "PMID:150810", "title": "[Effect of proteolytic enzymes on antibiotic distribution when the preparations are administered by different routes].", "content": "The effect of proteolytic enzymes, such as terrilitine and chymotripsin on pharmacokinetics of morphocycline and streptomycin in rats after their administration by various routes was studied comparatively. The oral use of the enzymes or their introduction directly into the duodenum simultaneously or 30 minutes before the antibiotic administration did not increase the morphocycline and streptomycin levels in the biosubstrates tested. A tendency to a decrease in the serum and organ levels of the antibiotics in animals when used orally in combination with the enzymes was noted. When the drugs were administered intramuscularly, the morphocycline serum and organ levels in the rats increased insignificantly, while the streptomycin levels increased significantly. Administration of formalin as a stressor had an analogous effect which provided a supposition of a possibility of non-specific effect of the enzymes of distribution of the antibiotics on intramuscular injection of the enzymes in large doses having a local irritating effect.", "contents": "[Effect of proteolytic enzymes on antibiotic distribution when the preparations are administered by different routes]. The effect of proteolytic enzymes, such as terrilitine and chymotripsin on pharmacokinetics of morphocycline and streptomycin in rats after their administration by various routes was studied comparatively. The oral use of the enzymes or their introduction directly into the duodenum simultaneously or 30 minutes before the antibiotic administration did not increase the morphocycline and streptomycin levels in the biosubstrates tested. A tendency to a decrease in the serum and organ levels of the antibiotics in animals when used orally in combination with the enzymes was noted. When the drugs were administered intramuscularly, the morphocycline serum and organ levels in the rats increased insignificantly, while the streptomycin levels increased significantly. Administration of formalin as a stressor had an analogous effect which provided a supposition of a possibility of non-specific effect of the enzymes of distribution of the antibiotics on intramuscular injection of the enzymes in large doses having a local irritating effect."}
{"id": "PMID:150811", "title": "[Avian anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone and testosterone (author's transl)].", "content": "The twofold question has been examined whether testosterone would cause regression of the m\u00fcllerian ducts and whether this androgen would be secreted by the testes of the chick embryo. Neither did m\u00fcllerian ducts from 8-day-old male embryos regress when cultured in vitro in a 10 microliter volume of a muM testosterone suspension nor could testosterone synthesis from 14C-labelled progesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone be established. Thus, it seems difficult to maintain, that testosterone could be identical with the anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone. Transfilter experiments show that the active principle has a molecular weight greater than 1000, therefore, that it cannot be a steroid. As a working hypothesis, it is suggested that it is a polypeptide.", "contents": "[Avian anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone and testosterone (author's transl)]. The twofold question has been examined whether testosterone would cause regression of the m\u00fcllerian ducts and whether this androgen would be secreted by the testes of the chick embryo. Neither did m\u00fcllerian ducts from 8-day-old male embryos regress when cultured in vitro in a 10 microliter volume of a muM testosterone suspension nor could testosterone synthesis from 14C-labelled progesterone or dehydroepiandrosterone be established. Thus, it seems difficult to maintain, that testosterone could be identical with the anti-m\u00fcllerian hormone. Transfilter experiments show that the active principle has a molecular weight greater than 1000, therefore, that it cannot be a steroid. As a working hypothesis, it is suggested that it is a polypeptide."}
{"id": "PMID:150813", "title": "Oral zinc therapy of acne. Absorption and clinical effect.", "content": "In a double-blind controlled comparison that lasted eight weeks, tablets of zinc sulfate monohydrate, 411 mg total daily dosage, and a lactose placebo were administered orally to 22 male subjects with moderate acne. At the same time, levels of zinc were determined in serum and urine. There were no statistically significant differences in the lesion counts (papules, pustules, open comedones, and closed comedones) in the zinc-treated and lactose-treated cases, despite evidence in serum and urine of absorption of zinc. The data from this study indicate that oral zinc therapy has no early clinical effect on male patients with moderate acne.", "contents": "Oral zinc therapy of acne. Absorption and clinical effect. In a double-blind controlled comparison that lasted eight weeks, tablets of zinc sulfate monohydrate, 411 mg total daily dosage, and a lactose placebo were administered orally to 22 male subjects with moderate acne. At the same time, levels of zinc were determined in serum and urine. There were no statistically significant differences in the lesion counts (papules, pustules, open comedones, and closed comedones) in the zinc-treated and lactose-treated cases, despite evidence in serum and urine of absorption of zinc. The data from this study indicate that oral zinc therapy has no early clinical effect on male patients with moderate acne."}
{"id": "PMID:150816", "title": "A reexamination of the potential comedogenicity of sulfur.", "content": "The present study was designed to reexamine the question of the potential comedogenicity of topical sulfur. Studies were done by two different investigators in two separate institutions with groups of 12 and 40 subjects, respectively. Biopsy specimens were obtained from the occluded test sites before and after a six-week period of treatment. Each subject received a patch test of 5% sulfur in either an octoxynol 9 (Triton X-100) or a carbomer 934P (Carbopol 934P) vehicle and one of two controls consisting of the Triton X-100 vehicle or a dry patch test. We conclude that no trend or correlation was noted between the presence or absence of sulfur in the formulation and the appearance of comedones. The Triton X-100 vehicle itself appeared to be comedogenic under the experimental conditions.", "contents": "A reexamination of the potential comedogenicity of sulfur. The present study was designed to reexamine the question of the potential comedogenicity of topical sulfur. Studies were done by two different investigators in two separate institutions with groups of 12 and 40 subjects, respectively. Biopsy specimens were obtained from the occluded test sites before and after a six-week period of treatment. Each subject received a patch test of 5% sulfur in either an octoxynol 9 (Triton X-100) or a carbomer 934P (Carbopol 934P) vehicle and one of two controls consisting of the Triton X-100 vehicle or a dry patch test. We conclude that no trend or correlation was noted between the presence or absence of sulfur in the formulation and the appearance of comedones. The Triton X-100 vehicle itself appeared to be comedogenic under the experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:150817", "title": "Pityriasis rubra pilaris responding to aminonicotinamide.", "content": "A 32-year-old man with pityriasis rubra pilaris diagnosed by clinical appearance and histologic examination was treated with 1% aminonicotinamide cream applied once daily. Improvement was noted within four days, and almost complete clearing occurred after two weeks of therapy. No side-effects were noted.", "contents": "Pityriasis rubra pilaris responding to aminonicotinamide. A 32-year-old man with pityriasis rubra pilaris diagnosed by clinical appearance and histologic examination was treated with 1% aminonicotinamide cream applied once daily. Improvement was noted within four days, and almost complete clearing occurred after two weeks of therapy. No side-effects were noted."}
{"id": "PMID:150818", "title": "Phenytoin hypersensitivity reaction.", "content": "A clinically characteristic hypersensitivity reaction to phenytoin occurred in two patients three to four weeks after they started phenytoin therapy. It consisted of a characteristic rash, fever, tender generalized lymphadenopathy, leukocytosis with atypical lymphocytes, and eosinophilia. One patient had liver function abnormalities suggestive of hepatitis, as have most previously reported cases. The rash was pruritic and generalized; it consisted of irregular, ill-defined macular erythema in patches with superimposed follicular papules and massive edema of the face and periorbital region. Facial edema is characteristic of this syndrome. In one case the rash progressed to include follicular pustules and resolved with superficial desquamation. Histopathologic specimens from both cases showed a dense, superficial lymphohistiocytic infiltrate in the dermis and epidermal spongiosis. Intraepidermal pustules were present in one patient. The importance of recognizing this syndrome is stressed because it is potentially fatal.", "contents": "Phenytoin hypersensitivity reaction. A clinically characteristic hypersensitivity reaction to phenytoin occurred in two patients three to four weeks after they started phenytoin therapy. It consisted of a characteristic rash, fever, tender generalized lymphadenopathy, leukocytosis with atypical lymphocytes, and eosinophilia. One patient had liver function abnormalities suggestive of hepatitis, as have most previously reported cases. The rash was pruritic and generalized; it consisted of irregular, ill-defined macular erythema in patches with superimposed follicular papules and massive edema of the face and periorbital region. Facial edema is characteristic of this syndrome. In one case the rash progressed to include follicular pustules and resolved with superficial desquamation. Histopathologic specimens from both cases showed a dense, superficial lymphohistiocytic infiltrate in the dermis and epidermal spongiosis. Intraepidermal pustules were present in one patient. The importance of recognizing this syndrome is stressed because it is potentially fatal."}
{"id": "PMID:150821", "title": "Further similarities between S\u00e9zary syndrome and mycosis fungoides.", "content": "S\u00e9zary syndrome and mycosis fungoides, both malignant Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, although characterized as specific entities, show a close relationship. This is based on striking similarities not only uith respect to morphological, cytophotometrical, cytogenetical and immunological findings, but also with respect to a typical common reaction pattern to photochemotherapy.", "contents": "Further similarities between S\u00e9zary syndrome and mycosis fungoides. S\u00e9zary syndrome and mycosis fungoides, both malignant Non-Hodgkin lymphomas, although characterized as specific entities, show a close relationship. This is based on striking similarities not only uith respect to morphological, cytophotometrical, cytogenetical and immunological findings, but also with respect to a typical common reaction pattern to photochemotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:150822", "title": "On the propionibacteria in the pilosebaceous ducts of uninvolved skin of acne patients.", "content": "In 24 persons with a severe inflammatory acne and 48 control subjects, bacteria were sampled from the sebaceous gland exretory ducts with the glass sampling head method according to Holland et al. After anaerobic culture bacterial counts were performed. The total numbers of P. acnes and the frequency of detection of P. granulosum were determined. The bacterial counts of P. acnes were almost idendical in the two collectives. P. granulosum was detected at a significantly higher frequence in the acne patients than in the control subjects. It can be assumed on the basis of the results that an increase in the bacterial counts of P. acnes is not to be regarded as a pathogenetic factor in the inflammatory acne of older patients. On the other hand, they suggest that P. granulosum may have an appreciable role in acne.", "contents": "On the propionibacteria in the pilosebaceous ducts of uninvolved skin of acne patients. In 24 persons with a severe inflammatory acne and 48 control subjects, bacteria were sampled from the sebaceous gland exretory ducts with the glass sampling head method according to Holland et al. After anaerobic culture bacterial counts were performed. The total numbers of P. acnes and the frequency of detection of P. granulosum were determined. The bacterial counts of P. acnes were almost idendical in the two collectives. P. granulosum was detected at a significantly higher frequence in the acne patients than in the control subjects. It can be assumed on the basis of the results that an increase in the bacterial counts of P. acnes is not to be regarded as a pathogenetic factor in the inflammatory acne of older patients. On the other hand, they suggest that P. granulosum may have an appreciable role in acne."}
{"id": "PMID:150823", "title": "Bone and joint changes in lower limb amputees.", "content": "A clinical and radiological survey of bone and joint changes in 42 lower limb amputees is reported. There was a significant increase in osteoarthrosis in the knee of the unamputated legs compared with the amputated side. The amputated side characteristically showed osteoporosis. Comparing the prevalence of osteoarthrosis in this study with figures in the population, it is more likely that the osteoporosis of the amputated limb had a protective effect on that side than that mechanical factors produced more osteoarthrosis on the contralateral side. Backache occurred in about half the patients, and was severe in 19%. It did not appear to be related to disc degeneration, but scoliosis was observed in 64% of patients.", "contents": "Bone and joint changes in lower limb amputees. A clinical and radiological survey of bone and joint changes in 42 lower limb amputees is reported. There was a significant increase in osteoarthrosis in the knee of the unamputated legs compared with the amputated side. The amputated side characteristically showed osteoporosis. Comparing the prevalence of osteoarthrosis in this study with figures in the population, it is more likely that the osteoporosis of the amputated limb had a protective effect on that side than that mechanical factors produced more osteoarthrosis on the contralateral side. Backache occurred in about half the patients, and was severe in 19%. It did not appear to be related to disc degeneration, but scoliosis was observed in 64% of patients."}
{"id": "PMID:150824", "title": "Small spinal fractures in back pain patients.", "content": "Small fractures in the posterior elements of the spine were identified by stereoscopic radiography in 7 patients suffering from back pain. The clinical data on these 7 patients are presented.", "contents": "Small spinal fractures in back pain patients. Small fractures in the posterior elements of the spine were identified by stereoscopic radiography in 7 patients suffering from back pain. The clinical data on these 7 patients are presented."}
{"id": "PMID:150825", "title": "Cholestatic hepatitis after administration of furan derivatives.", "content": "A patient developed cholestatic hepatitis while being treated with nitrofurantoin. A second episode of jaundice followed the intravaginal administration of a mixture of furazolidone and nifuroxime. It is important to consider possible cross-sensitivity of chemically related compounds even when they are administered by different routes.", "contents": "Cholestatic hepatitis after administration of furan derivatives. A patient developed cholestatic hepatitis while being treated with nitrofurantoin. A second episode of jaundice followed the intravaginal administration of a mixture of furazolidone and nifuroxime. It is important to consider possible cross-sensitivity of chemically related compounds even when they are administered by different routes."}
{"id": "PMID:150826", "title": "Sclerosing peritonitis and propranolol.", "content": "Sclerosing peritonitis developed in a 43-year-old man with angina pectoris who had been receiving the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, propranolol. The patient had abdominal and back pain, weight loss, a midabdominal fullness, ascites, and evidence of partial small bowel obstruction. At surgery, the small bowel was distended and encased by dense fibrous tissue. Infectious and neoplastic causes of fibrosing peritoneal inflammation were excluded. The patient described in this report illustrates several features commonly experienced by individuals who developed sclerosing peritonitis associated with beta-adrenergic receptor blockade therapy. To my knowledge, the development of ascites and considerable ascitic fluid leukocytosis have not been described previously with this disorder.", "contents": "Sclerosing peritonitis and propranolol. Sclerosing peritonitis developed in a 43-year-old man with angina pectoris who had been receiving the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, propranolol. The patient had abdominal and back pain, weight loss, a midabdominal fullness, ascites, and evidence of partial small bowel obstruction. At surgery, the small bowel was distended and encased by dense fibrous tissue. Infectious and neoplastic causes of fibrosing peritoneal inflammation were excluded. The patient described in this report illustrates several features commonly experienced by individuals who developed sclerosing peritonitis associated with beta-adrenergic receptor blockade therapy. To my knowledge, the development of ascites and considerable ascitic fluid leukocytosis have not been described previously with this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:150827", "title": "[Endocrine cells in cancer of the ampulla of Vater].", "content": "Histochemical examinations of 28 cancers of Vater's papilla detected argirophilic cells in 7 (25%) and argentaffinic cells in 3 (10.8%) tumors. Neoplastic endocrine cells occurred most frequently in structures of the highly differentiated papillary and tubular adenocarcinoma. The analysis of the qualitative composition of mucus produced by these tumors showed the likelihood of detection of endocrine cells in cancer of Vater's papilla to increase with higher secretion of acid mucopolysaccharides and to decrease with a higher portion of sulphomucines in them. The occurrence of impregnated endocrine cells and non-sulphated acid mucopolysaccharides in cancers of Vater's papilla appears to indicate the differentiation of the tumor tissue in the direction of the intestinal epithelium. The regular participation of argentaffinic and argirophilic cells in the development of intestinal tumors, in particular, cancer of Vater's papilla is in favour of the entodermal origin of endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract.", "contents": "[Endocrine cells in cancer of the ampulla of Vater]. Histochemical examinations of 28 cancers of Vater's papilla detected argirophilic cells in 7 (25%) and argentaffinic cells in 3 (10.8%) tumors. Neoplastic endocrine cells occurred most frequently in structures of the highly differentiated papillary and tubular adenocarcinoma. The analysis of the qualitative composition of mucus produced by these tumors showed the likelihood of detection of endocrine cells in cancer of Vater's papilla to increase with higher secretion of acid mucopolysaccharides and to decrease with a higher portion of sulphomucines in them. The occurrence of impregnated endocrine cells and non-sulphated acid mucopolysaccharides in cancers of Vater's papilla appears to indicate the differentiation of the tumor tissue in the direction of the intestinal epithelium. The regular participation of argentaffinic and argirophilic cells in the development of intestinal tumors, in particular, cancer of Vater's papilla is in favour of the entodermal origin of endocrine cells of the gastrointestinal tract."}
{"id": "PMID:150828", "title": "[State of renal structure and function in nephrotoxic nephritis treated with uroplasmin].", "content": "The experiments were carried out in 14 rabbits in which nephritis Masugi was reproduced. At 15 days of the disease treatment with uroplasmine was started for 7 animals. Proliferative-membranous changes and deposition of fibrin-positive substances in lumens of the capillaries and capsules of the glomeruli, along basal membranes and within cells were found in glomeruli of untreated animals. The structural changes in the kidneys were accompanied by a significant and prolonged decrease in their partial functions. Administration of uroplasmine produced a rapid and stable restoration of both structure and function of the kidneys. It is suggested that uroplasmine not only eliminates the damages caused by the action of thrombin but also inhibits the immune process. On the basis of the experimental data, an immuno-coagulation theory of the pathogenesis of nephritis Masugi is suggested.", "contents": "[State of renal structure and function in nephrotoxic nephritis treated with uroplasmin]. The experiments were carried out in 14 rabbits in which nephritis Masugi was reproduced. At 15 days of the disease treatment with uroplasmine was started for 7 animals. Proliferative-membranous changes and deposition of fibrin-positive substances in lumens of the capillaries and capsules of the glomeruli, along basal membranes and within cells were found in glomeruli of untreated animals. The structural changes in the kidneys were accompanied by a significant and prolonged decrease in their partial functions. Administration of uroplasmine produced a rapid and stable restoration of both structure and function of the kidneys. It is suggested that uroplasmine not only eliminates the damages caused by the action of thrombin but also inhibits the immune process. On the basis of the experimental data, an immuno-coagulation theory of the pathogenesis of nephritis Masugi is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:150833", "title": "Increased pulmonary arteriovenous shunting in humans following blood transfusion. Relation to screen filtration pressure of transfused blood and prevention by Dacron wool (Swank) filtration.", "content": "Transfusion through standard filters to dogs of stored blood containing microaggregates results in an increase in pulmonary arteriovenous shunting (Qs/Qt) and a decreased diffusion capacity of the lung for O2. These effects are due to microemboli that pass the filters and are prevented by use of Dacron wool (Swank) micropore transfusion filters. It was the purpose of this study to determine whether alterations in pulmonary shunting occur in humans following transfusions of stored blood through standard transfusion filters. In eight patients transfused over 20% of blood volumes through standard filters, Qs/Qt and alveolar-arterial O2 tension differences increased significantly. These changes did not occur in patients transfused comparable amounts of blood through Dacron wool (Swank) filters or in patients transfused less than 20% of blood volumes. A direct correlation was found between the absolute percent change in Qs/Qt and the quantity of microaggregates passing the filter and present in the transfused blood. It is concluded that removal from stored blood of microaggregates by administration of the blood through effective micropore transfusion filters prevents an increase in Qs/Qt caused by administration of such material.", "contents": "Increased pulmonary arteriovenous shunting in humans following blood transfusion. Relation to screen filtration pressure of transfused blood and prevention by Dacron wool (Swank) filtration. Transfusion through standard filters to dogs of stored blood containing microaggregates results in an increase in pulmonary arteriovenous shunting (Qs/Qt) and a decreased diffusion capacity of the lung for O2. These effects are due to microemboli that pass the filters and are prevented by use of Dacron wool (Swank) micropore transfusion filters. It was the purpose of this study to determine whether alterations in pulmonary shunting occur in humans following transfusions of stored blood through standard transfusion filters. In eight patients transfused over 20% of blood volumes through standard filters, Qs/Qt and alveolar-arterial O2 tension differences increased significantly. These changes did not occur in patients transfused comparable amounts of blood through Dacron wool (Swank) filters or in patients transfused less than 20% of blood volumes. A direct correlation was found between the absolute percent change in Qs/Qt and the quantity of microaggregates passing the filter and present in the transfused blood. It is concluded that removal from stored blood of microaggregates by administration of the blood through effective micropore transfusion filters prevents an increase in Qs/Qt caused by administration of such material."}
{"id": "PMID:150834", "title": "Popliteal artery aneurysms. Past and present.", "content": "Popliteal artery aneurysms have had an important historic role in the development of modern vascular surgery. Early methods of surgical therapy for these aneurysms are detailed in this report for a persepctive. Clinical aspects of surgical diagnosis and treatment of 35 popliteal artery aneurysms in 26 patients are also reviewed. Such aneurysms often present with varied symptoms and should be considered a treacherous disease entity since limb loss occurs in a considerable number of patients. Coexisting disease frequently complicates both the intraoperative and postoperative course of these patients. In this series of popliteal aneurysms, excision and venous autograft interposition offered the most successful operative therapy.", "contents": "Popliteal artery aneurysms. Past and present. Popliteal artery aneurysms have had an important historic role in the development of modern vascular surgery. Early methods of surgical therapy for these aneurysms are detailed in this report for a persepctive. Clinical aspects of surgical diagnosis and treatment of 35 popliteal artery aneurysms in 26 patients are also reviewed. Such aneurysms often present with varied symptoms and should be considered a treacherous disease entity since limb loss occurs in a considerable number of patients. Coexisting disease frequently complicates both the intraoperative and postoperative course of these patients. In this series of popliteal aneurysms, excision and venous autograft interposition offered the most successful operative therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:150835", "title": "[Subcellular reaction to cerebral hypoxia].", "content": "Compensatory-adaptive reaction of the brain to hypoxia depends on destructive and reparative processes developing in neuronal and glial elements. A drastic tension and reconstruction of the energy apparatus--mitochondria occurs, as well as reversible disturbances in informative connections between the nucleus and cytoplasm and between nerve fibers and synapses. As a result, structural-functional activity of organells decreases along with changes in metabolic processes. Destructive processes in oligodendroglia, at all stages of the experiment, are more pronounced than in neurons. Preliminary injection of hydroxybutyric acid to the animals preserves the cellular energy potential under hypoxia, that is evident from the lack of severe alterations in mitochondria and other organells. Mechanisms of the adaptive-compensatory reaction in cortical neurons under hypoxia are connected with tension and reconstruction of all organells of the brain cellular elements and with biochemical shifts of lactate dehydrogenase enzymes.", "contents": "[Subcellular reaction to cerebral hypoxia]. Compensatory-adaptive reaction of the brain to hypoxia depends on destructive and reparative processes developing in neuronal and glial elements. A drastic tension and reconstruction of the energy apparatus--mitochondria occurs, as well as reversible disturbances in informative connections between the nucleus and cytoplasm and between nerve fibers and synapses. As a result, structural-functional activity of organells decreases along with changes in metabolic processes. Destructive processes in oligodendroglia, at all stages of the experiment, are more pronounced than in neurons. Preliminary injection of hydroxybutyric acid to the animals preserves the cellular energy potential under hypoxia, that is evident from the lack of severe alterations in mitochondria and other organells. Mechanisms of the adaptive-compensatory reaction in cortical neurons under hypoxia are connected with tension and reconstruction of all organells of the brain cellular elements and with biochemical shifts of lactate dehydrogenase enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:150836", "title": "Comparison of the neuropsychological deficits associated with early and advanced Huntington's disease.", "content": "Patients with \"recently\" diagnosed Huntington's Disease (RHD) were compared on a neuropsychological test battery to patients who have had the disease three to 15 years (AHD) and to intact controls. While the patients with HD showed general nonfocal deficits on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Memory Scale, and tests of short-term memory and verbal fluency, the patients with RHD had focal deficits that stressed their memory deficits. The patients with RHD had IQs within the normal range, but their memory quotients, their performance on short-term memory tests, and their ability to search and retrieve from long-term memory were severely imparied. These results suggest that the cognitive deficits of patients with HD do not develop uniformally; memory disorders are early focal signs that precede the patients' more widespread intellectual deterioration.", "contents": "Comparison of the neuropsychological deficits associated with early and advanced Huntington's disease. Patients with \"recently\" diagnosed Huntington's Disease (RHD) were compared on a neuropsychological test battery to patients who have had the disease three to 15 years (AHD) and to intact controls. While the patients with HD showed general nonfocal deficits on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, the Wechsler Memory Scale, and tests of short-term memory and verbal fluency, the patients with RHD had focal deficits that stressed their memory deficits. The patients with RHD had IQs within the normal range, but their memory quotients, their performance on short-term memory tests, and their ability to search and retrieve from long-term memory were severely imparied. These results suggest that the cognitive deficits of patients with HD do not develop uniformally; memory disorders are early focal signs that precede the patients' more widespread intellectual deterioration."}
{"id": "PMID:150832", "title": "[Use of hydrogen peroxide is combination with drug cocktails in the treatment of thrombophlebitis and its sequelae and of in the treatment of varicose ulcer].", "content": "An association of hydrogen peroxide and drug cocktails was given interarterially and by slow arterial in 19 cases of lower extremity phlebopathy. Repair of ulcer lesions, even those of considerable extent, was achieved in a relatively short space of time, together with the disappearance of marked regression of subjective symptoms and local oedema.", "contents": "[Use of hydrogen peroxide is combination with drug cocktails in the treatment of thrombophlebitis and its sequelae and of in the treatment of varicose ulcer]. An association of hydrogen peroxide and drug cocktails was given interarterially and by slow arterial in 19 cases of lower extremity phlebopathy. Repair of ulcer lesions, even those of considerable extent, was achieved in a relatively short space of time, together with the disappearance of marked regression of subjective symptoms and local oedema."}
{"id": "PMID:150837", "title": "Erythrocyte membrane studies in familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis.", "content": "A study of RBC membrane functions was performed in four patients suffering from familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis who had permanent muscular weakness. Electrophoretograms of membrane proteins, cell deformability, calcium-promoted potassium efflux, calcium-ATPase activity, and endogeneous phosphorylation of membrane proteins were all within the normal range. These results are compared with similar studies performed in myotonic and Duchenne-type dystrophies, in which abnormalities in the RBC membrane have been described. The results do not support the theory of RBC involvement in hypokalemic periodic paralysis. However, this does not imply that the muscle cell membrane is not involved in the underlying pathological processes in this disorder.", "contents": "Erythrocyte membrane studies in familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis. A study of RBC membrane functions was performed in four patients suffering from familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis who had permanent muscular weakness. Electrophoretograms of membrane proteins, cell deformability, calcium-promoted potassium efflux, calcium-ATPase activity, and endogeneous phosphorylation of membrane proteins were all within the normal range. These results are compared with similar studies performed in myotonic and Duchenne-type dystrophies, in which abnormalities in the RBC membrane have been described. The results do not support the theory of RBC involvement in hypokalemic periodic paralysis. However, this does not imply that the muscle cell membrane is not involved in the underlying pathological processes in this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:150841", "title": "Characterization of the mutant-unc D-gene product in a strain of Escherichia coli K12. An altered beta-subunit of the magnesium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Membranes from a mutant strain of Escherichia coli K12 carrying the uncD409 allele were washed in low-ionic-strength buffers in the presence or absence of the proteinase inhibitor p-aminobenzamidine. Unlike membranes from a normal strain, those from strain AN463 (uncD409) did not become proton-permeable, as judged by NADH-induced atebrinfluorescence quenching, when the membranes were washed in the absence of p-aminobenzamide. Furthermore, ATP-dependent atebrin-fluorscence quenching in such washed membranes could not be reconstituted by the addition of solubilized Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase preparations. The examination by two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the polypeptide composition of the washed membranes from strain AN463 (uncD409) indicated the presence of a polypeptide of similar molecular weight to the normal beta-subunit of the Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase, but with an altered isoelectric point. Both the normal and abnormal beta-subunits were identified in membranes prepared from a partial diploid strain carrying both the unc+ and uncD409 alleles. It is concluded that the uncD gene codes for the beta-subunit of the Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase.", "contents": "Characterization of the mutant-unc D-gene product in a strain of Escherichia coli K12. An altered beta-subunit of the magnesium ion-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase. Membranes from a mutant strain of Escherichia coli K12 carrying the uncD409 allele were washed in low-ionic-strength buffers in the presence or absence of the proteinase inhibitor p-aminobenzamidine. Unlike membranes from a normal strain, those from strain AN463 (uncD409) did not become proton-permeable, as judged by NADH-induced atebrinfluorescence quenching, when the membranes were washed in the absence of p-aminobenzamide. Furthermore, ATP-dependent atebrin-fluorscence quenching in such washed membranes could not be reconstituted by the addition of solubilized Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase preparations. The examination by two-dimensional polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of the polypeptide composition of the washed membranes from strain AN463 (uncD409) indicated the presence of a polypeptide of similar molecular weight to the normal beta-subunit of the Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase, but with an altered isoelectric point. Both the normal and abnormal beta-subunits were identified in membranes prepared from a partial diploid strain carrying both the unc+ and uncD409 alleles. It is concluded that the uncD gene codes for the beta-subunit of the Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase."}
{"id": "PMID:150855", "title": "Dissociation kinetics of tetra-S-carbamidomethylated plasmin-modified human somatotropin.", "content": "The dissociation of tetra-S-carbamidomethylated, plasmin-modified human somatotropin at 25 +/- 2 degrees C has been found to be a slow, exergonic equilibrium reaction; an equilibrium constant of 1.77 mol/L and a standard free energy of dissociation of -340 cal/mol have been calculated. The major products of the dissociation have been shown to consist of a monomeric form of the 51-residue carboxyl-terminal fragment and a trimeric form of the 134-residue amino-terminal fragment. The carboxyl-terminal fragment appears to be a random coil, while the amino-terminal fragment retains a considerable degree of secondary and tertiary structures.", "contents": "Dissociation kinetics of tetra-S-carbamidomethylated plasmin-modified human somatotropin. The dissociation of tetra-S-carbamidomethylated, plasmin-modified human somatotropin at 25 +/- 2 degrees C has been found to be a slow, exergonic equilibrium reaction; an equilibrium constant of 1.77 mol/L and a standard free energy of dissociation of -340 cal/mol have been calculated. The major products of the dissociation have been shown to consist of a monomeric form of the 51-residue carboxyl-terminal fragment and a trimeric form of the 134-residue amino-terminal fragment. The carboxyl-terminal fragment appears to be a random coil, while the amino-terminal fragment retains a considerable degree of secondary and tertiary structures."}
{"id": "PMID:150856", "title": "Intermediate states of subfragment 1 and actosubfragment 1 ATPase: reevaluation of the mechanism.", "content": "The kinetics of the increase in protein fluorescence following the addition of ATP to subfragment-1 (SF-1) and acto-SF-1 have been reinvestigated. The concentration dependence of the rate obtained with SF-1 did not fit a hyperbola and at high ATP concentration, approximately 40% of the signal amplitude was lost due to a fast phase at the beginning of the transient (20 degrees C). At lower temperature (less than or equal to 10 degrees C) the fluorescence transient was biphasic, with a fast phase observed at high ATP concentration. These results indicate that there are two steps in the SF-1 pathway in which there is a change in protein fluorescence. Measurements of ATP binding and hydrolysis by chemical quench-flow methods indicate that the rate of ATP binding is correlated with the fast fluorescence step and hydrolysis is correlated with the slow fluorescence change. The SF-1 mechanism can thus be described as: (formula: see text) where M represents SF-1 and states of enhanced fluorescence are given by M (16%) and M (36% enhancement, relative to SF-1). Step 1 is a rapid equilibrium with K1 approximately 10(3) M-1. Tight binding of ATP occurs in step 2 and the loss of signal amplitude requires k2 greater than or approximately 1500--2000 s-1. The maximum observed fluorescence rate defines the rate of hydrolysis, k3 + k-3 = 125 s-1 (20 degrees C, 0.1 M KCl, pH 7.0). The steps in the mechanism correspond to the Bagshaw--Trentham scheme, with the important difference that the assignment of rate constant is altered. Formation of the acto-SF-1 complex gave a fluorescence enhancement of approximately 14% relative to SF-1. Dissociation of acto-SF-1 by ATP produced a 20--22% enhancement in fluorescence. There was no detectable fluorescence change during dissociation as evidenced by a lag in the fluorescence transient which corresponded to the kinetics of dissociation. The fluorescence change occurred at the same maximum rate as for SF-1 but there was no loss in signal amplitude at high ATP concentration. The kinetics of the fluorescence change corresponded to the rate of ATP hydrolysis, whereas tight ATP binding occurred at a much faster rate in approximate agreement with the rate of dissociation. Thus the fluorescence change in the acto-SF-1 pathway corresponds to step 3 in the SF-1 mechanism. The complete scheme can be described as follows: (formula: see text) where AM represents acto-SF-1. The tight binding step in the SF-1 pathway (k2) is sufficiently fast so that a similar step (k2') in the acto-SF-1 pathway could precede dissociation but the AM-ATP intermediate has not been detected. Following hydrolysis on the free SF-1, actin recombines with M.ADP.Pi or possibly with a second SF-1 product intermediate as proposed by Chock et al. (1976) and the fluorescence returns to the original AM level with product release.", "contents": "Intermediate states of subfragment 1 and actosubfragment 1 ATPase: reevaluation of the mechanism. The kinetics of the increase in protein fluorescence following the addition of ATP to subfragment-1 (SF-1) and acto-SF-1 have been reinvestigated. The concentration dependence of the rate obtained with SF-1 did not fit a hyperbola and at high ATP concentration, approximately 40% of the signal amplitude was lost due to a fast phase at the beginning of the transient (20 degrees C). At lower temperature (less than or equal to 10 degrees C) the fluorescence transient was biphasic, with a fast phase observed at high ATP concentration. These results indicate that there are two steps in the SF-1 pathway in which there is a change in protein fluorescence. Measurements of ATP binding and hydrolysis by chemical quench-flow methods indicate that the rate of ATP binding is correlated with the fast fluorescence step and hydrolysis is correlated with the slow fluorescence change. The SF-1 mechanism can thus be described as: (formula: see text) where M represents SF-1 and states of enhanced fluorescence are given by M (16%) and M (36% enhancement, relative to SF-1). Step 1 is a rapid equilibrium with K1 approximately 10(3) M-1. Tight binding of ATP occurs in step 2 and the loss of signal amplitude requires k2 greater than or approximately 1500--2000 s-1. The maximum observed fluorescence rate defines the rate of hydrolysis, k3 + k-3 = 125 s-1 (20 degrees C, 0.1 M KCl, pH 7.0). The steps in the mechanism correspond to the Bagshaw--Trentham scheme, with the important difference that the assignment of rate constant is altered. Formation of the acto-SF-1 complex gave a fluorescence enhancement of approximately 14% relative to SF-1. Dissociation of acto-SF-1 by ATP produced a 20--22% enhancement in fluorescence. There was no detectable fluorescence change during dissociation as evidenced by a lag in the fluorescence transient which corresponded to the kinetics of dissociation. The fluorescence change occurred at the same maximum rate as for SF-1 but there was no loss in signal amplitude at high ATP concentration. The kinetics of the fluorescence change corresponded to the rate of ATP hydrolysis, whereas tight ATP binding occurred at a much faster rate in approximate agreement with the rate of dissociation. Thus the fluorescence change in the acto-SF-1 pathway corresponds to step 3 in the SF-1 mechanism. The complete scheme can be described as follows: (formula: see text) where AM represents acto-SF-1. The tight binding step in the SF-1 pathway (k2) is sufficiently fast so that a similar step (k2') in the acto-SF-1 pathway could precede dissociation but the AM-ATP intermediate has not been detected. Following hydrolysis on the free SF-1, actin recombines with M.ADP.Pi or possibly with a second SF-1 product intermediate as proposed by Chock et al. (1976) and the fluorescence returns to the original AM level with product release."}
{"id": "PMID:150857", "title": "The oxidation of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids by isolated rat liver mitochondria as a function of substrate concentration.", "content": "1. The oxidation of linoleate by rat-liver mitochondria has been studied as a function of substrate concentration. The oxidation of other long-chain unsaturated fatty acids shows similar characteristics. 2. At low concentrations, linoleate is readily oxidized in the absence of carnitine. Its rate of activation by the intramitochondrial acyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.2) and subsequent oxidation is limited by the availability of intra-mitochondrial ATP. 3. A gradual increase of the linoleate concentration leads to (i) a strong depression of the rate of linoleate oxidation, and (ii) uncoupling of respiratory-chain phosphorylation together with induction of a mitochondrial ATPase activity. At still higher linoleate concentrations this ATPase activity is lowered rather than further stimulated and, concomitantly, the rate of linoleate oxidation increases again. 4. Evidence is presented that the inhibition by linoleate of the ATPase activity occurs at the level of the ATPase complex itself. This oligomycin-like effect of linoleate allows intramitochondrial linoleate activation to take place at the expense of ATP derived from substrate-level phosphorylation. 5. At very high concentrations of linoleate, its detergent action predominates and causes a complete inhibition of respiration as well as an extensive stimulation of an oligomycin-insensitive, Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity. 6. Measurement of the binding of radioactively labelled linoleate by isolated mitochondria shows that, at a given ratio of linoleate to mitochondrial protein, the ratio of bound to added linoleate is dependent on the concentration of the mitochondria.", "contents": "The oxidation of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids by isolated rat liver mitochondria as a function of substrate concentration. 1. The oxidation of linoleate by rat-liver mitochondria has been studied as a function of substrate concentration. The oxidation of other long-chain unsaturated fatty acids shows similar characteristics. 2. At low concentrations, linoleate is readily oxidized in the absence of carnitine. Its rate of activation by the intramitochondrial acyl-CoA synthetase (EC 6.2.1.2) and subsequent oxidation is limited by the availability of intra-mitochondrial ATP. 3. A gradual increase of the linoleate concentration leads to (i) a strong depression of the rate of linoleate oxidation, and (ii) uncoupling of respiratory-chain phosphorylation together with induction of a mitochondrial ATPase activity. At still higher linoleate concentrations this ATPase activity is lowered rather than further stimulated and, concomitantly, the rate of linoleate oxidation increases again. 4. Evidence is presented that the inhibition by linoleate of the ATPase activity occurs at the level of the ATPase complex itself. This oligomycin-like effect of linoleate allows intramitochondrial linoleate activation to take place at the expense of ATP derived from substrate-level phosphorylation. 5. At very high concentrations of linoleate, its detergent action predominates and causes a complete inhibition of respiration as well as an extensive stimulation of an oligomycin-insensitive, Mg2+-dependent ATPase activity. 6. Measurement of the binding of radioactively labelled linoleate by isolated mitochondria shows that, at a given ratio of linoleate to mitochondrial protein, the ratio of bound to added linoleate is dependent on the concentration of the mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:150858", "title": "A method using fibrin-fixed Blue Dextran for determining the plasmin and plasmin inhibitor activities in human plasma.", "content": "The fibrinolytic activity of plasmin was determined by incubating with fibrin-fixed Blue Dextran as a substrate, the Blue Dextran released being proportional to the plasmin activity. The applicability of this method for rapid and accurate evaluation of fibrinolytic activity was demonstrated by dose-response curves with purified plasmin, plasmin generated by urokinase in human plasma and euglobulin. The method can also be used to determined plasmin inhibitors in plasma.", "contents": "A method using fibrin-fixed Blue Dextran for determining the plasmin and plasmin inhibitor activities in human plasma. The fibrinolytic activity of plasmin was determined by incubating with fibrin-fixed Blue Dextran as a substrate, the Blue Dextran released being proportional to the plasmin activity. The applicability of this method for rapid and accurate evaluation of fibrinolytic activity was demonstrated by dose-response curves with purified plasmin, plasmin generated by urokinase in human plasma and euglobulin. The method can also be used to determined plasmin inhibitors in plasma."}
{"id": "PMID:150859", "title": "Enzymatic hydrolysis of enterochelin and its iron complex in Escherichia Coli K-12. Properties of enterochelin esterase.", "content": "Properties of the enzyme which hydrolyses enterochelin (a cyclic trimer of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine) to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine have been investigated with a view to resolving discrepancies between earlier reports. Enterochelin esterase, previously reported to consists of two components (O'Brien, I.G., Cox, G.B. and Gibson, F. (1971) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 237, 537-549), has been shown to be fully active in the absence of the so-called A component. The hydrolase described previously (Bryce, G.F. and Brot, N. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 1708-1715) as being able to break down enterochelin but not its iron complex, ferric-enterochelin, appears to be identical with the B component of enterochelin esterase. The single component enterochelin esterase corresponding to what was previously described as component B, hydrolyses both enterochelin and ferric-enterochelin. Under the assay conditions used, enterochelin is hydrolysed 2.5 times faster than the complex. Enzymatic activity is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and is lost rapidly at 37 degrees C. Activity is stabilized in the presence of ferric-enterochelin, enterochelin, dithiothreitol or certain protein fractions.", "contents": "Enzymatic hydrolysis of enterochelin and its iron complex in Escherichia Coli K-12. Properties of enterochelin esterase. Properties of the enzyme which hydrolyses enterochelin (a cyclic trimer of 2,3-dihydroxy-N-benzoyl-L-serine) to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoylserine have been investigated with a view to resolving discrepancies between earlier reports. Enterochelin esterase, previously reported to consists of two components (O'Brien, I.G., Cox, G.B. and Gibson, F. (1971) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 237, 537-549), has been shown to be fully active in the absence of the so-called A component. The hydrolase described previously (Bryce, G.F. and Brot, N. (1972) Biochemistry 11, 1708-1715) as being able to break down enterochelin but not its iron complex, ferric-enterochelin, appears to be identical with the B component of enterochelin esterase. The single component enterochelin esterase corresponding to what was previously described as component B, hydrolyses both enterochelin and ferric-enterochelin. Under the assay conditions used, enterochelin is hydrolysed 2.5 times faster than the complex. Enzymatic activity is inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and is lost rapidly at 37 degrees C. Activity is stabilized in the presence of ferric-enterochelin, enterochelin, dithiothreitol or certain protein fractions."}
{"id": "PMID:150860", "title": "Neoantigenic expression in enzyme-inhibitor complexes. A means to demonstrate activation of enzyme systems.", "content": "Human thrombin-antithrombin III and plasmin-antiplasmin, two enzyme-inhibitor complexes composed of four different molecules, contain antigenic structures not present in the parent molecules, which can be directly quantitated in plasma with the use of non-cross-reacting antisera. It is anticipated that this neonatigenic expression is a more general phenomenon, which could provide a simple means of measuring activation of enzyme systems in biological fluids.", "contents": "Neoantigenic expression in enzyme-inhibitor complexes. A means to demonstrate activation of enzyme systems. Human thrombin-antithrombin III and plasmin-antiplasmin, two enzyme-inhibitor complexes composed of four different molecules, contain antigenic structures not present in the parent molecules, which can be directly quantitated in plasma with the use of non-cross-reacting antisera. It is anticipated that this neonatigenic expression is a more general phenomenon, which could provide a simple means of measuring activation of enzyme systems in biological fluids."}
{"id": "PMID:150861", "title": "Purification of a soluble ATPase from rat liver mitochondria by AMP-Sepharose affinity chromatography.", "content": "ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity was shown in the soluble fraction of rat liver micochondria. Two molecular forms (ATPase 1 and 2) were isolated. ATPase 1 has already been studied. The present paper deals with the purification method of ATPase 2 which was achieved by the following steps: (NH4)2SO4 precipitation. DEAE-cellulose chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography, Sephadex G100 filtration and AMP-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The purified protein was characterized by bidimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular weight evaluated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G100 gel filtration was found to be 61 500 +/- 3000.", "contents": "Purification of a soluble ATPase from rat liver mitochondria by AMP-Sepharose affinity chromatography. ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity was shown in the soluble fraction of rat liver micochondria. Two molecular forms (ATPase 1 and 2) were isolated. ATPase 1 has already been studied. The present paper deals with the purification method of ATPase 2 which was achieved by the following steps: (NH4)2SO4 precipitation. DEAE-cellulose chromatography, hydroxyapatite chromatography, Sephadex G100 filtration and AMP-Sepharose affinity chromatography. The purified protein was characterized by bidimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Molecular weight evaluated by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sephadex G100 gel filtration was found to be 61 500 +/- 3000."}
{"id": "PMID:150862", "title": "Allosteric effects of some antifibrinolytic amino acids on the catalytic activity of human plasmin.", "content": "The effects of L-lysine, 6-aminohexanoic acid, and trans-4-aminomethylcy-clohexane-1-carboxylic acid on the catalytic activity of plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7) have been investigated. The kinetics of the plasmin-catlysed hydrolysis of alpha-N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester in the presence of these compounds have been studied at a number of different concentrations of the three modifiers. They each exert two effects on the reaction, an activation and an inhibition, the concentration dependencies of which are markedly different. They must therefore arise from two different interactions between plasmin and the modifier. The inhibition is competitive, so that it most probably results from direct interaction at the catalytic site. The activation is kinetically non-competitive. The experimental observations seem to be explained best by assuming that L-lysine and certain analogous compounds function as both allosteric modifiers and competitive inhibitors of plasmin.", "contents": "Allosteric effects of some antifibrinolytic amino acids on the catalytic activity of human plasmin. The effects of L-lysine, 6-aminohexanoic acid, and trans-4-aminomethylcy-clohexane-1-carboxylic acid on the catalytic activity of plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7) have been investigated. The kinetics of the plasmin-catlysed hydrolysis of alpha-N-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester in the presence of these compounds have been studied at a number of different concentrations of the three modifiers. They each exert two effects on the reaction, an activation and an inhibition, the concentration dependencies of which are markedly different. They must therefore arise from two different interactions between plasmin and the modifier. The inhibition is competitive, so that it most probably results from direct interaction at the catalytic site. The activation is kinetically non-competitive. The experimental observations seem to be explained best by assuming that L-lysine and certain analogous compounds function as both allosteric modifiers and competitive inhibitors of plasmin."}
{"id": "PMID:150863", "title": "Preparation and some properties of homogeneous Neurospora crassa assimilatory NADPH-nitrite reductase.", "content": "The Neurospora crassa assimilatory NADPH-nitrite reductase (NAD(P)H: nitrite oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.6.4), which catalyzes the NADPH-dependent formation of ammonia from nitrite, has been purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specific activity of the purified enzyme is 26.9 mumol nitrite reduced/min per mg protein, which corresponds to a turnover number of 7800 min(-1). The enzyme also has associated NADH-nitrite reductase, NADPH-hydroxylamine reductase and NADH-hydroxylamine reductase activities. The stoichiometry of 3 mol NADPH oxidized per mol nitrite reduced and ammonia formed has been confirmed. The visible absorption spectrum of the nitrite reductase reveals maxima at 280,390 (Soret) and 580 (alpha) nm. The latter bands are indicative of the occurrence of siroheme as a prosthetic group. The A280nm/A390nm ratio of 7.0 and the Soret/alpha ratio of 3.8 are compatible with values reported for other purified siroheme-containing enzymes. These results are discussed in terms of the comparative biochemistry of various enzymes involved in nitrite, hydroxylamine and sulfite metabolism in Neurospora crassa and other organisms.", "contents": "Preparation and some properties of homogeneous Neurospora crassa assimilatory NADPH-nitrite reductase. The Neurospora crassa assimilatory NADPH-nitrite reductase (NAD(P)H: nitrite oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.6.4), which catalyzes the NADPH-dependent formation of ammonia from nitrite, has been purified to homogeneity as judged by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The specific activity of the purified enzyme is 26.9 mumol nitrite reduced/min per mg protein, which corresponds to a turnover number of 7800 min(-1). The enzyme also has associated NADH-nitrite reductase, NADPH-hydroxylamine reductase and NADH-hydroxylamine reductase activities. The stoichiometry of 3 mol NADPH oxidized per mol nitrite reduced and ammonia formed has been confirmed. The visible absorption spectrum of the nitrite reductase reveals maxima at 280,390 (Soret) and 580 (alpha) nm. The latter bands are indicative of the occurrence of siroheme as a prosthetic group. The A280nm/A390nm ratio of 7.0 and the Soret/alpha ratio of 3.8 are compatible with values reported for other purified siroheme-containing enzymes. These results are discussed in terms of the comparative biochemistry of various enzymes involved in nitrite, hydroxylamine and sulfite metabolism in Neurospora crassa and other organisms."}
{"id": "PMID:150864", "title": "Steady-state kinetics of laccasse from Rhus vernicifera.", "content": "The steady-state kinetics of laccasse (monophenol, dihydroxyphenylalanine: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) from the lacquer tree Rhus vernicifera is investigated using the respirograph method to produce Lineweaver-Burk plots of oxygen consumption rate against oxygen concentration. A ping-pong mechanisms is established. The kinetic constants obtained according to the model is in close agreement with the corresponding values obtained from earlier studies on the transient reactions between the reduced enzyme and oxygen (Andr\u00e9asson, L.E., Br\u00e4nd\u00e9n, R. and Reinhammar, B. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 438, 370--379) and between the oxidized enzyme and reducing substrates (Andr\u00e9asson, L.E. and Reinhammar, B. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 445, 579--597).", "contents": "Steady-state kinetics of laccasse from Rhus vernicifera. The steady-state kinetics of laccasse (monophenol, dihydroxyphenylalanine: oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) from the lacquer tree Rhus vernicifera is investigated using the respirograph method to produce Lineweaver-Burk plots of oxygen consumption rate against oxygen concentration. A ping-pong mechanisms is established. The kinetic constants obtained according to the model is in close agreement with the corresponding values obtained from earlier studies on the transient reactions between the reduced enzyme and oxygen (Andr\u00e9asson, L.E., Br\u00e4nd\u00e9n, R. and Reinhammar, B. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 438, 370--379) and between the oxidized enzyme and reducing substrates (Andr\u00e9asson, L.E. and Reinhammar, B. (1976) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 445, 579--597)."}
{"id": "PMID:150865", "title": "Effects of cocultivation with transformed cells on surface proteins of normal cells.", "content": "Virally transformed fibroblasts do not have on their surface a major protein (large external transformation-sensitive, LETS) which is present in normal cells. Cocultivation of the transformed cells with normal cells whose surface proteins have been prelabelled induces an accelerated release of the LETS protein from the normal cells. We have investigated various conditions which affect this phenomenon. Our results show that alteration of cell surface proteins by cocultivation with the transformed cells is time and dose-dependent and requires cell contact. Serum was depleted at least 99% of plasminogen by affinity chromatography and used in the cocultivation experiments. It was found that activation of plasminogen was not required for the accelerated turnover of the LETS protein. Other diffusible proteases are also unlikely to be involved. The possibility that transformed cells have a membrane bound activity is discussed. The role of plasminogen activation was also tested for its relevance in transformation related proteolysis, growth and morphology of cells.", "contents": "Effects of cocultivation with transformed cells on surface proteins of normal cells. Virally transformed fibroblasts do not have on their surface a major protein (large external transformation-sensitive, LETS) which is present in normal cells. Cocultivation of the transformed cells with normal cells whose surface proteins have been prelabelled induces an accelerated release of the LETS protein from the normal cells. We have investigated various conditions which affect this phenomenon. Our results show that alteration of cell surface proteins by cocultivation with the transformed cells is time and dose-dependent and requires cell contact. Serum was depleted at least 99% of plasminogen by affinity chromatography and used in the cocultivation experiments. It was found that activation of plasminogen was not required for the accelerated turnover of the LETS protein. Other diffusible proteases are also unlikely to be involved. The possibility that transformed cells have a membrane bound activity is discussed. The role of plasminogen activation was also tested for its relevance in transformation related proteolysis, growth and morphology of cells."}
{"id": "PMID:150866", "title": "Cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase and of calcium ion, magnesium ion-activated ATPases in the dense tubular system of human blood platelets.", "content": "Cytochemical techniques have been employed to study the localization of adenylate cyclase and (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase activities in platelets after fixation. Biochemical analysis of adenylate cyclase demonstrated a 70% reduction in activity in homogenates from fixed cells, but the residual activity could be stimulated 10--20 times by prostaglandin E1 (1 micrometer) under the same incubation conditions as employed in the cytochemical studies (e.g. media containing 2 mM lead nitrate and 10 mM NaF). Adenylate cyclase activity employing 5'-adenylyl-imiodiphosphate (AMP-P(NH)P) as substrate was found to be associated with the dense tubular system (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) in intact fixed platelets, and was apparent only when the cells were incubated with prostaglandin E1. Less activity was found along the membranes of the surface connected open canalicular system and occasionally at the outer cell surface. Enzymatic activity was blocked by the adenylate cyclase inhibitor 9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl) adenine and was not due to AMP-P(NH)P phosphohydrolase activity. The low adenylate cyclase activity in the surface membranes may be due to enzyme inactivation as a result of fixation, since a surface membrane fraction obtained by the glycerol lysis technique from unfixed cells had an adenylate cyclase specific activity equivalent to that in the microsomal membrane fraction. (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase activity was found associated with the membranes of the surface connected open canalicular system in unfixed cells. After brief fixation (5--15 min) with glutaradehyde, strong (Ca2+ + Mg2+)ATPase activity became apparent in the dense tubular system. Longer periods of fixation inactivated enzymatic activity. Addition of Ca2+ (1.0 mM) to incubation medium with low Mg2+ (0.2 mM), or increasing Mg2+ to 4.0 mM, in both cases strongly stimulated enzyme activity. The ATPase activity in the platelet membranes was not inhibited by ouabain. It is suggested that the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase and adenylate cyclase activities in the dense tubules may possibly be involved in regulation of intracellular Ca2+ transport.", "contents": "Cytochemical localization of adenylate cyclase and of calcium ion, magnesium ion-activated ATPases in the dense tubular system of human blood platelets. Cytochemical techniques have been employed to study the localization of adenylate cyclase and (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase activities in platelets after fixation. Biochemical analysis of adenylate cyclase demonstrated a 70% reduction in activity in homogenates from fixed cells, but the residual activity could be stimulated 10--20 times by prostaglandin E1 (1 micrometer) under the same incubation conditions as employed in the cytochemical studies (e.g. media containing 2 mM lead nitrate and 10 mM NaF). Adenylate cyclase activity employing 5'-adenylyl-imiodiphosphate (AMP-P(NH)P) as substrate was found to be associated with the dense tubular system (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) in intact fixed platelets, and was apparent only when the cells were incubated with prostaglandin E1. Less activity was found along the membranes of the surface connected open canalicular system and occasionally at the outer cell surface. Enzymatic activity was blocked by the adenylate cyclase inhibitor 9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl) adenine and was not due to AMP-P(NH)P phosphohydrolase activity. The low adenylate cyclase activity in the surface membranes may be due to enzyme inactivation as a result of fixation, since a surface membrane fraction obtained by the glycerol lysis technique from unfixed cells had an adenylate cyclase specific activity equivalent to that in the microsomal membrane fraction. (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-stimulated ATPase activity was found associated with the membranes of the surface connected open canalicular system in unfixed cells. After brief fixation (5--15 min) with glutaradehyde, strong (Ca2+ + Mg2+)ATPase activity became apparent in the dense tubular system. Longer periods of fixation inactivated enzymatic activity. Addition of Ca2+ (1.0 mM) to incubation medium with low Mg2+ (0.2 mM), or increasing Mg2+ to 4.0 mM, in both cases strongly stimulated enzyme activity. The ATPase activity in the platelet membranes was not inhibited by ouabain. It is suggested that the Ca2+-stimulated ATPase and adenylate cyclase activities in the dense tubules may possibly be involved in regulation of intracellular Ca2+ transport."}
{"id": "PMID:150867", "title": "Animal model of depression. III. Mechanism of action of tetrabenazine.", "content": "A study was undertaken to gain an understanding of the biochemical mechanism whereby tetrabenazine (TBZ) produces a sedative effect on the locomotor activity of rats. Rats injected with L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP, 30 mg/kg), the immediate precursor of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), showed the characteristic bison appearance, pitosis, and catalepsy normally observed after injecting TBZ (30 mg/kg). The treatment of rats with low doses of L-5-HTP (9 mg/kg) plus TBZ (2 mg/kg) significantly decreased locomotor activity, whereas low doses of either one of these drugs given alone had no significant effect on locomotor activity. The level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was elevated in the brain of rats sacrificed 3 hr after treatment with low doses of either L-5-HTP or TBZ alone. Treatment of rats with p-chlorophenylalanine to inhibit the synthesis of 5-HT had an inhibitory effect on the duration of sedation following an injection of TBZ (30 mg/kg). The results of the biochemical and pharmacological studies as reflected by changes in locomotor activity were interpreted to indicate that the sedative action of TBZ was due to an excess of functional 5-HT.", "contents": "Animal model of depression. III. Mechanism of action of tetrabenazine. A study was undertaken to gain an understanding of the biochemical mechanism whereby tetrabenazine (TBZ) produces a sedative effect on the locomotor activity of rats. Rats injected with L-5-hydroxytryptophan (L-5-HTP, 30 mg/kg), the immediate precursor of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), showed the characteristic bison appearance, pitosis, and catalepsy normally observed after injecting TBZ (30 mg/kg). The treatment of rats with low doses of L-5-HTP (9 mg/kg) plus TBZ (2 mg/kg) significantly decreased locomotor activity, whereas low doses of either one of these drugs given alone had no significant effect on locomotor activity. The level of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) was elevated in the brain of rats sacrificed 3 hr after treatment with low doses of either L-5-HTP or TBZ alone. Treatment of rats with p-chlorophenylalanine to inhibit the synthesis of 5-HT had an inhibitory effect on the duration of sedation following an injection of TBZ (30 mg/kg). The results of the biochemical and pharmacological studies as reflected by changes in locomotor activity were interpreted to indicate that the sedative action of TBZ was due to an excess of functional 5-HT."}
{"id": "PMID:150874", "title": "The response of the circular muscle layer of the guinea-pig isolated vas deferens to transmural electrical stimulation.", "content": "1 Four preparations are described for the isolation of the response of the circular muscle of the guinea-pig vas deferens. These are the ;Furchgott' strip, the ;Vane' strip, the chain preparation and the perfused preparation.2 The four preparations were stimulated transmurally with pulses of supramaximal voltage. The threshold pulse width to which the strips and the perfused preparation responded was 0.025 ms and the maximum responses occurred at 0.1 ms. The threshold frequency was 2 Hz for strip and perfused preparations, the maxima being 20 or 50 Hz for strip preparations and 100 Hz for perfused preparations. The effect of varying the number of pulses per train was also investigated on the perfused vas. Responses occurred to train lengths of 8, 16, 32, 128 pulses, the maximum response being given at 128 pulses at 100 Hz; 256 pulses per train did not produce a further increase in response. The perfused preparation exhibited an after-response at certain frequencies and train lengths.3 Tetrodotoxin and the local anaesthetics, procaine and lignocaine, reversibly abolished the responses of strip and perfused preparations to transmural stimulation.4 The response to intramural nerve fibre stimulation was abolished by guanethidine or bethanidine; this abolition was reversed by dexamphetamine. Noradrenaline contracted strip preparations of circular muscle and raised the pressure in perfused preparations; noradrenaline was competitively antagonized by thymoxamine. The major part of the motor innervation of the circular layer seems to be noradrenergic.", "contents": "The response of the circular muscle layer of the guinea-pig isolated vas deferens to transmural electrical stimulation. 1 Four preparations are described for the isolation of the response of the circular muscle of the guinea-pig vas deferens. These are the ;Furchgott' strip, the ;Vane' strip, the chain preparation and the perfused preparation.2 The four preparations were stimulated transmurally with pulses of supramaximal voltage. The threshold pulse width to which the strips and the perfused preparation responded was 0.025 ms and the maximum responses occurred at 0.1 ms. The threshold frequency was 2 Hz for strip and perfused preparations, the maxima being 20 or 50 Hz for strip preparations and 100 Hz for perfused preparations. The effect of varying the number of pulses per train was also investigated on the perfused vas. Responses occurred to train lengths of 8, 16, 32, 128 pulses, the maximum response being given at 128 pulses at 100 Hz; 256 pulses per train did not produce a further increase in response. The perfused preparation exhibited an after-response at certain frequencies and train lengths.3 Tetrodotoxin and the local anaesthetics, procaine and lignocaine, reversibly abolished the responses of strip and perfused preparations to transmural stimulation.4 The response to intramural nerve fibre stimulation was abolished by guanethidine or bethanidine; this abolition was reversed by dexamphetamine. Noradrenaline contracted strip preparations of circular muscle and raised the pressure in perfused preparations; noradrenaline was competitively antagonized by thymoxamine. The major part of the motor innervation of the circular layer seems to be noradrenergic."}
{"id": "PMID:150878", "title": "Anatomic and pharmacologic differences between two types of aversive midbrain stimulation.", "content": "Chronic stimulating electrodes were implanted into two separate midbrain sites in rats. One site was the dorsal central gray area (DCG), where electrical stimulation produced frantic, escape-seeking behavior which grossly appeared fear-like and/or pain-like. The other site was in the ventral reticular formation (VRF), where stimulation produced a stereotyped circling response. Stimulation at both sites was aversive in that these animals would bar press for escape in a decremental bar-pressing paradigm. In this paradigm, each bar press decremented the current by five per cent of the initial current level. Following the acquisition of stable baseline decremental bar-pressing performance, animals were given injections of either the serotonin-depleting drug, para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), or the catecholamine-depleting drug, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT). Control animals received normal saline. Compared to saline control animals, PCPA-injected DCG-stimulated animals showed a marked increase in decremental bar pressing, whereas VRF-stimulated animals showed no change. AMPT-injected VRF-stimulated animals showed a marked decrease in decremental bar pressing, but the DCG-stimulated animals were not affected. These results suggest that escape behavior from electrical stimulation of midbrain sites is mediated by more than one neural system.", "contents": "Anatomic and pharmacologic differences between two types of aversive midbrain stimulation. Chronic stimulating electrodes were implanted into two separate midbrain sites in rats. One site was the dorsal central gray area (DCG), where electrical stimulation produced frantic, escape-seeking behavior which grossly appeared fear-like and/or pain-like. The other site was in the ventral reticular formation (VRF), where stimulation produced a stereotyped circling response. Stimulation at both sites was aversive in that these animals would bar press for escape in a decremental bar-pressing paradigm. In this paradigm, each bar press decremented the current by five per cent of the initial current level. Following the acquisition of stable baseline decremental bar-pressing performance, animals were given injections of either the serotonin-depleting drug, para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA), or the catecholamine-depleting drug, alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine (AMPT). Control animals received normal saline. Compared to saline control animals, PCPA-injected DCG-stimulated animals showed a marked increase in decremental bar pressing, whereas VRF-stimulated animals showed no change. AMPT-injected VRF-stimulated animals showed a marked decrease in decremental bar pressing, but the DCG-stimulated animals were not affected. These results suggest that escape behavior from electrical stimulation of midbrain sites is mediated by more than one neural system."}
{"id": "PMID:150880", "title": "[Circadian rhythmus of the excretion of electrolytes and urinary proteins in rats].", "content": "Circadian rhythms in urinary water, sodium, potassium and proteins excretion are studied in 45 rats living alone in metabolism cages. Urines are collected during 4 consecutive 6 hours long periods during 2 consecutive days. Large circadian variations of these parameters (especially water and proteins excretion and urinary protein concentration) are described. The influence of feeding rhythms on the circadian urinary excretion rhythms is discussed. It is proposed that nightly renal hemodynamic changes (during meal digestion or with high renin plasma levels) can induce modifications in glomerular filtration rate and electrolytes and macromolecules transglomerular flow.", "contents": "[Circadian rhythmus of the excretion of electrolytes and urinary proteins in rats]. Circadian rhythms in urinary water, sodium, potassium and proteins excretion are studied in 45 rats living alone in metabolism cages. Urines are collected during 4 consecutive 6 hours long periods during 2 consecutive days. Large circadian variations of these parameters (especially water and proteins excretion and urinary protein concentration) are described. The influence of feeding rhythms on the circadian urinary excretion rhythms is discussed. It is proposed that nightly renal hemodynamic changes (during meal digestion or with high renin plasma levels) can induce modifications in glomerular filtration rate and electrolytes and macromolecules transglomerular flow."}
{"id": "PMID:150881", "title": "[Effect of DOPA and dopamine on the motility of isolated rat duodenum in vitro].", "content": "The motor effects of DOPA and Dopamine on the isolated rat duodenum in vitro have been studied by establishing successive dose- response curves. These effects are either excitatory or inhibitory according to the concentrations used. In every case they are of small amplitude. The inhibitory effects do not exist in the presence of alpha, and beta blocking agents. The excitatory effects are suppressed by using a serotoninergic blocking agent.", "contents": "[Effect of DOPA and dopamine on the motility of isolated rat duodenum in vitro]. The motor effects of DOPA and Dopamine on the isolated rat duodenum in vitro have been studied by establishing successive dose- response curves. These effects are either excitatory or inhibitory according to the concentrations used. In every case they are of small amplitude. The inhibitory effects do not exist in the presence of alpha, and beta blocking agents. The excitatory effects are suppressed by using a serotoninergic blocking agent."}
{"id": "PMID:150882", "title": "[Effect of isoprenaline, in mice anesthetized with pentobarbital, on the cerebral concentration of barbiturates and on the blood levels of free fatty acids].", "content": "In mice isoprenaline increases duration of pentobarbital narcosis without modification of cerebral levels. A correlation between duration of sleep and FFA seric levels increased by isoprenaline is demonstrated. This dual effect is suppressed by pindolol. These facts suggest that hepatic metabolism of pentobarbital is slowed by lipo-mobilisation.", "contents": "[Effect of isoprenaline, in mice anesthetized with pentobarbital, on the cerebral concentration of barbiturates and on the blood levels of free fatty acids]. In mice isoprenaline increases duration of pentobarbital narcosis without modification of cerebral levels. A correlation between duration of sleep and FFA seric levels increased by isoprenaline is demonstrated. This dual effect is suppressed by pindolol. These facts suggest that hepatic metabolism of pentobarbital is slowed by lipo-mobilisation."}
{"id": "PMID:150883", "title": "[Monoaminergic and peptidergic innervation of rat median eminence, studied by a combination, in the same hypothalamus, of histofluorescent, immunocytochemical and radioautographic technics].", "content": "The application of a combined histofluorescence-immunocytochemical and radioautographic technique on the same rat hypothalamus has revealed : 1) a close correlation between the dopaminergic fibers and LH-RH containing axons all along the external layers of the ME, 2) a probable origin within the periventricular hypothalamus of some of the SRIF containing axons evidenced in the external zone of the ME, 3) the exclusive location within the internal ME of the axons originating within the supraoptic nuclei, 4) the ending within the external ME of the axons originating within the medial paraventricular nuclei.", "contents": "[Monoaminergic and peptidergic innervation of rat median eminence, studied by a combination, in the same hypothalamus, of histofluorescent, immunocytochemical and radioautographic technics]. The application of a combined histofluorescence-immunocytochemical and radioautographic technique on the same rat hypothalamus has revealed : 1) a close correlation between the dopaminergic fibers and LH-RH containing axons all along the external layers of the ME, 2) a probable origin within the periventricular hypothalamus of some of the SRIF containing axons evidenced in the external zone of the ME, 3) the exclusive location within the internal ME of the axons originating within the supraoptic nuclei, 4) the ending within the external ME of the axons originating within the medial paraventricular nuclei."}
{"id": "PMID:150884", "title": "[Implantation of a bio-artificial insulin distributor in dogs, using islets of Langerhans from different animal species].", "content": "In the diabetic dog, the implantation of a bioartificial insulin distributor (Biard) producted a temporary normoglycemia, using islets of Langerhans isolated from dog pancreas and cultured on the outer surface of the hollow fibers (XM 50). In a diabetic dog receiving the Biard using porcine isolated islets, the hyperglycemia was partially corrected during two days. In a diabetic dog due to implantation of human isolated islets the slight rise of insulin and human C-peptide is not accompanied by significant decrease in hyperglycemia. However, in another diabetic dog the Biard implantation of human islets provoked a significant increase of insulin and human C-peptide in the blood, with partial normalisation of hyperglycemia during two days.", "contents": "[Implantation of a bio-artificial insulin distributor in dogs, using islets of Langerhans from different animal species]. In the diabetic dog, the implantation of a bioartificial insulin distributor (Biard) producted a temporary normoglycemia, using islets of Langerhans isolated from dog pancreas and cultured on the outer surface of the hollow fibers (XM 50). In a diabetic dog receiving the Biard using porcine isolated islets, the hyperglycemia was partially corrected during two days. In a diabetic dog due to implantation of human isolated islets the slight rise of insulin and human C-peptide is not accompanied by significant decrease in hyperglycemia. However, in another diabetic dog the Biard implantation of human islets provoked a significant increase of insulin and human C-peptide in the blood, with partial normalisation of hyperglycemia during two days."}
{"id": "PMID:150885", "title": "[Effect of temperature on glucagon secretion in the presence of different concentrations of glucose].", "content": "Lowering the temperature from 37.5 degrees C to 28 degrees C does not alter the glucagon secretion by the isolated perfused rat pancreas in response to different glucose concentrations (0 g/l 1.5 g/l, 3 g/l and 5 g/l).", "contents": "[Effect of temperature on glucagon secretion in the presence of different concentrations of glucose]. Lowering the temperature from 37.5 degrees C to 28 degrees C does not alter the glucagon secretion by the isolated perfused rat pancreas in response to different glucose concentrations (0 g/l 1.5 g/l, 3 g/l and 5 g/l)."}
{"id": "PMID:150886", "title": "[Effect of nicotine on insulin secretion in the isolated perfused rat pancreas].", "content": "Insulin secretion induced by glucose (1.5 g/l) is changed by nicotine infusion; the recorded changes depend on the nicotine concentration uses. 1) At a low concentration (0.05 mM) nicotine provokes an immediate, progressively increasing and lasting stimulation of insulin secretion. This stimulation is inhibited by hexamethonium (0.1 mM) and atropine (0.3 micrometer). 2) At a high concentration (1 mM) nicotine has a triphasic effect on insulin secretion : brief decrease, peak of stimulation and prolonged decrease. Hexamethonium decreases the stimulation and suppresses the prolonged inhibition.", "contents": "[Effect of nicotine on insulin secretion in the isolated perfused rat pancreas]. Insulin secretion induced by glucose (1.5 g/l) is changed by nicotine infusion; the recorded changes depend on the nicotine concentration uses. 1) At a low concentration (0.05 mM) nicotine provokes an immediate, progressively increasing and lasting stimulation of insulin secretion. This stimulation is inhibited by hexamethonium (0.1 mM) and atropine (0.3 micrometer). 2) At a high concentration (1 mM) nicotine has a triphasic effect on insulin secretion : brief decrease, peak of stimulation and prolonged decrease. Hexamethonium decreases the stimulation and suppresses the prolonged inhibition."}
{"id": "PMID:150887", "title": "[Endogenous hyperlactatemia and insulin secretion].", "content": "In the normal anesthetized dog, the endogenous hyperlactatemia induced either by intense muscular work or by a high dose of phenformin (20 mg/kg subtucaneously) is followed by an increase in the pancreaticoduodenal insulin output. A previous perfusion of sodium dichloroacetate (50 mg/kg. h) opposes the hyperlactatemia, and reduces or suppresses the increase in insulin output.", "contents": "[Endogenous hyperlactatemia and insulin secretion]. In the normal anesthetized dog, the endogenous hyperlactatemia induced either by intense muscular work or by a high dose of phenformin (20 mg/kg subtucaneously) is followed by an increase in the pancreaticoduodenal insulin output. A previous perfusion of sodium dichloroacetate (50 mg/kg. h) opposes the hyperlactatemia, and reduces or suppresses the increase in insulin output."}
{"id": "PMID:150888", "title": "[Role played by the adrenal cortex on the luteotrophic action of estrogens during the rat estrus cycle].", "content": "Estrogen-induced changes in peripheral blood progesterone concentration have been studied in dexamethasone (DEX) and metopyrone (MET) treated 4-day cyclic female rats. Estradiol benzoate (EB) was injected at 10--11 h on diestrus I and peripheral blood was collected at 16--17 h on diestrus II for progesterone radioimmunoassay. The EB induced-increase in blood progesterone concentration was more pronounced, compared to non-injected females in intact DEX-treated females and in adrenalectomized females treated or not with DEX than in their intact counterparts. The adrenal cortex was then supposed to inhibit the luteotrophic action of EB. When injected for 10--12 days, MET caused an increase in blood progesterone concentration compared to uninjected control animals. No cumulative effects of EB and MET were observed. These results are discussed in the light of knowledge, on the feed-back mechanisms which are involved in the action of estrogen on the pituitary-ovarian-adrenocortical system.", "contents": "[Role played by the adrenal cortex on the luteotrophic action of estrogens during the rat estrus cycle]. Estrogen-induced changes in peripheral blood progesterone concentration have been studied in dexamethasone (DEX) and metopyrone (MET) treated 4-day cyclic female rats. Estradiol benzoate (EB) was injected at 10--11 h on diestrus I and peripheral blood was collected at 16--17 h on diestrus II for progesterone radioimmunoassay. The EB induced-increase in blood progesterone concentration was more pronounced, compared to non-injected females in intact DEX-treated females and in adrenalectomized females treated or not with DEX than in their intact counterparts. The adrenal cortex was then supposed to inhibit the luteotrophic action of EB. When injected for 10--12 days, MET caused an increase in blood progesterone concentration compared to uninjected control animals. No cumulative effects of EB and MET were observed. These results are discussed in the light of knowledge, on the feed-back mechanisms which are involved in the action of estrogen on the pituitary-ovarian-adrenocortical system."}
{"id": "PMID:150889", "title": "[Applications of electromyography in the study of changes in intestinal motility following surgery on the small intestine].", "content": "Changes in the intestinal motility were  studied in dogs after different surgical operations performed on the small bowel. Electrodes were implanted on the intestine and the electrical activity of the bowel was recorded after transection of the bowel and after jejunoileal shunt. The results showed that the transection of the bowel provoked a slowing of the propagation of the intestinal contractions. This phenomenon was particularly important at the level of the ileum. The jejunoileal shunt was followed by a strong increase of the level of the motor activity, probably related with an increase of the intraluminal content at the level of the ileum. These results gave an explanation for the slowing of the intestinal transit which is observed after some operations which involve a transection of the small bowel.", "contents": "[Applications of electromyography in the study of changes in intestinal motility following surgery on the small intestine]. Changes in the intestinal motility were  studied in dogs after different surgical operations performed on the small bowel. Electrodes were implanted on the intestine and the electrical activity of the bowel was recorded after transection of the bowel and after jejunoileal shunt. The results showed that the transection of the bowel provoked a slowing of the propagation of the intestinal contractions. This phenomenon was particularly important at the level of the ileum. The jejunoileal shunt was followed by a strong increase of the level of the motor activity, probably related with an increase of the intraluminal content at the level of the ileum. These results gave an explanation for the slowing of the intestinal transit which is observed after some operations which involve a transection of the small bowel."}
{"id": "PMID:150890", "title": "[Effects of small doses of gamma rays on gestation in mice].", "content": "Female mice were irradiated with 10 rads of 60Co gamma ray, 7 hours after mating. This low dose induces a decrease in implantation number, and alive foetus number and is followed by a lower number of corpora lutea. These results to seem to show an effect of gamma irradiation on ovary and embryonic development.", "contents": "[Effects of small doses of gamma rays on gestation in mice]. Female mice were irradiated with 10 rads of 60Co gamma ray, 7 hours after mating. This low dose induces a decrease in implantation number, and alive foetus number and is followed by a lower number of corpora lutea. These results to seem to show an effect of gamma irradiation on ovary and embryonic development."}
{"id": "PMID:150891", "title": "[Microrespirometric studies of seasonal variations on the oxygen consumption of the worker ants Dolichoderus quadripunctatus].", "content": "We have studied the variations of oxygen consumption of solitary workers, and grouping workers (10 and 20) of the ant Dolichoderus quadripunctatus in function of time, at constant temperature (25 degrees C). We have studied hibernating and active workers (summer activity). Our results shows that the oxygen consumption of summer workers, increase directly and regularly in function of time and social number. Hibernating workers shows a significant decrease in the level of respiratory rate when the ants are grouping (10--20 workers). Finally, we showed a strong grouping effect reducing the oxygen consumption of hibernating populations of the ant Dolichoderus quadripunctatus.", "contents": "[Microrespirometric studies of seasonal variations on the oxygen consumption of the worker ants Dolichoderus quadripunctatus]. We have studied the variations of oxygen consumption of solitary workers, and grouping workers (10 and 20) of the ant Dolichoderus quadripunctatus in function of time, at constant temperature (25 degrees C). We have studied hibernating and active workers (summer activity). Our results shows that the oxygen consumption of summer workers, increase directly and regularly in function of time and social number. Hibernating workers shows a significant decrease in the level of respiratory rate when the ants are grouping (10--20 workers). Finally, we showed a strong grouping effect reducing the oxygen consumption of hibernating populations of the ant Dolichoderus quadripunctatus."}
{"id": "PMID:150892", "title": "[Transmural potential and a profile of intestinal motility in dogs].", "content": "Relationships between motor patterns of the jejunum and transmural potential changes were studied in the dog chronically fitted with transparietal electrodes and with an intraluminal catheter. The transmural potential increases above 13 mV at the beginning of the irregular spiking activity of a myoelectric complex and reaches 6 mV at the end of  a phase of regular spiking activity. Oscillations of 3 mV are recorded during the phases of irregular spiking activity. A sustained increase of the potential occurred after feeding : 10 mV for a diet rich in protides and fat, 25 mV when glucides are predominant.", "contents": "[Transmural potential and a profile of intestinal motility in dogs]. Relationships between motor patterns of the jejunum and transmural potential changes were studied in the dog chronically fitted with transparietal electrodes and with an intraluminal catheter. The transmural potential increases above 13 mV at the beginning of the irregular spiking activity of a myoelectric complex and reaches 6 mV at the end of  a phase of regular spiking activity. Oscillations of 3 mV are recorded during the phases of irregular spiking activity. A sustained increase of the potential occurred after feeding : 10 mV for a diet rich in protides and fat, 25 mV when glucides are predominant."}
{"id": "PMID:150893", "title": "[Propagation of myoelectric complexes and intestinal resection in dogs].", "content": "The velocity of propagation of the myoelectric complexes was studied in dogs after a single and a double transection of the jejunum. Results were compared with those obtained when a 50 cm segment of the bowel was isolated or removed. After a single transection, the passage through the anastomosis occurred with a delay of 15 min. The delay at this level was more than doubled when a second transection was performed 50 cm aborally, the total delay being then 65 min for the passage through the two anastomoses. After removal or isolation of a 50 cm jejunal segment, the delay was reduced to 45 and 49 min respectively.", "contents": "[Propagation of myoelectric complexes and intestinal resection in dogs]. The velocity of propagation of the myoelectric complexes was studied in dogs after a single and a double transection of the jejunum. Results were compared with those obtained when a 50 cm segment of the bowel was isolated or removed. After a single transection, the passage through the anastomosis occurred with a delay of 15 min. The delay at this level was more than doubled when a second transection was performed 50 cm aborally, the total delay being then 65 min for the passage through the two anastomoses. After removal or isolation of a 50 cm jejunal segment, the delay was reduced to 45 and 49 min respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:150894", "title": "[Hypertension by nerve section in adrenalectomized, hypophysectomized, thyroidectomized and splanchnectomized dogs or in dogs with diabetes insipidus].", "content": "In the dog under anesthesia by pentobarbital, the acute hypertension by depressor buffer nerves section does not develop after adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy or thyro\u00efdectomy. But this type of acute pressor response does appear normal in the dog parathyro\u00efdectomized, splanchnicectomized or with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus.", "contents": "[Hypertension by nerve section in adrenalectomized, hypophysectomized, thyroidectomized and splanchnectomized dogs or in dogs with diabetes insipidus]. In the dog under anesthesia by pentobarbital, the acute hypertension by depressor buffer nerves section does not develop after adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy or thyro\u00efdectomy. But this type of acute pressor response does appear normal in the dog parathyro\u00efdectomized, splanchnicectomized or with hypothalamic diabetes insipidus."}
{"id": "PMID:150895", "title": "[Effect of clonidine on three types of experimental hypertension and on plasma renin activity in dogs].", "content": "Intra-cisternal clonidine (3 microgram/kg) reduced hypertension and cardiac acceleration after defrenation in dogs, but did not act in intra-venous infusion (10 microgram/kg). The renin activity was not modified. Clonidine was always inactive on hypertension after stimulation of visceral afferences or after injection of potassium cyanidine. These results show that a central mechanism was implied in the anti-hypertensive action of clonidine.", "contents": "[Effect of clonidine on three types of experimental hypertension and on plasma renin activity in dogs]. Intra-cisternal clonidine (3 microgram/kg) reduced hypertension and cardiac acceleration after defrenation in dogs, but did not act in intra-venous infusion (10 microgram/kg). The renin activity was not modified. Clonidine was always inactive on hypertension after stimulation of visceral afferences or after injection of potassium cyanidine. These results show that a central mechanism was implied in the anti-hypertensive action of clonidine."}
{"id": "PMID:150896", "title": "[Histochemical and ultrastructural proofs of heart innervation of Protopterus annectens (Dipneust, fishes)].", "content": "The identification of an extrinsic cardiac innervation in Protopterus has been reported for the first time. It has been based on histological, histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The heart of Protopterus receives a rich cholinergic parasympathic innervation which ramifies in the atria and the ventricle. The induced fluorescence did'nt permit us to detect any mono-aminergic fibres ; meanwhile this method has enabled us to distinguish a particular type of cells containing catecholamines in the heart.", "contents": "[Histochemical and ultrastructural proofs of heart innervation of Protopterus annectens (Dipneust, fishes)]. The identification of an extrinsic cardiac innervation in Protopterus has been reported for the first time. It has been based on histological, histochemical and ultrastructural methods. The heart of Protopterus receives a rich cholinergic parasympathic innervation which ramifies in the atria and the ventricle. The induced fluorescence did'nt permit us to detect any mono-aminergic fibres ; meanwhile this method has enabled us to distinguish a particular type of cells containing catecholamines in the heart."}
{"id": "PMID:150897", "title": "[Protein A research in 1200 strains of Staphylococcus (using a rapid detection technic by passive hemagglutination with glutaraldehyde treated erythrocytes].", "content": "The technique used was that of passive hemaglutination of red cells of sheep prepared with glutaraldehyde and sensitized by anti-erythrocyte antibodies. A protein-A was not found in S. epidermidis strains, but was present in 96.3 per cent of 689 strains of S. aureus from human, animal and food origins.", "contents": "[Protein A research in 1200 strains of Staphylococcus (using a rapid detection technic by passive hemagglutination with glutaraldehyde treated erythrocytes]. The technique used was that of passive hemaglutination of red cells of sheep prepared with glutaraldehyde and sensitized by anti-erythrocyte antibodies. A protein-A was not found in S. epidermidis strains, but was present in 96.3 per cent of 689 strains of S. aureus from human, animal and food origins."}
{"id": "PMID:150898", "title": "[Effect of estrus cycle, ovariectomy and lactation on variations of basal corticosterone levels or agression stress levels in rats].", "content": "In the Rat, the estrous cycle induces a rhythm of plasmatic corticosterone level : the fluctuations of basal or stress corticosteronemy are significantly superior during the periods of high estradiol secretion, proestrus and estrus, that during metaestrus and diestrus. Ovariectomy, performed at 60 days of age, is without effect on resting corticosteronemy, but reduces significantly the response to stress. Weaning unaffects the basal level of plasmatic corticosterone which remains comparable to diestrus level ; however, stress response decreased during lactation returns to normal level at the end of the first ovarian cycle (diestrus).", "contents": "[Effect of estrus cycle, ovariectomy and lactation on variations of basal corticosterone levels or agression stress levels in rats]. In the Rat, the estrous cycle induces a rhythm of plasmatic corticosterone level : the fluctuations of basal or stress corticosteronemy are significantly superior during the periods of high estradiol secretion, proestrus and estrus, that during metaestrus and diestrus. Ovariectomy, performed at 60 days of age, is without effect on resting corticosteronemy, but reduces significantly the response to stress. Weaning unaffects the basal level of plasmatic corticosterone which remains comparable to diestrus level ; however, stress response decreased during lactation returns to normal level at the end of the first ovarian cycle (diestrus)."}
{"id": "PMID:150899", "title": "[Effect of thryoidectomy on the properties of rat liver mitochondria during liver regeneration].", "content": "The properties of regenerating rat liver mitochondria are not changed by the thyroidectomy. Thus, hepatectomy induces, in thyroidectomized rats as in normal ones, a decrease in the activity of the outer membrane enzymes, a stimulation of oxidative phosphorylations and an increase of the turn over rate of mitochondrial proteins. Thyroid hormones do not seem to have a major effect upon the liver regeneration mechanism.", "contents": "[Effect of thryoidectomy on the properties of rat liver mitochondria during liver regeneration]. The properties of regenerating rat liver mitochondria are not changed by the thyroidectomy. Thus, hepatectomy induces, in thyroidectomized rats as in normal ones, a decrease in the activity of the outer membrane enzymes, a stimulation of oxidative phosphorylations and an increase of the turn over rate of mitochondrial proteins. Thyroid hormones do not seem to have a major effect upon the liver regeneration mechanism."}
{"id": "PMID:150900", "title": "[Modifications in the liver and elaboration of vitelline proteins during vitellogenesis following hormone treatments in Spondyliosoma cantharus L].", "content": "A fish (Sparidae) Spondyliosoma cantharus L. has been chosen because of his protogynous hermaphroditism. Histology and immuno-precipitation show that during the period of vitellogenesis or after hormone treatments (androgens and estrogens), the liver of female takes a caracteristic apperance. This aspect has been observed before in the gonochoric species and it concerns the elaboration of the vitellin proteins and their blood transportation from liver to ovary. The immatures and males are sensitive to the estrogens, but react only exceptionally to androgens.", "contents": "[Modifications in the liver and elaboration of vitelline proteins during vitellogenesis following hormone treatments in Spondyliosoma cantharus L]. A fish (Sparidae) Spondyliosoma cantharus L. has been chosen because of his protogynous hermaphroditism. Histology and immuno-precipitation show that during the period of vitellogenesis or after hormone treatments (androgens and estrogens), the liver of female takes a caracteristic apperance. This aspect has been observed before in the gonochoric species and it concerns the elaboration of the vitellin proteins and their blood transportation from liver to ovary. The immatures and males are sensitive to the estrogens, but react only exceptionally to androgens."}
{"id": "PMID:150901", "title": "[Action of \"myelauxins\", substances capable of accelerating granulocytic hematopoiesis, in vivo in rabbits].", "content": "Extracts from homologous blood serum had been shown by the author to stimulate the granulocytopoiesis of cells from chickens' embryonic spleen cultivated in vitro. The results presented here show that extracts obtained with the same method from rabbits' serum can induce the same activity in vivo in the adult mammals. Data relating to the nature of those active substances will be published later.", "contents": "[Action of \"myelauxins\", substances capable of accelerating granulocytic hematopoiesis, in vivo in rabbits]. Extracts from homologous blood serum had been shown by the author to stimulate the granulocytopoiesis of cells from chickens' embryonic spleen cultivated in vitro. The results presented here show that extracts obtained with the same method from rabbits' serum can induce the same activity in vivo in the adult mammals. Data relating to the nature of those active substances will be published later."}
{"id": "PMID:150902", "title": "[Effect of dexamethasone on DNA synthesis in macrophages stimulated in vitro by an inflammatory exudate].", "content": "Rat macrophages in culture are induced to synthesize DNA when incubated with Dextran pleural exudate. Previous or simultaneous in vitro treatment with dexamethasone phosphate used at different concentrations was able to inhibit or decrease that induction. This effect could represent a new aspect of the influence of corticosteroids in the inflammatory process.", "contents": "[Effect of dexamethasone on DNA synthesis in macrophages stimulated in vitro by an inflammatory exudate]. Rat macrophages in culture are induced to synthesize DNA when incubated with Dextran pleural exudate. Previous or simultaneous in vitro treatment with dexamethasone phosphate used at different concentrations was able to inhibit or decrease that induction. This effect could represent a new aspect of the influence of corticosteroids in the inflammatory process."}
{"id": "PMID:150903", "title": "[Effect of acetylcholine on the heart ventricle of the goldfish Carassius auratus, Teleosts, Cyprinidae. Modification of the response as a function of temperature].", "content": "Acetylcholine (Ach) is more efficient on the red fish heart at 14 degrees C than at 5 degrees C or 8 degrees C. It does not probably exist a cholinesterasic system and high concentrations of Ach are to be used to obtain significant variations of the heart frequency. Ach does not appear as a physiological mediator and temperature seems to be an essential factor in heart regulation and modulation of the pharmacological effects of eventual mediators. A thermal adaptation exists but the fast increase of the temperature, in the presence of Ach, results in heart blocage, whose contractions reappear spontanously during cooling. This is at the present time no valuable hypothesis could be made to explain this phenomenon.", "contents": "[Effect of acetylcholine on the heart ventricle of the goldfish Carassius auratus, Teleosts, Cyprinidae. Modification of the response as a function of temperature]. Acetylcholine (Ach) is more efficient on the red fish heart at 14 degrees C than at 5 degrees C or 8 degrees C. It does not probably exist a cholinesterasic system and high concentrations of Ach are to be used to obtain significant variations of the heart frequency. Ach does not appear as a physiological mediator and temperature seems to be an essential factor in heart regulation and modulation of the pharmacological effects of eventual mediators. A thermal adaptation exists but the fast increase of the temperature, in the presence of Ach, results in heart blocage, whose contractions reappear spontanously during cooling. This is at the present time no valuable hypothesis could be made to explain this phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:150904", "title": "[Localization of mitochondrial cytochrome b using specific antibodies].", "content": "Specific antibody has been obtained against cytochrome b (pig heart mitochondria). It inhibits the electron transport of the respiratory chain in the intact mitochondria at the cytochrome b site of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has no effect on the isolated submitochondrial particles which are inside-out inner membrane vescicles free of any outer membrane or outside-out inner membrane. These findings indicate a probably not transmembranous topologic localization of cytochrome b; this component of the respiratory chain seems located near the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane.", "contents": "[Localization of mitochondrial cytochrome b using specific antibodies]. Specific antibody has been obtained against cytochrome b (pig heart mitochondria). It inhibits the electron transport of the respiratory chain in the intact mitochondria at the cytochrome b site of the inner mitochondrial membrane. It has no effect on the isolated submitochondrial particles which are inside-out inner membrane vescicles free of any outer membrane or outside-out inner membrane. These findings indicate a probably not transmembranous topologic localization of cytochrome b; this component of the respiratory chain seems located near the outer side of the inner mitochondrial membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:150905", "title": "[Method for simultaneous study of peristaltic and pendular movements of isolated rabbit ileum].", "content": "A method is described for studying simultaneously the peristalsis and the pendular movements in the isolated pieces of rabbit ileum. At the same time, using this method it is possible to analyse the actions of drugs on the mechanisms which ensure the pendular movements and the propulsive activity, as well as their relationship. The method is relatively simple and only classical and commercially available equipments are needed. With this method the records and the volume of fluid expelled are suitable for statistical analysis.", "contents": "[Method for simultaneous study of peristaltic and pendular movements of isolated rabbit ileum]. A method is described for studying simultaneously the peristalsis and the pendular movements in the isolated pieces of rabbit ileum. At the same time, using this method it is possible to analyse the actions of drugs on the mechanisms which ensure the pendular movements and the propulsive activity, as well as their relationship. The method is relatively simple and only classical and commercially available equipments are needed. With this method the records and the volume of fluid expelled are suitable for statistical analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:150906", "title": "[Distribution of 1-14C palmitic acid in brain tissue after intraventricular injection in the conscious cat].", "content": "The distribution of (1-14C) palmitic acid in the brain tissue following the injection into the cerebral ventricles of conscious cats was investigated. The radioactive material was found in the brain tissue surrounding the cerebral ventricles and in the cerebral cortex, but in varying amounts : the smallest amounts were found in the cerebral cortex, while the highest in the thalamus and in the hippocampus. Radioactive material was also found in the peripheral venous blood. The amount of the radioactive material in the grey matter lining the cerebral ventricles as well as in the cerebral cortex was time-dependant. The labelled material in the structures surrounding the cerebral ventricles and in the cerebral cortex increased within first four hours after its intraventricular administration. Thereafter, throughout subsequent 48 hours either it slowly disappeared in the caudate nucleus and in the thalamus, or it was retained in the hypothalamus and in the floor of the IV ventricle.", "contents": "[Distribution of 1-14C palmitic acid in brain tissue after intraventricular injection in the conscious cat]. The distribution of (1-14C) palmitic acid in the brain tissue following the injection into the cerebral ventricles of conscious cats was investigated. The radioactive material was found in the brain tissue surrounding the cerebral ventricles and in the cerebral cortex, but in varying amounts : the smallest amounts were found in the cerebral cortex, while the highest in the thalamus and in the hippocampus. Radioactive material was also found in the peripheral venous blood. The amount of the radioactive material in the grey matter lining the cerebral ventricles as well as in the cerebral cortex was time-dependant. The labelled material in the structures surrounding the cerebral ventricles and in the cerebral cortex increased within first four hours after its intraventricular administration. Thereafter, throughout subsequent 48 hours either it slowly disappeared in the caudate nucleus and in the thalamus, or it was retained in the hypothalamus and in the floor of the IV ventricle."}
{"id": "PMID:150907", "title": "[Subacute alcoholic intoxication in rats: effect of an intravenous injection of glucagon or adrenaline].", "content": "We have studied the hyperglycemic effect of glucagon (20 microgram/kg) and adrenaline (5 microgram/kg/mn/3 mn) on the rat subjected to a subacute alcoholic intoxication (6,4 g/kg by day during 12 days). The hyperglycemic action of the glucagon is increased while that of the adrenaline slightly decreased. So, the alcoholic intoxication allows to dissociate the both mechanisms of the glycogenolytic action of both hormones. Two hypothesis are brought forward in the discussion.", "contents": "[Subacute alcoholic intoxication in rats: effect of an intravenous injection of glucagon or adrenaline]. We have studied the hyperglycemic effect of glucagon (20 microgram/kg) and adrenaline (5 microgram/kg/mn/3 mn) on the rat subjected to a subacute alcoholic intoxication (6,4 g/kg by day during 12 days). The hyperglycemic action of the glucagon is increased while that of the adrenaline slightly decreased. So, the alcoholic intoxication allows to dissociate the both mechanisms of the glycogenolytic action of both hormones. Two hypothesis are brought forward in the discussion."}
{"id": "PMID:150908", "title": "[Construction and use of a very sensitive calorimeter adapted for biological research].", "content": "The present conduction calorimeter was assembled to study the thermogenesis of whole organs or little Vertebrates. It is constituted of three essential parts : one aluminium calorimetric block, two cylindrical cells in plexiglass of 60,80 or 100 ml volume, two flux plates : the sensitive elements which permit differential measurements on a chart recorder. The whole system is thermoregulated.", "contents": "[Construction and use of a very sensitive calorimeter adapted for biological research]. The present conduction calorimeter was assembled to study the thermogenesis of whole organs or little Vertebrates. It is constituted of three essential parts : one aluminium calorimetric block, two cylindrical cells in plexiglass of 60,80 or 100 ml volume, two flux plates : the sensitive elements which permit differential measurements on a chart recorder. The whole system is thermoregulated."}
{"id": "PMID:150909", "title": "[Ultrastructure of testicular Sertoli cells in normal and dysgenesic rats, during the fetal and postnatal periods].", "content": "Electron microscopic study of Sertoli cells from normal and Misulban-treated rats has been realized during foetal and postnatal life. From 15th day of foetal life, morphological aspects of Sertoli cells plead for a steroidogen activity and protein synthesis. Ultrastructural organels of Sertoli cells are the same in sterile and normal seminiferous tubule, except the Sertoli junctions which are less numerous in sterile tubules and appear later.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of testicular Sertoli cells in normal and dysgenesic rats, during the fetal and postnatal periods]. Electron microscopic study of Sertoli cells from normal and Misulban-treated rats has been realized during foetal and postnatal life. From 15th day of foetal life, morphological aspects of Sertoli cells plead for a steroidogen activity and protein synthesis. Ultrastructural organels of Sertoli cells are the same in sterile and normal seminiferous tubule, except the Sertoli junctions which are less numerous in sterile tubules and appear later."}
{"id": "PMID:150910", "title": "[Modification of mitochondria in cultivated hepatocytes as a function of the protein content of the medium].", "content": "Embryonic liver cells of chicken have been cultivated in medium more or less supplemented with serum. With a rich medium mitochondria become larger and often ramify. Their fundamental structure remains normal. It is only a hypertrophic condition correlated to an increase of mitochondrial material synthesis, limited to liver mitochondria.", "contents": "[Modification of mitochondria in cultivated hepatocytes as a function of the protein content of the medium]. Embryonic liver cells of chicken have been cultivated in medium more or less supplemented with serum. With a rich medium mitochondria become larger and often ramify. Their fundamental structure remains normal. It is only a hypertrophic condition correlated to an increase of mitochondrial material synthesis, limited to liver mitochondria."}
{"id": "PMID:150911", "title": "[Comparison of the survival of desialylated erythrocytes and demonstration of the presence of T-agglutinin in rabbits and ducks].", "content": "Rabbit as well duck erythrocytes desialization leads to a dramatic decrease of their survival time. Rabbit erythrocytes are trapped transiently by the liver ; in contrast splenic uptake is gradual. Serum from the two species contains a T-agglutinin directed against autologous desialyated erythrocytes. In the two cases, this T-agglutinin is from the IgM class and its immunodominant sugar is galactose in the beta configuration.", "contents": "[Comparison of the survival of desialylated erythrocytes and demonstration of the presence of T-agglutinin in rabbits and ducks]. Rabbit as well duck erythrocytes desialization leads to a dramatic decrease of their survival time. Rabbit erythrocytes are trapped transiently by the liver ; in contrast splenic uptake is gradual. Serum from the two species contains a T-agglutinin directed against autologous desialyated erythrocytes. In the two cases, this T-agglutinin is from the IgM class and its immunodominant sugar is galactose in the beta configuration."}
{"id": "PMID:150912", "title": "[Adaptation of blood sugar regulation during muscular activity. Effects of training].", "content": "Our aim was to study the adaptation of energetic metabolism to muscular activity and the effects of training upon these adaptations. So we realized swimming and running tests on young healthy adults, selected in \"trained\" and \"untrained\". The effects of muscular activity were reflected by a raise of serum F.F.A., clearly noted in \"untrained\" subjects ; the levels of glucose and growth hormone both raised, but especially in \"trained\" subjects. Cortisol level raised in varying degrees while insulinemia presented little changes.", "contents": "[Adaptation of blood sugar regulation during muscular activity. Effects of training]. Our aim was to study the adaptation of energetic metabolism to muscular activity and the effects of training upon these adaptations. So we realized swimming and running tests on young healthy adults, selected in \"trained\" and \"untrained\". The effects of muscular activity were reflected by a raise of serum F.F.A., clearly noted in \"untrained\" subjects ; the levels of glucose and growth hormone both raised, but especially in \"trained\" subjects. Cortisol level raised in varying degrees while insulinemia presented little changes."}
{"id": "PMID:150913", "title": "[Distinction of fast fibers and slow fibers in frog abdominal muscle using certain choline esters].", "content": "We have registered the contractions of the frog's abdominal muscle in Ringer's solution. The contractions were produced either by acetylcholin or by succinyldicholin. The graphics showed that the succinyldicholin contractions were much slower than the acetylcholin ones. The tracings were not equalized by a preliminary addition of eserin. We conclude that acetylcholine excites the fast fibers and that succinyldicholin excites the slow fibers of the muscle.", "contents": "[Distinction of fast fibers and slow fibers in frog abdominal muscle using certain choline esters]. We have registered the contractions of the frog's abdominal muscle in Ringer's solution. The contractions were produced either by acetylcholin or by succinyldicholin. The graphics showed that the succinyldicholin contractions were much slower than the acetylcholin ones. The tracings were not equalized by a preliminary addition of eserin. We conclude that acetylcholine excites the fast fibers and that succinyldicholin excites the slow fibers of the muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:150914", "title": "[Cardiac adaptation in highly skilled swimmers and soccer player: a vectorcardiographic approach].", "content": "Nine swimmers and nine soccers have been studied by the mean of Frank lead vectorcardiographic system. According to classical criteria, both the two groups present similar marked left ventricular hypertrophy. Numerous indices suggest that right ventricular hypertrophy is also associated though more important for the swimmers. The assumption of volume overload because of special hemodynamic conditions during swimming is proposed.", "contents": "[Cardiac adaptation in highly skilled swimmers and soccer player: a vectorcardiographic approach]. Nine swimmers and nine soccers have been studied by the mean of Frank lead vectorcardiographic system. According to classical criteria, both the two groups present similar marked left ventricular hypertrophy. Numerous indices suggest that right ventricular hypertrophy is also associated though more important for the swimmers. The assumption of volume overload because of special hemodynamic conditions during swimming is proposed."}
{"id": "PMID:150915", "title": "[Effect of breeding temperature on the growth and composition of brown fat in the newborn rat].", "content": "The weight and the lipid, water and norepinephrine contents of the interscapular brown adipose tissue from 1, 3, 7, 11, 14 and 21 day aged rats were measured. The animals were maintained at an ambiant temperature of 16 degrees, 23 degrees or 28 degrees C from birth. It is concluded that nonshivering thermogenesis is not necessary after 3 days of age in animals kept at 28 degrees C and after 11 days of age in the ones kept at 23 degrees C. However that thermogenesis persists for all the suckling period in those kept at 16 degrees C.", "contents": "[Effect of breeding temperature on the growth and composition of brown fat in the newborn rat]. The weight and the lipid, water and norepinephrine contents of the interscapular brown adipose tissue from 1, 3, 7, 11, 14 and 21 day aged rats were measured. The animals were maintained at an ambiant temperature of 16 degrees, 23 degrees or 28 degrees C from birth. It is concluded that nonshivering thermogenesis is not necessary after 3 days of age in animals kept at 28 degrees C and after 11 days of age in the ones kept at 23 degrees C. However that thermogenesis persists for all the suckling period in those kept at 16 degrees C."}
{"id": "PMID:150916", "title": "[Metabolism of (1-14C)-palmitic acid in the cat's brain].", "content": "Following injection into the cerebral ventricles of conscious cats, (1-14C) palmitic acid was rapidly taken up and incorporated into a variety of brain lipids. The peak of uptake of (1-14C) palmitic acid, about 50% of injected radioactive material, into the brain tissue was obtained within the first 24 h following its administration. Thereafter, the radioactivity slowly decreased reaching the least value by the end of the second week. The most heavily labelled lipids were the phospholipids, while the free fatty acids were appreciably labelled. Small percentage of the radioactive material was found in monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides. The least incorporation was into cholesterol esters.", "contents": "[Metabolism of (1-14C)-palmitic acid in the cat's brain]. Following injection into the cerebral ventricles of conscious cats, (1-14C) palmitic acid was rapidly taken up and incorporated into a variety of brain lipids. The peak of uptake of (1-14C) palmitic acid, about 50% of injected radioactive material, into the brain tissue was obtained within the first 24 h following its administration. Thereafter, the radioactivity slowly decreased reaching the least value by the end of the second week. The most heavily labelled lipids were the phospholipids, while the free fatty acids were appreciably labelled. Small percentage of the radioactive material was found in monoglycerides, diglycerides and triglycerides. The least incorporation was into cholesterol esters."}
{"id": "PMID:150917", "title": "[Research on the mechanism of the motor action of dopamine on in vitro isolated rat duodenum].", "content": "The study of the direct action of dopamine on the rat duodenum serotoninergic receptors and the parallelism of the results obtained with the motricity curves of this organ in vitro allows us to conclude that dopamine recognizes serotoninergic receptors : the excito- motor effect observed with certain dopamine concentrations on the isolated rat duodenum may be attributed to this action of dopamine on serotoninergic receptors. These results seem in agreement with the observations of other authors.", "contents": "[Research on the mechanism of the motor action of dopamine on in vitro isolated rat duodenum]. The study of the direct action of dopamine on the rat duodenum serotoninergic receptors and the parallelism of the results obtained with the motricity curves of this organ in vitro allows us to conclude that dopamine recognizes serotoninergic receptors : the excito- motor effect observed with certain dopamine concentrations on the isolated rat duodenum may be attributed to this action of dopamine on serotoninergic receptors. These results seem in agreement with the observations of other authors."}
{"id": "PMID:150918", "title": "[Sensory innervation of the gastro-intestinal junction: new electrophysiological, histological and histochemical data].", "content": "The sensory innervation of the small intestine was studied in the cat with electrophysiological, histological and histochemical techniques. Thanks to the histochemical technique (peroxydase method) the exact number and proportion of splanchnic and vagal fibres was determined : the latter being about 9 times more numerous than the former. On the other hand the exact position of the corresponding cells was defined in the nodose and spinal ganglia by means of the previous technique and the microelectrophysiological method (recording of single units into the ganglia with extracellular glass microelectrodes). The splanchnic neurones were found in the T9, T10 and T11 ganglia whereas the vagal ones were chiefly located in the lower half of the nodose ganglia. The histological studies using electronic microscope showed many non-medullated endings, which were often found beneath the epithelium and in the lamina propria of the villi close to the blood vessels. This result is certainly the proof that numerous receptors (mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and even thermoreceptors do exist in the small intestine.", "contents": "[Sensory innervation of the gastro-intestinal junction: new electrophysiological, histological and histochemical data]. The sensory innervation of the small intestine was studied in the cat with electrophysiological, histological and histochemical techniques. Thanks to the histochemical technique (peroxydase method) the exact number and proportion of splanchnic and vagal fibres was determined : the latter being about 9 times more numerous than the former. On the other hand the exact position of the corresponding cells was defined in the nodose and spinal ganglia by means of the previous technique and the microelectrophysiological method (recording of single units into the ganglia with extracellular glass microelectrodes). The splanchnic neurones were found in the T9, T10 and T11 ganglia whereas the vagal ones were chiefly located in the lower half of the nodose ganglia. The histological studies using electronic microscope showed many non-medullated endings, which were often found beneath the epithelium and in the lamina propria of the villi close to the blood vessels. This result is certainly the proof that numerous receptors (mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and even thermoreceptors do exist in the small intestine."}
{"id": "PMID:150919", "title": "[Demonstration of pineal gland and pituitary involution in mice poisoned with carbon tetrachloride].", "content": "Ingestion of carbone tetrachloride by male C3H Orleans mice determines an involution of the pineal gland and of the hypophysis, as well as extensive lesions of the hepatic parenchyma. There may exist in these animals a higher blood-level of glucocorticoids, as this has been shown to be the case in men suffering from cirrhosis or hepatitis. Involution of the pineal gland in cases of stress, as has been shown by various authors, would result from an entirely different mechanism, that is by increased secretion of corticoadrenal hormones.", "contents": "[Demonstration of pineal gland and pituitary involution in mice poisoned with carbon tetrachloride]. Ingestion of carbone tetrachloride by male C3H Orleans mice determines an involution of the pineal gland and of the hypophysis, as well as extensive lesions of the hepatic parenchyma. There may exist in these animals a higher blood-level of glucocorticoids, as this has been shown to be the case in men suffering from cirrhosis or hepatitis. Involution of the pineal gland in cases of stress, as has been shown by various authors, would result from an entirely different mechanism, that is by increased secretion of corticoadrenal hormones."}
{"id": "PMID:150920", "title": "[Characterization and quantification by impulse analysis of sugar regulation disorders in man].", "content": "Proposed model offers three transfer functions answering to a second order hypothesis and allowing to study separately blood sugar evolution and insulin release or synthesis functions by cell B. The model separates subjects in several classes (normals, chemical diabetes and patent insulin-dependent or independent diabetes) and quantifies treatment efficiency by its effects on blood sugar regulation.", "contents": "[Characterization and quantification by impulse analysis of sugar regulation disorders in man]. Proposed model offers three transfer functions answering to a second order hypothesis and allowing to study separately blood sugar evolution and insulin release or synthesis functions by cell B. The model separates subjects in several classes (normals, chemical diabetes and patent insulin-dependent or independent diabetes) and quantifies treatment efficiency by its effects on blood sugar regulation."}
{"id": "PMID:150921", "title": "Induced resistance to 6-methylpurine and cycloheximide in Tetrahymena. II. Variation within vegetative cultures of micronucleate T. thermophila and amicronucleate T. pyriformis.", "content": "Resistance to 6-methylpurine and cycloheximide has been induced in both the micronucleate species Tetrahymena thermophila and the amincronucleate species T. pyriformis. Resistance follows only after mutagen treatment and vegetative growth. The frequencies with which resistant variants are induced and the independence of mutagenesis and selection are demonstrated. All evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that macronuclear subunits are assorting in both species during vegetative growth to produce new phenotypes among subclones.", "contents": "Induced resistance to 6-methylpurine and cycloheximide in Tetrahymena. II. Variation within vegetative cultures of micronucleate T. thermophila and amicronucleate T. pyriformis. Resistance to 6-methylpurine and cycloheximide has been induced in both the micronucleate species Tetrahymena thermophila and the amincronucleate species T. pyriformis. Resistance follows only after mutagen treatment and vegetative growth. The frequencies with which resistant variants are induced and the independence of mutagenesis and selection are demonstrated. All evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that macronuclear subunits are assorting in both species during vegetative growth to produce new phenotypes among subclones."}
{"id": "PMID:150922", "title": "[Influence of age on the modifications of cerebral electrogenesis in the curarized rat induced by acute and repeated asphyxic anoxia].", "content": "In curarized rats, acute and iterative asphyxic anoxia produced large modifications of the cerebral electrogenesis, whose intensity could be evaluated, during each anoxia, by measurements of three parameters : the resistance to anoxia, the post-asphyxic recuperation and the cerebral electric silence. Comparative trials, carried out on animals of the same stock, showed that the cerebral sensibility towards anoxia was very different according to their age : maximal sensibility in 2 or 28 months old rats, minimal sensibility between 8 to 15 months. These results are discussed in terms of choice of animal material and specially of the age of rats used for study of the cerebral anoxia, as well as for the study of cerebral anti- hypoxic drugs.", "contents": "[Influence of age on the modifications of cerebral electrogenesis in the curarized rat induced by acute and repeated asphyxic anoxia]. In curarized rats, acute and iterative asphyxic anoxia produced large modifications of the cerebral electrogenesis, whose intensity could be evaluated, during each anoxia, by measurements of three parameters : the resistance to anoxia, the post-asphyxic recuperation and the cerebral electric silence. Comparative trials, carried out on animals of the same stock, showed that the cerebral sensibility towards anoxia was very different according to their age : maximal sensibility in 2 or 28 months old rats, minimal sensibility between 8 to 15 months. These results are discussed in terms of choice of animal material and specially of the age of rats used for study of the cerebral anoxia, as well as for the study of cerebral anti- hypoxic drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:150923", "title": "[Modifications by 1-eburnamonine and vincamine on 2,3-diphosphoglycerate blood levels in the presence or absence of histotoxic hypoxia produced by potassium cyanide in the awake rat].", "content": "The influence of 1-\u00e9burnamonine (1-E) and vincamine (Vi) on 2,3-disphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) blood level was investigated in awake rats when cyanide (KCN) induced hypoxia was present or not. Used alone, KCN, 1-E and Vi (i.p. route) increased 2,3-DPG blood level. Used with KCN, 1-E or Vi produced a very more important increase of 2,3-DPG than that observed when both drugs were used alone. In all cases, the observed increase was attributed to red cells 2,3-DPG since hematocrite, red-cells count and hemoglobin level were unmodified. The results suggest that the KCN induced increase of 2,3-DPG constitutes a response to hypoxia. On the contrary, that of 1-E or Vi seems to be the result of a metabolic stimulation and could explain in part their antihypoxic properties previously described at cerebral level.", "contents": "[Modifications by 1-eburnamonine and vincamine on 2,3-diphosphoglycerate blood levels in the presence or absence of histotoxic hypoxia produced by potassium cyanide in the awake rat]. The influence of 1-\u00e9burnamonine (1-E) and vincamine (Vi) on 2,3-disphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) blood level was investigated in awake rats when cyanide (KCN) induced hypoxia was present or not. Used alone, KCN, 1-E and Vi (i.p. route) increased 2,3-DPG blood level. Used with KCN, 1-E or Vi produced a very more important increase of 2,3-DPG than that observed when both drugs were used alone. In all cases, the observed increase was attributed to red cells 2,3-DPG since hematocrite, red-cells count and hemoglobin level were unmodified. The results suggest that the KCN induced increase of 2,3-DPG constitutes a response to hypoxia. On the contrary, that of 1-E or Vi seems to be the result of a metabolic stimulation and could explain in part their antihypoxic properties previously described at cerebral level."}
{"id": "PMID:150924", "title": "[Role of endogenous adrenaline in cardiac arrhythmia induced by dichlorodifluoromethane (FC 12) in mammals].", "content": "During the inhalation of normally oxygenated gas mixtures containing light or middle concentrations of FC 12, the presence of perfused epinephrine is necessary to induce cardiac arrhythmia in rabbits and dogs. The only inhalation of normally oxygenated gas mixtures containing a very high concentration of FC 12 produces in rabbits and dogs an important decrease in arterial pressure, tachycardia, a fall in respiratory amplitude, an acceleration reflex of respiratory frequency and cardiac arrhythmia. The same experiments in baro and chemodenervated animals show that : respiratory depression due to FC 12 still occurs, but not through the arterial chemoreceptors ; tachycardia has a reflex origin : barodenervation reveals the negative chromotropic effect of FC 12 and increases the fall in arterial pressure, mainly due to the negative inotropic effect of FC 12 ; adrenaline is necessary for FC 12-induced arrhythmia : barodenervation suppresses tachycardia due to the release of endogenous epinephrine and abolishes any arrhythmia.", "contents": "[Role of endogenous adrenaline in cardiac arrhythmia induced by dichlorodifluoromethane (FC 12) in mammals]. During the inhalation of normally oxygenated gas mixtures containing light or middle concentrations of FC 12, the presence of perfused epinephrine is necessary to induce cardiac arrhythmia in rabbits and dogs. The only inhalation of normally oxygenated gas mixtures containing a very high concentration of FC 12 produces in rabbits and dogs an important decrease in arterial pressure, tachycardia, a fall in respiratory amplitude, an acceleration reflex of respiratory frequency and cardiac arrhythmia. The same experiments in baro and chemodenervated animals show that : respiratory depression due to FC 12 still occurs, but not through the arterial chemoreceptors ; tachycardia has a reflex origin : barodenervation reveals the negative chromotropic effect of FC 12 and increases the fall in arterial pressure, mainly due to the negative inotropic effect of FC 12 ; adrenaline is necessary for FC 12-induced arrhythmia : barodenervation suppresses tachycardia due to the release of endogenous epinephrine and abolishes any arrhythmia."}
{"id": "PMID:150925", "title": "[Evolution of pulmonary diffusing capacity in man during high altitude acclimatization].", "content": "Pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) has been measured at 3500 m in highlander and lowlander subjects. DLCO is more elevated in highlanders than in lowlanders. In these subjects, a transient increase of DLCO is observed during the first hours of hypoxia which is related to transient changes in pulmonary circulation.", "contents": "[Evolution of pulmonary diffusing capacity in man during high altitude acclimatization]. Pulmonary diffusing capacity (DLCO) has been measured at 3500 m in highlander and lowlander subjects. DLCO is more elevated in highlanders than in lowlanders. In these subjects, a transient increase of DLCO is observed during the first hours of hypoxia which is related to transient changes in pulmonary circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:150926", "title": "[Influence of blood hemoglobin concentration on pulmonary diffusing capacity in man].", "content": "CO transfer factor for lungs (TLCO) was measured by a steady state method in 83 subjects (haemoglobin concentration from 60 to 270 g.l-1). TLCO was related with height (T), age (A) and with logarithm of haemoglobin concentration for a non negligeable part : TLCO = 15.45 log Hb + 33.1 T -- 0.06 A -- 51.8. The interest of this relation is discussed.", "contents": "[Influence of blood hemoglobin concentration on pulmonary diffusing capacity in man]. CO transfer factor for lungs (TLCO) was measured by a steady state method in 83 subjects (haemoglobin concentration from 60 to 270 g.l-1). TLCO was related with height (T), age (A) and with logarithm of haemoglobin concentration for a non negligeable part : TLCO = 15.45 log Hb + 33.1 T -- 0.06 A -- 51.8. The interest of this relation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:150927", "title": "[Secondary trisomy 1 q due to a reciprocal maternal translocation].", "content": "The authors report a case of partial trisomy 1 q due to a maternal balanced translocation : t(1 ; 4) (q 32 : p 16). The evocative malformations of trisomy 1 q and monosomy 4 p are discussed and compared to seven others from the literature. Then the interest of the chromosomical prenatal diagnosis and the significance of familial genetic studies are showed.", "contents": "[Secondary trisomy 1 q due to a reciprocal maternal translocation]. The authors report a case of partial trisomy 1 q due to a maternal balanced translocation : t(1 ; 4) (q 32 : p 16). The evocative malformations of trisomy 1 q and monosomy 4 p are discussed and compared to seven others from the literature. Then the interest of the chromosomical prenatal diagnosis and the significance of familial genetic studies are showed."}
{"id": "PMID:150928", "title": "[Effects of hypobaric hypoxia and erucic acid on mitochondrial triglycerides in rat heart].", "content": "At normal atmospheric pressure, an erucic acid-supplemented diet produces an increase of heart mitochondrial triglycerides. With the same quantity of erucic acid, hypoxia emphasizes the triglyceride overload in rat heart mitochondria. Thus, hypoxia increases the risk caused by rapeseed-oil. In hypoxia or at normal atmospheric pressure, rapeseed-oil without erucic acid does not modify the level of mitochondrial triglycerides.", "contents": "[Effects of hypobaric hypoxia and erucic acid on mitochondrial triglycerides in rat heart]. At normal atmospheric pressure, an erucic acid-supplemented diet produces an increase of heart mitochondrial triglycerides. With the same quantity of erucic acid, hypoxia emphasizes the triglyceride overload in rat heart mitochondria. Thus, hypoxia increases the risk caused by rapeseed-oil. In hypoxia or at normal atmospheric pressure, rapeseed-oil without erucic acid does not modify the level of mitochondrial triglycerides."}
{"id": "PMID:150929", "title": "[Phosphorylase and glucosyltransferases at the level of reactive astrocytes. A histochemical study].", "content": "Implantation of cobalt powder in the cerebral cortex of rat determines an epileptogenic focus where two types of reactive astrocytes are observed. The first type is mostly represented in the subcortical white matter but it does exist in the cortex around the implant. Phosphorylase and branching enzyme are both very active in these cells which are filled with glycogen. The second type is limited to the cortex and phosphorylase activity leads to an unbranched polysaccharid. These cells correspond to the \"activated astrocytes\" described by the authors in a previous paper and observed round irritative lesions which, in the cerebral cortex, produce epileptogenic foci.", "contents": "[Phosphorylase and glucosyltransferases at the level of reactive astrocytes. A histochemical study]. Implantation of cobalt powder in the cerebral cortex of rat determines an epileptogenic focus where two types of reactive astrocytes are observed. The first type is mostly represented in the subcortical white matter but it does exist in the cortex around the implant. Phosphorylase and branching enzyme are both very active in these cells which are filled with glycogen. The second type is limited to the cortex and phosphorylase activity leads to an unbranched polysaccharid. These cells correspond to the \"activated astrocytes\" described by the authors in a previous paper and observed round irritative lesions which, in the cerebral cortex, produce epileptogenic foci."}
{"id": "PMID:150930", "title": "[Histophysiological modifications of the amnion in the rat at the end of gestation].", "content": "Amniotic epithelium of the rat has been studied during the eight last days of pregnancy, by scanning electron microscope analysis. The cells of this organ progressively become larger and flatter. Changes on their surface have also been observed : density of microvilli increases but single cilia disappear. These changes are related to modifications in the exchange processes.", "contents": "[Histophysiological modifications of the amnion in the rat at the end of gestation]. Amniotic epithelium of the rat has been studied during the eight last days of pregnancy, by scanning electron microscope analysis. The cells of this organ progressively become larger and flatter. Changes on their surface have also been observed : density of microvilli increases but single cilia disappear. These changes are related to modifications in the exchange processes."}
{"id": "PMID:150931", "title": "[Hypotensive and edematogenic effects of carrageenan in the irradiated rat].", "content": "Iota carrageenan induces the same hypotensive effect in leucopenic and thrombopenic rats as in normal animals. This hypotensive activity depends on kininogen-kinins activation. In the irradiated rats, the inflammatory response to iota carrageenan is reduced. The blood cells are thus responsible of the major part of the late inflammatory effect. There is non parallelism between this hypotensive and the oedematogen activities of iota carrageenan in the rat.", "contents": "[Hypotensive and edematogenic effects of carrageenan in the irradiated rat]. Iota carrageenan induces the same hypotensive effect in leucopenic and thrombopenic rats as in normal animals. This hypotensive activity depends on kininogen-kinins activation. In the irradiated rats, the inflammatory response to iota carrageenan is reduced. The blood cells are thus responsible of the major part of the late inflammatory effect. There is non parallelism between this hypotensive and the oedematogen activities of iota carrageenan in the rat."}
{"id": "PMID:150932", "title": "[Convulsive properties of various organoselenium compounds].", "content": "Three organo-selenium compounds have been synthetized : methyl seleno-2 benzoic acid, acetylseleno-2 benzoic acid and diselenosalicylic acid. These compounds induce convulsive seizures in the rat, the most active of them being methyl seleno 2 benzoic acid. Convulsions are stopped after anaesthesia with pentobarbitone.", "contents": "[Convulsive properties of various organoselenium compounds]. Three organo-selenium compounds have been synthetized : methyl seleno-2 benzoic acid, acetylseleno-2 benzoic acid and diselenosalicylic acid. These compounds induce convulsive seizures in the rat, the most active of them being methyl seleno 2 benzoic acid. Convulsions are stopped after anaesthesia with pentobarbitone."}
{"id": "PMID:150933", "title": "[Value of Cricetomys gambianus in the study of experimental trypanosomiasis from Trypanosoma gambiense. Methods for mass preparation of antigen and purification of serum exoantigen].", "content": "Methods for mass preparation of crude antigen and exoantigen of Trypanosoma gambiense from experimentally infected Cricetomys gambianus are described. The size of this animal and the hyperparasitism obtained make it a remarkable source of trypanosomian antigens.", "contents": "[Value of Cricetomys gambianus in the study of experimental trypanosomiasis from Trypanosoma gambiense. Methods for mass preparation of antigen and purification of serum exoantigen]. Methods for mass preparation of crude antigen and exoantigen of Trypanosoma gambiense from experimentally infected Cricetomys gambianus are described. The size of this animal and the hyperparasitism obtained make it a remarkable source of trypanosomian antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:150934", "title": "[Ultrastructural aspects of the degeneration of the dermal microfilaria O. volvulus under the effect of diethylcarbamazine in human onchocerciasis].", "content": "Early modifications observed by previous authors are confirmed. More over, some later modifications are described where microfilariae are completely destroyed and removed by phagocytic cells. The theory concerning the mode of action of DEC on microfilariae in vivo is not confirmed (absence of extracellular \"coarse particulate material\", which is actually the unique morphological finding which leads the previous authors to assess the presence of immune complexes at the surface of microfilariae).", "contents": "[Ultrastructural aspects of the degeneration of the dermal microfilaria O. volvulus under the effect of diethylcarbamazine in human onchocerciasis]. Early modifications observed by previous authors are confirmed. More over, some later modifications are described where microfilariae are completely destroyed and removed by phagocytic cells. The theory concerning the mode of action of DEC on microfilariae in vivo is not confirmed (absence of extracellular \"coarse particulate material\", which is actually the unique morphological finding which leads the previous authors to assess the presence of immune complexes at the surface of microfilariae)."}
{"id": "PMID:150935", "title": "Phosphofructokinase from Escherichia coli: further evidence for identical subunits.", "content": "A procedure for the purification of Escherichia coli phosphofructokinase by affinity chromatography is described. The results of amino acid analyses of the purified protein and tryptic peptide mapping suggest that the tetrameric phosphofructokinase is composed of chemically identical subunits. In addition, the reaction product, ADP, was observed to bind to 4.1 +/- 0.1 equal and independent sites on the enzyme.", "contents": "Phosphofructokinase from Escherichia coli: further evidence for identical subunits. A procedure for the purification of Escherichia coli phosphofructokinase by affinity chromatography is described. The results of amino acid analyses of the purified protein and tryptic peptide mapping suggest that the tetrameric phosphofructokinase is composed of chemically identical subunits. In addition, the reaction product, ADP, was observed to bind to 4.1 +/- 0.1 equal and independent sites on the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:150936", "title": "Morphological and quantitative study of spirochetes in the feces of normal and infected SPF pigs during the incubation period of swine dysentery.", "content": "Spirochetes found in feces of normal and infected pigs during the eight days preceding the onset of the clinical signs of swine dysentery have been studied using electron and phase contrast microscopy. According to their dimensions, diameter, length and pitch, three morphological groups have been described: small, intermediate and large spirochetes. On the basis of their axial filaments arrangement, eight types have been observed. Compared to the control pigs, there was no increase in the total number of spirochetes in infected pigs, except at day 6 before the onset of clinical signs. However, infected pigs have shown a wide spectrum of different morphological types of spirochetes in comparison to control, uninfected pigs, which showed only the type \"1-2-1\" spirochete of axial filaments arrangement. This last type was predominant in infected swine during the entire incubation period as compared to other spirochete types described.", "contents": "Morphological and quantitative study of spirochetes in the feces of normal and infected SPF pigs during the incubation period of swine dysentery. Spirochetes found in feces of normal and infected pigs during the eight days preceding the onset of the clinical signs of swine dysentery have been studied using electron and phase contrast microscopy. According to their dimensions, diameter, length and pitch, three morphological groups have been described: small, intermediate and large spirochetes. On the basis of their axial filaments arrangement, eight types have been observed. Compared to the control pigs, there was no increase in the total number of spirochetes in infected pigs, except at day 6 before the onset of clinical signs. However, infected pigs have shown a wide spectrum of different morphological types of spirochetes in comparison to control, uninfected pigs, which showed only the type \"1-2-1\" spirochete of axial filaments arrangement. This last type was predominant in infected swine during the entire incubation period as compared to other spirochete types described."}
{"id": "PMID:150938", "title": "Sequential nonsurgical and surgical staging of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.", "content": "The results of clinical and surgical staging in a series of 170 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are reviewed. Advanced disease (Stage IV) was established without laparotomy in 95 patients (56%), primarily through bone marrow biopsy, closed liver biopsy, and peritoneoscopy. Laparotomy revealed a high incidence of liver involvement and involvement of lymph nodes outside of conventional abdominal irradiation portals only in patients with nodular types of pathology and in patients with positive lymphangiograms. The limitations and indications for staging laparotomy are discussed in the context of these findings.", "contents": "Sequential nonsurgical and surgical staging of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The results of clinical and surgical staging in a series of 170 patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are reviewed. Advanced disease (Stage IV) was established without laparotomy in 95 patients (56%), primarily through bone marrow biopsy, closed liver biopsy, and peritoneoscopy. Laparotomy revealed a high incidence of liver involvement and involvement of lymph nodes outside of conventional abdominal irradiation portals only in patients with nodular types of pathology and in patients with positive lymphangiograms. The limitations and indications for staging laparotomy are discussed in the context of these findings."}
{"id": "PMID:150939", "title": "Hodgkin's disease: problems of staging.", "content": "The preferred histopathological classification of Hodgkin's disease (HD) is that suggested by Lukes and Butler as modified at the Rye Symposium; the histologic subtypes are highly reproducible and correlate well with the anatomic sites of involvement, clinical stage, and survival. The accuracy of the bipedal lymphangiogram, 67gallium scan, and ultrasonography in predicting abdominal involvement by HD is 90% , 50%, and 88%, respectively. Staging laparotomy remains the most accurate method of detecting intra-abdominal disease and has added immensely to new concepts in the management of HD. These concepts suggest that patients with nodal disease limited to the celiac axis or upper para-aortic areas (substage III1) or pathologic stage (PS) IIIS+N-A, when treated with extended field radiotherapy alone have survival rates comparable to PS IIA patients. In contrast, patients in PS IIIA with lower abdominal nodal disease (substage III2), regardless of splenic involvement, have a prognosis comparable to PS IV disease. Thus, there may only be two stages of HD, those curable with extended mantle or smaller radiotherapy fields alone, and those requiring chemotherapy with or without supplemental radiotherapy.", "contents": "Hodgkin's disease: problems of staging. The preferred histopathological classification of Hodgkin's disease (HD) is that suggested by Lukes and Butler as modified at the Rye Symposium; the histologic subtypes are highly reproducible and correlate well with the anatomic sites of involvement, clinical stage, and survival. The accuracy of the bipedal lymphangiogram, 67gallium scan, and ultrasonography in predicting abdominal involvement by HD is 90% , 50%, and 88%, respectively. Staging laparotomy remains the most accurate method of detecting intra-abdominal disease and has added immensely to new concepts in the management of HD. These concepts suggest that patients with nodal disease limited to the celiac axis or upper para-aortic areas (substage III1) or pathologic stage (PS) IIIS+N-A, when treated with extended field radiotherapy alone have survival rates comparable to PS IIA patients. In contrast, patients in PS IIIA with lower abdominal nodal disease (substage III2), regardless of splenic involvement, have a prognosis comparable to PS IV disease. Thus, there may only be two stages of HD, those curable with extended mantle or smaller radiotherapy fields alone, and those requiring chemotherapy with or without supplemental radiotherapy."}
{"id": "PMID:150940", "title": "DNA-protein cross-linking and DNA interstrand cross-linking by haloethylnitrosoureas in L1210 cells.", "content": "Bifunctional alkylating agents are known to produce cross-links between DNA and protein and between paired DNA strands. The possibility of discriminating these two classes of cross-links in L1210 cells treated with haloethylnitrosoureas or nitrogen mustard was explored with the alkaline elution technique. Two classes of cross-links were demonstrated, based on sensitivity to proteinase K; the proteinase-sensitive cross-links appear to be DNA-protein cross-links, and the proteinase-resistant class may include interstrand cross-links. Proteinase-sensitive cross-links form more rapidly than do proteinase-resistant cross-links in cells treated with chloroethylnitrosoureas, perhaps because these agents can chloroethylate protein sulfhydryl or amino groups followed by rapid reaction of these chloroethylated groups with DNA. Although both types of cross-links produced by nitrogen mustard disappeared or were repaired after 24 hr, the removal of cross-links produced by chloroethylnitrosoureas either did not occur or was incomplete in 24 hr. In addition to cross-links, cells treated with haloethylnitrosoureas exhibited DNA strand breaks; a method is suggested for estimating the apparent frequencies of strand breaks and cross-links in the DNA.", "contents": "DNA-protein cross-linking and DNA interstrand cross-linking by haloethylnitrosoureas in L1210 cells. Bifunctional alkylating agents are known to produce cross-links between DNA and protein and between paired DNA strands. The possibility of discriminating these two classes of cross-links in L1210 cells treated with haloethylnitrosoureas or nitrogen mustard was explored with the alkaline elution technique. Two classes of cross-links were demonstrated, based on sensitivity to proteinase K; the proteinase-sensitive cross-links appear to be DNA-protein cross-links, and the proteinase-resistant class may include interstrand cross-links. Proteinase-sensitive cross-links form more rapidly than do proteinase-resistant cross-links in cells treated with chloroethylnitrosoureas, perhaps because these agents can chloroethylate protein sulfhydryl or amino groups followed by rapid reaction of these chloroethylated groups with DNA. Although both types of cross-links produced by nitrogen mustard disappeared or were repaired after 24 hr, the removal of cross-links produced by chloroethylnitrosoureas either did not occur or was incomplete in 24 hr. In addition to cross-links, cells treated with haloethylnitrosoureas exhibited DNA strand breaks; a method is suggested for estimating the apparent frequencies of strand breaks and cross-links in the DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:150942", "title": "Measurements of DNA damage in Chinese hamster cells treated with equitoxic and equimutagenic doses of nitrosoureas.", "content": "The DNA of V-79 Chinese hamster cells was examined by alkaline elution following treatment of cultures with eight different nitrosoureas. Drug incubations were performed under consistent biological conditions of equal toxicity and equal mutation induction at the hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyltransferase locus. The goals of this study were to determine whether DNA damage could be detected in cells treated with biologically relevant doses of nitrosoureas and to determine whether the type and number of observed DNA lesions could be correlated with the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the drugs. All of the compounds tested produced, to some degree, lesions that were observed as DNA strand breaks upon exposure of the DNA to alkali. The levels of DNA strand breaks and/or alkali-labile lesions were comparable for all of the drugs at the equimutagenic doses. DNA cross-linking was observed at both the equitoxic and the equimutagenic concentrations of the haloethylnitrosoureas, but cross-linking was not observed with methylnitrosourea or streptozotocin. Methylnitrosourea and streptozotocin required approximately 40 times the drug concentration to produce toxicity equal to the haloethylnitrosoureas. These data suggest that the ability to cross-link DNA confers increased cytotoxicity to the haloethylnitrosoureas.", "contents": "Measurements of DNA damage in Chinese hamster cells treated with equitoxic and equimutagenic doses of nitrosoureas. The DNA of V-79 Chinese hamster cells was examined by alkaline elution following treatment of cultures with eight different nitrosoureas. Drug incubations were performed under consistent biological conditions of equal toxicity and equal mutation induction at the hypoxanthineguanine phosphoribosyltransferase locus. The goals of this study were to determine whether DNA damage could be detected in cells treated with biologically relevant doses of nitrosoureas and to determine whether the type and number of observed DNA lesions could be correlated with the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of the drugs. All of the compounds tested produced, to some degree, lesions that were observed as DNA strand breaks upon exposure of the DNA to alkali. The levels of DNA strand breaks and/or alkali-labile lesions were comparable for all of the drugs at the equimutagenic doses. DNA cross-linking was observed at both the equitoxic and the equimutagenic concentrations of the haloethylnitrosoureas, but cross-linking was not observed with methylnitrosourea or streptozotocin. Methylnitrosourea and streptozotocin required approximately 40 times the drug concentration to produce toxicity equal to the haloethylnitrosoureas. These data suggest that the ability to cross-link DNA confers increased cytotoxicity to the haloethylnitrosoureas."}
{"id": "PMID:150943", "title": "Pharmacologic disposition of chlorozotocin in mice.", "content": "Cholorozotocin is a water-soluble chloroethylnitrosourea with the cytotoxic group attached to the C2 position of glucose. The distribution of the alkylating and carbamoylating moieties of the chlorozotocin molecule was determined in mice following the ip administration of an LD10 dose: 20 mg/kg. The half-life (T 0.5) for the plasma disappearance of intact drug was 5 minutes. The plasma disappearance of the ethyl-14C group was biphasic up to 120 minutes after administration; the T 0.5 of the initial phase was 17.5 minutes and the T 0.5 of the prolonged second phase was107 minutes. The disappearance of glucose-14C chlorozotocin followed kinetics similar to the chloroethyl-labeled compound. Fifteen minutes after administration, ethyl-14C drug concentrated maximally in the liver (194 nmols/g of tissue) and the kidney (131 nmols/g of tissue). Uptake into the bone marrow at 60 minutes after ip administration of the ethyl-labeled drug was 6.6 pmols of the ethyl-14C group covalently bound to proteins and nucleic acids per 10(7) nucleated cells. The concentration of ethyl-14C drug in the brain remained at 4 mnols/g of tissue up to 2 hours after administration, reflecting the water-soluble property of this new nitrosourea.", "contents": "Pharmacologic disposition of chlorozotocin in mice. Cholorozotocin is a water-soluble chloroethylnitrosourea with the cytotoxic group attached to the C2 position of glucose. The distribution of the alkylating and carbamoylating moieties of the chlorozotocin molecule was determined in mice following the ip administration of an LD10 dose: 20 mg/kg. The half-life (T 0.5) for the plasma disappearance of intact drug was 5 minutes. The plasma disappearance of the ethyl-14C group was biphasic up to 120 minutes after administration; the T 0.5 of the initial phase was 17.5 minutes and the T 0.5 of the prolonged second phase was107 minutes. The disappearance of glucose-14C chlorozotocin followed kinetics similar to the chloroethyl-labeled compound. Fifteen minutes after administration, ethyl-14C drug concentrated maximally in the liver (194 nmols/g of tissue) and the kidney (131 nmols/g of tissue). Uptake into the bone marrow at 60 minutes after ip administration of the ethyl-labeled drug was 6.6 pmols of the ethyl-14C group covalently bound to proteins and nucleic acids per 10(7) nucleated cells. The concentration of ethyl-14C drug in the brain remained at 4 mnols/g of tissue up to 2 hours after administration, reflecting the water-soluble property of this new nitrosourea."}
{"id": "PMID:150947", "title": "Comparison of the effects of epidermal chalone in young and aging mice.", "content": "The ability of epidermal chalones to produce inhibition of epidermal mitotic and DNA synthetic activities was investigated in young (2 month old) and old (27 month old) mice. Extracts of epidermal chalone were prepared from the skin of mice of these diferent ages, and these extracts were then tested for their inhibitory capacities against the same age group from which they were extracted, and also against the mice of the other age group. It was found that the ability of mouse skin to produce tissue-specific agents with mitotic and DNA-synthetic inhibitory capabilities did not change significantly with increasing age. There were however, decreases in both the labeling and mitotic indices with aging in untreated mice. These data suggest that chalone-type inhibitory mechanisms are not primarily responsible for the increased cell cycle times seen to occur with aging in normal tissues.", "contents": "Comparison of the effects of epidermal chalone in young and aging mice. The ability of epidermal chalones to produce inhibition of epidermal mitotic and DNA synthetic activities was investigated in young (2 month old) and old (27 month old) mice. Extracts of epidermal chalone were prepared from the skin of mice of these diferent ages, and these extracts were then tested for their inhibitory capacities against the same age group from which they were extracted, and also against the mice of the other age group. It was found that the ability of mouse skin to produce tissue-specific agents with mitotic and DNA-synthetic inhibitory capabilities did not change significantly with increasing age. There were however, decreases in both the labeling and mitotic indices with aging in untreated mice. These data suggest that chalone-type inhibitory mechanisms are not primarily responsible for the increased cell cycle times seen to occur with aging in normal tissues."}
{"id": "PMID:150948", "title": "Specificity of epidermal chalone extracts for human epidermoid tumour cells in vitro: a preliminary report.", "content": "In order to test the mitosis-inhibiting effect and the tissue specificity of the epidermal G2 chalone for tumour cells, extracts from hairless mouse epidermis were tested in short-term tissue cultures of cells from human respiratory tract epidermoid carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. The chalone inhibited strongly the mitotic activity in two cases of histologically proven epidermoid carcinoma, and had no effect in two cases of adenocarcinoma. In one case of a supposed epidermoid carcinoma, the chalone had no effect. Revision of the histology, and the result of autopsy 11 months later, showed that in this case the lesion in the lung had been a poorly differentiated metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Liver extracts produced in the same way as the epidermal extracts showed no mitotic inhibition in any of the cultures. These results indicate that epidermal G2 chalone produced from mouse skin is tissue specific for human epidermoid tumour cells, and also indicate that a chalone test might be used as a diagnostic tool for poorly differentiated carcinomas to see whether they are of epidermoid origin or not.", "contents": "Specificity of epidermal chalone extracts for human epidermoid tumour cells in vitro: a preliminary report. In order to test the mitosis-inhibiting effect and the tissue specificity of the epidermal G2 chalone for tumour cells, extracts from hairless mouse epidermis were tested in short-term tissue cultures of cells from human respiratory tract epidermoid carcinomas and adenocarcinomas. The chalone inhibited strongly the mitotic activity in two cases of histologically proven epidermoid carcinoma, and had no effect in two cases of adenocarcinoma. In one case of a supposed epidermoid carcinoma, the chalone had no effect. Revision of the histology, and the result of autopsy 11 months later, showed that in this case the lesion in the lung had been a poorly differentiated metastasis from an adenocarcinoma of the ovary. Liver extracts produced in the same way as the epidermal extracts showed no mitotic inhibition in any of the cultures. These results indicate that epidermal G2 chalone produced from mouse skin is tissue specific for human epidermoid tumour cells, and also indicate that a chalone test might be used as a diagnostic tool for poorly differentiated carcinomas to see whether they are of epidermoid origin or not."}
{"id": "PMID:150949", "title": "Dendritic cells in the rat spleen follicles. A combined immuno- and enzyme histochemical study.", "content": "Follicles of peripheral lymphoid organs (rat) contain a type of non-lymphoid cell which is capable of arresting antigen-antibody complexes at the cell surface. These so-called dendritic cells can be visualized in immunized rats by staining antigen-antibody complexes with immunohistoperoxidase techniques. The present study concerns a classification of these cells and comparison with known non-lymphoid cell types such as macrophages, marginal metallophils and tingible body macrophages in the rat spleen follicles. Immunoenzyme histochemical and (enzyme) histochemical techniques have been combined in the same tissue sections to correlate the functional capacity of binding immune complexes with morphological characteristics or phagocytic capacity. Dendritic cells show silver affinity but do not demonstrate a characteristic pattern of hydrolytic enzymes or phagocytosis.", "contents": "Dendritic cells in the rat spleen follicles. A combined immuno- and enzyme histochemical study. Follicles of peripheral lymphoid organs (rat) contain a type of non-lymphoid cell which is capable of arresting antigen-antibody complexes at the cell surface. These so-called dendritic cells can be visualized in immunized rats by staining antigen-antibody complexes with immunohistoperoxidase techniques. The present study concerns a classification of these cells and comparison with known non-lymphoid cell types such as macrophages, marginal metallophils and tingible body macrophages in the rat spleen follicles. Immunoenzyme histochemical and (enzyme) histochemical techniques have been combined in the same tissue sections to correlate the functional capacity of binding immune complexes with morphological characteristics or phagocytic capacity. Dendritic cells show silver affinity but do not demonstrate a characteristic pattern of hydrolytic enzymes or phagocytosis."}
{"id": "PMID:150950", "title": "Serotonin and MSH secretion: effect of parachlorophenylalanine on the pituitary cytology of the eel.", "content": "Parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA), an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase which depletes brain serotonin in higher vertebrates, was injected into freshwater eels. After 4 or 6 injections (200 mg/kg/day) or 10 injections (100 and 140 mg/kg/day), the animals are paler, with a low melanophore index. In the pituitary gland, granules tend to accumulate in the basal part of the MSH cells and in the perinuclear area. Cells appear smaller with a decreased nuclear area (P less than 0.001). In the neurohypophysis, the amount of neurosecretory material is often reduced. Conversely, injections of 5-hydroxytryptophan induce a strong darkening, a result similar to that previously reported in some amphibian species and in one lacertilian species. These data substantiate the hypothesis of a stimulatory influence of 5-hydroxytryptamine on MSH release and possibly its synthesis in the eel and other lower vertebrates.", "contents": "Serotonin and MSH secretion: effect of parachlorophenylalanine on the pituitary cytology of the eel. Parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA), an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase which depletes brain serotonin in higher vertebrates, was injected into freshwater eels. After 4 or 6 injections (200 mg/kg/day) or 10 injections (100 and 140 mg/kg/day), the animals are paler, with a low melanophore index. In the pituitary gland, granules tend to accumulate in the basal part of the MSH cells and in the perinuclear area. Cells appear smaller with a decreased nuclear area (P less than 0.001). In the neurohypophysis, the amount of neurosecretory material is often reduced. Conversely, injections of 5-hydroxytryptophan induce a strong darkening, a result similar to that previously reported in some amphibian species and in one lacertilian species. These data substantiate the hypothesis of a stimulatory influence of 5-hydroxytryptamine on MSH release and possibly its synthesis in the eel and other lower vertebrates."}
{"id": "PMID:150951", "title": "Effect of parachlorophenylalanine, a brain serotonin depletor, on the prolactin cells of the eel pituitary.", "content": "Parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA), an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase depleting brain serotonin in higher vertebrates, was injected into freshwater eels. After 4 or 8 injections (200 mg/kg/day) or 10 injections (100 and 140 mg/kg/day) plasma electrolyte values were not modified. Prolactin (PRL) cells appear less active, with increased granulation after 6 and 10 injections. Their cell height (P less than 0.01) and their nuclear area (P less than 0.001) are reduced. As injections of 5-hydroxytryptophan stimulate PRL cells, these findings suggest that a serotoninergic system may participate in the regulation of PRL cell activity. Brain serotonin depletion probably decreases granule release in PRL cells, a result comparable to the lowering action of pCPA on the plasma PRL level in some mammals.", "contents": "Effect of parachlorophenylalanine, a brain serotonin depletor, on the prolactin cells of the eel pituitary. Parachlorophenylalanine (pCPA), an inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase depleting brain serotonin in higher vertebrates, was injected into freshwater eels. After 4 or 8 injections (200 mg/kg/day) or 10 injections (100 and 140 mg/kg/day) plasma electrolyte values were not modified. Prolactin (PRL) cells appear less active, with increased granulation after 6 and 10 injections. Their cell height (P less than 0.01) and their nuclear area (P less than 0.001) are reduced. As injections of 5-hydroxytryptophan stimulate PRL cells, these findings suggest that a serotoninergic system may participate in the regulation of PRL cell activity. Brain serotonin depletion probably decreases granule release in PRL cells, a result comparable to the lowering action of pCPA on the plasma PRL level in some mammals."}
{"id": "PMID:150953", "title": "Action of caffeine on calcium transport by isolated fractions of myofibrils, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum from rabbit heart.", "content": "We studied the effects of caffeine on calcium transport by subcellular organelles isolated from rabbit myocardium. Caffeine increased myofibrillar basic and calcium-activated ATPase activity at 20 mM but not at lower concentrations. Mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium accumulation was measured both by dual wavelength spectrophotometry with the calcium-sensitive dye, murexide, and by Millipore filtration with 45Ca. In mitochondria, caffeine impaired phosphate-assisted calcium transport but did not alter the closely related parameters of oxygen uptake, P/O ratio (nmol adenosine diphosphate consumed/n ats oxygen consumed, state 3 respiration) or limited calcium loading. In SR, caffeine impaired calcium accumulation. New methods were used to characterize calcium accumulation in the absence of oxalate according to first order reaction kinetics. Caffeine increased the rate constant while decreasing the calcium accumulated. It also increased the associated calcium-activated ATPase activity at low (30 mM) but not high (240 micrometer) external calcium concentration. In the presence of oxalate, caffeine decreased the rate of calcium accumulation, more with low than high calcium concentration. Net efflux of 45Ca from preloaded SR also was increased by caffeine. The findings indicate that caffeine impairs active calcium accumulation by making SR vesicle membranes more permeable to calcium.", "contents": "Action of caffeine on calcium transport by isolated fractions of myofibrils, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum from rabbit heart. We studied the effects of caffeine on calcium transport by subcellular organelles isolated from rabbit myocardium. Caffeine increased myofibrillar basic and calcium-activated ATPase activity at 20 mM but not at lower concentrations. Mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium accumulation was measured both by dual wavelength spectrophotometry with the calcium-sensitive dye, murexide, and by Millipore filtration with 45Ca. In mitochondria, caffeine impaired phosphate-assisted calcium transport but did not alter the closely related parameters of oxygen uptake, P/O ratio (nmol adenosine diphosphate consumed/n ats oxygen consumed, state 3 respiration) or limited calcium loading. In SR, caffeine impaired calcium accumulation. New methods were used to characterize calcium accumulation in the absence of oxalate according to first order reaction kinetics. Caffeine increased the rate constant while decreasing the calcium accumulated. It also increased the associated calcium-activated ATPase activity at low (30 mM) but not high (240 micrometer) external calcium concentration. In the presence of oxalate, caffeine decreased the rate of calcium accumulation, more with low than high calcium concentration. Net efflux of 45Ca from preloaded SR also was increased by caffeine. The findings indicate that caffeine impairs active calcium accumulation by making SR vesicle membranes more permeable to calcium."}
{"id": "PMID:150958", "title": "Hyaluronate-proteoglycan complex: evidence for separate biosynthesis mechanisms of the macromolecules.", "content": "In cartilage cells biosynthesis of hyaluronate and chondroitin-4-,-6-sulfate from proteoglycan takes place via two different distinct precursor pools; the synthesis of hyaluronate appears to require the unaffected formation of nucleotides and nucleic acids, whereas that of proteoglycan is very sensitive to the modulation of protein biosynthesis.", "contents": "Hyaluronate-proteoglycan complex: evidence for separate biosynthesis mechanisms of the macromolecules. In cartilage cells biosynthesis of hyaluronate and chondroitin-4-,-6-sulfate from proteoglycan takes place via two different distinct precursor pools; the synthesis of hyaluronate appears to require the unaffected formation of nucleotides and nucleic acids, whereas that of proteoglycan is very sensitive to the modulation of protein biosynthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:150959", "title": "Low temperature electron diffraction and beam effects in tendon collagen.", "content": "In the course of experiments to obtain electron diffraction from forzen rat tail tendon (RTT) collagen, a characteristic development of perforations relating to the banding pattern was observed under conditions of moderate beam intensity. This is most likely to be due to an etching process resulting from ionization or sublimation of bound or preferentially retained water molecules in the band-interband region and could provide a means of visualization of the location of such water.", "contents": "Low temperature electron diffraction and beam effects in tendon collagen. In the course of experiments to obtain electron diffraction from forzen rat tail tendon (RTT) collagen, a characteristic development of perforations relating to the banding pattern was observed under conditions of moderate beam intensity. This is most likely to be due to an etching process resulting from ionization or sublimation of bound or preferentially retained water molecules in the band-interband region and could provide a means of visualization of the location of such water."}
{"id": "PMID:150960", "title": "Proteoglycans synthesized by fetal guinea pig chondrocytes in culture.", "content": "Short term cultures were carried out with chondrocytes and tissue fragments from fetal guinea pig epiphyseal cartilage. Proteoglycans were isolated from these cultures and their properties were compared with those of proteoglycans from adult hyaline cartilage. It was concluded that the proteoglycans synthesized in culture were essentially similar to those present in cartilage matrix in vivo. The authors therefore suggest that fetal guinea pig chondrocytes cultured in monolayer or as aggregates in suspension constitute a useful system for the study of synthesis and secretion of proteoglycans.", "contents": "Proteoglycans synthesized by fetal guinea pig chondrocytes in culture. Short term cultures were carried out with chondrocytes and tissue fragments from fetal guinea pig epiphyseal cartilage. Proteoglycans were isolated from these cultures and their properties were compared with those of proteoglycans from adult hyaline cartilage. It was concluded that the proteoglycans synthesized in culture were essentially similar to those present in cartilage matrix in vivo. The authors therefore suggest that fetal guinea pig chondrocytes cultured in monolayer or as aggregates in suspension constitute a useful system for the study of synthesis and secretion of proteoglycans."}
{"id": "PMID:150961", "title": "Connective tissue proteins of the baboon lung: concentration, content and synthesis of collagen in the normal lung.", "content": "Lung connective tissue proteins have been assayed in 12 normal juvenile baboons (Papio cynocephalus). The collagen concentration (26.8 +/- 5.1 microgram hydroxyproline per mg dry weight) is comparable to values reported for adult human lung, while the rate of collagen synthesis (0.242 +/- 0.082 nmoles hydroxyproline per mg DNA per hour) is approximately half that of human lung. Proteins other than collagen are synthesized at approximately equal rates in human and baboon lung. Elastin concentration was estimated to be 33 microgram insoluble elastin protein per mg dry weight, within the range reported for normal human lung. Values have also been calculated for the lobar contents of protein, DNA, and collagen, as well as the rates of synthesis of collagen and other proteins in the entire upper lobe of the right lung of these animals. The collagen concentrations in the lung show wide differences among various animal species. However, the baboon lung is similar to human lung. This similarity may be important in the interpretation of alterations in lung connective tissue metabolism associated with experimental diseases.", "contents": "Connective tissue proteins of the baboon lung: concentration, content and synthesis of collagen in the normal lung. Lung connective tissue proteins have been assayed in 12 normal juvenile baboons (Papio cynocephalus). The collagen concentration (26.8 +/- 5.1 microgram hydroxyproline per mg dry weight) is comparable to values reported for adult human lung, while the rate of collagen synthesis (0.242 +/- 0.082 nmoles hydroxyproline per mg DNA per hour) is approximately half that of human lung. Proteins other than collagen are synthesized at approximately equal rates in human and baboon lung. Elastin concentration was estimated to be 33 microgram insoluble elastin protein per mg dry weight, within the range reported for normal human lung. Values have also been calculated for the lobar contents of protein, DNA, and collagen, as well as the rates of synthesis of collagen and other proteins in the entire upper lobe of the right lung of these animals. The collagen concentrations in the lung show wide differences among various animal species. However, the baboon lung is similar to human lung. This similarity may be important in the interpretation of alterations in lung connective tissue metabolism associated with experimental diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:150963", "title": "Phosphorylation of proteoglycans in human articular cartilage.", "content": "A study of human articular cartilage indicated that componenet proteoglycans can be phosphorylated. Phosphorylation, also found in a specimen of human epiphysial cartilage, occurred when [gamma-32P]-ATP or 32Pi was included in the in vitro incubation medium. Treatment of the phosphorylated proteoglycans with chondroitinase and chondrosulfatases effectively removed the chondroitin sulfate without dephosphorylating the remaining molecule. Since phosphorylation could be effected in a totally chemically defined medium, it appears that the necessary enzyme systems for this reaction are contained entirely within chondrocytes.", "contents": "Phosphorylation of proteoglycans in human articular cartilage. A study of human articular cartilage indicated that componenet proteoglycans can be phosphorylated. Phosphorylation, also found in a specimen of human epiphysial cartilage, occurred when [gamma-32P]-ATP or 32Pi was included in the in vitro incubation medium. Treatment of the phosphorylated proteoglycans with chondroitinase and chondrosulfatases effectively removed the chondroitin sulfate without dephosphorylating the remaining molecule. Since phosphorylation could be effected in a totally chemically defined medium, it appears that the necessary enzyme systems for this reaction are contained entirely within chondrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:150964", "title": "Role of hyaluronic acid in the in vivo aggregation of cartilage proteoglycans.", "content": "From studies of isolated cartilage proteoglycans in solution it has been inferred that they occur in the tissue as aggregates of high molecular weight which consist of proteoglycan monomers, hyaluronic acid and specific link proteins. The present investigation provides direct evidence for the existence of hyaluronic acid-containing aggregates in vivo, as indicated by the following observations: Treatment of sections of coastal cartilage from newborn rabbits with Streptomyces hyaluronidase led to complete disappearance of the electron dense granules, which have been previously identified as chondroitin sulfate proteglycans, from the extracellular matrix. Similar results were obtained on digestion with leech hyaluronidase which, like the Streptomyces enzyme, specifically degrades hyaluronic acid. Proteoglycan aggregation occurs not only in the extracellular compartment but intracellularly as well, since a portion of the hyaluronidase-senstive, electron dense proteoglycan granules are found in intracellular vesicles. It is concluded that the ability of proteoglycan monomers to form aggregates is a true reflection of the in vivo organization of these molecules and that aggregate formation is an important factor in the maintenance of the normal physiological function of cartilage tissue.", "contents": "Role of hyaluronic acid in the in vivo aggregation of cartilage proteoglycans. From studies of isolated cartilage proteoglycans in solution it has been inferred that they occur in the tissue as aggregates of high molecular weight which consist of proteoglycan monomers, hyaluronic acid and specific link proteins. The present investigation provides direct evidence for the existence of hyaluronic acid-containing aggregates in vivo, as indicated by the following observations: Treatment of sections of coastal cartilage from newborn rabbits with Streptomyces hyaluronidase led to complete disappearance of the electron dense granules, which have been previously identified as chondroitin sulfate proteglycans, from the extracellular matrix. Similar results were obtained on digestion with leech hyaluronidase which, like the Streptomyces enzyme, specifically degrades hyaluronic acid. Proteoglycan aggregation occurs not only in the extracellular compartment but intracellularly as well, since a portion of the hyaluronidase-senstive, electron dense proteoglycan granules are found in intracellular vesicles. It is concluded that the ability of proteoglycan monomers to form aggregates is a true reflection of the in vivo organization of these molecules and that aggregate formation is an important factor in the maintenance of the normal physiological function of cartilage tissue."}
{"id": "PMID:150965", "title": "Structural organization of collagen fibrils in media aortic wall.", "content": "Small-angle X-ray diffraction patterns of bovine, human and porcine media aortic wall show meridional reflections corresponding to a periodicity which suggest a molecular packing typical of tendon collagen. However the meridional intensity distribution of stretched air dried aortic samples appears different from that of air-dried tendon, probably because of the presence of a large amount of type III collagen with the environment, which are specific for aortic tissue. The stretched wet aortic samples show a marked decrease in intensity, revealing an extensive disorder in the axially-projected structure of the fibrils. When a loading system simulating the effect of blood pressure is applied to a ring of aorta, no evidence of orientation of collagen is seen by X-ray diffraction, as would be expected if collagen fibrils had an isotropic distribution inside the aorta media. Scanning electroni microscopy supports the existence of a network of collagen fibrils surrounding elastic lamellae.", "contents": "Structural organization of collagen fibrils in media aortic wall. Small-angle X-ray diffraction patterns of bovine, human and porcine media aortic wall show meridional reflections corresponding to a periodicity which suggest a molecular packing typical of tendon collagen. However the meridional intensity distribution of stretched air dried aortic samples appears different from that of air-dried tendon, probably because of the presence of a large amount of type III collagen with the environment, which are specific for aortic tissue. The stretched wet aortic samples show a marked decrease in intensity, revealing an extensive disorder in the axially-projected structure of the fibrils. When a loading system simulating the effect of blood pressure is applied to a ring of aorta, no evidence of orientation of collagen is seen by X-ray diffraction, as would be expected if collagen fibrils had an isotropic distribution inside the aorta media. Scanning electroni microscopy supports the existence of a network of collagen fibrils surrounding elastic lamellae."}
{"id": "PMID:150966", "title": "Anxiety and skin diseases.", "content": "The purpose of this investigation was to determine if a relationship exists between anxiety and skin diseases. It was hypothesized that subjects wtih different dermatoses would have different anxiety levels. Subjects with the following skin diseases were compared: atopic dermatitis, cystic acne, noncystic acne, tinea versicolor, and pityriasis rosea. Anxiety levels were measured by use of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The STAI consists of two twenty-item self-report rating scales for two types of anxiety: A-State anxiety, which is transitory or situational, and A-Trait anxiety, which is chronic or an enduring personality trait. A one-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the aforementioned groups in both A-State and A-Trait anxiety, with the mean elevations highest in the subjects with disfiguring acne (cystic) and intolerably prurific eczema (atopic dermatitis).", "contents": "Anxiety and skin diseases. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if a relationship exists between anxiety and skin diseases. It was hypothesized that subjects wtih different dermatoses would have different anxiety levels. Subjects with the following skin diseases were compared: atopic dermatitis, cystic acne, noncystic acne, tinea versicolor, and pityriasis rosea. Anxiety levels were measured by use of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The STAI consists of two twenty-item self-report rating scales for two types of anxiety: A-State anxiety, which is transitory or situational, and A-Trait anxiety, which is chronic or an enduring personality trait. A one-way analysis of variance revealed significant differences between the aforementioned groups in both A-State and A-Trait anxiety, with the mean elevations highest in the subjects with disfiguring acne (cystic) and intolerably prurific eczema (atopic dermatitis)."}
{"id": "PMID:150967", "title": "The nature of molybdenum-cofactor.", "content": "In vitro assembly of Neurospora crassa NADPH-nitrate reductase (EC1.6.6.2) could be effected by combing the nitrate induced Neurospora crassa mutant nit-1 with the extract of any known molybdenum-containing enzyme. The process involves the participation of a molybdenum-cofactor contributed by the molybdenum-enzyme fraction. This paper emphasizes two points: Firstly, the indispensable role played by EDTA in the viability of Mo-cofactor and secondly, the nature of Mo-cofactor predicated by our previous work is supported by concrete experimental results. Recent experiments with Chelax-100 column provide evidence that the in vitro formation of Neurospora NADPH-nitrate reductase involves EDTA and the latter may take part in the formation of a molybdenum, labile sulfide and EDTA complex. In addition to 10(-2) M sodium molybdate, both EDTA and reducing agent are required to activate the cofactor in the Chelax-100 column eluate. The cofactor is of low molecular weight and devoid of protein as was predicated. To substantiate those predications, concrete experimental results are provided.", "contents": "The nature of molybdenum-cofactor. In vitro assembly of Neurospora crassa NADPH-nitrate reductase (EC1.6.6.2) could be effected by combing the nitrate induced Neurospora crassa mutant nit-1 with the extract of any known molybdenum-containing enzyme. The process involves the participation of a molybdenum-cofactor contributed by the molybdenum-enzyme fraction. This paper emphasizes two points: Firstly, the indispensable role played by EDTA in the viability of Mo-cofactor and secondly, the nature of Mo-cofactor predicated by our previous work is supported by concrete experimental results. Recent experiments with Chelax-100 column provide evidence that the in vitro formation of Neurospora NADPH-nitrate reductase involves EDTA and the latter may take part in the formation of a molybdenum, labile sulfide and EDTA complex. In addition to 10(-2) M sodium molybdate, both EDTA and reducing agent are required to activate the cofactor in the Chelax-100 column eluate. The cofactor is of low molecular weight and devoid of protein as was predicated. To substantiate those predications, concrete experimental results are provided."}
{"id": "PMID:150971", "title": "The biosynthesis of the mitochondrial ADP, ATP translocator.", "content": "The biosynthesis of the ADP,ATP carrier was studied in mitochondria of Neurospora crassa. The carrier was isolated as the carboxyatractylate-protein complex and characterized in dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to have a Mr = 33 000. Applying the inhibitors chloramphenicol for the intramitochondrial translation and cycloheximide for extramitochondrial translation, the site of synthesis of this polypeptide was found to be extramitochondrially located.", "contents": "The biosynthesis of the mitochondrial ADP, ATP translocator. The biosynthesis of the ADP,ATP carrier was studied in mitochondria of Neurospora crassa. The carrier was isolated as the carboxyatractylate-protein complex and characterized in dodecylsulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to have a Mr = 33 000. Applying the inhibitors chloramphenicol for the intramitochondrial translation and cycloheximide for extramitochondrial translation, the site of synthesis of this polypeptide was found to be extramitochondrially located."}
{"id": "PMID:150972", "title": "The anti-delta suppressed mouse.", "content": "The ontogeny of IgD was examined in neonatal to adult mice by immunofluorescence. The first delta-positive cells appeared in the spleen at about 3 days of age, while lymph nodes from 4 to 5-day-old mice already contained 10--20% delta-positive B cells. In order to study the function of IgD, we developed a system in which the appearance of delta-positive cells was suppressed by treatment of mice from birth with an anti-delta allotype serum. Immunofluorescence studies showed that very few delta-positive cells could be found in the spleen and lymph nodes of such suppressed mice, and also that the percentage of mu-positive cells was reduced by about 50%. The recovery from suppression was rapid, indicating that potential delta-positive cells were modulated rather than killed. Studies of the immune response of suppressed mice in vitro and in vivo showed that suppression had little effect on the IgM response but caused a definite reduction in the IgG response.", "contents": "The anti-delta suppressed mouse. The ontogeny of IgD was examined in neonatal to adult mice by immunofluorescence. The first delta-positive cells appeared in the spleen at about 3 days of age, while lymph nodes from 4 to 5-day-old mice already contained 10--20% delta-positive B cells. In order to study the function of IgD, we developed a system in which the appearance of delta-positive cells was suppressed by treatment of mice from birth with an anti-delta allotype serum. Immunofluorescence studies showed that very few delta-positive cells could be found in the spleen and lymph nodes of such suppressed mice, and also that the percentage of mu-positive cells was reduced by about 50%. The recovery from suppression was rapid, indicating that potential delta-positive cells were modulated rather than killed. Studies of the immune response of suppressed mice in vitro and in vivo showed that suppression had little effect on the IgM response but caused a definite reduction in the IgG response."}
{"id": "PMID:150974", "title": "The effects of p-chlorophenylalanine, reserpine, methysergide and cyproheptadine on the dopa-induced EEG synchronization in the rat.", "content": "The actions of drugs interfering with central indolaminergic mechanisms were assessed on the Dopa-induced EEG synchronization in the rat. The increased slow wave activity observed during the first 30 min following Dopa (100 mg/kg) was significantly decreased by p-chlorophenylalanine (400 mg/kg), reserpine (4 and 8 mg/kg) and methysergide (16 mg/kg). Cyproheptadine was ineffective in this respect. Our findings lend support to the hypothesis that the initial synchronization after Dopa is related to the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine.", "contents": "The effects of p-chlorophenylalanine, reserpine, methysergide and cyproheptadine on the dopa-induced EEG synchronization in the rat. The actions of drugs interfering with central indolaminergic mechanisms were assessed on the Dopa-induced EEG synchronization in the rat. The increased slow wave activity observed during the first 30 min following Dopa (100 mg/kg) was significantly decreased by p-chlorophenylalanine (400 mg/kg), reserpine (4 and 8 mg/kg) and methysergide (16 mg/kg). Cyproheptadine was ineffective in this respect. Our findings lend support to the hypothesis that the initial synchronization after Dopa is related to the release of 5-hydroxytryptamine."}
{"id": "PMID:150976", "title": "Responses to load disturbances in human shoulder muscles: the hypothesis that one component is a pulse test information signal.", "content": "Human motor control has been investigated by applying displacements acting to rotate the shoulder while the subject was endeavouring to maintain a constant position against a pre-existing force delivered by a system of finite stiffness. Four separate stages of the force response were distinguished. First, for the initial 100 msec, an increase in force which was attributed to the viscoelastic properties of activated muscle. Second, after approximately 100 msec, a \"medium latency\" increase in force accompanied by an increase in EMG activity. Third, a \"long latency\" increase in force consistent with voluntary action restored the arm to its original position. Fourth, some 500 msec thereafter and dependent upon the final steady force level, a tremor might develop. No changes of force were seen that were of sufficiently short latency to be attributed either to Ia monosynaptic action or immediately following (within 15 msec) polysynaptic action of muscle mechano-receptors. Even the \"medium latency\" response was too weak to make an appreciable contribution to restoring the arm to its original position; at the best it provided only 15% of the force required. This response is often considered as a \"stretch reflex\" responsible for maintaining posture in its own right; for example, by means of a servo-assisted transcortical loop (Marsden et al., 1972). Instead, it is now suggested that it might be a test signal designed to inform the central nervous system of the current loading on the muscle and thus permit the CNS to select an appropriate pre-programmed response from its repertoire of motor actions.", "contents": "Responses to load disturbances in human shoulder muscles: the hypothesis that one component is a pulse test information signal. Human motor control has been investigated by applying displacements acting to rotate the shoulder while the subject was endeavouring to maintain a constant position against a pre-existing force delivered by a system of finite stiffness. Four separate stages of the force response were distinguished. First, for the initial 100 msec, an increase in force which was attributed to the viscoelastic properties of activated muscle. Second, after approximately 100 msec, a \"medium latency\" increase in force accompanied by an increase in EMG activity. Third, a \"long latency\" increase in force consistent with voluntary action restored the arm to its original position. Fourth, some 500 msec thereafter and dependent upon the final steady force level, a tremor might develop. No changes of force were seen that were of sufficiently short latency to be attributed either to Ia monosynaptic action or immediately following (within 15 msec) polysynaptic action of muscle mechano-receptors. Even the \"medium latency\" response was too weak to make an appreciable contribution to restoring the arm to its original position; at the best it provided only 15% of the force required. This response is often considered as a \"stretch reflex\" responsible for maintaining posture in its own right; for example, by means of a servo-assisted transcortical loop (Marsden et al., 1972). Instead, it is now suggested that it might be a test signal designed to inform the central nervous system of the current loading on the muscle and thus permit the CNS to select an appropriate pre-programmed response from its repertoire of motor actions."}
{"id": "PMID:150977", "title": "Inhibition of osteogenesis by bone mass in diffusion chamber cultures.", "content": "The effect of increased bone mass on osteogenesis was studied using the diffusion chamber culture of mouse distal radius as an experimental model. Two distal thirds of a mouse's radii were cultured in separate diffusion chambers in a recipient mouse; one chamber contained only a distal radius, but the other contained a distal radius plus two proximal radii and two ulnae. The DNA synthesis of osteogenetic cells was significantly inhibited in cultures with excess bone mass. The mean inhibition in labelling indices of epiphyseal plate chondrocytes was 27% and of periosteal cells 40%. The nature of this inhibition seems to be specific.", "contents": "Inhibition of osteogenesis by bone mass in diffusion chamber cultures. The effect of increased bone mass on osteogenesis was studied using the diffusion chamber culture of mouse distal radius as an experimental model. Two distal thirds of a mouse's radii were cultured in separate diffusion chambers in a recipient mouse; one chamber contained only a distal radius, but the other contained a distal radius plus two proximal radii and two ulnae. The DNA synthesis of osteogenetic cells was significantly inhibited in cultures with excess bone mass. The mean inhibition in labelling indices of epiphyseal plate chondrocytes was 27% and of periosteal cells 40%. The nature of this inhibition seems to be specific."}
{"id": "PMID:150978", "title": "Mechanisms of immune deposition in relation to a loosened molecular structure of acid mucopolysaccharides (aMP) caused by a low calcium diet--with special regard to their negative charges.", "content": "Diets used for breeding guinea pigs usually require 1.3--1.5% calcium. In the previous paper, guinea pigs bred on a low calcium diet of 0.2% for 4--6 weeks, showed mesangiolytic changes in the glomerulus. In this experiment, after breeding guinea pigs on a low calcium diet, soluble immune complexes which have positive charges in their structure, were injected once intravenously. By electron microscopy an increased amount of deposits in the basement membrane, in the subepithelial side of it, and in the mesangial matrix where they were loosened by a low calcium diet breeding, as reported in the previous paper, was noted. In this paper, mechanisms of immune deposition in relation to a loosened molecular structure of acid mucopolysaccharides, caused by a low calcium diet--especially their negative charges--will be discussed.", "contents": "Mechanisms of immune deposition in relation to a loosened molecular structure of acid mucopolysaccharides (aMP) caused by a low calcium diet--with special regard to their negative charges. Diets used for breeding guinea pigs usually require 1.3--1.5% calcium. In the previous paper, guinea pigs bred on a low calcium diet of 0.2% for 4--6 weeks, showed mesangiolytic changes in the glomerulus. In this experiment, after breeding guinea pigs on a low calcium diet, soluble immune complexes which have positive charges in their structure, were injected once intravenously. By electron microscopy an increased amount of deposits in the basement membrane, in the subepithelial side of it, and in the mesangial matrix where they were loosened by a low calcium diet breeding, as reported in the previous paper, was noted. In this paper, mechanisms of immune deposition in relation to a loosened molecular structure of acid mucopolysaccharides, caused by a low calcium diet--especially their negative charges--will be discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:150980", "title": "A clinical and bacteriological evaluation of the effect of sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim in acne vulgaris, resistant to prior therapy with tetracyclines.", "content": "42 patients with acne vulgaris, clinically resistant to prior therapy with tetracyclines, were evaluated after therapy with sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (400 + 80 mg) twice daily. Initially and after 6, 12 and 18 weeks of treatment in each patient the different acne lesions were counted and pus specimens from unhealed pustules were taken for bacteriological analysis. Complete remission or excellent results were obtained in 33 patients (79%) at the end of treatment despite a relative increase of Staphylococcus hominis and Propionibacterium granulosum. These species were more resistant in agar dilution test to the combination sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (20:1) than other isolated species.", "contents": "A clinical and bacteriological evaluation of the effect of sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim in acne vulgaris, resistant to prior therapy with tetracyclines. 42 patients with acne vulgaris, clinically resistant to prior therapy with tetracyclines, were evaluated after therapy with sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (400 + 80 mg) twice daily. Initially and after 6, 12 and 18 weeks of treatment in each patient the different acne lesions were counted and pus specimens from unhealed pustules were taken for bacteriological analysis. Complete remission or excellent results were obtained in 33 patients (79%) at the end of treatment despite a relative increase of Staphylococcus hominis and Propionibacterium granulosum. These species were more resistant in agar dilution test to the combination sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim (20:1) than other isolated species."}
{"id": "PMID:150988", "title": "Exploration in immature rats: effects of drugs.", "content": "The effects of d-amphetamine (4 mg/kg), scopolamine (1 mg/kg), methylscopolamine (1 mg/kg), and parachlorophenylalanine (400 mg/kg) on exploration were studied in male rats at 16, 21, and 28 days of age. Amphetamine elicited stereotypy at all ages tested, reduced exploration (measured by the time spent head-dipping during a 10-min trial in a holeboard) from Day 21, but did not significantly increase rearing at the ages tested. (Reduced head-dipping, accompanied by stereotypy, is the pattern of results previously seen in adult rats with this dose of amphetamine.) An interesting difference emerged with scopolamine, which reduced head-dipping at all the ages tested, whereas in adults it produced an increase. The age-related difference in drug effects suggests that muscarinic pathways are functioning from Day 16, but that the system concerned with exploration functions differently in mature and immature rats. Both scopolamine and methylscopolamine reduced rearing which suggests that the change is due to peripheral actions of the drugs. Parachlorophenylalanine, which decreases serotonin levels, increased head-dipping, as it has been found to do in adult rats.", "contents": "Exploration in immature rats: effects of drugs. The effects of d-amphetamine (4 mg/kg), scopolamine (1 mg/kg), methylscopolamine (1 mg/kg), and parachlorophenylalanine (400 mg/kg) on exploration were studied in male rats at 16, 21, and 28 days of age. Amphetamine elicited stereotypy at all ages tested, reduced exploration (measured by the time spent head-dipping during a 10-min trial in a holeboard) from Day 21, but did not significantly increase rearing at the ages tested. (Reduced head-dipping, accompanied by stereotypy, is the pattern of results previously seen in adult rats with this dose of amphetamine.) An interesting difference emerged with scopolamine, which reduced head-dipping at all the ages tested, whereas in adults it produced an increase. The age-related difference in drug effects suggests that muscarinic pathways are functioning from Day 16, but that the system concerned with exploration functions differently in mature and immature rats. Both scopolamine and methylscopolamine reduced rearing which suggests that the change is due to peripheral actions of the drugs. Parachlorophenylalanine, which decreases serotonin levels, increased head-dipping, as it has been found to do in adult rats."}
{"id": "PMID:150992", "title": "Clinical evaluation of the pancreatitis-like isoamylase pattern in normal persons.", "content": "Amylase isoenzyme analysis of serum and urine has been performed in 4001 normal persons and 500 patients with various disease using electrophoresis on thin layer polyacrylamide gel. Although elevation of amylase activity in amylase-1 and 2 has been reported to be the specific findings in patients with pancreatitis, 1.69% of normal persons had an elevated Amylase-2(named \"Dominant Amylase-2\") up to the same levels as major isoenzymes (Amylase-1 and 3), along with Amylase-1. Pedigree study confirmed an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance for Dominant Amylase-2. Knowledge of the genetic polymorphism is of importance in clinical assessment of amylase isoenzymes in patients having an elevated Amylase-2 suggestive of pancreatitis. Predominance of the pancreatic components in serum and urine has been revealed to be a specific index of pancreatic involvement. However, the existecne of an inherited trait of pancreatitis-like isoamylase pattern in healthy individuals must be borne in mind. On the basis of the present study, it may be concluded that a rise in the pancreatic type isoenzymes may not necessarily indicate underlying pancreatitis, especially in the absence of elevated amylase and lipase levels.", "contents": "Clinical evaluation of the pancreatitis-like isoamylase pattern in normal persons. Amylase isoenzyme analysis of serum and urine has been performed in 4001 normal persons and 500 patients with various disease using electrophoresis on thin layer polyacrylamide gel. Although elevation of amylase activity in amylase-1 and 2 has been reported to be the specific findings in patients with pancreatitis, 1.69% of normal persons had an elevated Amylase-2(named \"Dominant Amylase-2\") up to the same levels as major isoenzymes (Amylase-1 and 3), along with Amylase-1. Pedigree study confirmed an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance for Dominant Amylase-2. Knowledge of the genetic polymorphism is of importance in clinical assessment of amylase isoenzymes in patients having an elevated Amylase-2 suggestive of pancreatitis. Predominance of the pancreatic components in serum and urine has been revealed to be a specific index of pancreatic involvement. However, the existecne of an inherited trait of pancreatitis-like isoamylase pattern in healthy individuals must be borne in mind. On the basis of the present study, it may be concluded that a rise in the pancreatic type isoenzymes may not necessarily indicate underlying pancreatitis, especially in the absence of elevated amylase and lipase levels."}
{"id": "PMID:150994", "title": "[Changes in the mole fraction ratio of lactate dehydrogenase subunits in the lymphocytes of Down's syndrome patients].", "content": "A comparative study of the total activity and mole quota ratio of lactate dehydrogenase subunits in lymphocytes of 14 patients with Down's syndrome (trisomy-21) and in 10 healthy persons is carried out. Differences in the total activity in both groups were insignificant. In patients with Down's syndrome the mole quota ratio of H and M subunits of LDH was found to be significantly altered (p greater than 0.999): H = 33.2%, M - 66,8%, as compared to 51.5% and 48.4% in the control (healthy) group respectively. These differences are evaluated as a result of changed gene expression of both loci controlling H and M polypeptide chains of heteromeric enzyme molecule.", "contents": "[Changes in the mole fraction ratio of lactate dehydrogenase subunits in the lymphocytes of Down's syndrome patients]. A comparative study of the total activity and mole quota ratio of lactate dehydrogenase subunits in lymphocytes of 14 patients with Down's syndrome (trisomy-21) and in 10 healthy persons is carried out. Differences in the total activity in both groups were insignificant. In patients with Down's syndrome the mole quota ratio of H and M subunits of LDH was found to be significantly altered (p greater than 0.999): H = 33.2%, M - 66,8%, as compared to 51.5% and 48.4% in the control (healthy) group respectively. These differences are evaluated as a result of changed gene expression of both loci controlling H and M polypeptide chains of heteromeric enzyme molecule."}
{"id": "PMID:151002", "title": "Regions of constantly increased plasminogen activator activity along the intima of the normal aorta.", "content": "Histochemical studies of the aorta in newborn, young, and adult rats showed that the intima in the branching regions and at the beginning of the branches has a constantly increased plasminogen activator activity in comparison with the nonbranching regions. The aortic valve also shows constantly increased activator activity. The intimal activator activity is variable in the nonbranching regions, depending on the age and the anatomical area of the aorta. In young rats (20--30 days), the overall plasminogen activator activity in the aortic intima is higher than in adult rats (2--4 months), while the activity is variable in newborn rats. The intimal activator activity is generally higher in the thoracic aorta than in the abdominal aorta (in the nonbranching regions). The aortic wall has a low plasmin inhibitor capacity. The pattern of the endothelial plasminogen activator activity at different ages and anatomical areas of the aorta, in combination with the corresponding pattern of the aortic endothelial cell turnover, gives valuable information about the mechanism(s) of the production and normal (nonstressed) release of the endothelial plasminogen activator.", "contents": "Regions of constantly increased plasminogen activator activity along the intima of the normal aorta. Histochemical studies of the aorta in newborn, young, and adult rats showed that the intima in the branching regions and at the beginning of the branches has a constantly increased plasminogen activator activity in comparison with the nonbranching regions. The aortic valve also shows constantly increased activator activity. The intimal activator activity is variable in the nonbranching regions, depending on the age and the anatomical area of the aorta. In young rats (20--30 days), the overall plasminogen activator activity in the aortic intima is higher than in adult rats (2--4 months), while the activity is variable in newborn rats. The intimal activator activity is generally higher in the thoracic aorta than in the abdominal aorta (in the nonbranching regions). The aortic wall has a low plasmin inhibitor capacity. The pattern of the endothelial plasminogen activator activity at different ages and anatomical areas of the aorta, in combination with the corresponding pattern of the aortic endothelial cell turnover, gives valuable information about the mechanism(s) of the production and normal (nonstressed) release of the endothelial plasminogen activator."}
{"id": "PMID:151003", "title": "Scanning electron microscopy of Setaria labiatopapillosa (Alessandrini, 1848) from cattle of Kazakhstan.", "content": "Surface structures of males and females of Setaria labiatopapillosa were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy at high magnification. It was found that the surface of buccal cavity, lateral appendages, vulva, anus and cloaca differs from the remaining cuticle. The shape of internal and external mouth papillae, amphids, deirids, postdeirid and phasmidial pore was studied. On the surface of the postdeirid are four small papillae arranged in a typical manner around the depression from which projects a needle-like formation. The ventral bands are formed by fine longitudinal parallel folds of the cuticle. Some anomalies in the localization of postcloacal papillae were observed.", "contents": "Scanning electron microscopy of Setaria labiatopapillosa (Alessandrini, 1848) from cattle of Kazakhstan. Surface structures of males and females of Setaria labiatopapillosa were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy at high magnification. It was found that the surface of buccal cavity, lateral appendages, vulva, anus and cloaca differs from the remaining cuticle. The shape of internal and external mouth papillae, amphids, deirids, postdeirid and phasmidial pore was studied. On the surface of the postdeirid are four small papillae arranged in a typical manner around the depression from which projects a needle-like formation. The ventral bands are formed by fine longitudinal parallel folds of the cuticle. Some anomalies in the localization of postcloacal papillae were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:151005", "title": "[Anti-reflux plasty for oesophageal varices (author's transl)].", "content": "An operation to prevent reflux was carried out in 36 patients with oesophageal varices; its aim was to prevent ulceration of the oesophageal mucosa due to gastric or duodenal secretions. The anti-reflux plasty consists of a distal gastrectomy with orthograde, isoperistaltic interposition of 20 cm. of jejunum between the gastric remnant and the duodenum, and fixation of the fundus and fornix. During the first three months, and even somewhat later, there was a little passage of contrast from the interposed jejunum into the stomach and duodenum. The reflux from the duodenum was, however, very small and only reached the vicinity of the stoma so that a duodeno-gastric reflux could be practically excluded. The fundus-fornix fixation resulted in absence of radiologically demonstrable gastro-oesophageal reflux. The interposed jejunal loop took over in part the function of the stomach, regulated gastric emptying and acted as a valve during upper gastro-intestinal transport.", "contents": "[Anti-reflux plasty for oesophageal varices (author's transl)]. An operation to prevent reflux was carried out in 36 patients with oesophageal varices; its aim was to prevent ulceration of the oesophageal mucosa due to gastric or duodenal secretions. The anti-reflux plasty consists of a distal gastrectomy with orthograde, isoperistaltic interposition of 20 cm. of jejunum between the gastric remnant and the duodenum, and fixation of the fundus and fornix. During the first three months, and even somewhat later, there was a little passage of contrast from the interposed jejunum into the stomach and duodenum. The reflux from the duodenum was, however, very small and only reached the vicinity of the stoma so that a duodeno-gastric reflux could be practically excluded. The fundus-fornix fixation resulted in absence of radiologically demonstrable gastro-oesophageal reflux. The interposed jejunal loop took over in part the function of the stomach, regulated gastric emptying and acted as a valve during upper gastro-intestinal transport."}
{"id": "PMID:151006", "title": "[A contribution to the radiology of cervical dysphagia (author's transl)].", "content": "Typical appearances of the pharyngo-oesophageal transition zone are described. They are discussed in relation to the available methods of examination and related to the predominantly Anglo-Saxon literature of the last two decades.", "contents": "[A contribution to the radiology of cervical dysphagia (author's transl)]. Typical appearances of the pharyngo-oesophageal transition zone are described. They are discussed in relation to the available methods of examination and related to the predominantly Anglo-Saxon literature of the last two decades."}
{"id": "PMID:151007", "title": "[Invagination of the oesophageal mucosa in the presence of a Schatzki ring (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient is described who suffered from prolapse of the lower oesophageal mucosa in the presence of a Schatzki ring. There was variable dysphagia culminating in total aphagia. The clinical symptoms disappeared without any treatment once the patient had overcome several years of psychological stress. The radiological appearances gave rise to a discussion of the radiological anatomy of the terminal oesophagus with a Schatzki ring since numerous similar appearances illustrated in the literature have been interpreted as axial hiatus hernias. A comparison of manometric and radiological fingings has shown that a hernia did not exist. The advantages and errors inherent in diagnosing hernias with the help of the \"three rings\", as  described by Hafter, are discussed. The mucosal prolapse during the stage of aphagia is demonstrated and compared with cases from the literature showing prolapse at the upper and lower vestibular margins. The mechanism leading to these appearances is discussed.", "contents": "[Invagination of the oesophageal mucosa in the presence of a Schatzki ring (author's transl)]. A patient is described who suffered from prolapse of the lower oesophageal mucosa in the presence of a Schatzki ring. There was variable dysphagia culminating in total aphagia. The clinical symptoms disappeared without any treatment once the patient had overcome several years of psychological stress. The radiological appearances gave rise to a discussion of the radiological anatomy of the terminal oesophagus with a Schatzki ring since numerous similar appearances illustrated in the literature have been interpreted as axial hiatus hernias. A comparison of manometric and radiological fingings has shown that a hernia did not exist. The advantages and errors inherent in diagnosing hernias with the help of the \"three rings\", as  described by Hafter, are discussed. The mucosal prolapse during the stage of aphagia is demonstrated and compared with cases from the literature showing prolapse at the upper and lower vestibular margins. The mechanism leading to these appearances is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151008", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The article discusses the y-ray diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, including 13 with multiple endocrine adenomatosis, Type I. This syndrome is governed by complex pathophysiological processes determining the x-ray symptoms. Besides the predisposition to ulcers, which will persist despite partial gastrectomy, changes at the duodenum (hypertrophy of Brunner's glands) and proximal jejunum (bulging of folds) are relatively typical. However, the final diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a clinical one. The syndrome is caused by non-beta islet cell tumors of the pancreas, associated with hypergastrinemia. Since these tumors are often multiple and small, angiography is not very rewarding. It is frequently impossible to distinguish the benign from the malignant tumors on the grounds of histological findings, the only criterion being their biological behaviour, if the exclusion or identification of metastases.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (author's transl)]. The article discusses the y-ray diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, including 13 with multiple endocrine adenomatosis, Type I. This syndrome is governed by complex pathophysiological processes determining the x-ray symptoms. Besides the predisposition to ulcers, which will persist despite partial gastrectomy, changes at the duodenum (hypertrophy of Brunner's glands) and proximal jejunum (bulging of folds) are relatively typical. However, the final diagnosis of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome is a clinical one. The syndrome is caused by non-beta islet cell tumors of the pancreas, associated with hypergastrinemia. Since these tumors are often multiple and small, angiography is not very rewarding. It is frequently impossible to distinguish the benign from the malignant tumors on the grounds of histological findings, the only criterion being their biological behaviour, if the exclusion or identification of metastases."}
{"id": "PMID:151009", "title": "[Changes in the mucosal pattern of the colon in the early stages of ulcerative and granulomatous colitis (author's transl)].", "content": "By paying attention to the detailed relief pattern of the colonic mucosa on double contrast films, it is possible to recognise the early changes due to inflammatory colonic disease. The presence of a granular appearance suggests an early stage of ulcerative colitis; multiple small flecks of contrast, sometimes surrounded by a clear area, indicate aphthous ulcers in an early stage of Crohn's disease.", "contents": "[Changes in the mucosal pattern of the colon in the early stages of ulcerative and granulomatous colitis (author's transl)]. By paying attention to the detailed relief pattern of the colonic mucosa on double contrast films, it is possible to recognise the early changes due to inflammatory colonic disease. The presence of a granular appearance suggests an early stage of ulcerative colitis; multiple small flecks of contrast, sometimes surrounded by a clear area, indicate aphthous ulcers in an early stage of Crohn's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:151010", "title": "[The radiological diagnosis of gastro-intestinal metastases from malignant melanomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Amongst 240 patients with histologically proven metastases from malignant melanomas, there were 17 cases with gastro-intestinal involvement; of these there were seven in the small bowel, five in stomach, two with multiple deposits in stomach and small bowel and one in the colon. In four patients there were deposits in the mesentery or peritoneum. Radiologically these appeared as sharply demarkated polypoid intraluminal contrast defects with central ulceration (target lesions). In the cases with known primary tumours and multiple deposits, there were no problems regarding the differential diagnosis. Accurate radiological demonstration of metastases from malignant melanomas in the gastrointestinal tract or retroperitoneal space is of importance in order to avoid extensive surgery.", "contents": "[The radiological diagnosis of gastro-intestinal metastases from malignant melanomas (author's transl)]. Amongst 240 patients with histologically proven metastases from malignant melanomas, there were 17 cases with gastro-intestinal involvement; of these there were seven in the small bowel, five in stomach, two with multiple deposits in stomach and small bowel and one in the colon. In four patients there were deposits in the mesentery or peritoneum. Radiologically these appeared as sharply demarkated polypoid intraluminal contrast defects with central ulceration (target lesions). In the cases with known primary tumours and multiple deposits, there were no problems regarding the differential diagnosis. Accurate radiological demonstration of metastases from malignant melanomas in the gastrointestinal tract or retroperitoneal space is of importance in order to avoid extensive surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:151011", "title": "[Angiographic findings in carcinoid metastases in the mesentery (author's transl)].", "content": "The angiographic findings in two patients with carcinoids of the small bowel and lymph node metastases in the mesentery are described. Variations from the typical arteriographic appearances of small bowel carcinoids are discussed.", "contents": "[Angiographic findings in carcinoid metastases in the mesentery (author's transl)]. The angiographic findings in two patients with carcinoids of the small bowel and lymph node metastases in the mesentery are described. Variations from the typical arteriographic appearances of small bowel carcinoids are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151012", "title": "[The haemodynamic effects of renal artery stenosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Three reasons are suggested for the difficulty of judging the haemodynamic effects of renal artery stenosis: 1. The flow characteristics in the renal arteries of dogs indicate that, at the critical level of reduction to one third of normal diameter, a further change of only 0.5 mm. will cause a 50% alteration in flow volume. Variations of this order of magnitude cannot be reliably measured on the angiogram. 2. The production of turbulence, which can increase the effect of a stenosis considerably, depends, amongst other things, on the nature of the surface of the stenosis and this cannot be judged. 3. The effect of a stenosis depends on peripheral resistance in the kidney.", "contents": "[The haemodynamic effects of renal artery stenosis (author's transl)]. Three reasons are suggested for the difficulty of judging the haemodynamic effects of renal artery stenosis: 1. The flow characteristics in the renal arteries of dogs indicate that, at the critical level of reduction to one third of normal diameter, a further change of only 0.5 mm. will cause a 50% alteration in flow volume. Variations of this order of magnitude cannot be reliably measured on the angiogram. 2. The production of turbulence, which can increase the effect of a stenosis considerably, depends, amongst other things, on the nature of the surface of the stenosis and this cannot be judged. 3. The effect of a stenosis depends on peripheral resistance in the kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:151013", "title": "[Varicosities of the renal veins, the renal pelvis and the ureteric veins (author's transl)].", "content": "Varicosities of the renal veins and of the veins of the upper urinary tract may occur with or without haematuria. The urogram may be negative. Frequently, however, there are single or multiple impressions on the ureters as a result of the venous varicosities. Arteriography, which should always be carried out in the presence of undiagnosed haematuria, is unable to demonstrate the venous abnormalities. Since the symptoms are also not characteristic, it is necessary to carry out renal vein pharmaco-phlebography. The clinical features, radiological appearances and aetiology of this rare condition are illustrated by three cases.", "contents": "[Varicosities of the renal veins, the renal pelvis and the ureteric veins (author's transl)]. Varicosities of the renal veins and of the veins of the upper urinary tract may occur with or without haematuria. The urogram may be negative. Frequently, however, there are single or multiple impressions on the ureters as a result of the venous varicosities. Arteriography, which should always be carried out in the presence of undiagnosed haematuria, is unable to demonstrate the venous abnormalities. Since the symptoms are also not characteristic, it is necessary to carry out renal vein pharmaco-phlebography. The clinical features, radiological appearances and aetiology of this rare condition are illustrated by three cases."}
{"id": "PMID:151014", "title": "[Arterial catheter embolisation for bleeding from bladder carcinoma (author's transl)].", "content": "An inoperable bleeding carcinoma of the bladder is an indication for embolising the internal iliac artery. Catheter embolisation is to be preferred to surgical ligation of the internal iliac artery, since it is a simpler procedure. The desired effect, a cessation of bleeding, was immediately obtained in all patients. An additional patient with pyocystitis and a carcinoma was also helped.", "contents": "[Arterial catheter embolisation for bleeding from bladder carcinoma (author's transl)]. An inoperable bleeding carcinoma of the bladder is an indication for embolising the internal iliac artery. Catheter embolisation is to be preferred to surgical ligation of the internal iliac artery, since it is a simpler procedure. The desired effect, a cessation of bleeding, was immediately obtained in all patients. An additional patient with pyocystitis and a carcinoma was also helped."}
{"id": "PMID:151015", "title": "[Angiographic appearance of intravenous tumor growth in the portal and hepatic veins (\"thread and streaks sign\") (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of two cases with the angiographic signs of tumor growth in the portal and hepatic veins in hepatocellular carcinoma. Discussion of the angiographic and pathologic-anatomic findings and review of the literature.", "contents": "[Angiographic appearance of intravenous tumor growth in the portal and hepatic veins (\"thread and streaks sign\") (author's transl)]. Report of two cases with the angiographic signs of tumor growth in the portal and hepatic veins in hepatocellular carcinoma. Discussion of the angiographic and pathologic-anatomic findings and review of the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:151016", "title": "[Contrast media and renal function in multiple myeloma (author's transl)].", "content": "An acute deterioration of the renal function after injection of (diiodized) renal contrast media in patients with multiple myeloma was pointed out for the first time by Bartels et al. (1954). Since then only a few similar cases have been reported. Therefore in a retrospective study the records of 89 patients with multiple myeloma from 1959 to 1974 were evaluated. For 31 of these patients a total of 41 i.v. pyelographs was made. Corresponding to a previous study by Vix in none of our patients who underwent pyelography a reduction of renal function was observed in direct association with the administration of contrast media. We are in agreement with other authors that a recognized myeloma is not from the first a contra-indication for the application of contrast material containing iodine so as a dehydration of the patients can be carefully avoided.", "contents": "[Contrast media and renal function in multiple myeloma (author's transl)]. An acute deterioration of the renal function after injection of (diiodized) renal contrast media in patients with multiple myeloma was pointed out for the first time by Bartels et al. (1954). Since then only a few similar cases have been reported. Therefore in a retrospective study the records of 89 patients with multiple myeloma from 1959 to 1974 were evaluated. For 31 of these patients a total of 41 i.v. pyelographs was made. Corresponding to a previous study by Vix in none of our patients who underwent pyelography a reduction of renal function was observed in direct association with the administration of contrast media. We are in agreement with other authors that a recognized myeloma is not from the first a contra-indication for the application of contrast material containing iodine so as a dehydration of the patients can be carefully avoided."}
{"id": "PMID:151017", "title": "[Experimental studies on the effect of long-term oestrogens on contrast excretion during intravenous urography (author's transl)].", "content": "The possible connection between long continued oestrogen intake and dilatation of the upper urinary tract was examined urographically in nine female rabbits. The degree of dilatation was judged on eleven parameters. The results of the study indicate that oestrogens without simultaneous mechanical influence on the urinary tract does not lead to dilatation of the pelvis or ureter. The results are illustrated graphically and are compared with the findings in the literature.", "contents": "[Experimental studies on the effect of long-term oestrogens on contrast excretion during intravenous urography (author's transl)]. The possible connection between long continued oestrogen intake and dilatation of the upper urinary tract was examined urographically in nine female rabbits. The degree of dilatation was judged on eleven parameters. The results of the study indicate that oestrogens without simultaneous mechanical influence on the urinary tract does not lead to dilatation of the pelvis or ureter. The results are illustrated graphically and are compared with the findings in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:151018", "title": "[Dose-effects of the contrast medium Iotroxinate on biliary excretion of contrast media during infusion cholegraphy (author's transl)].", "content": "In the anaesthetized pig we studied the influence of the dosage of the contrast medium Iotroxinate on the following parameters of bile secretion: bile flow, bile salt excretion, concentration, and excretion of Iotroxinate. The results demonstrate that high doses of Iotroxinate inhibit the bile salt independent fraction of bile flow in a dose-dependent manner, by analogy to organic anions like Rose Bengal, Indocyaningreen, Ioglycamite. The biliary concentration of Iotroxinate however increases slightly. That means, that high doses of Iotroxinate do not impair the quality of opacification of bile ducts in x-ray examinations, as the contrast medium concentration represents the decisive parameter for a valid cholegraphy.", "contents": "[Dose-effects of the contrast medium Iotroxinate on biliary excretion of contrast media during infusion cholegraphy (author's transl)]. In the anaesthetized pig we studied the influence of the dosage of the contrast medium Iotroxinate on the following parameters of bile secretion: bile flow, bile salt excretion, concentration, and excretion of Iotroxinate. The results demonstrate that high doses of Iotroxinate inhibit the bile salt independent fraction of bile flow in a dose-dependent manner, by analogy to organic anions like Rose Bengal, Indocyaningreen, Ioglycamite. The biliary concentration of Iotroxinate however increases slightly. That means, that high doses of Iotroxinate do not impair the quality of opacification of bile ducts in x-ray examinations, as the contrast medium concentration represents the decisive parameter for a valid cholegraphy."}
{"id": "PMID:151019", "title": "Topographic relation of portal vein to extrahepatic bile ducts. A combined portographic-cholangiographic study in 25 cadavers.", "content": "The extrahepatic course of both portal vein and bile ducts and their interrelation are analysed by simultaneous portography and cholangiography in 25 adult cadavers. The findings are correlated with the topographic anatomy in the porta hepatis, the hepatoduodenal ligament, and the duodeno-pancreatic region. Minor variations of the interspace between the bile ducts and the portal vein and superior mesenteric vein are demonstrated. The results of this investigation are discussed with respect to the clinical experience that carcinomas of the proximal part of the extrahepatic bile ducts often engage the bifurcation and the main stem of the portal vein, whereas the confluence of the portal vein and the superior mesenteric vein is more often affected by cancer of the head of the pancreas.", "contents": "Topographic relation of portal vein to extrahepatic bile ducts. A combined portographic-cholangiographic study in 25 cadavers. The extrahepatic course of both portal vein and bile ducts and their interrelation are analysed by simultaneous portography and cholangiography in 25 adult cadavers. The findings are correlated with the topographic anatomy in the porta hepatis, the hepatoduodenal ligament, and the duodeno-pancreatic region. Minor variations of the interspace between the bile ducts and the portal vein and superior mesenteric vein are demonstrated. The results of this investigation are discussed with respect to the clinical experience that carcinomas of the proximal part of the extrahepatic bile ducts often engage the bifurcation and the main stem of the portal vein, whereas the confluence of the portal vein and the superior mesenteric vein is more often affected by cancer of the head of the pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:151020", "title": "[The effect of urinary obstruction on the results of catheterless divided 131I hippuran clearance studies (author's transl)].", "content": "During catheterless renal 131I Hippuran clearance studies, the function of each kidney can be calculated from the area integral, which is derived from the total body curve and to segments of phase II of each nephrographic curve measured for 120 seconds after the injection. For this it is assumed that the course of this phase depends entirely on the function of the renal parenchyma and is not affected by other factors such as urinary obstruction. During investigations of obstructed kidneys, considerable discrepancies were found repeatedly between clearances calculated by this method and the operative findings of a paper thin renal parenchyma of the kidney in question. In two cases it has been shown for the first time that there is an unexpected and surprising change in phase II. It follows that urinary obstruction falsifies the results of 131I Hippuran clearance tests, leading to an overestimate of the function of the obstructed kidney.", "contents": "[The effect of urinary obstruction on the results of catheterless divided 131I hippuran clearance studies (author's transl)]. During catheterless renal 131I Hippuran clearance studies, the function of each kidney can be calculated from the area integral, which is derived from the total body curve and to segments of phase II of each nephrographic curve measured for 120 seconds after the injection. For this it is assumed that the course of this phase depends entirely on the function of the renal parenchyma and is not affected by other factors such as urinary obstruction. During investigations of obstructed kidneys, considerable discrepancies were found repeatedly between clearances calculated by this method and the operative findings of a paper thin renal parenchyma of the kidney in question. In two cases it has been shown for the first time that there is an unexpected and surprising change in phase II. It follows that urinary obstruction falsifies the results of 131I Hippuran clearance tests, leading to an overestimate of the function of the obstructed kidney."}
{"id": "PMID:151021", "title": "[Scintigraphic evidence of changes in liver shape following splenectomy (author's transl)].", "content": "It has been suggested in the literature that, following splenectomy, the shape and position of the liver become altered and that this may lead to errors in the interpretation of the liver scans. For this reason, liver scans before and after splenectomy were compared in 16 patients with Hodgkin's disease. No changes in shape or position of the liver were found which could be related to the splenectomy. However, the clinical features and treatment must be known to ensure correct interpretation.", "contents": "[Scintigraphic evidence of changes in liver shape following splenectomy (author's transl)]. It has been suggested in the literature that, following splenectomy, the shape and position of the liver become altered and that this may lead to errors in the interpretation of the liver scans. For this reason, liver scans before and after splenectomy were compared in 16 patients with Hodgkin's disease. No changes in shape or position of the liver were found which could be related to the splenectomy. However, the clinical features and treatment must be known to ensure correct interpretation."}
{"id": "PMID:151022", "title": "[Scintigraphy for doubtful vertebral fractures (author's transl)].", "content": "Fractures, particularly those of vertebral bodies, cannot always be demonstrated radiologically. The use of scintigraphy for this purpose is known but, in our opinion, this is not used sufficiently. Diagnosis of fractures by scintigraphy is almost 100% reliable. In the presence of degenerative changes in the spine, this is frequently the only method for differentiating between old and new fractures. By using the almost universally available substance 99mTc one has a cheap method with virtually no radiation dose. The earliest accumulation of 99mTc-MDP after fracture of a vertebral body was seen four hours after the trauma; absence of uptake three days after trauma excludes a fracture.", "contents": "[Scintigraphy for doubtful vertebral fractures (author's transl)]. Fractures, particularly those of vertebral bodies, cannot always be demonstrated radiologically. The use of scintigraphy for this purpose is known but, in our opinion, this is not used sufficiently. Diagnosis of fractures by scintigraphy is almost 100% reliable. In the presence of degenerative changes in the spine, this is frequently the only method for differentiating between old and new fractures. By using the almost universally available substance 99mTc one has a cheap method with virtually no radiation dose. The earliest accumulation of 99mTc-MDP after fracture of a vertebral body was seen four hours after the trauma; absence of uptake three days after trauma excludes a fracture."}
{"id": "PMID:151023", "title": "[Radiation dose to the finger during injection of short-lived radionucleids in nuclear medicine (author's transl)].", "content": "The increasing use of short-lived radionucleids has shifted much of the radiation from the patient to the personnel. The purpose of this investigation, therefore, was to ascertain the greatest possible radiation dose to the fingers during injection of short-lived radionucleids. Basis for radiation measurements were small ionisation chambers attached to plastic syringes filled with radio-active material. By examples of typical situations, it was shown that the legally permissable values for partial body exposure may be exceeded. The necessity for using screening of the syringes is stressed. A simple method for making screening cylinders out of Wood's metal is described.", "contents": "[Radiation dose to the finger during injection of short-lived radionucleids in nuclear medicine (author's transl)]. The increasing use of short-lived radionucleids has shifted much of the radiation from the patient to the personnel. The purpose of this investigation, therefore, was to ascertain the greatest possible radiation dose to the fingers during injection of short-lived radionucleids. Basis for radiation measurements were small ionisation chambers attached to plastic syringes filled with radio-active material. By examples of typical situations, it was shown that the legally permissable values for partial body exposure may be exceeded. The necessity for using screening of the syringes is stressed. A simple method for making screening cylinders out of Wood's metal is described."}
{"id": "PMID:151025", "title": "[Familial congenital radio-ulnar synostosis (author's transl)].", "content": "Radio-ulnar synostosis is a congenital bony union between radius and ulna, usually in the vicinity of the radial tuberosity. A family is described on whom this anomaly was inherited over three generations. The rare cases described in the literature were usually bilateral, in our family it was unilateral. The following aspects are discussed: the frequency of this condition, the anatomical localisation of the synostosis, their types, local soft tissue and other abnormalities, embrylogy and the hereditory pattern. Finally, methods of treatment are discussed briefly.", "contents": "[Familial congenital radio-ulnar synostosis (author's transl)]. Radio-ulnar synostosis is a congenital bony union between radius and ulna, usually in the vicinity of the radial tuberosity. A family is described on whom this anomaly was inherited over three generations. The rare cases described in the literature were usually bilateral, in our family it was unilateral. The following aspects are discussed: the frequency of this condition, the anatomical localisation of the synostosis, their types, local soft tissue and other abnormalities, embrylogy and the hereditory pattern. Finally, methods of treatment are discussed briefly."}
{"id": "PMID:151027", "title": "[Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis with intracranial stenosis of the internal carotid artery and orbito-sphenoidal bone dysplasia (author's transl)].", "content": "A patient with fibromatosis of the skull and a so-called \"parophthalmicus syndrome\" is described in whom there was hypoplasia and stenosis of the homolateral internal carotid artery and aplasia of the ophthalmic artery. The vascular changes in this phakomatosis are discussed. We suggest that the vascular changes in the carotid be included in the extended parophthalmicus syndrome.", "contents": "[Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis with intracranial stenosis of the internal carotid artery and orbito-sphenoidal bone dysplasia (author's transl)]. A patient with fibromatosis of the skull and a so-called \"parophthalmicus syndrome\" is described in whom there was hypoplasia and stenosis of the homolateral internal carotid artery and aplasia of the ophthalmic artery. The vascular changes in this phakomatosis are discussed. We suggest that the vascular changes in the carotid be included in the extended parophthalmicus syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:151028", "title": "[Computer tomography for TNM based radiation planning of urological tumours (author's transl].", "content": "From the extensive statistics concerning treatment results of urological tumours which are available from central tumour registers, a first draft of a treatment plan has been worked out, which is based on tumour spread. Since the extent of tumour invasion is documented by the TNM system of the UICC, one is justified in speaking of TNM orientated treatment planning. For planning it is necessary to consider not only tumour type and depth of infiltration of local tissues, but also the lymph node anatomy, whether the nodes are involved or not. Computer tomography assist significantly in the performance of such TNM orientated treatment planning, particularly in determining the extent of the volume to be irradiated, It must be stressed that computer tomography does not replace the use of simulators, but that it is a valuable addition. In our view, computer tomography has also an undoubted value in treatment planning of urological tumours where palliation only is the aim. It provides the possibility of checking the effect of the chosen treatment by a non-invasive diagnostic method.", "contents": "[Computer tomography for TNM based radiation planning of urological tumours (author's transl]. From the extensive statistics concerning treatment results of urological tumours which are available from central tumour registers, a first draft of a treatment plan has been worked out, which is based on tumour spread. Since the extent of tumour invasion is documented by the TNM system of the UICC, one is justified in speaking of TNM orientated treatment planning. For planning it is necessary to consider not only tumour type and depth of infiltration of local tissues, but also the lymph node anatomy, whether the nodes are involved or not. Computer tomography assist significantly in the performance of such TNM orientated treatment planning, particularly in determining the extent of the volume to be irradiated, It must be stressed that computer tomography does not replace the use of simulators, but that it is a valuable addition. In our view, computer tomography has also an undoubted value in treatment planning of urological tumours where palliation only is the aim. It provides the possibility of checking the effect of the chosen treatment by a non-invasive diagnostic method."}
{"id": "PMID:151029", "title": "[New intensifying screens in clinical radiology III: Screen-film combinations in mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "An industrial film was compared with four commercially available screen-film combinations with respect to dose, definition and signal to noise ratio. The demanded minimum resolving power requires definition of an object of 100 micrometer size. However, the defined minimum object sizes are approx. 180 micrometer with close-distance projection and approx. 240 micrometer with greater distance. In this study, therefore, the signal to noise ratios were measured at defined object sizes of 5 lp/mm and 2 lp/mm. The screen-film combinations have approximately the same values as the industrial film for a size of 250 micrometer (2 lp/mm) or are definitely higher. The signal to noise ratio of the Alpha M combination is superior by 50%, although the sensitivity of the combination is 4 to 6 times greater. The signal to noise ratio of the MinR system in 25% higher than that of the industrial film, the required dose being lower by a factor of 8. This results in skin doses of 0.7 rads instead of 6 rads with tissue layers of 4.8 cm thickness.", "contents": "[New intensifying screens in clinical radiology III: Screen-film combinations in mammography (author's transl)]. An industrial film was compared with four commercially available screen-film combinations with respect to dose, definition and signal to noise ratio. The demanded minimum resolving power requires definition of an object of 100 micrometer size. However, the defined minimum object sizes are approx. 180 micrometer with close-distance projection and approx. 240 micrometer with greater distance. In this study, therefore, the signal to noise ratios were measured at defined object sizes of 5 lp/mm and 2 lp/mm. The screen-film combinations have approximately the same values as the industrial film for a size of 250 micrometer (2 lp/mm) or are definitely higher. The signal to noise ratio of the Alpha M combination is superior by 50%, although the sensitivity of the combination is 4 to 6 times greater. The signal to noise ratio of the MinR system in 25% higher than that of the industrial film, the required dose being lower by a factor of 8. This results in skin doses of 0.7 rads instead of 6 rads with tissue layers of 4.8 cm thickness."}
{"id": "PMID:151039", "title": "[Computer tomographic demonstration of an intramuscular haematoma in haemophilia (author's transl)].", "content": "Anatomical localisation of intramuscular haematomas can be achieved more accurately by computer tomography than by clinical examination in conjunction with conventional radiography. Computer tomography is able to demonstrate fresh haematomas before they become diagnosable clinically, and before secondary changes, such as calcification or bone erosions, make them visible on conventional radiographs. In this way the diagnosis is made more certain and the choice between conservative or surgical treatment is simplified. Ther period of treatment with clotting factors can, in some cases, be shortened as a result of serial examinations by computer tomography.", "contents": "[Computer tomographic demonstration of an intramuscular haematoma in haemophilia (author's transl)]. Anatomical localisation of intramuscular haematomas can be achieved more accurately by computer tomography than by clinical examination in conjunction with conventional radiography. Computer tomography is able to demonstrate fresh haematomas before they become diagnosable clinically, and before secondary changes, such as calcification or bone erosions, make them visible on conventional radiographs. In this way the diagnosis is made more certain and the choice between conservative or surgical treatment is simplified. Ther period of treatment with clotting factors can, in some cases, be shortened as a result of serial examinations by computer tomography."}
{"id": "PMID:151040", "title": "[Ultrasound in gall bladder diagnosis (author's transl)].", "content": "An analysis of the ultrasound findings in 104 selected patients with suspected gall bladder disease showed a high accuracy of 92%. Limiting factors in the use of ultrasound are anatomical variations, high position of the gall bladder, which prevents demonstration of the gall bladder. The primary use of ultrasound is in the demonstration of radiologically invisible gall bladders. In our clinical material 58% had stones, with occlusion of the cystic duct as a cause, in 29% there was malignant disease in the porta hepatis, with evidence of bile obstruction amongst those patients in whom there was no radiological opacification of the gall bladder.", "contents": "[Ultrasound in gall bladder diagnosis (author's transl)]. An analysis of the ultrasound findings in 104 selected patients with suspected gall bladder disease showed a high accuracy of 92%. Limiting factors in the use of ultrasound are anatomical variations, high position of the gall bladder, which prevents demonstration of the gall bladder. The primary use of ultrasound is in the demonstration of radiologically invisible gall bladders. In our clinical material 58% had stones, with occlusion of the cystic duct as a cause, in 29% there was malignant disease in the porta hepatis, with evidence of bile obstruction amongst those patients in whom there was no radiological opacification of the gall bladder."}
{"id": "PMID:151041", "title": "[Percutaneous antegrade papillotomy. Preliminary experimental results and potential clinical use (author's transl)].", "content": "The possibility of percutaneous antegrade papillotomy under image intensifier control was investigated in eight dogs. It was successful in five animals. Successful papillotomy can be recognised radiologically and also by the feel of the catheter. The effect of papillotomy can be demonstrated by a fall of the pressure gradient existing between common bile duct and duodenum. The use of this method in patients is discussed.", "contents": "[Percutaneous antegrade papillotomy. Preliminary experimental results and potential clinical use (author's transl)]. The possibility of percutaneous antegrade papillotomy under image intensifier control was investigated in eight dogs. It was successful in five animals. Successful papillotomy can be recognised radiologically and also by the feel of the catheter. The effect of papillotomy can be demonstrated by a fall of the pressure gradient existing between common bile duct and duodenum. The use of this method in patients is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151042", "title": "[Emphysematous gastritis (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical and radiological features of emphysematous gastritis are described. This is a rare, but dangerous, disease of the stomach. The diagnosis is immediately obvious radiologically, particularly when one keeps the clinical findings in mind. The cause is assumed to be penetration of gas-forming organisms through a previously damaged gastric mucosa.", "contents": "[Emphysematous gastritis (author's transl)]. The clinical and radiological features of emphysematous gastritis are described. This is a rare, but dangerous, disease of the stomach. The diagnosis is immediately obvious radiologically, particularly when one keeps the clinical findings in mind. The cause is assumed to be penetration of gas-forming organisms through a previously damaged gastric mucosa."}
{"id": "PMID:151043", "title": "[Progressive pulmonary fibrosis due to combined treatment with BCNU, cyclophosphospahmide and cytosin-arabinoside (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients treated for acute leukaemia with BCNU, cyclophosphamide and cytosin-arabinoside are reported, in whom pulmonary fibrosis developed and progressed during therapy. The development of lung fibrosis during combined treatment, together with serological exclusion of other diseases known to be associated with pulmonary fibrosis, make a causal connection between the treatment and the fibrosis very probable.", "contents": "[Progressive pulmonary fibrosis due to combined treatment with BCNU, cyclophosphospahmide and cytosin-arabinoside (author's transl)]. Two patients treated for acute leukaemia with BCNU, cyclophosphamide and cytosin-arabinoside are reported, in whom pulmonary fibrosis developed and progressed during therapy. The development of lung fibrosis during combined treatment, together with serological exclusion of other diseases known to be associated with pulmonary fibrosis, make a causal connection between the treatment and the fibrosis very probable."}
{"id": "PMID:151044", "title": "[Functional scintigraphy during contraction of the left ventricle. III. Findings in patients with coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Left ventricular volume curves were measured by a noninvasive technique after equilibration of 99m TC human serum albumin in 27 patients with angiographically proven coronary heart disease. Compared with normals, patients with coronary insufficiency showed a significant reduction in the ejection fraction and of maximal emptying and filling times of the left ventricle during rest. In mildly affected patients with normal ejection fractions, maximal filling was already reduced in keeping with the well known loss of compliance of the left ventricle due to coronary disease.", "contents": "[Functional scintigraphy during contraction of the left ventricle. III. Findings in patients with coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. Left ventricular volume curves were measured by a noninvasive technique after equilibration of 99m TC human serum albumin in 27 patients with angiographically proven coronary heart disease. Compared with normals, patients with coronary insufficiency showed a significant reduction in the ejection fraction and of maximal emptying and filling times of the left ventricle during rest. In mildly affected patients with normal ejection fractions, maximal filling was already reduced in keeping with the well known loss of compliance of the left ventricle due to coronary disease."}
{"id": "PMID:151045", "title": "[Mural thrombus in the left ventricle. Frequency and radiological appearances (author's transl)].", "content": "Two hundred angiocardiograms were analysed. Twenty-two patients had mural intraventricular thrombi. The radiological appearances are described. Systemic emboli occurred in four patients. Elucidation of the source of emboli following the demonstration of peripheral embolic occlusions by means of an angiocardiogram of the left ventricle is not difficult and should be performed as an additional examination.", "contents": "[Mural thrombus in the left ventricle. Frequency and radiological appearances (author's transl)]. Two hundred angiocardiograms were analysed. Twenty-two patients had mural intraventricular thrombi. The radiological appearances are described. Systemic emboli occurred in four patients. Elucidation of the source of emboli following the demonstration of peripheral embolic occlusions by means of an angiocardiogram of the left ventricle is not difficult and should be performed as an additional examination."}
{"id": "PMID:151046", "title": "[The angiographic and morphologic features of angiomyolipoma of the kidney (author's transl)].", "content": "The angiographic and morphologic findings of angiomyolipomas of the kidney are described in three patients. These benign tumours contain three types of vessel in addition to fat and smooth muscle. One vessel type is thick-walled with fibrosis of its walls and no internal elastic lamina. The second type consists of sinuses with considerable variations in calibre. The third type resembles capillaries and is found in the muscular parts of the tumour. Because of the abnormal structure of their walls, these vessels are easily damaged and may cause massive bleeding.", "contents": "[The angiographic and morphologic features of angiomyolipoma of the kidney (author's transl)]. The angiographic and morphologic findings of angiomyolipomas of the kidney are described in three patients. These benign tumours contain three types of vessel in addition to fat and smooth muscle. One vessel type is thick-walled with fibrosis of its walls and no internal elastic lamina. The second type consists of sinuses with considerable variations in calibre. The third type resembles capillaries and is found in the muscular parts of the tumour. Because of the abnormal structure of their walls, these vessels are easily damaged and may cause massive bleeding."}
{"id": "PMID:151047", "title": "[The differential projection index as a sign of metastases in lymph nodes (author's transl)].", "content": "Five hundred and fourty-four lymph nodes seen in 107 lymphograms were examined at operation and histologically. According to our findings the differential projection index (Px) of Wiljasalo has a high degree of accuracy. The index is calculated from the maximal (a) and minimal (b) diameter of the node in various projections, expressed as a percentage formula: see text. Even considering technical sources of error, such as varying degrees of magnification of lymph nodes on oblique projections, the accuracy of the index is very high at 80%. It can be considered as the most accurate sign of metastases during lymphography.", "contents": "[The differential projection index as a sign of metastases in lymph nodes (author's transl)]. Five hundred and fourty-four lymph nodes seen in 107 lymphograms were examined at operation and histologically. According to our findings the differential projection index (Px) of Wiljasalo has a high degree of accuracy. The index is calculated from the maximal (a) and minimal (b) diameter of the node in various projections, expressed as a percentage formula: see text. Even considering technical sources of error, such as varying degrees of magnification of lymph nodes on oblique projections, the accuracy of the index is very high at 80%. It can be considered as the most accurate sign of metastases during lymphography."}
{"id": "PMID:151048", "title": "[Xerography in the facio-maxillary region (author's transl)].", "content": "The basis and characteristics of xerography, which was introduced into medicine in 1971 for examining bones and soft tissues, are described. The advantages and disadvantages as compared with conventional film techniques are mentioned. The application of xeroradiography in the facio-maxillary region is discussed in relation to our own experience.", "contents": "[Xerography in the facio-maxillary region (author's transl)]. The basis and characteristics of xerography, which was introduced into medicine in 1971 for examining bones and soft tissues, are described. The advantages and disadvantages as compared with conventional film techniques are mentioned. The application of xeroradiography in the facio-maxillary region is discussed in relation to our own experience."}
{"id": "PMID:151049", "title": "[The radiological findings in septic Candida arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "There are very few reports of bacteriologically proven Candida arthritis. With the increasing number of cases of immune deficient infants being treated now, one must expect an increase in frequency of fungus infections, including Candida arthritis. We have observed three cases of fungus arthritis in infants with reduced resistance. The radiological changes were indistinguishable from bacterial arthritides. During the acute phase the accumulation of pus and exudate showed widening of the joint space on the radiograph, with increase of the peri-articular soft tissues. In two patients a central bone abscess was seen in the metaphysis which later showed a sclerotic margin. In one patient with a gonarthritis there was complete healing, but in two fungus infections of the hip there was persistent late demage. One patient developed a deformed hip joint with subluxation, which had to be treated surgically after ineffective medical treatment. In the other case there was considerable flattening of the femoral head.", "contents": "[The radiological findings in septic Candida arthritis (author's transl)]. There are very few reports of bacteriologically proven Candida arthritis. With the increasing number of cases of immune deficient infants being treated now, one must expect an increase in frequency of fungus infections, including Candida arthritis. We have observed three cases of fungus arthritis in infants with reduced resistance. The radiological changes were indistinguishable from bacterial arthritides. During the acute phase the accumulation of pus and exudate showed widening of the joint space on the radiograph, with increase of the peri-articular soft tissues. In two patients a central bone abscess was seen in the metaphysis which later showed a sclerotic margin. In one patient with a gonarthritis there was complete healing, but in two fungus infections of the hip there was persistent late demage. One patient developed a deformed hip joint with subluxation, which had to be treated surgically after ineffective medical treatment. In the other case there was considerable flattening of the femoral head."}
{"id": "PMID:151050", "title": "[The coincidence of Paget's disease and an immunoblastic sarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "Malignant change is to be expected in about 1% of patients with Paget's disease. Usually these are osteosarcomas. Fibrosarcomas, benign and malignant giant cell tumours and chondrosarcomas are less common. The present case concerns the development of an immunoblastic sarcoma in the humerus, which was affected by Paget's disease. Only one other similar case is recorded in the literature. Other myelogenous tumours, such as plasmocytomas, are very rare in association with Paget's disease. Consequently there is no evidence for a causal connection between Paget's disease to these tumours, whereas sarcomas arising from bine tissue may be regarded as a form of malignant degeneration of Paget's disease.", "contents": "[The coincidence of Paget's disease and an immunoblastic sarcoma (author's transl)]. Malignant change is to be expected in about 1% of patients with Paget's disease. Usually these are osteosarcomas. Fibrosarcomas, benign and malignant giant cell tumours and chondrosarcomas are less common. The present case concerns the development of an immunoblastic sarcoma in the humerus, which was affected by Paget's disease. Only one other similar case is recorded in the literature. Other myelogenous tumours, such as plasmocytomas, are very rare in association with Paget's disease. Consequently there is no evidence for a causal connection between Paget's disease to these tumours, whereas sarcomas arising from bine tissue may be regarded as a form of malignant degeneration of Paget's disease."}
{"id": "PMID:151051", "title": "[Non-traumatic myositis ossificans circumscripta (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical, pathological and radiological features and the differential diagnosis of the very rare condition of non-traumatic myositis ossificans circumscripta are illustrated by one patient. The characteristic radiological appearances make a correct diagnosis of this localised, non-malignant process possible.", "contents": "[Non-traumatic myositis ossificans circumscripta (author's transl)]. The clinical, pathological and radiological features and the differential diagnosis of the very rare condition of non-traumatic myositis ossificans circumscripta are illustrated by one patient. The characteristic radiological appearances make a correct diagnosis of this localised, non-malignant process possible."}
{"id": "PMID:151052", "title": "[Discoid meniscus (author's transl)].", "content": "The discoid meniscus is a developmental varient which can produce symptoms resembling those of a meniscus lesion. Two cases are described and the literature is reviewed. The clinical features, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of discoid meniscus is discussed.", "contents": "[Discoid meniscus (author's transl)]. The discoid meniscus is a developmental varient which can produce symptoms resembling those of a meniscus lesion. Two cases are described and the literature is reviewed. The clinical features, diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment of discoid meniscus is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151053", "title": "[Kaposi sarcoma of the breast with osseous and pulmonary involvement (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report on a rare case of a Kaposi-Sarcoma of the mamma with osseous and pulmonary participation. The angiographic findings of a Kaposi-Sarcoma of the right mamma is demonstrated.", "contents": "[Kaposi sarcoma of the breast with osseous and pulmonary involvement (author's transl)]. The authors report on a rare case of a Kaposi-Sarcoma of the mamma with osseous and pulmonary participation. The angiographic findings of a Kaposi-Sarcoma of the right mamma is demonstrated."}
{"id": "PMID:151054", "title": "[Radiological changes following mammoplasty (author's transl)].", "content": "We describe the radiological changes in 16 female patients following mammoplasty and demonstrate that calcification and solitary dense shadows are a cause of difficulty in the differential diagnosis of carcinomas.", "contents": "[Radiological changes following mammoplasty (author's transl)]. We describe the radiological changes in 16 female patients following mammoplasty and demonstrate that calcification and solitary dense shadows are a cause of difficulty in the differential diagnosis of carcinomas."}
{"id": "PMID:151055", "title": "[Phantom experiments and early clinical experience with a mammogram apparatus using a grid (author's transl)].", "content": "The effect of a grid on film quality and dose was investigated in a newly developed mammographic apparatus (Mammo Diagnost U--C. H. F. M\u00fcller). It was shown that available film-screen combinations used with a grid produced practically the same picture quality as Definix Medical used without screen or grid. Although the dose required is almost doubled by the use of the grid, the latter, nevertheless, produces a reduction of surface dose to about a quarter (4 cm. plexiglass phantom). Using a film-screen combination not at present commercially available, there was some improvement in the demonstration of microcalcification, but the improvement resulted in an increase in the required radiation dose.", "contents": "[Phantom experiments and early clinical experience with a mammogram apparatus using a grid (author's transl)]. The effect of a grid on film quality and dose was investigated in a newly developed mammographic apparatus (Mammo Diagnost U--C. H. F. M\u00fcller). It was shown that available film-screen combinations used with a grid produced practically the same picture quality as Definix Medical used without screen or grid. Although the dose required is almost doubled by the use of the grid, the latter, nevertheless, produces a reduction of surface dose to about a quarter (4 cm. plexiglass phantom). Using a film-screen combination not at present commercially available, there was some improvement in the demonstration of microcalcification, but the improvement resulted in an increase in the required radiation dose."}
{"id": "PMID:151056", "title": "[Radiation dose during mammography using various recording systems (author's transl)].", "content": "Patient dose during mammography for various recording systems, such as films, film-screen combination and xeromammography was measured by thermoluminescent densitometers. In the first set of experiments we measured dose per exposure, in a second set total surface dose at five points on the breast, using the following combinations: a) Two industrial film exposures and one xeromammographic exposure. b) two film-screen exposures and one xeromammographic exposure. c) One industrial film and two xeromammographic exposures.", "contents": "[Radiation dose during mammography using various recording systems (author's transl)]. Patient dose during mammography for various recording systems, such as films, film-screen combination and xeromammography was measured by thermoluminescent densitometers. In the first set of experiments we measured dose per exposure, in a second set total surface dose at five points on the breast, using the following combinations: a) Two industrial film exposures and one xeromammographic exposure. b) two film-screen exposures and one xeromammographic exposure. c) One industrial film and two xeromammographic exposures."}
{"id": "PMID:151081", "title": "Encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies in a specific-pathogen-free rabbit unit.", "content": "We describe our discovery of Encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies in a specific-pathogen-free rabbit colony. Small-sized samples had failed to reveal the presence of infection with a prevalence of about 5%. Using an India ink immunoreaction test by which we were able to visualize both negative and positive reactions, we were able to undertake a 100% screen of the colony of more than 700 rabbits and to repeat this 4 weeks later when we had culled the positive reactors. By collating the results of those tests with the results of tests on previously collected samples, we have been able to discuss and observe age and sex susceptibilities and the mode of transmission of the naturally occurring disease.", "contents": "Encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies in a specific-pathogen-free rabbit unit. We describe our discovery of Encephalitozoon cuniculi antibodies in a specific-pathogen-free rabbit colony. Small-sized samples had failed to reveal the presence of infection with a prevalence of about 5%. Using an India ink immunoreaction test by which we were able to visualize both negative and positive reactions, we were able to undertake a 100% screen of the colony of more than 700 rabbits and to repeat this 4 weeks later when we had culled the positive reactors. By collating the results of those tests with the results of tests on previously collected samples, we have been able to discuss and observe age and sex susceptibilities and the mode of transmission of the naturally occurring disease."}
{"id": "PMID:151082", "title": "Growth regulation in X-irradiated mouse skin; the possible role of chalones.", "content": "Extracts of hairless mouse skin were tested for their content of epidermal G1 inhibitor and G2 inhibitor at daily intervals after X-irradiation with 4 500 or 2 250 rad. After either dose the skin extracts lacked G1 inhibitory activity on days 5 and 6 respectively after irradiation. This coincided with the time when the epidermal mitotic rate again became normal and started a period of over-shoot. The time interval of 5-6 days corresponds to the turnover time of the differentiating cells in hairless mouse back epidermis. The findings indicate that the proliferating cells in epidermis can respond to changes in local chalone concentration, even after X-irradiation at the tested doses, and that the irradiated epidermal cell population still retains some important properties inherent in a cybernetically regulated system. The local G2-inhibitory activity also varied after irradiation, but these variations could not be directly related to the corresponding mitotic rates.", "contents": "Growth regulation in X-irradiated mouse skin; the possible role of chalones. Extracts of hairless mouse skin were tested for their content of epidermal G1 inhibitor and G2 inhibitor at daily intervals after X-irradiation with 4 500 or 2 250 rad. After either dose the skin extracts lacked G1 inhibitory activity on days 5 and 6 respectively after irradiation. This coincided with the time when the epidermal mitotic rate again became normal and started a period of over-shoot. The time interval of 5-6 days corresponds to the turnover time of the differentiating cells in hairless mouse back epidermis. The findings indicate that the proliferating cells in epidermis can respond to changes in local chalone concentration, even after X-irradiation at the tested doses, and that the irradiated epidermal cell population still retains some important properties inherent in a cybernetically regulated system. The local G2-inhibitory activity also varied after irradiation, but these variations could not be directly related to the corresponding mitotic rates."}
{"id": "PMID:151084", "title": "Conduit and renal pelvic pressures after ileal and colonic urinary diversion in dogs.", "content": "In dogs pressures in the renal pelvis and the conduit were studied in nine ileal conduit urinary diversions with refluxing ureteroileal anastomosis and in seven colonic conduit urinary diversions with antireflux ureterocolonic anastomosis. In the non-diuretic state, increased pressure waves in the non-stomal obstructed ileal conduit were not transmitted to the renal pelvis. With diuresis, higher renal pelvic pressures were noted with both ileal conduit and the colonic conduit. With complete stomal obstruction in the ileal conduit, pressure waves in the conduit were readily transmitted to the renal pelvis. This was not present in the colonic conduits with the antireflux anastomosis.", "contents": "Conduit and renal pelvic pressures after ileal and colonic urinary diversion in dogs. In dogs pressures in the renal pelvis and the conduit were studied in nine ileal conduit urinary diversions with refluxing ureteroileal anastomosis and in seven colonic conduit urinary diversions with antireflux ureterocolonic anastomosis. In the non-diuretic state, increased pressure waves in the non-stomal obstructed ileal conduit were not transmitted to the renal pelvis. With diuresis, higher renal pelvic pressures were noted with both ileal conduit and the colonic conduit. With complete stomal obstruction in the ileal conduit, pressure waves in the conduit were readily transmitted to the renal pelvis. This was not present in the colonic conduits with the antireflux anastomosis."}
{"id": "PMID:151085", "title": "A cystostomy cannula for dogs.", "content": "A practical, durable cystostomy cannula for the collection of urine samples for prolonged periods in awake dogs with intact bladder or hemibladder has been devised. The specifications, method of implantation, complications, and results of its use in nine dogs are described.", "contents": "A cystostomy cannula for dogs. A practical, durable cystostomy cannula for the collection of urine samples for prolonged periods in awake dogs with intact bladder or hemibladder has been devised. The specifications, method of implantation, complications, and results of its use in nine dogs are described."}
{"id": "PMID:151088", "title": "Thickness measurements of skeletal muscle sections using the light microscope.", "content": "A new device is described for improving the accuracy of measuring the thickness of cryostat sections by the focusing technique in the light microscope. The necessity of such measurements is demonstrated by the great variation (range 2.55 micrometer--11.93 micrometer) in the thickness of serial cross-sections of frozen muscle biopsies from 12 healthy men. The final dehydration of the sections was found to reduce the thickenss of fresh sections by 47%. However, dehydration caused the cross-sectional area to be reduced by only 2.8%.", "contents": "Thickness measurements of skeletal muscle sections using the light microscope. A new device is described for improving the accuracy of measuring the thickness of cryostat sections by the focusing technique in the light microscope. The necessity of such measurements is demonstrated by the great variation (range 2.55 micrometer--11.93 micrometer) in the thickness of serial cross-sections of frozen muscle biopsies from 12 healthy men. The final dehydration of the sections was found to reduce the thickenss of fresh sections by 47%. However, dehydration caused the cross-sectional area to be reduced by only 2.8%."}
{"id": "PMID:151095", "title": "Nutritional requirements of anaerobic coryneforms.", "content": "The nutritional requirements of three species of anaerobic coryneforms and their serotypes (Propionibacterium acnes types I and II, P. avidum types I and II, and P. granulosum) were determined. Strains of P. avidum would consistently grow to a transmittance of 1 to 3% at 560 nm in a basal salts medium supplemented with glucose, pantothenate, biotin, thiamine, and 12 amino acids (alanine, arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). Strains of P. acnes and P. granulosum, however, failed to grow in this medium unless six additional amino acids were present (asparagine, leucine, lysine, proline, threonine, and valine). All three species grew equally well whether the 18 amino acids were supplied in the form of a casein hydrolysate supplemented with tryptophan or were added separately. Nicotinamide enhanced growth of P. acnes but had no effect on growth of P. avidum and P. granulosum. Other nutrients which were not absolute requirements, but which significantly improved growth of these species, included the purines guanine and/or adenine, Tween 80, which served as a source of oleic acid, sodium L-lactate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and pyruvate. Strains (86) comprising all five groups grew well in the defined medium, except four strains of P. acnes type II (29 tested), which failed to grow unless heme and vitamin K were added to the medium. One strain of P. granulosum (22 tested) failed to grow in any defined medium, suggesting an additional growth factor requirement.", "contents": "Nutritional requirements of anaerobic coryneforms. The nutritional requirements of three species of anaerobic coryneforms and their serotypes (Propionibacterium acnes types I and II, P. avidum types I and II, and P. granulosum) were determined. Strains of P. avidum would consistently grow to a transmittance of 1 to 3% at 560 nm in a basal salts medium supplemented with glucose, pantothenate, biotin, thiamine, and 12 amino acids (alanine, arginine, cysteine, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, serine, tyrosine, and tryptophan). Strains of P. acnes and P. granulosum, however, failed to grow in this medium unless six additional amino acids were present (asparagine, leucine, lysine, proline, threonine, and valine). All three species grew equally well whether the 18 amino acids were supplied in the form of a casein hydrolysate supplemented with tryptophan or were added separately. Nicotinamide enhanced growth of P. acnes but had no effect on growth of P. avidum and P. granulosum. Other nutrients which were not absolute requirements, but which significantly improved growth of these species, included the purines guanine and/or adenine, Tween 80, which served as a source of oleic acid, sodium L-lactate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and pyruvate. Strains (86) comprising all five groups grew well in the defined medium, except four strains of P. acnes type II (29 tested), which failed to grow unless heme and vitamin K were added to the medium. One strain of P. granulosum (22 tested) failed to grow in any defined medium, suggesting an additional growth factor requirement."}
{"id": "PMID:151096", "title": "Correlation of enzymatic activity and thermal resistance with hydration state in ungerminated Neurospora conidia.", "content": "Ungerminated Neurospora crassa conidia were incubated at 0, 50, and 100% relative humidity, giving rise to conidia in dry, quasi-dry, and wet hydration states, respectively. Metabolic activity was detected by monitoring levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and the soluble-amino acid pools as a function of incubation time. Wet conidia (approximately 65% water content) exhibited significant metabolic activity as evidenced by: (i) reduction of GSSG to GSH, (ii) degradation of GSH, and (iii) changes in the pool sizes of certain amino acids. GSSG accumulated slowly in dry conidia (less than 5% water content) and more rapidly in quasi-dry conidia (approximately 13% water content), indicating that enzymatic reduction of GSSG is inactive in these states. Longevity and thermal resistance were high for dry conidia and low for wet conidia, but were not influenced by variation in GSSG content. The water content of conidia exhibited a hysteresis effect in that at a given relative humidity previously dried conidia attained a lower water content than freshly harvested conidia.", "contents": "Correlation of enzymatic activity and thermal resistance with hydration state in ungerminated Neurospora conidia. Ungerminated Neurospora crassa conidia were incubated at 0, 50, and 100% relative humidity, giving rise to conidia in dry, quasi-dry, and wet hydration states, respectively. Metabolic activity was detected by monitoring levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), oxidized glutathione (GSSG), and the soluble-amino acid pools as a function of incubation time. Wet conidia (approximately 65% water content) exhibited significant metabolic activity as evidenced by: (i) reduction of GSSG to GSH, (ii) degradation of GSH, and (iii) changes in the pool sizes of certain amino acids. GSSG accumulated slowly in dry conidia (less than 5% water content) and more rapidly in quasi-dry conidia (approximately 13% water content), indicating that enzymatic reduction of GSSG is inactive in these states. Longevity and thermal resistance were high for dry conidia and low for wet conidia, but were not influenced by variation in GSSG content. The water content of conidia exhibited a hysteresis effect in that at a given relative humidity previously dried conidia attained a lower water content than freshly harvested conidia."}
{"id": "PMID:151097", "title": "Constitutive expression of the iron-enterochelin and ferrichrome uptake systems in a mutant strain of Salmonella typhimurium.", "content": "Two high-affinity iron uptake systems are known in Salmonella typhimurium, one utilizing iron-enterochelin and the other utilizing ferrichrome. It has been shown previously that expression of several elements of the iron-enterochelin uptake system are regulated by the iron content of the medium, with growth in high-iron medium resulting in repression of enzymes of enterochelin synthesis and degradation and of the ability of whole cells to take up iron-enterochelin. In this study we describe a mutant strain in which growth in high-iron medium was associated with constitutive expression of: (i) iron-enterochelin uptake by whole cells; (ii) ferrichrome uptake by whole cells; (iii) synthesis of enterochelin; (iv) intracellular degradation of iron-enterochelin; and (v) synthesis of three major outer membrane proteins (OM1, OM2, and OM3). In contrast, in the wild-type strain these properties were expressed only after growth in iron-deficient medium. It is proposed that the mutation affects a gene responsible for regulating expression of the structural genes for the components of the high-affinity iron uptake systems. The term fur, for iron (Fe) uptake regulation, is suggested for this new class of mutant.", "contents": "Constitutive expression of the iron-enterochelin and ferrichrome uptake systems in a mutant strain of Salmonella typhimurium. Two high-affinity iron uptake systems are known in Salmonella typhimurium, one utilizing iron-enterochelin and the other utilizing ferrichrome. It has been shown previously that expression of several elements of the iron-enterochelin uptake system are regulated by the iron content of the medium, with growth in high-iron medium resulting in repression of enzymes of enterochelin synthesis and degradation and of the ability of whole cells to take up iron-enterochelin. In this study we describe a mutant strain in which growth in high-iron medium was associated with constitutive expression of: (i) iron-enterochelin uptake by whole cells; (ii) ferrichrome uptake by whole cells; (iii) synthesis of enterochelin; (iv) intracellular degradation of iron-enterochelin; and (v) synthesis of three major outer membrane proteins (OM1, OM2, and OM3). In contrast, in the wild-type strain these properties were expressed only after growth in iron-deficient medium. It is proposed that the mutation affects a gene responsible for regulating expression of the structural genes for the components of the high-affinity iron uptake systems. The term fur, for iron (Fe) uptake regulation, is suggested for this new class of mutant."}
{"id": "PMID:151099", "title": "Solubilization by lysolecithin and purification of the plasma membrane ATPase of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe.", "content": "Purified plasma membranes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were obtained by precipitation at pH 5.2 of a crude particulate fraction, followed by differential centrifugations and isopycnic centrifugation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The specific activity of the Mg2+-requiring plasma membrane ATPase activity (EC 3.6.1.3) was enriched from 0.3 mumol min-1 x mg-1 of protein in the homogenate to 26 in the purified membranes. The optimal conditions for solubilization of the ATPase activity by lysolecithin were found to be: 2 mg/ml of lysolecithin, a lysolecithin to protein ratio of 8 at pH 7.5, and 15 degrees C in the presence of 1 mM ATP and 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. A 6- to 7-fold purification of the solubilized ATPase activity was obtained by centrifugation of the lysolecithin extract in sucrose gradient. Part of the ATPase activity which was inactivated during the centrifugation in the sucrose gradient could be restored by addition of a micellar solution of 50 microgram of lysolecithin/ml during the assay. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate of the purified enzyme showed only one band of Mr = 105,000 stained with Coomassie blue. Another ATPase component of apparent molecular weight lower than 10,000 was stained by periodic Schiff reagent but not colored by Coomassie blue. The purified enzyme was 85% inhibited by 50 micrometer N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 94% inhibited by 53 microgram of Dio-9/ml.", "contents": "Solubilization by lysolecithin and purification of the plasma membrane ATPase of the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Purified plasma membranes of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were obtained by precipitation at pH 5.2 of a crude particulate fraction, followed by differential centrifugations and isopycnic centrifugation in a discontinuous sucrose gradient. The specific activity of the Mg2+-requiring plasma membrane ATPase activity (EC 3.6.1.3) was enriched from 0.3 mumol min-1 x mg-1 of protein in the homogenate to 26 in the purified membranes. The optimal conditions for solubilization of the ATPase activity by lysolecithin were found to be: 2 mg/ml of lysolecithin, a lysolecithin to protein ratio of 8 at pH 7.5, and 15 degrees C in the presence of 1 mM ATP and 1 mM ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. A 6- to 7-fold purification of the solubilized ATPase activity was obtained by centrifugation of the lysolecithin extract in sucrose gradient. Part of the ATPase activity which was inactivated during the centrifugation in the sucrose gradient could be restored by addition of a micellar solution of 50 microgram of lysolecithin/ml during the assay. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate of the purified enzyme showed only one band of Mr = 105,000 stained with Coomassie blue. Another ATPase component of apparent molecular weight lower than 10,000 was stained by periodic Schiff reagent but not colored by Coomassie blue. The purified enzyme was 85% inhibited by 50 micrometer N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 94% inhibited by 53 microgram of Dio-9/ml."}
{"id": "PMID:151100", "title": "Enzymatically active Ca2+ ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, solubilized by nonionic detergents. Role of lipid for aggregation of the protein.", "content": "The present study provides data on the properties of Ca2+-dependent Atpase of sarcoplasmic reticulum in states intermediary between the fully detergent-solubilized and vesicular form. After solubilization of ATPase vesicles by dodecyloctaoxyethylene glycol monoether (C12E8), the protein is mainly present as a monomer exhibiting enzymatic activity. Gel chromatography in presence or absence of Tween 80 gives rise to formation of oligomers of various size and smaller amounts of monomeric ATPase. Only the oligomeric species retain enzymatic activity (half-life, 3 to 4 days), while the gel chromatographic monomer is enzymatically inactive. Teteramers or trimers of ATPase, containing approximately 22 mol of phospholipid/mol of ATPase, are the smallest enzymatically active units after gel chromatography. Formation of larger sized particles and vesicles of ATPase appears to depend on the presence of sufficient lipid to make a cohesion between the tetrameric or trimeric units. The protein appears to be partially deaggregated by a relatively high Tween 80 concentration in the eluant (0.5 mg/ml) and under these conditions, phospholipid binding is reduced to a low level (approximately 11 mol/mol of protein). The data indicate that any bonds between ATPase polypeptide chains are easily disrupted by detergent and that lipid also may play a role in mediating contact between individual polypeptide chains in the tetrameric or trimeric units. Phospholipid analysis and exchange experiments indicate that the phospholipid left on ATPase after solubilization has a similar composition to that of the whole membrane. The binding of Tween 80 by soluble ATPase above the critical micellar concentration is 0.23 to 0.29 g/g of protein. The inactive monomer of ATPase binds phospholipid and Tween 80 to about the same extent, but has a slightly different circular dichroism spectrum, than oligomeric ATPase.", "contents": "Enzymatically active Ca2+ ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes, solubilized by nonionic detergents. Role of lipid for aggregation of the protein. The present study provides data on the properties of Ca2+-dependent Atpase of sarcoplasmic reticulum in states intermediary between the fully detergent-solubilized and vesicular form. After solubilization of ATPase vesicles by dodecyloctaoxyethylene glycol monoether (C12E8), the protein is mainly present as a monomer exhibiting enzymatic activity. Gel chromatography in presence or absence of Tween 80 gives rise to formation of oligomers of various size and smaller amounts of monomeric ATPase. Only the oligomeric species retain enzymatic activity (half-life, 3 to 4 days), while the gel chromatographic monomer is enzymatically inactive. Teteramers or trimers of ATPase, containing approximately 22 mol of phospholipid/mol of ATPase, are the smallest enzymatically active units after gel chromatography. Formation of larger sized particles and vesicles of ATPase appears to depend on the presence of sufficient lipid to make a cohesion between the tetrameric or trimeric units. The protein appears to be partially deaggregated by a relatively high Tween 80 concentration in the eluant (0.5 mg/ml) and under these conditions, phospholipid binding is reduced to a low level (approximately 11 mol/mol of protein). The data indicate that any bonds between ATPase polypeptide chains are easily disrupted by detergent and that lipid also may play a role in mediating contact between individual polypeptide chains in the tetrameric or trimeric units. Phospholipid analysis and exchange experiments indicate that the phospholipid left on ATPase after solubilization has a similar composition to that of the whole membrane. The binding of Tween 80 by soluble ATPase above the critical micellar concentration is 0.23 to 0.29 g/g of protein. The inactive monomer of ATPase binds phospholipid and Tween 80 to about the same extent, but has a slightly different circular dichroism spectrum, than oligomeric ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:151101", "title": "Increased production and expression of tissue thromboplastin-like procoagulant activity in vitro by allogeneically stimulated human leukocytes.", "content": "Intravascular coagulation, thrombosis, and fibrin deposition often produce tissue damage in allogeneic inflammatory reactions such as allograft rejection. The mechanisms which initiate blood clotting in these reactions are poorly understood. We find that allogeneic stimulation of human leukocytes in vitro increases production and expression of tissue thromboplastin-like activity. In our experiments mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) of cells from allogeneic (unrelated) donors produced and expressed more procoagulant activity than control cultures of cells from each donor alone. After 7 days, allogeneic MLC had 5- to 50-fold more total procoagulant activity than controls, as shown by assaying lysed whole cultures. Additionally, allogeneic MLC had 8- to 240-fold more procoagulant activity expressed on leukocyte surfaces and in culture supernates than controls after 7 days, as shown by assaying intact whole cultures and cell-free supernates. These increases were largely accounted for by gains in the amounts of procoagulant activity produced and expressed per cell in MLC as compared to controls. Controls and MLC produced and expressed considerable amounts of procoagulant activity during the 1st day of culture, and there were no differential effects of allogeneic stimulation on day 1. However, after day 1, the total amount of procoagulant activity produced and the amount expressed declined steadily in controls, nearly reaching preculture levels by day 7. In contrast, the total amount of procoagulant activity in allogeneic MLC remained high, and the amount of activity expressed on cell surfaces and in supernates increased severalfold by day 7. MLC of syngeneic (identical twin) cells produced and expressed the same amount of activity as controls over a 7-day period, whereas MLC of cells from each twin and an allogeneic donor produced and expressed more activity than controls (at least 9- and 35-fold more, respectively). Thus, increases of procoagulant activity production and expression were found only in MLC of genetically dissimilar cells. Therefore, these increases must have resulted from allogeneic stimulation.", "contents": "Increased production and expression of tissue thromboplastin-like procoagulant activity in vitro by allogeneically stimulated human leukocytes. Intravascular coagulation, thrombosis, and fibrin deposition often produce tissue damage in allogeneic inflammatory reactions such as allograft rejection. The mechanisms which initiate blood clotting in these reactions are poorly understood. We find that allogeneic stimulation of human leukocytes in vitro increases production and expression of tissue thromboplastin-like activity. In our experiments mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC) of cells from allogeneic (unrelated) donors produced and expressed more procoagulant activity than control cultures of cells from each donor alone. After 7 days, allogeneic MLC had 5- to 50-fold more total procoagulant activity than controls, as shown by assaying lysed whole cultures. Additionally, allogeneic MLC had 8- to 240-fold more procoagulant activity expressed on leukocyte surfaces and in culture supernates than controls after 7 days, as shown by assaying intact whole cultures and cell-free supernates. These increases were largely accounted for by gains in the amounts of procoagulant activity produced and expressed per cell in MLC as compared to controls. Controls and MLC produced and expressed considerable amounts of procoagulant activity during the 1st day of culture, and there were no differential effects of allogeneic stimulation on day 1. However, after day 1, the total amount of procoagulant activity produced and the amount expressed declined steadily in controls, nearly reaching preculture levels by day 7. In contrast, the total amount of procoagulant activity in allogeneic MLC remained high, and the amount of activity expressed on cell surfaces and in supernates increased severalfold by day 7. MLC of syngeneic (identical twin) cells produced and expressed the same amount of activity as controls over a 7-day period, whereas MLC of cells from each twin and an allogeneic donor produced and expressed more activity than controls (at least 9- and 35-fold more, respectively). Thus, increases of procoagulant activity production and expression were found only in MLC of genetically dissimilar cells. Therefore, these increases must have resulted from allogeneic stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:151102", "title": "Personality profiles of physically impaired adolescents.", "content": "Investigated MMPI profiles between two groups of adolescents with dissimilar disabilities (cleft lip/palate, orthopedic) who displayed observable physical impairment. The findings support the contention that type of disability has differential effects on adolescent personality characteristics. However, the profile elevations are consistent with previous reports of behavioral inhibition in both disability groups. Adolescents with impairments of the cleft lip/palate display greater self-concern and ruminative self-doubt over interpersonal interactions. The orthopedically impaired group exhibit an isolative and passive orientation to interpersonal interactions, as well as more generalized feelings of alienation.", "contents": "Personality profiles of physically impaired adolescents. Investigated MMPI profiles between two groups of adolescents with dissimilar disabilities (cleft lip/palate, orthopedic) who displayed observable physical impairment. The findings support the contention that type of disability has differential effects on adolescent personality characteristics. However, the profile elevations are consistent with previous reports of behavioral inhibition in both disability groups. Adolescents with impairments of the cleft lip/palate display greater self-concern and ruminative self-doubt over interpersonal interactions. The orthopedically impaired group exhibit an isolative and passive orientation to interpersonal interactions, as well as more generalized feelings of alienation."}
{"id": "PMID:151103", "title": "Electron-beam therapy for mycosis fungoides.", "content": "The lesions of mycosis fungoides are radiosensitive and because extensive areas of the body are usually involved, the treatment of choice is with the electron beam. Since 1971, a fractionation scheme of weekly doses for irradiation of the entire skin surface has been practiced with a 6 MeV linear accelerator that generates 3.5 MeV electrons. One hundred and five patients were treated in this way by delivering 400 rads once weekly for six consecutive weeks. All patitents enjoyed complete disappearance of the skin lesions at once. Of the 62 patients whom we were able to follow-up after electron-beam therapy, for periods ranging from one to nearly seven years (median, two years), the duration of remission was one-half to nearly five and a half years (median, one and one-half years). The treatment was well tolerated and no unusual skin reactions or hematopoietic depression occurred.", "contents": "Electron-beam therapy for mycosis fungoides. The lesions of mycosis fungoides are radiosensitive and because extensive areas of the body are usually involved, the treatment of choice is with the electron beam. Since 1971, a fractionation scheme of weekly doses for irradiation of the entire skin surface has been practiced with a 6 MeV linear accelerator that generates 3.5 MeV electrons. One hundred and five patients were treated in this way by delivering 400 rads once weekly for six consecutive weeks. All patitents enjoyed complete disappearance of the skin lesions at once. Of the 62 patients whom we were able to follow-up after electron-beam therapy, for periods ranging from one to nearly seven years (median, two years), the duration of remission was one-half to nearly five and a half years (median, one and one-half years). The treatment was well tolerated and no unusual skin reactions or hematopoietic depression occurred."}
{"id": "PMID:151104", "title": "Radiotherapy of benign dermatoses: indications, practice, and results.", "content": "Limited indications for radiation treatment of benign dermatoses are presented in order to emphasize modern restrictions and techniques in the use of dermatologic radiation therapy and to promote measures of protection against stray radiation. The use of softer, less penetrating X rays, least effective doses and meticulous shielding are recommended. So done, radiation therapy offers an effective therapeutic alternative for conditions that do not respond to other forms of treatment.", "contents": "Radiotherapy of benign dermatoses: indications, practice, and results. Limited indications for radiation treatment of benign dermatoses are presented in order to emphasize modern restrictions and techniques in the use of dermatologic radiation therapy and to promote measures of protection against stray radiation. The use of softer, less penetrating X rays, least effective doses and meticulous shielding are recommended. So done, radiation therapy offers an effective therapeutic alternative for conditions that do not respond to other forms of treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:151105", "title": "Grenz rays: adequate or antiquated?", "content": "Selected benign dermatoses, recalcitrant to most other forms of therapy, respond to grenz-ray therapy. When appropriately administered, this is a safe treatment for such conditions. This paper delineates the practical application of grenz-ray therapy at the present time.", "contents": "Grenz rays: adequate or antiquated? Selected benign dermatoses, recalcitrant to most other forms of therapy, respond to grenz-ray therapy. When appropriately administered, this is a safe treatment for such conditions. This paper delineates the practical application of grenz-ray therapy at the present time."}
{"id": "PMID:151115", "title": "Suppression of cytotoxic lymphocyte responses in vitro by soluble products of alloantigen-activated spleen cells.", "content": "Suppression of in vitro cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL) responses was mediated by soluble factor(s) produced when in vivo alloantigen-activated suppressor cells were re-exposed to alloantigen in vitro. Elaboration of suppressor factor (SF) was T cell dependent and was optimal 7 days after alloantigen injection. Suppressor factor failed to inhibit CL generation when alloantigen-primed cells rather than normal spleen cells were used as responders. Moreover, SF added at day 3 of incubation rather than at culture initiation was also ineffective, suggesting that suppression probably occurs during antigen induction or early differentiation. Additionally, suppression was abrogated by the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Studies combining SF and CL responder cells from a variety of H-2 disparate mouse sdrains revealed that suppression of CL responses: 1) was not alloantigen specific; 2) did not require H-2 homology between responder and suppressor strains; and 3) could not be demonstrated with CBA/J mice. Although CBA/J CL responses were not suppressed by any SF preparation, allo-sensitized CBA/J spleen cells did elaborate SF that inhibited BALB/c CL responses.", "contents": "Suppression of cytotoxic lymphocyte responses in vitro by soluble products of alloantigen-activated spleen cells. Suppression of in vitro cytotoxic lymphocyte (CL) responses was mediated by soluble factor(s) produced when in vivo alloantigen-activated suppressor cells were re-exposed to alloantigen in vitro. Elaboration of suppressor factor (SF) was T cell dependent and was optimal 7 days after alloantigen injection. Suppressor factor failed to inhibit CL generation when alloantigen-primed cells rather than normal spleen cells were used as responders. Moreover, SF added at day 3 of incubation rather than at culture initiation was also ineffective, suggesting that suppression probably occurs during antigen induction or early differentiation. Additionally, suppression was abrogated by the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. Studies combining SF and CL responder cells from a variety of H-2 disparate mouse sdrains revealed that suppression of CL responses: 1) was not alloantigen specific; 2) did not require H-2 homology between responder and suppressor strains; and 3) could not be demonstrated with CBA/J mice. Although CBA/J CL responses were not suppressed by any SF preparation, allo-sensitized CBA/J spleen cells did elaborate SF that inhibited BALB/c CL responses."}
{"id": "PMID:151118", "title": "Augmentation of human natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity by a soluble factor. I. Production of N-cell-activating factor (NAF).", "content": "Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) like immune T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody production is regulated by a soluble factor released during co-culture of lymphocytes with mitomycin C-treated lymphoblastoid cell lines. This N-cell-activating factor (NAF) enhances the activity of effector N cells and increases natural cytotoxicity. There appears to be no restriction for compatibility at the A and B locus of the major human histocompatibility complex in the production or activity of the factor. NAF was observed in the supernatant as soon as 2 days after initiation of mixed culture with a peak of production at 5 days. A soluble factor produced and released by T cells in response to stimulation by other cells acts by enhancing cytotoxicity of effector cells in NCMC, demonstrating a T-N cell cooperation.", "contents": "Augmentation of human natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity by a soluble factor. I. Production of N-cell-activating factor (NAF). Natural cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NCMC) like immune T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody production is regulated by a soluble factor released during co-culture of lymphocytes with mitomycin C-treated lymphoblastoid cell lines. This N-cell-activating factor (NAF) enhances the activity of effector N cells and increases natural cytotoxicity. There appears to be no restriction for compatibility at the A and B locus of the major human histocompatibility complex in the production or activity of the factor. NAF was observed in the supernatant as soon as 2 days after initiation of mixed culture with a peak of production at 5 days. A soluble factor produced and released by T cells in response to stimulation by other cells acts by enhancing cytotoxicity of effector cells in NCMC, demonstrating a T-N cell cooperation."}
{"id": "PMID:151119", "title": "Asymmetry in the serological response and mixed lymphocyte reactions between C57Bl/6 and the congenic mutant C57Bl/6.CH-2ba [H(Zl)].", "content": "Asymmetry in the relationship between the H-2K mutant strain C57Bl/6.CH-2ba (H-2ba) and the wild-type congenic C57Bl/6 has been demonstrated both in MLR and serologically by haemagglutination. MLR between these strains, when B6 was the responder, was as strong as that toward allogeneic stimulator cells: H-2ba was regularly less responsive toward B6. Responses in both directions were increased, in terms of augmented proliferative responses, by prior immunization. In this context the MLR resembles that towards minor H-locus antigens rather than those controlled by the H-2 locus. Immunization of (H-2ba X BALB/c)F1 hybridgs with B6 lymphoid cells induced the production of a haemagglutinating antibody not directed toward any known H-2 specificity. The B6 haemagglutinogen, termed He, was present on B6 lymphoid as well as red blood cells. Segregation studies of F2 and back-cross progeny of (H-2ba X BALB/c)F1 hybrids suggest that the response to He is controlled by two Ir genes, one of which is linked to H-2.", "contents": "Asymmetry in the serological response and mixed lymphocyte reactions between C57Bl/6 and the congenic mutant C57Bl/6.CH-2ba [H(Zl)]. Asymmetry in the relationship between the H-2K mutant strain C57Bl/6.CH-2ba (H-2ba) and the wild-type congenic C57Bl/6 has been demonstrated both in MLR and serologically by haemagglutination. MLR between these strains, when B6 was the responder, was as strong as that toward allogeneic stimulator cells: H-2ba was regularly less responsive toward B6. Responses in both directions were increased, in terms of augmented proliferative responses, by prior immunization. In this context the MLR resembles that towards minor H-locus antigens rather than those controlled by the H-2 locus. Immunization of (H-2ba X BALB/c)F1 hybridgs with B6 lymphoid cells induced the production of a haemagglutinating antibody not directed toward any known H-2 specificity. The B6 haemagglutinogen, termed He, was present on B6 lymphoid as well as red blood cells. Segregation studies of F2 and back-cross progeny of (H-2ba X BALB/c)F1 hybrids suggest that the response to He is controlled by two Ir genes, one of which is linked to H-2."}
{"id": "PMID:151123", "title": "Assessment of echocardiographic left atrial enlargement in patients with atrial fibrillation. An electrovectorcardiographic study.", "content": "Standard 12 lead electrocardiograms (ECG) and timed Frank vectorcardiograms (VCG) were recorded in 53 subjects with atrial fibrillation. Thirty-eight patients had echocardiographically documented left atrial enlargement (greater than 4.0 cm) and 15 patients had normal atrial dimensions. The magnitude of the largest \"f\" wave component during an average cycle length was measured in lead V1 of the ECG and the horizontal plane VCG running loop. Relative sensitivies for detection of left atrial enlargement were: VCG, 25/38 (66%) and ECG 10/38 (26%). An enlarged left atrial internal dimension was diagnosed by the VCG alone in 21 of the 38 subjects (55%). In the group of 15 patients with normal echocardiographic left atrial internal dimensions the prevalence of ECG false positive diagnosis for enlarged left atrial size was 6% in contrast with 0% for the VCG. It is concluded that: 1) the timed Frank VCG is superior to the ECG for the detection of echocardiographically demonstrable left atrial enlargement; 2) the timed VCG and ECG represent complementary techniques for identifying patients with abnormally large left atria; and 3) large fibrillatory waves are rarely observed on the ECG or VCG when the left atrial internal dimension is echographically normal.", "contents": "Assessment of echocardiographic left atrial enlargement in patients with atrial fibrillation. An electrovectorcardiographic study. Standard 12 lead electrocardiograms (ECG) and timed Frank vectorcardiograms (VCG) were recorded in 53 subjects with atrial fibrillation. Thirty-eight patients had echocardiographically documented left atrial enlargement (greater than 4.0 cm) and 15 patients had normal atrial dimensions. The magnitude of the largest \"f\" wave component during an average cycle length was measured in lead V1 of the ECG and the horizontal plane VCG running loop. Relative sensitivies for detection of left atrial enlargement were: VCG, 25/38 (66%) and ECG 10/38 (26%). An enlarged left atrial internal dimension was diagnosed by the VCG alone in 21 of the 38 subjects (55%). In the group of 15 patients with normal echocardiographic left atrial internal dimensions the prevalence of ECG false positive diagnosis for enlarged left atrial size was 6% in contrast with 0% for the VCG. It is concluded that: 1) the timed Frank VCG is superior to the ECG for the detection of echocardiographically demonstrable left atrial enlargement; 2) the timed VCG and ECG represent complementary techniques for identifying patients with abnormally large left atria; and 3) large fibrillatory waves are rarely observed on the ECG or VCG when the left atrial internal dimension is echographically normal."}
{"id": "PMID:151124", "title": "The usefulness of x-ray examinations in the evaluation of patients with back pain.", "content": "Process and outcome data from 440 patients with back pain were analyzed. As a part of their care, 106 patients (24 percent) had back x-ray examinations. The non-x-rayed group of patients was used as a naturally occurring control group to determine what contribution back radiographs made to the cost, to the diagnoses and therapeutic decisions of providers, and to the outcome and satisfaction of patients. Although back x-rays contributed more to the cost of patient care than any other diagnostic study, their contribution to diagnosis was minimal, and had little effect on therapeutic decisions. Patients receiving back x-rays were more likely to have had prolonged symptoms at their first visit, and less likely to be symptom-free at four weeks, but were more likely to be satisfied with their care. The authors conclude that, for patients under 50, back x-ray examinations have negligible diagnostic value and their use could be reduced without decreasing the quality of medical care.", "contents": "The usefulness of x-ray examinations in the evaluation of patients with back pain. Process and outcome data from 440 patients with back pain were analyzed. As a part of their care, 106 patients (24 percent) had back x-ray examinations. The non-x-rayed group of patients was used as a naturally occurring control group to determine what contribution back radiographs made to the cost, to the diagnoses and therapeutic decisions of providers, and to the outcome and satisfaction of patients. Although back x-rays contributed more to the cost of patient care than any other diagnostic study, their contribution to diagnosis was minimal, and had little effect on therapeutic decisions. Patients receiving back x-rays were more likely to have had prolonged symptoms at their first visit, and less likely to be symptom-free at four weeks, but were more likely to be satisfied with their care. The authors conclude that, for patients under 50, back x-ray examinations have negligible diagnostic value and their use could be reduced without decreasing the quality of medical care."}
{"id": "PMID:151125", "title": "The ampicillin rash as a diagnostic and management problem: case reports and literature review.", "content": "Ampicillin is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic in the United States, and causes skin reactions in five to ten percent of patient populations. These reactions are considerably more frequent in patients with a viral illness, infectious mononucleosis, and lymphocytic leukemia. Skin reactions to ampicillin are usually of two types: a maculopapular rash in about two thirds of cases, and urticaria in about one third of cases. There is strong evidence that the maculopapular rash is a benign, nonallergic phenomenon. Patients with the maculopapular ampicillin rash are often incorrectly labeled as allergic to ampicillin/penicillin. Ampicillin can be continued and administered again in the future in these patients, and this kind of skin reaction resolves spontaneously in a few days without sequelae. Skin tests are neither required nor recommended to document the nonallergic basis of the maculopapular ampicillin rash.", "contents": "The ampicillin rash as a diagnostic and management problem: case reports and literature review. Ampicillin is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic in the United States, and causes skin reactions in five to ten percent of patient populations. These reactions are considerably more frequent in patients with a viral illness, infectious mononucleosis, and lymphocytic leukemia. Skin reactions to ampicillin are usually of two types: a maculopapular rash in about two thirds of cases, and urticaria in about one third of cases. There is strong evidence that the maculopapular rash is a benign, nonallergic phenomenon. Patients with the maculopapular ampicillin rash are often incorrectly labeled as allergic to ampicillin/penicillin. Ampicillin can be continued and administered again in the future in these patients, and this kind of skin reaction resolves spontaneously in a few days without sequelae. Skin tests are neither required nor recommended to document the nonallergic basis of the maculopapular ampicillin rash."}
{"id": "PMID:151126", "title": "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "The possibility that genetically determined abnormalities in the monoamine oxidase of certain central nervous system aminergic neurones may play a part in the pathology of Huntington's chorea was investigated using human platelet monoamine oxidase. Significantly elevated monoamine oxidase activity was found in male patients compared to control subjects suggesting this may be a screening test for this disorder. Low monoamine oxidase activity was associated with a better clinical response to drugs.", "contents": "Platelet monoamine oxidase activity in Huntington's chorea. The possibility that genetically determined abnormalities in the monoamine oxidase of certain central nervous system aminergic neurones may play a part in the pathology of Huntington's chorea was investigated using human platelet monoamine oxidase. Significantly elevated monoamine oxidase activity was found in male patients compared to control subjects suggesting this may be a screening test for this disorder. Low monoamine oxidase activity was associated with a better clinical response to drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:151127", "title": "Habituation of the orbicularis oculi reflex in dementia and dyskinetic states.", "content": "The habituation index is a quantitative expression of the ability of the orbicularis oculi (blink reflex) to adapt to a series of electrical stimuli applied to the supraorbital region. This parameter has been studied in a group of normal control subjects, and the results compared with those in cases of idiopathic and drug-induced Parkinsonism, states of dementia, and dyskinesias such as Huntington's chorea and senile chorea. Patients with Huntington's chorea showed a tendency for the reflex to habituate readily in contrast to patients with dementia caused by cortical atrophy and those with Parkinson's disease. Younger patients with Huntington's chorea had indices within the normal range. It seems unlikely that this test will prove of value in the detection of clinically unaffected relatives. Where dementia was associated with a reversible intracranial lesion, the habituation index was studied before and after treatment. Failure of habituation in this condition appears to be due to the release of a primitive protective reflex.", "contents": "Habituation of the orbicularis oculi reflex in dementia and dyskinetic states. The habituation index is a quantitative expression of the ability of the orbicularis oculi (blink reflex) to adapt to a series of electrical stimuli applied to the supraorbital region. This parameter has been studied in a group of normal control subjects, and the results compared with those in cases of idiopathic and drug-induced Parkinsonism, states of dementia, and dyskinesias such as Huntington's chorea and senile chorea. Patients with Huntington's chorea showed a tendency for the reflex to habituate readily in contrast to patients with dementia caused by cortical atrophy and those with Parkinson's disease. Younger patients with Huntington's chorea had indices within the normal range. It seems unlikely that this test will prove of value in the detection of clinically unaffected relatives. Where dementia was associated with a reversible intracranial lesion, the habituation index was studied before and after treatment. Failure of habituation in this condition appears to be due to the release of a primitive protective reflex."}
{"id": "PMID:151130", "title": "Leptotrichia buccalis hemagglutination in cell binding and salivary inhibition studies.", "content": "The characteristic hemagglutination (HA) of Leptotrichia buccalis was used for measuring its attachment to various human cells and for determining if saliva contained hemagglutination inhibition (HI) factors. The microbial strain utilized displayed the characteristic EM morphology of L. buccalis. Sonicated preparations of the organism were tested for HA activity before and after adsorption with human cells. Buccal epithelial cells, red blood cells (RBC), HeLa and embryonic kidney cells all bound the HA fragments of the organisms. The bacterial fragments on the cells could be observed by fluorescent antibody testing. The fragments were released from the cells used for adsorption with chelators and upon addition of CaCl2 the HA activity returned. Whole saliva displayed hemagglutination inhibition activity in a manner suggesting a binding site interaction. The similarity of the HA activity of F. nucleatum is discussed as are the relationships of cell binding to colonization of the organisms and immunopathology to host cells.", "contents": "Leptotrichia buccalis hemagglutination in cell binding and salivary inhibition studies. The characteristic hemagglutination (HA) of Leptotrichia buccalis was used for measuring its attachment to various human cells and for determining if saliva contained hemagglutination inhibition (HI) factors. The microbial strain utilized displayed the characteristic EM morphology of L. buccalis. Sonicated preparations of the organism were tested for HA activity before and after adsorption with human cells. Buccal epithelial cells, red blood cells (RBC), HeLa and embryonic kidney cells all bound the HA fragments of the organisms. The bacterial fragments on the cells could be observed by fluorescent antibody testing. The fragments were released from the cells used for adsorption with chelators and upon addition of CaCl2 the HA activity returned. Whole saliva displayed hemagglutination inhibition activity in a manner suggesting a binding site interaction. The similarity of the HA activity of F. nucleatum is discussed as are the relationships of cell binding to colonization of the organisms and immunopathology to host cells."}
{"id": "PMID:151131", "title": "IgG subclasses in human periodontal disease. II. Cytophilic and membrane IgG subclass immunoglobulins.", "content": "Lymphocyte membrane-associated IgG subclass antibodies in human periodontal disease were studied to ascertain the relative presence of cytophilic IgG antibodies and the membrane Fc receptors which bind them. The experimental approach correlated the effect of incubating gingiva in tissue culture medium to remove cytophilic antibodies with the changes in the number of Fc receptors detectable after washing. The evidence indicated that the majority of lymphocytes in mild gingivitis lesions lacked cytophilic IgG antibodies as well as Fc recetors. In severe gingivitis, the number of IgG subclass bearing lymphocytes increased to about half of the total lymphoid population, while the percentage of Fc receptor bearing cells remained quite low (12.3 % +/- 3.2, S.E.). The majority of IgG subclass bearing lymphocytes had membrane IgG which serve as receptors for antigen; such cells are classically defined as bone marrow (B) derived lymphocytes and serve as the progenitor for plasma cells. Gingival specimens for patients with periodontitis were found to contain the highest percentage of Fc receptor bearing lymphocytes (38.3% +/- 12.6 S.E.) and cytophilic IgG antibodies. The findings indicate that the clinical stages of human periodontal disease are characterized by different populations of infiltrating lymphocytes.", "contents": "IgG subclasses in human periodontal disease. II. Cytophilic and membrane IgG subclass immunoglobulins. Lymphocyte membrane-associated IgG subclass antibodies in human periodontal disease were studied to ascertain the relative presence of cytophilic IgG antibodies and the membrane Fc receptors which bind them. The experimental approach correlated the effect of incubating gingiva in tissue culture medium to remove cytophilic antibodies with the changes in the number of Fc receptors detectable after washing. The evidence indicated that the majority of lymphocytes in mild gingivitis lesions lacked cytophilic IgG antibodies as well as Fc recetors. In severe gingivitis, the number of IgG subclass bearing lymphocytes increased to about half of the total lymphoid population, while the percentage of Fc receptor bearing cells remained quite low (12.3 % +/- 3.2, S.E.). The majority of IgG subclass bearing lymphocytes had membrane IgG which serve as receptors for antigen; such cells are classically defined as bone marrow (B) derived lymphocytes and serve as the progenitor for plasma cells. Gingival specimens for patients with periodontitis were found to contain the highest percentage of Fc receptor bearing lymphocytes (38.3% +/- 12.6 S.E.) and cytophilic IgG antibodies. The findings indicate that the clinical stages of human periodontal disease are characterized by different populations of infiltrating lymphocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:151134", "title": "The in vitro inhibition of microbial growth and plaque formation by surfactant drugs.", "content": "Several cationic, mixed and amphoteric surfactants were tested for their antimicrobial activity and ability to inhibit the formation of in vitro plaque by oral microorganisms. All had antimicrobial activity against Actinomyces viscosus. Actinomyces naeslundii and Streptococcus mutans. Cationic surfactants were comparable to chlorhexidine in antimicrobial activity but were less effective in inhibiting plaque formation. Amphoteric surfactants were less effective than other detergents in antibacterial activity and had very limited capacity for the inhibition of plaque formation. Comparison of drug structure provides evidence that surfactant substantivity to saliva-coated enamel is a cation active process. Saliva was found to have an antagonistic effect on the activity of cetylpyridinium chloride but not on Triburon.", "contents": "The in vitro inhibition of microbial growth and plaque formation by surfactant drugs. Several cationic, mixed and amphoteric surfactants were tested for their antimicrobial activity and ability to inhibit the formation of in vitro plaque by oral microorganisms. All had antimicrobial activity against Actinomyces viscosus. Actinomyces naeslundii and Streptococcus mutans. Cationic surfactants were comparable to chlorhexidine in antimicrobial activity but were less effective in inhibiting plaque formation. Amphoteric surfactants were less effective than other detergents in antibacterial activity and had very limited capacity for the inhibition of plaque formation. Comparison of drug structure provides evidence that surfactant substantivity to saliva-coated enamel is a cation active process. Saliva was found to have an antagonistic effect on the activity of cetylpyridinium chloride but not on Triburon."}
{"id": "PMID:151135", "title": "When courtesy offends: effects of positive and negative behavior by the pbysically disabled on altruism and anger in normals.", "content": "The initial hypothesis was that physically disabled help-seekers will receive more aid from normal people than will help-seekers when both types of actors display positive personal qualities, whereas the reverse outcome will occur when both display negative qualities. In the first experiment a wheelchair-bound or normal confederate was either friendly and achievement oriented (positive condition) or caustic and apathetic (negative condition) while administering verbal tasks to subjects who were later asked to help the confederate. Contrary to prediction, subjects offered more help to the normal than to the disabled tester in the positive condition, and showed the reverse pattern in the negative condition. It was conjectured that subjects in the positive condition were annoyed by the disabled person's display of \"normal\" characteristics, whereas in the negative condition they sympathetically accepted the disabled person's inadequacies as befitting a victim of severe misfortune. A new experiment was done, which replicated the independent variables of the first study, but substituted two new dependent variables: covert anger arousal and perception of the confederate as happy-unhappy. As expected, covert anger was greater in the wheelchair-positive condition than in the normal-positive condition, and greater in the normal-negative condition than in the wheelchair-negative condition. Regardless of the confederate's physical status, subjects perceived negative behavior as a sign of unhappiness.", "contents": "When courtesy offends: effects of positive and negative behavior by the pbysically disabled on altruism and anger in normals. The initial hypothesis was that physically disabled help-seekers will receive more aid from normal people than will help-seekers when both types of actors display positive personal qualities, whereas the reverse outcome will occur when both display negative qualities. In the first experiment a wheelchair-bound or normal confederate was either friendly and achievement oriented (positive condition) or caustic and apathetic (negative condition) while administering verbal tasks to subjects who were later asked to help the confederate. Contrary to prediction, subjects offered more help to the normal than to the disabled tester in the positive condition, and showed the reverse pattern in the negative condition. It was conjectured that subjects in the positive condition were annoyed by the disabled person's display of \"normal\" characteristics, whereas in the negative condition they sympathetically accepted the disabled person's inadequacies as befitting a victim of severe misfortune. A new experiment was done, which replicated the independent variables of the first study, but substituted two new dependent variables: covert anger arousal and perception of the confederate as happy-unhappy. As expected, covert anger was greater in the wheelchair-positive condition than in the normal-positive condition, and greater in the normal-negative condition than in the wheelchair-negative condition. Regardless of the confederate's physical status, subjects perceived negative behavior as a sign of unhappiness."}
{"id": "PMID:151136", "title": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic separation and determination of anomeric forms of streptozocin in a powder formulation.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for streptozocin in a sterile powder formulation (1.0 g/vial) is described. The method effectively separates the alpha- and beta-anomeric forms of streptozocin. Quantitative results are presented for the drug based on the use of an internal standard and peak height measurements.", "contents": "High-pressure liquid chromatographic separation and determination of anomeric forms of streptozocin in a powder formulation. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic assay for streptozocin in a sterile powder formulation (1.0 g/vial) is described. The method effectively separates the alpha- and beta-anomeric forms of streptozocin. Quantitative results are presented for the drug based on the use of an internal standard and peak height measurements."}
{"id": "PMID:151139", "title": "Ovarian cyst fenestration via laparoscopy.", "content": "During laparoscopy for diagnosis or sterilization a small series of ovarian cysts was managed by aspiration only or by aspiration, biopsy and fenestration. If the enumerated criteria for cyst selection are followed, the technique described safely permits aspiration and provides data for a therapeutic plan. This method suggests a lower incidence of cyst recurrence.", "contents": "Ovarian cyst fenestration via laparoscopy. During laparoscopy for diagnosis or sterilization a small series of ovarian cysts was managed by aspiration only or by aspiration, biopsy and fenestration. If the enumerated criteria for cyst selection are followed, the technique described safely permits aspiration and provides data for a therapeutic plan. This method suggests a lower incidence of cyst recurrence."}
{"id": "PMID:151140", "title": "Laparoscopy for resolving M\u00fcllerian abnormalities.", "content": "One hundred thirty-five patients with various m\u00fcllerian abnormalities underwent laparoscopy. At a glance the precise malformation was diagnosed correctly: 44 patients revealed a complete absence of the m\u00fcllerian system; 35 were found to have a transverse ridge across the pelvis, the lateral ends of which were well developed; 33 patients had rudimentary uteri; 7, a median m\u00fcllerian nodule; 5 belonged to the group with the testicular feminization syndrome; 4 were classified as having a bicornuate uterus; 3 had unicornuate uteri; and 3, septate uteri. One rare variety of m\u00fcllerian abnormality is also described. Laparoscopy was found to be invaluable in the diagnosis of m\u00fcllerian abnormalities.", "contents": "Laparoscopy for resolving M\u00fcllerian abnormalities. One hundred thirty-five patients with various m\u00fcllerian abnormalities underwent laparoscopy. At a glance the precise malformation was diagnosed correctly: 44 patients revealed a complete absence of the m\u00fcllerian system; 35 were found to have a transverse ridge across the pelvis, the lateral ends of which were well developed; 33 patients had rudimentary uteri; 7, a median m\u00fcllerian nodule; 5 belonged to the group with the testicular feminization syndrome; 4 were classified as having a bicornuate uterus; 3 had unicornuate uteri; and 3, septate uteri. One rare variety of m\u00fcllerian abnormality is also described. Laparoscopy was found to be invaluable in the diagnosis of m\u00fcllerian abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:151143", "title": "Late complications of laparoscopic sterilization, II.", "content": "This paper is the continuation of a study initially reported before the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1976. The paper compares a group of 495 patients sterilized by a coagulation and division technique with 3-mm forceps and minimal tissue destruction with a previously reported group of 517 patients who underwent tubal sterilization by coagulation and resection with a 5-mm Palmer drill forceps and marked tissue destruction. The surgery in both groups was performed solely by the author, and the figures reported pertain to those complications occurring in equal postoperative time spans. The follow-up protocol was identical for each group; the only variable between the groups was the method of sterilization.", "contents": "Late complications of laparoscopic sterilization, II. This paper is the continuation of a study initially reported before the American Association of Gynecologic Laparoscopists in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1976. The paper compares a group of 495 patients sterilized by a coagulation and division technique with 3-mm forceps and minimal tissue destruction with a previously reported group of 517 patients who underwent tubal sterilization by coagulation and resection with a 5-mm Palmer drill forceps and marked tissue destruction. The surgery in both groups was performed solely by the author, and the figures reported pertain to those complications occurring in equal postoperative time spans. The follow-up protocol was identical for each group; the only variable between the groups was the method of sterilization."}
{"id": "PMID:151144", "title": "Direct laparoscope trocar insertion without prior pneumoperitoneum.", "content": "The results of direct trocar insertion without prior establishment of pneumoperitoneum are documented in 301 consecutive laparoscopies. No complications or technical failures attributable to the method were encountered. A reduction of complications associated with needle-induced pneumoperitoneum may be possible with this method.", "contents": "Direct laparoscope trocar insertion without prior pneumoperitoneum. The results of direct trocar insertion without prior establishment of pneumoperitoneum are documented in 301 consecutive laparoscopies. No complications or technical failures attributable to the method were encountered. A reduction of complications associated with needle-induced pneumoperitoneum may be possible with this method."}
{"id": "PMID:151145", "title": "Electrosurgery in laparoscopy.", "content": "The two factors that probably contributed most to the bowel burns that have occurred during monopolar laparoscopy were the use of higher-than-necessary voltages and the electrical isolation of the salpinx. Preferably, low-peak voltages should be used. If the two-burn technique is used, desiccation should be from distal to proximal to avoid electrical isolation of the salpinx. Bipolar laparoscopy is unquestionably safer than monopolar, but it is also harder to perform because the salpinx must be grasped repeatedly on both sides to desiccate the required 2 to 3 cm of tissue. Moreover, electrosurgical cutting with bipolar forceps is not very practical because the spark punches through to the opposite jaw and the cutting stops. Bipolar forceps that can make a mechanical cut after desiccation are available for those who desire this feature. Metal trocar sleeves are recommended for use with the monopolar, single-puncture technique only. They are not necessary for the bipolar or double-puncture monopolar techniques.", "contents": "Electrosurgery in laparoscopy. The two factors that probably contributed most to the bowel burns that have occurred during monopolar laparoscopy were the use of higher-than-necessary voltages and the electrical isolation of the salpinx. Preferably, low-peak voltages should be used. If the two-burn technique is used, desiccation should be from distal to proximal to avoid electrical isolation of the salpinx. Bipolar laparoscopy is unquestionably safer than monopolar, but it is also harder to perform because the salpinx must be grasped repeatedly on both sides to desiccate the required 2 to 3 cm of tissue. Moreover, electrosurgical cutting with bipolar forceps is not very practical because the spark punches through to the opposite jaw and the cutting stops. Bipolar forceps that can make a mechanical cut after desiccation are available for those who desire this feature. Metal trocar sleeves are recommended for use with the monopolar, single-puncture technique only. They are not necessary for the bipolar or double-puncture monopolar techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:151146", "title": "The correlation of pelvic ultrasound and laparoscopy in the diagnosis and management of gynecologic disorders.", "content": "Cases were reviewed in which both laparoscopy and ultrasound were performed for diagnostic purposes at the Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, Texas, from January 1976 through May 1977. Thirty patients were found to have undergone both procedures. The most common reason (13 cases) was the presence of an adnexal mass. The findings from both techniques agreed in 20 cases, for a positive correlation of 66.7%. Different diagnoses were found in 10 cases, for a negative correlation of 33.3%. The major cause of the discrepancy was the presence of pelvic adhesive disease, not diagnosed by ultrasound but observed via laparoscopy. When the ultrasound findings were reported as \"normal,\" all were confirmed at laparoscopy. Eight laparotomies were performed, and in each case the laparoscopic findings were confirmed.", "contents": "The correlation of pelvic ultrasound and laparoscopy in the diagnosis and management of gynecologic disorders. Cases were reviewed in which both laparoscopy and ultrasound were performed for diagnostic purposes at the Ben Taub General Hospital, Houston, Texas, from January 1976 through May 1977. Thirty patients were found to have undergone both procedures. The most common reason (13 cases) was the presence of an adnexal mass. The findings from both techniques agreed in 20 cases, for a positive correlation of 66.7%. Different diagnoses were found in 10 cases, for a negative correlation of 33.3%. The major cause of the discrepancy was the presence of pelvic adhesive disease, not diagnosed by ultrasound but observed via laparoscopy. When the ultrasound findings were reported as \"normal,\" all were confirmed at laparoscopy. Eight laparotomies were performed, and in each case the laparoscopic findings were confirmed."}
{"id": "PMID:151151", "title": "Vertigo after head injury--a five year follow-up.", "content": "Three hundred and twenty-one head injury patients investigated at the Workmen's Compensation Board Hospital and Rehabilitation Centre were studied. The patients were classified into two groups, minor and moderate according to the duration of post-traumatic amnesia. Post-traumatic vertigo was a significant symptom in 34 per cent and 50 per cent of the minor and moderate groups respectively. Based on the findings of full otoneurologic and vestibular examination, objective vestibular disorder was noted in 40 per cent and 65 per cent of the two vertiginous groups respectively. An approach to the interpretation of vestibular and oculomotor abnormalities is outlined in order to assign a peripheral (end organ or nerve), central (brainstem or cerebellar) or undertermined localization. Hearing loss occurred in 20 per cent of the minor and 72 per cent of th e moderate head injury patients tested. A five-year post head injury follow-up was available with respect to recovery of vertigo and work rehabilitation. The results of this follow-up are discussed.", "contents": "Vertigo after head injury--a five year follow-up. Three hundred and twenty-one head injury patients investigated at the Workmen's Compensation Board Hospital and Rehabilitation Centre were studied. The patients were classified into two groups, minor and moderate according to the duration of post-traumatic amnesia. Post-traumatic vertigo was a significant symptom in 34 per cent and 50 per cent of the minor and moderate groups respectively. Based on the findings of full otoneurologic and vestibular examination, objective vestibular disorder was noted in 40 per cent and 65 per cent of the two vertiginous groups respectively. An approach to the interpretation of vestibular and oculomotor abnormalities is outlined in order to assign a peripheral (end organ or nerve), central (brainstem or cerebellar) or undertermined localization. Hearing loss occurred in 20 per cent of the minor and 72 per cent of th e moderate head injury patients tested. A five-year post head injury follow-up was available with respect to recovery of vertigo and work rehabilitation. The results of this follow-up are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151155", "title": "Aortoarteritis and cardiomyopathy. A heretofore undescribed association.", "content": "An interesting association between aortoarteritis syndrome (Takayasu's arteriopathy) and congestive cardiomyopathy has been described for the first time. The severe congestive heart failure in 3 out of 4 cases reported here was not associated with hypertension. Morphologic features of the heart in all cases were characteristic of congestive cardiomyopathy, while in the aorta and its branches, anatomical changes were those of aortoarteritis. An etiopathogenic relationship between the 2 conditions is likely to be present in these cases.", "contents": "Aortoarteritis and cardiomyopathy. A heretofore undescribed association. An interesting association between aortoarteritis syndrome (Takayasu's arteriopathy) and congestive cardiomyopathy has been described for the first time. The severe congestive heart failure in 3 out of 4 cases reported here was not associated with hypertension. Morphologic features of the heart in all cases were characteristic of congestive cardiomyopathy, while in the aorta and its branches, anatomical changes were those of aortoarteritis. An etiopathogenic relationship between the 2 conditions is likely to be present in these cases."}
{"id": "PMID:151166", "title": "How toxic are phenols?", "content": "How toxic are phenols? The phenolic acids cannot all be detoxified. Phenyl-glucuronide, although water soluble, can still disturb cell membrane transport mechanisms. Apprecialbe amounts of toxic-free phenols form a lipid pool in the uremic patient. These findings are also relevant to hepatic coma.", "contents": "How toxic are phenols? How toxic are phenols? The phenolic acids cannot all be detoxified. Phenyl-glucuronide, although water soluble, can still disturb cell membrane transport mechanisms. Apprecialbe amounts of toxic-free phenols form a lipid pool in the uremic patient. These findings are also relevant to hepatic coma."}
{"id": "PMID:151169", "title": "[An episcleral pouch operation with new elastic materials without drainage of subretinal fluid (author's transl)].", "content": "An episcleral pouch operation that uses dacron reinforced silicone sheeting for the patch and silicone pellets for the stuffing has been used to treat retinal detachments caused by large retinal tears. The elastic properties of the materials permit a buckling operation without drainage of subretinal fluid.", "contents": "[An episcleral pouch operation with new elastic materials without drainage of subretinal fluid (author's transl)]. An episcleral pouch operation that uses dacron reinforced silicone sheeting for the patch and silicone pellets for the stuffing has been used to treat retinal detachments caused by large retinal tears. The elastic properties of the materials permit a buckling operation without drainage of subretinal fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:151170", "title": "Spontaneously occurring hypertension in wild Rhesus monkeys.", "content": "In this study naturally occurring hypertension in wild rhesus monkeys has been noted with a frequency of 13 out of 428 monkeys examined. The maximum systolic/diastolic blood pressure was 242/140 mm of Hg. Clinically there was evidence of grade I retinopathy in one case only, otherwise the animals did not manifest any symptom to suggest illness. Biochemical examination revealed normal plasma angiotensin activity but the level of serum sodium was slightly elevated. The serum potassium, blood urea and serum creatinine values were within normal limits. Serum cholesterol was, however, elevated in two cases. All hypertensive animals were sacrificed by exsanguination and a complete autopsy was performed. It revealed left ventricular hypertrophy in almost all cases, patchy myocardial degeneration with fibrosis in 3 animals and advanced renal disease only in 3 cases. It therefore appears that most of these cases of hypertension belonged to the idiopathic group.", "contents": "Spontaneously occurring hypertension in wild Rhesus monkeys. In this study naturally occurring hypertension in wild rhesus monkeys has been noted with a frequency of 13 out of 428 monkeys examined. The maximum systolic/diastolic blood pressure was 242/140 mm of Hg. Clinically there was evidence of grade I retinopathy in one case only, otherwise the animals did not manifest any symptom to suggest illness. Biochemical examination revealed normal plasma angiotensin activity but the level of serum sodium was slightly elevated. The serum potassium, blood urea and serum creatinine values were within normal limits. Serum cholesterol was, however, elevated in two cases. All hypertensive animals were sacrificed by exsanguination and a complete autopsy was performed. It revealed left ventricular hypertrophy in almost all cases, patchy myocardial degeneration with fibrosis in 3 animals and advanced renal disease only in 3 cases. It therefore appears that most of these cases of hypertension belonged to the idiopathic group."}
{"id": "PMID:151172", "title": "Interaction between cytoplasmic (Ca2+--Mg2+) ATPase activator and the erythrocyte membrane.", "content": "Human red blood cells (RBC) contain a cytoplasmic, nonhemoglobin protein which activates the (Ca2+-Mg2+)ATPase of isolated RBC membranes. Results presented in this paper confirm that activation of (Ca2+-Mg2+)ATPase is associated with binding of the cytoplasmic activator to the membrane. Binding of the cytoplasmic activator is reversible and dependent on ionic strength and Ca2+. Cytoplasmic activator is sensitive to trypsin but is not degraded when intact RBC are exposed to trypsin. Cytoplasmic activator does not modify the (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase of membranes from RBC exposed to activator prior to hemolysis. Thus, the activator is located in the cell and appears to act by binding to the inner membrane surface.", "contents": "Interaction between cytoplasmic (Ca2+--Mg2+) ATPase activator and the erythrocyte membrane. Human red blood cells (RBC) contain a cytoplasmic, nonhemoglobin protein which activates the (Ca2+-Mg2+)ATPase of isolated RBC membranes. Results presented in this paper confirm that activation of (Ca2+-Mg2+)ATPase is associated with binding of the cytoplasmic activator to the membrane. Binding of the cytoplasmic activator is reversible and dependent on ionic strength and Ca2+. Cytoplasmic activator is sensitive to trypsin but is not degraded when intact RBC are exposed to trypsin. Cytoplasmic activator does not modify the (Ca2+-Mg2+)-ATPase of membranes from RBC exposed to activator prior to hemolysis. Thus, the activator is located in the cell and appears to act by binding to the inner membrane surface."}
{"id": "PMID:151177", "title": "Altered enzymes in the free-living nematode, Turbatrix aceti, aged in the absence of fluorodeoxyuridine.", "content": "Aging of the free-living nematode, Turbatrix aceti, has been accomplished by a procedure based upon screening of the cultures every 3--4 days to remove newborn organisms. In this system, the enzymes, isocitrate lyase, phosphoglycerate kinase and enolase all show reduced specific activities with age in crude homogenates. More critically, pure enolase shows a reduced specific activity when isolated from old compared with young organisms (958 units/mg vs. 1340 units/mg, respectively). Immunotitration experiments confirm these results. Enolase from old T. aceti requires more antiserum per unit of enzyme activity than does enolase from young organisms. This relationship holds true for both crude homogenates and pure enzyme. The above results closely parallel previous results obtained using fluorodeoxyuridine to prevent reproduction of T. aceti during aging of the organisms. Therefore, use of fluorodeoxyuridine in the aging of nematodes is perfectly safe, at least with respect to results obtained with altered enzymes.", "contents": "Altered enzymes in the free-living nematode, Turbatrix aceti, aged in the absence of fluorodeoxyuridine. Aging of the free-living nematode, Turbatrix aceti, has been accomplished by a procedure based upon screening of the cultures every 3--4 days to remove newborn organisms. In this system, the enzymes, isocitrate lyase, phosphoglycerate kinase and enolase all show reduced specific activities with age in crude homogenates. More critically, pure enolase shows a reduced specific activity when isolated from old compared with young organisms (958 units/mg vs. 1340 units/mg, respectively). Immunotitration experiments confirm these results. Enolase from old T. aceti requires more antiserum per unit of enzyme activity than does enolase from young organisms. This relationship holds true for both crude homogenates and pure enzyme. The above results closely parallel previous results obtained using fluorodeoxyuridine to prevent reproduction of T. aceti during aging of the organisms. Therefore, use of fluorodeoxyuridine in the aging of nematodes is perfectly safe, at least with respect to results obtained with altered enzymes."}
{"id": "PMID:151216", "title": "Some interrelations between the density of the Haversian canals and the area occupied by these in the diaphyseal compact bone in man.", "content": "The authors studied the ratio between the density of the Haversian canals and the area occupied by these in the diaphyseal cortex of the main long bones in man. The interrelation was estimated by means of the correlation coefficient, which varies between -0.135 for the fibula and -0.168 for the humerus. It was found that the two parameters were inversely proportional: the greater the number of canals in a given area, the smaller the relative proportion of the area occupied by them.", "contents": "Some interrelations between the density of the Haversian canals and the area occupied by these in the diaphyseal compact bone in man. The authors studied the ratio between the density of the Haversian canals and the area occupied by these in the diaphyseal cortex of the main long bones in man. The interrelation was estimated by means of the correlation coefficient, which varies between -0.135 for the fibula and -0.168 for the humerus. It was found that the two parameters were inversely proportional: the greater the number of canals in a given area, the smaller the relative proportion of the area occupied by them."}
{"id": "PMID:151217", "title": "[Stratification in the central nervous system].", "content": "In the authors' opinion the neuroblasts (glioblasts respectively) are moving along an oxigen-gradient, out of the proliferative layers toward the source of O2 (the vascular plexi). Stratigenesis is influenced by \"guiding structures\" (fibrillar plate in the tectum opticum), by the elongations of ependymal cells and by the similarly oriented vascular-connectives.", "contents": "[Stratification in the central nervous system]. In the authors' opinion the neuroblasts (glioblasts respectively) are moving along an oxigen-gradient, out of the proliferative layers toward the source of O2 (the vascular plexi). Stratigenesis is influenced by \"guiding structures\" (fibrillar plate in the tectum opticum), by the elongations of ependymal cells and by the similarly oriented vascular-connectives."}
{"id": "PMID:151218", "title": "Data regarding the structural feature of nervous elements in the bile ducts during intrauterine life.", "content": "The nervous elements of the extrahepatic bile ducts were studied on serial sections prepared from rabbit and human embryos and foetuses, using silver impregnation techniques. In the gallbladder of rabbit embryos and foetuses, the nervous elements are absent, whereas the bile ducts possess a dense parasympathetic vegetative plexus. In human embryos, the muscular layers and submucosa of the gallbladder and bile ducts have well developed parasympathetic plexuses and a sympathetic subserous plexus, without nerve cells, respectively. The histotopical identification of nervous elements in the bile ducts allows the distinction of parasympathetic plexuses from the sympathetic ones.", "contents": "Data regarding the structural feature of nervous elements in the bile ducts during intrauterine life. The nervous elements of the extrahepatic bile ducts were studied on serial sections prepared from rabbit and human embryos and foetuses, using silver impregnation techniques. In the gallbladder of rabbit embryos and foetuses, the nervous elements are absent, whereas the bile ducts possess a dense parasympathetic vegetative plexus. In human embryos, the muscular layers and submucosa of the gallbladder and bile ducts have well developed parasympathetic plexuses and a sympathetic subserous plexus, without nerve cells, respectively. The histotopical identification of nervous elements in the bile ducts allows the distinction of parasympathetic plexuses from the sympathetic ones."}
{"id": "PMID:151219", "title": "The contemporary concept of alveolitis.", "content": "The concept of alveolitis as an exudative reaction dominated by plasma and cell accumulation within alveolar air spaces is reappraised in the light of new data concerning the reactional dynamics challenged by non-immune and immune agents vehiculated by air and blood ways, of the systemic approach of lung processes, of the consideration of alveolar walls and the air space delimited by them as a whole. The participation of alveolar mesenchymal cells and of blood cells and plasma in the development of alveolitis is obvious and the changes of alveolar walls are morphogenetically prevailing in time and space over those of air spaces, whose reactions represent only a secondary phase of the lung response. Both the primary parietoalveolar phase and the secondary air space phase form a whole reactional modality of the lung in which accumulative and proliferative, exudation and mobilization changes are highly interacting in the building up of alveolitis. The involved immune mechanisms may determine special cell accumulations, but the basic mechanism, the stereotype and the sequences of this reactional modality of the lung are not essentially different from the non-immune alveolar reactions.", "contents": "The contemporary concept of alveolitis. The concept of alveolitis as an exudative reaction dominated by plasma and cell accumulation within alveolar air spaces is reappraised in the light of new data concerning the reactional dynamics challenged by non-immune and immune agents vehiculated by air and blood ways, of the systemic approach of lung processes, of the consideration of alveolar walls and the air space delimited by them as a whole. The participation of alveolar mesenchymal cells and of blood cells and plasma in the development of alveolitis is obvious and the changes of alveolar walls are morphogenetically prevailing in time and space over those of air spaces, whose reactions represent only a secondary phase of the lung response. Both the primary parietoalveolar phase and the secondary air space phase form a whole reactional modality of the lung in which accumulative and proliferative, exudation and mobilization changes are highly interacting in the building up of alveolitis. The involved immune mechanisms may determine special cell accumulations, but the basic mechanism, the stereotype and the sequences of this reactional modality of the lung are not essentially different from the non-immune alveolar reactions."}
{"id": "PMID:151220", "title": "Lesions of the female genital tract in leukemia and lymphoma.", "content": "A pathological study was carried out on the female genital tract on specimens from 14 patients with leukemia or lymphoma. Marked lesions with microscopic alterations were found in chronic granulocytic leukemia and in histiocytic and mixed lymphomas, accompanied by clinical manifestations. The origin of the blastic elements is discussed.", "contents": "Lesions of the female genital tract in leukemia and lymphoma. A pathological study was carried out on the female genital tract on specimens from 14 patients with leukemia or lymphoma. Marked lesions with microscopic alterations were found in chronic granulocytic leukemia and in histiocytic and mixed lymphomas, accompanied by clinical manifestations. The origin of the blastic elements is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151221", "title": "On skeletal muscle pathology in trichinosis.", "content": "A study was carried out on the pathology of trichinosis in human muscle biopsy sample and comparatively in experimental trichinosis in the rat, by current microscopic techniques and Troitsky's method of block silver impregnation of the nerve endings. Stress is laid upon the incipient changes in the parasitized muscle fibers, the sarcolemmic origin of the parasite capsule, the myogenic nature of certain periparasitary but intracapsular clear cells of precocious appearance and other associated, non-specific lesions, such as common myositis changes or giant myogenic foreign-body cells. The intimate relationships between parasitized muscle fibres, cellular interstitial reactions, local new-growth vessels and proliferation of the nerve endings are also described. The morpho-functional significance of such morphological synergic manifestations is discussed as an adaptation to the new local conditions brought about by the appearance of the peculiar muscle fibre-parasite unit in trichinosis.", "contents": "On skeletal muscle pathology in trichinosis. A study was carried out on the pathology of trichinosis in human muscle biopsy sample and comparatively in experimental trichinosis in the rat, by current microscopic techniques and Troitsky's method of block silver impregnation of the nerve endings. Stress is laid upon the incipient changes in the parasitized muscle fibers, the sarcolemmic origin of the parasite capsule, the myogenic nature of certain periparasitary but intracapsular clear cells of precocious appearance and other associated, non-specific lesions, such as common myositis changes or giant myogenic foreign-body cells. The intimate relationships between parasitized muscle fibres, cellular interstitial reactions, local new-growth vessels and proliferation of the nerve endings are also described. The morpho-functional significance of such morphological synergic manifestations is discussed as an adaptation to the new local conditions brought about by the appearance of the peculiar muscle fibre-parasite unit in trichinosis."}
{"id": "PMID:151222", "title": "Histochemical and histoenzymic researches in coronary sudden death.", "content": "Using Lie's technique in order to evidence the fuchsinophilia of the early ischaemic zones and Falck-Hillarp's technique to appreciate the disappearance of the myocardial adrenergic network, the authors followed up the concordance between the precocity of the ischaemia and the frequency of the acidophilia. Studying 54 cases of coronary sudden death by using 100-300 slides in each case, the fuchsinophilic zones were evidenced in 46 per cent of the cases, aspects indicating the morphologic substrate of the sudden death with ectopic ventricular electrical activity centres. The results of fluorescence Falck-Hillarps's technique are the same as those obtained by light microscopy, which is to be preferred in routine practice. Farber-Louvi\u00e8re's microscopic histoenzymic method for succinate-dehydrogenase presents multiple advantages, so that it is preferable to Kollin-Neoral's macroscopic reaction.", "contents": "Histochemical and histoenzymic researches in coronary sudden death. Using Lie's technique in order to evidence the fuchsinophilia of the early ischaemic zones and Falck-Hillarp's technique to appreciate the disappearance of the myocardial adrenergic network, the authors followed up the concordance between the precocity of the ischaemia and the frequency of the acidophilia. Studying 54 cases of coronary sudden death by using 100-300 slides in each case, the fuchsinophilic zones were evidenced in 46 per cent of the cases, aspects indicating the morphologic substrate of the sudden death with ectopic ventricular electrical activity centres. The results of fluorescence Falck-Hillarps's technique are the same as those obtained by light microscopy, which is to be preferred in routine practice. Farber-Louvi\u00e8re's microscopic histoenzymic method for succinate-dehydrogenase presents multiple advantages, so that it is preferable to Kollin-Neoral's macroscopic reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:151223", "title": "Experimental chronic obstructive lung disease. I. Bronchopulmonary changes induced in rabbits by prolonged exposure to formaldehyde.", "content": "The prolonged exposure to formaldehyde induces in the rabbit lung reactional and dystrophic changes involving the intrapulmonary bronchi, the bronchioli and the lung tissue. These changes are represented by bronchial cell hyperplasia with hypermucigenesis, extrusion of bronchial cells, bronchiolar hypermucigenesis, parcellary squamous metaplasia or necrobiosis of epithelia, thickening of bronchial and bronchiolar walls by subepithelial cell accumulations, destruction of musculo-elastic structures with stenosis or ectasia; the vascular reactions are hyperhaemic and proliferative with an obstructive and fibrous tendency; the parenchymal lesions are atelectasias, intralobular emphysema, and cellular thickening of alveolar walls and interlobular areas. The acid phosphatase, Tween-60-esterase, naphthol-AS-D-acetate-esterase, proline-oxidase and hydroxyproline-2-epimerase activities are increasing, while the leucyl-aminopeptidase and beta-glucuronidase ones are decreasing. The qualitative observations are completed and sustained by quanitative studies of mucous cell kinetics, of cell accumulations and differentiations.", "contents": "Experimental chronic obstructive lung disease. I. Bronchopulmonary changes induced in rabbits by prolonged exposure to formaldehyde. The prolonged exposure to formaldehyde induces in the rabbit lung reactional and dystrophic changes involving the intrapulmonary bronchi, the bronchioli and the lung tissue. These changes are represented by bronchial cell hyperplasia with hypermucigenesis, extrusion of bronchial cells, bronchiolar hypermucigenesis, parcellary squamous metaplasia or necrobiosis of epithelia, thickening of bronchial and bronchiolar walls by subepithelial cell accumulations, destruction of musculo-elastic structures with stenosis or ectasia; the vascular reactions are hyperhaemic and proliferative with an obstructive and fibrous tendency; the parenchymal lesions are atelectasias, intralobular emphysema, and cellular thickening of alveolar walls and interlobular areas. The acid phosphatase, Tween-60-esterase, naphthol-AS-D-acetate-esterase, proline-oxidase and hydroxyproline-2-epimerase activities are increasing, while the leucyl-aminopeptidase and beta-glucuronidase ones are decreasing. The qualitative observations are completed and sustained by quanitative studies of mucous cell kinetics, of cell accumulations and differentiations."}
{"id": "PMID:151228", "title": "Mutagenicity testing of benomyl, methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate, streptozotocin and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Salmonella typhimurium in vitro and in rodent host-mediated assays.", "content": "The fungicide benomyl and its commercial preparations Fundazol 50WP and Benlate 50WP and the benomyl metabolite methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate and its commercial preparation MBC 50WP were tested for mutagenicity in in vitro spot tests, in microsomal plate assay, in liquid-culture treatments, or in rodent host-mediated assay. The base-pair substitution Salmonella typhimurium mutant hisG46 and the hisG46-bearing uvrB excision-repair-deficient mutants TA100, TA1530, TA1535 or TA1950 were used as test organisms. Complete genotypic information of these mutants is given in Ames et al. [2]. Captain 50WP, streptozotocin (SZN), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 2-aminopurine and N-acetylaminofluorene were used as positive control compounds. In nonoverlay spot tests Benlate 50WP was not mutagenic over a dose range of 50-5000 microgram/spot in hisG46 and TA1535. In overlay spot tests 50 or 100 microgram/spot Benomyl, MBC, Fundazol 50WP, Benlate 50WP and MBC 50WP were tested in hisG46, TA1530 or TA1950. Only a non-commercial MBC sample at 100 microgram/spot showed weak mutagenic activity in hisG46. In microsomal activation plate assay MBC, benomyl, Fundazol 50WP and Benlate 50WP were tested in TA100 over a dose range of 50-2000 microgram/plate. None of the compounds showed mutagenicity. In a 20-h liquid-culture treatment 10, 100, 1000 and 10 000 microgram/ml Fundazol 50WP were not mutagenic in TA 30. In 1-h liquid-culture treatments benomyl, Benlate 50WP or Fundazol 50WP failed to induce mutations in hisG46, TA100 or TA1950 over a dose range of 0.25-1000 microgram/ml. Appropriate positive controls were mutagenic in each experiment. The consistently negative results in this study with commercial MBC and benomyl preparations are contrary to positive results reported earlier with similar methods and similar commercial preparations. Possible reasons to explain the different results are presented. The alkylating agents SZN and MNNG induced fewer mutations in TA1530 and TA1950 uvrB excision-repair-deficient strains than in the hisG46 excision-proficient strain, indicating that with these mutagens excision-repair is also a mutation-prone process. In rodent host-mediated assays with Fundazol 50WP in mice 3 consecutive subcutaneous hourly doses of 500 mg/kg in hisG46 and TA1950 and in rats or mice an oral dose of 4000 mg/kg in TA1950 were not mutagenic. The positive control SZN was mutagenic.", "contents": "Mutagenicity testing of benomyl, methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate, streptozotocin and N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in Salmonella typhimurium in vitro and in rodent host-mediated assays. The fungicide benomyl and its commercial preparations Fundazol 50WP and Benlate 50WP and the benomyl metabolite methyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate and its commercial preparation MBC 50WP were tested for mutagenicity in in vitro spot tests, in microsomal plate assay, in liquid-culture treatments, or in rodent host-mediated assay. The base-pair substitution Salmonella typhimurium mutant hisG46 and the hisG46-bearing uvrB excision-repair-deficient mutants TA100, TA1530, TA1535 or TA1950 were used as test organisms. Complete genotypic information of these mutants is given in Ames et al. [2]. Captain 50WP, streptozotocin (SZN), N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), 2-aminopurine and N-acetylaminofluorene were used as positive control compounds. In nonoverlay spot tests Benlate 50WP was not mutagenic over a dose range of 50-5000 microgram/spot in hisG46 and TA1535. In overlay spot tests 50 or 100 microgram/spot Benomyl, MBC, Fundazol 50WP, Benlate 50WP and MBC 50WP were tested in hisG46, TA1530 or TA1950. Only a non-commercial MBC sample at 100 microgram/spot showed weak mutagenic activity in hisG46. In microsomal activation plate assay MBC, benomyl, Fundazol 50WP and Benlate 50WP were tested in TA100 over a dose range of 50-2000 microgram/plate. None of the compounds showed mutagenicity. In a 20-h liquid-culture treatment 10, 100, 1000 and 10 000 microgram/ml Fundazol 50WP were not mutagenic in TA 30. In 1-h liquid-culture treatments benomyl, Benlate 50WP or Fundazol 50WP failed to induce mutations in hisG46, TA100 or TA1950 over a dose range of 0.25-1000 microgram/ml. Appropriate positive controls were mutagenic in each experiment. The consistently negative results in this study with commercial MBC and benomyl preparations are contrary to positive results reported earlier with similar methods and similar commercial preparations. Possible reasons to explain the different results are presented. The alkylating agents SZN and MNNG induced fewer mutations in TA1530 and TA1950 uvrB excision-repair-deficient strains than in the hisG46 excision-proficient strain, indicating that with these mutagens excision-repair is also a mutation-prone process. In rodent host-mediated assays with Fundazol 50WP in mice 3 consecutive subcutaneous hourly doses of 500 mg/kg in hisG46 and TA1950 and in rats or mice an oral dose of 4000 mg/kg in TA1950 were not mutagenic. The positive control SZN was mutagenic."}
{"id": "PMID:151224", "title": "Thymus quantitative morphological changes during CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis.", "content": "The dynamics of the thymus cell densities was studied during CCl4-induced cirrhogenic hepatopathy. The results show that all thymus compartments take part in immune phenomena occurring in the whole lymphatic system. The maximal intensity of thymus participation is attained in precirrhosis and evolutive cirrhosis. Within the cortical zone, the cell density pyroninophilia and blast-transformed cells increase during the first two months. After two months, there is a decrease of the pyroninophilic elements within the cortical zone, concomitantly with their increase at the medullary level, thus suggesting a migration process of the cells, which change the cortical-medullary ratio.", "contents": "Thymus quantitative morphological changes during CCl4-induced liver cirrhosis. The dynamics of the thymus cell densities was studied during CCl4-induced cirrhogenic hepatopathy. The results show that all thymus compartments take part in immune phenomena occurring in the whole lymphatic system. The maximal intensity of thymus participation is attained in precirrhosis and evolutive cirrhosis. Within the cortical zone, the cell density pyroninophilia and blast-transformed cells increase during the first two months. After two months, there is a decrease of the pyroninophilic elements within the cortical zone, concomitantly with their increase at the medullary level, thus suggesting a migration process of the cells, which change the cortical-medullary ratio."}
{"id": "PMID:151230", "title": "Immunologic factors determining survival of cadaver-kidney transplants. The effect of HLA serotyping, cytotoxic antibodies and blood transfusions on graft survival.", "content": "We assessed immunologic factors determining graft survival in 510 recipients of primary cadaver allografts at one center. The degree of HLA match grade did not directly affect graft survival (54 per cent in no-antigen match, and 42 per cent in three-antigen match, at two years). There was no correlation between the HLA match grade and the degree of stimulation of the mixed lymphocyte culture. Patients receiving more than five blood transfusions had a significantly better graft survival than nontransfused recipients (52 versus 23 per cent, respectively, at two years, P less than 0.001). The beneficial effect of transfusions was noted whether or not lymphocytotoxic antibodies were produced, provided adequate screening was performed before transplantation. Transfusions did not alter the degree of stimulation in the mixed lymphocyte culture. More liberal use of transfusions and frequent screening for cytotoxic antibodies would probably result in more effective cadaver-kidney transplantation.", "contents": "Immunologic factors determining survival of cadaver-kidney transplants. The effect of HLA serotyping, cytotoxic antibodies and blood transfusions on graft survival. We assessed immunologic factors determining graft survival in 510 recipients of primary cadaver allografts at one center. The degree of HLA match grade did not directly affect graft survival (54 per cent in no-antigen match, and 42 per cent in three-antigen match, at two years). There was no correlation between the HLA match grade and the degree of stimulation of the mixed lymphocyte culture. Patients receiving more than five blood transfusions had a significantly better graft survival than nontransfused recipients (52 versus 23 per cent, respectively, at two years, P less than 0.001). The beneficial effect of transfusions was noted whether or not lymphocytotoxic antibodies were produced, provided adequate screening was performed before transplantation. Transfusions did not alter the degree of stimulation in the mixed lymphocyte culture. More liberal use of transfusions and frequent screening for cytotoxic antibodies would probably result in more effective cadaver-kidney transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:151226", "title": "Formation dynamics of lymph node metastases after heterografting of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in rats.", "content": "The inoculation of 100 X 10(6) Ehrlich ascites tumor cells into the peritoneal cavity of X-irradiated rats induced a transitory ascites tumor and lymph nodes metastases. The sequential aspects of metastases formation and regression were studied. No metastases were found in non-irradiated rats injected with the same amount of tumor cells.", "contents": "Formation dynamics of lymph node metastases after heterografting of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in rats. The inoculation of 100 X 10(6) Ehrlich ascites tumor cells into the peritoneal cavity of X-irradiated rats induced a transitory ascites tumor and lymph nodes metastases. The sequential aspects of metastases formation and regression were studied. No metastases were found in non-irradiated rats injected with the same amount of tumor cells."}
{"id": "PMID:151225", "title": "Data concerning the interpretation of biliary neocanaliculi in prolonged biliary stasis.", "content": "Using the model of cholestasis after ligation of the common bile duct in the rat, some aspects concerning the ductular neoformation were studied. The authors' observations sustain the hepatocytic origin of neoformed tubular structures by a process of regressive metamorphosis of the hepatic cells which is to be considered as a dedifferentiation phenomenon. Neocanaliculi appear in relation with hyperplastic connective tissue through which the liver could regain its embryofetal cholangiogenesis.", "contents": "Data concerning the interpretation of biliary neocanaliculi in prolonged biliary stasis. Using the model of cholestasis after ligation of the common bile duct in the rat, some aspects concerning the ductular neoformation were studied. The authors' observations sustain the hepatocytic origin of neoformed tubular structures by a process of regressive metamorphosis of the hepatic cells which is to be considered as a dedifferentiation phenomenon. Neocanaliculi appear in relation with hyperplastic connective tissue through which the liver could regain its embryofetal cholangiogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:151227", "title": "Experimental investigations in acute myocardial ischaemia. Note II. Studies concerning morphophysiologie alterations of the ischaemic myocardium under vascularization conditions.", "content": "The biology of the myocardial fiber was studied under experimental conditions similar to angina and the premonitory syndrome of myocardial infarction. The morphophysiologic data obtained particularly concerning the mitochondria demonstrated that affection of the myocardium by progressive ischaemia induced less severe lesions than the abrupt onset of ischaemia, also lowering the frequency of ventricular fibrillations.", "contents": "Experimental investigations in acute myocardial ischaemia. Note II. Studies concerning morphophysiologie alterations of the ischaemic myocardium under vascularization conditions. The biology of the myocardial fiber was studied under experimental conditions similar to angina and the premonitory syndrome of myocardial infarction. The morphophysiologic data obtained particularly concerning the mitochondria demonstrated that affection of the myocardium by progressive ischaemia induced less severe lesions than the abrupt onset of ischaemia, also lowering the frequency of ventricular fibrillations."}
{"id": "PMID:151240", "title": "Role of serotonin in feedback control of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular complex in male rats.", "content": "Hemicastration of male rats produced rapid changes in plasma testosterone (T) levels both in summer and in winter. However, in winter, after unilateral castration, the duration of T maximum decrease was found to be longer, but the compensatory increase of blood T following its drop was more dramatic as compared to the summer season. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) administration blocked the compensatory increase in plasma T that followed its drop induced by hemicastration. At the same time, under similar experimental conditions, a preliminary injection of p-chlorophenyl-alanine (PCPA) was accompanied by a more marked rise of plasma T than in control unilaterally castrated rats. After the injection of serotonin (5-HT) into the lateral ventricle of the brain there was no effect on the blood T content in rats with intact gonads. However, 5-HT injection to hemicastrated animals under similar conditions completely prevented the compensatory increase of T level in blood after its fall caused by the operation. On the other hand, double intraventricular injection of methysergide was followed by a more marked rise of blood T content as compared with the control hemicastrated rats. The conclusion is drawn that brain serotoninergic neurons are involved in feedback mechanisms related to the control of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular complex.", "contents": "Role of serotonin in feedback control of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular complex in male rats. Hemicastration of male rats produced rapid changes in plasma testosterone (T) levels both in summer and in winter. However, in winter, after unilateral castration, the duration of T maximum decrease was found to be longer, but the compensatory increase of blood T following its drop was more dramatic as compared to the summer season. The intraperitoneal (i.p.) 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) administration blocked the compensatory increase in plasma T that followed its drop induced by hemicastration. At the same time, under similar experimental conditions, a preliminary injection of p-chlorophenyl-alanine (PCPA) was accompanied by a more marked rise of plasma T than in control unilaterally castrated rats. After the injection of serotonin (5-HT) into the lateral ventricle of the brain there was no effect on the blood T content in rats with intact gonads. However, 5-HT injection to hemicastrated animals under similar conditions completely prevented the compensatory increase of T level in blood after its fall caused by the operation. On the other hand, double intraventricular injection of methysergide was followed by a more marked rise of blood T content as compared with the control hemicastrated rats. The conclusion is drawn that brain serotoninergic neurons are involved in feedback mechanisms related to the control of hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular complex."}
{"id": "PMID:151250", "title": "Myxoma of the mandible--a fibroblastic tumor.", "content": "A case of myxoma of the mandible is described. The tumor was examined by both light and electron microscopy. Histochemistry showed an abundant acid mucopolysaccharide stroma, embedded in which were stellate cells with branching processes. Ultrastructurally, these cells were seen to be fibroblasts. Occasional myofibroblasts were seen in the tumor. No odontogenic epithelium was identified, and this component was not thought to be important in the histogenesis of the tumor.", "contents": "Myxoma of the mandible--a fibroblastic tumor. A case of myxoma of the mandible is described. The tumor was examined by both light and electron microscopy. Histochemistry showed an abundant acid mucopolysaccharide stroma, embedded in which were stellate cells with branching processes. Ultrastructurally, these cells were seen to be fibroblasts. Occasional myofibroblasts were seen in the tumor. No odontogenic epithelium was identified, and this component was not thought to be important in the histogenesis of the tumor."}
{"id": "PMID:151247", "title": "'If it's wet, dry it; if it's dry, wet it'.", "content": "Wet, oozing lesions should be dried, dry lesions should be hydrated and lubricated. Soaks, Castellani's Paint and exposure to the air are effective methods of drying. Dry eczematous lesions can be treated with low patency topical steroids and emollient ointments. The occupational nurse can better treat and prevent dermatitis seen in industry by familiarizing herself with the various contact irritants and sensitizers found in the workplace.", "contents": "'If it's wet, dry it; if it's dry, wet it'. Wet, oozing lesions should be dried, dry lesions should be hydrated and lubricated. Soaks, Castellani's Paint and exposure to the air are effective methods of drying. Dry eczematous lesions can be treated with low patency topical steroids and emollient ointments. The occupational nurse can better treat and prevent dermatitis seen in industry by familiarizing herself with the various contact irritants and sensitizers found in the workplace."}
{"id": "PMID:151256", "title": "Thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis with mosaic Turner's syndrome: Report of a case.", "content": "A child was treated for thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis and an associated chromosomal defect. Contrary to most cases in which death is due to the externally situated heart and abdominal viscera, this patient died from congenital heart disease.", "contents": "Thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis with mosaic Turner's syndrome: Report of a case. A child was treated for thoracoabdominal ectopia cordis and an associated chromosomal defect. Contrary to most cases in which death is due to the externally situated heart and abdominal viscera, this patient died from congenital heart disease."}
{"id": "PMID:151261", "title": "Effects of halothane on Ca2+-activated tension development in mechanically disrupted rabbit myocardial fibers.", "content": "The effect of halothane on maximal and submaximal Ca2+-activated tension in mechanically disrupted right ventricular papillary muscle from rabbits was studied. Steady-state isometric tension generation was measured in the muscle bundle. The relaxing solution contained (in mM) [Mg2+] = 1, [K+] = 70, [MgATP2-] = 2, [creatine phosphate2-] = 15, [EGTA total] = 7 and imidazole proprionate. The contracting solution contained in addition Ca2+ in various concentrations. In all solutions ionic strength was maintained at 0.15 and pH at 7.00 +/- 0.02 at 20 degrees C. Each fiber bundle was immersed in control solutions equilibrated with 100% N2 and test solutions equilibrated with various concentrations of halothane-N2 mixture. Increasing doses of halothane (1--4%) significantly shifted the relationship between Ca2+ and tension towards higher [Ca2+] and depressed the maximum Ca2+-activated tension. The maximum tension generated at pCa = 3.8 was depressed 5% per 1% increase in halothane concentration. The percentage of maximum tension at submaximum Ca2+ concentrations (pCa = 5.6--5.0) was not significantly decreased until halothane concentration was greater than 2%. It is concluded that halothane slightly but significantly depressed the interactions of contractile proteins and to a lesser degree Ca2+-activation of the regulatory proteins. The halothane-induced depression was completely reversible.", "contents": "Effects of halothane on Ca2+-activated tension development in mechanically disrupted rabbit myocardial fibers. The effect of halothane on maximal and submaximal Ca2+-activated tension in mechanically disrupted right ventricular papillary muscle from rabbits was studied. Steady-state isometric tension generation was measured in the muscle bundle. The relaxing solution contained (in mM) [Mg2+] = 1, [K+] = 70, [MgATP2-] = 2, [creatine phosphate2-] = 15, [EGTA total] = 7 and imidazole proprionate. The contracting solution contained in addition Ca2+ in various concentrations. In all solutions ionic strength was maintained at 0.15 and pH at 7.00 +/- 0.02 at 20 degrees C. Each fiber bundle was immersed in control solutions equilibrated with 100% N2 and test solutions equilibrated with various concentrations of halothane-N2 mixture. Increasing doses of halothane (1--4%) significantly shifted the relationship between Ca2+ and tension towards higher [Ca2+] and depressed the maximum Ca2+-activated tension. The maximum tension generated at pCa = 3.8 was depressed 5% per 1% increase in halothane concentration. The percentage of maximum tension at submaximum Ca2+ concentrations (pCa = 5.6--5.0) was not significantly decreased until halothane concentration was greater than 2%. It is concluded that halothane slightly but significantly depressed the interactions of contractile proteins and to a lesser degree Ca2+-activation of the regulatory proteins. The halothane-induced depression was completely reversible."}
{"id": "PMID:151264", "title": "Activation and inactivation of neocarzinostatin-induced cleavage of DNA.", "content": "The possible role of free radicals in the mechanism of neocarzinostatin (NCS) action was studied. While mercaptene markedly stimulate the ability of NCS to degrade DNA, they also rapidly inactivate the antibiotic in a preincubation and at higher concentration inhibit the degradation reaction. The radiation protector S,2-aminoethylisothiuronium bromide-HBr is the most potent compound tested. Scavengers of diffusible OH radicals, O2- or H2O2 do not result in significant inhibition of the oxygen-dependent cleavage of DNA by NCS; in fact, alcohols and other organic solvents stimulate the reaction several-fold. By contrast, the potent peroxyl free radical scavenger, alpha-tocopherol, blocks the reaction 50% at 50 micron.", "contents": "Activation and inactivation of neocarzinostatin-induced cleavage of DNA. The possible role of free radicals in the mechanism of neocarzinostatin (NCS) action was studied. While mercaptene markedly stimulate the ability of NCS to degrade DNA, they also rapidly inactivate the antibiotic in a preincubation and at higher concentration inhibit the degradation reaction. The radiation protector S,2-aminoethylisothiuronium bromide-HBr is the most potent compound tested. Scavengers of diffusible OH radicals, O2- or H2O2 do not result in significant inhibition of the oxygen-dependent cleavage of DNA by NCS; in fact, alcohols and other organic solvents stimulate the reaction several-fold. By contrast, the potent peroxyl free radical scavenger, alpha-tocopherol, blocks the reaction 50% at 50 micron."}
{"id": "PMID:151263", "title": "[The fertility of trisomy 21 sufferers. One case (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of pregnancy in a patient with trisomy 21 with birth of a hypotrophic infant, with a normal caryotype but multiple malformations. This case illustrates the limitations on antenatal diagnosis by amniocentesis. Study of the literature confirms the unfavourable foetal prognosis as a result of the risk of transmission of the chromosomal abnormality and, secondly, the prevalence of incest.", "contents": "[The fertility of trisomy 21 sufferers. One case (author's transl)]. A case of pregnancy in a patient with trisomy 21 with birth of a hypotrophic infant, with a normal caryotype but multiple malformations. This case illustrates the limitations on antenatal diagnosis by amniocentesis. Study of the literature confirms the unfavourable foetal prognosis as a result of the risk of transmission of the chromosomal abnormality and, secondly, the prevalence of incest."}
{"id": "PMID:151273", "title": "[Comparison of oscillation method and body plethysmography for assessment of airway resistance (author's transl)].", "content": "Airway resistance was measured by body plethysmography and also by an oscillographic method for assessment of the impedance of the respiratory tract. The results were compared in 42 unselected patients. The correlation between the two values for airway resistance was satisfactory (r = 0,804 p less than 0,001). However, when correlation was sought between each type of resistance-value and other lung function data (FEV1, IGV), the resistance measured by plethymography correlated better than the one measured by the oscillation method. This difference was even more pronounced when 21 patients with manifest bronchospasm were reevaluated after bronchodilatation. Nevertheless, the oscillation method for assessment of the resistance of the respiratory tract serves as a new and practicable tool for bed-side lung function testing, as well as for testing of patients who are unable to cooperate for routine spirography.", "contents": "[Comparison of oscillation method and body plethysmography for assessment of airway resistance (author's transl)]. Airway resistance was measured by body plethysmography and also by an oscillographic method for assessment of the impedance of the respiratory tract. The results were compared in 42 unselected patients. The correlation between the two values for airway resistance was satisfactory (r = 0,804 p less than 0,001). However, when correlation was sought between each type of resistance-value and other lung function data (FEV1, IGV), the resistance measured by plethymography correlated better than the one measured by the oscillation method. This difference was even more pronounced when 21 patients with manifest bronchospasm were reevaluated after bronchodilatation. Nevertheless, the oscillation method for assessment of the resistance of the respiratory tract serves as a new and practicable tool for bed-side lung function testing, as well as for testing of patients who are unable to cooperate for routine spirography."}
{"id": "PMID:151276", "title": "Myosins in murine muscular dystrophy.", "content": "Electrophoresis of intact myosin ATPases extracted from fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles of dystrophic mice, and from control mice, was performed. The proportions of the lower ATPase myosin were increased in the dystrophic muscles. These results correlated with the abnormalities in the isometric myogram and the force/velocity relationships which have been described.", "contents": "Myosins in murine muscular dystrophy. Electrophoresis of intact myosin ATPases extracted from fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscles of dystrophic mice, and from control mice, was performed. The proportions of the lower ATPase myosin were increased in the dystrophic muscles. These results correlated with the abnormalities in the isometric myogram and the force/velocity relationships which have been described."}
{"id": "PMID:151277", "title": "Siderophore electrochemistry: relation to intracellular iron release mechanism.", "content": "Previous studies have shown that there is a major difference between the iron release mechanism of enterobactin, a catechol-based siderophore, and that of the hydroxamate-based siderophores such as ferrichrome. For ferric enterobactin there is an esterase that hydrolyzes the ligand during iron release. In contrast, iron is released by the hydroxamate-based siderophores and the ligands are reused in subsequent iron transport. It has been suggested that release of iron by hydroxamates occurs by reduction to the ferrous complex, a process that does not occur for ferric enterobactin. Cyclic voltammograms of ferrichrome A and ferrioxamine B exhibit reversible one-electron waves with pH-independent formal potentials (Ef-vs. the normal hydrogen electrode) -446 and -454 mV, respectively, within the range of physiological reductants. Ferric enterobactin also shows a reversible one-electron wave (at pH greater than 10) with Ef = -986 mV vs. the normal hydrogen electrode. From the pH dependence of this potential we estimate a reduction potential of -750 mV at pH 7. In sharp contrast to the value for the ferric hydroxamates, this value is well below the range of physiological reducing agents. The results demonstrate that the observed hydrolysis of enterobactin is a necessary prerequisite to in vivo release of iron from the siderophore via ferric ion reduction.", "contents": "Siderophore electrochemistry: relation to intracellular iron release mechanism. Previous studies have shown that there is a major difference between the iron release mechanism of enterobactin, a catechol-based siderophore, and that of the hydroxamate-based siderophores such as ferrichrome. For ferric enterobactin there is an esterase that hydrolyzes the ligand during iron release. In contrast, iron is released by the hydroxamate-based siderophores and the ligands are reused in subsequent iron transport. It has been suggested that release of iron by hydroxamates occurs by reduction to the ferrous complex, a process that does not occur for ferric enterobactin. Cyclic voltammograms of ferrichrome A and ferrioxamine B exhibit reversible one-electron waves with pH-independent formal potentials (Ef-vs. the normal hydrogen electrode) -446 and -454 mV, respectively, within the range of physiological reductants. Ferric enterobactin also shows a reversible one-electron wave (at pH greater than 10) with Ef = -986 mV vs. the normal hydrogen electrode. From the pH dependence of this potential we estimate a reduction potential of -750 mV at pH 7. In sharp contrast to the value for the ferric hydroxamates, this value is well below the range of physiological reducing agents. The results demonstrate that the observed hydrolysis of enterobactin is a necessary prerequisite to in vivo release of iron from the siderophore via ferric ion reduction."}
{"id": "PMID:151278", "title": "Nucleotide specificity in DNA scission by neocarzinostatin.", "content": "Using the DNA sequencing technique of Maxam and Gilbert, we show that the protein antibiotic neocarzinostatin, cleaves double-stranded phiX174 DNA restriction fragments almost exclusively at deoxythymidylic and deoxyadenylic acid residues in a reaction requiring 2-mercaptoethanol. Overall, deoxythymidylic acid residues are attacked much more frequently than are deoxyadenylic acid residues, although there is variability in the attack rate for both nucleotides at different locations in the DNA molecule. While all deoxythymidylic acid residues are sites of scission by neocarzinostatin, not all deoxyadenylic acid residues are cleavage sites. There appears to be no clear-cut nucleotide sequence specificity in determining cleavage frequency. Single-stranded DNA is a very poor substrate for neocarzinostatin-induced scission; with one single-stranded DNA fragment, cleavage occurs at a position that is not attacked in double-stranded DNA. The possible significance for its biological activity of a drug that can attack both members of a DNA base pair is discussed.", "contents": "Nucleotide specificity in DNA scission by neocarzinostatin. Using the DNA sequencing technique of Maxam and Gilbert, we show that the protein antibiotic neocarzinostatin, cleaves double-stranded phiX174 DNA restriction fragments almost exclusively at deoxythymidylic and deoxyadenylic acid residues in a reaction requiring 2-mercaptoethanol. Overall, deoxythymidylic acid residues are attacked much more frequently than are deoxyadenylic acid residues, although there is variability in the attack rate for both nucleotides at different locations in the DNA molecule. While all deoxythymidylic acid residues are sites of scission by neocarzinostatin, not all deoxyadenylic acid residues are cleavage sites. There appears to be no clear-cut nucleotide sequence specificity in determining cleavage frequency. Single-stranded DNA is a very poor substrate for neocarzinostatin-induced scission; with one single-stranded DNA fragment, cleavage occurs at a position that is not attacked in double-stranded DNA. The possible significance for its biological activity of a drug that can attack both members of a DNA base pair is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151279", "title": "Amino acid sequence of tyrosinase from Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The amino-acid sequence of tyrosinase from Neurospora crassa (monophenol,dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) is reported. This copper-containing oxidase consists of a single polypeptide chain of 407 amino acids. The primary structure was determined by automated and manual sequence analysis on fragments produced by cleavage with cyanogen bromide and on peptides obtained by digestion with trypsin, pepsin, thermolysin, or chymotrypsin. The amino terminus of the protein is acetylated and the single cysteinyl residue 96 is covalently linked via a thioether bridge to histidyl residue 94. The formation and the possible role of this unusual structure in Neurospora tyrosinase is discussed. Dye-sensitized photooxidation of apotyrosinase and active-site-directed inactivation of the native enzyme indicate the possible involvement of histidyl residues 188, 192, 289, and 305 or 306 as ligands to the active-site copper as well as in the catalytic mechanism of this monooxygenase.", "contents": "Amino acid sequence of tyrosinase from Neurospora crassa. The amino-acid sequence of tyrosinase from Neurospora crassa (monophenol,dihydroxyphenylalanine:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.14.18.1) is reported. This copper-containing oxidase consists of a single polypeptide chain of 407 amino acids. The primary structure was determined by automated and manual sequence analysis on fragments produced by cleavage with cyanogen bromide and on peptides obtained by digestion with trypsin, pepsin, thermolysin, or chymotrypsin. The amino terminus of the protein is acetylated and the single cysteinyl residue 96 is covalently linked via a thioether bridge to histidyl residue 94. The formation and the possible role of this unusual structure in Neurospora tyrosinase is discussed. Dye-sensitized photooxidation of apotyrosinase and active-site-directed inactivation of the native enzyme indicate the possible involvement of histidyl residues 188, 192, 289, and 305 or 306 as ligands to the active-site copper as well as in the catalytic mechanism of this monooxygenase."}
{"id": "PMID:151280", "title": "Calcification of isolated matrix vesicles and reconstituted vesicles from fetal bovine cartilage.", "content": "Ca deposition by isolated matrix vesicles from fetal calf growth plate cartilage and by a deoxycholate extract from matrix vesicles that included their phosphatase was studied under defined in vitro conditions. Electron microscopy showed that after removal of deoxycholate and lyophilization of the vesicle extract, new vesicles were reconstituted, often with multiple membrane layers. Both intact calf vesicles and reconstituted vesicles initiated Ca deposition maximally when supplied with ATP, GTP, CTP, or UTP. Only nucleoside triphosphates supported Ca deposition well; mono- and diphosphoesters, although hydrolyzed, were ineffective as substrates. Nucleoside triphosphates supported Ca deposition even if the final [Ca] X [P] reached in the reaction mixture was below a metastable level (3.5 mM2), suggesting that matrix vesicles or reconstituted vesicles promote calcification by localizing Ca or PO4 or both. ATP or GTP supported Ca deposition readily at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 mM but, at 2.5 and 5.0 mM, Ca deposition was inhibited. The ATPase of intact matrix vesicles and reconstituted vesicles was stimulated by addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Ca deposition did not require additional Mg2+. These results lend support to the hypothesis that matrix vesicles and their phosphatases play an important role in mineralization.", "contents": "Calcification of isolated matrix vesicles and reconstituted vesicles from fetal bovine cartilage. Ca deposition by isolated matrix vesicles from fetal calf growth plate cartilage and by a deoxycholate extract from matrix vesicles that included their phosphatase was studied under defined in vitro conditions. Electron microscopy showed that after removal of deoxycholate and lyophilization of the vesicle extract, new vesicles were reconstituted, often with multiple membrane layers. Both intact calf vesicles and reconstituted vesicles initiated Ca deposition maximally when supplied with ATP, GTP, CTP, or UTP. Only nucleoside triphosphates supported Ca deposition well; mono- and diphosphoesters, although hydrolyzed, were ineffective as substrates. Nucleoside triphosphates supported Ca deposition even if the final [Ca] X [P] reached in the reaction mixture was below a metastable level (3.5 mM2), suggesting that matrix vesicles or reconstituted vesicles promote calcification by localizing Ca or PO4 or both. ATP or GTP supported Ca deposition readily at concentrations ranging from 0.25 to 1.0 mM but, at 2.5 and 5.0 mM, Ca deposition was inhibited. The ATPase of intact matrix vesicles and reconstituted vesicles was stimulated by addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+. Ca deposition did not require additional Mg2+. These results lend support to the hypothesis that matrix vesicles and their phosphatases play an important role in mineralization."}
{"id": "PMID:151284", "title": "Properties of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase isolated from rat liver.", "content": "Soluble, oligomysin-insensitive ATPase was isolated from liver mitochondria by a new technique [Drahota and Houst\u0115k 1977]. Study of the resultant enzyme preparation provided further evidence that the isolated protein displays properties typical of mitochondrial ATPase (specific activity about 100 U/mg, optimum pH 8.2, activation by various bivalent cations and reassociation with membranes deprived of ATPase).", "contents": "Properties of mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase isolated from rat liver. Soluble, oligomysin-insensitive ATPase was isolated from liver mitochondria by a new technique [Drahota and Houst\u0115k 1977]. Study of the resultant enzyme preparation provided further evidence that the isolated protein displays properties typical of mitochondrial ATPase (specific activity about 100 U/mg, optimum pH 8.2, activation by various bivalent cations and reassociation with membranes deprived of ATPase)."}
{"id": "PMID:151285", "title": "K+--induced changes of oxygen uptake by neuronal enriched and glial enriched fractions from mouse brain cortex.", "content": "Neuronal and glial enriched fractions were incubated in a medium with 10mM pyruvate, 5mM fumarate and 0.9mM 5'-AMP and the effect of increased external K+ concentrations was studied upon oxygen uptake. A concentration of 65 mM K+ had a different effect on the oxygen consumption of glial and neuronal perikarya. The rate of oxygen uptake by glia was stimulated by 52.81% whilst an insignificant decrease of 15.79% occurred in the neurones. The highest rate of oxygen uptake by incubated cells was estimated in the presence of the substrate system containing pyruvate, fumarate and 5'-AMP. The significance of components in the substrate system for a high rate of oxygen uptake by cells was also tested with 6.2 mM K+ and 65 mM K+.", "contents": "K+--induced changes of oxygen uptake by neuronal enriched and glial enriched fractions from mouse brain cortex. Neuronal and glial enriched fractions were incubated in a medium with 10mM pyruvate, 5mM fumarate and 0.9mM 5'-AMP and the effect of increased external K+ concentrations was studied upon oxygen uptake. A concentration of 65 mM K+ had a different effect on the oxygen consumption of glial and neuronal perikarya. The rate of oxygen uptake by glia was stimulated by 52.81% whilst an insignificant decrease of 15.79% occurred in the neurones. The highest rate of oxygen uptake by incubated cells was estimated in the presence of the substrate system containing pyruvate, fumarate and 5'-AMP. The significance of components in the substrate system for a high rate of oxygen uptake by cells was also tested with 6.2 mM K+ and 65 mM K+."}
{"id": "PMID:151286", "title": "The effect of hexose monophosphate shunt inhibitors on adenohypophyseal and ceruloplasmin reactions to oestrogen.", "content": "Oestradiol benzoate, as an aqueous microcrystal suspension, was administered i.m. to rats in doses of 1 mg twice a week; it induced adenohypophyseal hyperplasia and an increase of the thyroxine-binding capacity of the adenohypophyseal proteins in vitro and raised the blood ceruloplasmin level. The simultaneous administration of a hexose monophosphate shunt inhibitor--6-aminonicotinamide (200 microgram/rat/day in food) or oxythiamine (8 mg/rat/day in food)--did not modify the reaction of the adenohypophysis; the hexose monophosphate shunt thus probably does not play a significant role in the adenohypophyseal reaction to oestrogens. By themselves, both inhibitors raised the blood ceruloplasmin level and their effect summated with that of oestradiol. The mechanism of action of the inhibitors is not known, but a nonspecific stress effect leading to an increase in the ceruloplasmin level as an \"acute phase protein\" is considered to be the most likely.", "contents": "The effect of hexose monophosphate shunt inhibitors on adenohypophyseal and ceruloplasmin reactions to oestrogen. Oestradiol benzoate, as an aqueous microcrystal suspension, was administered i.m. to rats in doses of 1 mg twice a week; it induced adenohypophyseal hyperplasia and an increase of the thyroxine-binding capacity of the adenohypophyseal proteins in vitro and raised the blood ceruloplasmin level. The simultaneous administration of a hexose monophosphate shunt inhibitor--6-aminonicotinamide (200 microgram/rat/day in food) or oxythiamine (8 mg/rat/day in food)--did not modify the reaction of the adenohypophysis; the hexose monophosphate shunt thus probably does not play a significant role in the adenohypophyseal reaction to oestrogens. By themselves, both inhibitors raised the blood ceruloplasmin level and their effect summated with that of oestradiol. The mechanism of action of the inhibitors is not known, but a nonspecific stress effect leading to an increase in the ceruloplasmin level as an \"acute phase protein\" is considered to be the most likely."}
{"id": "PMID:151287", "title": "Dopaminergic control of adenohypophyseal growth after oestrogens: negative results with L-DOPA, RO-4-4602, alpha-methyl-DOPA, apomorphine, haloperidol, pyridoxine and cyproheptadine.", "content": "Chronic oestrogen treatment augments adenohypophyseal weight and the thyroxine-binding capacity of adenohypophyseal proteins in rats. Since these reactions are both inhibited by ergocornine and ergoline derivatives (as well as by the thyroid hormones, testosterone, anti-oestrogens and antiandrogens), and are potentiation by perphenazine and the dopaminergic neurone blocker Pimozide, the peroral effectiveness of various other substances presumed to act in the region of the dopaminergic or serotoninergic neurones of the hypothalamus was tested. L-DOPA (10 mg/rat/day) did not modify the adenohypophyseal reaction, either alone or combined with the DOPA-decarboxylate inhibitor Ro-4-4602 (1 mg/rat/day). alpha-Methyl-DOPA (10 mg/rat/day), apomorphine (3 mg/rat/day), haloperidol (0.2 mg/rat/day), pyridoxine (20 mg/rat/day) and cyproheptadine (1 mg/rat/day) were likewise ineffective.", "contents": "Dopaminergic control of adenohypophyseal growth after oestrogens: negative results with L-DOPA, RO-4-4602, alpha-methyl-DOPA, apomorphine, haloperidol, pyridoxine and cyproheptadine. Chronic oestrogen treatment augments adenohypophyseal weight and the thyroxine-binding capacity of adenohypophyseal proteins in rats. Since these reactions are both inhibited by ergocornine and ergoline derivatives (as well as by the thyroid hormones, testosterone, anti-oestrogens and antiandrogens), and are potentiation by perphenazine and the dopaminergic neurone blocker Pimozide, the peroral effectiveness of various other substances presumed to act in the region of the dopaminergic or serotoninergic neurones of the hypothalamus was tested. L-DOPA (10 mg/rat/day) did not modify the adenohypophyseal reaction, either alone or combined with the DOPA-decarboxylate inhibitor Ro-4-4602 (1 mg/rat/day). alpha-Methyl-DOPA (10 mg/rat/day), apomorphine (3 mg/rat/day), haloperidol (0.2 mg/rat/day), pyridoxine (20 mg/rat/day) and cyproheptadine (1 mg/rat/day) were likewise ineffective."}
{"id": "PMID:151288", "title": "The effect of renal arterial infusion of albumin and dextran on tubular fluid reabsorption in the dog.", "content": "Albumin or Dextran solutions of varying concentration were infused into the renal artery of hydropenic dogs. Their effect on urine flow, sodium excretion, creatinine and PAH clearance, single nephron GFR, fractional and absolute fluid reabsorption in the proximal convolution, reabsorptive t1/2, and hydrostatic pressures in the proximal tubules and adjacent capillaries was compared with a similar infusion of isotonic saline solution. Six, 9, 12, 18 and 25% albumin and 6% Dextran solution did not significantly change the measured parameters. Infusion of 9 and 12% Dextran solution elicited a decrease in water and sodium excretion as well as absolute and fractional proximal tubular fluid reabsorption to a 5% level of significance. Infusion of 18% Dextran was accompanied by a marked decrease in total and proximal reabsorption combined with a decline of GFR, PAH clearance, and hydrostatic pressures in tubules and peritubular capillaries. The results do not support the hypothesis of a direct action of oncotic pressure on tubular fluid reabsorption; the above described effects of Dextran seem to be accounted for by its other \"pharmacological\" effect.", "contents": "The effect of renal arterial infusion of albumin and dextran on tubular fluid reabsorption in the dog. Albumin or Dextran solutions of varying concentration were infused into the renal artery of hydropenic dogs. Their effect on urine flow, sodium excretion, creatinine and PAH clearance, single nephron GFR, fractional and absolute fluid reabsorption in the proximal convolution, reabsorptive t1/2, and hydrostatic pressures in the proximal tubules and adjacent capillaries was compared with a similar infusion of isotonic saline solution. Six, 9, 12, 18 and 25% albumin and 6% Dextran solution did not significantly change the measured parameters. Infusion of 9 and 12% Dextran solution elicited a decrease in water and sodium excretion as well as absolute and fractional proximal tubular fluid reabsorption to a 5% level of significance. Infusion of 18% Dextran was accompanied by a marked decrease in total and proximal reabsorption combined with a decline of GFR, PAH clearance, and hydrostatic pressures in tubules and peritubular capillaries. The results do not support the hypothesis of a direct action of oncotic pressure on tubular fluid reabsorption; the above described effects of Dextran seem to be accounted for by its other \"pharmacological\" effect."}
{"id": "PMID:151289", "title": "The relationship between vigilance and cortical EEG manifestations after electrical stimulation of the thalamus and hippocampus in unrestrained rats.", "content": "The thalamus or hippocampus of unanaesthetized rats with impaired cortical and subcortical electrodes was stimulated with rhythmic series of electrical pulses of 3--15/sec frequency. In both cases, stimulation either did not affect vigilance, or led to a higher degree of wakefulness. The incidence of recruiting responses (RR) and of self-sustained afterdischarges (SSAD) evoked by stimulation of the thalamus was not correlated to the preceding state of vigilance. In stimulation of the hippocampus, a significantly higher incidence of SSAD was found in the quiet waking state. The correlation between the elicitation of RR and SSAD was also significantly the highest after stimulation of the hippocampus during wakefulness.", "contents": "The relationship between vigilance and cortical EEG manifestations after electrical stimulation of the thalamus and hippocampus in unrestrained rats. The thalamus or hippocampus of unanaesthetized rats with impaired cortical and subcortical electrodes was stimulated with rhythmic series of electrical pulses of 3--15/sec frequency. In both cases, stimulation either did not affect vigilance, or led to a higher degree of wakefulness. The incidence of recruiting responses (RR) and of self-sustained afterdischarges (SSAD) evoked by stimulation of the thalamus was not correlated to the preceding state of vigilance. In stimulation of the hippocampus, a significantly higher incidence of SSAD was found in the quiet waking state. The correlation between the elicitation of RR and SSAD was also significantly the highest after stimulation of the hippocampus during wakefulness."}
{"id": "PMID:151290", "title": "The changes of in vitro 131I-iodine uptake in the thyroid gland of rats exposed to septal lesions and immobilization stress.", "content": "The in vitro uptake of 131I by the thyroid gland was investigated in rats after immobilization stress with special respect to animals lesioned in the septal area. Lesions in a septal area performed 10 days before decreased the iodide accumulation in the thyroid, while stress by immobilization increased it to the control basal value. Repeated immobilization in control rats did not produce any changes in the iodide uptake in vitro. ACTH injected in vivo stimulated the iodide 131I uptake in vitro by thyroid glands of hypophysectomized rats. It is concluded that immobilization stress in rats with septal lesions increases 131I-iodide uptake in vitro and that the increase was probably influenced by both catecholamines and glucocorticoids.", "contents": "The changes of in vitro 131I-iodine uptake in the thyroid gland of rats exposed to septal lesions and immobilization stress. The in vitro uptake of 131I by the thyroid gland was investigated in rats after immobilization stress with special respect to animals lesioned in the septal area. Lesions in a septal area performed 10 days before decreased the iodide accumulation in the thyroid, while stress by immobilization increased it to the control basal value. Repeated immobilization in control rats did not produce any changes in the iodide uptake in vitro. ACTH injected in vivo stimulated the iodide 131I uptake in vitro by thyroid glands of hypophysectomized rats. It is concluded that immobilization stress in rats with septal lesions increases 131I-iodide uptake in vitro and that the increase was probably influenced by both catecholamines and glucocorticoids."}
{"id": "PMID:151291", "title": "Impedance of the arterial system in terms of Fourier harmonic analysis of the pulse wave.", "content": "The results obtained by analysis of pulse waves by means of Fourier harmonics in healthy subjects and patients with aortic insufficiency show good agreement between input impedance of the aorta and the initial segment of the femoral bed in both groups. This means that in this region there is no marked increase in impedance, which provides a favourable background for energy transfer (blood content) in the distal direction. Impedance in healthy subjects increases in vessels of the lower extremity. In patients with aortic insufficiency there is a marked decrease in amplitude of all higher harmonic frequencies. This practically means that the second harmonic is no longer the main accumulator of energy of the pulse wave as in healthy subjects, and the same is also true, to a proportionate degree, for the third, fourth and fifth harmonics.", "contents": "Impedance of the arterial system in terms of Fourier harmonic analysis of the pulse wave. The results obtained by analysis of pulse waves by means of Fourier harmonics in healthy subjects and patients with aortic insufficiency show good agreement between input impedance of the aorta and the initial segment of the femoral bed in both groups. This means that in this region there is no marked increase in impedance, which provides a favourable background for energy transfer (blood content) in the distal direction. Impedance in healthy subjects increases in vessels of the lower extremity. In patients with aortic insufficiency there is a marked decrease in amplitude of all higher harmonic frequencies. This practically means that the second harmonic is no longer the main accumulator of energy of the pulse wave as in healthy subjects, and the same is also true, to a proportionate degree, for the third, fourth and fifth harmonics."}
{"id": "PMID:151294", "title": "Effect of the distance of optokinetic stimuli from the eyes on certain parameters of the optokinetic nystagmus.", "content": "The above effect was studied in 65 subjects with normal vision (mean age 20 years) in investigations in which the following factors were successively changed: distance of optokinetic stimuli from the eyes; this distance and angular velocity of stimuli; distance and frequency of stimuli or finally distance and accommodation level. The angular velocity of the pursuit nystagmus phase was found to be by far the highest and simultaneously the closest to the angular velocity of optokinetic stimuli when the latter are 1.5m from the eyes. With shorter distances, the velocity of the pursuit movements lags steadily behind that of stimulus velocity. This change is conditioned by changes in OKN amplitude since its frequency as a whole does not change. Even though the accommodation level significantly affects the velocity of the pursuit nystagmus phase, the dependence on the distance of optokinetic stimuli from the eyes persists even after atropinization. The interpretation of these findings must take into account sepcifically the demands on accommodation, convergence, and on visual attention which are increased with shorter distances.", "contents": "Effect of the distance of optokinetic stimuli from the eyes on certain parameters of the optokinetic nystagmus. The above effect was studied in 65 subjects with normal vision (mean age 20 years) in investigations in which the following factors were successively changed: distance of optokinetic stimuli from the eyes; this distance and angular velocity of stimuli; distance and frequency of stimuli or finally distance and accommodation level. The angular velocity of the pursuit nystagmus phase was found to be by far the highest and simultaneously the closest to the angular velocity of optokinetic stimuli when the latter are 1.5m from the eyes. With shorter distances, the velocity of the pursuit movements lags steadily behind that of stimulus velocity. This change is conditioned by changes in OKN amplitude since its frequency as a whole does not change. Even though the accommodation level significantly affects the velocity of the pursuit nystagmus phase, the dependence on the distance of optokinetic stimuli from the eyes persists even after atropinization. The interpretation of these findings must take into account sepcifically the demands on accommodation, convergence, and on visual attention which are increased with shorter distances."}
{"id": "PMID:151295", "title": "Effect of realimentation after several days' isolated glucose or fructose intake on DNA synthesis in rat liver.", "content": "Marked stimulation of liver DNA synthesis was observed in rats given an isolated glucose or fructose diet for 4 days and theen refed one day on diets with different protein contents. The strongest stimulatn effect was found in rats refed, after an isolated glucose intake, with a high protein diet (81 cal%). The stimulant effect of refeeding on liver DNA synthesis was far less pronounced in rats subjected to several days' starvation before realimentation than in rats given a  carbohydrate diet. The stimulant effect of realimentation after an isolated glucose intake was distinctly enhanced if triiodothyronine (50 microgram/100 g b.w., i.g.) was administered just before the change to a high protein diet. The increase in liver DNA synthesis in rats fed three days on fructose before undergoing partial hepatectomy was the same as in the controls. In rats given glucose prior to partial hepatectomy, the post-operative increase in DNA synthesis was partly inhibited.", "contents": "Effect of realimentation after several days' isolated glucose or fructose intake on DNA synthesis in rat liver. Marked stimulation of liver DNA synthesis was observed in rats given an isolated glucose or fructose diet for 4 days and theen refed one day on diets with different protein contents. The strongest stimulatn effect was found in rats refed, after an isolated glucose intake, with a high protein diet (81 cal%). The stimulant effect of refeeding on liver DNA synthesis was far less pronounced in rats subjected to several days' starvation before realimentation than in rats given a  carbohydrate diet. The stimulant effect of realimentation after an isolated glucose intake was distinctly enhanced if triiodothyronine (50 microgram/100 g b.w., i.g.) was administered just before the change to a high protein diet. The increase in liver DNA synthesis in rats fed three days on fructose before undergoing partial hepatectomy was the same as in the controls. In rats given glucose prior to partial hepatectomy, the post-operative increase in DNA synthesis was partly inhibited."}
{"id": "PMID:151297", "title": "Successful treatment for exposure of a dacron aorta, with surrounding infection: case report.", "content": "The treatment of the patient with an exposed vascular implant should usually be in the hands of an expert vascular surgeon. In certain instances, such as when the exposed area is not close to a suture line and no fistulous tracts connect the exposed area to either suture line, plastic surgery can solve the problem. We present a case of an exposed aortic prosthesis which was successfully treated by removing devitalized tissue, turning a pectoralis major muscle flap over the implant, and closing the skin and subcutaneous tissue over the muscle flap.", "contents": "Successful treatment for exposure of a dacron aorta, with surrounding infection: case report. The treatment of the patient with an exposed vascular implant should usually be in the hands of an expert vascular surgeon. In certain instances, such as when the exposed area is not close to a suture line and no fistulous tracts connect the exposed area to either suture line, plastic surgery can solve the problem. We present a case of an exposed aortic prosthesis which was successfully treated by removing devitalized tissue, turning a pectoralis major muscle flap over the implant, and closing the skin and subcutaneous tissue over the muscle flap."}
{"id": "PMID:151315", "title": "[Rehabilitation - results since 1969 and prospects for the future (author's transl)].", "content": "The article reviews the rehabilitation legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany since the social-liberal coalition took office in 1969. It shows that for the first time legislation attempts have been made to realise a uniform socio-political concept for the disabled in which rehabilitation is considered an important and independent socio-political task. With the gradual improvement of the legislative provisions the aim has been to try to remove the negative effects brought about by structural weaknesses of a historically developed social security system for the disabled,--especially the unequal treatment of the disabled, varying according to the origin of the disability, and the disadvantages brought about by the organisational and legislative disunion of rehabilitation services. At the same time, the article makes clear that more reforms are necessary in the future, e.g., a further standardisation of rehabilitation services, the elimination of architectural barriers, reform of the benefit system, improvement of the social security for people in need of care and the guaranty of a regular income for those disabled from birth or childhood.", "contents": "[Rehabilitation - results since 1969 and prospects for the future (author's transl)]. The article reviews the rehabilitation legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany since the social-liberal coalition took office in 1969. It shows that for the first time legislation attempts have been made to realise a uniform socio-political concept for the disabled in which rehabilitation is considered an important and independent socio-political task. With the gradual improvement of the legislative provisions the aim has been to try to remove the negative effects brought about by structural weaknesses of a historically developed social security system for the disabled,--especially the unequal treatment of the disabled, varying according to the origin of the disability, and the disadvantages brought about by the organisational and legislative disunion of rehabilitation services. At the same time, the article makes clear that more reforms are necessary in the future, e.g., a further standardisation of rehabilitation services, the elimination of architectural barriers, reform of the benefit system, improvement of the social security for people in need of care and the guaranty of a regular income for those disabled from birth or childhood."}
{"id": "PMID:151316", "title": "[Integration through university studies--experiences and prospects for the future (author's transl)].", "content": "The experiences gained over a twelve year period with wheelchair-users attending Marburg university are reviewed. The technical pre-requisites gradually developed at the university and the Konrad-Biesalski-Haus, a residential home providing accommodation for both, disabled and non-disabled students, have proven good and served as a model for similar facilities in Regensburg, Darmstadt, Hannover, Bonn, Bochum and Bielefeld. Up to 1977, 25 severely handicapped students had successfully completed their studies at Marburg university. Of these, 19 are employed according to their qualification or are taking post-graduate courses. According to the graduates' experiences, personal contacts with the appropriate authorities and private employers were very important for their vocational integration. The general public's understanding of the disabled has improved. What remains to be done is the amelioration of vocational and study counselling services for physically disabled secondary school pupils. Preparatory measures for job placement following study completion should be initiated early on.", "contents": "[Integration through university studies--experiences and prospects for the future (author's transl)]. The experiences gained over a twelve year period with wheelchair-users attending Marburg university are reviewed. The technical pre-requisites gradually developed at the university and the Konrad-Biesalski-Haus, a residential home providing accommodation for both, disabled and non-disabled students, have proven good and served as a model for similar facilities in Regensburg, Darmstadt, Hannover, Bonn, Bochum and Bielefeld. Up to 1977, 25 severely handicapped students had successfully completed their studies at Marburg university. Of these, 19 are employed according to their qualification or are taking post-graduate courses. According to the graduates' experiences, personal contacts with the appropriate authorities and private employers were very important for their vocational integration. The general public's understanding of the disabled has improved. What remains to be done is the amelioration of vocational and study counselling services for physically disabled secondary school pupils. Preparatory measures for job placement following study completion should be initiated early on."}
{"id": "PMID:151327", "title": "A pancreatic-polypeptide-producing tumour associated with the WDHA syndrome.", "content": "A case with the clinical appearance of WDHA syndrome is described in which serum concentrations of the newly recognized hormonal principle pancreatic polypeptide (PP) were highly elevated, while plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide were within the normal range. The symptoms of the patient seem to be derived from the high levels of circulating PP, as illustrated by an improvement after resection of liver metastases accompanied by a marked decrease of serum PP concentration. Streptozotocin treatment was without effect upon the watery diarrhoea, and PP levels also remained unchanged during medical treatment. The appearance of a PP-secreting tumour leading to a clinical WDHA syndrome widens the spectrum of hormone assays that have to be performed in these patients.", "contents": "A pancreatic-polypeptide-producing tumour associated with the WDHA syndrome. A case with the clinical appearance of WDHA syndrome is described in which serum concentrations of the newly recognized hormonal principle pancreatic polypeptide (PP) were highly elevated, while plasma levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide were within the normal range. The symptoms of the patient seem to be derived from the high levels of circulating PP, as illustrated by an improvement after resection of liver metastases accompanied by a marked decrease of serum PP concentration. Streptozotocin treatment was without effect upon the watery diarrhoea, and PP levels also remained unchanged during medical treatment. The appearance of a PP-secreting tumour leading to a clinical WDHA syndrome widens the spectrum of hormone assays that have to be performed in these patients."}
{"id": "PMID:151328", "title": "Increasing adipocyte number as the basis for perirenal depot growth in adult rats.", "content": "The mass of the perirenal adipose depot in male Fischer 344 rats increases between 6 and 18 months of age. This increase is due to an increase in the number of adipocytes in this depot, in contrast with the concept that adipocyte number is constant throughout adult life. The epididymal depot increases in mass between 6 and 18 months of age by adipocyte hypertrophy alone.", "contents": "Increasing adipocyte number as the basis for perirenal depot growth in adult rats. The mass of the perirenal adipose depot in male Fischer 344 rats increases between 6 and 18 months of age. This increase is due to an increase in the number of adipocytes in this depot, in contrast with the concept that adipocyte number is constant throughout adult life. The epididymal depot increases in mass between 6 and 18 months of age by adipocyte hypertrophy alone."}
{"id": "PMID:151336", "title": "[Hendersonula toruloidea, causative agent of a fungal verrucous dermatitis observed in Algeria].", "content": "A verrucose dermatitis of the face, accompanied by onychomycosis was observed in a 30 years old male living in Algeria. He was born there and 15 years previously he had been treated successfully for \"Dermatophytic disease\" due to Trichophyton verrucosum. A deficiency in his cellular immune mechanism was noted at that time. On this occasion Hendersonula toruloidea was isolated from facial lesions and affected nails. The infection of the face, but not the nails, responded to treatment with amphotericin B. In the facial lesions, the fungus was present as single cell units sometimes with a false bud or a short hyphal extension. Cross walls were occasionally present but the cell walls were not pigmented. Intratesticular inoculation of the isolates to guinea pigs resulted in an infection in which the morphology of the fungus conformed to that found in the facial lesions. In cultures, the isolates of H. toruloidea conformed to the descriptions in literature, although pycnidia were not formed.", "contents": "[Hendersonula toruloidea, causative agent of a fungal verrucous dermatitis observed in Algeria]. A verrucose dermatitis of the face, accompanied by onychomycosis was observed in a 30 years old male living in Algeria. He was born there and 15 years previously he had been treated successfully for \"Dermatophytic disease\" due to Trichophyton verrucosum. A deficiency in his cellular immune mechanism was noted at that time. On this occasion Hendersonula toruloidea was isolated from facial lesions and affected nails. The infection of the face, but not the nails, responded to treatment with amphotericin B. In the facial lesions, the fungus was present as single cell units sometimes with a false bud or a short hyphal extension. Cross walls were occasionally present but the cell walls were not pigmented. Intratesticular inoculation of the isolates to guinea pigs resulted in an infection in which the morphology of the fungus conformed to that found in the facial lesions. In cultures, the isolates of H. toruloidea conformed to the descriptions in literature, although pycnidia were not formed."}
{"id": "PMID:151338", "title": "Cyclic variations in emerging phage types and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus.", "content": "Data are presented showing phage types and antibiotic-resistant patterns of Staphylococcus aureus over the last 20 years. The spontaneous emergence of different phage types associated with increases and decreases in antibiotic resistance has been shown to be cyclic in nature with prevalence for 5 to 8 years, followed by spontaneous disappearance. Staphylococci resistant to almost all antibiotics and with specific phage types now are being isolated with increasing frequency and pose a serious and sometimes life-threatening situation in surgical patients.", "contents": "Cyclic variations in emerging phage types and antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus. Data are presented showing phage types and antibiotic-resistant patterns of Staphylococcus aureus over the last 20 years. The spontaneous emergence of different phage types associated with increases and decreases in antibiotic resistance has been shown to be cyclic in nature with prevalence for 5 to 8 years, followed by spontaneous disappearance. Staphylococci resistant to almost all antibiotics and with specific phage types now are being isolated with increasing frequency and pose a serious and sometimes life-threatening situation in surgical patients."}
{"id": "PMID:151344", "title": "Resolution of pulmonary hypertension and other features induced by chronic hypoxia in rats during complete and intermittent normoxia.", "content": "Rats subjected to 10% O2 (hypoxic rats) for various periods and recovery regimens were compared with control animals with respect to pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and muscularisation of small pulmonary vessels. Mean Ppa was measured in anaesthetised animals spontaneously breathing air and rose from 16 mmHg in controls to 36 mmHg in rats exposed to hypoxia for three weeks. Ppa had returned to normal after 20 weeks' recovery in air. RVH regressed a little more quickly, but muscularisation of small pulmonary vessels. Mean Ppa was measured in anaesthetised animals spontaneously breathing air and rose from 16 mmHg in controls to 36 mmHg in rats exposed to hypoxia for three weeks. Ppa had returned to normal after 20 weeks' recovery in air. RVH regressed a little more quickly, but muscularisation of small pulmonary vessels was still apparent after 20 weeks. Some hypoxic rats were subjected to an intermittent normoxic recovery regimen for either 40 or 80 hours a week in air, the remainder in 10% O2. Some reduction in RVH probably occurred after six weeks on the 80-hour regimen, but there was no reduction in Ppa or muscularisation of small pulmonary vessels. These results suggest that the pulmonary hypertension of chronic alveolar hypoxia resolves very slowly and is probably related to structural changes in the pulmonary vessels. Their relevance to human cor pulmonale and intermittent long-term oxygen treatment for these patients is discussed.", "contents": "Resolution of pulmonary hypertension and other features induced by chronic hypoxia in rats during complete and intermittent normoxia. Rats subjected to 10% O2 (hypoxic rats) for various periods and recovery regimens were compared with control animals with respect to pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), and muscularisation of small pulmonary vessels. Mean Ppa was measured in anaesthetised animals spontaneously breathing air and rose from 16 mmHg in controls to 36 mmHg in rats exposed to hypoxia for three weeks. Ppa had returned to normal after 20 weeks' recovery in air. RVH regressed a little more quickly, but muscularisation of small pulmonary vessels. Mean Ppa was measured in anaesthetised animals spontaneously breathing air and rose from 16 mmHg in controls to 36 mmHg in rats exposed to hypoxia for three weeks. Ppa had returned to normal after 20 weeks' recovery in air. RVH regressed a little more quickly, but muscularisation of small pulmonary vessels was still apparent after 20 weeks. Some hypoxic rats were subjected to an intermittent normoxic recovery regimen for either 40 or 80 hours a week in air, the remainder in 10% O2. Some reduction in RVH probably occurred after six weeks on the 80-hour regimen, but there was no reduction in Ppa or muscularisation of small pulmonary vessels. These results suggest that the pulmonary hypertension of chronic alveolar hypoxia resolves very slowly and is probably related to structural changes in the pulmonary vessels. Their relevance to human cor pulmonale and intermittent long-term oxygen treatment for these patients is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151353", "title": "Diminished mixed lymphocyte response in ankylosing spondylitis.", "content": "A diminished mixed lymphocyte response was reported by Nikbin et al. (1976) among patients with ankylosing spondylitis, their asymptomatic relatives and also normal controls carrying the B27 antigen. In the present communication, the responses in 48 ankylosing spondylitis patients and 45 controls were examined in mixed lymphocyte cultures tested against a 'standard stimulator' made up of pooled lymphocytes. A significantly diminished response is confirmed among the ankylosing spondylitis patients, but not in the control group carrying the B27 antigen. The diminished mixed lymphocyte response therefore appears to be more directly associated with the disease than with the B27 antigen, and possibly represents a specific T-cell defect associated with the pathogenesis of the disease.", "contents": "Diminished mixed lymphocyte response in ankylosing spondylitis. A diminished mixed lymphocyte response was reported by Nikbin et al. (1976) among patients with ankylosing spondylitis, their asymptomatic relatives and also normal controls carrying the B27 antigen. In the present communication, the responses in 48 ankylosing spondylitis patients and 45 controls were examined in mixed lymphocyte cultures tested against a 'standard stimulator' made up of pooled lymphocytes. A significantly diminished response is confirmed among the ankylosing spondylitis patients, but not in the control group carrying the B27 antigen. The diminished mixed lymphocyte response therefore appears to be more directly associated with the disease than with the B27 antigen, and possibly represents a specific T-cell defect associated with the pathogenesis of the disease."}
{"id": "PMID:151354", "title": "At least two loci of the major histocompatibility complex can determine mixed lymphocyte stimulation in the rat.", "content": "Analysis of a recombinant haplotype of the major histocompatibility complex showed that two genetically separable loci (or groups of loci), LD--1 and LD--2, determine mixed lymphocyte stimulation in the rat. LD--1 maps into the H--1B region which contains the Ir genes and is associated with strong, mixed lymphocyte stimulation. LD--2 maps into the H--1A region and determines weak stimulation. LD--1 and LD--2 determinants can be detected by primed lymphocyte typing.", "contents": "At least two loci of the major histocompatibility complex can determine mixed lymphocyte stimulation in the rat. Analysis of a recombinant haplotype of the major histocompatibility complex showed that two genetically separable loci (or groups of loci), LD--1 and LD--2, determine mixed lymphocyte stimulation in the rat. LD--1 maps into the H--1B region which contains the Ir genes and is associated with strong, mixed lymphocyte stimulation. LD--2 maps into the H--1A region and determines weak stimulation. LD--1 and LD--2 determinants can be detected by primed lymphocyte typing."}
{"id": "PMID:151359", "title": "In vitro metabolism of androgens by mammalian cauda epididymal spermatozoa.", "content": "The in vitro metabolism of [3H] testosterone (17beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one), [3H] androstenedione (4-androstene-3,17-dione) and [3H] dehydroepiandrosterone (3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one) by cauda epididymal spermatozoa from the rat, rabbit, hamster, guinea-pig and ram, varied between species. There were differences in the androgens utilized, the extent of their conversion and the identities of the metabolites formed. Of the steroid substrates tested rat spermatozoa metabolized testosterone preferentially while spermatozoa from guinea-pig transformed [3H] dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) almost exclusively. Rabbit spermatozoa converted all three [3H] androgens while hamster sperm utilized [3H] testosterone and [3H] DHEA. Spermatozoa collected from rams killed at the abattoir metabolized both [3H] androstenedione and [3H] DHEA but this capacity was dramatically reduced in spermatozoa collected from rams subjected to short-term anaesthesea. The results are discussed in relation to the possible direct roles of androgens in sperm physiology.", "contents": "In vitro metabolism of androgens by mammalian cauda epididymal spermatozoa. The in vitro metabolism of [3H] testosterone (17beta-hydroxy-4-androsten-3-one), [3H] androstenedione (4-androstene-3,17-dione) and [3H] dehydroepiandrosterone (3beta-hydroxy-5-androsten-17-one) by cauda epididymal spermatozoa from the rat, rabbit, hamster, guinea-pig and ram, varied between species. There were differences in the androgens utilized, the extent of their conversion and the identities of the metabolites formed. Of the steroid substrates tested rat spermatozoa metabolized testosterone preferentially while spermatozoa from guinea-pig transformed [3H] dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) almost exclusively. Rabbit spermatozoa converted all three [3H] androgens while hamster sperm utilized [3H] testosterone and [3H] DHEA. Spermatozoa collected from rams killed at the abattoir metabolized both [3H] androstenedione and [3H] DHEA but this capacity was dramatically reduced in spermatozoa collected from rams subjected to short-term anaesthesea. The results are discussed in relation to the possible direct roles of androgens in sperm physiology."}
{"id": "PMID:151382", "title": "Neonatal and maternal lymphocytes in whole-blood cultures: absence of strong interaction.", "content": "The relative growth of neonatal and maternal lymphocytes was studied in PHA-stimulated mixed short-time whole-blood cultures, with particular regard to a possible inhibition of the maternal cells. For comparison, neonatal and maternal cells were grown separately. No uniform inhibition was observed, although there was an average 34% depression of growth of the maternal cells in the mixed cultures.", "contents": "Neonatal and maternal lymphocytes in whole-blood cultures: absence of strong interaction. The relative growth of neonatal and maternal lymphocytes was studied in PHA-stimulated mixed short-time whole-blood cultures, with particular regard to a possible inhibition of the maternal cells. For comparison, neonatal and maternal cells were grown separately. No uniform inhibition was observed, although there was an average 34% depression of growth of the maternal cells in the mixed cultures."}
{"id": "PMID:151386", "title": "[Rifamycin chromopertubation under laparoscopic control (author's transl)].", "content": "There is an inherent danger of infection or promoting the exacerbation of an as yet incompletely healed inflammatory process when retrograde perfusion of the Fallopian tubes is performed, as in the diagnosis of sterility by laparoscopy and chromopertubation. Hence, the intense-red tuberculostatic drug, rifamycin SV (Rifocin) was instilled by means of the Schultz Instillator, either alone or in combination with indigo carmine, in place of the conventional indicator solutions, to test tubal patency in all patients under investigation for sterility, whether there was a history of acute, subacute or chronic salpingitis or not. This procedure was not followed by exacerbation of preceeding infection in a single case, which is particularly noteworthy in two patients shown to have extensive tubal and peritoneal tuberculosis.", "contents": "[Rifamycin chromopertubation under laparoscopic control (author's transl)]. There is an inherent danger of infection or promoting the exacerbation of an as yet incompletely healed inflammatory process when retrograde perfusion of the Fallopian tubes is performed, as in the diagnosis of sterility by laparoscopy and chromopertubation. Hence, the intense-red tuberculostatic drug, rifamycin SV (Rifocin) was instilled by means of the Schultz Instillator, either alone or in combination with indigo carmine, in place of the conventional indicator solutions, to test tubal patency in all patients under investigation for sterility, whether there was a history of acute, subacute or chronic salpingitis or not. This procedure was not followed by exacerbation of preceeding infection in a single case, which is particularly noteworthy in two patients shown to have extensive tubal and peritoneal tuberculosis."}
{"id": "PMID:151387", "title": "Site of ATPase activity in Myxococcus xanthus: lipid requirement for enzyme activity. Dedicated to Professor Dr. W. Schwartz on his 80th birthday.", "content": "Treatment of cells with lysophosphatidylcholine, lysozyme, and phospholipase D removed most of their phospholipids and reduced ATPase activity to near zero. Addition of a microdispersion of phospholipids restored enzyme activity to various degrees. Phosphatidylcholine was most effective in reconstitution experiments, less effective were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. Lipid analyses of cell fractions were possible through separation of cell wall and cell membrane in a sucrose gradient after differentiated treatment of glutaraldehyde fixed cells with lysophosphatidylcholine, lysozyme, and pronase. Phosphatidylcholine was almost exclusively a component of the cell membrane, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine was that of the wall. It is concluded that lipids are necessary for in vivo function of a Mg-dependent ATPase, and that membrane-associated phosphatidylcholine may serve as a matrix for the enzyme. Lipid extracts made from cells or cell fractions contained plasmologens, not previously reported to occur in Gram-negative, aerobic bacteria.", "contents": "Site of ATPase activity in Myxococcus xanthus: lipid requirement for enzyme activity. Dedicated to Professor Dr. W. Schwartz on his 80th birthday. Treatment of cells with lysophosphatidylcholine, lysozyme, and phospholipase D removed most of their phospholipids and reduced ATPase activity to near zero. Addition of a microdispersion of phospholipids restored enzyme activity to various degrees. Phosphatidylcholine was most effective in reconstitution experiments, less effective were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylserine. Lipid analyses of cell fractions were possible through separation of cell wall and cell membrane in a sucrose gradient after differentiated treatment of glutaraldehyde fixed cells with lysophosphatidylcholine, lysozyme, and pronase. Phosphatidylcholine was almost exclusively a component of the cell membrane, whereas phosphatidylethanolamine was that of the wall. It is concluded that lipids are necessary for in vivo function of a Mg-dependent ATPase, and that membrane-associated phosphatidylcholine may serve as a matrix for the enzyme. Lipid extracts made from cells or cell fractions contained plasmologens, not previously reported to occur in Gram-negative, aerobic bacteria."}
{"id": "PMID:151385", "title": "[Seroepidemiologic study of immunity to rubella among the population of Tadzhikistan].", "content": "The first serological survey of the human population of Tajikistan was carried out with the purpose of detection of antibody inhibiting hemagglutination of rubella virus. As a result, in over 2500 persons high intensity of formation of the herd immunity was established. A greater portion of the population (66%) acquired antibody in preschol age. The formation of the immune portion completed by 10--14 years of age. Among women of the child-bearing ages about 8--15% had no antibody to rubella virus. This value in combination with intensive spread of rubella among children indicates that in this republic the epidermiological situation with rubella appears to be unfavourable for adult women.", "contents": "[Seroepidemiologic study of immunity to rubella among the population of Tadzhikistan]. The first serological survey of the human population of Tajikistan was carried out with the purpose of detection of antibody inhibiting hemagglutination of rubella virus. As a result, in over 2500 persons high intensity of formation of the herd immunity was established. A greater portion of the population (66%) acquired antibody in preschol age. The formation of the immune portion completed by 10--14 years of age. Among women of the child-bearing ages about 8--15% had no antibody to rubella virus. This value in combination with intensive spread of rubella among children indicates that in this republic the epidermiological situation with rubella appears to be unfavourable for adult women."}
{"id": "PMID:151389", "title": "[The mitral valve in echocardiography].", "content": "In echocardiographic investigations the mitral valve occupies a central position. Its pathological changes in the echocardiogramme in the diseases of the mitral valve itself as well as in other cardiopathies are described. Apart from the morphological estimation the measuring methods are discussed.", "contents": "[The mitral valve in echocardiography]. In echocardiographic investigations the mitral valve occupies a central position. Its pathological changes in the echocardiogramme in the diseases of the mitral valve itself as well as in other cardiopathies are described. Apart from the morphological estimation the measuring methods are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151391", "title": "Chromosomal proteins in hepatocarcinogenesis.", "content": "The chromosomal proteins of rat liver were studied by SDS-gel electrophoresis during the process of nitrosomorpholine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, in the primary hepatomas thus obtained, and in their metastases. It was found that an increased proteolytic activity was present in liver homogenates from carcinogen-fed animals which caused differences between the nonhistone chromosomal proteins of control and carcinogen-treated livers. These differences disappeared in the presence of the protease inhibitor PMSF. In the primary hepatomas slight quantative changes were observed: an increased amount of two proteins of 43000 and 63000 daltons molecular weight, respectively, and a decrease in the histone subfraction H 1 degrees. In the metastases both quantative and qualitative differences were detected: a strong decrease in the protein bands corresponding to the contractile proteins alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin, and actin; an increased content of the 63000 dalton protein; the appearance of new proteins of approximately 60000, 90000, and 120000 daltons molecular weight, and the complete disappearance of histone H 1 degrees.", "contents": "Chromosomal proteins in hepatocarcinogenesis. The chromosomal proteins of rat liver were studied by SDS-gel electrophoresis during the process of nitrosomorpholine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis, in the primary hepatomas thus obtained, and in their metastases. It was found that an increased proteolytic activity was present in liver homogenates from carcinogen-fed animals which caused differences between the nonhistone chromosomal proteins of control and carcinogen-treated livers. These differences disappeared in the presence of the protease inhibitor PMSF. In the primary hepatomas slight quantative changes were observed: an increased amount of two proteins of 43000 and 63000 daltons molecular weight, respectively, and a decrease in the histone subfraction H 1 degrees. In the metastases both quantative and qualitative differences were detected: a strong decrease in the protein bands corresponding to the contractile proteins alpha-tubulin, beta-tubulin, and actin; an increased content of the 63000 dalton protein; the appearance of new proteins of approximately 60000, 90000, and 120000 daltons molecular weight, and the complete disappearance of histone H 1 degrees."}
{"id": "PMID:151392", "title": "Tumor persistence and regression in skin carcinogenesis. An experimental study.", "content": "A lifetime study in Swiss mice showed that a single 300microgram application of 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) once, or 300 or 30microgram DMBA once followed by 3.2 microgram phorbolester for 15 weeks induced a high number of skin tumors many of which regressed spontaneously. The regression occurred mostly early in the experiment, the number of appearing and regressing tumors following a cynical pattern. The incidence of regressions was only to a limited extent associated with tumor size, tumor duration and total number of tumors. Repeated DMBA treatment, 5 microgram twice a week induced the same types of tumors in larger numbers: with a smaller incidence of regressions and only if they were transient in nature, i.e., lasting less than 3 weeks. These occurred in animals which showed a large number of persisting tumors simultaneously, but which rarely displayed multiple regressions. The results indicate the occurrence of multiple steps of neoplastic transformation from hyperplastic lesions, benign regressing tumors, presistent tumors and frankly malignant ones, the incidence as well as biological behavior depending upon inducing treatment.", "contents": "Tumor persistence and regression in skin carcinogenesis. An experimental study. A lifetime study in Swiss mice showed that a single 300microgram application of 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) once, or 300 or 30microgram DMBA once followed by 3.2 microgram phorbolester for 15 weeks induced a high number of skin tumors many of which regressed spontaneously. The regression occurred mostly early in the experiment, the number of appearing and regressing tumors following a cynical pattern. The incidence of regressions was only to a limited extent associated with tumor size, tumor duration and total number of tumors. Repeated DMBA treatment, 5 microgram twice a week induced the same types of tumors in larger numbers: with a smaller incidence of regressions and only if they were transient in nature, i.e., lasting less than 3 weeks. These occurred in animals which showed a large number of persisting tumors simultaneously, but which rarely displayed multiple regressions. The results indicate the occurrence of multiple steps of neoplastic transformation from hyperplastic lesions, benign regressing tumors, presistent tumors and frankly malignant ones, the incidence as well as biological behavior depending upon inducing treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:151393", "title": "Cell kinetics in the spleen of Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "During the period of 18 days after transplantation the uptake of 3H-thymidine into DNA was significantly increased in the spleen of Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing Swiss and NMRI mice. Adenosine deaminase activity was within the control limits in tumor-bearing Swiss mice and significantly increased for the tumor-bearers of the NMRI strain. However, the increase in the DNA content, which is associated to splenic hyperplasia, was evident only for the Swiss strain. The time course of the retention of 3H-DNA revealed that the half life of spleen cells ranged from 41 to 46 h in normal and tumor-bearing Swiss mice and normal NMRI mice. For tumor-bearing NMRI mice the rate of cell depletion was significantly increased (t1/2 = 32h) compared with that found in normal NMRI mice (t1/2 =44 h). The mean survival time was 23.0 days for the tumor-bearing Swiss mice and 24.6 days for the NMRI mice. These data suggest that the immune responses were similar in both strains of mice, although cell kinetics was different in the spleen of tumor-bearing Swiss and NMRI mice.", "contents": "Cell kinetics in the spleen of Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mice. During the period of 18 days after transplantation the uptake of 3H-thymidine into DNA was significantly increased in the spleen of Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing Swiss and NMRI mice. Adenosine deaminase activity was within the control limits in tumor-bearing Swiss mice and significantly increased for the tumor-bearers of the NMRI strain. However, the increase in the DNA content, which is associated to splenic hyperplasia, was evident only for the Swiss strain. The time course of the retention of 3H-DNA revealed that the half life of spleen cells ranged from 41 to 46 h in normal and tumor-bearing Swiss mice and normal NMRI mice. For tumor-bearing NMRI mice the rate of cell depletion was significantly increased (t1/2 = 32h) compared with that found in normal NMRI mice (t1/2 =44 h). The mean survival time was 23.0 days for the tumor-bearing Swiss mice and 24.6 days for the NMRI mice. These data suggest that the immune responses were similar in both strains of mice, although cell kinetics was different in the spleen of tumor-bearing Swiss and NMRI mice."}
{"id": "PMID:151394", "title": "Biological behavior of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-formamide induced carcinoma of the transitional epithelium in the rat.", "content": "30 female Wistar rats weighing between 70 and 90 g were fed for 8 months with 0,188% N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] Formamide (FANFT). After this period a papillary tumor of the urinary bladder was demonstrable in each animal. Histological examination always revealed a transitional cell carcinoma with prevailing medium tumor stages; no distant metastases were found. The grade of malignancy was classified as medium and high. No significant statistical relationship could be ascertained between tumor stage and grade or between grade and weight, but a correlation was established between tumor stage and weight. After 12 months, 36/60 kidneys were found to be normal, whereas in 20/60 dysplasias and in 2/60 transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis were observed; secondary hydronephrosis due to bladder tumors occured 4 times. Other organ changes were not noticeable.", "contents": "Biological behavior of N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]-formamide induced carcinoma of the transitional epithelium in the rat. 30 female Wistar rats weighing between 70 and 90 g were fed for 8 months with 0,188% N-[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl] Formamide (FANFT). After this period a papillary tumor of the urinary bladder was demonstrable in each animal. Histological examination always revealed a transitional cell carcinoma with prevailing medium tumor stages; no distant metastases were found. The grade of malignancy was classified as medium and high. No significant statistical relationship could be ascertained between tumor stage and grade or between grade and weight, but a correlation was established between tumor stage and weight. After 12 months, 36/60 kidneys were found to be normal, whereas in 20/60 dysplasias and in 2/60 transitional cell carcinomas of the renal pelvis were observed; secondary hydronephrosis due to bladder tumors occured 4 times. Other organ changes were not noticeable."}
{"id": "PMID:151395", "title": "[Quantification of proteinthiols in morphologically normal basal cells and pathological squamous cells of the cervix uteri].", "content": "Smears taken from eight probands with carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma of the cervix uteri have been stained with DDD and Fast Blue B. The extinctions microspectrometrically measured at 560 nm are directly proportional to the quantity of protein-SH-groups. The extinctions of the total cell (Eges) and of the cell nucleus (EK) are measured in 67 basal cells (BAS), 78 dysplatic cells (DYS), 122 undifferentiated cancer cells (UNIF) and 89 differentiated cancer cells (POLY). From BAS through DYS and UNIF to POLY EK increases by a total of 176%. In all four cell types investigated, linear correlations between EK and Eges have been found to occur with a probability of over 99%. The straight lines ascertained represent a relation between EK and Eges which is obviously very characteristic for each cell type, and it becomes apparent that the measuring points corresponding to each single cell are in each instance so close to the straight line that in most cases a differentiation of the three pathological cell types is possible even without a morphological criterion. The straight lines corresponding to BAS, DYS and UNIF start from a common origin, whereas the straight line corresponding to POLY branches off from the UNIF line only. This is in accordance with the formal genesis of pathological variants observed in the cervical squamous epithelium or in differentiated carcinomas of the squamous epithelium respectively.", "contents": "[Quantification of proteinthiols in morphologically normal basal cells and pathological squamous cells of the cervix uteri]. Smears taken from eight probands with carcinoma in situ or invasive carcinoma of the cervix uteri have been stained with DDD and Fast Blue B. The extinctions microspectrometrically measured at 560 nm are directly proportional to the quantity of protein-SH-groups. The extinctions of the total cell (Eges) and of the cell nucleus (EK) are measured in 67 basal cells (BAS), 78 dysplatic cells (DYS), 122 undifferentiated cancer cells (UNIF) and 89 differentiated cancer cells (POLY). From BAS through DYS and UNIF to POLY EK increases by a total of 176%. In all four cell types investigated, linear correlations between EK and Eges have been found to occur with a probability of over 99%. The straight lines ascertained represent a relation between EK and Eges which is obviously very characteristic for each cell type, and it becomes apparent that the measuring points corresponding to each single cell are in each instance so close to the straight line that in most cases a differentiation of the three pathological cell types is possible even without a morphological criterion. The straight lines corresponding to BAS, DYS and UNIF start from a common origin, whereas the straight line corresponding to POLY branches off from the UNIF line only. This is in accordance with the formal genesis of pathological variants observed in the cervical squamous epithelium or in differentiated carcinomas of the squamous epithelium respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:151396", "title": "Genetics of susceptibility in the platyfish/swordtail tumor system to develop fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma following treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU).", "content": "About 7000 animals of 65 different genotypes of the xiphophorine fish were treated with the direct acting chemical carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU; 10(-3)M; four times for 1 hour in two week intervals), in order to find out whether the susceptibility for development of fibrosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas is directly related to the genotype. A genotype specific susceptibility was found, ranging from zero to about nine percent. The highest susceptibles were found in certain backcross hybrids involving P.variatus/X.helleri-hybrids and X.helleri, as the recurrent parent. These genotypes were further analysed. Both P.variatus and X.helleri, as werr as their F1 proved to be insusceptible; while from the three backcrosses, which were tested, namely the BC1, BC4 and BC15, both the BC1, and the BC4, were susceptible, but the BC15 was insusceptible. The results are interpreted on the basis of the assumption that the differential susceptibility is a function of the type of control of a tumor gene (Tu-Fi-Rh) endogenous to P.variatus and involved in development of fibrosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas. Accordingly, in P.variatus and in the F1 the Tu-Fi-Rh is controlled by repressing genes (R-genes) linked as well as non-linked to Tu-Fi-Rh; because simultaneous mutation of both R-genes following treatment with MNU is an extremely unlikely event, these genotypes have an extremely low susceptibility. By contrast, in the BC1 and the BC4 the non-linked R-genes become eliminated and only the linked R-gene remains for repression of Tu-Fi-Rh; this condition confers a high degree of susceptibility, because one single mutation may lead to impairment of the R-gene and to Tu-Fi-Rh-mediated formulation of fibrosarcomas and rhabdomysarcomas. In the BC15, furthermore, also the Tu-Fi-Rh has become eliminated, resulting in a loss of the susceptibility. The results suggest that in the xiphophophorine fish the susceptibility for responding to MNU-treatment with the development of fibrosarcomas and rhabdomysarcomas is related directly to the genotype.", "contents": "Genetics of susceptibility in the platyfish/swordtail tumor system to develop fibrosarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma following treatment with N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). About 7000 animals of 65 different genotypes of the xiphophorine fish were treated with the direct acting chemical carcinogen N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU; 10(-3)M; four times for 1 hour in two week intervals), in order to find out whether the susceptibility for development of fibrosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas is directly related to the genotype. A genotype specific susceptibility was found, ranging from zero to about nine percent. The highest susceptibles were found in certain backcross hybrids involving P.variatus/X.helleri-hybrids and X.helleri, as the recurrent parent. These genotypes were further analysed. Both P.variatus and X.helleri, as werr as their F1 proved to be insusceptible; while from the three backcrosses, which were tested, namely the BC1, BC4 and BC15, both the BC1, and the BC4, were susceptible, but the BC15 was insusceptible. The results are interpreted on the basis of the assumption that the differential susceptibility is a function of the type of control of a tumor gene (Tu-Fi-Rh) endogenous to P.variatus and involved in development of fibrosarcomas and rhabdomyosarcomas. Accordingly, in P.variatus and in the F1 the Tu-Fi-Rh is controlled by repressing genes (R-genes) linked as well as non-linked to Tu-Fi-Rh; because simultaneous mutation of both R-genes following treatment with MNU is an extremely unlikely event, these genotypes have an extremely low susceptibility. By contrast, in the BC1 and the BC4 the non-linked R-genes become eliminated and only the linked R-gene remains for repression of Tu-Fi-Rh; this condition confers a high degree of susceptibility, because one single mutation may lead to impairment of the R-gene and to Tu-Fi-Rh-mediated formulation of fibrosarcomas and rhabdomysarcomas. In the BC15, furthermore, also the Tu-Fi-Rh has become eliminated, resulting in a loss of the susceptibility. The results suggest that in the xiphophophorine fish the susceptibility for responding to MNU-treatment with the development of fibrosarcomas and rhabdomysarcomas is related directly to the genotype."}
{"id": "PMID:151397", "title": "[On the carcinogenetic action of N-nitroso compounds. 7th communication: methyl-, trideuteromethyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl-, n-butyl-, acetoxymethyl-nitrosamine, and methyl-butyroxymethyl-nitrosamine (author's transl)].", "content": "The homologons alkyl-acetoxymethyl-nitrosamines were tested for carcinogenicity in SD rats. All compounds were found to be carcinogenic and induced within the same time carcinomas of the forestomach. The total doses necessary for induction of tumors are related to the length of the alkyl chain and hence to the watersolubility. These results are discussed.", "contents": "[On the carcinogenetic action of N-nitroso compounds. 7th communication: methyl-, trideuteromethyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl-, n-butyl-, acetoxymethyl-nitrosamine, and methyl-butyroxymethyl-nitrosamine (author's transl)]. The homologons alkyl-acetoxymethyl-nitrosamines were tested for carcinogenicity in SD rats. All compounds were found to be carcinogenic and induced within the same time carcinomas of the forestomach. The total doses necessary for induction of tumors are related to the length of the alkyl chain and hence to the watersolubility. These results are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151398", "title": "The influence of embryonal bursectomy on benzpyrene-induced sarcoma of the chicken.", "content": "160 chickens hormonally bursectomized before hatching, and 160 controls were twice given a dose of 10 mg 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene 2 weeks and 6 weeks after hatching. After 24 weeks the controls had developed muscle sarcomas at a significantly higher rate than the bursectomized animals (49.6--32.1%). The tumors were identified as malignant polymorphocellular rhabdomyosarcomas in light and electron microscopy. When the experiment was stopped after 27 weeks, the controls showed more tumors than the bursectomized chickens (65.1% versus 58.9%). The effect of bursectomy lies in a prolongation fo tumor latency. The frequency of metastases is equally decreased to a significant degree (41.7% versus 21.7%). These results are interpreted as an illustration of the disturbed equilibrium between the T and B cell responses.", "contents": "The influence of embryonal bursectomy on benzpyrene-induced sarcoma of the chicken. 160 chickens hormonally bursectomized before hatching, and 160 controls were twice given a dose of 10 mg 3,4-benzo(a)pyrene 2 weeks and 6 weeks after hatching. After 24 weeks the controls had developed muscle sarcomas at a significantly higher rate than the bursectomized animals (49.6--32.1%). The tumors were identified as malignant polymorphocellular rhabdomyosarcomas in light and electron microscopy. When the experiment was stopped after 27 weeks, the controls showed more tumors than the bursectomized chickens (65.1% versus 58.9%). The effect of bursectomy lies in a prolongation fo tumor latency. The frequency of metastases is equally decreased to a significant degree (41.7% versus 21.7%). These results are interpreted as an illustration of the disturbed equilibrium between the T and B cell responses."}
{"id": "PMID:151400", "title": "Chemotherapy studies in autochthonous rat tumors intestinal cancer.", "content": "Intestinal tumors in rats were induced by three different chemical carcinogens. Only tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine responded slightly to combination chemotherapy of Adriamycin, Methotrexate, 5-Fluorouracil, and Cyclophosphamide. The same therapy failed in tumors induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine or acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine. These results and the comparability of chemotherapy in autochthonous tumors to experimental and clinical observations are discussed.", "contents": "Chemotherapy studies in autochthonous rat tumors intestinal cancer. Intestinal tumors in rats were induced by three different chemical carcinogens. Only tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine responded slightly to combination chemotherapy of Adriamycin, Methotrexate, 5-Fluorouracil, and Cyclophosphamide. The same therapy failed in tumors induced by N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitroso-guanidine or acetoxymethyl-methyl-nitrosamine. These results and the comparability of chemotherapy in autochthonous tumors to experimental and clinical observations are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151401", "title": "Lung tumorigenesis by 1,2-diformylhydrazine in mice.", "content": "1,2-Diformylhydrazine was administered in drinking water as a 2% solution to randomly bred Swiss albino mice for life from 6 weeks of age. As a result of treatment, the lung tumor incidence rose from 15 to 96% in females and from 22 to 82% in males. The treatment had no statistically significant effect on the development of other types of tumors. Histopathologically, the neoplasms exhibited the characteristic appearance of adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lungs. The work is part of a series of studies aimed at revealing the relative carcinogenic potency of mono- and dialkyl-hydrazines and also their possible environmental significance as cancer causative agents.", "contents": "Lung tumorigenesis by 1,2-diformylhydrazine in mice. 1,2-Diformylhydrazine was administered in drinking water as a 2% solution to randomly bred Swiss albino mice for life from 6 weeks of age. As a result of treatment, the lung tumor incidence rose from 15 to 96% in females and from 22 to 82% in males. The treatment had no statistically significant effect on the development of other types of tumors. Histopathologically, the neoplasms exhibited the characteristic appearance of adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the lungs. The work is part of a series of studies aimed at revealing the relative carcinogenic potency of mono- and dialkyl-hydrazines and also their possible environmental significance as cancer causative agents."}
{"id": "PMID:151403", "title": "PAL-test for malignant disease.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes from a total of 300 subjects including normal controls and patients with malignant and non-malignant disorders were investigated to determine their ability to agglutinate with Poly-l-lysine 3400 (PAL-test). A high level of association between clinically evident cancer and a positive reaction was confirmed. Lymphocytes from 72 of 90 patients with malignant diseases as well as 33 of 140 patients with non-malignant processes showed positive reactions. All healthy controls were negative. The positive evidence of the PAL-test amounted to over 80%. The results and possible mechanisms of the PAL-test are discussed.", "contents": "PAL-test for malignant disease. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from a total of 300 subjects including normal controls and patients with malignant and non-malignant disorders were investigated to determine their ability to agglutinate with Poly-l-lysine 3400 (PAL-test). A high level of association between clinically evident cancer and a positive reaction was confirmed. Lymphocytes from 72 of 90 patients with malignant diseases as well as 33 of 140 patients with non-malignant processes showed positive reactions. All healthy controls were negative. The positive evidence of the PAL-test amounted to over 80%. The results and possible mechanisms of the PAL-test are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151404", "title": "Sequential changes of T- and B-cells, virus antigen expression and primary histologic tumor diagnosis in virus-induced lymphomagenesis of mice.", "content": "T- and B-cell counts, estimation of Ig receptor fluidity, and expression of virus-coded antigens were correlated with histological findings during the development of virus-induced mouse lymphoma. Tested were BALB/c mice after infection with the strongly oncogenic Moloney leukemia virus (MLV), the moderately oncogenic (in BALB/c mice) Gross passage A virus (GLV-A), and the essentially non-oncogenic Gross 3T3 tissue culture virus (GLV-T). Methods included immunofluorescence microscopy with antisera against T-cells, B-cells and MLV intact virus, routine histology, and electron microscopy. Following time sequence of changes was observed in mice with oncogenic MLV- and GLV-A infection but not in GLV-T infection: Significant decrease of Ig receptor fluidity and expression of virus antigen were observed already at the initial investigation, i.e. 2 weeks post virus infection. This was followed by significant decreases in percent T-cells 5--8 weeks later, accompanied by histologic atrophy of the thymus and of thymus-dependent regions of lymphatic tissues. Another 2--8 weeks after the decrease in percent T-cells occurred, the first lymphomatous foci became obvious in the thymus. Clinically overt and generalized lymphoma was diagnosed at 20--30 weeks post virus infection. Ultrastructurally, some changes in the arrangement and quantity of cytoplasmic microfilaments were noted in proliferating lymphoblasts and in lymphoma cells. It is concluded, that the described changes were related to the oncogenic potential of mouse C-type RNA viruses and not just to virus infection per se.", "contents": "Sequential changes of T- and B-cells, virus antigen expression and primary histologic tumor diagnosis in virus-induced lymphomagenesis of mice. T- and B-cell counts, estimation of Ig receptor fluidity, and expression of virus-coded antigens were correlated with histological findings during the development of virus-induced mouse lymphoma. Tested were BALB/c mice after infection with the strongly oncogenic Moloney leukemia virus (MLV), the moderately oncogenic (in BALB/c mice) Gross passage A virus (GLV-A), and the essentially non-oncogenic Gross 3T3 tissue culture virus (GLV-T). Methods included immunofluorescence microscopy with antisera against T-cells, B-cells and MLV intact virus, routine histology, and electron microscopy. Following time sequence of changes was observed in mice with oncogenic MLV- and GLV-A infection but not in GLV-T infection: Significant decrease of Ig receptor fluidity and expression of virus antigen were observed already at the initial investigation, i.e. 2 weeks post virus infection. This was followed by significant decreases in percent T-cells 5--8 weeks later, accompanied by histologic atrophy of the thymus and of thymus-dependent regions of lymphatic tissues. Another 2--8 weeks after the decrease in percent T-cells occurred, the first lymphomatous foci became obvious in the thymus. Clinically overt and generalized lymphoma was diagnosed at 20--30 weeks post virus infection. Ultrastructurally, some changes in the arrangement and quantity of cytoplasmic microfilaments were noted in proliferating lymphoblasts and in lymphoma cells. It is concluded, that the described changes were related to the oncogenic potential of mouse C-type RNA viruses and not just to virus infection per se."}
{"id": "PMID:151407", "title": "[The heart in hypertension. III. Determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic left ventricular compliance (author's transl)].", "content": "Diastolic wall stress and compliance were determined in 74 patients with essential hypertension during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Ventricular compliance was normal in compensated essential hypertension without coronary artery disease even at severe left ventricular hypertrophy. In contrast, additional coronary stenosis and ventricular dilatation due to cardiac decompensation was asscociated with considerable decrease in ventricular compliance. Thus, left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension does not imply per se a change in ventricular compliance. A decrease in ventricular compliance was followed by a decrease of forward pump function of the left ventricle. whereas ventricular work index (as estimated as the product out of systolic wall stress and the stroke volume) increased. This disproportion between external and internal ventricular work increased with increasing ventricular dilatation and was greatest in decompensated essential hypertension. Accordingly, decompensated essential hypertension had largest ventricular work load and lowest forward pump function in comparison to all other patient groups with essential hypertension. The mass to volume ratio may be considered an important determinant of the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. The relationship between the mass to volume ratio and the systolic wall stress may provide a diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of the left ventricle in essential hypertension on the basis of dynamic ventricular geometry.", "contents": "[The heart in hypertension. III. Determinants of left ventricular hypertrophy and diastolic left ventricular compliance (author's transl)]. Diastolic wall stress and compliance were determined in 74 patients with essential hypertension during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Ventricular compliance was normal in compensated essential hypertension without coronary artery disease even at severe left ventricular hypertrophy. In contrast, additional coronary stenosis and ventricular dilatation due to cardiac decompensation was asscociated with considerable decrease in ventricular compliance. Thus, left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension does not imply per se a change in ventricular compliance. A decrease in ventricular compliance was followed by a decrease of forward pump function of the left ventricle. whereas ventricular work index (as estimated as the product out of systolic wall stress and the stroke volume) increased. This disproportion between external and internal ventricular work increased with increasing ventricular dilatation and was greatest in decompensated essential hypertension. Accordingly, decompensated essential hypertension had largest ventricular work load and lowest forward pump function in comparison to all other patient groups with essential hypertension. The mass to volume ratio may be considered an important determinant of the degree of left ventricular hypertrophy in essential hypertension. The relationship between the mass to volume ratio and the systolic wall stress may provide a diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of the left ventricle in essential hypertension on the basis of dynamic ventricular geometry."}
{"id": "PMID:151418", "title": "[Occupational health in Belgium].", "content": "The author describes briefly the state of occupational health in Belgium. The organization and the activities of occupational health services and the legislation regarding the compensation of work accident and occupational diseases are first outlined. The training of occupational physicians in medical schools is also described as well as the trend of research activities in occupational health in Belgium.", "contents": "[Occupational health in Belgium]. The author describes briefly the state of occupational health in Belgium. The organization and the activities of occupational health services and the legislation regarding the compensation of work accident and occupational diseases are first outlined. The training of occupational physicians in medical schools is also described as well as the trend of research activities in occupational health in Belgium."}
{"id": "PMID:151419", "title": "[Preventive medicine activities of Suva].", "content": "The Swiss National Accidents Insurance Fund (Schweizerische Unfallversicherungsanstalt, Suva) not only has to pay in case of injuries (of both occupational and nonoccupational nature) and occupational disease, an essential duty given by law (Kranken- und Unfallversicherungsgesetz, KUVG) is the prevention of work accidents and occupational disease. The Suva department for Prevention of Accidents (Abteilung Unfallverh\u00fctung) is responsible for technical measures; the occupational physicians of the Suva Medicine department (Medizinische Abteilung) are carrying for the medical prevention of occupational diseases which is the item here explained in detail. In 1977, the medical prevention was extended ot a total of 236,000 insured workers. (Of the almost 2.7 million workers and employees 1.7 million are insured by the Suva.) The legal basis, the kind of prevention done and its organization are described.", "contents": "[Preventive medicine activities of Suva]. The Swiss National Accidents Insurance Fund (Schweizerische Unfallversicherungsanstalt, Suva) not only has to pay in case of injuries (of both occupational and nonoccupational nature) and occupational disease, an essential duty given by law (Kranken- und Unfallversicherungsgesetz, KUVG) is the prevention of work accidents and occupational disease. The Suva department for Prevention of Accidents (Abteilung Unfallverh\u00fctung) is responsible for technical measures; the occupational physicians of the Suva Medicine department (Medizinische Abteilung) are carrying for the medical prevention of occupational diseases which is the item here explained in detail. In 1977, the medical prevention was extended ot a total of 236,000 insured workers. (Of the almost 2.7 million workers and employees 1.7 million are insured by the Suva.) The legal basis, the kind of prevention done and its organization are described."}
{"id": "PMID:151420", "title": "[Light and scanning electron microscopic studies of structure of dentin interglobular spaces (author's transl)].", "content": "The author, after giving a literature survey, reports the results of scanning electron microscope examinations of interglobular spaces. The interglobular spaces are mineral-free regions within the dentin. They contain an organic matrix with a smaller amount of ground substance and a smaller number of collagenic fibrils than are contained in the matrix of mineralized dentin. Obviously, hollow spaces observed during microscopic examination are artifacts produced by shrinkage of the matrix despite good fixation. It has not so far been possible to obtain any indications of liquid-filled spaces.", "contents": "[Light and scanning electron microscopic studies of structure of dentin interglobular spaces (author's transl)]. The author, after giving a literature survey, reports the results of scanning electron microscope examinations of interglobular spaces. The interglobular spaces are mineral-free regions within the dentin. They contain an organic matrix with a smaller amount of ground substance and a smaller number of collagenic fibrils than are contained in the matrix of mineralized dentin. Obviously, hollow spaces observed during microscopic examination are artifacts produced by shrinkage of the matrix despite good fixation. It has not so far been possible to obtain any indications of liquid-filled spaces."}
{"id": "PMID:151421", "title": "[Studies of the permeability of human dentin Part I: Basic studies of constant physiological parameters and experimental variables (author's transl)].", "content": "Diffusion processes proceeding in the dentin are of fundamental scientific interest and of major importance to numerous therapeutical measures, with the permeability of dentin playing an essential role. Their exact quantitative determination is possibly in vitro only and depends upon various factors. Relevant investigative results obtained using standardized parameters and the methods employed are subjected to a critical analysis and interpreted with regard to the possibility of using them for specific comparative studies. The results reported in this paper are only indirectly applicable to clinical studies. However, they can considered a useful starting point for further studies.", "contents": "[Studies of the permeability of human dentin Part I: Basic studies of constant physiological parameters and experimental variables (author's transl)]. Diffusion processes proceeding in the dentin are of fundamental scientific interest and of major importance to numerous therapeutical measures, with the permeability of dentin playing an essential role. Their exact quantitative determination is possibly in vitro only and depends upon various factors. Relevant investigative results obtained using standardized parameters and the methods employed are subjected to a critical analysis and interpreted with regard to the possibility of using them for specific comparative studies. The results reported in this paper are only indirectly applicable to clinical studies. However, they can considered a useful starting point for further studies."}
{"id": "PMID:151417", "title": "[Effect of a change in brain monoamine levels on reproduction of an elaborated escape reaction in rats].", "content": "An escape reaction was elaborated in Wistar rats in a shuttle box to shocks delivered to the animal's foot in a time stereotype. Single administrations of serotonin precursor--5-Hydroxytryptophane (10 mg/kg) and of catecholamine inhibitor--M-tyrosine (100 mg/kg) had a facilitating effect on this reaction. The animals' behaviour became regulated; this was manifested in a shortening of latencies. Catecholamine precursor d,l-DOPA (35 mg/kg) and serotonin inhibitor p-Chlorophenilalanine (320 mg/kg) worsened the rats' adaptive behaviour in the experimental situation enhancing their fuss movements. The latencies of the escape reactions became longer. The data presented point to a reciprocal--conjugate interaction of serotonin- and noradrenergic brain systems as well as to an antistress serotonin effect on behaviour.", "contents": "[Effect of a change in brain monoamine levels on reproduction of an elaborated escape reaction in rats]. An escape reaction was elaborated in Wistar rats in a shuttle box to shocks delivered to the animal's foot in a time stereotype. Single administrations of serotonin precursor--5-Hydroxytryptophane (10 mg/kg) and of catecholamine inhibitor--M-tyrosine (100 mg/kg) had a facilitating effect on this reaction. The animals' behaviour became regulated; this was manifested in a shortening of latencies. Catecholamine precursor d,l-DOPA (35 mg/kg) and serotonin inhibitor p-Chlorophenilalanine (320 mg/kg) worsened the rats' adaptive behaviour in the experimental situation enhancing their fuss movements. The latencies of the escape reactions became longer. The data presented point to a reciprocal--conjugate interaction of serotonin- and noradrenergic brain systems as well as to an antistress serotonin effect on behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:151422", "title": "[Comparative studies of caries epidemiology using skulls from the Iron, Slavic, and Middle Ages as well as modern subjects (author's transl)].", "content": "The present paper compares the incidence and intensity of caries (DMF caries index) determined on skulls from the Iron, Slavic, and Middle Ages with corresponding results obtained for a modern civilized population. More specifically, the results reported in this paper were obtained from clinical and roentgenological examinations of 371 skulls from the ages referred to above as well as of 10,340 inhabitants of the city of Rostock. The results indicate a marked increase in cariosity between the Iron Age and the present time. This increase in the incidence and intensity of caries is considered to be due predominantly to the abrasion resulting from the then preparation and composition of food (which contained as much as 3 percent of stone dust), whereby an essential point of predilection for caries is removed.", "contents": "[Comparative studies of caries epidemiology using skulls from the Iron, Slavic, and Middle Ages as well as modern subjects (author's transl)]. The present paper compares the incidence and intensity of caries (DMF caries index) determined on skulls from the Iron, Slavic, and Middle Ages with corresponding results obtained for a modern civilized population. More specifically, the results reported in this paper were obtained from clinical and roentgenological examinations of 371 skulls from the ages referred to above as well as of 10,340 inhabitants of the city of Rostock. The results indicate a marked increase in cariosity between the Iron Age and the present time. This increase in the incidence and intensity of caries is considered to be due predominantly to the abrasion resulting from the then preparation and composition of food (which contained as much as 3 percent of stone dust), whereby an essential point of predilection for caries is removed."}
{"id": "PMID:151423", "title": "[Concerning the reversibility of initial carious lesions in the fissure region (author's transl)].", "content": "Using a light microscope, the authors compared longitudinal ground sections of human premolars from a region where the drinking water contains 1,0 p.p.m. of fluorine with the preparations from a region where the drinking water contains 0.35 p.p.m. of fluorine. Under the microscope, \"healty\" teeth may also show initial carious lesions in the fissure region. These changes are significantly less frequent in premolars which developed under the influence of fluorine. This finding and an age-depending decrease of the initial carious lesions in the fissures militate in favour of the reversibility of these changes.", "contents": "[Concerning the reversibility of initial carious lesions in the fissure region (author's transl)]. Using a light microscope, the authors compared longitudinal ground sections of human premolars from a region where the drinking water contains 1,0 p.p.m. of fluorine with the preparations from a region where the drinking water contains 0.35 p.p.m. of fluorine. Under the microscope, \"healty\" teeth may also show initial carious lesions in the fissure region. These changes are significantly less frequent in premolars which developed under the influence of fluorine. This finding and an age-depending decrease of the initial carious lesions in the fissures militate in favour of the reversibility of these changes."}
{"id": "PMID:151424", "title": "[Incidence and intensity of mottled teeth (fluorosis) in regions where the drinking water has different contents of magnesium and calcium, respectively (author's transl)].", "content": "A total of 1612 seven- to sixteen-year-olds of both sexes were included in a study of which the purpose was to determine whether different concentrations of magnesium and calcium, respectively, in the drinking water (Ore Mountains) have any effects upon the mottling of the enamel of permanent incisors. It was not possible to determine an epidemiological relationship, but what could be reconfirmed was that the incidence and intensity of mottled teeth correspond with the drinking water fluorine level.", "contents": "[Incidence and intensity of mottled teeth (fluorosis) in regions where the drinking water has different contents of magnesium and calcium, respectively (author's transl)]. A total of 1612 seven- to sixteen-year-olds of both sexes were included in a study of which the purpose was to determine whether different concentrations of magnesium and calcium, respectively, in the drinking water (Ore Mountains) have any effects upon the mottling of the enamel of permanent incisors. It was not possible to determine an epidemiological relationship, but what could be reconfirmed was that the incidence and intensity of mottled teeth correspond with the drinking water fluorine level."}
{"id": "PMID:151425", "title": "[The importance of the etiology of caries and periodontal diseases to the strategy of prevention (author's transl)].", "content": "Caries and the inflammation of the marginal periodontium are initiated by different pathomechanisms of microbial factors of the dental plaque. Etiologically, both pathologic changes are therefore associated with the dental plaque. Progression is modifiable by both local and general factors. Consequently, prevention of these major stomatological diseases is based upon a common concept and divides naturally into primary, secondary, and tertiary measures.", "contents": "[The importance of the etiology of caries and periodontal diseases to the strategy of prevention (author's transl)]. Caries and the inflammation of the marginal periodontium are initiated by different pathomechanisms of microbial factors of the dental plaque. Etiologically, both pathologic changes are therefore associated with the dental plaque. Progression is modifiable by both local and general factors. Consequently, prevention of these major stomatological diseases is based upon a common concept and divides naturally into primary, secondary, and tertiary measures."}
{"id": "PMID:151426", "title": "[Studies of the edge-strength of some silver-zinc amalgams Part I: Creep value (author's transl)].", "content": "From a compilation of all investigative results it is apparent that there are only minor differences in edge-strength between the AP preparations and VH 67 grade. Showing the best values within this particular group is the AP 3 grade. Its use as a filling material may be expected to yield the best results as regards durability. In contrast, the results obtainded for the VH 50 grade material cannot be regarded as satisfying the requirements of a dental amalgam. A marked tendency toward creeping and high rates of corrosion result in the edge-strength of this material being reduced to an unacceptable level.", "contents": "[Studies of the edge-strength of some silver-zinc amalgams Part I: Creep value (author's transl)]. From a compilation of all investigative results it is apparent that there are only minor differences in edge-strength between the AP preparations and VH 67 grade. Showing the best values within this particular group is the AP 3 grade. Its use as a filling material may be expected to yield the best results as regards durability. In contrast, the results obtainded for the VH 50 grade material cannot be regarded as satisfying the requirements of a dental amalgam. A marked tendency toward creeping and high rates of corrosion result in the edge-strength of this material being reduced to an unacceptable level."}
{"id": "PMID:151449", "title": "Epidemiologic features and phage types associated with nosocomial infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis.", "content": "An apparent problem with increased numbers of nosocomial infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis at a large hospital was studied in a clinical-epidemiological investigation. Thirty-six cases of S. epidermidis infection were confirmed on the thoracic surgery, general surgery, nursery and pediatric services during a 3-year period. Nine cases were fatal and six of these occurred in patients following cardiovascular surgery with implanted prothesis. The majority of cases (25/36) occurred following cardiovascular surgery. The median onset of infection was six days from the date of surgery, suggesting infection during the intraoperative period. Although the number of cases studied remains small, two phage types, 71/108/275a/459 and 407-2, did predominate among these clinical infections. Interestingly, during this same time interval these same types predominated among surgical staff members closely associated with these patients. Resistance to antimicrobials was high among isolates tested, with more than 50% of the strains resistant to six or more antimicrobial agents.", "contents": "Epidemiologic features and phage types associated with nosocomial infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. An apparent problem with increased numbers of nosocomial infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis at a large hospital was studied in a clinical-epidemiological investigation. Thirty-six cases of S. epidermidis infection were confirmed on the thoracic surgery, general surgery, nursery and pediatric services during a 3-year period. Nine cases were fatal and six of these occurred in patients following cardiovascular surgery with implanted prothesis. The majority of cases (25/36) occurred following cardiovascular surgery. The median onset of infection was six days from the date of surgery, suggesting infection during the intraoperative period. Although the number of cases studied remains small, two phage types, 71/108/275a/459 and 407-2, did predominate among these clinical infections. Interestingly, during this same time interval these same types predominated among surgical staff members closely associated with these patients. Resistance to antimicrobials was high among isolates tested, with more than 50% of the strains resistant to six or more antimicrobial agents."}
{"id": "PMID:151450", "title": "Comparison of \"invasive\" and \"non-invasive\" strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis by phage typing.", "content": "Seventy strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood of patients together with 41 strains of these bacteria isolated from the skin were typed by three different phage sets. Different percentages of phage typability by compared phage sets were found. Blood culture strains showed phage pattern Ph10/U14/U16 while other strains were of different phage patterns.", "contents": "Comparison of \"invasive\" and \"non-invasive\" strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis by phage typing. Seventy strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from blood of patients together with 41 strains of these bacteria isolated from the skin were typed by three different phage sets. Different percentages of phage typability by compared phage sets were found. Blood culture strains showed phage pattern Ph10/U14/U16 while other strains were of different phage patterns."}
{"id": "PMID:151451", "title": "Use of a phage set for the ecological typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci.", "content": "The staphylococcal flora of skin and acne lesions of 98 patients was analysed by the use of phage typing and biotyping methods. It appeared that in some individuals a relatively stable staphylococcal flora was present while others harboured 7 or more different strains. The same S. epidermidis strains were found on different skin sites and in acne lesions of a given individual. Examples of different carriage patterns were given.", "contents": "Use of a phage set for the ecological typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci. The staphylococcal flora of skin and acne lesions of 98 patients was analysed by the use of phage typing and biotyping methods. It appeared that in some individuals a relatively stable staphylococcal flora was present while others harboured 7 or more different strains. The same S. epidermidis strains were found on different skin sites and in acne lesions of a given individual. Examples of different carriage patterns were given."}
{"id": "PMID:151453", "title": "Serological characterization of phages of coagulase-negative staphylococci.", "content": "Selected 22 phages of coagulase-negative staphylococci were tested against group-specific antisera for Staphylococcus aureus phages using a neutralization test. Fourteen of the tested phages were classified into the serological group B and one into the group F. All other phages were resistant to the antisera against S. aureus phages but cross-reacted with the antisera produced against themselves. Therefore they could be joined together into a new serological group of the staphylococcal phages.", "contents": "Serological characterization of phages of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Selected 22 phages of coagulase-negative staphylococci were tested against group-specific antisera for Staphylococcus aureus phages using a neutralization test. Fourteen of the tested phages were classified into the serological group B and one into the group F. All other phages were resistant to the antisera against S. aureus phages but cross-reacted with the antisera produced against themselves. Therefore they could be joined together into a new serological group of the staphylococcal phages."}
{"id": "PMID:151454", "title": "Activity spectrum of micrococcal and staphylococcal phages.", "content": "The activity spectrum of 4 polyvalent Staph. aureus-phages, of 22 phages from coagulase negative staphylococci and of 64 micrococcal phages was established on 20 Staph. aureus-strains, 116 coagulase-negative staphylococci and 142 micrococci. Staphylococcal phages showed to be only active on strains of the genus Staphylococcus and on cocci related to this genus. Micrococcal phages on the other hand lysed only micrococci.", "contents": "Activity spectrum of micrococcal and staphylococcal phages. The activity spectrum of 4 polyvalent Staph. aureus-phages, of 22 phages from coagulase negative staphylococci and of 64 micrococcal phages was established on 20 Staph. aureus-strains, 116 coagulase-negative staphylococci and 142 micrococci. Staphylococcal phages showed to be only active on strains of the genus Staphylococcus and on cocci related to this genus. Micrococcal phages on the other hand lysed only micrococci."}
{"id": "PMID:151455", "title": "Cell wall structure of coagulase-negative staphylococci and its relation to adsorption of phages.", "content": "The coagulase-negative staphylococcal species S. xylosus and S. saprophyticus are able to inactivate phages of the International Basic Set for S. aureus. The cell wall teichoic acids of these species contained two polyols: glycerol and ribitol. Removal of ribitol teichoic acid resulted in a parallel decrease in the ability of the cell walls to inactivate the phages.", "contents": "Cell wall structure of coagulase-negative staphylococci and its relation to adsorption of phages. The coagulase-negative staphylococcal species S. xylosus and S. saprophyticus are able to inactivate phages of the International Basic Set for S. aureus. The cell wall teichoic acids of these species contained two polyols: glycerol and ribitol. Removal of ribitol teichoic acid resulted in a parallel decrease in the ability of the cell walls to inactivate the phages."}
{"id": "PMID:151457", "title": "Phage typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci.", "content": "218 bovine and 116 human strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci and 46 bovine Staphylococcus aureus strains were typed with the Verhoef-phage set for human staphylococci and the Holmberg-set for bovine staphylococci. 22.5% of the bovine strains were lysed by the bovine phages and only 3.2% by the human phages. None of the bovine Staph. aureus strains could be typed. 21% of the human strains tested were lysed by the human phages and only 5.2% by the bovine phages. These results clearly demonstrate the need of separate phage sets for the typing of bovine and human coagulase-negative staphylococci.", "contents": "Phage typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci. 218 bovine and 116 human strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci and 46 bovine Staphylococcus aureus strains were typed with the Verhoef-phage set for human staphylococci and the Holmberg-set for bovine staphylococci. 22.5% of the bovine strains were lysed by the bovine phages and only 3.2% by the human phages. None of the bovine Staph. aureus strains could be typed. 21% of the human strains tested were lysed by the human phages and only 5.2% by the bovine phages. These results clearly demonstrate the need of separate phage sets for the typing of bovine and human coagulase-negative staphylococci."}
{"id": "PMID:151458", "title": "Preliminary results of phage typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci with the set of typing phages of Pulverer and co-workers.", "content": "120 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from clinical material were typed with the set of 16 test phages described by Pulverer et al. (1975). 58 (48%) strains were typable with RTD and additionally 12 strains with 100 times RTD. The pattern Ph10/U14/U16 was observed most common (36 strains), followed by the pattern U14/U16 (11 strains). One strain showed lysis reactions with all typing phages. With 61 strains phage U14 gave a lysis whereas phage U20 reacted only with 4 strains. The S. epidermidis phages were not specific for this species, at least some of these showed lysis reactions with S. aureus strains. The lysis pattern most often observed was Ph10/U14/U16. There was no correlation between the patterns given by the S. aureus test phages and those by the S. epidermidis phages.", "contents": "Preliminary results of phage typing of coagulase-negative staphylococci with the set of typing phages of Pulverer and co-workers. 120 strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from clinical material were typed with the set of 16 test phages described by Pulverer et al. (1975). 58 (48%) strains were typable with RTD and additionally 12 strains with 100 times RTD. The pattern Ph10/U14/U16 was observed most common (36 strains), followed by the pattern U14/U16 (11 strains). One strain showed lysis reactions with all typing phages. With 61 strains phage U14 gave a lysis whereas phage U20 reacted only with 4 strains. The S. epidermidis phages were not specific for this species, at least some of these showed lysis reactions with S. aureus strains. The lysis pattern most often observed was Ph10/U14/U16. There was no correlation between the patterns given by the S. aureus test phages and those by the S. epidermidis phages."}
{"id": "PMID:151459", "title": "Phage typing and biotyping of coagulase-negative staphylococci.", "content": "A total of 211 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical materials were tested by use of 16 phages of PULVERER's set and biochemical methods proposed by KLOOS and SCHLEIFER. It appeared that 75% of tested strains was typable by used phages and ninety different phage patterns were observed. Most strains were classified as Staphylococcus epidermidis and the rest as S. warneri, S. simulans, S. hominis, Single strains represented species: S. capitis, S. haemolyticus and S. cohnii. No segregation of different phage patterns into particular species was found.", "contents": "Phage typing and biotyping of coagulase-negative staphylococci. A total of 211 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from clinical materials were tested by use of 16 phages of PULVERER's set and biochemical methods proposed by KLOOS and SCHLEIFER. It appeared that 75% of tested strains was typable by used phages and ninety different phage patterns were observed. Most strains were classified as Staphylococcus epidermidis and the rest as S. warneri, S. simulans, S. hominis, Single strains represented species: S. capitis, S. haemolyticus and S. cohnii. No segregation of different phage patterns into particular species was found."}
{"id": "PMID:151460", "title": "Electron microscopic morphology of phages of coagulase-negative staphylococci.", "content": "Nine phages of coagulase-negative staphylococci were studied carefully with regard to their electron microscopic morphology. Two different groups of phages were detected: the larger phages showed heads of 121 nm diameter on average and tails with 229 nm length and 23 nm width. The smaller phages were characterized with heads of about 76 nm diameter and tails of about 177 nm length and 13 nm width (negatively stained with KPT).", "contents": "Electron microscopic morphology of phages of coagulase-negative staphylococci. Nine phages of coagulase-negative staphylococci were studied carefully with regard to their electron microscopic morphology. Two different groups of phages were detected: the larger phages showed heads of 121 nm diameter on average and tails with 229 nm length and 23 nm width. The smaller phages were characterized with heads of about 76 nm diameter and tails of about 177 nm length and 13 nm width (negatively stained with KPT)."}
{"id": "PMID:151461", "title": "A proposal for further modification of the phage-typing system for coagulase-negative staphylococci.", "content": "Our phage-set, published in 1975 (6) was modified in that other staphylococcal hoststrains were found more suitable for the propagation. This new typing set of 15 phages should replace our old phage-sets. In comparing the phage-sets of Dr. Verhoef, Dr. Parisi and Dr. Blouse with our phages, the advantages of our new phage-set could be demonstrated. Lysogeny induction experiment with mitomycin C and UV-rays showed all staphylococcal host strains to be lysogenic. Conclusions of the studies performed were derived from and discussed.", "contents": "A proposal for further modification of the phage-typing system for coagulase-negative staphylococci. Our phage-set, published in 1975 (6) was modified in that other staphylococcal hoststrains were found more suitable for the propagation. This new typing set of 15 phages should replace our old phage-sets. In comparing the phage-sets of Dr. Verhoef, Dr. Parisi and Dr. Blouse with our phages, the advantages of our new phage-set could be demonstrated. Lysogeny induction experiment with mitomycin C and UV-rays showed all staphylococcal host strains to be lysogenic. Conclusions of the studies performed were derived from and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151462", "title": "[Antigenic structure of Rickettsia of the tick-borne spotted fever group isolated in the Armenian SSR].", "content": "The authors present data concerning the study of the antigenic properties of rickettisa of the tick-borne spotted fever group isolated from the Ixodes ticks in the Armenain SSR. In order to determine the species of the isolated strains a method of serological identification of rickettsia in the complement fixation reaction with the species-specific immune sera of albino mice was used. The results obtained permitted to refer the Armenia-74, No. 11, 29, and 57 species to the R. sibricia species.", "contents": "[Antigenic structure of Rickettsia of the tick-borne spotted fever group isolated in the Armenian SSR]. The authors present data concerning the study of the antigenic properties of rickettisa of the tick-borne spotted fever group isolated from the Ixodes ticks in the Armenain SSR. In order to determine the species of the isolated strains a method of serological identification of rickettsia in the complement fixation reaction with the species-specific immune sera of albino mice was used. The results obtained permitted to refer the Armenia-74, No. 11, 29, and 57 species to the R. sibricia species."}
{"id": "PMID:151463", "title": "[Current methods of intraspecies typing of Shigella sonnei. 3. Bacteriophage typing].", "content": "Data are presented concerning the study of the phage type of Sh. sonnei isolated in various regions of the USSR. The strains isolated belonged to 64 phage types corresponding to the Hammarstr\u00f6m's scheme. A variety of Shigella sonnei phage types both in one and in different territories of the country  provided future prospects for successful use of phage typing for the purpose of epidemiological supervision and analysis of dysentery morbidity.", "contents": "[Current methods of intraspecies typing of Shigella sonnei. 3. Bacteriophage typing]. Data are presented concerning the study of the phage type of Sh. sonnei isolated in various regions of the USSR. The strains isolated belonged to 64 phage types corresponding to the Hammarstr\u00f6m's scheme. A variety of Shigella sonnei phage types both in one and in different territories of the country  provided future prospects for successful use of phage typing for the purpose of epidemiological supervision and analysis of dysentery morbidity."}
{"id": "PMID:151468", "title": "[Participation of monoaminergic mechanisms and the striatum in the development of \"petit mal\" induced by corazole].", "content": "In gradual cumulation of subconvulsive doses of corasole in mice there are certain changes of behaviour and electrographical signs which are close to \"petit mal\": slow negative waves and peak-wave complexes on the EEG, myoclonic jerks. An increase of monoaminergic transmission of apomorphine, DOPA, or 5--hydroxyhyptophane weakens the preconvulsive effect of corasol, while its inhibition by aminasine, haloperidol and p-chlorphenylalanine on the contrary increases it. A low frequency electric stimulation of the striatum potentiates the expressiveness of corasole \"petit mal\", while its destruction limits it. A bilateral destruction of the striatum eliminates the action of apomorphine, DOPA and haloperidol but only slightly changes the effect of aminazine, 5-hydroxytryptophane and p-chlorphenylalanine.", "contents": "[Participation of monoaminergic mechanisms and the striatum in the development of \"petit mal\" induced by corazole]. In gradual cumulation of subconvulsive doses of corasole in mice there are certain changes of behaviour and electrographical signs which are close to \"petit mal\": slow negative waves and peak-wave complexes on the EEG, myoclonic jerks. An increase of monoaminergic transmission of apomorphine, DOPA, or 5--hydroxyhyptophane weakens the preconvulsive effect of corasol, while its inhibition by aminasine, haloperidol and p-chlorphenylalanine on the contrary increases it. A low frequency electric stimulation of the striatum potentiates the expressiveness of corasole \"petit mal\", while its destruction limits it. A bilateral destruction of the striatum eliminates the action of apomorphine, DOPA and haloperidol but only slightly changes the effect of aminazine, 5-hydroxytryptophane and p-chlorphenylalanine."}
{"id": "PMID:151469", "title": "Role of heparin in the interaction of serine proteinases with antithrombin III.", "content": "To characterize the mode of action of heparin, the kinetics of inhibition of thrombin, factor Xa, and plasmin by antithrombin III was studied without and in the presence of heparin. Following the concentration dependence of inactivation a linear dependence was found between the apparent first-order inactivation rate constant and the anti-thrombin III concentration. This behaviour is typical of enzyme-activator interaction. Values of kinetic constants of the inactivation reaction could be determined. Thus, heparin acts obviously as an activator of the enzymes and enhances their affinity for antithrombin III.", "contents": "Role of heparin in the interaction of serine proteinases with antithrombin III. To characterize the mode of action of heparin, the kinetics of inhibition of thrombin, factor Xa, and plasmin by antithrombin III was studied without and in the presence of heparin. Following the concentration dependence of inactivation a linear dependence was found between the apparent first-order inactivation rate constant and the anti-thrombin III concentration. This behaviour is typical of enzyme-activator interaction. Values of kinetic constants of the inactivation reaction could be determined. Thus, heparin acts obviously as an activator of the enzymes and enhances their affinity for antithrombin III."}
{"id": "PMID:151474", "title": "Biochemical and histochemical features of human cultured cells (EUE) adapted to hypertonic medium.", "content": "EUE cells from a human heteroploid line cultured in hypertonic medium (0.274 M NaCl) modify their lipid pattern: sulfolipid concentration reaches 86 to 90 microgram/mg protein whilst it ranges between 19 to 32 microgram/mg in cells cultured in isotonic medium. Ganglioside concentration reaches 2.6 nmoles of sialic acid/mg protein (after 75 days) and 13 (after 85 days) in hypertonic saline medium. Whilst it is 0.5 in isotonic medium. Phospholipid concentration does not show any similar change. Cytoenzymatic analysis reveals that dehydrogenases (lactate, G-6-P dehydrogenases, tetrahydrofolate reductase and NADH diaphorase) appear strongly enhanced in cells grown on hypertonic medium. On the contrary higher acid phosphatase and ATPase activity was demonstrable in cells grown on isotonic medium. These results are similar (except for ATPase activity) to those observed in salt secreting glands involved in strong osmotic work. The results are discussed in relation to the problem of energy supply in cells performing osmotic work.", "contents": "Biochemical and histochemical features of human cultured cells (EUE) adapted to hypertonic medium. EUE cells from a human heteroploid line cultured in hypertonic medium (0.274 M NaCl) modify their lipid pattern: sulfolipid concentration reaches 86 to 90 microgram/mg protein whilst it ranges between 19 to 32 microgram/mg in cells cultured in isotonic medium. Ganglioside concentration reaches 2.6 nmoles of sialic acid/mg protein (after 75 days) and 13 (after 85 days) in hypertonic saline medium. Whilst it is 0.5 in isotonic medium. Phospholipid concentration does not show any similar change. Cytoenzymatic analysis reveals that dehydrogenases (lactate, G-6-P dehydrogenases, tetrahydrofolate reductase and NADH diaphorase) appear strongly enhanced in cells grown on hypertonic medium. On the contrary higher acid phosphatase and ATPase activity was demonstrable in cells grown on isotonic medium. These results are similar (except for ATPase activity) to those observed in salt secreting glands involved in strong osmotic work. The results are discussed in relation to the problem of energy supply in cells performing osmotic work."}
{"id": "PMID:151475", "title": "The ejector flowmeter: an evaluation of its accuracy.", "content": "The accuracy of five ejector flowmeters was assessed using three different gases and four flow-rates. A soap-bubble flowmeter was used for the calibaration. Significant variations were found between individual flowmeters and between different gas mixtures. No variation was found between the four different flowrates, indicating that the calibration is linear. The mean calibration factor was 84.8% +/- 4.1 (100% O2:87.4 +/- 3.4, 50% N2O/O2: 84.2 +/- 2.8, and 100% N2O: 83.0 +/- 4.6).", "contents": "The ejector flowmeter: an evaluation of its accuracy. The accuracy of five ejector flowmeters was assessed using three different gases and four flow-rates. A soap-bubble flowmeter was used for the calibaration. Significant variations were found between individual flowmeters and between different gas mixtures. No variation was found between the four different flowrates, indicating that the calibration is linear. The mean calibration factor was 84.8% +/- 4.1 (100% O2:87.4 +/- 3.4, 50% N2O/O2: 84.2 +/- 2.8, and 100% N2O: 83.0 +/- 4.6)."}
{"id": "PMID:151476", "title": "Somatostatin in the treatment of patients with extra-pyramidal disorders and patients with EEG abnormalities.", "content": "The growth hormone release inhibiting hormone acts probably both as a true hypophysiotropic hormone and as a neuroregulatory substance. Neurophysiological studies have shown that somatostatin is a CNS depressant. Somatostatin might therefore be of therapeutic significance in neurological diseases. Sixteen patients with different extrapyramidal disorders and seven patients with various EEG abnormalities were tested with 2-hour somatostatin infusions and control infusions with saline. Somatostatin did not induce any improvement or deterioration of symptoms, signs, or EEG abnormalities in any patient.", "contents": "Somatostatin in the treatment of patients with extra-pyramidal disorders and patients with EEG abnormalities. The growth hormone release inhibiting hormone acts probably both as a true hypophysiotropic hormone and as a neuroregulatory substance. Neurophysiological studies have shown that somatostatin is a CNS depressant. Somatostatin might therefore be of therapeutic significance in neurological diseases. Sixteen patients with different extrapyramidal disorders and seven patients with various EEG abnormalities were tested with 2-hour somatostatin infusions and control infusions with saline. Somatostatin did not induce any improvement or deterioration of symptoms, signs, or EEG abnormalities in any patient."}
{"id": "PMID:151477", "title": "Ovarian biopsy in the evaluation of amenorrhea.", "content": "Endoscopic ovarian biopsies were performed on 78 amenorrheic patients in an attempt to determine the etiology of their amenorrhea and predict its prognosis, correlating the histologic examination with physical findings, endocrine patterns and cytogenetic studies. Ovarian follicles were present while gonadotropins were high in 14 cases (6 primary, 8 secondary) and there were no follicles in 4 cases (3 primary, 1 secondary) whose gonadotropins were low. Secondary sex characteristics were well developed without prior estrogen stimulation in 5 cases of primary amenorrhea who had no follicles and whose gonadotropins were either low, 3, or high, 2. The mere presence of ovarian follicles was not enough to make them responsive to gonadotropin stimulation whether endogenous or exogenous; a phenomenon that had to do with the quality and quantity of germinal follicles available. The histologic examination of ovarian tissue for the evaluation of amenorrhea has been made feasible and relatively safe through recent advances in endoscopic techniques.", "contents": "Ovarian biopsy in the evaluation of amenorrhea. Endoscopic ovarian biopsies were performed on 78 amenorrheic patients in an attempt to determine the etiology of their amenorrhea and predict its prognosis, correlating the histologic examination with physical findings, endocrine patterns and cytogenetic studies. Ovarian follicles were present while gonadotropins were high in 14 cases (6 primary, 8 secondary) and there were no follicles in 4 cases (3 primary, 1 secondary) whose gonadotropins were low. Secondary sex characteristics were well developed without prior estrogen stimulation in 5 cases of primary amenorrhea who had no follicles and whose gonadotropins were either low, 3, or high, 2. The mere presence of ovarian follicles was not enough to make them responsive to gonadotropin stimulation whether endogenous or exogenous; a phenomenon that had to do with the quality and quantity of germinal follicles available. The histologic examination of ovarian tissue for the evaluation of amenorrhea has been made feasible and relatively safe through recent advances in endoscopic techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:151478", "title": "Follicular development in ovaries of children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Ovaries of children with Down's syndrome were examined histologically in order to determine in what way the ovarian development differed from the normal. Twenty-six specimens obtained at autopsy at various ages between birth and 14 1/2 years were available and compared with ovaries from normal children of similar ages. All ovaries from normal children were characterized by active follicle growth. The ovaries of the children with Down's syndrome, however, showed absence or retardation of follicle growth. Furthermore the number as well as the size of the antral follicles differed from those in the normal ovary. The decrease of the number of small follicles occurs earlier in life in the ovaries of children with Down's syndrome than in the control. The possible relationship between an abnormal ovarian growth pattern and hormonal imbalance is discussed.", "contents": "Follicular development in ovaries of children with Down's syndrome. Ovaries of children with Down's syndrome were examined histologically in order to determine in what way the ovarian development differed from the normal. Twenty-six specimens obtained at autopsy at various ages between birth and 14 1/2 years were available and compared with ovaries from normal children of similar ages. All ovaries from normal children were characterized by active follicle growth. The ovaries of the children with Down's syndrome, however, showed absence or retardation of follicle growth. Furthermore the number as well as the size of the antral follicles differed from those in the normal ovary. The decrease of the number of small follicles occurs earlier in life in the ovaries of children with Down's syndrome than in the control. The possible relationship between an abnormal ovarian growth pattern and hormonal imbalance is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151479", "title": "Contribution to the knowledge of the fine structure of chondrosarcoma of bone. With a note on the localization of alkaline phosphatase and \"ATPase\".", "content": "Seven well differentiated chondrosarcomas of bone have been analyzed by electron microscopy, and the fine structural localization of adenosine triphosphatase and nonspecific alkaline phosphatase has been elucidated. On the basis of the fine structural appearance, two distinct cell types were shown to constitute the tumor tissue: chondrocyte-like cells and large \"mitochondria-rich cells\". Large, multinucleated cells in the tumor did not seem to correspond to osteoclasts but rather were likely to represent true neoplastic cells. Some chondrocyte-like cells appeared to be binucleated by virtue of deep, groove-like nuclear indentations. Adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase were associated with the plasma membrane of both chondrocyte-like and mitochondria-rich cells suggesting that they might be of common origin. Normal chondroblasts and chondrocytes lack histochemically demonstrable adenosine triphosphatase on their plasma membrane. Presence of this enzyme in the tumor cells may indicate that they are histogenetically related to immature non-chondroid matrix forming cells (known to carry the enzymes).", "contents": "Contribution to the knowledge of the fine structure of chondrosarcoma of bone. With a note on the localization of alkaline phosphatase and \"ATPase\". Seven well differentiated chondrosarcomas of bone have been analyzed by electron microscopy, and the fine structural localization of adenosine triphosphatase and nonspecific alkaline phosphatase has been elucidated. On the basis of the fine structural appearance, two distinct cell types were shown to constitute the tumor tissue: chondrocyte-like cells and large \"mitochondria-rich cells\". Large, multinucleated cells in the tumor did not seem to correspond to osteoclasts but rather were likely to represent true neoplastic cells. Some chondrocyte-like cells appeared to be binucleated by virtue of deep, groove-like nuclear indentations. Adenosine triphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase were associated with the plasma membrane of both chondrocyte-like and mitochondria-rich cells suggesting that they might be of common origin. Normal chondroblasts and chondrocytes lack histochemically demonstrable adenosine triphosphatase on their plasma membrane. Presence of this enzyme in the tumor cells may indicate that they are histogenetically related to immature non-chondroid matrix forming cells (known to carry the enzymes)."}
{"id": "PMID:151480", "title": "Stimulation of human fetal lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide B in culture. Studies on cells circulating in maternal blood.", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide B (LPS) was used in attempts to stimulate fetal cells circulating in the maternal blood during pregnancy. Crystalline leukoagglutinin (LA), the mitogenic properties of which are identical with those of phytohemagglutinin, was used as a reference mitogen. When artificial mixtures of varying proportions of lymphocytes from mothers (XX) and their newborn male infants (XY) were co-cultured in the presence of these mitogens. LPS brought about a definite enrichment of XY mitoses, indicating that even under these conditions of co-culture, LPS preferentially, though not exclusively, stimulates the infant cells. When cells from the blood of 13 women pregnant in the second trimester with a male fetus were cultured with LPS as a mitogen, all mitoses were found to be XX. Since interphase Y chromatin occurred in uncultured lymphocytes from these women (cells containing Y chromatin were found in 5 out of 6 women tested), we conclude that LPS is unable to stimulate, or at least induce mitoses, in fetal cells circulating in the blood of pregnant women. The nature of these cells is discussed.", "contents": "Stimulation of human fetal lymphocytes by lipopolysaccharide B in culture. Studies on cells circulating in maternal blood. Lipopolysaccharide B (LPS) was used in attempts to stimulate fetal cells circulating in the maternal blood during pregnancy. Crystalline leukoagglutinin (LA), the mitogenic properties of which are identical with those of phytohemagglutinin, was used as a reference mitogen. When artificial mixtures of varying proportions of lymphocytes from mothers (XX) and their newborn male infants (XY) were co-cultured in the presence of these mitogens. LPS brought about a definite enrichment of XY mitoses, indicating that even under these conditions of co-culture, LPS preferentially, though not exclusively, stimulates the infant cells. When cells from the blood of 13 women pregnant in the second trimester with a male fetus were cultured with LPS as a mitogen, all mitoses were found to be XX. Since interphase Y chromatin occurred in uncultured lymphocytes from these women (cells containing Y chromatin were found in 5 out of 6 women tested), we conclude that LPS is unable to stimulate, or at least induce mitoses, in fetal cells circulating in the blood of pregnant women. The nature of these cells is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151481", "title": "Blood flow, calcium deposition and heat loss in reindeer antlers.", "content": "Antler blood flow was studied in a 2 year old male reindeer during the last half of the antler growth period using an electromagnetic flow probe chronically implanted around the superficial temporal artery. Arteriovenous (a-v) differences of calcium were measured on antler blood. The blood flow increased from 60--90 ml/min when the antler was half-grown to 100--120 ml/min when fully developed. Subsequently a reduction was observed towards shedding. Positive a-v plasma calcium differences (on average 0.2 mM) were recorded during the period of active growth. Two bulls maintained positive a-v calcium differences after a 48 hour starvation period, in spite of reduced arterial calcium concentrations. Exercise to near exhaustion caused a 2 degrees C rise in the rectal temperature. Antler blood flow was decreased immediately after exercise and returned to pre-exercise values usually within 5--10 min. Since no overshoot in antler blood flow was recorded during the hyperthermia it is concluded that variations in blood perfusion of the antlers are without importance in the defence against hyperthermia during and after exercise.", "contents": "Blood flow, calcium deposition and heat loss in reindeer antlers. Antler blood flow was studied in a 2 year old male reindeer during the last half of the antler growth period using an electromagnetic flow probe chronically implanted around the superficial temporal artery. Arteriovenous (a-v) differences of calcium were measured on antler blood. The blood flow increased from 60--90 ml/min when the antler was half-grown to 100--120 ml/min when fully developed. Subsequently a reduction was observed towards shedding. Positive a-v plasma calcium differences (on average 0.2 mM) were recorded during the period of active growth. Two bulls maintained positive a-v calcium differences after a 48 hour starvation period, in spite of reduced arterial calcium concentrations. Exercise to near exhaustion caused a 2 degrees C rise in the rectal temperature. Antler blood flow was decreased immediately after exercise and returned to pre-exercise values usually within 5--10 min. Since no overshoot in antler blood flow was recorded during the hyperthermia it is concluded that variations in blood perfusion of the antlers are without importance in the defence against hyperthermia during and after exercise."}
{"id": "PMID:151482", "title": "Distribution of maximum coronary blood flow in the left ventricular wall of anesthetized dogs.", "content": "Blood flow in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery was recorded by electromagnetic flowmeter. In a group of dogs progressive hemodilution was performed until the diastolic reactive hyperemic response to 10 s occlusion of the circumflex branch disappeared (\"optimum\" hemodilution). At this degree of hemodilution the distribution of blood flow in the left ventricular free wall was evaluated by measuring tissue activity concentrations of Xe-133 and radioactive microspheres after bolus injection into the aortic root. \"Optimum\" hemodilution was accompanied by a sixfold increase in systolic coronary flow, a 3-fold increase in diastolic flow and a relative endocardial hypoperfusion. These results indicate that the endocardial blood flow reserve is lower than the epicardial. This conclusion is supported by the influence of spontaneous oscillations of arterial blood pressure (Traube-Hering waves) on systolic and diastolic coronary blood flows before and during \"optimum\" hemodilution. In another group of dogs maximum coronary vasodilatation was produced by occlusion of the left coronary artery for 10 s. In this group the distribuition of Xe-133 and radioactive microspheres were measured after bolus injection into the aortic root at peak diastolic reactive hyperemia. The epi- and endocardial distribution of both Xe-133 and microspheres was uniform in the left ventricular wall, indicating a uniform flow to these regions. This might be explained by an increased endocardial perfusion during systole due to loss of myocardial contractility or by a decline towards resting level in epicardial flow at the time of injection, corresponding to a shorter duration of the hyperemic period in the epi- than endocardial region.", "contents": "Distribution of maximum coronary blood flow in the left ventricular wall of anesthetized dogs. Blood flow in the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery was recorded by electromagnetic flowmeter. In a group of dogs progressive hemodilution was performed until the diastolic reactive hyperemic response to 10 s occlusion of the circumflex branch disappeared (\"optimum\" hemodilution). At this degree of hemodilution the distribution of blood flow in the left ventricular free wall was evaluated by measuring tissue activity concentrations of Xe-133 and radioactive microspheres after bolus injection into the aortic root. \"Optimum\" hemodilution was accompanied by a sixfold increase in systolic coronary flow, a 3-fold increase in diastolic flow and a relative endocardial hypoperfusion. These results indicate that the endocardial blood flow reserve is lower than the epicardial. This conclusion is supported by the influence of spontaneous oscillations of arterial blood pressure (Traube-Hering waves) on systolic and diastolic coronary blood flows before and during \"optimum\" hemodilution. In another group of dogs maximum coronary vasodilatation was produced by occlusion of the left coronary artery for 10 s. In this group the distribuition of Xe-133 and radioactive microspheres were measured after bolus injection into the aortic root at peak diastolic reactive hyperemia. The epi- and endocardial distribution of both Xe-133 and microspheres was uniform in the left ventricular wall, indicating a uniform flow to these regions. This might be explained by an increased endocardial perfusion during systole due to loss of myocardial contractility or by a decline towards resting level in epicardial flow at the time of injection, corresponding to a shorter duration of the hyperemic period in the epi- than endocardial region."}
{"id": "PMID:151483", "title": "Pulmonary abnormalities in mitral valve disease.  Comparison between pulmonary wedge pressure, regional pulmonary blood flow and chest films.", "content": "Chest films, right sided heart catheterization, and measurement of the regional lung perfusion, using 133Xe, were carried out 31 times on patients with mitral valve disease. A relationship was found between the radiologic evaluation in 3 grades, and the values of pulmonary wedge pressure and the apical and basal perfusion. Changes in flow distribution as reflected in altered appearance of the vessels and the presence of interstitial edema were found to be the most sensitive factors in the evaluation of pulmonary wedge pressure. Chest radiography was thus found suitable for the evaluation of pulmonary wedge pressure in mitral valve disease.", "contents": "Pulmonary abnormalities in mitral valve disease.  Comparison between pulmonary wedge pressure, regional pulmonary blood flow and chest films. Chest films, right sided heart catheterization, and measurement of the regional lung perfusion, using 133Xe, were carried out 31 times on patients with mitral valve disease. A relationship was found between the radiologic evaluation in 3 grades, and the values of pulmonary wedge pressure and the apical and basal perfusion. Changes in flow distribution as reflected in altered appearance of the vessels and the presence of interstitial edema were found to be the most sensitive factors in the evaluation of pulmonary wedge pressure. Chest radiography was thus found suitable for the evaluation of pulmonary wedge pressure in mitral valve disease."}
{"id": "PMID:151485", "title": "A cell line derived from BBN (N-butyl-N-[4-hydroxybutyl]-nitrosamine)-induced rat bladder cancer: establishment and scanning electron microscopic cell surface characteristics.", "content": "This research was performed to establish a cell line from experimental bladder tumor and to discuss the biological characteristics of the cell line so established. Tissue cultures of epithelial cells were derived from a rat bladder cancer induced by BBN. The cells showed loss of contact inhibition and the phenomenon of piling up after several subcultures. Colonial cloning was used. The population doubling time of the wild strain and the colonial clones was about 30 h. The chromosomal mode ranged from triploid to tetraploid to tetraploid. Plating efficiency was well below 20%. Intraperitoneal backtransplantation into newborn Wister rats resulted in tumors in all cases. These tumors, in some parts, resembled primary transitional cell carcinoma. The major tumor cell groups, however, showed marked keratinization and the picture of squamous cell carcinoma. The nucleus/cytoplasm ratio and the numbers of nuclei, free ribosomes and intracytoplasmic microfibrils were increased. Dense microvillus arrangements characterized the electron microscopic picture. During the mitotic phase, the cells became large and globular whereas the microvilli were relatively short and were gathered profusely over the whole surface. Cells in the gap 1-synthetic phase developed lamellipodia and pseudpodia-like cytoplasmic processes and were polygonal in shape. Microvilli were present in the central part containing the nucleus, but their numbers were somewhat decreased and their height increased (scanning electron microscopy).", "contents": "A cell line derived from BBN (N-butyl-N-[4-hydroxybutyl]-nitrosamine)-induced rat bladder cancer: establishment and scanning electron microscopic cell surface characteristics. This research was performed to establish a cell line from experimental bladder tumor and to discuss the biological characteristics of the cell line so established. Tissue cultures of epithelial cells were derived from a rat bladder cancer induced by BBN. The cells showed loss of contact inhibition and the phenomenon of piling up after several subcultures. Colonial cloning was used. The population doubling time of the wild strain and the colonial clones was about 30 h. The chromosomal mode ranged from triploid to tetraploid to tetraploid. Plating efficiency was well below 20%. Intraperitoneal backtransplantation into newborn Wister rats resulted in tumors in all cases. These tumors, in some parts, resembled primary transitional cell carcinoma. The major tumor cell groups, however, showed marked keratinization and the picture of squamous cell carcinoma. The nucleus/cytoplasm ratio and the numbers of nuclei, free ribosomes and intracytoplasmic microfibrils were increased. Dense microvillus arrangements characterized the electron microscopic picture. During the mitotic phase, the cells became large and globular whereas the microvilli were relatively short and were gathered profusely over the whole surface. Cells in the gap 1-synthetic phase developed lamellipodia and pseudpodia-like cytoplasmic processes and were polygonal in shape. Microvilli were present in the central part containing the nucleus, but their numbers were somewhat decreased and their height increased (scanning electron microscopy)."}
{"id": "PMID:151486", "title": "A study of endotoxemia in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. II. Experimental study.", "content": "The intestinal mucosal barrier of rabbits was damaged by carrageenan-induced ulceration of the colon, superior mesenteric artery occlusion (SMAO) and hemorrhagic shock and the values of Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) were determined by radioimmunoassay and the concentration of lysozyme (LZM) by the turbidimetric method. As a result, endotoxemia was observed in 13 out of 15 carrageenan rabbits, and in all of the SMAO and hemorrhagic shocked rabbits. Serum LZM concentration rose with time in all cases. As to the correlation of LPS and LZM, they changed almost in parallel in carrageenan rabbits, SMAO and hemorrhagic shock. LPS value and LZM concentration in blood were also determined in LPS injected rabbits. It was confirmed that injected LPS increased the LZM concentration of blood. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that destruction of intestinal mucosal barrier permits an invasion of LPS into blood and then releases LZM into the blood stream.", "contents": "A study of endotoxemia in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. II. Experimental study. The intestinal mucosal barrier of rabbits was damaged by carrageenan-induced ulceration of the colon, superior mesenteric artery occlusion (SMAO) and hemorrhagic shock and the values of Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) were determined by radioimmunoassay and the concentration of lysozyme (LZM) by the turbidimetric method. As a result, endotoxemia was observed in 13 out of 15 carrageenan rabbits, and in all of the SMAO and hemorrhagic shocked rabbits. Serum LZM concentration rose with time in all cases. As to the correlation of LPS and LZM, they changed almost in parallel in carrageenan rabbits, SMAO and hemorrhagic shock. LPS value and LZM concentration in blood were also determined in LPS injected rabbits. It was confirmed that injected LPS increased the LZM concentration of blood. On the basis of these results, it can be concluded that destruction of intestinal mucosal barrier permits an invasion of LPS into blood and then releases LZM into the blood stream."}
{"id": "PMID:151487", "title": "Endotoxin receptor site. II. Specificity of endotoxin receptor of platelets and sensitivity to endotoxin in vivo.", "content": "The biological specificity of the endotoxin receptor on platelet membranes was examined. The binding indices of platelets in experimental endotoxemia which was induced by intravenous administration of endotoxin (Lipopolysaccharide of E. coli, Difco) to rabbits were found to be 30% of the control at 60 min after the injection. The result suggests that the endotoxin receptor of platelets was already occupied. The binding indices of human platelets were measured after pretreatment with pharmacologically active substances which were assumed to effect platelet activity. The binding of LPS to platelets showed competitive inhibition at pharmacologically effective doses, but other substances merely inhibited platelet activity. One interpretation is that there is a common receptor on platelet cell membranes for lipopolysaccharide of E. coli and endotoxin. The sensitivity to endotoxin in vivo and binding indices of platelets were examined in rabbits and guinea pigs since their response to endotoxin is almost opposite with regard to sensitivity. The binding indices of platelets from rabbits and guinea pigs showed a positive correlation with the endotoxin sensitivity. Those findings indicate that platelets play a key role in vivo in the clinical course of endotoxemia.", "contents": "Endotoxin receptor site. II. Specificity of endotoxin receptor of platelets and sensitivity to endotoxin in vivo. The biological specificity of the endotoxin receptor on platelet membranes was examined. The binding indices of platelets in experimental endotoxemia which was induced by intravenous administration of endotoxin (Lipopolysaccharide of E. coli, Difco) to rabbits were found to be 30% of the control at 60 min after the injection. The result suggests that the endotoxin receptor of platelets was already occupied. The binding indices of human platelets were measured after pretreatment with pharmacologically active substances which were assumed to effect platelet activity. The binding of LPS to platelets showed competitive inhibition at pharmacologically effective doses, but other substances merely inhibited platelet activity. One interpretation is that there is a common receptor on platelet cell membranes for lipopolysaccharide of E. coli and endotoxin. The sensitivity to endotoxin in vivo and binding indices of platelets were examined in rabbits and guinea pigs since their response to endotoxin is almost opposite with regard to sensitivity. The binding indices of platelets from rabbits and guinea pigs showed a positive correlation with the endotoxin sensitivity. Those findings indicate that platelets play a key role in vivo in the clinical course of endotoxemia."}
{"id": "PMID:151488", "title": "Effect of propranolol on regional myocardial function in anesthetized open-chest dogs with myocardial ischemia.", "content": "Effects of propranolol on ischemic segmental function were studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Two segment-length gauges were used for measuring the regional myocardial function: one was sutured on to the left ventricular surface perfused by the anterior descending coronary artery (ischemic zone) and the other was on to that perfused by the circumflex coronary artery (normal zone). A bolus of propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) was injected into the right femoral vein. Five min later, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was completely occluded for one mine and thereafter released. Then a second coronary occlusion for 20 min was performed; an interval of 20 min was allowed between two occlusions. Propranolol, in the ischemic segment, apparently decreased the extent of paradoxical lengthening in the late systole following one min LAD occlusion, and facilitated improvement of segmental function after release of the occlusion. Moreover, the extent of abnormal stretching induced by 20 min occlusion during early systole, was also reduced by propranolol pretreatment. In contrast, compensatory increase in shortening by the normal segment was disturbed by propranolol. These results suggest that propranolol might exert a favourable influence on the segmental myocardial function during either transient or maintained myocardial ischemia.", "contents": "Effect of propranolol on regional myocardial function in anesthetized open-chest dogs with myocardial ischemia. Effects of propranolol on ischemic segmental function were studied in anesthetized open-chest dogs. Two segment-length gauges were used for measuring the regional myocardial function: one was sutured on to the left ventricular surface perfused by the anterior descending coronary artery (ischemic zone) and the other was on to that perfused by the circumflex coronary artery (normal zone). A bolus of propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) was injected into the right femoral vein. Five min later, the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) was completely occluded for one mine and thereafter released. Then a second coronary occlusion for 20 min was performed; an interval of 20 min was allowed between two occlusions. Propranolol, in the ischemic segment, apparently decreased the extent of paradoxical lengthening in the late systole following one min LAD occlusion, and facilitated improvement of segmental function after release of the occlusion. Moreover, the extent of abnormal stretching induced by 20 min occlusion during early systole, was also reduced by propranolol pretreatment. In contrast, compensatory increase in shortening by the normal segment was disturbed by propranolol. These results suggest that propranolol might exert a favourable influence on the segmental myocardial function during either transient or maintained myocardial ischemia."}
{"id": "PMID:151489", "title": "Cancer immunotherapy with levamisole.", "content": "Levamisole, an agent acting upon depressed cellular immunity, enhancing and normalizing it and consequently showing antitumor activity in the cancer-bearing body, was administered to patients with gastrointestinal cancer at a daily dose of 150 mg for three consecutive days every other week, starting as a rule, three days before operation. The patients were evaluated for survival. Of the 143 patients (66 with curative resection, 40 with noncurative resection and 37 without resection) who received levamisole therapy for one month or more, 57 survived postoperatively six months and of 44 treated 37 survived one year. In this study, 185 patients with gastrointestinal cancer were used for comparison purposes. The six-month survival rate was 100% (23/23) in the levamisole treated group and 95.3% (102/107) in the control group after curative resection (p greater than 0.5), 100% (23/23) and 90.5% (49/54) after noncurative resection (p less than 0.01), and 72.5% (8/11) and 33.3% (9/24), respectively, in non-resectable patients (p less than 0.01). The one-year survival rate was 100% (21/21) and 95.3% (102/107) after curative resection (p greater than 0.5), 77.8% (14/18) and 59.3% (32/54) after noncurative resection (0.05 less than p less than 0.1), and 40% (2/5) and 8.3% (2/24) in non-resectable patients (0.05 less than p than 0.1) in the levamisole group and in the control group, respectively. The difference in survival in survival rates between levamisole-treated and control groups was most prominent in the non-resectable patients followed by those undergoing noncurative resection and curative resection.", "contents": "Cancer immunotherapy with levamisole. Levamisole, an agent acting upon depressed cellular immunity, enhancing and normalizing it and consequently showing antitumor activity in the cancer-bearing body, was administered to patients with gastrointestinal cancer at a daily dose of 150 mg for three consecutive days every other week, starting as a rule, three days before operation. The patients were evaluated for survival. Of the 143 patients (66 with curative resection, 40 with noncurative resection and 37 without resection) who received levamisole therapy for one month or more, 57 survived postoperatively six months and of 44 treated 37 survived one year. In this study, 185 patients with gastrointestinal cancer were used for comparison purposes. The six-month survival rate was 100% (23/23) in the levamisole treated group and 95.3% (102/107) in the control group after curative resection (p greater than 0.5), 100% (23/23) and 90.5% (49/54) after noncurative resection (p less than 0.01), and 72.5% (8/11) and 33.3% (9/24), respectively, in non-resectable patients (p less than 0.01). The one-year survival rate was 100% (21/21) and 95.3% (102/107) after curative resection (p greater than 0.5), 77.8% (14/18) and 59.3% (32/54) after noncurative resection (0.05 less than p less than 0.1), and 40% (2/5) and 8.3% (2/24) in non-resectable patients (0.05 less than p than 0.1) in the levamisole group and in the control group, respectively. The difference in survival in survival rates between levamisole-treated and control groups was most prominent in the non-resectable patients followed by those undergoing noncurative resection and curative resection."}
{"id": "PMID:151490", "title": "A new apparatus for visual field testing with binocular fixation.", "content": "A new instrument for visual field examination with binocular fixation is described. The binocular vision was dissociated with polarizing plates. Only the point of fixation was visible to both eyes while the testing chart (Amsler chart) was visible to one eye in the use of this apparatus. The examination was done with both the patient's eyes open. With the use of this apparatus, not only was the visual line fixed steadily in order to detect various changes of the central visual field due to maculopathy or optic neuropathy and these changes were detected accurately and quickly, but also suppression scotoma associated with amblyopia or squint could be detected quantitatively.", "contents": "A new apparatus for visual field testing with binocular fixation. A new instrument for visual field examination with binocular fixation is described. The binocular vision was dissociated with polarizing plates. Only the point of fixation was visible to both eyes while the testing chart (Amsler chart) was visible to one eye in the use of this apparatus. The examination was done with both the patient's eyes open. With the use of this apparatus, not only was the visual line fixed steadily in order to detect various changes of the central visual field due to maculopathy or optic neuropathy and these changes were detected accurately and quickly, but also suppression scotoma associated with amblyopia or squint could be detected quantitatively."}
{"id": "PMID:151497", "title": "Myelin deficiency in experimental phenylketonuria: contribution of the aromatic acid metabolites of phenylalanine.", "content": "Retarded body and brain growth and a deficit of myelin in the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum were observed in an animal model of phenylketonuria, the p-chlorophenylalanine and L-phenylalanine treated preweanling rat. These manifestations of phenylketonuria were reproduced in rats treated with phenylacetate in amounts approximating those likely to be produced in phenylketonuria. Young rats treated with equivalent amounts of other metabolites of phenylalanine, namely, phenylpyruvate, phenyllactate, and mandelate, which also accumulate in the brain during hyperphenylalaninemia, did not exhibit any toxic effects. Phenylpyruvate did not give rise to phenylacetate in the brain, but a small percentage was converted to phenyllactate. The gross composition of myelin isolated from the brains of saline and phenylacetate treated animals was similar. At various time intervals after subcutaneous injection, phenylacetate in the brain reached levels thirty times those of phenylpyruvate and phenyllactate, although animals received equivalent amounts of the three metabolites. The retarded growth of the body and brain of the young animal treated with phenylacetate may be attributed to the formation of phenylacetylcoenzyme A in the tissues. The site of action is very likely linked to acylcoenzyme A metabolism, i.e., the synthesis and utilization of acetylCoA and acetoacetylCoA, which are involved in reactions generating ATP and energy and in the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. Results of this investigation indicate that growth retardation induced by phenylacetate during the period of very rapid development of the brain is responsible for the mental retardation in phenylketonuria.", "contents": "Myelin deficiency in experimental phenylketonuria: contribution of the aromatic acid metabolites of phenylalanine. Retarded body and brain growth and a deficit of myelin in the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebellum were observed in an animal model of phenylketonuria, the p-chlorophenylalanine and L-phenylalanine treated preweanling rat. These manifestations of phenylketonuria were reproduced in rats treated with phenylacetate in amounts approximating those likely to be produced in phenylketonuria. Young rats treated with equivalent amounts of other metabolites of phenylalanine, namely, phenylpyruvate, phenyllactate, and mandelate, which also accumulate in the brain during hyperphenylalaninemia, did not exhibit any toxic effects. Phenylpyruvate did not give rise to phenylacetate in the brain, but a small percentage was converted to phenyllactate. The gross composition of myelin isolated from the brains of saline and phenylacetate treated animals was similar. At various time intervals after subcutaneous injection, phenylacetate in the brain reached levels thirty times those of phenylpyruvate and phenyllactate, although animals received equivalent amounts of the three metabolites. The retarded growth of the body and brain of the young animal treated with phenylacetate may be attributed to the formation of phenylacetylcoenzyme A in the tissues. The site of action is very likely linked to acylcoenzyme A metabolism, i.e., the synthesis and utilization of acetylCoA and acetoacetylCoA, which are involved in reactions generating ATP and energy and in the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. Results of this investigation indicate that growth retardation induced by phenylacetate during the period of very rapid development of the brain is responsible for the mental retardation in phenylketonuria."}
{"id": "PMID:151501", "title": "Use of the Goal Attainment Scale in the treatment and ongoing evaluation of neurologically handicapped children.", "content": "Six children with multiple handicaps were treated as a pilot group by a physical therapist, occupational therapist, and a speech/language pathologist. Baseline evaluations were obtained through a compilation of traditional developmental tests. A Goal Attainment Scale technique was introduced to facilitate reevaluation of the children. The advantages of the scale were to facilitate ongoing feedback for both the professionals and the parents as well as to update specific, individualized goals in each therapeutic area. This information was also helpful to third-party payers of service. Results showed that, after an initial period of familiarization, therapists became more accurate in their expectations of progress in treatment. Therapy time spent with each child was also increased without increasing costs or preparation time for each therapist. Specifically, re-evaluation scores obtained on the Goal Attainment Scales approached a normal, expected distribution of values. The potential value of extending the system to more objectively, efficiently, and concisely display treatment results is discussed.", "contents": "Use of the Goal Attainment Scale in the treatment and ongoing evaluation of neurologically handicapped children. Six children with multiple handicaps were treated as a pilot group by a physical therapist, occupational therapist, and a speech/language pathologist. Baseline evaluations were obtained through a compilation of traditional developmental tests. A Goal Attainment Scale technique was introduced to facilitate reevaluation of the children. The advantages of the scale were to facilitate ongoing feedback for both the professionals and the parents as well as to update specific, individualized goals in each therapeutic area. This information was also helpful to third-party payers of service. Results showed that, after an initial period of familiarization, therapists became more accurate in their expectations of progress in treatment. Therapy time spent with each child was also increased without increasing costs or preparation time for each therapist. Specifically, re-evaluation scores obtained on the Goal Attainment Scales approached a normal, expected distribution of values. The potential value of extending the system to more objectively, efficiently, and concisely display treatment results is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151503", "title": "Goal-oriented treatment plans and behavioral analysis.", "content": "A goal-oriented treatment plan is described and analyzed. Its application to occupational therapy provides the means for objective measurement of multivariant programs and is thus a significant research tool. Accountability factors and other managerial implications are discussed.", "contents": "Goal-oriented treatment plans and behavioral analysis. A goal-oriented treatment plan is described and analyzed. Its application to occupational therapy provides the means for objective measurement of multivariant programs and is thus a significant research tool. Accountability factors and other managerial implications are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151506", "title": "Vectorcardiographic diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy in the presence of right bundle branch block in young subjects.", "content": "Two groups of young patients, one with right bundle branch block complicated by right ventricular hypertrophy due to congenital heart disease, the other with right bundle branch block and no right ventricular hypertrophy, could be separated on the basis of a few quantitative vectorcardiographic and electrocardiographic criteria. Vectorcardiographic criteria proved better than electrocardiographic criteria in detecting right ventricular hypertropy in individual patients with complete right bundle branch block. Criteria based on the configuration of the QRS loop were also specific but much less sensitive for the diagnosis of this association. In a similar population, that is, young patients with postoperative right bundle branch block, the existence of a residual right ventricular overload would be strongly suggested by the presence of any one of the following criteria: (1) a clockwise rotation of the QRS loop in the horizontal plane, (2) a ratio of the magnitude of the R wave to that of the S wave (R/S ratio) in lead X at less than 2.0, (3) a mean QRS vector in lead X more negative than--10 mv.msec, or (4) a maximal QRS vector located between 90 degrees and 270 degrees in the horizontal plane. In contrast, an R/S ratio in lead X that was equal or superior to 2.0 or an azimuth angle of the mean spatial QRS vector that was not between 90 degrees and 180 degrees would indicate that the right ventricular conduction defect is probably uncomplicated.", "contents": "Vectorcardiographic diagnosis of right ventricular hypertrophy in the presence of right bundle branch block in young subjects. Two groups of young patients, one with right bundle branch block complicated by right ventricular hypertrophy due to congenital heart disease, the other with right bundle branch block and no right ventricular hypertrophy, could be separated on the basis of a few quantitative vectorcardiographic and electrocardiographic criteria. Vectorcardiographic criteria proved better than electrocardiographic criteria in detecting right ventricular hypertropy in individual patients with complete right bundle branch block. Criteria based on the configuration of the QRS loop were also specific but much less sensitive for the diagnosis of this association. In a similar population, that is, young patients with postoperative right bundle branch block, the existence of a residual right ventricular overload would be strongly suggested by the presence of any one of the following criteria: (1) a clockwise rotation of the QRS loop in the horizontal plane, (2) a ratio of the magnitude of the R wave to that of the S wave (R/S ratio) in lead X at less than 2.0, (3) a mean QRS vector in lead X more negative than--10 mv.msec, or (4) a maximal QRS vector located between 90 degrees and 270 degrees in the horizontal plane. In contrast, an R/S ratio in lead X that was equal or superior to 2.0 or an azimuth angle of the mean spatial QRS vector that was not between 90 degrees and 180 degrees would indicate that the right ventricular conduction defect is probably uncomplicated."}
{"id": "PMID:151507", "title": "Brief reports decline of Down's syndrome after abortion reform in New York State.", "content": "Incidence rates derived from prospective studies of 120,000 newborns were applied to live births and induced abortions in order to estimate the trend of Down's syndrome in New York State after liberalization of the abortion law in 1970. Women aged 35 years of older, at higher risk of Down's syndrome births, sought terminations of their pregnancies more frequently than did younger women. The estimated number of newborns with Down's syndrome in the state declined 20 percent from 1971 to 1975. In New York City, more pregnancies in the high-risk age range were aborted than were carried to term. These trends indicate that abortion reform may have made a significant contribution to the reduction of severe mental retardation.", "contents": "Brief reports decline of Down's syndrome after abortion reform in New York State. Incidence rates derived from prospective studies of 120,000 newborns were applied to live births and induced abortions in order to estimate the trend of Down's syndrome in New York State after liberalization of the abortion law in 1970. Women aged 35 years of older, at higher risk of Down's syndrome births, sought terminations of their pregnancies more frequently than did younger women. The estimated number of newborns with Down's syndrome in the state declined 20 percent from 1971 to 1975. In New York City, more pregnancies in the high-risk age range were aborted than were carried to term. These trends indicate that abortion reform may have made a significant contribution to the reduction of severe mental retardation."}
{"id": "PMID:151508", "title": "Intelligence levels of Down's syndrome children.", "content": "Intelligence levels of a sample of 180 Down's syndrome children were reported, and the results indicated that their abilities are not as limited as previously thought. The introduction of special developmental programs from birth onwards appears to have promoted an increase in intellectual development. Lack of extended educational opportunity may account for the apparent decrease in intellectual function in Down's syndrome adolescents. It is suggested that school placement be based on demonstrated present ability rather than assumed long-term potential inferred from autosomal and physical characteristics.", "contents": "Intelligence levels of Down's syndrome children. Intelligence levels of a sample of 180 Down's syndrome children were reported, and the results indicated that their abilities are not as limited as previously thought. The introduction of special developmental programs from birth onwards appears to have promoted an increase in intellectual development. Lack of extended educational opportunity may account for the apparent decrease in intellectual function in Down's syndrome adolescents. It is suggested that school placement be based on demonstrated present ability rather than assumed long-term potential inferred from autosomal and physical characteristics."}
{"id": "PMID:151509", "title": "Genetic influence on cadmium-induced hypertension.", "content": "Dahl hypertension-resistant (R) and hypertension-sensitive (S) rats were used to determine whether cadmium-induced hypertension is dependent on genetic predisposition. In experiment I, 16 wk-old R and S rats of both sexes were injected with two doses of cadmium (1 and 2 mg/kg body wt, ip), whereas the controls received the same volumes of saline. Hypertension and renal vascular changes were observed in cadmium-injected S rats but not in R rats. The S females appeared more sensitive than S males to the hypertensinogenic effect of cadmium. In experiment II, groups of weanling female R and S rats were given 0, 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg cadmium/liter drinking water and fed either a low-salt (0.4% NaCl) or a high-salt (4% NaCl) diet for 28 wk. Cadmium produced cardiac hypertrophy (1 mg cadmium/liter) and hypertension associated with renal vascular changes (1--5 mg cadmium/ liter), and it enhanced proteinuria (1-10 mg cadmium/liter) in S rats on a low-salt diet. Also, the development of salt-induced hypertension was accelerated in cadmium-fed (1 and 2.5 mg/liter) S rats. These adverse effects of cadmium  were not detected in R rats on either salt diet. In experiments I and II, cadmium concentrations in the kidneys and liver of S rats were higher (P less than 0.001) than in those of R rats. These data indicate that genetic differences influence the pathogenesis of cadmium-induced hypertension.", "contents": "Genetic influence on cadmium-induced hypertension. Dahl hypertension-resistant (R) and hypertension-sensitive (S) rats were used to determine whether cadmium-induced hypertension is dependent on genetic predisposition. In experiment I, 16 wk-old R and S rats of both sexes were injected with two doses of cadmium (1 and 2 mg/kg body wt, ip), whereas the controls received the same volumes of saline. Hypertension and renal vascular changes were observed in cadmium-injected S rats but not in R rats. The S females appeared more sensitive than S males to the hypertensinogenic effect of cadmium. In experiment II, groups of weanling female R and S rats were given 0, 1, 2.5, 5, or 10 mg cadmium/liter drinking water and fed either a low-salt (0.4% NaCl) or a high-salt (4% NaCl) diet for 28 wk. Cadmium produced cardiac hypertrophy (1 mg cadmium/liter) and hypertension associated with renal vascular changes (1--5 mg cadmium/ liter), and it enhanced proteinuria (1-10 mg cadmium/liter) in S rats on a low-salt diet. Also, the development of salt-induced hypertension was accelerated in cadmium-fed (1 and 2.5 mg/liter) S rats. These adverse effects of cadmium  were not detected in R rats on either salt diet. In experiments I and II, cadmium concentrations in the kidneys and liver of S rats were higher (P less than 0.001) than in those of R rats. These data indicate that genetic differences influence the pathogenesis of cadmium-induced hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:151520", "title": "[Chromosomal anomalies and intelligence deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "The relations between chromosomal diseases and mental retardation can be envisaged in three different ways: 1) Pharmacological approach shows a peculiar sensitivity of the cholinergic system in trisomic 21 children. A trouble in the manufacture of cholinergic mediator is plausible. 2) General biochemistry shows a slight shift of the glycolytic pathway in trisomics 21 as well as some localised abnormalities of amino-acids. 3) Gene mapping allows the localisation of the main responsable genes on band q22. 1 and among them the gene coding for superoxide dismutase 1. Also glutathion peroxidase is elevated. These disparate facts are discussed in the light of a model of the machinery regulating the production of chemical mediators. Comparison with other diseases lead to the hypothesis that rather simple and localised mechanisms could be specially important.", "contents": "[Chromosomal anomalies and intelligence deficiency (author's transl)]. The relations between chromosomal diseases and mental retardation can be envisaged in three different ways: 1) Pharmacological approach shows a peculiar sensitivity of the cholinergic system in trisomic 21 children. A trouble in the manufacture of cholinergic mediator is plausible. 2) General biochemistry shows a slight shift of the glycolytic pathway in trisomics 21 as well as some localised abnormalities of amino-acids. 3) Gene mapping allows the localisation of the main responsable genes on band q22. 1 and among them the gene coding for superoxide dismutase 1. Also glutathion peroxidase is elevated. These disparate facts are discussed in the light of a model of the machinery regulating the production of chemical mediators. Comparison with other diseases lead to the hypothesis that rather simple and localised mechanisms could be specially important."}
{"id": "PMID:151521", "title": "[Mechanism of biosynthesis of glycoconjugates at the level of the arterial walls after contact with alloplastic materials (author's transl)].", "content": "The object of this work was to show that here exists after contact with foreign substances, a construction of protein, glycoprotein and mucopolysaccharide macromolecules at the level of the intima of the great vessels. Woven Dacron prostheses have been implanted in the arterial circulation of dogs (on the subrenal abdominal aorta). After removal of vascular segments, we carried out a subcellular fractioning, controlled and studied in an acellular system in vitro the activity of the glycosyltransferases implied in the construction of glycan chains of glyccproteins. The results are discussed in relation to the duration of implantation of the prosthesis. The modifications observed differ according to the position of the sugars in the glycan chains, in particular as far as sialic acid is concerned, and lead to an interpretation of the mechanism of endovascular reactions when faced with foreign material.", "contents": "[Mechanism of biosynthesis of glycoconjugates at the level of the arterial walls after contact with alloplastic materials (author's transl)]. The object of this work was to show that here exists after contact with foreign substances, a construction of protein, glycoprotein and mucopolysaccharide macromolecules at the level of the intima of the great vessels. Woven Dacron prostheses have been implanted in the arterial circulation of dogs (on the subrenal abdominal aorta). After removal of vascular segments, we carried out a subcellular fractioning, controlled and studied in an acellular system in vitro the activity of the glycosyltransferases implied in the construction of glycan chains of glyccproteins. The results are discussed in relation to the duration of implantation of the prosthesis. The modifications observed differ according to the position of the sugars in the glycan chains, in particular as far as sialic acid is concerned, and lead to an interpretation of the mechanism of endovascular reactions when faced with foreign material."}
{"id": "PMID:151522", "title": "Age-related changes in percentage of fiber types and mean fiber diameters of the ovine quadriceps muscles.", "content": "Mean fiber diameters and percentages of each fiber type of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus intermedius muscles from 15 sheep, ranging from 1 day to 5 years of age, were determined. Myosin adenosine triphosphatase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase stained sections were used. The vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris contained 3 fiber types (I, IIA, and IIB). The vastus intermedius was composed almost entirely of type I fibers. From birth to 5 years of age, mean fiber diameters of type I fibers increased from 15.8 to 47.0 micron in the vastus lateralis, 15.6 to 50.7 micron in the vastus medialis, 17.5 to 46.5 micron in the rectus femoris, and 26.7 to 51.8 micron in the vastus intermedius. Means of fiber diameters of type II fibers increased from 16.1 to 44.6 micron in the vastus lateralis, 19.8 to 44.0 micron in the vastus medialis, and 17.0 to 44.5 micron in the rectus femoris. The percentage of type II fibers in the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris decreased from 85% to 90% at birth to approximately 72% at 5 years of age. The vastus intermedius consisted of only type I fibers in sheep 2 years and older.", "contents": "Age-related changes in percentage of fiber types and mean fiber diameters of the ovine quadriceps muscles. Mean fiber diameters and percentages of each fiber type of the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, rectus femoris, and vastus intermedius muscles from 15 sheep, ranging from 1 day to 5 years of age, were determined. Myosin adenosine triphosphatase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-tetrazolium reductase stained sections were used. The vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris contained 3 fiber types (I, IIA, and IIB). The vastus intermedius was composed almost entirely of type I fibers. From birth to 5 years of age, mean fiber diameters of type I fibers increased from 15.8 to 47.0 micron in the vastus lateralis, 15.6 to 50.7 micron in the vastus medialis, 17.5 to 46.5 micron in the rectus femoris, and 26.7 to 51.8 micron in the vastus intermedius. Means of fiber diameters of type II fibers increased from 16.1 to 44.6 micron in the vastus lateralis, 19.8 to 44.0 micron in the vastus medialis, and 17.0 to 44.5 micron in the rectus femoris. The percentage of type II fibers in the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and rectus femoris decreased from 85% to 90% at birth to approximately 72% at 5 years of age. The vastus intermedius consisted of only type I fibers in sheep 2 years and older."}
{"id": "PMID:151523", "title": "Microbiology of normal and seborrheic canine skin.", "content": "Quantitative and qualitative bacterial assays were performed on the skin of 15 normal and 32 seborrheic dogs. Nonionic detergent scrubs were made on areas demarcated by glass sidearm cylinders. Quantitative analysis was accomplished by the serial dilution technique, and the bacteria were identified by individual and colonial morphology and by enzyme production. Areas measured on control dogs had a markedly lower total bacterial count than similar areas measured on seborrheic animals. Control dogs had a flora consisting primarily of coagulase-negative cocci, whereas seborrheic dogs usually had a cutaneous flora composed primarily of Stahylococcus aureus, coagulase-positive.", "contents": "Microbiology of normal and seborrheic canine skin. Quantitative and qualitative bacterial assays were performed on the skin of 15 normal and 32 seborrheic dogs. Nonionic detergent scrubs were made on areas demarcated by glass sidearm cylinders. Quantitative analysis was accomplished by the serial dilution technique, and the bacteria were identified by individual and colonial morphology and by enzyme production. Areas measured on control dogs had a markedly lower total bacterial count than similar areas measured on seborrheic animals. Control dogs had a flora consisting primarily of coagulase-negative cocci, whereas seborrheic dogs usually had a cutaneous flora composed primarily of Stahylococcus aureus, coagulase-positive."}
{"id": "PMID:151525", "title": "A double logistic comparison of growth patterns of normal children and children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "A double logistic model was used to compare six parameters of growth in standing height of 31 children with Down's syndrome with 136 children from the California Guidance Study. Multivariate analysis of variance of the growth data showed that while there were significant differences in all six parameters favouring the normal over the Down's children, there were no significant differences with respect to error of fit. Multivariate analysis with final height as a covariate revealed that differences between the normal and the Down's children in the prepubertal and adolescent components were explainable by differences in final height. In summary, the double logistic model, when applied to this sample of Down's children, identified those well defined logistic components which are characteristic of the growth of normal children, the differences being those of degree, not of form.", "contents": "A double logistic comparison of growth patterns of normal children and children with Down's syndrome. A double logistic model was used to compare six parameters of growth in standing height of 31 children with Down's syndrome with 136 children from the California Guidance Study. Multivariate analysis of variance of the growth data showed that while there were significant differences in all six parameters favouring the normal over the Down's children, there were no significant differences with respect to error of fit. Multivariate analysis with final height as a covariate revealed that differences between the normal and the Down's children in the prepubertal and adolescent components were explainable by differences in final height. In summary, the double logistic model, when applied to this sample of Down's children, identified those well defined logistic components which are characteristic of the growth of normal children, the differences being those of degree, not of form."}
{"id": "PMID:151526", "title": "Discriminant functions and 21-trisomy mosaicism.", "content": "A sample of 173 cases of cytogentically diagnosed 21-trisomy mosaicism, 225 cases of complete 21 trisomy and 302 normal controls were used to form discriminant functions for mosaics versus normal controls, and also for complete 21 trisomics versus normal controls; for each of these discriminants optimal sets of ten dermatoglyphic characters were selected. The mean discriminants and discriminant coefficients were calculated on the basis of these characters, using Fisher's method. The relative position of mosaics in respect of the mean discriminant values, was found closer to the Down's syndrome group than to the normal controls. Consequently, reasonably, good separation of the mosaics from the normal controls has been achieved: the distance between the two mean discriminants is greater than two standard deviations. The distribution curves were then constructed of individual discriminants, calculated in a majority of cases from all the three groups. The distribution curve for mosaics has been found bimodal so that more detailed study of the individuals forming its first peak was undertaken; a possible relationship between the degree of dermatoglyphic distortion and cytogenetic findings is discussed and some limitations of both methods are indicated. The results concerning discriminant function indices are recommended for further use, particularly in genetic counselling. Their application in the studies of populations of parents of Down's syndrome cases is demonstrated in the group of 79 parents of two or more Down's cases and the group of 111 parents of one Down's case. On the basis of these data it is postulated that there may be some proportion of undetected mosaics amongst the parents of Down's cases, but larger numbers are necessary to support and further specify these preliminary results.", "contents": "Discriminant functions and 21-trisomy mosaicism. A sample of 173 cases of cytogentically diagnosed 21-trisomy mosaicism, 225 cases of complete 21 trisomy and 302 normal controls were used to form discriminant functions for mosaics versus normal controls, and also for complete 21 trisomics versus normal controls; for each of these discriminants optimal sets of ten dermatoglyphic characters were selected. The mean discriminants and discriminant coefficients were calculated on the basis of these characters, using Fisher's method. The relative position of mosaics in respect of the mean discriminant values, was found closer to the Down's syndrome group than to the normal controls. Consequently, reasonably, good separation of the mosaics from the normal controls has been achieved: the distance between the two mean discriminants is greater than two standard deviations. The distribution curves were then constructed of individual discriminants, calculated in a majority of cases from all the three groups. The distribution curve for mosaics has been found bimodal so that more detailed study of the individuals forming its first peak was undertaken; a possible relationship between the degree of dermatoglyphic distortion and cytogenetic findings is discussed and some limitations of both methods are indicated. The results concerning discriminant function indices are recommended for further use, particularly in genetic counselling. Their application in the studies of populations of parents of Down's syndrome cases is demonstrated in the group of 79 parents of two or more Down's cases and the group of 111 parents of one Down's case. On the basis of these data it is postulated that there may be some proportion of undetected mosaics amongst the parents of Down's cases, but larger numbers are necessary to support and further specify these preliminary results."}
{"id": "PMID:151527", "title": "[Geographical race typing of the causative agent of tularemia using antibiotics].", "content": "Reaction of the strains of the tularemia causative agent to erythromycin (100 gamma/ml) or oleandomycin (400 gamma/ml) is one of the taxonomic tests. The study of 82 strains of the holarctic race and 63 strains of the Central Asiatic race according to this test showed that the strains of the holarctic race were divided with respect to these macrolides into sensitive (biotype I) and resistant (biotype II). The strains of the both races were isolated at the territory of the Kazakh SSR. Such a reaction of the strains of the holarctic race is a stable feature and is not connected with virulence, the isolation source and the biochemical properties of the strains. Division of the holarctic race into the biotypes (I and II) with respect to erythromycin and oleandomycin may be of definite significance in epidemiological and epizootological examination for tularemia with a purpose of determining the source of the infection, as well as in defining the borders of the infection focus area with circulation of this or that biotype of the holarctic race of the tularemia causative agent.", "contents": "[Geographical race typing of the causative agent of tularemia using antibiotics]. Reaction of the strains of the tularemia causative agent to erythromycin (100 gamma/ml) or oleandomycin (400 gamma/ml) is one of the taxonomic tests. The study of 82 strains of the holarctic race and 63 strains of the Central Asiatic race according to this test showed that the strains of the holarctic race were divided with respect to these macrolides into sensitive (biotype I) and resistant (biotype II). The strains of the both races were isolated at the territory of the Kazakh SSR. Such a reaction of the strains of the holarctic race is a stable feature and is not connected with virulence, the isolation source and the biochemical properties of the strains. Division of the holarctic race into the biotypes (I and II) with respect to erythromycin and oleandomycin may be of definite significance in epidemiological and epizootological examination for tularemia with a purpose of determining the source of the infection, as well as in defining the borders of the infection focus area with circulation of this or that biotype of the holarctic race of the tularemia causative agent."}
{"id": "PMID:151528", "title": "[Coamide stimulation of immunogenesis during experimental levomycetin therapy].", "content": "The effect of various doses of levomycetin on immunogenesis and capacity of coamide for stimulation of immunogenesis in levomycetin therapy was studied. It was found that massive five-fold doses of levomycetin sodium succinate (I and 0.5 g/kg) administered parenterally or orally inhibited immunogenesis, the inhibition being more pronounced on administration of the antibiotic per os. When levomycetin sodium succinate was used in massive doses (1 g/kg) in combination with coamide (0.5 mg/kg) the inhibition of the immune response to the antigenic stimulation was less pronounced.", "contents": "[Coamide stimulation of immunogenesis during experimental levomycetin therapy]. The effect of various doses of levomycetin on immunogenesis and capacity of coamide for stimulation of immunogenesis in levomycetin therapy was studied. It was found that massive five-fold doses of levomycetin sodium succinate (I and 0.5 g/kg) administered parenterally or orally inhibited immunogenesis, the inhibition being more pronounced on administration of the antibiotic per os. When levomycetin sodium succinate was used in massive doses (1 g/kg) in combination with coamide (0.5 mg/kg) the inhibition of the immune response to the antigenic stimulation was less pronounced."}
{"id": "PMID:151529", "title": "Improved radioenzymatic assay for spectinomycin.", "content": "The sensitivity and reproducibility of the radioenzymatic adenylylating assay for spectinomycin were improved by modifications of the assay procedure and by partial purification of the enzyme. The presence of Bacillus subtilis ribosomes or S-150 fraction in the enzymatic reaction mixture interfered with the ability to measure spectinomycin by this method.", "contents": "Improved radioenzymatic assay for spectinomycin. The sensitivity and reproducibility of the radioenzymatic adenylylating assay for spectinomycin were improved by modifications of the assay procedure and by partial purification of the enzyme. The presence of Bacillus subtilis ribosomes or S-150 fraction in the enzymatic reaction mixture interfered with the ability to measure spectinomycin by this method."}
{"id": "PMID:151533", "title": "Primary structures of cysteine-containing peptides from the calcium ion-transporting adenosine triphosphatase of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "A preliminary investigation of the primary structure of the Ca(2+-transporting ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) protein of rabbit skeletal-muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum is reported. The preparation of derivatives of delipidated protein in a form suitable for sequence analysis is described. Tryptic peptides containing S-carboxymethylcysteine residues were isolated from the reduced carboxymethylated protein, and their sequences were partially determined. The results are consistent with mol.wt. about 105000 for the polypeptide, and the absence of extended repeated lengths of sequence. The distribution of tryptophan and cysteine residues between large, aggregated peptides and soluble tryptic peptides shows that these residues are concentrated in different regions of the primary structure. This observation agrees with other evidence that these residues are, on the whole, widely separated in the native protein. The details of the procedures used to isolate the peptides, and the evidence for the determination of their sequences, are given Supplementary Publication SUP 50085 (30 pages), which has been deposited at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem.J. (1978) 169, 5.", "contents": "Primary structures of cysteine-containing peptides from the calcium ion-transporting adenosine triphosphatase of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum. A preliminary investigation of the primary structure of the Ca(2+-transporting ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) protein of rabbit skeletal-muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum is reported. The preparation of derivatives of delipidated protein in a form suitable for sequence analysis is described. Tryptic peptides containing S-carboxymethylcysteine residues were isolated from the reduced carboxymethylated protein, and their sequences were partially determined. The results are consistent with mol.wt. about 105000 for the polypeptide, and the absence of extended repeated lengths of sequence. The distribution of tryptophan and cysteine residues between large, aggregated peptides and soluble tryptic peptides shows that these residues are concentrated in different regions of the primary structure. This observation agrees with other evidence that these residues are, on the whole, widely separated in the native protein. The details of the procedures used to isolate the peptides, and the evidence for the determination of their sequences, are given Supplementary Publication SUP 50085 (30 pages), which has been deposited at the British Library Lending Division, Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem.J. (1978) 169, 5."}
{"id": "PMID:151534", "title": "Characterization of a region of the primary sequence of troponin C involved in calcium ion-dependent interaction with troponin I.", "content": "1. The CNBr digest of troponin C from rabbit fast skeletal muscle was shown to possess many of the functional properties of the whole troponin C molecule. 2. A peptide corresponding to residues 83-134 was isolated, which forms a Ca(2+-dependent complex with troponin I and neutralizes the inhibition by troponin I of the Mg(2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase of desensitized actomyosin. 3. The peptide inhibits the phosphorylation of fast-skeletal-muscle, but not cardiac-muscle, troponin I, by 3' :5'-cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. In this property it was as effective as whole skeletal-muscle troponin C when compared on a molar basis. 4. Biological activity was also present in other fractions obtained from the CNBr digest. 5. By gel filtration and affinity chromatography of the whole CNBr digest of troponin C, two peptides, one of which was identified as representing residues 83-134, were shown to form Ca(2+-dependent complexes with troponin I. 6. The significance of these findings for the mechanism of interaction of troponin C and troponin I is discussed.", "contents": "Characterization of a region of the primary sequence of troponin C involved in calcium ion-dependent interaction with troponin I. 1. The CNBr digest of troponin C from rabbit fast skeletal muscle was shown to possess many of the functional properties of the whole troponin C molecule. 2. A peptide corresponding to residues 83-134 was isolated, which forms a Ca(2+-dependent complex with troponin I and neutralizes the inhibition by troponin I of the Mg(2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase of desensitized actomyosin. 3. The peptide inhibits the phosphorylation of fast-skeletal-muscle, but not cardiac-muscle, troponin I, by 3' :5'-cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. In this property it was as effective as whole skeletal-muscle troponin C when compared on a molar basis. 4. Biological activity was also present in other fractions obtained from the CNBr digest. 5. By gel filtration and affinity chromatography of the whole CNBr digest of troponin C, two peptides, one of which was identified as representing residues 83-134, were shown to form Ca(2+-dependent complexes with troponin I. 6. The significance of these findings for the mechanism of interaction of troponin C and troponin I is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151535", "title": "The effect of lipid peroxidation on the calcium-accumulating ability of the microsomal fraction isolated from chicken breast muscle.", "content": "The effect of lipid peroxidation on the Ca2+-accumulating and Ca2+-retaining abilities of the microsomal fraction from chicken breast muscle was investigated. At 25 degrees C, enzymic lipid peroxidation did not seriously affect either of these abilities unless ascorbic acid was present, when both were diminished. At 37 degrees C, Ca2+-concentrating ability was decreased further by the effects of heat damage to the membrane. Membrane lipid peroxidation did not affect microsomal adenosine triphosphatase activity unless the microsomal fraction was subsequently washed with albumin. This effect of albumin is possibly due to removal of lipid-breakdown products. Addition of soya-bean phospholipids to the peroxidized vesicles washed with albumin restored adenosine triphosphatase activity, demonstrating a non-specific phospholipid requirement.", "contents": "The effect of lipid peroxidation on the calcium-accumulating ability of the microsomal fraction isolated from chicken breast muscle. The effect of lipid peroxidation on the Ca2+-accumulating and Ca2+-retaining abilities of the microsomal fraction from chicken breast muscle was investigated. At 25 degrees C, enzymic lipid peroxidation did not seriously affect either of these abilities unless ascorbic acid was present, when both were diminished. At 37 degrees C, Ca2+-concentrating ability was decreased further by the effects of heat damage to the membrane. Membrane lipid peroxidation did not affect microsomal adenosine triphosphatase activity unless the microsomal fraction was subsequently washed with albumin. This effect of albumin is possibly due to removal of lipid-breakdown products. Addition of soya-bean phospholipids to the peroxidized vesicles washed with albumin restored adenosine triphosphatase activity, demonstrating a non-specific phospholipid requirement."}
{"id": "PMID:151546", "title": "[Clinical and experimental studies on the effect of benzoyl peroxide in the treatment of acne].", "content": "In recent years benzoylperoxide has become increasingly popular in the treament of acne. Beside of a dermal irritative and keratolytic effect this was attributed to the bacteriostatic quality of the substance. By in vitro autoradiography and determination of skin surface lipids in benzoylperoxide=treated skin also a sebostatic effect could be observed. Scanning electron microscopy showed that benzoylperoxide influences the horny layer in a similar way like salicylic acid.", "contents": "[Clinical and experimental studies on the effect of benzoyl peroxide in the treatment of acne]. In recent years benzoylperoxide has become increasingly popular in the treament of acne. Beside of a dermal irritative and keratolytic effect this was attributed to the bacteriostatic quality of the substance. By in vitro autoradiography and determination of skin surface lipids in benzoylperoxide=treated skin also a sebostatic effect could be observed. Scanning electron microscopy showed that benzoylperoxide influences the horny layer in a similar way like salicylic acid."}
{"id": "PMID:151547", "title": "Ipratropium bromide, salbutamol and prednisolone in bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis.", "content": "Eleven patients with bronchial asthma and 10 with chronic bronchitis were treated over four consecutive 3-day periods, firstly with aerosols either of ipratropium bromide (40 microgram four times a day) or of salbutamol (200 microgram four times daily) by random allocation, then the alternate drug, next by both drugs together, and finally with prednisolone (10 mg three times daily) in addition to both drugs. The effects of these four treatment periods were assessed both clinically and by measuring ventilatory capacity, nitrogen slope and progressive exercise testing. Ipratropium bromide and salbutamol produced approximately equal improvements in both diseases, with salbutamol showing a marginal advantage in patients with asthma. The combination of both drugs together more than doubled the FEV1 change in both groups of patients. The addition of prednisolone to both drugs produced a marginal advantage only in those with asthma.", "contents": "Ipratropium bromide, salbutamol and prednisolone in bronchial asthma and chronic bronchitis. Eleven patients with bronchial asthma and 10 with chronic bronchitis were treated over four consecutive 3-day periods, firstly with aerosols either of ipratropium bromide (40 microgram four times a day) or of salbutamol (200 microgram four times daily) by random allocation, then the alternate drug, next by both drugs together, and finally with prednisolone (10 mg three times daily) in addition to both drugs. The effects of these four treatment periods were assessed both clinically and by measuring ventilatory capacity, nitrogen slope and progressive exercise testing. Ipratropium bromide and salbutamol produced approximately equal improvements in both diseases, with salbutamol showing a marginal advantage in patients with asthma. The combination of both drugs together more than doubled the FEV1 change in both groups of patients. The addition of prednisolone to both drugs produced a marginal advantage only in those with asthma."}
{"id": "PMID:151552", "title": "The release of beta glucuronidase from the white cells of patients with drug rashes when incubated in autologous plasma, with and without the addition of the causal drug.", "content": "In seven out of 16 patients with drug rashes, the leucocytes selectively released beta glucuronidase when incubated in autologous plasma, indicating the possible presence of immune complexes. When the white cells were incubated with the suspected drug in vitro, they tended to react in three different ways. In four out of 16 cases additional beta glucuronidase was released, perhaps due to the formation of immune complexes, in two out of the 16, beta glucuronidase release was suppressed, perhaps due to antigen excess, and in two cases LDH release was decreased while beta glucuronidase remained unaltered.", "contents": "The release of beta glucuronidase from the white cells of patients with drug rashes when incubated in autologous plasma, with and without the addition of the causal drug. In seven out of 16 patients with drug rashes, the leucocytes selectively released beta glucuronidase when incubated in autologous plasma, indicating the possible presence of immune complexes. When the white cells were incubated with the suspected drug in vitro, they tended to react in three different ways. In four out of 16 cases additional beta glucuronidase was released, perhaps due to the formation of immune complexes, in two out of the 16, beta glucuronidase release was suppressed, perhaps due to antigen excess, and in two cases LDH release was decreased while beta glucuronidase remained unaltered."}
{"id": "PMID:151556", "title": "Electronic and resonance Raman spectra of iron(III) complexes of enterobactin, catechol, and N-methyl-2,3-dihydroxybenzamide.", "content": "Resonance Raman electronic absorption and circular dichroism spectra and pH titration curves are reported for the trianionic ferric complexes of enterobactin, catechol, and N-methyl-2,3-dihydroxybenzamide (MDHB). The spectral signatures of the enterobactin and MDHB complexes are virtually identical and differ from those of the catechol complex in ways that reflect the influence of the amide group on the electronic structure. Excitation in either the visible charge-transfer bands or the near-ultraviolet pi-pi* bands enhances Raman bands associated with benzene ring modes, although the relative enhancements differ markedly in the two regions. The data stronly support a structural model in which iron is bound exclusively to the phenolate oxygen atoms in all three complexes.", "contents": "Electronic and resonance Raman spectra of iron(III) complexes of enterobactin, catechol, and N-methyl-2,3-dihydroxybenzamide. Resonance Raman electronic absorption and circular dichroism spectra and pH titration curves are reported for the trianionic ferric complexes of enterobactin, catechol, and N-methyl-2,3-dihydroxybenzamide (MDHB). The spectral signatures of the enterobactin and MDHB complexes are virtually identical and differ from those of the catechol complex in ways that reflect the influence of the amide group on the electronic structure. Excitation in either the visible charge-transfer bands or the near-ultraviolet pi-pi* bands enhances Raman bands associated with benzene ring modes, although the relative enhancements differ markedly in the two regions. The data stronly support a structural model in which iron is bound exclusively to the phenolate oxygen atoms in all three complexes."}
{"id": "PMID:151557", "title": "Effects of inhibitors on the plasma membrane and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatases of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "A comparative study has been made of the effects of a variety of inhibitors on the plasma membrane ATPase and mitochondrial ATPase of Neurospora crassa. The most specific inhibitors proved to be vanadate and diethylstilbestrol for the plasma membrane ATPase and azide, oligomycin, venturicidin, and leucinostatin for mitochondrial ATPase. N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, octylguanidine, triphenylsulfonium chloride, and quercetin and related bioflavonoids inhibited both enzymes, although with different concentration dependences. Other compounds that were tested (phaseolin, fusicoccin, deoxycorticosterone, alachlor, salicyclic acid, N-1-napthylphthalamate, triiodobenzoic acid, cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, theobromine, theophylline, and histamine) had no significant effect on either enzyme. Overall, the results indicate that the plasma membrane and mitochondrial ATPases are distinct enzymes, in spite of the fact that they may play related roles in H+ transport across their respective membranes.", "contents": "Effects of inhibitors on the plasma membrane and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatases of Neurospora crassa. A comparative study has been made of the effects of a variety of inhibitors on the plasma membrane ATPase and mitochondrial ATPase of Neurospora crassa. The most specific inhibitors proved to be vanadate and diethylstilbestrol for the plasma membrane ATPase and azide, oligomycin, venturicidin, and leucinostatin for mitochondrial ATPase. N,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, octylguanidine, triphenylsulfonium chloride, and quercetin and related bioflavonoids inhibited both enzymes, although with different concentration dependences. Other compounds that were tested (phaseolin, fusicoccin, deoxycorticosterone, alachlor, salicyclic acid, N-1-napthylphthalamate, triiodobenzoic acid, cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, theobromine, theophylline, and histamine) had no significant effect on either enzyme. Overall, the results indicate that the plasma membrane and mitochondrial ATPases are distinct enzymes, in spite of the fact that they may play related roles in H+ transport across their respective membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:151558", "title": "Comparative studies on myosin ATPase of a flying and nonflying bird.", "content": "Myosin was purified from the flight muscles of a flying (pigeon) and a nonflying (fowl) bird. Ki (ADP) of myosin ATPase of pigeon is higher, but the Km (ATP) is lower than that of fowl. The specific activity (mumole of Pi liberated/min/mg protein) is higher for the fowl. A0.5 (CaCl2) of myosin of both pigeon and fowl is similar. However, the two proteins differ in their interactions with ADP, ATP and p-chloromercuribenzoate. The two proteins have the same tyrosine, tryptophan and sulfhydryl contents. The electrophoretic patterns of the two myosins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels are different. These studies show significant molecular differences in the myosin derived from the flight muscles of a flying (pigeon) and a nonflying (fowl) bird.", "contents": "Comparative studies on myosin ATPase of a flying and nonflying bird. Myosin was purified from the flight muscles of a flying (pigeon) and a nonflying (fowl) bird. Ki (ADP) of myosin ATPase of pigeon is higher, but the Km (ATP) is lower than that of fowl. The specific activity (mumole of Pi liberated/min/mg protein) is higher for the fowl. A0.5 (CaCl2) of myosin of both pigeon and fowl is similar. However, the two proteins differ in their interactions with ADP, ATP and p-chloromercuribenzoate. The two proteins have the same tyrosine, tryptophan and sulfhydryl contents. The electrophoretic patterns of the two myosins on SDS-polyacrylamide gels are different. These studies show significant molecular differences in the myosin derived from the flight muscles of a flying (pigeon) and a nonflying (fowl) bird."}
{"id": "PMID:151560", "title": "[Isolation of glycoproteins from mitochondria and preparation of H+-ATPase and study of their ability to induce selective transport of Ca2+ across bimolecular lipid membranes].", "content": "Glycoproteins from mitochondria and ATPase preparations of rat liver were isolated. It was shown that these glycoproteins were able to induced selective transport of calcium ions across artificial bilayer lipid membranes.", "contents": "[Isolation of glycoproteins from mitochondria and preparation of H+-ATPase and study of their ability to induce selective transport of Ca2+ across bimolecular lipid membranes]. Glycoproteins from mitochondria and ATPase preparations of rat liver were isolated. It was shown that these glycoproteins were able to induced selective transport of calcium ions across artificial bilayer lipid membranes."}
{"id": "PMID:151563", "title": "Red cell diphosphoglycerate mutase. Immunochemical studies in vertebrate red cells, including a human variant lacking 2,3-DPG.", "content": "Diphosphoglycerate mutase (DPGM) was purified to homogeneity from human erythrocytes. The enzyme and Freund adjuvant were injected into chickens and yielded a monospecific precipitating antibody. Radial immunodiffusion with this antibody was used to measure the amount of DPGM in hemolysates from human adult and cord red cells. Dog, rabbit, rat, chicken, and goat red cells all had DPGM during the neonatal period, but goat adult red cells had no detectable enzyme. Single bands with no spurs were present on Ouchterlony plates in which human hemolysate was placed adjacent to hemolysates from the other species tested. The amount of human red cell DPGM did not differ between young and old cells separated by centrifugation. Red cells from a patient with a DPGM genetic variant who had erythrocytosis and no detectable enzyme activity contained a reduced amount of DPGM as determined by radial immunodiffusion. The abnormal DPGM differed from normal by immunoelectrophoresis and in stability as measured by the amount of crossreacting material in young versus old erythrocytes.", "contents": "Red cell diphosphoglycerate mutase. Immunochemical studies in vertebrate red cells, including a human variant lacking 2,3-DPG. Diphosphoglycerate mutase (DPGM) was purified to homogeneity from human erythrocytes. The enzyme and Freund adjuvant were injected into chickens and yielded a monospecific precipitating antibody. Radial immunodiffusion with this antibody was used to measure the amount of DPGM in hemolysates from human adult and cord red cells. Dog, rabbit, rat, chicken, and goat red cells all had DPGM during the neonatal period, but goat adult red cells had no detectable enzyme. Single bands with no spurs were present on Ouchterlony plates in which human hemolysate was placed adjacent to hemolysates from the other species tested. The amount of human red cell DPGM did not differ between young and old cells separated by centrifugation. Red cells from a patient with a DPGM genetic variant who had erythrocytosis and no detectable enzyme activity contained a reduced amount of DPGM as determined by radial immunodiffusion. The abnormal DPGM differed from normal by immunoelectrophoresis and in stability as measured by the amount of crossreacting material in young versus old erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:151562", "title": "Experimental cardiac hypertrophy in rabbits after aortic stenosis or incompetence or both.", "content": "Four different models of experimental cardiac hypertrophy were compared : abdominal or thoracic aortic stenosis, aortic incompetence and aortic incompetence associated with a thoracic aortic stenosis. After 3 months the ventricular weight of these 4 models reaches +60% +/- 24; +23 +/- 4; +54% +/- 10 and +83% +/- 14. The maximal increase of left ventricular weight (+94% +/- 15) was obtained with the two-step overloading model. Most of the animals had an increase in the right ventricle and lung weights. The DNA content and the protein myofibrillar protein synthesis were both increased in aortic stenosis and were normal in aortic insufficiency. So far the only way to increase the heart weight experimentally more than 60%, is to combine two lesions.", "contents": "Experimental cardiac hypertrophy in rabbits after aortic stenosis or incompetence or both. Four different models of experimental cardiac hypertrophy were compared : abdominal or thoracic aortic stenosis, aortic incompetence and aortic incompetence associated with a thoracic aortic stenosis. After 3 months the ventricular weight of these 4 models reaches +60% +/- 24; +23 +/- 4; +54% +/- 10 and +83% +/- 14. The maximal increase of left ventricular weight (+94% +/- 15) was obtained with the two-step overloading model. Most of the animals had an increase in the right ventricle and lung weights. The DNA content and the protein myofibrillar protein synthesis were both increased in aortic stenosis and were normal in aortic insufficiency. So far the only way to increase the heart weight experimentally more than 60%, is to combine two lesions."}
{"id": "PMID:151565", "title": "Homeostatic regulation of epidermal cells in culture.", "content": "The growth potential (DNA synthesis) of purified epidermal basal cells in culture, according to time reveals two peaks, at days 1 and 6. The same potential estimated in total cultures of epidermal cells (including basal and high level cells) shows only one peak at day 9. This suggests that hig-level mature cells inhibit DNA synthesis in basal cells in culture. This interpretation has been confirmed in showing that increasing amounts of mature cells inhibited DNA synthesis in basal cells in a dose dependent manner. Basal cells in culture are therefore susceptible to homeostatic regulation. However, this regulation is not tissue specific since DNA synthesis was also inhibited by mature epidermal cells in cultures of dermal as well as bone marrow cells. Assuming that the culture of epidermal cells is representative of the in vivo situation, these experiments would suggest that the specificity of action of the G1 chalone in vivo might depend as much on the target tissue as the proper nature of the inhibitor.", "contents": "Homeostatic regulation of epidermal cells in culture. The growth potential (DNA synthesis) of purified epidermal basal cells in culture, according to time reveals two peaks, at days 1 and 6. The same potential estimated in total cultures of epidermal cells (including basal and high level cells) shows only one peak at day 9. This suggests that hig-level mature cells inhibit DNA synthesis in basal cells in culture. This interpretation has been confirmed in showing that increasing amounts of mature cells inhibited DNA synthesis in basal cells in a dose dependent manner. Basal cells in culture are therefore susceptible to homeostatic regulation. However, this regulation is not tissue specific since DNA synthesis was also inhibited by mature epidermal cells in cultures of dermal as well as bone marrow cells. Assuming that the culture of epidermal cells is representative of the in vivo situation, these experiments would suggest that the specificity of action of the G1 chalone in vivo might depend as much on the target tissue as the proper nature of the inhibitor."}
{"id": "PMID:151566", "title": "Effect of the skin chalone on the epidermis and other tissues in the mouse. A reappraisal of the concept of chalone specificity.", "content": "Effect of a pig skin extract (72-81/ethanol precipitate from crude waterextract) was investigated on the ear epidermis, vaginal and uterine mucosae of spayed mice. This extract has a strong inhibitory effect on the epidermis. Inhibition was less marked on the vaginal mucosa while uterine epithelium was not affected. After stimulation of the proliferative activity by oestrogen a pronounced inhibition was detected in the three tissues. Purification of the crude extract by pronase treatment followed by chromatography on Sephadex G200 allowed the separation of three fractions. Two of these fractions (phenol extract and low molecular fraction) were active on epidermis vagina and uterine. The high molecular weight fraction has mainly a marked action on uterine epithelium. No effect was detectable on intestinal tissues with any fraction.", "contents": "Effect of the skin chalone on the epidermis and other tissues in the mouse. A reappraisal of the concept of chalone specificity. Effect of a pig skin extract (72-81/ethanol precipitate from crude waterextract) was investigated on the ear epidermis, vaginal and uterine mucosae of spayed mice. This extract has a strong inhibitory effect on the epidermis. Inhibition was less marked on the vaginal mucosa while uterine epithelium was not affected. After stimulation of the proliferative activity by oestrogen a pronounced inhibition was detected in the three tissues. Purification of the crude extract by pronase treatment followed by chromatography on Sephadex G200 allowed the separation of three fractions. Two of these fractions (phenol extract and low molecular fraction) were active on epidermis vagina and uterine. The high molecular weight fraction has mainly a marked action on uterine epithelium. No effect was detectable on intestinal tissues with any fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:151568", "title": "Metabolism and distribution of exogenous histamine in cats.", "content": "1 The metabolism and disposition in blood and tissues of exogenous [(14)C]-histamine was examined in cats.2 The principal metabolites in blood of histamine instilled into the small intestine (directly or by transfer from the stomach) and colon were imidazoleacetic acid and t-methylimidazoleacetic acid, being present in approximately equal amounts although in individual cats one or other acid could predominate. Only small amounts of histamine entered the circulation although in two of four cats given the largest dose (82 mumol/kg) large amounts were recovered. The amount of (14)C radioactivity absorbed varied directly with the dose instilled. The chief metabolite in kidney and urine, whether histamine was instilled into the intestine or infused parenterally, was t-methylimidazoleacetic acid. Histamine was not absorbed from the stomach and its metabolism there was negligible.3 In contrast, when histamine was infused into blood leaving the intestine (portal vein) the main metabolite in blood and tissues was t-methylimidazoleacetic acid being found in approximately 5-fold the concentration of imidazoleacetic acid. The small amount of histamine which eluded inactivation/uptake by liver, lungs, heart during the infusion was halved on circulation through the intestine. When histamine was infused into blood supplying the intestine, (cranial mesenteric artery) t-methylimidazoleacetic acid while still the major metabolite in blood was now only 1.4 times the concentration of imidazoleacetic acid. Additionally, the blood concentration of histamine during the infusion exceeded that of the metabolites.4t-Methylimidazoleacetic acid was also the principal metabolite in blood and tissues following histamine infusion into a cannula carrying a replacement venous blood supply to the liver of abdominally eviscerated cats. Imidazoleacetic acid and t-methylhistamine were present in equal concentrations and in one-quarter to one-third that of the methylated acid. The latter was also the principal metabolite following intra-arterial histamine infusion to abdominally eviscerated cats without a hepatic blood supply, although initially t-methylhistamine predominated: a large peak of histamine was present during the infusion period. When additionally the renal vessels were ligated, t-methylhistamine predominated throughout the experiment.5 In conclusion, intraduodenally instilled histamine was metabolized equally by diamine oxidase and imidazole N-methyltransferase (followed by deamination by monoamine oxidase). In contrast, imidazole N-methyltransferase was the principal inactivator of parenterally infused histamine, deamination of t-methylhistamine by monoamine oxidase becoming progressively less efficient with the cumulative exclusion of the intestines, liver and kidney from the circulation.", "contents": "Metabolism and distribution of exogenous histamine in cats. 1 The metabolism and disposition in blood and tissues of exogenous [(14)C]-histamine was examined in cats.2 The principal metabolites in blood of histamine instilled into the small intestine (directly or by transfer from the stomach) and colon were imidazoleacetic acid and t-methylimidazoleacetic acid, being present in approximately equal amounts although in individual cats one or other acid could predominate. Only small amounts of histamine entered the circulation although in two of four cats given the largest dose (82 mumol/kg) large amounts were recovered. The amount of (14)C radioactivity absorbed varied directly with the dose instilled. The chief metabolite in kidney and urine, whether histamine was instilled into the intestine or infused parenterally, was t-methylimidazoleacetic acid. Histamine was not absorbed from the stomach and its metabolism there was negligible.3 In contrast, when histamine was infused into blood leaving the intestine (portal vein) the main metabolite in blood and tissues was t-methylimidazoleacetic acid being found in approximately 5-fold the concentration of imidazoleacetic acid. The small amount of histamine which eluded inactivation/uptake by liver, lungs, heart during the infusion was halved on circulation through the intestine. When histamine was infused into blood supplying the intestine, (cranial mesenteric artery) t-methylimidazoleacetic acid while still the major metabolite in blood was now only 1.4 times the concentration of imidazoleacetic acid. Additionally, the blood concentration of histamine during the infusion exceeded that of the metabolites.4t-Methylimidazoleacetic acid was also the principal metabolite in blood and tissues following histamine infusion into a cannula carrying a replacement venous blood supply to the liver of abdominally eviscerated cats. Imidazoleacetic acid and t-methylhistamine were present in equal concentrations and in one-quarter to one-third that of the methylated acid. The latter was also the principal metabolite following intra-arterial histamine infusion to abdominally eviscerated cats without a hepatic blood supply, although initially t-methylhistamine predominated: a large peak of histamine was present during the infusion period. When additionally the renal vessels were ligated, t-methylhistamine predominated throughout the experiment.5 In conclusion, intraduodenally instilled histamine was metabolized equally by diamine oxidase and imidazole N-methyltransferase (followed by deamination by monoamine oxidase). In contrast, imidazole N-methyltransferase was the principal inactivator of parenterally infused histamine, deamination of t-methylhistamine by monoamine oxidase becoming progressively less efficient with the cumulative exclusion of the intestines, liver and kidney from the circulation."}
{"id": "PMID:151569", "title": "Rat isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation for pharmacological study of muscle spindle afferent activity: effect of oxotremorine.", "content": "1. Muscle spindle afferent discharges exhibiting an approximately linear length-frequency relation could be recorded from the phrenic nerve in the isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the rat. 2. Muscle spindle afferent discharges could be identified by their characteristic \"spindle pause\" during muscle contraction and by their response to succinylcholine. 3. Cholinergic influence on spontaneous and stretch-induced afferent discharges was indicated by the augmentation produced by physostigmine and acetylcholine. (+)-Tubocurarine, but not atropine, prevented this augmentation indicating the presence of curariform cholinoceptors in muscle spindles. 4. Acetylcholine did not appear to be involved in the genesis of spindle afferent discharges as incubation with hemicholinium-3 and (+)-tubocurarine failed to affect the rate of spontaneous and stretch-induced spindle discharges. 5. Oxotremorine markedly increased the rate of spontaneous and stretch-induced spindle afferent discharges and this effect was prevented in the presence of hemicholinium-3 and (+)-tubocurarine. 6. These results with oxotremorine are of interest in connection with the observation that muscle spindle afferents and hyperactive in Parkinsonian patients.", "contents": "Rat isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation for pharmacological study of muscle spindle afferent activity: effect of oxotremorine. 1. Muscle spindle afferent discharges exhibiting an approximately linear length-frequency relation could be recorded from the phrenic nerve in the isolated phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the rat. 2. Muscle spindle afferent discharges could be identified by their characteristic \"spindle pause\" during muscle contraction and by their response to succinylcholine. 3. Cholinergic influence on spontaneous and stretch-induced afferent discharges was indicated by the augmentation produced by physostigmine and acetylcholine. (+)-Tubocurarine, but not atropine, prevented this augmentation indicating the presence of curariform cholinoceptors in muscle spindles. 4. Acetylcholine did not appear to be involved in the genesis of spindle afferent discharges as incubation with hemicholinium-3 and (+)-tubocurarine failed to affect the rate of spontaneous and stretch-induced spindle discharges. 5. Oxotremorine markedly increased the rate of spontaneous and stretch-induced spindle afferent discharges and this effect was prevented in the presence of hemicholinium-3 and (+)-tubocurarine. 6. These results with oxotremorine are of interest in connection with the observation that muscle spindle afferents and hyperactive in Parkinsonian patients."}
{"id": "PMID:151570", "title": "Leisure skill programming for severely and profoundly handicapped persons: state of the art.", "content": "The purpose of this paper was to (1) review the current research available in leisure skill programming for severely and profoundly handicapped persons; (2) summarize the gaps in knowledge and point to new programming directions in recreation skill development; and (3) outline leisure skill competencies which teacher trainees must develop. In reviewing the leisure skill studies which have been conducted over the past seven years, a descriptive analysis of subject characteristics, teaching procedures, response measures, and generalization/maintenance strategies in each study was provided. The principle areas which were then identified for future programming included recreational skill sequences, self-initiated free play and toy preference evaluation. A statement of 15 recreation programming competencies was devised as a set of guidelines for preparing teacher trainees in leisure skill programming.", "contents": "Leisure skill programming for severely and profoundly handicapped persons: state of the art. The purpose of this paper was to (1) review the current research available in leisure skill programming for severely and profoundly handicapped persons; (2) summarize the gaps in knowledge and point to new programming directions in recreation skill development; and (3) outline leisure skill competencies which teacher trainees must develop. In reviewing the leisure skill studies which have been conducted over the past seven years, a descriptive analysis of subject characteristics, teaching procedures, response measures, and generalization/maintenance strategies in each study was provided. The principle areas which were then identified for future programming included recreational skill sequences, self-initiated free play and toy preference evaluation. A statement of 15 recreation programming competencies was devised as a set of guidelines for preparing teacher trainees in leisure skill programming."}
{"id": "PMID:151573", "title": "Hepatitis B in a hospital for the mentally subnormal in southern England.", "content": "The prevalence of hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection was assessed in 340 patients and 268 staff in a hospital for the mentally subnormal in Wessex. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, antibody to HBsAg, e antigen (eAg), and antibody to eAg were used as markers of such infection. Forty patients and 10 staff had evidence of recent or current infection, while 149 patients and 50 staff had evidence of past infection. HBV markers were more common in mongols, epileptics, patients with cerebral palsy, and those of lower mental grades and reached a peak after 5-15 years of hospitalisation. eAg was detected in 12 out of 26 patients with HBsAg but in none of the four staff with HBsAg. Abnormal liver function values were found in 24 (60%) of the patients with recent or current HBV infection but in only 30 (19%) of those without HBV markers. Among the staff the prevalence of HBV markers correlated with the duration of employment and degree of contact with patients. Of those with recent or current infection, 4 (40%) had abnormal liver function values compared with 25 (12%) of those without HBV markers. Despite the high prevalence of markers clinically overt hepatitis B was rare.", "contents": "Hepatitis B in a hospital for the mentally subnormal in southern England. The prevalence of hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection was assessed in 340 patients and 268 staff in a hospital for the mentally subnormal in Wessex. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen, antibody to HBsAg, e antigen (eAg), and antibody to eAg were used as markers of such infection. Forty patients and 10 staff had evidence of recent or current infection, while 149 patients and 50 staff had evidence of past infection. HBV markers were more common in mongols, epileptics, patients with cerebral palsy, and those of lower mental grades and reached a peak after 5-15 years of hospitalisation. eAg was detected in 12 out of 26 patients with HBsAg but in none of the four staff with HBsAg. Abnormal liver function values were found in 24 (60%) of the patients with recent or current HBV infection but in only 30 (19%) of those without HBV markers. Among the staff the prevalence of HBV markers correlated with the duration of employment and degree of contact with patients. Of those with recent or current infection, 4 (40%) had abnormal liver function values compared with 25 (12%) of those without HBV markers. Despite the high prevalence of markers clinically overt hepatitis B was rare."}
{"id": "PMID:151576", "title": "Polymorphism of carbon oxidation of drugs and clinical implications.", "content": "Eight volunteers previously phenotyped for their ability to hydroxylate debrisoquine (four extensive metabolisers (EM), four poor metabolisers (PM) were investigated for their metabolic handling of guanoxan and phenacetin. All three drugs are oxidised at carbon centres. Oxidative dealkylation of phenacetin was determined by measuring the rate of formation of paracetamol. The EM subjects excreted mostly metabolites of guanoxan (mean 29% of dose), whereas the PM group excreted large amounts of unchanged drug (48% of dose). The rate of formation of paracetamol was noticeably slower in the PM group, and, when analysed by minimum estimates of apparent first-order rate constants, the difference between the two phenotypes was significant. Thus the hydroxylation defect shown for debrisoquine metabolism carries over to the oxidative metabolism of phenacetin and guanoxan. Some 5% of the population are genetically defective hydroxylators of drugs. Thus methods for evaluating the metabolism of new drugs in respect of usage and side effects need to be revised.", "contents": "Polymorphism of carbon oxidation of drugs and clinical implications. Eight volunteers previously phenotyped for their ability to hydroxylate debrisoquine (four extensive metabolisers (EM), four poor metabolisers (PM) were investigated for their metabolic handling of guanoxan and phenacetin. All three drugs are oxidised at carbon centres. Oxidative dealkylation of phenacetin was determined by measuring the rate of formation of paracetamol. The EM subjects excreted mostly metabolites of guanoxan (mean 29% of dose), whereas the PM group excreted large amounts of unchanged drug (48% of dose). The rate of formation of paracetamol was noticeably slower in the PM group, and, when analysed by minimum estimates of apparent first-order rate constants, the difference between the two phenotypes was significant. Thus the hydroxylation defect shown for debrisoquine metabolism carries over to the oxidative metabolism of phenacetin and guanoxan. Some 5% of the population are genetically defective hydroxylators of drugs. Thus methods for evaluating the metabolism of new drugs in respect of usage and side effects need to be revised."}
{"id": "PMID:151577", "title": "Delivery of wheelchairs to disabled children.", "content": "In a follow-up study from a children's wheelchair clinic the delivery times for 120 wheelchairs ordered during 1973--7 were analysed. Delivery delays were considerable: only 22 of the 120 chairs were delivered within one month and 69 within three months, while 21 took over six months to arrive. Factors such as the type of chair ordered, the need for modifications, and the centre handling the transaction did not influence delivery time. Administrative delays may be an important contributory factor.", "contents": "Delivery of wheelchairs to disabled children. In a follow-up study from a children's wheelchair clinic the delivery times for 120 wheelchairs ordered during 1973--7 were analysed. Delivery delays were considerable: only 22 of the 120 chairs were delivered within one month and 69 within three months, while 21 took over six months to arrive. Factors such as the type of chair ordered, the need for modifications, and the centre handling the transaction did not influence delivery time. Administrative delays may be an important contributory factor."}
{"id": "PMID:151580", "title": "The induction of X-chromosomal aneuploidy by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) fed to Drosophila melanogaster females.", "content": "After feeding FUdR (5-fluorodeoxyuridine) to female Drosophila melanogaster, highly significant increases in the frequencies of both XO and XXY exceptions were observed in their offspring. The XXY exceptions and part of the XO exceptions result from maternal nondisjunction of the X-chromosomes. Part of the XO exceptions can be assumed to be produced by X-chromosome breakage followed by bridge formation. The analysis of the brood pattern observed suggests that interphase cells (premeiotic oocytes, oogonia) are especially sensitive in the induction of both XO and XXY exceptions by FUdR. In addition, and contrary to the results obtained with other objects, FUdR seems to induce chromosomal damage (presumably chromatid and/or isochromatid breaks) not only in interphase but also in prophase cells. The mechanisms of the induction of X-chromosomal aneuploids by FUdR are discussed.", "contents": "The induction of X-chromosomal aneuploidy by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) fed to Drosophila melanogaster females. After feeding FUdR (5-fluorodeoxyuridine) to female Drosophila melanogaster, highly significant increases in the frequencies of both XO and XXY exceptions were observed in their offspring. The XXY exceptions and part of the XO exceptions result from maternal nondisjunction of the X-chromosomes. Part of the XO exceptions can be assumed to be produced by X-chromosome breakage followed by bridge formation. The analysis of the brood pattern observed suggests that interphase cells (premeiotic oocytes, oogonia) are especially sensitive in the induction of both XO and XXY exceptions by FUdR. In addition, and contrary to the results obtained with other objects, FUdR seems to induce chromosomal damage (presumably chromatid and/or isochromatid breaks) not only in interphase but also in prophase cells. The mechanisms of the induction of X-chromosomal aneuploids by FUdR are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151581", "title": "A combined treatment approach to management of hepatic metastasis.", "content": "Forty-eight patients with liver metastases were treated at Rhode ISland Hospital in a nonrandomized sequential manner between January 1972 and June 1977. Eight received 5 FUDR hepatic artery infusion, 14 hepatic irradiation, and 25 were planned for combined intra-arterial chemotherapy plus total hepatic irradiation. Those patients who successfully completed induction treatments had a median survival in the radiation only group of 140 days, in the intra-arterial chemotherapy group 270 days, and in the combined group 376 days. Hepatic radiation when combined with chemotherapy was well tolerated. Primary tumor site, disease duration, and degree of abnormality of liver function had no relationship to the response to treatment. The pretreatment performance level of the patient as determined by the Karnofsky Performance Index gave the best indication for potential response to combined therapy. Based on the results of this treatment and the reports of other series, it appears that the combination of intra-arterial 5 FUDR plus hepatic irradiation may offer prolonged and worthwhile palliation to appropriately chosen patients.", "contents": "A combined treatment approach to management of hepatic metastasis. Forty-eight patients with liver metastases were treated at Rhode ISland Hospital in a nonrandomized sequential manner between January 1972 and June 1977. Eight received 5 FUDR hepatic artery infusion, 14 hepatic irradiation, and 25 were planned for combined intra-arterial chemotherapy plus total hepatic irradiation. Those patients who successfully completed induction treatments had a median survival in the radiation only group of 140 days, in the intra-arterial chemotherapy group 270 days, and in the combined group 376 days. Hepatic radiation when combined with chemotherapy was well tolerated. Primary tumor site, disease duration, and degree of abnormality of liver function had no relationship to the response to treatment. The pretreatment performance level of the patient as determined by the Karnofsky Performance Index gave the best indication for potential response to combined therapy. Based on the results of this treatment and the reports of other series, it appears that the combination of intra-arterial 5 FUDR plus hepatic irradiation may offer prolonged and worthwhile palliation to appropriately chosen patients."}
{"id": "PMID:151586", "title": "The relationship between fibrosis and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the experimental hypertrophic heart of rabbits.", "content": "Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in rabbits by injecting either thyroxine or isoprenaline or by surgically constricting the abdominal aorta. An increase in heart weight was associated with a change in the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern and an increase in fibrosis (as measured by hydroxyproline concentrations). Isoprenaline treatment led to a moderate increase in heart weight, a marked decrease in the heart/skeletal muscle subunit ratio of lactate dehydrogenase, and a marked increase in hydroxyproline. Thyroxine treatment led to a small increase in both heart weight and hydroxyproline and a small decrease in the heart/skeletal muscle subunit ration. Coarctation of the aorta, in contrast, caused a marked increase in heart weight, a moderate decrease in heart/skeletal muscle subunit ratio, and a moderate increase in hydroxyproline. These results suggest that the decrease in the heart/skeletal muscle subunit ratio of lactate dehydrogenase in the experimental hypertrophic heart reflects the extent of myocardial fibrosis, rather than changes within the hypertrophied myocardial cells.", "contents": "The relationship between fibrosis and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes in the experimental hypertrophic heart of rabbits. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in rabbits by injecting either thyroxine or isoprenaline or by surgically constricting the abdominal aorta. An increase in heart weight was associated with a change in the lactate dehydrogenase isoenzyme pattern and an increase in fibrosis (as measured by hydroxyproline concentrations). Isoprenaline treatment led to a moderate increase in heart weight, a marked decrease in the heart/skeletal muscle subunit ratio of lactate dehydrogenase, and a marked increase in hydroxyproline. Thyroxine treatment led to a small increase in both heart weight and hydroxyproline and a small decrease in the heart/skeletal muscle subunit ration. Coarctation of the aorta, in contrast, caused a marked increase in heart weight, a moderate decrease in heart/skeletal muscle subunit ratio, and a moderate increase in hydroxyproline. These results suggest that the decrease in the heart/skeletal muscle subunit ratio of lactate dehydrogenase in the experimental hypertrophic heart reflects the extent of myocardial fibrosis, rather than changes within the hypertrophied myocardial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:151587", "title": "DNA sequences of promoter regions for the str and spc ribosomal protein operons in E. coli.", "content": "The DNA sequences have been determined for promoter regions of two ribosomal protein operons in E. coli, the str operon and the spc operon. The site of in vitro transcription initiation within each of these promoter regions has been determined. The start site of the str operon occurs 69 bases upstream from the initiation codon of the S12 gene. The start site of the spc operon occurs 72 bases upstream from the L14 gene, and only 91 bases downstream from the termination codon of the S17 gene (which is in the preceding S10 operon). Both promoters are similar to other sequenced promoters in that they each have an identifiable \"Pribnow box\" sequence 5 bases upstream from the transcription start site. The spc promoter has a long sequence of 2 fold symmetry centered within the Pribnow box; the str promoter has a shorter but similar symmetry. At positions -69 through -40 in the spc operon, another long region of symmetry is present which may be the termination signal of the preceding S10 operon. Extensive sequence similarity between the str and spc promoter regions is found downstream from the Pribnow box-that is, in a transcribed region preceding the translation start sites.", "contents": "DNA sequences of promoter regions for the str and spc ribosomal protein operons in E. coli. The DNA sequences have been determined for promoter regions of two ribosomal protein operons in E. coli, the str operon and the spc operon. The site of in vitro transcription initiation within each of these promoter regions has been determined. The start site of the str operon occurs 69 bases upstream from the initiation codon of the S12 gene. The start site of the spc operon occurs 72 bases upstream from the L14 gene, and only 91 bases downstream from the termination codon of the S17 gene (which is in the preceding S10 operon). Both promoters are similar to other sequenced promoters in that they each have an identifiable \"Pribnow box\" sequence 5 bases upstream from the transcription start site. The spc promoter has a long sequence of 2 fold symmetry centered within the Pribnow box; the str promoter has a shorter but similar symmetry. At positions -69 through -40 in the spc operon, another long region of symmetry is present which may be the termination signal of the preceding S10 operon. Extensive sequence similarity between the str and spc promoter regions is found downstream from the Pribnow box-that is, in a transcribed region preceding the translation start sites."}
{"id": "PMID:151588", "title": "Follicular plasminogen and plasminogen activator and the effect of plasmin on ovarian follicle wall.", "content": "Plasminogen, plasminogen activator, protease inhibitors, and a proteolytic activity are shown to be present in bovine follicular fluid. Much of the proteolytic activity appears to be due to plasmin. In addition, plasminogen activator activity can be demonstrated in follicle wall homogenates. Evidence that plasmin decreases the tensile strength of follicle wall preparations is also reported. The potential for the involvement of these substances in ovulation is discussed.", "contents": "Follicular plasminogen and plasminogen activator and the effect of plasmin on ovarian follicle wall. Plasminogen, plasminogen activator, protease inhibitors, and a proteolytic activity are shown to be present in bovine follicular fluid. Much of the proteolytic activity appears to be due to plasmin. In addition, plasminogen activator activity can be demonstrated in follicle wall homogenates. Evidence that plasmin decreases the tensile strength of follicle wall preparations is also reported. The potential for the involvement of these substances in ovulation is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151605", "title": "[Ultrastructure of the rabbit myocardium in stages of cardiac hypertrophy induced by experimental aortic valve insufficiency].", "content": "A model of aortic insufficiency was developed in rabbits by perforating the aortic valve using a metal perforator (12 cm long) introduced via the right-hand side carotid artery. The rabbit myocardium was examined by electron microscopy in the dynamic periods of cardiac hypertrophization, i. e. in the phase of cardiac hypertrophy development (days 7 to 30 after operation), in the period of the so called stablized cardiac hypertrophy (4 to 6 months after surgery), and in the phases of hypertrophy regression (6 to 8 months after operation). The ultrastructure of myocardial cells in that particular model brought evidence of two bysic processes in the myocardium, i. e. of the usual mechanisms of myocardial ultrastructure build-up (multiplication of ribosomes and polysomes, mitochondria, and contraction apparatus neoplasia), as well as of simultaneously developing degenerative changes.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure of the rabbit myocardium in stages of cardiac hypertrophy induced by experimental aortic valve insufficiency]. A model of aortic insufficiency was developed in rabbits by perforating the aortic valve using a metal perforator (12 cm long) introduced via the right-hand side carotid artery. The rabbit myocardium was examined by electron microscopy in the dynamic periods of cardiac hypertrophization, i. e. in the phase of cardiac hypertrophy development (days 7 to 30 after operation), in the period of the so called stablized cardiac hypertrophy (4 to 6 months after surgery), and in the phases of hypertrophy regression (6 to 8 months after operation). The ultrastructure of myocardial cells in that particular model brought evidence of two bysic processes in the myocardium, i. e. of the usual mechanisms of myocardial ultrastructure build-up (multiplication of ribosomes and polysomes, mitochondria, and contraction apparatus neoplasia), as well as of simultaneously developing degenerative changes."}
{"id": "PMID:151608", "title": "In vivo validation of a thermodilution method to determine regional left ventricular blood flow in patients with coronary disease.", "content": "Several methods have been used to measure left ventricular regional blood flow in humans. However, limitations and lack of validation in patients are major problems. A continuous thermodilution technique to measure regional left ventricular blood flow in patients with coronary disease was validated in vivo. This technique permits simultaneous assessment of venous blood flow draining predominantly from the anterior wall and of the total left ventricular effluent. Thermodilution measurements with simultaneous electromagnetic flowmeter recordings from anterior descending vein grafts were compared in patients with occluded or subtotally occluded anterior descending coronary arteries. The thermodilution method yielded values for both absolute anterior regional blood flow and changes in anterior regional flow that compared closely to anterior descending bypass graft flow measured independently. The multithermistor technique may be useful in monitoring flow effects of regional coronary disease over time, as well as in studies of agents purported to alter regional blood flow.", "contents": "In vivo validation of a thermodilution method to determine regional left ventricular blood flow in patients with coronary disease. Several methods have been used to measure left ventricular regional blood flow in humans. However, limitations and lack of validation in patients are major problems. A continuous thermodilution technique to measure regional left ventricular blood flow in patients with coronary disease was validated in vivo. This technique permits simultaneous assessment of venous blood flow draining predominantly from the anterior wall and of the total left ventricular effluent. Thermodilution measurements with simultaneous electromagnetic flowmeter recordings from anterior descending vein grafts were compared in patients with occluded or subtotally occluded anterior descending coronary arteries. The thermodilution method yielded values for both absolute anterior regional blood flow and changes in anterior regional flow that compared closely to anterior descending bypass graft flow measured independently. The multithermistor technique may be useful in monitoring flow effects of regional coronary disease over time, as well as in studies of agents purported to alter regional blood flow."}
{"id": "PMID:151609", "title": "Chronic aortic regurgitation: the effect of aortic valve replacement on left ventricular volume, mass and function.", "content": "Serial echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) studies were performed in 19 patients before (preop) and after (postop) aortic valve replacement (AVR) for chronic aortic regurgitation (AR); the effect of AVR on LV volume, mass and function was determined from the echocardiographic data. In the 12 patients who were considered to have successful surgical results, the average LV end-diastolic dimension fell from a preop value of 6.9 +/- 0.2 cm to 5.5 +/- 0.2 cm (P less than 0.01) at the time of the early postop study (seven to 10 days). Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) derived from dimension and wall thickness data was used as an index of LV muscle mass (preop CSA = 26 +/- 1.3 cm2); CSA was unchanged at the early postop study, but subsequently fell to near normal within six months after AVR (20 +/- 1 cm2, P less than 0.01). There was a trend toward improvement in systolic performance by the late postop studies (12+ months). In two out of three patients with postop paravalvular AR, LV dimension increased after an initial fall. Four patients without paravalvular AR failed to show a significant reduction in LV dimension in the postop studies. In this group the preop studies showed a tendency toward a large end-diastolic dimension and decreased fractional shortening, but the single preop parameter which differentiated these four from the successfully treated group was an end-diastolic radius-to-wall thickness (R/Th) ratio greater than or equal to 4. Thus, successful AVR for chronic AR results in the normalization of LV volume and a decrease in LV muscle mass to near normal. The R/Th ratio has important prognostic value which appears to be independent of fractional shortening in some patients with chronic AR.", "contents": "Chronic aortic regurgitation: the effect of aortic valve replacement on left ventricular volume, mass and function. Serial echocardiographic left ventricular (LV) studies were performed in 19 patients before (preop) and after (postop) aortic valve replacement (AVR) for chronic aortic regurgitation (AR); the effect of AVR on LV volume, mass and function was determined from the echocardiographic data. In the 12 patients who were considered to have successful surgical results, the average LV end-diastolic dimension fell from a preop value of 6.9 +/- 0.2 cm to 5.5 +/- 0.2 cm (P less than 0.01) at the time of the early postop study (seven to 10 days). Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) derived from dimension and wall thickness data was used as an index of LV muscle mass (preop CSA = 26 +/- 1.3 cm2); CSA was unchanged at the early postop study, but subsequently fell to near normal within six months after AVR (20 +/- 1 cm2, P less than 0.01). There was a trend toward improvement in systolic performance by the late postop studies (12+ months). In two out of three patients with postop paravalvular AR, LV dimension increased after an initial fall. Four patients without paravalvular AR failed to show a significant reduction in LV dimension in the postop studies. In this group the preop studies showed a tendency toward a large end-diastolic dimension and decreased fractional shortening, but the single preop parameter which differentiated these four from the successfully treated group was an end-diastolic radius-to-wall thickness (R/Th) ratio greater than or equal to 4. Thus, successful AVR for chronic AR results in the normalization of LV volume and a decrease in LV muscle mass to near normal. The R/Th ratio has important prognostic value which appears to be independent of fractional shortening in some patients with chronic AR."}
{"id": "PMID:151610", "title": "Prevalence of thyroid disorder in Down syndrome.", "content": "Thyroid function has been studied in 121 patients between 13 and 48 years old with proven Down syndrome. Chemically, hypothyroidism was found in 17% and hyperthyroidism in 2.5% of the patients; 18% of patients had goiter. Thyroid antibodies were detected in 33% of subjects studied. The abnormal findings were almost equally distributed between the sexes above 20 years of age; however, females had significantly more thyroid disease than males in the younger age group.", "contents": "Prevalence of thyroid disorder in Down syndrome. Thyroid function has been studied in 121 patients between 13 and 48 years old with proven Down syndrome. Chemically, hypothyroidism was found in 17% and hyperthyroidism in 2.5% of the patients; 18% of patients had goiter. Thyroid antibodies were detected in 33% of subjects studied. The abnormal findings were almost equally distributed between the sexes above 20 years of age; however, females had significantly more thyroid disease than males in the younger age group."}
{"id": "PMID:151611", "title": "A \"new\" autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by hyperpigmented spots and plamoplantar hyperkeratosis.", "content": "A previously undescribed genodermatosis consisting of tiny hyperpigmented spots aggregated in irregular maculae and mainly localized in the regions exposed to light is reported. Hyperkeratotic papules in the palms and soles were also present. Autosomal dominant inheritance is concluded.", "contents": "A \"new\" autosomal dominant genodermatosis characterized by hyperpigmented spots and plamoplantar hyperkeratosis. A previously undescribed genodermatosis consisting of tiny hyperpigmented spots aggregated in irregular maculae and mainly localized in the regions exposed to light is reported. Hyperkeratotic papules in the palms and soles were also present. Autosomal dominant inheritance is concluded."}
{"id": "PMID:151613", "title": "Concurrent hypertension and pregnancy.", "content": "Concurrent hypertension in pregnancy alters the diagnosis and prognosis of both the vascular disease and the gestation. Insight into the physiologic and pathophysiologic changes is essential to assessing the patient's status and to determining what antenatal care may yield the best outcome of the pregnancy. In this monograph we have presented (1) a classification, which correlates well with those currently in use, of the types of hypertension and their causes; (2) a brief review of current fact and theory regarding the effect of hypertension on maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality; (3) a detailed approach to monitoring the physical and laboratory parameters of the parturient; (4) a rational approach to monitoring the fetoplacental unit; and (5) an analysis of currently available therapeutic regimens that may alter the course of hypertension in pregnancy sufficiently to increase fetal salvage and decrease maternal complications. Certainly more research into the mechanisms of CHP will be forthcoming as will newer and more precise diagnostic aids. Pharmacologic agents with varied hypotensive actions are constantly being developed, and combinations of these may yield more beneficial results.", "contents": "Concurrent hypertension and pregnancy. Concurrent hypertension in pregnancy alters the diagnosis and prognosis of both the vascular disease and the gestation. Insight into the physiologic and pathophysiologic changes is essential to assessing the patient's status and to determining what antenatal care may yield the best outcome of the pregnancy. In this monograph we have presented (1) a classification, which correlates well with those currently in use, of the types of hypertension and their causes; (2) a brief review of current fact and theory regarding the effect of hypertension on maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality; (3) a detailed approach to monitoring the physical and laboratory parameters of the parturient; (4) a rational approach to monitoring the fetoplacental unit; and (5) an analysis of currently available therapeutic regimens that may alter the course of hypertension in pregnancy sufficiently to increase fetal salvage and decrease maternal complications. Certainly more research into the mechanisms of CHP will be forthcoming as will newer and more precise diagnostic aids. Pharmacologic agents with varied hypotensive actions are constantly being developed, and combinations of these may yield more beneficial results."}
{"id": "PMID:151619", "title": "Circulating antigen-antibody complexes in patients with immune complex disorders and following kidney transplantation.", "content": "The presence of circulating soluble complexes antigen-antibody was investigated by means of our simple test (1) in small serum samples of patients before and after kidney transplantation. We found a higher incidence of positive test results in patients with an original diagnosis of chronic glomeruleonephritis following transplantation in 37.1%, than before transplantation (in 28.5%). In both instances, however circulating immune complexes were less frequent than in a previously studied group of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (66.6%), or particularly in glomerulonephritis cases with the characteristics of disease activity (100%) positivity. In patients suffering from pyelonephritis, a diseases not due to immune complexes, 18% of sera were positive. After transplantation the number of positive sera rose to 35.5% in 13 patients. The reasons for this finding are being analysed.", "contents": "Circulating antigen-antibody complexes in patients with immune complex disorders and following kidney transplantation. The presence of circulating soluble complexes antigen-antibody was investigated by means of our simple test (1) in small serum samples of patients before and after kidney transplantation. We found a higher incidence of positive test results in patients with an original diagnosis of chronic glomeruleonephritis following transplantation in 37.1%, than before transplantation (in 28.5%). In both instances, however circulating immune complexes were less frequent than in a previously studied group of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis (66.6%), or particularly in glomerulonephritis cases with the characteristics of disease activity (100%) positivity. In patients suffering from pyelonephritis, a diseases not due to immune complexes, 18% of sera were positive. After transplantation the number of positive sera rose to 35.5% in 13 patients. The reasons for this finding are being analysed."}
{"id": "PMID:151623", "title": "Laparoscopy following abdominal operations.", "content": "A retrospective study has been conducted to find out the effects of preceding abdominal operations on the validity of laparoscopic examinations. The study included 1658 laparoscopies performed at the Robert R\u00f6ssle Institute from January 1, 1975, to June 30,1977. 467 patients had previously undergone one or several operations; in 124 patients adhesions had been started while the patient had not undergone any laparotomy at all. In the judgement of essential abdominal organs there are no differences between patients with and without adhesions, who had not undergone any operations previously. Even after laparotomies of the epigastrium, satisfactory judgement of the organs is possible. Since the result of laparoscopy is decisive for further therapeutical measures, it should be carried out also after surgical interventions, clear indication and sufficient skill of the examiner provided.", "contents": "Laparoscopy following abdominal operations. A retrospective study has been conducted to find out the effects of preceding abdominal operations on the validity of laparoscopic examinations. The study included 1658 laparoscopies performed at the Robert R\u00f6ssle Institute from January 1, 1975, to June 30,1977. 467 patients had previously undergone one or several operations; in 124 patients adhesions had been started while the patient had not undergone any laparotomy at all. In the judgement of essential abdominal organs there are no differences between patients with and without adhesions, who had not undergone any operations previously. Even after laparotomies of the epigastrium, satisfactory judgement of the organs is possible. Since the result of laparoscopy is decisive for further therapeutical measures, it should be carried out also after surgical interventions, clear indication and sufficient skill of the examiner provided."}
{"id": "PMID:151626", "title": "Myocardial susceptibility to ischemic damage: a comparative study of disease models in the rat.", "content": "Using experimental models of various disease states, the ability of the isolated perfused working rat heart to withstand and recover from a period of severe ischemia was investigated. The results revealed that the coexistence of a diabetic state, obesity, or left ventricular hypertrophy increased the susceptibility of the hearts to ischemic damage and reduced the rate or the extent of postischemic recovery. In contrast, hearts obtained from moderately hypertensive rats exhibited a greater resistance to, and a superior recovery from, ischemia than did hearts obtained from normotensive controls.", "contents": "Myocardial susceptibility to ischemic damage: a comparative study of disease models in the rat. Using experimental models of various disease states, the ability of the isolated perfused working rat heart to withstand and recover from a period of severe ischemia was investigated. The results revealed that the coexistence of a diabetic state, obesity, or left ventricular hypertrophy increased the susceptibility of the hearts to ischemic damage and reduced the rate or the extent of postischemic recovery. In contrast, hearts obtained from moderately hypertensive rats exhibited a greater resistance to, and a superior recovery from, ischemia than did hearts obtained from normotensive controls."}
{"id": "PMID:151627", "title": "Experience with a community screening program for hypertension: results on 24,462 individuals.", "content": "A hypertension screening program was conducted by means of mobile units generally used for detection of tuberculosis and chest diseases. From 1st October 1973 to 31st July 1976, 24, 462 individuals aged 35 and over were examined. 10.7% were found to have elevated blood pressure (greater than 160/95 mm Hg). Among these subjects, 43% of the male and 24% of the female had never been told they were hypertensive. 5.6% of the men and 7% of the women had a diastolic reading of 105 mm Hg or more. Undetected hypertension decreased with age and was less frequent in women than in men. Young male hypertensives were frequently aware of their disease. When known, hypertension remained untreated in 14.5% of cases and badly controlled in 26%. One yr after screening, 400 patients who had been found to have undetected hypertension were contacted; 358 (89.5%) had seen their family doctor and 42% of them were under continuous medical treatment. These results further underline the challenge of undetected, untreated and uncontrolled hypertension.", "contents": "Experience with a community screening program for hypertension: results on 24,462 individuals. A hypertension screening program was conducted by means of mobile units generally used for detection of tuberculosis and chest diseases. From 1st October 1973 to 31st July 1976, 24, 462 individuals aged 35 and over were examined. 10.7% were found to have elevated blood pressure (greater than 160/95 mm Hg). Among these subjects, 43% of the male and 24% of the female had never been told they were hypertensive. 5.6% of the men and 7% of the women had a diastolic reading of 105 mm Hg or more. Undetected hypertension decreased with age and was less frequent in women than in men. Young male hypertensives were frequently aware of their disease. When known, hypertension remained untreated in 14.5% of cases and badly controlled in 26%. One yr after screening, 400 patients who had been found to have undetected hypertension were contacted; 358 (89.5%) had seen their family doctor and 42% of them were under continuous medical treatment. These results further underline the challenge of undetected, untreated and uncontrolled hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:151628", "title": "Model studies on activation of the heart.", "content": "Multiple dipole models of activation of the heart, in combination with a model of the thorax as an electrical conductor relate the action of individual cells to features of the electrocardiogram. The models can be used to develop diagnostic electrocardiographic criteria for ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction or conduction disorders. Criteria derived with the use of Holt, Barnard and Lynn's model proved to be superior to well-established empirical rules. Their approach restricts position, direction and polarity of the current dipole vectors in the model. In the Selvester model, and later in the Ritsema van Eck model, in addition to these restrictions time-constraints are imposed on the dipole activity. In a validation study of the Ritsema van Eck model activation of a beating dog heart is compared in detail with simulated activation in a computer replica of the same heart. Myocardial spread of activation is found to be stimulated correctly. Simulated spread of activation along the Purkinje fiber network however, differs considerably from reality. In apical regions excitation spreads in reality much faster than in the model, in basal regions much slower. The model can be improved by slowing endocardial excitation from apex to base with the time-course of activation. Further improvement is obtained by the use of a more detailed pattern of endocardial excitation, based on studies of endocardial excitation in opened ventricles. The model can predict the time-course of activation with an accuracy of 5% of total ventricular activation time.", "contents": "Model studies on activation of the heart. Multiple dipole models of activation of the heart, in combination with a model of the thorax as an electrical conductor relate the action of individual cells to features of the electrocardiogram. The models can be used to develop diagnostic electrocardiographic criteria for ventricular hypertrophy, myocardial infarction or conduction disorders. Criteria derived with the use of Holt, Barnard and Lynn's model proved to be superior to well-established empirical rules. Their approach restricts position, direction and polarity of the current dipole vectors in the model. In the Selvester model, and later in the Ritsema van Eck model, in addition to these restrictions time-constraints are imposed on the dipole activity. In a validation study of the Ritsema van Eck model activation of a beating dog heart is compared in detail with simulated activation in a computer replica of the same heart. Myocardial spread of activation is found to be stimulated correctly. Simulated spread of activation along the Purkinje fiber network however, differs considerably from reality. In apical regions excitation spreads in reality much faster than in the model, in basal regions much slower. The model can be improved by slowing endocardial excitation from apex to base with the time-course of activation. Further improvement is obtained by the use of a more detailed pattern of endocardial excitation, based on studies of endocardial excitation in opened ventricles. The model can predict the time-course of activation with an accuracy of 5% of total ventricular activation time."}
{"id": "PMID:151631", "title": "Projection from area 3a to the motor cortex by neurons activated from group I muscle afferents.", "content": "Two receiving areas in the pericruciate cortex are known for inputs from group I muscle afferents of forelimb nerves. One focus is near the postcruciate dimple of area 3a, and the other in the lateral sigmoid gyrus of the motor cortex (area 4gamma). The cortico-cortical projection of area 3a to 4gamma, and the relay by this projection of group I muscle afferent input to the motor cortex were investigated in cats. The following results were obtained. 1. Seventy-four neurons within area 3a were antidromically activated by intracortical microstimulation of the motor cortex. 2. Although excitation evoked by stimulation of group I muscle afferents could be demonstrated for only a few (8 of 48) cortico-cortical neurons in extracellular recordings, due to the methodological limitations discussed, this input evoked EPSPs in 8 of 9 cortico-cortical neurons recorded intracellularly. Therefore, it is likely that the majority of neurons projecting from area 3a to the motor cortex have an excitatory synaptic input from group I afferents. 3. Neurons projecting from area 3a to the motor cortex were most commonly found in cortical layer III, although some were found in layer V. 4. Five of nine pyramidal tract neurons of area 3a had a strong excitatory synaptic input from group I muscle afferents. 5. A new type of pyramidal tract neuron was found which has cortico-cortical axon collaterals connecting the two cytoarchitectonic regions. These various neurons may be part of a feedback system from muscle afferents to the motor cortex.", "contents": "Projection from area 3a to the motor cortex by neurons activated from group I muscle afferents. Two receiving areas in the pericruciate cortex are known for inputs from group I muscle afferents of forelimb nerves. One focus is near the postcruciate dimple of area 3a, and the other in the lateral sigmoid gyrus of the motor cortex (area 4gamma). The cortico-cortical projection of area 3a to 4gamma, and the relay by this projection of group I muscle afferent input to the motor cortex were investigated in cats. The following results were obtained. 1. Seventy-four neurons within area 3a were antidromically activated by intracortical microstimulation of the motor cortex. 2. Although excitation evoked by stimulation of group I muscle afferents could be demonstrated for only a few (8 of 48) cortico-cortical neurons in extracellular recordings, due to the methodological limitations discussed, this input evoked EPSPs in 8 of 9 cortico-cortical neurons recorded intracellularly. Therefore, it is likely that the majority of neurons projecting from area 3a to the motor cortex have an excitatory synaptic input from group I afferents. 3. Neurons projecting from area 3a to the motor cortex were most commonly found in cortical layer III, although some were found in layer V. 4. Five of nine pyramidal tract neurons of area 3a had a strong excitatory synaptic input from group I muscle afferents. 5. A new type of pyramidal tract neuron was found which has cortico-cortical axon collaterals connecting the two cytoarchitectonic regions. These various neurons may be part of a feedback system from muscle afferents to the motor cortex."}
{"id": "PMID:151646", "title": "[Possible late complications after peridural anaesthesia (author's transl)].", "content": "140 women who had received peridural anaesthesia (PDA) during childbirth at the University Gynaecological Hospital, Basel, in 1977, were retrospectively questioned on the occurrence of backache and headache during the puerperium subsequent to peridural anaesthesia. The \"matched pairs\" technique was employed for the controls. The inquiry revealed that in the PDA group 69 women (49%) and in the control group 39 women (28%) complained of increased backache during the puerperium. For 30 patients (44%) the complaints were a frequently disturbing factor in their everyday work. In the control group, this was true of 11 women (28%). 46 patients (33%) of the PDA group complained of increased headache during the puerperium, against 16 patients (11%) of the control group. 22 women (49%) of the PDA group felt disturbed in their daily work against 4 women (25%) among the controls. The findings are compared with data in literature, and the aetiology of the symptoms is discussed.", "contents": "[Possible late complications after peridural anaesthesia (author's transl)]. 140 women who had received peridural anaesthesia (PDA) during childbirth at the University Gynaecological Hospital, Basel, in 1977, were retrospectively questioned on the occurrence of backache and headache during the puerperium subsequent to peridural anaesthesia. The \"matched pairs\" technique was employed for the controls. The inquiry revealed that in the PDA group 69 women (49%) and in the control group 39 women (28%) complained of increased backache during the puerperium. For 30 patients (44%) the complaints were a frequently disturbing factor in their everyday work. In the control group, this was true of 11 women (28%). 46 patients (33%) of the PDA group complained of increased headache during the puerperium, against 16 patients (11%) of the control group. 22 women (49%) of the PDA group felt disturbed in their daily work against 4 women (25%) among the controls. The findings are compared with data in literature, and the aetiology of the symptoms is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151647", "title": "Genetical and biochemical characterization of QA-3 mutants and revertants in the QA gene cluster of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The qa-3 gene, one of the four genes in the qa gene cluster, encodes quinate (shikimate) dehydrogenase (quinate: NAD oxidoreductase, ER 1.1.1.24), the first enzyme in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway in Neurospora crassa. Genetic analyses have localized 26 qa-3 mutants at 11 sites on the aq-3 genetic map on the basis of prototroph frequencies. Certain mutants, e.g., 336-3-10 and 336-3-3, are located at opposite ends of the qa-3 gene. Data from four-point crosses (qa-1s mutant 124 X five different qa-3 mutants in triple mutants qa-3, qa-4, qa-2) indicate the following orientation of the qa-3 gene within the qa cluster; qa-1, qa-3 mutant 336-3-10 (\"left\" end) qa-3 mutant 336-3-3 (\"right\" end), qa-4, qa-2. Ultraviolet-induced revertants have been obtained from 14 of the qa-3 mutants. The revertable mutants fall into two major classes: those that revert by changes either at the same site or at a second site within the qa-3 gene, and those that revert by unlinked suppressor mutations. The intragenic revertants can be further distinguished by quantative and/or qualitative differences in their quinate dehydrogenase activities. Some revertants with activities either equivalent to or less than wild type produce a thermostable enzyme, and others an enzyme which is thermolabile in vitro at 35 degrees. A concentration of quinic acid or shikimic acid as low as 50 micron protects the enzyme markedly from heat inactivation. The genetic organization and the orientation of the qa-3 gene are discussed with respect to its direction of transcription and to the possible localization of a promoter (initiator) region(s) within the qa gene cluster.", "contents": "Genetical and biochemical characterization of QA-3 mutants and revertants in the QA gene cluster of Neurospora crassa. The qa-3 gene, one of the four genes in the qa gene cluster, encodes quinate (shikimate) dehydrogenase (quinate: NAD oxidoreductase, ER 1.1.1.24), the first enzyme in the inducible quinic acid catabolic pathway in Neurospora crassa. Genetic analyses have localized 26 qa-3 mutants at 11 sites on the aq-3 genetic map on the basis of prototroph frequencies. Certain mutants, e.g., 336-3-10 and 336-3-3, are located at opposite ends of the qa-3 gene. Data from four-point crosses (qa-1s mutant 124 X five different qa-3 mutants in triple mutants qa-3, qa-4, qa-2) indicate the following orientation of the qa-3 gene within the qa cluster; qa-1, qa-3 mutant 336-3-10 (\"left\" end) qa-3 mutant 336-3-3 (\"right\" end), qa-4, qa-2. Ultraviolet-induced revertants have been obtained from 14 of the qa-3 mutants. The revertable mutants fall into two major classes: those that revert by changes either at the same site or at a second site within the qa-3 gene, and those that revert by unlinked suppressor mutations. The intragenic revertants can be further distinguished by quantative and/or qualitative differences in their quinate dehydrogenase activities. Some revertants with activities either equivalent to or less than wild type produce a thermostable enzyme, and others an enzyme which is thermolabile in vitro at 35 degrees. A concentration of quinic acid or shikimic acid as low as 50 micron protects the enzyme markedly from heat inactivation. The genetic organization and the orientation of the qa-3 gene are discussed with respect to its direction of transcription and to the possible localization of a promoter (initiator) region(s) within the qa gene cluster."}
{"id": "PMID:151664", "title": "Human-mouse mixed lymphocyte cultures.", "content": "Conditions for stimulating human lymphocytes with mouse cells are established. The proliferative and cytotoxic responses generated are shown to be specific for antigens coded for in the major histocompatibility locus.", "contents": "Human-mouse mixed lymphocyte cultures. Conditions for stimulating human lymphocytes with mouse cells are established. The proliferative and cytotoxic responses generated are shown to be specific for antigens coded for in the major histocompatibility locus."}
{"id": "PMID:151668", "title": "Bilateral transverse sinus obstruction in benign intracranial hypertension due to hypervitaminosis A.", "content": "Hypervitaminosis A may be associated with benign intracranial hypertension. So far, the explanation for this phenomenon has remained obscure. A 17-year-old patient with benign intracranial hypertension, following chronic vitamin A intake of 150,000 units daily for acne vulgaris, is presented. Bilateral papilledema was present and bilateral obstruction of the transverse sinuses was demonstrated in the late venous phase of cerebral angiography. Discontinuation of vitamin A and acetazolamide treatment was followed by complete regression of the signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension. Bilateral sinus obstruction with interference of cerebral sinus outflow is suggested as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of benign intracranial hypertension in vitamin A intoxication. Menstrual dysfunction and tetracycline therapy cannot be completely excluded as possible causative factors.", "contents": "Bilateral transverse sinus obstruction in benign intracranial hypertension due to hypervitaminosis A. Hypervitaminosis A may be associated with benign intracranial hypertension. So far, the explanation for this phenomenon has remained obscure. A 17-year-old patient with benign intracranial hypertension, following chronic vitamin A intake of 150,000 units daily for acne vulgaris, is presented. Bilateral papilledema was present and bilateral obstruction of the transverse sinuses was demonstrated in the late venous phase of cerebral angiography. Discontinuation of vitamin A and acetazolamide treatment was followed by complete regression of the signs and symptoms of intracranial hypertension. Bilateral sinus obstruction with interference of cerebral sinus outflow is suggested as a critical factor in the pathogenesis of benign intracranial hypertension in vitamin A intoxication. Menstrual dysfunction and tetracycline therapy cannot be completely excluded as possible causative factors."}
{"id": "PMID:151669", "title": "Rapid identification of San Filippo disease (MPS III).", "content": "Humbel's thin-layer chromatography of urine was a rapid, reliable means of identifying type of mucopolysaccharide storage disease in 30 patients. Over half had Hurler-Scheie or Hunter disease (MPS I-V or II); eight had San Filippo disease, of which four expressed the Type B form.", "contents": "Rapid identification of San Filippo disease (MPS III). Humbel's thin-layer chromatography of urine was a rapid, reliable means of identifying type of mucopolysaccharide storage disease in 30 patients. Over half had Hurler-Scheie or Hunter disease (MPS I-V or II); eight had San Filippo disease, of which four expressed the Type B form."}
{"id": "PMID:151670", "title": "Effects of pulmonary congestion and of left atrial distention on breathing in dogs.", "content": "Prior experiments showed that pulmonary congestion may initiate tachypnea from lung receptors and that left atrial distention has no significant effect on breathing, but in those experiments secondary reflexes could have determined the results. In this study we separately distended the entire pulmonary vascular bed, the arterial compartment, and the left atrium in dogs perfused and oxygenated by an external system while ventilating and while not ventilating the lungs. Distending pressures ranged from 20 to 70 Torr, and as output variables we measured the initial rate of inspiration, peak inspiratory magnitude, inspiratory duration, expiratory duration, and breathing frequency from the diaphragmatic electromyogram. Total vascular congestion caused prolongation of expiration and lowering of frequency without effect on inspiratory duration, its rate or magnitude. A smaller depression was induced from the arterial compartment. Left atrial distention, which failed to occur sufficiently often to be attributable to dogs in general, had much less effect. However, when a related change in breathing did occur, it was limited to a shortening of inspiratory duration.", "contents": "Effects of pulmonary congestion and of left atrial distention on breathing in dogs. Prior experiments showed that pulmonary congestion may initiate tachypnea from lung receptors and that left atrial distention has no significant effect on breathing, but in those experiments secondary reflexes could have determined the results. In this study we separately distended the entire pulmonary vascular bed, the arterial compartment, and the left atrium in dogs perfused and oxygenated by an external system while ventilating and while not ventilating the lungs. Distending pressures ranged from 20 to 70 Torr, and as output variables we measured the initial rate of inspiration, peak inspiratory magnitude, inspiratory duration, expiratory duration, and breathing frequency from the diaphragmatic electromyogram. Total vascular congestion caused prolongation of expiration and lowering of frequency without effect on inspiratory duration, its rate or magnitude. A smaller depression was induced from the arterial compartment. Left atrial distention, which failed to occur sufficiently often to be attributable to dogs in general, had much less effect. However, when a related change in breathing did occur, it was limited to a shortening of inspiratory duration."}
{"id": "PMID:151671", "title": "Ultrastructural aspects of the transformation of muscle fibre type by long term stimulation: changes in Z discs and mitochondria.", "content": "The criteria which serve to distinguish the slow from the fast type of mammalian skeletal muscle include differences at the ultrastructural level, in particular differences in Z disc morphology and mitochondrial content. If a fast muscle is subjected to sustained low frequency impulse activity similar to that normally received by a slow muscle, its physiological and biochemical properties become indistinguishable from those of a slow muscle. In the present study we have examined the fine structure of fast muscles stimulated in this way. The thickness of Z discs was significantly greater than that of control fast muscles and indistinguishable from that of slow muscles. Mitochondrial profiles, seen only infrequently in control fast muscles, were abundant in their stimulated counterparts. The regulatory influence of impulse activity on the differentiation of skeletal muscle thus extends to some of its most characteristic ultrastructural features.", "contents": "Ultrastructural aspects of the transformation of muscle fibre type by long term stimulation: changes in Z discs and mitochondria. The criteria which serve to distinguish the slow from the fast type of mammalian skeletal muscle include differences at the ultrastructural level, in particular differences in Z disc morphology and mitochondrial content. If a fast muscle is subjected to sustained low frequency impulse activity similar to that normally received by a slow muscle, its physiological and biochemical properties become indistinguishable from those of a slow muscle. In the present study we have examined the fine structure of fast muscles stimulated in this way. The thickness of Z discs was significantly greater than that of control fast muscles and indistinguishable from that of slow muscles. Mitochondrial profiles, seen only infrequently in control fast muscles, were abundant in their stimulated counterparts. The regulatory influence of impulse activity on the differentiation of skeletal muscle thus extends to some of its most characteristic ultrastructural features."}
{"id": "PMID:151672", "title": "Improving the generalized mnemonic performance of a Down's syndrome child.", "content": "A training program was conducted to improve the generalized mnemonic performance, or memory, of a Down's Syndrome child. Training was directed at digit-span performance with generalization from training determined by responses to untrained mnemonic performance probes. The digit-span items varied in length from three to five digits. Each length constituted an item class, with each class trained within the framework of a multiple-baseline design. Probes consisted of untrained digit-span items, grammatical sentences, nongrammatical sentences, and match-to-sample items. A training procedure, in which 15 items from each class varied continually from trial to trial and from day to day, resulted in the percentage of correct responses to both training and probe items increasing to levels substantially above baseline. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the training procedure in improving the generalized mnemonic performance of a Down's Syndrome child.", "contents": "Improving the generalized mnemonic performance of a Down's syndrome child. A training program was conducted to improve the generalized mnemonic performance, or memory, of a Down's Syndrome child. Training was directed at digit-span performance with generalization from training determined by responses to untrained mnemonic performance probes. The digit-span items varied in length from three to five digits. Each length constituted an item class, with each class trained within the framework of a multiple-baseline design. Probes consisted of untrained digit-span items, grammatical sentences, nongrammatical sentences, and match-to-sample items. A training procedure, in which 15 items from each class varied continually from trial to trial and from day to day, resulted in the percentage of correct responses to both training and probe items increasing to levels substantially above baseline. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the training procedure in improving the generalized mnemonic performance of a Down's Syndrome child."}
{"id": "PMID:151679", "title": "Studies of the chemo-mechanical conversion in artificially produced streamings. I. Reconstruction of a chemo-mechanical system from acto-HMM of rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "Steady and uniform streamings (SUS) of HMM solutions were set up in the presence of Mg-ATP in a circular slit, on both side-walls of which a Millipore filter was fixed; F-actin filaments from rabbit skeletal muscle were bound onto the Millipore filter by cyanogen bromide in the flow. The direction of the SUS was specificially determined by that of the flow during the fixing of F-actin and was independent of the direction of the initial velocity applied externally to the HMM solutions. The SUS continued for about 90 min with a velocity of about 20 mum/s at 20 degrees C. There was a strong correlation between the acto-HMM ATPase activity and the velocity of SUS when the salt concentration was varied. Moreover, this was also the case when the ATPase activity was controlled by Ca2+, when native tropomyosin was bound to F-actin in the circular slit. Careful examination led to the conclusions that F-actin filaments are fixed on the Millipore filter with a specific polarity and that a chemo-mechanical system had been successfully reconstituted in our \"stream cells,\" in which chemical energy from ATP is converted to the mechanical energy of streaming.", "contents": "Studies of the chemo-mechanical conversion in artificially produced streamings. I. Reconstruction of a chemo-mechanical system from acto-HMM of rabbit skeletal muscle. Steady and uniform streamings (SUS) of HMM solutions were set up in the presence of Mg-ATP in a circular slit, on both side-walls of which a Millipore filter was fixed; F-actin filaments from rabbit skeletal muscle were bound onto the Millipore filter by cyanogen bromide in the flow. The direction of the SUS was specificially determined by that of the flow during the fixing of F-actin and was independent of the direction of the initial velocity applied externally to the HMM solutions. The SUS continued for about 90 min with a velocity of about 20 mum/s at 20 degrees C. There was a strong correlation between the acto-HMM ATPase activity and the velocity of SUS when the salt concentration was varied. Moreover, this was also the case when the ATPase activity was controlled by Ca2+, when native tropomyosin was bound to F-actin in the circular slit. Careful examination led to the conclusions that F-actin filaments are fixed on the Millipore filter with a specific polarity and that a chemo-mechanical system had been successfully reconstituted in our \"stream cells,\" in which chemical energy from ATP is converted to the mechanical energy of streaming."}
{"id": "PMID:151680", "title": "Elementary steps in the acto-H-meromyosin ATPase reaction to arterial smooth muscle.", "content": "Transient and steady state kinetics were studied in the interactions of ATP with acto-H-meromyosin reconstituted from bovine arterial heavy-meromyosin (HMM) and rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin. The results showed that the rate of dissociation of the hybrid acto-HMM induced by ATP was slower than the rate of the fluorescence enhancement of HMM, and that the rate of the P1 burst of HMM was unaffected by addition of skeletal muscle F-actin. The ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity of arterial HMM was activated only slightly even with addition of high concentrations of skeletal muscle F-actin. Furthermore, the rates of dissociation of the hybrid acto-HMM induced by ATP and reassociation of dissociated arterial HMM with skeletal muscle F-actin after decomposition of ATP were much lower than those of skeletal muscle acto-HMM.", "contents": "Elementary steps in the acto-H-meromyosin ATPase reaction to arterial smooth muscle. Transient and steady state kinetics were studied in the interactions of ATP with acto-H-meromyosin reconstituted from bovine arterial heavy-meromyosin (HMM) and rabbit skeletal muscle F-actin. The results showed that the rate of dissociation of the hybrid acto-HMM induced by ATP was slower than the rate of the fluorescence enhancement of HMM, and that the rate of the P1 burst of HMM was unaffected by addition of skeletal muscle F-actin. The ATPase [EC 3.6.1.3] activity of arterial HMM was activated only slightly even with addition of high concentrations of skeletal muscle F-actin. Furthermore, the rates of dissociation of the hybrid acto-HMM induced by ATP and reassociation of dissociated arterial HMM with skeletal muscle F-actin after decomposition of ATP were much lower than those of skeletal muscle acto-HMM."}
{"id": "PMID:151681", "title": "Tentoxin-induced energy-independent adenine nucleotide exchange and ATPase activity with chloroplast coupling factor 1.", "content": "1. The effect of energy transfer inhibitors on energy-dependent exchange of tightly bound adenine nucleotides with washed, broken spinach thylakoids has been studied. Energy transfer inhibitors that inhibit the ATPase activity of soluble chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) (e.g. phloridzin and tentoxin) do not inhibit energy-dependent adenine nucleotide exchange. Energy transfer inhibitors that block proton flux through the hydrophobic protein proton channel (CF0) (e.g. dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and triphenyltin chloride) also block light-dependent adenine nucleotide exchange. 2. Tentoxin, at relatively high concentrations, stimulates an energy-independent exchange of adenosine diphosphate. 3. High concentrations of tentoxin elicit a Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity with soluble CF1, but has no effect on the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity of membrane-bound CF1. 4. The trypsin-activated, Ca2+-dependent, membrane-bound ATPase is not affected by high concentrations of tentoxin, whereas the dithiothreitol-activated, Mg2+-dependent ATPase is markedly inhibited. 5. The reconstitution of chloroplasts, partially depleted in CF1, with soluble CF1 is correlated with the loss of tentoxin-induced, Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity associated with soluble CF1.", "contents": "Tentoxin-induced energy-independent adenine nucleotide exchange and ATPase activity with chloroplast coupling factor 1. 1. The effect of energy transfer inhibitors on energy-dependent exchange of tightly bound adenine nucleotides with washed, broken spinach thylakoids has been studied. Energy transfer inhibitors that inhibit the ATPase activity of soluble chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF1) (e.g. phloridzin and tentoxin) do not inhibit energy-dependent adenine nucleotide exchange. Energy transfer inhibitors that block proton flux through the hydrophobic protein proton channel (CF0) (e.g. dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and triphenyltin chloride) also block light-dependent adenine nucleotide exchange. 2. Tentoxin, at relatively high concentrations, stimulates an energy-independent exchange of adenosine diphosphate. 3. High concentrations of tentoxin elicit a Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity with soluble CF1, but has no effect on the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity of membrane-bound CF1. 4. The trypsin-activated, Ca2+-dependent, membrane-bound ATPase is not affected by high concentrations of tentoxin, whereas the dithiothreitol-activated, Mg2+-dependent ATPase is markedly inhibited. 5. The reconstitution of chloroplasts, partially depleted in CF1, with soluble CF1 is correlated with the loss of tentoxin-induced, Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity associated with soluble CF1."}
{"id": "PMID:151683", "title": "Turnover of hepatic phosphofructokinase in normal and diabetic rats. Role of insulin and peptide stabilizing factor.", "content": "Earlier work demonstrated that the activity of liver phosphofructokinase (PFK-L2) and immunoreactive PFK-L2 were decreased in diabetic rats and increased to normal or super-normal amounts following insulin treatment (Dunaway, G.A., and Weber, G., (1974) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 162, 629-637). This report indicates that the decrease in levels of PFK-L2 in diabetic rats is a result of an accelerated degradation rate while the synthetic rate remains nearly normal. Following insulin treatment, the rate of PFK-L2 synthesis is enhanced 2-fold, whereas the rate of degradation appears to be greatly diminished. An inverse relationship is shown to exist between the PFK-L2 levels and the rates of PFK-L2 degradation, suggesting that the levels of PFK-L2 are primarily regulated by degradation rate. In addition, the levels of the PFK-L2 peptide stabilizing factor are inversely proportional to rates of PFK-L2 degradation. These results indicate that insulin mediates the rate of degradation of PFK-L2 by controlling the level of the peptide stabilizing factor.", "contents": "Turnover of hepatic phosphofructokinase in normal and diabetic rats. Role of insulin and peptide stabilizing factor. Earlier work demonstrated that the activity of liver phosphofructokinase (PFK-L2) and immunoreactive PFK-L2 were decreased in diabetic rats and increased to normal or super-normal amounts following insulin treatment (Dunaway, G.A., and Weber, G., (1974) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 162, 629-637). This report indicates that the decrease in levels of PFK-L2 in diabetic rats is a result of an accelerated degradation rate while the synthetic rate remains nearly normal. Following insulin treatment, the rate of PFK-L2 synthesis is enhanced 2-fold, whereas the rate of degradation appears to be greatly diminished. An inverse relationship is shown to exist between the PFK-L2 levels and the rates of PFK-L2 degradation, suggesting that the levels of PFK-L2 are primarily regulated by degradation rate. In addition, the levels of the PFK-L2 peptide stabilizing factor are inversely proportional to rates of PFK-L2 degradation. These results indicate that insulin mediates the rate of degradation of PFK-L2 by controlling the level of the peptide stabilizing factor."}
{"id": "PMID:151684", "title": "Purification and characterization of DNA-dependent ATPase II from Escherichia coli.", "content": "A new DNA-dependent ATPase was isolated and purified from soluble extracts of Escherichia coli. This enzyme, called ATPase II, has a molecular weight of 86,000 and exists in a monomeric state. It degrades ATP (or dATP) to ADP (or dADP) and Pi in the presence of magnesium and requires a double-stranded polynucleotide as cofactor. A correlation between the efficiency as cofactor and the melting point of the polynucleotide has been found; the lower the melting temperature, the higher the stimulation of ATPase II. The enzyme binds to single-stranded DNA and poly[d(A-T)] copolymer, but not to the double-stranded circular DNA (Form I) of simian virus 40.", "contents": "Purification and characterization of DNA-dependent ATPase II from Escherichia coli. A new DNA-dependent ATPase was isolated and purified from soluble extracts of Escherichia coli. This enzyme, called ATPase II, has a molecular weight of 86,000 and exists in a monomeric state. It degrades ATP (or dATP) to ADP (or dADP) and Pi in the presence of magnesium and requires a double-stranded polynucleotide as cofactor. A correlation between the efficiency as cofactor and the melting point of the polynucleotide has been found; the lower the melting temperature, the higher the stimulation of ATPase II. The enzyme binds to single-stranded DNA and poly[d(A-T)] copolymer, but not to the double-stranded circular DNA (Form I) of simian virus 40."}
{"id": "PMID:151685", "title": "Efrapeptin prevents modification by phenylglyoxal of an essential arginyl residue in mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase.", "content": "Studies of phenylglyoxal incorporation by beef-heart mitochondrial ATPase reveal one fast-reacting arginyl residue/enzyme molecule. Modification of this group proceeds at a rate which parallels the loss of enzymatic activity. Efrapeptin protects the arginyl residue from reaction with phenylglyoxal. The data suggest that efrapeptin binds at the catalytic site and blocks accessibility of an essential arginine at the adenine nucleotide binding site. The detection of a single, fast-reacting, essential arginine on an enzyme with multiple copies of the catalytic subunit, provides further evidence in support of the alternating site mechanism for ATP synthesis proposed by Kayalar et al. (Kayalar, C., Rosing, J., and Boyer, P.D. (1977) J.Biol. Chem. 252, 2486--2491).", "contents": "Efrapeptin prevents modification by phenylglyoxal of an essential arginyl residue in mitochondrial adenosine triphosphatase. Studies of phenylglyoxal incorporation by beef-heart mitochondrial ATPase reveal one fast-reacting arginyl residue/enzyme molecule. Modification of this group proceeds at a rate which parallels the loss of enzymatic activity. Efrapeptin protects the arginyl residue from reaction with phenylglyoxal. The data suggest that efrapeptin binds at the catalytic site and blocks accessibility of an essential arginine at the adenine nucleotide binding site. The detection of a single, fast-reacting, essential arginine on an enzyme with multiple copies of the catalytic subunit, provides further evidence in support of the alternating site mechanism for ATP synthesis proposed by Kayalar et al. (Kayalar, C., Rosing, J., and Boyer, P.D. (1977) J.Biol. Chem. 252, 2486--2491)."}
{"id": "PMID:151687", "title": "Biocompatibility tests of components of an implantable cardiac assist device.", "content": "A permanently implantable in-series left ventricular assist device, the dynamic aortic patch (DAP), has been tested in chronic animal experiments. The DAP replaces a section of the intrathoracic aortic wall. Hemothorax and hematocele at the implantation site have been complications in recent experiments. Primary postoperative hemorrhage was ruled out, and the biocompatibility of all components was therefore examined. Dacron velour, Teflon felt, conductive polyurethane, segmented polyether polyurethane, and Teflon-coated polyester fiber sutures were implanted in the pleural cavities of dogs and tested in vitro by culturing canine saphenous vein explants on them. In vivo experiments demonstrated that all components elicited mild to moderate inflammatory reactions, but hematocele occurred only when the components were implanted in the aorta with direct blood contact and exposed to arterial blood pressures. In vitro, cells were cultured on all components with no signs of toxic reactions. These results indicated that the host tolerated all implant components without major inflammatory responses. However, histological data indicated that chronic slow bleeding into or through the Dacron velour in contact with the arterial blood serum could account for hemothorax or hematocele formation. Therefore, a configuration of the assist device using materials impermeable to blood may obviate these difficulties.", "contents": "Biocompatibility tests of components of an implantable cardiac assist device. A permanently implantable in-series left ventricular assist device, the dynamic aortic patch (DAP), has been tested in chronic animal experiments. The DAP replaces a section of the intrathoracic aortic wall. Hemothorax and hematocele at the implantation site have been complications in recent experiments. Primary postoperative hemorrhage was ruled out, and the biocompatibility of all components was therefore examined. Dacron velour, Teflon felt, conductive polyurethane, segmented polyether polyurethane, and Teflon-coated polyester fiber sutures were implanted in the pleural cavities of dogs and tested in vitro by culturing canine saphenous vein explants on them. In vivo experiments demonstrated that all components elicited mild to moderate inflammatory reactions, but hematocele occurred only when the components were implanted in the aorta with direct blood contact and exposed to arterial blood pressures. In vitro, cells were cultured on all components with no signs of toxic reactions. These results indicated that the host tolerated all implant components without major inflammatory responses. However, histological data indicated that chronic slow bleeding into or through the Dacron velour in contact with the arterial blood serum could account for hemothorax or hematocele formation. Therefore, a configuration of the assist device using materials impermeable to blood may obviate these difficulties."}
{"id": "PMID:151688", "title": "Isolation and characterization of the membrane envelope enclosing the bacteroids in soybean root nodules.", "content": "The membrane envelope enclosing the bacteroids in soybean root nodules is shown by ultrastructural and biochemical studies to be derived from, and to retain the characteristics of, the host cell plasma membrane. During the early stages of the infection process, which occurs through an invagination, Rhizobium becomes surrounded by the host cell wall and plasma membrane, forming the infection thread. The cell wall of the infection thread is degraded by cellulolytic enzyme(s), leaving behind the enclosed plasma membrane, the membrane envelope. Cellulase activity in young nodules increases two- to threefold as compared to uninfected roots, and this activity is localized in the cell wall matrix of the infection threads. Membrane envelopes were isolated by first preparing bacteroids enclosed in the envelopes on a discontinuous sucrose gradient followed by passage through a hypodermic needle, which released the bacteroids from the membranes. This membrane then sedimented at the interface of 34--45% sucrose (mean density of 1.14 g/cm3). Membranes were characterized by phosphotungstic acid (PTA)-chromic acid staining. ATPase activity, and localization, sensitivity to nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. These analyses revealed a close similarity between plasma membrane and the membrane envelope. Incorporation of radioactive amino acids into the membrane envelope proteins was sensitive to cycloheximide, suggesting that the biosynthesis of these proteins is primarily under host-cell control. No immunoreactive material to leghemoglobin antibodies was found inside or associated with the isolated bacteroids enclosed in the membrane envelope, and its location is confined to the host cell cytoplasmic matrix.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of the membrane envelope enclosing the bacteroids in soybean root nodules. The membrane envelope enclosing the bacteroids in soybean root nodules is shown by ultrastructural and biochemical studies to be derived from, and to retain the characteristics of, the host cell plasma membrane. During the early stages of the infection process, which occurs through an invagination, Rhizobium becomes surrounded by the host cell wall and plasma membrane, forming the infection thread. The cell wall of the infection thread is degraded by cellulolytic enzyme(s), leaving behind the enclosed plasma membrane, the membrane envelope. Cellulase activity in young nodules increases two- to threefold as compared to uninfected roots, and this activity is localized in the cell wall matrix of the infection threads. Membrane envelopes were isolated by first preparing bacteroids enclosed in the envelopes on a discontinuous sucrose gradient followed by passage through a hypodermic needle, which released the bacteroids from the membranes. This membrane then sedimented at the interface of 34--45% sucrose (mean density of 1.14 g/cm3). Membranes were characterized by phosphotungstic acid (PTA)-chromic acid staining. ATPase activity, and localization, sensitivity to nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40 (NP-40) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis. These analyses revealed a close similarity between plasma membrane and the membrane envelope. Incorporation of radioactive amino acids into the membrane envelope proteins was sensitive to cycloheximide, suggesting that the biosynthesis of these proteins is primarily under host-cell control. No immunoreactive material to leghemoglobin antibodies was found inside or associated with the isolated bacteroids enclosed in the membrane envelope, and its location is confined to the host cell cytoplasmic matrix."}
{"id": "PMID:151689", "title": "Compositional analysis of growing axons from rat sympathetic neurons.", "content": "We describe culture systems for neurons of an adrenergic autonomic ganglion which: (a) permit cultivation of neurons without supporting cells, (b) permit separate harvest of somal and axonal material, and (c) permit direct access to the neuronal surface. The antimetabolites used to suppress supporting cell growth did not have demonstrable effects on neuronal polypeptide synthesis. Rapid neurite outgrowth, which characterized these cultures, was prevented by colchicine or cycloheximide and resumed promptly after their withdrawal. Axons separated from cell bodies showed no incorporation of label from leucine or fucose, but did exhibit incorporation of glucosamine. The major polypeptides present in this neuron, as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis, are described. No major differences in polypeptide content were observed when soma and axons were compared. Likewise, there were no differences detected in polypeptides synthesized by neurons in suspension or neurons actively extending processes. Analysis of the polypeptides within the neurites after labeling with amino acids indicated transport at a number of different rates; certain of these polypeptides corresponded in size and transport characteristics to polypeptides observed in the rabbit optic nerve after labeling of retinal ganglion cells. Tubulin and actin have been definitively identified in this cell type (18); we found proteins similar in size and proportionate amounts to be among the rapidly transported soluble polypeptides. The prominent polypeptides observed after several methods of surface labeling are described.", "contents": "Compositional analysis of growing axons from rat sympathetic neurons. We describe culture systems for neurons of an adrenergic autonomic ganglion which: (a) permit cultivation of neurons without supporting cells, (b) permit separate harvest of somal and axonal material, and (c) permit direct access to the neuronal surface. The antimetabolites used to suppress supporting cell growth did not have demonstrable effects on neuronal polypeptide synthesis. Rapid neurite outgrowth, which characterized these cultures, was prevented by colchicine or cycloheximide and resumed promptly after their withdrawal. Axons separated from cell bodies showed no incorporation of label from leucine or fucose, but did exhibit incorporation of glucosamine. The major polypeptides present in this neuron, as demonstrated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis, are described. No major differences in polypeptide content were observed when soma and axons were compared. Likewise, there were no differences detected in polypeptides synthesized by neurons in suspension or neurons actively extending processes. Analysis of the polypeptides within the neurites after labeling with amino acids indicated transport at a number of different rates; certain of these polypeptides corresponded in size and transport characteristics to polypeptides observed in the rabbit optic nerve after labeling of retinal ganglion cells. Tubulin and actin have been definitively identified in this cell type (18); we found proteins similar in size and proportionate amounts to be among the rapidly transported soluble polypeptides. The prominent polypeptides observed after several methods of surface labeling are described."}
{"id": "PMID:151690", "title": "Use of type-specific antimyosins to demonstrate the transformation of individual fibers in chronically stimulated rabbit fast muscles.", "content": "Continuous stimulation of a rabbit fast muscle at 10 Hz changes its physiological and biochemical parameters to those of a slow muscle. These transformations include the replacement of myosin of one type by myosin of another type. Two hypotheses could explain the cellular basis of these changes. First, if fibers were permanently programmed to be fast or slow, but not both, a change from one muscle type to another would involve atrophy of one fiber type accompanied by de novo appearance of the other type. Alternatively, preexisting muscle fibers could be changing from the expression of one set of genes to the expression of another. Fluorescein-labeled antibodies against fast (AF) and slow (AS) muscle myosins of rabbits have been prepared by procedures originally applied to chicken muscle. In the unstimulated fast peroneus longus muscle, most fibers stained only with AF; a small percentage stained only with AS; and no fibers stained with both antibodies. In stimulated muscles, most fibers stained with both AF and AS; with increasing time of stimulation, there was a progressive decrease in staining intensity with AF and a progressive increase in staining intensity with AS within the same fibers. These results are consistent with a theory that individual preexisting muscle fibers can actually switch from the synthesis of fast myosin to the synthesis of slow myosin.", "contents": "Use of type-specific antimyosins to demonstrate the transformation of individual fibers in chronically stimulated rabbit fast muscles. Continuous stimulation of a rabbit fast muscle at 10 Hz changes its physiological and biochemical parameters to those of a slow muscle. These transformations include the replacement of myosin of one type by myosin of another type. Two hypotheses could explain the cellular basis of these changes. First, if fibers were permanently programmed to be fast or slow, but not both, a change from one muscle type to another would involve atrophy of one fiber type accompanied by de novo appearance of the other type. Alternatively, preexisting muscle fibers could be changing from the expression of one set of genes to the expression of another. Fluorescein-labeled antibodies against fast (AF) and slow (AS) muscle myosins of rabbits have been prepared by procedures originally applied to chicken muscle. In the unstimulated fast peroneus longus muscle, most fibers stained only with AF; a small percentage stained only with AS; and no fibers stained with both antibodies. In stimulated muscles, most fibers stained with both AF and AS; with increasing time of stimulation, there was a progressive decrease in staining intensity with AF and a progressive increase in staining intensity with AS within the same fibers. These results are consistent with a theory that individual preexisting muscle fibers can actually switch from the synthesis of fast myosin to the synthesis of slow myosin."}
{"id": "PMID:151691", "title": "Studies on the nature of protease-induced growth stimulation in normal and transformed BHK cells.", "content": "In the presence of growth-limiting serum concentrations trypsin displays mitogenic activity on actively-growing but not quiescent BHK cells. These results suggest that BHK cells arrested in G1 (G0) are not sensitive to protease-induced growth stimulation. Previous work strongly suggested that the trypsin active-site is not directly involved in its mitogenic activity on BHK cells. Additional studies on denatured trypsin fragments further indicate that the molecular conformation and size of native trypsin may not be absolutely required for mitogenic activity. Cellular multiplication induced by the addition of fresh serum to quiescent BHK cultures is not inhibited by high concentrations of soybean trypsin inhibitor. Similar to our previous findings with trypsin, it has been further observed that plasmin is not sufficient to initiate the growth of BHK cells in soft agar. Trypsin also fails to enhance the growth of a thermosensitive polyoma-transformed BHK line in soft agar at the restrictive temperature. Finally, the growth of transformed BHK cells in soft agar does not display a requirement for plasminogen and is not inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor. These studies argue against the involvement of plasmin or other exogenous trypsin-like enzymes in the growth and transformation of BHK cells.", "contents": "Studies on the nature of protease-induced growth stimulation in normal and transformed BHK cells. In the presence of growth-limiting serum concentrations trypsin displays mitogenic activity on actively-growing but not quiescent BHK cells. These results suggest that BHK cells arrested in G1 (G0) are not sensitive to protease-induced growth stimulation. Previous work strongly suggested that the trypsin active-site is not directly involved in its mitogenic activity on BHK cells. Additional studies on denatured trypsin fragments further indicate that the molecular conformation and size of native trypsin may not be absolutely required for mitogenic activity. Cellular multiplication induced by the addition of fresh serum to quiescent BHK cultures is not inhibited by high concentrations of soybean trypsin inhibitor. Similar to our previous findings with trypsin, it has been further observed that plasmin is not sufficient to initiate the growth of BHK cells in soft agar. Trypsin also fails to enhance the growth of a thermosensitive polyoma-transformed BHK line in soft agar at the restrictive temperature. Finally, the growth of transformed BHK cells in soft agar does not display a requirement for plasminogen and is not inhibited by soybean trypsin inhibitor. These studies argue against the involvement of plasmin or other exogenous trypsin-like enzymes in the growth and transformation of BHK cells."}
{"id": "PMID:151693", "title": "Ultrastructural basis for the assay of topical acne treatments. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of untreated comedones.", "content": "After two decades of using systemic antibiotics as a main treatment for acne, emphasis is again being placed on topical agents. Thus, it is highly desirable to have a procedure whereby the activity of the various compounds can be evaluated by direct visualization. Scanning electron microscopy combined with transmission electron microscopy provide the tools for such in assay. This study describes the ultrastructure of untreated comedones and provides the baseline or control data necessary for testing topical treatments. Comedones obtained by punch biopsies or comedo extractors were processed for electron microscopy and studied with an ETEC Autoscan Scanning Electron Microscope and with Philips EM 300 and EM 301 Transmission Electron Microscopes. Microorganisms, keratinized cells, sebum, and hairs interact with each other to form the comedonal mass. Corynebacterium acnes and Pityrosporum ovale proliferate abundantly in close association with sebum and penetrate the keratinized cells. Fine structural details of bacteria and yeasts as well as features of host-microbial relationship have been elucidated.", "contents": "Ultrastructural basis for the assay of topical acne treatments. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of untreated comedones. After two decades of using systemic antibiotics as a main treatment for acne, emphasis is again being placed on topical agents. Thus, it is highly desirable to have a procedure whereby the activity of the various compounds can be evaluated by direct visualization. Scanning electron microscopy combined with transmission electron microscopy provide the tools for such in assay. This study describes the ultrastructure of untreated comedones and provides the baseline or control data necessary for testing topical treatments. Comedones obtained by punch biopsies or comedo extractors were processed for electron microscopy and studied with an ETEC Autoscan Scanning Electron Microscope and with Philips EM 300 and EM 301 Transmission Electron Microscopes. Microorganisms, keratinized cells, sebum, and hairs interact with each other to form the comedonal mass. Corynebacterium acnes and Pityrosporum ovale proliferate abundantly in close association with sebum and penetrate the keratinized cells. Fine structural details of bacteria and yeasts as well as features of host-microbial relationship have been elucidated."}
{"id": "PMID:151698", "title": "Dermabrasion by diamond fraises revolving at 85,000 revolutions per minute.", "content": "Use of a high-speed, air-driven turbo-grinder equipped with diamond fraises that revolve at 85,000 revolutions per minute has improved results in dermabrasions on the face by, it is estimated, 50%. Dermabrasions have been done with this turbo-grinder for scarring from acne, actinic damage, syringomata, lesions of adenoma sebaceum and some other facial conditions. The rapid evaporation, nonimflammability, nonnarcotic, and excellent freezing properties of Freon 12 eliminate the necessity for auxiliary cooling fans. It is thought too that the incidence of secondary infections and keloids have been decreased by use of an ointment of erythromycin (1%) topically during the healing period.", "contents": "Dermabrasion by diamond fraises revolving at 85,000 revolutions per minute. Use of a high-speed, air-driven turbo-grinder equipped with diamond fraises that revolve at 85,000 revolutions per minute has improved results in dermabrasions on the face by, it is estimated, 50%. Dermabrasions have been done with this turbo-grinder for scarring from acne, actinic damage, syringomata, lesions of adenoma sebaceum and some other facial conditions. The rapid evaporation, nonimflammability, nonnarcotic, and excellent freezing properties of Freon 12 eliminate the necessity for auxiliary cooling fans. It is thought too that the incidence of secondary infections and keloids have been decreased by use of an ointment of erythromycin (1%) topically during the healing period."}
{"id": "PMID:151700", "title": "A survey of the visual and developmental-perceptual abilities of the Down's syndrome child.", "content": "This pilot project was designed to survey the visual and developmental-perceptual abilities and capabilities of the Down's syndrome child. Considering the frequency of Down's syndrome in the general population, there has been a paucity of work done in this area. Each child was given a complete visual evaluation using standard pediatric techniques and careful objective observations of performance. Subjective techniques were used whenever possible, however, subjective testing could not be used on many of the subjects due to problems concerning their overall comprehension of the task and their ability to converse, as many infants were included in this study. All subjects were also given a developmental-visual examination which is composed of tests with readily available normative data, so that subjects could be compared to each other and to normal children.", "contents": "A survey of the visual and developmental-perceptual abilities of the Down's syndrome child. This pilot project was designed to survey the visual and developmental-perceptual abilities and capabilities of the Down's syndrome child. Considering the frequency of Down's syndrome in the general population, there has been a paucity of work done in this area. Each child was given a complete visual evaluation using standard pediatric techniques and careful objective observations of performance. Subjective techniques were used whenever possible, however, subjective testing could not be used on many of the subjects due to problems concerning their overall comprehension of the task and their ability to converse, as many infants were included in this study. All subjects were also given a developmental-visual examination which is composed of tests with readily available normative data, so that subjects could be compared to each other and to normal children."}
{"id": "PMID:151702", "title": "[Ocular symptoms in pituitary adenomas (author's transl)].", "content": "The study of 85 patients suffering from pituitary adenoma, amongst which 56 with a visual failure, allowed to show: 1) The importance of the functional loss a revealing sign of the disease (50% cases). 2) The importance of the ophthalmological examination as a diagnostic argument. The latter, however, needs an extremely methodical examination of the visual fields. The combinated use of the Goldman Perimeter, and the Amsler schemes gave us satisfactory results: 87.5% of patent bitemporal hemianopsiae. It has been useful, in several cases to enhance these methodes by using coloured indexes. All of the patients underwent surgery, with complementary radiotherapy. The functional recovery quality has been shown, in the majority of the cases, to be proportionnal to the operation precocity in relation to the first functional symptoms.", "contents": "[Ocular symptoms in pituitary adenomas (author's transl)]. The study of 85 patients suffering from pituitary adenoma, amongst which 56 with a visual failure, allowed to show: 1) The importance of the functional loss a revealing sign of the disease (50% cases). 2) The importance of the ophthalmological examination as a diagnostic argument. The latter, however, needs an extremely methodical examination of the visual fields. The combinated use of the Goldman Perimeter, and the Amsler schemes gave us satisfactory results: 87.5% of patent bitemporal hemianopsiae. It has been useful, in several cases to enhance these methodes by using coloured indexes. All of the patients underwent surgery, with complementary radiotherapy. The functional recovery quality has been shown, in the majority of the cases, to be proportionnal to the operation precocity in relation to the first functional symptoms."}
{"id": "PMID:151703", "title": "[Prolapse of the iris through spontaneous perforation of the cornea and pathological costal fracture after cortisone therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)].", "content": "A case of spontaneous corneal ulcer with iris prolapse is reported in a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. The concomitant presence of a pathological costal fracture, recognised to be steroid nature, suggests a correlation between the corneal manifestations and the corticosteroid therapy to be established.", "contents": "[Prolapse of the iris through spontaneous perforation of the cornea and pathological costal fracture after cortisone therapy for rheumatoid arthritis (author's transl)]. A case of spontaneous corneal ulcer with iris prolapse is reported in a patient suffering from rheumatoid arthritis. The concomitant presence of a pathological costal fracture, recognised to be steroid nature, suggests a correlation between the corneal manifestations and the corticosteroid therapy to be established."}
{"id": "PMID:151704", "title": "[Bilateral hereditary corneal dermoid (author's transl)].", "content": "The opportunity to follow the descendants of a family carrying the defect of a bilateral corneal lesion already described in the literature has led the authors to recommend surgical treatment and the lesions have been studied by light and electron microscopy. The two diagnoses are discussed: scleocornea and dermoid. They retain the latter diagnosis and give their reasons.", "contents": "[Bilateral hereditary corneal dermoid (author's transl)]. The opportunity to follow the descendants of a family carrying the defect of a bilateral corneal lesion already described in the literature has led the authors to recommend surgical treatment and the lesions have been studied by light and electron microscopy. The two diagnoses are discussed: scleocornea and dermoid. They retain the latter diagnosis and give their reasons."}
{"id": "PMID:151705", "title": "[Actual treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit in children (author's transl)].", "content": "Among malignant tumor of the orbit in children, rhabdomyosarcoma remains the most frequent; it should be suspected on any unilateral exophthalmia. Twenty cases have been treated in the \"Institut Gustave Roussy\" (1960--1975). It can be shown with polychimiotherapy and a better coordination in timing of the other therapies, the survival rate improved clearly. In addition, since 1972 more localized forms have been treated. In the future, the survival rate is supposed to improve yet, if the diagnosis is made earlier. In such conditions a recovery with few inconveniences may be expected. Exenteration is an important mutilation and do not supply a better protection. A secondary inucleation due to complications of radio-therapy is not an exception. However a prothesis will be possible later.", "contents": "[Actual treatment of rhabdomyosarcoma of the orbit in children (author's transl)]. Among malignant tumor of the orbit in children, rhabdomyosarcoma remains the most frequent; it should be suspected on any unilateral exophthalmia. Twenty cases have been treated in the \"Institut Gustave Roussy\" (1960--1975). It can be shown with polychimiotherapy and a better coordination in timing of the other therapies, the survival rate improved clearly. In addition, since 1972 more localized forms have been treated. In the future, the survival rate is supposed to improve yet, if the diagnosis is made earlier. In such conditions a recovery with few inconveniences may be expected. Exenteration is an important mutilation and do not supply a better protection. A secondary inucleation due to complications of radio-therapy is not an exception. However a prothesis will be possible later."}
{"id": "PMID:151706", "title": "[Macular dystrophy in menkes disease. Histological ocular study (author's transl)].", "content": "Pathological ocular study of a boy presenting Menkes disease and died at age 5 months showed rarefaction of outer nuclear layer and degenerative visual cells' outer segments in macular area.", "contents": "[Macular dystrophy in menkes disease. Histological ocular study (author's transl)]. Pathological ocular study of a boy presenting Menkes disease and died at age 5 months showed rarefaction of outer nuclear layer and degenerative visual cells' outer segments in macular area."}
{"id": "PMID:151707", "title": "[Orbital sarcoidosis (author's transl)].", "content": "In case of an isolated orbital tumour, which evolves rapidly in a patient, whom general condition is good and who shows no other signs, the possibility of a sarcoidosis must be considered. The diagnosis will be confirmed by a biopsy and often by a tomography of the pulmonary hila, a radiography of the hands and feet as well as by the efficacity of the corticosteroid treatment.", "contents": "[Orbital sarcoidosis (author's transl)]. In case of an isolated orbital tumour, which evolves rapidly in a patient, whom general condition is good and who shows no other signs, the possibility of a sarcoidosis must be considered. The diagnosis will be confirmed by a biopsy and often by a tomography of the pulmonary hila, a radiography of the hands and feet as well as by the efficacity of the corticosteroid treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:151713", "title": "\"Tie-in\" trapezium prosthesis: Long-term results.", "content": "Seventeen of 20 thumbs treated with a silicone-Dacron trapezium replacement arthroplasty for disabling rheumatoid and osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb were reviewed. Patients were uniformly satisfied with the results. Relief of pain was achieved in all but three patients. The latter required excision for tissue reaction to the implant. (Histological findings are reported in these cases.) Motion and stability were satisfactory but not normal. Postoperative subluxation occurred in six cases. Wear and bone erosion were present in two cases after operation.", "contents": "\"Tie-in\" trapezium prosthesis: Long-term results. Seventeen of 20 thumbs treated with a silicone-Dacron trapezium replacement arthroplasty for disabling rheumatoid and osteoarthritis at the base of the thumb were reviewed. Patients were uniformly satisfied with the results. Relief of pain was achieved in all but three patients. The latter required excision for tissue reaction to the implant. (Histological findings are reported in these cases.) Motion and stability were satisfactory but not normal. Postoperative subluxation occurred in six cases. Wear and bone erosion were present in two cases after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:151715", "title": "Impairment of host vs graft reaction in pregnant mice. I. Suppression of cytotoxic T cell generation in lymph nodes draining the uterus.", "content": "The fetus resulting from an allogenic (interstrain) mating represents a type of graft that is not rejected by the mother. Nevertheless, the maternal immune system seems to recognize and to react to the presence of the fetus in a number of ways. One such manifestation is significant enlargement of the lymph nodes that drain the uterus (DLN) of pregnant rodents. We have tested the DLN lymphocytes of mice for reactivity to paternal H-2 alloantigens after interstrain mating. The DLN lymphoid cells obtained from pregnant mice killed fewer newborn F1 recipients in a graft-vs-host mortality assay, and generated less cytotoxic T cell activity against paternal H-2 antigens both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro mixing experiments demonstrated the presence of a cell-associated suppressor activity in the DLN of pregnant mice. This suppressor proved resistant to treatment with mitomycin C, and appeared in the DLN early in pregnancy.", "contents": "Impairment of host vs graft reaction in pregnant mice. I. Suppression of cytotoxic T cell generation in lymph nodes draining the uterus. The fetus resulting from an allogenic (interstrain) mating represents a type of graft that is not rejected by the mother. Nevertheless, the maternal immune system seems to recognize and to react to the presence of the fetus in a number of ways. One such manifestation is significant enlargement of the lymph nodes that drain the uterus (DLN) of pregnant rodents. We have tested the DLN lymphocytes of mice for reactivity to paternal H-2 alloantigens after interstrain mating. The DLN lymphoid cells obtained from pregnant mice killed fewer newborn F1 recipients in a graft-vs-host mortality assay, and generated less cytotoxic T cell activity against paternal H-2 antigens both in vivo and in vitro. In vitro mixing experiments demonstrated the presence of a cell-associated suppressor activity in the DLN of pregnant mice. This suppressor proved resistant to treatment with mitomycin C, and appeared in the DLN early in pregnancy."}
{"id": "PMID:151716", "title": "In vitro growth of cytotoxic human lymphocytes. I. Growth of cells sensitized in vitro to alloantigens.", "content": "Human lymphocytes sensitized to allogeneic determinants in vitro were continuously cultured on medium prepared from phytohemagglutinin-(PHA-P) stimulated human mixed lymphocyte cultures. With such human-conditioned medium (HCM), human peripheral lymphoid cells could be grown in culture for over 90 days with a doulbing time of about 54 hr. Cytotoxic lymphocytes could be grown in culture for this time with no loss of cytotoxicity or change in cytotoxic specificity.", "contents": "In vitro growth of cytotoxic human lymphocytes. I. Growth of cells sensitized in vitro to alloantigens. Human lymphocytes sensitized to allogeneic determinants in vitro were continuously cultured on medium prepared from phytohemagglutinin-(PHA-P) stimulated human mixed lymphocyte cultures. With such human-conditioned medium (HCM), human peripheral lymphoid cells could be grown in culture for over 90 days with a doulbing time of about 54 hr. Cytotoxic lymphocytes could be grown in culture for this time with no loss of cytotoxicity or change in cytotoxic specificity."}
{"id": "PMID:151717", "title": "Effects of penicillamine and hydroxyquinoline on absorption of orally ingested 65zinc in the rat.", "content": "The influence of high doses of 2 chelating agents, D-penicillamine and iodochlorohydroxyquin, on the metabolism of orally ingested 65 Zn was studied on rats by means of whole body counting assay technique. Both drugs were found to increase zinc absorption in a dose-dependent way to values significantly above those of the untreated control group. At identical doses D-penicillamine had a significantly stronger enhancing effect than the 8-hydroxyquinoline derivate, except for the highest dosage which was 100 mg daily. The turnover of the absorbed 65Zn fraction was followed during the time of observation which was 11 days. The elimination rate was practically identical in all experimental groups, except for the 100 mg D-penicillamine group in which the biological half-life of 65Zn was significantly decreased as compared to the control group.", "contents": "Effects of penicillamine and hydroxyquinoline on absorption of orally ingested 65zinc in the rat. The influence of high doses of 2 chelating agents, D-penicillamine and iodochlorohydroxyquin, on the metabolism of orally ingested 65 Zn was studied on rats by means of whole body counting assay technique. Both drugs were found to increase zinc absorption in a dose-dependent way to values significantly above those of the untreated control group. At identical doses D-penicillamine had a significantly stronger enhancing effect than the 8-hydroxyquinoline derivate, except for the highest dosage which was 100 mg daily. The turnover of the absorbed 65Zn fraction was followed during the time of observation which was 11 days. The elimination rate was practically identical in all experimental groups, except for the 100 mg D-penicillamine group in which the biological half-life of 65Zn was significantly decreased as compared to the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:151718", "title": "The phage adsorption test: a simple method for differentiation between staphylococci and micrococci.", "content": "A simple phage adsorption test is recommended for differentiation between staphylococci and micrococci. All 132 strains of Staphylococcus tested inactivated phage U16 significantly, whereas of 123 strains of Micrococcus tested, only three strains of Micrococcus candicans were able to adsorb this staphylococcal phage. There are special problems in the taxonomy of M. candicans.", "contents": "The phage adsorption test: a simple method for differentiation between staphylococci and micrococci. A simple phage adsorption test is recommended for differentiation between staphylococci and micrococci. All 132 strains of Staphylococcus tested inactivated phage U16 significantly, whereas of 123 strains of Micrococcus tested, only three strains of Micrococcus candicans were able to adsorb this staphylococcal phage. There are special problems in the taxonomy of M. candicans."}
{"id": "PMID:151722", "title": "Nonproducer malignant tumor cells with rescuable sarcoma virus genome isolated from a recurrent Moloney sarcoma.", "content": "Cells from a secondary tumor developing at the site of a regressed Moloney sarcoma virus-induced tumor could be passaged in adult STU mice by intramuscular and intraperitoneal inoculation. The tumors induced by these cells, as well as by a cell line derived from it, grew progressively and led to death of the animals between 3 and 7 wk after tumor transplantation. No evidence for production of virus from these cells was obtained or for the presence of viral antigens (p30, gp69/71). From both cell variants, sarcoma virus genome could be rescued by infection with helper virus, resulting in the establishment of a cell line producing focus- and XC plaque-forming virus. The rescued producer cells very frequently also produced tumors which finally grew progressively. The nonproducer cells were not immunogenic, as was demonstrated in cross transplantation tests and in studies for cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and complement-dependent antibody-mediated cytotoxicity (AMC). The producer cells, however, were demonstrated to possess a strong immunogenicity. The nonproducer cells, though nonimmunogenic, revealed a weak immunosensitivity when used for challenge in the transplantation protection assay or as target cell for the demonstration of AMC and CMC, if the immune response was induced by cells producing the sarcoma-helper virus complex, but not by cells producing only helper virus. The nonproducer cells, as well as their rescued producer derivative, showed a stronger reactivity with cytotoxic antibodies than with cytotoxic cells, whereas the helper virus-producing cell line was comparably suitable as target cell for AMC and CMC. The recurrence of a regressed Moloney sarcoma is assumed to be the result of the occurrence of transformed nonproducer cells escaping immune destruction, and not as a consequence of a depleted immune resistance in the host.", "contents": "Nonproducer malignant tumor cells with rescuable sarcoma virus genome isolated from a recurrent Moloney sarcoma. Cells from a secondary tumor developing at the site of a regressed Moloney sarcoma virus-induced tumor could be passaged in adult STU mice by intramuscular and intraperitoneal inoculation. The tumors induced by these cells, as well as by a cell line derived from it, grew progressively and led to death of the animals between 3 and 7 wk after tumor transplantation. No evidence for production of virus from these cells was obtained or for the presence of viral antigens (p30, gp69/71). From both cell variants, sarcoma virus genome could be rescued by infection with helper virus, resulting in the establishment of a cell line producing focus- and XC plaque-forming virus. The rescued producer cells very frequently also produced tumors which finally grew progressively. The nonproducer cells were not immunogenic, as was demonstrated in cross transplantation tests and in studies for cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) and complement-dependent antibody-mediated cytotoxicity (AMC). The producer cells, however, were demonstrated to possess a strong immunogenicity. The nonproducer cells, though nonimmunogenic, revealed a weak immunosensitivity when used for challenge in the transplantation protection assay or as target cell for the demonstration of AMC and CMC, if the immune response was induced by cells producing the sarcoma-helper virus complex, but not by cells producing only helper virus. The nonproducer cells, as well as their rescued producer derivative, showed a stronger reactivity with cytotoxic antibodies than with cytotoxic cells, whereas the helper virus-producing cell line was comparably suitable as target cell for AMC and CMC. The recurrence of a regressed Moloney sarcoma is assumed to be the result of the occurrence of transformed nonproducer cells escaping immune destruction, and not as a consequence of a depleted immune resistance in the host."}
{"id": "PMID:151731", "title": "Characteristics of Ca2+- and Mg2+-induced tension development in chemically skinned smooth muscle fibers.", "content": "Chemically skinned fibers from guinea pig taenia caecum were prepared by saponin treatment to study the smooth muscle contractile system in a state as close to the living state as posible. The skinned fibers showed tension development with an increase of Ca2+ in the solution, the threshold tension occurring as 5 X 10(-7) M Ca2+. The maximal tension induced with 10(-4) M Ca2+ was as large and rapid as the potassium-induced contracture in the intact fibers. The slope of the pCa tension curve was less steep than that of skeletal muscle fibers and shifted in the direction of lower pCa with an increase of MgATP. The presence of greater than 1 mM Mg2+ was required for Ca2+-induced contraction in the skinned fibers as well as for the activation of ATPase and superprecipitation in smooth muscle myosin B. Mg2+ above 2 mM caused a slow tension development by itself in the absence of Ca2+. Such a Mg2+-induced tension showed a linear relation to concentrations up to 8 mM in the presence of MgATP. Increase of MgATP concentration revealed a monophasic response without inhibition of Ca2+-induced tension development, unlike the biphasic response in striated muscle. When MgATP was removed from the relaxing solution, the tension developed slowly and slightly, even though the Mg2+ concentrations was fixed at 2 mM. These results suggest a substantial difference in the mode of actin-myosin interaction between smooth and skeletal muscle.", "contents": "Characteristics of Ca2+- and Mg2+-induced tension development in chemically skinned smooth muscle fibers. Chemically skinned fibers from guinea pig taenia caecum were prepared by saponin treatment to study the smooth muscle contractile system in a state as close to the living state as posible. The skinned fibers showed tension development with an increase of Ca2+ in the solution, the threshold tension occurring as 5 X 10(-7) M Ca2+. The maximal tension induced with 10(-4) M Ca2+ was as large and rapid as the potassium-induced contracture in the intact fibers. The slope of the pCa tension curve was less steep than that of skeletal muscle fibers and shifted in the direction of lower pCa with an increase of MgATP. The presence of greater than 1 mM Mg2+ was required for Ca2+-induced contraction in the skinned fibers as well as for the activation of ATPase and superprecipitation in smooth muscle myosin B. Mg2+ above 2 mM caused a slow tension development by itself in the absence of Ca2+. Such a Mg2+-induced tension showed a linear relation to concentrations up to 8 mM in the presence of MgATP. Increase of MgATP concentration revealed a monophasic response without inhibition of Ca2+-induced tension development, unlike the biphasic response in striated muscle. When MgATP was removed from the relaxing solution, the tension developed slowly and slightly, even though the Mg2+ concentrations was fixed at 2 mM. These results suggest a substantial difference in the mode of actin-myosin interaction between smooth and skeletal muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:151734", "title": "Hereditary optic atrophy with probable association with a specific HLA haplotype.", "content": "A family with hereditary optic atrophy in 4 members of 3 generations is described. The clinical findings differ from those previously observed in hereditary optic atrophy and in Leber's disease, indicating that the hereditary optic atrophy described in this report represents a new disease entity, which is inherited in an autosomal, dominant way with incomplete penetrance. Analyses of the cerebrospinal fluid and serum did not reveal signs of immunoglobulin synthesis within the central nervous system, i.e. findings encountered in a considerable proportion of patients with optic neuritis. An association was found between the family members affected by the disease and the major histocompatibility system haplotype A2 B8. A linkage thus occurred between the disease and the HLA region on human chromosome No. 6.", "contents": "Hereditary optic atrophy with probable association with a specific HLA haplotype. A family with hereditary optic atrophy in 4 members of 3 generations is described. The clinical findings differ from those previously observed in hereditary optic atrophy and in Leber's disease, indicating that the hereditary optic atrophy described in this report represents a new disease entity, which is inherited in an autosomal, dominant way with incomplete penetrance. Analyses of the cerebrospinal fluid and serum did not reveal signs of immunoglobulin synthesis within the central nervous system, i.e. findings encountered in a considerable proportion of patients with optic neuritis. An association was found between the family members affected by the disease and the major histocompatibility system haplotype A2 B8. A linkage thus occurred between the disease and the HLA region on human chromosome No. 6."}
{"id": "PMID:151736", "title": "Simultaneous determination of niacin, niacinamide, pyridoxine, thiamine, and riboflavin in multivitamin blends by ion-pair high-pressure liquid chromatography.", "content": "A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous determination of niacin, niacinamide, pyridoxine, thiamine, and riboflavin was developed and applied to the analysis of multivitamin blends for these water-soluble vitamins. Reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography, using sodium hexanesulfonate as the counterion, was employed. Analysis time is shortened considerably and precision is improved by the application of this analytical technique as compared to the current official methods of analysis. Involved sample pretreatment is not required.", "contents": "Simultaneous determination of niacin, niacinamide, pyridoxine, thiamine, and riboflavin in multivitamin blends by ion-pair high-pressure liquid chromatography. A high-pressure liquid chromatographic procedure for the simultaneous determination of niacin, niacinamide, pyridoxine, thiamine, and riboflavin was developed and applied to the analysis of multivitamin blends for these water-soluble vitamins. Reversed-phase ion-pair chromatography, using sodium hexanesulfonate as the counterion, was employed. Analysis time is shortened considerably and precision is improved by the application of this analytical technique as compared to the current official methods of analysis. Involved sample pretreatment is not required."}
{"id": "PMID:151737", "title": "Endotoxin fever in the new-born guinea-pig and the modulating effects of indomethacin and p-chlorophenylalanine.", "content": "1. At 30 degrees C ambient temperature E. coli endotoxin injected into the cerebral ventricles evokes a febrile response in 0-3 day-old guinea-pigs. If the dose is sufficiently high, the fever is biphasic: two rising phases separated by a transient fall.2. At 20 degrees C ambient temperature the change in body temperature after the endotoxin is still biphasic, but the transient fall is more pronounced and, finally, hypothermia develops. The relatively large surface area of the new-born cannot explain, by itself, the hypothermia.3. The phasic changes in body temperature following endotoxin administration are unlikely to be mediated by a single central factor, and a sequence of several factors could be postulated.4. Indomethacin prevents the first-phase febrile rise in body temperature, and also the consequent fall, but not the second-phase rise.5. p-Chlorophenylalanine pre-treatment prevents the transient fall only, it slightly increases the first-phase rise and does not influence the second-phase rise.6. Prostaglandins and/or other derivatives of endogenous arachidonic acid in the brain might be responsible for the first rising phase of the endotoxin fever, and might also initiate a central serotonergic mechanism which, in turn, could lead to the transient falling phase between the two rising phases of fever. The mechanism of the second-phase febrile rise in body temperature awaits some other explanation.", "contents": "Endotoxin fever in the new-born guinea-pig and the modulating effects of indomethacin and p-chlorophenylalanine. 1. At 30 degrees C ambient temperature E. coli endotoxin injected into the cerebral ventricles evokes a febrile response in 0-3 day-old guinea-pigs. If the dose is sufficiently high, the fever is biphasic: two rising phases separated by a transient fall.2. At 20 degrees C ambient temperature the change in body temperature after the endotoxin is still biphasic, but the transient fall is more pronounced and, finally, hypothermia develops. The relatively large surface area of the new-born cannot explain, by itself, the hypothermia.3. The phasic changes in body temperature following endotoxin administration are unlikely to be mediated by a single central factor, and a sequence of several factors could be postulated.4. Indomethacin prevents the first-phase febrile rise in body temperature, and also the consequent fall, but not the second-phase rise.5. p-Chlorophenylalanine pre-treatment prevents the transient fall only, it slightly increases the first-phase rise and does not influence the second-phase rise.6. Prostaglandins and/or other derivatives of endogenous arachidonic acid in the brain might be responsible for the first rising phase of the endotoxin fever, and might also initiate a central serotonergic mechanism which, in turn, could lead to the transient falling phase between the two rising phases of fever. The mechanism of the second-phase febrile rise in body temperature awaits some other explanation."}
{"id": "PMID:151750", "title": "Advantages of cryopreserved lymphocytes for sequential evaluation of human immune competence. II. Mixed lymphocyte cultures and mononuclear cell subpopulations.", "content": "Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from normal volunteer donors over a 2-week period. One-way or two-way mixed lymphocyte reactions, percentages of T-cells and B-cells, and percentages of monocytes were quantitated on both fresh and cryopreserved lymphocytes. These comparisons revealed that the measurement of mixed leukocyte reactions, fractions of E-rosettes and EA rosettes, and the fraction of esterase-staining cells were not altered by cryopreservation and storage at -196 degrees C up to 1 year. Cryopreserved reference lymphocytes provided a stable standard for use as stimulating cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures and could be irradiated or treated with mitomycin C prior to being frozen, without alteration of their function as stimulator cells. Cryopreserved cells thus appeared to be utilizable in the sequential measurement of the immune competence of humans.", "contents": "Advantages of cryopreserved lymphocytes for sequential evaluation of human immune competence. II. Mixed lymphocyte cultures and mononuclear cell subpopulations. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were obtained from normal volunteer donors over a 2-week period. One-way or two-way mixed lymphocyte reactions, percentages of T-cells and B-cells, and percentages of monocytes were quantitated on both fresh and cryopreserved lymphocytes. These comparisons revealed that the measurement of mixed leukocyte reactions, fractions of E-rosettes and EA rosettes, and the fraction of esterase-staining cells were not altered by cryopreservation and storage at -196 degrees C up to 1 year. Cryopreserved reference lymphocytes provided a stable standard for use as stimulating cells in mixed lymphocyte cultures and could be irradiated or treated with mitomycin C prior to being frozen, without alteration of their function as stimulator cells. Cryopreserved cells thus appeared to be utilizable in the sequential measurement of the immune competence of humans."}
{"id": "PMID:151751", "title": "Multiple myeloma: an immunologic profile. II. Bone marrow studies.", "content": "Bone marrow mononuclear cell populations were studied in 35 patients without myeloma, 39 patients with multiple myeloma, and 15 patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy. Bone marrow mononuclear cell receptors, responses to mitogens or allogeneic stimuli, and suppressive effects on in vitro peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) function were studied. In bone marrow cell populations from patients with untreated multiple myeloma, the percent of complement receptor-bearing cells and the pokeweed mitogen- and concanavalin A-stimulated responses were significantly greater than were those in bone marrow cell populations from patients without myeloma. Sheep red blood cell receptor-bearing cells were significantly greater in marrow populations from treated multiple myeloma patients compared to those from untreated multiple myeloma patients. Sheep red blood cell receptor-bearing cells from the bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients suppressed responses of the multiple myeloma patients' PBL's to autologous mitomycin C-treated bone marrow plasma cells and to allogeneic stimuli in one-way mixed leukocyte culture. Complement receptor-bearing cells suppressed the response to pokeweed mitogen. The presence of lymphocytes in the marrow compartment that are capable of suppressing the response of myeloma patients' PBL's to plasma cell antigens may be significant in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma.", "contents": "Multiple myeloma: an immunologic profile. II. Bone marrow studies. Bone marrow mononuclear cell populations were studied in 35 patients without myeloma, 39 patients with multiple myeloma, and 15 patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy. Bone marrow mononuclear cell receptors, responses to mitogens or allogeneic stimuli, and suppressive effects on in vitro peripheral blood lymphocyte (PBL) function were studied. In bone marrow cell populations from patients with untreated multiple myeloma, the percent of complement receptor-bearing cells and the pokeweed mitogen- and concanavalin A-stimulated responses were significantly greater than were those in bone marrow cell populations from patients without myeloma. Sheep red blood cell receptor-bearing cells were significantly greater in marrow populations from treated multiple myeloma patients compared to those from untreated multiple myeloma patients. Sheep red blood cell receptor-bearing cells from the bone marrow of multiple myeloma patients suppressed responses of the multiple myeloma patients' PBL's to autologous mitomycin C-treated bone marrow plasma cells and to allogeneic stimuli in one-way mixed leukocyte culture. Complement receptor-bearing cells suppressed the response to pokeweed mitogen. The presence of lymphocytes in the marrow compartment that are capable of suppressing the response of myeloma patients' PBL's to plasma cell antigens may be significant in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma."}
{"id": "PMID:151752", "title": "Down's syndrome and thyroid dysfunction.", "content": "A child with Down's syndrome (DS) and associated hyperthyroidism is described and studies pertinent to DS and thyroid function are discussed. A majority of data supports a hypothesis of immunological abnormalities in DS, with resultant thyroid dysfunction. It is puzzling that overt disease is not more common in DS, since the incidence of thyroid autoantibodies is high and autoimmunity and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are often associated with clinical thyroid disease. A physician who cares for children should consider thyroid disease in any child with DS who manifests a single compatible symptom. Palpation of the thyroid gland is essential during each physical examination.", "contents": "Down's syndrome and thyroid dysfunction. A child with Down's syndrome (DS) and associated hyperthyroidism is described and studies pertinent to DS and thyroid function are discussed. A majority of data supports a hypothesis of immunological abnormalities in DS, with resultant thyroid dysfunction. It is puzzling that overt disease is not more common in DS, since the incidence of thyroid autoantibodies is high and autoimmunity and Hashimoto's thyroiditis are often associated with clinical thyroid disease. A physician who cares for children should consider thyroid disease in any child with DS who manifests a single compatible symptom. Palpation of the thyroid gland is essential during each physical examination."}
{"id": "PMID:151753", "title": "Studies of the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in myocardial infarction.", "content": "1. Influence of ischemia on the biochemical properties of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was studied in the experimental myocardial infarction in the dog. 2. Ca2+ -uptake rate of SR decreased at around 90 minutes after coronary occlusion. This reduction was roughly in parallel with the reduction in the Ca+ -Mg2+ -stimulated ATPase activity. However, Ca2+ -binding rate of SR was kept within the range of that of the non-infarcted tissue through the time course of myocardial infarction. 3. Ca2+ -Mg2+ -stimulated ATPase activity decreased at around 3 hours after coronary occlusion to about 50% of that of the non-infarcted portion. 4. In SDS gel electrophoresis, the protein band with the largest molecular weight among three major components decreased at 3 hours after coronary occlusion, which is suggestive of ATPase. At 48 hours after coronary occlusion, the protein with the smallest molecular weight in the major proteins also decreased. 5. Ca2+ -uptake rate, Ca2+ -Mg2+ -stimulated ATPase activity and the substructural changes return to the normal level and pattern at around 28 days after coronary occlusion.", "contents": "Studies of the cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum in myocardial infarction. 1. Influence of ischemia on the biochemical properties of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) was studied in the experimental myocardial infarction in the dog. 2. Ca2+ -uptake rate of SR decreased at around 90 minutes after coronary occlusion. This reduction was roughly in parallel with the reduction in the Ca+ -Mg2+ -stimulated ATPase activity. However, Ca2+ -binding rate of SR was kept within the range of that of the non-infarcted tissue through the time course of myocardial infarction. 3. Ca2+ -Mg2+ -stimulated ATPase activity decreased at around 3 hours after coronary occlusion to about 50% of that of the non-infarcted portion. 4. In SDS gel electrophoresis, the protein band with the largest molecular weight among three major components decreased at 3 hours after coronary occlusion, which is suggestive of ATPase. At 48 hours after coronary occlusion, the protein with the smallest molecular weight in the major proteins also decreased. 5. Ca2+ -uptake rate, Ca2+ -Mg2+ -stimulated ATPase activity and the substructural changes return to the normal level and pattern at around 28 days after coronary occlusion."}
{"id": "PMID:151755", "title": "Interaction between noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms on the central regulation of blood pressure in the rat: a study using experimental central hypertension produced by chemical lesions of the locus coeruleus.", "content": "The interaction between noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms on the central regulation of blood pressure in the rat was studied, using central experimental hypertension produced by chemical lesions of the locus coeruleus (LC) with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The hypertension (LC-hypertension) was blocked by pretreatment with 6-OHDA intraventricularlly administered and also with desipramine. An increase of serotonin (5-HT) turnover in the cortex and especially in the spinal cord was revealed in the hypertension. Intraperitoneally administered para-chlorophenylalanine elevated blood pressure and reduced 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid content in the cortex and especially in the spinal cord, indicating a decrease 5-HT turnover. Intraventricularlly administered 5, 6-dihydroxytryptamine (5, 6-DHT) resulted in only bradycardia but not an elevation in blood pressure and did not block the development of LC hypertension, and lowered 5-HT content in the cortex and especially in the spinal cord. Intraspinally administrated 5, 6-DHT evoked mild but significant elevation in blood pressure but not in heart rate, and lowered 5-HT content only in the spinal cord. Furthermore, the disappearance of the LC was histologically observed in the rats with LC hypertension. The results of these experiments demonstrate that (1) LC hypertension is probably due to a specific lesion of the LC with 6-OHDA, (2) LC hypertension is accompanied by an increase of 5-HT turnover in the cortex and especially in the spinal cord, which may participate in a depressor function in LC hypertension, (3) ablation of bulbospinal serotonergic neurons produce mild elevation in blood pressure. (4) the balance between the activity of central noradrenerfic and serotonergic neurons may play a role in maintaining normotension, and their unbalance may induce hypertension.", "contents": "Interaction between noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms on the central regulation of blood pressure in the rat: a study using experimental central hypertension produced by chemical lesions of the locus coeruleus. The interaction between noradrenergic and serotonergic mechanisms on the central regulation of blood pressure in the rat was studied, using central experimental hypertension produced by chemical lesions of the locus coeruleus (LC) with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). The hypertension (LC-hypertension) was blocked by pretreatment with 6-OHDA intraventricularlly administered and also with desipramine. An increase of serotonin (5-HT) turnover in the cortex and especially in the spinal cord was revealed in the hypertension. Intraperitoneally administered para-chlorophenylalanine elevated blood pressure and reduced 5-HT and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid content in the cortex and especially in the spinal cord, indicating a decrease 5-HT turnover. Intraventricularlly administered 5, 6-dihydroxytryptamine (5, 6-DHT) resulted in only bradycardia but not an elevation in blood pressure and did not block the development of LC hypertension, and lowered 5-HT content in the cortex and especially in the spinal cord. Intraspinally administrated 5, 6-DHT evoked mild but significant elevation in blood pressure but not in heart rate, and lowered 5-HT content only in the spinal cord. Furthermore, the disappearance of the LC was histologically observed in the rats with LC hypertension. The results of these experiments demonstrate that (1) LC hypertension is probably due to a specific lesion of the LC with 6-OHDA, (2) LC hypertension is accompanied by an increase of 5-HT turnover in the cortex and especially in the spinal cord, which may participate in a depressor function in LC hypertension, (3) ablation of bulbospinal serotonergic neurons produce mild elevation in blood pressure. (4) the balance between the activity of central noradrenerfic and serotonergic neurons may play a role in maintaining normotension, and their unbalance may induce hypertension."}
{"id": "PMID:151763", "title": "The eradication of Encephalitozoon cuniculi from a specific pathogen-free rabbit colony.", "content": "Encephalitozoan cuniculi was discovered in a large specific pathogen-free rabbit colony during routine quality assurance testing. By using a modified India-ink immunoreaction test we were able to test the entire colony for antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi. The prevalence of the disease was approximately 5%. All seropositive animals were culled, and another test of the entire colony, carried out 4 weeks later, revealed one seropositive rabbit which was also culled. Two subsequent screenings of the whole colony have shown no further seropositive animals.", "contents": "The eradication of Encephalitozoon cuniculi from a specific pathogen-free rabbit colony. Encephalitozoan cuniculi was discovered in a large specific pathogen-free rabbit colony during routine quality assurance testing. By using a modified India-ink immunoreaction test we were able to test the entire colony for antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi. The prevalence of the disease was approximately 5%. All seropositive animals were culled, and another test of the entire colony, carried out 4 weeks later, revealed one seropositive rabbit which was also culled. Two subsequent screenings of the whole colony have shown no further seropositive animals."}
{"id": "PMID:151764", "title": "Immunological methods employed in an attempt to induce erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) in mice.", "content": "In the mouse foot pad model five different parameters were employed to simulate the condition of ENL as observed in the human. The experimental groups with five to six months leprosy infection were injected intravenously with various anti-mycobacterial antibodies, M. leprae sonicate and 'B' cells obtained from syngenic donors. The control group of animals, infected similarly, were treated either with M. leprae sonicate or gamma globulins precipitated from normal human serum. All recipients were killed at one day interval excepting those with 'B' cell transfer, which were sacrificed at seven days. The sites of predilection for immune complex deposition viz. foot pad and kidney as well as the spleen were examined by light and fluorescence microscopy. These findings are described and discussed.", "contents": "Immunological methods employed in an attempt to induce erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) in mice. In the mouse foot pad model five different parameters were employed to simulate the condition of ENL as observed in the human. The experimental groups with five to six months leprosy infection were injected intravenously with various anti-mycobacterial antibodies, M. leprae sonicate and 'B' cells obtained from syngenic donors. The control group of animals, infected similarly, were treated either with M. leprae sonicate or gamma globulins precipitated from normal human serum. All recipients were killed at one day interval excepting those with 'B' cell transfer, which were sacrificed at seven days. The sites of predilection for immune complex deposition viz. foot pad and kidney as well as the spleen were examined by light and fluorescence microscopy. These findings are described and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151772", "title": "[Characteristics of nucleoside and pyrimidine base metabolism in Corynebacterium glutamicum].", "content": "Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 can utilize uridine as a sole source of carbon for its growth. Uridine degradation seems to be catalysed by hydrolase since it does not depend on the presence of phosphorus when the enzyme activity is assayed in vitro. Other nucleosides (adenosine, inosine, guanosine, cytidine, thymidine, deoxyuridine, deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine) cannot serve as a source of carbon for the growth of the bacterium. The label of thymidine-3H (methyl) is not incorporated into the acid-insoluble fraction of nucleic acids whereas the label of thymine-14C is incorporated. The cells are not susceptible to the presence of fluorodeoxyuridine in the medium but are inhibited by low concentrations (0.01 mcg/ml) of fluorouracil, the inhibition being eliminated with equimolar concentrations of uracil. Therefore, Corynebacterium glutamicum cannot assimilate thymidine or its analogue, fluorodeoxyuridine, in contrast to thymine which can be used as a sole source of nitrogen in the medium.", "contents": "[Characteristics of nucleoside and pyrimidine base metabolism in Corynebacterium glutamicum]. Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 can utilize uridine as a sole source of carbon for its growth. Uridine degradation seems to be catalysed by hydrolase since it does not depend on the presence of phosphorus when the enzyme activity is assayed in vitro. Other nucleosides (adenosine, inosine, guanosine, cytidine, thymidine, deoxyuridine, deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine) cannot serve as a source of carbon for the growth of the bacterium. The label of thymidine-3H (methyl) is not incorporated into the acid-insoluble fraction of nucleic acids whereas the label of thymine-14C is incorporated. The cells are not susceptible to the presence of fluorodeoxyuridine in the medium but are inhibited by low concentrations (0.01 mcg/ml) of fluorouracil, the inhibition being eliminated with equimolar concentrations of uracil. Therefore, Corynebacterium glutamicum cannot assimilate thymidine or its analogue, fluorodeoxyuridine, in contrast to thymine which can be used as a sole source of nitrogen in the medium."}
{"id": "PMID:151803", "title": "Differential transcription of nonrepeated DNAs in Neurospora crassa mutants.", "content": "Transcriptional properties of an \"albino\" mutant, a \"slime\" mutant and a wild type strain of Neurospora crassa have been compared by quantitative estimates of DNA:RNA hybridization. The RNAs isolated from these strains were incubated with 32P-DNA of the wild type strain. The DNA:RNA hybrids were isolated by chromatography on hydroxyapatite. 29--34% of the wild type 32P-DNA hybridized with RNA from all of the strains used. The DNA sequences which gave a primary reaction with wild type RNA (tr-DNA) were recovered and again reacted with different RNAs. The tr-DNA sequences reacted to the extent of 92% with the wild type RNA, but only 78% with slime mutant RNA and 85% with the RNA isolated from the albino mutant. The use of tr-DNA sequences thus isolated, proved to have increased the specificity of the hybridization reactions, these were useful indicators for identification of transcriptional differences among wild type and mutant strains of N. crassa.", "contents": "Differential transcription of nonrepeated DNAs in Neurospora crassa mutants. Transcriptional properties of an \"albino\" mutant, a \"slime\" mutant and a wild type strain of Neurospora crassa have been compared by quantitative estimates of DNA:RNA hybridization. The RNAs isolated from these strains were incubated with 32P-DNA of the wild type strain. The DNA:RNA hybrids were isolated by chromatography on hydroxyapatite. 29--34% of the wild type 32P-DNA hybridized with RNA from all of the strains used. The DNA sequences which gave a primary reaction with wild type RNA (tr-DNA) were recovered and again reacted with different RNAs. The tr-DNA sequences reacted to the extent of 92% with the wild type RNA, but only 78% with slime mutant RNA and 85% with the RNA isolated from the albino mutant. The use of tr-DNA sequences thus isolated, proved to have increased the specificity of the hybridization reactions, these were useful indicators for identification of transcriptional differences among wild type and mutant strains of N. crassa."}
{"id": "PMID:151804", "title": "The human plasma fibrinolytic system: regulation and control.", "content": "The factors involved in the regulation and control of the human plasma fibrinolytic system at the cellular level are unknown at this time. The physiological regulation of plasmin formation in plasma depends primarily on the nature of the circulating zymogen, plasminogen, the physiological activators formed both in the blood and in the vascular endothelium, and the specific plasmin inhibitors found both in plasma and in certain of the cellular elements of the blood. The biosynthesis of the zymogen must be under genetic control, and the activators are probably released, after thrombus and clot formation, from components involved in the surface-mediated initiation of the coagulation system, and from the vascular endothelium. Activation of plasminogen can occur both in the fluid phase surrounding the thrombus and probably at thrombus surfaces, involving both the fibrin clot and the platelet membrane. The plasmin inhibitors act to control the system in order to prevent proteolytic degradation of important physiologic trace proteins of the coagulation, complement and kallikrein-kinin systems by the enzyme.", "contents": "The human plasma fibrinolytic system: regulation and control. The factors involved in the regulation and control of the human plasma fibrinolytic system at the cellular level are unknown at this time. The physiological regulation of plasmin formation in plasma depends primarily on the nature of the circulating zymogen, plasminogen, the physiological activators formed both in the blood and in the vascular endothelium, and the specific plasmin inhibitors found both in plasma and in certain of the cellular elements of the blood. The biosynthesis of the zymogen must be under genetic control, and the activators are probably released, after thrombus and clot formation, from components involved in the surface-mediated initiation of the coagulation system, and from the vascular endothelium. Activation of plasminogen can occur both in the fluid phase surrounding the thrombus and probably at thrombus surfaces, involving both the fibrin clot and the platelet membrane. The plasmin inhibitors act to control the system in order to prevent proteolytic degradation of important physiologic trace proteins of the coagulation, complement and kallikrein-kinin systems by the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:151805", "title": "Spontaneous deaths of fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities diagnosed prenatally.", "content": "In a survey of pregnancies, in which a chromosomal abnormality was diagnosed by amniocentesis but in which the mother did not undergo an abortion, the spontaneous fetal death rate after amniocentesis for 21 fetuses with Down's syndrome was 24 per cent (or 21 per cent, considering 19 singletons only). This rate is significantly greater than the rate of 2.7 per cent among 73 fetuses with less seriously abnormal genotypes reported in this survey or of 3.3 per cent and 3.5 per cent in the Canadian and United States studies of amniocentesis. After midtrimester there is about a sixfold higher risk of spontaneous fetal death for a fetus with Down's syndrome than for one with a normal genotype. At least some (and probably a major fraction) of the discrepancy observed between maternal-age-specific rates of Down's syndrome in live births and those found after amniocentesis is due to spontaneous fetal loss. A similar inference may be drawn for trisomy 18.", "contents": "Spontaneous deaths of fetuses with chromosomal abnormalities diagnosed prenatally. In a survey of pregnancies, in which a chromosomal abnormality was diagnosed by amniocentesis but in which the mother did not undergo an abortion, the spontaneous fetal death rate after amniocentesis for 21 fetuses with Down's syndrome was 24 per cent (or 21 per cent, considering 19 singletons only). This rate is significantly greater than the rate of 2.7 per cent among 73 fetuses with less seriously abnormal genotypes reported in this survey or of 3.3 per cent and 3.5 per cent in the Canadian and United States studies of amniocentesis. After midtrimester there is about a sixfold higher risk of spontaneous fetal death for a fetus with Down's syndrome than for one with a normal genotype. At least some (and probably a major fraction) of the discrepancy observed between maternal-age-specific rates of Down's syndrome in live births and those found after amniocentesis is due to spontaneous fetal loss. A similar inference may be drawn for trisomy 18."}
{"id": "PMID:151807", "title": "An immunofluorescence study of the passive arthus reaction in rat sciatic nerve.", "content": "The Arthus reaction, passively induced in rat sciatic nerve by local injection of antibody and intravenous injection of antigen, was studied by immunofluorescence, using fluorescein and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate. The reaction in nerve is similar to that occurring in skin. Antigen-antibody complexes formed at the site of the reaction activate complement and attract large numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes which then ingest the immune complexes. The significance of the Arthus reaction in relation to diseases of the peripheral nervous system is mentioned.", "contents": "An immunofluorescence study of the passive arthus reaction in rat sciatic nerve. The Arthus reaction, passively induced in rat sciatic nerve by local injection of antibody and intravenous injection of antigen, was studied by immunofluorescence, using fluorescein and tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate. The reaction in nerve is similar to that occurring in skin. Antigen-antibody complexes formed at the site of the reaction activate complement and attract large numbers of polymorphonuclear leucocytes which then ingest the immune complexes. The significance of the Arthus reaction in relation to diseases of the peripheral nervous system is mentioned."}
{"id": "PMID:151844", "title": "[Number of malarial mosquitoes and their feeding hosts under urban and rural conditions].", "content": "In connection with building of hydrotechnical constructions and creation of water bodies the abundance of anopheles as in urban so in rural conditions was high that amounted to 120 to 690 females per a site of day's rest. By means of precipitation reaction in the capillaries with an extraction of stomachs' contents it has been established that in rural conditions hosts of anopheles are horned cattle while in urban ones--man and poultry.", "contents": "[Number of malarial mosquitoes and their feeding hosts under urban and rural conditions]. In connection with building of hydrotechnical constructions and creation of water bodies the abundance of anopheles as in urban so in rural conditions was high that amounted to 120 to 690 females per a site of day's rest. By means of precipitation reaction in the capillaries with an extraction of stomachs' contents it has been established that in rural conditions hosts of anopheles are horned cattle while in urban ones--man and poultry."}
{"id": "PMID:151845", "title": "[Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi sp. n., a new species of ixodid ticks from the Peter the First Range (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)].", "content": "Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi sp. n., the second species of this genus, was found in Tadzhikistan, Peter I ridge, at the height of 2700 m above the sea level in rocky locality with xerophilous vegetation on Alticola argentatus. In June, 1977 there were found larvae and nymphs of the species. After feeding larvae and then nymphs females and males were obtained. All phases of the life cycle differ distinctly from those of the type species An. lama Hoog., Kais. et Mitch., 1970, from Himalayas. The diagnosis of the genus Anomalohimalaya is specified. This genus combines the characters of Haemaphysalis Koch and Rhipicephalus Koch and is of great significance for more precise definition of phylogeny of the subfamily Amblyomminae Banks.", "contents": "[Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi sp. n., a new species of ixodid ticks from the Peter the First Range (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae)]. Anomalohimalaya lotozkyi sp. n., the second species of this genus, was found in Tadzhikistan, Peter I ridge, at the height of 2700 m above the sea level in rocky locality with xerophilous vegetation on Alticola argentatus. In June, 1977 there were found larvae and nymphs of the species. After feeding larvae and then nymphs females and males were obtained. All phases of the life cycle differ distinctly from those of the type species An. lama Hoog., Kais. et Mitch., 1970, from Himalayas. The diagnosis of the genus Anomalohimalaya is specified. This genus combines the characters of Haemaphysalis Koch and Rhipicephalus Koch and is of great significance for more precise definition of phylogeny of the subfamily Amblyomminae Banks."}
{"id": "PMID:151846", "title": "[Experimental study of the role of Scarabaeus sacer beetles in the eliminaton of Thysaniezia giardi (Cestoda: Avitellinidae) eggs].", "content": "Experimental studies have shown that when feeding beetles of S. sacer swallow eggs of Th. giardi together with faeces of horned and small cattle. After getting into the insect's intestine the eggs of Thysaniezia are eliminated in most beetles (from 91.1 to 100%) within one hour. Only in some individuals a very insignificant portion of the parasite's eggs remains viable within two hours. In beetles' faeces excreted by them in two hours and in subsequent periods after the feeding eggs of Thysaniezia were not found. The greatest eliminational ability was displayed by the beetles maintained without feeding for 1--2 days. The eliminational ability of beetles kept over 3 days (4 to 5) without food noticeably decreased.", "contents": "[Experimental study of the role of Scarabaeus sacer beetles in the eliminaton of Thysaniezia giardi (Cestoda: Avitellinidae) eggs]. Experimental studies have shown that when feeding beetles of S. sacer swallow eggs of Th. giardi together with faeces of horned and small cattle. After getting into the insect's intestine the eggs of Thysaniezia are eliminated in most beetles (from 91.1 to 100%) within one hour. Only in some individuals a very insignificant portion of the parasite's eggs remains viable within two hours. In beetles' faeces excreted by them in two hours and in subsequent periods after the feeding eggs of Thysaniezia were not found. The greatest eliminational ability was displayed by the beetles maintained without feeding for 1--2 days. The eliminational ability of beetles kept over 3 days (4 to 5) without food noticeably decreased."}
{"id": "PMID:151847", "title": "[Fleas from small forest mammals of the Udmurt ASSR].", "content": "578 fleas of 16 species were found on 3518 animals collected in coniferous-broadleaved forests in the vicinity of the town of Izhevsk. Am. penicilliger, Lept. silvatica and H. talpae are most abundant. The main host of the fleas is the common redbacked vole. In addition to 15 species of the ectoparasites characteristic of rodents and insectivorous animals of this region Cer. garei (a bird flea) was found on the common redbacked vole.", "contents": "[Fleas from small forest mammals of the Udmurt ASSR]. 578 fleas of 16 species were found on 3518 animals collected in coniferous-broadleaved forests in the vicinity of the town of Izhevsk. Am. penicilliger, Lept. silvatica and H. talpae are most abundant. The main host of the fleas is the common redbacked vole. In addition to 15 species of the ectoparasites characteristic of rodents and insectivorous animals of this region Cer. garei (a bird flea) was found on the common redbacked vole."}
{"id": "PMID:151848", "title": "[Pleistophora ladogensis sp. n., a microsporidian (Protozoa, Microsporidia) from the musculature of the burbot, Lota lota, and of the smelt, Osmerus eperlanus eperlanus ladogensis].", "content": "The parasite develops inside the fibres of the cross-striated musculature. On the histologic sections of the affected tissue most young stages of P. ladogensis are represented by 2--6 nucleic cells 5--6 mu in size. Mature pansporoblasts have a thick and solid membrane. Their average size is 43 (18--60) mu. The number of spores in pansporoblasts is over 16. Live spores are egg-shaped and are 5.4 (5.0--5.8).2.9 (2.7--3.3) mu in size. The length of the polar filament is 100 to 180 mu.", "contents": "[Pleistophora ladogensis sp. n., a microsporidian (Protozoa, Microsporidia) from the musculature of the burbot, Lota lota, and of the smelt, Osmerus eperlanus eperlanus ladogensis]. The parasite develops inside the fibres of the cross-striated musculature. On the histologic sections of the affected tissue most young stages of P. ladogensis are represented by 2--6 nucleic cells 5--6 mu in size. Mature pansporoblasts have a thick and solid membrane. Their average size is 43 (18--60) mu. The number of spores in pansporoblasts is over 16. Live spores are egg-shaped and are 5.4 (5.0--5.8).2.9 (2.7--3.3) mu in size. The length of the polar filament is 100 to 180 mu."}
{"id": "PMID:151864", "title": "Resolution of the membrane moiety of the H+-ATPase complex into two kinds of subunits.", "content": "The H+-translocating ATPase complex from the thermophilic bacterium PS3 (TF0-F1) is composed of a water-soluble part with ATP-hydrolyzing activity (TF1) and a membrane moiety with H+-conducting activity (TF0). TF0 was obtained by treating TF0-F1 with urea and removing contaminations on a carboxymethyl-cellulose column. This TF0 contained only two kinds of subunits, band 6 protein (13,500 daltons) and band 8 protein (5400 daltons), and it was active in H+ conduction and TF1 binding when reconstituted into proteoliposomes (TF0 vesicles). The binding of TF1 to TF0 present in vesicles restored energy-transducing activities, such as ATP-32Pi exchange, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive ATPase, and ATP-dependent enhancement of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate fluorescence. Treatments such as protease digestion and chemical modification with acetic anhydride, succinic anhydride, or diazobenzenesulfonic acid destroyed the TF1-binding activity, which was caused by band 6 protein. Band 8 protein was a proteolipid that reacted specifically with dicylcohexyl-carbodiimide and seemed to play a central role in H+ conduction through the membrane.", "contents": "Resolution of the membrane moiety of the H+-ATPase complex into two kinds of subunits. The H+-translocating ATPase complex from the thermophilic bacterium PS3 (TF0-F1) is composed of a water-soluble part with ATP-hydrolyzing activity (TF1) and a membrane moiety with H+-conducting activity (TF0). TF0 was obtained by treating TF0-F1 with urea and removing contaminations on a carboxymethyl-cellulose column. This TF0 contained only two kinds of subunits, band 6 protein (13,500 daltons) and band 8 protein (5400 daltons), and it was active in H+ conduction and TF1 binding when reconstituted into proteoliposomes (TF0 vesicles). The binding of TF1 to TF0 present in vesicles restored energy-transducing activities, such as ATP-32Pi exchange, dicyclohexylcarbodiimide-sensitive ATPase, and ATP-dependent enhancement of 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonate fluorescence. Treatments such as protease digestion and chemical modification with acetic anhydride, succinic anhydride, or diazobenzenesulfonic acid destroyed the TF1-binding activity, which was caused by band 6 protein. Band 8 protein was a proteolipid that reacted specifically with dicylcohexyl-carbodiimide and seemed to play a central role in H+ conduction through the membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:151865", "title": "Interaction between actomyosin and 8-substituted ATP analogs.", "content": "Various 8-substituted ATP analogs were synthesized, and their reactions with myosin and actomyosin were studied. The nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) with an amino group at the 6 position and hydrogen at the 8 position, and formycin 5'-triphosphate (FTP) were hydrolyzed by myosin very slowly in the presence of Mg2+ and rapidly in the presence of EDTA and K+. In contrast, NTPs with substitution of the 8 position, other than FTP, were readily hydrolyzed by myosin in the presence of Mg2+ but were hardly hydolyzed in the presence of EDTA and K+. The Michaelis constant (Km) for hydrolysis of 8-substituted NTP by heavy meromyosin was much larger than the dissociation constant (Kfl) for binding of heavy meromyosin with NTP estimated from the change in tryptophan fluorescence. All the NTPs with no substitution at the 8 position, and FTP, caused an initial Pi burst, actin activation of myosin NTPase, superprecipitation of actomyosin, and myofibrillar contraction. On the other hand, all the 8-substituted NTPs in three possible conformations did not cause these phenomena, regardless of the conformation. These results were discussed in relation to the hindrance of rotation about the glycosidic bond accompanying an 8 substitution.", "contents": "Interaction between actomyosin and 8-substituted ATP analogs. Various 8-substituted ATP analogs were synthesized, and their reactions with myosin and actomyosin were studied. The nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) with an amino group at the 6 position and hydrogen at the 8 position, and formycin 5'-triphosphate (FTP) were hydrolyzed by myosin very slowly in the presence of Mg2+ and rapidly in the presence of EDTA and K+. In contrast, NTPs with substitution of the 8 position, other than FTP, were readily hydrolyzed by myosin in the presence of Mg2+ but were hardly hydolyzed in the presence of EDTA and K+. The Michaelis constant (Km) for hydrolysis of 8-substituted NTP by heavy meromyosin was much larger than the dissociation constant (Kfl) for binding of heavy meromyosin with NTP estimated from the change in tryptophan fluorescence. All the NTPs with no substitution at the 8 position, and FTP, caused an initial Pi burst, actin activation of myosin NTPase, superprecipitation of actomyosin, and myofibrillar contraction. On the other hand, all the 8-substituted NTPs in three possible conformations did not cause these phenomena, regardless of the conformation. These results were discussed in relation to the hindrance of rotation about the glycosidic bond accompanying an 8 substitution."}
{"id": "PMID:151866", "title": "Effects of para-chlorophenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan on mouse killing behavior in killer rats.", "content": "The effects of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on mouse killing behavior were examined in natural killer rats. Forty-eight hr after injection, this serotonin synthesis inhibitor, at relatively low doses of 75 and 150 mg/kg, facilitated mouse killing, as indicated by a decrease in latency to attack the mouse. This effect was revealed in a test of satiation, in which five successive mice were presented to the rat, and also in a novel cage situation. Other than the shorter latencies to attack and kill mice, the killing response was similar in topography to the natural kill. The increase in killing after PCPA injection was associated with a reliable reduction in brain serotonin and in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and the time courses of the behavioral and biochemical changes were generally similar. In contrast to PCPA, injection of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP, 100 mg/kg) reliably lengthened attack and kill latencies in killer rats. In rats pretreated with PCPA, 5-HTP not only reversed this drug's facilitation of killing, but completely blocked killing in 67% of the rats tested. These results strengthen the hypothesis that brain serotonergic neurons are involved in the inhibition of mouse killing.", "contents": "Effects of para-chlorophenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan on mouse killing behavior in killer rats. The effects of para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) on mouse killing behavior were examined in natural killer rats. Forty-eight hr after injection, this serotonin synthesis inhibitor, at relatively low doses of 75 and 150 mg/kg, facilitated mouse killing, as indicated by a decrease in latency to attack the mouse. This effect was revealed in a test of satiation, in which five successive mice were presented to the rat, and also in a novel cage situation. Other than the shorter latencies to attack and kill mice, the killing response was similar in topography to the natural kill. The increase in killing after PCPA injection was associated with a reliable reduction in brain serotonin and in 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and the time courses of the behavioral and biochemical changes were generally similar. In contrast to PCPA, injection of the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP, 100 mg/kg) reliably lengthened attack and kill latencies in killer rats. In rats pretreated with PCPA, 5-HTP not only reversed this drug's facilitation of killing, but completely blocked killing in 67% of the rats tested. These results strengthen the hypothesis that brain serotonergic neurons are involved in the inhibition of mouse killing."}
{"id": "PMID:151867", "title": "Characterization of inhibitor(s) of lymphocyte activation in serum from rats with adjuvant arthritis.", "content": "Serum from adjuvant arthritic rats inhibits the concanavalin A- (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide-induced stimulation of lymph node cells, leaving the basal and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation unaffected. Con A-stimulated 3H-thymidine uptake is also inhibited in rat spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes and in dog peripheral blood lymphocytes. The intensity of the inhibitory activity in serum is positively correlated with the intensity of the secondary lesions of adjuvant arthritis. Inhibitory activity was not found in serum from rats bearing nystatin-induced inflammation. Serum fractionation studies indicated that the inhibitory activity cannot be attributed to low molecular weight alpha2-glycoproteins or to gamma-globulins and alpha2-macroglobulins, but it is present in a fraction migrating with beta-globulins. The inhibitory activity in arthritic rat serum is reduced by treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but is unaltered by D-penicillamine. It is suggested that this inhibitory activity is part of the systemic response to an immunologically mediated inflammation.", "contents": "Characterization of inhibitor(s) of lymphocyte activation in serum from rats with adjuvant arthritis. Serum from adjuvant arthritic rats inhibits the concanavalin A- (Con A) and lipopolysaccharide-induced stimulation of lymph node cells, leaving the basal and phytohemagglutinin-stimulated 3H-thymidine incorporation unaffected. Con A-stimulated 3H-thymidine uptake is also inhibited in rat spleen and peripheral blood lymphocytes and in dog peripheral blood lymphocytes. The intensity of the inhibitory activity in serum is positively correlated with the intensity of the secondary lesions of adjuvant arthritis. Inhibitory activity was not found in serum from rats bearing nystatin-induced inflammation. Serum fractionation studies indicated that the inhibitory activity cannot be attributed to low molecular weight alpha2-glycoproteins or to gamma-globulins and alpha2-macroglobulins, but it is present in a fraction migrating with beta-globulins. The inhibitory activity in arthritic rat serum is reduced by treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but is unaltered by D-penicillamine. It is suggested that this inhibitory activity is part of the systemic response to an immunologically mediated inflammation."}
{"id": "PMID:151868", "title": "[Histological, electromicroscopical and histochemical studies on the central nervous system of rats after chronic treatment with imipramine (author's transl)].", "content": "Rat brains have been studied after treatment with oral doses of 50 mg imipramine/day for 3 and 6 months. 20 brains have been studied histologically, 3 brains electronmicroscopically, 6 brains histochemically as well as 34 controll brains. On the light microscopic level no pathologic changes of intravital origin have been revealed. The hyperchromatic changes of neurons were of the same character and degree and showed the same topic distribution in the experimental and in the control group. They should be regarded as postmortem artifacts. The pyramidal cells of hippocampus field h3, the Purkinje cells and the Golgi epithelial cells have been examined by electron microscopy. Besides a possible slight induction of lysosomes no alterations could be found. The histochemical studies (succinate dehydrogenase, ATPase, AMPase, acid phosphatase, PAS, methylgreenpyronin) revealed no differences between the experimental and the control group.", "contents": "[Histological, electromicroscopical and histochemical studies on the central nervous system of rats after chronic treatment with imipramine (author's transl)]. Rat brains have been studied after treatment with oral doses of 50 mg imipramine/day for 3 and 6 months. 20 brains have been studied histologically, 3 brains electronmicroscopically, 6 brains histochemically as well as 34 controll brains. On the light microscopic level no pathologic changes of intravital origin have been revealed. The hyperchromatic changes of neurons were of the same character and degree and showed the same topic distribution in the experimental and in the control group. They should be regarded as postmortem artifacts. The pyramidal cells of hippocampus field h3, the Purkinje cells and the Golgi epithelial cells have been examined by electron microscopy. Besides a possible slight induction of lysosomes no alterations could be found. The histochemical studies (succinate dehydrogenase, ATPase, AMPase, acid phosphatase, PAS, methylgreenpyronin) revealed no differences between the experimental and the control group."}
{"id": "PMID:151873", "title": "Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of fetal gastroschisis.", "content": "Two cases of fetal gastroschisis were diagnosed in utero by ultrasound. In one patient, a cluster of sonolucent \"cystic\" structures was seen in the amniotic fluid which corresponded to fluid-filled bowel loops. The second infant was the firstborn of dichorionic twins and the gastroschisis abnormality appeared as two sonolucencies in relationship to the trunk. An extensive review of the literature is presented.", "contents": "Prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis of fetal gastroschisis. Two cases of fetal gastroschisis were diagnosed in utero by ultrasound. In one patient, a cluster of sonolucent \"cystic\" structures was seen in the amniotic fluid which corresponded to fluid-filled bowel loops. The second infant was the firstborn of dichorionic twins and the gastroschisis abnormality appeared as two sonolucencies in relationship to the trunk. An extensive review of the literature is presented."}
{"id": "PMID:151895", "title": "[Resection-arthrodesis of the knee for bone tumours (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors describe the technique, devised by Juvara and modified by Merle d'Aubign\u00e9 of resection-arthrodesis of the knee with fixation by medullary nailing and using massive bone grafts. They report 38 cases operated on for various conditions (20 giant-cell tumours, 7 chondro-sarcoma, 6 juxta-cortical sarcoma, 3 other types of sarcoma, one desmoid fibroma, one chondroma). The best results were obtained in cases in which surgical excision had been sufficiently wide and when very thick nails were used. The use of homografts increased the rate of infection. Resections of the lower and of the femur resulted in more complications than tibial resections. In femoral lesions, the part of the tibia that is transplanted should not be turned upside-down but should be mobilised upwards to provide better bone contact. The indications are discussed and compared with those of total replacement. The authors believe that, despite the number of complications, this technique is more practicable than total knee replacement.", "contents": "[Resection-arthrodesis of the knee for bone tumours (author's transl)]. The authors describe the technique, devised by Juvara and modified by Merle d'Aubign\u00e9 of resection-arthrodesis of the knee with fixation by medullary nailing and using massive bone grafts. They report 38 cases operated on for various conditions (20 giant-cell tumours, 7 chondro-sarcoma, 6 juxta-cortical sarcoma, 3 other types of sarcoma, one desmoid fibroma, one chondroma). The best results were obtained in cases in which surgical excision had been sufficiently wide and when very thick nails were used. The use of homografts increased the rate of infection. Resections of the lower and of the femur resulted in more complications than tibial resections. In femoral lesions, the part of the tibia that is transplanted should not be turned upside-down but should be mobilised upwards to provide better bone contact. The indications are discussed and compared with those of total replacement. The authors believe that, despite the number of complications, this technique is more practicable than total knee replacement."}
{"id": "PMID:151896", "title": "[Clear-celled chondrosarcoma or chondroblastic sarcoma. A new type of chondrosarcoma (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors report five cases treated by wide resection. Pathological studies were made of the whole of the lesion. Three tumours were situated at the upper end of the femur, one at the upper end of the humerus and one at the level of the tibial plateau. The specific features were localisation in an epiphysis and histological areas of clear cells whose cytoplasm contained glycogen. From the anatomical and radiological points of view, these tumours were like chondroblastomata but their progress was more like that of chondrosarcomata. The author concludes that they should be distinguished from both types of tumour.", "contents": "[Clear-celled chondrosarcoma or chondroblastic sarcoma. A new type of chondrosarcoma (author's transl)]. The authors report five cases treated by wide resection. Pathological studies were made of the whole of the lesion. Three tumours were situated at the upper end of the femur, one at the upper end of the humerus and one at the level of the tibial plateau. The specific features were localisation in an epiphysis and histological areas of clear cells whose cytoplasm contained glycogen. From the anatomical and radiological points of view, these tumours were like chondroblastomata but their progress was more like that of chondrosarcomata. The author concludes that they should be distinguished from both types of tumour."}
{"id": "PMID:151899", "title": "Clinical investigations of neocarzinostatin in Japan.", "content": "Neocarzinostatin (NCS) is an antibiotic from streptomyces carzinostaticus which inhibits DNA synthesis. Clinical trials in Japan began in 1971. NCS is active against S-180, Ehrlich tumor, L1210, Yoshida sarcoma, and a range of ascitic hepatomas. In rabbit NCS is distributed at high concentrations in the kidney, skin, stomach, pancreas, lung, and muscles. The high distribution in the pancreas and the stomach suggested possible effectiveness in human tumors at these sites. In clinical studies NCS has been shown to be active against acute leukemia. As a single agent 9 out of 51 obtained a CR with 9 more achieving a PR. Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting were the most frequent side effects. NCS has been tried in combination with Ara-C, daunorubicin and prednisolone and CR was ssen in 11 out of 14. In stomach cancer responses of some kind were observed in 12 out of 141 cases, while in the case of pancreatic tumors there were 10 out of 68.", "contents": "Clinical investigations of neocarzinostatin in Japan. Neocarzinostatin (NCS) is an antibiotic from streptomyces carzinostaticus which inhibits DNA synthesis. Clinical trials in Japan began in 1971. NCS is active against S-180, Ehrlich tumor, L1210, Yoshida sarcoma, and a range of ascitic hepatomas. In rabbit NCS is distributed at high concentrations in the kidney, skin, stomach, pancreas, lung, and muscles. The high distribution in the pancreas and the stomach suggested possible effectiveness in human tumors at these sites. In clinical studies NCS has been shown to be active against acute leukemia. As a single agent 9 out of 51 obtained a CR with 9 more achieving a PR. Anorexia, nausea, and vomiting were the most frequent side effects. NCS has been tried in combination with Ara-C, daunorubicin and prednisolone and CR was ssen in 11 out of 14. In stomach cancer responses of some kind were observed in 12 out of 141 cases, while in the case of pancreatic tumors there were 10 out of 68."}
{"id": "PMID:151904", "title": "Comparative mutagenicity and toxic effects of 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and its metabolites in bacterial and mammalian test systems.", "content": "The possible toxicological properties of 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), 4-hydroxy-2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB-OH), and 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-3,4-oxide (TCB-oxide) were evaluated in three bioassay systems. Incubation of rat hepatocyte plasma membranes with 50 microgram/ml of TCB-OH decreased the activity of Mg2+-ATPase by approximately 90%, whereas approximately half of the enzyme activity remained after the TCB or TCB-oxide treatment. All three compounds were found to be inactive in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Only TCB-OH possessed potent cytotoxic activity against all four S. tymphimurium strains tested. It affects the viability of TA 1537 by as much as 40% even at concentrations as low as 1 microgram/ml. These data suggest the potential toxicological significance of metabolic activation by the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidases.", "contents": "Comparative mutagenicity and toxic effects of 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and its metabolites in bacterial and mammalian test systems. The possible toxicological properties of 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB), 4-hydroxy-2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB-OH), and 2,5,2',5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl-3,4-oxide (TCB-oxide) were evaluated in three bioassay systems. Incubation of rat hepatocyte plasma membranes with 50 microgram/ml of TCB-OH decreased the activity of Mg2+-ATPase by approximately 90%, whereas approximately half of the enzyme activity remained after the TCB or TCB-oxide treatment. All three compounds were found to be inactive in the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Only TCB-OH possessed potent cytotoxic activity against all four S. tymphimurium strains tested. It affects the viability of TA 1537 by as much as 40% even at concentrations as low as 1 microgram/ml. These data suggest the potential toxicological significance of metabolic activation by the hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidases."}
{"id": "PMID:151910", "title": "F1-hybrid anti-parental-strain reactivity. I. Impaired proliferation of CBA lymphocytes in the spleens of irradiated C3H X CBA mice pretreated with CBA spleen cells.", "content": "Previous investigations have indicated that C3H X CBA hybrid lymphocytes can neutralize lymphocytes which are reactive against the C3H-determined Mls antigen when injected into the H-2-compatible strain CBA. In this study we have inoculated C3H X CBA hybrids with CBA spleen cells and 2 weeks later lethally irradiated the mice and injected them with CBA lymphocytes to study their proliferation in the host spleen. Proliferation of lymphocytes from CBA mice, but not from C57Bl mice, was significantly impaired in such hosts, indicating that the hybrids had become immunized against the parental cells. In contrast, such an effect was not detected by treating CBA X C57Bl mice with CBA spleen cells. Humoral antibodies in the C3H X CBA hybrids capable of blocking the response of CBA lymphocytes against C3H X CBA cells could not be detected, indicating that inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation is cell mediated rather than by humoral factors.", "contents": "F1-hybrid anti-parental-strain reactivity. I. Impaired proliferation of CBA lymphocytes in the spleens of irradiated C3H X CBA mice pretreated with CBA spleen cells. Previous investigations have indicated that C3H X CBA hybrid lymphocytes can neutralize lymphocytes which are reactive against the C3H-determined Mls antigen when injected into the H-2-compatible strain CBA. In this study we have inoculated C3H X CBA hybrids with CBA spleen cells and 2 weeks later lethally irradiated the mice and injected them with CBA lymphocytes to study their proliferation in the host spleen. Proliferation of lymphocytes from CBA mice, but not from C57Bl mice, was significantly impaired in such hosts, indicating that the hybrids had become immunized against the parental cells. In contrast, such an effect was not detected by treating CBA X C57Bl mice with CBA spleen cells. Humoral antibodies in the C3H X CBA hybrids capable of blocking the response of CBA lymphocytes against C3H X CBA cells could not be detected, indicating that inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation is cell mediated rather than by humoral factors."}
{"id": "PMID:151911", "title": "F1-hybrid anti-parental-strain reactivity. II. Proliferation of C3H X CBA hybrid lymphocytes in the spleens of irradiated CBA mice.", "content": "Experiments were conducted to explore whether C3H X CBA lymphocytes can react by proliferation when they meet parental CBA spleen cells. MLC tests could not detect such a reaction, but infusion of C3H X CBA lymph node cells into irradiated CBA hosts resulted in rapid cell proliferation in the host's spleen. Such a cell proliferation was also observed after infusion of T-cell-enriched lymph node cell preparations or thymic cells from C3H X CBA donors. Upon transfer to new irradiated mice these proliferating cells continued to proliferate in CBA mice but not in C3H X CBA mice. Further evidence that the injected T-cells were the proliferating emerged from experiments where AKR X CBA lymphocytes were found to proliferate in spleens of irradiated CBA mice and that most of these cells posessed the theta antigen determined by AKR. Proliferation of F1-hybrid lymphocytes in the spleens of its irradiated parental strains was found not to be a general phenomenon and is probably restricted to some Mls-antigen-compatible strain combinations. The possibility that the C3H X CBA hybrid lymphocytes are stimulated to proliferations by CBA lymphocytes reactive against the C3H-determined Mls antigen is discussed.", "contents": "F1-hybrid anti-parental-strain reactivity. II. Proliferation of C3H X CBA hybrid lymphocytes in the spleens of irradiated CBA mice. Experiments were conducted to explore whether C3H X CBA lymphocytes can react by proliferation when they meet parental CBA spleen cells. MLC tests could not detect such a reaction, but infusion of C3H X CBA lymph node cells into irradiated CBA hosts resulted in rapid cell proliferation in the host's spleen. Such a cell proliferation was also observed after infusion of T-cell-enriched lymph node cell preparations or thymic cells from C3H X CBA donors. Upon transfer to new irradiated mice these proliferating cells continued to proliferate in CBA mice but not in C3H X CBA mice. Further evidence that the injected T-cells were the proliferating emerged from experiments where AKR X CBA lymphocytes were found to proliferate in spleens of irradiated CBA mice and that most of these cells posessed the theta antigen determined by AKR. Proliferation of F1-hybrid lymphocytes in the spleens of its irradiated parental strains was found not to be a general phenomenon and is probably restricted to some Mls-antigen-compatible strain combinations. The possibility that the C3H X CBA hybrid lymphocytes are stimulated to proliferations by CBA lymphocytes reactive against the C3H-determined Mls antigen is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151912", "title": "Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function during pregnancy.", "content": "Polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) function was studied in pregnant women and related to the serum concentration of pregnancy zone protein (PZP) and to mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactivity. Neutrophil chemotaxis was depressed in pregnant women. Pregnancy serum inhibited the MLC-reaction. The serum levels of PZP were inversely related to chemotactic responsiveness (P less than 0.05) and depression of MLC reactivity (P less than 0.01). The capacity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium was depressed in PMNs from pregnant women, and pregnancy serum inhibited phagocytosis of Escherichia coli by control PMNs. Neutrophils from pregnant women showed increased chemiluminescence during phagocytosis of zymosan. The results may be explained by depression of ingestion by pregnancy serum and increased oxidative metabolism in PMNs from pregnant women.", "contents": "Polymorphonuclear leucocyte function during pregnancy. Polymorphonuclear leucocyte (PMN) function was studied in pregnant women and related to the serum concentration of pregnancy zone protein (PZP) and to mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactivity. Neutrophil chemotaxis was depressed in pregnant women. Pregnancy serum inhibited the MLC-reaction. The serum levels of PZP were inversely related to chemotactic responsiveness (P less than 0.05) and depression of MLC reactivity (P less than 0.01). The capacity to reduce nitroblue tetrazolium was depressed in PMNs from pregnant women, and pregnancy serum inhibited phagocytosis of Escherichia coli by control PMNs. Neutrophils from pregnant women showed increased chemiluminescence during phagocytosis of zymosan. The results may be explained by depression of ingestion by pregnancy serum and increased oxidative metabolism in PMNs from pregnant women."}
{"id": "PMID:151913", "title": "What is interstitial fluid? Biochemical and physiological analysis of fluid obtained from tissue cages.", "content": "Multiperforated polypropylene balls implanted in soft-tissue and renal parenchyma deliver fluid which represents interstitial fluid, which was characterized biochemically and physiologically. In a time-concentration study, the serum antibiotic level was compared to levels in interstitial fluid of the kidney (RIF), interstitial fluid of soft-tissues of the abdominal wall (STIF) and urine, measured simultaneously after intravenous injection of six different antibiotics. A direct time-concentration relationship between the concentration of antibiotics in the serum and in the renal interstitial fluid was found. This study helps delineate the basic pharmacokinetics in renal interstitial tissue and suggests guidelines for optimal therapy in renal parenchymal infections.", "contents": "What is interstitial fluid? Biochemical and physiological analysis of fluid obtained from tissue cages. Multiperforated polypropylene balls implanted in soft-tissue and renal parenchyma deliver fluid which represents interstitial fluid, which was characterized biochemically and physiologically. In a time-concentration study, the serum antibiotic level was compared to levels in interstitial fluid of the kidney (RIF), interstitial fluid of soft-tissues of the abdominal wall (STIF) and urine, measured simultaneously after intravenous injection of six different antibiotics. A direct time-concentration relationship between the concentration of antibiotics in the serum and in the renal interstitial fluid was found. This study helps delineate the basic pharmacokinetics in renal interstitial tissue and suggests guidelines for optimal therapy in renal parenchymal infections."}
{"id": "PMID:151914", "title": "The relationship between physical disability, social perception and psychological stress.", "content": "It was hypothesized that the prevailing attitudes towards the disabled would affect their self-concept and thus the impact of the disability as a stress stimulus. This hypothesis was examined in two separate studies. The first study evaluated the impact of disability context on the evaluations of disabled individuals by the non-disabled. It was found that disabled veterans were evaluated significantly higher than individuals disabled in traffic, work accidents, or as a result of polio. In the second study, the self-concept of disabled veterans was compared to the self-concept of work accident disabled. The disabled veterans had significantly higher self-concept than those of the people disabled in work accidents. The results would appear to demonstrate the relationship between the variables presented in the hypothesis.", "contents": "The relationship between physical disability, social perception and psychological stress. It was hypothesized that the prevailing attitudes towards the disabled would affect their self-concept and thus the impact of the disability as a stress stimulus. This hypothesis was examined in two separate studies. The first study evaluated the impact of disability context on the evaluations of disabled individuals by the non-disabled. It was found that disabled veterans were evaluated significantly higher than individuals disabled in traffic, work accidents, or as a result of polio. In the second study, the self-concept of disabled veterans was compared to the self-concept of work accident disabled. The disabled veterans had significantly higher self-concept than those of the people disabled in work accidents. The results would appear to demonstrate the relationship between the variables presented in the hypothesis."}
{"id": "PMID:151915", "title": "Relation between the low back pain syndrome and x-ray findings. 2. Transitional vertebra (mainly sacralization).", "content": "The relation between LBP and transitional vertebra was investigated in 312 subjects; 148 healthy individuals served as controls. An overall incidence of 0.65% lumbarization and 20.8% sacralization was found; of the latter, one third were partial and two-thirds complete. The incidence was markedly lower in women. No direct relation between sacralization, partial or complete, and LBP was found; this was based on interrelation of the LBP and control groups, with or without sacralization, to age, ethnic community, occupation, number of changes of occupation or place of employment, duration of LBP, and physical occupational requirements (sitting, standing, bending, sudden maximal effort). There is some evidence that LBP, when associated with sacralization, may be more severe.", "contents": "Relation between the low back pain syndrome and x-ray findings. 2. Transitional vertebra (mainly sacralization). The relation between LBP and transitional vertebra was investigated in 312 subjects; 148 healthy individuals served as controls. An overall incidence of 0.65% lumbarization and 20.8% sacralization was found; of the latter, one third were partial and two-thirds complete. The incidence was markedly lower in women. No direct relation between sacralization, partial or complete, and LBP was found; this was based on interrelation of the LBP and control groups, with or without sacralization, to age, ethnic community, occupation, number of changes of occupation or place of employment, duration of LBP, and physical occupational requirements (sitting, standing, bending, sudden maximal effort). There is some evidence that LBP, when associated with sacralization, may be more severe."}
{"id": "PMID:151916", "title": "[Treatment of acne and seborrhea using antiandrogens].", "content": "57 women suffering from seborrhea and acne were treated with low doses of estrogens and antiandrogens. A cyclic regimen comprising 21 tablets of 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol and 2 mg cyproterone acetate was used. Results were very favourable: within 6 months, 51 patients were healed or significantly improved. There were only minor side effects, and none of the women conceived. It is concluded that this combination not only provides very effective therapy but might also be the contraceptive of choice for women with skin problems.", "contents": "[Treatment of acne and seborrhea using antiandrogens]. 57 women suffering from seborrhea and acne were treated with low doses of estrogens and antiandrogens. A cyclic regimen comprising 21 tablets of 0.05 mg ethinylestradiol and 2 mg cyproterone acetate was used. Results were very favourable: within 6 months, 51 patients were healed or significantly improved. There were only minor side effects, and none of the women conceived. It is concluded that this combination not only provides very effective therapy but might also be the contraceptive of choice for women with skin problems."}
{"id": "PMID:151918", "title": "Interposition mesocaval shunt for bleeding esophageal varices: clinical, hemodynamic, and metabolic changes.", "content": "Twenty-three patients bleeding from varices had mesocaval H-grafts using Dacron prosthetic material. There were 21 men and two women with ages ranging from 37 to 60 years. There were 11 elective and 12 emergency procedures. Five patients (17%) were classified as Child's class A, seven (34%) as class B, and 11 (49%) as class C. An operative mortality of 17% was noted in the entire group, with one late death due to hepatic failure. All deaths occurred in emergency cases belonging to class C. Technical difficulties were encountered more often in the hands of less experienced surgeons. A high rate of shunt patency and minimal problems with postoperative encephalopathy were noted despite abnormal results of ammonia tolerance tests postoperatively. Lack of hepatopedal flow was noted postoperatively compared with preoperative angiograms. There were no serious adverse effects from diversion of blood from the liver in our surviving patients. The interposition mesocaval shunt is a technically safe and easy procedure in the hands of experienced surgeons. We continue to recommend the mesocaval shunt until other methods prove better than this operation.", "contents": "Interposition mesocaval shunt for bleeding esophageal varices: clinical, hemodynamic, and metabolic changes. Twenty-three patients bleeding from varices had mesocaval H-grafts using Dacron prosthetic material. There were 21 men and two women with ages ranging from 37 to 60 years. There were 11 elective and 12 emergency procedures. Five patients (17%) were classified as Child's class A, seven (34%) as class B, and 11 (49%) as class C. An operative mortality of 17% was noted in the entire group, with one late death due to hepatic failure. All deaths occurred in emergency cases belonging to class C. Technical difficulties were encountered more often in the hands of less experienced surgeons. A high rate of shunt patency and minimal problems with postoperative encephalopathy were noted despite abnormal results of ammonia tolerance tests postoperatively. Lack of hepatopedal flow was noted postoperatively compared with preoperative angiograms. There were no serious adverse effects from diversion of blood from the liver in our surviving patients. The interposition mesocaval shunt is a technically safe and easy procedure in the hands of experienced surgeons. We continue to recommend the mesocaval shunt until other methods prove better than this operation."}
{"id": "PMID:151920", "title": "Epidemiological features of skin diphtheria infection in Rangoon, Burma.", "content": "A survey for skin diphtheria was carried out on 493 patients with skin lesions who were attending Veneral Diseases & Dermatology Clinic in Rangoon in 1971. 63.8% of the patients had C. diphtheriae in their skin lesions. All ages and both sexes were equally affected. Skin lesions yielding C. diphtheriae on culture were indistinguishable from those associated with other bacteria including ecthyma, pyoderma and secondarily infected with parasitic infections. Out of 108 strains tested 18.5% were found to be toxigenic, mainly intermedius. No toxigenic gravis strain was encountered. No relation existed between the type of lesion and the type or toxigenicity of the infecting strain. 75% of these toxigenic strains were isolated from children under 5 years of age. The phage types of toxigenic strains isolated were: II-IV, XII, Ph r, 8, 19-20, III, IVII and IV.", "contents": "Epidemiological features of skin diphtheria infection in Rangoon, Burma. A survey for skin diphtheria was carried out on 493 patients with skin lesions who were attending Veneral Diseases & Dermatology Clinic in Rangoon in 1971. 63.8% of the patients had C. diphtheriae in their skin lesions. All ages and both sexes were equally affected. Skin lesions yielding C. diphtheriae on culture were indistinguishable from those associated with other bacteria including ecthyma, pyoderma and secondarily infected with parasitic infections. Out of 108 strains tested 18.5% were found to be toxigenic, mainly intermedius. No toxigenic gravis strain was encountered. No relation existed between the type of lesion and the type or toxigenicity of the infecting strain. 75% of these toxigenic strains were isolated from children under 5 years of age. The phage types of toxigenic strains isolated were: II-IV, XII, Ph r, 8, 19-20, III, IVII and IV."}
{"id": "PMID:151947", "title": "Activities of hepatic enzymes in spontaneous diabetes rats produced by selective breeding of normal Wistar rats.", "content": "Acitivites of the hepatic enzymes were determined in spontaneous diabetes rats. The activities of the enzymes were compared with those in normal rats and in streptozotocin diabetic rats. In the spontaneous diabetes rats, glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase were 14.6 +/- 0.6 and 1.73 +/- 0.15 U respectively. The activities of both the enzymes were significantly increased. In the spontaneous diabetes rats glucokinase was 3.82 +/- 0.5 U showing a significant increase. On the contrary, the activity of the enzyme was decreased in the streptozotocin diabetic rats. Glucose-6-phosphatase was increased both in the spontaneous diabetes rats and in the streptozotocin diabetic rats. Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase was increased in the spontaneous diabetes rats. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was increased in the spontaneous diabetes rats and decreased in the streptozotocin diabetic rats. In the spontaneous diabetes rats phosphofructokinase showed a reduction of the activity and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was elevated. These findings are consistent with the results of activities of the hepatic enzymes in adult-onset diabetic patients. These patterns of the hepatic enzymes in the spontaneous diabetes rats were different from those in the streptozotocin diabetic rats. From these patterns of activities of the hepatic enzymes, the spontaneous diabetes rats produced by repetition of selective breeding according to Goto et al. (1975,1976) are an excellent model of human adult-onset diabetes.", "contents": "Activities of hepatic enzymes in spontaneous diabetes rats produced by selective breeding of normal Wistar rats. Acitivites of the hepatic enzymes were determined in spontaneous diabetes rats. The activities of the enzymes were compared with those in normal rats and in streptozotocin diabetic rats. In the spontaneous diabetes rats, glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase were 14.6 +/- 0.6 and 1.73 +/- 0.15 U respectively. The activities of both the enzymes were significantly increased. In the spontaneous diabetes rats glucokinase was 3.82 +/- 0.5 U showing a significant increase. On the contrary, the activity of the enzyme was decreased in the streptozotocin diabetic rats. Glucose-6-phosphatase was increased both in the spontaneous diabetes rats and in the streptozotocin diabetic rats. Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase was increased in the spontaneous diabetes rats. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was increased in the spontaneous diabetes rats and decreased in the streptozotocin diabetic rats. In the spontaneous diabetes rats phosphofructokinase showed a reduction of the activity and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase was elevated. These findings are consistent with the results of activities of the hepatic enzymes in adult-onset diabetic patients. These patterns of the hepatic enzymes in the spontaneous diabetes rats were different from those in the streptozotocin diabetic rats. From these patterns of activities of the hepatic enzymes, the spontaneous diabetes rats produced by repetition of selective breeding according to Goto et al. (1975,1976) are an excellent model of human adult-onset diabetes."}
{"id": "PMID:151948", "title": "Serological matching for D locus antigens improves kidney allograft survival in rhesus monkeys.", "content": "A prospective study performed in unrelated, unimmunized rhesus monkeys revealed that serological matching for D-associated Ia1 antigens improves kidney allograft prognosis, provided that the recipients are nonreactive in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) against their donors. MLC-negative host-donor combinations showed a more than 3-fold increase in the mean survival time as compared with MLC-positive combinations. Apparently, compatibility for the most important MLC-stimulating determinants is required for a significant improvement in graft survival. On the other hand, matching for A and B loci antigens did not play a decisive role. Since the relatively simple matching on the basis of identity for Ia1 (or DR) antigens yields a rather high proportion of MLC-nonreactive combinations, this method is likely to become an essential addition to the conventional matching procedures, also in clinical organ transplantation.", "contents": "Serological matching for D locus antigens improves kidney allograft survival in rhesus monkeys. A prospective study performed in unrelated, unimmunized rhesus monkeys revealed that serological matching for D-associated Ia1 antigens improves kidney allograft prognosis, provided that the recipients are nonreactive in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC) against their donors. MLC-negative host-donor combinations showed a more than 3-fold increase in the mean survival time as compared with MLC-positive combinations. Apparently, compatibility for the most important MLC-stimulating determinants is required for a significant improvement in graft survival. On the other hand, matching for A and B loci antigens did not play a decisive role. Since the relatively simple matching on the basis of identity for Ia1 (or DR) antigens yields a rather high proportion of MLC-nonreactive combinations, this method is likely to become an essential addition to the conventional matching procedures, also in clinical organ transplantation."}
{"id": "PMID:151949", "title": "Correlation of tissue typing, mixed lymphocyte culture, and related donor renal allograft survival.", "content": "Results of mixed lymphocyte culture reactions and tissue typing were correlated with the clinical courses of recipients of living related donor renal allografts. Forty-nine patients tested by the mixed lymphocyte culture technique were divided into two response groups: stimulation index greater than 5 and stimulation index less than 5. Seventy patients were tested by standard tissue typing methods and were categorized by the number of misstimulation in mixed lymphocyte culture than with mismatched antigens, suggesting that lymphocyte-defined histocompatibility is more important than serologically defined histocompatibility in selecting the best possible allograft donor.", "contents": "Correlation of tissue typing, mixed lymphocyte culture, and related donor renal allograft survival. Results of mixed lymphocyte culture reactions and tissue typing were correlated with the clinical courses of recipients of living related donor renal allografts. Forty-nine patients tested by the mixed lymphocyte culture technique were divided into two response groups: stimulation index greater than 5 and stimulation index less than 5. Seventy patients were tested by standard tissue typing methods and were categorized by the number of misstimulation in mixed lymphocyte culture than with mismatched antigens, suggesting that lymphocyte-defined histocompatibility is more important than serologically defined histocompatibility in selecting the best possible allograft donor."}
{"id": "PMID:151950", "title": "Inhibition of cell-mediated microcytotoxicity and stimulation of mixed lymphocyte reactivity by mouse pregnancy serum.", "content": "Blocking activity of mouse pregnancy serum was investigated using a well defined one-way mixed lymphocyte culture and a cell-mediated microcytotoxicity test. Allogeneic (C57BL (H-2b) X CBA/Ca (H-2k)) and syngeneic (C57BL (H-2b) X C57BL (H-2b)) pregnancy and postpartum sera were found to stimulate rather than inhibit the mixed lymphocyte response. In contrast, the same sera were able to abrogate target cell killing by hyperimmune lymphocytes in a cell-mediated microcytotoxicity test. Although inhibitory activity was present in both allogeneic and syngeneic 18-day pregnancy sera, indicating a non-specific effect, only allogeneic postpartum sera had significant blocking activity when compared with either the equivalent syngeneic group or the normal serum control. The specificity implied by this gained support from preliminary third-party experiments. Blocking activity was found in primiparous as well as multiparous sera. These results provide further evidence for the existence of maternal serum-blocking factors which may operate to protect the conceptus against maternal cell-mediated immunity during pregnancy, and indicate that they may act at the efferent rather than the afferent phase of the immune response.", "contents": "Inhibition of cell-mediated microcytotoxicity and stimulation of mixed lymphocyte reactivity by mouse pregnancy serum. Blocking activity of mouse pregnancy serum was investigated using a well defined one-way mixed lymphocyte culture and a cell-mediated microcytotoxicity test. Allogeneic (C57BL (H-2b) X CBA/Ca (H-2k)) and syngeneic (C57BL (H-2b) X C57BL (H-2b)) pregnancy and postpartum sera were found to stimulate rather than inhibit the mixed lymphocyte response. In contrast, the same sera were able to abrogate target cell killing by hyperimmune lymphocytes in a cell-mediated microcytotoxicity test. Although inhibitory activity was present in both allogeneic and syngeneic 18-day pregnancy sera, indicating a non-specific effect, only allogeneic postpartum sera had significant blocking activity when compared with either the equivalent syngeneic group or the normal serum control. The specificity implied by this gained support from preliminary third-party experiments. Blocking activity was found in primiparous as well as multiparous sera. These results provide further evidence for the existence of maternal serum-blocking factors which may operate to protect the conceptus against maternal cell-mediated immunity during pregnancy, and indicate that they may act at the efferent rather than the afferent phase of the immune response."}
{"id": "PMID:151951", "title": "In vitro immunosuppressive effects of cytotoxic agents conjugated to antihuman lymphocyte globulin.", "content": "Antihuman lymphocyte globulin (ALG) was either coupled to the lymphocytoxic drug chlorambucil or covalently bound to the cytotoxic alkalating agent melphalan via a polyglutamic acid carrier. Both types of complexes strongly inhibited the proliferative response in human mixed lymphocyte cultures and the ability of mixed lymphocyte culture-activated T effector cells to lyse 51Cr-labelled lymphoblast target cells, and were more potent than ALG or drug alone. These experiments indicate that it is possible to bind cytotoxic agents to ALG without destroying either the properties of the drug or the ability of the antibody to bind to lymphoid cells.", "contents": "In vitro immunosuppressive effects of cytotoxic agents conjugated to antihuman lymphocyte globulin. Antihuman lymphocyte globulin (ALG) was either coupled to the lymphocytoxic drug chlorambucil or covalently bound to the cytotoxic alkalating agent melphalan via a polyglutamic acid carrier. Both types of complexes strongly inhibited the proliferative response in human mixed lymphocyte cultures and the ability of mixed lymphocyte culture-activated T effector cells to lyse 51Cr-labelled lymphoblast target cells, and were more potent than ALG or drug alone. These experiments indicate that it is possible to bind cytotoxic agents to ALG without destroying either the properties of the drug or the ability of the antibody to bind to lymphoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:151952", "title": "Modulation of mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity following alloimmunization between H-1 (Ag-B)-histocompatible rat strains.", "content": "H-1 (Ag-B)-histocompatible rats were cross-immunized to study the effects of presensitization on the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactivity in normally nonresponsive MLC interactions. Lewis (LEW) rats, H-1 (Ag-B), were given s.c. injections of Fischer (F), H-1 (Ag-B), lymhocytes at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. Immunized LEW (Lew-iF) and F lymphocytes showed increased proliferative responses in MLC after the third immunization. The augmented proliferative responses in the MLC between these H-1 (Ag-B)-histocompatible rat strains following immunization may reflect minor histocompatibility antigenic differences. On the other hand, decreased proliferative responses in MLC between Lew-iF and Ag-B (H-1)-disparate rat strains were demonstrated. Alloimmunization across minor histocompatibility differences led to different types of regulatory effects on the MLC interactions. With low MLC responses, e.g., minor histocompatibility differences, the regulation tends to be positive; whereas for strong MLC responses, e.g., major H-1 (Ag-B) differences, the regulation tends to be negative or suppression.", "contents": "Modulation of mixed lymphocyte culture reactivity following alloimmunization between H-1 (Ag-B)-histocompatible rat strains. H-1 (Ag-B)-histocompatible rats were cross-immunized to study the effects of presensitization on the mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) reactivity in normally nonresponsive MLC interactions. Lewis (LEW) rats, H-1 (Ag-B), were given s.c. injections of Fischer (F), H-1 (Ag-B), lymhocytes at weekly intervals for 3 weeks. Immunized LEW (Lew-iF) and F lymphocytes showed increased proliferative responses in MLC after the third immunization. The augmented proliferative responses in the MLC between these H-1 (Ag-B)-histocompatible rat strains following immunization may reflect minor histocompatibility antigenic differences. On the other hand, decreased proliferative responses in MLC between Lew-iF and Ag-B (H-1)-disparate rat strains were demonstrated. Alloimmunization across minor histocompatibility differences led to different types of regulatory effects on the MLC interactions. With low MLC responses, e.g., minor histocompatibility differences, the regulation tends to be positive; whereas for strong MLC responses, e.g., major H-1 (Ag-B) differences, the regulation tends to be negative or suppression."}
{"id": "PMID:151953", "title": "Immune response-associated antigens on mouse leukemia cells. II. Anti-Ia sera inhibit the MLR reaction between normal GR spleen cells and syngeneic spleen cells of GRSL tumor-bearing mice.", "content": "Mitomycin C-treated ascites cells of Ia antigen-positive GRSL14 tumor cells and spleen cells from GRSL14 tumor-bearing mice stimulated lymphocyte proliferative responses in normal syngeneic GR spleen cells. Furthermore, mitomycin C-treated T cells purified from spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice also stimulated normal GR spleen cells. Anti-Ia sera inhibited the stimulating ability of tumor cells and of spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice. These data suggest a role for I region gene products in immune surveillance for syngeneic tumors.", "contents": "Immune response-associated antigens on mouse leukemia cells. II. Anti-Ia sera inhibit the MLR reaction between normal GR spleen cells and syngeneic spleen cells of GRSL tumor-bearing mice. Mitomycin C-treated ascites cells of Ia antigen-positive GRSL14 tumor cells and spleen cells from GRSL14 tumor-bearing mice stimulated lymphocyte proliferative responses in normal syngeneic GR spleen cells. Furthermore, mitomycin C-treated T cells purified from spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice also stimulated normal GR spleen cells. Anti-Ia sera inhibited the stimulating ability of tumor cells and of spleen cells of tumor-bearing mice. These data suggest a role for I region gene products in immune surveillance for syngeneic tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:151955", "title": "Immune reactivity of cells from long-term rat renal allograft survivors.", "content": "Lewis rats receiving an LBN kidney allograft demonstrate no signs of rejection if they are pretreated with donor spleen cells and antiserum reactive with the donor alloantigen. We examined the cellular reactivity of long-term kidney allograft survivors. Normal proliferative and cytolytic responses were obtained with spleen cells from long-term survivors, in marked contrast to the diminished responses of cells from neonatally tolerant rats or the heightened cytolytic response of cells from rats that had rejected a renal allograft. Serum from long-term renal allograft survivors as well as serum obtained from rats at the time of transplantation did not suppress proliferative or cytolytic responses of normal cells. The results of this study suggest that long-term renal allograft survivors possess the precursors of those cells which are responsible for proliferative and cytolytic responses in mixed leukocyte cultures, but that they have not been sensitized to their renal allograft.", "contents": "Immune reactivity of cells from long-term rat renal allograft survivors. Lewis rats receiving an LBN kidney allograft demonstrate no signs of rejection if they are pretreated with donor spleen cells and antiserum reactive with the donor alloantigen. We examined the cellular reactivity of long-term kidney allograft survivors. Normal proliferative and cytolytic responses were obtained with spleen cells from long-term survivors, in marked contrast to the diminished responses of cells from neonatally tolerant rats or the heightened cytolytic response of cells from rats that had rejected a renal allograft. Serum from long-term renal allograft survivors as well as serum obtained from rats at the time of transplantation did not suppress proliferative or cytolytic responses of normal cells. The results of this study suggest that long-term renal allograft survivors possess the precursors of those cells which are responsible for proliferative and cytolytic responses in mixed leukocyte cultures, but that they have not been sensitized to their renal allograft."}
{"id": "PMID:151956", "title": "[Effect of gene dose in human cells].", "content": "Data from literature are reviewed on the gene dosage effect in human cells. Until recently the dosage effects have been distinctly shown for the genes of superoxide dismutase-1, acid phosphatase of erythrocytes, adenine phosphoribosyl transferase, glutathione reductase and nucleoside phosphorylase, located on chromosomes 21, 2, 16, 8, 14, respectively. The data are discussed in the light of problems arising from the study of the regulation of gene expression in man.", "contents": "[Effect of gene dose in human cells]. Data from literature are reviewed on the gene dosage effect in human cells. Until recently the dosage effects have been distinctly shown for the genes of superoxide dismutase-1, acid phosphatase of erythrocytes, adenine phosphoribosyl transferase, glutathione reductase and nucleoside phosphorylase, located on chromosomes 21, 2, 16, 8, 14, respectively. The data are discussed in the light of problems arising from the study of the regulation of gene expression in man."}
{"id": "PMID:151961", "title": "Computer analysis of micturition parameters and accuracy of uroflowmeter.", "content": "Several micturition parameters in healthy volunteers have been studied with digital computer analysis. The accuracy of the uroflowmeter has also been tested. Total voiding time, average flow rate, maximum flow rate, volume and time at maximum flow rate are all the function of volume voided. The first half of urinary volume is rapidly evacuated in the first one third of the total voiding time, and the rest in the remaining two thirds of the voiding period. When the constant stream hits at the center of the disk, the response of the flowmeter is fairly good. Once the urinary stream is accelerated and/or hits at the edge of the disk, the response is not reliable.", "contents": "Computer analysis of micturition parameters and accuracy of uroflowmeter. Several micturition parameters in healthy volunteers have been studied with digital computer analysis. The accuracy of the uroflowmeter has also been tested. Total voiding time, average flow rate, maximum flow rate, volume and time at maximum flow rate are all the function of volume voided. The first half of urinary volume is rapidly evacuated in the first one third of the total voiding time, and the rest in the remaining two thirds of the voiding period. When the constant stream hits at the center of the disk, the response of the flowmeter is fairly good. Once the urinary stream is accelerated and/or hits at the edge of the disk, the response is not reliable."}
{"id": "PMID:151971", "title": "Subcellular B cell calcium and insulin secretion in vitro. Comparative ultracytochemical studies after glucose stimulation and cyproheptadine inhibition.", "content": "Using the ultracytochemical pyroantimonate technique different patterns of calcium containing precipitates were found in the B cells of the isolated perfused rat pancreas under conditions of stimulated and inhibited insulin secretion. The calcium specificity of the ultracytochemical method was assessed by perfusion with a EGTA containing calcium-free medium, which markedly reduced the extent of precipitation. Perfusion with 20 mM D-glucose over a period of 30 min resulted in calcium distribution patterns which could be related to the biphasic insulin release. The calcium patterns differed significantly in their quality and quantitative morphometry from those after 5 mM D-glucose or cyproheptadine (CPH) perfusion (20 mM D-glucose plus 0.1 mM CPH). After 3--5 min of 20 mM glucose perfusion there was an increased calcium precipitation along the inner side of the B cell membranes. After 20--30 min an additional increase in precipitation was found in the cytoplasmic matrix and in the secretory granules. B cells in a CPH-inhibited state of secretion and also after perfusion with 5 mM glucose lacked these findings. The data suggest that an increase in the membrane associated calcium may induce the first phase of insulin secretion by triggering the exocytosis of peripheral granules, while the cytoplasmic calcium may be involved in long term regulation of insulin release.", "contents": "Subcellular B cell calcium and insulin secretion in vitro. Comparative ultracytochemical studies after glucose stimulation and cyproheptadine inhibition. Using the ultracytochemical pyroantimonate technique different patterns of calcium containing precipitates were found in the B cells of the isolated perfused rat pancreas under conditions of stimulated and inhibited insulin secretion. The calcium specificity of the ultracytochemical method was assessed by perfusion with a EGTA containing calcium-free medium, which markedly reduced the extent of precipitation. Perfusion with 20 mM D-glucose over a period of 30 min resulted in calcium distribution patterns which could be related to the biphasic insulin release. The calcium patterns differed significantly in their quality and quantitative morphometry from those after 5 mM D-glucose or cyproheptadine (CPH) perfusion (20 mM D-glucose plus 0.1 mM CPH). After 3--5 min of 20 mM glucose perfusion there was an increased calcium precipitation along the inner side of the B cell membranes. After 20--30 min an additional increase in precipitation was found in the cytoplasmic matrix and in the secretory granules. B cells in a CPH-inhibited state of secretion and also after perfusion with 5 mM glucose lacked these findings. The data suggest that an increase in the membrane associated calcium may induce the first phase of insulin secretion by triggering the exocytosis of peripheral granules, while the cytoplasmic calcium may be involved in long term regulation of insulin release."}
{"id": "PMID:151972", "title": "An effective morphometric method for electron microscopic studies on papillary muscles.", "content": "Morphometry was performed on the left ventricular posterior papillary muscles of seven Wistar rats. The volume densities of myocardial cells, interstitial space, myocardial nuclei, sarcoplasm, mitochondria, myofibrils, ground substance and T tubules, and the surface densities of myocardial cells, mitochondrial membranes and T tubules, were calculated. Though only 1 ultrathin section per animal was evaluated the low standard errors of the means indicate that the method described here will be adequate in most experimental studies. Due to the anisotropy of the surfaces within myocardial cells, the papillary muscles were cut at an angle of 32.4 degrees to their longitudinal axis. This angle is derived from an equation published by Whitehouse (1974). The procedure to correct the loss of cristal membrane images from oblique sectioning is discussed.", "contents": "An effective morphometric method for electron microscopic studies on papillary muscles. Morphometry was performed on the left ventricular posterior papillary muscles of seven Wistar rats. The volume densities of myocardial cells, interstitial space, myocardial nuclei, sarcoplasm, mitochondria, myofibrils, ground substance and T tubules, and the surface densities of myocardial cells, mitochondrial membranes and T tubules, were calculated. Though only 1 ultrathin section per animal was evaluated the low standard errors of the means indicate that the method described here will be adequate in most experimental studies. Due to the anisotropy of the surfaces within myocardial cells, the papillary muscles were cut at an angle of 32.4 degrees to their longitudinal axis. This angle is derived from an equation published by Whitehouse (1974). The procedure to correct the loss of cristal membrane images from oblique sectioning is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:151973", "title": "An ultrastructural study of the placenta in materno-fetal rhesus incompatibility.", "content": "An electronoptical study has been made of eleven placentae from cases of materno-fetal rhesus incompatibility. The characteristic findings are focal, but sometimes quite extensive, syncytial necrosis, retention of normal pinocytotic and secretory activity in the non-necrotic syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblastic hyperplasia, thickening of the trophoblastic basement membrane, immature-type endothelial cells in the fetal villous vessels and thickening or lamination of the capillary basement membranes. The pathogenesis of many of these chantes is not clear but there is no evidence that they are immunologically mediated. It is suggested that the syncytial necrosis may be due to narrowing of the intervillous space as a result of increased villous size, that the cytotrophoblastic hyperplasia is a response to the syncytial damage and is responsible for the changes in the trophoblastic basement membrane and that the fetal capillary changes are indicative of endothelial cell damage due, possibly, to fetal anaemia. Despite the damage suffered by the placenta in materno-fetal rhesus incompatibility there is little evidence of impaired functional efficiency.", "contents": "An ultrastructural study of the placenta in materno-fetal rhesus incompatibility. An electronoptical study has been made of eleven placentae from cases of materno-fetal rhesus incompatibility. The characteristic findings are focal, but sometimes quite extensive, syncytial necrosis, retention of normal pinocytotic and secretory activity in the non-necrotic syncytiotrophoblast, cytotrophoblastic hyperplasia, thickening of the trophoblastic basement membrane, immature-type endothelial cells in the fetal villous vessels and thickening or lamination of the capillary basement membranes. The pathogenesis of many of these chantes is not clear but there is no evidence that they are immunologically mediated. It is suggested that the syncytial necrosis may be due to narrowing of the intervillous space as a result of increased villous size, that the cytotrophoblastic hyperplasia is a response to the syncytial damage and is responsible for the changes in the trophoblastic basement membrane and that the fetal capillary changes are indicative of endothelial cell damage due, possibly, to fetal anaemia. Despite the damage suffered by the placenta in materno-fetal rhesus incompatibility there is little evidence of impaired functional efficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:151974", "title": "Studies on subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn.", "content": "Biopsy specimens from the skin and subcutaneous fat tissue of four cases with neonatal subcutaneous fat necrosis were made and investigated by light and electron microscopy at 2, 4, and 6 weeks, and 5 months (Case 2) from the onset of the disease. Three stages of ultrastructural change of fat cells were observed. The evolution of crystal formation in the fat cells was seen and phagocytosis of crystals and fat droplets by macrophages and foreign-body giant cells was also noted. In the light microscope accumulation of calcium concretions in the spaces between and inside the fat cells was found. In the electron microscope we detected foci of highly electron-dense granules, which were similar in distribution and structure to calcium salts stained with the von Kossa method. Changes in small and medium size blood vessels were observed.", "contents": "Studies on subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn. Biopsy specimens from the skin and subcutaneous fat tissue of four cases with neonatal subcutaneous fat necrosis were made and investigated by light and electron microscopy at 2, 4, and 6 weeks, and 5 months (Case 2) from the onset of the disease. Three stages of ultrastructural change of fat cells were observed. The evolution of crystal formation in the fat cells was seen and phagocytosis of crystals and fat droplets by macrophages and foreign-body giant cells was also noted. In the light microscope accumulation of calcium concretions in the spaces between and inside the fat cells was found. In the electron microscope we detected foci of highly electron-dense granules, which were similar in distribution and structure to calcium salts stained with the von Kossa method. Changes in small and medium size blood vessels were observed."}
{"id": "PMID:151975", "title": "Chordoid sarcoma of the soft tissue of the nape of the neck: a case with a 20 year follow-up.", "content": "A huge tumor mass arising from the soft tissue of the nape of the neck, which histologically resembled chordoma is reported. This case had a history of over 30 years after onset at around 37 years of age. With frequent recurrence and re-excision after en bloc radical resection, performed at 47 years of age, this female patient expired at the age of 66, 20 years after the first radical operation. At operation, the mass was found to be firmly attached to the dorsal soft tissue. There was no connection with any bony structure, such as the cervical vertebrae or skull. Chordoma-like histological features were unchanged throughout the next 20 years. This unusual malignant neoplasm appears to correspond to the \"chordoid tumor\" or \"chordoid sarcoma\" of soft tissue, a term coined by F.W. Stewart in 1948. Alternatively the name \"chondroid chordoma\" used by Heffelfinger, Dahlin and others may be employed.", "contents": "Chordoid sarcoma of the soft tissue of the nape of the neck: a case with a 20 year follow-up. A huge tumor mass arising from the soft tissue of the nape of the neck, which histologically resembled chordoma is reported. This case had a history of over 30 years after onset at around 37 years of age. With frequent recurrence and re-excision after en bloc radical resection, performed at 47 years of age, this female patient expired at the age of 66, 20 years after the first radical operation. At operation, the mass was found to be firmly attached to the dorsal soft tissue. There was no connection with any bony structure, such as the cervical vertebrae or skull. Chordoma-like histological features were unchanged throughout the next 20 years. This unusual malignant neoplasm appears to correspond to the \"chordoid tumor\" or \"chordoid sarcoma\" of soft tissue, a term coined by F.W. Stewart in 1948. Alternatively the name \"chondroid chordoma\" used by Heffelfinger, Dahlin and others may be employed."}
{"id": "PMID:151977", "title": "Heat injuries to the respiratory system.", "content": "A steam-tube of the main boiler exploded on a ship lying in the harbour of Hamburg. The steam temperature was 283 degrees C. Cutaneous and severe inhalational scalding occured in the 27 fatalities, the men dying after different intervals. This paper deals with the pathological findings in the respiratory passages and the lung, describing the topographical extent of direct thermal injury and the temporal course of tissue reactions. In cases of instantaneous death coagulation necrosis of the tracheal and bronchial wall was found to extend to alveolar ducts in central parts of the lung. The lung parenchyma showed marked congestion, alveolar edema and desquamation of alveolar epithelial cells. Death occured due to acute pulmonary dysfunction and shock. Lethal complications following the period of primary shock consisted of fulminant confluent bronchopneumonia, the hyaline membrane syndrome or the onset of desquamative interstitial pneumonia. These changes rendered it difficult to evaluate the effects of the heavy cutaneous scalding on the pathological course of inhalational injuries in those surviving for longer periods.", "contents": "Heat injuries to the respiratory system. A steam-tube of the main boiler exploded on a ship lying in the harbour of Hamburg. The steam temperature was 283 degrees C. Cutaneous and severe inhalational scalding occured in the 27 fatalities, the men dying after different intervals. This paper deals with the pathological findings in the respiratory passages and the lung, describing the topographical extent of direct thermal injury and the temporal course of tissue reactions. In cases of instantaneous death coagulation necrosis of the tracheal and bronchial wall was found to extend to alveolar ducts in central parts of the lung. The lung parenchyma showed marked congestion, alveolar edema and desquamation of alveolar epithelial cells. Death occured due to acute pulmonary dysfunction and shock. Lethal complications following the period of primary shock consisted of fulminant confluent bronchopneumonia, the hyaline membrane syndrome or the onset of desquamative interstitial pneumonia. These changes rendered it difficult to evaluate the effects of the heavy cutaneous scalding on the pathological course of inhalational injuries in those surviving for longer periods."}
{"id": "PMID:151978", "title": "Double outlet right ventricle in a human embryo.", "content": "A human embryo of 14 mm crown-rump length is described to exemplify the anomaly of double outlet right ventricle with subaortic defect. The configuration of endocardial swellings in the outflow portion of the heart are compatible with the general architecture of full-grown examples of the anomaly. This configuration differs considerably from normal embryonic anatomy, but is still supported by the architecture of the myoepicardial mantle. It is concluded that endocardial swellings play a secondary role in the determination of fullgrown cardiac anatomy.", "contents": "Double outlet right ventricle in a human embryo. A human embryo of 14 mm crown-rump length is described to exemplify the anomaly of double outlet right ventricle with subaortic defect. The configuration of endocardial swellings in the outflow portion of the heart are compatible with the general architecture of full-grown examples of the anomaly. This configuration differs considerably from normal embryonic anatomy, but is still supported by the architecture of the myoepicardial mantle. It is concluded that endocardial swellings play a secondary role in the determination of fullgrown cardiac anatomy."}
{"id": "PMID:151979", "title": "[Pinguecula and pterygium: histologic and electron microscopic study (author's transl)].", "content": "Two pingueculae combined with pterygia were studied by light and electron microscopy. Hyaline degeneration of the collagen, dark staining granular, von Kossa negative concretions and elastotic material were observed in both conditions together with marked changes in the fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes and the basement membrane of conjunctival capillaries and small veins. The elastotic material is similar to that observed in solar elastosis, where the collagen fibers are less severely damaged. Chronic sun exposure of the pericorneal conjunctiva may damage endothelial cells primarily and disturb vascular exchanges. This would result in accelerated degeneration and regeneration of endothelial cells, in thickening of the basement membrane and, secondarily, disturbed metabolism of fibroblasts with alterations of the collagen and elastic fibers.", "contents": "[Pinguecula and pterygium: histologic and electron microscopic study (author's transl)]. Two pingueculae combined with pterygia were studied by light and electron microscopy. Hyaline degeneration of the collagen, dark staining granular, von Kossa negative concretions and elastotic material were observed in both conditions together with marked changes in the fibroblasts, endothelial cells, pericytes and the basement membrane of conjunctival capillaries and small veins. The elastotic material is similar to that observed in solar elastosis, where the collagen fibers are less severely damaged. Chronic sun exposure of the pericorneal conjunctiva may damage endothelial cells primarily and disturb vascular exchanges. This would result in accelerated degeneration and regeneration of endothelial cells, in thickening of the basement membrane and, secondarily, disturbed metabolism of fibroblasts with alterations of the collagen and elastic fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:151980", "title": "[Investigations on the ultrastructure of lympho-epithelial thymomas with special reference to \"emperipolesis\" (author's transl)].", "content": "The ultrastructure of eleven thymomas with lymphocytic predominance, one \"epitheloid\" cell thymoma and two normal human thymuses is described with special reference to \"Emperipolesis\". All patients have had myasthenia gravis. The normal human thymus consists of three parts: outer cortex, inner cortex, and medulla. The outer cortex contains mainly lymphoblasts and Metcalf's macrophages within the so-called \"Clark-packet's\". The inner cortex consists mainly lymphocytes and interdigitating reticulum cells, and the medulla of epithelial cells, lymphocytes and Hassall's corpuscles. In all cases of lympho-epithelial thymoma and in normal human thymuses there are enormous interdigitations between epithelial (tumor) cells, lymphocytes and macrophages. The \"epitheloid\" cell thymomas also show findings which suggest an epithelial cell interaction. We have not found intact lymphocytes inside the cytoplasm of normal and/or tumor epithelial cells, macrophages or interdigitating reticulum cells. The intracellular existence of intact lymphocytes has been termed \"Emperipolesis\" by Humble, Jayne, and Pulvertaft, meaning \"internal wandering\". These investigations indicate that \"Emperipolesis\" is not an adequate term for cellular interaction in normal human thymuses and thymomas. A false impression of intraepithelial location of thymic lymphocytes is created by two-dimensional sections of complex thymic structure. These ultrastructural studies revealed damage to lymphocytes only in macrophages with lymphocytolysis within these cells and accumulation of numerous heterophagic vacuoles containing fragments of lymphocytic debris within them.", "contents": "[Investigations on the ultrastructure of lympho-epithelial thymomas with special reference to \"emperipolesis\" (author's transl)]. The ultrastructure of eleven thymomas with lymphocytic predominance, one \"epitheloid\" cell thymoma and two normal human thymuses is described with special reference to \"Emperipolesis\". All patients have had myasthenia gravis. The normal human thymus consists of three parts: outer cortex, inner cortex, and medulla. The outer cortex contains mainly lymphoblasts and Metcalf's macrophages within the so-called \"Clark-packet's\". The inner cortex consists mainly lymphocytes and interdigitating reticulum cells, and the medulla of epithelial cells, lymphocytes and Hassall's corpuscles. In all cases of lympho-epithelial thymoma and in normal human thymuses there are enormous interdigitations between epithelial (tumor) cells, lymphocytes and macrophages. The \"epitheloid\" cell thymomas also show findings which suggest an epithelial cell interaction. We have not found intact lymphocytes inside the cytoplasm of normal and/or tumor epithelial cells, macrophages or interdigitating reticulum cells. The intracellular existence of intact lymphocytes has been termed \"Emperipolesis\" by Humble, Jayne, and Pulvertaft, meaning \"internal wandering\". These investigations indicate that \"Emperipolesis\" is not an adequate term for cellular interaction in normal human thymuses and thymomas. A false impression of intraepithelial location of thymic lymphocytes is created by two-dimensional sections of complex thymic structure. These ultrastructural studies revealed damage to lymphocytes only in macrophages with lymphocytolysis within these cells and accumulation of numerous heterophagic vacuoles containing fragments of lymphocytic debris within them."}
{"id": "PMID:151981", "title": "Primary fibroxanthosarcoma of the thoracic aorta.", "content": "A case is presented of a 58-year-old female with a primary malignant tumor of the aorta. The lesion was diagnosed histologically as a fibrox-anthosarcoma and represents the first primary neoplasm of the aorta so classified. The gross and microscopic features of the lesion are described and the morphologic characteristics of previously reported aortic sarcomas are briefly reviewed  and examined in light of the current histologic criteria for soft tissue tumors.", "contents": "Primary fibroxanthosarcoma of the thoracic aorta. A case is presented of a 58-year-old female with a primary malignant tumor of the aorta. The lesion was diagnosed histologically as a fibrox-anthosarcoma and represents the first primary neoplasm of the aorta so classified. The gross and microscopic features of the lesion are described and the morphologic characteristics of previously reported aortic sarcomas are briefly reviewed  and examined in light of the current histologic criteria for soft tissue tumors."}
{"id": "PMID:151982", "title": "The effect of the epidermal G2 chalone on the mitotic duration in nude mouse epidermis and in a transplanted squamous cell carcinoma.", "content": "Balb/c/nu nude mice transplanted with a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma were injected intraperitoneally with different doses of aqueous skin extracts containing the epidermal G2 chalone. The mitotic counts and the mitotic rates were determined in histological sections using a stathmokinetic method with vinblastine sulphate. The mitotic duration was calculated from the mitotic rates and counts. Skin extracts containing epidermal G2 chalone increased the mitotic duration in the epidermis, and a similar trend was seen in the tumour. The higher the dose of chalone, the longer the mitotic duration tended to be. A straight line of best fit used to indicate the dose/response relationship was steeper for the epidermis than for the tumour. The study thus shows that the epidermal G2 chalone not only prevents epidermal cells from entering mitosis, it also prolongs the mitotic duration. Further, the results do not contradict the theory that tumour cells may be less sensitive to chalone than normal cells.", "contents": "The effect of the epidermal G2 chalone on the mitotic duration in nude mouse epidermis and in a transplanted squamous cell carcinoma. Balb/c/nu nude mice transplanted with a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma were injected intraperitoneally with different doses of aqueous skin extracts containing the epidermal G2 chalone. The mitotic counts and the mitotic rates were determined in histological sections using a stathmokinetic method with vinblastine sulphate. The mitotic duration was calculated from the mitotic rates and counts. Skin extracts containing epidermal G2 chalone increased the mitotic duration in the epidermis, and a similar trend was seen in the tumour. The higher the dose of chalone, the longer the mitotic duration tended to be. A straight line of best fit used to indicate the dose/response relationship was steeper for the epidermis than for the tumour. The study thus shows that the epidermal G2 chalone not only prevents epidermal cells from entering mitosis, it also prolongs the mitotic duration. Further, the results do not contradict the theory that tumour cells may be less sensitive to chalone than normal cells."}
{"id": "PMID:151986", "title": "Cumulative injury.", "content": "A few states, notably California, are experiencing large increases in the number and cost of disability settlements under workers' compensation. Claims of cumulative injury for coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, cancer and neuropsychiatric problems have all been interpreted as compensable under workers' compensation, even when these conditions are clearly related to the aging process. Legal precedents for such claims are building rapidly throughout the country. The resultant costs may lead to the demise of the workers' compensation system. The situation in California is discussed in detail including the legal aspects, cumulative injury claims by type of disease and age of claimants, legal costs to the individual and the employer, and the economic outlook for the workers' compensation insurance system.", "contents": "Cumulative injury. A few states, notably California, are experiencing large increases in the number and cost of disability settlements under workers' compensation. Claims of cumulative injury for coronary heart disease, hypertension, stroke, cancer and neuropsychiatric problems have all been interpreted as compensable under workers' compensation, even when these conditions are clearly related to the aging process. Legal precedents for such claims are building rapidly throughout the country. The resultant costs may lead to the demise of the workers' compensation system. The situation in California is discussed in detail including the legal aspects, cumulative injury claims by type of disease and age of claimants, legal costs to the individual and the employer, and the economic outlook for the workers' compensation insurance system."}
{"id": "PMID:151991", "title": "[The importance of the endo-endothelial fibrin and mucopolysaccharide film for the vessel wall permeability].", "content": "After a short description of the morphology and the present ideas of the function of the endo-endothelial fibrin and mucopolysaccharide film, respectively, of the vascular wall hitherto undertaken experimental investigations of this structure within the pathogenesis of the arteriosclerosis are summarized. The results of these investigations are contradictory. The difficulties of a morphological demonstration of changes of the endo-endothelial film going along with disturbances of the permeability as an early change of the arteriosclerosis are in the method of demonstration, in which case it is not sure, whether with the preparative and technical means used at present processes taking place on molecular level in the substances of the endo-endothelial film may really be comprehended.", "contents": "[The importance of the endo-endothelial fibrin and mucopolysaccharide film for the vessel wall permeability]. After a short description of the morphology and the present ideas of the function of the endo-endothelial fibrin and mucopolysaccharide film, respectively, of the vascular wall hitherto undertaken experimental investigations of this structure within the pathogenesis of the arteriosclerosis are summarized. The results of these investigations are contradictory. The difficulties of a morphological demonstration of changes of the endo-endothelial film going along with disturbances of the permeability as an early change of the arteriosclerosis are in the method of demonstration, in which case it is not sure, whether with the preparative and technical means used at present processes taking place on molecular level in the substances of the endo-endothelial film may really be comprehended."}
{"id": "PMID:151992", "title": "[Fibrin deposits and fibrinolysis in pre and early stages of arteriosclerosis].", "content": "Already in the early stages of atherosclerosis still before the appearance of coarsely visible changes subendothelially fibrin-like material is found in the places of predilection known, which reveals electron-microscopically the typical periodicity. Lesions of the endothelium with increase of permeability, release of coagulation factors and mitogenic substances which stimulate the proliferation of smooth muscle cells always precede. There are several mechanisms for the penetration of fibrinogen or fibrin into the vascular wall, the proportion of which changes with the progressing of the atherosclerosis. They are discussed in detail. Mechanisms of fibrinolysis, in which plasmin or activators of plasmin occupy a key position, effect against this process. By histochemical estimation of this activator the fibrinolytical potential of the vascular system can be investigated under various clinical conditions. For this a series of instances is cited.", "contents": "[Fibrin deposits and fibrinolysis in pre and early stages of arteriosclerosis]. Already in the early stages of atherosclerosis still before the appearance of coarsely visible changes subendothelially fibrin-like material is found in the places of predilection known, which reveals electron-microscopically the typical periodicity. Lesions of the endothelium with increase of permeability, release of coagulation factors and mitogenic substances which stimulate the proliferation of smooth muscle cells always precede. There are several mechanisms for the penetration of fibrinogen or fibrin into the vascular wall, the proportion of which changes with the progressing of the atherosclerosis. They are discussed in detail. Mechanisms of fibrinolysis, in which plasmin or activators of plasmin occupy a key position, effect against this process. By histochemical estimation of this activator the fibrinolytical potential of the vascular system can be investigated under various clinical conditions. For this a series of instances is cited."}
{"id": "PMID:151993", "title": "[Chemotherapy of gastrointestinal cancer (author's transl)].", "content": "Gastrointestinal cancer has proved exceedingly resistant to chemotherapy efforts. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) accepted as standard treatment, has provided only infrequent and incomplete antitumor effects. Other drugs as the nitrosoureas BCNU and CCNU or Mitomycin C do not match the effectiveness of 5-FU. Improvement in frequency of tumor regression have been recorded for gastric carcinoma with combinations of 5-FU and BCNU and 5-FU, adriamycin and Mitomycin C and for colorectal carcinoma with combination of 5-FU, methyl-CCNU and vincristine. There are also suggestions that such combination chemotherapy may produce increased survival when compared to untreated patients. The combination of 5-FU and streptozotocin in carcinoid tumors or adriamycin in primary hepatoma may be of some effectiveness.", "contents": "[Chemotherapy of gastrointestinal cancer (author's transl)]. Gastrointestinal cancer has proved exceedingly resistant to chemotherapy efforts. 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) accepted as standard treatment, has provided only infrequent and incomplete antitumor effects. Other drugs as the nitrosoureas BCNU and CCNU or Mitomycin C do not match the effectiveness of 5-FU. Improvement in frequency of tumor regression have been recorded for gastric carcinoma with combinations of 5-FU and BCNU and 5-FU, adriamycin and Mitomycin C and for colorectal carcinoma with combination of 5-FU, methyl-CCNU and vincristine. There are also suggestions that such combination chemotherapy may produce increased survival when compared to untreated patients. The combination of 5-FU and streptozotocin in carcinoid tumors or adriamycin in primary hepatoma may be of some effectiveness."}
{"id": "PMID:151996", "title": "Effect of immunosuppression on the growth of six murine tumors.", "content": "Mice have been immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide, cortisone-acetate, irradiation, or Ehrlich ascitic fluid (EAF) and then grafted with Ehrlich tumor or with one of the following strain-specific tumors: thymoma, methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma, B-16 melanoma, lymphatic leukaemia, and myeloid leukaemia. Immunosuppression of the host influenced very differently the growth of transplanted malignancies. The growth of thymoma and of Ehrlich tumor was regularly enhanced. The growth of fibrosarcoma and of melanoma, on the other hand, was retarded in mice pretreated with EAF and X-rays, or remained unchanged in mice pretreated with drugs. Leukaemia growth was not influenced by any immunosuppressive treatment; the only exception was enhanced growth of lymphoid leukaemia in animals pretreated with EAF. Thus different tumors grew differently in animals immunosuppressed by the same immunosuppressive agent, while different immunosuppressive treatment changed the growth of one particular tumor always in the same way. From this we concluded: (1) there is no rule as to how immunosuppression of the host will influence tumor growth; and (2) the way in which the malignant growth will be changed depends mainly upon the type of the tumor and probably not very much upon the type of immunosuppressive treatment.", "contents": "Effect of immunosuppression on the growth of six murine tumors. Mice have been immunosuppressed with cyclophosphamide, cortisone-acetate, irradiation, or Ehrlich ascitic fluid (EAF) and then grafted with Ehrlich tumor or with one of the following strain-specific tumors: thymoma, methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma, B-16 melanoma, lymphatic leukaemia, and myeloid leukaemia. Immunosuppression of the host influenced very differently the growth of transplanted malignancies. The growth of thymoma and of Ehrlich tumor was regularly enhanced. The growth of fibrosarcoma and of melanoma, on the other hand, was retarded in mice pretreated with EAF and X-rays, or remained unchanged in mice pretreated with drugs. Leukaemia growth was not influenced by any immunosuppressive treatment; the only exception was enhanced growth of lymphoid leukaemia in animals pretreated with EAF. Thus different tumors grew differently in animals immunosuppressed by the same immunosuppressive agent, while different immunosuppressive treatment changed the growth of one particular tumor always in the same way. From this we concluded: (1) there is no rule as to how immunosuppression of the host will influence tumor growth; and (2) the way in which the malignant growth will be changed depends mainly upon the type of the tumor and probably not very much upon the type of immunosuppressive treatment."}
{"id": "PMID:151997", "title": "Carcinogen-induced DNA repair in nucleotide-permeable Escherichia coli cells. Analysis of DNA repair induced by carcinogenic K-region epoxides and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane.", "content": "Ether-permeabilized (nucleotide-permeable) Escherichia coli cells exhibited DNA excision repair when exposed to the following carcinogenic K-region epoxides: 7-methyl- and 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene-5,6-oxide, chrysene-5,6-oxide and benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide. This DNA excision repair was missing in uvr A and uvr B mutant cells. The K-region epoxide phenanthrene-9,10-oxide was ineffective in all E. coli strains tested. In contrast to the K-region epoxides which where found active only in wild type cells, 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane and the 6,7-epoxides of the tumor promoter TPA (12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate) elicited DNA repair in uvrA, uvrB mutant cells as well. Enzymic activities catalyzing particular repair steps were identified by determining a) repair polymerization and b) size reduction of denatured DNA. A) An easily quantifiable effect in E. coli wild type cells was epoxide-induced repair polymerization. None of the K-region epoxides tested stimulated DNA repair synthesis in uvrA, uvrB mutant cells, indicating that the uvrA-, uvrB-controlled UV-endonuclease initiated excision repair by cleaving epoxide-damaged DNA. 1,2,3,4-Diepoxybutane and the TPA-6,7-oxides induced DNA repair polymerization in uvr-deficient cells, although to a lesser extent than in wild type cells, suggesting the involvement of uvr-independent incision steps. None of the epoxides induced repair polymerization in a mutant (polA107) lacking the 5'--3'exonucleolytic activity of DNA polymerase I (exonuclease VI). The absence of any repair polymerization in the polA107 mutant indicates that the exonuclease VI plays a central role in removing epoxide-damaged nucleotides. As evidenced by greatly reduced levels of repair polymerization measured in polA1 cells, DNA polymerase I was the main polymerizing enzyme. b) As a consequence of treatment with 7-methyl-benz[a]anthracene-5,6-oxide, DNA from wild type cells, contrary to uvrA mutant cells, showed size reduction after denaturation and sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. This is explained by repair-specific endonucleolytic cleavage of damaged DNA. The incision required the presence of ATP indicating that functional UV-endonuclease needs ATP as a cofactor.", "contents": "Carcinogen-induced DNA repair in nucleotide-permeable Escherichia coli cells. Analysis of DNA repair induced by carcinogenic K-region epoxides and 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane. Ether-permeabilized (nucleotide-permeable) Escherichia coli cells exhibited DNA excision repair when exposed to the following carcinogenic K-region epoxides: 7-methyl- and 7,12-dimethyl-benz[a]anthracene-5,6-oxide, chrysene-5,6-oxide and benzo[a]pyrene-4,5-oxide. This DNA excision repair was missing in uvr A and uvr B mutant cells. The K-region epoxide phenanthrene-9,10-oxide was ineffective in all E. coli strains tested. In contrast to the K-region epoxides which where found active only in wild type cells, 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane and the 6,7-epoxides of the tumor promoter TPA (12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate) elicited DNA repair in uvrA, uvrB mutant cells as well. Enzymic activities catalyzing particular repair steps were identified by determining a) repair polymerization and b) size reduction of denatured DNA. A) An easily quantifiable effect in E. coli wild type cells was epoxide-induced repair polymerization. None of the K-region epoxides tested stimulated DNA repair synthesis in uvrA, uvrB mutant cells, indicating that the uvrA-, uvrB-controlled UV-endonuclease initiated excision repair by cleaving epoxide-damaged DNA. 1,2,3,4-Diepoxybutane and the TPA-6,7-oxides induced DNA repair polymerization in uvr-deficient cells, although to a lesser extent than in wild type cells, suggesting the involvement of uvr-independent incision steps. None of the epoxides induced repair polymerization in a mutant (polA107) lacking the 5'--3'exonucleolytic activity of DNA polymerase I (exonuclease VI). The absence of any repair polymerization in the polA107 mutant indicates that the exonuclease VI plays a central role in removing epoxide-damaged nucleotides. As evidenced by greatly reduced levels of repair polymerization measured in polA1 cells, DNA polymerase I was the main polymerizing enzyme. b) As a consequence of treatment with 7-methyl-benz[a]anthracene-5,6-oxide, DNA from wild type cells, contrary to uvrA mutant cells, showed size reduction after denaturation and sedimentation in alkaline sucrose gradients. This is explained by repair-specific endonucleolytic cleavage of damaged DNA. The incision required the presence of ATP indicating that functional UV-endonuclease needs ATP as a cofactor."}
{"id": "PMID:151999", "title": "A note on the use of nitrate fertilizers in a high-risk geographical area for stomach cancer.", "content": "Chile being the only country in the world producing natural fertilizers (NaNO3 and KNO3), it uses very large quantities of them for agricultural purposes. Since in early 1970 Zald\u00edvar first related the use of fertilizers to stomach cancer mortality, it is of key interest to know the amount of nitrogen fertilizers used, expressed in tons of N, by province, for the period from 1945 to 69. Of a total of 420,750 tons of N for the nation, 238,950 tons were used in the high-risk provinces for stomach cancer (Colchagua, Curic\u00f3, Talca, Maule, Linares, Nuble, Concepci\u00f3n, Bio-Bio, Arauco, Malleco, Caut\u00edn). On the other hand, in the low-risk provinces (Tarapac\u00e1, Antofagasta, Atacama, Magallanes) only 2,550 tons were used. In Chile, the use of fertilizers increased from 37,550 (1945-50) to 185,050 (1965-69) tons of N.", "contents": "A note on the use of nitrate fertilizers in a high-risk geographical area for stomach cancer. Chile being the only country in the world producing natural fertilizers (NaNO3 and KNO3), it uses very large quantities of them for agricultural purposes. Since in early 1970 Zald\u00edvar first related the use of fertilizers to stomach cancer mortality, it is of key interest to know the amount of nitrogen fertilizers used, expressed in tons of N, by province, for the period from 1945 to 69. Of a total of 420,750 tons of N for the nation, 238,950 tons were used in the high-risk provinces for stomach cancer (Colchagua, Curic\u00f3, Talca, Maule, Linares, Nuble, Concepci\u00f3n, Bio-Bio, Arauco, Malleco, Caut\u00edn). On the other hand, in the low-risk provinces (Tarapac\u00e1, Antofagasta, Atacama, Magallanes) only 2,550 tons were used. In Chile, the use of fertilizers increased from 37,550 (1945-50) to 185,050 (1965-69) tons of N."}
{"id": "PMID:151998", "title": "The nucleotide-permeable Escherichia coli cell, a sensitive DNA repair indicator for carcinogens, mutagens, and antitumor agents binding covalently to DNA.", "content": "Ether-permeabilized (nucleotide-permeable) Escherichia coli cells respond to alkylating and arylalkylating carcinogens with DNA excision repair, as assessed by their stimulation of DNA repair synthesis. In the present work, we have investigated whether DNA repair synthesis in ether-treated E. coli cells can serve as a general indicator to monitor the DNA-binding of carcinogens, mutagens and antitumor agents. Therefore, a standard assay was developed and comparative analyses were performed on 11 ultimate carcinogens, 10 proximate carcinogens, 2 tumor promoters, 6 mutagens, and 12 antitumor agents. All ultimate carcinogens (alkylating, acylating, arylalkylating agents) and mutagens (e.g., hydrogeen peroxide, acridine derivatives) caused DNA excision repair in wild type cells as measured by [3H] dTMP incorporation and simultaneously inhibited replicative DNA synthesis to various extents. Control experiments with the mutant cells uvrA and uvrB were performed to determine whether the pyrimidine-dimer-specific UV-endonuclease was involved in the removal of DNA damage. This was found to be true for the ultimate carcinogens (Ac)2 ONFln, mitomycin C, and for very reactive alkylating carcinogens. None of the ultimate carcinogens induced repair polymerization in mutant cells lacking the 5'-3' exonucleolytic activity of DNA polymerase I. Proximate carcinogens, such as Me2NNO, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and aflatoxins, did not induce excision repair in the standard assay, probably because of the inability of E. coli to perform the activation steps necessary for covalent DNA-binding. However, Me2NNO, when pretreated with Udenfriend's hydroxylating mixture, gave rise to a low level of repair polymerization in ether-treated cells. Intercalating mutagens, such as quinacrine and ethidum bromide, inhibited replicative DNA synthesis. However, they were not found to be repair-inducers. THE TUMOR PROMOters TPA and phorbol-12,13-didecanoate did not cause excision repair, even when applied at high concentrations, nor did they inhibit repair synthesis stimulated by MeNOUr or (Ac)2 ONFln. The antitumor agents may be classified into two groups on the basis of the influence they exert on DNA synthesis: members of the first group (involving BCNU and bleomycin) stimulate repair polymerization and, in addition, inhibit DNA replication. These compounds are known to bind covalently to DNA. The second group of drugs (including adriamycin and cis-Pt(II)diammine complexes) inhibits DNA replication without stimulating repair synthesis. The predominant DNA-interaction of these compounds is known to be a non-covalent (i.e., intercalative, electrostatic) binding. Our experiments show that the ether-permeabilized E. coli cell can be successfully used to test ultimate carcinogens, mutagens and antitumor agents for repair-inducing and replication-inhibiting activity. The standard test might be extended to pre- and proximate carcinogens, provided these can be suitably activated.", "contents": "The nucleotide-permeable Escherichia coli cell, a sensitive DNA repair indicator for carcinogens, mutagens, and antitumor agents binding covalently to DNA. Ether-permeabilized (nucleotide-permeable) Escherichia coli cells respond to alkylating and arylalkylating carcinogens with DNA excision repair, as assessed by their stimulation of DNA repair synthesis. In the present work, we have investigated whether DNA repair synthesis in ether-treated E. coli cells can serve as a general indicator to monitor the DNA-binding of carcinogens, mutagens and antitumor agents. Therefore, a standard assay was developed and comparative analyses were performed on 11 ultimate carcinogens, 10 proximate carcinogens, 2 tumor promoters, 6 mutagens, and 12 antitumor agents. All ultimate carcinogens (alkylating, acylating, arylalkylating agents) and mutagens (e.g., hydrogeen peroxide, acridine derivatives) caused DNA excision repair in wild type cells as measured by [3H] dTMP incorporation and simultaneously inhibited replicative DNA synthesis to various extents. Control experiments with the mutant cells uvrA and uvrB were performed to determine whether the pyrimidine-dimer-specific UV-endonuclease was involved in the removal of DNA damage. This was found to be true for the ultimate carcinogens (Ac)2 ONFln, mitomycin C, and for very reactive alkylating carcinogens. None of the ultimate carcinogens induced repair polymerization in mutant cells lacking the 5'-3' exonucleolytic activity of DNA polymerase I. Proximate carcinogens, such as Me2NNO, 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide and aflatoxins, did not induce excision repair in the standard assay, probably because of the inability of E. coli to perform the activation steps necessary for covalent DNA-binding. However, Me2NNO, when pretreated with Udenfriend's hydroxylating mixture, gave rise to a low level of repair polymerization in ether-treated cells. Intercalating mutagens, such as quinacrine and ethidum bromide, inhibited replicative DNA synthesis. However, they were not found to be repair-inducers. THE TUMOR PROMOters TPA and phorbol-12,13-didecanoate did not cause excision repair, even when applied at high concentrations, nor did they inhibit repair synthesis stimulated by MeNOUr or (Ac)2 ONFln. The antitumor agents may be classified into two groups on the basis of the influence they exert on DNA synthesis: members of the first group (involving BCNU and bleomycin) stimulate repair polymerization and, in addition, inhibit DNA replication. These compounds are known to bind covalently to DNA. The second group of drugs (including adriamycin and cis-Pt(II)diammine complexes) inhibits DNA replication without stimulating repair synthesis. The predominant DNA-interaction of these compounds is known to be a non-covalent (i.e., intercalative, electrostatic) binding. Our experiments show that the ether-permeabilized E. coli cell can be successfully used to test ultimate carcinogens, mutagens and antitumor agents for repair-inducing and replication-inhibiting activity. The standard test might be extended to pre- and proximate carcinogens, provided these can be suitably activated."}
{"id": "PMID:152000", "title": "Carcinogenicity of 4-chloronitrosopiperidine in Sprague-Dawley rats.", "content": "4-Chloronitrosopiperidine was administered to a group of 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats as a 0.005% solution in drinking water for 27 weeks. Of the 15 animals, 12 died with tumors induced by the treatment, half of them by the 41 st week; all 15 were dead at 58 weeks. Seven rats had liver tumors, 5 had esophageal tumors, 2 had tumors of the nonglandular stomach and 2 had tumors of the nasal turbinates. Several rats had tumors of more than one organ.", "contents": "Carcinogenicity of 4-chloronitrosopiperidine in Sprague-Dawley rats. 4-Chloronitrosopiperidine was administered to a group of 15 male Sprague-Dawley rats as a 0.005% solution in drinking water for 27 weeks. Of the 15 animals, 12 died with tumors induced by the treatment, half of them by the 41 st week; all 15 were dead at 58 weeks. Seven rats had liver tumors, 5 had esophageal tumors, 2 had tumors of the nonglandular stomach and 2 had tumors of the nasal turbinates. Several rats had tumors of more than one organ."}
{"id": "PMID:152001", "title": "Determination of thallium in brain tissue by stable isotope dilution and field desorption mass spectrometry.", "content": "The utility of field desorption mass spectrometry for quantitative metal cation analysis in forensic sciences is demonstrated by the determination of a lethal thallium level in the brain tissue of an experimental animal. Stable isotope dilution and accumulation of the electrically recorded field desorption ion currents with a multi-channel analyzer allowed a direct estimation of thallium in homogenized tissue samples without further pretreatment. Experiments with standard solutions revealed the limit of detection for thallium to be about 10 pg of the metal cation.", "contents": "Determination of thallium in brain tissue by stable isotope dilution and field desorption mass spectrometry. The utility of field desorption mass spectrometry for quantitative metal cation analysis in forensic sciences is demonstrated by the determination of a lethal thallium level in the brain tissue of an experimental animal. Stable isotope dilution and accumulation of the electrically recorded field desorption ion currents with a multi-channel analyzer allowed a direct estimation of thallium in homogenized tissue samples without further pretreatment. Experiments with standard solutions revealed the limit of detection for thallium to be about 10 pg of the metal cation."}
{"id": "PMID:152002", "title": "M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy on oxygenated sperm whale myoglobin: evidence for an Fe3+-O2- coupling at the active center.", "content": "57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of oxygenated sperm whale myoglobin (MbO2) show a well resolved quadrupole doublet with a temperature dependent splitting. The temperature dependence of the corresponding electric field gradient tensor (EFG) can be calculated from a Fe3+ term scheme for the iron at the active center. The M\u00f6ssbauer spectra as well as the diamagnetc character of the MbO2-complex are then understood by an exchange coupling of the Fe3+-ion with O2- oxygen molecule ion. The resulting groundstate is a diamagnetic singlet. In order to keep the whole complex diamagnetic at room temperature, an exchange coupling with [J] greater than or equal to 300cm-1 is necessary. As the whole model is in fair agreement with many other spectroscopic data, it is believed to be a good starting point for further detailed calculations.", "contents": "M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy on oxygenated sperm whale myoglobin: evidence for an Fe3+-O2- coupling at the active center. 57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer spectra of oxygenated sperm whale myoglobin (MbO2) show a well resolved quadrupole doublet with a temperature dependent splitting. The temperature dependence of the corresponding electric field gradient tensor (EFG) can be calculated from a Fe3+ term scheme for the iron at the active center. The M\u00f6ssbauer spectra as well as the diamagnetc character of the MbO2-complex are then understood by an exchange coupling of the Fe3+-ion with O2- oxygen molecule ion. The resulting groundstate is a diamagnetic singlet. In order to keep the whole complex diamagnetic at room temperature, an exchange coupling with [J] greater than or equal to 300cm-1 is necessary. As the whole model is in fair agreement with many other spectroscopic data, it is believed to be a good starting point for further detailed calculations."}
{"id": "PMID:152004", "title": "Is oxygen consumption of surviving tissues determined by the oxygen tension of the suspension medium?", "content": "Oxygen tension in the suspension medium and oxygen uptake of the isolated diaphragm of the mouse have been determined simultaneously with systematic variation of shaking frequency and oxygen concentration of the gas phase. Oxygen tension in the suspension medium reaches its final value during the usual equilibration period of 10 minutes and remains constant for the whole measuring period. Each combination of shaking frequency and oxygen concentration of the gas phase results in a reproducible value of oxygen tension in the medium. Equal oxygen tension in the fluid phase can be attained by different combinations of shaking frequency and oxygen concentration of the gas phase. Oxygen uptake at the same oxygen tension of the suspension medium can be very different; it is the higher the higher the shaking rate in the combination. On the other hand the same oxygen consumption of the tissue samples can be observed with highly different oxygen tensions in the medium. It must be concluded from the data in this paper, that the influence of shaking rate per se on the oxygen uptake of isolated tissue can be of the same order as the influence of oxygen tension.", "contents": "Is oxygen consumption of surviving tissues determined by the oxygen tension of the suspension medium? Oxygen tension in the suspension medium and oxygen uptake of the isolated diaphragm of the mouse have been determined simultaneously with systematic variation of shaking frequency and oxygen concentration of the gas phase. Oxygen tension in the suspension medium reaches its final value during the usual equilibration period of 10 minutes and remains constant for the whole measuring period. Each combination of shaking frequency and oxygen concentration of the gas phase results in a reproducible value of oxygen tension in the medium. Equal oxygen tension in the fluid phase can be attained by different combinations of shaking frequency and oxygen concentration of the gas phase. Oxygen uptake at the same oxygen tension of the suspension medium can be very different; it is the higher the higher the shaking rate in the combination. On the other hand the same oxygen consumption of the tissue samples can be observed with highly different oxygen tensions in the medium. It must be concluded from the data in this paper, that the influence of shaking rate per se on the oxygen uptake of isolated tissue can be of the same order as the influence of oxygen tension."}
{"id": "PMID:152005", "title": "Conformationally restricted adenine nucleotide analogs in mitochondrial adenine nucleotide transport.", "content": "The conformationally restricted adenine nucleotide analogs 8,3'anhydro-8-oxy-9-(beta-D-xylofuranosyl)adenine-5'-O-tri(di)-phosphate (I), and 8,2'-anhydro-8-oxy-9-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) adenine-5'-O-tri(di)-phosphate (II), were prepared chemically as their alpha-32P-labelled compounds and compared with syn-structured 8-bromo AT(D)P in mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocation. The experimental findings demonstrate that the heterocycle-ribose orientation affects the carrier mediated adenine nucleotide transport very strongly, i.e. a non fixed adenine heterocycle in the anti region is prerequisite for the bound nucleotide to induce the transfer action of the adenine nucleotide carrier.", "contents": "Conformationally restricted adenine nucleotide analogs in mitochondrial adenine nucleotide transport. The conformationally restricted adenine nucleotide analogs 8,3'anhydro-8-oxy-9-(beta-D-xylofuranosyl)adenine-5'-O-tri(di)-phosphate (I), and 8,2'-anhydro-8-oxy-9-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) adenine-5'-O-tri(di)-phosphate (II), were prepared chemically as their alpha-32P-labelled compounds and compared with syn-structured 8-bromo AT(D)P in mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocation. The experimental findings demonstrate that the heterocycle-ribose orientation affects the carrier mediated adenine nucleotide transport very strongly, i.e. a non fixed adenine heterocycle in the anti region is prerequisite for the bound nucleotide to induce the transfer action of the adenine nucleotide carrier."}
{"id": "PMID:152006", "title": "Alterations in ecdysone content during the post-embryonic development of Chironomus thummi: correlations with chromosomal puffing.", "content": "The ecdysone titer of larvae and pupae of Chironomus thummi was determined by radioimmune assay (RIA) and revealed a concentration of about 150 ng/g fresh weigth in late third instar larvae and a peak of more than 450 ng/g fresh weight just preceding pupation. The ecdysone titer curve shows a high degree of correlation with previously observed puffing activity at the ecdysone sensitive chromosomal site IIIdl. Further, beta-ecdysone is the only endogenous ecdysone detected by high pressure liquid chromatography during larval-pupal development. It was also observed that developmentally arrested Chironomus contain less ecdysone than \"normal\" larvae.", "contents": "Alterations in ecdysone content during the post-embryonic development of Chironomus thummi: correlations with chromosomal puffing. The ecdysone titer of larvae and pupae of Chironomus thummi was determined by radioimmune assay (RIA) and revealed a concentration of about 150 ng/g fresh weigth in late third instar larvae and a peak of more than 450 ng/g fresh weight just preceding pupation. The ecdysone titer curve shows a high degree of correlation with previously observed puffing activity at the ecdysone sensitive chromosomal site IIIdl. Further, beta-ecdysone is the only endogenous ecdysone detected by high pressure liquid chromatography during larval-pupal development. It was also observed that developmentally arrested Chironomus contain less ecdysone than \"normal\" larvae."}
{"id": "PMID:152007", "title": "The collapse of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle.", "content": "When various cations, including Ca2+, are in the fixative, both sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of whole skeletal muscle and isolated SR vesicles collapse to form pentalaminate \"compound membranes\" that result from the apparent fusion of the lumenal lamellae of the membranous envelope of the SR. The process may be reversed by subsequently soaking the tissue in 1 M NaCl. An identical morphological phenomenon is observed in unfixed quickly frozen isolated frog skeletal muscle fibers, the cation in that case coming from endogenous sources. The hypothesis is advanced that the collapse is an in vivo process mediated by the sequestration of Ca2+ after contraction. The resulting obliteration of the SR lumen would have the effect of displacing the SR contents into the junctional SR, as well as electrically isolating the free SR from the junctional SR during relaxation. As a consequence, resistive coupling between the plasmalemma and the junctional SR becomes a plausible mechanism for the translation of the action potential into Ca2+ release, since the bulk of the SR membrane capacitance would now remain separated from the plasmalemma during relaxation.", "contents": "The collapse of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle. When various cations, including Ca2+, are in the fixative, both sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of whole skeletal muscle and isolated SR vesicles collapse to form pentalaminate \"compound membranes\" that result from the apparent fusion of the lumenal lamellae of the membranous envelope of the SR. The process may be reversed by subsequently soaking the tissue in 1 M NaCl. An identical morphological phenomenon is observed in unfixed quickly frozen isolated frog skeletal muscle fibers, the cation in that case coming from endogenous sources. The hypothesis is advanced that the collapse is an in vivo process mediated by the sequestration of Ca2+ after contraction. The resulting obliteration of the SR lumen would have the effect of displacing the SR contents into the junctional SR, as well as electrically isolating the free SR from the junctional SR during relaxation. As a consequence, resistive coupling between the plasmalemma and the junctional SR becomes a plausible mechanism for the translation of the action potential into Ca2+ release, since the bulk of the SR membrane capacitance would now remain separated from the plasmalemma during relaxation."}
{"id": "PMID:152009", "title": "Spatial structures in a model substrate-inhibition reaction diffusion system.", "content": "An important new model universal oscillator proposed by Seelig which depends on substrate inhibition is considered. In a finite spatial domain with zero flux boundary conditions and in which the substrates can diffuse it is shown that diffusion-driven instability is possible and can result in finite amplitude spatial structures. Illustrative numerical results are presented which exhibit this behaviour.", "contents": "Spatial structures in a model substrate-inhibition reaction diffusion system. An important new model universal oscillator proposed by Seelig which depends on substrate inhibition is considered. In a finite spatial domain with zero flux boundary conditions and in which the substrates can diffuse it is shown that diffusion-driven instability is possible and can result in finite amplitude spatial structures. Illustrative numerical results are presented which exhibit this behaviour."}
{"id": "PMID:152010", "title": "[About the synthesis of some Digitalis anthraquinones (author's transl)].", "content": "1,2,5-Trihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone (4), 2-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-anthraquinone (2) and three dihydroxymonomethyl-anthraquinones (5, 6, 7) have been synthesized. 2 and 4 are new synthetic compounds.", "contents": "[About the synthesis of some Digitalis anthraquinones (author's transl)]. 1,2,5-Trihydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone (4), 2-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-anthraquinone (2) and three dihydroxymonomethyl-anthraquinones (5, 6, 7) have been synthesized. 2 and 4 are new synthetic compounds."}
{"id": "PMID:152011", "title": "Responses of barnacle photoreceptors to high energy flashes of short duration.", "content": "In chromatic adapted barnacle median and lateral photoreceptors the two stable states of the photopigment (rhodopsin R and metarhodopsin M) were interconverted with intense, colored light flashes of 1 ms duration. Only after conversion of the red adapted photoreceptor in K+-Ringer solution with an intense flash the negative early receptor potential, ERP (of R) gradually appeared detected with an indicator flash. For the opposite conversion (blue adapted, R leads M) the gradual appearance of the positive ERP (M) was not measurable in the same time span. In artificial seawater all flash stimuli yielded--irrespective of color--the transient component of the late receptor potential (LRP). ERP results for the lateral photoreceptor are discussed in view of an existing kinetic model and an attempt is made to give an explanation which covers the new LRP transient and ERP results for both types of photoreceptor (appendix).", "contents": "Responses of barnacle photoreceptors to high energy flashes of short duration. In chromatic adapted barnacle median and lateral photoreceptors the two stable states of the photopigment (rhodopsin R and metarhodopsin M) were interconverted with intense, colored light flashes of 1 ms duration. Only after conversion of the red adapted photoreceptor in K+-Ringer solution with an intense flash the negative early receptor potential, ERP (of R) gradually appeared detected with an indicator flash. For the opposite conversion (blue adapted, R leads M) the gradual appearance of the positive ERP (M) was not measurable in the same time span. In artificial seawater all flash stimuli yielded--irrespective of color--the transient component of the late receptor potential (LRP). ERP results for the lateral photoreceptor are discussed in view of an existing kinetic model and an attempt is made to give an explanation which covers the new LRP transient and ERP results for both types of photoreceptor (appendix)."}
{"id": "PMID:152034", "title": "[Registration and care for multi-handicapped children in the canton of Bern].", "content": "In spite of their greatly increased needs, multi-handicapped children as a group are not assessed earlier nor are they at a disadvantage in terms of quality of care if compared with other categories of handicapped. The group is not homogenous, however. Every subgroup has to be studied separately in planning strengthened services.", "contents": "[Registration and care for multi-handicapped children in the canton of Bern]. In spite of their greatly increased needs, multi-handicapped children as a group are not assessed earlier nor are they at a disadvantage in terms of quality of care if compared with other categories of handicapped. The group is not homogenous, however. Every subgroup has to be studied separately in planning strengthened services."}
{"id": "PMID:152035", "title": "[Health and handicaps in the population older than 65 years of age in Basel and Bern].", "content": "A preliminary communication is made about an epidemiological survey concerning the habits and problems of the elderly in Switzerland. Special interest is given the aspects of health and competence in the activities of daily life. Data about self-rated health status as well as degree of restriction in the activities of daily life are presented. No sex differences were found in these two dimensions. When looking at the different age groups, perceived health does not vary with age, whereas the frequency of self-rated dependency is nearly eight times higher among those aged  85 + (55.5%) compared to those aged 65--74 (7.4%). Further analyses will test hypotheses about selective mortality, sex role and adaptation to different types of handicaps.", "contents": "[Health and handicaps in the population older than 65 years of age in Basel and Bern]. A preliminary communication is made about an epidemiological survey concerning the habits and problems of the elderly in Switzerland. Special interest is given the aspects of health and competence in the activities of daily life. Data about self-rated health status as well as degree of restriction in the activities of daily life are presented. No sex differences were found in these two dimensions. When looking at the different age groups, perceived health does not vary with age, whereas the frequency of self-rated dependency is nearly eight times higher among those aged  85 + (55.5%) compared to those aged 65--74 (7.4%). Further analyses will test hypotheses about selective mortality, sex role and adaptation to different types of handicaps."}
{"id": "PMID:152042", "title": "[Effect of meteorologic and heliogeophysical factors on stroke incidence in Leningrad].", "content": "A study of the frequency of strokes in different periodical intervals during 22 years according to the data of Urgent Medical Aid Stations in Leningrad demonstrated a certain influence of environmental physical factors on the incidence rate. Certain intraannual fluctuations with a maximum increase in the winter-spring period and a drop of the incidence during summer were due to the weather influence and sun activity. The most biotropic were fluctuations of atmospheric pressure, especially its drop and sun (magnetic) perturbation. The different seasonal influence of separate physical factors are not the same. During winter there is a prevalence of biotropical significance in the fluctuation of barometrical pressure, in spring--geomagnetical perturbations.", "contents": "[Effect of meteorologic and heliogeophysical factors on stroke incidence in Leningrad]. A study of the frequency of strokes in different periodical intervals during 22 years according to the data of Urgent Medical Aid Stations in Leningrad demonstrated a certain influence of environmental physical factors on the incidence rate. Certain intraannual fluctuations with a maximum increase in the winter-spring period and a drop of the incidence during summer were due to the weather influence and sun activity. The most biotropic were fluctuations of atmospheric pressure, especially its drop and sun (magnetic) perturbation. The different seasonal influence of separate physical factors are not the same. During winter there is a prevalence of biotropical significance in the fluctuation of barometrical pressure, in spring--geomagnetical perturbations."}
{"id": "PMID:152043", "title": "[Characterization of Ca-uptake by a microsomal fraction from vascular smooth muscle].", "content": "A microsomal fraction was isolated from the media-intima of the bovine carotid artery; the preparation is a mixed fraction of membranal and mitochondrial debris, which is able to bind Ca-ions and to take them up in the presence of ATP. The Ca-uptake is activated within a pCa range from 7--5. The involvement of two different systems in the Ca-uptake is discussed. A Ca-stimulatable ATPase was demonstrated, whose relationship with a Ca-transport system could not be established, however. The substrate for Ca-uptake is MgATP; in addition, free Mg has a stimulating effect. The Na/Kratio has no influence on the Ca-uptake. The influence of the pH-value on the Ca-binding and Ca-uptake was studied. Phosphate increased the Ca-uptake, while oxalate did not. The investigated system is discussed as a model for the action of vaso-active drugs.", "contents": "[Characterization of Ca-uptake by a microsomal fraction from vascular smooth muscle]. A microsomal fraction was isolated from the media-intima of the bovine carotid artery; the preparation is a mixed fraction of membranal and mitochondrial debris, which is able to bind Ca-ions and to take them up in the presence of ATP. The Ca-uptake is activated within a pCa range from 7--5. The involvement of two different systems in the Ca-uptake is discussed. A Ca-stimulatable ATPase was demonstrated, whose relationship with a Ca-transport system could not be established, however. The substrate for Ca-uptake is MgATP; in addition, free Mg has a stimulating effect. The Na/Kratio has no influence on the Ca-uptake. The influence of the pH-value on the Ca-binding and Ca-uptake was studied. Phosphate increased the Ca-uptake, while oxalate did not. The investigated system is discussed as a model for the action of vaso-active drugs."}
{"id": "PMID:152044", "title": "Kinetic investigation of the interaction of cibacron blue F3G-A with phosphofructokinase from yeast.", "content": "Yeast phosphofructokinase is strongly inhibited by Cibacron Blue F3G-A. The inhibition is competitive in respect to the phosphate donor. Fructose 6-phosphate and ATP are able to abolish the dye-inhibition. Replacement of the strong inhibitor ATP by ITP as phosphate donor gives qualitatively analogous effects. The influence of Cibacron Blue F3G-A on the kinetic pattern of yeast phosphofructokinase can be described in terms of the kinetic model of Freyer et al. [8] if one assumes that the dye binds to the ATP-binding sites in a competitive manner.", "contents": "Kinetic investigation of the interaction of cibacron blue F3G-A with phosphofructokinase from yeast. Yeast phosphofructokinase is strongly inhibited by Cibacron Blue F3G-A. The inhibition is competitive in respect to the phosphate donor. Fructose 6-phosphate and ATP are able to abolish the dye-inhibition. Replacement of the strong inhibitor ATP by ITP as phosphate donor gives qualitatively analogous effects. The influence of Cibacron Blue F3G-A on the kinetic pattern of yeast phosphofructokinase can be described in terms of the kinetic model of Freyer et al. [8] if one assumes that the dye binds to the ATP-binding sites in a competitive manner."}
{"id": "PMID:152045", "title": "Electrocardiographic signs of chronic cor pulmonale in 40 376 patients with silicosis.", "content": "The records of all patients who were examined for silicosis at the Fund of Occupational Diseases between 1972 and 1976 are reviewed. In 3627 cases the mechanographical record was incomplete leaving 40 376 patients in the study. Electrocardiographic signs of chronic cor pulmonale (C.C.P.) were detected in 5.58 per cent. The severity of C.C.P. was evaluated and the prevalence of the different electrocardiographic signs was examined. The presence and severity of C.C.P. was compared to the radiological stage of silicosis, to the pulmonary function, to the duration of professional exposure to the risk of silicosis and to the use of tobacco. The value of the electrocardiographic signs of C.C.P. was evaluated. It is concluded that the mechanographical record obtained in insurance medicine is a valuable tool for statistical analysis of a disease and that C.C.P. is an infrequent and mostly late complication of silicosis.", "contents": "Electrocardiographic signs of chronic cor pulmonale in 40 376 patients with silicosis. The records of all patients who were examined for silicosis at the Fund of Occupational Diseases between 1972 and 1976 are reviewed. In 3627 cases the mechanographical record was incomplete leaving 40 376 patients in the study. Electrocardiographic signs of chronic cor pulmonale (C.C.P.) were detected in 5.58 per cent. The severity of C.C.P. was evaluated and the prevalence of the different electrocardiographic signs was examined. The presence and severity of C.C.P. was compared to the radiological stage of silicosis, to the pulmonary function, to the duration of professional exposure to the risk of silicosis and to the use of tobacco. The value of the electrocardiographic signs of C.C.P. was evaluated. It is concluded that the mechanographical record obtained in insurance medicine is a valuable tool for statistical analysis of a disease and that C.C.P. is an infrequent and mostly late complication of silicosis."}
{"id": "PMID:152046", "title": "Achilles tendon injury. Plantar flexion strength and structure of the soleus muscle after surgical repair.", "content": "Bilateral needle biopsy specimens obtained from the soleus muscles of nine male subjects one year or more after surgical repair of Achilles tendon rupture were studied by light microscopy and enzyme histochemistry. Static and dynamic plantar flexion torques were also recorded. Although all subjects were symptomless, the soleus muscle of the injured leg in five was characterized by varying degrees of primary myopathy but only in two cases did this coincide with marked hypotrophy of the calf muscles and decrease of plantar flexion strengths. Myopathy precipitated by immobilization may persist on account of active insufficiency and early pain inhibition. The relevance of objective strength assessment is emphasized.", "contents": "Achilles tendon injury. Plantar flexion strength and structure of the soleus muscle after surgical repair. Bilateral needle biopsy specimens obtained from the soleus muscles of nine male subjects one year or more after surgical repair of Achilles tendon rupture were studied by light microscopy and enzyme histochemistry. Static and dynamic plantar flexion torques were also recorded. Although all subjects were symptomless, the soleus muscle of the injured leg in five was characterized by varying degrees of primary myopathy but only in two cases did this coincide with marked hypotrophy of the calf muscles and decrease of plantar flexion strengths. Myopathy precipitated by immobilization may persist on account of active insufficiency and early pain inhibition. The relevance of objective strength assessment is emphasized."}
{"id": "PMID:152048", "title": "Is the diabetogenic effect of streptozotocin in part thymus-dependent?", "content": "Following a single injection of 200 mg streptozotocin/kg BW, 25 out of 25 normal mice became diabetic, whereas 12 ( = 20%) out of 50 athymic nude mice did not develop diabetes. In a multiple dosage experiment, where the same total dose was given over a 5 days period, 14 normal and 15 athymic nude mice all became diabetic, but nude mice had significantly lower blood glucose values. These results support our previous suggestion that a thymus dependent immune reaction is, in part, responsible for the diabetogenic effect of streptozotocin.", "contents": "Is the diabetogenic effect of streptozotocin in part thymus-dependent? Following a single injection of 200 mg streptozotocin/kg BW, 25 out of 25 normal mice became diabetic, whereas 12 ( = 20%) out of 50 athymic nude mice did not develop diabetes. In a multiple dosage experiment, where the same total dose was given over a 5 days period, 14 normal and 15 athymic nude mice all became diabetic, but nude mice had significantly lower blood glucose values. These results support our previous suggestion that a thymus dependent immune reaction is, in part, responsible for the diabetogenic effect of streptozotocin."}
{"id": "PMID:152056", "title": "Apex sector echocardiography in evaluation of the right atrium in patients with mitral stenosis and atrial septal defect.", "content": "Cross-sectional echocardiography utilizing the four chamber apical view was used to evaluate right atrial dimensions as a means of detecting abnormal right heart hemodynamics in 20 patients with mitral stenosis, 5 patients with an atrial septal defect and 10 patients without heart disease. Right and left atrial dimensions on apex echocardiography were 40 mm or less in control subjects. There was a good correlation (r = 0.81) between left atrial size assessed with apex sector and M mode echocardiography. In patients with an atrial septal defect, the left atrium was of normal size on apex sector echocardiography; in patients with mitral stenosis, it was larger on apex echocardiography (59 +/- 9 mm) than on M mode echocardiography (51 +/- 8 mm). The right atrium was enlarged (54 +/- 5 mm) on apex echocardiography in all five patients with an atrial septal defect, but the right ventricle was enlarged in only four. Seventeen of 20 patients with mitral stenosis had an enlarged right atrium (53 +/- 7 mm) on apex echocardiography, whereas 15 had normal right ventricular dimensions (21 +/- 9 mm) on M mode echocardiography. Right atrial size on apex echocardiography was enlarged (54 +/- 6 mm) in 10 of 11 patients with mitral stenosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thus, evaluation of the right atrial dimension with apex echocardiography may be more sensitive than M mode echocardiography in detecting early right heart involvement in specific cardiac conditions.", "contents": "Apex sector echocardiography in evaluation of the right atrium in patients with mitral stenosis and atrial septal defect. Cross-sectional echocardiography utilizing the four chamber apical view was used to evaluate right atrial dimensions as a means of detecting abnormal right heart hemodynamics in 20 patients with mitral stenosis, 5 patients with an atrial septal defect and 10 patients without heart disease. Right and left atrial dimensions on apex echocardiography were 40 mm or less in control subjects. There was a good correlation (r = 0.81) between left atrial size assessed with apex sector and M mode echocardiography. In patients with an atrial septal defect, the left atrium was of normal size on apex sector echocardiography; in patients with mitral stenosis, it was larger on apex echocardiography (59 +/- 9 mm) than on M mode echocardiography (51 +/- 8 mm). The right atrium was enlarged (54 +/- 5 mm) on apex echocardiography in all five patients with an atrial septal defect, but the right ventricle was enlarged in only four. Seventeen of 20 patients with mitral stenosis had an enlarged right atrium (53 +/- 7 mm) on apex echocardiography, whereas 15 had normal right ventricular dimensions (21 +/- 9 mm) on M mode echocardiography. Right atrial size on apex echocardiography was enlarged (54 +/- 6 mm) in 10 of 11 patients with mitral stenosis and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Thus, evaluation of the right atrial dimension with apex echocardiography may be more sensitive than M mode echocardiography in detecting early right heart involvement in specific cardiac conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:152058", "title": "Adult hemolytic uremic syndrome with renal arteriolar deposition of IgM andC3.", "content": "Two cases of idiopathic adult hemolytic uremic syndrome in which deposits of IgM and C3 were identified in renal arterioles showing fibrinoid necrosis are reported. Fibrin was also identified in the lumina of the involved vessels, but there was no laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. In both cases, serum C3 was decreased and C4 was normal, suggesting involvement of the alternate pathway of complement activation. These two cases suggest that in some instances the adult hemolytic uremic syndrome may be immunologically mediated, and that renal vascular thrombosis is a secondary phenomenon.", "contents": "Adult hemolytic uremic syndrome with renal arteriolar deposition of IgM andC3. Two cases of idiopathic adult hemolytic uremic syndrome in which deposits of IgM and C3 were identified in renal arterioles showing fibrinoid necrosis are reported. Fibrin was also identified in the lumina of the involved vessels, but there was no laboratory evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. In both cases, serum C3 was decreased and C4 was normal, suggesting involvement of the alternate pathway of complement activation. These two cases suggest that in some instances the adult hemolytic uremic syndrome may be immunologically mediated, and that renal vascular thrombosis is a secondary phenomenon."}
{"id": "PMID:152059", "title": "Phage typing of nontypable isolates of Staphylococcus aureus using the new phages 94, 95, and 96 and the heat-shock treatment.", "content": "Of 2,144 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (from human beings in New York State) received in the authors' laboratory during 1975, 992 (46.,%) were nontypable with the use of the international basic set of bacteriophages. These 2,144 isolates were retested with the use of the recently added phages 94, 95, and 96. Nearly 60% of the isolates were lysed with one or more of these three phages, including 64% of those previously nontypable, thus reducing the percentage of nontypables to 16.5%. One hundred randomly selected isolates that remained nontypable were heat-shocked and retested with the revised basic set of phages, which includes the three new phages. Forty-three isolates were typable with the use of this procedure; all but one of these produced the exact same phage pattern in at least three of five trials.", "contents": "Phage typing of nontypable isolates of Staphylococcus aureus using the new phages 94, 95, and 96 and the heat-shock treatment. Of 2,144 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus (from human beings in New York State) received in the authors' laboratory during 1975, 992 (46.,%) were nontypable with the use of the international basic set of bacteriophages. These 2,144 isolates were retested with the use of the recently added phages 94, 95, and 96. Nearly 60% of the isolates were lysed with one or more of these three phages, including 64% of those previously nontypable, thus reducing the percentage of nontypables to 16.5%. One hundred randomly selected isolates that remained nontypable were heat-shocked and retested with the revised basic set of phages, which includes the three new phages. Forty-three isolates were typable with the use of this procedure; all but one of these produced the exact same phage pattern in at least three of five trials."}
{"id": "PMID:152060", "title": "Peritoneoscopy: an alternative approach to unresolved intra-abdominal disease.", "content": "Peritoneoscopy was performed in 49 patients with ill-defined intra-abdominal disease. The patients were classified into categories including inconclusive liver scans, jaundice, ascites, abdominal mass and staging for Hodgkin's disease. Visual evaluation of lesions and directed biopsies led to the correct diagnosis in 87% of the cases. In experienced hands, peritoneoscopy is a safe and useful technic and should be considered strongly in obscure intra-abdominal diseases.", "contents": "Peritoneoscopy: an alternative approach to unresolved intra-abdominal disease. Peritoneoscopy was performed in 49 patients with ill-defined intra-abdominal disease. The patients were classified into categories including inconclusive liver scans, jaundice, ascites, abdominal mass and staging for Hodgkin's disease. Visual evaluation of lesions and directed biopsies led to the correct diagnosis in 87% of the cases. In experienced hands, peritoneoscopy is a safe and useful technic and should be considered strongly in obscure intra-abdominal diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:152061", "title": "The effect of oral contraceptive treatment on the serum concentration of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate.", "content": "Dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (DS), the major C19-steroid in the human circulation, was measured in serum obtained from blood samples collected daily (8 to 10 A.M.) throughout the menstrual cycles of eight normal, presumably ovulatory women and daily throughout the treatment cycles in four women taking an oral contraceptive (norethindrone, 1 mg., plus mestranol, 80 mcg.). The serum concentrations of DS in the ovulatory women ranged from 1,025 to 4,200 ng. per milliliter; mean, 2,062 +/- 137 ng. per milliliter (mean and standard error; n = 213). Serum DS concentrations during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycles of these women were similar. In women taking the oral contraceptive, the plasma DS concentrations ranged from 475 to 1,400 ng. per milliliter (mean, 895 +/- 83; n = 119). The 24 hour secretory pattern of DS was evaluated in one subject during a nontreatment cycle and again after 20 days of oral contraceptive treatment. In this subject, the mean serum DS level was 34 per cent lower during oral contraceptive treatment than the level before treatment. The decrease in the serum concentration of DS during oral contraceptive treatment likely results from a reduction in adrenal DS secretion since DS secretion by the normal human ovary is negligible and ovarian dehydroisoandrosterone secretion is small. Therefore, it is likely that the reduced serum DS levels in women taking oral contraceptives are the consequence of reduced adrenal secretion of DS resulting from reduced release of adrenocorticotropic hormone.", "contents": "The effect of oral contraceptive treatment on the serum concentration of dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate. Dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate (DS), the major C19-steroid in the human circulation, was measured in serum obtained from blood samples collected daily (8 to 10 A.M.) throughout the menstrual cycles of eight normal, presumably ovulatory women and daily throughout the treatment cycles in four women taking an oral contraceptive (norethindrone, 1 mg., plus mestranol, 80 mcg.). The serum concentrations of DS in the ovulatory women ranged from 1,025 to 4,200 ng. per milliliter; mean, 2,062 +/- 137 ng. per milliliter (mean and standard error; n = 213). Serum DS concentrations during the follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycles of these women were similar. In women taking the oral contraceptive, the plasma DS concentrations ranged from 475 to 1,400 ng. per milliliter (mean, 895 +/- 83; n = 119). The 24 hour secretory pattern of DS was evaluated in one subject during a nontreatment cycle and again after 20 days of oral contraceptive treatment. In this subject, the mean serum DS level was 34 per cent lower during oral contraceptive treatment than the level before treatment. The decrease in the serum concentration of DS during oral contraceptive treatment likely results from a reduction in adrenal DS secretion since DS secretion by the normal human ovary is negligible and ovarian dehydroisoandrosterone secretion is small. Therefore, it is likely that the reduced serum DS levels in women taking oral contraceptives are the consequence of reduced adrenal secretion of DS resulting from reduced release of adrenocorticotropic hormone."}
{"id": "PMID:152062", "title": "Study of the kinetics of conversion of maternal plasma dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate to 16 alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone sulfate, estradiol, and estriol.", "content": "The transfer constants of conversion of maternal plasma dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate to estradiol ([rho]DS-E2BU) and to 16alphaOH-dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate ([rho]DS-160HDS BU) and of maternal plasma 16alphaOH-dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate to estriol ([rho]160HDS-E3 BU) were measured in women late in pregnancy. The mean [rho]160HDS-E3 BU, 0.17, was considerably less than the mean [rho]DS-E2 BU, 0.29. However, the extent of 16alpha-hydroxylation of maternal plasma dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate was great, the mean [rho]DS-160HDS BU being 0.36.", "contents": "Study of the kinetics of conversion of maternal plasma dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate to 16 alpha-hydroxydehydroisoandrosterone sulfate, estradiol, and estriol. The transfer constants of conversion of maternal plasma dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate to estradiol ([rho]DS-E2BU) and to 16alphaOH-dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate ([rho]DS-160HDS BU) and of maternal plasma 16alphaOH-dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate to estriol ([rho]160HDS-E3 BU) were measured in women late in pregnancy. The mean [rho]160HDS-E3 BU, 0.17, was considerably less than the mean [rho]DS-E2 BU, 0.29. However, the extent of 16alpha-hydroxylation of maternal plasma dehydroisoandrosterone sulfate was great, the mean [rho]DS-160HDS BU being 0.36."}
{"id": "PMID:152063", "title": "Improving teenage attitudes toward children, child handicaps, and hospital settings: a child development curriculum for potential parents.", "content": "The recent increase in teenage pregnancies increases the risk of of low-birth-weight premature infants born to young mothers. Facilitative child-rearing practices, aimed at overcoming effects of perinatal stress, are being taught to middle-grade students before they become parents. Students participating in the program score higher than controls on measures of positive attitudes toward and knowledge of normal and handicapped children, hospitals, and child development.", "contents": "Improving teenage attitudes toward children, child handicaps, and hospital settings: a child development curriculum for potential parents. The recent increase in teenage pregnancies increases the risk of of low-birth-weight premature infants born to young mothers. Facilitative child-rearing practices, aimed at overcoming effects of perinatal stress, are being taught to middle-grade students before they become parents. Students participating in the program score higher than controls on measures of positive attitudes toward and knowledge of normal and handicapped children, hospitals, and child development."}
{"id": "PMID:152075", "title": "Chocolate: a review of published reports of allergic and other deleterious effects, real or presumed.", "content": "Although there are specific contraindications to the ingestion of chocolate by selected individuals, these do not apply to the general population with a frequency that is suggested by the pervasive mistrust of chocolate. These contraindications and mistrusts are reviewed.", "contents": "Chocolate: a review of published reports of allergic and other deleterious effects, real or presumed. Although there are specific contraindications to the ingestion of chocolate by selected individuals, these do not apply to the general population with a frequency that is suggested by the pervasive mistrust of chocolate. These contraindications and mistrusts are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:152076", "title": "Immunofluorescence studies of lung biopsy tissue.", "content": "Thirty specimens of lung obtained by Abram's needle biopsy were examined using direct immunofluorescence. In 2 cases of Goodpasture's syndrome, linear deposits of IgG were demonstrated in alveolar walls. Diffuse deposits of IgG were found in the alveolar spaces of one patient with pigeon fancier's lung. Two subjects with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis had dense granular deposits of IgG in alveolar walls. Amorphous deposits of IgG were found in the pulmonary interstitium of a patient with desquamative interstitial pneumonitis. The small proportion of positive results obtained may reflect either the lack of a humoral immune background in the pathogeneses or only a fleeting involvement of humoral immunologic processes in each of the diseases studied. However, a small percentage of patients with diffuse interstitial disease do have antibody deposits demonstrable on small needle biopsy specimens. These require further investigation and may serve to define special groups. Various artifacts that were encountered led to difficulties in interpretation and these should be considered in reporting immunofluorescence studies of lung tissue. These included autofluorescence and nonspecific staining of connective tissue and cells. Nonspecific staining of eosinophils occurred frequently. The possible misinterpretation of artifacts as positive results is illustrated.", "contents": "Immunofluorescence studies of lung biopsy tissue. Thirty specimens of lung obtained by Abram's needle biopsy were examined using direct immunofluorescence. In 2 cases of Goodpasture's syndrome, linear deposits of IgG were demonstrated in alveolar walls. Diffuse deposits of IgG were found in the alveolar spaces of one patient with pigeon fancier's lung. Two subjects with cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis had dense granular deposits of IgG in alveolar walls. Amorphous deposits of IgG were found in the pulmonary interstitium of a patient with desquamative interstitial pneumonitis. The small proportion of positive results obtained may reflect either the lack of a humoral immune background in the pathogeneses or only a fleeting involvement of humoral immunologic processes in each of the diseases studied. However, a small percentage of patients with diffuse interstitial disease do have antibody deposits demonstrable on small needle biopsy specimens. These require further investigation and may serve to define special groups. Various artifacts that were encountered led to difficulties in interpretation and these should be considered in reporting immunofluorescence studies of lung tissue. These included autofluorescence and nonspecific staining of connective tissue and cells. Nonspecific staining of eosinophils occurred frequently. The possible misinterpretation of artifacts as positive results is illustrated."}
{"id": "PMID:152077", "title": "Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy caused by intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia in the rat.", "content": "This study reports the effects in an animal model of intermittent exposure to hypoxic, hypercapnic gas mixture on pulmonary artery pressure, packed cell volume, ventricular weights, and lung growth. Rats were exposed in chambers for 8 hours to an inspired O2 fraction of 0.10 and an inspired CO2 fraction of 0.06 in alternation with exposure for 16 hours to room air during 21 to 22 days. Control animals were exposed in chambers for 8 hours to compressed air at flow rates similar to those for the test animals, then for 16 hours to room air. Packed cell volume, right ventricular systolic pressure, and the ratio of the right ventricular weight to the weight of the left ventricle plus septum were all significantly greater in the test animals than in the control animals. Lung volume, alveolar number, and surface area were also significantly increased, but only when adjusted for body weight. The increase in right ventricular weight appeared to be due in part to the fact that right ventricular pressure was still increased 16 hours after removal of the hypoxic-hypercapnic gas mixture. The cause of this sustained increase in right ventricular systolic pressure is unclear.", "contents": "Pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy caused by intermittent hypoxia and hypercapnia in the rat. This study reports the effects in an animal model of intermittent exposure to hypoxic, hypercapnic gas mixture on pulmonary artery pressure, packed cell volume, ventricular weights, and lung growth. Rats were exposed in chambers for 8 hours to an inspired O2 fraction of 0.10 and an inspired CO2 fraction of 0.06 in alternation with exposure for 16 hours to room air during 21 to 22 days. Control animals were exposed in chambers for 8 hours to compressed air at flow rates similar to those for the test animals, then for 16 hours to room air. Packed cell volume, right ventricular systolic pressure, and the ratio of the right ventricular weight to the weight of the left ventricle plus septum were all significantly greater in the test animals than in the control animals. Lung volume, alveolar number, and surface area were also significantly increased, but only when adjusted for body weight. The increase in right ventricular weight appeared to be due in part to the fact that right ventricular pressure was still increased 16 hours after removal of the hypoxic-hypercapnic gas mixture. The cause of this sustained increase in right ventricular systolic pressure is unclear."}
{"id": "PMID:152079", "title": "Structure-activity relationships among the halogenated amphetamines.", "content": "p-Chloroamphetamine and various analogs influence brain serotonin neurons through multiple actions. Comparison of these compounds has permitted the distinction between short-term and long-term depletion of serotonin and among inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylation, release of serotonin, inhibition of serotonin reuptake, and inhibition of monoamine oxidase as mechanisms involved in the actions of these agents on serotonin neurons.", "contents": "Structure-activity relationships among the halogenated amphetamines. p-Chloroamphetamine and various analogs influence brain serotonin neurons through multiple actions. Comparison of these compounds has permitted the distinction between short-term and long-term depletion of serotonin and among inhibition of tryptophan hydroxylation, release of serotonin, inhibition of serotonin reuptake, and inhibition of monoamine oxidase as mechanisms involved in the actions of these agents on serotonin neurons."}
{"id": "PMID:152090", "title": "Nutritional and toxicological properties of some raw and modified starches.", "content": "Several food additives, including some raw and chemically modified starches, sorbitol and maltitol, cause caecal enlargement when fed to rodents. The onset of caecal enlargement is rapid and it is reversible when the additive is withdrawn. This poses problems in the safety evaluation of such additives, both in relation to the significance of the caecal enlargement and to the associated effects on food efficiency and nitrogen balance. The mechanisms of causation of caecal enlargement have been studied and will be discussed with particular reference to resistance of starches to enzymic hydrolysis, changes in intestinal microflora, osmotic load in the caecum, cell hyperplasia and rate of turnover of mucosal cells. Where deaths occur, these appear to be due to secondary effects such as impaired resporatory function.", "contents": "Nutritional and toxicological properties of some raw and modified starches. Several food additives, including some raw and chemically modified starches, sorbitol and maltitol, cause caecal enlargement when fed to rodents. The onset of caecal enlargement is rapid and it is reversible when the additive is withdrawn. This poses problems in the safety evaluation of such additives, both in relation to the significance of the caecal enlargement and to the associated effects on food efficiency and nitrogen balance. The mechanisms of causation of caecal enlargement have been studied and will be discussed with particular reference to resistance of starches to enzymic hydrolysis, changes in intestinal microflora, osmotic load in the caecum, cell hyperplasia and rate of turnover of mucosal cells. Where deaths occur, these appear to be due to secondary effects such as impaired resporatory function."}
{"id": "PMID:152091", "title": "[Cutaneous allergy to epichlorhydrine (author's transl)].", "content": "Allergies due to epichlorhydrin are seen more and more frequently. This product, which has several uses, is one of the essential components in epoxy resins. The follow-up of six cases has enabled us to determine the optimal concentration to be used in epichlorhydrin epicutaneous tests. Since this product is frequently encountered, it ought to be integrated among the other samples in current skin tests.", "contents": "[Cutaneous allergy to epichlorhydrine (author's transl)]. Allergies due to epichlorhydrin are seen more and more frequently. This product, which has several uses, is one of the essential components in epoxy resins. The follow-up of six cases has enabled us to determine the optimal concentration to be used in epichlorhydrin epicutaneous tests. Since this product is frequently encountered, it ought to be integrated among the other samples in current skin tests."}
{"id": "PMID:152092", "title": "[Effect of the anthracycline group antibiotics, mitomycin C and bruneomycin, on the transduction of drug resistance in staphylococci].", "content": "The effect of various concentrations of antitumor antibiotics, such as carminomycin, rubomycin, adriamycin, mitomycin C and bruneomycin on transduction of erythromycin resistance from the donor strain 8325 P II/de of Staph, aureus to the recipient strain 8325-I in different transduction systems was studied. It was shown that the above antibiotics inhibited the transduction in the systems with constant presence of the drugs. Preliminary treatment of the recipient cells with the drugs in the subbacteriostatic doses did not decrease the transfer frequency. The preliminary treatment of the donor cells resulted in an increase in the phase titer and the transfer frequency in the \"preliminary-treated donor + recipient\" system.", "contents": "[Effect of the anthracycline group antibiotics, mitomycin C and bruneomycin, on the transduction of drug resistance in staphylococci]. The effect of various concentrations of antitumor antibiotics, such as carminomycin, rubomycin, adriamycin, mitomycin C and bruneomycin on transduction of erythromycin resistance from the donor strain 8325 P II/de of Staph, aureus to the recipient strain 8325-I in different transduction systems was studied. It was shown that the above antibiotics inhibited the transduction in the systems with constant presence of the drugs. Preliminary treatment of the recipient cells with the drugs in the subbacteriostatic doses did not decrease the transfer frequency. The preliminary treatment of the donor cells resulted in an increase in the phase titer and the transfer frequency in the \"preliminary-treated donor + recipient\" system."}
{"id": "PMID:152096", "title": "Bronchial spasmolytic action of terbutaline and fenoterol compared with that of ipratropium bromide in the anaesthetized dog.", "content": "Continuous recordings of heart rate, respiration rate, minute volume and bronchial resistance were made over a period of altogether three hours in spontaneously breathing dogs anaesthetized with chloralose. At hourly intervals, before and 1 and 2 hr after the administration of bronchodilators, bronchial spasm was induced by inhalation of an acetylcholine solution. Two beta2-stimulants, terbutaline and fenoterol, were administered by inhalation in doses of 0.5, 0.16 and 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1, 0.3 and 0.01 mg/kg respectively. For comparison, an atropine derivative, ipratropium bromide, was also given by the same route in doses of 0.04 and 0.01 mg/kg. Controls received normal saline. Terbutaline and fenoterol caused an increase in heart rate, respiration rate and minute volume. Acetylcholine-induced bronchial spasm was inhibited to the extent of 10--70% for 2 hr after the administration of terbutaline, and by 15--70% after fenoterol. The acetylcholine antagonist ipratropium bromide caused only transient changes in heart rate, respiration rate and minute volume. Acetylcholine-induced bronchial spasm was inhibited by 95% and 80% for 2 hr after doses of 0.04 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. Fenoterol had a slightly greater central stimulant effect than terbutaline; ipratropium bromide displayed no stimulant activity.", "contents": "Bronchial spasmolytic action of terbutaline and fenoterol compared with that of ipratropium bromide in the anaesthetized dog. Continuous recordings of heart rate, respiration rate, minute volume and bronchial resistance were made over a period of altogether three hours in spontaneously breathing dogs anaesthetized with chloralose. At hourly intervals, before and 1 and 2 hr after the administration of bronchodilators, bronchial spasm was induced by inhalation of an acetylcholine solution. Two beta2-stimulants, terbutaline and fenoterol, were administered by inhalation in doses of 0.5, 0.16 and 0.05 mg/kg and 0.1, 0.3 and 0.01 mg/kg respectively. For comparison, an atropine derivative, ipratropium bromide, was also given by the same route in doses of 0.04 and 0.01 mg/kg. Controls received normal saline. Terbutaline and fenoterol caused an increase in heart rate, respiration rate and minute volume. Acetylcholine-induced bronchial spasm was inhibited to the extent of 10--70% for 2 hr after the administration of terbutaline, and by 15--70% after fenoterol. The acetylcholine antagonist ipratropium bromide caused only transient changes in heart rate, respiration rate and minute volume. Acetylcholine-induced bronchial spasm was inhibited by 95% and 80% for 2 hr after doses of 0.04 and 0.01 mg/kg, respectively. Fenoterol had a slightly greater central stimulant effect than terbutaline; ipratropium bromide displayed no stimulant activity."}
{"id": "PMID:152097", "title": "Immune complex glomerulonephritis mediated by thyroid antigens.", "content": "Hypothyroidism, microscopic hematuria, and proteinuria developed in an 11-year-old girl. A renal biopsy specimen showed increased mesangial cells and matrix with focal glomerular basement membrane thickening. Three years later, a pronounced increase in proteinuria was detected. Elevated levels of antibody to thyroid microsomal antigen and thyroglobulin were found in the serum. A renal biopsy specimen showed a pronounced increase in mesangial cells and matrix with generalized glomerular basement membrane thickening. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated granular deposits in the capillary walls and mesangium. Immunofluorescent studies revealed granular deposits of IgG, IgM, and C3, primarily on the glomerular basement membrane. By indirect immunofluorescence, granular glomerular basement membrane and mesangial staining were detected with antibody specific for thyroglobulin and thyroid microsomal antigen. These observations suggest development of immune complex glomerulonephritis mediated by thyroid antigens.", "contents": "Immune complex glomerulonephritis mediated by thyroid antigens. Hypothyroidism, microscopic hematuria, and proteinuria developed in an 11-year-old girl. A renal biopsy specimen showed increased mesangial cells and matrix with focal glomerular basement membrane thickening. Three years later, a pronounced increase in proteinuria was detected. Elevated levels of antibody to thyroid microsomal antigen and thyroglobulin were found in the serum. A renal biopsy specimen showed a pronounced increase in mesangial cells and matrix with generalized glomerular basement membrane thickening. Electron microscopic studies demonstrated granular deposits in the capillary walls and mesangium. Immunofluorescent studies revealed granular deposits of IgG, IgM, and C3, primarily on the glomerular basement membrane. By indirect immunofluorescence, granular glomerular basement membrane and mesangial staining were detected with antibody specific for thyroglobulin and thyroid microsomal antigen. These observations suggest development of immune complex glomerulonephritis mediated by thyroid antigens."}
{"id": "PMID:152100", "title": "[Morphological changes in the digestive organs during prolonged space flight on the Kosmos-782 biosatellite].", "content": "A reduction in the content of neutral mucopolysaccharides in mucous cells of the neck, a slight decrease in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and NAD-diaphorase in parietal cells, a decrease in the DNA synthesis rate, and an increase in the area of mitochondria and cristae were detected in the gastric mucosa of rats which were in a long-term space flight. In the small intestine, an increase in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and leucine aminopeptidase were found. Morphological changes in the liver consisted in infiltrative adiposity. A similar morphological picture was demonstrated in a synchronous experiment on the earth. These changes, however, were nonspecific and reversible (25 days after rehabilitation the picture did not differ from the animal house control).", "contents": "[Morphological changes in the digestive organs during prolonged space flight on the Kosmos-782 biosatellite]. A reduction in the content of neutral mucopolysaccharides in mucous cells of the neck, a slight decrease in the activity of succinate dehydrogenase and NAD-diaphorase in parietal cells, a decrease in the DNA synthesis rate, and an increase in the area of mitochondria and cristae were detected in the gastric mucosa of rats which were in a long-term space flight. In the small intestine, an increase in the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and leucine aminopeptidase were found. Morphological changes in the liver consisted in infiltrative adiposity. A similar morphological picture was demonstrated in a synchronous experiment on the earth. These changes, however, were nonspecific and reversible (25 days after rehabilitation the picture did not differ from the animal house control)."}
{"id": "PMID:152101", "title": "[Combined use of macro- and micrometric methods in assessing hypertrophy of the myocardial muscle elements proper].", "content": "The composite use in the study of heart hypertrophy of the method of separate weighing of the ventricles and measurement of the percentage content and average thickness of muscle fibers permits to determine their total mass and length, and on this basis to judge of the level of hypertrophy of the true muscle elements of the myocardium.", "contents": "[Combined use of macro- and micrometric methods in assessing hypertrophy of the myocardial muscle elements proper]. The composite use in the study of heart hypertrophy of the method of separate weighing of the ventricles and measurement of the percentage content and average thickness of muscle fibers permits to determine their total mass and length, and on this basis to judge of the level of hypertrophy of the true muscle elements of the myocardium."}
{"id": "PMID:152103", "title": "Acoustic impedance and otoscopic findings in young children with Down's syndrome.", "content": "This study sought to determine the point incidence of middle ear pathologic conditions and to ascertain the value of acoustic impedance-admittance measurements in detecting otitic pathologic conditions in young children with Down's syndrome. Pneumo-otoscopy and acoustic impedance measures were performed on 38 children (mean age, 3.1 years) with Down's syndrome. Results indicated that more than 60% of the series demonstrated otoscopic and acoustic impedance evidence of middle ear effusion, which is in keeping with results reported previously for older children and young adults with Down's syndrome. Of particular interest was the large number of normal ears that displayed absent crossed and uncrossed acoustic reflexes,which suggested that measurement of the acoustic reflex may be an unreliable parameter for confirming the presence of middle ear effusion in children with Down's syndrome. To maximize the educational potential of these children, a careful examination to detect middle ear effusion must be performed at periodic intervals. If persistent effusion is detected, appropriate surgical management should be instituted without delay.", "contents": "Acoustic impedance and otoscopic findings in young children with Down's syndrome. This study sought to determine the point incidence of middle ear pathologic conditions and to ascertain the value of acoustic impedance-admittance measurements in detecting otitic pathologic conditions in young children with Down's syndrome. Pneumo-otoscopy and acoustic impedance measures were performed on 38 children (mean age, 3.1 years) with Down's syndrome. Results indicated that more than 60% of the series demonstrated otoscopic and acoustic impedance evidence of middle ear effusion, which is in keeping with results reported previously for older children and young adults with Down's syndrome. Of particular interest was the large number of normal ears that displayed absent crossed and uncrossed acoustic reflexes,which suggested that measurement of the acoustic reflex may be an unreliable parameter for confirming the presence of middle ear effusion in children with Down's syndrome. To maximize the educational potential of these children, a careful examination to detect middle ear effusion must be performed at periodic intervals. If persistent effusion is detected, appropriate surgical management should be instituted without delay."}
{"id": "PMID:152105", "title": "The effect of 5-fluorouracil on abdominal wound healing in rats.", "content": "We carried out experiments to test the hypothesis that 5-Fluorouracil would retard wound healing when administration was started on the day of operation. Abdominal wounds were made in rats and closed again, and some of the animals were given daily 5-FU, the rest acting as controls. Test animals were killed three, five, seven and 10 days after operation, and the strength of their wounds was measured. At five and seven days the control wounds were 10 times stronger than those of the treated animals, and at 10 days they were four times stronger. We speculated that the difference in strength might be largely due to the observed fact that the muscle layer in the treated animals was considerably weaker than in the controls. We concluded that it would be unsafe to start giving 5-FU to patients immediately after operation.", "contents": "The effect of 5-fluorouracil on abdominal wound healing in rats. We carried out experiments to test the hypothesis that 5-Fluorouracil would retard wound healing when administration was started on the day of operation. Abdominal wounds were made in rats and closed again, and some of the animals were given daily 5-FU, the rest acting as controls. Test animals were killed three, five, seven and 10 days after operation, and the strength of their wounds was measured. At five and seven days the control wounds were 10 times stronger than those of the treated animals, and at 10 days they were four times stronger. We speculated that the difference in strength might be largely due to the observed fact that the muscle layer in the treated animals was considerably weaker than in the controls. We concluded that it would be unsafe to start giving 5-FU to patients immediately after operation."}
{"id": "PMID:152106", "title": "Granulomatous and neoplastic diseases of the skin of horses.", "content": "Lesions encountered in a clinicopathological study of cutaneous lesions resembling 'swamp cancer' from horses in North Queensland included 37 cases of subcutaneous phycomycosis, 5 of which were also infected with Habronema sp larvae. In addition 9 cases of primary cutaneous habronemiasis, 58 sarcoids, 12 fibromas, 8 fibrosarcomas, 10 squamous cell carcinomas, 4 haemangiomas, 3 melanomas, 1 papilloma, 1 palpebral adenocarcinoma and 7 cases of simple granulation were diagnosed. Subcutaneous phycomycosis resulted in the most extensive lesions. These were rapidly growing and provided the poorest prognosis of all conditions studied. The incidence of phycomycosis in north Queensland was high in comparison to more temperate areas and appeared to be related to the wetter seasons. Young horses were more commonly affected. A fungus isolated from 3 phycomycotic lesions was tentatively identified as Hyphomyces destruens as no sporulation was observed.", "contents": "Granulomatous and neoplastic diseases of the skin of horses. Lesions encountered in a clinicopathological study of cutaneous lesions resembling 'swamp cancer' from horses in North Queensland included 37 cases of subcutaneous phycomycosis, 5 of which were also infected with Habronema sp larvae. In addition 9 cases of primary cutaneous habronemiasis, 58 sarcoids, 12 fibromas, 8 fibrosarcomas, 10 squamous cell carcinomas, 4 haemangiomas, 3 melanomas, 1 papilloma, 1 palpebral adenocarcinoma and 7 cases of simple granulation were diagnosed. Subcutaneous phycomycosis resulted in the most extensive lesions. These were rapidly growing and provided the poorest prognosis of all conditions studied. The incidence of phycomycosis in north Queensland was high in comparison to more temperate areas and appeared to be related to the wetter seasons. Young horses were more commonly affected. A fungus isolated from 3 phycomycotic lesions was tentatively identified as Hyphomyces destruens as no sporulation was observed."}
{"id": "PMID:152112", "title": "Effects of griseofulvin on the morphology, growth and metabolism of fibroblasts in culture.", "content": "Griseofulvin was tested for its effects on the morphology, proliferation and metabolism of fibroblasts cultured from normal human skin and on established lines of mouse fibroblasts 3T3 and 3T6. In all cells treatment produced slight increases in the mitotic index compatible with transient mitotic arrest, but cultures of 3T3 and 3T6 cells also included high proportions (up to 25%) of abnormal multinucleate cells not present in human strains. The proliferation of all cell strains over a 2 or 4 day period was inhibited in proportion to dose (2--17 microgram/ml) with 50% inhibition of growth in the range of 5--11 microgram/ml. Acid mucopolysaccharide secretion was depressed by about 20% at 4--17 microgram/ml. Total protein synthesis was depressed in 3T6 and in human cells, but there was no specific effect on collagen synthesis or secretion.", "contents": "Effects of griseofulvin on the morphology, growth and metabolism of fibroblasts in culture. Griseofulvin was tested for its effects on the morphology, proliferation and metabolism of fibroblasts cultured from normal human skin and on established lines of mouse fibroblasts 3T3 and 3T6. In all cells treatment produced slight increases in the mitotic index compatible with transient mitotic arrest, but cultures of 3T3 and 3T6 cells also included high proportions (up to 25%) of abnormal multinucleate cells not present in human strains. The proliferation of all cell strains over a 2 or 4 day period was inhibited in proportion to dose (2--17 microgram/ml) with 50% inhibition of growth in the range of 5--11 microgram/ml. Acid mucopolysaccharide secretion was depressed by about 20% at 4--17 microgram/ml. Total protein synthesis was depressed in 3T6 and in human cells, but there was no specific effect on collagen synthesis or secretion."}
{"id": "PMID:152114", "title": "A quantitative study of membrane coating granules in follicles undergoing experimental comedo formation.", "content": "Membrane coating granules (MCGs) may be required for normal keratinization. Comedone formation is associated with abnormal keratinization, and so the MCGs in sebacaous follicles were counted during experimental comedogenesis in the rabbit. During induced comedo formation with 50% oleic acid in paraffin oil, the numbers of MCGs decreased significantly; first, at the epidermis and mouth of the follicle and then later, at the follicular canal and common sebaceous duct. The maximum decrease of about 40% was reached by the 6th day in these regions. Throughout the treatment, the MCG count in the individual sebaceous ducts remained fairly constant.", "contents": "A quantitative study of membrane coating granules in follicles undergoing experimental comedo formation. Membrane coating granules (MCGs) may be required for normal keratinization. Comedone formation is associated with abnormal keratinization, and so the MCGs in sebacaous follicles were counted during experimental comedogenesis in the rabbit. During induced comedo formation with 50% oleic acid in paraffin oil, the numbers of MCGs decreased significantly; first, at the epidermis and mouth of the follicle and then later, at the follicular canal and common sebaceous duct. The maximum decrease of about 40% was reached by the 6th day in these regions. Throughout the treatment, the MCG count in the individual sebaceous ducts remained fairly constant."}
{"id": "PMID:152115", "title": "Human infections with Microsporum gypseum in Denmark.", "content": "Ninety cases of Microsporum gypseum infection in Denmark during the period 1933-1977 are reviewed. The sex ratio, age distribution, and anatomical sites are started. A case of onychomycosis in a 1-year-old child is reported, and the cases of M. gypseum onychomycosis in the literature are reviewed.", "contents": "Human infections with Microsporum gypseum in Denmark. Ninety cases of Microsporum gypseum infection in Denmark during the period 1933-1977 are reviewed. The sex ratio, age distribution, and anatomical sites are started. A case of onychomycosis in a 1-year-old child is reported, and the cases of M. gypseum onychomycosis in the literature are reviewed."}
{"id": "PMID:152116", "title": "Epidermolytic hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma. Report of a family and treatment with an oral aromatic retinoid.", "content": "This study describes a family of 30 people in which 14 members have hereditary epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma. Four patients were treated with an oral aromatic retinoid for up to 5 months. They responded in a uniform and dramatic way: 10-14 days after the onset of therapy, the hyperkeratotic horny layer was sequestered in large sheets resulting in normal appearing skin and restoration of normal surface sensitivity. Biopsies revealed that the underlying disorder of keratinization had remained unchanged. Treatment with the retinoid had to be discontinued as the sensitivity and vulnerability restricted normal function of hands and feet.", "contents": "Epidermolytic hereditary palmoplantar keratoderma. Report of a family and treatment with an oral aromatic retinoid. This study describes a family of 30 people in which 14 members have hereditary epidermolytic palmoplantar keratoderma. Four patients were treated with an oral aromatic retinoid for up to 5 months. They responded in a uniform and dramatic way: 10-14 days after the onset of therapy, the hyperkeratotic horny layer was sequestered in large sheets resulting in normal appearing skin and restoration of normal surface sensitivity. Biopsies revealed that the underlying disorder of keratinization had remained unchanged. Treatment with the retinoid had to be discontinued as the sensitivity and vulnerability restricted normal function of hands and feet."}
{"id": "PMID:152119", "title": "Denaturation of the tryptic fragments of the calcium (II) adenosine triphosphatase from sarcoplasmic reticulum by guanidinium hydrochloride.", "content": "Primary and secondary fragments of the Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase from sarcoplasmic reticulum are resistant to complete denaturation by guanidinium hydrochloride, a property characteristic of many intrinsic membrane proteins. None of the fragments display a single cooperative transition from ordered structure to random coil suggesting each fragment contains several domains of differing resistance to guanidinium hydrochloride denaturation. The data suggest that the native enzyme has at least three membrane-embedded domains, with an externally accessible link between each.", "contents": "Denaturation of the tryptic fragments of the calcium (II) adenosine triphosphatase from sarcoplasmic reticulum by guanidinium hydrochloride. Primary and secondary fragments of the Ca2+-adenosine triphosphatase from sarcoplasmic reticulum are resistant to complete denaturation by guanidinium hydrochloride, a property characteristic of many intrinsic membrane proteins. None of the fragments display a single cooperative transition from ordered structure to random coil suggesting each fragment contains several domains of differing resistance to guanidinium hydrochloride denaturation. The data suggest that the native enzyme has at least three membrane-embedded domains, with an externally accessible link between each."}
{"id": "PMID:152120", "title": "Behavior of fragmented calcium (II) adenosine triphosphatase from sarcoplasmic reticulum in detergent solution.", "content": "The behavior of Ca2+-ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum in detergent solution was compared with that of Ca2+-ATPase which had been cleaved in half by limited trypsin digestion. Attempts to dissociate the fragments (I and II) with an excess of detergent micelles demonstrated that fragments I and II are structurally dependent upon each other, and that they must be denatured in order to be dissociated. Partial dissociation of the fragmented ATPase was found to occur in the bile salt detergents, deoxycholate and cholate, and optical data showed that there was an accompanying change in conformation. No dissociation of the fragmented ATPase was observed in nonionic detergents. The fragmented ATPase retained the same specific activity and stability as the intact ATPase under a variety of conditions when solubilized in Tween 80 or dodecyl octaoxyethylene glycol monoether. The data demonstrate that the noncovalent interactions that maintain the native conformation of the ATPase are not affected by either trypsin cleavage or solubilization in nonionic detergent solution.", "contents": "Behavior of fragmented calcium (II) adenosine triphosphatase from sarcoplasmic reticulum in detergent solution. The behavior of Ca2+-ATPase from sarcoplasmic reticulum in detergent solution was compared with that of Ca2+-ATPase which had been cleaved in half by limited trypsin digestion. Attempts to dissociate the fragments (I and II) with an excess of detergent micelles demonstrated that fragments I and II are structurally dependent upon each other, and that they must be denatured in order to be dissociated. Partial dissociation of the fragmented ATPase was found to occur in the bile salt detergents, deoxycholate and cholate, and optical data showed that there was an accompanying change in conformation. No dissociation of the fragmented ATPase was observed in nonionic detergents. The fragmented ATPase retained the same specific activity and stability as the intact ATPase under a variety of conditions when solubilized in Tween 80 or dodecyl octaoxyethylene glycol monoether. The data demonstrate that the noncovalent interactions that maintain the native conformation of the ATPase are not affected by either trypsin cleavage or solubilization in nonionic detergent solution."}
{"id": "PMID:152121", "title": "Specificity of nucleotide binding sites in isolated chloroplast coupling factor (CF1).", "content": "The binding of various nucleotides to chloroplast coupling factor CF1 was studied by two dialysis techniques. It was found that the number of nucleoside diphosphate sites and their specificities for the base moiety is dependent on the magnesium concentration. In the presence of 50 micrometer added MgCl2, the protein has a single strong site/mol protein with Kd = 0.5 micrometer for ADP and high specificity (Kd greater than 20 micrometer for epsilonADP, GDP, CDP). In the presence of 5 mM MgCl2, the protein has two independent tight ADP sites (Kd = 0.4 micrometer) of low specificity (Kd approximately 0.8, 2, and 2 micrometer, respectively for episilonADP, GDP, and CDP). These results are compared with the specificity of the partial reactions for photophosphorylation.", "contents": "Specificity of nucleotide binding sites in isolated chloroplast coupling factor (CF1). The binding of various nucleotides to chloroplast coupling factor CF1 was studied by two dialysis techniques. It was found that the number of nucleoside diphosphate sites and their specificities for the base moiety is dependent on the magnesium concentration. In the presence of 50 micrometer added MgCl2, the protein has a single strong site/mol protein with Kd = 0.5 micrometer for ADP and high specificity (Kd greater than 20 micrometer for epsilonADP, GDP, CDP). In the presence of 5 mM MgCl2, the protein has two independent tight ADP sites (Kd = 0.4 micrometer) of low specificity (Kd approximately 0.8, 2, and 2 micrometer, respectively for episilonADP, GDP, and CDP). These results are compared with the specificity of the partial reactions for photophosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:152122", "title": "Kinetics of nucleotide binding to chloroplast coupling factor (CF1).", "content": "Studies of the kinetics of association and dissociation of the formycin nucleotides FTP and FDP with CF1 were carried out using the enhancement of formycin fluorescence. The protein used, derived from lettuce chloroplasts by chloroform induced release, contains only 4 types of subunit and has a molecular weight of 280 000. In the presence of 1.25 mM MgCl2, 1 mol of ATP or FTP is bound to the latent enzyme, with Kd = 10(-7) or 2 . 10(-7), respectively. The fluorescence emission (lambdamax 340 nm) of FTP is enhanced 3-fold upon binding, and polarization of fluorescence is markedly increased. The fluorescence changes have been used to follow FTP binding, which behaves as a bimolecular process with k1 = 2.4 . 10(4) M-1 . s-1. FTP is displaced by ATP in a process apparently involving unimolecular dissociation of FTP with K-1 = 3 . 10(-3) S-1. The ratio of rates is comparable to the equilibrium constant and no additional steps have been observed. The protein has 3 sites for ADP binding. Rates of ADP binding are similar in magnitude to those for FTP. ADP and ATP sites are at least partly competitive with one another. The kinetics of nucleotide binding are strikingly altered upon activation of the protein as an ATPase. The rate of FTP binding increases to at least 10(6) M-1 . s-1. This suggests that activation involves lowering of the kinetic barriers to substrate and product binding-dissociation and has implications for the mechanism of energy transduction in photophosphorylation.", "contents": "Kinetics of nucleotide binding to chloroplast coupling factor (CF1). Studies of the kinetics of association and dissociation of the formycin nucleotides FTP and FDP with CF1 were carried out using the enhancement of formycin fluorescence. The protein used, derived from lettuce chloroplasts by chloroform induced release, contains only 4 types of subunit and has a molecular weight of 280 000. In the presence of 1.25 mM MgCl2, 1 mol of ATP or FTP is bound to the latent enzyme, with Kd = 10(-7) or 2 . 10(-7), respectively. The fluorescence emission (lambdamax 340 nm) of FTP is enhanced 3-fold upon binding, and polarization of fluorescence is markedly increased. The fluorescence changes have been used to follow FTP binding, which behaves as a bimolecular process with k1 = 2.4 . 10(4) M-1 . s-1. FTP is displaced by ATP in a process apparently involving unimolecular dissociation of FTP with K-1 = 3 . 10(-3) S-1. The ratio of rates is comparable to the equilibrium constant and no additional steps have been observed. The protein has 3 sites for ADP binding. Rates of ADP binding are similar in magnitude to those for FTP. ADP and ATP sites are at least partly competitive with one another. The kinetics of nucleotide binding are strikingly altered upon activation of the protein as an ATPase. The rate of FTP binding increases to at least 10(6) M-1 . s-1. This suggests that activation involves lowering of the kinetic barriers to substrate and product binding-dissociation and has implications for the mechanism of energy transduction in photophosphorylation."}
{"id": "PMID:152123", "title": "Light/dark labeling differences in chloroplast membrane polypeptides associated with chloroplast coupling factor o.", "content": "The fluorogenic reagent fluorescamine has been used to determine the labeling patterns of Type C spinach chloroplast membrane polypeptides. Membrane polypeptides labeled with fluorescamine were detected by scanning high resolution sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gradient slab gels for fluorescence emission. Three membrane polypeptides show a decrease in the extent of labeling when chloroplast membranes are labeled in the light compared to when they are labeled in the dark. These polypeptides have apparent molecular weights 0f 32 000, 23 000 and 15 000. The decrease in labeling observed in the light is abolished or reduced by treatments which inactivate the light-generated transmembrane pH gradient. CF1-depleted chloroplasts show neither a light-activated pH gradient nor a light/dark difference in labeling of these three polypeptides. Both a light-activated pH gradient and light/dark difference in labeling are observed in CF1-depleted chloroplasts which have been treated with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The same ammonium sulfate fractions of a 2% sodium cholate extract, which are believed to be enriched in the membrane-bound sector of the chloroplast ATPase (CFo) are also found to be enriched in the 32 000, 23 000 and 15 000 molecular weight polypeptides. The three polypeptides are believed to be components of CFo, and the light/dark labeling differences may indicate conformational changes within CFo. Such conformational changes may reflect a mechanism which couples light-generated proton gradients to ATP synthesis.", "contents": "Light/dark labeling differences in chloroplast membrane polypeptides associated with chloroplast coupling factor o. The fluorogenic reagent fluorescamine has been used to determine the labeling patterns of Type C spinach chloroplast membrane polypeptides. Membrane polypeptides labeled with fluorescamine were detected by scanning high resolution sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gradient slab gels for fluorescence emission. Three membrane polypeptides show a decrease in the extent of labeling when chloroplast membranes are labeled in the light compared to when they are labeled in the dark. These polypeptides have apparent molecular weights 0f 32 000, 23 000 and 15 000. The decrease in labeling observed in the light is abolished or reduced by treatments which inactivate the light-generated transmembrane pH gradient. CF1-depleted chloroplasts show neither a light-activated pH gradient nor a light/dark difference in labeling of these three polypeptides. Both a light-activated pH gradient and light/dark difference in labeling are observed in CF1-depleted chloroplasts which have been treated with N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The same ammonium sulfate fractions of a 2% sodium cholate extract, which are believed to be enriched in the membrane-bound sector of the chloroplast ATPase (CFo) are also found to be enriched in the 32 000, 23 000 and 15 000 molecular weight polypeptides. The three polypeptides are believed to be components of CFo, and the light/dark labeling differences may indicate conformational changes within CFo. Such conformational changes may reflect a mechanism which couples light-generated proton gradients to ATP synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:152124", "title": "The stimulation of coupling factor 1 ATPase by tentoxin.", "content": "Tentoxin at 10--1000 micrometer causes a marked species-selective stimulation of coupling factor 1 Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity (Ka 6.3 . 10(3) M-1). This effect decreases the Km for ATP to about 0.3 mM and increases V 2.75-fold. Above 1.6 micrometer tentoxin the rate of coupled electron transport was reduced to basal without uncoupling.", "contents": "The stimulation of coupling factor 1 ATPase by tentoxin. Tentoxin at 10--1000 micrometer causes a marked species-selective stimulation of coupling factor 1 Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity (Ka 6.3 . 10(3) M-1). This effect decreases the Km for ATP to about 0.3 mM and increases V 2.75-fold. Above 1.6 micrometer tentoxin the rate of coupled electron transport was reduced to basal without uncoupling."}
{"id": "PMID:152125", "title": "Is there a plasma membrane-located anion-sensitive ATPase? IV. Distribution of the enzyme in rat pancreas.", "content": "The intracellular localization of anion-sensitive Mg2+-ATPase in rat pancreas was studied by differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation and by the use of inhibitors of mitochondrial Mg2+-ATPase. The anion-sensitive MG2+-ATPase appears to be localized almost exclusively in a mitochondrial (15 min, 15 000 times g) fraction which shows two peaks after density gradient centrifugation. Both peaks coincide with the highest levels of cytochrome c oxidase activity, but not with alkaline phosphatase, (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase and leucine aminopeptidase activities or RNA. They appear to be equal sensitive to inhibition by oligomycin, aurovertin D and the rat liver mitochondrial inhibitor protein, at least when 1 mM EDTA is present in the isolation media. We conclude that no significant plasma membrane-located anion-sensitive Mg2+-ATPase activity is present in rat pancreas.", "contents": "Is there a plasma membrane-located anion-sensitive ATPase? IV. Distribution of the enzyme in rat pancreas. The intracellular localization of anion-sensitive Mg2+-ATPase in rat pancreas was studied by differential centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation and by the use of inhibitors of mitochondrial Mg2+-ATPase. The anion-sensitive MG2+-ATPase appears to be localized almost exclusively in a mitochondrial (15 min, 15 000 times g) fraction which shows two peaks after density gradient centrifugation. Both peaks coincide with the highest levels of cytochrome c oxidase activity, but not with alkaline phosphatase, (Na+ plus K+)-ATPase and leucine aminopeptidase activities or RNA. They appear to be equal sensitive to inhibition by oligomycin, aurovertin D and the rat liver mitochondrial inhibitor protein, at least when 1 mM EDTA is present in the isolation media. We conclude that no significant plasma membrane-located anion-sensitive Mg2+-ATPase activity is present in rat pancreas."}
{"id": "PMID:152127", "title": "Effects of lanthanum on calcium-dependent phenomena in human red cells.", "content": "Lanthanum (0.25 mM) does not penetrate into fresh or Mg2+-depleted cells, whereas it does into ATP-depleted or ATP + 2,3-diphosphoglycerate-depleted cells, into cells containing more than 3 mM calcium, or cells stored for more than 4 weeks in acid/citrate/dextrose solution. In fresh cells loaded with calcium, extracellular lanthanum blocks the active Ca2+-efflux completely and inhibits (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity to about 50%. In Mg2+-depleted cells Ca2+-Ca2+ exchange is inhibited by lanthanum. Ca2+-leak is unaffected by lanthanum up to 0.25 mM concentration; higher lanthanum concentrations reduce leak rate. In NaCl medium Ca2+-leak +/ S.D. amounts to 0.28 +/ 0.08 mumol/1 of cells per min, whereas in KC1 medium to 0.15 +/ 0.04 mumol/1 of cells per min at 2.5 mM [Ca2+]e and 0.25 mM [La3+]e pH 7.1. Lanthanum inhibits Ca2+-dependent rapid K+ transport in ATP-depleted and propranolol-treated red cells, i.e. whenever intracellular calcium is below a critical level. The inhibition of the rapid K+ transport can be attributed to protein-lanthanum interactions on the cell surface, since lanthanum is effectively detached from the membrane lipids by propranolol. Lanthanum at 0.2--0.25 mM concentration  has no direct effect on the morphology of red cells. The shape regeneration of Ca2+-loaded cells, however, is blocked by lanthanum owing to Ca2+-pump inhibition. Using lanthanum the transition in cell shape can be quantitatively correlated to intracellular Ca2+ concentrations.", "contents": "Effects of lanthanum on calcium-dependent phenomena in human red cells. Lanthanum (0.25 mM) does not penetrate into fresh or Mg2+-depleted cells, whereas it does into ATP-depleted or ATP + 2,3-diphosphoglycerate-depleted cells, into cells containing more than 3 mM calcium, or cells stored for more than 4 weeks in acid/citrate/dextrose solution. In fresh cells loaded with calcium, extracellular lanthanum blocks the active Ca2+-efflux completely and inhibits (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase (ATP phosphohydrolase, EC 3.6.1.3) activity to about 50%. In Mg2+-depleted cells Ca2+-Ca2+ exchange is inhibited by lanthanum. Ca2+-leak is unaffected by lanthanum up to 0.25 mM concentration; higher lanthanum concentrations reduce leak rate. In NaCl medium Ca2+-leak +/ S.D. amounts to 0.28 +/ 0.08 mumol/1 of cells per min, whereas in KC1 medium to 0.15 +/ 0.04 mumol/1 of cells per min at 2.5 mM [Ca2+]e and 0.25 mM [La3+]e pH 7.1. Lanthanum inhibits Ca2+-dependent rapid K+ transport in ATP-depleted and propranolol-treated red cells, i.e. whenever intracellular calcium is below a critical level. The inhibition of the rapid K+ transport can be attributed to protein-lanthanum interactions on the cell surface, since lanthanum is effectively detached from the membrane lipids by propranolol. Lanthanum at 0.2--0.25 mM concentration  has no direct effect on the morphology of red cells. The shape regeneration of Ca2+-loaded cells, however, is blocked by lanthanum owing to Ca2+-pump inhibition. Using lanthanum the transition in cell shape can be quantitatively correlated to intracellular Ca2+ concentrations."}
{"id": "PMID:152128", "title": "Plasma membranes from Candida tropicalis grown on glucose or hexadecane. I. Isolation, identification and purification.", "content": "Plasma membranes from Candida tropicalis grown on glucose or hexadecane were isolated using a method based on the difference in surface charge of mitochondria and plasma membranes. After mechanical disruption of the cells, a fraction consisting of mitochondrial and plasma membrane vesicles was obtained by differential centrifugation. Subsequently the mitochondria were separated from the plasma membrane vesicles by aggregation of the mitochondria at a pH corresponding to their isoelectric point. Additional purification of the isolated plasma membrane vesicles was achieved by osmolysis. Surface charge densities of mitochondria and plasma membranes were determined and showed substrate-dependent differences. The isolated plasma membranes were morphologically characterized by electron microscopy and, as a marker enzyme, the activity of Mg2+-dependent ATPase was determine. By checking for three mitochondrial marker enzymes the plasma membrane fractions were estimated to be 94% pure with regard to mitochondrial contamination.", "contents": "Plasma membranes from Candida tropicalis grown on glucose or hexadecane. I. Isolation, identification and purification. Plasma membranes from Candida tropicalis grown on glucose or hexadecane were isolated using a method based on the difference in surface charge of mitochondria and plasma membranes. After mechanical disruption of the cells, a fraction consisting of mitochondrial and plasma membrane vesicles was obtained by differential centrifugation. Subsequently the mitochondria were separated from the plasma membrane vesicles by aggregation of the mitochondria at a pH corresponding to their isoelectric point. Additional purification of the isolated plasma membrane vesicles was achieved by osmolysis. Surface charge densities of mitochondria and plasma membranes were determined and showed substrate-dependent differences. The isolated plasma membranes were morphologically characterized by electron microscopy and, as a marker enzyme, the activity of Mg2+-dependent ATPase was determine. By checking for three mitochondrial marker enzymes the plasma membrane fractions were estimated to be 94% pure with regard to mitochondrial contamination."}
{"id": "PMID:152129", "title": "Mg2+-ATPase as a membrane ecto-enzyme of human granulocytes. Inhibitors, activators and response to phagocytosis.", "content": "(1) The Mg2+-ATPase of purified human granulocytes is located at the plasma membrane. Thus, no additional enzyme activity was detected when the cells were disrupted. Moreover, the Mg2+-ATPase activity of intact cells was inhibited by such poorly permeant reagents as diazotized sulfanilic acid and suramin. Finally, the enzyme activity of cell homogenates was recovered in particulate fractions. (2)The surface Mg2+-ATPase of human granulocytes had an apparent Km of 50 microns for ATP and displayed substrate inhibition. (3) The enzyme was not affected by ouabain, but was inhibited by N-ethyl malemide, sodium meta-periodate, suramin and diazotized sulfanilic acid. The enzyme was activated by cytochalasins B and D and by UDP. Activation by UDP was characterized by changes in the enzyme's apparent Km and V and by belief of substrate inhibition. (4)Internalization of surface membranes subsequent to phagocytosis of suitable particles did not result in depletion of Mg2+-ATPase from the cell surface. The enzyme activity did not decrease after exposure to several varieties of paraffin oil emulsion particles, even if the challenged cells had been pretreated with colchicine of cytochalasin B. (5) Since suramin, which inhibited Mg2+-ATPase, had no effect upon other granulocyte functions such as chemotaxis, superoxide anion generation, or phagocytosis, it is unlikely that the enzyme plays a major role in these functions.", "contents": "Mg2+-ATPase as a membrane ecto-enzyme of human granulocytes. Inhibitors, activators and response to phagocytosis. (1) The Mg2+-ATPase of purified human granulocytes is located at the plasma membrane. Thus, no additional enzyme activity was detected when the cells were disrupted. Moreover, the Mg2+-ATPase activity of intact cells was inhibited by such poorly permeant reagents as diazotized sulfanilic acid and suramin. Finally, the enzyme activity of cell homogenates was recovered in particulate fractions. (2)The surface Mg2+-ATPase of human granulocytes had an apparent Km of 50 microns for ATP and displayed substrate inhibition. (3) The enzyme was not affected by ouabain, but was inhibited by N-ethyl malemide, sodium meta-periodate, suramin and diazotized sulfanilic acid. The enzyme was activated by cytochalasins B and D and by UDP. Activation by UDP was characterized by changes in the enzyme's apparent Km and V and by belief of substrate inhibition. (4)Internalization of surface membranes subsequent to phagocytosis of suitable particles did not result in depletion of Mg2+-ATPase from the cell surface. The enzyme activity did not decrease after exposure to several varieties of paraffin oil emulsion particles, even if the challenged cells had been pretreated with colchicine of cytochalasin B. (5) Since suramin, which inhibited Mg2+-ATPase, had no effect upon other granulocyte functions such as chemotaxis, superoxide anion generation, or phagocytosis, it is unlikely that the enzyme plays a major role in these functions."}
{"id": "PMID:152130", "title": "Neurospora crassa mitochondrial transfer RNAs.", "content": "Total mitochondrial tRNA from Neurospora crassa was characterized by base composition analysis, one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoreses and reversed-phase chromatography on RPC5. The guanosine + cytidine content was about 43%, as compared to 60% for cytoplasmic tRNA. The modified nucleoside content was low and about the same as that of total yeast mitochondrial tRNA, though the G + C content is very different. We found psi, T, hU, t6A, m1G, M2G, m22G. Neither the eukaryotic \"Y\" base, nor the prokaryotic s4U were present. On two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electropherograms about 25 species were separated. One species for phenylalanine, two for leucine and two for methionine could be located. Neurospora crassa mitochondrial tRNA does not hybridize with yeast mitochondrial DNA.", "contents": "Neurospora crassa mitochondrial transfer RNAs. Total mitochondrial tRNA from Neurospora crassa was characterized by base composition analysis, one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoreses and reversed-phase chromatography on RPC5. The guanosine + cytidine content was about 43%, as compared to 60% for cytoplasmic tRNA. The modified nucleoside content was low and about the same as that of total yeast mitochondrial tRNA, though the G + C content is very different. We found psi, T, hU, t6A, m1G, M2G, m22G. Neither the eukaryotic \"Y\" base, nor the prokaryotic s4U were present. On two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electropherograms about 25 species were separated. One species for phenylalanine, two for leucine and two for methionine could be located. Neurospora crassa mitochondrial tRNA does not hybridize with yeast mitochondrial DNA."}
{"id": "PMID:152136", "title": "Laparoscopic assessment of the jaundiced patient: a review of 53 patients.", "content": "Laparoscopy in the investigation of patients with jaundice allows visualization of intra-abdominal pathology, target biopsy of intra-abdominal lesions and percutaneous fine-needle cholangiography, all to be carried out at the one procedure. Formal laparotomy can then be planned electively or avoided completely in appropriate cases. In our experience we have found laparoscopy with percutaneous fine-needle cholangiography and biopsy to be a useful procedure in the diagnosis and management of jaundiced patients.", "contents": "Laparoscopic assessment of the jaundiced patient: a review of 53 patients. Laparoscopy in the investigation of patients with jaundice allows visualization of intra-abdominal pathology, target biopsy of intra-abdominal lesions and percutaneous fine-needle cholangiography, all to be carried out at the one procedure. Formal laparotomy can then be planned electively or avoided completely in appropriate cases. In our experience we have found laparoscopy with percutaneous fine-needle cholangiography and biopsy to be a useful procedure in the diagnosis and management of jaundiced patients."}
{"id": "PMID:152141", "title": "Physician's use of laparoscopy.", "content": "The role of laparoscopy in medical practice was assessed by studying 238 consecutive laparoscopies performed under local anaesthesia by physicians in a single teaching hospital. Indications for laparoscopy were assessment of possible and known hepatic disease, possible disseminated abdominal malignancy, abdominal mass, and conditions such as ascites and splenomegaly. A definitive diagnosis was reached in 223 cases (76.5%). No organic disease was detected in 41 patients, though findings were false-negative in two of them (0.8%). The procedure failed in 15 (6.3%), mostly because adhesions from previous surgery hindered adequate visualisation. Six patients (2.5%) had complications, one of whom subsequently died. If patients are appropriately selected laparoscopy is relatively free of postoperative complications, and is an effective diagnostic procedure in abdominal malignancy and decompensated liver disease. Cost-effectiveness is an additional advantage.", "contents": "Physician's use of laparoscopy. The role of laparoscopy in medical practice was assessed by studying 238 consecutive laparoscopies performed under local anaesthesia by physicians in a single teaching hospital. Indications for laparoscopy were assessment of possible and known hepatic disease, possible disseminated abdominal malignancy, abdominal mass, and conditions such as ascites and splenomegaly. A definitive diagnosis was reached in 223 cases (76.5%). No organic disease was detected in 41 patients, though findings were false-negative in two of them (0.8%). The procedure failed in 15 (6.3%), mostly because adhesions from previous surgery hindered adequate visualisation. Six patients (2.5%) had complications, one of whom subsequently died. If patients are appropriately selected laparoscopy is relatively free of postoperative complications, and is an effective diagnostic procedure in abdominal malignancy and decompensated liver disease. Cost-effectiveness is an additional advantage."}
{"id": "PMID:152142", "title": "Chlamydia trachomatis in gonococcal and postgonococcal urethritis.", "content": "Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the urethra of 38 (28.6%) out of 133 men with gonococcal urethritis (GU). During the follow up of 72 men postgonococcal urethritis (PGU) was diagnosed in 50 (69.5%) patients. More than half (30 out of 50) of these patients with PGU were Chlamydia-positive. Out of 31 patients with Chlamydia 30 developed PGU whether or not procaine penicillin, spectinomycin, or gentamicin were used. These findings are discussed in relation to present recommendations for the treatment and follow up of patients with GU.", "contents": "Chlamydia trachomatis in gonococcal and postgonococcal urethritis. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from the urethra of 38 (28.6%) out of 133 men with gonococcal urethritis (GU). During the follow up of 72 men postgonococcal urethritis (PGU) was diagnosed in 50 (69.5%) patients. More than half (30 out of 50) of these patients with PGU were Chlamydia-positive. Out of 31 patients with Chlamydia 30 developed PGU whether or not procaine penicillin, spectinomycin, or gentamicin were used. These findings are discussed in relation to present recommendations for the treatment and follow up of patients with GU."}
{"id": "PMID:152143", "title": "Phase I study with neocarzinostatin: tolerance to two hour infusion and continuous infusion.", "content": "Neocarzinostatin (NCZ), an acidic polypeptide antibiotic, was given to 47 patients with cancer and leukemia, and tolerance to two schedules, a single dose given as a 2 hour infusion and a continuous infusion over 5 days was investigated. Immediate reactions, including fever, chills, rigor, hypertension and mental confusion, were dose-limiting for the 2 hour infusion schedule, occurring at 3000 U/m2 and higher. Continuous administration for 5 days eliminated the immediate reactions and then hematological toxicity--often prolonged leukopenia and thrombocytopenia--became dose-limiting. Other toxicities of NCZ at both dose schedules included anemia, fever and chills, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, hepatic dysfunction, azotemia, hypophosphatemia, aminoaciduria, stomatitis, phlebitis and/or cellulitis at the venous infusion site and pruritus. Patients with solid tumors who had received little or no prior chemotherapy and had good bone marrow reserve tolerated up to 6000 U/m2/24 hours X 5 days. One patient with previously treated acute myelocytic leukemia was induced into a good partial remission lasting 10 weeks.", "contents": "Phase I study with neocarzinostatin: tolerance to two hour infusion and continuous infusion. Neocarzinostatin (NCZ), an acidic polypeptide antibiotic, was given to 47 patients with cancer and leukemia, and tolerance to two schedules, a single dose given as a 2 hour infusion and a continuous infusion over 5 days was investigated. Immediate reactions, including fever, chills, rigor, hypertension and mental confusion, were dose-limiting for the 2 hour infusion schedule, occurring at 3000 U/m2 and higher. Continuous administration for 5 days eliminated the immediate reactions and then hematological toxicity--often prolonged leukopenia and thrombocytopenia--became dose-limiting. Other toxicities of NCZ at both dose schedules included anemia, fever and chills, anorexia, nausea and vomiting, hepatic dysfunction, azotemia, hypophosphatemia, aminoaciduria, stomatitis, phlebitis and/or cellulitis at the venous infusion site and pruritus. Patients with solid tumors who had received little or no prior chemotherapy and had good bone marrow reserve tolerated up to 6000 U/m2/24 hours X 5 days. One patient with previously treated acute myelocytic leukemia was induced into a good partial remission lasting 10 weeks."}
{"id": "PMID:152144", "title": "Surface markers and functional properties of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells in relation to histology.", "content": "Cells from 32 adult patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were studied with respect to surface markers and functional properties in short-term culture. Twenty-six lymphomas were of B-cell origin, including all nodular and diffuse lymphocytic lymphomas. Three tumors were of T-cell origin (one histiocytic lymphoma and two undifferentiated lymphomas). In the remaining three cases (histiocytic lymphomas) the immunological nature of the tumor cells could not be determined. All reactivity to mitogenic stimuli of cells from B-cell lymphomas was due to residual normal T cells. In follicular lymphocytic  lymphomas more reactive T cells prevailed among the malignant B cells than in diffuse lymphocytic lymphomas. Heterogeneity among B-cell lymphomas was indicated by differences in intensity of fluorescence with anti-Ig reagents and in stimulatory capacity in mixed lymphocyte culture. T-cell lymphomas were characterized by high percentages of T cells together with impaired responses to stimuli. The results of immunological studies correlated well with the histological classifications of Rappaport, Lukes and Lennert.", "contents": "Surface markers and functional properties of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cells in relation to histology. Cells from 32 adult patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were studied with respect to surface markers and functional properties in short-term culture. Twenty-six lymphomas were of B-cell origin, including all nodular and diffuse lymphocytic lymphomas. Three tumors were of T-cell origin (one histiocytic lymphoma and two undifferentiated lymphomas). In the remaining three cases (histiocytic lymphomas) the immunological nature of the tumor cells could not be determined. All reactivity to mitogenic stimuli of cells from B-cell lymphomas was due to residual normal T cells. In follicular lymphocytic  lymphomas more reactive T cells prevailed among the malignant B cells than in diffuse lymphocytic lymphomas. Heterogeneity among B-cell lymphomas was indicated by differences in intensity of fluorescence with anti-Ig reagents and in stimulatory capacity in mixed lymphocyte culture. T-cell lymphomas were characterized by high percentages of T cells together with impaired responses to stimuli. The results of immunological studies correlated well with the histological classifications of Rappaport, Lukes and Lennert."}
{"id": "PMID:152145", "title": "Symptomatic hypocalcemia following combined calcitonin and mithramycin therapy for hypercalcemia due to malignancy.", "content": "Three patients with malignant disease received the usual recommended doses of mithramycin and calcitonin, either concurrently or concomitantly, because of severe life-threatening hypercalcemia. All three patients developed severe, symptomatic hypocalcemia. The mechanisms for this phenomenon are discussed. A possible synergism between calcitonin and mithramycin may prove to be hazardous in such patients and this possibility must be kept in mind when these agents are being considered as a combination treatment for hypercalcemia.", "contents": "Symptomatic hypocalcemia following combined calcitonin and mithramycin therapy for hypercalcemia due to malignancy. Three patients with malignant disease received the usual recommended doses of mithramycin and calcitonin, either concurrently or concomitantly, because of severe life-threatening hypercalcemia. All three patients developed severe, symptomatic hypocalcemia. The mechanisms for this phenomenon are discussed. A possible synergism between calcitonin and mithramycin may prove to be hazardous in such patients and this possibility must be kept in mind when these agents are being considered as a combination treatment for hypercalcemia."}
{"id": "PMID:152146", "title": "Phase I study of pyrazofurin in refractory acute myelogenous leukemia.", "content": "Pyrazofurin was administered to 17 patients with refractory acute myelogenous leukemia in 5-day courses every 2-3 weeks. Doses ranged from 30 to 60 mg/m2/day. Severe stomatitis and dermatitis occurred at doses effective in reducing the leukocyte count (45 mg/m2). Reduction of the dose to 30 mg/m2 resulted in less toxicity and less chemotherapeutic effect. These results indicate that at tolerable doses given as described, pyrazofurin had little antileukemic activity in acute myeologenous leukemia.", "contents": "Phase I study of pyrazofurin in refractory acute myelogenous leukemia. Pyrazofurin was administered to 17 patients with refractory acute myelogenous leukemia in 5-day courses every 2-3 weeks. Doses ranged from 30 to 60 mg/m2/day. Severe stomatitis and dermatitis occurred at doses effective in reducing the leukocyte count (45 mg/m2). Reduction of the dose to 30 mg/m2 resulted in less toxicity and less chemotherapeutic effect. These results indicate that at tolerable doses given as described, pyrazofurin had little antileukemic activity in acute myeologenous leukemia."}
{"id": "PMID:152166", "title": "Synthesis and degradation of myocardial protein during the development and regression of thyroxine-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats.", "content": "Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in rats by daily injections of L-thyroxine (1.0 mg/kg). Regression from hypertrophy was studied 4 days after discontinuing thyroxine. Isolated, Langendorff-perfused hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer, glucose, insulin, and amino acids. To measure protein synthesis, left ventricular tissue was assayed for incorporation of tritiated phenylalanine into protein. Indices of rates of protein degradation were obtained by measuring the release of cold phenylalanine after blocking protein synthesis with cycloheximide. After 3 days of thyroxine (when cardiac growth was maximally increased), the rate of protein synthesis increased by 22% (P less than 0.001). After 1 week, synthesis was 8% greater than control (P less than 0.05), and by 2 weeks (when hypertrophy was stable and the rate of cardiac growth was similar to controls), synthesis had returned to control levels. In hearts regressing from hypertrophy, synthesis was reduced to 68% of control (P less than 0.001). The rate of protein degradation was decreased by 12% (P less than 0.05) after 3 days of thyroxine, but was not different from control at 1 or 2 weeks. During regression, degradation was 12% below control (P less than 0.05). Changes in the release of several amino acids that are synthesized or metabolized in heart (e.g., alanine, glycine, serine) were different from changes in phenylalanine release. In conclusion thyroxine-induced cardiac hypertrophy and regression are accompanied by changes in protein synthesis and degradation, and amino acid metabolism. The predominant change in hypertrophy is increased protein synthesis with a minor contribution from reduced degradation. Regression of hypertrophy is accompanied by decreased synthesis, not increased degradation.", "contents": "Synthesis and degradation of myocardial protein during the development and regression of thyroxine-induced cardiac hypertrophy in rats. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced in rats by daily injections of L-thyroxine (1.0 mg/kg). Regression from hypertrophy was studied 4 days after discontinuing thyroxine. Isolated, Langendorff-perfused hearts were perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer, glucose, insulin, and amino acids. To measure protein synthesis, left ventricular tissue was assayed for incorporation of tritiated phenylalanine into protein. Indices of rates of protein degradation were obtained by measuring the release of cold phenylalanine after blocking protein synthesis with cycloheximide. After 3 days of thyroxine (when cardiac growth was maximally increased), the rate of protein synthesis increased by 22% (P less than 0.001). After 1 week, synthesis was 8% greater than control (P less than 0.05), and by 2 weeks (when hypertrophy was stable and the rate of cardiac growth was similar to controls), synthesis had returned to control levels. In hearts regressing from hypertrophy, synthesis was reduced to 68% of control (P less than 0.001). The rate of protein degradation was decreased by 12% (P less than 0.05) after 3 days of thyroxine, but was not different from control at 1 or 2 weeks. During regression, degradation was 12% below control (P less than 0.05). Changes in the release of several amino acids that are synthesized or metabolized in heart (e.g., alanine, glycine, serine) were different from changes in phenylalanine release. In conclusion thyroxine-induced cardiac hypertrophy and regression are accompanied by changes in protein synthesis and degradation, and amino acid metabolism. The predominant change in hypertrophy is increased protein synthesis with a minor contribution from reduced degradation. Regression of hypertrophy is accompanied by decreased synthesis, not increased degradation."}
{"id": "PMID:152167", "title": "Differentiation of posterior myocardial infarction from right ventricular hypertrophy and normal anterior loop by echocardiography.", "content": "The differentiation of posterobasal myocardial infarction (PMI) from either right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) or normal subjects displaying an anterior loop (AL) by electrocardiography (ECG) or vectorcardiography (VCG) is difficult. M-mode echocardiography (echo) via the anterior and subxiphoid methods has been helpful in defining cardiac chamber size and wall motion abnormalities. We tested whether this relatively more direct method would better separate these entities compared with the other two techniques. ECG and VCG using established criteria failed to distinguish the three conditions effectively. By echo, distinguishing characteristics were observed in each of the groups. Thus, right ventricular diastolic dimension and wall thickness were significantly increased only in the RVH group, echo dimensions and wall motion were normal in the AL group and the posterior left ventricular systolic thickening response and ejection phase indices were significantly reduced only by the subxiphoid method in the PMI group. To test the specificity of the latter finding, posterior wall motion in three infarction groups (posterior, combined posteroinferior and inferior) were examined and suggested that the target of the subxiphoid beam focuses on a more superior posterobasal left ventricular segment than the anteriorly placed transducer. Echocardiography can differentiate PMI from either RVH or AL more directly than ECG or VCG, and may be of practical clinical importance.", "contents": "Differentiation of posterior myocardial infarction from right ventricular hypertrophy and normal anterior loop by echocardiography. The differentiation of posterobasal myocardial infarction (PMI) from either right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) or normal subjects displaying an anterior loop (AL) by electrocardiography (ECG) or vectorcardiography (VCG) is difficult. M-mode echocardiography (echo) via the anterior and subxiphoid methods has been helpful in defining cardiac chamber size and wall motion abnormalities. We tested whether this relatively more direct method would better separate these entities compared with the other two techniques. ECG and VCG using established criteria failed to distinguish the three conditions effectively. By echo, distinguishing characteristics were observed in each of the groups. Thus, right ventricular diastolic dimension and wall thickness were significantly increased only in the RVH group, echo dimensions and wall motion were normal in the AL group and the posterior left ventricular systolic thickening response and ejection phase indices were significantly reduced only by the subxiphoid method in the PMI group. To test the specificity of the latter finding, posterior wall motion in three infarction groups (posterior, combined posteroinferior and inferior) were examined and suggested that the target of the subxiphoid beam focuses on a more superior posterobasal left ventricular segment than the anteriorly placed transducer. Echocardiography can differentiate PMI from either RVH or AL more directly than ECG or VCG, and may be of practical clinical importance."}
{"id": "PMID:152168", "title": "Cardiac metabolsim: its contributions to alcoholic heart disease and myocardial failure.", "content": "Changes in cardiac metabolism in myocardial failure and after alcohol ingestion are discussed. The main effect of alcohol ingestion is loss of cardiac contractility. Since heart muscle does not contain alcohol dehydrogenase, its toxicity is probably the result of a direct toxic effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the myocardial cell, possibly involving various membrane systems. Alcohol inhibits mitochondrial respiration and the activity of enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and its interferes with both mitochondrial calcium uptake and binding. Ethanol profoundly affects myocardial lipid metabolism. Acetaldehyde diminishes myocardial protein synthesis and inhibits Ca++-activated myofibrillar ATPase. In myocardial failure, a series of possibilities may be responsible for the loss of contractility. Excitation-contraction coupling could be disturbed at the level of the sarcolemma, at the sarcoplasmic reticulum, at the mitochondria, and between calcium and the regulatory proteins. Deficiencies in Ca++ delivery systems of excitation-contraction coupling on the myosin ATPase activity could be responsible for the dimunition in cardiac contractility. Mitochondrial function may also be involved, since mitochondria from failing human hearts are defective with respect to respiratory control and calcium accumulation. Under certain conditions, the relationship of mitochondria to calcium sequestration is very important in influencing contractility. The involvement of contractile and regulatory proteins in myocardial failure cannot be excluded.", "contents": "Cardiac metabolsim: its contributions to alcoholic heart disease and myocardial failure. Changes in cardiac metabolism in myocardial failure and after alcohol ingestion are discussed. The main effect of alcohol ingestion is loss of cardiac contractility. Since heart muscle does not contain alcohol dehydrogenase, its toxicity is probably the result of a direct toxic effect of ethanol and acetaldehyde on the myocardial cell, possibly involving various membrane systems. Alcohol inhibits mitochondrial respiration and the activity of enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and its interferes with both mitochondrial calcium uptake and binding. Ethanol profoundly affects myocardial lipid metabolism. Acetaldehyde diminishes myocardial protein synthesis and inhibits Ca++-activated myofibrillar ATPase. In myocardial failure, a series of possibilities may be responsible for the loss of contractility. Excitation-contraction coupling could be disturbed at the level of the sarcolemma, at the sarcoplasmic reticulum, at the mitochondria, and between calcium and the regulatory proteins. Deficiencies in Ca++ delivery systems of excitation-contraction coupling on the myosin ATPase activity could be responsible for the dimunition in cardiac contractility. Mitochondrial function may also be involved, since mitochondria from failing human hearts are defective with respect to respiratory control and calcium accumulation. Under certain conditions, the relationship of mitochondria to calcium sequestration is very important in influencing contractility. The involvement of contractile and regulatory proteins in myocardial failure cannot be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:152169", "title": "Prevalence and characteristics of disporportionate ventricular septal thickening in infants with congenital heart disease.", "content": "Necropsy studies were performed in 125 infants, 2 years old or less, with a variety of congenital heart malformations. Disproportionate ventricular septal thickening (septal-to-left ventricular free wall thickness ratio greater than or equal to 1.3) was present in 31 (25%) of the 125 patients. In the majority of patients, an abnormal septal-to-free wall ratio did not appear to be a manifestation of genetically transmitted hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, since: 1) marked disorganization of septal myocardium (involving greater than or equal to 5% of the tissue section) was present in only five of the 31 patients with disproportionate septal thickening; and 2) echocardiographic studies in first degree relatives of four other patients with disproportionate septal thickening and normal septal architecture did not show asymmetric septal hypertrophy. The relatively high prevalence of septal-to-free wall ratios of 1.3 or greater in this population of infants with congenital heart disease appeared to be due in part to minor differerences in ventricular wall thicknesses (in patients with relatively thin absolute wall thicknesses) which may produce particularly large deviations from unity in septal-to-free wall ratio. Hence, 1) nongenetically transmitted disproportionate septal thickening is relatively common in infants with congenital heart diseases studied at necropsy: and 2) a septal-to-free wall ratio of greater than or equal to 1.3 cannot be used as the sole criterion for identifying associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in infants with other congenital heart diseases, particularly if marked absolute septal thickening is absent.", "contents": "Prevalence and characteristics of disporportionate ventricular septal thickening in infants with congenital heart disease. Necropsy studies were performed in 125 infants, 2 years old or less, with a variety of congenital heart malformations. Disproportionate ventricular septal thickening (septal-to-left ventricular free wall thickness ratio greater than or equal to 1.3) was present in 31 (25%) of the 125 patients. In the majority of patients, an abnormal septal-to-free wall ratio did not appear to be a manifestation of genetically transmitted hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, since: 1) marked disorganization of septal myocardium (involving greater than or equal to 5% of the tissue section) was present in only five of the 31 patients with disproportionate septal thickening; and 2) echocardiographic studies in first degree relatives of four other patients with disproportionate septal thickening and normal septal architecture did not show asymmetric septal hypertrophy. The relatively high prevalence of septal-to-free wall ratios of 1.3 or greater in this population of infants with congenital heart disease appeared to be due in part to minor differerences in ventricular wall thicknesses (in patients with relatively thin absolute wall thicknesses) which may produce particularly large deviations from unity in septal-to-free wall ratio. Hence, 1) nongenetically transmitted disproportionate septal thickening is relatively common in infants with congenital heart diseases studied at necropsy: and 2) a septal-to-free wall ratio of greater than or equal to 1.3 cannot be used as the sole criterion for identifying associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in infants with other congenital heart diseases, particularly if marked absolute septal thickening is absent."}
{"id": "PMID:152170", "title": "Effect of Sch1000 in allergen-induced asthma.", "content": "Carefully controlled allergen inhalation tests were carried out in twelve subjects to provoke early asthmatic responses with a mean maximum FEV1 fall of 30.7 +/- 5.2% (mean +/- s.d.). Four subjects had additional late asthmatic responses with a maximum mean FEV1 fall of 21.0 +/- 5.9%. The tests were repeated at intervals of 7 days in an identical way, following inhalation of Sch1000 (80 microgram) and placebo, each given 45 min before the onset of the early asthmatic response. This dose of Sch1000 produced a marked and uniform inhibition of methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in the same subjects. The allergen-induced responses were reproducible in eleven out of the twelve subjects; the coefficient of variation for the decrease in FEV1 in the early responses being +/- 7% and in the late response +/- 43%. Sch1000 produced a slight and variable inhibition of early asthmatic responses (P less than 0.02) and no inhibition of late asthmatic responses. We examined the relationship between the degree of inhibition of the early asthmatic response by Sch1000 and : (a) the degree of inhibition produced by Sch1000 on histamine- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction; (b) the level of non-specific bronchial reactivity measured by inhaled histamine and methacholine; and (c) the degree of bronchodilatation produced by Sch1000. No relationship was found.", "contents": "Effect of Sch1000 in allergen-induced asthma. Carefully controlled allergen inhalation tests were carried out in twelve subjects to provoke early asthmatic responses with a mean maximum FEV1 fall of 30.7 +/- 5.2% (mean +/- s.d.). Four subjects had additional late asthmatic responses with a maximum mean FEV1 fall of 21.0 +/- 5.9%. The tests were repeated at intervals of 7 days in an identical way, following inhalation of Sch1000 (80 microgram) and placebo, each given 45 min before the onset of the early asthmatic response. This dose of Sch1000 produced a marked and uniform inhibition of methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction in the same subjects. The allergen-induced responses were reproducible in eleven out of the twelve subjects; the coefficient of variation for the decrease in FEV1 in the early responses being +/- 7% and in the late response +/- 43%. Sch1000 produced a slight and variable inhibition of early asthmatic responses (P less than 0.02) and no inhibition of late asthmatic responses. We examined the relationship between the degree of inhibition of the early asthmatic response by Sch1000 and : (a) the degree of inhibition produced by Sch1000 on histamine- and methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction; (b) the level of non-specific bronchial reactivity measured by inhaled histamine and methacholine; and (c) the degree of bronchodilatation produced by Sch1000. No relationship was found."}
{"id": "PMID:152171", "title": "Hypersensitivity pneumonitis with antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans.", "content": "Clinical and immunological studies were made in forty-two patients diagnosed as suffering from hypersensitivity pneumonitis at Osaka Prefectural Habikino Hospital between 1973 and 1977. All the sera from forty-one patients tested had high titres of antibody against Cryptococcus neoformans in indirect fluorescent antibody tests, and twelve also had precepitins against Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide. Only about 10% of control sera from patients with other lung diseases had low titres of antibody against Cryptococcus neoformans. Antibody against Cryptococcus neoformans was also found frequently in the sera of asymptomatic members of the families of the patients. A possible relationship of Cryptococcus neoformans to hypersensitivity pneumonitis is suggested.", "contents": "Hypersensitivity pneumonitis with antibodies to Cryptococcus neoformans. Clinical and immunological studies were made in forty-two patients diagnosed as suffering from hypersensitivity pneumonitis at Osaka Prefectural Habikino Hospital between 1973 and 1977. All the sera from forty-one patients tested had high titres of antibody against Cryptococcus neoformans in indirect fluorescent antibody tests, and twelve also had precepitins against Cryptococcus neoformans polysaccharide. Only about 10% of control sera from patients with other lung diseases had low titres of antibody against Cryptococcus neoformans. Antibody against Cryptococcus neoformans was also found frequently in the sera of asymptomatic members of the families of the patients. A possible relationship of Cryptococcus neoformans to hypersensitivity pneumonitis is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:152172", "title": "Urinary excretion of a large amount of bound sialic acid and of under sulfated chondroitin sulfate A by patients with the Lowe syndrome.", "content": "Urine samples from two patients with the Lowe syndrome were analyzed for sialic acid and mucopolysaccharides. The sialic acid content, relative to the creatinine content, was 4--5 times higher in these patients' urine than in normal urine. Most of the sialic acid was found in unidentified glycoproteins of high molecular weight, but the levels of sialyllactose and free sialic acid were also elevated about 2 fold. A most remarkable finding was the excretion of undersulfated chrondroitin sulfate A without other mucopolysaccharides normally occurring in urine. It is suggested that a disorder in sulfation of mucopolysaccharides is etiologically implicated in the Lowe syndrome.", "contents": "Urinary excretion of a large amount of bound sialic acid and of under sulfated chondroitin sulfate A by patients with the Lowe syndrome. Urine samples from two patients with the Lowe syndrome were analyzed for sialic acid and mucopolysaccharides. The sialic acid content, relative to the creatinine content, was 4--5 times higher in these patients' urine than in normal urine. Most of the sialic acid was found in unidentified glycoproteins of high molecular weight, but the levels of sialyllactose and free sialic acid were also elevated about 2 fold. A most remarkable finding was the excretion of undersulfated chrondroitin sulfate A without other mucopolysaccharides normally occurring in urine. It is suggested that a disorder in sulfation of mucopolysaccharides is etiologically implicated in the Lowe syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:152173", "title": "Down syndrome in two of three triplets.", "content": "This is the first report to our knowledge of trisomy 21 in two members of a set of triplets. The two with Down syndrome are monozygous; the other triplet is not identical. These triplets were born to a 22-year-old woman in whose family there have been six sets of twins (four like-sex) since 1775. Neither parent has any chromosomal abnormality. Zygosity estimates in the triplets are derived from studies of red blood cell antigens and HLA typing. Twinning has been reported in association with many different chromosome abnormalities. It has been suggested that the incidence of Down syndrome among twins is significantly higher than among singletons. It seems likely that some families have a heritable predisposition to both twinning and chromosome abnormalities.", "contents": "Down syndrome in two of three triplets. This is the first report to our knowledge of trisomy 21 in two members of a set of triplets. The two with Down syndrome are monozygous; the other triplet is not identical. These triplets were born to a 22-year-old woman in whose family there have been six sets of twins (four like-sex) since 1775. Neither parent has any chromosomal abnormality. Zygosity estimates in the triplets are derived from studies of red blood cell antigens and HLA typing. Twinning has been reported in association with many different chromosome abnormalities. It has been suggested that the incidence of Down syndrome among twins is significantly higher than among singletons. It seems likely that some families have a heritable predisposition to both twinning and chromosome abnormalities."}
{"id": "PMID:152175", "title": "Genetic control of susceptibility to autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis in inbred rat strains.", "content": "Twelve inbred rat strains were tested for their susceptibility to autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis (AIC) after a single injection of a primary tubular epithelial fraction emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. Six strains (Lewis, AS, BDV, L.BDV, AS2, L.AS2) showed high responsiveness in terms of proteinuria and immunohistological changes, which could be observed after 3 months. Strains BN, AVN and DA were completely resistant, even after 6 months of observation. An additional adjuvant (pertussis vaccine) did not break non-responsiveness in one of these strains (BN). Strains which share the Lewis strain genetic background (L.BN, L.AVN and L.WP) seemed to be at least weakly susceptible to AIC. A close association between susceptibility and the major histocompatibility haplotypes is demonstrated in segregation studies involving Lewis, L.BN and BN rats. A threshold model of AIC susceptibility, based on the action of major histocompatibility-linked genes and background genes, is suggested.", "contents": "Genetic control of susceptibility to autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis in inbred rat strains. Twelve inbred rat strains were tested for their susceptibility to autologous immune complex glomerulonephritis (AIC) after a single injection of a primary tubular epithelial fraction emulsified in Freund's complete adjuvant. Six strains (Lewis, AS, BDV, L.BDV, AS2, L.AS2) showed high responsiveness in terms of proteinuria and immunohistological changes, which could be observed after 3 months. Strains BN, AVN and DA were completely resistant, even after 6 months of observation. An additional adjuvant (pertussis vaccine) did not break non-responsiveness in one of these strains (BN). Strains which share the Lewis strain genetic background (L.BN, L.AVN and L.WP) seemed to be at least weakly susceptible to AIC. A close association between susceptibility and the major histocompatibility haplotypes is demonstrated in segregation studies involving Lewis, L.BN and BN rats. A threshold model of AIC susceptibility, based on the action of major histocompatibility-linked genes and background genes, is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:152176", "title": "Cytogenetic abnormalities in orthopedic patients.", "content": "Patients with orthopedic problems may also have chromosomal abnormalities. Individuals who present with subtle clinical findings suggestive of a known syndrome resulting from a chromosomal abnormality, such as Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, or any of the known trisomiers, should be investigated further in order to confirm the diagnosis. In addition, those patients who have multiple congenital abnormalities in several systems should also have chromosome analysis. This should be done not only to gain new information in regard to chromosome abnormalities, but also to establish a diagnosis for the individual and thus provide proper genetic counseling for the family. If the clinical picture strongly suggests a chromosomal abnormality, and routine karyotyping does not demonstrate one, it is imperative that one or more banding techniques be utilized before a chromosomal abnormality can be ruled out.", "contents": "Cytogenetic abnormalities in orthopedic patients. Patients with orthopedic problems may also have chromosomal abnormalities. Individuals who present with subtle clinical findings suggestive of a known syndrome resulting from a chromosomal abnormality, such as Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, or any of the known trisomiers, should be investigated further in order to confirm the diagnosis. In addition, those patients who have multiple congenital abnormalities in several systems should also have chromosome analysis. This should be done not only to gain new information in regard to chromosome abnormalities, but also to establish a diagnosis for the individual and thus provide proper genetic counseling for the family. If the clinical picture strongly suggests a chromosomal abnormality, and routine karyotyping does not demonstrate one, it is imperative that one or more banding techniques be utilized before a chromosomal abnormality can be ruled out."}
{"id": "PMID:152177", "title": "Causes of death, right ventricular hypertrophy, and congenital heart disease in scoliosis.", "content": "Among the causes of death of 43 scoliotics were 5 directly due to complications of congenital heart disease. Over half (57.9%) of the remaining 38 died of cardiac or respiratory causes. The paralytic scolitoics tended to die of pneumonia or respiratory failure, while the nonparalytic scoliotics died of cardiac failure. Right ventricular hypertrophy was present in 65% of the 17 subjects examined postmortem. Electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy correlated well with the postmortem findings. The vital capacity was less than 1.75 liters in 84% of the dead subjects. The case records of a further 719 living scoliotics were examined for evidence of congenital heart disease. This was found in: 34 (4.5%) of the whole group of 762, 6.9% of the congenital ; 3.4% of the idiopathic scoliotics; 22.7% of those with Marfan's syndrome.", "contents": "Causes of death, right ventricular hypertrophy, and congenital heart disease in scoliosis. Among the causes of death of 43 scoliotics were 5 directly due to complications of congenital heart disease. Over half (57.9%) of the remaining 38 died of cardiac or respiratory causes. The paralytic scolitoics tended to die of pneumonia or respiratory failure, while the nonparalytic scoliotics died of cardiac failure. Right ventricular hypertrophy was present in 65% of the 17 subjects examined postmortem. Electrocardiographic evidence of right ventricular hypertrophy correlated well with the postmortem findings. The vital capacity was less than 1.75 liters in 84% of the dead subjects. The case records of a further 719 living scoliotics were examined for evidence of congenital heart disease. This was found in: 34 (4.5%) of the whole group of 762, 6.9% of the congenital ; 3.4% of the idiopathic scoliotics; 22.7% of those with Marfan's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:152178", "title": "Diagnostic problems in the lumbar spine.", "content": "In summary then, the diagnostic problems of the lumbar spine are myriad. They can include conditions which are congenital, tumorous, traumatic, toxic, metabolic, inflammatory, degenerative, infectious, circulatory, mechanical, or psychoneurotic. In addition many of these combinations can be found in the problem now alluded to as \"spinal stenosis\". Even under this condition, spinal stenosis is classified as congenital and acquired. Under the acquired forms of stenosis there are degenerative, combined stenosis, spondylotic, postoperative, posttraumatic, and miscellaneous types such as that due to Paget's disease or fluorosis. A diagnosis of these conditions can best be made by an experienced historian and examiner since they are never clear-cut and sometimes it is a \"sixth sense\" of the physician which helps him make the diagnosis. The diagnosis, once suspected, can best be confirmed with proper laboratory tests including myelography and tomography. The treatment, of course, depends specifically on the pathology which is diagnosed. The surgical approach to lumbar spinal stenosis and nerve root entrapment is discussed in Chapter 15. Due to the work of Verbiest and others, much has been done to elucidate this confusing diagnostic area (1, 9). However, much more needs to be learned. We do not completely understand the pain receptors for discogenic pain as well as reasons why various forms of treatment seem to have a 60% success rate no matter what is done. One of the reasons that long-term results are so difficult to come by in this type of work is the fact that these patients cannot be easily categorized by a simple method such as the study of a long bone fracture and the acquisition of a large series with one type of treatment. There are so many psychogenic factors as well as multifaceted treatment regimes used by experts throughout the world that a perfect follow-up with controls is practically impossible. Hopefully, better standardization of diagnostic procedures, nonoperative and operative treatment forms, and analysis of long-term end results may be forthcoming in the future as we elucidate this confusing problem called \"low back pain\".", "contents": "Diagnostic problems in the lumbar spine. In summary then, the diagnostic problems of the lumbar spine are myriad. They can include conditions which are congenital, tumorous, traumatic, toxic, metabolic, inflammatory, degenerative, infectious, circulatory, mechanical, or psychoneurotic. In addition many of these combinations can be found in the problem now alluded to as \"spinal stenosis\". Even under this condition, spinal stenosis is classified as congenital and acquired. Under the acquired forms of stenosis there are degenerative, combined stenosis, spondylotic, postoperative, posttraumatic, and miscellaneous types such as that due to Paget's disease or fluorosis. A diagnosis of these conditions can best be made by an experienced historian and examiner since they are never clear-cut and sometimes it is a \"sixth sense\" of the physician which helps him make the diagnosis. The diagnosis, once suspected, can best be confirmed with proper laboratory tests including myelography and tomography. The treatment, of course, depends specifically on the pathology which is diagnosed. The surgical approach to lumbar spinal stenosis and nerve root entrapment is discussed in Chapter 15. Due to the work of Verbiest and others, much has been done to elucidate this confusing diagnostic area (1, 9). However, much more needs to be learned. We do not completely understand the pain receptors for discogenic pain as well as reasons why various forms of treatment seem to have a 60% success rate no matter what is done. One of the reasons that long-term results are so difficult to come by in this type of work is the fact that these patients cannot be easily categorized by a simple method such as the study of a long bone fracture and the acquisition of a large series with one type of treatment. There are so many psychogenic factors as well as multifaceted treatment regimes used by experts throughout the world that a perfect follow-up with controls is practically impossible. Hopefully, better standardization of diagnostic procedures, nonoperative and operative treatment forms, and analysis of long-term end results may be forthcoming in the future as we elucidate this confusing problem called \"low back pain\"."}
{"id": "PMID:152180", "title": "Comparative study of iocetamic acid and calcium ipodate in the visualisation of the gallbladder and common bile duct.", "content": "Iocetamic acid (Cholebrin) and calcium ipodate (Solubiloptin) were randomly allocated to two groups of 50 patients. Each patient completed a detailed questionnaire for side effects. There was no significant difference between the contrast media in their ability to opacify the gallbladder. Cholebrin was superior to Solubiloptin in opacifying the common bile duct in the presence of abnormal liver function, but there was no difference when liver function was normal. Palpitations were significantly higher with Solubiloptin (P = 0.01) but the incidences of other side effects showed no significant differences. Unabsorbed contrast residues were noted in similar frequency with both media. A high incidence of chronic cholecystitis was found in patients with non-opacified gallbladders and in those with gallstones.", "contents": "Comparative study of iocetamic acid and calcium ipodate in the visualisation of the gallbladder and common bile duct. Iocetamic acid (Cholebrin) and calcium ipodate (Solubiloptin) were randomly allocated to two groups of 50 patients. Each patient completed a detailed questionnaire for side effects. There was no significant difference between the contrast media in their ability to opacify the gallbladder. Cholebrin was superior to Solubiloptin in opacifying the common bile duct in the presence of abnormal liver function, but there was no difference when liver function was normal. Palpitations were significantly higher with Solubiloptin (P = 0.01) but the incidences of other side effects showed no significant differences. Unabsorbed contrast residues were noted in similar frequency with both media. A high incidence of chronic cholecystitis was found in patients with non-opacified gallbladders and in those with gallstones."}
{"id": "PMID:152181", "title": "Radiology of the loin pain-haematuria syndrome.", "content": "The radiological findings in 14 female patients with the loin plain--haematuria syndrome are described. The abnormal features are found on renal arteriography, the changes being bilateral in 13 of the 14 patients. In the smaller branches of the arterial tree there are changes of irregularity, tortuosity, stasis, and occlusion. Although not all these changes are present in every patient, the nephrogram is always abnormal, with multiple small defects in the renal cortex and blurring of the corticomedullary differentiation. It is expected that this syndrome will become more widely recognised.", "contents": "Radiology of the loin pain-haematuria syndrome. The radiological findings in 14 female patients with the loin plain--haematuria syndrome are described. The abnormal features are found on renal arteriography, the changes being bilateral in 13 of the 14 patients. In the smaller branches of the arterial tree there are changes of irregularity, tortuosity, stasis, and occlusion. Although not all these changes are present in every patient, the nephrogram is always abnormal, with multiple small defects in the renal cortex and blurring of the corticomedullary differentiation. It is expected that this syndrome will become more widely recognised."}
{"id": "PMID:152182", "title": "Contact eczema produced by a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (alprenolol).", "content": "In a pharmaceutical industry, several cases of allergic contact eczema caused by the beta-adrenergic blocking agent alprenolol (Aptin) have appeared. This report deals with 12 men and two women who developed eczema during work with the substance. In 13 of the 14 cases, the induction time for sensitization was less than 1 year. The skin reactions were very florid. After healing they could be reproduced by very small quantities of the substance. In one case, eczema could also be produced after ingestion of Aptin tablets. All the cases were transferred to other work within the factory. An intensive programme was implemented to remove dust from the working areas. Despite this, isolated new cases still appear. Some employees in contact with the substance also experienced mucous membrane symptoms. These symptoms could not be shown to have an allergic aetiology, but were considered to be irritant reactions. Alprenolol must be considered a very strong contact allergen.", "contents": "Contact eczema produced by a beta-adrenergic blocking agent (alprenolol). In a pharmaceutical industry, several cases of allergic contact eczema caused by the beta-adrenergic blocking agent alprenolol (Aptin) have appeared. This report deals with 12 men and two women who developed eczema during work with the substance. In 13 of the 14 cases, the induction time for sensitization was less than 1 year. The skin reactions were very florid. After healing they could be reproduced by very small quantities of the substance. In one case, eczema could also be produced after ingestion of Aptin tablets. All the cases were transferred to other work within the factory. An intensive programme was implemented to remove dust from the working areas. Despite this, isolated new cases still appear. Some employees in contact with the substance also experienced mucous membrane symptoms. These symptoms could not be shown to have an allergic aetiology, but were considered to be irritant reactions. Alprenolol must be considered a very strong contact allergen."}
{"id": "PMID:152183", "title": "Nyloprint-sensitive patients react to NN' methylene bis acrylamide.", "content": "Two patients showed occupational contact sensitization to a component present in the Nyloprint photopolymer printing plate. The component could not be identified chemically. It contains an acrylamide group. Both patients gave group-specific reactions to NN' methylene bis acrylamide. This must be a closely realted substance. Possible preventive measures are discussed. The manufacturer should have disclosed the allergic substance and instructed his customer adequately. A \"philosophy\" concerning this point is being developed.", "contents": "Nyloprint-sensitive patients react to NN' methylene bis acrylamide. Two patients showed occupational contact sensitization to a component present in the Nyloprint photopolymer printing plate. The component could not be identified chemically. It contains an acrylamide group. Both patients gave group-specific reactions to NN' methylene bis acrylamide. This must be a closely realted substance. Possible preventive measures are discussed. The manufacturer should have disclosed the allergic substance and instructed his customer adequately. A \"philosophy\" concerning this point is being developed."}
{"id": "PMID:152194", "title": "Chronic alcoholic cardiomyopathy: fact or fiction?", "content": "This study was designed to ascertain whether excessive prolonged alcohol intake itself may produce chronic cardiomyopathy. We reasoned that, since alcoholic cardiomyopathy is allegedly a chronic condition, asymptomatic or early symptomatic cases should be found in a large hospitalized alcoholic population. Two groups of patients were studied. The first group consisted of 292 chronic alcoholics whose hospital records were examined for evidence of early cardiomyopathy, according to predetermined criteria. The second group consisted of eight patients who died on the medical service ward and in whom one of the diagnoses listed in the autopsy report was alcoholic cardiomyopathy. In the first group hepatic and neurological complications of alcoholism were frequent; no patient was found to have early cardiomyopathy. In the second group the post-mortem records indicated that all eight patients had other illnesses causing the abnormal findings on which the diagnosis of alcoholic cardiomyopathy was made. We conclude that the concept of chronic alcoholic cardiomyopathy caused by the direct toxic effect of alcohol may not be valid.", "contents": "Chronic alcoholic cardiomyopathy: fact or fiction? This study was designed to ascertain whether excessive prolonged alcohol intake itself may produce chronic cardiomyopathy. We reasoned that, since alcoholic cardiomyopathy is allegedly a chronic condition, asymptomatic or early symptomatic cases should be found in a large hospitalized alcoholic population. Two groups of patients were studied. The first group consisted of 292 chronic alcoholics whose hospital records were examined for evidence of early cardiomyopathy, according to predetermined criteria. The second group consisted of eight patients who died on the medical service ward and in whom one of the diagnoses listed in the autopsy report was alcoholic cardiomyopathy. In the first group hepatic and neurological complications of alcoholism were frequent; no patient was found to have early cardiomyopathy. In the second group the post-mortem records indicated that all eight patients had other illnesses causing the abnormal findings on which the diagnosis of alcoholic cardiomyopathy was made. We conclude that the concept of chronic alcoholic cardiomyopathy caused by the direct toxic effect of alcohol may not be valid."}
{"id": "PMID:152195", "title": "In vitro and in vivo inhibitory effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on respiration.", "content": "The inhibitory effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) was tested either in vitro with the use of Clark electrode combined with polarography or in vivo using the Spirolyt apparatus. In vitro, DHEA and progesterone showed a marked inhibitory effect on oxygen consumption by the rat heart liver mitochondria. A decrease of oxygen consumption was also observed with electron transporting particles (ETP). However, in both instances DHEA-S was without effect. In vivo, DHEA inhibited whole body oxygen consumption in rats, provided the steroid was injected in a dose of 50 mg kg-1 and 1--16 h before the measurement. No effect was obtained 9 h after DHEA injected in a dose of 5 mg kg-1. Also DHEA administered per os (25 mg kg-1) for six days was without effect as measured 16 h after the last dose. These data are discussed in connection with the beneficial effect of DHEA-S administered to patients with angina pectoris.", "contents": "In vitro and in vivo inhibitory effect of dehydroepiandrosterone on respiration. The inhibitory effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) was tested either in vitro with the use of Clark electrode combined with polarography or in vivo using the Spirolyt apparatus. In vitro, DHEA and progesterone showed a marked inhibitory effect on oxygen consumption by the rat heart liver mitochondria. A decrease of oxygen consumption was also observed with electron transporting particles (ETP). However, in both instances DHEA-S was without effect. In vivo, DHEA inhibited whole body oxygen consumption in rats, provided the steroid was injected in a dose of 50 mg kg-1 and 1--16 h before the measurement. No effect was obtained 9 h after DHEA injected in a dose of 5 mg kg-1. Also DHEA administered per os (25 mg kg-1) for six days was without effect as measured 16 h after the last dose. These data are discussed in connection with the beneficial effect of DHEA-S administered to patients with angina pectoris."}
{"id": "PMID:152197", "title": "Neurochemical findings in Huntington's chorea.", "content": "Huntington's chorea is a dominantly inherited disorder that usually leads to involuntary movements in the third or fourth decade. On gross pathological examination of the post-mortem brain there is a marked atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen. Histological examination reveals cell loss in most regions of the brain, although the hippocampus is usually remarkably free of any abnormalities. Studies to detect a biochemical defect in patients with chorea have been largely unrewarding. Since chorea appears to be the clinical counterpart of Parkinson's disease a number of investigations on dopamine metabolism have been carried out by measuring dopamine in the post-mortem choreic brain, and HVA, a metabolite of dopamine, in the CSF of patients. Most studies have found the dopamine concentrations to be normal or sometimes decreased and the activity of the biosynthetic enzyme for dopamine, tyrosine hydroxylase, is normal. The discovery that the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, and the biosynthetic enzyme GAD are greatly decreased in the post-mortem choreic brain provides some rational explanation for the uncontrolled movements in this disorder. The other significant abnormality found in many, but not all, choreic post-mortem brains has been a decrease in the biosynthetic enzyme for acetylcholine, choline acetyl transferase. The evidence that GABA receptors are intact in choreic brain provides an added stimulus for the development of useful GABA-mimetic drugs. For the ultimate eradication of this distressing disorder, however, a search must continue for the primary defect in order that this can be detected before the onset of symptoms, or hopefully in amniotic fluid.", "contents": "Neurochemical findings in Huntington's chorea. Huntington's chorea is a dominantly inherited disorder that usually leads to involuntary movements in the third or fourth decade. On gross pathological examination of the post-mortem brain there is a marked atrophy of the caudate nucleus and putamen. Histological examination reveals cell loss in most regions of the brain, although the hippocampus is usually remarkably free of any abnormalities. Studies to detect a biochemical defect in patients with chorea have been largely unrewarding. Since chorea appears to be the clinical counterpart of Parkinson's disease a number of investigations on dopamine metabolism have been carried out by measuring dopamine in the post-mortem choreic brain, and HVA, a metabolite of dopamine, in the CSF of patients. Most studies have found the dopamine concentrations to be normal or sometimes decreased and the activity of the biosynthetic enzyme for dopamine, tyrosine hydroxylase, is normal. The discovery that the inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, and the biosynthetic enzyme GAD are greatly decreased in the post-mortem choreic brain provides some rational explanation for the uncontrolled movements in this disorder. The other significant abnormality found in many, but not all, choreic post-mortem brains has been a decrease in the biosynthetic enzyme for acetylcholine, choline acetyl transferase. The evidence that GABA receptors are intact in choreic brain provides an added stimulus for the development of useful GABA-mimetic drugs. For the ultimate eradication of this distressing disorder, however, a search must continue for the primary defect in order that this can be detected before the onset of symptoms, or hopefully in amniotic fluid."}
{"id": "PMID:152196", "title": "Properties of glycolytic and related enzymes of normal and malignant human uterine tissues studied to optimise assay conditions.", "content": "The properties of 12 enzymes related to the glycolytic and oxidative metabolism of glucose were examined in normal and malignant epithelium of human uterine tissues to develop optimised assays suitable for both types of tissue and to delineate important kinetic differences that may exist between them. All assays gave acceptable long-term precision, although instability of phosphofructokinase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase prevented proper assessment; and all were linear with concentration to an absorbance change of 0.04/min, or more in the case of several enzymes. Notable differences between pyruvate kinase of normal and malignant uterine epithelium were found with D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) which caused significantly greater activation of the latter as well as a dramatic reduction in Km for phosphoenol pyruvate; inhibition by DL-alanine was greater for pyruvate kinase of malignant than normal cervix epithelium, whereas endometrium did not show this difference. The ratio of aldolase activity with FDP to that with D-fructose-1-phosphate was greater in malignant than in normal cervix epithelium, no significant difference being apparent in endometrium.", "contents": "Properties of glycolytic and related enzymes of normal and malignant human uterine tissues studied to optimise assay conditions. The properties of 12 enzymes related to the glycolytic and oxidative metabolism of glucose were examined in normal and malignant epithelium of human uterine tissues to develop optimised assays suitable for both types of tissue and to delineate important kinetic differences that may exist between them. All assays gave acceptable long-term precision, although instability of phosphofructokinase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase prevented proper assessment; and all were linear with concentration to an absorbance change of 0.04/min, or more in the case of several enzymes. Notable differences between pyruvate kinase of normal and malignant uterine epithelium were found with D-fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) which caused significantly greater activation of the latter as well as a dramatic reduction in Km for phosphoenol pyruvate; inhibition by DL-alanine was greater for pyruvate kinase of malignant than normal cervix epithelium, whereas endometrium did not show this difference. The ratio of aldolase activity with FDP to that with D-fructose-1-phosphate was greater in malignant than in normal cervix epithelium, no significant difference being apparent in endometrium."}
{"id": "PMID:152199", "title": "The 5-S RNA . protein complex from an extreme halophile, Halobacterium cutirubrum. Purification and characterization.", "content": "A 5-S RNA . protein complex has been isolated from the 50-S ribosomal subunit of an extreme halophile, Halobacterium cutirubrum. The 50-S ribosomal subunit from the extreme halophile requires 3.4 M K+ and 100 mM Mg2+ for stability. However, if the high K+ concentration is maintained but the Mg2+ concentration lowered to 0.3 mM, the 5-S RNA . protein complex is selectively extracted from the subunit. After being purified on an Agarose 0.5-m column the complex had a molecular weight of about 80000 and contained 5-S RNA and two proteins, HL13 and HL19, with molecular weights (by sedimentation equilibrium) of 18700 and 18000, respectively. No ATPase or GTPase activity could be detected in the 5-S RNA . protein complex. The amino acid composition and electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels indicated both proteins were much more acidic than the equivalent from Escherichia coli or Bacillus stearothermophilus. Partial amino acid sequence data suggest HL13 is homologous to EL18 and HL19 to EL5.", "contents": "The 5-S RNA . protein complex from an extreme halophile, Halobacterium cutirubrum. Purification and characterization. A 5-S RNA . protein complex has been isolated from the 50-S ribosomal subunit of an extreme halophile, Halobacterium cutirubrum. The 50-S ribosomal subunit from the extreme halophile requires 3.4 M K+ and 100 mM Mg2+ for stability. However, if the high K+ concentration is maintained but the Mg2+ concentration lowered to 0.3 mM, the 5-S RNA . protein complex is selectively extracted from the subunit. After being purified on an Agarose 0.5-m column the complex had a molecular weight of about 80000 and contained 5-S RNA and two proteins, HL13 and HL19, with molecular weights (by sedimentation equilibrium) of 18700 and 18000, respectively. No ATPase or GTPase activity could be detected in the 5-S RNA . protein complex. The amino acid composition and electrophoretic mobility on polyacrylamide gels indicated both proteins were much more acidic than the equivalent from Escherichia coli or Bacillus stearothermophilus. Partial amino acid sequence data suggest HL13 is homologous to EL18 and HL19 to EL5."}
{"id": "PMID:152200", "title": "Basal ganglia calcification and psychosis in mongolism.", "content": "An 18-year-old mongoloid girl (trisomy 21) of Asian descent presented two symptoms rarely associated with mongolism (Down's syndrome). (1) Brain stem calcification; the first case diagnosed in vivo in mongolism on computerized axial tomography. (2) Hallucinatory psychotic depression; the first case successfully treated, to full recovery from the psychosis, in a mongoloid child with known brain stem calcification. The psychotic depression was related to moderate environmental stress. While being treated in her parent's home, in their native land, for more than 1 year, the psychosis remained unresponsive to tranquilizers. Following hospital admission in the USA, rapid improvement was obtained within a few weeks through intensive milieu therapy.", "contents": "Basal ganglia calcification and psychosis in mongolism. An 18-year-old mongoloid girl (trisomy 21) of Asian descent presented two symptoms rarely associated with mongolism (Down's syndrome). (1) Brain stem calcification; the first case diagnosed in vivo in mongolism on computerized axial tomography. (2) Hallucinatory psychotic depression; the first case successfully treated, to full recovery from the psychosis, in a mongoloid child with known brain stem calcification. The psychotic depression was related to moderate environmental stress. While being treated in her parent's home, in their native land, for more than 1 year, the psychosis remained unresponsive to tranquilizers. Following hospital admission in the USA, rapid improvement was obtained within a few weeks through intensive milieu therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:152204", "title": "Immune depression in trypanosome-infected mice. I. Depressed T lymphocyte responses.", "content": "Using a wide range of experimental conditions, several kinds of T lymphocyte responses in spleen cell populations from trypanosome-infected mice were studied. Lymphocyte stimulation after culture with the mitogen concanavalin A or with histoincompatible cells differing at H-2 or minor lymphocyte-stimulating loci was reduced or abolished in spleen cells from infected mice when compared with responses of spleen cells from uninfected controls. In addition, cytotoxic lymphocytes were not generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures which contained spleen cells from infected animals. Allogeneic skin grafting experiments performed with normal and infected mice showed that a decreased T lymphocyte response also occurs in vivo. The depressed immune responses were not simply due to low numbers of T lymphocytes in spleens of infected animals, but reflected a generalized immune depression which was not antigen-specific.", "contents": "Immune depression in trypanosome-infected mice. I. Depressed T lymphocyte responses. Using a wide range of experimental conditions, several kinds of T lymphocyte responses in spleen cell populations from trypanosome-infected mice were studied. Lymphocyte stimulation after culture with the mitogen concanavalin A or with histoincompatible cells differing at H-2 or minor lymphocyte-stimulating loci was reduced or abolished in spleen cells from infected mice when compared with responses of spleen cells from uninfected controls. In addition, cytotoxic lymphocytes were not generated in mixed lymphocyte cultures which contained spleen cells from infected animals. Allogeneic skin grafting experiments performed with normal and infected mice showed that a decreased T lymphocyte response also occurs in vivo. The depressed immune responses were not simply due to low numbers of T lymphocytes in spleens of infected animals, but reflected a generalized immune depression which was not antigen-specific."}
{"id": "PMID:152205", "title": "Cell-mediated lympholysis: examination of HLA genetic fine structure and complementation using cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "content": "Human cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL), sensitized in vitro in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures between two unrelated individuals, have been used to study target cell determinants. One pair of CTL shows strong cell-mediated lympholysis responses against the specific target cells as well as against third-party target cells obtained from unrelated individuals. Testing of sixty target cells shows a significant association between the two CTL with a correlation coefficient of 0.67 in the panel. The target determinant recognized by the CTL is not an HLA-A,B,C or D specificity, as defined by standard serological and cellular reagents. Segregation studies in a large family reveal that the new specificity defined by the CTL is controlled by HLA, and its recognition may be restricted by the HLA complex.", "contents": "Cell-mediated lympholysis: examination of HLA genetic fine structure and complementation using cytotoxic lymphocytes. Human cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL), sensitized in vitro in one-way mixed lymphocyte cultures between two unrelated individuals, have been used to study target cell determinants. One pair of CTL shows strong cell-mediated lympholysis responses against the specific target cells as well as against third-party target cells obtained from unrelated individuals. Testing of sixty target cells shows a significant association between the two CTL with a correlation coefficient of 0.67 in the panel. The target determinant recognized by the CTL is not an HLA-A,B,C or D specificity, as defined by standard serological and cellular reagents. Segregation studies in a large family reveal that the new specificity defined by the CTL is controlled by HLA, and its recognition may be restricted by the HLA complex."}
{"id": "PMID:152209", "title": "A new approach to tubal sterilization by laparoscopy.", "content": "Laparoscopic tubal sterilization has been rapidly gaining acceptance as a nonpuerperal method of permanent fertility control. A number of problems have nonetheless been associated with this technique. For example, tubal destruction often exceeds that necessary for tubal occlusions, increasing the danger of thermal injuries and possibly such dysfunctional disorders as abnormal uterine bleeding and dysmenorrhea. Furthermore, excessive destruction precludes any possibility of later tubal reconstruction. In an attempt to avoid these problems, a new low-voltage unit with a rechargeable battery was evaluated. With this unit, cautery is provided under laparoscopic view with a spring-activated hook which retracts the fallopian tube into a Teflon shield, where it is coagulated and transected. Histopathologic studies of the healthy fallopian tubes of four women in their reproductive years treated by this method while the abdomen was open prior to an elective hysterectomy demonstrated minimal destruction of the mesosalpinx, with complete tubal occlusion and a coagulated area 10 mm in length. One hundred and sixty-five patients have been sterilized successfully by this method. Indications are that it may provide safe tubal occlusion without unnecessary destruction of the fallopian tubes and surrounding vasculature.", "contents": "A new approach to tubal sterilization by laparoscopy. Laparoscopic tubal sterilization has been rapidly gaining acceptance as a nonpuerperal method of permanent fertility control. A number of problems have nonetheless been associated with this technique. For example, tubal destruction often exceeds that necessary for tubal occlusions, increasing the danger of thermal injuries and possibly such dysfunctional disorders as abnormal uterine bleeding and dysmenorrhea. Furthermore, excessive destruction precludes any possibility of later tubal reconstruction. In an attempt to avoid these problems, a new low-voltage unit with a rechargeable battery was evaluated. With this unit, cautery is provided under laparoscopic view with a spring-activated hook which retracts the fallopian tube into a Teflon shield, where it is coagulated and transected. Histopathologic studies of the healthy fallopian tubes of four women in their reproductive years treated by this method while the abdomen was open prior to an elective hysterectomy demonstrated minimal destruction of the mesosalpinx, with complete tubal occlusion and a coagulated area 10 mm in length. One hundred and sixty-five patients have been sterilized successfully by this method. Indications are that it may provide safe tubal occlusion without unnecessary destruction of the fallopian tubes and surrounding vasculature."}
{"id": "PMID:152214", "title": "Isolation and biochemical properties of two types of microbody from Neurospora crassa cells.", "content": "Cells of the Neurospora crassa slime mutant grown in sucrose medium exhibited low activities of glyoxysomal marker enzymes isocitrate lyase (ICL), malate synthetase (MS), and malate dehydrogenase. Transfer of the cells to a medium containing acetate as sole carbon source (\"acetate medium\") induced a strong increase in the activities of these enzymes in both the soluble and the crude particulate cell fraction. Soluble isocitrate lyase activity increased rapidly after a lag phase of about 45 minutes. Addition of 0.1 mM cycloheximide to the acetate medium 3 hours after transfer of the cells halted the rise of isocitrate lyase activity in either cell fraction, but the inhibition of the incorporation of ICL activity into the particulate cell fraction was delayed by 1 hour. Addition of 20 g/l glucose resulted in the immediate decrease of both soluble and particulate ICL activities. Transfer to acetate medium induced no change in the activities of other microbody marker enzymes such as catalase, uricase or D-amino acid oxidase. Resolution of crude homogenates of \"slime\" cells by sucrose density gradient centrifugation yielded two major protein bands: A mitochondrial band at a density of 1.180 kg/l showing maximum activites of fumarase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase, and a microbody-rich band which obviously consisted of two types of organelles with different biochemical properties. Maximum activities of ICL and MS sedimented at a density of 1.21 kg/l while the peaks of particulate uricase and catalase activities were recovered at 1.24 kg/l.", "contents": "Isolation and biochemical properties of two types of microbody from Neurospora crassa cells. Cells of the Neurospora crassa slime mutant grown in sucrose medium exhibited low activities of glyoxysomal marker enzymes isocitrate lyase (ICL), malate synthetase (MS), and malate dehydrogenase. Transfer of the cells to a medium containing acetate as sole carbon source (\"acetate medium\") induced a strong increase in the activities of these enzymes in both the soluble and the crude particulate cell fraction. Soluble isocitrate lyase activity increased rapidly after a lag phase of about 45 minutes. Addition of 0.1 mM cycloheximide to the acetate medium 3 hours after transfer of the cells halted the rise of isocitrate lyase activity in either cell fraction, but the inhibition of the incorporation of ICL activity into the particulate cell fraction was delayed by 1 hour. Addition of 20 g/l glucose resulted in the immediate decrease of both soluble and particulate ICL activities. Transfer to acetate medium induced no change in the activities of other microbody marker enzymes such as catalase, uricase or D-amino acid oxidase. Resolution of crude homogenates of \"slime\" cells by sucrose density gradient centrifugation yielded two major protein bands: A mitochondrial band at a density of 1.180 kg/l showing maximum activites of fumarase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and cytochrome c oxidase, and a microbody-rich band which obviously consisted of two types of organelles with different biochemical properties. Maximum activities of ICL and MS sedimented at a density of 1.21 kg/l while the peaks of particulate uricase and catalase activities were recovered at 1.24 kg/l."}
{"id": "PMID:152231", "title": "[Fast computer tomography for investigation of the heart--\"computer cardiotomography\". Methods and early results (author's transl)].", "content": "The early results in the investigation of normal and pathological hearts using fast computer tomography are presented. By means of tomographic sections of cadaver hearts, it has been shown that it is possible to distinguish the ventricular cavities and individual cardiac walls by this non-invasive method. Changes in volume of the ventricles and atria due to various forms of stress are easily distinguishable. Myocardial scars can be distinguished from other circumscribed myocardial defects. The particular advantages of this method, which is non-invasive, painless and easily repeatable, do not need to be stressed. The technique adds a significant dimension to previously available non-invasive diagnostic methods, such as ultrasound echo-cardiography.", "contents": "[Fast computer tomography for investigation of the heart--\"computer cardiotomography\". Methods and early results (author's transl)]. The early results in the investigation of normal and pathological hearts using fast computer tomography are presented. By means of tomographic sections of cadaver hearts, it has been shown that it is possible to distinguish the ventricular cavities and individual cardiac walls by this non-invasive method. Changes in volume of the ventricles and atria due to various forms of stress are easily distinguishable. Myocardial scars can be distinguished from other circumscribed myocardial defects. The particular advantages of this method, which is non-invasive, painless and easily repeatable, do not need to be stressed. The technique adds a significant dimension to previously available non-invasive diagnostic methods, such as ultrasound echo-cardiography."}
{"id": "PMID:152232", "title": "[Prolapse of the mitral valve in coronary heart disease (author's transl)].", "content": "Two hundred angio-cardiograms of patients with confirmed myodardial infarcts or angina pectoris were analysed. Patients with rheumatic heart disease were not included. In each patient the left ventricule and coronary vessels had been demonstrated and pressure measurements taken. In 8.5% there was prolapse of a mitral valve leaflet. In two thirds of these produced mitral insufficiency.", "contents": "[Prolapse of the mitral valve in coronary heart disease (author's transl)]. Two hundred angio-cardiograms of patients with confirmed myodardial infarcts or angina pectoris were analysed. Patients with rheumatic heart disease were not included. In each patient the left ventricule and coronary vessels had been demonstrated and pressure measurements taken. In 8.5% there was prolapse of a mitral valve leaflet. In two thirds of these produced mitral insufficiency."}
{"id": "PMID:152233", "title": "Needle biopsies of pulmonary lesions. Precautions and management of complications.", "content": "This review is based on 5300 needle biopsies. Complications and their precaution are discussed. Pneumothorax seldom has to be treated. Hemoptysis and small local bleeding are of no clinical significance. Tumor cell spread and air embolism may occur but extremely rarely. Indications, contraindications equipment, and biopsy technique are treated. A recent technical improvement in needle biopsy is described.", "contents": "Needle biopsies of pulmonary lesions. Precautions and management of complications. This review is based on 5300 needle biopsies. Complications and their precaution are discussed. Pneumothorax seldom has to be treated. Hemoptysis and small local bleeding are of no clinical significance. Tumor cell spread and air embolism may occur but extremely rarely. Indications, contraindications equipment, and biopsy technique are treated. A recent technical improvement in needle biopsy is described."}
{"id": "PMID:152234", "title": "Effect of glucagon on the double contrast examination of the stomach and duodenum.", "content": "We have evaluated the effect of glucagon on the quality of visualization of the gastric and duodenal mucosa in a routine tubeless double contrast examination of 418 consecutive cases. The patients received either 0.5 mg i.v., 0.25 mg i.v. or no glucagon, at radom. The use of glucagon improved the visualization of areae gastricae and produced slightly fewer gas bubbles in the stomach. Visualization of the duodenum was significantly improved. The frequency of adequate hypotonic duodenography was related to the dose of glucagon, with 0.5 mg it was achieved in 49% of cases. No side-effects ascribable to glucagon were observed. The routine use of a small i.v. dose of glucagon in double contrast studies is recommended.", "contents": "Effect of glucagon on the double contrast examination of the stomach and duodenum. We have evaluated the effect of glucagon on the quality of visualization of the gastric and duodenal mucosa in a routine tubeless double contrast examination of 418 consecutive cases. The patients received either 0.5 mg i.v., 0.25 mg i.v. or no glucagon, at radom. The use of glucagon improved the visualization of areae gastricae and produced slightly fewer gas bubbles in the stomach. Visualization of the duodenum was significantly improved. The frequency of adequate hypotonic duodenography was related to the dose of glucagon, with 0.5 mg it was achieved in 49% of cases. No side-effects ascribable to glucagon were observed. The routine use of a small i.v. dose of glucagon in double contrast studies is recommended."}
{"id": "PMID:152235", "title": "[Duodenal stenosis following irradiation of the kidneys for tumours. A report of four cases (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients who had a right nephrectomy, and two patients with left nephrectomies were irradiated with 5500 rad each. Because of subsequent upper abdominal symptoms, the gastro-intestinal tract was examined radiologically. In the patients with right-sided nephrectomies, a short stenosis of the descending portion of the duodenum was found, and in the left neprectomised patients there was a stenosis of the horozontal and ascending parts of the duodenum. The findings of a duodenal stenosis in these areas should lead one to consider the possibility of previous irradiation of the renal bed.", "contents": "[Duodenal stenosis following irradiation of the kidneys for tumours. A report of four cases (author's transl)]. Two patients who had a right nephrectomy, and two patients with left nephrectomies were irradiated with 5500 rad each. Because of subsequent upper abdominal symptoms, the gastro-intestinal tract was examined radiologically. In the patients with right-sided nephrectomies, a short stenosis of the descending portion of the duodenum was found, and in the left neprectomised patients there was a stenosis of the horozontal and ascending parts of the duodenum. The findings of a duodenal stenosis in these areas should lead one to consider the possibility of previous irradiation of the renal bed."}
{"id": "PMID:152236", "title": "[The radiological differential diagnosis of small bowel disease (author's transl)].", "content": "The flow diagram of Goldberg and Sheft for the differential diagnosis of diseases of the small bowel was modified (using as its basis mucosal swelling, width of lumen, secretion). Its accuracy was then tested retrospectively in 61 patients. Examination of the small bowel was performed after the administration of a single large dose of contrast medium. A surprisingly high accuracy of 90% was found in 41 pathologically proven cases; all normal patients were correctly identified. The method therefore appears to be extremely promising. More detailed identification is not always possible because of similar reaction of the small bowel to various influences; it may be possible on some occasions, or when taking account of further radiological signs, or of the clinical and laboratory findings.", "contents": "[The radiological differential diagnosis of small bowel disease (author's transl)]. The flow diagram of Goldberg and Sheft for the differential diagnosis of diseases of the small bowel was modified (using as its basis mucosal swelling, width of lumen, secretion). Its accuracy was then tested retrospectively in 61 patients. Examination of the small bowel was performed after the administration of a single large dose of contrast medium. A surprisingly high accuracy of 90% was found in 41 pathologically proven cases; all normal patients were correctly identified. The method therefore appears to be extremely promising. More detailed identification is not always possible because of similar reaction of the small bowel to various influences; it may be possible on some occasions, or when taking account of further radiological signs, or of the clinical and laboratory findings."}
{"id": "PMID:152238", "title": "[The ultrasound diagnosis of a subcapsular haematoma of the spleen (author's transl)].", "content": "Two patients with sub-capsular haematomas of the spleen are described. In both patients the diagnosis was made by ultrasound examination. Ultrasound fills a gap in the diagnosis of splenic rupture, since sub-capsular haematoma cannot be satisfactorily demonstrated by angiography.", "contents": "[The ultrasound diagnosis of a subcapsular haematoma of the spleen (author's transl)]. Two patients with sub-capsular haematomas of the spleen are described. In both patients the diagnosis was made by ultrasound examination. Ultrasound fills a gap in the diagnosis of splenic rupture, since sub-capsular haematoma cannot be satisfactorily demonstrated by angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:152239", "title": "[Vascular complications of angiography in childhood (author's transl)].", "content": "Evaluation of 500 arteriograms in children over a period of three years revealed a complication rate of 7.4% (37 cases). In these, thrombosis occurred which had to be treated conservatively. The factors increasing the complication rate were low age, weight below 5000 grammes, exposure of the vessel, excessively large instruments and long duration of the examination. For the early recognition of thrombosis the Doppler technique is most valuable. Prophylactic measures are discussed.", "contents": "[Vascular complications of angiography in childhood (author's transl)]. Evaluation of 500 arteriograms in children over a period of three years revealed a complication rate of 7.4% (37 cases). In these, thrombosis occurred which had to be treated conservatively. The factors increasing the complication rate were low age, weight below 5000 grammes, exposure of the vessel, excessively large instruments and long duration of the examination. For the early recognition of thrombosis the Doppler technique is most valuable. Prophylactic measures are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:152240", "title": "[The effect of tri-iodinated contrast media on clotting. An investigation of thrombocyte aggregation (author's transl)].", "content": "In vitro investigations showed that renographic and cholecystographic contrast media reduced thrombocyte aggregation proportionate to contrast concentration. In vivo this disturbance of thrombocyte function could not be demonstrated. Other factors investigated, such as clotting time and thrombocyte counts, remained unaffected in vivo and in vitro. Age and sex and the presence of various types of pathology were also found to have no affect. These findings and their significance are discussed.", "contents": "[The effect of tri-iodinated contrast media on clotting. An investigation of thrombocyte aggregation (author's transl)]. In vitro investigations showed that renographic and cholecystographic contrast media reduced thrombocyte aggregation proportionate to contrast concentration. In vivo this disturbance of thrombocyte function could not be demonstrated. Other factors investigated, such as clotting time and thrombocyte counts, remained unaffected in vivo and in vitro. Age and sex and the presence of various types of pathology were also found to have no affect. These findings and their significance are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:152241", "title": "[The effect of iodine-containing radiographic contrast medium on TSH-TRH-tests (author's transl)].", "content": "In the course of an investigation of TRH-tests, 340 TSH-tests were performed in 120 patients before and after the administration of various iodine-containing radiographic contrast media in order to determine a possible effect on the TRH-tests. In addition, the peripheral thyroxin level and RIA-T3 content of the serum was determined. Mean TSH rise following TRH (delta-TSH) showed no significant difference before and after the contrast medium. Individual variations were, however, observed. In view of these results, it is concluded that the TRH-test provides reliable information after iodine exposure.", "contents": "[The effect of iodine-containing radiographic contrast medium on TSH-TRH-tests (author's transl)]. In the course of an investigation of TRH-tests, 340 TSH-tests were performed in 120 patients before and after the administration of various iodine-containing radiographic contrast media in order to determine a possible effect on the TRH-tests. In addition, the peripheral thyroxin level and RIA-T3 content of the serum was determined. Mean TSH rise following TRH (delta-TSH) showed no significant difference before and after the contrast medium. Individual variations were, however, observed. In view of these results, it is concluded that the TRH-test provides reliable information after iodine exposure."}
{"id": "PMID:152242", "title": "Which embolic material is best suited for which embolization procedure?", "content": "Various embolization cases are described, and these require certain embolization materials. In our experience Gelfoam particles are very well suited for gastrointestinal tract lesions. Ivalon shavings gave excellent results in congenital arteriovenous malformations with permanent occlusions. Bristle brushes are a new device for larger artery occlusion. Stainless steel coils in combination with silk tufts proved thrombosis of large AV fistuals or of aneurysms particularly of the splenic artery.", "contents": "Which embolic material is best suited for which embolization procedure? Various embolization cases are described, and these require certain embolization materials. In our experience Gelfoam particles are very well suited for gastrointestinal tract lesions. Ivalon shavings gave excellent results in congenital arteriovenous malformations with permanent occlusions. Bristle brushes are a new device for larger artery occlusion. Stainless steel coils in combination with silk tufts proved thrombosis of large AV fistuals or of aneurysms particularly of the splenic artery."}
{"id": "PMID:152243", "title": "[Multiple phaeochomocytomas (author's transl)].", "content": "Multiple phaeochromocytomas represent a polytopic form of chromaffin tumours. The tumours may arise simultaneously or sequentially in chromaffin tissue, particularly in the retroperitoneal space. Malignancy can only be assumed if there are metastases to organs which do not contain chromaffin tissue. Their origin may be regarded as a dysontogenetic event. The clinical picture is dominated by the excretion of catecholamines. Laboratory tests are therefore used to determine the suspicion of the presence of a chromaffin tumour. A patient with an eight-year history is described, who had had four operations and in whom, by radiology or surgery, seven phaeochromocytomas had been found. The value of various radiological methods is discussed. The most informative method is arteriography; in view of the possibility of multiple tumours, aortography should be carried out in the first instance.", "contents": "[Multiple phaeochomocytomas (author's transl)]. Multiple phaeochromocytomas represent a polytopic form of chromaffin tumours. The tumours may arise simultaneously or sequentially in chromaffin tissue, particularly in the retroperitoneal space. Malignancy can only be assumed if there are metastases to organs which do not contain chromaffin tissue. Their origin may be regarded as a dysontogenetic event. The clinical picture is dominated by the excretion of catecholamines. Laboratory tests are therefore used to determine the suspicion of the presence of a chromaffin tumour. A patient with an eight-year history is described, who had had four operations and in whom, by radiology or surgery, seven phaeochromocytomas had been found. The value of various radiological methods is discussed. The most informative method is arteriography; in view of the possibility of multiple tumours, aortography should be carried out in the first instance."}
{"id": "PMID:152244", "title": "[Arteriographic findings in adrenal metastases (author's transl)].", "content": "The arteriographic findings in adrenal metastases are described on the basis of 13 cases. The problems of differentiating primary from metastatic adrenal tumors by means of angiographic criteria are discussed.", "contents": "[Arteriographic findings in adrenal metastases (author's transl)]. The arteriographic findings in adrenal metastases are described on the basis of 13 cases. The problems of differentiating primary from metastatic adrenal tumors by means of angiographic criteria are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:152245", "title": "[Supra renal metastases. The r\u00f4le of angiography (author's transl)].", "content": "Fifteen cases of metastatic involvement of the adrenal glands are described. There are three groups of metastatic lesions: 1. metastases of distant tumors 2. metastases of malignant tumors of the ipsilateral kidney 3. direct extension of tumor to the adrenals Neovascularity was angiographically demonstrated in all cases. 13 of 15 patients had hypervascular metastases and 12 showed enlarged adrenal arteries. The angiographic findings are discussed and compared to those found in the literature.", "contents": "[Supra renal metastases. The r\u00f4le of angiography (author's transl)]. Fifteen cases of metastatic involvement of the adrenal glands are described. There are three groups of metastatic lesions: 1. metastases of distant tumors 2. metastases of malignant tumors of the ipsilateral kidney 3. direct extension of tumor to the adrenals Neovascularity was angiographically demonstrated in all cases. 13 of 15 patients had hypervascular metastases and 12 showed enlarged adrenal arteries. The angiographic findings are discussed and compared to those found in the literature."}
{"id": "PMID:152246", "title": "[The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of benign polyps of the ureter (author's transl)].", "content": "The radiological appearances of fibro-epithelial polyps of the ureter are demonstrated by four cases and the differential diagnosis is discussed. These mesenchymal tumors are characterised by their variable position and change in shape during the course of a retrograde pyelogram; they appear as smooth intraluminal filling defects with a narrow base and occasionally a racemose pattern. In general, they do not cause ureteric obstruction--and are more common on the left and in the proximal ureter.", "contents": "[The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of benign polyps of the ureter (author's transl)]. The radiological appearances of fibro-epithelial polyps of the ureter are demonstrated by four cases and the differential diagnosis is discussed. These mesenchymal tumors are characterised by their variable position and change in shape during the course of a retrograde pyelogram; they appear as smooth intraluminal filling defects with a narrow base and occasionally a racemose pattern. In general, they do not cause ureteric obstruction--and are more common on the left and in the proximal ureter."}
{"id": "PMID:152247", "title": "[A method for on-line acquisition and semi-automated reporting of unilateral clearance studies of the kidneys (author's transl)].", "content": "A four-channel scintillation counter for clearance studies has been connected on-line to a computer. A program has been written which allows the computer to calculate the total clearance rate and the relative contribution of each kidney. The results, together with a semi-automated report, are issued as a letter by teletype. The accuracy of the program has been checked by manual evaluation of the clearance curves.", "contents": "[A method for on-line acquisition and semi-automated reporting of unilateral clearance studies of the kidneys (author's transl)]. A four-channel scintillation counter for clearance studies has been connected on-line to a computer. A program has been written which allows the computer to calculate the total clearance rate and the relative contribution of each kidney. The results, together with a semi-automated report, are issued as a letter by teletype. The accuracy of the program has been checked by manual evaluation of the clearance curves."}
{"id": "PMID:152248", "title": "[Phlebography of the testicular veins for varicoceles and their recurrences (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical significance of varicoceles depends on their frequency and on the fact that they may produce infertility. The available operative forms of treatment are unsuccessful in about 10% of patinents. In these cases it is desirable to elucidate the very variable drainage pattern by means of transfemoral phlebography with the patient erect. The method was employed in 13 patients and demonstrated continuity of the testicular vein, or of one of its tributaries, in twelve. If the testicular vein appears to be absent, one must consider the possibility of a venous short circuit or drainage of the pampiniform plexus into the external iliac vein. In four patients out of the 13, scrotal phlebography in addition for complete definition was necessary.", "contents": "[Phlebography of the testicular veins for varicoceles and their recurrences (author's transl)]. The clinical significance of varicoceles depends on their frequency and on the fact that they may produce infertility. The available operative forms of treatment are unsuccessful in about 10% of patinents. In these cases it is desirable to elucidate the very variable drainage pattern by means of transfemoral phlebography with the patient erect. The method was employed in 13 patients and demonstrated continuity of the testicular vein, or of one of its tributaries, in twelve. If the testicular vein appears to be absent, one must consider the possibility of a venous short circuit or drainage of the pampiniform plexus into the external iliac vein. In four patients out of the 13, scrotal phlebography in addition for complete definition was necessary."}
{"id": "PMID:152249", "title": "[Radiation dose to the sternum during mammography (author's transl)].", "content": "Previous measurements of radiation to the sternum during mammography in the living subject have shown relatively high doses to the surface of this region. It was therefore decided to carry out measurements on a sternal phantom. The aim of the investigation was to obtain information on the dose to the sternal marrow cavity. Measurements were carried out with a thermoluminescent dosimeter. It was shown that the mean dose to the marrow amounts to about 24% of surface dose, depending on the angle of incidence. This dose cannot be totally ignored. Protection of the sternum is therefore recommended. This is easily accomplished and takes little time or effort.", "contents": "[Radiation dose to the sternum during mammography (author's transl)]. Previous measurements of radiation to the sternum during mammography in the living subject have shown relatively high doses to the surface of this region. It was therefore decided to carry out measurements on a sternal phantom. The aim of the investigation was to obtain information on the dose to the sternal marrow cavity. Measurements were carried out with a thermoluminescent dosimeter. It was shown that the mean dose to the marrow amounts to about 24% of surface dose, depending on the angle of incidence. This dose cannot be totally ignored. Protection of the sternum is therefore recommended. This is easily accomplished and takes little time or effort."}
{"id": "PMID:152250", "title": "[The efficiency of mammographic mass screening (author's transl)].", "content": "After commenting the assessment of the benefits of medical measures some remarks are made concerning the risk of mammography which has been discussed in detail else where. The benefit of mammography for screening asymptomatic women is estimated on the basis of figures from the literature applying four criteria; 1. Results of the HIP-study, 2. clinically occult breast cancers, 3. clinically occult cancers without axillary nodal involvement, 4. clinically occult \"minimal\" cancers. On the basis of 10 years-survival it follows that 7% of all breast cancers will be additionally \"curable\" through screening by mammography. This age-independent value has to be considered apart from risk of radiation induced cancer and benefit/risk-ratios, which are strongly agedependent. Costs of mammography and the screening of high-risk groups are briefly considered.", "contents": "[The efficiency of mammographic mass screening (author's transl)]. After commenting the assessment of the benefits of medical measures some remarks are made concerning the risk of mammography which has been discussed in detail else where. The benefit of mammography for screening asymptomatic women is estimated on the basis of figures from the literature applying four criteria; 1. Results of the HIP-study, 2. clinically occult breast cancers, 3. clinically occult cancers without axillary nodal involvement, 4. clinically occult \"minimal\" cancers. On the basis of 10 years-survival it follows that 7% of all breast cancers will be additionally \"curable\" through screening by mammography. This age-independent value has to be considered apart from risk of radiation induced cancer and benefit/risk-ratios, which are strongly agedependent. Costs of mammography and the screening of high-risk groups are briefly considered."}
{"id": "PMID:152251", "title": "[The lymphographic findings in the yellow-nail syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "Approximately 38 cases of the yellow nail syndrome have been described in the literature and one further case of this rare condition is added. The symptoms and various associated conditions are discussed. The lymphographic findings in one case are described in detail.", "contents": "[The lymphographic findings in the yellow-nail syndrome (author's transl)]. Approximately 38 cases of the yellow nail syndrome have been described in the literature and one further case of this rare condition is added. The symptoms and various associated conditions are discussed. The lymphographic findings in one case are described in detail."}
{"id": "PMID:152261", "title": "[Intravenous cholegraphy in acute cholecystitis (author's transl)].", "content": "In this prospective study iv-cholegraphy was performed before surgery on 152 patients by whom acute cholecystitis could not be excluded. The examination was diagnostic in 85% of the cases. Most of the patients (20/23) with nonvisualization of the biliary tract by iv-cholegraphy suffered from acute cholecystitis, the others (3/23) from acute pancreatitis. In three false negative examinations the opacification of the gallbladder was weak and in three false positive cases the cystic duct obstruction was caused by a chronic gallbladder disease. Because the preliminary clinical suspicion of acute cholecystitis even when using rigid criteria proved to be false in 30% of the cases, we consider a radiologic clarification to be indicated. Iv-cholegraphy is found to be an important examination in acute cholecystitis, practicable even at small radiologic departments with conventional equipment, and a reliable indicator of cystic duct obstruction.", "contents": "[Intravenous cholegraphy in acute cholecystitis (author's transl)]. In this prospective study iv-cholegraphy was performed before surgery on 152 patients by whom acute cholecystitis could not be excluded. The examination was diagnostic in 85% of the cases. Most of the patients (20/23) with nonvisualization of the biliary tract by iv-cholegraphy suffered from acute cholecystitis, the others (3/23) from acute pancreatitis. In three false negative examinations the opacification of the gallbladder was weak and in three false positive cases the cystic duct obstruction was caused by a chronic gallbladder disease. Because the preliminary clinical suspicion of acute cholecystitis even when using rigid criteria proved to be false in 30% of the cases, we consider a radiologic clarification to be indicated. Iv-cholegraphy is found to be an important examination in acute cholecystitis, practicable even at small radiologic departments with conventional equipment, and a reliable indicator of cystic duct obstruction."}
{"id": "PMID:152262", "title": "[Attenuation values of normal and pathological liver tissue as a basis for computer tomographic densitometry of fatty livers (author's transl)].", "content": "Measurements of the density of normal and diffusely disease liver parenchyma show a significant difference only in the presence of fatty livers. A linear relationship between the fat content and density (g/cm3) has been demonstrated. Computer tomographic densitometry of liver tissue correlates well with physical in vitro measurements and permits measurements of fat content which are sufficiently accurate for clinical use. Other types of liver disease cannot be differentiated by densitometry.", "contents": "[Attenuation values of normal and pathological liver tissue as a basis for computer tomographic densitometry of fatty livers (author's transl)]. Measurements of the density of normal and diffusely disease liver parenchyma show a significant difference only in the presence of fatty livers. A linear relationship between the fat content and density (g/cm3) has been demonstrated. Computer tomographic densitometry of liver tissue correlates well with physical in vitro measurements and permits measurements of fat content which are sufficiently accurate for clinical use. Other types of liver disease cannot be differentiated by densitometry."}
{"id": "PMID:152263", "title": "[Cerebral and spinal angiography with metrizamide (amipaque) (author's transl)].", "content": "Metrizamide (Amipaque) has been used as the contrast medium for angiography in neuroradiological investigations. Solutions containing 280 mgI/ml. are well tolerated and produce good contrast. The most important difference from previously used contrast media is the lack of pain when injections are made selectively or super-selectively into the external carotid artery and its branches, or into the spinal arteries.", "contents": "[Cerebral and spinal angiography with metrizamide (amipaque) (author's transl)]. Metrizamide (Amipaque) has been used as the contrast medium for angiography in neuroradiological investigations. Solutions containing 280 mgI/ml. are well tolerated and produce good contrast. The most important difference from previously used contrast media is the lack of pain when injections are made selectively or super-selectively into the external carotid artery and its branches, or into the spinal arteries."}
{"id": "PMID:152264", "title": "[The role of cerebral serial scintigraphy within the noninvasive diagnosis of cerebral diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "Based on findings obtained from 442 patients with various cerebral diseases by comparative evaluation of cerebral serial scintigraphy (cSS) and cranial axial compouted transmission tomography (T-CAT), a scheme is introduced which illustrates reasonable employment of cSS in combination with T-CAT in patients presumed to have (a) \"intracranial tumor\", (b) \"cerebrovascular disease\" or (c) \"unspecific symptoms\". Concerning group (a), T-CAT should primarily be employed; as to groups (b) and (c), cSS is recommended to be the first study.", "contents": "[The role of cerebral serial scintigraphy within the noninvasive diagnosis of cerebral diseases (author's transl)]. Based on findings obtained from 442 patients with various cerebral diseases by comparative evaluation of cerebral serial scintigraphy (cSS) and cranial axial compouted transmission tomography (T-CAT), a scheme is introduced which illustrates reasonable employment of cSS in combination with T-CAT in patients presumed to have (a) \"intracranial tumor\", (b) \"cerebrovascular disease\" or (c) \"unspecific symptoms\". Concerning group (a), T-CAT should primarily be employed; as to groups (b) and (c), cSS is recommended to be the first study."}
{"id": "PMID:152265", "title": "[Disturbances in C.S.F. circulation after subarachnoid bleeds--a comparison of pneumoencephalographic and scintigraphic findings (author's transl)].", "content": "Haemorrhages into the subarachnoid space lead to scarlike changes in the leptomeninges in some patients. If these changes reach a certain severity, circulation of the C.S.F.. is compromised and absorption reduced. This eventually results in ventricular dilatation which, in severe cases, is clinically manifested by dementia, motor ataxia and incontinence. The early stages of the disturbance in C.S.F. circulation were examined scintigraphically in 165 patients with spontaneous traumatic or operative subarachnoid bleeding. In the presence of abnormal findings which suggested the need for C.S.F. shunting, air encephalography was carried out in addition. Special attention was paid to the demonstration of the extent and localisation of occlusions of the basal cisterns and of the cortical subarachnoid spaces. Typical scintigraphic and pneumoencephalographic findings are demonstrated and their diagnostic value compared.", "contents": "[Disturbances in C.S.F. circulation after subarachnoid bleeds--a comparison of pneumoencephalographic and scintigraphic findings (author's transl)]. Haemorrhages into the subarachnoid space lead to scarlike changes in the leptomeninges in some patients. If these changes reach a certain severity, circulation of the C.S.F.. is compromised and absorption reduced. This eventually results in ventricular dilatation which, in severe cases, is clinically manifested by dementia, motor ataxia and incontinence. The early stages of the disturbance in C.S.F. circulation were examined scintigraphically in 165 patients with spontaneous traumatic or operative subarachnoid bleeding. In the presence of abnormal findings which suggested the need for C.S.F. shunting, air encephalography was carried out in addition. Special attention was paid to the demonstration of the extent and localisation of occlusions of the basal cisterns and of the cortical subarachnoid spaces. Typical scintigraphic and pneumoencephalographic findings are demonstrated and their diagnostic value compared."}
{"id": "PMID:152266", "title": "[Post-traumatic findings in the cerebral arteries in the neck (author's transl)].", "content": "Starting from the observation of a post-traumatic thrombosis in the cervical portion of the carotid artery, with two subsequent similar findings, it is shown that angiography is of special importance in assessing these cases. Investigation of the cervical region of this artery should be considered in all cases of skull and cerebral trauma. On the other hand, the cases described by Sullivan show that the presence of a carotid lesion must be considered in all multiple injuries, just as injuries to vessels and organs must be excluded in patients with intracranial haematomas. Consultation between physician and radiologist is necessary for all injured patients in order not to omit any important steps during angiography.", "contents": "[Post-traumatic findings in the cerebral arteries in the neck (author's transl)]. Starting from the observation of a post-traumatic thrombosis in the cervical portion of the carotid artery, with two subsequent similar findings, it is shown that angiography is of special importance in assessing these cases. Investigation of the cervical region of this artery should be considered in all cases of skull and cerebral trauma. On the other hand, the cases described by Sullivan show that the presence of a carotid lesion must be considered in all multiple injuries, just as injuries to vessels and organs must be excluded in patients with intracranial haematomas. Consultation between physician and radiologist is necessary for all injured patients in order not to omit any important steps during angiography."}
{"id": "PMID:152267", "title": "[Detailed myelographic diagnosis: the spinal arteries in the amipaque myelogram (author's transl)].", "content": "In order to ascertain how much information Amipaque myelography provides regarding the normal and abnormal anatomy of the spinal arteries, 100 thoracic and/or cervical myelograms were reviewed. Partial demonstration of the anterior spinal system was noted in 78% of the thoraco-lumbar, and in 63% of the cervical myelograms. Where the anterior spinal artery was visible over several segments, it was usually possible to identify its origin. In an extensive arterio-venous angioma with complex vascularity, indirect demonstration of the vessels was definite and clear. Amipaque would seem to be the contrast medium of choice for myelograph of the entire spinal canal, including cervical myelography with puncture at the first or second vertebra. This is particularly true if it is desired to demonstrate the anterior spinal artery system with its tributaries.", "contents": "[Detailed myelographic diagnosis: the spinal arteries in the amipaque myelogram (author's transl)]. In order to ascertain how much information Amipaque myelography provides regarding the normal and abnormal anatomy of the spinal arteries, 100 thoracic and/or cervical myelograms were reviewed. Partial demonstration of the anterior spinal system was noted in 78% of the thoraco-lumbar, and in 63% of the cervical myelograms. Where the anterior spinal artery was visible over several segments, it was usually possible to identify its origin. In an extensive arterio-venous angioma with complex vascularity, indirect demonstration of the vessels was definite and clear. Amipaque would seem to be the contrast medium of choice for myelograph of the entire spinal canal, including cervical myelography with puncture at the first or second vertebra. This is particularly true if it is desired to demonstrate the anterior spinal artery system with its tributaries."}
{"id": "PMID:152268", "title": "[Epidural systematic double-catheter venography in the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation; mysterious vein in the vertebral canal (author's transl)].", "content": "Epidural venography should be regarded as a very accurate, relatively simple method of demonstrating disc herniations in the lumbar region. This procedure is especially recommendable in cases that are clinically suspect but have a negative or dubious myelogram. Systematic double-catheter venography has to be considered as an important addition to the existing diagnostic procedures for lumbar disc disease, especially when the more conventional methods have failed. This method should be considered at least as reliable as myelography, and even more reliable in the diagnosis of lateral disc herniations. However, small midline herniations may be missed. In some cases it is possible to detect a trapped root, not caused by a disc herniation. In our experience in 120 cases, systematic use of 2 catheters and simultaneous injection of contrast provides excellent, homogenous visualisation of the epidural venous plexus and surrounding veins. The reliability of the X-rays is definitely superior to the single catheter method. The Seldinger technique is used; the approach is via the right and left femoral vein. The cathetertips are selectively introduced from both sides either into a lateral sacral vein, an internal iliac vein or into a lumbar ascending vein. This can be performed as well on the homolateral or on the heterolateral side. This results in six possibilities from each groin, providing a fairly large number of procedures to obtain adequate filling of the epidural and surrounding veins. The position of choice of the cathetertip(s) can vary during the examination, dependent on diagnostic problems or technical catheterisation problems. The risk of complications is very small. It is possible to perform the examination on outpatients. The adequate demonstration of the epidural veins enables us to visualise frequently a small straight vein in the midline of the vertebral canal, that is unknown in the anatomical literature until now.", "contents": "[Epidural systematic double-catheter venography in the diagnosis of lumbar disc herniation; mysterious vein in the vertebral canal (author's transl)]. Epidural venography should be regarded as a very accurate, relatively simple method of demonstrating disc herniations in the lumbar region. This procedure is especially recommendable in cases that are clinically suspect but have a negative or dubious myelogram. Systematic double-catheter venography has to be considered as an important addition to the existing diagnostic procedures for lumbar disc disease, especially when the more conventional methods have failed. This method should be considered at least as reliable as myelography, and even more reliable in the diagnosis of lateral disc herniations. However, small midline herniations may be missed. In some cases it is possible to detect a trapped root, not caused by a disc herniation. In our experience in 120 cases, systematic use of 2 catheters and simultaneous injection of contrast provides excellent, homogenous visualisation of the epidural venous plexus and surrounding veins. The reliability of the X-rays is definitely superior to the single catheter method. The Seldinger technique is used; the approach is via the right and left femoral vein. The cathetertips are selectively introduced from both sides either into a lateral sacral vein, an internal iliac vein or into a lumbar ascending vein. This can be performed as well on the homolateral or on the heterolateral side. This results in six possibilities from each groin, providing a fairly large number of procedures to obtain adequate filling of the epidural and surrounding veins. The position of choice of the cathetertip(s) can vary during the examination, dependent on diagnostic problems or technical catheterisation problems. The risk of complications is very small. It is possible to perform the examination on outpatients. The adequate demonstration of the epidural veins enables us to visualise frequently a small straight vein in the midline of the vertebral canal, that is unknown in the anatomical literature until now."}
{"id": "PMID:152269", "title": "Diffuse enthesopathic hyperostosis--anatomical and radiological study on a macerated skeleton.", "content": "Anatomico-radiological study of a macerated skeleton in a 43-year-old diabetic woman. An important spondylosis with hyperostosis of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae was seen. There were associated changes of insertional hyperostosis at various levels, particularly at the iliac crests. Paget's disease of the left iliac crest was also noted in the corresponding hyperostosis. This case presentation offers an opportunity to discuss local mechanical factors (observed at the tendinous insertions) as well as generalized considerations on the \"terrain\" of diabetes and perhaps malnutrition. It also demonstrates the interest that an anatomico-radiological comparison on macerated specimens can have for certain osteoarticular research, teaching and paleopathology.", "contents": "Diffuse enthesopathic hyperostosis--anatomical and radiological study on a macerated skeleton. Anatomico-radiological study of a macerated skeleton in a 43-year-old diabetic woman. An important spondylosis with hyperostosis of the cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae was seen. There were associated changes of insertional hyperostosis at various levels, particularly at the iliac crests. Paget's disease of the left iliac crest was also noted in the corresponding hyperostosis. This case presentation offers an opportunity to discuss local mechanical factors (observed at the tendinous insertions) as well as generalized considerations on the \"terrain\" of diabetes and perhaps malnutrition. It also demonstrates the interest that an anatomico-radiological comparison on macerated specimens can have for certain osteoarticular research, teaching and paleopathology."}
{"id": "PMID:152270", "title": "[Behaviour of the sella turcica in juveniles with severe iron deficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "In juvenile patients with a severe and longstanding iron deficiency disease several abnormal features such as delayed growth, retarded development and maturation are displayed. The roentgenological examination of the sella turcica in 81 patients and the determination of the sellar size in 73 cases, including 40 men and 33 women, by employing the method of Haas with a slight modification and the following comparison of the results with the values obtained by this author in normal individuals of the same sex and age revealed that in the iron deficient patients the sellar area is considerably reduced. In addition, it could be shown that in the patients the normal augmentation of the size with the advancing age is likewise diminished and comes to an early standstill. It could be, moreover, demonstrated that in men the sellar size and growth are more reduced than in women and that the difference in the patients is much larger than the difference existing normally between both sexes. The reduced size of the sella turcica in the patients indicated that the pituitary gland placed in the sellar cavity is likewise diminished and that the activity of the gland, as far as the function is related to the volume, is equally decreased. This assumption is in good keeping with the clinical findings in the patients being attributed to a low and failing hormonal activity. The close relation between volume and function of the pituitary gland, is proved by the observation made in the patients after the administration of iron showing that the size of the sella is considerably augmented during a relatively short space of time and that at the same time a definite amelioration of clinical symptoms occurs. Thus the X-ray examination of the sella turcica and the determination of its area is a suitable method for a comparative investigation of the size and function of the pituitary gland. It offers a valuable tool for studying the disorders of growth, development and maturation in juvenile patients with a severe and longstanding iron deficiency disease and for investigating the relation of these clinical features to the pituitary function.", "contents": "[Behaviour of the sella turcica in juveniles with severe iron deficiency (author's transl)]. In juvenile patients with a severe and longstanding iron deficiency disease several abnormal features such as delayed growth, retarded development and maturation are displayed. The roentgenological examination of the sella turcica in 81 patients and the determination of the sellar size in 73 cases, including 40 men and 33 women, by employing the method of Haas with a slight modification and the following comparison of the results with the values obtained by this author in normal individuals of the same sex and age revealed that in the iron deficient patients the sellar area is considerably reduced. In addition, it could be shown that in the patients the normal augmentation of the size with the advancing age is likewise diminished and comes to an early standstill. It could be, moreover, demonstrated that in men the sellar size and growth are more reduced than in women and that the difference in the patients is much larger than the difference existing normally between both sexes. The reduced size of the sella turcica in the patients indicated that the pituitary gland placed in the sellar cavity is likewise diminished and that the activity of the gland, as far as the function is related to the volume, is equally decreased. This assumption is in good keeping with the clinical findings in the patients being attributed to a low and failing hormonal activity. The close relation between volume and function of the pituitary gland, is proved by the observation made in the patients after the administration of iron showing that the size of the sella is considerably augmented during a relatively short space of time and that at the same time a definite amelioration of clinical symptoms occurs. Thus the X-ray examination of the sella turcica and the determination of its area is a suitable method for a comparative investigation of the size and function of the pituitary gland. It offers a valuable tool for studying the disorders of growth, development and maturation in juvenile patients with a severe and longstanding iron deficiency disease and for investigating the relation of these clinical features to the pituitary function."}
{"id": "PMID:152271", "title": "[Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis as a cause of an erosive, destructive arthropathy (author's transl)].", "content": "Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis is a special form of an erosive, destructive arthropathy. It can be distinguished from other forms of erosive polyarthropathies by the characteristic x-ray appearances, although the final proof of the diagnosis is histological in association with the clinical features and the presence of nodular skin lesions. A case of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis is described. The typical radiological appearances are discussed and the differential diagnosis from other forms of chronic polyarthritis, such as gout, psoariatic arthropathy, Reiter's disease and erosive osteoarthritis is considered.", "contents": "[Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis as a cause of an erosive, destructive arthropathy (author's transl)]. Multicentric reticulohistiocytosis is a special form of an erosive, destructive arthropathy. It can be distinguished from other forms of erosive polyarthropathies by the characteristic x-ray appearances, although the final proof of the diagnosis is histological in association with the clinical features and the presence of nodular skin lesions. A case of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis is described. The typical radiological appearances are discussed and the differential diagnosis from other forms of chronic polyarthritis, such as gout, psoariatic arthropathy, Reiter's disease and erosive osteoarthritis is considered."}
{"id": "PMID:152272", "title": "[Cystic changes in the femoral neck following decompression (author's transl)].", "content": "Routine radiographs on Caisson workers have shown a rare form of osteopathy in the femoral neck due to decompression and which is not associated with symptoms. The changes appear on the radiograph as a cystic area with a sclerotic surround.", "contents": "[Cystic changes in the femoral neck following decompression (author's transl)]. Routine radiographs on Caisson workers have shown a rare form of osteopathy in the femoral neck due to decompression and which is not associated with symptoms. The changes appear on the radiograph as a cystic area with a sclerotic surround."}
{"id": "PMID:152273", "title": "[Haemophilic pseudo-tumours and iliac haematomas: radiological and clinical findings (author's transl)].", "content": "Between 1971 and 1977, 648 patients with haemophilia were seen; of these 38 had pseudo-tumours and 163 iliac haematomas. Amongst the latter 153 were cured by the administration of the appropriate factor. In ten the symptoms persisted. In the early stages the diagnosis cannot be made radiologically. Large haematomas produce indirect evidence of their presence by displacing the bladder. Particularly with small haematomas, computer tomography has proved a reliable and accurate diagnostic measure. Without treatment, a haemophilic pseudo-tumour may develop. Its radiological differential diagnosis includes malignant and benign bone tumours, inflammatory and parasitic disease. Therapy includes conservative measures (factor concentrates) or operative intervention (removal of the haematoma).", "contents": "[Haemophilic pseudo-tumours and iliac haematomas: radiological and clinical findings (author's transl)]. Between 1971 and 1977, 648 patients with haemophilia were seen; of these 38 had pseudo-tumours and 163 iliac haematomas. Amongst the latter 153 were cured by the administration of the appropriate factor. In ten the symptoms persisted. In the early stages the diagnosis cannot be made radiologically. Large haematomas produce indirect evidence of their presence by displacing the bladder. Particularly with small haematomas, computer tomography has proved a reliable and accurate diagnostic measure. Without treatment, a haemophilic pseudo-tumour may develop. Its radiological differential diagnosis includes malignant and benign bone tumours, inflammatory and parasitic disease. Therapy includes conservative measures (factor concentrates) or operative intervention (removal of the haematoma)."}
{"id": "PMID:152274", "title": "[Malignant metastases to the periphery of the skeleton (author's transl)].", "content": "Metastases from malignant tumours beyond the knee and elbow are uncommon and represent only 1 to 2% of all bone metastases. Four cases of peripheral skeletal metastases are described, with primaries in the cervix, epipharynx, parotid and breast.", "contents": "[Malignant metastases to the periphery of the skeleton (author's transl)]. Metastases from malignant tumours beyond the knee and elbow are uncommon and represent only 1 to 2% of all bone metastases. Four cases of peripheral skeletal metastases are described, with primaries in the cervix, epipharynx, parotid and breast."}
{"id": "PMID:152275", "title": "Neonatal death dwarfism. (A further report).", "content": "Seven cases of rare \"Neonatal Death Dwarfism\" observed recently in three major Children's Hospitals in Australia are reported. These include Diastrophic Dwarfism, Achondrogenesis II, Lethal Form of Hypophosphatasia, Homozygous Achondroplasia, Minor Form of Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy, Achondrogenesis II (?) and Unclassified Lethal Bone Dysplasia. In all the patients the clinical diagnosis was uncertain or incorrect, whereas a conclusive radiographic diagnosis could be made after X-ray examination in all but one of the cases. Skeletal survey should be performed in each case of neonatal death dwarfism.", "contents": "Neonatal death dwarfism. (A further report). Seven cases of rare \"Neonatal Death Dwarfism\" observed recently in three major Children's Hospitals in Australia are reported. These include Diastrophic Dwarfism, Achondrogenesis II, Lethal Form of Hypophosphatasia, Homozygous Achondroplasia, Minor Form of Asphyxiating Thoracic Dystrophy, Achondrogenesis II (?) and Unclassified Lethal Bone Dysplasia. In all the patients the clinical diagnosis was uncertain or incorrect, whereas a conclusive radiographic diagnosis could be made after X-ray examination in all but one of the cases. Skeletal survey should be performed in each case of neonatal death dwarfism."}
{"id": "PMID:152276", "title": "[Mucoviscidosis: dysporia entero-broncho-pancreatica congenita familiaris (Glanzmann): Anderson syndrome (author's transl)].", "content": "The features of dysporia entero-broncho-pancreatica familiaris (mucoviscidosis) are described and the course of the disease over ten years is recounted. The cases are probably patients with true mucoviscidosis but in whom not all the symptoms develop in early childhood (Doerr). In the present case the symptoms only developed at the age of five years. From this time on there was increasing pancreatic insufficiency, chronic recurring bronchitis, with increasing destructive bronchitis and resulting respiratory insufficiency, dyspnoea and orthopnoea, right heart strain, sodium and chloride loss in the sweat, changes in the duodenum and the development of aganglionic megacolon.", "contents": "[Mucoviscidosis: dysporia entero-broncho-pancreatica congenita familiaris (Glanzmann): Anderson syndrome (author's transl)]. The features of dysporia entero-broncho-pancreatica familiaris (mucoviscidosis) are described and the course of the disease over ten years is recounted. The cases are probably patients with true mucoviscidosis but in whom not all the symptoms develop in early childhood (Doerr). In the present case the symptoms only developed at the age of five years. From this time on there was increasing pancreatic insufficiency, chronic recurring bronchitis, with increasing destructive bronchitis and resulting respiratory insufficiency, dyspnoea and orthopnoea, right heart strain, sodium and chloride loss in the sweat, changes in the duodenum and the development of aganglionic megacolon."}
{"id": "PMID:152277", "title": "[Xeroradiography in the diagnosis of skeletal diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "The value of xeroradiography in the diagnosis of peripheral skeletal lesions is illustrated by some typical examples and compared with standard radiographic procedures. The advantages of xeroradiography depend on its convenient format, easy appreciation of structural changes and easy viewing. On the other hand, density gradations are flattened. Compared with a technically satisfactory film examination, there is no increase in diagnostic information. Xeroradiography can therefore only be regarded as complementary to conventional radiography for the diagnosis of skeletal conditions.", "contents": "[Xeroradiography in the diagnosis of skeletal diseases (author's transl)]. The value of xeroradiography in the diagnosis of peripheral skeletal lesions is illustrated by some typical examples and compared with standard radiographic procedures. The advantages of xeroradiography depend on its convenient format, easy appreciation of structural changes and easy viewing. On the other hand, density gradations are flattened. Compared with a technically satisfactory film examination, there is no increase in diagnostic information. Xeroradiography can therefore only be regarded as complementary to conventional radiography for the diagnosis of skeletal conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:152287", "title": "[Favorable effects of estrogens and progesterones on general diseases].", "content": "Estrogens and progestagens exert positive effects on some general diseases as iron deficiency, anemia, premenstrual syndrome, intermenstrual migraine, akne, seborrhoea, hirsutism, androgenetic alopecia, slerodermia, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and depressive disorders. The mechanism of action and the mode of treatment in such cases are discussed.", "contents": "[Favorable effects of estrogens and progesterones on general diseases]. Estrogens and progestagens exert positive effects on some general diseases as iron deficiency, anemia, premenstrual syndrome, intermenstrual migraine, akne, seborrhoea, hirsutism, androgenetic alopecia, slerodermia, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis and depressive disorders. The mechanism of action and the mode of treatment in such cases are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:152288", "title": "Exercise testing as a predictor of heart disease and sudden death.", "content": "Analysis of data obtained from symptom-limited exercise testing and standard clinical evaluation has identified certain variables as having marked prognostic significance in coronary disease, making it possible to separate patients at highest risk of sudden death from the vast majority. The way is thus opened for focusing aggressive preventive efforts upon the group most likely to achieve the greatest benefit.", "contents": "Exercise testing as a predictor of heart disease and sudden death. Analysis of data obtained from symptom-limited exercise testing and standard clinical evaluation has identified certain variables as having marked prognostic significance in coronary disease, making it possible to separate patients at highest risk of sudden death from the vast majority. The way is thus opened for focusing aggressive preventive efforts upon the group most likely to achieve the greatest benefit."}
{"id": "PMID:152297", "title": "Modulation of immune response by killed Brucella abortus organisms: comparison of the effects of smooth and rough strains on T-dependent responses.", "content": "Inactivated Brucella abortus organisms of the smooth (S) or rough (R) strain were tested comparatively on two T-dependent immune responses: mixed-lymphocyte reaction and delayed-type hypersensitivity. The intravenous injection of S organisms depressed the two tests, whereas R organisms increased mixed-lymphocyte reaction and did not alter delayed-type hypersensitivity significantly. This observation may be helpful in understanding the differences in adjuvant properties of S and R brucellae.", "contents": "Modulation of immune response by killed Brucella abortus organisms: comparison of the effects of smooth and rough strains on T-dependent responses. Inactivated Brucella abortus organisms of the smooth (S) or rough (R) strain were tested comparatively on two T-dependent immune responses: mixed-lymphocyte reaction and delayed-type hypersensitivity. The intravenous injection of S organisms depressed the two tests, whereas R organisms increased mixed-lymphocyte reaction and did not alter delayed-type hypersensitivity significantly. This observation may be helpful in understanding the differences in adjuvant properties of S and R brucellae."}
{"id": "PMID:152298", "title": "The adipocyte volume in human adipose tissue: 1. Lipid space, normal and maximum values, and the relation to body weight index.", "content": "The volume of isolated adipocytes in specimens from the subcutis of the abdomen was measured using the pulse counter technique. The lipid content was determined as esterified fatty acids. (1). Adipocyte enlargement is mainly caused by lipid deposition, despite a slight increase in the lipid free volume. (2). Two cell populations were detected in some cases, with the smaller fraction having a volume between 0.024 and 0.129 nl, which is lower than the common range for human adipocytes. (3). An analysis of large numbers of cells in single specimens revealed the lognormal type to fit the volume distribution better than the normal type. (4). Standard deviations of the lognormal distributions decrease with the mean cell volumes. Calculation by extrapolation shows the maximum adipocyte volume is of the order of 1 nl. (5). Normal curves of the adipocyte volume vs body weight index were set up for 142 test persons. They approach maximum volumes and differ with sex. (6). The normal adipocyte volume is ideal weight persons without metabolic disease is in the order of 0.3 nl.", "contents": "The adipocyte volume in human adipose tissue: 1. Lipid space, normal and maximum values, and the relation to body weight index. The volume of isolated adipocytes in specimens from the subcutis of the abdomen was measured using the pulse counter technique. The lipid content was determined as esterified fatty acids. (1). Adipocyte enlargement is mainly caused by lipid deposition, despite a slight increase in the lipid free volume. (2). Two cell populations were detected in some cases, with the smaller fraction having a volume between 0.024 and 0.129 nl, which is lower than the common range for human adipocytes. (3). An analysis of large numbers of cells in single specimens revealed the lognormal type to fit the volume distribution better than the normal type. (4). Standard deviations of the lognormal distributions decrease with the mean cell volumes. Calculation by extrapolation shows the maximum adipocyte volume is of the order of 1 nl. (5). Normal curves of the adipocyte volume vs body weight index were set up for 142 test persons. They approach maximum volumes and differ with sex. (6). The normal adipocyte volume is ideal weight persons without metabolic disease is in the order of 0.3 nl."}
{"id": "PMID:152299", "title": "Isolation and properties of two fragments from plasmin digests of human choriomammotropin.", "content": "Two fragments have been isolated and characterized from plasmin digests of human choriomammotropin. It was shown that these two fragments were derived from the cleavage of the Arg-Arg (positions 133-134) and the Lys-Gln (positions 140--141) bonds of the hormone: one has 133 amino acids and the other 51 amino acids. Both fragments were biologically and immunologically inactive.", "contents": "Isolation and properties of two fragments from plasmin digests of human choriomammotropin. Two fragments have been isolated and characterized from plasmin digests of human choriomammotropin. It was shown that these two fragments were derived from the cleavage of the Arg-Arg (positions 133-134) and the Lys-Gln (positions 140--141) bonds of the hormone: one has 133 amino acids and the other 51 amino acids. Both fragments were biologically and immunologically inactive."}
{"id": "PMID:152300", "title": "Enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism in salivary glands from rats submitted to excess of vitamin A.", "content": "Male albino rats of the Wistar strain were submitted to daily doses of 15 000 I.U. of vitamin A. Enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism were assayed in the salivary glands after 1,2, 3 and 4 doses. Phosphofructokinase showed decreased activity in the submandibular gland while it was not affected in the parotid. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was higher in the submandibular glands of all experimental groups and only in the group of 1 dose for the parotid gland. Hexokinase activity did not alter in the submandibular gland while for parotid it showed higher activity only in the group of 1 dose. Pyruvate kinase activity was different only in the group of 3 doses for both glands.", "contents": "Enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism in salivary glands from rats submitted to excess of vitamin A. Male albino rats of the Wistar strain were submitted to daily doses of 15 000 I.U. of vitamin A. Enzymes of the carbohydrate metabolism were assayed in the salivary glands after 1,2, 3 and 4 doses. Phosphofructokinase showed decreased activity in the submandibular gland while it was not affected in the parotid. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity was higher in the submandibular glands of all experimental groups and only in the group of 1 dose for the parotid gland. Hexokinase activity did not alter in the submandibular gland while for parotid it showed higher activity only in the group of 1 dose. Pyruvate kinase activity was different only in the group of 3 doses for both glands."}
{"id": "PMID:152308", "title": "Nuclear division cycle in germinating conidia of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "A temperature-sensitive mutant has been shown to be blocked at a specific point in the nuclear division cycle: just before the initiation of DNA synthesis at the time when the spindle pole bodies have duplicated but not separated. The metabolic activities of conidia of this mutant strain at the nonpermissive temperature have led us to conclude that the nuclei in a population of dormant conidia are arrested at various points in the nuclear division cycle. This conclusion is substantiated by the activities of conidia in the presence of the inhibitory drugs cycloheximide and hydroxyurea. In each inhibitory situation we observed that some, but not all, of the conidia were able to accomplish DNA synthesis and/or nuclear division.", "contents": "Nuclear division cycle in germinating conidia of Neurospora crassa. A temperature-sensitive mutant has been shown to be blocked at a specific point in the nuclear division cycle: just before the initiation of DNA synthesis at the time when the spindle pole bodies have duplicated but not separated. The metabolic activities of conidia of this mutant strain at the nonpermissive temperature have led us to conclude that the nuclei in a population of dormant conidia are arrested at various points in the nuclear division cycle. This conclusion is substantiated by the activities of conidia in the presence of the inhibitory drugs cycloheximide and hydroxyurea. In each inhibitory situation we observed that some, but not all, of the conidia were able to accomplish DNA synthesis and/or nuclear division."}
{"id": "PMID:152309", "title": "Method for isolation of Escherichia coli mutants with defects in the proton-translocating sector of the membrane adenosine triphosphatase complex.", "content": "A technique for selecting mutants of Escherichia coli in which the proton-translocating sector of the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) complex has been inactivated is reported. The procedure uses a strain of E. coli (NR-70) lacking the extrinsic (F1) sector of the ATPase complex and which in consequently permeable to protons (B. P. Rosen, J. Bacteriol. 116:1124--1129, 1973). After growing strain NR-70 under noninducing conditions for the lac operon, cells were mutagenized and plated on minimal medium containing low concentrations of lactose. Several mutants of strain NR-70 were isolated as large colonies on these plates, apparently because they could concentrate lactose more efficiently. A description of one of the mutants, strain KW-1, is reported here. The most distinguishing difference in growth properties of the two strains was that, when transferred to medium containing low concentrations of lactose, strain KW-1 induced the lac operon with a shorter lag time than strain NR-70. The mutation in strain KW-1 leading to more rapid growth on lactose was cotransducible with the asn and unc loci, at 83 min on the E. coli genetic map. Intact cells of strain KW-1 actively transported L-proline as well as did wild-type cells, whereas cells of strain NR-70 were markedly deficient in L-proline transport. The improvement in the transport capacity of strain KW-1 correlated with a marked decrease in proton permeability relative to that of strain NR-70. Based on an acid-base pulse technique that measured the proton conductance of the membranes of intact cells, strain NR-70 was at least 10 times more permeable to protons than was the wild type, whereas strain KW-1 was only 2 times more permeable. The transport properties and proton conductance were also compared with membrane vesicles prepared by osmotic shock. With either D-lactate or ascorbate-N-methylphenazonium methosulfate as respiratory substrates, vesicles of strain KW-1 transported L-proline much more rapidly than did vesicles of strain NR-70, but still at rates less rapid than those of the wild type. The passive proton conductance of the membrane vesicles was quantitated by measuring the rate of H+ influx into vesicles in response to a valinomycin-generated K+ diffusion potential. The proton permeability of vesicles of strain KW-1 was reduced 1.5-fold relative to vesicles of strain NR-70, but these vesicles were still four times more permeable to protons than was the wild type. Vesicles of strain KW-1 corresponded to wild-type vesicles treated with 0.5 micrometer carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and vesicles of strain NR-70 corresponded to wild-type vesicles treated with 1.4 micrometer CCCP. Treatment of wild-type vesicles with these concentrations of CCCP caused decreases in transport comparable to those observed in the mutants. Strain KW-1 lacked ATPase activity. Cross-reacting material to F1-ATPase was not found in strain KW-1 by double immunodiffusion analysis.", "contents": "Method for isolation of Escherichia coli mutants with defects in the proton-translocating sector of the membrane adenosine triphosphatase complex. A technique for selecting mutants of Escherichia coli in which the proton-translocating sector of the adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) complex has been inactivated is reported. The procedure uses a strain of E. coli (NR-70) lacking the extrinsic (F1) sector of the ATPase complex and which in consequently permeable to protons (B. P. Rosen, J. Bacteriol. 116:1124--1129, 1973). After growing strain NR-70 under noninducing conditions for the lac operon, cells were mutagenized and plated on minimal medium containing low concentrations of lactose. Several mutants of strain NR-70 were isolated as large colonies on these plates, apparently because they could concentrate lactose more efficiently. A description of one of the mutants, strain KW-1, is reported here. The most distinguishing difference in growth properties of the two strains was that, when transferred to medium containing low concentrations of lactose, strain KW-1 induced the lac operon with a shorter lag time than strain NR-70. The mutation in strain KW-1 leading to more rapid growth on lactose was cotransducible with the asn and unc loci, at 83 min on the E. coli genetic map. Intact cells of strain KW-1 actively transported L-proline as well as did wild-type cells, whereas cells of strain NR-70 were markedly deficient in L-proline transport. The improvement in the transport capacity of strain KW-1 correlated with a marked decrease in proton permeability relative to that of strain NR-70. Based on an acid-base pulse technique that measured the proton conductance of the membranes of intact cells, strain NR-70 was at least 10 times more permeable to protons than was the wild type, whereas strain KW-1 was only 2 times more permeable. The transport properties and proton conductance were also compared with membrane vesicles prepared by osmotic shock. With either D-lactate or ascorbate-N-methylphenazonium methosulfate as respiratory substrates, vesicles of strain KW-1 transported L-proline much more rapidly than did vesicles of strain NR-70, but still at rates less rapid than those of the wild type. The passive proton conductance of the membrane vesicles was quantitated by measuring the rate of H+ influx into vesicles in response to a valinomycin-generated K+ diffusion potential. The proton permeability of vesicles of strain KW-1 was reduced 1.5-fold relative to vesicles of strain NR-70, but these vesicles were still four times more permeable to protons than was the wild type. Vesicles of strain KW-1 corresponded to wild-type vesicles treated with 0.5 micrometer carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) and vesicles of strain NR-70 corresponded to wild-type vesicles treated with 1.4 micrometer CCCP. Treatment of wild-type vesicles with these concentrations of CCCP caused decreases in transport comparable to those observed in the mutants. Strain KW-1 lacked ATPase activity. Cross-reacting material to F1-ATPase was not found in strain KW-1 by double immunodiffusion analysis."}
{"id": "PMID:152310", "title": "Acceleration of the ATPase activity of glycerol-treated muscle fibers by repeated stretch-release cycles.", "content": "Glycerol-treated muscle fiber bundles were fixed at their rest length in 50 mM KC1, 2 mM MgC1(2), and 10 micron CaC1(2) at pH 7.8 and 0 degrees C in the presence of sufficient amounts of ATP, creatine kinase, and creatine phosphate. The fiber bundles were stretched linearly with time for 0.3 s at a constant amplitude, suddenly released, then fixed at the rest length for a constant time interval (alpha seconds). The stretch-release cycle was repeated, and the ATPase activity (the rate of ADP liberation) [EC 3.6.1.3] was measured. It was found that: 1. ATPase was activated by repeated stretch-release. As repetitive stretch-release of 1--2% of the rest length caused maximum activation, we usually selected a value of 2.5% of the rest length. The activation of ATPase was found to be a function of the duration, alpha, of the isometric phase after sudden release from stretching. The ATPase activity of fiber bundles was almost unaffected when they were oscillated by a simple stretch-release without an isometric phase after the sudden release (alpha=0). 2. The ATPase activity of oscillated muscle fibers increased with increase in the value of alpha, reached a maximal level, then decreased gradually with further increase of alpha to a value slightly larger than that of static fibers. At 0 degrees C, the value of alpha for the maximum activation was observed at about 2 s, and the maximum activity was about 2.5 times that of static fibers. At 20 degrees C, the alpha value for maximum activation was about 0.5 s, and the maximum activity was about 1.8 times that of static fibers. 3. The time course of ADP liberation after one stretch-release cycle could be easily calculated from the ATPase activity of the summed durations of the isometric phase, alpha, assuming that the ATPase activation was turned off and on by the stretching and release, respectively, and that the state of cross-bridges immediately after the stretch-release was independent of alpha of the cycle. The rate of ADP liberation after stretch-release thus obtained showed a short lag phase, a sigmoidal increase, a decrease to almost zero, then a return to nearly the original level (the rate of static fibers). About 1.3 mol of ATP per mol of myosin was hydrolyzed at both 0 degrees C and 20 degrees C during one cycle of the changes in the rate of ADP liberation.", "contents": "Acceleration of the ATPase activity of glycerol-treated muscle fibers by repeated stretch-release cycles. Glycerol-treated muscle fiber bundles were fixed at their rest length in 50 mM KC1, 2 mM MgC1(2), and 10 micron CaC1(2) at pH 7.8 and 0 degrees C in the presence of sufficient amounts of ATP, creatine kinase, and creatine phosphate. The fiber bundles were stretched linearly with time for 0.3 s at a constant amplitude, suddenly released, then fixed at the rest length for a constant time interval (alpha seconds). The stretch-release cycle was repeated, and the ATPase activity (the rate of ADP liberation) [EC 3.6.1.3] was measured. It was found that: 1. ATPase was activated by repeated stretch-release. As repetitive stretch-release of 1--2% of the rest length caused maximum activation, we usually selected a value of 2.5% of the rest length. The activation of ATPase was found to be a function of the duration, alpha, of the isometric phase after sudden release from stretching. The ATPase activity of fiber bundles was almost unaffected when they were oscillated by a simple stretch-release without an isometric phase after the sudden release (alpha=0). 2. The ATPase activity of oscillated muscle fibers increased with increase in the value of alpha, reached a maximal level, then decreased gradually with further increase of alpha to a value slightly larger than that of static fibers. At 0 degrees C, the value of alpha for the maximum activation was observed at about 2 s, and the maximum activity was about 2.5 times that of static fibers. At 20 degrees C, the alpha value for maximum activation was about 0.5 s, and the maximum activity was about 1.8 times that of static fibers. 3. The time course of ADP liberation after one stretch-release cycle could be easily calculated from the ATPase activity of the summed durations of the isometric phase, alpha, assuming that the ATPase activation was turned off and on by the stretching and release, respectively, and that the state of cross-bridges immediately after the stretch-release was independent of alpha of the cycle. The rate of ADP liberation after stretch-release thus obtained showed a short lag phase, a sigmoidal increase, a decrease to almost zero, then a return to nearly the original level (the rate of static fibers). About 1.3 mol of ATP per mol of myosin was hydrolyzed at both 0 degrees C and 20 degrees C during one cycle of the changes in the rate of ADP liberation."}
{"id": "PMID:152311", "title": "Temperature-induced change in the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity and in the state of the ATPase protein of sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane.", "content": "The temperature dependence of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity and of the conformational fluctuation of the ATPase molecule has been measured for four kinds of preparations: fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum, MacLennan's enzyme (purified ATPase preparation), and DOL and egg PC-ATPase (purified ATPase preparations in which lipids are replaced with dioleoyllecithin and egg yolk lecithin, respectively). It has been found that Arrhenius plots of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity show a break at about 18 degrees C for all the preparations. Hydrogen--deuterium exchange kinetics of the peptide NH protons were used to measure the conformational fluctuation of the protein molecules. Van't Hoff plots of the conformational fluctuation amplitude of a region near the surface of the ATPase molecule also show a break at about 18 degrees C for all the preparations. It is concluded that the break at around 18 degrees C is not related to a gel-liquid crystalline transition of lipids but to a change in the conformation of the ATPase molecule existing in fluid lipids.", "contents": "Temperature-induced change in the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity and in the state of the ATPase protein of sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. The temperature dependence of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity and of the conformational fluctuation of the ATPase molecule has been measured for four kinds of preparations: fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum, MacLennan's enzyme (purified ATPase preparation), and DOL and egg PC-ATPase (purified ATPase preparations in which lipids are replaced with dioleoyllecithin and egg yolk lecithin, respectively). It has been found that Arrhenius plots of the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity show a break at about 18 degrees C for all the preparations. Hydrogen--deuterium exchange kinetics of the peptide NH protons were used to measure the conformational fluctuation of the protein molecules. Van't Hoff plots of the conformational fluctuation amplitude of a region near the surface of the ATPase molecule also show a break at about 18 degrees C for all the preparations. It is concluded that the break at around 18 degrees C is not related to a gel-liquid crystalline transition of lipids but to a change in the conformation of the ATPase molecule existing in fluid lipids."}
{"id": "PMID:152312", "title": "Isolation and localization from chicken gizzard of an inhibitory protein for Mg2+-activated skeletal muscle actomyosin ATPase.", "content": "An inhibitory protein for Mg2+-activated actomyosin ATPase from rabbit skeletal muscle was prepared from frozen chicken gizzard and purified by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and gel filtration. 2. The inhibition by this protein was released by the addition of skeletal muscle troponin C and was independent of gizzard tropomyosin. 3. Localization of the inhibitory protein in gizzard muscle tissue and gizzard thin filaments was demonstrated by immunohistological techniques and immunodiffusion tests.", "contents": "Isolation and localization from chicken gizzard of an inhibitory protein for Mg2+-activated skeletal muscle actomyosin ATPase. An inhibitory protein for Mg2+-activated actomyosin ATPase from rabbit skeletal muscle was prepared from frozen chicken gizzard and purified by DEAE-Sephadex chromatography and gel filtration. 2. The inhibition by this protein was released by the addition of skeletal muscle troponin C and was independent of gizzard tropomyosin. 3. Localization of the inhibitory protein in gizzard muscle tissue and gizzard thin filaments was demonstrated by immunohistological techniques and immunodiffusion tests."}
{"id": "PMID:152313", "title": "Ca2+-controlled conformational states of the Ca2+ transport enzyme of sarcoplasmic reticulum.", "content": "The fluorescent reagent, S-mercuric N-dansyl-cysteine, reacts specifically with thiols of the purified Ca2+-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, producing an increase of fluorescence of fluorescence intensity at 500 nm (lambda ex = 335 nm). The reaction is stoichiometric, and the increase of the fluorescence intensity is proportional to the number of blocked thiols. Twelve reactive thiols per 10(5) daltons of ATPase peptide fall into roughly three classes. Blocking of the most reactive thiol entails little inhibition of enzyme activity. Blocking of the five thiols reacting next (intermediate class) results in almost complete inhibition of both phosphorylated intermediate formation and ATP hydrolysis. The second order rate constants of the reaction of thiols have been determined by stopped flow studies. The most reactive thiol and the six least reactive thiols can each be treated as a single class with respect to the rate constant; five thiols of intermediate reactivity appear to have different rate constants (k2, k3, ..k6). Of these constants, k1, corresponding to the most reactive thiol, does not change with [Ca2+]. Upon increasing [Ca2+] from 10(-9) to 10(-5) M, k2 increase and k7-12 decreases; the changes roughly parallel the activation of ATPase activity and the Ca2+ binding to the high affinity alpha sites (Ikemoto, N. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 7219-7224). Upon further increase of [Ca2+] k2 decreases and k7-12 increase, in parallel with the inhibition of ATPase activity and with the Ca2+ binding to the low affinity gamma sites.", "contents": "Ca2+-controlled conformational states of the Ca2+ transport enzyme of sarcoplasmic reticulum. The fluorescent reagent, S-mercuric N-dansyl-cysteine, reacts specifically with thiols of the purified Ca2+-ATPase of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, producing an increase of fluorescence of fluorescence intensity at 500 nm (lambda ex = 335 nm). The reaction is stoichiometric, and the increase of the fluorescence intensity is proportional to the number of blocked thiols. Twelve reactive thiols per 10(5) daltons of ATPase peptide fall into roughly three classes. Blocking of the most reactive thiol entails little inhibition of enzyme activity. Blocking of the five thiols reacting next (intermediate class) results in almost complete inhibition of both phosphorylated intermediate formation and ATP hydrolysis. The second order rate constants of the reaction of thiols have been determined by stopped flow studies. The most reactive thiol and the six least reactive thiols can each be treated as a single class with respect to the rate constant; five thiols of intermediate reactivity appear to have different rate constants (k2, k3, ..k6). Of these constants, k1, corresponding to the most reactive thiol, does not change with [Ca2+]. Upon increasing [Ca2+] from 10(-9) to 10(-5) M, k2 increase and k7-12 decreases; the changes roughly parallel the activation of ATPase activity and the Ca2+ binding to the high affinity alpha sites (Ikemoto, N. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 7219-7224). Upon further increase of [Ca2+] k2 decreases and k7-12 increase, in parallel with the inhibition of ATPase activity and with the Ca2+ binding to the low affinity gamma sites."}
{"id": "PMID:152317", "title": "Canine cardiac myosin with special referrence to pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy. I. Subunit composition.", "content": "In studies of myosin from left and right ventricles of normal hearts and hypertrophic hearts at 5 weeks and 13 weeks after aortic banding, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows intermediate molecular weight components which derive from heavy chains fragmented in the presence of dodecyl sulfate. The proportion of degraded heavy chains is greater in myosin from hypertrophic hearts than normal hearts, with comparable degradation in left and right ventricle myosin. The observed fragmentation of myosin results from proteolysis due to contaminant proteases or a thermally activated, heat-stable nonenzymatic process, or both. The susceptibility of heavy chains to crude myofibrillar proteases differs in normal and hypertrophic cardiac myosin; however, the kinetics of tryptic digestion are identical for both myosins. With precautions to minimize proteolytic artifacts on dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, preparations of myosin from left and right ventricles of normal and hypertrophic hearts exhibit comparable subunit composition, with approximately molar ratios of heavy chains, light chain L1, and light chain L2. Comparable stoichiometry for the light chain fraction is determined by high speed sedimentation equilibrium at pH 11 and direct fractionation of the different cardiac myosins. We do not confirm reports (e.g. Wikman-Coffelt, J., Fenner, C., Smith, A., and Mason, D. T. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1257-1262) of different proportions of light chains in left and right ventricle myosin of normal and hypertrophic canine hearts. The light chains display microheterogeneity, with L1 generating two isoelectric variants and L2 generating two major and two minor variants, but identical mobilities and isoelectric values are obtained in the different myosin preparations.", "contents": "Canine cardiac myosin with special referrence to pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy. I. Subunit composition. In studies of myosin from left and right ventricles of normal hearts and hypertrophic hearts at 5 weeks and 13 weeks after aortic banding, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis shows intermediate molecular weight components which derive from heavy chains fragmented in the presence of dodecyl sulfate. The proportion of degraded heavy chains is greater in myosin from hypertrophic hearts than normal hearts, with comparable degradation in left and right ventricle myosin. The observed fragmentation of myosin results from proteolysis due to contaminant proteases or a thermally activated, heat-stable nonenzymatic process, or both. The susceptibility of heavy chains to crude myofibrillar proteases differs in normal and hypertrophic cardiac myosin; however, the kinetics of tryptic digestion are identical for both myosins. With precautions to minimize proteolytic artifacts on dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, preparations of myosin from left and right ventricles of normal and hypertrophic hearts exhibit comparable subunit composition, with approximately molar ratios of heavy chains, light chain L1, and light chain L2. Comparable stoichiometry for the light chain fraction is determined by high speed sedimentation equilibrium at pH 11 and direct fractionation of the different cardiac myosins. We do not confirm reports (e.g. Wikman-Coffelt, J., Fenner, C., Smith, A., and Mason, D. T. (1975) J. Biol. Chem. 250, 1257-1262) of different proportions of light chains in left and right ventricle myosin of normal and hypertrophic canine hearts. The light chains display microheterogeneity, with L1 generating two isoelectric variants and L2 generating two major and two minor variants, but identical mobilities and isoelectric values are obtained in the different myosin preparations."}
{"id": "PMID:152319", "title": "Morphological and biochemical correlates of skeletal muscle contractility in the cat. II. Physiological and biochemical studies.", "content": "Isometric twitch characteristics and biochemical parameters of isolated myosin and sarcoplasmic reticulum have been compared in three cat hind limb muscles. The fast twitch caudofemoralis and the slow twitch soleus are almost pure muscles as judged from histochemical studies. Isolated myosin from the caudofemoralis is not only 2- to 3-fold higher in its ATPase activities than that of the soleus, but also in non-dissociated forms has greater electrophoretic mobility than the soleus myosin. Purified myosins from fast muscles as well as soleus exhibited three light chains upon electrophoresis. However, the intact non-solubilized myosins differed in electrophoretic mobilities. The sarcoplasmic reticulum fraction isolated from caudfemoralis exhibits faster rates of Ca++ binding and uptake than soleus, and when fit to a two component model, the caudofemoralis SR exhibits a higher amount of a fast binding site than does soleus SR, features reflected in differences in the relaxation time of the two muscles. In contrast, the fast twitch tibialis anterior has been shown to be a gradient of fiber types and its isometric twitch may be separated by selective nerve stimulation, into a fast and a slow twitch component. Our findings that myosin fractions, as well as sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions isolated from these two components differ with respect to their biochemical characteristics add support to the possibility of a dual function in this muscle.", "contents": "Morphological and biochemical correlates of skeletal muscle contractility in the cat. II. Physiological and biochemical studies. Isometric twitch characteristics and biochemical parameters of isolated myosin and sarcoplasmic reticulum have been compared in three cat hind limb muscles. The fast twitch caudofemoralis and the slow twitch soleus are almost pure muscles as judged from histochemical studies. Isolated myosin from the caudofemoralis is not only 2- to 3-fold higher in its ATPase activities than that of the soleus, but also in non-dissociated forms has greater electrophoretic mobility than the soleus myosin. Purified myosins from fast muscles as well as soleus exhibited three light chains upon electrophoresis. However, the intact non-solubilized myosins differed in electrophoretic mobilities. The sarcoplasmic reticulum fraction isolated from caudfemoralis exhibits faster rates of Ca++ binding and uptake than soleus, and when fit to a two component model, the caudofemoralis SR exhibits a higher amount of a fast binding site than does soleus SR, features reflected in differences in the relaxation time of the two muscles. In contrast, the fast twitch tibialis anterior has been shown to be a gradient of fiber types and its isometric twitch may be separated by selective nerve stimulation, into a fast and a slow twitch component. Our findings that myosin fractions, as well as sarcoplasmic reticulum fractions isolated from these two components differ with respect to their biochemical characteristics add support to the possibility of a dual function in this muscle."}
{"id": "PMID:152321", "title": "The first case of a complete deficiency of diphosphoglycerate mutase in human erythrocytes.", "content": "An inherited and complete deficiency of diphosphoglycerate mutase was discovered in the erythrocytes of a 42-yr-old man of French origin whose blood hemoglobin concentration was 19.0 g/dl. Upon physical examination he was normal with the exception of a ruddy cyanosis. The morphology of his erythrocytes was also normal and there was no evidence of hemolysis. The erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate level was below 3% of normal values and, as a consequence, the affinity of the cells for oxygen was increased. Diphosphoglycerate mutase activity was undetectable in erythrocytes as was that of diphosphoglycerate phosphatase. The activities of all the other erythrocyte enzymes that were tested were normal except for nomophosphoglycerate mutase which was diminished to 50% of the normal value. The levels of reduced glutathione, ATP, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and of triose phosphates were elevated, whereas those of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate were decreased. This report sheds new light on the role of diphosphoglycerate mutase in the metabolism of erythrocytes.", "contents": "The first case of a complete deficiency of diphosphoglycerate mutase in human erythrocytes. An inherited and complete deficiency of diphosphoglycerate mutase was discovered in the erythrocytes of a 42-yr-old man of French origin whose blood hemoglobin concentration was 19.0 g/dl. Upon physical examination he was normal with the exception of a ruddy cyanosis. The morphology of his erythrocytes was also normal and there was no evidence of hemolysis. The erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate level was below 3% of normal values and, as a consequence, the affinity of the cells for oxygen was increased. Diphosphoglycerate mutase activity was undetectable in erythrocytes as was that of diphosphoglycerate phosphatase. The activities of all the other erythrocyte enzymes that were tested were normal except for nomophosphoglycerate mutase which was diminished to 50% of the normal value. The levels of reduced glutathione, ATP, fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and of triose phosphates were elevated, whereas those of glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate were decreased. This report sheds new light on the role of diphosphoglycerate mutase in the metabolism of erythrocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:152318", "title": "Alternative use of the interposition Dacron grafts in the treatment of portal hypertension. Clinical experience with 28 cases.", "content": "Twenty-eight patients suffering from esophageal bleeding due to portal hypertension were submitted to an \"H\" type shunt utilizing a 12 mm. wide knitted Dacron prosthesis. The series consists of 8 meso-caval, 12 porto-caval 8 spleno-renal shunts. Thrombosis of the spleno-portal axis was the main indication for the mesocaval shunt, while side-to-side porto-caval and spleno-renal \"H\" anastomoses were carried out in patients in whom enlarged lymphatics, edema of the porta hepatis or a too large gap between the two veins precluded the use of a direct shunt. The overall mortality rate was 7% including one operative and one late death. The long-term follow-up study included 26 patients and ranged from 6 to 34 months. In all patients patency of the shunt was evaluated by barium swallow x-ray and esophagogastroscopy. Four of them were further investigated by angiography. A good patency of the shunt was demonstrated in all cases. There was no recurrence of the variceal bleeding either in the post-operative period nor in the long-term follow-up. On the basis of our results we feel that the use of Dacron grafts as \"H\" type shunts is an effective alternative method in relieving portal hypertension in patients in whom it is difficult or impossible to perform a direct anastomosis and further this procedure can be extended with encouraging results to side-to-side spleno-renal shunts.", "contents": "Alternative use of the interposition Dacron grafts in the treatment of portal hypertension. Clinical experience with 28 cases. Twenty-eight patients suffering from esophageal bleeding due to portal hypertension were submitted to an \"H\" type shunt utilizing a 12 mm. wide knitted Dacron prosthesis. The series consists of 8 meso-caval, 12 porto-caval 8 spleno-renal shunts. Thrombosis of the spleno-portal axis was the main indication for the mesocaval shunt, while side-to-side porto-caval and spleno-renal \"H\" anastomoses were carried out in patients in whom enlarged lymphatics, edema of the porta hepatis or a too large gap between the two veins precluded the use of a direct shunt. The overall mortality rate was 7% including one operative and one late death. The long-term follow-up study included 26 patients and ranged from 6 to 34 months. In all patients patency of the shunt was evaluated by barium swallow x-ray and esophagogastroscopy. Four of them were further investigated by angiography. A good patency of the shunt was demonstrated in all cases. There was no recurrence of the variceal bleeding either in the post-operative period nor in the long-term follow-up. On the basis of our results we feel that the use of Dacron grafts as \"H\" type shunts is an effective alternative method in relieving portal hypertension in patients in whom it is difficult or impossible to perform a direct anastomosis and further this procedure can be extended with encouraging results to side-to-side spleno-renal shunts."}
{"id": "PMID:152327", "title": "Hapten-specific T lymphocyte activation by glutaraldehyde-treated macrophages: an argument against antigen processing by macrophages.", "content": "In this communication the effects of glutaraldehyde treatment of trinitrophenyl-(TNP) modified macrophages on their ability to stimulate TNP-specific guinea pig T lymphocyte proliferation were studied. TNP-modified macrophages briefly treated with glutaraldehyde retained much of their ability to stimulate TNP-primed T cells. In contrast, similar treatment of allogeneic macrophages or soluble protein antigen-pulsed syngeneic macrophages completely eliminated their ability to stimulate a mixed leukocyte reaction or protein antigen-specific proliferation, respectively. TNP-modification did not appear to interfere with glutaraldehyde reactivity since macrophages treated with glutaraldehyde before or after TNP-modification stimulated equivalent T cell responses. However, glutaraldehyde treatment of TNP-modified macrophages that had been cultured overnight dramatically reduced their ability to stimulate TNP-specific T cells. Glutaraldehyde-treated TNP-modified macrophages also expressed the same genetic restrictions of T cell activation as untreated stimulators. Thus, T cells primed with syngeneic TNP-modified macrophages were restimulated only by glutaraldehyde-treated TNP-modified syngeneic, but not by allogeneic, macrophages. These results are discussed with respect to the nature of the TNP-specific immunogen recognized by T cells.", "contents": "Hapten-specific T lymphocyte activation by glutaraldehyde-treated macrophages: an argument against antigen processing by macrophages. In this communication the effects of glutaraldehyde treatment of trinitrophenyl-(TNP) modified macrophages on their ability to stimulate TNP-specific guinea pig T lymphocyte proliferation were studied. TNP-modified macrophages briefly treated with glutaraldehyde retained much of their ability to stimulate TNP-primed T cells. In contrast, similar treatment of allogeneic macrophages or soluble protein antigen-pulsed syngeneic macrophages completely eliminated their ability to stimulate a mixed leukocyte reaction or protein antigen-specific proliferation, respectively. TNP-modification did not appear to interfere with glutaraldehyde reactivity since macrophages treated with glutaraldehyde before or after TNP-modification stimulated equivalent T cell responses. However, glutaraldehyde treatment of TNP-modified macrophages that had been cultured overnight dramatically reduced their ability to stimulate TNP-specific T cells. Glutaraldehyde-treated TNP-modified macrophages also expressed the same genetic restrictions of T cell activation as untreated stimulators. Thus, T cells primed with syngeneic TNP-modified macrophages were restimulated only by glutaraldehyde-treated TNP-modified syngeneic, but not by allogeneic, macrophages. These results are discussed with respect to the nature of the TNP-specific immunogen recognized by T cells."}
{"id": "PMID:152323", "title": "The role of the pedodontist in the multiple-procedure approach to general anesthesia for children: report of four cases.", "content": "The combining of elective procedures, including dentistry, in a single hospital admission, under general anesthesia, can be a very beneficial service for those patients, for whom such procedures are indicated. By minimizing the number of hospitalizations and the number of general anesthetic procedures for his patients, the pedodontist is reducing the risk of anesthesia complications, the possibility of psychological trauma, and the financial burden of hospital treatment. In addition, he promotes the role of the pedodontist in the community and in the hospital as an integral member of the child's health-care team.", "contents": "The role of the pedodontist in the multiple-procedure approach to general anesthesia for children: report of four cases. The combining of elective procedures, including dentistry, in a single hospital admission, under general anesthesia, can be a very beneficial service for those patients, for whom such procedures are indicated. By minimizing the number of hospitalizations and the number of general anesthetic procedures for his patients, the pedodontist is reducing the risk of anesthesia complications, the possibility of psychological trauma, and the financial burden of hospital treatment. In addition, he promotes the role of the pedodontist in the community and in the hospital as an integral member of the child's health-care team."}
{"id": "PMID:152329", "title": "Thymic macrophages modulate one stage of T cell differentiation in vitro.", "content": "We have described a procedure for isolating thymic macrophages and have evaluated their activity in stimulating thymocyte maturation in vitro. The culturing of gradient-purified immature thymocytes on thymic macrophages leads to an increased expression of H-2 antigens and decreased lytic sensitivity with anti-TL and C. The macrophage-stimulated thymocyte also acquires the ability to respond in the MLR. We propose that the macrophage may regulate one stage of thymic differentiation in vivo.", "contents": "Thymic macrophages modulate one stage of T cell differentiation in vitro. We have described a procedure for isolating thymic macrophages and have evaluated their activity in stimulating thymocyte maturation in vitro. The culturing of gradient-purified immature thymocytes on thymic macrophages leads to an increased expression of H-2 antigens and decreased lytic sensitivity with anti-TL and C. The macrophage-stimulated thymocyte also acquires the ability to respond in the MLR. We propose that the macrophage may regulate one stage of thymic differentiation in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:152324", "title": "[Hormone effects of the administration of 50 mg of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) intravenously in pregnant women (author's transl)].", "content": "The DHEAS overload test has been regarded by C. Lauritzen as reflecting the conditions of placental function. Some will support and some will oppose that test. We have merely concerned ourselves with conducting an examination into the metabolic outcome of the DHEAS overload.  --by defining the way in which oestriolury variations are best express themselves. --by estimating how reliable such variations are in cases where foetal pain and hypotrophy are diagnosed. --by going through a statistical analysis of other hormonal variations.", "contents": "[Hormone effects of the administration of 50 mg of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) intravenously in pregnant women (author's transl)]. The DHEAS overload test has been regarded by C. Lauritzen as reflecting the conditions of placental function. Some will support and some will oppose that test. We have merely concerned ourselves with conducting an examination into the metabolic outcome of the DHEAS overload.  --by defining the way in which oestriolury variations are best express themselves. --by estimating how reliable such variations are in cases where foetal pain and hypotrophy are diagnosed. --by going through a statistical analysis of other hormonal variations."}
{"id": "PMID:152331", "title": "Syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction in mice: strain distribution, kinetics, participating cells, and absence in NZB mice.", "content": "Co-culture of mouse spleen nonadherent (T-enriched cells with mitomycin C-treated unfractionated syngeneic spleen cells resulted in increased DNA synthesis in the responding T cells. The kinetics of this syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (SMLR) showed that peak DNA synthesis occurred on day 5 of culture compared to day 4 for conventional mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Anti-T cell antiserum plus complement treatment of the responding cell population abolished the reaction, and similar treatment of the stimulator population enhanced SMLR. These studies indicate that SMLR represents the response of T cells to non-T cells. Studies on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in parallel cultures of T cells activated by syngeneic or allogeneic spleen cells showed no cytotoxicity of SMLR-activated cells for either PHA- or LPS-induced blasts but did show a good CTL response of allo-activated cells to both targets. Studies on the strain distribution of SMLR revealed that NZB mice manifested poor or no stimulation in SMLR whereas all other strains tested exhibited strong SMLR. This defect in NZB mice may be pathogenetically related to the autoimmune disease that develops in these mice.", "contents": "Syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction in mice: strain distribution, kinetics, participating cells, and absence in NZB mice. Co-culture of mouse spleen nonadherent (T-enriched cells with mitomycin C-treated unfractionated syngeneic spleen cells resulted in increased DNA synthesis in the responding T cells. The kinetics of this syngeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (SMLR) showed that peak DNA synthesis occurred on day 5 of culture compared to day 4 for conventional mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Anti-T cell antiserum plus complement treatment of the responding cell population abolished the reaction, and similar treatment of the stimulator population enhanced SMLR. These studies indicate that SMLR represents the response of T cells to non-T cells. Studies on the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in parallel cultures of T cells activated by syngeneic or allogeneic spleen cells showed no cytotoxicity of SMLR-activated cells for either PHA- or LPS-induced blasts but did show a good CTL response of allo-activated cells to both targets. Studies on the strain distribution of SMLR revealed that NZB mice manifested poor or no stimulation in SMLR whereas all other strains tested exhibited strong SMLR. This defect in NZB mice may be pathogenetically related to the autoimmune disease that develops in these mice."}
{"id": "PMID:152333", "title": "Lack of generation of killer cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction between mitogen-stimulated and unstimulated autologous lymphocytes.", "content": "The present study has demonstrated that the Con A-activated cell-mediated autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) is not associated with the generation of cytotoxic effector cells that kill autologous targets. Thus, the suppression of antibody production of PWM stimulated lymphocytes by autologous Con A-activated suppressor cells cannot be explained by detectable cytotoxicity. We have further demonstrated that the stimulator cell in this system is a nonadherent non-T cell.", "contents": "Lack of generation of killer cells in the mixed lymphocyte reaction between mitogen-stimulated and unstimulated autologous lymphocytes. The present study has demonstrated that the Con A-activated cell-mediated autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) is not associated with the generation of cytotoxic effector cells that kill autologous targets. Thus, the suppression of antibody production of PWM stimulated lymphocytes by autologous Con A-activated suppressor cells cannot be explained by detectable cytotoxicity. We have further demonstrated that the stimulator cell in this system is a nonadherent non-T cell."}
{"id": "PMID:152335", "title": "The chemoattractant properties of comedonal components.", "content": "Acculation of clusters of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) along the periphery of the walls of comedones (predominantly of the closed variety), has been described as the first change marking the transition of quiescent, noninflamed lesions in acne, into inflammatory ones. The present study analyzed the chemoattractant properties of different comedonal components for human PMN in an effort to evaluate the potential significance of these  substances in stimulating the chemotactic response of PMN in the initial phases of inflammatory acne. It was found that the lipids extracted from pooled comedones had chemotactic activity for PMN in vitro. Beyond that, all chemotactic activity in comedones was related to bacteria. Propionibacterium acnes produced low molecular weight, dialyzable, heat stable chemotactic factors which were released into culture medium during bacterial growth. In addition to the extracellular cytotaxins, P. acnes whole cells and other extracellular products were strong cytotaxigens and activated heat labile chemotactic factors in human and guinea pig serum.", "contents": "The chemoattractant properties of comedonal components. Acculation of clusters of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) along the periphery of the walls of comedones (predominantly of the closed variety), has been described as the first change marking the transition of quiescent, noninflamed lesions in acne, into inflammatory ones. The present study analyzed the chemoattractant properties of different comedonal components for human PMN in an effort to evaluate the potential significance of these  substances in stimulating the chemotactic response of PMN in the initial phases of inflammatory acne. It was found that the lipids extracted from pooled comedones had chemotactic activity for PMN in vitro. Beyond that, all chemotactic activity in comedones was related to bacteria. Propionibacterium acnes produced low molecular weight, dialyzable, heat stable chemotactic factors which were released into culture medium during bacterial growth. In addition to the extracellular cytotaxins, P. acnes whole cells and other extracellular products were strong cytotaxigens and activated heat labile chemotactic factors in human and guinea pig serum."}
{"id": "PMID:152336", "title": "Analysis of the water soluble extract of comedones.", "content": "The water soluble fraction of 713 open comedones, pooled from both the face and back of 47 subjects representing all grades of acne, were analyzed for total protein content, carbohydrate content, and for identification of specific proteins. In the water soluble fraction, the protein content represented 11.5%, and carbohydrate content 0.2% of the total comedonal crude weight. Esterase and hyaluronidase activity was demonstrated. Propionibacterium acnes antigenic material, serum albumin, and serum Zn alpha 2 glycoprotein, a minor serum constituent, were identified by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.", "contents": "Analysis of the water soluble extract of comedones. The water soluble fraction of 713 open comedones, pooled from both the face and back of 47 subjects representing all grades of acne, were analyzed for total protein content, carbohydrate content, and for identification of specific proteins. In the water soluble fraction, the protein content represented 11.5%, and carbohydrate content 0.2% of the total comedonal crude weight. Esterase and hyaluronidase activity was demonstrated. Propionibacterium acnes antigenic material, serum albumin, and serum Zn alpha 2 glycoprotein, a minor serum constituent, were identified by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis."}
{"id": "PMID:152337", "title": "Minocycline-induced loss of potassium from erythrocytes: identification of a family with an augmented response.", "content": "The effect of several tetracycline antibiotics of human erythrocytes was examined because of previous findings that these drugs bind to erythrocyte membranes. Minocycline and cetocycline, two highly lipid-soluble analogues, but not tetracycline, induced loss of K+ from red blood cells. Loss of K+ increased linearly with time of incubation, concentration of minocycline, and temperature. The effect of minocycline was inhibited by plasma and calcium. The cells from one volunteer consistently showed an augmented response to minocycline; similar findings for family members of the volunteer suggested a dominant autosomal mode of inheritance. The only abnormality noted in the subject was mild reticulocytosis and a slightly reduced K+ content in his red blood cells. Preliminary studies did not demonstrate alterations in protein composition of his red blood cell membranes, enhanced osmotic fragility, or defects in Ca++-dependent or ouabain-sensitive (Na+-K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity. The exact site of the minocycline effect remains to be determined.", "contents": "Minocycline-induced loss of potassium from erythrocytes: identification of a family with an augmented response. The effect of several tetracycline antibiotics of human erythrocytes was examined because of previous findings that these drugs bind to erythrocyte membranes. Minocycline and cetocycline, two highly lipid-soluble analogues, but not tetracycline, induced loss of K+ from red blood cells. Loss of K+ increased linearly with time of incubation, concentration of minocycline, and temperature. The effect of minocycline was inhibited by plasma and calcium. The cells from one volunteer consistently showed an augmented response to minocycline; similar findings for family members of the volunteer suggested a dominant autosomal mode of inheritance. The only abnormality noted in the subject was mild reticulocytosis and a slightly reduced K+ content in his red blood cells. Preliminary studies did not demonstrate alterations in protein composition of his red blood cell membranes, enhanced osmotic fragility, or defects in Ca++-dependent or ouabain-sensitive (Na+-K+)-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity. The exact site of the minocycline effect remains to be determined."}
{"id": "PMID:152343", "title": "The influence of selective thrombocytopenia on immune complex glomerulonephritis.", "content": "Anticoagulation in experimental GN has not uniformly reduced inflammation and prevented functional impairment. The observation that platelet thrombi are occasionally present in nephritic kidneys prompted the suggestions that platelet aggregation may play a fundamental role and that inhibition of aggregation may be of therapeutic value. To test this hypothesis, the effect of selective platelet depletion on acute IC GN in the rabbit was evaluated. IC GN was induced with bovine albumin, and platelet depletion with APS. Platelet depletion preceded proteinuria by more than 36 hr and was sustained for 5 days. Platelet accumulation within the nephritic kidney was quantitated with chromium-labeled platelets. The hemodynamic effect of parenteral administration of APS on the evolution of IC GN was assessed by comparing IV with IP administration. Thrombocytopenia in the absence of hypotension had no inhibitory effect on IC GN, nor was there platelet accumulation within the nephritic kidneys of the platelet-depleted animals. These results indicate that platelet aggregation is not essential in the pathogenesis of IC GN and that inhibition of platelet aggregation may be of little value.", "contents": "The influence of selective thrombocytopenia on immune complex glomerulonephritis. Anticoagulation in experimental GN has not uniformly reduced inflammation and prevented functional impairment. The observation that platelet thrombi are occasionally present in nephritic kidneys prompted the suggestions that platelet aggregation may play a fundamental role and that inhibition of aggregation may be of therapeutic value. To test this hypothesis, the effect of selective platelet depletion on acute IC GN in the rabbit was evaluated. IC GN was induced with bovine albumin, and platelet depletion with APS. Platelet depletion preceded proteinuria by more than 36 hr and was sustained for 5 days. Platelet accumulation within the nephritic kidney was quantitated with chromium-labeled platelets. The hemodynamic effect of parenteral administration of APS on the evolution of IC GN was assessed by comparing IV with IP administration. Thrombocytopenia in the absence of hypotension had no inhibitory effect on IC GN, nor was there platelet accumulation within the nephritic kidneys of the platelet-depleted animals. These results indicate that platelet aggregation is not essential in the pathogenesis of IC GN and that inhibition of platelet aggregation may be of little value."}
{"id": "PMID:152348", "title": "Radioimmunoassay of creatine kinase: studies on the skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle enzyme (MM and MB isoenzymes) in serum and neuromuscular tissues.", "content": "A radioimmunoassay, specific for the isoenzymes of creatine kinase containing the M subunit of the enzyme (MM and MB creatine kinase), was employed to determine total creatine kinase concentrations in serum and neuromuscular tissues independently of the state of activity of the enzyme. This technique provides a method for the detection of inactive enzyme, which could be produced by inhibitors of the enzyme or by mutations involving the active site of the enzyme. A series of experiments were carried out to compare the amount of creatine kinase in various samples as assessed by normal enzyme kinetic procedures and by radioimmunoassay. The two techniques yielded equivalent results in all situations tested. Samples included serum from normal subjects and subjects with genetic and acquired diseases of muscle and also extracts from skeletal and cardiac muscle. Small quantities of immunoreactive enzyme were found in nervous tissue and assessed in terms of the incidence of the M subunit.", "contents": "Radioimmunoassay of creatine kinase: studies on the skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle enzyme (MM and MB isoenzymes) in serum and neuromuscular tissues. A radioimmunoassay, specific for the isoenzymes of creatine kinase containing the M subunit of the enzyme (MM and MB creatine kinase), was employed to determine total creatine kinase concentrations in serum and neuromuscular tissues independently of the state of activity of the enzyme. This technique provides a method for the detection of inactive enzyme, which could be produced by inhibitors of the enzyme or by mutations involving the active site of the enzyme. A series of experiments were carried out to compare the amount of creatine kinase in various samples as assessed by normal enzyme kinetic procedures and by radioimmunoassay. The two techniques yielded equivalent results in all situations tested. Samples included serum from normal subjects and subjects with genetic and acquired diseases of muscle and also extracts from skeletal and cardiac muscle. Small quantities of immunoreactive enzyme were found in nervous tissue and assessed in terms of the incidence of the M subunit."}
{"id": "PMID:152349", "title": "Centrally mediated hyperglycemia by 6-aminonicotinamide.", "content": "Some metabolic changes induced by the intraventricular administration of 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) were studied in mice. Five or ten microgram/animal of 6-AN produced a marked hyperglycemia, lowered glycogen content in the brain and liver, and reduced the adrenal epinephrine content. Adrenalectomy or hexamethonium prevented 6-AN-induced hyperglycemia and decrease of glycogen content in the liver but not in the brain. Decrease of adrenal epinephrine content induced by 6-AN was overcome by hexamethonium. Pretreatment with 6-AN (10 microgram/animal) markedly lowered the toxic action, but not the hypoglycemic action, of a large dose of insulin.", "contents": "Centrally mediated hyperglycemia by 6-aminonicotinamide. Some metabolic changes induced by the intraventricular administration of 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) were studied in mice. Five or ten microgram/animal of 6-AN produced a marked hyperglycemia, lowered glycogen content in the brain and liver, and reduced the adrenal epinephrine content. Adrenalectomy or hexamethonium prevented 6-AN-induced hyperglycemia and decrease of glycogen content in the liver but not in the brain. Decrease of adrenal epinephrine content induced by 6-AN was overcome by hexamethonium. Pretreatment with 6-AN (10 microgram/animal) markedly lowered the toxic action, but not the hypoglycemic action, of a large dose of insulin."}
{"id": "PMID:152353", "title": "Steroid production from 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone by human granulosa cells in vitro.", "content": "Granulosa cells were aspirated 3--4 h before the expected time of ovulation from 10 follicles of 4 patients treated with gonadotrophins: 4 of the follicles were immediately preovulatory. The granulosa cells were cultured for 10 h with 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone or dehydroepiandrosterone and samples of medium removed at 3 and 10 h were assayed for 6 steroids. Granulosa cells were unable to synthesize androgens from endogenous substrate or undertake conversions via the delta5 pathway, but cells from all follicles were capable of aromatizing exogenous androgens to oestrogens although this capability was reduced in cells from follicles beginning to luteinize. Granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles synthesized more progesterone from endogenous substrate than cells from follicles which had not begun to luteinize. The results provide further support for the two-cell theory of oestrogen biosynthesis whereby granulosa cells aromatize androgens which are synthesized by the thecal cells in vivo.", "contents": "Steroid production from 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone by human granulosa cells in vitro. Granulosa cells were aspirated 3--4 h before the expected time of ovulation from 10 follicles of 4 patients treated with gonadotrophins: 4 of the follicles were immediately preovulatory. The granulosa cells were cultured for 10 h with 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone or dehydroepiandrosterone and samples of medium removed at 3 and 10 h were assayed for 6 steroids. Granulosa cells were unable to synthesize androgens from endogenous substrate or undertake conversions via the delta5 pathway, but cells from all follicles were capable of aromatizing exogenous androgens to oestrogens although this capability was reduced in cells from follicles beginning to luteinize. Granulosa cells from preovulatory follicles synthesized more progesterone from endogenous substrate than cells from follicles which had not begun to luteinize. The results provide further support for the two-cell theory of oestrogen biosynthesis whereby granulosa cells aromatize androgens which are synthesized by the thecal cells in vivo."}
{"id": "PMID:152355", "title": "Dissociation as probable origin of mosaic 45,XY,t(15;21)/46,XY,i(21q).", "content": "A patient is described with some features of Down's syndrome and a 45,XY, t(15;21)(15qter leads to 15p13::21p11 leads to 21qter)/46,XY,i(21)(qter leads to cen leads to qter) karyotype. Two mechanisms are proposed for the origin of the mosaicism, one assuming the dissociation of a translocation (15;21) chromosome already present in the zygote, and the other involving a chromatid translocation in a 46,XY zygote. The possible independent origin of the two cell lines is also considered.", "contents": "Dissociation as probable origin of mosaic 45,XY,t(15;21)/46,XY,i(21q). A patient is described with some features of Down's syndrome and a 45,XY, t(15;21)(15qter leads to 15p13::21p11 leads to 21qter)/46,XY,i(21)(qter leads to cen leads to qter) karyotype. Two mechanisms are proposed for the origin of the mosaicism, one assuming the dissociation of a translocation (15;21) chromosome already present in the zygote, and the other involving a chromatid translocation in a 46,XY zygote. The possible independent origin of the two cell lines is also considered."}
{"id": "PMID:152356", "title": "Reproductive performance in Macaca fascicularis following repeated laparoscopy.", "content": "Mating trials were conducted with 16 adult female M. fascicularis that had been repeatedly laparoscoped. Eight of the females in this study conceived. Of these, six delivered live full-term infants after having had between 38 and 67 laparoscopies prior to conception.", "contents": "Reproductive performance in Macaca fascicularis following repeated laparoscopy. Mating trials were conducted with 16 adult female M. fascicularis that had been repeatedly laparoscoped. Eight of the females in this study conceived. Of these, six delivered live full-term infants after having had between 38 and 67 laparoscopies prior to conception."}
{"id": "PMID:152358", "title": "Ionophorous properties of the 20,000-dalton fragment of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase in phosphatidylcholine: cholesterol membranes.", "content": "The purified 20,000-dalton fragment of sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase has been shown by us (A.E. Shamoo, T.E. Ryan, P.S. Stewart, D.H. MacLennan, 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251:4147) to have Ca2+-selective ionophoric activity. The Ca2+-ionophoric fragment has been purified by either SDS-column chromatography or SDS-preparative gel electrophoresis. The Ca2+-ionophoric fragment has been subjected to prolonged dialysis to insure the removal of bound SDS from the fragment. The selectivity sequence of this fragment in black lipid membranes (BLM) formed from either oxidized cholesterol or phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol is the same, PBa greater than PCa greater than PSr greater than PMg greater than PMn. This selectivity sequence is the same as that for the intact (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. Treatment of the fragment with cholate to absolutely insure the removal of bound SDS resulted in the fragment having a selectivity sequence as above except that PMn greater than PMg. This and other data indicate that the 20,000-dalton fragment is the site containing the Ca2+-ionophoric activity of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase.", "contents": "Ionophorous properties of the 20,000-dalton fragment of (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase in phosphatidylcholine: cholesterol membranes. The purified 20,000-dalton fragment of sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase has been shown by us (A.E. Shamoo, T.E. Ryan, P.S. Stewart, D.H. MacLennan, 1976. J. Biol. Chem. 251:4147) to have Ca2+-selective ionophoric activity. The Ca2+-ionophoric fragment has been purified by either SDS-column chromatography or SDS-preparative gel electrophoresis. The Ca2+-ionophoric fragment has been subjected to prolonged dialysis to insure the removal of bound SDS from the fragment. The selectivity sequence of this fragment in black lipid membranes (BLM) formed from either oxidized cholesterol or phosphatidylcholine/cholesterol is the same, PBa greater than PCa greater than PSr greater than PMg greater than PMn. This selectivity sequence is the same as that for the intact (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase. Treatment of the fragment with cholate to absolutely insure the removal of bound SDS resulted in the fragment having a selectivity sequence as above except that PMn greater than PMg. This and other data indicate that the 20,000-dalton fragment is the site containing the Ca2+-ionophoric activity of the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:152376", "title": "Preparation and characterization of human syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane.", "content": "On the basis of electron microscopic evidence, a preparation of microvilli obtained from the surfaces of placental villi was previously considered by us to represent syncytiotrophoplast plasma membrane. The present investigation was undertaken to obtain independent biochemical evidence on the nature of the preparation. Protein, lipid, carbohydrate, sialic acid, phospholipid and cholesterol concentration were determined and found to be consistent with analyses of membranes obtained from other sources. Enzyme membrane markers (5'-nucleotidase, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase) were also assayed, and found to be considerably enriched in the microvillous preparation compared to the whole placental homogenate. These findings, together with other evidence, support the contention that the preparation is indeed syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane.", "contents": "Preparation and characterization of human syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane. On the basis of electron microscopic evidence, a preparation of microvilli obtained from the surfaces of placental villi was previously considered by us to represent syncytiotrophoplast plasma membrane. The present investigation was undertaken to obtain independent biochemical evidence on the nature of the preparation. Protein, lipid, carbohydrate, sialic acid, phospholipid and cholesterol concentration were determined and found to be consistent with analyses of membranes obtained from other sources. Enzyme membrane markers (5'-nucleotidase, (Na+ + K+)-ATPase and alkaline phosphatase) were also assayed, and found to be considerably enriched in the microvillous preparation compared to the whole placental homogenate. These findings, together with other evidence, support the contention that the preparation is indeed syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:152380", "title": "[Gas chromatographic study of broth cultures of microorganisms as a method of detecting extraterrestrial life].", "content": "The method of pyrolysis--gas chromatography was used to study the composition of cultural liquids obtained upon the incubation of desert soil samples in a rich growth medium. The composition of pyrolysis products was found to depend on the time of incubation. Cultural liquids differed in their composition from the original growth medium. This method is a dynamical one, and can be employed to control the activity of microorganisms.", "contents": "[Gas chromatographic study of broth cultures of microorganisms as a method of detecting extraterrestrial life]. The method of pyrolysis--gas chromatography was used to study the composition of cultural liquids obtained upon the incubation of desert soil samples in a rich growth medium. The composition of pyrolysis products was found to depend on the time of incubation. Cultural liquids differed in their composition from the original growth medium. This method is a dynamical one, and can be employed to control the activity of microorganisms."}
{"id": "PMID:152381", "title": "[Nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation in the podzolic soils of the Kola Peninsula].", "content": "Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation was studied in virgin and cultivated podzol soils of the Kola Peninsula by the acetylene and isotope techniques. The activity of nitrogen fixation varied sharply in cultivated soils due to degradation of plant residues and the action of plant root secretion. No significant changes were observed in the activity of nitrogen fixation within the vegetative period in virgin soils. Less than 1 kg of nitrogen per hectare was accumulated in soils as a result of its non-symbiotic fixation during the vegetative periods of 1976--1977.", "contents": "[Nonsymbiotic nitrogen fixation in the podzolic soils of the Kola Peninsula]. Non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation was studied in virgin and cultivated podzol soils of the Kola Peninsula by the acetylene and isotope techniques. The activity of nitrogen fixation varied sharply in cultivated soils due to degradation of plant residues and the action of plant root secretion. No significant changes were observed in the activity of nitrogen fixation within the vegetative period in virgin soils. Less than 1 kg of nitrogen per hectare was accumulated in soils as a result of its non-symbiotic fixation during the vegetative periods of 1976--1977."}
{"id": "PMID:152408", "title": "[Diagnostic problems of primary amyloidosis].", "content": "Surgical liver biopsy specimen of a women aged 58 with \"biliary complaints\" showed amyloid deposits of unknown nature. After a nearly two-years-course of the disease the patient died of cardiac and renal failure. Clinical findings and laboratory tests without abnormal serum globulins suggested primary amyloidosis. Morphologically amyloid was present in the heart, tongue, striated muscles and in many parenchymatous organs and endocrine glands. By electron microscopy no difference was revealed between the primary and secondary type, respectively. Differenciation between primary and secondary form of the amyloid could only be achieved by the demonstratin of resistance of the deposits against induced proteolysis with trypsin digestion under the polarization microscope. The same result was obtained in two cases of senile amyloidosis. The case presented indicates that increased level of pathologic globulins is not an obligatory phenomenon in primary amyloidosis.", "contents": "[Diagnostic problems of primary amyloidosis]. Surgical liver biopsy specimen of a women aged 58 with \"biliary complaints\" showed amyloid deposits of unknown nature. After a nearly two-years-course of the disease the patient died of cardiac and renal failure. Clinical findings and laboratory tests without abnormal serum globulins suggested primary amyloidosis. Morphologically amyloid was present in the heart, tongue, striated muscles and in many parenchymatous organs and endocrine glands. By electron microscopy no difference was revealed between the primary and secondary type, respectively. Differenciation between primary and secondary form of the amyloid could only be achieved by the demonstratin of resistance of the deposits against induced proteolysis with trypsin digestion under the polarization microscope. The same result was obtained in two cases of senile amyloidosis. The case presented indicates that increased level of pathologic globulins is not an obligatory phenomenon in primary amyloidosis."}
{"id": "PMID:152409", "title": "Adult height and fertility in men with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia.", "content": "The effects of congenital adrenal hyperplasia on adult height and fertility were studied in 30 afflicted men. The patients' heights ranged from 150.0 to 178.6 cm (mean +/- 1 S.D. of 164.0 +/- 7.6), which is significantly lower than both the mean adult height for American men and that of the patients' parents (P less than 0.005). There was no correlation between adult height and the age at which therapy was begun, possibly because the patients treated before one year of age had the salt-losing form of the syndrome. Therapeutic compliance may also have been involved. Apparently normal fertility, indicated by paternity and normal sperm counts, was found in 18 out of 20 patients evaluated. This group included five untreated patients who were found to be fertile and to have normal plasma testosterone and gonadotropin but elevated androstenedione levels.", "contents": "Adult height and fertility in men with congenital virilizing adrenal hyperplasia. The effects of congenital adrenal hyperplasia on adult height and fertility were studied in 30 afflicted men. The patients' heights ranged from 150.0 to 178.6 cm (mean +/- 1 S.D. of 164.0 +/- 7.6), which is significantly lower than both the mean adult height for American men and that of the patients' parents (P less than 0.005). There was no correlation between adult height and the age at which therapy was begun, possibly because the patients treated before one year of age had the salt-losing form of the syndrome. Therapeutic compliance may also have been involved. Apparently normal fertility, indicated by paternity and normal sperm counts, was found in 18 out of 20 patients evaluated. This group included five untreated patients who were found to be fertile and to have normal plasma testosterone and gonadotropin but elevated androstenedione levels."}
{"id": "PMID:152412", "title": "Impaired dopamine function and muscular rigidity induced by 6-aminonicotinamide in rats.", "content": "In corpus striatum, 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), 10 mg/kg i.p. lowered the concentration of dopamine and markedly reduced the disappearance of dopamine after synthesis inhibition with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. In the dopamine-rich part of the limbic system, the formation of DOPA after decarboxylase inhibition with 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine was decreased. In diencephalon, 6-AN altered neither the steady-state level nor the utilization of noradrenaline. The data suggest that the muscular rigidity induced by 6-AN may be associated with disruption of dopaminergic transmission.", "contents": "Impaired dopamine function and muscular rigidity induced by 6-aminonicotinamide in rats. In corpus striatum, 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN), 10 mg/kg i.p. lowered the concentration of dopamine and markedly reduced the disappearance of dopamine after synthesis inhibition with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine. In the dopamine-rich part of the limbic system, the formation of DOPA after decarboxylase inhibition with 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine was decreased. In diencephalon, 6-AN altered neither the steady-state level nor the utilization of noradrenaline. The data suggest that the muscular rigidity induced by 6-AN may be associated with disruption of dopaminergic transmission."}
{"id": "PMID:152413", "title": "Mycoplasma pneumonia associated with acute glomerulonephritis.", "content": "An 11-year-old girl who presented with pneumonia, pleural effusion, hematuria, and red blood cell casts is described. Mycoplasma pneumoniae complement fixation titers were elevated. The pneumonia resolved following therapy with tetracycline. Light microscopy of renal biopsy tissue revealed an acute glomerulonephritis; immunofluorescent studies showed deposits of IgG, C3 and mycoplasma antigen along the glomerular capillary walls and in the mesangium; subendothelial and subepithelial deposits were seen by electron microscopy. This is the first report of acute glomerulonephritis associated with M. pneumoniae infection with evidence of mycoplasma-induced immune complex nephritis.", "contents": "Mycoplasma pneumonia associated with acute glomerulonephritis. An 11-year-old girl who presented with pneumonia, pleural effusion, hematuria, and red blood cell casts is described. Mycoplasma pneumoniae complement fixation titers were elevated. The pneumonia resolved following therapy with tetracycline. Light microscopy of renal biopsy tissue revealed an acute glomerulonephritis; immunofluorescent studies showed deposits of IgG, C3 and mycoplasma antigen along the glomerular capillary walls and in the mesangium; subendothelial and subepithelial deposits were seen by electron microscopy. This is the first report of acute glomerulonephritis associated with M. pneumoniae infection with evidence of mycoplasma-induced immune complex nephritis."}
{"id": "PMID:152416", "title": "Bicaudate index in computerized tomography of Huntington disease and cerebral atrophy.", "content": "Ventricular sizes on computerized tomographic (CT) scans were compared in seven patients with Huntington disease, 20 patients with cerebral atrophy, and 20 normal controls. The bicaudate index--the ratio of the width of both lateral ventricles at the level of the heads of the caudate nuclei to the distance between the outer tables of the skull at the same level--significantly discriminated among the three groups. The bicaudate indices were: Huntington disease 0.209 +/- 0.007, cerebral atrophy 0.121 +/- 0.006, and controls 0.092 +/- 0.003.", "contents": "Bicaudate index in computerized tomography of Huntington disease and cerebral atrophy. Ventricular sizes on computerized tomographic (CT) scans were compared in seven patients with Huntington disease, 20 patients with cerebral atrophy, and 20 normal controls. The bicaudate index--the ratio of the width of both lateral ventricles at the level of the heads of the caudate nuclei to the distance between the outer tables of the skull at the same level--significantly discriminated among the three groups. The bicaudate indices were: Huntington disease 0.209 +/- 0.007, cerebral atrophy 0.121 +/- 0.006, and controls 0.092 +/- 0.003."}
{"id": "PMID:152418", "title": "Lactic acidosis associated with cerebellar vermal atrophy and cardiomyopathy.", "content": "The association of fluctuating neurological signs and congestive cardiomyopathy with chronic lactic acidosis is described in a 5 1/2 year-old-boy who ultimately succumbed to congestive heart failure.  The  autopsy findings included severe atrophy of the anterior cerebellar vermis and a hypertrophied heart with left sided endocardial fibroelastosis. Skeletal and cardial muscle calcification was prominent and probably due to the effect of intracellular metabolic alterations associated with lactic acidosis. A review of the literature shows that the combination of cardiomyopathy, isolated atrophy of cerebellar vermis and muscle fiber calcification have not been reported in association with idiopathic lactic acidosis previously.", "contents": "Lactic acidosis associated with cerebellar vermal atrophy and cardiomyopathy. The association of fluctuating neurological signs and congestive cardiomyopathy with chronic lactic acidosis is described in a 5 1/2 year-old-boy who ultimately succumbed to congestive heart failure.  The  autopsy findings included severe atrophy of the anterior cerebellar vermis and a hypertrophied heart with left sided endocardial fibroelastosis. Skeletal and cardial muscle calcification was prominent and probably due to the effect of intracellular metabolic alterations associated with lactic acidosis. A review of the literature shows that the combination of cardiomyopathy, isolated atrophy of cerebellar vermis and muscle fiber calcification have not been reported in association with idiopathic lactic acidosis previously."}
{"id": "PMID:152423", "title": "Diagnosis and treatment of ocular rosacea.", "content": "Eighteen patients with ocular rosacea were treated with oral tetracycline which resulted in marked improvement in all patients. Approximately one half of the patients were able to taper and stop the medication without recurrence of symptoms. The remaining have tapered their medication but could not stop without recurrence of symptoms. The majority of the patients in the series had Staphylococcus aureus on their conjunctiva and lids before and after surgery.", "contents": "Diagnosis and treatment of ocular rosacea. Eighteen patients with ocular rosacea were treated with oral tetracycline which resulted in marked improvement in all patients. Approximately one half of the patients were able to taper and stop the medication without recurrence of symptoms. The remaining have tapered their medication but could not stop without recurrence of symptoms. The majority of the patients in the series had Staphylococcus aureus on their conjunctiva and lids before and after surgery."}
{"id": "PMID:152424", "title": "Antibody formation to dog pulp tissue altered by Kerr (Rickert's) sealer via the root canal.", "content": "Pulp tissue from three experimental dogs was tested for its antigenicity before and after incubation with Kerr (Rickert's) sealer (KS). Reactions to Arthus skin tests showed an increased response to pulp that had been incubated in KS, washed, and then injected, as compared with the material alone. Hemagglutinating antibody titers (1/360--1/600) were obtained from pulp tissue altered by KS. Inhibition tests showed the specificity of the antibody to be at a dilution of titer of 1:300. Therefore, a mixture of Kerr (Rickert's) sealer altered dog pulp tissue and rendered it antigenically active, and a specific humoral response was produced.", "contents": "Antibody formation to dog pulp tissue altered by Kerr (Rickert's) sealer via the root canal. Pulp tissue from three experimental dogs was tested for its antigenicity before and after incubation with Kerr (Rickert's) sealer (KS). Reactions to Arthus skin tests showed an increased response to pulp that had been incubated in KS, washed, and then injected, as compared with the material alone. Hemagglutinating antibody titers (1/360--1/600) were obtained from pulp tissue altered by KS. Inhibition tests showed the specificity of the antibody to be at a dilution of titer of 1:300. Therefore, a mixture of Kerr (Rickert's) sealer altered dog pulp tissue and rendered it antigenically active, and a specific humoral response was produced."}
{"id": "PMID:152441", "title": "The role of increased Ca++ influx as a possible additional adaptive mechanism in experimental left ventricular hypertrophy (exp LVH).", "content": "Membrane potentials, isometric contraction and autohistoradiography with 45Ca in papillary muscle of rats with experimental LVH without cardiac failure as compared with sham-operated animals proved an increased Ca influx per beat and a Ca accumulation at or near the sarcolemma. This phenomenon is regarded as an additional mechanism for the improvement of the cardiac performance in the compensatory stage of the experimental LVH without cardiac failure.", "contents": "The role of increased Ca++ influx as a possible additional adaptive mechanism in experimental left ventricular hypertrophy (exp LVH). Membrane potentials, isometric contraction and autohistoradiography with 45Ca in papillary muscle of rats with experimental LVH without cardiac failure as compared with sham-operated animals proved an increased Ca influx per beat and a Ca accumulation at or near the sarcolemma. This phenomenon is regarded as an additional mechanism for the improvement of the cardiac performance in the compensatory stage of the experimental LVH without cardiac failure."}
{"id": "PMID:152445", "title": "Molecular basis for measurement of circulating fibrinogen derivatives.", "content": "Fibrinogen plays a pivotal role in both the humoral and cellular mechanisms involved in hemostasis. In performing its hemostatic function, fibrinogen in turn is acted on by several independent enzyme systems that either modify its structure or cleave specific fragments of the molecule into the surrounding milieu. Measurements of enzymatically modified fibrinogen or its proteolysis products represent a means whereby the action of these specific enzymes can be quantitated both in vitro and in vivo. Advances in such techniques as protein purification, affinity chromatography, peptide synthesis, and radioimmunoassay technology permit the translation of recently acquired primary structural data on this important protein into sensitive and specific assays for its circulating derivatives. These assay systems are important tools for probing mechanisms of hemostasis and thrombosis.", "contents": "Molecular basis for measurement of circulating fibrinogen derivatives. Fibrinogen plays a pivotal role in both the humoral and cellular mechanisms involved in hemostasis. In performing its hemostatic function, fibrinogen in turn is acted on by several independent enzyme systems that either modify its structure or cleave specific fragments of the molecule into the surrounding milieu. Measurements of enzymatically modified fibrinogen or its proteolysis products represent a means whereby the action of these specific enzymes can be quantitated both in vitro and in vivo. Advances in such techniques as protein purification, affinity chromatography, peptide synthesis, and radioimmunoassay technology permit the translation of recently acquired primary structural data on this important protein into sensitive and specific assays for its circulating derivatives. These assay systems are important tools for probing mechanisms of hemostasis and thrombosis."}
{"id": "PMID:152453", "title": "Functional differences of ouabain and ethacrynic acid on renal potassium metabolism in dogs.", "content": "Current concepts provide inadequate explanations for the effects of ethacrynic acid (ECA) and ouabain (OUA) on renal potassium metabolism because neither the site of action, nor the tubular effects have been agrreed upon. In the present study on anaesthetized dogs, in vivo inhibitory effects of ECA on mitochondria or Na-K-ATPase were excluded. Firstly, ECA hardly reduced outer medullary metabolic rates in kidneys exposed to OUA  and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Secondly, whereas OUA reduced renal Na-KATPase activity by 78% and induced parenchymal potassium release into the renal vein, none of these effects were observed during injection of ECA. During free flow, sodium reabsorption was equally reduced by the two drugs, but fractional potassium excretion was 0.54 +/-0.04 after OUA and 0.99 +/-0.02 after ECA. OUA alone or combined with ECA inhibited almost all ion transport in the distal 60% of the tubular volume as revealed by stop-flow. During ECA alone, chloride reabsorption was reduced more than sodium reabsorption because sodium was exchanged for potassium. ECA and SO4(2-) infusion produced similar stop-flow patterns. Thus, OUA is bound to Na-K-ATPases functionally located to the peritubular cell membrane. ECA promotes potassium secretion probably by inhibiting cellular anion entry at the luminal membrane.", "contents": "Functional differences of ouabain and ethacrynic acid on renal potassium metabolism in dogs. Current concepts provide inadequate explanations for the effects of ethacrynic acid (ECA) and ouabain (OUA) on renal potassium metabolism because neither the site of action, nor the tubular effects have been agrreed upon. In the present study on anaesthetized dogs, in vivo inhibitory effects of ECA on mitochondria or Na-K-ATPase were excluded. Firstly, ECA hardly reduced outer medullary metabolic rates in kidneys exposed to OUA  and 2,4-dinitrophenol. Secondly, whereas OUA reduced renal Na-KATPase activity by 78% and induced parenchymal potassium release into the renal vein, none of these effects were observed during injection of ECA. During free flow, sodium reabsorption was equally reduced by the two drugs, but fractional potassium excretion was 0.54 +/-0.04 after OUA and 0.99 +/-0.02 after ECA. OUA alone or combined with ECA inhibited almost all ion transport in the distal 60% of the tubular volume as revealed by stop-flow. During ECA alone, chloride reabsorption was reduced more than sodium reabsorption because sodium was exchanged for potassium. ECA and SO4(2-) infusion produced similar stop-flow patterns. Thus, OUA is bound to Na-K-ATPases functionally located to the peritubular cell membrane. ECA promotes potassium secretion probably by inhibiting cellular anion entry at the luminal membrane."}
{"id": "PMID:152456", "title": "A comparative study of five groups of handicapped children in vocational rehabilitation.", "content": "This study explored the vocational and educational plans, work values, realism, initiative commitment to choice, and awareness of occupational information of five groups of handicapped children compared with a group of normal children in grades 6--12. Handicapped children tested significantly lower on all measures of vocational development. Only the cystic fibrosis group approached the high scores of the normal group. Age, grade, and social class were the best predictors of vocational development in all six groups. The findings confirmed the hypothesis that handicapped children are less prepared for vocational training and placement and consequently require special rehabilitation programs to prepare them for work.", "contents": "A comparative study of five groups of handicapped children in vocational rehabilitation. This study explored the vocational and educational plans, work values, realism, initiative commitment to choice, and awareness of occupational information of five groups of handicapped children compared with a group of normal children in grades 6--12. Handicapped children tested significantly lower on all measures of vocational development. Only the cystic fibrosis group approached the high scores of the normal group. Age, grade, and social class were the best predictors of vocational development in all six groups. The findings confirmed the hypothesis that handicapped children are less prepared for vocational training and placement and consequently require special rehabilitation programs to prepare them for work."}
{"id": "PMID:152457", "title": "Synthetic arterial grafts. III. The outcome in 22 patients with synthetic axillofemoral bypass grafts.", "content": "During the 4-year period 1973--76, 22 patients were operated upon with axillofemoral bypass grafts at the Department of Surgery in Lund. They were high-risk patients with severe ischaemia of the leg or previous graft infections. Fourteen of the 22 grafts were well-functioning after the longest observation time  of 32 months. The operative procedure is described and postoperative compliations are reviewed. The axillofemoral bypass reconstruction is recommended as an alternative for this category of patients in whom the conventional aortic bifurcation graft is unsuitable.", "contents": "Synthetic arterial grafts. III. The outcome in 22 patients with synthetic axillofemoral bypass grafts. During the 4-year period 1973--76, 22 patients were operated upon with axillofemoral bypass grafts at the Department of Surgery in Lund. They were high-risk patients with severe ischaemia of the leg or previous graft infections. Fourteen of the 22 grafts were well-functioning after the longest observation time  of 32 months. The operative procedure is described and postoperative compliations are reviewed. The axillofemoral bypass reconstruction is recommended as an alternative for this category of patients in whom the conventional aortic bifurcation graft is unsuitable."}
{"id": "PMID:152459", "title": "[Broncholytic therapy--beta 2 stimulation and vagolysis from an animal experimental viewpoint].", "content": "Continuous recordings of heart rate, respiration rate, minute volume and bronchial resistance were made over a period of altogether 3 h in spontaneously breathing dogs anesthetized with chloralose. At hourly intervals, before and 1 and 2 h after the administration of bronchodilators, bronchial spasm was induced by inhalation of an acetylcholine solution. Terbutaline, a beta-stimulant, was administered by inhalation in doses of 0.5, 0.16 and 0.05 mg/kg. For comparison, an atropine derivative, ipratrapium bromide, was given in doses of 0.04 and 0.01 mg/kg. Controls received normal saline. Terbutaline caused an increase in heart rate, respiration rate and minute volume. Acetylcholine-induced bronchial spasm was inhibited to the extent of 10-70% for 2 h after the administration of terbutaline. The acetylcholine antagonist ipratropium bromide caused only transient changes in heart rate, respiration rate and minute volume. Acetylcholine-induced bronchial spasm was inhibited by 95% and 80% for 2 h after doses of 0.04 and 0.01 mg/kg respectively. Terbutaline had a slight stimulant effect; ipratropium bromide displayed no stimulant activity.", "contents": "[Broncholytic therapy--beta 2 stimulation and vagolysis from an animal experimental viewpoint]. Continuous recordings of heart rate, respiration rate, minute volume and bronchial resistance were made over a period of altogether 3 h in spontaneously breathing dogs anesthetized with chloralose. At hourly intervals, before and 1 and 2 h after the administration of bronchodilators, bronchial spasm was induced by inhalation of an acetylcholine solution. Terbutaline, a beta-stimulant, was administered by inhalation in doses of 0.5, 0.16 and 0.05 mg/kg. For comparison, an atropine derivative, ipratrapium bromide, was given in doses of 0.04 and 0.01 mg/kg. Controls received normal saline. Terbutaline caused an increase in heart rate, respiration rate and minute volume. Acetylcholine-induced bronchial spasm was inhibited to the extent of 10-70% for 2 h after the administration of terbutaline. The acetylcholine antagonist ipratropium bromide caused only transient changes in heart rate, respiration rate and minute volume. Acetylcholine-induced bronchial spasm was inhibited by 95% and 80% for 2 h after doses of 0.04 and 0.01 mg/kg respectively. Terbutaline had a slight stimulant effect; ipratropium bromide displayed no stimulant activity."}
{"id": "PMID:152460", "title": "Angiotensin regulates release and synthesis of serotonin in brain.", "content": "Angiotensin II released serotonin from neuron terminals and accelerated synthesis of the serotonin. This increase in synthesis depended on the activation of tryptophan hydroxylase. A biphasic effect was observed: at high doses the stimulatory effect depended on conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin III. At low doses an inhibitory effect was found, possible dependent on an angiotensin II metabolite. These actions represent a subtle regulation of the open-loop serotonin system.", "contents": "Angiotensin regulates release and synthesis of serotonin in brain. Angiotensin II released serotonin from neuron terminals and accelerated synthesis of the serotonin. This increase in synthesis depended on the activation of tryptophan hydroxylase. A biphasic effect was observed: at high doses the stimulatory effect depended on conversion of angiotensin II to angiotensin III. At low doses an inhibitory effect was found, possible dependent on an angiotensin II metabolite. These actions represent a subtle regulation of the open-loop serotonin system."}
{"id": "PMID:152461", "title": "Operative correction of obstructed subclavian or innominate arteries.", "content": "We have performed 82 operations on 79 individuals with occlusive disease of the subclavian or innominate arteries during the past 16 years. The left subclavian was occluded in 63, the right in nine, and the innominate in seven. Presenting symptomatology was neurologic in 29, arm ischemia in 24, and combined in 23. Blood pressure was reduced by 30 mm Hg on the involved side in all. An extrathoracic approach was used in 67 and a transthoracic approach in 15. Early mortality (20%) and morbidity (20%) were associated with the transthoracic approach. Long subcutaneous axilloaxillary and axillocarotid grafts are prone to thrombosis and skin erosion. Carotid-subclavian grafts used in 57 remain patent, are associated with a low mortality (1.5%), and do not develop \"carotid steal.\" When associated with vascular insufficiency of the lower extremity (44%) the brachiocephalic lesion should be corrected first.", "contents": "Operative correction of obstructed subclavian or innominate arteries. We have performed 82 operations on 79 individuals with occlusive disease of the subclavian or innominate arteries during the past 16 years. The left subclavian was occluded in 63, the right in nine, and the innominate in seven. Presenting symptomatology was neurologic in 29, arm ischemia in 24, and combined in 23. Blood pressure was reduced by 30 mm Hg on the involved side in all. An extrathoracic approach was used in 67 and a transthoracic approach in 15. Early mortality (20%) and morbidity (20%) were associated with the transthoracic approach. Long subcutaneous axilloaxillary and axillocarotid grafts are prone to thrombosis and skin erosion. Carotid-subclavian grafts used in 57 remain patent, are associated with a low mortality (1.5%), and do not develop \"carotid steal.\" When associated with vascular insufficiency of the lower extremity (44%) the brachiocephalic lesion should be corrected first."}
{"id": "PMID:152469", "title": "Repeat surgery after disc excision.", "content": "Sixty patients requiring repeat surgery after lumbar disc excision are reviewed. Thirty-one had had their initial surgery performed by the authors and represent a 5.9% frequency of repeat surgery after initial laminectomy for sciatica. Of the 60 patients, 49 suffered recurrent radicular pain, 20 suffered from back pain, and 8 had other problems (infection, extradural cysts, etc.). In patients with recurrent sciatica, perineural fibrosis and recurrent herniation were the most common problems; those patients with the latter pathologic condition responded most favorably to repeat surgery. Of 520 patients who had undergone disc excision, only 9 required secondary fusion.", "contents": "Repeat surgery after disc excision. Sixty patients requiring repeat surgery after lumbar disc excision are reviewed. Thirty-one had had their initial surgery performed by the authors and represent a 5.9% frequency of repeat surgery after initial laminectomy for sciatica. Of the 60 patients, 49 suffered recurrent radicular pain, 20 suffered from back pain, and 8 had other problems (infection, extradural cysts, etc.). In patients with recurrent sciatica, perineural fibrosis and recurrent herniation were the most common problems; those patients with the latter pathologic condition responded most favorably to repeat surgery. Of 520 patients who had undergone disc excision, only 9 required secondary fusion."}
{"id": "PMID:152472", "title": "Pelvic displacement of a cardiac pacemaker following trauma. A case report.", "content": "The rate migration of an implanted cardiac pacemaker from the subrectus area anterior to the peritoneum to the pelvis following a motor vehicle accident is reported. Discovery of dislodgement was made by observing a marked increase of pacemaker impulse amplitude in the three standard limb leads as measured on an oscilloscope.", "contents": "Pelvic displacement of a cardiac pacemaker following trauma. A case report. The rate migration of an implanted cardiac pacemaker from the subrectus area anterior to the peritoneum to the pelvis following a motor vehicle accident is reported. Discovery of dislodgement was made by observing a marked increase of pacemaker impulse amplitude in the three standard limb leads as measured on an oscilloscope."}
{"id": "PMID:152473", "title": "Ineligible spouses of SSI beneficiaries, December 1976.", "content": "A study based on program records showd that about 200,000 persons receiving supplemental security income (SSI) payments in December 1976 were living with a spouse who was not eligible for payments. In most cases, the beneficiaries were disabled and the spouses were too young to be eligible. Some spouses were receiving help indirectly from the program through the essential-person increment, State supplementary payments, or the deeming-of-income provision. Fewer than half the spouses had income of their own, however, and even when the income of both partners was combined, 55,000 households had no income other than the SSI payment. A sizable number of families included dependent children and thus may have been eligible for aid to families with dependent children.", "contents": "Ineligible spouses of SSI beneficiaries, December 1976. A study based on program records showd that about 200,000 persons receiving supplemental security income (SSI) payments in December 1976 were living with a spouse who was not eligible for payments. In most cases, the beneficiaries were disabled and the spouses were too young to be eligible. Some spouses were receiving help indirectly from the program through the essential-person increment, State supplementary payments, or the deeming-of-income provision. Fewer than half the spouses had income of their own, however, and even when the income of both partners was combined, 55,000 households had no income other than the SSI payment. A sizable number of families included dependent children and thus may have been eligible for aid to families with dependent children."}
{"id": "PMID:152475", "title": "Principles and hazards of electrosurgery including laparoscopy.", "content": "The understanding of the basic principles governing current flow through the body is necessary for the safe application of electrosurgical technique. They also may provide a guide to the design of laboratory studies which are needed to understand completely the ubiquitous nature of radiofrequency current distribution in surgical procedures.", "contents": "Principles and hazards of electrosurgery including laparoscopy. The understanding of the basic principles governing current flow through the body is necessary for the safe application of electrosurgical technique. They also may provide a guide to the design of laboratory studies which are needed to understand completely the ubiquitous nature of radiofrequency current distribution in surgical procedures."}
{"id": "PMID:152478", "title": "Failure of Dacron prostheses caused by structural defect.", "content": "Intrinsic prosthetic failure is quite uncommon since the advent of Dacron prostheses. Only 24 cases of arterial prosthetic failure have been described in the literature. Our experience consists of two additional failures of knitted Dacron prostheses. The first patient developed aortojejunal fistula due to a defect of the aortic prosthesis 6 years after resection and replacement of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The analysis of the graft revealed a defect in the form of a dropped stitch, which caused a weak spot where the prosthesis was able to be torn apart longitudinally. The second patient had femoropopliteal bypass and 6 years later developed degeneration with aneurysmal formation of the entire length of the prosthesis. Optical microscopy of this prosthesis exhibited mostly transverse failures which were coincident with valleys of the corrugated prosthesis. This was indicative of a defect that rendered the corrugation root too weak to withstand normal arterial pressures. This presentation emphasizes the seldom and serious complication of prosthetic failure due to defect of the prosthetic material. Details of scanning electron microscopy of the prosthesis, clinical presentation, angiography, and pathological findings with treatment also are discussed.", "contents": "Failure of Dacron prostheses caused by structural defect. Intrinsic prosthetic failure is quite uncommon since the advent of Dacron prostheses. Only 24 cases of arterial prosthetic failure have been described in the literature. Our experience consists of two additional failures of knitted Dacron prostheses. The first patient developed aortojejunal fistula due to a defect of the aortic prosthesis 6 years after resection and replacement of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. The analysis of the graft revealed a defect in the form of a dropped stitch, which caused a weak spot where the prosthesis was able to be torn apart longitudinally. The second patient had femoropopliteal bypass and 6 years later developed degeneration with aneurysmal formation of the entire length of the prosthesis. Optical microscopy of this prosthesis exhibited mostly transverse failures which were coincident with valleys of the corrugated prosthesis. This was indicative of a defect that rendered the corrugation root too weak to withstand normal arterial pressures. This presentation emphasizes the seldom and serious complication of prosthetic failure due to defect of the prosthetic material. Details of scanning electron microscopy of the prosthesis, clinical presentation, angiography, and pathological findings with treatment also are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:152480", "title": "Optimal methods of aortoiliac reconstruction.", "content": "Alternate methods of aortic reconstruction for aortoiliac occlusive disease were reviewed in one author's (R.C.D.) personal series of 582 patients (1,105 limbs) during the 15 year period from 1963 to 1977. To illustrate certain trends, separate analysis was done for periods 1963 to 1969 (interval I) and 1970 to 1977 (interval II). During the earlier period, endarterectomy was performed in 72% of patients, with unilateral operations carried out in 15% of patients. Operative mortality was 5.1% and early failure occurred in 4% of patients. In contrast, in interval II graft procedures were done in 89% of patients, with mortality of only 2% and early failure in less than 1% of patients. Unilateral procedures were utilized infrequently (4%). Our analysis suggests that aortoiliac endarterectomy is still the procedure of choice for a small group (approximately 10%) with localized disease. For more extensive disease, aortofemoral grafts appear to be the procedure of choice. Patency of such grafts in the most recent interval was 91% at 5 years. Superior long-term function of aortofemoral grafts appears to be associated with use of a knitted Dacron prosthesis, end-to-end proximal anastomosis, and distal anastomosis which ensures patency of the profunda femoris outflow. The incidence of infection (0.3%) and false aneurysm formation (1.4%) was extremely low. In view of the low mortality rate and superior long-term success of direct reconstructions, extraterritorial grafts are felt to be rarely indicated.", "contents": "Optimal methods of aortoiliac reconstruction. Alternate methods of aortic reconstruction for aortoiliac occlusive disease were reviewed in one author's (R.C.D.) personal series of 582 patients (1,105 limbs) during the 15 year period from 1963 to 1977. To illustrate certain trends, separate analysis was done for periods 1963 to 1969 (interval I) and 1970 to 1977 (interval II). During the earlier period, endarterectomy was performed in 72% of patients, with unilateral operations carried out in 15% of patients. Operative mortality was 5.1% and early failure occurred in 4% of patients. In contrast, in interval II graft procedures were done in 89% of patients, with mortality of only 2% and early failure in less than 1% of patients. Unilateral procedures were utilized infrequently (4%). Our analysis suggests that aortoiliac endarterectomy is still the procedure of choice for a small group (approximately 10%) with localized disease. For more extensive disease, aortofemoral grafts appear to be the procedure of choice. Patency of such grafts in the most recent interval was 91% at 5 years. Superior long-term function of aortofemoral grafts appears to be associated with use of a knitted Dacron prosthesis, end-to-end proximal anastomosis, and distal anastomosis which ensures patency of the profunda femoris outflow. The incidence of infection (0.3%) and false aneurysm formation (1.4%) was extremely low. In view of the low mortality rate and superior long-term success of direct reconstructions, extraterritorial grafts are felt to be rarely indicated."}
{"id": "PMID:152481", "title": "Injuries to the visceral arteries.", "content": "Injuries of the major visceral arteries are among the more difficult to manage and rarely occur without serious associated injuries. Sixty-six patients are presented with injuries to the celiac, superior, and inferior mesenteric arteries. Fifty-three injuries resulted from gunshot wounds, nine from stab wounds, and four from blunt trauma. Operative management included vessel ligation in 11 patients, arteriorrhaphy in 43, resection and end-to-end anastomosis in six, Dacron graft interposition in four, and aortic reimplantation in two. Twenty-three patients died, 16 from failure to control hemorrhage. In two patients failure to restore adequate visceral circulation resulted in bowel ischemia and infarction. The successful management of patients with visceral arterial injuries is dependent upon rapid and adequate exposure followed by primary repair or revascularization utilizing available surgical techniques.", "contents": "Injuries to the visceral arteries. Injuries of the major visceral arteries are among the more difficult to manage and rarely occur without serious associated injuries. Sixty-six patients are presented with injuries to the celiac, superior, and inferior mesenteric arteries. Fifty-three injuries resulted from gunshot wounds, nine from stab wounds, and four from blunt trauma. Operative management included vessel ligation in 11 patients, arteriorrhaphy in 43, resection and end-to-end anastomosis in six, Dacron graft interposition in four, and aortic reimplantation in two. Twenty-three patients died, 16 from failure to control hemorrhage. In two patients failure to restore adequate visceral circulation resulted in bowel ischemia and infarction. The successful management of patients with visceral arterial injuries is dependent upon rapid and adequate exposure followed by primary repair or revascularization utilizing available surgical techniques."}
{"id": "PMID:152485", "title": "The effect of hypervitaminosis A on rat palatal development.", "content": "Retinoic acid or retinyl acetate was administered to pregnant rats in doses sufficient to induce a 90% incidence of cleft palate. In another study, a delay in the reorientation of the palatal shelves was observed to be longer with the more potent teratogen, retinoic acid. On day 16 of gestation, 24 hours after final dosage with vitamin A, the synthesis of DNA and protein was studied in fetal carcass, mandible, and palate, and that of sulfated mucopolysaccharides (S-MPS) and glycoproteins (GP) in fetal head, mandible, and palate. Increases in DNA synthesis in fetal palate and in GP synthesis in fetal palate were found; thus, the mechanism of action of vitamin A in inducing cleft palates in rats may be caused by interference with the normal biochemical synthetic pattern of the palatal shelves.", "contents": "The effect of hypervitaminosis A on rat palatal development. Retinoic acid or retinyl acetate was administered to pregnant rats in doses sufficient to induce a 90% incidence of cleft palate. In another study, a delay in the reorientation of the palatal shelves was observed to be longer with the more potent teratogen, retinoic acid. On day 16 of gestation, 24 hours after final dosage with vitamin A, the synthesis of DNA and protein was studied in fetal carcass, mandible, and palate, and that of sulfated mucopolysaccharides (S-MPS) and glycoproteins (GP) in fetal head, mandible, and palate. Increases in DNA synthesis in fetal palate and in GP synthesis in fetal palate were found; thus, the mechanism of action of vitamin A in inducing cleft palates in rats may be caused by interference with the normal biochemical synthetic pattern of the palatal shelves."}
{"id": "PMID:152486", "title": "In vitro disruption of ATP dependent active transport following treatment with aldrin and its epoxy analog dieldrin in a fresh water teleost, Labeo rohita.", "content": "Tissue homogenates of brain, gill, liver and kidney of Labeo rohita were subjected in vitro to the various concentrations as 5.00, 1.66, 0.55, 0.18 and 0.06 mu M of 2 organochlorine pesticides aldrin and dieldrin and the disruption of ATP dependent active transport (involving ATPase) was studied. The inhibition of total ATPase, Mg2+ and Na+, K+-dependent ATPase by both the pesticides was quite similar and there was an increased inhibition with increased concentration of the toxicant, however, at the lowest concentrations of both the pesticides stimulation was observed in all tissues except gill Mg2+ ATPase where insignificant inhibition was observed after dieldrin treatment.  Inhibition of ATPase system was noted maximum in brain followed by gill, kidney and liver of the experimental fish, however in each tissue maximum inhibition of ATPase was noted after dieldrin treatment than that of th e aldrin treatment. Therefore, the observed action of these pesticides might be related to the ability of the compounds to alter the cellular membrane configuration by binding with the lipid portion of the membrane and this blocking the movement of substances  by active transport.", "contents": "In vitro disruption of ATP dependent active transport following treatment with aldrin and its epoxy analog dieldrin in a fresh water teleost, Labeo rohita. Tissue homogenates of brain, gill, liver and kidney of Labeo rohita were subjected in vitro to the various concentrations as 5.00, 1.66, 0.55, 0.18 and 0.06 mu M of 2 organochlorine pesticides aldrin and dieldrin and the disruption of ATP dependent active transport (involving ATPase) was studied. The inhibition of total ATPase, Mg2+ and Na+, K+-dependent ATPase by both the pesticides was quite similar and there was an increased inhibition with increased concentration of the toxicant, however, at the lowest concentrations of both the pesticides stimulation was observed in all tissues except gill Mg2+ ATPase where insignificant inhibition was observed after dieldrin treatment.  Inhibition of ATPase system was noted maximum in brain followed by gill, kidney and liver of the experimental fish, however in each tissue maximum inhibition of ATPase was noted after dieldrin treatment than that of th e aldrin treatment. Therefore, the observed action of these pesticides might be related to the ability of the compounds to alter the cellular membrane configuration by binding with the lipid portion of the membrane and this blocking the movement of substances  by active transport."}
{"id": "PMID:152488", "title": "Canine testicular 17beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity. I. Substrate specificity.", "content": "The substrate specificity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (17beta-HOR) activity was investigated in microsomal preparations of canine testes. Enzyme activity was measured by quantitating the conversion of radioactive substrates to products. The apparent Michaelis constants were determined to be 1.3 x 10(-6)M for androstenendione, 3--10 x 10(-6)M for dehydroepiandrosterone and 25 x 10(-6)M for estrone. These data are similar to those reported for human testicular 17beta-HOR activity and suggest that the canine activity may serve as an animal model for the study of testicular 17beta-HOR.", "contents": "Canine testicular 17beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase activity. I. Substrate specificity. The substrate specificity of 17beta-hydroxysteroid oxidoreductase (17beta-HOR) activity was investigated in microsomal preparations of canine testes. Enzyme activity was measured by quantitating the conversion of radioactive substrates to products. The apparent Michaelis constants were determined to be 1.3 x 10(-6)M for androstenendione, 3--10 x 10(-6)M for dehydroepiandrosterone and 25 x 10(-6)M for estrone. These data are similar to those reported for human testicular 17beta-HOR activity and suggest that the canine activity may serve as an animal model for the study of testicular 17beta-HOR."}
{"id": "PMID:152489", "title": "Testicular steroidogenesis in the baboon Papio anubis.", "content": "We recently reported that the baboon testis converts pregnenolone to testosterone through the delta-4 pathway. The present studies were to determine the metabolism of intermediates of the delta-4 and delta-5 pathway by the baboon testis. Fragments (50 mg) were incubated for 3 hr with 10 muCi of the following tritium-labelled substrates: pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, or testosterone. Pregnenolone was converted to testosterone primarily through the delta-4 pathway, with accumulation of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone as predominant intermediates. Similar results were obtained in progesterone incubations. 17-hydroxyprogesterone was not efficiently metabolized by the fragments, while 17-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone were efficiently converted into testosterone and androstenedione. Androstenedione was metabolized primarily to testosterone, while testosterone was not a suitable substrate. Some 5alpha-androstanediol was identified in each incubate. These results suggest that although testosterone is formed from pregnenolone through the delta-4 pathway, the delta-5 intermediates are more suitable substrates for testosterone synthesis in the baboon testis.", "contents": "Testicular steroidogenesis in the baboon Papio anubis. We recently reported that the baboon testis converts pregnenolone to testosterone through the delta-4 pathway. The present studies were to determine the metabolism of intermediates of the delta-4 and delta-5 pathway by the baboon testis. Fragments (50 mg) were incubated for 3 hr with 10 muCi of the following tritium-labelled substrates: pregnenolone, progesterone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, androstenedione, or testosterone. Pregnenolone was converted to testosterone primarily through the delta-4 pathway, with accumulation of progesterone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone and 20alpha-dihydroprogesterone as predominant intermediates. Similar results were obtained in progesterone incubations. 17-hydroxyprogesterone was not efficiently metabolized by the fragments, while 17-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone were efficiently converted into testosterone and androstenedione. Androstenedione was metabolized primarily to testosterone, while testosterone was not a suitable substrate. Some 5alpha-androstanediol was identified in each incubate. These results suggest that although testosterone is formed from pregnenolone through the delta-4 pathway, the delta-5 intermediates are more suitable substrates for testosterone synthesis in the baboon testis."}
{"id": "PMID:152498", "title": "Thromboresistance of pyrolytic carbon grafts.", "content": "This study reports in vivo testing of ULTI carbon coated dacron grafts in the dog's 4 mm carotid artery, and showed 97.5% patency at 21 days in 40 grafts compared to 33% in 6 control grafts. Physical properties of the dacron substrates were not altered after ULTI carbon deposition. The carbon coated grafts must be carefully cleaned and maintained in that condition. This initial study with the modified pyrolytic carbon adds a new dimension to vascular prosthetics and artificial organ development.", "contents": "Thromboresistance of pyrolytic carbon grafts. This study reports in vivo testing of ULTI carbon coated dacron grafts in the dog's 4 mm carotid artery, and showed 97.5% patency at 21 days in 40 grafts compared to 33% in 6 control grafts. Physical properties of the dacron substrates were not altered after ULTI carbon deposition. The carbon coated grafts must be carefully cleaned and maintained in that condition. This initial study with the modified pyrolytic carbon adds a new dimension to vascular prosthetics and artificial organ development."}
{"id": "PMID:152503", "title": "Stereological analysis of Reinke's crystals in human Leydig cells.", "content": "Reinke's crystals in human Leydig cells were analyzed stereologically to assess their functional role. Testicular tissues were taken from seven older men (57--82 years old) with prostatic carcinoma and also from seven younger men (26--38 y.o.) complaining of male infertility. Sections 0.5 micrometer thick, stained with toluidine blue or Heidenhein's iron-hematoxylin were examined by a point-counting method and with a Particle Measurement Computor System (IIMC). When the patients were grouped by age, the mean crystal volume, the number of crystals per cell, the volume of crystals per cell and the volume ratio of crystals to cell were significantly larger in the older age group than in the younger age group. In particular, the latter three variables correlated well with the age of subjects, with correlation coefficients of r = 0.66--0.85. On the other hand, none of these variables had any correlation with the concentration of plasma testosterone. These results indicate that Reinke's crystals can be considered as degenerative products in cell life but not as facultative constituents for testosterone production.", "contents": "Stereological analysis of Reinke's crystals in human Leydig cells. Reinke's crystals in human Leydig cells were analyzed stereologically to assess their functional role. Testicular tissues were taken from seven older men (57--82 years old) with prostatic carcinoma and also from seven younger men (26--38 y.o.) complaining of male infertility. Sections 0.5 micrometer thick, stained with toluidine blue or Heidenhein's iron-hematoxylin were examined by a point-counting method and with a Particle Measurement Computor System (IIMC). When the patients were grouped by age, the mean crystal volume, the number of crystals per cell, the volume of crystals per cell and the volume ratio of crystals to cell were significantly larger in the older age group than in the younger age group. In particular, the latter three variables correlated well with the age of subjects, with correlation coefficients of r = 0.66--0.85. On the other hand, none of these variables had any correlation with the concentration of plasma testosterone. These results indicate that Reinke's crystals can be considered as degenerative products in cell life but not as facultative constituents for testosterone production."}
{"id": "PMID:152504", "title": "Formation of an atypical collagen and cartilage pattern in limb bud cultures by highly sulfated GAG.", "content": "Addition of 1 mg/ml or higher doses of the highly sulfated pentosanpolysulfoester SP54 or the mucopolysaccharidepolysulfoester Arteparon to limb bud cultures from 11-day-old mouse embryos caused a marked reduction in the growth of the distal parts of the cartilage anlagen. The most striking effect, however, was the change in the collagen structure of the cartilaginous intercellular substance. After more than 0.05 mg/ml SP54 or Arteparon no collagen filaments were seen but collagen aggregates with an altered cross-striation occurred. They were produced by an antiparallel arrangement of collagen molecules caused by the highly sulfated substances. By immunofluorescence microscopy it was shown that SP54 and Arteparon did not influence the distribution of the collagen types but only affected the aggregation of collagen type II. From the morphological point of view the production of endogenous PG seemed to be uneffected by SP54 and Arteparon. The effect of SP54 and Arteparon was reversible. After removal of these substances characteristic collagen filaments re-formed. The collagen aggregates were decomposed extracellularly or phagocytosed by chondroblasts and decomposed intracellularly.", "contents": "Formation of an atypical collagen and cartilage pattern in limb bud cultures by highly sulfated GAG. Addition of 1 mg/ml or higher doses of the highly sulfated pentosanpolysulfoester SP54 or the mucopolysaccharidepolysulfoester Arteparon to limb bud cultures from 11-day-old mouse embryos caused a marked reduction in the growth of the distal parts of the cartilage anlagen. The most striking effect, however, was the change in the collagen structure of the cartilaginous intercellular substance. After more than 0.05 mg/ml SP54 or Arteparon no collagen filaments were seen but collagen aggregates with an altered cross-striation occurred. They were produced by an antiparallel arrangement of collagen molecules caused by the highly sulfated substances. By immunofluorescence microscopy it was shown that SP54 and Arteparon did not influence the distribution of the collagen types but only affected the aggregation of collagen type II. From the morphological point of view the production of endogenous PG seemed to be uneffected by SP54 and Arteparon. The effect of SP54 and Arteparon was reversible. After removal of these substances characteristic collagen filaments re-formed. The collagen aggregates were decomposed extracellularly or phagocytosed by chondroblasts and decomposed intracellularly."}
{"id": "PMID:152505", "title": "[Cerebellar astrocytoma and optic glioma--a comparative ultrastructural study (author's transl)].", "content": "An ultrastructural comparison of 8 cerebellar astrocytomas and 4 optic gliomas shows that the morphological patterns of both tumor-groups are identical. The confusion in nomenclature of these tumors is discussed and reasons for a preference for the term \"pilocytic astrocytomas\" are given. Further, pilocytic astrocytes seem to be a special, phylogenetically older, group of glial cells.", "contents": "[Cerebellar astrocytoma and optic glioma--a comparative ultrastructural study (author's transl)]. An ultrastructural comparison of 8 cerebellar astrocytomas and 4 optic gliomas shows that the morphological patterns of both tumor-groups are identical. The confusion in nomenclature of these tumors is discussed and reasons for a preference for the term \"pilocytic astrocytomas\" are given. Further, pilocytic astrocytes seem to be a special, phylogenetically older, group of glial cells."}
{"id": "PMID:152511", "title": "[Effect of protein deficiency on the nucleotide content and ATPase activity in rat tissues].", "content": "Exclusion for ration of protein for 21 days leads to a rise in the ATP-ase activity, stimulated by ions both of Ca and Mg. Concurrently, a fall of the protein content in the study organs, particularly in the liver, is noted. Exclusion of protein from the diet resulted in substantial changes in the content of the adenyl system. The proportion of ATP declined in all of the investigated organs, parallel with a rising ADP concentration. The AMP increases both in the liver and heart.", "contents": "[Effect of protein deficiency on the nucleotide content and ATPase activity in rat tissues]. Exclusion for ration of protein for 21 days leads to a rise in the ATP-ase activity, stimulated by ions both of Ca and Mg. Concurrently, a fall of the protein content in the study organs, particularly in the liver, is noted. Exclusion of protein from the diet resulted in substantial changes in the content of the adenyl system. The proportion of ATP declined in all of the investigated organs, parallel with a rising ADP concentration. The AMP increases both in the liver and heart."}
{"id": "PMID:152518", "title": "[In vitro testing of human lymphocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "The use of surface markers for the characterization of various lymphocyte subpopulation today belongs to the standard techniques of immunological laboratories. Recently, functional in vitro testing of human lymphocytes has met with increasing interest. In this paper some of the relevant in vitro test systems such as the lymphocyte stimulation test, the determination of the B cell differentiation capacity in vitro and the demonstration of suppressor cell activity are discussed. Apart from a discussion of the results obtained by these techniques in normal, healthy individuals, the applicability of these techniques for studies in patients is dealt with.", "contents": "[In vitro testing of human lymphocytes (author's transl)]. The use of surface markers for the characterization of various lymphocyte subpopulation today belongs to the standard techniques of immunological laboratories. Recently, functional in vitro testing of human lymphocytes has met with increasing interest. In this paper some of the relevant in vitro test systems such as the lymphocyte stimulation test, the determination of the B cell differentiation capacity in vitro and the demonstration of suppressor cell activity are discussed. Apart from a discussion of the results obtained by these techniques in normal, healthy individuals, the applicability of these techniques for studies in patients is dealt with."}
{"id": "PMID:152519", "title": "Altered activity of hepatic mixed-function mono-oxygenase enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.", "content": "1. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats, hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was depressed, whereas aniline hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content were increased over control values. 2. In diabetic female rats, hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase activity, aniline hydroxylase activity, biphenyl 4-hydroxylase activity, and cytochrome P-450 content were increased over control values. 3. Insulin treatment of diabetic male and female rats antagonized all physical and biochemical abnormalities of the diabetic state; 4. Methyl analogues of streptozotocin did not produce a diabetic state when injected into female rats, and resulted in no changes in aminopyrine N-demethylase activity, aniline hydroxylase activity, or cytochrome P-450 content. 5. Insulin treatment of non-diabetic female rats resulted in slight decreases in aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities, but no changes in cytochrome P-450 content. These observations suggest that insulin primarily influences drug metabolism of diabetic animals through correction of the insulin-deficient diabetic state.", "contents": "Altered activity of hepatic mixed-function mono-oxygenase enzymes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. 1. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic male rats, hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase activity was depressed, whereas aniline hydroxylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content were increased over control values. 2. In diabetic female rats, hepatic microsomal aminopyrine N-demethylase activity, aniline hydroxylase activity, biphenyl 4-hydroxylase activity, and cytochrome P-450 content were increased over control values. 3. Insulin treatment of diabetic male and female rats antagonized all physical and biochemical abnormalities of the diabetic state; 4. Methyl analogues of streptozotocin did not produce a diabetic state when injected into female rats, and resulted in no changes in aminopyrine N-demethylase activity, aniline hydroxylase activity, or cytochrome P-450 content. 5. Insulin treatment of non-diabetic female rats resulted in slight decreases in aminopyrine N-demethylase and aniline hydroxylase activities, but no changes in cytochrome P-450 content. These observations suggest that insulin primarily influences drug metabolism of diabetic animals through correction of the insulin-deficient diabetic state."}
{"id": "PMID:152526", "title": "[Experiences with the contrast medium metrizamid in lumbar and thoracolumbar myelographies (author's transl)].", "content": "At the orthopaedic clinic in Ratingen we investigated between November 1976 and May 1977 60 patients who were suffering from low back pain by means of myelography in order to verify the type of pathology. As contrast medium we used Metrizamid. All X-rays showed a clear outline of the spinal canal and the roof sheat. In 39 cases out of 60 a prolapsed disk was found. In 9 cases the result was uncertain and the rest was negative. Operation was carried out on 42 patients and the findings in 37 cases were conclusive. No severe side effects were found which were due to the contrast medium.", "contents": "[Experiences with the contrast medium metrizamid in lumbar and thoracolumbar myelographies (author's transl)]. At the orthopaedic clinic in Ratingen we investigated between November 1976 and May 1977 60 patients who were suffering from low back pain by means of myelography in order to verify the type of pathology. As contrast medium we used Metrizamid. All X-rays showed a clear outline of the spinal canal and the roof sheat. In 39 cases out of 60 a prolapsed disk was found. In 9 cases the result was uncertain and the rest was negative. Operation was carried out on 42 patients and the findings in 37 cases were conclusive. No severe side effects were found which were due to the contrast medium."}
{"id": "PMID:152527", "title": "[Results of the Hak-Hagir bladder replacement].", "content": "After conservation of the n. intercostalis XII and the epigastric artery and vein the distal parts of the m. rectus abdominis by their favourable position offer themselves as an ideal substitute material for the urinary bladder, as it is to be established from two-year experimental results and from one operation carried out on man.", "contents": "[Results of the Hak-Hagir bladder replacement]. After conservation of the n. intercostalis XII and the epigastric artery and vein the distal parts of the m. rectus abdominis by their favourable position offer themselves as an ideal substitute material for the urinary bladder, as it is to be established from two-year experimental results and from one operation carried out on man."}
{"id": "PMID:152528", "title": "[Clinical and bacteriological studies with metronidazol in endodontic therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "Metronidazol was employed in the endodontic treatment of 200 gangrenous teeth, with symptoms of acute and chronic periodontitis. In 50 cases aerobic and anaerobic microbiological cultivations have been performed. The number of the necessary treatments was less, symptoms of irritation in the periapical region could not be observed. The favourable clinical and microbiological results in the course of the Metronidazol treatment point to the role of the anaerobic microorganisms in connection with the inflammatory symptoms of the gangrenous pulp.", "contents": "[Clinical and bacteriological studies with metronidazol in endodontic therapy (author's transl)]. Metronidazol was employed in the endodontic treatment of 200 gangrenous teeth, with symptoms of acute and chronic periodontitis. In 50 cases aerobic and anaerobic microbiological cultivations have been performed. The number of the necessary treatments was less, symptoms of irritation in the periapical region could not be observed. The favourable clinical and microbiological results in the course of the Metronidazol treatment point to the role of the anaerobic microorganisms in connection with the inflammatory symptoms of the gangrenous pulp."}
{"id": "PMID:152529", "title": "[Evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of paradentosis therapy (author's transl)].", "content": "The x2 test of goodness of fit was used to assess the correlation between empirically determined distributions of a number of characteristics used in parodontology and the model of normal distribution. There was found a more or less pronounced asymmetry in the statistical distributions of some clinical and biochemical tests. It is recommended to use 10g X or square root of x in order to achieve approximation to the normal distribution. Inaccuracies in interpretation of clinical data due to neglect of variations from normal distribution are pointed out.", "contents": "[Evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of paradentosis therapy (author's transl)]. The x2 test of goodness of fit was used to assess the correlation between empirically determined distributions of a number of characteristics used in parodontology and the model of normal distribution. There was found a more or less pronounced asymmetry in the statistical distributions of some clinical and biochemical tests. It is recommended to use 10g X or square root of x in order to achieve approximation to the normal distribution. Inaccuracies in interpretation of clinical data due to neglect of variations from normal distribution are pointed out."}
{"id": "PMID:152530", "title": "[Objectification of gingival blood-supply disorders by photoelectric plethysmography (author's transl)].", "content": "The measuring method described in this paper is used to photoelectrically detect the volume pulsation of the gingival border. The method, which is remarkable for its ease of application, enables both the original pulse and its first differential derivation to be recorded reliably. Evaluation of the pulse cure is by the time of inclination and by the recently introduced \"plateau index\". Results of studies conducted by K\u00f6tzschke et al. show that the plateau index allows to clearly distinguish between normal subjects and parodontopathy patients including those where the disease is in its early stage. This measuring method may be used for objectifying therapeutical measures. Using the \"nitroglycerin test\", it was possible to show that parodontopathies are very frequently accompanied by functional blood-supply disorders.", "contents": "[Objectification of gingival blood-supply disorders by photoelectric plethysmography (author's transl)]. The measuring method described in this paper is used to photoelectrically detect the volume pulsation of the gingival border. The method, which is remarkable for its ease of application, enables both the original pulse and its first differential derivation to be recorded reliably. Evaluation of the pulse cure is by the time of inclination and by the recently introduced \"plateau index\". Results of studies conducted by K\u00f6tzschke et al. show that the plateau index allows to clearly distinguish between normal subjects and parodontopathy patients including those where the disease is in its early stage. This measuring method may be used for objectifying therapeutical measures. Using the \"nitroglycerin test\", it was possible to show that parodontopathies are very frequently accompanied by functional blood-supply disorders."}
{"id": "PMID:152531", "title": "[Ultrastructure and clinicopathology of pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland. I. Methods and results].", "content": "The observations are a ultrastructural analysis of pleomorphic adenomas with one's own 14 cases. Pleomorphic adenoma is chief representative of the secretory tumour complex of salivary glands. Ultrastructure of three dominate secretory tumor cells and three nonsecretory celltypes are descripted. Ultramicroscopical differentiation of stroma elements an their transformations, henceforth regressive of tumour cells in the pleomorphic adenoma are discussed. The author give instructions for electromicroscopic diagnostic of this adenomas. Lastly there is tried to determine the \"dignity\" of pleomorphic adenomas by their ultrastructure for purpose of a adequate therapy.", "contents": "[Ultrastructure and clinicopathology of pleomorphic adenomas of the salivary gland. I. Methods and results]. The observations are a ultrastructural analysis of pleomorphic adenomas with one's own 14 cases. Pleomorphic adenoma is chief representative of the secretory tumour complex of salivary glands. Ultrastructure of three dominate secretory tumor cells and three nonsecretory celltypes are descripted. Ultramicroscopical differentiation of stroma elements an their transformations, henceforth regressive of tumour cells in the pleomorphic adenoma are discussed. The author give instructions for electromicroscopic diagnostic of this adenomas. Lastly there is tried to determine the \"dignity\" of pleomorphic adenomas by their ultrastructure for purpose of a adequate therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:152532", "title": "[Masked depression as observed by the dentist (author's transl)].", "content": "The clinical picture of masked depression is occasionally concealed by atypical symptoms of pain. Successful treatment is possible through stepwise and specific use of thymoleptic agents and tranquilizers.", "contents": "[Masked depression as observed by the dentist (author's transl)]. The clinical picture of masked depression is occasionally concealed by atypical symptoms of pain. Successful treatment is possible through stepwise and specific use of thymoleptic agents and tranquilizers."}
{"id": "PMID:152534", "title": "[Possibilities of adhesive restoration using the Evicrol composite filling material (author's transl)].", "content": "The Evicrol composite filling material made by Spofa-Dental of Prague, which has been used for one and a half years now, is a valuable addition to the range of filling materials. Its principal indication is for Black classes III, IV and V. The material also proved itself extremely useful for milk tooth filling as well as for the treatment of fractures in the enamel and dentin regions. Compared to cast fillings in the region of the front teeth, an esthetically far more favorable result may be obtained. However, the success of treatment will always be dependent upon careful processing of the material as well as on observation of the suggestions or pointers as to the proper treatment of teeth.", "contents": "[Possibilities of adhesive restoration using the Evicrol composite filling material (author's transl)]. The Evicrol composite filling material made by Spofa-Dental of Prague, which has been used for one and a half years now, is a valuable addition to the range of filling materials. Its principal indication is for Black classes III, IV and V. The material also proved itself extremely useful for milk tooth filling as well as for the treatment of fractures in the enamel and dentin regions. Compared to cast fillings in the region of the front teeth, an esthetically far more favorable result may be obtained. However, the success of treatment will always be dependent upon careful processing of the material as well as on observation of the suggestions or pointers as to the proper treatment of teeth."}
{"id": "PMID:152535", "title": "[Methods of assessing the toxic properties of polymeric filling materials (author's transl)].", "content": "This paper discusses the results of experiments conducted with a view to determining the hidden effects of epoxy composites, which cannot generally be ascertained through the use of various toxicological, biochemical, immunological, allergic, morphological, and cytological methods of examination. To discover possible hidden effects of epoxy filling materials experimental use was made of the following methods: hunger diet, ethylalcohol supply, and composite extract supply. Shifts in functions of the organism were evaluated by the following criteria: weight dynamics of animals, histamine content of the blood, and eosinopenic reaction of the blood. The data obtained by the authors shows that it is possible for functional straining to be used as a method of discovering possible hidden harmful effects of dental polymers.", "contents": "[Methods of assessing the toxic properties of polymeric filling materials (author's transl)]. This paper discusses the results of experiments conducted with a view to determining the hidden effects of epoxy composites, which cannot generally be ascertained through the use of various toxicological, biochemical, immunological, allergic, morphological, and cytological methods of examination. To discover possible hidden effects of epoxy filling materials experimental use was made of the following methods: hunger diet, ethylalcohol supply, and composite extract supply. Shifts in functions of the organism were evaluated by the following criteria: weight dynamics of animals, histamine content of the blood, and eosinopenic reaction of the blood. The data obtained by the authors shows that it is possible for functional straining to be used as a method of discovering possible hidden harmful effects of dental polymers."}
{"id": "PMID:152536", "title": "[Investigation on the correlation of pregnancy, caries and gingivitis (author's transl)].", "content": "Authors report the results of the examinations of the teeth, gingiva and oral hygiene conditions of 1130 pregnant women. The caries frequency has been 99,38%, the gingivitis frequency 89,2%. Evaluating the results, the caries intensity has been found to increase with age, and women who delivered one or two times have a higher rate than those who had no child. The irreversibel serious damage of the periodontium is relatively rare. The gingivitis frequency and intensity increases with age, parallel with this the oral hygiene is worse. The gingivitis intensity has the highest values in the third month of the first-, and in the eight month of the second period. The caries intensity increases parallel with the gingivitis intensity.", "contents": "[Investigation on the correlation of pregnancy, caries and gingivitis (author's transl)]. Authors report the results of the examinations of the teeth, gingiva and oral hygiene conditions of 1130 pregnant women. The caries frequency has been 99,38%, the gingivitis frequency 89,2%. Evaluating the results, the caries intensity has been found to increase with age, and women who delivered one or two times have a higher rate than those who had no child. The irreversibel serious damage of the periodontium is relatively rare. The gingivitis frequency and intensity increases with age, parallel with this the oral hygiene is worse. The gingivitis intensity has the highest values in the third month of the first-, and in the eight month of the second period. The caries intensity increases parallel with the gingivitis intensity."}
{"id": "PMID:152537", "title": "[The orthognathor--a modification to the accompanying orthodontic treatment of subjects of scoliosis (author's transl)].", "content": "The author, after stating precisely the meaning of the term scoliosis and describing its therapy, shows the relation between its and dentural lesions as well as possible methods of preventing such alterations. The most suitable type of orthodontic device to be used in this connection is still a matter for discussion. However, the device described in this paper may be considered a further step in the direction of arriving at an optimum therapy.", "contents": "[The orthognathor--a modification to the accompanying orthodontic treatment of subjects of scoliosis (author's transl)]. The author, after stating precisely the meaning of the term scoliosis and describing its therapy, shows the relation between its and dentural lesions as well as possible methods of preventing such alterations. The most suitable type of orthodontic device to be used in this connection is still a matter for discussion. However, the device described in this paper may be considered a further step in the direction of arriving at an optimum therapy."}
{"id": "PMID:152538", "title": "[Glossal alterations in old people (author's transl)].", "content": "The effects of aging on various syndromes of the tongue are discussed by reference to the results of a cross-sectional study of 1002 persons aged 13 to 97, with due consideration being given to data reported in the literature. A significant increase in the frequency of 1. pilosa, wrinkling of the tongue, papillary atrophy, sublingual venectasia, and an increase in the volume of the tongue were observed with advancing age.", "contents": "[Glossal alterations in old people (author's transl)]. The effects of aging on various syndromes of the tongue are discussed by reference to the results of a cross-sectional study of 1002 persons aged 13 to 97, with due consideration being given to data reported in the literature. A significant increase in the frequency of 1. pilosa, wrinkling of the tongue, papillary atrophy, sublingual venectasia, and an increase in the volume of the tongue were observed with advancing age."}
{"id": "PMID:152551", "title": "[Clinical signs and therapy of the abdominal aortic aneurysm (author's transl)].", "content": "The abdominal, infrarenal aneurysm of the aorta shows a very unfavorable spontaneous outcome. Therefore, every patient should be operated on without delay. The surgical procedure consists of a partial resection of the aneurysm and the reconstruction of the vascular flow by means of a synthetic prosthesis. The most dangerous complication of the aneurysm is its rupture. Emergency surgery of a ruptured aneurysm is accompanied by essentially higher risks: The mortality rate lies between 34 and 90%. The prognosis of the operation varies with the patient's age, coronary sclerosis, and renal insufficiency. The diagnosis of the aneurysm can clearly be made with sonography, angiography, and computer tomography. In the case of a ruptured aneurysm, clinical signs are of primary importance. Angiography is not indicated here. From May 1969 until November 1976, 41 patients were operated on in our clinic: 23 electively and 18 after rupture. The mortality rate of the elective cases amounted to 17% and that of the ruptured to 72%.", "contents": "[Clinical signs and therapy of the abdominal aortic aneurysm (author's transl)]. The abdominal, infrarenal aneurysm of the aorta shows a very unfavorable spontaneous outcome. Therefore, every patient should be operated on without delay. The surgical procedure consists of a partial resection of the aneurysm and the reconstruction of the vascular flow by means of a synthetic prosthesis. The most dangerous complication of the aneurysm is its rupture. Emergency surgery of a ruptured aneurysm is accompanied by essentially higher risks: The mortality rate lies between 34 and 90%. The prognosis of the operation varies with the patient's age, coronary sclerosis, and renal insufficiency. The diagnosis of the aneurysm can clearly be made with sonography, angiography, and computer tomography. In the case of a ruptured aneurysm, clinical signs are of primary importance. Angiography is not indicated here. From May 1969 until November 1976, 41 patients were operated on in our clinic: 23 electively and 18 after rupture. The mortality rate of the elective cases amounted to 17% and that of the ruptured to 72%."}
{"id": "PMID:152552", "title": "[Diagnosis and therapy of acute adnexitis using laparoscopy].", "content": "In cases of acute adnexitis laparoscopy is an excellent diagnostic method. By this way we found in 182 patients with clinical symptoms only 50,5% acute inflammatory diseases of adnexa. On the other hand there was a normal genital status in 18,1%, acute appendicitis in 9,9%, ectopic pregnancy in 7,7% etc. Clinical examinations and second-look-laparoscopy 6--8 weeks after ending the treatment cases of salpingitis alone showed the best results. Patients with more extensive inflammatory reactions had more adhesions too. An early diagnosis and treatment under hospital conditions is recommended. We have good experiences with immediately operation in cases of suppurative inflammation of the adnexa, which are only diagnosticate by laparoscopy.", "contents": "[Diagnosis and therapy of acute adnexitis using laparoscopy]. In cases of acute adnexitis laparoscopy is an excellent diagnostic method. By this way we found in 182 patients with clinical symptoms only 50,5% acute inflammatory diseases of adnexa. On the other hand there was a normal genital status in 18,1%, acute appendicitis in 9,9%, ectopic pregnancy in 7,7% etc. Clinical examinations and second-look-laparoscopy 6--8 weeks after ending the treatment cases of salpingitis alone showed the best results. Patients with more extensive inflammatory reactions had more adhesions too. An early diagnosis and treatment under hospital conditions is recommended. We have good experiences with immediately operation in cases of suppurative inflammation of the adnexa, which are only diagnosticate by laparoscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:152553", "title": "[Use of a balloon catheter for sealing of the cervix in hydropertubation].", "content": "It is suggested to use a thin balloon catheter in hydropertubation. The advantages of this method are discussed.", "contents": "[Use of a balloon catheter for sealing of the cervix in hydropertubation]. It is suggested to use a thin balloon catheter in hydropertubation. The advantages of this method are discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:152555", "title": "[Clinico-genalogic characteristics of hereditary diseases of the nervous system in the Kuibyshev region].", "content": "The report contains data of a clinico-genealogical analysis of 450 observations of hereditary diseases of the nervous system, and the prevalence rates of neurohereditary diseases in the Kuibyshev region. The authors stress the significance of the founder effect as a factor lying at the basis of a concentration of autosome-dominant forms in some of the areas of the region. The role of increased inbreeding in the enlargement of the amount of autosome-recessive forms is being confirmed. The results of the study denote that in the population of the studied region the group of nervous-muscular hereditary diseases is most frequent. The main neurohereditary diseases are being clinically defined with an indication of the type of hereditary transmission. The authors underline the significant clinical intra- and inter-familial polymorphism of such diseases as the Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuronal amyotrophy, scapulohumeral-facial myopathy of Landusi-Dejenrinne, primary pelvic-humeral progressive muscular dystrophy, autosoma-dominant myatrophic ataxia, myotonic dystrophy. The authors indicate the necessity of a screening of patients with hereditary diseases of the nervous system.", "contents": "[Clinico-genalogic characteristics of hereditary diseases of the nervous system in the Kuibyshev region]. The report contains data of a clinico-genealogical analysis of 450 observations of hereditary diseases of the nervous system, and the prevalence rates of neurohereditary diseases in the Kuibyshev region. The authors stress the significance of the founder effect as a factor lying at the basis of a concentration of autosome-dominant forms in some of the areas of the region. The role of increased inbreeding in the enlargement of the amount of autosome-recessive forms is being confirmed. The results of the study denote that in the population of the studied region the group of nervous-muscular hereditary diseases is most frequent. The main neurohereditary diseases are being clinically defined with an indication of the type of hereditary transmission. The authors underline the significant clinical intra- and inter-familial polymorphism of such diseases as the Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuronal amyotrophy, scapulohumeral-facial myopathy of Landusi-Dejenrinne, primary pelvic-humeral progressive muscular dystrophy, autosoma-dominant myatrophic ataxia, myotonic dystrophy. The authors indicate the necessity of a screening of patients with hereditary diseases of the nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:152559", "title": "Immunodeficiency in Down's syndrome. Titres of \"natural\" antibodies to E. coli and rabbit erythrocytes at different ages.", "content": "\"Natural\" antibody titres to E. coli O antigens of different serotypes and to rabbit red blood cells were determined in 86 subjects with Down's syndrome and 79 mentally retarded but chromosomally normal controls ranging in age from 10 months to 52 years. Subjects in the two groups were matched for sex, age and socio-environmental conditions. Titres of both antibodies, assessed by haemagglutination, were significantly lower in subjects with DS in the 1 to 5 year old group. E. coli antibodies transiently increased to normal values in subjects with DS during the second 5 years of life, thereafter rapidly declining to levels significantly lower than those observed in controls. The titres of antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes in subjects with Down's syndrome showed a more variable course transiently approaching normal values in the 7-10 year group and after 20 years of age. These data are interpreted as further evidence for the existence of a congenital immunodeficiency in Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Immunodeficiency in Down's syndrome. Titres of \"natural\" antibodies to E. coli and rabbit erythrocytes at different ages. \"Natural\" antibody titres to E. coli O antigens of different serotypes and to rabbit red blood cells were determined in 86 subjects with Down's syndrome and 79 mentally retarded but chromosomally normal controls ranging in age from 10 months to 52 years. Subjects in the two groups were matched for sex, age and socio-environmental conditions. Titres of both antibodies, assessed by haemagglutination, were significantly lower in subjects with DS in the 1 to 5 year old group. E. coli antibodies transiently increased to normal values in subjects with DS during the second 5 years of life, thereafter rapidly declining to levels significantly lower than those observed in controls. The titres of antibodies to rabbit erythrocytes in subjects with Down's syndrome showed a more variable course transiently approaching normal values in the 7-10 year group and after 20 years of age. These data are interpreted as further evidence for the existence of a congenital immunodeficiency in Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:152560", "title": "Enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic study of a virilizing adrenocortical adenoma.", "content": "Enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural studies of a \"dexamethasone-suppressed\" virilizing adrenocortical adenoma and the attached cortex revealed that tumor cells showed little activities of some lysosomal enzymes and scarcity of lipofuscins and dense bodies of lysosomal type, forming a marked contrast to the cells of zona reticularis and the virilizing adenomas previously reported. The other findings of tumor cells, such as a pattern of activities of dehydrogenases including 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the morphology of mitochondria, were those of reticularis cells. The findings showed that scantiness of lipofuscins did not rule out the possibility of adenoma producing adrenal androgen, dehydroepiandrosterone. Most of the tumor cells as well as reticularis cells were positive for alkaline phosphatase, the activity of which was interpreted as the effect of ACTH stimulation.", "contents": "Enzyme histochemical and electron microscopic study of a virilizing adrenocortical adenoma. Enzyme histochemical and ultrastructural studies of a \"dexamethasone-suppressed\" virilizing adrenocortical adenoma and the attached cortex revealed that tumor cells showed little activities of some lysosomal enzymes and scarcity of lipofuscins and dense bodies of lysosomal type, forming a marked contrast to the cells of zona reticularis and the virilizing adenomas previously reported. The other findings of tumor cells, such as a pattern of activities of dehydrogenases including 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and the morphology of mitochondria, were those of reticularis cells. The findings showed that scantiness of lipofuscins did not rule out the possibility of adenoma producing adrenal androgen, dehydroepiandrosterone. Most of the tumor cells as well as reticularis cells were positive for alkaline phosphatase, the activity of which was interpreted as the effect of ACTH stimulation."}
{"id": "PMID:152561", "title": "The reaction of the vascular pattern of the hypertrophied myocardium to increased cardiac volume load. A microangiographical study.", "content": "Myocardial stereo-microangiography was performed on 30 rats after swimming exercise for one or two periods with and without a previous operation for production of aortic stenosis. In 8 rats with aortic stenosis no swimming exercise followed, and 10 more rats served as normal controls. Swimming exercise resulted in a higher degree of cardiac hypertrophy than aortic stenosis. Both types of cardiac hypertrophy resulted in vascular adaptive reactions in the myocardium. The adaptive reaction to swimming exercise was found to be persistent, at least to some extent, and to be of use if the exercise was resumed. The adaptive alterations in aortic stenosis were further modified by a superimposed period of exercise, although the nutritive capillary vasculature only showed a slight and focal increase in density.", "contents": "The reaction of the vascular pattern of the hypertrophied myocardium to increased cardiac volume load. A microangiographical study. Myocardial stereo-microangiography was performed on 30 rats after swimming exercise for one or two periods with and without a previous operation for production of aortic stenosis. In 8 rats with aortic stenosis no swimming exercise followed, and 10 more rats served as normal controls. Swimming exercise resulted in a higher degree of cardiac hypertrophy than aortic stenosis. Both types of cardiac hypertrophy resulted in vascular adaptive reactions in the myocardium. The adaptive reaction to swimming exercise was found to be persistent, at least to some extent, and to be of use if the exercise was resumed. The adaptive alterations in aortic stenosis were further modified by a superimposed period of exercise, although the nutritive capillary vasculature only showed a slight and focal increase in density."}
{"id": "PMID:152562", "title": "Protein A reactivity of whole rabbit IgG and of fragments of rabbit IgG.", "content": "Approximately 15 per cent of the total IgG in normal rabbit serum reacted with protein A. When this protein reactive IgG fraction was treated with acid at pH 2.7 and then digested with plasmin, thus splitting the rabbit IgG between the CH2 and CH3 domains, both the isolated Facb and the pFc' fragments were protein A non-reactive. This results indicates that at least one intact Fc chain is necessary to fulfil the protein A-fc interaction. Traces of protein A reactive rabbit F(ab')2 fragments isolated from normal IgG were also found. These fragments mixed with normal rabbit IgG precipitated protein A.", "contents": "Protein A reactivity of whole rabbit IgG and of fragments of rabbit IgG. Approximately 15 per cent of the total IgG in normal rabbit serum reacted with protein A. When this protein reactive IgG fraction was treated with acid at pH 2.7 and then digested with plasmin, thus splitting the rabbit IgG between the CH2 and CH3 domains, both the isolated Facb and the pFc' fragments were protein A non-reactive. This results indicates that at least one intact Fc chain is necessary to fulfil the protein A-fc interaction. Traces of protein A reactive rabbit F(ab')2 fragments isolated from normal IgG were also found. These fragments mixed with normal rabbit IgG precipitated protein A."}
{"id": "PMID:152563", "title": "Blood velocity in human arteries measured by a bidirectional ultrasonic doppler flowmeter.", "content": "Blood velocities in 12 arteries were recorded by an ultrasonic doppler flowmeter in 11 young adults. Two major types of velocity patterns existed at rest. In certain arteries (the common carotid, the external carotid, the superficial temporal and the proper palmar digital arteries) flow was towards the periphery throughout the entire pulse cycle. Other arteries (the common femoral, the popliteal, the posterior tibial and the pedal artery) exhibited retrograde flow in part of the pulse cycle. In each individual a spontaneous variation between these two velocity patterns was observed in the subclavian, the axillary, the brachial and the radial artery. The velocity pattern of each artery is described, and absolute blood velocities at recognizable instances during the pulse cycle are given. The influence of peripheral resistance on the velocity pattern was investigated by reactive hyperaemia of the femoral artery. We find that not only is there an upward displacement of the resting femoral curve relative to the line of zero, but the shape of the velocity pattern is also changed. Our conclusion is that peripheral resistance is of major importance not only for the mean velocity, but also for the shape of the velocity pattern in the artery.", "contents": "Blood velocity in human arteries measured by a bidirectional ultrasonic doppler flowmeter. Blood velocities in 12 arteries were recorded by an ultrasonic doppler flowmeter in 11 young adults. Two major types of velocity patterns existed at rest. In certain arteries (the common carotid, the external carotid, the superficial temporal and the proper palmar digital arteries) flow was towards the periphery throughout the entire pulse cycle. Other arteries (the common femoral, the popliteal, the posterior tibial and the pedal artery) exhibited retrograde flow in part of the pulse cycle. In each individual a spontaneous variation between these two velocity patterns was observed in the subclavian, the axillary, the brachial and the radial artery. The velocity pattern of each artery is described, and absolute blood velocities at recognizable instances during the pulse cycle are given. The influence of peripheral resistance on the velocity pattern was investigated by reactive hyperaemia of the femoral artery. We find that not only is there an upward displacement of the resting femoral curve relative to the line of zero, but the shape of the velocity pattern is also changed. Our conclusion is that peripheral resistance is of major importance not only for the mean velocity, but also for the shape of the velocity pattern in the artery."}
{"id": "PMID:152565", "title": "Isometric and dynamic endurance as a function of age and skeletal muscle characteristics.", "content": "The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of age on endurance of human skeletal muscle. An attempt was made to correlate muscular performance at various ages with some morphological and enzymatic characteristics of the muscle. Fifty healthy men, 22-65 years of age, with low daily physical activity (clerks) volunteered for the study. Isometric and dynamic endurance were determined under standardized conditions and measured in relation to maximum strength, thereby correcting for individual as well as age differences in maximum strength. Biopsies taken from the quadriceps muscle were used for muscle fibre classification, fibre area determinations, and measurements of some enzyme activities (Mg2+ stimulated ATPase, myokinase (MK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),LDH isozymes). Maximum isometric and dynamic strength decreased in the older groups while no significant change was seen in isometric or dynamic endurance. Significant correlations were observed between endurance and fibre type distribution, fibre areas, and LDH isozyme activities.", "contents": "Isometric and dynamic endurance as a function of age and skeletal muscle characteristics. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of age on endurance of human skeletal muscle. An attempt was made to correlate muscular performance at various ages with some morphological and enzymatic characteristics of the muscle. Fifty healthy men, 22-65 years of age, with low daily physical activity (clerks) volunteered for the study. Isometric and dynamic endurance were determined under standardized conditions and measured in relation to maximum strength, thereby correcting for individual as well as age differences in maximum strength. Biopsies taken from the quadriceps muscle were used for muscle fibre classification, fibre area determinations, and measurements of some enzyme activities (Mg2+ stimulated ATPase, myokinase (MK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH),LDH isozymes). Maximum isometric and dynamic strength decreased in the older groups while no significant change was seen in isometric or dynamic endurance. Significant correlations were observed between endurance and fibre type distribution, fibre areas, and LDH isozyme activities."}
{"id": "PMID:152566", "title": "Deviation of the descending aorta associated with enlarged left atrium.", "content": "The deviation to the left of the descending aorta associated with enlarged left atrium was analysed in 96 patients with mitral disease confirmed by angiography and cardiac catheterization. The opinion that this finding may be of value in patients below the age of 50 years was supported. In older age groups it is easily confused with the physiologic unfolding of the aorta, when this occurs  at the level of the left atrium.", "contents": "Deviation of the descending aorta associated with enlarged left atrium. The deviation to the left of the descending aorta associated with enlarged left atrium was analysed in 96 patients with mitral disease confirmed by angiography and cardiac catheterization. The opinion that this finding may be of value in patients below the age of 50 years was supported. In older age groups it is easily confused with the physiologic unfolding of the aorta, when this occurs  at the level of the left atrium."}
{"id": "PMID:152568", "title": "Protease inhibitors reduce the reverse passive Arthus reaction.", "content": "Trasylol, ovomucoid, tranexamic acid and soybean inhibitor decrease the vascular permeability as measured by extravasation of 131I-albumin when injected with the antibody at induction of a reverse passive Arthus reaction in the rat skin. Trasylol given systemically also had a suppressive effect, similar to phenylbutazone. When the reaction was induced in the pleural cavity, both Trasylol and tranexamic acid reduced the influx of leucocytes.", "contents": "Protease inhibitors reduce the reverse passive Arthus reaction. Trasylol, ovomucoid, tranexamic acid and soybean inhibitor decrease the vascular permeability as measured by extravasation of 131I-albumin when injected with the antibody at induction of a reverse passive Arthus reaction in the rat skin. Trasylol given systemically also had a suppressive effect, similar to phenylbutazone. When the reaction was induced in the pleural cavity, both Trasylol and tranexamic acid reduced the influx of leucocytes."}
{"id": "PMID:152570", "title": "[Professional allergic diseases in CSSR (author's transl)].", "content": "The authors have watched more than 300 workers of various fodder manufactures in allergological, immunological and clinical way. The findings have been evaluated to the part of the exposition, hygiene and professional allergens. The symptoms of the latent sensitisation so as clinical symptoms after longer time of employment give evidence about a great importance and higher biological activity of the most fodders of modern farming and about new possibilities of the professional allergisation.", "contents": "[Professional allergic diseases in CSSR (author's transl)]. The authors have watched more than 300 workers of various fodder manufactures in allergological, immunological and clinical way. The findings have been evaluated to the part of the exposition, hygiene and professional allergens. The symptoms of the latent sensitisation so as clinical symptoms after longer time of employment give evidence about a great importance and higher biological activity of the most fodders of modern farming and about new possibilities of the professional allergisation."}
{"id": "PMID:152571", "title": "[Study of C3 and C4 complement components of synovial fluids in connective tissue diseases (author's transl)].", "content": "C3 and C4 levels and the relative concentration of C3 degradation products were measured in fifty pairs of synovial fluids and sera of patients who suffered from different connective tissue diseases. Inverse correlation between C4 level and C3 breakdown products were found in synovial fluids of different groups. Compared to the other groups of patients, the highest increase of C3 degradation was found in RA. patients and it occurred in the SF all of these patients. In arthrosis cases we failed to find any degradation of C3. Of the seven investigated ankylosing spondylitis only two showed some degree of activation of C3 in the SF. Our results suggest that the occurrence and degree of degradation of C3 complement component is a valuable laboratory parameter in the study of connective tissue diseases.", "contents": "[Study of C3 and C4 complement components of synovial fluids in connective tissue diseases (author's transl)]. C3 and C4 levels and the relative concentration of C3 degradation products were measured in fifty pairs of synovial fluids and sera of patients who suffered from different connective tissue diseases. Inverse correlation between C4 level and C3 breakdown products were found in synovial fluids of different groups. Compared to the other groups of patients, the highest increase of C3 degradation was found in RA. patients and it occurred in the SF all of these patients. In arthrosis cases we failed to find any degradation of C3. Of the seven investigated ankylosing spondylitis only two showed some degree of activation of C3 in the SF. Our results suggest that the occurrence and degree of degradation of C3 complement component is a valuable laboratory parameter in the study of connective tissue diseases."}
{"id": "PMID:152572", "title": "Stimulation of fetal spleen cells with lipopolysaccharides.", "content": "LPS proved to be good B-cell mitogen for fetal pig spleen cells and induced proliferation as well as differentiation of virgin resting small lymphocytes within 48 hours of cultivation. The LPS-activated lymphocytes and blast-like cells were more intensely labeled with anti-Ig antibodies than control cells, most probably due to an increased density of surface Ig. A lower percentage of LPS-activated cells was found to be labeled with F(ab)2 fragment of anti-L than with anti-L antibodies having an intact Fc fragment. The latter finding suggests non-specific binding of antisera to Fc receptors which appear to be activated on LPS-stimulated lymphoid cells.", "contents": "Stimulation of fetal spleen cells with lipopolysaccharides. LPS proved to be good B-cell mitogen for fetal pig spleen cells and induced proliferation as well as differentiation of virgin resting small lymphocytes within 48 hours of cultivation. The LPS-activated lymphocytes and blast-like cells were more intensely labeled with anti-Ig antibodies than control cells, most probably due to an increased density of surface Ig. A lower percentage of LPS-activated cells was found to be labeled with F(ab)2 fragment of anti-L than with anti-L antibodies having an intact Fc fragment. The latter finding suggests non-specific binding of antisera to Fc receptors which appear to be activated on LPS-stimulated lymphoid cells."}
{"id": "PMID:152573", "title": "[Investigations about the influence of immune complexes on in vitro migration of human neutrophilic blood granulocytes (author's transl)].", "content": "We studied the influence of cell-free culture supernatants of human blood mononuclear cells exposed to precipitated immune complexes on the migration of polymorphnuclear leukocytes. During the first phase of incubation supernatants from apparently unaffected control cultures were found to stimulate the spontaneous and chemotactic migration (migration enhancing factor, chemotactic factor). In the further course mononuclear cells spontaneously produced a migration inhibitory activity. The presence of immune complexes increased the production of the neutrophil migration inhibitory activity and of the chemotactic factor. Considering our recently published results the experiments confirm the concept that immune complexe act on granulocyte migration in two ways: they induce a release of mediators from neutrophils as well as from mononuclear cells. Our present investigations deal with the question what type of cells-monocytes or lymphocytes-is responsible for this effect.", "contents": "[Investigations about the influence of immune complexes on in vitro migration of human neutrophilic blood granulocytes (author's transl)]. We studied the influence of cell-free culture supernatants of human blood mononuclear cells exposed to precipitated immune complexes on the migration of polymorphnuclear leukocytes. During the first phase of incubation supernatants from apparently unaffected control cultures were found to stimulate the spontaneous and chemotactic migration (migration enhancing factor, chemotactic factor). In the further course mononuclear cells spontaneously produced a migration inhibitory activity. The presence of immune complexes increased the production of the neutrophil migration inhibitory activity and of the chemotactic factor. Considering our recently published results the experiments confirm the concept that immune complexe act on granulocyte migration in two ways: they induce a release of mediators from neutrophils as well as from mononuclear cells. Our present investigations deal with the question what type of cells-monocytes or lymphocytes-is responsible for this effect."}
{"id": "PMID:152574", "title": "[Professional asthma owing to Daphnia-allergy (author's transl)].", "content": "Two workers in a fish food store showed a professional asthma bronchiale against Daphnia. The diagnosis was proofed by typical anamnesis, scratch test, skin test and inhalative provocation test.", "contents": "[Professional asthma owing to Daphnia-allergy (author's transl)]. Two workers in a fish food store showed a professional asthma bronchiale against Daphnia. The diagnosis was proofed by typical anamnesis, scratch test, skin test and inhalative provocation test."}
{"id": "PMID:152575", "title": "[Change in the content of T-and B-lymphocytes in experimental benzene poisoning (author's transl)].", "content": "Changes in T-and B-lymphocytes content in experimental benzene intotication (BI) of CBA-mice were studied. The content of spontaneously rosette-forming cells, B-lymphocytes with C3 -receptors and T-cells in macro-and microtest was determined. It was shown that BI resulted in disorders in the function of thymus, depression of T-cell system and autoimmune shifts. A number of characteristics in kinetics of various fractions of lymphoid cells due perhaps, to different sensitivity of particular types of lymphoid cells to benzene and compensatory response as well. The significance of described phenomena is discussed.", "contents": "[Change in the content of T-and B-lymphocytes in experimental benzene poisoning (author's transl)]. Changes in T-and B-lymphocytes content in experimental benzene intotication (BI) of CBA-mice were studied. The content of spontaneously rosette-forming cells, B-lymphocytes with C3 -receptors and T-cells in macro-and microtest was determined. It was shown that BI resulted in disorders in the function of thymus, depression of T-cell system and autoimmune shifts. A number of characteristics in kinetics of various fractions of lymphoid cells due perhaps, to different sensitivity of particular types of lymphoid cells to benzene and compensatory response as well. The significance of described phenomena is discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:152576", "title": "[Allergological rapidtest by measurement of histon methylation in lymphocyte culture (author's transl)].", "content": "Measuring an increased methylation of histons in sensitized lymphocytes is a method of detecting allergy against several allergens. Because of the short culture time it is adapted as an allergological rapidtest without high risk for microbial contamination.", "contents": "[Allergological rapidtest by measurement of histon methylation in lymphocyte culture (author's transl)]. Measuring an increased methylation of histons in sensitized lymphocytes is a method of detecting allergy against several allergens. Because of the short culture time it is adapted as an allergological rapidtest without high risk for microbial contamination."}
{"id": "PMID:152578", "title": "Mucolipidosis type III. Multiple elevated serum and urine enzyme activities.", "content": "The clinical characteristics of a 16-year-old white girl with mucolipidosis type III included early growth retardation, severe dysostosis multiplex, restricted joint motion, tight indurated skin, swollen eyelids, late-onset hepatosplenomegaly, umbilical hernia, corneal opacities, and only slightly impaired mental and neurological development. Cultured fibroblasts contained numerous coarse perinuclear retractile inclusions. Biochemical findings indicated the following: (1) normal levels of urinary acid mucopolysaccharides, (2) deficient activities of multiple lysosomal hydrolases in cultured fibroblasts, (3) elevated activity levels of seven serum lysosomal hydrolases, and (4) elevated activity levels of four lysosomal hydrolases in urine.", "contents": "Mucolipidosis type III. Multiple elevated serum and urine enzyme activities. The clinical characteristics of a 16-year-old white girl with mucolipidosis type III included early growth retardation, severe dysostosis multiplex, restricted joint motion, tight indurated skin, swollen eyelids, late-onset hepatosplenomegaly, umbilical hernia, corneal opacities, and only slightly impaired mental and neurological development. Cultured fibroblasts contained numerous coarse perinuclear retractile inclusions. Biochemical findings indicated the following: (1) normal levels of urinary acid mucopolysaccharides, (2) deficient activities of multiple lysosomal hydrolases in cultured fibroblasts, (3) elevated activity levels of seven serum lysosomal hydrolases, and (4) elevated activity levels of four lysosomal hydrolases in urine."}
{"id": "PMID:152580", "title": "Vancomycin therapy of bacterial endocarditis.", "content": "Fifteen patients with bacterial endocarditis were treated with vancomycin between 1967 and 1976. The indications for vancomycin therapy were penicillin-cephalosporin allergy in six patients, antibiotic resistant bacteria in six, initial therapy in one and culture-negative endocarditis in two. The causative microorganisms were Staph. epidermidis (four patients), Staph. aureus (two patients), diphtheroids (four patients), viridans streptococci (two patients) and enterococci (one patient). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin for these organisms ranged from 0.8 to 3.1 micrograms/ml. The patients received vancomycin for two to 10 weeks (mean five weeks). Cure was achieved in 13 patients, including six with prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). Two patients had a relapse of PVE and cultures of blood or heart valve were positive within two months of vancomycin therapy. Vancomycin serum levels did not exceed 50 micrograms/ml, and no serious drug toxicity was encountered in any patient. Three patients had minimal audiogram changes beyond the social hearing range. One patient had mild phlebitis and a rash, and one patient had a transient leukopenia. Vancomycin is an effective nontoxic antibiotic in patients with endocarditis when penicillin or cephalosporin therapy is not appropriate.", "contents": "Vancomycin therapy of bacterial endocarditis. Fifteen patients with bacterial endocarditis were treated with vancomycin between 1967 and 1976. The indications for vancomycin therapy were penicillin-cephalosporin allergy in six patients, antibiotic resistant bacteria in six, initial therapy in one and culture-negative endocarditis in two. The causative microorganisms were Staph. epidermidis (four patients), Staph. aureus (two patients), diphtheroids (four patients), viridans streptococci (two patients) and enterococci (one patient). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of vancomycin for these organisms ranged from 0.8 to 3.1 micrograms/ml. The patients received vancomycin for two to 10 weeks (mean five weeks). Cure was achieved in 13 patients, including six with prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). Two patients had a relapse of PVE and cultures of blood or heart valve were positive within two months of vancomycin therapy. Vancomycin serum levels did not exceed 50 micrograms/ml, and no serious drug toxicity was encountered in any patient. Three patients had minimal audiogram changes beyond the social hearing range. One patient had mild phlebitis and a rash, and one patient had a transient leukopenia. Vancomycin is an effective nontoxic antibiotic in patients with endocarditis when penicillin or cephalosporin therapy is not appropriate."}
{"id": "PMID:152581", "title": "Childhood impairments and subsequent social adjustment.", "content": "The relationship of a variety of childhood impairments to subsequent social adjustment measures of occupations, agency utilization, social participation, and arrest records was examined. Generally, results indicated that impaired persons adjust quite well in some respects but not so well in others. There were differential social adjustments by type of impairment and by age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The data analysis suggests complex relationships between impairment and social adjustment.", "contents": "Childhood impairments and subsequent social adjustment. The relationship of a variety of childhood impairments to subsequent social adjustment measures of occupations, agency utilization, social participation, and arrest records was examined. Generally, results indicated that impaired persons adjust quite well in some respects but not so well in others. There were differential social adjustments by type of impairment and by age, sex, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The data analysis suggests complex relationships between impairment and social adjustment."}
{"id": "PMID:152582", "title": "Speaking fundamental frequency characteristics of institutionalized adults with Down's syndrome.", "content": "Mean speaking fundamental frequency was obtained from 16 institutionalized adults with Down's syndrome (8 males, 8 females) and from 16 nonretarded adults of similar age and sex. Both male and female adults with Down's syndrome exhibited a higher mean speaking fundamental frequency than did the nonretarded adults of the same sex. This finding does not support early reports of a characteristically low-pitched voice among Down's syndrome individuals.", "contents": "Speaking fundamental frequency characteristics of institutionalized adults with Down's syndrome. Mean speaking fundamental frequency was obtained from 16 institutionalized adults with Down's syndrome (8 males, 8 females) and from 16 nonretarded adults of similar age and sex. Both male and female adults with Down's syndrome exhibited a higher mean speaking fundamental frequency than did the nonretarded adults of the same sex. This finding does not support early reports of a characteristically low-pitched voice among Down's syndrome individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:152584", "title": "Patterns of human fetal breathing activity at 34 to 35 weeks' gestational age.", "content": "Continuous measurements of human fetal breathing movements at 34 to 35 weeks' gestational age were made with an ultrasonic real-time scanner for periods of 24 hours in 11 women. A significant increase occurred in fetal breathing activity during the second and third hour following meals and this pattern apparently followed an increase in maternal plasma glucose concentration. There was a prolonged significant increase in fetal breathing activity between 0100 and 0700 hours. Increases in human fetal breathing activity accompanied by increased gross fetal body movements occurred for periods of 20 to 60 minutes out of every 1.0 to 1.5 hours of observation time. It was concluded that the percentage of time spent breathing by normal fetuses was related to time of day and maternal meals. The alternating changes of fetal activity and inactivity observed may represent biologic changes of sleep state in the human fetus in utero at 34 to 35 weeks' gestational age. It will be important to account for these three patterns of fetal breathing activity in clinical studies which examine the usefulness of fetal breathing movements in assessing fetal health.", "contents": "Patterns of human fetal breathing activity at 34 to 35 weeks' gestational age. Continuous measurements of human fetal breathing movements at 34 to 35 weeks' gestational age were made with an ultrasonic real-time scanner for periods of 24 hours in 11 women. A significant increase occurred in fetal breathing activity during the second and third hour following meals and this pattern apparently followed an increase in maternal plasma glucose concentration. There was a prolonged significant increase in fetal breathing activity between 0100 and 0700 hours. Increases in human fetal breathing activity accompanied by increased gross fetal body movements occurred for periods of 20 to 60 minutes out of every 1.0 to 1.5 hours of observation time. It was concluded that the percentage of time spent breathing by normal fetuses was related to time of day and maternal meals. The alternating changes of fetal activity and inactivity observed may represent biologic changes of sleep state in the human fetus in utero at 34 to 35 weeks' gestational age. It will be important to account for these three patterns of fetal breathing activity in clinical studies which examine the usefulness of fetal breathing movements in assessing fetal health."}
{"id": "PMID:152585", "title": "Stigmatization of carrier status: social implications of heterozygote genetic screening programs.", "content": "Possible latent psychological and social consequences ensuing from genetic screening programs need to be investigated during the planning phase of national genetic screening programs. The relatively few studies which have been performed to determine psychological, social, and economic consequences resulting from a genetic screening program are reviewed. Stigmatization of carrier-status, having major psychosocial implications in heterozygote genetic screening programs, is discussed and related to Erving Goffman's work in the area of stigmatization. Questions are raised regarding the relationship between such variables as religiosity and sex of the individual and acceptance of the status of newly identified carrier of a mutant gene. Severity of the deleterious gene and visibility of the carrier status are two important factors to consider in an estimation of potential stigma. Specific implications are discussed for four genetic diseases: Tay-Sachs, Sickle-Cell Anemia, Huntington's disease and Hemophilia.", "contents": "Stigmatization of carrier status: social implications of heterozygote genetic screening programs. Possible latent psychological and social consequences ensuing from genetic screening programs need to be investigated during the planning phase of national genetic screening programs. The relatively few studies which have been performed to determine psychological, social, and economic consequences resulting from a genetic screening program are reviewed. Stigmatization of carrier-status, having major psychosocial implications in heterozygote genetic screening programs, is discussed and related to Erving Goffman's work in the area of stigmatization. Questions are raised regarding the relationship between such variables as religiosity and sex of the individual and acceptance of the status of newly identified carrier of a mutant gene. Severity of the deleterious gene and visibility of the carrier status are two important factors to consider in an estimation of potential stigma. Specific implications are discussed for four genetic diseases: Tay-Sachs, Sickle-Cell Anemia, Huntington's disease and Hemophilia."}
{"id": "PMID:152588", "title": "Prolonged curarisation in the presence of renal impairment.", "content": "Prolonged curarisation in the presence of renal failure occurred in six cases where pancuronium was used, and one case where alcuronium was used. The cases are presented with a brief review of the literature. Pancuronium must be used with great caution if postoperative reversal problems are to be avoided. Greater use of adjuvants will reduce requirements and may eliminate the problems encountered in renal failure.", "contents": "Prolonged curarisation in the presence of renal impairment. Prolonged curarisation in the presence of renal failure occurred in six cases where pancuronium was used, and one case where alcuronium was used. The cases are presented with a brief review of the literature. Pancuronium must be used with great caution if postoperative reversal problems are to be avoided. Greater use of adjuvants will reduce requirements and may eliminate the problems encountered in renal failure."}
{"id": "PMID:152592", "title": "Calusterone.", "content": "Androgens are effective therapeutic agents in postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Early studies with testosterone propionate showed objective regression rates of slightly more than 20%. Subsequent work with synthetic androgens has failed to show a significant reduction in toxicity or an increase in therapeutic efficacy over testosterone propionate. Calusterone (7 beta,17 alpha-dimethyltestosterone), in early clinical trials, showed both of these qualities and was believed by some to be the \"ideal androgen.\" As with many new drugs, subsequent work failed to confirm these early findings, and most of the later data gathered on calusterone are inconsistent. We conclude from our knowledge at present that calusterone offers no real advantages or disadvantages over other androgens in the treatment of breast cancer.", "contents": "Calusterone. Androgens are effective therapeutic agents in postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Early studies with testosterone propionate showed objective regression rates of slightly more than 20%. Subsequent work with synthetic androgens has failed to show a significant reduction in toxicity or an increase in therapeutic efficacy over testosterone propionate. Calusterone (7 beta,17 alpha-dimethyltestosterone), in early clinical trials, showed both of these qualities and was believed by some to be the \"ideal androgen.\" As with many new drugs, subsequent work failed to confirm these early findings, and most of the later data gathered on calusterone are inconsistent. We conclude from our knowledge at present that calusterone offers no real advantages or disadvantages over other androgens in the treatment of breast cancer."}
{"id": "PMID:152593", "title": "Legal ramifications of the medical definition of back disease.", "content": "Back pain occurring without external force is extraordinarily prevalent in all segments of society. The practicing internist is often faced with the complaint, a need to define its cause, and a request to render an opinion as to whether the patient is disabled in the context of his employment. This opinion will have some weight in determining compensability under workmen's compensation law. This essay examines the inferences, as regards back pain, upon which compensation law is based. These inferences are then tested in light of our current understanding of the pathophysiology of back pain. A number of fallacies become apparent that may provide impetus for remedial legislation and clearly mandate further clinical investigation.", "contents": "Legal ramifications of the medical definition of back disease. Back pain occurring without external force is extraordinarily prevalent in all segments of society. The practicing internist is often faced with the complaint, a need to define its cause, and a request to render an opinion as to whether the patient is disabled in the context of his employment. This opinion will have some weight in determining compensability under workmen's compensation law. This essay examines the inferences, as regards back pain, upon which compensation law is based. These inferences are then tested in light of our current understanding of the pathophysiology of back pain. A number of fallacies become apparent that may provide impetus for remedial legislation and clearly mandate further clinical investigation."}
{"id": "PMID:152590", "title": "Histochemical changes of the rat testis and epididymis after treatment of alpha-chlorohydrin-effects of a single low dose.", "content": "A histochemical study has been made of the localization and changes of lipids, carbohydrates, ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase in fresh and fixed frozen sections of testicular and epididymal components in the normal and alpha-chlorohydrin-treated rats. After treatment with a single low dose of alpha-chlorohydrin, the phospholipids are decreased with corresponding increase in triglycerides in both the testis and epididymis. Glycogen, ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase are also decreased after treatment with alpha-chlorohydrin. The physiological significance of these histochemical changes has been discussed.", "contents": "Histochemical changes of the rat testis and epididymis after treatment of alpha-chlorohydrin-effects of a single low dose. A histochemical study has been made of the localization and changes of lipids, carbohydrates, ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase in fresh and fixed frozen sections of testicular and epididymal components in the normal and alpha-chlorohydrin-treated rats. After treatment with a single low dose of alpha-chlorohydrin, the phospholipids are decreased with corresponding increase in triglycerides in both the testis and epididymis. Glycogen, ATPase and 5'-nucleotidase are also decreased after treatment with alpha-chlorohydrin. The physiological significance of these histochemical changes has been discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:152595", "title": "Thymic lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis.", "content": "Lymphocytes from the thymus glands of myasthenic patients and controls were characterized in terms of their percentages of B- and T-cells and their ability to stimulate the proliferation of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. Percentages of B- and T-cells were the same in the thymuses of myasthenic and control subjects. Autologous peripheral lymphocyte stimulation by thymocytes was observed in only 1 of 3 myasthenic patients, and this was with a thymus gland containing a thymoma. These results thus differ from those of other investigators.", "contents": "Thymic lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis. Lymphocytes from the thymus glands of myasthenic patients and controls were characterized in terms of their percentages of B- and T-cells and their ability to stimulate the proliferation of autologous peripheral blood lymphocytes. Percentages of B- and T-cells were the same in the thymuses of myasthenic and control subjects. Autologous peripheral lymphocyte stimulation by thymocytes was observed in only 1 of 3 myasthenic patients, and this was with a thymus gland containing a thymoma. These results thus differ from those of other investigators."}
{"id": "PMID:152596", "title": "Huntington's disease: clinical and chemical effects of choline administration.", "content": "Choline (Ch) administration sequentially increases blood Ch, brain Ch, and brain acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the rat and might be useful in Huntington's disease, a brain disorder thought to be associated with deficient cholinergic tone. Ten patients with Huntington's disease took Ch orally (8 to 20 gm per day) after the extent of their disabilities had been documented by clinical examination, movies, and combined electromyogram-accelerometer recordings. Choline levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid increased markedly during treatment with Ch, affirming that oral Ch administration increases the amount of ACh precursor delivered to the brain. Although some of the patients exhibited transient improvement in speech, balance, and gait, treatment with Ch failed to bring about consistent or lasting improvement in any of the subjects.", "contents": "Huntington's disease: clinical and chemical effects of choline administration. Choline (Ch) administration sequentially increases blood Ch, brain Ch, and brain acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the rat and might be useful in Huntington's disease, a brain disorder thought to be associated with deficient cholinergic tone. Ten patients with Huntington's disease took Ch orally (8 to 20 gm per day) after the extent of their disabilities had been documented by clinical examination, movies, and combined electromyogram-accelerometer recordings. Choline levels in blood and cerebrospinal fluid increased markedly during treatment with Ch, affirming that oral Ch administration increases the amount of ACh precursor delivered to the brain. Although some of the patients exhibited transient improvement in speech, balance, and gait, treatment with Ch failed to bring about consistent or lasting improvement in any of the subjects."}
{"id": "PMID:152597", "title": "Huntington's disease--growth of fibroblast cultures in lipid-deficient medium: a preliminary report.", "content": "When skin fibroblast cultures derived from subjects with Huntington's disease (HD) were grown in medium supplemented with lipid-deficient serum (LDS), growth rates were less than those of control cultures. The mean percentage increase in generation times for nine control cultures incurred by using LDS rather than fetal calf serum (FCS) was 8.0%. Four cultures from 2 patients with HD failed to grow in LDS but grew well in medium supplemented with FCS. In nine other cultures derived from 7 patients with HD the mean percentage increase in generation time incurred by using LDS was 88.1%. Returning cultures to FCS or adding a mixture of linoleic and linolenic acids restored the growth rate of HD cultures to normal.", "contents": "Huntington's disease--growth of fibroblast cultures in lipid-deficient medium: a preliminary report. When skin fibroblast cultures derived from subjects with Huntington's disease (HD) were grown in medium supplemented with lipid-deficient serum (LDS), growth rates were less than those of control cultures. The mean percentage increase in generation times for nine control cultures incurred by using LDS rather than fetal calf serum (FCS) was 8.0%. Four cultures from 2 patients with HD failed to grow in LDS but grew well in medium supplemented with FCS. In nine other cultures derived from 7 patients with HD the mean percentage increase in generation time incurred by using LDS was 88.1%. Returning cultures to FCS or adding a mixture of linoleic and linolenic acids restored the growth rate of HD cultures to normal."}
{"id": "PMID:152598", "title": "Abnormalities in growth of skin fibroblasts of patients with Huntington's disease.", "content": "Culture characteristics in a variety of media were determined in 18 skin fibroblast cultures from 8 subjects with Huntington's disease (HD) and 20 cultures from 10 control subjects. Skin fibroblasts from HD subjects consistently and reproducibly demonstrated maximal cell densities that were higher than control values. There was no significant difference in growth rates. The relationship of this phenomenon to the HD gene is unknown, as are its specificity and time of appearance in the course of the illness.", "contents": "Abnormalities in growth of skin fibroblasts of patients with Huntington's disease. Culture characteristics in a variety of media were determined in 18 skin fibroblast cultures from 8 subjects with Huntington's disease (HD) and 20 cultures from 10 control subjects. Skin fibroblasts from HD subjects consistently and reproducibly demonstrated maximal cell densities that were higher than control values. There was no significant difference in growth rates. The relationship of this phenomenon to the HD gene is unknown, as are its specificity and time of appearance in the course of the illness."}
{"id": "PMID:152599", "title": "Comparison of ribosomal subunit proteins from normal human and Huntington's disease skin fibroblasts.", "content": "The ribosomal subunit proteins from skin fibroblasts of normal persons and patients with Huntington's disease (HD) were isolated by KCl-puromycin and by EDTA treatments and were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The data indicate that the ribosomal proteins are identical in control and HD fibroblasts.", "contents": "Comparison of ribosomal subunit proteins from normal human and Huntington's disease skin fibroblasts. The ribosomal subunit proteins from skin fibroblasts of normal persons and patients with Huntington's disease (HD) were isolated by KCl-puromycin and by EDTA treatments and were compared by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The data indicate that the ribosomal proteins are identical in control and HD fibroblasts."}
{"id": "PMID:152600", "title": "Inhibitors of GABA metabolism: implications for Huntington's disease.", "content": "Stereotaxic injection of kainic acid into rat striatum produces neuronal degeneration and neurochemical alterations resembling Huntington's disease (HD). Since correction of the deficiency in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in HD may be of therapeutic value, the efficacy of drugs that inhibit the GABA-degrading enzyme (GABA-T) in elevating the levels of GABA has been examined in the animal model for HD. High doses of di-N-propylacetic acid only partially correct the GABA deficiency in the striatum, whereas low doses of gamma-acetylenic GABA, a specific irreversible inhibitor of GABA-T, completely restore the levels of GABA in striatum and substantia nigra.", "contents": "Inhibitors of GABA metabolism: implications for Huntington's disease. Stereotaxic injection of kainic acid into rat striatum produces neuronal degeneration and neurochemical alterations resembling Huntington's disease (HD). Since correction of the deficiency in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in HD may be of therapeutic value, the efficacy of drugs that inhibit the GABA-degrading enzyme (GABA-T) in elevating the levels of GABA has been examined in the animal model for HD. High doses of di-N-propylacetic acid only partially correct the GABA deficiency in the striatum, whereas low doses of gamma-acetylenic GABA, a specific irreversible inhibitor of GABA-T, completely restore the levels of GABA in striatum and substantia nigra."}
{"id": "PMID:152601", "title": "Programmed feeding as a model of chronic alcoholism in the rat.", "content": "Programmed-feeding polydipsia results in a reliable model of chronic alcoholism in the rat. High oral ethanol comsumption and a predictable withdrawal reaction associated with audiogenic seizures are produced. The maintenance of high blood ethanol levels for three weeks in 18 male Charles River rats was associated with audiogenic seizures after 6 or 8 hours of withdrawal. These chronic alcoholic rats had enhanced blood clearance of ethanol. The cerebral cortical crude mitochondrial fraction showed a decrease in total and magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity in alcoholic and control (water-fed) rats compared with normal rats.", "contents": "Programmed feeding as a model of chronic alcoholism in the rat. Programmed-feeding polydipsia results in a reliable model of chronic alcoholism in the rat. High oral ethanol comsumption and a predictable withdrawal reaction associated with audiogenic seizures are produced. The maintenance of high blood ethanol levels for three weeks in 18 male Charles River rats was associated with audiogenic seizures after 6 or 8 hours of withdrawal. These chronic alcoholic rats had enhanced blood clearance of ethanol. The cerebral cortical crude mitochondrial fraction showed a decrease in total and magnesium-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity in alcoholic and control (water-fed) rats compared with normal rats."}
{"id": "PMID:152602", "title": "Huntington's disease: treatment with muscimol, a GABA-mimetic drug.", "content": "Muscimol, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue that exerts potent and specific agonist effects on GABA receptors, was administered orally to 10 patients with Huntington's disease. In this double-blind study, muscimol treatment did not result in improvement in these patients' motor or cognitive functions. However, muscimol administration did ameliorate chorea in the most severely hyperkinetic patient, and it was associated with the appearance of dystonic features, electroencephalographic changes, and behavioral alterations in some patients. These latter observations support a functional relationship between GABA-ergic activity and the genesis of both systonia and EEG abnormalities in humans. The therapeutic failure of muscimol indicates that the GABA disturbances in Huntington's disease does not alone account for the clinical features of this disorder.", "contents": "Huntington's disease: treatment with muscimol, a GABA-mimetic drug. Muscimol, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) analogue that exerts potent and specific agonist effects on GABA receptors, was administered orally to 10 patients with Huntington's disease. In this double-blind study, muscimol treatment did not result in improvement in these patients' motor or cognitive functions. However, muscimol administration did ameliorate chorea in the most severely hyperkinetic patient, and it was associated with the appearance of dystonic features, electroencephalographic changes, and behavioral alterations in some patients. These latter observations support a functional relationship between GABA-ergic activity and the genesis of both systonia and EEG abnormalities in humans. The therapeutic failure of muscimol indicates that the GABA disturbances in Huntington's disease does not alone account for the clinical features of this disorder."}
{"id": "PMID:152604", "title": "[Makeup and properties of E. coli cells with a varying level of resistance to tetracycline].", "content": "Lipopolysaccharide composition of tetracycline sensitive and resistant strains of E. coli was studied comparatively. It was shown that that resistance of E. coli to tetracycline was probably due to the differences in the lipopolysaccharide component composition of the outer membrane. On the basis of the activity comparison of the Mg2+- and Ca2+-activated ATP-ase of the membrane fraction of the tetracycline sensitive and resistance strains of E. coli it was concluded that the resistance development in the strains tested to tetracycline was not associated with the changes in the ATP-ase activity.", "contents": "[Makeup and properties of E. coli cells with a varying level of resistance to tetracycline]. Lipopolysaccharide composition of tetracycline sensitive and resistant strains of E. coli was studied comparatively. It was shown that that resistance of E. coli to tetracycline was probably due to the differences in the lipopolysaccharide component composition of the outer membrane. On the basis of the activity comparison of the Mg2+- and Ca2+-activated ATP-ase of the membrane fraction of the tetracycline sensitive and resistance strains of E. coli it was concluded that the resistance development in the strains tested to tetracycline was not associated with the changes in the ATP-ase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:152607", "title": "Fixed drug eruptions to tetracyclines.", "content": "We observed 11 cases of fixed drug eruption to tetracyclines. Two cases were in a mother and her adult son, and two patients experienced fading of their lesions while continuing to take 1 g of the drug per day. Several patients were cross-reactive to different salts.", "contents": "Fixed drug eruptions to tetracyclines. We observed 11 cases of fixed drug eruption to tetracyclines. Two cases were in a mother and her adult son, and two patients experienced fading of their lesions while continuing to take 1 g of the drug per day. Several patients were cross-reactive to different salts."}
{"id": "PMID:152608", "title": "A singular dermatosis of Mongols.", "content": "A long-term, erythematous, follicular papular dermatosis affecting the presternal and interscapular skin was found to occur in subjects with Down's syndrome. One hundred seventy-four subjects (110 male and 64 female) were surveyed. The condition was seen in 46% of the males, with the highest incidence in patients who were between 20 and 40 years of age; the condition was rare in the females. Our findings suggest that this condition is much commoner than any other abnormal skin feature described in the literature on Down's syndrome.", "contents": "A singular dermatosis of Mongols. A long-term, erythematous, follicular papular dermatosis affecting the presternal and interscapular skin was found to occur in subjects with Down's syndrome. One hundred seventy-four subjects (110 male and 64 female) were surveyed. The condition was seen in 46% of the males, with the highest incidence in patients who were between 20 and 40 years of age; the condition was rare in the females. Our findings suggest that this condition is much commoner than any other abnormal skin feature described in the literature on Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:152611", "title": "Dinitrochlorobenzene therapy for alopecia areata.", "content": "Ninety patients with alopecia areata were treated with weekly applications to one side of the head of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) dissolved in acetone, the other side of the head serving as control region. In 80 patients (89%) hair regrew either exclusively on the treated side, or considerably faster and denser on this side. The difference was noted, in the majority of cases, within eight weeks. The initial response, however, could not be maintained in all of these patients. Persistent response was observed in 72 patients (80%). Peribulbar round cell infiltrates were found to be more constant and denser on the treated side, suggesting that topically applied DNCB affects the peribulbar infiltrate present in alopecia areata. Possibly, the therapeutic result is due to altered local immunoregulation.", "contents": "Dinitrochlorobenzene therapy for alopecia areata. Ninety patients with alopecia areata were treated with weekly applications to one side of the head of dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) dissolved in acetone, the other side of the head serving as control region. In 80 patients (89%) hair regrew either exclusively on the treated side, or considerably faster and denser on this side. The difference was noted, in the majority of cases, within eight weeks. The initial response, however, could not be maintained in all of these patients. Persistent response was observed in 72 patients (80%). Peribulbar round cell infiltrates were found to be more constant and denser on the treated side, suggesting that topically applied DNCB affects the peribulbar infiltrate present in alopecia areata. Possibly, the therapeutic result is due to altered local immunoregulation."}
{"id": "PMID:152612", "title": "Topical 6-aminonicotinamide plus oral niacinamide therapy for psoriasis.", "content": "Ninety-nine patients with psoriasis were treated topically with 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) in four years. In a double-blind study, 1% 6-AN gel was superior to 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide in 29 comparisons, equal in three, and inferior in one when applied without occlusion for four weeks. In an open study, 1% 6-AN was better than four \"potent\" steroid creams in 34 comparisons, equal in four, and inferior in one. Substantial improvement or complete clearing of plaques occurred in 85 of 99 patients. Tachyphylaxis occurred in ten, but was not permanent. Mucocutaneous toxicity appeared in 25% but was usually easily controlled. Tinnitus occurred in four, but none had deterioration of audiogram readings. The combination of topical 6-AN and oral niacinamide therapy gives promise of an effective and safe treatment for psoriasis. One of three patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris improved considerably with 6-AN.", "contents": "Topical 6-aminonicotinamide plus oral niacinamide therapy for psoriasis. Ninety-nine patients with psoriasis were treated topically with 6-aminonicotinamide (6-AN) in four years. In a double-blind study, 1% 6-AN gel was superior to 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide in 29 comparisons, equal in three, and inferior in one when applied without occlusion for four weeks. In an open study, 1% 6-AN was better than four \"potent\" steroid creams in 34 comparisons, equal in four, and inferior in one. Substantial improvement or complete clearing of plaques occurred in 85 of 99 patients. Tachyphylaxis occurred in ten, but was not permanent. Mucocutaneous toxicity appeared in 25% but was usually easily controlled. Tinnitus occurred in four, but none had deterioration of audiogram readings. The combination of topical 6-AN and oral niacinamide therapy gives promise of an effective and safe treatment for psoriasis. One of three patients with pityriasis rubra pilaris improved considerably with 6-AN."}
{"id": "PMID:152613", "title": "Localized hemosiderosis as a sequela of acne.", "content": "Dark blue-black pigmentation has persisted in areas of previous acne scarring in a young woman. By histologic and electron microscopic examination, the pigment is demonstrated to represent hemosiderin. Much of the hemosiderin is lying free within macrophages, not bound by lysosomal membranes that normally would protect the cell from this toxic material.", "contents": "Localized hemosiderosis as a sequela of acne. Dark blue-black pigmentation has persisted in areas of previous acne scarring in a young woman. By histologic and electron microscopic examination, the pigment is demonstrated to represent hemosiderin. Much of the hemosiderin is lying free within macrophages, not bound by lysosomal membranes that normally would protect the cell from this toxic material."}
{"id": "PMID:152614", "title": "The preclotting of porous arterial prostheses.", "content": "A four-step preclotting method is presented for use with porous filamentous Dacron prostheses in the fully-heparinized patient. The method employs controlled fibrin formation within graft interstices, heparin neutralization of all thrombin remaining in the graft wall, and delay of systemic heparin neutralization until 15--20 minutes after clamp release. The resulting flow surface is impervious, smooth and hypothrombogenic. Experimental data are presented which support the rationale of this four-step preclotting method. Four years of clinical experience with the method are summarized, involving 300 prosthesis limbs used in aortic bifurcation, aortofemoral, femorofemoral, axillary-femoral and femoropopliteal positions in 192 patients. A clinical perspective of preclotting techniques is presented in which the proper use of this new method is suggested.", "contents": "The preclotting of porous arterial prostheses. A four-step preclotting method is presented for use with porous filamentous Dacron prostheses in the fully-heparinized patient. The method employs controlled fibrin formation within graft interstices, heparin neutralization of all thrombin remaining in the graft wall, and delay of systemic heparin neutralization until 15--20 minutes after clamp release. The resulting flow surface is impervious, smooth and hypothrombogenic. Experimental data are presented which support the rationale of this four-step preclotting method. Four years of clinical experience with the method are summarized, involving 300 prosthesis limbs used in aortic bifurcation, aortofemoral, femorofemoral, axillary-femoral and femoropopliteal positions in 192 patients. A clinical perspective of preclotting techniques is presented in which the proper use of this new method is suggested."}
{"id": "PMID:152616", "title": "[Mitral prolapse syndrome. Simple diagnosis of forms with severe arrhythmia].", "content": "The mitral valve prolapse syndrome encompasses a wide clinical spectrum with a majority of patients presenting with a benign course while a few present with severe arrhythmias. Nineteen patients with a systolic click and angiographic mitral valve prolapse were studied to determine which of several simple tests identified the subgroup with severe ventricular arrhythmias. The incidence and type of ventricular arrhythmias, documented by a 24 hour recording (Holter), were correlated with: 1) cardiac size assessed by the cardiothoracic ratio; 2) echocardiographic indices: end-diastolic septal and posterior wall thickness and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; 3) a ten minute rhythm strip (mini-Holter). Only patients with ventricular hypertrophy (5 patients) or dilatation (7 patients) had frequent and severe arrhythmias. In these two subgroups, the cardiothoracic ratio was larger than in patients with a normal echocardiogram (7 patients). The ten minute rhythm strip was abnormal in all those patients with severe ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia). Thus, in patients with mitral valve prolapse, the presence of an abnormal cardiothoracic ratio, echocardiogram and ten minute rhythm strip identifies patients with potentially severe ventricular arrhythmias. The mechanism of these arrhythmias is still poorly understood; however, a certain number of them may be related to a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system.", "contents": "[Mitral prolapse syndrome. Simple diagnosis of forms with severe arrhythmia]. The mitral valve prolapse syndrome encompasses a wide clinical spectrum with a majority of patients presenting with a benign course while a few present with severe arrhythmias. Nineteen patients with a systolic click and angiographic mitral valve prolapse were studied to determine which of several simple tests identified the subgroup with severe ventricular arrhythmias. The incidence and type of ventricular arrhythmias, documented by a 24 hour recording (Holter), were correlated with: 1) cardiac size assessed by the cardiothoracic ratio; 2) echocardiographic indices: end-diastolic septal and posterior wall thickness and left ventricular end-diastolic dimension; 3) a ten minute rhythm strip (mini-Holter). Only patients with ventricular hypertrophy (5 patients) or dilatation (7 patients) had frequent and severe arrhythmias. In these two subgroups, the cardiothoracic ratio was larger than in patients with a normal echocardiogram (7 patients). The ten minute rhythm strip was abnormal in all those patients with severe ventricular arrhythmias (ventricular tachycardia). Thus, in patients with mitral valve prolapse, the presence of an abnormal cardiothoracic ratio, echocardiogram and ten minute rhythm strip identifies patients with potentially severe ventricular arrhythmias. The mechanism of these arrhythmias is still poorly understood; however, a certain number of them may be related to a dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system."}
{"id": "PMID:152617", "title": "[Biochemistry of myocardium taken at autopsy. Preliminary report].", "content": "The findings after biochemical analysis of heart muscle taken at autopsy are given in this preliminary communication. Human myosin is made up of two heavy sub-units and two light sub-units: it is similar to cardiac myosin found in other mammals, but is different in certain characteristics, particularly immunological ones. Tropomyosin is made up of two different sub-units. The normal human heart contains 1 mg of collagen and 130 microgram of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) per 100 mg of fresh tissue. The degree of cardiac hypertrophy correlates with the increase total DNA within the heart, and with the lowering of myofibrillary Ca2+ ATPase, the concentration in the collagen remaining unchanged providing there is no ischaemic heart disease. These techniques may be used to quantify several factors, such as the degree of sclerosis or the nuclear mass in ill-understood conditions such as the primary cardiomyopathies.", "contents": "[Biochemistry of myocardium taken at autopsy. Preliminary report]. The findings after biochemical analysis of heart muscle taken at autopsy are given in this preliminary communication. Human myosin is made up of two heavy sub-units and two light sub-units: it is similar to cardiac myosin found in other mammals, but is different in certain characteristics, particularly immunological ones. Tropomyosin is made up of two different sub-units. The normal human heart contains 1 mg of collagen and 130 microgram of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) per 100 mg of fresh tissue. The degree of cardiac hypertrophy correlates with the increase total DNA within the heart, and with the lowering of myofibrillary Ca2+ ATPase, the concentration in the collagen remaining unchanged providing there is no ischaemic heart disease. These techniques may be used to quantify several factors, such as the degree of sclerosis or the nuclear mass in ill-understood conditions such as the primary cardiomyopathies."}
{"id": "PMID:152618", "title": "Location and sequence of atherosclerotic plaque formation in white Carneau and show racer pigeons: reevaluation and redefinition.", "content": "Sudan staining of gross specimens with correlated histologic sections was used to localize the accumulation of fat in the aortas of genetically susceptible and resistant strains of pigeons. The birds were maintained on a cholesterol-free grain diet, and studies were done sequentially from ages 1 month to 4 years. Evidence suggests that the accumulation of lipids in musculoelastic cushions located at the origin of small branches is not necessarily a precursor of complicated lesions, but that it occurs concurrently in susceptible and resistant strains. In contrast, in the \"lesion area,\" lipid accumulation is more striking and occurs earlier in the susceptible strain. It precedes proliferation by three to six months. Thus, in this model, two distinct types of fatty streaks can be identified and their biologic features can be defined and related to their propensity for atherogenesis.", "contents": "Location and sequence of atherosclerotic plaque formation in white Carneau and show racer pigeons: reevaluation and redefinition. Sudan staining of gross specimens with correlated histologic sections was used to localize the accumulation of fat in the aortas of genetically susceptible and resistant strains of pigeons. The birds were maintained on a cholesterol-free grain diet, and studies were done sequentially from ages 1 month to 4 years. Evidence suggests that the accumulation of lipids in musculoelastic cushions located at the origin of small branches is not necessarily a precursor of complicated lesions, but that it occurs concurrently in susceptible and resistant strains. In contrast, in the \"lesion area,\" lipid accumulation is more striking and occurs earlier in the susceptible strain. It precedes proliferation by three to six months. Thus, in this model, two distinct types of fatty streaks can be identified and their biologic features can be defined and related to their propensity for atherogenesis."}
{"id": "PMID:152619", "title": "Symphyseal and sacroiliac joint pain associated with pubic symphysis instability.", "content": "Fifty patients presenting with lumbosacral and inguinal pain were examined by routine clinical radiographic and electromyographic evaluations. All were without antecedent history of major pelvic trauma or spinal surgery but demonstrated evidence of pubic symphysis instability. Slip between the pubic rami in excess of 2 mm could be demonstrated in each with alternate leg weight bearing. Asymmetry of hip mobility on the symptomatic side with a reduction in abduction and external rotation was present in 20 patients. An approach to treatment of pain associated with pubic symphyseal and associated sacroiliac joint instability is described, combining both intraarticular steroids, lumbosacral supports and physical therapy modalities.", "contents": "Symphyseal and sacroiliac joint pain associated with pubic symphysis instability. Fifty patients presenting with lumbosacral and inguinal pain were examined by routine clinical radiographic and electromyographic evaluations. All were without antecedent history of major pelvic trauma or spinal surgery but demonstrated evidence of pubic symphysis instability. Slip between the pubic rami in excess of 2 mm could be demonstrated in each with alternate leg weight bearing. Asymmetry of hip mobility on the symptomatic side with a reduction in abduction and external rotation was present in 20 patients. An approach to treatment of pain associated with pubic symphyseal and associated sacroiliac joint instability is described, combining both intraarticular steroids, lumbosacral supports and physical therapy modalities."}
{"id": "PMID:152620", "title": "[Tissue specific effect of lymphocytic chalone isolated from rat spleen].", "content": "Chalone-containing alcohol extract from the rat spleen consisting of 8--10 substances of protein nature, according to the data of the disk electrophoresis, possesses a selective property to inhibit the entrance of human transformed lymphocytes into the phase of DNA synthesis. Injection of lymphocytic chalones to the mice allotransplants of a donor's skin grafts, which differ from the recipient by a strong antigen, temporally delays the rejection of the transplanted graft. In mice-recipients, the thymus treated with lymphocytic chalone is characterized by the depletion of the cortical substance.", "contents": "[Tissue specific effect of lymphocytic chalone isolated from rat spleen]. Chalone-containing alcohol extract from the rat spleen consisting of 8--10 substances of protein nature, according to the data of the disk electrophoresis, possesses a selective property to inhibit the entrance of human transformed lymphocytes into the phase of DNA synthesis. Injection of lymphocytic chalones to the mice allotransplants of a donor's skin grafts, which differ from the recipient by a strong antigen, temporally delays the rejection of the transplanted graft. In mice-recipients, the thymus treated with lymphocytic chalone is characterized by the depletion of the cortical substance."}
{"id": "PMID:152621", "title": "Huntington's disease. Cerebrospinal fluid GABA levels in at-risk individuals.", "content": "Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was measured by the ion-exchange fluorometric method in CSF from 22 individuals at risk for Huntington's disease (HD), six individuals with HD, and five neurologically normal controls. The mean (+/- SD) GABA level in the specimens from patients with HD was 142 +/- 27 pmoles/ml, whereas that of the normal control specimens was 297 +/- 87 pmoles/ml. The mean GABA level of the specimens from the individuals at risk for HD was 209 +/- 79 pmoles/ml; however, nine of these were in the normal range with a mean value of 281 +/- 72 pmoles/ml, while the other 13 were below the normal range with a mean value of 159 +/- 27 pmoles/ml. The data indicate that low GABA levels in CSF are evident prior to the onset of symptoms of HD but a predictive value can only be determined by continued observation of the clinical course of these at-risk individuals.", "contents": "Huntington's disease. Cerebrospinal fluid GABA levels in at-risk individuals. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was measured by the ion-exchange fluorometric method in CSF from 22 individuals at risk for Huntington's disease (HD), six individuals with HD, and five neurologically normal controls. The mean (+/- SD) GABA level in the specimens from patients with HD was 142 +/- 27 pmoles/ml, whereas that of the normal control specimens was 297 +/- 87 pmoles/ml. The mean GABA level of the specimens from the individuals at risk for HD was 209 +/- 79 pmoles/ml; however, nine of these were in the normal range with a mean value of 281 +/- 72 pmoles/ml, while the other 13 were below the normal range with a mean value of 159 +/- 27 pmoles/ml. The data indicate that low GABA levels in CSF are evident prior to the onset of symptoms of HD but a predictive value can only be determined by continued observation of the clinical course of these at-risk individuals."}
{"id": "PMID:152622", "title": "Effect of an opiate antagonist on movement disorders.", "content": "Animal experiments suggest that opiate peptides might play a role in extrapyramidal function. This hypothesis was tested by administering the opiate antagonist, naltrexone, in doses sufficient to antagonize exogenous opiates, to patients with parkinsonism and Huntington's disease. No improvement in the clinical features of either disorder was noted.", "contents": "Effect of an opiate antagonist on movement disorders. Animal experiments suggest that opiate peptides might play a role in extrapyramidal function. This hypothesis was tested by administering the opiate antagonist, naltrexone, in doses sufficient to antagonize exogenous opiates, to patients with parkinsonism and Huntington's disease. No improvement in the clinical features of either disorder was noted."}
{"id": "PMID:152625", "title": "Some problems of the severely handicapped.", "content": "Acceptance of the severely handicapped in our community is limited. It may be limited by lack of experience, as 'the chicken and the egg' syndrome applies--do we keep the handicapped away from the public because of adverse reaction, or does the public react adversely because the handicapped are kept away? I work with handicapped children and their families, and therefore the following article is related to children.", "contents": "Some problems of the severely handicapped. Acceptance of the severely handicapped in our community is limited. It may be limited by lack of experience, as 'the chicken and the egg' syndrome applies--do we keep the handicapped away from the public because of adverse reaction, or does the public react adversely because the handicapped are kept away? I work with handicapped children and their families, and therefore the following article is related to children."}
{"id": "PMID:152636", "title": "[Current concepts on gastroschisis].", "content": "Present day concepts about history, etiology, embriology, and management of gastroschisis are reviewed and a case is reported; it was treated in two surgical steps. A silastic net was applied and the intestinal loops were gradually introduced until the abdominal defect closed completely. Parenteral feeding was also given.", "contents": "[Current concepts on gastroschisis]. Present day concepts about history, etiology, embriology, and management of gastroschisis are reviewed and a case is reported; it was treated in two surgical steps. A silastic net was applied and the intestinal loops were gradually introduced until the abdominal defect closed completely. Parenteral feeding was also given."}
{"id": "PMID:152640", "title": "Removal of intra-abdominal intrauterine contraceptive devices.", "content": "Thirteen cases of misplaced intrauterine contraceptive devices removed from the abdominal cavity over a two year period at the Chelsea Hospital for Women, are reviewed. Five of the six plastic devices were removable laparoscopically but all the copper containing devices required a laparotomy for removal because of an omental or peritoneal reaction.", "contents": "Removal of intra-abdominal intrauterine contraceptive devices. Thirteen cases of misplaced intrauterine contraceptive devices removed from the abdominal cavity over a two year period at the Chelsea Hospital for Women, are reviewed. Five of the six plastic devices were removable laparoscopically but all the copper containing devices required a laparotomy for removal because of an omental or peritoneal reaction."}
{"id": "PMID:152643", "title": "The use of aurovertin to determine the F1 content of submitochondrial particles and the ATPase complex.", "content": "(1) The concentration of aurovertin-binding sites calculated from fluorimetric titrations of submitochondrial particles is equal to the F1 concentration, calculated from the concentration of F1-binding sites in stripped particles. (2) Direct binding experiments show that the fluorescence enhancement of aurovertin bound to submitochondrial particles and the isolated ATPase complex is less (or absent) at higher concentrations than at lower concentrations. The binding data can be described by 'specific' and 'non-specific' binding. The concentration of the 'specific' sites is twice that derived from fluorimetric titrations. (3) After dissociation of the bound F1 with LiCl, fluorimetric titrations with aurovertin yield linear Scatchard plots. The fluorescence enhancement and KD are equal to those of the beta-subunit-aurovertin complex. The concentration of beta-subunits is double the concentration of F1. (4) It is concluded that both for submitochondrial particles and the isolated ATPase complex the most reliable and simple way to determine the F1 content is to dissociate the F1 with LiCl, spin down the insoluble material and titrate the supernatant (containing free beta-subunit) with aurovertin.", "contents": "The use of aurovertin to determine the F1 content of submitochondrial particles and the ATPase complex. (1) The concentration of aurovertin-binding sites calculated from fluorimetric titrations of submitochondrial particles is equal to the F1 concentration, calculated from the concentration of F1-binding sites in stripped particles. (2) Direct binding experiments show that the fluorescence enhancement of aurovertin bound to submitochondrial particles and the isolated ATPase complex is less (or absent) at higher concentrations than at lower concentrations. The binding data can be described by 'specific' and 'non-specific' binding. The concentration of the 'specific' sites is twice that derived from fluorimetric titrations. (3) After dissociation of the bound F1 with LiCl, fluorimetric titrations with aurovertin yield linear Scatchard plots. The fluorescence enhancement and KD are equal to those of the beta-subunit-aurovertin complex. The concentration of beta-subunits is double the concentration of F1. (4) It is concluded that both for submitochondrial particles and the isolated ATPase complex the most reliable and simple way to determine the F1 content is to dissociate the F1 with LiCl, spin down the insoluble material and titrate the supernatant (containing free beta-subunit) with aurovertin."}
{"id": "PMID:152644", "title": "Specificity of nucleotide binding and coupled reactions utilising the mitochondrial ATPase.", "content": "1. Tightly bound ATP and ADP, found on the isolated mitochondrial ATPase, exchange only slowly at pH 8, but the exchange is increased as the pH is reduced. At pH 5.5, more than 60% of the bound nucleotide exchanges within 2.5 min. 2. Preincubation of the isolated ATPase with ADP leads to about 50% inhibition of ATP hydrolysis when the enzyme is subsequently assayed in the absence of free ADP. This effect, which is reversed by preincubation with ATP, is absent on the membrane-bound ATPase. This inhibition seems to involve the replacement of tightly bound ATP by ADP. 3. Using these two findings, the binding specificity of the tight nucleotide binding sites was determined. iso-Guanosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine and formycin nucleotides displaced ATP from the tight binding sites, while all other nucleotides tested did not. The specificities of the tight sites of the isolated and membrane-bound ATPase were similar, and higher than that of the hydrolytic site. 4. The nucleotide specificities of 'coupled processes' nucleoside triphosphate-driven reversal of electron transfer, nucleoside triphosphate-32Pi exchange and phosphorylation were higher than that of the hydrolytic site of the ATPase and similar to that of the tight nucleotide binding sites.", "contents": "Specificity of nucleotide binding and coupled reactions utilising the mitochondrial ATPase. 1. Tightly bound ATP and ADP, found on the isolated mitochondrial ATPase, exchange only slowly at pH 8, but the exchange is increased as the pH is reduced. At pH 5.5, more than 60% of the bound nucleotide exchanges within 2.5 min. 2. Preincubation of the isolated ATPase with ADP leads to about 50% inhibition of ATP hydrolysis when the enzyme is subsequently assayed in the absence of free ADP. This effect, which is reversed by preincubation with ATP, is absent on the membrane-bound ATPase. This inhibition seems to involve the replacement of tightly bound ATP by ADP. 3. Using these two findings, the binding specificity of the tight nucleotide binding sites was determined. iso-Guanosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine and formycin nucleotides displaced ATP from the tight binding sites, while all other nucleotides tested did not. The specificities of the tight sites of the isolated and membrane-bound ATPase were similar, and higher than that of the hydrolytic site. 4. The nucleotide specificities of 'coupled processes' nucleoside triphosphate-driven reversal of electron transfer, nucleoside triphosphate-32Pi exchange and phosphorylation were higher than that of the hydrolytic site of the ATPase and similar to that of the tight nucleotide binding sites."}
{"id": "PMID:152645", "title": "Activation of partial reactions of the Ca2+-ATPase from human red cells by Mg2+ and ATP.", "content": "(1) At ATP concentrations up to 30 micrometer addition of 0.5 mM MgCl2 in the reaction mixture increases both the rate of formation and the steady-state level of the phosphoenzyme of the Ca2+-ATPase from human red cell membranes. Under these conditions Mg2+ has no effect on the rate of dephosphorylation, which remains slow. (2) In the presence of Mg2+ the rate of dephosphorylation is increased 5 to 10 times by high (1 mM) concentrations of ATP. (3) Provided Mg2+ has reacted with the phosphoenzyme, acceleration of dephosphorylation by ATP takes place in the absence of Mg2+. This suggests that the role of Mg2+ on dephosphorylation is to convert the phosphoenzyme into a form that, after combination with ATP, reacts rapidly with water. (4) The results are consistent with the idea that combination of ATP at a non-catalytic site is needed for rapid dephosphorylation of the Ca2+-ATPase.", "contents": "Activation of partial reactions of the Ca2+-ATPase from human red cells by Mg2+ and ATP. (1) At ATP concentrations up to 30 micrometer addition of 0.5 mM MgCl2 in the reaction mixture increases both the rate of formation and the steady-state level of the phosphoenzyme of the Ca2+-ATPase from human red cell membranes. Under these conditions Mg2+ has no effect on the rate of dephosphorylation, which remains slow. (2) In the presence of Mg2+ the rate of dephosphorylation is increased 5 to 10 times by high (1 mM) concentrations of ATP. (3) Provided Mg2+ has reacted with the phosphoenzyme, acceleration of dephosphorylation by ATP takes place in the absence of Mg2+. This suggests that the role of Mg2+ on dephosphorylation is to convert the phosphoenzyme into a form that, after combination with ATP, reacts rapidly with water. (4) The results are consistent with the idea that combination of ATP at a non-catalytic site is needed for rapid dephosphorylation of the Ca2+-ATPase."}
{"id": "PMID:152646", "title": "Membrane-bound cooperative enzymes. Stokes' radii, Hill plots and membrane fluidity in the regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase from Escherichia coli.", "content": "The soluble Ca2+-ATPase from Escherichia coli had a distinctive behavior with respect to inhibition by Na+ measured at 36 degrees C and 19 degrees C. At the first temperature the Hill plots are linear and show a slope of 1.1 while at 19 degrees C the plots are biphasic, with slopes of 1.8 and 0.8 before and after the break, respectively. The break occurs at about 50 nM NaCl. Gel chromatography was performed in jacketed Sepharose 4B columns kept at 2 temperatures in the presence of different concentrations of NaCl. It was found that the Stokes' radius of the enzyme was dependent on the temperature and on the salt concentration. Equilibrium sucrose gradients run at 19 degrees C showed that the sedimentation constant of the enzyme remained constant irrespective of the NaCl concentration used. It is concluded that a \"folding\" of the enzyme takes place in the presence of NaCl, the process being complete at about 50 mM NaCl at 19 degrees C and at about 20 mM at 36 degrees C. The results are in excellent agreement with the kinetic data: the \"folded\" or \"compact\" configuration would show no cooperative response towards Na+ while the \"expanded\" conformer would present strong cooperativity. This is also in agreement with the results obtained with the enzyme embedded in the membrane: when the membrane is fluid a high n value (Hill coefficient) is found; when the membrane is more rigid the value of n falls. A model explaining all our results is proposed and discussed.", "contents": "Membrane-bound cooperative enzymes. Stokes' radii, Hill plots and membrane fluidity in the regulation of adenosinetriphosphatase from Escherichia coli. The soluble Ca2+-ATPase from Escherichia coli had a distinctive behavior with respect to inhibition by Na+ measured at 36 degrees C and 19 degrees C. At the first temperature the Hill plots are linear and show a slope of 1.1 while at 19 degrees C the plots are biphasic, with slopes of 1.8 and 0.8 before and after the break, respectively. The break occurs at about 50 nM NaCl. Gel chromatography was performed in jacketed Sepharose 4B columns kept at 2 temperatures in the presence of different concentrations of NaCl. It was found that the Stokes' radius of the enzyme was dependent on the temperature and on the salt concentration. Equilibrium sucrose gradients run at 19 degrees C showed that the sedimentation constant of the enzyme remained constant irrespective of the NaCl concentration used. It is concluded that a \"folding\" of the enzyme takes place in the presence of NaCl, the process being complete at about 50 mM NaCl at 19 degrees C and at about 20 mM at 36 degrees C. The results are in excellent agreement with the kinetic data: the \"folded\" or \"compact\" configuration would show no cooperative response towards Na+ while the \"expanded\" conformer would present strong cooperativity. This is also in agreement with the results obtained with the enzyme embedded in the membrane: when the membrane is fluid a high n value (Hill coefficient) is found; when the membrane is more rigid the value of n falls. A model explaining all our results is proposed and discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:152647", "title": "Erythrocyte actin and spectrin. Interactions with muscle contractile and regulatory proteins.", "content": "Actin and spectrin were isolated from washed red blood cell membranes. Spectrin bound and polymerized erythrocyte actin in the absence of potassium. Spectrin coated into polystyrene latex particles bound 8--9 mol of erythrocyte actin per mol of spectrin when actin was in its depolymerized state. Spectrin enhanced the interaction of erythrocyte actin with muscle myosin as manifested by changes in Mg2+-ATPase activity. A similar enhancement also was observed with muscle alpha-actinin while muscle tropomyosin abolished these effects. The data suggest that spectrin may play the role of polymerizing factor as well as the anchoring site for erythrocyte actin just as alpha-actinin is the anchoring site for actin filaments in muscle and other non-muscle cells.", "contents": "Erythrocyte actin and spectrin. Interactions with muscle contractile and regulatory proteins. Actin and spectrin were isolated from washed red blood cell membranes. Spectrin bound and polymerized erythrocyte actin in the absence of potassium. Spectrin coated into polystyrene latex particles bound 8--9 mol of erythrocyte actin per mol of spectrin when actin was in its depolymerized state. Spectrin enhanced the interaction of erythrocyte actin with muscle myosin as manifested by changes in Mg2+-ATPase activity. A similar enhancement also was observed with muscle alpha-actinin while muscle tropomyosin abolished these effects. The data suggest that spectrin may play the role of polymerizing factor as well as the anchoring site for erythrocyte actin just as alpha-actinin is the anchoring site for actin filaments in muscle and other non-muscle cells."}
{"id": "PMID:152648", "title": "Studies on the heterogeneity of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles.", "content": "Isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from rabbit white muscle were separated into a light (15--20% of total microsomes) and a heavy (80--85%) fraction by density gradient centifugation. The ultrastructure, chemical composition, enzymic activities and localization of membrane components in the vesicles of both fractions were investigated. From the following results it was concluded that both fractions are derived from the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum system of the muscle: (i) The protein pattern of both fractions is essentially the same, except for different ratios of acidic, Ca2+-binding proteins. (ii) The 105000 dalton protein of the light fraction cross-reacts immunologically with the Ca2+-dependent ATPase of the heavy fraction. (iii) Ca2+-dependent ATPase, although of different specific activity, is found in both fractions. After rendering the vesicles leaky, specific activities in both fractions reach the same value. The light fraction was found to consist of \"inside-out\" vesicles by the following criteria: (i) No Ca2+ accumulation can be measured and the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity is low and variable. (ii) The rate of trypsin digestion is lower and, compared to the heavy microsomes, a different ratio of degradation products is obtained. (iii) The sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane has a highly asymmetrical lipid distribution. This distribution of aminophospholipids is opposite to that in vesicles of heavy fraction. The light sarcoplasmic reticulum fraction has a higher phospholipid to protein ratio than the heavy one. This is consistent with the possibility that the two fractions derive from different parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum system.", "contents": "Studies on the heterogeneity of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles. Isolated sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles from rabbit white muscle were separated into a light (15--20% of total microsomes) and a heavy (80--85%) fraction by density gradient centifugation. The ultrastructure, chemical composition, enzymic activities and localization of membrane components in the vesicles of both fractions were investigated. From the following results it was concluded that both fractions are derived from the membranes of the sarcoplasmic reticulum system of the muscle: (i) The protein pattern of both fractions is essentially the same, except for different ratios of acidic, Ca2+-binding proteins. (ii) The 105000 dalton protein of the light fraction cross-reacts immunologically with the Ca2+-dependent ATPase of the heavy fraction. (iii) Ca2+-dependent ATPase, although of different specific activity, is found in both fractions. After rendering the vesicles leaky, specific activities in both fractions reach the same value. The light fraction was found to consist of \"inside-out\" vesicles by the following criteria: (i) No Ca2+ accumulation can be measured and the Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity is low and variable. (ii) The rate of trypsin digestion is lower and, compared to the heavy microsomes, a different ratio of degradation products is obtained. (iii) The sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane has a highly asymmetrical lipid distribution. This distribution of aminophospholipids is opposite to that in vesicles of heavy fraction. The light sarcoplasmic reticulum fraction has a higher phospholipid to protein ratio than the heavy one. This is consistent with the possibility that the two fractions derive from different parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum system."}
{"id": "PMID:152649", "title": "Properties of three distinct pyrimide transport systems in yeast. Evidence for distinct energy coupling.", "content": "In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the uptake of cytosine, uracil and uridine is mediated by three permeases. Using mutants blocked in the metabolic utilization of these three compounds we were able to study their specific uptake. Cytosine and uridine show simple saturation kinetics, whereas uracil uptake is a biphasic process. A comparison of the effects of several inhibitors of energy metabolism on these uptake systems was made. Striking differences were found. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (10(-3) M) and NaN3 (10(-2) M) inhibit the entry of the three compounds to similar extent, but chlorhexidine (10(-5) M) and Dio 9 (50 microgram/ml) which are ATPase inhibitors in vitro strongly impaired cytosine and uridine entry and remained without effect on uracil uptake. We provisionally conclude that these systems may be energized by different mechanisms. In the case of cytosine and uridine permease, a membrane ATPase is possibly involved in the process of energetic coupling whereas this does not seem to be so for uracil.", "contents": "Properties of three distinct pyrimide transport systems in yeast. Evidence for distinct energy coupling. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae the uptake of cytosine, uracil and uridine is mediated by three permeases. Using mutants blocked in the metabolic utilization of these three compounds we were able to study their specific uptake. Cytosine and uridine show simple saturation kinetics, whereas uracil uptake is a biphasic process. A comparison of the effects of several inhibitors of energy metabolism on these uptake systems was made. Striking differences were found. 2,4-Dinitrophenol (10(-3) M) and NaN3 (10(-2) M) inhibit the entry of the three compounds to similar extent, but chlorhexidine (10(-5) M) and Dio 9 (50 microgram/ml) which are ATPase inhibitors in vitro strongly impaired cytosine and uridine entry and remained without effect on uracil uptake. We provisionally conclude that these systems may be energized by different mechanisms. In the case of cytosine and uridine permease, a membrane ATPase is possibly involved in the process of energetic coupling whereas this does not seem to be so for uracil."}
{"id": "PMID:152650", "title": "The phospholipid headgroup specificity of an ATP-dependent calcium pump.", "content": "We have replaced the lipid associated with a purified calcium transport protein with a series of defined synthetic dioleoyl phospholipids in order to determine the effect of phospholipid headgroup structure on the ATPase activity of the protein. At 37 degrees C the zwitterionic phospholipids (dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine and dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine) support the highest activity, while a phospholipid with two negative charges (dioleoyl phosphatidic acid) supports an activity which is at least twenty times lower. Dioleoyl phospholipids with a single net negative charge support at intermediate ATPase activity which is not affected by the precise chemical structure of the phospholipid headgroup. The protocol used to determine the phospholipid headgroup specificity of calcium transport protein is novel because it establishes the composition of the lipid in contact with the protein without the need to isolate defined lipid-protein complexes. This allows the lipid specificity to be determined using only very small quantities of test lipids. We also determined the ability of the same phospholipids to support calcium accumulation in reconstituted membranes. Two requirements had to be met. The phospholipid had to support the ATPase activity of the pump protein and it had to form sealed vesicles as determined by electron microscopy. Since a number of phospholipids met those requirements it is clear that in vitro the lipid specificity of the calcium-accumulating system is rather broad.", "contents": "The phospholipid headgroup specificity of an ATP-dependent calcium pump. We have replaced the lipid associated with a purified calcium transport protein with a series of defined synthetic dioleoyl phospholipids in order to determine the effect of phospholipid headgroup structure on the ATPase activity of the protein. At 37 degrees C the zwitterionic phospholipids (dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine and dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine) support the highest activity, while a phospholipid with two negative charges (dioleoyl phosphatidic acid) supports an activity which is at least twenty times lower. Dioleoyl phospholipids with a single net negative charge support at intermediate ATPase activity which is not affected by the precise chemical structure of the phospholipid headgroup. The protocol used to determine the phospholipid headgroup specificity of calcium transport protein is novel because it establishes the composition of the lipid in contact with the protein without the need to isolate defined lipid-protein complexes. This allows the lipid specificity to be determined using only very small quantities of test lipids. We also determined the ability of the same phospholipids to support calcium accumulation in reconstituted membranes. Two requirements had to be met. The phospholipid had to support the ATPase activity of the pump protein and it had to form sealed vesicles as determined by electron microscopy. Since a number of phospholipids met those requirements it is clear that in vitro the lipid specificity of the calcium-accumulating system is rather broad."}
{"id": "PMID:152651", "title": "Neocarzinostatin induction of DNA repair synthesis in HeLa cells and isolated nuclei.", "content": "The antitumor antibiotic neocarzinostatin that causes DNA strand breaks in vivo and in vitro is shown to induce DNA repair synthesis in HeLa S3 cells. In the repair assay, the parental DNA was prelabeled with 32P and a density label (bromodeoxyuridine) was introduced into the new synthesized DNA. Quantitation of the repair synthesis as measured by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the light parental DNA at varying doses of the drug indicate that there is a significant repair response at low levels of the drug (0.2--0.5 microgram/ml) which cause DNA strand breakage and inhibition of DNA synthesis. In isolated HeLa nuclei neocarzinostatin stimulates the incorporation of dTMP many-fold. This enhancement of dTMP incorporation, which requires the presence of a sulfhydryl agent, is a consequence of the drug-induced DNA strand breakage and is in the parental DNA. These results suggest that an intact cell membrane is not required for DNA strand breakage and its subsequent repair.", "contents": "Neocarzinostatin induction of DNA repair synthesis in HeLa cells and isolated nuclei. The antitumor antibiotic neocarzinostatin that causes DNA strand breaks in vivo and in vitro is shown to induce DNA repair synthesis in HeLa S3 cells. In the repair assay, the parental DNA was prelabeled with 32P and a density label (bromodeoxyuridine) was introduced into the new synthesized DNA. Quantitation of the repair synthesis as measured by the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into the light parental DNA at varying doses of the drug indicate that there is a significant repair response at low levels of the drug (0.2--0.5 microgram/ml) which cause DNA strand breakage and inhibition of DNA synthesis. In isolated HeLa nuclei neocarzinostatin stimulates the incorporation of dTMP many-fold. This enhancement of dTMP incorporation, which requires the presence of a sulfhydryl agent, is a consequence of the drug-induced DNA strand breakage and is in the parental DNA. These results suggest that an intact cell membrane is not required for DNA strand breakage and its subsequent repair."}
{"id": "PMID:152652", "title": "Stimulation of adenosine triphosphatase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum by adenylyl methylene diphosphate.", "content": "The effects of adenylyl methylene diphosphate (AMD), a non-hydrolyzable ATP analogue, were examined in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. The Ca2+-dependent APTase activity measured at 5 degrees C and pH 7.0 in 5.2 micrometer [gamma-32P]ATP and in the absence of added alkali metal salts was stimulated by added AMD. The steady state level of phosphoenzyme, however, was not decreased greatly by added AMP under these conditions. The hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme formed at the steady state in the absence of added alkali metal salts was accelerated by added AMD to an extent that can account for the stimulation of the ATPase activity. At 5 degrees C and pH 7.0 the maximum stimulation of phosphoenzyme hydrolysis by AMD and the Km value for this ATP analogue were 4.3-fold and 40 micrometer, respectively. These results provide further support for our previous conclusion (Shigekawa, M., Dougherty, J.P. and Katz, A.M. (1978) J.Biol. Chem. 253, 1442--1450) that 2 classes of ATP site exist in the calcium pump ATPase in the absence of added alkali metal salts, one being the catalytic site and the other being the regulation site which activates the activity of the catalytic site.", "contents": "Stimulation of adenosine triphosphatase activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum by adenylyl methylene diphosphate. The effects of adenylyl methylene diphosphate (AMD), a non-hydrolyzable ATP analogue, were examined in sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles isolated from rabbit skeletal muscle. The Ca2+-dependent APTase activity measured at 5 degrees C and pH 7.0 in 5.2 micrometer [gamma-32P]ATP and in the absence of added alkali metal salts was stimulated by added AMD. The steady state level of phosphoenzyme, however, was not decreased greatly by added AMP under these conditions. The hydrolysis of the phosphoenzyme formed at the steady state in the absence of added alkali metal salts was accelerated by added AMD to an extent that can account for the stimulation of the ATPase activity. At 5 degrees C and pH 7.0 the maximum stimulation of phosphoenzyme hydrolysis by AMD and the Km value for this ATP analogue were 4.3-fold and 40 micrometer, respectively. These results provide further support for our previous conclusion (Shigekawa, M., Dougherty, J.P. and Katz, A.M. (1978) J.Biol. Chem. 253, 1442--1450) that 2 classes of ATP site exist in the calcium pump ATPase in the absence of added alkali metal salts, one being the catalytic site and the other being the regulation site which activates the activity of the catalytic site."}
{"id": "PMID:152653", "title": "Interaction of D-fructose and fructose 1-phosphate with yeast phosphofructokinase and its influence on glycolytic oscillations.", "content": "Fermentation of D-fructose- and D-glucose induced glycolytic oscillations of different period lengths in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Recent studies suggested, that D-fructose or one of its metabolites interacted with phosphofructokinase (ATP:D-fructo-6-phosphate 1-phosphofructokinase, EC 2.7.1.11), the core of the glycolytic 'oscillator'. In order to explore the kinetics of interaction, the influence of D-fructose and fructose 1-phosphate on purified yeast phosphofructokinase was studied. D-fructose concentrations up to 0.3 mM stimulated the enzyme, while a further increase led to competitive inhibition. The Hill coefficient for fructose 6-phosphate decreased from 2.8 to 1.0. Fructose 1-phosphate acted in a similar way, up to 1 mM activation and inhibition competitive to fructose 6-phosphate at higher concentration (2.0--3.5 mM) with the same effect on the Hill coefficient. The inhibition patterns obtained with D-fructose or fructose 1-phosphate suggest a sequential random reaction mechanism of yeast phosphofructokinase with fructose 6-phosphate and MgATP2-. The mode of interaction of phosphofructokinase with D-fructose and fructose 1-phosphate is discussed. The influence of both effectors resulted in altered enzyme kinetics, which may cause the different period lengths of glycolytic oscillations.", "contents": "Interaction of D-fructose and fructose 1-phosphate with yeast phosphofructokinase and its influence on glycolytic oscillations. Fermentation of D-fructose- and D-glucose induced glycolytic oscillations of different period lengths in Saccharomyces carlsbergensis. Recent studies suggested, that D-fructose or one of its metabolites interacted with phosphofructokinase (ATP:D-fructo-6-phosphate 1-phosphofructokinase, EC 2.7.1.11), the core of the glycolytic 'oscillator'. In order to explore the kinetics of interaction, the influence of D-fructose and fructose 1-phosphate on purified yeast phosphofructokinase was studied. D-fructose concentrations up to 0.3 mM stimulated the enzyme, while a further increase led to competitive inhibition. The Hill coefficient for fructose 6-phosphate decreased from 2.8 to 1.0. Fructose 1-phosphate acted in a similar way, up to 1 mM activation and inhibition competitive to fructose 6-phosphate at higher concentration (2.0--3.5 mM) with the same effect on the Hill coefficient. The inhibition patterns obtained with D-fructose or fructose 1-phosphate suggest a sequential random reaction mechanism of yeast phosphofructokinase with fructose 6-phosphate and MgATP2-. The mode of interaction of phosphofructokinase with D-fructose and fructose 1-phosphate is discussed. The influence of both effectors resulted in altered enzyme kinetics, which may cause the different period lengths of glycolytic oscillations."}
{"id": "PMID:152654", "title": "Frictional properties and molecular weight of native and synthetic myosin filaments from vertebrate skeletal muscle.", "content": "1. The molecular weights of a series of synthetic myosin filaments have been measured, using the transport-concentration dependence theory of Rowe, A.J. [Biopolymers, 1977, 16, 2595--2611]. It is shown that for preparations of narrow length distribution (0.60--0.77 micrometer), N, the number of myosin molecules/14.3 nm varies between 3 and 6. 2. The reduced specific viscosity of synthetic myosin filaments has been measured as a function of both concentration and shear rate. From the concentration dependence at zero rate of shear, a value for the \"swelling\" of the filaments Vs/-v = 2.3 has been calculated. 3. The frictional coefficient of synthetic myosin filaments has been shown to be anomalously but reproducibly high, as compared to that of prolate ellipsoids of the same length and mass. This additional frictional drag has been numerically characterised by a \"frictional increment\", fi = 1.76 +/- 0.11. 4. A procedure has been devised whereby for any elongated structure which can be assumed to show the same (or other known) fi value, the molecular weight can be estimated from s0 (extrapolated sedimentation coefficient) and 2b (length) alone. 5. An s0 value for natural A-filaments, isolated from rabbit psoas muscle, has been determined by the active enzyme centrifugation technique. From this value, s0 = 132 +/- 3 S, a molecular weight of 1.20 . 10(8) has been computed by the new procedure, for preparations of average length 1.27  micrometer. 6. Contingent upon the validity of the assumptions used (see 4 above) the N value is computed as 3.1 +/- 0.2, consistent with the native, fully intact A-filament having three-fold symmetry, containing 294 myosin molecules, and having a molecular weight based upon myosin and C-protein of 1.31 . 10(8).", "contents": "Frictional properties and molecular weight of native and synthetic myosin filaments from vertebrate skeletal muscle. 1. The molecular weights of a series of synthetic myosin filaments have been measured, using the transport-concentration dependence theory of Rowe, A.J. [Biopolymers, 1977, 16, 2595--2611]. It is shown that for preparations of narrow length distribution (0.60--0.77 micrometer), N, the number of myosin molecules/14.3 nm varies between 3 and 6. 2. The reduced specific viscosity of synthetic myosin filaments has been measured as a function of both concentration and shear rate. From the concentration dependence at zero rate of shear, a value for the \"swelling\" of the filaments Vs/-v = 2.3 has been calculated. 3. The frictional coefficient of synthetic myosin filaments has been shown to be anomalously but reproducibly high, as compared to that of prolate ellipsoids of the same length and mass. This additional frictional drag has been numerically characterised by a \"frictional increment\", fi = 1.76 +/- 0.11. 4. A procedure has been devised whereby for any elongated structure which can be assumed to show the same (or other known) fi value, the molecular weight can be estimated from s0 (extrapolated sedimentation coefficient) and 2b (length) alone. 5. An s0 value for natural A-filaments, isolated from rabbit psoas muscle, has been determined by the active enzyme centrifugation technique. From this value, s0 = 132 +/- 3 S, a molecular weight of 1.20 . 10(8) has been computed by the new procedure, for preparations of average length 1.27  micrometer. 6. Contingent upon the validity of the assumptions used (see 4 above) the N value is computed as 3.1 +/- 0.2, consistent with the native, fully intact A-filament having three-fold symmetry, containing 294 myosin molecules, and having a molecular weight based upon myosin and C-protein of 1.31 . 10(8)."}
{"id": "PMID:152655", "title": "An inhibitor from placenta specifically binds urokinase and inhibits plasminogen activator released from ovarian carcinoma in tissue culture.", "content": "An inhibitor present in placenta and released in placental tissue culture forms specific complexes with each of two molecular forms of urokinase. Autoradiography demonstrated that the inhibitor shifted the electrophoretic position of 125I-labelled urokinase. It did not change the migration of diisopropyl-fluorophosphate-inactivated 125I-labelled urokinase, thereby indicating complex formation dependent on active serine site in urokinase. The inhibitor had a strong neutralizing effect on the plasminogen activators released from human ovarian carcinoma in tissue culture. The placental inhibitor might prove useful in inhibiting the fibrinolytic process necessary for proliferation of tumour vessels.", "contents": "An inhibitor from placenta specifically binds urokinase and inhibits plasminogen activator released from ovarian carcinoma in tissue culture. An inhibitor present in placenta and released in placental tissue culture forms specific complexes with each of two molecular forms of urokinase. Autoradiography demonstrated that the inhibitor shifted the electrophoretic position of 125I-labelled urokinase. It did not change the migration of diisopropyl-fluorophosphate-inactivated 125I-labelled urokinase, thereby indicating complex formation dependent on active serine site in urokinase. The inhibitor had a strong neutralizing effect on the plasminogen activators released from human ovarian carcinoma in tissue culture. The placental inhibitor might prove useful in inhibiting the fibrinolytic process necessary for proliferation of tumour vessels."}
{"id": "PMID:152656", "title": "Pathway of starch breakdown in photosynthetic tissues of Pisum sativum.", "content": "1. The aim of this work was to discover the pathway of starch breakdown in the photosynthetic tissues of Pisum sativum. 2. Measurements of the starch in the leaves of plants grown in photoperiods of 12 or 18 h showed that starch, synthesized in the light, was rapidly metabolized in the dark at rates of 0.04--0.06 mumol glucose/min per g fresh weight. 3. The maximum catalytic activities of alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, hexokinase, alpha-glucan phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase in extracts of leaves showed no diurnal variation in either photoperiod, and exceeded estimates of the rate of net starch breakdown in the dark. 4. Studies with intact chloroplasts, isolated from young shoots and from leaves, indicated that pea chloroplasts do not contain significant activities of alpha-amylase, beta-amylase and hexokinase, although some of the latter may be attached to the outside of the chloroplast envelope. These studies also showed that pea chloroplasts contained sufficient alpha-glucan phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase to mediate the observed rates of starch breakdown. 5. It is proposed that starch breakdown in pea chloroplasts is phosphorolytic.", "contents": "Pathway of starch breakdown in photosynthetic tissues of Pisum sativum. 1. The aim of this work was to discover the pathway of starch breakdown in the photosynthetic tissues of Pisum sativum. 2. Measurements of the starch in the leaves of plants grown in photoperiods of 12 or 18 h showed that starch, synthesized in the light, was rapidly metabolized in the dark at rates of 0.04--0.06 mumol glucose/min per g fresh weight. 3. The maximum catalytic activities of alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, hexokinase, alpha-glucan phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase in extracts of leaves showed no diurnal variation in either photoperiod, and exceeded estimates of the rate of net starch breakdown in the dark. 4. Studies with intact chloroplasts, isolated from young shoots and from leaves, indicated that pea chloroplasts do not contain significant activities of alpha-amylase, beta-amylase and hexokinase, although some of the latter may be attached to the outside of the chloroplast envelope. These studies also showed that pea chloroplasts contained sufficient alpha-glucan phosphorylase and phosphoglucomutase to mediate the observed rates of starch breakdown. 5. It is proposed that starch breakdown in pea chloroplasts is phosphorolytic."}
{"id": "PMID:152657", "title": "Modulation of adenylate cyclase activity by sulfated glycosaminoglycans. II. Effects of mucopolysaccharides and dextran sulfate on the activity of adenylate cyclase derived from various tissues.", "content": "Heparin was found to be the most potent inhibitor of rat ovarian luteinizing hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase (I50 = 2 microgram/ml) when compared to other naturally occurring glycosamin oglycans. This inhibition was also apparent when this enzyme was stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone or prostaglandin E2. Heparin was also found to inhibit glucagon-sensitive rat hepatic adenylate cyclase, and the prostaglandin E1-sensitive enzyme from rat ileum and human platelets. In contrast, heparin stimulated the dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase from rat caudate nucleus. The sulfated polysugar dextran sulfate exerts similar effects on adenylate cyclase activity of the rat ovary and was shown to inhibit hormone binding to rat ovarian plasma membrane in a manner similar to that exerted by heparin. In contrast to heparin, dextran sulfate inhibited dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase from rat caudate nucleus.", "contents": "Modulation of adenylate cyclase activity by sulfated glycosaminoglycans. II. Effects of mucopolysaccharides and dextran sulfate on the activity of adenylate cyclase derived from various tissues. Heparin was found to be the most potent inhibitor of rat ovarian luteinizing hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase (I50 = 2 microgram/ml) when compared to other naturally occurring glycosamin oglycans. This inhibition was also apparent when this enzyme was stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone or prostaglandin E2. Heparin was also found to inhibit glucagon-sensitive rat hepatic adenylate cyclase, and the prostaglandin E1-sensitive enzyme from rat ileum and human platelets. In contrast, heparin stimulated the dopamine sensitive adenylate cyclase from rat caudate nucleus. The sulfated polysugar dextran sulfate exerts similar effects on adenylate cyclase activity of the rat ovary and was shown to inhibit hormone binding to rat ovarian plasma membrane in a manner similar to that exerted by heparin. In contrast to heparin, dextran sulfate inhibited dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase from rat caudate nucleus."}
{"id": "PMID:152660", "title": "[Possible nature of the biogenic amine in the dumbbell-shaped cells of frog taste buds].", "content": "An attempt was made to identify specific monoamines contained in the dumb-bell shape cells of the frog taste bud by means of histochemical analysis. It was shown by fluorescent microscopy that preliminary administration of exogenous serotonin into the blood channel of frog tongue resulted in a sharp increase of specific fluorescence of the dumb-bell shape cells, whereas serotonin synthesis inhibition with p-chlorphenylalanine led to reduction and elimination of specific fluorescence. It was concluded that-specific monoamine of the dumb-bell shape cells was possibly of serotonin-like nature.", "contents": "[Possible nature of the biogenic amine in the dumbbell-shaped cells of frog taste buds]. An attempt was made to identify specific monoamines contained in the dumb-bell shape cells of the frog taste bud by means of histochemical analysis. It was shown by fluorescent microscopy that preliminary administration of exogenous serotonin into the blood channel of frog tongue resulted in a sharp increase of specific fluorescence of the dumb-bell shape cells, whereas serotonin synthesis inhibition with p-chlorphenylalanine led to reduction and elimination of specific fluorescence. It was concluded that-specific monoamine of the dumb-bell shape cells was possibly of serotonin-like nature."}
{"id": "PMID:152661", "title": "Electrocardiography: right ventricular hypertrophy.", "content": "Not only is RVH difficult to diagnose electrocardiographically but it is frequently mimicked by true posterior infarction. The R/S-amplitude ratio in lead V1 and the S wave in lead V5 are the most useful indices of RVH. The ECG in chronic lung disease can be distinguished from that in RVH and is more often confused with that of anterior infarction. The ECG changes found in pulmonary embolism are the same as those found in RVH but they are transient; they are more easily interpreted by means of serial ECGs. In conjunction with clinical data the ECG can be used to predict the severity of pulmonary valve stenosis.", "contents": "Electrocardiography: right ventricular hypertrophy. Not only is RVH difficult to diagnose electrocardiographically but it is frequently mimicked by true posterior infarction. The R/S-amplitude ratio in lead V1 and the S wave in lead V5 are the most useful indices of RVH. The ECG in chronic lung disease can be distinguished from that in RVH and is more often confused with that of anterior infarction. The ECG changes found in pulmonary embolism are the same as those found in RVH but they are transient; they are more easily interpreted by means of serial ECGs. In conjunction with clinical data the ECG can be used to predict the severity of pulmonary valve stenosis."}
{"id": "PMID:152663", "title": "Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for patients with low back pain in general practice.", "content": "Ninety-four patients with non-specific lumbar pain who were seen by their general practitioners took part in a double-blind controlled trial to compare mobilisation and manipulation with placebo physiotherapy. Immediately after treatment most patients showed improvements in the various features studied, but for several features improvement was more common in the treated group than the controls. At three months the condition of most patients was still improved but the differences between the two groups had largely disappeared. At one year the groups were identical. Prognostic presenting features were sought, but only a shorter history correlated with clinical improvement. This study indicates the high rate of spontaneous resolution of low back pain. A course of mobilisation and manipulation may hasten improvement but does not affect the long-term prognosis.", "contents": "Controlled trial of mobilisation and manipulation for patients with low back pain in general practice. Ninety-four patients with non-specific lumbar pain who were seen by their general practitioners took part in a double-blind controlled trial to compare mobilisation and manipulation with placebo physiotherapy. Immediately after treatment most patients showed improvements in the various features studied, but for several features improvement was more common in the treated group than the controls. At three months the condition of most patients was still improved but the differences between the two groups had largely disappeared. At one year the groups were identical. Prognostic presenting features were sought, but only a shorter history correlated with clinical improvement. This study indicates the high rate of spontaneous resolution of low back pain. A course of mobilisation and manipulation may hasten improvement but does not affect the long-term prognosis."}
{"id": "PMID:152667", "title": "A critical look at delayed intestinal motility in gastroschisis.", "content": "The motility of the gastrointestinal tract after the accepted management of gastroschisis by using a Silon pouch and gradually reducing the herniated intestine is compared with the intestinal motility after primary reduction and closure of the defect. Since 1970, 46 children with gastroschisis have been treated at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Twenty-seven were treated with a Silon pouch. Eleven died after an average postoperative survival of 17 weeks; not one had bowel motility that allowed oral feeding. Among the 16 survivors an average of 10 weeks elapsed between operation and the institution of full oral feeding. Seventeen children were treated by forceful stretching of the abdominal cavity, primary replacement of the eviscerated intestines and closure of the defect. Two died in the early postoperative period of conditions unrelated to the gastroschisis or to the procedure. The average period between operation and full oral intake of food was only 4 weeks. In addition, two neonates were admitted after primary closure was done at the referring hospital. Roentgenograms obtained postoperatively in 24 of the patients showed the \"typical\" dilated loops with air fluid levels in patients treated with a Silon pouch. The authors' findings indicate that primary reduction and closure of the defect has a distinct advantage over use of a Silon pouch in the treatment of gastroschisis.", "contents": "A critical look at delayed intestinal motility in gastroschisis. The motility of the gastrointestinal tract after the accepted management of gastroschisis by using a Silon pouch and gradually reducing the herniated intestine is compared with the intestinal motility after primary reduction and closure of the defect. Since 1970, 46 children with gastroschisis have been treated at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Twenty-seven were treated with a Silon pouch. Eleven died after an average postoperative survival of 17 weeks; not one had bowel motility that allowed oral feeding. Among the 16 survivors an average of 10 weeks elapsed between operation and the institution of full oral feeding. Seventeen children were treated by forceful stretching of the abdominal cavity, primary replacement of the eviscerated intestines and closure of the defect. Two died in the early postoperative period of conditions unrelated to the gastroschisis or to the procedure. The average period between operation and full oral intake of food was only 4 weeks. In addition, two neonates were admitted after primary closure was done at the referring hospital. Roentgenograms obtained postoperatively in 24 of the patients showed the \"typical\" dilated loops with air fluid levels in patients treated with a Silon pouch. The authors' findings indicate that primary reduction and closure of the defect has a distinct advantage over use of a Silon pouch in the treatment of gastroschisis."}
{"id": "PMID:152669", "title": "Purification of immunosuppressive factors extracted from bovine spleen (lymphoid chalone).", "content": "A low molecular weight immunosuppressive factor FA which is able to reduce the blastic transformation capacity of lymphoid cells from treated mice has been characterized. It was prepared from a bovine spleen acetone powder and found to be associated partly with high molecular weight carriers in the form of an active complex characterized previously as part of a 'lymphoid chalone' fraction. FA may be obtained by selective ultrafiltration of F followed by P-2 Biogel chromatography of the ultrafiltrate. Thymidine, deoxyinosine and deoxycytidine have been identified as the major constituents of FA by mass spectrometry, ultraviolet absorption data and thin layer chromatography. However, none of these nucleotides has the biological activity of FA.", "contents": "Purification of immunosuppressive factors extracted from bovine spleen (lymphoid chalone). A low molecular weight immunosuppressive factor FA which is able to reduce the blastic transformation capacity of lymphoid cells from treated mice has been characterized. It was prepared from a bovine spleen acetone powder and found to be associated partly with high molecular weight carriers in the form of an active complex characterized previously as part of a 'lymphoid chalone' fraction. FA may be obtained by selective ultrafiltration of F followed by P-2 Biogel chromatography of the ultrafiltrate. Thymidine, deoxyinosine and deoxycytidine have been identified as the major constituents of FA by mass spectrometry, ultraviolet absorption data and thin layer chromatography. However, none of these nucleotides has the biological activity of FA."}
{"id": "PMID:152670", "title": "Purification of immunosuppressive factors extracted from bovine spleen (lymphoid chalone). II. Biological activity.", "content": "A highly purified extract from bovine spleen (FA) possessing immunosuppressive capacity was studied. Its tissue specificity was analysed in vivo and in vitro and the main components of FA, the well-known nucleosides deoxycytidine, deoxyinosine and thymidine, were tested in vivo. It seems that the molecule responsible for the biological activity of FA is a new substance endowed with strong specific activity and that lymphoid tissue is highly sensitive to the inhibiting capacity of this purified fraction.", "contents": "Purification of immunosuppressive factors extracted from bovine spleen (lymphoid chalone). II. Biological activity. A highly purified extract from bovine spleen (FA) possessing immunosuppressive capacity was studied. Its tissue specificity was analysed in vivo and in vitro and the main components of FA, the well-known nucleosides deoxycytidine, deoxyinosine and thymidine, were tested in vivo. It seems that the molecule responsible for the biological activity of FA is a new substance endowed with strong specific activity and that lymphoid tissue is highly sensitive to the inhibiting capacity of this purified fraction."}
{"id": "PMID:152675", "title": "[Direct electric measurement of the functioning of adenosine triphosphatase of submitochondrial particles of beef heart].", "content": "A direct potential measurement of the activity of bound ATPase has been achieved with beef heart submitochondrial particles adhering to a thick phospholipidic membrane. Electric signals (90 mV amplitude) were found to be fully sensitive to ATPase inhibitors and uncouplers.", "contents": "[Direct electric measurement of the functioning of adenosine triphosphatase of submitochondrial particles of beef heart]. A direct potential measurement of the activity of bound ATPase has been achieved with beef heart submitochondrial particles adhering to a thick phospholipidic membrane. Electric signals (90 mV amplitude) were found to be fully sensitive to ATPase inhibitors and uncouplers."}
{"id": "PMID:152676", "title": "[Frequencygrams due to the stimulation of dynamic gamma axons exerting type II effects].", "content": "Frequencygrams are graphs giving indirect information on the contraction of intrafusal muscle fibres. Frequencygrams of Cat spindle primary endings (flexor hallucis longus, soleus and peroneus brevis muscles) were recorded during repetitive stimulation of dynamic gamma axons exerting type II effects. The features of these frequencygrams (periodic increments whose frequency is equal to that of the stimulation and \"driving\") show that they can be ascribed to a relatively strong and fast intrafusal contraction. Two interpretations are considered.", "contents": "[Frequencygrams due to the stimulation of dynamic gamma axons exerting type II effects]. Frequencygrams are graphs giving indirect information on the contraction of intrafusal muscle fibres. Frequencygrams of Cat spindle primary endings (flexor hallucis longus, soleus and peroneus brevis muscles) were recorded during repetitive stimulation of dynamic gamma axons exerting type II effects. The features of these frequencygrams (periodic increments whose frequency is equal to that of the stimulation and \"driving\") show that they can be ascribed to a relatively strong and fast intrafusal contraction. Two interpretations are considered."}
{"id": "PMID:152674", "title": "[Acute arthritis of knee with intra-articular presence of D.medinensis. Comparative clinical and immunologic evolution. 1 case].", "content": "The authors report a case of knee acute arthritis with intra-articular presence of microfilariae D. medinensis observed in a black African worker immigrated in France. It is a classical manifestion of dracunculosis articular complications which are however less frequent than intra-articular reaction arthritis without microfilariae, or than pyogenes arthritis due to neibourhood superinfections. The authors emphasize the significance of a double clinical and immunological supervision in the course of a convenient treatment including antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, local treatment, and rehabilitation.", "contents": "[Acute arthritis of knee with intra-articular presence of D.medinensis. Comparative clinical and immunologic evolution. 1 case]. The authors report a case of knee acute arthritis with intra-articular presence of microfilariae D. medinensis observed in a black African worker immigrated in France. It is a classical manifestion of dracunculosis articular complications which are however less frequent than intra-articular reaction arthritis without microfilariae, or than pyogenes arthritis due to neibourhood superinfections. The authors emphasize the significance of a double clinical and immunological supervision in the course of a convenient treatment including antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, local treatment, and rehabilitation."}
{"id": "PMID:152680", "title": "Assay of an antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin, and its antibody by fluorescence polarization.", "content": "I evaluated use of the fluorescence polarization technique to measure neocarzinostatin, a proteinaceous antitumor antibiotic, and its antibody, in serum. The antigen (neocarzinostatin), labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, was allowed to interact with its antibody in a cuvet, in the instrument, yielding an increase in the fluorescence polarization value. Antibody content was determined in the presence of a definite amount of the labeled antigen, fluorescence polarization values increasing in parallel with each addition of antibody. Antigen content was determined with a known amount of antibody, which reacted at first with an unknown amount of antigen in samples, followed by addition of a definite amount of the labeled antigen (competition). I used the method to determine a pharmacokinetic parameter, the apparent volume of distribution for neocarzinostatin in rabbits, using drug-injected rabbit sera. I evaluated precision, accuracy, and reproducibility, using various samples or possible interfering substances such as bilirubin and hemoglobin, and also compared results for antigen with those by single radial immunodiffusion assay. The present assay is fast (less than 2 min), sensitive (less than 10 nmol/liter can be detected), and simple (there is no separation step before readout of the results).", "contents": "Assay of an antitumor protein, neocarzinostatin, and its antibody by fluorescence polarization. I evaluated use of the fluorescence polarization technique to measure neocarzinostatin, a proteinaceous antitumor antibiotic, and its antibody, in serum. The antigen (neocarzinostatin), labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, was allowed to interact with its antibody in a cuvet, in the instrument, yielding an increase in the fluorescence polarization value. Antibody content was determined in the presence of a definite amount of the labeled antigen, fluorescence polarization values increasing in parallel with each addition of antibody. Antigen content was determined with a known amount of antibody, which reacted at first with an unknown amount of antigen in samples, followed by addition of a definite amount of the labeled antigen (competition). I used the method to determine a pharmacokinetic parameter, the apparent volume of distribution for neocarzinostatin in rabbits, using drug-injected rabbit sera. I evaluated precision, accuracy, and reproducibility, using various samples or possible interfering substances such as bilirubin and hemoglobin, and also compared results for antigen with those by single radial immunodiffusion assay. The present assay is fast (less than 2 min), sensitive (less than 10 nmol/liter can be detected), and simple (there is no separation step before readout of the results)."}
{"id": "PMID:152677", "title": "An electronic aid for teaching writing and drawing skills.", "content": "Conventional methods for the teaching of writing and drawing skills among the handicapped are highly teacher-intensive. This paper describes an electronic drawing aid which, after an initial teaching session, may be used by an unsupervised patient to develop his drawing and writing capabilities. A major feature of the system is its flexibility in that its performance may be tailored to the needs of any particular patient, in terms of both the degree of complexity of a required drawing and in the level of ability required by the patient to reach a desired level of attainment.", "contents": "An electronic aid for teaching writing and drawing skills. Conventional methods for the teaching of writing and drawing skills among the handicapped are highly teacher-intensive. This paper describes an electronic drawing aid which, after an initial teaching session, may be used by an unsupervised patient to develop his drawing and writing capabilities. A major feature of the system is its flexibility in that its performance may be tailored to the needs of any particular patient, in terms of both the degree of complexity of a required drawing and in the level of ability required by the patient to reach a desired level of attainment."}
{"id": "PMID:152681", "title": "Endocrine effects of spironolactone in man.", "content": "A double blind, controlled study was carried out in order to investigate the effects of administering spironolactone, 200 mg daily, to five healthy male volunteers. The patterns of change in plasma testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) after spironolactone were significantly different from placebo and there were significant increases in the urinary excretion of androsterone (A), aetiocholanolone (EC) and total oestrogen. Urinary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) excretion, after an initial rise, declined progressively during the treatment period relative to controls. The results are discussed in the light of previous observations. It is concluded that treatment with spironolactone for 2--4 days will lead to a transient rise in plasma T and urinary DHA. Continued treatment (4--10 days) is thought to cause increased LH secretion, with normalization of plasma T and DHA excretion. These changes are accompanied by increased androgen catabolism and a slightly increased conversion of androgens to oestrogens. Healthy men may therefore show alterations in sex steroid metabolism if treated for several days with high doses of spironolactone.", "contents": "Endocrine effects of spironolactone in man. A double blind, controlled study was carried out in order to investigate the effects of administering spironolactone, 200 mg daily, to five healthy male volunteers. The patterns of change in plasma testosterone (T) and luteinizing hormone (LH) after spironolactone were significantly different from placebo and there were significant increases in the urinary excretion of androsterone (A), aetiocholanolone (EC) and total oestrogen. Urinary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA) excretion, after an initial rise, declined progressively during the treatment period relative to controls. The results are discussed in the light of previous observations. It is concluded that treatment with spironolactone for 2--4 days will lead to a transient rise in plasma T and urinary DHA. Continued treatment (4--10 days) is thought to cause increased LH secretion, with normalization of plasma T and DHA excretion. These changes are accompanied by increased androgen catabolism and a slightly increased conversion of androgens to oestrogens. Healthy men may therefore show alterations in sex steroid metabolism if treated for several days with high doses of spironolactone."}
{"id": "PMID:152683", "title": "Immunodeficiency in Down's syndrome: T-lymphocyte subset imbalance in trisomic children.", "content": "In fourteen children with Down's syndrome the percentage of circulating T-cells forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, either in the presence or in the absence of foetal calf serum, was significantly lower than in appropriately matched controls. In contrast the percentage of T-cells forming rosettes with human erythrocytes was significantly higher in children with Down's syndrome than in controls. These data support the hypothesis that a defective T-cell maturation is an early integral feature of Down's syndrome.", "contents": "Immunodeficiency in Down's syndrome: T-lymphocyte subset imbalance in trisomic children. In fourteen children with Down's syndrome the percentage of circulating T-cells forming rosettes with sheep erythrocytes, either in the presence or in the absence of foetal calf serum, was significantly lower than in appropriately matched controls. In contrast the percentage of T-cells forming rosettes with human erythrocytes was significantly higher in children with Down's syndrome than in controls. These data support the hypothesis that a defective T-cell maturation is an early integral feature of Down's syndrome."}
{"id": "PMID:152687", "title": "Effect of retinyl acetate on sulfated glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis in dermal and epidermal cells in vitro.", "content": "The effects of retinyl acetate on the biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in dermal and epidermal cells isolated from newborn mice was investigated. Three compartments were analysed for [35S]-glycosaminoglycans; the culture medium, the cellular matrix, and the cells. The individual levels of chondroitin 4-sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparin and/or heparan sulfate in these compartments as a function of retinyl acetate was also analysed. The addition of retinyl acetate resulted in a dose dependent increase 35SO4 incorporation in the cellular and matrix compartments of the dermis in vitro. At the optimum concentration of 1.8 X 10(-6) M, this increase was 50%. The levels of35SO4 incorporated into medium glycosaminoglycans were relatively constant. There were also changes in the levels of the individual sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The glycosaminoglycan profile was modified differently in each of the three compartments analysed. In the epidermal cells, retinyl acetate at an optimum concentration of 1.8 X 10(-6) M resulted in a dose dependent increase in 35SO4 incorporation in the cellular, matrix and medium compartments. There was no apparent change in the glycosaminoglycan profile, with heparin and/or heparan sulfate being the major sulfated glycosaminoglycan.", "contents": "Effect of retinyl acetate on sulfated glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis in dermal and epidermal cells in vitro. The effects of retinyl acetate on the biosynthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans in dermal and epidermal cells isolated from newborn mice was investigated. Three compartments were analysed for [35S]-glycosaminoglycans; the culture medium, the cellular matrix, and the cells. The individual levels of chondroitin 4-sulfate, dermatan sulfate and heparin and/or heparan sulfate in these compartments as a function of retinyl acetate was also analysed. The addition of retinyl acetate resulted in a dose dependent increase 35SO4 incorporation in the cellular and matrix compartments of the dermis in vitro. At the optimum concentration of 1.8 X 10(-6) M, this increase was 50%. The levels of35SO4 incorporated into medium glycosaminoglycans were relatively constant. There were also changes in the levels of the individual sulfated glycosaminoglycans. The glycosaminoglycan profile was modified differently in each of the three compartments analysed. In the epidermal cells, retinyl acetate at an optimum concentration of 1.8 X 10(-6) M resulted in a dose dependent increase in 35SO4 incorporation in the cellular, matrix and medium compartments. There was no apparent change in the glycosaminoglycan profile, with heparin and/or heparan sulfate being the major sulfated glycosaminoglycan."}
{"id": "PMID:152688", "title": "Technical note: an improved McCutchen miniviscometer for connective tissue fluids.", "content": "McCutchen's miniviscometer is a Couette-type instrument that requires only 0.2 ml of synovial or other test fluid. The modification described here adds to the capabilities of the original: control of temperature good to +/- 0.2 degrees C; increase of the maximum measureable viscosity at low shear rates (20 sec-1) to 3000 centipoise; and expansion of the usable range of shear rates to (20--1500 sec-1. The device is rugged and data are reproducible to +/- 1.2% (S.D.) of the mean over the full range of shear rates.", "contents": "Technical note: an improved McCutchen miniviscometer for connective tissue fluids. McCutchen's miniviscometer is a Couette-type instrument that requires only 0.2 ml of synovial or other test fluid. The modification described here adds to the capabilities of the original: control of temperature good to +/- 0.2 degrees C; increase of the maximum measureable viscosity at low shear rates (20 sec-1) to 3000 centipoise; and expansion of the usable range of shear rates to (20--1500 sec-1. The device is rugged and data are reproducible to +/- 1.2% (S.D.) of the mean over the full range of shear rates."}
{"id": "PMID:152689", "title": "Segmental differences in morphogenetic activity of arterial smooth muscle cells. Histochemical and radioautographic studies.", "content": "Differences in morphogenetic and metabolic activities of the arterial smooth muscle cells (s.m.c.) of the young rat's aorta and femoral artery were studied by histochemical, radiochemical and quantitative radioautographic methods. 3H-proline was found to be incorporated into the medial myocyte of both vessels and released into the extracellular connective tissue matrix during the first 6 hours. The intracellular and extracellular phases of this process were similar to those of other scleroprotein-synthesizing cells. The 3H-proline incorporation, the metachromasia (GAG) and the activities of acetyl-cholinesterase, beta-glucuronidase, aryl-sulfatase and 5'-nucleotidase were more intense in the aortic media. On the other hand, some oxido-reductases linked with cellular respiration, glycogenolysis and energy production as well as the myosin-ATPase and MAO activities are more intense in the femoral artery. These differences suggest the morpho-functional diversity of the arterial s.m.c.: greater morphogenetic activity of the aortic myocyte; earlier and higher contractile differentiation of the femoral one.", "contents": "Segmental differences in morphogenetic activity of arterial smooth muscle cells. Histochemical and radioautographic studies. Differences in morphogenetic and metabolic activities of the arterial smooth muscle cells (s.m.c.) of the young rat's aorta and femoral artery were studied by histochemical, radiochemical and quantitative radioautographic methods. 3H-proline was found to be incorporated into the medial myocyte of both vessels and released into the extracellular connective tissue matrix during the first 6 hours. The intracellular and extracellular phases of this process were similar to those of other scleroprotein-synthesizing cells. The 3H-proline incorporation, the metachromasia (GAG) and the activities of acetyl-cholinesterase, beta-glucuronidase, aryl-sulfatase and 5'-nucleotidase were more intense in the aortic media. On the other hand, some oxido-reductases linked with cellular respiration, glycogenolysis and energy production as well as the myosin-ATPase and MAO activities are more intense in the femoral artery. These differences suggest the morpho-functional diversity of the arterial s.m.c.: greater morphogenetic activity of the aortic myocyte; earlier and higher contractile differentiation of the femoral one."}
{"id": "PMID:152684", "title": "Further observations on the pathological responses of rat skeletal muscle to toxins isolated from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus.", "content": "1. Some aspects of the response of mammalian skeletal muscle following the injection of purified toxins from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus, are described. 2. The toxins used were notexin, notechis II-5, notechis II-1 and a modified form of notexin (PBP-notexin). They were injected into the dorso-lateral aspect of one himd limb so that the soleus muscle would be exposed to the toxins. 3. Within 1 h after the injection of notexin, the soleus muscles were oedematous and by 3--6 h, polymorphonuclear leucocytes had entered the interstitial spaces. The invasion of necrotic muscle fibers was extensive by this time. Muscle spindles appeared relatively unaffected by the toxin. 4. The muscle regenerated via myoblasts at 2--3 days to myotubes at 3--5 days, immature muscle fibers at 7--14 days and fully differentiated muscle fibers by 21--28 days. Even after 6 months, however, the nuclei of many muscle fibres remained in a central position. 5. A second component of Australian tiger snake venom was also found to be myotoxic. It was slightly less potent than notexin, but caused qualitatively similar damage to that caused by notexin. It was identified as notechis II-5. A third fraction, notechis II-1, was found to be inactive. 6. Notexin could be neutralized by incubation with tiger snake antivenene; the simultaneous injection of antivenene with notexin did not afford complete protection against muscle damage.", "contents": "Further observations on the pathological responses of rat skeletal muscle to toxins isolated from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus. 1. Some aspects of the response of mammalian skeletal muscle following the injection of purified toxins from the venom of the Australian tiger snake, Notechis scutatus scutatus, are described. 2. The toxins used were notexin, notechis II-5, notechis II-1 and a modified form of notexin (PBP-notexin). They were injected into the dorso-lateral aspect of one himd limb so that the soleus muscle would be exposed to the toxins. 3. Within 1 h after the injection of notexin, the soleus muscles were oedematous and by 3--6 h, polymorphonuclear leucocytes had entered the interstitial spaces. The invasion of necrotic muscle fibers was extensive by this time. Muscle spindles appeared relatively unaffected by the toxin. 4. The muscle regenerated via myoblasts at 2--3 days to myotubes at 3--5 days, immature muscle fibers at 7--14 days and fully differentiated muscle fibers by 21--28 days. Even after 6 months, however, the nuclei of many muscle fibres remained in a central position. 5. A second component of Australian tiger snake venom was also found to be myotoxic. It was slightly less potent than notexin, but caused qualitatively similar damage to that caused by notexin. It was identified as notechis II-5. A third fraction, notechis II-1, was found to be inactive. 6. Notexin could be neutralized by incubation with tiger snake antivenene; the simultaneous injection of antivenene with notexin did not afford complete protection against muscle damage."}
{"id": "PMID:152690", "title": "The effect of halides (NaCl and NaI) on in vitro pancreatic elastase activity.", "content": "The effect of I- and C1- on the enzymatic degradation of elastin pancreatic elastase has been studied. At low halide concentrations both ions show a marked stimulation of elastolysis, I- being significantly more effective than Cl-. Kinetic plots of enzyme activity indicate that anions enhance the susceptibility of the substrate to enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation. If the halide concentration is raised inhibition of elastolysis occurs starting at 30 mM NaCl and 300 mM NaI. This inhibitory effect is explained by a direct attack of the halides leading to increasing destabilization and inactivation of the enzyme.", "contents": "The effect of halides (NaCl and NaI) on in vitro pancreatic elastase activity. The effect of I- and C1- on the enzymatic degradation of elastin pancreatic elastase has been studied. At low halide concentrations both ions show a marked stimulation of elastolysis, I- being significantly more effective than Cl-. Kinetic plots of enzyme activity indicate that anions enhance the susceptibility of the substrate to enzymatic and non-enzymatic degradation. If the halide concentration is raised inhibition of elastolysis occurs starting at 30 mM NaCl and 300 mM NaI. This inhibitory effect is explained by a direct attack of the halides leading to increasing destabilization and inactivation of the enzyme."}
{"id": "PMID:152694", "title": "Special topical approach to the treatment of acne. Suppression of sweating with aluminum chloride in an anhydrous formulation.", "content": "A new topical approach to acne treatment--the use of aluminum chloride hexahydrate in anhydrous ethanol (ACAE)--was studied in 141 patients. Using sequential treatment schedules, paired comparison techniques, and various concentrations of ACAE, we established maximal efficacy with minimal local irritation for the 6.25% strength solution. Clinical efficacy and lack of toxicity of this formulation were confirmed by the additional clinical study of 65 patients. The antiperspirant and antibacterial actions of 6.25% ACAE solution were then verified on acne skin areas. It is postulated that the clinical improvement in acne that follows the topical use of ACAE results from one or both of these actions.", "contents": "Special topical approach to the treatment of acne. Suppression of sweating with aluminum chloride in an anhydrous formulation. A new topical approach to acne treatment--the use of aluminum chloride hexahydrate in anhydrous ethanol (ACAE)--was studied in 141 patients. Using sequential treatment schedules, paired comparison techniques, and various concentrations of ACAE, we established maximal efficacy with minimal local irritation for the 6.25% strength solution. Clinical efficacy and lack of toxicity of this formulation were confirmed by the additional clinical study of 65 patients. The antiperspirant and antibacterial actions of 6.25% ACAE solution were then verified on acne skin areas. It is postulated that the clinical improvement in acne that follows the topical use of ACAE results from one or both of these actions."}
{"id": "PMID:152695", "title": "[Conservative therapy of post-traumatic splenic rupture].", "content": "Our experiences with conservative treatment of traumatic rupture of the spleen in children are described. Laparoscopy is an important diagnostic aid, which also influences the indication for the conservative procedure. An overwhelming, mostly lethal sepsis arises in a small percentage of splenectomized patients. In children, therefore, we favor preserving the traumatized spleen, even if ruptured.", "contents": "[Conservative therapy of post-traumatic splenic rupture]. Our experiences with conservative treatment of traumatic rupture of the spleen in children are described. Laparoscopy is an important diagnostic aid, which also influences the indication for the conservative procedure. An overwhelming, mostly lethal sepsis arises in a small percentage of splenectomized patients. In children, therefore, we favor preserving the traumatized spleen, even if ruptured."}
{"id": "PMID:152693", "title": "A flowmeter for respiratory monitoring.", "content": "A variable-orifice pneumotachograph is described. It has a resistance that is relatively constant over a flow range from 0.1 to 2.5 liter/sec so it puts out a differential pressure signal that is directly proportional to flow. It is specifically designed for monitoring respirator patients and sacrifices some of the accuracy of a laminar flow (Fleisch) type device to gain greatly improved immunity to artefacts caused by airway water.", "contents": "A flowmeter for respiratory monitoring. A variable-orifice pneumotachograph is described. It has a resistance that is relatively constant over a flow range from 0.1 to 2.5 liter/sec so it puts out a differential pressure signal that is directly proportional to flow. It is specifically designed for monitoring respirator patients and sacrifices some of the accuracy of a laminar flow (Fleisch) type device to gain greatly improved immunity to artefacts caused by airway water."}
{"id": "PMID:152696", "title": "Present status of the infant of very low birth weight treated in a referral neonatal intensive care unit in 1974.", "content": "In 1974, 250 infants with birth weights of 1500 g or less were referred to the Intensive Care Unit at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Sixty-six per cent survived. Prospective follow-up studies of the survivors have been completed over a minimum of two years. Infants at highest risk for handicapping defects (about 85%) are those who survived intracranial haemorrhage during the neonatal period. Neurological defects encountered in these children were severe--hydrocephalus, spastic quadriplegia, hemiplegia or microcephalus--and were usually associated with low psychometric scoring. The second highest risk group were small for gestational age infants. Of these, 53% were significantly handicapped at two years of age, and 43% had developmental quotients of less than 80. These defects could not be related to postnatal events. The third category at high risk were infants with birth weights of 1000 g or less. Among these, 30% had a significant handicap by two years of age. The outcome in the remainder of the sample was generally good. These results suggest that the decreased mortality of the very premature infant is associated with an increased number of relatively normal survivors and that the infants at highest risk for subsequent defects can be identified at or shortly after birth.", "contents": "Present status of the infant of very low birth weight treated in a referral neonatal intensive care unit in 1974. In 1974, 250 infants with birth weights of 1500 g or less were referred to the Intensive Care Unit at the Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto. Sixty-six per cent survived. Prospective follow-up studies of the survivors have been completed over a minimum of two years. Infants at highest risk for handicapping defects (about 85%) are those who survived intracranial haemorrhage during the neonatal period. Neurological defects encountered in these children were severe--hydrocephalus, spastic quadriplegia, hemiplegia or microcephalus--and were usually associated with low psychometric scoring. The second highest risk group were small for gestational age infants. Of these, 53% were significantly handicapped at two years of age, and 43% had developmental quotients of less than 80. These defects could not be related to postnatal events. The third category at high risk were infants with birth weights of 1000 g or less. Among these, 30% had a significant handicap by two years of age. The outcome in the remainder of the sample was generally good. These results suggest that the decreased mortality of the very premature infant is associated with an increased number of relatively normal survivors and that the infants at highest risk for subsequent defects can be identified at or shortly after birth."}
{"id": "PMID:152697", "title": "Outcome for infants at high risk of major handicap.", "content": "Perinatal intensive care had been introduced in University College Hospital, London, by 1966. In the succeeding 10 years, 28-day mortality rates fell among infants of birth weight 1500 g or less. Among the survivors, the incidence of major handicap was 10% or less and the mean IQ increased to within the range expected for a normal population. Of the children aged 8 years or more 76% had no handicaps and were attending normal schools; 18% had minor handicaps or problems for which they were receiving extra help in normal schools; and only 6% were attending special schools. Throughout the 10 years of the study, the overall prognosis for these infants of very low birth weight improved significantly. Results among other high-risk groups were equally encouraging. Analysis of variance of the data from the infants who weighed 1500 g or less at birth indicated that perinatal complications, particularly illnesses associated with abnormal neurological signs or acidaemia in the infants around the time of birth, were the principal factors determining the condition of the survivors at follow-up. Thus, it is likely that additional refinements in the management of the perinatal period may result in further improvements in the prognosis of these and other high-risk newborns.", "contents": "Outcome for infants at high risk of major handicap. Perinatal intensive care had been introduced in University College Hospital, London, by 1966. In the succeeding 10 years, 28-day mortality rates fell among infants of birth weight 1500 g or less. Among the survivors, the incidence of major handicap was 10% or less and the mean IQ increased to within the range expected for a normal population. Of the children aged 8 years or more 76% had no handicaps and were attending normal schools; 18% had minor handicaps or problems for which they were receiving extra help in normal schools; and only 6% were attending special schools. Throughout the 10 years of the study, the overall prognosis for these infants of very low birth weight improved significantly. Results among other high-risk groups were equally encouraging. Analysis of variance of the data from the infants who weighed 1500 g or less at birth indicated that perinatal complications, particularly illnesses associated with abnormal neurological signs or acidaemia in the infants around the time of birth, were the principal factors determining the condition of the survivors at follow-up. Thus, it is likely that additional refinements in the management of the perinatal period may result in further improvements in the prognosis of these and other high-risk newborns."}
{"id": "PMID:152698", "title": "Application of cost-benefit analysis to programmes for the prevention of mental handicap.", "content": "The paper is a discussion of the role of cost-benefit analysis in evaluating programmes for preventing mental handicap. It is divided into three broad sections. In the first section the technique of cost-benefit analysis is defined and the possible variants considered. It is concluded that policies for the prevention of mental handicap are most appropriately analysed using a mixture of monetary and non-monetary measures of outcome. The second section lays down some guidelines for undertaking a study: the importance of specifying alternatives to the policy being analysed; specifying input-output relationships; counting only the appropriate costs and benefits; and discounting costs and benefits which occur in the future. The third section looks at the current state of the art in the UK. It concludes that little cost-benefit analysis has been done in the field of mental handicap, indicates where work could usefully be directed, and highlights information that would have to be available before a cost-benefit study could give useful results.", "contents": "Application of cost-benefit analysis to programmes for the prevention of mental handicap. The paper is a discussion of the role of cost-benefit analysis in evaluating programmes for preventing mental handicap. It is divided into three broad sections. In the first section the technique of cost-benefit analysis is defined and the possible variants considered. It is concluded that policies for the prevention of mental handicap are most appropriately analysed using a mixture of monetary and non-monetary measures of outcome. The second section lays down some guidelines for undertaking a study: the importance of specifying alternatives to the policy being analysed; specifying input-output relationships; counting only the appropriate costs and benefits; and discounting costs and benefits which occur in the future. The third section looks at the current state of the art in the UK. It concludes that little cost-benefit analysis has been done in the field of mental handicap, indicates where work could usefully be directed, and highlights information that would have to be available before a cost-benefit study could give useful results."}
{"id": "PMID:152699", "title": "Perinatality: French cost-benefit studies and decisions on handicap and prevention.", "content": "The Perinatal Care Programme (or 'P\u00e9rinatalit\u00e9') was implemented between 1970 and 1975 by the French Ministry of Health, with the aim of reducing the number of birth-related accidents, i.e. the number of deaths and injuries occurring during the perinatal period. It aimed to reduce the perinatal mortality rate from 26/10(3) in 1970 to 18/10(3) in 1980. To give an order of priorities to the actions, a cost-effectiveness evaluation was made. The ratio (Cost over 15 years)/(Number of deaths + number of handicap cases avoided during the same period) indicated that first place should go to resuscitation in the labour room, which cost only 200 francs to save a life while avoiding after-effects. The other measures concerned the training of medical personnel, the development of statistics and research, inoculation against German measles, intensification of antenatal supervision, improvement of supervision during confinement, and the creation of intensive resuscitation units. Evaluation of the programme is still going on. The perinatal mortality rate has considerably decreased, with the objective foreseen for 1980 already reached in 1975. The handicaps will be traced through the results of obligatory screenings at birth, nine months and two years.", "contents": "Perinatality: French cost-benefit studies and decisions on handicap and prevention. The Perinatal Care Programme (or 'P\u00e9rinatalit\u00e9') was implemented between 1970 and 1975 by the French Ministry of Health, with the aim of reducing the number of birth-related accidents, i.e. the number of deaths and injuries occurring during the perinatal period. It aimed to reduce the perinatal mortality rate from 26/10(3) in 1970 to 18/10(3) in 1980. To give an order of priorities to the actions, a cost-effectiveness evaluation was made. The ratio (Cost over 15 years)/(Number of deaths + number of handicap cases avoided during the same period) indicated that first place should go to resuscitation in the labour room, which cost only 200 francs to save a life while avoiding after-effects. The other measures concerned the training of medical personnel, the development of statistics and research, inoculation against German measles, intensification of antenatal supervision, improvement of supervision during confinement, and the creation of intensive resuscitation units. Evaluation of the programme is still going on. The perinatal mortality rate has considerably decreased, with the objective foreseen for 1980 already reached in 1975. The handicaps will be traced through the results of obligatory screenings at birth, nine months and two years."}
{"id": "PMID:152701", "title": "Severe mental retardation in Swedish children born 1959-1970: epidemiological panorama and causative factors.", "content": "The findings from two recent Swedish retrospective studies on severely mentally retarded children born 1959-70 are surveyed. One study concerned an average county--Uppsala--in the middle of Sweden, the other a vast northern county, V\u00e4sterbotten, with a sparse population. Figures for incidence and prevalence are given, as well as the percentage distribution of aetiological/pathogenic groups and subgroups, and the frequency of multihandicaps. Prenatal causes were apparent in about 70% of affected children, Down syndrome being the main condition (32%). A background of mutant genes in severe mental retardation was found significantly more often in V\u00e4sterbotten than in Uppsala (17% and 7% respectively). Perinatal causes were revealed in 10 and 8% (9% of the two series pooled together) and postnatal causes in only 3 and 1% (2%). Associated CNS handicaps were present in about half of the children (42% in Uppsala and 52% in V\u00e4sterbotten), with epilepsy in 30 and 36%, cerebral palsy in 18% and 19%, and a combination of epilepsy and cerebral palsy in 8 and 16%, respectively.", "contents": "Severe mental retardation in Swedish children born 1959-1970: epidemiological panorama and causative factors. The findings from two recent Swedish retrospective studies on severely mentally retarded children born 1959-70 are surveyed. One study concerned an average county--Uppsala--in the middle of Sweden, the other a vast northern county, V\u00e4sterbotten, with a sparse population. Figures for incidence and prevalence are given, as well as the percentage distribution of aetiological/pathogenic groups and subgroups, and the frequency of multihandicaps. Prenatal causes were apparent in about 70% of affected children, Down syndrome being the main condition (32%). A background of mutant genes in severe mental retardation was found significantly more often in V\u00e4sterbotten than in Uppsala (17% and 7% respectively). Perinatal causes were revealed in 10 and 8% (9% of the two series pooled together) and postnatal causes in only 3 and 1% (2%). Associated CNS handicaps were present in about half of the children (42% in Uppsala and 52% in V\u00e4sterbotten), with epilepsy in 30 and 36%, cerebral palsy in 18% and 19%, and a combination of epilepsy and cerebral palsy in 8 and 16%, respectively."}
{"id": "PMID:152702", "title": "Main causes of major mental handicap: prevalence and epidemiology.", "content": "The prevalence of educational subnormality of a severe form (between 3 and 3.6 per thousand children of school age) and the prevalence of cerebral palsy (between 2 and 2.4 per thousand) have been fairly stable up to recent years. This stability has also applied to the relative proportions of the different major causes contributing to the handicaps. Where the ascertainment of such conditions is good, their prevalence monitored and the life expectancy of affected individuals estimated, any changes in prevalence can be used to measure the effectiveness of new forms of prevention, or alternatively to indicate the existence of new environmental hazards. Only a multi-pronged campaign against many of the recognized causes will have a substantial impact on prevalence.", "contents": "Main causes of major mental handicap: prevalence and epidemiology. The prevalence of educational subnormality of a severe form (between 3 and 3.6 per thousand children of school age) and the prevalence of cerebral palsy (between 2 and 2.4 per thousand) have been fairly stable up to recent years. This stability has also applied to the relative proportions of the different major causes contributing to the handicaps. Where the ascertainment of such conditions is good, their prevalence monitored and the life expectancy of affected individuals estimated, any changes in prevalence can be used to measure the effectiveness of new forms of prevention, or alternatively to indicate the existence of new environmental hazards. Only a multi-pronged campaign against many of the recognized causes will have a substantial impact on prevalence."}
{"id": "PMID:152703", "title": "[Fibronolytic treatment with activator: clinical results, angiographic findings and laboratory results (author's transl)].", "content": "Two-day treatment with activator (equimolar streptokinase-human plasminogen complex) was given to 26 patients. Indications were chronic arterial occlusion and stenosis of the lower-limb arteries (25 patients), and thrombosis of the subclavian veins. The onset of claudication had on average been 7.5 months previously, average walking distance 288 metres. Five occlusions of iliac arteries and three of femoral arteries were removed. In addition, stenosis of the aorta (one case), the iliac artery (ten cases) and femoral artery (one case) was partly removed. Occlusion of the axillary vein was also removed. Average duration of the successfully treated occlusions was 4.3 months. Those stenoses that responded to activator had the well-known morphological criteria for fibrinolysis. The walking distance of the patients increased from an average of 288 to 401 metres. Activator treatment was well tolerated. No serious, especially cerebral, complications occurred. The most striking laboratory finding was of circulating plasmin during the entire duration of the infusion.", "contents": "[Fibronolytic treatment with activator: clinical results, angiographic findings and laboratory results (author's transl)]. Two-day treatment with activator (equimolar streptokinase-human plasminogen complex) was given to 26 patients. Indications were chronic arterial occlusion and stenosis of the lower-limb arteries (25 patients), and thrombosis of the subclavian veins. The onset of claudication had on average been 7.5 months previously, average walking distance 288 metres. Five occlusions of iliac arteries and three of femoral arteries were removed. In addition, stenosis of the aorta (one case), the iliac artery (ten cases) and femoral artery (one case) was partly removed. Occlusion of the axillary vein was also removed. Average duration of the successfully treated occlusions was 4.3 months. Those stenoses that responded to activator had the well-known morphological criteria for fibrinolysis. The walking distance of the patients increased from an average of 288 to 401 metres. Activator treatment was well tolerated. No serious, especially cerebral, complications occurred. The most striking laboratory finding was of circulating plasmin during the entire duration of the infusion."}
{"id": "PMID:152705", "title": "Premature closure of the ductus arteriosus (P.C.D.A.): a possible cause of intrauterine circulatory failure.", "content": "In the course of some 800 perinatal necropsies (corresponding to approximately 26,000 deliveries), 3 stillborn infants were found to have an almost completely closed ductus arteriosus. Each of these showed cardiomegaly, dilatation of right-side chambers, pulmonary hyperaemia and oedema of varying degree and extent; intrauterine death was considered to be due to P.C.D.A. In several further cases the ductus was also narrowed but not necessarily responsible for intrauterine death. This frequency suggests that P.C.D.A. is more common than might be surmised from very scanty documentation in the literature. Possible aetiological factors of P.C.D.A. as well as its effects on the circulation are briefly discussed.", "contents": "Premature closure of the ductus arteriosus (P.C.D.A.): a possible cause of intrauterine circulatory failure. In the course of some 800 perinatal necropsies (corresponding to approximately 26,000 deliveries), 3 stillborn infants were found to have an almost completely closed ductus arteriosus. Each of these showed cardiomegaly, dilatation of right-side chambers, pulmonary hyperaemia and oedema of varying degree and extent; intrauterine death was considered to be due to P.C.D.A. In several further cases the ductus was also narrowed but not necessarily responsible for intrauterine death. This frequency suggests that P.C.D.A. is more common than might be surmised from very scanty documentation in the literature. Possible aetiological factors of P.C.D.A. as well as its effects on the circulation are briefly discussed."}
{"id": "PMID:152706", "title": "Early phosphate burst of heart myosins- Phylogenic variations.", "content": "The phosphate burst of cardiac myosins from different animal species was studied by a rapid quench-flow technique. The rate constant of the phosphate burst varied from one species to another. Moreover it was lower for cardiac myosins than for skeletal myosin. The phosphate burst rate correlated with the ATPase in the steady state and with the muscle-shortening speed. By contrast, the amplitude of the phosphate burst did not vary significantly. Its value was 0.8--0.9 per myosin site for each of the myosins studied. Deviations from this stoichiometry were related to the mode of preparation of the myosin and to denaturation by a high pH.", "contents": "Early phosphate burst of heart myosins- Phylogenic variations. The phosphate burst of cardiac myosins from different animal species was studied by a rapid quench-flow technique. The rate constant of the phosphate burst varied from one species to another. Moreover it was lower for cardiac myosins than for skeletal myosin. The phosphate burst rate correlated with the ATPase in the steady state and with the muscle-shortening speed. By contrast, the amplitude of the phosphate burst did not vary significantly. Its value was 0.8--0.9 per myosin site for each of the myosins studied. Deviations from this stoichiometry were related to the mode of preparation of the myosin and to denaturation by a high pH."}
{"id": "PMID:152707", "title": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in children with severe multiple handicaps treated with phenytoin.", "content": "Peripheral lymphocyte counts, T-cell and B-cell populations, DNCB skin reactions, Mantoux reactions, mitogenic transformation using PHA, and determination of serum phenytoin concentration were carried out in 45 children with severe handicaps. Twenty two of these patients were receiving phenytoin treatment. When compared with control subjects, the skin reactions were significantly depressed in the handicapped children, amongst whom those treated with phenytoin had more impaired reactions than those who were untreated. No significant relationship between the results of the skin reactions and the other parameters was found.", "contents": "Delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity in children with severe multiple handicaps treated with phenytoin. Peripheral lymphocyte counts, T-cell and B-cell populations, DNCB skin reactions, Mantoux reactions, mitogenic transformation using PHA, and determination of serum phenytoin concentration were carried out in 45 children with severe handicaps. Twenty two of these patients were receiving phenytoin treatment. When compared with control subjects, the skin reactions were significantly depressed in the handicapped children, amongst whom those treated with phenytoin had more impaired reactions than those who were untreated. No significant relationship between the results of the skin reactions and the other parameters was found."}
{"id": "PMID:152709", "title": "Clinicians, the Mount Sinai program and the Veterans' Administration program evaluated against clinico-pathological data derived independently of the electrocardiogram.", "content": "221 electrocardiograms (ECGs) recorded from adult subjects with cardiac symptomatology were interpreted by clinicians and the Mount Sinai (MS) and Veterans' Administration (VA) computer programs. After the clinicians had eliminated their interobserver variability, their interpretations and those of the computer programs were compared with the corresponding clinico-pathological data that had been derived independently of the ECG. A measure of overall diagnostic accuracy was used which showed that the performance of the 2 computer programs was similar and somewhat worse than that of the clinicians. The clinicians and the computer programs were not as good at diagnosing the ECGs of women as at diagnosing those of men. As the VA program's interpretations may be altered by including information about the patient's provisional diagnosis, 6 different sets of these prior probabilities were used to analyse 141 of the original 221 ECGs. Different fixed sets of prior probabilities made only a small difference to overall diagnostic accuracy but a marked difference to the VA program's ability to differentiate Normal from Abnormal. Optimizing the prior probabilities for the individual subjects increased the VA program's overall diagnostic accuracy up to that of the clinicians. Both computer programs correctly diagnosed sinus rhythm as the dominant rhythm in 165 out of 177 subjects. The MS program diagnosed the dominant rhythm as Atrial Fibrillation in 35 out of 41 subjects and the VA program in 27 (X(2) = 3.24; not significant). ECG interpretation; Mount Sinai program; Veterans' Administration program; independent clinico-pathological data; sex differences in the ECG; prior probabilities.", "contents": "Clinicians, the Mount Sinai program and the Veterans' Administration program evaluated against clinico-pathological data derived independently of the electrocardiogram. 221 electrocardiograms (ECGs) recorded from adult subjects with cardiac symptomatology were interpreted by clinicians and the Mount Sinai (MS) and Veterans' Administration (VA) computer programs. After the clinicians had eliminated their interobserver variability, their interpretations and those of the computer programs were compared with the corresponding clinico-pathological data that had been derived independently of the ECG. A measure of overall diagnostic accuracy was used which showed that the performance of the 2 computer programs was similar and somewhat worse than that of the clinicians. The clinicians and the computer programs were not as good at diagnosing the ECGs of women as at diagnosing those of men. As the VA program's interpretations may be altered by including information about the patient's provisional diagnosis, 6 different sets of these prior probabilities were used to analyse 141 of the original 221 ECGs. Different fixed sets of prior probabilities made only a small difference to overall diagnostic accuracy but a marked difference to the VA program's ability to differentiate Normal from Abnormal. Optimizing the prior probabilities for the individual subjects increased the VA program's overall diagnostic accuracy up to that of the clinicians. Both computer programs correctly diagnosed sinus rhythm as the dominant rhythm in 165 out of 177 subjects. The MS program diagnosed the dominant rhythm as Atrial Fibrillation in 35 out of 41 subjects and the VA program in 27 (X(2) = 3.24; not significant). ECG interpretation; Mount Sinai program; Veterans' Administration program; independent clinico-pathological data; sex differences in the ECG; prior probabilities."}
{"id": "PMID:152710", "title": "The permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia: further elucidation of the underlying mechanism.", "content": "A case of the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia studied by endocardial and epicardial mapping is presented. The ability of the retrograde impulse to penetrate the atrium in 2 different areas, one near the region of the recorded His potential and the other near the orifice of the coronary sinus, is demonstrated. Retrograde conduction persisted after the surgical creation of complete antegrade heart block suggesting the existence of an accessory ventriculo-atrial connection. The decremental properties of retrograde conduction observed suggest that an accessory ventriculo-artrial nodal structure may be the underlying substrate of this arrhythmia.", "contents": "The permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia: further elucidation of the underlying mechanism. A case of the permanent form of junctional reciprocating tachycardia studied by endocardial and epicardial mapping is presented. The ability of the retrograde impulse to penetrate the atrium in 2 different areas, one near the region of the recorded His potential and the other near the orifice of the coronary sinus, is demonstrated. Retrograde conduction persisted after the surgical creation of complete antegrade heart block suggesting the existence of an accessory ventriculo-atrial connection. The decremental properties of retrograde conduction observed suggest that an accessory ventriculo-artrial nodal structure may be the underlying substrate of this arrhythmia."}
{"id": "PMID:152711", "title": "[Reproductive lifespan and reproductive performance in SPF C3H mice: the onset of reproductive life and production efficiency (author's transl)].", "content": "To improve the production system, the onset and the termination of reproductive life of C3Hf/HeMsNrs mice mated immediately after weaning and reared for 400 days of life, were studied. From weaning females mated with a full grown male (group A), the first litter was obtained at a mean age of 47 days, suggesting the first copulation at 26 days of age. The age of males at the first copulation was estimated to be at 44 days of age from the age giving the first litters in weanling males mated with weanling (group B) and full grown (group C) females. The sex ratio of litters delivered by young dams tended to be excess in males. The reproductive performance of dams in later life was not affected by the parturition in earlier age. The production efficiency with weaned youngs per pair during the first 200 days after mating was the highest in group A. It was found from these results that the C3H females attained their sexual maturity at 5 to 6 days after weaning, being available for breeding without any deletion in reproductive performance.", "contents": "[Reproductive lifespan and reproductive performance in SPF C3H mice: the onset of reproductive life and production efficiency (author's transl)]. To improve the production system, the onset and the termination of reproductive life of C3Hf/HeMsNrs mice mated immediately after weaning and reared for 400 days of life, were studied. From weaning females mated with a full grown male (group A), the first litter was obtained at a mean age of 47 days, suggesting the first copulation at 26 days of age. The age of males at the first copulation was estimated to be at 44 days of age from the age giving the first litters in weanling males mated with weanling (group B) and full grown (group C) females. The sex ratio of litters delivered by young dams tended to be excess in males. The reproductive performance of dams in later life was not affected by the parturition in earlier age. The production efficiency with weaned youngs per pair during the first 200 days after mating was the highest in group A. It was found from these results that the C3H females attained their sexual maturity at 5 to 6 days after weaning, being available for breeding without any deletion in reproductive performance."}
{"id": "PMID:152713", "title": "Cerebral changes in the course of intoxication with mercury phenylacetate.", "content": "A histoenzymic study of cerebral phosphatases and esterases was performed on rats subjected to experimental intoxication with mercury phenylacetate. Following intragastric application of mercury phenylacetate to experimental animals, decreased activities of cerebral ATPase, acP and AChE were observed. The intoxicated animals displayed enhanced cerebral TPPase and partially also NsChE activities. Apart from changes in the histoenzymic pattern of the experimental brains, the ingestion of mercury phenylacetate brought about evident morphological changes in form of neuronal vacuolisation and spongious degeneration of the white matter. The extent of morphological as well as histoenzymic alterations was dependent on the duration of the experimental poisoning.", "contents": "Cerebral changes in the course of intoxication with mercury phenylacetate. A histoenzymic study of cerebral phosphatases and esterases was performed on rats subjected to experimental intoxication with mercury phenylacetate. Following intragastric application of mercury phenylacetate to experimental animals, decreased activities of cerebral ATPase, acP and AChE were observed. The intoxicated animals displayed enhanced cerebral TPPase and partially also NsChE activities. Apart from changes in the histoenzymic pattern of the experimental brains, the ingestion of mercury phenylacetate brought about evident morphological changes in form of neuronal vacuolisation and spongious degeneration of the white matter. The extent of morphological as well as histoenzymic alterations was dependent on the duration of the experimental poisoning."}
{"id": "PMID:152715", "title": "Adenosine triphosphate and diphosphoglycerate levels in red blood cells from patients with Down's syndrome.", "content": "The levels of ATP and ATP plus DPG were significantly elevated in erythrocytes from Down's syndrome patients when compared to erythrocytes from age matched controls. The hemoglobin content and hematocrit values were significantly reduced. The resultant tendency towards anemia probably explains the elevation in metabolite levels.", "contents": "Adenosine triphosphate and diphosphoglycerate levels in red blood cells from patients with Down's syndrome. The levels of ATP and ATP plus DPG were significantly elevated in erythrocytes from Down's syndrome patients when compared to erythrocytes from age matched controls. The hemoglobin content and hematocrit values were significantly reduced. The resultant tendency towards anemia probably explains the elevation in metabolite levels."}
{"id": "PMID:152716", "title": "Lack of relationship between Langerhans cells, epidermal cell proliferation and epidermal G1 chalone.", "content": "Mouse tail interscale epidermis contains numerous Langerhans cells, whereas the adjacent scale regions are devoid of these cells. No difference in a) proliferative activity and b) inhibitory effect of the epidermal G1 chalone can be demonstrated in both regions. A direct relationship between Langerhans cells and growth control may be excluded.", "contents": "Lack of relationship between Langerhans cells, epidermal cell proliferation and epidermal G1 chalone. Mouse tail interscale epidermis contains numerous Langerhans cells, whereas the adjacent scale regions are devoid of these cells. No difference in a) proliferative activity and b) inhibitory effect of the epidermal G1 chalone can be demonstrated in both regions. A direct relationship between Langerhans cells and growth control may be excluded."}
{"id": "PMID:152719", "title": "Tubal sterilization by a combined laparoscopic and external technique: preliminary report on 75 cases.", "content": "A preliminary report is given on a new laparoscopic sterilization procedure. By a double-puncture method, a loop of tube is brought out of the abdomen through the suprapubic incision. The loop is then resected by a modified Pomeroy method. Between Octorber 1976 and June 1978, 75 sterilizations were performed without any major problem. Sterilization failed in one case when one tube could not be seen. All recoveries were uneventful. Safety, effectiveness, simplicity, and potential reversibility seem to be the qualities of this method.", "contents": "Tubal sterilization by a combined laparoscopic and external technique: preliminary report on 75 cases. A preliminary report is given on a new laparoscopic sterilization procedure. By a double-puncture method, a loop of tube is brought out of the abdomen through the suprapubic incision. The loop is then resected by a modified Pomeroy method. Between Octorber 1976 and June 1978, 75 sterilizations were performed without any major problem. Sterilization failed in one case when one tube could not be seen. All recoveries were uneventful. Safety, effectiveness, simplicity, and potential reversibility seem to be the qualities of this method."}
{"id": "PMID:152720", "title": "[In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with allogeneic lymphocytes (mixed lymphocyte culture, MLC) or phytomitogens in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (author's transl)].", "content": "To investigate the role of peripheral blood lymphocytes in thyroid auto-immunity, the in vitro responsiveness to allogeneic lymphocytes (MLC) or phytomitogens was examined in the lymphocytes from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The MLC responses of 16 patients were compared with those of age- and sex-matched normal controls. All possible combinations between lymphocytes from the patients and controls were mixed in both one-way and two-way MLC. From the results of one-way MLC, the stimulatory capacity and responding capacity of lymphocytes from the patients and controls were calculated respectively as follows: : formula: (see text) To the same allogeneic stimulation of Nm (mitomycin-treated stimulating lymphocytes from controls), lymphocytes from the patients (H) exhibited a lower response (P greater than 0.05) than did those from the controls (compare (1) with (3)). Phytomitogen-response was simultaneously studied for residual cells of MLC. Lymphocytes from the patients showed a significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) response to phytohemagglutinin-p and concanavalin A  in comparison with the response of normal lymphocytes. From these results, it was suggested that cell-mediated immunity in vivo was impaired in Hishimoto's thyroiditis.", "contents": "[In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood lymphocytes with allogeneic lymphocytes (mixed lymphocyte culture, MLC) or phytomitogens in patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis (author's transl)]. To investigate the role of peripheral blood lymphocytes in thyroid auto-immunity, the in vitro responsiveness to allogeneic lymphocytes (MLC) or phytomitogens was examined in the lymphocytes from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. The MLC responses of 16 patients were compared with those of age- and sex-matched normal controls. All possible combinations between lymphocytes from the patients and controls were mixed in both one-way and two-way MLC. From the results of one-way MLC, the stimulatory capacity and responding capacity of lymphocytes from the patients and controls were calculated respectively as follows: : formula: (see text) To the same allogeneic stimulation of Nm (mitomycin-treated stimulating lymphocytes from controls), lymphocytes from the patients (H) exhibited a lower response (P greater than 0.05) than did those from the controls (compare (1) with (3)). Phytomitogen-response was simultaneously studied for residual cells of MLC. Lymphocytes from the patients showed a significantly decreased (P less than 0.01) response to phytohemagglutinin-p and concanavalin A  in comparison with the response of normal lymphocytes. From these results, it was suggested that cell-mediated immunity in vivo was impaired in Hishimoto's thyroiditis."}
{"id": "PMID:152721", "title": "Myometrial cells in primary culture: characterization and hormonal profile.", "content": "A method for primary culture of ovine myometrial cells is described. After dissection, myometrium of ewe uteri was digested in trypsin and collagenase. The cells were preplated for 1 h at 37 degrees C. The non-attached cells were grown in appropriate medium supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum. They had a doubling time of 3 days, reached confluency at 10 days and did not exhibit contact inhibition. Cultures were maintained up to 22 days. Characterization of the cells was achieved by electron microscopy, analysis of myosin in cell extracts and assessment of hormone sensitivity. The cells were found to contain myofilaments, characteristic of smooth muscle. A high content of myosin (6--13%) was demonstrated on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: this was confirmed by ATPase activity assay. Cells responded to estradiol stimulation by increased protein synthesis, and bound [3H]estradiol in a specific and saturable way. These results suggest that myometrial cells grown in primary culture should provide a useful model for studying the hormonal control of contractile protein synthesis.", "contents": "Myometrial cells in primary culture: characterization and hormonal profile. A method for primary culture of ovine myometrial cells is described. After dissection, myometrium of ewe uteri was digested in trypsin and collagenase. The cells were preplated for 1 h at 37 degrees C. The non-attached cells were grown in appropriate medium supplemented with 2% fetal calf serum. They had a doubling time of 3 days, reached confluency at 10 days and did not exhibit contact inhibition. Cultures were maintained up to 22 days. Characterization of the cells was achieved by electron microscopy, analysis of myosin in cell extracts and assessment of hormone sensitivity. The cells were found to contain myofilaments, characteristic of smooth muscle. A high content of myosin (6--13%) was demonstrated on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis: this was confirmed by ATPase activity assay. Cells responded to estradiol stimulation by increased protein synthesis, and bound [3H]estradiol in a specific and saturable way. These results suggest that myometrial cells grown in primary culture should provide a useful model for studying the hormonal control of contractile protein synthesis."}
{"id": "PMID:152722", "title": "Body temperature and 5-hydroxytryptamine during early postnatal maturation in mice.", "content": "A relationship between the maturational increases in body temperature and brain indoleamines has been explored through altering brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) content. Effects on body temperature at approximately constant ambient temperature (about 24 degrees C) have been studied following pharmacological manipulations in mice up to 16 days postpartum. Administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) to increase 5-HT levels was associated with decreased body temperature throughout the maturational period. Depletion of 5-HT with p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) was associated with increased body temperature at all ages studied, although 5-HT depletion was less effective in young animals than in older animals. The drug NSD-1034 acts at a different enzymatic step, and is effective in both central and peripheral tissues to reduce 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) levels. NSD-1034 decreased body temperature up to 10 days of age; however, the effect was reversed at about 14 days, and the drug increased body temperature significantly in 16-day-old animals. These results suggest a role for 5-HT in the mechanisms of heat production in early postnatal life.", "contents": "Body temperature and 5-hydroxytryptamine during early postnatal maturation in mice. A relationship between the maturational increases in body temperature and brain indoleamines has been explored through altering brain 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) content. Effects on body temperature at approximately constant ambient temperature (about 24 degrees C) have been studied following pharmacological manipulations in mice up to 16 days postpartum. Administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) to increase 5-HT levels was associated with decreased body temperature throughout the maturational period. Depletion of 5-HT with p-chlorophenylalanine (p-CPA) was associated with increased body temperature at all ages studied, although 5-HT depletion was less effective in young animals than in older animals. The drug NSD-1034 acts at a different enzymatic step, and is effective in both central and peripheral tissues to reduce 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) levels. NSD-1034 decreased body temperature up to 10 days of age; however, the effect was reversed at about 14 days, and the drug increased body temperature significantly in 16-day-old animals. These results suggest a role for 5-HT in the mechanisms of heat production in early postnatal life."}
{"id": "PMID:152731", "title": "[Investigation of the fibroblast chalone (author's transl)].", "content": "By ultrafiltration of a cytoplasm preparation from diploid human fibroblasts (Flow 2000) we obtained a fraction which inhibited the proliferation of the same cells. We succeeded in demonstrating fibroblast chalone, because the activity was endogenous, reversible and affected murine fibroblasts, but not human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa S3) or neuronal tumor cells of rats (B104). The chalone activity was found in the range of molecular weights between 10 000 and 100 000. The active part was of peptide nature, for proteolytic treatment destroyed the chalone activity.", "contents": "[Investigation of the fibroblast chalone (author's transl)]. By ultrafiltration of a cytoplasm preparation from diploid human fibroblasts (Flow 2000) we obtained a fraction which inhibited the proliferation of the same cells. We succeeded in demonstrating fibroblast chalone, because the activity was endogenous, reversible and affected murine fibroblasts, but not human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa S3) or neuronal tumor cells of rats (B104). The chalone activity was found in the range of molecular weights between 10 000 and 100 000. The active part was of peptide nature, for proteolytic treatment destroyed the chalone activity."}
{"id": "PMID:152739", "title": "Differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells is inhibited by a factor from non-differentiating leukemia cells.", "content": "Mouse myeloid leukemia cells (MI) were induced to differentiate by a factor(s) (D-factor) in ascitic fluid. An inhibitory activity (I-activity) for the induction of differentiation was present in conditioned medium and lysate of MI cells resistant to the D-factor. The I-activity was non-dialyzable, heat-labile and protease-sensitive. Most of the activity was recovered in the fraction precipitated with 30-50% saturated ammonium sulfate. The fraction inhibited induction of phagocytic activity, migrating activity and morphological changes in MI cells, which are typical properties of differentiated MI cells. Low levels of I-activity were detected in conditioned medium or lysate of MI cells sensitive to the D-factor. The resistant MI cells were sensitized to the D-factor by treatment with a low concentration (5-10 ng/ml) of actinomycin D. The I-activity in conditioned medium of actinomycin D-treated resistant cells decreased with development of sensitivity to the D-factor. These results suggest that production of the I-activity in the resistant cells is closely associated with resistance of the MI cells to the D-factor.", "contents": "Differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells is inhibited by a factor from non-differentiating leukemia cells. Mouse myeloid leukemia cells (MI) were induced to differentiate by a factor(s) (D-factor) in ascitic fluid. An inhibitory activity (I-activity) for the induction of differentiation was present in conditioned medium and lysate of MI cells resistant to the D-factor. The I-activity was non-dialyzable, heat-labile and protease-sensitive. Most of the activity was recovered in the fraction precipitated with 30-50% saturated ammonium sulfate. The fraction inhibited induction of phagocytic activity, migrating activity and morphological changes in MI cells, which are typical properties of differentiated MI cells. Low levels of I-activity were detected in conditioned medium or lysate of MI cells sensitive to the D-factor. The resistant MI cells were sensitized to the D-factor by treatment with a low concentration (5-10 ng/ml) of actinomycin D. The I-activity in conditioned medium of actinomycin D-treated resistant cells decreased with development of sensitivity to the D-factor. These results suggest that production of the I-activity in the resistant cells is closely associated with resistance of the MI cells to the D-factor."}
{"id": "PMID:152740", "title": "Toward an integrated approach to the institutionalized aged: an encounter with the medical model.", "content": "The author describes the delivery of medical, psychiatric and social work services to residents of a facility for the aged. Although the Home had already benefited from the introduction of sound medical standards and the influence of an acute medical hospital, a satisfactory staff organization needed to be developed to answer the unique and individual needs of the aged residents. Specifically, the task was aimed at organizing services to implement a small unit concept of individual care for which the new facility was architecturally designed, to bring together those involved in patient care to coordinate services, to help the staff sustain a therapeutic attitude and to carry out specific therapeutic tasks.", "contents": "Toward an integrated approach to the institutionalized aged: an encounter with the medical model. The author describes the delivery of medical, psychiatric and social work services to residents of a facility for the aged. Although the Home had already benefited from the introduction of sound medical standards and the influence of an acute medical hospital, a satisfactory staff organization needed to be developed to answer the unique and individual needs of the aged residents. Specifically, the task was aimed at organizing services to implement a small unit concept of individual care for which the new facility was architecturally designed, to bring together those involved in patient care to coordinate services, to help the staff sustain a therapeutic attitude and to carry out specific therapeutic tasks."}
{"id": "PMID:152744", "title": "A comparison of two response-reinforcement methods in pure-tone testing of the retarded.", "content": "The purpose of this study was to determine whether a visual reward method or play audiometry is a better motivator in eliciting the lowest possible pure-tone thresholds from a group of Down's syndrome adults. Thresholds were obtained at 250, 500, 2000, 4000, and 6000 Hz for both procedures using a modified ascending method. The method of testing was constructed such that each of the two procedures served as a comparison for validity of the other. The level of significant difference between the play audiometry and the visual reward method was determined using the Sign Test. In each case, there appeared to be a significant difference between the two tests, but the difference was attributed to the order of administration of the tests and practice rather than by the tests themselves. The data obtained suggests that more accurate auditory thresholds may be determined by administering two pure-tone tests and accepting the second as most valid.", "contents": "A comparison of two response-reinforcement methods in pure-tone testing of the retarded. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a visual reward method or play audiometry is a better motivator in eliciting the lowest possible pure-tone thresholds from a group of Down's syndrome adults. Thresholds were obtained at 250, 500, 2000, 4000, and 6000 Hz for both procedures using a modified ascending method. The method of testing was constructed such that each of the two procedures served as a comparison for validity of the other. The level of significant difference between the play audiometry and the visual reward method was determined using the Sign Test. In each case, there appeared to be a significant difference between the two tests, but the difference was attributed to the order of administration of the tests and practice rather than by the tests themselves. The data obtained suggests that more accurate auditory thresholds may be determined by administering two pure-tone tests and accepting the second as most valid."}
{"id": "PMID:152756", "title": "Specificity of nucleoside transport in Neurospora crassa.", "content": "The specificity of nucleoside uptake in germinating conidia of Neurospora crassa was investigated by examining the kinetics of [2-14C]uridine and [8-14C]-adenosine uptake in the wild-type, ad-8, and ud-1 pyr-1 strains. The results obtained strongly indicate that nucleoside transport in N. crassa is mediated solely by a general transport system which accepts both purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. Studies directed at characterizing the specificity of the transport system indicate that general structural features of the nucleoside which enhance its efficiency in binding to the transport system include: (i) a purine or pyrimidine as the heterocyclic ring, (ii) an unfunctionalized ribose or 2'-deoxyribose as the sugar unit, (iii) a beta-configuration about the anomeric carbon, (iv) the absence of substituents at C8 in the purine series and at C5 and C6 in the pyrimidine series, (v) the presence of a C5-C6 double bond in the pyrimidine series, and (vi) the absence of a charge on the heterocyclic ring.", "contents": "Specificity of nucleoside transport in Neurospora crassa. The specificity of nucleoside uptake in germinating conidia of Neurospora crassa was investigated by examining the kinetics of [2-14C]uridine and [8-14C]-adenosine uptake in the wild-type, ad-8, and ud-1 pyr-1 strains. The results obtained strongly indicate that nucleoside transport in N. crassa is mediated solely by a general transport system which accepts both purine and pyrimidine nucleosides. Studies directed at characterizing the specificity of the transport system indicate that general structural features of the nucleoside which enhance its efficiency in binding to the transport system include: (i) a purine or pyrimidine as the heterocyclic ring, (ii) an unfunctionalized ribose or 2'-deoxyribose as the sugar unit, (iii) a beta-configuration about the anomeric carbon, (iv) the absence of substituents at C8 in the purine series and at C5 and C6 in the pyrimidine series, (v) the presence of a C5-C6 double bond in the pyrimidine series, and (vi) the absence of a charge on the heterocyclic ring."}
{"id": "PMID:152757", "title": "Isolation and characterization of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-defective mutants of Neurospora crassa.", "content": "Three glycerol-nonutilizing mutants deficient in the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.5) were isolated from inl(ts) derivatives of Neurospora crassa following inositolless death at elevated temperatures on minimal glycerol medium. These mutants failed to grow on glycerol as a sole carbon source, but could grow on acetate, glucose, or mannitol media and were female fertile in genetic crosses, thereby distinguishing them from the previously reported polyol-protoperithecial defective Neurospora mutants. In addition, these glp mutants exhibited a distinct morphological alteration during vegetative growth on sucrose slants and colonial growth on sorbose-containing semicomplete medium. The glp-2 locus was assigned a location between arg-5 and nuc-2 on chromosome IIR on the basis of two-factor crosses and by duplication coverage by insertional translocation ALS176, but not NM177. All mutations were allelic as judged from the absence of both complementation in forced heterokaryons and genetic recombination among glp-2 mutations. The reversion frequency of all three mutations was less than 10(10), indicating probable deletions in these strains. No G3P dehydrogenase activity could be detected in either cytosolic or mitochondrial extracts from mutant strains grown on glycerol, glucose, or galactose media. These results suggest that the glp-2 locus may be the structural gene for both the cytosolic and mitochondrial forms of G3P dehydrogenase or for a cytosolic precursor of the mitochondrial G3P dehydrogenase. The defect is specific for the G3P dehydrogenase since normal activities of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase and the cytosolic glycerol dehydrogenase and dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase are detected in mutant extracts. During attempted growth of glp-2 mutants on glycerol media, there was an accumulation of G3P in culture filtrates, a reduction in the mycelial growth rate, and a decreased level of glycerokinase induction.", "contents": "Isolation and characterization of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-defective mutants of Neurospora crassa. Three glycerol-nonutilizing mutants deficient in the mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.99.5) were isolated from inl(ts) derivatives of Neurospora crassa following inositolless death at elevated temperatures on minimal glycerol medium. These mutants failed to grow on glycerol as a sole carbon source, but could grow on acetate, glucose, or mannitol media and were female fertile in genetic crosses, thereby distinguishing them from the previously reported polyol-protoperithecial defective Neurospora mutants. In addition, these glp mutants exhibited a distinct morphological alteration during vegetative growth on sucrose slants and colonial growth on sorbose-containing semicomplete medium. The glp-2 locus was assigned a location between arg-5 and nuc-2 on chromosome IIR on the basis of two-factor crosses and by duplication coverage by insertional translocation ALS176, but not NM177. All mutations were allelic as judged from the absence of both complementation in forced heterokaryons and genetic recombination among glp-2 mutations. The reversion frequency of all three mutations was less than 10(10), indicating probable deletions in these strains. No G3P dehydrogenase activity could be detected in either cytosolic or mitochondrial extracts from mutant strains grown on glycerol, glucose, or galactose media. These results suggest that the glp-2 locus may be the structural gene for both the cytosolic and mitochondrial forms of G3P dehydrogenase or for a cytosolic precursor of the mitochondrial G3P dehydrogenase. The defect is specific for the G3P dehydrogenase since normal activities of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase and succinate dehydrogenase and the cytosolic glycerol dehydrogenase and dihydroxyacetone phosphate reductase are detected in mutant extracts. During attempted growth of glp-2 mutants on glycerol media, there was an accumulation of G3P in culture filtrates, a reduction in the mycelial growth rate, and a decreased level of glycerokinase induction."}
{"id": "PMID:152758", "title": "Cell wall composition and associated properties of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains.", "content": "Methicillin-resistant (MR) Staphylococcus aureus strains have previously been reported to be deficient in surface negative charge; this has been correlated with methicillin resistance and ascribed to a deficiency of teichoic acid at the cell surface (A. W. Hill and A. M. James, Microbios 6:157-167, 1972). Teichoic acid was present in walls of MR organisms as revealed by appreciable phosphate levels and detection of ribitol residues. Phosphate levels in walls from five MR strains (0.54 to 0.77 mumol/mg of wall) were lower than in three unrelated methicillin-sensitive (MS) strains (0.86 to 1.0 mumol/mg of wall). However, two MS strains derived from two of the MR strains had wall phosphate levels very similar to those of the MR strains. No evidence for unusual wall polymers was found. Simple deficiency of wall teichoic acid does not result in methicillin resistance since an independently isolated teichoic acid-deficient strain (0.1 mumol of phosphate per mg of wall) was not methicillin resistant. In studies of biological properties possibly related to wall teichoic acid, it was discovered that walls isolated from MR organisms grown in the presence of methicillin autolyzed more rapidly than those isolated from organisms grown in the absence of the drug. Since methicillin resistance is enhanced by NaCl and suppressed by ethylenediaminetetraacetate, the effects of these compounds on autolysis of isolated walls were studied. NaCl (1.0 M) and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (1.0 mM) inhibited the autolysis of walls isolated from MR and MS strains. An MR strain bound phage 47, 52A, and 3A only slightly less well than their respective propagating strains.", "contents": "Cell wall composition and associated properties of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. Methicillin-resistant (MR) Staphylococcus aureus strains have previously been reported to be deficient in surface negative charge; this has been correlated with methicillin resistance and ascribed to a deficiency of teichoic acid at the cell surface (A. W. Hill and A. M. James, Microbios 6:157-167, 1972). Teichoic acid was present in walls of MR organisms as revealed by appreciable phosphate levels and detection of ribitol residues. Phosphate levels in walls from five MR strains (0.54 to 0.77 mumol/mg of wall) were lower than in three unrelated methicillin-sensitive (MS) strains (0.86 to 1.0 mumol/mg of wall). However, two MS strains derived from two of the MR strains had wall phosphate levels very similar to those of the MR strains. No evidence for unusual wall polymers was found. Simple deficiency of wall teichoic acid does not result in methicillin resistance since an independently isolated teichoic acid-deficient strain (0.1 mumol of phosphate per mg of wall) was not methicillin resistant. In studies of biological properties possibly related to wall teichoic acid, it was discovered that walls isolated from MR organisms grown in the presence of methicillin autolyzed more rapidly than those isolated from organisms grown in the absence of the drug. Since methicillin resistance is enhanced by NaCl and suppressed by ethylenediaminetetraacetate, the effects of these compounds on autolysis of isolated walls were studied. NaCl (1.0 M) and ethylenediaminetetraacetate (1.0 mM) inhibited the autolysis of walls isolated from MR and MS strains. An MR strain bound phage 47, 52A, and 3A only slightly less well than their respective propagating strains."}
{"id": "PMID:152759", "title": "Rapid purification of canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase.", "content": "A pure, enzymatically active Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Ca2+-ATPase) has been isolated from canine ventricular sarcoplasmic reticulum. In contrast to that derived from skeletal muscle, the Ca2+-ATPase from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum was more active when solubilization and subsequent purification took place in the presence of its substrates, Ca2+ and ATP. Cholate- or deoxycholate-solubilized Ca2+-ATPase is recovered following rapid glycerol dilution and centrifugation. The Ca2+-ATPase is stable and possesses hydrolytic capacities up to 4 mumol/mg/min. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels reveal the presence of one protein in the range of 95,000 to 100,000 daltons. This method also yields purified Ca2+-ATPase from fast skeletal muscle of similar activities to those reported by other laboratories.", "contents": "Rapid purification of canine cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase. A pure, enzymatically active Ca2+-dependent adenosine triphosphatase (Ca2+-ATPase) has been isolated from canine ventricular sarcoplasmic reticulum. In contrast to that derived from skeletal muscle, the Ca2+-ATPase from cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum was more active when solubilization and subsequent purification took place in the presence of its substrates, Ca2+ and ATP. Cholate- or deoxycholate-solubilized Ca2+-ATPase is recovered following rapid glycerol dilution and centrifugation. The Ca2+-ATPase is stable and possesses hydrolytic capacities up to 4 mumol/mg/min. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels reveal the presence of one protein in the range of 95,000 to 100,000 daltons. This method also yields purified Ca2+-ATPase from fast skeletal muscle of similar activities to those reported by other laboratories."}
{"id": "PMID:152762", "title": "A comparative study of the myosin light chain kinases from myoblast and muscle sources. Studies on the kinases from proliferative rat myoblasts in culture, rat thigh muscle, and rabbit skeletal muscle.", "content": "Myosin light chain kinases have been isolated from rat thigh and rabbit skeletal muscle and cultured rat myoblasts. From these preparations, two types of kinases can be distinguished: calcium-dependent and calcium-independent. Both types of kinases can phosphorylate isolated P-light chains of myosin from several sources (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and platelet). Data are shown which support the phosphorylation of the same site on the non-muscle P-light chains by both types of kinases. The rates of these reactins are, however, different for the two types of kinases. Kinetic analysis of the myoblast kinase shows differing affinities for various P-light chains (non-muscle greater than cardiac greater than skeletal). In the proliferative rat myoblast, phosphorylation of myosin is a prerequisite for actin activation of the myosin ATPase activity.", "contents": "A comparative study of the myosin light chain kinases from myoblast and muscle sources. Studies on the kinases from proliferative rat myoblasts in culture, rat thigh muscle, and rabbit skeletal muscle. Myosin light chain kinases have been isolated from rat thigh and rabbit skeletal muscle and cultured rat myoblasts. From these preparations, two types of kinases can be distinguished: calcium-dependent and calcium-independent. Both types of kinases can phosphorylate isolated P-light chains of myosin from several sources (skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and platelet). Data are shown which support the phosphorylation of the same site on the non-muscle P-light chains by both types of kinases. The rates of these reactins are, however, different for the two types of kinases. Kinetic analysis of the myoblast kinase shows differing affinities for various P-light chains (non-muscle greater than cardiac greater than skeletal). In the proliferative rat myoblast, phosphorylation of myosin is a prerequisite for actin activation of the myosin ATPase activity."}
{"id": "PMID:152763", "title": "Biochemical and structural characterization of actin from Dictyostelium discoideum.", "content": "Actin has been purified from amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum by a procedure which is notable in that proteolysis has been diminished to undetectable levels and \"selective\" purification steps have been avoided. The overall yield of this procedure is 5- to 10- fold greater than that of a previous report (Spudich, J. A. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 6013-6020). The detailed biochemical and structural properties of this new preparation (preparation B) have been compared to those of Dictyostelium actin prepared by the previous procedure (preparation A) as well as to rabbit skeletal muscle actin. Preparation B actin is similar to muscle actin in its molecular weight, ability to activate myosin, filament structure, and polymerization properties. Preparation B actin has the same molecular weight and isoelectric point as preparation A actin, which is more acidic than that of skeletal muscle actin. However, preparation B actin and muscle actin form longer filaments than preparation A actin, as judged by viscometry and electron microscopy.", "contents": "Biochemical and structural characterization of actin from Dictyostelium discoideum. Actin has been purified from amoebae of Dictyostelium discoideum by a procedure which is notable in that proteolysis has been diminished to undetectable levels and \"selective\" purification steps have been avoided. The overall yield of this procedure is 5- to 10- fold greater than that of a previous report (Spudich, J. A. (1974) J. Biol. Chem. 249, 6013-6020). The detailed biochemical and structural properties of this new preparation (preparation B) have been compared to those of Dictyostelium actin prepared by the previous procedure (preparation A) as well as to rabbit skeletal muscle actin. Preparation B actin is similar to muscle actin in its molecular weight, ability to activate myosin, filament structure, and polymerization properties. Preparation B actin has the same molecular weight and isoelectric point as preparation A actin, which is more acidic than that of skeletal muscle actin. However, preparation B actin and muscle actin form longer filaments than preparation A actin, as judged by viscometry and electron microscopy."}
{"id": "PMID:152765", "title": "Proximal femoral resection-interposition arthroplasty.", "content": "In the severely retarded, multiply handicapped child who has a dislocated hip and severe adduction of the lower extremity, the deformity often interferes with perineal hygiene, nursing care, and positioning in bed and in a wheelchair. In twelve such patients we did an extensive resection of the proximal part of the femur, down to below the lesser trochanter, and constructed a capsular flap across the acetabulum. The quadriceps muscle was sutured around the resected end of the femur. This one-stage, uncomplicated operation allowed our patients to sit confortably and nursing care was made easy. In contrast, three patients who had single resection of the femoral head and neck had recurrence of deformity and pain.", "contents": "Proximal femoral resection-interposition arthroplasty. In the severely retarded, multiply handicapped child who has a dislocated hip and severe adduction of the lower extremity, the deformity often interferes with perineal hygiene, nursing care, and positioning in bed and in a wheelchair. In twelve such patients we did an extensive resection of the proximal part of the femur, down to below the lesser trochanter, and constructed a capsular flap across the acetabulum. The quadriceps muscle was sutured around the resected end of the femur. This one-stage, uncomplicated operation allowed our patients to sit confortably and nursing care was made easy. In contrast, three patients who had single resection of the femoral head and neck had recurrence of deformity and pain."}
{"id": "PMID:152766", "title": "Characterization and localization of myosin in the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells.", "content": "The brush border of intestinal epithelial cells consists of a tightly packed array of microvilli, each of which contains a core of actin filaments. It has been postulated that microvillar movements are mediated by myosin interactions in the terminal web with the basal ends of these actin cores (Mooseker, M.S. 1976. J. Cell. Biol. 71:417-433). We report here that two predictions of this model are correct: (a) The brush border contains myosin, and (b) myosin is located in the terminal web. Myosin is isolated in 70 percent purity by solubilization of Triton-treated brush borders in 0.6 M KI, and separation of the components by gel filtration. Most of the remaining contaminants can be removed by precipitation of the myosin at low ionic strength. This yield is approximately 1 mg of myosin/30 mg of solubilized brush border protein. The molecule consists of three subunits with molecular weights of 200,000, 19,000, and 17,000 daltons in a 1:1:1 M ratio. At low ionic strength, the myosin forms small, bipolar filaments with dimensions of 300 X 11nm, that are similar to filaments seen previously in the terminal web of isolated brush borders. Like that of other vertebrate, nonmuscle myosins, the ATPase activity of isolated brush border myosin in 0.6 M KCI is highest with EDTA (1 mumol P(i)/mg-min; 37 degrees C), intermediate with Ca++ (0.4 mumol P(i)/mg-min), and low with Mg++ (0.01 mumol P(i)/mg-min). Actin does not stimulate the Mg-ATPase activity of the isolated enzyme. Antibodies against the rod fragment of human platelet myosin cross-react by immunodiffusion with brush border myosin. Staining of isolated mouse or chicken brush borders with rhodamine-antimyosin demonstrates that myosin is localized exclusively in the terminal web.", "contents": "Characterization and localization of myosin in the brush border of intestinal epithelial cells. The brush border of intestinal epithelial cells consists of a tightly packed array of microvilli, each of which contains a core of actin filaments. It has been postulated that microvillar movements are mediated by myosin interactions in the terminal web with the basal ends of these actin cores (Mooseker, M.S. 1976. J. Cell. Biol. 71:417-433). We report here that two predictions of this model are correct: (a) The brush border contains myosin, and (b) myosin is located in the terminal web. Myosin is isolated in 70 percent purity by solubilization of Triton-treated brush borders in 0.6 M KI, and separation of the components by gel filtration. Most of the remaining contaminants can be removed by precipitation of the myosin at low ionic strength. This yield is approximately 1 mg of myosin/30 mg of solubilized brush border protein. The molecule consists of three subunits with molecular weights of 200,000, 19,000, and 17,000 daltons in a 1:1:1 M ratio. At low ionic strength, the myosin forms small, bipolar filaments with dimensions of 300 X 11nm, that are similar to filaments seen previously in the terminal web of isolated brush borders. Like that of other vertebrate, nonmuscle myosins, the ATPase activity of isolated brush border myosin in 0.6 M KCI is highest with EDTA (1 mumol P(i)/mg-min; 37 degrees C), intermediate with Ca++ (0.4 mumol P(i)/mg-min), and low with Mg++ (0.01 mumol P(i)/mg-min). Actin does not stimulate the Mg-ATPase activity of the isolated enzyme. Antibodies against the rod fragment of human platelet myosin cross-react by immunodiffusion with brush border myosin. Staining of isolated mouse or chicken brush borders with rhodamine-antimyosin demonstrates that myosin is localized exclusively in the terminal web."}
{"id": "PMID:152767", "title": "Chromosome movement in lysed mitotic cells is inhibited by vanadate.", "content": "Mitotic PtK1 cells, lysed at anaphase into a carbowax 20 M Brij 58 solution, continue to move chromosomes toward the spindle poles and to move the spindle poles apart at 50% in vivo rates for 10 min. Chromosome movements can be blocked by adding metabolic inhibitors to the lysis medium and inhibition of movement can be reversed by adding ATP to the medium. Vanadate at micromolar levels reversibly inhibits dynein ATPase activity and movement of demembranated flagella and cilia. It does not affect glycerinated myofibril contraction or myosin ATPase activty at less than millimolar concentrations. Vanadate at 10--100 micron reversibly inhibits anaphase movement of chromosomes and spindle elongation. After lysis in vanadate, spindles lose their fusiform appearance and become more barrel shaped. In vitro microtubule polymerization is insensitive to vanadate.", "contents": "Chromosome movement in lysed mitotic cells is inhibited by vanadate. Mitotic PtK1 cells, lysed at anaphase into a carbowax 20 M Brij 58 solution, continue to move chromosomes toward the spindle poles and to move the spindle poles apart at 50% in vivo rates for 10 min. Chromosome movements can be blocked by adding metabolic inhibitors to the lysis medium and inhibition of movement can be reversed by adding ATP to the medium. Vanadate at micromolar levels reversibly inhibits dynein ATPase activity and movement of demembranated flagella and cilia. It does not affect glycerinated myofibril contraction or myosin ATPase activty at less than millimolar concentrations. Vanadate at 10--100 micron reversibly inhibits anaphase movement of chromosomes and spindle elongation. After lysis in vanadate, spindles lose their fusiform appearance and become more barrel shaped. In vitro microtubule polymerization is insensitive to vanadate."}
{"id": "PMID:152768", "title": "[Profiles in chronic diseases. I. Investigations of steroid profiles in uremia (author's transl)].", "content": "Steroid profiles of hemofiltrates of uremic patients contain as main steroids the sulfates of 11beta-hydroxyetiocholanolone, 11-ketoetiocholanolone, 11beta-hydroxyandrosterone and 11-ketoandrosterone. In blood of uremic patients androstenediol is the main steroid of the sulfate fraction, while in blood of healthy persons dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is the main steroid. The gradual decrease of the kidney function is characterized by an increase of 11-oxigenated androstane conjugates in urine.", "contents": "[Profiles in chronic diseases. I. Investigations of steroid profiles in uremia (author's transl)]. Steroid profiles of hemofiltrates of uremic patients contain as main steroids the sulfates of 11beta-hydroxyetiocholanolone, 11-ketoetiocholanolone, 11beta-hydroxyandrosterone and 11-ketoandrosterone. In blood of uremic patients androstenediol is the main steroid of the sulfate fraction, while in blood of healthy persons dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate is the main steroid. The gradual decrease of the kidney function is characterized by an increase of 11-oxigenated androstane conjugates in urine."}
{"id": "PMID:152769", "title": "Apparatus to measure flow and sample duodenal contents in calves.", "content": "A simple and inexpensive apparatus, requiring minimum labor to operate, was designed to measure flow and sample duodenal contents in young dairy calves. This apparatus simulated normal physiological conditions and was used satisfactorily under varied experimental conditions.", "contents": "Apparatus to measure flow and sample duodenal contents in calves. A simple and inexpensive apparatus, requiring minimum labor to operate, was designed to measure flow and sample duodenal contents in young dairy calves. This apparatus simulated normal physiological conditions and was used satisfactorily under varied experimental conditions."}
{"id": "PMID:152772", "title": "The Lincoln dental caries study: a three-year evaluation of dental caries in persons with various mental disorders.", "content": "An evaluation of three-year incremental caries scores in institutionalized persons with various mental disorders indicated that in a DMFS evaluation of caries increment, the group with Down syndrome had significantly fewer caries than many of the other groups compared. No such significant difference was found in an evaluation of DMFT. The caries increments did not differ significantly from one another in all other mentally subnormal groups. The carious lesions in the group with Down syndrome appeared to be limited to the occlusal surface.", "contents": "The Lincoln dental caries study: a three-year evaluation of dental caries in persons with various mental disorders. An evaluation of three-year incremental caries scores in institutionalized persons with various mental disorders indicated that in a DMFS evaluation of caries increment, the group with Down syndrome had significantly fewer caries than many of the other groups compared. No such significant difference was found in an evaluation of DMFT. The caries increments did not differ significantly from one another in all other mentally subnormal groups. The carious lesions in the group with Down syndrome appeared to be limited to the occlusal surface."}
{"id": "PMID:152770", "title": "The sensitizing potential of periodontal dressings.", "content": "The sensitizing potential of three periodontal dressing materials was evaluated by the guinea pig maximization test. The results indicated a difference in the sensitization rate of the three materials.", "contents": "The sensitizing potential of periodontal dressings. The sensitizing potential of three periodontal dressing materials was evaluated by the guinea pig maximization test. The results indicated a difference in the sensitization rate of the three materials."}
{"id": "PMID:152774", "title": "[Lamellar graft in the treatment of herpes simplex ocular (author's transl)].", "content": "72 lamellar grafts for herpes simplex ocular infections have been performed. A retrospective study tries to specify the indications. Penetrating graft is the best for leucomae. The most difficult choice occurs with active herpetic disease. With lamellar grafts good results are obtained in stromal keratitis without deep involvement (visual acuity is 0.2 or more in 75 per cent of cases). When endothelio-uveal involvement, prognosis becomes uncertain in any type of keratoplasty: the authors think that the best method is to perform surgery after a few months of inactive disease.", "contents": "[Lamellar graft in the treatment of herpes simplex ocular (author's transl)]. 72 lamellar grafts for herpes simplex ocular infections have been performed. A retrospective study tries to specify the indications. Penetrating graft is the best for leucomae. The most difficult choice occurs with active herpetic disease. With lamellar grafts good results are obtained in stromal keratitis without deep involvement (visual acuity is 0.2 or more in 75 per cent of cases). When endothelio-uveal involvement, prognosis becomes uncertain in any type of keratoplasty: the authors think that the best method is to perform surgery after a few months of inactive disease."}
{"id": "PMID:152775", "title": "[Keratoplasty and combined lens extraction in thirty two non traumatic cases (author's transl)].", "content": "The combination of two operations seems to have advantages for the patient because it avoids the repetition of surgical intervention. It is indicated, in apparently simple cases consisting of a stable corneal opacity and senile cataract in a normal anterior segment, or on the contrary in complex cases in which the corneal and lens disease has often a common origin, inflammatory, toxic, etc., with the disturbances of the anterior segment. In most cases the anatomical evolution is simple but the functional results often remain modest. In the second cases, the complications are frequent during and after operation and the results are very misleading.", "contents": "[Keratoplasty and combined lens extraction in thirty two non traumatic cases (author's transl)]. The combination of two operations seems to have advantages for the patient because it avoids the repetition of surgical intervention. It is indicated, in apparently simple cases consisting of a stable corneal opacity and senile cataract in a normal anterior segment, or on the contrary in complex cases in which the corneal and lens disease has often a common origin, inflammatory, toxic, etc., with the disturbances of the anterior segment. In most cases the anatomical evolution is simple but the functional results often remain modest. In the second cases, the complications are frequent during and after operation and the results are very misleading."}
{"id": "PMID:152776", "title": "[Corneal oxygen demand: open eye versus closed eye conditions (author's transl)].", "content": "Oxygen demands of the mammalian cornea were measured under open eye and closed eye conditions. With the lids gently sealed, oxygen availability to the cornea was found to be about 2/3's that predicted by models in the literature. While the silicone contact lens (0.25 mm thickness) tested under those closed eye conditions still allowed enough oxygen to reach the cornea to just avoid clinically detectable edema, a Hema lens of conventional cosmetic thickness (0.15 mm) would be expected to induce significant edema under those sealed lid circumstances.", "contents": "[Corneal oxygen demand: open eye versus closed eye conditions (author's transl)]. Oxygen demands of the mammalian cornea were measured under open eye and closed eye conditions. With the lids gently sealed, oxygen availability to the cornea was found to be about 2/3's that predicted by models in the literature. While the silicone contact lens (0.25 mm thickness) tested under those closed eye conditions still allowed enough oxygen to reach the cornea to just avoid clinically detectable edema, a Hema lens of conventional cosmetic thickness (0.15 mm) would be expected to induce significant edema under those sealed lid circumstances."}
{"id": "PMID:152777", "title": "[Congenital leukomas with anomalies of the lens migration (author's transl)].", "content": "Report of three cases of congenital leukomas with anomalies of the lens migration: first case is an early malformation with \"Wedl\" cells in the corneal stroma; second case is a Peters' anomaly with ectopic and atrophic lens; third case, with a six years follow up after birthday, shows corneal opacification and regression of the lens. Ultrastructural study of these two last cases.", "contents": "[Congenital leukomas with anomalies of the lens migration (author's transl)]. Report of three cases of congenital leukomas with anomalies of the lens migration: first case is an early malformation with \"Wedl\" cells in the corneal stroma; second case is a Peters' anomaly with ectopic and atrophic lens; third case, with a six years follow up after birthday, shows corneal opacification and regression of the lens. Ultrastructural study of these two last cases."}
{"id": "PMID:152778", "title": "[Orange pigment and hyperfluorescent pin-point dots on the angiographic datas of malignant melanoma (author's transl)].", "content": "In a 65 year old woman, a melanoma has been diagnosed on the following angiographic datas: relief; irregular pigmentation; hyperpigmented border-line; leakage of the dye; orange pigment; hyperfluorescent pin-point dots over the tumor. These last two materials has been histologically studied. It is confirmed that lipofuscin could be the constituant of the orange pigment and that the hyperfluorescent points could correspond with exsudative, hyaline and glyco-lipido-proteic \"blebs\", in connection with the Bruch's membrane or in the subretinal space. This could be the expression of choriocapillaris and/or RPE suffering.", "contents": "[Orange pigment and hyperfluorescent pin-point dots on the angiographic datas of malignant melanoma (author's transl)]. In a 65 year old woman, a melanoma has been diagnosed on the following angiographic datas: relief; irregular pigmentation; hyperpigmented border-line; leakage of the dye; orange pigment; hyperfluorescent pin-point dots over the tumor. These last two materials has been histologically studied. It is confirmed that lipofuscin could be the constituant of the orange pigment and that the hyperfluorescent points could correspond with exsudative, hyaline and glyco-lipido-proteic \"blebs\", in connection with the Bruch's membrane or in the subretinal space. This could be the expression of choriocapillaris and/or RPE suffering."}
{"id": "PMID:152786", "title": "Histochemistry of rat intrafusal muscle fibers and their motor innervation.", "content": "Muscle spindles were followed in serial transverse sections of freshly frozen rat soleus muscles. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) histochemical staining reaction was used to identify nuclear bag1, nuclear bag2 and nuclear chain intrafusal muscle fibers. Regional differences in ATPase staining occurred along bag1 and bag2 fibers but not along chain fibers. Bag1 fibers displayed ultrastructural heterogenity when their intra- and extracapsular regions were compared. Simple \"diffuse\" and more elaborate \"plate\" motor nerve terminals were demonstrated histochemically along the poles of bag1 and bag2 fibers by staining for cholinesterase. One motor terminal of the \"plate\" appearance was present on a chain fiber pole. There was no consistent spatial correlation between the intensity of regional ATPase staining along the nuclear bag fibers and the location, number and type of motor endings. Other factors, such as intrafusal fiber sensory innervation and regional differences in active and passive functional recruitment of nuclear bag fibers during muscle activity, may contribute to the ATPase staining variability along the intrafusal fibers.", "contents": "Histochemistry of rat intrafusal muscle fibers and their motor innervation. Muscle spindles were followed in serial transverse sections of freshly frozen rat soleus muscles. Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) histochemical staining reaction was used to identify nuclear bag1, nuclear bag2 and nuclear chain intrafusal muscle fibers. Regional differences in ATPase staining occurred along bag1 and bag2 fibers but not along chain fibers. Bag1 fibers displayed ultrastructural heterogenity when their intra- and extracapsular regions were compared. Simple \"diffuse\" and more elaborate \"plate\" motor nerve terminals were demonstrated histochemically along the poles of bag1 and bag2 fibers by staining for cholinesterase. One motor terminal of the \"plate\" appearance was present on a chain fiber pole. There was no consistent spatial correlation between the intensity of regional ATPase staining along the nuclear bag fibers and the location, number and type of motor endings. Other factors, such as intrafusal fiber sensory innervation and regional differences in active and passive functional recruitment of nuclear bag fibers during muscle activity, may contribute to the ATPase staining variability along the intrafusal fibers."}
{"id": "PMID:152779", "title": "[Viral infections of the anterior segment (author's transl)].", "content": "A focus on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and therapy. Contemporary ideas on viral infections of the anterior segment are examined.--The pathogenesis of lesions (viral activity, delayed hypersensitivity reaction), the clinical aspects of herpes infections of the anterior segment are the result of the relative importance of these two factors. Schematically--dendritic keratitis infiltrates and stromal necrosis and hypopion represent active viral infection. Disciform keratitis, oedematous keratitis, serous iridocyclitis represent delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Corticosteroids are contrindicated in the former cases and recommended in the latter.--Special features concerning zoster inflammations of the anterior segment are considered.--An important number of adenoviral anterior segment infections are also reported and their benign nature stressed.", "contents": "[Viral infections of the anterior segment (author's transl)]. A focus on the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations and therapy. Contemporary ideas on viral infections of the anterior segment are examined.--The pathogenesis of lesions (viral activity, delayed hypersensitivity reaction), the clinical aspects of herpes infections of the anterior segment are the result of the relative importance of these two factors. Schematically--dendritic keratitis infiltrates and stromal necrosis and hypopion represent active viral infection. Disciform keratitis, oedematous keratitis, serous iridocyclitis represent delayed hypersensitivity reaction. Corticosteroids are contrindicated in the former cases and recommended in the latter.--Special features concerning zoster inflammations of the anterior segment are considered.--An important number of adenoviral anterior segment infections are also reported and their benign nature stressed."}
{"id": "PMID:152780", "title": "[Chlorophyllin in choro\u00efdal angiography on rabbit (author's transl)].", "content": "The intravenous injection of sodium chlorophyllin carried out on Rabbit leads to the observation of the choroidal vessels and to a complete series of the angiographic times. This technique allows also the use of classical colour slides films.", "contents": "[Chlorophyllin in choro\u00efdal angiography on rabbit (author's transl)]. The intravenous injection of sodium chlorophyllin carried out on Rabbit leads to the observation of the choroidal vessels and to a complete series of the angiographic times. This technique allows also the use of classical colour slides films."}
{"id": "PMID:152787", "title": "Overcoming the feeding problems of the mentally and the physically handicapped.", "content": "Three centres in the South Manchester area for mentally and physically handicapped children were visited. The paper describes the feeding difficulties of mentally and physically handicapped children and the techniques developed to overcome them, with special reference to the cerebral palsied child. The problems of the adult handicapped person are considered, and the apparatus designed to assist feeding.", "contents": "Overcoming the feeding problems of the mentally and the physically handicapped. Three centres in the South Manchester area for mentally and physically handicapped children were visited. The paper describes the feeding difficulties of mentally and physically handicapped children and the techniques developed to overcome them, with special reference to the cerebral palsied child. The problems of the adult handicapped person are considered, and the apparatus designed to assist feeding."}
{"id": "PMID:152788", "title": "Generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes in the autologous mixed lymphocyte culture.", "content": "We have studied the ability of purified B lymphocytes to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autologous mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). Cytotoxic lymphocytes were produced but only autologous mononuclear cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were susceptible target cells. Unstimulated mononuclear cells and purified B cells were not susceptible to killing by cytotoxic cells generated in the autologous MLC. This suggests that the target antigen may be expressed on stimulated or dividing B lymphocytes in a way that renders the cells more susceptible to cytolysis. Autologously stimulated cytotoxic effector cells were found to exhibit specificity. Cy totoxicity for autologous LPS-stimulated target cells occurred but not for an allogeneic, B cell, histiocytic lymphoma cell line. It is postulated that cytotoxic T cells generated in the autologous MLC may play a role in immune surveillance or in regulation of the immune system.", "contents": "Generation of cytotoxic lymphocytes in the autologous mixed lymphocyte culture. We have studied the ability of purified B lymphocytes to generate cytotoxic T lymphocytes in autologous mixed leukocyte cultures (MLC). Cytotoxic lymphocytes were produced but only autologous mononuclear cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were susceptible target cells. Unstimulated mononuclear cells and purified B cells were not susceptible to killing by cytotoxic cells generated in the autologous MLC. This suggests that the target antigen may be expressed on stimulated or dividing B lymphocytes in a way that renders the cells more susceptible to cytolysis. Autologously stimulated cytotoxic effector cells were found to exhibit specificity. Cy totoxicity for autologous LPS-stimulated target cells occurred but not for an allogeneic, B cell, histiocytic lymphoma cell line. It is postulated that cytotoxic T cells generated in the autologous MLC may play a role in immune surveillance or in regulation of the immune system."}
{"id": "PMID:152789", "title": "The effect of T cell growth factor on the generation of cytolytic T cells.", "content": "The development of cytotoxic effector cells through primary allogeneic mixed tumor-lymphocyte culture (MTLC) was found to be accompanied by the production of T cell growth factor (TCGF). Addition of supplemental TCGF to MTLC resulted in the generation of significantly greater quantities of effector cells, and these effector cells displayed augmented cytotoxic activity. The TCGF-induced effect could not by duplicated by the addition of fresh medium or a mitogenic concentration of concananvalin A. Although TCGF augmented the proliferation of antigen-nonreactive cells, antigen-reactive cells appeared to be preferentially stimulated by TCGF. Finally, it was shown that depletion of TCGF from MTLC resulted in an impairment of proliferation and differentiation of cytotoxic effector cells. These findings demonstrate that soluble factors are involved in the regulation of in vitro cell-mediated immune responses in an analogous manner to similar factors that have been shown to regulate humoral immune responses. Therefore, the forces affecting TCGF production may modulate the amplitude of a T cell-mediated cytolytic response.", "contents": "The effect of T cell growth factor on the generation of cytolytic T cells. The development of cytotoxic effector cells through primary allogeneic mixed tumor-lymphocyte culture (MTLC) was found to be accompanied by the production of T cell growth factor (TCGF). Addition of supplemental TCGF to MTLC resulted in the generation of significantly greater quantities of effector cells, and these effector cells displayed augmented cytotoxic activity. The TCGF-induced effect could not by duplicated by the addition of fresh medium or a mitogenic concentration of concananvalin A. Although TCGF augmented the proliferation of antigen-nonreactive cells, antigen-reactive cells appeared to be preferentially stimulated by TCGF. Finally, it was shown that depletion of TCGF from MTLC resulted in an impairment of proliferation and differentiation of cytotoxic effector cells. These findings demonstrate that soluble factors are involved in the regulation of in vitro cell-mediated immune responses in an analogous manner to similar factors that have been shown to regulate humoral immune responses. Therefore, the forces affecting TCGF production may modulate the amplitude of a T cell-mediated cytolytic response."}
{"id": "PMID:152791", "title": "Functional characteristics of BALB/c T cell lines: suppression in the mixed lymphocyte response and cell-mediated lysis.", "content": "Previously, 10 BALB/c T cell lines (Thy 1.2+, Ig-) were shown to express different combinations of Ly 1 and Ly 2 antigens. The possible immunologic function(s) of these tumor cells was determined by investigating the effects of these cells on the responses to mitogens, the mixed lymphocyte response (MLR), and the generation of cell-mediated lysis (CML) by normal spleen cells. Five T cell lines, P1798 and BALENTL 3, 5, 8, and 9, continued to synthesize DNA after exposure to large doses of irradiation. Only BALENTL 4, 6, 7, and 14 (Ly 1-(2+)) and BALENTL 13 (Ly 1+(2-)) were radiosensitive and therefore amenable to study. BALENTL 4 and 14 gave significant suppression of the MLR between BALB/c and C57BL/6; BALENTL 14 also inhibited the generation of BALB/c effector cells against C57BL/6 spleen cells. None of these T cell lines had any effect on the proliferative response of BALB/c spleen cells induced by concanavalin A. However, there was approximately 50% suppression of the phytohemagglutinin response of BALB/c spleen cells by BALENTL 14.", "contents": "Functional characteristics of BALB/c T cell lines: suppression in the mixed lymphocyte response and cell-mediated lysis. Previously, 10 BALB/c T cell lines (Thy 1.2+, Ig-) were shown to express different combinations of Ly 1 and Ly 2 antigens. The possible immunologic function(s) of these tumor cells was determined by investigating the effects of these cells on the responses to mitogens, the mixed lymphocyte response (MLR), and the generation of cell-mediated lysis (CML) by normal spleen cells. Five T cell lines, P1798 and BALENTL 3, 5, 8, and 9, continued to synthesize DNA after exposure to large doses of irradiation. Only BALENTL 4, 6, 7, and 14 (Ly 1-(2+)) and BALENTL 13 (Ly 1+(2-)) were radiosensitive and therefore amenable to study. BALENTL 4 and 14 gave significant suppression of the MLR between BALB/c and C57BL/6; BALENTL 14 also inhibited the generation of BALB/c effector cells against C57BL/6 spleen cells. None of these T cell lines had any effect on the proliferative response of BALB/c spleen cells induced by concanavalin A. However, there was approximately 50% suppression of the phytohemagglutinin response of BALB/c spleen cells by BALENTL 14."}
{"id": "PMID:152792", "title": "Macrophage-T cell interactions in the Con A induction of human suppressive T cells.", "content": "Macrophage-T interactions are required for the Con A-induced generation of human Ts capable of inhibiting PHA-induced blastogenesis among autologous PBMC. Con A treatment of adherent cell-depleted PBMC, or PBMC recovered after a 7-day incubation in FCS, failed to generate Ts. Addition of adherent cells to either of these populations restored Con A inducible Ts. Discontinuous density gradient fractionation of adherent cells demonstrated that the required accessory cell was a low density macrophage bearing the human equivalent of murine Ia.", "contents": "Macrophage-T cell interactions in the Con A induction of human suppressive T cells. Macrophage-T interactions are required for the Con A-induced generation of human Ts capable of inhibiting PHA-induced blastogenesis among autologous PBMC. Con A treatment of adherent cell-depleted PBMC, or PBMC recovered after a 7-day incubation in FCS, failed to generate Ts. Addition of adherent cells to either of these populations restored Con A inducible Ts. Discontinuous density gradient fractionation of adherent cells demonstrated that the required accessory cell was a low density macrophage bearing the human equivalent of murine Ia."}
{"id": "PMID:152793", "title": "Genetic identification of a locus linked to the rat MHC that codes for a membrane antigen detectable with cytotoxic lymphocytes.", "content": "Cell-mediated cytolytic (CMC) responses resulted from immunizations between rat strains purported to be identical at Ag-B, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), but differing at other loci not linked to Ag-B. In vivo-priming followed by secondary in vitro stimulation was required to generate a measurable CMC response as determined by a 51Cr-release assay. Neither in vivo nor in vitro stimulation alone was adequate. The CMC responses generated in a strain combination considered Ag-B identical (LEW . B3:BN) were specific for a determinant controlled by a gene linked to Ag-B, which has been designated Ag-L. The CMC response appears not to be restricted to sygeneity at Ag-B. In addition, the data presented demonstrate a recombinant between Ag-B and Ag-L, and suggest that the gene has failed to transfer with the MHC during the isolation of the LEW . B3 and F-344 . B3 congenic strains.", "contents": "Genetic identification of a locus linked to the rat MHC that codes for a membrane antigen detectable with cytotoxic lymphocytes. Cell-mediated cytolytic (CMC) responses resulted from immunizations between rat strains purported to be identical at Ag-B, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), but differing at other loci not linked to Ag-B. In vivo-priming followed by secondary in vitro stimulation was required to generate a measurable CMC response as determined by a 51Cr-release assay. Neither in vivo nor in vitro stimulation alone was adequate. The CMC responses generated in a strain combination considered Ag-B identical (LEW . B3:BN) were specific for a determinant controlled by a gene linked to Ag-B, which has been designated Ag-L. The CMC response appears not to be restricted to sygeneity at Ag-B. In addition, the data presented demonstrate a recombinant between Ag-B and Ag-L, and suggest that the gene has failed to transfer with the MHC during the isolation of the LEW . B3 and F-344 . B3 congenic strains."}